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COLLEGLge  of  tWJ 

OF  THE  PACIFIC 


<VN 

rary 


N 

I 


A    NEW 


• 


ENGLISH    DICTIONARY 

#Q  * 


ON     HISTORICAL    PRINCIPLES  ; 


FOUNDED    MAINLY    ON    THE    MATERIALS    COLLECTED    BY 


»*. 

A.,  ,    !    ,. 

^V 


EDITED   BY 


SIR    JAMES,  A    H.    MURRAY, 

B.A.  LONDON,  JI.A.  OXFORD,  LL.D.  EUIN.  ANDGLASG.,  I.ITT  D.  DUBLIN  ANDCAMB.,  D.C.L.  DURHAM,  D.LITT.  WALES  AND  CAPE  TOWS, 

PH.D.  FREIBURG  i.B. ;    FELLOW  OF  BRITISH  ACADEMY  AND  ROYAL  SOCIETY  EUIS.  ;    FOREIGN  CORRESP.  MEMBER  OF  THE 

INSTITUTE  OF  FRANCE  (ACAD.  INSCR.),  THE  IMPERIAL  AND  ROYAL  ACADEMIES  OF  VIENNA,  BERLIN,  AND  FLANDERS, 

THE  UAATSCH.  NEDERL.  LETTERKUNDE,  LEIDEN,  AND  THE  AMERICAN  PHILOSOPHICAL  SOCIETY. 


WITH    THE    ASSISTANCE    OF    MANY    SCHOLARS    AND    MEN    OF    SCIENCE. 


VOLUME  VIII. 

Q,  B. 
BY  W.^A.  CRAIGIE, 

H.A.  OXON.JvM.A.,  LL.D.yST,  ANDREWS. 


BY  HENRY7fiRADLEY, 

HON.  M.A.  OXON.  J    PH.D.  HEIDELBERG  ;    P.LH  i.-nfRHAM  ;   LITT.D.  SHEFFIELD; 
VELLOW  OF  THIC  r.KITIM!  ACADLMY. 


OXFORD: 

AT    THE    CLARENDON    PRESS. 

1914. 

[All  rig  Ills  reserved.] 


Cv  -•-•  "  "S 

P  REPACK     TO     V  O  L  U  M  E 


volume  contains  the  words  beginning  with  O  R  edited  by  W.  A.  Craigie,  and  S  clown  to  the  end 
of  SH  edited  by  Henry  Bradley.  For  observations  on  the  etymological  and  other  characteristics  of  the 
words  Deluded,  and  for  detailed  statistics  of  the  numbers  of  words  of  various  classes,  and  of  the  numbers  of 
quotations,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  separate  prefaces  to  O  R  and  S-SH.  The  following  summary  of  the 
figures  there  given  may  be  found  convenient : 


Main 

Subordinate 

Special 

Obvious 

Total  No. 

No    of 

words. 

words. 

Combinations. 

Combinations. 

of  Words. 

Q 

R 
S-Sh 

(  80  pages) 
(936      „     ) 

(800      „    ) 

1633 
I°,434 
9431 

423 

3579 

4192 

265 
3470 

408 
2546 

355' 

2729 

17,832 
20,644 

9480 
110,269 
94,497 

Total         21,498                     8194                     5008                     6505  41,205                    214,246 

The  21,498  Main  words  are  distinguished  approximately  as  follows: 

Current.                              Obsolete.                               Alien.  Total 

Q         1188            3Sy            56  ,633 

77°r            2475            2,8  IOH34 

S-Sh                7283                           1671                           477  943, 


I(V72  4535  791  21,498 

For  the  letters  Q-SH  the  comparative  scale  of  this  work  and  of  certain  other  Dictionaries  is  shown  as 
follows : 

Johnson.  'Encydotsdic'.       'Century' Diet.      Funk's, 'Standard'.  Here. 

Words  recorded  37^  l8j308  ,,,044  ,9;8So  41,20, 

Words  illustrated  by  quotations  2959  6427  7476  1899  35,726 

Number  of  illustrative  quotations  10,523  10,123  ?i,92i  2646  214,246 

The  quotations  in  Richardson's  Dictionary  in  Q-SH  are  10,228. 

The  aggregate  numbers  for  the  first  eight  volumes  of  the  Dictionary  (A-SH)  are : 

Mai."  Subordinate  Special  Obvious  Total  Illustrative 

orc!t"  words.  Combinations,  Combinations.  \vords.  quotations. 

l82>o>7  48,634  35, '47  43,324  306,122  1,298,13.6 

Of  the  182,017  Main  words  162,306  are  current,  15,732  obsolete,  3,979  alien. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  LETTERS  Q  AND  R. 

THIS  half-volume  contains  the  words  which  begin  with  O  and  R,  the  former  being  few  in  number  in 
comparison  with  the  latter.  When  reckoned  up  according  to  the  system  adopted  for  previous  letters,  O  is 
found  to  include  1633  Main  words,  265  Combinations  explained  under  these,  and  423  Subordinate  entrie 
of  obsolete  or  variant  forms;  in  all  2321.  The  obvious  Combinations,  recorded  and  illustrated  by 
quotations,  but  not  requiring  to  be  explained,  number  408  more.  Of  the  Main  words,  389  are  marked  f  as 
obsolete,  and  56  are  marked  ||  as  alien  or  not  fully  naturalized. 

On  the  other  hand,  R  includes  10,434  Main  words,  1273  special  Combinations,  3.579  Subordinate 
entries,  or  in  all  15,286;  there  are  further  2546  obvious  Combinations,  making  a  total  of  17,832.  Of 
the  Main  words  2475  are  marked  as  obsolete,  and  258  as  alien.* 

The  words  beginning  with  Q  (which  in  ordinary  use  is  always  followed  by  it)  may  as  a  whole  be 
divided  into  three  main  classes,  the  native  English,  the  Romanic  (chiefly  Latin  and  French),  and  those 
adopted  from  more  remote  (especially  African,  Asiatic,  and  American)  languages.  Of  these  classes  the 
second  is  by  far  the  greatest,  and  covers  rather  more  than  ,50  pages  out  of  the  total  of  80  required  by 
this  letter,  which  from  the  dictionaiy  point  of  view  is  one  of  the  smallest  in  the  alphabet.  A  considerable 
number  of  words  have  been  taken  over  from  Latin  without  any  change  of  form,  as  quxre,  quantum,  quarto, 
quondam,  quorum,  etc.,  while  many  more  have  been  assimilated  to  the  usual  English  types.  Some  of  these 
had  their  immediate  source  in  Old  French,  which  has  also  contributed  very  largely,  e.g.  quaint,  quarrel, 
quarry,  quarter  (with  a  remarkable  development  of  special  senses,  combinations,  etc.,  extending  to  19 
columns),  quest,  quit,  quite.  Under  the  influence  of  the  French  and  Latin  spelling,  qn-  was  substituted  for 
the  Old  English  cw-,  and  this  accounts  for  the  appearance  here  of  a  certain  number  of  native  words,  covering, 
however,  no  more  than  16  pages.  The  most  important  of  these  are  quake,  quean,  queen,  auell,  quench, 
quick  (which  with  its  derivatives  and  combinations  takes  up  18  columns),  and  quotl'  There  are  also 
some  later  words  not  demonstrably  of  foreign  origin,  a  number  of  which  appear  to  be  Imitative  ?.nd  intended 
to  express  the  idea  of  shaking  or  trembling,  as  quab,  quag,  quap,  quave,  quaver,  quiver,  quop.  1'hf;  more  alien 
words  are  of  slight  importance  in  comparison  with  the  rest,  but  include  quagga,  quassia,  and  quina  (whence 
quinine,  etc.). 

The  sources  of  R  are  more  varied  than  those  of  Q,  the  letter  being  a  common  initial  in  many  languages, 
but  by  far  the  greater  number  of  the  words  beginning  with  it  are  naturally  either  Teutonic  or  Romanic. 
Greek,  however,  is  the  main  source  of  the  combination  RH-,  which  extends  over  15  pages.  Apart  from 
this  small  portion,  the  letter  falls  into  two  clearly  marked  divisions.  The  first  of  these  includes  RA-  and  from 
Rl-  to  the  end,  and  is  marked  by  a  fairly  even  balance  of  the  Teutonic  and  Romanic  elements,  each  of  which 
contributes  a  large  number  of  the  commonest  and  most  essential  words  -'n  the  language.  As  usual,  the 
native  English  words  form  the  largest  body  within  the  Teutonic  group,  next  come  the  Scandinavian,  and 
last  of  all  the  Dutch,  Flemish,  and  Low  or  High  German.  The  second  division  is  that  of  words  beginning 
with  RE-,  which  occupy  no  less  than  436  pages,  or  more  than  half  of  the  entire  letter.  By  far  the  greater  part 
of  these  are  formed  by  means  of  the  Latin  prefix  RE-,  the  remark-able  duvelopment  of  which  in  English  is 
traced  in  the  special  article  on  pp.  186-7.  The  vast  stretch  of  sur-h  forms,  however,  is  broken  here  and  there 
by  important  Romanic  words  of  different  formation,  as  real,  realm,  reason,  regal,  regular,  etc.,  and  by  native 
or  Scandinavian  words,  as  read,  ready,  reap,  reck,  reckon,  reed,  reef,  etc, 

Some  other  features  of  R  may  be  briefly  noted.  It  inc-udes  a  remarkable  number  of  groups  of  mono 
syllabic  words,  written  and  (usually)  pronounced  alike,  bi«*  of  widely  divergent  origin  and  meaning.  Ex 
amples  of  these  are  race,  rack,  rag,  rail,  rake,  rap,  raf~'>  rash,  rat,  rate,  rave,  ray,  and  in  the  later  portion, 

*  For  these  letters  the  comparative  scale  of  this  work  and  some  ot'-'er  Dictionaries  is  shown  by  the  following  figures  : — 

Cassell's 
Johnson.         •  Encyclopedic '.  'Century'-  Funk's  '  Standard  '.  Here. 

Q.  Words  recorded  245  874  1058  971  2729 

Words  illustrated  by  quotations  i8«"  349  461  108  2253 

Number  of  quotations  •°'I  561  -         1316  156  9480 

R.  Words  recorded  1881  8400  9486  8480  17832 

Words  illustrated  by  quotati  "549  337°  3755  977  '7713 

Number  of  quotations  "  "1  5451  11670  1310  110169 

In  the  corresponding  portion  of  Ri  -ardse  quotations  number  531  for  Q  and  5765  for  R. 


VIH 


PREFACE  TO  THE  LETTERS  Q  AND  R. 


ront,  rove,  row,  rnck,  ruff.  Very  long  articles  are  not  numerous,  but  the  verb  RUN  covers  37  columns, 
and  the  words  derived  from  it  occupy  a  good  many  more.  The  groups  RIGHT  and  ROUND  arc  also 
extensive,  and  the  adjective  RED  has  developed  a  surprising  number  of  special  collocations.  Many 
wordi  in  R  have  considerable  historical  interest,  such  as  ragman'*,  railroad  and  railway,  reader,  receiver, 
recorder,  rector,  reformation,  register,  regratcr,  reredos,  etc.,  and  the  treatment  of  these  has  frequently  required 
special  investigation  and  outside  advice. 

The  material  originally  collected  for  Q  was  subedited  for  the  Philological  Society  by  Mr.  H.  Hucks 
Gibbs,  afterwards  Lord  Aldenham,  whose  work  on  it  was  of  important  service,  although  much  new  material 
had  accumulated  before  the  final  editing  began.  Part  of  the  original  material  for  R  (down  to  Reb-}  was 
very  carefully  subedited  about  the  same  time  by  the  Rev.  Prof.  Skeat,  while  at  a  later  date  (1885-6)  Rec 
to  Rig-  was  done  by  Mr.  P.  W.  Jacob,  and  from  1893  to  1895  the  remaining  portion  was  worked  over  by 
Mr.  J.  Rartlctt.  Further  work  on  the  earlier  part  of  the  letter  (down  to  Rashness)  was  also  done  from  1894 
to  1897  by  the  Rev.  G.  B.  R.  Bousfield.  Here  also  much  additional  material  had  been  collected  during  the 

intervening  years. 

The  whole  of  the  proofs  of  O  and  R  were  read  by  Mr.  A.  Caland  of  Wageningcn,  whose  death  on 
Feb.  18  of  this  year  has  deprived  the  Dictionary  of  one  of  its  most  devoted  and  helpful  voluntary  workers. 
For  the  earlier  sections  they  were  also  read  by  the  late  Lord  Aldenham  (as  far  as  Reserve)  and  the  Rev. 
J.  A.  Milne  (latterly  of  Cramond,  Midlothian).  Mr.  H.  Chichestcr  Hart  read  those  of  R  down  to  the  time 
of  his  death  in  1908,  and  the  Rev.  Canon  Fowler  of  Durham  has  helped  with  the  later  sections  of  the  letter. 

In  the  etymologies  of  all  words  adopted  from  languages  not  generally  studied  constant  help  was  received 
from  the  late  Mr.  James  Platt,  Jun.,  who  had  made  this  branch  of  study  particularly  his  own,  and  continually 
anticipated  the  needs  of  the  Dictionary  in  respect  of  such  words.  For  help  readily  given  on  other  points 
acknowledgements  arc  due  to  many  persons,  of  whom  the  following  require  to  be  specially  mentioned  : 
Dr.  Bywatcr,  Prof.  Cook  Wilson,  the  Provost  of  Oriel,  Mr.  H.  T.  Gerrans,  the  Controller  of  the  University 
Press,  and  the  Librarian  of  the  Indian  Institute ;  the  Rev.  Prof.  Skeat,  Dr.  Furnivall,  Prof.  Toller,  the 
Rev.  Prof.  Hogg,  Manchester,  and  Prof.  Latta,  Glasgow;  the  former  and  the  present  Keeper  of  the  Advocates 
Library,  Edinburgh,  the  late  Dr.  T.  G.  Law  of  the  Signet  Library,  Dr.  D.  Hay  Fleming,  and  Mr.  Maitland 
Anderson  of  the  University  Library,  St.  Andrews.  Dr.  A.  McKenzie  of  the  Birkbeck  Institute  has  assisted 
with  chemical  terms,  and  Mr.  C.  Davics  Sherbornc  supplied  a  number  of  references  for  words  belonging  to 
the  physical  sciences.  The  numerous  contributions  of  Mr.  R.  J.  Whitwell  have,  as  always,  been  of  the 
greatest  service  for  the  treatment  of  legal  and  historical  terms.  In  addition  to  these,  many  persons,  in  some 
cases  on  behalf  of  business  firms,  have  readily  given  useful  information  relating  to  the  origin,  history,  or  some 
particular  application  of  a  single  word. 

The  important  work  of  verification  at  the  British  Museum  Library,  without  which  many  matters  would 
remain  doubtful,  was  voluntarily  performed  by  Mr.  E.  L.  Brandreth  until  his  death  in  Dec.  1907,  and  since 
then  has  been  generously  undertaken  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Jenkinson. 

The  assistants  who  have  taken  a  leading  share  in  the  preparation  of  Q  and  R,  either  during  the  whole 
or  a  considerable  part  of  the  time,  have  been  Messrs.  E.  J.  Thomas,  J.  M.  Ramsay,  L.  F.  Powell,  F.  R.  Ray, 
R.  Girvan,  J.  H.  Smithwhite,  G.  Watson,  H.  E.  G.  Rope,  and  Mrs.  L.  F.  Powell.  The  words  beginning  with 
Rll-  were  separately  prepared  by^Mr.  C.  T.  Onions. 

J.IL-  W.  A.  CRAIGIE. 

OXFORD,  March,  1910. 


KEY  TO   THE   PRONUNCIATION 


I.    CONSONANTS. 


g  as  in 

h    ...  Ao\  (hon). 

r     ...  ran  (rzm),  terrier  (te'riaj). 

i     ...  her  (hai),  farther  ( 

s     ...  see  (si),  cess  (ses). 

w   ...  wen  (wen). 

hw ...  when  (hwen). 

y     ...  .yes  (yes). 


ORDINARY. 

a  as  in  Fr.  <J  la  mode  (a  la  mod'). 
ai  ...   aye=^w  (ai),  Isazah  (aizai-a). 
se   ...   man  (msen). 

pass  (pas),  chant  (tjant). 

loud  (laud),  now  (nau). 

cut  (kot),  son  (sen). 

y<rt  (yet),  ten  (ten). 

survey  sb.  (sS'ive),  Fr.  attach/  (atajc). 

Fr.  chrf(Jjf). 

ev«r  (evsj),  nation  (n^-Jan). 

/,  eye,  (ai),  bz'nd  (baind). 

Fr.  eau  &e  vie  (p  d?  vi"'). 

sz't  (sit),  nystz'c  (mistik). 

Psych*  (sai-kz),  rract  (rz',se'kt). 

achOT  (?'-koj),  morality  (morse'llti). 

oft  (oil),  b<y  (boi). 

hero  (hl»'ro),  zoology  (zoi^lodji). 

what  (hwgt),  watch  (wgtf). 

got  (gpt),  soft  (s^ft). 

Ger.  Koln  (koln). 

Fr.  feu  (po). 

f«ll  (ful),  book  (buk). 

dwration  (diur^i-Jan). 

unto  (vntu),  fragality  (fr«-). 

Matthew  (mx-]>iu),  \\ttue  (vautia). 

Ger.  Miller  (mii'ler). 

Fr.  dwne  (d«n). 

I»,  e»,  6',  u»)  ) 

e?,*.)          {seep.x.v-.notes. 

'  as  in  able  (^b'l),  eaten  (zt'n)  =  voice-glide. 


a 
au 
t> 
e 

e 
II  { 

a 

ai 
||  a 

i 

i 

o 

oi 

o 

9 

P,  f 
II  o 
l|o 

u 

iu 

« 

iu 
||  u 
||  « 


*  . 


(see 


b,  d,  f,  k,  1,  m,  n,  p,  t,  v,  z  have  their  usual  values. 

\  as  in  thin  (pin),  ba//z  (ba]>). 

8     ...    then  (Sen),  ba//ze  (b?3). 

J      ...   shop  (Jop),  duA  (dij). 

tj    ...    cAop  (tjfp),  &\tch  (ditj). 

3      ...    vision  (vi'gan),  de;'euner  (depone). 


singing  (si-rjirj),  thi»k  ({'ink). 
fi«?er  (firjgaj). 


II.    VOWELS. 

LONG, 
a      as  in  alms  (amz),  bar  (bai). 


v        ...  cm\  (k»jl),  f«r  (f»j). 

e  (e»)...  th^re  (^Se»j),  p^ar,  pare  (pe«a). 

e(el}.,.  rein,  lain  (r?n),  thy/  (to). 

I         ...  Fr.  faz're  (f|r'). 

5        ...  fz'r  (fsj),  fern  (fain),  earth  (ajj>). 


I  (!»)...  bzVr  (bl»j),  cl«zr  (kllaj). 

*        ...  thzVf  (Jizf),  see  (sf). 

0(09)...  boar,  bore  (boej),  glory  (glos'ri). 

o  (on)...  so,  sow  (s<?u),  so«l  (soil). 

g        ...  wa/k  (wgk),  wart  (wgjt). 

f        ...  short  (JpJt),  thorn  ()>£m). 

||  6       ...  Fr.  co^ar  (kor). 

11  o        ...  Ger.  Gothe  (gote),  Fr.  j^ne  (JOT). 

u  (u»)  .  .  poor  (pu-u),  moorish  (mu»'rij). 

iu,  iu  .  .  .  pare  (piu»a),  Izzre  (liu»j). 

u        ...  two  moons  (tu  mz7nz). 

i«,la...  few  (nii),  l«te  (1'at). 


H  w        ...    Ger.  gra'n 


^  Fr,  j«s  (g»). 


-- 


(FOREIGN.) 

n  as  in  French  nasal,  e«viro;z  f     zron). 
1'    ...    It.  sera^/zo  (sera'lV). 
nj  ...   It.  si^»ore  (sz'n'o're). 
X    ...    Ger.  a<r/z  (ax),  Sc.  \fch  (\ox.>  lox*) 
Xy  ...    Ger.  \ch  (ix*),  S<x^//t  (nexrt). 
7    ...    Ger. 

Ger.  le^en,  re^Ku  (Ir^'eu, 


OBSCURE. 
a  as  in  amceba  (amz~ba). 


...   accept  (sekse'pt),  maniac  (nv1-ni:£k). 


v  ...  datum  (d^'tym). 

e  ...  moment  (mo"-ment;,  several 

e  ...  sepuraie  (adj.)  (se'pari't). 

•  ...  added  (x  ded),  entail  (in^) 


...  vanz'ty  (vsc'mtl). 

...  remain  (r/in*1^,  Mievc 

...  theory  (Ji/'oriN 

.-..  v«Het  (v*tflet),  parody  ( 


e'kt),  amaz<m 


^    ver('^»'-e  '(.vaudiiu),  measure  (me'g  ill,. 
...   altoge'ther 
iii  ...    drcalar 


iii. 


the  o  in  soft,  of  medial  or  doubtful  length. 


•Only  in  foreign  (or  earlier  English)  words. 


In  the^ 

OE.  e,  o,  representing  an  earlier  a,  are  distinguished  as  {,  o  (h;.  ac ^etic  value  of  £  and  f,  or  9,  ..bove  ;   as  in  encte  from  andi  (OHG.  anli, 

Goth,  andei-s"      P"n  frjm  «<"»»,  pn  from  a«. 


LIST    OF    ABBREVIATIONS,     SIGNS,     &c. 


a.  fin  Etymol.]  .. 

a  (M  a  1300)  

a.,  adj.,  adj 

absol,  absol 

abst.    =  abstract. 

ace 

i  ad.  [in  Etymol.].. 


=  adoption  of,  adopted  from. 
=  ante,  before. 
=  adjective. 
=  absolutely. 


=  accusative. 

=  adaptation  of. 

=  adverb. 

advb. =  adverbial,  -ly. 

AF.,  AFr.  =  Anglo-French. 

Anal =  in  Anatomy. 

Antiq =  in  Antiquities. 

aphet =  aphetic,  aphetized. 

app =  apparently. 

Arab =  Arabic. 

Arch =  in  Architecture. 

arch =  archaic. 

ArchKol. --  in  Archaeology. 

assoc =  association. 

IAstr.    =  'n  Astronomy. 
Astral. =  i;  Astrology. 
a'.trib =  acributive,  -ly. 

bef.  ,  =  be'ore. 

Bial.    =  in  Oology. 

Boh =  Bohcniaa. 

Bot =  in  Bonny. 

Build. =  in  BuMing. 

c  (as  ^1300)    =  circa,  alout. 

^.  (as  1 3th  c.) =  century. 

Cat =  Catalan. 

=  catachrestically. 

Cf.,  cf. =  confer,  compare. 

Chun =  in  Chemistry. 

cl.  L =  classical  Latin. 

•:o~n.  w =  cognate  with. 

<V:Vcf =  collective, -ly. 

Cfffhf(  =  colloquially. 

comb  =  combined,  -ing. 

.  Comb.     =  Combinations. 

Comm.      =  in  commercial  usage. 

comp =  compound,  composition. 

"ompl =  complement. 

Conen =  ;n  Conchology. 

ancr —  concretely. 

<""*/ =  conjunction. 

cons *-..  consonant. 

j  Const.,  Const.    ...  =  Construction,  construed 
.  with. 

Cryst =  in  Crystallography. 

IX) =  in    E-Mies    (Supp. 

Gloss*™) 

Da =  Danish. 

dat =  dative. 

def. =  definite.  f, 

dc.:v =  derivntive,  -r 

dial.,  dial.  =  dialect.  -»'. 

Diet =  Dictionary. 

dim =  diminutive. 

>Du =  Dutch. 

Etc! =  in  ecclesiastical  usage. 

ellipt =  elliptical,  -ly. 

e.  midl =  east  midland  (dialect). 

Eng =  English. 

Ent —  in  Entomology. 

erron =  erroneous,  -ly. 

esp.,  esp =  especially. 

etyra =  etymology. 

euphem =  euphemistically. 

exc =  except. 

f.  [in  Etymo'.]   ...   =  formed  on. 
f.    (in   subordinate 

entries)    =  form  of. 

fern,  (rarely  f.)  ...  =  feminine. 

fir.    =  figurative,  -ly. 

F.,  Fr =  French. 

freq =  frequently. 

-"Fris =  Frisian. 

5.,  Ger =  German. 

Gael =  Gaelic. 


Eng. 


gen 

gen 

gen.  sign 

Geol 

Geom 

Goth 

Gr 

Gram 

Heb 

Her. 

Herb 

Hort 

imp 

impers 

impf. 

ind. 

indef. 

iff- 

infl 

int 

intr. 

It 

J,  (J.) 
(Jam.) 


(L.)  (in  quotations) 
lang  ................ 

LG  ................... 

lit  ................... 

Lith  ................ 

LXX  ................ 

Mai  ................ 

masc.  (rarely  m.) 
Math  ................ 

ME  ................... 

Mid.    ............... 

med.L  ............. 

Mich  ................ 

Melaph  ............. 

MHG  ................ 

midl  ................ 

Mil.  .................. 

Min  ................ 

mod  ................ 

Mas  ................ 


n.  of  action 

n.  of  agent  

Nat.  Hist 

Navt 

neut.  (rarely  n.) 

NF.,  NFr 

N.O 

nom 

north 

N.T 

Numism 

obj 

Obs.,  obs.,  obs 

I   occas 

OE.... 


OFr. 


Olr. 

ON....'.' 
ONF.  .. 

Oft 

Ornith. 

OS 

OS1 

O.T _. 

OTeu* 
orip 


•-... 


pa.  pple. . 
pass 


=  genitive. 

=  general,  -ly. 

-.  general  signification. 

=  in  Geology. 

=  in  Geometry. 

=  Gothic  (=Mceso-Gothic). 

=  Greek. 

=  in  Grammar. 

=  Hebrew. 

=  in  Heraldry. 

=  with  herbalists. 

=  in  Horticulture. 

=  Imperative. 

=  impersonal. 

=  imperfect. 

=  Indicative. 

=  indefinite. 

=  Infinitive. 

=  influenced. 

=  interjection. 

=  intransitive. 

=  Italian. 

=  Johnson  (quotation  from). 

=  in  Jamieson,  Scottish  Diet. 

=  Jodrell  (quoted  from). 

=  Latin. 

=  Latham's  edn.  of  Todd  s 

=  language.  [Johnson. 

=  Low  German. 

=  literal,  -ly. 

=  Lithuanian. 

=  Septuagint. 

=  Malay. 

=  masculine. 

=  in  Mathematics. 

=  Middle  English. 

=  in  Medicine. 

=  mediaeval  Latin. 

=  in  Mechanics. 

=  in  Metaphysics. 

=  Middle  High  German. 

=  midland  (dialect). 

=  in  military  usage. 

=  in  Mineralogy. 

=  modern. 

=  in  Music. 

•=  Nares  (quoted  from). 

=  noun  of  action. 

=  noun  of  agent. 

=  in  Natural  History. 

=  in  nautical  language. 

=  neuter. 

=  Northern  French. 

=  Natural  Order. 

=  nominative. 

=  northern  (dialect). 
,  =  New  Testament. 
.  =  in  Numismatics. 
.  =  object. 
.  =  obsolete. 
.  =  occasional,  -ly. 
.  =  Old   English   (  =  Anglo- 
Saxon). 

.  =  Old  French. 
.  =  Old  Frisian. 
,  =  Old  High  German. 
.  =  Old  Irish. 

..=  Old  Norse  (Old  Icelandic) 
.  =  Old  Northern  French. 
..  =  in  Optics. 
,.  =  in  Ornithology. 
..  =  Old  Saxon. 
..  =  Old  Slavonic. 
..  =  Old  Testament. 
..  =  Original  Teutonic. 
••   -=  original,  -ly.  ' 

"  Paleontology. 
..  —  pav_jve  or  past  participle. 
= 


pa.  t =  past  tense. 

Path =  in  Pathology. 

perh =  perhaps. 

Pers -  Persian. 

pert =  person,  -al. 

pf.    .' =  perfect. 

f>g =  Portuguese. 

Phii'ol'.  "".'.'.. =  in  Philology. 

phonet =  phonetic,  -ally. 

phr. =  phrase. 

Phren =  in  Phrenology. 

Phys =  in  Physiology. 

pi.,//. =  plural. 

poet =  poetic. 

pop =  popular, -ly. 

///.  a.,  ppl.  adj. ...  =  participial  adjective. 

pple =  participle. 

pr =  Proven9al. 

prec.    ...'.'..'... =  preceding  (word  or  article). 

pref. =  prefix. 

prep =  preposition. 

pres =  present. 

Prim,  sign =  Primary  signification. 

priv =  privative. 

prob =  probably. 

pron =  pronoun. 

pronunc =  pronunciation. 

prop =  properly. 

pros =  in  Prosody. 

pr.  pple =  present  participle. 

Psych =  in  Psychology. 

qv =  quod  vide,  which  see. 

n^  )    =  in  Richardson's  Diet. 

k.C.cH...... .'......  =  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

refash =  refashioned, -ing. 

re/.,  red =  reflexive. 

reg =  regular. 

repr =  representative,  representing. 

Rhet.    ...'.'. =  in  Rhetoric. 

Rorn.  =  Romanic,  Romance. 

sb.,  sb •=  substantive. 

Sc =  Scotch. 

sc =  scilicet,  understand  or?upply. 

sing. =  singular. 

Skr =  Sanskrit. 

Slav!    =  Slavonic. 

Sp =  Spanish. 

sp =  spelling. 

spec =  specifically. 

Subj =  subject,  subjunctive. 

subord.cl.    =  subordinate  clause. 

subseq =  subsequently. 

subst =  substantively. 

suff. =  suffix. 

superl =  superlative. 

Surg.  =  in  Surgery. 

gw    ^      =  Swedish. 

s.w.  .'.' =  south  western  (dialect). 

T     pp.)  =  in  Todd's  Johnson. 

techn =  technical, -ly. 

Thtol. =  in  Theology. 

tr =  translation  of. 

trans =  transitive>^  _. 

trans  f. =  transferred  sense. 

Trig.   =  in  Trigonometry. 

Typog. =  in  Typography. 

u]t =  ultimate, -ly. 

unkn =  unknown. 

U.S =  United  States. 

v.,  vb =  verb. 

v.  str.,  or  w =  verb  strong,  or  weak. 

vbl.  sb =  verbal  substantive. 

var =  variant  of. 

wd =  word. 

\yQer =  West  Germanic. 

w.  midl =  west  midland  (dialect). 

\VS....    •=  West  Saxon. 

(Y.)i =  in  Col.  Yule's  Glossary. 

Zool'.'  =  in  Zoology. 


Before  a  word  or  sense. 
•  ~  obsolete. 
=  not  naturalized. 

In  the  quo'ntions. 
'  sometimes  points  out  the  A  ord  illustrated. 


In  the  list  of  Forms. 
M  =  before  Iioo. 
/2  =  I2th  c.  (iioo  to  1200). 
I  3  =  i3th  c.  (1200  to  1300).          , 
/5-7  =  1 5th  to  1 7th  century.    (See  Generat  Explan 
ations,  p.  ix.) 


In  the  Etymol. 
*  indicates  a  word  or  form  not  actually  found,  but 

of  which  the  existence  is  inferred. 
:—  =  extant   representative,   or   regular   phonetic 

descendant  of. 


The  printing  of  a  word  in  SMALL  CAPITALS  indicates  that  further  information  will  be  found  under  uhe  word  so  referred  to. 


Q. 


Q(ki»),the seventeenth  lettcrof  the  modern  and 
the  sixteenth  of  the  ancient  Roman  alphabet, 
was  in  the  latter  an  adoption  of  the  O  (noirira, 
koppd]  of  some  of  the  early  Greek  alphabets.  The 
Phoenician  letter  from  which  this  was  derived  had 
the  forms  <p,  <p,$,  and  was  used  as  the  sign  for 
the  deeper  or  more  guttural  of  the  two  /^-sounds 
which  exist  in  the  Semitic  tongues  (Hebrew  p, 
Arabic  (J).  Though  this  sound  had  no  real  equi 
valent  in  Greek,  <p  is  found  in  early  inscriptions, 
e.  g.  as  the  initial  of  KopivBos  Corinth,  but  was  not 
accepted  as  a  letter  of  the  Athenian  alphabet,  being 
retained  only  as  a  numerical  symbol  =  go.  In  Latin, 
however,  Q  was  regularly  employed,  in  combina 
tion  with  V,  in  representing  the  double  sound  (kw) 
which  arose  partly  from  the  labialized  velar  guttural, 
as  in  jm's,  quattuor,  and  partly  from  a  palatal  k 
followed  by  the  labial  semi-vowel,  as  in  eqmis.  In 
the  Romanic  tongues  this  Latin  combination  was 
either  retained  with  its  original  value,  or  in  certain 
cases  (esp.  in  Fr.)  was  modified  to  a  simple  £-sound. 
In  the  former  case  the  spelling  with  qu-  has  com 
monly  been  retained,  even  where  the  sound  has  at 
a  later  period  been  reduced  to  (k). 

The  Latin  qu-  might  naturally  have  been  adopted 
in  OE.  orthography  to  represent  the  Common  Teu 
tonic  initial  combination  km-  (for  which  Wulfila 
employed  the  special  sign  u) ;  but  though  qu-  is 
found  in  the  earliest  glosses  and  occas.  in  the  Rush- 
worth  gospels,  the  ordinary  OE.  symbol  for  the 
sound  was  cw-  (in  early  use  also  en-}.  After  the 
Conquest  qu-  was  again  introduced,  though  at  first 
sparingly  employed ;  quart  erne  appears  in  the  Laud 
MS.  of  the  OE.  Chron.,  an.  1 137,  the  Lambeth  Horn, 
have  quic,  quiken  (but  cweS,  ciuitSe],  and  Ormin  has 
quctrrtcrrne  once,  though  regularly  using  cu>-  except 
in  quapprigan.  In  the  ijth  c.  the  usage  varies  in 
different  MSS.,  and  sometimes  even  in  the  same 
text.  The  earlier  version  of  Layamon  has  regularly 
qu-,  the  later  civ- ;  the  Leg.  St.  Kath.  and  Jul.  have 
cw-,  but  qu-  in  quo®  ;  and  the  A'ncren  Kiwle  usually 
cw-,  even  in  French  words,  but  also  qu-,  esp.  in 
French  words.  In  Gen.  &  Exod.  there  is  no  cw-, 
only  qu-  or  quu-  being  used.  By_the  end.  of  the 
1 3th  c.  cw-  was  entirely  discontinuerTTand  yu-  (or 
its  variants  qv-,  qw-~)  was  the  established  spelling 
for  all  cases  of  the  sound  (kw),  whether  of  English, 
French,  or  Latin  origin.  The  author  of  the  Ayen- 
Hte,  however,  also  writes  hi-,  and  this,  as  well  as 
£zw-,is  occas.  found  in  other  MSS.  of  the  14-15111  c. 
In  certain  dialects  of  ME.,  however,  the  combina 
tion^-  (qmt-,qv-,qw-}  was  not  confined  towordsin 
which  it  represented  OE.  cw-  or  Romanic  qu-,  but 
also  took  the  place  of  ordinary  ME.  ivh-  (OE.  hiv-}, 
as  in  quan,  quat,  qvele,  qwelpe  =  when,  what,  wheel, 
whelp.  The  earliest  occurrence  of  these  spellings 
is  in  Gen.  &  Exod.,  where  they  are  exclusively 
employed ;  in  later  use  they  are  characteristically 
northern,  and  are  found  as  .late  as  1570,  Levins 
having  quilome,  quip  =  whilome,  whip.  In  the 
14-1 5th  c.  the  combinations  qh-  and  qhw-  are  simi 
larly  employed  in  MSS.  written  in  the  NE.  mid 
lands.  Scottish  scribes  preferred  quh-  (qvh-,  qwh-), 
which  is  also,  though  more  rarely,  used  in  northern 
English  MSS. ;  this  orthography  survived  till  the 
ijth  c.,  and  is  defended  "by  A.  Hume  (Orthogr. 
Brit.  Tongue  18)  as  a  more  correct  method  of 

•*»  ?ITTT 


representing  the  sound  than  wh-.  On  the  other 
hand  wh-  was  freq.  written  by  northern  scribes 
in  the  14-151!]  c.  in  place  oiqu-,  as  nuhik,  whetne, 
•white  =  quick,  queme,  quite ;  and  alliteration  of 
original  qu-  with  i»h-  is  not  infrequent  in  some 
poems,  as  the  Wars  of  Alexander,  Destr.  Troy, 
and  Morte  Arthure.  The  pron.  implied  by  this  is 
still  current  in  the  northern  and  north-midland 
counties  (not  in  Scotland) :  see  esp.  the  words 
QUAINT,  QUEME,  QUEY,  QUICK. 

In  certain  words  of  French  origin,  qu-  varies 
with  c-  in  ME.  and  early  mod.E.  As  in  OF.,  this 
is  most  common  when  oi  or  ui  follows  :  see  the 
forms  given  under  coif,  coil,  coin  (quoiii),  coyn, 
quoit,  cuirass,  cuir-bouilli,  cuisse,  cushion,  custron, 
and  quaint.  More  rarely  que-  replaces  original  co 
ot  cu-,  as  in  quengeoun  congeoun,  queriger  conjure, 
quenquest  conquest,  queral  coral,  querch  curch, 
quesing  cousin,  questrel  custrel ;  with  these  cf.  the 
Norman  quemander,  quemencher ,  quemodittS,  que- 
nntn,  etc.  (Godef.  and  Moisy).  In  a  few  cases  the 
qu-  forms  survive  in  western  dial.,  as  querd  cord, 
quite  coil,  quine  coin,  quirt  court.  A  similar  varia 
tion  of  c  and  q  in  native  words  is  rare,  but  quo-  is 
sometimes  found  for  co-,  as  in  quod  cpd,  quodgel 
cudgel,  quore  core,  quorn  corn  :  see  also  QUEEST, 
QUITCH  s/>.1  and  COUCH  si/.'2,  QUID  si>.s 

In  ordinary  mod.Engl.  words  Q  is  employed  only 
in  the  combination  qu,  whether  this  is  initial  as 
in  quake,  quality,  medial  as  in  equal,  sequence, 
or  forming  u  final  consonant  (k)  as  in  cheque,  ftque, 
grotesque.  There  is,  however,  a  growing  tendency 
among  scholars  to  use  Q  by  itself  to  Iran, literate 
the  Semite  kiiph,  writing,  e.  g.,  Qabbala,  QaraHe, 
Quran.  l"f  Cm'.io'o',  Karaite,  Ksran. 

I.  1.  Illustrations  ot  the  c.ic  of  tit  letter. 

c  1000  ALLVKIC  Grain,  iii.  (Z.)  6,  n  ai  d  k  £eendia*  on  t. 
aefter  rihte.  q  ^eendaS  on  it.  1530  PALSGR.  9  Whan  1> 
followeth  q  in  a  frenche  wordc..thln  shall  it  '  left  un 
sounded,  a  1637  B.  JONSON  />£•.  Cram,  iv,  1  e  English 
Saxons  knew  nut  this  halting  Q,  vith  her  wai  ig-woman 
it  after  her.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.,  Vany  gr?m- 
marians,  in  imitation  of  the  Greeks,  banish  tlu'  v*.  as  a 
superfluous  letter.  1797  l.ltcycl.  Brit.  ted.  31  724/2  The  q  ir 
never  sounded  alone,  but  in  conjunction  with  u.  .and  nev. 
ends  any  English  word.  1872  MORRIS  Enff.  Accid  61 
From  this  table  of  consonants  we  huve  onvtted.  vt  because 
this  is  equivalent  to  lew. 

2.  Used  to  denote  serial  order,  as  'O  Battery', 
'  Section  Q',  etc.,  or  as  a  symbol  of  scin«  -hing  or 
person,  a  point  in  a  diagram,  etc. 

f  3.   Q  in  the  corner,  ?  —  puss  in  the  rjrner.   Olis. 

1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  I.  41,  I  will  eitUir  hide  or  seek 
with  any  boy  in  the  parish  ;  and  for  a  Q  in  the  corner, 
there  is  none  more  celebrated. 

II.  Abbreviations. 

1.  Of  Latin  words  or  phra£S.  f  a.  Q  (in 
medireval  notation)  =  500;  q,  qu.  =  QUASI,  as 
if ;  q.  =  quadrans  farthing,  fftt,  b.  f  1-  d.  = 
quasi  dictum  '  as  if  said ',  ftasi  dirat  '  as  if  one 
should  say',  etc.;  fq.  e.  »  ?u<>d  est  'which  is'; 
q.  v.  =  quod  vide  'whicl  see',  fc.  From  the 
language  of  medical  pretriptions :  q.  1.  =  quantum 
libet,  q.  pi.  =  quan  'u>."  placet  '  as  much  as  one 
pleases ' ;  q.  s.  =  QUANTUM  SUFFICIT  ;  q.  v.  =  quan 
tum  vis  '  as  much  as  you  wish '.  d.  Formula; 
placed  at  the  eni'.^f  mathematical  problems,  etc. : 
Q.E.D.,  Q.E.F.,  QE-I.,  =  quod  erat  demonstran 
dum,  facinidum. inveniendum,  '  which  was  to  be 
demonstrrted^i'Jne,  found'. 


1542  RECORDS  Gr.  Aries  (rs?'.)  29,  q  a  farthing  the  iiijpart 
of  a  penny.  1631  WEEVER  /\M.  Fun.  Man.  240  Worth  1412  /. 
4*.  7^.  ob.  q.  1658  PHILMPS,  Aifrcton  q.  Alfred's  Town. 
1678  Ibid.  (ed.  4),  Bangle-lured  (in.  Bendle-earedl.  1710 
Land.  Gaz.  No,  4706,  2  The  Ballance  .  .  amounting  to 
7ioi9/.  is.  5^.  2<?.  has  been..  credited  to  the  Publick.  1721 
BAILEY,  Gossip,  of  Ca^nr/J  Syb,.  .a  Kinsman,,?,  d.  Kindred 
in  God.  1722  QUINCY  J'hys.  Viet.  69/2,  q.  s.  A  sufficient 
Quantity.  1818  MooKfc  Fudge  Fam.  Paris  ii.  127  The 
argument's  quite  Mew,  you  see,  And  proves  exactly  Q.  E.  D. 
1848  MRS.  GASKELI  M.  Uarton  (1882)  86/2  [My  thoughts 
don't  follow  each  other  like  the  Q.  E.  D.  of  a  Proposition 

2.  Of  English  words  or  phrases,  a.  Q.  =  Que-n; 
Q.,  q.  =  query,  question  ;  q.  (in  a  ship's  lo^)  = 
squalls;  t  q-  =  quod,  QUOTH.  Sc.  Obs.  b.  Q.B.  = 
Queen'?  Bench;  Q.C.  =  Queen's  CounseA  (!  J  ice 
Q.C.-dom);  Q.M.  =  Quartermaster  ;  CM.G.  = 
Quartermaster-General;  Q.  T.,  q.  t.  =<r,iet.  slang. 
c.  |  qd.  =  quod,  QUOTH.  Obi  •  :,r.  =  ouarter,  quire  ; 
qt.  =  quart,  quantity  ;  qu.  - 

£1525    Qmiglas'   ^neis   (Small) 
Douglas.     1568  Sawn.  MS.  in  Poeif,*  ^ 
18  ffinis  '.i.  Alex'.  Scott.    Ibid,  xviii  tg.  q.  Scott  oil  >•<;  Mr. 
of  Erskyn.     1625  BACON  Ess.,  Prophecies  (Arb.)   '?6  Ihe 
Q.  Mother,  .caused  the  King  her  H,j5b?nds  Natiiv..e  to  be 


calculated.     1711  Land..  Gaz.   IJ\  4845/4,  4 
~ 


each 


3  c.  of  Coffee."  1734 \VARD  You,*  Math.  Guiat  fer  °,1,9? 
A  Groce-  bought  3  c.  I  qr.  14  Ib.  Weight  of  Cloves.  ,^5 
C>?;;/'  .\j>.  Aug.  i44The  harl  struggle  was  over,  the  com- 
parr  ,e  table-land  of  Q.  C.-Jjm  gained.  1884  G.  MOORE 
Mwmr  rs  Wife  (1887)  99  ft  will  be"possible  to  !.ave  one 
spree  n  the  strict  q.  t.  1893  MRS.  CLIFFORD  Au'it  Anne  II. 
293  Shp  ,  mister  of  an  eminent  Q.  C 

Q,   ,bs.  form  of  CUE  sb2 ;  see  also  Qu. 
',hat,  Qheche,  Qhom,  qhwom,  Qhythson- 

yd,  obs.  ff.  WHA?,  WHICH,  WHOM,  WHITSUNTIDE. 

fQu,  Q,  var  of  CUE  sl>.\  half-a-farthing.   Obs. 

CTJ4O,  1617  [.see  CUE].  1554  LYLY  Moth.  Bomb,  in  Old 
r  .  (1814)  I.  264  [To  Half'  ^nny]  Rather  pray  there  be  no 
'  il  of  money  for  then  wilt  thou  go  for  a  q.  1597  ist  Pt. 
sltiurn  fr.  1J  irnass,  i-  i.  434  Adew  single  beare  and  three 
-jus  of  brt:?.de.  1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (i6y6)  77  Some,  .divide 
the  Farthing  int^-  2  Ques,  the  Q  into  -2  Gees. 

"  O'aa  (kvvvi),  adv.  Also  qua,  qua>  [L.,  the 
abK^iug.  fern,  of  qui  who.]  In  so  far  as;  in  the 

1647  ^ARD  Simf.  Coblt-r  56  Eveiy  man  was  as  good  a 
man  as  yb^r  Selfe,  gun  man.  1649  Bounds  Publ.  Obed. 
(1650)  90  1h  *  Apostle  commands  Wives  to  ^u'unut  to  their 
Husbands,  :u*>|y  qua  Husbands,  not  qua  men.  1776 
Claim  Roy  Rati^  Churn  17/1  (Stanf.l  A  body  corporate, 
qua  corporate,  canvnt  make  an  affidavit.  1885  Mnnch. 
Exam.  4  Apr.  4/6  1n\^r  censures  are  not  directed  against 
the  Church  qua  Churbb  but  against  the  Church  gna 
Establishment, 

f  Qu«  abbrev.  of  l^mtadrans  farthing ;  cf. 
QUADRANT  st*.1  2  b.  0&&,t!\~ 

1631  WEEVER  A  nc.  Fun.  In*  '  7\6lt  was  valued  at . .  three 
pounds  fjure  shillings,  pennie/-.it.e  penny  qua. 

Qua,  obs.  northern  form  qf  WHO. 

Quaa,  variant  of  QUAW,  bog.  St. 

Quaake,  obs.  var.  of  QUACK  v2 

t  Quab,  sbl  Obs.  rare.  Also  7  quabbe,  8 
quobb(e.  [a.  MDu.  (and  MLG.)  quabbe  (Du. 
kivaby  kwabbc,  (L)G.  quabbe,  Da.  kvabbe,  Sw. 
qvabba},  burbot  or  eelpout,  gol>y,  tadpole;  var.  of 
quappey  OLG.  qucpfa^ 

1.  a.  A  sea-slu^  (see  HOLOTHLBIAN  sl>.).    b.  An 
eelpout  or  burbot.     C.  (See  QUABLTNG.) 

1617  MINSHEU  Ductor^  A  Quabbe,  a  kinde  of  fish.  .Hole- 
thuria.     Ibid.^  A  Quabbe,  or  Eele-powt.  .Mustela  jluvia- 
tiiis.      1748  Phil.    Trans.   XLV.    174    An    extraordinar1- 
Fish  in  that  Country  [Russia],  called  the  Quab,  whir' 
reported  to  be  first  a  Tadpole,  then  a  Frog,  and 
a    Fish.     1799  W.   TOOKE  View  Russian  Emt 
Quobbs  are  likewise  In  the  Irtysh  in  surprising 

2.  Jig.  A  crude  or  shapeless  thing. 
1628  FORD  L&ver's  Mel,  in.  iii,  I  will  she 


A  trifle  of  mine  own  brain  . .  a  scholar's  fancy,  A  quab  ;  'tis 
nothing  else,  a  very  quab. 

Qnab,  rf.2  06s.  exc.  dial.  (quob).  Also  7 
quabbe.  [  =  Du.  kivabbe  a  boggy  place ;  cf.  MLG. 
quabbel  slime,  and  see  QOAG.]  A  marshy  spot, 
a  bog.  Cf.  QUABMIRE. 

1617  MINSHEU  Dnctor,  A  Quabbe,  or  quagmire,  a  1656 
USSHER  Ann.  VI.  (1658)  596  Defended  by  the  Maeotis  and 
those  quabs.  1847  HAI.LIWELL,  Quob,  a  quicksand  or  bog. 
West.  1879  Miss  JACKSON  Shrofsh.  H'ord-bk.,  Quob,  a 
marshy  spot  in  a  field  ;  a  quagmire. 

Qnab,  v.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  (quob).  [var.  of 
QUAP  v. ;  cf.  G.  quabbeln  in  same  sense.]  intr. 
To  beat,  throb,  quiver.  Hence  Quabbing  ppl.  a. 

1663  Flagtlluin,  or  O.  Cromwell  (1672)  123  A  dangerous 
impostume  [printed  -ure]  of  ambition,  whose  quabbing, 
beating  pains  gaue  them  no  rest.  1863  BARNES  Dorset 
Gloss.,  Quob,  to  quiver,  like  jelly.  1881  Leicester  Gloss., 
Quob,  to  throb. 

Qua-bird  (kwa-baid).  U.S.  Also  8  quaw-. 
[f.  qua,  imitative  of  its  note  +  BIRD.]  The  Night 
Heron  of  Norfti  America,  Nycticorax  nxvius  or 
Gardeni. 

1789-96  MORSE  Amtr.  Geos:.  '•  212  Quaw-bird  or  Frog 
Catcher.  1835  PcnnyCycI.  IV.  471  The  Night  Heron  or 

§ua  Bird . .  is  found  in  itolh  the  old  and  new  world.  1890 
.  GOSSE  Life  P.  H.  Gosse  115  Thompson's  Point,  the  former 
residence  of  the  night-heron  or  qua-bird. 

t  Qua'bling.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  QUAB  sb.^  + 
-LING.J  A  goby  or  gudgeon. 

1617  MINSHEU  Dnctor,  A  Quabling,  or  little  Quabbe,.. 
tC'ibio. 

Quabmire.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  (quob-).  [f.  QUAB 
sl>. t  or  v. ,  but  found  earlier.]  A  quagmire. 

1597  BROUGHTON  Ep,  Nobit.  Eng.  Wks.  570  Oversights, 
which  for  a  dry  causie  bring  us  to  quabmyres.  1841  HARTS- 
HORNE  Salop.  Antiq.  Gloss.  539  Quvhnire,  a  quagmire. 

Quacha,  obs.  form  of  QUAGGA. 

t  Qua-cham.  Obs.  rare—1.  (?) 

1515  BARCLAY  Egloges  iv.  (1570)  C.  iv.  b/2  We  other 
Shtnherdes  . .  Of  common  sortes,  leane,  ragged  and  rent, 
Feu  with  rude  f  -  •  r  -  •<•;>*-,  mini-ham,  or  with  crudd. 

Quacia,  ob».  form  c.l  OUASSIA. 
Quaxjk  (kwsek),.(i.l    Also7quacke.    [Abbrev. 
OfQUACKS  \t-VER.] 

1.  An  ignorant  pretender  to  medical  or  surgical 
skill;    'oic  >"lio  boasts  to  have  a  knowledge  of 
wonderful  remedies ;  an  empiric  or  impostor  in 
medicr..      •  CHARLATAN  2. 

T.  PECKE  fa  -nassi  Puerf.  145  Sir  Quac''  '>t  Patient 
nothing    could    cur.-    Th<?    sn.  :  ;  r.      j68> 

*«>  V  OH  Folly  47  All  these  hanl  named 

ell.        t...  :!0t  make*>o  great  a  tigure  :  '         .ick'i. 

'?•'       "    '     .  ^  (1*54)36  Running  after  QuaiA 

iof  Mediohns  and  Remedies.     1783  CRABLI- 
ftJfA  p'jlenl  quack,  long  verged  h  human  ills,  Whu 
nsults  the  victim  whom  he  kills.     i£oo  W.   IRVW 
^tttckt-rb.  (1861)  127  He  who  Has  -jncc  ',een  vr-dei  /he  *>-   • 
jf  a  quack,  is  for  ever  after  prone  to  dabble  in  drug..      JBJo 
REAL,-.  Slight  Ailin.  11  Persons  would  he  easily  inflin 
by  what  the  quack  says. 

2.  trans/.  One  who  professes   a   knowledge 
skill  concerning  subjects  of  which  he  is  ignura. 
=  CHARLATAN  3. 

1638  FORD  Fancies  :n.  i,  There  ho  sits. .The  very  qu.    ' 
'eds.  quaik,  quake]  of  fashK-n-      i7io3TEELF.  ratler^\- 
•  2  Rules  for  knowing  the  Quacks  m  both  Professions [1 

id  Physic].    1781  COWPER  Progr.  :~>r  474  Ciu.rch  qu:. 
with  passions  imder  no  command,  Who  nil  the  world  A  :th 
Joctrines  contraband.      1864  BURTOW  Scft  Abr.   I.  v 
1'her.  .     •.  :ice  of  a  lord  rector  havfcBK 

I  clamorous  quack  or  a  canting  fanatic. 

3.  attrjb.  and  Comb.,  as  quack-cuivertiscment ',  -bill, 
•bookseller,  -doctor,  -medicine,   etc.;    also   qu-    '' 
tdoring,  -ridden  adjs. 

1653  H.  MORE  Antid.  Ath.  in.  ix.  §  2  (Schol.)  Principle 

:hat  no  . .  pert  Saucy  Quar'    Theologist  can  am  way  e:icr» 

Yale.    1693  tr.  Colbakh's  Ne-aiLt.  Chiritrg.  Pu- ""'  1'nle-p., 

The  Base  Imposture  of  his  Quack  Medicines,     a.  1704  T. 

BROWN  Table  Talk  in  Coll.  Poems  (1705)  -3°  A  Chymist  . . 

put  out  a  Quack-Bill.     1707  HEARNE  C'ttect.  (O.  H.  i.;  II. 

55  Mr.   Bollon..now  a  quack-Physi»'an  in  London.     1751 

WARBURTON  Pope's  Wks.  IV.  iST"  bills  of  Quack-Doctors 

and  Quack-Booksellers  being  i.sually  pasted  tOgMher  on 

the  same  posts.     1785  Eurof  M<*g-  VIII.  469  A  dialogue 

between  the  doctor  and  hisx-lerk  satirizes  quack  advertise- 

(ments.    1839  CARLYLE  dtf!"»  v.  138  Europe  lay  pining,. . 

Iquack-ridden,  hag-ridden.|ui855  BROWNING  Bp.  Bio 

I -'j  Quark-nonsense  aboul  crowns,  And.. The  vague  idea 

jaf  setting  things  to  righB.     1874  HELPS  Sac.  Press   ii.  26 

/  A  puffing-,  advertising,  gsack-adoring  world. 

I    Quack  (Jku-KKj;  sb."     [Imitative  :  cf.  Du.  i-wak, 

G.  quack,  Sw.  qvack  (of  clucks  or  frogs),  Icel.  kvak 

'wittering  of  birds.     See  also  QUAKE  int.]     The 

larsh  cry  characteristic  of  a  duck  ;  a  sound  resem- 

>ling,  or  imitating  this.     b.  humorously.  A  duck. 

1839  Lett.  fr.  Madras  (1843)  290  Showing  his  tectrt,  and 

ttenng  a  loud  quack  !     1869  BLACKMORE  l.orna  /'.  x.  He 

;ave  me  a  look  from  his  one  little  eye  . .  and  then  a  loud 

|uack  lo  second  it.     a  1897  Bird  o'  Freedom  (Barrere  & 

-eland),    I   send   her   herewith  a  couple  of  quacks.     1901 

R  CONDER  Seal  Silence  211  The  voice  of  the  footman 

'•>h  above  the  general  quack  of  conversation 

"k,  sb.z    Obs.    rare.     In   5  qu&kke,   6 
rlmitative  :   cf.  QUACKLE' c.1-  and  LG. 
•noan,  groan.]    A  state  of  he 
the  throat. 

Reeve's  T.  232  He  yexeth,  andl..:.  speketh 
he  were  on  the  quakke,  or  (in  v.. . 


1577  HARRISON  England  H.  xxii.  (1877)  I.  338  The  smoke 
. .  was  reputed  a  far  better  medicine  to  keepe  the  goodman 
and  his  familie  from  the  quacke  or  pose. 
Quack  (kwoek),  z>.i     [f.  QUACK  rf.1] 

1.  intr.  To  play  the  quack,     a.  To  pretend  to 
have  medical  knowledge ;  to  dabble  ignorantly  in 
medicine,   b.  To  talk  pretentiously  and  ignorantly, 
like  a  quack,     t  Also  with  of. 

i6z8  VF.NNER  Baths  of  Bathe  (1650)  362  In  quacking  for 
Patients  he  is  so  kind  and  free  of  his  service.  1678  BUTLER 
Hud.  in.  i.  330  To  quack  of  universal  cures.  Ibid.  364 
A  Virtuoso,  able  To  smaller,  quack,  and  cant,  and  dabble, 
I7JJ  DE  FoEffague  (Rtldg.)  45  Ignorant  Fellows;  quacking 
and  tampering  in  Physick.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  1. 
Pref.,  Enlighlen  then  their  understandings  ..  and  who 
then  will  venture  to  quack,  or  be  quacked  ?  1876  G. 
MEREDITH  Beauch.  Career  III.  ii.  29  A  wiseacre  who  went 
quacking  about  the  country,  expecling  to  upset  the  order 
of  things. 

2.  trans.  To  advertise,  puff,  or  palm  off  with 
fraudulent  and  boastful   pretensions,  as  a  quack- 
medicine  or  means  of  cure.     fAlso  with  forth. 
t  To  quack  titles  :  to  invent  new  titles  for  old  books 
in  order  to  make  them  sell. 

1651  BIGGS  New  Disp.  Pref.  9  To  be  Quacked  forth  in 
Bartholmew-Fayr.  1651  CLEVELAND  Poems  33  Could  1  (in 
Sir  Emp'ricks  lone)  Speak  pills  in  phrase,  and  quack  destruc 
tion.  1715  MRS.  CENTLIVRE  Gotham  Elect,  i,  My  third 
Son  is  a  bookseller,  .he  has  an  admirable  knack  at  quacking 
Titles.  1727  BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet.  s.  v.  Gill  ale,  A  notorious 
Imposition,  which  is  quack'd  upon  the  World  . .  to  be  a 
great  Restorative  and  Curer  of  Consumptions.  1830  Ex- 
awinerbio/2  The  Politician  must  be  quacked,  paragraphed, 
.  .and  coteried  into  notoriety. 

3.  To   treat   after  the  fashion  of  a  quack;    to 
administer  quack  medicines  to ;  to  seek  to  remedy 
or  put  right  by  empirical  or  ignorant  treatment. 
Also  with  up. 

1746  H.  WALPOLE  Lett,  to  Mann  (1833)  II.  124  If  he  has 
any  skill  in  quacking  madmen,  his  art  may  perhaps  be  of 
service  now.  1757  KI.IZ.  GRIFFITH  Lett.  Henry  $•  Frances 
(1767)  I.  84,  I  am.. as  *  hoarse  as  bondage'.  1  .shall  there 
fore  stay  here  lo-night,  and  quack  myself.  1778  Sketches 
Jar  Tabernacle  Frames  17  For  quacking  Souls  you  cannot 
he  atlack'd.  i8«o  BENTHAM  Packing (1821)  144  Epitaph  on 
a  Valetudinarian,  who  quacked  himself  to  death.  1820 
COL.  HAWKER  Diary  (1893)  I.  195,  I  tried  with  bricks, 
baskets  and  everything.. lo  quack  up  one  of  ihem  [defective 
chimneys],  a  1876  HT.  MARTINEAU  Atitobiog.  (1877)  I.  147 
The  le.is  its  condilion  is  quacked.  .Ihe  beller  for  Ihe  mind's 
health. 

Hence  Quacked  ///.  a. 

-i  1876  Hi.  MARTINEAU  Autobiog.  (1877)  II.  461  Such  ex 
hortations  are  too  low  for  even  the  . .  quacked  morality  of 
a  time  of  theological  suspense. 

Quack  (kwaak) ,  -j*  Also  8  quaake.  [Imita 
tive  :  cf.  Du.  kwakken,  G.  qaacken  to  croak,  quack. 
Older  variants  are  QUACKLE,  QUAKE,  Q.  I..IK,  q.v.] 

1.  intr.  Of  a  duck:  To  utter  its  characteristic 
note.  Also  with  cognate  obj. 


'in.  17*7  BAILEY  vol.  l\,Qiiackin.t,r\ea.  1731  Quaaking', 

.j  a  Noise,  as  ducks  do.  1755  JOHNSON,  Quack.  ..  This 

.    .  is  often  writlen  quaake,  lo  represent  the  sound  better. 

QUACKING  vbl.  sb?}.     1862  G.  KEARLEY  Links  in 

"*«;    ix.  (1863)  2K2  [The  duck]  no  sooner  recognized  the 

than  he  quackei!  vehemenlly.      1869  BLACKMORE 

LortKt  D.  x,  There  were  thirteen  ducks  ..  and  . .  they  all 

.-.    1893  EARL  DUNMORE  Pamirs  I. 

i          [some  ducks]  . .  quacked  the  quack  of  derision 

at  us. 

b.  Of  a  rayen  or  frog:  TV>  -.^-x.  rare. 
1^27  IJOVHR  .'l^g'a^i.  uict..  To  Quack  (or  to  croak,  as 
Ravens  do),  croasse '.    1892  TENNYSON  Foresters  n.  ii.  97 
ATy  frog  that  used  tcquack  When  I  vaulted  on  his  back. 
2.  trans/.  To  make  a  harsh  sound  like  the  note  of 
a  duck ;  to  make  a  noisy  outcry. 

a  1614  Bp.  M    SMIT.:  Semi.  (1632)  r36  An  example  to  all 
busie-bodyes,  that  will  Jare . .  to  quacke  against  their  betlers. 
1894  HALL  CAINK  ,vau.riiian  265  He  puffed  lill  his  lips 
•  .',  though  tlv:  pipe  gave  oul  no  smoke. 

O,uack,  Quick-belly,  -breech,  -myre, 
Quicker :  s«e  QUAKE  ».i,  QUAKER. 

Quackery1  (kwae-kari).  [f.  QUACK  j/;.l  +  -BUY.] 
The  characteristic  practices  or  methods  of.a  r  ,.ack  ; 
chatlataa*. 

1700-11  J  SPWKE  (title)  Quackery  Unmask'd.  1717  LADY 
M.  W.  UoMtcu  Let.  to  AbM  Conti  i  Apr.,  I  know  you 
Condemn  the .  uackery.  .as  much  as  you  revere  the.  .Irulhs, 
m  which  we  Ifi  agree.  1798  Trans.  Sac.  Arts  XVI.  i^o 
All  ihe  nostrum»)ffered . . are  mere  quackery.  duCAILVLE 
Heroes  fiB^S)  \f>  Ouackery  and  dupery  do  abound;  in 
religions  ..  ihev  h.,  f  fearfully  abounded.  1874  MAMAFFY 
Soc.  Lij  .e  ix.  .-3  The  old  quackery  of  charms  and 

m.-antaf  „  1885  L.,.;mp_  ^n,.^Une  908  Theosophy  [is] 
.  .one  of  ,ie  •  intci«ting  of  spiritual  quackeries. 

Quackfc  ,  -(,K-w;s';ari).  nonce-wd.  [f.QuACK?-.'^ 
+  -ERT.]  '.'he  quackkg  of  a  number  of  ducks. 

.8i3 i  J  WILSON  in  KUfK.  Mag.  XXIV.  293  A  sort  of 
!°*'  '>h  B!!rh;  ='•  ' ;  nor  "Musical  quackery.  1831  Ibid. 
XX...  ,'.(,  I  he  quackery  of  a  tartled  slorm  of  wild  ducks. 

Quackhood  (kw^Jhop,     [f.  QUACK  sb  i  4- 

-HOOD.]     =QUA'«EF      \ 


Verses.  Leave  Quacking ;  and  Enucleate  The  yertues  of 
Chocolate.  1664  EVF.LYN  Sylva  34  Quacking  is  not  my 
trade  :  I  speak  only  here  as  a  plain  Husband-man.  1702 
DE  FOE  Afock  AFoiirners  in  Misc.  (1703)  ^46  All  other 
Remedies.  .Are  Tampering  and  Quacking  with  the  Slale. 
1733  CHEYNE  Eng.  Malady  in.  Inlrod.  (1734)  265  The 
Medicines  I  have  only  hinled  at  to  prevent  the  Quacking 
of  Patienls  Ihemselves.  1827  J.  W.  CROKFR  in  C.  Papers 
7  Aug.  (1884),  They  found  ..  the  patient  so  reduced  by  .. 
alternale  quacking  and  indulgence. 

attrib.  1682  S.  PORDAGF.  Medal  Rev.  210  Some  State- 
Physicians.,  on  thee.  .would  try  some  quacking  trick. 

Quacking  (kwae-kirj),  vbl.  sb.l  [f.  QUACK  v.z 
+  -INQ!.]  The  uttering  of  the  harsh  sound  denoted 
by  the  vb. 

1815  W.  H.  IRELAND  ScrioMeowanta  i  The  sage  waddling 
goose,  Whose  quacking  you'll  own  is  the  very  repealer  Of 
my  famous  Muse.  1880  MACKENZIE  Dis.  Throat  $  Xose  I, 
491  The  barking  of  a  dog  or  ihe  quacking  of  a  duck.  1892 
BARING-GOULD  Trag,  C&sars  I.  218  Being  incommoded  by 
ihe  quacking  of  frogs  he  ordered  them  to  be  silent. 

Quacking  (kwoe-kin),  ///.  a.l     [f.  QUACK  vl 
+  -INO-.]     That  acts  or  practises  as  a  quack. 
1628  VENNER  Baths  of  Bathe  (1650)  357  To  . .  reject  the 


1843  CARLYLE  /W  *  Pr    •...  xii,  To  worship  new  and    ! 
ver-!:e.v  forms  of  Quac*.,ood. 

(kwa-l'^;,  vbl.  >.i    [f.  QDACK  v  .1 
e  action  or  u.-ct^e  of  playing  the 


quack  ;  ignorant  da1  '  .mij  m  mef.'--me. 
1652  WADSWD«TH  tr.  <  afii  .IUT'"  Tr.  ,il.-j!ocolate  Intn»l. 


Ph}'S.  II.  I.  xiv.  31  A  more  quacking  race  . .  does  not  exist, 
and  they  are  always  swallowing  some  kind  of  medicine. 
Quacking  (kwarkirj),  ppl.  a.'*     [f.  QUACK  v.u 
+  -ING12.]  That  quacks  or  makes  a  sound  as  a  duck. 
1620  DEKKER  I'illanies  Disc,  xvii,  A   Quacking  cheate, 
a  Ducke.    1898  R.  HICHENS  The  Londoners  82  The  quacking 
voice  hurled  out  these  last    three   words  with    impressive 
emphasis. 

Quackish  (kwas-kij),  a.  [f.  QUACK  rf.l  +  -ISH.] 
Ot  the  nature  of  a  quack  or  quackery. 

1732  Hist.  LitteraHa  III.  558  To  complele  his  quackish 
Farce  [he]  spread  prinled  Bills  all  over  Paris.  1790  BURKE 
Fr.  Rev.  198  All  Ihe  arts  of  quackish  parade.  1800  Monthly 
Mag.  XIII.  131  Regular,  nol  quackish  innovating  prac 
titioners.  1865  Sat.  Rev.  Nov.  570  Anolher  . .  confounds 
preaching  the  Gospel  wilh  a  quackish  inlerprelalion  of 
prophecies. 

Hence  Qna'ckishly  adv. 

1816  J.  GILCHRLST  }  hilos.  Etyin.  119  Do  not  let  them 
.  .quackishly  boas-t  of  new  light  and  great  discovery. 

Quackism  (kwrc-kiz'm).  [f.  QUACK  sbl  +  -ISM.] 
Quackery,  charlatanism. 

1720-21  Lett.  Mist's  Jrnl.  (1722)  II.  22, 1  understand  that 
is  exploded  as  Quackism  by  ihe  Judicious.  1762  LLOYD 
St.  jajttes*s  Mag.  I.  iv,  Olhers,  in  Ihe  Irue  spirit  of 
Quackism,  circulale  iheir  inlenlions  by  handbills.  1831 
CARLYLE  Misc.  Ess.,  Cagliostro(  1899)  274  What  unmeasured 
masses  of  Quackism  were  set  fire  to. 

Quackle  (kwark'l),  v.1  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [Imita 
tive  :  cf.  QUACK  st>.3]  trans,  and  intr.  To  choke. 

1622  S.  WARD  Woe  to  Drunkards  (1627)  22  The  drinke  or 
something  in  the  cup  quackled  him,  stucke  so  in  his  throat, 
that  . .  [ilj  strangled  him  presently.  1655  GURNALL  Chr.  in 
Arm.  i.  (1665)  72  God  knowes,  ihou  arl  almost  quackled 
with  thy  teares.  1806  BLOOMFIELD  Wild  Floivers  Poems 
(1845)  221  Some  quack'ling  cried,  Mel  go  your  hold';  The 
farmers  held  the  faster.  1865  Standard  19  Sepl.,  The  verb 
'  lo  quackle  '  is  used  in  Suffolk  in  reference  lo  suffocalion, 
when  caused  by  '  drink  going  Ihe  wrong  way  \  or  by  smoke. 
1895  RYE  Gloss.  E,  Anglia,  s.  v.  '  My  cough  quackles  me '. 
'  He  fanged  her  by  ihe  Ihroat  and  nearly  quackled  her'. 

Quackle  (kwje-k'l),  v.2  [In  form  a  deriv.  of 
QUACK  v.2,  but  found  earlier.]  intr.  To  quack,  as 
a  duck.  Hence  Qua'okling  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1564-78  BULLEYN  Dial.  agst.  Pest.  (1888)  64  Vpon  a  tyme 
when  quacklyng  Duckes  did  speake  and  caklyng  hennes 
could  talke.  1825  HONE  Every-day  Bk.  \.  534  The  loud., 
quackling  of  ducks.. is  a  sign  of  rain.  1837  CARLYLE  Fr. 
Rev.  II.  i.  i,  Simple  ducks,  .quackle  for  crumbs  from  young 
royal  fingers.  1865  MRS.  WHITNEY  Gayivorthys  I.  it 
Undernealh.  -splashed  and  quackled  the  ducks. 

Quackmire,  variant  of  QUAKEMIRE. 

Quack-quack  (kwaek|kwrek).  [Imitative:  see 
QUACK  sb.'*}  An  imitation  of  the  note  of  a  duck  ; 
a  nursery  name  for  a  dock. 

1865  DICKENS  Mitt.  Fr.  nl.  xv,  Mew  says  ihe  cat,  Quack- 
quack  says  the  duck.  1869  OUIDA  Puck  xxxviii.  (1873)  491 
[They]  could  not  themselves  tell  for  their  lives  . .  a  canvas- 
back  duck  from  a  quack-quack  of  the  gutler.  1889  MIVART 
Truth  226  '  Quack. quack '  and  '  gee-gee '  are  just  as  good 
abslract  universal  lerms  as  'duck'  and  'horse'. 

Hence  Quack-quacking  vbl.  sb. 

1824  CARLYLE  tr.  Wilhelm  Meister  (1864)  II.  257  As  the 
duck  on  the  pond . .  to  the  fulure  quack-quacking  and  gibble- 
gabbling  of  his  life. 

Quacksalver  (kwre-ksa;lv3j).  Also  6-7 
quaok(e)-,  7  quaksaluer.  [a.  early  mod.Dn. 
(i6th  c.)  quacksalver  (Kilian ;  mod.Du.  kivak- 
zalver),  whence  also  G.  quacksalber,  Sw.  qvack- 
salfvare :  the  second  element  is  f.  salf,  zalf  salve, 
ointment,  and  the  first  is  commonly  regarded  as 
the  stem  of  quacken  (mod.Dn.  kwakken)  to  quack. 

On  this  view  a  quacksalver  is  one  who  '  quacks  '  or  boasts 
about  the  virtues  of  his  salves ;  it  has  however  been  sug 
gested  thai  quack-  or  kwak-  may  mean  '  to  work  in  a  feeble 
bungling  fashion '  (Franck).] 

1.  An  ignorant  person  who  pretends  to  a  know 
ledge  of  medicine  or  of  wonderful  remedies :  = 
QUACK  rf.i  i. 

Very  common  in  i7lh  c. ;  in  laler  limes  largely  superseded 
by  ihe  abbrevialion  QUACK  sb.1 

1579  GOSSON  Sch.  Abuse  (Arb.)  53  A  quacke-saluers  Budget 
of  filthy  receiles.  1605  B.  JONSON  Volpone  n.  ii,  They  are 
quack-saluers,  Fellowes,  lhat  Hue  by  senting  oyles,  and 


QUACKSALVING. 

drugs.  1658  ROWLAND  tr.  Monfefs  Thcatr.  Ins.  1074  One 
accidental  rash  cure  of  a  disease  . .  makes  a  Quacksalver  a 
great  Physician.  1719  D'UitFEV  Pills  (1872)  IV.  87  Come 
you  Quack-salvers  that  do  kill  Sometimes  a  Patient  by  your 
skill.  1856  VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  II.  vin.  ix.  98  What 
a  gulf  between  the  high  personage  our  romance  imagines 
and  ..that  shuffling  quacksalver  which  our  matter-of-fact 
research  discovers. 

attrib.  a  1670  HACKET  Cent.  Serm.  (1675)  544  St.  Peter 
had  no  such  Quacksalver  tricks  in  Divinity. 

2.  transf.   =  QUACK  2. 

1611  W.  BAKER  Panegyr.  Verses  in  Coryafs  Crudities^ 
The  Anatomic  dissection  or  cutting  up  of  that  great  Quack 
salver  of  words  Mr.  Thomas  Coryate  our  British  Mercuric. 
1889  SWINBURNE  Stud.  B.  Jonson  43  Brother  Zeal-of-the- 
land  is  no  vulgar  Impostor,  no  mere  religious  quacksalver. 

Hence  Quack  salverism,  f  -salvery,  quackery. 

16x7  MINSHEU  Ditctor,  Quacksaluerie.  1864  CARLVLK 
Freak.  Gt,  IV.  302  Sublime  quacksalverism. 

t  Quacksalving  (kwrc-kscelvirj),  ppl.a.  Obs. 
[f.  *quacksalve  vb.  (^inferred  from  QUACKSALVER)  + 
-ING  2.]  Quackish. 

1.  Of  things :   Belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of, 
a  quacksalver. 

1608  MIODLETON  Ma*i  World  ii.  vi,  Any  quacksalving 
terms  will  serve  for  this  purpose.  « 1691  Bi>.  CHOI-T  in 
Sowers  Tracts  (ed.  Scott)  VII.  290  Generals  and  particulars, 
the  quid)  the  gnate,  the  quantum^  and  such-likc  quack 
salving  forms. 

2.  Of  persons :  Resembling,  acting  like,  a  quack. 
1608  DEKKER  Lanth.  $•  Cand.  k.  Quack-saluing  Empericks. 

1620  MELTON  Astrolog.\%  If  you  should  kill  three  hundred, 
you  would  still  remain  hut  a  Quack-salving  Physician.  1622 
MASSINGER  £  DEKKER  Virg.  Mart.  iv.  i,  Quacksalving, 
cheating  mountebanks  !  1649  C.  WALKER  Hist,  Indefiend. 
n.  207  A  Quack-salving  Doctor  of  Phisick. 

Hence  f  Quacksalvingly  adv.,  in  the  manner  of 
a  quack.  Obs. 

1652  GAULE  Magastrom.  105  An  experiment  in  physick  or 
medicine,  sc.,  brought  to  effect,  many  times,  empirically, 
quacksalvingly,  iguorantly. 

t  Qua'ckster.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  QUACK  ZJ.I  + 
-STEK.J  A  quack,  quacksalver. 

1709  Brit.  Apollo  II.  No.  44.  3/1  The  Quackster  ..  with 
Death  signs  our  Quietus. 

Quacky  (kwarki;,  a.i    [f.  QUACK  st>*+  -Y*.] 

Inclined  to  quackery. 

1846  POE  Criticism  Wks.  1864  III.  23  Who  although  a 
little  quacky  per  se  has. .a  whole  legion  of  active  quacks  at 
his  control. 

Quacky  (kwx-ki),  a?  [f.  QUACK  sb$  +  -yl.] 
Of  voices  :  Having  the  harsh  quality  characteristic 
of  the  cry  of  a  duck.  Hence  Qua  ckiuess. 

1895  Forum  (N.Y.)  June  502  Our  women's  voices  are., 
hardened . .  into  an  habitual  '  quacky  '  or  metallic  quality.  . . 
'Quackiness'  and  shrillness  prevail  less  in  the  Southern 
States  than  in  the  Northern  and  Western. 

Quad  (kwgd),  j£.l,  abbrev.  (orig.  in  Oxford  slang) 

ofQUADRANGLE  sb.  2. 

1820  in  Brasenose  Ale  8  When  first  thy  Quad,  O  Erase- 
nose,  sprung  from  earth.  1827"  Sporting  Mag.  XXI.  70 
Mr.  Protheroe  once  met  me  in  'Quad'  during  the  frost. 
1861  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  at  Oxf.  i,  The  rooms  ain't  half  so 
large  or  good  in  the  inner  quad.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  24  Jan. 
3/2  Pump  Court— the  dreariest  of  all  the  Temple  quads. 

Quad  (kwgd),  sb.-,  abbrev.  of  QUADRAT  sb.  2. 

1880  in  WEBSTER  Suppl.  1884  Western  Morn.  Neivsij  July 
4/6  A  quad  is  a  compositor's  instrument  for  the  filling 
up  of  blanks.  1884  TUER  (title)  Quads  within  Quads,  for 
Authors,  Editors,  and  Devils.  1884  Pall  MallG.  i  Aug. 
4/2  '  Quads *  in  the  present  case  are  a  trade  term  applicable 
to  printers'  jokes. 

Quad  (kwgd),  ji.3,  abbrev.  of  QUADRUPLET  3. 

1896  Daily  News  2  June  9/2  Stocks  was  paced  by  five 
triplets  and  a  quad.     1897  Whitakers  Aim.  641/2  A  quad 
team  did  a  flying  quarter  in  24-6  sees. 

Quad  (kwgd),  sb.*,  abbrev.  of  QUADRUPED  i  b. 

1894  ASTLBV  Fifty  Years  Life  I.  97  He  was  mounted  on 
a  sorry  old  quad.  Ibid.  II.  88,  I  stuck  to  my  quad  and  rode 
into  the  paddock. 

Quad  (kwgd),  a.,  abbrev.  of  QUADRUPLE  a.  d. 

1888  in  JACOBI  Printers'  I'ocab.  1891  Star  12  Nov.  j/i 
Printing  Plant,  including,  .quad  crown  perfecting  machine, 
quad  demy  and  double  demy  machines. 

Quad  (kwgd),  v.i,  abbrev.  of  QUADRUPLEX  v. 

1886  Pall  Mall  G.  26  Aug.  n/i  Some  lines  are  'quadded  ' 
or  quadruplexed. 

Quad  ,kwgd),  z/.2  Printing,  [f.  QUAD  j£.2J  To 
insert  quadrats  in  (a  line  of  type) ;  to  fill  with 
quadrats.  Also  to  quad  out. 

1888  in  JACOBI  Printers'  Vocab. 

Quad,  var.  QUOD  sb.,  prison;  QUED(E  a.,  bad. 

Quad,  obs.  form  of  QUOTH  v. 

t  Quade,  v.  Obs.  rare*1.  [?  f.  quade,  var.  of 
QUKD(E  a.,  bad.]  ?To  destroy,  deface. 

'5^5  )•  HALLE  Hist.  Expost.  34  If  thou  in  chirurgerye, 
Alone  wylte  walke  and  wade  ;  Thine  erroreswill  thy  worke 
confounde,  And  all  thine  honoure  quade. 

tQua'der,  v.  Obs.  rare.  Also  5-6  quadr-. 
[ad.  L.  quadrare-.  see  QUADRATE  ^.,  and  cf.  F. 
cadrer,  quadrer  (i6th  c.).]  a.  trans.  To  square 
(a  number),  b.  trans,  and  intr.  =  QUADRATE  v.  3. 

c  1430  Art  ofNombryttge  (E.E.T.S.l  16  [A  given  number] 
to  be  quadrede.  1588  KYD  Honseh.  Philos.  Wks.  (1901)  269 
In  the  quadering  and  making  euen  of  the  enterics  with 
the  expences.  1593  —  in  Fort  a.  Rev.  (1809!  LXV.  220 
Nor  wold  indeed  the  forme  of  devyne  praiets  vsed  duelie 
in  his  Lordship's  house  have  quadred  with  such  reprobates. 
1620  SHELTON  Quix.  II.  iv.  vii.  91  The  X  doth  not  quader 
well  with  him  because  it  sounds  harshly. 


Quadern,  a  square  :  see  QUADRAN  j/'.l 

Quadle,  obs.  variant  of  CODDLE  zi.i,  to  boil. 

1633  HAHT  Did  of  Diseased  \.  xvii.  66  Raw  Apples  before 
they  be  ripe,  if  used,  are  best  quadled.  1649  G.  DANIEL 
Trinarch.  To  Rdr.  105  Thus  wee  sett  you  out  Perboyled 
Kinges  and  Quadled  Crownes. 

Quadling,  obs.  variant  of  CODLING  2. 

1584  COGAN  Haven  Health  c.  (1612)  87  Rawe  Apples  and 
Quadlings.  1609  C.  BUTLER  Fern.  Men.  (1634)  173  Let 
them  boil  till  they  be  as  tender  as  Quadlings. 

t  Quadmire.  Obs.  rare-1.  =  QUAGMIRE,  q.v. 

1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Ps.  Ixviii.  cowin.,  I  am  as  one  in- 
tangled  with  quickesand  or  quadmyre  in  the  bottom  of  a 
great  water. 

II  Quadra  (kwg'dra).  Arch.  [L.  quadra  a  square, 
used  by  Vitruvius  in  sense  I.] 

1.  a.  The  plinth  or  socle  of  a  podium,     b.  A 
platband  or  fillet,  esp.  that  above   or  below  the 
scotia  in  the  Ionic  base. 

1664  EVELYN  tr.  Freart's  Archit.  131  Pilaij  and  their 
Quadra's  or  Tables,  .were  employ'd  for  Inscriptions.  1842  - 
76  in  GWILT  Archit.  (Hence  in  recent  diets.) 

2.  A  square  border  or  frame  round  a  bas-relief, 
panel,  etc. ;  also,  loosely,  a  border  or  frame  of  any 
form. 

1727-41  in  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  1842-76  in  OWILT  Archit. 
(Hence  in  recent  Diets.) 

Quadra-,  occas.  erron.  form  of  QUADRI-. 

Quadrable  (kwo-drab'l),  a.  Math.  Also  8 
-ible.  [ad.  L.  type  *qiiadralilis,  f.  quads-are  to 
square :  see  QUADIIATE  v .  and  -ABLE.]  Capable  of 
being  represented  by  an  equivalent  square,  or  of 
being  expressed  in  a  finite  number  of  algebraic 
terms. 

1695  WALLIS  in  Phil.  Trans.  XIX.  in  The  Spaces  in  the 
Cycloid,  which  are  perfectly  Quadrable.  1743  EMERSON 


bo: 

Calculus  vi.  253  When  the  area  limited  by  a  curve  can  be 
expressed  in  a  finite  number  of  algebraic  terms,  the  surface 
is  said  to  be  quadrable. 

Hence  QuadrabMity,  the  quality  or  condition  of 
being  quadrable. 

1743  EMKRSON  Fluxions  194  In  Curves  of  more  Terms, 
there  are  several  Conditions  requisite  to  their  exact  Quadra- 
bility. 

Quadragenarian  (kwgsdradg&eVrian),  a. 
and  sb.  Also  erron.  quadri-.  [f.  L.  quadragi- 
nari-us  (f.  quadragem  distrib.  of  quaiiragiuta 
forty)  +  -AN.]  a.  adj.  Forty  years  old.  b.  sb. 
A  person  forty  years  of  age. 

1839  Frnscrs  Mag,  XX.  752  The  quadrigenarians  may 
reasonably  object,  that  as  Lord  Byron  only  lived  to  seven- 
and-thirty,  he  could  not  be  a  competent  judge  on  this 
matter.  1892  STEVENSON  Vailima  Lett.  xix.  (1895)  184  A 
stalwart  well-oiled  quadragenarian.  1897  Sat.  Rev.  20  Feb. 
J95/2  Quadrigenarian  critics. 

So  Qua'drag-ena'rious  a. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Quadragenarians •,  of  or  belonging 
to  forty  years.  1719  BOYER  Fr.-Eng.  Diet.,  Qita^rage- 
naire,  quadragenarious,  forty  years  old.  1895  Harpers 
Weekly  Mag,  Feb.  337/2  One  of  these  plumply  mellow 
quadrigenarious  bodies. 

t  Quadragene.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  med.L. 
quadragena^  neut.  of  quadragem  forty  each,  forty.] 
An  indulgence  for  forty  days. 

1664  JER.  TAYLOR  Dissnas.  Popery  ii.  §  4  You  have  .. 
purchased  your  self  so  many  Quadragenes  or  Lents  of 
pardon  ;  that  is,  you  have  bought  ofF  the  penances  of  so 
many-  times  forty  days. 


Quadragesima  (kw^drad^e'sima).  EccL 
[med.L.,  fern.  (sc.  dies  day)  of  L.  qitad,ragt'simtts 
fortieth,  f.  quaiiraginta  forty;  hence  also  It.,  Pg. 
quadragesima  (Sp.  cnad-},  F.  qnadragtsime  (1487). 

The  popular  Romanic  formsare  It,  qnaresiina^  Pg.  guares- 
ma,  Sp.  cuaresma,  OF.  qnarfsine^  caresme^  F.  entente;  cf. 
also  Ir.  corghas,  catrghios,  Gael,  carghns^  W.  garaiuys  from 
pop.  Lat.  *quarages-irtta,] 

ta.  The  forty  days  of  Lent.  Obs.  b.  (Also 
Quadragesima  Sunday.}  The  first  Sunday  in  Lent. 

{1398  THEVISA  Barth.  DC  P,  R.  ix.  xxx.  (1495)  364  Lenle 
highte  Quadragesima.]  1604  Bk.  Com.  Prayer  Tables, 
Quadragesima,  before  Easter,  vi  weekes.  1617  MINSHEU 
Ductor,  Quadragesima  Sunday,  or  the  first  Sunday  in  Lent. 
fm£.t  Quadragesima  is  the  first  Sunday  in  Lent.  1662  A'X:. 
Com.  Prayer  Tables,  Quadragesima,  six  weeks  before 
Easter.  1662  GUNNING  Lent  Fast  167  A  Quadragesima  all 
call'd  it.  1665  EVELYN  Corr.  9  Feb.  (1872)  III.  151,  I  have 
always  esteemed  abstinence  a  tanto  beyonu  the  fulfilling 
of  periods  and  quadragesimas.  1794  W.  TINUAL  Eveskam 
34  He  was  on  Quadragesima  Sunday  confirmed  Abbot. 

Quadragesimal  (kwodrad.^e'?'^- 1),  a,  and  sb. 
Also  7  quadrigess-.  [ad.  late  I.  quadragesi- 
mdl-is:  see  prec.  and  -AL.  Cf.  F.  quatf r arts  i  mat 
(i5-i6th  c.).5 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  a  fast  (esp.  tliat  of  Lent)  :  Lasting 
for  forty  days. 

1654  HAMMOND  Amwt.  Animadv.  I  gnat.  ii.  §  2. 38  The  Quad- 
rigessimal  Fast  was  observed  in  the  Church  to  commemorate 
hpth  these.  1715  tr.  Dufia'i  Eccl.  Hist.  i-flA  C.  I.  v.  171 
The  Quadragesimal  Fast  was  also  regarded  as  Penance. 
1844  W.  H.  MILL  .Sena.  'l'-mpt.  Christ  i.  12  That  quadra- 
sesimal  Fast  and  retirement  of  our  Lord.  1855  —  Apf>lic. 
J'anth.  Print.  (1861)  in  The  retirement  and  quadragesimal 
fast  of  Elijah. 

2.  Belonging  or  appropriate  to  the  period  of 
Lent ;  Lenten. 


QUADRANGLE. 

1629  MAUDE  tr.  Fonseca's  Dev.  Contempl.  title-p.,  Two 
and  Fortie  Sermons  upon  all  y«  Quadragesimal!  Gospells. 
1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxon.  II.  359  Quadragesimal  Disputations 
were  publickly  performed  in  the  Schools.  1717-41  CHAMBERS 
CycL  s.  v.  Quadragesima,  Hence  some  monks  are  said  to 
lead  a  quadragesimal  life  ;  or  to  live  on  quadragesimal  food 
all  the  year.  1882  J.  W.  LEGO  Hist.  Lilnrg.  Colours  in. 
40  The  colour  of  the  Quadragesimal  ornaments. 
fig.  a  1643  W.  CARTWRIGHT  Ordinary  in.  v.  in  Hazl. 
Dodsley  XII.  268  But  quadragesimal  wits,  and  fancies  lean 
As  ember  weeks. 

3.  Consisting  of  forty. 

1661  GUNNING  Lent  Fast  50  The  Quadragesimal  number 
not  constituted  of  men,  but  consecrated  from  God. 

t  B.  sb.  a.  A  fast,  properly  one  of  forty  clays. 
b.  A  set  of  forty,  c.  A  Lent  sermon,  d.  //. 
Lent  offerings  (see  quot.  1721).  Obs. 

1660  JEK.  TAYLOR  Duct.  Dutit.  in.  iv.  Rule  xiii.  §  17 
H  is  no  wonder,  .that  all  the  set  and  stationary  fasls  of  the 
Primitive  Christians  were  called  Quadragesimals.  Ibid.  §  18 
A  quadragesimal  of  hours  is  as  proper  as  a  quadragesimal 
of  days.  1691  tr.  Einiliant,e's  Frauds  Romish  Monks 
284  They  who  print  their  Quadragesimals  and  their  Advent 
Sermons,  ..  never  print  the  Second  part  of  them.  1721 
BAILEY,  Qltadragesimals,  Mid-Lent  contributions,  Offerings 
made  by  People  to  their  Mother  Church  on  Mid-Lent 
Sunday. 

Quadragesima-lia.  rare.  [neut.  pi.  of  late 
L.  qiiadragesimalis:  see  prec.]  —  prec.  Ii.  d. 

1717-41  in  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  1876  I'rayer-tiook  Interleaved 
103  'laking  Quadragcsimalia  or  Lent-ofTerings. 

tQuadragesimarian.  Obs.  rare-1.  [f. 
QUADRAGESIMA.]  An  observer  of  Lent. 

1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  11.  vii.  §  74  Otherwise  it  is  suspi 
cious  that  the  Quartadecimans  were  no  good  Quadragesi- 
maiians. 

t  Quadragesima,  -gesme.  Obs.  rare.  [ad. 
L.  quadragesim-a :  see  above.]  =  QUADRAGESIMA. 

(1440  Gcsta  Rom.  i.  Ixii.  266  (Harl.  MS.)  A  goode  cristyn 
man  that  wele  blessidly  hath  fast  all  the  quadragesme. 
1612  R.  SHELDON  Serin.  St.  Martin  s  5  To  proportion  my 
discourse  to  the  season,  when  we  all  are.  .making  a  Quad- 
ragesime,  or  fortieth,  as  a  parasceue  of  Christ  his  death 
and  passion.  1612  SELDEN  illustr.  Drayton's  Poly-olb.  XI. 
207  Wks.  1876  II.  91  You  will  lose  therein  forty  days,  and 
the  common  name  of  Quadragesime. 

Quadraginte-simal,o.  rarc~\  [ForQiUDRA- 
GESIMAL, after  ~L.quadraginta]  Forty-fold  ;  having 
forty  parts. 

1789  BURNEY  Hist.  Mns.  III.  i.  75  Twelve  bars  of  universal 
chorus  in  quadragintesimal  harmony. 

Quadragi-ntireme.  rare—1,  [f.  L.  quadra- 
ginta  forty:  cf.  quadriretne,  etc.]  (See  quot^ 

1799  CHARNOCK  in  Naval  Chron.  I.  132  Quadraginti- 
remes,  or  vessels  ..  described  as  having  forty  ranks.,  of 
oars. 

Quadrain,  a  square:  see  QUADKAN  j£.i 

Quadrain,  obs.  variant  of  QUATRAIN. 

Quadral  fkwg'dral),  a.  rare-1,  [f.  QUADR;I)- 
+  -AL.]  By  four,  into  four  parts. 

1891  W.  TUCKWELL  Tongues  in  Trees  146  They  held  to 
the  quadral  division  of  time,  distributing  the  day-night  into 
four,  eight  or  sixteen  parts. 

tQua'dran,  sb.  (and a.).  Obs.  Forms:  6quad- 
ron,  6-7  quadrain,  7  quadran,  -ren,  quadern. 
[Alteration  of  QUADRANT  sb.'*,  with  dropping  of 
the  -/  and  assimilation  to  other  endings.] 

1.  A  square. 

1591  HARI_NGTON  Orl.  Fur.  vi.  Ixxi,  These  ornaments  . . 
All  are  enrich't  with  stones  of  great  estate,  .  .  In  parted 
quadrons.  1595  B.  BAKNES  Sp^ir.  Somi.  Ixxxiii,  Bright 
soldiolirs  muster  up  ..  Raungde  into  quadraines  and  trium 
phant  rings.  1648  GAGE  H'est  Ind.  xii.  (1655)  51  In  the 
midst  of  this  Quadern  stood  a  mount  of  earth  and  stone 
square  likewise.  1653  R.  SANDERS  Pkysivgn.  153,  I  erected 
this  Figure,  and  thereupon  made  certain  Quadrains  and 
Resolutions,  that  my  Friends  might  understand  the  signifi 
cations  of  the  said  Figure. 

2.  attrib.  or  adj.  Square. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  i.  iv.  Handie-Crafts  206 
Sixteen  fair  Trees.. Whose  equall  front  in  quadran  form 
prospected.  1611  SPEED  Thfal.  Gt.  Brit,  xxxvii.  (1614)73/1 
In  a  long  Quadren-wise  the  wals  doe  incompasse  the  citle. 

Quadran,  obs.  var.  QUADBANT  sb.1  (sense  3), 
QUATRAIN. 

Quadrangle  (kwg-dra'rjg'l),  sli.  [a.  F.  quad 
rangle  (I3th  c.),  ad.  late  L.  quadrangulum,  neut. 
of  qiiadranguhts  (see  next),  f.  quadr-  QUADRI-  + 
angulus  ANGLE.  The  stressing  quatira'ngle,  which 
appears  in  some  of  the  quots.,  is  given  by  Bailey, 
Ash,  and  Sheridan,  and  is  still  the  constant  Sc.  use.] 

1.  Geom.  A  figure  having  four  angles  and  there 
fore  four  sides. 

In  mod.  Gtom.  a  quadrangle  is  regarded  as  a  figure 
formed  by  four  points  (vertices),  three  of  which  are  not  in 
the  same  straight  line,  and  by  the  six  straight  lines  which 
join  the  four  points  two  by  two.  (Cf.  QUADRILATERAL.)  In 
ordinary  use  the  term  commonly  denotes  a  square  or  other 


Quadrangle  make  ye  a  f  igure  round.  1551  KECORDE  Pat/m*. 
Knowl.  I.  Defitt.,  Thus  haue  I  done  with  trianguled  figures, 
and  nowe  foloweth  quadrangles.  1653  R.  SANDERS  Physiogn. 
58  The  Quadrangle  is  between  the  Table-line,  the  middle 
natural,  that  of  the  Sun,  and  that  of  Saturn,  when  there 
are  four  angles.  1869  DUNKIN  Midn.  Sky  141  Eight  stars 
forming  two  similar  quadrangles.  1884  tr,  Lotzc's  Logic  130 
Nothing  is  commoner  than  for  a  person  who  speaks  of  a 

1-2 


A  trifle  of  mine  own  brain  .  .  a  scholar's  fancy,  A  quab  ;  'tis 
nothing  else,  a  very  quab. 

Quab,  sb.l  06s.  exc.  dial.  (quob).  Also  7 
quabbe.  [  =  Du.  kwabbe  a  boggy  place  ;  cf.  MLG. 
quabbtl  slime,  and  see  QUAG.]  A  marshy  spot, 
a  bog.  Cf.  QUABMIRE. 

1617  MINSHEU  Ductor,  A  Quabbe,  or  quagmire,  a  1656 
USSHER  Ann.  vi.  (1658)  596  Defended  by  the  Maeotis  and 
those  quabs.  1847  HALI.IWELL,  Qvob,R.  quicksand  or  bog. 
Wtft.  1879  Miss  JACKSON  Shrofsh.  Word-Ik.,  Quob,  a 
marshy  spot  in  a  field  ;  a  quagmire. 

Quab,  v.  Obs.  exc.  dial,  (quob).  [var.  of 
QOAP  v.  •  cf.  G.  quabbeln  in  same  sense.]  ititr. 
To  beat,  throb,  quiver.  Hence  Quabbing  ///.  a. 

1663  Flagtllitm,  or  O.  Crotnivell  (1672)  123  A  dangerous 
impostume  [printed  -ure]  of  ambition,  whose  quabbing, 
beating  pains  gaue  them  no  rest.  1863  BARNES  Dorset 
Gloss.,  Qvob,  to  quiver,  like  jelly.  1881  Leicester  Gloss., 
Quob,  to  throb. 

Qua-bird  (kwa-baid).  U.S.  Also  8  quaw-. 
[f.  qua,  imitative  of  its  note  +  BIRD.]  The  Night 
Heron  of  Norfti  America,  Nycticorax  nstvius  or 
Gardeni. 

1780-96  MORSE  Aitier.  Geog.  I.  212  Quaw-bird  or  Frog 
Catcher.  1833  Penny  Cycl.  IV.  471  The  Night  Heron  or 

gua  Bird..  is  found  in  itolh  the  old  and  new  world.     1890 
.  GOSSE  Life  P.  H.Gosse  115  Thompson's  Point,  the  former 
residence  of  the  night-heron  or  qua-bird. 

t  Qua'bling.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  QUAB  jA.1  + 
-LING.]  A  goby  or  gudgeon. 

1617  MINSHEU  Ditctor,  A  Quabling,  or  little  Quabbe,.  . 
got/a. 

Quabmire.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  (quob-\  [f.  QUAB 
sb.'l  or  v.,  but  found  earlier.]  A  quagmire. 

1597  BROUGHTON  Ep.  Mobil.  Eng.  Wks.  570  Oversights, 
which  for  a  dry  causic  bring  us  to  quabmyres.  1841  HARTS- 
HORNE  &aloj>.  Antiq.  Gloss.  539  Quvbmire,  a  quagmire. 

Quacha,  obs.  form  of  QUAGGA. 

t  Qua-cham.  Obs.  rare~l.  (?) 

tjig  BARCLAY  Egloges  iv.  (1570)  C.  iv.  b/2  We  other 
Shaoherdes  .  .  Of  common  sortes,  leane,  ragged  and  rent, 
Fea  with  rude  frowise,  wuh  rjtia^ham,  or  witb  crudd. 

Quacia,  oi;...  form  el 


. 

Quarjk  (Icwsek),  sbl    Also  7  quacke.    [Abbrev. 
OtQUACKSAI.VEB.] 

1.  An  ignorant  pretender  to  medical  or  surgical 
skill  ;  one  who  boasts  to  have  a  knowledge  of 
wonderful  remedies  ;  an  empiric  or  impostor  ii 
medicn.  .  •  CHARLATAN  2. 

1659  ''•  PECKE  Pa  -nassi  Puerf.  145  Sir  Quart   si  Palid,. 
told,    nothing    could    cure   The    stubborn    Feaver.      1683 
K.K  .r         i.  Eras\  an  Folly  47  All  these  harri  ;,, 
e"'        l-v  •••  L    na     '   '     .   eal  ...  '         -ick<;. 

17:       >\-.  i   ,,    ™'-"-:i-f  ii"*54>3°  Running  after  Quai.1 

*'^<  lor  Medi.::"ES  and  Seme-dies.     1783  CR.MSU: 
K,  long  versed  h  human  tils.  Who 
insults  the  victim  whom  he  kills.     r$oo  W.   IRVIK^ 
rCiTtJki'6,  (18611  127  He  who  has  once  been  u-idet  »he  *•- 
)f  a  quack,  is  for  ever  after  prone  to  dabble  in_drug..      J)8o 
BeALf.  Slight  Aitni.  22  Persons  would  l>e  easily  influ 
by  what  tlic  quack  says. 

Z.  trans/.  One  who  professes   a   knowledge 
skill  concerning  subjects  of  which  he  is  ignora. 
=  CHARLATAN  3. 

1638  F'JRII  Faruifi  :'.'.  i,  There  he  sits.  .The  very  qu 
><&.quaik,  quake]  of  fashions  i7ioSTEKLK  TatUrt'o. 
r  2  Rules  for  kno\\  MIL;  tlie  '^  :*^';s  id  both  P  'fessions  [I 

id  Physic).    178*  COWPER  Progr.    '»•  174  L.,i..rch  m 
1  ith  •'  no  command,  Who  fill  the  world  ' 

doctrines  contraband.     1864  BURTON  Scot  Abr.  I.  \ 
Ther.  :;n  instance  of  a  lord  rector  havhi^ 

i  clamorous  quack  or  a  canting  fanatic. 
3.  attr.ib.  and  Comb.,  as  quack-ottvertisement  ,  -bill. 
•bookseller,  -doctor,  -medicine,   etc.  ;    also   qiit-  £- 
idorim;,  -ridden  adjs. 

1653  H.  MORE  Autia.  Ath.  in.  ix.  §  2  (ScM.)  I-'  - 
:hat  no  .  .  pert  Saucy  Quar1    Theologist  can  an>  waV 
rate.    1695  tr.  Coltatch's  NtwLt.  Chirurg.  Pu'  ""t  Tltle-p., 
The  Base  Imposture  of  his  Quack  Medici""-    •»  '7°4  '!'• 
BROWN  Table  Talk  in  Coll.  Poems  (1705)  '3°  A  Chyn 
put  out  a  Quack-Bill.     1707  HKASNE  C-llect.  (O.  H.  Sj  II. 
55  Mr.  BoTlon..now  a  quack-Physi"'an  in  London.     1751 
WARBURTON  Pope's  ins.  IV.  iST"  bills  of  Quack-Doctors 
and  Quack-Booksellers  being  ...Dually  pasted  togeth-r  on 
-.he  same  posts.     1783  Europ  Mag-  VIII.  469  A  dialogue 
between  the  doctor  and  his  Jerk  satirizes  quack  ad\ 
ments.    1839  CARLYLE  CAfBkOT  v.  138  Europe  lay  pii 
quack-ridden,  hag-ridden.[i'i8ss  BROWNING  Bp.  Bio   .ram 
I  -'j  Quark-nonsense  aboul  crowns,  And..  The  vague  idea 
I  ut'  setting  things  to  right.     1874  HELPS  Six.  Press    ii.  26 
I  A  puffing,  advertising,  Quack-adoring  world. 
I    Quack  (Jk»vcA.).  it.-     [Imitative:  cf.  Du.  !-:vak, 
G.  quack,  Sw.  qvack  (of  clucks  or  frogs),  Ice!,  /rvak 
*wittering  of  birds.     See  aho  QUAKE  «'«/.]     The 
larsh  cry  characteristic  of  a  duck  ;  a  sound  rescin 
ding,  or  imitating  this.     b.  humorously.  A  duck. 
1839  Lett.  fr.  Madras  (1843)  290  Showing  his  tt"!  ",  and 
ttenng  a  loud  quack  !    1869  BLACKMORE  I.orna  '  .  \,  He 
;ave  me  a  look  from  his  one  liifle  eye  .  .  and  then  a  loud 
pack  lo  second  it.     11897  Bird  o'  Freedom  (Barrere  & 
-eland),    I   send   her   herewith  a  couple  of  quacks.     1901 
R  COSDER  Seal  Silence  211  The  voice  of  the  footman 
'-»h  above  the  general  quack  of  conversation 

ik,   sb.'*    Obs.    rare.     In   5  quakke.   6 
rlmitative  :   cf.  QUACKLE  ».V  ai 
•noan,  groan.]     A  state  of  hoarseness 
the  throat. 

teevc's  T.  232  He  yexeth,  and!  f  speketh 
he  were  on  the  quakke,  or  on  the  pose. 


1577  HARRISON  England  n.  xxii.  (1877)  I.  338  The  smoke 
.  .  was  reputed  a  far  better  medicine  to  keepe  the  goodman 
and  his  familie  from  the  quacke  or  pose. 

Quack  (kwsck),  f.1    [f-  QUACK  rf.i] 

1.  intr.  To  play  the  quack,     a.  To  pretend  to 
have  medical  knowledge  ;  to  dabble  ignorantly  in 
medicine,   b.  To  talk  pretentiously  and  ignorantly, 
like  a  quack,     t  Also  with  of. 

1618  VENNER  Baths  of  Bathe  (1650)  362  In  quacking  for 
Patients  he  is  so  kind  and  free  of  his  service.  1678  BUTLER 
Hud.  in.  i.  330  To  quack  of  universal  cures.  Ibid.  364 
A  Virtuoso,  able  To  smaller,  quack,  and  cant,  and  dabble. 
1711  DE  fosPlague  (Rtldg.)  45  Ignoranl  Fellows  ;  quacking 
and  tampering  in  Physick.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  1. 
Pref.,  Enlighten  then  their  understandings  ..  and  who 
then  will  venture  to  quack,  or  be  quacked  ?  1876  G. 
MEREDITH  Beauctt.  Career  III.  ii.  29  A  wiseacre  who  went 
quacking  about  the  country,  expecting  to  upset  the  order 
of  things. 

2.  trans.  To  advertise,  puff,  or  palm  off  with 
fraudulent  and  boastful  pretensions,  as  a  quack- 
medicine  or  means  of  cure.     fAlso  with_/5»-M. 
t  To  quack  titles  :  to  invent  new  titles  for  old  books 
in  order  to  make  them  sell. 

1651  BIGGS  New  Disp.  Pref.  g  To  be  Quacked  forth  in 
Bartholmew-Fayr.  1651  CLEVELAND  Poems  33  Could  I  (in 
Sir  Emp'ricks  tone)  Speak  pills  in  phrase,  and  quack  destruc 
tion.  1715  MRS.  CENTLIVRE  Gotham  Elect.  I,  My  third 
Son  is  a  bookseller,  .he  has  an  admirable  knack  at  quacking 
Titles.  1727  BRADLEV  Fain.  Diet.  s.  v.  Gill  ale,  A  notorious 
Imposition,  which  is  quack'd  upon  the  World  .  .  to  be  a 
great  Restorative  and  Curer  of  Consumptions.  1830  Ex- 
aminer  610/2  The  Politician  must  be  quacked,  paragraphed, 
.  .and  coteried  into  notoriety. 

3.  To   treat   after  the  fashion   of  a  quack  ;    to 
administer  quack  medicines  to  ;  to  seek  to  remedy 
or  put  right  by  empirical  or  ignorant  treatment. 
Also  with  up. 

1746  H.  WALPOLE  Lett,  to  Mann  (1853)  II.  124  If  he  has 
any  skill  in  quacking  madmen,  his  art  may  perhaps  be  of 
service  now.  1757  ELIZ.  GRIFFITH  Lett.  Henry  *•  Frances 
(1767)  I.  84,  I  am..  as  'hoarse  as  bondage'.  1  shall  there- 
fore  stay  here  to-night,  and  quack  myself.  1778  Sketches 
for  Tabernacle  Frames  17  For  quacking  Souls  you  cannot 
be  attack'd.  1810  BENTHA.M  Packing  (ifai)  144  Epitaph  on 
a  Valetudinarian,  who  quacked  himself  to  death.  1820 
COL.  HAWKER  Diary  (1893)  I.  195,  I  tried  with  bricks, 
baskets  and  every  thing.,  to  quack  up  one  of  them  [defective 
chimneys],  a  1876  HT.  MARTINEAU  Antobiog.  (1877)  I-  M7 
The  le.-s  its  condition  is  quacked,  .the  better  for  the  mind's 
health. 

Hence  Quacked  fpl.  a. 

'11876  Hi*  MARTINEAU  Autobiog.  (1877)  II.  461  Such  ex- 
hortations  are  too  low  for  even  ihe  .  .  quacked  moralily  of 
a  time  of  theological  suspense. 

Quack  (kwaek),  v.%  Also  8  quaake.  [Imita 
tive  :  cf.  Du.  kwakken,  G.  quacken  to  croak,  quack. 
Older  variants  are  QUACKLE,  QUAKE,  Q  >.OK,  q.v.] 

1.  intr.  Of  a  dock:  To  utter  its  charade!  istic 
note.  Also  with  cognate  obj. 

1617  MINSHEU  Ditctor,  To  Quacke  as  a  ducke,  .  .coajcare. 
•*X7ii  W.  KiNG(J.),  Wild  ducks  quack  where  grasshoppers 
die  ing.  1727  BAILEV  vol.  l\,Quacking{ed.  i 


.     ,.  kinr', 

.s'  a  Noise,  as  ducks  do.  1755  JOHN-SON,  Quack.  .  .  This 
'S  often  written  qttaatie,  to  represent  the  sound  betler. 
1815  J>ee  QUACKING  vbl.  so.-].     1861  C,.  KEARLEY  Links  in 
Ctia.'    ix.  (1363)  232  [The  duck]  no  sooner  recognized  the 
.  tl.an  he  quacke-!  vehemently.     1869  BLACKMORE 
Lorna  D.  x,  There  were  thirteen  ducks  ..  and  ..  they  all 
quai    ••   v(ry  movingly.     1893  EARL  DUNMORE  Pamirs  I. 
i         [some  ducks]  .  .  quacked  the  quack  of  derision 
at  us. 

b.  Of  a  raven  or  frog-  :  T/-  -.—»..  rare. 
i>»7  IJOYiiR  .-lAgii^f.  uict.,  To  Quack  (or  to  croak,  as 
Ra\ens  do),  croasse  '.    i8oa  TENNYSON  Foresters  n.  ii.  97 
Afy  frog  that  used  tcquack  When  I  vaulted  on  his  back. 

2.  trans/.  To  make  a  harsh  sound  like  the  note  of 
a  duck  ;  to  make  a  noisy  outcry. 
a  1  6*4  Bp.  M   SMiTi:  Jerni.  (1632)  136  An  example  to  all 
•1  odyes,  that  will  Jare.  .  to  quacke  against  their  betters. 
1894  HALL  CAINE  Vanjcwan  265  He  puffed  till  his  lips 
i  (!,  though  tlis  pipe  gave  out  no  smoke. 

^.iiaek,  Quick-belly,  -breech,  -myre, 
Quicker  :  see  QUAKE  ».•,  QUAKEK. 

Quackery1  (kwje-kori).  [f.  QUACK  j/;.i  +  -Env.] 
The  characteristic  practices  or  methods  ofa  quack  : 
chathtaatf. 

1709-11  J  SPINKE  (title)  Quackery  Unmask  'd.  1717  LADY 
M.  W.  MO.NTAGU  Let.  to  AM  Conti  i  Apr.,  I  know  you 
Condemn  the  uackery.  .as  much  as  you  revere  the.  .truths, 
in  which  we  t«.h  agree.  1798  Trims.  Sac.  Arts  XVI.  i,;o 
All  the  nostrum»>ffered  .  .are  mere  quackery.  1840  CARLYLE 
Heroes  (18^8)  18  Ouackery  and  dupery  do  abound;  in 
rehgioi.s  ..  thev  h.,  f  fearfully  abounded.  1874  MAHAFFY 
.vv.  Ltj  .  e  ix.  .-3  The  old  quackery  of  charms  and 

18815  L.,.;mf.  Kcv.Jimt  908  Theosophy  [is] 
•     initiating  of  spiritual  quackeries. 
-WK'          nonce-ivd.  [f.QUACK     * 


mcantat-      ._ 

.  .one  of  ..ie 

Quackb 

-EBY.] 


.     . 
'he  quacki»g  of  a  number  of  ducks. 


»g  of  a  n 
>B»8J.  WILSON  i,,  NfA  Mag.  XXIV.  293  A  sort  of 


, 

low,  thick,  (rurlii  „',  .  .  nor  ui 

XXX.  966  I  he  quackery  of  a 


. 

ical  quackery.    1831  Ibid. 
rtled  storm  of  wild  ducks. 

Quackhood  (kwo^khnS}.     [f.  QUACK  rf.i  + 

-HOOD.]    =  Qt'A'«EI"    \ 

1843  CARLVLE  £W  *  /V    •  ..  xii.To  worship  new  and 
ever- 

Quacking  (kwa-H.r;;,  vbl.  f'.l     [f.  QUACK  z<.l 
-f  -i.\r,l.]     The  action  or  i.._cfce  of  playing  the 
quack;  ignorant  da*  '  .ing  in  mef.'..;,ie, 
1651  WADSVOKTH  tr.  (  oiii  .xff'-  Tr.-.it.fytocffatc  IIIIKH!. 


Verses.  Leave  Quacking  ;  and  Enucleate  The  yertues  of 
Chocolate.  1664  EVELYN  Sylva  34  Quacking  is  not  my 
trade  :  I  speak  only  here  as  a  plain  Husband-man.  1702 
DE  FOE  Mock  Mourners  in  Misc.  (1703)  $6  All  other 
Remedies.  .Are  Tampering  and  Quacking  with  the  State. 
1733  CHEYNE  Eng.  Malady  in.  Introd.  (1734)  265  The 
Medicines  I  have  only  hinted  at  to  prevent  the  Quacking 
of  Patients  themselves.  1827  J.  W.  CROKER  in  C.  racers 
7  Aug.  (1884).  They  found  ..  the  patient  so  reduced  by  .. 
alternate  quacking  and  indulgence. 

attrib.  1682  S.  PORDAGF,  Medal  Rev.  210  Some  State- 
Physicians,  .on  thee.  .would  try  some  quacking  trick. 

Quacking  (kwarkin),  vbl.  sb.%  [f.  QUACK  v2 
+  -ING!.]  The  uttering  of  the  harsh  sound  denoted 
by  the  vb. 

1815  W.  H.  IRELAND  Scribbleomama  i  The  sage  waddling 
goose,  Whose  quacking  you'll  own  is  the  very  repeater  Of 
my  famous  Muse.     1880  MACKENZIE  Dis.  Throat  <$•  Nose  I. 
491  The  barking  ofa  dog  or  the  quacking  ofa  duck.     1892 
BARING-GOULD  Trag,  Cxsars  I.  218  Being  incommoded  by 
the  quacking  of  frogs  he  ordered  them  to  be  silent. 

Quacking  (kwre-kin),  ///.  al     [f.  QUACK  v* 

+  -INO-.]  That  acts  or  practises  as  a  quack. 
1628  VENNER  Baths  of  Bathe  (1650)  357  To  . .  reject  the 
counsell  of  any  quacking  Physician.  1722  DE  FOE  Plague 
(1754)  39  These  quacking  sort  of  Fellows  rais'd  great  Gains 
out  of  the  miserable  People.  1843  LE  FEVRE  Life  Trait. 
Phys,  II.  i.  xiv.  31  A  more  quacking  race  . .  does  not  exist, 
and  they  are  always  swallowing  some  kind  of  medicine. 

Quacking  (kwre^kirj),  ///.  #.2  [f.  QUACK  v.^ 
+  -ING^.]  That  quacks  or  makes  a  sound  as  a  duck. 

1620  DEKKER  I'illanies  Disc,  xvii,  A  Quacking  chcate, 
a  Ducke.  1898  R.  HICHENS  The  Londoners  82  The  quacking 
voice  hurled  out  these  last  three  words  with  impressive 
emphasis. 

Quackish  (kwse-kij),  a.  [f.  QUACK  sbl  +  -ISH.] 
Ot  the  nature  of  a  quack  or  quackery. 

1732  Hist,  Litteraria  III.  558  To  complete  his  quackish 
Farce  [he]  spread  printed  Bills  all  over  Paris.  1790  BURKE 
Fr.  Rev.  198  All  the  arts  of  quackish  parade.  1800  Monthly 
Mag.  XIII.  131  Regular,  not  quackish  innovating  prac 
titioners.  1865  Sat.  Rev.  Nov.  570  Another  ..  confounds 
preaching  the  Gospel  with  a  quackish  interpretation  of 
prophecies. 

Hence  Qua'ckishly  adv. 

1816  J.  GILCHRIST  Philos.  Etym.  119  Do  not   let  them 
. .  quackishly  boa^-t  of  new  light  and  great  discovery. 

Quackism  (kwarkiz'm).  [f.  QUACK  sbl  4-  -ISM.] 
Quackery,  charlatanism. 

1720-21  Lett.  Mist's  Jrnl.  (1722)  II.  22, 1  understand  that 
is  exploded  as  Quackism  by  the  Judicious.  1762  LLOYD 
St.  Jameses  Mag.  I.  iv,  Others,  in  the  true  spirit  of 
Quackism,  circulate  their  intentions  by  handbills.  1833 
CARLVLE  Misc.  Ess.,  Ca£#0.r/n7{  1899)  274  What  unmeasured 
masses  of  Quackism  were  set  fire  to. 

Quackle  (kwark'I),  v.1  O&s.  exc.  dt'ai.  [Imita 
tive:  cf.  QUACK  j£.3]  trans,  and  intr.  To  choke. 

1622  S.  WARD  Woe  to  Drunkards  (1627)  22  The  drinke  or 
something  in  the  cup  quackled  him,  stucke  so  in  his  throat, 
that  . .  [it]  strangled  him  presently.  1655  GURNALL  Chr.  in 
Ami.  I.  (1665)  72  God  knowes,  thou  art  almost  quackled 
with  thy  teares.  1806  BLOOMFIELD  Wild  Flowers  Poems 
(1845)  221  Some  quack'ling  cried,  'let  go  your  hold';  The 
farmers  held  the  faster.  1865  Standard  19  Sept.,  The  verb 
*  to  quackle  '  is  used  in  Suffolk  in  reference  to  suffocation, 
when  caused  by  '  drink  going  the  wrong  way  ',  or  by  smoke. 
1895  RYE  Gloss.  E,  Anglia^  s.  v.  '  My  cough  quackles  me  '. 
'  He  fanged  her  by  the  throat  and  nearly  quackled  her', 

Quackle  (kwas'k'l),  v.2  [In  form  a  deriv.  of 
QUACK  z;.2,  but  found  earlier.]  intr.  To  quack,  as 
a  duck.  Hence  Qua'ckling  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1564-78  BULLEVN  Dial.  agst.  Pest.  (1888)  64  Vpon  a  tyme 
when  quacklyng  Duckes  did  speake  and  caklyng  henries 
could  talke.  1825  HONE  Eyery-day  Bk.  I.  534  The  loud., 
quackling  of  ducks,  .is  a  sign  of  rain.  1837  CARLVLE  Fr. 
Rn>.  II.  i.  i,  Simple  ducks,  .quackle  for  crumbs  from  young 
royal  fingers.  1865  MRS.  WHITNEY  Gayivorthys  I,  ii 
Underneath,  .splashed  and  quackled  the  ducks. 

Quackmire,  variant  of  QUAKEMIRE. 

Quack-quack  (kwaekikwrek).  [Imitative:  see 
QUACK  f£2]  An  imitation  of  the  note  of  a  duck  ; 
a  nursery  name  for  a  duck. 

1865  DICKENS  Mitt.  Fr.  m.  xv,  Mew  says  the  cat,  Quack- 
quack  says  the  duck.  1869  OUIDA  Puck  xxxviii.  (1873)  491 
[They]  could  not  themselves  tell  for  their  lives  . .  a  canvas- 
back  duck  from  a  quack-quack  of  the  gutter.  1889  MIVART 
Truth  226  '  Quack-quack  '  and  '  gee-gee  '  are  just  as  good 
abstract  universal  terms  as  '  duck '  and  '  horse  '. 

Hence  Quack-quacking  vbl.  sb. 

1824  CARLYLE  tr.  tt'ilhelm  Meister  (1864)  II.  257  As  the 
duck  on  the  pond . .  to  the  future  quack-quacking  and  gibble- 
gabbling  of  his  life. 

Quacksalver  (kwre-kszelvai).  Also  6-7 
quack(e)-,  7  quaksaluer.  [a.  early  mod.Du. 
(i6th  c.)  quacksalver  (Kilian;  mod.Du.  kwak- 
zalver),  whence  also  G.  quacksalber ,  Sw.  qvack- 
salfvare :  the  second  element  is  f.  sa/f,  zalf  salve, 
ointment,  and  the  first  is  commonly  regarded  as 
the  stem  of  qwxken  (mod.Du.  kwakken]  to  quack. 

On  this  view  a  quacksalver  is  one  who  '  quacks  '  or  boasts 
about  the  virtues  of  his  salves ;  it  has  however  been  sug- 

§ested  that  quack-  or  kwak~  may  mean  '  to  work  in  a  feeble 
ungling  fashion'  (Franck).] 

1.  An  ignorant  person  who  pretends  to  a  know 
ledge  of  medicine  or  of  wonderful  remedies:  =* 
QUACK  sb.1  i. 

Very  common  in  i?th  c. ;  in  later  times  largely  superseded 
by  the  abbreviation  QUACK  so.1 

1579  GOSSON  Sck.  A  buse  ( Arb.)  53  A  quacke-saluers  Budget 
of  filthy  receites.  1605  B.  JONSON  Volpone  n.  ii,  They  are 
quack-saluers,  Fellowes,  that  Hue  by  senting  oyles,  and 


QUACKSALVING. 

drugs.  1658  ROWLAND  tr.  Monfcfs  Theatr.  Ins.  1074  One 
accidental  rash  cure  of  a  disease  .  .  makes  a  Quacksalver  a 
great  Physician.  1719  D'URFEV  Pills  (1872)  IV.  87  Come 
you  Quack-salvers  that  do  kill  Sometimes  a  Patient  by  your 
skill.  1856  VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  II.  vm.  ix.  08  What 
a  gulf  between  the  high  personage  our  romance  imagines 
and  .  .  that  shuffling  quacksalver  which  our  matter-of-fact 
research  discovers. 

attrib.  a  1670  HACKET  Cent.  Serin.  (1675)  544  St.  Peter 
had  no  such  Quacksalver  tricks  in  Divinity. 

2.  transf.   =  QUACK  2. 

1611  W.  BAKER  Peattgyr*  Verses  in  Coryat's  Crudities, 
The  Anatomie  dissection  or  cutting  up  of  that  great  Quack 
salver  of  words  Mr.  Thomas  Coryate  our  British  Mercuric. 
1889  SWINBURNE  Stud.  B.  Jonson  43  Brother  Zeal-of-the- 
land  is  no  vulgar  impostor,  no  mere  religious  quacksalver. 

Hence  Quacksalverism,  f  -salvery,  quackery. 

1617  MINSHEU  Dnctor,  Quacksaluerie.  1864  CARLYLK 
Fredk.  Gt.  IV.  302  Sublime  quacksalverism. 

t  Quacksalving  (kwarksailvirj),  ///.  a.  Olis. 
[f.  *quacksalve  vb.  (inferred  from  QUACKSALVER)  + 
-ING  2.]  Quackish. 

1.  Of  things  :   Belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of, 
a  quacksalver. 

1608  MIDDLETON  Mad  World  II.  vi,  Any  quacksalving 
terms  will  serve  for  this  purpose,  a  1691  Bp.  Cuoi'T  in 
Somers  Tracts(ed.  Scott)  VII.  29oGenerals  and  particulars, 
the  quid,  the  qttale,  the  guantum,  and  such-like  quack 
salving  forms. 

2.  Of  persons  :  Resembling,  acting  like,  a  quack. 
1608  DEKKER  Lanth.  fy  Cand.  k.  Quack-saluing  Empericks. 

1620  MELTON  Astrolog.  18  If  you  should  kill  three  hundred, 
you  would  still  remain  but  a  Quack-salving  Physician.  1622 
MASSINGER  &  DEKKER  Virg,  Mart.  iv.  i,  Quacksalving, 
cheating  mountebanks  !  1649  C.  WALKER  Hist.  Independ. 
li.  207  A  Quack-salving  Doctor  of  Phisick. 

Hence  f  Quacksalvingly  adv.,  in  the  manner  of 
a  quack.  Obs. 

1652  GAULE  Magastrom.  105  An  experiment  in  physick  or 
medicine,  sc..  brought  to  effect,  many  times,  empirically, 
quacksalvingly,  ignorantly. 

t  Qua'ckster.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  QUACK  z».l  + 
-STEK.J  A  quack,  quacksalver. 

1709  Brit.  A  folio  II.  No.  44.  3/1  The  Quackster  .  .  with 
Death  stalls  our  Quietus. 

Quacky  (kwarki),  a.l  [f.  QUACK  rf.l  +  -yl.] 
Inclined  to  quackery. 

1846  POE  Criticism  Wks.  1864  III.  23  Who  although  a 
little  quacky  per  se  has.  .a  whole  legion  of  active  quacks  at 
his  control. 

Quacky  (kwae-ki),  a.2  [f.  QUACK  rf.2  +  -Y1.] 
Of  voices  :  Having  the  harsh  quality  characteristic 
of  the  cry  of  a  duck.  Hence  Qua'ckiness. 

J8g5  Forum  (N.Y.)  June  502  Our  women's  voices  are.. 
hardened,  .into  an  habitual  'quacky  '  or  metallic  quality.  .  . 
'  Quackiness  '  and  shrillness  prevail  less  in  the  Southern 
States  than  in  the  Northern  and  Western. 

Quad  (kwgd),  rf.l,abbrev.(orig.  in  Oxford  slang) 
of 


_     . 

1820  in  Brasenose  Ale  8  When  first  thy  Quad,  O  Brase- 
nose,  sprung  from  earth.  i8aj  Sparling  Afag.  XXI.  70 
Mr.  Protheroe  once  met  me  in  '  Quad  '  during  the  frost. 
1861  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  at  Oxf.  i,  The  rooms  ain't  half  so 
large  or  good  in  the  inner  quad.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  24  Jan. 
3/2  Pump  Court—  the  dreariest  of  all  the  Temple  quads. 

Quad  (kwgd),  sb.-,  abbrev.  of  QUADRAT  s/>.  2. 

1880  in  WEBSTER  Suppl.  1884  Western  Morn.  News  17  July 
4/6  A  quad  is  a  compositor's  instrument  for  the  filling 
up  of  blanks.  1884  TUER  (title)  Quads  within  Quads,  for 
Authors,  Editors,  and  Devils.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  i  Aug. 
4/2  '  Quads  '  in  the  present  case  are  a  trade  term  applicable 
to  printers  jokes. 

Quad  (kwgd),  sb.*,  abbrev.  of  QUADRUPLET  3. 

1896  Daily  News  2  June  9/2  Stocks  was  paced  by  five 
triplets  and  a  quad.  1897  IVhitaker's  Aim.  641/2  A  quad 
team  did  a  flying  quarter  in  24-6  sees. 

Quad  (kwgd),  sb.*,  abbrev.  of  QUADRUPED  i  b. 

1894  ASTLKY  Fifty  Years  Life  I.  97  He  was  mounted  on 
a  sorry  old  quad.  Ibid.  II.  88,  I  stuck  to  my  quad  and  rode 
into  the  paddock. 

Quad  (kwgd),  a.,  abbrev.  of  QUADRUPLE  a.  d. 

1888  in  JACOB;  Printers'  I'ocab.  1891  Star  12  Nov.  i/i 
Printing  Plant,  including,  .quad  crown  perfecting  machine, 
quad  demy  and  double  demy  machines. 

Quad  (kwgd),  v.i,  abbrev.  of  QUADRUPLES  v. 

1886  Pall  Mall  G.  26  Aug.  n/i  Some  lines  are  'quadded  ' 
or  quadrnplexed. 

Quad  ^kwgd),  v2  Printing,  [f.  QUAD  sb.V\  To 
insert  quadrats  in  (a  line  of  type);  to  fill  with 
quadrats.  Also  to  quad  out. 

1888  in  JACOBI  Printers   Vocab. 

Quad,  var.  QUOD  sb.,  prison;  QUED(E  a.,  bad. 

Quad,  obs.  form  of  QUOTH  v. 

tQuade,  v.  Obs.  rare-1.  [?  f.  quade,  var.  of 
QUBD(E  a.,  bad.]  ?  To  destroy,  deface. 

T5*S  J.  HALLE  Hist.  Expost.  34  If  thou  in  chirurgerye, 
Alone  wylte  walke  and  wade  ;  Thine  errores  will  thy  worke 
confounde,  And  all  thine  honoure  quade. 

tQua'der,  v.  Obs.  rare.  Also  5-6  quadr-. 
[ad.  L.  quadrare  :  see  QUADRATE  v.,  and  cf.  F. 
cadrer,  quaiirer  (i6th  c.).]  a.  trans.  To  square 
(a  number),  b.  trans,  and  intr.  =  QUADRATE  v.  3. 

c  1430  Art  ofNombrynge  (E.E.T.S.l  16  [A  given  number) 
to  be  quadrede.  1588  Kvu  Househ.  Philos.  Wks.  (1901)  269 
In  the  quadering  and  making  euen  of  the  enterics  with 
'he  expenses.  1593  —  in  Fortn.  Rev.  (1899)  LXV.  220 
Nor  wold  indeed  the  forme  of  devyne  praieis  vsed  duelie 
in  his  Lordship's  house  have  quadred  with  such  reprobates. 
1620  SHKLTON  Qui.r.  II.  iv.  vii.  91  The  X  doth  not  quader 
well  with  him  because  it  sounds  harshly. 


Quadern,  a  square  :  see  QUADBAN  j/'.i 
Quadle,  obs.  variant  of  CODDLE  t/.i,  to  boil. 

1633  HAKT  Diet  of  Diseased  I.  xvii.  66  Raw  Apples  before 
they  be  ripe,  if  used,  are  best  quadled.  1649  G-  DANIEL 
Trinarch.  To  Rdr.  105  Thus  wee  sett  you  out  Perboyled 
Kinges  and  Quadled  Crownes. 

Quadling,  obs.  variant  of  CODLING  2. 

1584  COGAN  Haven  Health  c.  (1612)  87  Rawe  Apples  and 
Quadlings.  1609  C.  BUTLER  Fern.  Man.  (1634)  173  Let 
them  boil  till  they  be  as  tender  as  Quadlings. 

tQuadmire.  Obs.  rare-1.  =  QUAGMIRE,  q.v. 

1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  f's.  Ixviii.  comm.,  I  am  as  one  in- 
tangled  with  quickesand  or  quadmyre  in  the  bottom  of  a 
great  water. 

II  Quadra  (kwg-dra).  Arch.  [L.  quadra  a  square, 
used  by  Vitruvius  in  sense  I.] 

1.  a.  The  plinth  or  socle  of  a  podium,     b.  A 
platband  or  fillet,  esp.  that  above   or  below  the 
scotia  in  the  Ionic  base. 

1664  EVELYN  tr.  Frearfs  Arckit.  131  Pike,  and  their 
Quadra's  or  Tables,  .were  employ'd  for  Inscriptions.  1842- 
76  in  GWILT  Arc/tit.  (Hence  in  recent  diets.) 

2.  A  square  border  or  frame  round  a  bas-relief, 
panel,  etc. ;  also,  loosely,  a  border  or  frame  of  any 
form. 

1727-41  in  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  1842-76  in  GWILT  Arc/tit. 
(Hence  in  recent  Diets.) 

Quadra-,  occas.  erron.  form  of  QUADRI-. 

Quadratic  (kwg-drab'l),  a.  Math.  Also  8 
-ible.  [ad.  L.  type  *quadrdbilis,  f.  quadrare  to 
square :  see  QUADHATE  v.  and  -AULK.]  Capable  of 
being  represented  by  an  equivalent  square,  or  of 
being  expressed  in  a  finite  number  of  algebraic 
terms. 

1693  WALLIS  in  Phil.  Trans,  XIX.  in  The  Spaces  in  the 
Cycloid,  which  are  perfectly  Quadrable.  1743  EMERSON 

Calculus  vi.  253  When  the  area  limited  by  a  curve  can  be 
expressed  in  a  finite  number  of  algebraic  terms,  the  surface 
is  said  to  be  quadrable. 

Hence  QnadraW'lity,  the  quality  or  condition  of 
being  quadrable. 

1743  EMERSON  Fluxions  194  In  Curves  of  more  Terms, 
there  are  several  Conditions  requisite  to  their  exact  Quadra- 
bility. 

Quadragenarian  (kwgdradgz-neVrian),  a. 
and  sb.  Also  erron.  quadri-.  [f.  L.  quadrage- 
nari-us  (f.  quadrageni  distrib.  of  quadraginta 
forty)  +  -AN.]  a.  adj.  Forty  years  old.  b.  sb. 
A  person  forty  years  of  age. 

1839  Fraser's  Mag.  XX.  752  The  quadrigenarians  may 
reasonably  object,  that  as  Lord  Byron  only  lived  to  seven, 
and-thirty,  he  could  not  be  a  competent  judge  on  this 
matter.  1892  STEVENSON  Vattima  Lett.  xix.  (1895)  184  A 
stalwart  well-oiled  quadragenarian.  1897  Sat.  Rev.  20  Feb. 
195/2  Quadrigenarian  critics. 

So  Qua  clragena'rioxis  a. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Quadragenarians,  of  or  belonging 
to  forty  years.  1719  BOYER  Fr.-Eng.  Diet.,  Qttaitragc- 
naire,  quadragenarious,  forty  years  old.  1895  Harpers 
Weekly  Mag.  Feb.  337/2  One  of  these  plumply  mellow 
quadrlgenarious  bodies. 

tQuadrageue.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  med.L. 
quadragena,  neut.  of  quadrageni  forty  each,  forty.] 
An  indulgence  for  forty  days. 

1664  JER.  TAYLOR  Dissiias.  Popery  ii.  §  4  You  have  . . 
purchased  your  self  so  many  Quadragenes  or  Lents  of 
pardonj  that  is,  you  have  bought  off  the  penances  of  so 
many  times  forty  days. 

II  Quadragesima  (kwgdrad5e-sima).  Eccl. 
[med.L.,  fern.  (sc.  dies  day)  of  L.  quadragt'simus 
fortieth,  f.  quadraginta  forty ;  hence  also  It.,  Pg. 
quadragesima  (Sp.  ciiad-"),  F.  qitadrage'sime  (1487). 

The  popular  Romanic  formsare  It.  (litaresima,  Pg.  quares- 
ma,  Sp.  cuaresma,  OF.  quarcsme,  caresme,  F.  caieme;  cf. 
also  Ir.  corglias,  cairgkios,  Gael,  carghus,  W.  garaiuys  from 
pop.  Lat.  *quarages-itna.} 

fa.  The  forty  days  of  Lent.  Obs.  b.  (Also 
Quadragesima  Sunday.)  The  first  Sunday  in  Lent. 

(1398  TKEVISA  Earth.  DC  P.  K.  IX.  XXX.  (1495)  364  Lente 
highte  Quadragesima.]  1604  Bk.  Com.  Prayer  Tables, 
Quadragesima,  before  Easter,  vi  weekes.  1617  MINSHEU 
Ductor,  Quadragesima  Sunday,  or  the  first  Sunday  in  Lent. 
Ibid.,  Quadragesima  is  the  first  Sunday  in  Lent.  1662  Bk. 
Com.  Prayer  Tables,  Quadragesima,  six  weeks  before 
Easter.  1662  GUNNING  Lent  Fast  167  A  Quadragesima  all 
call'd  it.  1665  EVELYN  Corr.  9  Feb.  (1872)  III.  151,  I  have 
always  esteemed  abstinence  a  lanfo  beyonu  the  fulfilling 
of  periods  and  quadragesimas.  1794  W.  TINDAL  Evesham 
34  He  was  on  Quadragesima  Sunday  confirmed  Abbot. 

Quadragesimal  (kwgdridsew" !),«.  and  sb. 
Also  7  quadrigess-.  [ad.  late  I .  nuadragesi- 
mal-is:  see  prec.  and  -AL.  Cf.  F.  quadrag<<siinal 
(i5-i6th  c.).] 

A.  adj.  \.  Of  a  fast  (esp.  tli.it  of  Lent) :  Lasting 
for  forty  days. 

1654  HAMMOND  Answ,  A nimadv. Ignat. ii.  §  2. 38 The  Quad- 
rigessimal  Fast  was  observed  in  the  Church  to  commemorate 
both  these.  1725  tr.  Dupiiis  Eccl.  Hist,  tith  C.  I.  v.  171 
The  Quadragesimal  Fast  was  also  regarded  as  Penance. 
1844  W.  H.  MILL  Serin.  T-mpt.  Christ  i.  12  That  quadra 
gesimal  Fast  and  retirement  of  our  Lord.  1855  —  Applic. 
rantk.  Princ.  (1861)  111  The  retirement  and  quadragesimal 
fast  of  Elijah. 

2.  Belonging  or  appropriate  to  the  period  of 
Lent ;  Lenten. 


QUADRANGLE. 

1629  MABBE  tr.  Fonseca's  Dev.  Contempt,  title-p.,  Two 
and  Fortie  Sermons  upon  all  y  Quadragesimall  Gospells. 
1691  WOOD  Alh.  Oxon.  II.  359  Quadragesimal  Disputations 
were  publickly  performed  in  the  Schools.  1727-41  CHAMBERS 
Cycl,  s.  v.  Quadragesima,  Hence  some  monks  are  said  to 
lead  a  quadragesimal  life  ;  or  to  live  on  quadragesimal  food 
all  the  year.  1882  J.  W.  LEGG  Hist.  Liturg.  Colours  in. 
40  The  colour  of  the  Quadragesimal  ornaments. 

fig.  a  1643  W.  CARTWRIGHT  Ordinary  in.  v.  in  Hazl. 
Dodsley  XII.  268  But  quadragesimal  wits,  and  fancies  lean 
As  ember  weeks. 

3.  Consisting  of  forty. 

1662  GUNNING  Lent  Fast  50  The  Quadragesimal  number 
not  constituted  of  men,  but  consecrated  from  God. 

t  B.  sb.  a.  A  fast,  properly  one  of  forty  days. 
b.  A  set  of  forty,  c.  A  Lent  sermon,  d.  //. 
Lent  offerings  (see  quot.  1721).  Obs. 

1660  JER.  TAYLOR  Duct.  Dubit.  ill.  iv.  Rule  xiii.  §  17 
It  is  no  wonder,  .that  all  the  set  and  stationary  fasts  of  the 
Primitive  Christians  were  called  Quadragesimals.  Ibid.  §  18 
A  quadragesimal  of  hours  is  as  proper  as  a  quadragesimal 
of  days.  1691  tr.  Emiliantte's  Frauds  Romisk  Monks 
284  They  who  print  their  Quadragesimals  and  their  Advent 
Sermons,  ..  never  print  the  Second  part  of  them.  1721 
BAILEY,  Quadragesimals,  Mid-Lent  contributions,  Offerings 
made  by  People  to  their  Mother  Church  on  Mid-Lent 
Sunday. 

II  Quadragesima-lia.  rare.  [neut.  pi.  of  late 
L.  quadragesimalis :  see  prec.]  =  prec.  K  d. 

1727-41  in  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  1876  Prayer-book  Interleaved 
103  Taking  Quadragesimalia  or  Lent-offerings. 

t  Quadragesimarian.  Obs.  rare-'1.  [f. 
QUADRAGESIMA.]  An  observer  of  Lent. 

1635  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  \\.  vii.  J  74  Otherwise  it  is  suspi 
cious  that  the  Quartadecimans  were  no  good  Quadragesi- 
marians. 

t  Quadragesime,  -gesme.  Obs.  rare.  [ad. 
L.  quadragcsim-a  :  see  above.]  =  QUADRAGESIMA. 

c  1440  Cesta  Rom.  i.  Ixii.  266  (Harl.  MS.)  A  goode  cristyn 
man  that  wele  blessidly  hath  fast  all  the  quadragesme. 
1612  R.  SHELDON  Serin.  St.  Martins  5  To  proportion  my 
discourse  to  the  season,  when  we  all  are.  .making  a  Quad 
ragesime,  or  fortieth,  as  a  parasceue  of  Christ  his  death 
and  passion.  1612  SELDEN  tllustr.  Drayton's  Poly-olb.  XI. 
207  Wks.  1876  II.  91  You  will  lose  therein  forty  days,  and 
the  common  name  of  Quadragesime. 

Quadraginte-simal.s.  rare-1.  [For  QUADRA 
GESIMAL,  after  L.  quadraginta.']  Forty-fold  ;  having 
forty  parts. 

1789  BURNEY  If  1st.  Mas.  III.  i.  75  Twelve  bars  of  universal 
chorus  in  quadragintesimal  harmony. 

Quadragi-ntireme.  rare-1,  [f.  L.  quadra 
ginta  forty:  cf.  yuadrireme,  etc.]  (See  quot.) 

1799  CHARNOCK  in  Naval  Chron.  I.  132  Quadraginti- 
remes,  or  vessels  ..  described  as  having  forty  ranks.,  of 
oars. 

Quadrain,  a  square :  see  QUADRAN  si>.1 

Quadrain,  obs.  variant  of  QUATRAIN. 

Quadral  (kwg'driil),  a.  rare-1,  [f.  QUADH(I)- 
+  -AL.]  By  four,  into  four  parts. 

1891  W.  TUCKWELL  Tongues  in  Trees  146  They  held  to 
the  quadral  division  of  time,  distributing  the  day-night  into 
four,  eight  or  sixteen  parts. 

tQua'dran,  sb.  (and a.).  Obs.  Forms:  6quad- 
ron,  6-7  quadrain,  7  quadran,  -ren,  quadern. 
[Alteration  of  QUADRANT  sb.z,  with  dropping  of 
the  -/  and  assimilation  to  other  endings.] 

L  A  square. 

1591  HARINGTON  prl.  Fur.  vi.  Ixxi,  These  ornaments  . . 
All  are  enrich't  with  stones  of  great  estate,  .  .  In  parted 
quadrons.  1595  B.  BARNES  Spir.  Sonn.  Ixxxiii,  Bright 
soldiours  muster  up  ..  Raungde  into  quadraines  and  trium 
phant  rings.  1648  GAGE  ll'est  Ind.  xii.  (1655)  51  In  the 
midst  of  this  Quadern  stood  a  mount  of  earth  and  stone 
square  likewise.  1653  R.  SANDERS  Physiogn.  153,  I  erected 
this  Figure,  and  thereupon  made  certain  Quadrains  and 
Resolutions,  that  my  Friends  might  understand  the  signifi 
cations  of  the  said  Figure. 

2.  attrib.  or  adj.  Square. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Barton  n.  i.  iv.  Handie-Crafts  206 
Sixteen  fair  Trees..  Whose  equal  I  front  in  quadran  form 
prospected.  1611  SPEED  Tlttal.  Gt.  Brit,  xxxvii.  (1614)73/1 
In  a  long  Quadren-wise  the  wals  doe  incompasse  the  citie. 

Quadran,  obs.  var.  QUADRANT  sb.1  (sense  3), 
QUATRAIN. 

Quadrangle  (kwg-dra-rjg'l),  sb.  [a.  F.  quad 
rangle  (i 3th  c.),  ad.  late  L.  quadrangulum,  neut. 
of  quadrangulus  (see  next),  f.  quadr-  QUADRI-  + 
angulus  ANGLE.  The  stressing  quadra'ngle,  which 
appears  in  some  of  the  quots.,  is  given  by  Bailey, 
Ash,  and  Sheridan,  and  is  still  the  constant  Sc.  use.] 

1.  Geom.  A  figure  having  four  angles  and  there 
fore  four  sides. 

In  mod.  Geom.  a  quadrangle  is  regarded  as  a  figure 
formed  by  four  points. (vertices),  three  of  which  are  not  in 
the  same  straight  line,  and  by  the  six  straight  lines  which 
join  the  four  points  two  by  two.  (Cf.  QUADRILATERAL.)  In 
ordinary  use  the  term  commonly  denotes  a  square  or  other 
rectangular  figure:  cf.  quot.  1884  and  senses  2  and  3. 
CI430  Art  of  Nombrynge  (E.E.T.S.)  14  ffor  dyvisioun 
write  by  vnytes,  hathe  .4.  sides  even  as  a  quadrangille. 
1471  RIPLEY  Camp.  Alch.  Ep.  iv.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  112  Of  the 
Quadrangle  make  ye  a  Figure  round.  1551  RECORDE  Pathw. 
Ktunul.  i.  Defin.,  Thus  haue  I  done  with  trianguled  figures, 
and  nowe  foloweth  quadrangles.  1653  R.  SANDERS  Physiogn. 
58  The  Quadrangle  is  between  the  Table-line,  the  middle 
natural,  that  of  the  Sun,  and  that  of  Saturn,  when  there 
are  four  angles.  1869  DUNKIN  Midn.  Sky  141  Eight  stars 
forming  two  similar  quadrangles.  1884  tr.  Lotze's  Logic  130 
Nothing  is  commoner  than  for  a  person  who  speaks  of  a 

1-2 


QUADRANGLE. 

quadrangle  to  mean  really  a  parallelogram  or  often  even 
a  square. 

2.  A  square  or  rectangular  space  or  court,  the 
sides  of  which  are  entirely  or  mainly  occupied  by 
parts  of  a  large  building,  as  a  college,  palace,  etc. 
(See  also  QUAD  sb.1,  and  cf.  QUADUANT  sb.1*) 

1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI,  i.  iii.  156  My  choiler  being  ouer- 
blowne,  With  walking  once  about  the  Quadrangle.  1642 
Caval.  Adi'.  Majesty  7  Our  men.  .went  in  at  the  back  Gate 
opposite  to  Oriall  Colledge,  and  through  Canterbury  quad 
rangle.  1764  HARMER  Observ.  xr.  iii.  103  These  quad 
rangles  or  courts  are  paved  . .  with  marble.  1828  SCOTT 
F.  M.  Perth  x,  A  lofty  vaulted  entrance  led  through  this 
eastern  front  into  the  quadrangle.  1877  W.  THOMSON  Voy, 
Challenger  I.  n.  112  We  passed  through  an  archway  into 
a  large  quadrangle. 

3.  A  rectangular  building  or  block  of  buildings ; 
a  building  containing  a  quadrangle. 

1620  T.  PEYTON  Paradise  in  Farr  S.  P.  Jos.  7(1848)  179 
Like  a  quadrangle  seated  on  a  hill  With  twelue  braue 
gates.  1645  EVELYN  Mem.  (1857)  I.  217  They  [the  Schools] 
are  fairly  built  in  quadrangle,  with  cloisters  beneath.  171* 
AMHERST  Terrx  Fil.  No.  5  (1754)  24,  I  would  not  have 
them  set  their  minds  too  much  upon  new  quadrangles,  and 
empty  libraries,  and  spacious  halls.  1846  McCuLLOCH  Ace. 
Brit.  Empire  (1854)  II.  383  The  buildings  of  Trinity  College 
[Dublin]. .consist  of  three  quadrangles.  1870  F.  R.  WILSON 
Ch.  Lindisf.  64  Beadwell  [has]  an  additional  quadrangle  of 
houses. 

b.  A  square  block  ^in  quot.,  an  iceberg). 

1853  KANE  Grinnelt  Exp,  xlix.  (1856)  461  A  second  quad 
rangle  stood  out  from  the  shore  at  the  same  rate. 

4.  Comb.,  (?  of  the  adj.)  as  quadrangle-wise  adv. 
1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.)  Rev.  xxi.   16   The   citie  is   situated 

quadrangle-wise,    a  1604  HANMER  Chron.  Ireland(\b-$$  i8j 
The  walles  foure  square,  or  quadrangle  wise. 

t  Quadrangle,  #•  Obs.    [ad.  L.  quadranguhis   > 
four-cornered  :  see  prec.  and  cf.  obs.  F.  quadrangle   ' 
(Godef.).]      a.   =  QUADRANGULAR,      b.  Astron. 
—  QUADRATE  a.  2. 


39/2  i  ne  ureeKe  leuer  \  ratner  oetoKenein  me  quaarangie 
figure.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I. 13  In  the  quadrangle  aspect 
of  the  Sun  she  [the  Moon]  appeareth  diuided  in  halfe :  in 
the  triangle  she  is  well  neere  inuironed. 

Quadrangled  (kwg-dnci)g'kl,  kwgdrce-rjg'ld), 
a.  ("f.  as  prec.  +  -ED^.] 

1.  =  QUADRANGULAR.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1552  in  HULOET.  1570  UILLINGSLEV  Ettclitii.  xxxii.  42  The 
angles  of  euery  quadrangled  figure  are  equall  to  4  right  ' 


are  an  Oblong  ..  and  a  Rhomboide.  1800  J.  HUKDIS 
Favourite  Village  155  The  quadrangled  tube  Into  a  pipe 
monotonous  converts. 

2.  Furnished  with  a  quadrangle. 

1880  SIR  J.  B.  PHEAK  Aryan  Village  86  There  will  be 
the  brick-built,  quadrangled  house. 

Quadrangular  (kwgdra;-ngi/aaj\a.  [ad.  late 
L.  quadrangularis  (Boethius),  f.  c]iiadrangulum: 
see  QUADRANGLE  and  -AH,  and  cf.  F.  quadrangit- 
laire  (1543).]  Shaped  like  a  quadrangle;  having 
four  angles  ;  of  four-cornered  base  or  section. 

1592  G.  HARVEY  I'ierce's  Super.  (1593)  20  The  ^Egyptian 
Mercury  ..  his  Image  in  Athens  was  quadrangular.  1607 
TOPSELL  Foiir-f.  Beasts  (1658)  250  A  company  of  Horses 
set  like  a  Tower  in  a  Quadrangular  form  in  a  field, 
was  called  Fergus.  i6n  CORYAT  Crudities  169  It  hath 
a  prety  quadrangular  Court  adjoyning  to  it.  1671  Phil.  \ 
Trans.  VI.  2216  It  was  a  very  dark  Spot  almost  of  a  quad*  < 
rangular  form.  1776  GIBBON  Dtcl.  #  F.  xiii.  I.  396  The 
form  was  quadrangular,  flanked  with  sixteen  towers.  1784 
COWPER  Task  iv.  217  With  spots  quadrangular  of  diamond 
form.  1849  GROTE  Greece  n.  Iviii.  VII.  227  The  lower  part 
was  left  as  a  quadrangular  pillar.  1882  Miss  BRADDON  Alt. 
Royal  III.  iii.  47  The  little  quadrangular  garden. 

Comb.  1656  HEYLIN  Sum.  France  74  A  house  built 
quadrangular  wise. 

Hence  Quadra  ngiilarly  adv.,  in  the  manner  of 
a  quadrangle;  with  four  corners.  Quadra  ngular- 
ness,  the  state  or  fact  of  being  quadrangular 
(Bailey,  vol.  II,  1727). 

1708  OZELL  tr.  Boileau's  Lutrin  II.  (1730)  125  An  inverted 
Cone . .  Sharp  pointed,  and  quadrangularly  long.  1875  H.  C. 
WOOD  Therap.  (1879)  522  Quadrangularly  prismatic  crystals. 

t  Quadra'ngulate,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  late 
L.  quadrangulat-us  (Tertull.,  Vulg.) ;  see  QUAD 
RANGLE  sb.  and  -ATE  a.]  Made  quadrangular  ; 
squared. 

1592  R.  D.  Hypnerotomachia  sb,  The  pointed  quadran- 
gulate  Corner  stones.  1599  R.  I.INCHE  Fount.  Anc.  Fid. 
H  iv,  A  certaine  squared  and  quadrangulate  circle. 

Hence  f  Quadra  ng-ulateuess,  the  state  or  con 
dition  of  having  four  corners.  Obs.  rare. 

"597  A-  M.  tr.  Guillemeau's  Fr.  Clnrurg.  53/2  Through 
the  quadrangulatenes  therof  it  cutteth  . .  al  that  wheron  it 
glaunceth. 

t  Quadranguled,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [cf.  prec.] 
=  QUADRANGLED. 

1392  R.  D.  Hyrncntomackia  4  b,  Hir  charmes  and  quad- 
ranguled  plaint*  [A  mistranslation] 

Quadrant  (kwg-drant),  s/i.1  Also  5-6  -ent,  7 
-an.  [ad.  L.  quadrans,  quadrant-  fourth  part, 
quarter  (spec,  of  an  as.  an  acre,  a  foot,  a  pound, 
a  sextarius,  a  day ;  cf.  the  senses  below),  f.  quadr- 
four- :  see  QUADKI-.] 

t  L  A  quarter  of  a  day ;  six  hours.   Obs. 


1398  TEEVISA  Earth.  DC  P.  R.  ix.  ix.  (1495)  354  A  day 
conteynyth  foure  quadrantes,  and  a  quadrant  conteynyth 
syxe  houres.  a  1628  SIR  J.  BEAUMONT  End  his  Majesty's 
ist  Yeare  (R.),  The  sunne,  who  in  his  annuall  circle  takes 
A  daye's  full  quadrant  from  th'  ensuing  yeere.  1646  SIR  T. 
BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  219  The  intercalation  of  one  day  every 
fourth  yeare,  allowed  for  this  quadrant,  or  6  houres  super 
numerary. 

t  2.  The  fourth  part  of  a  Roman  as.  Obs. 

'533  BELLENDI:N  Livy  in.  vii.  (1901)  270  Ilk  man  went  to 
Valerius  hous,  and  left  ane  quadrent  in  it,  to  cans  him  be 
the  more  rkhely  buryit.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  518  A 
small  piece  of  brasse  coin,  although  it  be  no  more  than 
a  Quadrant.  1655  MOUFET  &  BENNET  Health's  linprov. 
191  They  were  highly  esteemed,  being  sold  every  Dishfull 
for  fourscore  Quadrants. 

fb.  A  farthing.  (So  med.L.  quadrans,  AF. 
quadrant,}  Obs. 

1609  SKENE  Reg.  Maj.  123  b  (Burgh  La-wes  c.  40),  Hee 
..sail  giue  ane  quadrant (farding).  Ibid.  zfi\t(Biirgk  Laives 
c.  66),  The  maister.  .sail  haue  ane  pennie  for  his  Ouen  ;  the 
twa  servants  ane  pennie,  and  the  boy  ane  quadrant, 
t  c.  at/rib,  in  contemptuous  sense.  Obs. 

1589  NASHE  Dcd.  to  Greene's  Menaphon  (Arb.)  8  Our 
quadrant  Crepundios,  that  spit  ergo  in  the  mouth  of  euerie 
one  they  meete. 

t  3.  The  fourth  part  of  a  sextarius  or  Roman 
pint.  Obs.  rare. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  267  One  of  their  shels  ordinarily 
would  containe  80  measures  called  Quadrants.  1688  R. 
HOLME  Armoury  in.  339/1  Gill  or  Quadran,  is  4  to  a  pint. 

4.  A  quarter  of  a  circle  or  circular  body,  viz.  (a) 
an  arc  of  a  circle,  forming  one  fourth  of  the  circum 
ference  ;  (6)  one  fourth  of  the  area  of  a  circle,  con 
tained  within  two  radii  at  right  angles. 

1571  DIGGES  Pantom.  I.  B  iv,  A  Quadrant  is  the  fourth 
part  of  a  Circle,  included  with  two  Semidiameters.  i6e$ 
N.  CARPENTER  Geog.  Del.  i.  vi.  (1635)  123  A  circle  is  diuided 
into  foure  quadrants.  1660  BARROW  Euclid  vi.  33  cor.  As 
the  arch  BC  is  to  four  quadrants,  that  is,  the  whole  circum 
ference.  1694  HOLDER  Disc.  Trine  (J.),  In  each  quadrant 
of  the  circle  of  the  ecliptick.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v. 
Quarter-round,  Any  projecting  moulding,  whose  contour 
is  a  perfect  quadrant,  1812  WOODHOUSE  Astron.  \.  6  PQ, 
Pq  [are]  quadrants  containing  90  degrees.  1843  PORT- 
LOCK  Gtol.  682  In  each  quadrant  of  the  kiln,  there  is  an 
opening.  1869  DUNKIN  Midn.  Sky  74  The  north-western 
quadrant  of  the  sky.  1900  Brit.  Med.  yrnl.  (No.  2046)  622 
An  insignificant  nebula  in  the  lower-inner  quadrant  of  the 
left  cornea. 

b.  A  thing  having  the  form  of  a  quarter-circle. 

Quadrant  of  Altitude,  a  graduated  strip  of  brass  on  an 
artificial  globe,  fixed  at  one  end  to  some  point  of  the 
meridian,  round  which  it  revolves,  and  extending  round  one 
fourth  of  the  circumference. 

1638  CHILMEAD  tr.  Hues'  Treat.  Globes  (1889)  33  Then 
fasten  the  quadrant  of  Altitude  to  the  Vertical  point.  1726 
tr.  Gregory's^  Astron.  I.  269  With  the  Quadrant  of  Altitude, 
find  that  Point  of  the  Ecliptic  which  is  elevated  12  Degrees 
above  the  Western  Part  of  the  Horizon.  1816  J.  SMITH 
Panorama  Sc.  fy  A  rt  II.  717  A  sliding  piece  N,  (much  like 
the  nut  of  the  quadrant  of  altitude  belonging  to  a  common 
globe).  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  114  The 
inclined  shaft,  .working  in  the  toothed  quadrant  Z, elevates 
or  depresses  the  sluice.  1888  JACOBI  Printers'  Vocab.  107 
Q'fadrantta  small  crescent-shaped  piece  of  iron  or  steel  used 
for  the  movement  of  the  vibrating  roller  on  a  platen  machine. 
C.  A  quarter  of  a  sphere  or  spherical  body. 

1882  VINES  tr.  Sachs'  Hot.  300  In  each  of  the  four  quad 
rants  [of  a  cell]  a  third  division  takes  place. 

5.  An  instrument,  properly  having  the  form  of  a 
graduated  quarter-circle,  used  for  making  angular 
measurements,  esf.  for  taking  altitudes  in  astronomy 
and  navigation. 

Various  kinds  of  quadrants  (some  being  improperly  so 
called)  have  been  employed  for  different  purposes,  but  are 
now  to  a  great  extent  superseded  by  more  perfect  instru 
ments.  The  distinctive  names  are  derived  either  from  the 
inventors  (as  Adams's,  Coles' s,  Collins' s,  Da-vis's,  Godfrey's 
or  Hadley's,  Gunter's,  Svtton's  quadrant),  from  those  by 
whom  it  is  used  (3&gunner's,suri>eyor's  quadrant},  or  from 
some  property,  use,  etc.,  of  the  instrument  (as  horodiclical, 
mural,  sinical  quadrant). 

a  1400  in  Halhwell  Kara  Mathematica  (1841)  58  Til  . .  [>e 
threde  whereon  be  plumbe  henges  falle  vpon  be  mydel  lyne 
of  [>e  quadrant,  |>at  es  to  say  [>e  45  degre.  a  1400-50 
Alexander  129  Quadrentis  [MS.  In  adrentis]  corven  all  of 
quyte  siluyre.  1555  EDEN  Decades  245  With  my  quadrant 
and  Astrolabie  instrumentes  of  Astronomic.  1627  CATT. 
SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  xiv.  68  The  Gunners  quadrant  is  to 
leuell  a  Peece  or  mount  her  to  any  randon.  1638  CHII.MKAU 
tr.  Hues'  Treat.  Globes  (1889)  102  Observe  the  Meridian 
Altitude  of  the  Sunne  with  the  crosse  staffe,  quadrant,  or 
other  like  instrument.  1696  PHILLIPS  (ed.  5),  David's  [1706 
Da-vis' s\  Quadrant,  an  Instrument  us'd  by  Seamen,  where 
with  they  observe  the  height  of  the  Sun  with  their  Backs 
toward  it.  1774  M.  MACKENZIE  Maritime  Sum.  10  With 
a  Theodolite,  or  Hadley's  Quadrant  ..  take  the  Angles 
YXA,  YXB,  VXC.  1848  DICKENS  Dombey  iv,  The  stock 
in  trade  of  this  old  gentleman  comprised  . .  sextants,  and 
quadrants.  1897  F.  T.  BULLEN  Cruise  Cachalot  100  Any 
thing  . .  more  out  of  date  than  his  '  hog-yoke ',  or  quadrant, 
I  have  never  seen. 

6.  alt  rib.   and    Comb.,  as  quadrant  cell,  lever; 
quadrant-like,  -shaped adjs. ;  quadrant-compass, 
a  carpenter's  compass  with  an  arc  to  which  one  leg 
may  be  screwed  (Knight  Diet.  Meek.  1 875) ;  quad 
rant-electrometer,  an  electrometer  in  which  the 
index  moves  through  a  quarter  of  a  circle ;  quad 
rant  steam-engine,  an  engine  in  which  the  piston 
oscillates  through  a  sector  of  a  circle,  instead  of 
sliding  along  a  cylinder  (Knight  Diet.  Meek.}. 

1816  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  $  Art  11.  247  This  conductor 


QUADRANTID. 

should  be  furnished  with  a  quadrant  electrometer.  1833 
T.  HOLLAND  Manuf.  Metal\\.  278  The  principle  [of  Strutt's 
lock]  . .  consists  in  a  number  of  quadrant  levers.  1874 
MICKLETHWAITE  Mod.  Par.  Churches  163  The  mediaeval 
quadrant-shaped  cope-chests.  1884  BOWER  &  SCOTT  De 
Bary's  Phaner.  20  Each  quadrant  cell  is  again  divided 
into  two  unequal  parts.  1897  Outing  (U.S.)  XXIX.  525/1 
The  quadrant-like  part  of  the  shutter. 

t  Quadrant,  st>.*  Obs,  [App.  an  alteration  of 
QUADRAT  or  QUADRATE  sb.\  through  assoc.  with 
prec.  See  also  QUADRAN  sb.] 

1.  ^  QUADRANGLE  sb.  2,  3. 

1443  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  I.  389  Werkemen 
and  Tabor'  dryying  the  berne  in  to  the  quadrant  of  the 
College.  1537  in  \V.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  143 
The  abbot  send  for  me,  . .  he  beyng  under  the  ellme  in  the 
quadrant.  1582  STANYHURST  sEneis  iv.  (Arb.)  118  Dido 
affrighted..  Too  the  inner  quadrant  runneth.  1631  WEEVER 
Anc.  J"'tin.  Man.  412  A  faire  large  Chappell  on  the  East  side 
of  the  Quadrant.  1655  FULLER  Hist.  Camb.  v.  §  29  The 
present  quadrant  of  the  Schools. 

2.  A  square  ;  a  square  thing  or  piece  (aIso^/5^.) : 
a  square  picture. 

1474  CAXTON  Chesse  140  The  kyng  . .  is  sette  in  the  iiij 
quadrante  or  poynt  of  theschequer.  1563-87  FOXE  A.  ^  M. 
<T$96)  587  Since  the  time  they  did  receiue  the  catholicke 
faith  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  as  a  most  perfect  quadrant. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  440  The  quadrants  or  square 
cantons  of  the  old  Tuny  fish,  burnt  to  a  cole. .are  thought  to 
be  good  for  the  tooth-ach.  1651  Life  Father  Sarpi  (1676) 
22  A  portable  quadrant  of  Christ  in  the  Garden. 

b.  One  side  of  a  square.     (Cf.  QUADRATURE  2.) 

1577-87  HOLINSHKD  Chron.  III.  856/2  Apalace,the  which 
I  was  quadrant,  and  euerie  quadrant  of  the  same  palace  was 
j  three  hundred  and  twentie  eight  foot  long. 

Quadrant,  sb3  :  see  QUADRATE  sb% 

t  Qua'drant,  a.    Obs.     [ad.  L.  quadrant-em, 

pres.  pple.  of  quadrare  to  square :  in  sense  i  perh. 

an  alteration  of  quadrat  QUADRATE  a.  (cf.  prec.  and 

QUADRAN  2).] 

1.  Square ;  of  a  square  form. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  in.  (Percy  Soc.)  15  The  craggy 
rocke,  whiche  quadrant  did  appeare.  1535  R.  LAYTON  Let, 
to  Cromwell  12  Sept.  in  Wood  Ann.  62  Wee  found  all  the 

Seat  Quadrant  Court  [of  New  College]  full  of  the  leaves  of 
unce.  1577-87  [see  prec.  2b].  1591  GARRARD  Art  Warre 
161  Taking  from  the  quotient  y«  roote  of  the  quadrant 
number.  1601  BP.  W.  BARLOW  Defence  105  The  quadrant 
stones  of  Salomons  building.  1603  T.  M.  Progr.  Jas.  /  in 
Arb.  Garner  VI  H.  501  A  goodly  edifice  of  free  stone,  built 
in  quadrant  manner.  1618  Bamevelfs  Afol.  E  b,  The  truth 
resembles,  right,  the  right  Cubes  figure ;  . .  Whose  quadrant 
flatness  neuer  doth  disfigure. 

b.  Astron.   =  QUADRATE  a,  2. 

The  form  in  this  case  may  be  due  to  association  with 
QUADRANT  j/'.l  4. 

1594  KLUNDEVII.  Exerc.  vn.  x.  (1636)  662  Characters.. 
Whereof  the  first  signifieth  a  conjunction  ..  the  fourth  a 
quadrant  aspect. 

2.  Agreeing,  consonant,  or  conformable   (to  or 
with}.    Cf.  QUADRATE  a,  4,    (So  obs.  F.  quadrant.} 

1536  St.  Papers  Hen.  T/?/,  I.  521  Perceyving  that  your 
opinion  and  advise  is  quadrant  with  the  same  ;  We  haue 
sent.. a  pardon  to  our  Cousin.  1598  YONG  Diana ;  241  To  do 
the  contrarie.  .were.,  not  quadrant  to  that,  which  is  expected 
at  your  hands.  1720  WELTON  Suffer.  Son  of  God  \  I.  xx.  567 
Thou  art  content  with  the  Sincerity  and  Uprightness  of  my 
Inclinations,  tho'  they  should  not  be  so  exactly  Conformable 
and  Quadrant  to  Thine  Own. 

Quadrantal  (kwgdne'ntal),  a.1  [ad.  L.  quad- 
rantalis :  see  QUADRANT  sb.1  and  -AL.]  Having 
the  shape  of,  consisting  of,  connected  with,  a 
quadrant  or  quarter-circle ;  esp.  quadrantal  arc 
(t  arch}. 

1678  HoBKEsDt'Ctirti.  ad.  fin.,  Wks.  1845  VII.  180  A  straight 
line  equal  to  the  quadrantal  arc  BLD.  1703  T.  N.  City  $ 
C.  Purchaser  14  A  Quadrantal  Casement,  rising  from  its 
Plain.  1797  HELLINS  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXVIII.  529 
The  length  of  a  quadrantal  arch  of  the  circle.  1867  G. 
BARRY  Sir  C.  Barry  \\.  116  The  central  building  with 
quadrantal  corridors.  1871  B.  STEWART  Heat  (ed.  a)  §  71 
A  quadrantal  arc  of  a  meridian  on  the  earth's  surface. 

b.  Quadrantal  deviation,  error,  triangle  (see 
quots.). 

1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Quadrantal  Trianglet  a 
Spnerick  Triangle,  that  has  at  leabt  a  Quadrant  for  one  of 
its  Sides,  and  one  Angle  Right.  1788  HERSCHEL  in  Phil. 
Trans.  LXXVIII.  374  We  may  resolve  the  quadrantal 


.1     puiar-nutj^ucL  UVVHMIWII    ,  ••  HUU   •   UUHUIBUMI   uc>miiun, 

which  changes  from  positive  to  negative  as  the  keel  turns 
from  quadrant  to  quadrant.  1865  Q.  Rev.  358  The  quad 
rantal  error  which  depends  only  on  the  position  of  the 
horizontal  soft  iron  of  the  ship. 

t  Quadra'iital,  ^.2  Obs.  rare.  [f.  QUAD 
RANT  st>.~  +  -AL.]  a.  Square;  having  a  square  base. 
b.  Astron.  =  QUADUANT  a.  i  b. 

1665  J.  GADBURY  Lond.  Deliz>.  Predicted  !.  4  The  Con 
junctional,  Opposite,  or  Quadrantal  Rays  of  Jupiter.  1690 
LEYBOL-HN  Curs.  Math.  517  Let  ABCDE  be  a  Quadrantal 
Pyramis,  {for  a  Pyramis  is  denominated  from  the  number  of 
the  equal  Sides  of  the  Base  thereof,  as  here  four.  .). 

t  Quadra'ntal,  <7.-'f  Obs.  rare—**,  [ad.  \^.quad- 
rantal-is  of  a  quarter-foot,  f.  quadrant-  QUADRANT 
*M]  (See  quot.) 

1656  BLOUNT  Gloswgr.^  Quadranial.  .used  Adjectively.  . 
four  fingers  thick,  or  three  inches. 


tid  ^kwgdne'ntid).     [f.  L.  quadrant- 
stem  of  quadrans  +  -ID.]     One  of  a   shower  of 


QUADRANTILE. 

meteors  falling  on  Jan.  2  and  3,  and  having  its 

radiant  point  in  the  constellation  Qnadrans  mu- 

ralis*    (Usu.  in//.)      1876  G.  F.  CHAMBERS  Astron.  799. 

Quadrantile,  a.  rare-1,     [f.  QUADRANT  sb.1 

+  -ILE.]     =  QUADKANTAL  a.  I. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  II.  585/2  On  this  pin  are  two 
moveable  collets,  .to  which  are  fixed  the  quadrantHe  wires. 

t  Qua'drantly,  adv.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  QUADRANT 
a.  +  -LYa.]  Squarely;  in  a  square  form.  To 
multiply  quadrantly,  to  square. 

1538  LELAND  It  in.  III.  33  In  the  midle  of  the  Toun  ..  is 
a  House  buildid  quadrant ly.  1581  STYWARD  Mart.  Discipl. 
ii.  108  An  order  to  imbattell  12.  C  men  quadrantlie  at  the 
sodaine.  1594  BLUNDEVIL  Exerc.  \.  xxvi.  (1636)  62  You 
must  multiply  the  said  4  in  it  selfe  Quadrantly,  which  makcth 
16. 

Quadrapertite,  obs.  form  of  QUADRIPARTITE. 

Quadrat  (kwo'drat).  Also  8  quadrate,  [var. 
of  QUADRATE  j£.l,  in  special  senses.] 

f  1.  An  instrument  formerly  used  for  measuring 
altitudes  or  distances,  consisting  of  a  square  plate 
with  two  graduated  sides,  sights,  etc.  Obs. 

a  1400  in  Halliwell  Rara  Mathematica  (1841)  65  When., 
bou  wolde  mesure  be  heght.  .make  a  quadrat.. bat  es  to  sey 
a  table  even  foure  square  ofwode  or  brasse.  1617  MINSHEU 
Ductor,  A  Quadrat,  or  Geometricall  instrument,  whereby 
the  distance  and  height  of  a  place  is  knowne  afarre  off  by 
looking  thorow  a  certaine  little  hole  therein,.. dioptra. 

fb.  Two  graduated  sides  of  a  square,  marked  in 
the  rectangular  corner  of  a  quadrant  to  facilitate 
its  use.  Obs. 

a  1400  in  Halliwell  Rara  Mathematica  (1841)  59  pe  quad 
rat  . .  whilk  es  descryvede  ..  in  be  quadrant  has  tuo  sides. 
1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Quadrate  and  Line  of  Shadows 
(on  a  Quadrant)  is  a  line  of  natural  Tangents.  1727-41 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Quadrat .  .called  Z\SQ  geometrical  square, 
and  line  of  'shadows ',  is  an  additional  member  on  the  face  of 
the  common  Gunter's  and  Sutton's  quadrants. 

2.  Printing.  A  small  block  of  metal,  lower  than 
the  face  of  the  type,  used  by  printers  for  spacing ; 
abbrev.  QUAD  sb* 

1683  MOXON  Mech.  E.rerc.,  Printing  xxii.  P  5  If  his  Title 
..make  three  or  more  Lines,  he  Indents  the  first  with  an  m 
Quadrat,  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.s.v.,  There  are  quadrats 
of  divers  sizes,  as  m  quadrats,  n  quadrats,  &c.  which  are 
respectively  of  the  dimensions  of  such  letters.  1824  J.  JOHN 
SON  Typogr.  II.  i!i.  65  An  m-quadrat  is  the  square  of  the 
letter  to  whatever  fount  it  may  belong ;  an  n-quaclrat  is  half 
that  size.  1843  Penny  Cycl.  XXV.  455/1  Larger  quadrats, 
equal  in  body  to  two,  three,  or  four  m's. 

attrib.  and  Comb.  1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc,,  Printing 
viii,  Head  sticks  ..  are  Quadrat  high.  1894  Amer.  Diet. 
Printing  s.v.,  To  throw  all  the  pi  and  broken  letter  . .  into 
the  quadrat  box. 

Quadrat,  obs.  form  of  QUADRATE. 

f  Qua'dratary,  a.  Obs.  rare"1.  [ad.L.  qtiad- 
ratdri-zts:  see  QUADRATE  sb^  and  -ARY1.]  Re 
lating  to  a  square. 

1690  LEVBOURN  Cnrs,  Math.  328  The  Proportions  Cuba- 
tory  and  Quadratary,  in  relation  to  a  Sphere's.  .Periphery. 

Quadrate  (kwo-drelt),  sb.1  Also  6-8  quadrat, 
[ad.  L.  quadrat-um  sb.,  neut.  sing,  of  quadrdtus 
QUADRATE  a.1 :  cf.  QUADRANT  sb.-  and  QUADRAT.] 

fl.  A  square;  a  square  area  or  space;  also,  a 
rectangle  or  rectangular  space.  Obs. 

1471  SIR  J.  PASTON  in  P.  Lett.  III.  17  What  brede  eche 
towr  takythe  within  iche  corner  off  the  quadrate  ovyrthwert 
the  dorys.  1483  [see  QUADRATE  a.  i].  1551  RECORDE 
Pathw.  Knowl.  i.  xxi,  When  any  two  quadrates  be  set  forth, 
howe  to  make  a  squire  about  the  one  quadrate,  whiche  shall 
be  equall  to  the  other  quadrate.  1598  BARRET  Theor. 
Warres  in.  ii.  46  A  Quadrat  of  ground  will  bee  of  men  two 
times  and  one  third  more  broade  then  long.  1658  SIR  T. 
BROWNE  Card.  Cyrus  4.5  The  Labyrinth  of  Crete,  built  upon 
a  long  quadrate,  containing  five  large  squares.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  vi.  62  The  Powers  Militant,  That  stood  for  Heav'n, 
in  mighty  Quadrate  joyn'd.  1680  T.  LAWSON  Mite  Treas. 
33  Their  . .  Cone,  Cylinder,  Parallelogram,  Quadrat  [etc.]. 
t  b.  A  square  number,  the  square  of 'a  number. 

1590  RECORDE,  etc,  Gr.  Aries  (1640)  575  That  number  is 
called  a  Quadrate,  which  is  made  by  the  multiplication  of 
two  equal  numbers.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNED  Pseud.  Ep.  217 
The  life  of  man,  whose  Period  . .  he  placed  in  the  Quadrate 
of  9.  or  9.  times  9.  that  is,  81. 

t  c.  A  group  of  four  things.   =  QUATERNION  i. 

1637  SALTONSTALL  Eusebius'  Life  Constantine  139  By  the 
number  of  twice  two,  hee  invented  the  quadrate  of  the  foure 
Elements. 

2.  A  square  or  rectangular  plate  or  block,  rare. 

1647  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  i.  it.  cxliii,  A  leaden  Quadrate 
swayes  hard  on  that  part  That's  fit  for  burdens.  1799  W. 
TOOKE  View  Russian  Emp.  I.  50  It  was  constructed  of 
huge  quadrats  of  ice  hewn  in  the  manner  of  free-stone.  1821 
LAMB  Elia  Ser.  i.  Old  Benchers  f.  T.,  His  person  was  a 
quadrate,  his  step  massy  and  elephantine. 

f3.  Astron.  a.  Quadrate  aspect ;  quadrature.  Obs. 

1665-6  Phil.  Trans.  I.  5  This  Comet  . .  Having  been  in 
Quadrat  with  the  Sun  it  should  still  descend.  1686  GOAD 
Celest.  Bodies  i.  vi.  22  The  Moon,  on  the  day  of  the  Last 
Quadrate  decreasing,  makes  as  high  a  Water,  sometimes 
higher  than  at  the  first  in  the  Increase.  1695  CONCREVE 
Love  for  L.  ii.  v,  Can  judge  . .  of  sextiles,  quadrates,  trines 
and  oppositions. 

fb.  A  right  angle.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1686  GOAD  Celesl.  Bodies  \.  vi.  18  In  the  one  the  Moon  is 
conjoin'd  with  the  Sun  in  diameter-line  making  no  Angle, 
in  the  Other  making  a  Quadrate,  the  utmost  distance  from 
the  Conjunction  and  Opposition. 

4.  Anat.  a.  The  quadrate  bone.  b.  A  quadrate 
muscle. 


5 

187*  MIVART  Anat.  121  Other  bones,  the  lowest  of  which 
is  termed  the.  Quadrate.  1878  [see  QUADRATO-  a].  1883 
MARTIN  &  MOALK  Vertebr.  Dissect,  n.  103  The  quadrates, 
projecting  ventrally  and  forward  and  bearing  the  articular 
facets  for  the  mandible. 

t  Quadrate,  sb£  Obs.    Also  quadrat.    [App. 

an  alteration  of  QUADRANT  j£.l,  through  assoc.  with 
prec.,  or  through  misreading  of  quadrat  =•  quad- 
ran  tl\ 

1.  A  quarter;  spec,  of  a  circle.  =  QUADRANT  sb^  4. 
1551  RECORDE  Pathw.  Knowl.  i.  Defin.,  The  quarter  of  a 

circle,  named  a  quadrate.  1604  R.  CAWDBEY  Table  Alph.^ 
Quadrate^  a  quarter. 

2.  =  QUADRANT  5. 

1551  RECORDE  Pathw*  Knowl.  n.  Prcf.,  The  arte  of 
Measuryng  by  the  quadrate  geometricall,  and  the  disorders 
committed  in  vsyng  the  same.  Ibid.^  A  newe  quadrate 
newely  inuented  by  the  author  hereof.  1559  W.CUNNINGHAM 
Cosmogr.  Glasseib?,  The  use  of  the  shipmans  quadrat,  whose 
inventor  was  worthy  D.  Gemma.  Ibid.  164  The  hier  part 
of  the  Quadrate. 

t  Quadrate,  sb.%  Her.  Obs.  Also  5  quadrant, 
5-6  quadrat.  [Prob,  identical  with  one  or  other  of 
the  prcc.  sbs.,  but  the  precise  origin  is  not  clear.] 
(See  quots.  1486.) 

1486  Bk.  Sf.  Albany  Her.  B  iij,  In  blasyng  of  armys  be 
ix.  quadrattis  that  is  to  say  v.  quadrate  fmiall  and  iilj. 
Royall.  Ibid.  R  iv,  Quadrat  is  calde  in  armys  whan  the 
felde  is  set  with  sum  tokyn  of  armys.  1572  BosSKWBLL 
Armor ie  n.  77  b,  The  Crosse  thus  charged,  is  called  of  olde 
Heraultes,  the  first  quadrate  royall.  1586  FERNE  Blaz. 
Gentrie  206-209. 

Quadrate  (kwydrA),  a.  Also  5-7  quadrat. 
[rut.  L.  quadrat-ns,  pa.  pple.  viquadrare  to  square  : 
see  QUADRATE  v.] 

1.  Square,  rectangular.     Now  rare. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xix.  cxviii.  (1495)  922 
Quadrate  shape  and  square  is  moost  stedfaste  and  stable. 
1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  332^/2  For  whanne  euery  beest 
was  quadrate  as  we  may  ymagyne  In  a  quadrate  ben  foure 
corners  and  euery  corner  was  a  penne.  1538  L.KI.AND  ftm. 
III.  44  A  strong  Castel  quadrate  having  at  eche  corner 
a  great  Round  Tower.  1560  ROLLAND  Crf.  Venus  i.  139 


pears  the  quadrate  pile.  1866  HUXLEY  Preh.  Rent.  Caithn. 
137  The  quadrate  pelvis  is  that  which  is  compressed  ..  so 
that  the  brim  is  almost  quadrangular.  1880  BASTIAN  Brain 
77  These  two  pairs  of  ganglia  ..  are  combined  into  one 
quadrate  mass  in  Hyalea. 

Comb,  1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  n.  vii.  (1660)  85  This  is 
termed  Quarter  pierced,  quasi,  Quadrate  pierced,  for  that 
the  piercing  is  square  as  a  Trencher. 

fb.  Math.  Of  numbers  or  roots.  =  SQUARE.  Obs. 

ci43o  Art  Nombrynge  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  14,  ,4-  is  the  first 
nombre  quadrat,  and  2.  is  his  rote.  1571  DIGGES  Pantom. 
i.  xxv.  Hj,  These  two  ioyned  together  make  43600,  whose 
Quadrate  roote  being  about  208  pace  3  foote  is  the  Hypo- 
thenusall  line  AC.  1611  SI>EF,D  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  viii. 
-  552  Ihe  Rings  Roundnesse  must  remember  the  King 
ternitie;  the  Quadrat  number  of  Constancy.  1646  SIR 


of  Et« 


T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  215  Consisting  of  square  and  quad 
rate  numbers  [viz.  49  and  81].  1655-60  STANLEY  Hist.  Phil. 
(1687)  527/2  The  Tetrad.. being  quadrate  ..  is  divided  into 
Equals. 

C.  Anat.  in  the  distinctive  names  of  certain  parts 
of  the  body  having  an  approximately  square  shape. 

Quadrate  bone,  a  special  bone  in  the  head  of  birds  and 
reptiles,  by  which  the  lower  jaw  is  articulated  to  the  skull. 
Quadrate  muscle,  the  name  of  several  muscles,  esp.  the 
quadratiislumborum  (of  the  loins),  q.femoris  (of  the  thigh), 
and  q.  pronator  (in  the  forearm) :  see  QUADRATUS. 

1856-8  W.  CLARK  Van  der  Hoeveris  Zool.  II.  334  The 
quadrate  bone  of  birds  is.  .divided  above  into  two  arms. 

f2.  Astron.  <=QUARTILE  a.  Obs. 


C  „      . 

'trine'  ts  A-     Cf.  QUADRATURE  4. 

1551  HULOET,  Quadrate  aspecte  of  the  pianettes.  1594 
BLUNDEVIL  E.rerc.  iv.  pr.  43  (1636)  501  And  they  [two 
Planets]  are  said  ..  to  be  in  a  quadrat  aspect  when  they 
are  distant  one  from  another,  by  three  signes.  1601  HOLLAND 
Pliny  I.  12  The  planet  of  Mars..maketh  station  but  in 
quadrate  aspect:  as  for  lupiter,  in  triangle  aspect.  1685 
BOYLE  Enq.  Notion  Nat.  v.  126  At  some  time  She  and  the 
Sun  should  have  a  Trine,  or  a  Quadrate  Aspect. 

j3.  _/%".  Complete,  perfect.   Obs. 

1608  J.  KING  Serttr.  St.  Mary's  7  There  yet  remameth 
a  fourth  point  to  make  vp  a  quadrate  and  perfitt  honor  of 
the  King.  ^1645  HOWKLL  Lett.  vi.  (1650)  253  The  Moralist 
tells  us  that  a  quadrat  solid  wise  man  should  . .  be  still  the 
same.  1679  HARRY  Key  Script,  n.  45  That  future  quadrate 
Righteousness  of  Gospel-Promise. 

•j*  4.  Conformable,  corresponding  (to  or  ivit/i}. 
Cf.  QUADRANT  #.  2.  Obs. 

a  1657  R.  LOVEDAY  Lett.  (1663)  68  To  construe  me  right, 
and  believe  my  meaning  quadrate  to  my  words.  1674  S. 
VINCENT  Yng.  Gallant's  Acad,  99  His  word  and  his  meaning 
are  quadrate,  and  never  shake  hands  and  part.  1720  WELTON 
Suffer.  Son  ofGodl.  vi,  112  Whose  State  of  Life  is  Quadrate 
and  Concentrkk  with  the  Low  and  Humble  Poverty  of  their 
Redeemer. 

5.  Her.  Cross  quadrate^  a  cross  which  expands 
into  a  square  at  the  junction  of  the  arms. 

1780  EU.MONDSON  Compl.  Body  Heraldry  I.  [See  of]  Litch- 
fidd.  Per  pale  gu.  and  ar.  a  cross  potent  quadrat.  1797 
Encycl.  Brit.  (cd.  3)  VIII.  452/1. 

Quadrate  (kwg'dre't),  v.  Also  7-9  (6  Sc. 
pa.  pple.'}  quadrat.  [T-  L.  quadrat-,  ppl.  stem  of 
quadrare  to  square.] 

1.  trans.  To  make  (a  thing)  square,  rare. 


QUADRATIC. 

1560  HOLLAND  Crt,  Venus  n.  586  With  subtill  wark  it  was 
sa  roborat  Properlic  alswa  with  kirnalis  weill  quadrat.  1798 
in  Spirit  P^ubl.  Jrnls.  (17991  II.  151  The  winding  stream 
quadrated  into  fishponds.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  197/2  The 
materials  . .  are  there  quadrated  or  formed  into  rectangular 
blocks. 

b.  Math.  To  square  (a  circle,  etc.).  rare. 

c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1650)  I.  26  The  harden  tilings  in 
the  world  were ;  To  quadrate  a  circle,  to  find  out  the  philo 
sopher's  stone.  1838-9  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  III.  III.  viii.  §  9 
399  It  had  long  been  acknowledged  by  the  best  geometers 
impossible  to  quadrate  by  a  direct  process  any  curve  surface. 

f  2.  To  square  (a  number  or  amount).  Obs.  rare—'. 

1613  JACKSON  Creed  n.  §  in.  iv.  388  Tbe  Pharisees.. did  as 
it  were  quadrate  the  measure  of  Proselytes  sinnes ;  multi 
plying  Gentilisme  by  Pharisaisme. 

3.  intr.  To  square,  agree,   correspond,  conform 
with  (rarely  to). 

1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  VI.  v.  (1611)265  This  forme  of 
Helmet.. doth  best  quadrate  with  the  dignity  of  a  Knight. 
1671  Trite  NonconJ.  18  That  it  exactly  quadrates  to  the 
case  of  our  Controversie  is  apparent.  1720  WKLTON  Snfler. 
Son  of  God  1.  xi.  273  When  their  Lives  Quadrate  with 
their  Doctrine,  their  Words  Become  of  weight.  1794  PALKY 
Evid.  II.  i.  (1817)  10  The  description,  .quadrates  with  no 
part  of  the  Jewish  history  with  which  we  are  acquainted. 
1876  J.  PAKKEK  Paracl.  II.  xviii.  325  He  had  to  make 
a  creed  which  would  quadrate  with  his  immorality. 

b.  Without  const. :    To  be  fitting,  suitable,  or 
consistent.     Also  of  two   things :    To  harmonize 
with  each  other.     Now  rare. 

1664  EVELYN  Syh>a  (1776)  516  The  same  arguments  do 
not  Quadrate  in  trees.  1718  Freethinker  No.  44  P  7  The 
Compliment,  .of  comparing  a  Beauty  to  a  .Star,  will  now 
quadrate  in  every  Respect.  1791  E.  DAKWIS  Hot.  Card. 
Ii.  Interl.  84  The  similies  of  Homer.. do  not  quadrate,  or 
go  upon  all  fours.  1833  CHALMERS  Const.  Man  (1835)  I.  vi. 
256  That  the  natural  . .  and  the  legal  or  political  . .  should 
quadrate  as  much  as  possible. 

c.  trans.  To  make  conformable  (to),  rare. 

1669  WORLIDGE  Syst.  Agric.  (1681)  296  Therefore  I  desire 
all  such  that  expect  any  success  to  their  Observations,  that 
they  quadrate  the  Rules  to  the  places  where  they  live. 
1817  T.  L.  PEACOCK  Melinconrt  xxv,  He  quadrates  his 
practice  as  nearly  as  he  can  to  his  theory. 

4.  Artillery,    a.  trans.  To  adjust  (a  gun)  on  its 
carriage  (see  quots.).     b.  intr.  Of  a  gun  :  To  lie 
properly  on  the  carriage. 

1706  PHILLIPS  fed.  Kersey)  s.v.,  In  Gunnery,  to  quadrate 
or  square  a  Piece,  is  to  see  whether  it  be  duly  plac'd,  or 
well  pois'd  on  the  Carriage  and  Wheels.  1800  Naval 
Citron.  IV.  53  A  gun  quadrates,  or  hangs  well  in  her  carriage. 
1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-l'k.,  Quadrate,  to  trim  a  gun  on 
its  carriage  and  its  trucks,  to  adjust  it  for  firing  on  a  level 
range. 

5.  In  fa.  pple.:  Placed  in  quadrate  aspect. 

1829  POE  Poems,  Al  Aaraf  (\§y))  192  What  time  the 
moon  is  quadrated  in  heaven. 

Qua'drated,///.  a.  [f. prec.  + -ED1.]  a.  Made 
square,  squared,  'i  Obs.  b.  Quartered,  rare-1. 

a.  1578  BANISTER  tlist.  Man  viii.  109  A  nerue .  .  is  at  length 
implanted  to  the  quadrated  or  foure  squared  Muscle.    1727- 
41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Printing,  Little  quadrated  pieces  of 
metal,  called  quotations. 

b.  1810  MOOR  Hindu  Pantheon  249 The  quadrated  lozenge, 
on  the  breast  and  in  the  palm  of  this  image,  is  also  un 
accounted  for,  and  singular. 

f  Quadrateness.  Obs.  rare~l.     Squareness. 

1599  A.  M.  tr.  Galclhoucr's  Bk.  Pliysicke  112/1  Malleate 
.  .with  the  broadest  hammers,  .till  it  be  about  thre  quart, 
in  the  quadratnes  therof. 

Quadratic  (kwgdr^-tik),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  L. 
type  *quadratic-us :  see  QTJADKATE  sl>.1  and  -ic, 
and  cf.  K.  quadratique^\ 

A.  adj.   1.  Square,  rare. 

1656  in  BLOUNT  Ghssogr.  1876  tr.  Wagner's  Gen.  Pathol. 
115  They  first  assume  the  quadratic  form  at  a  distance  of 
one  metre  behind  the  head.  1884  BOWER  &  SCOTT  De 
Bary's  Phaner.  107  One  epidermal  cell  which  appears  m 
surface  view  rounded  and  quadratic. 

b.  Ciyst.  Of  square  section  through  the  lateral 
or  secondary  axes ;  characterized  by  this  form. 

1871  ROSCOE  Elem.  Clutn.  215  On  boiling  this  solution 
the  salt  is  formed,  and  may  be  crystallized  in  quadratic 
prisms.  1875  BENNETT  &  DYER  tr.  Saclts'  But.  66  The 
calcium  oxalate.. crystallises  in  the  quadratic  system. 

2.  Math.  Involving  the  second  and  no  higher 
power  of  an  unknown  quantity  or  of  a  variable ; 
esp.  in  quatlratic  equation  :  see  EQUATION  6. 

1668  WILKINS  Seal  Char.  n.  vii.  181  Those  Algebraical 
notions  of  Absolute,  Lineary,  Quadratic,  Cubic.  1690  LEY- 
BOURN  Cnrs.  Math.  337  All  Quadratick  Aequations  of  this 
kind  ..have  two  Roots.  1706  W.  JONES  Syn.  Palmar. 
Matlieseos  128  All  Quadratic  Equations  are  reducible  lo 
one  of  these  Forms.  1806  HUTTON  Course  Math.  I.  247 
A  simple  quadratic  equation,  is  that  which  involves  the 
square  of  the  unknown  quantity  only.  1885  WATSON  & 
BUHBURY  Math.  The.  Electr.  ^  Magn.  I.  169  If  we  express 
every  e  in  terms  of  the  potentials  by  means  of  equations. . 
E  will  be  a  quadratic  function  of  the  potentials. 

B.  sb.    a.  A  quadratic  equation,      b.  //.  The 
branch  of  algebra  dealing  with  quadratic  equa 
tions. 

1684  BAKER  Gcometr.  Key  Title-p.,Of  linears,  quadratics, 
cubics  [etc.].  1690  LEYBOURN  Cnrs.  Math.  337  The  three 
sorts  of  Mixed  Aequations  above  expressed,  are  all  that  can 
happen  in  Quadraticks.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  There 
are  several  methods  of  extracting  the  roots  of  adfected 
quadratics.  1827  HUTTON  Course  Math.  I.  256  note,  Cubic 
equations,  when  occurring  in  pairs,  may  usually  be  reduced 
to  quadratics,  by  extermination,  a  1839  PRAED  Poems  (1864) 
II.  41  By  turns,  as  Thought  or  Pleasure  wills,  Quadratics 
struggle  with  quadrilles.  1870  [see  ADFECTED \ 


i! 


QUADRATICAL. 

Quadra'tical,  a.  Now  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-AL.]  =  QUADRATICS. 

1674    IEAKE  Arith.    (1696)  645  The   Quotient  shall  be 
squaredly  Quadratical.     1690  LEYBOUKN  Curs.  Math.  343 
To  receive  as  many  Cubical  Points,  as  the  Co-efficient  doth    ' 
Quadratical.   1880  GILBERT  1'iratcs  Penzance,  I  understand 
equations,  both  the  simple  and  quadratical. 

Hence  Quadra'tioally  adv.  (Cent.  Diet.) 

Quadrate-  (k\vgdrcT'-t<;),  mod.  comb,  form  of  L. 
quadratus  or  qiiadratum,  QUADRATE  a.  or  sb?-; 
used  in  some  scientific  terms. 

fl.  Math.  Quadrato-cubic  a.,  of  the  fifth  power 
or  degree.   Quadrato-qnadrat^e,  the  fourth  power,    i 
Quadrate-quadratic,  -quadratical  adjs.,  of  the 
fourth  power ;  biquadratic.   Obs. 

1662  HOHUES  Seven  Proli.  Wks.  1845  VII.  67  There  be 
some  numbers  called  plane  . .  others  *quadrato-cubic.  1787 
WARING  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXVII.  81  Biquadratic  and 
quadrato-cubic  equations.  1684  T.  BAKER  Geometr.  Key  d.  2 
The*quadrato-quadratof -r,a'*.  i728CLAKKEin/VHY.7><i«j. 


they  consist  must  be  *Quadrato-<iuadratic.  1677  BAKER  in 
Rigaud  Corr.  Sci.  McndS+i)  II.  iSThe  geometrical  con 
structions  of  all  cubic,  and  quadrato-quadratic  equations. 
1668  BARROW  ibid.  63  When  ihe  equations  are  *quadrato- 
quadratical. 

2.  Zool.   Connected  with  or   pertaining   to   the 
quadrate  together  with  some  other  bone,  as  Quad- 
ra-to-ju  gal  a.  and  sb.  (see  quot.  1878),  -mandr- 
bular,  -(meta  pte'rygoid,  -squamo'sal  adjs.  (see 
the  second  element). 

1870  ROLLESTOS  Anim,  Life  18  The  qnadratojugal  rod. 
1878  HELL  Gcgcnbaur"s  Comp.  Anat.  462  In  Birds  the  , 
quadrato-jugal  is  a  slender  piece  of  bone,  which  arises  from 
the  side  of  the  mandibular  joint  of  the  quadrate.  1888 
ROLLESTON  &  JACKSON  Anivt.  Life  338  The  quadrate  or  in 
Teleostei. .  the  quadrato-metapterygold. 

3.  Cryst.  Qua=dratoctalie'.dron,  an  eight-sided   | 
crystal  of  square  section  through  the  secondary 
axes. 

1884  BOWER  &  SCOTT  Dt'  fiary's  Phaner.  137  The  funda 
mental  form  of  the  crystals  belonging  to  the  quadratic 
system  is  the  quadratoctahedron. 

Quadratrix  (kw§dr^l*triks).  PI.  quadra- 
trices.  [mod.L.,  fem.  agent-n.  from  quadrare  to 
QUADRATE  ;  cf.  F.  quadra-trice  (i7th  c.).]  A  curve 
used  in  the  process  of  squaring  other  curves. 

1656  tr.   H  abbes'  Elem.  Pkilos.  (1839)  316   The   ancient 

eometricians  ..  who  made  use  of  the  quadratrix  for  the 
inding  out  of  a  strait  line  equal  to  the  arch  of  a  circle.  1727- 
41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,The  most  eminent  of  these  guadra- 
trices  are,  that  of  Dinostrates  [etc.].  1816  tr.  Lacroix's 
Diff.  ff  Int.  Calculus  662  The  Quadratrix,  a  curve  formerly 
celebrated  for  its  apparent  connection  with  the  quadrature 
of  the  circle.  1898  tr.  H.  Schubert  Math.  Essays  124  The 
solution  of  the  quadrature  of  the  circle  founded  on  the 
construction  of  the  quadratrix. 

Quadrature  (kwo'dratuu).  [ad.  L.  quadrd- 
tftra  a  square,  the  act  of  squaring  :  see  QUADBATK 
v.  and  -URE.  Cf.  F.  quadrature  (1529).] 

1 1.  Square  shape,  squareness.  Obs. 

1563  FOXE  A.  4-  M.  (1596)  1670  The  maruellous  quadrature 
of  the  same,  I  take  to  signifie  the  vniuersal  agreement  in 
the  same,  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxv.  xxiii.  565  One  of  the 
Romans  . .  counted  the  stones  . .  and  made  estimate  to  him- 
selfe  of  their  quadrature  and  proportion.  1653  R.  SANDERS 
Physiogn.  60  When  the  Quadrangle  is  broad,  and  well- 
proportioned  in  its  quadrature.  1667  MILTON  P.  L,  x.  380 
Parted  by  th'  Empyreal  bounds,  His  Quadrature,  from  thy 
Orbicular  World. 

t2.  One  side  of  a  square.   Obs.  rarf~l. 

1553  EDEN  Treat.  Ncwe  Ind.  (Arb.)  25  Euery  quadrature 
or  syde  of  the  wall  hath  in  it  thre  principal  portes  or  gates. 

3.  Math.  The  action  or  process  of  squaring ;  spec. 
the  expression  of  an  area  bounded  by  a  curve,  esp. 
a  circle,  by  means  of  an  equivalent  square. 

1506  NASHE  Saffron  Walden  22  As  much  time,  .as  a  man 
might  haue  found  out  the  quadrature  of  the  circle  in.  1652 
BEXLOWES  Theoph.  xi.  xxxvii,  As  hard  to  find  thy  cure  As 
circles  puzling  Quadrature.  1664  Phil.  Trans.  I.  15  A 
method  for  the  Quadrature  of  Parabola's  of  all  degrees. 
1743  EMERSON  Fluxions  p.  iii,  Drawing  Tangents  to  Curves, 
finding  their  Curvatures,  their  Lengths,  and  Quadratures. 
1829  MRQ.  ANGLESEA  Let.  28  Feb.  in  Lady  Morgans  Mem. 
(1862)  II.  278,  I  am  as  incapable  of  making  a  rhyme  as  of 
effecting  the  quadrature  of  the  circle.  1881  ROUTLEDGE 
Science  ii.  36  The  attention  which  the  problem  of  the  quad 
rature  of  the  circle  has  attracted. 
t  b.  (See  quot.)  Obs. 

1737-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.t  Quadrature-lines,  or  lines  of 
Quadrature,  are  two  lines  frequently  placed  on  Gunter  b 
sector.  [Description  follows.] 

4.  Astron.  f  a.  One  of  the  four  cardinal  points. 
Obs.  rare~\     (See  note  on  QUADRATE  a.  2.) 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  37  When  this  concurrence  [of  the 
planets  with  the  sun]  is  about  the  quadratures  of  the  heaven. 
[L.  circa  qitadrata  mitndi.} 

b.  One  of  the  two  points  (in  space  or  time)  at 
which  the  moon  is  90°  distant  from  the  sun,  or 
midway  between  the  points  of  conjunction  and 
opposition. 

1685  BOYLE  Eng.  Notion  Nat.  vii.  256  When  the  Moon  is 
in  Opposition  to  the  Sun.. that  Part  of  Her  Body  which 
respects  the  Earth,  is  more  Enlightned  than  at  the  Ne\ 


91  The  tides  are  greatest  in  the  syzigies,  and  least  in  the 


6 

quadratures.  1867-77  G.  F.  CHAMBERS  As/ran,  i.  ii.  (ed.  3) 
39  After  starting  from  conjunction  with  the  .Sun  it  succes 
sively  reaches  its  Eastern  quadrature  [etc.]. 

c.  The  position  of  one  heavenly  body  relative 
to  another  when  they  are  90°  apart,  esp.  of  the 
moon  to  the  sun  when  at  the  quadratures  (see  prec.). 
t  Also  Quadrature  aspect. 

1591  SPAREV  tr.  Cattail's  Geomancic  (1599!  185  The  Quad 
rature  Aspect  is  from  the  first  to  th<;  fourth,  or  from  the  first 
to  the  teinh.  1797  Encycl.  Krit.  (ed.  3)  II.  508/2  Thus  the 
sun  and  moon,  . .  or  any  two  planets,  may  be  in  conjunction, 
opposition,  or  quadrature.  1812  WOODHOUSE  Astron.  vii.  44 
The  Sun  is  said  to  be  in  quadrature  with  a  star,  or  planet, 
when  the  difference  of  their  longitudes  is  90°  or  270°.  1854 
BREWSTER  More  Worlds  xyi.  236  The  rays  reflected  from 
them  when  the  planets  are  in  quadrature. 

t  d.  Her.  In  quadrature,  at  intervals  of  a 
quarter-circle.  Obs. 

1766  PORNV  Heraldry  (1787)  188  A  circular  Wreath,  Pearl 
and  Diamond  [=  Argent  and  Sable]  with  four  Hawk's  Bells 
joined  thereto  in  quadrature  Topaz  [=Or]. 

1 5.  A  division  into  four  parts  (?  cf.  QUADRATE 
si.'*}.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1578  LYTE  Dodoens  vi.  Ixxix.  759  Foure  straight  lines 
running  alongst  the  young  shutes  or  branches,  the  which 
do  make  a  quadrature,  or  a  diuision  of  the  said  young 
brandies  into  foure  square  partes  or  cliftes. 

I  Quadratus  (kwjfdrJ'tfci).  Anat.     [L. :  see 
QUADRATE  rf.landa.]   A  quadrate  muscle.    Quad- 
ratusfemorisjumborum,  etc.  (seeQuADBATE  a.  I  c). 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Quadratus  . .  a  name  applied  to 
several  muscles,  in  respect  of  their  square  figure ;  as  the 
palmaris,  and  pronators.  1756  WINSLOW  Anat.  (ed.4)  1. 211 
A  tendon  . .  inserted  between  the  Gemelli  and  Quadratus. 
1843  ].  G.  WILKINSON  Swedtu&fftjg's  Aniiti.  Kingd.  I.  ii.  60 
Some  of  the  before  mentioned  muscles :  these  are  the 
triangulares  and  quadratus.  1870  ROLLKSTON  A  nim.  Life  3 
The  two  psoas  muscles  and  the  quadratus  lumborum. 

Quadreble,  var.  QUATREBLE,  quadruple. 

Quadred,  pa.  pple.  of  QUADEK  v.  Obs. 

Quadrefoil,  obs.  form  of  QUATHEFOIL. 

Quadrein,  obs.  variant  of  QUATRAIN. 

t  Quadrel.  Ots.  Also  7  -ell.  [ad.  It.  quad- 
rello  (jned.L.  quadrellns,  OF.  quarrel,  K.  carreatt) 
square  stone  or  brick,  dim.  of  quadra  a  square  : 
cf.  QUAKKEL  sby\  A  square  block,  esp.  of  brick, 
and  spec,  of  a  kind  of  brick  used  in  Italy  (see  quot. 
1703).  Also  at/rib. 

1686  PLOT  Staffordsh.  358  Their  Quadrells  of  peat,  are 
made  into  that  fashion  by  the  spade  that  cults  them.  1688 
R.  HOLME  Armoury  lit.  457/1  A  Quadrell  Wall,  that  is 
a  wall  of  Artificiall  Stone,  as  Brick,  Tyle,  etc.  1703  T.  N. 
Cityfy  C.  Purchaser  232  Quadrels,  a  sort  of  artificial  Stones 
. .  made  of  a  chalky,  whitish  and  pliable  Earth,  and  dry'd  in 
the  Shade.  1715  LEONI  Palladia's  Archit.  (1742)  I.  80 
A  sort  of  Bricks  larger  than  Quadrels,  or  common  ones. 

Quadren,  square  :  see  QUADRAN. 

Quadrennial  (kwgdre'nial),  a.  and  sb.     Also 
(correctly)  quadriennial,  (7 -ennal).  [ad.  L.  type 
*quadriennial-is,-ennal-is:  seeQuADHENNIUMand    \ 
-AL,  and  cf.  F.  quatriennal.'] 

A.  adj.   1.  Occurring  every  fourth  year. 

1701  W.  WOTTON  Hist.  Rome,  Marcus  iii.  46 1  Their 
Accounts  of  Time  were  reckoned  by  the  Quadriennial 
Returns  of  the  Grand  Games.  1847  GROTE  Greece  ii.  xxviii. 
IV.  92  Peisistratus  . .  first  added  the  quadrennial  or  greater 
Panathenxa  to  the  ancient  annual  or  lesser  Panathenaia. 

1880  Times  27  Sept.  8/1  The  Archbishop  of  Canterbury., 
continuing  his  quadrennial  visitation  of  his  diocese.     1884 
Sat.  Rev.  7  June  745/2  Its  statutes  only  demanded  quadren 
nial  residence. 

2.  Lasting  for  four  years. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glosso^r.,  Quadriennial,  of  four  years.  1727 
BAILEY,  vol.  II,  Qnaiirennial,  of  the  Space  of  four  Years. 

1881  Daily  Neivs  ii  Mar.  6/2  Biennial  Budgets  and  quad 
rennial  Parliaments. 

B.  sb.  fa.  A  period  of  four  years.  Obs.  rare—1. 
b.  An  event  happening  every  four  years,     c.  A 
fourth  anniversary,  or  its  celebration  (Cent.  Diet.). 

a  1646  J.  GREGORY  Pvsthuma,  De  &ris  et  Epcchis  (1650) 
163  The  Egyptians  called  eveiie  daie  in  the  year  by  the 
Name  of  som  God.  .and  everie  year  of  their  Lustrums  or 

?uadriennals  in  like  manner.     1836  Sat.  Rev.  8  Nov.  625/2 
he  great  quadrennial — the  Presidential  election — is  the 
1  Derby  Day '  of  America. 

tlence  Quadre'nnially  adv.,  every  fourth  year. 
1796  MORSE  Amer.  Geog.  I.  626  The  senate  [of  Virginia] 
chosen  quadrennially. 

II  Quadremmim  (kwgdre-nium).     Also  (cor 
rectly)   quadrieunium.      [a.   L.  quadrienniuin, 
f.  quadrl-  QUADRI-  +  aitinis  year.]     A  period  of 
four  years;  spec,  in  Se.  Law  (see  quot.  1823). 

.1823  CRABB,  Qitadricnniuin  litilc,  . .  the  term  of  four  years 
allowed.,  to  a  minor  after  his  majority,  during  which  he  may 
by  suit,  or  action,  endeavour  to  annul  any  deed  granted  to 
his  prejudice  during  his  minority.  1857  G.  OLIVER  Coll. 
Hist.  Cath.  Relig.  Cornwall  482  Francis  Watmough  . .  is 
known  to  have  filled  several  quadrienniums  before  his  death. 
1876  Fox  BOURNE  Locke  I.  ii.  52  In  taking  his  bachelor's 
degree . .  Locke  abridged  the  old  quadrennium . .  by  one  term. 

Quadri-  (kwo-dri),  a  first  element  used  in  combs, 
with  the  sense '  having,  consisting  of,  connected  with, 
etc.  four  (things  specified)'.  The  L.  quadri-  was 
so  employed  in  a  few  words  during  the  classical 
period,  as  in  the  sbs.  quadridnum,  quadrienniuin, 
quadririmis,  quadrivium,  the  adjs.  quacirifidus, 
quadrijugus,  and  the  pple.  quadripurtltus.  In  the 
post-classical  and  later  language  such  compounds 


QUADRI- . 

are  much  more  numerous,  esp.  adj.  forms,  as  quad- 
riangultis,  -emu's,  -formis,  -gatnus,  -laterus,  etc. 
(See  also  QUADHL--.) 

The  earliest  examples  in  Knglish  are  quadrangle, 
quadripartite,  quadrivial,  which  are  as  old  as  the 
1 5th  c. ;  others,  as  quadrijid,  quadriform,  quatiri- 
lateral,  qiiadrirerne  were  introduced  later,  esp.  in 
the  1 7th  c.  By  far  the  greater  number  of  quadri- 
compounds,  however,  belong  to  the  language  of 
modern  science,  the  employment  of  the  prefix  in 
popular  words  being  much  rarer  than  that  of  bi- 
aud  tri-.  A  considerable  number  of  those  given 
in  the  following  lists  are  self-explanatory,  and  in 
these  cases  the  definition  is  omitted. 

I.  Adjectives  with  the  sense  '  having  or  consist 
ing  of  four  — ', '  characterized  by  the  number  four ', 
as  quadriba'sio  Client.,  applied  to  certain  acids 
containing  four  atoms  of  displaceable  hydrogen 
(Webster,  1864) ;  qua:dricente-nnial,  consisting 
of,  connected  with,  a  period  of  four  centuries  (Cent. 
Diet.  1891) ;  quadrifa'rious  [L.-farius],  fourfold, 
having  four  parts ;  quadrifo'cal,  having  four  foci 
(Cent.  Diet.}  ;  quadrifro'ntal  [L.  -frails'],  having 
four  faces ;  quadriga-bled ;  quadrijirgal  [L, 
-jugus],  four-horsed,  belonging  to  a  four-horse 
chariot ;  quadrili'bral  [L.  -libris],  containing 
four  pounds ;  quadrilrngual  [late  L.  -lingtiis], 
using,  written  in,  etc.,  four  languages  ;  quadri'- 
rnanous  -  QUADRUMANOUS  ;  f  quadrimood  (see 
quot.) ;  quadrino'mial,  -no'mioal,  -no'minal, 
consistingof  four  (algebraic)  terms ;  quadri-parous 
Ornith.,  laying  only  four  eggs  ;  quadripla'nar  ; 
quadri'plicate(d),  having  four  folds  or  pleats 
(Craig,  1848);  quadrisylla'bic(al),  t -syllable, 
-syllabous  [late  L.  -syllabus'] ;  quadrrvalent 
Chem.,  capable  of  combining  with  four  univalent 
atoms. 

«'74S  SWIFT  To  Gcorge-Nim-Dan-Dean  Esq.  Wks.  1841 
I.  762  Hail  human  compound  *quadrifarious.  .Invincible  as 
wight  Briareus.  a  1859  DE  QUINCEY  Post/I.  Wks.  (1891)  I. 
235  All  the  quadrifarious  virtue  of  the  scholastic  ethics. 
1886  Academy  25  Apr.  288/1  The  famous  *QuadrifrontaI 
Roman  Arch  [at  Tripoli).  1892  A.  HEALES  Arckit.  Ch. 
Denmark  69  On  the  north  is  a  staircase,  the  angles  are 
of  brick;  'quadrigabled.  1819  H.  BUSK  Vatriadiv.  636 


BIRCH  Rfdc  Lect.  Egypt  41  A  *quadnllngual  stele  at  Suez, 
in  Egyptian  hieroglyphs,  Persian,  Median,  and  Babylonian 
cuneiform.  1609  DOULAND  Ornith.  Microl.  18  Diapente  . . 
is  the  leaping  of  one  Voyce  to  another  by  a  fift,  consisting 
of  three  Tones,  and  a  semitone  . .  Therefore  Pontifex  cals  it 
the  •Quadri-moode  Interuall.  1727  BAILEY  vol.  H,*Ouadri- 
noutial,  .  .  consisting  of  four  Denominations  or  Names. 
1866-99  W.  R.  HAMILTON  Elem.  Quatern.  (ed.  2)  I.  245  The 
principal  use  which  we  shall  here  make  of  the  standard 
quadrmomial  form.  1882  SALMON  Anal.  Geom.  3  Diniens. 
(ed.  4)  23  We  shall  use  these  *quadriplanar  coordinates, 


:rythmg  p 


1678 


Glos'scigr.,  ^Quadrisyllable,,  .that  hath  four  syllables. 
PHILLIPS  (ed.  4),  List  Harbarous  Words,*Quadrisyllabous, 
consisting  of  four  syllables.  1869  Eng.  Mecli.  12  Nov.  198/3 
The  elements  are  classified  as . .  tetratomic  or  'quadrivalent, 
having  four  attractions.  1880  CLEMINSHAW  Wurtz  Atom. 
The.  283  Carbon  is  quadrivalent  and  oxygen  bivalent. 

b.  Bot.  and  Zoo!.,  as  quadria'late,  having  four 
ake  or  wing-like  processes  (Syd.  Soc.  Lex.  1897) ; 
quadria'nnulate,  having  or  consisting  of  four 
rings  ;  quadriarti'culate(d),  having  four  joints  ; 
quadrica'psular,  -ca'psulate ;  quadrica'rinate, 
having  four  carina:  or  keel -shaped  lines,  spec,  of  an 
orthopterous  insect  (Cent.  Diet.  1891);  quadri- 
ce'llular ;  quadrici'liate,  having  four  cilia  or 
hairs ;  quadriei-pital,  having  four  heads  or  points 
of  origin,  as  the  quadriceps  muscle  ;  qua'dricorn, 
having  four  horns  (ibid.) ;  so  -oornous  (Blonnt 
Glossogr.  1656) ;  quadrico'state,  having  four 
costs  or  ribs  ;  quadricotyle'donous,  having  two 
deeply  divided  (and  thus  apparently  four)  cotyle 
dons  ;  qua'drioresee-ntio,  -toid,  having  four 
crescents ;  of  teeth  :  having  four  crescentic  folds ; 
quadriou-spid,  -cvrspidate,  of  teeth :  having  four 
cusps  or  points  ;  quadride'ntate(d),  having  four 
serrations  or  indentations ;  quadridrgitate,having 
four  digits  or  similar  divisions ;  quadrifo'liate, 
consisting  of  four  leaves;  also  =  quadrifo'liolate, 
of  a  compound  leaf :  having  four  leaflets  growing 
from  the  same  point;  quadrifuToate(d),  having 
four  forks  or  branches ;  quadrige'minal,  -ous, 
belonging  to  the  corpora  quadrigemina  at  the  base 
of  the  brain  ;  also  =quadrige'minate,  formed  of 
four  similar  parts,  fourfold  ;  quadrigla'ndular  ; 
quadrihi'late  (see  quot.)  ;  quadrijvrgate,  -jir- 
gous,  of  a  leaf:  having  four  pairs  of  leaflets 
(Martyn,  1 793) ;  quadrila'minar,  -ate ;  quadrilo'- 
bate,  -lobed  ;  quadrilo'oular,  -ate,  having  four 
compartments;  quadrime'mbral ;  quadrino'dal; 


QUADRI-. 

quadrintrcleate ;  quadripe'nnate,  having  four 
wings  (Worcester,  1846) ;  f  quadriphyllous  (see 
quot.)  ;  quadripi-nnate,  having  four  pinnre  or 
side  leaflets  ;  quadripo'lar,  having  four  poles  or 
centres  of  division  in  a  cell ;  quadripirlmonary, 
of  spiders  :  having  two  pairs  of  pulmonary  sacs 
(Cent.Dict.}\  quadrira'diate(seequot.);  quadri- 
se'ptate,  having  four  septa  or  dissepiments ;  quad- 
rise'rial,  arranged  in  four  series  or  rows ;  quadri- 
se'tose,  having  four  setae  or  bristles  {Cent.  Diet.} ; 
quadrisprral ;  f  quadriaulc  [late  L.  -suit-its], 
quadrisirlcate(d),  having  four  grooves  or  furrows, 
having  a  four-parted  hoof;  quadritube'rcular, 
-tube'rculate ;  qua*  dri  valve,  -va'lvular. 

1856-8  W.  CLARK  Van  der  HoevetCs  Zool.  I.  321  Abdomen 
*quadriannulate,  oval.  1826  KIRIJY  &  Si>.  EntomoL  IV. 
325  'Quadriarticulate.  1834  M°MURTRIE  Cuvier's  Anitn. 
Kingd.  361  The  Insects  . .  are  remarkable  . .  for  their  short 
*quadriarticulated  tarsi.  1731  BAILEY  vol.  II,  *Qitadri* 
caj>sitlar,  . .  having  a  seed  pod  divided  into  four  partitions. 
1857  BERKELEY  Cryptog.  Bat.  163  The  biciliate  spores  . .  do 
not  arise. .from  the  same  tissue  as  the  *quadriciliate.  1854 
OWEN  Skel.  $  Teeth  in  Circ.  Sc.>  Organ.  Nat.  I.  299  The 
three  true  molars  are  *quadricuspid.  1839-47  TODD  Cycl. 
A nat.  III.  264/2  The  three  *quadricuspidate  grinders  of  the 
upper  jaw.  1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Dot.  i.  xv.  (1765)  39 
*Quadridentate,  split  into  four  segments.  1828  STARK 
Elem.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  159  Body  covered  with  a  reddish 
down,  ..front  quadridentate.  1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Le.v., 
Quadridigitatus,  ..  applied  to  a  leaf,  the  petiole  of  which 
terminates  in  four  folioles  . .  *quadridigitate.  1866  Treas. 
Bot.  947/1  *Quadrifoliate.  1884  BOWER  &  SCOTT  DC  Bary's 
Phaner.  341  The  leaves,  .are  ranged  in  alternating,  usually 
quad ri foliate  whorls.  1777  PENNANT  Zool.  IV.  7  Cr.  with 
a  *quadri-furcated  snout.  1839-47  TODD  Cycl.  Anat.  III. 
686/1  The  *quadrigeminal  bodies  rest  upon  two  processes 
of  fibrous  matter.  1856  TODD  &  BOWMAN  Phys.  Anat.  II. 
39  From  the  quadrigeminal  tubercles  to  the  chiasma.  1866 
Treas.  Bot.  947/1  ''Quadrihilate,  having  four  apertures,  as 
Is  the  case  in  certain  kinds  of  pollen.  1819  Pantologia  X, 
*Qitadrilol'ate  leaf.  1839-47  TODD  Cycl.  Anat.  III.  607/2 
These  cords  . .  encircle  the  oesophagus  above  which  they 
develope  a  quadrilobate  ganglion.  1775  JENKINSON  tr.  Lin- 
nseus  Brit.  Plants  255  *Qnadrilocnlar.  1835  LINDLEY 
Introd.  Bot.  (1839)  I.  176  The  anther  could  not  originally 
be  quadrilocular,  because  it  opens  by  two  fissures  only. 
1731  BAILEY  vol.  \\*Qnadriphyllous^,  .Plants  whose  flowers 
have  [four]  leaves  or  petals.  1881  Card.  Chron.  XVI.  685 
The  fronds  are  *quadripinnate  in  the  lower  and  more  com 
pound  portions.  1867  J.  HOGG  Microsc.  \\.  ii.  400  Some 
Smyrna  sponges,  and  species  of  Geodia,  have  four  rays — 
*quadriradiate.  1887  W.  PHILLIPS  Brit,.  Discomycetes  149 
Pallid;  cupsclavate,substipitate ;  margin  incurved;  spori- 
dia  . .  long,  *quadriseptate.  1839  JOHNSTON  in  Proc.  Bcnv. 
Nat.  Club  I.  No.  7.  199  Suckers  of  the..tentacula  *quadri- 
serial.  1693  Phil.  Trans.  XVH.  934  Musk  he  takes  to  be., 
secreted  in  its  proper  Cyslis  near  the  Navil  of  a  *Quadrtsulc 
Animal  like  a  Deer.  1775  JENKINSON  tr.  Linnaeus  Brit. 
Plants  255  *Quadrisulcated.  1856-8  W.  CLARK  Van  tier 
Hoevens  Zool.  II.  753  The  two  other  true  molars  *quadri- 
tuberculate.  1785  MARTYN  Roussea.it1  s  Bot.  xvi.  199  The 
capsule  is  *quadrivalve  [ed.  1794  quadrivalvular]  or  opens 
into  four_parts.  _  1875  H.  C.  WOOD  Theraf.  (1879)  2°8 
Readily  distinguished  by  its  . .  quadrivalve  spmescent  cap 
sules.  1763  RUSSKLL  in  Phil.  Trans.  LI  I.  556  What 
appeared  to  be  the  mouth,  was  situated  a  little  below  the 
apex,  and  was  *quadrivalvular. 

H.  Sbs.,  vbs.,  and  advs,,  chiefly  from  adjs.  in  I: 
quadriceute'nnial,  a  four  hundredth  anniversary ; 
quadriceps  (extensor)  [cf.  BICEPS],  a  large  muscle 
of  the  leg,  having  four  heads;  qua'drichord 
[late  L.  -chorduni\  ~  TETBACHORD;  qua'dricorn, 
an  animal  with  four  horns  or  antennas  (Brande 
Diet.  Sci.  1 842) ;  qua-dricy=cle,  a  four-wheeled 
cycle ;  quadrifa'riously  adv.,  in  a  fourfold  man 
ner  ;  qua'drifoil  =  QOATREFOIL  ;  qua'drifurca1- 
tion,  a  division  into  four  branches ;  quadrrgamist 
[L.  -ffffftHt],  one  four  times  married;  qua'dri- 
logue,  an  account  by  four  persons ;  a  dialogue 
between  four;  quadri'logy,  a  tetralogy ;  quadri- 
pe'nnate,  a  four-winged  insect  (Brande,  1842)  ; 
quadripo-rticus,  a  colonnade  or  peristyle  round 
a  quadrangular  building  or  space ;  qua-drisacra- 
me'ntalist,  -sacramenta'rian,  a  name  applied  to 
some  i6th  c.  German  reformers  who  held  Baptism, 
the  Eucharist,  Confession  and  Orders  to  be  sacra 
ments  (Blunt  Diet.  Sects  1874)  ;  qua-drisect  v., 
to  divide  into  four  equal  parts;  hence  quadri- 
se'ction ;  quadrisu'lcate,  a  four-toed  animal 
(Brande,  1842) ;  quadrisyllable,  a  word  of  four 
syllables;  quadri'valence,  the  power  of  an  atom 
or  radical  to  combine  with  four  xmivalent  atoms ; 
quadrrvalent,  a  quadrivalent  element ;  qua'dri 
valve,  a  plant  with  a  quadrivalvular  seed-pod ;  an 
instrument,  esp.  a  speculum,  with  four  valves ; 
fquadri'virate,  a  union  of  four  men. 

1882  Standard  23  Aug.  5/1  To  celebrate  their  *quadri- 
centennial  with  a  banquet.  1840  G.  V.  ELLIS  Anat.  636 
They  separate  the  *quadriceps  extensor  muscle  from  the 
others.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  I'oy.  n.  ix.  42 
Terpandre  the  famous  Musition,  which  joined  the  seventh 
string  to  the  *quadricord.  1728  R.  NORTH  Mem.  Music 
(1846)  34  That  these  might  augment  the  voice  is  certain, but 
then  they  must  be  tuned  to  the  quadrichord.  1884  Cycl. 
Tour.  Club  Gaz.  Mar.  86/1  A  *quadricycle  of  the  form  of  the 
Coventry.  1822  T.  TAYLOR  Apuleius,  On  God  of  Socrates  300 
There  are  four  most  known  elements,  nature  being  as  it  were 
'quadrifariously  separated  into  lajge  parts.  1845  La  CAMP- 


QUADRILITERAL. 


BELL  Chancellors  (1857)  I-  *'"•  r9^  The  scholar  . .  stuffs  his 
volume  with  firstling  violets,  roses,  and  *quadrifoils.  1884 
BLACKMOHF.  Tommy  Upnt.  II.  316  A  convenient  *quadrifur- 
cation.  1656  I'LQVtiT  G/ossfgr.,  *Quadrigamist,  i$6$Patl 
MallG.  10  Feb.  5/2  The  swindler  bigamist  or  quadrigamist, 
we  forget  the  precise  number  of  his  marriages,  a  1556  CRAN- 
MER  Wks.  (Parker  Soc.)  1. 66  Your  wise  dialogue,  or  *qundri- 
logue,  between  the  curious  questioner,  the  foolish  answerer, 
your  wise  catholic  man  standing  by,  and  the  mediator. 
1570-6  LAMBARDK  Peramb.  Kent  (1826)  358  The  Quadriloge 
of  Beckets  life,  11x656  USSHER  in  Gutch  Coll.  Cur.  I.  46 
Thomas  Becket  (as  we  read  in  the  Quadrilogue,  or  Quadri 
partite  History  of  his  Life).  1865  Athenxttm  No.  1950. 
355/3  His  *quadrilogy  of  Nibelungen  operas.  1849  FREE 
MAN  Arc/tit.  276  The  form  of  Amru's  mosque.. being  a  mere 
*quadriporticus  round  an  open  space.  1865  C.  R.  WELD 
Last  Winter  Rome  97  Among  the  most  remarkable  features 
of  this  building,  .are  the  Atrium  and  quadriporticus,  1809 
CAVENDISH  in  Phil.  Trans.  XCIX.  227  In  *quadrisecting, 
the  error  of  the  middle  point  =  2e.  1673  WALI.IS  in  Rigaud 
Corr.Sci.  Men  (1841)  II.  571  We  find,  by  the  *quadrisection 
of  an  arch  or  angle,  a  biquadratic  equation  of  four  roots. 
1809  CAVENDISH  in  Phil.  Trans.  XCIX.  227  In  the  method 
of  continued  bisection,  the  two  opposite  points  must  be 
found  byquadrisection.  X7o6PHiLLiPs(ed.  Kersey),  ^Quadri 
syllable,  a  Word  made  up  of  four  Syllables.  1827  HARI-: 
Guesses  Ser.  i.  (1873)  109  Our  dignity  will  not  condescend 
to  enter  into  any  thing  short  of  a  quadrisyllable.  1884 
TRAILL.  in  Macm.  Mag.  Oct.  444/1,  I  will  end  the  sentence 
with  ignoramus,  .a quadrisyllable.  1880  CLEMiHSHAwWWr/s' 
Atom.  The.  211  Carbon  is  therefore  a  'quadrivalent.  1731 
BAILEY  vol.  II,  ^Qitadrivalves, . .  those  Plants  who>e  seed 
pods  open  in  four  valves  or  partitions.  1872  F.  G.  THOMAS 
Dis.  Women  °.ed.  3)  76  Of  valvular  specula  the  bivalve  of 
Ricord  ..  and  the  quadrivalve  of  Charricre  have  long  been 
popular.  1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  iv.  xvii.  258  This  blood* 
lesse  victory,  over  a  *Quadrivirate  of  Mummers. 

b.  Math.  Chiefly  in  sense  'quadric',  *of  the 
second  degree  or  order  ',  as  qua'dricone,  -co- 
va 'riant,  -derivative,  quadrinva'riant ;  also 
quadrino'mial,  an  expression  consisting  of  four 
terms. 

1856  A.  CAYLEY  H7ks.  (1889)  II.  272  No.  9  is  the  *quadri- 
covariant,  or  Hessian.  1706  W.  JONES  Syn.  Palmar. 
Matheseos  171  To  raise  any. .  *Quadri-nomial.  .to  any  given 
Power.  1827  HUTTON  Course  Math.  I.  167  When  the  com 
pound  quantity  consists  of  two  terms,  it  is  called  a  Binomial, 
..  when  of  four  terms  a  Quadrinomial.  1856  A.  CAYLEY 
ll^ks.  (1889)  II.  271  No.  i  is  the  quadric  itself;  no.  2  is  the 
*quadrinvariant.  1884  W.  R.  W.  ROBERTS  in  Hermatliena 
X.  182  Functions,  .expressed  by  the  qu ad rin variants  of  the 
quantics  [etc.], 

C.  Chem.  In  the  names  of  chemical  compounds, 
denoting  the  presence  of  four  atoms  or  equivalents 
of  an  element  or  radical  in  a  compound,  as  qitadri- 
oxalate,  -phosphate^  -stearate^  -sulphide.  Now  super-    ; 
seded  by  TETRA-. 

1836-41  BRANDS  Chem.  (ed.  5)  1067  Then  ether  would  be    : 
a  compound  of  i  atom  of  *quadrihydrocarbon   and    i   of 
water.     1826  HKSRY  Elem.  Chem.  I.  591  *Quadriphosphate 
of  lime.     1836-41  BRANDE  Chem.  (ed.  5)  685  The  phosphoric 
glass . .  is  considered  by  Dr.  Thomson  as  a  definite  compound, 
which  he  has  termed  quadriphosphate  of  lime.      1849  D. 
CAMPBELL  Inorg.  Chem.  299  *Quadrisulphide  of  molybde 
num,  MoS4.     ivyjAtlbutfsSyst.  Aled.  IV.  293  It  [uric  acid]    . 
is  present  in  the  urine  in  the  form  of  a  *quadriurate. 

Quadri-,  occas.  erron.  form  of  QUADRU-. 

Quadrible,  obs.  variant  of  QUADRABLE  a. 

Quadrible,  variant  of  QUATREBLE  a.  and  v. 

Quadric  (kw9*drik),  a.  and  sb.  Math.  [ad.  L. 
type  *quadric-uS)  f.  quadra  square  :  see  -ic.J 

A.  adj.  Of  the  second  degree.     (Used  in  solid 
geometry,  and  where  the  variables  are  more  than 
two.) 

1858  A.  CAYLEY   Wks.  (1889)  II.  497  The  case  of  any 
quadric  function  of  »  variables.     1865  Athenseum  No.  1950. 
352/2  Quadric  Inversion.    1884  A.  S.  HART  in  Hermathena    \ 
X.  164  Such  curves.. can  be  traced  on  a  quadric  surface.    ' 
Ibid.  166  Two  of  the  given  equations  will  represent  quadric 
cones. 

B.  sb.  A  quantic  or  surface  of  the  second  degree. 
1856  A.  CAYLEY  Wks.  (1889)  II.  271  The  tables  Nos.  i  and  2 

are  the  covariants  of  a  binary  quadric.  1881  MAXWELL 
Electr.  fy  Magn.  I.  215  A  variable  parameter,  which  we 
shall  distinguish  by  a  suffix  for  the  species  of  quadric.  1884 
A.  S.  HART  in  Hermathena  X.  164  There  are  many  such 
[twisted  algebraic]  curves  which  do  not  lie  on  any  quadric. 

Quadriennial,  -ium :  see  QUADRENNIAL,  -IDM.   j 

Quadrifid  (kwo-drifid),  a.  (sb.)  Also  7  quadri- 
fide.     [ad.  L.  quadrifid-us,  f.  QUADRI-  -\-fid~  root   | 
otjindfre  to  cleave.    Cf.  mod.F.  quadrifide]    Cleft    } 
into  four  divisions  or  lobes. 

1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anitn.  $  Min.  109  Claws  like  a  Cow; 
but  quadrifide.  1766  PENNANT  Zool.  (1769)  III.  320  The 
tail  is  naturally  bifid,  but  in  many  is  trifid,  and  in  some  even 
quadrifid.  1830  LINDLEY  Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  52  Distinguished 
by.  .the  quadrifid  calyx.  1875  DARWIN  Insectir.  PI.  xiv.  326 
The  quadrifid  processes  on  the  outer  parts  of  the  lobes. 
b.  ahsol.  as  sb.  A  qnadrifid  process. 

1875  DARWIN  Insectiv.  PL  xiv.  326  On  the  broad  outer 
surfaces  of  the  lobes  where  the  quadrifids  are  situated. 

Quadriforiu  (kwo/driff7jm),  a.1  [ad.  late  L. 
quadriformis  :  see  QUADRI-  and  -FORM.  Cf.  obs.  j 


109   Quadriform   His  Acts,  which    writing  They  produce 
before  our  eyes,     1858  MAYNK  Exf>os.Le.\-,iQuadriforwis,    \ 
. .  applied  to  a  crystal  which  presents  the  combination  of    j 
four  distinct  forms,  .quadriform.     1874  Suf>eruat.  Reli*.  II. 
HI.  ii.  476  Quadriform  is  the  Gospel,  nnd  quadriform  the 
course  uf  the  Lord. 


[f.  L.  *qitadri-  comb. 


scabbard  is  a  large  quadriform  mace  head. 

II  Quadriga  (kw§drai'ga).  [L. ;  later  sing,  form 
for  pi.  quadriga  contr.  of  qiiadrijugx,  f.  quadri- 
QUADRI-  +jugitm  yoke.  Cf.  F.  qitadrige  (i7th  c.), 
and  see  QUATHEIQAN.] 

1.  A  chariot   drawn   by   four   horses   harnessed 
abreast;  esp.  as  represented  in  sculpture  or  on  coins. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  On  the  reverses  of  medals 
we  frequently  see  Victory,  or  the  emperor,  in  a  quadriga. 
holding  the  reins  of  the  horses.  1850  LEITCH  tr.  C.  O. 
Miillers  Anc.  Art  (ed.  2)  452  Apollo,  .guides  a  quadriga, 
in  which  he  is  carrying  oft  a  lofty  and  noble  female  form. 
1884  Chr.  World  14  Aug.  612/5  A  quadriga  ia  bronze 
carrying  a  figure  of  Victory. 

2.  A  form  of  surgical  bandage  for  the  sternum 
and  ribs.    ?  Obs. 

1743  HKISTKK  Surgery  (1768)  II.  m.  iv.  371  The  Generality 
of  Surgeons  make  use  of  a  peculiar  and  stronger  Bandage 
for  this  purpose,  which  they  call  the  Quadriga  or  Cata- 
phracta.  [Hence  in  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suppl.  lApp.),  and 
.some  later  diets.] 

Hence  f  Quadriga  rious  «.,  'of  or  belonging  to 
a  Charriot-man '  (lilount  Glossogr.  1656). 

t  Quadrigate,  a.  (sb^}  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  quad- 
rigdt-us\  see  prec.]  Of  a  coin:  Stamped  with  the 
figure  of  a  quadriga,  b.  sb.  A  coin  so  stamped. 

1600  HOLLAND  Liry  xxn.  Hi.  464  To  pay  300  quadrigate 
pieces  of  sillier.  Ibid.  liv.  465  note,  A  Quadrigate  . .  is 
a  piece  of  siluer  coyne  among  the  Romanes,  the  same  that 
Denarius  :  called  so  of  Quadriga. 

t  Quadrilater,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  late  L. 
quattrilatcr-uS)  f.  quadri-  QUADRI-  +  later-  stem 
of /a/Hj  side.  Cf.F.auadritat2re(ai§S4).']  =next. 

1570  UiLLiNGSLF.Y  Euclid  I.  xxi.  31  Wherefore  this  present 
figure  . .  is  a  quadrilater  triangle.  1571  DIGGKS  Pantom. 
n.  xvii.  O  ij  b,  The  figure  signified  by  the  quadrilater  super 
ficies  Ali(iF. 

Quadrilateral  (kwgdrilse'teral),  a.  and  sb. 
AUo  7  quadrilaterall.  [ad.  1,.  type  *qitadri- 
lateralis,  i.  quadrilater-us  +  -AL.  See  prec.  and 
cf.  F.  quadrilateral.'] 

A.  adj.  Four-sided;  having  a  four-sided  base  or 
section. 

1656  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  v.  (17^01)  162/2  The  Altar.. 
was  no  longer  a  Cube,  but . .  a  quadrilateral  Pillar.  1674  tr. 
Scheffer's  Lapland  xvi.  83  The  whole  form  seems  to  be 
like  a  quadrilaterall  house.  1718  QUINCY  Compl.  Disp.  33 
In  common  Salt  we  plainly  discover  Quadrilateral  Pyramids, 
with  square  liases.  1836-41  BRANDE  Chem.  (ed.  5.1  1125 
Carbazotate  of  Potassa  crystallizes  in  long  yellow  quad 
rilateral  needles.  1876  DUHKING  Dis.  Skin  38  Nails  are 
rounded  or  quadrilateral  bodies. 

b.  Bot.  Of  a  stem:  (see  quot.). 

1875  BENNETT  &  DYER  Sachs*  Bot.  184  The  principal 
sections  of  all  the  leaves.. may  lie  in  two  planes,  crossing 
one  another  at  right  angles,  when  the  shoot  is  quadri 
lateral. 

B.  sb.  A  figure  bounded  by  four  straight  lines; 
a  space  or  area  having  four  sides. 

In  mod.  Geom.  A  figure  formed  by  four  straight  lines,  no 
three  of  which  pass  through  the  same  point,  and  by  the  six 
points  (vertices)  forming  the  intersections  of  these  lines, 
taken  two  by  two  (Cf.  QUADRANGLE). 

1650  T.  RUDD  Euclide  45  To  forme  a.  .Quadrilaterall, 
about  which  a  circle  may  be  circumscribed.  1827  HUTTON 
Course  Math.  I.  282  A  Diagonal  is  a  line  joining  any  two 
opposite  angles  of  a  quadrilateral.  1866  R.  A.  PROCTOR 
Handbk.  Stars  16  The  intermediate  figures  are  quad 
rilaterals  of  varying  form.  1893  E.  H.  BARKER  Wanderings 
by  Southern  Waters  301  Four . .  towers  occupying  the  angles 
of  a  small  quadrilateral. 

b.  The  space  lying  between,  and  defended  by, 
four  fortresses  ;  spec,  that  in  North  Italy  formed  by 
the  fortresses  of  Mantua,  Verona,  Peschiera,  and 
Legnano. 

1859  Times  r  July  8/5  Such  fortresses  as  compose  the 
famous  '  Quadrilateral '.  1866  Sat.  Kev.  21  July  66/1  The 
Quadrilateral  and  Venice  still  remain  in  the  hands  of  the 
Austrians.  1870  Pall  Mall  G.  2  Sept.  2  He  has  four 
fortresses  around  him  ..but  upon_ twelve  square  miles  of 
territory.. he  cannot  play  at  quadrilaterals. 

fig.  1888  LD.  ROSEBERY  in  Daily  News  20  Feb.  5/5 
Am  overjoyed  ..  that  Edinburgh  is  once  more  the  quad 
rilateral  of  Liberalism. 

Hence  Quadrila'teralness,  'the  property  of 
having  four  sides'  (Bailey,  vol.  II,  1727). 

Quadriliteral  (kwgdrili-teral),  a.  anil  sb.  [f. 
QUADRI-  +  LITERAL.] 

A.  adj.  Consisting    of    four    letters ;    spec,   of 
Semitic  roots  which  have  four  consonants  instead 
of  the  usxial  three  (see  triliteral). 

1771  W.  JONES  Zool.  Eth.  102  It  must  be  deemed  a  quad- 
riliteral  word,  and  as  such  compounded  of  a  double  radix. 
1793  T.  BEDDOES  Math.  Evid..  133  They  assume  triliteral 
and  quadriliteral  as  well  as  biliteral  roots.  1837  PHILLIPS 
Syriac  Gramm.  96  Quadriliteral  verbs.  1869  R.  DAVIES  tr. 
Gesenius  Hebrew  Gram.  86  Such  lengthened  forms  . .  are 
not  regarded  as  quadriliteral. 

B.  sb.  A  word  of  four  letters :  a  ^Semitic)  root 
containing  four  consonants. 

1787  Sot  W.  JONFS  Disc.  Arabs  Wks.  1799  I.  4O_If  we 
suppose  ten  thousand  of  them  [Arabic  roots]  (without 


QUADRUPLE. 

..doth  punish  thieves  with  a  quadruple  restitution.  1628 
MEAD  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  III.  268  The  quadruple 
strength  which  they  have  prepared  against  our  fleet,  a  1648 
LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  Vlll  (1683)  9  [A  sum]  quadruple  to  so 
much  in  this  age.  a  1745  SWIFT  To  Gcorgc-Nim-Dan- 
Dean,  F.sq.  (R.),  How  I  joy  to  see  thee  wander.  .In  circling 
mazes,  smooth  and  supple,  And  ending  in  a  clink  quadruple. 
1807  HUTTON  Course  Math.  II.  269  To  receive  light  and 
heat  quadruple  to  that  of  the  earth.  1820  KF.ATS  Hyperion 
II.  146  A  quadruple  wrath  Unhinges  the  poor  world.  1825 
MACAULAV  Ess.,  Machiavelli  (1887)  34  When  the  value  of 
silver  was  more  than  quadruple  of  what  it  now  is.  1884 
BOWER  &  SCOTT  De  Bary's^  Phaner.  <y  Ferns  576  Single, 
triple,  or  quadruple  concentric  series  of  narrow  elements. 

b.  In  various  special  applications. 
Quadruple  algebra,  algebra  in  which  four  independent 


units  are  used.  Quadruple  counterpoint,  four-part  counter 
point  in  which  the  parts  may  be  interchanged  without 
breaking  the  rules  of  counterpoint.  Quadruple  pistole  — 


sb.  ab.  \Quadnipleproportion  -  quadruple  ratio.  Quad 
ruple  giiaver,  a  hemidemisemiquaver.  Quadruple  ratio,  the 
ratio  of  four  to  one.  Quadruple  rhythm,  time,  in  Mus., 
rhythm  or  time  having  four  beats  in  a  measure. 


pistoles.  i86cjCH'SELE.YC0HHterp.  xvii.  134  Triple  and  quad 
ruple  counterpoints  . .  consist  of  three  or  four  melodies  so 
interwoven  that  any  of  them  may  become  a  correct  bass  to 
the  others.  1898  J.  HAMMOND  Let.  22  Dec.,  Hamilton's 
Quaternions  is  a  quadruple  algebra,  the  4  independent 
units  being  his  i,  j,  k,  and  the  unit  of  quantity. 

C.  Hist.  Quadruple  alliance,  an  alliance  of  four 
powers,  esp.  that  of  Britain,  France,  Germany  and    i 
Holland  in  1718,  and  of  Britain,  France,  Spain 
and  Portugal  in  1834. 

'735  H-  WALPOLE  Corr.  (1820)  I.  3,  I  believe  you  will 
guess  there  is  no  quadruple  alliance.  1825  JEFFERSON 
Autobiog.  Wks.  1859  I.  76  She  [France]  secretly  engaged, 
also,  in  negotiations  with  Russia,  Austria,  and  Spain,  to 
form  a  quadruple  alliance.  1872  FREEMAN  Gen.  Sketch  xv. 
§  2  (1874)  304  France,  England,  and  the  United  Provinces 
presently  joined  the  Emperor  in  the  Quadruple  Alliance 
against  Spain. 

fig.  1787  BURNS  Let.  to  Miss  Chalmers  12  Dec.,  MLsfor. 
tune,  bodily  constitution,  hell,  and  myself,  have  formed 
a  '  quadruple  alliance  '  to  guarantee  the  other. 

d.  Applied  to  printing-papers  which  are  four  i 
times  the  usual  size,  as  quadruple  crown,  -demy,  \ 
-foolscap,  etc.  Cf.  QUAD  a. 

B.  sb.  1.  Anything  fourfold  ;  a  sum  or  quantity 
four  times  as  great  as  another. 

1609  DOULAND  Ornith.  Microl.  6r  Now  if  we  place  these 
Triples  . .  in  the  vpper  ranke  we  shall  produce  Quadruples. 
1640-1  Kirkcudbr.  IVar-Comm.  Min.  Bk.  (1855)  *49  The 
quadruple  of  the  pryce  of  the  inch  of  the  best  sort  of  schoes. 
1822  J.  FLINT  Lett.  Amer.  309,  I  believe,  if  he  had  laid 
them  [the  damages]  at  quadruple,  the  jury  would  have  given 
him  every  cent. 

2.  spec,  f  a.  A  tooth  having  a  quadruple  root. 
Obs.     f  b.  A  coin  of  the  value  of  four  pistoles   j 
(so  in  French;   cf.  A.  b,  quot.  1727).   Obs.     fc.    ' 
A   fourfold   fine.    Obs.     d.    A   printing   machine 
which  prints  four  copies  at  once. 

1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydon's  Quest.  Chirurg.,  Two  donales 
two  quadruples  .viij.  molares  and  two  cassalles.  1655  tr. 
Com.  Hist.  Francion  XII.  20  See  here  his  Quadruples  which 
I  never  touched  before.  1673  DRVDEN  A  mboyna.  II.  i,  No 
transitory  Sum,  three  hundred  Quadruples  in  your  own 
Country  Gold.  1682  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  1784/4  A  considerable 
Sum  of  Money  was  stolen,  among  which  were  several  Quad 
ruples,  or  Four-Pistol-Pieces.  1695  Sc.  Acts  II 'ill.  Ill,  c.  55 
(1822)  IX.  453/1  Incurring  the  Quadruples  appoynted  by  the 
said  Act  by  way  of  penalty.  1890  W.  J.  GORDON  Foundry 
203  It  was  Mr.  Lloyd  who  had  the  first  of  these  new  Quad 
ruples  at  work  on  a  London  daily  newspaper. 

C.  adv.  in  Comb.  In  a  fourfold  manner. 

1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Rudge  xli,  Places  of  distrust  and 
cruelty,  and  restraint,  they  would  have  left  quadruple- 
locked  for  ever.  1884  Health  Exhib.  Catal.  62/1  Blunders 
Patent  Duplex  (quadruple  acting)  portable  Fire  Engines. 

Quadruple  (.kwp-drwp'l),  v.  Also  6  quad- 
riple,  7  -ruble.  [ad.  F.  qttadntpler  (1404)  or 
L.  quadrupl-are,  i.  quadrupl-us :  see  prec.] 

1.  trans.  To  make  four   times   as   great   or   as 
many  as  before  ;  to  multiply  by  four. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xvm.  30  He  suld  fecht  that  day, 
Thouch  Tryplit  or  quadruplit  war  thai.  1557  RECORDE 
IVhetst.  Fiij,  Therfore  I  doe  quadriple  .195.  and  it  maketh 
.780.  c  1611  CHACMAN  Iliad  i.  129  Vet  we  all,  all  losse  thou 
sufferst  thus,  Will  treble  ;  quadruple  in  gaine.  1642  HOWELL  , 
For.  Trav.  (Arb.)  87  Double  the  howers  above  twelve  in 
the  longest  solstitiall  day,  and  the  product  will  shew  the 
climat,  quadruble  them  'twill  shew  the  parallell.  1792  A. 
YOCNG  Trav.  France  439,  I  am  confident .  .that  the  mass  of  ! 
human  wretchedness  is  quadrupled  by  their  influence.  1882 
PEBODV  Eng.  Journalism  xxiii.  178  The  Press,  by  reporting 
the  speeches  of  these  men,  quadrupled  their  power  in 
Parliament.  1883  Stubbs' Mercantile  Circular  8  Nov.  982/2 
The  import  of  raw  cotton,  .has  more  than  quadrupled  itself 
in  two  years. 

2.  To  amount  to  four  times  as  many  as. 

1832  LEWIS  Use  t,  Ab.  Pol.  Terms  xi.  92  The  number  of 
females  . .  probably  more  than  quadrupled  that  of  the  male 
governors. 

3.  inlr.  (for  re/I.)     To  grow  to  four  times  the 
former  number,  amount,  or  size. 

1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  n.  ii.  (1869)  I.  296  The  trade  of 
Scotland  has  more  than  quadrupled  since  the  first  erection 
of  the  two  publick  banks  at  Scotland.    1833  HT.  MARTINEAU    ' 
Cinnamon  f,  Pearls  v.  97  The  exports  . .  have  quadrupled 
since  the  relaxation  of  the  monopoly.    1882  PEBODY  Eng 


10 

Journalism  xix.  145  Mr.  Levy  reduced  the  price  of  the 
paper. .  .The  circulation  doubled,  trebled,  quadrupled. 

Hence  Qua'drupled///.  a.   =  QUADRUPLE  a. 

1607  Toi'SELL  Four-/.  Beasts  (1658)  99  The  Harts  of 
liriletum  and  Ibarne,  have  their  reins  quadrupled  or  four 
fold.  1865  MANSFIELD  Salts  465  A  quadrupled  salt  with 
a  single  molecule  of  adjunct. 

Quadruplet   (kwo-dr«plet).    [f.  QUADRUPLE 

+  -ET  ;  after  triplet^ 

1.  //.  Four  children  born  at  a  birth. 

1787  GARTHSHORE  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXVII.  355  These 
are  the  only  cases  of  quadruplets  . .  he  had  ever  heard  of  as 
born  in  Scotland.  1836-9  TODD  Cj/cl.  Anat.  II.  736/1  An 
instance  of  quadruplets  consisting  of  three  boys  and  a  girl. 
1898  Daily  Xnvs  15  Apr.  5/2  Huller  ventured  on  the  asser 
tion,  .that  quadruplets  were  born  once  in  20,000  cases. 

2.  Any   combination    of  four    things    or    parts 
united  or  working  together,  esp.  four  combined 
springs  (Knight  Diet.  Meet.  Suppl.). 

1851  DE  MORGAN-  in  Graves  Life  Hamilton  (1889)  III.  338 
We  have  then  an  harmonic  quadruplet  and  sextuplet,  and 
we  might  have  octuplets,  &c. 

3.  A  bicycle  for  four  riders.    Cf.  QuADrf.3    Also 
attrib. 

1895  Daily  News  27  July  5/3  Professional  riders  on  tan 
dems,  triplets,   and   quadruplets.     1897    Wkitaker's   Aim. 
641/2  A  quadruplet  team  covered  a  flying  quarter  in  25.2  sees. 

Quadruplex  (kwo'dr«pleks),  a.  and  sl>.  [a. 
L.  quadruplex  fourfold,  f.  QUADRU-  +  flic-,  to 
fold.] 

A.  adj.   1.  Electric  Telegraphy.     Applied  to  a 
system  by  which  four  messages  can  be  sent  over 
one  wire  at  the  same  time. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mich.  1842/1  Quadruples  Telegraph. 
1879  G.  PRESCOTT  Sp.  Telephone  p.  iii,  In  1874  Edison 
invented  a  quadruplex  system  for  trie  simultaneous  trans 
mission  of  four  communications  over  the  same  conductor. 
1881  LUBBOCK  Pres.  Addr.  Brit.Assoc.  in  Nature  No.  618. 
411  Duplex  and  quadruplex  telegraphy,  one  of  the  most 
striking  achievements  of  modern  telegraphy. 

2.  Engineering.  Applied  to  an  engine  in  which 
the  expansion  of  the  steam  is  used  four  times  in 
cylinders  of  increasing  diameter. 

1896  Westm.  Gaz.  8  May  10/2  A  steamer,  fitted  with  five- 
crank  quadruplex  engines. 

B.  sb.  A  telegraphic  instrument  by  means  of 
which  four  simultaneous  messages  can  be  sent  over 
the  same  wire. 

Hence  Qua'drnplex  v. .  to  make  (a  telegraph 
circuit,  etc.)  quadruplex.  Cf.  QUAD  v. 

1887  Brit.  Merc.  Gaz.  15  June  43/2  The  multiplication  of 
wires  soon  attracted  attention  to  methods  of  duplexing  and 
quadruplexing  the  circuits,  1889  Times  (weekly  ed.) 
29  Mar.  5/2  If  the  line  is  already  duplexed,  .the  addition  of 
the  phonophore  will  quadruplex  it. 

Quadruplicate   (kwgdr»'plikA),  a.  and  sb. 

[ad.   L.  qitaJruplicat-us,  pa.  pple.  of  quadrupli- 
care  to  quadruple,  f.  quadruplex  :  see  prec.] 

A.  adj.   1.    Fourfold;    four    times    repeated. 
Quadruplicate  proportion,  ratio,  the  proportion  or 
ratio  of  fourth  powers  in  relation  to  that  of  the 
radical  quantities. 

1657  HOBBES  AbsurdGeom.  Wks.  1845  VII.  378  An  infinite 
row  of  Arithmetically  proportionals,  in  proportion  quadru 
plicate.  1794  G.  ADAMS  Nat.  ff  Exp.  Philos.  III.  xxxi. 
269  The  efforts  tending  to  destroy  the  adhesion  of  beams 
from  their  gravity  only,  increase  in  the  quadruplicate  ratio 
of  their  lengths.  1816  PLAYFAIR  Nat.  Phil.  II.  169  The 
same  [probability]  is  increased  in  a  quadruplicate  ratio,  from 
considering  the  phenomena  of  all  these  four  superior  planets. 

2.   Forming  four  exactly  corresponding  copies. 

1807  PIKE  Sources  Mississ.  in.  App.  (1810)  72,  I  have 
directed  the  formula  for  you  to  sign  of  four  corresponding 
quadruplicate  receipts. 

B.  sb.  1.   In   quadruplicate :   In   four   exactly 
corresponding  copies  or  transcripts. 

1790  \V.  HASTINGS  Let.  to  Boswell  2  Dec.  in  S.'s  Johnson 
an.  1781  Of  these  [letters],  one  which  was  written  in  quadru 
plicate  . .  has  already  been  made  publick.  1900  Rales 
(25  Oct.)  under  Money-Lenders  Act  vi,  The  order  shall  be 
signed  in  quadruplicate  by  the  permanent  Secretary. 
fig.  1886  KIPLING  Departm.  Ditties,  etc.  (1899)  47  Four 
times  Cupid's  debtor  I — Bankrupt  in  quadruplicate. 

2.  pi.  Four  things  exactly  alike ;  esp.  four  exactly 
corresponding  copies  of  a  document. 


1883  SIR  C.  S.  C.  BOWEN  in  Law  Rep.  u  Q.  Bench  Div. 
342  The  . .  conveniences  which  merchants  . .  believed  to  be 
afforded  by  the  system  of  triplicates  or  quadruplicates. 

Quadruplicate  (kwgdrtt-plik^t),  v.    [f.  ppl. 

stem  of  L.  quadruplicdre  :  see  prec.] 

1.  trans.  To  multiply  by  four ;  to  make  four  times 
as  many  or  as  great ;  to  quadruple. 

1661  in  BLOUNT  Glossogr.  (ed.  2).  1674  jEAKE/lr<M.  (1696) 
56  Or  else  duplicate,  . .  quadruplicate,  &c.  the  Fraction 
according  to  the  given  Integer.  1694  SALMON  Bate's  Dis- 
pens.  (1713)  327/2  Sometimes  the  Proportion  is  to  be  quad 
ruplicated.  1861  Under  the  Spell  III.  220  Prices  'were 

quadruplicated  ",'  the  demand  for  places  being  great.  1888 
G.  W.  CABLE  in  Amer.  Missionary  Apr.  90  If  you  knew  the 
national  value  of  this  work,  . .  you  would  quadruplicate  it 
before  the  year  is  out. 

2.  To   make   or   provide   in   quadruplicate;    to 
provide  four  (things)  exactly  alike. 

1879  G.  MEREDITH  Egoist  III.  iii.  64  We  are  in  danger  of 
duplicating  and  triplicating  and  quadruplicating  [wedding 
presents]. 

Hence  Quadruplicating  vbt.  sb.  (Ash  SuMl. 
1775). 


QUJERE. 

Quadruplication  (kwjdr^plik^-Jan).  [ad. 
L.  qnadruplii'ation-em,  n.  of  action  from  qiiadni- 
plicare  to  make  fourfold  :  see  prec.] 

1.  The  action  or  process  of  making  fourfold,  of 
multiplying  by  four;   also,  the  result   of  this;  a 
thing  folded  four  times. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  \.  78  It  [the  vein]  is  admitted 
into  the  quadruplication  of  Dura  mater.  1611  COTGR.,  Quad 
ruplication,  a  quadruplication.  1616  in  BULLOKAR  Eng. 
Expos.  [Hence  in  COCKERAM,  BLOUNT,  etc.]  1674  JEAKE 
Arith.  (1696)  24  Quadruplication ..  is  to  double  the  Dupli 
cation.  1839  ALISON  Europe  (1849-50)  VII.  xli.  §  15.  19 
Twenty-eight  years ;  the  well-known  period  of  the  quadru 
plication  of  the  Sum  at  compound  interest  of  five  per  cent. 

2.  Civil  and  Canon  Law.  A   pleading  on   the 
part  of  the  defendant,  corresponding  to  the  rebut 
ter  at  common  law.     Cf.  QUADRUPLY  sb. 

1651  W.  G.  tr.  Cmvels  Inst.  243  After  a  Triplication 
[follows]  a  Quadruplication.  1726  Avi.itFE  Parergon  251 
Quad[r]uplications,  which  the  Defendant  propounds  to  the 
Plaintiffs  Triplications. 

Quadru'plicature.     [f.   QUADRUPLICATE  v. 

+  -URE.]      =  prec.,  sense  I.        1891  in  Cent.  Diet. 

Quadruplicity  (.kwgdrapli-siti).  [ad.  L. 
quadruplicitas,  n.  of  quality  f.  quadruplex:  see 
QUADRUPLEX  and  -ITT.]  Fourfold  nature;  the 
condition  of  being  fourfold,  or  of  forming  a  set 
of  four. 

(1590  GREENE  Fr.  Bacon  ix.  31  The  quadruplicity  Of 
elemental  essence.  1593  NORDEN  Spec.  Brit.,  M'sex  i.  44 
King  Canutus  the  Dane,,  .in  regard  of  his  quadruplicitie  of 
kingdomes,  esteemed  himselfe  more  then  a  man  mortall. 
1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos.  37  Dr.  Brown  . .  hath  ranked  this 
conceit  of  the  eyes  of  a  snail  (and  especially  their  quadru 
plicity)  amongst  the  vulgar  errors.  1821;  S.  T.  COLERIDGE 
Aids  Reflect.  App.  C.  (1858)  I.  395  The  universal  quadrupli 
city,  or  four  elemental  forms  of  power.  1890  J.  H.  STIRLING 
Gijford  Lect.w.  i^\  The  origin  of  the  term  [final  causes]  lies 
in  the  Aristotelian  quadruplicity  of  causes  as  such. 

t  Quadruplify,  v.  Ol>s.   rare-1,     [f.  L. 
ruplus  QUADRUPLE  +  -(I)FY.]  =  QUADRUPLK  v. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  vin.  99  In  the  hynder  part  of 
the  head  these  Membranes  are  Quadruplified. 

Quadrupling  (kwg  -dr«plirj) ,  nil.  sb.  [f.  QUAD 
RUPLE  v.  +  -INO  i.]  The  action  of  the  vb. 

1694  Phil.  Trans.  XVIII.  70  The  doubling,  trebling, 
quadrupling,  &c,  of  Rations  is  performed  by  squaring, 
cubing,  biquadrating,  &c.  of  the  terms.  1885  Pall  Mall  G. 
27  Mar.  i/i  Supplemented,  say,  by  the  quadrupling  of  our 
field  artillery. 


t  Qua1' 


,  sb.  Sc.  Law.  Obs.    rare.     [ad. 


obs.  F.  quadniplique  (i6th  c.  in  Littre  Suppl.} ;  cf. 
DUPLY.]     =  QUADRUPLICATION  2. 

1695  Sc.  Acts  Will.  Ill,  c.  6  (1822)  IX.  365/2  The  Clerks 
writing  of  the  Defences,  Duplyes,  Triplyes,  Quadruplyes, 
and  so  furth  for  the  defender  and  pursuer.  1762  (title)  Quad- 
ruplies  for  . .  R.  Graham  . .  J.  Bakie  [etc.]  to  the  triplies  for 
P.  Honeymoon  [etc.],  Feb.  10.  1820  [see  DUPLY  b]. 

Quadruply  (kwg-drapli),  adv.  [f.  QUADRUPLE 
a.  +  -LY  2.J  Four  times ;  in  a  fourfold  degree  or 
manner. 

1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  i.  vi,  The  innocent  person  is  quadruply 
recompensed  . .  for  the  danger  he  underwent.  1793  T. 


oung's]  father  was  quadruply  clerical,   be 
rector,  prebendary,  court  chaplain,  and  dean. 

Quadruviall,  obs.  form  of  QUADHIVIAL. 

Quadrypedyd :  see  after  QUADRUPED. 

Quadundrum,  obs.  variant  of  CONUNDRUM. 

II  Quae'dam.  Obs.  rare.  [L.,  fem.  sing,  and  pi. 
of  quidam  some  one,  QUIDAM.]  A  woman,  female 
(in  disparaging  sense).  Also  as//. 

a  1670  HACKET  Abp.  Williams  \.  (1692)  35  Vain  attire, 
wherein  wanton  Quaedams  in  those  days  came  to  . .  excess. 
Ibid.  n.  128  He.  .settles in  Bugden-House  for  three  Summers 
with  a  Seraglia  of  Quaedam. 

Quaem,  obs.  form  of  QUALM  sb. 

Quaer,  obs.  form  of  QUIRE  sb.,  WHEIIE  adv. 

II  Quaere  (kw!»T»),  v.  imper.  and  sb.  Also  6-9 
quere,  (7  queer,  quire).  [L.,  imper.  of  quyrtre 
(med.L.  querere]  to  ask,  inquire.  Now  usually 
in  anglicized  form,  QUERY.] 

1.  v.  imper.     Introducing  a  question  or  subject 
of  inquiry :   Ask,  inquire  ;  hence,  '  one  may  ask ', 
'  it  is  a  question  '  (whether,  etc.). 

'535  'r.  Littleton's  Nat.  Brev.  18  b  (Stanf.)  Quere  the 
dyuersite.  1548  STAUNFORD  Kinges  Prerog.  (1567)  54  b, 
But  quere  whether  his  highnes  may  bee  brought  in  posses 
sion  in  those  cases  by  a  clayme  or  not.  1602  CAREW  Corn 
wall  135  Notwithstanding,  quaire,  whether  a  causlesse 
ambition  . .  turned  not  rather  Golunt  into  Gallant.  1703 
HEARNE  Collect.  17  Dec.  (O.  H.  S.)  I.  131  Quaere  more 
about  this.  1774  J.ADAMS  in  Fcun.  Lett.  (1876)  3  David 
Sewall . .  has  no  ambition  nor  avarice,  they  say  (however, 
quaere).  1823  J.  BADCOCK  Dom.  Amusfm.  52  Quere, 
whether  the  natural  influence  of  light  and  heat  occasions 
this  apparent  coincidence.  1860  O'DONOVAN  Three  Fragw. 
126  Quxre,  is  Conung  an  Hibernicized  form  of  the  Teutonic 
. .  koenung,  king? 

2.  sb.  A  question,  QUERT. 

1589  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  vi.  xxx.  (1612)  150  Thy  bad  doth 
passe  by  probate,  but  a  Quere  is  for  mee.  1619  H.  HUTTON 
Follies  Anat.  (Percy  Soc.)  54  It  would  be  thought  a  quaere 
at  the  beste.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  282  The 
greater  Quere  is,  when  he  will  come  again,  and  yet  indeed 
it  is  no  Quere  at  all.  1736  SWIFT  Let.  to  Pope  25  Mar., 
I  wondered  a  little  at  your  quaere  who  Cheselden  wast 


QUyERE. 

1856  LEVER  Martins  ofCro'  M.  254  '  The  quere  itself  is  its 
own  reply'  said  I.  1863  A.  J.  HORWOOD  Yearbks.  30  #  31 
Ediv.  I  Pref.  26  «*«"£,  This  appears  to  answer  Mr.  Booth's 
quaere,  .as  to  the  reason  for  the  tender  of  the  demy-mark. 

Hence  -j*  Qusere,  quere  z'.,  to  query.     Obs. 

1627  W.  SCLATER  Exp.  2  Thess.  (1629)  131  It  might  be 
queered.  1663  Aron-Cintn.  101  He  quaeres  what  it  is  that 
renders  a  people  blessed.  1681  T.  FLAT.MAN  Heraclitus 
Ridens  No.  23  (1713)  1. 153  Nay,  let  'em  consider  of  it ;  and 
let  us  Quere  about  the  matter.  1756  H.  WAU-OLE  Corr. 
(1837)  III.  137  Should  not  one  quere  whether  he  had  not 
those  proofs  in  his  hands  antecedent  to  the  cabinet? 

Quaeree,  -rie,  Qufflrent,  obs.  ff.  QUEKY, 
QUERENT. 

t  Quse-ritate,  v.  Obs.  rare-1,  ff.  ppl.  stem 
of  L.  qit'&ritare,  frcq.  of  quxrere  to  ask,  inquire.] 
trans.  To  inquire  or  search  into. 

1657  TOMLISSON  Renou's  Disp.  387  Apothecaryes  quteri- 
tate  its  Medicinall  use,  which  Mithridates  knew. 

Quaery,  obs.  form  of  QUERY. 

t  Qusesite,  anglicized  f.  QILESITUM.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1655  OUGHTRED  in  Rigaud  Corr.  Sci.  Men  (1841)  I.  83 
Your  fourth  quxsite  is,  why  the  equation  whereby  it  is 
solved  is  the  very  same  in  both  ? 

II  Qusesitum  (kwlSwit^m).  PI.  quscsita.  [L., 
neut.  sing.  of^MBfUf-ttf,  pa.  pple.  vlquserere  to  seek : 
see  QUESITED.]  That  which  is  sought  for  ;  an 
object  of  search  ;  the  answer  to  a  problem. 

1748  HARTLEY  Observ.  Man  i.  Introd.,  So  as  to  proceed 
intirely  from  the  Data  to  the  Quaesita,  from  things  known 
to  such  as  are  unknown.  1830  HERSCHKL  Stud.  Nat.  Phil. 
n.  vi.  (1851)  176  A  series  of  careful  and  exact  measures  in 
every  different  state  of  the  datum  and  qua^situm.  1864 
BOWEN  Logic  viii.  229  In  the  Analytic  order  the  Conclusion 
would  be  more  properly  called  the  Quaesitum. 

Quaestor  (kwrst^i).  Rom.  Antiq*  Also  4-7 
questor.  [a.  L.  yuxst0rt  agent-n.  from  quserere  to 
seek,  inquire.]  a.  One  of  a  number  of  Roman 
officials  who  had  charge  of  the  public  revenue  and 
expenditure,  acting  as  treasurers  of  state,  pay 
masters  of  the  troops,  etc.  b.  In  early  times  :  A 
public  prosecutor  in  certain  criminal  cases. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  49  Caton  be  questor 
brou^te  hym  [Ennius]  to  Rome.  Questor  is  he  bat  gadre}> 
tribut  to  Rome,  and  be  domesman  was  somtyme  i-clep^ed 
questor.  1577  HEU.OWES  Gueuara.'s  Chron.  80  Adrian 
was  made  Questor,  that  is  to  say,  he  had  charge  to  prouide 
victuals  and  furniture  for  the  campe.  1641  '  SMECTYMNUUS' 
Ansiv.  §  12  (1653)  45  Tiberius  granted  a  Questors  dignitie 
unto  a  Bishop  for  his  eloquence.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  ff  F. 
xvii.  II.  53  In  the  course  of  nine  centurie>,  the  office  of 
quEestor  had  experienced  a  very  singular  revolution.  1838 
ARNOLD  Hist.  Rome  I.  339  The  two  quaestors  who  judged 
in  cases  of  blood,  were  also  chosen  from  the  patricians. 

trans/,  and  fig.  1850  S.  DOBELL  The  Roman  v.  Poet. 
Wks.  (1875)  63,  I,  her  [Pity's]  qusestor,  Claim  tribute  from 
you.  A  few  tears  will  pay  it.  1863  TREVELYAN  Contact. 
Wallah  (1866)  124  Our  modern  quaestors  are  every  whit  as 
grasping  and  venal  as  the  satellites  of  Verres  and  Dolabella. 

Quaestor,  variant  of  QUESTOR  sb.1 

Qusestorial  (kwfstoe-rial),  a.  [f.  L.  quses- 
tdri-us  +  -AL.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  quaestor  or 
his  position  in  the  state. 

1862  MERIVALE  Rom.  Emp.  1.  (1865)  VI.  197  Narcissus 
had  received  the  quaestorial  ornaments  as  the  reward  of  his 
services.  1868  FARRAR  Seekers  i.  v.  (1875)  67  Men  of  con 
sular  and  quaestorial  parentage. 

So  f  Quzesto'rian  a.   Obs.  rare~l. 

a  1641  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  $  Mon.  (1642)  335  Consular, 
Prsetorian,  Questorian  or  Equestrian  officers. 

Quses  tor  ship  (kwrst^ifip).  [f.  QU-ESTOR  + 
-SHIP.]  The  office  of  quaestor. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  141/5  Y*  Questorship,  qnxstnra. 
1581  SAVILE  Tacitus,  Agricola  (1622)  186  After  his  Questor 
ship  till  he  [Agricola]  was  created  Tribune  of  the  people. 
ci6so  DENHAM  Of  Old  Age  94,  I,  five  years  after,  at 
Tarentum  wan  The  Queestorship.  1834  LYTTON  Pompeii  i. 
iv,  Your  petty  thirst  for  fasces  and  qu  zest  or  ships.  1871 
SEELEY  Ln>y  i.  Introd.  qo  Of  all  the  great  magistracies, 
the  quaestorship  was  the  lowest  in  dignity. 

So  f  Quae'Story  (in  6  questorie,.  Obs.  rare-*. 

1533  BELLKNDEN  Livy  iv.  (1822)  382  The  small  pepill  had 
sic  victorje,  that  thay  belevit  the  questorie  nocht  to  be  the 
end  of  this  honoure. 

Quaestuary  (kwrsti«iari),  a.  and  sb.  Also 
7  quest-,  [ad.  L.  qu&stuat'i-us^  f.  quxstus  gain  : 
see  -ART.  Cf.  obs.  F.  questuaire  (Godef.).] 

A.  adj.  Connected    or    concerned   with    gain ; 
money-making, 

1594  R,  ASHLEY  tr.  Loysle  Roy  125  If  they  be  poore,  they 
applie  themselues  to  questuarie,  or  gainfull  arts;  whereby 
to  haue  meanes  to  Hue.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseitd.  Ep. 
137  Although  lapidaries,  and  questuary  enquirers  afTirme 
it,  yet  the  Writers  of  Mineralls.  .are  of  another  beliefe. 
1694  R.  L'EsTRANGE/v^/tf.s  454  The  Lawyers,  the  Divines, 
and  all  quaestuary  professions,  a  1864  FKRKIKK  Grk.  P kilos. 
(1866)  I.  xii.  352  This.. may  be  termed  the  quaestuary 
class,.. this  being  the  end  which  they  aim  at. 

fB.  sb.  One  who  seeks  for  gain;  spec.  —  QUES 
TOR  sb.  i.  Obs. 

1614  Bp.  HALL  No  Peace  with  Rome  §  12  Not  giuen  by 
the  popes,  but  lewdly  deuised  by  some  of  his  base  questu- 
aries  for  an  aduantage.  1664  JER.  TAYLOR  Dissuas.  Popery 
ii.  §  3  Gerson  and  Dominlcus  a  Soto  are  asham'd  of  these 
prodigious  indulgences,  and  suppose  that  the  Pope's  Quees- 
tuaries  onely  did  procure  them. 

t  QuSBSture.  Obs.  rare—1.  In  7  questure. 
[ad.  L.  qitxstilra.]  =  Qu.ESTORSHir. 

1673  §.C.  Art  of  Complaisance  c&  A  great  many  Noble 
persons  who  stood  in  competition  for  the  Questure. 


11 

Quafer,  v.  Obs.  rare—1.  [Onomatopoeic.] 
(See  quot.). 

1693  CLAYTON-  in  Phil.  Trans.  XVII.  990  A  Duck  has 
larger  Nerves  that  come  into  their  Bills  than  Geese  or  any 
other  Bird  that  I  have  seen  and  therefore  quafer  and  grope 
out  their  Meat  the  most.  [Copied  as  quaffer  by  Derham 
PhysicO'Tkeol.  iv.  xi.  192,  and  Bell  On  the  Hand  150.} 

Quaff  i^kwcif),  si),  [f.  QUAFF  z/.]  An  act  of 
quaffing,  or  the  liquor  quaffed  ;  a  deep  draught. 

1579  TOMSON  Calvin? $  Semn.  Tim.  512/2  They  thinke  that 
a  sermon  co.steth  no  more  then  a  quaffe  wd  them.  1594 
GREENE  &  LODGE  Looking  Gl.  G.'s  Wks.  (Rtldg.)  141  Now 
Alvida  begins  her  quaff,  And  drinks  a  full  carouse  unto  her 
King.  1627-77  FELTHAM  Resolves  i.  Ixxxiv.  129  Proteas 

faue  him  a  quaff  of  two  gallons.     1889  G.  GISSING  Nether 
Vorld  I.  v.  97  Each  guest  having  taken  a  quaff  of  ale. 
Quaff  (kwaf),  v.    Also  6   quaft,   quaf,   6-7 
quaffe.     [Of  obscure  origin;  prob.  onomatopoeic 
(cf.  QUAKER  and  QUASS  v.}. 

The  date  and  history  of  the  word  are  against  any  connec 
tion  with  ^rt^jvar.  of  QUAICH,  which  has  been  suggested  as 
the  source.  (Vigfusson's  ON.  kvcyfa,  '  to  quaff'  is  an  error, 
the  correct  form  being  kneyfa^.  The  precise  relationship 
of  the  earliest  formanaft  to  Palsgrave's  QUAUGHT  and  Sc. 
WAUCHT  is  obscure.] 

1.  intr.  To  drink  deeply;  to  take  a  long  draught; 
also,  to  drink  repeatedly  in  this  manner.     Const. 
of  Win). 

1529  MORE  Suppk  Soulys  Wks.  331/2  The  dregges  of  olde 
poysoned  heresies  in  whiche  they  fell  a  quaffing  with  the 
deuill.  1547  BOORDE  Introd.  Kn<nvl.  ix.  (1870)  149  In 
Holand . .  many  of  the  men . .  wyll  quaf  tyl  they  ben  dronk. 
1577  RHODES  Bk.  Nurture  in  Bahees  Bk.  77  Eate  softly, 
and  drinke  manerly.  take  heede  you  doe  not  quaffe.  1628 
PiiYNNE  Cetts.  Cozens  47  Poyson  must  alwayes  be  ad- 
ministred  in  golden  Chalhces,  else  none  wille  quaffe.  1645 
QUARLES  Sol.  Recant,  in.  35  To  day  we  feast,  and  quaffe  in 
frolique  Bowles;  To  morrow  fast.  1757  SMOLLETT  A' eprisal 
II.  xv,  We  laugh,  and  we  quaff,  and  we  banter.  1830 
LYTTON  P.  Clifford  iv,  She  had  that  day  quaffed  more 
copiously  of  the  bowl  than  usual.  1876  BROWNING  Epilogue 
to  PacchiarottO)  Have  faith,  give  thanks,  but— quaff. 

2.  trans.  To  drink   (liquor)   copiously  or  in  a 
large  draught. 

*555~8  PHAER  &neid  in.  G  iv,  Wyne  in  plenty  great  they 
quaff.  1648  HERRICK  Hesper.^  Lyrick  to  Mirth,  Let  us  sit 
and  quaffe  our  wine.  1768  BEATTIE  Minstr.  i.  xliv,  Merry 
swains,  who  quaff  the  nut-brown  ale,  1820  W.  IRVING 
Sketch  Bk.  I.  74  They  quaffed  the  liquor  in  profound 
silence.  1878  Masque  Poets  31  Now  with  b?ck-flung  head 
she  quaffs  The  odorous  white  Mareotic  wine. 
fig-  1613  HEYWOOD  Braz.  Age  Wks.  1874  HI.  216  I'le 
rather  at  some  banquet  poyson  him,  And  quaffe  to  him  his 
death.  1674  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  638  (ed.2)  They  drink,  and  in 
communion  sweet  Quaffimmortalitie  and  joy.  1820  LANDOK 
Heroic  Idylls^  Thrasymedes  <$•  Eunoe  38  Let  my  lips  quaff 
purity  From  thy  fair  open  brow. 

b.  With  advbs.  as  down,  off,  out,  round,  up, 
(Cf.  DRINK  v.) 

1596  SHAKS,  Tarn.  Shr.  in.  ii.  174  Hee  calls  for  wine., 
quaft  off  the  Muscadell.  1633  P.  FLETCHER  Put-pie  Isl.  i. 
xxvii.  Oh  let  them  in  their  gold  quaffe  dropsies  down. 
1635-56  Cow  LEY  Davideis  11.  593  In  helmets  they  quaff 
round  the  welcome  flood. 

3.  To  drain  (a  cup,  etc.)  in  a  copious  draught 
or  draughts.     Also  with  off,  out,  up. 

1523  [CovERDALE]  OldGod  Of  New  (1534)  O  Hj,  To  quaft  of 
two  Cannes  or  tankardes  of  wine.  i6o7DEKKER  IV h.  Babylon 
Wks.  1873  II.  198,  I  quaffe  full  bowles  of  strong  enchanting 
wines.  1633  BP.  HALL  Occas.  Medit,  (1851)  152  Why  do  not 
I  . .  quaff  up  that  bitter  cup  of  affliction.  1748  THOMSON 
Cast,  Indol.  viii,  As  one  who  quaffs  Some  potent  wine-cup. 
1831  SCOTT  Cast.  Dang,  vii,  Your  cup,  filled  with  right  good 
wine,  I  have  just  now  quaffed  off.  1868  FITZGERALD  tr. 
Omar  xliii.  (1899)  98  And  proffering  his  Cup,  invites  your 
Soul  Forth  to  your  Lips  to  quaff  it. 

4.  To  drive  away,  to  bring  down  to  or  into  (a 
certain  state),  by  copious  drinking,     rare. 

1714  Love's  Rtliefm  Steele's  Poet.  Misc.  42  Be  brisk  and 
gay,  And  cjuaff  this  sneaking  Form  away.  1821  BYRON 
Sardan.  i.  u.  442  When..!  have  quaff'd  me  down  to  their 
abasement.  _  1847  J.  WILSON  C/tr.  North  (1857)  I.  147  The 
room  in  which  he  quaffs,  guzzles,  and  smokes  himself  into 
stupidity. 

Quaff,  obs.  var.  QUAICH  ;  see  also  QUAYF(E. 

Quaffer  (kwa-fai),  sb.  [f.  QUAFF  v.  +  -ER*.] 
One  that  quaffs  or  drinks  deeply. 

1520  WHITINTON  Vulg.  (1527)  13  b,  He  is  a  quaffer  namely 
of  swete  wyne.  1579  G.  HARVEY  Letter-bk.  (Camden)  82 
A  company  of  honest  good  fellowes,  and  reasnable  honeste 
quarters,  a  1624  Bp.  M.  SMITH  Strut.  (1632)  278  What 
a  grief  it  was  to  Novellus  Torquatus  ..  that  his  sonne  was 
such  a  quaffer.  1822  Blackw.  Mag.  XI.  346  Pouring  it  out 
and  calling  so  lustily  for  quaffers. 

Quaffer,  v. :  see  QUAFER. 

Quaffing  (kwa'firj),  vbl.  sb.  [f,  QUAFF  v.  + 
-ING!.]  The  action  of  the  vb. ;  copious  drinking. 

1532  MORE  Confitt.  Tindale  Wks.  687/2  By  bibbing,  & 
sipping,  &  quaffing.  1579  GOSSON  SJi.  Abuse  (Arb.)  34  We 
haue  robbed  Greece  of  Gluttonie  ..  and  Dutchland  of 
quaffing.  1664  MRQ.  WoRc.  in  Dircks  Life  xviii.  (1865)  325 
Frivolous  discourse  tending  to  quarrels  and  quaffing.  1812 
COMBE  Dr.  Syntax,  Picturesque  Tour  xii,  The  Doctor 
talk'd  nor  ceased  his  quaffing.  1830  M.  DONOVAN  Dent. 
Econ.  I.  39  The  unremitted  quaffing  of  wine. 

atirib.  1587  TURBKRV.  Trag.  T.  (1837)  144  A  quaffing 
cup,  Wherein  he  tooke  delight  To  bouse  at  boorde.  a  1638 
MEDB  Wks.  (1672)  123  Causing  the  Vessels  of  God's  House 
to  be  made  his  Quaffing-bowls.  1701  C.  WOLLEY  Jrnl. 
AVw  York  (1860)  35  Their  quaffing  liquors  are  Rum-Punch 
and  Brandy-punch. 

Quaffing  (kwcrfirj),  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  -.]  That  quafTs.  Hence  Qua'ffingly  adv. 


QUAGGY. 

a  1693  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  in.  xxxL  255  The  Luhbardly 
quaffing  Monks.  1843  Taifs  Mag.  X.  275  At  evening 
empty  a  bottle  or  two,  QuafTingly,  quaffingly. 

t  Q,uaff-tide.   Obs.    The  season  for  drinking. 

1582  STANYHURST^«£'/^  iv.  (Arb.)  105  Bacchus  third  yeers 
feasting,  when  quaftyde  aproacheth. 

t  Qua 'fly,  a.  Obs.    Of  the  nature  of  quaffing. 

1582  STANVHURST  sEneis  i.  (Arb.)  24  Theyre  panch  with 
venison  they  franck  and  quaffye  carousing. 

Quaft,  obs.  variant  of  QUAFF  v. 

Quag  (kwseg),  sb.  Also  6,  8  quage,  7quagg(e. 
[Related  to  QUAG  v. ;  cf.  QUAB,  QUAW,  and  see 
QUAGMIRE.]  A  marshy  or  boggy  spot,  esp.  one 
covered  with  a  layer  of  turf  which  shakes  or  yields 
when  walked  on. 

1589  \\'Y.F0rtif.  16  Where  you  finde  quicke  sands,  quages, 
and  such  like.  1657  HOWKLL  Londinop.  342  Moorfields, 
which  in  former  times,  was  but  a  fenny  quagge,  or  moore. 
11677  BARROW  Serin.  Wks.  1716  III.  143  The  latter  walk 
upon  a  bottomless  Quag  into  which  unawares  they  may 
slump.  i784CowpEit  Tiroc.  253  We  keep  the  road,  Crooked 
or  straight,  through  quags  or  thorny  dells.  1883  BESANT 
AIL  in  a  Garden  fair  i.  ii.  (1885)  19  There  are  pools  in  the 
forest,  .there  are  marshy  places  and  quags. 
fig.  1888  C/i.  Times  27  Jan.  68/3  All  who  are  trying  to 
find  a  way  out  of  the  Vatican  quag,  without  turning 
Protestants. 

b.  attrib.^nA  Comb.^s quag-brain,- kind,  -water. 

1719  D'URFEY  Pills  (1872)  II.  244  Tho'  Law  and  Justice 
were  of  slender  growth  Within  his  quag  Brain.  1772  WALKLR 
in  Phil.  Trans.  LXII.  124  It  was  mostly  of  the  quag  kind, 
which  is  a  sort  of  moss  covered  at  top  with  a  turf  of  heath 
and  coarse  aquatic  grasses,  a  1870  D.  G.  KOSSETTI  Poems 
(1870)  252,  I  . .  fouled  my  feet  in  quag-water. 

Quag  (kwseg),  fc1-1  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [Onomato 
poeic  :  cf.  wag,  swag.  Some  dialects  have  also 
qnaggle  corresp.  to  ivaggle^\  intr.  To  shake ; 
said  of  something  soft  or  llabby. 

1611  COTGR.,  Briwhaler,  .  .  to  shake,  swag,  or  quag,  as  a 
great  dug,  or  th'  vnsound  flesh  of  a  foggie  person.  1616-61 
HOLYDAY  Persius  337  That  To  him  a  strutting  panch  may 
quagge  with  fat.  1623  tr.  Famine's  Theat.  Hon.  v.  i.  35 
The  earth  being  uncertaine  and  quagging,  1881  BLACK- 
MORE  Christowell  xlviii,  Many  a  poor  head  will  ache,  and 
many  a  poor  belly  quag,  if  it  is  so  bad  as  they  tell  me. 

Quag,  v$  rare~l.  [f.  QUAG  sb.~]  f  raits.  To 
submerge  or  fix  in  a  quag. 

1673  MARVELL  Reh.  Transp,  n.  Wks.  1776  II.  502  Unfortu 
nately  . .  you  sink  deeper  and  quag  yourself  in  your  Roman 
Empire. 

Quagga  (kwse'ga).  Also  8-9  quacha,  9  -ccha, 
kwagga.  [South  African.  The  earliest  authori 
ties  give  it  as  a  Hottentot  word,  writing  it  qttacha 
(Tuncker,  1710),  quaiha  (Kolbe,  1/19,  prob.  a 
misprint),  or  quagga  (Sparrman,  1783),  but  it  is 
now  current  in  Xosa-KafTir  in  the  form  iqzvara, 
with  clicking  q  and  guttural  r.  (J.  Platt,  in 
Atkenseumj  19  May,  1901).]  a.  A  South  African 
equine  quadruped  (Etjintsw  Hippotigris  Qitagga)t 
related  to  the  ass  and  zebra,  but  less  fully  striped 
than  the  latter,  b.  Burch ell's  zebra. 

The  true  quagga  is  believed  to  have  been  exterminated 
about  1873. 

1785  G.  FORSTER  tr.  Sparrman' s  I'oy.  Cape  G.  H.  I.  223 
One  of  the  animals  called  quaggas  by  the  Hottentots  and 
colonists.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VI.  713  The  quacha, 
or  quagga.  1815  SIR  J.  BARROW  Travels  320  The  Qua-cha, 
which  was  long  thought  to  be  the  female  Zebra,  is  now 
known  to  be  of  a  species  entirely  different.  1834  PRINGLE 
Afr,  Sk.  vjii.  274  The  poor  quagga., is  a  timid  animal  with 
a  gait  and  figure  much  resembling  those  of  an  ass.  1839 
DARWIN  Jrnl.  Beagle  v.  100  Two  zebras,  and  the  quaccha, 
two  gnus,  and  several  antelopes.  1859  —  Orig.  Spec.  \. 
(1873)  128  The  quag_ga,  though  so  plainly  barred  like  a 
zebra  over  the  body,  is  without  bars  on  the  legs. 

attrib.  1899  Q.  Rev.  Oct.  412  The  quagga  hybrid  was 
less  striped  than  many  dun-coloured  horses. 

Quaggy  (kwse'gi),  a.  [f.  QUAG  sb.  or  v± 
•f  -Y.] 

1.  Of  ground  :  That  shakes  under  the  foot ;  full 
of  quags;  boggy,  soft.     Also  of  streams:   Flow 
ing  through  boggy  soil. 

1610  HOLLAND  Canidett's  Brit.  T.  499  Certaine  uneven  and 
quaggie  rniry  plots,  a  1756  COLLINS  Ode  Superst.Highl.  59 
O'er  the  watery  strath  or  quaggy  moss.  1814  SCOTT  Wav. 
.\vi,  The  path  . .  was  rough,  broken,  and  in  many  places 
quaggy  and  unsound.  1867  MORRIS  Jason  ,\i.  iSSAplain.. 
with  quaggy  brooks  cleft  through. 

2.  Of  things,   esp.   of  the  body  or  flesh :   Soft, 
yielding,   flabby.     Also  of  persons  in  respect  of 
their  flesh,  andy%-. 

?i6..  Time's  Storehouse  26  (L.)  Heate  and  travaile  are 
yrkesome  to  the  Gaules'  quaggy  bodies.  1611  COTGR., 
Mollasse,  quaggie,  swagging  [etc.].  1694  MOTTEUX  Rabe 
lais  iv.  ix.  (1737)  37  A  female  called  Pear* .said  to  be 
quaggyand  flabby.  1748  RICHARDSON  C/arzssa(i8u)  VIII. 
158  Behold  her,  then,  spreading  the  whole  troubled  bed 
with  her  huge  quaggy  carcase.  1806-7  J-  BERESFORD 
Miseries  Hum.  Life  (1826)  vr.  120  O  the  quaggy  rascal ! . . 
I'd  have  given  him  a  little  bone  to  his  fat.  1823-34 
Good's  Stud.  Med.  (ed.  4)  II.  680  The  cells  [of  dead  bone] 
being  filled  with  a  corrupt  sanies  or  spongy  caruncles,  so 
that  the  whole  assumes  a  quaggy  appearance.  1851  H. 
MF.LVTLLK  Whale  xxv.  125  A  mature  man  who  uses  hair-oil 
.  .has  probably  got  a  quaggy  spot  on  him. 

Comb.  1721  RAMSAY  Tar  tana.  343  May  she  turn  quaggy  fat. 

Hence  Qua'gglness,  quaggy  condition. 

1653  GATAKER  Vind.  Annot.  Jer.  85  Considering  the  un- 
soundnesse  and  qagginesse  of  their  [Astrologers']  grounds. 

Quajte,  obs.  pa.  t.  of  QCETCH  v. 


QUAGMIRE. 

Quagmire  ^kwa.-gm3ijj).  [app.  f.  QDAG  si. 
or  v.1  (but  evidenced  a  little  earlier)  +  MIRE. 
Numerous  synonyms,  with  a  first  element  of  similar 
form,  were  in  use  in  the  i6th  and  171)1  cents.,  as 
<jua-,  quab-,  quad-,  quake-,  qual-,  qitave-,  qtiaw- 
mire,  which  will  be  found  in  their  alphabetical 
places  :  cf.  also  bog-,  gog-  and  wag-mire.  The 
precise  relationship  of  these  to  each  other  is  not 
clear  :  all,  or  most,  may  be  independent  attempts  to 
express  the  same  idea  (cf.  elym.  note  to  QUAKE  £».)•] 

1.  A  piece  of  wet  and  boggy  ground,  too  soft  to 
sustain  the  weight  of  men  or  the  larger  animals; 
a  quaking  bog;  a  fen,  marsh. 

1579  80  NORTH  Plutarch  (1676)  530  There  was  a  certain 
quagmire  before  him,  that  ran  with  a  swift  running  stream. 
1610  ROWLANDS  Martin  Mar'k-all  26  They  come  to  bogs 
and  quagmyres,  much  like  to  them  in  Ireland.  1665  Srtrr. 
Aff.  Nttherl.  120  [Holland  is)  the  greatest  Bogg  of  Europe, 
and  Quagmire  of  Christendom.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters 
II.  131  The  quagmire  being  pierced  ..  is  found  no  where 
above  two  feet  deep.  1838  PRKSCOTT  Ftrtt.  <y  Is.  (1846)  III. 
xiv.  121  The  excessive  rains.  .had  converted  the  whole 
country  into  a  mere  quagmire.  1881  OUIDA  Klaremma  I. 
j[7  To  reach  the  mountain  crest  without  sinking  miserably 
in  a  quagmire. 

Comb.     1611  COTGR.,  Afollasst',.  .  quagmire-like. 

2.  trans/.  and_/£\     a.  Anything  soft,  flabby,  or 
yielding. 

1635  QUARLES  Einbl.  i.  xii.  (1718)  50  Thy  flesh  a  trembling 
bog,  a  quagmire  full  of  humours,  a  1704  T.  UKOWN  Praise 
Pwerty  Wks.  1750  I.  100  The  rich  are  corpulent,  drovvn'd 


in   foggy  quagmires   of  fat   and    dropsy. 
Mfit.  (ed.  4 


__,_.     "1822-34  Goafs 
.  4)  IV.  488  The  indurated  patches  seem,  in 
some  cases,  to  le  fixed  upon  a  quagmire  of  offensive  fluid. 

b.  A  position  or  situation  from  which  cxirica- 
tion  is  difficult. 

1775  SHERIDAN  Rivals  in.  iv,  I  have  followed  Cupid's 
Jack-a-lantern,  and  find  myself  in  a  quagmiie  at  last.  1851 
BRIGHT  Sf.,  Eccl.  Titles  Bill  12  May,  The  noble  Lord  . .  is 
in  a  quagmiie,  and  he  knows  it  well.  1873  HAMERTON 
In/ell.  Life  v.  ii.  (1875)  178  Many  a  fine  intellect  has  been 
driven  into  the  deep  quagmire. 

Hence  Quagmire  v.,  in  pass,  to  be  sunk  or 
stuck  in  a  quagmire  ;  also  Jig.  t  Qua-gmirist, 
one  who  makes  a  quagmire  of  himself.  Qua  gniiry 
a.,  of  the  nature  of  a  quagmire ;  boggy. 

1637  Wisrmiop  New  Eng.  (1825)  I.  233  A  most  hideous 
swamp,  so  thick  with  bushes  and  so  quagmiry  [etc.].  1655 
R.  YOUNGI-:  Agst.  Drunkards  4  These  drunken  drones,  these 
gut-mongers,  these  Quagmirists.  1701  Laconics  120  (L.) 
When  a  reader  has  been  quagmired  in  a  dull  heavy  book. 
1846  LANDOH  fmaf.  Conv,  Wks.  II.  42  A  man  is  never 
quagmired  till  he  stops. 

t  Quagswag,  v.  Obs.  rare  -'.  [f.  QUAG  and 
SWAG,  both  used  by  Cotgr.  in  rendering  F.  brim- 
baler,]  intr.  To  shake  to  and  fro. 

i*S3  UUQUIIAUT  Rabelais  n.  xi.  78  Advised  her  not  to  put 
her  selfe  into  the  hazard  of  quagbwagging  in  the  Lee. 

Ouahaug,  quahog  (kwahjj-g,  kwp-hpg).  U.S. 
Also  quau-,  quohog.  [Narmganset  Indian,  given 
by  Roger  Williams  as  poquatihock:  -k  or  -g  is 
the  plural  ending  in  Algonquian  tongues.]  The 
common  round  clam  (Venus  mercenarid)  of  the 
Atlantic  coast  of  North  America  :  =  HEN  sb.  6. 

[1643  R.  WILLIAMS  Key  Lang.  Amer.  107  Poquauhock, 
this  the  English  call  Hens,  a  little  thick  shel-fish,  which  the 
Indians  wade  deepe  and  dive  for.]  1828  in  WEBSTER.  1851 
MELVILLE  Whale  .xiv.  70  They  first  caught  crabs  and  quo- 
hogs  in  the  sand.  1881  Scribner's  Mag.  XXII.  656/1  So 
seemingly  impregnable  a  victim  [of  the  star-fish]  as  the 
quahaug.  1882  Sttouiardtt  Sept.  2/1  In  every  hotel  bill  of 
fare  the  clam  or  quahog . .  figures  in  a  variety  of  shapes. 

Quahte,  obs.  pa.  t.  of  QUETCH  v.  Quahis, 
obs.  f.  WHOSE.  Quai,  variant  of  QUAY. 

Quaich,  quaigh  (kw?x)-  &.  Forms :  a.  7-8 
quech,  7,  9  queich,  8-  quegh,  9  quaigh,  quaich, 
(quoieh).  P.  S  quaff,  queff,  coif.  [a.  Gael. 
citack  cup,  Olr.  ciiach,  prob.  ad.  L.  caucus  (Gr. 
raD/ra),  whence  also  W.  cawg.  The  /3-forms  are 
peculiar,  as  there  is  no  general  tendency  in  Sc.  to 
substitute/ for  ch.~\  A  kind  of  shallow  drinking- 
cup  formerly  common  in  Scotland,  usually  made 
of  small  wooden  staves  hooped  together  and  having 
two  ears  or  handles,  but  sometimes  fitted  with 
a  silver  rim,  or  even  made  entirely  of  that  metal. 

«.  1673  ^Cf-  Bit.  Sir  y.  f'oulis  (1894)  14  A  quech  weighting 
IB  unce  and  10  drop.  1697  Iiiy.  in  Scott.  N.  f,  Q.  (1900) 
Dec.  90/2  Three  round  queichs  without  luggs.  1715 
PENNECUIK  Descr.  Tmeediiale,  etc.  n.  7r  A  great  Quech, 
which  they  were  made  to  Drink  out  of.  1808  SCOTT  Alarm. 
VI'  *XX''  quaighs  were  deep,  the  liquor  strong.  1849 

MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett.  II.  6r  Passing  a  cooper's  shop.. I  slept 
in  and  bought  two  little  quaighs.  1884  Q.  VICTORIA  More 

jrja*"Vu42iA  sll!":r  lluaich  out  of  which  Prince  Charles 
Edward  had  drunk. 

attrib.  1703  /«..  in  Scott,  ff.  S,  Q.  (1900)  Dec.  90/2  A  big 
quech  cup  with  three  lugs. 


Quaid,  var.  QUED  a.  •  see  also  QUAY  v.   Quaier 
obs.  f.  QUIKE.    Quaife,  -ff(e,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  COIF. 


f^         .,    *-  f      • ^\~*»    "uo.   ui_.    ii.  \_,uir. 

Quaik,  obs.  Sc.  f.  QUAKE  v. ;   var.  Sc.  quhaik, 

\\  HAIK. 


12 

Quail  (kwf'l),  sb.  Forms:  4  quaille,  4-5 
quaylle,  4-6  quayle,  4-7  quaile,  5  qwayle, 
qwyle,  6  quale,  St.  qua(i)l5a,  (7  -Jie),  6-  quail, 
[a.  OF.  quaille  (F.  caille)  =  Prov.  calha,  It. 
quaglia,  OSp.  coalla,  med.L.  qualia,  qualea  and 
qiiaquila,  qitacitla ;  the  source  is  prob.  Teutonic, 
cf.  MDu.,  MLG.  qitackele  (Du.  kivakkel)  and  OHG. 
quatala,  of  imitative  origin.] 

1.  A   migratory   bird    allied   to    the    partridge 
(family  rerdicidtx),  found  in  the  Old  World  and 
Australia;   esp.  the  European   species,   Coturnix 
communis  or  daetylisanans,  the  flesh  of  which  is 
much  esteemed  for  the  table. 

The  Australian  quails  are  chiefly  hemipods  (TV/rw/.t),  esp. 
the  Painted  Quail,  T.  varius,  or  Henripedins  ntelinatus. 
The  single  New  Zealand  species  (Cotiirni.t  Norz-Zelandix) 
is  almost  extinct. 

13..  E.  E.  Allil.  P.  B.  1084,  I  stod  as  stylle  as  dased 
quayle.  4:1386  CHAUCER  Clerk's  T.  1150  Thou  shalt  make 
him  couche  as  doth  a  quaille.  1444  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II. 
219  Geyn  Phebus  uprlst  syngen  wyl  the  quaylle.  1535 
COVERDALE  Exod.  xvi.  13  At  cueii  the  quayles  came  vp. 
—  Ps.  civ.  40  At  their  desyre,  there  came  quales.  1555 
W.  WATREMAN  bardie  Ffuwns  1.  v.  53  Quaiil,  and  mallard, 
are  not  but  for  the  richer  sorte.  1601  SIR  W.  CORNWALLIS 
Ess.  u.  (1631)  284  The  fighting  game  at  Quailes  was 
Anthonies  overthrowe.  1684  OTWAY  Atheist  i.  i,  Do  you 
dispise  your  own  Manna.. and  long  after  Quails?  1727-46 
THOMSON  Summer  1657  While  the  quail  clamours  for  his 
running  mate.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  V.  212  The 
quail  is  by  all  known  to  be  a  bird  of  passage.  1846  STOKES 
Disc.  Australia  II.  vii.  259  It  is  known  to  the  colonists  as 
the  Painted  Quail.  1870  MORRIS  Earthly  Par,  III.  IV.  296 
Close  within  the  long  grass  lies  the  quail. 

2.  dial.  a.  The  corn-crake.     (First  quot.  dub.) 

c  1470  HENRVSON  Mor.  Fab.  vm.  (Preach.  Su'alhw)  xxiii, 
The  quaille  craikand  in  the  come.  1881  Leicest.  Gloss., 
Quail,  the  land-rail  or  corn-crake. 

b.  The  small  spotted  water-hen. 

1766  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  (1768)  II.  504  In  Lincolnshire  it 
is  known  by  the  name  of  quail. 

3.  One  of  several   American  gallinaceous  birds 
resembling  the  European  quail,  esp.  the  Virginian 
Quail  or  colin  (Ortyx  virginiatius),  and  the  Cali- 
fornian  or  Crested  Quail  \Lophortyx  californicus], 

1817-8  COBBETT  Rcsid.  U.S.  (1822)  43,  Chickens  . .  as  big 
as  American  Partridges  (misnamed  quails*.  1840  Penny 
Cycl.  XVII.  440  Orty.v  I'irgittianus,  ..the  Quail  of  the 
inhabitants  of  New  England,  the  Partridge  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vanians.  1861  G.  F.  BERKELEY  Sportsm.  W.  Prairies  xi. 
185  A  brace  of  what  the  Americans  call  quail. 

t  4.  fig.  A  courtesan.   Obs.    (So  F.  caille  coijfle.} 

An  allusion  to  the  supposed  amorous  disposition  of  the 
bird  :  see  the  passages  cited  by  Nares. 

1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  ff  Cr.  v.  i.  57  Heere's  Agamemnon,.,  one 
that  loues  Quails.  1694  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  iv.  Prol. 
(1737)  83  Several  coated  Quails,  and  lac'd  Mutton. 

5.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  quail-basket,  -feeding, 
-fight,  -fighter,  -fighting,  -net,  -pit,  -potage,  etc. ; 
quail-surfeited  adj. ;  quail-call  =  QUAIL-PIPE  ; 
quail-dove,  a  dove  of  the  West  Indies  and  Florida 
(Slarnamas  cyanocephalus} ;  quail-hawk,  a  New 
Zealand  species  of  falcon ;  quail-pigeon,  a  pigeon 
of  the  genus  Gcophaps;  quail-snipe,  a  South 
American  plover  of  the  genus  Thinocorys.  Also 
QUAIL-PIPE. 

1598  FLORIO,  Qiiagliere,  . .  a  *quaile  basket.  1822  D. 
BOOTH  Analyt.  Diet.  i.  99  A  Quailpipe  or  »Quailcall.  1884 
E^ncycl.  Brit.  XX.  147/1  In  old  days  they  were  taken  in 
England  in  a  net,  attracted  thereto  by_  means  of  a  Quail  call. 
1820  T.  MITCHELL  Aristoph.  I.  p.  Ixiii,  When  a  mania  took 
place  in  Athens  . .  for  *cjuail-feeding  or  philosophy.  1581 
Mi'LCAsTER  Positions \\\\\,  (1887)  78  Coknghts  and  *quaile- 
fightes.  1836-48  B.  D.  WALSH  Aristoph.,  Ac/iarnians  I. 
iv.  note,  The  Athenians.,  were  great  cock-fighters  and  ''quail- 
fighters.  1776  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1790)  V.  214  *Quailfight- 
ing  was  a  favourite  amusement  among  the  Athenians.  1873 
BULLER  Birds  N.  Zeal.  (1888)  I.  ?if  The  *Quail-Hawk 
exhibits  great  perseverance  in  pursuit  of  its  prey.  1598 
FLORIO,  Qaafliera,  a  *quaile-net.  1879  MRS.  A.  E.  JAMKS 
Ind.Housch.  Managem.  56  Quails,  .kept  in  your  own  ''quail- 
pit  and  well  fed.  1725  BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Quail,  You 
may  also  have  a  *Quail-Potage  in  the  Form  of  an  Oil. 
1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinarch.,Hen.  y,  cxxv,  And  hang  a  Nose 
to  Leekes,  *Quaile-Surfetted. 

Quail  (kw^'l),  v.l  Forms:  5-6  quayll,  5-7 
quayle,  (5  whayle),  quaile,  6-7  quale,  7  quaille, 
6-  quail.  See  also  QUEAL.  [Of  uncertain  origin. 
The  early  spelling  and  rimes  prove  a  ME.  quailcn 
(with  diphthongal  ai),  for  which  there  is  no  obvious 
source.  Phonology,  sense,  and  date  are  against 
any  connexion  with  early  ME.  qtwlen  QUELE. 

Ill  literary  use  the  word  is  very  common  from  about  1520 
to  1650,  after  w_hich  it  practically  disappears  until  its  revival, 
app.  by  Scott,  in  the  early  part  of  the  igth  c.] 

I.  intr. 

1.  Of  material  things,  us  persons,  plants,  etc. : 
To  decline  from  a  natural  or  flourishing  condition ; 
to  fail  or  give  way ;  to  fade,  wither,  etc.  Obs. 
exc.  dial. 

c  1440  CAI-GRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  iv.  1775  Ewery  thyng.. 
that  makelh  resistens  Ageyn  nature,  ful  soone  wil  it  quayle. 
^1460  G.  loam  Dicta  Pliilos.  1071  Better  were  a  thing 


QUAIL. 

should  quaile,  Before  his  word  one  iote  shyuld  faile.  a  1796 
PEGGE  Derbiclsms  (E.  D.  S.\Quaift  togrow  ill.  1825  BROCKEI  T 
N.  C.  Gloss.,  Quail,  to  fail,  to  fall  sick,  to  faint.  1879  Miss 


must  quaile.     1602  J.    RHODES  AIIS-M.  Rom.    Rhyme,  Nf.     ~ 
taiic/i.  Heretics,  Christ's  word  . .  that   licauen  and  earth 


.  . 

ACKSON  Skn^s/i.  Word-fak.,  Qnailt  to  languish  ;  to  fail  ;  to 
fall  sick.  1880  IV.  Contiv.  Gloss,  s.  v.,  Quail^  to  wither  ; 
.  .'  These  flowers  soon  quail  '. 

2.  Of  immaterial  things. 

a.  Of  an   action,  undertaking,  state   of  things, 
etc.  :  To  fail,  break  down,  come  to  nothing.    Obs. 
In  mod.  use  (transf.  from  3)  :  To  give  way,  yield 
to  or  before. 

c  1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  Sf.  Kath.  iv.  1019  Whan  moost 
nede  is,  his  resons  will  quayll  [~'.r.  whayle].  1523  Si. 
Papers  Hen.  VtII>  VI.  197  Thei  fynally  concludyd  .  .  ther 
shold  lack  2  or  3  voyces,  wherby  the  election  shold  quayle. 
1570  B.  GOOGE  Pop.  Kingd.  ir.  23  b,  They  toyle  and  moyle 
least  that  his  state  by  talke  of  tongue  should  quaile. 
1600  HOLLAND  Livy  v.  xxi.  194  After  great  massaker  and 
execution  committed,  the  fight  began  to  quaile.  1611  SPEED 
Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  ix.  §  23.  585  The  Kings  Ambassadours 
relume  out  of  France,  without  hauing  effected  that  which 
they  went  about,  so  that  the  whole  enterprize  quailed. 

1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  u.  xxv,  Roderick  Dhu's  renown.. 
[should]  quail  to  that  of  Malcolm  Grasme.  1857  MAURICE 
Mor.  fy  Met.  Philos.  III.  iv.  §  g.  117  The  name  of  William 
himself  quailed  before  that  of  Abelard. 

b.  Of  courage,  f  hope,  f  faith,  etc.  :    To  fail, 
give  way,  become  faint  or  feeble. 

1557  POLE  in  Strype  Ecct.  Mem.  ^1721)  III.  App.  Ixviii. 
246  The  fay  the  of  the  sacraments  began  to  quayle  in 
so  many  hartes.  a  1577  GASCOIGNE  Flowers  Wks.  1869  I. 
43  Since  courage  quayles,  and  commes  behind,  Go  sleepe. 
1606  IJRYSKETT  Civ.  Life  89  If.  .the  hope  began  to  quaile, 
forthwith  courage  failed  withall.  1642  ROGERS  Naaman 
408,  I  perceiue  your  zeale  quales  shrewdly  in  this  Laodicean 
aSe-  J835  THIRLWALL  Greece  I.  vi.  212  Perils,  which  make 
the  courage  of  the  hardiest  quail. 

3.  Of  persons  :  To  lose  heart,  be  cowed  or  dis 
couraged  ;  to  give  way  through  fear  (to  or  before 
a  formidable  person  or  thing). 

1555  in  Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  (1721)  III.  App.  .\liii.  122 
He  made  them  this  faithful  promise  to  the  intent  that  they 
should  not  quaile.  1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III.  1212/1 
The  comming  forward  uf  these  forces  caused  the  rebels,  .to 
quaile  in  courage.  1604  T.  WRIGHT  Passions  i.  vi.  23 
Braggers..  vaunt  much  at  the  beginning,  but  quaile  com 
monly  in  the  middle  of  the  fray.  1618  BOLTON  f  fonts  (1636) 
222  All  the  Lords  quailing,  and  Appuleius  tyrannizing.  1813 
BYRON  Giaour  xxxv,  I  have  not  quail'd  to  danger's  brow. 
1874  GKEEN  Short  Hist.  iii.  |  5.  137  The  Earl  of  Chester.. 
who  had  risen  in  armed  rebellion,  quailed  before  the  march 
of  Hubert. 

b.  Of  the  heart  or  spirit  ;  also  of  the  eyes. 

'563  Homilies  \\.  Repentance  i.  (1859)  531  Mens  hearts  do 
quail  and  faint,  if  they  once  perceive  that  they  travail  in 
vaine.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xx.xvi.  ix.  924  Seeing  many  of 
the  defendants,  .hurt  and  wounded,  their  hearts  began  to 
quaile.  1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  v.  v.  149  Thy  daughter  For 
whom  my  htart  drops  blood,  and  my  false  spirits  Quaile  to 
remember.  1837  W.  IRVING  Capt.  Bonnes-Hie  II.  225  [They] 
felt  their  hearts  quailing  under  their  multiplied  hardships. 
1841  BORROW  Zincali  I.  i.  i.  26  Their  sharp  eyes  quailed 
quickly  before  his  savage  glances.  1892  J.  TAIT  Mind  in 
Matter  ^ed.  3)  249  In  Gethbemane,  the  brave  spirit  of  Jtsus 
quailed. 
II.  trans. 

t  4.  To  affect  injuriously,  to  spoil,  impair;  to 
overpower,  destroy,  put  an  end  to.  Obs.  a,  a  thing. 

1551  GARDINER  Explic.  Cath.  Faith,  Of  the  Presence  60 
The  truthe  of  that  place  hindreth  and  qualeth  in  maner  all 
the  booke.  1604  T.  WRIGHT  Clintact.  Years  u  Nature  in 
the  meane  time  is  strengthened  with  good  foods,  and  the 
humour  either  purged  or  quailed  with  phisicke.  1655 
H.  VAUGHAN  Sile.x  Scint.  u.  Time's  Book  iv,  As  some  meek 
night-piece  which  day  quails  To  candle  light  unveils.  1669 
BOYLE  Cont.  New  Exp.  n.  (1682)  66  The  Apricocks  were 
flaccid  or  quailed  as  if  they  had  been  dry  or  withered. 

absol.     1590  SHAKS.  Mtds.  N.  D.  v.  i.  292  O  Fates  !  ..  Cut 
thred  and  thrum,  Quaile,  crush,  conclude,  and  quell. 
b.  an  action,  state,  quality,  feeling,  etc. 

1532  MORE  Confnt.  Barnes  vni.  Wks.  805/2  If  he  belieue 
saynt  Austine.  .than  is  his  own  fond  ymaginacion  quayled. 
1551  R.  ROBINSON  tr.  Morels  Utop.  Ep.  Cecil  11895)  20  Mine 
old  good  wil  and  hartye  affection  towardes  you  is  not..  at 
all  quayled  and  diminished.  1577  HANMEK  Atii.  Eccl. 
I/isf.  (1619)  75  Quailing  the  chearefulnesse  of  uthers.  1628 
VENNER  Baths  of  Bathe  (1650)  350  The  taking  of  cold 
drink  doth  suddenly  quaile  the  heat.  1654^  tr.  Martinis 
Cong.  C/titui  5  Their  antient  .  .warlike  Spirit,  which  the 
pleasures.,  of  that  Country  had  quailed  and  tamed. 

5.  To  daunt  or  cow  (a  person),  to  bring  into 
subjection  by  fear  ;  to  cause  to  quail. 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W,  1531)  126  b,  Some  power  of 
the  soule  .shall  quayle  &  trouble  them.  1569  GOLUING 
Jicininges  Post.  22  Paul  was  not  quayled  with  the  huge- 
nesse  of  persecutions.  1642  BRIDGE  Serin.  Norfolk  Volun 
teers  p  He  is  a  stout  man  whom  adversity  doth  not  quaile. 
1719  D'UKFEY  Pills  (1872)  III.  23  You  Roaring  Boys,  who 
everyone  quails.  1816  ^J.  WILSON  City  of  Plague  in.  i.  49 
As  thunder  quails  Th'  inferior  creatures  of  the  air  and 
earth.  1833  M.  SCOTT  Tom  Cringle  ii.  (1859)  55  Splinter  did 
not  like  it,  I  saw,  and  that  quailed  me. 

b.  To  daunt,  depress  (the  heart,  courage)  with 
fear  or  dejection. 

1567  TUBBERV.  Ray  ting  Route  26  My  courage  is  not 
quailde  by  cruell  Fo.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xcv.  1253 
Uuerthrowes  in  warre  and  misfortunes,  .at  sea,  wherewith 
his  heart  was  quailed.  1663  BUTLER  Hnd.  i.  iii.  204  Am 
not  I  hereto  take  thy  part?  Then  what  has  quail'd  thy 
stubborn  heart?  1706  in  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey*.  1844  Dis- 
RA&uC&ttHgsiy  v.  ii,  It.  .quailed  (he  heart  of  Taper,  crushed 
all  the  rising  hopes. 

Hence  Quai'ler,  one  who,  or  that  which,  quails. 

1599  SANDYS  Eurofig  S$ec,  (1632)  193  Avarice,  .the  quailer 
of  all  manly  executions. 


QUAIL. 


Quail,  v.'2-  06s.  exc.  dial.  Forms:   5-6  quayle, 
7  quaile.     [a.  OF.  qttaillcr  (F.  iailler  —  It.  qna£- 
)  Pg.  coalhary  Sp.  cuajar]  :—  JL.  coaguldre  to 


)       . 

COAGULATE.] 

1.  intr.  To  curdle,  coagulate. 

t'  1430  Tu'0  Cookery-bks.  27  Caste  on  whyte  Wyne  or 
Venegre,  &  make  it  quayle.  c  1440  Proiup*  Parv,  418/2 
Quaylyn,  as  mylke,  and  other  lycowre,  coagulo.  1530 
PAI.SGR.  676/2,  I  quayle,  as  mylke  dothe,  je  tjunillcbotic. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  323  It  is  no  better  than  poison, 
especially  the  first  beestings,  if  it  quaile  and  cruddle  in  the 
stomacke.  1706  in  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey).  1881  Ldcest. 
Gloss.,  Quail,  to  '  turn  '  or  curdle;  go  flat  or  suur. 
b.  To  be  quailed,  to  be  curdled. 

1530  PALSGR.  676/2  This  mylke  is  quayled.  1809  BATCHELOR 
Ortlioep.  Anal.  140  The  cream  is  said  to  he  quailed,  when 
the  butter  begins  to  appear  in  the  process  of  churning. 

2.  trans.  To  cause  to  curdle.  rare~~l. 

1398  TRLVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  iv.  Iv.  (1405)  83  The  more 
boystous  .  .  partyes  of  the  grayne  the  erth  takyth  ..  and 
quaylyth  theym  by  heete. 

Hence  Quailed///,  a.,  curdled.     Obs. 

'..\i8/i  Quaylyd,asmylkefando(?erlyke, 


.. 
stomack. 

QuaHery.  [f.  QUAIL  sb.  +  -ERY.]  A  place 
where  quails  are  kept,  esp.  to  be  fattened  for  food. 

1894  Blackw.  Mag,  Sept.  387/2  The  native  caught  the 
birds  alive  for  the  quaileries  of  Anglo-Indians, 

Quailing  (kw^-lirj),  vbl.  sb±  [f.  QUAIL  z».l 
-f  -iNa1.]  The  action  of  giving  way,  failing, 
losing  heart,  etc. 

1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasnt.  Par.  Tint.  Ded.  i  Seyng 
Paule  was  so  afrayed  of  their  quayling,  whome  he  had  in 
structed.  1596  SHAKS.  r  Hen.  IV,  iv.  i.  39  There  is  no 
quailing  now,  Because  the  King  is  certainely  possest  Of  all 
our  purposes.  1627  G.  HAKEWILL  Power  fy  Pr<n<.  God  \\.\. 
§  r.  65  The  quailing  and  withering  of  all  things  by  the  recesse 
of  the  Sunne.  1642  ROGERS  Naaman  557  So  farre  from 
(mailing  of  judgement,  a  1700  13,  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew 
Quailing  of  the  Stomack,  beginning  to  be  qualmish  or  un 
easy.  1848  C.  BRONTE  y.  Eyre  (1857)  245,  I  bore  with  her 
feeble  minded  quailings. 

tQuai'ling,  vbL  sb2    Obs.    [f.   QUAIL  v*] 

Curdling,  coagulation. 

c  1440  Promp,  Parv.  418/2  Quaylynge,  of  lycoure,  coagu- 
facia.  1600  SuRFLBT  Count  rie  Far  me  \\.  xlix.  310  To  stay 
the  quailing  of  the  milkc  in  their  stomacks. 

Quailing  (kw^-lhj),  ///.  a.  [f.  QUAIL  v.i  + 
-ING  2.]  Diminishing,  becoming  weak  ;  losing 
hope  or  courage,  etc. 

1565  GOLDISG  Ovid's  Met.  ix.  (1593)  215  To  quicken  up 
the  quailing  love.  1586  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  iv.  xxi[i]. 
(1612)  103  Did  quicken  England*  quailing  plowes.  1880 
G.  MEREDITH  Trag.Com,  (1881)  158  Her  father's  unwonted 
harshness  suggested  the  question  to  her  quailing  nature. 
1894  SIR  E.  SULLIVAN  Woman  34  Shrinking,  quailing, 
agonised  victims. 

Quail-pipe,    [f.  QUAIL  sb.  +  PIPE.] 

1.  A  pipe  or  whistle  on  which  the  note  of  the 
quail  (usually  the  female)  can  be  imitated,  in 
order  to  lure  the  birds  into  a  net  ;  a  quail-call. 
Also  used  allusively,  oryf^. 

For  a  full  description  of  the  calls  used  to  imitate  the  notes 
of  the  cock  and  hen,  see  Encycl.  Brit.  (1797)  XV.  733/2. 

?<r  1400  LYDG.  Chorle  $  Byrtte  (Roxb.)  9  The  quayle  pype 
can  most  falsely  calle  Tyl  the  quayle  under  the  nette  doth 
crepe,  c  1400  Rom.  Rose  7261  High  shoos  knopped  with 


tne  Quail-pipe.  1821  SCOTT  Kenilw.  vij,  Master  Varney, 
you  can  sound  the  quailpipe  most  daintily  to  wile  wantons 
into  his  nets.  1884  St.  James  s  Gaz.  28  Apr.  6/2  In  France 
they  are  commonly  captured  on  the  ground  ;  a  '  quail-pipe  ' 
.  .being  employed. 

attrib.  1602  MIDDLETON  Blurt  i  Master-Constable  n.  i.  17 
A  gallant  that  hides  his  small- tun  be  red  legs  with  a  quail- 
pipe  boot.  1603  DEKKER  Wonderfitll  Yeare  Fiijb,  He.. 
cryed  out  in  that  quaile-pipe  voice. 

t  2.  transf.  The  throat  or  vocal  organs.     Obs. 

1693  DRYDEN  Juvenal  vi.  (1697)  120  The  Rich  to  Buy  him, 
will  refuse  no  Price  ;  And  stretch  his  Quail-pipe  till  they 
crack  his  Voice,  a  1700  U.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Quail-pipe^ 
a  Woman's  Tongue.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  VI. 
383  Squeaking  inwardly,  .from  contracted  quail-pipes. 

Hence  Quai'lpipin?  vbl.  sb. 

1661  R.  L'ESTRANGE  State  Divinity  14  To  give  over., 
their  Quailpiping  in  a  Pulpit  to  catch  silly  women. 

Quaime,  obs.  form  of  QUALM  sb. 

t  Quain,  v.    Obs.  rare.    [a.  ON.  koeina  =  OE. 

cwaniait,  Goth,  qainon  \  an  ablaut-var.  appears  in 
MDu.  and  MLG.  quinen  (Du.  kwijnett)  to  com 
plain,  be  ill  (cf.  MHO.  wtjitfnetiy  OE.  fawlnan  to 
waste  away).]  intr.  (also  re/I.)  and  trans.  To 
lament,  bewail,  bemoan.  Hence  Quaining  vbl.  sf>. 

n  1300  Cursor  J/.  10488  Sco  quainid  eft  on  J?is  nianer,  Oft 
sco  said,  'alias  !  alias  ! '  Ibid.  10495  To  quils  sco  qualnid 
bus  hir  care.  Hid.  12495  Quen  iesus  herd  bis  quaining  gret. 
Ibid.  21886  parof  himquaines  iesii  crist.  [A  possible  instance 
of  attain  sb.  (cf.  ON.  foe  in)  occurs  in  line  11577.] 

Quain,  obs.  variant  of  QroiN  sb, 

t  Quaint,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  Also  4  queynt(e. 
[?  f.  the  adj.]  (See  quot.  1598.) 

c  1320  Sir  Tristr,  2254  Hir  queynt  abouen  hir  kne  Naked 
be  knijtcs  knewe.  (.-1386  CHAUCER  Miller's  T.  90  Pryvely 


13 

he  caught  hir  by  the  queynte.     1598  FLORIO,  Bccchina, 
a  womans  quaint  or  priuities. 

Quaint  (kw<?'nt),  a.  (adv.)  Forms :  a.  3-4 
cointe,  (3  kointe,  4  coint(t,  coynte,  koynt(e), 
quoynte,  (3  cwointe,  4  quointe,  quoynt),  4-5 
coynt,  quynte,  (4  quinte,  6  quyent).  0.  3-6 
queyute,  (4  qweyut(e),  4-6  queynt,  queinte, 
4-8  queint,  6  quent,  qwent ;  4-5  quaynt,  (4 
qwayut,  qwaint),  quante,  (5  qwantte),  4-6 
quaynte,  (5  qwaynte),  quainte,  4-  quaint.  7. 
4-5  wayut,  5  wheynte,  quhaynte,  whaynt(e ; 
dial.  7  wheint,  8-9  whaint,  whent,  y  wheaut. 
[a.  OF.  cointe  (quointe,  cuinte,  etc.),  queinte :— L. 
etenitum  known,  pa.  pple.  oicognosclre  to  ascertain. 
The  development  of  the  main  senses  took  place  iu 
OF.,  and  is  not  free  from  obscurity  (cf.,  however, 
COUTH  and  KNOWN). 

In  its  older  senses  the  Eng.  word  seems  to  have  been  in 
I    ordinary  use  down  to  the  i7thc.,  though  in  many  i6-i7th 
!    c.  examples  the  exact  meaning  is  difficult  to  determine. 
After  1700  _it  occurs  more  sparingly  (chiefly  in  sense6\until 
its  revival  in  sense  8,  which  is  very  frequent  after  1800.] 
A.  adj. 

I.  1 1.  Of  persons  :  Wise,  knowing ;  skilled, 
clever,  ingenious.  In  later  use  chiefly  with  ref.  to 
the  employment  of  fine  language  (cf.  sense  6).  Obs. 
rt  1250  Leg.  Katli.  580  (Cott.  MS.)  Ht-i !  hwuch  wis  read 
Of  se  cointe  [f.f.  icudd]  keiser.  t  1290  .V.  Eng.  Leg.  I. 
381/165  pe  beste  Carpenter  And  be  quoynteste  bat  ich  euere 
l-knev.  (i  1325  /Vtwtf  rsitlter  cxviii.  o3  Thou  madest  me 
quainte  [L.  pruiteiitcin]  vp  myn  enemis  to  bi  comaunde- 
ment.  L  1400  Dcstr.  Troy  1531  Wise  wrightis  to  wale., 
qwaint  men  of  wit.  1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  r.  Ixv,  }it  clerkis 
bene  in  subtell  wordis  (Client,  And  in  the  deid  als  schairp  as 
ony  snaillis.  1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI,  HI.  ii.  274  To  shew 
how  queint  an  Orator  you  are.  1596 —  Taut.  Shr,  in. 
ii.  149  Wee'li  ouerreach.  .The  quaint  Musician,  a  1628 
PRESTON  .Wry  Coz't.  (1634)  273  If  you  would  preach  as  other 
men  do,  and  be  curious  and  quaint  of  Oratory.  i697DRVDEN 
s£ncid\\.  698  Talk  on  ye  quaint  Haranguers  of  the  Crowd. 
1728  MORGAN  Algiers  I.  vi.  176  The  Arabs  in  general  are 
quaint,  bold,  hospitable,  and  generous,  excessive  Lovers  of 
Eloquence  and  Poesy. 

t  b.  In  bad  sense :   Cunning,  crafty,  given  to 
scheming  or  plotting.   Obs. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  328  feos  kointe  harloz  bet  scheaweS  for8 
here  gutefestre.  c  1340  Cursor  M.  739  (Fairf.)  pe  nedder 
bat  ys  so  quaynt  of  gyle,  c  1394  /'.  PI.  Cmie  482  '  Dere 
brober '  quab  Peres  '  be  develi  is  ful  queynte '.  1402 
HOCCLEVE  Letter  ofCiipid  152  Sly,  queynt,  and  fals  in  al 
vnthrift  coupable.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEncis  n.  i.  59  Knaw  3e 
nocht  bettir  the  quent  Vlexes  slycht  ?  1674-91  RAY  N.-C. 
Words  (E.D.S.),  '  A  wheint  lad ',  q.  queint ;  a  fine  lad  : 
ironicc dictum.  Also,  cunning,  subtle.  i68opTWAY  Orphan 
in.  iv.  864  The  quaint  smooth  Rogue,  that  sins  against  his 
Reason. 

t  2.  Of  actions,  schemes,  devices,  etc. :  Marked 
by  ingenuity,  cleverness,  or  cunning.  Obs. 

(ZI225  Ancr.  R.  204  Ure  Louerd.-brouhte  so  to  grunde 
his  kointe  kuluertschipe.  c  lypArtli.  fy  Merl.  4447(K01bing) 
Morgein..bat  wi);  hir  queint  gin  Bigiled  J>e  gode  clerk- 
Merlin.  1387  TREVISA  HigJen  (Rolls)  IV.  429  losephus  .. 
fonde  up  a  queynte  craft,  and  heng  wete  clobes  uppon  be 
toun  walles.  c  1460  Towneley  Myst.  xiii.  593  This  was  a 
qwantte  gawde,  and  a  far  cast,  It  was  a  hee  frawde.  1522 
World  ff  Child  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  I.  245,  I  can  many  a 
quaint  game.  1598  ROWLANDS  Betray.  Christ  10  When 
traitor  meets,  these  quaint  deceits  he  had.  1641  BROME 
Jovial  Crew  n.  Wks.  1873  III.  378,  I.  .over-heard  you  in 
your  queint  designe,  to  new  create  your  selves. 

1 3.  Of  things  :  Ingeniously  or  cunningly  designed 
or  contrived;  made  with  skill  or  art ;  elaborate.  Obs. 
cizgo  S,  Eng.  Leg.  I.  88/62  He  liet  heom  makien  a 
quoynte  schip.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  1555  Hii  ?eue  him 
an  quointe  [v.r.  koynte]  drench,  mid  childe  vor  to  be.  c  1384 
CHAUCER  H.  Fame  in.  835  And  evermo.. This  queynte  hous 
aboute  wente,  That  never-mo  hit  stille  stente.  a  1400-50 
Alexander  4275  Have  we  no  cures  of  courte  ne  na  cointe 
sewes.  1627  DRAYTON  Xyntphidia.  Ixix,  He  told  the 
arming  of  each  joint,  In  every  piece  how  neat  and  quaint. 
1631  SHIRLEY  Traitor  iv.  ii,  Who  knows  But  he  may  marry 
her,  and  discharge  his  Duchess  With  a  quaint  salad? 

f4.  Of  things:  Skilfully  made,  so  as  to  have  a 
good  appearance ;  hence,  beautiful,  pretty,  fine, 
dainty.  Obs. 

13. .  E.  E.Allit.  P.  B.  1382  With  koynt  carneles  aboue, 
coruen  ful  dene.  13 ..  Caw.  fi  Cr.  Knt.  877  Whyssynes  vpon 
queldepoyntes,  bat  koynt  wer  bobe.  ?  a  1366  CHAUCER 
Kom.  Kase  98  A  sylvre  nedle  forth  I  droughe,  Out  of  an 
aguler  queynt  ynoug_he.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  777  An  ymage 
full  nobill-.bat  qwaint  was  &  qwem,  all  of  white  siluer. 
1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  x.  22  Nor  hart  could  wish  for  any 
queint  device,  But  there  it  present  was,  and  did  fraile  sense 
entice.  1671  MILTON  Samson  1303  In  his  hand  A  Scepter 
or  quaint  staff  he  bears. 

t  b.  Of  dress  :  Fine,  fashionable,  elegant.  Obs. 
la  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  65  The  ground  ..  maketh  so 
queynt  his  robe  and  fayr  That  it  hath  hewes  an  hundred 
payr.  1380  Lay  Folks  Catech.  (Lamb.  MS.)  1221  Ne  wor- 
schipe  not  men  for  here  fayre  clobes,  ne  for  here  qweynte 
schappis  bat  sum  men  usen.  1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  \. 
xlvi,  In  vestures  quent  of  mpny  sindrie  gyse.  1592  GREENE 
Iff  st.  Courtier  in  Hart.  Misc.  (Malh.)II.  223  Costly  attirt-, 
curious  and  quaint  apparell  is  the  spur  that  prickes  them 
forward.  1627  FLETCHER  Locusts  I.  xiii,  All  lovely  drest 
In  beauties  livery,  and  quaint  devise. 
1 5.  Of  persons :  Beautiful  or  handsome  in  ap 
pearance;  finely  or  fashionably  dressed;  elegant, 
foppish.  06s. 

^1300  Cursor  J/.  28015  Yee  leuedis.  ..studis.  .hu  to  mak 
yow  senile  and  quaint.  111310  in  Wright  Lyric  1\  -6 


q 
Q 


QUAINT. 

Coynte  asc  columbine,  such  hire  cunde  ys.  1362  LANGL. 
P.  PI.  A.  II.  14  A  wommon  wonderliche  clothed.  Ther 
nis  no  qweene  qweyntore.  a  1450  Kn!.  de  la.  Tour(iZ6S)  40 
Folke  shulde  not  have  thaire  herte  on  the  worlde,  nor 
make  hem  queint,  to  plese  it.  1590  GREENE  Nfcer  Too 
LateWs.  1882  VIII.  82  He  made  himselfe  as  neate  and 

uaint    as   might  be.     1598   SHAKS.  Merry   W.   iv.  vi.  41 

uaint  in  greene,  she  shall  be  loose  en-roab'd.  1610  — 
Te»if.  I.  ii.  317  Fine  apparision  :  my  queint  Ariel,  Hiarke 
in  thine  eare.  1784  CowrEB  Task  II.  461  A  body  so  fantastic, 
trim,  And  queint  in  its  deportment  and  attire. 

f  6.  Of  speech,  language,  modes  of  expression, 
etc.  :  Carefully  or  ingeniously  elaborated  ;  highly 
elegant  or  refined  ;  clever,  smart  ;  full  of  fancies 
or  conceits;  affected.  Obs.  (now  merged  in  8). 

13..  Guy  H'anv.  (A.)  346  To  hir  he  spac  ..  Wib  a  wel 
queynt  steuen.  1-1386  CHAUCER  Can.  Ycom.Prol.  «t  T.  199 
We  semen  wonder  wise,  Oure  termes  been  so  cleigial  and  so 
queynte.  1513  DOUGLAS  ^Encis  I.  Prol.  255  The  quent  and 
curious  caslis  poeticall.  1:1570  Pride  ft  Lou'l.  (1041)  807 
Plcasaunt  songes  .  .  To  queynt  and  hard  for  me  to  under 
stand.  1655  E.  TKRKY  Voy.  E.  Ind.  XII.  232  The  Persian 
there  is  spoken  as  their  more  quaint  and  Court-tongue. 
1676  MARVELL  Mr.  Smirkc  K  iv,  A  good  life  is  a  Clergy 
man's  best  Syllogism,  and  the  quaintest  Oratory.  1712 
STEELE  Spcct.  No.  450  r  i  A  new  Thought  or  Conceit 
dressed  up  in  smooth  quaint  Language.  1783  BUKKE  Rep. 
Aff.  India  Wks.  1842  II.  76  A  style,,  .full  of  quaint  terms 
and  idiomatick  phrases,  which  strongly  bespeak  English 
habits  in  the  way  cf  thinking. 

t  7.  Strange,  unusual,  unfamiliar,  odd,  curious 
(in  character  or  appearance).  Ol's.  (now  merged 
in  8). 

13..  Cow  de  L.  216  Thou  schalt  se  a  queynte  brayd. 
(-1369  CHAUCER  Dtthc  Blaunche  1330  This  is  so  queynt 
a  sweuyn.  £1400  Dcstr.  Troy  TJ  15  There  come  with  this 
kyng  a  coynt  mon  of  shappe.  c  1440  Igotnydon  1637  Right 
vnseznely  on  queynte  manere  He  hym  dight.  1513  DOUGLAS 
sEneis  m.  Prol.  12  Now  moist  I  write..  Wyld  auentouris, 
monstreis  and  qwent  afTr.iyis.  1579  Si'ENsliR  Slu'pk.  Cat. 


.         . 

Oct.  114  With  queint  Bellonain  her  equipage.  l62gMiLTON 
Nativity  194  A  drear,  and  dying  sound  Affrights  the 
Flamins  at  their  service  quaint.  1714  POPE  Wife  t'f  Batk 
259  How  quaint  an  appetite  in  woman  reigns  !  Free  gifts 
we  scorn,  and  love  what  costs  us  pains.  1808  SCOTT  Mitrm. 
in.  xx,  Came  forth  —  a  quaint  and  fearful  sight. 

8.  Unusual  or  uncommon  in  character  or  nppear- 
ance,  but  at  the  same  time  having  some  attractive 
or  agreeable  feature,  esp.,  having  an  old-fashioned 
prettiness  or  daintiness. 

'795  SOUTHEY  Joan  of  Arc  vm.  234  He  for  the  wintry 
hour  Knew  many  a  merry  ballad  and  quaint  tale.  1808 
SCOTT  Mann.  n.  iii,  For  this,  with  carving  rare  and  quaint, 
She  decked  the  chapel  of  the  saint.  1824  W.  IRVING  T. 
Trav.  I.  91  The  streaks  of  light  and  shadow  thrown  among 
the  quaint  articles  of  furniture.  1862  STANLEY  JtU1.  C/i. 
(1877)  I.  x.  202  The  device  is  full  of  a  quaint  humour  which 
marks  its  antiquity.  1884  J.  T.  BENT  in  Macm.  Mag.  Oct. 
434/2  'Ihe  herdsmen  were  much  quainter  and  more  enter 
taining  than  our  city-born  muleteers. 

II.  t  9-  Proud,  haughty.   Obs.  rare. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  140  pet  fleshs  is  her  et  home  .  .  ant  for  bui 
hit  is  cwointe  &  cwiuer.  1340  Ayenb.  89  po  bet  make[> 
ham  zuo  quaynte  of  be  ilke  poure  noblesse  ^et  hi  habbeb  of 
hare  moder  pe  erjre.  ^1430  Pilgr.  Lvf  Manlwde  n.  cvii. 
115,  I  hatte  orgoill,  the  queynte  [F.  la  Maiicicr,},  the  feerce 
hornede  beste.  [1610  G.  FLETCHER  Christ's  Viet.  n.  liv, 
Queint  Pride  Hath  taught  her  sonnes  to  wound  their 
mother's  side.] 

flO.  Dainty,  fastidious,  nice;  prim.   Obs. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  128  b/i  She  chaslyssed  them  that 
were  nyce  and  queynte.  1579  G.  HARSEY  Lettcr-bk. 
(Camden)  73  The  rest  in  a  manner  ar  .  .  overstate  for  so 
queynte  and  queasye  a  worlde.  1590  SPENSER  /'.  Q.  in.  vii. 
10  She  nothing  quaint  Nor  'sdeignfull  of  so  homely  fashion. 
1640  BROME  Sparagus  Card.  in.  vii.  Wks.  1873  III.  167 
Your  new  infusion  of  pure  blood,  by  your  queint  feeding  on 
delicate  meates  and  drinks.  1678  R.  L'ESTRANGE  Seneca's 
Mor.  To  Rdr.,  Fabius.  .taxes  him.  .for  being  too  Queint 
and  Finical  in  his  Expressions. 

1  11.  To  make  it  quaint,  to  act  quaintly,  in 
various  senses,  esp.  to  behave  proudly,  disdainfully, 
or  deceitfully.  Obs. 

c  1369  CHAUCER  Del  he  Blaunche  531  Lo  !  how  goodly  spak 
this  knight  .  .  He  made  hyt  nouther  tough  ne  queynte. 
1390  GOWER  Conf.v.  4623  (II.  282)  O  traiteresse..Thou  hast 
gret  peine  wel  deserved,  That  thou  canst  maken  it  so  queinte. 
(1400  Kant.  Rose  2038,  L.kneled  doun  with  hondis  loynt, 
And  made  it  in  my  port  ful  queynt.  i:  1422  HOCCLEVE 
Jonathas  642  He  thognte  not  to  make  it  qweynte  and  tow. 
6*1430  Pilgr.  Lyf  Man/iode  n.  cvi.  (1869)  115  With  alle 
myne  joyntes  stiryinge  and  with  alle  my  sinewes  j  make  it 
queynte  [V.je  inarche  sijiercment.] 

fB.  adv.  Skilfully,  cunningly.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1340  Cursor  M.  5511  (Fairf.)  }ou  be-houys  to  wirke  ful 
quaynte  and  in  baire  dedis  ham  attaynt.  c  1384  CHAUCER 
//.  Fame  i.  245  What  shulde  I  speke  more  queynte,  Or 
peyne  me  my  wordes  peynte  ?  1552  LYNOKSAY  Monarche 
180  Fresche  flora  spred  furth  hir  tapestrie,  Wrocht  be  dame 
Nature  quent  and  curiouslie, 

C.  Comb.,  as  quaint-eyed,  -felt,  -shaped,  -stom 
ached,  -•willy,  -worded  adjs. 

1575  G.  HARVEV  Letlcr-tk.  (Camden)  91  Thou  arte  so 
queyntefelt  In  thy  rondelett.  1598  MARSTON  Py^inal.  i. 
140  Like  no  quaint  stomack't  man  [he]  Eates  vp  his  armes. 
1603  FLORIO  tfattaifiu  I.  xxxvi.  (1632)115  A  quaint-wittie, 
and  loftie  conceit.  1744  AKENSIDE  Pleas,  hnag.  in.  250 
Where'er  the  pow'r  of  lidicule  displays  Her  quaint-ey'd 
visage.  1853  JAMES  Agnes  Sorrel  (1860)  I.  2  This  tall 
quaint-shaped  window.  1863  GKOSARTo^wd//5r«i(ed.  2)  17 
Their  quaint-worded  dispositions  and  distinctions. 

Quaint,  v.l  06s.  exc.  dial.  Also  4  coynt,  4-6 
quaynt.  [See  ACQUAINT  v.,  and  cf.  OF.  cointitr 
in  Godef.]  =To  acquaint,  in  various  uses. 


QUAINT. 

<i  1300  Cursor  M.  5707  (Gott.)  Quenbai  war  quaintid.  .pis 
moyses  and  sir  Raguell  [etc.].  £1330  [see  ACQUAINT  v.  3]. 
c  1350  Will.  Palcrnc  4644  He  ce-ynted  him  queyntli  with  po 
tvo  ladies.  ai4*x>-y*Al?.\-iimter2i3  Now  sal!  }e  here  How 
he  . .  quayntid  him  with  ladis.  1509  BAPCLAY  Shyp  of 
Folys  (1570)  81  Spede  your  pace,  To  quaynt  your  selfe  and 
company  with  grace.  1591  NASHE  Progno&t.  i  To  quaint 
my  selfe  with  the  art  of  Nauigation.  1606  WARNER  Alb. 
Eng.  xv.  xciv.  (1612)  378  God  quaints  not  with  Baal.  1886 
ELWORTHY  W.  Somerset  Worii-bk.,  Quaint,  to  acquaint, 
inform. 

Hence  t  Q,uai'nted///.  o.1,  familiar.  Obs. 

1586  W.  WEBBE  Eng.  Pot  trie  (Arb.)  75  Heere  by  the 
quainted  rloodes  and  springs  most  holie  remaining. 

t  Quaint,  v.*  Obs.  Also  5  coynt(e.  [In 
sense  I,  a.  OF.  coinlier,  cointer,  f.  cointe  quaint ; 
in  sense  2,  f.  QUAINT  a.  10.] 

1.  trans.  To  adorn,  to  make  fine  or  beautiful. 
1483  CAXTON  C.  de  la.  Tour  (1868)  167  Thus loste.  .theldest 

dougnter  her  maryage  bycause  she  coynted  her  self.  Ibid. 
168  He  thennehadde. .  coynted  hym  self  of  a  scarlatte  gowne, 

2.  To  quaint  it,  to  assume  a  prim  air. 

£1585  Fairs  Em.  in.  1281  Let  Mistress  nice  go  saint  it 
where  she  list,  And  coyly  quaint  it  with  dissembling  face. 

Hence  f  Quai'nted///.  a.-  (in  •;  coynted). 

c  1500  fiftlusittt  315  In  an  euyl  heure  sawe  I  euer  thy 
coynted  body,  thy  facion,  &  thy  fayre  fygure. 

t  Quai'utance.    Obs.     In  4  quoynt-,  4-6 

queynt-,  (5  qw-),  6  quaynta(u)noe ;  5-7  Sc. 
quentance,  (5  quyntans).  [Cf.  QUAINT  f.1] 
=  ACQUAINTANCE,  q.v. 

c  1300  [see  ACQUAINTANCE  2].  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxx. 
(Theodera)  85  He  come  to  )>is  theodera  &  mad  his  quyntans 
..with  hyr.  c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  xx.  67  Sore 
harde  was  his  queyntaunce  to  her.  a  1533  LD.  EERNERS 
Huon  xxx.  92  One  toke  queyntance  of  an  other.  1567 
Satir.  Poems  Reform,  viii.  28  For  all  bi  quentance  with  be 
quene.  1603  [see  ACQUAINTANCE  2], 

i  Quaiiltise,  '.  Obs.  Forms:  a.  4  koint-, 
quointise,  quoyntis(e,  quint-,  quynt-,  qwynt- 
is(e,  4-5  coyntise,  koyntis.  ft.  4  qwayntyse, 
qwaintis, 4-5  quayntyse,  quantyse, qwantis(e; 
queintise,  queyntyse,  qweyntise,  4-6  quentise 
(  +  variations  of  suffix,  as  -ice,  -ese,  -yze,  etc.). 
[a.  OF.  cointise,  cuint-,  quentise,  etc.,  f.  cointe, 
queinte:  see  QUAINT  a.  and  -ISE-.] 

1.  Wisdom,  cleverness,  skill,  ingenuity. 

1297  R.  GI.OUC.  (Rolls)  1872  He  ladde  is  kinedom  Rijtuol- 
liche  &  suibe  wel  wi(>  quoyntise  &  wisdom,  c  1330  Spec. 
Gy  Waru>.  303  J>ere  is  euere  ioye  inouh  . .  Wit  and  Running 
aiid  kointise.  a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter,  Cant.  519  Genge 
withouten  counsayl  it  is  and  withouten  quayntis.  c  1425 
Seven  Sag.  (P.)  378  Fondys..For  to  holde  my  lyf  a  day 
With  qweyntys  of  clergye. 

b.  Cunning,  craft,  underhand  dealing. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  740  (Gott.)  pe  nedder  bat  es  of  suilk  a 
schaft,  Mast  of  quantise  es  in  [v.r.  and  ofj  craft.  1390  GOWER 
Conf.  I.  72  This  ypocrite  of  his  queintise  Awaiteth  evere  til 
she  slepte.  c  1450  St.  Cuthtert  (Surtees)  1847  pe  deuel  with 
his  quayntys  Will  be  aboute  ;ow  to  suppryse.  1480  CAXTON 
Ckrott.  Eng.  Mil  37  Vortiger  . .  thought  priuely  in  his  herte 
ihurgh  queyntyse  to  bee  kyng. 

2.  An  instance  of  cleverness,  cunning,  or  craft; 
a  device,  stratagem,  trick. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  445  Brut  &  Corineus  an  quointise 
hpm  bi-bou3te.  c  1320  Seuyn  Sag.  (W.)  2769  Thai  ne  might 
hit  no  lenger  defende,  But  ase  thai  dede  a  fair  queintise. 
c  1440  Ifomyaon  359  She  hyr  bythought  on  a  queyntyse, . . 
To  wete,  where  of  he  were  come.  1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la 
7V)«>-Dviij,Suchecoyntyses..were  to  compare  to  the  Cop. 
spin  that  made  his  nette  to  take  the  flyes. 

3.  Cunning  or  skilful  construction,  rare. 

<ri33<>  Arth.  ff  Merl.  3566  (Kolbin?)  pere  bo  men  mi;t 
yhere  be  queintise  of  be  spere,  Of  be  sonne,  of  mone  & 
ster. 

4.  Fine  or  curious  dress;  fineness,  elegance,  or 
fancifulness  in  dress. 

13..  K.  Alis.-iTs  Ladies,  and  damoselis,  Maken  heom 
redy. .  In  faire  atire,  in  divers  coyntise.  13. .  E.  E.  Allit.P. 
B-  54  Pay . .  schulde . .  in  comly  quoyntis  to  com  to  his  feste. 
c  1400  Rom.  Rose  2250  He  that  loveth  trewely  Shulde.  .him 
disgysen  in  queyntyse.  a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  146 
The  queintise,  the  plesaunt  folyes,  and  the  foule  delytis 
that  baue  be  used  for.  .worldely  plesaunce.  [1570  LEVINS 
Mamp.  148/10  A  Quentise,  modus,  mos  insolitus.] 

5.  A  device,  cognizance,  badge,  armorial  bearing ; 
a  coat  of  arms,  or  any  cloth  bearing  a  heraldic 
device.     Cf.  COINTISE. 

13..  Coer  de  L.  5657  A  queyntyse  off  the  kynges  owen, 
Ujjon  hys  hors  was  i-thro\ven.  £1330  Arth.  ff  Merl.  8671 
iKolbing)  pai  [the  helmets]  hadde  aboue  riche  queintise  Of 
beten  gold.  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xnt.  183  Armoris  and 
quyntis  that  thai  bare. 

t  Quaiiltise,  v.  Ol>s.  Forms  :  4  queintise, 
5  queyntise,  coyntise.  [?  f.  prec.,  or  a.  OF. 
cointiss-,  lengthened  stem  of  cointii-]  trans.  To 
beautify,  adorn,  dress  finely. 

1390 GOWER  Conf  III.  358  Sondri  thinges  wel  devised,  I  sib, 
wherof  thei  ben  queintised.  c  1430  Pilgr.  Ly/Manhode  n. 
in.  (I8t>9)  77  He  weeneth  he  be  now  wel  arayed  and  queyn- 
tlsed  !  1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tonr  C  iij,  They  haue  so 
many  gownes  wherof  they  coyntysc  and  araye  their  bodyes. 

Hence  f  Quaintising  -M.  sb.,  adornment,  decora 
tion.  Obs. 

c  t43o  Piler.  LyfManlwde  n.  civ.  (,869)  113  Garnementes 
tfsi'n  ™  "  *'  g°'d  and  silu"  «nd  °olh"e  queyn- 

Quaintish  (kwji-ntij),  a.     [f.  QUAINT  a  + 
-ISH 1.]     Somewhat  quaint. 
1594  WILLOUIE  Avisa  (1880)  53  Your  quaintUh  quirk-s  can 


14 

want  no  mate.  1796  LAMB  Let.  to  Coleridge  in  Final  Mem. 
i.  195  The  concluding  simile  is  far-fetched  — '  tempest- 
honoured  '  is  a  quaintish  phrase.  1862  SHIKI.EY  Kugx  Crit. 
xi.  449  The  laureate  has  alluded  to  the  present  effect.. in 
some  happy  but  quaintish  lines. 

So  Quai'ntlike  a. 

1844  BlacJhu.  Mag.  LVI.  159  Good  and  quaintlike  old 
gentle  rhymes  they  are. 

Quaintly  iskw^'lntli),ff(/z'.  Forms:  as  QUAINT 
a.  +  3-5  -lioh(e,  -lych(e,  -li,  4-6  -lye,  4-  -ly. 
Comp.  4  queyntlyer,  7  quaintlier.  Xi/f.  4 
queyntlokest,  quoyntelucst.  [f.  QUAINT  a.  + 
-LY  2.] 

1 1.  Skilfully,  cleverly,  ingeniously,  so  as  to  ac 
complish  some  act  or  attain  some  end.  Obs. 

1297  R.  Gl.ouc.  (Rolls)  2324  po  bibo^te  vortiger  . .  hou  he 
mi5te  do  quoyntelucst  \v.r.  queyntlokest]  bat  he  him  sulf 
were  king,  c' 1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Ware  (Rolls)  1128 
pe  kynges  brother  &  y  Ar  skaped  out  fol  queyntely.  c  1400 
Destr.  Trey  164  Thus  coyntly  it  kept  was  all  with  clene  art. 
1422  tr.  Sccreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  167  A  newe  Payne  he 
founde,  by  the  whyche  fals  luges  queyntly  he  chastid.  1513 
DOUGLAS  sEncis  x.  xi.  heading,  Juno  rycht  quayntly  causis 
Turnus  to  tlee.  1593  R.  HARVEY  Philad.  21  He  and  his 
surveyed  it  quantitatively  and  queintly  to  the  purpose. 
1612  DEKKER  Land.  Triumph.  Wks.  1873  III.  253  A  song 
is  heard  ;  the  musicke  being  queintly  conueyed  in  a  priuate 
room,  and  not  a  person  discouered.  ?  1708  PRIOR  Turtle  A> 
Sparrcnu  263  Those  points,  indeed,  you  quaintly  prove,  But 
logic  is  no  friend  to  love.  1714  GAY  Shcph.  11  'cek  I.  79,  I 
queintly  stole  a  kiss. 

t  b.  Cunningly,  craftily.   Obs. 

01300  Cursor  M.  741  (Gott.)  Quaintli  taght  he  him  be 
ginne,  Hu  he  suld  at  be  wijf  bigine.  1387  TREVISA  Higdcn 
(Rolls)  VII.  137  Some  men  tolde  bat  pis  Harold  was  a 
sowter  sone,  and  queyntly  [L.  dolose]  underput  by  be  for- 
-seide  Elgiue.  c  1400  Dcstr.  Troy  11228  Cast  is  hit  cointly 
by  thies  kene  traytours.  .pryam  to  lose. 

t  2.  \Vith  ingenious  art,  so  as  to  produce  some 
thing  artistic,  curious,  or  elaborate.  Obs. 

111300  Leg.  Rood  (1871)  30  (Ashm.)  Salomon  it  let  velle 
and  newe  as  queinteliche  as  he  mi^te.  13..  Coer  de  L.  1387 
He  leet  luak  a  tour  ful  strong,  That  queyntly  engynours 
made,  c  1384  CHAUCER  H.  Fame  in.  833  Domus  Dedali  .. 
Nas  maad  so  wonderliche,  y-wis.  Ne  half  so  queynteliche 
y-wrought.  £1440  Ipomydon  1641  He  ..  shove  hym  bothe 
byhynd  &  byfore,  Queyntly  endentyd  oute  and  in.  1513 
UOUGI.AS  slincis  v.  vi.  125  A  riche  schield,  wrocht  quentlie. 
1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  y/,  n.  v.  24  To  carue  out  Dialls 

?uemtly,  point  by  point.     1653  URQUHART  Rabelais  I.  Ivii. 
.  248  They  could  speak  five  or  sixe  several  languages,  and 
compose  in  them  all  very  quaintly. 

1 3.  Finely,  elegantly  ;  in  a  pretty  and  attractive 
manner.  Obs. 

1340  Aycnb.  47  Hy  sseawep  and  di3te}>  bam  be  more 
quaynteliche  . .  uor  to  maki  musi  be  foles  to  ham.  1  a  1366 
CHAUCER  Rvm.  Rose  783  Her-of  lyth  no  remembraunce, 
How  that  they  daunced  queyntely.  c  1430  Pilgr.  Lyf 
Manhode  I.  c.x.xxix.  (1869)  72  She  hadde  now  arayed  me 
queyntliche  and  nobleche.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  x.  40 
Wyth  the  lad  yes  he  byhaued  him  soo  queyntli  swete  , .  and 
curtoys.  1592  GREENE  Upst.  Courtier  in  Harl.  Misc. 
(Main.)  II.  247  A  murrey  cloth  gowne  . .  which  he  quaintly 
bare  vp,  to  sbew  his  white  taffata  hose,  c  1610  ROWLANDS 
Terrible  Battell ^31  The  quaintly  suted  Courtier  in  attyre. 

4.  In  a  curious,  odd,  or  old-fashioned,  but  pleasing 
or  attractive  manner. 

1782  COWI.ER  Lett.  18  Nov.,  A  tale  ridiculous  in  itself  and 
quaintly  told.  1816  J.  WILSON  City  of  Plague  i.  iii.  176 
One  quaintly  apparell'd  like  a  surpliced  priest  Led  the 
procession.  1855  PRESCOTT  Philip  II,  I.  i.  ix.  129  His 
anger,  as  his  secretary  quaintly  remarks,  was  more  than 
was  good  for  his  health.  1867  TROLI.OPE  Chron.  Barset  II. 
xlv.  n  She  had  added  the  date  in  quaintly  formed  figures. 
1870  LUBBOCK  Orig.  Civiliz.  iv.  (1875)  178  A  father's  sister, 
quaintly  enough,  is  called  father. 

Quaintiiess  (kw<?'-ntnes).  Also  4  queynt- 
ness,  5  qwhayntnes,  6  queint-,  queyntnesse. 
[f.  QUAINT  a.  +  -NESS.]  The  quality  or  condition 
of  being  quaint,  in  various  senses  of  the  adj. 

13  ..  Coer  de  L.  1836  Al  we  should  us  venge  fond,  With 
queyntness  and  with  strength  of  hond.  1483  Cath.  Angl. 
296/1  A  (jwhayntnes ;  HiVwylynes.  1593  DRAYTON  Eclogues 
ix.  133  The  easie  turnes  and  queyntnesse  of  the  Song.  1603 
FLORIO  Montaigne  i.  xxv.  (1632)  80  All  niceness  and  quaint- 
nesse  in  clothing.  1620  T.  V.  tr.  Strut,  du  Moulin  n 
A  vulgar  stile,  destitute  of  quaintnesse  and  eloquence.  1702 
Engl.  Theophrast.  234  Some  make  the  quaintness  of  their 
wit,  to  consist  in  employing  bad  Instruments.  1765  BLACK- 
STONE  Comm.  I.  72  Coke;  a  man  of  infinite  learning  .. 
though  not  a  little  infected  with  the  pedantry  and  quaintness 
of  the  times  he  lived  in.  1866  GEO.  ELIOT/-'.  Holt  Il.xxiii. 
122  There's  a  simplicity  and  quaintntss  about  the  lettei 
which  rather  pleases  me. 

b.  A  particular  instance  of  this. 

1642  MILTON  Apol.  Smcct.  xi.  Wks.  (1851)  j>3  Which  . . 
must  needs  be  a  strange  quaintnesse  in  ordinary  prayer. 
1830  H.  N.  COLERIDGE  Grk.  Poets  (1834)  90  The  indecorums 
and  quamtnesses  with  which  Homer  may  be  reproached. 
1832  L.  HUNT  Poems  Pref.  15  The  occasional  quaintnesses 
. .  which  formerly  disfigured  the  story  of  Rimini. 

f  Quaintrelle.  Obs.  rare-1.  In  5  queynt-. 
[a.  OF.  (*qucint-*}  cointcrelle  fern,  ofcointerel  beau, 
fop,  f.  cointe  QUAINT  a.]  A  finely-dressed  woman. 

cnyyPi/gr.  Lyf  Manhode  III.  xlvii.  (1869)  160  It  folweth 
nouht  that  thouh  j  be  thus  we)  kembt,  and  a  litel  make  the 
queyntrelle  [F.  me  monstrc  cointerelle]  that  for  swich  cause 
j  am  fair. 

t  Quai-ntry.  Obs.  rare~l.  In  5  queynterye. 
[a.  OP",  queint-,  cointerie  {.  as  prec.]  Finery. 

1483  CAXTON  (,'.  dc  la  Tour  C  iv,  The  tenthe  parte  of  your 
queynteryes  and  noblesses  myght  refresshe  . .  moo  than  xl 
persones  ageynst  the  cold. 


QUAKE. 

Quair\e,  obs.  form  of  QUIRE  sb.,  WHERE  adv. 

Quaire,  variant  of  QCJAKRY  a. 

Quairn,  dial,  variant  of  QUEBN. 

Quaisie,  quaisy,  obs.  forms  of  QUEASY. 

Quait,  dial.  var.  QUIET  a. ;  obs.  f.  QUOIT  sb.  and  v. 

f  Quait,  -v.  Obs.  rare.  In  5  qwaite.  [Of 
obscure  origin  :  the  qiu-  may  represent  ivh-^\  ?  To 
wait,  await. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  1109  Quen  ne  in  quattime  sal  qwaite 
[Dubl.MS.  falle]t>e^isaunter Enquire  me  11051  \>sA question. 
c  1400  Dfstr,  Troy  13245  There  the  qwene  with  hir  qwaintis 
qwaitid  me  to  cacche. 

Quaives,  pi.  of  quaif t  obs.  var.  COIF. 

Quake  (kw^'k),  s&.     [f.  the  vb.] 

L.  The  act  of  quaking  or  trembling ;  spec,  in  mod. 
use,  an  earthquake. 

Rare  as  an  independent  sb.,  except  in  very  recent  use,  but 
not  infrequent  as  the  second  element  in  combs.,  as  church-* 
Jwnse-t  ice-,  kingdom-,  state-quake,  EARTH-QUAKE. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  27362  J>e  dai  o  wreth,  o  quak,  and  soru. 
c  1340  Ibid.  927  (Trm.)  1'il  bou  turne  ageyn  in  quake  To 
bat  erbe  bou  were  of  take.  1627-77  FELTHAM  Resolves  i.  ii. 
2  The  quakes  and  shakes  of  Fortune,  a  1643  SUCKLING 
Love's  World  in  Fragm.  A  urea  (1648)  1 1  As  the  Earth  may 
sometimes  shake,  (For  winds  shut  up  will  cause  a  quake). 
i8ia  LADY  GRANVILLE  £>?//.  (1804)  !•  35,  I  have  some  quakes 
for  the  poor  country.  1881  Mature  XXIV.  362  The  great 
shock  consisted  of  two  quakes  and  several  smaller,  but 
distinct,  vibrations. 

2.  A  stretch  of  quake-ooze. 

1896  Blackw.  Mag.  May  770  They  rose  in  a  body  and  made 
for  the  quakes. 

Quake  vkw^k),  v.l  Forms :  Inf.  i  cwacian, 
(cwaec-j  cuaec-),  2-3  quakie(n,  (2  kwak-,  3 
cwak-,  4  quaki^en,  4  quaky),  4-5  quaken,  (5 
qvakyn,  whakyn),  4-6  qwake,  4-  quake,  (4 
quak,  quack,  5  qvake,  5-  north,  whake,  5-6  St. 
quaik,  9  Sc.  quack,  quauk).  Pa.  t.  i  cwgcede, 
cwaecade,  cwacode,  3  cwakede,  3-4  quakede, 
4-  quaked,  (4  -id,  6  Sc.  -et) ;  also  north.  4-5 
quok,  (4  qwok,  quock),  4-6  quoke,  quook, 
qwooke,  5  Sc.  quouk,  quowke,  6  quooke, 
Sc.  qu(h}oik,  quuik,  7  dial,  whook't.  [OE. 
cwacian,  not  found  in  the  cognate  langs. ;  the  stem 
fwac-  is  also  the  base  of  OE.  cwgcan  QUETCH,  and 
the  same  initial  combination  occurs  in  other  words 
implying  agitation  or  instability,  as  quave,  qnap, 
quag  (cf.  note  to  QUAGMIKE).  The  strong  form  of 
the  pa.  t.  in  northern  dialects  is  on  anal,  of  shake, 
shook.] 

1.  intr.  Of  things :  To  shake,  tremble,  be  agitated, 
as  the  result  of  external  shock,  internal  convulsion, 
or  natural  instability. 

Most  frequently  used,  from  the  earliest  period,  with  ref. 
to  the  earth  (cf.  EARTHQUAKE),  and  now  somewhat  rare  even 
in  this  connexion. 

(-825  I7esp.  Psalter  ciii.  32  Se  ^elocao"  In  eorSan  &  doe3 
hie  cwaecian.  ^893  K.  ALFRED  Ores.  n.  vi.  §  3  Ofer  call 
Romana  rice  seo  eorbe  waes  cwaciende  &  berstende.  ^1175 
Lamb.  Horn.  143  Eorbe  seal  kwakien  on  his  ecsene.  c  1205 
LAY.  27111  pa  wal  of  stanen  [sculden]  quakien  and  fallen. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  7260  He  it  scok,  Sua  fast  bat  al  be  hus 
quok.  1398  TREVISA  Barth.  DC  P.  R.  XVH.  clix.  (1495)  708 
The  Kyrche . .  meuyth  and  quakith  wyth  a  ryght  softe  blaste 
of  wynde.  1412-20  LVDG.  Chron.  Trayii.x.  (1513)  Ev,  I  fele 
also  My  penne  quake,  and  tremble  in  my  honde.  1513 
DOUGLAS /Eneis  \\\.  x.  34  The  land  all  haillof  Itailetrurnbillit 
and  quhoik.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  }fist.  Scot.  VHI. 
129  Erdquakes.  .war  hard,kirkes  quaket  and  trimblet  vehe- 
mentlie.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  i.  xii,  With  boughs  that 
quaked  at  every  breath,  Grey  birch  and  aspen  wept  beneath. 
1871  ROSSKTTI  Lome's  Xocturn  vii,  Quakes  the  pall,  And 
the  funeral  goes  by. 

2.  Of  persons  or  animals,  or  parts  of  the  body : 
To  shake,  tremble,     a.  By  reason  of  cold  or  other 
physical  cause.     Now  rare. 

c  1000  ^ELFRIC  Horn.  I.  132  Da  leS  cwaciaS  on  swiSlicum 
cyle.  Ibid.  1 1.312  Ic.  .cwacode  eal  on  fefore.  a  1*1$  Juliana 
21  [He]  inwio  bearnde  of  brune.  .&  cwakede  as  of  calde. 
(11300  Cursor  M.  5196  Israel  wit  bis  vplepp  ..  bat  quak 
\v.r.  quake]  wit  ilka  lim  was  won.  1362  LANGL.  r.  PL  A. 
xi.  46  Carful  inon  may  crien  ..  Bothe  of  hungur  and  of 
thurst,  and  for  chele  quake,  c  1460  Tcnvneley  Myst.  xxviii. 
70  When  I  for  care  and  colde  qwoke  by  a  fyre  burnyng  full 
bright.  1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  lion.  i.  Iviii,  Skrymmorie  fery 
gaue  me  mony  a  clowre  For  Chyppynutie  ful  oft  my  chaftis 
quuik.  1555  EDEN  Decades  12  Suche  as  inhabyte  the 
mountaynes,  syt  quakynge  for  coulde  in  the  wynter  season. 
z6n  SHAKS.  Cymb.  n.  iv.  5,  [I]  quake  in  the  present  winters 
state,  and  wish  That  warmer  dayes  would  come.  1784 
COWFER  Task  iv.  385  [She]  Retires,  content  to  quake  so 
they  be  warm'd.  1853  KANE  Gnnneli  F.xJ>.  xxx  vii.  (1856) 
338  Came  back  again,  dinnerless,  with  legs  quaking. 

b.  Through  fear.  Frcq.  to  quake  for  fear  or 
dread \  also  to  quake  at,  -\for  (the  object  of  dread), 
andy^r  (a  thing  or  person  in  danger). 

a  900  CVNEWULF  Crist  797  ponne  cene  cwacab,  fcehyreft 
cyning  mieSlan.  ^950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Luke  viii.  47  pEet  wif 
,.cuaccende[^?«J/i7c.  cwacende]  cuom,&gefeall  fore  fotum 
his.  01225  /^A"-  Kath,  1534  pe  king..bigon  to  cwakien  & 
nuste  hwet  seggen.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  12837  ^or  ckednes 
ilk  lim  him  quok.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  II  'ace  (Rolls) 
10726  Tounes,  castels,  for  hym  bey  quok.  c.  1386  CHAUCER 
Frankl.  T.  132  For  verray  feere  sowolde  hir  herte  quake 
That  on  hire  feet  she  niyghte  hire  noght  sustene.  c  1460 
Tou'tietey  Hfyst.  vii.  182  Euery  man  shall  whake  and  gryse 
Agans  that  ilk  dome.  1558  KNOX  First  Blast  (Arb.)  32 
They  reuerence  them,  and  qwake  at  their  presence.  1582 
tirANYHUKST  sEntix  n.  lArb.)  68  Young  children  ..With 


QUAKE. 

cold  hert  moothers,  for  Greekish  victorye  quaking.  1603 
DRAYTON  Ba> .  Wars  vi.  Ixxxvii,  That  ne'er  quayles  me,  at 
which  your  greatest  quake.  1641  HINDE  J.  Kruen  xlvii.  154 
At  which  time,  .the  Devill  will  quake,  yea  he  doth  quake  for 
feare  now.  1711  ADOISON  Sped.  No.  44  p  t  The  sounding 
of  the  Clock  in  I'enice  Presented,  makes  the  Hearts  of  the 
whole  Audience  quake.  1759  ROIIERTSON  ///*/.  Scot.  VIII. 
Wks.  1813  II.  52  The  fellow  in  the  study  stood  quaking  and 
trembling.  1800  WELLINGTON  Let.  to  Lieut.  Col.  Close  in 
Gurw.  Dcsp.  (1837)  I.  103,  I  quake  for  the  fort  at  Mun- 
serabad.  1847  J.  WILSON  Clir.  North  (1857)  'J.  22  Onr 
heart  quaked  too  desperately  to  suffer  us  to  shriek.  1882 
OUIDA  Maremnia  I.  18  His  name  was  a  terror  that  made 
the  dead  quake  in  their  graves. 

rejl.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  19633  (Gutt.)  Saul  him  quok,  sua 
was  he  rad. 

fc.  With  anger.  Obs.  rare. 

£1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (i8io_)  292  pe  kyng  his  wordes 
toke  wrabefully  tille  herte,  For  ire  nere  he  quoke.  c  1374 
CHAUCER  Boetft.  iv.  pr.  iii.  94  (Camb.  MS.)  Yif  he  be  dis- 
tempre  and  quakith  for  Ire,  men  shal  weene  bat  he  bereb 
the  corage  of  a  lyon. 

f  3.  trans.  To  cause  to  quake.  O/'s. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R,  x.  v.  (1495)  377  A  full  lytyll 
puffynge  of  wynde  quakyth  and  styryth  flamme.  1607 
SHAKS.  Cor.  I.  ix.  6  Where  ladies  shall  be  frighted,  And 
gladly  quak'd,  heare  more.  1614  H.  GREENWOOD  Jayle. 
Delhi.  468  The  property  of  the  Law  is  to  humble  and  quake 
us  for  our  sins.  1639  HEYWOOD  Loud,  peaceable  Est.  Wks. 
1874  V.  372  Cannon.  .Quaking  the  bellowing  Ayre. 

4.  Comb.,  as  f  quake-belly,  a  fat-bellied  person ; 
f  quake-breeeh,-buttock,  one  wanting  in  courage ; 
f  quakeful  a.,  causing  fear  or  quaking ;  •)•  quake- 
mire,  a  quagmire;  also  as  vb.,  to  quagmire;  quake- 
ooze,  soft  trembling  ooze ;  quake-tail  Omilh.  (see 
quot.  1894). 

1622  MABBE  tr.  Aletnan's  Guzman  d'Alf.  223  They  will 
all  forsooth  be  alike,  the  tall  man  as  the  short,  the  *Quack- 
belly  as  the  Scranio.  c  1590  in  Drake  Seer.  Mem.  Earl 
Leicester  (1706)  118,  I  shall  surely  be  *Quack-breech  and 
think  every  Bush  a  Boggle.  1616  WITHALS  Diet.  400 
Excors,  . .  a  faint  hearted  fellow,  a  quake-breech,  a  1616 
BEAUM.  &  FL.  Wit  at  Sev.  Weap.  I.  i,  Stand  putting  in  one 
foot,  and  shiver,  ..  like  a  "quake-buttock.  1609  HEYWOOD 
Brit.  Troy  xiii.  xxxii,  All  tmbrude  in  light,  His  "Quakefull 
hand  and  sword  so  often  rearing.  1577  STANYHURST  Descr. 
Irel,  in  Holinshed  (1807-8)  VI.  21  He  was  forced  to  fasten 
the  *quakemire  with  hurdels,  and  upon  them  to  build  the 
citie.  1583  STOCKER  Civ.  Warres  Lmve  C.  n.  703,  His 
horse  was  gotten  into  a  quackmyre.  1599  CHAPMAN  Hum. 
dayes  Myrth  Plays  1873  I.  73  Howe  nowe  my  liege  !  what, 
quackemyred  in  Philosophic.  iSgSHaify  Pfelvs  23  Nov.  6/2 
Over  a  lot  of  *quake-ooze  flats,  where  a  boat  could  not  get. 
1853  OGILVIE  Imp.  Diet.  Suppl.  'Qitake-tail.  1894  NEWTON 
Diet.  Birds,  Quake-tail,  a  book-name  invented  for  the 
Yellow  Wagtail  and  its  allies,  after  they  had  been  genetically 
separated  from  Motacilla  as  Budytes. 

t  Quake,  int.  and  v. 2  Obs.  Also  Sc.  6  quaik, 
8  -ek.  [Imitative :  see  QUACK,  and  cf.  Du.  kwaken, 
G.  quaken  to  croak,  quack.]  =  QUACK  int.  and  v. 


a  drake  or  ducke.    "1785  BURNS  Addr.  Deil  viii,  An  eld 
ritch,  stoor  quaick,  quaick. 

Quaker  (kw^-kaj).  [f.  QUAKE  ».i  + -KR!.]  One 
who,  or  that  which,  quakes. 

1.  pi.  =  QUAKING-GRASS.  Midi.  dial. 

'597  GERARDE  Herbal  i.  Ivii.  81  Phalaris  pratensis  is  called 
in  Cheshire  about  Namptwich,  Quakers  and  Shakers.  1611 
COTGR.,  Amourettes,  the  grasse  tearmed,  Quakers,  and 
Shakers,  or  quaking  grasse.  1617  MINSHEU  Ductor,  Quackers, 
or  quaking  grasse.  \WlW.Worc.Gloss.  1890  Clone.  Gloss. 

2.  With  capital  Q :  A  member  of  the  religious 
society  (the  Society  of  Friends)  founded  by  George 
Fox  in  1648-50,  distinguished  by  peaceful  principles 
and  plainness  of  dress  and  manners. 

Ace.  to  Fox  Cjfrnl.  I.  38)  the  name  was  first  given  to  him 
self  and  his  followers  by  Justice  Bennet  at  Derby  in  1650 
'  because  I  bid  them,  Tremble  at  the  Word  of  the  Lord'! 
It  appears,  however,  from  a  letter  of  intelligence,  written  at 
London  on  Oct.  14, 1647,  that  the  name  had  previously  been 
applied  to  the  members  of  some  foreign  religious  sect :  '  I 
heare  of  a  Sect  of  woemen  (they  are  at  Southworke)  come 
from  beyond  Sea,  called  Quakers,  and  these  swell,  shiver, 
and  shake,  and  when  they  come  to  themselves  (for  in  all 
this  fitt  Mahomett's  holy-ghost  hath  bin  conversing  with 
them)  they  begin  to  preache  what  hath  bin  delivered  to 
them  by  the  Spiritt '  (Clarendon  MSS.  No.  2624).  It  thus 
seems  probable  that  Bennet  merely  employed  a  term  already 
familiar,  and  quite  appropriate  as  descriptive  of  Fox's  earlier 
adherents  (cf.  quots.  1654,  1694,  and  see  QUAKING  vbl.  sl>. 
and///,  a.  2).  The  name  has  never  been  adopted  by  the 
Friends  themselves,  but  is  not  now  regarded  as  a  term  of 
reproach. 

1653  H.  R.  (title}  A  Brief  Relation  of  the  Irreligion  of  the 
Northern  Quakers.  1654  E.  TERRILL  in  R.  Barclay's  Inner 
Life  (1876)  317  Thus,  they  coming  as  foretold,  they  were  not 
known,  but  afterwards  they  were  called  by  the  name  of 
Quakers ',  from  people's  shaking  and  quaking  that  received 
them  and  their  doctrine.  1656  EVELYN  Mem.  (1857)  I.  332, 
I  had  the  curiosity  to  visit  some  Quakers  here  in  prison : 
a  new  fanatic  sect,  of  dangerous  principles,  who  shew  no 
respect  to  any  man,  magistrate,  or  other.  1679  Trial  of 
Lang/iorn  53  He  is  no  Quaker,  for  he  hath  got  a  Perriwig 
on.  1694  DE  LA  PRYME  Diary  (Surtees)  53  The  Quakers  . . 
do  not  now  quake,  and  howl,  and  foam  with  their  mouths, 
as  they  did  formerly.  1731  Gentl.  Hag.  I.  60  The  practice 
of  the  people  called  Quakers,  who  maintain  none  of  their 
poor  in  idleness  that  are  able  to  work.  1771  SMOLLETT 
Humph.  Cl.  26  June,  By  his  garb,  one  would  have  taken 
him  for  a  quaker,  but  he  had  none  of  the  stiffness  of  that 
sect.  1837  w- ! RVI>iG  Caf-  Bonneville  1. 183  In  one  respect, 
their  religion  partakes  of  the  pacific  doctrines  of  the  Quakers. 
1876  BANCROFT  Hist.  U.  S.  I.  x.  363  The  early  Quakers  in 


15 

New  England  displayed  little  of  the  mild  philosophy,  .of 
Penn. 

b.  traiisf.   Applied   to   various   plain-coloured 
birds  and  moths,  with  allusion  to  the  colour  of 
the  dress  usually  worn  by  Quakers. 

(a)  A  small  bird  of  the  Falkland  Islands,  (b}  The  sooty 
albatross.  ((•)  The  nankeen-bird,  or  Australian  night-heron. 
(d)  One  of  several  noctuid  moths,  esp.  A  gratis  castanea. 

1775  CLAYTON  Falkland  Islands  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXVI. 
105  Of  small  birds  there  are  several  sorts;  the  red  breast, 
..the  white  throat;  the  quaker,  from  its  plumage  being  of 
the  colour  those  people  wear.  1894  NEWTON  Diet.  Binh, 
Quaker,  a  sailor's  name  for  the  Dusky  Albatross,  Phccbeiria 
fuliginosa. 

c.  eliift.  for  quaker-gun,  -hat. 

CI7S4  GARRICK  Epil.  to  Fielding's  Fathers,  The  high- 
cocked,  half-cocked  quaker,  and  the  slouch,  Have  at  ye  all ! 
1829  J.  SHUT  Mem.  ix.  (1890)  139  The  man  of  authority  in 
size  not  much  larger  than  a  quaker.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  Kff. 
Mast  xxvii.  88  A  Russian  government  bark,  . .  mounting 
eight  guns  (four  of  which  we  found  to  be  quaker.-.). 

3.  at trili.  and  Comb,  (from  sense  2).  a.  simple 
nttrib. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Society  of  Friends 
or  its  members ;  as  quaker  (or  Quaker)  bonnet, 
doctrine,  dress,  meditation,  pride,  etc.  b.  simila- 
tive,  as  qttaker-like  adj.  and  adv.,  -looking  adj.  c. 
special  combs. :  quaker-bird,  the  sooty  albatross  ; 
quaker-buttons  (U.S.),  the  seeds  of  mix  vomica; 
quaker-eolour,  a  drab  or  grey  colour ;  so  quaker- 
co/oi<redaA}.;  quaker-grass,  quaking-grass  (Halli- 
well) ;  quaker  gun  ( U.  S.),  a  dummy  gun  in  a  ship 
or  fort ;  quaker-ladies  ( c7.5.),  the  small  pale-blue 
flowers  of  the  American  plant  Houstonia.  atrulea ; 
quaker-linen  (see  quot.  1788) ;  quaker-meeting 
(also  Quakers'),  a  religious  meeting  of  the  Society 
of  Friends ;  transf,  a  silent  meeting  (alluding  to 
the  Friends'  custom  of  remaining  silent  until  moved 
by  the  spirit)  ;  quaker  moth  (see  2  b) ;  quaker 
string,  a  form  of  string  for  a  stair. 

1859  GEO.  ELIOT  A.  Bede  iii,  Dinah  had  taken  off  her 
little  *quaker  bonnet  again.  1818  Black™.  Mag.  III.  406 
Solemn  suits  Of  customary  snuff  or  *quaker-colour.  c  1770 
T.  ERSKINE  Barber  in  Part.  Reg.  (1810)  331  Simplicity  .. 
Waves  in  the  eye  of  Heav'n  her  "Quaker-colour 'd  wings. 
1856  R.  A.  VAL-GHAN  Mystics  (1860)  II.  xi.  ii.  222  The 
4  Quaker  doctrine  concerning  stillness  and  quiet.  1812 
CRABBE  Tales  ix.  Wks.  (1834)  V.  13  Young  Zelinda,  in  her 
*quaker-dress.  1809  W.  IRVING  Knickerb.  iii.  (1820)  240 
A  formidable  battery  of  *quaker  guns.  1680  R.  WARK 
Foxes  Iff  Firebrands  n.  (1682)  103  He..*Quaker-like,  thou'd 
and  thee'd  Oliver.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xxvii,  Her  love 
of  and  veneration  for  truth  was  almost  quaker-like.  1838 
LYTTON  A  lice  i.  i,  A  stiff  cap  of  quaker-like  simplicity.  1788 
WESLEY  Wks.  (1872)  VII.  24  Let  there  be  no  "Quaker-linen, 
— proverbially  so  called,  for  their  exquisite  fineness.  1792 
WOLCOTT(P.  Pindar)  Ode  to  Irony  Wks.  1812  III.  39  Who 
langhest  not,  thou  "Quaker-looking  wight.  1835  WILLIS 
Pencilling!  II.  1.  95  After  sitting  awhile  in  *quaker  medita 
tion.  1751  J.  BROWN  Shaftesb.  Charac.  32  The  finest 
speaker  . .  would  in  vain  point  the  thunder  of  his  eloquence 
on  a  'quaker-meeting.  1821  [see  QUAKERESS].  1861  HUGHES 
Tom  Brcnvn  at  Oxf.  xxvi,  Isn't  it  very  ridiculous.. that  we 
four  should  be  standing  here  in  a  sort  of  Quakers'  meeting. 
1819  G.  SAMOUEI.LE  Entomol.  Compend.  363  'Quaker  moth. 
176 .  WILK-ES  Corr.  (1805)  III.  77  That  "qua'ker  pride,  which 
is  the  most  disgusting  thing  in  the  world.  1825  J.  NICHOL 
SON  Opcrat.  Mechanic  598  Sometimes  the  risers  are  mitred 
to  the  brackets,  and  sometimes  mitred  with  *quaker  strings. 
Hence  Qua'kerdom,  Quakers  as  a  class,  Quaker 
ism.  Qnake'rian,  Quakeric,  t  Quakeri'stical 
ndjs.,  Quakerly,  Quakerish.  Quakeriza  tion,  the 
action  of  Quakerizing.  Qua'kerize  v.,  to  convert 
into  a  Quaker  ;  to  affect  with  qualities  character 
istic  of  a  Quaker.  Qua'kership,  the  condition  of 
being  a  Quaker,  f  Qua'kery,  Quakerism. 

1839  CAROLINE  Fox  yrnls.  (1882)  42  He  spoke  very  civilly 
of  modern  "Quakerdom.  1853  Tail's  Mag.  XXII.  445 
Ellwood  was  a  convert  to  Quakerdom.  1827  HARE  Guesses 
(1867)  132  The  Jacobinical  metonoma:osis  of  the  months.. 


QUAKY. 

I  am  your  plain,  Quakerish  governess.  1876  GEO.  ELIOT 
Dan,  Der.  I.  354  A  motherly  figure  of  quakerish  neatness. 

Hence  Qua'kerishly  adv. 

1886  G.  ALLKN  Maiiinc's  Sake  xxxiii,  So  quaintly  and 
quakerishly  pretty. 

Quakerism  (kw^'ksrizm).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ISM.] 
The  principles  or  practice  of  the  Quakers  or 
Society  of  Friends. 

1656  in  Brand  Hist.  Newcastle  (1789)  II.  235  A  great 
apostacy. .  to  popery,  quakerisme  and  all  manner  of  heresy. 
1751  CHESTERF.  Lett,  ccxxxi,  Plainness,  simplicity,  and 
Quakerism,  either  in  dress  or  manners.  1776-91  PAINE 
Com,  Sense  App.  Addr.  Quakers  81  The  love  and  desire  of 
peace  is  not  confined  to  Quakerism.  1836  R.  A.  VAUGHAN 
Mystics  (1860)  II.  xi.  i.  214  The  elements  of  Quakerism  lie 
all  complete  in  the  personal  history  of  Fox. 

Quakerly  .kwt'l-kaili),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  -t-  -i.v  '.] 
Like  a  Quaker;  befitting  a  Quaker. 

1684  GOODMAN  Old  Kelig.  (1848)  247  A  malapert  quakerly 
humour.  1797  LOUISA  GURNKY  Diary  in  A.  J.  C.  Hare 
Gnrncys  of  Earlhain  (1895!  I.  66,  I  am  quite  sorry  to  see 
him  grow  so  Quakerly.  1829  MACAI-I.AY  Misc.  Writ.  (1860) 
I.  284  They  therefore  affect  a  quakerly  plainness. 

Quakerly  (kw^-kojli),  adv.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -I.v 2.] 
After  the  fashion  of  a  Quaker. 

1696  C.  LESLIE  Snake  in  Crass  (1697)  368  What  Quaker, 
or  Quakerly- Affected  Council  drew  up  this  Answer  for  him  ? 
1826  LAMB  Let.  ia  B.  Barton  in  Final  Mem.  viii.  259  Do  I 
write  quakerly  and  simply,  'tis  my.  .intention  to  do  it.  1847 
MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett.  II.  6  If  'you  feel  a  stop' (Quakerly 
speaking),  best  to  let  it  have  way. 

Quakery :  see  under  QUAKER. 
Qua-kiness.     [f.  QUAKY  a.]     The  condition  of 
being  quaky  (Webster,  1864). 
Quaking  (kwJ'-kirj),  vbl.  sb.    [f.  QUAKE  vl  + 

-ING1.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  QUAKE  in  various  senses. 

c  825  Vesp.  Psalter  liv.  6  E^e  &  cwaecung  cwomun  ofer 
mec.  cioooyELKRlc  lloin.  I.  504  Wa:s  se  mum  Garganus 
bifi^ende  mid  orma:tre  cwacunge.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls) 
6894  pat  heo.  .steppe  mid  folle  vot  wiboute  quakinge.  ^1374 
CHAUCER  And.  A>  Arc.  214  Tumid  is  in  quakynge  all  my 
daunce.  r  1450  LYDG.  &  BURGH  Secrces  1652  Rennyns 
atTtir  mete  and  also  rydyng,  . .  cause  wyl  a  seknesse  callyd 
quakyng.  <z  1548  HALL  Chrott.,  Hen.  I'll!  (1550)  199 b,  He 
and  the  Quene,  and  the  Ladyes,  fled  out  of  their  Palace  . . 
and  sodemly  the  quakyng  seassed.  1656  RIDGI.EY  f'ract. 
Physick  136  The  Symptoms,  as  quaking,  nauseating,  do  shew 
. .  new  matter  is  recollected.  1855  BAIN  Sens.  $  Int.  II.  iv. 
§  18  (1864)  285  A  tremulous  quaking  is  the  characteristic  of 
Fear.  1875  LYELL  Princ.  Gcol.  II.  II.  xxviii.  107  The  in 
cessant  quaking  of  the  ground  for  several  successive  months. 

1 2.  spec,  with  ref.  to  the  behaviour  of  the  early 
Quakers;  hence,  Quakerism.  Obs. 

1653  H.  R.  Brief  R  el.  Irrelig.  North.  Quakers  17  Their 
Quaking;  are  very  like  the  Fits  of  that  Child  mentioned, 
Mark  9.  1669  (title}  Truth  Triumphant,  in  a  Dialogue  be 
tween  a  Papist  and  a  Quaker..  Wherein  (I  suppose)  is  made 
Manifest  that  Quaking  is  the  Off-Spring  of  Popery.  1671 
R.  HEAD  Eug.  Rcguc  H.  xxxii.  307  Falling  from  Ranting 
to  Quaking. 

Quaking   (kwtTi'kin),  ///.  a.     ff.  as  prec.  + 

-INU2.] 

1.  That  quakes,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

c  1000  ^LFRIC  Horn.  II.  32  Seo  cwacfcende  swustor.  c  1375 
Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxvii.  (Macttor)  1018  }eit  ban  with  quaquand 
voice  said  he  [etc.  ].  c  1440  LYDG.  decrees  334  With  quakyng 
penne  my  consceyt  to  expresse.  1508  DUNBAR  Goldytt 
Targe  156  Schamefull  Abaising,  And  quaking  Drede.  1586 
WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  i.  v.  (1612)  16  The  queaking  beards-man 
scarce  had  said  thus  much.  1728  POPE  Dune.  II.  292  Slow 
circles  dimpled  o'er  The  quaking  mud,  that  clos'd,  and  op'd 
no  more.  1842  BRANDS  Diet.  Science  1008  Quaking  bog, 
peat  bog.. so  saturated  with  water  that  a  considerable  extent 
of  surface  will  quake  or  shake,  when  pressed  on  by  the  foot. 
1875  LVELL  Princ.  Geol.  II.  in.  xliv.  510  Cattle  venturing 
on  a  '  quaking  moss  '  are  often  mired. 

f  2.  That  is,  or  befits,  a  Quaker  ;  Quaker-.    Obs. 

1634  BURROUGH  &  HOWGIL  Ansit'.  Queries  in  Farmer 
Myst.  Godl.  A>  Ungodl.  37  A  paper  which  was  directed  to 
Rich.  Roper,  and  to  his  Quaking  friend  [etc.  1.  1673  HALLY- 
WELI.  Ace.  Familism  v.  94  If  the  Quaking  Generation  shall 
object  and  say,  that  this  was  under  the  Law.  17x7  MRS. 
CENTLIVRE  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife  Dram.  Pers.,  Simon 


ing  passage  into  the  'Quaiceric  dialect.     1685  Ansiv.  Dk.  \  Pure,  a  quaking  preacher.     1720  DE  FOE  Capt.  Singleton 

bnckhm.  on  Lib.  Consc.  12, 1  should  suspect  the  Pensilvanian  xi.  (1840)  191  He  . .  put  it  off  with  some  quaking  quibble, 

had   lutord  him  with  this  'Quakeristical  Divinity.     1864  !  1755  J.  SHEBBEARE  Lydia  (1769)  I.  310  Lydia's  misfortunes 

bALA  in  Daily  Tel.  5  Dec.,  No  amount  of  *quakerisation  i  commence  from  the  source  of  quaking  probity. 


could  render  the  car  uncomfortable.  1823  Miss  MITFORD 
in  L'Estrange/-j/fc  (1870)  II.  198  She  is  all  over  *Quakerized, 
as  you  of  course  know.  1826  B.  BARTON  Select.,  etc.  (1849)  6 
Twould  be  cook-ship  versus  'Quaker-ship.  1673  HALLV. 
WELL  Ace.  Familism  iv.  75  'Quakery,  though  it  pretend 
high,  is  mere  Sadducism  at  the  Bottom.  1688  BUXYAN 
Heavenly  l-'ootman  (18861 156  Thou  may'st  stumble  and  fall, 
..both  in  ranting  and  quakery. 

Quakeress  (kw^-kares).  [f.  QUAKER  +  -ESS.] 
A  female  Quaker. 

1784  STEWARDSON  (title)  Spiritual  Courtship,  or,  The  Rival 
Quakeresses.     1821  LAMB  Ella  Ser.  i.  Quakers'  Meeting,    I 
Lvery  Quakeress  is  a  lily.      1827  HONE  Every-day  Bk.  II.    i 
no   Ihree  young  Quakeresses  had  a  sort  of  semi-bathing. 
1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tom's  C.  xiii.  116  A  burst  of  joy 
from  the  little  Quakeress  interrupted  the  speech. 

Quakerish,  (kw,? i-karij),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ISH.] 
a.  Of  persons  :  Resembling  Quakers  in  character 
or  manners.  b.  Of  things:  Characteristic  of, 
appropriate  to,  Quakers. 

1787  M.  CUTLER  in  Life,  yrnls.  *  Corr.  (1888)  I.  210  We 
were  very  Quakerish,  every  man  attending  close  to  the 
business  of  eating,  without  uttering  scarcely  a  word.  1822 
LAMB/,C//.,  to  Bernard  Barton  xii.  113  Your  plain  Quakerish 
beauty  has  captivated  me.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  xxiv, 


commence  from  the  source  of  quaking  probity. 
Qua'king-gra^SS.    [f.  prec.J   A  popular  name 

media. 


growe  o  e  eg  o  ae  a  ooe.  17  ARTYN 
Rousseau's  Rot.  xiii.  (1794)  136  A  loose  panicle,  the  foot 
stalks  of  which  are  so  slender  as  to  be  moved  by  every 
wind  ;  whence  they  have  obtained  the  name  of  Quaking- 
grasses.  1848  C.  A.  JOHNS  Week  at  Lizard  294  Briza 


.  .      . 

inor.  Small  Quaking-grass,  is  one  of  the  most  elegant  of 
the  British  grasses.  1882  Garden  14  Jan.  28/3  Briza 
maxima  and  gracilis  are  two  of  the  best  of  the  Quaking 
grasses. 

Quakingly  (kwfHdnlQ,  adv.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-Lv2.]  Tremblingly;  with  quaking  or  fear. 

1566  DRANT  Horace,  Sat.  i.  i.  Aiij,  What  vayles  it  the  so 
qunkinglye  to  grubbe  and  grip  the  moulde.  a  1586  SIDNEY 
Arcadia  (1622)  232  Neuer  pen  did  more  quakingly  performe 
his  office.  1868  HOLME  LEE  B.  Godfrey  xii.  63  Joan  went 
rather  quakingly.  .to  prefer  her  petition. 

Quakke  :  see  QUACK  /*.:) 

Quaky  (kw^i-ki),  a.  [f.  QUAKE  z>.l  +-Y!.]  In 
clined  to  quake  ;  of  the  nature  of  quaking. 

1864  in  WEBSTER.  1865  Morn.  Star  5  July,  King  Pam. 
I  feel  quite  quaky.  Brand.  Nay,  my  good  lord,  be  not  at 
shadows  shaky.  1869  THACKEKAY  Rmind.  Papers  xxix.  326 


.    QUALE. 

So  old  and  toothless  and  quaky  that  she  can't  sing  a  bit. 
1884  H.  Coi-LiNCWoon  Under  Meteor  Flag  88  A  curious 
quaky  sensation  which  had  for  a  moment  oppressed  me. 

Qua),  obs.  form  of  WHALE  s/>. 

t  Quale  '.  Obs.  [OE.  cwalu  =  ON.  kvfl  (stem 
kval-}  torment,  torture,  f.  *ku>al-  ablaut-var.  of 
*Itwe!- :  see  QUELE,  QUELL.  The  vowel  is  long  in 
OS.  quala  (MDu.  qii&le,  Du.  kwaal,  LG.  qtiaal}, 
OHO.  qtiala,  cliwala,  etc.  (MUG.  yua/t,  qufil,  etc., 
G.  jwa/).]  Death,  destruction,  mortality. 

c  900  tr.  Bzda's  Hist.  It.  xi.  [xiv.)  (1890)  138  Se  cyning  mid 
arleasre  cwale  of  sicken  wa=s.  c  1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Th.)  xxix.  8 
Drihten,  hu  nyt  is  f>e  min  ste^e,  o(>be  min  cwalu.  c  1175 
Lamb.  Horn.  121  God  ne  sparede  na  his  a5ene  berne ;  ac  3ef 
hine  to  cwale  for  us  alle.  c  1203  LAV.  31807  pat  quale  com 
on  orue  vnimete  swiSe. 

b.  Comb.,  as  quale-house,  house  of  torture; 
quale-sithe,  death  from  pestilence. 

c  IMS  LAV.  727  Vt  of  (>on  quarterne,  of  (>an  quale-huM 
\c  1275  cwal-huse].  Il'iJ.  3769.  Itia.  31900  Heo  . .  cudden 
heore  cunne  of  heore  quale-sise. 

II  Qnale  2  (kw^'-li).  [L.,  neut.  sing,  of  qtialis  of 
what  kind.]  The  quality  of  a  thing;  a  thing  having 
certain  qualities. 

1675  fl!r.  CROFT]  Naked  Truth  25  The  quid,  the  qnalf, 
the  quantum,  and  such-like  quacksalving  forms,  a  1679 
T.  GOODWIN  Govt.  Ch.  Christ  xi.  Wks.  1697  IV.  94  The 
Quale,  or  what  sort  of  r.odies.  .Christ  hath  instituted,  is  to 
l>e  afterward  discussed.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834) 
II.  462  Qualities,  .cannot  actually  subsist,  though  they  may 
be  thought  of,  without  a  qnale  to.  possess  them.  1875 
JOWETT Plato  (ed.  a)  I.  270  When  I  do  not  know  the  'quid  ' 
of  anything  how  can  I  know  the  'quale  '? 

Quale,  obs.  f.  QUAIL  sb.  and  -<>.,  WHALE  sb. 

Qualifiable,  a.  rare.  [f.  QUALIFY  T.  +  -ABLE.] 
Tnat  may  be  qualified  or  modified. 

1611  COTGR.,  ItfodifiaHe,  modifiable,  qualifiable.  a  1677 
MARROW  Scrm.  Wks.  1716  III.  296  As  to  that.. Excision 
of  the  Canaanites.  .we  may  find  it  qualifiable,  if  we  consider 
..the  Trespasses  which  procured  it. 

Qualification  (kwgdifikv'-Jan).  [ad.  med.L. 
qiialificatio,  n.  of  action  from  qnalifictirc :  see 
QUALIFY  and  -ATION,  and  cf.  F.  qualification  (1573 
in  Godef.  Comf!.).]  The  action  of  qualifying;  the 
condition  or  fact  of  being  qualified ;  that  which 
qualifies. 

1.  Modification,  limitation,  restriction  ;  a  modify 
ing  or  limiting  element  or  circumstance. 

1543-4  Act  35  Hen.  /'///,  c.  5  (Title)  An  acte  concerning 
the  qualification  of  the  statute  of  the  syxe  articles.  1651 
BAXTER  Inf.  Rapt.  190  There  can  be  no  true  closing  with 
Christ  in  a  promise  that  hath  a  qualification  or  condition 
expressed.  1756  Ik'RKE  S-ubl.  fy  B.  I.  iv,  The  removal  or 
qualification  of  pleasure  has  no  resemblance  to  positive 
pain.  1845  Encycl.  Kletrop.  X.  776  There  is  however  some 
qualification  to  be  admitted  in  this  general  statement.  1891 
Law  Times  Rep.  LXIII.  765/1  The  defendants  were  liable 
as  principals,  as  they  had  contracted  in  their  own  names 
without  any  qualification. 

1 2.  The  determining  or  distinctive  quality  of  a 
person  or  thing ;  condition,  character,  nature.   Obs. 

1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  n.  i.  282  Out  of  that  will  I  cause  these 
of  Cyprus  to  Mutiny.  Whose  qualification  shall  come  into 
no  true  taste  againe,  but  by  the  displanting  of  Cassio. 
a  1674  CLARENDON  Hist.  Rel>.  xn.  §  ir  The  commissioners 
.  .notwithstanding  their  qualification  . .  were  imprisoned  by 
the  Parliament.  1745  De  Foe's  Eng.  Tradesman  Introd. 
(1841)  I.  3  Having  thus  described ..  the  English  Tradesman, 
it  is  needful  to  inquire  into  his  qualification. 

1 3.  A  quality,  attribute,  or  property  (of).     Obs. 
1669  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  I.  in.  x.  107  Plato  laies  down  as 

qualifications  of  true  Oratorie  [etc.].  1712  ADDISON  Spect. 
No.  435  F  7  Liveliness  and  Assurance  are  . .  the  Qualifica 
tions  of  the  French  Nation.  1719  LONDON  &  WISE  Compl. 
Gard.  118  The  useless  Branches,  whether  it  be  because  they 
are  worn  or  spent,  or  because  they  have  no  good  Qualifica 
tions.  1795  1.  MILNER  in  Life  xi.  §  18  (1842)  194  Whatever 
may  be  their  views  of  justifying  faith,  that  is,  whether  they 
think  it  consists  in  qualifications  or  in  appropriation, 
t  b.  An  accomplishment.  Obs. 
1715  SIR  J.  CI.F.RK  Ment.  (1895)  87,  I  thought  it  would  l>e 
an  additional  Qualification  to  him  that  he  understood  the 
English  Language.  1785  PALEY  Mor.  Philos.  (1818)  I.  70 
The  pleasures  of  grown  persons . .  founded  like  music,  paint 
ing,  &c.  upon  any  qualification  of  their  own  acquiring. 
1796  JANE  AUSTEN  Sense  <y  Sens.  (1849)  J6i  Every  qualifica 
tion  is  raised  at  times,  .to  more  than  its  real  value;  and  she 
was  sometimes  worried  down  . .  to  rate  good-breeding  as 
more  indispensable  to  comfort  than  good-nature. 

1 4.  The  action  of  qualifying,  or  process  of  being 
qualified  (for  a  position,  etc.) ;  also,  the  result  of 
this  action  or  process.     Obs. 

1589-92  in  Wodrow  Soc.  Misc.  (1844)  535  Being  informit  of 
the  qualification,  literature,  and  glide  conversation  of . .  N. 
1659  PE\RSOX  Creed  (1839)  308  The  death  of  Christ  [was] 
necessary  ..  in  reference  to  the  Priest  himself .-  both  in 
regard  of  the  qualification  of  himself,  and  consummation 
of  his  office.  1665  BUNYAN  Holy  Citie  6,  I  must  spe;sk  a 
word  or  two  concerning  John's  qualification,  whereby  he 
was  enabled  to  behold,  .this  City. 

5.  A  quality,  accomplishment,  etc.,  which  qualifies 
or  fits  a  person  for  some  office  or  function. 

1669  DK.  YORK  in  Pepys'  Diary  (1879)  VI.  in  Besides  his 
general  qualifications  for  thit  trust.  1765  FOOTE  Commis 
sary  i.  Wks.  1799  II.  15  A  qualification  for  a  canon  of  Stras- 
Ixjurg.  1779  BL-RKE  Corr.  (1844)  II.  276  Even  a  failure  in 
It  [law]  stands  almost  as  a  son  of  qualification  for  other 
things.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xii.  III.  242  This 
vehement  hatred  of  Popery  was.. the  first  of  all  qualifica 
tions  for  command.  1873  HAMERION  Intel!.  Life  \.  vii. 
('875)  37  Even  to  taste  and  smell  properly,  are  most  impor- 


16 

tant  qualifications  for  the  pursuit  of  literature,  art,  and 
science. 
b.  absol. 

1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  ^  III.  27  The  bishops  are  still  in 
law  the  judges  of  the  qualifications  of  those  who  are  pre 
sented  to  them.  1861  M.  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  37  The 
preceptor . .  whatever  his  other  qualifications  may  have  been, 
had  not  earned  his  promotion  by  his  Latin  style.  1882 
Miss  BRADDON  HI.  Ro.ral  I.  i.  79  A  sturdy  truthfulness 
was  one  of  her  best  qualifications. 

6.  A  necessary  condition,   imposed   by   law  or 
custom,  which  must  be  fulfilled  or  complied  with 
before  a  certain  right  can  lie  acquired  or  exercised, 
nn  office  held,  or  the  like. 

\mAci  vf  Pennsylvania,  Every  brewer.. shall  be  quali 
fied  by  oath,  .which  said  qualification  shall  be  taken  by  all 
persons  who  brew.. for  sale.  1763  BLACKSTONE  Coiiim.  I.  n. 
171  The  true  reason  of  requiring  any  qualification,  with 
regard  to  property,  in  voters.  1819  MACKINTOSH  Par!. 
.Suffrage  Wks.  1846  III.  215  A  representative  assembly, 
elected  by  a  low  uniform  qualification.  1875  JOWETT  Plato 
(ed.  2)  III.  440  A  law  which  fixes  a  sum  of  money  as  the 
qualification  of  citizenship. 

b.  A  document  attesting  that  a  person  is  qualified. 

1748  SMOLLETT  Rod.  Rand,  xviii,  I  carry  my  qualification 
to  the  Navy-office.  [//•/'</.,  We  must  deliver  our  letters  of 
qualification  at  the  Navy-office  before  one  a-clock.] 

7.  The  act  of  determining  the  quality  or  nature  of 
a  thing ;  spec,  a.  The  determining  whether  a  book  or 
proposition  merits  theological  censure  as  heretical. 

Cf.  QUALIFICATOR. 

1826  ISlacJmi.  Mag.  XX.  336  His  Catechism  and  other 
works  were  submitted  for  qualification  to  Melchior  Cano, 
his  denouncer. 

b.  Logic.  The  expression  of  quality,  or  the  dis 
tinction  of  affirmative  and  negative,  in  a  proposition. 
(Cent.  Diet.  1891.) 

8.  attrib.    and    Comb.,    as    qualification  -  ticket ; 
qualification    shares,    shares   which   one    must 
hold  in  order  to  be  qualified  for  a  directorship  of 
a  company. 

1797  Sporting  Mag.  IX.  100  A  gentleman  . .  applied  . .  for 
a  qualification-ticket.  1899  Daily  Nevjs  28  Mar.  8/3  The 
money  had  been  given  on  account  of  that  gentleman's 
qualification  shares. 

Hence  Qua'lifica'tionless  n., having  no  qualifica 
tion. 

1898  H'eslm.  Gaz.  iC  Dec.  8/3  The  new  Bill  evidently 
contemplated  the  possibility  of  qualificationless  directors. 

Qualificative  (kwo-lifike'tiv),  a.  and  sb.  rare. 
[f.  QUALIFY  v. :  see  prec.  and -ATTVE.  Cf.Tf.gualtfi- 
catif,  -ive  (iSthc.).]  a.  adj.  Qualifying;  denoting 
some  quality,  b.  sb.  A  qualifying  word  or  phrase. 

n  1661  FULLER  Worthies  i.  (1662)  59  An  Apology  for 
Qualificatives  used,  and  Blanks  left  in  this  History.  1860 
F.  WINSLOW  Obscure  Dis.  Brain  361  Adjectives  or  quali- 
ficatives  disappear  last.  1862  RAWLINSON  Anc.  Mon.  I. 
vii.  148  His  name.,  is  usually  followed  by  a  qualificative 
adjunct. 

Qualificator  (kwo-lifik^'tai).  [a.  med.L. 
agent-n.  from  qualificare  to  QUALIFY.]  One  of  a 
board  of  theologiansattached  to  the  Holy  Office,  who 
report  on  the  character  (heretical  or  otherwise)  of 
propositions  submitted  to  them.  Cf.  QUALIFIER  3. 

1688  HORNET  Lett.  St.  Italy  20  One  of  the  Qualificatprs 
of  the  Inquisition.  1736  CHANDLER  Hist.  Persec.  178  The 
decision  in  such  affairs  belongs  to  the  Divines,  who  are 
thence  called  Qualificators.  1826  Rlackw.  Mag.  XX.  76 
The  whole,  .is  then  transferred  by  the  Inquisitors  to  Theo 
logians,  Qualificators  of  the  Holy  Office. 

Qualificatory  (kwo-lifik^tari),  a.  [ad.  L. 
type  *qualificatdri-iis :  cf.  prec.  and  -OUT.] 

1.  Having  the  character  of  qualifying,  modifying, 
or  limiting ;  tending  to  qualify. 

1805  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  III.  651  That  evasive, 
Jesuitic,  qualificatory  extenuation.  1830  JAMES  De  L'Or/nc 
xlvi,  319  The  Count  would  hardly  hear  of  any  qualificatory 
measures.  1868  VISCT.  STRANGFORD  Selections,  etc,  (1869) 
II.  247  A  qualificatory  commonplace. 

2.  Such  as  to  confer  a  qualification :  (sense  6) 
1889  Academy  12  Oct.  233/2  Some  teachers  urge  ..  that 

examinations  should  be  solely  qualificatory. 

Qualified  (kwg-Iifsid),  ///.  a.  [f.  QUALIFY  v. 
+  -F.D!.] 

I.  f  1.  In  predicative  use :  Furnished  with, 
possessed  of  (certain)  qualities.  Obs. 

1596  SHAKS.  Tant.Shr.  iv.  v.  66  She  is.. so  qualified  as  may 
beseemeThe  Spouse  of  any  noble  Gentleman.  x6o3KNOLl.KS 
Hist.  Turks  (1638)  158  A  certaine  Gentlewoman  . .  more 
honourably  borne,  than  honestly  qualified.  1665  J.  WEBB 
Stmu-Heiig  (1725)  45  All  Stones  are  not  Qualified  alike ; 
some  are  hard  . .  some  soft.  1681  DRYDEN  Abs.  fy  Achit,  75 
The  moderate  sort  of  men,  thus  qualified,  Inclined  the 
balance  to  the  better  side. 

fb.  Attributively:  Possessed  of  good  qualities; 
accomplished,  perfect  Obs. 

1592  NASHF.  P.  Penilesse  (ed.  &  25  b,  The  fine  qualified 
Gentleman  . .  should  carie  it  clean  away  from  the  lazie 
clownish  droane.  1598  R.  BERNARD  tr.  Terence  286  Such 
a  qualified  yong  gentleman.  1656  FINF.TT  For.  Ainbass. 
238  Reverenced  amongst  them  for  his.. descent  from  a  race 
of  qualified  saints,  a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Quali 
fied,  Accomplisht  Statesman,  Soldier,  Scholar. 

2.  Endowed  with  qualities,  or  possessed  of  accom 
plishments,  which  fit  one  for  a  certain  end,  office, 
or  function  ;  fit,  competent. 

a.  In  predicative  vise:  const,  for  (t'«)>  or  to 
with  inf. 


QUALIFY. 

1589-9*  in  Wodroiv.  Soc.  Misc.  (1844)  535  Gif  he  beis 
fundin  hable,  meit,  and  sufficientlie  qualifeit  thaiifoir. 
1605  SHAKS.  Lear  \.  iv.  37  That  which  ordinary  men  are 
fit  for,  I  am  qualified  in.  1665  BOYLE  Occtis.  Rcjl,  i.  vii. 
(1848)  89  Him  that  is  qualify'd  for  such  Employments. 
1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  II.  xiii.  (1840)  274  A  government  quali 
fied  only  to  rule  such  a  people.  1755  J.  MILLS  tr.  Crwier's 
Rom.  Emp.  I.  107  That  great  man,  equally  qualified  for 
war  or  peace.  1845  S.  AUSTIN  Ranke's  Hist.  Ref.  III.  83 
A  commune  was  not  qualified  to  dispute  concerning  things 
of  this  kind.  1863  LVEI.L  Antiq.  Man  33  In  every  way 
highly  qualified  for  the  task. 

b.  Used  attributively.  „ 

1558  Q.  KENNEDY  in  Ji'&inw  See.  Misc.  (1844!  152  Than 
sulde  be  qualifeit   men   in  all   the  eslaitis  of   the    kirk. 
1693  CAPT.  G.  ST.  Lo  (title)  England's  Safety. .proposing  a 
sure  method  for  ..  raising  qualified  Seamen,  for  manning 
their  Majesties  Fleet.     1849  COBDEN  Speeches  86,  I  have 
heard  qualified  persons  say,  that  the.. police  there,  are  the 
finest  armed  and  drilled  men  in  Ireland.    1865  LIGHTFOOT 
Galntians  (1874)  72,  I  am.  .a  qualified  witness  of  his  resur 
rection.    1880  C.  K.  MARKHAM  Pernii.Rark^  The  plan  . . 
was  to  make  a  collection  of  plants  and  seeds  . .  through  the 
instrumentality  of  qualified  agents. 

3.  Legally,  properly,  or  by  custom,  capable  of 
doing  or  being  something  specified  or  implied. 

1559  Q.  KENNEDY  in  Wodrow  Soc.  Misc.  (1844)  267  That 
I  was  nocht  qualifiet    to  ressone  with  Willok,  because  . . 
I  wes  hot  ane  meyne  man  in  our  estait.    1656  in  Gross 
Gild  Merck.    (1890)    II.    267    Sundry    Persons   not    being 
qualified    according   to    the    said   Custome.      170*    Land. 
Caz.   No.  3839/4  The   next  winning    Horse    that    is   duly 
qualified    to    run    for    this   Plate.      177^    SHERIDAN    Sch. 
Scand.  n,  ii,  No  person  should  be  permitted  to  kill  char 
acters  ..  byt  qualified  old  maids.     1849  MACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng.  viii.  II.  202  The  king,  .had  no  right  to  force  on  them 
even  a  qualified  candidate. 

b.  Eccl.  Entitled  to  hold  two  benefices  at  once 
(Minsheu  Doctor  1617:  cf.  QUALIFY  v.  4,  quot. 
1667). 

4.  Belonging  to  the  upper  classes  of  society ;  '  of 
quality '.    Ol<s.  exc.  dial. 

1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D '  Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  v.  xix.  380 
If  any  Indian  qualified,  or  of  the  common  sorte  were  sicke. 
1608  WU.LKT  Hexapla  Exod.  481  These  personall  wrongs 
are  ..  of  persons  not  qualified  hut  of  common  and  ordinarie 
persons.  1703  Rules  of  Civility  116  If.  .you  be  hehind,  and 
must  pass  after  the  qualify'd  Person.  1886  Cheshire  Gloss., 
Qualified,  in  good  circumstances.  A  rich  man  would  be  said 
to  he  qualified. 

II.  5.  Limited,  modified,  or  restricted  in  some 
respect ;  spec,  in  qualified  acceptance,  endorsement, 
estate,  fee  (see  quot.  1818),  negative,  oath, property. 

1599  Life  More  in  Wordsw.  Eccl.  Biog.  (1853)  II.  130 
Delivering  this  qualified  answer  to  the  Kinge.  1635  SWAN 
Spec.  M.  vi.  §  2  (1643)  196  If  it  be  taken  in  a  qualified  sense, 
it  is  not  much  amisse.  1746  HERVEY  Medit.  (1818)  211 
Every  object,  a  little  while  ago,  glared  with  light,  but  now 
all  appears  under  a  more  qualified  lustre.  1769  BLACKSTONE 
Contm.  IV.  235  Animals,  in  which  there  is  no  property 
either  absolute  or  qualified.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  I.  79 
Where  an  estate  limited  to  a  person  and  his  heirs  has  a 
qualification  annexed  to  it,  by  which  it  is  provided  that  it 
must  determine  whenever  that  qualification  is  at  an  end  ;  it 
is  then  called  a  qualified  or  base  fee.  1860  MILL  Repr. 
Cart.  (1865)  1/2  Unfit  for  more  than  a  limited  and  qualified 
freedom.  1801  E.  PEACOCK  N.  Brendan  II.  432  Narcissa 
gave  a  qualified  reply. 

Hence  Qua'lifiedly  adv.,  in  a  qualified  fashion  ; 
Qua-lifledness,  the  state  of  being  qualified. 

X6?5  J.  SMITH  Chr.  Relig.  App.  I.  23  Oesar  had  nothing 
to  commend  him  to  the  Electors,  but  his  qualifiedness  for 
that  function,  by  the  worth  of  his  parts.  1858  BunMKU, 
Scrm.  Neiv  Life  308  A  force  independent  and  qualifiedly 
sovereign.  1865  J.  GROTE  Treat.  Mor.  Ideas  vii.  (1876)  08 
We  cannot  be  truthful  as  we  may  be  benevolent,  less  or 
more,  or  qualifiedly. 

Qualifier  (kwylifelai).    [f.  QUALIFY  +  -ER'.] 

1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  qualifies,  in  various 
senses  of  the  vb. 

1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  last.  iv.  xix.  (1634)  719  Away 
with  these  qualifiers,  that  cover  one  sacriledge  with  so  many 
sacriledges.  1576  NEWTON  Lemnie's  Complex.  (1633)  79 
Qualifiers  and  alayers  of  the  heat  of  blood.  1638  R.  YOUNGE 
Drunkard's  Character  269  Tobacco,  being  hot  and  dry, 
must  have  a  qualifier  of  cold  and  moist  from  the  pot.  1754 
RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1781)  I.  xxvi.  183  Sir  Charles  is  no 
qualifier,  Sir,  when  he  stakes  his  honour.  1796  LAMB  Lett. 
(1837)  I.  55,  I  was  unwilling  to  let  my  last  night's  letter  go  o(I 
without  this  qualifier.  1887  Pall  Hall  G.  9  Mar.  5/1  Our 
qualifiers  of  beer  have  recently  been  [catching  it]. 

2.  Gram.  A  word,  as   an  adjective  or   adverb, 
attached  to  another  word  to  qualify  5t. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesit  in.  xvii.  (Arb.)  193  Your 
Epitheton  or  qualifier,  .must  be  apt  and  proper  for  the  thing 
he  is  added  vnto.  1875  WHITNEY  Li_fe  Lang.  vi.  103  Formal 
correspondence  between  a  substantive  and  its  qualifier  or 
representative. 

3.  K.  C.  Ch.  -=  QUAI.IFICATOR. 

^1843  SOUTHEY.C«»W«.-/>/.  Bk.  (1851)  IV.  670  Approved 


Qualify  (kwg-lifai),  v.  Also  6  qualyfy,  -fle, 
(6-7  qualle-,  qualli-,  quale-,  -fye,  -fie),  6-8 
qualifle.  [a.  F.  qualiji-er  (igth  c.),  or  ad.  med.L. 
qualificare  to  attribute  a  quality  to,  f.  qua/is  ol 
such  a  kind  +  -fuare :  see  -FT.] 

I.  To  invest  with  a  quality  or  qualities. 

1.  trans.  To  attribute  a  certain  quality  or  qualities 
to.  a.  To  describe  or  designate  in  a  particular  way  ; 
to  characterize,  entitle,  name,  (f  Const,  with.) 


QUALIFY. 

1549  LATIMFR  $th  Scrm.  bcf.  Edw.  I'/  (Arb.)  107  S.  Paule 
in  hys  epistle  qualifyeth  a  bishop,  and  saith  that  he  must  be 

. .  apte  to  teache  and  to  confute  all  maner  of  false  doctryne. 
1633  H.  COGAN  tr.  r inters  Trai:  xii.  37,  I  will  favor  thce 
as  a  Vassal,  and  not  as  a  brother,  as  thou  qualifies!  thyself. 
1684  J.  PETER  Siege  Vienna  21  Two  of  the  Eldest  Colonels 
were  qualified  with  a  Title  between  a  Major  General  and  a 
Colonel.  1823  BYRON  Juan  x.  Ixxxi,  The  '  Devil's  drawing- 
room  ',  As  some  have  qualified  that  wondrous  place.  1826 
Blackw.  Mag.  XX.  77  The  propositions  referred  to  the 
theologians  have  been  qualified  as  heretical.  1873  BROWN 
ING  Red  Cott.  Nt.-cap  253  Madame  Muhlhausen,—  whom 
good  taste  forbids  We  qualify  as  do  these  documents. 

b.  Gram.  Of  an  adj.  :  To  express  some  quality 
belonging  to  (a  noun).  Of  an  adv. :  To  modify. 

[1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xvii.  (Arb.)  193  Some 
times  wordes  suffered  to  go  single,  do  giue  greater  sence 
and  grace  then  words  quantified  by  attributions  do.]  1837 
M.  GREEN  Engl.  Gramin.  14  [Adjectives]  are  added  to  nouns 
to  define,  qualify,  describe,  or  limit  the  signification  of  the 
noun.  1887  ROGET  Introd.  Old  French  176  [The  Adjec 
tive]  qualifying  two  or  more  Substantives.  1888  H.  A. 
STRONG  tr.  Paul's  Princ.  Hist.  Lang.  424  [The  adjective] 
bears  the  same  relation  to  the  substantive  as  an  adverb  to 
the  adjective  which  it  qualifies. 

f2.  To  impart  a  certain  quality  to  (a  thing);  to 
make  (a  thing)  what  it  is.  Obs. 

1592  GREENE  Upst.  Courtier  in  Hart.  Misc.  i  Malh.)  1 1.  221 
Is.,  not  rather  true  nobility  a  mind  excellently  qualified  with 
rare  vertues?  1600  BIBLE  (Douay)  Gen.  Comm.,  Then  shal 
the  bodies  be  qualified  according  to  the  state  of  the  soules, 
happie  or  miserable  for  ever.  1645  QUARLES  Sol.  Recant. 
in.  71  But  thou  hast  tainted  that  immortall  breath,  Which 
qualified  thy  life,  and  made  thee  free  Of  heav'n  and  earth. 
a  1677  HALE  Prim.  Orig,  Man.  iv.  vi.  344  The  Divine  Will, 
determined  or  qualified  (if  we  may  use  that  improper  word) 
with  the  highest..  Wisdom  and  Power. 

f  b.  absol.  To  bring  it  about  that.   Obs. 

a  1670  HACKET  Abp.  Williams  \.  (1692)  60  It  qualified 
also,  that  no  detection  could  be  made,  .that  he  bought  this 
greatness. 

3.  To  invest  (a  person)  with  proper  or  essential 
qualities   or   accomplishments   (for  being   some 
thing).     Also  re/I. 

1581  MULCASTER  Positions  xxxvi.  (1887)  134  Set  to  schoole, 
to  qualifie  themselues,  to  learne  how  to  be  religious.  1683 
MOXON  Mec/i.  Exerc.,  Printing  i,  A  Typographer  ought 
to  be  equally  quallified  with  all  the  Sciences  that  becomes 
an  Architect.  1711  W.  SUTHERLAND  Shiphuild.  Assist.  22 
Those  Properties  . .  will  qualify  a  Man  for  a  compleat 
Architect.  ?i78z  COWPER  Parrot  u  To  qualify  him  more 
at  large,  And  make  him  quite  a  wit. 

b.  To  make  fit  or  competent/)/-  doing  (or  to  do] 
something,  vt  for  some  sphere  of  action,  existence, 
etc.  Chiefly  reft. 

1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Refl.  vi.  iv.  (1848)  353  He  whose  parts 
are  too  mean  to  qualifie  him  to  govern  others.  1712  Sped. 
No.  524  1*5  To  refresh  and  otherwise  qualify  themselves  for 
their  journey.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  vi.  iii,  Moderation 
..can  qualify  us  to  taste  many  pleasures.  1817  SCOTT  Rob 
Royx'\\,  Qualifying  myself  for  my  new  calling.  1852  DICKENS 
Bleak  Ho.  xxxviii,  I  am  qualifying  myself  to  give  lessons. 
1873  HAMERTON  Intcll.  Life  in.  i.  (1875)  77  Men  are  qualified 
for  their  work  by  knowledge. 

absol.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  ix.  575  That  strength,  Which 
best  may  qualify  for  final  joy, 

4.  To  make  legally  capable ;  to  endow  with  legal 
power  or  capacity ;  to  give  a  recognized  status  to 
(a  person). 

1583  STUBBES  Anat.  Abns.  n.  (1882)  113  Would  God  all 
Ecclesiastical  persons  . .  would  nowe  . .  quallifie  themselues, 
shewe  obedience  to  Princes  lawes.  1667  PEPVS  Diary  (1879) 
IV.  350  Is  made  one  of  the  Duke's  Chaplains,  which  qualifies 
him  for  two  livings.  1767  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  418  These 
game  laws  . ,  do  indeed  qualify  nobody,  except  . .  a  game 
keeper,  to  kill  game.  1862  MERIVALE  Rom.  Emp.  (1865)  IV. 
xxxvii.  291  He  qualified  others,  by  adding  to  their  fortunes 
from  his  own  bounty.  1889  Pall  Mall  G.  27  June  3/1 
A  Royal  Charter  enabling  it  to  'qualify'  nurses  as  doctors 
are  '  qualified '. 

b.  spec,  by  the  administration  of  an  oath.   U.S. 

[1723  Act  of  Pennsylvania,  Every  brewer.,  shall  bequalified 
by  oath.. that  he  will  not  use  any  molasses,  etc.]  1798  in 
Dallas  Amer.  Law  Rep.  II.  100  The  court  said  they  would 
order  the  jury  to  be  qualified.  1800  M.  CUTLER  in  Life,  etc. 
(1888)  II.  37  He  [the  Governor  of  Mass.]  met  the  two  Houses 
at  12,  and  was  qualified. 

5.  intr.  (for  refl.}  To  make  oneself  competent 
for  something,  or  capable  of  holding  some  office, 

exercising  some  function,  etc.,  by  fulfilling  some 
necessary  condition  ;  spec,  by  taking  an  oath,  and 
hence  U.S. :  To  make  oath,  to  swear  to  something 
(Bartlett,  1848). 

a  1588  TARLTON  Jests  (1844)  p.  xxv,  Presently  he  can 
Qualifie  for  a  mule  or  a  mare,  Or  for  an  Alderman.  1790 
BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  Wks.  V.  384  All  the  ministers  of  state  must 
qualify,  and  take  this  test.  1825  C.  R.  H.  in  Hone  Every 
day  Bk.  1. 1334  His  lordship  goes  to  church  to  qualify.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vi.  II.  27  He  could  not  legally  con 
tinue  to  employ  officers  who  refused  to  qualify.  1891  Law 
Reports,  Weekly  Notes  u8/r  It  was  his  duty  to  qualify  for 
the  office  of  director  by  taking  forty  shares. 

f6.  trans.  Sc.  Law.  To  establish  by  evidence.  Obs. 

^1639  SPOTTISWOOD  Hist.  Ch.  Scot.  vi.  (1677)  333  Hay 
compeired,  and  nothing  being  qualified  against  him,  was 
upon  suspicion  confined,  a  1670  SPALDING  Tronb.  (1850)  I. 
358  The  vther  half  [of  the  forfeited  goods]  to  be  givin  to 
him  who  dilates  the  recepteris,  and  qualefeis  the  samen. 
1776  LD.  THURLOW  in  Bos^velCs  Johnson  (1848)  App.  817/2 
If  the  individual  could  qualify  a  wrong,  and  a  damage 
arising  from  it. 

II.  To  modify  in  some  respect. 

7.  To  modify  (a  statement,  opinion,  etc.)  by  any 
VOL.  VIII. 


17 

limitation  or  reservation ;  to  make  less  strong  or 
positive. 

1533  MORE  /f/al.  xxvii.  Wks.  893/2  He  hathe  circumspectly 
. .  qualyfyed  and  modered  hys  tale  wyth  thys  woord  (all). 
1551  PRINCESS  MARY  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  II.  177  The 
promise  made,  .by  your  Majesties  counsell.  .although  they 
seeme  now  to  quallefye  and  deny  the  thing,  a  1661  FULLER 
Worthies  (1840)  III.  8  Whilst  a  prince  he  was  undutiful  to 
his  father  ;  or  to  qualify  the  matter,  over  dutiful  to  his 
mother,  whose  domestic  quarrels  he  always  espoused,  a  1731 
ATTERBURY  (J.),  My  proposition  I  have  qualified  with  the 
word,  often  ;  thereby  making  allowance  [etc.],  1790  BURKE 
Fr.Rw,  Wks.  V.  296  To  observe  whether.  .1  might  not  find 
reasons  to  change  or  to  qualify  some  of  my  first  sentiments. 
iSssPRF.scoTT  Philip II,  i.  viii.  (1857)  146  Elizabeth  received 
the  offer  of  Philip's  hand,  qualified  as  it  was,  in  the  most 
gracious  manner.  1883  Contemp.  Rev.  XL1II.  49  An 
avowal,  which  he  qualifies  by  a  subtle  after-thought. 

absol.  1838  LYTTON  Alice  xi.  v,  The  surgeon  ..  began  to 
apologize— to  qualify. 

8.  To  moderate  or  mitigate,  so  as  to  reduce  to 
a  more  satisfactory  or  normal  condition ;  esp.  to 
render  less  violent,  severe  or  unpleasant ;  to  lessen 
the  force  or  effect  of  (something  disagreeable). 

Extremely  common  in  the  i6-i7thc.,  with  a  great  variety 
of  objects  ;  now  somewhat  rare  in  comparison  with  12  b. 

J543-4  Act  35  Hen.  /'///,  c.  5  The  greate  peril  and 
dangier  of  the  kynges  majesties  subiectes,  if  the  ^ame  statute 
shulde  not  . .  be  tempered  qualified  or  refourmcd.  1547 
BOORDK  firev.  Health  §  170  Qualyfie  the  heate  of  the  Lyuer 
. .  with  the  confection  of  Acetose.  1578  1'.  N.  tr.  Con<],  II '. 
India  229  Our  men  stoode  in  gr<  at  perill  . .  if  this  war  and 
mutenie  had  not  soone  bene  qualified.  1608  WILI.KT  Ih'.vnpla 
Exod.  688  The  incense  was.  .burned,  .to  qualifie  the  smell 
..from  the  sacrifices  of  (lesh.  1648  MAKKHAM  Honscw. 
Card.  in.  viii.  (1668)  68  Camomile.,  is  sweet  smelling, 
qualifying  head-ach.  1664  H.  POWKR  Exp.  Philos.  in.  188 
Something  . .  that  will  abate  and  qualifie  the  rigour  of  this 
Conception.  1702  W.  J.  Bmyn's  I'oy.  Levant  xi.  51  This 
Civility  of  the  Turks  does  in  some  measure  qualify  the 
Hardship  of  those  who  are  confin'd  Prisoners  in  that  Castle. 
1767  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  147  Though  they  still  are  held 
at  the  will  of  the  lord, ..yet  that  will  is  qualified,  restrained, 
and  limited.  1827  SCOTT Highl.  Wido^vv,  A  voice  in  which 
the  authority  of  the  mother  was  qualified  by  her  tenderness. 
1839  BAILEY  Festns  v,  Qualifying  every  line  which  vice  .. 
writes  on  the  brow.  1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860) 
I.  v.  i.  116  His  sincere  piety,  his  large  heart,,  .always  qualify, 
and  seem  sometimes  to  redeem,  his  errors. 

t  b.  To  make  less  wrong  or  reprehensible.  Obs. 
1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  xui.  xii.  The  frame  of  her  mind 
was  too  delicate  to  bear  the  thought  of  having  been  guilty 
of  a  falsehood,  however  qualified  by  circumstances.  1776 
PAINE  Com.  Sense  76  It  is.. the  invasion  of  our  country. . 
which  conscientiously  qualifies  the  use  of  arms. 

*t*  c.  To  make  proportionate  to ;  to  reduce  to. 
Obs.  rare. 

1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Lnke  i.  (R.),  The  Highest 
.  .tempering  and  qualifying  his  infinite  power  and  vertue  to 
the  measure  and  capacitie  of  mannes  nature.  1604  Notting 
ham  Kec.  IV.  272,  20 H.  fyne  was  ymposed.  .which  fyne  was 
afterwardes  . .  qualefied  to  iiij  li.  1641  MILTON  Reform.  ii. 
43  How  to  qualifie,  and  mould  the  sufferance  and  subjection 
of  the  people  to  the  length  of  that  foot  that  is  to  tread  on 
their  necks. 

t  9.  To  appease,  calm,  pacify  (a  person).  Obs. 
(•1540  tr.  Pol.  Verg.  Eng.  Hist.  (Camden  No.  29)  210 
Withowt  much  adoe  they  began  to  molly fy  hir  ..  Whan  the 
quene  was  thus  qualyfyed  [etc.].  1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch 
(1676)  488  Sertorius.  .did  qualifie  him  the  best  he  could,  and 
made  him  more  mild  and  tractable.  1617  MIDDLETON  & 
ROWLEY  Fair  Quarrel  iv.  i,  When  you  have  left  him  in 
a  chafe,  then  I'll  qualify  the  rascal.  1679  Trials  Great, 
Berry, ftfc.  16  You  being  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  may  qualifie 
them  [two  men  fighting]. 

flO.  To  bring  into,  or  keep  in,  a  proper  condi 
tion  ;  to  control,  regulate,  modulate.  Obs. 

1579  LAN-GUAM  Card.  Health  (1633)  624  The  decoction  of  the 
roots.. doth  qualifie  the  Liner.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $•  Cr.  n. 
il.  118  Is  your  blood  So  madly  hot,  that  no  discourse  of 
reason.  .Can  qualifie  the  same?  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Gwt. 
Enjr.  i.  xvi.  (1739)  30  This  Election  was  qualified  under 
a  stipulation  or  covenant.  1688  PKNTON  Guardian's  Instruct. 
(1897)  15  The  practice  of  these  Rules  will  help  qualifie  a 
Life  of  Action  such  as  yours  must  be. 

11.  To  modify  the  strength  or  flavour  of  (a  liquid). 
1591  NASHE  Prognostication  Wks.  1883-4  U-  '52  A  Cuppe 

of  Sack,  . .  so  qualified  with  Suger,  that  they  proue  not 
rewmatick.  1633  T.  ADAMS  Exp.  2  Peter  ii.  13  Poison  may 
be  qualified,  and  become  medicinal.  1671  tr.  Frejitf  Voy. 
Mauritania  43  Having  tasted  the  water,,  .we  mixed  it  with 
a  little  Aqua  vita:,  which  we  had  brought  with  us  instead 
of  Wine,  to  qualifie  it.  1748  SMOLLETT  Rod.  Rand.  Ivi, 
The  Squire  ..  called  for  his  tea,  which  he  drank  ..  qualified 
with  brandy.  1821  BYRON  Juan  iv.  liii,  Tea  and  coffee 
leave  us  much  more  serious,  Unless  when  qualified  with 
thee,  Cogniac!  1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Rndge  xlv,  [He] 
qualified  his  mug  of  water  with  a  plentiful  infusion  of  the 
liquor. 

fig>  1697  DRVDEN  Ess.  Georgics  in  Virgil  (1721)  I.  199 
Greek,  .rightly  mixt  and  qualified  with  the  Doric  Dialect. 

12.  f  a.  To  affect  (a  person  or  thing)  injuriously. 
Const,  with.  Obs.    b.  To  abate  or  diminish  (some 
thing  good) ;  to  make  less  perfect  or  complete. 

1584  R.  SCOT  Disccrv,  Witchcr,  in.  xv.  (1886)  50  Foure  old 
witches,  who  with  their  charms  so  qualified  the  Danes  as 
they  were  thereby  disabled.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  iv,  vii.  114 
Loue  is  begun  by  Time :  And  . .  Time  qualifies  the  sparke 
and  fire  of  it.  1639  FULLER  Holy  Warn.  xvii.  (1840)  72  To 
qualify  the  Christians'  joy  for  this  good  success,  Jocelme  . . 
was  conquered  and  taken  prisoner.  1644  BCLWER  Chiron. 
52  The  slanders  by  heartily  wish  their  Hands  qualified  with 
some  Chiragracall  prohibition.  -  1860  TYNDAI.L  Glac.  i. 
xxvii.  209  Thoughts  which  tended  to  qualify  the  pleasure. 
1870  DICKENS  E.  Drood  viii,  We  had  better  not  qualify  our 
good  understanding. 


QUALITY. 

t!3.  intr.    To  qualify  on,  to  submit  quietly  to. 

To  qualify  with,  to  come  to  terms  \\ith.    Obs. 

1754  RICHARDSON  Grandison  I.  xxxiii.  230  What  a  slave 

had  I  been  in  spirit,  could  I  have  qualified  on  such  villainous 

I    treatment.     1797-1805  S.  &   HT.  LEE  Cantcrb.   T.  V.  494 

<     He.  .qualifies  With  any  passion  which  it  is  vicious  to  indulge. 


Qualifying  (kwo-lifai,in),  vhl.  sb.     [f.  prec.°+ 
-iMjl.]     The  action  of  tl 
senses. 


i  of  the  vb.  QUALIFY,  in  various 


iS74  R.  SCOT  Hop  Card.  (1578)  Epistle,  To  deuise  argu- 
I  ment  of  priuate  profit,  to  the  qualifying  of  your  diaries. 
1610  Gl'JLLlM  Heraldry  in.  vii.  (1660)  135  The  qualifying 
'  and  allaying  of  the  scorching  heat  of  burning  Agues.  1748 
i  RICHARDSON  CSarissa  (1811)  I.  124,  I  once  thought  a  little 
i  qualifying  among  such  violent  spirits  was  not  amiss.  1794 
i  J.  HUTTON  Phifos.  Light,  etc.  14  To  suppose  us  knowing 
i  heat  by  any  other  means,  beside^  its  effect  in  the  qualifying 
.  of  bodies. 

Qualifying  ^kv^'lifaijir^,///.  a.  [f,  as  prec. 
+  -1M1-.J  That  qualifies,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1606  SIIAKS.  Tr.  .|j-  t'r.  iv.  iv.  9  My  loue  admits  no  quali 
fying  crosse  [nsre.  emend,  druss].    1704  NOKKIS  Ideal  World 
u.  iii.  192  Something,  .so  peculiarly  qualifying  and  distin 
guishing.    1769  yisnins  Lett .  xxxv.  160  A  qualifying  measure 
would  not  be  accepted.      1812  $<  GTT  Fain.  Lett.  (1894)  J. 
viii.  241  The  good  we  meet  with.. is  always  blended  with 
qualifying  bitterness.  ifyoAthenxntn  26  Apr.  525  3  To  pass 
a  qualifying  examination  and  to  become  a  teacher. 

Hence  Qua'lifyingly  adv. 

1831  BLAKE v  Frcc-i<>iU  109  They  qualifying!)-  admit  its 
force,  by  tailing  it  a  difficulty. 

t  Qua-litated, /<*.//&.  Obs.rare~\  [f.  L.  type 
*qndlitat-us  +  -KD1.]  =  QUALITIED. 

1662  J.  CHAXDI.KU  I'an  Hehuont's  Oriat.  167  Moystness, 
and  dryness  are  rather  very  Bodies  themselves  qualitated  or 
endowed  with  qualities. 

Qualitative  (kuylitrtiv),  a.  [ad.  late  I,. 
quaUtatTv-us  (Cassiodorus') :  see  QUALITY  and  -IVE. 
Cf.  F.  qualitatif,  -ive  (i5th  c.'.]  Relating  to,  con 
nected  or  concerned  with,  quality  or  qualities.  Now 
usually  in  implied  or  expressed  opposition  to 
QUANTITATIVE. 

1607  COLLINS  Serin.  (1608)  5  Fourthly,  qualitative,  from 
the  dispositions  of  the  persons  them -Delves.     1652  GAULE 
Magastrom.  49  What  have  the  qualitative  influxes  of  the 
planets  ..  there  to  doe?    #1703  ByRKlTT  On  N.  T.  Rom. 
xii.  2  This  conversion  and  renovation  is  not  a  substantial, 
but   a   qualitative   change.      1842    PAKNELL   Client.   Anal. 
(1845)  2  An  examination  ..  which  does  not  develop*;  more 
than  the  nature  or  quality  of  the  constituents,  is   termed 
a  qualitative  analysis.    1881  WKSTCOTT  &  HORT  6V£.  A'.  T. 
11-44  A  numerical  preponderance  may  have  rightly  to  yield 
to  a  qualitative  preponderance. 

Hence  Qualitatively  adv.,  in  respect  of  quality. 

1681  FLAVKI,  Mcth.  Grace  vi.  128  Faith  may  be  considered 
qualitatively,  as  a  saving  grace.  1845  G.  E.  DAY  tr.  Sinn>n'± 
Anint.  Chetti.  I.  321  The  composition  of  the  blood  is  here 
qualitatively  changed.  1862  H.  SPENCER  First  Princ.  i.  iv. 
S  26  (1875)  90  In  consciousness  the  Unlimited  and  the  Indi 
visible  are  qualitatively  distinct. 

Qualitied  (kwo-Htid),  a.  or///,  a.  Also  6-7 
qualited.  ff.  QUALITY  fd.  orz/.  +  -ED.]  Furnished 
with  a  quality  or  qualities,  in  various  senses  of 
the  sb.  (Freq.  in  lyth  c. ;  chiefly  as  predicate,  and 
•with  qualifying  adv.). 

1600  HAKLUYT  Voy.  II.  ii.  194  They  were  so  well  qualited 
in  courage,  experience,  and  discretion.  1616  T.  SCOTT 
Christs  Politician  n  Those  men  ..are  conditioned  and 
qualited  like  sheepe,  innocent,  harmelesse,  simple.  1656 
STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  I.  VIM.  112  In  things  properly  qualited 
there  is  augmentation  and  diminution.  1728  MORGAN 
Algiers  II.  iv.  286  The  mildest,  the  best  qualitied  . .  Prince 
that  ever  existed.  1783  JOHNSON  in  Boswcll  23  Mar.,  Lord 
Southwell  was  the  highest-bred  man  ..  the  most  qualitied 
I  ever  saw.  1865  J.  GROTE  Moral  Ideals  (1876)  187  The 
mind  is  a  qualitied  unity.  1889  Harper's  Mag.  Jan.  184/2 
A  dainty  hand,  and  small,.. and  qualitied  Divinely. 

Hence  Qua  litiediiess    rare~l. 

1865  J.  GROTE  Explor.  Philos.  \.  no  Form  of  the  higher 
description,  .quality  or  qualitiedness. 

Qualitive,  erron.  f.  QUALITATIVE,    rare"1. 

1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  I.  48  The  one 
is  called  qualitive, .  .The  other  is  quantitive. 

Quality  (kwo-liti),  sb.  Forms:  4-7  -He.  4-5 
-itee,  6  -yte,  -itye,  6-7  -Hie,  7  quail-,  6-  quality. 
[ME.  qualite^  a.  K.  qualite  (izth  c.\  ad.  L.  qudli- 
tdt-em  (formed  by  Cicero  to  render  Gr.  jrotoT?;?),  f. 
qitalis  of  what  kind  :  see  -ITY.] 

I.  Of  persons  (in  i  and  2  occas.  of  animals). 

1.  Character,  disposition,  nature.     Now  rare. 

c  1290^.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  312/433  pe  planetes..3"men  himal-so 
qualite  to  don  so  and  so.  Ibid.  435  Swuch  qualite..  to  beon 
lechor  o^ur  schrewe.  1390  GOWEH  Con/.  I.  Prol.  35  Thus  of 
his  propre  qualite  The  man . .  Is  as  a  world.  1535  LYNDESAY 
Satyre  247,  I  knaw,  be  Jour  qualitie  5e  want  the  gift  of 
chastitie.  1553  BRENDE  Q.  Cnrtins  25  He  vsed  to  euery 
nacion  sondry  exhortacions  as  he  thought  mete  for  their 
dispostcions  and  qualitie.  a  1578  LiNDKSAY(Pitscottie)  Chron. 
Scot.  <S.  T.  S.)  I.  io  Knawin(g]  of  wemen  . .  That  thay  are 
not  constant  in  tbair  quallitie.  1632  I.ITHGOW  Trai:  vi.  298 
A  Dromidore,  and  Camel  differ  much  in  quality.  1639  FORD 
Lady's  Trial  n\.  iii,  He  deserves  no  wife  Of  worthy  quality, 
who  dares  not  trust  Her  virtue  in.  .any  danger.  1847  EMER 
SON  Poems  (1857)  94  They  her  heralds  be,  Steeped  in  her 
quality.  1873  BROWNING  Red  Cott.  Nt.-capif&  Her  quality 
was,  caterpillar-like,  To. .select  a  leaf  And. .feed  her  fill. 
b.  Capacity,  ability,  or  skill,  in  some  respect. 

In  mod.  use  as  an  echo  of  Shaks.,  who  prob.  intended 
the  word  in  sense  5. 

[1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  n,  ii.  452  Come  giue  vs  a  tast  of  your 
quality:  come,  a  passionate  speech.]  1856  KANE  Arct. 

3 


QUALITY. 

Expl.  I.  ii.  24  Hans  had  given  me  a  touch  of  his  quality  by 
spearing  a  bird  on  ilie  wing.  1863  DORAN  Ann.  Stage  369 
Thomas  . .  gave  the  stranger  a  hearty  welcome, ..  asked  for 
a  taste  of  his  quality.  1871  BROWNING  Pr.  Hohenst.  1165 
Can't  you  contrive  to  operate  at  once,  ..  to  shew  Your 
quality  i'  the  world. 

C.  Without  article  or  poss.  pron. :    Excellence 
of  disposition  ;  good  natural  gifts.    (Cf.  9  c.) 

1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $  Cr.  iv.  iv.  78  The  Grecian  youths  are 
full  of  qualitie,  Their  louing  well  compos'd,  with  guift  of 
nature.  1607  HEYWOOD  Wont.  Killed  \\.  i,  O,  sir,  disparage 
not  your  worth  too  much  ;  You  are  full  of  quality  and  faire 
desert.  1889  TYRWHITT  in  Universal  Rev.  15  Feb.  251  One 
sharp  temptation  well  resisted.. shows  real  moral  quality. 
1894  SIR  Ev.  WOOD  in  Daily  A'eivs  i  Oct.  6/2  [Capt.  Peel] 
had  a  singularly  striking  appearance,  showing  both  in  face 
and  figure  what  is  termed,  in  describing  well-bred  horses, 
as  'quality '. 

2.  A  mental  or  moral  attribute,  trait,  or  charac 
teristic  ;  a  feature  of  one's  character  ;  t  a  habit. 

1533  FRITH  AHSIU.  More  To  Rdr.,  Wks.  (1573)  4  A  frende 
beholdeth  all  qualities  and  circumstaunces,  his  byith, 
bringyng  vp,  and  what  feates  hee  hath  done  all  hys  lyfe 
long.  1551  R.  ROBINSON  tr.  Mart's  Vtot>.  Ep.  Cecil  (Arb.) 
15  Youre  godlye  dysposytyon,  and  vertuous  qualytyes. 
1602  MARSTON  Ant.  $  Mel.  MI.  Wks.  1856  I.  43,  I  hate 
not  man,  but  man's  lewd  qualities.  1689-90  TEMPLE  Ess. 
Heroic  Virtue  Wks.  1731  I.  208  Particular  Qualities  have 
been  observed., in  the  same  Families  for  several  hundred 
Years,  as  Goodness,  Clemency  [etc.].  1783  COWPER  I'alc- 
diction  31  In  thee  some  virtuous  qualities  combine  To  fit 
thee  for  a  nobler  part.  1849  MACAULAY  //«/.  Eng.  vii.  II. 
163  Nature  had  largely  endowed  William  with  the  qualities 
of  a  great  ruler.  1853  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk.  (1876)  I. 
[II,]  i.  i.  30  The  subtlety  and  perfidy,  which  ..  were  the 
qualities  of  his . .  countrymen. 

b.  An  accomplishment  or  attainment. 

1584  LYLY  Camj>a$pe\.  i,  Diog.  What  can  thy  sons  do? 
Syl.  You  shall  see  their  qualities.  Dance,  sirrah  !  1607 
SHAKS.  Tittion  i.  i.  125,  I  haue  bred  her  at  my  deerest  cost 
In  Qualities  of  the  best.  .71674  CLARENDON  (J.),  He  had 
those  qualities  of  horsemanship,  dancing  and  fencing  which 
accompany  a  good  breeding.  1780  COWI-ER  Progr,  Err, 
423  A  just  deportment,  manners  graced  with  ease,  ..  Are 
qualities  that  seem  to  comprehend  [etc.].  1882  Daily  Tel. 
17  May,  The  fielding,  .justified  the  high  reputation  for  this 
quality  which  the. .colonial  teams,  .have  enjoyed. 

c.  Law.  A  special  or  characteristic  feature. 
1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  I.  155  A  tenant  in  tail  ..  has 

eight  qualities  or  privileges. 

o.  Hank  or  position  in  (a)  society.     Now  rare. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  •$•&>•$  Lo  !  so  J>e  quele  of  qwistsumnes 
my  qualite  has  changid.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms 
(S.  T.  S.)  162  To  consider,  .the  state  and  the  qualitee  of  the 
persouns.  1571  G.  BUCHANAN  Admonition  (S.  T.  S.)  21  It 
may  seame  ..  that  I  . .  pas  myne  estait,  being  of  sa  meane 
qualitie.  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D^Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  v. 
viii.  350  Sometimes  this  minister  had  other  different  liabites, 
according  to  the  quallitie  of  the  dead.  1676  HOBBES  Iliad 
Pref.  (1686)  2,  Readers  of  Poesie  (which  are  commonly  Per 
sons  of  the  best  Quality).  1726  DE  FOE  Hist.  Devil  n.  v. 
(1840)  235  The  priests  of  Apollo  were  .sometimes  of  no  mean 
quality.  1823  SCOTT  Peveril  i,  A  gentleman  of  middling 
quality.  1873  BROWNING  Red  Cott.  Nt.-cap  1528  What 
quality,  what  style  and  title,  eh  ? 

fig  '791  WOLCOTT  (P.  Pindar)  Remonstrance  Wks.  1812 
II.  453  Hunger. .  Is  reckon'd  now  a  fellow  of  bad  quality  : 
Not  deem'd  a  gentleman. 

•fb.  concr.  A  body  of  persons  of  a  certain  rank. 
Obs.  rare  —  *, 

1636  E.  DACRES  tr.  Machiawets  Disc.  Livy  1. 16  It  was  com 
pos'd  only  of  two  of  these  forenamed  qualities,  that  is  to  say, 
of  the  Principality  and  Nobility. 

4.  Nobility,  high  birth  or  rank,  good  social 
position  ;  chiefly  in  phr.  man,  woman,  gentleman^ 
lady )  per  son,  people  of  quality.  Now  arch. 

*57<H8o  NORTH  Plutarch  (1595)  875  He  had  all  the  men 
of  qualitie  his  sworne  enemies.  1625  BACON  £ss.t  Trav. 
(Arb.)  523  Let  him  ..  procure  Recommendation,  to  some 
person  of  Quality.  1671  LADY  MARY  BERTIE  in  ut/t  Rep. 
Hist.  MSS.  Conim.  App.  v.  22  There  are  no  men  of  quality 
but  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  ;  all  the  rest  are  gentlemen. 
17*2  DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  (1840'  18  My  new  friend  was  a  thief 
of  quality,  and  a  pickpocket  above  the  ordinary  rank.  1771 
MACKENZIE  Man.  Feet.  xl.  (1803)  85  The  count,  for  he  was 
of  quality,  was  solicitous  to  return  the  obligation.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  viii.  II.  273  Many  persons  of  quality 
sate  the  whole  day  in  their  carriages.  1871  MORLKY 
Vaxwenargites  in  Crit.  Misc.  Ser.  i.  (1878)  9  High  enough 
to  command  the  admiration  of  people  of  quality. 

b.  concr.  People  of  good  social  position.  Now 
arch,  or  vulgar  and  dial. 

1693  Humours  Town  114  Walk  Bare-headed  to  his 
Master's  Daughter,  in  imitation  of  Quality.  1706  ESTCOURT 
Fair  Exanip.  v.  i,  Did  not  you  tell  me  . .  that  you  was 
acquainted  with  all  the  Quality.  1753  RICHARDSON  Sir  C. 
Grandison  III.  ii.  (1781)  15,  I  have  looked  out  among  the 
quality  for  a  future  husband  for  her.  1769  WFSLEY  in  Wks. 
1872  III.  370  A  large  company  of  Quality  {as  they  called 
them)  came.  1824  BYRON  Juan  xvr.  Ixiv,  She  was  country 
]?or"  and  bred  And  knew  no  better. .Than  to  wax  white- 
blushes  are  for  quality.  1843  LEVER  J.  Ilinton  xl,  I  was 
standing  ..  among  all  the  grand  generals  and  the  quality. 
1889  John  Bull  2  Mar.  142/2  He  was  fond  of  quality,  and 
quality  was  very  fond  o'  him. 

fo.  Profession,  occupation,  business,  esp.  that  of 
an  actor,  b.  Fraternity ;  those  of  the  same  pro 
fession  ;  esp.  actors  as  a  body.  Obs. 


.  ^it.6ui3L,  rfuu  a  uiiiii  01  sucn  periection, 
we  doe  in  our  quality  much  want.     1603  J.  DA  VIES  J/VV 


18 

profession,  I  do  accuse  the  quality  of  treason.  1633  in  A. 
W.  Ward  Hist.  Dram.  Lit.  II.  324  It  may  herve  ..  for  the 
improvement  of  the  quality,  which  hath  received  some 
brushings  of  late. 

f  C.  Party,  side.  Obs.  rare*-1. 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  iv.  iii.  36  Because  you  are  not  of 
our  qualitie,  But  stand  against  vs  like  an  Enemie. 

6.  Title,  description,  character,  capacity.     Freq. 
in  phr.  in  (the]  quality  of.     Now  rare. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  26682  Man  agh  to  telle  hir  qualite,  sib 
or  freind  or  quat  sco  be.  a  1626  BACON  Advice  to  Villiers 
(J.\  The  attorney  of  the  dutchy  of  Lancaster  partakes  of 
both  qualities,  partly  of  a  judge,  .and  partly  of  an  attorney 
general,  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  VIII  (1683)  38  Maxi 
milian  ..came  to  the  King,  in  the  quality  of  his  Soldier. 
1664  BUTI.ER  Hud.  n.  iii.  338  He  serv'd  his  Master  In 
quality  of  Poetaster.  1711  &DDISOH5/K*.  No.  127  r  i  Such 
Packets  as  I  receive  under  the  Quality  of  Spectator.  1734 
tr.  Rollins  Anc.  Hist.  (1827)  IX.  66  They  paid  respect  to 
his  quality  of  deputy.  1821  SCOTT  Keniliv.  xxx,  Leicester 
..rode  on  her  Majesty's  right  hand.. in  quality  of  her  host. 
1864  D.  G.  MITCHELL  Sev.  Star.  82  To  understand  that 
I  had  come  in  the  professed  quality  of  Consul, 
f  b.  A  part  or  character  (acted).  Obs.  rare~l. 

1566  ADLINGTON  Apnleins  109  When  the  people  was  de 
sirous  to  see  me  play  qualities,  they  caused  the  gates  to  be 
shutte,  and  such  as  entred  in  shoulde  pay. 
H.    Of  things. 

7.  An  attribute,  property,  special  feature  or  charac 
teristic.     Primary,  secondary^  etc.  qualities  :    see 
the  adjs.    Of  a  ship  :  (see  quot.  1867). 

1340  Ayenl.  153  To  be  bod  ye  of  man  comep  alle  eueles  uor 
be  destempringe  of  bise  uour  qualites  ober  of  hise  uour 
humours.  1533  EI.YOT  Cast.  Hctthe  (1539)  33a,  But  no  we 
to  the  qualities  of  water.  1551  TURNER  Herbal  \.  Aivb, 
The  qualites  of  it  answer  nothing  unto  the  qualyties  of 
wormwode  pontyke  in  Galene.  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE] 
D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  vi.  xiii.  459  According  to  the 
qualities  and  wealth  uf  the  Countrie.  1671  R.  BOHUN  Wind 
165  The  judgment  to  be  made  concerning  the  Qualitys  of 
Winds.. is  very  various  and  fallible.  1725  WATTS  Logic  \. 
iii.  §  4  Ideas,  with  Regard  to  their  Qualities,  . .  are  either 
clear  and  distinct,  or  obscure  and  confused  [etc.].  1854  L. 
LLOYD  Scandinavian  Aifc.  I.  231  The  eatable  qualities  of 
the  Bothnian  salmon.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  \\Tord-bk.t 


in  some  expression  of  what  is  decent . .  or  of  what  is  bright. 
tb.  A  manner,  style.    (Cf.  9  b.)  Obs.  rare. 
1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  f.  in.  ii.  6  Hate  counsailes  not  in  such 
a  qualitie.    1651  Fuller's  Abel Rediv.,C(nvper(i$6j)  11.307 
|    The  parishioners,  .built  and  adorned  the  church  in  as  good 
a  quality  as  any  round  about  it. 

t  c.  A  habit ;  a  power  or  faculty.    Obs.  rare. 

1647  FULLER  Good  Th.  in  Worse  T.  (1841)  98  Jordan  had 

a  quality  in  the  first  month  to  overflow  all  his  banks.     1663 

GERBIER  Counsel  b  iij  a,  If  it  had  a  speaking  quality,  your 

Grace  would  hear  its.  .Alembick  sing  the  Gold  its  joy. 

fd.  Concretely:  A  substance  of  a  certain  nature; 
an  essence.   Obs.  rare. 

1704  SWIFT  Batt.  Bk.  Misc.  (1711)  257  An  atramentous 
Quality,  of  most  malignant  Nature,  was  seen  to  distil  from 
his  Lips.  1823  J.  BADCOCK  Dom.  A  mus-em.  21  The  wood . . 
throws  out  its  volatile  qualities,  aquaeous  and  acidulous, 
into  the  respective  tubes. 

8.  The  nature,  kind,  or  character  (<3/"  something). 
Now  restricted  to  cases  in  which  there  is  comparison 

j  (expressed  or  implied)  with  other  things  of  the  same 
kind ;  hence,  the  degree  or  grade  of  excellence,  etc. 
possessed  by  a  thing.  f/«  the  quality  of-,  (cf.  6). 
c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylns  in.  Prol.  31  Ye  knowe  al  f>ilke 
couered  qualite  Of  (nng  which  bat  folk  on  wondren  so. 
c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xiii.  59  A  man  may  gyffe  no 
couenable  penaunce  bot  if  he  knawe  be  qualitee  and  be 
quantitee  of  J>e  synne.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xxm. 
(Percy  Soc.)  106  After  the  qualyte  it  doth  take  effecte.  1570 
DEE  Math.  Pref.  8  An  other  liquid  Medicine  I  haue  :  whose 
Qualitie  is  heate,  in  the  first  degree.  1650  BAXTER  Saints' 
R.  i.  iv.  (1662)  22  It  is  so  little  I  know  of  mine  own  soul, 
either  its  cjuiddity  or  quality.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Gcorg. 
in.  237  This  flying  Plague  (to  mark  its  quality;)  Oestros 
the  Grecians  call.  1794  J.  HUTTON  Philos.  Light,  etc.  272 
This  principle  of  fire  moves,  in  the  quality  of  light,  with  the 
most  amazing  velocity.  1841-4  EMERSON  Ess.,  Prudence 
Wks.  (Bohn)  I.  95  There  is  more  difference  in  the  quality 
of  our  pleasures  than  in  the  amount.  1842  Miss  MITFORD 
in  L'Estrange  Life  (1870)  III.  ix.  142  The  perfection  of 
cunning^  is  to  conceal  its  own  quality.  1879  HARLAN  Eye* 
sight  viii.  1 1^  It  is  on  account  of  the  quality,  rather  than  the 
size,  of  English  print,  that  it  is  usually  so  much  pleasanter 
to  read  than  American. 

tb.  Nature,  wiih  reference  to  origin;  hence, 
cause,  occasion.  Obs.  rare. 

1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $  Cr.  iv.  i.  44  Giue  him  note  of  our 
approach,  With  the  whole  quality  whereof,  I  feare  We  shall 
be  much  vnwelcome.  1607  —  Tinion  in.  vi.  117  Know  you 
the  quality  of  Lord  Timons  fury? 

9.  Without   article : '  a.  That   aspect  of  things 
under  which  they  are  considered  in  thinking  or 
speaking  of  their  nature,  condition,  or  properties. 

The  notion  of  quality  includes  all  the  attributes  of  a  thing, 
except  those  of  relation  and  quantity.  '  Quality  '  is  the 
third  of  the  Aristotelian  categories. 

"533  ELYOrCVw*.  Helthe  (1539)  i6b,  Qualitie.  .is  the  state 
thereof,  as  Hotteor  cold,  moist  or  dry.  1656  STANLEY  Hist. 
Philos.  I.  v.  70  If  quality  be  void  of  matter,  it  must  likewise  be 
void  of  corporeity.  1727  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  antient 
school-philosophers  distinguish  quality  in  the  general,  .into 
essential  and  accidental.  1829  JAS.  MILL  Hum.  Mind ( 1 869) 
II.  xiv.  ii.  60  Quality  is  used  as  the  generical  name  of  every 
thing  in  objects,  for  which  a  separate  notation  is  required. 
1884  tr.  Lotze*s  Metaph.  45  The  question  is  renewed  as  to  the 
actual  essence  which,  .lies  behind  this  surface  of  Quality. 


QUALM. 

b.    Gram.   Manner  of  action  (cf.  7  b),  as  denoted 
by  an  adverb  ;  chiefly  in  phr.  ad-verb  of  quality. 

1530  PALSGR.  Introd.  38  The  frenche  men  ..  forme  the.yr 
adverbes  of  qualite  by  addynge  to  of  went.  Ibid.  144  Some 
[adverbs]  betoken  qualite,  and  serve  to  declare  ..  howe  a 
dede  is  done,  a  1637  B.  JONSON  Eng.  Gram.  \.  xxi,  All 
adverbs  of  quality,  .being  formed  from  nouns,  for  the  most 
part,  by  adding  ly.  1845  STODDART  in  Encycl.  Metrop. 
(1847)  1.  122/1  There  is  no  difference  in  grammatical  use 
between  .  .  an  adverb  of  quantity,  and  an  adverb  of  quality. 
1872  MORRIS  Engl.  Accid.  xiv.  193. 

C.  Peculiar  excellence  or  superiority.    (Cf.  I  c.) 

1874  TYRWHITT  Sketch,  Club  255  Quality  of  colour  means 
purity  or  truth  of  hue.  1891  Speaker  2  May  533/1  The 
book.  .has.  .more  quality  and  distinction  than  four-fifths  of 
the  novels  which  come  under  our  notice. 


10.  In  special  uses  (of  senses  8  and  9). 

a.  Logic.    Of  propositions  :    The  condition   of 
being  affirmative  or  negative.     Of  concepts  :  Com 
parative  clearness  or  distinctness. 

JS94  BLUN  DEVIL  Arie  Loeicke  in.  \,  (Cent.),  How  is  a  simple 
proposition  divided  according  to  qualitie  ?  Into  an  affirma 
tive  and  negative  proposition.  1697  tr.  Bitrgersdiciits  his 
Logic  i.  xxx.  117  In  Regard  of  Quality,  it  is  that  an  Enuncia 
tion  is  divided  ..  into  Affirming  and  Denying.  1725  WATTS 
Logic  (1726)  156  If  two  Universals  differ  in  Quality  they  are 
Contraries.  1837-8  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Lect.  Logic  ix.  (1860) 
I.  158  It  is  this  perfection  or  imperfection  which  constitutes 
the  logical  Quality  of  a  concept.  1843  MILL  Logic  11.  ii. 
§  i  (1856)  189  What  are  called  the  quantity  and  quality 
of  the  propositions.  1864  Bow  EN  Logic  v.  120  We  thus 
ascertain  the  Quality  of  the  Judgment,  or  whether  it  is 
affirmative  or  negative. 

b.  Law.  Of  an  estate  :  The  manner  in  which  it 
is  to  be  held  or  enjoyed. 

1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  II.  354  The  alteration  in  the 
particular  estate,  which  would  destroy  a  contingent  re 
mainder,  must  amount  to  an  alteration  in  its  quantity,  and 
not  in  its  quality.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  46/1. 

C.  Physics.  That  which  distinguishes  sounds 
quantitatively  the  same  ;  timbre. 

1865  Q.  Jrnl.  Sc.  592  Though  [certain  sounds  are]  the  same 
for  musical  purposes,  in  all  other  respects  the  quality  is 
different.  1872  HUXLEY  Phys.  vii.  183  The  quality  of  a 
voice—  treble,  bass,  tenor,  £c.  1881  BROADHOUSE  Mus, 
Acoustics  77  The  most  uncultivated  ear  would  perceive  a 
difference  of  quality. 

11.  A  particular  class,  kind,  or  grade  of  anything, 
as  determined  by  its  quality. 

1835  URE  Philos.  Mamtf.  324,  2$.  $d.  for  spinning  the 
same  quality.  1866  G.  MACDOSALD  Ann.  Q.  Neighb.  xiii. 
(1878)  253  A  quality  of  dialogue  which  indicated  thought. 

III.  f!2.    ~  QUALIFICATION  i.  Sf.  Obs.  rare. 

1622  Bitrgk  Rec.  Aberdeen  iSpald.  Cl.)  II.  375  The  said 
Mr.  James  Ross  ..  acceptit  of  the  said  stipend  with  the 
qualitie  and  conditioun  aboue  mentioned.  1714  W.  FORBES 
Jrnl.  Sess.  Pref.  7  Advocates  admitted  with  a  quality 
that  they  should  not  take  in  hand  to  plead  in  any..  difficult 
cause  without,  .assistance. 

IV.  13.  attrib.  and  Comb,  (chiefly  sense  4),  as 
quality-acquaintance,    -air,  -blood,  -end,    -friend, 
horse,  lady,  living,  -pride,  etc.  ;  quality-like,  -mad, 
adjs.  ;   quality-binding,  a  kind  of  worsted  tape 
for  binding  carpets  (Jam.  1808). 

1594  CAREW  Huartes  Exam.  Wits  vi.  (1596)  77  Neither 
the  vnderstanding,  nor  any  other  accident,  can  be  qualiti- 
like.  1701  FARQUHAR  Sir  H.  Wildair  \\.  i.  Wks.  (Rtldg.) 
545,  I  thought  something  was  the  matter;  I  wanted  of 
quality-air.  1706  ESTCOURT  Fair  Examp.  \.  \.  10  Your 
Quality  Lady,  when  she  speaks,  'tis  thus.  1751  SMOLLETT 
Per.  Pic.  (1779)  II.  Ixviii.  238  The  influence  of  Peregrine's 
new  quality-friends.  Ibid.  III.  Ixxxii.  274  Peregrine  found 
some  ladies  of  his  quality-acquaintance.  1768  Woman  of 
Honor  I.  134  She  is  so  stark  quality-mad.  1784  R,  BACK 
Bar/tarn  Downs  I.  233  My  Lady's  passion  for  quality 
living.  18x9  Metropolis  I  If.  149  The  Cjuality-end  of  the 
town.  1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  II.  11.  ii,  Young  ..  men, 
with  quality-blood  in  them,  poisoned  with  quality-pride. 
1891  Field  7  Mar.  334/2  Quite  a  quality  horse  is  Gratian. 

Hence  Qua'lityless  a.,  having  no  quality  or 
qualities  ;  Quality  ship,  social  position  (nonce-tvd.). 

1859  MOZLEV  Ess.,  Indian  Corners.  (1878)  II.  313  Brahm 
is  a  motionless,  characterless,  qualityless,  colourless  essence. 
1865  Dublin  University  Mag.  1.6  He  dressed  with  regard 
to  his  qualityship.  1893  J.  ORR  Chr.  Virw  God  $  W.  iv. 
146  An  absolutely  qualityless  matter.  .is  unthinkable. 

Quality,  v.  rare.  Also  6  qualit-.  [f.  prec.] 
trans,  fa.  To  furnish  with  a  quality  or  qualities. 
Obs.  b.  To  rate  at  a  certain  quality  or  value. 

X579  J  •  JONES  Present.  Bodie  fy  Soule  Ep.  Ded.  2  By  these 
three  they  be  all  qualited.  Motion  ingendreth,  Light 
shapeth  and  sheweth,  Influencedisposeth  orqualiteth.  1813 
BATCHELOR  Agric.Surv.  Bedfordsh.  236  The  warren  con 
tained  878  acres,  much  of  which  was  qualified  at  gs.  to  los. 
per  acre. 

Qualiver,  -vre,  qualliver,  obs.  ff.  CALIVEB. 

Quall(e,  obs.  forms  of  WHALE. 

Quallefy,  -ify,  obs.  forms  of  QUALIFY. 

f  Quallmire  =  QUAGMIRE  (q.  v.).  Obs.  rare  -'. 

1553  BALE  Gardiner's  De  Vera  Obed.  B  viij  b,  Who  so 
euer..goeth  about  to  fette  it  [truth]  out  of  mennes  puddles 
and  quail  myres  [v.r.  qualmires}. 

t  Qua*Uy,  a>  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
Of  wine  :  Turbid,  cloudy. 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Qually-Winesl  Turbulent 
and  Foul.  1703  Art  $•  Myst.  Vintners  22  Without  good 
Fermentation,  they  become  Qually,  (i.  e.  Cloudy). 

t  Qualm,  sb^-  Obs.  Forms:  1-2  cwealm, 
2-3  cwalm,  (3  cu-),  2-4  qualm,  3  quelme,  4 
qw,  qualme,6  6V.quhalm,qualim.  [OE.  avta/r/t 
death,  slaughter,  pestilence,  =  OS.  qualm,  OHG. 


QUALM. 

qu-,  chiialm  (MHG.  qualm  anguish) ;  f.  *kwal-, 
ablaut-var.  of  *kwel-  to  die  :  see  QUELE,  QUELL.] 

1.  General  or  widespread  mortality  of  men  or 
animals;  plague,  pestilence. 

In  OE.  also  used  of  the  (violent)  death  of  a  single  person. 

r  1000  /Ki.FRic  Horn.  II.  122  Micel  cwealni  wear5  ba;.s 
folces.  fl'id,  192  Cwealni  on  heora  orfe.  c  1125  (9.  E.  Chron. 
(Laud  MS.)  an.  1125  Hunger  &  cwealm  on  men  &  on  erue. 
CI205  LAY.  31877  pe  qualm  muchele  |>e  wes  on  moncunne. 
a  1250  Owl  <$•  Night.  1 155  Thu  bodest  cualm  of  orwe.  a  1340 
HAMPOLE  Psalter  cv.  29  And  finees  .stode  &  quemyd  &  }?e 
qualm  left,  c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt.'s  T.  1156  A  thousand 
slayn  and  nat  oon  of  qualm  ystorue. 
b.  Loss  or  damage. 

?  1*1366  CHAUCER  Raui.  Rose  357  Ywys,  great  qualme  [F. 
grant  morie]  ne  were  it  noon,  Ne  synne,  although  her  lyf 
were  gon.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  x.  i.  31  Quhen  the  fers 
burgh  of  Cartage  To  Romys  bpumlis  . .  Ane  huge  myscheif 
and  gret  quhalm  [rd.  1553  qualim]  send  sail. 

2.  altrib.,  as  qualm-house,  -stow. 

c  725  Corpus  Gloss.  2  Calvariac  locus,  cualmstou.  c  1000 
J^LFRIC  Horn.  II.  254  Da  cempan  hine  5el;eddon  to  Sasre 
cwealm-stowe.  a  1225  Aticr.  K.  106  pe  munt  of  Caluarie  . . 
was  J)e  cwalmsteou.  Ibid,  140  Iput  in  one  pristine,  &  bitund 
ase  in  one  cwalm  huse. 

t  Qualm,  sb.-  Obs.  rare— \  [App.  imitative  ; 
cf.  <j.  galtn  sound,  noise.]  Croak. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  v.  382  Augurye  of  thise  foweles. . 
As  ravenes  qualm,  or  schrychynge  of  thise  owles. 

Qualm  (kwam,  kwgm),  sb?  Forms  :  6  quam- 
me  (?calme),  6-7  qualme,  quaurae,  qua(i)me, 
7quawme,quaem,6-qualm.  [Of  obscure  origin  : 
in  form  and  sense  identical  with  Da.  kvalme, 
f  kvalm,  Sw.  qualm,  but  these  are  app.  not  native 
words.  Cf.  G.  (now  dial.)  qualm  (kalni)  swoon, 
faint,  unconscious  state  (:— MHG.  twalm:  see 
DWALM  sb.),  and  G.  qualm  (whence  Da.  kvalm, 
Sw.  qvalni*)  vapour,  steam,  close  air. 

OE.  cwealm  QUALM  j/'.l  had  the  sense  '  pain  ',  '  torment ', 
(see  quots.  in  Bosw.-Toller),  and  some  instances  of  qualm  in 
i6-i;th  c.  use  might  conceivably  mean  '  pain  ',  '  pang ' ;  but 
historical  evidence  of  connexion  is  wanting,  and  the  sense 
of  '  sick  fit ',  '  sickness '  is  possible  in  all  the  cases.] 

1.  A  (sudden)  feeling  or  fit  of  faintness,  illness, 
or  sickness.      (Now  restricted  to  cases  in  which 
the  seat  of  the  disorder  is  in  the  stomach,  but 
formerly  in  somewhat  wider  use.) 

c  1530  R.  COPLAND  Jyl  of  Brentfords  Test.  233  With 
qualmes  &  stytches  it  doth  me  torment,  That  all  my  body 
is  tome  and  rent.  1563  JEWEL  Rcfl.  Harding  (1611)  52 
If  any  quanie  or  sicknesse  happen  to  fall  vpon  him.  1594 
T.  B.  La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acaii.  \\.  139  Such  as  haue  some 

Tiaume  about  their  heart,  so  that  they  faint  and  sowne.  1683 
RYON  Way  to  Health  27  It  makes  the  Stomach  sick. .and 
sickish  Qualms  to  arise.  1740  SOMERVILLE  Hobbinol  HI.  219 
The  sickly  Qualms  That  grieve  her  Soul.  1829  LYTTON 
Devereux  n.  v,  Has  the  bottle  bequeathed  thee  a  qualm  or 
a  head-ache.  1874  BUKNAND  My  time  xxxii.  326  Breeze 
enough  for  sailing,  . .  no  qualms  to  interfere  with  appetite. 

2.  transf.     a.  A  fit  of  sickening  fear,  misgiving, 
or  depression ;   a  sudden   sinking  or  faintness  of 
heart.     Now  rare. 

"  1555  RIDLEY  in  Foxe  A.  $  M.  in.  (1596)  446  The  weake 
manne  of  God.,  will  have  now  and  then  such  thoughtes  and 
quaumes  (as  they  call  them)  to  runne  ouer  his  hart.  1624 
La  KEEPER  WILLIAMS  in  Fortesc.  Papers  (Camden)  203 
Acertayne  qualme  came  over  his  stomacke  to  be  ofajudge 
noe  Judge.  17x2  ARBUTHNOT  John  Bull  in.  iii,  Many  a 
doubt,  many  a  qualm,  overspread  his  clouded  imagination. 
1792  MARY  WOLLSTONECR.  Rig/its  Worn.  v.  236,  [IJ  soon 
heard,  with  the  sickly  qualm  of  disappointed  hope. .that  she 
was  no  more.  1861  Sat.  Re-'.  21  Dec.  636  Apt  to  leave 
qualms  and  misgivings  on  the  sensitive  . .  temperament. 

b.  A  strong  scruple  of  conscience  ;  a  painful 
doubt  or  consciousness  of  acting  wrongly. 

1649  MILTON  Eikon.  xxviii.  240  Unedified  consciences  apt 
to  engage  their  Leaders  in  great  affaires  and  then,  upon 
a  sudden  qualm  and  swimming  of  their  conscience,  betray 
them.  1687  T.  BROWN  Saints  in  Uproar  Wks.  1730  I.  77 
So  strangely  troubled  with  qualms  of  conscience.  1749 
FIELDING  Tout  Jones  vi.  xiii,  It  was  absurd  . .  to  affect  any 
qualms  about  this  trifle.  1806  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1830)  IV. 
55  One  qualm  of  principle  . .  I  do  feel.  1863  KINGLAKE 
Crimea  (1877)  II.  xiv.  241  It  was  natural  that  some  of  the 
members  of  the  Government  should  have  qualms. 

C.  A  fit  or  sudden  access  of  some  quality,  prin 
ciple,  etc.  (Now  only  with  suggestion  of  prec.) 

a  1626  BP.  ANDRF.WES  Serin.,  Repent,  ff  Fasting  (1661)  170, 
I  doubt  ours  hath  been  rather  a  flash,  a  qualme,  a  brunt 
than  otherwise.  1655  FULLER  C/i.  Hist.  in.  v.  §  55  Although 
this  qualm  of  Loyalty  took  this  Church  for  the  present. 
1655  JER.  TAYLOR  Guide  Depot.  (1719)  125  If  the  Fit  or 
Qualm  of  my  Devotion  holds  out  longer.  1820  W.  IRVING 
Sketch  Bk.  II.  282  Immediately  after  one  of  these  fits  of 
extravagance,  he  will  be  taken  with  violent  qualms  of 
economy.  1873  BROWNING  Red  Cott.  Nt.-cap  269  Had  he 
a  devotion-fit?  Clara  grew  serious  with  like  qualm. 

3.  Comb.,  as  qualm-sick  adj. 

1718  Entertainer  No.  30.  202  [They]  grew  qualm-sick  at 
the  Common  Prayer.  1758  Mickmakis  Q-  Marichects  55  She 
. ;  blows  the  smoak  towards  his  nostrils,  even  sometimes  so 
violently,  as  to  make  him  qualm-sick.  1880  BURTON  Queen 
Anne  II.  xi.  189  Qualm-sick  stomachs  of.,  self-conceited 
hypocrites. 

t  Qualm,  sb*  Obs.  rare-'1,  [var.  of  W  AIM, 
perh.  after  G.  qualm  steam.]  The  act  of  boiling. 

'599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhouers  Bk.  Physickc  4/1  Let  it  seeth 
on  the  fyer  one  qualme  or  two. 

Qualm,  v.l  [Connected  with  QUALM  sb.'A  Cf. 
Da.  kvalme  to  have  a  qualm,  and  G.  (now  dial.) 
qualnien  (kalmeii)  to  swoon,  be  unconscious.] 


19 

f  1.  inlr.  To  have  a  qualm  or  qualms.  (Cf. 
QUALM  ING  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a.)  Obs. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Dcficere,  I  faynte,  sounde,  or 
qualme  for  heate.  1603  FLORIO  tr.  Sfoitttugnt  III.  xiii. 
(1897)  VI.  253  My  stomacke  begins  to  qualme,  my  head 
feeleth  a  violent  aking. 

2.  a.  trans.  To  make  sick.  b.  absol.  To  induce 
qualms,  rare. 

1611  BEAUM.  &  FL,  Scorrtful  Lady  iv.  i,  How  I  grew 
qualm'd  in  love.  1713  Gentleman  Instructed  in.  viii.  434 
Envy  qualms  on  his  Bowels,  Prodigality  on  his  Purse.  1884 
G.  H.  BOUGHTON  in  Harper's  Mag.  Oct.  701/1  If  one  is  . . 
qualmed  by  the  show  of. .  confectionery. 

t  Qualm,  v:*     Obs.  rare-1,     [var.  of  WALM, 

pcrh.  after  G.  qualmen  to  steam.]     To  boil. 

1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gal'dlwuer's  Bk.  Physicke  8/2  Take  thre 
quartes  of  Lye. .and  let  it  qualme  a  little  on  the  fyer. 

Qua'lniiness.  [f.  QUALMY  +  -NESS.]  The 
condition  of  being  qualmy ;  nausea. 

1778  J.  ADAMS  Diary  19  Feb.,  Wks.  1851  III.  98  The 
smell  of  the  ship,  .or  any  other  offensive  smell  will  increase 
the  qualminess.  1884  Miss  DILLWYN  Jill  II.  xi.  181  The 
swell  made  my  qualminess  increase. 

t  Qua'lming,  rhl.  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  QUALM 
f.1]  The  fact  of  having  a  qualm  or  qualms. 

1565  COOPER  Th'-saitnis,  Dcfectio,  ..  the  quaulmyng  or 
sownyng  of  women  after  conception.  1596  BAHKOUGH  Meth. 
Physick  450  It  taketh  away  qwalining  and  ouercasting  of 
the  hart. 

t  Qua-lining,  ///.  a.  Obs.  [f.  as  prec.]  a. 
That  has  a  qualm  or  qualms,  b.  Of  the  nature  of 
a  fit  or  sudden  access  (cf.  QUALM  sb.'l  2  cX 

1576  FLEMING  tr.  Cains'  Dogs  in  Arb.  Garner  III.  267  To 
succour  and  strengthen  quailing  and  qualming  stomachs. 
»*35  QUAKLES  Kmbl.  v.  ii.  36  Let  lesses  sov'raigne  Flow'r 
perfume  my  qualming  brcst.  1643  MILTON  Divorce  Introd. 
(1851)  6  Till  they  get  a  little  cordial  sobriety  to  settle  their 
qualming  zeal. 

Qualmire :  see  QUALLJIIRE. 
Qualmish  (kwa-mij,  kwg-mij),  a.     [f.  QUALM 
sb.*  +  -ISH  '.] 

1.  Of  persons  :  Affected  with  a  qualm  or  qualms  ; 
tending,  or  liable,  to  be  so  affected. 

1548  UDALI.  F.rastn.  Par.  Luke  Pref.  3  Our  soule  is 
qualmishe  ouer  this  meate.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  v.  i.  22, 
I  am  qualmish  at  the  smell  of  Leeke.  1670  DKYDKN  Tyrnn. 
Love  iv.  i.  Qualmish  and  loathing  all  you  had  before  :  VL-I 
with  a  sickly  Appetite  to  more.  1748  SMOLLETT  Rod. 
Ram/.  Ixix,  My  dear  angel  has  been  qualmish  of  late.  1816 
SCOTT  Fanl.  Lett.  25  Dec.  (1894)  I.  xii.  388  The.  .dog  arrived 
..  a  little  lean  and  qualmish  however  after  his  sea  voyage. 
1860  MOTLEY  Nctlurl.  (1868)  I.  viii.  521  Elizabeth  was  not 
desirous  of  peace.,  she  was  qualmish  at  the  very  suggestion. 

2.  Of  feelings,  etc. :  Of  the  nature  of  a  qualm. 
1798  Sporting  Mag.  XII.  195,  I  began  to  feel  some  very 

qualmish    symptoms,      1860   T.    MARTIN   Horace  217   Our 
qualmish  sickness  drown  In  Caecuban  divine  ! 

3.  Of  things :    Apt  to  produce  qualms,     rare. 
1826  DISRAELI  l~h>.  Grey\\.  i,  It  is  like  a  qualmish  liqueur 

in  the  midst  of  a  bottle  of  wine. 

Hence  Qua'lmislily  aJv.  ;  Qualmishness. 

a  1650  MAY  Satir.  Puppy  (1657)  105  She  would  be  as 
leacherous  as  the  Mountaine-Goate,  had  not  Natures 
qualmishnesse  proved  a  strong  contradiction  to  her  desire. 
1844  ALII.  SMITH  Adv.  Mr.  Ledbury  ii.  (1886)  8  On  approach 
ing  the  Foreland  the  first  sensations  of  qualmishness  became 
apparent.  1845  W.  CORY  Lett,  ff  Jrnls.  (1897)  32  Think 
ing  about  it  keenly  and  qualmishly. 

Qualmy  (kwa-mi,  kw9'mi),  a.  Also  6  quamie. 
[f.  QUALM  s6.s  +  -Y.]  =  QUALMISH. 

1562  LEIGH  Armorie  (1597)  129  Neyther  abounding  in  hole 
desire,  neither  oppressed  with  quamie  colde.  1600  S. 
NICHOLSON  Acolastus  (1876)  38  Astonish!  in  a  qualmy 
traunce.  1846  LANDOR  Exam.  Shaks.  Wks.  II.  274,  I  my 
self  did  feel  queerish  and  qualmy.  1884  Miss  DILLWYN  Jill 
II.  xi.  178  The  mere  smell  of  it  makes  one  feel  qualmy. 

Hence  Qua  Imyish  c;..  somewhat  qualmy. 

1831  Blaclni'.  Mag.  XXX.  975  With  a  queerish  and 
qualmyish  feeling. 

II  Qnaltagh.  (kwa-ltax).  [Manx,  also  written 
quaaltagh,  f.  qttaail  (=  Ir.  and  Gael,  comhdhail) 
meeting.]  The  first  person  one  meets  after  leav 
ing  home  on  some  special  occasion  ;  also,  the 
first  person  entering  a  house  on  New  Year's  Day, 
the  first-foot. 

1891  MOORE  Folk-lore  Isle  of  Man  103  It  was  considered 
fortunate  if  the  tjjtaltagh  were  a  person  ..  of  dark  com 
plexion.  1894  HALL  CAINE  Manxman  59, 1  should  be  first 
foot  here,  only  I'm  no  use  as  a  qualtagh. 

Quam,  obs.  form  of  WHOM. 

Quamash  (kwamse'J,  kwo'mseJX  See  also 
CAMAS.  [N.  American  Indian.]  A  North  Ameri 
can  liliaceous  plant  (Camassia  esculent^),  the  bulbs 
of  which  are  used  for  food  by  the  American 
Indians.  Eastern  quamash  (see  quot.  1868). 

1814  Lewis  ft  Clarke's  Exp.  (1893)  958  The  Chopunnish 
are  now  dispersed  in  villages,  .for  the  purpose  of  collecting 
quamash.  1868  Rep.  U.  .V.  Commissioner  Agric.  (1869)  452 
The  plant  [Camus]  is  otherwise  known  as  the  eastern 
quamash,  or  wild  hyacinth,  and  in  botanical  nomenclature  is 
Scilla  Fraseri.  1882  Gardtn  13  May  323/3  The  white 
Camassia.. [is]  not  nearly  so  showy  as  the  blue  Quamash. 

Quame,  var.  of  QUEME,  v. ;  obs.  f.  QUALM  sb. 

tQuamire.  Obs.  Also  6  -myre,  -rnier,  8 
dia£  whamire.  [?var.  of  quail-  or  quavemit'i". 
see  QUAGMIRE,  and  cf.  Sc.  quaia-mlre  s.v.  QUAW.] 
A  quagmire,  bog.  Alsoy?^. 

I55S  EUEN  Decades  99  Muddy  marysshes  full  of  suche 
quamyres  that  men  are  oftentymes  swalowed  vp  in  them. 


QUANT. 

•573  Tt-ssER  Hush  (1878)  75  For  qu.tmicr  pet  bootes.  1587 
GOLDING  DC  Mornay  in.  32  If  we  wil  get  out  of  the  Quamyre 
of  our  sinnes.  Ibid.  xix.  302  Orpheus  . .  as  for  the  wicked 
..burieth  them  in  a  quamire.  1703  THORI:SHV  Let.  to  Ray 
27  Apr.  (E.  D.  SJ,  Wkamire,  a  quagmire. 

Quamoclit  (kw;e-rm>klit).  [Corruption  of 
Mexican  qnamo'chitl  {//i  =  t|\  f.  qua-,  comb,  form 
of  qziaiutl  tree.  +  -mochitl,  of  unknown  meaning. 

The  erroneous  form  quamoclit,  found  as  early  as  1689  in 
Tournefort's  Sc/tola  Botanica^  is  the  basis  of  imaginary 
etymologies  from  Greek  and  Sanskrit.] 

A  sub-genus  of  climbing  plants  with  brilliant 
flowers  found  in  the  tropical  parts  of  America 
and  Asia,  belonging  to  the  genus  Ipoincca.  (For 
merly  regarded  as  a  distinct  genus.) 

1731  MILLKR  Card.  Diet,  s.v.,  Quamoclit  with  very  fine, 
cut,  winged  Leaves,  ..  called  in  Harbudoes  S\veet-\Villiam. 
1753  CHAMBHRS  Cycl.  .V////.,  The  species  of  quamoclit, 
enumerated  by  Mr.  Tournefurt,  are  these  [etc.].  Ihiii., 
Quamoclit  differs  from  bindweed,  or  convolvulus,  in  the 
shape  of  the  flower.  1755  Gcntl.  Mag.  XXV.  408  As  to 
specimens  I  sent  you  of  the  bastard  quamoclil  [printed 
quarnoclifj.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  193/1  Quamoclit  .. 
vul^aris  is  common  in  every  part  of  India.  1892  BENTHAM 
^  HOOKER  Brit.  Flora  (ed.  6)  305  The  exotic  genus  Ipomo:a, 
including  Pharbitis  and  Quamoclit.  .supplies  some  of  our 
most  beautiful  greenhouse  and  hothouse  climbers. 

Quan,  obs.  form  of  GUAX,  WHKN. 

Quandary  (kwymle>ri,  kwo-mlari),  sb.  Also 
6  quandare,  -arye,  6-7  -arie,  8-9  quondary. 
[Of  unknown  origin  ;  in  common  use  from  c  1580. 

Possibly  a  corruption  of  some  term  of  scholastic  Latin. 
The  suggestions  that  it  is  ad.F.  <•///<•«  dirai-je  'what  shall 
I  say  of  it?'  that  it  represents  MR  ii<and>-cth,  or  is  an 
abbrev.  of  hypodwiidry,  are  (apart  from  other  considera 
tions)  condemned  by  the  fact  that  the  original  stressing  is 
quandary.  Recent  diets,  favour  qiia'niiary,  given  by  John 
son  (who  calls  it '  a  low  word  ')  and  Webster,  but  not  accepted 
by  Sheridan,  Walker,  or  Smart.] 

A  state  of  extreme  perplexity  or  uncertainty  ; 
a  dilemma  causing  (great)  mental  agitation  or  dis 
tress  ;  fa  ticklish  plight.  Freq.  in  phr.  in  a 
(ffreat,  sad,  etc.)  quandary. 

1579  LYLY  EvpJnies  (Arb.)  45  Kuphues.. departed,  leaving 
this  olde  gentleman  in  a  great  quandarie.  1582  STANV- 
iit-Rsr  Mncis  iv.  (Arb.*  94  The  Queene  in  meane  while 
with  carks  quandare  deepe  angujsht  [etc.].  1611  UKAUM.  & 
FL.  Knt.  Burn.  Pestle  i.  i,  Much  I  fear,  forsaking  of  my 
diet,  Will  bring  me  presently  to  that  quandary,  I  shall  bid 
all  adieu.  1652  C.  B.  STAPVI.TON  Ifcrodian  xvi.  135  The 
Nobles,  Gentry,  Souldiers  in  quandaries  .,  To  Turret  tops 
he  fetches  more  Vagaries,  a  1720  Sui-jrKiKLD  (Dk.  l!uckhm.) 
U'ks.  (1729)  201  Apollo  now  driv'n  to  a  cursed  Quandary 
was  wishing  for  Swift,  or  for  fam'd  Lady  Mary.  1751 
SMOLI.KTT  Per.  Pic.  (1779)  I.  ii.  9  Thof  he  be  sometimes 
thrown  into  perilous  passions  and  quandaries.  1847  Dis- 
RAKI.I  Tailored  IT.  iv,  All  his  quandaries  terminated  in  the 
same  catastrophe  ;  acompromise.  1875  JOWKTI  /Va//;{ed.  2) 
I.  229  Now  I  was  in  a  great  quandary  at  having  to  answer 
this  question. 

t  Quandary,  v,  Ohs.  rare.  [f.  prec.]  a.  trans. 
To  perplex,  put  in  a  quandary,  b.  ;'«/;-.  To  be 
in  a  quandary. 

1616  T.  ADAMS  Saul's  Sic&rtcss  Wks.  i86r  I.  505  He  quan 
daries,  whether  to  goe  forward  to  God,  or,  with  Demas,  to 
turne  backe  to  the  world.  1681  OTWAV  .Vo/^/cr'i  Fort.  in.  i, 
Methinks  I  am  quandary'd  like  one  coing  with  a  Party  to 
discover  the  Enemy's  Camp,  but  had  lost  his  Guide  upon 
the  Mountains, 

Quandong  (kwae-ndc'ij,  kw9-n-).  Also  quan- 
dang,  -dung,  quon(g)dong,  quantong.  [Ab 
original  Australian.]  a.  An  Australian  tree  of 
the  sandal-wood  order  (Fitsattus  acuminatits  or 
Santalum  acuminattint],  or  its  edible  drupaceous 
fruit,  which  is  of  a  blue  colour  and  about  the  size 
of  a  cherry;  also  called  native  peach-tree],  b. 
A  large  Australian  scrub-tree  (Elcotarfiis  grandis), 
or  its  fruit.  Also  attrib.,  as  qiiandong-nut ',  -tree. 

1839  T.  L,  MITCHELL  3  F..\-pcd.  135  (Morris)  In  all  these 
scrubs  on  the  Murray  the  Fusamts  acuminatits  is  common, 
and  produces  the  quandang  nut.  1850  CLCTTKRBUCK  Port 
Phillip  II.  30  The  indigenous  Quandang. .  is  the  only  really 
palatable  fruit  that  grows  in  the  wilds  of  Port  Phillip.  1857 
W.  HOWITT  Tallangetta  I.  41  (Morris)  Abundance  of  fig  ,. 
trees,  cherries,  loquots,  quondongs.  1859  H.  KINGSLEY  G. 
Hamlyn  xxx.  (1894)  279  Such  quantongs,  such  raspberries, 
surpassing  imagination.  1887  FARRELL  Ho-v  he  Died  20 
Where  barren  fig-tree  and.  .quandong  Bloom  on  lone  roads. 

Quann(e,  obs.  forms  of  \\'HEN. 

Quannet  (kwo-net).  Also  quonet.  [Of  ob 
scure  origin.]  A  flat  file  set  in  a  frame,  and  used 
as  a  plane  in  filing  flat  surfaces,  as  in  comb-making. 

1842  WHITTOCK  Complete  Book  of  Trades  225  The  comb- 
makers  use  a  tool.. called  a  quonet,  having  coarse  single 
teeth,  to  the  number  of  about  seven  or  eight  to  an  inch. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1842/1  Qnannct. 

Quanon,  variant  of  KANOON. 

Quant  (kwaent,  kwont),  sb.  Also  5  quanta, 
(qv-),  whaute,  9  quont.  [?  ad.  L.  contus  (Gr. 
KOVTOS}  boat-pole.  Current  in  E.  Anglia  and  Kent 
(in  the  latter  also  'a  young  oak -sapling,  a  walk 
ing-stick  ') :  the  northern  equivalent  is  KENT  j£.i] 
A  pole  for  propelling  a  boat,  esp.  one  with  a  flat 
cap  to  prevent  it  sinking  in  the  mud,  used  by  barge 
men  on  the  east  coast. 

11440  Promp.  Parv.  418/2  Quante,  or  sprete,  rodde.., 
contus.  Ibid.  523/2  Whante,  or  qvante.  1687  SHADWELL 
ywcnat  38  Contus  signifies  a  Quant  or  Sprett,  with  which 
they  shove  Boats.  1847-78  in  HALLIWELL.  1883  G.  C. 


QUANT. 

DAVIES  Norfolk  Broads  iv.  25  When  the  wind  fails,  the 
men  betake  themselves  to  the  'quant',  which  is  a  long 
slender  pole  with  a  knob  at  one  end  and  a  spike  and 
shoulder  at  the  other.  1893  DOUGHTY  Wherry  in  Wenti. 
LanJs  167  To  get  all  sail  off  her,  and  undertake  a  tough 
job  with  the  quants. 

Quant  ^kwsent,  kwgnt),  v.  [f.  prec.]  a.  trans. 
To  propel  (a  boat}  with  a  quant.  Also  absol. 
b.  intr.  Of  a  boat :  To  be  propelled  with  a  quant. 

1865  [implied  in  QUANTING  vbl.  sb.\  1883  G.  C.  DAVIES 
Norfolk  Broads  v.  37  The  water  was  too  deep  for  us  to 
quant  our  punt.  1887  W.  RYE  Norfolk  Broads  p.  ii,  Great 
disinclinations  to  quant  or  scull.  1893  Toynbec  Kec.  90 
Now  her  stern,  now  a  broadside,  is  toward  us.  .as  she  quants 
against  the  breeze. 

Hence  Qua'nting-  vbl.  st>.  (also  attrib.} 

1865  W.  WHITE  East.  Eng,  I.  84  Wherry  men,  to  whom 
the  operation  of  'quanting'  is  very  familiar.  1883  G.  C. 
DAVIES  Norfolk  Broads  x.  77  There  may  be  a  quanting- 
match.  1887  W.  RYE  Norfolk  Broads  39  We  and  the 
wherry,  by  dint  of  very  hard  quanting,  managed . .  to  get  as 
far  as  the  ruins. 

i  Qua utal,  a.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  as  next  + 
-AL.T  =  ALIQUANT. 

111696  SCARBURGH  Euclid  (1705)  177  A  Quantal  part 
measures  not  the  whole:  but  repeated  is  either  less  or 
greater  than  it. 

t  Qualitative,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [For  quantita 
tive,  as  if  f.  L.  quant-its  +  -ATIVE  :  cf.  QUANTI 
TIVE.  (But  perh.  a  misprint  in  both  quots.)] 
=  QUANTITATIVE. 

1644  DIGBY  Nat.  Bodies  iii.  30  In  compounding  and 
diuidmg  of  bodies  according  to  quantatiue  [1669  quantl- 
tivej  paries.  1661  GLANVILL  Van.Dogin.  29  Motion  cannot 
be  received  but  by  qualitative  dimension. 

Quautic  (kwo'ntik).  Math.  [f.  L.  quant-its 
how  much  +  -ic.J  A  rational,  integral,  homo 
geneous  function  of  two  or  more  variables. 

A  quantic  according  to  its  dimensions  is  a  quadric,  cubic, 
t|uartic,  etc.  according  as  it  is  of  the  and,  3rd,  4th,  etc.  degree ; 
and  is  binary,  ternary,  quaternary,  etc.  according  as  it  has 
two,  three,  four,  etc.  variables. 

1854  A.  CAYLEY  Wks.  (1887)  II.  224  We  may  instead  of  a 
single  quantic  consider  two  or  more  quantics.  1881  BURN- 
SIDE  &  PANTON  Th.  Eqttat.  Introd.  p.  4  A  polynomial  is 
sometimes  called  a  quantic.  1896  E.  B.  ELLIOTT  (title)  An 
Introduction  to  the  Algebra  of  Quantics. 

Hence  Qua'utical  a.,  relating  to  quantics. 

Quantifiable  (kwo-ntifalab'n,  a.  [f.  QUAN 
TIFY  v.  +  -ABLE.]  That  may  be  conceived  or 
treated  as  a  quantity ;  that  may  be  measured  with 
regard  to  quantity. 

1883  A.  BARRATT  Phys.  Mctcmpiric  p.  xxv,  Those  mutual 
relations  of  conscious  centres  which  are  measurable  and 
quantifiable.  1893  Atkenxuin  11  Nov.  667/2  It  is  the  latter 
kind  only  [of  feeling]  which  is  immediately  and  necessarily 
quantifiable 

Quantification  (lewo-ntifik^-Jaii).  [f.  QUAN 
TIFY  -v. :  see  -FICATION.]  The  action  of  quantifying. 

Quantification  of  the  predicate:  the  expression  of  the 
logical  quantity  of  the  predicate  of  a  proposition,  by  apply 
ing  to  the  predicate  the  sign  all,  or  some,  or  an  equivalent ; 
a  device  introduced  chiefly  by  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  and  in 
tended  to  simplify  logical  processes. 

£-1840  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Logic  (1866)  II.  297  Because  the 
universal  quantification  of  the  predicate  is,  in  this  instance, 
materially  false,  is  such  quantification,  therefore,  always 
formally  illegal?  1864  BOWKS  Logic  vii.  181  It  is  enough 
that  the  quantifications  of  the  Middle  Term  in  both  Premises, 
added  together,  should  exceed  unity.  1882  PIAZZI  SMITH 
in  Mature  XXVI.  552  All  that  we  require  for  the.  .quanti 
fication  of  watery  vapour. 

Quantified,  ppl.  a.  ff.  next  +  -ED  l.J  Pos 
sessing  or  endowed  with  quantity;  measured  or 
determined  with  respect  to  quantity. 

1589  R.  BRUCE  Strut.  (1843)  87  To  make  it,  at  ane  time.. . 
a  bodie  and  not  a  bodie,  quantified  and  not  quantified 
c  1840  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Logic  App.  (1866)  II.  259  The  real 
terms  compared  in  the  Convertend.  .are  not  the  naked  but 
the  quantified.  1847  LEWES  Hist.  Philos.  (1867)  II.  481 
The  discovery  of  precise  quantities  proves  the  objectivity  of 
something  quantified.  1870  JEVONS  Logic  186  Immediate 
inference  by  added  determinant.. can  also  be  applied.. to 
quantified  propositions. 

Quantify  (kwg-nti&i),  v.  [ad.  med.L.  quanti- 
ficare  (Du  Cange),  f.  yuant-us  how  great:  see 
QUANTITY  and  -FT.] 

1.  Logic.  To  make  explicit  the  extent  to  which  a 
term  is  referred  to  in  a  proposition,  by  prefixing 
all  or  some  or  an  equivalent  word  to  the  term. 

1:1840  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Logic  App.  (1866)  II.  261  Ordinary 
language  quantifies  the  Predicate  so  often  as  this  determina 
tion  becomes  of  the  smallest  import.  Ibid.  272  Let  us 
overtly  quantify  the  subject . .  and  say,  A II men  are  animals. 
1864  liowEN  Logic  v.  127  They  further  maintain,  that  the 
t-redicate  is  never  quantified  particularly  in  a  Negative 
Judgment.  1887  [see  INDEFINITE  a.  4]. 

2.  To  determine  the  quantity  of,  to  measure. 
1878   LOCKYER  Stargazing  152   The   magnification  ..  of 

space,  which  enables  minute  portions  of  it  to  be  most 
accurately  quantified.  1881  PIAZZI  SMITH  in  Nature  XXVI. 
5,?,'  A.raete°rol°g'cal  spectroscope  . .  may  also  . .  be  able  to 
quantity,  .the  proportions  of  such  aerial  supply  of  water-gas 
Hence  Quantifying^)/,  a 

ci*ar?7  h'kW'  fHAM"-TON  Let-  !".A-  d*  Morgan  43  Logi- 
~,-^;'^  ^\Cv  r^.,rret*  t"6  quantifying  predesignations  pin- 
ruin,  an  I  the  like,  to  the  most  opposite  heads 

Quantitative  'kwo-mit.tiv),  «.  and  A  fad 
rned.L.  quantitiitivus :  see  QUANTITY  and  -IVK 
U.  K  jitanMatif(i5S6  in  Godef.  Compl.)  ] 


20 

A.  1.  Possessing  quantity,  magnitude,  or  spatial 
extent.     Now  rare. 

1581  MARBECK  Bk.  of  Notes  4°  (Angels  occupy]  no 
bodilie  place,  no  several!  nor  quantitative  place.  1634 
JACKSON  Creed  vn.  xxvi.  j  5  The  world  in  the  original  doth 
not  signify  this  visible  or  quantitative  world.  1697  J.  SER 
GEANT  Solid  Phihs.  22  The  Body,  only  which  (and  not  the 
Soul)  is  Quantitative.  1847  LEWES  Hist.  Philos.  (1867)  II. 
481  The  fact  that  we  discover  quantitative  space  and  time. 

2.  That  is,  or  may  be,  considered  with  respect  to 
the  quantity  or  quantities  involved  ;  estimated  or 
estimable  by  quantity. 

1656  Artif.  Handsom.  44  This  Quantitative  Adultery, 
which  . .  makes  far  more  grosse  alterations,  &  substantial] 
changes  of  nature.  1661  GLANVILL  Van.  Dogm.  221  The 
colour  of  mens  eyes  is  various,  nor  is  there  less  diversity  in 
their  quantitative  proportions.  1841  GROVE  Corr.  P/iys. 
For.  (ed.  6)  142  An  invariable  quantitative  relation  to  each 
other.  1858  J.  MARTINEAU  Stud.  Chr.  160  Not  as  its 
quantitative  equal  ..  but  as  a  moral  equivalent.  1879 
FARRAR  St.  Paul  (1883)  43  The  enormous  error  that  man  . . 
can  win  by  quantitative  goodness  his  entrance  into  the 
Kingdom  of  God. 

3.  Relating  to,   concerned  with,  quantity  or  its 
measurement ;  ascertaining  or  expressing  quantity. 

1668  WILKINS  KcalCtiar.  in.  vii.  325  Relative  and  Quanti 
tative  Pronouns.  1830  HERSCHEL  Stud.  Xat.  rhil.  123  It 
is  a  character  of  all  the  higher  laws  of  nature  to  assume  the 
form  of  precise  quantitative  statement.  1849  D.  CAMPBELL 
Iiiorg.  Client.  Pref.  4  Tables  for  assisting  in  the  calculations 
of  quantitative  analysis.  1882  FARRAR  Early  Chr.  I.  125 
The  quantitative  conceptions  of  Jewish  formalism. 

4.  Pertaining  to,  based  on,  vowel-quantity. 

1799  Monthly  Rci'.  XXIX.  49  The  quantitative  accent, 
as  it  may  be  called,  follows  the  analogy  of  the  Latin.  1871 
LOWI-:LL  Study  It'ind.  (1886)  241  The  best  quantitative 
verses  in  our  language  are  to  be  found  in  Mother  Goose. 

B.  s/i.  f  a.  A  sign  that  indicates  quantity.  Obs. 
b.  That  which  possesses  or  involves  quantity. 

1668  WILKINS  Real  Char.  in.  ii.  305  Of  all  which  [pro- 
nouns]  it  is  to  be  observed,  that  they  are  in  some  kind  or 
other,  Quantitatives.  1846  SABINK  tr.  Huinboldt's  Cosmos 
(1847)  I.  179  An  effort  ..  to  investigate  the  quantitative  in 
the  laws  of  one  of  the  great  phenomena  of  nature. 

Quantitatively,  adv.  ff.  prec.  +  -LY-.] 
In  a  quantitative  manner ;  in  respect  of  quantity. 

1593  R.  HARVEY  Philad.  21  He  and  his  surveyed  it  quan 
titatively.  1624  GATAKER  Transul'St.  115  With  quantitie, 
but  not  quantitatively.  1644  DIGUV  Of  Man's  Soul  x.  423 
One  pure  simple  substance,  peraduenture  Metaphysically, 
or  formally  diuisible  ;  . .  but  not  quantitatiuely,  1845  G.  E. 
DAY  tr.  Sit/ion's  Anitn.  Chein.  I.  347  The  magnesia  and 
silica  were  not  determined  quantitatively.  1870  ROLLESTON 
Aniin.  Life  Introd.  49  The  brain  holds  a  more  favorable 
relation  quantitatively  to  the  body  and  to  the  spinal  cord. 

So  Qua'ntitativeuess,  the  quality  or  condition 
of  being  quantitative. 

1858  H.  STKNCER  Ess.  I.  225  The  more  specific  character 
istic  of  scientific  previsions  ..  their  quantitativeness.  1873 
—  Stud.  Social.  (1882)  45  Where  they  are  quantitative,  their 
quantitativeness.  -is  mostly  very  indefinite. 

t  Qua'iititiecl,  a.  Obs.  [f.  QUANTITY  +  -ED2.] 
Endowed  with  quantity  or  spatial  magnitude. 

1605  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  it.  iii.  i.  Abraliam  1115 
Alwaies  in  some  place  are  Angels  ..  selfly  limited,  And 
joyn'd  to  place,  yet  not  as  quantiti'd. 

Quantitive  tkwg-ntitiv),  a.  ff.  QUANTITY  + 
-IVK  :  cf.  qua/Hive.]  =  QUANTITATIVE. 

1656  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  v.  (1701)  159/2  Neither  equal, 
nor  certain,  nor  quantitive,  nor  qualitative.  1669  [see 
QUANTATIVE].  1827  G.  S.  FABER  E.tfiat.  Sacrif.  148  By 
what  intelligible  process  can  we  estimate  the  quantitive 
proportions  of  two  dissimilar  oblations?  1882-3  SCHAFF 
Encycl.  Relig.  Kmnvl.  II.  1553  He  can  make  no  other  dis 
tinction  between  them  . .  than  a  quantitive  one. 

Hence  Qua-ntitively  ailv.  =  QUANTITATIVELY. 

1827  G.^S.  FABER  Expiat.  Sacrif.  149  The  only  mode,  .in 
which  things  dissimilar  can  be  quantitively  compared.  1871 
B.  STEWART  Heat^  §  402  To  estimate  either  temperature 
or  hardness  quantitively. 

Quantity  (kwg-ntiti).  Forms :  4-6  quan- 
tite,  -yte,  (4  -itee,  -ytee,  5  whantite),  6  quaun- 
tit,  6-7  quantitie,  (6  -etie),  6-  quantity,  [a. 
OF.  quantitl,  ad.  L.  quantitas,  -atem,  f.  quant-us 
how  much,  how  great :  see  -ITY.] 

I.  1.  Size,  magnitude,  dimensions.  In  widest 
sense  implying  magnitude  in  three  dimensions,  but 
sometimes  contextually  limited  to  (a)  thickness  or 
stoutness,  (6)  extent  of  surface,  area,  (c)  linear 
extension,  length,  height.  Obs.  exc.  Math. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  49  Asia  is  most  in  quantite, 
Europa  is  lasse.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxi.  96  pare  er 
o)>er  also  of  less  quantitee,  as  it  ware  of  be  mykill  of  a 
mannes  thee.  1426  LYDG.  DC  Guil.  Pilgr.  5845  Sawh  thow 
euere  . .  Off  manhys  herte  the  quantyte !  1470-85  MALORY 
Arthur •  v.  viii,  A  grete  gyaunt . . whiche  was  a  man  of  an 
huge  quantyte  and  heyghte.  1378  LVTE  Dodoens  I.  Ixix. 
102  The  roote  is  long,  of  the  quantite  of  one's  fingar.  Ibid. 
Ii.  v.  153  White  huskes  . .  of  the  quantitie  of  a  sroote,  or 


the  just  Quantity  or  Content  of  any  Piece  of  Ground.  1682 
R.  BURTON  Admir.  Curios.  (1684)  30  Diamonds  are  found 
in  many  places,,  .their  quantity  is  from  a  Pease  to  a  Walnut. 
1830  KATER  &  LARDNER  Mcch.  i.  4  The  quantity  of  a  surface 
is  called  its  area  ;  and  the  quantity  of  a  line  ..  its  length. 

tb.  A  dimension.     Obs.  rare-1. 
1590  STOCKWOOD  Rules  Constr.  48  Whether  the  word  of 
measure  do  signifie  the  depth,  height,  length,  thicknes,  or 
any  such  quantitie  of  a  thing. 

t  c.  An  amount  equal  to  the  volume  of.     Obs. 


QUANTITY. 

1610  U.  JONSON  Alch.  ii.  i,  Taking. .on  a  knife's  point, 
The  quantity  of  a  grain  of  mustard.  1694  SALMON  Bales 
Dispens.  (1713)  151/1  Of  this  Balsam  ..  the  Patient  may 
take  the  Quantity  of  a  pretty  large  Chestnut. 

2.  Amount,  sum.  a.  Of  material  things  not  subject 
to,ornot  usuallyestimated  by, spatial  measurement. 

<  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxxi.  142  Of  f>aim  ^ai  gader 
boumbe  in  grete  quantitee.  1533  ELYOT  Cast.  Ifelthe  (1539) 
363,  Ale  and  here  . .  do  ingender  more  grosse  vapours,  and 
corrupt  humors,  than  wine  doth,  beinge  drunke  in  lyke 
excesse  of  quantitie.  1683  TRYON  Way  to  Health  (1697) 
205  Of  the  Quantity  of  Children's  Food.  1769  De  Foe's 
TottrGt.  Brit,  (ed.  7)  II.  64  Fern,  which  formerly  grew  in 
great  Quantity  there.  1849  NOAD  Electricity  188  The 
quantity  of  the  Electric  current  bears  a  relation  to  the  size 
of  the  plates. 

b.  Of  immaterial  things. 

CI37S  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  x.  (Matthew}  576  Nothire  for  J>e 
ennormyte  of  pe  syne,  na  f»e  quantyte.  c  1400  tr.  Secreta 
Secret,,  Gov.  Lordsh.  106  Chese  a  sotell  man  . .  to  shewe  J>e 
quantyte  of  by  hynes.  1432  Rolls  of  Partt.  IV.  403/1 
There  should  no  man  ben  amerced  bote  after  the  quantite 
of  his  trespas.  c  1485  Digly  Myst.  iv.  621  After  the  whautite 
of  sorofull  remembrance.  1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  iv.  ii.  17, 
I  lone  thee. .  How  much  the  quantity,  the  waight  as  much,  As 
I  do  loue  my  Father.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Gm't.  Eng.  \.  liii. 
(J73g)94  Fine  and  Pledges  shall  be  according  to  the  quantity 
of  the  offence.  1780  BENTHAM  Princ.  Legist,  xvij.  §  15 
Any  punishment  is  subservient  to  reformation  in  proportion 
to  its  quantity.  1827  POLLOK  Course  T.  vm,  He  prayed  by 
quantity. 

t  c.  Of  money,  payment,  etc.     Obs. 

£1460  FORTESCUE  Abs.  $  Lim.  Mon,  vi.  (1885)  121  The 
iiijth  or  the  vth  parte  of  the  quantite  of  his  expenses.  1528 
Gahvay  Arch,  in  iof/1  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm,  App.  v.  403 
That  some  or  quauntit  of  such  monye  as  they  playe  for. 
a  1548  HALL  Chron,,  Edw.  IV  223  b.  The  fees  of  canonizyng 
of  a  kyng,  wer  of  so  great  a  quantitie  at  Rome  [etc.].  1600 
HAMILTON  in  Cath.  Tract.  (S.  T.  S.)  219  The  qualitie  and 
quantitie  of  the  oblation.  1714  FOKTESCUE-ALAND  Pref. 
Fortfscne's  Abs.  <$•  Lim.  Mon.  48  The  Lord  was  to  forfeit 
3aj.  which  was  then  near  as  much  in  Quantity  as  5/.  now. 
1775  JOHNSON  Tax.  no  Tyr.  15  The  quantity  of  this  payment 
t  d.  Number,  numbers.  ^Cf.  9.)  Obs.  rare. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Anns  (S.  T.  S.)  10  The  cristin 
men.,  war  all  persewit  and  put  to  dede  in  grete  quantitee. 
1581  N.  BURNE  in  Cath.  Tract.  (S.  T.  S.)  135  To  mak 
Chalices  of  gold  and  siluer  in  mair  quantitie  and  abound* 
ance  nor  befoir. 

3.  Length  or  duration  in  time.     Now  only  in  the 
legal  phrase  Quantity  of  estate,  the  length  of  time 
during  which  the  right  of  enjoyment  of  an  estate 
is  to  continue. 

f  1391  CHAUCER  AstroL  \\.  §  7  Reknc  thanne  the  quantite 
of  tyme  in  the  bordure  by-twixe  bothe  prikkes.  I  bid.  §  9 
To  knowe  the  quantite  of  the  day  vulgare.  1588  A.  KING 
tr.  Canisius  G  vij,  According  to  the  quantitie  of  the  yere, 
obserueit  in  that  age  to  contene  304  dayes.  1818  CRUISE 
Digest  (ed.  2)  II.  354  The  alteration  in  the  particular  estate 
.  .must  amount  to  an  alteration  in  its  quantity.  1841  Penny 
Cycl.  XIX.  46/1  Where  the  word  Estate  is  used  in  its 
technical  sen?>e,  it  . .  [means]  the  quantity  and  quality  of 
enjoyment  of  the  thing. 

b.  Pros,  Length  or  shortness  of  sounds  or  syl 
lables,  determined  by  the  time  required  to  pro 
nounce  them.  Chiefly  used  with  reference  to* 
Greek  and  Latin  verse,  in  which  the  metres  are 
based  on  quantity.  False  quantity  :  see  FALSE  a.  2. 

1563-7  BUCHANAN  Reform.  St.  Andros  Wks.  (1892)  9  Thys 
classe  sal  reid.  .sum  buik  of  Guide,  and  the  quantiteis  of 
syllabes.  1586  W.  WEBBE  Eng.  Poetrie  (Arb.)  69  As  for  the 
quantity  of  our  wordes,  therein  lyeth  great  difficultye. 
a  1637  B.  JONSON  Eng.  Gram,  iii,  All  our  vowels  are  . .  In 
quantity  (which  is  time)  long  or  short.  1727-41  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.,  The  quantity  of  the  syllables  is  but  little  fixed  in 
the  modern  tongues.  1774  \YARTON  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry 
(1840)  I.  Diss.  ii.  108  King  Chilperic.. wrote  two  books  of 
Latin  verses  . .  without  any  idea  of  the  common  quantities. 
1859  THACKERAY  Virgin,  v,  George  knew  much  more  Latin 
..than  his  master,  and  caught  him  in  perpetual  ..  false 
quantities.  1887  RUSKIN  Prseterita  II.  275  A  rightly  bred 
scholar  who  knew  his  grammar  and  his  quantities. 
C.  Alus.  Length  or  duration  of  notes. 

1597  MORLLV  Introd.  Mus.  9  The  quantitie  of  euery  note 
and  rest  in  the  song.  1674  PLAYFORD  Skill  MKS.  i.  vii.  24 
Measure  in  this  Science  is  a  Quantity  of  the  length  and 
shortness  of  Time.  1811  BUSBY  Diet.  Mns.  s.v.,  Quantity, 
in  music,  .does  not  signify  the  number  of  notes,  or  syllables, 
but  their  relative  duration. 

4.  In  the  most  abstract  sense,  esp.  as  the  subject 
of  mathematics  :  That  property  of  things  which  is 
involved  in  the  questions  '  how  great  ? '  or  *  how 
much  ? '  and  is  determinable,  or  regarded  as  being 
so,  by  measurement  of  some  kind. 

In  this  sense  continuous  and  discrete  quantity  are  dis 
tinguished:  see  DISCRETE  2.  'Quantity1  is  the  second  of 
the  ten  Aristotelian  categories. 

1530  PALSGR.  Introd.  144  Some  [adverbs]  betoken  quantite. 
1570,  1687,  etc.  [see  DISCRETE].  1690  LOCKK  Hum.  Und. 
iv.  iii.  (1695)  314  The  Ideas  of  Quantity  are  not  those  alone 
that  are  capable  of  Demonstration  and  Knowledge.  1756 
BURKE^";^/.  3-  B.  ni.ii,  All  proportions,  every  arrangement  of 
quantity,  is  alike  to  the  understanding.  1797  Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  XV.  741/1  Mathematics  is.. employed  in  discovering 
and  stating  many  relations  of  quantity.  1864  Bow  EN  Logic 
vii.  185  Mathematics  is  the  science  of  pure  quantity. 

5.  Logic,  a.  The  extension  or  intension  of  a  term, 
distinguished  as  extensive  and  intensive  quantity 
(see  the  adjs.).     b.  The  degree  of  extension  which 
a  proposition  gives  to  the  term  forming  its  subject, 
and  according  to  which  it  is  said  to  be  universal^ 
particular,  singular,  and  indefinite  or  indetermi 
nate  (see  these  words). 


QUANTITY. 

1668  WILKINS  Real  Char.  MI.  i.  306  Another,  A  certain 
one,  Some  one,  are  for  their  Quantities,  Singulars  or  Par 
ticulars  indeterminate.  1697  tr.  Burgersdicins  Logic  i. 
xxix.  115  In  Respect  to  Quantity,  an  Enunciation  i?,  divided 
into  Universal,  Particular,  Indefinite,  and  Singular.  1725 
WATTS  Logic  (17261  160  Both  particular  and  universal  Pro 
positions  which  agree  in  Quality  but  not  in  Quantity  arc 
call'd  Subaltern.  1836-8  [see  INTENSION  5,  EXTENSIVE  5]. 
1843  MILL  Logic  I.  n.  ii.§  i  According  to  what  are  called  the 
quantity  and  quality  of  propositions.  1864  BOWEN  Logic 
v.  120  We  may  inquire  concerning  the  number  of  objects 
about  which  we  judge,  and  thus  determine  the  Quantity, 
or  Extension,  of  the  Judgment.  [See  also  EXTENSION  8  b.) 

f  6.  Relative  or  proportional  size  or  amount, 
proportion.  Ohs.  rare. 

1551  RECORDE  Cast.  Know!.  (1556)  146  Euery  darke  body 
giueth  shadowe  accordinge  to  the  quantitie  that  it  beareth 
to  that  shyning  body,  which  giueth  the  light.  1602  SHAKS. 
Hani.  in.  ii.  177  For  womens  Feare  and  Loue,  holds 
quantitie.  In  neither  ought,  or  in  extremity :  ..  And  as  my 
Loue  is  siz'd,  my  Feare  is  so. 

7.  Great  or  considerable  amount  or  bulk. 

1753  HOGARTH  Anal.  Beauty  vi.  29  Windsor  castle  is 
a  noble  instance  of  the  effect  of  quantity.  1877  RAYMOND 
Statist.  Mines  fy  Mining  175  Only  the  smelting-ores  have 
been  extracted  in  quantity. 

II.  8.  A  (specified)  portion  or  amount  of 
an  article  or  commodity.  Also  transf.  of  imma 
terial  things.  (Cf.  2  above.) 

c  1325  Poem  times  Ediv.  //(Percy)  xlii,  Give  the  goodman 
to  drink  A  gode  quantite.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  viii.  31 
Of  J>is  liquour  J>ai  giffe  a  lytill  quantitee  til  pilgrimes.  1484 
CAXTON  Fables  of  A  If  once  xi,  A  grete  dele  or  quantite  of 
mostard.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  64  A  lytell 
quantite  of  sande  in  an  other  lytell  bagge.  1602  SHAKS. 
Hetnt.  v.  i.  293  Fortie  thousand  Brothers  Could  not  (with  all 
there  quantitie  of  Loue)  Make  up  my  summe.  1696  LUT- 
TRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  IV.  4  Having  received  great  quantities 
of  broad  money  from  Exeter  in  order  to  clip  it.  1752  JOHN 
SON  Rambler  No.  203  i*  10  A  certain  quantity  or  measure  of 
renown.  '793  BEDDOES  Calculus  223  A  small  quantity  of 
azotic  air.  1825  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  n.  Stage  Illusion,  A  suffi 
cient  quantity  of  illusion  for  the  purposes  of  dramatic 
interest.  1863  Q.  Rev.  July  78  A  certain  quantity  of  snow. 
b.  An  indefinite  (usually  a  fair  or  considerable) 
portion  or  amount;  fa  small  piece,  fragment. 

1:1325  Song  of  Yesterday  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  134  Of  his 
strengbe  heleost  a  quantite.  c  1400  Song  Roland  585  Offred 
them  every  chon  a  quantite  of  gold.  1486  fik.  St.  Albans 
Cvij,  Take  a  quantyte  of  poorke.,and  butter.  1535 COVER- 
DALE  i  Sam.  xxx.  12  They..gaue  him  a  quantite  of  fygges, 
£  two  quantities  of  rasyns.  1596  SHAKS.  7'atrt.  S/tr.  iv. 
iii.  112  Away  thou  Ragge,  thou  quantitie,  thou  remnant. 
1597  —  2  Hen.  IV)  v.  i,  77  If  I  were  saw'de  into  Quantities 
I  should  make  foure  dozen  of  such  bearded  Hermit es  staues. 
1731  ARBUTHNOT  Aliments  vi.  vii.  g  2  (1735)  182  Warm  anti- 
scorbutical  Plants  taken  in  Quantities  will  occasion  stinking 
Breath.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Toms  C.  xxxiii.  299 
Taking  a  quantity  of  cotton  from  her  basket,  she  placed  it 
in  his.  1883  Manch.  Guard.  18  Oct.  4/7  Yesterday.,  a 
quantity  of  wreckage  was  cast  up  at  Southport. 

C.  With  def.  article  :  The  portion  or  amount 
(of  something)  present  in  a  particular  thing  or 
instance. 

1611  BIBLE  2  Esdras  iv.  50  As  the  fire  is  greater  then  the 
smoke  ..  so  the  quantity  which  is  past,  did  more  exceede. 
1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  ix,  I  resolv'd  to  sow  just  the  same 
Quantity  every  Year.  1780  BENTHAM  Princ.  Legisl.  xviii. 
§  44  The  quantity  of  sensible  heat  in  a  human  body.  1837 
Penny  Cycl.  IX.  345  The  total  quantity  of  electricity  in  the 
charge  of  an  electrised  body.  1876  PREECE  &  SIVEWRIGHT 
Telegraphy  2  We  can  speak  of  the  quantity  of  sound  caused 
by  the  explosion  of  a  cannon.  Ibid. ,  The  force  of  attraction 
is  found  to  increase  with  the  quantity  of  electricity  present. 

0.  A  specified,  or  indefinite  (=  fair,  considerable), 
number  of  persons  or  things. 

1375  B ARBOUR  Bruce  vi.  235  [He]  slew  of  thame  a  quantite. 
14..  Pol.  Rel.  ff  L.  Poems  36  Gadyr  a  good  quantyte  of 
snayles.  1456  SiRG.  HAVE  Laiu  Arms(S.  T.  8.157  Almaist 
mycht  nane  persave  that  ony  quantitee  of  peple  eschapit  fra 
the  bataill.  1485  CAXTON  Chas.  Gt.  3  The  moost  quantyte  of 
the  people  vnderstonde  not  latyn.  1611  COHYAT  Crudities 
169  There  is  a  farre  greater  quantity  of  buildings  in  this  [the 
Rialto]  then  in  ours.  1750  BEAWES  Lex  Mcrcat.  (1752)  8 
A  quantity  of  small  marshy  isles.  1852  MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett. 
II.  198  Four  chairs  and  a  quantity  of  pillows.  1897  MARY 
KINGSLEY  W.  Africa  241,  I.,  find  in  it  a  quantity  of  pools. 

10.  A  certain  space  or  surface  ;  a  portion  of 
something  having  superficial  extent.  Now  rare. 

c  1391  CHAUCER  Astrol.  \\.  §  30  Swych  a  quantite  of  lati 
tude  as  [sheweth]  by  thyn  Almykanteras.  1464  Rolls  Parlt. 
V.  519/2  AGraunte..of  a  pece  or  a  quantite  of  Lande.  1611 
COTGR.,  Quartellei')  a  certame  quantitie  of,  or  measure  for, 
ground.  1758  S.  H AYWAXD  5tfTM.  xi  v.  408  In  a  race  there  is 
a  quantity  of  ground  laid  out.  1792  BURKE  Let.  to  R.  Burke 
Corn  IV.  26  You  would  make  them  a  grant  of  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  your  land.  1812-6  PLAYFAIR  Nat.  Phil,  (1819) 
II.  214  A  fixed  star,  .occupies  exactly  the  same  place.,  within 
a  quantity  so  small  as  to  be  hardly  measurable. 

til.  In  adverbial  phrases  :  Great  quantity  •,  by  or 
to  a  large  amount  or  extent ;  to  a  great  distance. 
A  quantity,  to  some  extent,  considerably.  A  little 
quantity,  a  little  way.  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  8816' Vp  J?ai  lifted  oft-sith  \*  tre^  It  was 
to  scort  gret  quantite.  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  vi.  76  Endlang 
the  vattir  than  }eid  he  On  aithir  syde  gret  quantite.  1377 
LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xix.  372  pere  nas  no  crystene  creature  J>at 
kynde  wine  hadde,.,That  he  ne  halpe  a  quantite  holynesse 
to  wexe.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  xxiii.  253  Thei  leyn  upon 
the  hors  gold  and  silver  gret  quantytee.  c  1420  Pallad*  on 
Husb.  xi.  157  Ek  lyfte  her  plaunte  a  litel  quantite. 

12.  Math.  A  thing  having  quantity  (see  4 
above) ;  a  figure  or  symbol  standing  for  such  a 
thing.  Imaginary  quantity  :  see  the  adj.  i  c. 


21 

1570  Biu.iNGSLEY  F.uclid  xi.  def.  i.  312  A  superficies  is  a 
quantitie  of  greater  perfection  then  is  a  line.  1581  SIDM.Y 
Apol.  Poetrie  (Arb.)  24  So  doe  the  Geometrician,  and  Arith- 
metician,  in  their  diverse  sorts  of  quantities.  1700  MOXON 
Matfi.  Diet.  133  Those  Quantities  are  said  to  be  commen 
surable,  which  have  one  Aliquot  part.. but  Incommensurable 
Quantities  have  no  Aliquot  parts.  1806  HUTTON  Course 
Math.  I.  201  Range  the  quantities  according  to  the  dimen 
sions  of  some  letter.  1831  BREWSTER  Newton  (1855)  II.  xiv. 
1 1  He  considered  quantities  not  as  composed  of  indivisibles, 
but  as  generated  by  motion,  1881  MAXWELL  Klectr.  <y 
Magn.  I.  n  There  are  certain  cases  in  which  a  quantity 
may  be  measured  with  reference  to  a  line  as  well  as  with 
reference  to  an  area. 

transf.  1864  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xn.  xi.  (1872)  IV.  245 
This  Holy  Romish  Reich  ,.  has  been  more  and  ever  more 
becoming  an  imaginary  quantity.  1870  ROGERS  Hist.  Glean* 
ings  Ser.  n.  9  Such  a  monarchy  was  a  mere  geographical 
quantity.  1883  STEVENSON  Silverado  Squatters  134  Her 
husband  was  an  unknown  Quantity. 

III.  13.  at t rib.  and  Comb.,  chiefly  in  terms 
relating  to  quantity  of  electricity,  as  quantity 
armature,  battery,  effect,  fuse,  galvanometer,  in 
ductor;  also  quantity-mark,  a  mark  indicating 
the  quantity  of  a  vowel  or  syllable  ;  quantity- 
surveyor,  a  surveyor  who  estimates  the  quantities 
of  the  materials  required  for  any  work. 

1838  A  lorn,  Chron.  in  Noad\s  Electricity  (1849^  401  The 
decomposing  power  of  the  quantity  inductor.  1849  NOAD 
Electricity  397  One  . .  is  used  for  quantity  effects,  such  ;is 
igniting  platinum  wire.  Ibid,  399  The  quantity  armature  is 
constructed  of  stout  iron.  1883  JKNKIN*  Elcttr.  <V  Alagn. 
(ed.  7)  190  The  term  . .  'quantity  galvanometer  '  [is  used  to 
signify]  an  instrument  with  few  turns  of  thick  wire  [in  its 
coil].  1884  H.  SWEET  itf/i  Prcs.  Addr.  Philol.  Soc.  93 
When  ..  quantity  and  accent-marks  are  neglected.  1896 
Daily  News  5  Aug.  9/5  The  plans  of  the  buildings,  .will  be 
now  submitted  to  the  quantity  surveyor,  with  a  view  to  the 
quantities  being  taken  out. 

Quautivalence  (kwgntrvalens),  [f.  L.  quanti- 
comb.  form  of  quantum  how  much  +  -valence 
after  equi-valence.] 

1.  Of  a  chemical  element :  The  extent  to  which 
one  of  its  aloms  can  hold  other  atoms   in   com 
bination  ;  valence ;  atomicity. 

1871  ROSCOE  Elan.  Chew.  172  This  difference  of  combining 
power  is  termed  Quantivalence  of  the  elements.  i88z  STALLO 
Concepts  Mod.  Phys.  36  Dyads,  .and  other  elements  of  still 
higher  quantivalence. 

2.  Mechanical  equivalence. 

1890  Brit.  Mcd.  Jrnl.  9  Aug.  319/2  It  shows  that  the 
quantivalence  of  nerve  force  is  exceedingly  small. 

So  Quanti  'valency  =  prec. ;  Quanti'valent  a. 
pertaining  or  relating  to  quantivalence. 

Quantong,  variant  of  QUANDONG. 

Quant,  suff.,  abbrev.  of  QUANTUM  SUFFICIT. 

t  Qua'ntulate,  ^.  Obs.  rare~l.  [f,  L.  quantity 
how  great  (?  after  calculate}.']  trans.  To  calculate 
the  magnitude  of. 

1610  W.  FOLKINGHAM  Art  of  Sitii'cy  ii.  iv.  53  Quantulate 
the  angle  betwixt  the  marke  and  second  station. 

I!  Quaiitulum  (kw$*ntu!?l#m).  [L.,  neut.  of 
qitantuhts  how  small.]  A  small  quantum, 

1824  SOUTHEY  Sir  T.  More  (1831)  II.  260  The  quantulum 
at  which  Oxenstern  admired  would  be  a  large  allowance 
now. 

ii  Quantum  (kwo'nt/nn).  PI.  quanta  (rare"). 
[L.,  neut.  of  quantus  how  much,  how  great.] 

1.  Sum,  amount.    =  QUANTITY  2. 

1619  PURCHAS  Rlicrocosnius  xxxii.  302  To  set  The  true 
Quantum,  the  true  poize  and  price  vpon  himselfe.  1738 
Hist.  Crt,  Excheq.  iii.  43  To  vote  in  the  first  Place,  that  the 
King  should  be  supplied;  in  the  next  Place,  the  Quantum 
of  the  Supply.  1791  NEWTE  Tour  Eng.  fy  Scot.  179  The 
momentum  of  bodies  depends  on  the  quantum  of  their 
velocity  multiplied  into  that  of  their  matter.  1818  CRUISI-; 
Digest  (ed.  2)  I.  427  If  the  union  and  accession  of  the  two 
estates  were  the  cause  uf  the  merger,  the  quantum  of  the 
thing  granted  would  be  the  measure  of  that  merger. 

b.   =  QUANTITY  7. 

1815  W.  H.  lfXuuxD$cri&tt0Mam&  33  His  study  has  not 
been  for  quantum  to  strive,  But  with  beauties  to  keep  the 
attention  alive. 

2.  =  QUANTITY  12. 

1647  H.  MORE  Song-  of  Soul  n.  i.  n.  Iv,  Each  quantum's 
infinite,  straight  will  be  said.  1678  CUDWORTH  Intcll.  Syst. 
i.  v.  783  Though  it  be  an  Absolute  Contradiction,  for  a  Body, 
or  Quantum,  to  be.. All  of  it  in  every  Part  of  that  Space, 
which  the  Whole  is  in.  1877  E.  CAIRO  P kilos.  Kant  n.  xi. 
442  All  phenomena,  as  perceived,  are  extensive  quanta. 

3.  One's  share  or  portion. 

1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt,  Exemp.  n.  xiL  94  Poverty  is  her 
portion,  and  her  quantum  is  but  food  and  raiment.  1724 
SWIFT  Drapier's  Lett.  Wks.  1755  V.  n.  60  He  will  double 
his  present  quantum  by  stealth  as  soon  as  he  can.  1818 
BKXTHAM  Ck.  Eng.  421  A  Parish,  in  which  the  quantum  of 
this  soul-saving  Mammon  rises  as  high  as  iz,ooo/.  a  year. 
1897  F.  T.  BULLEN  Critise  'Cachalot'  167  Having  com 
pleted  our  quantum  of  wood,  water,  and  fresh  provisions. 

4.  A  (specified)  amount.   =  QUANTITY  8. 

1789  BELSHAM  Ess.  I.  ii.  19  Is  there  not  a  sufficient  quantum 
of  distress  and  misfortune?  1829  CARLYLE  Misc.  (1857)  II. 
113  Some  smaller  quantum  of  earthly  enjoyment.  1852 
JERDAN  Autobiog.  \\.  xii.  137  Imbued  with  a  moderate 
quantum  of  worldly  wisdom. 

b.   =  QUANTITY  8c. 

1735  BERKELEY  Querist  \.  §  215  Such  a  bank  ..  was  faulty 
in  not  limiting  the  quantum  of  bills.  1828  J.  BALLANTYNE 
Exam,  Hum.  Mindll.  69  The  mind.,  has  always  a  tendency 
to  possess  the  same  quantum  of  ideas.  1879  E.  K.  LANKESTKR 
Advancetn.  Sc,  (1890)  14  A  struggle  among  all  those  born 
for  the  possession  of  the  small  quantum  of  food. 


QUAR. 
II  Quantum    sufficit    (k  wo-nt^m    so- fisit ; . 

Also  abbrev.  quantum  suff.,  quant,  suff.  (suf.). 
[L.,  a  formula  used  in  medical  prescriptions.]  *  As 
much  as  suffices ' ;  hence,  a  sufficient  quantity, 
a  sufficiency  ;  to  a  sufficient  extent,  etc. 

1699  Honour  of  Gout  in  Hurl.  Misc.  (1809)  II.  45  We  lead 
sedentary  lives,  feed  heartily,  drink  quantum  sufficit^  but 
sleep  immoderately.  1775  J.  ADAMS  in  I''ani.  Lett.  (1876)  58 
Scolding  at  me  quantum  sufficit  for  not  taking  his  advice. 
1806-7  J-  HKRESKOKD  Miseries  Hum.  Lift-  (ed.  5)  II.  238 
With  numbers  though  rough.  Yet  with  rage  quantum  suff. 
1837  LOCKHART  .Scott.  (1839)  VII.  4°5  Cabinets  china  ami 
mirrors  quantum  suff.,  and  some  portraits.  1881  AHNEV 
Photogr.  69  The  amount  of  alcohol  required  is  invariably 
^hown  as  'quant,  .suf.' 

b.  \Vith  article  or  possessive  pron. 

1747  Scheme  Eyuifi.  Men  of  War  23  To  provide  them  a 
Quantum  siifficit  before  they  enter  into  that  Service.  1795 
BURKE  Regie.  Peace  iv.  Wks.  IX.  20  What  dose  is  to  be  the 
quantum  suf/u  it'i  ti  1817  T.  I  (WIGHT  Trav.  Nfiv  A"«f.,etc. 
(1821)  I.  515  They  have  always  a  quantum  suffiuit  of  money. 
1843  DARWIN  Let.  to  llemlow  25  Jan.,  My  Cored  Volume. . 
has  received  its  quant:  sufT:  of  praise. 

Quantuplicity  (k\voiiliwpli'sTti\  [f.  L.  yuan- 
tus  how  much,  on  anal,  of  quadniplicily^  etc.] 
The  relative  magnitude  of  a  quantity. 

1836  DE  MURGAN  Diff.  <V  Int.  Calc.  Introd.  17  The  pro 
portions  of  figures  . .  depend  . .  upon  what  Euclid  terms  the 
ratio,  .which  he  says  ihdf  we  may  coin  such  an  Kn^U-h  wurd) 
the  number»of "times-ness  or  quantuplicity  of  one  quantity, 
considered  with  respect  to  another. 

t  Quap,  sit.   Obs.  rare-1.    ?  variant  of  QUAB  j//.l 

1598  FLORID,  C<1,gai,  a  fish  called  a  quap  [1611  aqiiap-fishl, 
which  is  poison  to  man,  and  man  to  liim. 

t  Quap,  v.  Obs.  Forms :  4-6  quappe,  5 
qwappe,  (7  quapp).  See  also  Qi  or.  [Imitative  ; 
cf.  G.  quappen  to  flop,  quappeln  to  quiver.  A 
later  form  is  QUAB  v.~\  intr.  To  beat,  throb, 
palpitate,  quiver. 

c*374  CHAUCER  Troylus  m.  8  (571  And  lord  hnw  bat  his 
herte  gan  to  quappe,  Heryng  her  come.  1382  WYCLIF 
Tobit  vi.  4  He  dro}  it  [the  fish]  in  to  the  drie,  and  it  began  to 
quappe  befor  bis  feet,  c  1440  Partonope  5938  His  hert  gan 
qwappe,  his  culoure  gan  change.  1567  TURBKRV.  tr.  Ovid's 
Ep.  67  Even  as  the  sea  doth  shake  and  trembling  quappe, 
When  with  a  gentle  gale  it  is  enforst.  [a  1643  \V.  CART- 
WRIGHT  Ordinary  n.  ii,  My  heart  gan  quapp  full  oft.] 

Hence  fQua'pping  vhl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  DC  P.  R.  vn.  lix.  (1495)  273  The 
tokens  of  a  Flegmon  or  postume  . .  ben  ..  quappynge  and 
lepynge  of  ventosytte.  1572  J.  JONES  Bathes  of  Bath  I.  7 
Beating,  or  quapping  fpaine]  comet  h  of  a  hot  Aposterne. 

Quap,  obs.  form  of  WHAP  v. 

t  Quaquadrate.  Math.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [f. 
QUA(DRI-)  +  QUADRATE.]  A  sixteenth  power. 

1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1696)  273  Some  to  shorten.. the  long 
Names  of  . .  Higher  Powers,  .  .  call  53  a  Biquadrate,  . .  3^3 
a  Quaquadrate,  33333  a  Quinquadrate  [etc.]. 

Quaquaversal    (kw^kwa vassal),  a.      Also 

quaqu£-,  qua-qua-versal.  [f.  late  L.  quaqua- 
versits,  -versiwi)  f.  quaqtta  where-,  whithersoever 

+  versus  towards.]  Turned  or  pointing  in  every 
direction ;  chiefly  Geol.  in  phr.  quaquaversal  dip 
(see  quot.  1877). 

1728  NICHOLLS  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXXV.  442  The  quaqua- 
versal  Pressure  of  the  Blood  will  be  controll VI  by  the  Pres 
sure  on  the  Artery.  1830  LYELL  Princ.  Geol.  I.  394  The 
slope  and  quaqua-versal  dip  of  the  beds.  1862  LATHAM 
Elem.  Cotup.  Philol.  126  The  affinities  of  tbe  Lap  are  one 
sided,  those  of  the  Turk  ito  borrow  an  expresMon  from  the 
geologists'  quaquaversal.  1877  A.  H.  GREEN  Phys.  Geol. 
ix.  §  3.  347  If  the  beds  dip  away  in  all  directions  from  a 
centre  they  are  said  to  have  a  quaquaversal  dip. 

Hence  Quaquave'r  sally  adv. 

1875  R.  F.  BURTON  Ultima  Thule  I.  38  The  strata  all 
incline  gradually  and  quaquaversally ,  .towards  the  centre 
of  the  island.  1883  BURTON  &  CAMERON  Cold  Coast  I.  iii. 
76  A  central  boss  . .  with  lines  radiating  quaquaversally. 

Quaquiner,  erron.  form  of  QUAVIVEB. 
t  Quar,  s6.i,  abbrev.  of  QUARRY  sl>.1  Obs. 

1562  PHAER  sKneiffix.  Eeij,  What  murthring  quarres  of 
men,  what  heapes  downe  throwne,..  king  Turnus  then  did 
giue.  1605  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  \\.  iii.  in,  (Lawe]  643 
The  Falcon . .  shall  strike ;  And  with  the  stroke  make  on  the 
sense-less  ground  The  gut-less  Quar.. re-bound. 

Quar,  sb£  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  6-7  quarre, 
7  quarr.  8  quaar.  [Abbrev.  of  QUARRY  sb.~ ; 
still  current  in  W.  Midland  and  S.  W.  dialects.] 
A  stone-quarry. 

ft  1485  Prowp.  Ptirv.  419/1  Quarere  (S.  quar),  lapidicina. 
1529  RASTBLL  Pastymt\  Hist.  Brit.  (1811)  105  Stonys  owte 
of  anny  quarre,  or  rokk.  1566  STAI'LETON  Ret.  Untr.  Jwvel 
iv.  61  Stedfaster  than  any  Rocke  or  Quarre  of  what  euer 
stone  it  be.  1622  DRAVTON  Poly-olb.  xxvi.  (1748)  372  She 
mill-stones  from  the  quarr  with  sharpen'd  picks  could  get. 
1672  W.  S.  Poems  B.  Johnson  Jr.,  To  Ld.  Astom  Aston,  a 
Stone  cut  from  the  marble  Quar.  a  1800  Sotig  in  Clone. 
Gloss.  (1890)  203  The  stwons  that  built  George  Ridler's 
Oven,  .keum  from  the  Bleakeney's  Quaar. 

b.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  quarman,  -pit;  quar- 
martin,  the  sand-martin,  dial. 

1606  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iv.  n.  (Magnificence)  mo 
The  sturdy  Quar-man  with  steel-headed  Cones  And  massie 
Sledges  slenteth  out  the  stones.  1870  JEFFERIES  Wild  Life 
in  S.  C.  169  These  birds  are  called  by  the  labourers  'quar- 
martins',  because  they  breed  in  holes  drilled  in  the  face 
of  the  sandy  precipices  of  quarries.  1886  ELWORTHY  W. 
Somerset  Word-bk.^  Quar-man,  labourer  in  a  quarry;  also 
the  proprietor  or  lessee  of  a  quarry.  Quar-pitt  a  quarry,, 
usually  a  small  one. 


QUAR. 

•f-Quar,  J/'.^,  abbrev.  of  QUABBY  rf.3  06s.  rare. 

1606  SYLVKSTER  Dit  Btirtas  ii.  iv.  n.  (flfagni/iceiict)  1149 
What  mightie  "Rowlers,  and  what  massie  Cars  Could  bring 
so  far  so  many  monstrous  Quars?  [F.  qnarreaux\.  lf>i<f. 
1158  The  whole,  a  whole  Quar  [F.  qiitirreau\  one  might 
rightly  tearm.  1617  Vestry  Bks.  (Surtees)  73  Item  xix 
quarres  mendid  in  the  other  windowes. 

Quar,  i'.1  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  6  querre,  7 
quarre.  [Of  obscure  origin  :  ?  cf.  OE.  d-cweorran 
to  glut.]  a.  trans.  To  choke  or  block  up  (a  channel 
or  passage),  b.  intr.  Of  a  channel  :  To  silt  or 
fill  up.  Hence  Qua'rring  vbl.  sb. 

1541-3  Act  34  t,  35  lien.  I'll!,  c.  9  §  I  The  mouth  and 
hole  channell  of  the  saide  hauen  is  so  heaped  and  quarred 
with  stones  and  robul!  of  balastes  of  the  shippes.  1584-3 
Act  27  Eliz.  c.  20  §  i  Where  also  the  said  hauen  of  Plym- 
mouth  .  .  doth  dayly  querre  and  fill  with  the  sand  of  the 
Tinne-workes  and  Mynes.  1628  SIR  R.  BOYLE  Diary  in 
Lisinorc  f'apers  (1886)  II.  257  Provided..  he  do  nothing  to 
the  preiudice  of  my  yron  worcks,  or  stopping  or  quarreing 
vp  of  the  River. 

Quar,  ?'.-  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [Of  unknown  origin  : 
cf.  QUABL  v.~\  intr.  To  curdle,  coagulate. 

1578  LVTE  Dodoens  II.  Ixxiv.  246  It  .  .  keepeth  the  mylke 
from  quarring  and  crudding  in  the  brest.  1591  PERCIVALL 
Sp.  Diet.,  Engritmecer,  to  clot,  to  quar  like  cold  blood. 

Quar,  obs.  north,  f.  WHEKE  and  were  (see  BE  v.). 

Quarancy  :  see  QUARANTY. 

t  Quarantain.  06s.  Also  7  -aine,  8  -ane. 
[ad.  F.  quarantaine  (—  It.  qtiarantand),  f.  qna- 
rante  forty  :  see  next.] 

1.  A  set  of  forty  (nights).  rare~1. 

1653  URQUHART  Kabrlais  n.  i.  i  It  is  above  fourty  quaran* 
taines,  or  fourty  times  fourty  nights,  according  to  the  sup. 
putation  of  the  ancient  Druids. 

2.  =  QUARANTINE  2. 

1669  R.  .MONTAGU  in  Baahuck  AfSS,  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.) 
I.  452  After  having  made  their  quarantaine  and  aired  their 
goods.  1687  Lontf.  Gaz.  No.  2211/1  The  Prince  of  Bruns- 
wicke  keeps  his  Quarantain  in  the  Island  Lazaro.  1702 
W.  J.  Bntyns  Voy.  Levant  xi.  47  Those  who  come  from 
infected  Places,  there  to  pass  their  Quarantain. 

attrib.     1755    MAGENS  Insurances   II.    236   Anchorage, 
ordinary  Quarantain  Charges,  and  such  like. 
b.  fig.     -  QUARANTINE  2  b. 

166^7  DENHAM  Direct.  Paint.  I.  xvii,  There  let  him 
languish  a  long  Quarantain.  1714  Let.fr.  Layman  led.  2) 
23  This  Crime  .  .  is  never  to  be  purged  away  ;  no  not  by 
performing  a  Quarantain  for  a  Twelve-month  in  the  Church. 
1741  WARBUHTON  Dm.  Legal.  II.  Pref.  p.  xiv,  The  Calumnies 
of  his  Enemies  obliged  him  to  a  kind  of  Quarantane. 

3.  King's  quarantain  (tr.  F.  quarantaine  du 
roi^'.  see  quots. 

1717-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Quarantain  of  the  King,'m  France, 
denotes  a  truce  of  forty  days  appointed  by  St.  Louis,  during 
which  it  was  expresly  forbid  to  take  any  revenge  (etc.). 
1818  A.  RANKEN  Hist.  France  IV.  in.  i.  233  Forty  days, 
called  the  King's  quarantain,  were  allowed  the  friends  or 
relations  of  a  principal  in  a  private  war  to  grant  or  find 
security. 

t  Quarante,  var.  COURANTE,  akind  ofdance.  Obs. 

1598  R.  DALUNOTOS  Jlfft/t.  Trav.  Vij,  Euery  poore 
draggletayle  can  Dance  all  your  Quarantes,  Leualties, 
Bransles,  and  other  Dances. 

Quarantinable,  a.  rare.  [f.  QUARANTINE  v. 
+  -ABLE.]  Subject  or  liable  to  quarantine. 

1894  Harper's  Weekly  7  Apr.  315  The  protection  against 
cholera  and  other  quarantinable  diseases..  is  secured. 

Quarantine  (kwg-rant/n),  sb.  Also  7  quaran- 
tene,  8  -in,  7-8  quarantine.  [In  sense  I  ad. 
med.L.  qiiarentlna  ;  in  sense  2  prob.  ad.  It.  qua- 
rattt-,  juarenlina,  f.  quaranta  forty. 

The  source  of  the  -itie  spelling  in  sense"  i  is  not  clear  :  in 
the  Stasyons  of  Jerusalem  (HaKlm.Altengl.  Leg.  Neue  F., 
365)  the  form  Quaryntyne  (riming  with  wyne]  is  used  to 
render  med.L.  Quarentena,  the  name  given  to  the  desert 
where  Christ  fasted  for  forty  days.  In  sense  i  the  prevailing 
form  in  i;-i8th  c.  was  quarentine,  while  quarantine  has 
always  been  the  usual  form  in  sense  2.] 

1.  Law.  A  period  of   forty  days  during  which 
a  widow,   entitled   to   dower,  had   the   right   to 
remain  in  the  chief  mansion-house  of  her  deceased 
husband  ;  hence,  the  right  of  a  widow  to  remain 
in  the  house  during  this  period. 

1609  SKF.NE  Keg.  Afaj.  56  (Acts  Robt.  Ill,  c.  20)  Anent 
widowes,  quha  .  .  can  not  haue  their  quarantine  without 
pley.  1628  COKE  On  Lift.  32  b,  If  she  marry  within  the 
forty  days  she  loseth  her  quarentine.  1767  KLACKSTONE 
Comm.  II.  135  These  forty  days  are  called  the  widow's 
quarentine.  1865  NICHOLS  liritttm  II.  247  Some  other 
decent  house  shall  be  provided  for  their  dwelling,  where 
they  may  keep  their  quarantine. 

2.  A  period  (orig.  of  forty  days)  during  which 
persons  who  might  serve  to  spread  a  contagious 
disease  are  kept   isolated   from   the   rest   of  the 
community  ;  esp.  a  period  of  detention  imposed  on 
travellers  or  voyagers  before  they  arc  allowed  to 
enter  a  country  or  town,  and  mix  with  the  inhabi 


.  ,          ac    or  pracce 

of  isolating   such  persons  or  ships,  or  of  beine 
isolated  in  this  way. 

frnm3,HPKPVS  ^"^  ,  ^  ^"  ™MnS  of  =>»  'hips  coming 
from  thence,  to  perform  their  -quarantine  for  thirty  daysV, 
Richard  Browne  expressed  it  .  .contrary  to  the  import 
of  the  word  (though  in  the  general  acceptation,  it  signifies 
now  the  thing,  not  the  time  spent  in  doing  it).  ,69,  Lu" 


22 

TFELL  Brief  Rcl.  (1857)  II.  185  Those  that  come  from 
Naples. .are  obliged  to  perform  a  quarantine  before  they 
come  to  Rome,  because  of  the  plague  in  that  Kingdom. 
1712  DE  FOE  Plague  (1884)  204  The  Family  were  oblig'd  to 
begin  their  Quarantine  anew.  1799  E.  STANLEY  in  A.  Duncan 
Nelson  (1806)  112  Having  finished  their  quarantine  of  thir 
teen  days.  1836  MARRYAT  Midsh.  Easy  xlii,  As  soon  as 
their  quarantine  at  the  Mother-bank  was  over,  they  dis 
embarked.  1859  JEPHSON  Brittany  vi.  77  The  lepers  often 
sought  a  voluntary  death  as  the  only  escape  from  their 
perpetual  quarantine.  1867  F.ren.  Standard  6  Aug.  6 
A  Royal  order  has  been  issued  imposing  forty  days'  quaran 
tine  upon  all  arrivals  in  Spanish  ports  from  Algeria,  Morocco, 
and  the  Roman  States. 

b.  Jig.  Any  period,  instance,  etc.,  of  detention 
or    seclusion    compared   to    the   above.      f  Free 
quarantine,  exemption  from  quarantine. 

a  1680  BUTLER  Rem.  (1759)  I.  209  Where  she  denies 
Admission,  to  intrude  . .  Unless  they  have  free  Quarentine 
from  her.  174*  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.\\\.  1046  Deists!  perform 
your  quarentine ;  and  then  Fall  prostrate,  ere  you  touch  it, 
lest  you  die.  1855  MOTLEY  Dutch  Rep.  ll.  i.  (1866)  132  Nor 
could  bigotry  devise  an  effective  quarantine  to  exclude  the 
religious  pest  which  lurked  in  every  bale  of  merchandise. 

c.  A  place  where  quarantine  is  kept  or  enforced. 
1847  EMERSON  Poettts,  Monodnoc  Wks.  (Bohn)  I.  435  His 

quarantines  and  grottos,  where  He  slowly  cures  decrepit 
flesh.  1892  STEVENSON  Across  the  Plains  171  Somnolent 
Inverkeithing,  once  the  quarantine  of  Leith. 

3.  A  period  of  forty  days,  in  other  connexions 
than  the  above ;  a  set  of  forty  (days). 

1639  FULLER /jWy  }Var\\\.  xxii.  i47\Vhen  their  quarantine, 
or  fourty  dayes  service,  was  expired.  172*  DK  FOE  Plague 
(1756)  235  Not  a  Quarentine  of  Days  only,  but  Soixantlne, 
not  only  40  Days  but  60  Days  or  longer.  1883-97  Catholic 
Diet.  772/1  Indulgences  of  seven  years  and  seven  quaran 
tines  are  often  granted  for  certain  devotions. 

4.  aitrib.  (sense  2),  as  quarantine  camp,  Jlag, 
hospital,  law,  officer,  regulation,  station,  etc. 

1805  Mcd.  Jrnl.  XVII.  507  The  recent  extension  of  the 
quarantine  laws.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  193/2  The  most 
important  disease,  with  reference  to  quarantine  regulations, 
is  the  plague  of  the  Levant.  Ibid.  195/1  A  quarantine 
station  on  a  land-frontier.  1861-2  G.  A.  SPOTTISWOODIC  in 
Vac.  Tour.  87  Accommodation,  .for  the  director  or  quaran 
tine-officer.  1871  TYNDALL  Fragm.  Sc.  (1879)  I.  vi.  200  The 
yellow  quarantine  flag  was  hoisted. 

Quarantine  (kwo-rantJh),  v.  Also  9  quaran- 
teen.  [f.  the  sb.] 

1.  trans.  To  put  in  quarantine. 

1804  W.  IRVING  in  Life  f,  Lett.  (1864)  I.  v.  8/5  Where 
I  should  be  detained,  quarantined,  smoked,  and  vinegared. 
1860  TROLLOPE  W,  Ind.  xxiii.  365  In  going  to  Cuba  I  had 
been  becalmed  . .  and  very  nearly  quaranteened.  1891 
Cat/i.  Neil's  2  May  5/3  The  Comte  de  Paris  was  quarantined 
for  a  short  time  at  Southampton. 
b.  To  prevent  by  quarantine.  In  quot.,/^. 

1850  Chamb.  Jrnl.  XIV.  49  Did  any  moral  taint  hang 
about  me  that  quarantined  my  entrance  into  its  circle? 

2.  intr.  To  institute  quarantine. 

1888  Harper's  Mag.  Oct.  738/1  Only  two  cases  had  been 
reported  when  every  neighboring  British  colony  quarantined 
against  Martinique. 

Hence  Qua'rantined,  Qua'rantining  fpl.  adjs. ; 
also  Qua'rautiner,  one  who  puts,  or  is  put,  into 
quarantine. 

1831  SCOTT  Jrnl.  II.  444  The  guardians,  who  attend  to 
take  care  that  we  quarantines  do  not  kill  the  people  whom 
we  meet.  1884  Manch.  Exam.  21  Nov.  5/4  The.. block  in 
which  the  quarantined  person  is  located.  1891  Lancet  3  Oct. 
777  Egypt  ..  always  has  been  . .  a  quarantining  country. 

Quarantine  (apple),  variant  of  QUARENDEN. 

tQuaranty.  Obs.  Also  -ancy.  [ad.  It. 
quarantia,  f.  quaranta  forty :  cf.  F.  quarantie.} 
A  former  court  of  judicature  at  Venice,  consisting 
of  forty  members. 

1636  E.  DACRES  tr.  MachiavcFs  Disc.  Livy  I.  198  They 
have  ordained  the  Quarantiej  or  counsell  of  forty.  1659 
J.  HARRINGTON  Loaagming  in.  i.  (1700)  439  After  the  manner 
of  the  Venetian  Quarancys.  1707  J.  STEVENS  tr.  Ouevedo's 
Com.  Wks.  (1709)  446  On  his  Right  was  one  Chief  of  the 
Quarantie. 

t  Quardecu(e,  variants  of  CABDECU.  Obs. 

1611  COTGR.,  Quart  tfescu,  a  Teston  or  Quardecue ;  a  siluer 
peece  of  coyne  worth  iStf.  sterl.  1657  HOWELL  Londintip. 
372  1  here  comes  not  a  Quardecu  in  every  Crown  clearly  to 
the  Kings  Coffers,  which  is  but  the  fourth  part. 

Quardeel  :  see  CARDEL. 

Quare,  obs.  form  of  QUIRE,  WHERE. 

t  Quare,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  quarer  (F. 
carrer) :— L.  quadrare  QUADRATE  ».]  To  square. 
Hence  Quared///.  a.,  Qua  Ting  vbl.  sb. 

a  1300  Cursor J/.  1664  (Gntt)  A  vessel . .  sal  be  mad  of  quarid 
tre.  1611  MS.  Ace.  St.  John's  Hasp.,  Cantert.,  Payd  for 
hewing  and  quaring  of  the  tymber. 

Quarefour,  variant  of  CARFOUR. 

Quare  impedit  (kweVrz'  rmpfdit).  Law. 
[L., ;  why  he  impedes  or  hinders '.]  A  form  of  writ 
issued  in  cases  of  disputed  presentation  to  a  benefice, 
requiring  the  defendant  to  state  why  he  hinders  the 
plaintiff  from  making  the  presentation. 

[1292  BRITTON  iv.  vi.  §  2  Si  acun,  qi  ad  drett  de  presenter. . 
voille  presenter,  et  autre  i  mette  destourbaunce  . .  adounc 
tient  proprement  lu  ccst  bref  Quare  impedit.]  1498-9 
Plmnpton  Corr.  (Camden)  133  The  best  remedy  for  your 
Incumbent  was.  .to  suy  a  quare  Impedit  at  the  comon  law. 
1548  STAUNI-ORD  Kinges  Prcrtg.  (1567)  54 b,  If  his  highnes 
bnnge  his  Quare  impedit  or  accion  of  trespas.  n  1670 
HACKET  Life  Al'p.  Williams  11.  (1693)  79  In  matters  eccle- 
slastical,  as  Advousons,  Presentations,  Quare-impedits,  etc 
1703  DURNET  Own  Time  v.  (1734)  II,  27  The  actions  of 


QUARRED. 

Quare  Impedit,  that  they  would  be  liable  to,  if  they  did  not 
admit  the  Clerks  presented  to  them.  1804  Bp.  OF  LINCOLN 
in  G.  Rose  Diaries  (1860)  II.  88  A  caveat  or  a  quare  im- 
pedit  may  be  advised.  1875  POSTF.  Gains  iv.  (ed.  2)  636 
Jioth  parties  are  said  to  be  equally  plaintiffs  and  equally 
defendants  in  the  actions ..  Quare  impedit  and  Replevin. 

Quarel^e,  -ell(e,  obs.  forms  of  QUAKKEL  sb. 
Quarelet :  see  QUARRELET. 
Quareuden,  quarender  (kwoTenrTn,  -daa). 
Also  5  quaryndo^u)n,  7,  9  quarrington,  9  qua 
rantine,  quarren(d)er,  quarendel,  -don,  -ten. 
[Of  obscure  origin  :  the  L.  equivalents  given  in  first 
quot.  seem  to  be  otherwise  unknown.]     A  variety 
,    of  apple   (see  quot.   1886)  common  in  Somerset 
I    and  Devon.     Also  attrib. 

14..  Voc,\i\  Wr.-Wiilcker  574/34  Cotiduniii,  a  Quaryndoun. 

I    Conduits^  a  Quaryndon  tre.     1676  WORLIUGK  Cyder  (1691) 

:    206  The  Devonshire  Quarrington  is  also  a  very  fine  early 

Apple.      1855  KINGSLEY  Westw.  Ho  i,  'Red  quarrenders ' 

and   maxard  cherries.     1869   KLACKMORE  Lorna  D.   (1891) 

125  As  he  took  the  large  oxhorn  of  our  quarantine  apple 

cider.     1874  T.  HARDY  Far  fr.  Mad,  Crowd  I.  xxvii.  299 

Some  tall,  gaunt  costard,  or  quarrington.     1886  ELWORTHV 

/K  Sow.   ll'ord-bk.,  Quarrentr,..  an  oblate  shaped,  deep 

red,  early  apple ;  also  known  as  suck -apple, 

t  Quarental.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  It.  qnaranta 
(F.  quarante]  forty,  after  TRENTAL.]  A  set  of  forty 
requiem  masses. 

1566  rasquineina  TraunceSg  These  false  Prophets,  .that 
deceyue  thy  people  with  Trentals  and  Quarentals. 

Q,ua-renten(e.     Hist.  rare,     [ad,  med.L.  qtta- 
;    rentcna    (AF.   qnarenteyne)  :    see   QUARANTINE.] 
i    A  lineal  or  square  measure  containing  forty  poles ; 
a  furlong  or  rood. 

1809  BAWDWEN  Domesday  Bk.  14  Wood  pasture  four 
i  quarentens  long  and  the  same  broad.  1869  PEARSON  Hist. 
j  Maps  Eng.  (1870)  51  A  wood  ten  leagues  long  by  six  and 
I  two  quarentenes  broad. 

Quarentine,  obs.  variant  of  QUARANTINE. 
Quarer(e,  variants  of  QUARRER,  quarry, 
t  Quarester,  obs.  form  of  CHORISTER. 

1436  E.  E.  Wills  105  To  euery  secundary  &  clerc  of  the 
chirch  iiijd,  and  to  euery  quarester  ij'1.  1450  Rolls  Parlt. 
V.  188/1,  xii  Quaresters,  and  a  maister  to  teche  hem. 

Quarfe,  Quarfour,  obs.  ff.  WHARF,  CARFOUR. 
f  Quarfoxe,  obs.  form  of  CARFAX,  cross-roads. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  89/2  Whan  he  cam  to  the  quar- 
foxe  the  deuyl  caught  the  chylde. 

QuarfuILe,  var.  QUARTFUL  a,  Quarie,  var. 
QUARRY  a.,  coagulated.  Quarier(e,  obs.  ff. 
QUARRIER.  Quarilous,  var.  QUARRELLODS. 

t  Quarion,  var.  QUARRIER  2,  candle.   Obs. 

1512  Hoitseh.  Bk.  Dk,  Northnmbld.  3  Wax  wrought  in 
Quarion.s  j  Ib.  [1860  Our  Eng.  Hotne  91  Quarions  and 
morters..for  burning  in  the  chambers  at  night ;  the  former 
were  square  lumps  of  wax  with  a  wick  in  the  centre.] 

Quark  (.kw^uk),  v.  [Imitative,  or  a.  G.  quark- 
en.}  To  croak.  Hence  QuaTking  vbl.  sb. 

1860  J.  F.  CAMPBELL  Pop,  T.  It'.  High!.  II.  145  The 
gurgling  and  quarking  of  spring  frogs  in  a  pond.  1893 
[D.  JORDAN]  Forest  TitJies,  etc.  186  Rooks  . .  cawing  anu 
quarking.  Ibid.  190  The  herons  quarked  harshly. 

Quarken,  variant  of  QUERKEN,  to  choke. 

Quarl,  quarle  (kw^ul),  sb.^-  [var.  of  QUARREL 
jvU]  A  large  brick  or  tile;  esp.  a  fire-brick, 
curved  like  part  of  a  cylinder  used  to  form  sup 
ports  for  melting-pots,  retort -covers,  etc. 

1875  Ure's  Diet.  Arts  III.  67  (s.v.  Lead}  The  erection  of 
nine  six-ton  pots  requires. .  160  feet  of  quarles.  1883  Daily 
News  10  Sept.  3/2  Making  passages  below  the  oven  floor, 
and  laying  upon  these  passages  perforated  quarles  or  re 
cessed  bricks.  1894  Northumbld.  Gloss,  s.v.,  Under  the 
term  '  brick  '  are  included  sizes  up  to  twelve  inches  long  by 
six  inches  wide.  Above  this  area  it  is  called  a  quarl  or  tile. 

Quarl,  sl>.~  rare.  [?ad.  G.  qnalle,  Du.  kwaL] 
The  jelly-fish,  medusa, 

1884  Harper 's  Mag.  Dec.  156/1  And  momently  athwart 
her  track  The  quarl  upreared  his  island  back. 

t  Quarl,  v.  Obs.  rare.  Also  8  quarrel.  [Cf. 
QUAKZJ.^]  Tocurdle,  ?turnsour.  Hence  tQuarled 
fpl.  a.  (Cf.  QuARHEi)///.  a.} 

1607  Toi'RNRUR  Rev.  Trag.  v.  Hij,  Moth.  Are  you  so 
barbarous  to  set  Iron  nipples  Vpon  the  brest  that  gaue  you 
suck.  Vind.  That  brest  Is  turnd  to  Quarled  poyson.  1703 
Art  %  My st.  Vintners  68  Take  2  pennyworth  of  Rice.. and 
2  pennyworth  of  Alum  ;  this  will  keep  your  Wine  from 
quarrelling,  and  make  it  fine. 

Quarl've,  Quar'le,  Quarled :  see  QUARL  j^.1, 
QUARREL  j£.i,  QUARRELLED  a.  Quar-man, 
-martin :  see  QUAR  sb.^  Quarn,  obs.  f.  QUERN, 

f  Quarnell,  a.  Sc.  Obs.  rare.  Also  quernell. 
[App.  var.  of  QUARREL  j/;.l  or  sb.-  (used  attrib?), 
perh.  after  CARNEL  or  CORNEL.]  Square,  squared. 
So  also  Qua'rnelled  (in  6  quernallit). 

1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  i.  x.  (1901)  62  This  virgine  horacia 
was  buryit.  .in  ane  sepulture  of  quernell  [i'.r.  quarnell]  stanis. 
1542  /fiz'.  /\.  Wardr.  (1815)64  Item,  ane  small  chene  with 
thrawin  and  quernallit  linkis.  [1808-25  jAMiKsoN.^warw^//, 
cornered,  having  angles.  Fife.\ 

Quarner(e,  Quarof,  Quarquenet,  Quarre, 
obs.  ff.  CORNER  s6.\  WHEREOF, CARCANET, QUARRY. 

Quarreaus,  obs.  pi.  of  QUARREL  sb.i 

Qua'rred,  ppl.  &•  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [f.  QUAR  v.2 
+  -ED1.]  Clotted,  curdled;  soured. 

1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhoncr's  Bk.  Phystcke  341/1  When  we 
haue  fallen,  and  we  fcare  we  haue  quarred  bloode  in  our 


QUARREL. 

bod  ye.  1871  WISE  New  Forest  in  Hampsh.  Gloss.,  Beer  is 
said  to  be  quarred,  when  it  drinks  hard  or  rough. 

Quarrefour,  var.  CARFOUK. 

Quarrel  (kwp'rel),  sbJ-     Forms:  3  //.  quar- 

reaus,  4-5  quarelle,  4-6  quarel,  (4  qwarel,  5 

quarele,  -eyll,  wharle,  6  quar'le),  5-6  quarell, 

(6  quer-),  6-7  quarrell,   (6  -elle),  f>-  quarrel. 

[a.  OF.  quarel,  quarrel  (quaral^  carat,  etc.,   pi. 

quarriaitS)  qitarcus},  later  qitarrian,  -can.,  mod.F. 

carreau,  =  Prov.  cairel,  It.  qnadrcllo,  Sp.  cuadrilh, 

med.L.  qitadrellus,  dim.  of  Prov.  catre,  It.  qttadro, 

(Sp.  at-},  med.L.  quadras  a  square  :  cf.  QuADREL.] 

1.  A  short,  heavy,  square-headed  arrow  or  bolt, 
formerly  used  in  shooting  with  the  cross-bow  or 
arbalest, 

a  1*25  Ancr.  R,  62  peo  hwile  Jjet  me  mit  quarreaus  . . 
asaileo  bene  cast  el.  1340  Ayenb.  71  Al  hit  ys  ywent  wel 
ra^re  ^>an.. quarel  of  arolaste.  (-1400  Destr.  Troy  4743  The 
Grekes  ,.  Whappet  in  wharles,  whellit  the  pepull.  1483 
CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  314  b/2  A  sowne  lyke  as  a  quarel  had  be 
shotte  out,  of  Arbalaste  or  a  crosse  bowe.  1540  Act  33 
Hen,  /''///, c. 6  Crossebowes  ..ready  furnished  with  quarelles. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  xi.  33  Now  had  the  Carle,  .his  hands 
Discharged  of  his  bow  and  deadly  quar'le.  1750  CARTK 
Hist,  Eng.  11.463  The  Genoese,  .let  fly  their  quarrels  when 
they  imagined  themselves  to  be  within  a  proper  distance. 
1846  GREENER  Sc.  Gunnery  4  It  is  said  of  the  cross-bow, 
that  a  quarrel  could  be  projected  from  them  200  yards. 

attrib.    1412-20  LYDG.  Citron.  Troy  it.  xi,  Dartes  daggers 
..And   quarrelheades    sharpe   &   square   yground.      1600 
HOLLAND  Livy  xxi.  xi.  400  Ordinance  of  quarell  shot,  brakes, 
and  other  artillerie. 
b.  dial.  (See  quot.) 

1840  SPURDENS  East- Anglian  Words  {E.  D.  S.),  Quarrel, 
a  kind  of  bird-bolt,  with  a  lozenge-shaped  head  ;  now  only 
used  by  rook-bolters  for  beating  down  rooks'  nests. 

t  2.  A  square  needle.     Also  attrib.  Obs.  rare. 

1496  Bk.  St.  Allans,  Fishing  H  iij,  For  smalle  fysshe  ye 
shall  make  your  hokes  of  the  smalest  quarell  nedlys  that  ye 
can  fynde  of  stele,  &  in  this  wyse.  Ye  shall  put  the  quarell 
in  a  redde  charkcole  fyre  [etc.]. 

3.  A  square  or  (more  usually)  diamond-shaped 
pane  of  glass,  of  the  kind  used  in  making  lattice- 
windows.  Now  rare  exc.  dial.  (Cf.  QUARRY  sb.%  2.) 

1447  in  Parker  Gfoss.  Archit.  (1850)  290  Every  windowe 
conteineth  vi  lights  ..  Item  all  the  katurs,  quarrells,  and 
oylements.  1507  in  Gage  Suffolk  143  Setting  vp  of  white 
Normandy  glas,  oon  rowe  of  quarrells  white.  1542  BOORDE 
Dyetary  viii.  (1870)  249  Let  your  skynner  cut  both  ..  the 
skynnes  in  smale  peces  tryangle  wyse,  lyke  halfe  a  quarel  of  a 
glase  wyndow.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  (Arb.)  106  The 
Lozange  is,  .a quadrangle  reuerst,.with  his  point  vpward  like 
to  a  quarrell  of  glasse.  1669  BOYLE  Contn.  New  Exj>.  i.  (1682) 
25  Some  plates  of  glass  such  as  are  used  for  making  the  (Quar 
rels  of  Windows.  1711  C.  LOCKYER  Trade  in  India  vi.  164 
Oyster-shells  fixt  Diamond-wise  in  wooden  Frames,  instead 
of  Glass,  which  look  something  like  our  small,  old  fashion'd 
Quarrels.  1828  Craven  Gloss.,  Quarrel,  a  square  of  glass. 
1879  Casselfs  Tec/in.  F.duc.  ix.  145/2  The  colour  . .  of  the 
quarrels  in  the  original  window  is  a  light  bluish-green. 

attrib.  1820  SCOTT  Abbot  xxxiv,  A  quarrel  pane  of  glass 
in  the  turret  window. 

t4.  A  square  tile.  Obs.  rare.  (Cf.  QUARRY  5^.3  3.) 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  596  The  manner  of  pauing  with 
smal  tiles  or  quarrels  ingrauen.  1610  —  Camden1  s  Brit. 
i.  511  The  pauements  wrought  Checker  wise  with  small 
square  quarels. 

5.  techn.  a.  A  glazier's  diamond  (1807  Douce 
Illustr.  Shaksp.  I.  181).  b.  A  four-sided  graver 
(Ogilvie,  1882).  c.  A  stonemason's  chisel  (ibid.}. 

Quarrel,  sl>2  Obs.  exc.  north,  dial.  Forms  : 
5  qwaryle,  qvar-,  qverelle,  qwharrell,  5-6 
quarel,  (5  -ell),  6  qwarrel,.Sc.  querill.querrell, 
7,  9  quarrel,  9  wharrel,  wharl.  [Alteration  of 
quarer,  QL'ARRER,  perh.  after  prec.] 

1.  A  place  from  which  stone,  ttc.,  is  obtained, 
=  QUARRY  st>.2 

14..  Now.  in  Wr.-Wulcker  737/3  Hoc  saxifragium,  a 
qwaryle.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  296/1  A  Qvarefle  of  stone 
(A.  Querelle  of  stane),  lapidicina.  1500-18  Ace.  Loath 
Steeple  in  Arch&ologia  X.  71  Riding  to  the  quarrel  for 
stone.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  i.  vii.  22  Wtheris  ..  the  huge 
pillaris  grett  Out  of  the  querillls  can  to  hew  and  beit.  1802 
Lout/i  Corpor.  Ace.  (1891)  55  That  the  Market  for  Sheep 


a  stone  quarry  ;  a  disused  quarry.    Seldom  heard. 

t  b.  Sc.  The  stone  or  other  material  obtained 
by  quarrying.     Also  pi.     Obs. 

1536  BELLENDEN  Cron.  Scot.  (1821)  I.  251  He  thirllit  thahn 
..to  win  mettelHs,  querrellis,  and  to  mak  tild.  1661-73 
LD.  FOUNTAINHALL  in  M.  P.  Brown  Suppl.  Decis.  (1826)  II. 
535  (Jam.)  To  dig,  win,  work,  and  carry  away  coals,  lime- 
stone,  clay,  quarrell. 

2.  attrib.  as  quarrel  head,  hole,  man,  well,  stone, 

c  1460  Twvncley  Myst.  ii.  367  When  I  am  dede,  bery  me 
in  gudeboure  at  the  quarell  hede,  1472  Durham  Ace. 
Rolls  (Surtees)  245,  j  q wharrel Imell.  1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis 
viii.  iv.  149  AH  kynd  of  wapynnis  . .  Wyth  branchis  rent  of 
treis,  and  quarrell  stanis  Of  huge  wecht.  1535  LYNDESAY 
Satyre  3061, 1  lent  my  gossop  my  mear . .  And  he  hir  drounit 
into  the  querrell  hollis.  a  1572  KNOX  Hist.  Rcf.  Wks.  1846 
I.  379  At  the  Querrell  Hollis,  betuix  Leyth  and  Edin- 
burght.  1571  Wills  <V  Im>.  N.  C.  (Surtees  1860)  351  John 
Heworthe  of  gatisheid . .  Quarelman. 

Quarrel  (kwg-rel),  j&3  Forms:  4  querele, 
4~5  (6)  querel,  5  qwerell(e,  6  querel (1,  6-7  Sc. 
quer(r)ell;  4-5  quarele,  5  qv-,  quarelle,  5-6 
quarell,  (5<I1F-}»g-7  quarel, 6 quarrel,  (6-7 -ell). 


23 

[a.  OF.  querele,  -etle;—L.  querela,  -ella  complaint, 
f.  quert  to  complain.  The  spelling  qitar(r]-  was 
the  prevailing  one  by  Caxton's  time  ;  later  exam 
ples  of  querii-'}'  are  chiefly  Sc.  :  see  also  QUERELK.] 

f  1.  A  complaint  ;  esp.  a  complaint  against 
a  person  ;  hence  in  Law  :  an  accusation  or  charge  ; 
an  action  or  suit.  Obs. 

ci374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  in.  pr.  iii.  55  (Camb,  MS.)  For 
whenues  corny  n  elles  alle  thyse  foreyne  compleyntes  or 
quereles  of  pletynges  [L.  forcnses  qutrimomgg}.  11400 
Destr.  Troy  v.  heaaingl  Of  the  Qwerell  of  Kyng  Priam  for 
his  Fader  dethe.  1454  Rolls  Parlt.  V.  258/2  In  all  maner 
Actions  .  .  suytes,  quereles  and  demandes.  1483  CAXTON 
Gold.  Leg.  219  2  They  sayd  wyth  swete  and  dcuout  quarelles 
why  she  suffred  her  deuoute  seruaunte  to  dye  wythout  con- 
fessyon.  1535  COVER  DALE  Acts  xxv.  7  Y°  I  ewes  ..  broughte 
vp  many  andgreuous  quarels  agaynst  Paul.  iefi$E.i-ec./ar 
Treason  (1675)  13  None  of  them  have  been  sought  hitherto 
to  be  impeached  in  any  point  or  quarrel  of  Treason.  1641 
TITIIICS  de  la  Ley  230  b,  Qvarels  ..  extendeth  not  onely  to 
actions.,  but  also  to  the  causes  of  actions  &  suits. 

2.  A  ground  or  occasion  of  complaint  against 
a  person,  leading  to  hostile  feeling  or  action  ; 
a  cause  for  which  one  person  has  unfriendly  or 
unfavourable  feelings  towards  another  ;  also,  the 
state  or  course  of  hostility  resulting  from  such 
ground  of  complaint.  Const,  against  t  -\to,  later 
with.  Now  rare.  To  pick  a  quarrel',  see  PICK  v. 

1340  Ayenb.  83  Ine  ofre  quereles  huanne  me  mysnymj)  [it 
may  be  amended  J  ..  ac  errour  ine  batayle  ne  may  na;t  by- 
amended.  135*0  GOWER  Conf.  III.  303  Love  hath  mad  him 
a  querele  Ayem  hire  youthe  friissh  and  frele.  c  1400  Destr. 
Troy  1763  To  qwit  claym  all  querels,  &  be  qweme  fryndes. 
1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  i.  xviii.  52  What  theyre  herte 
sayth  of  the  quarell  and  what  wylle  they  haue  for  to  fyglit. 
1526  TINDALE  Col.  iii.  13  Forgevynge  one  another  (if  e;iy 
man  have  a  quarrell  to  a  nother).  1603  KNOLLES  Hist. 
Turks  (1621)  306  Although  they  be  in  number  moe  than 
you,  yet  are  they  in  hope,  quarfell  and  strength,  farre  infe- 
riour.  a  1633  AUSTIN  Medit.  (1635)  249  The  Devill  hath  the 
same  Quarrell  to  us  Men,  that  hee  had  to  Christ.  1655 
FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  it.  v.  §  43  Ethelred.  .with  whom  DunsUm 
bad  a  quarrel  from  his  cradle.  1749  FIELDING  7Vw«  Jones 
xv.  vii,  All  the  quarrel  the  squire  hath  to  me  is  for  taking 
your  part.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qnal,  (1809)  I.  32, 
I  have  no  quarrel,  I  cried,  to  the  high  and  mighty. 

b.  With   possessive   pron.,    or    genitive  :  One's 
cause,  side,  or  party  in  a   complaint   or  contest  ; 
f  one's  claim  to  a  thing. 

1380  Lay  Folks  Catech.  1287  Hertely  in  godes  querel  to 
withstonde  ..  in  al  ^at  we  may.  1390  COWER  Conf.  I.  29 
That  he  wol  take  the  querele  Of  holy  cherche  in  his  defence. 
c  1440  Generydes  3536  Off  all  this  land  I  geve  vppe  my 
quarell.  ,1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  xxxiv.  126  He  was 
aduertysed.  .of  the  cause  &  quarelle  of  Blanchardyn.  1593 
SHAKS.  2  Hen.  I'l,  in.  ii.  233  Thrice  is  he  arm'd,  that  hath 
his  Quarrell  iust.  1697  DRYDEN  I'irg.  Gcorg.  iv.  318  When 
their  Sov'reign's  Quarrel  calls  'em  out,  His  Foes  to  mortal 
Combat  they  defie.  1755  YOUNG  Centaur\.  Wks.  1757  IV.  124 
The.  .heart  commands  the.  .head,  to  figbt  its  unjust  quarrel, 
and  say  it  is  its  own.  1808  SCOTT  Life  Dryden  in  DCs 
Wks.  (1882)  I.  172  Were  a  nobleman  to  have  recourse  to 
hired  bravoes  to  avenge  bis  personal  quarrel  against  any 
one.  1892  STEVENSON  Across  the  Plains  xii.  313  In  our 
own  quarrel  we  can  see  nothing  truly. 

c.  With  adjs.,   specifying  the   justice  or   other 
aspect  of  the  cause  or  ground  of  contention,     f  Of 
great  quarrel  \  of  importance. 


.... 

a  fals  quarele  agenst  God  and  bis  seyntis.  1456  SmG.  HAM-: 
Law  Arms  (S.T.  S.)  73  Oft  tymes..he  that  has  gude  rycht 
tynis  the  felde,  and  the  wrang  querele  wynnis.  a  1533  Lo. 
BERNERS  Hiton  xlix.  164  By  a  iust  quarell  ye  may  go  and 
make  warre  vpon  hym.  1590  T.  HKNEAGE  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men 
(Camden)  48  Her  Highness  dowteth  that  yt  may  breed 
discredyt  todyvers  of  great  quarrell.  1651  Ho  BBES  /.«*/«//*. 
n.  xix.  97  Sufficient  provision  being  taken,  against  all  just 
quarrell.  1715-20  POPE  Iliad  in.  309  Perhaps  their  swords 
some  nobler  quarrel  draw.-;,  a  1806  K.  WHITE  Christmas- 
Day  10  Me  higher  quarrel  calls,  with  loudest  song.  1863 
RUSKIN  Arrows  of  Choc  e  (1880)  II.  25,  I  would  have  the 
country  go  to  war,  with  haste,  in  a  good  quarrel. 

td.  transf.  Cause,  reason,  ground,  plea.     Obs. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Anns  (S.  T.  S.)  184  The  King  of 
France  has  querele  to  mak  were  apon  the  King  of  Ungary. 
1476  J.  PASTON  in  P.  Lett.  III.  164  Then  he  shold  be 
swer  that  I  shold  not  be  flyttyng,  and  I  had  syche  a  qwarell 
to  kepe  me  at  home,  1545  ASCEIAM  Toxoph.  To  Gentlem. 
Eng.  (Arb.)  20  A  fletcher  hath  euen  as  good  a  quarell  to  be 
angry  with  an  archer.  1607-12  BACON  £ss.t  Marriage 
(Arb.)  270  So  as  a  Man  may  have  a  quarrell  to  marrye 
when  he  will.  1633  Bp.  HALL  Hard  Texts,  TV.  T.  142 
Judas  of  Galilee,  .  .  upon  the  quarrell  of  the  Taxes  laid  by 
Caesar.  .made  an  insurrection. 

1  3.  An  objection,  opposition,  dislike  or  aversion 
to  a  thing.  Obs. 

1581  W.  STAFFORD  Exam.  Comfl.  Pref.,  I  haue  indeuoured 
in  fewe  wordes  to  answere  certayne  quarelU  and  objections 
dayly  and  ordinarily  occurrent  in  the  talke  of  sundry  men. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  1  1.  249  In  the  disease  Tinesmus  (which 
is  an  inordinat  quarrell  to  the  stool).  1654-66  EARL  ORRERY 
Parthen.  (1676)  567  It  created  a  general  quarrel  to  Fortune. 
1720  LADY  LANDSDOWN  in  Lett.  C'tess  Suffolk  (1824)  I.  70, 
I  .  .shall  be  tempted  to  have  a  quarrel  to  matrimony. 
b.  Const,  with  (as  in  2  and  4). 

1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  in.  iv,  What  quarrel  I  had  with  the 
dress  or  looks  of  his  domestics? 

4.  A  violent  contention  or  altercation  between 
persons,  or  of  one  person  with  another  ;  a  rupture 
of  friendly  relations. 

1572  HULOET,  Quarell,  controncrsia>  contentio,  jurgium 
[etc.],  1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  v.  i.  238,  I  am  th'vnhappy 
subject  of  these  quarrels,  —  Tarn.  S/ir.  i.  ii.  27  Rise  Grumio 


QUARREL. 

rise,  we  will  compound  this  quarrell.  1639  T.  BRUGIS  tr. 
Camus'  Afar.  Rclat.-2\\  A  man  very  valiant  of'his  hands,  but 
hot  brained,  he  had  had  many  quarrels.  1717  LADY  M.  W. 
MONTAGU  Let.  to  rope  12  Feb.,  I  was  very  uneasy  till  they 
were  parted,  fearing  some  quarrel  might  arise.  1769  BLACK- 
STONK  Coinnt.  iv.  xiv.  IQI  If  upon  a  sudden  quarrel  two 
persons  light,  and  one  of  them  kills  the  other,  this  is  man 
slaughter.  1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  x,  He  will  take  care  to 
avoid  a  quarrel,  .with  any  of  the  natives.  1838  TIMKLWAI.L 
Greece  V.  265  Tbe  quarrels  between  the  Phocians  and  their 
Locrian  neighbours.  1876  MOZLEY  Univ.  Semi.  x.  (1877) 
204  People  rush  into  quarrels  from  simple  violence  and 
impetuosity  of  temper. 

fb.  Quarrelling;  quarrelsomeness.    Obs.   rare. 
1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  n.  iii.  52  He'l  be  as  full  of  Quarrell,  and 

offence  As  my  yong  Mistris  dogge.  1605  HA  CON  Adv. 
Learn.  I.  vii.  §  2  All  beasts  . .  forgetting  their  several!  appe 
tites;  some  of  pray,  some  of  game,  some  of  quarrell. 

5.  Comb,  as  quarrel-breeder. 

1611  COTGR.,  Sufserttfur  de  noises,  a  make-bate,  firebrand 
of  contention,  quarrel  l-breeder. 

Quarrel  (two -rel),?'.  Forms:  4querele,6-el^l, 
quarel,  6-7  quar(r)ell,  (7  Sc.  querrell\  7-  quar 
rel.  [In  Gower,  a.  OF.  qttereler  (F.  querel/er},  f. 
querele  (see  prec.)  :  in  later  use  prob.  f.  the  sb.] 

1.  intr.  To  raise  a  complaint,  protest,  or  objec 
tion  ;  to  find  fault ;  to  take  exception. 

a.  Const.  ivitJi.     Phr.    To   quarrel  with   one's 
j    bread  and  butter  :  to  give  up  a  means  of  livelihood 
for  insufficient  reasons. 

1390  ('tou'KR  Conf.  III.  192  With  that  word  the  king 
quereleth  And  seith  :  Non  is  above  me.  1605  BACON  Aih>. 
Learn,  i.  iv.  6  If  you  take  out  every  axiom  ..  one  by  one, 
you  may  quarrel  with  them  . .  at  your  pleasure.  1671  MIL 
TON  Samson  60,  I  must  nut  quarrel  with  the  will  Of  highest 
:  dispensation.  1752  J.  GILL  Trinity  iv.  81,  I  cannot  see 
i  why  any  should  quarrel  with  our  translation.  1780  CRAIG 
Mirror  No.  69  ?  i  How  did  she  show  superior  sense  by 
thus  quarrelling  with  her  bread  and  butter?  1894  H. 
DRUM  MONO  Ascent  Man  265  We  cannot  quarrel  with  the 
principle  in..  Nature  which  condemns  to  death  the  worst. 

transf.    1830  J.  G.  STRUTT  Sylva  Brit.  82  It  [the  Chesnut] 
quarrels  with  no  soil  assigned  to  it. 
t  b.  Const,  at.  Obs. 

1585  W.  LAMBARD  in  Camdafs  Lett,  (1601)  29  This  is 
:  all  that  I  can  quarrel  at ;  and  yet  have  I  pried  so  far  as  I 
could.  ai66z  HFVI.IN  Land  (1668)  142  Which  Clause  ..was 
now  quarrel'd  at  by  the  Puritan  Faction.  1725  DE  FOK 
Voy.  round  World  (1840)  26  The  whole  weight  of  their 
resentment  seemed  to  tend  to  quarrelling  at  my  command. 

fc.  absol.  or  with  that.     Obs.  rare. 

JSSS  EDEN  Decades  125  For  all  this  were  not  the  enemies 
I  satisfyed  :  querelinge  that  this  thynge  was  doone  by  sum 
;  slyght.  1563  FOXE  A.  <y  M.  (1684)  865  To  thintent  to 
I  appcale,  and.  .to  querell  vnder  the. .  moste  effectual!  way. 

2.  intr.  To  contend  violently,  fall  out,  break  off 
friendly    relations,    become    inimical    or    hostile. 

.    Const,  with  (a  person),  for  or  about    a  thing). 

1530  PALSGR.  676/2,  I  quarell  with  one,  I  pycke  a  mater  to 
hym  to  fall  out  with  hym.  1597  HOOKER  ficcl.  Pol.  v. 
lx,\iv.  §  i  Those  [heretiques]  which  doe  nothing  else  but 
quarrell.  1697  DKYUEN  Virg.  Georg.  \\.  638  Wine  urg'd  to 
lawless  Lust  the  Centaurs  Train,  Thro'  Wine  theyquarrell'd. 
1728  T.  SHERIDAN  Pcrsiits  iii.  (1739)  41  Quarrel  for  your 
Mince-meat,  and  refuse  the  Lullaby.  1829  LYTTON  Devercux 
n.  v,  She  quarrelled  with  me  for  supping  with  St.  John. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  48  Having  abundance  of 
pasture. .  they  would  have  nothing  to  quarrel  about. 

fig.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  m.  i.  45  Some  defect  in  her  Did 
quarrell  with  the  noblest  grace  she  ow'd. 

1 3.  trans.  To  claim  contentiously.     Obs.  rare. 

1579  FENTON  Guicciard.  252  Ferdinand  . .  had  alwayes 
secretly  quarrelled  that  title  as  lawfully  apperteining  to  the 
crowne  of  Aragon.  1596  DANETT  tr.  Comtnes  (1614)  241  The 
Emperors  daughter  was  restored  vnto  him,  and  the  countie 
of  Artois  together  with  all  the  townes  he  quarrelled. 

f4.  To  dispute,  call  in  question,  object  to  (an 
act,  word,  etc.) ;  to  challenge  the  validity  or 
correctness  of.  Obs.  (Freq.  in  i;th  c.) 

1609  TOURNEUR  Fun.  Poeme  Sir  F.  l-'ere  491  If  malignant 
censure   quarrels   it.     1644   PRYNNE   &   WALKER  Plenties' $ 
Trial  4  The  Lords  Orders  being  not  only  quarrelled,  but 
contemned  by  those  who  were  to  bail  him.     1699  COLLIER 
znd  Def.  (1730)  326  This  fine  Phrase  puts  me  in  mind  of  his 
quarrelling  a  Sentence  of  mine  for  want  . .  of  Syntax.     1745 
RUDDIMAN  I'ind.  Buchanan  310  (Jam.),  I  hope  you  will  not 
quarrel  the  words,  for  they  are  all  Virgil's.    1786  BURNS  On 
Naethingv,  Some  quarrel  the  Presbyter  gown,  Some  quarrel 
Episcopal  graithing. 

5.  To  find  fault  with  (a  person) ;  to  reprove 
angrily.  Obs.  exc.  Sc.  (Freq.  in  iyth  c.) 

1598  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man  in  Hum.  n.  i,  I  had  quarrell'd 
My  brother  purposely.  1621  J.  REYNOLDS  God's  Rtz1.  agst. 
Murder  i.  i.  5  Quarrelling  his  taylor  for  the  fashion  of  his 
clothes.  1688  PENTON  Guard.  Instruct.  (1897)  47  Quarrelling 
the  poor  man  for  not  coming  sooner.  1728  \Vedrffiv  Corr. 
(1843)  III.  363  He  ought  not  to  be  quarrelled  for  his 
opinions.  £18x7  HOGG  Tales  ft  Sk.  (1837)  III.  344  They 
might  kill  a  good  many  without  being  quarrelled  for  it. 
1897  CROCKETT  Lads'  Love  xiii.  140  It  was  my  fault  . . 
1  quarrelled  her,  I  angered  her. 

f  6.  With  complement :  To  force  or  bring  by 
quarrelling.  Obs. 

1610  B.  JONSON  Alch.  iv.  iv,  You  must  quarrel  him  out  o* 
the  house.    1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  in.  xi.  §  2  Many  English 
Bishops,  .fearing  by  degrees  they  should  all  be  quarrelled 
out  of  their  places. .  fled  into  Scotland.    1655  —  Hist.  Camb. 
(1840)  159  How  easy  was  it  for  covetousness,  in  those  ticklish 
times,  to  quarrel  the  College  lands  into  superstition?     1678 
] ~ng, ,  Mans  Call.  167  There  are  many.. that  quarrel  them 
selves  carnally  to  hell. 

Hence  Qua-rrelled///.  a.  Also  fQua'rrellable 
a.,  capable  of  being  called  in  question. 


QUARRELET. 

16..  in  Peterkin  RentahQrkney\\\.  (:8co)  14  (Jam.  SuppU 
Quhtlk  gift  fs  not  confirmed  ..  and  so  his  right  is  most 
quarrallable.  1673  Ln.  FOUNTAISHALL  in  M.  P.  Brown 
SuppL  Decis.  (1826)  III.  14  The  said  act  of  Parliament 
appoints  these  deeds  to  be  quarrellable.  1820  J.  BROWN 
Hist.  Brit.  Ch.  II.  App.  7  The  Antiburghers  still  continue 
upon  their  quarrelled  constitution  of  Synod. 

I  Oua'rrelet.     Obs.  rare—1.     In  7  quarelet. 

rr    ^T_.  .  .  .      .f  i     _  11  11 


of  pearl. 

Quarrelled  (kwg-reld),  a.  Also  quarled. 
[f.  QUAKKEL  st>.1  3  +  -El)  i.]  a.  Of  windows  :  Made 
of  quarrels,  b.  Of  glass :  Formed  into  quarrels. 

1868  J.  G.  MIALL  Coitgreg.  Yorksh.  103  The  shutters  which 
protected  the  quarreled  windows  from  injury-  '889  HISSEY 
Tour  in  Phaeton  26  Mullioned  windows,  so  pleasantly 
varied  by  transom  and  quarrelled  glass.  1894  RLACKMORE 
Perlyctvss  142  The  light  from  a  long  quarled  window. 

Quarreller  (kwg-relaa  .  Also  5  querelour, 
6-7  quareller,  (7  -or,  -our),  [f.  QUARREL  v.  + 
-EH  '.]  One  who  quarrels,  in  senses  of  the  vh. 

c  1450  Aristotle's  ARC  in  Q.  Elh.  Acad.,  etc.  66  Quenche 


be.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  58  No  riuer  hath  lesse  liberty 
..  yet  he  is  no  quarreller,  nor  much  harm  doeth  he.  a  1642 
SIR  W.  MONSON  Wars  with  Spain  (16821  3  It  were  better 
to  keep  company  with  a  Coward  than  a  Quarreller.  176 . 
WESLEV  Husli.  ff  ll'hvs  iii.  6  Wks.  1811  IX.  66  Away  then 
with  ..  this  quarreller,  suspicion.  1824  SCOTT  St.  Ronan's 
viii,  Quarrellers  do  not  usually  live  long.  1892  E.  RKKVKS 
Homeward  Bound  103  The  big  albatross.. scattering  the 
quarrellers,  seizes  the  tempting  morsel  for  himself. 

fb.  With  pun  on  QUARKEL  sb.1  3.  Obs. 

1630  Conceits,  Clinches  etc.  (Halliw.  1860)  5  One  said  it  was 
unfit  a  glasier  should  be  a  constable,  because  he  was 
a  common  quareller.  1673  R.  HEAD  Canting  Acad.  163 
Glasiers.  .are  constant  Quarrellers. 

Quarrelling  (kwgTt-lin),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  QUARHKL 
v.  +  -ING  1.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  QUARREL. 

1546  BALE  Eng.  Votaries  I.  72  They  wolde  . .  styll  vexe 
hym  with  olde  quarellynges.    1611  RICH  Honest.  ^^(Percy 
Soc.)  54  The  mind  is  oppressed  with  idle  thoughts  which 
spurreth  on  the  tongue  to  contentious  quarrelling,     a  1715 
BURNBT  O-.UH  Time  III.  (1724)  I.  452  Seimour  and  he  had 
fallen  into  some  quarrellings.     1734  T.  WATT  I'ocab.  Eng. 
Lat.  38  You  are  always  making  a  Quarrelling  about  nothing. 
1866  GEO.  ELIOT  F.  Holt_  (1868)  30  There  was  no  fear  of 
family  coolness  or  quarrelling  on  this  side. 

atlrili.  1625  MASSINGER  AVzy  U'ay  v.  i,  Make  not  My 
house  your  quarrelling  scene. 

Qua-rrelling,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  ^.] 
That  quarrels ;  quarrelsome. 

1589  NASHE  Pnf.  Greene's  Menaphon  (Arb.)  13  That 
quarrelling  kinde  of  verse.  1593  Tell-Trotli's  N.  Y.  Gift 
30  The  quarreling  mate  shall  not  complaine.  1670  CLARKN- 
DON'  Ess.  Tracts  (1727)  166  A  froward,  proud  and  quarreling 
conscience.  1822  II.  CORNWALL  Tivo  Dreams  ii  The  loud 
quarrelling  elements  cast  out  Their  sheeted  fires. 

Hence  t  Qua'rrelliuffly  adv.  Obs. 

1571  GpUDlNG  Cah'in  on  Ps.  Ixix.  i  r  They  stryve  with  them 
quarrellingly,  and  wythout  meeldnesse.  1386  HOLINSHEU 
Citron.  F.ng-.  III.  20/2  He  caused  the  bishop  to  be  sued, 
quarelinglie  charging  him  that  [etc.]. 

t  Quarrellous,  a.  Obs.  Forms:  5  quere- 
lous(e,  quarelouse,  6  quaril-,  quarel(l)-,  6-7 
quarrel-,  6-7  quarrellous.  [a.  OF.  querelous 
(F.  querelleux] :  see  QUARREL  rf.3  and  -ous.  In 
later  use  perh.  a  new  formation.]  a.  Given  to 
complaining ;  querulous,  b.  Quarrelsome,  con 
tentious  ;  fault-finding.  (In  common  use  from 
about  1560  to  1650.) 

_  c  1400  Betyn  2070  They  were  so  querelouse  of  al  myjt  com 
in  mynde  Thouje  it  were  nevir  indede  I-do.  £-1475  Lertm 
or  be  Lewde  in  Bailees  Bit.  10  [Be  not]  To  Queynt,  to 
Querelous,  and  Queme  welle  thy  maistre.  1490  CAXTON 
Kneydos  xxii.  80  Crete  wepynges  and  quarellouse  plaintes. 
1556  AHP.  PAKKER  Ps.  xxxiv.  84  To  scape  theyr  foes  so 
quarilous.  1610  Bp.  HALL  A fa!.  Brmvmsts  83  His  Maiesties 
speech  . .  might  haue  staied  the  course  of  your  quarrelous 
pen.  a  1639  SPOTTISWOOD  Hist.  Ch.  Scot.  n.  (1677)  66  This 
Gentleman  had  been  in  former  times  very  quarrellous  and 
turbulent,  a  1656  HALES  Calif.  Rein.  (1688)  113  This  quar 
rellous  and  fighting  humour. 

Hence  f  Qua'rrellonsly  adv. 

1580  A.  ML-NDAY  in  John  a  Kent,  etc.  (Shaks.  Soc.)  78 
Evene  desperate  Dick  that  can  ..  behave  him  selfe  so 
quarrelously. 

t  Quarrel-picker,  -piker.  Obs.  [f.  the  phr. 

to  pick  a  quarrel:  cf.  QUARREL  s/>.3  2  and  PICK  v.] 

1.  One  who  picks  quarrels ;  a  quarrelsome  person. 

1547  COVERDALE  Old  Faith  To  Rdr.  Avij,  Then  shall  we 
be  no  Quarrellpykerrs.     1551  T.  WILSON  Logike  46  These 
quarelpickers,  these  roysters,  and  fighters.     1608  TOPSELL 
Serpents  (1658)  780  A  company  of  corner-creepers,  spider- 
catchers,  fault-finders,  and  quarrell-pickers. 

2.  Slang.    (With  pun  on  QUARREL  sbl  3 ;    cf. 
QUARRELLEK  b.)     A  glazier. 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew. 

So  Quarrel-picking,  -piking  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 
•  v.'557  J  'P6"^-)  Actt  xvii.  7  „„(,.,  Like  quarelpikin" 
they  vsed  against  Chnste  1591  R.  TURNBULL  Exf.  fame's 
tp  Bed.  Aivb,  Reprochfull  censure,  ..  without  quarrell- 
plckmg.  ,894  Wgtm.  Cat.  25  Sept.  3/2  A ..  dining^quarre  - 
picking,  and  duelling  club. 

Quarrelsome  (kwg-iels»m),  a.    [f.  QUARREL 

rf.3  +   -SOME.] 


24 

1.  Inclined  to  quarrel ;  given  to,  or  characterized 
by,  quarrelling,     t  Const,  at. 

1596  SHAKS.  Tarn.  Shr.  i.  ii.  13  My  Mr  is  growne  quarrel- 
some.  1616  W.  SCLATER  Serin.  10  Weigh  well  how.. quar 
relsome  at  the  Hues  of  magistrates  the  people  are.  a  1639 
W.  WHATEI.EY  Prototypes  i.  xvi.  (1640)  161  A  quarrelsome 
fellow,  still  brawling  and  falling  out.  1681  ANNE  WYNDHAM 
Kings  Concealni,  78  This  quarrelsom  Gossipping  was  a  most 
seasonable  diversion.  1749  FIELDING  Tow  Jones  v.  ix,  Men 
who  are  ill-natured  and  quarrelsome  when  they  are  drunk. 
1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  xii,  The  wine  rendered  me  loquacious, 
disputatious  and  quarrelsome.  1879  MRS.  SEGUIN  Blk. 
Forest  viii.  115  The  lords  of  Windeck  ..  were  of  a  specially 
quarrelsome  temper. 

2.  Offensive,  disagreeable,     nonce-use. 

1835  COLERIDGE  Aids  Re_fl.  App.  i.  (1836)  35  Technical 
terms,  hard  to  be  remembered,  and  alike  quarrelsome  to 
the  ear  and  the  tongue. 

Hence  Qua'rrelsomely  adv. 

*755  in  JOHNSON.  1873  Miss  BROUCHTON  Nancy  III.  132 
In  an  aggressively  loud  voice,  as  if  he  were  quarrelsomely 
anxious  to  be  overheard.  1880  MRS.  PARR  Adam  $  Eve  II. 
vii.  147  The  crowd  grew. .quarrelsomely  drunk. 

Quarrelsomeness,    [f.  prec.  +  -NESS.]  The 

condition  or  character  of  being  quarrelsome  ;  con 
tentious  disposition. 

1611  DONNE  Scrm.  (ed.  Alford)  V.  32  God  giveth  not  his 
Children  ..  valour,  and  then  leaveth  them  to  a  spirit  of 
Quarrelsomeness,  a  1656  Bi*.  HALL  Ron.  77  (T.i  The 
giddiness  of  some,  others'  quarrelsomeness.  1780  BF.NTHAM 
Princ,  LegisL  Wks.  1843  I.  76  note.  Although  a  man,  l>y 
his  quarrelsomeness,  should  for  once  have  been  engaged  in 
a  bad  action  [etc.J.  1879  R.  K.  DOUGLAS  Confucianism  in. 
88  In  manhood . .  lie  avoided  quarrelsomeness. 

Quarrender,  variant  of  QUAUENDEX. 

tQuarrer.  Obs.  Forms:  4-5  quarer(e,  4 
quarrer(e,  quariere.  [a.  OF.  quarriere  f.  (i2th 
c. ;  mod.F.  earri£re}t  quarrier  m.  =  med.L.  quar- 
(r)er(i}a,  qitarraria,  guadrdria,  f.  quadrdre  to 
square  (stones).]  =*  QUARBT  sb* 

13..  Aletr.  Horn.  (Vernon  MS.)  in  Herrig  Archiv  LVII. 
259  Ffer  fro  be  Abbey  was  a  quarere.  c  1350  /F///.  Palerne 
2232  pei  saie  . .  a  semliche  quarrere  under  an  hei^  hel  al 
hohve  newe  diked.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  271  In 
GalHa  bej>  many  good  quarers  and  noble  for  to  digge  stoon. 
c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  419/1  Quarere,  or  quarere  of  stone, 
(A',  quarer) . .  lapidicina. 

t  Quarreure.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  quarreure 
(guarntre,  mod.F.  carmre)  '•  — L.  quadrature* 
QUADRATURE.]  Quadrature. 

('1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  112  Loke  J?at  be 
mone  be  noght  in  |>e  entree  of  be  way,  in  be  quarreure  of  pe 
sonne,  or  els  yn  his  contrary. 

tQuarreyor.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  QUARRY  z/.i] 
?  A  bird  proper  to  be  the  quarry  of  a  hawk. 

J575  TURBERV.  Faulconrie  130  This  you  shall  doe.  .vntill 
your  Hawke  be  well  entred  and  quarreyed  and  that  she 
knowe  a  quarreyor  sufficiently. 

Qua'rrial>le,  .  rare.  [f.  QUARRY  v. 2  +  -ABLE.] 
Capable  of  being  quarried. 

1856  EMERSON  Eng.  Traits  iii.  40  The  arable  soil,  the 
quarriable  rock.  1880  RI'SKIM  Fathers  Have  Told  Us  i.  i. 
16  Quarriable  banks  above  well-watered  meadow. 

t  Qna'rried,  ///•  a-1  Obs.     [f.  QUARRY  v.1} 

Well-quarried,  properly  trained  to  fly  at  quarry. 

X57S  TuRBBRV.  Faulconrie  154  Then  shall  you  first  cast  off 
a  well  quarried  or  make  Hawke,  and  let  hir  stoupe  a  fowle. 

Qua-rried,  ///.  a.-  [f.  QUARRY  ».*  +  -ED*.] 
Dug  out  of,  or  as  out  of,  a  quarry. 

1747  H.  BROOKK  Fables^  Female  Seducers  Wks.  (1810)  414 
He  . .  Of  pearl  and  quarry 'd  diamond  dreams.  1855  O.  \V. 
HOLMES  Poems  35  One  leap  of  Ocean  scatters  on  the  sand 
The  quarried  bulwarks  of  the  loosening  land. 

Quarrier1  (kwo/riai).  Forms:  a.  5  quarre-, 
qwari-,  qvary-,  querrour,  Sc.  quereour,  5-6 
quarriour.  £.  quaryere,  6  quarryer,  7-  quar- 
rier.  [a.  OF.  gttarreonr,  ~ieurt  quarrier  (mod.F. 
carrier),  agent-n.  to  quarrer  (mod.F.  carrer}:— L. 
qtiadrdre  to  square  (stones) :  cf.  late  L,  quadrator, 
qitadratarius,  in  same  sense,  and  see  QUARRY  st>.~] 
One  who  quarries  stone ;  a  quarryman. 

a.  £1375  .SV.  Leg.  Saints  xxiii.  {Seven  Sleepers)  212 
Quereouris  gadryt  sone  stains  to  wyne.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy 
1531  Masons  full  mony ;  . .  qwariours  qweme.  1424  E.  K, 
Wills  59  Paied  to  Fairchild,  quarriour,  xiijj.  and  iiijrf,  for 
freestone.  1483  Cnth.  AngL  296/2  A  Qvaryour,  lapidicius. 
1590  Serpent  of  Devis.  Ciij,  There  was  found  by  quarriours 
.  .a  rich  tonibe  of  stone. 

ft.  ci44o  Promp.  Pan:  419/1  Quaryere,  lapidicidius. 
1500-18  Ace.  Loitth  Steeple  in  Arcteokgia  X.  71  William 


-.57  Pillars  and  Galleries  made  by 
Quamers.  1811  PlNKBRTON  Petral.  1. 498  Where  the  gypsum 
once  bore  a  prismatic  form,  now  destroyed  by  the  progress 
of  the  quarriers.  1876  T.  HARDY  Ethelbcrta  xxxi,  Every 
body  in  the  parish  who  was  not  a  boatman  was  a  quarrier. 

fig.  1825  HONE  Every-day  Bk.  I.  274  He  was  the  quarrier, 
and  architect, ^and  builder-up  of  his  own  greatness. 

t  Qua'rrier  2.  Obs.  Forms:  6  quarier(e,6-7 
quarrier,  (6  -iere,  -iour).  [App.  an  alteration 
of  QUARRY  sb.±;  see  also  QUARIOK]  A  large 
square  candle. 

<  1550  Document  C^.\  To  cause  the  groomes  to  delyver  to 
the  groom  porter  all  the  remaynes  of  torches  and  quarriers. 
1581  STYWARD  Mart.  Discipl.  \.  24  Their  quariers  and  their 
cressets  being  light  euerie  one  by  it  selfe.  1604  Honseh.  Ord. 
(1790)305  Mortores,  Torchetts,  Torches,  Quarrioures.  1659 
TORRIANO,  Doppwne^  a  great  torch  of  wax,  which  in  Court 
is  called  a  Standard,  or  a  quarrier. 


QUARRY. 

Quarring,  vbl.  sb.  :  see  QUAR  j'.i 

Quarrington,  variant  of  QUARENDEN. 

t  Quarromes,  quarron.  Obs.  Cant.  The  body. 

1567  HARMAN  Caveat  (1869)  84  Bene  Lightmans  to  thy 
quarromes.  .God  morrowe  to  thy  body.  1641  BROME  Jovial 
Creui  u.  Wks.  1873  HI-  3^8  Here's  Pannum  and  Lap,  and 
good  Poplars  of  Yarrum  To  fill  up  the  Crib  and  to  comfort 
the  Qunrron. 

Quarry  (kwo'ri),  sb*  Forms:  4-5  quirre, 
quyrre,  5  kirre,  kyrre,  whirry,  6  quyrry  ;  4-5 
querrye,  querre  (also  7),  7  querry  ;  5  quarre, 
6  quarie,  6-7  quarrie,  (6-7  -ey),  6-  quarry. 
[a.  OF.  cuirte,  curee,  f.  ntir  (:—  L.  corinni)  skin  : 
see  sense  i.] 

•f  1.  Certain  parts  of  a  deer  placed  on  the  hide 
and  given  to  the  hounds  as  a  reward  ;  also,  the 
reward  given  to  a  hawk  which  has  killed  a  bird 
(see  quot.  c  1350).  Obs. 

c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  499  Hert,  liuer  and  li^tes,  And  blod  tille 
his  quirre,  Houndes  on  hyde  he  di^tes.  c  1350  Par/.  Three 
Ages  233  [The  falconer]  puttis  owte..he  maryo  [v.r,  marowj 
one  his  gloue  And  quotes  thaym  [the  hawks]  to  the  querrye 
O.r.  whirry]  that  quelled  hym  to  be  dethe.  c  1400  Master  of 
GaweProl.  (MS.  Digby  182),  And  after  whann  the  hert  is 
spaled  and  dede.he  vndothe  hym,  and  maketh  his  kirre  and 
enquirreth  or  rewardeb  his  houndes.  c  1420  /  'enery  de  Ttuety 
in  Rel.  Ant.  I.  153  The  houndes  shal  be  rewardid  with  the 
nekke  and  with  the  bewellis  ..  and  thei  shal  be  etyn  under 
the  skyn,  and  therfore  it  is  clepid  the  quarre.  1486  Bk.  St. 
Albiins  F  iv,  That  callid  is  Iwis  The  quyrre,  a  boue  the 
skyn  for  it  etyn  is.  1576  TURBERV.  /  'enerie  34  How  a  man 
should  enter  his  yong  houndes  to  hunte  the  Harte,  and  of 
the  quaries  and  rewardes  that  he  shall  giue  them.  [1688  R. 
HOLME  Armoury  \\.  188/1  Quarry.,  is  a  gift  or  reward 
given  the  Hounds,  being  some  part  of  the  thing  hunted.] 

t  b.  To  blow  the  quarry  ;  To  sound  a  horn  to 
call  the  hounds  to  the  quarry.  Obs.  rare-1. 

c  1500  H7yl  Buckes  Test.  (Copland)  70,  I  ma  no  lenger 
tarry,  I  must  nedis  hense  go,  I  here  them  blowe  the  quarry. 

1  2.  A  collection  or  heap  made  of  the  deer  killed 
at  a  hunting.  Obs. 

13.  .  Gaiv.  <•(-  Gr.  Knt.  1324,  &  quykly  of  be  quelled  dere  a 
querre  bay  naked,  (-1400  Master  of  Game  xxxv.  (MS. 
Digby  182),  Alle  ^>e  while  that  be  huntynge  lasteth  shulde 
be  cartes  go  aboute  fro  place  to  place,  to  brynge  deer  to  be 
quirre.  lbid.t  pen  shulde  be  maistre  of  be  game  leede  }>e 
kynge  to  be  querre,  and  shewe  it  hym.  <  1500  Wyl  Bucke's 
Test.  (Copland)  31  He  that  me  helpeth  to  the  quarry  bringe 
I  wyll  that  he  haue  mi  necke,  for  a  shorte  repaste.  (21550 
Hunting  of  Cheviot  8  in  Child  Ballads  III.  307  To  the 
quyrry  then  the  Perse  went,  To  se  the  bryttlynge  off  the 
deare.  1590  NASHE  Pasguil's  Apol.  \.  E,  The  carkases  of 
the  deade,  like  a  quarrie  of  Deare  at  a  general  hunting, 
[shall  be]  hurled  vppon  a  heape.  1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  iv.  iiL 
206  To  relate  the  manner  Were  on  the  Quarry  of  these 
murther'd  Deere  To  adde  the  death  of  you. 

fb.  transf.  A  heap  of  dead  men  ;  a  pile  of  dead 
bodies.  Obs, 

1589  R.  ROBINSON  Gold.  Mirr.  (Chetham  Soc.)  p.  xxiii, 
Till  to  the  quirry,  a  number  out  of  count,  Were  brought  to 
reape  the  iust  reward  at  last.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks 
(1621)  308  All  fowly  foiled  with  bloud,  and  the  quarrey  of 
the  dead.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  VIM.  vii.  §  50,  410 
Then  went  they  in  haste  to  the  quarry  of  the  dead,  but  by 
no  meanes  could  finde  the  body  of  the  King. 
fig-  I^33  HERBERT  Temple^  Sinner  30,  I  finde  there 
quarries  ofpil'd  vanities. 

3.  a.  The  bird  flown  at  or  killed  by  a  hawk  or 
other  bird  of  prey. 

1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  Dij,  Yowre  hawke  fleeth  to  the 
querre.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  H.  xl.  43  As  when  Joue's.  .bird 
from  hye  Stoupes  at  a  flying  heron  .  .  The  stone  dead  quarrey 
falls.  1695  CONGREVE  Love  for  L*  v.  ii,  Hooded  like  a  hawk, 


to  sieze  at  first  sight  upon  the  quarry.  1748  RICHARDSON 
Clarissa  (1811)  II.  xxv.  166  Wrens  and  sparrows  are  not 
too  ignoble  a  quarry  for  this  villanous  gos-hawk.  1855  H. 
SPENCER  Princ.  Psychol.  (1872)  I.  in.  viii.  352  A  falcon 
swooping  on  its  quarry.  1878  B.  TAYLOR  Deukalion  n.  v.  84 
There  wheels  a  vulture  seeking  other  quarry. 

b.  The  animal  pursued  or  taken  by  hounds  or 
hunters  (see  also  quot.  1867). 

1612  DKAYTON  Poly-olb.  xin.  215  No  beast  shal!  prove  thy 
Quarries  hecre,  Save  those  the  best  of  chase.  1665  BOYLE 
Occas.  Reft,,  Disc.  Occas.  Med.  (1848)  22  One  [Rabbit]  sets 
him  a  running,  and  another  proves  his  Quarry.  1695 
TEMPLE  Hist,  Eng.  (1699)180  The  Game,  which  it'  was  their 
Interest  to  preserve,  both  for  their  Sport  and  the  Quarry. 
1808  SCOTT  Mann.  n.  Introd.,  The  startled  quarry  bounds 
amain,  As  fast  the  gallant  greyhounds  strain.  1867  SMYTH 
Sailors  Word-bk.)Qnarry^\.\\z.  prey  taken  by  whaler^.  1883 
E.  PENNELL-  ELM  HIRST  Cream  Leuestersh.  206  The  pack 
pressed  their  sinking  quarry  into  and  through  the  coverts. 

c.  fig.  Any  object  of  chase,  aim,  or  attack  ;  an 
intended  prey  or  victim. 

1615  TOMKINS  Albumazar  v.  \.  m  Hazl.  Dodsley  XI.  404 
When  they  counter  Upon  one  quarry,  break  that  league,  as 
we  do.  1693  DRYDEN  Juvenal  Pi  ef.  (1697)61  Folly  was  the 
proper  Quarry  of  Horace,  and  not  Vice.  1740  SOMERVILI.E 
i  I  obbinol  m,  362  If  from  some  small  Creek,  A  lurking  Cor 
sair  the  rich  Quarry  Spies.  1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  I.  in. 
iii,  Count  Mirabeau  .  .  scents  or  descries  richer  quarry  from 
afar.  1883  KROUDE  Short  Stud.  IV.  i.  iii.  29  The  arch 
bishop  dared  not  at  once  strike  so  large  a  quarry. 

1  4.  The  attack  or  swoop  made  by  a  hawk  upon 
a  bird  ;  the  act  of  seizing  or  tearing  the  quarry.  Obs. 

1607  HEYWOOD  Worn,  Killed  "w.  Kindn.  Wks.  1874  II.  99 
My  Hawke  kill'd  too.  Char.  I,  but  'twas  at  the  querre,  — 
Not  at  the  mount,  like  mine.  1615  LATHAM  Falconry  (163$ 
27  These  kindes  of  Hawkes  .  .  will  be  presently  wonne  with 
two  or  three  quarries.  1667  Decay  Chr.  Piety  v.  §  16 
Prometheus's  vultur  begins  her  quarry  in  this  life. 

5.   Cotft&.f  as  quarry-overtaking,  -scorning  adjs. 


QUARRY. 

1647  FANSHAWR  tr.  Pastor  Fido  (1676)  7  Within  whose 
Quarry-scorning  mind  had  place  The  pleasure  or  the  glory 
of  the  Chase.  1873  HROWNINC  Red  Colt.  Nt.-caf>  400  For 
ward,  the  firm  foot !  Onward  the  quarry-overtaking  eye  ! 
Quarry  (kwg-ri),  j/;.2  Forms:  5  quar(r)ey, 
querry,  6  quarye,  6-7  quarrie,  (7  -ey>  quarie), 
6-  quarry,  (9  dial,  wharry).  [a.  med.L.  quareia 
(1266  in  Du  Cange),  var.  of  quareria,  etc.  QUAR- 
KEB,  q.v.  See  also  QUAR  s/>.^,  QUARREL  jiM] 
1.  An  open-air  excavation  from  which  stone  for 
building  or  other  purposes  is  obtained  by  cutting, 
blasting,  or  the  like ;  a  place  where  the  rock  has 
been,  or  is  being,  cnt  away  in  order  to  be  utilized, 
c  1420  Chron.  I' Hod,  3657  W*  an  hors..He  ladde  stones 
from  J>e  quarey  to  }>e  chirche.  1458  R.  FANNANDK  /user,  St. 
Helenas,  Abingdon  in  Leland  /tin.  (1769)  VII.  80  Than 
ciafti  men  for  the  querry  made  crowes  of  yre.  1480  CAXTOM 
Descr.  Brit,  5  Quareyes  of  marble  of  cUuerse  maner  stones. 
1562  Act  5  KHz.  c.  13  §  3  The  Rubbish  or  smallest  broken 
Stones  of  any  Quarry,  1577  NoRTiniRooKEZJ/zv/fg-  (1843)  135 
Let  him  be  punished  and  cast . .  in  the  quarries  to  digge  stones. 
1664  DRVDKN  Rival  Ladies  n.  i,  If  thou  wouldst  offer  botli 
the  Indies  to  me,  The  Eastern  Quarries,  and  the  Western 
Mines.  1728  YOUNG  Love  of  Fame  i.  168  Belus  ,.  builds 
himself  a  name;  and,  to  be  great,  Sinks  in  a  quarry  an 
immense  estate  !  1759  JOHNSON  Kassetas  xxxvii,  Walls 
supply  stones  more  easily  than  quarries.  1838  THIRLWALL 
Greece  xv.  II.  320  The  quarries  were  filled  with  these  un 
fortunate  captives.  1877  A.  B.  EDWARDS  Up  Nile  viL  165 
An  ancient  quarry  from  which  the  stone  has  been  cut  out  in 
smooth  masses. 

fig.  1647  COWLEY  Mistr,,  Thraldom  v,  Others  with  sad 
and  tedious  art,  Labour  i'  the  Quarries  of  a  stony  Heart. 
1663  SIR  G.  MACKENZIE  Relig.  Stoic  xvii.  (1685)  152  Each 
sentence  seems  a  quarry  of  rich  meditations.  1847  Lu. 
LINDSAY  Chr.  Art  I.  60  The  whole  quarry  of  legends,  cere 
monies  and  superstitions  which  Rome.,  employed  in  the 
structure  of. .  the  church  of  the  middle  ages. 

b.  transf.  Any  place  from  which  stones  may  be 
obtained  as  from  a  quarry. 

1838  THIRLWALL  Greece  II.  364  Houses,  temples,  the 
monuments  of  the  dead,  were  the  quarries  from  which  they 
drew.  1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  fy  It.  Jrnls.  (1872)  I.  48  Its 
walls  were  a  quarry  of  precious  stones.  1871  FKI-KMAN 
Norm.  Conq.  (1876)  IV.  xviii.  220  The  ruins  of  the  Roman 
town  still  remained  as  a  quarry ;  where  all  who  would  might 
seek  materials  for  their  own  buildings. 

t  2.  A  large  mass  of  stone  or  rock  in  its  natural 
state,  capable  of  being  quarried.  Obs. 

£•1630  MILTON  Passion  46  On  the  softned  Quarry  would 
I  score  My  plaining  vers.  1670  DRYDEN  -znd  Pt.  Conq. 
Granada  v.  i,  As  some  huge  rock,  Rent  from  its  quarry, 
does  the  waves  divide.  1711  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's 
Gardening  107  When  they  meet  with  Rocks  or  Quarries, 
they  make  use  of  Gun-powder  to  blow  them  up.  1764 
Museum  Rust,  II.  Ixxviii.  272  Where  lucern  is  planted  upon 
a  quarry,  if  the  stone  hath  not  many  interstices.,  the  length 
of  the  roots  will  be  impeded. 

fig.  rti6»s  FLETCHER  Love's  Pilgr.  v.  iv,  Though  I  am 
none  of  those  Flinty  fathers,  yet..  All  are  not  of  my  quarry, 
t 3.  The   hard   granular  part  of  a  pear.    Obs. 
rare—1.     (So  F.  carriere.) 

1707  Curiosities  in  Hnsb.  $  Gard.  47  Besides  these  Parts, 
a  Pear  has  one  called  the  Quarry,  which  is  a  little  heap  of 
stony  Knobs. 

4.  attrib.  and  Comb.^  as  quarry-cart  ^  -district, 
-ground,  -hole,  -land,  -mason,  -master,  -owner, 
-pit,  -rid  (refuse),  -slave,  -stone,  etc.;  quarrylike 
adj. ;  quarry-faced  a.,  rough-faced,  as  taken  from 
the  quarry  ;  quarry-stone  bond,  rubble  masonry ; 
quarry-sap,  -water,  the  moisture  contained  in 
newly  quarried  stone. 

1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agrlc.  (1807)  1. 62  The  "quarry. 
cart,  a  strong  low  cart  for  the  loading  and  carrying  of  heavy 
stones.  1577  HARRISON  England  n.  xxii.  (1877)  i-  337  Where 
the  rocks  and  *quarrie  grounds  are.  1891  G.  NEILSOM  Per 
Lineam  Valli  32  Hundreds  of  *quarry-holes,  mere  surface 
pitmarks  on  the  hill  sides.  17^2  A.  YOUNG  Trav.  France 
289  Rock  and  "quarry-land,  with  sandy  gravels,  abound 
there.  1856  MKS.  H.  B.  STOWE  Dred  II.  vi.  76  They  are 
*quarry-masters,  that  quarry  out  marble  enough  for  a  genera 
tion  to  work  up.  1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch  (1676)  955 
Dionysius  . .  sent  him  forthwith  to  dig  in  the  *Quarry-pit. 
1862  Mm.  Proc.  Inst.  C.  £.  XXI.  482  Covered  with  a  layer 
of  puddled  clay  . .  '  *quarry  rid  '  and  broken  stone.  1883 
Stonemason  Jan.,  So  that  ..  the  *quarry  sap  might  be 
thoroughly  diied  out  of  them,  and  the  stone.. fit  for  use. 
*8i3  J.  FORSYTH  Rent.  Ex  curs,  Italy  271  An  iron  crow.. 
appears  to  have  been  left  there  by  some  ancient  *quarry- 
slave.  1856  BRYANT  Thanatopsis  77  Like  the  quarry-slave 
at  night,  Scourged  to  his  dungeon.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr. 
22  Stone  when  freshly  taken  from  the  quarry  usually  holds 
moisture,  known  to  the  workman  as  '  *quarry  water '. 

Quarry  (kwoTi),^.3  Also  6 -ey,  7 -is.  [Later 
form  of  QUARREL  sb^,  perh.  after  QUARRY  a.  or  F. 
quarrt  sb.  (see  next).] 

fl.  A  square-headed  arrow.    =  QUARREL  i.  Obs. 
1600  FAIRFAX  Tasso  in.  xlix,  The  shafts  and  quarries  from 
their  engins  flie.     1627  DRAYTON  Agincourt  20  Out  of  the 
Towne  come  quarries  thick  as  haile. 
2.  A  pane  of  glass.   *=  QUARREL  3. 
1611  COTCR.,  Rhoml>e,..3.  figure  that  hath  equall  sides, and 
vnequall   angles ;    as   a   quarrie   of   glasse,   etc.      1652-62 
HEYLIN  Cosmogr.   i.  (1682)    145   They  only  open   a   little 
quarry  of  Glass,  and  presently  shut  it  close  again.     1727-41 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s,  v.  Quarry,  Quarries,  or  quarrels,  of  glass, 
are  of  two  kinds  :  viz.  square  and  long ;  . .  the  acute  angle 
being  77°  19'  in  the  square  quarries,  and  67°  22'  in  the  long 
ones.     1733  NEAL  Hist.  Purit.  II.  234  He  took  down  a 
quarry  or  two  in  a   quiet  and  peaceable  manner.      1879 
MRS,  OLIPHANT  Within  Precincts  (TauchiO  I.  iv.  62  This 
window  was  filled  with  old  painted  glass  in.  .quarries. 
attrib.    1703  T.  N.  City  $  C.  Purchaser  158  For  taking 
VOL.  VIII. 


25 

down  Quarry-glass,  Scouring  it  ..  and  setting  up  again,  the 
usual  Price  is  i^d,  per  Foot. 

3.  A  square  storie,  tile,  or  brick.   =QUARHEL  4. 

1555  EDKN  Decades  329  Al  matters  of  hard  compositions 
•  as  quarreys  and  stones.  1664  H.  MORE  Myst,  I  nig.  379  Lying 
not.. as  the  quarries  of  a  Pavement,  but  as  the  scales  of 
Fishes.  1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  179  f  8  What  Ground 
remains  . .  is  flagged  with  large  Quarries  of  white  Marble. 
1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  n.  xvi,  Scoured  deal,  red 
quarries,  and  white-wash, 

.//>.  1593  NASHE  4  Lett.  Confut,  68  In  a  verse,  when 
a  worde  of  three  syllables  cannot  thrust  in  but  sidelings,  to 
ioynt  him  euen,  we  are  oftentimes  faine  to  borrowe  some 
lesser  quarry  of  elocution  from  the  Latine. 

Comb.  1885  Census  Instruct.  87  Brick-,  Tile-maker.. 
Quarry  Layer,  Presser,  Maker. 

t  Quarry,  sb. 4  Obs.  rare-1.  pa.F.£#tfrr/(now 
carrt)  a  square  piece,  sb.  use  of  quarrt  QUARRY  a. 
See  also  QUARION,  QUARRIER.]  A  square  candle. 

1526  J/t>nse?t,  Ord.  (1790)  157  One  of  the  groomes..to  carry 
to  the  chaundrie  all  the  remaine  of  morters,  torches,  quarries, 
pricketts. 

t  Qua'rry,  a.1  Obs.     Also  4-5  quarre,  (4  -ee, 

-ey,  quare,  ?quaire),  6  quarye,  7  quarrie.  [a. 
OF.  quarre  (mod.F.  carrt) :— L.  quadrat-us  square, 
QUADRATE  #.]  Square  ;  squarely  built,  stout. 

1*97  R.  GLOI.-C.  (Rolls)  8527  Quarre  [r.r.  quarry,  quare]  he 
was  &  wel  ymad  vor  to  be  strong,  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE 
Chron.  U'ace  (Rolls1)  10310  pat  lough  ys  here  yn  bys  centre, 
Cornerd  as  a  cheker  quarre.  c  1380  Sir  Fernmb.  1072 
Erode  scholdres  had  he  with-alle;  &  brustes  ful  quarree. 
c  1400  tr.  Sir  r,- fa  Secret. >  Gin'.  Lordsk.  92  Anober  [plant]:, 
whos  braunche  is  quarre,  whos  leuys  er  round,  c  1440 
Prontp.  Pan.'.  419/1  Quarry,  tbykk  mann,  or  womann,.. 
corpulcnttis,gyossus,  157^  G.  HARVEY  Lctter-bk.  (Camden) 
93  They  are  so  quarry  bigge  and  righte  Babylonian  like. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  499  To  make  his  images  of  a  quarry 
and_  square  stature.  1611  COTGR.,  Corpulent,  grosse,  big- 
bodied,  quarrie,  fat. 

t  Qua'rry,  a.'2  Obs.  rare.  In  6-7  quar(V)ie. 
[f.  QUAR  z/.Z  +  .y].]  Clotted,  coagulated. 

1587  MASCALL  Govt.  Cattle,  Sheepe  (1627)  24:  Put  the 
fine  powder  of  rozen  into  the  cod,  and  that  will  dry  vp  the 
quarie  blond.  1638  FEATLEY  Tramubst.  76  You  touch  no 
soft  flesh  with  your  hand,  nor  quarrie  blood  with  your  lips. 

Quarry  (kwrrri\  r-.l     [f.  QUARRY  sfi.i] 

1 1.  trans,  a.  To  teach  (a  hawk)  to  seize  its 
quarry,  b.  To  supply  with  a  quarry  (in  quot. _/%•.) 

,XS7S  TURBERV.  Faulconrie  121  At  the  beginning  rewarde 
hir  and  feede  hir  well  vpon  the  quarrey. . .  When  she  is  well 
in  bloude,  and  well  quarried,  then  let  hir  flee  with  other 
hawkes.  1613  BRAUM.  &  FL,  Captain  in.  iii,  'Tis  pity  Thou 
shouldst  not  be  wellquarredat  thy  entr'ing  Thou  art  so  high 
flown  for  him.  1618  LATHAM  znd  Bk,  Falconry  (1633)  1J7 
Hauing  a  good  make  Hawke,  you  shall  wel  quarrie  her, 
and  then  she  will  bee  worthy  the  accounting  of. 

f  2.  intr.  To  pounce  or  seize  ony  as  a  hawk  on 
its  quarry  ;  to  prey  or  feed  on.  Obs. 

1627-77  FKLTMAM  Resolves  \.  xxi.  38  She  quarries  on  the 
prey  she  meets  withal,  a  1658  CLF.VF.LAND  Poems,  To  Pro- 
tector^  (1677)  144  Can  your  Towring  Spirit,  which  hath 
quarried  upon  Kingdoms,  make  a  stoop  at  us?  1681  T. 
FLATMAN  Hemclitus  Ridens  No.  9  (1713)  I.  58  Though 
Eagles  do  not  quarry  upon  Flies.  1709  JER.  COLLIER  Ess. 
Mor.  Suly.  iv.  39  He  has  quarryed  upon  the  whole,  and 
master'd  the  Men,  as  well  as  the  Money. 

3.  trans.  To  hunt  down  or  kill  (a  beast  of  chase). 

1820  BYHON  Mar.  Fal.  in.  n.  402  Nor  turn  aside  to  strike 
at  such  a  prey,  Till  nobler  game  is  quarried. 

Quarry  (kwo-ri),  v?    [f.  QUARRY  sb?\ 

1.  trans.  To  obtain  (stone,  etc.)  by  the  processes 
employed  in  a  quarry.     Also  with  out. 

1774  GOLDSMITH  Hist.  Earth  v,  In  the  mountains  of  Cas- 
travan..they  quarry  out  a  white  stone.  1811  PINKERTON 
Petral.  II.  57  It  is  quarried  at  Vulpino,  15  leagues  from 
Milan.  1853  KANE  Grmnell  Exfi.  xxx.  (1856)  258  Now  we 
had  to  quarry  out  the  blocks  [of  ice]  in  flinty,  glassy  lumps. 
1872;  YEATS  Growth  Comm.  39  Higher  up  the  river  valley 
were  quarried  the  massive  syenite  slabs  used  in  the  erection 
of  their  temples. 

b.  fig.  To  obtain  or  extract  by  laborious  methods. 

1860  MAURY  Phys.  Geog.  Sea  x.  (Low)  §  465  Materials 
which  a  certain  kind  of  insect  quarried  from  the  sea  water. 
1868  J.  H.  BLUNT  Ref.  Ch.  Rug.  I.  361  His  only  object  was 
to  quarry  gold  and  silver  out  of  the  monastic  treasuries. 

2.  To  form  a  quarry  in,  to  cut  into  (rock,  etc.). 

1847  EMERSON  Poems,  The  House,  She  ransacks  mines 
and  ledges.  And  quarries  every  rock.    1866  LIDDON  Bampt. 
Lect.  \.  (1875)  34  The  rocky  hillside  is  no  longer  beautiful 
when  it  has  been  quarried.     1877  A.  E.  EDWAKDS  Up  Nile 
v.   120  The   rocky    barrier  ..  quarried   here   and   there   in 
dazzling  gaps  of  snow-white  cuttings. 

3.  intr.  To  cut  or  dig  jn(  or  as  in,  a  quarry. 

1848  KINCSLKY  Sainfs  Trag,  n.  x,  Something  did  strike 
my  heart.. Which  quarries  daily  there  with  dead  dull  pain. 
1874  L,  STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library  (1892)  I.  x.  345  The 
industrious  will  find,  .waste  paper  in  which  they  may  quarry 
to  their  heart's  content. 

Hence  Qua-rrying  vbl,  sb.     Also//,  and  atlrib. 

1825  CRABB,  Quarryings,  pieces  that  are  broken  off  from 
the  different  materials  that  are  wrought  in  quarries.  1854 
H.  MILLER  Sch.  $  Schm.  xlii.  (1860)  138  On  first  commencing 
our  quarrying  operations.  1865  SWINBURNE  Poems  %  Ball., 
Orchard  33  No  quarrying  now  the  corner-stone  is  hewn. 

Qua'rry,  z».3  rat-g-1.  [f.  QUARRY  j£.3  2  or  3.] 
trans.  To  glaze  or  lay  with  quarries. 

1851  Tf  RNER  Dom.  Archil.  I.  v.  246  To  whitewash  and 
quarry  the  King's  chamber. 

Qua-rryman  (kw9-rim£n).  [f.  QUARRY  sb.?] 
One  employed  in  quarrying ;  one  who  works  in 
a  quarry. 

1611    COTGR.,  Qttarrifur,  a   Quarrier,   or   Quarrey-man. 


QUART. 

a  1718  WOODWARD  (J.),  The  quarryman  assured  me  [it]  was 
Mat.  1806  A.  DUNCAN  Nelson  284  His  father,  a  quarryman 
lived  at  Rusty  Anchor.  1862  ANSTKD  Channel  Id.  iv. 
App.  B  (ed.  21  570  In  Guernsey,  six  hundred  and  fifty-three 
were  quarry  men.  1885  Munch.  Exam.  28  May  5/2  The 
whole  Welsh  people,  from  the  aristocracy  down  to  the 
collier  and  quarryman,  are  agreed. 

t  Quart,  quert,  a.  and  rf.l  Obs.  Forms  :  4-5 
quarte,  quertfe,  qwert(e,  5  qwarte,  -tt,  whert, 
whart(e,  4-6  quart,  [app.  a.  ON.  *kwert,  neut. 
of  *kiuer-r  (of  which  the  recorded  forms  are  I  eel. 
kyrr,  ONorw.  kvirr,  Da.  qvyr,  Sw.  ijvar)  quiet, 
Btill—MHG.&i'm;  (G.&irre),Golh.  qairrus  gentle, 
mild.  For  the  retention  of  the  neuter  ending  cf. 
thwart.  In  Kngl.  the  word  is  chiefly  poetic.] 

A.  adj.  Healthy ;  in  good  condition  ;  whole  and 
sound. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  261 19  (Colt.)  Opins  to  your  lauerd  your 
liert,  And  riues  it,  to  mak  it  quert.  13..  SeufH  Sat,:  (W.) 
771  The  cradel  turnd  up  so  doun  . .  The  stapdes  hit  uphe  d 
al  quert.  a  1400  Stock/i.  MeJ.  MS.  i.  146  in  Anglia  XVIII. 
298  pis  drinke  xal  . .  makyn  hym  hwngry  for  to  etc  As  a 
qwert  man  al  mancr  mete,  a  1420  HOCCLEVE  De  AVv 
J'rinc.  1061  Be  thou  riclic  or  poor,  or  sike  or  quert.  £1450 
Life  St.  Cnllib.  4215  On  one  his  eye  was  hale  and  \\hait. 
1556  ABI>.  PARKER  j's.  Ixxiii.  203  Their  paunches  ful :  their 
helth  so  quart. 

B.  sb.  Health  ;  healthy  or  sound  condition  ;  the 
state  of  being  alive  and  well.     Chiefly  in  phr.  in 
ijnart  (freq.  in  14-151)1  c.). 

«i3<x>  Cursor  M.  1803  pof  bat  noe  was  in  quert,  He  was 
noght  al  at  es  in  hert.  1:1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wacc 
(Rolls)  9990  Ouer  al  was  wo,  &  no  whar  quert.  1:1400 
Destr.  Troy  6941  [pai]  fayn  were. .bat  bai  had  hym  at  hond 
&  in  holl  qwert.  f  1450  Life  S!.  Cutlikert  3958  Bischop 
Edbart  Wex  full  seke  and  oute  of  whart.  1522  MORE  DC 
gnat.  Noniss.  Wks.  80/1  Ve  would  recken  your  belly  not  in 
good  quart.  1559  MORWVNG  Eronym.  149  It  preservelh  it 
in  good  health  and  in  good  quart. 

b.  That  which  gives  health  or  soundness,    rare. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  21354  P.e  rode.  .Gains  al  ur  care  it  es  ur 
quert.  <ri4oo  Vwaiue  f  Caw.  1488  My  leman  swete,.  .My 
joy,  my  comforth,  and  my  quert. 

Quart  (kw§.tt),  sb.-  Forms  :  5  qwh-,  qvarte, 
5-7  quarte,  J  dial,  whart),  4-  quart.  fa.  F. 
quaite  iem.  (i3th  c.  in  sense  i)  and  quart  masc. 
(=  It.  yi/arta,  quarto,  Sp.  atarta,cuarto),  repr.  L. 
juar/a,  -tuin,  fern,  and  neut.  of  qiiartus  fourth.] 

1.  An  English  measure  of  capacity,  one-fourth  of 
a  gallon,  or  two  pints. 

<  1325  Poem  times  Edu>.  //,  xxix,  He  wil  drawe  at  a 
draw3t  A  gode  quart  other  more  Of  gode  ale.  c  1386 
CHAUCER  Miller's  T.  311  This  Carpenter  ..  liroghte  of 
niyghty  Ale  a  large  quart,  c  1420  Lih-r  Cocorum  (1862)  26 
Of  hony  a  qwharte  thou  take.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xl. 
27  They  drank  twa  quartis,  sowp  and  sowp.  1555  EDEN 
Decades  197  They  take  for  euery  man  two  or  three  quartes 
of  water.  1579  'n  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  401 
An  ale  quarte  for  a  penye.  1599  HAKU  YT  /  "<y.  I.  506  Your 
wines  shalbe  sold  by  hogs  heads,  pipes  or  buttes.  but  not  by 
quartes  nor  pintes.  1709  PRIOR  Yng.  Gentlni,  in  Love  58 
He.. drank  a  Quart  of  Milk  and  Tea.  1816  J.  SMITH 
Panorama  Sc.  $•  Art  II.  782  Four  ounces  of  Brazil-wood. . 
in  a  quart  of  water.  1896  SIR  M.  HicKS-BKACH  in  Daily 
Neius  23  July  4/3  What  he  might  describe  in  homely  phrase 
as  putting  a  quart  into  a  pint  pot. 

Jig.  1797  COLMAN  Heir  at  Law  in.  ii,  He  can  ladle  you 
out  Latin  by  the  quart. 

b.  A  vessel  holding  a  quart ;    a  quart -pot   or 
quart-bottle. 

ci45oMvRC/>rtr./Jr.7r2  False  measures, busshelles,galones, 
..quartes.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxvi.  95  Mony  fowll 
drunckart,  With  can  and  collep,  cop  and  quart.  1535  LYNDE- 
SAY  Satyre  1373  To  fill  the  Quart  I  sail  rin  to  the  toun. 
1596  SHAKS.  Taut.  Shr,  Ind.  ii.  89  Because  she  brought 
stone-lugs,  and  uo  seal'd  quarts.  1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury 
HI.  294,  3  Quarts,  their  lids  open, . .  born  by  QuarTer.  c  1800 
[see  GILL  s/'.3  2].  1885  H.  FiNCH-HATTON^^'awtf  Austral. 
in  A  tin  quart  of  water  is  set  down  by  the  fire. 

c.  attrib.,  as  quart-ale,  tattle,  Jlagon,  -measure, 
retort  (see  quot.).     See  also  QUART-POT. 

1454  Paston  Lett.  No.  sig  I.  307  To  sende  horn  wyn  and 
ij.  quart  botelys.  161 1  FLORIO,  Qitarta,  . .  a  quart  measure, 
r  1650  BRATHWAIT  Barnabces  Jrnl.  iv.  (1818)  167  Thence 
to  Lonesdale,  where  were  at  it  Boyes  that  scorned  quart-ale 
by  statute.  1764  COLMAN  Prose  Scv.  Occas.  (1787)  II.  51 
'1  o  see  a  man  get  into  a  Quart  Bottle.  1767  WOULFE  in 
Phil.  Trims.  LVII.  521  note,  What  goes  by  the  name  of 
a  quart  retort  holds  better  than  two  gallons  of  water.  1828 
SCOTT  F.  ]\I.  Perth  xvi,  He  filled  a  quart  flagon. 

t  2.  [F.  quart  mj  A  quarter  (/something.    Obs. 

1454  Paston  Lett.  No.  201  I.  278  Be  the  space  of  on 
qaurte  [quarte]  of  an  houre.  1561  HOLLVBUSH  Horn.  Apoth. 
9  Take  a  quarte  of  an  unce. 

fb.  A  quarter  of  a  pound.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1496  Fysshynge  w.  angle  (1883)  10  Take,  .a  lytyll  iuce  of 
walnot  leuys  and  a  quarte  of  alym. 

t  c.  '  Prob.,  the  fourth  part  of  the  great  tithes  ' 
(Jam.).  Obs.  rare''1. 

1630  GORDON  Hist.  Earls Sntherld.  (1813)  32  Ther  peculiar 
landward  (or  rurall)  churches,  together  with  the  particular 
tithes,  crofts,  manses,  gleibs,  and  quartes,  ar  severatlie 
appoynted  to  everie  one  of  the  dignites  and  channons. 

f  3.  a.  A  quarter  of  the  horizon,  b.  A  quarter, 
region.  Obs.  rare. 

"559  W.  CI-NINGHAM  Cosmogr.  Glasse  134  Betwixt  either  of 
these  quartes,  two  other  windes  brost  out.  1590  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  n.  x.  14  Albanact  had  all  the  Northerne  part  ..  And 
Camber  did  possesse  the  Westerne  quart. 

f4.  [ad.  Sp.  cuarto.]  A  Spanish  copper  coin, 
worth  four  maravedis.  Obs. 


QUART. 

1631  Celeslina  iv.  52,  I  never  wanted  . .  a  Quarte,  that  is 
the  eighth  part  of  sixepence  to  send  for  wine.  1777  \\  . 
DALRV.MPLE  Trar.  Sf.  St  Fort,  xxviii,  An  officer  of  the 
customs,  demanded  a  toll,  each  horse  paying  three  quarts. 

5.  Mas.  The  interval  of  a  fourth,  rare. 

1890  Academy  18  Jan.  51  A  succession  of  parallel  quarts, 
quints,  and  octaves,,  .intolerable  to  modern  ears. 

Quart  (kiit),  sb?     [ad.  F.  quarte  :  see  prec.] 

1.  A  position  in  fencing  (see  quot.  1 692)  =  QUARTE, 
CARTE2.      Quart  and   lierce,    practice    between 
fencers  who  thrust  and  parry  in  quart  and  tierce 
alternately ;  also  _/?«•. 

1691  SIR  W.  HOPE  Fencing-Master  4  When  a  Man  holdeth 
the  -Vails  of  his  Sword-hand  quite  upwards,  he  is  said  to 
hold  his  hand  in  Quart.     1698  FARQUHAR  Love  Sf  Battle  n. 
ii  A  Frenchman  is  bounded  on  the  North  with  Quart,  on  the 
South  with  Tierce.     1717  BOVER  A ngl.-Fr.   Diet.,  Quarte, 
a  Quart,  a  Pass  in  Fencing.     1800  MALKIN  tr.  Gil  Bias  IV. 
vii.  (1881)  II.  13  The  assassin  stab  of  time  was  parried  by 
the  quart  and  tierce  of  art.     1889  TENNYSON  Dimeter,  etc. 
173  Subtle  at  tierce  and  quart  of  mind  with  mind, 

attrib.  1691  SIR  W.  HOPE  Fencing-Master  22  The  Quart 
Parade,  or  the  Parade  within  the  Sword.  Ibid.  105  Keep 
ing  this  Quart  Guard  with  a  streight  point.  1794  Hope's 
new  Metk.  Fencing  13  Supplying  the  defect  of  the  Ordinary 
Quart  Guard. 

2.  A  sequence  of  four  cards,  in  piquet  and  other 
card-games.     Quart  major,  the  sequence  of  ace, 
king,  queen,  knave. 

1717  BOVER  Angl.-Fr.  Diet.,  Quarte,  a  Quart,  or  fourth, 
at  Picket.  1746  HOYI.F.  Whist  (ed.  6)  26  Suppose  you  have 
.  .a  Quart  from  a  King;  . .  your  Partner  has  a  Quart-major. 
1816  .Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  n.  (1863)  342  [She]  never 
dealt  the  right  number  of  cards,  .did  not  know  a  quart  from 
a  quint,  i860  Rohti's  Hand-Ht.  Games  Pref.  12  Lead  the 
highest  of  a  sequence,  but  if  you  have  a  quart  ..  to  a  King, 
lead  the  lowest.  Ibid.  \\.  45  A  suit  of  which  your  partner 
has  a  quart-major. 

t  Quart,  s/i.i,  obs.  variant  of  CARTE',  chart. 

1529  RASTFLL/Vzjr>w;<?  Prol.  (1811)  5  As  they  ..  may  well 
perceyue  by  the  syght  of  the  quart  or  Mappa  mundi. 

Quart,  a. :  see  rf.l  above. 

Quart  (kaat),  z/.l  [ad.  F.  quarter  (Moliere'., 
f.  quarte,  QUART  rf. 3]  a.  intr.  To  use  the  posi 
tion  '  quart '  in  fencing,  b.  trans.  To  draw  back 
(the  head  and  shoulders)  in  doing  so.  Hence 
Qua'rting  vll.  sb. 

1692  SIR  W.  HOPE  Fencing-Master  *4  You  must  give  it 
with  your  Nails  in  Quart,  and  Quart  your  head  uell.    Ibid. 
31  The  Quarting  of  your  head  preserveth  you  from  being 
hit  in  the  face.     (11700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Quarting 
upon  the  streight  line,  keeping  the  Head  and  Shoulders  very 
much  back  from  the  Adversary- 's  Sword,  when  one  thrusts 
with  his  own.    1833  -V.ii'  .J/oxM/i'.Va.f-.XXXVIII.  343  He 
quarts  and  tierces  for  twenty  minutes. 

Quart,  v.-,  variant  of  QUARTER  v.  ii  b.   rare~'. 

1812  Sporting  Mag.  XXXIX.  136  The  coachman.. on 
quarting  out  as  usual,  and  finding  himself  thus  borne  down 
upon,  poured  forth  a  volley  of  abuse. 

Quartan  (kwoMtfin),  a.  ami  sb.  Forms:  4-7 
quartaine,  4, 7  -ain,  5-6  -ayn(e;  4-6  quarteyn(e, 
(4  -en,  5  -ein) ;  5-7  quartane,  (6  cart-),  6-  quar 
tan.  See  also  QUARTERN,  a.  [Orig.  a.  F.  (fihire) 
quartaine,  ad.  L.  (febris]  quartan-a  fem.  of  quar- 
tan-us,  f.  quartits  fourth.  The  mod.  form  is  directly 
based  on  the  L.] 

A.  adj.    1.  Path.  Of  a  fever  or  ague :  Charac 
terized   by  the  occurrence  of  a   paroxysm  every 
fourth  (in  mod.  reckoning,  every  third)  day. 

In  early  use  placed  after  the  sb.,  as  in  F. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  11828  He. .bar-wit  had  feuer  quartain. 
a  1400  Stockh.  Med.  MS.  ii.  954  in  Anglia  XVIII.  330 
Ageyn  feuerys  quarteyn  It  is  medicyn  souereyn.  1494 
FABYAN  Ckron,  vii.  520  The  appellaunt  . .  was  sore  vexyd 
with  a  feuer  quarteyne.  1347  BOORDE  Brei*.  Health  cxxxix. 
51  A  fever  quartayne.  .doth  infeste  a  man  every  thyrd  day, 
that  is  to  say  two  dayes  whole  and  one  sycke.  1570  GOOGE 
Pop.  Kingd.  iv.  52  b,  The  quartan  ague  and  such  other  sick- 
nesse  greate.  a  1612  HARINGTON  Saternc's  Reginl.  (1634) 
25  Cow  flesh,  Harts  flesh,. .  doe  engender  fever  Quartaines. 
1750  tr.  Leonardos'  Mirr.  Stones  73  Taken  with  wine,  it 
drives  away  quartan  agues.  1852  Miss  YONGE  Cameos 
(1877)  II.  xxxiii.  339  Quartan  ague  had  seized  on  the  en 
feebled  frame  of  her  father.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III. 
670  A  quartan  fever,  which  can  with  difficulty  be  shaken  off. 

1 2.  Belonging  to  the  fourth  place  or  degree.  Obs. 

1794  E.  DARWIN  Zoon.  (1801)  IV.  185  The  tertian  or  quartan 
links  of  associate  motions  are  actuated  by  direct  sympathy. 

B.  sb,   A  (or  the)  quartan  ague  or  fever. 
Double  quartan,   one   in   which   there   are   two  sets   of 

paroxysms,  each  recurring  every  fourth  (third*  day. 

1387  TKEVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  249  Porcius.  .slow}  hym 
self  for  noye  and  sorwe  of  a  double  quarteyn.  1450-80  tr. 
Secreta  Secret.  32  He  shalle  haue  no  dowte  of  flewme . .  and 
he  shalle  haue  no  quarteyne.  c  1491  CAXTON  Chast.  Goddes 
Chyld.  23  Of  this  quarteyn  some  men  falle  in  to  another 
feuer  that  is  cleped  double  quartein.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal 
1.  cm.  §  2.  170  A  roote  or  two.  .is  a  good  remedie  against 
old  quartaines.  .1633  P.p.  HALL  Occas.  Medit.  (1851)  147 
The  quartan  hath  of  old  been  justly  styled  the  shame  of 
physicians.  1725  BRADLEY  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Spider,  The 
Spider  it  self  will  cure  Quartans.  1822-34  Good's  Study 
Med,  (ed.  4)  I.  607  The  tertian  [has]  a  longer  paroxysm  and 
a  shorter  interval  than  the  quartan.  1898  P.  MANSON  Trap. 
Diseases  i.  25  In  quartans  and  tertians,  but  especially  in 
the  former,  sporulating  rosette  forms  are  seen  occasionally 

•"€'  I59°J^S»K  nufuffl  Afol.  l.  Biij,  He  that  hath 
such  a  dubble  quartane  of  curiositie . .  will  prooue  passing 
treacherous. 

Quartan :  see  QUARTERN  rf.2  5. 

t  Quartana-rian  =  next  s/>.  a.  Obs.  rare-'1. 


26 

1680  SIR  T.  BROWNE  U'ks.  (1852)  III.  472  Formerly  they 
gave  not  the  cortex  to  quartanarians,  before  they  had  been 
ill  a  considerable  time. 

t  Qua'rtanary,  sb.  and  a.  Oh.  Also  5  quart- 
enare,  7  -ainary.  [ad.  late  L.  qitartanari-iis  (in 
sense  A.  a) :  see  prec.  and  -ARY.] 

A.  sb.  a.  One  who  has  a  quartan  fever  or  ague. 
b.   =  QUARTANJ^.  rare. 

<ri440  Prontf.  Pan.  419'!  Quartenare,  or  bat  hathe  be 
quarteyne.  1684  tr.  Bond's  Mure.  Contpit.  \  i.  223  Quart- 
anaries.  .gather  much  crude  humours. 

B.  adj.  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  a  quartan 
fever  or  ague ;  characterized  by  quartans. 


viii.  451  The  constitution  of  this  autumn  was  intermittent 
and  quartanary,  though  many  of  the  fevers . .  were  continued 
and  several  made  so  by  ill  management. 

Quartar(e,  obs.  forms  of  QUARTER  sb. 

Quartary  (kwgutari),  sb.  and  a.  [ad.  L.  quart- 
ori-us,  the  lourth  part  of  any  measure,  esp.  of  a 
sextarius,  f.  quartois  :  see  QUART  sft.2]  fa.  s/>.  (See 
quot.  1656.)  Obs.  rare~°.  b.  adj.  Fourth.  rare~l. 

1656  BLOUNT  Gfassogr.,  Quart ary>  the  fourth  part  of  a 
Scxtary;  also  a  quarter  of  a  pound.  1839  J.  ROGERS  Anti- 
popopr.  x.  ii.  255  Where  to  go  to  find  the  fourth  or  quartary 
set  of  mediators. 

Quartation  (kw^-it^'fan).  [f.  L.  qttart-tts 
fourth  +  -ATION.]  The  operation  of  combining 
silver  with  gold  so  that  the  latter  metal  forms  one 
quarter  of  the  whole ;  the  gold  is  then  separated 
from  the  silver,  and  at  the  same  time  freed  from 
its  impurities,  by  means  of  nitric  acid. 

1612  WOODALL  Surg.  Mate  Wks.  (1653)  273  Quartation  is 
the  separation  of  Gold  and  Silver  mixt  together,  by  four 
unequal  parts.  1680  BOYLE  Scf^f.  Chew.  \\.  144  That 
Operation  that  Refiners  call  Quartation,  which  they  employ 
to  purifie  Gold.  1758  REID  tr.  Macq-ucrs  Chym.  \.  149  The 
gold  ..  is  frequently  alloyed  with  more  or  less  silver,  from 
which  it  is  to  be  separated  by  quartation.  1868  SEYD  Bul 
lion  219  Fine  Gold  may  also  be  assayed  without  Quartation. 

II  Quarte  (kart,  kait).  [a.  F.  qitarte :  see  QUART 
sb$\  A  position  in  fencing.  «=  QUART  sb.^  I. 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet,  Cant.  Crew,  Quarte,  Nails  of  the 
Sword-Hand  quite  up,  (1830  G.  ROLAND  In  trod.  Course 
Fencing  16  The  parade  of  quarte  is  made  by  offering,  with 
the  nails  turned  upwards,  the  fort  of  your  blade  to  the  foible 
of  your  adversary's.  1885  E.  CASTLE  Sch.  Fence  133  A 
heavy  sweep  in  seconde  from  a  high  quarte  at  arm's  length. 

f.g.  1872  BROWNING  Fifine  xvi,  Words  urged  in  vain.. 
You  waste  your  quarte  and  tierce. 

f  Quarteer,  -ier.  Obs.  rare.  [?  for  qnartereer : 
see  -EER,  -IER.]  =  QUARTERMASTER  i. 

1719  D'URFF.v  Pills  III.  305  The  Quartler  must  Cun, 
Whilst  the  foremast-man  steers.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s.v.  Quarter-master^  The  quarter-master,  or  quarteer,  is 
also  to  mind  the  ship's  loading ;  which  is  the  business  he  is 
chiefly  employed  about. 

tQuartelet.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  quartetette% 
dim.  of  quarte  QUART  sb.'£\  A  small  quart. 

1453  Test.  Ebor.  (Surtees)  II. 1 191  Item  ij  pottis  quarte- 
lettis  of  .siluer  couered.  M59  *n  P&ston  Lett.  No.  336  I. 
488  Item,  .j.  quartelet  for  wine. 

Quartenare,  variant  of  QUARTANARY. 

Quarter  (kwgutai),  sb.  Also  4  quartare, 
qwatteer,  4-6  quartre,  5  quartere,  -yer, 
wharter,  qwarter,  5-6  quartar,  6  qwartter,  (7 
coterX  [a.  OF.  quarter,  -ier  ( 1 2th  c.  in  Littre)  :— 
L.  quartar-ius  a  fourth  part  (of  a  measure),  f. 
quartus  fourth :  see  QDART  s/>.2  and  -ER  2  2.] 

I.  One  of  four  equal  or  corresponding  parts 
into  which  anything  is  or  may  be  divided. 

1.  Of  things  generally. 

13..  Guy  Warw,  (A.)  1497  Gwichard  smot  Gij  . .  Opon  he 
helme  . .  pat  a  quarter  out  fieye,  c  1375  Sc.  Leg,  Saints  xl. 
(Niniari)  737  Nere  be  quartare  of  a  myl.  r  1400  Rom.  Rose 
3184  Non  herte  may  thenke  . .  A  quarter  of  my  wo  and 
peyne.  0470  HKNRY  Wallace  ix,  079  Than  off  the  day 
thre  quartans  was  went.  1564  Child  Marriages  124  About 
a  quarter  of  a  yere  ago.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  F,  L  ii.  215 
Diuide  your  happy  England  into  foure,  Whereof,  take  you 
one  quarter  into  France.  1650  B.  DiscolUminiuin  49  And 
now  I  am  3  quarters  Presbyterian,  I  keep  one  quarter  still 
Independent.  1697  DRYDEN  '**>£'*  Georg.  i.  349  The  four 
quarters  of  the  rolling  year.  1796  MRS.  GLASSE  Cookery  79 
Garnish  with  a  Seville  orange  cut  in  quarters.  1841  Q.  Rev. 
LXVII.  358  Some  quarter  of  a  century  ago.  1880  GEIKIK 
Phys,  Geog.  \,  29  Exactly  a  quarter  of  a  circle,  or  90°. 

b.  Phr.   A  bad  (etc.)  quarter  of  an  hour  [tr.  F. 
un  mauvais  quart  d  heure\  a  short  but  very  un 
pleasant  period  of  time. 

[1717  tr.  Frezier's  I'oy.  noRablais's  Quarter  of  an  Hour, 
that  is,  when  the  Reckoning  is  to  be  paid.]  1887  J.  BALL 
Nat.  in  S.  Atucr.  338  When  I  reached  the  station  ..  I  had 
an  unpleasant  quarter  of  an  hour.  1897  ^v"'  ^"  NORRIS 
Marietta's  Marr.  xxxi.  225,  I  hope  he  will  have  a  rather 
nasty  quarter  of  an  hour. 

c.  Qualifying  an  adv.  or  advb.  phrase  (cf.  HALF 
adv.  i  d) ;  t  formerly  also  without  a. 

i$*a  SIR  T.  CHEYNE  in  State  Papers  (1849)  VI.  88  He  had 
raiher  ryde  into  England . .  then  to  ryde  a  quarter  so  farre  to 
eny  other  Prince  living.  1545  ASCHAM  Toxoph.  n.  (Arb.)  157 
Sumtyme  ful  side  wynde,  sumtyme  quarter  with  hym  and 
more.  1818  BUSBY  Gramm.  Afus.  69  A  quaver  is  only  one 
quarter  as  long  as  a  Minim. 

d.  Const,  with  sbs.  without  of(cf.  HALF  a.  i  b). 

1866  MRS.  OLIPHANT  Madonna  Mary  (Tauchn.l  I.  xiv.  184 
She  had  nut , ,  a  quarter  the  pleasures  you  have.  1897  MARY 


QUARTER. 

KINGSLEV  JF,  Africa  663 There  is  not  one-quarter  the  amount 
of  drunkenness. 

e.  cUipt.  in  various  contextual  uses,  as  («)  f  a 
quarter-barge;  (b'\  a  *  quarter-note*  or  crotchet  in 
Music  (£7.  .S'.) ;  (c)  a  quarter- mile  race. 

1508  M'atcrji  Arch,  in  loM  AV^.  Jfist.  AfSS.  Connn.  App. 
v.  325  Noo  boote  shal  bring  woode  butt  only  half  barges  and 
quarters..  .And  every  quarter  to  have  iiii.  men.  1890  U'hita- 
ker's  Aim.  637/1  Harrison  also  won  the  '  Quarter '  by  a  foot. 

2.  One  of  the  four  parts,  each  including  a  leg, 
into  which  the  carcases  of  quadrupeds  are  com 
monly  divided ;   also  of  fowls,  a  part  containing 
a  leg  or  wing.     Fifth  quarter :  the  hide  and  fat 
of  a  slaughtered    animal    (Funk's  Stand*   Diet., 
1893).     See  also  FORE  3,  HIND  a. 

c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  453  Bestes  bai  brae  and  bare,  In  quarters 
bai  hem  wrou}t.  1:1420  Liber  (.'oconnn  11862)  8  Hew  horn 
[chickens]  in  quarteres  and  lay  bom  inne.  c  1430  Two 
Cookery-bks.  \.  6  Take  fayre  beef  of  be  rybbys  of  be  fore 
quarterys.  1563-7  BUCHANAN  Reform.  St.  Andros  Wks. 
(1892)  6  Ane  quartar  of  mouton.  1660  PEPVS  Dinry  17  July, 
They  bought  a  Quarter  of  Lamb.  1709  STF.EI.E  Tailer  No. 
21  F  13  A  Butcher's  Daughter,  .sometimes  brings  a  Quarter 
of  Mutton.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  // '.  N.  \.  xi.  i.  (1869)  I.  160 
The  four  quarters  of  an  ox  weighing  six  hundred  pounds. 
1853  SOVER  Pantroph.  147  Place  a  quarter  of  lamb  in  a 
saucepan. 

b.  //.  The  four  parts,  each  containing  a  limb,  of 
a  human  body  similarly  divided,  as  was  commonly 
done  in  the  case  of  those  executed  for  treason. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  10875  A  four  half  engelond  is 
quarters  isend  were.  ["1330  R.  BRCNNE  Chron.  (1810)  244 
His  hede  J?ei  of  smyten  .Tpe  quarters  wer  sent  to  henge  at 
four  citez.  ciqooDestr.  Troy  1971  Brjttpnet  [shuld  be]  ]>\ 
body  into  bare  qwarters.  1660  PEPYS  Diary  15  Oct.,  This 
morning  Mr.  Carew  was  hanged  and  quartered,  .but  his 
quarters  ..  are  not  to  be  hanged  up.  1773  BRYDONE  Sicily 
xxi.  (1809)  217  The  quarters  of  a  number  of  robbers  were 
hung  up  upon  hooks.  1855  A!ACAUI.AV  Hist.  ling.  xii.  III. 
207  Their  heads  and  quarters  were  still  rotting  on  poles. 

C.  Of  a  live  person  or  animal,  esp.  of  a  horse; 
also  freq.  =  hind-quarter,  haunch. 

a  1400  Mortc  Arth.  3389  Abowte  scho  whirles  the  whele. . 
Tille  alle  my  qwarters.. ware  qwaste.  1590  SPKNSKR  F.  Q. 
11.  iii.  16  Is  not  enough  fowre  quarters  of  a  man,  Withouten 
sword  or  shield,  an  hoste  to  quayle?  1665  BRATHWAIT 
Coimn.  Chaucer  (1901)  84  She  had  unnimbly  rushed  down 
upon  her  four  Quarters,  and  ..  done  her  Reverence.  1678 
BUTLFR  Hud.  in.  i.  1 150 They  put- him  to  the  Cudgel .  .They 
stoutly  on  his  Quarters  laid.  1806  A.  DUNCAN  Nelson's 
Fun.  35  Two  of  his  ..  servants  walked  at  each  side  of  the 
horse's  quarter.  1853  LYTTON  My  Novel  i.  vi,  Down  came 
the  staff  on  the  quarters  of  the  donkey. 

3.  Her.  One  of  the  four  parts  into  which  a  shield 
is  divided  by  quartering  (see  QUARTER  v.  jb). 

The  four  quarters  are  :  i  dexter  chief;  2  sinister  chief; 
3  dexter  base;  4  sinister  base.  When  one  of  these  is  again 
divided,  and  the  sub-divisions  occupied  by  several  coats,  it 
is  termed  a  '  grand  quarter '. 

1486  Bk.  St.  Albans,  Her.  Dij  b,  In  the  right  side  of  the 
shelde  in  the  first  quarter  she  bare  tharmys  of  fraunce.  1610 
GUILLIM  Heraldry  v.  i.  238  Without  any  charge  occupying 
the  quarters  of  the  Escocheon.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.t 
Quarter  is  also  applied  to  the  parts,  or  members,  of  the 
first  division  of  a  coat  that  is  quartered,  or  divided  into 
four  quarters.  1797  Encycl,  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VIII.  443/1  A  per 
pendicular  and  horizontal  line,  which,  crossing  each  other  at 
the  centre  of  the  field,  divide  it  into  four  equal  parts  called 
quarters.  1864  BOL-TELL  Her,  Hist,  ff  Pop.  xv.  (ed.  3)  205 
The  third  quarter  of  his  shield.  [See  also  QUARTERLY  adv. 
2  b.l  1893  CUSSANS  Her.  (ed.  4)  165  The  st-cond  quarter  of 
the  Royal  Arms  of  England.  Ibid.  168  Second  and  Third 
grand  Quarters,  quarterly  quartered. 

b.  A  charge  occupying  one  fourth  of  the  shield, 
placed  in  chief. 

1592  WYRLEY  Arnioric,  Ld.  Chandos  41  In  gold  Lord 
Basset  dight  Three  Rubie  piles,  a  quarter  ermins  bright. 
1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  n,  vi.  61  The  Quarter  is  an 
Ordinary  of  like  composition  with  the  Canton,.. the  quarter 
comprehendeth  the  full  fourth.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl, 
s.  v.,  Franc-quarter  is  a  quarter  single  or  alone ;  which  is 
to  possess  one-fourth  part  of  the  field.  This  makes  one  of 
the  honourable  ordinaries  of  a  coat.  1838  Penny  Cycl.  XII. 
141/2  The  Quarter  is,  as  its  name  imports,  the  fourth  part 
of  the  shield,  and  is  always  placed  in  chief.  1893  CCSSANS 
Her.  (ed.  4)  66  The  Quarter  ..  is  formed  by  two  straight 
lines,  drawn  in  the  direction  of  the  Fess  and  the  Pale,  and 
meeting  at  the  Fess-point.  Examples  of  this  charge  are 
very  rarely  to  be  met  with. 

c.  *=  QUARTERING  t'bl.  sb.  *  b. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  There  are  sixteen  quarters 
required  to  prove  nobility,  in  companies,  or  orders,  where 
none  but  nobles  are  admitted.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  xxiv, 
A  baron  of  sixteen  quarters.  1831  CARLYLE  Sart.  Res.  ( 1 858) 
61  A  duke's  son  that  only  knew  there  were  two-and-thirty 
quarters  on  the  family-coach. 

II.  The  fourth  part  of  some  usual  measure  or 
standard. 

4.  As  a  measure  of  capacity  for  grain,  etc.     a. 
The   British   imperial   quarter  =  S   bushels ;   the 
fifth  (?  originally  the  fourth)  part  of  a  wey  or  load; 
also,  local  variations  of  this,  containing  more  or 
less  than  8  bushels,     f  Formerly  sometimes  const, 
without  of. 

c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  244/130  Ane  hondret  quarters  of  f>at 
corn,  c  1320  SirBeues  1424  A  ston  gret,  pat  we}  seue  quarters 
of  whet.  £1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  U8io)  174  pe  hungre 
was  so  grete  . .  [>at  a  quarter  whete  was  at  twenty  mark. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Sompn.  T.  255  A  !  yif  that  covent  half 
a  quarter  otes.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  cxxxvi.  122  A  quarter 
of  whete  was  worth  ,ii.  marks  and  a  halfe.  1523  FITZHERB. 
Husb.  §  12  Foure  London  busshelles  [of  beans]  fullye,  and 
that  is  half  a  quarter.  1623  Althorp  MS.  in  Simpkinson 


QUARTER. 

IVas/iingtons  (1860)  App.  48  For  3  coters  of  rye  bought  at 
Harleston.  _  1663  COWLEY  Ess.,  Avarice  129  In  thy  vast 
Barns  Millions  of  Quarters  store.  1763  Museum  Rnsf.  I.  74 
Wheat  will  one  year  sell  for  5 1.  a  load  (that  is,  five  quarters). 
1845  McCuLLOCH  Taxation  i.  i.  (1852)  49  A  farm  which  pro- 
duces  loo  quarters  of  wheat,  i86z  ANSIED  Channel  I  si.  iv. 
(ed.  2)  App.  A.  567  The  Jersey  quarter  (thirty-four  gallons 
and  three  quarts)  [contains]  a  little  more  than  half  an  imperial 
quarter.  Jl>id,t  The  English  imperial  quarter  is  equivalent 
to  about  two  Guernsey  quarters. 

b.  In  the  Channel   Islands  (cf.   quot.   1862   in 
prec.)  used  as  a  unit  of  value  for  land. 

1682  WARBURTON  Hist.  Guernsey  (1822)  94  He  that  has 
occasion  to  take  up  money  on  his  estate,  sells  so  many 
quarters.  1694  FALLE  Jersey  ii.  85  1'he  way  of  reckoning 
an  Estate  with  us,  is  not  by  Pounds,  but  by  Quarters  of 
Wheat.  1862  ANSTED  Channel  I  si.  iv.  xxiv.  (ed.  2)  550  The 
Guernsey  'quarter  of  rent'  is  estimated  as  worth,  on  an 
average,  twenty  pounds  currency. 

c.  The  fourth  part  of  a  chaldron. 

1434  E.  E.  Wills  101,  I  bequethe  to  lohn  Wodrof  .. 
v  quarteres  of  coles.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Qitaricr 
..  In  Measure  ..  the  fourth  part  of  a  Chaldron.  1727-41 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Quarter  is  also  a  dry  measure,  containing 
..  of  coals  the  fourth  part  of  a  chaldron.  1858  GREESLEAF 
Xational  Arithm,  (t/.S.\  cited  by  Worcester. 

fd.  The  fourth  part  of  a  peck.     06s.  rare—1. 

1475  Bk.  Noblesse  (Roxb.)  26  The  ringis  of  golde..were.. 
mesurid  to  the  quantite  of  mesure  of  ,xij.  quarters  or  more. 

f5.  The  fourth  part  of  a  cask  or  barrel.    Obs.  —  ^ 

1579  in  W.  H.Turner  Select  Rec.  Or/W(i88o)  400  Marline 
Colepeper.  .setteth  the  pryce  of  a  quarter  of  the  beststronge 
ale  at  iij'  iiijd. 

6.  As   a   weight,      f  a.  The   fourth   part   of  a 
pound.    Obs. 

a  1400  Stockh.  Medical  MS.  i.  43  in  Anglia.  XVIII.  296 
A  quarter  of  vergyn-wax  pou  take,  a  1450  Fysshyiige  ?c. 
Angle  (1883)  9  Take  small  ale  a  potell  and  stamp  it  with 
iij  handful  of  walnot  levys  and  a  quarter  of  aloni.  4:1450 
7'ziw  Cookcry-bks.  106  Take  a  quarter  of  clarefied  honey,  iij 
vnces  of  pouder  peper. 

b.  The  fourth  part  of  a  hundredweight  =  28  Ibs. 
(U.  S.  commonly  25  Ibs.) 

Ordinarily  used  only  where  the  hundredweight  is  also 
mentioned,  and  usually  abbreviated  'qr.' 

1542  RECOKUEGX  Aries  (1575)  203  The  halfe  hundred  is 
56  :  the  quarter  28  [poundej.  1588  Bk.  of  Charges  in  Dom. 
St.  Papers  CCXV.  88,  4  quille  of  ropes  wayeinge  sixe 
hundred,  a  quarter,  and  one  pound.  1727-41  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.,  Quarter^  in  weights,  is  a  fourth  part  of  the  quintal,  or 
hundred  weight.  The  quarter  is  28  pounds  avoirdupois. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVII.  4:0  Iron,  5  cwt.  2  qrs.  24  Ib. 
fc.  'The  fourth  part  of  a  Dram'  (Phillips,  1706). 

7.  As   a  measure   of  length   or   area.     a.   The 
fourth  part  of  a  yard  :  nine  inches.     Also_/%*-. 

«433  Rolls t  Parlt.  IV.  451/2  Clothe  of  colour  shold 
conteigne  . .  In  brede  vi  quarters  di.  c  1450  Bk.  Curtasye 
359  in  Babees  />'&,,  A  stafe,  a  fyngur  gret,  two  wharters  long. 
1483  Act  i  Rich.  Ill,  c.  8  Preamble,  Someof  the  same  Clothes 
. .  ben  drawen  out  ..  in  Brede  from  .vii.  Quarters  unto  the  I 
Brede  of  .ii.  Yerdys.  1596  SHAKS.  Tarn.  Shr.  iv.  in.  109  j 
Thou  yard,  three  quarters,  halfe  yard,  quarter,  naile.  1624 
CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  11.  25  His  arrowes  were  fiue  quarters 
long.  _  1708  J.  C  Compl.  Collier  (1845)  16  The  3  Quarter 
Coal  [is]  about  3  Quarters  thick  or  more.  1778  En^.  Gazetteer 
(ed.  2)  s.  v.  Witneyt  Blankets,  .from  10  to  12  quarters  wide. 

b.  Naut.  The  fourth  part  of  a  fathom. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1789)  Mm  ivb,  If  he  judges 
it  to  be  a  quarter  . .  more  than  any  particular  number,  he 
calls,  'And  a  quarter  five!'  Ibid.,  At  four  fathoms  and 
3-quarters  he  calls  '  A  quarter  less  five  ! '  1855  English 
woman  in  Russia  \  '  By  the  quarter  seven  '  sang  out . .  the 
sailor  ..  engaged  in  heaving  the  lead. 

c.  An  Irish  land-measure  (tr.  Ir.  ceathramhadh , 
sometimes  anglicized  as  c  arrow] :  see  quots. 

1607  DAVIES  if/  Let.  to  Ld.  Salisbury  (1787)  245  Every 
ballibetagh  is  divided  into  four  quarters  of  lands,  and  every 
quarter  into  four  laths.  1683}.  KEOGH  Acct.  Roscommott 
in  O'Donovan  Hy  Fiachraich  (1844}  453  These  countries 
were  subdivided  into  townlands  ..  which  were  called  Ballys 
. .  and  each  townland  was  divided  again  into  quarters.  Ibid., 
I  have  been  sometimes  perplexed  to  know  how  many  acres 
a  quarter  contains,  but  I  have  learned  it  is  an  uncertain 
measure.  1883  SEEBOHM  Eng.  \Tillage  Comm.  vii.  223 
Annexed  is  an  example  of  an  ancient  bally  divided  into 
quarters.  ..Two  of  the  quarters,  now  townlands,  still  bear 
the  names  of  '  Cartron  '  and  '  Carrow ',  or  '  Quarter  '.  1892 
EMILY  LAWLESS  Crania  II.  3  Mishmaan  possesses  but  two 
townlands,  containing  six  quarters  each. 

8.  As  a  measure  of  time. 

a.  The  fourth  part  of  a  year,  esp.  as  divided 
by  the  recognized  QUARTER-DAYS.     Also  t^esp.  in 
Scotland),  the  fourth  part  of  the  school-year,  or 
of  the  period  during  which  instruction  is  usually 
given,  containing  about  eleven  weeks.  (See  also  1 1 .) 

1389  in  Eng.  Gihis  (1870)  7  What  man  is  take  in  to  be 
brother,  schalpaie.  .eueri  quarter,  .iij.  d.  c  1440  ipomydon 
762  My  greyhondes  ranne  not  )?is  quartere.  1536  BOORDE 
Lett,  in  Introd.  Knowl.  (1870)  53  To  come  to  yow  ons  in 
a  qwartter.  1591  NASHE  Prognost.  Wks.  1883-4  .U.  164 
The  predominant  qualities  of  this  quarter  [summer]  is  heate 
and  drynesse.  a  1610  HEALEY  Theophrastus  (1636)  40 
A  quarters  rent  of  his  house.  1623  Althorp  MS.  in  Simp- 
kinson  Washing tons  ( 1 860)  App.  41  To  the  hoggheard  for 
a  coter's_wages.  1731  SWIFT  On  kis  Death,  He  must  .. 
change  his  comrades  once  a  quarter.  1819  SHELLEY  Peter 
Bell  vi.  iii,  Then  seriatim,  month  and  quarter,  Appeared 
such  mad  tirades.  1836  Penny  Cycl.  V.  238  For  a  com. 
mercial  education,  a  guinea  a  quarter  is  charged.  1865 
DICKENS  Afttt.  Fr.  i,  iv,  The  gentleman  proposes  to  take 
your  apartments  by  the  quarter. 

b.  A   fourth  part  of  the  lunar   period.     Also, 
the  moon's  position  when  between  the   first  and 
second  or  third  and  fourth  quarters;  quadrature. 


27 

c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xx.xiii.  149  J>e  moone  may  11051 
be  sene  bare,  bot  in  £>e  secund  quartere.  1632  MASSINGER 
Maid  of  Hon.  i.  i,  His  sheepihearing  . .  Is  in  every  quarter 
of  the  moon,  and  constant.  1694  W.  HOLDER  Time  v.  82 
How  near  she  is  to  her  Quarters,  Full,  or  next  New-moon. 
1728  PEMBERTON  Newton's  Phitos.  201  But.  .in  the  quarters 
the  moon  . .  will  be  made  to  approach  it  [the  earth].  1853 
MAURICE  Proph.  $  Kings  xi.  189  We  sometimes  see  the 
moon  in  her  first  quarter  with  one  bright  luminous  border. 
1867  SMYTH  Sailors  \Vord-hk.  s.  v.,  When  the  moon  appears 
exactly  as  a  half-moon,  90"  from  the  sun  towards  the  east, 
she  is  in  the  first  quarter. 

fig.  1806  LAMB  Let.  to  Hazlitt  15  Jan.  Wks.  1852.  77/1 
Prudentia  is  in  the  last  quarter  of  her  tutelary  shining 
over  me, 

c.  The  fourth  part  of  an  hour  ;  the  space  of 
fifteen  minutes.  Also,  the  moment,  as  denoted  by 
a  mark  on  the  dial,  the  sound  of  a  bell,  etc.,  at 
which  one  quarter  of  an  hour  (cf.  Horn  3)  ends 
and  the  next  begins;  chiefly  used  of  the  quarter 
after  or  before  an  hour,  as  '  a  quarter  past  nine ', 
'  a  quarter  to  ten  \ 

[i599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado  v.  ii.  85  An  hower  in  clamour 
and  a  quarter  in  rhewnie.]  1617  MORYSUN  Itin.  \.  31  In 
the  upper  part  of  the  clocke  are..statuaes,  which  strike  the 
quarters  of  the  houre.  1659  MAYNE  City  Match  n.  iii.  27 
A  fellow  that  turnes  upon  his  toe  In  a  steeple,  and  strikes 
quarters.  1727  BAILEY  vol.  II,  Quarters  [in  a  Clock  or 
Movement}  are  little  Bells  which  sound  the  Quarters  or 
other  Parts  of  an  Hour.  1822  BYRON  Vis.  Jndgm.  Ixxxvii, 
I've  scarcely  been  ten  minutes  . .  At  least  a  quarter  it  can 
hardly  be.  1842  TENNYSON  St.  Si»t.  Styl.  218,  I  shall  die 
to-night,  A  quarter  before  twelve.  1844  DICKENS  Mart. 
C/iuz.  xiv,  '  The  quarter's  gone  !  '  cried  Mr.  Tapley. 

In   attrib.  phrases.      1849   MRS.  CARLYLE   Lett.    II.   77, 

I  was  up  to  leaving  . .  by  the  quarter-after-eight  train.   1857 

HUGHES  Tom  Brown  i.viii.  192  The  quarter-to-ten  bell.  .rang. 

td.  The  fourth  part   of  the   night,   or  of   the 

period  between  two  canonical  hours.   Obs.  rare. 

1x369  CHAUCER  Dethe  Blaunche  198  Ther-as  she  lay, 
Right  even  a  quarter  before  day.  1412-20  LYDG.  Chron. 
Troy  i.  vi,  She  . .  founde  a  quarter  passed  after  pryme. 

9.  Of  coins,     fa.  A  farthing.     Obs. 

1389  in  Eng.  Gilds  60  Euery  broyer  and  syster  shal  offeryn 

ij.  qire   and  j.   qr  to  ye  alines.     1641   KKST   Farm.   Bks. 

(Surtees)  140  Harrowershave  usually  3^.,  or  ^d.  two  quarters. 

b.   c7.  S.  A  silver  coin  =  one  fourth  of  a  dollar. 

[1799  WASHINGTON  Lett*  Writ.  1893  XIV.  150  It  ought  not 
to  be  larger  than  would  cover  a  quarter  of  a  dollar.]  1856 
OLMSTED  Slave  States  4  Here's  a  quarter  for  you.  1883 
Harper's  M'ag.  Nov.  950/2  Twenty,  .oranges  for  a  quarter. 

10.  Araut.  f  a.  (See  first  quot.)     Obs. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v,,  A  quarter  of  a  point,  wind, 
or  rhumb,  is  the  fourth  part  of  a  cardinal  point  wind,  or 
rhumb;  or  of  the  distance  between  two  cardinal  points, 
winds,  etc.  The  quarter  contains  an  arch  of  \\  degrees  15 
minutes.  1796  H.  HUNTER  tr.  St,~rierre"s  Stud.  Nat.  (1799) 
I.  156  The  highest  Tide.. set  in  from  east-quarter-north. 

b.  The  fourth  part  of  a  point  on  the  compass ; 
2°  48'  45".     Also  quarter -point  (see  30). 

1795  HUTTON  Math.  Diet.  II.  319. 

11.  eUipt.  (from  8  a).     A  quarterly  instalment  of 
an  allowance  or  payment. 

1679-88  Stcr.  Serv.  Money  Chas.  «$•  Jos.  (Camden).  63 
Interest  and  gratuity  for  advancing  the  Dutchess  of  Ports 
mouth's  quarter  when  she  went  into  France.  1849 THACKERAY 
I3endfnnis  Iviii,  Pay  me  down  the  first  quarter  now. 

III.  Senses  denoting  locality,  and  transferred 
uses  of  these. 

12.  The  region  lying  about  or  under  one  of  the 
four  principal  points  of  the  compass  or  divisions  of 
the  horizon  ;  the  point  or  division  itself.    Also  spec. 
in  Astrol.  (see  quot.  1696). 

t  1391  CHAUCER  Astrol.  i.  §  5  The  4  principals  plages  or 
quarters  of  the  firmament.  1526  TINUALE  Rev.  xx.  8  The 
people  which  are  in  the  foure  quarters  [Gr.  youa'ait]  of  the 
erth.  1535  COVERDALE  Jer,  xlix.  34  Vpon  Elam  I  wil 
bringe  the  foure  wyndes  from  y°  foure  quarters  of  heauen, 
1611  BIBLE  i  Chron.  ix.  24  In  foure  quarters  were  the 
Porters  :  toward  the  East,  West,  North,  and  South.  1696 
PHILLIPS,  Quarters  of  Heaven  ..  in  Astronomy,  the  [1706 
Among  Astrologers,  certain]  Intersections  of  the  Spheres  as 
well  in  the  World  as  in  the  Zodiack  [1706  of  which  two 
are  termed  Oriental,  and  counted  Masculine  ;  the  other  two 
being  Occidental  and  Feminine].  ij^BAtisofis  I'oy,  n.  ii. 
136  We  espied  a  sail  in  the  northern  quarter.  1826  SCOTT 
n'oodst.  ii,  Joceline  . .  looked  . .  to  the  four  quarters  of  the 
horizon.  1835  SIR  J.  Ross  Narr.  znd  I'oy.  xv.  231  Venus 
was  also  seen  in  the  southern  quarter.  1860  DICKENS  Un- 
cotnin.  Trav.  iv,  The  Four  Quarters  of  the  World  came  out 
of  the  globe. 

transf.  1542  RECOHUE  Gr.  A  rtes  (1575)  197  The  rose  . .  is 
enuironed  on  the  4  quarters  with  4  floure  deluce, 

f  b.  Boundary  or  limit  towards  one  of  the  car 
dinal  points  ;  side.  Obs. 

1551  ROBINSON  tr.  Mores  Utoj>.  n.  (Arb.)  78  A  drie  diclie 
. .  goeth  about  thre  sides  or  quarters  of  the  city.  To  the 
fourth  side  the  riuer  it  selfe  serueth  for  a  ditche.  1596  DAL- 
RYMTLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  (1885)  I.  2,  I  wil  first  .. 
descriue  the  quarteris  and  boundes  of  Scotland.  1611  BIBLE 
Josh,  xviii.  14,  15  This  was  the  West  quarter.  And  the 
South  quarter  was  from  the  end  of  Kiriath-iearim. 

c.  A  direction  or  point  of  the  compass,  when 
more  than  four  are  mentioned  or  may  be  implied. 

1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D*  A  cos  fa's  Hist.  Indies  111.  v.  132 
They  reckon  but  twoo  and  thirty  quarters  of  the  windes,  for 


memorie. 


1664   EVELYN 

5y&w  (16793  16  How  speedily  they  [oaks]  spread,  and  dilate 
themselves  to  all  quarters.  1674  GREW  Veget.  Trunks  vi. 
§  7  Setting  down  the  respect  it.  -hath  to  any  Quarter  in  the 
Heavens.  1784  Cow  PER  Task  i.  373  Winds  from  all  quarters 
agitate  the  air.  1806-7  J-  BKRKSPORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life 
(1826)  n.  xiii,  From  every  quarter  of  the  compass  to  which 


QUARTER. 

you  turn  for  refuge.  1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  viii,  *  Whew  !  sits 
the  wind  in  that  quarter  ? '  enquired  the  justice. 

13.  Region,  district,  place,  locality. 

The  pi.  is  sometimes  used  in  much  the  same  sense  as  the 
sing.  With  the  preps,  from,  in,  to,  this  sense  cannot  always 
be  clearly  distinguished  from  120. 

13. .  A".  A  Us.  1902  Sixty  citees,  in  that  quarter,  Heo  for- 
brente.  1471  E.  PASTON  in  P.  Lett.  III.  27,  I  trow  ->che  be 
in  sour  quarters.  1534  MOKE  COM/,  a^st.  Trib.  in.  Wks. 
i.'M  i  In  this  quarter  here  about  vs.  1555  W.  WATRE.MAN 
Fardle  Facions  n.  vii.  157  Suche  commodities  as  the 
quartre  beareth  ..  wher  they  dwelle.  1667  MILTON  /*.  L.  v. 
686  Where  we  possess  The  Quarters  of  the  North.  1734 
SALE  Koran  Prelim.  Disc.  §  i  (Chandos  ed.)  i  In  which 
quarter  they  dwelt  In  respect  to  the  Jews.  1765  Museum 
Rusticuin  IV.  377  There  were  in  that  single  quarter  [of 
France]  above  one  hundred  acres  of  transplanted  cole-seed. 
1855  PRESCOIT  rhilipU,  n.  vi.  (1857)  270  The  marquis,  .had 
left  the  place  on  a  vi>it  to  a  distant  quarter.  1867  FREEMAN 
Norm.  Conq.  (1876)  I.  v.  383  Troops  Hocked  to  him  from  all 
quarters. 

b.  Indicating  a  certain  portion  or  member  of 
a  community,  or  some  thing  or  things,  without 
reference  to  actual  locality. 

1777  SHERIIJAN  Sch.  Scaud.  \.  i,  I  was  hurt,  .to  learn,  from 
the  same  quarter,  that. .  Sir  Peter  and  Lady  Teazle  have  not 
agreed  lately.  1818  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  v.  viii.  668  The 
quarter  from  which  this  proposition  proceeded  ..  was  no 
secret  to  him.  i8ai  J.  W.  CROKKK  in  Diary  (1884)  June  6 
This  is  erroneous  in  fact,  . .  but  T.  insisted  he  had  it  from  a 
good  quarter.  1856  FROL-DE  Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  I.  ii.  136  A 
suspicion  that  even  in  the  highest  quarters  justice  had  ceased 
to  be  much  considered.  1886  K.  MILLER  Textual  C,nide  27 
This  deference  to  B.  .  .leads  the  two  learned  Professors  to 
follow  it  whenever  it  is  supported  by  only  slight  testimony 
from  other  quarters. 

14.  A  particular  division  or  district  of  a  town  or 
city,  esp.  that  appropriated  to  a  particular  class  or 
race  of  people,  as  the  Jewish  quarter,  etc. 

1526  TINDALE  Luke  xiv.  21  Goo  out  quickly  into  the 
streles  _and  quarters  [1611  lanes]  of  the  citie.  1541  Act  33 
Hen.  VIII,  c.  15  The  said  sainctuarymen  ..  enter  in  euery 
parte  and  quarter  of  the  same  towne.  1602  Return  fr.  Par- 
nass.  v.iv.What  neweswith  you  in  this  quarter  of  the  Citty? 
1711  ADDISON  Sficct.  No.  31  F  i  The  several  Shows  that  are 
exhibited  in  different  Quarters  of  the  Town.  1756-7  tr. 
A  eysl-:r's  Trar.  (1760-  II.  467  Rome  is  divided  into  fourteen 
tioni  or  quarter-;.  18*0  W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  I.  121  In 
the  most  dark  and  dingy  quarters  of  the  city.  1864  D.  G. 
MITCHELL  Sev.  Stor.  214  A  narrow  court  ,.  which  leads 
into  a  moldering  quarter  of  the  city. 

fb.  A  particular  place  or  point  (in  a  building, 
etc.  .  Obs. 

£•1440  Jacob's  J/W/69  pis  wose  of  pride  has  viij.  corneres, 
or  viij.  quarterys.  ''1449  Paston  Lett.  No.  67  I.  83  They 
have  made  wykets  on  every  quarter  of  the  hwse  to  scliote 
owte  atte.  t  1470  HENRY  Wallace  \\\\.  1051  At  a  quartar, 
quhar  fyr  had  nocht  ourtayn,  Thai  ink  thann  out  fra  that 
castell.  1526  nigr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  131  That  y« 
ennemy  may  fynde  in  vs  no  quarter  to  entre. 

f  C.  A  part  of  a  gathering  or  assembly,  army, 
camp,  etc.  Obs. 

1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  / '/,  n.  i.  63  Had  all  your  Quarters 
been  as  safely  kept  As  that  whereof  I  had  the  gouernement, 
We  had  not  beene..surpriz>d.  1596  Edward,  I  If,  iv.  iv. 

50  These  quarters,  .squadrons,  and  these  regiments.      1599 
HAKLUYT  I'oy.  II.  n.  137  It  is  a  thing  almost   impossible, 
at  any  your   Faires  or  publique  assemblies  to  finde  any 
quarter  thereof  sober. 

t  d.  To  keep  good quarter:  To  keep  good  watch; 
to  preserve  good  order.  Obs. 

1595  SHAKS.  JoJin  \.  v.  20  Well  :  keepe  good  quarter,  & 
good  care  to  night.  1653  H.  MORE  Ant  id.  Ath.  \\.  viii.  §  2 
(1712)  63  To  have  made  Man  that  he  might  be  a  Lord  over 
the  rest  of  the  Creation  and  keep  good  quarter  among  them, 
fe.  To  keep  a  . . .  quarter :  To  maintain  a  (bad) 
state  of  things,  to  behave  in  a  (bad)  way;  hence, 
even  without  adj.,  to  make  a  noise  or  disturbance. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  in.  88  The  Souldiers  kept  a  bloody 
quarter  among  themselues.  a  1654  SELUEN  Table-t.  (Arb.) 

51  They  keep  a  huge  quarter  when  they  carry  it  into  the 
Cellar.     1659  Commw.  Ball.  (Percy  Soc.)  150  For  all  you 
kept  such  a  quarter,  you  are  out  of  the  councell  of  state. 
1668  PEPYS  Diary  29  Jan.,  They  had  fiddlers,  and  danced, 
and  kept  a  quarter,  which  pleased  me  though  it  disturbed 
me.     1736  AINSWORTH  Lat.  Did,,  What  a  quarter  they  keep 
in  the  market.     1760  BARETTI  Engl.-Ital,  Diet.,  To  keep  a 
heavy  quarter,  fare  un  grande  strepito. 

15.  Place  of  stay  or  residence;  dwelling-place, 
lodgings,  esp.  of  soldiers.  Now  usu.  in//. 

Free  quarter^} :  see  FREE-QUARTER.  Head-,  home-^  out-, 
sittiimcr-^-wintcr-qitarters;  see  the  first  element.  Quarters 
of  refreshment  (see  quot.  1702-11).  To  beat  ttp  the  quarters 
of:  see  BEAT  v.1  28.  To  take  up  one's  quarters  \  to  estab 
lish  oneself  (in  a  place). 

sing.  1591  Carrara's  Art  Warrc  77  Let  him  remember. . 
to  bring  backe  again  into  his  Quarter  those  souldiers  hee 
hath  led  foorth  to  any  enterpri.se.  1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinarch.^ 
Hen.  Il/',  Ixxxiv,  The  Lords  who  must  in  state  Lodge  at  the 
Crowne  ..  Defray  their  Quarter  at  a  Double  Rate.  1679 
Estahl.  Test.  25  In  a  place  remote  from  his  quarter,  he  ren- 
devouzes  with  his  fellow  adventurers.  17x9  DE  FOE  Crusoe 
n.  vi,  I  went  from  their  quarter.  1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev. 
III.  i.  v,  The  grate  which  led  to  our  quarter  opened  anew. 
1897  HUGHES  Medit,  Fever  ii.  62  The  staff-sergeant,  .occu 
pied  a  two-room  quarter  a  few  yards  away. 

//.  1598  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man  in  Hum.  iv.  v,  Turnbull, 
Whitechapel,  Shoreditch,  which  were  then  my  quarters. 
1645  W.  BROWNE  Let.  to  Wood  9  Sept.  in  Wood*s  Life 
(O.  H.S.)  I.  122  note,  Our  horse  from  Oxon.  fell  on  the 
enemies  quarters  at  Thame.  1660  SANCROKT  Serm.  18  Nov. 
in  D'Oyly  Life  (1821)  II.  320  God  and  his  church  pay  their 
quarters  wherever  they  come.  1702-11  M Hit.  ^  Sea  Diet. 
(ed.  4)  i,  Quarters  oj 'Refreshment ',  the  Place  or  Places, where 
Troops  that  haue  been  much  hara^s'd,  are  put  in  to  recover 

4-2 


QUARTER. 

themselues,  during  some  time  of  the  Summer  or  Season  for 
the  Campaign.  17**  DE  FOE  Moll  Flanders  (1840)  355. 
I  found  we  must  shift  our  quarters.  1758  JOHNSON  Idler 
No.  21  f  3,  I  wandered  with  the  regiment  as  the  quarters 
were  changed.  1807  DE  QUINCEY  in  H.  A.  Page  Life  (1877) 
I.  vii.  125  Mrs.  Koster  did  me  the  honour  to  call  at  my 
quarters.  1856  KANE  A  ret.  ExpL  I.  iii.  35  We  had  a 
rough  time  in  working  to  our  present  quarters.  1881  BESANT 
&  RICE  ChapL  of  Fleet  \.  vi.  11883)  51  Where  . .  robbers  of 
the  road  had  their  customary  quarters. 

f  b.  The  compulsory  provision  by  private  per 
sons  of  lodging  for  troops.      Obs. 

1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  G<rvt.  Eng.  i.  Ixvi.  (1739)  142  The 
Clergy  are  charged  with  Quarter,  Cart-Service,  and  Purvey 
ing.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  ff  F.y.\\\.  1 1. 45  The  most  flourishing 
cities  were  oppressed  by  the  intolerable  weight  of  quarters. 

C.    U.  S.   (South).     The    cabins   in   which   the 
negroes  on  a  plantation  live. 

1804  Europ.  Mag.  XLV.  19/1,  I  walked  away  to  the 
Quarter.  [Note.  The  place  of  abode  for  the  negroes.]  1856 
GLUS-TED  Stave  Staff  s  m  Several  cabins  are  placed  near 
together,  and  they  are  called  '  the  quarters  '.  1889  Harper's 
Mag.  Jan.  253  Let  us  go  out  to  the  quarters,  grandpa  ;  they 
will  be  dancing  by  now. 

d.  A  plnce  of  exercise  for  dogs. 

1844  Sporting  Rev.  XI.  209  If  you  have  sufficient  walks  or 
quarters,  as  they  are  sometimes  called,  to  enable  you  to 
bring  your  own  [hounds],  begin  with  a  good  stock  at  first. 

16.  Assigned  or  appropriate  position,  *j"  To  keep 
quarter-,  to  keep  one's  own  place,  t  To  hold  quar 
ter  with  :  to  remain  beside.  Quarter  of  assembly 
(see  quot.  1802).  See  also  CLOSE  QUARTERS. 

i549*G?«y*/.  Scot.  vi.  41  Gunnaris,  cum  heir  and  stand  by 
5our  artnil^ee,  euyrie  gunnar  til  his  auen  quartar.  1606 
SHAKS.  Ant.  %  Cl.  iv.  iii.  22  Follow  the  noyse  so  farre  as  we 
haue  quarter.  1611  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Philaster  ir.  ii,  Let  me 
hold  quarter  with  you  ;  we'll  talk  an  hour  Out  quickly. 
1612  BACON  JLSS.,  LfX'e  (Arb.)  446  They  doe  best  that  make 
this  affection  keepe  quarter,  and  seuer  it  wholly  from  their 
serious  affaires.  1667  MILTON  /*.  L.  m.  714  Swift  to  thir 
several  Quarters  hasted  then  The  cumbrous  Elements, 
Earth,  Flood,  Aire,  Fire.  1702-11  Milit.  $•  Sea  Diet.  (ed. 
4)  i.  s.v.,  A  Quarter  at  a  Sifge,  An  Incampment  upon  any 
of  the  principal  Avenues  of  the  Place.  1769  FALCONER  Diet. 
Marine  (1780),  Quarters,  a  name  given,  at  sea,  to  the 
several  stations  where  the  officers  and  crew  of  the  ship  of 
war  are  posted  in  action.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Quar 
ter  of  Assembly,  the  place  where  the  troops  meet  to  march 
from  in  body,  and  is  the  same  as  the  place  of  rendezvous. 
1836  MARRYAT  Midsh.  Easy  xxvi,  'Call  the  drummer',  said 
Captain  Wilson,  '  and  let  him  beat  to  quarters  '. 

1 17.  Relations  with,  or  conduct  towards,  another; 
esp.  in  phr.  to  keep  good  (or  fair}  quarter(s}  with. 

1590  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  it.  i.  108  So  he  would  keepe  faire 

Iuarter  with  his  bed.  1604  —  Oth.  \\.  iii.  180  Friends  all, . 
n  Quarter,  and  in  terrnes  like  Bride,  and  Groome.  1625 
BACON  Ess.)  CM**/*^ (Arb.)  439 Two,  that  were  Competitors, 
.  .yet  kept  good  Quarter  betwcene  themselues.  1637  RUTHER 
FORD  Lett.  (1862)  I.  207, 1  find  it  to  be  hard  wrestling  to  play 
fair  with  Christ  and  to  keep  good  quarters  with  Him. 
(11674  CLARKNDON  Sitn<.  Leviathan  (1676)  153  The  t\vo 
next  Kings. .kept  very  fair  quarter  with  Paschal. 

f  b.  (Good  or  fair)  treatment  or  terms.  Obs. 
exc.  arch. 

1648  Eikon  Bas.  iv.  25,  I  never  had  any  thoughts  of  going 
from  my  House  at  Whitehall,  if  I  could  have  had  but  any 
reasonable  fair  Quarter.     1699  BENTLKY  Phal,  319  Lucian 
should  have  no  better  Quarter  from  him.     1705  STANHOPE 
Paraphr.  II.  268  No  other  Person  must  expect  fair  Quarter. 
'735    BoLiN'GBKOKE  On.  Parties  Ded.   (1738)  7    He   would 
deserve  certainly  much  better  Quarter  {etc.].     1826  SCOTT 
Woodst,  xxxiii,  Neither  I  nor  my  fellows  will  deliver  it  up 
but  upon  good  quarter  and  conditions.     lbid.t  They  will 
give  thee  fair  quarter. 

18.  Exemption  from  being  immediately  put  to 
death,  granted  to  a  vanquished  opponent  by  the 
victor  in  a  battle  or  fight ;  clemency  or  mercy 
shown  in  sparing  the  life  of  one  who  surrenders, 
t  Formerly  also  //.  f  To  cry  quarter :  to  call  for 
quarter. 

The  precise  origin  of  this  sense  is  obscure,  but  it  may  be 
derived  from  17,  or  even  from,  15  on  the  supposition  that  to 
give  quarter  originally  meant  to  provide  prisoners  with 
quarters.  The  assertion  of  De  Brieux  (1672  Origines.. 
de  plusieurs  fa^ons  de  Parley  16)  that  it  arose  in  an 
agreement  between  the  Dutch  and  Spaniards,  by  which  the 
ransom  of  an  officer  or  private  was  to  be  a  quarter  of  his 
pay,  is  at  variance  with  the  constant  sense  of  the  phrases 
give  and  receive  quarter. 

1611  COTCR.,  Onartier  ..  Quarter,  or  faire  war,  wherein 
souldiers  are  taken  prisoners  and  ransomed  at  a  certaine 
rate,  c  1645  Homu.£f&  (1655)  I.  231  He  suffered  Tilly 
to  take  that  great  Town  with  so  much  effusion  of  blood, 
because  they  wood  receuie  no  quarter.  1659  B.  HARRIS 
Parivafs  Iron  Age  308  Many  were  cut  down,  the  Swedes 
giving  no  quarter.  1693  Mem.  Cf.  Teckely  n.  89  As  this  was 
not  a  War  of  Quarter,  they  defended  themselves  desperately. 
1720  DE  FOE  Capt.  Singleton  xi.  (1840)  188  The  Portuguese 
cry  quarter.  1788  PRIESTLEY  Led.  Hist.  v.  Ixii.  494  Civil 
wars  are  also  peculiarly  bloody,  because  less  quarter  is 
expected  in  them.  1816  BYRON  Siege  Cor.  xxiv,  Cry  For 
quarter,  or  for  victory.  1841  JAMES  Brigand  iii,  Several  of 
them  uttered  a  cry  of  'Quarter  quarter*.  1865  KINCSLEY 
Herew.  vii,  Hereward  bid  his  men  give  quarter. 

pi.  _  c  1644  MS.  Hist.  Somerville  Fam.  in  Scott's  Rokebv* 
Having  refused  quarters,  every  man  fell  in  the  same  order 
and  ranke  wherin  he  had  foughten.  &USc**dert*f  Rt&v. 
iv  91  There  was  no  Quarters  given  during  the  heat  of  the 
fight.  1736  SHERLOCKE  Voy.  round  World  129  They 
instantly  came  to,  and  call'd  for  quarters.  1747  GentL  A/ae; 
486  Near  7  at  night  she  [the  Terrible]  called  out  for  quarters. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Af^HttfdyBo)  s.v.,  Quarters  is  also  an 
exclamation  to  implore  mercy  from  a  victorious  enemy 
b.   transf.  and  fig. 

1647  WARD  Simp.  Cobier  72  He  shewes  more  true  fortitude, 


28 

that  prayes  quarter  of. .  Truth.   1684  J.  PETER  Siege  yi 


\ 


witticisms,  which  ought  to  have  no  quarter.  1817  SHELLEY 
Rev  Islam  Pref.,  There  is  no  quarter  given  to  Revenge,  or 
Envy,  or  Prejudice.  1871  MORLEY  Crit.  Misc.  Ser.  i.  Vau- 
venarguts  (1878)  25  The  Trappist  theory  of  the  conditions 
of  virtue  found  no  quarter  with  him. 

IV.  Technical  uses,  in  most  of  which  the  ori 
ginal  sense  is  much  obscured. 

19.  Carpentry.  A  piece  of  wood,  four  inches  wide 
by  two  or  four  inches  thick  (see  quot.  1703),  used 
as  an  upright  stud  or  scantling  in  partitions  and 
other  framing.     Chiefly  in  //. 

[1331  in  J.  T.  Smith  Antiq.  Westminster  (1807)  207  Two 
pieces  of  timber  eight  feet  long  called  quarters.]  1497  Naval 
Ace.  Hen.  Wi  (tBg6)  235  Sawyng  of  tymbre  into  plankes 
quarters  Bourde  and  other  necessaries.  1565-73  COOPFR 
Thesaurus^  C  lost  ruin  ^  ..  a  rayle  or  other  like  thinge  made 
of  quarters.  1617  MINSHEU  Ditctor,  A  quarter,  a  p_eece  of 
timber  commonly  foure  square,  and  foure  inches  thicke,  as 
it  were  a  quarter  or  fourth  part  of  a  beame.  1665  PEPYS 
Diary  21  Sept.,  7'he  posts  and  quarters  in  the  walls.  1703 
MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  163  Single  Quarters  are.  .two  Inches 
thick,  and  four  Inches  broad.  The  Double  Quarters  are 
sawen  to  Four  Inches  square.  1811  Self  Instructor  141 
Plastering  ..  between  the  quarters  in  partitioning.  1825 
J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  627  If  the  workman  find 
materials  for  rendering  between  quarters,  one-fifth  must  be 
added  for  quarters.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1843/2  The 
English  rule  is  to  place  the  quarters  at  a  distance  not  ex 
ceeding  14  inches. 

20.  a.  Farriery.     One  side  of  a  horse's  hoof; 
one  half  of  the  coffin,  extending  between  heel  and 
toe;   sometimes,  the  part  of  this  immediately  in 
front  of  the  heel.     False  quarter  \  see  FALSE  a.  7. 
b.  The  corresponding  part  of  a  horse-shoe. 

1523  etc.  [see  FALSE  a.  7],  1607  TOPSELL  Four-f.  Beasts 
(1658)  309  You  shall  easily  perceive  whether  his  grief  be  in 
the  inward  quarter  or  in  the  outward  quarter ;  the  quarter 
is  to  be  understood,  from  the  mid  hoof  to  the  heel.  1685 
Loud.  Gaz.  No.  2054/4  A  Brown  Dun  Mare  .  .with,  .a  false 
quarter  in  one  of  her  fore  Feet.  1727  BRADLEY  Fan?.  Diet. 
s.  v.  Cut,  If  . .  the  Horse  Cuts  himself,  or  interferes,  thicken 
the  inner  Quarters  or  Spunges  of  his  Shoes.  1829  Nat. 
Philos.)  Prelim.  Treat.  (U.K.S.)  37  The  frog  coming  down 
in  the  middle  between  the  quarters,  adds  greatly  to  the 
elasticity.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1843/2  Quarter^ . . the 
rear  or  heel  portion  of  a  horseshoe. 

c.  That  part  of  a  shoe  or  boot  lying  immedi 
ately  in  front  of  the  back-line,  on  either  side  of 
the  foot ;  the  piece  of  leather,  or  other  stuff,  forming 
this  part  of  the  shoe  from  the  heel  to  the  vamp. 

1753  HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  I.  m.  i.  228  They  wear  slippers 
like  women's  shoes,  without  quarters.  1817  MAR.  EDGEWORTH 
Harrington  vi,  A  slipper,  with  a  heel  so  high,  and  a  quarter  so 
low.  1834  PLANCHE  Brit.  Costume  315  The  shoes  were  worn 
with  longer  quarters  and  larger  buckles.  1885  Harper's 
Mag.  Jan.  280/2  The  small  quarter  and  button  piece  are 
4  closed  '  on  the  large  quarter. 

t  21.  A  bed  or  plot  in  a  garden.     Obs. 

Possibly  due, in  part  at  least, to  confusion  between  'quarter' 
and  '  square  '  (as  in  the  ca>e  of  quadrant ',  quadrate) :  cf.  F. 
earn1,  Sp.  cnadro  square,  garden-plot. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Area  in  hortis,  ..  a  platte  or 
quarter.  1572  MASCALL  /'/««/.  #  Graff.  (1592)  8  Ye  may 
plant  or  set  all  your  Nuttes  in  one  square  or  quarter  to- 

f'thcr.  1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  ii.  118/1  Statues  or 
Sgures  cut  in  Stone  [are  proper]  to  be  in  the  quarters  of  the 
Garden.  1706  LONDON  &  WISE  Rctir'd  Gard'ner  12  Dig 
put  of  the  Walks  all  the  good  Earth,  and  wheel  or  throw  it 
into  the  Quarters.  1764  Museum  Rusticum  III.  xvi.  73 
This  year  they  began  to  attack  a  large  quarter  of  new- 
grafted  apples. 

22.  Nattt.  a.  The  upper  part  of  a  ship's  side 
between  the  after  part  of  the  main  chains  and  the 
stern.  On  the  quarter^  in  a  direction  about  mid 
way  between  astern  and  on  the  beam. 

J599  [see  AFTER  a.  4  b].  a  1618  RALEIGH  Royal  Nary  10 
Otherwise  the  bow  and  quarter  will  utterly  spoile  her  say  ling. 
1624  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Brave  Sea-fight  Wks.  (1630)  m. 
39/2  To  clap  the  Portugall  aboord  on  the  Larboord  quarter. 
1719  DE  FoE-Crrtsoe  i.xui,  All  the  stern  and  quarter  of  her  was 
beaten  to  pieces  with  the  sea.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine 
(1780)  s.  v.,  If  we  were  to  divide  the  ship's  sides  into  five 
equal  portions . .  the  first,  from  the  stern,  would  be  the  quarter. 
Ibid.)  s.  v.  Bearing.  These  bearings,  .which  may  be  called 
mechanical,  are  on  the  beam,  ..  on  the  quarter  [etc.]. 
1805  Log  of  H. M.S.  Tonnant  21  Oct.  in  Nicolas  Disp. 
AW.w«(i846)  VII.  167  note, The  French  Admiral'sShip  under 
our  quarter  had  lost  her  foremast.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  Be/. 
Mast  iv.  8  Leaving  the  land  on  our  quarter.  1878  Masque 
Poets  120  The  sea  that  came  over  her  quarter. 

b.  Of  a  yard  :  The  part  between  the  slings  and 
the  yard-arm  (see  also  quot.  1769). 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.  v.  Yard,  The 
distance  between  the  slings  and  the  yard-arms  on  each  side 
is  . .  divided  into  quarters,  which  are  distinguished  into  the 
first,  second,  third  quarters, and  yard-arms.  <ri86o  H.STUART 
Seaman's  Catech.  25  The  quarter  of  the  mainyard.  1882 
NARES  Seamanship  ^ed.  6)  41  The  truss  strop  on  the  quarter 
of  the  yard. 

1 23.  The  skirt  of  a  coat  or  other  garment.    Obs. 

'535  COVERDALE  Dent.  xxii.  12  Thou  shall  make  gardes 
vpon  the  foure  quarters  of  thy  garment.  1591  PERCIVALL 
Sp.  Diet.,  Fa/da,  the  lap  of  a  coate,  the  skirtes,  the  quarters 
of  a  coate.  1:1658  Wit  Restored  167  Chill  put  on  my 
zunday  parrell  That's  lac't  about  the  quarters. 
b.  Of  a  saddle  :  (see  quot.). 

1753  CHAMBERS  CycL  Sitpp.  s.  v.t  Quarters  of  a  saddle  are 
the  pieces  of  leather  or  stuff  made  fast  to  the  lower  part  of 
the  sides  of  a  saddle,  and  hanging  down  btlow  the  saddle. 


QUARTER. 

24.  One  of  the  four  parts  into  which  a  road  is 
divided  by  the  horse-track  and  the  wheel-ruts. 

1767  A.  YOUNG  Lett,  to  People  (1771)  I:  445  A  road. .upon 
which  the  tracks  may  vary,  without  having  quarters  a  yard 
high  to  cross.  1789  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  VII.  204  Gravelled 
roads,,  .where  quarters  are  formed  by  carriages  following  in 
one  continued  track.  1805  DICKSON  Practical  Agric.  I. 
Plate  x.xxvii,  It  is  drawn  by  two  horses  abreast,  the  outside 
horse  on  the  outer  quarter,  and  the  other  in  the  path.  . .  Thus 
an  inside  and  outside  quarter  are  taken  in  going,  and  the 
others  in  returning.  1879  in  Norfolk  Arch.  VIII.  172. 

25.  dial.  One  of  the  four  teats  of  a  cow  (cf. 
QUARTER-EVIL  2).     False  quarter  (see  quot.  1797). 

1797  J.  BILLISGSLEY  I'iew  Agric.  Somerset  249  This  dis 
order  frequently  affects  the  udder,  and  brings  on  a  false 
quarter,  that  is,  a  deprivation  of  milk  in  one  teat.  1886 
HOLLAND  Cheshire  Gloss,  s.y.,  When  a  cow.  .ceases  to  give 
milk  from  one  teat,  she  is  said  to  have  lost  a  quarter. 

26.  Miscellaneous  uses. 

a.  Fencing.  Some  kind  of  stroke  or  blow  (cf.  quarter-blow, 
-stroke  in  30).  fb.  ?A  square  space.  Obs.  tp-  ?A 
square  block.  Obs.  t  d.  Typog.  One  of  the  divisions  of 
a  form  (see  quot.).  Obs.  t  e.  In  the  manege  (see  quot.). 
Obs.  ff.  //.  In  the  old  style  of  Rugby  football  (see  quot.). 
Obs.  g.  Arch.  A  portion  of  a  Gothic  arch  (Knight  Diet. 
Mech.  1875).  h.  Carpentry.  A  section  of  a  winding  stair 
(ibid.),  i.  A  section  of  a  mill-stone  dress  (ibid.).  j. 
That  part  of  the  side  of  a  cask  which  lies  between  the 
chime  and  bulge  (ibid.).  k.  An  angular  piece  of  cork, 
ready  for  rounding  (itiff.). 

a.  £1450  Fencing  w,  two  handed  Sword  in  Ret.  Ant.  I. 
^09  Thy  rakys,  thy  rowndis,  thy  quarters  abowte.  b.  1454 
in  Dugdale  Antiq.  IVar^vicksh.  356  Under  every  principal! 
housing  a  goodly  quarter  for  a  Scutcheon  of  copper  and  gilt 
to  be  set  in.  c.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  602  In  Portugall 
..  there  be  found  great  crystal  quarters  or  masses  of  a  won 
derful  weight.  d.  1683  MOXON  Mech.  E.\-erc.t  Printing 
388  Quarto's,  Octavo's  and  Twelves  Forms  are  Imposed  in 
Quarters.  They  are  called  Quarters,  not  from  their  equal 
divisions  ;  but  because  they  are  Imposed  and  Lockt  up 
apart.  Thus  half  the  Short-Cross  in  a  Twelves  Form  is 
called  a  Quarter,  though  it  be  indeed  but  one  Sixth  part  of 
the  Form.  e.  17*7  BAILEY  vol.  II,  To work  from  Quarter ; 
to  Quarter,  is  to  ride  a  Horse  three  Times  an  End  upon 
the  first  of  the  four  Lines  of  a  Square,  and  then  changing 
Hands  to  ride  him  three  Times  upon  the  second,  and  so  to 
do  upon  the  third  and  fourth.  f.  1857  HUGHES  Tom  Brown. 
i.  v.  114  The  captain  of  quarters  ..  spread  his  men. .half 
way  between  their  own  goal  and  the  body  of  their  own 
players -up. 

V.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

27.  General  combs,  (sense  i),  as  quarter-barrel \ 
-ebbt  -face,  -flood,  -hogshead,  -inch,  -look,  -mile, 
pay,  -pint,  -rations,   -size,  -yard,  etc. ;    quarter- 
faced  adj. ;  quarter-yearly  adv. 

1882  OUIDA  Maremma  I.  245  There  is  a  trifle  of  oil,  a 
*quarter  barrel.  ^1391  CHAUCER  Astrol.  n.  §  46  Whebir  it  be 
..half  or*quarter  ebbe.  1626 CAPT.  SMITH  Accid.yng.  Sea 
men  17  A  spring  tide,  ebbe,  a  quarter  ebbe,  half  ebbe.  1846 
McCi'LLOCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  I.  251  Measured  from 
the  sea  at  quarter-ebb  tide.  1616  B.  JOSSON  Forest  xii,  Let 
them  still  Turn  upon  scorned  verse  their  *quarter-face.  1833 
Reg-iil.  Instr.  Cavalry  i.  33  Remain  *quarter-faced  to  the 
right,  c  1391  CHAUCER  Astrol.  if.  §  46  Half  flode  or  *quarter 
flode.  1626  C'APT.  SMITH  Accid.yng.  Sea-Mien  17  [The  sea] 
flowes  quarter  floud,  high  water,  or  a  stiil  water.  1801 
NELSON  15  Aug.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  IV.  460  At  last 
quarter-flood,  at  the  Pier-head.  1891  T.  HARDY  Tess 
xxxviii,  The  washing-tub  stood., on  the  same  old  *quarter- 
hogshead.  1890  W.  J.  GORDON  Found) y  58  Nearly  all  of 
them  are  to  a  "quarter-inch  scale.  1636  MASSINGER  Bashf. 
Lover  I.  i,  Observe  his  posture  But  with  a  *quarter-look. 
1895  \Vestni.  Gaz.  u  Jan.  5/2  A  "quarter-mile  straight  race 
for  professionals.  1691  LUTTRELL  Brief  K  el.  (1857)  II.  275 
The  seamen  shall  be  . .  kept  in  *quarter  pay  till  spring. 
1744  BERKELEY  Let.  to  Hanmer  21  Aug.  in  Fraser  Lije\\\\. 
(1871)  299  You  may  take  this  quantity  either  in  half-pint  or 
*quarter-pint  glasses.  1856  LEVER  Martins  o/Cro1  M.  201 
A  shipwrecked  crew  reduced  to  *quarter-rations.  1889 
Anthony  s  Phot ogr.  Bull.  II.  3  A  *quarter-size  'detective1 
camera^  a  1400  Stockh,  Med.  MS.  ii.  657  in  /$Mg7/V*XVIII. 
323  His  stalke  is  *quarter  gerde  longe.  1795  HAMILTON 
Wks,  (1886)  VII.  95  His  allowance  is  at  the  rate  of  25,000 
dollars  per  annum,  6,250  dollars  *quarter-yearly. 

b.  With  names  of  coins,  as  quart er-angel,  -dollar, 
-ducat,  -eagle,  -florin,  -guinea^  -noble,  -pound, -shekel, 
-shilling)  -sovereign,  etc. 

1866  CRUMP  Banking  x.  223  ''Quarter-angel.  1837  HT. 
MARTINEAU  See.  Ainer.  II.  89  The  lowest  price  ..  was  a 
*quarter-dollar  per  acre.  1639  FORD  Lady's  Trial  v.  i", 
Pistol  a  straggler  for  a  *quarter-ducat.  1874  RAYMOND  6M 
Ref.  Mines  524  Eagles  ..  Half-eagles  ..  *Quarter-eagIes. 
1707  FLEETWOOD  Citron.  Prec.  21  The  *Quarter  Floren  he 
[Fabian]  calls  a  Farthing,  v.il  \s.  v\\\d.  1776  Ann.  Reg.  140 
^Quarter  guineas  more  deficient  in  weight  than . .  i  dwt.  8  grs. 
1803  HATCHETT  in  Phil.  Trans.  XCIII.  137  George  1.  a 
quarter-guinea.  1866  CRUMI-  Banking  x.  222  *Quarter- 
noble.  Ibid.  223  *Quarter-pound.  1702  R.  L'ESTRANGE 
Josefi/iHS,  Anti'j.  vi.  v.  (1733)  136  The  Servants  told  him  that 
he  had  a  *Quarter-Sicle  left  yet.  1561  Prod.  A  bossing 
Coynt-s  in  Stafford  Exam.  Complaints  (1876)  101  The 
*Quarter  shilling  That  was  curraunt  for  iij  d  shalbe  curraunt 
for  ij  d. 

f  C.  Artillery,  denoting  small  sizes  of  certain 
pieces,  as  quarter-cannon,  -culver in t  -slang,  -sling. 
Obs.  (Cf.  HALF-  II.  d.) 

1549  Compl.  Scot.  vi.  41  Mak  reddy^our  . .  slangis,  &  half 
slangis,  quarter  slangis.  1570  DROUT  Gaulfr.  $  Barn,  (1844) 
C  2  Thy  roaring  cannons . .  Yea  bases,  foulers,  quarter-slings. 
1611  FLORIO,  Quarto  cannone,  a  quarter  Cannon,  which  is 
but  weakely  fortifide  or  mettalled.  1684  J.  PETEK  Siege 
Vienna  in  Quarter  Cannon,  each  12  pound  306.  Ibid.  109 
Quarter  Culverin.  .26. 

d.  With  names  of  persons,  as  quarter-carrier, 
-fairy,  -ruler,  -tyrant.  Also  QUARTERMASTER  3. 

1612  SHAKS.  £  FL.  Two  h'oble  K.  i.  ii.  108  Were  he  a 


QUARTER. 

"quarter  carrier  of  that  honour  which  His  enemy  comes  in. 
a  1634  RANDOLPH  Amyntus  v.  6  They  do  caper  Like  "quarter 
Fairies  at  the  least.  1610  HEAI.EY  St.  Aug.  Citic  of  God 
iv.  xi.  (1620)  160  A  'quarter  ruler  with  his  brethren  and 
sisters,  c  1640  J.  SMYIII  Lives  Berkeley*  (1883)  I.  116  The 
lawes.  .as  some  have  written,  were  as  *quarter-tirants. 
f  28.  (Sense  8  a)  =  '  quarter's ',  '  quarterly ',  as 
qitarter-allowance,  -almoner,  -feast,  -fee,  -salary, 
-sermon,  -set-vice,  -supper.  Also  QUARTER-DAY, 

-SESSIONS,  -WAITER. 

1727  DOVER  Diet.  Fr.-Angl.,  Qnartier, . .  "Quarter-allow- 
ance.  1599  SANDYS  Eurapz  Spec,  g  With  an  eye  perhaps 
that  themselves  would  be  his  "quarter  Almoners.  1609  B 
JONSON  Silent  Woman  n.  ii,  It  is  his  "quarter-feast,  sir. 
1615  J.  STEPHENS  Satyr.  F.ss.\\  Clearkes  and  other  knaves 
.  .Will  take  a  pention  or  a  "quarter-fec.  1583  STUBBES /?«<!/. 
Abus.  n.  (1882)  77  Preaching  their  "quarter  sermons  them- 
selues.  a  1555  LATIMER  Serin,  ff  Rem.  (1845)  243  Any  ser 
vices  in  your  churches,  either  trentat,  "quarter-service  or 
other.  1593  in  Acts Prtu.  Comic.  N.  S.  XXII.  564  Irysche 
customes  as  ..  "Quartersupers  called  Quidraighe. 

29.  Naut.  (sense  22  a)  as  quarter- badge,  -bitt, 
-boat,  -check,  -davits,  -fast,  -netting,  -port,  -rail, 
-railing,  -stanchions  (cf.  quots.).  See  also  quarter- 
board,  -cloth,  -ladder,  -timbers  in  30,  and  QUARTER- 
GALLERY,  -LINE,  -PIECE,  -WIND. 

1807  ROBINSON  Arcliseol.  Grxca  iv.  xiv.  390  To  the  iutpo- 
proAia  in  the  prow  answered  the  a^Acta-™,  "quarter-badges, 
m  the  stern.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-l>k.,  Quarter- 


badge,  artificial  galleries;  a  carved  ornament  near  the  stern 
of  those  vessels  which  have  no  quarter-galleries.  1805  Sir 
E.  BERRY  13  Oct.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1846)  VII.  118  note, 
I  ordered  the  weather  "quarter-boat  to  be  cut  away.  1840 
R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast  vi.  13  The  watch  on  deck  were 
lowering  away  the  quarter-boat  1833  MARRYAT  P.  Simple 
(1863)  41  Request  that  he  will  cast  off  the  "quarter  check. 
1898  J.  CONRAD  Nigger  of  Narch 


outer  ends,  projecting  from  a  vessel's  quarters,  to  hoist  boats 
up  to.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.  117  Fast,  a  rope  or 
chain  by  which  a  vessel  is  secured  to  a  wharf  or  quay.  They 
are  called  bow,  head,  "quarter,  and  stern  fasts.  1769  FAL 
CONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  *Quartcr-Netting,  a  sort  of 
net-work,  extended  along  the  rails  on  the  upper  part  of  a 
ship's  quarter.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-Ik.,  Quarter- 
Nettings,  the  place  alloted  on  the  quarters  for  the  stowage 
of  hammocks.  Hid.,  'Quarter-forts,  those  made  in  the 
after  side-timbers  and  especially  in  round-stern  vessels 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  'Quarter-rails,  are 
narrow-moulded  planks,  generally  of  fir,  reaching  from  the 
top  of  the  stern  to  the  gangway.  £1850  Kndiin.  Navig. 
(Weale)  139  Quarter-rails,  rails  fixed  into  stanchions  from 
the  stern  to  the  gangway,  and  serving  as  a  fence.  1809 
W.  IRVING  Knickerb.  (1861)  200  Anthony. .was  leaning  over 
the  "quarter-railing  of  the  galley.  1860  LONGK.  Wayside 
Inn,  Saga  K.  Ola/  xx,  He  sat  concealed,  ..  behind  the 
quarter-railing.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.  243  'Quarter- 
stanchions,  strong  stanchions  in  the  quarters  of  a  square- 
sterned  vessel,  one  of  which  forms  the  outmost  boundary  of 
the  stern  on  either  side :  it  connects  the  main  rail  with  the 
taffrail ;  [etc.]. 

30.  Special  combs.,  as  quarter-ail  =  QUAKTER- 
ILL  ;  f  quarter-ale,  an  '  ale  '  or  festival  held  by 
the  people  of  a  certain  quarter  (?  or  quarterly)  ; 
quarter-angled  a.,  at  a  quarter  of  a  right  angle ; 
also   Her.   =  QUADRATE  a.  5  ;   quarter-aspect, 
quartile-aspect  (Worcester  1860,  citing  Brande)  ; 
quarter-back,   in   American   football,    a    player 
stationed  between  the  forwards  and  half-backs; 
(see  also  quot.  1895);  f  quarter-basin,  Sc.  (?); 
quarter-bell,  a  bell  in  a  clock  which  sounds  the 
quarters ;  quarter-bend,  a  section  of  pipe  bent 
into  a  quarter-circle  (Knight  Diet.  Mcc/t.  Suppl. 
1884);  quarter-bill,  Naut.  (see  quot.)  ;  quarter- 
binding,   a   style   of  bookbinding   with   narrow 
leather   back  and  no  leather  corners;    quarter- 
blanket,   a   small    blanket    for    a    horse's    back 
(Knight) ;    quarter-block,  Naut.  a   block  fitted 
under  the  quarter  of  a  yard  ;  •)•  quarter-blow  (cf. 
QUARTER   26  a,    and    quarter-stroke) ;    quarter- 
board,  f  some  kind  of  board  used  in  carpentry ; 
also  Naut.  in  //.  (see  quot.  1846);    f  quarter- 
book,    ?  a   book    containing   quarterly   accounts  ; 
quarter-boot,  a  leather  boot  used  to  protect  the 
heels  of  a  horse's  fore-feet  from  being  injured  by  the 
hind  feet  (Knight) ;  quarter-bound  a.,  in  Book 
binding    (see   quarter-binding) ;   quarter-boy,   a 
quarter-jack  in  the  form  of  a  boy ;  quarter-bred, 
of  animals :  having  one  fourth  good  blood  (Ogilvie, 
1882) ;  fquarter-bullet (see quot.) ;  quarter-butt, 
in  Billiards,  a  cue  smaller  than  the  HALF-BUTT; 
quarter-cask,  (a)  a  quarter-hogshead;  (i)  aquarter- 
butt ;   f  quarter-cast,  a.  of  a  horse  (see  quot.)  ; 
quarter-clock,  a  clock  that  strikes  the  quarters ; 
quarter-cloth,    (a)    Naut.    (see    quot.) ;    (b)  = 
quarter-blanket;  quarter-coal,  a  periodical  allow 
ance  of  coal  made  to  miners  (Gresley  Gloss.  Coal 
mining  1883);  quarter-column, Mi  1. (see quots.); 
t  quarter-cord, ./J//'«/'«f(seequot.  1747  ;  quarter- 
course,  C.S.,  a  quarter-mile  racing-course;  quar 
ter-crack,  a  crack  on  the  inner  quarter  of  a  horse's 
fore-hoof (Syd.Soc.Lex.  1897) ;  t quarter-curtsey, 
a   slight  curtsey;    quarter-cut,    plank   cut   to   a 
quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness ;  quarter-distance, 


29 

Mil.  a  distance  intermediate  between  half  and  close 
distance  ;  quarter-fishes  [Fisii  s6.-],  Naut. '  stout 
pieces  of  wood  hooped  on  to  a  mast  to  strengthen 
it '  (Cent.  Diet.} ;  f  quarter-foot  =  quarter-hoof; 
t  quarter-four,  (?) ;  quarter-galley,  Naut.  '  a 
Barbary  cruiser '  (Smyth) ;  quarter-grain,  the 
grain  of  wood  in  the  plane  of  the  medullary  fibres 
and  radially  from  the  centre,  shown  when  a  log  is 
quartered  ;  f  quarter-ground  (Isle  of  Man)  ^ 


ers  ;  quarter-timber,  t  (a)  quarts 
timber  in   the  form  of  quarters    ( 
Naut.    in  //.    (see   quot.    1846) ; 
Mus.  one  half  of  a  semitone ;   qu 


1797  J-  BILLINGSLEY  Vino  Agric.,  Somerse I  249  A  disorder 
provmcially  called  the  'quarter-ail,  which  is  a  mortification 
beginning  at  the  hock.  1574  Proviso  in  Lease  in  Worsley 
/fist.  Isle  Wight  210  If  the  Quarter  shall  need  ..  to  make 
a  "Quarter-Ale,  or  Church-AIe.  1775  ADAIR  Amcr.  Ind.  269 
Rushed  off  with  impetuous  violence,  on  a  "quarter-angled 
course.  1895  \Vcstm.  Caz.  8  Nov.  2/1  Your  •  "quarter-backs ', 


heel  =  QUARTER  20  c ;  quarter- hollow,  a  concave 
moulding,  having  an  arc  which  is  approximately  a 
quadrant ;  also  attrib.,  or  adj.,  as  in  quarter-hollow 
tool  (Cent.  Diet.  1891) ;  f  quarter-hoof,  ?  a  hoof 
with  one  of  the  quarters  cut   (cf.  quarter-cast)  • 
quarter-hoop,  a  hoop  on  the  quarter  of  a  cask ; 
also  attrib. ;  quarter-hung  a.,  of  a  gun :  having 
trunnions  with  their  axis  below  the  line  of  bore 
(Knight)  ;    quarter-iron,    a    boom-iron    on    the 
quarter  of  a,  yard  ;   quarter-ladder,  Naut.  (see 
quots.)  ;  quarter-left,  Mil.  one  quarter  of  a  right- 
angle   towards   the   left;    quarter-light,   a  side- 
window  in  the  body  of  a  close  carriage,  as  distinct 
from  the  door-light ;  quarter-miler,  one  who  is 
good  at  running  a  quarter-mile  race  ;  f  quarter- 
moon,  (a)  a  crescent  moon ;  (b)  =  QUADRATURE 
4  b  i  t  quarter-night,  the  time  when  a  quarter  of 
the   night   has    passed ;    quarter-note,   Mus.   a 
crotchet;  dsx>attrib.a&  quarter-note  rest;  quarter- 
pace,  a  resting-place  or  landing  on  a  stair,  con 
taining   a  quadrant  or   'quarter-turn';    quarter- 
partition,  a  partition  whose  framework  is  made  of 
quarters  ;   quarter-pierced  a.,  Her.  (see  quots.)  ; 
quarter-plate,  a   photographic  plate   measuring 
3l  x  4.i  inches  ;  also,  a  photograph"  taken  on  a  plate 
of  this   size ;    also   attrib.  •    quarter-ply  a.  (?)  ; 
quarter-point,  Naut.  =  QUARTER  iob;  quarter- 
pointed  a.,  Her.  (see  quot.) ;  quarter-pole,  a  pole 
marking  the  quarter-mile  on  a  race-course  ;  quar 
ter-quibble,  ?  a  poor  or  weak  quibble ;  quarter- 
race,  U.S.,  a  quarter-mile  race;  quarter-rack,  a 
rack  which  regulates  the  striking  of  the  quarters  in 
a  clock  ;  •)•  quarter- ranger,  ?  the  ranger  or  keeper 
of  a  certain  quarter ;  quarter-repeater,  a  repeater- 
watch  which  strikes  the  quarters;  quarter-rest, 
Mus.  a  rest  equal  in  time  to  a  quarter-note,  a 
crotchet-rest  (Cent.  Diet.*) ;   quarter-right,  Mil. 
one  quarter  of  a  right  angle  towards  the  right ; 
t  quarter-road,  an   ordinary  road  with  quarters 
separated  by  horse-track  and  ruts  ;  quarter-round, 
a  convex  moulding  having  an  outline  of  a  quarter- 
circle,  an  ovolo  or  echinus ;  also  attrib.,  or  adj., 
as   quarter-round  tool;    t  quarter-sack,    a   sack 
capable  of  holding  a  quarter  of  grain  ;  quarter- 
sawed  a.,  of  wood:  quartered;  quarter-screw, 
one  of  the  four  screws  in  a  compensation  balance 
by  which  the  watch  is  regulated  ;  quarter-seal, 
a   seal  pertaining  to  the  Chancery  of  Scotland, 
having  the  shape  and  impression  of  a  fourth  part 
of  the  Great  Seal ;   quarter- section  (U.  S.  and 
Canada),   a   quarter   of  a   square   mile   of  land, 
1 60  acres  ;  quarter-sights,  sights  engraved  on  the 
base-ring  of  a  cannon  in  quarter  degrees  (Smyth) ; 
quarter-slings,  Naut.  (see  quot.) ;  quarter-snail 
(see  quot.);  quarter-space  =  quarter-pace  (Nichol 
son,  1 8 23) ;  f  quarter-spells,  some  game ;  quarter- 
square,  the  fourth  part  of  the  square  of  a  number ; 
quarter-stroke,    f  («)   =  quarter-blow  ;    (b)    the 
stroke  with  which  a  clock  marks  the  quarters; 
quarter-stuff, (a)  =quarter-timber\>;  (b)  =  quar 
ter-cut    (Knight);    quarter-tackle,    Naut.    (see 
quot.) ;  f  quarter-tale,  reckoning  (grain)  by  quar 
ters  ;  quarter-timber,  f  (a)  quartered  timber ;  (*) 

(sense   19)  ;    (c) 
quarter-tone, 
quarter-track  = 

quarter-course  ;  quarter-turn,  (a)  a  rifle  in  which 
the  shot  makes  a  quarter  of  a  revolution  in  the 
length  of  the  barrel ;  (b*)  a  bend  of  a  quarter  of 
a  circle  ;  also  atlrib. ;  quarter-twist  =  prec.  a ; 
quarter-vine,  an  American  vine  (Bignonia  capreo- 
latd),  the  stem  of  which  readily  divides  into 
quarters  (Cent.  Diet.} ;  f  quarter-voided  a.,  Her. 
=  quarter-pierced;  quarter-watch,  Kaut.  a.  ship's 
watch  composed  of  one-fourth  of  the  crew  ;  quar 
ter-wheeling,  turning  through  a  quarter  of  a 
circle  ;  f  quarter-wood  =  quarter-timber. 


QUARTER. 

ao  ha'f;b»i;ks  »«*  'hen  called,  waited  for  the  ball  to  roll  out. 
1899  W.  CAMP  in  Badminton  Foothill  x.vii.  286  Seven  rushers 
or  forwards,  a  quarter-back,  who  stands  just  behind  this 

»'  '1y°,half'backs  [etc-'-  '»•    BuRNS  Lan  Eccleficlumi. 

A  mickle  "quarter  basin.  1872  ELLACOMBE  Bells  o/Ch  in 
Ch.  Befit  Devon  viii.  393  The  four  "quarter  bells  were  cast 
1769  r  ALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  *Quarter-Bill,  a  roll,  or 
list,  containing  the  different  stations,  to  which  all  the  officers 
and  crew  of  the  ship  are  quartered,  in  the  time  of  battle, 
and  the  names  of  all  the  persons  appointed  tothose  stations 
1794  higging  ff  Seamanship  I.  157  Thick-andthin,  or 
Quarter  *'--'•  ••-  -  J-  .... 


_  .  - 

block,  is  a  double  block  ..  used  to  lead  d 


down  the 


through  gins  instead  of  quarter  blocks.    1555  W.  WATREMAN 


with  such  countrey  glances  as  they  coulde.     1638  HLYWOOU 
Wise   n'om.  iv.  Wks.  1874  V.  330,  I  had  my  wards,  and 
foynes,  and  quarter-blowes.     1452  in  Willis  and  Clark  Cam 
bridge  (18861  I.  282  The  selyng  boord  ..  shalbe  'quartere 
horde  an  niche  thyk.     1497  Naval  Ace.  lien.  K//(i896i  296 
Sawyng  of  certeyn  tyinbre  into  plank.es  [&]  quarterbordes. 
1548  Privy  Council  Acts  (1890)  II.  174  Quarter  boord,  iijml. 
1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.  242  Quarter-Hoards  or  Top 
gallant  Quarter-Boards,  a  thin  bulwark  boarding,  forming 
an  additional  height  to  the  bulwarks  at  the  after  part  of  a 
vessel.     They  also  get  the  name  of  Topgallant  bulwarks. 
1679-88  Seer.  Sen,.  Money  Chas.  f,  Jos.  iCamden)  146  His 
allowance,  .for  returning  the  "quarter  books  to  Sr  Edmund 
I  urner.    1826  SOUTHEY  I'ind.  Eccl.  A  ngl.  260  The  machinery 
..by  which  his  own  "quarter-boys  in  Fleet-street  perform 
their  office.      1900  Acatlemy  28  Apr.  365/1  The  grotesque 
quarter-boys'— corpulent   cherubs   on   either  side   of    the 
clock— beat  the  quarters  on  the  dial.    1627  CAPT.  SMITH  X,  a- 
man's   Gram.   xiv.    6cj    "Quarter    Bullets    is  . .  any  bullet 
quartered  in  foure  or  eight  parts.     1873  BENNETT  &  CAVFX- 
DISII  Billiards  27  The  cue-butt  or  "quarter-butt  is  larger  in 
diameter  than  the  cue,   about   5  feet  long,  and  leathered 
at   the   bottom.       1711-2   Ath't.    in    Spectator   (1891)    904, 
22  Hogsheads  and  3  "quarter  Casks  of  new   Bene-Carlos 
Barcelona  Wine .  .at . . 5/.  per  Hogshead  and  251.  per  Quarter 
Cask.     1727  BAILEY  vol.  II,  f Quarter-cast  (wilh  Horsemen), 
a  Horse  is  said  to  cast  his  Quarter,  where  for  any  Disorder 
in  the  Coffin,  there  is  a  Necessity  to  cut  one  of  the  Quarters 
of  the  Hoof.      1626  DONNE  Serin.    Ixxiii.   748   There  was 
never  heard  "Quarter-clock  to  strike.     1884  F.  J.  BRITTEN 
ll-'atc/i  f,  Clockm.  217  [A]  Quarter  Clock,  .[is]  a  clock  that 
strikes   or  chimes  at  the  quarter  hours.      1769    FALCONER 
Diet.  Marine  (1780),  'Quarter-cloths,  long  pieces  of  painted 
canvas,  extended  on    the    outside   of   the    quarter-netting 
from  the  upper  part  of  the  gallery  to  the  gangway.     1894 
Field  9  June    828/3   The    names    of  his  two   horses    em 
broidered   on    the   quarter    cloths.      1879   Cassell's  Techn. 
Ettuc.lV.  218/2  The  "quarter-column  is  the  formation.,  most 
employed  when  large  bodies  of  troops  are  working  together. 
1884  St.   James's  Gas.  21  Aug.   5/2   A  battalion  of  eight 
companies  in  quarter-column,  that  is,  in  column  of  companies 
one  behind  the  other.     1747  HOOSON  Miner's  Diet.  Q  ij  b, 
*Quartercord  [is]  a  Measure  used  in  laying  out  of  Flats,  'tis 
a  superficial  Measure,  and  one  fourth  part  of  a  Mear ;  it  is  a 
Square,  each  side  being  seven  Yards  and  one  Quarter  long. 
1851  TAPPING  Gloss.  Mining  Terms  (E.  D.  S.),  s.v.t  So  long 
as  a  mine  is  wrought  ,.  everything  upon  the  quarter  cord 
belongs  to  the  miner.      1885  Century  Mag.  XXX.  397/2 
'"Quarter-courses'  usually  consisted  of  two  paiallel  paths, 
and  were  run  by  two  horses  at  a  time.     1753  SMOLLETT  Ct. 
Fathom  (1784)  147/1  A  "quarter  curtsey,  or  slight  inclination 
of  the  head.  _  iSgslr'esli:!.  Caz.  30  Mar.  3/1  The  skin  of .  .all 
kinds  of  racing  eights,  is  known  as  '"quarter  cut'.     1796 
Inslr.  ff  Keg.    Cm'alty  (1813)    164   The   rear  ..  [divisions] 
quicken   their  march,  and  close  up  to  'quarter  distance. 
1842  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  (1849-50)  XIV.  xciv.  §  7.  7  They 
were  drawn  up  in  two  lines,  but  the  enemy  chiefly  in  quarter- 
distance  columns.      1711  Land.  Gaz,  No.  4888/4  A  'quarter 
Foot  the  near  Foot  behind.    1776  G.  SEMPLE  Building  in 
Heater  66  A  nine  Foot  Pantile-lath  or  a  "Quarter-four.    1745 
P.  THOMAS  l-'oy.  S.  Seas  58  We  found  here  in  the  Road  . . 
two  "Quarter  Galleys.   1867  [see  HALF-GALLEY].     1703  T.N. 
City  ff  C.  Purchaser  187  The  "Quarter-grain,  .is  that  Grain 
which  is  seen  to  run  in  straight  Lines  towards  the  Pitch. 
1825  J. NICHOLSON Operat.  Mechanic  612  Clear  them  [laths] 
into  thicknesses  by  the  quarter  grain.     1593  Statutes  Isle 
Man  (1821)  76  To  pay  for    every  "Quarter  Ground   in 
respect  of  their  . .  Custom  Turves.     1703  T.  X.  City  ff  C. 
Purchaser  35  "Quarter-heads,  or  Bill-brads  for  soft  Wood- 
floors.     1727  A.    HAMILTON  Nnu  Ace.  E.  Ind.  I.  vii.  67 
Their  Shoes,  .very  low  and  stiff  at  the  "Quarter-heels.    1713 
Land.  Gaz.  No.  5148/12  A  "Quarter-hoof  on  one  of  his  hind 
Feet.  1885 Census  Instinct.,  "Quarter  Hoop  Maker,  Bender, 
Shaver,     c  1860  H.  STUART  Seaman's  Cateeh.  75  On  each 
quarter  is  a  "quarter-iron  that  opens  with  a  hinge  to  allow 
the  topmast  studding  sail  booms  to  be  raised  or  lowered. 
1769   FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1789),  *Qnarter-Lattders, 
two  ladders  of  rope,  depending  from  the  right  and  left  side 
of  a  ship's  stern.     1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  IVord-bk.,  Quarter- 
Ladder,  from  the  quarter-deck  to  the  poop.      1832  Regnl. 
fnstr.    Cavalry    ill.   93    The  ..  command    will    be    given, 
Squadrons  ».  "Quarter  or  Half  Left.     1881  Daily   Ncius 
15  Sept.  3/2  The  engine.. struck  the  side  of  the  three  last 
carriages . .  smashed  a  number  of  the '  "quarter  lights '.    1890 
W.  J.  GORDON  Foundry  157  The  thick  glass  in  the  quarter- 
lights,  the  thinner  plate  in  the  door-lights,  are  not  bought 
for  nothing.     1899  Daily  News  19  July  6/5  The  "quarter- 
miler  was  only  just  leading.     1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  121 
With  horned  points  like  to  a  "quarter  moone.     1665-6  Phil, 
Trans.  I.  55   The  Course  of  irregular  Tides  about  the 
Quartermoons.    c  1386  CHAUCER  Miller's  T.  330  A  Monday 
next,  at  "quarter-night,  Shall  fall  a  reyn.    1763  J.  BROWN 
Poetry  ff  Mus.  v.  63  "Quarter-Notes ;.  .an  Interval  which  no 
human  Ear  can  precisely  distinguish.      1773  HARRINGTON 
Singing  of  Birds  \nPhil.  Trans.  LXIII.  264  Such  a  minute 
interval  . .  when  a  quarter-note  for  example  might  be  re- 
quired.^    1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Opcrat.  Mechanic  594  Where 
the  height  of  a  story  is   considerable,  resting   places  are 
necessary,  which  go  under  the  name  of  'quarter-paces,  and 
half-paces,  according  as  the  passenger  ..  has  to  describe  a 
quadrant  or  semi-circle.     1858  S/tyring's  Builders'  Prices 
(ed.  48)  13  The  Plates  and  Braces  in  "Quarter  Partitions  must 
be  added.     1842-59  Gwui  Arc/lit,  (ed.  4)  §  2024  The  scant- 


QUARTER. 

lings  of  the  timbers  of  a  quarter  partition  should  vary  accord 
ing  to  the  extent  of  hearing.  1678  PHILLIPS  (ed.  4),  *Qnarter 
Pierced^  in  Heraldry  is  when  there  is  a  hole  of  a  square  form 
made  in  the  middle  of  a  Cross.  iSgsCussANS  Her.  (ed.  4)  63 
The  Cross.. If.. that  part  where  the  limbs  are  conjoined  be 
removed,  it  is  termed  Quarterly-pierced.  A  Cross  with  a 
square  aperture  in  its  centre,  smaller  than  the  last  example, 
is  Quarter-pierced.  1890  Anthony's  Photogr.  Bull.  1 1 1. 273 
A  'half-plate  '  or  a  * *quarter-plate  '  lens.  /£/<£,  A  beginner 
buying  his  first  quarter-plate  outfit.  1856  OLMSTED  Slave 


Marine  (1789),  The  quarter-points  of  the  Compass.,  are 
distinguished,  .by  the  word  by.  1840  MARRYAT  Olla  Podr. 
111.26  How  was  it  possible  that  a  man  could  navigate  a  ship 
with  only  one  quarter  point  of  the  compass  in  his  head? 
1825-9  w.  BI-:RHY  Encycl.  Her.,* Quarter-pointed,*  .extend- 
ing  from  dexter  chief  towards  the  base,  and  terminated  in 
the  fesse  point.  It.. is  just  one-fourth  part  of  a  partition 
per  saltier.  1894 Outing  (M .S.)  XXIV.  142/2  Held  his  place 
until  the  *quarter-pole  was  reached.  1663  DRYDEN  Wild 
Gallant  i.  i.  Wks.  1882  II.  35  A  bare  clinch  will  serve  the 
turn ;  a  carwichet,  a  *quarter-quibb!e,  or  a  pun.  1729  T. 
COOKE  Tales,  etc.  96  Quarter-quibbles  made  his  Heart  right 
glad.  1792  Descr.  Kentucky  12  His  time  is  employed  in 
*quarter-races,  cock-fights.  1885  Century  Mag.  XXX. 
397/2  In  North  Carolina. .  quarter-races  were  much  esteemed. 
1884  F.  J.  WRITTEN  II 'ate ft  <y  Clockin.  219  The  ^quarter  rack 
.  .falls  against  the  bent  arm  of  the  hour  rack  hook,  a  1613 
OVERBUHY  Characters.,  Sargeant  Wks.  (1856)  163  The  gal- 
lowes  are  his  purlues,  in  which  the  hangman  and  hee  are  the 
*Quarter-rangers.  1884  F.  J.  BRITTEN  Watch  <y  Clockin.  224 
In  a  'quarter  repeater  the  last  hour  is  struck,  and  afterwards 
the  number  of  quarters  that  have  elapsed  since.  1832  Regul. 
Instr.Cavalryii.  72  The  Troops.,  wheel  *quarter  right.  Ibid, 
go  1'he  previous  command  is  given,  Squadrons  quarter  or  half- 
right.  1767  A.  YOUNG  Lett,  to  People  282  A  broad-wheel 
waggon  will  go  in  any  ^quarter-road.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed. 
Kersey),  Ech inns.. is  termed. .Ovolo  by  the  Italians;  but 
the  English  Workmen  commonly  call  it  the  *  Quarter- round. 
1753  HOGARTH  Anal,  Beauty  xiL  171  Let  us  observe  the 
'ovolo  ',  or  quarter-round,  in  a  cornice.  1851  TURNER  Dom. 
Archit.  \\.  vi.  272  Tht  arches  and  purlins  are  well  moulded, 
with  the  quarter  round  and  fillet.  15. .  Meric  Tales  of 
Skelton  S.'s  Wks.  1843  I.  p.  l.\x,  The  miller  hauying  a  great 
"quarter  sacke.  a  1661  FULLER  ll'orthies,  Cambridge  i. 
(1662)  156  Quarter-sacks  were  here  first  used,  men  commonly 
carrying  ..  eight  bushels  of  Barly.  1884  F.  J.  BRITTEN 
IVatch  ff  Clockin.  25  Drawing  out  the  *quarter  screws  of 
the  balance  nearest  the  fast  position  ..  and  setting  in  the 
ones  nearest  to  slow  position.  1706  Act  6  Anne  c.  ii  Art. 
xxw,  The  privy  seal.  ,*quarter  seal  and  seals  of  Courts  now 
vised  in  Scotland.  1879  LD.  BEACONSFIKLD  Sp.  18  Sept.  2/3 
Every  man  of  fair  character  who  conies  to  Canada,  has  a 
right.. to  obtain  what  is  called  a  *quarter-section  of  land. 
1882  Contemp.  Rev.  Aug.  233  Each  township,  section,  and 
quarter-section  ..  marked  off  by  mounds  and  posts.  1876 
VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  385/2  In  smooth-bore  guns, 
'quarter-sights  are  cut  on  the  upper  quarter  of  the  base  ring, 
and  numbered  up  to  3°.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  H'ord-bk., 
*  Quarter-Slings,  are  supports  attached  to  a  yard  or  other 
spar  at  one  or  both  sides  of  (but  not  in)  its  centre.  1884  F.  J. 
BRITTEN  Watch  %  Clockm,  219  [The]  'Quarter  Snail.,  [is]  the 
snail  used  in  the  quarter  part  of  clocks  and  repeatingwatches. 
1448  in  Bacon  Ann.  fpnvic/i  105  John  Lackford  accused  for 
cheating  at  Games  called  Whistilds,  Prelleds,  and  *Quarter 
spells.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  199/2  A  table  which  gives  the 
squares  of  the  halves  of  numbers  will,  by  the  addition  of  the 
squares  of  the  halves  or  *quarter-squares,  give  the  product, 
1559  AYLMEK  Harborowe  H,  They  must  know  their  "quarter 
strookes,  and  the  waye  how  to  defende  their  head.  1589 
Marprel.  Epit.  Dij,  Such  a  precher.  .as  this,  would  quickly 
with  his  quarter  strokes,  ouerturne  al  religion,  1780  COWPER 
Table  Talk  531  The  clock-work  tintinnabulum  of  rhyme,., 
such  mere  quarter-strokes  are  not  for  me.  1712  J.  JAMES 
tr.  Le  Blonds  Gardening  71  They  make  use.. of  *Quarter- 
StufTfor  large  Plinths  and  Facias.  1799  Naval  Chron.  II. 
389 Timber..,  blocks,  quarterstufif,  candles.  1815  Falconer's 
Mar.  Dittoed.  Knruey)*  Quarter-tackle,  a  strong  tackle  fixed 
occasionally  upon  the  quarter  of  the  main-  or  fore-yard,  to 
hoist  boats  and  heavy  packages  into  and  out  of  the  ship. 
1641  BEST  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  132  For  burying  of  Come  by 
*Quarter-tayle  . .  to  have  6rf.  a  quarter  for  barley,  4^.  a 
quarter  for  oates.  1601  HOLLAND /Y/wj'  I.  488  The  "quarter 
timber,  or  that  which  runneth  with  foure  grains,  is  simply 
the  best.  ^  1846  A.  YOUNG  Nant.  Diet.  243  Quarter-timbers, 
the  framing  timbers  in  a  vessel's  quarter.  1776  BURNKY 
Hist.  MHS.  (1789)  I.  ii.  23  A  Diesis  or  *Quarter-tone.  1811 
BUSBY  Diet.  Mns.  s.v.,  The  Quarter-tone  is  of  two  kinds,  vi/. 
the  major-enharmonic  . .  and  the  enharmonic  minor.  1866 
ENGEL  Nat.  Mus.  ii.  45  The  seven  intervals  of  the  Hindu 
Scale.. are  subdivided  into  twenty-two  srooti,  correspond 
ing  to  quarter-tones.  1888  J.  C.  HARRIS  Free  Joe,  etc.  10 
There  was  a  'quarter-track, . .  if  he  chose . .  horse-racing.  1810 
Sporting^Mag.  XXXVI.  272  A  ^quarter  turn,  which  is  the 
kind  of  rifle  the  line  uses.  1661  MORGAN  Sph.  Gentry  n.  iii. 


there  is  no  Danger.     1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine         ai 
Faire  la  petite  Bordee,  to  set  the  quarter-watch.     1887  G.  B. 


the  front  of  a  body  of  men  is  turned  round  to  where  the  flank 
was.  1611  in  Cheshire  Gloss.  275  *Quarter  wood  att  the 
wiche  howses. 

Quarter  (kwj-jtai),  v.  Also  4-6  quartre.  [f. 
OUABZB  sb.  AF.  quarter^  is  found  c  1350.] 

1.  trans.  To  cut  into  quarters  ;  to  divide  into 
four  equal  or  equivalent  parts.  Also  with  out 
(cf.  2  b).  a.  things  in  general. 

c  1430  Two  Cookery.bks.  18  Take  a  Capoun  .  .quarter  hym. 
£1300  in  Prymtrfe,  £.  T.  S.)  17,  Tate  a  penyworthe  of 
hyt,  and  quarter  hyi  in  fowre.  c  1590  MARLOWE  Fanst.  vii, 

.he  streets  . .  Quarter  the  town  in  four  Equivalents.  1646 
SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Rp.  284  As  for  the  divisions  of  the 
yeare,  and  the  quartering  out  tM»  remarkable  standard 


30 

of  time  [etc.].  1735  POPE  Donne  Sat.  iv.  136  He  knows  . . 
Whose  place  is  quarter 'd  out,  three  parts  in  four.  1796 
MRS.  Gl^msC faff  fry  xiv.  260  Pare  and  quarter  your  apples 
and  take  out  the  cores.  1860  REAUF,  Cloister  $  H.  lvi( 
So  [to]  halve  their  land  instead  of  quartering  it. 

b.  the  body  of  a  person,  esp.  of   a  traitor  or 
criminal.     (Cf.  quots.  for  HANG  v.  3,  DBAW  v.  4.) 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  291  His  body  was 
i -quart  red  and  i-sent  into  dyvers  places  of  Engelonde. 
1440  J.  SHIRLEY  Dethc  K.  J<une$  23  The  said  hongman 
smot  of  thare  hedes,  and  there  quartard  hem.  1508  KEN- 
NKUIE  Fly  ting  iv.  Dunl'ar  i\6  Hang  Dunbar,  Quarter  and 
draw.  1601  SHAKS.  Jnl.  C.  in.  i.  268  Infants  quartered 
with  the  hands  of  Warre.  17*3  DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  (1840) 
292  Being  discovered,  betrayed,  ..  hanged,  quartered,  &c. 
1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  v.  I.  614  A  few  . .  were  set  apart 
for  the  hideous  office  of  quartering  the  captives. 

trans/,  and  fig,  1595  SHAKS.  John  \\.  i.  506  Hang'd  in 
the  frowning  wrinkle  of  her  brow  ! — And  quarterM  in  her 
heart.  1631  LITHGOW  Trav.  i.  2  The  very  Cos  pell  it  selfe, . . 
is  quartered,  mangled,  and  reiected.  1824-8  LANDOR/Mqf. 
Conv.  Wks.  1846  I.  259  At  present  the  one  hangs  property, 
the  other  quarters  it. 

c.  Mech.  To  fix  cranks  on  (a  shaft),  to  make 
wrist-pin  holes  in  (a  driving-wheel),  a  quarter  of 
a  circle  apart  (Knight  Diet.  Mech.  1875). 

2.  To  divide  into  parts  fewer  or  more  than  four. 
Also  with  out. 

14. .  Sir  Beues  (M.)  4239  Dede  bodyes  quarterrid  in  thre. 
1552  HULOKT,  Quarter  or  trymme  a  garden,  defer  mare 
arcam.  1596 SPENSER F.Q.  vi.  11.44 Clad  all  in  gilden  armes, 
with  azure  band  Quartred  athwart.  1599  T.  M[OUFET]  Silk- 
•wormes  55  Send  Witte  the  knife  to  quarter  out  their  meate 
as  need  requires.  1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  xiv. 
69  Quarter  Bullets  is  ..  any  bullet  quartered  in  foure  or 
eight  parts.  1634  MILTON  Conns  29  This  lie.. He  quarters 
to  his  blu-hair' d  deities,  a  1800  A".  Malcolm  *  Sir  Colvin 
in  Child  Ballads  II.  62/2  Here  is  a  sword  ..Will  quarter 
you  in  three. 

f  b.  To  quarter  out :  To  mark  out,  outline.   Obs. 

1600  SURFLET  Countric  Farmc  in.  xxvii.  484  The  iuice  [of 
the  fig]  doth  constraine  the  skin  to  fall  into  wreathes  and  to 
quarter  out  a  thousand  shapes.  1616  SURFL,  &  MARKH. 
Country  Far  me  158  You  shall  quarter  out  a  bed  for  Leekes. 

3.  Ifcr.  a.  To  place   or  bear  (charges  or  coats 
of  arms)  quarterly  upon  a  shield  ;  to  add  (another's 
coat)  to  one's  hereditary  arms  ;  to  place  in  alter 
nate  quarters  with. 

\^..Tournam.  Tottenham  153  in  Hazl.  F..  P.  P.  III.  89 
The  chefe  was  of  a  ploo  mell,  ..  Quartered  with  the  mone 
H;t.  1571  GASCOIGNE  Dcuise  of  Maske  Wks.  (Roxb.)  I.  85 
Confessing  that  he  . .  bare  the  selfe  same  armes  that  I  dyd 
quarter  in  my  Scute.  1605  CAMDEN  Rem.t  Rythmes  25 
King  Edward  the  third  when  he  first  quartered  the  Armes 
of  France  with  England.  1628  COKE  On  Lift.  Pref.,  This 
faire  descended  Family  de  Littleton,  ..  quartereth  many 
faire  Coates.  1762-71  H.  WALPOI.E  /  'ertite's  Anecd.  Paint. 
(1786)  I.  152  [Henrys]  sacrificing  the  gallant  earl  of  Surrey 
for  quartering  the  arms  of  England,  as  he  undoubtedly  had 
a  right  to  quarter  them.  1854  HAWTHORNE  Eng.  Note-bks. 
(1883)  I.  493  The  royal  banner  of  England,  quartering  the 
lion,  the  leopard,  and  the  harp.  1880  DIXON  Windsor  III. 
ix.  89  Norfolk,  .had  quartered  his  wife's  arms. 

al'sol.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Quartering,  The  King 
of  Great  Britain  quarters  with  Great  Britain,  France, 
Ireland,  Brunswick,  &c.  1893  CUSSAXS  Heraldry  (ed.  4)  171 
Neither  would  their  issue — being  unable  to  quarter — be  per 
mitted  to  bear  their  maternal  coat. 

b.  To  divide  (a  shield)  into  quarters,  or  into 
any  number  of  divisions  formed  by  vertical  and 
horizontal  lines. 

1590  SPENSER  F.Q.  IL  i.  18  In  his  silver  shield  He  bore  a 
bloodieCrosse  that  quartred  all  the  field.  1727-41  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.,  Counter-auartcrcd  . .  denotes  the  escutcheon,  after 
being  quartered,  to  have  each  quarter  divided  again  into 
two.  1868  BROWNING  Ring  fy  Bk.  vi.  237  Our  arms  are  those 
of  Fiesole  itself,  The  shield  quartered  with  white  and  red. 

4.  To  put  (soldiers  or  others)  into  quarters;  to 
station,  place  or  lodge  in  a  particular  place.     Also 
pass.  =  to  have  one's  abode,  lodging,  etc. 

1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  v.  iii.  34  Where  is  Lord  Stanley 
quarter'd,  do  you  know?  1665  MANI.EY  Grotius  Low  C. 
li'arres  221  The  Duke  of  Parma  all  this  Winter,  quarterM 
his  men  in  the  village  of  Brabant.  1723  DK  FOE  Col.  Jack 
(1840^  233  After  this  campaign  I  was  quartered  at  Cremona. 
1795  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1837)  I.  2  The  33^  Regi 
ment  was  landed  and  quartered  at  Poole.  1822  W.  IRVING 
nraccb.  Hall  \.  4,  I  am  again  quartered  in  the  panelled 
chamber.  1882  B.  D.  W.  RAMSAY  Recoil.  Mil.  Scrv.  I.  i.  5 
He  was  then  quartered  in  Edinburgh  as  a  lieutenant. 

b.  With  on,  upon-.  To  impose  (soldiers)  upon 
(a  householder,  town,  etc.),  to  be  lodged  and  fed. 

1683  Apol,  Prot.  France  ii.  29  He  quartered  his  Men  upon 
those  of  the  Protestant  Religion.  1815  J.  W.  CKOKKK  in  C. 
Papers  14  July  (1884),  Blucher  has  quartered  a  guard  of 
Prussians  on  him.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  viii.  §  3.  485 
Soldiers  were  quartered  on  recalcitrant  boroughs. 

transf.  and  fig.  1663  BUTLER  Hud.  i.  ii.  274  He'd  suck 
his  Claws  And  quarter  himself  upon  his  Paws.  1714  Sfcft. 
No.  595  p  6  You  have  Quartered  all  the  foul  Language  upon 
me,  that  could  be  raked  out  of  the  Air  of  Uillingsgate.  1812 
L.  HUNT  in  Examiner  24  Aug.  531/1  Those  upon  whom  the 
Attorney-General  is  pleased  to  quarter  his  attentions.  1874 
GREEN  Short  Hist.  iii.  §  5. 139  Italian  clergy  were  quartered 
on  the  best  livings  of  the  Church. 

5.  intr.  To  take   up  (one's)  quarters;    to  stay, 
reside,  lodge.     (Freq.  in  I7th  c.) 

1581  SAVILE  Tacitus,  Hist.  ir.  Ixvi.  (1591)  91  That  they  and 


for  some  time.     1723  DE  For,  Col.  Jack  (1840)  240  The  man 
in  whose  house  1  quartered  was  exceedingly  civil  to  me. 


QUARTER. 

1781  HAMILTON  Wks.  (1886)  VIII.  44,  I  quarter,  at  present, 
by  a . .  warm  invitation,  with  General  Lincoln.  1863  COWDEN 
CLAHKE  Shaks.  Char.  x.  262  An  atmosphere  of  manner  be 
longing  to  those  who  have  quartered  in  various  countries. 

transf.    1668  CULPEPPER  &  COLE  Barthol.  Anat.  Manual 
i.  v.  312  A  remarkable  Vein  about  the  Heart  ..  quartering 
on  the  one  side,  without  another  on  the  other  side. 
b.  With  on  or  upon.     (Cf.  40.)   ?  Obs. 

1650  FULI.EK  Pisgah  \\.  v.  122  The  Canaanites  quartered 
..hard  on  the  men  of  Abher.  1681  Land.  Gaz.  No.  1583/4 
A  body  of  men  should  be  sent  to  quarter  upon  the  Country. 

6.  To  give  quarters  to ;  to  furnish  with  quarters 
or  lodgings.     lObs. 

1681  W.  ROBERTSON  Phrased ,  Gen.  (1693)  1040  To  quarter, 
hospitio  accipere.  ^1682  BUNYAN  Holy  War  (CassellJ  177 
'I  hey  had  called  his  soldiers  into  the  town  [and]  coveted 
who  should  quarter  the  most  of  them. 

absol.  1667  Ormonde  MSS.  in  ic/A  Rep.  Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.  App.  v.  56  [Certain]  inhabitants  of  ihe  said  towne, 
refuse  to  quarter  or  pay  the  allowances  for  quartering. 

7.  Nant.  To  assign  (men)  to  a  particular  quarter 
on  board  ship  ;  to  place  or  station  for  action. 

1695  T.  SMITH  t'oy.  Constantinople  in  Misc.  Cur.  (1708) 

III.  6  The  Captain  quartered  his  Men,  and  the  Decks  were 
cleared.     ty&Alum't  Voy.  in.  viii.  378  He  had  not  hands 
enough  remaining  to  quarter  a  sufficient  number  to  each  great 
gun.    1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  G  g  ij,  The  marines 
are  generally  quartered  on  the  poop  and  forecastle.     1809 
J.  DALE  in  NaoalChro*,  XXIV.  78  The  Europeans  ..  had 
been  quartered  to  the  upper  deck  guns. 

8.  Naut.  a.  intr.  To  sail  with  the  wind  on  the 
quarter,  i.  e.  between  beam  and  stern. 

1637  CACT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  vii.  31  When  you  goe 
before  the  wind,  or  quartering.  1628  DIGBY  Voy.  Medit, 
(1868)  83  Quartering  with  one  tacke  abord  till  you  gett  your 
chace  vpon  your  beame.  1725  DE  SAUMAREZ  in  Phil.  Trans. 
XXXIII.  424  Sometimes  sailing  right  before  the  Wind,  then 
quartering. 

b.  intr.  Of  wind  :  To  blow  on  a  ship's  quarter. 
1720  DE  FOE  Caj>t.  Singleton  xi.  (1840)  192  She  came 

down  upon  us  with  the  wind  quartering. 

c.  Of  a  sea :  To  strike  (a  ship)  on  the  quarter. 
1890  CLARK  RUSSELL  Ocean  Trag.  I.  v.  94  The  sea  had 

quartered  her  and  swept,  .along  her  lustrous  bends. 

9.  Build.    To    construct    (a   wall   or   partition) 
with  quarters  of  wood. 

1703  T.  N.  City  ff  C.  Purchaser  278  The  Walls  being 
quarter'd  and  Lathed  between  the  Timber.  1848  Jrnl. 
1\.  Agric.  Soc.  IX.  n.  570  The  former  [circle]  above  the 
brickwork  being  quartered  and  plastered. 

10.  To  range  or  traverse  (groHnd,  etc.)  in  every 
direction.     Said  esp.  of  dogs  in  search  of  game. 

1700  J.  COLLIER  vnd  Def.  Short  View  118  He  has  rang'd 
over  a  great  deal  of  Ground,  and  Quarter'd  the  Fields  of 
Greece  and  Italy.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  FoolofQual.  (1809) 

IV.  139  They  crossed  and  quartered  the  country  at  pleasure. 
1766  PENNANT  Brit.  Zoot.  (1768)  II.  235  Who  pass  over  the 
fields  and  quarter  the  ground  as  a  setting  dog.   1788  WOLCOTT 
(P.  PindarKSYr  J.  Banks  $  Emp.  of  Morocco  Wks.i8i2  II.  94 
Just  like  a  Pointer  quartering  well  his  ground.     1873  TRIS 
TRAM  Moab  viii.  143  To  traverse  and  quarter  these  rums  is  a 
good  day's  work.     1888  Antifod.  Notes  6  Two  boats  are 
. .  quartering  the  sea,  as  a . .  pointer  quarters  a  turnip-field. 

b.  intr.  To  range  to  and  fro;  lo  shift  from 
point  to  point. 

1857  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  \\.  v,  They  quarter  over  the 
ground  again  and  again,  Tom  always  on  the  defensive. 
1873  G.  C.  DA  VIES  Monnt.  f?  Mere  x.  76  The  hounds 
quartered  to  and  fro. 

C.  intr.  To  drive  from  side  to  side  of  the  road. 

In  quot.  1834  app.  a  misinterpretation  of  sense  ii. 

1834  Die  QUINCEY  Autob.  Sk.  Wks.  1862  XIV.  296  The 
postillion,  .was  employed,  .eternally,  in  quartering,  i.e.,  in 
crossing  from  side  to  side,  according  to  the  casualties  of  the 
ground.  1886  KLWOKTHY  /('.  Somerset  Word-bk.^Quarter 
to  drive  uphill  in  such  a  way  that  the  horse  crosses  the  road 
backwards  and  forwards  so  as  to  diminish  the  gradient. 

d.  intr.  To  move  in  a  slanting  direction. 

1894  Outing  (U.  S.)  XXIV.  387/1  The  bird  quartered  past 
the  Judge  who  had  only  cut  a  bunch  of  feathers  from  it, 
1895  Ibid.  XXVI.  401/1  We.  .changed  our  direction  so  as  to 
'quarter'  by  them. 

11.  intr.  To  drive  a  cart  or  carriage  so  that  the 
right  and  left  wheels  are  on  (two  of)  the  quarters 
of  a  road,  with  a  rut  between.     Also,  of  a  horse: 
To  walk  with  the  feet  thus  placed ;  hence,  to  walk 
in  front  of  the  wheel. 

This  is  also  the  sense  of  F.  cartayer,  Walloon  quateler 
(Littre'1,  which  are  etymologically  related  to  the  Kngl.  word. 

1800  TUKE  Agric.  300  Two-horse  carts  should  be  drawn  by 
the  horses  abreast,  .by  which  means  they  would  be  enabled 
to  quarter  or  stride  the  ruts.  1806-7  J.  BERESFORO  Miseries 
Hum.  Life  (1826)  it.  xxvii,  A  rugged  narrow  lane  in  which 
the  ruts  refuse  to  fit  your  wheels  and  yet  there  is  no  room 
to  quarter.  1847  friil.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  VIII.  n.  277  The 
carting  off  the  cabbages  ..  is  done  with  a  quarter-cart,  as  it 
is  termed  in  Suffolk,  having  the  shafts  so  placed  that  the 
horse  walks  before  the  right  hand  wheel ;  in  other  words,  it 
'  quarters '.  1859  MRS.  GASKELL  Round  the  Sofa  20  We  had 
to  quarter,  as  Randal  called  it,  nearly  all  the  way  along 
the  deep-rutted  miry  lanes.  1879-  In  dialect  glossaries 
(Shropsh.,  Chesh.,  etc.). 

b.  intr.  To  drive  to  the  side  in  order  to  allow 
another  vehicle  to  pass.     (Cf.  QUART  z/.-) 

1849  DE  QUINCEY  Eng.  Mail  Coach  Wks.  1862  IV.  334  Every 
creature  that  met  us  would  rely  upon  us  for  quartering. 
1866  GEO.  ELIOT  F.  Holt  i  Elderly  gentlemen  in  pony- 
chaises,  quartering  nervously  to  make  way  [«tc.]. 

c.  To  set  ;the  shafts  of  a  cart)  so  that  the  horse 
walks  in  front  of  one  of  the  wheels. 

1847  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  VIII.  11.  268  The  shafts  are 
quartered,  so  that  the  horses  (usually  two)  walk  m  the 
furrow  followed  by  one  whucl. 


QUARTERAGE. 

12.  intr.  Of  the  moon  :  To  begin  a  fresh  quarter. 
Also  with  hi. 

1789  G.  KEATE  Pelew  [si.  227  They  would  have  bad 
weather  until  the  moon  quartered.  1833  MARRYAT  /'. 
Simple  (1863)  157  The  new  moon's  quartered  in  with  foul 
weather. 

Quarterage  (kwjMtartd^).    Also  4  qwarter -. 

5  quater-,  t>  quartrage,  -errage,  querterage,  6-S' 
quartridge,  (6  -redge),  7-8  -eridge,  (7  -eridg,  S 
-erridge).  [f.  QUARTER  sb.  +  -AGE  ;  perh.  a. 
OF.  quarterage  (Godef.).] 

1.  A   contribution,    subscription,    tax,    or   other 
charge  paid  by  a  person  every  quarter  ;  a  quarterly 
payment  made  by  one. 

1389  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  3  Which  wardeins  schul  gadere 
l>e  qwarterage  of  bretheren  &  sustren.  1452  in  Gross  Gild 
Merch.  1 1. 69  All  maner  fynnys,  amercyments  &  quarteragys. 
1529  in  I'icary's  Anat.  (1888)  App.  xiv.  25:  So  Alweys  that 
the  sayde  quarterage  he  lawfullye  demaunded.  1602  DEKKER 
Satirom.  Wks.  1873  1. 262  You  shall  not  brag  that  your  Vize- 
royes  or  Tributorie  kings  have  done  homage  to  you,  or  paide 
quarterage.  1708  Brit.  Apollo  No.  42.  i  Most  of  our  sub 
scribers  having  paid  their  Quarterages  [etc.].  1795  BURKE 
Tracts  Popery  Laws  Wks.  1842  II.  434  They  trade  and 
work  in  their  own  native  towns  as  aliens,  paying,  as  such, 
quarterage,  and  other  charges  and  impositions.  1887  Times 
20  Jan.  4/3  The  plaintiff  had  not  paid  his  quarterages. 

2.  A  sum  paid  to,  or  received  by,  a  person  every 
quarter ;  a  quarter's  wages,  allowance,  pension,  etc. 

1423  Leet  Bk.  in  Sharp  Cov.  Myst.  (1825)  207  Thei  shrill 
have  ij  men  of  every  ward,  every  quarter,  to  help  them  to 
gather  ber  Quarterage.  1:1515  Cache  Lorelfs  B.  4  Than 
came  a  pardoner  with  his  boke,  His  quarterage  of  euery 
man  he  toke.  1590  TARLTON  News  Purgat.  (1844)  82  He, 
being  then  bare  of  pence,  because  his  quarterage  was  not 
come  in.  1666  PEPYS  Diary  8  Jan.,  My  uncle  Thomas 
with  me  to  receive  his  quarterage.  1727  SWIFT  Richmond 
Lodge  ff  Marble  Hill,  An  idle  Rogue,  who  spends  his 

Suartridge    In    tippling  at  the  Dog  and  Partridge.     1830 
'ISRAELI  Clias.  I,  III.  xvii.  370  A  half-starved  Clerk,  eked 
out  his  lean  quarterage,  by  these  merry  perquisites.     1892 
Corah.  Mag.  July  27  He  must  wait  till  his  new  quarterage 
came  before  he  could  pay. 

3.  Quarters,  place  of  abode  ;  quartering  of  troops, 
or  the  expense  of  this.     rare. 

1577  HOLINSHF.D  Chron.,  Scot.  I.  485  The  Scots  that  lay 
in  Kelso,  and  other  places  keeping  their  quarterrage  on  the 
bordures.  1647  in  Pictpn  L'pool  Munic.  Rec.  (1883)  I.  143 
Agreed  that  a  Ley.. be  imposed  upon  the  Towne  for  paye- 
ing  of  the  Quarterage  of  the  horse.  Ibid.,  These  burdens 
of  quarterage.  1841  Tail's  Mag.  VIII.  562  Common  sense 
is  driven  out  of  her  native  quarterage  in  the  brain.  1873 
O'CuRRY  Led.  Ancient  Irish  I.  xvi.  336  Any  noble  residence 
at  which  they  [great  stewards]  intended  to  claim  the  free 
quarterage  due  to  their  official  dignity. 

4.  attrib.,  as  quarterage-bill,  -book,  -day,  -fee. 
1533  in  Sharp  Cm.  Myst.  (1825)  214  Paid  to  the  mynstrell 

at  quarterage  day  . .  viij</.  1692  Land,  Gaz.  No.  2799/4 
A  large  Folio  Book,  .called  the  Carmens  Quarteridg-Book. 
1771-2  Ess.  fr.  Hatchelor  (1773)  II.  192  The  Quarterage, 
bill,  like  all  others,  must  pass  through  both  houses  of  parlia 
ment.  1894  Times  19  Oct.  6/2  The  '  quarterage '  fees  of  4*. 
per  annum  per  member. 

Quarter-cart :  see  QUARTER  v.  1 1  (quot.  1 847). 
Quarter-Cleft,  a.  and  sb.    Chiefly  dial.    Also 
7  -cliff,  9  -clift.     [See  CLEFT  sb.  and///,  a.] 
A.  adj.  (See  quots.)  rare—". 


circumference. 

B.  sb.  1.  Wood  cleft  in  four ;   quartered  wood ; 
also,  one  of  the  pieces  produced  by  cleaving  in  four. 

1641  BEST  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  15  Wee  gette  the  biggest 
of  [the  willows]  riven  with  iron  wedges  into  quarter-cliffe. 
Ibid.,  Shorte  forke-shaftes,  made  of  seasoned  ashe,  and 
quarter  cliffe.  1887  Scott.  Leader  21  Sept.  6  A  large  stick 
known  in  Tipperary  as  a  '  quarter-cliff '. 

2.  A  slightly-crazed  or '  half-cracked  '  person. 

1831  Fraser's  Mag.  I V.  327  A  mere  nincompoop,  or  quarter- 
cliftor  what  else  you  will  that  implies  feebleness  of  intellect. 
1856  Chambers'  Jrnl.  V.  139  (Ulster  Prtn'erbs,  etc.)  An 
eccentric  person . .  is  said . .  to  •  want  a  square  of  being  round  '. 
The  next  degree  of  aberration  constitutes  a  'quarter  clift '. 
1880  Antrim  q  Down  Gloss.,  Quarter  cleft,  a  crazy  person. 

Quarter-co(u)sen,  -cozin,  corrupt  varr.  of 
CATER-COUSIN. 

1656  in  BLOUNTC&j.r<>jr.  1681  in  W.  ROBERTSON  Phraseol. 
General  (1693)  1040. 

Quarter-day.  [QUARTER  sb.  8  a.]  One  of  the 
four  days  fixed  by  custom  as  marking  off  the 
quarters  of  the  year,  on  which  tenancy  of  houses 
usually  begins  and  ends,  and  the  payment  of  rent 
and  other  quarterly  charges  falls  due. 

In  England  and  Ireland  the  quarter-days  are  Lady  Day 
(March  25),  Midsummer  Day  (June  24),  Michaelmas  (Sept. 
29),  and  Christmas  (Dec.  25).  The  name  is  also  sometimes 
applied  to  the  Scottish  terms  of  Candlemas  (Feb.  2),  Whit. 
Sunday  (May  15),  Lammas  (Aug.  i),  and  Martinmas  (Nov.  n). 

1480  in  Eng.  Gilds  315  Ther  shall  be  iiij  quarter  dayys  that 
euery  Brother  . .  shall  assemble  at  oure  comen  hall.  1566 
HARYNGTON  in  Leisure  H.  (1884)  630/2  All  which  sommes 
shal  be  duly  paide  each  quarter-day.  1596  £ifcv.  [II,  in.  ii, 
What,  is  it  quarter-day,  that  you  remove,  And  carry  bag 
and  baggage  too?  1660  FULLER  Mixt  Contempt  (1841)  197 
A  gentleman  had  two  tenants,  whereof  one, ,  .repaired  to  his 
landlord  on  thequarter-day.  (767 BuciUTWZCmiM.lt  124 
Rent,. for  the  occupation  of  the  land  since  the  last  quarter 
day.  1805  SOUTHEY  Ball,  f,  Metr.  T.  Poet.  Wks.  VI.  So,  I  was 
idle,  and  quarter-day  came  on,  And  I  had  not  the  rent  in 
store.  1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Rudge  xiii,  The  twenty-fifth  of 
March,,  .one  of  those  unpleasant  epochs  termed  quarter-days. 


31 

Jig.  1641  RHOMB  yoviall  Crew  n.  Wks.  1873  III.  382  If 
ever  any  just  or  charitable  Steward  was  commended,  sure 
thou  shall  be  at  the  last  Quarter-day,  1851  THACKERAY 
l-.ng.  Hum.  ii.  (1876)  174  [They]  had.. a  happy  quarter-day 
coining  round  for  them. 

Qirarter-deck.  A'anl.  fa.  Originally,  a 
smaller  deck  situated  above  the  HALF-DECK  (q.  v.), 
covering  about  a  quarter  of  the  vessel.  Olis.  b. 
In  later  use  :  That  part  of  the  upper  or  spar-deck 
which  extends  between  the  stern  and  after-mast, 
and  is  used  as  a  promenade  by  the  superior  offlters 
or  cabin-passengers. 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Grain,  ii.  6  The  halfe  Decke 
is  from  the  maine  mast  to  the  steareage,  and  the  quarter 
Decke  from  that  to  the  Masters  Cabin  called  the  round 
house,  wc!l  is  the  ytmost  of  all.  1667  DENHAM  Direct.  Paint. 

1.  55  Each  Captain  from  his  Quarter-deck  commands.     1748 
Alison's  Voy.  i.  iii.  29  Many  of  the  principal  Officers  were 
on  the  quarter-deck,  indulging  in  the  freshness  of  the  night 
air.     1840  R.  H.  DANA  fief.  Mast  xxiii.  67  The  chief  mate 
walking  the  quarter-deck,  and  keeping  a  general  supervision. 
1884  PAE  F.itstacc  67  I'd  have  you  to  remember  that  you 
arc  not  on  the  quarter-deck  just  now. 

Jig.  1853  LVT TON  My  jVorr/ 1.  x,  Too  old  a  sailor  to  think 
that  the  State,  .should  admit  Jack  upon  quarterdeck. 

atlrib.  1712  E.  COOKE  I'oy.  .V.  Sea  167  Each  Ship  is  to 
answer  the  other  with  a  Quarter-Deck  Gun.  1797  NELSON 
in  A.  Duncan  Life  (1806)  42  A  Spanish  officer  looked  over 
the  quarter-deck  rail.  1828  P.  CUNNINGHAM  N.  S.  Wales 
(ed.  3)  II.  299  When  surgeon  of  a  brig  of  war,  my  quarter 
deck  promenade  was  confined  to  eight  paces.  1840  R.  H. 
DANA  Bef.  Mast  ix.  19  The  quarter-deck  dignity  and  elo 
quence  of  the  captain. 

Hence  Qua-rter-decker,  -deckish  (see  quots.). 

1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  \t'ord-l>k.,  Quarter-Deckers,  those 
officers  more  remarkable  for  etiquette  than  for  a  knowledge 
of  seamanship.  Ibid.,  Quarter-Dechish,  punctilious,  severe. 
1889  A,  CONAN  DOYLE  Micah  Clarke  244  It's  your  blue- 
coated,  gold-braided,  .quarter-deckers  that  talk  of  canes. 

Quartere,  obs.  form  of  QUARTER  sb. 

Quartered(k«9-jt3id),///.a.    [f.  QUARTER^.] 

1.  Cut  into  quarters ;  divided  in  four ;  spec,  of 
quarter-cleft  timber,  which  being  afterwards  cut 
into  planks  shows  the  grain  to  advantage. 

1501  Priv.  Purse  Exp.  Eliz.  of  York  (1830)  74  For  twoo 
quartred  bpurd_es  with  vysys.  1601  YARINGTON  T-.uo  Lament. 
Traj.  iv.  iii.  in  Hullen  O.  Pt.  IV,  Bull  always  snips  all 
quartered  traitors  quite.  1626  CAIT.  SMITH  Accid.  Yng. 
Sea-men  32  Musquet  shot,  Colyuer  shot,  quartred  shot. 
1719  LONDON  &  WISE  Compl.  Gard.  187  The  most  con 
venient  ..  is  a  Lattice  of  quarter'd  Wood,  or  Heart  of  Oak. 
1805  WORDSWORTH  Prelude  II.  83  Through  three  divisions 
of  the  quartered  year.  1854  P.  Ii.  ST.  JOHN  Any  Moss  21 
These  palisades  were  formed  of  quartered  oak. 

b.  Her.  Of  a  shield  or  arms :  Divided  or 
arranged  quarterly.  Of  a  cross  :  Quarterly-pierced. 

1486  Bk.  St.Altans,  Her.  D  ij  b,  Certan  armys  ther  be 
quarterit  and  irrasit  as  here  apperis,  the  Wich..ar  called 
quarterit  armys  irrasit.  1864  BOUTF.LL  Her.  Hist,  ft  Pop. 
xvi.  235  He  assumed  the  quartered  arms  on  his  accession  to 
the  ducal  dignity.  1893  CUSSANS  Heraldry  (ed.  4)  166  The 
earliest  known  example  of  a  quartered  shield  occurs  on  the 
monument  of  Eleanor,  .wife  of  Edward  the  First. 

t  C.  Of  a  building:  Cruciform.     Obs.  rare'— l. 

1591  PERCIVALL  Sf.  Diet.,  Cruzcro  en  edeficio,  a  kinde  of 
quartered  building,  Structura  ([uadrivialis. 

2.  Mil.  Lodged  in  or  belonging  to  quarters. 
1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  iv.  iv.  18  When  they  heare  their  Roman 

horses  neigh,  Behold  their  quarter'd  Fires.  1824  WIFFEN 
Tasso  I.  vi,  To  breme  winter's  wing  The  quartered  hosts 
give  place. 

3.  Belonging  to  a  quarter  or  part  of  the  horizon. 
1671   MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  202  And  on   the  earth  Nations    ' 

besides  from  all  the  quarter'd  winds. 

4.  Having  quarters  of  a  specified  character. 

The  sense  in  first  quot.  is  not  clear :  the  F.  orig.  has    ! 
qHarrtz  '  square '. 

[1481  CAXTON  Godefroy  286  His  armes  grete  and  wel 
quartred.]  1641  BKST  Farm.  Bits.  (Surtees)  5  The  lambes 
that  forbeare  grasse  the  longest  prove,  .the  straightest,  and 
best  quartered.  1891  Cent.  Diet.  s.v.,  A  short-quartered 
horse.  Ibid.,  Low-quartered  shoes. 

5.  Carpentry.  Made  of  quarters. 

1843-59  GWILT  Arc/n't,  (ed.  4)  §  2024  The  framework  of 
timber_used  for  dividing  the  internal  parts  of  a  house  into 
rooms  is  called  a  partition  or  quartered  partition. 

Quarterer  (kwguterai).  [f.  QUARTER  v.  + 
-KR  1.]  One  who  quarters,  in  various  senses  of  the 
verb ;  esp.  one  who  takes  up  quarters,  a  lodger. 

1648  C.  WALKER  Hist.  Independ.  i.  66  If  these  quarterers 
offer  violence  . .  they  are  protected.  1681  W.  ROBERTSON 
Phraseol.  Gen.  (1693)  1040  A  quarterer  or  hang-man.  a  1802 
Jik.  A  thole's  Nurse  ix.  in  Child  Ballads  IV.  152  Had  you 
a  quarterer  here  last  night,  . .  We  are  come  to  clear  his 
lawing.  1881  GREGOR  folk-lore  57  Now  and  again  there 
was  a  quarterer  [a  class  of  beggar]  in  the  family. 

t  Qua'rteret.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  QUARTER  sb.  14 
or  15  +  -ET.]  A  small  quarter  or  allotted  space. 

1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warres  v.  iv,  The  3000  launciers  are 
deuided  and  allodged  into  6  quar'erets.  Hid.  Gloss.  252 
Quarteret,  is  the  diminutiue  of  quarter. 

Quarter-evil.    1.  =  QUARTER-ILL. 

_  a  1722  LISLE  Observ.  Husb.  (1757)  290  The  joint-murrain 
in  calves  . .  by  others  is  called  the  quarter-evil.  1800  TUKE 
Agric.  259  A  complaint  very  prevalent  amongst  calves,  when 
a  year  old,  is  called  the  . .  quarter  evil .  .The  calves  are  first 
seized  in  one  quarter,  and  are  lame.  1841  DICK  Man.  Vet. 
Science  (1862)  148  In  two  or  three  hours  the  animal  is  dead, 
from  the  Quarter-evil.  1896  Alldutts  Syst.  Med.  I.  548 
Rabbits,  which  are  relatively  refractory  to  quarter-evil. 

2.  [QUARTER  sb.  25.]  An  inflammation  of  part  of 
the  udder  (Syd.  Soc.  J.ex.  1897). 


QUARTERING. 

Quarterfoil,  t-foyle,  erron.  ff.  QUATREFOIL. 
Quarter-gallery.    Naut.   [QUARTER  sb.  22.] 

1.  A  kind  of  balcony  with  windows,  projecting 
from  the  quarter  of  a  large  vessel ;  cf.  GALLEKV  2  d. 

1769  in  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1789)  D  ij.  1796  NFI  SON 
10  Mar.  in  Nicolas  Visf.  (1846)  VII.  xxxvii,  The  very  heavy 
gales  . .  carried  away  the  starboard  quarter-gallery.  1830 
SCOTT  Demonol.  x.  363  He  saw  that  the  captain  had  thrown 
himself  into  the  sea  from  the  quarter-gallery.  1836  MARRYAT 
Midsh.  Easy  xiii,  Pulled  them  out  of  the  quarter  gallery 
1867  [see  Quarter-badge,  in  QUARTER  sb.  29]. 

attrib.  1797  NELSON  Feb.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  II.  342 
A  soldier.. having  broke  the  upper  quarter-gallery  window. 

2.  A  small  projection  on  the  quarter  of  a  ship, 
containing  lavatory  accommodation  ( Cent.  Diet.}. 

Quarter-guard.  Mil.  [QUARTER  sb.  14  c.] 
A  small  guard  mounted  in  front  of  each  battalion 
in  a  camp,  at  about  eighty  paces  distant. 

1741  S.  SPKKII  in  Rucclmch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.t 
I.  399  Col.  Cockran's  and  Brigadier  Lowthcr's  Regiments  .. 


against  the  Enemy.  1844  Kegul.  f,-  Ord.  A  rniy  32  On  these 
occasions,  the  Tents  of  the  Quarter  Guards  are  to  be  struck. 
1892  R.  KII-UM;  Ball.,  Kast  %  II  ',-ft  89  When  they  drew  to 
the  Quarter-Guard,  full  twenty  swords  new  clear. 

Quarter-gunner.  A'aitl.  An  officer  sub 
ordinate  to  the  gunner,  whom  he  assists  in  all 
departments  of  his  work  (cf.  quots.  1769,  1846). 

1627  CATT.  SMITH  Sea-man's  Gram.  viii.  35  The  Master 
Gunner  hath  charge  of  the  ordnance  . .  the  rest  of  the 
Gunners,  or  quarter  Gunners  to  receive  their  charge  from 
him.  1702  Kayal  Declar.  i  June  in  Land.  Gaz.  No.  3815/2 
The  Trumpeter,  Quarter  Gunners,  Carpenters  Crew  [etc.). 
1769  FALCONER  I)ict.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.,  The  number  of 
quarter-gunners  in  any  ship  is  always  in  proportion  to  the 
number  of  her  artillery,  one  quarter-gunner  being  allowed 
to  every  four  cannon.  1804  Med.  jrnl.  XII.  476  One  of 
his  Majesty's  frigates,  on  board  of  which  her  husband  served 
in  the  quality  of  a  quarter-gunner.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Kant, 
Diet.  242  Quarter-Gunner,  in  a  ship  of  war,  an  able  seaman, 
generally  one  of  the  gunner's  crew,  appointed  to  act  as  his 
assistant  under  the  gunner's  mates. 

Quarter-ill.  An  inflammatory  disease  of 
cattle  and  sheep  (symptomatic  anthrax},  causing 
putrefaction  in  one  or  more  of  the  quarters.  Called 
also  quarter-evil,  black  quarter,  etc. 

1797  BAILEY  &  GULI.EY  View  Agric.  Korthumli.  130  The 
loss  of  lambs  is  sometimes  very  considerable  . .  from  . .  the 
'quarter-ill '.  1834  YOUATT  Cattle  362  Ihe  first  symptoms 
are  those  of  quarter  ill.  1855  STEPHENS  Book  Farm  (ed.  2) 
II.  185  Another  effect  of  the  same  febrile  affection  in  calves 
in  autumn  is  the  quarter  ill  or  evil.  1881  GRFGOR  Folk-lore 
186  When  the  quarter-ill  made  its  appearance  [etc.], 

Quartering  (kwg-jtarin),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  QUAH- 
TEK  v.  +  -ING  i.J  The  action  of  the  verb. 

1.  Division  into  four  equal  parts ;  also,  division 
in  general. 

_  16:0  W.  FOLKINGHAM  Art  of  Survey  i.  ix.  23  The  quarter 
ing  of  the  sweard  of  Ant-hils,  casting  their  ballas't,  and 
playning  their  Plots  for  pasture.  1694  Phil.  Trans.  XVIII. 
70  The  halving,  trisecting,  quartering,  Sic.  is  performed  by 
extracting  the  Square  Root,  . .  &c.  of  the  Terms.  1727-41 
[see  QUARTERIZATION],  1895  /'all  Mall  Gaz.  18  Jan.  10/3 
Even  in  'quartering' — the  term  for  breaking  up  the  great 
nodules  of  flint — it  is  not  muscle,  but  eye,  that  tells. 

2.  Her.  The  dividing  of  a  shield  into  quarters; 
the  marshalling  or  bringing   in  of  various   coats 
upon  one  shield,   to  denote  the  alliances  of  one 
family  with  the  heiresses  of  others. 

1592  WVRLEY  Armorie  4  An  other  thing  that  is  amisse..is 
the  quartering  of  many  marks  in  one  shield,  coate,  or 
banner.  1595  Blanchardyn  ii.  (1890)  15  Then  questioned 
he  with  his  Master,  of  the  blazonry  of  armes,  and  yfl 
quartering  of  these  coates.  1605  CAMDEN  Rein.  (1636)  225 
Quartering  of  Coates,  beganne,  first ..  in  Spaine  in  the  Armes 
of  Castile  and  Leon.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.,  Quarter 
ing,  in  heraldry,  the  act  of  dividing  a  coat  into  four  or  more 
quarters. . by  parting,  couping,&c.  //'/^..Colombiere  reckons 
twelve  sorts  of  quarterings.  1893  CUSSANS  Her.  (ed.  3)  166 
Quartering,  .was  not  generally  adopted  until  the  end  of  the 
Fourteenth  Century.  The  manner  in  which  various  coats 
are  brought  in,  and  marshalled  by  Quartering  [etc.]. 

b.  //.  The  various  coats  marshalled  upon  a 
shield  ;  rarely  sing.,  one  of  these  coats. 

1719  ASHMOLE  Berkshire  II.  214  A  Surcoat  .,  of  the 
Quarterings  impaled  with  Fetiplace.  1763  C.  JOHNSTON 
Reverie  II.  55,  I  have  nine  quarterings  more  than  he. 
1826  DISRAELI  Viv.  Grey  VI.  iv.  He  did  nothing  but  ., 
think  of  the  quarterings  of  his  immaculate  shield.  1879 
GEO.  ELIOT  Theo.  Such  ii.  42  Some  of  them.. belong  to 
families  with  many  quarterings. 

transf.  1833  MARRYAT  P.  Simple  (1863)  229  The  pride  of 
colour  is  very  great  in  the  West  Indies,  and  they  have  as 
many  quarterings  as  a  German  prince  in  his  coat  of  arms. 

3.  The  assigning  of  quarters  to  a  person  ;  the 
action  of  taking  up  quarters ;  f  a  place  in  which 
one  is  or  may  be  quartered. 

1625  Bp.  MOUNTAGU  App.  Caesar  xviii.  236  Heaven . .  is  not 
.  -so  narrowed  . .  that  there  cannot  bee  divers  Designations, 
Regions,  Habitations,  Mansions,  or  Quarterings  there.  1747 
H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  (18461 II.  177  A  motion  for  inquiring  into 
useless  places  and  quarterings. 

b.  spec.  The  billeting  of  soldiers  ;  the  fact  of 
having  soldiers  quartered  upon  one  ;  the  provision 
of  quarters  for  soldiers. 

1646  SIR  E.  NICHOLAS  in  N.  Papers  (Camden)  68  Your 
Honours  frends  at  Winterborne  are  well,  but  much  oppressed 
with  quarteringe.  1667  Ortnonde  J/.Y.V.  in  iot/1  Ref.  Hist. 


QUARTERING. 

JlfSS.  Comm.  App.  v.  58  Your  petitioner  was  heretofore 
charged  with  the  quartering  of  two  private  .souldiers.   _  1705 


dragoons  on  the  family,  his  wife  had  gone  into  concealment. 

4.  Build,    a.  The  placing  or  using  of  quarters 
in  construction,     b.  Work  formed  of  quarters,     c. 
Wood  in  the  form,  or  of  the  size,  of  quarters. 

1703  T.  N.  City  f<  C.  Purchaser  232  Quartering..  signifies 
the  putting  in  of  Quarters.  Sometimes  'tis  us'd  to  signifie 
the  Quarters  themselves.  1815  J.  NICHOLSON  Opera!. 
Mechanic  580  The  braces  should  be  rated  .  .  at  a  superior 
price  to  that  of  the  quartering*.  1854  Jrnl.  R.  Agnc.  Soc. 
XV.  255  Farms,  .built  of  quartering  and  weather  boarding. 

5.  Driving  on  the  quarters  of  a  road. 

1815  SCOTT  farifs  Lett.  (1839)  207  The  French  postilions 
..contrived,  by  dint  of  quartering  and  tugging,  to  drag  us 
safe  through.  1825  C.  M.  WESTMACOTT  Enf.  Spy  1.  313  No 
ruts  or  quarterings  now. 

6.  The   moon's   passage   from   one   quarter    to 
another  ;  also  =  QUARTER  8  b. 

1854  L.  TOMLISSON  tr.  Arago"s  As/rim.  67  Changes  of 
weather  are  not  more  frequent  at  the  moon's  quarterings 
than  at  any  other  period.  1880  I,.  WALLACE  Iten-Hur  234 
Before  the  new  moon  ..  passes  into  its  next  quartering. 

7.  at/rili.  and  Comb.,  as  qnartering-block,  -knife  • 
quartering-belt,  a  belt  connecting  pulleys  which 
have   their  axles  at   right   angles   to   each   other 
(Knight  Diet.  Mech.  1875);  quartering  hammer, 
a  steel-hammer  with  which  the  rough  masses  of 
flint  are  shaped  for  flaking  (ibid?)  ;  quartering- 
maehine,   a   machine   for    boring  the   wrist-pin 
holes  in  driving-wheels  a  quarter  of  a  circle  apart 
(ibid."}  ;  t  quartering-money,  money  paid  in  lieu 
of  giving  quarters  to  soldiers. 

1688  in  Wodrow  ///«•.  Ch.Scot.  (1721)  1.283  Exacting  Cess 
or  Quartering-money  for  more  Soldiers  than  were  actually 
present.  1818  COBUETT  Pol.  Reg-  XXXIII.  425  Why  do 
they  .  .  resort  to  gags,  dungeons,  halters,  axes,  and  quartering- 
knives?  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.Eng.  xii.lll.2i8  Those  who 
were  doomed  to  the  gallows  and  the  quartering  block. 


Quartering  (kwg-jtsrirj),///.  a.  [f.  QUARTER 
v.  +  -ING  2.]  That  quarters,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  /'/,iv.  ii.  II  You  temp_t  the  fury  of  my 
three  attendants,  Leane  Famine,  quartering  Steele,  and 
climbing  Fire.  1691  Capt.  StnitKs  Seaman's  Grain.  I.  xvi. 
76  The  Skip  gws  Lasting",  Quartering,  Veering,  or  Large  \ 
are  terms  of  the  same  signification,  viz.  that  she  neither  goes 
by  a  Wind  nor  before  the  Wind,  but  betwixt  both.  1702-11 
Milit.  <y  Sea  Diet.  (ed.  4)  II,  Quartering,  is  when  a  Gun  lies 
so,  and  may  be  so  travers'd,  that  it  will  shoot  on  the  same 
Line,  or  Point  of  the  Compass  as  the  Quarter  bears.  1765 
Museit'.n  Rusticum  IV.  341  The  track  was  just  of  a  proper 
breadth  for  post-chaises  and  all  quartering  carriages  to  run 
in.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1789),  Vent  Largtie,  a 
large,  or  quartering  wind.  1860  MAURV  Phys.  Geog.  Sea 
(Low)  xx.  §  815  Through  the  former  [ocean]  the  wind  is  afl  ; 
through  the  latter  quartering.  1893  Times  13  June  12/1 
Sheets  trimmed  for  a  quartering  breeze. 

t  Quarteriza-tion.     Obs.rare^".    (Seequot.) 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Quarterization,  Quartering, 
part  of  the  punishment  of  a  traitor,  by  dividing  his  body 
into  four  quarters. 

Quarter-jack. 

1.  [JACK  sl>.1  6.]  A  jack  of  the  clock  which  strikes 
the  quarters. 

1604  MIDDLF.TON  Father  ffuUanfs  T.  Wks.  (Bullen) 
VIII.  54  The  quarter-jacks  in  Paul's,  that  are  up  with 
their  elbows  four  times  an  hour.  1771  [see  JACK  sfl.1  6], 
1874  T.  HARDY  far  fr.  Mad.  Crowd  I.  xvi.  190  A  little 
canopy  with  a  quarter-jack  and  small  bell  beneath  it. 

2.  [JACK  rf.T]  A  jack-boot  cut  down. 

1809  A.  Sir  Frantic  the  Reformer  75  His  first  born 
Long  with  these  boots  did's  shanks  adorn,  Until  .  .  He  made 
them  into  quarter-jacks. 

Qua'rterland.  A  certain  division  of  land  in 
the  Isle  of  Man,  originally  the  fourth  part  of  a 
treen  or  balla  •  also  the  class  of  lands  included  in 
such  divisions. 

Called  '  Quarter  of  Land  '  in  1593  (Statutes  78)  ;  see  also 
quarter-ground  s.\.  QUARTER  j&  30. 

1645  Statutes  Isle  Man  (1821)  io7.Lands  and  Tenements 
in  the  said  Island  called  Farme  Lands  or  Quarter  Lands. 
1798  J.  FELTHAM  Tour  1st.  Mann  iv.  46  Divisions  of  land 
prevail  here,  termed  Quarterlands.  It  is  uncertain  how 
they  obtained  the  name.  1845  TRAIN  Isle  Man  I.  51  For 
each  four  quarterlands  he  made  a  chapel.  1865  Notes  3- 
Queries  Ser.  3  VIII.  310/2  Treens  .  .  usually  contain  from 
three  to  four  quarterlands.  Ibid.,  Quarterlands,  which  are 
estates  of  inheritance,  vary  in  size,  and  contain  from  120  to 
140  acres.  1890  A.  W.  MOORE  Surnames  Isle  Man  211  The 
lowlands  about  the  church  are  still  intack,  not  quarterland. 
1900  —  Hist.  Isle  Man  II.  vii.  873. 

Quarter-line.    Nattt. 

17  The  position  of  ships  in  a  column  when  each 
successive  vessel  has  its  bows  abaft  the  beam  of  the 
one  in  front,  and  a  little  to  one  side. 

1875  BEDFORD  Sailor's  Pocket  Bk.  \.  (ed.  2)  22  A  Column 
is  said  to  be  in  Quarter  Line  when  the  ships  are  ranged  in 
one  line  abaft  each  others'  beam,  but  not  right  astern. 

2.  a.  A  line  from  a  vessel's  quarter. 

1886  R.  C.  LESLIE  Sea-painter's  Log  vii.  146  The  quarter- 
line  is  cast  overboard, 

b.  An  additional  line  fastened  to  the  underside  of 
a  seine  to  assist  in  drawing  it  in  (Cent.  Diet.). 

Quarterly  (kwg-atajli),  a.  and  sb.  Also  6  -lie. 
[f.  QUARTER  sb.  +  -LY!.]  A.  adj. 

1.  That  takes  place,  is  done,  etc.,  every  quarter 


32 

of  a  year ;  relating  to,  or  covering,  a  quarter  of 
a  year,     f  Quarterly  H)a/'te/-= QUARTER- WAITER. 
1563  in  Maitl.  Cl«b  Misc.  (1833)  32  Takand  ilk  quarter 
>5o/.     As  the  capitane  of  the  said  Gardis  quarterhe  ac- 


Meeting.  1802  Miss  EDGEWORTH  Moral  T.  (1816)  I.  xix. 
158  Quarterly  and  half-yearly  payments.  1862  SALA  Ship- 
chandler  37  Mine  is  a  quarterly  hiring,  and  my  quarter  is 
out  to-morrow.  1885  Law  Times  LXXIX.  191/1  I  he 
necessity  of  having  a  quarterly  gaol  delivery. 

trans/.  1694  W.  HOLDER  On  Time\.  22  The  Moon,  .makes 
also  four  Quarterly  Seasons  within  her  little  Year. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  quarter  (in  other 
senses).  -^Quarterly  book:  (see  quot.  1776). 
Quarterly  wind,  a  wind  on  the  quarter. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1789),  t'ent  tie  quartier, 
a  quarterly,  or  quartering  wind.  1776  JOHNSON  Let.  to 
Wctherell  12  Mar.  in  Bos'i'cll  II.  14  We  must  ..  superadd 
what  is  called  the  quarterly-book,  or  for  every  hundred  books 
so  charged  we  must  deliver  an  hundred  and  four.  1889 
Standard  16  Mar.  3/8  The  wind.  .was. .quarterly. 
B.  sb.  A  quarterly  review,  magazine,  etc. 

1855  in  OGILVIE  Siippl.  1871  BESANT&  RICE  Ready-money 
Mort.  iv,  He  had  written  papers  for  what  were  vaguely 
called  the  Quarterlies.  1882  Miss  BRADDON  Mt.  Royal  III. 
i.  10  '  Oh,  there  are  the  new  Quarterlies  ',  seeing  a  package 
on  the  table. 

Quarterly  (kwgutculi),  adv.  (a.,  sb.~)    [-LY  2.] 

1.  Every  quarter  of  a  year;  once  in  a  quarter. 
1458  in  Sharp  Ccv.  Myst.  (1825)  208  To  go  with  be  wayts 

to  gader  their  wages  quarterly.  1529  Act  21  Hen.  Vlll 
c.  13  §  28  Chaplains  ..  daily  or  quarterly  attending.  1581 
MULCASTER  Positions  xli.  11887)  234  That  there  were  no 
admission  into  schooles,  but  foure  times  in  the  yeare 
quarterly,  a  1633  AUSTIN  Medit,  (1635)  254  They  be  Times 
that  Quarterly  bring  us  in  Revenew  for  our  temporall 
profit.  1712  ADDLSON  Sped.  No.  295  F  i  She  should  have 
4oo/.  a  Year  for  Pin-money,  which  I  obliged  my  self  to  pay 
Quarterly.  1878  JEVONS  Prim.  Pol.  Econ.  53  Managers, 
officers,  secretaries,  and  others,  are  paid  quarterly,  or  some 
times  half-yearly. 

2.  Her.  In  the  four  divisions  of  a  shield  formed 
by  a  vertical  and  a  horizontal  line  drawn  through 
the  fess  point ;  usu.  with  reference  to  two  tinctures, 
charges,  or  coats  of  arms,  placed  in  the  diagonally 
opposite  quarters. 

c  1450  HOLLAND  Hmvlat  591  He  bare  quarterly . .  the  armes 
of  the  Dowglass.  1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  clxviii.  192 
He  bare  syluer  and  sables  quarterly.  1592  WYRLEY  A  rinorie 
91  Sir  Neal  Loring,  who  fairly  Arms  put  on  Quarterly  white 
and  red.  1684  Lend.  Gas.  No.  1952/4  The  Arms  of  the  said 
Count,  being  in  an  Eschutcheon  Four  Coats  quarterly. 
1765  H.  WALPOLE  Otranto  iii.  (1798)  51  A  banner  with  the 
aims  of  Vicenza  and  Otranto  quarterly.  1824  SCOTT  St. 
Konan's  xviii,  A  white  lion  for  Mowbray,  to  be  borne 
quarterly,  with  three  stunted  or  scrog-bushes  for  Scrogie. 
1893  CUSSANS  Her.  (ed.  3)  168  Their  daughter,  .is  entitled  to 
bear  both  her  Father's  and  her  Mother's  Arms  quarterly. 

b.  With  ref.  to  the  division  of  the  shield  into 
quarters,  or  to  blazoning  it  by  quarters.     Quarterly- 
quartered,  having  one  or  more   quarters  divided 
in  four  ;  so  quarterly-quartering. 

1610  GL-ILLIM  Heraldry  v.  i.  (1611)  238  If  they  be  charged, 
then  I  hold  it  best  blazoned  quarterly.  1705  HEARNE  Col. 
lect.  21  Dec.  (O.  H.  S.)  1. 136  His  Arms,  quarte[r]ly  parted  per 
Cross.  1709  STRYPE  Ann.  Ref.  Introd.  i.  8  This  [shield]  im 
paled  quarterly,  j.  The  arms  of  Scotland.  2.  The  arms  of 
England.  The  third  as  the  second.  The  fourth  as  the  first. 
1864  BOUTELL  Her.  Hist.  $  Pop.  iii.  (ed.  3)  16  The  Grand 
Quarters  of  which  the  first  and  the  fourth  . .  are  Quarterly, 
quartered.  Ibid.  xiv.  142  The  Marshalling  now  proceeds  by 
Quarterly  Quartering. 

c.  ellipt.   as  adj.  =  divided  quarterly,  or   (by 
extension)  into  any  number  of  parts  by  lines  at 
right  angles  to  each  other,  as  quarterly  of  eight ; 
also  as  sb,  =  a  shield  divided  or  charged  quarterly. 

1869  W.  S.  ELLIS  Antiq.  Her.  x.  228  Aubrey  de  Vere  . . 
transmitted  his . .  coat  of  Quarterly  to  his  descendants. 

d.  Quarterly-pierced:  (see  quots.). 

_  1780  EDMONDSON  Body  Her.,Gloss.  II,  Quarterly  Pierced, 
is  used  to  express  a  square  hole  in  a  saltire,  a  cross  millrine, 
&c.  through  which  aperture  the  field  is  seen.  iSgsCussANS 
Her.  (ed.  31 63  If. .  that  part  where  the  limbs  [of  the  cross]  are 
conjoined  be  removed,  it  is  termed  Quarterly-pierced. 

f  3.  a.  Into  four  parts,  b.  At  four  equidistant 
points  on  a  circle,  c.  Through  each  quarter  of 
a  town.  Obs.  rare. 

a.  1576  GASCOICNE  Philomcne  (Arb.)  107  They  tore  in  peces 
quarterly  The  corps,  b.  1605  CAMDEN  Kern.  (1637)  167  A 
Wing  with  these  foure  Letters,  F.  E.  L.  D.  quarterly  about  it. 
0.  a  1670  SPALDING  Trout.  (1828)  I.  199  The  baillies  went 
quarterly  about,  to  cause  ilk  inhabitant  subscrive. 

Qua-rterman. 

T"  1.  ?  One  of  the  quarter-guard.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1599  in  Harington's  Ntigy  Anti?uar(ed.  Park  1804)  I.  274 
The  deathes  of  our  captaines  were  revenged  by  our  quarter- 
men  and  scoutemen,  who  ..  slewe  7  of  the  rebells,  whiche 
assaied  to  force  the  quarter. 

2.  A  foreman-shipwright. 

1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  62  That  species  of  foreman 
shipwright,  called  a  Quarter-man  in  Plymouth  dock.  1803 
R.  PERING  in  Naval  C/iron.  XV.  155  The  quartermen . .  give 
an  account  of  the  work  performed  to  the  job  office.  Ibid. 
157  Quartermen  of  shipwrights  and  caulkers .  .have  appren 
tices.  1861  SMILES  Engineers  II.  30  [He]  was  then  a  fore 
man  of  shipwrights,  called  a  quarterman,  in  Plymouth  Dock. 

Quartermaster  (kwg-jtsjma^stgj).  [Insense  i 
app.  from  QUARTER  rf.l  16;  sense  2  (from  QUARTER 
sb.  15)  is  app.  the  original  meaning  of  F.  quartier- 


QUARTERN. 

mattre,  Du.  kwartier-meester,  G.  qtiartier-meisler, 
etc.,  and  may  have  been  adopted  from  one  or 
other  of  these  languages.] 

1.  Naut.    A    petty   officer   who   attends   to   the 
steering  of  the  ship,  the  binnacle,  signals,  stowing 
of  the  hold,  etc. 

1442  Rolls  Parlt.  V.  60/1  The  Maisters  of  the  Shippes, 
Quarter  Maisters,  Shipmen  and  Soudeours.  1509  BARCLAY 
Shyp  of  Folys  (15701  pp  iij,  Purser  and  Captayne,  Quarter 
master,  Lodesman.  1549  Compl.  Scot.  vi.  41  Euery  qtiartar 
master  til  his  auen  quartar.  1626  CAPT.  SMITH  Accid.  1'ne: 
Seamen  5  The  quarter^  Maisters  hath  the  charge  of  the  hold 
for  stowage,  rommageing,  and  trimming  the  shippe  ;  and  of 
their  squadrons  for  their  watch.  1643  Declar.  Commons, 
Reb.  Irel.  50  He  is  one  of  the  Quarter-masters  of  the  Dun- 
kirke  Frigot.  1708  Royal  Proclam.  20  May  in  Lond.  Gaz. 
No.  4440/1  The  Midshipmen,  ..  Quarter. Master,  Quarter- 
Masters  Mates,,  .and  Serjeants  of  Marines.  1836  MARRVAT 
Midsh.  Easy  xxvi,  Up  with  the  helm,  quarter-master. 
b.  transf.  Steering-gear. 

1882  Standard  26  Dec.  2/2  She  will  have  a  brigantine  rig, 
.  .and  [be]  steered  by  a  steam  '  quartermaster'.  1899  F.  T. 
KULLEN  ll'ay  Nai-y  37  Like  everything  else  in  this  giant 
vessel,  the  steam  quartermaster  is  on  an  immense  scale. 

2.  Mil.  An  officer,  ranking  as  lieutenant,  attached 
to  each  regiment,  with  the  duties  of  providing 
quarters  for  the  soldiers,  laying  out  the  camp,  and 
looking  after  the  rations,  ammunition  and  other 
supplies  of  the  regiment. 

1600  DY.MMOK  Ireland  (1843)  33  The  small  losse  we  sus- 
teyned..was  multiplied  upon  the  rebell  by  our  quarter  and 
skoutmasters.  ^1653  GOUGE  Comm.  Heb.  vi.  18  A  quarter 
master,  who  goeth  nefore  hand  to  prepare  quarters  for 
.souldiers.  1721  DE  FOE  Mem.  Cavalier  (1840)  cjj  The  king 
..made  him  a  quarter-master  to  a  troop  of  Cuirassiers.  1803 
WELLINGTON  Let.  to  Col.  Stevenson  16  Sept.  in  Gurw.  Desp. 
(1837)  II.  308,  I  rather  believe  that  your  Quarter  Masters 
have  loco  bullocks  for  each  regiment.  1893  FORBES- 
MITCHELL  Remin.  Gt.  Mutiny  150  Our  quartermaster 
divided  among  us  a  lot  of  shirts  and  underclothing. 

b.  Quartermaster-general,  a  staff-officer  who 
is  chief  of  the  department  exercising  control  over 
all  matters  relating  to  the  quartering,  encamping, 
marching  and  equipment  of  troops. 

1701  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  3732/1  The  said  Quartermaster- 
General  and  Adjutant-General  Baron  Riedt  were  sent  out 
to  view  the  Ground.  1813  WELLINGTON  Let.  to  Sir  G. 
Collier  19  Aug.  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1838)  XL  15,  I  enclose  a 
letter  to  the  Quarter  Master  General  directing  that  the 
Infantry  now  in  the  horse  ships  at  Bilbao  may  be  removed. 
1876  BANCROFT  Hist.  U.  S.  V.  xliv.  35  Mifilin,  who  in  August 
had  been  appointed  quartermaster -general. 

C.  Quartermaster-sergeant,  a  non-commis 
sioned  officer,  ranking  as  a  staff-sergeant,  who 
assists  the  quartermaster  in  his  duties. 

1869  E.  A.  PARKES  Pract.  Hygiene  (ed.  3!  300  The  Serjeant- 
major  and  Quarter-master-serjeant  are  entitled  to  two  rooms 
and  a  kitchen. 

1 3.  One  who  shares  authority  with  another  to  the 
extent  of  a  fourth.  Obs. 

Prob.  transf.  from  sense  i,  with  pun  on  quarter—  one 
fourth;  cf.  QUARTER  sb.  27 d. 

1550  LATIMER  Last  Serm.  be/.  Edw.  VI  in  They  do  it, 
because  they  will  be  quarter  maister  with  their  husbandes  : 
Quarter  maister  ?  nay  halfe  maisters  :  yea  some  of  them  will 
be  whole  maisters.  1617  COLLINS  Def.  Bp.  Ely  I.  L  7  Dis- 
cerne  you  no  better  betweene  Popes  and  Councels,  which 
are  the  Church  in  effect  ?  or  shall  these  play  quarter 
masters  with  the  Pope  ?  1685  R.  BURTON  Eng.  Emp.  A  mer. 
ii.  28  The  English  Nation ..  might  have  made  themselves 
Quarter-Masters,  at  least  with  the  Spaniards. 

1 4.  A  gild-official,  having  charge  of  the  gilds- 
men  in  a  quarter  of  the  town.     Obs. 

1646  in  G.  Tale  Alnwick  II.  xvii.  338  It  is  agreed  that 
none  of  the  wood  shall  be  sould  but  with  the  consent  of  the 
four  quartermaisters.  [1868-9  G.  TATE  Alnwick  II.  xvii.  338 
Wood  and  bark  were  therefore  bought  for  the  whole  com 
pany,  by  officers  called  quartermasters,  who  allotted  to  each 
tanner  a  proportional  share  of  every  purchase.] 

Hence  Qua'rterma^ster  v.,  to  perform  the 
duties  of  a  quartermaster  (hence  quartermaslering 
vbl.  sb.);  Quartermasteriveness,  the  qualities 
of  a  quartermaster  (nonce-wet.)  ;  Quartermaster- 
ship,  the  office  of  quartermaster  (so  also  Quarter 
master-generalship'). 


fully  in  arrear.  1862  Times  8  Ja  ,  „ 
manoeuvring,  or  quartermastering.  1870  Daily  News  3  Nov., 
The  quartermastership . .  of  the  district  around  Metz.  1876 
BANCROFT  Hist.  U.  S.  VI.  Index  553  [Greene]  resigns  [the] 
quartermaster-generalship  abruptly. 

t  Quartern,  J*.1  Obs.  Forms:  i  cweartern, 
-en,  cwert-,  cwiertern,  1-2  owart-,  quartern, 
3  owarrt-,  quarrterrne,  owart- ,  quarterne. 
[Of  obscure  origin,  poss.  an  alteration  of  OE. 
carcxrn,  carcern,  ad.  L.  carcer.\  A  prison. 

<T975  Rushm.  Cos/.  Matt.  xxv.  39  Hwonne  we  be  sejun 
untrymne  o(x$e  in  quartern  ?  c  1000  ^LFRIC  Exod.  xl.  3  pa 
dyde  hi§  man  on  cweartern  . .  and  t>£es  cwearternes  hirde 
betsehte  his  losepe  c  1154  O.  E.  Chron.  an.  1137  Hi  dyden 
heom  in  quarterne.  c  1200  ORMIN  6168  Himm  patt  i  cwarr- 
terrne  lib  Forrbundenn.  Ibid.  18187  Inntill  quarrterrne 
worrpenn.  c  1205  [see  QuALE1  b].  a  1225  Leg.  Kath.  670 
Al  be  cwarterne  of  his  cume  leitede  o  leie. 

Quartern  (kw^-Jtam),  sb?  Forms:  3-7 
quartron,  (4  -run,  -roun,  -eroun,  quaterone, 
6  -eren),  5-7  quarteron,  (5  -eren,  -rone),  6-7 
quarterne,  (7  ooterne),  7-9  Jr.  cartron,  9  quar- 


QUARTER-PIECE. 

tan,  dial,  wartern,  6-  quartern,  [a.  AF.  qiiar- 
truit,  OF.  qtiart(e)ron,  gnat(te}ron,  used  in  most 

of  the  senses  of  the  E.  word  (see  Godef.)  f.  quart(e, 

fourth,  fourth  part.] 

1.  A  quarter  tf/' anything.     Obs.  exc.  dial, 

c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  476/510  With-inne  a  quartron  of  be 
3ere  buy  comen  to  Marcilie.  -1440  Anc.  Cookery  in 
Househ.  Ord.  (1790)  455  A  quartrone  of  a  pounde  of  pynes. 
1547  BOORDE  Brev.  Health  20  Take  of  . .  greale  reasons,  .a 
quartron  of  a  pounde.  1587  HARRISON  England  \\.  vi. 
(1877)  I.  159  She  addeth  ..  halfc  a  quarterne  of  an  ounce  of 
baiberries.  1607  TOPSELL  Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  287  Take  of 
Hony  a  quartern  of  a  pinte.  1647  Will  of  John  Clarke  of 
Scawthorpe  (N.  W.  Line.  Gloss.),  Three  quatrans  of  one 
oxgange  of  land,  a  1796  in  PEGGE  Derbicisms.  1877  A''.  W. 
Line.  Gloss.,  Quartern,  a  quarter  of  anything. 

1 2.  el/if  I.  A  quarter  of  something  (esj>.  a  weight 
or  measure)  already  specified.  Obs.  Cf.  3. 

1361  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  v.  131  The  pound  tliat  heo  peysede 
by  peisede  a  quartrun  [v.r.  quarteroun]  more  then  myn 
auncel  dude,  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  xxx-  301  There  is  not 
the  Mone  seyn  in  alle  the  Lunacioun,  saf  only  the  seconde 
quarteroun.  1480  Wardr.  Ace.  Edm.  7(^(1830)  130  Sylk 
j  Ib.  an  unce  and  j  quarteron.  1496  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  I'/f 
(1896)  174  A  Chalder  and  a  quarteron  of  Smythes  Cole*;. 
ifa$  Althorp  MS.  in  Simpkinson  The  Washingtons  (1860) 
A  pp.  42, 2  barrells of neates  tongues  weight  100  and  a coterne. 
Ibid.  45  For  3  pintes  wanting  di.  a  coterne  of  aquavita?.  1653 
URQUHART  Rabelais  n.  xxix.  187  Weighing  nine  thousand 
seven  hundred  kintals  and  two  quarterons. 

3.  A  quarter  of  various  weights  and  measures. 

a.  of  a  pound.  Now  rare.  b.  of  an  ounce,  c.  of  a 
chalder,  hundredweight,  etc.  Now  only  dial,  f  d.  = 
QUARTER  4  a.  e.  of  a  stone  or  peck.  ff.  of  some  measure 
of  land ;  in  Ireland  —  QUARTER  7  c,  or  the  fourth  part  of 
this.  g.  of  a  pint. 

a.  [1316  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  15  In  uno  quar 
teroun  croci,  i6jy.]     c  nooMasterofGamexu.  (MS.  Digby 
182),  Take  ye  vi  poundes  of  hony,  and  a  quartron  of  vert- 
grece.     £-1450  ME.  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  173  Tak  bre  quar 
terons  of  clene  rosyn,  &  a  quateron  of  good  perrosyn,  &  half 
a  pounde  of  good  oile  de  olyue.     1510  WHITINTON  Vulg. 
(1527)  12  b,  Bye  me  a  halfe  pounde  of  saffron,  a  quarteren  of 
cynamon.      1754-6  Connoisseur  No.  76   At    every  petty 
Chandler's  shop  in  town,  while  the  half  quarterns  of  tea  are 
weighed  out.    1836-9  DICKENS  Sk.  Boz,  Tales  iv,  He  dis 
pensed  tea  and  coffee  by  the  quartern,  retailed  sugar  by  the 
ounce.     1878  Cumbld.  Gloss.  Suppl.,  Quartern,  a  quarter  of 
a  pound  of  flax  ready  for  being  spun. 

b.  1607  T.  COCKS  Diary  (1901)  5/6  Paide  for  a  quartern 
of  sylke  4rf.     1861  MRS.  H.  WOOD  Mrs.  Hallib.  (1864)  II. 
viii.  193  That  surly  old  foreman  says. .'  What  d'ye  leave  for 
silk  ?.  .There's  two  quarterns  down  '. 

C.  1497  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  K//(i8o6)  230,  iiij  quarterons 
salte.  1590  RECORDE,  etc.  Cr.  Arts  (1646)  134  There  bee 
greater  weights,  which  are  called  a  hundred,  halfe  a  hun 
dred,  and  a  quarterne,  and  also  a  halfe  quarterne.  1883 
Almondb.  !f  Huddcrsf.  Glass.,  Wartern,  i.e.  a  quartern,  a 
weight  of  woolen  warp  which  is,  when  complete,  twenty-four 
or  twenty-five  pounds. 

d.  1583  in  Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)  I.  234,   53  quarterns,  3 
bushells  of  malt. 

e.  1836-9  DICKENS.?*.  Boz,  Tales'n,  Applicants  for.. half- 
quarterns  of  bread. 

f.  1679  BLOUNT/JM.  Tenures  3  Each  [bondman]  held  one 
Messuage,  and  one  Quartron  of  Land.     1683  J.'  KEOCH 
Aec.  Roscommon   in    O'Donovan   Tribes  Hy-Fiachraick 
(1844)  454  The  lands  here  are  generally  set  and  let.  .by  the 
name  of  quarters,  cartrons,  and  gnieves,  a  quarter  being  the 
fourth  part  of  a  townland  . .  and  a  cartron  . .  the  fourth  part 
of  a  quarter.     1883  [see  QUARTER  7  c]. 

g.  1706    PHILLIPS    (ed.   Kersey),  Quartern,   a   sort    of 
Measure,  the  fourth  part  of  a  Pint.   1761  SMOLLETT  Launce- 
lot  Greaves  (1793)  II.  xvii.  90  The  waiter  ..  returned  with 
a  quartern  of  brandy.  _  1833  MARRYAT  Jac.  Faith/,  xxii, 
T  here  is  my  mother  with  a  quartern  of  gin  before  her. 
1839  CARLVLE  Chartism  iv.  132  Liquid  Madness  [Gin]  sold 
at  ten-pence  the  quartern. 

f4.  A  quarter  of  a  hundred;  twenty-five.  Quar 
tern-book:  (see  quot.  1584).  Obs. 

1472-3  Rolls  Parlt.  VI.  37/2  Item,  C  of  Milwell  and 
Lyng  drye  ;  Item,  a  quartern  of  Mersaunte  Lyng.  1561 
AWDELAY  Frat.  Yacab.  12  The  xxv  orders  of  Knaves,  other 
wise  called  a  quarterne  of  Knaves.  1584  StarChamb.  Decree 
(1863)  15  Any  Stationer  that  shall  bye  a  quarterne  at  ones  or 
more  ;  which  quartern  is  xxv  bokes,  in  which  case  the  byer 
hath  alwaie  a  quarterne  boke  given  him  freely,  that  is  to 
sale,  one  boke  for  everie  xxv  that  he  byeth.  1630  J.  TAYLOR 
(Water  P.)  T.'s  Water  worke  Ded.,  A  Quarterne  of  new- 
catcht  Epigrams  caught  the  last  Fishing-tide.  1650  TRAPP 
Contm.  Deut.  xvii.  4  The  Catholikes  follow  the  Bible  (saith 
Hill,  in  his  quartern  of  Reasons). 

5.  A  quarter  of  a  sheet  of  paper. 

1821  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1856)  III.  249  During  the  last  year., 
at  Westminster,  one  imposition  served  me :  . .  it  lasted  till 
the  appearance  of  the  quartan  might  have  betrayed  its 
history.  1874  DASENT  Half  a  Life  232  This  message, 
written  on  a  '  quartern  ',  that  is,  on  a  quarter  of  a  sheet  of 
ruled  paper,  on  which  we  wrote  our  exercises. 

6.  A  quartern-loaf. 

1844  DICKENS  Mart.  C/ius.  viii,  That .  .loaf  which  is  known 
to  housekeepers  as  a  slack-baked  crummy  quartern. 

7.  C0OT*.,astquartern-book(see4);  quartern- 
loaf,  a  loaf  made  of  a  quartern  of  flour,  a  four- 
pound  loaf;   f  quartern-wind,  a  quarter-wind. 

1591  GREENE  Disput.  i  Thinke  you  a  quarterne  winde 
cannot  make  a  quicke  saile.  i8ia  Examiner  24  Aug.  531/1 
Ihe  price  of  the  Quartern  Loaf  still  continues  at  is.Sii. 
1887  JESSOPP  Arcatiy  vi.  176  Ben  has  been  seen  to  eat  two 
quartern  loaves  at  a  sitting. 

t  Quarterage  «.,  erron.  forms  of  QUARTAN, 
through  assimilation  to  prec.  Obs. 

1548  HOOPER  Ten  Commandm,  ix.  Wks.  (Parker  Soc.)  373 
Those . .  that  bid  the  pestilence,  the  fever  quartern, ..  or  such 
other  execrations.  1588  J.  READ  Contend.  Meth.  64  b,  The 
dropsie,  quarterne  fluxes  and  strangurie. 

VOL.  VIII. 


33 

Quarteron,  -oon,  variants  of  QUADROON. 
Quarter-piece. 

fl.  A  quarter  of  a  standard  coin.  Obs.  rare~^. 

1650  FULLER  Pisgah  I.  xii.  38  Some  English  coines,  being 
quarter-peices,  cannot  be  put  away  in  payment  without  loss, 
except  four  of  them  be  joyned  together. 

2.  Naut.  f  a.  A  piece  of  ordnance  placed  on  the 
quarter  of  a  vessel.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1626  CAPT.  SMITH  AcciJ.  yng.  Sea-men  31  The  peeces 
in  the  prow,.. in  the  Sterne,  the  quarter  peeces  [etc.], 

b.  (See  quots.) 

1711  W.  SUTHERLAND  Shipbuild.  Assist.  162  Quarter, 
pieces  ;  large  carved  Pieces  fixed  to  terminate  the  Quarter 
with  the  Stern.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  Gg, 
The  quarter-pieces,  which  limit  and  form  the  outlines  of  the 
stern.  1797  Encycl.lirit.  XVII.  4o8/2'I'he  taffarel  and  quarter 
pieces,  which  terminate  the  ship  abaft,  the  former  above 
and  the  latter  on  earh  side.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet. 
243  If  there  be  a  quarter-gallery,  the  quarter-piece  forms  its 
after  end. 

C.  '  Projections  beyond  the  quarters  of  a  ship  for 
additional  cabin  accommodation'  (Cent.  Diet.}. 
f3.  ^QUARTER  19  and  20  c.  Ol>s.  rare"". 

1688  MIKGE  Grt.  Fr.  Diet,  n,  Quarter-piece,  quarter.  The 
two  Quarter-pieces  of  a  Shoe.  1736  AINSWOHTH  Lat.Dict., 
A  double  quarter  piece,  trabs  crassior. 

Quarter-sessions.    [QUARTER  sb.  8  a.] 

17  In  England  and  Ireland  :  A  court  of  limited 

'criminal  and  civil  jurisdiction,  and  of  appeal,  held 

quarterly  by  the  justices  of  peace  in  the  counties  (in 

Ireland  by  county-court  judges),  and  by  the  recorder 

in  boroughs. 

1577  HARRISON  Englana  II.  iv.  (1877!  I.  100  They  haue 
finallie  their  quarter  sessions,  wherein  they  are  assisted  by 
the  justices  and  gentlemen  of  the  countrie.  1660  R.  COKE 
Pouter  $•  Sulj.  233  Justices  of  Peace  in  their  Quarter- 
sessions,  have  power  to  hear  and  determine  the  offences 
aforesaid.  1711  ADDISON  Spcct.  No.  122  f  4  There  is  not 
one  in  the  Town  where  he  lives  that  he  has  not  sued  at 
a  Quarter-Sessions.  1844  LD.  BROUGHAM  Brit.  Const,  xix. 
§  6  (1862)  375  Much  of  the  criminal  business  of  England  is 
transacted  by  the  quarter-sessions.  1901  L.  COURTNEY 
Working  Const.  U.K.  II.  248  Prisoners  apprehended  under 
charge  of  crime  are  . .  committed  for  trial  at  the  Assizes  or 
Quarter  Sessions. 

attrib.  1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  Concl.  90  A  quarter-sessions 
chairman,  abler  none. 

2.  In  Scotland:  A  court  of  review  and  appeal 
held  quarterly  by  the  Justices  of  the  Peace  on  days 
appointed  by  statute  (1661). 

1661  Sc.  Acts  Parl.  c.  xxxviii.  (1681),  The  Justices  of  Peace 
. .  shall  appoint  at  the  Quarter  Sessions . .  the  ordinary  H  ire 
and  Wages  of  Labourers.  1679  in  Wodrow  If  is.'.  Ch.  Scot. 
(1722)  II.  17  With  Power.. to  call  the  remanent  Justices  of 
Peace  to  the  Quarter-sessions.  1773  J.  ERSKINE  fnst.  Lams 
Sect.  i.  iv.  6p  Constables  . .  are  appointed  by  them  in  their 
quarter-sessions.  1898  Green's  Eiicycl.  Law  Scot.  VII.  268 
A  judgment  in  Quarter  Sessions  cannot  be  reviewed  by  a 
later  Quarter  Sessions. 

Qua;rterstaff.  1.  A  stout  pole,  from  six  to 
eight  feet  long  and  tipped  with  iron,  formerly  used 
as  a  weapon  by  the  English  peasantry. 

The  exact  sense  of  quarter  is  not  clear  :  quot.  1589  sug 
gests  that  the  staff  may  have  been  made  from  a  tree  of  a 
certain  size  cleft  in  four;  cf.  QUARTER-CLEFT  li.  i. 

a  1550  Play  of  Robin  Hooit^  in  Child  Ballads  1 1 1. 127  With 
a  stout  frere  I  met,  And  a  quarter-staffe  in  his  hande.  1589 
R.  HARVEY  PI.  Perc.  (1860)  3  Plodding  through  Aldersgate, 
all  armed  as  I  was,  with  a  quarter  Ashe  staffe  on  my 
shoulder.  £1626  Dick  of  Devon  iv.  iii.  in  Bullen  Old  PI. 
II.  81  My  owne  Country  weapon.  What?  A  Quarter 
staffe.  1700  DRYDEN  Cymon  <$•  Iph.  82  His  quarter-staff  .. 
Hung  half  before  and  half  behind  his  back.  1725  DE  FOE 
Voy,  round  World  (1840)  121  A  cane  about  eight  foot  long 
and  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter  much  like  a  quarter- 
staff.  1821  SCOTT  Kcniliv.  xxv,  Their  rude  drivers,  .began 
to  debate  precedence  with  their  waggon-whips  and  quarter- 
staves.  1887  BESANT  The  World  went  xv.  128  [He)  took 
the  quarterstaff, ..  poised  it  in  his  hands,  and  turned  a  smiling 
face  to  his  adversary. 

attrib.  1890  Daily  Nems  19  June  6/4  Dumb-bell  and 
quarter-staff  drill. 

2.  Fighting  or  exercise  with  the  quarterstaff. 

i7ia  ARBUTHNOT  John  Bull\.  ii,  He  had  acquir'd  immense 
Riches,  which  he  used  to  squander  away  at  Back-Sword, 
Quarter-Staff.and  Cudgell-Play.  1775  SHERIDAN  Rivalsn'. 
i,  If  you  wanted  a  bout  at  boxing,  quarter  staff,  or  short- 
staff.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ii.  I.  252  He  . .  wrestled, 
played  at  quarterstaff,  and  won  footraces. 

Hence  Qna-rterstaff  ».',  to  beat  with  a  quarter- 
staff. 

1700  STEELE  Tatler  No.  31  p  5,  400  Senators  . .  thought  it 
an  Honour  to  be  cudgelled  and  quarterstaffed. 


t  Qua-rterth,  a.  Obs.  [f.  QUARTER  sb.  +  -TH.] 
Fourth  (part). 

lS58  Caper s  Rem,  To  Rdr.,  His  recipees  amounted  not  to 
the  half  nor  quarterth  part  of  a  common  Apothecaries  Bill. 

Quarter-waiter.  [QUARTER  sb.  8  a.]  One 
belonging  to  the  lower  class  of  Gentlemen-Ushers, 
who  remained  in  waiting  for  a  quarter  of  a  year. 

<iiJ22  in  Rutland  Papers  (Camd.)  102  Gentilmen  ushers 
quarter  wayters.  c  1600  SIR  J.  DAVIES  Dialogue  (Tanner  MS. 
79  If.  15),  Gentleman  Usher.  I  should  know  something  that 
have^eene  a  quarter-wayter  these  15  yeares.  1610  Housch. 
Ord.  (1790}  338  The  gentlemen  ushers,  daily  waiters,  and 
quarter  waiters.  1636  FINETT  For.  Ambass.i-2$  They  gave 
to  the  hand  of  a  Gentleman  Usher  Quarter-waiter  10  Peeces. 
1731  Gent/.  Mag.  I.  126  One  of  the ..  Quarter-waiters  in 
ordinary  to  his  Majesty. 


QTTARTILE. 
Quarter-wind,     a.  A  wind  blowing  on  a 

vessel's  quarter.  fl>.  A  wind  from  one  of  the  car 
dinal  points.  Obs. 

a.  1591  PERCIVALL  Sp.  Diet.,  Aorca,  \\  ith  a  quarter  winde. 
1627  CAPT.  SMITH  SffOUfHUt't  Gram.  vii.  32  Few  ships  will 
steare  vpon  quarter  winds  with  one  saile.     1692  Ibid.  i.  xvi. 
80  Quarter  Winds,  are  when  the  Wind  comes  in  abaft  the 
mum-mast-shrouds  even  with  the  Quarter.      1727-41  CHAM 
BERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  quarter-wind  is  the  best  of  all  winds, 
as  bearing  into  all  the  sails.    1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.  243. 

b.  1598  FLORIO,  Quarta,  . .  a  quarter  winde  of  the  com- 
passe. 

t  Quartessence.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  L.  quarta 
fourth,  after  QUINTESSENCE.]  An  essence  one 
degree  less  pure  than  a  quintessence. 

1605  TIMME  Qucrsit,  i.  xi.  48  It  is  called  a  quintessence, 
but  more  truly  and  properly  a  quarteSbence. 

Quartet,  quartette  (kwgate-t).  Also  9  -tett. 
[a.  F.  quartette,  ad.  It.  qitartetto :  see  next.] 

1.  Mas.  A  composition  for  four  voices  or  instru 
ments,  esp.  one  for  four  stringed  instruments. 

1790  COLERIDGE  Inside  the  Coach,  We  snore  quartettes  in 
ecstasy  of  nose.  1845  E.  HOLMES  Mozart  245  A  single 
quartet  for  stringed  instruments.  tMjtAACFAKREttflarmffny 
i.  14  Beethoven's  Quartet  in  A,  &c.  attrib.  1872  BHOWNINC, 
Fifine  cxvi,  Inspect  this  quartett-score  ! 
fig:.  1838  DICKENS  O.  7'M)/Wxxxix,  A  quartette  of 'Shame 
ful  1 '  with  which  the  Dianas  concluded. 

2.  a.  Mis.  A  set  of  four  singers  or  players  who 
render  a  quartet,     b.  transf.  A  set  of  four  persons. 

1814^  SIR  R.  WILSON  Priv.  Diaty\\.  304  We  are  a  quariett 
of  miserables.  1849  THACKERAY  Pcndcnnis  I.  294  The 
parties  are  arranged  in  messes  of  four,  each  of  which 
quartets  has  its  piece  of  beef.  1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  n. 
xv,  When  the  quartette  of  gentlemen  . .  met  on  the  terrace. 

3.  A  set  of  four  things  ;  e.  g.,  of  lines  in  a  sonnet, 
of  runs  at  cricket,  etc. 

1837-9  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  II.  n.  v.  S  44.  208  The  first  lines 
or  quartets  of  the  sonnet  excite  a  soft  expectation,  which  is 
harmoniously  filled  by  the  tercets,  or  last  six  lines.  1882 
Daily  Tel.  17  May,  Shaw,  letting  out  at  that  bowler's  next 
delivery,  drove  it  to  the  boundary  for  a  quartette.  1889 
GROVE  Diet.  Mits.  IV.  341  A  glass  case  containing  two 
quartets  of  stringed  instrument* 

I:  Quartette  (kwgjte-to).  ?  Obs.  [a..  l\..  quar- 
tetto,  f.  quarto  fourth  :  see  prec.] 

1.  Mus.   =  QUARTET  i. 

i775in  ASH  Siippl.  1789  BURNEY  Hist. Mus.  III.  Introd.  9 
In  1752,  Quantz  classed  Quartettes  at  the  head  of  Instru 
mental  Music.  1806-7  J-  BERESFORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life 
(1826)  xvi.  ii.  89  Playing  the  solo  part  for  the  flute  in  a 
quartette.  1835  L.  RITCHIE  Wand,  by  Seine  201  Every 
song  was  at  least  a  quartetto. 

2.  =  QUARTET  2  and  3. 

1790  COWPER  Lett.  Wks.  1836  VI.  340  Wishing  much 
that  you  could  change  our  trio  into  a  quartetto.  1807  Sin 
R.  C.  HOARE  Tour  Irel.  235  Potatoes,  oats,  tlax,  and  bog, 
the  almost  inseparable  quartetto.  1819  T.  HOPE  Anastasius 
III.  xiv.  (1820)  362  The  quartetto. .consisted  of  a  poet,  a 
scene-painter,  a  musical  composer  and  a  ballet-master. 

attrib.  1842  MRS.  BROWNING  Grk.  Chr.  Poets  173  A  large 
soul  . .  containing  sundry  Queen  Anne's  men,  one  within 
another,  like  quartetto  tables. 

[Quarteus,  an  error  for  CERCEAUS,  q.v. 
1340  Ayenb.  159  Yef  be  ondcrstondinge  . .  wybwent  ayen 
ase  deb  be  quarteus,  al  be  inwyt  sscl  by  byestre.] 

Quarteyn,  obs.  form  of  QUARTAN. 

Qua-rtful,  sb.  rare.  [f.  QUART  s/'.-  +  -FUL.] 
As  much  as  a  quart-vessel  will  hold. 

1745  SWIFT  Direct,  to  Servants  Wks.  (1869)  571/1  Carry 
two  quartsful  [of  ale]  to  the  stable. 

t  Qua-rtful,  a.  Obs.  Also  5  qwar(t)-,  quar- 
fulle,  quarty-,  5-6  whart-.  [f.  QUART  sb.1  + 
-FUL.]  Sound,  healthy ;  safe,  prosperous. 

(•1460  Totunelcy  Myst.  vi.  29  Whartfull  shall  I  make  thi 
gate,  I  shal  the  help  erly  and  late.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  296/2 
Quartyfulle  (A.  Qwartfulle),  compos,  prosper,  sospes.  Ibid. 
297/1  To  make  Quarfulle,  prosperare.  1530  Test.  Ebor. 
(Surtees)  V.  290  Whartfull  the  mynd.  and  compleit  in 
remembrance.  1537  Will  of  Agnes  Bell  (Somerset  Ho.), 
Heyll  and  quartfull  in  mynde. 

Hence  f  Quar(t)fnlness,  health,  prosperity.  Obs. 

1483  Cath.  Angl.  297/1  A  Quarfullnes, prosperitas. 

Quartic  (kwgutik),  a.  and  sb.  A/ath.  [f.  L. 
quart-its  fourth  •+•  -1C.]  a.  adj.  Of  the  fourth 
degree,  b.  sb.  A  quantic,  curve,  or  surface  of  the 
fourth  degree. 

1856  CAYLEY  Wks,  (1889)  II.  263  We  have  for  the  quartic 
the  following  irreducible  covariants,  viz.  the  quartic  itself 
£/[etc.J.  1885  SALMON  Mod.  Higher  Algebra  345  Sylvester 
proved  that  every  invariant  of  a  quartic  is  a  rational  function 
of  .S  and  T. 

Quartier,  variant  of  QUARTEER. 

Quartile  (k«  jutil) ,  a.  and  sb.  Astr.  and  Astral. 
[ad.  med.L.  qttartilis,  f.  quartus  fourth :  cf.  quin- 
tile,  textile.] 

A.  adj.  Quartile  aspect,  the  aspect  of  two 
heavenly  bodies  which  are  90°  distant  from  each 
other.  (Cf.  QUADRATE  a.  3.)  b.  Connected  with, 
relating  to,  a  quartile  aspect. 

1585  LUPTON  Thous.  Notable  Th.  viii.  §  43  (1660)  201  If 
the  Aspect  be  ..  by  a  Quartile  or  Opposite  Aspect,  he  shall 
get  it  with  tediousness.  1647  LILLY  Chr.  Astral,  i.  26  When 
two  Planets  are  ninety  degrees  distant  one  from  another, 
wee  call  that  Aspect  a  Quartile  Aspect,  and  write  it  thus,  fj. 
1768  SMEATON  in  Phil.  Trans.  LVIII.  166  If  the  quartile 
observations  are  made  when  the  planets  are  considerably  to 
the  east  or  west  of  the  meridian.  1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN 
Mystics  (1860)  II.  51  To  think  that  he  must  toil  in  obscurity 
like  a  gnome,  calculating  aspects,  sextile  and  quartile. 


QUARTINE. 

B.  s/i.  A  qu.irlile  aspect ;  a  quadrature. 

1509  HAWF.S  Past.  Pleas,  xxxvi.  (Percy  Soc.)  188  When 
fyve  bodies  above  on  the  heaven  Wente  retrogarde  . .  Wiih 
divers  quartiU.  1621  BURTON  Anal.  Mel.  I.  L  I.  i,  The 
Heauens  threaten  vs  with  their,  .oppositions,  quartiles,  and 
such  vnfriendly  aspects.  1686  GOAD  Cflest.  Bodies  I.  vi.  22 
The  Full  Moon,  the  Interlunia,  and  the  Quartiles.  1768 
SMEATON  in  Phil.  Trans.  LVIII.  163  Let  the  place  of  Mars 
be  observed  when  the  Moon  is  nearest  her  quartile  with 
Mars.  1839  BAILEY  Festus  ix.  (1852)  121  Your  partite 
quartiles,  and  your  plastic  trines,  And  all  your  Heavenly 
houses  and  effects. 

Quartine  (kwg-Jtain).  rare.  [f.  L.  quart-us 
fourth  t  -INE  *  and  5.] 

1.  Bot.  Mirbel's  name  for  a  fourth  integument 
supposed  by  him  to  occur  in  some  ovules. 

1832  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot,  158  [Quoting  Mirbel],  I  have 
only  discovered  the  quartine  in  ovula  of  which  the  tercine 
is  incorporated  at  an  early  period  with  the  secondine. 

2.  Chem-    (See  quot.) 

1873  RALFE  Phys.  Chem.  p.  xviii,  Triads.  Glycerin 
Series.  Quartine  or  Crotonylene  Cf  Ho. 

Quartinva'riant.  AJat/i.  [f.  as  prec.  +  IN 
VARIANT.]  An  invariant  of  the  fourth  degree. 

1884  W.  R.  W.  ROBERTS  in  Heruuithena  X.  182  The 
evectants  of  the  quartinvarinnts  of  the  qualities.  1885 
SALMON  Mod.  Higher  Algebra  Index,  Quartimariant  of 
odd  quantic. 

t  Quartle,  «.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  yuartett, 
pa.  pple.  ofyua//-,  carteler  to  quarter.]  Quartered. 

1:1420  Liter  Cvcoriim  (1862)  37  Take  fyggus  quartle,  and 
raysyns,  tho  Hole  dates,  almondes.  c  1440  Promp.  Pan'. 
419/2  Quartle  (S.  quarteryd),  qvadnpartitiis. 

So  t  Quartled,  Her.  quartered.   Obs. 

1480  CAXTON  Ckron.  Eng.  ccxxv.  231  The  kynges  armes  of 
fiaunce  quartled  with  the  armes  of  englond. 

Quart-major  :  see  QU.VIIT  f/>.3  2. 

Quarto  (.kw^uto).  Also  written  410,  4°.  [I,. 
(i».i  t/itarto,  (in)  the  fourth  (of  a  sheet),  abl.  sing, 
of  qitartus  fourth.] 

1.  The  size  of  paper  obtained  by  folding  a  whole 
sheet  twice,  so  as  to  form  four  leaves,  in  which  as 
a  rule  the  height  is  not  markedly  in  excess  of  the 
breadth.     Orig.  and  chiefly  in  phr.  in  quarto. 

Quarto. sizes  range  from  15  X  n  inches  (imperial  quarto} 
to  7iix6jj  (pot  quarto],  according  to  the  size  of  the  original 
sheet. 

1589  Pappe  vj.  Hatchet  Biij,All  his  works  bound  close, 
aie  at  least  sixe  sheetes  in  quarto.  1633  PRYNSK  Histrio-m. 
To  Chr.  Rdr.,  Some  Play-books  . .  are  growne  from  Quarto 
into  Folio.  1679  [see  FOLIO  5!.  1720  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  5851/4 
Sets  of  his  Homer  in  . .  large  or  small  Paper,  or  Quarto 
Royal  may  be  had.  1793  BOSWELL  Johnson  Pref.  2nd  ed., 
These  I  have  ordered  to  be  printed  separately  in  quarto. 
1837-9  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  I.  i.  iii.  §  148.  250  The  Psalter  of 
1457,  and  the  Donatus  of  the  same  year,  are  in  quarto.  1898 
S.  LF.E  /, iff  Shaks.  xix.  led.  3)  299  In  1616  there  had  been 
printed  in  quarto  seven  editions  of  his  '  Venus  and  Adonis'. 

attrib.  1868  BROWNING  Ring  fy  Bk.  I.  85  Small-quarto 
size,  part  print  part  manuscript. 

fig.  1640  GI.APTHORNI-:  Il-'it  in  Constable  n.  Wks.  1874  I. 
195  The  rest  were  made  But  fooles  in  Quarto,  but  I  finde 
myselfe  An  asse  in  Folio. 

2.  A  book  composed  of  paper  in  this  form  ;    a 
quarto-volume. 

1642  FULLER  Holy  fy  Pro/.  St.  in.  xxv.  228  Those  which 
they  bought  in  Folio  shrink  quickly  into  Quarto's.  1728 
POPE  Dune.  i.  141  Quarto's,  octavo's,  shape  the  less'mng 
pyre.  1769  Jnnius  Lett.  xx.  90  The  form  and  magnitude 
of  a  quarto  imposes  upon  the  mind.  1839  YEOWELL  Anc. 
Brit.  Ch.  Pref.  (1847)  7  His  writings,  .contain  more  matter 
than  would  be  comprised  in  twenty  modern  quartos.  1898 
S.  LEE  LifeShaks.  xix.  ^ed.  3)  301  These  sixteen  quartos  were 
publishers'  ventures. 

Conili.  1814  COLERIDGE  Lett.  1 1895)  11.638  Of  all  scribblers 
these  agricultural  quarto-mongers  are  the  vilest. 

3.  attrib.  or  as  adj.  Of  paper  :  Folded  so  as  to 
form  four  leaves  out  of  the  original  sheet ;  having 
the  size  or  shape  of  a  quarter-sheet.     Of  books : 
Printed  on  paper  thus  folded  or  having  this  form. 
Of  works  :  Published  in  quarto. 

1633  PRYNNE  Histrio-m.  To  Chr.  Rdr.  i  b,  Farre  better 
paper  than  most  Octavo  or  Quai  to  Bibles,  a  1658  CLEVE 
LAND  Wks.  (1687)  248  Where  others  go  before  In.. Quarto 
Pages.  1711  HEARNE  Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)  1 1 1.  131  These  verses 
I  have  transcrib'd  in  a  Q">.  paper.  . .  He  has  also  lent  me  a 
Quarto  Vol.  1789  DK.  LEEDS  Polit.  Mem.  (1884)  137  It  con 
sisted  of  three  sheets  of  Quarto  Paper.  1807  Life  FicMing'm 
Tom  Jones,  Every  thing  . .  in  the  London  quarto  edition  . . 
is  included  in  this  new  edition.  1821  BYRON  jfvan  in. 
Ixxxvi,  He  would  write. .a  six  canto  quarto  tale. 

Quartodeciman  (kwgitode-siman),  sb.  and  a. 
Also  7  -decuman,  [ad.  med.L.  quarta-,  quarto- 
deciman-us,  {.  quarttis  decimus  fourteenth.] 

A.  j*.  One  of  those  early  Christians  who  cele 
brated  Easter  on  the  day  of  the  Jewish  Passover  (the 
I4th  of  Nizan),  whether  this  was  a  Sunday  or  not. 

The  practice  (chiefly  observed  in  Proconsular  Asia)  was 
condemned  by  the  Council  of  Nice,  A.  D.  325. 

1624  DARCIE  Birth  of  Heresies  viii.  3t  The  Phrygian 
Montamsts  condemne  the  Quartodecumans.  1642  HALES 
^cliisiii  7  Why  might  not  it  be  lawful  ..  to  celebrate  Easter 
«tn  the  Quartodeciman.  1709  J.  JOHNSON  Clergym.  Vadc 
M.  ii.  p.  cxv,  When  Austin  came  first  to  this  island,  the 


B.  adj.  Of  or  relating  to  the  Quartodeciinans,  or 
their  method  of  observing  Easter. 
1702  ECHARD  Eccl.  Hist.  (1710)  478  The  Quartodeciman 


34 

controversy  . .  between  the  Eastern  and  Western  churches. 
1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  I.  i.  38  The  quartodeciman  schism 
as  it  was  called.  1833  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Arinu  i.  i.  (1876)  13 
Polycrates,  who  was  primate  of  the  Quarto-deciman  churches. 
1879  MACLEAR  Celts  xi.  180  The  quarto-deciman  view  of 
the  earlier  Asiatics  of  A-sia  Minor. 
Hence  Quartode-cimanism,  the  views  or  practice 

of  tlie  Quartodecimans. 

1880  Athcnxmn  9  Oct.  463/2  The  quartodecimanisrn  of 
John.  1885  G.  SALMON  in  Academy  5  Dec.  367/2  I  he 
Ignatian  letters  have  not  a  word  about  Quartodecimanism. 

So  t  Qnartodecimarian  a.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1666  BP.  SAM.  PARKER  Free  Censure  90  That  early  and 
unhappy  Quartodecimarian  Schism. 

Quart-pot.  A  pot  capable  of  containing  the 
measure  of  a  quart. 

1412-1  AUngdon  Ace.  (1892)  94  Item  j  quartpot.  1463 
Bury  H'ills  (Camden)  23  A  quart  pot  of  pewter.  1550 
CROWLEY  Epigr.  363  Go  fyll  me  thys  quarte  pot.  1593 
SHAKS.  2  Hen.  /"/,  iv.  x.  16  Many  a  time  . .  it  hath  seru'd 
me  insteede  of  a  quart  pot  to  drinke  in.  1613  WITHKK 
Abuses  Stript  i.  v.  240  Sometime  in  reuenge  the  quart-pot 
flies.  1711  STEF.I.E  Stect.  No.  22  F  5,  I  came  in  with  a  Tub 
about  me,  that  Tub  hung  with  Quart-pots.  1838  DICKENS 
O.  Twist  xxv,  A*  quart-pot  ..  filled  with  gin  and  water. 
1870  LOWELL  Study  ll'ind.  47  Quartpots  are  for  muddier 
liquor  than  nectar. 

b.  a/trili.,  as  quart-pot  tea,  Austral,  (see  quot. 
1885). 

1878  MRS.  H.JoNES  Long  Years  in  Australia  87  Taking 
a  long  draught  of  the  quart-pot  tea.  1885  H.  FINCH- 
HATTON  Advance  Austral,  in  'Quart-pot  tea',  as  tea 
made  in  the  Bush  is  always  called.  . .  A  tin  quart  of  water  is 
set  down  by  the  fire,  and  when  it  is  boiling  hard  a  handful 
of  tea  is  thrown  in. 

Quartre,  Quartrage,-redge,  -ridge,  Quart- 
ron(e,  -r(o)un,  obs.  fT.  QUARTER  sb.  and  v., 
QUARTERAGE,  QUARTERN. 

f  Quart-saw.  Ol>s,  rare—1.     (?) 

1577  M'ilh  $  Im>.  N.  C.  (Surtees  1835)  414  In  the  Ireon 
Seller.  Eighte  qwarte  sawes  xvj". — thre  whope  sawes  xxs. 

Quartu'invirate.    rare  — l.     [Cf.  QUADHUM-, 

QUATRUMVIRATE.]     =  QUATUORVIRATE. 

1819  SYD.  SMITH  ll'A's.  (1859)  I.  282/1  The  noble  quart  urn- 
vlrate,  in  all  matters  of  foreign  policy,  have  a  veto  on  the 
king's  decisions. 

Quartyer,  obs.  form  of  QUARTER  sb. 

Quartz  (kwgita).  AJin.  [a.  G.  qttarz  (first  in 
MHG.)  of  uncertain  origin  :  hence  also  Du.  kwarfs, 
¥.  quarlZy  It.  quarto  ^\ 

1.  A  widely  diffused  mineral,  massive  or  crys 
tallizing   in  hexagonal   prisms ;    in  a   pure  form 
consisting  of  silica  or  silicon  dioxide  (SiO2),  but 
varying  greatly  in  colour,  lustre,  etc.,  according  to 
the  different  impurities  it  contains. 

Quartz  forms  the  rocks  quartzite  and  sandstone,  and  is  an 
important  constituent  in  granite,  gneiss,  and  other  rocks. 
It  frequently  contains  gold,  and  is  largely  mined  and  crushed 
for  the  purpose  of  extracting  this  metal  (cf.  quots.  in  2).  The 
numerous  varieties  are  chiefly  denoted  by  adjs.  descriptive 
of  their  structure  or  colour,  as  (i)  amorphous^  astcriated 
(star-quartz),  capped,  cavernous,  compact,  (crypto-)  crystal 
line,  fibrous,  grained,  radiated,  sagenitic,  sparry,  etc.,  (2) 
blue  isiderite  or  sapphire-quartz),  &r0ttfftQrtm0Jky  (cairngorm, 
morion),  green  (chrysoprase,  prase),  milky  (milk-quartz), 
purple  (amethyst),  red,  rose,  yell<nu  (citrine),  etc. ;  also  Babel 
or  Balylonian  quartz,  found  in  Devonshire,  showing  on  its 
under-surface  the  impression  of  the  crystals  of  fluor-spar  on 
which  it  was  deposited.  The  colourless  crystalline  variety 
is  known  as  ROCK-CRYSTAL. 

1756  Observ.  Isl.  Scilly  71  White  debas'd  Crystal  (which 
the  Germans  call  Quartz).  177*  tr.  Cronstcdfs  Min.  57, 
I  shall  adopt  this  name  of  quartz  in  English  as  it  has  already 
gained  access  into  other  European  languages.  1831  BREW- 
STER  Optics  xvii.  §  94.  151/2  Among  the  crystals  best  fitted 
for  exhibiting  the  phenomena  of  positive  double  refraction 
is  rock  crystal  or  quartz.  1859  R.  F.  BURTON  Centr.  Afr. 
in  Jrnl.  Geog.  Soc.  XXIX.  107  Boulders  of  primitive  forma 
tion,  streaked  with  snow-white  quartz.  1879  RUTLKY  Stud. 
Rocks  x.  150  Quartz  is  infusible  before  the  blowpipe,  in- 
soluble  in  all  acids  except  fluoric  acid. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

a.  attrib.   in   sense  'consisting   of  quartz*,   or 
'containing  quartz ',  as  qttartz-boU (see  quot.  1869), 
-crystal,  -gritstone,  -lode,  -pebble^  -porphyry,  -reef, 
-rock,  -sand,  -schist,  -slate,  -vein,  etc, 

1789  SAUNDERS  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXIX.  82  It  is  known 
to  mmeralists  in  that  state  by  the  name  of  quartz  gritstone. 
i8oa  PLAYFAIR  Illnstr.  Mutton.  Th.  167  Vertical  strata 
much  intersected  by  quartz  veins.  Ibid.  326  Granites  con- 
taining  quartz-crystals.  1833  LYEI.L  Princ.  Geol.  III.  367 
Beds  of  pure  quarta  rock.  1843  PORTLOCK  Geol.  170  Mica 
slate  passing  into  quartz  slate.  1869  R.  B.  SMYTH  Gold 
Fields  Victoria  283  Quartz  reefs  are  richer  as  they  increase 
in  depth.  Ibid,  618  Quartz-boil,  an  outcrop  of  a  quartz  reef 
on  the  surface,  or  an  outburst  or  extension  in  width  of  the 
reef  beneath  it.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  $  Mining- 
218  Very  little  work  has  been  done,  .on  quartz-lodes. 

b.  attrib.   in  other  senses,  obj.,  and  obj.  gen., 
chiefly  in  terms  relating  to  the  extraction  of  gold 
from  quartz,  as  quartz-battery,  -crusher,  -crushing 
a(U-»  -g°M  (see  qu°t.  l874)>  -mill,  -mining,  -pros 
pecting,  -reefing  (  =  mining),  etc. 

1861  MRS.  MEREDITH  Over  the  Straits  iv.  133  Quartz- 
reefin's  the  payinest  game,  now.  1872  RAYMOND  Statist. 
Mines  fy  Mining  17  Some  gold  quartz-mining  enterprises 
have  been  in  operation.  1874  /bid.  317  It  is  largely  'quartz 
gold ',  that  is,  not  rounded  and  water-worn,  but  irregular 
and  frequently  twisted  in  form,  usually  very  bright,  and 
always  of  fine  quality,  as  is  the  gold  of  the  quartz-veins. 
1877  /bid.  220  The  discovery  ..  of  quartz-claims  in  the 


QUASH. 

district.  This  action  gave  an  impetus  to  quartz-prospecting. 
1882  AY/,  to  Ho.  ReAr.  Prec.  Met.  U.S.  596  Quartz-crush- 
ig  machines  yet  to  be  invented. 

iferous  (kw$tfsi*&ra«), «.    [f.  prec. + 

'     Bearing  or  containing  quartz. 

1832  UE  LA  BECHE  Gcol.  Man.  led.  2)  403  The  pieces  of 
quartziferous  porphyry .  .have  better  resisted  attrition.  1872 
\V.  S.  SYMONDS  Kec.  Rocks  iii.  49  The  Quartziferous  brec 
cias  ..  of  the  Caernarvon  peninsula.  1879  RUTLRV  Stud. 
Rocks  xii.  242  A.,  number  of  diorites  are  quart  ziferous. 

Qua'rtzilie,  a.  rare—1,  [i.  as  prec.  +  -IKE*.] 
Quartzose,  quartzy. 

1853  KANE  Grinnell  Exp.  v.  40  Gneiss  . .  was  the  basis 
material,  the  quartzine  element  greatly  predominating. 

Quartzite  (kwg-Jtsait).  Min.  Also  -yte.  [f. 
as  prec.  +  -ITE.]  An  extremely  compact,  granular 
rock,  consisting  essentially  of  quartz. 

1849  MURCHISON  Silm-ia  viii.  167  The  quartzites  of  the 
west  are  manifestly  altered  sandstones.  1873  J.  GEIKIE  Gt. 
Ice  Age  App.  479  A  boulder  of  quartzite  . .  was  found  em 
bedded  in  a  seam  of  coal. 

attrib.  1870  Pall  Mall  G.  17  Nov.  4  The  stag  is  formed 
of  white  quartzite  stones.  x8So  DAWK  INS  Early  Man  vii. 
181  There  were  also  quartzite  flakes  and  implements. 

Hence  Quartzitic  a.,  of  the  nature  of  quartzite. 

1872  W.  S.  SYMONDS  Kec.  Rocks  \\.  191  This  remarkable 
yellowish  and  quartzitic  conglomerate.  1876  PAGE  Adr. 
Text-bk.  Gcol,  viii.  157  Bands  of  quartzitic  rock. 

Qua'rtzless,  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -LESS.]  Desti 
tute  of  quartz. 

1879  RUTLEY  Stud.  Rocks  xii.  235  Some  of  these  rocks  are 

very  poor  in  quartz,  and  they  then  pass  into  the  quartzless 

1    hornblende-andesites.     1892  Nation  (N.  V.)  28  July  73/2 

This  widely  distributed  andesite  is  highly  basic,  in  many 

cases  being  almost  quartzless. 

Qua'rtzoid.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -DID.]  A  crystal 
having  the  form  of  a  double  six-sided  pyramid. 

1864  WEBSTER  cites  DANA.   1882  DANA  Alan.  Min.  (ed.4>  47. 

Quartzose  (kwg'JrtS^*),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -OSE.] 
I  Mainly  or  entirely  composed  of  quartz  ;  of  the 
,  nature  of  quartz. 

1757  DA  COSTA  Fossils  275  Pellucid  quartzose  grains  it  has 
noiie.  1857  BIRCH  Anc.  Pottery  (1858)  II.  332  Some 
varieties  of  this  ware  are  filled  with  quartzose  sand.  1878 
A.  H.  GREEN,  etc.  Coal  ii.  47  Thick  masses  of  very  coarse 
quartzose  conglomerate. 

So  f  Qita'rtzous  a.   Obs. 

1790  Monthly  Rev.  III.  547  It  appears,  that  hard  quartzous 
i  and  silic'ious  stones  give  a  reddish  light.  1815  Chron.  in 
|  Ann.  Reg:  540  The  sand,  .is  quartzous. 

Quartzy  (kwgutsi),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -Y1.]  Of 
the  nature  of  quartz ;  resembling  quartz. 

1774  PENNANT  Tour  Scotl.  in  1772,  218  The  stones  of  this 
i  mountain  are  white— quartzy  and  composed  of  small  grains. 
1836  MACGII.LIVKAY  tr.  Humboldfs  fraf.  xviii.  256  The 
bottom,  which  consists  of  white  quartzy  sand,  is  usually 
visible.  1880  BIRDWOOD  Ind.  Art  II.  4  The  iron  ore  is  . . 
separated  from  its  granitic  or  quartz)-  matrix  by  washing. 

Jig-  1864  ROGERS  New  Ryan  11.  42  He  .,  avows  his  in 
ability  to  find  Another  lyric  in  his  quartzy  mind. 

Quarved,  ?  error  for  quarred\  see  QUAB  z/.1 

1627  JACKSON  Creed  vi.  xii.  §  9  This,  .current  of  life,  .the 
more  it  ts  dammed  or  quarued  by  opposition  of  the  sonnes  of 
darknesse,  the  more  plentifully  it  ovei  flowes  the  sons  of  light. 

fQua-ry.  Obs.—1.     [?ad.  L.  quare  wherefore.] 
11550  Image  Hypocr.  in  Skeltotts  Wks.  (1843)  II.  427 
With  quibes  and  quaryes  Of  inventataries. 

Quaryndo(u)n,  obs.  forms  of  QUARENDEN. 

Quas,  variant  of  KVASS. 

Quas(e,  obs.  northern  forms  of  WHOSE. 

Quash,  j£.l  rare.     A  squash  or  pumpkin. 

1687  MIEGE  Grt.Fr.  Diet.  11.  Quash.  See  Pompion.  1736 
AINSWORTH  Lat.  Diet.)  A  quash,  or  pompion,/t^.  [Hence 
in  JOHNSON  and  later  Diets.]  1823  T.  ROUCHLKY  Jamaica 
Planter's  Guide  74  The  Indian  kale,  ochro,  quash,  peppers, 
akys,  and  a  variety  of  pulse,  being  natural  to  the  climate. 

Quash,  sb2  rare-1.  [Cf.  WASH.]  ?  A  stretch 
of  shallow  water. 

1790  BEATSON  Nav.  fy  Mil.  Mem.  I.  69  From  the  report 
made  by  those  who  sounded  the  quash  opposite  the  town., 
there  was  not  found  water  sufficient  to  enable  them  to 
undertake  the  enterprize. 

Quash  (kwo/),  v.  Forms:  4-5  quasse,  (5 
qwas-),  4  quasche,  5  qv-,  quaschyn,  quassh-, 
quaysch-,  6-  quash.  [In  branch  I,  ad.  OF.  quasser 
*=casser\Q  annul,  ad.  late  L.  cassare  (med.L.  also 
qnassare),  f.  cassus  null,  void ;  in  branch  II,  ad.  OF. 
quasse);  casserio  break,  smash,  etc. :— L.  quassare, 
freq.  of  qttatfre  to  shake.  In  later  F.  the  form  in 
all  senses  is  casser.  Senses  2  and  3  may  be  partly 
derived  from  4,  and  the  later  examples  in  5  may  be 
partly  of  onomatopoeic  origin.  Cf.  SQUASH  z>.] 

I.  1.  trans.  To  annul,  to  make  null  or  void 
(a  law,  decision,  election,  etc.)  ;  to  throw  out  or 
reject  (a  writ,  indictment,  etc.)  as  invalid ;  to  put 
an  end  to,  stop  completely  (legal  proceedings), 
f  Also  with  down. 

^1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  209  pe  pape  at  his  dome 
J?er  Klites  quassed  doun.  Ibid.  217  pe  purueiance  . .  He 
quassed  it  ilk  dele  |x>rgh  jugement.  c  1430  Pilgr.  Lyj 
hhinhodt!  i.  Ixxvi.  (1869)  44  Michel  it  displeseth  hire  that  ye 
quassen  thus  hire  ordinaunces.  1589  WARNER  Alb.  £>tf. 
vi.  xxx.  (1612)  151  Phoebus  his  plainte  did  quash.  1671 
F.  PHILLIPS  Reg.  Necess.  521  All  the  then  Judges  did  agree, 
that  if  a  Writ  of  that  Form  should  be  brought  unto  them., 
they  would  immediately  quash  it.  1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm. 
III.  303  Praying  'judgment  of  the  writ,  or  declaration,  and 
that  the  same  may  be  quashed  ',  cassetnr,  made  void,  or 
abated.  1829  SCOTT  Dcmonol.  ix.  335 The  Lord  Advocate.. 


QUASHEE. 

quashed  all  farther  procedure.  1882  SERJT.  BALLANTINE 
Exper.  iy.  43  My  clients  were  completely  exonerated  and 
the  conviction  was  quashed. 

b.  Used  adverbially  with  go  (suggesting  sense  4). 
1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic.  E-vid.  (1827)  IV.  406  Down 
comes  the  money,  quash  goes  the  conviction,  like  a  snail 
under  our  feet. 

2.  To  bring  to  nothing;  to  crush  or  destroy;  to 
put  down  or  suppress  completely;  to  stifle  (esp. 
a  feeling,  idea,  scheme,  undertaking,  proceeding, 
etc.).  Also  with  down, 

1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Ecclus.  vi.  2  Extol  not  thyself. .  lest 
perhaps  thy  strength  be  quashed.  1646  P.  BULKELEY  Gospel 
Ctrvt.  v.  366  Balaam  had  faire  hopes  before  him ..  but  all  was 
quasht  in  a  moment.  1717  TABOR  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXX.  552 
When  the  Ground  about  the  Pavement  was  dug,  all  these 
Suppositions  were  quash'd.  1774  GOLIXSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1862) 
I.  34  The  sound  seemed  at  last  quashed  in  a  bed  of  water. 
1834  PRINGLE  Aft;  Sk.  316  Every  such  attempt  had  hereto 
fore  been . .  quashed  by  the . .  authorities.  1857  MRS'.  CARLYLE 
Lett.  II.  313,  I  wanted  to  scream,  but  the  physical  weari 
ness  had  quashed  down  that  nonsense.  1879  FROUDE  Cxsar 
xviii.  305  The  preparations  for  the  election  were  quashed. 
3.  To  crush,  quell,  or  utterly  subdue  (a  person) ; 
to  squash.  Now  rare. 

1639  G.  DANIEL  Ecclus.  xxxv.  50  His  Arme  Shall  Quash 
the  Cruel],  and  prevent  their  harme.  1643  BURROUGHES 
Exp.  Hosea  I.  v.  128  They  did  not  stay  the  building  of  the 
wall  of  Jerusalem,  till  all  their  adversaries  were  quashed. 
1753  HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  II.  vti.  ii.  168  This  ..  resolution 
. .  would  in  all  probability  have  quashed  their  enemies.  1876 
BLACKIE  Songs  Relig.  fy  Life  182  When,  by  Logic's  iron 
rule,  I've  quashed  each  briskly  babbling  fool. 

II.  1 4.  To  break  or  dash  in  pieces ;  to  smash ; 
also,  to  crush,  squeeze,  squash.  Obs. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  IV  439  panne  be  secounde 
wal  was  i-quasched  [v.r.  yquaysched).  ?  (11400  Morte 
Arth.  3389  Abowte  scho  whirles  the  whele  ..  Tille  alle  my 
qwarters..ware  qwaste  al  to  peces.  1563-87  FOXE^.  <$•  M. 
(1596)  310/2  A  mightie  stone  . .  able  to  haue  quashed  him  in 
peeces.  1608  TOPSELL  Serpents  (1658)  628  Then,  shepheard, 
take  both  stone  in  hand,  and  blade,  To  quash  his  swelling 
neck.  1650  BULWER  Anthropomet.  12  The  Fathers  and 
Mothers  never  faile  to  quash,  or  flat  down  that  part  of  the 
face  which  is  between  the  eyes  and  mouth.  1750  W.  ELLIS 
Mod.  Husbandm.  IV.  iii.  85  (E.  D.  S.)  [Boys]  rejoice  when 
they  find  a  nest  of  eggs  to  quash  with  their  feet. 

t  b.  To  dash  or  smash  on  or  against  something. 
1548  UDALL  Erasm.  Par.  Luke  ix.  99  The  eiuill  spirit  that  • 
was  in  hym  tooke  hym,quashyngthechylde  on  the  grounde. 
1620  WILKINSON  Coroners  ff  Sheriffs  19  A  man  falfeth  from 
his  horse  and  quasheth  his  head  against  a  blocke.  c  1645 
WALLER  Salt.  Summer-is!,  n.  25  The  whales  Against  sharp 
rocks,  like  reeling  vessels  quash'd.. are  in  pieces  dash'd. 

t  5.  intr.  To  shake ;  to  splash,  to  make  a  splash-    ! 
ing  noise.  Obs. 

1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xxi.  64  The  erthe  quook  and  quashte 
as  hit  quyke  were.  1691  RAY  Creation  n.  (1692)  12  A  thin 
and  fine  Membrane  strait  and  closely  adhering  to  keep  it 
[the  brain]  from  quashing  and  shaking.  1739  SHARP  Surg. 
xxiv.  122  The  water  by  a  sudden  Jirk  maybe  heard  to  quash. 
1750  W.  ELLIS  Mod.  Husbandm.  III.  i.  130  (E.  D.S.)  When 
the  butter  is  come,  which  you  may  know  by  its  quashing. 

Hence  Quashed  (kwgjt)  ppl.  a. ;  Qua'shing  vbl. 
sb.  and  ppl.  a. 

a  1665  J.  GOODWIN  Filled  w.  the  Spirit  (1867)  107  A  notion 
..of  a  dangerous  and  quashing  import  to  the  spirit  of  all 
signal  excellency.  1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic.  E-l'id. 
(1827)  IV.  408  A  rare  trade,  this  quashing  trade.  1816  W. 
TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XLI  I.  35  These  are  called  stratous 
clouds  from  their  sinking  quashed  appearance.  1846  J. 
HAMILTON  Ml.  of  Olives  viii.  I96  With  quashed  delight  and 
bitter  fancies.  1859  I.  TAVLOR  Logic  in  Theol.  270  A  fac 
titious  quashing  of  any  sensibility. 
Quash,  obs.  variant  of  KVASS. 

Quashee  (kwo  jV);  quashie  (kwo-Ji).  [Ashan- 

tee  or  F'anlee  Kwasi,  a  name  commonly  given  to 
a  child  born  on  Sunday.]  A  negro  personal  name, 
adopted  as  a  general  name  for  any  negro. 

1833  M.  SCOTT  Tom  Cringle  (1862)  246  Then  Quashie  him. 
self,  or  a  company  of  free  blacks.  1850  MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett. 
II.  122  A  certain  sympathy  with  Quashee  !  1889  CLARK 
RUSSELL  Marooned  (1890)  275  The  same  Quashee  whom  I 
had  supposed  dead. 

Quashey.  rare—1.  (See  quot.  and  cf.  QUASH  sb\} 

1823  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (18561  III.  391  With  regard  to  these  said 
quasheys  (which,  I  believe,  is  their  name, — first  cousins  to 
the  squash  pumpkin). 

Quasi  (kw^'-ssi),  adv.  and  pref.  [L.  quasi  as 
if,  as  it  were,  almost.]  I.  In  limiting  sense. 

1.  Used  parenthetically  =  '  as  it  were ',  '  almost ', 
'  virtually '.  rare, 

In  Caxton  after  F.  quasi  (isth  c.,  from  It.  or  L.). 

1485  CAXTON  Paris  ft  V.  (1868)  30  Whereof  he  was  moche 
angry,  and  quasi  half  in  despair.  —  Chas.  Gt.  204  After 
that  charles  had  the  domynacyon  quasi  in  al  espayne. 
1692  T.  WATSON  Body  of  Div.  97  Men  come  quasi  armed 
in  Coat  of  Male,  that  the  Sword  of  the  Word  will  not  enter. 
1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  V.  184  This  devolution,  .is  quasi 
a  descent  per /ormam  doici. 

2.  In  close  connexion  with  the  word  following  ; 
hence  usually  treated  as  a  prefix  and  hyphened. 

a.  With  sbs. :  (A)  kind  of;  resembling  or  simu 
lating,  but  not  really  the  same  as,  that  properly  so 
termed. 

1643  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Relig.  Med.  i.  §  49  An  Empyriall 
Heaven,  a  quasi  vncnitie.  1676  R.  DIXON  Tlvo  Testaments 
30  The  reason  why  God  confirmed  his  Testament  . .  is,  be 
cause  this  was  an  act  of  his  Quasi-dying.  1727-41  CHAM- 
UERS  Cycl.  s.v..  In  a  quail-contract,  one  party  may  be  bound 
..without  having  given  his  consent.  IHd.,  The  reparation 
of  quasi-crimes.  1815  J.  ADAMS  Wks.  (1856)  X.  151  A . .  plot 


35 

. .  to  draw  me  into  a  decided  instead  of  a  quasi  war  with 
France.  1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  I.  vi.  iv,  The  art,  or  quasi- 
art,  of  standing  in  tail.  1864  KINGSLEY  Rom.  $  Tcut.  iii. 
(1875)  91  Romans,  with  Greek  names  who  become  quasi- 
emperors.  1889  SWINBURNE  Stud.  Jonson  47  The  epilhala- 
mium  of  these  quasi-nuptials  is  fine. 

b.  With  adjs.,  more  rarely  with  advbs.  or  vbs. : 
Seemingly,  or  in  appearance,  but  not  really ;  almost, 
nearly,  virtually. 

1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic.  Ez'iif.  (1827)  1. 149  False 
hood  in  this  quasi-colloquial  shape,  as  well  as  in  the  shape 
of  ordinary  discourse.  1826  SOUTHEY  F/W.  Eccl.  Angl.  394 
We  neither  deify  nor  quasi-deify  the  head  of  our  Church. 
1836  SIR  H.  TAYLOR  Statesman  viii.  50  His  functions  in 
these  cases  are  quasi-judicial.  1861  KINGSLEY  Lett.  (1878) 
II.  80  The  independent  and  quasi-Episcopal  position  of  the 
rector.  1888  BRVCE  Amcr.  Commw.  II.  m.  Ixxiv.  610 
Public  or  quasi-public  organisms. 

II.  3.  Introducing  an  etymological  explanation 
of  a  word:  '  As  if  it  were '.  (Abbreviated  a.,  au.: 
see  Q.  II.  i.) 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  iv.  ii.  85  Master  person,  quasi 
Pers-on.  c  1630  RISDON  Sum.  Devon  §  82  (1810)  81  Culmc, 
so  called,  as  some  say,  quasi  Calme.  1686  PLOT  Staffordsh. 
419  They  are  more  properly  call'd  Almanacks,  quasi  Al- 
mon-aght.  1826  SCOTT  Woodstock  Note  3  Rere-suppers 
(yuasi  arriere)  belonged  to  a  species  of  luxury  [etc.].  1866 
LOWELL  Biglow  P.  Wks.  (1880)  181/2  The  Earls  of  Wil- 
braham  (quasi  wild  boar  ham). 

Quasi,  Quasie,  Quass,  obs.  ff.  QUASSIA, 
QUEASY,  KVASS. 

t  Quass,  v .  Obs.  Also  6-7  quasse.  [a.  MLG. 
quassen  (quasen,  quatzen :  see  Grimm)  to  eat  or 
drink  immoderately :  prob.of  onomatopoeic  origin.] 
tutr.  To  drink  copiously  or  in  excess ;  to  quaff. 
Hence  f  Qua'ssing  vbl.  sb. 

'549  CHALOMEH  Erasm.  on  Folly  E  iv,  Remembre  the  law 
of  quassyng,  *  Other  drinke  thy  drinke,  or  rise,  and  goe  thy 
waie'.  £1572  GASCOIGNE  Fruites  ll'arre  Ixxxvii,  Hope 
brings  the  boll  wherein  they  all  must  quasse  [rime  passe]. 
1607  MAKSTON  What  You  Will  n.  i,  Sing,  sing,  or  stay 
weele  quasse  or  any  thing. 

Quassa'tioil.  rare.  [ad.  L.  quassdt  ion-em, 
n.  of  action  f.  quassare  to  shake :  see  QUASH  u.j 
A  shaking,  beating,  pounding. 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.. Votes  in.  i.  68  Solidated  by  continual 
contusions,  threshings,  and  quassations.  1683  PET  rus  Fleta 
Mitt.  n.  15  Byquassation  and  constant  compressure  of  such 
flexible  grounds.  1897  Syd.  Soc.  Lex.,  Quassation,  . .  in 
Pharmacy,  . .  reducing  roots  and  tough  bark  to  pieces,  to 
facilitate  the  extraction  of  their  chief  active  principles. 

t  Quassative,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  ppl.  stem  of 
L.  quassare  (see  prec.)  +  -IVE.]  Inclined  to  shake. 

1626  'Miuu\:-e.Tox  AnythitigforQiiict  Lift  lit.  ii,  A  French 
man's  heart  is  more  quassative  and  subject  to  tremor  than 
an  Englishman's. 

Quassia  (kwas'sia,  kwarj-,  kwo'JiaX  Also  8 
quassi,  quassy,  quasi,  (quaeiee).  [Named  by 
Linnaaus,  about  1761,  after  a  Surinam  negro,  Gra- 
man  (  =  grand  man)  Quassi  or  Quacy  (  =  QUASHEE), 
who  discovered  the  virtues  of  the  root  in  1730. 

Quassi  communicated  his  discovery  to  C.  G.  Dahlberg,  by 
whom  it  was  mnde  known  to  Linna-'us  :  see  C.  M.  lilom  in 
C.  Linn&i  Atnacnitates  Academicx  VI.  (1764)  420,  and 
Stedman  Surinam  II.  xxix.] 

1.  The  wood,  bark,  or  root  of  a  South  American 
tree  (Quassia  amara),  found  esp.  in  Surinam,  and 
of  some  other  trees,  esp.  the  bitter  ash  (ficnena 
ejccelsa)  of  Jamaica,  and  the  bitter  damson  (Sima- 
ruba  amara}  of  the  West  Indies  and  S.  America. 
b.  The  bitter  decoction  prepared  from  this,  used 
for  medicinal  and  other  purposes. 

The  quassia  now  in  use  is  chiefly  that  obtained  from  the 
bitter  ash,  commonly  sold  in  the  form  of  chips. 

1765  [cf.  3],  1770  Gcntl.  Mag.  XL.  227  The  quasi  was  ad 
ministered  in  decoction.  1803  DAVY  in  Phil.  Trans.  XCI1I. 
268  The  infusions  of  quassia  . .  are  scarcely  affected  by 
muriate  of  tin.  1830  HERSCHEL  Stud.  Nat.  Phil.  86  An 
intense  and  pure  bitter  like  quassia.  1878  T.  BRYANT 
J'ract.  Surf.aBjg)  11.59  An  enema  of  some  bitter  vegetable 
infusion,  such  as  quassia. 

2.  Any  of  the   trees  yielding  quassia,  esp.  the 
Quassia  amara  of  Surinam. 


1766  [cf.  3].  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  XV.  753/r  Dr.  Wright 
found  this  tree  to  be  a  species  of  quassia.  1859  AU  Year 
Round  No.  32.  127  Why  not.. cultivate.. quassia,  which  is 
such  a  handsome  shrub?  1876  HARLEY  Mat.  Med.  (ed.  61 
673  Quassia  bears  some  resemblance  to  the  common  ash, 
attains  a  height  of  50,  60,  or  even  100  feet. 

3.  allrib.,  as  quassia-bark,  -chips,  -root,  -tree, 
-wood;  quassia  cup,  a  drinking  cup  made  of 
quassia  wood,  a  '  bitter  cup'. 

'765  Ann.  Reg.  114  Linnaeus,  .has  lately  recommended .. 
a  new  medicine,  called  quassi-wood.  1766  Ibid.  76  They 
write  from  Pensacola  that  the  true  Quassi  medicinal  tree 
has  lately  been  discovered  in  the  western  parts  of  that 
province.  1767  HARLEY  in  Phil.  Trans.  LVI1I.  81  At  last 
I  tryed  the  Quassi  Root.  1834  T.  J.  GRAHAM  Dam.  Med. 
(ed.  6)  70  Quassia  wood  comes  from  Jamaica  and  the  Carilj- 
bean  islands.  1860  PIESSE  Lab.  Chem.  Wonders  171  The 
purest  bitter  principle  is  yielded  by  the  quassia  tree. 

Quassin  (kwarsin).  [f.  QUASS-IA-T-IN!.]  The 
bitter  principle  of  quassia. 

1819  in  J.  G.  Children  Chem.  Anal.  288.  1845  Penny  Cycl. 
Suppl.  I.  349/2  Quassin  dissolves  readily  in  alcohol  and 
in  anher.  1876  HARLEY  Mat.  Med.  (ed.  6)  675  A  neutral, 
odourless,  crystallisable  principle,  termed  quassin. 

Also  Qua  ssite,  in  same  sense. 

1838  T.  THOMSON  Chem.  Org.  Bodies  705  Quassite  has 
been  given  by  Wiggers  to  the  bitter  principle  of  the  quassia 


QUATENTJS. 

I  amara  and  cxcclsa.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XXII.  26/1  Its  chief 
constituents  are  quassite,  resin  [etc.]. 

Quassing,  vbl.  sb. :  see  QUASS  v. 

Qua-sum,  north,  variant  of  WHO-SU.ME. 

Quasy,  obs.  form  of  QUEASY. 

Quat  (kwgt),  sb.l  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  8-9 
quot.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 

1.  A  pimple  or  pustule;  a  small  boil  ;  a  stye. 

1579  I.ANGHAM  Card.  Health  153  Inflammations  and  soft 
swellings,  burnings  and  impostumes,  and  choleric  sores  or 
quats.  1751-3  A.  MuRriiv  (.'.ray's  Inn  Jrnl.  No.  15  A  Quat, 
or  Quot,  being  a  small  Heat  or  Pimple.  1848  A.  B.  EVANS 
Lcicestcrsh.  Words  s.v.,  He  was  rubbing  hi.-,  throat,  and  he 
broke  the  head  of  his  quot.  1896  Warwick  Gloss.,  Quat, 
a  sty  or  poke. 

•|  '2.  transf.  Applied  contemptuously  to  a  (young) 
person.  Obs. 

1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  v.  i.  IT,  I  haue  rub'd  this  yong  Quat 
almost  to  the  sense,  And  lie  growes  angry.  1609  UEKKEK 
Gvlls  Hornc-Ht.  151  Whether  he  be  a  young  quat  of  the 
first  year's  revenue,  or  some  austere  and  sullen -faced  steward. 
l6»3( WEBSTER  /AT'/YV  La-i>.Lasc  n.  i,  O  ionng  quat,  in- 
I  continence  is  plagu'd  In  all  the  creatures  of  the  world. 

t  Quat,  sb*  Obs.  rare.  Also  7  quatte.  [f. 
Qt'ATZ).1]  The  act  or  state  of  squatting. 

1602  Xiircissus  (1893)  475  The  doggs  have  putt  the  hare 
from  quatte.  1612  WKBSTER  White  Dc-i'il  Wks.  (Rtldg.) 
31/2  A  full  cry  for  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  And  then  . .  put  to 
the  dead  quat. 

Quat  ^kwgt),  a.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  9  quot. 
[Related  to  prec.  and  next :  cf.  SQUAT  a.,  and  It. 
quatto  '  squatting,  cowering,  quiet,  still '  (Baretti).] 

1.  Squatted,  close,  still,  quiet,  in  hiding. 

c  1450  Merlin  xxv.  463  The  x  traitoris  that  were  quatte  in 
'  the  gardin  vnder  an  ympe.  I  kid.,  Bretell  and  Vlfin.  .weren 
quat  vnder  the  sleyri^.  1682  ULNVAN  Holy  War  310  The 
ixst  lay  so  quat  and  close  that  they  could  not  be  appre 
hended.  1685—  Bk.  Boys  f,  Girls  21  My  King  quat,  until 
tlie  Fly  is  catcht  Shews  [etc.].  1879  Miss  JACKSON  Shropsh. 
Ward-bk.,  Quat,  close,  still,  as  a  hare  on  her  form.  1886  in 
ELWOKTHY  W.  Som.  Wd.-tk. 

2.  Low  and  broad  ;  squat. 

1863  BARNES  Dorset  Gloss.,  '  There's  a  little  quot  rick '. 

Quat  (kwot;,  v.1  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  j  qwat;te, 
8  quatt,  9  quot.  [a.  OF.  qtiaitir,  qudtirlo  beat 
or  press  down,  to  force  in,  to  hide  (mod.F.  catir  to 
press),  f.  OF.  "quail,  ljrov.  qtiait,  It.  quatto  (see 
prec.) :— L.  coaclus  pressed  together,  COACT.] 

1.  trans.  To   beat   or   press  down ;    to    squash, 
!    flatten,  extinguish.     Also  absol. 

£1400-50  Alexander  560  All  flames  be  flode..And  ban 
ouer-qwelmysinaqwirre&qwatiseuere-like.  1589  GREENE 
Tullics  Love  (1609)  F  iij,  Her  resolution  . .  quatted  the 
conceit  of  his  former  hope.  1590  —  Never  too  late  (1600) 
K4  The  renowne  of  her  chastity  ..  almost  quatted  those 
sparks  that  heated  him  on  to  such  lawlesse  aflection.  1893 
li'iltslt.  Gloss.,  Quat,  iwu/,..to  flatten,  to  squash  flat. 

b.  To  load,  sate,  glut  (the  stomach).  See  also 
QUOT  fa.  f  fie. 

1579  LVLV  Eufhues  (Arb.)  44  To  the  stomack  quatted 
with  dainties,  al  delicates  seeme  queasie.  1606  J.  HYXD 
Lliosto  Lilud,  58  Amazias  having  quatted  the  quesy  stomaks 
of  the  rebels.. returned  with  safety  to  Famagosta. 

2.  intr.  To  crouch  down  or  lie  close,  as  an  animal 
in  hiding;  to  squat.   (  =  OF.  se  quatir.) 

c  1400  Master  of  Game  ii.  (MS.  Digby  182),  pen  he  shall 

ruse  oute  of  be  wey  for  to  stalle  or  qwatte  to  rest  hym. 

j     1602-12  (implied  in  QUAT sb."\    1757  FOOTE  Author  n.  Wks. 

i     1799  I.  149  You  grow  tir'd  at  last  and  quat,  Then  I  catch  you. 

!     1781  W.  BLASE  Ess.  Hunt.  (1788)  125  She  will  only  leap  off 

a  few  rods,  and  quat.     1879  JEFFEHIES  /('/'/,/  Life-  in  S.  C. 

222  The  crake  ..  will  then  ..  if  still  hunted,  'quat'  in  the 

thickest  bunch  of  grass  or  weeds  he  can  find. 

fb.  To  sink,  subside.   Obs.  rare, 
a  1722  LISLE  Huso.  (1752)  118  If  rain  in  the  interim  should 
come,  such  ground  will  quatt,  and  the  furrow  will  fill  up. 
Hence  Qua'tting  vbl.  sb. 

1757  FOOTE  Author  ii.  Wks.  1799  I.  14^9  Begin  and  start 
me,  that  1  may  come  the  sooner  to  quattlng. 

Quat,  v.~  Sc.  var.  (also  pa.  t.  and  pa.  pple)  of 
QUIT  v.  (Cf.  QUATED.) 

1573  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxxix.  54  So  had  the  cause 
bene  quat,  wer  not  for  shame.  1597  MONTGOMERIE  Cherrie 
3?S/ae  1179  Thou.  .Gars courage  quat  them.  1637-507.  Row 
Hist.  Kirk  Seotl.  (1842)  254  So  he  quat  his  mimstrie.  17x4 
RAMSAY  Elegy  John  Cowfer  xii.  (1877)  I.  168  To  quat  the 

frip  he  was  right  laith.  1786  BURNS  To  James  Smith  xxix, 
shall  say  nae  mair,  But  quat  my  sang.  1836  M.  MACIN 
TOSH  Cottager's  Daughter  49  For  your  threats  ae  truth  I 
winna  quat. 

Quat,  obs.  f.  QUOTH,  WHAT;  Sc.  var.  QUIT  a. 
Quata,  var.  of  CUAITA. 

tQuatch.1.  Obs.  [f.  quatch,  var.  QuETCH  v. : 
cf.  QUINCH  si.]  A  word,  a  sound. 

,i  1635  Bp.  CORBET  Poems  (1807)  114  Noe;  not  a  quatch, 
sad  poets ;  doubt  you,  There  is  not  greife  enough  without 
you?  1783  NICHOLS  Bill.  Tof.  (1790)  IV.  57  (Berks)  A 
quatch  is  a  word.  (Hence  in  GROSE  and  HALLIWELL.) 

tQuatoh2.  Obs.  rare~l.    (Meaning  uncertain.) 

1601  SHAKS.  Alts  Welln.  ii.  18  A  Barber's  chaire,  that  fits 
all  buttockes,  the  pin  buttocke,  the  quatch-buttocke  [etc.]. 

Quatch,  variant  of  QUETCH. 

Quate,  variant  of  WHATE,  forlune.   Obs. 

Quated,  obs.  Sc.  var.  qitiled :  see  QUIT  v. 

a  1605  MONTGOMERIE  Misc.  t'oems  xlv.  27  Alace  !  suld  my 
treu  service  thus  be  quated?  [rime  hated]. 

II  Quatenus  (kw^-t/h»s),  adv.  [L., '  how  far ', 
'  to  what  extent ',  f.  qua  where  +  tentts  up  to.]  In 
so  far  as ;  in  the  quality  or  capacity  of ;  QUA. 

5-2 


QUATER-CENTENARY. 

1652  N.  CULVERWEL  Lt.  Nature  xi.  (1661)  78  An  innate 
power  of  the  Soul,  that  is  fitted,  and  fashioned  for  the 
receiving  of  spirituals,  quatenus  Spirituals.  1664  BUTLER 
Hud.  ii.  ii.  277  A  broken  Oath  is,  quat'nus  Oath,  As 
sound  t'  all  purposes  of  Troth.  1673  WOOD  Life  (O.  H.  S.) 
II.  274  That  every  canon  of  Ch.  Ch.  should  (quatenus  as 
a  member  of  the  university)  preach  at  St.  Marie's,  and 
(quatenus  canon)  at  Ch.  Ch.  1697  J.  DENNIS  Plot  and  no 
Plot  52  Tho  the  Viscount  be  my  superiour,  quatenus  Vis 
count,  yet  he  does  esteem  himself  my  equal. 

Quater,  obs.  form  of  QUATRE. 

Quater-centenary,  rare.  [f.  L.  quater  four 
times ;  cf.  tercentenary]  A  four-hundredth  anni 
versary,  or  the  celebration  of  this. 

1883  Harper's  ffag.  Aug.  479/1  The  forthcoming  celebra 
tion  of  the  Luther  quater-centenary. 

Quater-co(u)sin,  obs.  ff.  of  CATER-COUSIN. 

1656  in  BLOUNT  Glossogr.    1755-   in  JOHNSON,  etc. 

Quaterime :  see  QUATREME. 

Quate'rn,  il>.  rare.  [a.  F.  quaterne  set  of  four 
numbers,  f  quire  (Godef.),  ad.  L.  quaterims :  see 
QUATERNION  and  QCIBE.] 

f  1.  Sc.  A  quire  of  paper.  Obs. 

1578  in  Haiti.  Cl.  Misc.  (1840)  L  12  Tuentie  fyve  countis 
and  quaternis  of  the  Q.  and  Q.  regent. 

2.  A  set  of  four  numbers  in  a  lottery. 

1868  BROWNING  Ring  $  Bk.  xn.  158  But  that  he  forbid 
The  Lottery,  why,  Twelve  were  Tern  Quatern  ! 

t  Quate'rn,  a.  Bot.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  L.  qua- 
termfour  together,  by  fours.]  Arranged  in  fours. 

1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  III.  xxiii.  (1765)  235  In  respect  to 
Opposition,  opposite  Leaves  will  sometimes  become  tern, 
quatern  or  quine,  growing  by  Threes,  Fours,  or  Fives. 

QuatCTnal,  a.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -AL.]  a. 
=  QUATERNARY  a.  i.  b.  erron.  =  QUADRENNIAL. 

1616  R.  C.  Times'  Whistle  Cert.  Poems  (1871)  150  His  first 
Advent  yeilds  a  quaternall  section,  His  birth,  his  life,  his 
death,  his  resurrection.  1655  MOUFET  &  BENNET  Health's 
Imprw.  (1746)  i6r  The  Carthaginians,  whose  famous  qua- 
ternal  Feast  consisted  only  of  four  Dishes.  1813  J.  C. 
HOHHOUSE  Journey  (ed.  2)  581  Prizes  distributed  at  each 
qualerna!  celebration  of  the  Olympian  games. 

Quatema-rian,  a.  rare.    [t.  as  next  +  -AN-.] 

=  iQUATEHNARY  a.  I . 

1647  M.  HUDSON  Dh'.  Right  Govt.  I.  vi.  55  A  quaternarian 
number,  as  four  beasts,  and  four  wheels.  1856-8  W.  CLARK 
Van  der  Hoeren's  Zool.  1. 108  Arrangement  of  parts  usually 
quaternarian. 

Quaternary  (kwgto'Jiiari),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  L. 
quaternari-us,  f.  qitalerni  four  together,  by  fours. 
Cf.  F.  quaternaire  (1515).] 

A.  adj.   1.  Consisting  of  four  things  or  parts; 
characterized   by  the  number  four.     Now  chiefly 
Chem.  in  quaternary  compound,  a  combination  of 
four  elements  or  radicals. 

Quaternary  number,  usually  —  4,  but  sometimes  taken  as 
=  10  (see  B). 

1605  TIMME  Qitcrsit.  I.  xi.  45  To  appoynt  a  quaternarie 
number  of  elements,  out  of  the  quaternary  number  of  the 
fower  qualities.  1695  F.  GREGORY  Doctr.  Trin.  63  We  read 
what  great  respect  Pythagoras  and  his  sect  had  for  their 
quaternary  number.  1825  T.  THOMSON  ist  Princ.  Chem. 
I.  37  Ammonia  is  a  quaternary  compound,  consisting  of  i 
atom  azote  and  3  atoms  hydrogen.  1830  LINDLEY  Nat. 
Syst.  Bot.  14  The  quaternary  number  of  the  divisions  of  the 
flower.  1872  OLIVER  Elem.  Bot.  I.  ii.  17  The  nitrogen 
occurs  combined  with  the  same  three  elements,  forming 
a  quaternary  compound. 

2.  Geol.  Used,  with  the  sense  of  '  fourth  in  order', 
as  an  epithet  of  the  most  recent  of  the  geological 
periods  (following  on  the  Tertiary),  and  of  the 
deposits,  animals,  etc.,  belonging  to  it< 

1843  W.  HUMBLE  Diet.  Geol.  216  Quaternary  formations. 
1865  TYLOR  Early  Hist.  Man.  viii.  198  The  instruments  of 
the  Drift,  or  Quaternary  deposits.  1871  DARWIN  Desc.  Man 
I.  vii.  237  The  quaternary  race  of  the  caverns  of  Belgium. 
1880  A.  R.  WALLACE  Isl.  Life  xxi.  448  Deposits  which  may 
be  of  Quaternary  or  even  of  Pliocene  age. 

B.  sb.  A  set  of  four  (things)  ;  the  number  four. 
Quaternary  of  numbers,  the  Pythagorean  Terpaicrvff,  or 

1  +  2  +  3+4  =  1°. 

c  1430  Art  ofNombrynge  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  8  Withdraw  ther-for 
the  quaternary,  of  the  article  of  his  denominacion  twies,  of 
.40.,  And  ther  remaynethe  .52.  1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's 
Mor.  1310  The  quaternarie  is  the  first  square  or  quadrate 
number,  a  1638  MEDE  Wks.  (1672)  654  In  which  Quaternary 
of  Kingdoms.. the  Roman,  being  the  Last  of  the  Four,  is 
the  Last  Kingdom.  1661  LOVEI.L  Hist.  Atrim.  «,  Min.  438 
According  to  quaternaries,  or  septenaries  [of  days]  after  the 
nature  of  the  disease.  1809  W.  IRVING  Knickerb.  (1861)  44 
They  are  regarded  with  as  much  veneration  as  were  the 
disciples  of  Pythagoras . .  when  initiated  into  the  sacred 
quaternary  of  numbers.  1845  DAY  An.  Chem.  I.  141  Thus 
quaternary  compounds  may  be  split  into  several  quaternaries 
with  the  same  or  a  different  radical. 

Quaternate  (kwgta-jn^t),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ATE2  :  cf.  F.  quaterne.]  Arranged  in,  or  forming, 
a  set  or  sets  of  four ;  composed  of  four  parts. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Sufp.  s.v.  Leaf.     1867  J.  HOGG 

l',Cr?*c;  •"'  L  2'5  The  Sarcina  ventriculi,  with  its  remark- 
able-looking  quaternate  spores.  1875  BENNETT  &  DYER  tr. 
i>acks  hot.  391  With  a  long  stalk  and  a  quaternate  lamina. 

(.omb.  1829  LOUDON  Encycl.  Plants  Gloss.  1103/2  Qiiatcr- 
tiate^pinnate,  pinnate,  the  pinnae  being  arranged  in  fours. 

ii  Quate'miO.  rare.    =  next. 

1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  i.  iii.  s  9.  ,,,  Aristotle  in  his 
Metaphysicks,  speaking  of  the  Quaternio  of  Causes  [etc.]. 
1681  H.  MORE  Lxp.  Dan.  ii.  25  These  are  the  Four  Winds 
of  Heaven,  The  Quaternio  of  the  Angelical  Ministers  of 
Divine  Providence.  1872  D.  BROWN  /,,/..  John  Duncan  v. 
87  Watson  broke  up  the  quaternio  by  going  to  Edinburgh. 


36 

Quaternion  (kwgta-jni^n).  [ad.  late  L.  qua- 
ternio,  -ion-em,  f.  quaterni  four  together:  cf.  obs. 
F.  quaternion  (Godef.).] 

1.  A  group  or  set  of  four  persons  or  things. 

1382  WYCLIF  Acts  xii.  4  Bitakinge  [him]  to  foure  qua- 


JENKYN  Blind  Guide  Pref.  Aiij,  He  puts  his  whole  Booke 
under  a  quaternion  of  topicks.  1695  TRYON  Dreams  £  Vis. 
x.  185  This.  .Elementary  Quaternion  of  Earth,  Air,  Water 
and  Fire.  1745  tr  Columbia's  Husb.  III.  xx,  So  let  us  be 
content  with  a  certain  Quaternion  as  it  were  of  chosen  vines. 
1868  MILMAN  St.  Paul's  xii.  329  His  great  quaternion  of 
English  writers,  Shakspeare,  Hooker,  Bacon,  Jeremy  Taylor. 
b.  A  quatrain.  rare—1. 

1846  LANDOR  Pentam.  iv.  Wks.  1876  III.  517  You  have 
given  me  a  noble  quaternion. 

2.  Of  paper  or  parchment :   a.  A  quire  of  four 
sheets  folded  in  two.     f  b.  A  sheet  folded  twice. 

1623  USSHER  Ans-.u.  Jesuit  398  The  quaternion,  .in  which 
I  transcribed  these  things  out  of  my  table-booke.  1656 
BLOUNT  Glossegr.,  Quaternion,. .  a  Quire  with  four  sheets, 
or  a  sheet  foulded  into  four  parts.  1816  SINGER  Hist.  Cards 
167  Before  they  had  completed  the  third  quaternion  (or 
gathering  of  four  sheets)  4000  florins  were  expended.  1882-3 
SCHAFF  Encycl.  Relig.  Knowl.  I.  268  The  books  were 
mostly  made  up  of  quaternions,  i.  e.  quires  of  four  sheets, 
doubled  so  as  to  make  sixteen  pages. 

3.  The  number  4  or  10  (cf.  QUATERNARY). 

1637  HEYWOOD  Land.  Sfec.  Wks.  1874  IV.  310  The 
Pythagoreans  expresse  their  holy  oath  in  the  quaternion. 
1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  462  Adore  the  sacred 
quaternion :  the  quaternion  containeth  under  it  one,  two, 
and  three. . .  The  quaternion  four  alone  is  one  and  uncom- 
pounded. 

4.  Math.  a.  The  quotient  of  two  vectors,  or  the 
operator  which  changes  one  vector  into  another, 
so  called  as  depending  on  four  geometrical  elements, 
and  capable  of  being  expressed  by  the  quadrinomial 
formula  iu  + xi+yj  +  ik,  in  which  w,  x,  y,  z  are 
scalars,   and   i,  j,  k  are   mutually  perpendicular 
vectors  whose  squares  are  —  I.     b.  pi.  That  form 
of  the  calculus  of  vectors  in  which  this  operator  is 
employed,  invented  by  Sir  W.  R.  Hamilton  in  1 843. 

1843  SIR  W.  R.  HAMILTON  Let.  in  Philos.  Mag.  XXV. 
493  We  have,  then,  this  first  law  for  the  multiplication  of 
two  quaternions  together.  1858  —  Let.  15  Oct.  ibid.  436 
To-morrow  wilt  be  the  isth  birthday  of  the  Quaternions. 
1'hey  started  into  life,  or  light,  full  grown  on  the  l6th  of 
October,  1843.  1866  —  (Title)  Elements  of  Quaternions. 
1873  H.  SPENCER  Stud.  Social.  (1882)  7  The  value  of  Quater 
nions  for  pursuing  researches  in  physics. 

5.  attrib.  or  as  adj.  Consisting  of  four  persons, 
things,  or  parts. 

1814  GARY  Dante,  Purgatory  xx.xin.  3  The  trinal  now, 
and  now  the  virgin  band  Quaternion,  their  sweet  psalmody 
began.  1849  TICKNOR  Span.  Lit.  I.  27  When  and  where 
this  quaternion  rhyme,  as  it  is  used  by  Berceo,  was  first  in 
troduced,  cannot  be  determined. 

Hence  I  QuateTiiion  v.,  to  arrange  in  quaternions 
(only  in  pa.fple.  Quate'rnioned);  Quaternio'nic 
a.,  pertaining  to  quaternions ;  Quate'rnionist. 
one  who  studies  quaternions. 

1641  MILTON  Ch.  Govt.  i.  i,  Yea,  the  Angels  themselves., 
are  distinguish'd  and  quaternion'd  into  their  Celestial 
Princedoms,  and  Satrapies.  1873  TAIT  Quaternions  (ed.  2) 
266  It  would  be  easy  to  give  this  a  more  strictly  quaternionic 
form.  1881  J.  VENN  Symbolic  Logic  91  Do  we  depart  wider 
from  the  primary  traditions  of  arithmetic  than  the  Quater- 
nionist  does  ? 

Quate:riiita'riau.  rare.  [f.  next,  after  «»»-, 
tnnitarian.~\  One  who  believes  that  there  are  four 
persons  in  the  Godhead. 

1829  GEN.  P.  THOMPSON  Exerc.  (1842)  I.  72  We  should  all 
have  been  Quaternitarians,  and  Quaternitarians  would  have 
been  the  orthodox.  1865  M.  ARNOLD  Ess.  Crit.  viii.  (1875) 
328  The  Jansenists  . .  are,  without  thinking  or  intending  it, 
Quaternitarians. 

Quaternity  (kwgto-jniti).  [ad.  late  L.  quatcr- 
nitas  (Augustine,  etc.),  f.  quaterni  four  together : 
see  -TV.  Cf.  F.  quaternity  .\ 

1.  A  set  of  four  persons  (esp.  in  the  Godhead,  in 
contrast  to  the  Trinity)  or  of  four  things. 

1529  MORE  Dyaloge  I.  Wks.  145/1  He  is  bounden  to  beleue 
in  y«  trmite.  And  y«  felowe  beleueth  in  a  quaternitie.  1603 
SIR  C.  HEVDON  Jud.  Astral,  xx.  405  Antiquitie  did  deuide 
the  elements  into  a  treble  quaternitie.  1678  CI'DWORTH 
Intcll.  Syst.  i.  iv.  §  36.  557  Not  a  Trinity,  but  a  Quaternity, 


ermty  t ^  «...^. 

ind  of  the  1'ruth.  1830  J.  DOUGLAS  Truths' K  dig.  iv.  (1832) 
185  Plato  may  be  argued  to  have  held  either  a  trinity  or  a 
quaternity.  1889  Sat.  Rev.  26  Oct.  475/1  A  remarkable 
quaternity  of  great-grandmamma,  grandmamma,  mamma, 
and  little  daughter. 

2.  The  fact  or  condition  of  being  four  in  number, 
or  an  aggregate  of  four. 

1839  BAILEY  Fcstus  xix.  (1852)  287  Some  [held]  that  in 
mystical  quaternity  all  Deity  existed. 

f  3.  erron.  A  quarter.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1633  P.  FLETCHER  Purple  Isl.  v.  xii,  The  first  with  divers 
..turnings  wries,  Cutting  the  town  in  four  quaternities. 

Quateron,  obs.  variant  of  QUADROON. 

t  Quaterpetal.  Ots.  rare-1,   [f.  L.  quater  four 
times.]     A  plant  whose  flowers  have  four  petals. 

i7»S  J-  PETIVKR  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXIX.  274  Hcrbx  Tetra- 
petatx,  Quaterpetals. 


QUATRE. 

t  Quater-piereed.  Her.  Var.  of  quarter- 
pierced  :  see  QUARTER  sb.  30.  Obs. 

1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  II.  vii.  (1611)  71  He  beareth  azure 
a  crosse  moline,  Quater-pierced,  or.  . .  This  is  termed 
Quater-pierced,  quasi  Quadrate  pierced,  for  that  the  piercing 
is  square  as  a  Trencher. 

t  Quater-temper,  -temps.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF. 
quatior-,  qitatuortempre  (ad.  L.  quatuor  tempera} 
and  quatretemps ,  f.  quatre  four  +  temps  time.  Cf. 
QUARTER-TENSE.]  The  four  fasting-periods  of  the 
year:  see  EMBER  ^ 

'  '535  i"  Weaver  Wells  Wills  (1890)  205  All  crysten  sowles 
comynually  remembryd  in  the  fraterny te  of  ye  quater  temps 
of  ya  same.  1550  BALE  Eng.  Votaries  n.  53  Theyappoynted 
the  laye  people  to  fast  y"  Lent,  . .  aduent,  rogacyon  dayes, 
and  quatertemper. 

t  Quatervois.  Obs.  rare.  Also  7  quatrefois. 
[Refashioning  of  CARFAX,  after  F.  quatre  four  + 
voie  way.]  A  place  where  four  ways  meet. 

1646  J.  GREGORY  Notes  %  Ots.  (1650)  108  In  the  Tetram- 
podus  or  Quatrefois  of  that  City  ..  there  stood  a  marble 
statue  of  Venus.  1687  WOOD  Life  Sept.  (O.  H.  S.)  III.  230 
When  he  came  to  Quatervois  he  was  entertaind  with  the 
wind  musick  or  waits  belonging  to  the  city  and  Universitie. 

Quateryme :  see  QUATBEME. 

Quath(e,  pbs.  variants  of  QUOTH. 

t  Qua-thrigan.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  quadriga] 
=  QUADRIGA  (by  Ormin  supposed  to  be  a  four- 
wheeled  chariot) ;  also_/?f.  the  four  gospels. 

c  1200  ORMIN  Pref.  3  piss  boc..iss  wrohht  off"  quabbrigan, 
Off  goddspell  bokess  fowwre.  Ibid.  21  {>att  wa^jn  iss 
nemmnedd  quabbrigan  bat  hafebb  fowwre  wheless. 

Quatkin,  obs.  form  of  \\~HATKIN. 

Quatorzain  (kx-tpsze in).  Also  6  quaterzayn, 
7  quatorzen,  9  quatuorzain.  See  also  QUATOR- 
ZIEM.  [a.  F.  quatorzaine  a  set  of  fourteen  (persons, 
days,  etc.),  f.  quatorze :  see  next.]  A  piece  of  verse 
consisting  of  fourteen  lines ;  a  sonnet.  In  mod.  use 
spec.  A  poem  of  fourteen  lines  resembling  a  sonnet, 
but  without  strict  observance  of  sonnet-rules. 

1583  G.  BUCKE  Commend.  Verses  in  T.  Watson  s  Centurie 
of  Lone  (Arb. )  33  The  Thuscan's  poesie,  Who  skald  [  =  scaled] 
the  skies  in  lofty  Quatorzain.  1591  NASHE  Pref,  Sidney  s 
Astr.  ff  Stella,  Put  out  your  rush  candles  you  poets  and 
rimers  and  bequeath  your  quaterzayns  to  chandlers.  1605 
CHAPMAN  All  Fooles  u.  i.  174  Sonnets  in  Doozens  or  your 
Quatorzaines  [printed  -anies].  1813  LOFFT  (title}  Laura: 
or,  an  Anthology  of  Sonnets  (on  the  Petrarcan  model),  and 
Elegiac  Quatuorzains.  1836  H.  F.  CHORLEY  Mrs.Hemans 
(1837)  II.  276  This  volume  ..  contains  also  many  beautiful 
sonnets,  or  more  strictly  speaking,  quatuorzains.  1880  Sat. 
Rev.  27  Mar.  ^21  The  sonnet  became,  .as  incorrect  as  in.. 
Cowper's  exquisite  quatorzain  to  Mrs.  Unwin. 

li  Quatorze  (katjrjz).  [F'.  quatorze  :—L.qiiatuor- 
decim  fourteen.]  In  piquet,  a  set  of  four  similar 
cards  (either  aces,  kings,  queens,  knaves,  or  tens) 
held  by  one  player,  which  count  as  fourteen. 

1701  FARQUHAR  Sir  H.  Wildair  v.  iv,  Show  for  it,  my 
lord  1  I  showed  quint  and  quatorze  for  it.  1778  C.  JOSF.S 
Hoyle's  Games  Impr.  127  Let  us  suppose  the  Younger-hand 
to  have  two  Quatorze  against  him.  1821  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  i. 
Mrs.  Battle  on  Whist,  I  love  to  get  a  tierce  or  a  quatorze, 
though  they  mean  nothing.  1868  PARDON  Card  Player  51 
You  are  to  call  a  quatorze  preferably  to  three  aces. 

Quatorziem,  -sime,  obs.  Sc.  varr.  QUATOHZAIN. 

For  the  change  of  ending,  cf.  QUINZIEME  2. 

1615  in  Montgotnerie's  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  Introd.  51  The 
Cherrie  and  the  Slae.  -Newly  altered,  perfyted  and  divided 
into  114  Quatorziems.  [c  17*4  RAMSAY Some^ConUnts Ever 
green  ix,  Montgomery's  quatorsimes  sail  evirpleis.] 

Quatrain  (kwo'tre'n).  Also  6  quadrain, 
-rein(e,  -reyne,  7  -ren,  -rin,  -ran.  [a.  F.  quat 
rain,  f  quadrain  (Cotgr.),  f.  quatre  four.] 

1.  A  stanza  of  four  lines,  usually  with  alternate 
rimes ;  four  lines  of  verse. 

o.  1585  JAS.  1  Ess.  Poesie  (Arb.)  13  Ane  qvadrain  of  Alex- 
andrin  verse.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  \\.  ii.  (Arb.)8i 
It  is  not  a  huitane  or  a  staffe  of  eight,  but  two  quadreins. 
1611  FLORiOft^uartetto,.  .a  quadren  of  a  Sonnet,  or  stafie  of 
foure  verses.  1651  DELAUNE  (title)  A  Legacie  to  his  Sonnes. 
Digested  into  Quadrins. 

p.  1666  DKYUEN Pref.  Ann.  Mirab.  Wks.  (Globe)  38,  I 
have  chosen  to  write  my  poem  in  quatrains  or  stanzas  of  four 
in  alternate  rhyme.  1683  TEMPLE  Mem.  Wks.  1731  I.  478 
A  Quatrain  recited  out  of  Nostredamns.  18*3  ROSCOE  tr. 
Sumondfs  Lit.  Eur.  (1846)  I.  iv.  102  The  beautiful  stanza 
of  ten  lines,  in  one  quatrain  and  two  tercets.  1856  R.  A. 
VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  II.  7  There  are  many  terse  and 
happy  couplets  and  quatrains  in  the  Wanderer. 
b.  A  set  of  four  persons,  nonce-use. 

1862  S.  LUCAS  Secularia  289  There  were  four  English 
men  of  letters  . .  of  this  stately  quatrain  Swift  and  Dryden 
are  the  only  two  he  has  encountered  in  his  history. 

2.  =  QUARTERN  5.  rare—1. 

1819  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1856)  III.  120  Did  I  send  you  the 
opening  of '  Oliver  Newman  ',  in  a  small  square  size  . .  or  in 
half  quatrain  form  ? 

II  Quatre  (katr,  ka-tsj).  Also  6  quatter,  6,  8 
quater.  [F.  quatre  four.]  The  number  four ;  the 
four  in  dice.  =  CATER  sl>.~ 

a  1550  Image  Hypocr.  iv.  in  Skeltoris  Wks.  II.  442/1 
Swordemen  and  kmghtes,  That  for  the  faith  fightes  With 
sise,  sinke,  and  quatter.  c  1570  Prided  Lfnvl.  (1841)  75  All 
for  a  matter  deer  of  quater  a~e.  1611  FLORIO,  Qnaderni,  two 
quaters  or  foures  at  dice:  1694  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  v.  x. 
('737)  37  Cinques,  Quaters,  Treys.  1772  FOOTE  XaM  n. 
Wks.  1799  II.  301  Cinque  and  quater:  you're  out.  1814 
CARY  Dantt',  Paradise  v.  59  Included,  as  the  quatre  in  the 
sise.  1850  Holm's  Hand-bit.  Games  383  Should  two  quatres 
be  thrown,  any  of  the  following  moves  may  be  played. 


QTJATREBLE. 

Hence  Qnatre-crested  a.,  having  four  crests. 

1791  COWPER  Iliad  it.  48  His  helmet  quatre-crested.  [Note. 
Quatre-crested.  So  I  have  rendered  Terpa^aAqpor.] 

t  Quatreble,  a.  and  s6.  Obs.  Also  5  -trebil, 
-tribill,  6  -treple,  quadreble,  -ible.  [Alteration 
of  F.  quadruple  on  anal,  of  trible  TREBLE.] 

A.  adj.   —  QUADRUPLE. 

1398  TREVISA  Bartli.  DC  P.  /?.  xix.  cxxv.  (1495)  925  Thre 
is  treble  to  one ;  and  fowre  is  quatreble  to  one.  [See  also 

?UIN1BLE.]  ,1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Cov.  Lordsk.  82 
reble  or  quatreblee  [odours].  1454  Rolls  Parlt.  V.  273 
The  quatreble  value  of  Wolles . .  so  shippid.  1489  Barbours 
/>Vwc<r(Edinb.  MS.)  xvm.  30  He  suld  fecht  that  day  Thocht 
tribill  ami  quatribill  war  thai.  1553  Respublicti  (Hrandl)  II. 
iii.  4  Ye,  double  knave  youe,  will  ye  never  be  other?  ..  Ye, 
quadribie  knave  [etc.].  1356  J.  H EYWOOD Spit ier  fy  F.  xcvi. 
8  Double  or  treble  (yea  qualreble)  cause.  [1735  W.  HAWKINS 
Stat.  at  Large  I.  425  The  same  Hostler  shall  incur  the 
quatreble  Value  of  that  which  he  hath  taken.] 

B.  sl>.  1.  A  fourfold  amount. 

14  . .  Lansdcnmie  .VS.  763  in  -V.  $  Q.  4th  Ser.  (1870)  VI. 
117/1  The  same  proportion  that  is  betwene  twoe  small 
numberis,  the  same  is  betwene  doubles  and  treblis,  and 
quatrebils  and  quiniblis.  1439  Rolls  Parlt.  IV.  349/1  Ye 
parte  pleynyng  shal  have  ye  quatreble  of  his  damages. 
1540-1  ELYOT  Image  Gov.  51  If  they  had  dooen  euill,  they 
shuld  paie  the  quatreple  or  foure  tymes  so  much  as  they 
receiued. 

2.  Mas.  A  note  higher  than  the  treble,  being  an 
octave  above  the  mean.  (Cf.  QUINIBLE.) 

15*8  [see  next  quot.].  1855-7  W.  CHAPPELL  Pop.  Mils. 
Olden  Time  I.  34  To  sing  a  '  quatrible  '  [means]  to  descant 
byfourths.  The. -term  is  used  by  Cornish  in  his  Treatise  be 
tween  Trowthe  and  Enformacion,  1528.  1870  —  in  N.  ff  Q. 
4th  Ser.  VI.  117/1  The  quatreble  began  and  ended  a  twelfth 
above  [the  plain  song]  and  the  quimble  a  fifteenth.  * 

Hence  fQuatreble  (quadribie)  v.,  to  quadruple ; 
also  Mils.,  to  sing  a  quatreble. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xvm.  ix.  (1495)  759  Some 
serpentes  haue  many  hedys,  for  some  bell  dowble  and  some 
treblyd  and  some  quatrebled.  (  1500  Prffv.  in  Antiq.  Rep. 
(1809)  IV.  406  He  that  quadribilithe  to  hy,  his  voice  is 
variable.  1607  J.  NORDEN  Surv.  Dial,  II.  67  The  profits 
was  twice  quadrebled. 

Quatrefoil  (kre-taifoil),  sb.  and  a.  Forms :  5 
quaterfoile,  -foyl(e,  katir-,  katerfoil,  quarter- 
foyle,  (9  -foil),  6  quaterfoiUe,  -foyle,  -fold, 
caterfoyle,  7  -foile,  8-  quadre-,  quatrefoil,  (9 
-feuil-le).  [a.  OF.  type  *qua(rcfoil,  f.  qitatre  four 
•^foil  leaf,  FOIL  sb^  Cf.  CINQUEFOIL.] 
f  A.  adj.  Having  four  leaves.  Obs.  ran. 

CI4ZO  Pallad.  on  Hnsb.  II.  57  Whan  whete  is  quaterfoyle 
[L.  qutitHorfpliorutn}  and  barleyfyue.  .hit  is  to  wede  hem. 
Ibid.  xi.  118  And  katerfoil,  when  thai  bcth  vp  yspronge, 
Transplaunte  hem. 

B.  sb.  f  1.  A  set  of  four  leaves.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1:1420  Pallad.  on  Hush.  m.  623  Let  grounden  glas  go 
syfte  on  hem.  .When  theyr  trefoyl  or  quaterfoyl  is  owte. 

2.  A  compound  leaf  or  flower  consisting  of  four 
(usually  rounded)  leaflets  or  petals  radiating  from 
a  common  centre ;  also,  a  representation  or  con 
ventional  imitation  of  this,  esp.  as  a  charge  in 
Heraldry,  b.  Arch.  An  opening  or  ornament, 
having  its  outline  so  divided  by  cusps  as  to  give  it 
the  appearance  of  four  radiating  leaflets  or  petals. 

Double  quatrefoiltzn  ornament,  etc.,  having  eight  divisions 
similarly  disposed. 

'494  FABYAN  Clinn.  VH.  600  Qnynces  in  compost.  Blaund 
lure,  powderyd  with  quarter  foyles  gylt.  1520  in  Archaa- 
logiaUll.  19  A  crosse  sylver  and  gylte  like  a  quaterfold. 
1562  LEIGH  Armorie  (1597)  nob,  He  beareth  ..  a  double 
Caterfoyle.  . .  He  beareth  the  quaterfoyle  double  . .  because 
he  is  the  viij  from  the  heire.  1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  I.  vi. 
(1611)26  The  Crosse  Moline,  and  the  Double  Cater-foile. 
1771  Antiq.  Sarisb.  191  A  little  cross  ..  like  a  quaterfoiUe. 
1805  SCOTT  Last  Minstr.  n.  ix,  The  key-stone,  that  lock'd 
each  ribbed  aisle,  Was  a  fleur-de-lys,  or  a  quatre-feuille 
1849  FREEMAN  Archil.  360  We  ..  find  in  Early  Gothic  the 
head  of  a  couplet  filled  with  a  circle,  a  quatrefoil  [etc.]. 

Hence  Qna-trefoiled  a.,  having  the  form  of  a 
quatrefoil,  divided  into  four  parts  by  cusps. 

1848  B.  WEBB  Coat.  Ecclesiol.  62  The  side  lights  having 
quatrefoiled circles  in  their  heads.  &*&EccUtulogitt  XVI. 
295  A  taller  column,  quatrefoiled  in  section.  1881  N.  f,  Q. 
6th  Ser.  III.  133/1  A  brass  seal  with  a  quatrefoiled  handle. 

So  Quatrefo-liated  a. 

1850  T.  INKERSLEY  Inq.  Rum.  ft  Pointed  Archil.  France 
309  Sustaining  two  quatrefoliated  circles. 

Quatrefois,  variant  of  QUATERVOIS. 

t  Quatreme,  -ime.  O6s,  rare.  In  5  quat- 
erime,-(e)ryme,  katereme.  [a.  OB',  quatrieme, 
-esme  (i4th  c.  in  Godef.),  subst.  use  of  quatrieme 
fourth.]  A  duty  or  tax  of  a  fourth  part  levied  on 
certain  commodities. 

^1460  FORTESCUE  Abs.  ft  Lim.  Moil.  \.  (1885^  131  The 
gabell  off  the  salt,  and  the  quaterimes  of  the  wynes,  were 
graunted  to  the  kynge  by  the  iij  estates  of  France,  c  1465 
Kng.  Chron.  (Camden  1856)  48  Alle  maner  custumez,  fe  fer- 
mez,  and  quatrymez.  1480  CAXTON  Citron.  Eng.  vll.  (1520) 
149/2  All  maner  customes  and  fee  fermes  and  kateremes. 

Quatreple,  -trible,  variants  of  QUATREBLE. 

t  Quatri-dual,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  L.  quat- 
riJu-um  +  -AL.]  Lasting  for  four  days. 

1646  R.  BAILLIE  Aaataftism  (1647)  34  This  is  the  fruit  of 
their  quatridual  fastings. 

Qua'trin.  Now  rare.  Also  5  katereyn,  6 
-in,  -yn,  6-7  quatriue.  [a.  OF.  qualrin,  quaJrin 
(Godef.),  or  It.  quattrino,  f.  quattro  four.]  A  small 
piece  of  money;  a  farthing.  Cf.  QUADRINE  '. 


37 

c  1400  Apol.  Loll.  12  t>ou  schalt  seue  me  foure  fioreynis.  . . 
And  he  ansuerid,  Sobli,  I  haue  but  foure  katereynis.  1547 
BOORDE  Introd.  Know!,  xxiii.  (1870)  179  (Italy)  In  bras  they 
haue  kateryns,  and  byokes,  and  denares.  1382  MUNDAY 
Eng.  Rom.  Life  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Malh.)  II.  202  Supping  so 
well  as  1  coulde,  with  two  quatrines  woorth  of  leckes.  1617 
MORYSON  Itin.  i.  92  From  hence  [Bologna]  we  hired  a  boat 
for  foure  bolinei  and  foure  quatrines.  1888  Pali  Alall  G. 
17  Nov.  2/2  Does  it  refer  to  the  Pope  who  had  not  a  quatrin, 
or  to  St.  Martin  ? 

Quatriplate,  Quatrivial,  Quatron(e, 
Quatroon,  varr.  or  obs.  ff.  QUADRUPLATE,  QUAD- 
RIVIAL,  QUARTERN,  QUADROON. 

t  Quatrumvirate.  Ol>;.— '  =  QUATUORVIRATE. 

1684  T.  GODUAKD  Plato's  Demon  53  The  whole  Trium 
virate,  or  if  you  will,  Quatrumvirate  are  included. 

Quat-so-(euer),  Quatt,  obs.  ff.  WHAT-SO- 
(EVER),  WHAT.  Quarter,  obs.  f.  QUATRE. 

II  Quattrocento  (kwattro,tje-nttf).  [It.,  lit. 
'  four  hundred ',  but  used  for  '  fourteen  hundred ' : 
cf.  ClxyuECENTo.]  The  fifteenth  century  (14  . .), 
as  a  period  of  Italian  art,  architecture,  etc. 

1873  POLLEN  Anc.  4-  Mod.  Furn.  61  The  better  known 
Italian  furniture  of  the  quattrocento  . .  is  gilt  and  painted. 
1882-3  J-  L.  CORNINO  in  Schaff  Encycl.  Kelig.  Ktioml.  III. 
2159  We  may  include  both  of  these— the  quatrocento  [sic] 
and  the  cinquecento — in  the  third  great  period  of  Christian 
sculpture. 

Hence  Quattroce-ntist,  ||  -centi-sta  (It.,  with 
pi.  -isti),  -centiste  (F.),  an  Italian  artist,  author, 
etc.  of  the  1 5th  c. ;  also  attrib.  or  as  adj. 

1853  MOTLKV  Corr.  (1889)  I.  vi.  182  The  wonderful  Quattro 
Centisti  of  Florence,  the  painters,  I  mean,  of  the  fifteenth 
century.  1873  OUIDA  Pfiscurel  I.  66  He  would  bring  out 
from  its  corner  _his  little  old  quattrocentiste  viol.  1886 
HOLMAN  HUNT  in  Contcmp.  Rev.  XLIX.  476,  I  began  to 
trace  the  purity  of  work  in  the  quattrocentists,  to  this 
drilling  of  undeviating  manipulation.  Ibid.  477  The  quattro- 
centist  work.. became  dearer  to  me  as  I  progressed. 

Qua-tuor.     Aim.     [L. 'four'.]   =QUAKTKT  i. 
The  current  term  in  Fr.,  but  not  now  in  Eng.  use. 
1726  BAILEY,  Quatiior  (in  Musick  Books)  signifies  Musick 
composed  for  4  Voices.     1811  in  BUSBY  Diet.  Jfas.  (ed.  3  . 

t  Quatuordecangle.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  L. 
quatiior  four  +  dec-em  ten  +  ANGLE.]  A  figure 
having  fourteen  angles. 

1667  COLLINS  in  Rigaud  Corr.  Sci.  Men  (1841)  I.  128  The 
side  of  a  regular  quatuordecangle  inscribed  in  a  circle. 

Quatuo-rvirate.  rare—1,  [ad.  L.  quatuor- 
virat-us,  f.  quatiior  four  +  vir  man.  Cf.  QUAD- 
BUM-,  QUARTUM-,  QUATRUMVIKATE.]  A  body  of 
four  men. 

_  1836  W.  C.  LAKE  in  Life  (1901)  195  Lending  his  religious 
influence  to  the  Triumvirate  or  Quatuorvirate. 

tQuaught,  v.  Obs.  rare-",  [var.  of  quaft, 
QUAFF  v.  or  of  Sc.  WAUCHT.]  To  drink  deeply. 

1530  PALSGR.  676/2,  I  quaught,  I  drinke  all  out.  Je  boys 
dautant.  Wyll  you  quawght  with  me? 

Quauk,  Sc.  form  of  QUAKE  v. 

t  Quave,  sb.  Obs.    [f.  next.]    A  shake,  tremble. 

1382,  etc.  [see  EARTH-QUAVE).  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  419/2 
Quaue,  of  a  myre  (K.,  P.  quaue,  as  of  a  myre),  latino. 
1633  SWAN  Spec.  M.  (1670)  196  A  quave  of  the  earth 
swallowed  a  middle  part  of  the  city  Misia. 

t  Quave,  v.  06s.  Also  3  owauien,  4,  6  quaue, 
5  qyavyn,  6  queaue.  [Early  ME.  cwavien,  prob. 
repr.  an  OE.  *civajian,  of  parallel  formation  to 
cwacian  QUAKE  ;  for  the  stem  cf.  QUIVER  v.~\ 

1.  intr.  To  quake,  shake,  tremble. 

a  iz«s  St.  Marker.  19  Al  \>e  eorSe  . .  bigon  to  cwakien 
[ff.  ant  to  cwauien].  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xvm.  61  The 
wal  wagged  and  clef,  and  al  the  worlde  qunued.  1382 
WYCLIF  i  Sam.  xxviii.  5  And  Saul,  .dradde,  and  his  herte 
quauyde  ful  myche.  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  419/2  Qvavyn, 
as  myre,  ircino.  1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  II.  c.  22  Now  vnder- 
stande  ye  . .  how  the  erthe  quaueth  and  shaketh.  1509 
Parl.  Dcvyllcs  Ivi,  The  erthe  quaued  . .  Valeys  and  stones 
brest  asonder.  1687  MIEGE  Grt.  Fr.  Diet,  n,  To  Quave. 
As  to  quave  with  fat.  [1823  see  Quaving  ppl.  a.] 

2.  iiitr.  To  beat,  palpitate  ;    to  throb  with  life. 
1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VI  I.  37  pe  place  at  Schaftes- 

bury  J>ere  his  longes  jit  quaveb  al  fresche  and  sound.  1589 
PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Pocsie  111.  xix.  (Arb.)  223  Is  he  aliue,  Is 
he  as  I  left  him  queauing  and  quick. 

Hence  f  Qua'ving  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

13. .  E.  E.  Atlit.  P.  B.  324,  I  schal.  .quelle  alle  bat  is  quik 
with  quauende  flodez.  1382  WVCLIF  i  Kings  xix.  ii  After 
the  wynde,  quauynge  ;  not  in  the  quauyng  the  Lord.  1533 
ELYOT  Cast.  Heltk  i.  ii,  That  body  is  called  fleumatike, 
wherein  water  hath  pre-eminence,  and  is  perceiued  by  these 
slgnes  :  fatnesse,  quaving;  and  soft.  1610  HOLLAND  Cam- 
den  s  Brit.  i.  530  So  quaving  soft  and  moist  the  Bases  were. 
1823  BUTTON  Beauties  Wilts  III.  8  In  the  valley.. are 
some  quagmires,  called  by  the  inhabitants  quaving-gogs. 

t  Qua-vemire.  Obs.  [f.  QUAVE  v.  +  MIRE.] 
=  QUAGMIRE  (q.v.). 

1330  PALSCR.,  Quave  myre,  foundriere,  crouliere.  1363 
JEWEL  Def.  Apol.  d6i  i)  404  Pooler,  Marishes, . .  and  Quaue- 
mires.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  221  Dyonisius  was  forced 
to  leaue  his  horse  sticking  fast  in  a  quaue-mire.  1610  — 
Camden's  Brit.  529  The  Lower  [part]  hath  in  it  foule  and 
slabby  quave  mires,  yea  and  most  troublesome  fennes. 

fig.  1581  J.  BELL  H  addon's  Answ.  Osor.  206  They  do 
winne  nothing  by  thys  distinction :  seeing  that  they  fall 
back  into  the  same  quavemire. 

Quaver  (kwf^vai),  sb.    [f.  the  vb.] 

1.  Mus.  A  note,  equal  in  length  to  half  a  crotchet 

or  one-eighth  of  a  semibreve. 
1570  LEVINS  Afanip,  76/18  A  Quauer,  oetana  pars  men. 

suns.    1397  MOKLEY  Introd.  Mus.  Annot.,  Who  inuented 


QUAVERING. 

the  Crotchet,  Quauer  and  Semiquauer  is  vncertaine.  1659 
LEAK  Waterwks.  31  Demi- crochets  or  Quavers,  whereof 
there  are  sixteen  in  one  measure.  1706  A.  BEDFORD  Temple 
Mits.  viii.  165  The  greatest  Part,  -is  sung  in  Short  Notes. , 
and  are  Prickt  with  Quavers.  1789  K.  DARWIN  Bot.  Card. 
ii.  ^1791)  60  And  then  the  third  on  four  concordant  lines, 
Prints  the  lone  crotchet,  and  the  quaver  joins.  1866  Exoti. 
Nat.  Mns.  iii.  90  A  slight  alteration  of  the  melody,  .such 
as  a  substitution  of  two  quavers  for  a  crotchet. 
fig.  a  1619  FOTHERBY  Atktoni,  n.xii.  §  i  (1622)  327,  I  will 
not  strictly  examine  euery  crochet  and  quauer. 

2.  Mits.  A  shake  or  trill  in  singing. 

1611  CORYAT  Crudities  27,  I  heard  a  certaine  French  man 
who  sung  very  melodiously  with  curious  quauers.  1711 
ADDISON  Sped.  No.  29  p  ii  A  Voice  so  full  of  Shakes  and 

8uavers,  that  I  should  have  thought  the  Murmurs  of  a 
ountry  Brook  the  much  more  agreeable  Muaick.  1768-74 
TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  443  The  people  . .  attend  solely 
to  their  quavers,  without  heeding  the  substance  of  what 
they  sing.  1817  BYRON  Beppo  iij  There  are  songs  and 
quavers,  roaring,  humming.  1883  STEVENSON  Treas,  Id. 
v.  xxiii,  A.  .sailor's  song,  with  a  droop  and  a  quaver  at  the 
end  of  every  verse. 

b.  in  instrumental  music,  rare. 

1627-77  FELTHAM  Resolves  11.  xxxvii.  234  Unlike  a  quaver 
on  an  Instrument,  it  is  not  there  a  grace,  but  a  jar  in  Music. 
1712  AUDISON  Sped.  No.  361  f  6  Whether  we  consider  the 
Instrument  [the  Cat-call]  itself,  or  those  .several  Quavers  and 
Graces  which  are  thrown  into  the  playing  of  it. 

3.  A  shake  or  tremble  in  the  voice  ;  a  tremulous 
voice  or  cry. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Ctarissa  fiSii)  III.  xiii.  86  [She]  drew 
a  sigh  into  two  or  three  but  just  audible  quavers.  1833  Hi. 
MARTINEAU  TaleofTyne  iii.  53  There  was.  .a  quaver  of  the 
voice  which  belied  what  he  said.  1882  SIKVI-:,\SON  New 
Arab.  Nts.  (1884)  63  Silas,  with  a  quaver,  admitted  that  he 
had  done  so. 

4.  A  quivering  or  tremulous  movement.    Also/yf. 
1736  H.  BROOKE   Univ.  Beauty  v.  136  Tissu'd   wing  its 

folded  membrane  frees,  And  with  blithe  quavers  fans  the 
gath'ring  breeze.  1881  STEVENSON  I'irg.  Pitcri^/ue,  Eng. 
Admirals  208  The  worth  of  such  actions  is  not  a  thing  to 
be  decided  in  a  quaver  of  sensibility* 

Quaver  (kw^'vaa),  v.  Also  5  qwaver.  [f. 
QUAVE  v.  +  -ER3.  Cf.  QUIVER  v.] 

1.  intr.  To  vibrate,  tremble,  quiver.     Now  rare. 
1430-40    LYDG.    Bockas   viii.    viii.   (1558)   fol.   vi,    Whose 

double  whele  quauereth  euer  in  dout.  1477  SIR  J.  PASTON 
in  /'.  Lett.  III.  174  It  semythe  that  the  worlde  is  alle 
qwaveryng.  1590  MARLOWE  vnd  Pt.  Taniburt.  r.  iii,  Their 
lingers  made  to  quaver  on  a  lute.  1629  GAULE  Holy  Madn. 
206  Tongue  stammers,  lips  quauer.  1692  LUTTRELL  Brief 
AW.  (1857)  II.  571  The  earthquake  was  so  severe,  .that  the 
streets  quavered  like  the  waves  of  the  sea.  1839  BAILEY 
Festus  ix.  (1852)  125  Like  rivers  over  reeds  Which  quaver 
in  the  current.  1887  STEVENSON  Afisadv.  J.  Nicholson  ii. 
4  The  breeze,  .set  the  flames  of  the  street-lamps  quavering. 
b.  Of  the  voice:  To  shake,  tremble. 
1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela  II.  43  That  melodious  Voice 
praying  for  me.  .still  hangs  upon  my  Ears,  and  quaver*  upuii 
my  Memory.  1825  J.  NEAL  Bro.  Jonathan  I.  401  His  fine 
voice  quavered.  1866  G.  MACDONALD  Ann,  Q,  Neighb.  \. 
(1878)  2  When  my  voice  quavers. 

2.  intr.  To  use  trills  or  shakes  in  singing. 

1538  ELYOT,  Vibrisso,  To  quauer  in  syngynge.  a  1592 
H.  SMITH  in  Spurgeon  Treas.  Dav.  Ps.  cxxxvi.  i  Like 
a  nightingale,  which  ..  quavers  and  capers,  and  trebles 
upon  it.  1665  BRATHWAIT  Comm.  2  Talcs  23  He  quavers 
in  his  musical  Aires  melodiously.  1684  tr.  Agrippas  Van. 
Arts  liv.  147  In  Singing  also  the  Italians  Bleat,  the 
Spaniards  Whine,  the  Germans  Howl,  and  the  French 
Quaver.  1708  J.  PHILIPS  Cyder  ii.  413  Now  sportive  Youth 
Carol  incondite  Rhythms  with  suiting  Notes,  And  quaver 
unharmonipus.  1806-7  J-  BERESFORD  Miseries  Hiou.  Life 
(1826)  v.  xii,  One  poor  singer  quavering  like  Orpheus  of  old 
to  the  trees.  1854  H.  MILLER  Sc/t.  <y  Scknt,  (1858)  403  Jock 
laboured  hard  to  keep  up  with  his  guide;  quavering  and 
semi-quavering,  as  his  breath  served. 

3.  trans.  To  sing  (a  note,  song,  etc.)  with  trills 
or  quavers.     Also  with/i?rM,  out. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  78/43  To  Quauer  a  note,  •vibrarc. 
1596  DRAYTON  Legends  i.  43  The  Larke  . .  Quaver'd  her 
cleare  Notes  in  the  quiet  Ayre.  1651  CLEVELAND  Poems  49 
Can  a  groan  Be  quaver'd  out  by  soft  division?  1757  DYER 
Fleece  (1807)  94  Th1  am'rous  youth  . .  Quavers  the  choicest 
of  his  sonnets.  1820  W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  (1859)  150  He 
quavered  forth  a  quaint  old  ditty.  1856  R.  W.  PROCTER 
Barbels  Shop  xiv.  (1883)  118  1'he  song  which  Jack,  .liked 
most  to  quaver  was  Alice  Gray. 

4.  trans.   To  drive  away  by  playing  quavers. 
1780  COWPER  Progr.  Err.  127  With  wire  and  catgut  .. 

Quavering  and  semiquavering  care  away. 

Hence  Qua'vered///.  a.  Also  Qua'verer,  one 
who  quavers. 

1611  COTGR.,  Gringuenoteur*  A  warbler,  shaker,  quauerer. 
1762  SIR  W.  JQXKS  Arcadia  164  His  tune  so  various  and 
uncouth  he  made,  That,  .not  a  nymph  [could]  the  quaver'd 
notes  approve.  1802  in  Spirit  Pnb.  Jrnls.  VI.  222  Italia 
sends  us  home  Three  quaverers  together. 

Quaver,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  QUIVER  st>.1 

Quavering  (kw^-varirj),  vbl,  sb.  [f.  QUAVEB  v. 
+  -ING!.]  The  action  of  the  vb.,  in  various  senses. 

1552  HULOET,  Quauerynge,  mbratio.  1577  tr.  Bitllinger's 
Decades  (1592)  §32  A  Hymne..may  bee  humblie  vttered 
without  quauering  of  the  voice.  1634  WITHER  Embl.  82 
T'will  cause  a  thousand  quaverings  in  your  breast.  1706 
A.  BEDFORD  Temple  Mns.  \\\.  158  Tebhir  + .  may  denote  a 
Shake  or  Quavering  of  the  Voice.  1826  SCOTT  Woodst.  i, 
The  . .  Mayor  then  interrupted  the  quavering  of  . .  the  clerk. 
1892  E.  REEVES  Homeward  Bound -222  A  buzzing,  humming 
sound,  .with  quaverings  on  its  sharp  and  flat. 

Quavering  (kw^-variq),  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING2.]  That  quavers,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1430-40  LYDG.  Bockas  iv.  xx.  (1554)  119  In  al  such  quauer 
ing  perseuerance  Thinke  on  Lisymachus.  1561  HOLLYBUSH 


QUAVERINGLY. 

Ham.  Afoth.  22  S.  Ihons  hcries.  .be  goixl  for  the  quauering 
harte.  1607  TOPSELL  Four-/.  Beasts  (1658)  272  Such  pass 
ing  sweet  inusick  as  that  his  fine  quavering  hand  could 
sometime  make.  1715  POPE  Odyss.  xx.  222  With  quavering 
cries  the  vaulted  roofs  resound.  1873  HOLLAND  A.  Bonnie. 
xxl.  340  A  voice  quite  unnatural  in  us  quavering  sharpness. 

Hence  Qua-veringly  «<&'., in  a  quavering  manner; 
with  a  quaver  in  the  voice. 

1594  NASHE  Unfort.  Tntv.  Wks.  1883-4  V.  185  lairing  on 
them  quaueringly  with  his  hammer.  1882  J.  HAWTHORNE 
Fart.  Fool  i.  xiu. '  I  don't  want  to  have  you  go,  Jack  ! '  said 
she,  quaveringly. 

Quavery  (kw^'vari),  a.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-vT]  Apt  to  quaver ;  somewhat  quavering. 

1519  HORMAN  Vitlg.  240  A  quauery  or  maris  and  vnstable 
fun  rulacion ,  must  be  holpe  with  great  pylys  of  alder  rammed 
downe.  iK6  Miss  BRADDON  Liutys  Mile  35  Quavery  old 
sextons.  1890  HALL  CAINE  Bondman  in.  iv,  He  began  to 
sing,  .in  his  hoarse  and  quavery  voice. 

So  Qua-very-ma-very,  in  an  uncertain  or  pre 
carious  condition,  rare. 

1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  x.  ii.  r  3  Your  father,  .is  standing, 
as  a  body  may  say,  quavery. mavery  between  life  and  death. 
a  1815  FORHY  Voc.  E.  Anglia,  Quatffry-fHavtry,  undecided  ; 
and  hesitating  how  to  decide. 

Quaving,  vtl.  sb.  and  ///.  a. :  see  QUAVE  v. 

tQuaviver.  Obs.  Also  7  quaui(u}er,  qua- 
wiuer.  [app.  f.  VIVEB  ;  the  first  element  is  obscure.] 
The  fish  called  sea-dragon  or  dragonet. 

1589  RIDER  Bibl.  Schotast.  1723  A  quaviuer,  a  kind  of  sea 
fish,  araneits  drac&na.  1611  COTGR.,  Traignc,  the  sea 
Dragon,  Viuer,  Quauiuer.  1655  Mol'FKT  &  BENNET  Health's 
[tnprffu.  1 1746)  258  Quawiuers,  for  so  the  Scots  and  Northern 
English  term  them,  are  very  subtile  and  crafty  Fishes.  1725 
BRADLEY  Fant.  Diet.  s.v.  Fish,  Your  Quavivers  or  Perches 
must  be  boiled  in  Water  with  Salt.  1783  AINSWORTH  Lat. 
Diet.  (Morell)  n,  Draco,,  .a  fish  called  a  quaviver. 

t  Qua'vy,  «•  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  quauie,  qwauy. 
[f.  Qu AVE  v.  +  -Y  i.]  Soft,  flabby. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.. DC  P.  R.  iv.  ix.  (Tollem.  MS.),  Dull 
of  witte  ..  nesche  of  flesche  and  quauy.  Ibid.  \\.  iv.  (1405) 
191  The  chyldes  rlesshe  that  is  newe  borne  is  tendre,  nesshe, 
qwauy  and  vnsadde. 

Quavyr,  obs.  Sc.  var.  of  QUIVER  sl>.1 

Quaw  (kw§).  Sc.  Also  9  quai>,  quah.  [Of 
obscure  origin,  poss.  repr.  an  earlier  *  quail:  cf. 
qitallmire  and  the  forms  cited  s.v.  QUAGMIRE.] 
A  quag,  quagmire.  Also  Qnawmire. 

'535  LYNDESAY  Satyrc  837  (Laingl  Lyk  ane  quaw  myre. 
1595  DUNCAN  App.  F.tym.  (E.  D.  S.),  I'orago,  a  gulfe,  or 
quaw-myre.  1824  MACTAGGART  Gattovid.  Encycl.,  Qnakin. 
qttains  —or  Qitaws,  or  moving  quagmire  bogs.  1880  -  /  ntrhn 
Ac  Down  Gloss.,  Quaa,  quah,  a  marsh;  a  quagmire,  or 
shaking  bog.  1894  CROCKETT  Raiders  167  Green,  deceitful 
'quakkin-qua's',  covered  with  a  scum  that  looked  like 
tender  young  grass. 

Quaw-bird,  variant  of  QUA-BIBD. 

Quawght,  variant  of  QUAUOHT.  Obs. 

Quawk  (kwgk),  v.  dial.  [Imitative  ;  cf.  CAWK 
sb?]  intr.  To  caw.  Hence  Quawking  vbl.  sb. 

1821  CLARE  Vill.  Minstr.  I.  24  Rous'd  by  quawking  of  the 
flopping  crows.  Ibid.  II.  121  The  rooks .  .Quawk  clamorous 
to  the  spring's  approach.  1879-  In  dial,  glossaries  (Leic., 
Shropsh.,  etc.). 

t  Quax,  v.  O/'S.-1    [?  var.  QUASS  v.]    To  quaff. 

1509  BARCLAY  Shyf  of  Folys  (1874)  II.  261  Some  drynkes  ; 
some  quaxes  the  canykyn  halfe  full. 

Quay  >*'),  sb.  [Later  spelling  of  kay,  KEY  sb?, 
after  F.  quai.  The  pron.  is  that  of  key ;  cf.  how 
ever  quots.  1723  and  1850.]  An  artificial  bank  or 
landing-place,  built  of  stone  or  other  solid  material, 
lying  along  or  projecting  into  a  navigable  water 
for  convenience  of  loading  and  unloading  ships. 

1696  PHILLIPS  (ed.  5),  Quay  or  Kay,  a  broad  Space  pav'd 
upon  the  Shore  of  a  Kiver,  Haven  or  Port,  for  the  loading 
and  unloading  of  Goods.  1713  SWIFT  Stella  at  Wood-Park 
46  But  now  arrives  the  dismal  day,  She  must  return  to 
Ormond-quay.  1756-7  tr.  Kcyslcr's  Trav.  (1760)  II.  382 
Repairs  and  improvement  of  the  ancient  quay.  1800  COL- 
QUHOUN  Couim.  <$•  Pol.  Thames  i.  26  The  small  Vessels  land 
their  Goods  at  the  Quays.  1830  TENNYSON  In  tlem.  xiv, 
If . .  I  went  down  unto  the  quay  [rime  to-day],  And  found 
thee  lying  in  the  port.  1884  PAE  Eustace  xviii.  233  A  small 
quay  ran  along  the  north  of  the  little  harbour. 

b.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  quay-berth,  -charges, 
-dues,  -edge,  -head,  -holder,  -labourer,  -like  adj., 
•man,  -master,  -room,  -side  (hence  -sider),  -space, 
-stone,  -wall,  etc. 

1798  R.  DODD  Port  Loud.  7  Regular  quay-walls  on  both 
sides  the  river.  Ibid.  9  The  legal  quay-holders  and  wharf 
ingers.  1820  KEATS  Lamia  I.  224  His  galley  now  Grated  the 
quay-stones,  c  i8ao  S.  ROGERS  Italy,  Como  28  A  quay-like 
scene,  glittering  and  full  of  life.  1862  ANSTED  Channel  fsl. 
I.  111.  (ed.  2)  40  The  quay-room  was  extremely  narrow  and 
restricted.  1889  P.  H.  EMERSON  Eng.  Idyls  128  Paddling 
to  a  quay-head,  they  landed. 

Hence  Quay  t>.l  trans.,  to  provide  with  a  quay. 

,        ...  r  *         J 


592  Quay  the  calm  porls  and  dike  the"]'awns,  nave!'"  1857 
Baktubgnt  X  VI 1 1.  ,75  The  quayed  and  purified  Thames. 

tQuay.s^  Ohs.  rare-^.  [?  Alteration  of  QUAII, 
v .]  trans.  To  depress,  subdue,  daunt. 

1590  SPENSER  F  Q  i.  viii.  14  Therewith  his  sturdie  corage 
soon  was  quayd,  And  all  his  sences  were  with  suddein 
dread  dismayd. 

Quay,  obs.  form  of  WHEY. 


38 

Quayage  (,kred5).  [In  sense  I  for  earlier  kay-, 
KEY  AGE,  q.  v. ;  in  sense  2  f.  QUAY  sb.  +  -AGE.] 

1.  Dues  levied  on  goods  landed  or  shipped  at 
a  quay,  or  on  ships  using  the  quay. 

1756  in  ROI.T  Diet.  Trade.  1778  Engl.  Gazetteer  (ed.  2) 
S  v  Truro,  The  quayage  of  goods  laden  or  unladen  there. 
1894  J.  H.  WVLIE  /list.  Eng.  Hen.  II',  II.  475  A  quayage 
of  6it.  was  levied  on  every  ship  bringing  articles  alongside. 

2.  Quay-room,  quay-space. 

1840  Evid.  Hull  Docks  damn.  29  You  have  allotted  con 
siderable  room  for  quayage.      1881  W.  WH.KINS  Songs  of  . 
Study  32  We  strolled  by  the  quayage  and  bridges.     1888 
Spectator  30  June  891/2  A  hundred  years  ago,  the  quayage 
of  the  harbour  [Glasgow]  measured  382  yards. 

Quayer(e,  obs.  forms  of  QUIRE  si.1 

t  Q.uayf(e,  quaff,  obs.  ff.  Coir.     (In  quots.  = 

'omentum';  cf.  COIF  6,  and  Cotgr.  s.v.  Coiffe.} 
1597  Lowi;  Chirurg.  (1634)  223  The  cure  [of  tumor  in  the 

Navel]  is  . .  reduce  the  pudding  and  Quaffe  [etc.].      1622 

J.  REYNOLDS  GocTs^Revcnge  ll.  195  On  his  right  side;  but 

it  touch  t  neither  his  bowels  nor  quayfe. 

Quayful.  [f.  QUAY  sb.  +  -FUL.]  A  quantity 
sufficient  to  fill  a  quay. 

1856  KANE  Arct.  E.t:pl.  II.  xvii.  181  Much  like  a  gang  of 
stevedores  going  to  work  over  a  quayful  of  broken  cargo. 

Quayl^e,  Quaym,  obs.  ff.  QUAIL  sb.  and  v., 
WHOM.  Quaynt(e,  obs.  f.  QUAINT  a. ;  obs.  pa. 
pple.  of  QUENCH  v.  Quayntance  :  see  QUAINT- 
ANCE.  Quayre,  Quays,  obs.  ff.  QUIRE,  WHOSE. 

Que,  obs.  f.  CUE  si.1  and  sb.2,  QUEY. 

Queacll(kwitJ).  0 In.  exc.  dial.  Also  5  quech(e, 
/  queich.  [Of  obscure  etym.]  A  dense  growth 
of  bushes  ;  a  thicket  (see  also  quot.  182;;). 

c  1450  Merlin  xxvii.  540  Thei  rode  so  longe  till  thei  com 
in  to  a  thikke  queche  in  a  depe  valey.  1486  Bk.  St.  A  loans 
Dj,  When  ye  come  to  a  wode  or  a  quech  of  bushus.  1565 
GOLDING  Oi'id's  Met.  I.  (1593)  4  Their  houses  were  the 
thicks,  And  bushie  queaches.  1653  Sin  W.  DENNY  Peleca- 
nicidijt'n  in.  ix.  7  Through  furzie  Queaches  thou  must 
goe.  ai8z£  FORBY  l\>c.  E.  Anglia,  Queach,  a  plat  of  ground 
adjoining  arable  land,  and  left  unploughed,  because  full  of 
bushes  or  roots  of  trees.  1832  L.  HUNT  Poems  198  Wood, 
copse,  or  queach. 

Queachy  (kwz-tji),  a.  Obs.  exc.  dial.    Also  6-7   ' 
quechy,  9  \dial.~)  queechy.     [f.  prec.  + -Y -.    For 
the  connexion  between  senses  I  and  2,  cf.  CARR2.] 

1 1.  Forming  a  dense  growth  or  thicket.   Obs. 

1565  GOLDING  Ovid's  Alet.  To  Rdr.  (1593)  i  Eche  queachie 
grove,  eche  cragged  clifie,  the  name  of  Godhead  tooke. 
1586  W.  WEUBE  Eng.  Poetrie  (Arb.)  76  Neuer  againe  shall 
I . .  See  ye  in  queachie  briers,  .clambring  on  a  high  hill. 

2.  Of  ground  :  Swampy,  boggy.   Obs.  exc.  dial. 
1593  PEELE  Ediu.  I  E  iv,  The  dampes  that  rise  from  out 

the  quechy  [1599  quesie]  plots.  1613  HEYWOOD  Bras.  Age 
II.  ii.  Wks.  1874  III.  100  Aime  them  at  yon  fiend,  Deu'd  in 
the  quechy  bogge.  1631  CHETTLE  Hoffmann  I  b,  Nor  doth 
the  sun  sucke  from  the  queachy  plot  The  ranknes  . .  of  the 
Earth.  1886  EI.WORTHY  \V.  Som.  Word-Ik.,  Queechy,  .. 
Applied  to  land — wet ;  sodden  ;  swampy. 

3.  dial.  Feeble,  weak,  small. 

1859  GEO.  ELIOT  A.  Bede  x,  They're  poor  queechy  things, 
gells  is.  1886  ELWORTHY  \V.  Som.  Word-bk.,  Queechy, 
sickly,  feeble,  queasy. 

Quead,  variant  of  QUED,  bad.  Obs. 

Queal,  qneel  (kwf  1),  v.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [Later 
form  of  QUAIL  v.  •  for  the  change  of  vowel,  cf. 
QUEASY.]  intr.  and  trans.  =  QUAIL  v. 

1515  BARCLAY  Egloges  ii.  (1570)  B  v,  Their  matters  quealeth, 
for  solde  is  all  Justice.  1550  HOOPER  Serm.  Jonas  vii. 
Wks.  (Parker  Soc.)  552  He  bringeth  forth  a  young  tree... 
P>ut  the  Lord  queeleth  it  again  straightway.  1622  W. 
YONGE  Diary  19  Aug.  (Cauiden)  63  The  wind,  .quealed  all 
hedges  towards  the  south.  1847-78  HALLIWELL,  Queal,  to 
faint  away.  Devon.  Il'id.,  Qneel,  to  grow  flabby.  Devon. 
1848  A.  B.  EVANS  Leicestersli.  Words,  Queel,  to  extinguish  : 
'  He  could  not  queel  the  fire '. 

Queale,  obs.  form  of  WHEAL. 

Quealy  (?),  a. :  see  QDEASY  2  c,  quot.  1649. 

Quean  ;kwm).  Forms:  I,  3  owene,  (i  owyne), 
3-6  quene,  (5  qw-),  4-5  quen,  queyne,  5  qw-, 
queyn,  4-6  queine,  7  queeue,  7-8  queen,  (8 
north,  whein)  ;  6-7  queane,  (8  quane,  8-9  north. 
whean),  6-  quean  ;  8-9  Sc.  quine.  [OE.  fwene 
wk.  fern.  =  OS.  quena  (MDu.  quene,  Du.  kween 
a  barren  cow),  OHG.  quina,  quena,  c!i(w)ena, 
ON.  kvenna,  kvintia  (gen.  pi.),  Goth,  qino  woman 
:-OTeut.  *kwenon-,  a  lengthened  form  of  the  stem 
which  appears  in  Zend  gena,  Gr.  71^107,  OS1.  and 
Russ.  send,  Olr.  lien,  repr.  a  common  Aryan  type 
*gwend :  cf.  QUEEN. 

In  ME.  the  word  was  distinguished  from  QUEEN  by  its 
open  e,  which  in  the  14-1 5th  c.  was  sometimes  denoted  by 
the  spelling  with  ei  or  ey,  and  later  (as  in  other  words  of 
the  class)  by  ea.] 

1.  A  woman,  a  female  ;  from  early  ME.  a  term 
of  disparagement  or  abuse,  hence:  A  bold,  impu 
dent,  or  ill-behaved  woman;  a  jade,  hussy;  and 
spec,  a  harlot,  strumpet  (esp.  in  i6-i7th  c.). 

a looo Riddles  Ixxiii. (Ixxiv.)  i  Ic  wa;s  fa;mne  Jeong.feaxhar 
cwene.  a  1023  WUUSTAN  Horn,  xxiii.  (1883)  161  note,  pat 
. .  ane  cwenan  semainurn  ceape  bicja3  ..  and  wiS  ba  ane 
fylfle  adreoxaO.  ci«os  LAY.  12872  \Vha:r  swa  heo  funden 
a;ine  mon..ba  quenen  [^1275  cwenes]  lude  lo}en.  <  1290 
.V.  Kug.  Leg.  I.  194/6  An  old  quene  t>are  was  biside,  strong 
bore  and  baudestrote.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  ix.  46  At 
churche  in  the  charnel  cheorles  aren  vuel  to  knowe ..  other 
a  queyne  fro  a  qucene.  1481  CAXTON  Reynard  (Arb.)  95 


QUEASY. 

The  fowle  olde  queries  wold  fayne  haue  beten  vs.  1532 
MORE  Confitt.  Tindale  Wks.  618/1  Tyll  he..cutch  him 
a  queane  &  cal  her  his  wife.  1589  NASHE  Almond  for 
Parrat  17  b,  All  spent  in  a  Tauerne  amongst  a  consort  of 
queanes  and  fidlers.  1627  HAKEWILL  Afiol.  (1630)  361  The 
common  queanes,  which  got  their  maintenance  by  that 
trade.  1670  G.  H.  Hist,  Cardinals  i.  in.  98  A  certain 
paultry  Queen  in  mans  apparel,  that  would  pass  for  a  Lady. 
1777  SHHRIDAN  Sc/t.  Scant/,  in.  ii,  Here's  to  the  flaunting 
extravagant  quean  And  here's  to  the  housewife  that's 
thrifty.  1823  BYRON  Juan  vi.  xcvi,  This  martial  scold, 
This  modern  Amazon  and  queen  of  queans.  1880  WEBB 
Goethe's  Faust  in.  ii.  190  The  dame's  a  most  commodious 
quean,  A  gypsy  born  and  go-between  ! 

trans/,  a  1845  HOOD  Flowers  i,  The  tulip  is  a  courtly 
quean,  whom,  therefore,  I  will  shun. 

2.  Sc.  Ayoung\voman,girl,lass;  usually  denoting 
one  of  a  healthy  and  robust  appearance. 

c  1470  HKNRY  Wallace  iv.  782  A  stalwart  queyne,  forsuth, 
yon  semys  to  be.  1728  W.  STARKAT  Ep.  to  Ramsay  13 
Blaw  up  my  heart-strings,  ye  Pierian  quines.  1787  BURNS 
Guidwlfe  Wanchopc  iii,  I  see  her  yet,  the  sonsie  quean, 
That  lighted  up  my  jingle.  1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  xxvii,  It 
shews  a  kind  heart . .  in  sae  young  a  quean  ;  Mattie's  a  carefu' 
lass.  1871  W.  ALEXANDER  Johnny  Gibb  (1873)  215, 1  notices 
brawly  that  the  quine  hed  been  greetin. 

Hence  fQuea-ning^  associating  with  immodest 
women  ;  t  Quea'nish  a.t  of  the  nature  of,  charac 
teristic  of,  a  quean  ;  f  Quea'nry  —  Qtieaning. 

c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  xxxiv.  124  Quhair  hur- 
dome  ay  vnhappis,  With  quenry,  cams,  and  coppis.  1569 
J.  SANFORU  tr.  Agrippas  I/an.  Artes  119  b,  In  feastinge, 

?ueaninge,  huntinge,  fowlinge  and  atiiringe.  1596  COLSE 
''enelope  (18801  167  Thy  giggish  tricke,  thy  queanish  trade, 
A  thousand  Bridewel  birds  hath  made.  1618  ROWLANDS 
Night^  Raven  (1620)  25  If  she  would  seeke  to  mend  her 
queanish  life,  a  1693  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  in.  xxxiv.  284 
Queanish  Hurting  Harlots. 

Queare,  obs.  form  of  CHOIR  sb. 

tQuease,  v±  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  qveyse,  6 
queash.  [See  SQUEEZE  v.]  To  press,  squeeze. 

c  1450  Bk.  Hawking  in  R  el.  Ant.  I.  302  Take  mellfoyle 
and  stamp  it.. then  after  take  al  togedere,  and  put  in  a 
lynnyn  cloth,  and  qveyse  out  the  jus.  £-1550  LLOYD  Treas. 
Health  (1585)  Enj,  Presse  the  holowe  ulcere,  so  that  the 
rottenness  may  be  queashed  or  crushed  out.  1601  R.  JOHN 
SON  Kingd,  <y  C0MMW.  (1603)  168  Their  chiefest  sustenance 
is  milke  dried  in  the  sunne  after  the  butter  is  queased  out. 

f  Quease,  v.*  Obs.  rare-*.  Insqweasse.  (Of 
obscure  origin  and  meaning.) 

^  1460  Towneley  Myst.  xiii.  487,  I  may  not  well  qweasse. 
Ich  fote  that  ye  trede  goys  thorow  my  nese. 

Quea'sily,  adv.  [f.  as  next  +  -LY  ^.J  In  a  queasy 
manner.  (In  quot.  used  as  adj.  ;  cf.  badly.) 

1845  BROWNING  Flight  Duchess  xii.  Wks.  (1896)  I.  416/2 
Since,  before  breakfast,  a  man  feels  but  queasily. 

Queasiness  (kwz'-zines).  Also  6  quesi-,  7 
queisi-,  que(e)zi-.  [f.  QUEASY  a.  +  -NESS.]  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  queasy  (lit.  andjf^.). 

1579  LVLY  Enphues  (Arb.)  1 16  Their  slibber  sawces,  whiche 
bring  quesinesse  to  the  stomacke.  1632  tr.  Bruets  Praxis 
Med.  44  Then  queisinesse  and  gnawing  of  the  stomacke 
doth  very  much  trouble  him.  1660  H.  MORE  Myst.  Godl. 
To  Rdr.  29  A  pretended  queziness  of  Conscience.  1710 
T.  FULLER  Pharm,  Extetnp.  120  It  is  prevalent  against.. 
Queasiness.  1851  D.  JERROLD  St.  Giles  viii.  78  [He]  felt  an 
odd  queasiness  in  his  throat,  and  could  say  nothing.  1898 
STEVENSON  St.  Ives^  xxxiv,  Captain  Colenso  perceived  my 
queasiness,  and  advised  me  to  seek  my  berth  and  lie  down. 

Qnea-SOm,  v.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  6  queso- 
men,  queazen,  9  dial,  quessom,  quezzen.  [Of 
obscure  origin.]  a.  trans.  To  choke,  stifle,  b.  intr. 
To  be  choked  or  smothered. 

1561  DAUS  tr.  Biillinger  on  Apoc.  (1573)  99  Without 
breathing  and  cooling,  men  must  needes  wither  and  be 
quesomened  and  choked  vp.  1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stuffe 
57  The  spirable  odor  and  pestilent  steame  . .  would  haue 
queazened  him.  1616  HAYWARD  Sanct.  Troub.  Soul  \.  iii. 
(1620)  46  Behold  (O  Lord)  how  my  conscience  lyeth  quea- 
somed  vnder  the  multitude  of  my  offences.  11825  FORBY 
Voc.  E.  Anglia,  Quezzen,  (i)  To  suffocate  with  noxious 
vapour.  (2)  To  smother  away  without  flame.  If  the  fuel  be 
damp,  the  fire  quezzens  out. 

Queasy  (kwrzi),  a.   Forms :  5-6  coisy,  coysy  ; 

5  qweysye,  5-6  queysy,  (6  -se,  -sie),  6  quaisie, 
-sy,  6-7  queisie ;    5-6  quasy,  '^6  -ie,  -ye)  ;   5 
qwesye,  6  quesie,  -y(e,  6-7  queasie,  (6  -ye), 
queazie,  -y,  7-  queasy.     [Of  obscure  history. 

The  early  forms  coisy  and  queisy  prob.  indicate  a  F.  origin, 
and  connexion  with  OF.  coisier  to  hurt,  wound  (Godef.), 
seems  possible,  if  the  original  sense  was '  wounded ', '  bruised ' 
and  hence  'tender',  'uneasy',  but  of  this  there  is  no  clear 
evidence.  A  similar  development  of  sense  is  implied  in  the 
usual  etym.  from  ON.  ki'cisa  boil  (see  CWEISE),  whence  perh. 
I  eel.  kvcistinn  tender,  touchy,  but  there  is  little  evidence 
for  this  as  an  Eng.  word,  and  the  form  coisy  would  remain 
unexplained.  The  change  from  queisyor  quaisy  to  queasy 
is  parallel  to  quail',  queal 'and  qnair*.  qnear,  QUIRE.] 

1 1.  Of  the  times  or  state  of  affairs :  Unsettled, 
troublous,  ticklish.  Obs.  (Cf.  also  5  b.) 

1459  raston  Lett.  I.  497  Be  my  feyth,  here  is  a  coysy 
werd.  1471  SIR  J.  PASTON  ibid.  III.  4  The  worlde  I  ensur 
yow  is  ryght  qwesye.  c  1563  Jack  juggler  1.  66  The  time 
is  so  quesie  That  he  that  speaketh  best,  is  lest  thanke 
worthie.  1586  J.  HOOKER  Hist.  Irel,  in  Holtnshed  II. 
136/2  So  manie  of  hir  maiesties  priuie  councell,  as  could  in 
that  quesie  time  be  assembled.  1611  STEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit. 
ix.  xx.  §  47.  965  The  times  being  queasie,  the  King  wisely 
forbare  to  take  any  seuere  reuenge. 

f  b.  Of  a  matter:  Uncertain,  hazardous.    Obs. 

1589  COOPER  Admon.  203,  I  must,  .protest  it  is  a  queisie 

6  dangerous  matter.     1605  SHAKE.  Lear  n.  i.  19,  1  haue 
one  thing  of  a  queazie  question  Which  1  must  act. 


QUEBRACHO. 

2.  Of  articles  of  diet :  Unsettling  the  stomach  or 
health  ;  causing  sickness  or  nausea.  Now  rare. 

1496  Fysshyngc  7c.  Angle  (1883)  24  The  barbyll  ..  is  a 
quasy  meete  &  a  peryllous  for  mannys  body.  15..  /ViTj- 
of  FitllkaJil  19  in  Hazl.  E.  1*.  P.  II.  3  Kodlynges,  konger, 
or  suche  queyse  [v.r,  coisy]  fysche.  1544  I'HAER  resil 
ience  (1553)  N  viij  1>,  In  this  disease  ye  niaye  eate  no 
queasie  meates,  as  eles,  gese,  duckes.  1579  I-VLY  Etiplutt's 
(Arb.)  44  To  the  stomacke  sated  with  dainties,  all  delicates 
seeme  queasie,  1655  MANTON  K.v/>.  James  i.  21  Like  a  hot 
morsel  or  queasy  bit,  it  was  soon  given  up  again.  1661 
LOVELI.  Hist.  Aniin.  fy  Min,  225  Their  flesh  is  queasy, 
corruptible,  and  aguish.  1876  G.  MEREDITH  Bcaucli. 
Career  I.  xiv.  210  The  . .  queasy  brew  . .  which  she  calls  by 
the  innocent  name  of  tea. 

f  b.  Of  seasons :  Unhealthy  ;  in  which  sickness 
is  prevalent.  Also  of  days  of  ill-health.  Obs. 

1510-20  CoinpL  them  that  ben  to  late  maryt'd  (Collier  1 862) 
16,  I  haue  passed  full  many  quasy  dayes.  1603  KNOLI.ES 
Hist.  Turks  1*1621)  732  Infection  taken  in  the  campe  in 
strange  aire,  and  a  most  queasie  time  of  the  yeare. 

to.  Of  land  :  Unfavourable  to  growth.  Obs.  rare. 

1599  [see  QUEACHV  2].  1649  KLITHE  Eng.  Iiuprov.  xiv. 
So  It  was  great  Lands.,  full  of  your  soft  Rushes  ..  and 
lay  very  wet . .  it  was  so  Weake  and  Harren,  so  cold  and 
queasy.  [Cf.  il<id.  xxiv.  149  The  coldest  and  most  quealiest 
QmitirilU)  parts  of  thy  Lands.] 

3.  Of  the  stomach :  Easily  upset ;  unable  to  digest 
strong  food ;  inclined  to  sickness  or  nausea.  (In 
i6-i7th  c.  freq.  Jig.  and  in  fig.  context.)  Hence 
of  the  body,  heart,  health,  etc. 

1545  RAVNOLD  Byrth  Mankynde  fol.  142  She  shall  better 
digest  and  lyke  her  meate ;  her  stomacke  nothyng  so 
quesy  ne  feable.  1574  NEWTON  Health  IMag.  26  It  is 
better  for . .  stronge  Stomackes  then  for  Quasie  and  weake 
bodies.  1604  DEKKER  Honest  H-'h.  Wks.  1873  II.  46  He 
gird  it  close,  As  if  my  health  were  queazy.  a  1651  J.  SMITH 
Sel,  Disc.  ix.  468  A  divine  philosophy;  which.. as  men 
grew  worse,  their  queasy  stomachs  began  to  loathe  it. 
a  1684  LEICHTON  Wks.  (1830)  I.  42  A  full  table,  but  a  sickly 
body  and  queasy  stomach.  1839  J.  FUME  '  Paper  on 
Tobacco '  70  Not  digested  without  grumbling  by  certain 
queasy  stomachs.  1889  C.  KEKNE  Let.  in  Life  xiii.  (1892) 
409  My  stomach  is  in  such  a  queasy  state,  that  a  gram  in 
excess  puts  me  all  wrong. 

fb.  transf.  Of  the  mind,  feelings,  etc. :  Delicate, 
fastidious,  nice.  Obs. 

1545  ASCHAM  Toxcfh.  I.  (Arb.)  40  These  Instrumentes 
make  a  mannes  wit  . .  so  tender  and  quaisie  that  they  be 
lesse  able  to  brooke  strong  and  tough  studie.  c  1590  GREENE 
Fr.  Bacon  x.  130  Eyes  are  dissemblers,  and  fancy  is  but 
queasy.  1642  ROGERS  Naaman  565  Beware  then  of  a  sullen, 
queazy,  coy  and  proud  heart.  1639  EEDES  Wifdoni 's  y«stif. 
40  The  queasie  soul  that  receives  not  the  Word. 
c.  Of  conscience,  etc. :  Tender,  scrupulous. 

1579  G.  HARVEY  Letter-Irk.  (Camden)  76  The  thinges 
themselves.. ar  not  so  offensive  to  quesy  consciences.  1646 
SIR  T.  BROWNE  Psenii.  P.p.  374  The  ambition  of  Boniface 
made  no  scruple  thereof;  nor  of  more  queasie  resolutions 
have  been  their  Successors  ever  since,  1781  COWPER  Charity 
447  When  queasy  conscience  has  its  qualms.  1886  SYMONDS 
Kenaiss.  It.,  Cath.  React.  (1898)  I.  iv.  223  Ignatius  recom 
mended  fishers  of  souls  to  humour  queasy  consciences. 

4.  Of  pains,  etc. :    Of  the   nature  of  sickness ; 
uneasy,  uncomfortable. 

1589  Papfe  w.  Hatchet  (1844)  13  O  what  queasie  girds 
were  they  towards  the  fall  of  the  leafe.  1650  BULWKH 
Anthrt'pomet.  158  To  return  by  Art  their  queasie  paine 
upon  women,  to  the  great  reproach  of  Nature.  1878  STEVEN 
SON  Inland  1  'oy.  114,  I  had  a  queasy  sense  that  I  wore  my 
last  dry  clothes  upon  my  body. 

5.  Of  persons :  Having  a  queasy  stomach ;  liable 
to  turn  sick ;  subject  to,  or  affected  with,  nausea. 


1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  f,  Cl.  in.  vi.  20  [The  Romans)  queazie 
with  his  insolence  already,  Will  their  good  thoughts  call 
from  him.  1622  FLETCHER  Span.  Car.  in.  ii,  Your  queazie 
young  wiues  That  perish  undelivered,  I  am  vext  with.  1682 
N.  O.  Boileau's  Lutrin  i.  Argt.,  Thus  Queasie  Madams 
meat  forbear  Untill  they  read,  The  Bill  of  Fare.  1816 
T.  L.  PEACOCK  Headlong  Hall  vii,  The  Reverend  Doctor 
Caster  found  himself  rather  queasy  in  the  morning.  1855 
BROWNINC;  Grammar.  Funeral  64  Even  to  the  crumbs  I'd 
fain  eat  up  the  feast,  Ay,  nor  feel  queasy. 

b.  transf.  (with  earlier  quots.  cf.  sense  i). 

1579  G.  HARVEY  Letter-tk.  (Camden)  73  Over-stale  for  so 
queynte  and  queasye  a  worlde.  1602  MARSTON  Ant.  t,  Mel. 
n.^Wks.  1856  I.  22  O  that  the  stomack  of  this  queasie  age 
Digestes,  or  brookes  such  raw  unseasoned  gobs.  1641 
S.  MARSHALL  Fast  Serin,  bef.  Ho.  Comm.  Ep.  Ded.  3  A 
time  so  queasie  and  distempered  as  can  hardly  beare  that 
Food  or  1'hysicke  which  is  needful].  1869  BROWNING  Ring 
ft  Bk.  x.  H3_The  queasy  river  could  not  hold  Its  swallowed 
Jonas,  but  discharged  the  meal. 

6.  Comb,  queasy-stomached  a.  (see  sense  3). 

1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch  (1676)  757  Antonius  . .  being 
queasie  stomacked  with  his  Surfeit.  1608  ARMIN  Nest 
Ninn.  (1842)  6  The  World,  queasie  stomackt  as  one  fed  with 
the  earth's  nectar,  and  delicates.  1635  QUARLES  Emol.  in. 
xiv.  (1718)  181  Look,  sister,  how  the  queazy-stomach'd 
graves  Vomit  their  dead. 

Queat.e,  Queatchfe,  Queave,  Queazen: 

see  QUIET,  WHEAT,  QCETCH,  QUAVE,  QUEASOM. 

t  Quebas.  Obs.  rare—1.    Some  kind  of  a  game. 

1668  ETHEREDGE  She  woit'd  if  she  con'd  in.  iii,  Did  I 
associate  myself  with  the  Gaming  Madams,  and  were  every 
afternoon  at  my  Lady  Briefes.  .at  Umbre  and  Quebas. 

II  Quebracho  (kAra-t/o).  [Sp.  quebracho,  also 
quiebra-hacha,  {.  quebrar  to  break  +  hacha  axe.] 
The  name  of  several  American  trees,  having 
extremely  hard  timber  and  medicinal  bark ;  esp. 
the  white  quebracho  of  S.  America  (Aspidosperma 


39 

Quebracho}  and  the  red  quebracho  of  Mexico 
{Schinopsis  Lorentzii],  Also  attrib.  as  quebracho 
bark,  gum.  b.  —  Quebracho-bark.  Hence  Que- 
bra'chamine,  Queljra'chine,  alkaloids  found  in 
quebracho-bark. 

1881  WATTS  Did.  Clum.  y&  Suppl.  916,  1731.  1891  W. 
MAKTINDALE  Extra  rharmacop.  (ed.  6)  325  White  Que 
bracho  Bark . .  imported  from  the  Argentine  Republic,  laid., 
Quebracho  contains  six  alkaloids,  . .  Quebrachine,  Que- 
brachamine  [etc.].  1897  Syit,  Soc.  Lex.  s.v.,  Quebracho  is 
a  valuable  remedy  for  dyspnoea. 

Quecchen,  Quech(e,  obs.  forms  of  QUETCH. 

Queeh(e,  obs.  forms  of  QUEACH,  WHICH. 

t  Queck,  sb.  06s.  rare*1.    ?  A  knock,  whack. 

1554  F.nterl.  Youth  Aij,  If  I  fal  I  catche  a  quecke,  I  may 
fortune  to  breke  my  necke. 

t  Queck,  r '.t  Obs.  Also  4-5  quek:.  [Imitative : 
cf.  ])u.  kiaekken,  and  see  QUACK  z/.a]  intr.  To 
quack,  as  a  duck.  Hence  Que'cking  vbl.  sb. 

(-1325  Class.  W.  ,ie  JHMesm.  in  Kel.  Ant.  II.  79  [The 
gander]  quekez,  taroilt!.  Quekine,  taroil.  1492  in  Archiv 
Mini.  neii.  Spr.  LXXXIX.  285  He  toke  a  gose  fast  by  the 
nek,  And  the  goose  thoo  began  to  quek.  1573  TWYNI-: 
sEneid-x..  Ddiv,  Whom  stars  of  heauen  obeyen  at  beck., 
and  chattring  birds  with  long  that  queck.  a  1693  MOTTKUX 
Rabelais  in.  xiii.  107  The  . .  pioling  of  Pelicanes,  quecking 
of  Ducks,  ..and  wailing  of  Turtles. 

t  Queck,  v.2  06s.  rare—1.    ?=QrETCHt>. 

<zi550  Image  Hyfxr.  in.  in  Skclton's  Wks.  (1843)  II. 
436/2  Not  for  his  life  to  quecke  [rime  necke]  But  stande 
vpp,  like  a  bosse.  [1755  in  JOHNSON  (and  hence  in  some 
later  diets.),  with  quot.  from  Bacon  Kss.^  in  which  however 
the  correct  reading  is  qncching.\ 

Queck :  see  QUEK(E. 

t  Qued,  quede,  "•  and  sb.  Obs.  Forms :  3 
ewead,  3-4  quead,4  kuead  ;  3  owed,  3-5  qued, 
quede,  4  kued,  quet,  4-6  queed,  (5  qw-),  5 
queyd,quethe,qwepe;  3-4  (6.SV.)  quad,  4  (6.5V.) 
7  quade,  6  Sc.  quaid.  [Early  ME.  cwead,  cwei/, 
avail  =  OFris.  ijiiacf(mod.}-'ris.  quoad,  auaf\  MDu. 
quaet,  quaed-  (Uu.  kwaad],  MLG.  guSt,  quad-,  of 
uncertain  origin.  OHG.^«(?/(MIIG.  quat,  kat,k6t, 
G.  hot,  kotli),  filth,  is  usually  regarded  as  a  subst. 
use  of  the  same  adj.,  but  the  vowel  of  the  corresp. 
OE.  cwcad  presents  difficulties.] 

A.  adj.  Evil,  wicked,  bad. 

c  1205-25  [implied  in  QUEDSHII-].  1-1250  Gen.  ff  Ex,  536 
Wapmen  bignnnen  quad  mester.  a  1300  I'ox  %  H'i>(/~zoo 
in  Hazl.  £.  /'.  P.  (18641  I-  64  Ich  habbe  ben  qued  al  mi 
lif-daie.  ^1330  Arth.  fy  Merl.  1498  iKolbing)  pat  ober 
dragoun..  Clowes  he  hadde  qued.  1340  Aycnb.  17  pe  uerste 
is  kuead,  bo  ober  worse,  be  bridde  alberworst.  ^1386 
CHAUCER  Prioress'  Prel.  4  God  yeue  this  monk  a  thousand 
last  quade  yeer.  c  1420  Liber  Cocorum  (1862)  37  pou  take 
gode  ale,  bat  is  not  quede.  1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  i. 
Ixii,  This  inordinate  court,  and  proces  quaid  [rime  braid, 
laid]  I  will  obiect.  1560  ROLLAND  Crf.  Venus  II.  161  The 
quader  was  his  weird.  Ibid.  333  Quad  knaif,  thow  was 
ouir  negligent.  1669  STURMV  Mariner's  Mag.  I.  ii.  18  '  How 
Wind  you  ? '  '  East '.  A  bad  quade  Wind. 
b.  Hostile,  inimical  to.  rare. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  8535  (Gott.)  pe  cyte  of  cartage,  bat  to 
Rome  was  euer  quede.  1418-20  Siege  Rouen  in  A  rchzologia 
XXI.  65  Owre  men  gaff  ham  sum  off  here  brede,  Thow 
thay  to  us  ware  now  so  quede. 

B.  sb.  1.  A  bad  or  wicked  person. 

c  1250  Gen.  ff  Ex.  295  Dowgte  Sis  quead,  '  hu  ma  it  ben 
[etc.] '.  Ibid.  4063  Balaam,  Sat  ille  quad  [rime  dead]. 
£1300  Prov.  Hending  xxvi.  in  Kemble  Salomon  fy  Sat. 
(1848)  277  Ant  himself  is  be  meste  qued  pat  may  breke  eny 
bred.  1:1330  R.  BRUNNK  Chron.  H'acc  (Rolls)  8596  Kyng 
of  Amalek  was  that  qued,  A  ful  fers  kyng.  171400  Minor 
Poems  fr.  Vernon  MS.  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  589/440  Kep,  and  sane 
bi  gode  los,  And  beo  I-holden  no  qued.  c  1460  Tmimeley 
Myst.  ix.  117, 1  am  fulle  bowne  To  spyr  and  spy.  .After  that 
wykkyd  queyd. 

b.  spec.  The  evil  one  ;  the  Devil. 

c  1250  Death  246  in  O.  E.  Misc.  182  Ne  mai  no  tunge  telle 
hu  lodlich  is  be  cwed.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  6429  Hii 
bitoke  be  qued  hor  soule,  be  kunde  eirs  to  bitraye.  c  1325 
Chron.  Eng.  210  in  Kilson,  Tho  thes  maister  was  ded,  Anon 
he  wende  to  the  qued.  1377  LANGL.  /'.  /'/.  B.  xiv.  189  He 
shulde  take  the  acquitance . .  and  to  the  qued  schewe  it. 
c  1450  LONELICH  Grail  xxxvii.  634  He  [Jesus]  travailled.. 
Man-kynde  to  byen  from  the  qwed. 

2.  Evil,  mischief,  harm. 

a  1225  After.  R.  72  Mom  mon  weneS  to  don  wel  1»  he  deS 
alto  cweade.  a  1300  Vox  f,  Wolf 210  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P. 
(1864)  I.  65  Forjef  hit  me,  Ich  habbe  ofte  sehid  qued  bi  the. 
1:1330  Arth.  $  Merl.  5508  (Kolbing)  Com  we  noujt  hider 
for  bl  qued  . .  ac  for  bi  gode.  1340  Ayeno.  28  pe  kueades  of 
obren  he  hise  moreb  and  arereb  be  his  mijte.  1387  TRF.VISA 
Iligden  (Rolls)  I.  417  At  Penbrook  in  a  stede  Fendes  doob 
ofte  quede.  a  1529  SKELTON  Epithaphe  4  This  knaues  be 
deade,  Full  of  myschiefe  and  queed. 

Hence  t  Quedful  a.,  full  of  evil  or  wickedness ; 
Quedhead  [=  OFris.  quadhed,  Du.  kwaadheid\ 
=  Quedship;  Quedly  adv.  [  =  OFns.  qua\de)like\, 
wickedly  ;  Quedness,  Quedship,  evil,  wickedness. 

1340  Ayenb.  C  paries  be  wone  is  'kueaduol  and  may  wel 
wende  to  zenne  dyadliche.  1340-70  Alex.  #  Ditto.  541  To 
quern  quedfulle  godeis  bat  quenchen  your  blisse.  e  1315 
SHOREHAM  151  O  justyse  ..  [that]  dampneth  theves  for  to 
ordeyne  Peys  in  londe. .  Ne  for  "queadhevede.  1340  Ayenb. 
101  pet  bou  hatye  zenne  and  uoulhedes  and  kueadhedes. 
c  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  xvii.  22  (Harl.  M.S.),  I  jhemed  waies 
of  Laverd  wel,  Ne  *quedlic  bare  I  fra  mi  God  na  del.  1340 
Ayenb.  2  Na?t  kueadliche  ake  ligllichc  and  wyboute  sklaun- 
dre.  c  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  x.  6  pat  loues  *quednes,  his 
saute  hates  he.  1340  Ayenb.  40  Ofte  lyese  be  guode  playntes 
l>e  hare  kueadnesse.  (1205  LAY.  5067  Ne  sculde  na  cniht 


QUEEN. 

..on  his  cuhSe  "quedschjpe  wurchen.  ci2w>  Bestiary  387 
Fox  is  dire  to  name  for  hire  quefisipe.  0:12x5  Ancr.  R.  422 
Al  Sodomes  cweadschipe  com  of  idelnesse  &  of  ful  wombe. 
Quede,  var.Qi  WE  s&.  QueSen,  var.QuETHE  v., 
WHKTHKN  adv.  QuefSer,  Quedir,  -ur,  obs.  ff. 
WHETHKH,  \VHITHKU.  Quee,  Queece,  Queech, 
varr.  Qi'Ei^QuEEsT,  QUETCH.  Queed,  var.Qi'Ei>(K 
a.  ;  dial.  var.  CUD.  Queel,  vnr.  QUEAL  7'. 

Queen  (kw/nj,  $h.  Forms  :  i  cwcen,  cwsen, 
cw6nn,  1-3  cw6n,  (i  cu-),  2-3  cwene,  kwene  ; 
2-4  quen,  (3  quu-,  4  qw-\  2-6  quene,  (4-6  qw-, 
5^v-)i  3quiene,quyenef  4qwhene,4-5  whene, 
queyn,  4-6  queyne,  4-7  queene,  6  quein(e,  4- 
queen.  [OE.  civdn  str.  fem.^  OS.  qudn  (once  in 
Hel.),  ON.  town  (also  kvan\  Goth,  qens  woman 
:—  OTcut.  *kw£ni-z  f.,  an  ablaut-var.  of  the  stem 

I    represented  by  OE.  civene  QL'EAN.     The  gen.  sing. 

1    qiiene  (OE.  cu>ene}  is  occas.  found  in  ME.] 

1.  A  (king's)  wife  or  consort  ;  a  lady  who  is  wife 
to  a  king. 

Even  hi  OK.,  iiwn  was  app.  not  an  ordinary  term  for 

'wife*,  but  was  applied  only  to  the  wife  of  a  king  or  (in 

poetry!  some  famous  person;  in  later  use  the  only  distinc 

tion  hetween  this  sense  and  2  a  is  that  here  the  relationship 

:     of  the  queen  to  her  hushaiid  is  formally  express!. 

c  893  K.  ^KLI-RED  Oros.  \.  ii.  §  2  /Kft<jr  his  tlea&u  Sameramis 
his  cwen  [L.  w,n?r}  fengc  .  .  to  \>xm  rice,     a  1000  Czdtnon's 
Gen.  2259  Da  wearS  unbliSe  Abrahames  cwen.    c  1050  O.  J-', 
Chron,  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1048  pa  forlet  se  cyng  ba  lila;fdian 
seo  \v,ts  ^ehal^od  him  to  cwene.     11123  H'M-   an.    1115 
Willelnie  ^e  he  be  his  cwene  hsefde.    nzos  LAY.  43  ^EHenor 
j     be  wes  Henries  quene.     13..   Coer  de  L.  1123  Krlys  and 
.     barouns  come  hym  to.  And  his  quene  dede  alsoo.     1591 
SHAKS.  i  Hen.  /-'/,  v.  iii.  117  lie  vndertake  to  make  thce 
Henries  Queene.     1611  —  H'int.    T.   in.   ii.  12  Hermione, 
ueene   to   the   worthy    Leontes,    King   of   Sicilia.      1859 
ENNYSON  Elaine  1215  As  Arthur's  Queen  I  move  and  rule. 

2.  a.  The  wife  or  consort  of  a  king.    b.  A  woman 
I    who  is  the  chief  ruler  of  a  state,  having  the  same 

rank  and  position  as  a  king. 

(-825  Vesp,  Psalter  xliv.  10  ^Etstod  cwoen  [L.  rcgi'ia]  to 
swioran  5ire.  c  1000  ./Ki.FRic  Horn.  II.  584  Sum  cCven  was 
on  Sam  da^um  on  suSdaele,  Saba  ^ehaten.  c  1205  LAY. 


Qu 
TE 


608  pe  queue  fader  Corineus.  13. .  Gaw.  $  Gr.  Knt.  2492 
J>e  kyng  kysse?  be  knyjt,  &  be  whene  alee,  c  1400  Destr. 
Troy  3163  Meneiai  wife,  Lady  of  bis  lond  . .  and  a  gai 
qwhene.  c  1420  A  vow .  A  rth.  xxxiii,  Hit  is  atte  the  quene 
wille.  1473  WARKW.  Chron.  (Camden)  9  The  Lorde  Scales, 

,     the  Queues  brother,  was  sent  thedere.     1562  WiN^tT  Cert. 

j     Tractates   Wks.    1888   I.   32   Dew   obedience  ..  to   kingis, 
quenis,  princes,  and  prelatis.     1590  SHAKS.  3/i'c/s.  AA.  ii.  i.  19 

I    The  King  doth  keepe  his  Keuels  here  to  night,  Take  heed 

|     the  Queene  come  not  within  his  sight.    1628  MILTON  l-'ncat. 

i    Exerc.  47  Then  sing  of  secret  things.. And  last  of  Kings 

j    and  Queens  and  Hero's  old.     1710  SWIFT  Lett.  (1767    III. 
29  My  memorial   which   was  given    to  the  queen.      1845 

I    S.  AusTiN/t'aw^'.s  Hist.  Ref.  II.  385  His  sister  waited  in 
Vittoria.  .in  order  to  enter  France  as  queen. 

C.   \\  ith  additions,  as  queen -consort,  -doivagerj 

\    t  -dowrier,  -rectrix^  -regent,  -regnant,  -widow  :  see 

i   CONSORT,  etc.;  also  QUEEX-MOTHER. 

?555  [see  DOWRIER].  1622  BACON  Hen.  VII,  Mor.  &  Hist. 
Wks.  (Bohn,  1860)  311  To  remain  with  the  queen  dowager  her 
mother.  1650  BUI.WER  Anthropomet.  198  A  late  Queen- 
Rectrix.  1727  DE  FOE  Syst.  Magic  i.  ii.  (1840)  42  The  queen 
dowager  was  with  child,  and  would  bring  forth  a  prince. 
1765  BLACKSTONE  Coinnt.  i.  iv.  212  The  queen  of  England 
is  either  queen  regent,  queen  consort,  or  queen  dowager. 
1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xxxvii,  Since  Margaret  of  Anjou,  no 
queen-consort  had  exercised  such  weight  in  the  political 
affairs  of  England.  1891  C.  CREIGHTON  Hist,  Kpidem, 
Brit.  288  The  queen-widow  (mother  of  Edward  V)  had  died 
of  the  plague. 

3.  As  a  title,  placed  immediately  before  a  personal 
name   (f  in  OE.  immediately  after  it) ;   also  the 
queen,  before  or  after  the  name  (now  a;r//.).     See 
also  QTEEN  ANNE. 

^893  K.  ^ELFRED  Oros.  \.  x.  §  3  paer  wearS  Marsepia  sio 
cwen  ofslagen.  _c893  O.  E.  Chron.  (Parker  MS.)  an.  888 
/Ebelswi^cuen,  sio  was  /Elfredes  sweostor  cyninges.  a  1121 
Ibid.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1097  Malcomes  sunu  cynges  & 
Margarite  bjere  cwenan.  £1205  LAY.  2122  Hit  is  icleped 
Wales  for  pere  quen  Galoes.  13..  Gaiv.  fy  Gr.  Knt.  74 
Whene  Guenore  ful  gay,  graybed  in  be  myddt-s.  1387 
TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  165  pan  J>e  queene  Emme  gaf 
unto  seynt  Swithyn  nyne  maneres.  1506  GUYLFORDE  Pylgr. 
(1851)  4  Lasheles,  where  lyethe  quene  Elyanour  of  Englonde. 
1572  Memorial  in  Buccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  23 
Young  Quein  Marie.  1673  WYCHERLEY  Gent.  Dancing- 
Master  v.  i.  95  You  must,  .furnish  as  becomes  one  of  my 
Quality;  for  don't  you  think  we'll  take  up  with  your  old 
Queen  Elizabeth  Furniture.  121700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant. 
Crew,  Queen  Elizabeth' s^focket-pistol^  a  Brass-Cannon  of 
a  prodigious  Length  at  Dover-Castle.  1738  SWIFT  Polite 
Conv.  i,  News?  Why,  Madam,  Queen  Elizabeth's  dead. 
1754  RICHARDSON  Grandison  I.  xxxvii.  270  We  will  leave 
the  modern  world  to  themselves;  and  be  Queen  Elizabeth's 
women.  1847  WORDSW.  Ode  Install.  Pr.  Albert  ad.  fin.,  The 
pride  of  the  islands,  Victoria  the  Queen.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet. 
Mech.  Suppl.  733/2  Queen  Charlotte's  ware,  now  known  by 
the  contracted  title  [Queensware]. 

4.  "With  specification  of  the  people,  country,  etc. 
ruled  over  by  a  queen  or  by  the  king  her  consort, 
as  Queen  of  Scots,  of  France.    Also  Queen  of  S "pain 
(see  quot.  1866  and  FRITILLABY  2'. 

(-950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt.  xii.  42  Cuen  su5-dieles  arises. . 
in  dom.  c  1205  LAV.  4570  He  bohte  to  habben  Delgan  to 
quene  of  Denemarke.  c  1250  Gen.  <V  Ex.  296  Hu  ma  it 
ben,  Adam  ben  king  and  cue  quuen  Of  aUe  Se  Singe  in 


QUEEN. 

werldeben  c  1386  CHAUCER  Man  of  Law's  T.6},  L.wolde 
she  were  of  all  Europe  the  queene.  c  1440  Gcnerydcs  17 
His  doughter  quene  of  Inde.  1562  WINJET  Cert.  Iractates 
Wks.  1888  I  2  The  maist  excellent  and  gracius  Souerane, 
Marie  Quene  of  Scottis.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  $  Cf.  in.  vi.  n 
He  .  made  her  Of  lower  Syria,  Cyprus,  Lydia,  absolute 
Queene  1712-4  POPE  Rape  Lock  in.  13  One  speaks  the 
glory  of  the  British  Queen.  1770  Ann.  Reg.  102  Died 
lately,  at  her  hut  at  Norwood,  Bridget,  the  Queen  of  the 
Gipseys.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  III.  200  Her  Majesty 
or  her  successors,  kings  or  queens  of  the  realm.  1806 
BLACKMORE  Cradock  NtmiM  xxx,  If  by  the  'Queen  of 
Spain '  you  mean  that  common  brown  little  butterfly. 

5.  transf.  A  female  whose  rank  or  pre-eminence 
is  comparable  to  that  of  a  queen. 

a.  Applied  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  esp.  in  phr.  as 
Queen  of  glory, grace,  heaven, paradise, women,<Ac, 

a  900  CVNEWULF  Christ  276  Seo_cteneste  cwen  ofer  eorjxm. 


O.  K.  Misc.  195  Leuedi  quene  of  parays.  c  1373  Sc.  Leg. 
Saints  xxiv.  (Alexis)  26  pat  he  in  weding  borne  was  of 
raary,  be  quene  of  grace,  c  1410  Hoccucvi  Mother  ft  boa 
2  O  blisful  queene,  of  queenes  Empence.  r  147°  HENRY 


Hist.  Indies  vn.  xxvii.  582  The  favour  which  the  Queene 
of  glorie  did  to  our  men.  1798  COLERIDGK  Anc.  Mar.  \.  \, 
To  Mary-queen  the  praise  be  yeven.  1840  1.  1  AYLOR  Ancient 
C/ir.  (1842)  II.  ii.  169  Our  Queen,  though  the  Queen  of  heaven 
as  well  as  of  earth  [etc.]. 

b.  Applied  to  the  goddesses  of  ancient  religions 
or  mythologies  ;  also  in  phrases,  as  queen  of  heaven, 
love,  marriage,  etc. 

1382  WYCLIF  Jer.  vii.  18  That  thei  make  sweete  cakis  to 
the  quen  of  heuene.  1508  DUNBAR  Gold.  Targe  73  Tliare 
saw  I  Nature,  and  [als  dame]  Venus  quene.  1500-20  — 
Poems  xlviii.  63  Haill  princes  Natur,  haill  Venus  luvis  quene. 
1592  SHAKS.  I'm.  ff  Ali-  25'  Poor  queen  of  love,  in  thine 
own  law  forlorn  !  1608  —  Per.  II.  iii.  30  By  Juno,  that  is 
queen  of  marriage.  1629  MILTON  Ode  Nativity  201  Mooned 
Ashtaroth,  Heavn's  Queen  and  Mother  both.  1809  in  Spirit 
Pnb.  Jrnls.  (1810)  XIII.  328  O  Venus,  Queen  of  Drury  Lane. 
a  1822  SHELLEY  Hani.  Venus  13  Diana,  golden-shafted  queen. 
C.  Applied  to  a  woman  as  a  term  of  endearment 
and  honour. 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  iv.  iii.  41  O  Queene  of  Queenes, 
how  farre  dost  thou  excell,  No  thought  can  thinke.  1596 
—  Merch.  V.  n.  i.  12,  I  would  not  change  this  hue,  Except 
to  steale  your  thoughts,  my  gentle  Queene.  1865  RUSKIN 
Sesame  185  Queens  you  must  always  be;  queens  to  your 
lovers  ;  queens  to  your  husbands  and  your  sons. 

d.  A  woman  who  has  pre-eminence  or  authority 
in  a  specified  sphere,  f  Queen  of  the  Bean  :  see 
BEAN  6  c.  Queen  of  Hearts  (cf.  8  b).  Queen  of 
the  May  :  see  MAY. 

1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  m.  ii.  171,  I  was  the  lord  of  this 
fair  mansion  .  .  Queen  o'er  myself.  1608  —  Per.  u.  iii.  17 
Come,  queen  o'  the  feast,  For,  daughter,  so  you  are.  c  1645 
HOWELL  Lett.  ii.  xii.  (1650)  13  The  Lady  Elizabeth,  which 
.  .  is  called  .  .  for  her  winning  Princely  comportment,  the 
Queen  of  Hearts.  1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus'  Nat.  Paradox 
III.  53  Shee  thought  to  triumph  over  all  her  Competitors  and 
be  Queen  of  the  Bean.  1816  KEATS  To  my  Brother  George 
87  Upon  a  morn  in  May  .  .  that  lovely  lass  Who  chosen  is 
their  queen,  a  1822  SHELLF.Y  Chas.  I,  n.  394  The  Twelfth- 
night  Queen  of  Hearts.  1830  TENNYSON  Isabel  ii,  Isabel.  . 
The  queen  of  marriage,  a  most  perfect  wife.  1858  LYTTON 
What  will  He  do  i.  xiv,  Lady  Selina  Vipont  was  one  of  the 
queens  of  London. 

6.  Applied  to  things  :  a.  Anything  personified  as 
a  woman  and  looked  upon  as  the  chief,  esp.  the 
most  excellent  or  beautiful,  of  its  class. 

a  1050  Liber  Scintill.  xvii.  (1889)  84  Ealdorlicra  leahtra 
cwen  and  modor  ofermodignyss  ys.  a  1235  .VI.  Marker.  19 
Meifihad  be  is  cwen  of  alle  mihtes.  1340  Ayenb.  10  J>e  kuen 
of  uirtues,  dame  charite.  1508  DUNBAR  Gold.  Targe  82 
There  saw  I  May,  of  myrthfull  monethis  quene.  1563 

of 


M.  333/2  That  noble  ground  and  quene 
1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies 


FOXE  A. 
prouinces. 
n.  vi.  93  This  river  (which  in  my  opinion,  deserves  well  the 


fern '  . .  sometimes  called  the  '  Queen  of  Ferns '.  1886 
E.  MILLER  Text.  Guide  75  The  Peshito  has  been  called 
'  The  Queen  of  Versions '. 

b.  That  which  in  a  particular  sphere  has  pre 
eminence  comparable  to  that  of  a  queen. 

Queen  of  heaven,  night,  the  tides,  the  moon.  Queen  of 
the  meadtnv(s,  MEADOW-SWEET.  Queen  of  tJie  prairie,  an 
American  herbaceous  plant,  Spirxa  lobata  (N.  O.  Rosacez). 
1552  LYNDESAY  Monarche  Prol.  153  Synthea,  the  hornit 
nychtis  quene.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  II.  ccccxix.  (1633) 
1043  Called  in  English  Meadow  Sweet  and  Queene  of  the 
Medowes.  1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  iv.  iv.  146  Each  your 
doing.  -Crownes  what  you  are  doing.  .That  all  your  Actes, 
are  Queenes.  1671  MILTON  f.  K.  IV.  45  Great  and  glorious 
Rome,  Queen  of  the  Earth.  1812  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  n.  Ixxx, 
The  Queen  of  tides  on  high  consenting  shone.  1840  ALISON 
Hist.  Europe  Ii.  §  52  The  Emperor  travelled  . .  to  Venice  : 
he  there  admired  the  marble  palaces  of  the  Queen  of  the 
Adriatic.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage  9  Destined  . .  to 
become  the  Queen  of  the  Mediterranean.  1883  G.  MAC- 
DONALD  Donal  Grant  ii.  18  Bushes  of  meadow-sweet,  or 
queen-of-the-meadow,  as  it  is  called  in  Scotland. 
7.  The  perfect  female  of  bees,  wasps,  or  ants. 
1609  C.  BUTLER  Few.  Mon.  i  Of  the  nature  and  properties 
of  Bees,  and  of  their  Queene.  a  1711  KEN  Sion  Poet.  Wks. 
1721  IV.  352  The  same  Tune . .  In  which  the  Bees . .  For  their 
Dismission  to  their  Queen  entreat.  1724  DERHAM  in  Phil. 
Trans.  XXXIII.  54  The  Male  Wasps  are  lesser  than  the 
Queens.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  VIII.  124  The 


40 

working  ants  having.. deposed  their  queens  1847  TENNY 
SON  Princ.  I.  39  Around  them  both  Sweet  thoughts  would 
swarm  as  bees  about  their  queen.  1892  LUBBOCK  Beaut. 
Nat.  60  The  working  Ants  and  Bees  always  turn  their  heads 
towards  the  Queen.  .  , 

8.  In  games,     a.  In  chess :  The  piece  which  has 


greatest  freedom  of  movement,  and  hence  is  most 
effective  for  defending  the  king,  next  to  which  it  is 
placed  at  the  beginning  of  the  game.  Also,  the 
position  on  the  board  attained  by  a  pawn  when  it 
is  queened  (see  QUEEN  v.  4). 

Queens  bishop,  knight,  fa-Mi,  etc. :  cf.  KING  9 a.   Queen  s 
gambit :  see  GAMBIT,    t  To  make  •#««•=  &»»•+, 


lady  sittyng  in  a  chayer  [etc.].  1562  ROWBOTHUM  Playe  of 
Cheasts  Cv,  Thou  shalte  playe  thy  queenes  Paune  one 
steppe  geuing  him  checke  by  discouery  of  thy  queenes 
Bishoppe.  1597  G-  B-  /-"*«  Scluuxix  A  4  When  he  [the 
pawn]  can.. arrive  at  the  last  ranke  of  his  enemies  he  is 
chosen  and  made . .  the  Queene.  a  1689  Yng.  Statesmen  vi. 
in  Coll.  Poems  Popery  8/2  So  have  I  seen  a  King  on  Chess 
. .  His  Queen  and  Bishops  in  distress.  1733  BERTIN  Chess  38 
The  Queens  Gambet,  which  gives  a  Pawn  with  a  design  to 
catch  her  adversary's  Queen's  Rook.  1761  HOYLE  Chess  51 
The  exact  Number  of  Moves,  before  you  can  make  a  Queen. 
'773  PHILIDOR  Chess  Analysed  13  The  King's  Pawn  makes 
a  Queen,  and  wins  the  Game.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3) 
IV.  640  He  should  take  the  adversary's  pawns,  and  move 
the  others  to  queen.  1822  W.  LEWIS  Elem.  Game  Chess 
149  If  a  Pawn  be  on  a  Rook's  file  it  will  go  to  Queen.  1838 
LYTTON  Alice  169,  I  think  I  will  take  the  queen's  pawn. 
1894  J.  MASON  Principles  Chess  77  Just  as  the  foremost 
[Pawn]  is  but  a  square  from  Queen. 

b.  In  ordinary  playing-cards :  A  card  bearing 
the  figure  of  a  queen,  of  which  there  are  four  in 
each  pack,  ranking  next  to  the  kings. 

'575  Gamin.  Gurton  n.  ii.  29  There  is  five  trumps  beside 
the  queene.  1607  HEYWOOD  Worn.  Killed  w.  Kiniin.  Wks. 
1874  II.  123  This  Queene  I  haue  more  then  myowne.  .Giue 
me  the  stocke.  1712-4  POPE  Rape  of  Lock  in.  88  The 
Knave  of  Diamonds  ..  wins  ..  the  Queen  of  Hearts.  1791 
Gentl.  Mag.  141  The  Queen  of  Clubs  is  called  in  Northamp 
tonshire,  Queen  Bess.  1816  SINGER  Hist.  Cards  39  Like  the 
Italians  and  Germans,  they  [the  Spaniards]  have  no  Queen 
in  the  Pack.  1883  R.  A.  PROCTOR  Whist  5,  I  lead  Ace,  and 
follow  with  Queen  of  my  best  suit. 

9.  Technical  uses.    a.  //.  One  of  the  classes  into 
\vhich  fullers'  teasels  are  sorted  (see  quot.). 

1813  T.  RUDGE  Gen.  View  Agric.  Clone.  156  The  produce 

of  the  second  and  subsequent  cuttings  are  sorted,  according 

to  their  size,  into   Queens,  which  are  the  best  teazles; 

Middlings. .and  Scrubs. 

b.  A  roofing-slate,  measuring  three  feet  by  two. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  622  Slaters  class  the 
Welsn  slates  in  the  following  order:  Doubles,  Ladies,  .. 
Queens.  1893  J.  BROWN  Open.  Kailw.  to  Delalvle  xxiii, 
We've  countess,  duchess,  queens  and  rags. 

C.  //.  A  class  of  apples,  the  rennets  (q.V.). 

1836  LOUDON  Encycl.  Plants  426  Apples  are  classed  as 
pippins  or  seedlings, .  .rennets  or  queens,  specked  fruits. 

10.  a.  A  name  of  the  scallop  and  cockle.  =QuiN. 
18036.  MONTAGU  Testacea.  Brit.  1. 146  Pecten  opercularis 

..in  Devonshire  and  Cornwall  is.. known  by  the  name  of 
Frills  or  Queens.  1883  N.  JOLY  Man  before  Metals  u.  i.  zoo 
Several  molluscs,  especially  oysters,  . .  mussels,  queens, 
whelks,  and  snails. 

b.  A  local  name  for  the  smear-dab. 
1674  RAY  Coll.   Words,  Sea  Fishes  100  Queens:  a  Fish 
thinner  than  a  Plaise.     1884  St.  James's  Gaz.  18  Jan.  6/1 
The.  .lemon-dab  or  queen. 

11.  A  female  cat.     (Cf.  queen-cat  in  13.) 

1898  Bishopsgate  Cats  in  Ladies'  Field  6  Aug.  378/1  A  few 
outdoor  houses  for  the  queens  are  used. 
II.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

12.  General   combs,     a.   appositive,   as   queen- 
bride,  -county,  -galley,  -moon,  -rose,  -spirit,  -spouse, 
-strumpet,     b.  attrib.,   as   queen-craft,    -features. 
c.  objective,  as  queen-killing. 

1606  Proc.  agst.  late  Trailers  105  That  King-killing 
and  Queen-killing  was  not  indeed  a  doctrine  of  theirs. 
1634  FORD  Perk.  Warbeck  ill.  ii,  This  new  queen-bride 
must  henceforth  be  no  more  My  daughter,  a  1661  FULLER 
Worthies,  Kent  (1662)  I.  67  She  [Q.  Elizabeth]  was  well 
skilled  in  the  Queen-craft.  1820  KLATS  Ode  to  Nightingale 
36  Haply  the  Queen-Moon  is  on  her  throne.  1846  BROWNING 
Lett.  16  June  (1899)  II.  241  You  must,  .add  the  queen-rose 
to  his  garland.  1863  A  tlantic  Monthly  Oct.  502  The  queen- 
strumpet  of  modern  history.  1880  HAY  Pike  County  Ball. 
113  The  still  queen-features  glorious  In  the  dawn  of  love's 
first  gleams.  1888  TH.  WATTS  in  AthenzittH  18  Aug.  224/2 
See  how  the  four  queen-galleys  ride. 

13.  Special  combs. :    t  queen-apple,  an   early 
variety  of  apple ;  queen-bee,  a  fully  developed 
female  bee  ;  also  transf. ;  queen-bird,  a  swan  ; 
queen-cage,  an  apparatus  for  conveying  or  trans 
ferring  a  queen-bee  to  a  hive ;  queen-cake,  a  small 
currant-cake,  usually  heart-shaped  ;  queen-cat  = 
QUEEN  1 1  ;  queen-cell,  a  cell  in  a  bee-hive,  in 
which  the  queen  is  reared  ;  queen  closer,  a  quarter 
of  a  brick,  used  in  building  to  '  close '  the  end  of 
a  course  (see  CLOSER2  3)  ;  queen-conch,  a  large 
marine  shell,  Strombus  gigas;  queen-excluder, 
a  device  in  a  bee-hive  to  prevent  the  passage  of 
the  queen  without  excluding  the  workers  (Funk's 
Stand.  Diet.}  ;    queen-fish,   a   small  edible   fish 
(Serip/ius  politus)  found  along  the  Pacific  coast  of 
America   (Cent.   Diet.    1891) ;   f  queen-gold,   a 


QUEEN. 

former  revenue  of  the  king's  consort,  consisting  of 
one-tenth  on  certain  fines  paid  to  the  king ;  queen- 
lily,  a  Peruvian  ornamental  flowering  plant  of  the 
genus  Phvdranassa  (Cent.  Diet.)  ;  queen-pigeon 
=  queen's  pigeon  (Funk's  Stand.  Diet.} ;  queen- 
stitch,  a  fancy  stitch  in  embroidery;  f  queen-suit, 
a  set  of  cards  belonging  to  one  suit,  of  which  the 
queen  is  the  highest ;  queen-truss,  a  roof-truss  in 
which  there  are  QUEEN-POSTS;  queen-wasp,  a 
perfect  female  wasp ;  queenwood,  an  Australian 
timber  tree,  Davidsonia  pruriens  (see  also  quot.). 
1579  SPENSER  Sheph.  Cat.  June  43  Tho  would  I  seeke  for 
*Queene  apples  vnrype.  1626  BACON  Sylva  §  511  Few 
Fruits  are  coloured  Red  within ;  The  Queen-apple  is.  1707 
MORTIMER  Husbandry  537  The  Queen  Apple,  those,  .of  the 
Summer  kind,  are  good  Cyder  Apples,  mix'd  with  others. 
1609  C.  BUTLER  Fern.  Mon.  i.  A  3  The  *Q[u]eene-bee  is 
a  Bee  of  a  comely  and  stately  shape.  1753  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  Supp.,  Qneen-bee,  a  term  given  by  late  writers  to 
what  used  to  be  called  the  king-bee.  1823  BYRON  Juan 
xin.  xiii,  Sweet  Adeline,  amidst  the  gay  world's  hum,  Was 
the  Queen-Bee.  1830  Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  iv.  (1863) 
286  Repeating,  .as  we  met  the  *Queen-birds,  'The  swans 
on  fair  St.  Mary's  lake '.  1875  J.  HUNTER  Manual  Bee 
keeping  82  There  are  many  more  *Queen  cages  in  use, 
and . .  there  is  no  reason  why  any  Bee-keeper  should  not 
make  modifications.  1769  MRS.  RAFFALD  Eng.  Hotisekpr. 
(r778)  271  To  make  'Queen  Cakes.  1840  MRS.  F.  TROLLOPS 
Widow  Married  xii,  When  I've  done  eating  this  one  queen- 


Archit.  (ed.  4)  §  1896  It  becomes  necessary  near  the  angles 
to  interpose  a  quarter  brick,  .called  a  *otieen  closer.  1813 
Sketches  Character  (ed.  2)  I.  130  That  "Queen  Conch  wants 
only  colouring  to  persuade  us  it  is  a  real  one.  1885  LADY 
BRASSEY  The  Trades  303  Some  years  ago  the  queen-conch 
(a  shell  with  a  delicate  pink  lining)  was  in  great  demand. 
1679  BLOUNT^IWC.  Tenures  36  *Queen-gold  is  a  Royal  duty 
of  Ten  in  the  Hundred.  1765  BLACKSTONE  Conaa.  I.  221 
The  queen . .  is  in  titled  to  an  antient  perquisite  called  queen- 
gold  or  aurum  reginae.  1875  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  II.  xv. 
218  note,  In  1255  the  citizens  refused  to  pay  queen-gold. 
1882  CAULFEILD  &  SAWARD  Diet.  Needlework  192  *Queen 
Stitch.— Also  known  as  Double  Square.  [Description 
follows.)  1744  HOYLE  Piquet  9  The  younger-hand  is  gene 
rally  to  carry  Guards  to  his  *Queen-suits.  1778  C.  JONES 
Hoyle's  Games  Impr.  71.  1724  DERHAM  in  Phil.  Trans. 
XXXIII.  59  The  *Queen-Wasps.  .were  weak,  and  did  not 
buz  long.  1827  E.  BEVAN  Honey-Bee  187  The  queen- 
wasps  were  unusually  numerous  in  the  spring  of  that  year. 
1882  OGILVIE  (citing  Weale),  *Queen-wood,  a  name  some 
times  given  to  woods  of  the  greenheart  and  cocoa-wood 
character,  imported  from  the  Brazils. 

14.  Combinations  with  queen's,  a.  In  titles  or 
appellations,  with  the  sense  of  '  belonging  to,  in 
the  service  of,  the  queen',  'royal'  (cf.  KINO'S),  as 
Queen's  advocate,  bench,  counsel,  English,  evidence, 
highway,  keys,  letter,  messenger,  pay,  peace, prison, 
servant,  wardrobe  :  see  these  words. 

In  these  terms,  as  in  many  of  those  given  under  b,  the 
use  of  queens  in  place  of  kings  is  largely  or  entirely  a 
result  of  the  long  reign  of  Queeu  Victoria  (1837-1901). 

b.  queen's  allowance  (seequot.) ;  queen's  arm, 
a  musket ;  f  queen's  cloth  (?) ;  queen's  colours, 
one  of  the  pair  of  colours  carried  by  a  regiment, 
the  royal  colours;  queen's  cushion,  a  seat  (for 
a  girl)  made  by  the  grossed  hands  of  two  persons 
(Jamieson,  1808);  fqueen's  evil  =  king's  evil, 
scrofula ;  queen's  gambit :  see  GAMBIT  ;  queen's 
game:  see  DOUBLET  3  b;  t  queen's  head,  a  postage 
stamp ;  queen's  metal,  an  alloy  of  tin,  antimony, 
bismuth,  and  lead ;  queen's  own,  Government 
property  or  provisions  (Smyth  Sailor's  Word-bk. 
1867)  ;  queen's  parade,  the  quarter-deck  (ibid.); 
queen's  pigeon,  a  large  and  beautiful  crested 
pigeon  of  the  Papuan  region,  Gaura  Victories ; 
queen's  pipe, a  furnace  formerly  used  for  destroy 
ing  smuggled  or  damaged  tobacco ;  queen's  shil 
ling,  a  shilling  formerly  given  to  a  recruit  when 
enlisting ;  t  queen's  stuff  (?) ;  queen's  tobacco 
pipe  =  queen' s  pipe;  queen's  ware,  (a)  a  cream- 
coloured  kind  of  Wedgwood  ware ;  (b)  a  kind  of 
stone  -  ware  ;  queen's  weather,  fine  weather ; 
queen's  yellow,  turpeth  mineral,  used  as  a  yellow 
pigment. 

1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  320/2  ""Queen's 
alltnuance,  an  allowance  in  aid  of  the  expenses  of  the  officers' 
mess.  1848  LOWELL  Biglow  P.  Ser.  i.  The  Courtin  ,  The 
ole  "queen's-arm  that  gran'ther  Young  Fetched  back  from 


19/2  I  tie  curinge  OI  queenes  evu.  iwu  ooitri.r.1  t,trmm 
forme  I.  xii.  58  For  the  Queenes  euill  (margin  The  Kinges 
euill].  c  1554  Interlude  of  Youth  C  iij,  I  can  teache  you  to 
play  at  the  dice,  At  the  *quenes  game  and  at  the  Iryshe. 
a  1618  J.  DAVIES  Wittes  Pilgr.  (1878)  32  (D.)  Here  Love  at 
tick-tack  plaies,  or  at  Queen's-game,  But  Irish  hates.  1844 
ALB.  SMITH  Adv.  Mr.  Ledbury  xv.  (1886)  45  Notes  it 
would  not  do  to  stick  a  penny  *Queen's  Head  upon.  1800 
Miss  YoNGES/0te/y.SV<Tr.i.(i86i)i6,  1  must  have  a  queen's- 
head  to  write  to  Mamma.  1839  URE  Diet.  A  rls  952  'Queen  s 
metal  .  .  serves  also  for  teapots  and  other  domestic  utensils. 
18515  MILLER  Inorg.  Chem.  II.  930  Another  alloy,  which  is 
en  ewter  and  Britannia 


, 

n.  8/4  Abolition  of  the  '"Quee  .  . 

Soc.  Life  Reign  Q.  Anne  II.  203  The  'Queen's  shilling 
once  being  taken,  .there  was  no  help  for  the  recruit,  unless 


QUEEN. 


41 


QUEER. 


he  was  bought  out.  1766  \V.  GORDON  Gen.  Counting-ho. 
428,  16  fine  brocaded  \nieens  stuffs.  1843  Pww  Cycl. 
XXV,  17  The  damaged  tobacco  thus  removed  is  consumed 
in  a  furnace .  .jocularly  termed  the  '  "queen's  tobacco-pipe  '. 
1782  WEDGWOOD  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXX.  320  Delft  ware 
is  fired  by  a  heat  of  40  or  41°;  cream-coloured  or  *Queens 
ware,  by  86°.  1792  A.  YOUNG  Trav.  France  79  English 
goods  . .  hard  and  queen's  ware;  cloths  and  cottons.  1884 
Health  Exhib.  Catal.  49/2  Sanitary  appliances  in  action, 
and  general  Queen's  Ware.  1899  Johannesburg  Star 
(weekly  ed.)  22  Apr.,  Although  the  wind  is  rather  high, 
'Queen's  weather  prevails.  1839  URE  Diet.  A  rts  1054 
*  Queen's  Ycltow  is  an  antient  name  of  Turbith  Mineral,  or 
yellow  subsulphate  of  mercury.  1851-61  MAYHEW  Lend, 
Labour  II.  70  When  canaries  are  '  a  had  colour  '.  .they  are 
re-dyed,  by  the  application  of. . '  Queen's  Yellow  '. 

c.  in  names  of  plants,  as  t  queen's  balm, 
alyssum  ;  queen's  berry,  the  cloudberry,  Rubus 
Chamxmonts ;  queen's  cushion,  cut-leaved  saxi 
frage  (Treas.  Bot.  1866);  queen's  delight,  an 
American  enphorbiaceous  plant,  StiUingia  sy/- 
vatica  (ibid?) ;  queenis  flower,  an  Indian  tree 
{Lagerstrcemia  Flos-Reginx]  with  beautiful  rose- 
coloured  (lowers  (O«/.  Diet.  1891) ;  queen's  gilli- 
flower  or  July-flower,  dame's  violet,  Hesperis 
Matronalis  ;  f  queen's  herb,  tobacco  (see  QUEEN- 
MOTHEK  4) ;  queen's  pincushion,  the  flowers  of 
the  guelder  rose  (Cassell's  Encyd.  Diet.  1886)  ; 
queen's  root  =  queens  delight  (Mayne  Expos.  Lex, 
1858);  queen's  violet  ^  queen  s  gilliflower. 

1767  ABERCROMBIE  E-u.  Man  his  own  Gardener  (1803)  735/1 
List  of  Hardy  Annuals  . .  Alysson,  or  mad-wort,  *  Queen's 
Balm.  1861  S.  THOMSON  Wild  Fl.  in.  (ed.  4)  221  It  is  the 
cloud-berry  or  *queen's-berry.  1573  TUSSER  Httsb.  (1878)  96 
Herbes,  branches,  and  flowers,  for  windowes  and  pots. 
*Queenes  gilleflowers.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal\\.  cxxii.  (1633) 
461  Dames  Violets  or  Queenes  Gillofloures.  1760  J.  LF.E 
Introd.  Bot.  App.  324  Queen's  July-flower.  1577  FHAMPTON 
Joyfull  Newes  n.  Ixxvi.  42  Some  haue  called  this  Hearbe 
the  *Queenes  herbe,  because  it  was  firste  sente  vnto  her. 
[1894  S.  J.  WEYMAN  Man  in  Black  60  You  take  the  Queen's 
herb,  you  snee/e.]  1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet,  Index  (1733), 
*Queen's  Violet,  vide  Hesperis. 

Pneen  (kw/h),  v.    [f.  prec.] 
To  queen  it :  To  be  a  queen  ;  to  act  or  rule  as 
queen  ;  to  have  pre-eminence  like  a  queen. 

1611  SHAKS.  IVint.  T,  iv.  iv.  460  He  Queene  it  no  inch 
farther,  But  milke  my  Ewes,  and  weepe.  1613  —  Hen,  ¥11 7, 
n.  iii.  37  A  threepence  bow'd  would  hire  me  Old  as  I  am,  to 
Queene  it.  1790  BURNS  Prol.  Theatre  Dumfries  2  Yon 
great  city  That  queens  it  o'er  our  taste.  1818  MILMAN 
Samor  7  Her  milk-white  neck  embour'd  in  arching  spray, 
Queens  it  along  the  waters.  1826  SCOTT  Woodst.  xxvi,  The 
imperious  Vashti  is  left  to  queen  it  in  solitude.  1894  MRS. 
F.  ELLIOT  Roman  Gossip  vi.  181  Josephine  was  queening 
it  at  the  Tuileries. 

b.  absol.  in  same  sense,  rare, 

1843  LYTTON  Last  Bar.  iv.  ii, '  I  can  scarce  queen  while 
Warwick  is  minister  ',  said  Elizabeth. 

2.  trans.  To  make  (a  woman)  a  queen.    Also  fig. 
1843  LYTTON  Last  Bar.  \\.  i,This  Dame  Woodville,  whom 

I  queened.    1880  LADY  MARTIN  Shaks.  Few.  Char.  120  That 
passionate  childlike  loving  queens  her  in  his  sight. 

3.  To  rule  over  as  a  queen. 

1839  BAILEY  Festus  xvi.  (1852)  182  As  the  moon  doth 
Queen  the  night.     1843  E.  JONES  Poems ^  Sens,  fy  Event  115 
His  will,  a  trembling  rudder  She  held  to  play  with,  or  to 
queen. 

4.  Chess.  To  advance  (a  pawn)  to  the  opponent's 
end  of  the  board,  where  it  acquires  the  power  of, 
and  is  replaced  by,  a  queen  or  such  other  piece  as 
the  player  may  choose.     Also  absol. 

1789  Twiss  Chess  II.  155  Darner  le  Pion,  literally  to 
queen  ttie  Pawn,  is  a  French  expression.  1797  Encyd. 
Brit.  (ed.  3)  IV.  640  note,  To  giteen  is  to  make  a  queen.  1808 
Studies  Chess  I.  219  The  pawn  is  queened,  and  wins  the 
game.  1848  H .  R.  AGNEL  Chess  63  You . .  queen  your  Pawn, 
and  instead  of  claiming  a  Queen,  you  take  a  Knight.  1894 
J.  MASON  Principles  Chess  88  That  the  player  who  Queens 
first  wins  is  a  rule. 

b.  intr.  Of  a  pawn  :  To  reach  the  position  at 
which  it  acquires  the  power  of  a  queen. 

1894  J.  MASON  Principles  Chess  61  Attacking  the  Pawn, 
and  taking  it  on  the  next  move,  whether  it  queens  or  not. 

5.  To  supply  (a  hive)  with  a  queen-bee. 

1884  Bee-keeping  (Brit,  Bee-keepers'  Assoc.)  27  The  bees 
came  up.  .1  lifted  the  card,  she  was  welcomed,  and  the  hive 
was  now  queened. 

Hence  Queened///,  a.,  Quee-ning  vbl.  sb. 

1860  STAUNTON  Chess  Praxis  iv.  41  The  spirit  of  the 
modern  game  is  to  regard  the  Queening  of  a  Pawn  as  the 
highest  feat  a  player  can  accomplish.  Ibid.  43  White  can 
win  the  game  by  converting  a  '  Queened  Pawn '  into  a 
Bishop. 

Queen  Anne.  The  Queen  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  who  reigned  from  1702  to  1714. 

Queen  Anne  is  dead'.  &  phrase  implying  stale  news  (cf. 
QUEEN  3,  quot.  1738).  Queen  Anne's  bounty:  see  BOUNTY 
5  a.  Queen  Anne's  free  gift '.  see  quot.  1867. 

1840  BARHAM  Ingol.  Leg.  Ser.  i.  Ace.  New  Play,  Lord 
Brougham,  it  appears,  isn't  dead,  though  Queen  Anne  is. 
1859  THACKERAY  Virgin.  Ixxiii,  On  which  my  lady  cried 
petulantly, '  Oh  Lord,  Queen  Anne's  dead,  I  suppose.'    1867 
SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk. ,  Queen  Anna's  Free  Gift,  a  sum 
of  money  formerly  granted  to  surgeons  annually,  in  addition 
to  their  monthly  twopences  from  each  man. 

b.  attrib.  as  an  epithet  of  the  style  of  furniture, 
buildings, etc.,  characteristic  of  Queen  Anne's  reign, 
or  of  things  made  in  this  style.  Also  absol. 

1881  A.  LANG  Library  36  What  furniture-dealers  indiffer 
ently  call  the  'Queen  Anne'  or  the  'Chippendale'  style. 

VOL.  VIII. 


1883  Harper  s  Mag.  Sept.  560/2  In  all  Queen  Anne  build 
ings  the  architecture  is  applique.     However,  to  disparage 
Queen  Anne  is  not  to  explain  its  acceptance. 

Hence  Queen  A  nneified  a.tin  Queen  Anne  style  ; 
Queen  A'nneism,  employment  of,  or  preference 
for,  a  Queen  Anne  style;  Queen  A'nneist,  -ite, 
one  who  adopts  or  favours  this  style. 

a  1878  SIR  G.  SCOTT  Recoil,  ix.  (1879)  375  1 ne  Queen- 
Anne-ites  soon  threw  off  this  disguise.  1879  Athoi&iim 
No.  2696.  818  Even  Queen-Anne-ism  should  draw  the  line 
somewhere.  1887  J.  C.  ROBINSON  in  Times  17  Aug.  5/4 
AM  architects,  Gothic,  Classic,  and  Queen  Anneists  alike. 
1889  J.  K.  JEROME  Idle  Thoughts  43  '  Drinking  the  waters  ' 
sounded  fashionable  and  Queen  Anneified. 

Queendom  (k\w~ncbm).  [f.  QUEEN  sb.  +  -ix»r.] 

1.  The  country  ruled  over  by  a  queen.     Alsoyf^. 
1606  G.  W[OODCOCKK]  Hist.  Irstzne  n.  9  The  Queendome 

was  governed  by  two  of  the  foure  Sisters.  1705  HICKERIN- 
GILL  Priest-cr.  \\.  viii.  75  It  has  been  fatal  and  ruinous  to 
these  Queendoms  already.  1834  Eraser's  Mag.  IX.  248 
Ours  is  a  literary  kingdom,  or  rather,  queendom.  1873 
RUSKIN  Fors  Clai\  xxxiii.  {1896}  II.  217  She  should  as 
seldom  leave  it  [her  home]  as  a  queen  her  queendom. 

2.  The  position  of  a  queen  ;  queenhood. 

1657  TRAPP  Comm.  Esther  ii.  12  Whereby  they  might  get 
the  Kings  favour -and  attaine  to  the  Queendome.  1844 
MRS.  BROWNING  Dead  Pan  xi,  Will  thy  queendom  all  lie 
hid  Meekly  under  either  lid?  c  1861  MRS.  CRAIK  Eliz.  fy 
Vtct.  (1870)  121  Womanhood  is  higher  than  queendom.  1877 
G.  MACDONALD  Marquis  of  'Lossie  xl,  [The  moon]  shone  out 
fair  and  clear,  in  conscious  queendom  of  the  night. 

Queenhood  (kwf-nhud).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -HOOD.] 
The  rank  or  dignity  of  a  queen  ;  queenly  estate. 

1859  TENNYSON  Enid  176  She.  .with  all  grace  Of  woman 
hood  and  Queenhood,  answered  him.  1885  MRS.  LYNN 
LINTON  in  Fortn.  Rev.  Nov.  629  Her  queenhood  was  not 
real.  1894  RALPH  in  Harper  s  Mag.  Aug.  338  Thousands 
of  tiny  flowers,  over  which  the  wood  violet,  the  strawberry, 
and  the  arbutus  struggle  for  queenhood. 

Queening  (kwrnin).  Also  5  quenyng,  7 
queenen.  [?  f.  QUEEN  sb.  +  -INGS.]  A  variety  of 

apple.       Cf.  WiNTER-QUEEXING. 

c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  15  Eke  the  frutis 
wiche  more  comon  be,  Quenyngez,  pechis,  costardes,  etiam 
wardens.  1635  QUARLES  Embl.  v.  ii.  (18181  262  'Tis  not  the 
lasting  deuzan  I  require,  Nor  yet  the  red-cheeked  queening. 
1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  n.  iii.  48  The  Queening,  is  a  fair 
red  striped  Apple,  and  beautiful  in  its  Season,  being  a  kind 
of  Winter  Fruit.  1698  M.  LISTER  Journ.  Paris  (16991  194 
It  was  the  White  Queenen  (or  Calvil  d'Este]  the  Stem 
of  the  bigness  only  of  my  Thumb.  1879  Miss  JACKSON 
Skropsh.  H  'ord-bk  ,  Queening^  a  fine-flavoured  sweet  apple, 
common  in  the  cider-orchards. 

t  Quee*nist.  Obs.  rare.  =QUEFNITE  (applied 
to  partisans  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots). 

1563  WINZET  Four  Sioir  Thre  Quest.  Wks.  1888  I.  59 
Thai  wold  mpk  ws  on  lyke  manere,  and  call  ws  Kingisds 
and  Queneistis.  1584  CALDERWOOD  in  IVoiircnu  Soc.  Misc. 
I.  426  In  their  places  entered..  Queenists,  such  as  employed 
their  witts  and  force  with  his  Mother  against  him.self. 

Quee'nite.  [f.  QUEEN  sb.  +  -ITE.]  One  of  the 
partisans  of  a  queen,  esp.  of  Queen  Caroline  against 
George  IV,  or  of  Queen  Isabella  of  Spain  against 
Don  Carlos. 

1820  J.  JEKYLL  Corr.  iii.  (1894)  106  Fourteen  at  table., 
mixed  of  Queenites  and  Anti-Queeniles.  1837  MAJOR 
RICHARDSON  Brit.  Legion  v.  (ed.  2)  132  The  inhabitants  of 
Vitoria  are  infinitely  more  Carlists  than  Queenites.  1859 
DK.  BUCKINGHAM  Mem,  Geo.  IV,  I.  87  Theodore  Hook  . . 
made  the  respectable  portion  of  the  Queenites  heartily 
ashamed  of  their  cause. 

attrib.  1839  THACKKRAY  Major  Gahagan  iii,  A  troop  of 
the  Queenite  lancers  [in  Spain). 

Quee'nless,  a.     [-LESS.]     Having  no  queen. 

1858  Sat.  Rev.  VI.  29/1  They  may  learn  what  happens  to 
the  queenless  swarm.  1880  LUBBOCK  in  'Jrnl,  Linn.  Soc. 
XV.  176,  I  procured  a  queen,  -and  put  her  with  some  honey 
in  a  queenless  nest.  1882  Harpers  Mag.  LXV.  252  Gladis 
hung  the  cage  for  one  day  in  her  queenless  hive. 

Hence  Quee  iilessriess. 

1884  Bee-keeping  (Brit.  Bee-keepers'1  Assoc.)  26  With  me 
queenlessness  presents  the  worst  of  all  difficulties. 

Quee'lilet.     [-LET.]     A  petty  queen. 

1833  CARLYLE  Diderot  in  Misc.  Ess.  (1888)  V.  33  The 
whole  North  swarms  with  kinglets  and  queenlets  of  the  like 
temper.  1899  Month  Apr.  429,  I  thought  this  queenlet 
lived  among  the  forest  folk. 

Quee'nlike,  a.  [-LIKE.]  Like  a  queen  ;  ma 
jestic,  haughty,  etc.,  as  a  queen;  queenly. 

1612  DRAYTON  Poiy-olb.  x.  117  Istrad  likewise  hies  Unto 
the  Queen-like  Cluyd.  1670  HANNAH  WOLLKV  (title)  The 
Queen-like  Closet;  or  Rich  Cabinet  stored  with  all  manner 
of  Rare  Receipts.  1828  CARLYLE  Misc.  (1857)  *•  200  With 
queenllke  indifference  she  cast  it  from  her  hand.  1871 
CARLYLE  in  Mrs.  C.'s  Lett.  II.  310  The  most  queen-like 
woman  I  had  ever  known. 

Queenliness  (kwrnlines).  [f.  QUEENLY  a.  + 
-NESS.]  The  condition  or  quality  of  being  queenly. 

1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romola  I.  290  Casting  around,  as  it 
were,  an  odour  of  queenliness.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist. 
vii.  §  8.  446  If  she  [Elizabeth]  once  broke  the  silence,  it  was 
with  a  flash  of  her  old  queenliness.  1875  BROWNING  Inn 
Album  iv,  The  lady's  proud  pale  queenliness  of  scorn. 

Queenly  (kwrnli),  a.  [f.  QUEEN  sb.  +  -LY*. 
OK.  had  cwtnlic  in  the  sense  of4  feminine*.] 

1.   Belonging  to,  appropriate  to,  a  queen. 

c  1540  CROMWELL  Let.  to  Hen.  I'lll  in  Burnet  Rec.  (1779^ 
I.  in.  193,  I  answered  and  said. .that  I  thought  she  had  a 
Queenly  manner.  1550  RALE  Eng.  Votaries  n.  D  iij,  He 
deprived  her  of  all  queenly  honour.  1570  FOXE  A .  fy  M.  I. 
546  Whether  they  shal  be  eyther  of  regal,  quenely,  or  im 
perial  dignitie.  1849  W.  M.  W.  CULL  Reverberations  ii.  2 
Soon  Alcestis  . .  With  a  queenlier  presence  . .  Stept  forth. 


1878  GLADSTONE  Prim.  Homer  133  In  the  Odyssey  Helen 
reappears  full  of  queenly  dignity. 

2.  Resembling  a  queen  ;  queenlike.     AlsoyS^. 

1824  Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  i.  (1863)  87  That  queenly 
flower  becomes  the  water.  1854  DOKAN  Habits  <V  Men  104 
Anne  of  Denmark,  .did  not  look  queenly  even  in  Elizabeth's 
robes.  1869  FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq.  (1876)  III.  xi.  33  It  had 
brought  forth  its  queenly  leaves  and  its  kingly  fruit. 

Comb.  1871  AMY  BUTTON  Streets  fy  Lanes  i.  32  A  queenly- 
looking  old  lady. 

So  Quee-nly  adv.,  in  the  manner  of  a  queen. 

a  1851  MOIR  To  a  wounded  Ptarmigan  vi,  The  wild  swan 
from  the  lake,  Ice  unfetter'd  oar'd  it  queenly.  1864  TENNY 
SON  Aylmer's  Fielding  Quetnly  responsive  when  the  loyal 
i  hand  Rose . .  as  she  past. 

Queen-xno'tner.    [See  QUEEN  2  c.] 

1.  A  queen  dowager  who  is  the  mother  of  the 
reigning  sovereign. 

1577  FRAMPTON  Joyfull  Newcs  ii.  Ixxvi.  43  b  He  ..  did 
sende  it  to  kyng  Fraunces  the  seconde,  and  to  the  Queene 
Mother.  1664-5  I'EI-YS  Diary  (1879)  III.  106  Mr.  Povy 
carried  me  to  Somerset  House  and  showed  me  the  Queene- 
Mother's  Chamber.  1768  H.  WALPOLE  Hist.  Doubts  98 
1  Why  was  not  the  queen-mother  applied  to.  .for  his  support 
and  education?  1853  MAURICE  I'roph.  <$-  Kings  xi.  177  A 
usurpation  by  the  queen-mother  for  six  years  follows. 

2.  A  queen  who  is  a  mother.     Also  applied  to 
a  queen-bee,  and_^r. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  in.  !.  190  Let  his  Queene  Mother  all 
alone  intreat  him  To  shew  his  Greefes.     a  1658  CLEVELAND 

i  Myrtle-Grove  9  Clarinda  rose  . .  Like  the  Queen  mother  of 
,  the__Stars  above.  1816  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  (1818)  II. 
xviii.  118  The  first  fruits  of  the  queen-mother's  vernal  par 
turition  assist  her.  1899  IVesttn.  Gaz.  24  May  5/1  For  mote 
than  sixty  years  the  Queen-mother  has  j^one  in  and  out 
among  generations  of  Windsor  people. 

3.  a.  A  variety  of  plum.     b.  A  variety  of  pear. 
1664  EVELYN  Kal.  Hort.  (1729)  233/2  Plums, .  .Saint  Julian, 

Queen  Mother.  1767  J.  ABICKCROMBIE  Ev.  Man  Ins  own 
Gardener  (1803)  673  Peais,  ..  Queen  mother,  Myrobalan 
[etc.].  1770  FOOTE  Lame  Lover  \\\,  Wks.  1799  II.  86  A  da- 
mascen  plum  . .  does  pretty  well  indeed  in  a  tart,  but ..  to 
compare  it  with  the  queen  mother,  the  padrigons  [etc.]. 

4.  attrib. ,  as   TQueen-mother   herb,   'queen's 
herb',  tobacco  (Minsheu  Duttor  1617).   Qbs. 

So  called  after  Catherine  de  Medici,  to  whom  it  was  sent 
by  Nicot,  then  ambassador  in  Portugal  (1559-61). 

Quee'ii-post.     [Cf.  KING-POST.]     One  of  two 
upright  timbers  in  a  roof-truss}  which  are  framed 
'    above  into  the  rafters  and  below  into  the  tie-beam, 
at  points  equidistant  from  its  middle  or  ends. 

1823  P.   NICHOLSON  Pract,   Build.  .127  The   use   of  the 
queen-posts  is  similar  to  that  of  the  king-posts;  viz.  for  fur 
nishing  a  general  support  for  the  principals.    1847  SM RATON 
Builder  s  Man.  72  When  the  king-post  is  not  thought  to  be 
sufficient  to  support  the  pressure  ..  Queen-posts  ..  may  be 
|     used.     1851  TURNER  Dom.  A  re  kit.  II.  iv.  162  This  [toof]  is 
1    very  strong  and  massive,  with  tie^beamsand  queen  posts. 

attrib.  1836  PARKER  Gloss.  Arc  hit.  (1850)  394  A  king 
post  roof  has  one  vertical  post  in  each  truss,  a  queen  post 
roof  has  two. 

Queenship  (kwrnjip).    [f.  QUEEN  sb.  +  -SHIP.] 

1.  The  dignity  or  office  of  a  queen. 

1536  ANNE  BOLEVN  in  Ld.  Herbert  Hen.  VIII  (16831  447 
Neither  did  I  . .  forget  my  self  in  my  exaltation,  or  received 
Queenship.     1648  HERRICK  Hesper.^  to  Julia  u86g)  28  For 
thy  queen-ship  on  thy  head  is  set  Of  flowers  a  sweet  com 
mingled  coronet.     1848  FABER  .£/*/>.  Confer.  11861)  146  What 
|    name  can  we  give  to  a  queenship  so  grand?     1876  j.  ELLIS 
!    Cssar  in  Egypt  83  Hast  thou  not  saved  my  State.. And 
given  me  Queenship? 

2.  The  personality  of  a  queen  ;  (her)  majesty. 

1603  DRAYTON  Heroic al  Ep.  xiii.  107  Y  faith  her  Queene. 
ship  little  Rest  should  take.     1694  MOTIEUX  Rabelais  v. 

j    xxii.  (1737)  101  We..thank'd  her  Queenship.    1767  Woman 
of  Fashion  I.  91  It  was  my  Ladyship,  I  presume,  that  put 

,    her    in    mind    of   Cleopatra,    no    Disparagement    to    her 
Queenship. 

Queer  (kwl^r),  a.1  Forms :  6  queir,  queyr, 
que(e)re,  7  quer,  7-  queer.  [Of  doubtful  origin. 
Commonly  regarded  as  a.G.  gner(^,\  HG.  tiver,  see  THWART), 
cross,  oblique,  squint,  perverse,  wrongheaded ;  but  the  date 
at  which  the  word  appears  in  Sc.  is  against  this,  and  the 
prominent  sense  does  not  preciselycorrespond  lo  any  of  the 
uses  of  G.  quer.  There  are  few  examples  prior  to  1700.] 

1.  Strange,  odd,  peculiar,  eccentric,  in  appear 
ance  or  character.    Also,  of  questionable  character, 
suspicious,  dubious. 

1508  DUNBAR  Fly  ting -2.1&  Heir  cumis  our  awin  queir  Clerk. 

1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  vm.  Prol.  43  The  cadgear  . .  Calland 

the  collar  ane  knaif  and  culroun  full  queyr.     1550  KALE 

Eng.  Votaries  u.  21  Ye  Chronycles.  .contayne  muche  more 

,    truthe  than  their  quere  legendes.     1598  MAKSTON  Pygmal. 

\    \.  138  Show  thy  queere  substance,  worthlesse,  most  absurd. 

1621  W.  YONCE  Diary  27  Aug.  (Camden)  43.The  emperor  is 

I    in  that  quer  case,  that  he  is  not  able  to  bid  battle.     1663 

!    Flagellum  or  O.  Cromwell  109  That   the  world  may  see 

i    what  queer  hypocrites  his  attendants  were.     171*  STEELE 

SJ>ect.  No.  474  P  2  Let  me  be  known  all  at  once  for  a  queer 

Fellow,  and  avoided.     1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela  III.  224, 

I  have  heard  of  many  queer  Pranks  among  my  Bedfordshire 

Neighbours.     1840  DICKENS  Barn.   Rudge  xxxix,  It  was 

a  queer  fancy . .  but  he  was  a  queer  subject  altogether.    1870 

H.  SMART  Race  for  IVife  i,  In  the  queer  old  room  with  its 

still  queerer  attempts  at  decoration. 

absol.  i8a6  SCOTT  Woodstock  (1894)  II.  19  His  appear 
ance  bordered.. upon  what  is  vulgarly  called  the  queer. 

2.  Not   in  a   normal   condition ;   out   of  sorts ; 
giddy,  faint,  or  ill :  esp.  in  phr.  to  feel  (or  look) 
queer.     Also  slang:  Drunk. 

1800  W.  B.  RHODES  Bomb.  Fur.  \.  (1830)  8  We  feel  our- 

selves    a   little    queer.     i8«6   Sporting   'Mag.   XVIII.    285 

|    Galloping . .  with  a  rummish  team,  and  himself  queer.     1848 

6 


QUEER. 

DICKENS  Domliy  i,  I  am  so  very  queer  that  I  must  ask  you 
for  a  glass  of  wine  and  a  morsel  of  that  cake.  ,885  Miss 
BRADDON  Wyllard's  ll'eini  I.  i.  39  That  business  on  the 
railway  was  enough  to  make  any  man  feel  queer. 
3.  Queer  Street :  An  imaginary  street  where 
people  in  difficulties  are  supposed  to  reside ; 
hence,  any  difficulty,  fix,  or  trouble,  bad  circum 
stances,  debt,  illness,  etc.  slang. 


at  present.  1886  STEVENSON  Dr.  Jekyll  i.  led.  2)  n  Ihe 
more  it  looks  like  Queer  Street,  the  less  I  ask. 

4.  Comb.,  as  queer-looking,  -shaped,  -tempered. 

,825  I.  NEAL^ro.  Jonathan  II.  171  A  little,  modest,  queer- 
looking  brown  girl.  1838  DICKENS  A7cA.  Nick,  x,  You  are 
the  longest-headed,  queerest-tempered,  old  coiner  of  gold 
and  silver  there  ever  was.  1891  T.  HARDY  Tea  (1900)  105/1 
The  queer-shaped  flints. 

Queer,  a.2  Thieves'  cant.  Forms:  6  quyer, 
quyre,  6-7  quire,  quyre,  7  queere,  9  queer. 
[Of  obscure  origin:  in  later  use  (from  ^1700) 
identified  in  form  with  prec.,  and  perh.  associated 
with  it  in  meaning.]  Bad;  worthless. 

The  exact  sense  varies  with  the  sb. ;  for  a  list  of  the  common 
est  phrases, zsquetrbird,  buffer, bung,  cole,  etc.  see iheVicf. 
Cant.  Crew  (a  1700).  Cf.  also  the  sbs.,  as  CUFFIN,  COLL, 
etc.  In  quot.  1561  there  may  be  an  allusion  to  quire  choir. 

1561  AWDELAY  Frat.  ^'acafi.  (1869)  4  A  Quire  bird  is  one 
that  came  lately  out  of  prison.  1567  HARMAN  Caveat  (1869) 
84  To  cntti  quyre  whyitdis,  to  geue  euell  wordes  or  euell 
languages.  1609  DEKKER  Lanth.  H  Candle  Lt.  C  iij  b,  To 
the  quier  cuffing  we  bing.  1641  BROME  JmialCrtW  iv.  ii. 
Wks.  1873  III.  431  The  Quire  Cove  and  the  Harmanbeck. 
a  ,700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Cre-i',  Queers,  base,  Roguish, 
naught.  1812  J.  H.  VAUX  Flash  Diet.,  Queer-bail,  Persons 
of  no  repute,  hired  to  bail  a  prisoner  in  any  bailable  case. 
[1865  DICKENS  Mitt.  Fr.  in.  i,  Concerning  that  bill-broking 
branch  of  the  business. ..  What  queer  bills  are  to  be  bought, 
and  at  what  prices  ?] 

b.  as  sb. :  Bad  money ;  base  coin. 
,8,1  J.  H.  VAUX  Flash  Diet. 
Queer  (,kwl«a),  v.  slang,     [f.  QUEER  a.l  or  a.'*] 

1.  trans,  a.  To  quiz  or  ridicule ;  to  puzzle,     b. 
To  impose  on,  swindle,  cheat. 

1790  By-Standtr  343  Young  rascals,  who  are  telling  you . . 
how  archly  they  queer  attornies.  1797  MRS.  M.  ROBINSON 
Walsingham  II.  299  '  You're  found  out,  that's  all',  replied 
•  the  turnkey,  . .  '  there's  no  queering  the  law  '.  1812  COLMAN 
Br.  Grins,  Two  Parsons  Ixviii,  A  shoulder. knotted  puppy, 
with  a  grin,  Queering  the  threadbare  curate,  let  him  in. 
1819  BORROW  U'and.  Children  in  \V.  J.  Knapp  Life  I.  64 
Well,  we  have  tramped  the  roads,  and  queered  Full  many 
a  sharp  and  Bat. 

2.  To  spoil,  put  out  of  order. 

1811  J.  H.  VAUX  Flash  Diet.     1818  Sporting  Mag.  II.  189 
His  ogles  were  queered  .  .  and  his  head  was  dunned.     1884 
G.  MOORE  Mummer's  Wife  (1887)  190  All  they  [the  chorus] 
dared  do  they  did  to  'queer'  her  Scene. 

3.  To  put  (one)  out ;  to  make  (one1)  feel  queer. 
1845  W.  CORY  Lett.  !,  Jrnls.  (1897)  34  Hallam  was  rather 

queered  (it   not  being  in  his  line  to  do  anything  so  con 
spicuous'.    1894  Outing  (U.  S.)  XXIV.  362/2  It  queered  me 
to  think  what  would  happen  if  they  were  to  lose  foothold. 
Hence  Quee'rer,  one  who  queers. 

1812  COLMAN  Br.  Grins,  Tivo  Parsons  Ixxxv,  These  wooden 
wits,  these  quizzers,  queerers,  smokers. 

Queer,  obs.  form  of  quere  QU.ERE,  QUIRE. 

Queer(e,  obs.  forms  of  CHOIR  sb. 

t  Queering,  ?  syncopated  f.  Severing  COVERING. 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  261/2  Queering  is  the  cover 
ing  of  a  Wall ..  new  built,  that  Rain  drive  not  into  it. 

Queerish  (kwi»'rij;,  a.  Also  8  quear-.  [f. 
QUEEK  a.1  +  -ISH.]  Somewhat  queer. 

ij4yGe>itt.  Mag.  191  God  knows  the  cause  !  but  Nan  looks 
quearish.  1775  S.  J.  PRATT  Liberal  Opin.  xlix.  (1^83)  II.  97 
Methinks  the  London  ladies  are  a  little  queerish.  1819 
SHELLEY  Peter  Bell  n.  vi,  He  called  the  ghost  . .  It  had 
a  queerish  look.  1846  LANDOR  Exam.  Skaks,  Wks.  II.  274, 
1  myself  did  feel  queerish  and  qualmy. 

Hence  Quee  rishness. 

j8os  RAMSAY  Scotl.  fy  Scotsmen  in  i8M  C.  (Allardyce, 
18881  1.  382  The  queerishness  of  his  countenance. 

Queerister,  obs.  form  of  CHORISTER. 

Queerity  (kwi.>-riti).  Also  8  que(a)r-.  [f. 
QUEER  a.l  +  -ITY.]  Queerness,  oddity. 

1711  STEELE  Sped.  No.  17  P  3  No  Person  ..  shall  be 
admitted  without  a  visible  Quearity  in  his  Aspect,  or 
peculiar  Cast  of  Countenance.  1720-1  Lett.  fr.  Mist's  Jrnl. 
(1722)  II.  303  When  I  survey  the  Querity  of  thy  Aspect. 
a  1849  POE  Marginalia.  Wks.  1864  III.  555  The  pages  have 
now  and  then  a  typographical  queerity.  1880  BLACKMORE 
Maty  Amrley  II.  146  York  city,  teeming  ..  with  most 
deligutful  queerities. 

Queerk,  obs.  form  of  QUIRK  si. 

Queerly  (kwia-ili),  adv.*  [f.  QUEER  <z.i  +  -LT  2.] 

Strangely,  oddly. 

1707  HEAHNE  Collect.  16  Apr.  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  6  [He]  liv'd 
querely.  1714  in  Somers  Tracts  (1748)  I.  387  The  Earl 
looked  queerly.  1790  MAD.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  6  May, 
A  sister-in-law  of  the  queerly  celebrated  Miss  Monckton. 
1864  SIR  F.  PALCRAVE  Norm,  f,  Eng.  IV.  395  Names., 
queerly  inappropriate. 

tQuee-rly,  adv?  Qbs.  Cant.  [f.  QUEER  a.2] 
In  a  bad  or  rascally  manner. 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew  s.  v.  Qtiecrt,  How  Queenly 
tin  Cull  Touts,  how  roguishly  the  Fellow  looks. 

Queerness  (kwi»-.tnes).  [f.  QUEER  a.i  + 
-NESS.]  Strangeness  (f  reluctance) ;  queer  ways, 
condition,  etc.  Also,  an  instance  of  this. 


42 

..  TRELAWNY  in  T.  Papers  Camden  Misc.  uSss)  .H- 


QUELLER. 

reygne  neuer  ceased  theyre  quel,  murder,  death  &  slaughter. 
1605  SHAKS.  Macb.i.\'\\.  72  Hisspungie  Officers. . shall beare 
the  guilt  Of  our  great  quell.  1818  KEATS  Endym.  H.  537 


,rtIv7<  ihuilt  O    our  great  que.      .,        EATS     nay.n.  „.  537 

could  nw  ^vaywr.h    ,821-30  Ln.  COCKBURN  Mem.  54  The        Awfully  he  stands,  A  sovereign  quell  ,s  ,n  his  wavmg  hands 
vTslareVaTlLfornUquSrness.    ,879  ATCHERLEY  Trip    ,       Quell,**.*      rart~\      [a.  G.  quelle  spring :    cf. 


boys  stared  at  him  for  his  queerness.  ,879  ATCHERLEY  frit 
Boerland  43  Six  or  eight  [oxen]  were  lying  dead,  and  the 
whole  were  showing  unmistakable  signs  of  queerness. 

Queest  (kw/st.).  Forms:  a.  5  quysht(e, 
quyste,  quisle,  7,  9  quist,  quoist,  (7  ooist),  8 
quiest,  9  quest,  queist,  7-  queest.  $.  7  quees, 
quiese,  8-9  queece,  9  queeze,  quice,  quoioe, 
etc.  [ME.  quisht,  ?for  *cusht,  var.  of  CUSHAT 
(OE.  cuscote,  -sceole)  by  elision  of  the  second 
vowel.  Still  current  in  western  dialects.]  The 
ring-dove,  wood-pigeon. 

o  c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  I.  758  So  hoot  is  no  donge  O: 
foul  as  of  the  dowue,  a  quyshte  out  take.  1:1430  fwa 
Cookcry-tks.  8  Take  quystes,  an  stoppe  hem  wyth-m  vvyth 
hole  peper.  ,598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  I.  v.  713  Ihe 
grizel  Quoist.  ,60,  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  342  Coists  or  Stock- 
doues  ,6,,  COTGR.,  Phavier,  a  Ringdoue,  Queest,  Coushot, 
Woodculuer.  1800  Gentl.  Mag.  I.  106  The  ring-dove  or 
quiest  ,843  Zoologist  I.  213  Hiding  himself  in  a  barn, 
waiting  for  'queests'.  ,860  WHVTE  MELVILLE  Holmby 
House  II.  iii.  29  The  quest's  soft,  plaintive  lullaby.  ,870 
M.  COLLINS  Vivian  II.  iii.  35  As  pensive  as  a  quoist. 

attrib.  ,653  URQUHART  Rabelais  n.  xxvii,  The  homes  of 
a  roebuck ..  the  feet  of  foure  queest-doves. 

(3.  1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  n.  244/2  The  Stock  Dove.. 
is  also  termed  by  us  a  Quees  or  Quiese.  ,882  W.  Wore. 
Gloss.,  Qneece.  ,895  B'ltam  Weekly  Post  16  Feb.  4/8 
A  wood-pigeon,  or  '  quice  ',  as  it  is  commonly^  called. 

collect.  ,896  Westm.  Gaz.  ,2  May  4/1  Sitting  with  his 
gun  waiting  for  quoice.  The  quoice  were  disappointing. 

Queet,  var.  COOT  sb.-,  ankle-joint.  Queethe, 
var.  QUETHE  v.  Queeziness,  obs.  f.  QUEASI- 
NESS.  Queff,  Quegh,  varr.  QUAIGH.  Quehen, 
obs.  f.\\'HEN.  Quehte,  obs.  pa.  t.  of  QUETCH  v. 
Queich,  var.  QUAIGH,  QUEACH.  Queif,  obs.  Sc. 
f.  COIF.  Queijte,  obs.  pa.  t.  of  QUETCH  ». 

t  Quermish,  a.  (also  5  qweymows),  obs.  var. 
SQUEAMISH,  q.v.  Hence  Quermishly  adv. 

a  ,485  Promp.  Pan*.  419/2  (MS.  S.)  Qweymows,  infra  in 
skeymowse,  or  sweynlows,  abliominativus.  1594  CHAP 
MAN  Shailoiu  Nig ht,  Ded.  Aij,  Theyqueimishliecommende 
it  for  a  pretie  toy. 

Queine,  obs.  f.  QUEAN,  QUEEN.  Queint,  obs. 
f.  QUAINT  a. ;  obs.  pa.  pple.  of  QUENCH  ;  var. 
QUENT  v.  Queintise,  etc. :  see  QUAINT-.  Queir, 
obs.  Sc.  f.  CHOIR.  Queist,  var.  QUEEST.  Queit, 
obs.  f.  QUOIT  sb.  Queite,  obs.  pa.  t.  of  QUETCH  v. 
Queith. :  see  QUETHE  sb.  and  v. 

t  Quek,  qneke.  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure 
origin.]  A  chequer  or  chess-board ;  some  game 
played  on  this.  Also  Queke-board. 

[1376  in  Riley  Lend.  Mem.  (1868)  395  A  pair  of  tables  on 
the  outside  of  which  was  painted  a  chequer-board  that  is 
called  a  'quek'.     The  complainants  played  with  the  de 
fendant  Nicholas  at  quek.]  ,426LvDG.  DeGuil.  Pilgr.  11198 
Rede  . .  On  thyng  that  ys  nat  worth  a  lek ;  Pleye  at  the 
keyles  £  the  quek.      ,477  Act  17  Edw.  IV,  c.  3  Diversez 
novelx  ymaginez  jeuez  appellez  Cloishe  Kaylez  half  kewle 
Hondyn  &  Hondoute  &  Quekeborde.     a  1500  in  Freeman 
Exeter  (1887)  161  Yongpeple.  .within  the  said  cloistrehave 
exercised  unlawful  games  as  the  toppe,  queke,  penny  prykke. 
Quek,  var.  of  QUECK  v.1  Obs. 
Quek(e,  obs.  forms  of  QUICK. 
f  Queke,  int.  Obs.  rare  -'.    [Cf.  Dn.  kweken  to 
quack.]     An  imitation  of  the  note  of  a  goose. 

ci38,  CHAUCER  Parl.  Foules  (Harl.  MS.)  594  $a  queke 
yit  saide  the  goos  ful  wele  &  faire. 
Queken,  -yn,  obs.  forms  of  QUICKEN  v. 
Quelcll  (kwelj,  -tj~),  v.  rare.     Also  7  quelsh. 
[Related  to  SQUELCH  as  quash,  quat  to  squash, 
squat.]     intr.  and  trans.  To  squelch. 

,659  WOOD  Lije  31  July  (O.  H.  S.)  I.  280  Some  hang 
swinging  on  the  gallery  . .  and  then  come  quelshing  downe 
on  people's  heads.  ,866  BLACKMORE  Cradock  Noivell xxxvi. 
(1883)  219  With  the  water  quelching  in  his  boots.  1896 
A.  J.  C.  HARE  Life  II.  x.  277  Any  good  opinion  of  me  . . 
was  quelched  by  my  want  of  admiration. 
Queldepoynte  :  see  QUILTPOINT. 
t  Quele,  v.  Obs.  [OE.  cwelan  =  OS.  qttelan 
to  die  a  violent  death  (MDu.  quelen  to  suffer,  be 
ill),  OHG.  quelen  (MHG.  queln)  :-OTeut.  *hvel- 
an  from  root  *kivel- :  see  QUELL  v.]  To  die. 

c  ,000  Saxon  Leechd.  III.  272  Swa  swa  fixas  cwelaS  syf 
hi  of  waetere  beo5.    CII75  Lamb.  Ham.  in  Du  gederast 
mare  &  mare,  &  men  cwelaS  on  hungre.    c  ,205  LAY.  31815 
MorS  wes  iwuroen ;  quelen  pa  eorles,  quelen  ba  beornes 
[etc.].    01250  Proi'.  /Elfred  155  in  O.  E.  Misc.  112  pat  he 
may.  .god  iqueme  er  he  quele. 
Quele,  obs.  north,  form  of  WHEEL. 
t  Quelet,  quylet(e.  Obs.  rare.     [a.  OF.  cueil- 
lete,  cuillette,  etc.:   see  CULET!.]     A  gathering, 
collection ;  congregation. 

,382  WYCLIF  Lev.  xxiii.  36  It  is  forsothe  of  companye,  and 
of  quelet.  —  Dent.  xvi.  8  The  quylet  of  the  Lord  thi  God. 
1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.  Priv.  Priv.  vii.  136  There  shall 
noone  quylete  of  auere,  ne  no  hepe  of  tresure  . .  make  his 
roialme  ayeyne  come. 

Quelk-chose,  var.  quelque-chose  KICK-SHAW. 

Quell  (kwel),  sb^  rare.  [f.  QUELL  z/.i]  Slay 
ing,  slaughter ;  power  or  means  to  quell. 

c  ,420  Antursof  Artk. 49  (Douce  MS.)  Withe  gret  questes 

and  quelles  Bothe  in  frethes  and  felles.     ,543  GRAFTON 

I    Contn.  Harding  518  Through  al  the  tyme  of  hys  v.surped 


QUELL  z>.-]     A  spring,  fountain. 

,894  'G.EGERTON  '  Discords  213  She  was .  .the  quell  of  living 
waters  out  of  which  he  drew  fresh  strength  for  new  lays. 

Quell  (kwel),  z».1  Forms:  i  owellan,  (owoel- 
lan),  3  cwelle,  -enn  ;  3-4  quellen,  (5  qvellyn), 
3-5  quelle,  5  qweU\e,  whell(e,  4,  6  quel,  4- 
quelL  Pa.  t.  I  cwealde,  3  qualde,  quolde,  (//. 
cwelden,  owaldenn,  qualden),  3-4  queld(e; 
4-  quelled,  (4  -id,  6  Sc.  -it,  -yt).  Pa.  pple.  3 
i-queld,  4  quelt,  6  queld,  4-  quelled,  (5  -et). 
[OE.  cwejlan  =  OS.  qttellian  (MDu.  quellen,  Du. 
twelkit),  OHG.  quellen,  chellen  (MHG.  quellen 
queln,  etc.  G.  qudlen),  ON.  kvclja  (Svv.  qvdlja, 
Da.  kvsele) :— OTeut.  *kwaljan,  causative  from  the 
I  root  kwal- :  see  QUALE,  QUELE.] 

1.  trans.   To  kill,  slay,  put  to  death,  destroy 
(a  person  or  animal).     Now  rare  or  Obs.  (in  later 
j   use  associated  with  sense  3"). 

1:897  K.  /ELFRED  Gregory's  Past.  xlv.  342  Swelce  hwa 
wille  blotan  oasm  faeder.  .his  a^en  beam,  &  hit  Sonne  cwelle 
beforan  his  eajum.  criooo  .rKLFRic  Exod.  xxix.  16  ponne 
bu  hine  cwelst,  bit  nyrnst  his  blod.  c  1205  LAY.  1752  Heo 
qualden  [c  1275  cwelden]  pa  Frensce  alle  ba  heo  funden. 
c  1250  Death  14  in  O.  E.  Misc.  168  pe  feond  penche5  iwis  be 
sawle  forto  cwelle  [v.  r.  quelle].  £,350  IVill.  Palerne  179 
Briddes  &  smale  bestes  wi}>  his  bow  he  quelles.  a  ,400-50 
Alexander  1307  He.  .Bretens  doun  all  be  bild  X  be  bernys 
quellis  [v.  r.  whellis].  c  ,510  BARCLAY  Mirr.  Gd.  Manners 
(1570)  D  vj,  If  he  be  much  cruell  which  doth  his  body  quell 
Who  killeth  his  owne  soule  is  much  more  cruell.  ,598 
HAKLUVT  Voy.  I.  20  Like  barbarous  miscreants,  they 
quelled  virgins  vnto  death.  1658  J.  JONES  Ovid's  Ibis  93 
Cassandrus  . .  was  by  his  subjects  quelled  with  earth.  1791 
COWPER  Iliad  v.  128  Yet  him  the  dart  Quell'd  not.  18,7 
BYRON  Manfred  n.  i.  85,  I  never  quell'd  An  enemy,  save  in 
my  just  defence. 

absol.  1397  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  885  pis  king..bigan  berne 
&  quelle.  1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  v.  i.  292  O  Fates.  .Quaile, 
crush,  conclude,  and  quell. 

t  b.  To  dash  out,  knock  down.  (Cf.  KILL  v. 
i.)  Obs.  rare. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  iv.  18  (46)  They  fyghte . .  And  with 
here  axes  out  be  braynes  quelle.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot. 
1.636  With  monyknok :  the  Romanes  doun  tha  quell.  11,550 
Cliristis  Kirke  Gr.  xxi,  The  carlis  with  clubbis  coud  udir 
quell  Quhyle  blude  at  breistis  out  bokkit. 
c.  To  kill,  destroy  (a  plant).  rare~l. 

1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  6  June  1775  A  dry 
summer,  no  doubt,  quells  the  roots. 

2.  To  destroy,  put  an  end  to,  suppress,  extin 
guish,  etc.  (a  thing  or  state  of  things,  esp.  a  bad 
or  disagreeable  one,  a  feeling,  disposition,  etc.). 

13.  .Galu.  <5-  Gr.  Knt.  751  pat  syre  bat  . .  was  borne  oure 
baret  to  quelle.  a  ,400  Ipotis  334  in  Horstm.  A  Itfngl.  Leg. 
(1881)  345  He  wente  to  helle,  pe  fendes  pou.-te  for  to  quelle. 
1591  SHAKS.  Tivo  Gent.  iv.  ii.  13  All  her  sodaine  quips,  The 
least  whereof  would  quell  a  louers  hope.  ,650  FULLER 
Pisgah  n.  iv.  103  Here  some  Commentators  being  not  able 
to  quell,  never  raise  this  objection.  ,678  Trans.  Crt.  Spain 


FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq.  (1876)  II.  viii.  173  All  opposition  was 
quelled  by  fire  and  sword. 

3.  To  crush  or  overcome  (a  person  or  thing)  ;  to 
subdue,  vanquish,  reduce  to  subjection  or  sub 
mission  ;  t  to  force  down  to. 

,570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxiii.  124  Thay  did  comfort  vs, 
And  maid  vs  fre  quhen  strangers  did  vs  quell.  16,0  HF.ALEY 
St.  Aug.  City  of  God  650  Pompey  the  great  quelled  them 
first,  and  made  them  tributaries  to  Rome.  ,645  MILTON 
Tetrach.  Wks.  (1847)  178/1  (Gen.  i.  27)  The  want  of  this 
i  quells  them  to  a  servile  sense  of  their  own  conscious  un- 
worthiness.  ,748  GRAY  Alliance  91  With  side-long  plough 
to  quell  the  flinty  ground.  ,838  THIDLWAU.  Greece  IV.  xxxiii. 
320  It  might  enable  him  to  quell  the  revolted  Egyptians. 
,868  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  II.  viii.  297  The  energy 
of  William  had  thus  thoroughly  quelled  all  his  foes. 

absol.  ,853  C.  BRONTE  Villettc  xv,  He  quelled,  he  kept 
down  when  he  could. 

1 4.  intr.   =  QUAIL  v.  2,  QUEAL  v.  Obs. 

,579  SPENSER  S/teph.  Cal.  Mar.  8  Winters  wrath  beginnes 
to  quell  [gloss,  to  abate],  a  1599  —  F.  Q.  vn.  vii  42  Then 
came  old  January  wrapped  well ..  Yet  did  he  quake  and 
quiver,  like  to  quell.  ,6,6  SUHFL.  &  MARKH.  Country  Fanne 
,14  Where  ten  thousand  haue  died  for  want  of  this  exercise, 
not  one  hath  quelled  which  hath  beene  vsed  in  this  manner. 

Hence  Quelled///,  a. 

13. .  Gain.  #  Gr.  Knt.  1324  Quykly  of  be  quelled  dere 
a  querre'  pay  maked.  ,821  JOANNA  BAILLIE  Metr.  Leg., 
Wallace  iii,  Her  quell'd  chiefs  must  tamely  bear  From  brag 
gart  pride  the  taunting  jeer. 

^  Quell,  v.-  rare.  [In  first  quot.  app.  repr.  an 
OE.  +cwellan  =  OS.,  OHG.  quellan :  in  second 
quot.  a.  G.  quellen.~\  intr.  To  well  out,  flow. 

,340  Aycnt.  248  pe  welle  eurelestinde  bet  alneway  kuel? 
andfayly  ne  may.  ,863  KINCSLEV  Water-Bat,  i,  Out  of 
a  low  cave.. the  great  fountain  rose,  quelling  and  bubbling. 

Queller  (kwlai).  [OE.  cwellere  -  ON.  kvel- 
jari :  see  QUELL  v.1  and  -ER  1.]  One  who  quells, 
in  senses  of  the  vb. 

Freq.  as  a  second  element  in  combs.,  e.  g.  boy-,  child; 
devil-,  giant-,  manqueller. 


QUELLING. 

1:900  tr.  Bxda's  Hist.  \.  vii.  (1890)  38  Se  sylfa  cwellere  ?e 
hine  slean  sceolde.  c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  Mark  vi.  27  Se 
cinincg..sende£enne  cwellere.  c  1290. V.  .£«£•.  £?£•.  I.  37/116 
[To]  loste  be  quellare  he  was  bi-take.  1388  WYCLIF  Tol'it 
iii.  9  Thou  sleeresse  [v.  r.  quellere]  o_f  thin  hosebondis.  c  1520 
BARCLAY  Jugurtha  (ed.  2)  48  The  ioye  of  the  quellars  and 
murderers.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  633  Hail  Son  of  the  most 
High.. Queller  of  Satan.  1804  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  II. 
210  The  promoters  and  quellers  of  the  Wexford  insurrection. 
1881  SEELEY  Bonaparte  in  Macm.  Mag.  XLIV.  168/2  The' 
queller  of  Jacobinism . .  Bonaparte. 

Quelling  (kwe-lirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  QUELL  z/.l  + 
-ING  '.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  QUELL. 

1197  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  5996  Brenningge  &  robberye  & 
quelllnge.  1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  xiu.  ill.  116  All  the  fludis 
walxynreid.  .Of  mannis  quelling.  I0nOwZN^VM£n»taArrtf 
(1891)  91  The  fallinge  of  the  earth  and  the  quellinge  of  the 
poore  people.  1641  HINDE  y.  Britai  xlv.  143  The  killing  or 
quelling  of  many  noysonie  lusts.  1779  HERVEY  Nav.  Hist. 
II.  97  The  quelling  of  Tyrone's  rebellion. 

Quelling  (kwe-lirj),  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  2.]  That  quells,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1581  T.  HOWELL  Denises  (1879)  211  Through  quelling  cares 
that  ^threat  my  woful  wrack.  1602  CAREW  Cornwall  125  b, 
The  imaginary  Prince  receiued  a  quelling  wound  in  his  head. 
1641  MILTON  C/i.  Govt.  \\.  iii,  The  heaviest  and  most  quelling 
tyranny.  1894  MRS.  H.  WARD  Manilla  I.  124  Lord  Max 
well  had  written  him  a  quelling  letter. 

t  Que'llio.  06s.  [ad.  Sp.  cuello  neck,  collar 
:— L.  collum  neck.]  A  Spanish  ruff.  Also  attrib. 

1632  MASSIN'GER  City  Madam  iv.  iv,  Your  Hungerland 
bands,  and  Spanish  quellio  ruffs.  1633  SHIRLEY  Triumph 
Peace  9,  I  ha'  scene . .  Baboones  in  Quellios,  and  so  forth. 
1638  FORD  Lady's  Trial  n.  i,  Our  rich  mockado  doublet, 
With  our  cut  cloth-of-gold  sleeves,  and  our  quellio. 

tQuelm,  v.  06s.  [OE.  cwelman,  cwiejnian 
(  =  OS.  quelmian  once  in  Hel.),  f.  cwealm  QUALM.] 
trans.  To  torment ;  to  kill,  destroy. 

1:825  fesf.  Psalter  xxxvi.  n  Benedon  bo^an  his.  .3x1  hie 
cwaelmen  Sa.  rehtheortan.  971  Blickl.  Ham.  63  Judas  nu 
is  cwylmed  . .  on  bsem  ecum  witum.  a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter 
xxxvi.  14  He  bent  his  bowe.  .bathe,  .quelm  rightwis  of  hert. 

Hence  f  Que'lmer,  a  destroyer.   Obs. 

1:1415  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  709  Quelmers  of  chyldren, 
with  fornycatours. 

f  Quelme,  obs.  variant  of  WHELM. 

1647  H.  MORE  Song  o/Sonl  I.  I.  xxv,  So  School-boyes  do 
aspire  With  coppell'd  hat  to  quelme  the  Bee. 

Quelp,  obs.  f.  WHELP.  Quelque-chose : 
see  KICKSHAW.  Quelt,  obs.  f.  KILT  sb. 

t  Queme,  sb.  Obs.  Also  2-3  oweme,  5  wheme. 
[App.  subst.  use  of  next.]  Pleasure,  satisfaction. 
Chiefly  in  plir.  to  queme,  so  as  to  please  or  satisfy  ; 
also,  to  take  to  queine,  to  accept. 

c  "75  Lamb. Horn.  23  Ne  bu  ne  mijt  beon  wel  iscrifen  god 
almihti  to  cweme.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  1064  (Gott.)  Godd 
toke  to  queme  his  sacrefis.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace 
(Rolls)  2018  Of  alle  scheo  was  most  til  his  queme.  a  1400 
Minor  Poems  fr.  fernon  MS.  624/444,  '  was  cros  to  monnes 
quemus.  c  1460  To'.vnclcy  Myst.  vii.  62  Thou  shall  ..  seme 
to  wheme  God  with  all  thi  hart. 

Queme,  a.  Obs.  exc.  north,  dial.  Forms :  | 
a.  3  oweme,  3-5  queme,  4-5  quern,  5  qwem(e,  j 
6  queeme,  7-8  Sc.  quim,  9  Sc.  queem.  j8.  north. 
5  wheme,  7  wheeme,  7-9  wheam,  wheem,  8-9 
whim,  9  weam,  weme.  [ME.  cweme,  queme,  repr. 
OE.  *cwt'me  (cf.  cw&iian,  civifmites),  or  zectuinie 
I-QUEME  =  ON.  kvxm-r  (MSw.  qvani)  :  cf.  OHG. 
piqtutmi  (MHG.  bequxme,  G.  bequem  =  MDn. 
beqttame,  Du.  bekwaani).  The  stem  kwxmi- 
belongs  to  the  ablaut-series  of  the  vb.  COME  :  for 
the  sense  cf.  Goth  gaqimil  it  is  fitting,  Eng. 
BECOME  v.  7ff.,  and  L.  convenire.] 

1 1.  Pleasing,  agreeable,  acceptable  to  a  person. 
(In  early  nse  with  dat.  of  person.)  Obs. 


sulde  we  . .  sen  Quilc  gure  sal  god  quemest  benY  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  26559  To  deme  quic  and  ded  als  him  es  queme. 
c  "375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  1.  (Katharine)  29  Quha  sacrifice  mad 
till  hym  quern,  c  1460  To-.vneley  Myst.  i.  42  This  warke  to 
me  is  queme. 

b.  Of  pleasing  appearance ;  specious;  beautiful, 
fair ;  neat,  tidy. 

aiynCnrsor  M.  28128,  I  ..sayd  my  scryft  wit  wordes 
queme  pat  my  syn  he  lesse  suld  seme.  13. .  E.  E.  Allit. 
P.  B.  1178  Me  payed  ful  ille  to  be  outfleme  ..  Fro  alle  bo 
sy^tez  so  quykez  &  queme.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  6203  The 
whelis  full  wheme,  all  of  white  aumber,  1:1450  Mironr 
Saluacioun  2892  A  newe  grave  fulle  qweme.  1883  Almondb. 
<r  Httdttersf.  Gloss,  i  Iff  aw,  weme, ..  tidy  ..'A  nice  little 
weme  packet '. 

c.  dial.   Closed  against  or  protected  from   the 
wind,  snug  ;  unruffled,  smooth. 

1674-91  RAY  N..C.  Words,  Wheam,  wheem,  near,  close, 
so  as  no  wind  can  enter  it.  1830  Martnaideii  o'  Clyde  in 
Whitelaw  Bk.  Sc.  Ballads  (1874)  93/2  Whan  the  year 
grown  auld  brings  winter  cauld  We  flee  till  our  ha's  sae 
queem.  1824  MACTAGGART  Gallovid.  Encycl.  (1876)  391 
Dream  ^that  the  ocean's  queem. 

2.  Fit,  fitting,  suitable ;  convenient,  handy ; 
near  at  hand,  close.  Const,  to  or  dative. 

a  1300  Cursor  Jlf.  8734  Sai  me  nu  quat  yow  thine  queme. 
Ibid.  8809  pe  tre  was  a'ls  mete  and  quern,  Als  animan  bar-to 
cuth  deme.  01400-50  Alexander  5078  [A  way]  bat  to  be 
marche  of  Messedone  was  him  mast  qweme.  1570  LEVINS 
Manip.  60/15  Queeme,  xqttus,  compur.  1674-91  RAY  N.-C. 
Words,  Wheam,  wheem,  . .  very  handsome  and  convenient 
for  one.  1812  T.  WILKINSON  Death  of  Roger  in  Gilpin 


Poetry  Cumberl.  206  How  wheem  to  Matty's  elbow  draws 
his  chair.    1882  Lancash.  Gloss. ,  Wheem,  handy,  convenient. 
3.  Of  persons :    t  a.  Friendly  or   well-disposed 
{to},  intimate  (with}.  Obs. 

c  1325  Melr.  Hom.  20  That  he  be  ti!  us  quern  that  day. 
t:  1400  Destr.  Troy  1763  To  qwit  claym  all  querels,  &  be 
qweme  fryndes.  c  1440  Bone  l''lor.  ^5  They  lefte  a  burges 
feyre  and  w  heme,  All  ther  schyppys  for  to  yeme.  a  1687 
M«WAKD  Contend.  262  (Jam.)  They  shall  fall  . .  into  an 
intimacy  with  the  malignant  enemies  to  the  work  of  God, 
and  grow  quim  and  cosh  with  them.  1731  Plain  Reasons 
Presbyt.  Dissent.  53  Quim  and  cosh  with  them. 

b.  Quiet,  still,  etc. 

c  '375  -i'r.  Leg.  Saints  v.  (>/<«!  324  Sa  bu  wil  bis  folk  mak 
quern.. I  sal  sone  consent  bar-to.  1873  S-Miledale  Gloss., 
Wheem,  smooth,  demure,  still,  slyly  quiet,  mock-modest. 
1883  Almoiuit.  f;  Huddersf.  Gloss ,  Weam  or  Weme,  quiet 
. . '  A  weme  woman  in  a  house  is  a  jewel '. 

t  c.  Skilled,  clever ;  smart,  active.     Obs.  rar.e. 
c  1400  Destr.  Troy  4202  Who  is  now  so  qweme  or  qwaint 
of  his  wit,  T  hat  couthe  mesure  our  might.     1611  COTGR., 
A droit, . .  Handsome,  nimble,  wheeme,  readieor  quicke  [etc.]. 
1 4.  As  atlv.  =  QUEMELY.     Obs.  rare, 
c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints^  vi.  (Thomas)  180  And  }e  be  bidding 
5eme  of  be  apostil  wel  &  queme.     1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  ix. 
xii.  6  He  thristis  to  the  levys  of  the  jet,  And  closit  queym 
the  entre. 

t  Queme,  v.  Obs.  Forms:  i  eweman,  3 
eweme(n,  -enu;  2-3  quemen,  (4-5  -yn),  3-6,  8 
queme,  (4  quern,  quime,  kueme),  5-6  queeme, 
(5  ^w-) ;  3-5  qweme,  (5  qwh-,  wh-).  Pa.  t. 
i  quemde,  1-3  cwemde,  3  cwemmde,  quern-, 
quamede,  4  quemed,  (5  -et,  6  Sc.  -it).  Pa. 
pple.  3  cwemedd,  cwemmd,  3-5  quemed,  (5 
-yd).  [OE  ciutman  (  =  j^ccwtman  I-QI-EME  v.) 
f.  (ge~,cw/!me  adj. ;  see  prec.  and  cf.  MSw.  qvamma, 
qvemma,  G.  biqutmen  (f.  bequem  adj.).] 

1.  Of  persons :  To  please,  gratify  (another,  esp. 
a  superior) ;   to  act  so  as  to  please  (one).     Orig. 
const,  with  dat.  or  to,  later  with  objective  case. 

11750  Blickl.  Glosses  13  in  O.  E.  Texts  123  Conplacebam, 
quemde.  (-897  K.  /ELI-RED  Gregory's  Past.  xix.  146  Daet  ic 
monnum  cweme  &  licije.  c  1175  Lamb.  Hom.  67  }ef  bu  |>us 
dost,  .bu  quemest  god.  1:1250  Gen.  fy  Ex.  1380  Him..WiS 
watres  drinc  ghe  quemede  wel.  1340  Ayenb.  26  To.  .do  bet 
kuead,  uor  to  kueme  kuead-liche  to  be  wordle.  c  1374 
CHAUCER  Troylus  v.  695  My  fader  nyl  . .  do  me  grace  . .  for 
ought  _I  kan  hym  queme.  1496  Dives  $  Paup.  (W.  de  W.) 
Vlli.  xiv.  342/1  We  haue  not  gyuen  hym  ne  wherwith  to 
queme  hym  but  that  we  take  of  hym.  [1530  PALSGR.  676/2, 
/  queme,  ..  This  worde  is  nowe  out  of  use.] 

absol.  c  1275  Moral  Ode  96  in  O.  E.  Misc.,  Hwat  schulle 
we  beren  vs  bi-voren  ;  Mid  hwan  schulle  we  queme.  a  1300 
E.  E.  Psalter  Iii.  6  God  skatered  banes  of  ba  Unto  men  fat 
qwemes  swa. 

2.  Of  things :  a.  To  please,  to  be  acceptable  or 
agreeable  to  (a  person).     Const,  as  prec. 

a  1000  Sal.  <y  Sat.  (Gr.)  165  Nseni^  man  scile  oft  orSances 
ut  abredan  waepnes  ecgje,  5eah  3e  him  se  wlite  cweme. 
111225  Ancr.  R.  338  Seruises  inedde  ne  cwemeS  nout  ure 
Louerde.  1:1330  R.  BRUXNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  578  py 
dom  vsalle  quemes.  1390  GOWF.R  Conf.\\.  273  Every  newe 
love  quemeth  To  him  which  newefongel  is.  1447  BOKENHAM 
Seyntys  (Roxb.)  196  Tyl  it  hym  queme  To  returnyn  ageyn. 
a  1500  How  the  good  wife  etc.  in  Hazlitt  E.  P.  P.  I.  188 
A  dede  wele  done  herte  it  whemyth.  1579  SPENSER  Sheph. 
Cal.  May  15  Such  merimake  holy  Saints  doth  queme  [gloss. 
please],  1602  DAVISON  Rhapsody  (1611)  53  Like  peerlesse 
pleasures  wont  us  for  to  queeme. 

b.  To  be  suitable  or  fittingyi;/-.     rare~^. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  3404  Paris  . .  Worshippit  bat  worthy  in 
wedys  full  riche  As  qwemet  for  a  qwene. 

3.  trans.  To  satisfy,  appease,  mitigate,     rare. 

c  1250  Gen.  tf  Ex.  408  Swilc  tiding  5hugte  adam  god,  And 
sumdel  quemeS  it  his  seri  mod.  Ibid.  978  At  a  welle  quemede 
hire  list.  1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  (1494)  i.  xxiii.  125  All  the 
worlde  outcneth  of  vs  tweyn  Whos  hatful  ire  by  vs  may 
nat  be  quemyd. 

4.  To  join  or  fit  closely.  Sc.  rare. 

1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  in.  Ixvii,  And  thame  [the  stones] 
coniunctlie  jonit  fast  and  quemit.  1808-80  JAMIESON,  To 
Queem,  to  fit  exactly;  as,  to  queem  the  mortice,  or  joint 
in  wood.  Upp.  Lanarks. 

5.  To  slip  in.     rare — °. 

1727  BAILEY  vol.  II,  To  Queme,  as  to  queme  a  Thing  into 
one's  Hand,  to  put  it  in  privately. 

Hence  f  Quemed///.  a. ;  f  Que-ming  vbl.  sb. 

cti$oGen.  ff  Ex.  86  Til  ihesus  crist  fro  helle  nam  His 
quemed  wid  cue  and  adam.  a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  cxlvi.  10 
Noght  . .  in  schines  of  man  queming  bes  him  tille.  1340 
Ayenb.  26  pe  ilke  ssame  comb  of  kueade  kuemynge.  c  1440 
Promp.  Parv.  420/1  Qwetnynge,  or  peesynge,  pacificacio. 

tQue'meful,     a.      Obs.      Also     quemful(l,    > 
qwem-,   qweemeful.      [f.    QUEME   sb.  +  -FUL.] 
Pleasing,  pleasant,  agreeable ;  kind,  gracious. 

111340  HAMPOLE  Psalter,  Cant.  499  Dwelland  out  tharof. 
psalme  is  noght  quemeful  til  ihu  crist.  1388  WYCLIE  Job 
xxxiii.  26  God.  .schal  be  quemeful  to  hym. 

Hence  t  Qne-mefnlly  adv.  Obs.  rare—*. 

£'375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  i.  (Katltarint)  1204  To  leyd  oure 
lyff  sa  quemfully  till  hyme,  bat  we  ma  cum.  .to  bat  loy. 

Que-mely,  adv.   lObs.     Also  5  qwem-,  8 
wheem-,  whim-,   9   queem-.     [f.  QUEME  a.  + 
-IT2.      Cf.   MSw.  qvamelika]      In    a    pleasing, 
agreeable,   or  becoming  manner ;    neatly,   gently,  • 
smoothly,  etc. 

c  1380  WVCLIF  Sena..  Sel.  Wks.  II.  361  No  bing  is  more 
resonable  ban  to  quemely  serve  God.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy 
11783 The golde  was  all  gotyn,&  the  grete  sommes.  .qwemly 
lo-gedur.  1:1475  RanfCoifyart,§i  The  flure..couerit  full 
clene,  Cummand  fra  the  Cornellis  closand  quemely.  1703 " 


QUENCH. 

THORI-.SBY  Let.  to  Ray  (E.D.S.),  Wheemly.  neatly.  1788 
W.  MARSHALL  I'orksh.  Gloss.  (E.D.S.),  Whimly,  softly, 
silently,  or  with  little  noise.  1824  MACTAGGAUT  GaUmild. 
Encycl.  s.v.  Queem,  '  The  gled  glides  qucemly  alang  ' ;  the 
kite  glides  smoothly  along. 

So  fQue-meness,  pleasure, satisfaction.  Obs.rare. 
cyx>  tr.  Bxda's  Hist.  I.  xvi.  [xxvii.]  (1890)  82  Cwemnis 
uncysta.     c  1200  Trin.   Coll.  Hom.  55   Ne  nuige  we  noht 
singe  be  blissfullc  songes.  .gode  to  quemnesse. 
Quen,  obs.  form  of  QUEEN,  WHEN. 
Quenee,  obs.  form  of  QUENCH,  QUINCE. 
Quench,  obs.  variant  of  QUINCE. 
Quench,  sb.    rare.     [f.  the   vb.]     The  act   of 
quenching ;  the  state  or  fact  of  being  quenched. 

1529  MORE  pyaloge  It.  Wks.  184/1  [To]  lye  and  smolder 
as  coles  doth  in  quenche.  1546  J.  HEYWOOD  Prw.  (1867)  9 
A  whyle  kepe  we  in  quenche  All  this  Case,  c  1611  CHAPMAN 
Iliad  xix.  365  A  harmful!  fire  let  runne  . .  none  came  To 
Kjue  it  quench.  1818  'I'.  BKOWN  in  Welsh  Life  vi.  (18251  389 
'1  he  quench  Of  hope  . .  Made  even  the  ghastly  change  . . 
Seem  ghastlier. 

Quench,  (kwenj),  v.  Forms  :  3  Orm.  owenn- 
kenn,  3-5  quenohen,  3-6  quenche,  4-  quench, 
(also  4-5  qwench,  whench,  5  quynehe,  6 
quenoe,  -she,  7  queush).  Pa.  t.  3  cweu(ch)te, 
quein(c)te,  5  queynte,  6  qwent ;  4-  quenched 
(4-5  -id,  -yd).  Pa.  pple.  3  Orm.  cwer.ukedd, 
(-enn),  4  ykuenet  (-Jt1,  -quenet,  4-5  '.i)queynt, 
(5  yqueynte),  4-6  queint,  quaynt,  6  quent ; 
4-  quenched  (4-5  -id,  5  -yd}.  [Early  ME. 
cwcnken,  quenchen  :— OE.  *cwyican  (cf.  acwyican 
AQUENCH)  :  —  *ciuancjan,  causative  form  corre 
sponding  to  the  strong  vb.  cwincan  (acwincaii) 
to  go  out,  be  extinguished  =  Fris.  kiuinka  (see 
QUINKLE):  cf.  drench,  drink.} 

I.  trans.  1.  To  put  out,  extinguish  (fire,  flame, 
or  light,  lit.  or  Jig:),  f  Also  with  out.  Now  rhet. 
a  izoo  Moral  Ode  249  pet  fur.  .ne  mei  nawiht  hit  quenchen. 
c  1200  ORMIN  10126  Waterr  hafebb  mahht  To  sleckenn  fir  & 
cwennkenn.  c  1320  Cast.  Love  1708  Fyre  that  may  not  be 
queynte.  1340  Ayenb.  186  Huanne  hit  faileb,  bet  uer  is 
y-kuenct.  _  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  ng  ,if  ^e  li^t  is 
l-queynt,  it  dujipeb  doun  and  dryncheb.  1481  CAXTON 
Myrr.  in.  xiii.  161  In  one  day  alle  the  fyre  tliurgh  out 
Rome  faylled  and  was  quenchid.  1581  RICH  Fareu'.,  I 
..  will  not  . .  extinguishe  or  quence  the  flames  of  so  fervent 
and  constaunte  a  Jove.  1604  E.  G[HIMSTONK]  D'  Acostas 
Hist.  Indies  HI.  viii.  142  Greene  wood .  .smoakes  most  when 
the  flame  js  quenched.  1622  MASSINGLR  &  DEKKER  Virg. 
Klart.  II.  iii,  O  !  my  admired  mistress,  quench  not  out  The 
holy  fires  within  you.  1713  BERKELEY  <iuardian  No.  35 
F  5  He  had  almost  quenched  that  light  which  his  Creator 
had  set  up  in  his  soul.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  111.  xi, 
Quench  thou  his  light,  Destruction  dark  !  1880  MRS.  FOR 
RESTER  Ray  ff  V.  I.  49  A  tear  comes  into  either  eye  and 
quenches  the  fire  there. 

b.  To  put  out,  extinguish,  the  fire  or  flame  of 
(something  that  burns  or  gives  light,  lit.  m  fig.}. 
•(•Also  with  away.  out.     Now  only  rhet. 

1382  WYCLIF  2  Chron.  xxix.  7  Thei  ..  quencheden  the 
lanterns.  1382  —  Isa.  xlii.  3  Flax  smokende  he  shal  not 
quenchen.  1382  —  l-.ph.  vi.  16  5e  mown  quenche  alle  the 
firy  dartis  of  the  worste  enmye.  1413  Pilgr.  .^cnule  n.  Ixi. 
(1859)  58  Wax  smelleth  wors  after  it  is  ijuenchid,  than 
doth  any  talowe.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  iv.  li.  60  The  lycht 
of  day  Ay  mair  and  mair  the  mone  quenchit  away.  1548 
UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Matt.  xii.  71  He  wyll  not  quenche 
out  the  smokyng  flaxe.  1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  11.  i.  15  The 
winde-shak'd-Surge  . .  Seemes  to  . .  quench  the  Guards  of 
th'euer-fixed  Pole.  [1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xn.  492  Able  to 
resist  Satans  assaults,  and  quench  his  fierie  darts.]  1810 
SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  in.  xi,  The.. points  of  Sparkling  Wood 
He  quenched  among  the  bubbling  blood.  1853  C.  BRONTE 
Villette  xxii,  There  stood  the  candle  quenched  on  the 
drawers.  1870  MORRIS  Earthly  Par.  I.  i.  392  As  she 
turned . .  To  quench  the  lamp. 

c.  To  destroy  the  sight  or  light  of  (the  eye). 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  III.  25  These  eyes,  that  rowle  in  vain. . 

So  thick  a  drop  serene  hath  quencht  thir  Orbs.  1793  5. 
ROGERS  Pleas.  Mem.  11.  137  When  age  has  quenched  the 
eye  and  closed  the  ear.  1850  MRS.  BROWNING  Lam.  for 
Adonis  ii,  His  eyeballs  lie  quenched. 

2.  To  extinguish  (heat  or  warmth,  lit.  oryf^-.) 
by  cooling.  •(•  Also  with  out. 

1406  HOCCLEVE  La  Male  Regie  135  Heuy  purs,  with 
herte  liberal,  Qwenchith  the  thirsty  hete  of  hertes  drie. 
1:1410  —  Mother  of  God  28  That  al  the  hete  of  brennyng 
Leccherie  He  qwenche  in  me.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  IV. 
Pro!.  119  Heit  ..  in  to  agit  fail^eis,  and  is  out  quent.  1604 
E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  III.  ix.  150  A 
kinde  of  cold  so  piercing,  that  it  quencheth  the  vitall  heate. 
1884  TENNYSON  Becket  n.  ii,  Pity,  my  lord,  that  you  have 
quenched  the  warmth  of  France  toward  you. 

b.  To  cool  (a  heated  object)  by  means  of  cold 
water  or  other  liquid. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth,  De  P.  R.  vn.  xxxv.  (1495)  250 
Gotes  mylke  in  the  whyche  stones  of  ryuers  ben  quenchyd. 
1460-70  Bk.  Quintessence  7  panne  quenche  5oure  florcyn 
in  be  beste  whist  wiyn.  1584  COGAN  Haven  Health  x. 
(1636)  34  [Rice],  .boyled  in  Milke  wherein  hot  stones  have 
beene  quenched.  1612  WOODALL  Sttrg:  Mate  Wks.  (1653) 
358  Hot  Bricks,  somewhat  quenched  with  water.  1747 
WESLEY  Prim.  Physic  (1762!  61  Quench  it  in  half  a  Pint  of 
French  white  Wine.  1826  SCOTT  Woodst.  \,  Was  the  steel 
quenched  with  water  from  Rosamond's  well. 
fig.  1719  YOUNG  Parafhr.  Job  Wks.  1757  I.  208  Who  can 
refresh  the  burning  sandy  plain,  And  quench  the  summer 
with  a  waste  of  rain  ? 

t  c.  To  slake  (lime).     Obs.  rare. 

1577  HARRISON  England  n.  xii.  (1877)  I.  234  The  white 
lime. .being  quenched.  1643  J.  STEER  tr.  Exp.  Chyrurg.  \. 
3  When  Lymc  is  quenched.. it  is.. heated. 


QTJENCHABLE. 

3.  transf.  To  put  an  end  to,  stifle,  suppress  (a 
feeling,  act,  condition,  quality,  or  other  non-mate 
rial  thing,  in  early  use  chiefly  something  bad). 

c  1200  ORMIN  491 1  All  idell  ?ellp  &  idell  ros  bu  cwennkesst. 
c  \yf,Soni>s oj 'Mercy'm E.  E.P.  (1862)  120,  I  whenched  al  bi 
care,  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Citron.  Waee  ( Rolls)  16357  Louerd  ! 
bou  quenche  his  wykkednesse.  1494  FABYAN  Citron,  v. 
xci.  67  In  thyse  Prouynces  the  faythe  of  Criste  was  all 
quenchyd.  1545  BRINKLOW  Conifl.  iii.  (1874)  16  How 
mercifully  dyd  God  quench  the  fury  of  the  peple.  1632 
LITHGOW  Trav.  in.  84  Quenching  the  least  suspmon  he 
might  conceiue.  1741  YOUNG  tit.  Th.  n.  340  All  god-like 
passion  for  eternals  quencht.  1833  HT.  MAKTINEAU  Loom 
t,  Lugger  n.  v.  81  The  observance  of  this  rule  would  soon 
quench  the  desire  for  protection.  1876  TAIT  KlC.  Adv. 
Phys.  Sc.  vii.  ted.  2)  172  The  final  effect  of  the  tides  in 
stopping  or  quenching  the  earth's  rotation. 

b.  To  slake  (thirst)  completely;  f  rarely,  to 
satisfy  or  dispel  (hunger). 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  201  Thus  the  thurst  of  gold  was 
queynt.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Cold.  Bk.  M.  Aurel.(^if>) 
Dijb,  His  hunger  is  not  thereby  quenched.  1535  COVEK- 
DALE  Ps.  ciii[i).  n  That  the  wylde  asses  maye  quench 
their  thyrste.  1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  f,  Min,  235 
Slickle-backs  ..  serve  better  to  quench  hunger,  than  to 
nourish.  1752  YOUNG  Brothers  IV.  i,  Friends,  sworn  to  . . 
quench  infernal  thirst  in  kindred  blood.  1841  ELPHINSTONE 
Hist.  Ind.  I.  489  Where  they  could  quench  their  thirst  at  a 
well  of  brackish  water. 

fO.  With  personal  object.     Obs.  rare. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  v.  v.  195  Being  thus  quench'd  Of  hope, 
not  longing  [etc.].  1614  B.  JONSON  Earth.  Fair  n.  n.  A 
botle  of  Ale,  to  quench  mee,  Rascal. 

4.  To  destroy,   kill  (a  person);    to  oppress   or 
crush,     t  Also  with  out.     Now  rare. 

c  1200  ORMIN  19632  ^653  wolldenn  himm  forrfarenn  all  & 
cwennkenn.  1:1380  WYCLIF  Sfl.  Wks.  III.  363  He  wi)>  his 
part  bat  loveb  be  world  quenchen  men  bat  speken  bis.  1399 
LANGL.  Rich.  Redeles  in.  327  They  constrewed  quarellis  to 
quenche  the  peple.  1567  Triall  Treas.  (1850'  44,  I,  Tyme, 
.  .quenche  out  the  ungodly,  their  memory  and  fame.  1850 
DOBELL  Roman  iv.  Poet.  Wks.  (1875)  54  Oh  sea,  if  thou 
hast  waves, Quench  him  '.  1859  TENNYSON  I'ivien  216  (67) 
His  greatness  whom  she  quench'd. 

absol.  c  1200  ORMIN  15213  Swillc  iss  winess  kinde,  3iff  . . 
matin  drinnkebb  itt  att  oferrdon,  itt  cwennkebb. 
b.  To  put  down  (in  a  dispute),  to  squash. 

1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Ritdge  ix,  I  knew  I  should  quench 
her,  said  Tim.  1868  Miss  ALCOTT  Little  Women  (1869)  I. 
vi.  94  Jo  quenched  her  by  slamming  down  the  window. 

f  o.  To  destroy  some  quality  of  (a  thing).     Obs. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xvi.  vii.  (1495)  556  Quycke 
syluer  . .  is  quenchyd  wyth  spotyll  whanne  it  is  frotyd 
theiwyth. 

II.  intr.  f  6-  Of  fire,  a  burning  thing,  etc. : 
To  be  extinguished,  to  go  out,  to  cease  to  burn  or 
shine.  Obs. 

c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  19/6  Heore  li^t  queincte  ouer-al. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt.'s  T.  1479  Right  anon  on  of  the 
fires  queinte  . .  And  as  it  queinte,  it  made  a  whisteling. 
1460  Lybt'aits  Disc.  1805  The  torches  that  brende  bryght 
Quenched  anon  ryght.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEncis  iv.  xii.  121 
Thair  with  all  the  naturall  heit  out  quent.  c  1586  C'TESS 
PEMBROKE  I's.  cxx.  iv,  Coales.  .which  quickly  fired,  Flame 
very  hott,  very  hardly  quenching.  1623  FLETCHER  Bloody 
Brother  iv.  iii,  Like  a  false  star  that  quenches  as  it  glides. 
t  b.  transf.  Of  non-material  tilings :  To  come 
to  an  end,  perish,  disappear.  Obs. 

c  1305  St.  Edmund  in  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  74  Quenche 
mi^te  hire  fole  bo}t  mid  blod  bat  heo  schadde.  c  1400  Rom. 
Rose  5324  This  love,  -wole  faile,  and  quenche  anoon.  1641 
MILTON  Reform.  Wks.  1738  I.  16  The  Spirit  daily  quench 
ing  and  dying  in  them. 

t  c.  Of  a  person  :  To  cool  down.     Obs.  rare—1. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  I.  v.  47  Dost  thou  thinke  in  time  She 
will  not  quench,  and  let  instructions  enter  Where  Folly  now 
possesses. 

Hence  Quenched  (kwenJV///.  a.,  extinguished. 

1814  BYRON  Lara  i.  xxix,  Quench'd  existence  crouches  in 
a  grave.  1825  J.  NEAL  Bro.  Jonathan  III.  412  He  could 
not  bear  the  look  of  the  quenched  eyes.  1868  BROWNING 
Ring  if  Bk.  vl.  148  To  relume  the  quenched  flax. 

Quenchable  (kwe-nfab'l),  a.  [f.  prec.  + 
-ABLE.]  That  may  be  quenched. 

1611  COTGR.,  Amortissable,  quenchable, stintable,  dissolue- 
able.  a  1620  J.  DYKE  Sel.  Serm.  (1640)  8  If.  .it  be  a  quench 
able  fire.  1818  SCOTT  Br.  Lamm,  v,  Had  we  thought  that 
your,  .drought  was  quenchable.  1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  II. 
IV.  ix,  Fire  itself  is  quenchable,  yet  only  quenchable  at  first. 

Hence  Que'nchableness  (Bailey  vol.  II.  1727). 

t  Qne/nch-COal.  Obs.  [f.  as  prec.  +  COAL.] 
Something  which  extinguishes  burning  coal.  In 
quots.  fig. :  An  extinguisher. 

1615  S.  WARD  Coalfr.  Altar  Serm.,  etc.  (1862)  71  Zeal 
hath  in  this  our  earthly  mould  little  fuel,  much  quench- 
coal.  1641  SYMONDS  Serin,  bef.  Ho.  Comm.  F  iii  b,  Opinions 
should  not  be  quench-coales  of  love.  1742  J.WiLLisoN  Balm 
o/Gilead  ii.  (1800)  25  Carnal  company  oft  proves  a  dangerous 
quench-coal  to  zeal. 

Quenche,  obs.  form  of  QUINCE. 
Quencher  (kwe-nfai).     [f.   as  prec.  -f  -ER!.] 
One  who,  or  that  which,  quenches. 
c  1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  i.  820  Norysshere  of  verti 


44 

1840  DICKENS  Old  C.Shof  xxxv,  Mr.  Swiveller  replied., 
that  he  was  still  open  to  a  '  modest  quencher  .  1856  T. 
HUGHES  Tom  Brmvn  i.  i,  A  pleasant  public,  whereat  we 
must  really  take  a  modest  quencher.  1857  KINGSLEY  Two 
Y.  Ago  xviii,  Trebooze  . .  now  offers  Tom  a  quencher  ,  as 

VQue-nch-fire.  Obs.  rare-1.  An  apparatus, 
or  substance,  for  extinguishing  fires. 

1667  EVELYN  Diary  10  July,  I  went  to  see  Sir  Sam.  Mor- 
land'sinventionsand  machines,  arithmetical  wheeles.quench- 
fires,  and  new  harp. 

Quenching  (kwe-n/in),  vbl.  sb.    [f.  QUENCH  ». 

+  ING1.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses. 

c  1220  Bestiary  207  Dat  is  soule  drink,  sinnes  quenching. 
<ri29o  5-.  Eng.  Leg  I.  3'5  'sit  f"  is  banne  selde  wetc  to 
maken  quenchingue  of  fuyre.  I3O8TBEVISA  Earth.  De  P.  K. 


~   .  .    .  -  -r =7)  353  II 

Spirit  in  themselves.  1704  F.  FULLER  Med.  Gymii.  (1711) 
)  Liquorice.. was  ever  reputed  by  the  Ancients,  for  the 
greatest  quencher  of  Thirst  in  Nature.  1848  DICKENS 
Dombey  vm,  Mrs.  Pipchin's  presence  was  a  quencher  to  any 
number  of  candles.  1879  H.  N.  HUDSON  Hamltt  Pref.  4 
A  feast  so  overlaid  with  quenchers  of  the  appetite. 

b.  colloii.  Something  to  quench  thirst ;  a  drink. 


yng  out  of  candels.  1664  MABVELl.Corr.Wks.  1872-5  II. 
176  Engins,  such  as  are  used  frequently  in  the  quenching 
of  great  fires.  1730  SAVERY  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXXVI.  307 
Steel  hardened  by  quenching.  a  1864  HAWTHORNE  Amer. 
Note-bks.  (1879)  I.  222  A  quenching  of  the  sunshine. 

b.  spec.  The  process  of  throwing  water  upon 
the  molten  metal  in  a  refining-hearth  or  crucible,  so 
that  it  may  be  removed  in  disks  or  '  rosettes '. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1847/2,  1984/1. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb,  as  quenching-test ,  -tub. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mecli.  1847/2  Quenching-tub.  1879 
Cassetl'sTech.  Educ.  IV.  373/1  These  conditions  provide  for 
the  so  called  '  quenching  '  and  bending  tests  being  applied 
to  a  piece  cut  from  each  plate  and  bar. 

So  Qne'nchinfr///.  a.,  that  quenches. 

1382  WYCI.IF  ll'isd.  xix.  19  Water  format  his  quenchende 
kinde.  1398  TBEVISA  Bartlt.  De  P.  K.  x.  ix.  (1495)  379 
Cinis  is  lytyll  asshes  lefte  of  quenchynge  and  sparklynge 
matere.  1359  .Ifirr.  Mag.,  George  Plantag.  fiv,  Like 
quenching  blastes,  which  oft  reuive  the  flame.  1611  BIBLE 
U'isti.  xix.  20  The  water  forgat  his  owne  quenching  nature. 

Quenchless  (kwe-nfles),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-LESS.]  That  cannot  be  quenched  ;  unquenchable, 
inextinguishable. 

1557  Tottelts  Misc.  (Arb.)  137  These  hellish  houndes,  with 
paines  of  quenchlesse  fyre.  c  1632  COWLEY  Elegy  Ld. 
Carleton,  An  angry  Fever,  Whose  quenchless  Thirst,  by 
Blood  was  sated  never.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  VI.  473  In 
faculties  of  endless  growth,  In  quenchless  passions.  1816 
BYRON  Ch.  Har.  in.  xlii,  Fire.  .,but  once  kindled,  quenchless 
evermore.  1877  C.  GEIKIE  Christ  ivii.  (1879)  691  A  last  sad 
look  of  quenchless  pity. 

Hence  Que-nchlessly  adv. ;  Que-iichlessness. 

1594  KYU  Cornelia,  v.  403  Sacred  Temples  quenchlessly 
enflam'd.  1848  CRAIG,  Quenchtessncss. 

t  Que-nchour.  Obs.  rare—1.    Quenching. 

1460-70  Bk.  Quintessence  6  Loke  bat  Je  haue  a  sotilte  and 
a  slei}(7e  to  quenche  sodeynly  be  fier.  .and  whanne  Je  haue 
do  }oure  quenchour,  putte  alle  be  watris  togidere. 

Quency,  obs.  form  of  QUINSY. 

t  Quene,  obs.  form  of  COIN  sb. 

1505  Will  of  Leek  (Somerset  Ho.},  Exspencis  bidding  of 
the  church  and  makyng  of  my  tombe  wl  suche  Quene  as 
I  shall  leve  in  their  hande. 

Quene,  obs.  form  of  QUEEN,  WHEN. 

II  Quenelle  (k^ne'l).  [F.,  of  uncertain  origin.] 
In  Cookery,  a  seasoned  ball,  of  which  the  chief 
ingredient,  commonly  meat  or  fish,  has  been 
reduced  to  a  paste. 

1883  V.  STUART  Egypt  296  Savoury  quenelles  of  mutton 
enveloped  in  fennel  leaves.  1888  Queen  15  Dec.  786/2  The 
insipid  sweetbread,  -the  pasty  quenelle,  the  sticky  jelly. 

t  Quengeoun,  var.  CONGEON.     Obs. 

c  1430  Syr  Gener.  (Roxb. )  1339  Thou  mysproude  quen- 
geovn,  Whi  answerst  thou  not  to  my  reason. 

f  Quenger,  obs.  var.  CONJURE. 

1567  Tales  ff  Quiche  Answ.  (Berthelet)  Contents  Ixxx,  Of 
the  olde  man  that  quengered  the  boy  oute  of  the  apletre 
with  stones. 

t  Quenqueste,  obs.  form  of  CONQUEST. 

1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  171  Ihon  de  curcy, 
and  many  otheres  of  the  quenqueste  of  Irland. 

Quenstedtite  (kwe'nitetsit).    Min.    [Named 

in  1888  after  Prof.  F.  A.  von  Qucnstedt :  see  -1TE1.] 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  iron  found  in  Chili. 

iSSSAmer.  Jrnl.  Sc.  XXXVI.  156  The  name  quenstedtite 
is  given  to  a  salt  occurring  in  reddish-violet,  tabular  crystals. 

t  Quent,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  Sp.  qiienlo, 
ettenlo  =  It.  conto,  OF.  conte,  COUNT  sb.~\  A  mil 
lion  (of  maravedis). 

1555  EDEN  Decades  314  Luys  of  S.  Angell  . .  sente  theym 
syxe  quentes  of  marauedes.  1577  HELLOWICS  Guetiara's 
/•'am.  Ep.  68  A.  .gentleman  of  more  than  a  Quent  of  rent. 

t  Quent,  v.  Obs.  rare.  Also  6  queint.  [erron. 
f.  queint,  obs.  pa.  pple.  of  QUENCH  z>.]  trans. 
and  intr.  To  quench. 

'557  Tottelts  Misc.  (Arb.)  262  Set  about  my  hersse,  Two 
lampes  to  burne  and  not  to  queint  [rime  spent].  1567 
TURBERV.  Efit.,  etc.,  Myrr.Fall  of  Pride,  He  thought  forth 
with  his  thirst  to  quent . .  But  there  he  found  or  ere  he  went 
a  greater  drougth. 

t  Quent,  Sc.  f.  a(c\quenl,  ACQUAINT///,  a. 

1536  BELLENDEN  Cron.  Scot.  (1821)  I.  1^9  New  servandis 
ar  in  derisioun  amang  the  quent  servitouns. 

Quent,  obs.  f.  QUAINT  a.  ;  obs.  pa.  pple.  of 
QUENCH  v.  Quentance,  -ise,  var.  QUAINTANCE, 
-ISE.  Quenthing,  erron.  f.  QUETHING. 

tQue-ntin.  Obs.  rare  —  ",  [a.  F.  quentin 
'  French  Laune '  (Cotgr. ).  Cf.  QUINTIN.]  '  A  sort 


QUERCITRON. 

of  French  Linnen-cloth  that  comes  from  S.  Quentin 
in  Picardy'  (Miege  1687;  also  in  Phillips  1706, 
Bailey  1721). 

Queor,  obs.  form  of  CHOIK. 

Quep,  erron.  archaism  for  guep  :  see  GUP. 

1822  SCOTT  Nigel  iv,  Marry  quep  of  your  advice.  1825  — 
Betrothed  ix,  Marry  quep,  my  cousin  the  weaver. 

t  Quequer,  late  var.  COCKER,  a  quiver.  Obs. 

c  1500  Robin  Hood  #  Potter  51  in  Child  Ballatis  III.  112 
To  a  quequer  Roben  went,  A  god  bolt  owthe  he  toke. 

Quer,  obs.  form  of  CHOIK,  WHERE. 

t  Queral,  obs.  form  of  COR.U.. 

1533  GAU  Richt  Vay  85  Mony  prayis  ye  psalter  of  our 
ladie..vith  queral  bedis. 

fQuerant.  Obs.  rare— '.  [a.  F.  querant,  pple.  of 
querir  to  inquire  (cf.  QUERE  &.).]  =  QUERENT  sbl 

1591  SPARRY  tr.  Cattans  Geomancie  8r  The  questions., 
touching  the  sillier  of  the  brother  or  sister  of  the  querant. 

t  Querbole,  obs.  form  of  CUIH-BOUILLI. 

1453  Test.  Ebor,  (Surtees,  1855)  II.  190,  j  par  of  tables  .. 
case  of  querbole. 

Quercetin  (kwa-as«"tin).  Chew.  [Arbitrarily 
f.  L.  querc-us  oak  +  -IN  l.  (Cf.  L.  quercetum  an 
oak-wood. )]  A  yellow  crystalline  substance  widely 
distributed  in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  but  usually 
obtained  by  decomposition  of  quercitrin. 

1857  MILLER  Eleni.  Client,  in.  512  When  quercitrin  is 
boiled  with  dilute  sulphuric  or  hydrochloric  acid,  it  is  de 
composed  into  glucose  and  quercetin.  1872  WATTS  Diet. 
Chem.  ist  Suppl.  982  Gintl..  has  found  quercetin  in  the 
leaves  of  the  ash-tree. 

Hence  Querce  tamide,  an  amide  obtained  from 
quercetin  in  the  form  of  an  amorphous  orange- 
yellow  powder.  Quercetic  (kwajse'tik)  a.,  derived 
from  quercetin,  as  in  quercetic  acitl. 

1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chetn.  V.  3  On  adding  ammonia  to  the 
acid  filtrate,  quercetamide  is  obtained.  Ibid.  5  Quercetin 
heated  with  potash  yields  quercetic  acid  and  other  products. 

1893  T.  E.  THORPE  Diet.  Chetn.  III.  324  If  the  melting  is 
continued  longer  than  necessary  to  obtain  quercetic  acid, 
then  quercimeric  acid  is  obtained. 

t  Querch(e,  obs.  forms  of  CURCH,  kerchief. 

c  1373  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  ii.  (Pauf)  265  With  be  querch  [he] 
hid  his  face.  Ibid.  295  Paule  myn  querche  gaf  to  me. 

Quercimeric  (kwarsime-rik),  a.  Chem.  [f. 
querci-,  comb,  form  of  L.  quercus  oak  +  Gr.  pipes 
part  +  -1C.]  Quercimeric  acid,  an  acid  derived 
from  quercetin  or  quercetic  acid. 

1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  V.  5  Quercimeric  acid . .  Produced 
by  the  action  of  melting  potash  on  quercetic  acid.  1893 
T.  E.  THORPE  Diet.  Chem.  III.  324  Quercimeric  acid  ..  is 
isolated  in  the  same  manner  as  quercetic  acid,  from  which 
it  differs  by  being  much  more  soluble  in  uater.  [See  also 
QUERCETIC.]  ' 

Quercin  (kwSMsin).  Chem.  [f.  L.  quercus  oak 
+  -IX1.]  (See  quots.) 

1845  Penny  Cycl.  Suppl.  I.  349/2  Quercin,  a  neutral 
crystalline  substance  procured  from  the  bark  of  the  oak. 

1894  H'atts'  Diet.  Chem.,  Quercin  ..  occurs   in   oakbark, 
being  obtained  from  the  mother-liquors  in  the  preparation 
of  quercite. 

Quercine  (kwa-asain),  a.  [ad.  L.  quercin-us,  i. 
quercus  oak  :  see  -INE-.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
oak;  made  of  oak.  oaken. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Quercine,  oken,  make  of  Okes. 
1658  PHILLIPS  Quercine,  belonging  to  an  oak.  1854  B. 
TAYLOR  Lands  Saracen  xxxvii.  (1855)  440  The  mast  . .  was 
as  sweet  and  palatable  as  chestnuts,  with  very  little  of  the 
bitter  quercine  flavour. 

Quercitannin  .kwaisitarnin).  Chem,  [f.  L. 
querci-  oak-  +  TANNIN.]  A  form  of  tannin  obtained 
from  oak-bark.  So  Qnercita'nnic  a.,  in  querci- 
tannic  acid  =  quercitannin. 

1845  W.  GREGORY  Otttl.  Org.  Chem.  416  Tannic  Acid  .. 
Syn.  Quercitannic  Acid,  Tannine.  This  acid  occurs  chiefly 
in  oak-bark  and  in  nut-galls.  1852  MOKFIT  Tanning  and 
Currying  (1853)  78  The  tannin  of  tea  is  similar  in  properties 
to  quercitannin.  1895  Naturalist  25  A  tannin,  which  is 
probably  quercitannin. 

Quercite  (kwa-Jsait).  Chem.  [f.  L.  quercus 
oak  +  -ITE  1  4.]  A  sweet  crystalline  alcohol  obtained 
from  acorns. 

1857  MILLER  Eleni.  Chem.  in.  72  Quercite  . .  from  acorns. 
..Transparent  prisms.  1863  FOWNES  Chem.  434  The  juice 
of  the  acorn  is  submitted  to  fermentation.  The  fermented 
liquor,  on  evaporation,  yields  small  prisms  of  quercite. 

Hence  Quercitin(e)  =  QUERCETIN  (Webster  1 864, 
citing  Gregory).  Que'roitol  =  QUERCITE  (Watts 
Diet.  Chem.  3rd  Suppl.  1881). 

Quercitron  (kwsusitran).  [Abbreviated  for 
querti-citron,  f.  L.  quercus  oak  +  CITRON.  Named 
by  Dr.  Bancroft  about  1 784.]  The  black  or  dyer's 
oak  of  N.  America  (Quercus  tinctona) :  also  called 
quercitron  oak.  b.  The  inner  bark  of  this,  used  as 
a  yellow  dye  and  in  tanning :  also  quercitron  bark. 

1794  BANCBOFT  Philos.  Pttman.  Colours  xiL  The  Quer 
citron  bark  ..  is  one  of  the  objects  of  a  discovery,  of  which 
the  use  and  application  for  dying,  calico-printing,  &c.  are 
exclusively  vested  in  me  . .  by  an  act  of  parliament  passed 
in  the  25th  year  of  his  present  Majesty's  reign.  1852 
MORFIT  Tanning  tr  Currying  (1853)  100  The  black,  or 

guercitron  oak,  is  a  large  tree  found  throughout  the  United 
tales.    IHd.  101  The  quercitron,  so  much  used  in  dyeing,  is 
obtained  from  the  cellular  integument. 

attrib.  18*3  UKE  Diet.  Chem.  (ed.  2)  398/1  Cloth  ..  sub 
jected  to  the  quercitron  bath. 
Hence   Querci'trein,   a   product   of  quercitrin. 


QUERCIVOROITS. 

?  Obs.  Querci'tric  a.,  derived  from  quercitrin, 
as  in  quercitric  acid  (Watts  Diet.  Chem.  1868). 
Que'rcitrin,  the  yellow  crystalline  colouring 
matter  of  quercitron  bark. 

1833  EncycL  Brit.  (ed.  7)  VIII,  320/2  To  this  colouring 
matter  Chevreul  has  given  the  name  of  quercitrin.  Ibid, 
321/1  Yellow  crystals  possessing  the  characters  of  quercitrin. 
1841  Penny  Cyct.  XIX.  211/1  The  tannin  which  quercitrin 
contains,  .gives  a  green  colour  with  peroxide  of  iron.  1845 
Ibid.  Suppl.  I.  349/2  On  boiling  a  solution  of  quercitrin,  it 
becomes  turbid,  and  deposits  a  quantity  of  small  acicular 
crystals  of  quercitrein. 

ercivorous  fkmui*v&9i  ,  a.  [f.  L.  querctis 
-zw«J  devouring,]     Feeding  on  oak-leaves. 
1858  Zoologist  XVI.  6154  An  individual  [caterpillar]  which 
had  already  become  quercivorous. 

Querck,  obs.  form  of  QUIRK. 
f  Querculane,  a.    Obs.  rare  —  0,     [ad    mod.L. 
querculdn-us,  f.  qitcreus  oak.]    =  QUERCINE  a. 
1656  BLOUNT  Gfostogr,     [Hence  in  .some  later  diets.] 

Querdlynge :  see  CoDLixc2, 

t  Quere,  v-  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  quire,  [a.  OF. 
quer-re  (in  conj.  quitr,  quer-  •  mod.F.  querir)  :— L. 
quxr$re  :  see  INQUIRE.]  To  ask,  inquire. 

13..  Propr.  Sanct.  (Vernon  MS.)  in  Archiv  nen.  Sp>: 
LXXXI.  319/7  He  wolde  wite  and  quere  What-maner  mon 
bat  he  were,  a  1400-50  Alexander  1703  His  qualite,  Ms 
quantite,  he  quirys  \Dubl.  MS.  enquirez]  all-to-gedire. 
a  1425  Cursor  M.  19611  (Trin.)  As  he  bus  went  to  quere 
\Cott,  sek]  &  aske  ..  pe  fuyr  of  helle  him  smot.  f  1423 
Seven  Sag:  (P.)  691  Alas  !  that  thow  grevest  the  so  sore, 
Or  thow  haddyst  queryd  more.  [ciSio  Merry-Cock  Land 
vii.  in  Child  Ballads  (1888)  III.  v.  civ.  250  And  if  my  play 
fellows  come  to  quere  for  me,  Tell  them  I  am  asleep.] 

Quere,  obs.  form  of  CHOIR,  QU-ERE,  QUEER. 

Quereboly,  obs.  form  of  CUIR-BOUILLI. 

t  Querelatory,  a.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  ppl.  stem 
of  med.L.  quereldre  to  complain  (see  QUERELE)  + 
-ORY.]  Of  the  nature  of  a  complaint. 

1553  in  Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  (1721)  III.  i.  ii.  23  [Bonner  did 
present  his  libel  called  in  the  instrument]  a  certain  ap- 
pellatory  and  querelatory  Libel. 

t  Querele,  sb.  Obs.  [Orig.  form  of  QUARREL 
sb.%  (q.v.),  occasionally  employed  (prob.  under 
influence  of  L.  querela]  after  quar(f}el  had  become 
the  usual  form.] 

1.  A  complaint ;  an  action.    =  QUARREL  i. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  an.  1123  To  go  before  the  king  with 
a  lamentable  querele  expressing  how  with  true  despites  he 
was  deformed.  1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apofh.  146  Such 
persones,  as  dooe  by  a  wrongfull  querele  obiecte  vnto  me, 
that  [etc.].  1628  COKE  On  Lift.  292  If  a  man  release  all 
Quereles.  .all  actions  reall  and  personall  are  released.  1726 
AYLIFFE  Parerg.  [189]  Not  in  Causes  of  Appeal,  but  in 
Causes  of  first  Instance  and  simple  Querele  only. 

2.  A  cause,  affair,  etc.  =  QUARREL  2. 

1552  Order  St.  Bartholomew's  Av,  So  sufficiently  ..  set 
forth  this  enormitie  of  the  Citezeins,  as  semed  behouefull 
for  the  querele  of  charitie.  1566  GRINDAL  Lett,  to  Sir  W. 
Cecil  Wits.  (Parker  Sue.)  289  All  ministers,  now  to  be 
deprived  in  this  querele  of  rites. 

So  f  Querele  v.  =  Qu  ARREL  v.  Hence  f  Quereler , 
quarreller,  objector.  Obs. 

1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  306  The  faulte  fynder  or 
quereler.  1548 —  Par.  Luke  xv.  133  The  elder  sonne.. 
proudely  quereled  and  reasoned  the  mattier  with  his  father. 

Querele,  -ell,  obs.  forms  of  QUARREL  sb$ 
t  Querelous,  a,  Obs.  rare.    [ad.  late  L.  quere- 
los-us,  f.  qttcrela  QUERELE.]   -  QUERULOUS  (q.v,). 

For  earlier  examples  of  the  form  see  QUARRELLOUS. 

1581  ].  HAMILTON  in  Cath.  Tract.  (S.  T.  S.)  84  Thir  ar 
murmurers,  queretus  [L.  querulo$i\,  1614  Bp.  HALL  No 
Peace  ivitk  Rome  §  2  That  querelous  Ubell  of  the  Macedo 
nians,  rt  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Kent  \\.  (1662)  74  Though 
fenerally  the  Irish  are  querelous  of  their  Deputies  ..  yet 
ir  Henry  left  a  good  memory.  1751  Affecting  Narr.  of 
Wager  32  A  Midshipman . .  of  an  insolent  querelous  Temper. 

Hence  f  Querelousuess.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1643  PRYNNE  Ofen.  Gt.  Seal  Ep.,  The  quereloubnesse  of 
the  clamorous  Opposites. 

Querent  (kwi*'rent),  sbl  Also  7  queer-,  [ad. 
L.  quxrent-entj  pres.  pple.  of  quxre're  to  inquire: 
cf.  QUERANT,  QUERIST.]  One  who  asks  or  inquires ; 
spec,  one  who  consults,  or  seeks  to  learn  something 
by  means  of,  an  astrologer. 

1598  F.  WITHER  tr.  Dariot  Astrol.  Jndg.  O  3,  By  this 
meanes  the  Querent  shall  not  haue  his  desyre.  1647  LILLY 
Chr.  Astrol.  vi.  49  [see  QUESITED].  1653  ^(R  ^-  WHARTON 
Comets  Wks.  (1683)  141  Many  Queries  ..  which  1  have 
answered  ..  to  my  own  and  the  Querents  admiration.  1696 
AUBREY  Misc.  (1784)  129  The  Magicians  now  use  a  crystal- 
sphere,  ..  which  is  inspected  ..  sometimes  by  the  Querent 
himself.  1705  BOSMAN  Guinea  152  If  the  Priest  is  enclined 
to  oblige  the  Querent,  the  Questions  are  put.  1845  White 
hall  x\'\.  151  The  astrologer,  fixing  his  keen,  cunning  eyes 
on  the  querent.  1881  [see  QUESITED]. 

Que'rent,  sb.t  and  a.  rare,  [ad.  L.  qutrent-em, 
pres.  pple.  of  qtteri  to  complain.]  a.  sb.  '  A  com 
plainant,  plaintiff  *  (J.).  b.  adj.  Complaining. 

1727  in  BAILEY,  vol.  II.  1845  Whitehall  li.  363  A  process 
in  which  Joyce  assisted  with  manifest  sulkiness,  and  many 
a  querent  glance  at  his  young  commander. 

Quereour,  Queresoeuer,  Querester(e, 
Querf,  Querfore,  obs.  ff.  QUARRIED,  WHERE 
SOEVER,  CHORISTER,  WHARF,  WHEREFORE. 

tQue*rical,  a.  and  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  quere 
.Qu.ERE  sd.,  or  QUERY  sb.  +  -ICAL.]  a.  adj.  Of  the 
nature  of  a  query  or  queries,  b.  sb.  A  query. 


45 

1699  (title\  Querical  Demonstrations  writ  by  Prince 
Butler  Author  of  the  Eleven  Queries  [etc.].  Ibid.  24 
Don't  disdain,  My  Querical  Strain,  And  I  ..  have  yet  in 
store,  Of  such  Quericals  more,  At  least  a  whole  Score. 

Querie,  obs.  var.  EQUERRY  (q.v.). 

Que'ried,///.  a,  [f.  QUERY  v.  +  -EDI.]  Called 
in  question  ;  marked  with  a  query. 

1772  Ann.  Reg.  241/2  You  have  insisted,  .that  you  should 
not  have  rejected  the  queried  votes,  if  you  had  not  been  con 
vinced.,  that  they  were  all  corrupted. 

Querier  (.kwie-riai).  [f.  QUERY  v.  +  -ER1.]  One 
who  queries ;  also  slang,  a  chimney-sweep  who 
asks  for  work. 

1673  PENN  Spir.  Truth  Vind.  93  That  would  have  been 
no  Answer  to  their  weighty  Question,  nor  any  allay  to  that 
earnest  Enquiry.. the  Queriers  were  under.  1861  MAYHKW 
Lond.  Labour  1 1.  377  The  knuller  is  also  styled  a  '  querier  ', 
a  name  derived  from  his  making  inquiries  at  the  doors  of  the 
houses  as  to  whether  his  services  are  required. 

Querimonious  (kwerim^-niss),  a.  Also  7 
quere-.  [ad.  late  L.  guerimonios-us  :  see  next 
and  -ous.  Cf.  obs.  F.  querimonieux  (Godef.).] 
Full  of,  addicted  to,  complaining. 

1604  in  R.  CAWDREY  Table  Alph.  1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water 
P.)  Epigr.  xxxvi.  Wks.  n.  266/1  Querimonious  paines  Doe 
puhierise  the  concaue  of  my  braines.  1658  OSBORN  Adv. 
Son  (1673)  206  Querimonious  accusations  of  his  best 
Servants.  1791  COLLINSON  Hist.  Somerset  608  It  was  on 
this  solitary  island  that  Gildas.  .composed  his  querimonious 
treatise.  1848  MOZLEY  £ss.,  Luther  (1878)  I.  354  That 
passionate  and  querimonious  temper. 

Hence  Querimo'niously  adv.  ;  Querimo'nious- 
ness  v  Bailey  vol.  II.  1727). 

a  1668  DF.NHAM  A  Dialogue,  Most  queremoniously  con 
fessing  That  I  of  late  have  been  compressing. 

Querimoiiy  Vk\ve'rim3ni).  [ad.  L.  querimonia, 
f.  querl  to  complnin  :  cf.  F.  qutrimonie  (i6th  c.).] 
Complaint,  complaining. 

1529  in  Froude  Hist.  Eng.  (1856)  I.  217  By  way  of  queri- 
mony  and  complaint,  a  1548  HALL  Chron. ,  Kdiv,  IV  239  b, 
The  king  ..  troubled  with  hys  brothers  dayly  querimonye. 
1610  HP.  HALL.-L*O/.  Brownists  39  tnarg.,  To  which  vniust 
and  iriuiall  quenmony,  our  most  hist  defence  hath  beene 
[etc.].  1887  BLACKHORE  Springhavsn  (ed.  41  I.  viii.  6t  The 
scholars  of  the  Virgil  class  ..  had  recovered  from  the  queri- 
monies  of  those  two  sons  of  Ovid. 

f  Que'rism.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  as  next* -ISM.] 
The  practice  of  inquiring  or  asking. 

1648  JENKYM  Blind  Guide  iv.  88  Your  engagement  against 
querism  or  seeking  . .  will  come  to  nothing. 

Querist  (kwi^rist).  [f.  L.  quser-fre  to  ask  -f 
-IST:  cf.  QUERENT,  QUERY.]  One  who  asks  or 
inquires ;  a  questioner,  interrogator. 

1633  EARL  MANCH.  Al  Mondo  (1636)  147  Those  Querists 
who  must  haue  a  reason  for  every  thing  in  Religion.  1713 
STEF.LE  EngHshm.  No.  5.  31  This  Querist  thinks  himself., 
very  seasonable  in  the  Questions,  a  1774  GOLDSM.  Sut~:>. 
Exp.  Philos,  (1776)  II.  2  Were  we  asked  . .  what  is  air,  we 
should  refer  the  querist  to  his  experiencealone.  1875  JOWETT 
Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  92  A  troublesome  querist  comes  and  asks, 
1  What  is  the  just  and  good  ?  ' 

Querister,  variant  of  CHORISTER. 

Querity,  Querk,  obs.  ff.  QUEERITY,  QUIRK. 

Querken  ^kw3'jk'n),?>.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms  : 
5  querkyn.  qwerken,  -yn;  6  quarken,  7  quirk-, 
whir-ken,  8  dial,  quacken,  9  dial,  wirken,  quock- 
en,  5-6  (8-9«#<z/.)  querken.  [  =  OFris.  querka 
(mod.  qzierke,  quirke],  ON.  kvirkja,  kyrkja  (Da. 
kuxrke,  kyrke],  f.  OKris.  querk,  ON.  kverk  (MSw. 
qvarK\t  OHG.  querca  throat.]  trans.  To  choke, 
suffocate,  stifle.  Hence  Que'rkening  vbl.  sb. 

c  1440  Promp.  Pan'.  420/2  Querkenyd,  snffocatm.  Quer- 
kenynge,  sujffbcacio.  Querkyn,  idem  qnod  quellyn.  1450- 
1530  Myrr.  our  Ladye  249  The  bytternesse  of  sorowe  quer- 
kynde  &  stopped . .  the  virgins  harte.  1540  PALSGR.  A colastus 
H  ij,  I  haue  a  throte  bolle  almoste  strangled,  snarled,  or 
quarkennyd  with  extreme  hunger.  1541  R.CoMJWod^'dkffV 
Quest.  Chirug.^  Mancr  exam,  lazarcs,  Q  iv,  Yf  there  apere 
any  stray tnes  of  breth  as  yf  wolde  querken  [sic].  1607  WALK- 
INGTON  Opt.  Glass  124  It  wil  ..  send  up  such  an  ascending 
fome  that  it  will  bee  ready  to  quirken  and  stifle  vs.  1611 
COTGR.,  Noyer,  to  drowne,  to  whirken,  or  stifie  with  water, 
etc.  lbid.t  Suffocation^  a  suffocation, .  .whirkening.  1783 
LEMON  Eng.  Etym.,  Querkencd,  sometimes  written,  and  pro 
nounced  quackned.  1828  Craven  Gloss.,  Querkened^  suffo 
cated.  1848  A.  B.  EVANS  Lcicestersh.  Words  s.v.,  The 
wind  was  so  high  ..  that  I  was  welly  quockened.  1880  in 
Cheshire  Gloss.  (1886),  Wirken. 

Querl  (kwail),  sb.  (7.S*  Also  quirL  [?var. 
of  CUHL,  or  a.  G.  querl t  quirl  from  MHO.  twirl 
TWTKL.]  A  curl,  twist,  twirl. 

1880  in  WEBSTER  Suppl.  1883  Cent.  Mag.  Dec.  201/1  The 
forms  are  grotesque  beyond  comparison :  twists,  querls, 
contortions.  1885  Harper 's  Mag.  LXX.  219  The  crooks  and 
querls  of  the  branches  on  the  floor. 

So  Querl  v.,  to  twirl,  coil,  etc.  (Knowles,  1835). 

Quern1  (kwsin).  Forms:  i  cweorn,  cwyrn, 
(coern,  cern\  cweorne,  cwearne,  4  queern(e, 
quyerne,  qwhern,  4-7  querne,  5  queren,  5-6 
qwern,  6  quearn,  (wherne,  wyrne),  Sc.  queirn, 
7  quarn,  8  6V.  quirn,  7-  quern.  [OK.  cuueorii, 
cwiyn  sir.  fern.,  cweorne  wk.  fem.  —  OFris.  quern^ 
OS.(///tv-«  (or  quanta,  MDu.  qncn'n-e,  Du.faveem}, 
OHG.  quint,  churn  and  chuirna  yMIIG.  knr)i, 
kiime\  ON.  kutrn  (Icel.  kvornt  Sw.  qvarn,  Da. 
kvR'rn})  Goth,  -qairmts,  from  a  pre-Teitt.  stem 
yV/v/-,  variations  of  which  appear  in  synonymous 


, 

We 
483 


QUEHULATION. 

forms  in  other  Aryan  languages,  as  Lith.  girnos, 
OS1.  zritny  and  zrunftvii,  Russ.  JKepHOB'b,  Pol. 
zarna,  Olr.  br6  (gen.  broon),  W.  breuan,  etc.]  A 
i  simple  apparatus  for  grinding  corn,  usually  con 
sisting  of  two  circular  stones,  the  upper  of  which 
is  turned  by  hand;  also,  a  small  hand-mill  for 
grinding  pepper,  mustard,  or  similar  substances  (see 
pepper-,  mustard-quern}. 

c  950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt.  x.\iv.  41  Tuu  wif  jegrundon  on 
coernae  [Knskiu.  zet  cweorne].  c  1000  /KLKRIC  E.rod.  xi.  5 
psere  wylne  . .  (?ast  sitt  a;t  barre  cweornan.  ^1305  Pilate 
in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  in  I!i  a  mdewardes  dorter  he  lai..And 
bi}at  on  hire  vnder  be  querne  be  libere  bern.  1340  Ayenb. 
181  Samson. .uil  into  be  honden  of  his  yuo,  bet  him  cleden 
grinde  ate  querne.  ciyj^Cn.wctt  Former  Age  6  Onknowyn 
was  b  tiiiyerne  and  ek  the  melle.  0420  Pallad.  on  Hush. 
i.  831  Eek  as  for  hail  a  russet  weede  is  To  ke^t  vpon  the 

•  querne.     1513  DOUGLAS  sF.neis  \.  iv.  39  Kor  skant  of  victuall 
the  conies  in  quernis  of  stane  Thai  grand.     1577  IJ.  GOO^E 
Her£sbach"s  Hnsb.  (1586)  10  A  Querne  or  a  hand  Mill  doth 

|  but  a  little  good.      1647  LILLY  Chr.  Astrol.  1.  354  Some 

.  necessary  thing  ..to  use  in  his  house,  asa  Furnace  or  Quern, 

•  or  such  like.     1699  EVI:LYN  Acetaria  (\TZ$  148  The  seeds 
.  are  pounded  in  a  Mortar,  or  . .  ground  in  a  Quern  contriv'd 

for  this  Purpose.  1771  PKSNANT  Tour  in  Scotl.  11794)  232 
Saw  here  a  Quern,  a  h-ort  of  portable  mill  made  of  two  stones. 
1841  S,  C.  HALE  Ireland  III.  296  Two  women  generally 
worked  the  Quern,  one  sitting  facing  the  other,  the  quern 
between  them.  1884  J.  COLBORNE  flicks  Pasha  60  The 
circular  querns  of  Lower  Egypt,  which  are  turned  by  means 
of  a  wooden  handle. 

b.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  quern-chant,  -house, 
-mill,  -picker^  -song,  -staff;  quern- like  adv.  See 
also  QUERN-STONE. 

1898  Edinb.  Rev.  Apr.  440  In  the  North,  where  he  often 
heard  the  rhythmical  *quern-chant.  1525  in  Southwell 
l^isit,  (1891)  123,  ij  leads  that  standes  m  *wherne-house. 
1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  i.  vi.  595  Two  equall  ranks  of 
Orient  Pearls. . (*Quern-HkeJ  grinding  small  Th'  imperfect 
food.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxxm.  xlv.  706  Troughs  and 
"querne  mils.  144!  in  liiiry  Wills  iCamdenl  256  (The  will 
of  William  Tolyl,  '  *quernepykker ',  [1441,  is  in  Lib.  Osbern, 
f.  247].  1816  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  A\v.  LXXXI.  73  '" 
will  now  subjoin  the  Grotta-Saungr  or  ^quern-song.  I. 
Cath,  Angl.  297/1  A  *Querne-stafFe,  inolucrum. 

t  Quern-.  Obs.  rare-1.  In  5  qwerne,  qweryn. 
App.,  a  large  piece  of  ice. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  3003  Alexander,  .rydis  To  be  grete 
i  flode  of  Granton  &  it  on  a  glace  fyndis.  Or  he  was  so^t 
:  to  be  side  git  sondird  |?e  qweryns  \Dubt.  IMS.  qwernes]. 

Quern,  obs.  variant  of  KERX  v.1 

Que  mal,  a.  rare.  [f.  L.  quern-us.  f.  qitercus 
oak  +  -AL.] 

1 1.  Made  of  oak-leaves  ;  oaken.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1599  TIIYNNE  Animadv.  (1875)  49  The  Quernall  crowne 
j  gyven  to  those  whiche  had  saued  a  cytyxen. 

2.  Bot.  Quernal  alliance,  Lindley's  name  for  his 
'  alliance '  of  diclinous  exogens,  containing  the 
orders  Coiylacex  unftjug/andacese. 

1846  LINDLEY  l^eget.  Kingd.  289  If  it  were  not  for  the 
minute  embryo  . .  it  might  take  its  place  in  the  Quernal 
Alliance. 

tQuerne.  Obs.  rare—1,  [a.  OF.  querne  (Godef.) 
for  quaterne,  after  teme.~\  A  qnatie  or  four  in 
dice-playing  (in  quot.yf^.). 

13  . .  Cocr  de  L.  2009  Richard  . .  gave  him  a  stroke  on  the 
molde . .  Ternes  and  quernes  he  gave  him  there. 

Quernell,  square  :  see  QUARNELL. 
Querner,  obs.  form  of  CORNER  sb.1 
Que'm-stoiie.  [Cf.  ON.  kvemsteinn.]  One 

ofthe  two  stones  forming  a  quern  ;  a  millstone. 

C95o  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt,  xviii.  6  Behofas  him  bset  he 
Sehongisacoern-stan.  .in  suire  his  \c  icoo  Ags.  Gosp.  cwyrn-, 
cweorn-stan].  i388\VYCLiF  Num.  xi.  8  And  the  puple  jede 
aboute,  and  gaderide  it,  and  brak  with  a  queerne  stoon. 
14  . .  Norn,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  725/24  Hec  mola,  a  qwernston. 
1582  STANYHURST  j-Eneis  i.  (Arb.)  23  Theyre  come  in  quern- 
stoans  they  doe  grind.  1610  HOLLAND  Camderis  Brit.  i. 
760  Round  stones  as  much  as  milstones  or  quernstones. 
1662  Ireland,  Stat.  at  Large  (17651  II.  416  Quern-stones, 
large,  the  last,  ^13.  ictf.  1812  J.  SMYTH  Pract.  of  Customs 
(1821)  242  Quern  Stones  under  three  feet  in  diameter,  and 
not  exceeding  six  inches  in  thickness.  1875  W.  MC!LWRAH  n 
GuideWigtownshire^T,  Opposite  the  east  gable  ofthe  Church 
a  quern-stone  . .  has  been  stuck  up. 

Querof,  obs.  form  of  \VHEBEOF. 

t  Queror.  Obs.  rare—",  [a.  OF.  quereor,  -citrt 
agent-n.  f.  qtterre,  querir  QUERE  v.]  An  inquirer. 

14..  I've,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  610/18  Scitor,  a  querour. 

Querpo,  variant  of  CUERPO  Obs. 

Querquedule  (kwoukw/di/?!).  Ornith.  [ad. 
L.  querqucdula  a  species  of  duck.]  a.  *A  genus 
of  ducks,  one  species  of  which  .  .  is  the  common 
teal' (Worcester,  i86o\  b.  <  The  pin-tail  duck* 
(Webster,  1864,  citing  £ng.  Cyc.). 

Querre,  var.  QUAH  v.  ;  obs.  f.  QUARRY  j<M 

Querrell,  Querrister,  Querrour,  Querry, 
obs.  ff.  Qi- ARRKL  j^.3  and  v.,  CHORISTER,  QUAKHIER  ', 
EQUERRY.  Quert :  see  QUART  a.  and  j/'.1 

t  Querulation.  Obs.  rare—1,  [n.  of  action 
f.  med.L.  putrttfarfto  complain,  f.  i]uentt-us\  see 
next.]  Complaint,  complaining.  So  also  (from 
stem  ^//tV7//-)Qnemle*ntalf-le>ntialtf.,  querulous. 
Qne'ruling'^/V.^.,  complaining.  Que'riilist, one 
who  Complains.  Queru-lity,  Querulo'sity  (cf. 
next),  habit  or  spirit  of  complaining. 


QUERULOUS. 

1614  T.  ADAMS  Sinners  Passing  Heft  \J\LS.  (1629)  264  Will 
not  these  mournings,  menaces,  *querulations,  stirre  your 
hearts?  1785  R.  CUMBERLAND  tM-wrwr  No.  103  F3  A  lady. . 
rather  captious  and  *querulental.  1806  —  Mem.  17  Wai- 
pole  had.  .a  plea  for  being  captious  and  *querulential,  for 
he  was  a  martyr  to  the  gout.  1838  S.  BELLAMY  Betrayal  94 
The  Devil  give  thee  heed  !  Haply  he'll  better  care  thy 
*queruling  Than  He  I  follow  mine.  1788  T.  TOUCHSTONE 
Trifler  431,  I  have  carefully  examined  the  various  subjects 
of  complaint. ,  If  my  third  fair  *querulist  would  [etc.].  1866 
Pall  Mall G.  27  June  i  The  Premier  had. .very  insufficient 
grounds  for  his  *querulity.  1882  F.  T.  PALGRAVE  in  Grosart 
Spenser  $  W7ks.  IV,  p,  Ixiv,  Unreasonable  *querulosity. 

Querulous    (kwe'rirfUs),  a.     Also  6   -ose,   7 
querr-.     [ad.  late  L.  quenilds-ns,  f.  qnertilns,  f. 
t/Ht'rito  complain  :  cf.  QUEKELOUS,  QUARRELOUS.] 
1.  Of  persons  :  Complaining,  given  to  complain 
ing,  full  of  complaints,  peevish. 

In  first  quot  possibly  for  ^w^/<7«jQuARRELOUS  ;  a  certain 
confusion  between  the  words  is  also  suggested  by  some  i^ih 
c.  quots.,  which  at  least  do  not  imply  peevish  or  whining 
complaint. 

?  a  1500  Mankind  (Brand!  1896)  46/200  My  body  wyth  my 
soull  ys  euer  querulose  \rime  house].  1594  HOOKER  Eccl, 
Pol.  in.  xi.  §  9  A  people,  .by  nature  hard-hearted,  querulous, 
wrathfull.  11610  HEALEY  Theophrastus  (1636)  63  These  are 
the  maners  of  a  querrulous  waiward  man.  1651  BAXTER  Inf. 
Bapt.  242,  I  would  have  no  godly  man  be.  over  querulous, 
when  God  hath  done  so  much  for  us.  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler 
No.  73  F  i  The  querulous  are  seldom  received  with  great 
ardour  of  kindness.  1837  WHEWELL  Hist.  Induct.  Si'.  (1857) 
II.  149  He  was  naturally  querulous  and  jaundiced  in  his 
views.  1879  FROUDE  Cxsar  xxvi.  445  His  sons  and  nephews 
were  equally  querulous  and  dissatisfied. 

b.  Of  animals  or  things:  Uttering  or  producing 
sounds  expressive  or  suggestive  of  complaint. 

1635  SWAN  S^ec.  M.  viii.  §  2  (1643)  409  The  Lapwing  ..  is 
a  querulous  bird,  a  1643  W.  CAKTWRIGHT  Poenis^  Corinnas 
Tomb  18  Hither  sad  Lutes  they  nightly  bring,  And  gently 
touch  each  querulous  string.  1699  POMFRET  Pastoral  Ess. 
174  Ye  purling  quer'llous  Brooks  !  o'ercharged  with  grief. 
1847  DICKENS  Haunted  M.  (C.  D.  ed.)  205  One  querulous 
rook,  unable  to  sleep,  protested  now  and  then. 
2.  Of  the  nature  of,  characterized  by,  complaining. 
CIS40  tr.  Pol.  Verg.  Eng.  Hist.  (Camden)  100  Queru 
lous  repetition,  as  well  of  late  as  of  almost  forgotten  faultes. 
1642  HOWELL  For.  Tray.  (Arb.)  19  French.,  hath  a  whining 
kind  of  querulous  tone.  1714  Sped.  No.  6i8f2  His  Versifi 
cation  ..  should  be  soft,  and  all  his  Numbers  flowing 
and  querulous.  1783  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Afrs.  Thrale  19  June, 
I  am  almost  ashamed  of  this  querulous  letter.  1848  DICKENS 
Dombey  xxxiv,  She  uttered  a  querulous  cry  of  disappoint 
ment  and  misery.  1874  L.  STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library  (1892) 
II.  vii.  225  The  querulous  comments  of  old  ladies. 

Que'rulously,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -i,Y2.]  ln  a 
querulous  manner. 

1652  GAULE  Magastrow.  147  Querulously  accusing  her  for 
playing  with  her  own  gifts.  1728  YOUNG  Love  Fame  vi.  138 
His  wounded  ears  complaints  eternal  fill,  As  unoil'd  hinges, 
querulously  shrill.  1812  H.  &  J.  SMITH  Rej.  Addr.  x,  Ob 
jections,  -captiouslyurgedandquerulouslymaintained.  1883 
SIR  T.  MARTIN  Ld.  Lyndhnrst  xiv.  366  [They]  complained 
almost  querulously  of  the  bitterness  of  Lord  ],yndhurst's 
invectives. 

Que'rulousness.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.]    The 

state  or  condition  of  being  querulous. 

1651  J.  AUDLEY  Engl.  Commonw.  Ded.,  To  answer  the 
querulousnesse  of  some  persons.  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler 
No.  50  p  7  The  querulousness  and  indignation  which  is 
observed  so  often  [etc.].  1828  D'ISRAELI  Ckas.  /,  I.  ii.  23 
That  impatient  querulousness,  which  betrays  its  moments  of 
weakness.  1884  Expositor  Feb.  87  Querulousness  and  the 
captiousness  of  despair  took  possession  of  them. 

Query  (kwia-ri),  sbl  Also  7  queree,  quseree, 
7-8  qusery.  [Anglicizing  of  qiterc,  QO.ERE.] 

1.  Introducing  a  question  :    =  QUAERE  i. 

Now  rarely  written  in  full,  being  usually  expressed  by  the 
abbreviation  qy.  (<?r,,  qu.)  or  the  sign  ?. 

1667  PEPYS  Diary  23  Aug.,  Query,  whether  a  glass-coach 
would  have  permitted  us  to  have  made  the  escape?  1732 
SWIFT  Corr.  (1766)  II.  690  That  ..  the  subscription  be 


46 


QUEST. 


si 


Query  (kwi-'Ti),  V.     Also  7  qusery.     [f.  QUERY    '  ther  was  set  a  quest  ofladyes  on  syr  gauayn.    1549  LATI.MKR 

Al      (T  On*'KF  7;  1  sthSerm.l'ef.  Edw.  /''/(Arb.)  153  The  quest  corames  in  and 

t*'C*  ..          sayes  not  guilty.  1579  fv\.Kt.Heskins  Parl.  499  He  shoulde 

!  haue  twelue  which  make_a  ques^  to  giue  verdict  in  this 


N.  tr  Q.  7'h  Ser.  V.  i8s/2.It  was  afterwards  repurchased  by 
that  monarch  (but  query  if  purchase  money  was  ever  paid). 

2.  A  question.    —  QU.KRE  2. 

o.  1645  R.  SYMONDS  Diary  (Camden)  270  The  cowardly 
commissioners,  .put  queries.  Where  shall  wee  have  winter 
quarters?  1658  J.  DURHAM  Exp.  Revelation  (1680)  vii.  342 
This  is  the  scope  of  the  Queree.  1691  BENTLEY  Boyle 
Lett.  vi.  (1735)  203  We  are  now  enabled  to  give  Answers 
to  some  bold  Queries  and  Objections  of  Atheists.  1767 
A.  YOUNG  Fanner's  Lett,  to  People  270  It  may.. admit  of 
a  query,  Whether  the  above  expences  are  not  too  great  for 
the  crops  to  repay?  1813  SCOTT  Hokeby  i.  x,  [He]  forced 

he  embarrass'd  host  to  buy,  By  query  close,  direct  reply 
1866  GEO.  ELIOT  F.  Holt  (1868)  22  She  had  prepared  herself 
..  to  suppress  all  . .  queries  which  her  son  might  resent. 

ft.  a  1635  CORBET  Poems  (1807)  63  He  that  is  guilty  of  no 
quaery  here,  Out-lasts  his  epitaph.  1648  JENKYN  Blind 

it*  -,"' 96  Iy  first  1ua5re<:.  is  whether  grace  be  an  adiutory. 
*5r*S  UL-RNET  Th.  Earth  it.  218  A  great  many  quarries 
and  difficulties  might  be  proposed  relating  to  the  millennium. 
J7'9  D  URVEY  P.lls  (1872)  1 1.  99  What  News,  is  the  Qusry. 

«i.  A  mark  of  interrogation  (?),  used  to  indicate 
a  doubt  as  to  the  correctness  of  the  statement, 
phrase,  letter,  etc.  to  which  it  is  appended  or 
refers ;  the  abbreviation  ,jy.  etc.  used  for  the  same 
purpose.  1836  in  SMAKT.  i88a-  in  OGILVIE,  etc 

t  Query,  j/,.2  Obs.  rare~\  [App.  f.  L.  querl 
to  complain.]  ?  Complaint. 

J3  i,'  Ei,  ''  ?"{'•  r'^'  ,8o2^u  a  **«?  to  1* Sla?'  )>"  '••«« 
was  he,  &  as  lombe.  .So  closed  he  hys  mouth  fro  vdi  query. 


1.  f  raits.  To  put  as  a  question.  ?  Ol>s. 

1657  Karr.  late  Parlt.  in  Select.fr.  Harl.  Klisc.  (1793)  409 
The  like  maybe  queried  concerning  the  swordsmen'scapacity 
to  sit.  l6«l  GI.ANVILL  Van.  Dognt.  188  It's  queried  whether 
there  be  any  Science  in  the  sense  of  the  Dogmatists.  1716 
BERKELEY  Let.  12  Oct.,  in  Fraser  Life  iv.  (1871)  136,  I  do  . . 
entreat  you  to  answer  all  that  I  have  queried  on  that  head. 
1755  B.  MARTIN  Mag.  Arts  fif  Sc.  130,  I  ..  shall  suspend 
what  I  have  further  to  query  'till  To-morrow.  _ 

b.  With  interrogative  clause  as  obj. :  To  ask, 
inquire,  put  a  question  (whether,  if,  what,  etc.). 

1657  S.  PURCHAS  Tlieat.  Pol.  Flying.Ins.  15  Some  query 
whether  a  living  creature  can  subsist  without  the  head. 
1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.\.  xxii.  (ed.  3)  328  We  shall 
not  proceed  to  querie,  What  truth  there  is  in  Palmistrie. 
1681  E.  MuRpnY^V<i/<?/nr/rt«(/§  40  The  Deponent,  .queried 
if  Captain  Butler  was  come  thither.  1756  H.  WALPOLE  Lett, 
to  Mann  17  Oct.  (1846)  III.  245  Should  not  one  query 
whether  he  had  not  those  proofs  in  his  hands  antecedent  to 
the  cabinet  ?  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xiii, '  Shall  we  remove 
Mr.  Butler?',  queried  the  assistant.  1866  WHITTIER  Marg. 
Smith's  Jrnl.  Pr.  Wks.  1889  I.  64  On  my  querying  whether 
any  did  find  treasures  hereabout,  my  aunt  laughed. 

c.  absol.  To  ask  a  question  or  questions. 

1681  T.  FLATMAN  Ifcraclitits  Ridens  No.  4  (1713)  I.  23 
Nay,  if  you  be  for  that  Sport,  e'en  Query  by  your  self.  1720 
S.  PARKER  Bibliotheca  Riblica.  I.  394  He  queried,  and 
reason'd  thus  with  himself.  17*8  POPE  Dune.  n.  349  Each 
prompt  to  query,  answer,  and  debate.  1814  BYRON  Lara 

1.  i  note.  A  passenger  queried  as  to  the  author. 

2.  To  question,  interrogate  (a  personV  rare. 
1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  97  The  Don  . .  assaults  the  first 

pittifull  Scout  . .  whom  he  should  have  quaeried  in  this 
manner.  1690  CHILD  Disc.  Trade  (1698)  47  So  I  have  been 
assured  by  many  antient  men  whom  I  have  queried  parti 
cularly  as  to  this  matter,  c  1890  A.  MURDOCH  Yoshhvara 
Episode  in  Fr.  Anstr.  to  Japan  (1892)  49  He  ..began  to 
query  her  about  the  financial  part  of  the  business. 

3.  To  call  (a  thing)  in  question ;   to  mark   as 
doubtful. 

1772  Ann.  Reg.  54/2  The  returning  officer  . .  had  queried 
76  [votes].  1839  D'ISRAELI  Curios.  Lit.  (1849)  !'•  ^4  Sir 
John . .  afterwards  came  to  doubt  it  with  a  '  sed de  hoc  gitzre ' 
query  this  ! 

b.   To  question,  doubt,  if,  etc. 

1815  W.  H.  IRELAND  Scribbleotnania  140,  I  very  much 
query'  if  two,  and  sometimes  three  of  Sonini's  Alpine  pictures 
were  not  condensed  into  one  by  the  author. 

Hence  Que'rying-  vl>l.  st>.  and  ///.  a. ;  Que'ry- 
ingly  adv. ;  Que-ryist  =  QUERIST. 

1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol.  Clym.  107  One  able  physitian 
being  asked...  The  querying  person  returned,  that  [etc.): 
1706  W.  JONES  Synop.  Palmar.  Mathcseos  140  The  Query, 
ing  Term  in  the  3d.  Place.  1863  Reader  19  Dec.  729  A  queryist 
in  the  American  Publishers'  Circular.  1865  E.  BURRITT 
IValk  to  Land's  End  286  A  pair  of  baby  eyes,  peering  up 
ward  with  querying  wonder.  1890  Harper's  Mag.  July 
272/1  Thequeryings  of  philosophy.  1890  JEAN  MIDDLEMASS 
Two  False  Moves  I.  xv.  226  He  looked  at  her  queryingly. 

Queryster,  obs.  form  of  CHORISTER. 

Quesal,  variant  of  QUETZAL. 

Quesing,  Quesion,  obs.  ff.  COUSIN,  CUSHION. 

Quesited  (kw/sai-ted),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  med.L. 
quesit-,  L.  quxsit-,  ppl.  stem  of  quxrere  to  seek  + 
-EDl.  Cf.  QU.SSITUM.] 

1 1.  at/j.  Sought  for,  asked  about,  etc.  Ol>s.  rare. 

1647  LILLY  Chr.  Astrol.  vi.  49  Significator  of  the  Querent  or 
thing  quesited.  1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1696)  20  The  remains 
are  the  Numbers  quesited. 

2.  sb.  Astrol.  The  thing  or  person  inquired  about. 

1647  LILLY  Chr.  Astrol.  xx.  123  The  Quesited  is  he  or 
she,  or  the  thing  sought  and  enquired  after.  1881  SHORT- 
HOUSE  y.  Inglesant  I.  xv.  282  A  very  good  argument  that 
the  querent  should  see  the  quesited  speedily. 

So  f  Quesiti-tious  a.  =  QUESITED  a.  Obs.  rare. 
Qne-sitive  a.,  interrogative.  '  Quesilive  quantity, 
quantity  expressed  by  an  interrogative  numeral ' 
(Cent.  Diet.  1891). 

,l674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1606)  334  As  in  Extraction  of  Roots  and 
Equations,  A.  .is  called  the  Supposititious  or  Quesit[it]ious 
Root.  1690  LEYBOURN  Curs.  Math.  341  Multiplying  the 
assumed  Root  fi+c  in  the  place  of  the  Quesititious  Root  a. 

Quesomen :  see  QUEASOSI. 

Quest  (kwest), sbl  Also  4  quisle,  4-6  queste, 
5-6  wheat,  (qw-),  6  queast.  [a.  OF.  queste  (F. 
qtilte)  =  Prov.  questa,  qiiista,  Sp.  aiesfa,  It.  chiesta 
:— pop.  L.  *questa,  pa.  pple.  of  qitercre,  L.  quxrere 
to  seek,  inquire  :  cf.  INQUEST  sb.] 

I.  1.  An  official  or  judicial  inquiry.  =  INQUEST 
si.  i.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  (cf.  CROWNER^). 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Hand!.  Synne  5508  Perof  shal  Gode  take 
a  quest,  c  1330—  C/iron.  (1810)  238  Of  clippers,  of  roungers, 
of  suilk  takes  he  questis.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xx.  16 1 
Her  syre  was  a  sysour  . .  ateynte  at  vch  a  queste  c  1440 
Gcsta  Rom.  i.  Ixx.  387  (Addit.  MS.)  When  the  lustice  was 
comyn,  he  ordeyned  a  false  queste.  1543  BRINKLOW  Lament. 
(1874)  91  I  here  is  a  custome  in  the  Cytie,  ones  a  yeare  to 
haue  a  quest  called  the  warnmall  queste,  to  redresse  vices. 
a  1577  SIR  T.  SMITH  Commm.  Eng.  (1609)  73  Enquest  or 
quest  is  called  this  lawfull  kinde  of  triall  by  twelue  men 
1694  U-TTRiiLi.  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  III.  417  The  lord  mayor 
and  aldermen  of  London  have  forbid  feasting  at  the  quests 
1876-  In  dial,  glossaries  (Yks.,  Chesh.,  Som.,  etc.). 

2.  The  body  of  persons  appointed  to  hold  an 
inquiry.   =  INQUEST  sb.  2.     Now  rare. 

13..  Evang.  Nicod.  243  in  Anhivneu.  Spr.\A\\.  396  He 
chesed  a  quest,  on  him  to  pas.  c  1440  Jatob's  Well  257  fan 
schalt  . .  aftyrward  be  pourgyd  out  wyth  a  quest  of  clerltys. 
1470-85  mMamArtbtrlU.  viii,  By  ordenaunce  of  the  quene 


matter.     1612  T.  TAYLOR  Comm.  Titus  lii.  i  Which  is  as  if 
a  theife  should  be  tried  by 


coroner's  quest  pronounces '  in  accordance  with  the  evidence '. 

fig.    <ri6oo  SHAKS.  Sonn.  xlvi,  To  side  this  title  is  im- 
pannelled  A  quest  of  thoughts,  all  tennant  to  the  heart. 
fb.  transf.  A  dozen  (cf.  quot.  1 5  79  above).  Obs. 

1589  Almond  for  Parrat  14  He  haue  a'  spare  fellowe  shall 
make  mee  a  whole  quest  of  faces  for  three  farthinges. 

3.  Any  inquiry  or  investigation  made  in  order  to 
discover  some  fact ;  also,  the  object  of  such  inquiry. 
_  1598  FLORIO  Diet.  Ep.  Ded.  3, 1  in  this  search  or  quest  of 
mquirie  haue  spent  most  of  my  studies.  1627  Lisander 
AfCal.  in.  39  The  quest  ended  with  no  more  knowledge  than 
it  began.  1727  SWIFT  To  Earl  of  Oxford,  In  quest,  who 
might  this  parson  be.  1831  CARLYI.E  Sari.  Res.  n.  viii,  Let 
us  not  forget  the  great  generality,  which  is  our  chief  quest 
here.  1878  Masque  Poets  101  The  guest  Half  paused  to  ask 
in  idle  quest. 

II.  4.  Search  or  pursuit,  made  in  order  to  find 
or  obtain  something.     Const,  of  ,  for. 

n..E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  39  Hit  arn  fettled  in  on  forme  . . 
&  by  quest  of  her  quoyntyse  enquylen  on  mede.  1526  Pilgr. 
Pcrf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  96  b,  Peace  &  brotherly  Concorde 
dissolueth  this  quest  &  assaute  of  enuy.  1605  SHAKS.  Lear 
I.  i.  196  What . .  Will  you  require  in  present  Dower  with  her, 
Or  cease  your  quest  of  Loue  ?  1655  H.  VAUGHAN  Silex  Scint. 
I.  Search  (1858)  34  My  Quest  is  vaine,  Hee'll  not  be  found 
where  he  was  slaine.  1704  F.  FULLER  Med.  Gyinn.(i-jii)  138 
To  rouse  People  into  a  Quest  of  Health.  1816  BYRON  Ch. 
Jfar.  in.  Ixxvi,  Whose  desire  Was  to  be  glorious;  'twas 
a  foolish  quest.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  viii.  §  4.  491 
Luckily  the  quest  of  gold  proved  a  vain  one. 

b.  Kreq.  in  phr.  in  quest  of  (t  after,  or  inf.). 

1575  CHURCHYARD  Chippcs  11817)  24  In  quest  of  solace,  he 
retired  to  Bath.  1:1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  cxxix,  Had,  hauing, 
and  in  quest  to  haue.  1663  BUTLER  Hud.  I.  iii.  233  He  went 
in  quest  of  Hudibras.  1705  HEARNE  Collect.  6  Oct.  (O.  H.  S.) 
I.  52  He  is  in  quest  after  other  Pieces.  1820  W.  IRVING 
Sketch  Bk.  II.  349  The  ghost  rides  forth  to  the  scene  of 
battle  in  nightly  quest  of  his  head.  i86z  GOULBURN  Pers. 
Kelif.  IV.  i.  (1873)  256  Eager  running  to  and  fro  in  quest  of 
worldly  wealth. 

t  c.  A  person  (or  set  of  persons)  employed  in 
searching.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  \.  ii.  46  The  Senate  hath  sent  about  three 
seuerall  Quests,  To  search  you  out. 

5.  In  mediaeval  romance :  An  expedition  or  ad 
venture  undertaken  by  a  knight  to  procure  some 
thing  or  achieve  some  exploit ;  the  knights  engaged 
in  such  an  enterprise.     Also  iransf. 

£1384  CHAUCER  H.  Fame  HI.  648  They  that  have  do 
noble  jestes  And  acheved  all  hir  questes.  c  1450  Merlin 
503  Thei  entered  in  to  many  questes  forto  knowe  which 
was  the  beste  knyght.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  xvi.  xii, 
1  hey  supposed  he  was  one  of  the  quest  of  the  Sancgreal. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  m,  viii.  53  Her  well  beseemes  that 
Quest.  1813  SCOTT  Triermain  I.  xi,  Rather  he  chose,  that 
Monarch  bold,  On  vent'rous  quest  to  ride,  1850  KINGSLEY 
Alt.  Locke  xi,  You  are  my  servant  now,  by  the  laws  of 
chivalry,  and  you  must  fulfil  my  quest.  1876  GREEN  Stray 
Stud.  262  The  Quest  of  ./Eneas  is  no  self-sought  quest. 

6.  a.  The  search  for  game  made  by  hounds,     b. 
The  baying  of  hounds  in   pursuit    of  game;   a 
peculiar  barking  tittered  by  dogs  when  in  sight  of 
game.  Obs.  exc.  dial. 

X3  ..  Gaiu.  ff  Gr.  Knt.  1150  At  be  fyrst  quethe  of  be 
quest  quaked  be  wylde.  e  1420  Anturs  of  Art  h.  49  Withe 

g'et  questes  and  quelles  Bothe  in  frethes  and  felles.  1513 
OUGLAS  jfcneis  v,  v.  26  For  hundis  quest  it  semyt  the  lift 
rife  wald.  1589  R.  ROBINSON  Gold.  Mirr.  (Chetham  Soc.) 
12  Thus  as  I  stood  to  heare  this  merry  quest  I  heard  the 
names  of  houndes  that  hunted  best.  1649  G.  DANIEL 
Trinareh.,  Hen.  IV,  Ixxiv,  'Twas  soe  resolu  d ;  vpon  the 
doubtfull  Quest  The  Game  gets  to  safe  Covert.  1688 
HOLME  Armoury  in.  188/2  Quest,,  .the  first  opening,  or  cry, 
of  the  Dogs  when  they  have  found  the  scent.  1876  SWIN 
BURNE  Erechtheus  1306  Lo,  night  is  arisen  on  the  noon,  and 
her  hounds  are  in  quest  by  day.  1878  Cnml'ld.  Gloss., 
Quest,  the  early  morning  search  for  a  hare  by  the  scent  of 
the  hounds.  1886  ELWORTHY  IV.  Somerset  lVordJ>k.  s.v., 
He  don't  never  give  no  quest  'thout  he's  right  'pon  it. 

transf.  13..  S.  Erkemuolde  133  in  Horstmann  Altengl. 
Leg.  (1881)  269  pe  masse  he  begynnes..  With  queme  questis 
of  ^e  quere  with  fill  quaynt  notes,  a  1633  G.  HERBERT 
Templt,  Content  ii,  Gad  not  abroad  at  ev'ry  quest  and  call 
Of  an  untrained  hope  or  passion. 

7.  R.  C.  Ch.  The  collection  of  alms  or  donations 
for  religious  purposes. 

1528  ROY  Rede  me  (Arb.)  76  The  observauntis  no  people 
do  spare,  Makynge  their  quest  every  wheare  With  most 
importunate  cravynge.  1691  tr.  D'Etnilliane's  Frauds 
Romish  Monks  262  The  Farmer  [of  Purgatory  moneyj  sends 
some  of  his  Emissaries  into  the  Fields,  to  carry  on  the 
Quest  there  for  the  said  Souls.  1748  Earthquake  Peru  i. 
85  If  we  consider  the  extraordinary  Product  of  the  Quest 
[of  the  Franciscans],  1873  BROWNING  Red  Cott.  Nt.^apqji 
When  Marquise  jokes  'My  quest,  forsooth ?  Each  doit  I 
scrape  together  goes  for  Peter-pence.' 

8.  Comb.,  as  f  quest  -  ale,  prob.  ale  of  special 
quality  (cf.  audit-ale);  f  quest  -  diter,  -ganger, 
=  QUEST-MONGER.     Also  QUEST-HOUSE,  -MAN. 

c  1460  Towneley  I\fyst.  xxii.  24  All  fals  endytars,  Quest- 
gangars,  and  lurars,  ..  Ar  welcome  to  me.  Ibid.  xxx.  185 
Thi.se  rolles  Ar  of  bakbytars  And  fals  quest-dytars.  a  1704 
T.  BROWN  Pleas.  Epistle'Wks.  1730  I.  no  Private  delibera. 
tions  over  brawn  and  quest-ale. 


QUEST. 

t Quest,  sb*  Obs.  [Related  to  QUETHE  ?.,  as 
bequest  (q.v.)  to  bequeath.]  A  bequest. 

c  1300  ffavefok  2iQ  He  made  his  quisle  swithe  wel,  c  1400 
Gatnelyn  64,  I  byseke  yow  . .  For  Gamelynes  love,  that  my 
queste  stonde.  1418  K.  E.  tl-'ills  (1882)  35  After  my  dettii 
payde  and  my  questes  fulfilled.  1478  Crpscombe  Church-iv. 
Ace.  (Som.  Rec.  Soc.)  8  And  bryngs  in  of  the  quest  of 
Water  Bigge  xij  d. 

So  f  Quest  word.   Obs.  rare~'. 

1793  Archaeologia  X.  197  The  legacies  or  questword  of 
the  deceased  supplied  the  rest. 

Quest  ikwest),  v.l  [a.  OF.  quest er  (F.  quctei}, 
f.  queste  QUEST  j*.1] 

1.  intr.  Of  hunting  flogs,  etc.  :   To  search  for 
game.     Also  with  about. 

ci35o  Ipomadon  (Kolbing)  619  A  brachet  of  thee  beste, 
That  euer  wold  trewly  queste  And  securly  pursewe.  c  1420 
Anturs  of  Arth,  49  pay  questede  and  quellys  By  fry  this 
and  fellis.  1523  SKELTON  Garl.  Laurelling  The  howndes 
began  to  yerne  and  to  quest.  1607  TorsELL  Four-/.  Beasts 
(1658)  133  Such  [Dogs]  as  delight  on  the  land,  play  their 
parts,  either  by  swiftness  of  foot,  or  by  often  questing,  to 
search  out  and  to  spring  the  bird,  a  1680  BUTLER  Rfti:. 
(1759)  II.  88  If  they  prosper  they  ..  give  the  Jackal  some 
small  Snip  for  his  Pains  tn  questing.  1826  SCOTT  U'oodst. 
xxxi,  Bevls,  questing  about,  found  the  body. 
fig-  J59°  SOUTHWELL  M.  Magd.  Fnnera.ll  Teares  113  Why 
doth  thy  sorrow  quest  so  much  upon  the  place  where  he  is  ? 
1668  DRYDEN  Even.'s  Love  II.  i,  Cast  about  quickly,  . . 
Range,  quest,  and  spring  a  lie  immediately. 

b.  Of  animals  :  To  search  about  for  food. 

1796  PEGGE  Anonym.  (1809)  137  It  would  be  natural  for 
them  [the  whales]  to  quest  about  for  that  jelly  they  live 
upon.  1879  JEFFERIES  Amateur  Poacher  xii.  236  There  was 
the  pheasant  not  fifteen  yards  away,  quietly  questing  about. 

2.  Of  hunting  dogs  :  To  break  out  into  a  peculiar 
bark  at  the  sight  of  game ;  to  give  tongue ;  to  bark 
or  yelp.  Obs.  exc.  dial. 

£•1420  in  Rel.  Ant.  II.  7  Kenettes  questede  to  quelle,  Al 
so  breme  so  any  belle.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  ix.  xxi, 
This  lytel  brachet  . .  lepte  vpon  hym  and  . .  whyned  and 
quested.  1377  STANVHURST  Descr.  Irel.  \i\Holinshed  VI.  41 
The  hunter  may  perceive  the  beast  resting  on  the  one 
banke,  the  dogs  questing  on  the  other  brim.  1616  SURFI..  & 
MARKH.  Country  Farme  681  You  shall  then  take  care,  that 
not  at  any  time,  . .  he  dare  to  quest  or  open  his  mouth,  but 
that  he  hunt  so  silent  and  mute  as  is  possible.  z68i  OTWAV 
Soldier's  Fort.  iv.  (1735)  84  Lie  still,  you  knave,  close,  close, 
. .  you  had  best  quest,  and  spoil  the  Sport,  you  had.  1831 
Miss  MITFORD  in  L'Estrange  Life  (1870)  II.  xiv.  328  Just 
before  the  coursing  season  began,  he  [a  doi^]  began  to 
dream  of  going  out  and  'quested'  in  his  sleep.  1886  in 
ELWORTHY  11-'.  Somerset  Word.bk. 

fb.  transf.  Of  frogs:  To  croak.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1607  TOPSELL  Serpents  (1658)  725,  I  mean  the  little  Frog 
questing  hoarse  voyce  amain. 

3.  Of  persons :  To  go  about  in  search  of  some 
thing;  to  search  or  seek.    Also  with  about,  and 
constr.  after,  for.     (Chiefly  transf.  from  sense  I.) 

1624  HEVWOOD  Captives  i.  i.  in  Bullen  O.  PL  IV,  This  too 
yeares  I  have  quested  to  his  howse.  1686  F.  STENCE  tr. 
Varilla's  Ho.  Medicis  281  This  young  Lord  had  won  the 
prize  of  a  Turnament,  and  lay  questing  after  a  panegyrick. 
1701  COLLIER  M.  Aurel.  (1726)  89  They  went  questing  with 
flambeaux.  1864  Miss  YONGE  Trial  I.  v.  91  One  of  the 
bridal  pairs  . .  was  seen  questing  about  as  if  disposed  to 
invade  our  premises.  1882  STEVENSON  Mem.  ff  Portraits 
xvi.  (1887)  288  Neither  Mr.  James  nor  the  author  . .  has  ever 
gone  questing  after  gold. 

b.  f!.  C.  Ch.  To  ask  for  alms  or  donations. 

1748  Eartlujuake  Peru  iii.  303  If  the  Friars  go  into  the 
Country,  a  questing  for  their  Monastery.  1867  R.  PALMER 
Life  Philip  Howard  104  There  were  not  to  be  more  than 
thirteen  religious,  who  were  never  to  quest  or  beg  alms. 

4.  trans,    a.  To  search  for,  pursue,  seek  out. 
1751  BYROM  Enthusiasm  in  Poems  1773  II.  34  Averse  to 

Heav'n,  ..  They  quest  Annihilation's  monst'rous  Theme. 
1842  Miss  MITFORD  in  Friendsh.  Miss  Mitford  (1882)  II. 
v.  77  Flush  found  a  hare,  and  quested  it  for  two  miles. 
1855  SINGLETON  Virgil  I.  164  In  noontide  heats  Quest  out 
a  shady  dell.  1882  SIR  E.  ARNOLD  Pearls  of  Faitk  xxviii. 
(1883)  99  A  wild  bee  questing  honey-buds. 
b.  To  question,  request,  demand,  rare. 

1897  F.  THOMPSON  Ne™  Poems  35,  [I]  quested  its  secret  of 
the  sun. 

t  Quest,  V.'2  Ms.  rare.  [?  cf.  LG.  questen,  var. 
quessen,  quetsen  (G.  quetschen,  Du.  kivetseit)  to 
press,  squeeze.]  trans.  To  crush. 

1647  HARVEY  Schola  Cordis  xv.  8  If  Thy  presse  stand, 
Mine  heart  may  chance  slip  out.  O  quest  it  into  nothing. 
1674-91  RAY  N.  C.  Words  s.  v.,  Pies  are  said  to  be  quested, 
whose  sides  have  been  crushed  by  each  other. 

Quest,  variant  of  QUEEST,  ring-dove. 
Questane,  obs.  form  of  WHETSTONE. 
t  Que-stant.  Obs.  rare—1.   -  QCESTEB. 
1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well  n.  i.  16  You  come  Not  to  wooe 
honour,  but  to  wed  it,  when  The  bravest  questant  shrinkes. 

Quest-dove :  see  QUEEST. 

Quester  (kwe-stai).  [f.  QUEST  w.l  -t-  -ER!.] 
One  who  quests,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

a  1550  Image  Hypocr.  iv.  in  Skcltorfs  Wits.  (1843)  II.  440 
Redy  regesters,  Pardoners  and  questers.  1707  J.  STEVENS 
tr.  Quevedo's  Com.  Wks,  (1709)  208  The  wicked  Quester 
tuck'd  up  his..  Robe.  1718  ROWE  tr.  Liican  iv.  (R.),  The 
quester..to  the  wood  they  loose,  Who  silently  the  tainted 
track  pursues.  1875  DovtDKuSAaAs^ere  10  It  is  the  ascetic 
quester,  Galahad  . .  who  beholds  the  mystical  Grail. 

Questeroun,  variant  of  CUSTRON.  Ohs. 

Que-stful,  a.  rare—1,  [f.  QUEST  sl/.^  +  -Fur..] 
Full  of  questing  or  searching. 

1869  LOWELL  Invita  Minerva  246  The  summer  day  he 
spent  in  questful  round. 


47 

t  Quest-house.  Obs.  The  house  at  which  the 
inquests  in  a  ward  or  parish  were  commonly  held. 

1571  Ace.  St.  Gilts,  Cripplegatc  in  MS.  Addil.  12222 
[cited  by  Halliwell,s.v.].  i6c^DEKKER&  WEBSTER  North™. 
Hoe  i.  D.'s  Wks.  1873  III.  12  Are  all  the  Quest-houses 
broken  vp?  1668  PEPYS  Diary  24  Jan.,  At  the  Quest 
House,  where  the  company  meets  to  the  burial  of  my  cozen 
Joyce.  1696  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  3239/4  At  the  Quest-house  on 
Little-Tower-Hill  is  a  Grammar-School.  1828  NARES  Let. 
to  A.  Dyce,  A  Quest-house  was  the  chief  Watch-house  in  a 
parish.  . .  Some  parishes  in  London  still  have  them,  e.  g.  St. 
Giles's  Cripplegate. 

f'g-  '635  QUARLES  Embl.  102  It  is  a  world,  whose  VVork.. 
Is  vanity,  and  vexation  ;  ..  A  Quest-house  of  complaint. 

attrib.  1628  SPELMAN  De  Sepult.  (1641)  22  A  Parish  Audit, 
or  a  Quest-House  dinner. 

Questing  (kwe'stin),  vM.  st.  [f.  QUEST  v.i  + 
-ING1.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  i.  xix,  The  noyse  was  . .  lyke 
vnto  the  questyng  of  xxx  coupyl  houndes.  1540-1  ELYOT 
Image  Cop.  Pref.  (1556)  10  After  two  or  three  questynges, 
he  lept  to  the  great  Olyphante.  1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  n. 
xi.  (1632)  238  A  long  questing  and  heating  for  some  game. 
1700  JER.  COLLIER  ind  Def.  Short  View  n8  All  this 
Questing  has  sprung  but  very  little  Game.  1824  Miss  MIT- 
FORD  tillage  Ser.  I.  (1863)  109  Nothing  is  more  certain  than 
Dash's  questing,  . .  for  a  better  spaniel  never  went  into  the 
field.  1839  BAILEY  Festns\\.  (1848) 63  Must  thou  still  Revel 
in  bootless  questings? 

Questing  (kwe-stin),  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-HfG2.]  That  quests,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

15J3  DOUGLAS  AZneis  XIII.  iii.  25  Than  the  remanent  of 
that  questing  sort, . .  Wythdrawis.  c  1600  DRAYTON  Miseries 


exertions  of  power. 

d.  In  question,  under  consideration,  forming  the 
subject  of  discourse.  To  come  into  question,  to 
be  thought  of  as  possible. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  i.  i.  34  His  Father.. had  (besides  this 
Gentleman  in  question)  Two  other  Sonnes.  1653  DOROTHY 
OSBORNE  Lett,  to  Sir  IV.  Temple  (1888)  100  After  dinner  we 
sit  and  talk  till  Mr.  B.  comes  in  question,  and  then  I  am  gone. 
1775  SHERIDAN  Rivals  n.  i,  He  does  not  think  his  friend  .. 
ever  saw  the  lady  in  question.  1831  MACKINTOSH  Hist.  Eng. 
1 1.  96  The  very  ill-fated  man  in  question  was  John  de  la  Pole. 
1874  STVBBS  Const.  Hist,  I.  i.  7  The  succession  of  masters  was 
too  rapid  to  allow  a  change  of  language  to  come  into  question 
among  the  greater,  .part  of  the  people.  1893  TRAILL  Soc. 


hound.     1888  P.  FITZGERALD  Fatal  Zero  xxvii.  168  That 
questing,  roving  eye.,  that  looks  out  of  the  corners  sharply. 

Question  (kwe'styan),  sb.  Also  4  questiun, 
4-0  -oun,  questyon,  (4  qw-,  5  -one,  -oun\  5 
whestion.  [a.  AF.  questiun,  OF.  question 
(GodeO,  ad.  L.  q>uestiiin-em,  n.  of  action  from 
quxrfre  to  ask,  inquire  :  cf.  Ql'.ERE,  QUERY.] 
I.  The  action  of  inquiring  or  asking. 

1.  The  stating  or  investigation  of  a  problem  ; 
inquiry  into  a  matter;  discussion  of  some  doubtful 
point,  f  To  make  question,  to  raise  discussion  or 
talk,  to  express  or  entertain  doubt  (whether,  of, 
about).  Obs. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  i.  249  Than  mayss  clerkis  questioun 
..  Quhethir  he  his  lordis  neid  suld  let.  £1386  CHAUCKU 
Knt.'s  T.  1656  Peples-.holdyn.se  hir  question  Dyuynynge 
of  thise  Thebane  kuyghtes  t\\o.  1447  BOKENHAM  Seynlys 
(Roxb.)  2  If  be  what  or  why  Be  questyoun  maad  of  thys 
tretyhs  [etc.].  1523  LD.  BERNEKS  Froiss.  I.  592  Qvestyon 
was  made  therof  before  the  marshalles.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V, 
I.  i.  5  The.  .vnquiet  time  Did  push  it  out  of  farther  ques 
tion.  1638  R.  BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  II.  102  Let  us  .. 
never_  make  question  whether  we  ought  to  call  them  in- 
nrmitiesof  age,  orfruits  of  reason.  1778  F.  BURNEY  Evelina. 
xxxiv,  As  to  consulting  you . .  it  was  out  of  all  question.  1824 
J.  MARSHALL  Const.  Opin.  (1839)  311  We  cannot  perceive 
how  the  occupation  of  these  vessels  can  be  drawn  into 
question.  1886  RUSKIN  Prxterita  I.  vi.  185  [My  father] 
allowed  it  without  question. 

b.  In  adverbial  phrases,  as  Beyond  (all)  question, 
out  of;  past,  without  cjtiestion :  Unquestionably. 

1586  T.  B.  La  Primauii.  I-'r.  AcaJ.  189  Out  of  question 
we  will  judge  those  men  verie  blinde.  1601  SHAKS.  Twel.  N. 
I.  iii.  iQi,And.  Why,  would  that  haue  mended  my  haire?  To. 
Past  question.  1680-90  TEMPLE  Ess.,  Heroic  Virtue  Wks. 
1731  I.  212  He  was  without  Question,  a  Great  and  Heroick 
Genius.  1756  BURKE  Vimi.  A'at.  Soc.  Wks.  1842  I.  5  In 
the  state  of  nature,  without  question,  mankind  was  sub 
jected  to  many  and  great  inconveniences.  1818  JAS.  MILL 
Brit.  India  II.  v.  viii.  684  He  is  beyond  all  question  the 
most  eminent  of  the  chief  rulers.  1880  L.  STEPHEN  Pope 
v.  118  The  Dunciad..is  beyond  all  question  full  of  coarse 
abuse. 

C.  f  In  question,  in  dispute,  in  controversy ;  in 
a  doubtful  or  undecided  state.  Obs.  So  also  with 
into  and  in  =  into ;  chiefly,  and  now  only,  in  phr. 
to  call  in  question  :  see  CALL  v.  18. 

1390  in  Kec.  Coldingham  Priory  (Surtees)  65  That  yhour 
richte  be  na  mare  putt  in  questioun.  1494  FABYAN  Chron. 
(i533>  vii.  ccxxxii.  158  b,  A  longe  whyle  thys  fyghte  stode  I 
in  questyon,  whyther  partye  shulde  obteynevyctorye.  1513 
MoKEinGraftonCin>«.(ij68)II.769lfitfortunetheCrowne 
to  come  in  question.  1529  —  Dyaloge  I.  Wks.  123/2  The 
thynge  standinge  in  debate  and  question.  1565  JEWEL  Def. 
Apol.  (1611)  324  How  could  these  so  doubtfull  matters  euer 
haue  fallen  in  question  amongst  your  fellowes.  1620  J. 
WILKINSON  Coroners  $•  Sherifes  13  It  hath  beene  in  ques 
tion  and  ambiguity.  1683  DRYDEN  Life  Plutarch  in  P.'s 
Lives  (1700)  1. 18  The  Pyrrhonians . .  who  bring  all  certainty 


QUESTION. 

F.ng.  Introd.  p.  xxxvi,  Discoveries  of  a  far-reaching . . 
character,  have  during  the  period  in  question  been  made. 

2.  The  action  of  questioning,  interrogating,  or 
examining  a  person,  or  the  fact  of  being  ques 
tioned,  etc. ;  f  hence,  talk,  discourse. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  i.  1013  Ferst  he  let  the  Prestea  take,  .. 
He  put  hem  into  questioun.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms 
(S.  T.  S.)  185  He  aw  nocht  to  be  stoppit,  bot  frely  to  have 
passage  throu  all  realmes  but  questioun.  1596  SHAKS. 

Merch.  V.  iv.  i.  346  lie  stay  no  longer  question.     1605 

Macb.  III.  iv.  118  Ross.  What  sights,  my  Lord?  La.  I  pray 
you_speake  not.  .Question  enrages  him.  1690  LOCKE  Govt. 
n.  ii.  §  13  One  Man.  .may  do.  .whatever  he  pleases,  without 
the  least  question  or  control!.  1849  M.  ARNOLD  Sonnets, 
.  Shaksp.,  Others  abide  our  question.  Thou  art  free.  1869 
TENNYSON  Coming  Arthur  311  Fixing  full  eyes  of  question 
on  her  face. 

b.  spec.  The  application  of  torture  as  part  of 
a  judicial  examination. 

'583  Exec,  for  Treason  (1675)  12  No  one  was  called  to 

any  capital  or  bloody  question  upon  matters  of  Religion. 

1651  KVKI.YN  Mem.  (1857)  I.  275  A  malefactor  was  to  have 

the  question,  or  torture,  given  to  him.    1689  HI'RNET  Tracts 

\     I.  80  The  common  Question  that  they  give.. is,  that  they 

,    tyethe  Hands  of  the  suspected  Person  behind  his  ba<k[etc.J. 

1761    HUME  Hist.   Eng.    III.    Ii.   no   He   urged  too,  that 

r  elton  should  he  put  to  the  question  in  order  to  extort  from 

j    him  a  discovery  of  his  accomplices.     1871   H.  AINSWORTH 

I     Ty.ver  Hill  in.  xix,  Let  him  be  submitted  to  the  question, 

ordinary  and  extraordinary. 

to.  In  question:  Under  judicial  examination; 
on  trial.  Obs.  rate. 

1589  HOKSKY  Trav.  (Hakluyt  Soc.)  App.  330  John  Chapele 
..was.  .ymprisoned  almost  a  yeare,  in  question  to  have 
bene  executed.  1597  SHAKS.  2  lien.  II',  i.  ii.  68  He  that 
was  in  question  for  the  robbery. 

d.    'J'o  cull  in  (t  or  into)  question  :   To  examine 
i   judicially,  bring  to  trial ;  to  take  to  task,  call  to 
account. 

1611  Bini.E  Acts  xix.  40  We  are  in  clanger  to  be  called  in 

|    question  for  this  dayesvpi  ore.    a  1641  Bp.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  \- 

Man.  11642)  59  Socrates,  .was  called  into  question,  and  had 

sentence  of  death  pronounced  against  him.    1647  J-  CARTER 

i    Nail  J^  Wheel  78  Presently  he  was.. called  in  question  as 

j    a  delinquent. 

II.  What  is  asked  or  inquired  (about). 
3.  The  interrogative  statement  of  some  point  to 
be  investigated  or  discussed  ;  a  problem ;  hence, 
a  matter  forming,  or  capable  of  forming,  the  basis 
of  a  problem ;  a  subject  involving  more  or  less 
difficulty  or  uncertainty.  The  question  :  the  precise 
matter  receiving  or  requiring  deliberation  or  dis 
cussion.  To  beg  the  question  :  see  EEC  v.  6. 

a  1300  Cursor  Af.  26104  par.wit-al  sum  questiones  we  sal 
vndo  be  merk  resons.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  i  Rolls)  I.  15 
Wel  nyh  al  problernys  and  questiouns  of  the  wiscste  men. 
1467  in  Rymer  Foedera  (1710)  XI.  579  If.. any  Difficultie 
or  Question  in  the  Lawe  happen  to  ryse.  c  1510  MORE 
Pins  Wks.  3/2  Some  good  simple  folk,  that  should  of  xele 
to  the  faith . .  impugne  those  questions,  as  new  thinges.  1508 
SHAKS.  Merry  IV.  i.  i.  227  But  that  is  not  the  question  :  the 
question  is  concerning  your  marriage.  1663  BUTLER  Hud. 
I.  ii.  465  It  was  a  Question,  whether  he  Or  's  Horse  were  of 
a  Family  More  worshipful.  1768  T.  POWNALL  Admin. 
Brit.  Col.  (1774)  I.  7  This  American  question.. must  now 
come  forward.  1854  KINGSLEY  Lett.  (1878)  I.  416  This  is  a 
question  involving  the  lives  of  thousands  and  tens  of  thou 
sands  of  human  beings.  1879  MCCARTHY  Own  Time  II. 
xxv.  219  The  Eastern  Question  it  was  that  disturbed  the 
dream  of  peace. 

b.  spec.  A  subject  for  discussion,  a  proposal  to 
be  debated  or  voted  on,  in  a  meeting  or  delibera 
tive  assembly,  esp.  in  Parliament ;  t  the  putting  of 
this  proposal  to  the  vote.  Question .',  used  (a)  to 
recall  a  speaker  to  the  subject  under  discussion, 
t  (/>)  to  demand  that  the  vote  be  taken  (quot. 
1817).  Previous  question:  see  PREVIOUS. 

1658-9  Burtons  Diary  (1828)  IV.  37  The  persons  con 
cerned  must  withdraw  when  any  question  is.  1678  MARVELL 
Growth  Popery  24  Whereupon  the  greater  number  called 
for  the  Question,  and  had  it  in  the  Affirmative,  that  the 
Debate  should  be  laid  aside.  1791  Debate  Abolit.  Slave. 
Trade  119  A  loud  cry  [being]  kept  up  a  considerable  time 
for  the  question.  1817  Hansard's  Parl.  Debates  XXXV. 
758/2  Lord  Cochrane  rose,  amidst  reiterated  cries  of 
question,  to  state  [etc.].  1863  H.  Cox  Instil.  I.  ix.  139  The 
Speaker,,  .when  it  has  been  seconded,  proposes  it  to  the 
House,  and  then  the  House  are  said  to  be  in  possession  of 
the  question.  Ibid.  140  If  it  be  wished  to  avoid  a  question, 
it  is  usual  to  move  that  the  chairman  do  leave  the  chair. 

C.  Const,  of  (the  subject-matter  or  sphere).  Now 
freq.  in  phr.  it  is  a  question  of  =  what  is  required 
or  involved  is,  etc. 

1382  WYCLIF  Acts  xviii.  15  If  questiouns  ben  of  the  word, 
and  names  of  the  lawe.  1526  TINDALE  Acts  xviii.  15  Yf  it 
be  a  question  off  wordes  or  off  names  or  of  youre  lawe.  1812 
H.  &  J.  SMITH  Kej.  Addr.,  Living  Lustres  ii,  The  question 
of  Houses  I  leave  to  the  jury.  1836  J.  GILBERT  Chr. 
Atonem.  ix.  (1852)  275  The  recovery  of  transgressors  is  not 
a  question  of  mere  power.  1867  FREEMAN  Norm,  Cong. 
(1876)  I.  iv.  223  It  was  a  question  of  time. 

d.  Phr.  Out  of  the  question,  foreign  to  the  subject ; 
hence,  not  to  be  considered  or  thought  of. 

1700  COLLIER  ind Def.  Short  Vieio  122  His  Objection.. Is 
out  of  the  Question.  1815  B'NESS  BUNSEN  in  Hare  Lift 
(1879)  I.  iii.  88  To  go  on  describing  the  different  effects,  .is 
out  of  the  question.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage  210  The 
third  alternative  was  no  longer  open,  .for  retreat  was  out  of 
the  question. 

4.  A  subject  of  discussion,  debate,  or  strife  between 
parties,  or  of  one  party  with  another. 


read,  I  bought  a  Question 


QUESTION. 

OF.  question  occurs  freq.  in  the  sense  of  'difference*, 
'dispute',  'quarrel'. 

1382  WYCLII-  John  iii.  25  A  questioun  is  maad  of  Johnis 
disciplis  with  the  Jewis,  of  the  puriucacioun.  1390  GOWER 
Conf.  vii.  4148  A  question  betwen  the  tuo  Thus  writen  in 
a  bok  I  fond.  1456  SIR  G.  \l.\\  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  115  It 
efferis  to  the  constable  to  here  all  questiounis,  querelis  and 
complayntis  of  his  men5e.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  o/JEsop  v. 
x,  Telle  me  your  resons  and  caas.-that  the  better  I  may 
gyue  the  sentence  of  your  dyferent  and  question. 


sword  was  drawne  about  this  question.  1818  CRUISE  Digest 
(ed.  2)  VI.  249  A  Question  arose  between  the  heir  at  law 
and  the  younger  children,  whether  it  passed  by  the  will. 

5.  In  negative  expressions.     It  is  no  (or  not  a) 
question,  there  is  no  question,  f  or  simply  no  ques 
tion  :  There  is  no  room  for  dispute  or  doubt  \lnit, 
that}.    To  make  no  question  :  To  raise  or  entertain 
no  doubt  (of  or  about  a  thing,  but  or  inf.). 

1583  W.   FULKE  Dcf.   Tr.  Script.   Pref.  5  We  make  no 
question  but  that  it  is  Apostolical.    1593  SiiAKS._2  Hen.  Vf, 
iv.  ii.  61,  I  am  able  to  endure  much.     No  question  of  that. 
1596  —  Alerch.  /'.  i.  i.  184,  I  no  question  make  To  haue  it. 
1605  VI-RSTEGAN  Dec.  Intell.  ii.  (1628)  25  That  our  Saxon 
ancestors  came  out  of  Germanic  ..  is  no  question.      1625 
BL-RGES  Pers.  Tithes  2  My  Purpose  is  not  here  to  fall  vpon    I 
that  Question,  (for  I  make  no  Question  of  it)  Whether  [etc.],     i 
1711  AUDISON  Sf>ect.  No.  59  P  3,  I  make  no  Question  but  it    , 
would  have  been  looked  upon  as  one  of  the  most  valuable 
Treasuries  of  the  Greek  Tongue.    1815  JANE  AUSTEN  Ennna    , 
i.  ix,  I  cannot  make  a  question,  .about  that;  it  is  a  certainty,     i 
1845  M'Ci'LLOCH    Taxation   Introd.  (1852)  21/2   It   is   no    , 
longer  a  question  that  the  disgust  occasioned  by  this  in 
equality,  .mainly  contributed  to  throw  France  into  a  flame.     ; 

t  b.  No  question  ^used  parenthetically) :  No 
doubt,  without  question.  Obs. 

1594  O.  B.  Quest.  Profit.  Concern.  27  We  haue  set  at 
naught,. the  poore.. whose  accusations,  no  question,  are 
gone  vp  into  heauen.  1621  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Diatribse  273 
Alluding,  no  question,  vnto  that  of  the  Psalme.  a  1674 
CLARENDON  Sun:  Lmiaih.  (1676)  260  This  no  question  is 
his  meaning.  1722  DE  FOE  Plague  (1884)  125  There  were,  i 
no  Question,  Accounts  kept  of  their  Charily. 

6.  A  sentence  of  interrogative  form,  addressed  by    ; 
one  person  to  another  in  order  to  elicit  information ;    j 
an  interrogation,  query,  inquiry. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  22891  iCott.)  An  crafti  clerc.  .asked  him 
a  questiun  of  a  wolf  and  a  Icon.     1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc. 
8288  Now  may  bou  ask  me.  .A  questyon.and  say.  .Salle  j?ai    | 
[etc.]?    a  1400-50  Alexander  mo  Inquire  me  noght   bis 
question,  I  quetli  it  J?e  neuer.     c  1485  Digby  Myst.  iv.  1311 
Yeaskit  hym.  .a  whestion.     £71580 SIDNEY  Ps.  XLII.  ii,  Their    • 
daily  questions  .  .Where  is  now  thy  God  soe  good?     1665 
BOYLE  Occas.  Rejl.  iv.  xvii,  Before  we  could  answer  that 
Question,  we  must  ask  one  of  him,  which  was,  what  he  had 
been  doing.     1773  GOLDSM.  Stoops  to  Cong.  in.  in  Ask  me 
no  questions  and  I'll  tell  you  no  hbs.     1776  Trial  of  Nando-    \ 
comar  73/2  If  you  do  not  give  a  plain  answer  to  a  plain    i 
question,  you  will  be  committed.     1869  Q.   Rev.  July  211     | 
Go  and  put  that  question  to  the  great  armies  of  Austria. 

fb.   Questions  and  commands,  the  name  of  a   i 
game  in  which   one   person   addressed  ludicrous   ] 
questions  and  commands  to  each  member  of  the 
company.   Obs. 

1673  WYCHERLEY  GentL  Dancing-Master  n.  ii,  He  is  as 
dull  as  a  country-squire  at  questions  and  commands.  1709 
STEELE  Tatter  No.  144  F  i  Just  as  one  is  chosen  King  at 
the  game  of  Questions  and  Commands.  1731  FIELDING  Grub 
St.  Opera  in.  vii,  Unless  when  we  have  [kissed]  at  questions 
and  commands. 

C.  Sc.  in  //.  The  catechism  (cf.  question-book 
in  7).  Also  transf. 

1795  BURNS  Election  v,  The  billle  is  gettin'  his  questions, 
To  say  in  St.  Stephen's  the  morn.  1893  STEVENSON  Cairiona 
31, 1  judged,  .he  would  think  the  better  of  me  if  I  knew  the 
questions. 

III.  7.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  attrib.,ttl£fttflfi&ff- 
box,  -hoitr,  -time ;  b.  objective,  as  question-answer 
ing^  -askings-begging  (see  BEG  v.  6),  -putting,  sbs. 
or  adjs. ;  c.  phrasal,  as  question-and-answer  lesson  ; 
d.  question-book  Sc.,  a  catechism  (formerly  often 
containing  also  the  alphabet  or  a  spelling-book) ; 
question-mark,  -stop,  a  mark  of  interrogation ; 
f  question-sick,  having  a  mania  for  questioning ; 
t  question-wise  adv.,  as  a  question. 

1642  R.  H  ARKIS  Serm on  29  If  wee  follow  Chrysostom's  sense 
..and  read  the  words  Questtonwise,  Will  hee  suffer  longl 
1647  TRAPP  Comm.  Acts  via.  24  All  Christ's  scholars  are 
questionists,  though  not  question-sick,  c  1700  in  Wodrow's 
Hist.  C/i.  Scot.  (1828)  II.  5.  " 


Having  a  mind  to  learn  to 
X)k.     1839  Lett.fr.  Madras 

(1843)  2S5  ine  question-and-answer  lessons  on  Scripture 
History,  c  1860  WHATELY  Comm-pl.  Bit.  (18641  263  What 
Jeremy  Bentham  calls  'question -begging  appellatives'.  i86a 
T.  A.  TROLLOPE  Marietta  I.  xi.  200  Looking  at  her  like  a 
question  stop.  1869  LOWELL  Cathedr.,  This  age,  that  blots 
out  life  with  question-marks.  1884  E.  YATES  Recoil,  (ed. 
Tauchn.)  II.  vii.  259  Much  is  said  of  ..  their  constant 
question-asking.  1885  Manch.  Exam.  28  Feb.  6/1  Sitting 
apathetically  through  a  rather  lively  question  time. 
Question  (kwe-styan),  v.  Also  5-6  -yon,  (5 
-one,,  [a.  OF.  questionner  (ijth  c.),  f.  question 
QUESTION  sb.] 

1.  trans.  To  ask  a  question  or  questions  of  (a 
person  or  Jiff,  a  thing) ;  to  interrogate,  f  Also 
with  double  object  (quot.  1604). 

1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xv.  58  Fame  . .  sette  herself  ..  with 
the  porters  and  mynystres  for  to  questyone  theym.  1600 
SHAKS.  A.  1".  L.  n.  iv.  64  One  of  you  question  you'd  man, 


48 

If  he  for  gold  will  giue  vs  any  foode.  1604  —  Oth,  i.  iii.  129 
Her  Father.  .Still  question 'd  me  the  Storie  of  my  life.  1714 
SWIFT  //;///  Hor,  n.  vi,  And  question  me  of  this  and  that. 
1814  GARY  Dante,  Paradise  in.  133.  I  to  question  her  be 
came  less  prompt.  1863  GEO.  ElJOT -ff  «***«  Introd.,  The 
night-student,  who  had  been  questioning  the  stars  or  the 
sages.. for  that  hidden  knowledge. 

b.  To  examine  judicially ;  hence,  to  call  to 
account,  challenge,  accuse  (of}.  Now  rare. 

1637  HKYLIN^MJ?*'.  Burton  60  When  you  were  questioned 
publickely  for  your  misdemeanours,  a  1641  BP.  MOUNTAGU 
Acts  $  Mon.  (1642)  240  Socrates  was  questioned  and  con 
demned  at  Athens.  1656  BRAMHALL  Rcplic.  ii.  96  He  had 
rather  his  own  Church  should  be  questioned  of  Idolatry. 
1789  Constitution  U.  S.  Art.  i.  §  6  For  any  speech  or  debate 
in  either  house  [membersof  Congress]  shall  not  be  questioned 
in  any  other  place.  1839  MACAULAY  Ess.  (1843)  II.  458  [He] 
cannot  be  questioned  before  any  tribunal  for  his  baseness 
and  ingratitude. 

f  c.  To  challenge,  defy  (one)  to  do  something. 
Obs.  rare-1. 

1643  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Relig.  Med.  i.  §  27,  I  cannot  see  why 
the  Angel  of  God  should  question  Esdras  to  recall  the  time 
past,  if  it  were  beyond  his  owne  power. 

f2.  intr.  To  question  with  :  To  ask  questions  of ; 
to  hold  discourse  or  conversation  with  ;  to  dispute 
with.  Obs. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x.  iv,  These  two  knyghtes  mette 
with  syre  Tristram  and  questioned  with  hym.  i«j55  EDEN 
Decades  10,  I  questioned  with  hym  as  concernynge  the 
eleuation  of  the  pole.  1614  JACKSON  Creed  in.  i.  §  5  Little 
would  it  boote  vs  to  question  with  them  about  their  meaning. 
1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qnal.  (1809)  II.  97,  I  was  not 
far  from  murmuring  and  questioning  with  my  God. 

3.  intr.  To  ask  or  put  questions. 

1584  LYI.Y  Canipaspe  v.  ii,  Thy  sighs  when  he  questioned, 
may  breed  in  him  a  jealousy.  1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  VI,  in. 
ii.  122  Goe  wee  . ,  to  the  man  that  tooke_  him  To  question  of 
his  apprehension.  1626  D'Ewns  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i. 
III.  217  Others  hearing  not  well  what  hesaied  hindred  those 
by  questioning  which  might  have  heard.  1725  POPE  Odyss. 
xxni.  no,  I  scarce  uplift  my  eyes,  Nor  dare  to  question. 
1858  LONGF.  M.  Standish  ix.  53  Questioning,  answering, . . 
and  each  interrupting  the  other. 

b.  trans,  with  clause  stating  the  question.  ?  Obs. 

1592  GREENE  Upst.  Courtier  in  Harl.  Afisc.  (Malh.)  II. 
2^7,  I.. was  so  bould  as  to  question  what  they  were,  and  of 
their  businesse.  1611  SHAKS.  l\7int.  T.  i.  ii.  433  'Tis  safer 
to  Auoid  what's  growne,  then  question  how  'tis  borne.  1651 
HOBBES  Leviath.  n.  xxi.  no  They  never  questioned  what 
crime  he  had  done. 

t  c.  intr.  To  inquire  or  seek  after.   Obs.  rare~"1. 

i6o6G.W[ooDCOCKE]Ari"j/,  Ivsti»ex\xi,  105 Which  flattery 
.  .so  much  delighted  him  that  them  which  before  his  affection 
hated,  now  his  desire  earnestly  questioned  after. 

4.  trans.  To  make   a  question  of,  to  raise  the 
question  (whether,  if,  etc.) ;  hence,  to  doubt,  hold 
as  uncertain. 

1533  FRITH  Answ,  More  Wks.  (1573)  33  Whether  it  be  so 
or  not  it  may  be  questioned.  1659  SLINGSBY  Diary  (1836) 
356,  I  sent  you  a  leter  . .  but  I  question  whether  you  re 
ceived  it.  1745  P.  THOMAS  Jrnl.  Ansons  Voy.  286,  I  much 
question  if  those  who  left  them  had  once  fired  them.  1758 
JOHNSON  Idler  No.  4  F  9  No  man  can  question  whether 
wounds  and  sickness  are  not  really  painful.  1883  Law 
Times  20  Oct.  408/1  Whether  the  request,  .can  be  complied 
with.. may  be  questioned. 

b.  In  negative  expressions,  as  /  do  not  question 
(but)  etc.)  =  I  have  no  doubt,  I  am  sure  (that) ; 
also  pass.  (cf.  5)  it  cannot  be  questioned  =  it  is 
certain ;  etc. 

1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  VIII  ^  n.  iv.  50  It  is  not  to  be  question'd, 
That  they  had  gather'd  a  wise  Councell.  1687  T.  BROWN 
Saints  in  Uproar  Wks.  1730  I.  82,  I  ..question  not  but 
you'll  do  me  and  these  two  martyrs  justice,  a  i72oSE\vEL 
Hist.  Quakers  (1795)  I.  Pref.  23  Some  cases  which  I  did  not 
question  to  be  true.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  xvm.  H,  He 
did  not  in  the  least  question  succeeding  with  his  daughter. 
1869  HUXLEY  in  Set.  Opin.  21  Apr.  464/3  Nor  can  it  be 

3uestloned  that  [etc.].  1878  SIMPSON  Sat.  Skaks.  I.  120  He 
id  not  question  but  the  native  Irish  would  join  him. 

5.  a.  To  call  in  question,  dispute,  oppose. 

1632  Gahvay  Arch,  in  TO.'/I  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App. 
V.  478  Wee  question  the  truth  of  your  informacion.  1647 
N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  lix.  (1739)  112  This  the  wilful 
Archbishop  never  questioned,  till  he  questioned  all  Author 
ity.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.  xxvii.  III.  3  The  worthless 
delegates  of  his  power,  whose  merit  it  was  made  sacrilege 
to  question.  1832  HT.  MARTINEAU  Life  in  Wilds  vii.  96 
There  would  be  no  true  humility  in  questioning  your  decision. 
1883  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  IV.  n.  i.  164  Any  one  who  openly 
questioned  the  truth  «f  Christianity  was  treated  as  a  public 
offender. 

t  b.  To  bring  into  question,  make  doubtful  or 
insecure.  Obs.  rare. 

1637  HEYWOOD  Roy  all  King  in.  Wks.  1874  VI.  43  This 
emulation  Begets  our  hate,  and  questions  him  of  life,  a  1643 
SUCKLING  Goblins  v.  (1646)  58  Behold  (grave  Lords)  the  man 
Whose  death  questioned  the  life  of  these. 

t  c.  To  state  as  a  question.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1643  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Relig.  Med.  \.  §  21  Myself  could  shew 
a  Catalogue  of  doubts,  never  yet  imagined  nor  questioned. 

f6.  To  ask  or  inquire  about,  to  investigate  (a 
thing).  Obs.  rare. 

1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  \\.  iv.  142  Dispatch  vs  with  all  speed, 
least  that  our  King  Come  here  himselfe  to  question  our 
delay,  a  1633  AUSTIN  Medit.  (1635)  133  When  they  Question 
such  things,  as  the  Holy-ghost  is  silent  in.  1655  STANLEY 
Hist.Philos.  in.  (1701)87/1  Socrates  asked  them  if.  .he  might 
be  permitted  to  question  what  he  understood  not. 

Questionabrlity,  =  QUESTIONABLENESS. 

1843  CARLYLR  Cromwell  (1871)  V.  125  Widening  into  new 
dreariness,  new  questionability. 


QUESTIONARY. 

Questionable  (kwe-styonab'l),  a.  [f.  QUES 
TION  V.  +  -ABLE.] 

fl.  a.  Of  a  person:  That  may  be  interrogated; 
of  whom  questions  may  be  asked,  b.  Of  a  ques 
tion  :  That  may  be  asked  or  put.  c.  Of  a  place  : 
\Vhere  questions  may  easily  be  asked.  Obs.  rare. 

1590  C.S.  Right  Relig.i  It  Is  a  question,  scarse  questionable. 
1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  i.  iv.  43  Thou  com'st  in  such  a  question- 
able  shape,That  I  will  speake  to  thee.  1607  M  IDDLETON  Five 
Gallants  n.iii,  In  such  public  as  a  tavern,  such  a  questionable 
place.  [1878  SIMPSON  Sch.  Shaks.  II.  119  (Ir,  Prodigal  Son) 
Hollah  !  boy.  .Stay  still  and  be  questionable.  Tell  me  [etc, }.} 

t  2.  Of  persons  or  acts  :  Liable  to  be  called  to 
account  or  dealt  with  judicially.  06s. 

1639  GESTILIS  Servita's  Inquis.  (1676)  833  The  delinquent 
shall  be  sent  to  the  place  where  he  is  questionable  for 
spiritual  Matters.  1660  Trial  Regie.  51  Whatever  was 
done  by  their  Commands,  or  their  Authority,  is  not  question 
able  by  your  Lordships.  1685  COTTON  tr.  Montaigne  (1877) 
I.  60  Many  have  thought  we  are  not  fairly  questionable  for 
anything  but  what  we  commit  against  our  conscience. 

3.  Of  things,  facts,  etc. :  That  may  be  questioned 
or  called  in  question  (rarely  const,  by} ;  open  to 
question  or  dispute;  doubtful,  uncertain.  Freq. 
in  phr.  it  is  questionable  (whether,  if,  etc.). 

1607  TOPSKLL  Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  96  It  is  questionable, 
whether  they  have  any  Hindes  or  females.  1643  PRYNNE 
Treach.  fy  Disloyalty  in.  127  (R.)  Making  it  a  thing  not 
questionable  by  our  Prelates  and  Clergie.  1685  LADY 
RUSSELL  in  Bucclruck  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  341 
The  Queen,  is  not  at  all  well;  . .  'tis  questionable  if  she  can 
endure  the  ceremony  of  the  Coronation.  1772  Junius  Lett. 
Ded.  6  The  right  of  juries  to  return  a  general  verdict,  in  all 
cases  whatsoever  is.  .not.  .in  any  shape  questionable  by  the 
legislature.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  63  Whatever  rendered 
property  questionable,  ambiguous,  and  insecure.  1818 
CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  IV.  147  This  doctrine  is  very  ques 
tionable.  1882  SPURGKON  Treas.  Da-v.  Ps.  cxxiv.  Introd., 
They  have  ventured  upon  so  many  other  questionable  state 
ments  that  we  are  not  bound  to  receive  this  dictum.  1883 
SIR  J.  C.  MATHEW  in  Law  Rep.  n  Queen's  Bench  Div.  592 
It  was  very  questionable  whether  the  words  used  were 
defamatory  per  se. 

b.  Of  doubtful  or  obscure  meaning,  rare. 

1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela  III.  408  When  I  cannot  answer 
for  myself,  to  render  anything  dark  or  questionable  in  it. 
1835  I.  TAYLOR  Spir.  Despot,  iv.  119  In  the  lapse  of  ages, 
the  phraseology  of  law  may  become  first  obsolete,  and  then 
questionable. 

c.  of  qualities,  properties,  etc. :  About  the  exist 
ence  or  presence  of  which  there  may  be  question. 

1796  MORSE  A  mer.  Geog.  I.  vii,  The  propriety  of  importing 
any  of  our  school  books  from  Great  Britain . .  is  very  question 
able.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  I.  xii.  123  The  questionable 
privilege  of  having  as  many  wives  as  he  could  support. 
1885  Manch.  Exam.  20  Feb.  5/1  Either  its  object  is  of 
questionable  expediency,  or  its  work  is  imperfectly  done. 

d.  Of  doubtful   nature,  character,   or   quality ; 
dubious  in  respect  of  goodness,  respectability,  etc. 

1806  SURR  Winter  in  Land.  II.  261  There  are  a  thousand 
questionable  thoughts  rushing  at  once  upon  my  mind,  a  1822 
SHELLI-:Y  Chas.  /,  n.  203  Stick  not  even  at  questionable 
means.  1880  L.  STEPHEN  Pope  iii.  79  A  coolness  ensued 
between  the  principal  and  his  partners  in  consequence  of 
these  questionable  dealings. 

Que-stionableness.  [f.  prec.  + -NESS.]  The 
state  of  being  questionable  ;  doubtfulness,  etc. 

1668  H.  MORE  Div.  Dial.  n.  xxii.  (1713)  158  tnarg.,  From 
the  Questionableness  whether  ..  there  does  not  as  much 
good  redound  to  the  Universe.  1857  DE  QUIXCEY  Keats 
Wks.  1862  V.  270  The  questionableness  of  its  particular  state 
ments.  1867  C.  J.  SMITH  Syn.  $  Antonyms  s.v.  Apparent^ 
The  adverb  apparently  admits  the  sense  of  questionableness 
still  more  strongly. 

Que'Stionably,  adv.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -LY  2.]  In 
a  questionable  manner. 

1859  WILSON  &  GEIKIK  .Mem.  E.  Forbes  \.  8  This  dim  pre 
historic  dawn,  through  which  the  shadowy  figures  of  . . 
Druids  questionably  hover.  1885  Mag.  oj  Art  Sept.  443/1 
An  eccentric  and  questionably  drawn  performance. 

f  Que'stional,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  QUESTION  sb. 
+  -AL.]  Relating  to  questions. 

1607  R.  C.  tr.  Estienne"s  World  Wond.  xxxix.  327  The 
Decretals  haue  had  their  part,,  .the  Questionall,  Distinction- 
all,  QuodlibeticaU  bookes.  .theirs. 

tQue'Stionary,^-1  Obs.  rare.  Also9quaest-. 
[ad.  med.L.  questionari-tts :  see  QUESTION  and 

-ARY1.]        1.     =QUESTIOKIST. 

1435  MISYN  Fire  oj  Love  3,  I  trowe  J?ies  Jringes  here 
contenyd,  of  bies  questionaries . .  may  no3t  be  vnderstandyd. 
1563  Fox  A.  $  M.  589/2  Then  did  he  rede  openly. .  Paules 
Epistles,  and  put  by  Douns  and  Dorbel,  &  yet  he  was  a 
questionary  him  selfe.  1787  Minor  n.  xx.  141  Are  you 
become  a  questionary  at  this  time  of  day  ? 

2.    =QUESTOR  I. 

1820  SCOTT  Abbot  xxvii,  A  quaestionary  or  pardoner,  one 
of  those  itinerants  who  hawked  about . .  reliques. 

Que'Stionary,  $b.~  rare.  [ad.  med.L.  qites- 
tionarium ;  or,  in  mod.  use,  ad.  F.  questionnaire ; 
see  -AKY!.]  A  list  of  questions ;  fa  treatise  in  the 
form  of  questions,  a  catechism. 

1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydon's  Quest.  Chirurg.  Pref.,  This 
lyteli  questyonary  &  formulary,  .haue  ben  often  requyred 
and  soughte  for.  1887  Athwmum  10  Sept.  345/3  Answers 
to  the  society's  questionary  of  sociology  and  ethnography. 

Questionary  (kwe'stysnari),  a.  [ad.  late  L. 
qnxst-,  questiondri-us  (Boethius)  :  see  QUESTION 
and  -ARY1.] 

1.  Having  the  form  of  a  question ;  consisting  of 
questions ;  conducted  by  means  of  questioning. 


QUESTIONATIVELY. 

1653  MANTON  Exp.  James  iii.  13  The  questionary  proposal 
intimateth  the  rare  contemporation  of  these  two  qualities. 
a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  (1724)  I.  35  The  questionary  trial 
came  last,  Every  Minister  asking  such  questions  as  he 
pleased.  1775  ADAIR  Amer.  Ind.  60  The  reply  confirms  the 
meaning  of  the  questionary  salute.  1838  CHALMERS  Wks. 
XIII.  75  Let  us  institute  a  questionary  process  upon  the 
doings. 

2.  That  asks  questions.  rare~^. 
1711  STEELE  Sped.  No.  80  F  6  Let  those  two  questionary 
Petitioners   try   to    do   thus  with    their  Who's  and    their 
Whiches. 

f  Que'Stionatively,  adv.  06s.  rare-1.  [Perh. 
on  anal,  of  interrogatively,  imperatively,  etc.]  As 
a  question. 

1657  REEVE  God's  Plea  7  These  words  are  put  question- 
atively. 

Questioned  (kwe-stysnd),  ///.  a.  [f.  QUES 
TION  v.  +  -ED!.]  That  is  questioned,  in  senses  of 
the  vb.  Also  absol.  as  sb. 

1680  BAXTER  /f»«</..SV;%«£/7.xxxiv.58ThelittIedifferences 
of  our  questioned  Assemblies.    1753  H.  JONES  Earlof  Essex 
(1756)  26  Clear  Your  question'd  conduct  from  disloyal  guilt. 
1881  Times  18  May  ir/s  At  other  times  questioner  and 
questioned  agree  in  seeking  an  occasion  to  state  a  fact. 
Questionee-.  rare—'1.    One  who  is  questioned. 
1866  Sat.  Rev.  12  May  564  Questioner  and  questionee 
will  soon  lose  each  other  in  the  wilderness  of  words. 
Questioner  (kwe-styanaj).    [f.  QUESTION  v.  + 
-ER1.]     One  who  questions;   an  Interrogator,  in 
quirer;  fan  interrogative  form  of  speech;  erotema. 
*55I  CRANMER  Answ.  Gardiner  73  The  curious  questioner, 
the  foolishe  answerer.      1389  PUTTENHAM  Bug.  Poesie  in. 


709 


. 

1801  SOUTHEV  Thalaba  v.  xvi,  Stranger,  in  thy  turn, ..who 
art  thou,  the  questioner?  1890  H.  S.  SALT  Thorean  20  He 
was.. a  fearless  thinker  and  questioner  on.. matters  social 
and  religious. 

t  Que'Btionful.  nonce-wd.  [f.  QUESTION  sb.  + 
-FUL.]  A  full  reply  to  a  question. 

1647  WARD  Simp.  Cotter  30  If  any  body  comes  to  me  for 
a  question-full  or  two  about  fashions,  they  never  complain 
of  me  for  giving  them  hard  measure,  or  under-weight. 

Questioning  (kwe-styanin),  vl/l.  sli.  [f. 
QUESTION  v.  +  -ING1.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.,  in  various  senses. 

01635  SIBBES  Confer.  Christ  $  Mary  (1656)  04  The 
ministeriall  questioning  of  sinners.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE 
Pseud.  Ep.  208  The  questioning  of  their  true  endowments. 
1776  JOHNSON  in  Boswell  Mar.  (at  Lichfield),  Questioning  is 
not  the  mode  of  conversation  among  gentlemen.  1861  GEO. 
ELIOT  Silas  M.  48  Silas  now  told  his  story  under  frequent 
questioning. 

attrib.  1837  WHEWELL  Hist.  Induct.  Sc.  I.  25  The  vigour 
and  confidence  of  the  questioning  spirit. 

2.  With  a  and//. :  An  instance  of  this. 

1607  HIERON  Wks.  I.  266  An  aduised  questioning  with 
hlmselfe,  touching  the  value  of  this  offered  treasure.  1677 
GILPIN  Demonol.  (1867)  303  Unseemly  questionings  of  his 
goodness  and  compassion.  1803-6  WORDSW.  Ode  Intim. 
Immort.  1^2  Those  obstinate  questionings  Of  sense  and 
outward  things.  1885  SIR  R.  BAGGALLAY  in  Lam  Rep  15 
Queen's  Bench  Div.  59  There  are  four  species  of  questionings 
to  which  the  debtor  is  to  be  subject. 

Questioning  (kwe-styanin),  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec. 
-t-  -ING  *.]  That  questions,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1801  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Lett.  Solit.  Wand.  1.  234  Under 
..  the  questioning  eye  of  his  father.  1818  SHELLEY  Rev. 
Islam  v.  xli,  Earnest  countenances  on  me  shed  The  light 
of  questioning  looks.  1858  LONGF.  /]/.  Standish  vi.  31  Like 
a  ghost  that  is  speechless,  Till  some  questioning  voice  dis 
solves  the  spell  of  its  silence. 

Hence  Que-stioning-ly  adv.,  in  a  questioning 
manner ;  inquiringly. 

1863  B.  TAYLOR  H.  Thurston  I.  87  As  he  looked  keenly 
and  questioningly  at  the  little  figure. 

Qnestionist  (kwe-styanist).  Also  7  -eat.  [f. 
QUESTION  v.  +  -IST.] 

1.  A  habitual  or  professed  questioner,  spec,  in 
theological  matters.    (In  early  use  applied  to  certain 
of  the  schoolmen,  as  Aquinas  and  Duns  Scotus.) 

'5»3  [CovERDALE]  Old  God  ff  New  (1534)  Rij,  Opinia. 
tors  &  questionistes  braulynge  and  striuyng  among  them 
selues.  1518  ROY  Rede  Me  (Arb.)  43  They  sent  thether 
ihomasand  Scole With wother questionistes.  aisSSAscHAM 
Scholem.  (Arb.)  137  The  worst  of  all,  as  Questionistes,  and 
all  the  barbarous  nation  of  scholemen.  1660  INGELO  Bentiv. 
«r  Ur.  i.  (1682)  142  They  let  alone  the  trifling  niceties  of 
Questionists.  1761  Gentl.  Mag.  84  Your  respectable  rendez- 
vous  of  curious  questionists.  1812  COLERIDGE  Lett.,  to  his 
Wife  (1895)  581  He  is  a  fearful  questionist,  whenever  he 
thinks  he  can  pick  up  any  information.  1874  SYLVESTER 
in  Proc.  Roy.  Instit.  VII.  184  note,  A  questionist  in  the 
'  Educational  Times '. 

2.  Formerly,  at  Cambridge  and   Harvard :  An 
undergraduate  in  his  last  term  before  proceeding 
to  the  degree  of  B.A. 

1574.  M.  STOKYS  in  Peacock  Stat.  Cambridge  (1841)  App. 


A  Petition  of  Questionests  to  Mr.  Frost  for  their  degree's! 
'77"  JEKB  Remarks  20  The  Examination  of  the  Questionists ; 
this  being  the  appellation  of  the  Students  during  the  last 
six  weeks  of  their  preparation.  1887  Cambridge  Univ.  Cat. 
64  If  any  Questionist  have  been  prevented  by  illness  from 
keeping  all  his  terms,  a  Certificate  must  be  delivered. 

VOL.  VIII. 


49 

Questionless  (kwe-styanles),  a.  and  adv.  [f. 
QUESTION  sl>.  +  -LESS.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Not  admitting  of  question ;  unques 
tionable,  indubitable. 

1532  MOREO//K/.  7VW,i&  Wks.  814/2 Thys  questionlesse 
and  cleare  vndowted  churche.  c  1611  CHAPMAN  ///Wiv.  17 
The  conquest  yet  is  questionless.  1642  J.  EATON  Honey*. 
Free  Justif.  81  It  is  questionlesse  that  all  our  sins  are  in 
Gods  sight.  1862  LYTTON  Sir.  Story  II.  37  Reft  from  my 
senses  are  the  laws  which  gave  order  and  place  to  their  old 
questionless  realm.  1870  LOWELL  Among  my  Bks.  Ser.  i. 
(1873)226  He. .remained  always  its  born  and  questionless 
master. 

2.  That  asks  no  questions ;  unquestioning. 
1880  L.  WALLACE  Ben  Hur  498  With  the  same  clear  mind 
and  questionless  faith. 

B.  adv.  Without  question,  beyond  all  question ; 
unquestionably ;  undoubtedly. 

In  common  use  from  about  1550  to  1750 ;  since  then  some. 
what  rare, 

1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  n.  xix,  And  questionles 
reporte  this  of  me  That  [etc.],  1550  BALE  Eng.  Votaries 
Qiv,  Questionlesse  theyr  brutishe  heades  are  to  blockish. 
1624  CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  107  If  they  ..  had  not  so  soone 
returned,  questionlesse  the  Indians  would  haue  destroied 
the  Fort.  1676  HALE  Contempt,  i.  83  Each  did  questionless 
make  a  deep  impression  upon  our  Saviour.  1760-72  H. 
BROOKE FoolofQual.  (1809)  IV.  23 The  first  man  who  came 
into  the  world  was,  questionless,  the  most  perfect.  1809 
MALKIN  Gil  Bias  vn.  xiii.  r  6  Questionless,  said  I,  talents 
like  yours  are  convertible  to  every  purpose.  1866  GEO. 
ELIOT  F.  Holt  v,  A  young  man.  .who  can  questionless  write 
a  good  hand  and  keep  books. 

Hence  Que'stionlessly  adv.  a.  =  QUESTIONLESS 
B.  b.  Without  asking  questions. 

1658  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Partita's  Wars  Cyprus  169  The 
advantage  of  the  League,  which  was  questionlesly  known, 
would  be  very  great.  1865  MRS.  WHITNEY  Gayiuortliys 
II.  175  To-day,  still  calmly,  questionlcssly,  he  did  more. 
1877  RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  Ixxx.  225  Being  simply  and  ques- 
tionlessly  father-laws  from  the  beginning. 

Que-stman.    [f.  QUEST  s/>.i  +  MAN.] 

1.  A  member  of  a  'quest';  one  appointed  to 
make  official  inquiry  into  any  matter ;  spec,  f  a.  a 
parish  or  ward  official  elected  annually  (see  quot. 
1706).  Obs. 

_  1548  GESTE  Serm.  in  H.  G.  Dugdale  Life  (1840)  188  All 
judges,  all  officers,  all  quest  men  which  have  sworne  to 
speake  the  truthe.  1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stujfe  Wks.  1883-4 
V.  239  They. .  come  to  bear  office  of  Questman  and  Scauinger 
in  the  Parish  where  they  dwell.  1631  BRATHWAIT  Whimsies, 
Questman  125  This  Questman.  .becomes  frequently  versed 
in  sundry  ancient  Presidents.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey), 
Quest  or  Quest-Men,  Persons  who  are  chosen  yearly  in 
every  Ward,  and  meet  about  Christmas,  to  enquire  into 
Abuses  and  Misdemeanours  committed  therein,  especially 
such  as  relate  to  Weights  and  Measures.  1761  London  iff 
Environs  IV.  23  [The  mob  of  1381]  levelled  to  the  ground 
the  houses  of  all  lawyers  and  questmen. 

b.  Eccl.  A  churchwarden's  assistant ;  a  sides 
man.  Now  only  Hist. 

1454  in  T.  Gardner  Hist.  Dumvich  (1754)  149  To  the 
Quest  Men  for  the  Ton  12^.  1555  Bp.  HOPLIN  in  Ellis 
Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  II.  189,  I  dyd  sende  ymedyatlie  for  the 
sayd  Curate,  the  Churche  wardeyns,  and  the  questmen. 
1624  BP.  HALL  True  Peace  Maker  in  Var.  Treat.  (1627) 
543  Who  troubles  the  house  ?. .  In  the  Church . .  not  the  care- 
lesse  questman,  not  the  corrupt  official! ;  but  the  clamorous 
preacher,  a  1656  —  Rem.  Wks.  (1660)  342  We  have  in  every 
Parish.  .Churchwardens,  Questmen,  or  Sidemen,  and  Over 
seers  for  the  Poor.  [1732  MEAL  Hist.  Purit.  I.  307  To  give 
it  in  charge  to  their  Quest-men  to  present  the  names  of  all 
Non-conformists.  1893  J.  BROWN  Pilgrim  Fathers  I.  35 
He  swore  in  six  questmen  to  bring  presentments  against 
such  as  come  not  to  church.] 

t2.   =  QUESTOR  I.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1691  tr.  Emilianne's  Frauds  Rom.  Monks  (ed.  3)  262  One 
of  the  Quest-men  told  her,  That  they  would  take  care  to 
make  a  little  shift  of  it,  for  some  small  Soul  in  Purgatory. 

t  Que'Stluonger.  Obs.  Also  4-6  -mongere, 
5  -manger,  6- moonger.  [f. QUEST s6.1  +  MONGER.] 
One  who  made  a  business  of  conducting  inquests. 

'377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xix.  367  Lyeres  and  questmongeres 
that_were  forsworen  ofte.  1:1449  PECOCK  R epr.  v.  vi.  516 
Vnpitefulquestmongersand  forsworen  iuerers.  1494  FA  RYAN 
Chron.  in.  530  They . .  slewe  as  many  men  of  lawe  and 
questmongers  as  they  myght  fynde.  1533  LATIMER  Serm. 
Lord  s  Prayer  iv.  28  Aboue  all  thynges,  these  questmongers 
had  neede  to  take  heede.  1622  BACON  Hen.  VII,  211  Hauing 
euer  a  Rabble  of  Promoters,  Questmongers  and  Leading 
lurors  at  their  Command.  [1776  ENTICK  London  I.  293 
Lawyers,  jurors,  and  questmongers.] 

Questor  (kwe-stjfo,  -3j).  Also  6,  9  quarter,  [a. 
med.L.  questor  agent-n.  f.  querSre  =  quserere  to  ask 
(cf.  QUESTOR)  :  hence  also  It.  questore,  F.  questeur.] 

1.  R.  C.  Ch.  An  official  appointed  by  the  Pope 
or  by  a  bishop  to  grant  indulgences  on  the  gift  of 
alms  to  the  Church ;  a  pardoner. 

1387  TKEVISA.  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  49  Now  cherles  and 
pardoneres  beeb  i-cleped  questores.  1415  York  Myst.  Introd. 
26  Escriueners,  Lum[i]ners,  Questors  [Pardoners  tvritten 
above\,  Dubbers.  1502  Ord.  Crysten  Men  (VV.  de  W.  1506) 
IV.  xxi.  239  Yf  he  hath  suffred  wyttyngly  questours  to  renne 
thraghe  his  dyocese  in  prechynge  false  indulgences.  1580 
tvLKEAgst.  Allen  168  Men  pay  monie  to  the  Pope  or  his 
pardoning  qusestors,  for  leaden  bulls.  1748  Earthquake 
Peru  i.  85  The  great  Monastery  alone  has  twenty-four 
Questors.  1823  LINGARO  Hist.  Enf.  VI.  125  Ninety-five 
short  theses  on  the  nature  of  indulgences  and  the  errors  of 
the  questors.  1895  Month  July  447  The  malpractices  of  the 
Questors. 

2.  a.  In  France :    One  of  the  treasurers  of  the 
National  Assembly. 


QUETCH. 

1848  W.  H.  KELLY  tr.  L.  Blanc's  Hist.  Ten  Y.  I.  413  He 
arrived  at  the  Palais  Bourbon .  .went  straight  to  the  questors 
[etc.].  1896  Daily  News  28  Mar.  5/5  There  seemed  a 
danger  yesterday.. that  the  Questors  would  be  obliged  to 
call  in  the  police. 

b.  In  Italy  :  A  commissary  of  police. 

1865  MAFFEI  Brigand  Life  II.  169  The  indefatigable 
questor  of  Naples,  .says  [etc.]. 

3.  [?  f.  QUEST  v.]     One  who  seeks  or  searches. 

1887  Miss  BETHAM-EDWARDS  Next  of  Kin  Wanted  II.  x. 
"7  Unhappy  questors  after  something  to  their  advantage. 

Questor,  obs.  variant  of  QU.ESTOK. 

Questorian,  -ie :  see  QU^STORIAN,  -Y. 

tQuestrel,  variant  of  CUSTREL,  groom.    Obs. 

1551  EDW.  VI  Lett,  in  Lit.  Rem.  (Roxb.)  72  They  had 
noe  pages,  questrells,  nor  demilaunces,  but  al  wel  armed. 

tQue-strist.  Obs.  rai-e-1.  [f.  QUESTEB  +  -IST.] 
One  who  goes  in  quest  of  another. 

1605  SHAKS.  Lear  m.  vii.  17  Thirty  of  his  Knights  Hot 
Questrists  after  him,  met  him  at  gate. 

Quest  rope :  see  GUEST  ROPE. 

t  Que-stry.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  QUEST  sb.,  prob. 
after  jury,  vestry.]  Only  in  questrymen,  jurymen. 

1:1690  Sir  Hugh  of  the  Grxme  in  Roxb.  Ball.  (1888)  VI. 
596  The  Quest  of  Jury-men  was  call'd . .  Then  other  Questry 
men  was  call'd. 

Questuary,  obs.  form  of  QU.ESTUARY. 

Questure  :  see  QU^STUKE. 

Questword :  see  QUEST  sb* 

Quet,  variant  of  QUED(E,  bad.  Obs. 

Quetans,  obs.  form  of  QUITTANCE. 

Quetch,  quitch,  v.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms : 
a.  I  cweccan,  (cu-),  3  quecehen,  queche,  6 
queech,  queatche,  6-7  que(t)ch  ;  (3.  (?  3  owich, 
quic),  5  qvycch-,  qvyhch-,  qvytchyn,  quycohe, 
6  quytch(e,  quyohe,  quich,  6-7  quitch,  9  dial. 
quitchy ;  7.  6  (9  dial.}  quatch.  J'a.  t.  I  cweehte, 
i,  3  cwehte,  3  quehte,  qu-,  cuahte,  4  quei(})te, 
qua;te  ;  also  6  quitched,  6-7  quetched,  7 
quatched,  quitcht.  [OE.  caieccan:—*cwacjan, 
causative  from  the  root  *cwac- :  see  QUAKE,  and 
cf.  OS.  quekilik  glossing  L.  versatilem  or  vibra- 
tilem  (gladium).  See  also  AQUKTCH.] 

fl.  trans.  To  shake;  to  brandish;  to  drive,  chase. 
Obs.  (OE.  and  early  ME.) 

f  825  Vcsp.  Psalter  vii.  13  Nemne  ge  sien  jecerde,  sweord 
his  [he]  cweceS.  c  looo  Ags.  Gosp.  Matt,  xxvii.  39  pa  we^fe- 
renden.  .cwehton  \v.  r.  cwxhton]heora  heafod.  c  1205  LAV. 
23907  Heo  quehten  [c  1275  cwehten]  heore  scaftes.  Ibid. 
31475  Hi^endliche  he  heom  quehte  ouer  bere  Humbre. 

f2.  intr.  Of  things  :  To  shake,  tremble.   Obs. 

c  1205  LAY.  20141  pa  eorSe  a?;cn  quehte  [c  1275  cwehte). 
/fid.  26919  Quahten  on  hafden  helmes  he-,en.  cijSo  Sir 
Ferumb.  607  So  Sterne  strokes  bay  arau}te..pat  al  be  eithe 
ber-of  qua^te  a  myle  &  more  on  lenghbe. 

f3.  intr.  To  stir  or  move  Irom  one  place  to 
another ;  to  go,  run,  hasten.  Obs. 

c  1205  LAY.  826  Ne  lete  ?e  nenne  quick  quecehen  to  holte 
[CI27S  scapie  to  felde].  Ibid.  7271  pa  heo  weoren  ouer- 
cunien  ba;  quahten  [c  1275  wenden]  heo  wide,  c  1350  Will. 
Palerne  4344  pat  werwolf,  .queite  toward  be  queue. 

4.  intr.  Of  persons  (or  animals)  :  a.  To  move 
the  body  or  any  part  of  it ;  to  stir ;  in  later  use 
esp.  to  shrink,  wince,  twitch  (with  pain),  and 
usually  in  negative  clauses.  Obs.  exc.  dial. 

The  phr.  cwich  ne  ciueS  in  Leg.  S!.  Kath.  1261,  fuic  ne 
fiiet  in  Ancr.  R.  122  (two  MSS.),  app.  belongs  here,  mean 
ing  'stirred  nor  spoke',  though  the  form  is  difficult  to 
account  for. 

*•  1205  LAY.  25844  pa  fond  he  ber  ane  quene  quecehen  mid 
hafde.  1:1330  Arth.  f,  Mert.  9051  (Kolbing)  pe  stede  he 
smot,  bat  it  quehte.  1 1440  Promp.  Pan.  421/1  Qvycchyn, 
or  mevyn.  1530  PALSGR.  677/2,  I  quytche,  I  styrreor  move 
with  my  bodye.  1579-80  NOKTH  Plutarch  (1676)  587  He  . . 
never  stirred  hand  nor  foot,  nor  quitched  when  the  fire  took 
him.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  ix.  33  With  a  strong  yron  chaine 
and  coller  bound,  That  once  he  could  not  move,  nor  quich 
at  all.  1609  HOLLAND  Amm.  Marcell.  xxix.  i.  357  Simo- 
nides  ..  endured  the  flames,  and  never  quetched  [L. 
immtaSll  1636  FEATLY  Clavis  Myst.  iii.  33  He  whosuf- 
fereth  all  this,  quatcheth  not,  stirrelh  not.  a  1664  FRANK 
Sermons  (1672)  147  To  . .  look  up  stedfastly  still,  not  quich 
aside.  1685  COTTON  tr.  Montaigne  \.  253,  I  have  seen  men 
. .  that  would  neither  cry  out,  wince  nor  quitch,  for  a  good 
swinging  beating.  1886  ELWORTHY  W.  Somerset  Word-bk.. 
Quiuhy,  to  twitch;  to  make  sudden,  involuntarymovements. 

b.  intr.  To  utter  a  sound.  (Usually  in  negative 
clauses.)  Also  with  against,  at.  Obs.  exc.  dial. 

1530  PALSGR.  601  She  layde  upon  him  lyke  a  mantle  sacke 
and  the  poore  boye  durste  nat  ones  quytcbe  [F.  nosa  pas 
iyntcr\.  1531  TINDALE  Exp.  i  John  (1538)  23  b,  Thys  doth 
Paule  . .  so-  confirme,  that  all  the  worlde  can  not  quytch 
against  it.  1657  W.  MORICE  Coena  quasi  Kotnj  Def.  xvi.  256 
To  snatch  their  mouths  full  of  earth,  that  they  might  not 
be  heard  to  quetch  or  groan.  1672  MARVELL  Reh.  Transp. 
I.  159, 1  will  speak  alwayes  with  so  Magisterial  a  confidence, 
that  no  modest  man.. shall  so  much  as  quetch  at  me.  1847- 
78  HALLIWELL,  Quatch,  to  betray,  tell. . .  Oxf.  1888  Berksh. 
Gloss.,  [? Not  to\Quatch,  to  keep  absolute  silence  as  regards 
a  certain  subject. 

t  c.  Freq.  in  phr.  one  dare  (or  durst)  not  quetch, 
implying  fear  or  absolute  submission.  Also  const. 
against,  at.  Obs. 

13..  A".  Alts.  4747  Dar  no  man  agein  hym  queche.  1496 
Dives  *  fauf(W.  de  W.)  ix.  viiu  358/1  Be  he  so  solempne 
&  so  myghty,  that  no  man  dare  quycche  ayenst  hym.  1528 
in  Furnivall's  Ballads  from  MSS.  I.  359  Thow  knowyste 
how . .  mortimer,  in  bis  lande  dyd  Rule  &  Rayne,  For  whom 
no  man  durste  quyche.  1565  GOLDING  Ovid's  Met.  v.  (1593) 


QUETCHING. 

124  The  seelie  lamb  that  dares  not  stirre  nor  quetch,  when 
he  heares  the  howling  of  the  woolfe.  1587  FLEMING  Contn. 
holinshedlll.  975/1  They  durst  not  queech  in  his  presence, 
but  were  like  a  sort  of  timorous  cattell.  1638  FEATLY  Strict. 
Lyndom.  I.  1 10  A  most  learned  worke,  against  which  never 
a  Papist  yet  durst  quatch.  1653  H.  COGAN  tr.  Pinto's  Trav. 
xix.  67  Which  put  them  in  such  a  fear  as  they  durst  not  so 
much  as  quetch. 

Hence  t  Que'tching,  qui'tching  vbl.  sb.  Obs. 

1676  H.  MORE  Rem.  Disc.  Hale  94  The  quitching  of  the 
skin. 

Quete,  obs.  form  of  WHEAT. 

Quetenite  Ckwe'tenait).  [Named  1890  (Que- 
tenit)  from  Quetena,  in  Chili,  its  locality:  see 
-ITE !.]  '  Hydrous  sulphate  of  iron  and  magnesium, 
found  in  reddish-brown  masses'  (Chester). 

1890  Amer.  Jrnl.  Sc.  Ser.  in.  XL.  259  Quetenite  occurs 
at  the  Salvador  Mine  in  Quetena. 

Queter,  obs.  form  of  QUITTER  s/>.1 

t  Quethe,  **.  Obs.  rare.  Also  6  Sc.  queith. 
[f.  the  vb.]  Speech,  address;  sound,  cry. 

13..  Caw.  f;Gr.  Knt.  1150  At  be  fyrst  quethe  of  bequest 
quaked  be  wylde.  1513  DOUGLAS  Aineis  v.  ii.  102  Quairfor 
Enee  begouth  again  renew  His  faderis  hie  saull  queith. 

t  Quethe,  v.  Obs.  (exc.  in  pa.  t.  QUOTH). 
Forms  :  Inf.  I  cwe'5an,(ow8eSan,cwi?an,cuoe'8a, 
etc.),  2  cwepen,  2-3  queSen,  5  queth(yn,  (qv-, 
qw-).  Pres.  t.  (i  sg.~)  I  cwefle,  (cweoftu,  cuelSo, 
etc.),  4  quepe,4-5  queth(e,  5  qwethe,  6  queythe. 
Pa.  t.  \  cwseft,  etc.,  1-2  owed,  1-3  owe*,  2  cwet, 
quaU,  3  cwapp,  qu(u)ad,  queU,  4  quape,  quath, 
(queped,  5  1  qwithit) :  see  also  QUOTH.  Pa.  pple. 
i  cweden,  2  i-cwe?e(n,  2-3  i-quefien,  3  i-cwede, 
i-quefce,  queflen,  6  queythed.  [OE.  cweSan 
(cw&S,  cui«don,  ewe  Jen]  —  OFris.  quetha,  queda, 
quan,  OS.  queltan  (quart,  quath,  quad;  qua/tun, 
qiidduif),  OHG.  quedan,  chweden  (quad,  quat; 
quadun,  qu&lun :  MHG.  queden,  keden),  ON. 
kveia  (kvaS,  kvdSum,  H-veSinn  :  Da.  kvsfde,  Sw. 
qviida  to  sing), Goth,  qipan  (qa)>,  qfyum,  qijtaii)  :  — 
OTeut.  *kwefan,  kiaaj>,  kwxctum,  kweftono-.] 

1.  trans.  To  speak,  say,  tell,  declare,  call. 

c8zs  I't-sp.  Psalter  ii.  7  Dryhten  cwa;5  to  me,  'sunu  min 
Su  earS '.  ll'id.  xli.  4  Donne  bi3  cweden  to  me. .'  hwer  is 
god  Sin'.  971  Bliikl.  Horn.  183  pa  cw£e^>  Neron  to  Petre, 
'Sehyrstu,  Petrus,  hwa:t  Simon  cwib'?  c  \r]$Laml<.  Hani. 
37  Do  summe  of  bisse  binge  be  ic  wulle  nu  cweben.  £1250 
Gen.  ff  Ex.  1496  Sel  me  So  wunes,  Se  que5en  ben  <5e  firme 
sunes.  a  1300  Cursor  Af.  22973  M;uii  man.  .Wat  noght  bis 
word  i  for-wit  quath,  c  1330  R.  mvttmCAratt.  Wace  (Rolls) 
1224  Series,  bys  were  our  most  profit,  Wi)>  loue  &  leue  he 

Suepe  [7'.r,  quede]  vs   quyt.     a  1400-50  Alexander  4325, 
sal!  quethe  Ve  forqui  &  quat  is  be  cause. 
b.  intr.  in  phr.  Quick  and  quething :  Alive  and 
able  to  speak. 

1529  MORE  Dyaloge  I.  Wks.  131/2  A  man  and  a  woman 
whyche  are  yet  quicke  and  quething.  1546  GARDINER  Declar. 
Joye  39  b,  I  meruayle  where  he  had  lerned  that  lesson  being 
yet  quicke  and  quethynge. 

2.  To  promise,  rare. 

c  1250  Gen.  fy  Ex.  64  God  hem  quuad  5or  seli  suriurn, 
Ibid.  2788  Nu  am  ic  ligt  to  fren  hem  deoen  And  milche  and 
hunige  lond  hem  queden. 

3.  To  assign  by  will,  to  bequeath. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  6294  Hous,  and  rente,  and 
ouper  byng,  Mow_bey  quebe  at  here  endyng.  1:1330  — 

ma 
be 

GuiL  Pilgr'. 4794  My' body,  I  quethe  also  To  'the  sepulkre, 
for  dayes  thre.    1463  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  16  Item  I  geue 
and  quethe  to  William  Hussher  iiji.  iiij//.  1530  PALSGR.  676/2 
Hath  he  queythed  you  any  thyng  in  his  testament! 
b.  1  To  bestow,  deliver,  rare—1. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  6973  To  Qwintilion  the  quern  he  qwithit 
a  dynt,  Woundit  hym  wickidly. 

Hence  t  Que-ttung  vbl.  sb.,  bequeathing;  queth 
ing  word,  last  farewell.  Also  f  Que'the-word, 
a  legacy,  bequest. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  III.  373  By  beggynge,  by  queeth- 
yng  [v.  r.  quebinge]  . .  and  ober  fals  meenes  [they]  cryen 
evere  after  worldly  godis.  1481  in  T.  Gardner  Hist.  Dun, 
ivich  (1754)  148  Of  Cutberd  Eyer,  for  the  Queth  Word 
of  Tym  Chawmbyr  405.  £-1490  Promp.  Pan:  420/2  (MS. 
K)  Qvethe  worde  ..  legatum.  1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  IX. 
viii.  62  Thi  last  regrait  and  quething  wordis  to  say.  1532 
Churchw.  Ace.  Wigtoft,  Lines,  in  Nichols  Illustr.  Ane. 
Mann.  (1797),  Item,  receyvyd  of  Margaret  Brygg  for  y° 
quethword  of  Rob"  Brygg  hir  husband  i/-. 

Quethe,  var.  QUED(E,  bad.  Quethen,  -un, 
varr.  WHETHEN,  whence.  Quether,  -ur,  obs.  ff. 
WHETHER.  Quetor,  -our,  -ure,  obs.  ff.  QUITTER 
sb\  Quetstone,  obs.  f.  WHETSTONE. 

Quetzal  (ke-tsal).  Also  quezal,  quesal.  [a. 
Sp.  quetzal,  older  quetzale,  a.  Aztec  quetzalli  a 
tail-feather  of  the  bird  called  quetzaltototl  (f.  the 
comb,  form  of  quetzalli  +  tototl  bird).]  An  ex 
tremely  beautiful  bird  (Pkaromacrus  mocinno}  of 
Central  America  (esp.  Guatemala),  belonging  to  the 
Trogon  family ;  the  cock  is  remarkable  for  its  long 
tail-coverts,  of  a  resplendent  golden-green  colour. 


50 

Aztec  Emperor  was  reserved  for  imperial  wear.    1887  W.  T. 
BRIGHAM  (title)  Guatemala,  the  Land  of  the  Quetzal. 

Queue  (ki«),  sb.  Also  9  queu.  [a.  F.  qiieue, 
OF.  coue,  cue,  coe:-L.  cauda  tail :  see  CUE  s6.3] 

1.  Her.  The  tail  of  a  beast. 

Queue  fourM(e,  having  a  forked  or  double  tail. 

1592  WYRLEY  Armorie  41  Gold  ramping  Lion  queue  doth 
forked  hold.  1864  BOUTELL  Her.  Hist.  S,  Pop.  xiv.  (ed.  3) 
164  The  lion  of  Gueldres  is  also  queue  fourchee.  1868 
CUSSANS  Her.  (18931  86  A  Lion,  with  its  tail  between  its 
legs,  is  said  to  be  Coward;  when  furnished  with  two  tails, 
Qaeut  fourchf,  or  Double  queued. 

2.  A  long  plait  of  hair  worn  hanging  down  behind, 
from  the  head  or  from  a  wig  ;  a  pig-tail. 

1748  SMOLLETT  Rod.  Rand.  (1760)  II.  xlix.  116  A.. coat 
over  which  his  own  hair  descended  in  a  leathern  queue.  1774 
GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  v.  loo  The  largeness  of  the  doctor  s 
wig  arises  from  the  same  pride  with  the  smallness  of  the 
beau's  queue.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Queue,  .an  append 
age  that  every  British  soldier  is  directed  to  wear  in  lieu  of 
a  club.  1843  LE  FEVRE  Life  Trav.  Pliys.  I.  I.  viii.  183  Old 
cocked-hats,  and  tied  queues,  still  stalk  about  the  town. 
1888  W.  R.  CARLES  Life  in  Corea  iii.  40  These  boys  were  all 
bachelors,  and  wore  their  hair  in  a  queue  down  their  backs. 

3.  A  number  of  persons  ranged  in  a  line,  awaiting 
their  turn  to  proceed,  as  at  a  ticket-office ;  also, 
a  line  of  carriages,  etc. 

1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  I.  vn.  iv,  That  talent . .  of  spon 
taneously  standing  in  queue,  distinguishes  . .  the  French 
People.  1862  THACKERAY  Pliilif  II.  viii.  177  A  half-mile 
queue  of  carriages  was  formed  along  the  street.  1876  C.  M. 
DAVIES  Unorth.  Lond.  (ed.  2)  120  A  long  queue,  like  that 
outside  a  Parisian  theatre. 

4.  A  support  for  the  butt  of  a  lance. 

1855  in  OCILVIE  Sufpl.  1860  HEWITT  Ancient  Armour 
Suppl.  647  The  butt  of  the  lance,  .is  supported  by  the  piece  . 
called  the  queue :  this  was  of  iron,  and  made  fast  to  the 
body-armour  by  screws. 

5.  a.  '  The  tail-piece  of  a  violin  or  other  instru 
ment  '    b.  '  The  tail  of  a  note '  (Stainer  Sc  Barrett 
Diet.  Mus.  Terms  1876). 

Queue  (kiw),  v.     [f.  prec.  sb.] 

1.  trans.  To  put  up  (the  hair)  in  a  queue.     Also 
with  personal  obj. 

1777  W.  DALRYMPLE  Tray.  Sp.  Sf  Port.  Ixvi,  They  came 
not  out.. in  the  morning  till  their  hair  was  queued.  1820 
W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  II.  385  Their  hair  generally  queued 
in  the  fashion  of  the  times.  1858  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  (1872) 
II.  iv.  viii.  19  While  they  are  combing  and  queuing  him. 
1885  Century  Mag:  XXIX.  891/2  Some  of  them  clubbed 
and  some  of  them  queued  their  hair. 

2.  intr.  To  move  in,  in  a  line  of  people. 

1893  Westm.  Gaz.  31  Jan.  6/3  You  queue  in,  hand  your 
card  to  somebody,  pass  on. 

t  Queu6  a.  J/er.  Obs.  rare~l.  [a.  OF.  queue, 
coi'.—L.  caiidat-um,  f.  cauda  tail,  QUEUE]  =next. 

1613  PEACHAM  Painting  170  The  King  of  Bohemia  beares 
Gules,  a  Lion  double  Queue. 

Queued  (ki»d),  a.  Her.  Also  7  queved.  [f. 
QUEUE  sb.  +  -ED  2.]  Furnished  with  a  tail ;  in  comb. 
double-queued. 

1688  HOLMF.  Armoury  11.459/2  A  Lion  double  queved  and 
crowned.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Queue,  If  a  lion  have 
a  forked  tail,  he  is  blazoned  by  double-queued.  1868  [see 
QUEUE  sit.  ij. 

t  Queve,  for  queue,  obs.  var.  CFE  s/>.~ 

1659  H.  L'ESTRANGE  Alliance  Div.  Off.  317  They  had  no 
other  queve  to  direct  them,  then  the  loud  pronunciation  [etc.]. 

||  Quev6e,  a.  Her.  [For  queuie  =  QUEUE  a.] 
Tailed,  in  comb,  double  qtievie  (cf.  QUEUED). 

1761  Brit.  Mag.  II.  532  Supporters.  Two  lions  double 
queve'e.  1840  H.  AINSWORTH  Tenner  of  London  i  A  lion 
rampant,  or,  double  quevee,  vert. 

t  Queven,  v.  Obs.  rare-1.  [?  Related  to  ON. 
kvefja  (kefja)  to  put  under  water.]  ?  To  plunge. 

^1325  Metr.  If  out.  128  Quen  Satenas  sal  Jowes  queuen 
{printed  quenen  ;  rirne  heuin]  In  ouer  mirkenes. 

Quever,  Quew,  obs.  forms  of  QUIVER  a.,  CUE. 

Quey  (kw«'J.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Forms:  a. 
4  *wy,  5  Qui,  5-6  qwye,  6  quy,  6-7  quye  ;  5 
que,  5-9  quee ;  8-  quey ;  6  koy,  6-9  quoy, 
9  coy.  0.  north.  5-9  why(e,  6  qwhy,  7-8 
whee,  whie,  7-9  whey,  9  wy(e,  etc.  [a.  ON. 
kvtga  (Sw.  qviga.  Da.  kvie~),  app.  f.  kit  Cow.] 
A  young  cow  before  it  has  had  a  calf;  a  heifer. 

a.  1374  Durti.  Halm.  Rolls  (Surtees)  124,  xij  stots  et 
qwyis.  1:1425  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wulcker  669/10  Hec  juucnca, 
quee.  1485  Will  in  Rifon  Clt.  Acts  (Surtees)  277  That 
Elyne  Peke  have  a  quye.  1308  DUNBAR  Fly  ting  142  Beggand 
koy  and  ox.  1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  iv.  ii.  19  Ane  vntamyt 
joung  quoy.  1673  Defos.  Cast.  York  (Surtees)  196  A  quye 
.  .which  now  pines  away.  1725  RAMSAY  Gentle  Sheph.  n.  i, 
Ye  .  .sauld  your  crummock,  and  her  bassand  quey.  1768 
A.  Ross  Fort.  Shepherdess  ill.  112  The  beef  of  the  new 
slaughtered  quoy.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xxxix.  If  Cowans, 
the  brockit  cow,  has  a  quey.  1884  STREATFEILD  Lincoln 
ft  Danes  263  The  garthman.  .will  be  proud  to  show  you  . . 
the  stots  and  quees. 

ft.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  416/1  A  Why,  bucula,juuenca.  1565 
Wills  $  Iftv.  N.  C.  (Surtees  1835)  230,  vj  oxen  iiijOT  kye  or 
qwhyes.  1614  Inv.  in  Trans.  Ciimbld.  %  Wrsttnld.  Arch. 
Soc.  III.  113,  20  stotts,  5  whies,  14  younger  neats.  1726 
Diet.  Rust.  (ed.  3',  Whee  or  Whey,  a  Word  us'd  in  York 
shire,  for  an  Heifer.  1802  in  Anderson  Cumtld.  Ball.  23, 
I  carried  our  whye  to  the  bull. 

b.  Comb,  quey-calf  [=  ON.  kvlgukalfr,  Sw. 
qvigkalf,  Da.  kviekalv\,  a  female  calf. 

1568  Wills  ff  Inv.  N.  C.  (Surtees  1835)  293,  I  gyue  vnto. . 
my  dowghter  one  quye  calfe.  1375  in  R.  Welford  Hist. 
Ne-.vcastle  (1885)  II.  465  The  first  whey  calf  that  God  sends 


QUIBBLE. 

him.  1725  RAMSAY  Gentle  Sheph.  lit.  ii,  Twa  quey  cawfs 
I'll  yearly  to  them  give.  1855  STEPHENS  Bk.  of  Farm  (ed.  2) 
I.  506/2  The  quey-calf  occupies  the  near,  and  the  bull-calf 
the  off-side  horn. 

Hence  Quey -ock  (also  6  quiok,  7  quoy-,  quyaoh, 
9  queyoch,  etc.)  ;  =QuEV. 

1513  DOUGLAS  SEncis  vm.  iv.  76  In  the  cave  . .  a  quyok 
lowis.  1536  BELLF.NDEN  Cron.  Scot.  (1821)  I.  p.  iv,  The 
quiokis  war  nevir  slane  quhill  they  wer  with  calfe.  1609 
SKENE  Reg.  Maj.  2  b,  Item  for  the  Serjant,  ane  colpindach 
(ane  quyach,  ane  Joung  kow). 

Queyd,  var.  QUED(E,  bad.  Queyere,  obs.  f. 
CHOIR.  Queynose,  obs.  f.  QUINSY.  Queynt : 
see  QUAINT  a.,  QUENTH  v.  Queynt-a(u)nce, 
-ise,  varr.  QUAINTAKCE,  -ISE.  Queyr,  obs.  f. 
CHOIR  s/>.,  QUEER  a.  Queyse,  var.  QUEASE  v. 
Queysie,'  obs.  f.  QUEASY  a.  Queythe,  var. 
QUETHE  v. 

Quezal,  var.  QUETZAL.  Queziness,  obs.  f. 
QUEASINESS.  Quezzen,  dial.  var.  QUEASOM. 

Quh-,  an  obs.,  chiefly  Scottish,  variant  of  the 
initial  combination  wh-  (OE.  Aw-),  as  in  qultan, 
qu/iat,  quhele',  quhete  —  when,  what,  wheel,  wheat. 
(Also  quhou,  quh<rw,  y;//(«  =  how.)  The  use  of 
quh-  for  original  qu-  is  much  rarer,  in  most  cases 
perhaps  accidental.  See  the  introductory  note  on 
the  letter  Q.  , 

Qui,  obs.  form  of  QUEY,  WHY. 

t  Quib,  sb.  Obs.  Also  6  -be,  7  -bbe.  [App. 
ad.  (orig.  in  pi.)  L.  quibus,  dat.  or  abl.  pi.  of  qui 
'  who,  which  ,  as  a  word  of  frequent  occurrence  in 
legal  documents  and  hence  associated  with  the 
'  quirks  and  quillets'  of  the  law. 

For  other  allusive  uses  of  the  L.  word,  cf.  F.  qnilus  money, 
cash ;  Du.  kwibus  fool,  weathercock.] 

1.  =«  QUIBBLE  sb.  2. 

a  1550  Image  Hypocr.  m'Skellon's  Wks.  (1843)  11.427  His 
tones  and  quottes  Be  full  of  blottes:  With  quibes  and 
quaryes  Of  mventataries.  1592  GREENE  Upst.  Courtier  in 
Hart. Misc.  (Malh.)  II.  232  These  lawiers  baue..such  quibs 
and  quiddits,  that  beggering  their  clients  they  purchase  to 
themselues  whole  lordships.  1608  HIERON  Defence  II.  221 
M.  H.  answereth  by  an  unsound  reason,  two  qnibbes  &  two 
authors  onely  produced. 

2.  A  gibe,  gird,  QUIP.  rare~l. 

1658  BRADFORD  Plymouth  Plant.  151  Mr.  Weston  ..gave 
them  this  quib  (behind  their  baks).  .That  though  they  were 
but  yonge  justices,  yet  they  wear  good  beggers.  [1736  in 
AINSWORTH  ;  hence  in  JOHNSON  and  later  diets.] 

t  Quib,  v.  Ods.  rare.  [f.  prec.  sb.]  trans,  and 
intr.  To  taunt,  gibe  (at),  QUIP. 

1592  KYD  Murther.  I.  lire-Men  Wks.  (1901)  291  When  he 
quibd  her  with  vnkindnes..she  asked  him  if  he  would  haue 
her  forsworne.  1608  HIERON  Defence  ii.  223  He  goeth  on 
&  saith..thus  quibbing  at  the  Ministers. 

t  Quib,  adv.  Obs.  rare—1.  [Cf.  prec.  sb.  and 
vb.]  In  an  affected  or  punning  style. 

1614  B.  JONSON  Earth.  Fair  l.  i,  When  a  quirk,  or  a 
quiblin  do  s  scape  thee,  and  thou  dost  not  watch,  and  ap 
prehend  it,  and  bring  it  afore  the  Constable  of  conceit  (there 
now,  1  speake  quib  too). 

Quibble  (kwi  b'l),  sb.     [?  dim.  of  QUIB.] 

1.  A  play  upon  words,  a  pun. 

1611  L.  BARRY  Rain  Alley  m.  i,  We  old  men  have  our 
crotchets,  our  conundrums,  Our  figaries,  quirks  and  quibbles, 
As  well  as  youth.  1711  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  i.  I  a  (1737)  I- 
64  All  Humour  had  something  of  the  Quibble.  The  very 
Language  of  the  Court  was  Punning.  1779-81  JOHNSON  L. 
P.,  Pope  Wks.  IV.  156  The  opposition  of  Immortalis  and 
Mortalis,  is  a  mere  sound,  or  a  mere  quibble.  1858  O.  W. 
'Hfii.Mf.sAut.Brcakf.-t.  xi.  100  Several  questions,  involving 
a  quibble  or  play  upon  words. 

2.  An  equivocation,  evasion  of  the  point  at  issue ; 
an  argument  depending  on  some  likeness  or  differ 
ence  between  words  or  their  meanings,  or  on  some 
circumstance  of  no  real  importance. 

1670  At  oral  Stale  Eng.  23  An  unnatural  Antithesis,  a  forced 
quibble.  1675  BAXTER  Cath.  Theol.  i.  m.  41  To  answer  all 
these  fallacies  and  quibbles,  founded  in  some  false  supposition 
or  ambiguous  word.  1768  H.  WALPOLE  Hist.  Doubts  100 
note,  Henry  was  so  reduced  to  make  out  any  title  to  the 
crown,  that  he  catched  even  at  a  quibble.  1855  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  xiv.  III.  471  To  a  plain  understanding  his 
objections  seem  to  be  mere  quibbles.  1878  LECKY  Eng.  in 
.  I.  ii.  280  Those  advocates  of  persecution,  who  would 


stoop  to  any  quibble  in  their  cause. 
fig.  1796  MRS.  M.  ROBINSON  A  ngelina  II.  184  His  features 
were  all  quibbles;  for  it  was  impossible  to  guess  what  they 
meant  for  two  minutes  together. 

b.  The  use  of  quibbles,  quibbling. 


Junins  Lett.  Ixi.  319  Yo1 

behalf  of  innocence,  oppressed  by  quibble  and  chicane. 

3.  altrib.  and  Comb.,  as  quibble-catching,  -loving 
adj.,  -sanctioning  adj.,  -springe. 

1678  RYMER  Trag.  last  Age  4  Much  less  have  I  cast 
about  for  Jests,  and  gone  a  quibble-catching.  1802-12 
BIN  i  HAM  Ration.  Judic.  Evid.  (1827)  V.  234  A  quibble-loving 
lawyer.  1829  —  Justice  $•  Cod.  Petit.  115  The  quibble- 
sanctioning  judge.  1830  MORIARTY  Husband  Hunter  III. 
202  Law  pun-traps  and  quibble-springes, 

Quibble  (kwi'b'l),  f.l  Also  7  quible.  [f. 
prec.  sb.J 

•)•  1.  intr.  To  pun,  to  play  on  words.  Obs. 

a  1629  T.  GOFFE  Careless  Sheph.  Prael.  129  His  part  has  all 
the  wit,  For  none  speaks,  carps  and  Quibbles  besides  him. 
1670  EACHARD  Cant.  Clergy  130  How  the  ministers  them 
selves  do  jingle,  quibble,  and  play  the  fools  with  their  texts. 


QUIBBLE. 

1711  ADDISON  Sfecl.  No.  61  r  2  Nothing  is  more  usual  than 
to  see  a  Hero  weeping  and  quibbling  for  a  dozen  Lines 
together.  1751  CHESTERF.  Lett.  (1792)  III.  121  Were  I  in 
clined  to  quibble  1  would  say  [etc. ;  a  pun  on  air], 

Z.  intr.  To  argue  in  a  purely  verbal  way;  to 
evade  the  real  point  by  a  quibble. 

1656  CROMWELL  Sp.  17  Sept.  in  Carlyle,  Needlessly  to 
mind  things  that  are  not  essential ;  to  be  quibbling  about 
words.  1839  JAMES  Louis  X[V!  II.  83  Mazarin  proceeded 
to  irritate  I)e  Retz  . .  by  quibbling  upon  the  words  of  his 
bargain.  1854  tr'  Lamartine's  Celetr.  Char.  II.  26,  I  shall 
not  quibble  between  the  titles  of  King  or  Protector.  1864 
BOWEN  Logic  ix.  293  A  satirical  disputant  quibbling  about 
the  meaning  of  words. 

b.  To  wriggle  out  of,  to  trifle  or  deal  unfairly 
with,  by  quibbling,  rare. 

1842  DICKENS  Amer.  Notes  (1850)  99/1  The  simple  warriors 
. .  who  only  learned  . .  from  white  men  how  to  break  their 
faith,  and  quibbleout  of  forms  and  bonds.  1859  G.  MEREDITH 
R .  Fevcrel  xxxiv,  Sensible  that  she  had  been  quibbled  with. 

3.  trans,  with  advbs. :  To  cheat  or  bring  out  of, 
waste  or  explain  away,  by  quibbling. 

1713  BIRCH  Guard.  No.  36  p  4  Who  ever  lost  his  estate  ii 


path.  1857  TOULMIN  SMITH  Parish  101  This  Act  has  also, 
in  many  cases,  been  quibbled  away. 

Qui'bble,  v.2  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [?  Onomatopoeic  : 
cf.  QUIVER.]  intr.  To  quiver ;  to  shake. 

1716  BAILEY,  Quibble,  to  move  as  the  Guts  do.  1886 
ELWORTHY  If.  Sam.  Word-bk.  s.v.,  I  be  afeard  I've  a  catcht 
a  chill,  I  do  quibbly  all  over. 

Qui-bbleism.  rare~\  [f.  QUIBBLED.  +  -ISM!.] 
The  practice  of  quibbling. 

1836  New  Monthly  Mag.  XLVII.  417  The  use  he  may  make 
of  the  most  ordinary  words  for  the  purposes  of  quibbleism. 

Quibbler  (kwi-blw).  [f.  QUIBBLE  z/.'  +  -ER  i.J 
One  who  quibbles,  in  senses  of  the  verb. 

,/ 1680  BUTLER  Rent.  (1759)  II.  206  A  Quibbler  is  a  Jugler 
of  Words,  that  shows  Tricks  with  them,  to  make  them  . . 
serve  two  Senses  at  once.  1737  LAW  Demonstr.  gross  Err. 
of  late  Bk.  (1769)  227  If  your  heart  is  shut  up  in  death  and 
dryness,  your  reason  will  be  a  poor  quibbler  in  words  and  dead 
images.  1807  Med.  Jrnl.  XVII.  42  M.  C.,.  .asall  Quibblers 
do,  works  m  words  which  are  not  mine.  1883  Law  Times 
27  Oct.  231/2  A  race  of  astute  quibblers,  and  not  a  body  of 
scientific  lawyers. 

Quibbling  (kwi-blin),  vbl.  si.  [-ING!.]  The 
action  of  the  verb  QUIBBLE.  Also  with  a  and//., 
an  instance  or  specimen  of  this. 

1618  SHIRLEY  Witty  Fair  One  in.  ii,  I  have  made  a  quib 
bling  in  praise  of  her.  1658-9  Burton's  Diary  (1828)  IV.  36 
You  say  you  will  bound,  and  you  will  not  bound.  It  looks 
like  quibbling.  1681  \V.  ROBERTSON  Phraseol.  Gen.  (1693) 
487  There_'s  nothing  which  these  disputants  will  not  oppose 
by  their  niceties  and  quibblings.  183%  BLAKEY  Free-will  172 
The  _  various  quibblings,  shufflings,  reservations,  and  quali 
fications,  .must  be  abundantly  evident  to  everyone.  1855 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xv.  I II.  514  In  spite  of  this  quibbling, 
he  was  pronounced  guilty. 

Quibbling  (kwi-blin),  ///.  a.  [-INO2.]  That 
quibbles  ;  characterized  by  quibbles. 

"657  J-  JORDAN  Walks  Islington  II.  ii,  Pox  on  your  Cobling 
jeasts,  you  quibling  Coxcombe.  1675  BAXTER  Calk.  Theol. 
ii.  ii.  250,  I  have  detected  the  fraud  of  their  quibling  dis 
tinction.  1773  Juniits  Lett.  Ixviii.  353  A  cunning  quibbling 
attorney  might,  .discover  a  flaw.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2) 
I.  266  The  quibbling  follies  of  the  Sophists. 

Hence  Qui  bblingly  adv. 

1657  J-  SERGEANT  Schism  Disfach't  Post-scr.,  Their  old 
method  of  talking  preachingly,  quotingly,  and  quibblingly. 

Qui'bbly.a.  rare—'.  Of  the  nature  of  a  quibble. 

1*95  Cat/,.  Neius  28  Dec.  4/3  The  arguments-small, 
quibbly  and  lacking  of  elemental  foundation. 

Quibe,  variant  of  QUIB  s/>. 

Quibib(e,  -bibbe,  obs.  forms  of  CUBES. 

tQuibibble,  obs.  var.  QUIBBLE  sl>.    (Cf.  next.) 

1606  Choice,  Chance,  etc.  (1881)  40  You  are  so  full  of 
quibibbles,  that  I  feare  you  meane  knauery. 

tQuibi'be.  Obs.  rare-1.  [?A  fanciful  ex 
tension  of  quibe  QUIB  ;  cf.  prec.]  =  QUIBBLE  sl>.  2. 

aiSSo  Image  Hypocr.  in  Skelton's  Wks.  (1843)  II.  440 
Lawyers  and  scribes  With  many  quibibes. 

tQuibi'ble.  Obs.  Alsofi-byble.  [Of  obscure 
origin.]  ?  A  pipe  or  whistle.  Alsoyfc. 

a  1529  SKELTON  Dk.  Albany  389  Your  braynes  are  ydell 
It  is  time  for  you  to  brydell,  And  pype  in  a  quibyble.  1642 
SHIRLEY  Sisters  II.  i,  Manilla.  I'll  try  what  I  can  do  ! 
[Draws  her  knife.}  Piperollo.  Oh!  myquibibles! 

Quible,  -ler,  obs.  forms  of  QUIBBLE,  -LEK. 

Quiblet  (kwi-blet).  Obs.  exc.  U.  S.  [f.  QUIB  or 
QUIBBLE  :  see  -LET.]  =  QUIBBLE  s6. 

1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Wit  $  Mirth  Wks.  181/2  A 
quiblet . .  Nay,  then  I  cannot  blame  you  to  be  angry.  1636 
ABP.  WILLIAMS  Holy  Table  (1637)  128  This  Quiblet  is 
grounded  upon  a  mere  Errour  of  the  Printer.  1681  T. 
FLATMAN  Heraclitus  Ridtns  No.  46  (1713)11.  43,  I  cannot 
admire  the  Quiblet  of  the  Influences  of  a  Half-moon.  1890 
BAKREHE  &  LELAND  Slang  Diet.,  Quiblets  (American),  a 
kind  of  witticism  much  in  vogue  in  negro  minstrelsy. 

tQui'blin.  Obs.  [f.  QUIB  or  QUIBBLE;  cf. 
QUIBBLING.]  A  pun  or  quibble  ;  a  trick. 
^  5605  CHAPMAN,  etc.  East™.  Hoe  in.  i,  'Tis  a  trick  rampant ; 
tis  a  very  quiblin.  1610  B.  JONSON  Alch.  iv.  vii,  This  is 
some  trick  ;  Come,  leave  your  quiblins,  Dorothee.  1614  — 
Earth.  Fair  i.  i,  When  a  quirk,  or  a  quiblin  do's  scape  thee. 

Quibling,  obs.  form  of  QUIBBLING  ///.  a. 

Quibyb(e,  -byble :  see  CUBEB,  QUIBIBLE. 

Quie,  obs.  f.  QUICK  a. ;  see  also  QUETCH  v. 


51 

t  Quice.  Obs.  rare.  In  5  qwyee.  [Of  obscure 
origin.]  Only  in  quice-tree  =  gorse,  whin. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  162/1  Fyrrys,  or  qwyce  tre,  or  gorstys 
tre,  r-uscns.  Ibid.  204/1,  421/1. 

Quice,  Quich,  variants  of  QUEEST,  QUETCH. 
Quich(e,  obs.  forms  of  WHICH. 
Quick  (kwik),  a.,  sb},  and  adv.  Forms  :  a..  I 
.  cwic(u),  o(w)uou,  cue-,  owyo,  1-2  cwuc,  (2 
cwuce),  1-3  ewie,  3  cwico,  cwi(c)k-,  4  kuic, 
kuik ;  3-4  quic,  3-5  quick-,  4  quyo,  5  quyck, 
5-6  quycke,  (5  qw-),  5-7  quicke,  (5  qw-),  5- 
quick;  3-6  quik,  quyk,  (5-6  qw-),  4  quiyk-, 
4-5  quikke,  quyk(k)e,  (5  qw-),  5  quike,  quikk, 
(ow-) ;  4-5  quek,  5  qu-,  qweke.  0.  Sc.  and 
north.  5  quhyk,  qwhick,  -ikke,  -yke,  5  whik, 
whicke,  whyk,  6-9  whick,  y  wick.  7.  5  whyt,  7 
whitt.  [Comm.  Teut. :  OE.  cwicit,  c(w}ucu  and 
civic,  c(w]uc-,  =  OFris.  qiiik,  quek  (mod.Fris.  quifk, 
quecK),  OS.  quik  (MDu.  quic,  Du.  kwik),  OHG. 
ijuec,  quecch-  and  chec,  checch-  (MHG.  quec,  qucck- 
and  kec,  keck-,  G.  keck  lively,  pert,  bold ;  also  dial. 
qiteck,  quick],  ON.  kvik-r,  'kvikv-  and  kyk-r,  kykv- 
(MSw.gvi&,gve&,Sw.ovfei;  Da. kvik,a\sokvirg sb., 
'cattle',  and  kvpeg-,  ktiik-  in  combs,  as  kvyg-  or 
kviksand)  :— OTeut.  *kwik-Mo-z.  The  origin  of  the 
second  k  is  obscure ;  it  is  absent  in  the  Gothic 
*qius  (in  pj.  qiwaf)  :—*kwiwo-z,  from  the  common 
Aryan  *g"!hvo-  which  appears  in  Skr.jivd,  L.  vivus 
(for  *gvivus),  Lith.  gyvas,  OSlav.  iivil,  Olr.  biu, 
beo  alive,  living,  Gr.  /3i'os  life.  An  ablaut-variant 
of  the  Teut.  stem  is  found  in  ON.  kveikja  to  kindle.] 
A.  adj. 

I.  Characterized  by  the  presence  of  life. 
1.  Living,  endowed  with  life,  in  contrast  to  what 
is  naturally  inanimate.     Now  dial,  or  arch. 

<:888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xxxix.  §  3  [tette  men  &  ealle 
cwuca  wuhta  habba5..andan  betwuh  him.  c  1200  ORMIN 
3691  He  batt  fede))()  ennglebeod  &  alle  cwike  shaffte.  c  1300 
St.  Brandan  163  As  a  quic  thing  hupte  up  and  down.  1387 
TREVISA  Higiien  (Rolls)  I.  383  Goddes  heste,  bat  heet  )>e 
erjje  brynge  forj>  gras  and  quyk  bestes.  1422  tr.  Sccreta 
Secret.  208  Sowne  of  thynges  that  bene  not  quycke  as  the 
Sowne  of  watyr,  &  brekynge  of  trees,  thundyr  [etc.].  1523 
FITZHERB.  Hush.  §  102  The  bottes  ..  be  quycke,  and  stycke 
faste  in  the  mawe-syde.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xiii. 
(1623)  741  They  could  see  no  quicke  things  left  but  onely 
Owles.  1820  SHELLEY  Witch  Atl.  ix,  Where  the  quick 
heart  of  the  great  world  doth  pant.  1857  E.  WAUGH  Lane. 
Life  29  There  isn't  a  wick  thing  i'  this  world  can  wortch  as 
it  should  do,  if  it  doesn't  heyt  [  =  eat]  as  it  should  do. 

t  b.  Of  possessions  or  property  :  Consisting  of 
animals  ;  live  (stock).  Freq.  in  phrases  quick  cattle, 
good(s,  stock,  etc.,  and  hence,  by  analogy,  quick 
beast.  Obs.  Cf.  also  OE.  cwicxht,  -feoh. 

871-89  Charter  45  in  Sweet  O.  E.  Texts  451  Ic  ..  sello 
werburge . .  (>as  lond  mid  cwice  erfe  &  mid  earoe.  971  Blickl. 
Horn.  39  pone  teoban  dsel  on  urum  wsestmum  &  on  cwicum 
ceape.  1397  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  11108  Sir  Ion  giflard  nom  to 
him  is  quic  eijte  echon.  1433  E.  E.  Wills  95  Alle  my  goodes 
&  catelles,  bothe  quike  &  dede.  1523  FITZHERB.  Sum.  xii. 
(1539)  29  He  that  hath  no  quycke  good,  shall  giue  his  beste 
deed  good.  1526  Lane.  Wills  I.  15,  I  bequeth  ffor  my 
mortuarye  my  be^t  qwyk  beast.  1592  WEST  ist  Ft.  Symbol. 
§  25  Houses  and  landes  and  quicke  beastes,  as  sheepe  and 
oxen.  1649  Bp.  HALL  Cases  Consc.  ix.  (1654)  62  If  they  be 
quick  commodities,  as  horses,  sheep,  kine  and  the  like.  1686 
R.  P.  in  Phil.  Trans.  XX.  383  Houshold-goods  . .  lost ; 
besides  many  quick  Goods.  1745  W.  STOUT  A  utobiog.  (1851) 
ad  Jin.,  A  public  sale  of  all  his  quick  goods  and  cattle. 

C.  Applied  to  things  properly  inanimate  in 
various  transf.  or  fig.  uses  (cf.  II). 

£900  tr.  Bxda's  Hist.  iv.  xx.  [xviii.]  (1890)  314  He,.beaw 
IXES  songes  cwicre  st^efne  ..  sangeras  laerde.  cgsfi  Lindisf. 
Gosp.  John  iv.  ii  [He]  ualde  gesealla  5e  uaeter  cuic.  a  1175 
Cott.  Horn.  241  Ic  am  cwuce  bread.  1382  WYCLIF  Hel>. 
iv.  12  Forsoth  the  word  of  God  is  quyk.  [Also  in  later 
versions.]  —  i  Pet.  ii.  5  5oure  silf  as  quike  stoones  be  aboue 
bildid  spiritual  housis.  1502  ATKINSON  tr.  De  Imitatione 
ill.  x.  205  Of  me.  .pore  &  ryche,  drawe  quycke  water  as  of 
the  well  of  lyfe.  1586  J.  HOOKER  Hist.  Irel.  in  Holinshed 
II.  101/2  To  rush  through  such  quicke  iron  walles  [armed 
Galloglasses).  1732  POPE  Ess.  Man  I.  234  See  thro' . .  this 
earth  All  matter  quick,  and  bursting  into  birth.  1894 
CHOCK  ETT  Raiders  13  Young  green  leaves  breaking  from 
the  quick  and  breathing  earth. 

2.  Of  persons  and  animals :  In  a  live  state, 
living,  alive.  Now  dial,  or  arch. 

c  888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xxxvi.  §  7  [Ne]  ma  Se  we  maxon . . 
habban  deadne  mon  for  cwucone.  ciooo  Sax.  Leechd.  I. 
362  WiS  miltwra;ce,  cwices  hundes  milte  abred  of.  a  1225 
Leg.  St.  Kath.  63  pe  riche  reooeren  &  schep.  .brohten  to 
lake,  |je_  poure  cwike  briddes.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  864^  Mi 
quik  child  has  bou  stoln..And  has  \>\  ded  barn  laid  bi  me. 
1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  n.  14  Ther  nis  no  qweene  qweyntore 
that  quik  is  alyue.  cny>  Two  Cookery-bks.  II.  99  Take 
a  quyk  lamprey,  And  lete  him  blode  at  >e  nauell.  a  1529 
SKELTON  Elynour  Rnmtnyng  431  A  cantell  of  Essex 
chese.  .well  a  fote  thycke,  Full  of  maggottes  quycke.  1584 
R.  SCOT  Discm.  Witchcr.  v.  vi.  (1886)  81  marg.,  To  hold 
a  quick  eele  by  the  taile.  <zl66x  FULLER  Worthies  (1840) 
I.  v.  212  Not  the  quick  but  dead  worthies  properly  pertain 
to  my  pen.  1790  MRS.  WHEELER  Westnild.  Dial.  (1821)  98 
Wor  thor  giants  alive  ?  Mary.  Nay,  nay, . .  they  er  net 
whick  I  racken.  1873  Spectator  23  Aug.  1069/1  '  Quick  ' 
animals,  to  use  a  Yorkshire  phrase,  are  sold  here.  1875 
Sussex  Gloss.  s.v.,  I  thought  at  first  that  sheep  was  dead, 
but  I  found  it  was  quick  still. 
b.  Freq.  as  complement  to  the  subject  of  intr. 


QUICK. 

and  pass,  verbs,  or  to  the  object  (rarely  subj.)  of 
trans,  verbs ;  sometimes  with  intensive  all  prefixed. 
c  825  Vesp.  Psalter  cxxiii.  3  Cwice  forswel  ja3  usic.  971 
Blickl.  Horn.  19 1  He  woldan..J>onecaserecwicenne  forbairnan. 
CII22  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1009  pzt  he  WulfnoS 
cuconne  oSSe  deadne  bejytan  sceolde.  c  1200  ORMIN  1364  An 
bucc  rann  jizer  awe«  all  cwice.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  4166 
Some  he  mid  strencpe  nom  &  al  quic  horn  vret.  13 ..  Evang. 
Nicod.  1082  in  Herrig  Archiv  LIII.  411  Ely  be  prophete  . . 
whik  to  heuen  yhede.  c  1400  Rom.  Rose  4070  Al  quik 
I  wolde^be  dolven  depe.  c  1450  Mirour  Saluacionn  737  But 
offred  hire  vntogodde  to  serue  hym  qwhikke  swetlye.  a  1533 
LD.  BERNERS  Huon  xlvii.  159  Ye  lechour.  .shalbe  flayne  all 
quycke.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  I.  37  There  was  a  gray  Frier 
burning  quicke  at  S.  Markes  pillar.  1678  R.  L'ESTRANGE 
Seneca's  Alor.  (1702)  246  Privacy,  without  Letters,  is  but 
the  Burying  of  a  Man  Quick.  1708  J.  PHILIPS  Cyder  i.  12 
Ingulft  By  the  wide  yawning  Earth,  to  Stygian  Shades 
Went  quick. 

t  c.  Of  the  flesh  or  parts  of  the  body.     Obs. 

a.  1225  Ancr.  R.  112  So  bet  flesch  is  cwickure,  so  J>e  pine 
berof  ii  )>et  hurt  is  more  &  sarre.     Ibid.,  His  fleschs  wire 
tendrust  &  cwickest  of  alle  vlesches.     1382  WYCLIF  Lev. 
xiii.  15  If  the  quyk  flesh  is  spreynt  with  k-pre,  it  is  vnclene. 
ci\ta  Chron.  Vilod.  2624  A  lyuyng  mone,  p'  hadde  be  lette 
blode  in  a  quyke  veyne.     1513  DOUGLAS  jteneis  vin.  viii.  69 
Quhillquyk  mouthisdyddeyd  mouthiskys.  1527  L.  ANDREW 
tr.  J.  Bmns^vyke's  Distyl.  Waters  C  ii,  The  lame  lymmes 
and  membres  . .  become  quycke  agayne.     1603  FI.ORIO  tr. 
Montaigne   II.  iii.  (1807)   III.   51   To  cut  and  slice   great 
mammocks  of  their  quicke  flesh.     1649  DNUMM.  OF  HAWIH. 
Poems  Wks.  (1711)  1/2  My  wasted  heart,  Made  quick  by 
death,  more  lively  still  remains. 

d.  transf.  and_/ff.,  chiefly  of  qualities,  feelings, 
etc.  (cf.  II). 

c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  i?r  po  unbileffule  men  be  bi  here 
quica  liue  here  sunnes  ne  forleten.  1:1380  WYCLIF  Wks. 
(1880)  369  pai  suffre  not  criste  to  be  alyue  in  be  sowlis  of 
his  peple  bi  qwike  faythe.  1547  Homilies  I.  Faith  i.  11640) 
22  As  the  other  vaine  faith  is  called  a  dead  faith,  so  may 
this  be  called  a  quicke  or  lively  fayth.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V, 
II.  ii.  79  The  mercy  that  was  quicke  in  vs.  .is  supprest  and 
klll'd.  1631  CHAPMAN  Cxsar  f,  Pompcy  Plays  1873  III.  132 
Strike  dead  our  feare  . .  Rather  then  keepe  it  quick.  1728 
POPE  Dune.  \.  59  Hints,  like  spawn,  scarce  quick  in  embryo 
lie.  1895  I.  ZANGWILL  '/'/;<•  Master  n.  vii.  213  Not  only  .. 
the  glamour  of  the  dead  past,  but  the  poetry  of  the  quick. 

3.  Of  plants  or  their  parts  :  Alive,  growing.  See 
also  QUICKWOOD. 

c  loco  Ags.  Ps.  (Th.)  ciii.  16  Cwice  cederbeamas.  c  izoo 
ORMIN  10002  pe^  wa^renn  o  be  treo  All  cwike  &  grene 
bojhess.  1552  HULOET,  Arboure  or  place  made  with  quicke 
springes.  1577  Nottingham  Rec.  IV.  168  Dressyng  of  the 
hedge  of  quycke  grose.  1626  BACON  Sylva  §  514  Dividing 
a  Quick-Tree  downe  to  the  Ground.  1647-6  COTTERELL 
Davila's  Hist.  Fr.  (1678)  27  If  there  be  any  quick  roots  left, 
which  may  send  forth  new  sprouts.  1802  W.  FORSVTH  Fruit 
Trees  (1824)  214  If  any  of  the  old  dead  snags  remain  they 
should  be  cut  off  close  to  the  quick  wood. 

b.  Composed  of  living  plants,  esp.  hawthorn,  as 
quick  fence,  t frith,   hedge   (cf.    Du.  kwikhaag}, 
mound.     Cf.  QUICKSET. 

1467  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  45  The  qwyk  heige  set  frome 
the  gate  on  to  the  hall  doore.  1563  HYLL  Art  Garden.  (1593) 
7  A  quick  hedge,  which  we  cal  a  quickset  hedge.  1564  MS. 
Ace.  St.  Johns  Hosp.,  Canlei'l'.,  To  enclose  the  vij  acres 
of  land  . .  wyth  a  quyk  fryth.  1627  F.  LITTLE  Man.  Chr. 
Mnnif.  (1871)  93  They  fenced  it  with  a  quick  mound.  1669 
\Vc;RLlDGK  Syst.  Agric.  (1681)  15  A  thousand  Acres  of  Land 
divided  with  good  Quick-fences.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  viii, 
A  quick  or  living  hedge.  1894  J.  T.  FOWI.KR  Adamnan 
Introd.  38  On  the  top  a  palisade  and  quick  hedge. 

4.  Const,  with. 

a.  Quick  with  child,  said  of  a  female  in  the  stage 
of  pregnancy  at  which  the  motion  of  the  fcetus  is 
felt.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

(This  use  has  app.  arisen  by  inversion  of  the  phr.  with 
quick  child  exemplified  in  the  following  quots.  c  1450 
Merlin  12  She  was  grete  with  quyk  childe.  1752  J.  LOUTHIAN 
Form  of  Process  (ed.  2)  217  You  of  the  Jury  of  Matrons., 
say,  that  E.  L.  is  not  pregnant  with  quick  Child.) 

(1450  LONELICH  Merlin  826  (Kolbing)  This  good  man 
sawh,  that  sche  Qwyk  with  childe  was.  1493  Festivall 
(W.  de  W.  1515)  106  Thenne  conceyued  Elyzabelh  and 
whan  she  was  quycke  w*  chylde  [etc.],  1616  R.  C.  Times* 
Whistle  iii.  1163  His  vnckles  wife  surviues,  purcbance  Left 
quick  with  childe.  1678  LADY  CHAWORTH  in  12^  Rep. 
Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  51  Sister  Salisbery  and  sister 
Ansley  [are]  both  quicke  with  child.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat. 
Hist.  (1776)  II.  43  Women  . .  quick  with  child,  as  their  ex 
pression  is,  at  the  end  of  two  months. 

Jig.    1870  LOWELL  Among  my  Bks.  Ser.  I.  238  Puritanism, 
believing  itself  quick  with  the  seed  of  religious  liberty,  laid, 
without  Knowing  it,  the  egg  of  democracy, 
t  b.  absol.  in  same  sense.   Obs. 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  v.  ii.  687  Then  shall  Hector  be 
whipt  for  laquenetta  that  is  quicke  by  him.  1647  TRAPP 
Comm.  Rom.  ix.  1 1  Acknowledging  . .  her  issue  for  their 
Prince,  before  she  as  yet  had  felt  her  self  quick. 

C.  Alive,  instinct  with  (life,  soul,  feeling,  etc.). 

In  some  cases  prob.  associated  with  sense  19. 

1837  DISRAELI  Venetia  iv,  iv,  That  languid  form  quick  with 
excitement.  1839  BAILEY  Festus  xxiii.  (1852)  416  Thy 
palpitating  piles  of  ruin . .  quick  With  soul  immortal.  1873 
DIXON  Two  Queens  I.  I.  ix.  63  In  Barcelona  everyone  was 
quick  with  rage.  1883  A.  E.  HAKE  Story  Chinese  Gordon 
xii.  (1884)  294  To  give  peace  to  a  country  quick  with  war. 

II.  Of  things:  Having  some  specific  quality 
characteristic  or  suggestive  of  a  living  thing. 

*  In  a  sound  or  natural  condition  ;  fresh  ;  pro 
ductive. 

•(•  5.  Of  the  complexion  :  Having  the  freshness  of 
life.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  332  pe  cwike  rude  of  (>e  nebbe  makeS  to 

7-3 


QUICK. 

understonden  fc>et  te  soule  l»et.  .nefde  bute  dead  heou,  haue^ 
ikeiht  cwic  heou.  1423  tr.  Secreta  Secret.  223  The  [fifth 
token]  Is  that  a  man  haue  quyke  coloure.  1656  [see  QUICK 
NESS  2\  a  1693  AUBREY  Lives  (1898)  I.  60  (W.  Aubrey) 
He  had  a  delicate,  quick,  lively., complexion. 

f6.  Of  things  seen:  Lifelike,  vivid.  Obs.  rare. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  1179  Fro  alle  \>o  sy;tez  so  quylcex 
[Iread  quyke]  &  queme.  c  1450  tr.  De  Imitations  i.  xviii. 
19  Beholde  be  quicke  ensamples  of  olde  fadres.  1533 
BELLENDES  Livy  Prol.  (1901)  4  Of  awfull  batallis, ..  >e  may 
fynd  here,..Als  quyk  as  J?ai  war  led  afore  }our  Ee. 

1 7.  a.  Of  rock :  Natural,  *  living '.  b.  Of  earth  : 
(see  quot.  1620).  Obs. 

£•1475  Partenay  1125  Vppon  the  quicke  Roche  thay  It 
sett  tho.  Ibid.  4352  A  caue  ..  Within  the  quike  roche. 
1620  MARKHAM  Farew.  Husl\  n.  i|.  (1668)  7  You  shall  he 
sure  to  raise  up  the  quick  earth  which  had  not  been  stirred 
up  with  the  Plough  before. 

8.  a.  Mining.  Of  veins,  etc. :  Containing  ore, 
productive.  (Cf.  DEAD  a.  10.) 

1676  J.  BEAUMONT  in  Phil.  Trans.  XI.  735  Subterraneous 
Vaults  or  Grotto's^  whereof  some  . .  are  said  by  our  Miner: 


the  Names  of  Dead  Veins.    1881  in  RAYMOND  Mining  Gloss. 
b.  Of  stock,  capital,  etc. :  Productive  of  interest 
or  profit. 

1701  LUTTRELL  Brief  R  el.  (1857)  V.  i  The  quick  stock  of 
both  companies  shal  be  paid  for  discharge  of  their  debts. 
a  1711  KEN  Christophil  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  423,  I .  .spent  on 
the  Quick-stock  which  I  could  never  drain.  i8i8jAS.  MILL 
Brit.  India  I.  i.  v.  81  The  estimate  which  was  formed  of 
their  quick  and  dead  stock,  1891  Pall  Mall  G.  19  Nov.  7/1 
The  quick  assets  (of  the  American  Cotton  Oil  Trust]  .. 
amounted  on  August  31  last  to  5,928,338  dols. 
**  Possessed  of  motion. 

9.  Of  wells,  springs,  streams,  or  water:  Running, 
flowing.     (Cf.  OE.  cwicweUe  adj.)     Now  rare. 

c  1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Th.)  cxiii.  8  He.  .clifu  cyrreS  on  cwicu.. 
wxteres  wellan.  c  1220  Bestiary  341  BihoueS  us  to  rennen 
to  cristes  quike  welle.  1340  Ayenb.  98  To  lhade  of  be  zeue 
streames  f>e  quikke  weteres.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxxiii. 
(George)  319  In  J>e  mydis  J>e  altere  a  quyk  wel  sprang. 
c  1430  LYDG,  Coin6l.  Bl.  Knt.  xi,  A  litel  welle,  That  had  his 
cours  ..  with  quikke  stremes  colde.  1600  HOLLAND  Liry 
XLII.  Hv.  1147  The  place  is.  .watered  also  with  many  quicke 
and  running  springs.  1677  EVELYN  Diary  (1827)  II.  425 
Whose  house  stands  inviron'd  with  very  sweete  and  quick 
streams.  £1710  CELIA  FIENNES  Diary  (1888)  289  Its  not 
a  quick  spring  and  very  often  is  dranke  drye.  1816  BYRON 
Purisina  xx,  The  living  stream  lies  quick  below,  And  flows, 
and  cannot  cease  to  flow.  1889  PATER  G.  de  Latonr  75 
Gently  winding  valleys,  with  clear,  quick  water. 

10.  Of  soil,  etc. :  Mobile,  shifting,  readily  yield 
ing  to  pressure.    Now  rare.     Cf.  QUICKSAND. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  i.  r  As  he  J?1  gas  on  qwik  grauel 
Jjat  gers  him  synk  b1  standis  bar  on.  1552  HULOET, 
Quycke  sandes  or  shelues,  syrtes.  1602  CAREW  Cornivall 
8  b,  The  quicke  ground  (as  they  call  it)  that  mooued 
with  the  floud.  1696  Phil.  ^  Trans.  XIX.  352  Great 
Freshes.,  make  the  Sands  Shift,  and  consequently  Quick. 
1771  SMOLLMTT  Humph.  Cl.  12  Sept.,  The  Solway  sands, . . 
as  the  tide  makes,,  .become  quick  in  different  places.  1890 
EMERSON  Wild  Life  58,  I  pulled  my  legs  out  of  the  soft 
ooze,  and  was  soon  across  the  patch  of  quick  ground. 
***  Having  some  form  of  activity  or  energy. 

11.  t  a.  Of  coals:  Live,  burning.     Obs. 

c  looo  Sax.  Leechd.  II.  224  Do  to  fyre  on  croccan,  ofer 
wylle  on  godum  gledum  cljenum  &  cwicum.  1340  Ayenb. 
205  A  quic  col  berninde  ope  ane  hyeape  of  dyade  coles. 
c  1400  MAUMOSY,  (Roxb.)xxxi.  142  If  a  man.  .couer  \>Q  coles 
Jjeroff  with  aschez,  J>ai  will  hald  in  quikk  a  twelfmonth. 
1413  Pilgr.  Sovvle  (Caxton  1483)  in.  ix.  55  Quyck  coles 
whiche  brente  them  full  bytterly.  1581  T.  HOWELL  Deuises 
(1879)  200  Kindled  coales  close  kept,  continue  longest  quick. 
1657  TRAPP  Comm.  Ps.  cxx.  4  Juniper  ..  maketh  a  very 
scorching  fire,  and  quick  coals,  such  as  last  long.  1764 
HARMER  Observ.  iii.  118  They. .put  it  into  an  oven  upon 
the  quick  coals. 

b.  Of  fire  or  flames :  Burning  strongly  or  briskly. 
Also  of  an  oven:  Exposed  to  a  brisk  fire. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boetk.  iv.  pr.  vi.  104  (Camb.  MS.)  A  ryht 
lyfly  and  quyk  fyre  of  thowht,  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE] 
D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  n.  vii.  96  If  it  [the  fire]  bee  quicke 
and  violent,  it  doth  greatly  evaporate  the  quick-silver. 
1624  QUARLES  Sion's  Sonn.  xx.  19  Thy  breath  ..  incends 

Suicke  flames,  where  Ember'd  sparkes  but  shine.  1708 
.  C.  Compl.  Collier  (1845)  16  It  makes  a  hot  quick  Fire. 
1769  MRS.  RAFFALD  Eng.  Honsekpr.  (1778)  4  Bake  it  in 
a  quick  oven  three  hours.  1821  SHELLEY  Prometh.  Unb. 
in.  i.  38  God!  Spare  me  !  I  sustain  not  the  quick  flames. 
1863  READE  Hard  Cash  xiv,  You  will  cook  your  own 
goose— by  a  quick  fire. 

t!2.  Of  speech,  writings,  etc.:  Lively,  full  of 
vigour  or  acute  reasoning;  smart,  sprightly.  Obs. 

rt  1225  Ancr.  R.  170  Ye  eihtuSe  reisun  is  uorte  habben 
cwike  bone.  1340  Ayenb.  134  pet  is  to  zigge :  oj?er  J>anc 
quicke  scele  ober  aperte  miracle.  (1386  CHAUCER  Prol. 
306  That  [speech]  was  . .  short  and  quyk,  and  ful  of  hy 
sentence,  c  1400  Apol.  Loll.  8  A?en  swilk  feynid .  .indulgens, 
hpwij?  a  feijjful  prest  to  multiply  quek  resouns.  1531 
ELYOT  Gov.  i.  x,  Some  quicke  and  mery  dialoges  elect  out 
of  Luciane.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie^  i.  xxviiL  (Arb.) 
70  An  inscription.. in  few  verses,  pithie,  quicke  and  senten 
tious.  _  1625  GILL  Sacr.  Pkilos.  Pref.,  Though  his  writings 
be  easie  and  quicke,  yet  his  matiers  are  scattered. 

1 13.  Of  places  or  times :  Full  of  activity  or 
business;  busy.  Of  trade:  Brisk.  Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Frankl.  T.  774  Amyd  the  toun,  right  in 
the  quyke  strete.  1538  LELASD  Itiit.  I.  8  A  good  quik 
Market  Toune.  1641  BEST  Farm.  fiks.  (Surtees)  102  The 
kinge  beinge  there,  the  markets  were  very  quicke  a  1661 
FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  II.  190  He  called  Manchester  the 
fairest  and  quickest  town  in  this  county,  a  1687  PETTY 


52 

Pol.  Arith.  (1690)  18  Some  where  or  other  in  the  World, 
Trade  is  always  quick  enough.  1726-46  THOMSON  Winter 
779  Pure,  qukk,  and  sportful  is  the  wholesome  day. 

f!4.  Of  sulphur:  Keadilyinflammable,  fiery.  Obs. 

ciS3o  Itickscorner  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  I.  179  He  asked  for 
a  mouthful  of  quick  brimstone.  1559  MORWYNG  Evonym. 
323,  ij  unces  of  bothe  kindes  of  Sulphur  or  brimstone,  that 
is  of  the  quik  and  dead.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  vii.  13  That 
divelish  yron  Engin,.  .With  windy  Nitre  and  quick  Sulphur 
fraught.  1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  $  Mm.  107  Honey, 
nitre, . .  and  quick  brimstone,  reduced  unto  the  consistence 

fl5.  Of  wine  and  other  liquors:  Brisk,  effer 
vescent.  Obs.  •-*"• 

1620  VENNElf  K/VI  Recta  ii.  25  A  pure  and  quicke  wine. 
1677  YARRANTON  Eng.  Improv.  122  As  the  different  heat  of 
the  Climate  is,  so  the  Liquor  shall  ripen  and  grow  quick 
and  fit  to  drink.  1730-46  THOMSON  Autumn  706  The 
mellow-tasted  burgundy;  and,  quick  As  is  the  wit  it  gives, 
the  gay  champagne. 

****  Producing  a  strong  effect  on  the  senses  or 
wind. 

16.  fa.  Of  the  voice:  Loud,  clear.  Obs.rare~}. 
c  1205  LAY.  12306  Heo..himtocleopeden  quickere  staeuene 

[c  1275  mid  swipe  loude  stemne], 

b.  Of  colour:  Vivid,  bright,  dazzling,  rare. 
1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos.  \.  13  Eyes. .of  a  very  quick  and 
lively  transparency  or  fulgour.     1851  G.  MEREDITH  Love 
in  the  Valley  xx,   Slain  are   the   poppies  that  shot  their 
random  scarlet  Quick  amid  the  wheatears. 

17.  Of  feelings  :  Lively,  vivid,  keen,  strongly  felt. 
(-1449  PECOCK  Repr.  n.  viii.  183  Quyk  and  feruent  and  .. 

deuout  remembraunce.  1551  ROBINSON  tr.  More's  Utop.  \\, 
ix.  (1895)  284  Onles  they,  by  quycke  repentaunce  approue 
the  amendement  of  their  ly fifes.  1665  GLANVILL  Def. 
I'ain  Dogw.  75,  I  have  still  a  quick  resentment  of  the 
Vanity  of  Confiding  in  Opinions.  1710  STEELE  Tatter  No. 
196  f  5  These  have  in  their  several  Stations  a  quick  Relish 
of  the  exquisite  Pleasure  of  doing  Good.  1752  CHESTERF. 
Lftt.(ijf)2)  III.  254  The  scene  of  quick  and  lively  pleasures. 
1839  BAILEY  Festus  viii.  (1848)  87  Firestranded,  rolling  in 
quick  agony. 

18.  fa.  Of  a  taste  or  smell :  Sharp,  pungent ; 
brisk.     Also  of  things  in  respect  of  taste  or  smell 
(cf.  15).     Obs. 

1573  Treas.  Hid.  Secrets  xliij,  If  white  Saunders.  .be  old, 
and  nave  no  pleasant  and  quicke  odour,  they  are  nothing 
worth.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  v.  xx.  574  These  two  Purce- 
laynes  are.,  of  a  sharpe  or  quicke  taste.  1641  FRENCH 
Distill,  v.  (1651)  126  It  will  last  as  quick  as  bottle  beer  that 
is  a  fortnight  old.  1670  NARBOROUGH  Jrnl,  in  Ace.  Sev. 
Late  \7oy.  (1694)1.  68  This  Rind,  .is  hotter  than  Pepper  and 
more  quicker.  1758  REID  tr.  Macquer's  Chym.  I.  33  Its 
smell  is.  .extremely  quick  and  suffocating  when  it  smokes. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  I.  625/2  Their  smell  is  quick  and 
penetrating,  their  taste  pungent. 

fb.  Of  speech  or  writing  :  Sharp,  caustic.    Obs. 

1580  LYLY  Enphues  (Arb.)  280  A  quicke  aunswere  that 
mL;ht  cut  him.  1589  NASHE  Prej.  Greene's  Menaphon 
(Arb.)  9  In  Scholler-like  matters  of  controuersie,  a  quicker 
stile  may  pass  as  commendable.  1616  BULLOKAK  Eng.  Expos.) 
'  r,  a  quicke  checke,  a  pretty  taunt.  1685  Roxb.  Ball. 


.  a,  an    ege      e  percng  ge 

C.   Of  air  or  light :  Sharp,  piercing,  rare. 

1608  SHAKS.  Per.  tv.  i.  28  The  air  is  quick  there,  And  it 
pierces  and  sharpens  the  stomach.     1818  KEATS  Endynt.  \\. 
018  Other  light,  Though  it  be  quick  and  sharp  enough  to 
blight  The  Olympian  eagle's  vision,  is  dark, 
t  d.  Of  what  causes  pain.   Obs.  rare~l. 

a  1716  SOUTH  Serm.  (1744)  II.  27  The  punishment  of  the 
Cross  is . .  the  quickest  and  the  most  acute. 

III.  Having  in  a  high  degree  the  vigour  or 
energy  characteristic  of  life,  and  hence  distinguished 
by,  or  capable  of,  prompt  or  rapid  action  or  move 
ment. 

19.  Of  persons  (or  animals) :  Full  of  vigour, 
energy,  or  activity  (now  rare) ;  prompt  or  ready 
to  act ;  acting,  or  able  to  act,  with  speed  or  rapidity 
(freq.  with  suggestion  or  implication  of  sense  23). 

13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  624  He.  .Comaunded  hir  to  be  cof 
and  quyk  at  bis  one},  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace 
(Rolls)  16372  pey  smette  to-gedere  so  bitterlyke,  fat  cyber 
side  fond  ober_quyke.  1434  MISYN  Mending  Life  118  So 
bat  qwen  ba  rise  to  pray,  ba  be  qwhickar  Jjen  pai  before 
were,  c  1440  Promp.  Pan.  421/1  Quyk,  or  lyvely,  or  de- 
lyvyr,  vivax.  1535  COVERDALE  Ezra  vii.  6  Ezdras  . .  was 
a  quycke  scrybe  in  the  la  we  of  Moses,  a  1348  HALL  Chron., 
Hen.  IV  32  b,  This  king  was  . .  formally  compact,  quicke 
and  deliver  and  of  a  stout  courage.  1611  BIBLE  Ecchts. 
xxxi.  22  In  all  thy  workes  bee  quicke.  a  1715  BURNET  Chun 
Time  III.  (1724)  I.  382  Seimour..was  a  graceful  man,  bold 
and  quick.  1816  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  in.  xlii,  Quiet  to  quick 
bosoms  is  a  hell.  1833  TENNYSON  Rosalind  ii,  The  quick 
lark's  closest-caroll'd  strains. 

b.  Of  qualities  in  a  person  (or  animal). 

c  1380  WYCI.IF  Serm.  Sel.  Wks.  I.  109  Crist  fastide  fourty 
daies  ..  and  he  was  in  quyke  age,  and  listide  wel  to  etc. 
'535  STEWART  Chron.  Scot.  I.  12  Thair  curage  ..  that  tyme 
wes  so  quik.  c  1580  SIDNEY  Ps.  xxxin.  xi,  Of  quick  strength 
is  an  horse,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  II.  536  He  was 
a  good  patriot,  of  a  quick  and  clear  spirit.  1732  NEAI. 
Hist.  Ptirit.  I.  342  He  was  a  little  man,  of  a  quick 
spirit.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  I.  iii.  173  The  resolution  of 
quick  youth  Within  my  veins. 

c.  Of  things  (material  and  immaterial). 

1545  ASCHAM  Toxoph.  n.  (Arb.)  117  So  that  he  [a  bow]  be 
. .  quycke  and  spedye  ynoughe_  for  farre  castynge.  1551 
ROBINSON  tr.  Mare's  Utop.  n.  iv.  (1895)  149  They.,  finde 
spedy  and  quicke  remedies  for  present  fautes.  1592  SHAKS. 
Rom.  t,  Jul.  v.  iii  120  O  true  Appothecary :  Thy  drugs 
are  quicke.  1699  Pennsylvania  Arch.  I.  127,  I  am  obliged 
for  thy  quick  Caie  about  ye  Wine.  1820  SHELLEY  Vision 


QUICK. 

of  Sea,  50  A  lead-coloured  fog  . .  Whose  breath  was  quick 
pestilence.  1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  s.v.,  Blasting 
powder  is  said  to  be  quick  when  it  burns  or  goes  off  very 
rapidly. 

20.  Of  the  eye,  ear,  etc.  :  Keen  or  rapid  in  its 
function;  capable  of  ready  or  swift  perception. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  vm.  126  Digestioun  hit  macth 
and  eyon  quyk.  a  1450  Knt.  de  la.  Tour  (1868)  18  She., 
hadd  a  quicke  yee,  and  a  light.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  ii.  26 
Busying  his  quicke  eies  her  face  to  view,  a  1661  FULLER 
Worthies  (1840)  III.  104  They  have  a  quicker  palate  than 

I,  who  can  make  any  such  discovery.     1778  JOHNSON  L.  P.t 
Milton  Wks.  I.  140  His  eyes  ..  must  have  been  once  quick. 
1818  SHELLEY  Rosal.  %  Helen  1212  The  same  lady  ..With 
silver  locks  and  quick  brown  eyes.     1864  Cornh.  Mag.  Dec. 
655  The  quick  ear  of  Midwinter  detected  something  wrong 
in  the  tone  of  Mr.  Brock's  voice. 

b.  So  of  the  senses,  perception,  feeling,  etc. 

01548  HALL  Chron.  %  Hen.  VI 130  The  kynges  counsaill, 
whiche  did  not  with  quicke  sight,  forese  ..  thynges  for  to 
come.    1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  iv. 
xxxvii.  309  Those  [birds],  .have  a  very  quicke  sight.     1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  v.  I.  618  Several  dogs  of  quick  scent 
were  turned  out.    1870  ROCK  Text,  Fabr.  Introd.  87  Women 
being  gifted  with  such  quick  feeling  of  finger. 

21.  Mentally  active  or  vigorous ;  of  ready  appre 
hension  or  wit ;  prompt  to  learn,  think,  invent,  etc. 

1484  CAXTON  Fables  ofPoge  xii,  Two  prestes  . .  of  whome 
that  one  was  quyck  and  coude  putte  hym  self  forth.  1551 
ROBINSON  tr.  More's  Uto^.  n.  vi.  (1895)  212  The  people  be 
gentle,  merye,  quycke,  and  fyne  wytted.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant. 
<$•  Cl.  v.  ii.  216  The  quicke  Comedians  Extemporally  will 
stage  vs.  1640  BP.  REYNOLDS  Passions  xiiL  121  Another  by 
nature  quicke  and  of  noble  intellectuals  wholly  applyeth 
himselfe  unto  it  [learning].  1792  Z.</.  Auckland's  C0rr.(iB6i) 

I 1.  410  He  is  a  quick,  sensible  man.    1847  TENNYSON  Princ. 
Prol.  137, 1  would  teach  them  all  that  men  are  taught;   We 
are  twice  as  quick. 

b.  So  of  mind,  wit,  etc.,  and  of  qualities  or  opera 
tions  (cf.  25)  of  the  mind. 

6-900  tr.  Bseda's  Hist.  v.  xvii.  [xix.  1(1890)  452  He  ^acwices 
modes  jeornlice  leornade  ^a  bing.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W. 
deW.  1531)  8  In  theyr  ownepregnauntand  quycke  wytte  and 
reason.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xvii.  (Arb.)  196 
Synecdoche, .  .because  it  seemeth  to  aske  a  good,  quick,  and 
pregnant  capacitie,. .  I  chose  to  call  him  the  figure.,  of  quick 
conceite.  1651  HOBBF.S  Leviath.  i.  xiii.  60  One  man  ..  of 
quicker  mind  then  another,  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  nr. 
(1724)  I.  354  Lord  Sunderland  was  a  man  of.  .a  quick  decision 
in  business.  1785  PALEY  Mor.  P kilos.  (1818)  I.  361  At  our 
public  schools  ..quick  parts  are  cultivated,  slow  ones  are 
neglected.  1804  Ann.  Rev.  II.  79/1  The  author  is  evidently 
a  man  of  quick  observation  and  lively  fancy.  1855  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  xix.  IV.  310  Queen  Mary,  .had  naturally  a  quick 
perception  of  what  was  excellent  in  art. 

22.  Hasty,  impatient,  hot-tempered.   ?  Obs. 

1549  LATIMER  6th  Serm.  bef.   Edw.  VI  (Arb.)   172  The 
Bysnop  was  some  what  quicke  wyth  theym,  and  signified 
that  he  was  muche  offended.     1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  11.  i. 
118  You  must  not  be  so  quicke.     1628  FORD  Loi'er's  A/et. 
n.  i,  Are  you  so  quick?    Well,  I  may  chance  to  cross  Your 
peevishness. 

b.  So  of  temper,  disposition,  etc. 
1837  DISRAELI  Vcnetia  \.  viii,  The  expressions  of  a  quick 
and  offended  temper,     i  1850  Arab.  Nts.  (Rtldg.)  89  The 
quick  and  violent  disposition  of  his  master. 

23.  Moving,  or  able  to  move,  with  speed, 

c  1450  Cov.  Myst.  xxx.  (Shaks.  Soc.)  298,  I  am  as  whyt 
[  =  whyk]  as  thought,  a  15*9  SKELTON  Elynour  Rnmmyng 
337  Her  tonge  was  verye  quycke,  But  she  spake  somwhat 
thycke.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V>  v.  i.  91  lie.  .something  leane 
to  Cut-purse  of  quicke  hand.  1605  —  Lear  w.  vii.  35  The 
most  terrible  and  nimble  stroke  Of  quick,  cross  lightning. 
1730-46  THOMSON  Autumn  526  The  quick  dice  ..  leaping 
from  the  box.  1821  SHELLEY  Epipsych.  532  The  young 
stars  glance  Between  the  quick  bats  in  their  twilight  dance. 
1861  THORNBURY  Brit.  Artists  I.  247  The  quick  lizard  is 
already  out. 

24.  Of  movement  or  succession  :  Rapid,  swift. 
1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  4544  He  sywede  after  J>e  traytour 

mid  wel  quic  pas.  i6oa  T.  MIDDLETON  in  Shaks.  Cent,  of 
Praise  (1879)  51  To  keep  quick  time  unto  the  owl.  1610 
SHAKS.  Temp.  iv.  i.  39  Incite  them  to  quicke  motion.  163* 
LITHGOW  Trav.  vi.  298  The  Dromidory  hath  a  quicke 
and  hard-reaching  trot.  1655  STANLEY  Hist.  Pkilos.  i. 
(1701)  63/2  The  Body,  which  is  continually  in  quick  motion, 
is .  .called  aether.  1759  JOHNSON  Rasselas  vi,  There  may  be 
danger  of  too  quick  descent.  1771  Jnnius  Lett.  lix.  310 
There  is  a  quick  succession  of  subjects.  1860  TYNDALL 
Glac.  ii.  xxvii.  384  The  quicker  flow  of  the  centre  causes 
this  structure  to  bend. 

25.  Of  an  action,  occurrence,  process,  etc. :  That 
is  done,  happens,  or  takes  place,  rapidly  or  with 
speed;    esp.  that  is  over  within  a  short  space  of 
time;  that  is  soon  finished  or  completed. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VI  169  And  therfore  willed  her 
in  so  quicke  a  mischief,  to  provide  a  hasty  remedy.  1591 
SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI >  v.  iii.  8  This  speedy  and  quicke  appear 
ance  argues  proofe  Of  your  accustom'd  diligence.  1607  — 
Timon  i.  i.  91  Morall  Paintings  ..  That  shall  demonstrate 
these  quicke  blows  of  Fortune.  1634  MILTON  Cottnis  284 


They,  .purpos'd  quick  return.     Ibid*  841  She.  .underwenta 

?uick  immortal  change.    1664  MARVELL  Corr.  Wks.  1872-5 
I.  151  Give  me  a  quick  dispatch  one  way  or  other.    0:1756 


MRS.  HEVWOOD  New  Present  (1771)  263  A  quick  Way 
to  take  Grease  out  of  Woollen  Cloth.  1819  SHELLEY  Mask 
of  Anarchy  Ixxv,  With  a  quick  and  startling  sound.  1820  — 
Prometh.  Unb.  in.  iii.  135  It  feeds  the  quick  growth  of  the 
serpent  vine.  1821  —  Epipsych.  547  The  pebble-paven  shore, 
Under  the  quick,  faint  kisses  of  the  sea  Trembles.  1854 
RONALDS  &  RICHARDSON  Chetn.  Technol.  (ed.  2)  I.  343  A 
quick  process  of  distillation. 

t  26.  Of  steel :  Breaking  readily  ;  brittle.  Obs. 

1677  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  55  The  Spanish  Steel  ..  is  too 
quick  (as  Workmen  call  it)  that  is,  too  brittle  for  Springs  or 
Punches. 


QUICK. 

27.  Of  a  curve,  turn,  etc, :  Sharp. 

1725  W.  HALFPENNY  Sound  Building  9  If  the  Arch  is 
required  to  be  quicker  or  flatter  on  the  Hanse.  1793 
SMEATON  Edy stone  L.  §  81  A  much  quicker  curve,  or  sweep 
of  a  less  Radius.  1858  Sky  ring's  Builders'  Prices  (ed.  48) 
57  Mouldings,  .circular  on  plan,  .quick  sweep. 

fig.  1732  POPE  Ep,  Cobham  64  Tho*  strong  the  bent,  yet 
quick  the  turns  of  mind.  1781  COWPER  Charity  544  The 
turns  are  quick,  the  polished  points  surprise. 

28.  With  constructions  : 

a.  with  to  and  infin. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  9327  Slou  to  fi^te  &  qujc  to  He 
&  (>at  nis  no  manhede.  1584  LYLY  Campaspe  n.  ii,  A  wit 
apt  to  conceive,  and  quick  to  answer.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  II, 
n.  i.  234  Quicke  is  mine  eare  to  heare  of  good  towards  him. 
1808  SCOTT  Mann,  n.  Introd.  95  The  widow's  deafen'd  ear 
Grows  quick  that  lady's  step  to  hear.  1879  CHURCH  Spenser 
139  Those  who. -are  quick  to  respond  to  English  manliness 
and  tenderness. 

b.  with  in. 

<  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  n.  xvi.  243  Summe  othere.  .weren 
quycker  in  natural  witt  and  waxiden  better  philsophiris. 
1551  ROBINSON  tr.  Mores  Utop.  n.  vi.  (1895)  218  The  wyttes 
therefore  of  the  Vtopians  . .  be  maruelous  quycke  in  the 
inuentyon  of  feates.  1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  i.  li.  31,  I  do  say 
thou  art  quick  in  answers.  1642  FULLER  Holy  <$•  Prof.  St. 
n.  i.  51  Others  that  are  so  quick  in  searching,  seldome 
search  to  the  quick.  1837  MARRYAT  Percival  Keene  xii, 
He's  not  very  quick  in  temper.  1882  J.  H.  BLUNT  Rcf.  Ch. 
Eng.  II.  190  So  quick  was  justice  in  overtaking  the  rebels. 

C.   with  of. 

1560  HOLLAND  Crt.  Venus  Prol.  27  Quik  of  Ingyne,  of 
Lordschipcouetous.  i573TussER  Hitsb.  (1878)  173  Launders 
and  millers  be  quick  of  their  toll.  1607-12  BACON  Ess., 
Death  (Arb.)  384  The  most  vitall  partes  are  not  the  quickest 
of  sence.  a  1626  BP.  ANDREWES  Semi.  (1841)  IV.  43  More 
quick  of  touch  than  the  rest.  1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Rudge 
x,  He  is  quick  of  foot.  1859  TENNYSON  Elaine  1198  It  may 
be,  I  am  quicker  of  belief. 

d.  with  at,  for,  unto. 

1590  SHAKS.  Alids,  N.  in.  ii.  342  Your  hands  then  mine, 
are  quicker  fora  fray.  1640  A.  MELVILLE  Cotnmonpl.  Bk. 
(1899)  18  Quhick  at  meitt,  quhick  at  work.  1850  TENNYSON 
In  Mem.  xxxiii,  Her  hands  are  quicker  unto  good. 

IV.  29.  Combs.,  chiefly  parasynthetic  adjs.,  as 
quick-answered ',  -born,  -chapt,  -eared ',  -handed, 
-hearted,  -nosed,  -paced,  -scented ^  ( -sensedness) , 
-  shod,  -spirited,  (  ^-sprighted} ,  -tempered,  -  thoughted, 
-voiced,  -winged.  Also  QUICK-EYED,  -SIGHTED, 

-WITTED. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cymb,  in.  iv.  161  Ready  in  gybes,  *quicke- 
answer'd,  sawcie.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  28547  Pat  *q_uikborne 
child  i  haue  fprdon.  1824  BYRON  Def,  Transf.  r.  ii.  Si  His 
own  twin,  quickborn  of  the  same  womb.  1598  E.  GILPIN 
Skial.  (1878)  59  Here  his  wife's  bated  by  some  *quick-chapt 
youth.  1771  MRS.  GRIFFITH  Hist.  Lady  Barton  I.  118 
They  are.  .*cjuick-eared  as  the  mole.  1847  JAMES  J.  Mar- 
ston  Hall  vii,  You  are  a  good,  *quick-handed  boy.  1820 
L.  HUNT  Indicator  No.  29  (1822)  I.  231  Ending  with  that 
simple,  *quick-hearted  line.  1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst. 
I.  40  Many  *quicknosed  men  do  laugh  at  this.  1607  TOP- 
SELL  Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  in  Dogs,  .are  called  sharp,  .and 
quick-nosed.  1390  R.  HARVEY  PI.  Perc.  A  ij  b,  Being 
*quicksented  [I]  thrust  forward  on  the  trale.  1647  SANDER 
SON  Serrn.  II.  216  So  quick-scented  where  there  is  a  likeli 
hood  of  gain.  1656  W.  D.  tr.  Comenius'  Gate  Lat.  Unl. 
149  The  sagacitie  or  *quick-sensedness  of  reason.  1645 
City  Alarum  23  If  the  Souldier  be  *quickshod  with  this 
mettall  [etc.]-  155*  HULOET,  *Quycke  spirited,  and  quycke 
of  spirite.  a  1653  GOUGE  Comm.  Heb.  iv.  12  That  is 
said  to  be  'quick'  ..  which  is  active,  .as  .  .quick-spirited. 
1598  E.  GILPIN  Skial.  (1878)  27  My  quick-sprighted  lasse 
can  speake.  1830  Miss  MITFOKD  Village  Ser.  iv.  (1863)  149 
She  used  to  be  a  little  *quick-tempered  !  1782  COWPER 
Expostulation  316  Laborious  and  *quick-thoughted  man. 
1820  KEATS  Hyperion  i.  149  Thus  she  *quick-voiced  spake. 
1833  MRS.  BROWNING  Prometh.  Bound  Wks.  1850  I.  152 
On  the  back  of  the  *quick-winged  bird  I  glode. 

B.  Elliptical  or  absolute  uses  passing  into  sb. 
<rf.I). 

1.  a.  pi.  (\fy  ithout  article  or  -s.")  Living  persons. 
(Chiefly  in  echoes  of  Acts  x.  42  or  the  Apostles' 
Creed,  in  phr.  quick  and  dead.) 

c  897  K.  /ELFRED  Gregory's  Past.  xv.  96  Se  )>e  demende  is 
cwicum  &  deadum.  a  900  CYNEWUI-F  Christ  997  Djcr  bi5 
cirm  ond  cearu  ond  cwicra  ^ewin.  1067  Charter  of  Ead- 
iveard  in  Kemble  Cod.  Dipl.  IV.  220  For  alle  quiken  and 
for  alle  dede  to  helpe.  c  1200  ORMIN  10557  1°  demenn 
cwike  &  dade.  1:1380  WYCLIF  Serm.  Sel.  Wks.  II.  213 
His  preier  . .  doib  more  harm  to  quike  and  dede.  c  1440 
Jacob's  Well  65  Paye . .  to  qwyke  &  to  dede,  )>at  |>ou  owyst. 
1562  COOPER  Answ.  Priv.  Masse  (1850)  56  For  then  ye 
applied  it  to  high,  to  low,,  .to  quick,  to  dead.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  xii.  ^60  To  judge  both  quick  &  dead.  1733  LAW 
Serious  C.  ii.  (ed.  2)  22  The  Judge  of  quick  and  dead. 

b.  The  quick,  the  living.  Usu.  //.,  and  in  con 
junction  with  the  dead  (cf.  prec.). 

c888  K.  yELFREn  Boeth.  xxxvi  §  7  Ne  biS  se  cwuca  Sonne 
nyttraSe  se  deada.  cgoa  tr.  Bzda's  Hist.  I.  xi.  [xiv.]  (1890) 
50  Da  cwican  no  senihtsumedon  \>&t  hi  5a  deadan  bebyri^dan. 
a  1200  Moral  OJe  190  pet  he  seal  deme  ba  quike  and  ba 
dede.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  5877  Me  halt  euere  mid  be 
quike ;  be  dede  was  sone  stille.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron. 
Wace  (Rolls)  4388  J?e  quiyke  vpon  pe  dede  5ede.  c  1400 
Apol.  Loll.  49  What  ri;tfulnes  is  bis  to  ?ef  ;eftis  to  be  dead, 
&  spoyle  be  quek  ?  1567  Gude  f,  Godlie  B.  (S.T.S.)  41  Gif 
ony  to  the  quick  }eid  from  the  deide,  Trewlie  they  suld 
repent.  1654  FULLER  Two  Sertn.  55  Such  Volumes  as  con 
cern  the  Quick  at  that  Day.  1727  DE  FOE  Hist.  Affar. 
vii.  99  The  dead  could  never  come  to  the  quick.  1800-24 
CAMPBELL  Death-Boat  o/Heligoland  2  The  quick  have  their 
sleep-walkers,  so  have  the  dead.  1850  BI.ACKIE  /Eschylus 
I.  156  He,  who  was  dead,  has  slain  the  quick. 

t  c.  That  which  is  alive.  (OE.  and  early  ME. 
in  gen.  sing.)  Ol/s. 


53 

Beowulf  (Z.)  2314  No  5xr  aht  cwices  la<5  lyft  flo^a  lasfan 
wolde.  .1000  MlfSK  Gen.  viii.  21  Ne  ofslea  ic . .  mid 
wajtere  aslc  J»ing  cuces.  £1205  LAY.  25758  Na  whit  heo  ne 
funden  quikes  uppen  wolden.  a  1225  A  rtcr.  R.  334  pe  reade 
[deade  C.J  see,  bet  nowiht  cwices  [nis]  inne. 

td.  Live  stock,  cattle.     (So  OP'ris.  quek,  qiiik, 
LG.  queck,  quick,  Da.  kvseg.}  Obs.  rare~~l. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  4469  Of  any  gud  at  5e  geet  a  gift  ye 
£am  offirre,  A  quantite  of  all-quat,  of  quike  &  of  ellis. 

2.  \Vith  a  and  //.    A  living  thing,    rare  (now 
only  dial.). 

(iooo  Ags.  Ps.  (Th.)  ciii.  24  His  is  mycel  sae  . .  bar  is 
unrim  on  ealra  cwicra.  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  567  As  to 
quelle  alle  quykez  for  qued  |>at  my;!  falle.  1579  SPENSER 
Sheph.  Cal.  Mar.  74,  [I]  Might  see  the  moving  of  some 
quicke  Whose  shape  appeared  not.  1664  POWER  Ex/>. 
I'hilos.  i.  34  You  shall  see  these  little  Quicks.. grow  feebler 
in  their  motion.  1899  Cumbld.  Gloss.,  Whicks,..  maggots. 

3.  coll.  Living  plants,  spec,  of  white  hawthorn, 
set  to  form  a  hedge.   =  QUICKSET  i  a. 

1456-7  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  241  Pro  factura 
unius  fosse  et  insercione  de  lez  Whyke.  1484-5  Ibid.  98 
Pro  CCm*  qweke  et  plantacione  ejusdem.  1641  EVELYN 
Diary  (1871)  33  The  \vorkes..are  curiously  hedg'd  with 
quick.  1725  BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Quickset,  The  same 
Method  is  used  in  planting  all  Sorts  of  Quick  . .  except  the 
Alder,  Elder,  Furz,  and  Holly.  1764  Museum  Rust/cum  III. 
Ixiii.  285, 1  keep  the  quick  regularly  clipped,  which,  in  a  few 
years,  renders  the  fence  impenetrable.  1818  Rclig.  Clerici 
405  Hedges  of  living  quick,  a  yew  alcove.  1881  Card.  Chron. 
26  Mar.  409  Planting  two  hollies  and  six  quick  in  every  yard. 
b.  With  a  and//.  A  single  plant  of  this  descrip 
tion.  =  QUICKSET  i  b. 

1507-8  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  660  Et  sol.  ..sepienti- 
bus  cum  lez  Wykkes  . .  querend.  le  Whikkes.  1671  Vestry 
Bks.  (Surtees)  202  For  quickes,  $s.  8^.  1765  EARL  HAD- 
DINGTON  Forest  trees  40  Upon  this  I  laid  another  turf,  .and 
a  row  of  thorns,  or  quicks.  1792  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  (ed.  2) 
III.  173  Quicks  thus  planted  will  at  an  early  age,  form  a 
fence.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  Ixxxviii,  Wild  bird,  whose 
warble, . .  Rings  Eden  thro'  the  budded  quicks, 
fc.  (See  quot.)  Obs.  rare~~°. 

^753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.  App.,  Quick,  the  name  by 
which  some  call  a  species  of  Mespilus,  or  medlar. 

4.  The  qttick :    The  tender  or  sensitive  flesh  in 
any  part  of  the  body,  as  that  under  the  nails  or 
beneath  callous   parts;   also,  the   tender  part  of 
a  sore  or  wound.    Usu.  in  phr.  to  the  qtiick.    -f- Also 
without  article  (quot.  1562). 

1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  115  An  hurte,  that  commeth  of 
yll  shoynge,  whan  a  smyth  dryueth  a  nayle  in  to  the 
quycke.  1562  J.  HEYWOOD  Prov.  $  Epigr.  (1867)  178 
Itching  and  smartyng,  both  touch  vs  at  quicke.  1571 
Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxvi.  168  Fra  tyme  ye  spur  and  hit 
him  on  the  quik.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  \\.  vii.  124  But,  to 
the  quick  o'  the  ulcer  : — Hamlet  comes  back.  1697  DRYDEN 
I'irg.  Georg.  in.  673  The  raw  Rain  has  pierc'd  them  to  the 
quick.  1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  ii.  iii,  They  would  fix  upon 
my  nose  or  forehead,  where  they  stung  me  to  the  quick. 
1767  WESLEY  Jrnl.  i  Nov.  (1827)  III.  293  Five  nails  were 
driven  into  the  quick.  1825  KNAP?  &  BALDVV.  Newgate 
Cal.  IV.  350/2  Picking  his  fingers  until  he  brought  blood 
thro'  the  quick.  i86z  SALA  Seven  Sons  I.  x.  243  He  was 
in  the  habit  of  biting  his  nails  to  the  quick. 

b.  fig.  with  ref.  to  persons,  chiefly  in  phrases 
denoting  acute  mental  pain  or  irritation,  as  touched, 
galled,  stung,  etc.  to  the  quick. 

1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.  1630  Yf  a  man  fortune  to  louche 
you  on  the  quyke,  Then  feyne  yourselfe  dyseased.  1551 
ROBINSON  tr.  Mare's  Utop.  i.  (1895)46  Theirtenauntes, . .  whom 
they  polle  and  shaue  to  the  quycke,  by  reysing  their  rentes. 
1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch  (1676)433  Tigranes.  .was  galled  to 
the  quick,  and  hit  at  the  heart.  1628  WITHER  Brit.Rememb. 
n.  933,  I  confesse  that  on  the  quick  they  grated,  Who  in 
this  manner  have  expostulated.  1647  TRAPP  Comm.  Rom. 
ii.  3  This  is  preaching  to  the  conscience,  to  the  quick. 
1722  DE  FOE  Moll  Flanders  (1840)  44  This  stung  the 
elder  brother  to  the  quick.  1793  MAD.  D'ARBLAY  Lett. 
21  Oct.,  I  could  not  deeply  consider  the  situation  of  these 
venerable  men,  without  feeling  for  them  to  the  quick. 
1842  TENNYSON  Walk,  to  the  Mail  73  A  Tory  to  the  quick. 
1883  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  IV.  i.  iv.  45  His  proud  temper 
was  chafed  to  the  quick,  and  he  turned  sick  with  anger. 

c.  transf.    of  things  (esp.  immaterial  things)  : 
The  centra!,  vital,  or  most  important  part. 

1567  R.  EDWARDS  Damon  $  Pithias  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  IV. 
12  In^comedies  the  greatest  skill  is  this,  rightly  to  touch 
All  thing!  to  the  quick.  1600  SURFLET  Countrie  Farme  in. 
xlvi.  516  There  is  neede  to  digge  trees  at  the  foote  in  winter 
vnto  the  very  quick  of  the  earth.  1643  BURROUGHES  Exp. 
Hosea  ix.  (1652)  314  If  things  were  examined  to  the  quick 
in  our  receiving  the  Sacrament.  1693  EVELYN  tr.  DC  la  Quint. 
Compl.  Card.  II.  19  The  Tree  ..  must  be  refreshed  as  far 
as(the  quick.  1837  HOWITT  Rur.  Life  vi.  i.  (1862)  404  It  is 
existence  shorn  of  all  its  spreading  and  flowering  branches, 
but  not  pared  to  the  quick.  1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der. 
vii.  li,  The  point  touched  the  quick  of  his  experience. 

d.  With  a  and//.  :  A  tender,  sensitive,  or  vital 
part,  rare, 

c  1550  BALE  A'.  Johan  (Camden)  77  To  drive  hym  to  holde 
and  searche  hym  in  the  quyckes.  1705  WROE  in  Phil. 
Trans.  XXV.  1900  There  appearing  great  quicks  (as  they 


QUICK-. 

f6.   =  Quick-mire  (see  D.).  Obs.  rare—1. 

1648  SANCROFT  in  H.  Cary  Mem.  Gt.  Civ.  War  (1842)  II. 
40,  I  arn  here  in  Sloughland,  in  the  midst  of  quicks  and 
quagmires, 

7.  U*S.  Mining.  Abbrev.  of  QUICKSILVER.  (So 
G.  quick?) 

1882  Rep.  to  Ho.  Repr.,  Prec.  Met.  U.S.  651  From  this 
groove  the  amalgam  and  quicksilver  run  in  gas-pipes  to  the 
securely- locked  'amalgam  safes')  in  which  the  surplus 
'quick  is  strained  off. 

C.  adv.   1.  =  QUICKLY. 

c  izgo  Michael  502  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  314  Heo..mai  beo 
nou}>e  here  and  her  ase  quik  ase  man  ties  muynde.  1:1330 
R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  79  13ot  comen  is  William  quik, 
and  sekes  ^am  fulle  streit.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xiv.  189 
He  shulde  take  the  acquitance  as  quik.  a  1529  SKELTON 
Etynour  Ruminyng  206  This  ale  shal  be  thycker,  And 
tlpwre  the  more  quicker.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  v.  i.  304  Such 
discourse,  as  . .  shall  make  it  [the  night]  Goe  quicke  away. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  1004  The  latter  quick  up  flew,  and 
kickt  the  beam.  1692  LOCKE  Ednc.  §  160  Any  ..  Person 
who  writes  well,  and  quick.  1748  CHESTERF.  Lett.  (1792) 
II.  25, 1  am  told  that  you  speak  very  quick.  1788  CHARLOTTE 
SMITH  Emmeline  (1816)  IV.  55,  I  am  going  ..  to  Havre, 
whence  I  shall  get  the  quickest  to  Southampton.  1840 
DICKENS  Barn.  Rudge  x,  The  person  who'd  go  quickest, 
is  a  sort  of  natural.  1865  TENNYSON  On  a  Mourner  iii, 
Nature . .  on  thy  heart  a  finger  lays,  Saying  '  Beat  quicker  '. 
1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  ii.  88  A  peaceful  invasion . .  followed 
quick  on  the  conquest  of  the  Norman  soldiery. 

b.  Phr.,  (As~}  quick  as  lightning,  thought^  wink, 
etc.  (cf.  A.  23,  quot.  c  1450). 

1813  SCOTT  Rokeby  r.  xix,  Thoughts  ..  Glance  quick  as 
lightning  through  the  heart.  1825  Brother  Jonathan  I-  in 
Fire  away  as  quick  as  wink.  1871  B.  TAYLOR  Faust  (1875) 
II.  r.  ii.  8  As  quick  as  thought.. Him  to  replace  there  came 
another.  iH&lScr Oner's  Mag.  XXII.  108/2  Quick  as  thought, 
Roger  slipped  his  hands  from  their,  .noose.  1893  FORBES 
MITCHELL  Remin.  Gt.  Mutiny  88  Quick  as  thought  I.. 
clasped  it. 

2.  Used   imperatively.       (In   some   cases    perh. 
representing  the  adj.  in  the  phr.  Be  quick!}     See 
also  QUICK  MARCH  2. 

1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  n.  ix.  i  Quick,  quick  I  pray  thee, 
draw  the  curtain  strait.  1604  —  Oth.  v.  i.  3  Quicke,  quicke, 
feare  nothing;  He  be  at  thy  Elbow.  1822  SHELLEY  tr. 
Caldcron  in.  176  Livia,  quick,  bring  my  cloak.  1852  MRS. 
STOWE  Uncle  Toms  C.  v.  31  Get  on  your  clothes,  old  man, 
quick  !  1872  TENNYSON  Gareth  <$•  Lynette  147  Nay— quick  ! 
the  proof  to  prove  me. 

3.  Combs,  a.  \Vith  present  participles,  as  quick- 
acting,  -burning,  -coming,  -conceiving,  -decaying^ 
-designing,  -devouring,  -fading (sze  quot.),  -falling, 
-firing,   -flowing,    -glancing,   -growing,    -guiding, 
-gushing,  -labouring,  -moving,  -piercing,  -relishing, 
-returning^    -rolling,    -running,    -scenting,    -self- 
lessening,  -setting,  -shifting,  -shutting,   -spouting, 
-stepping,  -thriving  (chiefly  adjs.). 

1878  ABNEY  Photogr.  (1881)  222  Those  *quick-acting 
lenses.. for  taking  instantaneous  pictures.  1799  G.  SMITH 
Laboratory  I.  43  Prime  it  with  a  *quick-burning  charge. 
1870  MORRIS  Earthly  Par,  Apol.  3, 1  cannot. .make  ^quick- 
coming  death  a  little  thing.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  i.  iii. 
189  To  your  *quicke  conceyuing  Discontents,  Ilereade  you 
Matter,  deepe  and  dangerous.  1708  J.  PHILIPS  Cyder  \\. 
64  Freezing  Nose,  and  *quick-decaying  feet.  1676  D'URFEY 
Mad.  Fickle  iv.  ii,  I'll.. bring  it  off  with  *quick  designing 
Wit.  1621  QUARLES  Div.  Poems,  Hadassa  (1638)  91  The 
*quick-devouring  fire  of  heaven.  1597  GEKAKUE  Herbal  n. 
cxxvii.  §  2.  395  Ephemernm  Mathioli,  *Quicke  fading 
flower.  1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  fy  Min.  57  The  quick 
fading  flower,  drunk  with  the  grapes  of  wild  vine.  1832 


_  5.   The  quick :  The  life  (see  LIFE  sb.  7).    Chiefly 
in  phr.  to  the  quick. 

1563  MAN  tr.  ftlusculus  Ccminonpl.  43  Images,  .with  mar- 
uelouse  deuice  set  forth  to  the  quicke.  1727  BOYER  Diet. 
Royal  II,  To  draw  to  the  quick  (or  to  the  life).  1858  J. 
BROWN  Horse  Subs.  (1863)  3, 1  think  I  have  only  to  sit  down 
and  write  it  [my  father  5  life]  off,  and  do  it  to  the  quick. 
1880  G.  MEREDITH  Trag.  Com.  (1881)  96  Our  blood  runs 
through  it,  our  history  in  the  quick. 


hast  sweetly  sung  . .  in  our  *quick-flowing  tongue.  1751 
GRAY  Spring  30  The  insect  youth,  .show  their  gayly-gilded 
trim  *Quick-glancing  to  the  sun.  1879  MRS.  A.  E.  JAMES 
Ind.  Honseh.  Managem.  62  Planting  a  *q nick-growing 
shrub  to  form  a  hedge.  1793  HOLCROFT  tr.  Lavaters 
Physlog.  xxvii.  129  The  work  of  the  *quick-guiding  Provi 
dence.  1845  MRS.  NORTON  Child  of  the  Islands  (1846)  135 
The  shy,  ^quick-gushing  blood.  1535  COVERDALE  Prov.  x. 
4  A  *quycke  laboringe  hande  maketh  riche.  1793  HOLCROFT 
tr.  Lavater's  Physiog.  xxxv.  180  The  cheerful,  open,  free, 
*quick-moving  mouth.  1633  FORD  Broken  Heart  i.  iii, 
Their  *quick-piercing  eyes,  which  dive  . .  Down  to  thy 
thoughts.  1708  J.  PHILIPS  Cyder  i.  29  That  from  Harvey 
nam'd,  *Quick-relishing.  1728-46  THOMSON  Spring  999  A 
*quick-returning  pang  Shoots  thro'  the  conscious  heart. 
1584  Three  Ladies  Lend,  i.in  Hazl.  Dodsley  VI. 338  *Quick- 
rolling  eyes,  her  temples  high.  1743  FIELDING  ?.  Andrews 
in.  vi,  The  *quick-scenting  dogs  attacked  him.  1613-6 
\V.  BROWNE  Brit.  Past.  n.  i,  Braue  birds  they  were,  whose 
"*quick-selfe-Iess'ning  kin  Still  wonne  the  girlonds  from  the 
Peregrin.  1837  SMITH  tr.  Vicat's  Mortars  22  The  Harwich 
. .  is  a  *quicker-setting  cement.  1593  SHAKS.  Liter.  459 
There  appears  *Quick-shifting  antics,  ugly  in  her  eyes. 
1876  T.  HARDY  Ethelberta  (1890)  142  Faith's  soft,  *quick- 
shutting  eyes  looked  unutterable  things.  1813  T.  BUSBY 
Lucretius  I.  in.  731  *Quick-spouting  blood  . .  And  fierce 
convulsions.  1884  Times  27  Feb.  7/6  The  high-standing, 
*quick-stepping  Clydesdales.  i66«9  WORLIDGE  Syst,  Agric. 
(1681)  93  The  Ash  is  a  gallant  *quick-thriving  wood. 

b.  With  pa.  pples.,  as  quick-compounded t~dra^vn^ 
-gone^  -raised^  -wrought  adjs. 

1730-46  THOMSON  Autumn  1363  The  mind,  The  varied 
scene  of  "quick-compounded  thought.  1882  J.  HAWTHORNE 
fort.  Fool  i.  xii,  A  "quick-drawn,  panting  sigh.  1887 
BOWEN  I'irg.  SE_neid  v.  202  The  limb  and  the  feverish  Up 
Quiver  with  quick-drawn  breath.  1818  KEATS  Endym.  I. 
375  He  could  not  miss  His  *quick  gone  love.  1596  SHAKS. 
i  Hen.  IV,  iv.  iv.  12  The  King,  with  mightie  and  *qmck- 
raysed  Power.  1898  Q.  Rev.  Apr.  435  He  wove  for  Theseus 
a  snare  "quick-wrought. 


QUICK. 

D.  Special  combs,  or  phrases  (chiefly  the  adj.  in 
close  connexion  with  a  sb.,  sometimes  written  as 
a  single  word,  or  hyphened) :  •(•  quick  anatomy 
(see  ANATOMY   i  b) ;    quick-change,  atlrib.   as 
epithet  of  an  actor  or  other  performer  who  quickly 
changes  costume  or  appearance  in  order  to  play 
a  different  part;  t  quick  dissection,  vivisection; 
quick-fire,  attrib.  of  a  type  of  gun  which  can  fire 
shots  in  rapid  succession ;  quick-firer,  a  quick- 
firing   gun;    quick-foot  adv.,  in   haste,  swiftly; 
t  quickfrith,  plants  to  form  a  quick  hedge ;  quick- 
in-the-haud,  a  popular  name  of  the  yellow  balsam; 
t  quick-iron,  the  load-stone,  magnet ;  t  quick- 
line,  asbestos  ;  quick-loader,  a  device  to  enable 
a  gun  to  be  loaded  quickly;  t  quick-mire,  a  quag 
mire  ;   quick  relief,  Naut.,  'one  who  turns  out 
speedily  to  relieve  the  watch  '(Smyth  Sailor's  Word- 
bk.  1867);  quick-return,  attrib.  of  gearing  in  a 
cutting  machine  which  brings  the  bed  quickly  back 
after  each  cut  of  the  tool  (Knight  Diet.  Mech.  1875); 
quick  saver,  Naut.,  'a  span  formerly  used  to 
prevent  the  courses  from  bellying  too  much  when    , 
off  the  wind '  (Smyth) ;  f  quick-scab,  a  form  of 
scab  in  horses ;   f  quick  shot,  fg.,  small  drink- 
ing-vessels    that    are    quickly   emptied;    quick- 
side,  Naut.,  =  FKEE-BOABD  ;   t  quick-spring,  a 
running    spring ;    f  quick-spur,    one   who    rides 
quickly  (in  quot.  jig.) ;  quiek-stick^s),  quickly, 
without  delay  (also  in  quick  sticks} ;  f  quickthorn, 
thorn  used  for  hedging ;  f  quickthorned  a.,  resem 
bling   hedge-thorn ;    quick-water   [  =  G.    quick- 
•wasser],  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  mercury  and  gold 
used  in  water-gilding  (Knight).     See  also  QUICK- 
BEAM,  -LIME,  MARCH,  -MATCH,  -SAND,  -SET,  -SILVER, 
STEP,  TIME,  -WOOD,  -WORK. 

1889  PallMallG.  3  Apr.  6/1  The  celebrated  "quick-change 
artist.  1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  iv.  54  This  is  the  notable 
vtilitie  of  Diaphragma,  as  the  same  Author  reporteth  to 


. 

xxvi.  (1794)  407  We  have  also  a  wild  species  called  Yellow 
Balsam,  and  also  by  the  familiar  names  of  'Quick-in-hand 
and  Touch-me-not.  1864  PRIOR  Plant-n.,  Quick-in-the- 
hand,  that  is  '  alive  in  the  hand  ',  the  Touch-me-not,  from 
the  sudden  bursting  and  contortion  of  its  seed  pods  upon 
being  pressed.  1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  XVI.  Ixii. 
(T495)  573  The  stone  magnes  drawyth  to  itself  yron,  therfore 
in  the  comyn  speche  this  yren  is  callyd  *quycke  yren. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  515  The  ignorant  people  seeing 
these  rings  thus  rubbed  with  the  load-stone,,  .call  it  quick- 
yron.  Ibid.  4  There  is  a  kind  of  Line  found  out  which  will 
not  consume  m  the  fire:  this  in  Italy  they  call  'Quick-line. 
1884  Sat.  Rev.  16  Feb.  209/2  A  contrivance  called  a  '  •quick- 
loader*  has  been  issued  for  simultaneous  trial  with  the 
Martini-Enfield.  c  1394  P.  PI.  Crede  226  Wij>  a  face  as  fat 
as  a  full  bledder.  .pat  all  wagged  his  fleche  as  a  'quyk  myre. 
1377  DEE  Relat.  Spir.  i.  (1659)  12  A  place,  where  Springs, 
Quick-mires,  and  Bogs  are.  1639  DE  GRAV  Expert  Ferritr 
ii.  xvii.  297  This  malady,  which  we  call  the  'Quick-scab,  ..  run 
neth  from  one  member  of  the  horse  to  the  other.  \f>*\Skeltons 


ouerset  the  ship.  1604  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  v.  xvii.  (1737)  76 
Lest  the  Ship's  Quick-Side  should  lye  in  the  Water.  1622 
A.  COURT  Constancie  i.  33  Hence  as  from  a  *quick-spring 
did  flow  that  Constancie.  1660  SHARROCK  Vegetables  89 
You  need  but  open  that  very  place  to  your  quick-spring, 
and  give  it  a  clear  vent,  and  certainly  your  bog  would 
decay.  _  1600  SURFLET  Countric  Farms  m.  xxi.  4^73  As 


BL.  ^ ,_.._ 

stick.  1890  R.  BOLDREWOOD  ^Squatter's  Dream  xviT  204 
We  should  have  a  note  to  settle  our  little  account  in  quick 
sticks.  1785  COWPER  in  Life  (1836)  V.  166  The  people  of 
Turvey  have  burnt  him  .'.  in  effigy,  with  a  bundle  of 
"quickthorn  under  his  arm.  1567  MAPLET  Gr.  Forest  89 
The  Hedgehog  hath  a  sharp  and  *quickthorned  garment. 

Quick,  sb?  Also  4  quike,  5  quyke,  quikk, 
9  north.  w(h)ick.  [Northern  form  of  QUITCH  sb}\ 
coll.  or//.  Couch-grass,  and  other  field -grasses  and 
weeds,  or  their  underground  stems.  =  QUICKEN  s6* 

.11387  Sinon,  Barthol.  (Anecd.  Oxon.)  23  Gramen,.. 
speciahter  accipitur  in  medicina  pro  quadam  herba..an™ 


85  Heavier  harrows.. are  used  to  clean t'he'land from  quicks. 

1876-  In  northern  dial,  glossaries,  in  form  vjhick  or  •wick. 
So  Quick-grass.     (Cf.  Da.  qvik-,  qvsekgrxs.) 
1617  MINSHEU  Diiclor,  Quickgrasse,..Gra/<««  caninum. 

1711  tr.  Pfftfl  Hist.  Drugs  I.  52  There  are  several  other 

Roots  sold  in  the  Shops,  .as  the  Dog  grass,  or  Quick  grass. 

1765  Htuatm  Rusticum  IV.  xxi.  94  It  takes  fresh  root 

at  its  joints,  like   quick-grass.     1770-4  A.  HUNTER  Georg. 

ess.  (1804)  II.  213   Turned  over  when   the   least   particle 

of  quick-grass  appears. 

Quick   (kwik),  w.l    arch.     Forms:    i    owic-, 
cwyc-,  cucian,  3  quikie,  5  quykee  (?)  ;  2  quiken, 


haue  beholden  in  *quicke  dissections.  1891  Times  7  Oct. 
4/6  A  Gruson  *quicK-nre  howitzer,  which  is  intended  to 
discharge  shells  in  rapid  succession.  1894  Pall  Mall  G. 
23  Oct.  2/1  They  ..  carry  in  their  huge  fighting  masts  an 
aisenal  of  'quick-firers.  1901  Spectator  12  Oct.  524/1  The 
newest  6  in.  quick-firers  are  not  officially  known  as  quick- 
firers,  because  they  have  not  a  metal  cartridge-case.  1891 
ATKINSON  Lastof  Giant-killers  yi\l\\\y  ..vas.'xvl  off  "quick- 
foot.  1536  MS.  Ace.  St.  Johns  Hasp.,  Canterb.,  Payd  for  ! 
atheryng*quykfryth.  .iiiji/.  i78sMARTYN  Rousseau's  Bot. 


54 

4  quik(e,  quyk(ke,  4-5  quyke,  5  qwyk,  queke, 
quek-,  qvyk-,  whykyn,  5-6  quycke,  6  quioke, 

4.  7-  quick.     [OE.  cwician  \—*cwic6jan,  f.  ewic 
QUICK  a.,  =  OS.  quikdn  ;  properly  intransitive,  but 
even  in  OE.  also  used  transitively,  there  being  no 
causative  form  corresponding  to  OHG.  quichan, 
quicken.     In  common  use  from  £-1300-1450,  after 
which  examples  are  very  rare.] 

1 1.  intr.  Of  persons,  animals,  and  plants,  or  their 
parts:  To  come  to  life ;  to  revive.  06s.  =  QUICKEN 
v.  6. 

(iooo  Sax.  Leechd.  II.  338  Smire  mid  [>a  saran  limu  ;  hie 
cwiciab  sona.  c  izoo  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  177  To-3enes  sumere 
alle  moren  quiken,  and  eorSe  and  trewes  growen.  c  1290 

5.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  476/485  Mijhte  bis  wumman  quikie  a-3ein ; 
and  liuen  and  hire  sturie?    1:1425  Cursor-  M.  20883  (Trin.) 
A  ded  mon  quyked  bi  his  shade,    c  1520  L.  ANDREWE  Noble 
Lyfe  in  Babees  Bk.  (1868)  234  Whan  she  feleth  her  yonges 
quycke,  or  stere  in  her  body. 

fig.  c  1000  /ELFRIC  Horn.  I.  494  Se  synfulla  mid  godcundre 
onbryrdnysse  cucab. 

t  b.  Of  a  firebrand  or  fire  :  To  kindle,  begin  to 
burn.  Olis.  rare. 

cnys  Lamb.  Horn.  81  pe  brond  be  is  al  aquenched  ..  ne 
quikeS  he  neure.  c  1384  CHAUCER  H.  Fame  m.  988  As  fire 
ys  wont  to  quyk  and  goo.  c  1386  —  Knt.'s  T.  1477  Oon  of 
the  fyres  queynte  And  quyked  agayn. 

fc.   Of  a  rumour:  To  arise,  spread.  Obs.  rare— l. 

r  1425  Cursor  M.  17476  (Trin.)  Wo  was  hem  . .  whenne  bis 
tiding  bigon  to  quyk. 

2.  fa.  trans.  To  give  or  restore  life  to.  06s.  — 
QUICKEN  v.  i. 

C95o  Lindisf.Gosp.  John  v.  21  Suae  se  fader  a-uaecceS  5a 
deado  &  cuicaS,  su<e  xc  Se  sunu  <5a3e  [he]  wil  cwicao. 


c  1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  iv.  1801  Whan  to  the  body 
he  cam  it  for  to  queke.  1447  BOKENHAM  Seyntys  (Roxb.) 
85,  L.beseche  for  thi  dede  man  Qwyk  hym  ageyne  lord. 

Jig.  c  1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Th.)  cxviii.  50  Me  bin  spraec  spedum 
cwycade.^  f  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  177  Pray 
we  to  Crist. .To  quyke  a  figure  in  cure  conscience. 

b.  To  give  or  restore  vigour  to ;  to  stir  up,  in 
spire,  etc.     Now  rare.   =  QUICKEN  v.  2. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  2558 1  pou . .  quicked  vr  hertes,  suete  iesu. 
1:1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  13247  pe  ton  quiked 
be  tober  to  lyue,  be  Romayns  to  greue,  fast  gon  bey  stryue. 
1:1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  r  462  Ire.  .is  the  feruent  blood  of 
man  yquyked  in  his  herte.  c  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  n.  xv.  237 
Forto  quykee  [sic]  in  hem  the  mynde . .  of  the  bifore  seid 
thingis.  1567  DRANT  Horace,  Ep.  n.  i.  G  vij,  That  poet  . . 
That  can  stere  vp  my  passions,  or  quicke  my  sprytes  at  all. 
1615  Albumazar  i.  ii.  in'Hazl.  Dodsley  XI.  308  Vour  love 
sir,  like  strong  water,  .quicks  your  feeble  limbs.  1898  T. 
HARDY  IVessex  Poems  188  That  swift  sympathy  With 
living  love  Which  quicks  the  world. 
t  c.  To  kindle  (a  fire).  Obs.rare.  =  QUICKEN  3. 

CI374  CHAUCER  Troylus  ni.  484  (435)  Pandarus  to  quyke 
alwey  \K  fyr  Was  euere  y-lyk  prest  and  dyligent.  c  1386  — 
Frankl.  T.  322  Hire  [the  moon's]  desire  Is  to  be  quiked 
and  lighted  of  your  [the  sun's]  fire. 

Quick  (kwik),  z/.2  [f.  QUICK  a.  B.  3.]  trans. 
To  furnish  with  a  quickset  hedge,  rare. 

1801  Trans.  Soc.  Enc.  Arts  XIX.  73  A  ditch.. quicked 
with  a  double  row  of  fine  plants.  18x9  T.  THOMAS  Ace. 
Fencing.  For  quicking  and  ditching  Leasehold. 

Quick(kwik),z>.3  Alsoafoz/.w(h)ick.  [f.QuiCK 
sl>*]  To  pull  up  '  quicks '  or  couch-grass.  Hence 
Quicking-drag  (see  qnot.  1800),  -rake. 

1800  TUKE  Agric.  85  Quicking-drag.  In  the  northern 
part  of  the  vale  of  York,  a  drag  on  an  excellent  construction 
is  used,  for  cleaning  the  land  from  quicks.  1874  E.  PEACOCK 
7.  Markenfteld  III.  113  Their  boys  and  girls  released., 
from  '  tricking '  and  '  singling '  turnips. 

Qui-ckbeam.  0/>s.  exc.  dial.  [App.  f.  QUICK  a. 
+  BEAM,  but  the  precise  force  of  the  adj.  is  not 
clear :  cf.  G.  queck-  and  quickenbaum  (also  quits-, 
quitzen-,  quitschenbatini)  service-tree.  The  name 
belongs  to  the  south  of  England.]  =  QUICKEN  sl>.1 

In  OE.  glosses,  cwicbea.ni  usually  renders  L.  cariscus. 


which  seems  to  be  otherwise  unknown,  and  is  perh.  an  error 
for  tamariscus  (cf.  quot.  1587  below). 

a  700  Epinal  Gloss.  238  Carts —  — :-' -     " 

Leechd.  II.  66  porn,  £esc,'  cwi( 
Wr.-Wiilcker  423/23  luniperu, 
Cast.  Helt/te  (1541)  59  Purger 
Hartis  tongue  :  Quickbeme.  i 


c  xooo  Sax. 
Voc.  in 
ELVOT 


a  700  Epinal  Gloss.  238  Cariscus,  cuicbeam. 
L"ckd.  II.  66  porn,  zesc,'  cwicbeam.  ciogo  ..6,. 
Wr.-Wulcker  423/23  luniperum,  quicbeam.  1533  E 
Cast.  Helthe  (1541)  59  Purgers  of  melancolye  . .  Bourage  : 
Hartis  tongue  :  Quickbeme.  1562  [see  QUICKEN  st.'l  1578 
LYTE  Dodoens  vi.  Hi.  727  The  barke  of  one  kinde  of  Sorbus 
(whiche  is  our  Quickbeme).  1579  LANGHAM  Card.  Health 
(1633)  628  The  barke  of  the  roots  of  heath  may  be  vsed 
in  stead  of  the  barke  of  the  root  of  Tamariske,  rather  then 
the  barke  of  quickebeame.  1731  MILLER  Gard.Dict., Sorbus 
The  wild  Service  or  Quickbeam.  1836  BRAY  Descr.  Tamar 
Sf  Tavy  vu.  122  Oaks  . .  interspersed  with  what  is  called 
in  Devonshire  the  quick-beam,  or  mountain-ash  1873 
O'CURRY  Lect.  Ancient  Irish  II.  213  Let  them  cut  down 
and  carry  out  loads  of  the  quickbeam.  1884  JEFFERIES  Red 
Deer  xii.  112  In  the  Exmoor  country  the  mountain-ash  is 
called  the  quick-beam. 

attrib.  c  1000 Sax.  Leechd.  II.  78  Wyl  on  wajtere ascrinde, 
cwicbeam  rmde.  1562  TURNER  Herbal  n.  (1568)  59  b  The 
quikbem  tre  which  is  a  kynde  of  sorbus.  1587  MASCALL 
Gmt.  Cattle,  Hogges  (1627)  263  Tamarix,  which  as  I  thinke 
is  called  in  the  English  quick-beame  wood.  1760  J.  LEE 
Introd;  Bot.  App.  324  Quickbeam-tree,  Sorbus. 

Quick-chaws,  obs.  variant  of  KICKSHAW. 

Quicken  (kwi-k'n),  *<M  Also  4  quiken,  6 
quickeue ;  6-  -whieken,  7  whighen,  9  wicken, 
wiggin.  [The  northern  equivalent  of  QUICKBEAM, 
and  presumably  from  QUICK  a.,  but  the  exact  nature 


QUICKEN. 

of  the  ending  is  not  clear :  in  early  use  always  in 
comb,  with  tree.  Cf.  QUICK  TREE. 

An  OE.  cioictrcow  is  found  in  glosses,  rendering  an  obscure 
L.  cresis  or  gnesis.} 

1.  a.   The  mountain-ash,  or  rowan-tree  (Pyrus 
aucuparia).    b.  The  service-tree  (Sorbus  domes- 
tied).     fC-  The  juniper.   (Ots.) 

Comb,  with  tree,  a  1387  Sinon.  Barthol.  (Anecd.  Oxon.) 
26  yuniperus,  quikentre.  1548  TURNER  Names  Heroes 
(E.  D.  S.)  75  The  seconde  kynde  [of  sorbus]  is  called  ..  in 
Englishe  a  rountree  or  a  Quicken  tree.  1561  —  Herbal 
II.  (1568)  71  The  tre  whiche  we  call  in  the  North  countre 
a  quicken  tre  or  a  rown  tre,  &  in  the  South  countre  a 
quikbeme.  1686  PLOT  Staffordsh.  223  The  Fraxinus  syl- 
vestris  or  Quicken-tree,  which  they  firmly  believe  will 
certainly  preserve  them  from  all  fascinations,  and  evill 
spirits.  I7J6S1R  J.  HiLL^rc/./iVrAx/SHWehavetwoother 
species,  i.  The  common  Service.  . .  2.  The  Quicken-tree. 
1844  M.  A.  RICHARDSON  Borderer's  Table-Ik.  VII.  182 
Witchwood,  the  mountain  ash  . .  called  in  divers  parts  of 
Northumberland  the  whicken-tree.  1857  O'GRADY  Pursuit 
Diarmuid  143  He  . .  followed  Diarmuid  s  track  to  the  foot 
of  the  quicken  tree. 

absol.  1674  in  Depos.  Cast.  York  209  They  tye  soe  much 
whighen  about  him,  I  cannot  come  to  my  purpose,  else 
I  could  have  worn  him  away  once  in  two  yeares.  1756 
POCOCKE  Trav.  (1889)  II.  217  The  quicken  and  yew  grow 
here.  ^  1769  R.  FRENCH  in  A.  Young  Tour  Irel.  (1780)  I. 
380  Two  small  groves  ..  consisting  of  quicken  or  mountain 
ash.  1857  O'GRADY  Pursuit  Diarnutid  143,  I  know  that 
Diarmuid  is  in  the  top  of  the  quicken. 

2.  attrib.,  as  quicken-berry,  -bough,  -branch. 

1579  LANGHAM  Card.  Health  (1633)  88  Mulberies,  Quicken- 
berries,  greene  Grapes.  1671  SIR  W.  BOREMAN  in  F.  P. 
Verney  Mem.  Verney  Font.  (1892)  1. 15  The  king's,  .thankes 
for  the  Quickenbury  trees  y"  sent  his  ma1'.  1879  HENDERSON 
Folk-lore  vi.  184  Twigs  of  mountain-ash  or  quicken-berry. 
1894  YEATS  Celtic  Twilight  86  One  of  these  bands  carried 
quicken  boughs  in  their  hands. 

Quicken  (kwi-k'n),  sb*  Sc.  and  north,  dial. 
Also  north,  whick-,  wicken.  [f.  QUICK  sb.%,  the 
northern  form  of  QUITCH.]  Couch-grass;  also//, 
the  underground  stems  of  this  and  other  grasses. 

1684  MERITON  Yorksh.  Dial  41  Our  Land  is  tewgh,  and 
full  of  strang  whickens.  1816  SCOTT  A  ntiq.  xxxv,  The  plant 
Quicken,  by  which,  Scottice,  we  understand  couch-grass, 
dog-grass,  or  the  Triticum  repens^  of  Linnaeus.  1842  J. 
AITON  Doniest.  Econ.  (1857)  173  Quickens,  docks,  thistles,., 
furze,  broom.  1898  J.  R.  CAMPBELL  in  Trans.  Highl.  ff  Agric. 
Soc.  85  Quickens  are  in  reality  underground  stems.  Unlike 
roots  they  are  jointed.  . .  Quickens  are  not  confined  to  one 
species  of  grass. 

b.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  quicken-grass, -producer, 
quickens-scutch. 

1843  HARDY  in  Proc.  Bet-w.  Nat.  Clut  II.  No.  n.  63  note, 
Loosening  and  breaking  the  roots  of  the  quicken-grass. 
1858  R.  S.  SURTEES  Ask  Mamma  Ixv.  295  The  rushes  of 
one  field  and  the  whicken  grass  of  the  other.  1898  J.  R. 
CAMPBELL  in  Trans.  Highl.  ij-  Agric.  Soc.  85  The  grass  that 
is  best  known  to  farmers  as  a  quicken -producer  is  couch- 
grass.  Ibid.  88  It  is  a_  common  belief  that  fibrous  root- 
scutch  belongs  to  Agrostis,  and  that  quickens-scutch  belongs 
to  couch-grass. 

tQui-cken,  sb3  Obs.  rare—1.  In  6  quiken. 
[f.  QUICK  a.  Cf.  B.  2.]  A  living  creature. 

1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  55  If  thou  cut  the  lyuer,  therin 
wyll  be  lyttell  quikens  lyke  flokes. 

Quicken  (kwi-k'n),  v.  Forms  :  a.  4  quicken, 
-in,  quikken,  -in,  quiken,  -yn,  quekeu,  qui-, 
quykne,  quicn-,  quykene(n,  qwi-,  qwycken, 
(-kk-),  qwi-,  qwykyn,  qwykn-,  4-5  qwyken,  5 
quyknyn,  4-6  quyken,  5-6  quikin,  5-8  quicku-, 
6  quycken,  -yn,  quyckn-,  Sc.  quyckyn,  -kkin, 
quikkine,  quikn-,  6-  quicken.  /3.  4  quhykine, 
whiken,  5  qwhykkyn.  [f.  QUICK  a,  +  -EN  6.  Cf. 
ON.  kvikna,  kykna  to  come  to  life,  come  into  being, 
Sw.  qvickiia  ;  Da.  dial,  kvifgne  to  refresh.  In  Eng.  • 
the  trans,  sense  is  more  usual  than  the  intr.] 
I.  Transitive  senses. 

1.  To  give  or  restore  life  to ;  to  make  alive ;  to 
vivify  or  revive ;  to  animate  (as  the  soul  the  body). 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  20883  Petre.  .a  ded  he  quickend  wit  his 
schade.  1:1380  WYCLIF  Whs.  (1880)  344  Whenne  he  had 
qwickened  lazar,  he  brou^t  him  out  of  his  sepulcre.  c  1440 
Promp.  Pan'.  421/1  Quyknyn  [ K.,  P.  quykyn],  vegeto,  vivi. 

fco.  1535  COVERDALE  2  Kings  v.  7  Am  I  God  then,  that 
can  kyll  and  quycken  agayne.  1601  SHAKS.  AlCs  Well 
n.  i.  77  A  medicine . .  able  to  breath  life  into  a  stone,  Quicken 
a  rocke.  1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  ft  Sel-i.  28  The  soul  that 
I  was  quickned  with  at  birth  day,  is  the  same  that  I  am 
quickned  with  at  this  day.  1730-46  THOMSON  A  ntumn  664 
Still  the  fresh  Spring  finds  New  plants  to  rjuicken.  1819 
SHELLEY  Cenci  iv.  i.  189  111  things  Shall,  with  a  spirit  of 
unnatural  life,  Stir  and  be  quickened.  1876  MORRIS  Sigurd 
ii.  84  How  many  things  shalt  thou  quicken,  how  many  shall 
thou  slay ! 

b.  Jig.  in  renderings  of  Biblical  passages,  or 
echoes  of  these,  occas.  with  ref.  to  spiritual  life. 

a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  Ixxxiv.  6  God,  bou  turned  qwycken 
vs  sal.  1357  Lay  Folks  Catech.  150  [Crist]  whikend  [Lamb. 
MS.  qwyknyd]  us  un-to  lyf  thurgh  his  risyng.  1383  WYCLIF 
John  vi.  64  It  is  the  spirit  that  quykeneth,  the  fleysch  pro- 

:._.u .1.: ._    T-\ '     IT? .--    ..     n -          -    — 


fiteth  nothing.  1513  DOUGLAS  JEneis  x.  Prol.  128  To 
quykkin  thy  sclavys  tnolit  schamful  ded  maiste  fell.  1563 
WINJET  tr.  Vincent.  Lirin.  Wks.  1890  II.  23  He  wald  .. 


quikin  his  spiritual  peple  afoir  slane.  01653  BINNING 
Serm.  (1845)  9  The  second  Adam  aspired  to  quicken  what 
Adam  killed. 

t  c.   To  be  quickened  •=  6  b.  Obs. 
1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stuffe  Wks.  1883-4  V.  268  She  was 
now  quickned,  and  cast  away  by  the  cruelty  of  ^Eolus.    1607 


QUICKEN. 

MARKHAM  Carat,  i.  (1617)  50  Let  their  Mares  after  they 
are  quickned,  be  moderately  travelled  or  wrought. 

2.  To  give,  add,  or  restore  vigour  to  (a  person  or 
thing) ;  to  stimulate,  stir  up,  rouse,  excite,  inspire. 

a.  a  person, 

1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  Ixxxi.v.  in  Loue  quickened 
hym  day  and  night.  1525  Ibid.  II.  ex.  [cvi.]  317,  I  am 
quickened  so  to  do.  1542  N.  UDALL  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men 
(Camden)  7  A  contynuall  spurre..to  pricke  and  to  quicken 
me  to  goodnes.  a.  1632  T.  TAYLOR  God's  Jitdgeni.  \.  it.  Hi. 
(1642)  413  Vou  ..  he  now  quickened  and  stirred  up  to  his 
love.  1703  PENN  in  Pa.  Hist.  Soc.  Mem.  IX.  271,  I  hope., 
you  will  be  quickened  to  show  yourselves  men  in  that  affair. 
1856  KANE  Arct.  Exf>l.  I.  xxviL  352  We  were  like  men 
driven  to  the  wall,  quickened,  not  depressed.  1874  GREEN 
Short  Hist.  viii.  §  5. 519  He  rode  through  England  to  quicken 
the  electors  to  a  sense  of  the  crisis. 

b.  a  feeling,  faculty,  action,  course  of  things,  etc. 
t  Also  with  up. 

1423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q.  clxxxi,  To  quikin  treuly  day  by  day 
my  lore.  1450-1530  Myrr.  our  Ladye  68  Other  bokes  ther 
be  that  ar  made  to  quyken,  &  to  sturre  vp  the  affeccyons 
of  the  soule.  1579-80  NORTH  Phttarch  (1595)  236  The  first 
honour  that  valhant  mindes  do  come  vnto,  doth  quicken  vp 
their  appetite.  1659  RUSHW.  Hist.  Coll.  I.  538  Sir  Dudley 
Diggs  quickned  his  motion  and  spoke  roundly.  1723  DE 
FOE  Colt  Jack  (1840)  89  This  quickened  my  resolution. 
1781  COWPER  Charity  522  The  frequent  interjected  dash 
Quickens  a  market,  and  helps  off  the  trash.  1853  MAURICE 
Proph.  ff  Kings  ix.  150  The  savage  impulses  of  the  soldier 
became  quickened.  1883  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  IV.  n.  iii. 
194  Other  conventional  teliefs,  too,  were  quickened  into 
startling  realities. 
C.  absol. 

1581  MULCASTER  Positions  xxxix.  (1887)  2I5  To  consider 
of  education  and  learning,  what  is  good  and  quickneth. 
1637  HEVWOOD  Roynll  King  u.  Wks.  1874  VI.  33  The 
King . .  quickens  most  where  he  would  most  destroy,  a  1859 
DE  QUINCEY  in'  Page  'Life  (1877)  I.  ii.  20  Pillar  of  fire,  that 
didst  go  before  me  to  guide  and  to  quicken. 

3.  To  kindle  (a  fire) ;  to  cause  or  help  to  burn  up. 
^1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xvii.  10  Coles  J>at  before  ware 

ded..ere  kyndild  and  qwikynd  agayn.  ^1386  CHAUCER 
Frankl.  T.  322  Her  desir  Is  to  be  qwykkened  and  li^tned 
of  jour  fire.  1556  J.  HEVWOOD  Spider  $  F.  xiv.  59,  1  will 
yet  once  againe,  quicken  this  cole.  1751  Ajffect.  Narr.  of 
Wager  105  The  Fire  they  dress'd  by  was.  .quickned  by  the 
Timber  of  one  of  the  Casks.  1870  MORRIS  Earthly  Par. 
III.  iv.  75  While  she  Quickened  the  fire.  1887  BROWNING 
ParleyingS)  F.  Furini  xi,  Let  my  spark  Quicken  your 
tinder. 

4.  a.  To  make  (liquor  or  medicine)  more  sharp 
or  stimulant.  ?  Obs. 

1591  SPENSER  Muiopotm'.  196  Dull  Poppie,  and  drink- 
quickning  Setuale.  1713  STEELE  Guard.  No.  143  F  8  Rack- 
punch,  quickned  with  brandy  and  gun-powder.  1733  CHEYNE 
Eng.Malady\\.  xL§3  (1734)  232  Diaphorelicks.  .quickened 
withvolatill  Spirits.  1799  M,  UNDERWOOD  Diseases  Children 
(ed.  4)^  I.  55  A  few  grains  of  magnesia . .  forms  a  much  neater 
medicine  (which  may  be  quickened  and  warmed  by  the  addi 
tion  of  a  few  drops  of  tincture  of  senna). 

b.  To  imbue  (tin)  with  quicksilver,  rare. 
1799  [see  QUICKENING  vbl.  sb.  and  ppl.  a,  ].  1825  J  NICHOL- 
SON  Operat.  Mechanic  728  Mercury,  .soon  unites  itself  with 
the  tin,  which  then  becomes  very  splendid,  or,  as  the  work 
men  say,  is  quickened. 

C.  dial.  To  work  with  yeast.    (Halliwell.) 

5.  To  hasten,  accelerate,  give  speed  to. 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  990  You  may  sooner  by  Imagination 
quicken  or  slacke  a  Motion,  than  raise  or  cease  it.  1691 
I.  H[ALE]  Ace,  New  Invent.  127  In  what  proportion 
Smoothness,  Sope  and  Tallow  doth  quicken  [a  ship's  way], 
1776  ADAM  SMITH  IV.  N.  (1869)  I.  i.  i.  u  To  facilitate  and 
quicken  their  own  particular  part  of  the  work.  1786  MAD. 
D'ARBLAY  Diary  17  July,  I  was  only  quickening  my  pace, 
when  I  was  again  stopped.  1838  THIRLWALL  Greece  IV. 
381  It  had  induced  him  to  quicken  his  departure.  1855 
BAIN  Senses  %  Int.  n.  iv.  §  n  (1864)  275  In  rapid  walking, 
the  very  thoughts  are  quickened. 
b.  To  make  (a  curve)  sharper. 

1711  W.  SUTHERLAND  Shipbuild.  Assist.  162  To  Quicken 
the  Sheer ;  to  shorten  the  Radius  that  strikes  out  the  Curve. 
ciSso  Rudim,  Navig,  (Weale)  139   To  quicken^  to  give 
anything  a  greater  curve. 
II.  Intransitive  senses. 

6.  To  receive  life,  to  become  living ;  f  also,  to 
recover  life,  to  revive. 

1382  WYCLIF  i  Kings  xvii.  22  The  soule  of  the  child  is 
turned  a?en  with  ynne  hym,  and  he  a^en  quikenyde.  1530 
PALSGR.  677/1,  I  quycken,  I  revyve,  as  a  thyng  dothe  that 
fyrst  doth  begyn  to  styrre,  or  that  was  wyddered,  or  almoste 
deed.  1553  T-  WILSON  Rhet.  29  Hym  that  killeth  the  child 


Seas,  the  bottom  being  too  cold  for  it  to  quicken  there,  1823 
SCOTT  Pntril  xiii,  The  seed  which  is  sown  shall  one  day 
sprout  and  quicken.  1842  TENNVSON  Vision  of  Sin  210 
Below  were  men  and  horses  pierced  with  worms,  And  slowly 
quickening  into  lower  forms. 

fig.  1851  DIXON  W.  Penn  xv.  (1872)  132  The  germ  of 
Pennsylvania  was  quickening  into  life. 

b.  Of  a  female  :  To  reach  the  stage  of  pregnancy 
at  which  the  child  shows  signs  of  life.     Cf.  i  c. 

'53°  PALSGB.  677/r  She  quyckynned  on  al  ballon  day. 
1662-3  PEPVS  Diary  i  Jan.,  She  quickened  at  my  Lord 
Gerard  s  at  dinner.  1748  [see  QUICKENING  vii.  s6.1.  1822-34 
Good's  Study  Meit.  (ed.  4)  IV.  183  A  woman .. became  preg. 
nant,  quickened  and  had  a  flow  of  milk  in  the  breasts. 

fig.  1695  BLACKMORE  Pr.  Arth.  n.  26  Barren  Night  did 
pregnant  grow,  And  quicken'd  with  the  World  in  Embrio. 

7.  Jig.  To  come  into  a  state  of  existence  or  ac 
tivity  comparable  to  life.  Const,  to,  into. 

01300  Cursor  M.  26482  All  quickens  [a]gain  his  first 
penance  M  tint  was.  13..  K.  E.  Allit.  f>.  C.  471  pat  J>er 


55 

quikken  no  cloude  bifore  be  cler  sunne.  r  1386  CHAUCER 
Pars.  T.  F474  Lookehow  that  fir  of  smale  gleedes  that  been 
almoost  dede  vnder  asshen  wollen  quike  agayn.  1435  MISYN 
Fire  of  Love  8r  pe  self  sawle.  .qwhykkynand  toheuehlylik- 
yng.  t^o  Fasten  Lett.  No.648  II.  406  The  materqwykenn- 
ythe  bothe  fTor  yowe  and  yowres.  is68GRAFTONC'/mw.  II. 
203  At  this  time  also,  the  warre  began  to  quicken  in  Guyan. 
1821  SHELLEY  False  Laurels  q  True  ii  The  hopes  that 
quicken . .  Are  flowers  that  wither.  1829  I.  TAYLOR  Enthus. 
vi.  177  Countries  that  were  quickening  into  freedom,  a  1881 
ROSSETTI  House  of  Life  ii,  At  her  heart  Love  lay  Quicken 
ing  in  darkness. 
b.  To  grow  bright. 

1712-4  POPE  Rafe  Lock  I.  144  Sees  ..keener  lightnings 
quicken  in  her  eyes.  1859  TENNYSON  Geraint  fy  Enid  535 
The  pale  and  bloodless  east  began  To  quicken  to  the  sun. 
1885  BRET  HARTE  Mamja  i,  Meanwhile  the  light  [of  day) 
quickened. 

8.  To  become  faster,  to  be  accelerated. 

1805  [see  QUICKENING  ///.  «.].  1857  W.  SMITH  Thorndalc 
111.  iv.  226  His  step  quickened,  his  countenance  lighted  up 
with  joy.  1891  T.  HARDY  Tess  xxx,  Tess's  breath  quickened. 

t  Qui'ckenaiice.  Obs.  rare.  Also  7  quick- 
nance,  [f.  prec.  +  -ANCE.]  =  QUICKENING  vbl.  sb. 

a  1617  BAYNE  On  E/>h.  (1643)  396  Could  he  not.  .swallow 
up  death,  create  life  and  quicknance  in  us.  1656  JEANF.S 
Fuln.  Christ  21  A  living  member  of  her,  which  hath  .. 
quickenance  from  the  head  of  the  Church. 

Qui-ckened,  ppl.a.  [f.  QUICKEN  v.  +  -EDI.] 
Made  living  or  quick ;  animated,  stimulated ; 
hastened,  accelerated ;  etc. 

1612  DRAYTON  1'oly-olb.  iii.  208  Not  from  the  quick'ned 
mine.  1660  Charac.  Italy  to  Rdr.  Aiv,  Some  Squeamish 
Zealot,  who. .is  become  a  meer  lump  of  quickened  Care. 
1805  SOUTHEY  Matioc  in  Aztlan  i,  His  blood  Flow'd 
from  its  quicken'd  spring.  1894  H.  DRUMMOND  Ascent 
A/an  389  Courtship,  with  its  vivid  perceptions  and  quickened 
emotions. 

Quickener  (kwi-k'nsj).  [f.  QUICKEN  v.  + 
-ER1.]  One  who  or  that  which  quickens,  in  various 
senses  of  the  verb. 

1513  DOUGLAS  ^Eneis  xii.  Prol.  254  Welcum  quyknar  of 
florist  flowris  schene.  EriBxMuLCAST£R/'<v2Vn»ff  vi.  (1887)40 
The  soule,  . .  the  quickner  of  the  body.  1653  H.  MORE 
Anlid.  Ath.  II.  xii.  §  12  Notable  whetters  and  quickners  of 
the  spirit  of  life.  1767  S.  PATERSON  Another  Trav.  I.  425 
Ke-edifiers  of  fallen  temples,  and  quickeners  of  dead  laurels. 
1820  W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  (1859)  137  These  tokens  of 
regard,  and  quickeners  of  kind  feelings.  1879  M.  D.  COX- 
WAY  Demonol.  I,  i.  ii.  Q  Baal . .  represents  the  Sun  in  his 
glory  as  quickener  of  Nature. 

Qui'ckening,  sl>.  rare~l.  =  QOICKEN  sb.z  So 
also  Qui'ckening'-g-rass. 

1763  Museum  Kusticum  IV.  454  Stones,  quickenings,  and 
every  other  thing  that  may  hinder  the  growth  of  the  flax, 
should  be  removed.  Ibid.  456  Quickening  grass  should  not 
be  taken  up.  1765  A.  DICKSON  Treat.  Agric.  (ed.  2)  106 
Of  the  first  sort  is  the  quickening-grass,  or  couch-grass. 

Quickening  (kwi-k'nirj),^/.  sb.  [f.  QUICKEN  i>. 
+  -ING1.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  QUICKEN,  in 
various  senses. 

ci4}o  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhode  n.  cviii.  (1869)  116  He  hadde 
with  mne  gret  quiknyng  of  cole.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de 
W.  1531)  lib,  For  the.  .quyckenynge  of  theyr  reason.  1577 
tr.  Bullingers  Decades  (1592)  45  Justification  of  life  there 
fore  is.  .a  quickening  or  translating  from  death  to  life.  1626 
Naiuortk  Househ.  Bks.  (Surtees  Soc.)  237  To  Eyst  for  iij 
quickinings, ..xviij*.  1655  H.  VAUGHAN  Silex  Scint.,  Holy 
Cotnmun.  i,  Nothing  that  is,  or  lives,  But  hath  his  Quick- 
nings,  and  reprieves.  1748  Phil.  Trans.  XLV.  132  After 

2uickening  her   Health  became  better.      1799  G.  SMITH 
aboratory  I.  Pref.  6  Quickening  is  a  singular  expression 
to  be  employed  in  gilding.     1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii. 
§  7.  419  The  intellectual  quickening  of  the  age  had  now 
reached  the  mass  of  the  people. 

b.  eoncr.  That  which  quickens ;  hence,  yeast,  a 
quantity  of  yeast,  dial. 

1598  FLORID,  Creimfre,  yeast,  barme,  quickninff.  1790 
MRS.  WHEELER  Westmld.  Dial.  (1821)  81  Me  mudder  lent 
her  a  whicknin,  an  we  wor  bawn  at  brew. 

Quickening  (kwi-k'nirj),  ///.  a.  ff.  QUICKEN 
v.  +  -ING  2.]  That  quickens,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1382  WVCLIF  i  Cor.  xv.  45  The  laste  Adam  [is  made]  in  to 
a  spmt_quykenynge.  1531  FRITH  Judgm.  Tracy  (1573)  80 
Fayth  is ..  the  quickning  power  out  of  which  all  good  fruites 
spring.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  v.  12  Quickning  faith.  .The 
creeping  deadly  cold  away  did  shake.  1674  J.  B[RIAN] 
Harv.  Home  Postscr.  53,  I  finisht  have  The  first  part  of 
this  quickning  Text.  1799  G.  SMITH  Laboratory  I.  89 
A  quickening  water.  Take  one  ounce  of  quicksilver,  and  as 
much  aqua  fortis  [etc.].  1805  WORDSW.  Prelude  iv.  i  When 
quickening  steps  Followed  each  other.  1870  H.  MACMILLAH 
bible  Teach.  Pref.  15  Bursting  buds  and  quickening  roots. 

Quickening-grass :  see  QUICKENING  si. 

Quicken-tree  :  see  QUICKEN  rf.l 

Quick-eyed,  a.  Having  a  quick  eye  (see 
QUICK  a.  20).  Alsoy?^. 

a  1616  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Rondnca  iv.  iii,  Care,  counsel,  Quick- 
eyed  experience,  and  victory.  1647  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul 
II.  ill.  III.  xii,  The  cheerfull  children  of  the  quick-ey'd  Morn. 
1727-46  THOMSON  Summery  The  quick-eyed  trout  Or  dart 
ing  salmon.  1809-10  COLERIDGE  ^r««rf(i865)2r4Brissot.. 
was  rather  a  sublime  visionary  than  a  quick -eyed  politician. 
1876  T.  HARDY  F.tkclberta  (1890)  215  A  quick-eyed,  light- 
haired,  slight-built  woman. 

Quick-grass:  see  QUICK  rf.2 

Quickhatch  (kwi-k|hxtf).  Also  8  queeque-, 
9  quicke-.  [An  adaptation  of  the  Cree  (Indian) 
name,  given  by  Richardson  as  okeecoohagces  or 
-gnv,  by  Watkins  (1865)  as  kwekisiukao ;  from 
other  Algonquin  dialects  come  the  forms  CARCAJOU 
and  KTNKAJOU.]  The  wolverene. 


QUICKLY. 

1743  M.  CATESBY  Nat.  Hist.  I.  xxx.The  quickhatch.  ,ha» 
not  been  observed  by  any  author,  or  known  in  Europe,  till 
the  year  1737,  one  was  sent  to  Sir  Hans  Sloane.  1744 
A.  DOBBS  Countries  Adjacent  to  Hudson's  Bay  40  The 
beavers  have  three  enemies,  man,  otters,  and  the  carcajou 
or  queequehatch.  1829  J.  RICHARDSON  Fauna  Boreali- 
Americana  I.  42  The  European  labourers  in  the  service  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  term  it  Quickehatch. 

Quick  hedge :  see  QUICK  a.  3  b. 

Qui' eking,  vbl.  sbl  rare.  [f.  QUICK  z/.i  + 
-ING1.]  =  QUICKENING  vbl.  sb. 

ci4oo  Apol.  Loll.  54  pe  principale  and  be  finale  wark  of 
Crist. .is  be  quiking  of  soulis.  « 1666  BROMK  On  Death 
K.  Charles  18  He  did  fall,  Whose  influence  Rave  quicking 
to  us  all.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  719  Some 
times  the  amalgam  is  applied  to  the  surface  to  be  gift,  with 
out  any  quicking,  by  spreading  it  with  aqua-fortis. 

Qui-cking,  vbl.  sbt  rare.  [f.  QUICK  w.2  + 
-ING!.]  a.  The  action  of  planting  with  'quick'. 
b.  foncr.  The  quicksets  for  a  hedge. 

1469-70  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  244  Et  sol  \\s.  pro  le 
qwyking  sepium  unius  clausuia;.  1485-6  Ibid.  649  Pro  le 
qwhykkyng  circa  clausur. .  .vijs.  1664  EVELYN  Sylva  (1776) 
402,  I  find  most  do  greatly  affect  the  vulgar  way  of  Quicking. 

Quicking-drag :  see  QUICK  zj.3 

Qui'cklime.  [f.  QCTCK  a.  +  LIME,  after  L.  calx 
viva  (Yitruvius),  F.  chaux  vizv,  etc.]  Lime  which 
has  been  burned  and  not  yet  slaked  with  water ; 
calcium  oxide,  CaO. 

(•1400  Rom.  Rose  4179  The  mor(ere..Of  quykke  lyme 
peisant  and  egre.  1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  n.  xxxix.  163 
To  be  cast  to  the  shyp  of  the  enemies  pottes  full  of  quyk 
lyme  made  in  to  pouldre.  a  1533  Lo.  BERNERS  Huon  cxii. 
389  They  cast  vpon  them  hole  lede  and  boylynge  oyle  and 
quycke  Lyme.  1590  WEBBE  Trar.  (Arb.)  31  Constrained 
to  drinke  sake  water  and  quicklime.  1683  BOYLE  Salubr. 
Air  61  Such  a  thick  smoke  as  good  quicklime  is  wont  to 
doe,  whilst  men  slake  it  with  water.  1703  MOXON  Alech. 
F.xerc.  242  Quick  Lime,  .consumes  dead  Bodies  put  therein. 
1813  SIR  H.  DKTI  Agric.  Chcm.  vii.  (1814)  317  Quicklime 
in  its  pure  state,  .is  injurious  to  plants.  1873  13.  STEWART 
Cotuerv,  Force  iii.  58  Limestone  ..  is  decomposed  when 
subjected  to  the  heat  of  a  lime-kiln,  carbonic  acid  being 
given  oft",  while  quick-lime  remains  behind. 

attrib.  1684  BOYLE  Porousn.  Anim.  ff  Solid  Bod.  vi.  55  Dip 
a_very  large  Sponge  in  good  Quick-lime-water.  1861  KLOR. 
NIGHTINGALE  Nursing  ii.  23  Washing  the  walls  and  ceilings 
with  quick-lime  wash. 

t  Qui-ckly,  a.  Obs.  fan-1.  In  5  qwhikly. 
[f.  QUICK  a.  +  -LYi.  Cf.  ON.  kvikligr.]  Lively. 

1435  MISYN  Fire  of  Love  96  If  bou  lufe'in  )>ismaner..to 
bat  qwhikly  syght  kou  salt  be  nere  full  glorius. 

Quickly  (.kwi'kli),  adv.  Forms:  see  QUICK  a. 
(Also  era//.  3cwicluker,  5qwyklyar,qwhykliar; 
sup.  qwhikestly,  6  quyklyst.)  [f.  QUICK  a.  + 
-LY*.  Cf.  ON.  kvikliga] 

1 1.  In  a  living  or  lively  manner  ;  with  animation 
or  vigour ;  also,  with  strong  feeling,  sensitively.  Obs. 

c  1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Th.)  cxviii.  ^7  Me  on  so3ne  we^  binne  .. 
la;de  cwiculice.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  M'acf  (Rolls) 
6722  Be  5e  doughty,  &  lere|)  of  armes,  &  quykly  defende 
30W  fro  harmes.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Serin.  Sel.  Wks.  II.  251 
Men  shulden . .  do  quycly  wijj  her  lippis  bi  resoun  of  Goddis 
cause.  1435  MISYN  Fin  of  Lore  77,  I  suld  more  loy  or 
ellis  qwyklyar  syng^e.  c  1440  HVLTON  Scala  Perf.  (W.  de 
W.  1494)  II.  xxviii,  Suche  a  man.. is  soo  quyckely  and  soo 
felyngly  inspired,  i  1449  PFCOCK  Repr.  i.  ix.  47  It  is  quikli 
and  smertli  spoken.  1596  DALRYMH.E  tr.  Leslie's  Hist. 
Scot.  ix.  153  Al  his  speiking  euer  taisted  of  heavinlines..to 
.  .steir  thame  up  quiklier,  quha  war  in  the  gud  way.  1738 
WAKBURTON  Div.  Legal,  n.  iv.  (R.),  It  was  proper  to 
represent  a  perfect  lawgiver  as  quickly  touched  with  all  the 
affections  of  humanity.  1800  in  Spirit  Pub.  Jrnls.  IV.  340 
Ministers  of  state  have  a  right  to  feel  rather  quickly  upon 
the  subject  of  character. 

f  b.  With  quickness  of  perception.  Obs. 

(-1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  7782  By  alle  be 
costes  quykly  to  wake  pat  no  Saxoyn  on  ;ow  aryue.  1486 
Bk.  SI.  A  Ibans  C  viij  b,  Of  sharpenesse  of  fair  corage  and  of 
hir  lokyng  quicly.  1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay  xiv.  217 
There  are  beasts  which  do  heere,  see,  smel,  taste,  and  feele 
much  better  and  quicklier  than  man  doth. 

fc.  In  a  life-like  manner ;  to  the  life.   Obs. 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  84  An  ymage  of  fyn  golde  so  quickly 
made  after  the  facon  of  appollo  that  it  semed  proprely  his 
persone.  c  1525  SKELTON  Garl.  Laurel  592  A  lybbard,.. 
As  quikly  towchyd  as  it  were  flesshe  and  bones,  a  1529  — 
P.  Sparowe  1 1 21  Handes  soft  as  sylke  ..  That  are  so 
quyckely  vayned.  a  1605  Uankis  Helicon  41  in  Mont- 
gomerie  s  Poems  (1887)  274  Not  abill,  in  tabill,  With  colours 
competent,  So  quiklie  or  liklie  A  form  to  represent. 

2.  Rapidly,  with  haste  or  speed. 

a.  Describing  the  rate  of  progress  in  a  motion, 
action,   or  process,  without  consideration  of  the 
time  at  which  it  begins  and  ends. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  7455  His  folc  quicliche  to  be 
bataile  sscet.  a  1400-50  Alexander  1414  Sum  braidis  to 
bar  bowis  ..  Quethirs  out  quarels  quikly  betwene.  1526 
Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  119  We  may  fele  our  pulses 
bete  quikly  and  continually,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  V 
50  He . .  folowed  so  quickely  that  the  Frenchmen  turnyng  to 
flyght,  ranne  [etc.].  1829  LANDOR  Imag.  Conv.,  Man'd  fy 
Bp.  Parker  Wks.  1853  II.  iii/r  We. .throw  them  down  in 
the  dirt  to  make  them  follow  us  the  quicklier.  1860  TYNDALL 
Glac.  II.  i.  226  The  wings  of  the  small  insect  vibrate  more 
quickly  than  those  of  the  larger  one. 

b.  Denoting  that  the  whole  action  or  process  is 
begun   and   ended  within   a   comparatively  short 
space  of  time. 

a  1225  Aticr.  R.  270  Ich  chulle  gon  nu  slepen  &  arisen 
nunon,  &  don  cwicluker  ben  nu  |i>et  ich  schulde  don  nu. 
c  1420  Pal/ad,  on  Husb.  vi.  122  So  smyte  hem  of,  quycly 


QUICK  MARCH. 

that  hit  be  do.  1435  MI.SYN  J-irc  of  Love  81  Now  qwhykliar, 
now  slawlyer,  it  warnies.  1544  PHAER  Rcgim.  Lyfc  (1553) 
E  iij,  A  little  good  wine,  .is  the  chiefe  thing  that  quickliest 
restoreth  him.  1596  DALRYMPI.K  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  I. 
95  Breid  wil  thay  make  quiklier . .  [in  this  way]  nor  vthirwyse. 
1629  EARLE  Microcosm.,  High-spirited  Man  (Arb.>  92  A 
man  quickly  fired,  and  quickly  laid  downe  with  satisfaction. 
1677  JOHNSON  in  Rays  Corr.  (1848)  128  Possibly  their 
stomach  may  digest  very  quickly.  1747  WESLEY  Prim. 
Physic.  (176?)  117  This  quickly  heals  even  cut  Veins  anil 
Sinews.  i8n  A.  T.  THOMSON  Land.  Disp.  (1818)  607  On 
this  account  decoctions  should  be  quickly  made.  1861 
FLOK.  NIGHTINGALE  Nursing  41  Leave  the  sick  room 
quickly  and  come  into  it  quickly,  not  suddenly,  nor  with 
a  rush. 

c.  Denoting  that  there  is  little  or  no  interval 
between  a  given  point  in  time  and  the  doing  of  an 
act  or  happening  of  an  event  (freq.  also  implying 
a  or  b) ;  without  delay  ;  very  soon,  shortly. 

<  1205  LAY.  4697  He.. bad  hine  quicliche  a^euen  him  his 
quene.  ^1330  Arth.  fy  Mer(-  7809  (Kiilbing)  Soriandes  .. 
o$ain  ferd  For  to  taken  qulclike  be  children.  1393  LANGL. 
P.  PI.  C.  xxi.  76  Quikliche  cam  a  cacchepol,  and  craked 
a-two  here  legges.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xxvi.  94  Aryse 
vp  quykly  without  taryenge.  IS^TAVERXER  F.rasm.Proi'. 
(1545)  25  He  gyueth  twyse,  yl  gyueth  quyckelye,  1593 
SHAKS.  3  Hen.  *'/,  iv.  i.  132  They  are  alreadie,  or  quickly 
will  be  landed.  1603  —  Macb.  iv.  iii.  200  If  it  be  mine 
Keepe  it  not  from  me,  quickly  let  me  haue  it.  1666  BUNYAN 
Grace  Abound.  §  29  But  quicklyafterthls,  I  fell  in  company 
with  one  poor  man.  1779-81  JOHNSON  /,.  P.t  Mallet  \Vk>. 
1787  IV.  282  The  series  of  great  men,  quickly  to  be 
exhibited.  1847  MRS.  A.  KERR  Hist.  St-rz'ia  308  Retalia 
tion  and  vengeance  quickly  followed.  1888  Pall  MallG. 
12  Dec.  12/1  Quickly  afterwards  a  Conservative  member  . . 
carried  it  off. 

3.  Used  with  ppl.  adjs.,  as  quickly-aging,  gone, 
-growing,  -speaking^  working. 

1597  GERARDE  Herbal  Table  Eng.  Names,  Quickly  gone 
flower,  that  is  Uenice  Mallow.  1866  ODLING  Anim.  Chem. 
^o  A  quickly-growing  leafy  plant.  1870  W.  D.  CHRISTIE 
in  Drydens  Wks.  (Globe)  p.  xv,  An  active  and  quickly 
working  brain.  1874  LISLF  CARR  Jud.  Givynne  I.  i.  44  The 
quickly-speaking  eyes  of  the  dashing  warrior. 

Quick  march.  Mil.    [In  i,  f.  QUICK  a.  + 

MARCH  sl>.    In  2,  f.  (or  altered  to)  QUICK  adv.  2  + 
MARCH  v.] 

1.  A  march  in  QUICK  TIME.    Alsoy^. 

1751  HUME  Ess.  <$•  Treat.  (1777)  I.  287  That  quick  march 
of  the  spirits  ..  does  in  the  tfnd  exhaust  the  mind.  1796 
Instr.  tf  Reg.  Cavalry  (1813)  247  The  Quick  March,  108 
steps  in  a  minute,  1867  SMYTH  Sailor* s  \\~ord-bk.i  Quick 
march,  . .  the  ordinary  pace  is  3$  miles  to  the  hour,  or  no 
paces  (275  feet)  to  the  minute. 

attrib.  1852  DICKENS  Bleak  Hf.  II.  "111.32  Softly  whistling, 
in  quick-march  time. 

2.  Used  as  a  command  to  soldiers  to  march  in 
quick  time  (see  quots.  1802  and  1833). 

i8oa  TAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Quick ..  forms  the  cautionary 
part  of  a  word  of  command  when  troops  are  ordered  to 
move  in  quick  time  ;  as  Quick — March.  1833  Regul.  Instr. 
Cavalry  1. 18  Quick  March. — Thecommana^///^,  March* 
is  to  be  given  with  a  pause  between  the  words,  the  word 
Quick  being  considered  as  a  caution.  1887  Times  (weekly 
ed.)  18  Nov.  2/4  The  words  of  command  were  .. '  Eyes  front, 
by  your  right,  quick  march  '. 

Quick-match.  A  quick-burning  match  used 
for  firing  cannon,  igniting  fire-works,  shells,  etc., 
consisting  of  cotton-wick  soaked  in  a  composition 
of  gum,  spirits,  water,  and  gunpowder. 

1765  R.  JONES  Ftrcivorks  ii.  66  Quick-match  is  generally 
made  of  such  cotton  as  is  put  in  candles.  1803  WELLINGTON 
Let.  to  Col.  Stevenson  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1837)  II.  418  A  shell 
or  two.  .having  in  them  a  bit  of  quick  match,  besides  the 
fuse.  1847  ALB.  SMITH  Chr.  Tadpole ^xxxviii.  (1870)  324  Any 
family  wrong  acted  like  a  quick-match  amongst  them  all. 

attrib.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.  Laboratory^  Stores 
for  a  Fire-ship  of  100  tons.  .Quick-match  barrels  i. 

Quickness  (kwi-kaii).  [f.  QUICK  a.  +  -NESS.] 
1.  Life,  vitality,  vital  principle.  Now  rare, 
a  1215  Ancr.  R.  150  J?e  rinde.  .is  pe  treouwes  warde,  &  wit 
t  =  keepsj  hit  ine  strencSe  &  ine  cwicnesse.  c  1440  Pronip. 
Parv.  421/1  Quyknesse,  of  lyve,  vita.  1538  STARKEY 
Dialogue  87  In  a  goute  the  handys  and  fete  ..be  as  dede, 
wyihout  lyfe  and  quyknes  to  procure  thyngys  necessary 
for  the  body.  1545  RAYNOLD  Byrtk  Mankynde  139  The 
lyfe  and  quycknesse  of  the  grayne  is  vtterly  destroyed. 
1613  M.  RIDLEY  Magn.  Bodies  63  As  though  they  had  a  new 
life  of  quicknesse  infused  into  them.  1655  H.  VAUGHAN 
Siltx  Sf infill,  u.  Quickness  v,  Life  is  . .  A  quickness,  which 
my  God  hath  kist.  1883  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly  XXII.  168  All 
the  energies  seen  in  nature  are  ..  but  manifestations  of  the 
essential  life  or  quickness  of  matter. 

1 2.  Animation,  liveliness,  briskness, vigour,  fresh 
ness,  etc.  Obs. 

c  1369  CHAUCER  Dethe  Blaunchc  26  Defaulte  of  slepe,  and 
hevynesse  Hath  sleyne  my  spirite  of  quyknesse.  4:1430 
Pol.  Rcl.  tf  L.  Poems  (1866)  28  To  grant  it  [a  statue]  lyfe 
and  qwiknesseof  langage.  1539  MORE  Dyaloge  u.  Wks.  1557 
11,83/1  Make  hym  do  al  hys  good  woorkes  wearyly,  and 
wilhoute  consolacion  or  quyckenes.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng. 
/V«/>  i.  xxvii.  (Arb.)  60  That  disticke  of  Virgil  ..I  will 
recite  for  the  breifnes  and  quicknes  of  it.  1636  A  rtif.  Hand- 
Sffo'  i6.3  AddlnS  a  quicknesse  of  complexion  to  the  face. 

«*.  Liveliness,  readiness,  rapidity,  or  acuteness  of 
feeling,  perception  or  apprehension. 
a.  Physical ;  esp.  0/the  eyes  or  sight. 

1398  TRF.VISA  Bartk.  Dt  P.  R.  v.  xxix.  (1495)  140  For 
quyknes  and  lyfnes  of  thesynewes.  .in  the  ouermest  partyes 
of  the  fyngres.  i6«  COCKERAM  u,  Quicknesse  of  sight, 
*&"**('{?•  &*  LD  PRESTON  Bottk.  ,.  3  A  Woman  . 
wilh  sparkling  Eyes,  which  were  of  an  extraordinary  Force 
andQu.ckness  ,841  LANE^«*.  Nts.  I.  127  The  altonish- 
ing  quickness  of  sight  of  one  of  the  hawks 


56 


1516  I'ilgr.  Pcrf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  216  b,  He  halh  this 


people,  a  1661  FI'LLER  Worthies  (1840)  II.  382  Whom  he 
much  resembled  in  quickness  of  parts.  1735  POPE  Ef.  Lady 
97  With  too  much  Quickness  ever  to  be  taught.  1798 
EDGF.WOBTH  Pract.  Educ.  (1822)  I.  113  Attentive  patience 
can  do  as  much  as  quickness  of  intellect.  1884  L  J.  JEN 
NINGS  Crater  Pafcrs  I.  viii.  =33  A  man  of  great  quickness 
of  spirit  and  acuteness. 

4.  Speed, rapidity(of action, motion, etc.);  sharp 
ness  (of  a  curve) ;  hastiness  (of  temper). 

«  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  V  60  Their  quicknes  and  swift- 
nes  did  more  prejudice  to  theyr  enemyes.  1597  HOOKER 

ith  a 


npanions  from  their  bed  of  qu . 

fig*    1847-9  HELI'S  Friends  in  C.  Ser.  i.  (1851)  II.  4  Men 


QUICKSILVER. 

would  have  one  sturdy  quickset  of  the  same  height  and 
colour — both  in  their  fellow-men  and  their  hedges. 

b.  With  a  and  //.  A  single  slip  or  cutting  of  this 
kind. 

i5»3  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  124  Get  thy  quycksettes  in  the 
wode-contrey  and  let  them  be  of  whyte  thorne  and  crabtre 


trees,  or  any  Coppice-wood,  or  Hedge-wood ;  and  also 
Quick-sets.  1794  Act  /or  inclosing  South  Kelsey  13  For 
preserving  the  young  Quicksets  to  be  planted  in  the  Fences. 
1866  ROGERS  Agric.  <$•  Prices  I.  xviii.  428  Quicksets  are  also 
purchased,  for  the  same  purposes  as  those  which  are  familiar 
to  the  modern  agriculturist. 
2.  A  quickset  hedge  or  thicket. 


ness.  1719  Col.  Rcc.  Fcnnsyk:  III.  366  His  Horse  was 
hurt  through  the  quickness  of  the  Journey.  1796  MORSE 
Amtr.Gtog.  I.  62  The  quickness  of  vegetation  ..  proceeds 
from  the  duration  of  the  sun  above  the  horizon.  1858 
Skyring's  Guilder's  Prices  (ed.  48)  57  The  quickness  of  the 
curve  and  depth  of  the  quirks  make  them  difficult  of  access 
to  work.  1863  A.  BLOMFIELD  Mem.  ISp.  Blomfield  II.  ix. 
1 80  A  quickness  of  temper  which . .  marred  the  perfection  of  I 
his  character. 

b.  \Vith  a  and  //. :  A  case  or  instance  of  this. 

1656  tr.  Hobtcs'  Elcnt.  Philos.  (1839)  218  The  sum  of  all 
the  several  quicknesses  or  impetus.  1883  BESANT  All  in  a 
Garden  Fair  (1886)  78  Little  quicknesses  of  gesture. 

1 5.  Sharpness,  keenness ;  pungency  or  acidity  of 
taste ;  sharpness  of  speech.  06s. 

1611  BEAUM.  &  FL.  MaitFs  Trag.  i.  i.  To  see  my  sword, 
and  feel  The  quickness  of  the  edge.  1647  CLARENDON  Hist. 
Reb.  i.  §  83  Her  Majesty  answering  with  some  quickness. 
1652-62  HEVLIN  CosttH'gr.  in.  (1682)  2g  Lemmons,  Pome- 
granats,  Citrons,  .much  praised  for  their  quickness  of  taste. 
1741  Cviitpl.  Fain.-Piece  i.  i.  52  The  Quickness  of  the  Liquor, 
which  may  make  him  weep.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  I. 
xvii.  (1811)  117  This  quickness  upon  me.  .is  not  to  be  borne. 

Quicksand  (.kwi-ksxnd).  [ME.(f.  Qi'icKa.io), 
=  Du.  kwikzaiui,  G.  quick-.  Da.  kvik-,  Sw.  qvick- 
snnci,  Icel.  kviksandr;  but  it  is  doubtful  whether 
all  of  these  are  independent  formations.] 

1.  A  bed   of  extremely  loose  wet   sand,  easily 
yielding  to  pressure  and  thus  readily  swallowing 
up  any  heavy  object  resting  on  it.    Quicksands  are 
frequent  on  some  coasts,  and  are  very  dangerous  to 
travellers,  stranded  ships,  etc. 

14. .  Burlesque  in  Relig.  Anliq.  (1841)  I.  82,  .vij.  acurs  of 
londe  betwyxe  Dover  and  Qwykkesand.  i48oCAXTONCfc?wi. 
F.ng.  ccxliv.  (T482)  304  He  brought  hem  thurgh  a  quyke 
sand  and  so  in  to  an  He.  1523  FITZHERH.  Hitsb.  §  128  It  is 
in  manner  of  a  quycke  sande  that  harde  it  is  for  any  thynge 
to  goe  ouer.  1610  HOLLAND  Camdens  Brit.  i.  753  Uncer- 
taine  sands  . .  ready  to  catch  and  swallow,  they  call  them 
Quick-sands,  c  1700  PRIOR  The  Ladle  26  Amphitrite  clears 
his  way  From  rocks  and  quicksands  in  the  sea.  1784 
COWPER  Tiroc.  870  Conscious  that  there  lay. .quicksands  in 
his  way.  1851  MAYNE  REID  Scalp  Hunt.  v.  39,  I  was 
sinking  in  a  quicksand. 

b.  fig:  Applied  to  things  (more  rarely  to  persons) 
having  the  absorbent,  yielding,  or  treacherous 
character  of  a  quicksand. 

1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  I'l,  \.  iv.  26  What  [is]  Clarence,  but 
a  Quick-sand  of  Deceit  ?  i6oa  MARSTON  A  ntonio's  Rev.  iv. 
iv,  I  am  a  poore,  poore  orphant  . .  the  very  ouze,  The  quick 
sand  that  devours  all  miserie.  1608  MIDDLETON  Trick  to 
Catch  Old  One  i.  i,  Swallowed  in  the  quicksands  of  law- 
quillets.  1697  Jos.  WOODWARD  Relig.  Soc.  x.  (1704)  157  Self- 
conceit  . .  is  a  quicksand  in  which  thousands  have  been 
swallowed  up.  1781  COWPER  Progr.  Err.  552  Sinking  in  the 
quicksand  he  defends,  He  dies  disputing.  1879  CHURCH 
Spenser  161  Heonce  more  tried  the  quicksands  of  the  Court, 

attrib.  a  1616  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Bondnca  u.  i,  Fling  their 
fame  and  fortunes  Into  this  Britain  gulf,  this  quicksand  ruin. 

2.  Without  article :  Loose  yielding  sand. 

1838  Civil  Eng.  I,  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  151/1  It  passes  through 
quicksand,  clay[etc.].  1859  MARCY Prairie  Trav.  iii.  75  A 
man  incurs  no  danger  in  walking  over  quicksand  provided 
he  step  rapidly.  1881  RAYMOND  Mining  Gloss.,  Quicksand, 
sand  which  is. .shifting,  easily  movable  or  semi-liquid. 

Hence  Qui'cksand  v.  in  pass.,  to  be  stuck  in  a 
quicksand.  Qni'clcsanded  a.,  full  of  quicksands. 
fig.  Qui-cksandy  a.,  of  the  nature  of  a  quicksand. 

1614  T.  ADAMS  Flys.  from  Heaven  Wks.  1861  I.  358  The 
rotten,  moorish,  quicksandy  grounds,  that  some  have  set 
their  edifices  on.  1618  MYNSHTL  Ess,  Prison,  Jaylors  30 
Many  men  . .  forsake  the  calmes  of  their  owne  happy 
fortunes,  to  arriue  on  these  quicksanded  Shores.  1899 
Ifeslm.  Gaz.  20  May  5/2  The  animal  and  the  cart  became 
quicksanded. 

Quickset  (kwi-k-set),  rf.l  and  a.  Also  5-6 
quyk-,  6  quyck-,  quyke-,  7  quio-,  etc.  [f.  QUICK 
a.  3  +  SET  ///.  a.  and  sti.~] 

1.  a.  collect.  Live  slips  or  cuttings  of  plants,  set 
in  the  ground  to  grow,  esp.  those  of  whitethorn 
or  other  shrub  of  which  hedges  are  made. 

1484  Kent  rollXt.  U'olstan's  Hosf.,  Worcester  (Bodleian 
Holls,  Wore.  No.  i),  Et  soluti  pro  fodicione.  .cum  Ouyksette 
hoc  anno-ij*.  jrf.  1573  TUSSER  H«sb.  (1878)  51  Where 
speedy  quickset  for  a  fence  ye  wil  drawe.  1607  J.  NORDEN 
Sura.  Dial.  v.  237  They  plant  them  in  hedges,  and  the 
quickset  of  them  make  a  strong  fence.  1717  BRADLEY  Fam. 
Viet.  s.v.  Agriculture,  To  make  a  Hedge  and  lay  the 


quick-set  about  mee.  1680  OTWAY  Caius  Alarius  iv.  i,  A 
new  Quick-set,  which  I  had  just  made  to  keep  the  Swine 
from  the  Beans.  1768  PENNANT  Brit,  Zool.  II.  338  They 
generally  chuse  a  quickset  to  make  their  nest  in.  1896 
Cornh.  Mag.  Dec.  799  We  strode  with  difficulty  . .  through 
this  great  dark  quickset  of  nature. 

trans/ .  1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  n.  vii.  §  7  The  baires  of 
the  Eye-liddes  are  for  a  quic-sette  and  fence  about  the 
Sight.  1650  FULLER  Pisgah  iv.  ii.  |  34  Esau,  who  Satyr-like 
had  a  quickset  of  hair  on  his  body. 

B.  adj.  (or  attrib?)  Of  a  hedge :  Formed  of 
living  plants.  So  also  with  fence,  rankt  row, 
screen,  etc.  Cf.  QUICK  a.  3  b. 

1535  Nottingham  Rec.  III.  374  For  cuttyng  up  the  quyke 
setnege.  1597-8  BP.  HALL  Sat.  v.  i.  As  thicke  as  wealthy 
Scrobioes  quicke-set  rowes.  Ibid,  iii,  Beset  around  with 
treble  quickset  ranks.  x644inRushw.  Hist.  Coll.  in.  II.  743 
Between  the  Pallisado's  and  the  quick-set  Hedge.  1774 
GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  IV.  10  An  hare,  sorely  hunted, 
has  got  upon  the  top  of  a  cut  quick-set  hedge.  1819  SHELLEY 
Peter  Bell  the  Third  v.  xi,  Many  a  ditch  and  quickset 
fence.  1875  W.  S.  HAYWARD  Love  agst.  World  n  They 
approached  the  first  hedge,  a  pretty  stiff  quickset  one. 

trans  f.  and  ./?£•.  1631  HEYWOOD  zndPt.  Iron  Age  11.  Wks. 
1874  III.  382  Are  we  not  rounded  with  a  quick-set  hedge  Of 
pointed  steele?  1652  STEBRY  Eng.  Deliv.  North.  Presb.  7 
Enclosed  with  the  Quick-set  hedge  of  his  Divine  Wisdome. 
1816  COLERIDGE  Statesm.  Man.  (1817)  356  Aristotle's  works 
a  quickset  hedge  of  fruitless  and  thorny  distinctions  ! 
b.  transf.  Of  a  beard  :  Rough,  bristling. 

1599  B.  JONSON  EJI.  Man  out  of  Hunt.  v.  viii,  Hang  him 
rascall.  .with  his  wilde  quickset  beard  there. 

Quick-set,  $b£    (See  quot.) 

1852  P.  Parley  s  Ann.  174  What  are  technically  called 
quick-sets,  which  consist  of  a  "screw  and  a  nut,  provided 
with  a  large  hook  at  the  top,  and  a  small  pointed  hook  at 
the  bottom. 

t  Quickset,  v.  Obs.  [f.  QUICKSET  sb.*]  trans. 
To  iuruish  (plant,  enclose,  etc.)  with  a  quickset 
hedge.  Also  absol. 

1508  in  Cal.  Doc.  Scotl.  (1888)  351  [To]  diche,  quyk  set, 
enclose,  and  dyvyde  into  clausures  the  boundes  of  Berwyk. 
1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  123  It  is  lesse  cost  for  hym..to 

'3 


iry  in  Lismore  Paper. 
166  Enclosing  and  quicksetting  the  lands.    1672  PETTY  Pol. 
Anat.  (1691)  14  Gardens.  .  ditch  'd  and  quicksetted. 

Hence  t  Quick  set  ting  vbl.  sb.  Obs. 

1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  124  If  thou  haue  pastures,  thou 
muste  nedes  haue  quyckesettynge,  dychynge  and  plassh- 
ynge.  1541  Nottingham  Rcc.  III.  390  Dykyng  and  quyck- 
settyng  of  the  Long  Hedge. 

•f-  Quickshaw,  obs.  variant  of  KICKSHAW. 

1655  tr.  Cow.  Hist.  Franc  ion  in.  73  Tarts,  Custards,  Fruit, 
and  such  like  quickshawes. 

tQuicksnip.  Obs.  rare—1.   =  QUICKNESS. 

a  1215  Ancr.  R.  150  Ine  strencSe  &  ine  cwicnesse  [MS.  C, 
quicshipe]. 

Quick-sighted.  (Stress  variable.)  [f.  quick 
sight  +  -ED11  ;  see  QUICK  a.  20  b.]  Having  quick 
sight,  (lit.  and^/%-.) 

1552  HULOET,  Quycke  syghted,  oculatus.  1571  GOLDING 
Calvin  on  Ps.  Ixiii.  17  They  dpo  nought  else  but  dote,  that 
wil  bee  wel  eyed  and  quicksighted  of  themselves.  1610 
HOLLAND  Camderis  Brit.  i.  348  A  man  right  skilfull  and 
deepely  quick-sighted.  1677  HORNECK  Gt.  Law  Consid.  v. 
(1704)  253  Such  writings,  as  acute  and  quick-sighted  men  had 
dispersed  throughout  the  world.  1755  SMOLLETT  Quix. 
(1803)  IV.  296  The  boys,  who  are  quick-sighted  as  lynxes. 
1772  PRIESTLEY  Inst*  Relig.  (1782)  I.  400  They  are  quick- 
sighted  to  foresee.  1837  W.  IRVING  Capt.  BonntvilU  \\.  03 
It  was  dangerous  to  .,  light  a  fire  ..  where  such  ..  quick- 
sighted  enemies  were  at  nand.  1870  Miss  BRIDGMAN  R. 
Lyntu-  I.  xi.  165  Rose  was  quicker-sighted. 

Hence  Quicksi  ghtedness. 

1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus'  Nat.  Paradox  iv.  84  The 
Symptomes,  whereby  his  quick-sighted  ness  read  her  Disease. 
1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  XL  x,  Quick-sightedness  into 
evil.  1869  J.  MARTINEAU  Ess.  II.  400  The  mere  quick- 
sightedness  of  a  pilot  in  a  strange  sea. 


Quicksilver  (kwrksM 
=  OHG.  quccsilbar^  -silper  (MHG.  quec-t  keesilber, 
G.  quecksilber\  Du.  kwikzilvcr,  ON.  kviksilfr  (Sw. 
qvicksilfver  •,  Da.  kvxg-,  kviksoh)\  after  L.  argentum 
vivum  (Pliny)  :  see  QUICK  a.  and  SILVER.] 

1.  The  metal  mercury,  so  called  from  its  liquid 
mobile  form  at  ordinary  temperatures. 

ciooo  Sax.  Leechd.  II.  356  WiJ>  magan  warce  rudan  saed 
&  cwic  seolfor.  (1386  CHAUCER  Ca».  Yeotn.  Pro/.  4-  T.  269 
The  firste  spirit  quyksiluer  called  is.  1436  Pol.  Poems 
(Rolls)  II.  160  Commodytes  ..  commynge  out  of  Spayne, 
..Bene  fygues..  Saffron,  quicksilver.  1555  EDEN  Decades 
335  By  the  helpe  of  quickesyluer  it  is  drawen  owt.  1625 


QUICKSILVER. 

N.  CARPENTER  Geog.  Del.  IT.  v.  (1635)  71  Quick-siluer . .  will 
gather  it  selfe  to  a  round  body.  1669  WOIU.IDGK  Syst.  Affric. 
(1681)  300  This  Column  of  Quicksilver  in  the  Tube,  is 
supported  by  the  weight  of  Ihe  Air  Ambient.  1781  COWPER 
I'rogr.  Err.  21  Like  quicksilver,  the  rhetoric  they  display 
Shines  as  it  runs,  but  grasped  at  slips  away,  1825  J.  NKAL 
Rro.  Jonathan  I.  326  A  profusion  of  little  rain-drops  ;  like 
spattered  quicksilver.  1870  _\'KATS  Nat.  Hist.  Comm.  360 
Quicksilver  is  met  with  pure  in  minute  globules,  but  for  the 
purposes  of  commerce  it  is  obtained  from  one  of  its  ores,— 
cinnabar,  a  red  sulphide  of  mercury. 

2.  Used  allusively,  a.  with  reference  to  the  quick 
motion  of  which  the  metal  is  capable. 

1562  J.  HEYWOOD  f*rcnt.  <fr  Epigr.  (1867)  165  She  is  quycke 
syluer.  162*  BACON  /fen.  VII  192  Perkin  (who  was  made 
of  Quick-silver,  which  is  hard  to  hold  or  imprison)  began  to 
stirre.  1820  SCOTT  Abbot  xix,  Thou  hast  quicksilver  in  the 
veins  of  thce  to  a  certainty.  1889  Hoy's  Own  Paper  17  Aug. 
730/3,  I  . .  had  come  off  the  journey  with  my  veins  full  of 
quicksilver. 

b.  with  ref.  to  its  use  in  mirrors  (see  the  vb.). 
1851   ROBERTSON  Sertn.  Ser.  n.  xii.  (1864)  166  The  dull 
quicksilver  of  their  own  selfishness  behind  the  glass. 

3.  attril>.  and  Comb.     a.  attributive,  in   senses 
'consisting  of,  containing,  pertaining  to, etc.  quick 
silver',  as  quicksilver  bath,  ball  fry,  earth,  field, 
globe,  mine,  ore, plaster,  ship,  tank,vatve,wattr,elc, 

1551  HITI.OET,  Quyckesyluer  earth,  antrax.  (11631  IMS.-NK 
Poems.  Apparition.  In  a  cold  (Quicksilver  bath.  1685  Land. 
Gaz.  No.  1996/1  The  Quick-Silver  Ships  may  be  expected 
Ihis  month  at  Cadiz.  1751  MRS.  DEI.ANY  Aiitoliiog.  (1861) 
III.  53  Quick-silvcr-water  is  the  most  effectual  remedy  for 
worms.  1756-7  tr.  Keysler's  Trait.  (1760)  IV.  152  Cinnabar 
or  quicksilver  ore.  1839  MARHVAT  I'hant.  Ship  iii.  (1874)  25 
In  the  centre  of  the  ceiling  hung  a  quicksilver  globe,  a 
common  ornament  in  those  days.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist. 
Mines  <y  Mining  19  A  very  important  quicksilver-field  is 
about  to  be  opened  in  the  far  north.  It'id.  260  A.. clever 
arrangement  of  quicksilver-tanks. 

b.  atlrib.  in  sense  '  resembling  quicksilver  (in 
quickness  of  movement)',  as  quicksilver  mind, 
rebel,  rogue,  temper, 

1655  GURNALL  Chr.  ill  Arm.  V.  8  4  (1660)  94/1  Labour 
therefore  in  hearing  the  Word  to  fix  thy  quick-silver  mind. 
1676  W.  HUBBAKD  Happiness:  of  People  29  These  are 
Inqnieta  infenia  of  Quick-silver  tempers.  1796  EAKL  BAL- 
CARRES  in  Bryan  Edwards  Proc.  Maroon  Negroes  (1796)  35 
Until  such  time  as  these  quick-silver  rebels  are  under  lock 
and  key.  1863  COWDEN  CLARKE  Shaks.  Char.  xiv.  360  That 
prince  of  quicksilver  rogues — Master  Autolycus. 

C.  objective,  and  obj.  genitive,  as  quicksilver- 
feeder,  -fixation,  -producing  adj.,  -reduction,  etc. 

1834  MACAULAY  Ess.,  Pitt  (1887)  306  The  periwig  company, 
and  ^the  Spanish-jack-ass-company,  and  the  quicksilver- 
fixation-company.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist,  Mines  <$•  Mining 
19  Coming  south  from  Trinity,  the  next  quicksilver-pro 
ducing  locality  . .  is  in  the  Coast  Range.  188*  Rep.  Ho. 
Repr.  Free.  AM.  U.S.  507  A  quicksilver  feeder  has  been 
devised  for  feeding  mercury  to  gold  mills. 

Hence  Quicks! Iverlsh  a.,  somewhat  quick- 
silvery  (hence  Qul'cksi  Iverishness) ;  Qui  ck- 
si  Ivery  a.,  of  the  nature  of,  resembling,  quicksilver. 

1611  COTGK.,  I'if-Argeiitin,  quicke-siluene.  1829  Anni 
versary,  Honeycomb  *  Hitter  Count  118  The  flighty  and 
quicksilver)' youth  of  the  palish.  1852  MILS.  CRAIK  Afatha's 
Husband^  1 1.  i.  17  She  bad  . .  a  certain  quicksilverishness  of 
manner,  jumping  here  there  everywhere  like  mercury  on 
a  plate.  1891  T.  HARDY  Tea  (1900)  70/2  The  quicksilvery 
glaze  on  the  rivers  and  pools. 

Quicksilver  (kwi-ksHvai),  v.  [f.  prec.  sb.] 
To  treat,  imbue,  or  mix  with  quicksilver;  esp.  to 
coat  (the  back  of  glass)  with  an  amalgam  of  tin  in 
order  to  give  a  reflecting  power. 

1704  NEWTON  Optics  (1721)  94  Metal,  .reflects  not  so  much 
Light  as  Glass  quick-silver'd  over  does.  1799  G.  SMITH 
Laboratory  I.  178  How  to  Quicksilver  the  inside  of  Glass 
Globes,  so  as  to  make  them  look  like  Looking-glass.  1831 
BlEWBTU  Optics  \.  4  The  glass  is  always  quicksilvered  on  ; 
the  back,  to  make  it  reflect  more  light. 

Hence  Qui  cksi  Iverert  ppl.  a.  (in  early  quots. 
Jig.}.  Qni-cksi  Ivering-  vkl.  sb,,  the  action  or 
process  of  coating,  etc.,  with  quicksilver;  also 
concr.  a  coating  of  quicksilver  or  amalgam. 

1599  E.  SANDYS  Kuropx  Spic.  (1632)  80  Those  nimble  and 
quicksilverd  braines  which  itch  after  change,  c  1645 
HOWELL  Lett.  (1650)  I.  iv.  21  The  Leaden-hceld  pace  of  the 
one,  and  the  Quick-silver'd  motions  of  the  other.  1753 
PARSONS  in  Phil.  Trans.  X  LVI 1 1.  380, 1  took  a  quicksilver  il 
glass.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat,  Mechanic  728  The 
quicksilvered  tin-foil  adheres,  .firmly  to  the  glass. 

Quick  step,  qui  ckstep. 

1.  Mil.  The  step  used  in  marching  in  quick  time. 
Also  quasi-oafo.,  at  a  quick  step. 

1802-1876  [sec  QUICK  TIME],  1875  W.  MC!LWRAITH  Guide 
Wigtownshire  51  We  now  move,  quick-step,  over  the 
pasture-fields. 

trans/.  1877  TALMAGE  50  Scrm.  26  Nearly  all  the  verses 
of  the  Bible  have  a  quick-step. 

2.  Mus.  A  march  in  military  quick  time. 

1811  BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.,  Quick-step,  a  species  of  march 
generally  written  in  two  crotchets  in  a  bar.  1885  Harpers 
Maf.  Feb.  384/1  The  drum  . .  beats  a  . .  quickstep.  1897 
H.  PORTFR  Campaigning  with  Grant  in  Century  Mag. 
Apr.  826  Bands  were  playing  stirring  quicksteps. 

Quick  stick(a  :  see  QUICK  a.  I). 

Quick  time.  Mil.  A  rate  of  marching  which 
in  the  British  army  now  consists  of  128  paces  of 
33  inches  each  (=118  yards)  in  a  minute,  or  four 
miles  an  hour.  Formerly  the  rate  per  minute  was 
108,  then  116,  and  latterly  120  paces  of  30  inches 
each  (cf.  quots.  and  DOUBLE-QUICK). 
VOL.  VIII. 


57 

1801  JAMKS  Milit.  Diet.,  Quick  Step,  or  Quick  Time,  is 
108  steps  of  30  inches  each,  or  270  feet  in  a  minute,  and 
is  the  step  used  in  all  filings  of  divisions.  Quickest  Step,  or 
Quickest  Time  is  120  steps  of  30  inches  each,  or  300  feet  in 
a  minute.  1833  Kegul.  tnstr.  Cavalry  I.  18  The  (>/«'<  X- 
Step.  The  cadence  of  the  slow  pace  having  become., 
habitual  to  the  recruits,  they  are.  .to  be  taught  to  march  in 
| quick  time',  which  is  108  steps  in  a  minute,  each  of  30 
inches.  1876  VOYLK  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.,  Quick- 
time,  a  pace  soldiers  ordinarily  march  at,  viz.  3-3  miles  an 
hour.  llnd.  s,  v.  Step,  Quick  step,  a  military  step  of  30 
inches,  with  a  cadence. .of  116  per  minute,  in  the  British 
army.  It  constitutes  what  is  technically  called  quick  time 
in  marching. 

b.  quasi-ar/v.  In  quick  time. 

1816  SCOTT  Old  Mort.  x,  Come,  come,  Mrs.  Janet— march, 
troop— q^uick  time. 

t  Quick  tree.  Obs.  rare—1.   -=  QUICKEN  rf.i 

1548  TfRNER  Names  llerlics  (K.  D.  S.)  54  Myrica,  other- 
wyse  named  tamarix  . .  The  Poticaries  of  London  vse  nowe 
for  thys  quik  tree. 

Quick-witted,  a.  (Stress  variable.)  [f.  quick 
(OT/+-BDS.]  llavingaquick  orready  wit;  mentally 
acute,  sharp,  clever. 

1530  TINIIAL  Pent.,  I.c-.'.  Prol.  (1884)  297  Allegoryrs  make 
a  man  qwick  wilted.  11596  SHAKS.  I'atn.  S/ir.  v.  ii.  18 
How  likes  (Jremio  these  quicke>witted  folkcs?  itfMDnvDRN 
jfurenal^  iii.  (1697)  5°  Quick-Witted,  Brazen-fac'd,  \\ilh 
fluent  Tongues.  170*  IfflBAD  Mec/i.  Ate.  Poisons  Wks. 
(*775)  5°  Impatient,  ready  to  action,  quickwitted.  1824 
Miss  MITKORD  I'illaxc  Ser.  r.  (1863)  133  There  is  always 
great  freshness  and  originality  in  an  uneducated  and  quick 
witted  person.  1870  LOVVKI.L  Among  my  A'X-j.  Ser.  I.  \  187  0 
189  The  cultivated  and  quick-witted  men  in  whose  familiar 
society  he  lived. 

Hence  Qnickwi'ttedness. 

1863  COWDEN  CI.ARKK  Shaks.  Char,  x.  257  He  has  French 
quick-wittedness,  French  good  lumper.  '  1883  I'.  SCIIAI  l< 
Hist.  Church  I'er.  i.  II.  Ixxxiii.  7i2'l'lie  curiosity  and  quick - 
wittedness  of  the  Samaritan  Magdalene. 

Qurf  kwood.  [f.  QUICK  a.  3.]  -  QUICK  s/>.  3, 
QUICKSET.  (Chiefly  at/rib.} 

H73-4  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtecs)  645  Pro..plantacione 
de  le  Whikwod.  1696  AUHREV  Misc.  (1721)  104  A  Pond  . . 
adjoyning  to  a  Quick-wood-hcdge.  1769  Ad,>ine  Itulos. 
Act  10  All  the  new  quirk -wood  fen<  es.  1800  TrKK  Agrii. 
91  White  thorn  (provlncially  quickwood)  constitutes  the 
most  common  fence  throughout  the  Riding.  1892  J.  D. 
HOOD  Waterspouts  Yorksh.  H'olds  25  Rooting  up  a  strung 
quickwood  fence. 

Qui'ck-work.  Nattt.    (See  quots.) 

1711  W.  SUTHERLAND  Shipbvild.  Assist.  162  Quick-work  ; 
that  part  of  a  Ship's  Sides  both  within  and  without  Board, 
above  the  Channel-wales  and  Decks.  1730  CAPT.  W. 
WRIGLESWORTH  MS.  l.og-bk.  of  the  '  I.ycll'  21  Si-pt.,  This 
morning  begun  to  Caulk  the  Quick  Work  on  the  Quarter 
deck.  1776  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (ed.  2),  Quick-Work.,  .a 
general  name  given  to  all  that  part  of  a  ship  which  is 
under  the  surface  of  the  water  when  she  is  laden.  1780 
Ibid.  (ed.  3),  I'i/'ord,  the  quick-work,  or  that  part  of  a  ship's 
side,  .comprehended  between  the  drift-rails  and  the  waist- 
rail.  £1850  Kudim.  Naiiig.  (Weale)  139  Quick-work.  A 
denomination  given  to  the  strakes  which  shut  in  between 
the  spirketing  and  clamps.  1867  SMYTH  .Sailor's  Word-bk., 
Quick-Work,  is  also  applied  to  that  part  of  the  inner  upper- 
works  of  a  ship  above  the  covering  board.  Also,  the  short 
planks  worked  inside  between  the  ports. . .  In  general  par 
lance  quick-work  is  synonymous  with  spirkctting. 

t  Qulcqui'dlibet.  Obs.  rare-1.  [L.,  f.  quic- 
ynid  whatever  +  libel  it  pleases.]  Whatever  one 
pleases,  anything  whatsoever. 

1647  WARD  Simp.  CobU-r  22  A  multimonstrous  maufrey  of 
heteroctytes  and  quicquidlibets. 

I!  Quid  (kwid),  st.l  [L.  quid  what,  anything, 
something,  neut.  sing,  of  quis  who,  any  one,  etc.] 

1.  That  which  a  thing  is.     Cf.  QUIDDITY  i. 

1606  MARSTON  Parasitastcr  I.  ii,  My  age  Hath  scene  the 
beings  and  the  quide  [sic]  of  things.  1611  L.  BAKRY  Ram 
Alley  in  Uodsley  (1874)  X.  363  A  widow  that  has  known  the 
quid  of  things.  1675  [lip.  CROU  )  Naked  Truth  25  The 
quid,  the  quale,  the  quantum,  and  such-likc  quack-salving 
forms.  i7»7-4x  CHAMIIKKS  t'ycl,  s.v.,  Hence  we  have  two 
kinds  of  quids,  nominal  . .  and  real.  1875  IOWETT  Plato 
(ed.  2)  I.  270  When  I  do  not  know  the  '  quid '  of  anything 
how  can  I  know  the  'quale  '? 

f2.   =  QUIDDIT,  QUIDDITY  2.  Obs.  rare—1. 

157* GASCOIGNE  Steeled.  (Arb.i  77  That  Lo^ike  leape  not 
ouer  euery  stile . .  With  curious  quids  to  maintalne  argument. 

3.  U.  S.  (abbrev.  of  tertium  quid)  A  name  given 
to  a  section  of  the  Republican  party  in  1805-1  '• 

i8osjF.pFF.nsoN  Writ.  (1830)  IV.  4;  Those  called  the  third 
party,  or  Quids.  1882  H.  ADAMS  /.  Randolph  (1884)  182 
He  belonged  to  the  third  party,  thcquiddists  or  quids,  h.-in^ 
that  tertium  quid.. which  had  no  name,  but  was  really  an 
anti-Madison  movement. 

Quid,  J*.2  slang.     [Of  obscure  origin.] 

1.  A  sovereign  ;  f  a  guinea. 

(PI.  usually  without  -i,  as  two  quid,  a  fem  quid,  etc.), 

1688  SHADWF.LL  Syr.  Alsatia  in.  i,  Let  me  equip  thee 
with  a  Quid.  1791-3  in  Spirit  Pul:  Jrnls.  (1799)  I.  244  The 
man.. rarely  has  more  than  from  thirty  to  fifty  quids  a  year. 
1796  Mod.  Gulliver  165  The  twenty  last  arc  worth  full 
forty  quid.  1834  H.  AINSWORTH  Ronkwuod  III.  III.  xiii. 
166  line  quid,  two  coach  wheels.  1883  BKSANT  All  in 
Carden  f'\u'r  n.  x,  It  isn't  two  quid  a  week  that  will  keep 
a  young  gentleman  of  your  powers. 

1 2.  //.  (with  -s.)  Money,  cash.   Obs.  rarf. 

a  IT<X>  B.  E.  Diet.  Caul.  Crtlv. 

Quid  (kwid),  rf.:i  [var.  of  CUD  sb.  (j.v.l  A 
piece  of  something  (usu.  of  tobacco),  suitable  to 
be  held  in  the  mouth  and  chewed. 

1717  in  BAH  EY  vol.  II.  1731  denll.  Mag.  I.  349  Spitting; 
about  the  church  . .  A«  if  heil  got  a  quid  m's  mouth.  1789 
G.  KEATK  Peleni  [si.  27  Beetle-nut  and  Chinam,  of  which 


QUIDDITY. 

they  had  always  a  quid  in  their  mouths.  1833  MARKYAT 
/'.  Simple  (1863)  89  The  first  lieutenant  .  .  perceived  that  lie 
had  a  quid  of  tobacco  in  his  rlirek.  1883  Si  i  \  KNSON  .SY/rrr- 
adoSq.  (1886)68  His  mind  was.  .revolving  the  profile  .....  f 
existence  like  a  quid  of  gum. 

fig.  l8os  W.  HUNTER  in  Naval  Citron.  XIII.  )5,  1  chewed 
my  Quid  of  bitterness. 

Quid,  f.1  Obs.  Forms:  I  cwyddian,  2-3 
cwiaden,  quidd(i)en.  [OK.  cwiildian,  f.  "cwiiii- 
QUIDE  (q.v.).]  trans,  and  inlr.  To  say,  speak. 

c  looo  jKl.FRlc  Horn.  II.  388  Crist  hi  befran  hu  men  cwyd- 
dodon  be  him.  c  1200  ORMIN  3048  pall  illke  word  wass 
cwiddedd  .-cr.  <-  1105  LAY.  9825  Bi-benc  (m  a  |>inc  quides  |>e 
bu  snlf  quiddett  ^1275  Woman  Samaria  55  in  (>.  /•:. 
Misc.  85  Nv  quiddcb  men,  |>at  cumcn  is  Mcssyas. 

Quid,  v.'i    [f.  QUID  **.:>] 

1.  inlr.  To  chew  tobacco  ;  to  chew  the  cud. 
1775  in  ASH.     1778  Gcntl.  Mag.  July  311/1  The  cow  chews 

her  cud,  and  the  man,  when  he  chews  tobacco,  i  alls  it 
quldding.  1893  Surrey  Glass.,  Ouiddinp,  <  hewing  the  cud. 
'  The  heifer'fl  K''U'n^  better,  she  s  quidding  all  I  ij;lit  '. 

2.  trans.  Of  horses:  To  let  (food)  drop  from  the 

mouth  when  half  chewed. 

183!  VOUAIT  Horse  (1847)  258  The  Horse  quids  his  hay, 
ami  gulps  his  water.  1888  W.  WILLIAMS  /'rim:  I  'ft.  Me-/. 
(ed.  s)  376  Soreness  of  the  throat  is  indicated  by  '  quiddiiii! 
of  the  food'. 

Hence  Qui-dder,  a  horse  which  '  quids  '  (Cassell's 
I'-ncyct.  Did.  iSSft). 

II  Qiu<l;uii  (kwoi'dam).  rare.  [L.,  f.  I/HI  who: 
cf.  QU.KIIAM.]  Somebody;  a  certain  person. 

1579  I'".  K.  Dfd.  Sfenst-r's  Sheph.  Cal.  I'ost-scr..  So  many 
vnworthy  Quidams,  whicb  catch  at  the  gailond  which  l.i 
J'.ni  alone  isdewe.  1624  UKDI  l.i.  Lett.  xi.  I.)  \  \\'ho  were  these 
i|iiiclanis  that  laid  hands  on  Story  V  111641  lip.  MOUNTAGD 
At  ts>t  Man.  (\  6j  2  1  .,8  Some  Indh'iduum  vnfiim,  a  ceil.-iine 
Quidam  in  the  Clouds. 

I  lence  Quida'mity,  an  allusion  to  '  somebody  '. 

1892  A  then.  i'  ii  in  i)  July  65/1  A  retort  lay  ready  to  his  hand 
I  .....  '•  vlleclue  than  any  indiilgrni-e  ill  t""''fV>'»-ities. 

'I  Qui'ddany,  s/>.  0/>s.  Also  7  quiddanet,-onio, 
quidenio,  7  S  quiddoiiy,  -ony,  8  quidony.  [ad. 
obs.  l-'.roi/fi,iint,  condoij^ntic,  etc.  (moil.  I1',  colignac, 
It.  cotoffnato~)  =  med.l..  codcuiiutum,  var.  of  cydoni- 
ciluni,  I.  I,,  fydimiii  :  see  <^i  I.NCK,  and  cf.  CODIMAC, 
COTINIATE,  QriNiUNiAC'.]  A  thick  fruit-syrup  or 
jolly;  orig.  and  properly,  one  made  Inini  quinces. 

1616  BULLOKAK  KIIX.  K.vpiK.,<.1nidiiantt,  a  swtete  mixture 
thicker  than  a  sirupe,  and  not  so  thicke  nor  stilTc  as  manna- 
let.  1638  Ii.  Union's  Life  f,  llcath  lif>5i)  42  That  whii  h 
they  tall  Quiddeny  of  Quinces.  111655  Sii!  T.  MAYIUSK 
.•I  >,  fli/uaf,  Anglo-Gall.  No.  i5,,(ii,5K)  I.,i  B,,jl,.  the  Syrrup, 
tinlill  it  be  as  thicke  as  for  quiddonie.  .695  WKM  MACOTT 
Script.  Herb.  203  Sloes  in  the  form  of  a  Qlliddeny,  or 

Marmalade.  1712  tr.  1'omcfs  Hist.  Drm-n  I.  i  u  It  is  us'd 
in  Rob  or  Quiddoiiy,  made  with  I  )amask-  Rose-Water  1736 
liAll.hY  llousch.  Hu/.  .|I)4  Qiiidd.my  of  (Juinces. 

Hence  t  Qui'ddany  v.  traits.,  to  make  into  a 
qtiiddany.  (In  (juot.  fig.~) 

1647  WAUI>  Simp.  i'oHer  18  He  will  ..  Quidanyc  Clnist 
with  Sugar  and  Rats  !>ani  . 

Qurddative,  a.  rare.  [For  </uidditative  ;  cf. 
qua/Hire,  </niin/iti~>,:~\  QIIIDIHTATIVK. 

1642  J,  JACKSON  Ilk.  Conscience  18  Find  out  the  very 
quiddative  nalure  and  being  of  Cons.  :i.:m  <•.  172741 
CHAMBER)  Cycl.  s.v.  Quiddity,  What  is  essential  to  a  thing 
is  said  in  be  quiddative  —  as  quiddative  knowledge.  1898 

DiMin  Rev.  Oct.  299  The  quiddative  unity  <if  things. 

Quiddenie,  -eny,  varr.  QIJIDHANY. 

Qtli'dder,  ('ta.  and)  adv.  Sc.  rare.  [Cf.  Xorw. 
dial,  kvidra  to  dart  about.]  Only  in  phr.  quick  and 
qitiddcr,  quickly,  forthwith. 

In  Ihsl  ouot.  pcrh.  as  adj.  =  'alive  and  lively  '. 

1633  Fi/e  Witch-Trial  m  Statist.  Ace.  Scotl.  XVIII.  6S8 
He  jjave  her,  soul  and  body,  quick  and  quiddcr  full  to  the 
devil.  1866  EDMONUSTON  Gloss.  Shell,  q  Orkn.,Qnick-and- 
Cjiiidder,  swiftly,  quickly. 

Quiddist:  see  QUID  rf.l  3,  quot.  1882. 

Qniddit  (kwi-dit).    Now  arch.   =  QUIDDITY  2. 

1592  (1m  -KNE  Upst.Courtierm  llarl.  Misc.  (Malh.)  II.  232 
These  lawiers  haue  ..  such  quibs  &  quiddits.  a  1613  OvhR- 
BIIRY  A  Wife,  etc.  (1638)  188  He  makes  his  Will  in  fiirnie  o( 
a  Law-case,  full  of  quiddits.  1635  HKVWOOII  Hierarch.  iv. 
202  He  ..  Stretches  each  Quiddit  of  the  Law  to  fmde  Him 
culpable.  1838  Hon.  Sunn  Tor  Hill  II.  221  Rhyming 
couplets,  quirks,  quiddits  and  riddles.  1855  BROWNING  Old 
I'tct.  Florence  xx,  The  first  of  the  new..  Beats  the  last  of 
the  old  ;  'tis  no  idle  quiddit. 

t  Qui'dditative,  a.   Obs.     [f.  QUIDDIT-Y  + 

-ATIVK.      Sec  also  Ql'IDDATIVE.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  quiddity  or  essence  of  a  thing. 

1650  CIIARLF.TON  Paradoxes  Q  The  quidditative  and 
peculiarly  expressc  causes  of  all  those  admirable  effects  of 

'  ' 


Loadstone.    1656  1!  J.  SERGEANT]  tr.  /'.  White's  1'iripat. 
t.  320  The  quidditative  notion  of  an  Klement. 


I'.ng.  1'i'p.  Cerem.  i.  ix.  31  A  weak 
hedge  of  some  quiddilative  Cautions. 

Hence  f  Qui  dditattvely  at/v. 

c  1600  Timon  iv.  iii.  (1842)  66 The  moonc  may  bee  taken., 
either  specificatiuely,  or  quidditatiuely,  or  superficially,  or 
catapodlally. 

Quiddity  (kwi-dfti).  [ad.  schol.  L.  quidiiitas : 
see  QUID  jA.l  and  -ITY  ;  so  F.  i/iiiittlili!  (i4th  c.).] 

1.  The  real  nature  or  essence  of  a  thing;  that 
which  makes  a  thing  what  it  is. 

1569  J.  SANFORD  tr.  Axriffa's  fan.  Aries  21  The  true 
demonstration  . .  is  that  whichc  is  made  (as  the  Logitioners 

8 


QUIDDLE. 

speakel  by  Quidditcs,  and  by  ihe  proper  difference  of  thinges. 
1628  T.  SPFNCER  Logick  75  Dissent  is  in  the  qualitie  not 
the  quidditie,  or  being  of  the  subject.  1670  MAVNWARINC, 
Vita  Sana  x.  106  These  notions  being  too.. remote  from 
the  quiddity,  essence  and  spring  of  the  Disease.  1710 
BERKELEY  Print.  Hum.  Knowl.  §  81  The  positive  abstract 
idea  of  quiddity,  entity,  or  existence.  1828  DE  QUINCEY 
Rhetoric  Wks.  1862  X.  76  The  quiddity,  or  characteristic 

1897  S.  S. 


58 


surgeons. 

b.  Something  intangible,  raft**. 

1774  BURKE  Sf.  Amer.  Tax.  Wks.  1842  I.  158  Fighting 
for  a  phantom;  a  quiddity;  a  thing  that  wants,  not  only 
a  substance,  but  even  a  name. 

2.  A  subtlety  or  captious  nicety  in  argument; 
a  quirk,  quibble.  (Alluding  to  scholastic  argu 
ments  on  the  '  quiddity '  of  things.) 

1530  TAVERNER  Card.  Wysed.  i.  18  b,  [He]  must  nat  playe 
with  hj-s  sophemes  and  quyddities.  1579  FOLKE  Hcskms 
Part.  475  Hee  saith  hee  will  not  vse  the  quiddities  of  the 
schooles,  but  plaine  examples.  1678  R.  BARCLAY  Afol. 


1700  STKELE  Tatlcr  No.  10  P  2  The  Insignificancy  of  my 

anhers..  makes  the  Laughers  called  me  a  Quid  Nunc. 

1781  COWPER  ;«-*.(i837>  XV.  126  Acknowledge,  now..  that 

1  should  make  no  small   figure  among  the  quidnuncs  of 

Olney.     1833  W.  IRVING  Alhamtra  II.  05  He  was  a  sort  of 


and  speat  of  law-quirks  and  quiddities.  1807  W.  IRVING 
Salmag.  (1824)  33,  I  humbly  solicit  ..  A  quiddity,  quirk,  or 
remonstrance  to  send.  1877  C.  GEIKIF.  Christ  xxv.  (1879) 
281  Their  quiddities  and  quillets,  and  casuistical  cases. 

Cam/:  1863  DE  MORGAN  Pre/.\n  From  Matter  to  Sf  it-it 
40,  I  went  back  to  the  old  quiddity-mongers. 

b.  Subtlety  (of  wit) ;  ability  or  tendency  to 
employ  quiddities. 

«6oo  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  140  How  shall  euer 
those  come  in  heauen,  that  haue  neither  qualitie  of  body  to 
get  it.,  nor  quidditie  of  wit  to  keepe  it?  1881  W.  S.  GILBERT 
Patience,  To  stuff  his  conversation  full  of  quibble  and  of 
quiddity.  1884  R.  BL'CHANNAN  in  Pall  Mall  G.  16  Apr.,  With 
the  intellectual  strength  and  bodily  height  of  an  Anak,  he 
possessed  the  quiddity  and  animal  spirits  of  Tom  Thumb. 

Quiddle  >kwi-d'l),  sb.  dial,  and  U.S.  [f. 
QUIDDLE  v.~\  A  fastidious  person. 

1856  EMERSON  Eng.  Traits  vi.  108  The  Englishman  is 
very  petulant  and  precise  about  his  accommodation  ..  a 
quiddle  about  his  toast  and  his  chop  [etc.]. 

Quiddle  (kwi'd'l  ,  v.  Now  chiefly  dial,  and 
U.S.  [Of  obscure  origin  :  cf.  twiddle,  jiddlc^\ 

1.  intr.   a.  To  discourse  in  a  trifling  way. 

1567  EDWARDS  Damon  Sf  Pithias  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  IV.  81 
Set  out  your  bussing  base,  and  we  will  quiddle  upon  it.  1587 
FLEMING  Contn.  Holinshfd  III.  1275/2  Which  name  of  the 
Marishes,  Marshes,  or  Moores,  if  it  like  them  to  expound  it, 
as  I  doubt  not  but  manie  will  quiddle  therevpon.  1863-70 
[see  Qui  DOLING]. 

b.  To  trifle,  waste  time  (with}. 

1832  in  WEBSTER,  a  1877  in  J.  Cook  Orthodoxy  iv.  (1882) 
81  Don't  quiddle  with  the  goody  little  notes  to  Gibbon  by 
Milman  and  others. 

t  2.  trans.  To  trifle  or  play  with,  Obs. 

a  1652  BROME  City  Wit  in.  i.  Wks.  1873  I.  311  Cras.  How 
does  she  feel  your  hand  ?  Lin.  O,  she  does  so  quiddle  it, 
shake  it,  and  gripe  it ! 

Hence  Qui-ddling1  vbL  sb.  and  ///.  a.  Also 
Qui'dciler,  a  trifler. 

1832  in  WEBSTER.  1860  EMERSON  Cond.  Life  iv.  (1861)  92 
Neither  will  we  be  driven  into  a  quiddling  abstemiousness. 
*Tis  a  superstition  to  insist  on  a  special  diet.  1863  W, 
PHILLIPS  Speeches  vii.  181  Lawyers,  bound  by  quiddling 
technicalities.  1870  H.  STEVENS  Bibl,  Histor.  Introd.  14 
He  indulged  in  ..  bibliographical  quiddling  about  the 
mechanical  and  manufacturing  points  of  the  books. 

Quiddonie,  -y,  variants  of  QUIDDANY. 

t  Quide.  Obs.  Forms:  i  cwyde,  1-2  cwide, 
3  quede,  quetfe,  3-4  quide,  4  qwede.  [OE. 
cwide  (cwyde}  =  OS.  quidi,  OHG.  quidi,  chwiti^ 
etc.,  ON.  kviSr  verdict  :-OTeut.  *&wi<K-s,  f.  the 
root  *kwef>-  to  say,  QUETHE.] 

1.  A  saying,  speech,  statement. 

t:888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth-  in.  §  4  Is  )ris  nu  se  cwide  J>e  fcm 
me  seo  ssdest?  cioBo  O.  E.  Chron.  (Parker  MS.)  an.  1070 
Se  ar'b.  .mid  strangan  cwydan  Jwet  ylce  sefae*tnode.  c  JIOj 
LAY.  9141  Hit  wes  ^are  iqueSen,  pa  quides  beoS  nu  so5e. 
a  1250  Owl  #  Night.  685  Alvered  seide  of  olde  quide  [etc.]. 
b.  A  promise.  rare~l. 

ciaso  Gen.  fy  Exod  1463  He  bad  god.  .Sat  he  sulde  fillen 
5at  quede,  3e  he  abraham  quilum  dede. 

2.  A  will,  legacy,  bequest. 

950  in  Thorpe  Diplom.  500/1  Bis  is  Byrhtrices 
his  wifes  nihsta  cwide.  pe  hi  cwadon  . .  on  heora 
jewitnesse.  a  1050  Liber  Scintill.  xliv.  (1889)  146  On 
cwyde  Jnnum  Isef  bearfum.  f  1205  LAV.  14857  Ich  foniue 
selchere  widewe  hire  lauerdes  quide.  13.,  K.  Alts.  8020 
To  have  theo  kyngis  qwede,  Muche  bataile  was  heom  myde. 

Quidenie,  variant  of  QUIDDANY. 

Quider,  obs.  form  of  WHITHER. 

t  Quidi-fical,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  QUID  sb*  + 
-(I)FIC  +  -AL.]  Quibbling,  captious. 

1541  UDALL  Erastn,  Apoph.  124  Diogenes  mockyng  suche 
quidifical!  trifles  saied  [etc.]. 

Quidighe,  var.  CUDDY  i.     (See  QUIDBATHE.) 
t  Quidlit,  obs.  var.  of  (or  misprint  for)  QuiDDIT 

or  QUILLET.    (In  quot.  attriii.') 
1598  GILPIN  Stial.,  Satyr  u.  43  Then  whats  a  wench  but 

a  quirke,  quidlit  case,  Which  makes  a  Painters  pallat  of 

her  face  ? 

Quidnunc  (kwi-dncnk).  [f.  L.  quid  what  + 
mine  now.]  One  who  is  constantly  asking  :  '  What 
now?'  'What's  the  news?';  hence,  an  inqnisitive 
person ;  a  gossip ;  a  newsmonger. 


44 


Olney.     1831  W.  JK»ICTU  ^.^.»". ?j  — 

scandalous  chronicle  for  the  quid-nuncs  of  Granada.  1874  L. 
STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library  (1892)  I.  x.  352  Some  wretched 
intrigue  which  had  puzzled  two  generations  of  quidnuncs. 

attrit.  1880  loM  Cent.  VII.  191  Not  for  the  mere  grati. 
fication  of  quidnunc  curiosity. 

Hence  Quld-nunc-ism,  Quidnunckery,  curio- 
sity,  love  of  news  or  gossip,  nonce-wiis. 

1804  in  Spirit  Pub.  "Jrnls.  VIII.  93  His  attachment  to 
quidnunckery  is  as  constant  as  ever.  1847  J.  CAIRNS  Let. 
m  Lift  x\.  (1895)  281  The  ne  plus  ultra  of  disappointed 
religious  quid-nunc-ism. 

Quidony,  variant  of  QUIDDANY. 

|]  Quid  pro  quo  (kwid  pr<5u  k\v<>») ,  st>.  [L.  quid 
something,  fro  ior,  quo  (abl.  of  quid)  something.] 

1.  One  thing  in  place  of  another ;  orig.  and  esp. 
one  medicinal  substance  used  for  another,  either 
intentionally,  fraudulently,  or  by  mistake. 

1565  CALFHILL  Answ.  Martiall  32  b,  A  leude  Apoticarie, 
that  vnderstindeth  not  his  bil,  but  giueth  Quid  pro  Quo. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  A  vj  b,  Succedan,  that  drug  which 
may  be  used  for  default  of  another.  The  Apothecaries 
call  such  Quid  pro  quo.  1654  R.  WHITLOCK  Zootomia 
60  The  Apothecaries  themselves,  both  take,  and  receive 
(from  Herbe-women)  Quid  fro  Quo,  one  thing  for  another, 
many,  many  Times.  1738  STEWARD  in  /'/;;'/.  Trans.  XL. 
449  A  Mistake  ..  and  a  putting  of  quid  fro  quo  (as  'tis 
commonly  express'd  i.  1804  Edixb.  Rev.  III.  416  Referring 
the  proximate  cause  of  this  disease  to  a  deficiency  of  azote 
is  only  substituting  quid  fro  quo. 

b.  The  action  or  fact  of  using  or  putting  one 
thing  for  another ;  the  result  of  this ;  a  mistake  or 
blunder  consisting  in  such  a  substitution. 

1679  EVERARD  Discourses  35  A  Capital  quid  pro  quo  of 
Estate  of  the  most  part  of  the  Potentates  of  Europe.  1687 
MIEGE  Grt.  Fr.  Diet.,  Quiif-pro-quo  or  mistake, •*»  Qui 
pro  quo.  1717-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Quid.  A  northern 
physician,  in  a  printed  thesis  on  quid  pro  quo's,  owns  in 
genuously,  that  they  are  very  frequent.  1824  LADY  MORGAN 
Sah'afor  Rosa  I.  v.  263  He  ..  produces  the  most  ludicrous 
quid  pro  gun's  by  misapplied  erudition,  witty  absurdities, 
and  nai've  questions.  1843  THACKERAY  Misc.  Essays  (1885) 
44  A  laughable  quid  pro  quo  . .  occurred  to  him  in  a  con 
versation. 

t  c.  One  who  assumes  a  false  character.    Obs. 

1689  HICKERINGILL  Modest  Inquiries  n.  10  Have  we  not  still 
.  .somz^Quidproquo's,  amongst  us)  Papists  in  Masquerade? 

2.  One  thing  (or  action)  in  return  or  exchange 
for  another ;  tit  for  tat. 

1591  SHAKS,  i  Hen.  I  'f,  v.  iii.  109,  I  cry  you  mercy,  'ti: 
but  Quid  for  Quo.  1608  MIDDI.ETON  Mad  world  11.  iv.  4. 
Let  him  trap  me  in  gold,  and  I'll  lap  him  in  lead;  quid prv 
quo.  1703  HICKERINGILL  Priest-cr.  iv.  (1721)  206  Every 
Church  is  the  Old-Exchange,  Spiritual  Things  in  exchange 
for  Carnal  Things ;  Heaven  for  Earth  ;  QitidproQuo.  1727 
BOYER  Diet.  Royal  II.  s.v.  Quid.  To  give  one  Quid-pro- 
quo  (or  tit  for  tat).  1820  COMBE  Dr.  Syntax  II.  xxix.  (1869) 
167,  I  shall  lie  able  ..  to  bestow  What  you  will  find  a  quid 
pro  quo.  1871  M.  COLLINS  Mrq.  fy  Merck.  II.  ix.  276  The 
tradesman  gets  his  quid  pro  quo, 

attrib.  2861  T.  A.  TROLLOPE  La  Beata  II.  xvii.  187 
A  system  of  conduct  based  on  the  theory  of  a  quid-pro-quo 
purchase. 

t  Quidrathe.  Obs.  rare.  Also  -raighe.  [Ir. 
(iiidpa.it,  portion  +•  rait  he  quarter  of  a  year.]  A 
quarterly  tax,  payment,  or  entertainment. 

1570  in  uM  Rep.  Dtp.  Kpr.  Irel.  235  An  Irish  custom  of 
;£io  sterling  called  quidrathe.  1592  in  Acts  Privy  Council 
N.S.  XXII.  564  Unlawfull  taxacions  of  Iryshe  customes  as 
Quony,  Quoshirs,  Nightsupers  called  Quidighe,  Quarter- 
supers  called  Quidraighe,  Huerye  for  their  horses  or  anie 
other  like  taxes. 

Quie,  obs.  form  of  QUET. 

t  Quiell,  obs.  var.  KEEL  sbl  (after  F.  quille  or 
Pg.  qitilhd). 

1582  N.  LlCHEFtl.D  tr.  Castanheda's  Conq.  E.  Ind.  336 
They  have  no  quiell,  but  are  flat-bottomed. 

fQuiennal.  Obs.  rare.  In  4  qui-,  quyenal. 
[For  quinqnennal,  on  anal,  of  BI-,  TRIENNAL,  q.  v.] 
A  dispensation  or  indulgence  for  five  years. 

£1380  WYCLIF  Se/.  IVks.  III.  398   Freris  . .  mony  times 
bringen  veyne  pardouns,  quienals,  and  ober  veyne  privi- 
legies.     —  Wks.  (1880)  66  To  paie..for  pardons,  quyenals, 
priuylegies,  for  assoilyngis  of  wowes,  &  many  feyned  lapis. 
Quier,  obs.  form  of  QUEER  a.* 
Quier(e,  obs.  forms  of  CHOIR,  QUIRE  st.1 
Quierie,  obs.  variant  of  querry  EQUEBRY. 
Quiesce  (kww,e-8),  v.     [ad.  L.  quicscere  to  be 
quiet,  f.  quies  QUIET  rf.] 

1.  intr.  To  become  quiescent ;  to  subside  into. 
1833  Wild  Sports  of  West  I.  27  Did  tired  nature  quiesce 

for  a  moment,  I  was. .roused  with  a  tornado  of.. sounds. 
1888  HOWELLS  Annie  Kilbum  xxx,  330  The  village,  after 
a  season  of  acute  conjecture,  quiesced  into.. sufferance  of 
the  anomaly. 

2.  intr.  Of  a  letter :  To  become  silent ;  said  of 
the  feeble  consonants  in  Hebrew  when  their  sound 
is  absorbed  in  that  of  a  preceding  vowel. 

1828  STUART  F.lem.  Heb.  Lang.  (1831)  25  A  moveable  con 
sonant  is  one  which  is  sounded,  and  does  not  quiesce  or 
coalesce.  1853  J.  R.  WOLF  Practical  Heb.  Gr.  8  The  letters 
"inn  are  said  to  quiesce  in  the  vowels  after  which  they  are 
placed. 

Quiescence  (kw3i,e-sens).  [ad.  late  L.  qui- 
escentia :  see  QUIESCENT  and  -ENCE.]  The  state  of 
being  quiescent ;  quietness ;  an  instance  of  this. 


QUIET. 

a  1631  DONNF.  Lett.  Ixxx.  Wks.  (ed.  Alfurd)  VI.  397  Bless 
them  with  a  satisfaction  and  Quiescence.  1664  POWER 
Exp.  Philos.  Pref.  1 1  That  there  is  no  such  thing  in  the 
World  as  an  absolute  quiescence.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler 
No.  137  P  2  To  sleep  in  the  gloomy  quiescence  of  astonish 
ment.  1812  WOODHOUSE  Astron.  xxiii.  239  The  anomalous 
retrogradations  and  quiescencesof  the  planets.  1830  LYELL 
Princ.  of  Geol.  (1875)  II.  n.  xxx.  177  The  local  quiescence 
or  dormant  condition  of  the  subterranean  igneous  causes. 
1879  PROCTOR  Pleas.  Ways  Sc.  ii.  29  The  usual  condition 
of  the  air  ..  is  one  of  motion,  not  of  quiescence. 

b.  spec,  in  Hebrew  grammar  :  see  QUIESCE  if.  2. 

1828  STUART  Eton.  Heb.  Lang.  (1831)  54  Quiescence 
sometimes  happens  when  the  Evi  would  (by  analogy)  have 
a  vowel.  1853  J.  R.  WOLF  Practical  Heb.  Gram.  112  This 
quiescence  consists  in  such  letters  losing  their  consonantal 
power  when  preceded  by  certain  vowels. 

Quiescency  (kwaije'sensi).  [See  prec.  and 
-ENCY.]  =  QUIESCENCE. 

1649  BULWER  Pathomyot.  n.  i.  82  To  find  a  quiescency 
many  Muscles  working.  1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos.  i.  70 
When  the  Animal  Spirits  are  in  Quiescency.  1824  LANDOR 
I  mag.  Com.1.)  Southey  <y  Porson  Wks.  1853  I.  79/2  Much 
of  tliis  quiescency  induces  debility.  1882-3  SCHAFF  Encycl. 
Rclig.  Knowl.  I.  465  His  Godhead  . .  was  in  a  state  of 
quiescency  during  his  humiliation. 

Quiescent  (kw3ite'sent),  a.  and  sb.  [a.  ppl. 
stem  of  L.  qniesctre  to  QUIESCE.  So  mod.F. 
quiescent^  A.  adj. 

1.  Motionless,  inactive,  at  rest. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  190  The  active  or  moving 
side.. the  weaker  or  more  quiescent  part.  1710  BERKELEY 
Princ.  Hum,  Kftowl.  §  114  A  man  in  a  ship  may  be  said  to 
be  quiescent  with  relation  to  the  sides  of  the  vessel.  1753 
CHAMBERS  CycL  Suppl.  App.  s.v.  Force,  The  pressure  of  the 
quiescent  body  against  the  obstacle  that  hinders  it  to  move. 
1812  WOODHOUSE  Astron.  i.  3  The  pole,  which  is  the  place  of 
a  quiescent  star.  1874  LUBBOCK  Orig.  <$•  Met.  Ins.  iv.  63 
The  quiescent  and  death-like  condition  of  the  pupa. 
f  b.  Quiescent  reason,  the  fallacy  of  sorites. 

1656  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  vm.  (i.)  xxxli,  Sorites  . .  is 
called  also  ^\<rv\a.^av  Aoybs,  the  quiescent  reason,  because 
the  way  to  withstand  it,  is  by  stopping,  and  withholding  the 
assent. 

2.  Of  a   letter:    Not   sounded,   silent;    spec,  in 
Hebrew  grammar  (see  QUIESCE  v.  2).     Quiescent 
verb:  (see  quot.  1853). 

1609  C.  BUTLER  Fern.  Mon.  (1634)  p.  iv,  The  E  silent  or 
quiescent,  which  yieldeth  no  sound.  1711  J.  GREENWOOD 
Eng.  Gram.  301  Other  Letters  ..  are  quiescent  or  silent. 
1807  G.  CHALMERS  Caledonia  I.  i.  iv.  160  The  Irish  Raths 
have  the  same  origin,  the  [th]  being  quiescent.  1807  HUR- 
WITZ  EUm.  Heb.  Lang.  101  According  to  the  system  of 
reading  by  points,  the  letters  M  n  N  are  in  many  instances 

uiescent.     1853  J.   R.  WOLF  Practical  Heb.  Grant,   in 

uiescent  verbs  are  those  in  which  one  of  the  feeble  letters 
riM  occurs  as  a  radical  letter. 
b.  Of  a  person  :  Silent,  not  speaking,  rare. 

1791  BOSWELL  Johnson  an.  1784.  17  May,  Johnson  was 
very  quiescent  to-day. 

B.  sb.  1.  A  quiescent  letter. 

1727  in  BAILEY,  vol.  II.  1807  HURWITZ  Elem.  Heb.  Lang. 
134  Whenever  a  letter  is  written  and  not  pronounced,  it  is 
called  by  Hebrew  Grammarians.. an  invisible  quiescent,  or 
a  mute.  1831  LEE  Hebr.  Grant.  (1832)  36  The.  .letters, 
considered  either  as  consonants  or  quiescents,  will  occasion 
ally  be  changed  for  one  another.  1882-3  F.  BROWN  in  Schaff 
Encycl.  Relig  Knowl.  I.  583/1  The  weaker  Shemitic  gut 
turals  and  the  quiescents. 

2.  A  quiescent  verb  (see  2  above). 

1831  LEE  Hebr.  Gram.  (1832)  222  We  do  not  think  it 
necessary  here  to  divide  these  verbs  into  Defectives  and 
Quiescents  as  has  usually  been  done. 

Quiescently,  adv.     [f.  prec.  +  -LY2.]     In  a 

quiescent  manner  ;  at  rest ;  in  repose. 

1805  FOSTER  Ess.  \\.  iii.  146  Quiescently  regarding  the 
conclusions.  1887  Twin  Soul  I.  xiii.  131  They  float 
quiescently  upon  the  fleecy  clouds. 

f  Q,uie*sceous,  a.  Obs.  rare—1.  [irreg.  f. 
QUIESCE  v.  +  -ous.]  Belonging  to  quiescence. 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  u.  388/2  The  Sense  of  Ease  and 
Rest,  .it  shall  be  termed  The  Quiesceous  sense. 

Quiese,  obs.  form  of  QUEEST,  wood-pigeon. 

Quiet  (kwai'et),  sb.  Also  4-6  quyet(e,  quiete, 
7  quiett.  [ad.  L.  quiet-^  stem  of  quies  rest,  repose, 
quiet.  An  AF.  quiete  may  have  existed  beside 
quieti  QUIETY.] 

1.  Absence  of  disturbance  or  tumult ;  peaceful 
condition  of  affairs  in  social  or  political  life. 

13 . .  Cursor  M.  29341  (Cptt.  Galba),  [Cursed]  er  ha!  fc>at  . . 
robbes  or  reues  on  ani  side,  Whare  pese  and  quiet  suld 
j  bityde.  ^1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  iii.  (Andrew}  519  pe  quyet 
;  of  our  lord  Hiesu,  luk  in  vnreste  }e  turne  nocht  now.  1470-85 
MALORY  Arthur  xx.  xvii,  In  this  realme  wyll  be  now  no 
quyete  but  euer  stryf  and  debate.  1542-3  Act  34  #  35  Hen. 
VIII,  c.  27  §  1 19  Lawes  and  ordinaunces  for  the . .  good  quiet 
of  his  saide  dominion  of  Wales.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  iv. 
xlvi.  380  To  whom  the  care  of  the  PubHque  quiet  is  com 
mitted.  1763  BURKE  Corr.  (1844)  I.  43  Why  is  not  the 
nation's  quiet  secured,  and  its  independance  asserted  ?  1874 
BANCROFT  Footpr.  Time  \.  104  A  long  period  of  almost 
absolute  quiet  followed  the  establishment  of  the  empire. 

personified.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  i.  41  Carelesse  Quiet 
lyes,  Wrapt  in  eternall  silence  farre  from  enimyes.  1631 
MILTON  Penseroso  45  Join  with  thee  calm  Peace,  and 
Quiet,  Spare  Fast,  that  oft  with  gods  doth  diet.  1754  GRAY 
Pleasure  53  Humble  quiet  builds  her  cell. 

b.  Absence  of  noise  or  ijapid)  motion ;  calm 
ness,  stillness. 

a  1400  Stockh.  Medical  MS.  ii.  382  in  Angtia  XVIII.  316 
Ageyn  cowrs  of  watyr  wyll  he  flete,  3'f  t*6  water  renne  in 
good  quiete.  1602  MARSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  i.  i.  Wks. 
1856  I.  73  No  breath  disturbs  the  quiet  of  the  ayre.  1816 


t;ui 

5 


QUIET. 

SHELLEY  Aliistor  393  A  smooth  spot  Of  glassy  quiet  mid 
those  battling  tides  Is  left.  1867  SMILES  Huguenots  Eng. 
iii.  (18801  51  It  was  only  the  quiet  that  preceded  the  out- 
break  of  another  storm. 

2.  Freedom  from  external  disturbance,  molesta 
tion,  interruption,  or  noise ;  f  freedom  from  work 
or  occupation  ;  rest,  repose. 

1140  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  0128  Whare  alle  ryghtwyse  men 
salle  won  at  ees,  In  ioyfulle  quyete,  and  rest,  and  pese. 
c  1430  LVDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  249  Lat  me  nat  reste 
nor  have  no  quyete,  Occupye  my  soule  with  spiritual  travayl. 
1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vil.  ccxxx.  156  Tliis  foresayd  countesse 
..  with  her  sonne  ..  was  in  quyete  of  theyr  countrey  and 
castell.  1592  GREENE  Canny  catchingm.  12  She  seeing  him 
laid  in  bed  . .  commits  him  to  his  quiet.  1638  R.  BAKER  tr. 
Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  II)  26,  I  have  too  much  care  of  my  own 
quiet,  to  goe  about  to  trouble  his.  1749  FIELDING  Tom 
Jones  VIH.  xi,  An  arrant  vixen  of  a  wife  soured  his  domestic 
quiet.  1865  HOOK  Lives  Abps.  III.  301  It  often  happens 
that  a  man,  turbulent  in  his  youth,  will  make  great  sacrifices 
to  procure  peace  and  quiet  in  his  old  age. 
//.  1650  WELDON  Crt.  Jas.  /,  185  More  beneficial!  to  llic 
Subjects  in  respect  of  their  quiets. 

b.  Freedom  from  mental  agitation  or  excitement; 
calm  or  peace  of  mind. 

(11628  PRESTON  New  Cavt.  (1634)  421  As  wondrous  quiet 
and  peaceableness,  and  calmness  in  the  heart.  1688  LADY 
R.  RUSSELL  Lett.  I.  Ixxi.  156  Such  letters  as  yours,  Sir, 
do  not  disturb  my  quiet.  1716  SWIFT  Corr.  Wks.  1841  II. 
586  An  accident  that  must  be  so  fatal  to  my  quiet.  1840 
LADY  C.  BURY  Hist,  of  Flirt  vi,  A  matter  that  concerns 
my  quiet. 

3.  The  condition  of  remaining  quiet,  of  refraining 
from  disturbance,  hurry,  exertion,  etc. 

'559  Mirr.  Mag., Henry  VI,  vii,  My  mynde  to  quyet  bent, 
had  not  bene  tossed  so.  c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  cxxxi, 
None  more  [than  me]  for  quiet  might  compare  Ev'n  with 
the  babe.  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  \. 
v»  343  That  God  was  a  great  Lord,  who  with  great  quiet 
and  leasure  performeth  his  workes.  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler 
No.  74  r  12  Knowledge  and  genius  are  often  enemies  to 
quiet,  by  suggesting  ideas  of  excellence.  1889  PATER  G.  tie 
Latour  (1896)  41  How  becomingly  ..  that  self-respecting 
quiet  sat  upon  their  high-bred  figures. 

4.  Freq.  in  phrases  at,  fz'w,  and  \ottt  of  quiet, 
with  vbs.  of  being,  remaining,  maintaining,  etc. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  I.  121  God  ..  garte  the  heuene  to 
stekye.  and  stonden  in  quiete.     CI4SO  tr.  De  [mitatime  n. 
vi.  46  An  evel  conscience  is  euer  dredful  and  oute  of  quiete. 
1533    FRITH   Another  Bk.  agst.   Rastcll  Prol.    (1573)    61 
They  could  neuer  be  at  quiet,  .untill  they  had  dronken  his 
bloud.     1577  Test.  Xll  Patriarchs-  (1604)  101    Bear  your 
losses  willingly,  and  be  not  out  of  quiet  for  it.    1609  BUKNKT 
39  Art.  \.  (1700)  21  Every  part  of  it  is  at  quiet  till  it  is  put 
in    motion.      1771    JEFFERSON   Writ.   (ed.    Ford)   II.   129    ! 
Matters .  .are  too  much  in  quiet  to  send  you  news  from  hence.    ' 
1830  SCOTT  Dcmonol.  viii.  266  The   country  remained  at 
quiet.     1886  STEVENSON  Dr.  Jekyll  54  Mr.  Utterson  began 
..to  grow  more  at  quiet  with  himself, 
t  b.  With  adjs.,  esp.  at  (a)  good  (or  better)  quiet. 

£1470  HENRY  Wallace  viu.  587  The  ost  he  maid  in  gud 
quyet  to  be.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1638)  62  The 
other  Christian  Princes  also  being  at  no  better  quiet.  1651 
COTTERELL  Cassandra  IV.  (r676)  68  He  began  to  be  at  a  little 
better  quiet.  16*3  PEPVS  Diary  30  June,  My  differences  with 
my  uncle  Thomas  at  a  good  quiett,  blessed  be  God  ! 


"-">'-  iL»  •»  •  swu  quicn,  uicsseu  m;  vjou  . 

Wuet  (kwaWt),  a.  Forms:  4-7  quyet,  (4-6 
-te,  6  -tt),  5  quiete,  6  quyat,  quyit,  queat,  8  Sc. 
quail,  6-  quiet,  [a.  OF.  quiete  or  ad.  L.  quietus, 
pa.  pple.  to  quiescere  to  come  to  rest,  f.  root  of 
quies  rest,  QUIET  sb.  The  popular  Fr.  form  coi  is 
represented  by  COY  a.] 

I.  1.  Of  persons  (or  animals) :  Making  no  stir, 
commotion,  or  noise ;  causing  no  trouble  or  disturb 
ance  ;  remaining  at  rest ;  not  moving  or  acting. 

1382  WYCLIF  i  Thess.  iv.  n  We  preyen  5011  ..that  ae  be 
quyet,  and  do  joure  ncde.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slfidane's  Ccmm 
277  b,  Obteyne  of  the  Clergie,  that  they  wyll  be  quiet,  tyll 
suche  tyme  as  the  other  States  may  declare  [etc.].  1586 
WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  i.  vi..{i6i2)  24  Lycus  ..  did  cast  his 
haughtie  armes  abroad,  as  who  would  say,  be  queat.  1715 
RAMSAY  Christ's  Kirk  Gr.  n.  vi,  Let  gae  my  hands  I  say- 
be  quait.  1738  SWIFT  Polite  Conv.  Wks.  1883  IX.  403, 
I  wish  you  would  be  quiet,  you  have  more  tricks  than 
a  dancing  bear.  1837  MRS.  SHERWOOD  Henry  Milner  m. 
iii.  44  The  young  men  began  to  call  to  them  crying, '  Whisht, 
whisht,  what  ails  the  curs?  — quiet  there,  Viper'.  1843 
MIAI.L  in  Nanconf.  III.  635  Rebecca's  rights  once  obtained 
we  will  be  as  quiet  as  mice. 

b.  (Also  of  nature  or  disposition.)  Habitually 
or  naturally  peaceful  or  averse  to  making  stir, 
noise,  etc.  Of  an  animal:  Gentle. 

1432-50  tr.  Higtien  (Rolls)  II.  167  The  peple  of  the 
sowthe  is  meke  and  quiete.  1535  COVERDALE  i  Chron. 
xxn[i).  9  I  he  sonne  which  shal  be  borne  vnto  the,  shal  be  a 
quyete  man.  1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Hie.  iv.  coiitm.,  Quiet 
patient  people  ..  suffering  persecution  with  alacritie  of 
minde.  1669  CLARENDON  Ess.  Tracts  (1727)  148  Quiet  and 
easy  natures  are  like  fair  weather,  a  1720  SEWEL  Hist. 
Quakers  (1795)  I.  Pref.  18  They  always  were  quiet  and 
never  made  any  resistance.  1811  Sporting  Mag.  XXXVIII. 
212  Ihe  defendant  did  not  put  the  question  ..  whether  it 
were  a  quiet  horse?  1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Rudge  vi, 
Barnaby  is  not  in  his  quietest  humour  to-night.  1863 
Q.  RKI.  July  262  It  is  a  great  relief  to  quiet  people  when 
the  Easter  ceremonies  are  wound  up. 

j-  C.  Sc.  in  specific  senses :  Acting  or  living 
quietly ;  remaining  hid  or  secret ;  fast  asleep.  06s. 

'533  GAU  Richt  Vay  17  Thay  that  ar  quiet  and  fals 
flatterers.  1536  BELI.ENDEN  Cron.  Scot.  x.  vii,  Traistyng. . 
sum  quiet  personis  Hand  ay  in  wait  to  inuaid  hym.  1632 
LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  444,  I  could  not  beleeue,  that  the  Patrone 
of  so  great  a  Monarchy,  could  be  so  quiet  ;  yea,  as  quiet  as 
a  Countrey  Baron  is  with  vs.  1651  WELDON  Crt.  Jas.  /,  107 


59 

Loveslon  replies,  He  is  quiet  (which  in  the  Scotish  dialect 
is  fast  asleep). 

2.  Of  things :  Not  active ;  not  moving  or  stirring ; 
also,  making  no  noise ;  still. 

Quiet  disease,  latent  hip-joint  disease  in  children  (SyJ. 
Soc.  Lex.  1897).  \Quiet  letter,  a  quiescent  letter. 

.'599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  in.  ii.  36  For  Pistoll,  hee  hath  a 
killing  Tongue,  and  a  quiet  Sword.  1658  P.  GOODWIN 
Myst.  Dreams  in  Spurgeon  Treat.  Dav.  Ps.  cxxvii.  z  The 
Hebrew  word  . .  being  with  alef'i,  a  quiet  or  resting  letter. 
1798  WORDSW.  Tintern  Abbey  47  An  eye  made  quiet  by  the 
power  Of  harmony.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  iii,  The  dust  was 
very  ancient,  peaceful,  quiet  dust  about  an  hour  ago. 
a  1889  ELIZA  COOK  Poems  (Rtldg.)  51,  I  prize  the  soul  That 
slumbers  in  a  quiet  eye.  1898  J.  HUTCHINSON  in  Arch. 
Surg.  IX.  330  Doubts  might  have  been  felt  as  to  whether 
the  induration  was  really  malignant.  It  was  quite  quiet. 

b.  Free  from  excess ;   not  going  to  extremes ; 
moderate,  gentle  ;  esp.  of  colour,  dress,  style,  etc. : 
Not  obtrusive,  glaring  or  showy. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  261  b,  That  for  the  appeas. 
ing  of  religion,  they  would  use  lawfull  and  quiet  remedies. 
1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  5  Now  you  shall  have  a  quiet 
breath  and  gale,  and  suddenly  an  unexpected  violent  gust. 
1685  DKYDEN  Horace,  Odes  in.  xxix.  54  The  tide  of  bus'ness 
..  Is  sometimes  high,  and  sometimes  low,  A  quiet  ebb,  or 
a  tempestuous  flow.  1768  STEUNE  Seat.  Joiirn.  (1778)  I. 
63  (Remise  Door),  I  made  them  a  quiet  bow,  and  wished 
them  a  good  passage  to  Dover.  1838  LYTTON  Alice  21 
A  woman  of  quiet  and  pleasing  exterior.  1856  RUSKIN  iWod. 
Paint.  III.  iv.  App.  346  The  beautiful  quiet  English  of 
Helps.  1885  R.  L.  &  F.  STEVENSON  Dynamiter  185  He 
was  conscious  of  a  certain  regular  and  quiet  sound.  1889 
Catholic  A'eivs  15  June  8/6  There  was  a  quiet  trade  in  pigs. 

c.  Avoiding  or  escaping  notice  ;  private,  secret, 
underhand.     (In  older  use  only  Sc.) 

a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  87 
He. .send  quyit  messagis  to  his  freindis.  ,11600  MO.NT- 
GOMERIF.  Misc.  Poems  xviii.  6s  Thair  companie  [it]  wes  not 
quyet,  Bot  or  they  wist  they  wer  beuryde.  1609  SKENH 
Reg.  Maj.  52  (Acts  Robt.  Ill,  c.  2)  The  kings  lieges,  are 
trubled  in  their  lands,  be  volunter  and  quyet  recognitions, 
made  be  the  overlords.  1899  Weslm.  Gaz.  29  Dec.  8/2 
'Quiet  cases'  meaning  the  insurance  of  lives  without  the 
knowledge  of  the  persons  so  insured. 

II.  3.  Free  from  disturbance,  molestation,  or 
annoyance;  not  interfered  or  meddled  with;  left 
in  peace,  a.  of  a  state,  condition,  procedure,  etc. 

1383  WYCLIF  i  Tim.  ii.  2  That  we  lede  quyet  and  pesyble 
lyf.  c  1450  St.  Cnthbcrt  (Surtees)  3720  In  quiete  prayers  he 
contenued.  £1532  Du  WES  Intrott.  Fr.  in  Palsgr.  921  A 
quyete  slope  is  right  necessary  and  delycious.  1560  DAUS 
to.  Sleidane's  Comm.  94  b,  If  they  maye  have  their  Religion 
quiet  untill  the  counsel],  they  are  also  contented  to  become 
contrihutaries.  1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  <v  Comm-w.  (1603) 
96  They  sent,  .to  Casar,  to  intreat  a  quiet  passage  through 
the  Romana  province.  1642  FULLER  J/olyff  Prof.  St.  (1648) 
18  Though  prayer  purchaseth  blessings,  giving  praise  doth 
keep  quiet  possession  of  them.  17*6  BLACKSTONE  Comni.  '• 
II.  304  The  grantor  may  covenant  . .  for  the  grantee's  quiet 
enjoyment. 

t  b.  of  a   person,   people,   or   country.     Also   i 
const,  from.   Obs. 

1558  GOODMAN  How  to  Obey  175  Hauing  your  Realme 
free  from  strangers,  and  quiete  from  all  enimies.  1599  SHAKS. 
Much  Aiia  n.  i.  266  While  she  is  heere,  a  man  may  Hue  as 
quiet  in  hell,  as  in  a  sanctuary.  1611  BIBLE  Job  iii.  26, 
I  was  not  in  safetie,  neither  had  I  rest,  neither  was  I  quiet 
1655  FULLER  CA.  Hist.  n.  iii.  §  26  That  the  abbot  should  be 
quiet  from  the  bishop's  right.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  in.  360 
Long  to  enjoy  it  quiet  and  secure, 
t  C.  Quit,  clear.  Obs.  rare.-1. 

'.473-4  in  Swayne  Sarum  Church-w.  Ace.  (1896)  16,  liijj. 
vijrf.  the  which  ben  forgeven  them .  .and  so  they  ben  quyete. 

4.  Characterized    by  the   absence   of  all   strife, 
bustle,  stir,  or  commotion ;  also,  free  from  noise  or 
uproar,  silent,  still. 

1514  BARCLAY  Cyt.  t,  Uplondyshm.  (Percy  Soc.)  ir  Than    ! 
. .  Wedlocke  was  quyet  &  pleasaunt  without  stryfe.     1596 
SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  v.  i.  25, 1  could  be  well  content  To  enter- 
tame  the  Lagge-end  of  my  life  With  quiet  houres.     1611    i 
BIBLF.  Wiid.  xviii.  14  While  all  things  were  in  quiet  silence.    I 
1055  FULLER  CA.  Hist.  in.  xii.  §  27  He  chose  a  quiet  county 
before  a  cumbersome  kingdom.     1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom.    ' 
I-orest  x,  In  the  second  chamber  all  was  quiet  and  in  order 
1831-3  E.  BURTON  Keel.  Hist.  i.  (1845)  9  If  the  state  of  things 
might  bedescnbed  as  at  all  quiet.  1856  KANE  A  relic  Kxplor. 
II.  xxiv.  204  We  gave  two  quiet  hours  to  the  memory  of 
our  dead  brother.     1872  RUSKIN  Eagle's  N.  %  179  My  hope 
..that  the  streams  of  the  Isis  and  Cherwell  will  be  kept 
pure  and  quiet. 

b.  Remote  from  scenes  of  activity ;  retired. 
1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  xliii.  33  In  quyet  place, 

. .  They  can,  percaice,  Purchess  some  grace,  a  1578  LINDE 
SAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  187  They  ..  past 
to  the  wall  heid  at  ane  quyit  place  quhair  the  watches  might 
haue  no  sight  of  them.  1738  GRAY  Profertius  iii.  105  Then 
to  my  quiet  Urn  awhile  draw  near.  1861  H.  KINGSLEY 
Ravenshoe  xxxvii,  As  soon  as  he  and  Lady  Ascot  were 
seated  on  a  quiet  sofa. 

c.  Partaken  of,  or  enjoyed,  in  quiet. 

1837  DICKENS  Pickw.  xxvi,  To  have  a  quiet  cup  of  tea. 
1892  ANSTEY  Voces  Pop.  Ser.  u.  85  A  cup  of  coffee,  and 
a  quiet  cigar. 

5.  Of  the  mind,  conscience,  etc. :  Not  troubled  or 
distressed ;  free  from  agitation  or  excitement.     So 
also  of  persons  in  respect  of  the  mind,  etc. 

'535  COVERDALE  Prov.  xv.  15  A  quyete  herte  is  as  a  con- 
tynuall  feast.  1552  Bk.  Com.  Prayer  Commun.,  With 
a  quiet  conscience.  1558  GOODMAN  Haw  to  Obey  230  That 
you  cannot  be  quiete  in  conscience.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  II, 
i.  in.  96  Truth  hath  a  quiet  breast.  1631  GOUGE  GotCs 
Arrows  I.  §  5.  8  The  bond  of  a  Creditor,  so  lies  on  the 
debter,  that  he  is  not  quiet  till  it  be  discharged. 


QUIETATION. 

t  0.  Sheltered  from  the  wind.   Obs.  rare. 

1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  I.  30  In  the  scoug 
of  the  craig  and  castell  is  a  verie  quyet  hauining  place 
1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  I0  For   thy  Bees  a  quiet 
Station  find,  And  lodge  'em  under  Covert  of  the  Wind. 
HI-  t".  Used  as  adv.  =  QUIETLY.   Obs.rare-^. 

'573  TUSSER  Huso.  (1878)  63  More  profit  is  quieter  found 
(where  pastures  in  several  bee). 

8.  Quasi-j/).,  in  phr.   On  the  quiet,  privately,  in 


avoiu  ooservation,    under  tne  rose  .     i 

..  t  I'd  just  like  to  have  a  bit  of  chinwag  with  you  on" the 
quiet  about  the  ..  troubles  of  a  Cabby.  1889  H.  O'REILLY 
loYrs.on  Trail-]  Having  on  the  quiet  found  out  a  pa^seneer 
steamboat. 

0.  Comb.,  as  quiet-eyed,  -mannered,  -minded, 
•spoken,  -tempered ;  quiet-going,  -living,  -looking, 
•moving,  -seeming  adjs. 

1780  S.  J.  "PvmEmmaCorbcttM.i,}  I.  107,  I  can.  .impress 
the  quiet-seeming  sentiment.     1825  J.  NKAL  Jonathan  II. 
,     194  An   old,  stately,  quiet-looking   negro.     1848    DICKENS 
Dombey  iii,  She  was  a  quiet-Iempered  lady,     l/'itt.  iv,  He 
|     was  a  slow,  quiet-spoken.. old  fellow.     1886  H.  F.  LESTER 
1     Under  two  Hg  Trees  59  The  exciting  incidents  which  now 
i     and  then  ruffle  the  life  of  even  the  most  quiet-going  family. 
1888  BRYCE  Amer.  Commw.  II.  n.  xlii.  119  A  larger  sum 
than  a  quiet-living  man  can  need. 
Quiet  (kwai-etVz/.    Also  6  quyet.     [ad.  med.L. 
quictare,  f.  L.  quietus  QUIET  a.] 
fl.  trans.  To  quit,  acquit  (oneself  or  another}. 
c  1440  CentryJcs  2861  Eche  of  hem  iij  so  wele  quiete  them 
ther.     1472-3  Rolls  Parlt.   VI.  50/1  That  your  said  sup- 
l>haunt..be   discharged,   relesed  and  quieted,  of  almaner 
. .  fynes,  paynes  [etc.]. 

2.  To  make  quiet  (in  various  senses)  ;  to  reduce 
to  quietness  : 

a.  a  person  or  people,  a  material  thing,  etc. 
'55<J  CROWLEY  Way  to  Wealth  269  Quiet  thy  selfe  therfore, 

and  striue  not  againste  the  streame.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  K, 
v.  i.  54  Quiet  thy  Cudgell,  thou  dost  see  I  eate.  1609 
HOLLAND  Amm.  Marcell.  109  Those  savage  nations  whom 
he  had  quieted.  1665  MANLEY  Grotius'  Low-C.  Warres  520 
A  very  difficult  piece  of  Work  ..  to  quiet  all  the  right  side  of 
the  Rhine.  1786  MAD.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  8  Nov.,  I  did  what 
1  was  possible  to  quiet  her,  but  to,  no  purpose.  1855  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  xii.  III.  211  In  trying  to  quiet  one  set  of  male- 
contents,  he  had  created  another.  1866  G.  MACDONALD 
Ann.  Q.  KeigU.  vi.  (1878)  73  She  knew  she  had  no  chance 
of  quieting  the  girl. 

b.  a  feeling  or  emotion,  esp.  of  fear. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  2  b,  His  naturall  in- 
chnacyon  and  appetytecan  neuer  be  sacyate,  contented  and 
quieted.  1552  Bk.  Com.  Prayer  Commun.,  If  there  be  any 
of  you  which  ..  cannot  quiet  his  own  conscience.  1748 
Anson's  Voy.  n.  xi.  253  This  quieted  our  apprehensions  for 
some  days.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xi.  III.  32  The 
event  quieted  the  fears  of  one  party.  1888  BRVCE  Amer. 
Conunu:  III.  Ixxxviii.  190  In  order  to  quiet  these  suspicions 
the  comptroller  played  a  very  bold  game. 

c.  a  disturbance,  dissension,  etc. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleiiiane's  Comm.  174  The  byshop  wyl 
sende  thether.  .to  quiet  the  controversy.  1601  J.  WHEELER 
Treat.  Comm.  33  Till  the  said  King  Edward  had  quieted 
the  troubles  with  his  subiects  at  home.  1674  Essex  Papers 
(Camden)  1.193  Some  companys  of  ye  Guard  being  comanded 
together  to  quiet  y«  Tumult.  1792  BURKE  Let.  to  R.  Burke 
Corr.  IV.  4  Measures  which  may  quiet  the  unhappy  divisions 
of  the  country.  1846  TRENCH  iWirac.  iv.  (1862)  147  Quieting 
with  a  word  the  tempest  in  their  bosoms.  1875  JOWETT 
Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  360  The  motion  . .  quiets  the  restless  palpi 
tation  of  the  heart. 

3.  To  settle  or  establish  in  quiet.     Chiefly  Law. 
c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXXXJI.  iii,  You  should  unto 

the  weake  extend  Your  hand,  to  loose  and  quiet  his  estate. 
1654  G.  GO.DDARD  Introd.  Btirton's  Diary  (1828)  I.  190  A 
Bill  for  quieting  the  possession  of  the  government.  1668 
Oimonde  MSS.  in  loth  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  69 
Your  petitioner  . .  made  surrender  of  his  estate  unto  the 
Crowne  so  soone  as  he  was  quieted  in  the  possession 
thereof.  1884  SIR  J.  BACON  in  Law  Rep.  27  Chanl.  Div.  47 
The  Plaintiffs  are  entitled  . .  to  be  quieted  in  the  possession 
they  have  had  for  so  many  years. 

4.  intr.  To  become  quiet.     Also  to  quiet  down. 
1791  PAINE  Rights  of  Man  (ed.  4)  27  The  mind  can  hardly 

.  .conceive  the  possibility  of  its  quieting  so  soon.  1851 
MAYNE  REID  Scalp  Hunt,  xxxii.  247,  I  have  never  seen 
buffaloes  'quieting'  down  before.  1865  MRS.  WHITNEY 
Gay-.vorthys  II.  237  By  and  by  she  quieted,  and,  from  pure 
exhaustion,  fell  asleep. 

Hence  Qui'eted///.  a. 

1894  E.  F.  BENSON  Dodo  185  The  darkened  house,  the 
quieted  movements. 

t  Quietance.  Obs.  [ad.  med.L.  qtiictancia,  i. 
quietare\.o  QUIET  :  see  -ANCE.]  =QUITTAKCE  2. 

1451  Rolls  Parlt.  V.  224/1  Liberties,  Fraunchises  and 
Quietaunces  conteyned  in  the  same.  1571  Act  13  Eliz.  c.  29 
All  manner  of  Liberties,  Franchises,  Immunities,  Quietances 
and  Privileges. 

Quietant  (kwai-etant).  [f.  QUIET  v.  +  -ANT!.] 
Anything  that  makes  quiet  or  soothes. 

1873  H.  C.  WOOD  Therap.  (1879)  340  As  a  nocturnal 
quietant  and  hypnotic,  it  would  appear  to  offer  very  great 
advantages. 

t  Quieta'tion.  Obs.  Also  6  quietaoion,  -oyon, 
quyat-,  quyetaoyon,  -oion.  [ad.  med.L.  quiita- 
tidn-em,  n.  of  action  f.  quietare  to  QUIET.  Cf. 
obs.  F.  nuietacion  (Godef.j.j  The  action  of  quiet 
ing  ;  the  state  of  being  quieted  or  qniet. 

1502  W.  ATKYSSON  tr.  De  Imitatione  in.  xl.  229  If  thou 
seke  here  rest,  how  shalt  thou  come  to  euerlastyng  rest  & 
HUietacion  in  heuen  ?  1526-9  LD.  DUDLEY  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett. 
Sen  in.  II.  84  For  the  quyatacion  of  the  Kyngs  subgetts. 


QUIETEN. 


III.  427  From  God  I  case  or  succour  find,  And  QuieUtion 
to  my  Mind. 

Quiete,  variant  of  QUIETY  06s. 

Quieten  (kwai-ct'n),  v.    [(.  QUIET  a.  +  -EN;"'.] 

1.  trans.  To  make  quiet. 

1818  in  Craven  Glass.  1844  N.  Brit.  Rev.  I.  182  To 
4  quieten '  the  children . .  is  not  English.  1853  MRS.  GASKELL 
Knllt  III.X.  280,  I  will  stay, ..  partly  to  quieten  the  fears  of 
this  poor,  faithful  fellow.  1888  Chantb.  Jrnl.  7  Apr.  223 
The  incident  did  not  quieten  the  audience. 

2.  intr.  To  become  quiet.    Commonly  with  down. 
1890  C.  DIXON  Stray  Feathers,  v.  67  They  soon  quieten 

down.    1897  Westm.  Gaz.  21  Aug.  5/1  Towards  the  close 
the  market  quietened. 

Hence  Qui'etener,  =  next.     (Cf.  QUIETANT.) 

iSSa  f  rater's  Mag.  XXV.  35  The  poisonous  method  of 
giving  soothing  or  narcotic  quieteners  to  children. 

Quieter  (kwaMStai).  [f.  QUIET  v.  +  -ER!.]  One 
who  or  that  which  makes  quiet. 

a  1541  WYATT  in  Totters  Misc.  (Arb.)  45  The  bodyes  ease, 
and  troubler  of  my  heart :  Quieter  of  minde.  iS47-*4 
BAULDWIN  Mor.  Pkilos.  (Palfr.)  140  It  is  also  a  satislier  or 
ioyfull  quieter  of  the  mindc.  1831  SOUTHKY  Lett.  (1856)  IV. 
261  Half  an  hour  of  some  goodly  grave  old  book  . .  as  a 
quieter  for  the  night. 

t  Qui'etful,  a.  Obs.  rare-*,  [f.  QUIET  sb.  + 
-FUL.]  Full  of  quiet ;  calm. 

c  1440  HVLTOS  Scala  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1494)  III.  xv,  A 
quyetful  langynge  with  a  trusty  desyrynge  to  heuenly  Joye. 

Quietie,  variant  of  QUIETY  Ots. 

Qureting,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  QUIET  v.  +  -ING  1.]  The 
action  of  the  vb. 

a  1548  HAH  Citron.,  Hen.  VIII,  179  He  . .  for  quietyng  of 
his  conscience  called  together  the  best  lerned  of  the  realme. 
a.  1652  J.  SMITH  Sel.  Disc.  x.  511  A  pacifying  and  quieting 
of  all  those  riots  and  tumults.  1783  MAD.  D'ARBLAY  Diary 
18  Jan.,  I  felt  so  fagged.. that  I  really  wanted  quieting  and 
refitting.  1861  GOLDW.  SMITH  Irish  Hist.  105  To  withhold 
the  capital  '  grace  '  concerning  the  quieting  of  titles  to  land. 

Quieting,  ppl.a.    [-IXG^.]     That  quiets. 

1659  A.  HAY  Diary  (S.  H.  S.)  80  There  is  a  quieting  rest 
under  Christ's  wings.  1759  H.  WALPOLE  Lett,  to  Mann 
9  Feb.  (1846)  III.  432  The  Parliament  has  taken  a  quieting- 
draught.  1839  I.  TAYLOR  Anc.  Chr.  I.  22  The  quieting 
recollection  that  they  themselves  are  members  of  a  series. 
1846  TRENCH  Mime,  xxxii.  (1862)  450  The  Lord  spoke  these 
quieting  words  to  his  disciples. 

Quietism  (kwaretiz'm).  [ad.  It.  qiiietismo 
(whence  also  F.  quiitismt,  mod.L.ijuictismits,etc.) : 
see  QUIET  a.  and  -ISM.] 

1.  A  form  of  religious  mysticism  (originated  prior 
to  1675  by  Molinos,  a  Spanish  priest),  consisting  in 
passive  devotional  contemplation,  with  extinction 
of  the  will  and  withdrawal  from  all  things  of  the 
senses;   hence,  any  form  of  mysticism   in  which 
such  principles  are  enjoined. 

The  Guida  spirituals  in  which  Molinos  expounded  his 
views  was  published  at  Rome  in  1675,  and  condemned  by 
the  Inquisition  in  1685. 

1687  m  Burnet  Lett.  (1688)  Suppl.  46,  I  will  here  digress 
a  little  from  the  business  of  Quietism.  1698  tr.  Fenelon's 
Maxims  of  Saints  Introd.,  There  are  but  a  few  people 
that  have  not  heard  of  Molinos,  and  his  Doctrine  of 
Quietism.  1773  WESLEY  Whs.  (1872)  XIII.  25  Her 
[Madame  Guion's]  writings  will  lead  any  one  who  is  fond 
of  them,  into  unscriptural  Quietism.  1838  SIR  J.  STEPHEN 
Ecct.  Bio%.  (1850)  II.  70  Quietism,  indigenous  in  the  East, 
is  an  exotic  in  this  cold  and  busy  land  of  ours.  1873  C.  M. 
DAVIES  Unorth.  Land.  200  To  avoid  the  Charybdis  of 
carnalism,  there  is  no  need  to  setk  the  Scylla  of  Quietism. 

2.  A  state  of  calmness  and  passivity  of  mind  or 
body  ;  repose,  quietness,  tranquillity. 

1772  Tffivn  ff  Country  Mag.  86  This  discovery  deprived 
him  of  all  his  quietism.  1795  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  IV. 
122  That  quietism  into  which  people  naturally  fall  after 
first  sensations  are  over.  1836  Eraser's  Mag.  XIII.  526 
They  could,  .disturb  his  quietism  by  acrimonious  attacks. 

Quietist  (kwai-£tist).  [ad.  It.  ijtiielista  (F. 
quiitiste) :  cf.  prec.  and  -1ST.] 

L  One  who  believes  in  or  practises  Quietism,  or 
any  form  of  mysticism  resembling  it. 

1685  BURNET  Letterfrom  Romeddty]  205  A  state  of  inward 
quietness,  from  which  the  name  of  Quietists  was  given  to  all 
his  followers.  1687  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2269/3  They  write  from 
Rome  that  the  Pope  had  assisted  a  third  time  at  a  Con 
gregation  held  concerning  the  Quietists.  1733  BERKELEY 
Alciphr.  in.  §  14  The  disinterested  Stoics  (therein  not  unlike 
our  modern  Quietists).  1840  THIRLWALL  Greece  VII.  liii. 
14  He  conceived  a  like  admiration  for  the  Indian  quietists. 
1893  C.  G.  LELAND  Memoirs  I.  23  Reading  works  by  Mys 
tics,  Quietists,  and  the  like. 

2.  One  whose  attitude  towards  political  or  social 
movements  is  analogous  to  Quietism  in  religion. 

1798  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Yng.  Philos.  IV.  393, 1  will  not 
taUc  to  you  about  politics  because  you  are  among  the 
moderates  and  quietists.  1834  SOUTHEY  Doctor  &\.  (1862) 
232  He  was  not  like  him  a  political  quietUt  from  indifference. 
1871  R.  H.  MUTTON  Ess.  II.  442  He  was,  in  political  and 
social  conviction,  a  democratic  quietist ;  one  might  almost 
say  a  fatalist. 

3.  attrib,  or  as  adj. 

1856  R.  A.VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  II.  xi.  ii.  224  The 
Quietist  doctrine  of  unconsciousness.  1860  O.  W.  HOLMFS 
Elsie  y.  xxviii.  (1891)  413  Hymns  ..  of  the  Methodist  and 
Quietist  character.  1873  Money  Rousseau  1 1.  x.  29  Rous 
seau  raised  feeling,  now  passionate,  now  quietist. 

Qnietistic  (kwsieti-stik),  a.  [f.  prec.:  see 
-ISTIC.]  Belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of,  quietists. 


60 

iSSO  H.  BUSHNEI.L  God  in  Christ  321  They  make  a  study  I 

of  the  mystic  and  quietistic  writers.    1876  Macm.  Mag.  \ 

XXXIV.  194  He  displays. .the  most  tender  love  and  quiet-  \ 
istic  resignation. 

Quietive  (kwsi-etiv).  [f.  QUIET  v.  +  -IVE.]  , 
That  which  tends  to  produce  quiet ;  a  sedative. 

1894  BRUCE  Paul's  Concept.  Chr.  xx.  365  It  is  his  quietive  j 
amid  disgusts. 

Qui-etize,  v.    rare-1,      [f.   QUIET  a.  +  -IZE.] 

trans.  To  make  quiet. 

1791  MAD.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  (1842-6)  V.  vi.  271  Solitude, 
and  patience,  and  religion,  have  now  quietized  both  father 
and  daughter  into  tolerable  contentment. 

Qui-etlesa,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  QUIET  sb.  +  -LESS.] 
Devoid  of  quiet. 

1839  BAILEY  Festus  (1852)  376  The  moon .  .comes  haunting 
the  cold  earth . .  quietless. 

Quietlike,  a.  and  adv.  Sc.  [See  -LIKE  2  b.] 
Apparently  quiet ;  quietly. 

£1470  HENRY  Wallace  v.  577  AH  his  four  men  1-ar  thaim 
quietlik.  Mod.  Sc.  Your  horse  is  a  quictlike  beast. 

Quietly  (kwai-etlil,  adv.    Forms  :  5-6  quyetly,    j 
-lie,  6  quietlie,  -ely ,  6-  quietly,  (9  dial,  whietly).    [ 
[f.  QUIET  a.  +  -LY1*.]     In  a  quiet  manner ;  without 
molestation, peacefully;  withoutexcitement, tumult,    j 
or  noise ;  without  moving  or  stirring,  etc. 

1494  FABYAN  Citron,  i.  iv.  n  He  was  stablysshed  in  his 
Realme  quyetly.     1535  COVERDALE  I  Sam.  xxiv.  4  Dauid 
stode  vp  and  cut  of  the  typpe  of  Sauls  garment  quyetly. 
1568  GRAFTON  Cliron.  II.  378  They  entred  into  the  Citie,  and 
there  abode  quietly.    i6xz  TOURNF.UR  Ath.  Trag.  I.  ii.  Wks. 
1878  I.  35  That  he  may  sleepe  the  quietlier.     1729  BUTLER 
Serin.  Hum.  Nat.  ii.  Wks.  1874  II.  20  Let  every  one  then 
quietly  follow  his  nature.    1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L,  |  227    ! 
A  weight  of  lead  . .  which,  in  all  such  trials  as  had  hitherto    | 
been  made  thereof,  had  lain  quietly.   1878  Hvx\.vi  Physiogr.    • 
xvii.  281  When  the  river.. quietly  deposited  mud  and  sand.     ] 

Quietness  (kwai'etnes).  Forms :  5-7  quiet- 
nes(se,  6  quyetnes(se,  7  quiett-,  quyettnes,  6- 
quietness.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.]  The  condition 
of  being  quiet  or  undisturbed ;  absence  of  noise, 
motion,  or  excitement ;  calmness,  tranquillity. 

("1450  tr.  De  Imitations  I.  ix.  10  f>ou  shalt  neure  finde 
quietnes   but   in  meke  subieccion   under  a   prelate.     1526 
Pilgr,  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  142  It  is  lesse  labour  and  more    j 
quietnes.   a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Citron.  Scot.  (S.T.S.)    j 
1. 185  Althocht  the  conspiratouris  thocht  to  have  this  matter 
. .  in  quyetnes,  yet . .  the  king  of  France  gat  wit  of  the  samin.    | 
1682  NORRIS  llitrocles  71  The  knowing  man  . .  will  learn 
quietness  and  sedateness.     1730  EARL  OF  OXFORD  in  Swift's 
Lett.  (1768)  IV.  25  Enjoying  the  fruit  of  his  victory,  peace 
and  quietness.     1807  WORDSW.  White  Dee  I.  294  Happy  in 
the  shy  recess  Of  Barden's  lowly  quietness.    1874  GLADSTONE 
in  Contemp.  Rer.  Oct.  664  A  word  spoken  in  quietness  .. 
can  rarely  fail  to  be  in  season. 

f  b.  With  a  (not  followed  by  that).  06s. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  V  75  b,  To  set  all  thynges  in  a 
quietnes.  1549  LATIMER  -znd  Serm.  be/.  Edw.  VI  (Arb.)  73 
That  she  wold  let  the  great  man  haue  a  quietnes  in  hyr 
Lande.  1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  iv.  i.  12,  I  ..  am  arm'd  To 
suffer,  with  a  quietnesse  of  spirit  [etc.]. 

t  Quretous,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  QUIET  sb.  +  -ous.] 
Quiet,  peaceful.  Hence  t  Q,ui'etously  adv. 

1550  BALE  Image  fi<>th  Ch.  84  b,  Quietously  to  rest  for  a 
season.  Ibid.  93  b,  Bringing  men  to  a  quietous  holde  and 
sure  stay  in  the  Lord. 

Qui-etsome,  a.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [f.  QUIET  a. 
+  -SOME.]  Quiet. 

1595  SPENSER  Epithal.  326  Let  the  night  be  calme  and 
quietsome.  1876  \Vhitby  Gloss.,  Quietsome,  retired ;  silent. 

Quietude  (kwai-eti»7d).  [a.  F.  quietude  (c  1500) 
or  ad.  late  L.  quietudo,  f.  quict-us  QUIET  a.]  = 
QUIETNESS;  rest,  calm,  tranquillity. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guiflemeajt's  Fr,  Chirurg.  46b/2  That 
parte  requireth  nothinge  els  then  quietude.  1675  OTWAY 
Alcibiades  in.  i,  How  sweet  a  Quietude's  in  Fetters  found. 
'755  J-  SHEBBEARE  Lydia  (1769)  II.  3  Love,  ..  urged  his 
bosom  too  vehemently,  to  suffer  a  moment's  quietude  or 
delay.  1832  LYTTON  Eugene  A.  I.  y.  28  Philosophy  has 
become  another  name  for  mental  quietude.  1877  '  H.  A. 
PAGE  '  De  Quiticey  II.  xvi.  29  The  quietude  of  the  Meadows 
. .  made  them  his  favourite  resorts. 

II  Quietus  (kwai,rt»s).     [Short  for  next.] 

1.  A  discharge  or  acquittance  given  on  payment 
of  sums  due,  or  clearing  of  accounts ;  a  receipt. 

1540  Act  32  Hen.  V1I1  (Pardon),  Such  issues  fines 
or  amerciaments  . .  and  haue  his  or  their  Quietus  for  the 
same.  1623  WEBSTER  Ditch.  Malfi  in.  ii,  You  had  the  tricke 
in  Audit  time  to  be  sicke,  Till  I  had  sign'd  your  Quietus. 
1688  EVELYN  Diary  15  Mar.,  I  gave  in  my  account  about 
the  Sick  and  Wounded,  in  order  to  have  my  quietus.  1780 
BURKE  Sp.  Econ.  Reform  Wks.  1826  III.  297  A  final  acquit 
tance,  (or  a  yuief/ts,  as  they  term  it)  is  scarcely  ever  to  be 
obtained  [from  the  exchequer].  1887  4%th  Dep.  Keeper's 
Rep.  628  The  several  Books  . .  being  preserved,  and  . .  the 
satisfaction  or  quietus  being  therein  entered, 

1 2.  A  discharge  from  office  or  duty.  Obs. 

c  1670  WOOD  Life  an.  1650-1, 16  Jan.  (O.  H.  S.)  I.  166  Had 
A.  W.  continued  postmaster  a  little  longer,  he  had,  without 
doubt,  received  his  quietus.  1687  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel. 
(1857)  I.  401  Sir  Francis  Withens,  a  judge  of  the  Kings 
bench,  hath  his  quietus,  a  1711  KEN  Hymiiotheo  Poet. 
Wks.  1721  III.  155  The  Guardian  to  relieve,  Who  his 
Quietus  shall  in  Heav'n  receive.  1788  WAI.POLE  Letters 
(1902)  io.;  A  Veteran  Author  ought  to  take  out  his  quietus 
as  much  as  the  Superannuated  of  any  other  Profession. 

3.  Discharge  or  release  from  life;  death,  or  that 
which  brings  death. 

1602  SHAKS.  Hain.  in.  i.  75  When  he  himselfe  might  his 
quietus  make  With  a  bare  bodkin.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt. 
Nat.  (1834)  II.  639  Some  obtain  their  quietus  without  any 


QUILL. 

signs  of  pain  at  all.  1775  SHERIDAN  Rivals  v.  iii,  If  an 
unlucky  bullet  should  carry  a  quietus  with  it.  111839 
PRAED  Poems  (1864)  II.  65  Sought  his  quietus  in  a  duel. 
1872  BAKER  Nile  Tribut.  v.  65  This  shot,  far  from  producing 
a  quietus,  gave  rise  to  a  series  of  convulsive  struggles. 

b.  Final  settlement  or  extinction. 
1806-7  BERESFORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life  (ed.  5)  I.  233  We 
have  now,  I  think,  given  a  quietus  to  the  parlour.     1885 
CLODD  Myths  A>  Dr.  i.  iv.  73  This  law  gave  the  quietus  to 
theories  of  common  origin. 

4.  (By  assoc.  with  quiet.)  Something  which 
quiets  or  represses. 

1824  Miss  FEHRIER  Inker,  xxxii,  This  disaster,  .had  the 
effect  of  a  quietus  upon  Miss  P.  for  some  time.  1855 
THACKERAY  Nevxomes  II.  304  The  nurse  ran  to  give  its 
accustomed  quietus  to  the  little  screaming  infant. 

Hence  t  Quietus  v.  trans.,  to  discharge.   Obs. 

1688  in  Ellis  Corr.  II.  22  The  other  Powell  and  Holloway, 
who  are  quietus'd. 

II  Quietus  est.  Obs.  [(med.)L.  =  'heisquit'.] 
—  QUIETUS. 

1427-8  Rolls  I'arlt.  V.  409/2  That  the!  haue  not  theire 
Quietus  est  out  of  the  Eschequier.  1530  LATIMER  Rent, 
(Parker  Soc.)  309  To  have.. your  quietus  est  sealed  with  the 
blood  of  our  Saviour  Christ.  1594  CAREW  Huarte's  Exam. 
Wits  (1616)  217  That  Steward .  .salued  vp  all  his  reckonings, 
and  got  his  quietus  est.  1681  LUTTRELL  Brief  Kel.  (1857) 
I.  74  On  Monday  the  nth  of  Aprill  the  lord  cheif  justice 
Scroggs  received  his  quietus  est.  i7o6PHlLLirs(ed.  Kersey), 
Quietus  est  ..a  Phrase  us'd  by  the  Clerk  of  the  Pipe  and 
Auditors  in  the  Exchequer,  in  their  Acquittances  and 
Discharges  given  to  Accountants  :  A  Quietus  est  granted 
to  the  Sheriff  likewise  discharges  him  of  all  Accounts  due 
to  the  Queen. 

t  Qui'ety.  Sc.  Obs.  rare.  In  6  quiete,  -tie,  7 
quyetie.  [a.  OF.  quiete,  qiiitt  (Godef.)  :-L.  type 
*qtrictat-cm,  f.  quiet-its  QUIET  a.]  Quietness. 

4:1470  HENRYSON  Mor.  Fab.  n.  (Town  <J-  C.  Mouse)  xxxi, 
lilissit  be  sober  feist  in  quiete  [ea.  1621  quyetie].  1528 
LYNDESAY  Drente  283  Secreit  synnis  done  in  quietie. 

Quife,  Quig,  Quight,  obs.  ff.  Coir,  WHIG, 
QUITE. 

(kwsiihai).    Also -hi.    [Urdu  (Hindi) 

*  ^"* '  's  (/'"'}  anx  °ne  0*"')  t'iere ' ' 


a  call  used  in  India  to  summon  a  servant.]  An 
Anglo-Indian,  esp.  one  belonging  to  the  Bengal 
Presidency. 

1816  '  Quiz  '  (title),  The  Grand  Master,  or  Adventures  of 
Qui  Hi  in  Hindostan.  1822  BlgeJkwoatfs  Mag.  Aug.  133  So 
if  you  are  neither  a  qu,  hy  [sic]  nor  a  politician  [etc.].  1834 
MEDWIN  Angler  in  Wales  1.7  An  apparition . .  not  unusual  at 
that  refuge  for  Indians,  a'  qui  hi '.  1864  TREVELYAN  Compel. 
Wallah  (1866)  170  Old  Quihyes,  with  clogged  livers  and 
shattered  nerves^ 

attrib.  1840  E.  E.  NAPIER  Scenes  fy  Sports  For.  Lands  II. 
iv.  91,  I  sent  to  my  Qui  Hi  friend  an  Arab  pony. 

Quik(e,  quikk(e,  etc.,  obs.  ff.  QUICK  a.  and  v. 

Quil,  obs.  form  of  WHILE,  WHICH. 

t  Quilate.  Obs.  Also  6  quillat(e.  [a.  Sp.  or 
Pg.  quilate:  cf.  KiLLAT.]  =  CARAT,  q.v. 

1577  FRAMPTON  Joyfull  Neives  n.  55  They  shall  put  the 
water  lower,  in  Quillats.  16*2  MABBE  tr.  Aleman's  Guzman 
d'Alf.  i.  27  Shee  would  rather  die.  .  then..faile  one  quilate  in 
the  touch  and  finenesse  of  her  punctualitie.  1622  Ibid.  n. 
320  Hee  teacheth  vs  the  quilates  and  aloy  of  that  gold. 

Quile,  obs.  f.  WHICH.  Quile,  var.  COIL  sb.$ 
haycock,  WHILE.  Quiler,  var.  QUOILEB. 

t  Quilicom.  Obs.  rare~i.  [Of  obscure  forma 
tion.]  App.,  an  idle  fancy,  conceit,  or  quibble. 

1644  QUARLES  Barnabas  fy  B.  (1651)  43  It  is  enough  for 
me  to  know,  that  God  is  a  good  man  . .  and  for  all  other 
Quilicoms,  they  shall  never  trouble  my  braines. 

Quilis,  -ist,  obs.  forms  of  WHILES,  WHILST. 

Quilk,  obs.  form  of  WHICH. 

Quill  (kwil),  sb.'i  Forms:  4-7  quil,  5  quyl, 
qwil,  qvylle,  6  quyll,  6-  quill.  [Of  obscure 
etym. :  cf.  LG.  quiele,  G.  kiel,  dial,  keil  (MHG. 
ktf),  quill  (of  a  feather).] 

1 1.  A  hollow  stem  or  stalk,  as  that  of  a  reed  ; 
a  smooth  piece  of  stem  between  two  joints.  Obs. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  l.  vi,  They  take  a  quil  . .  or  a 
large  can,  And  in  the  ende  this  stone  they  set.  £1440 
Pramp.  Pan.'.  421/1  Qvylle,  stalke,  calamus.  1688  K.  HOLME 
Armoury  n.  84/2  Of  a  Tree . .  the  Quill,  is  the  Cane,  or 
space  between  two  such  joints. 

b.  A  piece   of  reed  or  other  hollow  stem  on 
which  yarn  is  wound ;  hence,  a  bobbin,  spool,  or 
pirn  of  any  material. 

14. .  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  613/1  Stola,  a  Quyl,  or  a  Spole. 
1547  SALESBURY  Welsh  Diet.,  Prikied  edafedd,  a  quyll  of 
yorne.  1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  iv.  vii.  11611)  204  Hee 
beareth  Argent  three  Weauer's  Shuttles  Sable  tipped  and 
furnished  with  Quils  of  Yarne.  1635  Roxb.  Ball.  (1890) 
VII.  142  If  I  should  a  Weaver  have,  ..  Either  wind  silk, 
or  fill  his  quills,  'tis  either  I  can  fit.  1771  MRS.  DKLANY 
Lett.  Ser.  n.  I.  382  Neither  by  force  or  art  can  I  get  the 
present  quill  off  the  spindle.  1831  G.  R.  PORTER  Silk 
Mttnuf.  221  The  quantity  of  silk  wound  upon  each  of  these 
quills  is  necessarily  but  small.  1886  ELWORTHY  W.  Som. 
Word-bk.,  Quill,  to  wind  the  yarn  from  the  hank  or  skein 
on  to  a  bobbin,  called  a  quill,  for  the  weaver's  shuttle. 

c.  A  musical  pipe,  made  of  a  hollow  stem. 
1567  TURBERV.  Epit.,  etc.  56  Assist  mee  with  your  skilfull 

Quilles  and  listen  when  I  call.  1633  P.  FLETCHER  Purple 
Isl.  xi.  ii,  Who  now  shall  teach  to  change  my  oaten  quill 
For  trumpet  'larms.  1710  PHILIPS  Pastorals  iy.  28  Yet 
Colinet . .  My  fingers  guided  on  the  tuneful  Quill.  1749 
COLLINS  Superstit.  Highlands  ii,  There,  must  thou  v>akc 


c' 


QUILL. 

perforce  thy  Doric  quill.  1878  BROWNING  Poets  Croisic 
xlviii,  Joining  the  Delphic  quill  and  Getic  trump. 

d.  A  piece  of  cinnamon  or  cinchona  bark  curled 
up  in  the  form  of  a  tube.  Also,  the  extent  to  which 
such  bark  curls  up  in  drying. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  V.  12/2  The  bark  which  is 
rolled  up  into  short  thick  quills  . .  was  esteemed  the  best. 
1811  A.  T.  THOMSON  Lond.  Disp.  (1818)  116  The  secondary 
[characteristics]  . .  are  exterior  coat,  fracture,  weight,  thick 
ness,  and  quill.  1852  MORFIT  Tanning  <y  Currying  (1853) 
86  It  is  known  to  commerce  as  cassia,  and  comes  in  single 
quills.  1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Ferim.  Bark^i  The  bark 
which  comes  from  I,  >.\a  is  in  the  minutest  quills. 

t  2.  A  small  pipe  or  tube ;  esp.  a  small  water- 
pipe.  Obs. 

£-1433  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  II.  429  That 
thei  inowe  take  oonly  to  their  vse  a  qwil  out  of  the  pipe  of 
the  conduyt.  1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch  (1676)  297  He  cut 
off  the  pipes  and  quils  private  men  had  made  to  convey 
Water  into  their  Houses  and  Gardens.  1660  BOYLK  New 
Exf.  Phys.  Mech.  vi.  57  We  took  a  slender  Quill  of  Glass 
which  happen'd  to  be  at  hand.  1712  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's 
Gardening  197  The  Bore  of  the  Quill  ought  to  be  four  Times 
less  than  the  Bore.. of  the  Conduit-Pipe. 
•f  b.  A  tap  or  faucet.  Obs. 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xv.  (1623)  811  With  what 
uill  these  wines  were  vented  from  the  setled  Lees.     1611 
^OTGR.,  Guille,  the  quill,  or  faucet  of  a  wine  vessel.     1727 
BOYEH  Diet.  Royal  II,  The  Quill  (or  Tap)  of  a  Barrel 

c.  The  hollow  steel  mandrel  of  a  seal-engraver's 
lathe,  into  which  the  engraving  tools  are  fitted. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Much.  2081/2  The  quill  is  of  steel, 
about  2  inches  long  and  4  inch  in  diameter. 

3.  The  tube  or  barrel  of  a  feather,  the  part  by 
which  it  is  attached  to  the  skin.     Sometimes  ex 
tended  to  include  the  shaft,  or  used  loosely  in  the 
sense  of 'feather'  (esp.  one  of  the  strong  wing-  or 
tail-feathers)  and  poet,  for  *  wing '. 

1555  EDEN  Decades^  163  Suche  thinges  as  they  make  of 
fethers  and  quilles  impaled  with  golde.  1575  TURBERV. 
Faulconrie  331  The  seconde  kinde  of  Teynte  which  fretteth 
the  principals  of  a  Hawke  to  the  verie  Quill.  1593  Q. 
ELIZABETH  Boeth.  iv.  met.  i.  76  Spedy  quilles  haue  I  That 
fur  aboue  the  Pole  do  reache.  a  1682  SIR  T.  BROWNE 
Tracts  83  A  hard  reed  about  the  compass  of  a  Goose  or 
Swans  quill.  1713  C'TESS  WINCHELSEA  Misc.  Poems  216 
No  Quill,  thence  pull'd,  was  shap'd  into  a  pen.  1774 
GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  V.  102  One  of  the  quills  was  two 
feet  four  inches  long;  and  the  barrel,  or  hollow  part,  was 
six  inches  and  three  quarters.  1834  McMuRTRiE  Cuvier's 
Anim.  Kingd.  114  The  bony  tail,  .has  a  range  of  large  quills, 
which,  .assist  in  supporting  the  bird. 

b.  The  feather  of  a  large  bird  (usually  a  goose) 
formed  into  a  pen  by  pointing  and  slitting  the 
lower  end  of  the  barrel. 

Brother,  Knight  of  the  quill',  see  BROTHER,  KNIGHT.  To 
draw  the  guill:  see  DRAW. 

1552  [see  GOOSE-QUILL].  1581  DERRICKS  linage  Irel. 
(1883)  19  Lorde  guide  my  quiuryng  quill.  1591  FLORIO 
•2nd  Fruites  97  A  serpents  tooth  bites  not  so  ill,  As  dooth 
a  schollers  angrie  quill.  1663  BOYLE  Usef.  E*p,  Nat. 
Philos.  i.  iv.  87  The  quill  that  a  philosopher  writes  with, 
being  dipt  in  ink  [etc.].  1704  SWIFT  T.  Tub  i.  (1709)  32 
A  quill  worn  to  the  pith  in  the  service  of  the  State.  1771 
SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl.  10  June,  Let,  i,  His  house  is  open 
to  all  unfortunate  brothers  of  the  quill.  1871  B.  TAYLOK 
Faust  (1875)  II.  ii.  i.  84  The  quill.  .Wherewith  his  compact 
with  the  devil  he  signed. 

C.  A  plectrum  formed  of  the  quill  of  a  feather, 
,used  for  plucking  the  strings  of  a  musical  instru 
ment;  in  instruments  of  the  harpsichord  type,  a 
piece  of  crow-quill,  fixed  on  a  jack  and  set  in 
motion  by  the  keys. 

1552  HULOET,  Quyll,  with  whiche  a  musician  vseth  to 
play  to  saue  his  fingers,  or  any  lyke  thinge,  plectrum. 
1647  WARD  Simp.  Cobler  84  The  world's  a  well  strung 
fidle,  mans  tongue  the  quill.  1697  DRYDEN  sEneid\\.  879 
His  flying  fingers,  and  harmonious  quill,  Strike  sev'n  dis- 
tinguish'd  notes.  1776  BUBNEY  Hist,  A/its.  (1789)  I.  ix.  150 
To  produce  a  clear  tone  . .  Ly  the  common  means  of  quills 
or  hammers. 

d.  The  float  of  a  fishing-line,  made  of  a  quill. 
a  1639  SIR  H.  WOOTTON  On  a  Bank  8  (Percy  Soc.)  VI.  17 

There  stood  my  friend,  with  patient  skill  Attending  of  bis 
trembling  quill.  1650  E.  POWEL  in  Walton  Angler  (1875)  13 
This  Fisherman . .  sits  by  a  brook,  watching  a  quill,  a  1678 
MARVELL  Upon  Appleton  House  649  But  now  away  my 
Hooks,  my  Quills,  And  Angles,  idle  Utensils. 

e.  A  toothpick  made  of  a  quill. 

1784  COWPER  Task  if.  628  He  picks  clean  teeth,  and,  busy 
as  ne  seems  With  an  old  tavern  quill,  is  hungry  yet. 

f.  Mining.  A  blasting-fuse,  consisting  of  a  quill 
filled  with  powder  {Cent,  Diet.  1891). 

4.  One  of  the  hollow  sharp  spines  forming  part 
of  the  covering  of  a  porcupine. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  \.  v.  20  Make  ..  each  particular  haire 
to  stand  an  end,  Like  Quilles  vpon  the  fretfull  Porpentine. 
1675  GREW  Disc.  Tastes  Plants  vi.  §  9  As  the  Quills  in  the 
Skin  of  a  Porcupine.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  IV. 
108  All  these  quills  ..  incline  backwards,  like  the  bristles  of 
an  hog.  1855  LONGF.  Htaw.  iv.  41  Leggings,  Richly  wrought 
with  quills  and  wampum. 

t  5.  One  of  the  cylindrical  plaits  or  folds  of  a 
ruff(Nares);  ?  a  quilled  ruff.  Obs. 

a  1828  T/te  Gardener  xi.  in  Child  Ballasts  IV.  213  The  lily 
white  to  be  your  smock..  And  the  jelly -flower  to  be  your  quill. 

6.  A  quill-gnat  (see  8  b). 

1899  Westw.  Gas.  2  June  3/2  They  prefer  to  kill  their 
fish  with  smaller  patterns— a  red  quill,  or  a  Wickham's 
Fancy. 

7.  (In  full  quill-stroke.)   A  particular  stroke  in 
the  i*ame  of  billiards. 


61 

1896  R.  D.  WALKER  in  W.  Broadfoot  Billiards  370  The    t 
so-called  quill  or  feather  stroke,  which  was  tabooed  years 
and  years  ago.     1901  Q.  Rev.  Apr.  483  What  was  known  as 
the  feather  stroke  or  the  'quill'   Mardon  considered   ex 
tremely  serviceable. 

8.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  General  combs.,  as 
(sense  i  b)  quill-boy,  -winder  \  (sense  3  or  3  b) 
quill-barrel,  -dealer,  -dresser,  -employment,  -end, 
-gun,  -man,  -merchant,  -nib,  -pen,  -shaped  adj., 
-timber,  -vendor ;  (sense  4)  quill-darting,  -like  adjs. 

1770  KUCKHAN  in  Phil.  Trans.  LX.  314  An  incision  ju*t 
big  enough  to  introduce  the  end  of  a  *quill-barrel.  1812 
SOUTHEY  in  Q.  Rev.  VIII.  351  What  quantity  of  ^mil-barrel 
ought  to  be  allowed  for  a  clerk's  daily  consumption.  1727 
BOVER  Diet.  Royal  II,  "Quill-Boy,  Epeulier.  1670  S. 
CLARKE  4  Plant.  Amer.  32  *QulI-darting  Poicupmes  and 
Rackcoones.  a.  1733  ARBUTHNOT  &  POPE  Mem.  Af.  Scrib- 
lerus  xiv,  The  quill-darting  Porcupine.  1885  Census  In 
struct.,  *QuilI  Dresser,  Dealer.  1764  Antiq.  in  Ann.  Reg. 
171/2  The  most  ancient  grant  of  nobility  in  France  toa*quill 
employment  was  to  the  King's  secretaries.  1797  Encycl. 
Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVII.  692/2  The  small  *quill  ends  which  touch 
the  strings.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  454  Into  this  the  quill 
end  of  the  feather  must  be  plunged.  1617  LANE  Contn. 
Sgr.'s  T.  (1887)  37  What  *quill-gon  bownces  dares  shee  not 
let  flye?  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  I.  xxx.  408  The  cheeks 
and  lips  are  completely  masked  by  the  heavy  "quill-like 
bristles.  170)  STEKLE  Tatter  No.  19  f  2  Small  *Quill-men 
and  Transcribing  Clerks.  1830  SCOTT  Ayrsh.  Trag.  i.  i, 
Quint  in  the  quillman,  Quintin  the  comptroller.  1813 
Examiner  8  Feb.  86/1  J.  Jones, . .  *quUl  merchant.  1853 
SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade  310  *Quill~nibs.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet. 
i\Iec/t.  1848/2  Bramah  probably  first  suggested  quill-nibs. 
1862  MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett.  III.  109  A  couple  of  good  *quill- 
pensofyourown  making.  i8$2MoRFiT  Tanning  fy  Carrying 
(1853)  86  Cinnamon  of  Ceylon  ..  is  found  in  commerce  in 
thin  *quill-shaped  pieces.  1650  FULLER  Ptsgah  in.  v.  419 
They  conceive  this  third  . .  Temple  never  had  other  then 
paper-wals,  inke-mortar,  and  *quil-timber.  1833  J.  HOLLAND 
Manuf.  Metal  II.  324  The  *quill-venders  have  found  their 
occupation  to  fall  off.  1885  Census  I nstruct.,*Qm\\  Winder. 
b.  Special  combs. ;  quill-back,  an  American 
fish  of  the  genus  Carpiodes;  the  spearfish  {Cent. 
Diet.  1891);  quill-bark,  cinchona  bark  in  the 
form  of  quills ;  quill-bit,  a  boring-tool  for  a  brace, 
having  a  hollow  barrel  (Simmonds  Diet.  Trade 
1853)  ;  quill-coverts,  the  feathers  which  cover  the 
base  of  the  quill-feathers ;  quill-feather,  one  of  the 
stiff,  comparatively  large,  feathers  arranged  in  two 
rows  along  the  edge  of  a  bird's  wing ;  also,  one  of 
the  similar  feathers  of  the  tail;  quill-gnat, a  species 
of  gnat,  or  an  imitation  of  it  used  in  angling  ;  quill- 
jack,  a  jack  fitted  with  a  quill  (see  3  c) ;  quill- 
stroke  (see  7)  ;  quill-tail  (coot)  U.S.,  the  spiny- 
tailed  duck  (Cent.  Diet.} ;  quill-tool,  -tube  (see 
quots.)  ;  quill-turn,  -wheel,  a  wheel  for  winding 
spools  ;  quill-wort,  an  aquatic  plant  of  the  genus 
Js0etestesp.f,  lacitstrtS) Merlin's  grass,  having  quill- 
like  leaves. 

1785  Gentl.  Mag.  LV.  61  The  red-bark  is  m  much  less  esteem 
abroad  than  the  *quill-bark.  1880  C.  R.  MAKKHAM  Peruv. 
Bark  72  The  root-.shoots  had  scarcely  grown  to  a  sufficient 
size  to  yield  anything  but  quill  bark.  1766  PENNANT  Zool. 
(1768)  I.  156  The  *quil  feathers  are  dusky,  barred  with  red. 
1854  OWEN  Skct.  $  Teeth  in  Circ.  Sc.,  Orgatu  Nat.  I.  223 
The  ulna  is  often  impressed  by  the  insertions  of  the  great 
quill-feathers  of  the  wing.  1867  F.  FRANCIS  Bk.  Angling 
189  The  *Quill  gnat.. makes  its  appearance  late  in  April. 
1891  Field  7  Mar.  342/2  In  a  disused  fly-book . .  reposes 
a  small  collection  of  quill  gnats.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech. 
1691/1  The  substitution  of  *quill-jacks  for  the  hammer.  1859 
SALA  Gas-light  fy  D.  ii.  23  Another  is  fluting  columns  with 
a  thin  brush  called  a  *' quill  tool'.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's 
Word-bit.^  *Quill-tubes,  those  in  use  with  port-fires  for  firing 
guns  before  the  introduction  of  detonating  and  friction 
tubes.  1617  MINSHEU  Ductor,  A  *Quil-turne,  that  turnes 
the  quilles,  or  spoyling  Wheele.  1886  ELWORTHY  W.  Som. 
Word-bis.,  Quill-turn,  the  hand-wheel  and  spindle  upon 
which  the  bobbin  or  quill  is  wound  for  the  weaver's  use. 
1825  KNAPP  &  BAI.DW.  Newgate  Cal.  III.  379/1  The  block 
of  the  *quill-wheel.  1787  tr. Linnaeus'  Fam.  Plantsll.  832 
*Quillwort.  1796  WITHERING  Brit.  Plants  (ed.  3)  III.  300 
Quillwort.  At  the  bottom  of  lakes.  1864  T.  MOORE  Brit. 
Ferns  103  The  European  Quillwort,  or  Merlin's  Grass. 

Hence  Qurlldom,  the  province  of  literature. 
Qui'll-less  a.,  not  provided  with  quills. 

1888  Century  Mag.  XXXVI.  611/1  [A  porcupine's]  quilless 
and  vulnerable  under  side.  1891  I.  ZANGWILL  Bachelors? 
Club  69,  I  was  recognised  in  quilldom  as.. brilliant. 

t  Quill,  sb*  Obs.  rare.  Also  6  quille.  [?a. 
OF.  *  quille  =  F.  cueille  gathering,  harvest,  sb.  f. 
cueillir  (OF.  tjuillir^  etc.)  to  gather,  CULL  z/.1] 

1.  ^  COIL  sb.z 

1588  Book  of  Charges  July  (Dom.  St.  Papers,  P.  R.  O. 
CCXV.  88)  A  Quille  of  ropes  wayeing  xxv11. 

2.  In  the  (or  a)  quill  \  In  a  body;  in  combination 
or  concert.    To  jump  in  quill,  to  act  simultaneously 
or  in  harmony. 

*593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  Vf,  i.  iii.  ^  Let's  stand  close,  .and  then 
wee  may  deliuer  our  Supplications  in  the  Quill.  1687  Hist. 
Sir  y.  Hawkwood  x.  18  Nor  . .  did  they  less  jump  in  quill ; 
for  just  as  he  was  debating  this  matter  with  himself,  they 
came  down  to  him,  and  besought  him  that  he  would  dismiss 
them,  c  1690  Roxb.  Ball.  II.  136  Thus  those  Females  were 
all  in  a  Quill,  and  following  on  their  Pastime  still. 

Quill  ;kwil),  v.    [f.  QUILL  sW] 

1.  trans.  To  form  into  small  cylindrical  plaits  or 
folds  resembling  a  quill ;  to  goffer. 

1712  STEELE  Spect.  No.  478  p  12  It  might  have  been  as 
expensive  in  queen  Elisabeth's  time  only  to  wash  and  quill 
a  ruff.  1758-65  GOLDSM.  Ess.  v.  Wks.  (Globe)  296/1  His  I 


QUILLED. 

cravat  seemed  quilled  into  a  rufT.  1865  Art  Jrnl.  No.  321 
91/2  'Quilled'  her  frills  as  usual.  1869  MRS.  WHITNEY  It-e 
Cir/s  v.  (1873)  82  Ribbon  that  she  was  quilling  up. 

2.  To  cut  the  quills  off  (a  wing).  iwe~\ 
1710^11  SWIFT  Lett.  (1767)  III.  115  As  for  Patrick's  bird  .. 

His  wings  have  been  quilled  thrice,  and  are  now  up  again. 

3.  To  cover  with,  or  as  with,  quills. 

1783  WOLCOTT  (P.  Pindar)  Ode  to  R.  A.'s  Wks.  1812  I.  64 
Thou'rt  like  a  hedgehog  quill'd  By  the  dire  shafts  of  merci 
less  Ridicule.  1814  SOUTHEY  Roderick  xvn,  His  whole 
body  had  been  gored  with  wounds,  And  quill'd  with  spears. 
b.  To  fit  (a  harpsichord)  with  quills. 

1785  [see  QUILLING  vil.  sb.\. 

4.  intr.  To  wind  thread  or  yarn  on  a  quill ;  to 
fill  spools. 

£1640  [see  QUILLING  ?'/-/.  sb.\,  1825  KNAPI'  &  BALDW. 
Newgate  Cat.  III.  377/1  Quilling,  i.e.  putting  silk  on  a 
shuttle.  1851  S.  JUDD  Margaret  ii.  11871)  5  The  child 
Margaret  sits  . .  with  a  small  wheel,  winding  spools,  in  our 
vernacular  '  quilling'.  1886  [see  QUILL  i^.1  i  bj. 

Quill,  obs.  form  of  WHILE. 

Ii  Quillai  (kilai').  Also  cullay.  [Chilian 
(Araucanian)  quillai,  quillay,  (.  quillcan  to  wash.] 
The  soap-bark  tree  of  Chili  ((luil/aia  safoitaiin) : 
see  next.  Also  atti'ib.,  as  qiiillai-bark,  -tree. 

1866  Treas.  Hot.  952/2  Q.  Safonaria,  the  Quillui  or 
Cullay  of  the  Chilians,  is  a  tree  from  fifty  to  sixty  feet  high. 

]|  Quillaia  (kwil«l-ya).  Also  quillaja.  [mod.L., 
f.  prec.]  a.  A  genus  of  S.  American  rosaceous 
trees,  the  bark  of  which  possesses  soap-like  proper 
ties,  b.  The  quillai-tree  (see  prec.)  or  its  bark 
(also  <]uillaia.-barK). 

1848  in  CRAIG.  1866  Trcas.  Bot.  952  2  Quillaja  differs . .  in 
the  ten  stamens  being  in  two  instead  of  one  row.  1886  /W/ 
Mall  G.  13  Sept.  10/2  Ginger-beer . .  the  head  or  foam  is  pro 
duced  either  by  white  of  egg  or  by  quillaia  bark. 

Hence  Quillaic  (kwil<?''ik)  a.  in  quillaic  acid,  an 
acid  of  quillaia-bark  ;  Qnilla'in,  an  extract  of 
quillaia-bark  (Syd.  Sot:.  Lex.  1897). 

1891  W.  MAKTINDALE  Extra  Pliarinacoji.  (ed.  6)  386  The 
bark,  .contains  quillaic  acid  and  sapotoxin. 

Quillat(e,  variants  of  QUILATE,  carat. 

Qui'll-driver.  [QUILL  rf.i  3  b.]  One  who 
works  with  a  quill  or  pen ;  a  clerk  or  author. 
(Chiefly  with  contemptuous  force.) 

1760  I'oy.  IV.  O.  G.  yaitghait  I.  129  As  good  as  any  of  the 
Grub-street  Quill-drivers  cou'd  write.  l846TnAClu-:KAY  Crit. 
Rev.  Wks.  1886  XXIII.  go  The  quill-driver  of  the  present 
day,  with  his  doubtful  position  and  small  gains.  1887'!'.  A. 
THOLLOPK  What  I  remember  II.  xix.  379,  I  used. .to  do  ail 
my  writing  standing  ;  and  I  strongly  recommend  the  practice 
to  brother  quill-drivers. 

So  Qui'll-driving'  vlil.  sb.  and///,  a.  (pres.pple.}. 

1710  D'URKF.Y  Pills  (1872)  IV.  319  Quill-driving  Prigs, 
Flocked  to  St.  James's.  1756  TpLDtRVY  Hist.  2  Orphans 
I.  181  Richmond  . .  went  to  quill-driving  till  ten.  1829 
SCOTT  Jrtil,  13  Jan.,  At  such  times  I  have  wished  myself  a 
clerk,  quill-driving  for  twopence  per  page.  1880  BROWNING 
CHvc  39  That  greenhorn,  that  quill-driving  clerk. 

Quille,  variant  of  QUILL  sl>* 

Quilled  (kwild),  a.  and  ///.  a.  [f.  QUILL  j*.' 
and  v.  +  -ED.] 

1.  Having  the  form  of  a  quill  or  quills. 

a.  of  cinchona  bark:  see  QUILL  s6.1  I  d. 
1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Cortex, The  small,  fine,  quilled 

barks.,  are  the  most  esteemed.  1786  T.  SKEETKS  (title] 
Experiments  and  Observations  on  Quilled  and  Red  Peruvian 
Bark.  1822-34  Good's  Stmi.  AUd.  (ed.  4)  I.  630  The  lance- 
leaved,  pale,  or  quilled  bark.  1895  Chambers'  Encycl.  s.v. 
Cinchona,  The  quilled  form  of  the  thinner  bark  is  acquired 
in  drying. 

b.  of  cloth:  see  QUILL  a.  i.     Also  (of  persons) 
quilled  up :  wearing  a  quilled  ruff. 

1783  COLMAN  Prose  Sev.  Occas.  (1787)  III.  237  (The 
Maidens  of  Queen  Bess's  reign)  Quill'd  up  like  Porcupines, 
they  shot  their  darts.  1804  COLLINS  Serif  scrap  32  A  close 
quill'd-up  coif,  their  noddles  just  did  fit.  1858-61  J.  BROWN 
Harx  Subs.,  Jacob.  Fain.  (1882)  no  A  close  cap  with  a 
quilled  border.  1886  St.  Stephen's  Rev.  13  Mar.  i4/r  The 
border,  .was  entirely  composed  of  fully  quilled  black  lace. 
e.  of  glass:  (see  quot.  1854). 

1800  HENRY  Epit.  Chem.  (1808)  8  It  is  expedient  to  have 
the  quilled  part  accurately  ground  to  the  neck  of  the  bottle. 
1854  J.  SCOFFERN  in  Orr's  Circ.  Sc.,  Chem.  3or  Every  portion 
of  the  glass  tube  is  of  the  kind  known  as  quilled  glass,  not 
much  larger,  .than  the  stem  of  a  clay  tobacco-pipe. 

d.  Bot.  of  florets :  Tubular,  instead  of  normally 
ligulate.    Hence  of  flowers  :  Having  tubular  florets. 

1823  Greenhouse  Comp.  I.  126  The  varieties  of  the  Chry 
santhemum  . .  are,  the ..  Quilled  white, ..  Quilled  yellow  [etc.  ]. 
1849  Florist  233  The  quilled  form  is  an  instance  of  it.  1876 
Encycl.  Brit.  IV.  129  In  the  Dahlia  the  florets  are  rendered 
quilled  [by  cultivation]. 

2.  Having,  or  fitted  with,  a  quill  or  quills. 

a.  of  a  receiver  :  Ending  in  a  narrow  tube. 

1767  WOULFK  in  Phil.  Trans.  LVII.  411  The  retort  was 
set  in  a  reverberatory  furnace,  and  an  adopter  and  quilled 
receiver  luted  to  it.    1800  HENRY  Epit.  Chem.  (1815)  I.  7 
To  some  receivers  a  pipe  is  added,  .which  may  enter  partly 
into  a  bottle  beneath.     This  vessel  . .  is  termed  a  quilled 
receiver. 

b.  of  a  suture :   Having  the  thread  secured  to 
pieces  of  quill  on  each  side  of  the  wound. 

1768  tr.  Heister's  Surg.  \.  \.  yi.  74  A  large  crooked  needle, 
for  stitching  large  Wounds,  with  a  double  Thread,  to  make 
the  quilled  Suture. 

c.  of  a  jack  in  a  harpsichord  :  Tipped  with  a 
piece  of  crow-quill. 

1842  Penny  Cycl.  XXII.  349/1  The  Spinet  had  but  one 
string  to  each  note,  which  was  struck  by  a  quilled  jack. 


QUILLER. 

d.  Her.  of  a   feather :    Having   a  quill  (of  a 
specified  tincture). 

1864  in  BOUTELL  Her.  Hist.  *  Pop.  (ed.  3)  86. 
fQurller.  Obs.  rare~\   [f.  QUILL  sbl  2  +  -EB.] 
A  bird  not  fully  fledged.     In  quot.y?^. 

1591  LYLY  Endym.  v.  ii,  O  sir,  your  chinne  is  but  a  quyller 
yet,  you  will  be  most  majesticall  when  it  is  full  fledge. 

Quillet  (kwi'let),  sb^  Also  6  coylett,  quyllett, 
6-7  quillett.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 

1.  A  small  plot  or  narrow  strip  of  land.  Now 
only  local  or  Antiq. 

1533~4  Act  25  Hen.  VIII,  c.  13  §  10  No  maner  person  .. 
shafitake  in  ferme  . .  any  quillettes  of  landes  or  pastures. 
1538  LELAND  I  tin.  IV.  82  §  2  Impropriating  Benefices  unto 
them  and  giving  them  Coyletts  of  Land,  c  1640  J.  SMYTH 
Lives  Berkeley $(&%>•$  1. 151  Reducinge  his  scattered  quillets 
of  ground  togeather  into  entire  enclosures.  1774  T.  WEST 
Antiq.  Furness  p.  xlv,  The  abbots  of  Furness  permitted 
the  inhabitants  to  enclose  quillets  to  their  houses.  1824 
HEBER  Jrnl.  9  Aug.,  Each  quillet. .had  its  little  stage  and 
shed  for  the  watchman.  1888  A  rchxolog.  Rw.  Mar.  17  The 
fields,  .in  North  Wales  are  still,  in  many  cases,  divided  into 
..'quillets  ',  that  is  to  say,  into  open  strips  marked  off  from 
each  other  merely  by  boundary  stones, 
t  2.  A  hamlet.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1597-8  Act  39  Eliz.  c.  25  The  sayde  Hundred  doth  con- 
siste  onely  of  five  small  villages  and  thre  small  Quyllettes  or 
Hamlettes. 

Quillet  (kwi'let),  sb?  Also  7  quilit,  7-9 
quillit.  [?  Abbrev.  of  QUILLITY  ;  cf.  quip^  qiiippy 
and  quidditt  quiddity ^\  A  verbal  nicety  or  subtle 
distinction ;  a  quirk,  quibble. 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  iv.  iii  288  Some  tricks,  some  quillets, 
how  to  cheat  the  diuell.  1609  HOLLAND  Amm.  Marcell. 
xxx.  iv.  386  Linking  and  entangling  causes  with  insoluble 
quirkes  and  quilits.  1674  MARVELL 6V '/.  Councils\f\&.  1875 
IV.  117  [Thou]  didst  ask  them  concerning  a  frivolous  quillet 
of  a  question.  1708  Brit.  Apollo  No.  69.  3/2  Like  Ignoramus, 
For  Quillets  most  famous.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  x,  Sharp- 
eyed  as  a  lynx  . .  in  the  nice  sharp  quillits  of  legal  discussion. 
1890  J.  H.  STIRLING  Gifford  Lect.  viii.  153  The  word  is  too 
unequivocal  for  any  quillet  to  be  hung  upon  it. 
Hence  t  Quillet  v.  intr.,  to  quibble.  Obs. 
1653  HOLCROFT  Procopius  i.  xx.  25  It  is  inconvenient  for 
men  in  hazard  for  the  main,  to  quillet  about  the  rest. 

Quillet  (kwi-let),  sb.s  [app.  f.  QUILL  sbl  + 
-ET.]  A  small  quill,  or  tube,  etc., resembling  this. 

1876  BLACKMORE  Cripps  II.  xiv.  211  Sprays,  that . .  held  in 
every  downy  quillet  liquid,  rather  than  solid,  gem.  1879 
Daily  Tel.  29  May,  As  many  codicils  as  there  are  paper 
quillets  to  a  schoolboy's  kite. 

Quilleted  (kwrleted),  a.  [f.  QuiLLET  sd.l  + 
-ED.]  Divided  into  quillets. 

1888  Archxolog,  /?«'.  Mar.  21  The  whole  of  this  quilleted    • 
tract  is  grouped  about  the  ancient  site  of  the  parish  church,     j 
1893  A.  N.  PALMER  Hist.  Wrexham  IV.  102  The  quilleted 
close  nearest  the  town, 

Quillety,  variant  of  QUILLITY. 
Quilling  (kwi'lirj),  vbl.  sb.     [f.  QUILL  v.} 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  QUILL  ;  esp.  filling  a  quill 
with  thread  or  yarn. 

_  €1640  J,  SMYTH  Lives  Berkeleys  (1883)  I.  167  The  charges 
in  ..  quillinge,  weaving^  . .  and  the  like.  1780  A.  YOUNG 
Tour  Irel.  1.^315  Quilling,  warping,  and  winding;  the 

? lulling  by  children.      1785  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  I.  440, 
do  not  altogether  despair  of  making  something  of  your 
method  of  quilling  [a  harpsichord].    1856  WHITTIER  Ranger 
vii,  Leave  your  quilling,  leave  your  spinning. 

2.  A   ribbon,  strip   of   lace   or   other   material 
gathered  into  small  cylindrical  folds  resembling 
a  row  of  quills. 

1813  LADY  BURGHERSH  Lett.  (1893)61  An  immense  quilling 
of  lace  or  ribbon  round  the  poke.  1829  Glovers  Hist.  Derby 
I.  247  Quillings  or  narrow  edgings  of  lace.  1882  Standard 
n  Sept.  6/6  Quillings  and  ruchings  continue  dull. 

t  Qui'llity.  Obs.  rare.  Also  7  quillety. 
[?  Alteration  of  QUIDDITY  2.]  A  quillet,  a  quibble. 

'573  G.  HARVEY  Letter-bk.  (Camden)  135  In  nise  poyntes 
and  quillityes  none  more  praecise.  16x6  ABP.  MATTHEWS  in 
Usher's  Lett.  (1686)  36  Our  adversaries  do  not  ..  intangle 
others  . .  in  any  one  Quillity,  or  Cavil,  more  than  in  that 
particular. 

transf.  1653  URQUHART  Rabelais  \.  xi.  (1000)  56  One  of 
them  would  call  it  ..  her  staffs  of  love,  her  quillety.  [1678 
MRS.  BEHN  Sir  P.  Fancy  v.  i,  We  shall  soon  rectifie  the 
quiblets  and  quillities  of  his  blood,  if  he  observes  our  direc 
tions  and  diet.] 

11  Quillqn  (k*y<m).  [Fr.  (1611  in  Cotgr.),  app. 
f.  quilit  ninepin  :  see  KAYLES.]  One  or  other  of 
the  two  arms  forming  the  cross-guard  of  a  sword. 

i®&Archxologia\A.\,  513  The  quillons,  which  start  from 
a  rectangular  block  through  which  the  blade  passes.  1894 
R.  S.  FERGUSON  Charters  of  Carlisle  292  His  sword  which 
has  plain  straight  quillons,  hangs  at  his  left  side. 

-  (kwi-li),  a.  rare.     [f.  QUILL  j*.i  +  -Y!.] 


.       . 

Resembling  a  qnill ;  pertaining  to  quills. 

1565  J.  HALLE  Hist.  Expost.  go  The  circulare  or  quilly 
hardnes  of  fistules.  1886  Sat.  Km  19  June  844/2  Being 
men  rather  of  horny  hands  than  of  quilly  pens. 

Quilome,  Quilpe,  Quils,  obs.  ff.  WHILOME, 
WHELP,  WHILES. 

Quilt  (kwilt),  sb.l  Forms  :  a.  3  oowlte,  //. 
quoiltene,  4  qwylte,  4-5  quilte,  5  qu-,  qvylte, 
(ooylte),5-6quylt,5-quilt.  0.  north.  5  qwhilte, 
wilt,  wylt,  5-6  whilt!>.  7.  5-6  twilt,  twylt. 
[a.  OK  cutltt  (i2th  c.),  coil/e  (later  coite,  coett, 
couete,  mod.  couettt)  :-*cohta,  *culcta  :-L.  culcita 
a  stuffed  sack,  mattress,  cushion,  etc.,  whence  also 
Sp.  and  Pg.  colcka.  Also  OF.  coute  (later  written 


62 

I  fouste,  coulte]  :—*colta,  *culla.  The  L.  variant  cul- 
citra  is  represented  by  It.  coltrice,  OSp.  colcedra, 
and  its  shortened  ion&*culctra  bylt.coltre,  Genevan 
coitre,  cottatre,  OF.  coire.} 

1.  An  article  of  bed-furniture,  consisting  essentially 
of  two  large  pieces  of  woven  material  having  a  layer 
of  some  soft  substance  (such  as  wool,  flock,  or  down) 
placed  between  them  j  originally,  an  article  of  this 
kind  for  lying  on  (now  o/'S.) ;  in  later  use,  a  coverlet 
of  similar  make,  esp.  one  in  which  the  lining  is  kept 
in  place  by  stitches  or  lines  of  stitching  passing 
through  the  whole  (the  mediaeval  quiltpoint  or 
counterpoint,  q.v.);  hence,  any  thick  outer  bed- 
covering,  a  counterpane. 

c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  188/125  Maketh  a  bed  . .  Of  quoiltene 
and  of  materasz.  a  1300  Body  fy  Soul  in  Majfs  Poems  334 
}were  beon  . .  Thine  cowltes  and  thi  covertoures  ?  c  1320 
Sir  BfiifS  (MS.  A.)  3906  Foure  hondred  beddes  of  selk 
echon,  Quiltes  of  gold  par  vpon.  c  1450  Merlin  539  Thei 
lay  down  to  slepe  vpon  the  grasse  for  other  quyltes  ne 
pilowes  hadde  thei  noon.  1454  Durham  Ace.  Rolls 
(Surtees)  148,  ij  qwhiltez  ..  j  whilte.  1477  mRipon  C  ft.  Acts 
(Surtees)  179  Unum  twylt.  1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  H. 
xxxvi.  154  Coyltes  or  matrases  or  sacques.  1544  PHAER 
Regim.  Lyfe  (1553)  Aviij  b,  A  coife,  made  of  double  linnen 
clothe,  and  sowed  like  a  cotten  quilt.  1626  MIDDI.ETON 
Women  Beware  Women  in.  i.  27  Never  a  green  silk  quilt  is 
there  ..  To  cast  upon  my  bed?  1692  LOCKE  Educ.  23  Let 
his  Bed  be  hard,  and  rather  Quilts  than  Feathers.  1725 
DE  FOE  Voy.  roitnd  World (1840)  237  The  way  of  lodging 
upon  quilts,  and  in  beds. .  I  need  not  describe.  1758  JOHN- 
SON  Idler  No.  13  r  8  We  have  . .  three  flourished  quilts  for 
every  bed.  1852  MRS.  SMYTHIES  Bride  Elect  xxv,  She 
threw  herself  on  her  knees  by  her  bed  side,  and  hid  her  face 
in  the  quilt. 

b.  transf.  A  thick  covering  (for  soft  bed), 
t  Also  humorously  applied  to  a  fat  person. 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  7K,  iv.  ii.  54  How  now  blowne  Jack  ? 
how  now  Quilt  ?  1693  EVELYN  De  la  Quint.  Compl.  Card, 
II.  92  You  must  lay  a  finger  thick  of  Moss  upon  those 
Shelves,  which  may  serve,  as  it  were  for  a  kind  of  Quilt. 
1801  WOLCOTT  (P.  Pindar)  Tears  ft  Smiles  Wks.  1812  V.  58 
To  hide  their  slumbering  heads  beneath  Those  downy  quilts, 
their  wings.  1863  BARING.GOULD  Iceland  115  The  dull 
quilt  of  cloud  obscuring  the  sun. 

C.  The  material  of  or  for  a  quilt ;  quilting. 
1766  W.  GORDON  Gen.  Counting-ho.  427,  i  piece  yard-wide 
quilt. 

2.  A  piece  of  padded  material  used  to  defend  the 
body,  as  a  substitute  or  lining  for  armour. 

1592  WYRLEY  Artnorie,  Capitall de  Buz  127  No  hardned 
steele,  no  quilt,  no  warped  meale  Could  make  resist.  1625 
K.  LONG  tr.  Barclay's  A  rgenis  n.  vii.  84  The  inside  of  the 
Bracelet  . .  being  lined  with  a  silken  quilt,  next  to  his  arme. 
1791  COWPER  Iliad  iv.  219  The  hauberk,  and  the  tough 
interior  quilt,  .its  force  repress'd.  1870  BRYANT  Homer  I. 
iv.  in  The  plated  quilt  which  next  his  skin  The  hero  wore, 
f  3.  A  pad  smeared  or  stuffed  with  a  medicinal 
substance,  and  applied  to  some  part  of  the  body. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  339  The  same  rennet  applied  as 
a  cataplasme  vpon  a  quilt  of  wooll.  1626  BACON  Sylva  §  56 
The  Quilts  of  Roses,  Spices, ..&c.  are  nothing  so  helpfull 
as  to  take  a  Cake  of  New  bread.  1684  tr.  Bonefs  Merc, 
Coitipit.  in.  68  Concerning  Quilts  and  Caps.. such  as  are 
made  of  very  strong  scented  things  do  affect  the  Head. 

4.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  objective  gen.,  as  quilt- 
maker,  -manufacturer  •  f  b.  =  quilted,  as  quilt- 
cap,  -nightgown,  -work. 

c  1515  Cocke  LorcWs  B.  p  Quylte  makers,  shermen,  and 
armorers.  1623  T.  GOAD  Doltf.  Even.  Song  ^  Hee  . .  put 
vpon  his  head  a  red  quilt  cap,  hauing  a  linnen  white  one 
vnder  it.  1676  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  1081/4  Also  Six  Holland 
Shifts  . .  one  Quilt  Night  Gown.  1709  Ibid.  No.  4559/4 
Michael  Scott  of  Fetter-lane, . .  Quilt-maker. 
Quilt,  sb:1-  dial.  ?  Obs.  [Related  to  QUILT  v.z] 
The  swallowing-point  of  the  throat. 

a  1722  LISLE  Husk.  (1757)  347  (E.  D.  S.)  He  puts  them 
down  the  calf's  throat  beyond  the  quilt. 

Quilt  (kwilt),  f  .1  Also  6  quilte,  6  (o  dial.} 
twilt(e.  [f.  QUILT  rf.i] 

L  trans.  To  pad,  line,  or  cover  (a  thing)  with  some 
material,  after  the  method  employed  in  making  a 
quilt,  or  in  some  similar  way. 

'555  J.  PROCTOR  Hist.  Wyat's  'Rebellion  35  A  priuie  cote 
that  he  had  quilted  with  angels.  1577  HARRISON  England 
ii.  xvi.  (1877)  i.  279  Jackes  quilted  and  couered  ouer  with 
leather.  1626  BACON  Sylva  §  56  A  Bagge  quilted  with  Bran, 
is  likewise  very  good.  1682  WHKLER  Journ.  Greece  I.  16 
Course  Ticking-Cloth,  well  quilted  with  Wool.  1712  AK- 
BUTHNOT  John  Bull  (1727)  82  Mayn't  I  quilt  my  rope  ?  It 
galls  my  neck  strangely.  1828  SCOTT  /•'.  M.  Perth  iv,  His 
black  velvet  bonnet  was  lined  with  steel,  quilted  between  the 
metal  and  his  head.  1869  TROLLOPE  He  knew,  etc.  xxxvi. 
(1878)  205,  I  am  quilting  your  cap. 

transf.  and  Jig.  1630  DEKKER  -2nd  Ft.  Honest  Wk.  Wks. 
1873  II.  149  He  so  quilt  your  cap  with  old  Iron,  that  your 
cpxcombe  shall  ake  the  worse  these  senen  yeeres  for  't.  1630 
FULLER  Pisgoltv,xx\.  184  Long  standing  tents  were  quilted 
with  timber,  for  their  stronger  support,  a  1678  MARVEI.L 
Upon  Appleton  House  422  The  plain  Lyes  quilted  ore  with 
bodies  slain.  1808  SCOTT  Marm.  v.  iii,  His  steel-jack  a 
swarthy  vest,  With  iron  quilted  well, 
b.  To  cover  with  interlaced  cord. 
<ri6n  CHAPMAN  Iliad  x.  230  His  helmit  fashion'd  of  a 
hide  ;  the  workman  did  bestow  Much  labour  in  it,  quilting 
it  with  bowstrings.  1776  [see  QUILTING  vbl.  st.  i]  1802 
JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.  Laboratory,  With  a  strong  pack 
thread  the  whole  is  quilted  to  keep  the  shot  from  moving 
1838  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  (C.  L>.  ed.)  197  A  short  pipe 
quilted  over  with  string. 

2.  To  fasten  together  (two  pieces  or  thicknesses 


QUILTED. 

of  woven  material)  by  stitches  or  lines  of  stitching, 
so  as  to  hold  in  position  a  layer  of  some  soft 
substance  placed  between  them.  Also,  to  sew 
(several  thicknesses)  together,  usually  by  stitches 
arranged  in  some  regular  or  decorative  pattern. 

1555  EDEN  Decades  79  The  mens  [apparell]  is  double  and 
quilted.  1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhouers  Bk.  Physicke  96/1 
Quilte  the  bagge  least  the  herbes  sacke  the  one  vpon  the 
other.  1615  MARKHAM  Eng.  Housew.  n.  i.  (1668)  12  Quilt  it 
in  a  manner  of  a  course  imbroydery.  1727  SWIFT  Gulliver 
I.  viii,  By  quilting  thirteen  fold  of  their  strongest  linnen 
together.  1794  W.  FELTON  Carriages (I$QI)  II.  16  Quilting 
the  lining  [of  a  Coach]  with  small  tufts.  1870  ROCK  Text. 
Fabr.  1. 14  Skirt  of  a  Lady's  Dress,  .quilted  round  the  lower 
border  with  a  scroll. 

transf.    1593  NASHE  4  Lett.  Cottfut.  63  Thy  Father. .  had 
neuer  the  art  to  twilt  vp  such  a  grim  triangle  of  hair  as  that. 
b.  intr.  To  admit  of  being  sewn  as  a  quilt. 

1622  MARKHAM  5  Decades  IVar  x.  38  Buckram.,  is  too 
stiffe  and  unplyable,  by  which  means  it  will  not  quilt  like 
the  other. 

C.  fig.  To  compile  (a  literary  work)  by  putting 
together  scraps  from  various  sources  ;  to  join  to 
gether  (extracts)  as  in  a  quilt. 

In  some  cases  the  reference  is  to  a  patchwork  quilt :  cf. 
QUILTED  a. 

1605  CAMDEN  Rent.  (1636)  14  It's  quilted  as  it  were  out  of 
shreds  of  divers  Poets.  1649  MILTON  Eikon.  \.  Wks.  (1851) 
344  Manuals,  and  Handmaids  of  Devotion,,  .clapt  together 
and  quilted  out  of  Scripture  phrases.  1891  Rev.  of  Rev. 
510/2  Mrs.  Ross  quilts  together  numerous  extracts. 

d.  To  mark  or  seam  with  points  or  lines  resem 
bling  the  stitching  in  a  quilt. 

1760  GOLDSM.  Cit.  IV.  xlvi,  A  hateful  phiz,  quilted  into  a 
thousand  seams  by  the  hand  of  deformity.  1808  Sketches 
of  Character  (1813)  I.  164  '  Poor  Amelia  ! '  cried  Mrs.  Pytt, 
'  she's  terribly  quilted  '  [with  smallpox]. 

3.  To  sew  up  (some  object  or  material)  between 
two  pieces  of  stuff,  as  in  making  a  quilt. 

1562  BULLEYN  Bk.  Simples  (1579^  65  The  Nutmegge  . .  is 
holsome  m  plasters  for  the  stomacke,  quilted  in  Leather  and 
Sylke.  1634  T.  JOHNSON  Farcy's  Chirnrg.  xxvi.  xxxix. 
(1678)  656  The  powders  . .  must  be  sewed  up  or  quilted  in  a 
bag  of  Linnen  or  Taffaty.  1695  BLACKMORE  Pr.  Arth.  ix. 
361  Those  that . .  were  found  too  light  Quilt  Lead  into  their 
Belts  to  give  them  weight,  1745  BVROM  Rent.  (1857)  410 
He  had  three  guineas  quilted  in  the  flap  of  his  waistcoat. 
1891  W.  D.  HAMILTON  Pref.  St.  Papers,  Dom.  Ser.  1645-47 
p.  ix,  These  secret  despatches  . .  were  carried  by  a  woman 
quilted  up  m  a  truss  of  linen. 

fig.  1642  SIR  E.  DERING  Sp.  on  Relig.  54  Some  of  the 
Protestant  [Bishops]  doe  quilt  a  gentler  sence  into  these 
words. 

4.  intr.  To  make  a  quilt  or  quilts.   U.S. 

1861  MRS.  STOWE  Pearl Orr's  Isl.ii  Miss  Roxyand  Miss 
Ruey..  could  upholster  and  quilt.  1882  C.  D.  WARNER 
Washington  Irving  iii.  32  A  number  of  girls  were  quilting. 

Quilt  (kwilt),  v2  dial  Also  quilty.  [Of  un 
known  origin :  current  in  most  S.  and  S.  W.  dialects.] 
trans,  and  intr.  To  swallow. 

a  1658  CLEVELAND  Obsequies  52  With  as  intens'd  a  Zeal, 
As  Saints  upon  a  fast  Night  quilt  a  Meal.  1864  BLACKMORE 
Clara  Vaughan  (1872)  49,  I  learned  that  to  *  quilty '  is  the 
proper  English  for  to '  swallow  '.  1893  Wiltsk.  Gloss.,  Quilt^ 
to  swallow  ..  used  of  swallowing  in  the  natural  way,  while 
glutch  is  to  swallow  with  difficulty. 

Quilt  (kwilt;,  w.3  dial,  and  U.S.  Also  twilt. 
[Perh.  a  transf.  use  of  QUILT  v.\  originating  in  the 
common  phr.  to  quilt  one's  jacket  (cf.  QUILT  z^.l  I, 
quot.  1630^5^;).]  trans.  To  beat,  thrash,  flog. 

1836  HALIBURTON  Clockm.  Ser.  i.  xix.  (1837)  105  Your 
Cumberland  critters,  .,  the  more  you  quilt  them,  the  more 
they  wont  go.  1852  R.  S.  SURTEES  Sponge's  Sp.  Tour  iii. 
10  [He]  quilted  the  old  crocodile  of  a  horse  all  the  way. 

Quilted  (kwi-lted),///.  a.  [f.  QUILT  v±  +  -KD!.] 

1.  Of  cloth,  a  garment,  etc. :  Padded  with  some 
soft  substance  held  in  position  by  being  sewn  as  in 
a  quilt ;  composed  of  several  layers  sewn  together. 

1533  ELYOT  Cast.  Helthe  (1541)  79, 1  dyd  throwe  away  my 
quylted  cappe,  and  my  other  close  bonettes.  1594  NASHE 
Unfort.  Trav,  20  A  round  twilled  Taylors  cushion,  for 
a  target  1682  Land.  Gaz.  No.  1739/4  A  quilted  Petticoat 
of  Lead-colour'd  Sattin.  1768  STERNE  Sent.  Jonrn.  (1778) 
II.  97  (Temptation)^  Lined  with  a  little  bit  of  white  quilted 
sattm.  1865  LIVINGSTONE  Zambesi  xx.  405  A  present  of  a 
quilted  coverlet. 

fb.  ?  Stuffed.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1668  PEPYS  Diary  26  Sept.,  I  had  two  quilted  pigeons, 
very  handsome  and  good  meat. 

2.  Pieced    or    joined   together,   as   in   a   quilt. 
t  Also  transf.  of  a  person. 

1617  COLLINS  Def.  Bp.  Ely  ii.  ix.  371  So  cult  you  are,  or 
so  quilted  in  your  tearmes.  1624  QUARLES  Div.  Poems, 
Samson  (1717)  331  The  quilted  Quarters  of  the  Earth's 
great  Ball.  1877  LONGF.  Keramos  n  O'er  his  features, 
like  a  mask,  The  quilted  sunshine  and  leaf-shade  Moved. 
1885  Pall  Mall  G.  i  Jan.  2/1  That  is  a  modest  programme 
of  quilted  shreds  and  patches. 

3.  Covered  with,  or  as  with,  a  quilt  or  quilted 
garments.     Quilted  grape  :  (see  quot.). 

1843  CARLYLE  Past  <$•  Pres.  i.  ii,  All  manner  of  quilted 
trumpeters.  1845  —  Cromivell  Introd.  (1861)  I.  78  Lord 
Clarendon .. speaks  always  in  official  language;  a  clothed, 
nay  sometimes  even  quilted  dialect.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVEN 
SON  Milit.  Diet.  321/1  Quilted  Grape ',  the  old  pattern  grape 
shot.. quilted  with  canvas,  and  tied  so  as  to  appear,  .some 
thing  like  a  bunch  of  grapes. 

4.  Tossed  in  a  quilt. 

1881  DUFFIELU  Don  Quixote  I.  210  The  cries  which  the 
hapless  quilted  one  gave  forth. 
Hence  t  Qui'ltedly  adv.   Obs.  rare  ~°. 


QUILTER. 

1659   TORRIANO,    Borrevolmente,   stuffing!)-,    gulchingly, 
quiltedly. 

Quilter  (kwi-ltsj).     [f.  QUILT  w.l  + -EH'.]     A 
person  who  quilts ;  an  apparatus  for  quilting. 
1563  T.  NEWBERY  Dives  Pragtnaticits  Prol.  67  in  Huth 


ig   the   bread   from  the  poor  quilters.     1879  Daily 
Cfron.  30  Apr.,  Quilters.  .wanted  for  infants'  cloaks. 
Quilting  (kwi-ltirj),  vbl.  sbl    [f.  QUILT  z».l] 

1.  The  action  of  padding,  sewing  together,  etc. 
1611  FLORIO,  Abborracciamhito,  a  stuffing,  or  quilting. 

1776  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine,  Quilting, . .  the  operation  of 
weaving  a  sort  of  coat,  or  texture,  formed  of  the  strands 
of  rope,  about  the  outside  of  any  vessel,  to  contain  water. 

2.  a.  Quilted  material ;  quilted  work.  b.  Material 
for  making  a  quilt,     c.  A  kind  of  cloth  with  a 
diagonal  pattern  suggestive  of  the  appearance  of 
an  ordinary  quilt. 

£1710  CELIA  FIENNF.S  DtarydSSSl  236  The  next  room  has 
such  a  bed  but  that  is  fine  Indian  quilting.  1718  LADY 
M.  W.  MONTAGU  Lett,  to  C'tess  Mar  10  Mar.,  Fine  Indian 
quilting,  embroidered  with  gold.  (71850  ROSSF.TTI  Dante 
*r  Circ.  I.  (1874)  244  Quilting  from  Cortona  warm  and  tough. 
1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  \Vord-bk.,  Quilting,  a  kind  of  coating 
formed  of  sinnet,  strands  of  rope,  &c.,  outside  any  vessel 
containing  water. 

3.  dial,  and  U.  S.  A  quilting-party. 

1819  ANDERSON  Cumbld.  Ball.  108  Now,  lasses  :  aw  thrang 
at  our  quiltin.  1890  HOSMER  Anglo-Sax.  Freed.  279  Zekle 
squired  Huldy  . .  to  the  singing-school  or  apple-paring,  to 
quilting  or  sugaring  oft*. 

4.  atlrib. 0.3  qui/ttng-needle, -seam ;  quilting-bee, 
-feast,  -frolic,  -party,  (l/.S.)  a  gathering  of  girls 
held  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  quilt,  and  serving 
as  an  occasion  for  enjoyment ;   quilting-eotton, 
raw  cotton  prepared  for  stuffing  quilts ;  quilting 
frame,  a  frame  on  which  a  counterpane  is  stretched 
during  the  process  of  quilting. 

1825  J.  NEAL  Bro.  Jonathan  I.  54  She  gives  what  is  there 
called  a  quilting  frolick.  111859  W.  IRVING  Knickerb.  vil. 
ii.  (1900)  255  Now  ..  were  instituted  'quilting  bees',  ..  and 
other  rural  assemblages.  1879  H.  GEORGE  Progr.  fy  Pov. 
iv.  ii.  (1881)  214  Husking  bees,  and  apple  parings,  and 
quilting  parties. 

Quilting  (kwHtirj),  vil.  sb.z  [f.  QUILT  z>.3] 
A  Hogging. 

1836  HALIBURTON  Clockm.  Ser.  i.  xix.  (1837)  191,  I'll  give 
you  such  a  quiltin  as  you  never  had.  1885  Sat.  Rev.  20  J  une 
809/2,  I  will  give  him  such  a  quilting  as  will  cause  him 
bitterly  to  remember  the  consequences. 

t  Qurltpoint.  Obs.  rare.  Also  4  quelde- 
poynte.  [a.  OF.  cuilte  points  :— L.  culcita  functa 
pierced  quilt :  see  QUILT  and  POINT,  and  cf, 
COUNTERPOINT  sl>."]  A  counterpane. 

13 . ,  Gaiv.  ff  Gr.  Kiit.  877  Whyssynes  vpon  queldepoyntes, 
(>at  koynt  wer  bo(>e.  1386  Will  in  T.  Madox  Formal. 
Anglic.  428  Item  lego  . .  i,  lectum  rubeum  quiltpoint  cum 
i.  testro  de  eadem  setta. 

Quilum,  obs.  form  of  WHILOM. 

Quim,  late  Sc.  variant  of  QUEME  a. 

Quin  (kwin).  [Of  obscure  etym. :  cf.  QUEEN  10  a, 
and  SQ.UIN.]  A  variety  of  pecten  (P.  opercularis).  \ 

1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVII.  358/1  Pectens  ..  make  a  rich  and  ! 
sapid  dish,  as  might  be  expected  from  the  name  of  them 
when  so  prepared, '  Quins '.  1851-6  WOODWARD  Mollusca 
257  The  Scallop  (P.  maximus}  and  'quin'  (f.  opercularis) 
are  esteemed  delicacies ;  the  latter  covers  extensive  banks, 
especially  on  the  N.  and  W.  of  Ireland. 

t  Quin,  Sc.  var.  of  cun  CON  v.l  3.  Otis. 

cis&o  Sat.  Toun  Ladyes  83  in  Maitland  Poems  (1830)  30 
Mycounseill  I  geve  generallie  To  all  wemen..This  lessoun 
for  to  quin  perqueir. 

Qnina  (k  rna,  kwai-na).  [Sp.  spelling  of  Quichua 
kina  bark  :  see  QUINQUINA.]  a.  The  bark  of  several 
species  of  Cinchona  that  yield  quinine,  b.  Cliem. 
=  QUINIA,  QUININE. 

1830  LINDLEY  Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  205  The  febrifugal  properties 
..  of  Cincona  are  known  to  depend  upon  the  presence  of 
two  alkalies,  called  cinchonia  and  Quina.  1841  Penny 
Cycl.  XIX.  221/1  The  salts  of  quina  are  in  general  dis 
tinguished  by  their  strong  taste  of  Cinchona,  and  by  their 
pearly  lustre. 

attrib.  1880  C  R.  MARKHAM  Peruv.  Bark  432  note, 
Qttinetum,..3i  collection  of  quina  alkaloids. 

t  Quina'de.  Obs.  rare-1,  [a.  OF.  *qtiinade, 
!.  *quin,  coin  COYN  +  -ADE.]  A  conserve  of  quinces. 

£1430  Two  Cookery-bks.  27  Quynade.  Take  Quynces,  & 
pare  hem  clene  [etc.], 

Quinamiue  (kwi-namain).  Chem.  [f.  QUIN-A 
+  AMINE.]  A  natural  crystallizable  alkaloid  found 
in  the  bark  of  Cinchona  succirubra  by  Dr.  Hesse 
in  1872.  Also  called  Quinami  na  and  Quiiia  mia. 

Hence  Quina'micine,  Qnina-midlne,  artificial 
isomeric  alkaloids  obtained  from  qninamine. 

1875  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  i  SuppL  346  Quinamine  crystal 
lises  in  delicate,  asbestiform  anhydrous  prisms.  1880  C  R. 
MARKHAM  Peruv.  Bark  430  He  also  detected,  in  all  of  them, 
the  presence  of  a  new  alkaloid  called  quinamine.  1889 
Watts'  Diet.  Chem.  II.  180  Quinamicine  ..  Formed  by 
heating  quinamine  with  dilute  acids  at  130°.  Hid.,  Quina- 
midine . .  Formed  by  the  action  of  acids  upon  quinamine. 

Quinaney,  obs.  form  of  QUINSY. 

tQuinaqui'na.  Obs.  Med.  Also  china-china, 
kina-kina.  =  QUINQUINA,  q.v. 

1707  Phil.  Trans.  XXV.  2446  The  Skin  or  Bark  of  that 
Tree,  which  is  called  China  China.  1717-41  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.  v.  Quinquina,  The  tree  that  produces  the  guina. 


quina  is  tall.  1797  F.ncycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  V.  12/1  The  bark 
. . called.. Kinakina  or.  .Quinaquina. 

t  Quina-re.  Obs.  rare~l.  [ad.  L.  qultuirius : 
cf.  DEN  ARE.]  =  QUINARY  B.  2  a. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  (1634)  II.  463  That  the  siluer  denier, 
which  went  beforetime  for  ten  Asses,  should  be  worth 
sixteene ;  the  halfe  Denier  or  Quinare,  eight. 

Quinarian  (kwineo-rian),  a.  and  s!>.  [See 
QDINAHY  and  -IAN.] 

A.  adj.  Pertaining  to,  characterized  by,  a  quinary 
division. 

1845  CHAMBERS  I'estiges  Nat.  Hist.  Creation,  Class!/. 
Organisms,  The  quinanan  part  of  the  theory.  1865  vl  thcn- 
&utn  No.  1953. 460/2  The  circular  quinarian  system  of  nature. 

B.  sb.  One  who  advocates  or  adopts  the  quinary 
system  in  zoology. 

1851-6  WOODWARD  Mollusca  58  The  Quinarians  make  out 
five  molluscous  classes  by  excluding  the  Tunicata.  1885 
NEWTON  in  Encycl.  Brit. XVIII.  16/1  Whose  common  sense 
refused  to  accept  . .  the  mystical  jargon  of  the  Quinarians. 

t  Quina-rity.  Obs.  rare-',  [f.  next  -t-  -ITY.] 
?  The  nature  of  a  quintessence. 

1471  RIPLF.Y  Comp.  Alch.  x.  xi.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  181  Of  thy 
Medcyn  . .  trew  graduacyon ;  Tyll  hyt  be  brought  to  a 
quynaryte  temperat. 


Quinary  (kwai-nari),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  L.  qui- 
nari-us,  f.  quint  distrib.  to  quinque  five :  cf.  F. 
quinaire.~\ 

A.  adj.   Pertaining   to,    characterized    by,   the 
number  five ;  consisting  of  five  (things  or  parts). 
Quinary  system,  a  principle  of  division  in  zoology, 
introduced  by  Macleay  in  1819,  but  now  discarded. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  1342  Plato  hath  reduced 
the  number  of  five  worldes  to  the  five  primitive  figures 
of  regular  bodies,  saying,  that  God  in  ordaining  and 
describing  the  whole  world  used  the  Quinarie  construction. 
1682  H.  MORE  Annot.  Glanvil's  Lu.t  Orient  180  Every 
number,  suppose,  Binary,  Quinary,  Ternary,  is  such  a  setled 
number  and  no  other.  1788  T.  TAYLOR  Proclus  I .  xcvi. 
(Disser.),  The  quinary,  and  septenary  numbersare  especially 
attributed  to  the  sou!.  1826  KIHBY  &  SPENCE  Entonwl. 
Let.  xlvii.  IV.  399  Though  Mr.  MacLeay  regards  this 
quinary  arrangement  of  natural  objects  as  very  general,  it 
does  not  appear  that  he  looks  upon  it  as  absolutely  universal. 
1837  WHF.WELL  Hist.  Induct.  Sc.  (1857)  '•  93  Designating 
the  successive  numbers.. by  means  of  names, framed  accord 
ing  to  the  decimal,  quinary  or  vigenary  scale.  1843  Penny 
Cycl.  XXVII.  810/1  On  the  Continent  the  Quinary  System 
has  never  found  favour,  and  it  has  now  few  if  any  followers 
in  this  country. 

B.  sb.  1.  A  set  of  five ;  a  compound  consisting 
of  five  things.     Now  rare. 

1651  J.  F[REAKE]  Agrippa's  Occ.  Pldlos.  3pr  Angels,  who 
might  rule  the  signs,  triplicities,  decans,  qumaries,  degrees 
and  stars.  1678  CUDWORTH  Intellect.  Syst.  i.  iv.  §  36.  625 
The  juniour  Platonists  ..  did  ..  no  longer  acknowledge  a 
Trinity,  but  either  a  quaternity,  or  a  quinary,  or  more,  of 
Divine  Hypostases.  1889  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly  XXXIV.  740 
Quaternaries,  ..  quinaries,  sextaries,  etc.,  according  as  the 
number  of  the  constituent  elements  increases. 

f  2.  a.  A  Roman  silver  coin,  of  the  value  of  half 
a  denarius,  b.  A  small  Roman  medal.  Obs.  rare. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  S.V.,  The  gold  quinary  is  the  half 
of  a  gold  medal.  Ibid.,  The  quinaries  were  of  a  finer  and 
more  finished  coin  than  the  other  medals. 

Quinate  (kwi'n-,  kwsi-nft),  sb.  Chem.  Also 
kinate.  [f.  QUIN-A  +  -ATE  I  c.]  A  salt  of  quinic 
acid. 

1836  J.  M.  GULLY  Magendie's  Formul.  56  The  quinia  and 
cinchonia  of  the  quinates  are  precipitated  and  collected  ; 
the  quinate  of  lime  remains  in  solution.  1841  Penny  Cycl. 
XIX.  22r/i  Kinate,  or  rather  Superkinate  of  Quina,  is  the 
salt  which  exists  naturally  in  the  bark.  1857  MILLER  Elem. 
Chem.  in.  352  Adding  a  solution  of  subacetate  of  lead  to  a 
neutral  kinate  [1862  quinate]. 

Quinate  (kwai-m't),  a.  Bot.  [f.  L.  quini  (see 
QUINARY),  after  binate.]  Of  a  leaf;  Composed  of 
five  leaflets  ;  quinquefoliolate. 

1806  GALPINE  Brit.  Bot.  233  L[eaf]  pinnate,  quinate  & 
ternate.  1861  Miss  PRATT  Flower.  PI.  I.  4  A  quinate  leaf 
consists  of  five  leaflets,  as  in  Marsh  Cinquefoil. 

Cm*    1825  Greenhouse  Camp.  II.  42  Quinate-leaved. 

Quince  (kwins).  Forms :  a.  (4  wince),  5 
qwince,  quence,  5-6  quynce,  quynse,  (5  qw-), 
/-  quince.  0.  6  quench,  6-7  quinch.  [Prop, 
pi.  of  quine,  quyne  COYN  (q.v.),  used  first  as  a 
collective  and  then  as  a  sing.J 

1.  The  hard,  acid,  yellowish,  pear-shaped  fniit  of 
a  small  tree  (Pyms  Cydonia}  belonging  to  the  pear- 
family,  used  in  cookery  as  a  preserve  or  to  flavour 
dishes  of  other  fruits ;  the  seeds  are  also  employed 
in  medicine  and  the  arts.  Also,  the  tree  bearing 
this  fruit. 

Several  varieties  are  named  after  their  localities,  as  the 
harbary,  Chinese,  Japanese,  Lyons,  Portugal,  etc.,  quince, 

*•  f  '3*S  (see  quince-tree  in  3],  a  1400  Pistill  Susan 
(Phillips  MS.)  102  Ouere  her  hedis  gan  nyng  The  qwince 
\Vernon  MS.  wince]  and  l>e  qwerdlyng.  c  1420  Pallad.  <m 
Husb.  ii.  249  Ek  grafle  hem  ..  In  whit  thorn  in  hem  silf,  in 
quynce  also,  c  1430  Two  Cookery-bks.  51  Take  fayre  raw 
Quynces,  &  pare  hem  with  a  knyf.  1533  ELYOT  Cast, 
llelthe  (1539)  20  b,  Quynces  be  colde  and  drye.  1604  E. 
G(RIMSTONE)  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  iv.  xxxvii.  jir  The 
quinces,  poungranets,  and  other  fruites  there.  1731  FIELDING 
Grub  .$/.  Optra  m.  iii,  An  apple-pye  with  quinces — why 
quinces,  when  you  know  quinces  are  so  dear?  1875  H.  C. 
WOOD  Therap.  (1879)  579  The  seeds  of  the  quince  contain 
a  large  quantity  of  mucilage. 

0.  1561  HOLLYBUSH  Horn.  Apoth.  14  The  karnels  of 
qilinches.  Ibid.  27  b,  As  yelowe  as  a  quenche.  1615  W. 


QUINCUNCIAL. 

LAWSON  Country  Houseiv.  Card.  (1626)  3  We  meddle  not 
with  Apricocks  nor  Peaches,  nor  scarcely  with  Quinches. 

2.  Applied  to  other  fruits  or  trees  resembling  the 
quince. 

Bengal  Quince:  see  BENGAL  2.  Native  Quince,  the 
Australian  bitter-bark,  emu-apple,  or  quinine-tree.  Wild 
Quince,  the  Australian  black  ash  (Morris  Austral  Fngl) 

1876  HARLF.Y  Mat.  Mcd.  (ed.  6)696  Indian  Bad  or  Bengal 
Quince  is  common  in  India.  1882  Garden  27  May  }=;8'2 
What  Mr.  Ross  calls  . .  '  the  wild  Quince  '  is  a  handsome 
large  flowered  tree. 

3.  attrib.  and  Comb. ,  as  quince-apple,  -cake,  -cheese, 
-cream, -gum,  -marmalade,  -mucilage,  -f each, -pear, 
-pie,  -stock,  -tinct,  -tree,  -wine,  -wood. 

1600  SURFLET  Countrie  Farme  m.  xxv.  480  The  male.. is 
called  the  *quince  apple.  1664  EVELYN  Kal.  /fort.  (1729)  216 
I.ording-Apple,  Pear-Apple,  Quince-Apple.  1616  SURFI.F.T 
&  MARKH.  Country  Farm  in.  1.  423  To  make  *Quince- 
cakes  thin  [etc.].  1625  MASSINCER  New  Way  n.  ii,  Put  these 
few  quince-cakes  into  your  pocket.  1884  Leisure  Hour 
June  375/1  Apple  syrup,  "quince  cheese,  candied  fruits,  were 
among  the  delicacies  of  the  age.  1663  BOYLE  Usef.  Exp. 
Nat.  Philos.  n.  i,  Akinde  of  jelly,  in  colour  and  consistence 
not  unlike  *quince  marmalade.  1664  EVELYN  Kal.  Hort. 
(1729)213  Roman  Peach,  Man  Peach, 'Quince  Peach.  1552 
HULOET,  'Quince  peare,  cidonium.  1596  BARROCGH  Math. 
Physictt  (ed.  3)  436  The  iuice  of  quince  peares  and  pome 
granates.  1620  VENNER  Via  Recta  vii.  1 1 1  Quince-Peares  are 
of  a  very  hard  and  wooddish  substance.  1608  AKMIN  A'est 
Ninn.  (1842)  13  Hee  tolde  them  it  was  a  "quince  pie.  1706 
LONDON  &  WISE  KctirdGard'ner  I.  n.  xii.  IOo  You  would 
graft  a  Pear-tree  upon  a  'Quince-stock.  1845  BROWNING 
Flight  of  Duchess  xi,  Her  cheek,  .whitened  thro'  all  its 
•quince-tinct.  c  1325  Gloss.  W.  de  Bibtesw.  in  Wright  Voc. 
163  A  coyn-tre  (*quince-tre),  coigner.  1398  TREVISA  Earth. 
De  P.  R.  xvn.  cxlviii.  (MS.  e  Museo  16),  Storax..is  a  tre  of 
Arabia  liche  to  a  quynce  tree,  c  1440  Promf.  Parv,  420/1 
Ouencetree,  coctonits.  1707  Curios,  in  H.  fif  Gard.  197  Vines, 


Qi  ,, F  __ y/  ^ 

Fig-trees,  Quince-Trees'.  '  1837  BROWNING  Strafford  v.  ii[ 
Under  a  quince-tree  by  a  fishpond  side.  1706  BAYNARD  in 
Sir  J.  Floyer  Hot  t,  Cold  Bath.  n.  239  Hey  !  for  Lime- 
water,  'Quince-wine.  1885  LADY  BRASSEY  The  Trades  201 
1  he  principal  exports,  .are  logwood,  .and  'quince  wood. 

Quince,  variant  of  QUINCH  v. 

Quincentenary  (kwinse-nt/nari,  -sentrnari), 

a.  and  sb.     [Irregularly  f.  L.  quinine}  five  +  CEN 
TENARY,  q.v.    Cf.  QUINCENTENARY.]     a.  adj.  Per 
taining  to,  connected  with,  a  five-hundredth  year. 

b.  sb.  A  five-hundredth  anniversary,  or  the  cele 
bration  of  this. 

1879  Sat.  Rev.  4  Oct.  412  Duocentenaries,  tercentenaries, 
and  quin-centenaries  have  all  lately  taken  place.  1864 
Manch.  Exam.  22  May  5/r  The  quin-centenary  celebration 
of  the  death  of  Wickliffe. 

So  Quincente'nnial. 

1884  J.  L.  WILSON  Life  Wyclijfe  i.  12  To  aid  in  giving  to 
the  revival,  in  this  quincentennial  year,  somewhat  of  mean 
ing  and  force. 

t  Qui-ncess.  Obs.  rare.    The  '  female '  quince. 

1600  SURFLET  Countrie  Fartnc  III.  xxv.  480  The  male  is 
lesse,  more  writhled  and  wrinkled,  dryer,  of  a  sweeter  smell 
and  of  a  more  golden  colour  than  the  quincesse. 

t  Quinch,  sb.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f,  next.]  Not  a 
quinch  =  'not  a  start',  not  the  least. 

1571  R.  EDWARDS  Damon  fy  Pithias  in  Dodsley  (r78o)  I. 
182, 1  wyll  change  mycoppy,  how  be  it  I  care  not  a  quinche, 
I  know  the  galde  horse  will  soonest  winche. 

t  Quinch,  v.  Obs.  Also  7  quince.  [?  var.  of 
quitch  QUETCH,  by  assoc.  with  winch  WINCE  ;  or 
related  to  winch  as  quag  to  wag.]  intr.  To  move, 
stir,  make  a  slight  noise;  to  start,  flinch. 

1530  PALSGR.  677/1, 1  Quynche,  I  styrre,  je  tnouue.  Ibid., 
I  quynche,  I  make  a  noyse,  je  tynte.  1576  HOLINSHED 
Chron.  (rs86)  III.  583/2  (He  was)  so  manfull  of  mind  asneuer 
scene  to  quinch  at  a  wound.  1607  R.  QAREW]  tr.  Estienne's 
World  of  Wonders  49  None  durst  once  quince  or  speake  a 
word  against  him.  1627  F.  E.  Edward  II  (1680)  81  Which 
single  durst  not  quinch,  much  less  encounter. 

Quinch,  Quincie,  obs.  ff.  QUINCE,  QUINSY. 

Quilicite  (kwi-nsait).  Min.  Also  -yte,  -eite. 
[Named  (Quincyte)  by  Berthier  in  1825,  from  its 
locality,  Quincy  in  France.]  Hydrous  silicate  of 
magnesium  and  iron,  found  in  limestone  in  carmine- 
red  particles. 

1835  SHEPARD  Min.  II.  151  Quincyte.  Massive,  composi 
tion  granular.  1837  DANA  Min.  257  Quincite  of  Berthier, 
is  a  red  colored  substance,  which  is  disseminated  through  a 
limestone  deposit,  .in  France. 

Quinck,  variant  of  QUINK. 

t  Quincunce,  obs.  var.  QUINCUNX. 

1686  GOAD  Ce lest.  Bodies  i.  ii.  39  The  new  Aspects  . .  are 
not  much  to  be  regarded,  unless  perhaps  the  Quincunce 
and  Semisextile.  1712  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's  Gardening  3 
Quincunce  in  its  original  Signi(icatio_n,  was  a  Plantation  of 
Trees,  like  the  Cinque  Points  of  a  Die  repeated. 

Quincuncial  (kwink»'nfal),  a.  Also  7  -untial. 
[ad.  L.  quincitnc ial-is :  see  QUINCUNX  and  cf.  F. 
quinconcial.]  Arranged  in  the  form  of  a  quincunx 
or  quincunxes ;  involving  or  characterized  by  this 
arrangement. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  512  For  the  order  of  setting  trees 
..wee  ought  to  follow  the  vsuall  maner  of  checquer  row, 
called  Quincuntial.  1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Card.  Cyrus  i.  89 
The  Quincunciall,  Lozenge  or  Net-work  Plantations  of  the 
Ancients.  1^05  T.  GREENHILL  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXV.  2011 
They  were  in  number  22,  some  triangular,  quadrangular, 
quincuncial,  etc.  1870  GILLMORE  tr.  Figuier's  Reptiles^  $ 
Birds  iii.  102  Scales  on  the  back  rounded,  quincuncial, 
imbricate.  1885  Maim.  Mag.  Nov.  75/2  Cocoa-nut  palms, 
planted  in  quincuncial  fashion. 

b.  Sot.  Of  aestivation  :    Having  five  leaves  so 


QUINCUNCIALLY. 

disposed  that  two  are  exterior  and  two  interior, 
while  the  fifth  is  partly  exterior  and  partly  interior. 

1830  LINDLEY  Nat.  Sysl.  Bot.  63  Petals  equal  in  number 
to  the  segments  of  the  calyx,  with  a  quincuncial  sestivation. 
1887  Jrnl.  Educ.  Dec.  520  The  quincuncial  or  tristichous 
arrangement  [of  leaves]. 

Hence  Quinctrncially  adv.,  in  a  quincuncial 
manner  ;  in  the  form  of  a  quincunx. 

1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Card.  Cyrus  153  The  legges  alone  do 


Hula. 

Quincunx  (kwi'nk»nks).  [a.  L.  quincunx 
(quincunc-eni)  five-twelfths,  f.  quinque  five  +  uneia 
a  twelfth,  OUNCE.  Hence  alsoF.fin'nconfe  (\-cunce, 
-cunx] :  cf.  QUINCUNCE.] 

1.  Aslrol.  An  aspect  of  planets  in  which  these 
are  at  a  distance  of  5  signs  or  150  degrees  from 
each  other,  rare. 

1647  L'LLY  C/ir.  Aslrol,  iii.  32  One  Kepler,  a  learned  man, 
hath  added  some  new  ones,  as  follow,  viz. :  A  Quincunx  Vc 
consisting  of  150  degrees.  1686  GOAD  Celfst.  llodies  n.  _iv. 
199  Whereas  if  <?  be  about  the  Quincunx  of  Sol,  a  Sign 
distant  from  the  Oppositional  Line,  he  is  in  a  chill  posture. 

2.  An  arrangement  or  disposition  of  five  objects 
so  placed  that  four  occupy  the  corners,  and  the  fifth 
the  centre,  of  a  square  or  other  rectangle ;  a  set  of 
five  things  arranged  in  this  manner. 

This  sense,  which  also  existed  in  L.,  is  app.  due  to  the  use 
of  five  dots  or  dashes,  thus  arranged,  to  denote  five-twelfths 
of  an  as. 

1658  SiRT.  BROWNE  Card,  Cyrus  iii.  122  The  single  Quin 
cunx  of  the  Hyades  upon  the  neck  of  Taurus.  1750  Phil. 
Trans.  XLVI1.  107  These  cellules  are  ..  disposed  in  the 
manner  of  a  quincunx.  1785  MARTYN  Rousseau's  Hot.  vi. 
(1794)  68  The  florets  ..  are  placed  very  thick  . .  in  form  of  a 
quincunx,  or  the  checks  upon  a  chess-board.  i8s8\V.  CLARK 
tr.  Van  der  Hoe-Jen's  Zool,  (1866)  1 1.  64  Teeth  crowded,  ar 
ranged  in  a  quincunx. 

b.  spec,  as  a  basis  of  arrangement  in  planting 
trees,  either  in  a  single  set  of  five  or  in  combin 
ations  of  this ;  a  group  of  five  trees  so  planted. 

1664  EVELYN  Pomona  15  [The  orchard]  may  assume  the 
Ornament  of  Cyrus,  and  flourish  in  the  Quincunx.  1731 
POPE  E/r.  Turlington  80  His  Quincunx  darkens,  his  Espa 
liers  meet.  1782  V.  KNOX  AM.  clviii.  (1819)  III.  189  Planta 
tions  perfectly  regular,  and  laid  out  in  quincunxes.  1880 
C.  R.  MARKHAM  Pernv.  Bark  20  For  every  tree  felled,  the 
bark  collector  should  plant  a  quincunx. 

c.  Hot,  Quincuncial  aestivation. 
1832  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  411. 

d.  attrib.  In  the  form,  on  the  principle  of,  a 
quincunx,  as  quincunx  arrangement,  fashion,  form, 
order. 

1707  WOODWARD  Acct.  Roman  Urns  (r7i3)  §  19  In  some 
the  squares  were  ..  ranged  in  a  quincunx  order.  1759  tr. 
Duhamel  s  Hitsb.  i.  vii.  (1762)  17  These  heaps  are  disposed  in 
a  quincunx  form.  1802  W.  FORSYTH  Fruit  Trees  xxiii.  (1824) 
345  If  trees  are  planted  in  the  quincunx  order.  1883  igM 
Cent.  Nov.  871  Where  trees  are  planted  in  straight  lines, 
on  the  quincunx  arrangement,  that  is  every  four  trees  form 
ing  not  a  square  but  a  diamond. 

3.  A  cruciform  reliquary  having  five  equal  parts, 
which  can  be  closed  up  by  folding  the  outer  pnrts 
over  the  central  one.   (Fallows  Suppl.  Diet.  1886.) 

Hence  Qnincn-nxial  a.  =  QUINCUNCIAL.  rare. 

1676  WORLIDGE  Cyder  (1691)  100  That  the  one  may  stand 
against  the  space  last  preceding  in  a  quincunxial  order. 
1835  J.  S.  HENSLOW  Descr.  Phys.  Bot.  130  The  'quin 
cunxial  '  arrangement,  where  the  appendages  [on  the  stem] 
range  in  five  ranks. 

f  Quincu-pedal,  sb.  and  a.  Obs.  rare—",  [a. 
L.  quincupedal  var.  quinquepedal :  see  QTJINQUE- 
and  PEDAL.]  (See  quots.) 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr,,  Quincupedal,  a  measure  or  rule  of 
five  foot  long.  1658  PHILLIPS,  Quincupedal,  having  five  feet, 
or  of  the  measure  of  five  feet. 

t  Qui-ncuple,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  L.  quin- 
ciiflex,  f.  quinque  five  +//;'<:-  fold.]  =•  QUINTUPLE. 

1774  MITFORD  Ess.  Harmony  I.ang.  276  The  sescuplex, 
which  we  should,  by  analogy,  perhaps  rather  call  quincuple 
time,  as  it  would  make  a  bar  of  five  equal  notes. 

tQuincu-rion.  Obs.  rare—1.  \l.~L,quinqut(we, 
after  decurion."\  A  leader  of  five  men.  SofQuin- 
cury,  a  body  of  five  men.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1632  HOLLAND  Cyrupzdiajg,  The  best  Decurions  should  be 
advanced  to  the  rowme  of  Caporals :  and  the  Quincurions 
likewise  to  the  leading  of  Decuries.  Ibid.,  That  the  Quincury 
under  his  charge  may  be  like  unto  himselfe. 

Quincy,  obs.  form  of  QUINSY. 

Qui-ndecad.  rare-1,  [f.  L.  quindec-im  after 
decad.}  A  set  of  fifteen. 

1855  W.  H.  MILL  Apflic.  Panth.  Princ.  (1861)  154  The 
first  quindecad  is  accurate  according  to  the  Old  Testament 
genealogies. 

Quindecagon  (kwinde-kag^n).  Geom.  Also 
7  -gone,  8  -deka-.  [irreg.  f.  L.  quindecim,  after 
decagon,  dodecagon :  see  -GON.  So  F.  ijuina'n-agoiie.] 
A  plane  figure  having  fifteen  angles. 


,  T  —  a  given  Circle  to  inscribe  a  Qu...- 
decagon.  01696  SCARBURGH  E-uclid(i-;o$  174  The  Quinde 
cagon  is  the  only  derivative  Polygon  that  Euclide  thought 
necessary  to  be  consider'd.  1778  Learning  at  a  Loss  11.88 
A  Fellow. .who. .crams  you  with  Pentagons,  Hexagons  and 
Quindekagons.  1886  NIXON  Euclid  Revised  iv.  xvi  202  A 
regular.,  quindecagon  can  be  circumscribed  about  a  circle 


64 

Quindecangle.  rare-',  [f.  as  prec.  +  -angle 
as  in  quadrangle,  quinquangle,  etc.]  =  prec. 

1788  T.  TAYLOR  I'roclus  II.  69  Those  who  describe  in  a 
circle  a  quindecangle  passing  through  the  poles  [etc.]. 

Quindecasylla-bic,  a.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.,  after 
decasyllabic.}  Consisting  of  fifteen  syllables. 

1880  Athenxum  6  Nov.  602/1  A  fair  specimen  of  the 
quindecasyllabic  verse  in  which  many  of  the  popular  Byzan 
tine  songs  are  composed. 

Quindecemvir  (kwind/se-mvaa).  Rom.  Anttq. 
[L.,  f.  quimiecim  fifteen  +  vir  man.]  A  member  of 
a  body,  commission,  etc.,  of  fifteen  men ;  esp.  one 
of  the  priestswho  had  charge  of  the  Sibylline  books. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  1. 177  One  of  the  fifteen  Quindecem- 
virs  deputed  for  diuision  of  lands  among  the  souldiers.  1781 
GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  xxviii.  III.  70  Fifteen  keepers  of  the 
Sybilline  books  (their  name  of  Quindecemvirs  was  derived 
from  their  number). 

Hence  Quindece-mvirate,  '  the  body  of  fifteen 
priests  and  their  office '  (Craig  1848). 

f  Qui-ndecil'e,  a.  Astro!.  Obs.  [ad.  med.  or 
mod.L.  quindecllis,  f.  quindecim  fifteen :  cf.  quar- 
tile,  quintile,  etc.]  Of  a  planetary  aspect :  Con 
taining  one-fifteenth  of  a  circle,  or  24°. 

1674  JEAKE  Arith,  (1696)  10  Astronomicks  . .  Aspects  . . 

?uindccilis,  Qnindecil.    1686  GOAD  Ce/tst.  Bodies  i.  ii.  39 
hen  the  Vigintile,  and  Quindecile,  and  Decile,  &c.  will  also 
look  to  be  counted ;  while  we  hope  . .  we  shall  never  be 
forced  to  own  such  Driblets  of  Aspects. 

Quindecim  (kwrnd/Sim),  f  -disme.  Forms: 
5  quyndesyn,  quindeeym(e,  5  -dezim,  6  quyu- 
dezim,  -dsime,  6-7  quindecim,  -disme ,  7-desme, 
-dizm(e.  [Alteration  oiA.¥.juinsisme  QUINZIEME, 
after  L.  quindecim  and  Eng.  disme  DIME.] 

1 1.  A  tax  or  duty  of  a  fifteenth  part.  Obs. 

a  1467  GREGORY  Chron.  (Camden)  142  In  the  whyche 
Parlyment  was  grauntyd  a  quyndesyn  and  a  dyme  to  the 
kynge.  c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  CL.  iii,  For  whichey6  Church 
a  disme  Hym  graunted,  so  dyd  the  Commons  a  qumdecyme. 
151*  Act  4  lien.  VIII,  c.  8  The  two  quyndezims  graunted 
..  in  this  present  Parliament.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit. 
ix.  xxi.  (1623)  1033  A  taxe  or  quindecim,  granted  vnto  you 
by  Act  of  Parliament.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Goz't.  Eng.  I. 
Ixvi.  (1739)  140  Some  extraordinary  exaction.. Quindizms, 
Benevolences,  or  other  such  like. 

2.  Eccl.  Antiq.   •=  QUINDENE. 

1472-3  Rolls  Parlt.  VI.  44/2  The  other  Fyne  was  levied 
in  the  Quindezim  of  Seint  John  Baptist.  1511-2  Act  3 
Hen.  VIII,  c.  19  Preamble,  The  monday  nexte  after  the 
quindecim  of  Seynt  John  Baptyst.  1629  in  Picton  L'fvol 
Muicic.  Rec.  (1883)  1. 126  Die  Merpurii  next  after  Quindecim 
Pnsche  next.  1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration,  Jndic.  Evid.  (1827) 
IV.  296  Octaves,  quindecims,  and  morrows  of  All  Souls. 

Quindekagon,  obs.  form  of  QCINDECAGON. 

t  Quinde-nary.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  late  L.  quin- 
denari-us,  f,  quindcnT,  distrib.  to  quindecim  fifteen.] 
A  set  of  fifteen. 

1681  H.  MORE  Exp.  Dan.  237  Both  the  Numbers  consisting 
..of  Quindenaries  or  Indictions.  Ibid.  238  This  happened 
in  the  last  Quindenarie  of  the  first  Number. 

Quindene  (kwi'ndm).  Eccl.Antiq.  [ad.  med.L. 
quindcna,  f.  L.  quindSnt,  distrib.  of  quindecim 
fifteen.]  The  fifteenth  (in  mod.  reckoning,  four 
teenth)  day  after  a  church-festival.  Cf.  QUINZIKSIE. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  II.  460  He  toke  his  leua  of  seynt 
Denys  about  y8  quyndene  of  Pasche.  1605  STOW  Ann.  487 
On  the  eleuenth  of  March,  the  Parliament  was  proroged 
vnto  the  quinden  of  Pasch,  1610  HOLLAND  Camdfn's  Brit, 
11.  Ireland  177  In  the  Quindene  of  Easter,  news  out  of  Eng 
land  arrived  in  Ireland.  1700  TYRRELL  Hist.  Eng.  II.  873 
The  Quindene,  or  Fifteenth  day  after  Easter  was  appointed. 
1758  Bp.  LOWTH  Life  William  of  IVykeham  157  In  the 
Parliament  holden  at  Westminster,  on  the  Quindene  of  St. 
Hilary  last  past  1875  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  II.  xiv.  denote, 
The  second  parliament  was  held  at  Oxford  in  the  quindene 
of  Easter. 

t  Quinderkyn,  obs.  form  of  KILDERKIN. 

1439  Litt.  Red  Bk.  Bristol  (1900)  II.  165,  j  quinderkyn 
[shall  contain]  xv.  galons,  litell  more  or  litell  lasse. 

Quindesme,  -dezim :  see  QUINDECIM. 

t  Quindi-niac.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  obs.  F.  con- 
doignac,  var.  codignac  CODINIAC.]  =  QUIDDANY. 

11655  SIR  T.  MAYERNE  Archimag.  Anglo-Gall,  No.  148 
(1658)  loo  To  make  Quindiniackes  of  an  Apricocke  Colour. 

Quindisme,  -izm^e,  -dsime:  see  QCINDECIM. 
-«(^Quine,  a.  Bot.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  L.  quint  five 
by  five.]  Arranged  in  fives. 

1760  [see  QUATERN  a.]. 

Quine,  obs.  f.  COIN  sb.  and  v.  •  COYN,  quince ; 
QUOIN  ;  WHINE,  whence  ;  also  Sc.  f.  QUEAN. 

Quinesye,  obs.  form  of  QUINSY. 

Quinet,  variant  of  QUINNET. 

Quinetum  (kwinf-tom).  Med.  [f.  QUINA  +  L. 
term,  -etum  taken  as  =  '  a  collection ' :  named  by 
Dr.  De  Vrij.]  A  mixture  of  febrifugal  alkaloids 
obtained  from  red  cinchona  bark,  used  in  India  as 
a  cheap  substitute  for  quinine ;  cinchona  febrifuge. 

1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Ptruv.  Bark  432  About  10,000  Ibs. 
of  chinchona  febrifuge  or  quinetum  can  be  annually  issued. 
1891  W.  MARTINDALE  Extra  Pharmacop,  326  Quinetum  . . 
consists  principally  of  cinchonidine, 

t  Quinfoil  (in  5  quynfole,  qwynfoile),  obs. 
var.  CINQUEFOIL  (q.v.). 

1448  [see  CINQUEFOIL  2].  1486  Bk.  St.  Altans,  Her. 
B  iy  b,  Gerattyng  haue  .ix.  bagges  of  cootarmuris.  . .  The 
fifthe  baage  is  quynfolis. 

t  Quingena-rious,  a.   Obs.    rare-",     [ad.  L. 


QUININA. 

quingcnari-ns,  f.  quingein,  distrib.  of  quingenti 
five  hundred.]  '  Of  five  hundred,  or  weighing  five 
hundred  pound'  (Blonnt  Glossogr.  1656). 

Quiiigeiitenary  (kwind^e'nt/nari,  -djen- 
trnari),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  L.  quingenti  five  hundred, 
after  centenary,  etc.]  =  QUINCENTENARY. 

1884  Guardian  758/1  The  quingentenary  festival  is  a  com 
memoration  of  his  death.  1892  Sat.  Rev.  26  Nov.  609/2  The 
quingentenary  of  Winchester. 

f  Quingentu-mvirate.  Obs.  rare—^.  [f.  L. 
quingenti  (see  prec.),  after  triumvirate,  etc.]  A 
government  consisting  of  five  hundred  men. 

1642  HOWELL  Tnie  Informer  (1661)  29  England  is  turned 
hereby  from  a  Monarchy  to  a  Democracy,  to  a  perpetual 
kind  of  Quingentumvirat. 

Quililiydi'one  (kwinhai'droun).  Chem.  [f. 
QUIN-A  +  HYDKONE.]  A  green  crystalline  substance 
formed  by  direct  union  of  quinol  and  quinone. 

1865-72  [see  HVDROQUINONE].  1893  T.  E.  THORPE  Diet. 
Applied  Chem.  III.  340  Quinhydrones.  .the  composition  of 
which  has  not  been  established  with  certainty. 

Quiilia  (kwi-nia).  Client.  (Med.)  [mod.L.,  f. 
QUINA:  see  -IA'.]  =  QUININE. 

1826  HENRY  Elem.  Chem.  (ed.  9)  II.  311  Quinia  was  dis 
covered  by  Pelletier  and  Caventou  in  the  yellow  bark  of  the 
Cinchona  Cordifolia.  1832  BABBAGE  Econ.  Mann/,  xxxy, 
The  greatest  part  of  the  sulphate  of  quinia  now  used  in  this 
country  is  imported  from  France.  1876  GROSS  Dis.  Bladder, 
etc.  32  When  hectic  irritation  is  present,  the  best  remedies 
are  quinia  and  elixir  of  vitriol. 


t  Quilli'ble,  a.  and  sb.  Obs.  rare.  Also  5 
quynnyble.  [Irreg.  f.  L.  quin(que}  five,  on  anal, 
of  tritle,  TREBLE,  quatrible,  QUATREBLE.] 

A.  adj.  Fivefold ;  quintuple. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.v.  xxxix.  (MS.  e  Museo  16), 
In  some  treble  and  in  some  quatreble,  in  some  quynyble. 

B.  sb.   1.  A  fivefold  amount. 
14..  [see  QUATREBLE  B.  i], 

2.  A  part  in  music,  one  octave  above  the  treble. 
(Cf.  QUATREBLE  B.  2.) 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Miller's  T.  146  Ther  to  he  song  som  tyme 
a  loud  quynyble.  a  1550  Image  Ipocr.  in.  78  in  Skeleton's 
Wks.  II.  434/1  They  finger  ther  fidles  And  cry  in  quinibles. 

Quiuic  (kwi'nik),  kinic  (ki-nik),  a.  Chem. 
[f.  QUIN-A  +  -1C.  Cf.  F.  quinique.']  Derived  from 
quina.  Quiuic  acid :  a  vegetable  acid  found  chiefly 
in  cinchona  barks.  Quinic  fever :  a  fever  which 
sometimes  attacks  persons  engaged  in  the  manu 
facture  of  quinine  (Syd.  Soc.  Lex.  1897). 

18x4  SIR  H.  DAVY  Agric.  Chem,  108  The  Kinic  Acid  in  a 
Salt  afforded  by  Peruvian  bark.  1857  MILLER  Elem.  Chem, 
in.  352  Kinic  [1862  quinicl  acid  crystallizes  in  colourless, 


oblique  rhombic  prisms,  which  have  a  strongly  acid  taste. 
1860  New  Sydenham  Soc.  Year-bk.  (1861)  413  Quinic  ether 
inhalations  in  ague.  1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Perm.  Bark 


31  In  1803  another  chemist  found  a  crystalline  substance 
in  the  bark  which,  .was  nothing  more  than  the  combination 
of  lime  with  an  acid  which  was  named  quinic  acid. 

Quiliicine  (kwi'nissin).  Chem.  [f.  prec.  + 
-INE5.]  An  alkaloid,  isomeric  with  quinine  and 
quinidine,  from  which  it  is  obtained  by  heating 
with  glycerol. 

ml.  XIII.  374  When  any 


1853  L.  PASTEUR  in  Pharmac.  7ml. 
salt  of  this  base  [quinine]  is  heated, 


. 

a  new  alkaloid  is 

formed,  isomeric  with  it.  .  .To  this  new  base  I  give  the  name 
of  quinicine.  1857  MILLER  Elem.  Chlm.  in.  275  Quinicine 
is  freely  soluble  in  alcohol. 

Quini-damine.  Chem.  [Cf.  next  and  AMINE.] 
A  natural  alkaloid  of  red  cinchona  bark. 

1890  J.  S.  BILLINGS  National  Med.  Diet.  I.  281. 

Quinide  (kwi-naid).  Chem.  [f.  QUIN-A  +  -IDE.] 
A  crystalline  anhydride  formed  by  heating  quinic 
acid. 

1894  H'atts  Diet.  Chem.  IV.  374  Quinide  is  acid  in  re. 
action,  and  is  reconverted  by  bases  into  quinic  acid. 

Quini'dia.  Chem.    [-IA1.]   =  next. 

1856  G.  B.  WOOD  Therap.  t  Pharmacol.  i.  281  Sulphate 
of  quinidia  .  .  is  obtained  for  use  from  the  barks  which  most 
abound  in  quinidia.  1876  HARLEY  Mat.  Med.  (ed.  6)  559 
Quinidia  is  isomeric  with  quinia. 

Quinidine  (kwi'nidain).  Chem.  Also  quino-. 
[f.  QUIN-A  +  -»'</-  +  -INE  5.]  An  alkaloid  found  in 
some  cinchona  barks  along  with  quinine,  with 
which  it  is  isomeric. 

1836  J.  GULLY  Mag's  Formul.  68  There  remains  ^another 
alkaloid  substance,  found  in  1833,  in  the  yellow  cinchona, 
by  MM.  Henry  and  Delondre.  ..  This  is  quinodme.  1851 
L.  PASTEUR  in  Pharmac.  Jral.  XIII.  375  When  subjected 
to  the  action  of  a  moderate  heat,  .  .  quinidine,  like  quinine, 
is  converted  into  quinicine.  1857  MILLER  Elem.  Chem. 
HI.  275.  1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Perm:  Bark  324  Their 
bark  was  found  to  produce  the  more  efficacious  alkaloid 
quinidine,  instead  of  .  .  chinchonine. 

Quini-ferpus,  a.  Chem.  [f.  QUIN-A  +  -(I)FER- 
ous.]  Yielding  quinine. 

1854  J.  SCOFFERN  in  art's  Cire.  Sc.,  Chem.  94  A  quini- 
ferous  solution.  Ibid.,  A  quiniferous  liquid. 

Quini-metry.  Chem.  [f.  as  prec.  -t-  -METBY.] 
The  measuring  of  the  amount  of  quinine  and  other 
alkaloids  in  cinchona  bark  (Syd.  Soc.  Lex.  1897). 

II  Quini-na.  Chem.  (Med,'}  [mod.L.  :  see 
next.]  =  QUININE. 

1838  T.  THOMSON  Chem.  Org.  Bodies  230  Sulphate  of 
quinina  has  come  into  general  use  as  a  medicine,  and  has 
almost  superseded  the  administration  of  bark.  1839  URE 
Diet.  Arts  1054  puinina  and  cinchonina  are  two  vegetable 
alkalis,  which  exist  in  Peruvian  bark. 


QUININE. 

Quinine  (kwim'n,  -ai-n,  i/.S.  kwai'nain).    Also 

quiuin.      [f.    QUIN-A  +  -INE5.]      An    important 

alkaloid  (C20H..,4N.iO2)  found  in  the  bark  of  various 
species  of  cinchona  and  remigia,  used  largely  in 

medicine  as  a  febrifuge,  tonic,  and  antiperiodic, 
chiefly  in  the  form  of  the  salt,  sulphate  of  quinine, 
which  is  popularly  termed  quinine. 

'Quinine  was  introduced  into  medical  practice  in  1820' 
(Syd.  Soc.  Lex,  1897). 

1816  S.  COOPER  First  Lines  Surf.  (ed.  5)  36  A  still  better 
preparation,  now  much  used,  is  the  sulphate  of  quinine. 
1834  [see  CINCHONINE].  1859  WILSON  &  GEIKIE  Mem.  I-'.. 
Forbes  iv.  127  A  few  grains  of  silky  white  crystals  of 
quinine  were  found  sufficient  to  dispel  the  fever.  1887 
Athenaeum  19  Feb.  260/1  Antifebrin  is  stated  to  be  moie 
effective  than  quinine  in  reducing  fever. 

b.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  quinine-bark,  -compound, 
-purifier,  -test ;  quinine-producing,  -yielding  adjs. ; 
quinine-flower  U.S.,  a  plant  of  the  gentian  family, 
used  locally  as  a  febrifuge ;  quinine-tree  Austral., 
(a)  the  horse-radish  tree ;  (/>)  the  native  quince. 

i88p  C.R.  MARKHAM  Peruv.  Bark  216  The  richest  of 
quinine  yielding  trees.  Ibid.  249  The  tree  has  peculiarities 
not  possessed  by  any  other  quinine-producing  species.  1884 
BOWER  &  SCOTT  De  Bary's  Phaner.  537  Examples  are 
afforded  ..  by  the  Quinine  barks.  1898  P.  MANSON  Trop. 
Diseases  vi.  105  The  quinine  test  is  generally  conclusive  m 
intermittents. 

Hence  Qulni'nic  a.,  pertaining  to,  derived  from, 
quinine.  Quini'nism  =  QUINISM  (Mayne  Expos. 
Lex.  1858).  Quini-nizei'.  -  QUINIZE.  Quinino - 
metry  =  QUINIMF.TBY. 

t  Quinio,  variant  of  COYNYE,  billeting,  etc. 

1577  CAMPION  Hist.  Irel.  in  Holinshed  II.  74/2  The  Irish 
impositions  of  Quinio  and  Liuery. 

Quiniretin  (kwinire-tin).  Chem.  [f.  QI'INI-A 
+  RETIN.]  A  yellowish-brown  precipitate  formed 
in  quinine  solutions  when  exposed  to  sunlight,  iso- 
meric  with  quinine,  but  without  alkaline  reaction. 

1881  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  3rd  Suppl.  1736. 

Quinisext  (kwi-nisekst),  a.  Eccl.  Hist.  [acl. 
med.L.  quinisexta  (tr.  G.  irfvSiKrr]  sc.  trwoSos),  f. 
quint  five  each,  five  +  sext-us  sixth.]  Quinisext 
Council:  The  Council  in  Trullo,  convoked  by 
Justinian  II  at  Constantinople  in  692,  so  called 
because  it  was  regarded  as  supplementary  to  the 
fifth  and  sixth  cecumenical  councils. 

1657  J.  COSIN  Canon  Script,  ix.  143  Towards  the  end  of 
this  Century  the  Sixt  General  Council  was  held  at  Constan 
tinople,  and  the  Quini-sext  there  in  Trullo.  1890  T.  W. 
ALLIES  Peter's  Rock  263  Justinian  II  summoned  a  Greek 
Council  to  meet  in  the  same  hall  of  his  palace,  called  the 
Dome.  ..  It  called  itself  the  Quinisext. 

So  Quinise  xtiue  a. 

1868  LIGHTFOOT  Philip.  1 86  note,  He  quotes.. Can.  lo  of 
the  Quinisextine  Council,  .as  favouring  his  view. 

Quinism  (kwai-nizm).  Path.  [f.  QUIN-A  +  -ISM.] 
Tne  abnormal  physical  state  (giddiness,  deafness, 
loss  of  sight,  etc.)  produced  by  the  excessive  use  of 
quinine;  cinchonism. 

1897  A  llbutt's  Syst.  Meii,  II.  375  [Quinine]  maybe  given 
..until  symptoms  of  quinism  shew  themselves. 

Quinrzarin.  Chem.  [f.  QUIN-A  +  (AL)IZARIN.] 
A  crystalline  compound  obtained  from  quinol,  iso- 
meric  with  alizarin. 

1881  WATTS  Did.  Chem.  3rd  Suppl.  1736. 

Quinize  (kwsi-naiz),  v.  [f.  QUIN-A  +  -IZE.]  To 
dose  or  impregnate  with  quinine ;  to  cinchonize. 
Hence  Qui'nized  ///.  a. 

1875  H.  C.  WOOD  Thcrap.  (1879)  64  In  the  quinized  animal 
neither  galvanization  of  a  sensitive  nerve  nor  asphyxia  was 
able  to  produce  vascular  contraction. 

Quink.  Sc.     [?  Imitative  of  the  cry.] 

1 1.  A  variety  of  goose,  variously  identified  with 
the  grey-legged  goose  (Anserferus)  and  the  brent 
goose  {Bernicla  brenta).  Obs. 

1551  Sc.  Acts  Maryc.  u  (1814)  II.  484  The  claik  quink  and 
rule  the  price  of  the  peece  xviij</.  1578  LESLEY  De  Orig. 
Scot.  37  Alia  sex  Anserum  genera  apud  nos  inueniuntur. 
Margin.  Vulgus  his  uocibus  eos  distinguit  :  Quinck  [etc.]. 

2.  The  golden-eyed  duck. 

1808  in  JAM.    1866  EDMONSTON  Orkney  I'ocab.  88. 

t  Quinkle,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  rare-1.  In  6  quynkill. 
[App.  freq.  f.  *quink  =  OE.  cwincan :  see  QUENCH 
v.]  Of  a  light :  To  go  out. 

1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  xiu.  Prol.  29  The  lycht  begouth  to 
quynkill  owt  and  faill. 

Quinnat  (kwi-nat).  [N.  Amer.  Indian  :  Clatsop 
ifavinna,iht/unna,Chinookifavana(Gibbs  Chinook 
Vocab.  1863).]  The  king-salmon  ;  the  Californian, 
Columbian,  or  Chinook  salmon  (Oncorhynchus 
chouicka  or  quinnaf)  of  the  N.  Pacific  coast. 

1819  SIR  J.  RICHARDSON  Fauna  Bar.  Amer.  219  This 
salmon . .  is  known  by  the  name  of  quinnat.  1859  COOPER  & 
SUCKLEY  Nat.  Hist.  322  The  quinnat  , .  is  by  far  the  most 
valuable  salmon  of  any  species  found  in  Oregon. 

Quinnet  ^kwi-net).  dial.  Also  9  quinet.  [a. 
OF.  quignet,  var.  coignet,  dim.  of  coign,  coin  a  wedge, 
QUOIN.]  A  wedge  (see  qnots.). 

1684  J.  BEAUMONT  in  Phil.  Trans.  XV.  854  A  little  Iron 
wedge  4  inches  in  length,  by  the  Miners  call'd  a  Qviinnet. 
1847-78  HALLIWELI.,  Quinet,  a  wedge.  Clone.  [1890  in 
Glottc.  Gloss.}  1893  \Viltsh.  Gloss.,  Quinnet,  a  wedge,  as 
the  iron  wedge  fastening  the  ring  of  the  scythe  nibs  in 
VOL.  VIII. 


65 

place,  or  the  wooden  wedge  or  cleat  which  secures  the  head 
of  an  axe  or  hammer. 

Quinoa  (kriu>ia,  kwimw-a).  Also  quinua.  [Sp. 
spelling  of  Peruvian  (Quichuan)  kinua,  kinoa.\  An 
annual  plant  (Chenopodium  Quinoa,  N.O.  Cheno- 
podiacex)  found  on  the  Pacific  slopes  of  the  Andes, 
cultivated  in  Chili  and  Peru  for  its  edible  farina 
ceous  seeds.  Also  attrib. 

1625  PURCHAS  Pilgrims  IV.  vll.  xiii.  1465  They  had  Maiz, 
Quinua,  Pulse.  1760-72  tr.  Juan  fy  Ulloa's  I'oy.  (ed.  3)  I. 
289  This  useful  species  of  grain,  here  called  guinea, resembles 
a  lentil  in  shape,  but  much  less,  and  very  white.  1880 
C.  R.  MARKHAM  Peruv.  Hark  484  The  earliest  mention  of 
the  quinua  grain  of  Peru  occurs  in  the  'Cronica'  of  Pedro 
de  Cieza  de  Leon.  Ibid.  485  The  Indians  also  make  a 
beverage  of  the  quinua.  1886  A.  H.  CHURCH  Fovd  Grains. 
Ind.  no  Quinoa  seeds  are  extremely  small. 

Quinodine,  obs.  form  of  QUINIDINE. 

Qurnogen.  Chem.  [f.  QUIN-A  +•  -o-  +  -GEN.] 
'A  hypothetical  radical  of  the  alkaloids  of  cinchona' 
(Webster  Stiff/.  1880). 

Quinoidine  (kwinoi'dsin).  Chem.  Also  -ina. 
[f.  QUIN-A  +  -OID  +  -iNE-r'.]  A  brownish-black, 
resinous  substance,  consisting  of  amorphous  alka 
loids,  obtained  as  a  by-product  in  preparing  salts 
of  quinia.  b.  Animal  quinoidine,  an  alkaloid  sub 
stance  resembling  quinine  found  in  animal  tissues. 

1845  Penny  Cycl.  Suppl.  I.  350/1  Quinoidina,  the  name 
given  by  Sertuerner  to  a  third  alkali,  contained  in  yellowand 
red  bark.  1853  L.  PASTEUR  in  J'harmac.  Jrnl.  XIII.  375 
Quinoidine.  .is  always  a  product  of  transformation  of  the 
cinchona  alkalies.  1857  MILLER  Elem.  Client,  m.  273. 
1867  Proc.  Roynl  Soc.  XV.  92  This  fluorescent  substance  . . 
has  a  very  close  optical  and  chemical  resemblance  to 
quinine.. we  have  therefore  called  it  'animal  quinoidine  '. 

Quinoil :  see  QUINOYL. 

Quinol  (kwi-nf>l).  Chem.  [f.  QUIN-A  +  -OL.] 
=  HYDHOQUINONE.  Also  attrib. 

1881  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  3rd  Suppl.  1742.  1886  ROSCOF.  & 
SCHORLEMMEK  Treat. Chem.  III.  in.  §995  Quinol  is.. found 
in  the  distillation  products  of  the  salts  of  succinic  acid. 
1889  Anthonys  Photogr.  Hull.  II.  365  Quinol  ammonia, 
quinol  soda,  and  quinol  potash. 

Hence  Quino-lic  a.,  derived  from  quinol ;  Qni'no- 
lene,  a  hydrocarbon  obtained  from  quinol. 

1881  WATTS  Diet.  Cheat.  3rd  Suppl.  1742  Quinolic  Ether. 
1894  Ibid.  IV.  379  Quinolic  acid.  1896  Naturalist  91  The . . 
quinolene  series  of  hydrocarbons. 

Quinoline  (kwi-ntflain).  Chem.  Also  -olein(e. 
[f.  as  prec.  +  -IKES.]  =CHINOHNK. 

1845  W.  GREGORY  Out!.  Org.  Chem.  481  Quinoline  ..is 
formed  artificially,  by  distilling  quinine,  cmchonine,  or 
strychnine,  along  with  caustic  potash.  1845  Penny_  Cycl. 
Suppl.  I.  350/1  The  taste  of  quinolein  is  very  acrid  and 
bitter.  x88z  Athenaeum  12  Mar.  370/2  Heating  quinoline 
and  benzoyl  chloride  in  sealed  tubes. 

Quinologist  (kwinflodjist).  [f.  QuiN'-A  + 
-(O)LOGIST.]  One  who  makes  a  special  study  of, 
or  is  an  authority  on,  quinine. 

1869-76  J.  E.  HOWARD  Quinology  E.  Indian  Plant.  13 
The  Quinologist  appointed  by  Government.  1890  Times 
5  Feb.  9/5  [The]  late  quinologist  to  the  Bengal  Government. 

So  Quino'log-y,  the  scientific  study  of  quinine ; 
cinchonology.  (Cf.  Sp.  quinologia,  F.  quinologie.) 

l86a  J.  E.  HOWARD  Illnstr.  Nucva  Quinologia  2  Much    ! 
valuable  assistance,  .in  the  pursuit  of  Quinology.     1869-76 
• —  {title)  The  Quinology  of  East  Indian  Plantations. 

t  Quinombrom,  obs.  variant  of  CONUNDRUM. 

1659  HOWELL  Lexicon  Tetragl.  Let.  French  Prov. ,  You 
will  judge  perhaps,  that  the  Author  hath  some  strange 
freaks,  or  quinombroms  in  his  noddle. 

Quinone  (kwi'iumn,  kwinJu-n).  Chem.  Also  9 
kinone.  [f.  QUIN-A  +  -ONE.]  a.  spec.  A  crystal 
line  compound  (benzoquinone,  C6H4O2),  the  sim 
plest  type  of  the  class  of  quinones.  b.  Any  one 
of  a  series  of  aromatic  compounds  derived  from 
the  benzene  series  of  hydrocarbons  when  two 
hydrogen  atoms  are  replaced  by  two  of  oxygen. 

'Quinone  was  first  obtained,  in  1838,  by  Woskresensky '    ] 
(Thorpe  Diet.  Appl.  Chem.  1 1 1 .  338) ;  see  QuiNOYL. 

1853  STENHOCSE  in  Pharmac.  Jrnl.  XIII.  384  The  kinone 
was  ..  obtained  in  crystals  from  the  coffee-bean.  1857 
MILLER  Elem.  Chem.  in.  353  When  kinone  [1861  quinone]  is 
treated  with  reducing  agents.  1885  RE.MZEN  Org.  Client. 
306  The  quinones  are  peculiar  bodies  which  in  some  ways 
are  allied  to  the  ketones. 

Comb.  1886  ROSCOE  &  SCHORLEMMER  Treat.  Chem.  III. 
in.  §  1006  A  sharp  taste  and  a  weak  quinone-like  odour. 

Quinota-nnic,  a.  Chem.  [f.  QUIN-A  +  -o-  + 
TANNIC.]  Quinolannic  acid,  a  form  of  tannic  acid 
found  in  cinchona  bark.  Hence  Quinota'nnate. 

1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  V.  30  Quinotaunic  acid  is  a  light- 
yellow,  friable,  very  hygroscopic  mass,  which  becomes 
electric  by  friction.  Ibid.,  The  quinotannate  of  lead. 

Quinova-  (kwin<?i>-va\  an  arbitrary  comb,  form    ! 
ofmod.L.  quina  nova  false  cinchona  bark,  as  in    I 
quinova-bitter  =  quinovin;  quiuova-red.a  resin 
ous  substance  obtained  from  quinovatannic  acid ; 
quinova-sugar,  a  saccharine  substance  obtained 
from  quinovin  ;  quinovata'nnic  (acid)  a.,  derived 
from  quina  nova. 

1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  V.  31  The  alcoholic  solution  . . 
leaves  the  quinova-sugar,  on  evaporation,  as  an  uncrystal- 
lisable  hygroscopic  mass.  Ibia.  32  Quinova-bitter  [see 
QUINOVIN].  1804  Il'id.  IV.  392  Quinova  red  is  a  nearly 
black  resin.  Ibid.,  Quinovatannic  acid. 


QUINQTTAGESIMA. 

Quinovic  (kwin(?'rvik),  fcmo'vic,  n.  Chem. 
[See  prec.  and  -ic.]  Quinovic  aciU,  an  acid  found 
in  false  cinchona  bark  (see  quot.  1868). 

1838  T.  THOMSON  Chem.  Org.  Bodies  805  The  kinovic  acid 
of  Pelletier  and  Caventou  has  considerable  analogy  with  the 
oily  acids.  1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  V.  31  Quinovic  Acid 
..was  originally  used  as  a  synonym  for  quinovin  orquinova- 
bitter,  but  is  now  applied  . .  to  an  acid  produced,  together 
with  quinqvn-sugar,  by  the  decomposition  of  quinovin. 

So  Quiiio  vate,  kino  vate  [-ATK  I  c],  a  salt  of 
quinovic  acid  (Mayne  Expos.  J.ex.  1855).  Quino 
vin,  kino'vin  [-ijfl],  an  amorphous  bitter  com 
pound  found  in  (false  and  other)  cinchona-barks. 
Quino'vite,  a  product  of  the  resolution  of  quinovin. 

1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  V.  32  Quinovin.  ..  Quinova- 
bitter  ;  formerly  also  called  Quinovic,  Quinovatic  or  Chio- 
coccic  acid.  1894  Ibid.  IV.  392  Quinovin  . .  occurs  also  in 
true  cinchona  bark,  .and  in  tormentilla  root.  Il'iti. ,  Resolved 
by  acids  into  quinovic  acid  and  quinovite. 

Quinoyl  (kwi'n^il).  Chem.  Also  kinoyle, 
quinoil.  [f.  QUIN-A  + -O-  +  -YL.]  a.  =QUINONE. 
b.  (See  quot.  1868.) 

Woskresensky,  the  discoverer  of  quinone,  named  it  Chinoyl, 
for  which  Berzelius  substituted  Chinon. 

1845  Penny  Cycl.  Suppl.  I.  350/1  Quinoil,  a  neutral  sub 
stance  obtained  when  kinic  acid  is  decomposed  by  heat  ..  It 
is  of  a  golden  yellow  colour.  1848  CRAIG,  Kinoyle,  n  sub 
limate  obtained  in  golden  yellow  needles  when  a  kinate  is 
distilled.  1868  WATTS  Diet.  Client.  V.  32  Quinofl,  a  diatomic 
radicle,  which  may  be  supposed  to  exist  in  quinone  and  its 
derivatives,  quinone  itself  being  regarded  as  the  hydride. 

t  Quinqua-drate.  Math.  Obs.  rare—1,    [f.  L. 
quin'.  que)  +  QUADRATE.]    A  thirty -second  power. 
1674  JEAKF.  Arith.  (1696)  273  [see  QUAQUADRATE], 

Quinquagenarian  fkwi'nkw&dgiheoTian),  sb. 

and  a.     [f.  as  next  +  -AN.] 

A.  sb.  f  1.  A  captain  of  fifty  men.   Obs.  rare. 
1569  J.  SANFORD  tr.  Agrippa's  Van.  Artes  130  Moses  did 

then  appoint  them  . .  Centurians,  Quinquagenarians,  and 
Decans.  1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  E.\oii.  xviii.  21  Centurions, 
and  quinquagenarians,  and  deanes. 

2.  A  person  aged  fifty ;  or  between  fifty  and 
sixty.  1843  A'w  Mirror  (cited  in  Cent.  Diet.}. 

B.  adj.  \  1.  Commanding  fifty  men.   Obs.  rare. 
1600  W.  WATSON  Dtcacordon  (1602)  356  Two  Quinqua 
genarian  Captains.    1629  MABBE  tr.  Fonseca's  Dm1.  Content/1. 
592  One  Elias  consumed  with  fire  Ahabs  Quinquagenarian 
Captaines  and  their  souldiers. 

2.  Of  fifty  years  of  age;  characteristic  of  one 
who  is  fifty  years  old. 

1822  Neiu  Monthly  Mag.  V.  46  The  quinquagenarian 
bachelor.  1848  CLOUC.H  Amours  de  Voy.  n.  141  The  trem 
bling  Quinquagenarian  fears  of  two  lone  British  spinsters. 

Quinquagenary  (kwinkwocxl.^nari),  sb.  and  a. 
[an.  L.  quinqudgenari-us  consisting  of  fifty,  fifty 
years  old,  captain  of  fifty,  f.  quinquagenl,  distrib. 
of  quinquannta  fifty  :  cf.  F.  quinquagenaire] 

A.  sb.  fl.  =QuiXQUAGENAKiANrf.  i.  Obs.rare. 
1382  WVCLIF  Deut.  \.  15,  1  haue  ordeynd  hem.  .tribunes, 

and  centuriouns,  and  quyuquagenaryes.  1483  CAXTON 
Gold.  Leg.  59/2  Moyses  ..  ordeyned  them  ..  tribunes  Cen- 
turiones  quinquagenaries. 

2.  A  fiftieth  year  or  anniversary. 

1388  J.  HARVEY  Disc.  Probl.  25  The  Quinquagenarie,  or 
50  yeere, ..  termed  the  yeere  of  lubilee.  1894  Westm.  Ca2. 
28  June  2/2  Rossall,  which  has  been  celebrating  its  jubilee 
— not  a  quingentenary  like  Winchester,  but  a  modest  quiu- 
quagenary. 

B.  adj.  =  QUINQUAGENARIAN  a.  2. 

1715  tr.  Pancirolhts'  Rerum  Mem.  \.  IV.  viii.  171  The 
Servant  of  Claudius,  had  in  his  Time  a  Quinquagenary 
Charger,  which  was  valu'd  at  5000  Crowns.  1829  HKNTHAM 
Let.  to  O'Connell  10  Nov.,  Wks.  1843  XI.  28  My  dear  quin- 
quagenary child  shall  never  more  be  thus  tormented  by.. his 
octogenary.  .guardian. 

t  Qui-nquagene.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  quinqua- 
geni,  distrib.  of  quinquaginta  fifty.]  A  set  of  fifty. 

1560  Anr.  PARKER  Ps.  n.  (title},  The  Seconde  Quinquagene 
of  Dauids  Psalter  translated  into  Englishe  Metre. 

II  Quinquagesima(kwink\vad^e-simal.  [med. 
L.,  fern.  (sc.  iffes}  of  L.  qvinquagesimus  fiftieth. 

It  is  not  certain  whether  the  name  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  Sunday  in  question  is  the  fiftieth  day  before  Easter 
(reckoning  inclusively),  or  was  simply  formed  on  anal,  of 
QUADRAGESIMA  (cf.  sex-,  septuag<:sima\  ] 

t  a.  The  period  beginning  with  the  Sunday  im 
mediately  preceding  Lent  and  ending  on  Easier 
Sunday.  Ol>s.  tb.  The  first  week  of  this  period. 
Obs.  C.  (Also  Quinquagesinia  Sunday.)  The 
Sunday  before  Lent ;  Shrove  Sunday. 

1387  TREVISA  Higdi-n  (Rolls)  VIII.  297  He.  .was  i-crowned 
pe  Sonday  in  Quinquagesima,  bat  is  bat  day  a  fourte- 
nyjt  after  Alleluya  is  i-closed.  1398  —  Earth.  De  P.  R. 
IX.  xxix.  (1495)  364  Quinquagesinia  begynnyth  the  thyrd 
Sondaye  after  Septuagesima  and  endyth  in  the  sonday  of 
the  Resurreccion.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  143 
This  emperoure  goynge  to  here  masse.. in  the  Sonneday  of 
Quinquagesinia.  1612  SELDEN  Illnstr.  Draytons^  Pc-lyolb, 
xl.  185  The  foure  last  dales  of  the  Quiiuntagesima,  that 
is  Ash  Wednesday,  Thursday,  Friday,  and  Saturday.  1656 
ULOUNT  Glosst'gr.,  Qtiinqnagesima  Sunday  is  always  that 
which  we  vulgarly  call  Shrove  Sunday.  1710  WHEATLY 
Me.  Com.  Prayer  iv.  §  8.  78  The  Tuesday  after  Quinqua- 
gesima  Sunday  is  generally  call'd  Shrove  Tuesday.  1885 
Catholic  Diet.  (1807)  559/2  St.  Ambrose.. censures  those 
who  began  Lent  with  Sexagesima  or  Quinquagesinia. 

attrib.  1885  Catholic  Diet.  (1897!  559/1  On  the  Monday 
in  Qninquagesima  week.  1901  PROCTOR  &  FRERE  Bk.  Com. 
Prayer  533  The  Quinquagesinia  Collect. 

9 


QUINQUAGESIMAL. 

Quinquage'simal,  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -AI..] 
Belonging  to  a  set  of  fifty ;  containing  fifty  days. 

1844  LINGARD  Anglo-Sax.  Ch.  (1858)  II.  xi.  179  note.  The 
quinquagesimal  days  were  the  fifty  days  between  Easter 
and  Whitsunday.  1884  SCHAFF  Encycl.  Relig.  Knmi'l. 
III.  1801/2  As  designating  the  last  day  of -this  quinqua 
gesimal  period,  the  word  '  Pentecost '  is  first  found  in . .  305. 

t  Quinquagesime,  -gesme.  Obs.    Also  5 

quynquegesym,  qwynquasim  (?),  6  -gissime. 
[a.  OF.  quinquagcsime  (i4thc.)orad.  med.L.  quin- 
quagesima  :  see  above.]  =  QUINQUAGESIMA. 

£1380  WVCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  II.  40  pe  Gospel  on  pursdai  in 
Quinquagesme.  Ibid.  265  On  Quinquagesme  Sondai  Pistle. 
1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VI  I.  143  pe  emperour  comynge 
ones  on  be  Sonday  of  Quynquagesme  to  a  chapel.  1483 
Catk.  Angl.  297/2  Quynquegesym  (A.  Qwynquasim),  quiii. 
qnagesiiiia.  '533  MORE  Dfbell.  Saletn  Wks.  1030/2  The 
priestes  should  eate  no  flesh  fro  quinquagissime  to  Easter. 
c  1535  FISHER  Whs,  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  434  Y«  gospell,  redde  in  the 
church  tliis  quinquagesime  somlaye.  1658  in  PHILLIPS. 

f  Qui'nciuangle,  a.  and  sl>.  Obs.  rare.  [ad. 
late  L.  quinquangulus,  -inn  (Priscian,  Boeth.),  f. 
quinque  five  +  aiigiilus  ANGLE.  Cf.  obs.  F.  quin- 
quangle  (Godef.).] 

A.  adj.  '  Having  five  angles  or  corners '  (Blount 
Glossogr.  1656). 

B.  sb.  A  pentagon. 

1668  H.  MORE  Div.  Dial.  I.  29  To  inscribe  a  Quinquangle 
into  a  Circle.  1677  PLOT  Oxjordsh.  334  Rather  a  quin- 
qiiangle  than  a  square.  1788  T.  TAYLOR  Pi-oclus  I.  178  A 
triangle . .  will  in  this  case  have  ail  its  angles  acute,  and  a 
quinquangle  all  its  angles  obtuse. 

Quinquangular  (kwinkwre-rjgirflai),  a.  [f. 
as  prec.  +  -AR  :  cf.  F.  quinquangulaire .~\  Having 
five  angles  or  corners  ;  pentagonal. 

1653  H.  MOKE  Antid.  Ath.  \\.  vi.  (1712)  54  If  it  [a  stone] 
be  but  exactly  round,  .or  ordinately  Quinquangular.  1657 
TOMLINSON  Renoits  Disp.  258  The  leaves  of  Briony  are 
broad,  and  Quinquangular.  1704  Collect.  I'vy.  (Churchill) 
III.  701/1  The. .  Fortress.,  was  of  a  Quinquangular  Figure. 
1816  in  KIRBY  &  Sp.  Rntomol.  IV.  262.  1872  E.  TROLLOPE 
Sleaford 430  Its  east  end  terminates  in  aquinquangular  apse. 

So  Qninriua  iigulate,  -ous  adjs.  (Lee  Introd. 
£ot.  1788;  Mayne  Expos.  Lex.  1858). 

Quinquarticnlar  (kwinkwajti-ki;?lai),«.  [ad. 
mod.L.  quinquarticular-is,  f.  quinque  five  +  arti- 
fii/ns  ARTICLE.]  Relating  to  the  five  articles  or 
points  of  Arminian  doctrine  condemned  by  the 
Calvinists  at  the  Synod  of  Dort  in  1618. 

1661  GLANVILL  I'an.  Dogm.  102  That  darkness  and  con. 
fusion  that  is  upon  the  face  of  the  quinquarticular  debates. 
1674  HICKMAN  Hist.  Quinquart.  (ed.  2)  2  Our  Subject  must 
be  the  unhappy  Quinquarticular  Controversie.  1755  CARTE 
Hist.  Eng.  IV.  53  The  troubles  complained  of  by  the  Dutch 
deputies  related  to  what  was  called  the  quinquarticular 
controversy.  1834  FABER  Lett.  (1869)  17  The  qninquarticular 
doctrines  of  the  Synod  of  Dort.  1861  W.  S.  PERRY  Hist. 
Ch,  Eng.  I.  x.  348  One  long  versed  in  the  intricacies  of 
these  quinquarticular  disputes. 

Quinqua'tric,  a.  rare.  [f.  L.  quinqudlriis  f. 
pi.  or  quinqudtria  n.  pi.  +  -1C.]  Rom.  Antiq.  Per 
taining  to  the  festival  of  Minerva  (March  19-23^. 

1839  J.  TAYLOR  Poems  «r  Trans!.  210  The  name  of  the 
Quinquatric  Festival  is  derivable  from  the  si  days  by  which 
the  year  exceeds  twelve  months  of  thirty  days  each. 

Quinque-  (kwrnkwf)i  a  first  element  (a.  L. 
quinque-  five-)  employed  in  combs,  wilh  the  sense 
'  having,  consisting  of,  etc.  five  (things  specified) '. 
Examples  of  such  formations  in  classical  L.  are  the 
sbs.  quinquefolium,  quinquennium,  quinqueremis, 
quinquevir(i),  the  adjs.  quinquefolius ',  -mestris, 
quinquennalis,  and  the  ppl.  form  quinquepartitus ; 
others  appear  in  the  later  language.  Those  adopted 
or  formed  in  English  are  chiefly  terms  of  Bot.  or 
7.ool.,  and  correspond  to  similar  formations  in  F., 
as  quinqutdenti,  -digitf,  -lobt,  -locuiaire,  -nervf, 
valve,  etc.  For  the  meaning  of  the  second  element 
in  the  following  compare  the  corresponding  forms 
under  BI-,  QUADHI-. 

t  Quinque-a'ngle,  -a-ngled,  -a-ngular  adjs., 
qninquangular,  pentagonal ;  quinque-a'nnulate, 
-arti-culate,  -ea-psular,  -co-state,  -de'ntate, 
t  -dentated,-di-gitate(d),-faTious  adjs.;  qui-n- 
quefld a. (see  QUINQUIFID)  ;  f  quinquef oil,  cinque- 
foil  ;  quinquefo-liats,  f  -foliated,  -fo'liolate, 
-ju-gous.-la'teral,  -li'bralaff/s.;  quinqueli'teral 
a.  and  sb.\  quinquolo'bate,  -lobed,  -lo'cular, 
f  -mestrial  adjs. ;  f  -metre  ;  -neTval,  -nerved] 
-pedal,  -peda-lian,  -pe-taloid,  -pu'nctal,  -pu-nc- 
tate,  -ra'diate,  -se-ptate,  -se-rial,  -se'riate, 
-sylla'bio  adjs. ;  quinquesyllable ;  quinque- 
tube-rcular,  -tube'rculate  adjs. ;  quinqueva- 
lent  a.  =  QUINQUIVALENT;  qui-nquevalve  a.  and 
i»-,t-va-lvous,-va-lvular,-ve-rbal,-ve-rbialfl<#f. 

1590  MARLOWE  -2nd  Pt.  Tamburl.  HI.  iii,  In  champion 
grounds  what  figure  serves  you  best,  For  which  the  *quinqu<=- 
angle  form  is  meet.  1679  MOXON  Math,  Diet.  125  fOuina«e. 
Angled.  1760  P.  MlLLERy»rrorf.  Bot.  21  A_ 'quinqueangular 


66 

J.  LEE  Introd.  Rot.  it.  xx.  (1765)  116  The  Brim  *quinque- 
dentate.  1870  KENTLEY  Man.  Bot.  (ed.  2)  217,  5-toothed  or 
quinquedentate.  1777  PENNANT  British  Zool.  (ed.  2)  IV.  4 


153  It  is  said  to  be ..  five-ribbed  or  *quinquecostate. '  i76<i 


*Qninquefarioits,      1617  JV  , 

or  Cinquefoile.  1693  Phil.  Trans.  XVII.  620  It  is  a  *Quin- 
quefoliate  and  Siligniferous  Tree,  with  winged  Seed.  1861 
BENTLEY  Man.  Bot.  170  It  is  quinate  or  quinquefoliate,  if 
there  are  five  [leaflets].  1727  BAILEY  vol.  II,  *Quingue- 
foliated  Leaf.  1832  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  (1839)  463  We  say 
..  *quinquefoliolate  or  quinate,  if  there  are  five  [leaflets] 
from  the  same  point.  1819  Pantohgia  X.  *Quingwjug0u$ 
leaf,.,  a  pinnate  leaf,  with  five  pairs  of  leaflets.  1856-8  W. 
CLARK  Van  der  Howen's  Zool.  I.  157  Body  cylindrical  or 
*quinquelateral.  1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.^  *Qitinque-libral^ 
.  .of  five  pound  weight.  1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1696)  91  Some 
mention  a  Triple  Choenix,  as  Bilibral,  Quadrilibral,  and 
Quinqueltbral.  1793  BEDDOES  Math.  Evid.  133  They  as 
sume  triliteral  and  quatlriliteral.  .roots,  and  are  doubtful 
whether  there  are  not  *quinqueliteral.  1846-52  B.  DAVIES  tr. 
Gesenius'  Heb.  Gram.  n.  §  30  Combining  into  one  word 
two  triliteral  stems,  by  which  process  even  quinqueliterals 
are  formed.  1819  Pantologia  X.  *Quingnelobate  leaf. 
1849-52  TODD  Cycl.  Anat.  IV,  875/1  Sometimes  It  [the  tooth] 
is  made  quinquelobate  by  a  double  notch.  1775  J.  JEN- 
KISSON  tr.  Linnaeus'  Brit.  PI.  Gloss.  255  *Quinquelobed. 
1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  IL  xxxii.  (1765)  157  Campanula, 
with  Fruit  *quinquelui:ular.  1870  BENTLEY  iVan.  Bot.  (ed.  2) 
290  The  ovary  is  quinquelocular.  1611  CORYAT  Crudities 
Char.  Authour,  Author  of  these  "Quinque-mestriale  Crudi 
ties,  c  1560  ABP.  PARKER  Psatterll),  Dauid  Metres  made  ; 
*Ouinquemeires  :  some  trimetres.  1671  GREW  Anat.  PI. 
vii.  §  4.  45  Some  just  *QuinquenervaI,  as  in  Anisuui. 
1856  H  EXSLOW  Diet.  Bot.  Terms  151  *Quinqitenerved. 
1855  Frasers  Mag.  LI.  63  A  series  of  tripedal,  quadrupedal, 
and  *quinquepedal  cocks.  1841  HODGSON  Life  Napoleon 
in  R.  Oastler  Fleet  Papers  (1842?  II.  397  Its  lengthened 
*quinquepedalian  notes.  1678  PHILLIPS  (ed.  4)  List  Bar 
barous  Words)  *Qninquipunctalt  having  five  points.  1858 
MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  Qitinqnepitnctatits, . .  *quinquepunc- 
tate.  1886  A thenxitm  12  June  782/3  There  are  four,  six, 


663  In  the  Mixodectidae  the  crowns  of  the  lower  molars  are 
"quinquetubercular.  1856-8  W.  CLARK  Van  der  Hoeverfs 
Zool.  II.  753  Last  molar  tooth  of  lower  jaw  *quinquetuber- 
culate.  1776  DA  COSTA  Elem.  Conchol.  xiv.  279  Anatifera; 
or  Barnacles.  These  shells  are  *quinque- valves.  1777 
PENNANT  Brit.  -Zool.  (ed.  2)  IV,  5  Mouth  quinquevalve, 
placed  beneath.  1681  GREW  Catal.  Rarities  Gresham  Coll. 
Tab.  14  Indian  Plum-stones.  ,*Quinquevalvous,  Oval.  1828 
WRB&TKRfQuittfXtt'afoutar,  1664  H.  MORE  Synopsis  Proph. 
332  The  papal  transubstantiation,.by  virtue  of  their  *quin- 
queverbal  charm.  —  Antid.  Idolatry  x.  128  No  more., 
then  tlieir  *QuinqueverbiaH  Charm  can  transubstantiate  the 
Bread  and  Wine  into  the  Body  and  Bloud  of  Christ. 

Quinquenary,  a.  rare.  [For  quinary,  after 
L.  quinque  ^\  —  QUINARY, 

1690  LtvuouRN  Curs.  Math.  339  All  Squares  . .  are  to  be 
marked  with  Points,  .over  every  Binary  or  second  Figure.. . 
Sursolids  over  every  Quinquenary  Figure.     1825  T.  THOM 
SON  \st  Princ.  Chem.  I.  37  Nitrous  acid  is  a  quinquenary 
compound,  composed  of  i  atom  sulphur  and  3  atoms  oxygen. 

t  Quinque  nnal,  a.  and  sb.  Obs.  Also6quin- 
quinall.  [ad.  L.  quinquennal-is  :  cf.  F.  quin- 
quennal.}  a.  adj.  =  QUINQUENNIAL,  b.  sb.  = 
QUINQUENNIUM. 

i53'  [see  QUINQUENNIAL  a.  ij.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  543 
At  what  time  as.. the  two  Censors  held  their  Quinquennall 
solemne  sacrifices.  1618  BOLTON  Florus  (1636)  114  At  the 
Quinquennal,  or  Five-yeerely  playes.  a  1646  J.  GREGORY 
Posthiima,  De  JEris  et  Epochis  (1649)  140  Allowing  for 
each  of  those  a  Lustrum  or  Quinquennal. 

tQuinquerma-lian,rt.  Obs.  rare—^.  [f.  QUIN 
QUENNAL  4-  -IAN.]  =  QUINQUENNIAL  a.  2. 

1691  O.  WALKER  Gr.  fy  Rom.  Hist.  Illnslr.  n.  224  Certain 
Quinquennalian  Games  celebrated  at  Actium. 

Quinquenna-rian.  rare~\  \i.L.quinquenn-is 
quinquennial.]  One  who  is  five  years  old. 

1821  Blackw.  Mag.  X.  118  Teaching  scholars  ..  mostly 
quinquennarians,  or  at  most  sexennarians. 

Quinquenniad  (kwinkwe-niad).     [f.  as  next 

+  -AD,  after  decad.~\    =  QUINQUENNIUM. 

184*  TENNYSON  Day-Dream  L'Envoi  ii,  Thro*  sunny 
decads.  .Or  gay  quinquenniads.  1878  DOWDEN  Stud,  Lit. 
202  Prolonged  through  many  decades  and  quinquenniads. 
1897  Allbntfs  Syst.  Mud.  II.  185  At  all  ages  ..  except  in 
the  qmnquenmad  ten  to  fourteen. 

Quinquennial  (kwinkwe-nial),  a.  and  sb.  Also 
5  quinqueniale.  [f.  L.  fW*ff*»ff»6+-lL>  or  ad. 
L.  quinqitennalis :  cf.  biennial,  centennial,  etc.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Lasting,  continuing,  holding  office, 
etc.,  for  five  years. 

c  1460  FORTESCUE  Abs.  ff  Lim.  Mon.  xii.  (1885)  140  When 
the  reaume  gaff  to  thair  kyng  a  quinsime  and  a  desime 
quinqueniale  [1531  MS.  Digby  quinquinall].  1601  BP.  W 
BARLOW  Defence  30  So  splendently  appearing  these  60 
yeares  together  (onely  a  quinquennial  Eclyps  . .  excepted) 
«X54B  LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  VIII  (1683)  79  To  procure  a 
general  League  among  Christian  Princes  (oral  least  a  quin 
quennial  Truce).  1711  STEELE  Sfitct.  No.  32  p  2, 1  find  by 
my  quinquennial  Observations  that  we  shall  never  get 
Ladies  enough  to  make  a  Party.  1822  T.  TAYLOR  Afnleius 
290  [He]  placed  me  among  the  quinquennial  Decurions. 
1876  BANCROFT //w*.  U.S.  V.xv.  507  The  fifteen  'gentlemen  ' 
thus  chosen  constituted  the  quinquennial  senate  of  Mary 
land,  and  themselves  filled  up  any  vacancy  that  might 
occur  in  their  number  during  their  term  of  five  years. 
b.  Consisting  of  five  years. 

1884  Law  Reports  12  Queen's  Bench  Div.  393  The  business 
profits  made.. during  the  quinquennial  period. 

2.  Occurring  every  fifth  year. 

1610  HOLLAND  Camdens  Brit.  i.  105  The  Quinquennial 
feasts  and  solemnities  of  the . ,  Cauars.  1687  in  Magd.  Coll. 


QUINQUIFID. 

ftf  Jas.  // (O.  H.  S.)  112  His  visitations  are.,  limited  to 
quinquennial.  1749  G.  WEST  tr.  Pindar,  Nemean  Odes 
xi,  The  great  Quinquennial  Festival  of  Jove.  1848  MILL 
Pol.  Econ.  i.  x.  §  3  The  population  . .  in  every  quinquennial 
census.  1871  ALABASTER  Wheel  of  Law  p.  xxxiv,  He  orders 
his  subjects  to  hold  quinquennial  assemblies. 

3.  Hve  years  old  (Mount  Glossogr.  1656). 
B.  sb.  1.  A  period  of  five  years. 

2.  A  magistrate  holding  office  for  five  years. 

1895  Oracle  Encycl.  II.  118  They  had  duumvirs,  quin 
quennials,  and  decurions,  in  imitation  of  the  consuls,  censors, 
and  praetors  of  Rome. 

Hence  Quinque -nnially  adv.,  every  five  years. 
Also  Quinque' nnialist,  one  who  advocates  a 
(legislative)  period  of  five  years. 

1727  in  BAILEY  vol.  II.  1816  G.  S.  FABER  Orig.  Pagan 
Idol.  II.  478  In  one  region  annually,  and  in  another  quin- 

Tjennially.     1868  GLADSTONE  Juventus  Mundi  i.  (1870)  21 
o  provide.,  for  the  recitation  of  his  songs.,  quinquennially 
at  the  Panathenaia.     1888  Times  (weekly  ed.)  3  Feb.  16/3 
On  behalf  of  the  quinquennialists,  it  was  argued  that  the 
change  was  one  of  mere  expediency. 
tQuinque-nnie,  anglicized  f.  next.  Obs.  rare—*. 
1606  True  fy  Perfect  Relat.  H  3  In  the  Quinquennie,  the 
five  yeeres  of  Queene  Mary,  there  were  cruelly  put  to  death, 
about  300  persons  for  Religion. 

II  Quinquennium  (k winkwe-ni^m) .  PI. -ennia. 
[L.,  f.  quinque  five  +  annus  year.]  A  period  of  five 
years  ;  t  spec,  in  Law  (see  quot.  1823). 

1621  B.  JONSON  Gipsies  Metam.  Wks.  (Rtldg.)  619/1  He.. 
looks  as  if  he  never  saw  his  auinqnennium.  1654  tr. 
Scudery's  Curia  Pol.  77,  I  am  but  young,  and  have  not 
seen  more  then  a  Quinquennium  of  my  reign,  1771-2  Ess. 
fr.  Batchelor  (1773)  II.  204  In  the  quinquenium  (sic)  of  Lord 
Townshend's  administrations.  1823  CRABB,  Quingnennijun, 
a  respite  of  five  years,  which  insolvent  debtors  formerly 
obtained,  by  virtue  of  the  King's  letter,  to  have  time  for 
the  payment  of  their  debts.  1879  GLADSTONE  in  igtk  Cent, 
Sept.  580  The  last  quinquennium  of  trade  does  not  exhibit 


an  increase. 


Quinquepartite  (kwinkw/paMtait),  a.  [ad. 
L.  quinquepartitus,  f.  quinque  five  +  fartittts  pa. 
pple.  of  partirl  to  divide:  cf.  F.  quinqueparlite^\ 
Divided  into,  consisting  of,  five  parts. 

1592  WEST  ist  Pt.  Symbol.  §  47  These  deedes  indented 
are  not  only  bypartite..but  also  may  be  made  tripartite,., 
quinquepartite  [etc].  1677  PLOT  Oxfordsh.  107  A  sort  of 
quinquepartite  or  stellated  eggs.  1725  Lend.  Gaz.  No. 
6377/1  The  Quinquepartite  Indenture.  1760  P.  MILLER 
Introd.  Bot.  24  A  quinquepartite  leaf.  1879  SIR  G.  SCOTT 
Lect.  Arc/tit.  II.  197  It  may  be  adopted  on  one  side  only, 
and  so  be  quinquepartite  [vaulting], 

Quinquereme  (kwi-nkwfi-fm),  a.  and  sb.  [ad. 
L.  qitinquercmis,  f.  quinque  five  +  remits  oar :  cf. 
F.  quinquireme  (i?3°).] 

A.  adj.  Of  ancient  ships :  Having  five  banks  of 
oars. 

1654-66  EARL  ORRERV  Partlan.  (1676)  716  Hardly  any 
one  had  escaped,  but  a  few  Quinquereme  Galleys.  1697 
[see  QUADKIREME  A].  1852  GROTE  Greece  n.  l.xxxii.  X.  669 
One  among  his  newly-invented  quinquereme  vessels. 

B.  sb.  A  ship  having  five  banks  of  oars. 

1553  URENDE  Q.  Cnrtius  iv.  41  b,  The  firste  Galley  of  the 
Macedons  that  came  nere  them  was  a  qninquereme.  1600 
HOLLAND  Livy  XLII.  xlvil  1143  Himselfe  was  sent  back 
againe  with  certaine  Quinqueremes.  1734  tr.  Rollin's  Anc.- 
Hist.  (1827)  I.  n.  376  Quinqueremes,  or  galleys  with  five 
benches  of  oars.  1799  [see  QUADRIREME  B].  1840  ARNOLD 
Hist.  Rome  II.  566  They  had  not  a  singje  quinquereme,  the 
class  of  ships  which  may  be  called  the  line  of  battle  ships  of 
that  period.  1865  Attienseum  No.  1949.  307/3  A  Cartha 
ginian  quinquereme. 

f  Quinque-rtian,  a.  Obs.  rare—1.  [l.L.quin- 
querti-um,  f.  quinque  +  ars  ART.]  =  PENTATHLIC. 

1623  BINGHAM  Xenophon  80  Other  wrestled,  and  fought 
with  fists,  and  vsed  the  Quinquertian  exercise. 

Quinquesect  (kwi-nkw/sekt),  v.  Also  7-9 
quinqui-.  [f.  L.  quinque  five  +  J^/-  ppl.  stem  of 
secare  to  cut,  after  hi-,  trisect.}  To  cut  into  five 
(equal)  parts.  Hence  Qui'nquesecting  vbl.  sb. 

1697  G.  K.  Disc.  Geotn.  Problems  7  By  quinquisection  of 
the  Cord  of  an  Angle  it  [the  angle]  is  quinquisected.  1786 
Phil.  Trans.  LXXVI.  16  Mr,  Graham,  .perceived.. how 
very  much  more  easy  a  given  line  was  to  bisect  than  to 
trisect  orquinquesect.  x8o9CAV£NDlsH  ibid.  XCIX.  225  Let 
a  a  be  the  arch  to  be  quinquesected.  Ibid.  227  In  quinque- 
secting  the  error  of  the  two  middle  points  is  2.4  times  greater 
than  in  bisecting.  1853  SIR  W.  R.  HAMILTON  in  R.  P.  Graves 
Life  (1889)  III.  453  The  Royal  Commissioners  ..  have  pre 
cisely  quinquisected  the  diligence. 

So  Quinquese-ction,  section  into  five  parts. 

1684  [see  QLMNTUPLATION].  1697  [see  above].  1786  Phil. 
Trans.  LXXVI.  16  The  division  of  the  arc  of  90.  .required 
trisections  and  quinquesections.  1835  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat. 
Mechanic  320,  I  was  apprehensive  some  error  might  arise 
from  quinquesection  and  trisection. 

Quinquevirate(kwinkwe'vir/t).  Also  Squin- 
quin-  (?>.  [ad.  L.  quinqtteviratus ,  f.  quinqiieviri 
five  men.]  An  association,  board,  etc.,  consisting 
of  five  men.  Also  attrib. 

1710  HARLEY  Seer.  Hist.  Arlus  e,  Odolfhvs  ^o  Odolphus 
..  went  himself  Express  with  the  news  of  his  Defeat  to  the 
Quinquinvirate.  1762  tr.  Bnsching's  Syst.  Geog^.  V.  513  The 
quinquevirate-court  for  the  reparation  of  injuries.  1885 
Sat.  Rtv.  3  Jan.  i/i  When  the  Quinquevirate  sat  round 
that  famous  table. 

Quinquifid  (kwi-nkwifid),  a.  Bot.  Also  8-9 
quinque-.  [ad.  L.  quinquijid-tis ,  f.  quinque  + 
fd- :  see  QUADBIPID.]  Cleft  in  five. 

1703  J.  PETIVER  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXIII.  1425  The  calyx 
is  qumquifid  and  hoary.  1785  MARTVN  Rousseau's.  Bot. 


QUINQUINA. 

xxi.  (1794)  291  Their  common  characters  are  a  quinquefid 
calyx.  1876  HARLEY  Mat.  Med.  (ed.  6)  711  The  ..  true 
calyx  is  one-leafed,  .with  an  obtusely  quinquifid  Margin. 

t  Quinquin,  -quene,  varr.  KINKIN,  kilderkin. 
a  1600  Aberd.  Reg.  (Jam.),  A  quinquin  of  oynyeonis.  Ibid., 
Ane  quinquene  of  peares. 

Quinquina  (kinkrna,  kwinkwarna).  Med. 
Also  7  kinkina,  8  kinquina.  See  also  QUINA- 
QUINA.  [Sp.  spelling  of  Peruvian  (Quichnan)  kin 
kina  or  kiua-kina,  redupl.  of  kina  bark,  QUINA. 

'  In  Quichua,  when  the  name  of  a  plant  is  reduplicated,  it 
almo_st  invariably  implies  that  it  possesses  some  medicinal 
qualities-'.  C.  R.  Markham  Pcritv.  Bark  (1880)  5.] 

a.  Peruvian  or  Jesuits' bark;  the  bark  of  several 
species  of  cinchona,  yielding  quinine   and  other 
febrifugal  alkaloids,     b.  One  or  other  of  the  trees 
producing  cinchona-bark. 

1636  SIR  K.  DIGBY  Let.  in  Winthrop  Papers  (1849)  15, 
I  haue  made  knowne.  .in  these  partes,  a  barke  of  a  tree  that 
infallibly  cureth  all  intermittent  feauours.  It  cometh  from 
Peru ;  and  is  the  barke  of  a  tree  called  by  the  Spaniardes 
Kinkina.  1681  (title)  tr.  Bellon's  New  Mystery  in  Physick 
discovered  by  curing  of  fevers  and  agues  by  quinquina  or 
Jesuites'  Powder.  1755  Gcntl.  Mag.  XXV.  406  Physicians, 
who..prescribethebarkpftheQuinquina.  1851  THACKERAY 
Esmond  I.  v.  He  cured  him  of  an  aguewith  quinquina.  1871  . 
\V.  H.  G.  KINGSTON  On  the  banks  of  the  Amazon  (1876)  101 
Since  its  use  became  general  in  Europe,  the  export  trade  of  ! 
the  quinquina  has  been  very  considerable. 

attrib.  1717-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  corregidor  of 
Loxa  sent  to  the  viceroy  a  quantity  of  the  quinquina  bark. 
1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Pcruv.  Bark  17  The  first  description 
of  the  quinquina-tree  is  due  to  that  memorable  French 
expedition  to  South  America. 

Quinquinvirate :  see  QUINQUEVIBATE. 

t  Quinqui'plicate,  v.  Obs.  rare-*.  [1.  ppl. 
stem  of  L.  quinquiplicare  :  cf.  QUADRUPLICATE  z>.] 
'  To  multiply  by  fives,  to  double  five  times '  (Blount 
Glossogr.  1656).  So  t  Quinquiplica'tion,  'a 
making  four  times  double'  (Phillips,  1678). 

Quinquisect,  variant  of  QUINQUESECT. 

Qui-nquity.    rare—1,    [f.  L.  quinquc  +  -MY  :    ! 
cf.  F.  quinquiniiie  (Littre').]     A  set  of  five  things. 

1849  tr.  Hamilton's  Fairy  Tales  (Bohn)  129  She.. was 
composed  of  nothing  but  qumquities  ;  for  she  had  five  arms, 
five  legs  [etc.]. 

Quinquivalent  (kwinkwi-valent),  a.  Chcm. 
[f.  L.  quinqui-  five-  +  valent  as  in  equivalent, 
quadrivalent.}  Capable  of  combining  with  five 
univalent  atoms ;  pentavalent. 

1877  WATTS  Fmanes'  Chem.  I.  256  Quinquivalent  elements, 
or  Pentads.  1880  CLEMINSHAW  Wurtz  Atom.  Th.  229  It  is 
quinquivalent  in  chloric  acid.  1885  REMSEN  Org.  C/iem. 
(1888)  209  In  contact  with  certain  substances  it  [the  nitrogen] 
becomes  quinquivalent. 

•f  Quins e,  v.  Obs.  rare.  Also  6  cuinse,  kinso. 
[Origin  obscure.  The  form  cuinse,  cited  by  Halli- 
well  from  the  Bk.  of  Hunting  1586,  may  be  a  mis 
print  :  the  Bk.  St.  Albans  gives  '  A  Plouer  Mynsed ' 
as  the  proper  term.]  To  cut,  carve. 

1598  [see  KINSING).  1598  Bp.  HALL  Sat.  iv.  xi.  44  Good 
man  !  him  list  not  spend  his  idle  meales  In  quinsing plouers, 
or  in  wining  Quailes.  [1863  SALA  Capt.  Dangerous  III.  i.  6, 
I .  -succeeded  in  Quincing  his  face  as  neatly  as  a  housewife 
would  slice  Fruit  for  a  Devonshire  Squab  Pie.] 

t  Quinsell.  Obs.  rare  -».  Also  6  -zell.  [ad. 
obs.  F.  guinsal  (Godef.),  or  It.  guinzaglio  rein, 
leash.]  A  horse-rein. 

1508  FLORIO,  Guinzaglio,  . .  among  riders  a  long  rayne  of 
leather  called  a  quinzell.  i6n  COTGR.,  Dillon,  a  Quinsell, 
for  a  horse. 

Quinsie;s)m,  -sime,  obs.  forms  of  QUINZI^ME. 

Quinsy  (kwi-nzi).  Forms  :  a.  4  qwinaci, 
quinesye,  5  queyuose.  0.  5  quynsy,  qwynse, 
5-6  quynee,  6  quency,  6  quinsye,  7  -se,  -oy,  8 
-sie,  6-9  quinsey,  (8  -zey),  6-  quinsy.  7.  6 
quynnaney,  quinancie,  6,  9  -oy.  [ad.  med.L. 
quinancia,  f.  Gr.  Kwd-yx1?  CYNANCHE,  perh.  as  a 
refashioning  of  the  commoner  squinancia,  whence 
the  current  Romanic  forms,  and  Engl.  squinacy 
(i3th  c.),  -ancy,  SQUINSY.]  Inflammation  of  the 
throat  or  parts  of  the  throat ;  suppuration  of  the 
tonsils  ;  tonsillitis.  Also,  a  form  or  attack  of  this. 

a.  13  ..  Minor  Poems  fr.  Vernon  MS.  16^  Men  called 
bat  vuel  Comuynli,  pat  he  hedde  the  Qwinaci.  14..  Voc. 
in  Wr.-Wiilcker  791/9  Hec  s<jH{in}acia,  a  queynose,  a  1450 
ME.  Mcd.  Bk.  (Hemrich)  215  Ferst  lete  hym  blod  ..  to 
rype  be  quinesye. 

(3.  14  ..  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wulcker  587/32  Gutturna,  Quynsy. 
14  . .  Nominate  ibid.  709/1  The  qwynse.  1493  Festivall 
(W.  de  W.  1515)  95  b,  On  a  tyme  he  was  nere  deed  of  the 
quency.  1534  MORE  Com/,  agst.  Trio.  in.  Wks.  1246/1  He 
collereth  them  by  the  neck  with  a  quinsye.  1570  B.  GOOGE 
Pap.  Kingd.  in.  38  b,  Blase  driues  away  the  quinsey  quight, 
with  water  sanctifide.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  102 
A  famous  medicine  in  Quinses,  sore  throats,  and  strangula 
tions.  1753  RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1781)  II.  xvi.  167  She 
tried  to  swallow,  as  one  in  a  quinsey.  1841  CAM. IN  N.Atner. 
Ind.  (1844)  II-  'vii-  221  An  alarming  attack  of  the  quinsey 
or  putrid  sore  throat.  1892  Daily  Nen'S  6  Oct.  5/3  Since 
the  gout  left  his  throat  the  patient  has  had  three  quinsies. 

>.     1530  PALSGR.  182  Les  escrovelles,  a  disease  called  the 

?uynnancy  or  the  kynges  yvell.    1587  MASCALL  Govt.  C^atth\ 
torses  (1627)  125  The  quinancy  is  an  ill  sorenesse  . .  in  the 
throat  of  the  horse. 

b.  Comb.,  as  quinsy-berry,  the  black  currant,    \ 
Ribcs  nigriim  (Treas.  Bot.  1866);  quinsy-wort,    '. 
the  small  woodruff  (Asperula  cynanchica]. 


67 

1846  SOWERBY  Brit.  Bot.  (ed.  3),  Quinsey  wort.  1861 
Miss  PRATT  Flower.  PI.  III.  159  Its  specific  name,  .as  well 
as  its  English  name  of  Quinsey-wort  or  Quinancy-wort, 
refer  to  its  ancient  uses  in  disorders  of  the  throat. 

Hence  Qui'nsied  a.,  afflicted  with  quinsy. 

1855  SINGLETON  Virgil  I.  178  Drips  from  their  nostrils 
sable  blood^ And  presses  quinsied  jaws  a  furry  tongue. 

Quinszisme,  obs.  form  of  QUINZIEME. 

Quint  (kwint),  sbl  Also  6  quinte.  [a.  F. 
quint  m.  (sense  i),  or  quinte  f.  (senses  2  and  3)  :— 
L.  quint-us,  -a,  -um,  ordinal  to  quinquc  five.] 

1.  A.  tax  of  one-fifth. 

15*6  in  Dillon  Customs  f>f  Pale  (1892)  83  He  must  paye  to 
the  kinge  the  vth  pennie  of  his  goods  for  the  quinte.  1852 
TH.  Ross  tr.  Humboldt's  Trav.  I.  v.  176  The  payment  of 
the  quint  to  the  officers  of  the  crown. 

2.  Mus.  a.  Aii  interval  of  a  fifth. 

1865  tr.  Spohrs  Autobiog.  II.  14  Three  ugly  quints  follow 
each  other.  1887  A.  RILEY  Athos  406  It  is  not  founded 
upon  the  modern  system  of  octaves,  but  is  a  succession  of 
similar  quints. 

b.  (In  full  quint-stop^]  An  organ-stop  which 
gives  a  tone  a  fifth  higher  than  the  normal. 

1853  E,  J.  HOPKINS  Organ  xxi.  no  Some  [stops]  sound  g 
on  the  C  key  . .  Those  are  called  '  fifth -sound  ing  '  or  Quint 
Stops.  Ibid.  117  The  Quint  on  the  Pedal  is  almost  invari 
ably  composed  of  stopped  pipes. 

Quint  (kint,  kwint),  s&.~  [a.  F.  quinte  f.:  see 
prec.  Formerly  pronounced  (kent)  or  (kaJrit).] 

1.  In  piquet :  A  sequence  of  five  cards  of  the 
same  suit,  counting  as  fifteen. 

1680  COTTON  Compl.  Gamester  59  A  Quart  is  a  sequence 
of  four  Cards,  a  Quint  of  five.  Ibid.  60  You  must  reckon 
for  every  ..  Quart  four,  but  for  a  Quint  fifteen.  1719  R. 
SEYMOUR  Court  Gamester  76  Quint  or  Quinze,  fifteen, 
though  by  a  Corruption  of  Pronunciation  we  call  it  Kent. 
1826  Miss  MITFORD  Villagers.*,  n.  (1863)  342  Never  dealt  the 
right  number  of  cards. .did  not  know  a  quart  from  a  quint. 
1877  SIR  S.  NORTHCOTE  in  Life  (1890)  I.  i.  3  note,  He  got 
the  point  and  also  two  quints,  and  thus  a  repique. 

b.  Quint  major,  the  ace,  king,  queen,  knave 
and  ten  of  a  suit-  Quint  minor,  the  five  cards 
from  the  knave  to  the  seven. 

1659  Shuffling,  Cuffing  <$•  Deal.  3  Two  Quint  Minors  will 
win  the  game.  1663  DRYDEN  Wild  Gallant  \\.  i.  Wks.  1882  II. 
84  Zounds,  the  rogue  has  a  quint-major.  1720  R.  SEYMOUR 
Compl.  Gamester  i.  93  He  who.  .has  a  Quint-Major  in  his 
Hand,  .cuts  the  other  off  from  counting  any  inferior  Quint, 
Quart  or  Tierce.  1860  Bohn'sHand-bk.  Game s  n.  44  Suppose 
you  have  ace  ..  with  a  quint-major  of  another  suit.  1873 
'  CAVENDISH  '  Piquet  34  The  elder  hand,  when  calling  his 
sequence,  names  it  thus  :  '  A  quint  minor '  [etc.]. 
f2.  transf.  A  set  of  five  persons.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1678  BUTLER  Hud.  m,  ii.  1541  Since  the  State  has  made 
a  Quint  Of  Generals,  he's  listed  in't. 

Quint,  j£.3,  abbrev.  of  QUINTET  3. 

1897  Daily  News  8  June  9/4  Belts  was  obliged  to  stop,  the 
chain  of  his  pacing  quint  having  given  way. 

Quint,  (?.  rare~lt  [ad.  L.  quint-us :  see  QUINT 
j^.1]  Quinary. 

1881  A.  H.  KEANE  in  Nature  XXIII.  220  They  often  still 
retain  the  old  quint  system . .  in  the  Oceanic  area  now  mostly 
replaced  by  the  decimal. 

Quint-,  erroneously  used  in  combs,  in  place  of 
QUINQU(E)-,  as  quintangular,quinlennialj  -\ quint- 
partite.  (Cf.  QUINTI-.) 

1687  Good  Advice  52  The  Indenture  will  at  least  be,quint- 
pertite,  and  Parties  are  not  so  mortal  as  Men.  1787  M. 
CUTLER  in  Life,  Jrnls.  $  Corr.  (1888)  I.  206  Large  timbers, 
laid  ..  so  as  to  make  the  form  of  the  wells  quintangular* 
1871  Daily  News  14  Aug.,  A  system  of  annual,  triennial, 
or  quintennial  Parliaments.  1894  Westm.  Gaz.  5  Apr.  2/1 
The  Quintangular  Tournament  which  followed  this  event. 

II  Quinta  (krnta).  [Sp.  and  Pg.,  orig.  denoting 
a  house  and  farm  let  at  a  rent  of  one-fifth  (quinta 
parte}  of  the  produce  of  the  latter.]  A  country- 
house  or  villa  in  Spain  or  Portugal. 

1777  W.  DALRYMPLE  Trav.  Sp.  .$•  Port,  cxxix,  Passed 
several  quintasor  country  houses.  1811  WELLINGTON  Let. 
to  Hillin  Gurw.  Desp.  (1838)  VIII.  167  My  head  quarters 
are  in  a  quinta  near  Portalegre.  1893  T.  B.  FOREMAN  Trip 
to  Spain  27  We  pass  some  charming  quintas,  surrounded  by 
gardens  ablaze  with  flowers. 

Quintagena-rian,erron.  f.  QUINQUAGENARIAN. 

1844  W.  H.  MAXWELL  Sport  <y  Adv.  Scot.  ix.  (1855)  88 
A  literary  quintagenarian  at  your  elbow. 

Quintain1  (kwi-nten).  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  Forms : 
a.  5-6  quyn-,  6  quintayne,  6-7  -aine,  6-  quin 
tain  ;  5  qwaintan,  7  quintan(e,  whinta(i)ne; 
7  quinten.  0.  5  quyntyne,  6  -ine,  6-8  quin 
tine,  7,  9  -in.  -y.  7  quintel(l,  -al,  -il.  [a.  OF. 
quintaine,  -tene,  -tine,  etc.  (see  Godef.)  =  Prov., 
It.  quintana,  med.L.  quintana,  -tena ;  usually  re 
garded  as  identical  with  L.  quintana  the  market 
and  business-place  of  a  camp  (f.  quintus  fifth,  sc. 
maniple),  on  the  supposition  that  military  exercises 
may  have  been  practised  there.]  A  stout  post  or 
plank,  or  some  object  mounted  on  such  a  support, 
set  up  as  a  mark  to  be  tilted  at  with  lances  or 
poles,  or  thrown  at  with  darts,  as  an  exercise  of 
skill  for  horsemen  or  footmen  ;  also,  the  exercise 
or  sport  of  tilting,  etc.  at  such  a  mark. 

The  actual  form  of  the  quintain,  and  the  object  of  the 
sport,  varied  considerably.  In  some  cases  the  post  or  block 
had  to  be  struck  so  as  to  break  the  lance ;  in  others  the 
quintain  consisted  of  a  revolving  figure,  or  a  bar  weighted 
with  a  sand-bag,  which  swung  round  and  struck  the  unskil 
ful  tiller.  In  the  middle  ages  tilting  at  the  quintain  was  a 


QUINTAN. 

common  knightly  exercise  ;  in  the  I7~i8th  c.  it  is  mentioned 

as  a  favourite  country  sport  at  weddings. 
[a  1259  MATTH.  PARIS  Cron.  Maj.  (Rolls)  V.  367  Eodem 

tempore  (an.  1253)  juvenes  Londinenses,  statuto  pavone  pro 

bravio,  ad  stadium  quod  quintena  vulgariter  dicitur,  vires 
proprias  et  equorum  cursus  sunt  experti.] 

a.  c  1400  Destr.  T.roy  1627  Somur  qwenes  and  qwaintans, 
&  o^er  qwaint  gamnes.  c  1450  Merlin  133  After  mete  was 
thequyntaynereysed.  c  1530  Ln.  BERNKR8-4r/A,  Lyt.Bryt. 
(1814)  530  Than  Hector  caused  a  faire  quintayne  to  be 
pyght  vp  in  the  myddes  of  the  cyte:  and  therat  ran  these 
yonge  knyghtes,  brekynge  and  sheueringe  of  theyr  speres. 
1611  COTGR.,  Quint aine,  a  Quintane  (or  Whintane)  for 
countrey  youthes  to  runne  at.  1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  n. 
ii.  iv,  Keelpins,  ..quintans,,  .which  are  the  common  recrea 
tions  of  country  folkes.  1693  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  2845/2  This 
day  there  is  to  be  a  Carousel,  viz.  Running  at  the  Quintain 
and  the  Ring.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.,  The  custom 
is  still  retained  in  Shropshire,  and  some  other  counties, 
among  the  nuptial  solemnities. —  He  that  breaks  most  poles 
against  the  quintain,  has  the  prize.  1814  SCOTT  Chivalry 
(1874)  26  Making  him  ride  a  career  against  a  wooden  figure 
holding  a  buckler  called  a  quintaine.  1898  tt'estm.  Gaz. 
26  July  10/1  This  quintain  [at  Oifham,  Kent]  (said  to  be 
the  only  surviving  specimen  in  England). 

0.  c  1440  I'rontp.  Parr.  421/1  Quyntyne,  quirinariuni. 
1530  PALSGR.  178  Bet-sanlt^  a  quyntine,  1575  LANEHAM 
Let.  (1871)21  Before  the  Castl..  wliear  az  waz  pight  a  cumly 
quintine  for  fe.itz  at  armz.  1656  BLOI/NT  Glossogr.  s.v., 
A  Quintin..is  set  fast  in  the  ground  in  the  Highway, 
where  the  Bride  and  Bridegroom  are  topa^s.  1707  HKARNE 
Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)  I.  334  Sports  on  the  Sabbath  amongst 
which  the  Quintine.  1885  J.  I'AVN  Talk  of  Town  I.  137 
That  ancient  game  the  quintin. 

y.  1617  MINSHEU  Dnctor,  A  Quintaine,  or  Qumtell,  a 
game  in  request  at  marriages,  when  Jac  and  Tom,  Die, 
Hob,  and  Will,  striue  for  the  gay  garland.  1644  QUARLES 
Sheph.  Orac.\\,  Harmless  sports.  .And  ceremonious  Quin- 
tils,  that  belongs  To  Shepheard's  rural  mirth.  1677  PLOT 
Oxfordsh.  200  Running  at  the  Quinten,.. or  Qumtel. 
b.  transf.  01  Jig. 

IS98  BP.  HALL  Sat.  iv.  iv.  32  Paune  thou  no  gloue..Nor 
make  thy  t^uintaine  others  armed  head.  1600  SHAKS. 
A.  Y.  L.  \,  ii.  263  That  which  here  stands  vp  Is  but  a  quin 
tine,  a  meere  liuelesse  blocke.  1641  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Biondi's 
Civil  Warrcs  \.  20  Imagining  himself  to  bee  ..  the  only 
quintan  those  lances  addressed  themselves  against.  1694 
S.  JOHNSON  Notes  Past.  Let.  Bp.  Burnet  i.  98  [It]  was 
afterwards  set  up  by  it  self  for  a  Countrey  (Quintin,  to  be 
thrown  al  by  all  the  Loyal  Sparks  of  the  Nation. 
C.  attrib.)  as  quintain-knight ',  -post. 

IS7S  LANEHAM  Let.  (1871)  46  Her  quintine  knights,  & 
proper  bickerings  of  the  Couentrec  men.  1857  TROLLOI-E 
Barche&ter  T.  III.  31  The  quintain  post  stood. .before  him. 

Hence  f  Qui'ntaining",  riding  at  the  quintain. 

1575  LANEHAM  Let.  (1871)  24  Theez  ryderz  ..  k-aft  thear 
quintining,  and  ran  one  at  anoother. 

t  Quintain  -.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  L,  quint-  fifth, 
after  quatrain]  A  stanza  of  five  lines  ;  a  cinquain. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  En£.  Poesie  ii.  x[i].  (Arb.)  102  This  is  in 
a  starTe  of  . .  ten  verses :  whereas  without  a  band  in  the 
middle,  it  would  seeme..two  quintaines. 

Quintain^:  see  QUINTIN. 

Quintal  (kwi  -n  tal) ,  ki'ntal,  ke  •  ntle.  Form  s ; 
a.  6  quintale,  6-7  quint  all,  7  -tell,  5-  quintal, 
/3.  5  //.  kyntawes,  5-6  kyntal(l,  6  -tayl,  6-7 
kintall,  6  kintal ;  6-7  kentall,  7  -tal,  9  kentle. 
[a.  OF.  quintal  (i3th  c.),  pi.  quintans,  Sp.  and  Pg. 
quintal^,  quintale,  med.L.  quintale  (-at/its},  quin- 
tile,  ad.  Arab,  qintar:  see  KANTAK.] 

a.  A  weight  of  one  hundred  pounds  ;  a  hundred 
weight  (112  Ibs.).  b.  In  the  metric  system:  A 
weight  of  100  kilograms. 

a.  c  1470  in  BL  Bk.  Excheq.  (Rolls')  II.  103  Of  eche  quintal 
of  balayn,  iiij  d.  1555  EDEN  Decades  2 1 3  Two  or  more  quin- 
tales  of  powder.  isSoHoLLYBANU  Treas.  Fr.  Tang,  Betweene 
the  quintall . .  of  Englande  to  that  of  Fraunce,  there  is  foure 
poundes  lost.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  VIH.  i.  608  They 
draw  yearely  eight  thousand  quintals  of  Quick-silver.  1692 
LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  II.  627  Some  French  piivateers 
have  taken  3  or  4  English  ships,  with  15,000  quintals  of 
fish.  1732  LEDIARD  Sethos  II.  vn.  26  Elephants  teeth  so 
large  that  those  of  one  elephant  weigh  two  quintals.  1825 
J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  761  A  quintal  of  the  ore  is 
put  into  a  retort.  1873  RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  xxx.  (1896)  II. 
135  The  Easter  ox.,  weighed  well  its  twenty-five  quintals. 

£.  1477  EARL  RIVERS  (Caxton)  Dictes  i6b,  He  wolde 
yeue  him  C  Kyntawes  of  golde.  1502  ARNOLDE  Chron. 
(1811)  190,  xv.  kyntayls  yron  of  the  weyght  of  Este  Spayne. 
1539  T.  PERY  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  II.  140  He  sawe  a 
brassyne  bell,  whiche  bell  myght  waye  ij  kyntalles.  1593 
NASHE  Christ's  T.  39  b,  Nothing  he  talks  on  but  Ken  tails 
of  Pearle.  1623  WHITBOURNE  Newfoundland  79  It  will 
then  make  at  Marseiles  aboue  two  and  twenty  hundred 
Kentalls  of  that  waight.  1678  WAN  LEY  Wond.  Lit.  World 
i.  xxiv.  §  16.  38/2  An  Ass  with  his  load  which  commonly 
weighed  three  Kintals.  184*  BISCHOFF  Woollen  Manuf. 
II.  17  Wool  [from  Smyrna] ..  2,000  Kintals.  1861  L.  L. 
NOBLE  Icebergs  282  Kentles  of  white-fleshed  cod. 

Quintal,  obs.  variant  of  QUINTAIN*. 

Quintan  (kwi'ntan) ,  a.  and  sb.  fad.  L.  quintana 
($z.febris})  fern,  of  guintanus  f.  quintus  fifth:  cf. 
F.  quintane,  ^quintaine  (Pare,  i6th  c.).  See 
QUARTAN.]  a.  adj.  Of  a  fever  or  ague :  Having 
a  paroxysm  every  fifth  (=  fourth)  day.  b.  sb.  A 
fever  or  ague  of  this  kind. 

1747  tr.  Astntc's  Fevers  63  What  is  called  a  quintan,  is  in 
fact  a  tertian,  whose  third  accession  is  either  suppressed  or 
imperceptible.  1803  Mcd.  Jrnl.  IX.  216  A  type  more 
resembling  a  quartan  and  quintan  than  any  other.  1897 
AlWutfs  Syst.  Med.  II.  317  Further  modifications  have 
been  recognized  by  nosologists  as  quintan,  sextan,  octan. 

Quintan(e,  -ayne,  obs.  forms  of  QUINTAIN  *. 

9-2 


QUINTANT. 

tQui-ntant.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  L.  quinl-us  fifth, 
after  QUADRANT  sbl}  The  fifth  part  of  a  circle. 

1684  J  WALLIS  Angular  Sections  iv.  31  The  same  Chord 
subtends  on  the  one  side  to  one  Quintan!,  and  on  the  other 
side  to  four  such.  ..c, 

tQui-ntary.  Obs.  rare-1.  [f.L.  quint-us  nun  : 
cf.  QUINARY.]  A  multiple  of  five. 

17*9  SHELVOCKE  Artillery  iv.  230  Every  Number  between 
the  Quintaries  of  this  table. 

II  Quinte  (ksehti.     [F. :  see  QUINT  *M  and  sb.-\ 

1.  The  fifth  thrust  or  parry  of  the  eight  taught  in 
fencing-schools.  Also  attrib. 

im  W.  HOPE  New  Method  Fencing'™.  58  There  is 


68 

ic8s  IAS.  I  Ess.  Poesie  (Arb.)  25,  I  quint-essence  the 
Potts  soule.  1593  NASHB  Christ's  T.  (1613)  «S4  'LJf  k'"£ 
,.f  Akhimical  qumtcssensing  a  heauen  out  of  earth.  1638 
n»uMM!oFHAWTl,.Mv«wL(.7.i  ,70  For  quintessencing 


POLLOCK 


ailed  Qu 

parade,  you  p.irry  seconde  and  flanconade. 

Fencintm  Quinte.—  The  hand  to  the  left  in  pronation,  at 

the  height  of  the  belt  ;  the  point  well  beyond  the  inside  line. 

f2.   =  QUINT  sb.-  i.     Obs.  rare~^. 

1720  A.  SEYMOUR  Compl.  Gamester  I.  93  Cards  ..  which 
are  Sequents  . .  are  called,  either  Tierces,  Quartes,  Qumtes 
..according  to  their  Number  and  Value. 

Quinteli.1,  -en,  obs.  forms  of  QUINTAIN!. 

Quintennial :  see  QUINT-. 

Quinternion  (kwintSuni^n).  [f.  L.  quinque 
five,  or  qitintus  fifth,  after  quaternion]  A  set  or 
'  gathering '  of  five  sheets  of  paper. 

1652  URQL-HART  Jewel  Wks.  (1834)  189  The  qmntermon 
consisting  of  five  sheets,  and  the  quire  of  five  and  twenty. 
1883  Axos  Introd.  Carton's  Chcsse  p.  xi,  'Jhe  book,  .con 
sists  of  eight  quaternions.. and  one  quinternion  or  section  of 
five  sheets  folded  together. 

Quinteron,  -oon,  variants  of  QUINTBOON. 

Quintessence  (kwinte'sens),  sb.  Also  5 
-essenoie,  quyntenoense,  6  quintaessence  ;  .Sc. 
quintessance.-iscence,quentassens,  7  -esoense. 
[a.  F.  quintessence,  t  quinte  essence  (i/fth  c.),  or  ad. 
med.L.  quinta  essentia  '  fifth  essence '. 

Metrical  quots.  show  that  during  the  i6-:8th  c.  the  stress 
was  usually  on  the  first  and  third  syllables  ihence  the 
abbrev.  quintessence  in  Quarles),  but  Quintessence  is  found 
as  early  as  1597  ;  both  stressings  occur  in  M ikon's  Par.  Lost 
(in.  716  and  vii.  244).] 

1.  The  '  fifth  essence '  of  ancient  and  medircval 
philosophy,  supposed  to  be  the  substance  of  which 
the  heavenly  bodies  were  composed,  and  to  be 
actually  latent  in  all  things,  the  extraction  of  it  by 
distillation  or  other  methods  being  one  of  the  great 
objects  of  alchemy. 

c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  51  Aururn  potabile 
. .  In  quyntencense,  best  restauracionn.  1460-70  Bk.  Quint- 
essence  14  If  }e  putte  seedis  or  flouris..into  oure  5  essencie 
forsobe  sich  5  essence  5e  schulen  haue  berfore.  1500-20 
DINBAR  Poems  xxxiii.  58  Me  thocht  sair  fassonis  he  assail- 
3eit,  To  mak  the  quimessance,  and  fail^eit.  1561  EDEN 
A  rte  Nanig.  i.  iv,  The  quint  essence  or  fyfte  substaunce,  is  a 
body  of  it  selfe.  1622  MALYNES  Anc.  Law-Merch,  256 
This  cannot  bee  done  without  projection  of  the  Elixar  or 
Quintescense  vpon  mettalls.  1660  *.r. Paracelsus'  Archidoxis 
I.  IV.  35  The  Quintessence  therefore,  is  a  certain  matter 
Corporally  extracted  out  of  all  things,  which  Nature  hath 
produced.  1702  tr.  Le  Clerc's  Prim.  Fathers  309  That  the 
Soul  was  of  the  same  Nature  with  Heaven  or  of  the  Quint- 
Essence  which  Heaven  is  made  of.  1847  EMERSON  Poems, 
Uriel,  The  young  deities  discussed . .  Orb,  quintessence,  and 
sunbeams.  1879  Cassflfs  Teckn.  Educ.  IV.  330/2  The 
vivifying  quintessence  of  the  elements  of  Raymond  Lully. 

2.  The  most  essential  part  of  any  substance,  ex 
tracted  by  natural  or  artificial  processes ;  a  highly 
refined  essence  or  extract ;  spec,  in  older  chemistry, 
an  alcoholic  tincture  obtained  by  digestion  at  a 
gentle  heat. 

1576  BAKER  (title)  tr.  Gesner's  New  Jewell  of  Health,  . . 
treating  very  amplye  of  all  Dystillations  of  Waters,  of  Gyles, 
Balines,  Quintessences,  etc.  1582  HESTER  Seer.  Phiorav. 
I.  xvii.  18  Then  vse  our  Quintaessence  of  Wine.  167^1 
SALMON  Syn.  Mcd.  in.  Ixxv.  671  Quintessence  of  Vipers,  .is 
of  wonderful  virtue  for  purifying  the  blood,  &c.  1709 
ADDISON  Tatler  No.  131  p  9,  I  looked  upon  that  sooty 
Drug.. as  the  Quintessence  of  English  Bourdeaux.  1850 
ROBERTSON  Sertn.  Ser.  in.  i.  (1872)  3  In  the  drop  of  venom 
..  there  is  concentrated  the  quintessence  of  a  poison. 

b.  The  most  essential  part  or  feature  of  some 
non- material  thing  ;  esp.  the  purest  or  most  perfect 
form  or  manifestation  of  some  quality. 

1570  R.  HICHCOCK  Qiiintess.  Wit  Aij,  A  natural!  quint 
essence  of  knowledge.-  1611  CORYAT  Crudities  29  Certayne 
artificial!  rocks,  most  curiously  contriued  by  the  very  quint 
essence  of  art.  1649  MILTON  Eikon.  vi.  53  The  Law  of 
England,  which  Lawyers  say  is  the  quintessence  of  reason. 

1759  FRANKLIN  Ess.  Wks.  1840  III.  408  The  last  period  of  the 

governor's  message  was  the  very  quintessence  of  invective. 

1879  FAKRAR  St.  Paul  II.  181  note,  This  passage  contains 

the  very  quintessence  of  Pauline  theology. 

o.  The  most  perfect  embodiment  of  the  typical 

qualities  of  a  certain  class  of  persons,  etc. 
.'59°  R-   HARVEY  PI.  Perc.  8  A  Quintessence  of  all  the 

picked  yoouth.     1610  Histrio.m.  IL  161  Heere's  the  very 

quintessence  of  Duckes.     1823  SCOTT  Fam.  Lett.  (1894)  II. 

xix.  1 76  You  have  escaped  the  quintessence  of  bores.     1845 

JAMLS  Arrah   Neil  ii,   He   was   the   quintessence   of   an 

ordinary-minded  man. 

Quintessence,  f.  Now  rare.  [f.  prec.  sb. 
Cf  Y.quintessemier  (1611  in  Cotgr.).]  trans,  a. 
To  extract  the  quintessence  of.  b.  To  take  out  of 
(something)  as  a  quintessence. 


Quintessential  ,_ 
(QUINTESSENCE  sb.  +  -IAL :  cf.  essential  and  F .  quint- 
cssenciel  (ifith  c.,  Pare  .]  Of  the  nature  of  a  quint 
essence  ;  the  purest  or  most  refined  of  its  kind. 

1605  TIMME  Quersit.  Pref.  6  The  Ethereal  and  quint- 
essential  physick.  1681  H.  MORE  J-.rf.  Dan  v  Notes  157 
Mere  Quintessential  Devils,  such  as  consist  onely  of  envy, 


Hence  Quintessentia'lity  ;  Quintesse'ntially. 

1838  Kew  Monthly  Mag.  LI  1 1.  304  A  concentrated  quint- 
essentiality  of  them  all.  1887  T.  A.  TROLLOPI  What  I 
remember  I.  xv.  315  Quintessentially  German  in  manner. 

Quintesse-ntialize,  v.     [f.  prec.  +  -IZE.] 

trans.  To  make  quintessential ;  to  refine  or  purify 
in  the  highest  degree. 

1829  Examiner  7/1  Congreve  in  his  discourses  has  so 
distilled,  re-distilled,  and  quintessentialized  each  individual 
period.  1880  SWINBURNE  in  Fortn.  Rev.  XXVII.  766  As  he 
advances  in  age  the  poet  quintessentializes..his  thought. 

Hence  Quintesse-ntialized///.  a. 

1847  MRS.  C.  CLARKE  Shaks.  Prov.  7  Such  quintessen- 
tialised  drops  of  wisdom  are  surely  not  ill  stored  up. 

Quintesse-ntiate,  v.  rare.  [f.  as  QUINT 
ESSENCE  sb.  +  -ATE  :  cf.  essentiate.']  =  QUINT- 
ESSKNCE  v.  Hence  Quintesse'ntiated///.  a. 

1606  UKETON  Sidney's  Ourania  3  He  kens  no  Crotchets 
of  contentious  breed  Nor  has  that  Quintessentiated  skill. 
1894  Daily  C/iron.  10  Jan.  3  Was  there  ever  a  talent  so  hard 
to  formulate,  to  quintessentiate,  as  that  of  Goethe? 

Quintet,  quintette  (kwime-t).  Also  9  -tett. 

[a.  F.  quintette,  ad.  It.  quintetto:   see  next.] 

1.  Mus.  A  composition  for  five  voices  or  instru 
ments.     Also  attrib. 

1811  L.  M.  HAWKINS  C/ess  f,  Gertr.  11.  67  One  of  the 
quartet  and  quintet  gentlemen.  1864  Horn?  News  19  Dec. 
21/1  The  quintette  ..  which  forms  the  first  finale.^  1880 
Academy  13  Nov.  356  Arranged,  .as  a  quintet  for  strings. 

2.  a.  Mus.  A  set  of  five  singers  or  players,     b. 
A  set  of  five  persons  or  things. 

1882  Daily  Nevis  8  June  2/6  The  Ascot  Derby  Stakes,  for 
which  a  quintette  came  to  the  post.  1893  Chicago  Advance 
7  Sept.,  A  remarkable  quintet  surely,  to  have  lived  in  the 
same  generation. 

3.  A  cycle   for  five  riders ;    a   quintuplet.     (Cf. 
QUINTS.)     Also  atlrib. 

1896  Westm.  Gaz.  28  Oct.  7/2  We  are  threatened  with  a 
'  quintet '  match,  . .  but  we  would  rather  be  spared  the  sight 
of  two  quintets  racing  neck  and  neck  round  a  bend  !  1898 
Daily  News  30  June  4/5  During  a  cycle  race  . .  one  of  the 
handle  bars  of  a  quintette  ridden  by  pacers  broke. 

II  Quintetto  (,kwinte-U>).  ?  Obs.  [It.,  f.  quinto 
fifth  :  cf.  quartette.']  1.  =  QUINTET  I. 

1792  A.  YOUNG  Trav.  France  201  It  was  the  Impresario 
in  Augusta,  by  ..  Cimarosa;  there  is  a  quintette  in  it. 
1705  MASON  Ch.  Mus.  i.  77  The  finest  Quintetto  of  Haydn. 

2.   =  QUINTET  2  b. 

1779  SHERIDAN  Critic  n.  ii,  A  very  orthodox  quintetto! 
1816  T.  L.  PEACOCK  Headlong  Hall  vi,  This  amiable  . . 
quintetto  were  busily  employed  in  flattering  one  another. 

f  Quintfoil,  obs.  variant  of  QUINFOIL  (q.v.). 

1595  Bk.  of  Annorie  53  Flower  de  luce,  &  Quint  foiles. 

Quinti-,  properly  a  comb,  form  of  L.  quint-us 
filth,  but  sometimes  incorrectly  employed  in  place 
of  QUINQUE-,  as  in  quintiliteral,  -partition,  -ped. 
(Cf.  QUINT-,  and  F.  quintiforme.  -section.) 

1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1696)  33  Quintipartition,  or  to  divide 
by  5  may  likewise  be  effected  thus.  1839  PAULI  Analccta 
Hebraica  xxviii.  205  The  so-called  Quadri-  and  Quinti- 
literals  are  compounds.  1889  H.  MAcCoLL  Mr.  Stratigf's 
Sealed  Packet  v.  50  All  the  creatures  . .  were  quadrupeds  ; 
there  were  no  quintipeds,  sexipeds,  or  anything  of  that  sort. 

Quintic  (kwi'ntik),  a.  and  sb,  A/atA.  [f.  L. 
quint-us  fifth  +  -ic.] 

A.  adj.  Of  the  fifth  order  or  degree. 

1853  SYLVESTER  in  Philos.  Mag.  May,  To  express  the 
number  of  distinct  Quintic  and  Sextic  invariants.  1876 
CAYLEY  Math.  Papers  (1896)  X.  11  A  general  quintic  equa 
tion  is  not  solvable  by  radicals. 

B.  sb.  A  quantic  or  surface  of  the  fifth  degree. 
1856  A.  CAYLEY  Wks.  (1889)  II.  253  In  the  case  of  a  quantic 

of  the  fifth  order  or  quintic.  1884  W.  R.  W.  ROBERTS 
in  liennathena  X.  183  Covariants  of  binary  quintics. 

Quintil,  obs.  variant  of  QUINTAIN!. 

Quintile  (kwi-ntil),  a.  and  J*.l  Astro!.     Also 

7  -il(l.     [f.  L.  quint-us  fifth  +  -ILE,  after  quarlile.} 

|    Quintile  (aspect)  :  A  planetary  aspect,  introduced 

by  Kepler,  in  which  the  planets  are  one-fifth  of 

a  circle,  or  72  degrees,  distant  from  each  other. 

c  1610  SIR  C.  HEYDOX  Astral.  Disc.  (1650)  95  In  these  our 
days  our  late  Artists . .  have  added  unto  these  former  Aspects 
three  others,  viz.  the  Quintile  [etc.].  1647  LILLY  Chr. 
Astral,  iii.  32  A  Quintill  consists  of  two  Signes  twelve 
degrees.  1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  i.  ii.  39  This  Notable 
Effect  may  be  accounted  for  without  these  Quintiles. 

t  Quintile,  sb*  Obs.  rare-",  [ad.  L. quintilis  : 
cf.  prec.]  July.  (Mount  Glossogr.  1656.)  Hence 
t  Qxiintilian  a.  Obs.  rare~~°. 

1623  COCKEKA.M,  Quintilian  utoneth,  the  monelh  of  July. 


QUINTUPLE. 

i  Quinti-lle.  O/>s.  ran-1,  [a.  F.  quintille 
ad.  Sp.  quinlillo  f.  quint o  fifth  :  cf.  QUADRILLE 
s/>.1]  A  form  of  ombre,  played  by  five  persons. 

1734  R.  SEYMOUR  Cojnpl.  Gamester  (ed.  3)  i.  46  Quintille, 
or  Ombre  by  Five,  from  whence  Quadrille  lias  its  Original. 

Qumtiilioil  (kwinti'lyan).  [f.  L.  quint-us  fifth 
+  (»i  illion  :  see  BILLION.]  a.  In  Great  Britain  : 
The  fifth  power  of  a  million,  expressed  by  I  followed 
by  thirty  ciphers,  b.  In  U.  S.  (as  in  Fiance) :  The 
cube  of  a  million,  or  I  followed  by  eighteen  ciphers. 

1674  JEAKE  Arith.  11696)  14  Others,  .call,  .the  Thirty  first 
place  Quintiliion,  &c.  1841  TUITER  Twins  xxii,  A  thousand 
men  iti  all  earth's  huge  quintillion.  1862  SIR  H.  HOLLAND 
F.ss.,  Life  (V  Organization  66  A  quintillion  of  living  beings. 

Hence  Quinti  llioiitli  a. 

a  1845  HOOD  To  Hahnetnann  v,  Would  a  quintillionth  dose 
of  the  New  Drop  Restore  him? 

t  Quilitill.  Obs.  rare.  Also  9  quintain,  [a. 
F.  quintin,  t  quintain,  f.  Quintin,  a  town  in  Brit 
tany.  Cf  QUENTIN.]  A  kind  of  lawn. 

1721  C.  KING  Brit.  Klerch.  II.  348,  809  pieces  of  puintins 
at  loj.  [1869  MRS.  PAI.LISER  Lace  ii.  15  Beneath  this  net 
work  was  gummed  a  piece  of  fine  cloth,  called  quintain.] 

Quintin,  variant  of  QUINTAIN  1. 

Quintine  (kwrnuin).    [f.  L.  quint-us  fifth.] 

1.  Hot.  Mirbel's  name  for  a  supposed  fifth  integu 
ment  of  an  ovule  ,cf.  QUARTINE). 

1832  LINDLEV  Introd.  Hot.  159  It  is  apparently  this 
quintine  that  Mr.  Brown  describes,  in  the  ovulum  of  the 
Orchis  tribe. 

2.  Chem.  (See  quot.) 

1873  RALFF.  Phys.  Client,  p.  xviii,  Triads,  Glycerin  Series, 
Quintine  or  Valerylene  C:,  H«. 

Quintine,  variant  of  QUINTAIN'. 

Quintis,  variant  of  QUAINTISE. 

Quintole  (kwi'ntoi'l).  Jl/us.  [Obscurely  f. 
It.  quinto  or  L.  quinl-us  fifth.]  A  group  of  five 
notes  to  be  played  in  the  time  of  four.  (Stainer 
&  Barrett  1876).  So  Qurntolet. 

1884  GROVE  Diet,  Mus.  IV.  173  These  groups,  which  are 
sometimes  called  quintolcts,  sextolets,  etc. ..always  have 
their  numbers  written  above  them. 

Quint-pertite  :  sec  QUINTI-. 

Quinti'OOll  (kwi-ntr»7n).  rare.  Also  quinter 
on,  -oon.  [ad.  Sp.  quinteron,  f.  quinto  fifth.] 
One  who  is  fifth  in  descent  from  a  negro  (cf.  QUAD 
ROON  I  b),  and  has  one-sixteenth  of  negro  blood. 

1707  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XII.  796  note,  The  children  of 
a  white  and  quinteroon  consider  themselves  as  free  from  all 
taint  of  the  negro  race.  1835  D,  BOOTH  Anal.  Diet.  324 
'  The  child  of  a  Quintroon  by  a  white  father  is  free  by  law.1 
Such  was  recently  the  West-Indian  slave-code.  1878 
BARTLEY  tr.  Topinards  Anlhrop.  II.  vii.  374  The  first  aie 
called  mulattoes,..the  fourth,  quintroons. 

f  Quintupla'tion.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  QUINTU 
PLE  V.  +  -ATION.]  =  QlINTUFLlCATION. 

1684  J.  WALLIS  Angular  Sections  iv,  Of  the  Quintupla- 
tion  and  Quinquisection  of  an  Arch  or  Angle. 

Quintuple  '..kwi'ntiwp'l),  a.  and  sb.  [a.  F".  quin 
tuple  (1484),  f.  L.  qutnt-us  fifth,  after  quadruple.} 

A.  adj.  Fivefold  ;  multiplied  by  five  ;  consisting 
of  five  things  or  parts. 

Quintuple  power,  proportion,  ratio,  the  ratio  of  five  to 
one.  Quintuple  time  in  Mas.  (see  quot.  1 806). 

1570  BILLINGSLEY  Euclid  xni.  ii.  391  If  a  light  line  be  in 
power  quintuple  to  a  segment  of  the  same  line.  1605  BACON 
Adv.  Learn.  II.  xvi.  §  6  A  proportion  quintuple  at  most  of 
the  writing  infolding  to  the  writing  infolded.  1633  HEYWOOD 
Ji/ig.  Trav.  \.  i.  Wks.  1874  IV.  7  Bring  backe  His  ship  and 
charge,  with  profits  quintuple.  1671  PETTY  Pol.  Anat. 
(1691)  24  The  number  and  natural  force  of  the  Irish  [was] 
quintuple  to  that  of  the  English.  1711  WVLDE  Eng.  Master 
Defence  26  A  Falsify  is  made  single, .  .quadruple,  quintuple, 
or  as  oft  as  your  Fancy  directs.  1806  CALLCOTT  Mus.  Grant.. 
iii.  40  A  species  of  Time  called  Quintuple,  which  contains 
five  Crotchets  in  a  Bar.  1875  BLAKE  Zeal.  335  In  the  Sea- 
urchins,  .the  body  has  a  quintuple  arrangement. 
b.  Comb.,  as  quintuple-nerved,  -ribbai. 

1832  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  (1839)  129  A  leaf,  .is  called 
triple,  quintuple,  £c.  nerved,  if  the  nerves  all  proceed  from 
the  midrib  towards  the  margin.  1861  BENTLEY  Man.  Bot. 
153  If  two  such  ribs  arise  on  each  side  of  the  midrib,  it  is 
termed  quintuple-ribbed  or  quintuplicostate. 

B.  sb.  A  fivefold  amount ;  a  group  of  five.  rare. 
1684  J.  WALI.IS  Angular  Sections  iv.  27  The  Quintuple  of 

the  Subtense  of  an  Arch.  Ibid.  The  Quintuple  of  the  Cube 
of  the  same  Subtense.  1784  HERSCHKL  in  t'Ul.  Trans. 
LXXV.  91  Five  more  [stars]  in  view,  differently  dispersed 
about  the  quintuple. 

Quintuple  (kwi-nti«p'l),  v.  [f.  prec.  Cf.  F. 
quintuplet'.] 

1.  trans.  To  multiply  by  five ;  to  make  five  times 
as  much  or  as  great. 

1639  SHIKLEY  Ball  ii.  i,  In  three  months  your  estate  Will 
be  five  times  as  much,  or  quintupled.  1674  JEAKE  Arith. 
(1696)  200  Quintuple  it,  and  the  Product  shall  be  the 
Divisor.  1796  BURNEY  Mem.  'Mftastasio  III.  101,  I  beg  of 
you  to  quintuple,  . .  the  embraces,  which  I  consign  to  you 
for  her  use.  a  1852  MACGII.LIVRAY  A'al.  Hist.  Dee  Side 
(1855)  21  Who  has  by  his  various  improvements  quintupled 
his  rental.  1889  Spectator  13  Apr.,  The  endless  difficulty 
of  communication .  .quintuples  all  other  difficulties. 
b.  To  produce  five  times  as  much  as. 

1824  LANUOK  linag.  Conv.,  Palfavinchi  A>  I.andor  Wks. 
1853  I.  42/2  This,  and  the  celebrated  vine  at  Hampton 
Court,  .have  quintupled  the  most  prolific. 

2.  intr.  To   increase   fivefold ;    to   become   five 
times  as  many  or  as  great. 


QUINTUPLET. 

1816  SOUTHEY  in  Q.  Kev.  XV.  538  The  population  of 
London  must  at  least  have  quintupled  since  that  time, 
1872  BUCKLE  Misc.  tl'Hrs.  I.  468  It  is  stated  that  within 
sixty  years  rents  had  quintupled. 

Quintuplet  (kwi-ntiz(plet).    [f.  QUINTUPLE  a.] 

1.  A  set  of  five  things  ;  in  Mus.  —  QUINTOLE. 

1873  H.  C.  BANISTER  Music  13  Other  irregularities,  .such 
as  four  notes  for  three,  termed  a  Quadruplet  ;  five  for  four, 
a  Quintuplet.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meth.  Suppl.  733/2 
Quintuplet,  said  of  springs  when  five  of  similar  type  are 
associated  in  a  group.  1885  Archxolfgia  L.  77  These  rays 
are  arranged  in  quintuplets. 

2.  //.  Five  children  born  at  a  b:rth. 

1889  Lancet  No.  3417.  392/1  Five  years  subsequently  she 
gave  birth  to  quintuplets.  1895  Aberdeen  Free  J'rtis 
25  Oct.  4  This  is  the  first  case  of  quintuplets  in  England. 

3.  A  cycle  for  five  riders  ;  a  quintet. 

1895  /F<r.t/«/.  Caz.  17  Oct.  7/2  The  latest  cycling  machine 
is  a  quintuplet.  1896  Daily  News  17  July  7/1  Five  spun 
along  at  a  terrific  pace  on  a  quintuplet. 

Quintupli-,  comb,  form  of  QUINTUPLE  a.,  em 
ployed  in  a  few  terms  of  Bot.,  as  qui:ntuplioo-- 
state,  -nerved,  -ribbed,  -veined. 

1861  [see  QUINTUPLE  i  b].  1880  GRAY  Struct.  Bot.  93 
The  appearance  of  a  second  pair  of  such  strengthened  veins 
makes  the  venation  quintupll-ribbed  or  quintupli-nerved. 

Quintuplicate(kwintiK'])likA),a.andj/i.ra«. 
[f.  QUINTUPLE,  after  duplicate,  quadruplicate.] 

A.  adj.  Five  times  repealed  ;  consisting  of  five 
things,  similar  parts,  etc.     Quiiituplicate  propor 
tion:  cf.  QUADRUPLICATED.  I. 

1656  tr.  Hobbes'  Elein.  Philvs.  (1839)  240  The  lengths 
transmitted  shall  be  to  the  times  in  which  they  are  trans 
mitted,  in  proportion  quadruplicate,  quintuplicate  [etc]. 

B.  sb.  a.  A  set  of  five.     b.  One  of  a  set  of  five 
similar  things. 

1851  TRENCH  Stud.  Words  vi.  (1869)  229  We  possess  in 
English  a  great  many  duplicates,  not  to  speak  of  triplicates 
or  of  such  a  quintuplicate  as  that  which  I  adduced  just  now.  j 

Quiiituplica'tion.  rare,  [noun  of  action  to 
*quintuplicate  vb.  :  cf.  prec.] 

1.  The  action  of  multiplying  by  five. 

1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1696)  24  To  multiply  by  5,  called 
Quintuplication,  adjoyn  a  Cypher.,  and  take  the  half 
thereof.  1888  Encycl.  Brit.  XXIV.  119  The  perceptible 
are  evolved  out  of  the  imperceptible  elements  by  the 
process  of  quintuplication. 

2.  Civil  and  Canon  Law.  A  reply  on  behalf  of 
the  pursuer  to  the  defendant's  quadruplication. 

1860  MOTLEY  Netherl,  xviii.  II.  (1869)  376  Lord  Henry's 
harmless  thunder  was  answered  .  .  by  a  '  Quintuplication  '. 

t  Quintuply,  sb.  Sc.  Law.  Obs.  [f.  QUINTUPLE, 
after  Juply,  quadruply.]    =  QuiNTUPLICATION  2. 
'' 


69 

Quinzell,  variant  of  QCIKSELL. 
Quiiizieme  (/'.  krenzyjm).     Forms :  5  quyn- 
z(i}eme,  -zyeme,  -sym(e,  quinzeme,  -zi(s)me, 


.  . 

for  the  Pursuer.      The  Testificate  t'orsaid  proceeds  [etc.],    j 
1674  Hid.  654  Quintuplys.    Sir  Andrew  _Birnie.    That  the 
Defender  Robert  Steuart  cannot  pretend  ignorance  [etc.]. 

Qui-ntuply,  adv.  rare.  [f.  QUINTUPLE  a.  + 
-LY2.]  In  a  fivefold  manner. 

1870  H.  SPENCER  Princ.  Psychol.  (ed.  2)  I.  v.  §  239.  548 
We  may  say  that  they  [sensations]  are  thus  characterized 
by  being  quintuply-clustered. 

Quinua,  variant  of  QUINOA. 

t  Qui-nyie.  Sc.  Obs.  Also  6  quin}e,  -}ie,  7 
-500,  8  quine,  qunie.  [var.  CUNYE,  Sc.  f.  COIN  si/.] 

1.  A  coin.     Quinyie-  house,  the  mint.  rare. 

1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  yni.  97  To  lat 
stryk  a  brassin  quince.  Ibid.  x.  350  Onything  that  in  his 
tyme  he  had  spendet  in  the  Quin3ehous. 

2.  A  corner.     Quinyie-slane,  corner-stone. 

1588  in  M'Crie  Life  A.  Melville  I.  440  That  the  bell  and 
clock  be  transported  to  the  high  steeple,  and  that  the  kirk 
have  a  quin^ee  left  at  the  steeple  foresaid  for  the  relief 
thereof.  1734  yrnl.  fr.  London  to  Scarborough  1-2  A 
whittle  that  lies  i'  the  quinyie  o'  the  maun  [  =  basket]. 
<zi8oo  in  Child  Ballads  V.  248  Ye  [have]  tane  out  the 
quine-stane.  Ibid,  u  The  qunie-stane. 

Quinzaine  (kwi-nz«'n,  /•".  ksenzgn).  rare.  [n. 
F.  quinzaine,  a  set  of  fifteen  things,  a  period  of 
fifteen  days,  f.  quinze:  see  next. 

Blount  Glossogr.  (1656)  has  '  Quinzain  (Fr.)  a  term  or  delay 
of  fifteen  days  ;  also  a  staff  of  fifteen  verses  '.  _  Through 
Phillips,  Bailey,  &c.,  the  latter  sense  has  passed  into^mod. 
Diets.,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  it  has  ever  been  in  ac 
tual  Eng.  use.  In  sense  2  gitinzaine  represents  AF.  quin- 
zein,  for  qiiinziine  QuiNzlfcME.] 

1.  A  fortnightly  event,  meeting,  etc.     rare~^. 
1856  MRS.  HAWTHORNE  in  -V.  Hawtlwrne  e,  JF//i(i88s) 

II.  85  Aunt  Sue  intended  to  have  Quinzaines  (fortnightly 
soirc'es)  this  winter. 

2.  Hist.    =  QUINDENE,  QUINZIKME  2. 

1863  J.  R.  WALRRAN  Me  nt.  Fountains  Abbey  (Surtees  Soc.) 
143  The  military  levies  granted  in  the  Parliament  at  Lincoln 
in  the  Quinzaine  of  St.  Hillary  9  Edw.  II.  1899  R.  SHARPE 
Cal.  Let.  Bk.  A.  16,  £1-2  los.  for  wine,  to  be  paid  in  the 
quinzaine  of  St.  Michael  [1277].  Ibid.  17,  ^9  for  leather;.. 
to  be  paid  in  the  quinzaine  of  Easter. 

Quinze  (kwinz,  F.  k£nz).  [a.  F.  quinze  :—  L. 
quindecim  fifteen.]  A  card-game  depending  on 
chance,  in  which  the  winner  is  that  player  who 
obtains  fifteen  points,  or  comes  nearest  to  that 
number  without  exceeding  it. 

1716  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  Ctess  Mar  14  Sept., 
When  the  ladies  were  come  in,  she  sat  down  to  quinze. 
1778  SHERIDAN  Camp  u.  iii,  I  daresay  you  w_ould  have 
thought  of  proper  marquees  for  ha/ard  and  quin/e.  1811 
LADY  GRANVILLE  Lett.  (1894)  I.  22  They  play  at  quinze  half 
the  night. 

Comb.  1762  in  Cunningham  Ifanttbk.  London  (1850)  546/2 
The  Quinze  players  shall  pay  for  their  own  cards. 


cf.  QUINDECIM.  In  sense  3  substituted  for  qnin- 
seiiie  QUINZAINE.] 

1.  A  tax  or  duty  of  a  fifteenth.     Now  only  Hist. 

1429  Rolls  J'arlt.  IV.  336/2  Graunt  to  you  our  ..  Lord 
the  Kyng  . .  an  hole  Quins/isme,  and  an  bole  Disme.  c  1460 
FOKTESCUE  Ah.  ff  Lim.  Man.  xii.  (1885!  140  When  the 
reautne  gaff  to  thair  kyng  a  quinsime  and  a  desime 
quinqueniale.  1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  clviii.  140  A  quin- 
/uine  of  goodes  were  graunted  for  the  newe  ehartres. 
1559  in  Strype  Ann.  Re/.  (1824)  I.  n.  App.  viii.  427  The 
clcrgie  chardged  with  quinsiems  and  other  payements. 
a  1577  SIR  T.  SMITH  Cominw.  Eng.  (1633)  145  _  Incident 
acquisitions,  bee  they  rents  customes  tenths  quiiuiesmes 
taxes  [etc.].  1777  Ann.  Keg.  11.  41  The  clergy  had  com 
pounded  for  a  tax  called  the  quinzieme  or  fifteenth  penny. 
1891  Q.  Rev.  Oct.  in  It  paid  the  highest  quinzieme  of  any 
port  except  London. 

f  2.  The  fifteenth  ( =  fourteenth)  day  after  a 
church  festival ;  =  QuixnENE.  06s. 

1433  Rolls  Par/t.  IV.  420/2  liytwix  this  and  the  Quins- 
zisme  of  Stint  Michell  next.  1:1450  Merlin  374  This  was 
the  quynsyme  after  Pentecoste.  1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng, 
ccxxvi.  232  At  his  parlement  holden  at  Westmynstre  the 
quynzeme  of  Paske. 

f3.  A  period  of  fifteen  days ;  spec,  the  day  of  a 
church  festival  and  the  two  weeks  following.  Obs. 

1:1430  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhode  in.  x.  (1869)  146,  I  selle  it  bi 
dayes  and  bi  wookes,  bi  vtases  and  bi  quinzimes,  bi 
monethts,  and  bi  yceres  al  hoi.  1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng. 
Ixiii.  47  Tho  two  bretheren  of  Constance  shall  come  byfore 
a  quynzieme  passed. 

tQuinzine.  Obs.  rare.  In  5  quynsine, 
-syn(n)e,  6  -zysne.  [Alteration  of  prec.] 

1.  =  QUINZIEME  i. 

1502  AENOLDE  Chron.  179  The  quynzysne  by  your  saide 
commons  afore  this  tyme  so  often  graunted. 

2.  The  fifteenth  (=  fourteenth;  day  after  a  speci 
fied  day;  spec.  =  QUIMZIEME  2. 

c  1450  Merlin  62  Thus  suffred  Merlyn  to  the  quynsyne  of 
Pentecoste.  Ibid.  65  That  ye  somowne  a  grete  courte  . . 
and  that  ye  make  hem  all  to  wite  that  it  shall  holde  to  the 
quynsine,  and  that  eche  come  araide  to  a-bide  xv  dayes. 

Quick,  obs.  variant  of  QUEYOCK,  heifer. 

Quip  (kwip),  sb.  Also  6  quyppe,  6-;  quipp(e. 
[var.  of  QUIPPY  (q.v.),  perh.  associated  with  words 
of  similar  ending  (as  clip,  nip,  snip,  whip)  which 
contain  the  idea  of  something  sharp  or  cutting.] 

1.  A  sharp  or  sarcastic  remark  directed  against 
a  person ;  a  clever  gird  or  hit.     In  later  use  also 
without  implication  of  sharpness  :  A  clever,  smart, 
or  witty  saying ;  a  verbal  conceit.     Freq.  in  phr. 
quips  and  cranks  (after  quot.  1632). 

In  common  use  down  to  c  1650,  after  which  literary  ex 
amples  are  rare  till  after  1800. 

1532  MOKE  Confut.  Tindale  Wks.  709/2  With  this  goodly 
quyppe  agaynste  me.  1584  LVLY  Alex,  ff  Camp,  in.  ii, 
What's  a  quip  1  Alan.  Wee  great  girders  call  it  a  short  saying 
of  a  sharpe  wit,  with  a  bitter  sense  in  a  sweet  word.  1632 
MILTON  IS  Allegro  27  Quips  and  Cranks,  and  wanton  Wiles. 
1665  MANLF.Y  Cntius'  LO~M  C.  Warres  351  This  by  a 
military  jest,  and  facetious  quip,  they  called  the  Common 
wealth.  1784  CowrF.R  Task  II.  472  Direct  me  to  a  quip  Or 
merry  turn  in  all  he  [Paul]  ever  wrote.  1843  LEVER  J.  Hinton 
xliv,  The  whole  conversation  is.,  a  hailstorm  of  short  stories, 
quips,  and  retorts.  1853  A.  MANNING  O.  Chelsea  Bun-ho. 
xvi.  274  She.  .gave  him  back  quip  for  crank. 
b.  A  verbal  equivocation  ;  a  quibble. 

c  1590  GREENE  Fr.  Bacon  ix.  225  These  Schollers  know  . . 
How  to  vse  quips  and  sleights  of  Sophistrie.  1812  KNOX 
&  JEBB  Corf.  II.  95  The  practical  goodness  may  be  readily 
overlooked,  whilst  theological  quips  and  quiddities  may  be 
fastened  on.  1850  KINGSLEY  Alt.  Locke  xxxvii,  I  will  not 
.  .entrap  you  by  quips  and  special  pleading.  1875  JOWETT 
/Ytf/0  (ed.  2)  III.  73  Tricks  of  controversy  and  quips  of  law. 

2.  a.  A  curious,  odd,  or  fantastic  action  or  feature. 
1820  SHELLEY   Witch  Atlas  li,   Many  quips  and  cranks 

She  played  upon  the  water,  a  1864  HAWTHORNE  Amcr. 
Note-bks.  (1879)  I.  136  His  manner  was  full  of  quirks  and 
quips.  1878  MRS.  STOWE  Poganuc  P.  ix.  75  All  the  quips 
and  turns  and  oddities  of  human  nature. 

b.  An  odd  and  whimsical  trifle  ;  a  knick-knack. 

1820  SHELLEY  Let.  to  Maria  Gisbome  55  Upon  the  table 
More  knacks  and  quips  there  be  than  I  am  able  To  cata 
loguize.  1824  Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  I.  (1863^  216  The 
quips  and  quiddities  of  these  degenerate  days,  little  bits  of 
riband,  and  pasteboard,  and  gilt  paper. 

Hence  Qui-pful,  Qui-ppish,  Qui'ppy,  Qui'p- 
some  adjs.,  given  to  or  characterized  by  quips ;  so 
Qni'psomeness  ;  Qui'pster,  one  given  to  quips. 

1859  W.  CHADWICK  Life  De  Foe  vii.  372  As  a  writer,  he 
was  a  quippy  slack-wire  performer.  1876  J.  WEISS  ll'it, 
Hum.  ff  Shaks.  vi.  198  There  never  was  .such  a  jaunty  and 
irrepressible  quipster.  1881  Sat.  Rev.  23  Apr.  528  His 
very  style  is  young,  and  not  without  a  certain  quipsomeness. 
1884  Miss  YOXGE  in  Eng.  Illustr.  Mag.  I.  462  Is  it  only 
that  the  lad  is  thy  very  marrow,  quipsome  one? 

Quip  (k\vip),z<.    Now  rare.    [f.  prec.  sb.] 

1.  trans.  To  assail  with  a  quip  or  quips. 

1584  I.vi.v  Ale.r.  4  Camp.m.  ii.  Didst  thou  not  fmde  I  did 

quip  thee  ?    1625  W.  K.  True  School  H'ar  56  Hee  spake  these 

expresse  words  to  some  that  quipped  him  for  this,     a  1670 

;     HACKET  Cent.  Serm.dSjs)  791  The  Heathen  quipt  them  that 

|    they  had  no  Images  nor  Altars.     1841  D'IsRAELl  Amen.  Lit. 

I    (1859)  I.  286  If  any  one  quipped  the  profession  of  another. 


QUIRE. 

2.  intr.  To  use  a  quip  or  quips;  to  be  wittily 
sarcastic.  Const,  al. 

1579  LVLV  Euphues  (Arb.)  206  Ye  malitious  haue  more 
ininde  to  quip,  then  might  to  cut.  1603  FLORIO  Montaigne 
II.  ix.  (1897)  III.  129  Tacitus  doth  pleasantly  quip  and  jest 
at  the  men  of  war  of  our  ancient  Gaules.  1633  PRYNNE 
ist  Pt.  llistrio-in.  vni.  vi.  796  If  you  will  learne . .  to  deride, 
quippe,  scorne,..you  neede  not  goe  to  any  other  schooles. 

Hence  Qui'pper,  one  who  quips. 

1589  NASHE  Introd.  Greene's  Mcnnphon  (Arb.l  14  Here, 
peraduenture,  some  desperate  quipper  will  camiazc  my  pro 
posed  comparison,  rt  1603  in  N ichols Progr.  III.  143  What 
meane  yon,  a  starmonger,  the  quipper  of  the  firmament. 
1611  COTGK.,  I.ardonneur,  a  quipper,  girder,  flowter. 

Quip(pe,  obs.  forms  of  \\'HIP. 

Quipping  (kwi'pirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  QUIP  v.  + 
-INC  I.J  The  action  of  the  vb. 

1579  G.  HARVEY  Letter. bk.  (Camdenj  61  Whisperings  open 
or  cloase,  qnippinge  notorious  or  auricular  iybiuge.  1603 
FI.OKIO  Montaigne  II.  xi.  (1632)  233  The  nimble  saying 
or  wittie  quipping  of  Arcesilaus.  1658  ROWLAND  Mpufet's 
Thcat.  his.  1007  Terambus  a  Satyrist,  did  not  abstain  from 
quipping  of  the  Musts.  1887  SAISTSBURV  F./hat.  Lit.  xii. 
U8yo)  437  In  contradistinction  to  this  perpetual  quipping., 
the  general  style  of  Fuller  is.  -rather  more  modern. 

Quipping  (kwi-pirj),  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  -t 
-I.NO  2.J  That  quips  ;  of  the  nature  of  a  quip. 

1577-87  Hot.tNSiiED  Chron.  I.  34/1  In  frumping  of  his 
adversaries  with  quipping  taunts.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist. 
Turks  (1621)  703  The  bishop,  -after  his  quipping  manner 
requested  [etc.].  1605  CAMDKN  Rent.  195  His  salt  and 
sharpe  quipping  speeches.  1660  Charac.  Italy  54  A  Conceit 
no  less  facetious  than  quipping. 


Quipu  (krpz(,  k\vi-p»).  Also  quipo,  quippu, 
•o.  [Quichuan  qtiipu  knot.]  A  device  of  the 
ancient  Peruvians  and  others  for  recording  events, 
keeping  accounts,  sending  messages,  etc.,  consisting 
of  cords  or  threads  of  various  colours,  knotted  in 
various  ways. 

1704  tr.  Ornlle's  Kiiigd.  Chile  in  ChurchilTs  Voy.  III.  74 
They  have  their  quipoes,  which  is  a  sort  of  strings  of 
different  bigness  in  which  they  make  knots  of  several 
colours,  by  which  they  remember. ..When  they  go  to  con 
fession  these  quipoes  serve  them  to  remember  their  sins. 
1777  ROBERTSON  Hist.  Anier.  II.  yn.  304  The  quipos  seem 
to  have  been  a  device  for  rendering  calculation  more  ex 
peditious  and  accurate.  1853  TH.  Ross  Huinboldt's  Trav. 
III.  xxvi.  88  These  Cjuipos  or  knotted  cords  are  found  in 
Canada,  in  Mexico,  in  Peru,  in  the  plains  of  Guiana,  in 
Central  Asia,  in  China,  and  in  India.  1870  LUBBOCK  Orig. 
Ciriliz.  ii.  (1875)  43  Even  the  Peruvians  had  no  better 
means  of  recording  events  than  the  Quippu  or  Quipu. 

attrib.    1830  CARLYLE  Misc.   (1857     II.    168  History  has 
been  written  with  qnipo-threads,  with  feather  pictures,  with 
wampum-belts.    1845  —  Cromwell  (1871)  I.  Introd.  4  Monu 
mental  stoneheaps  and  Quipo  thrums  to  keep  record  by. 
b.  transf.  scn&Jig. 

1781  Mrs.  Delany's  Corr.  Ser.  II.  II.  64,  I  believe  you 
would  contrive  to  knot  them  some  quipos  of  kind  remem 
brance.  1885  MRS.  LYNN  LINTON  Chr.  Kirkland  III.  iii. 
83  Marian  Evans,  whose  first  knot  in  the  quipos  of  her 
fame  was  made  by  this  work. 

Quir,  obs.  form  of  quire  CHOIK. 

t  Quirace,  obs.  f.  CUIRASS.  (Also  pi.  quiracies.") 

1584  HUDSON  DuBartas'  Jutiithv. 365  All  their  bucklers, 
Morions,  and  Quiraces  Were  of  no  proofe  against  their  pel- 
sant  maces.  1596  DANETT  tr.  CtfMIMtff  (x6l4)  12  There  were 
not  foure  hundred  of  them  armed  with  quiracies. 

Quirboil(,l,y,  obs.  form  of  CCIR-BOUILLI. 

Quire  (kw3i<u),  sl>.1  Forms :  a.  3  owaer,  quaer, 
4-5  quayer,(i;  -ere,qwayer,quaier),4-6  quayre, 
(5  qwayre,  qvayr),  5-6  qv-,  quare,  quair,  5-7 
quaire,  (6  qw-).  0.  6  quear^e,  quere,  6-7 
queere,  6-7  (9  dial.}  queer.  7.  6  quier,  quyer, 
5-  quire,  [a.  OF.  quaer,  quaier  (later  caier,  mod. 
\ahicr  a  quire  of  six  sheets,  a  copy-book,  writing- 
book,  etc.)  =.Prov.  cazeni.  It.  quaderno  :-pop.  L. 
*qualernum  (med.L.  quaternns,  -urn),  f.  L.  qua- 
terni  a  set  of  four,  f.  quattuor  four :  see  QUATER 
NION.  The  loss  of  the  final  -»  in  F.  quaer  for 
*quaern  is  normal ;  cf.  chair,  cufer,  etc.  Icel.  kver 
a  quire,  little  book,  is  from  F.  or  Eng. 

There  are  three  main  forms  of  the  word  in  Eng.,onair, 
auear  (querc],  quire.  The  second  of  these  arises  from  a 
narrowing  of  the  vowel  after  the  k-  sound  (cf.  quail  and 
gueal,  ijnaisy  and  queasy,  kay  and  key,  kaylcs  and  keals, 
kaiser  and  keasar),  and  the  further  change  to  gxitr,  quire 
is  similar  to  that  of  brcre ,  frcre  to  briar,  friar.} 

1.  A  set  of  four  sheets  of  parchment  or  paper 
doubled  so  as  to  form  eight  leaves,  a  common  unit 
in  medixval  manuscripts  ;  hence,  any  collection  or 
gathering  of  leaves,  one  within  the  other,  in  a 
manuscript  or  printed  book.  Also,  twenty-four 
(formerly  sometimes  twenty-five)  sheets  of  writing- 
paper. 

a.  c  1450  St.  Citthbcrt  (Surtees)  1549-50  Of  quayers  seuen 
I  haue  a  boke  We  may  ilk  a  day  a  quayer  loke.  1469 
Paston  Lett.  II.  335,  I  did  write  to  quairs  of  papir  of 
witnessis,  every  quair  conteynyng  xiiij  leves.  1531  ELVOT 
Gov.  172  Muche  more  he  wrote,  as  it  seemed,  for  diuers 


QUIRE. 

quaires  lacked  in  the  boke.  1613  Mem.  St.  Giles's,  Durham 
(Suttees)  42  A  quaire  of  paper  for  the  use  of  the  parishe. 

0.  1530  PALSGH.  164  Mayn^  bothe  for  a  hande  and  for  a 
queare  of  paper.  1575  CHURCHYARD  Chippes  (1817)  106  H 
heere  I  should  all  skirmishes  expresse  . .  Of  paper  sure, 
a  quere  would  not  suffice.  1597  BP.  HAIL  Sat.  n.  L  10 
Lo  what  it  is  that  makes  white  rags  so  deare,  That  men 
must  giue  a  teston  for  a  queare.  1696  in  Pall  J\Iall  G. 
(1889)  8  Jan.  7/2  A  Queer  of  paper..  A  Coppy  Booke.  1825 
BROCKETT  N.  C.  Gloss.,  Queer,  a  quire  of  paper. 

•y.  1497  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  I'll  (1896)  128,  j  reame  &  vij 
quires  of  small  paper.  1560  Ludlow  Churchw.  Ace. 
(Camden)  96  A  quyer  of  paper..  iiijrt'.  1589  Pappe  w. 
Hatchet  B,  Hee'Ie  spend  all  he  hath  in  a  quire  of  paper. 
1646  J.  HALL  Poems  \  How  better  were  it  for  you  to 
remain  (Poore  Quires)  in  ancient  raggs.  1688  R,  HOLME 
Armoury  m.  120/1  Cassie  Quires,  are  the  two  outside 
Quires  in  a  Ream,  called  also  Cording  Quires.  1772  Juntos 
Lett.  Ixviii.  354  He  was  charged  . .  for  feloniously  stealing 
eleven  quires  of  writing  paper.  1879  Print.  Trades  Jrnl. 
No.  26.  20  The  cost  of  paper  from  one  quire  to  one  ream. 

b.  In  quires :  Unbound,  in  sheets. 
c  1480  Paston  Lett.  III.  301  Item,  in  quayers,  Tully  de 
Senectute.  Ibid.,  Item,  in  qwayers,  a  Boke  de  Sapiencia. 
i549  Bk.  Com.  Prayer  (Grafton)  colophon,  The  Imprinter 
to  sell  this  Booke  in  Queres  for  two  shillynges  and  sixe 
pence.  1679  WOOD  Life  10  Feb.  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  439,  I  gave 
my  book,  .to  the  Heralds  Office  in  quires.  1733  SWIFT  On 
Poetry  144  Your  poem  sunk.  And  sent  in  quires  to  line 
a  trunk.  1885  Bookseller  $  Mar.  313  Advt.t  The  valuable 
publication  stock,  in  Cloth  and  Quires. 
Jig.  x68a  GREW  Anat.  Plants  Ep.  Ded.,  So  that  a  Plant 
is,  as  it  were,  an  Animal  in  Quires. 

1 2.  A  small  pamphlet  or  book,  consisting  of  a 
single  quire;  a  short  poem,  treatise,  etc.,  which  is 
or  might  be  contained  in  a  quire.  Obs, 

a  1225  Attcr.  ff.  248  peo  ancre  bet  wernde  an  oSer  a  cwaer 
uorto  lenen.  Ibid.  282  5if  fcu  hauest  knif  oSer  clo5  . . 
scrowe  o3er  quaer.  c  1430  LYDG.  Cornel.  Bl.  Knt.  xcvii, 
Go  litel  quayre,  go  unto  my  lyves  queene.  c  1430  Life  St. 
Kath.  (1884)  i  Ther  was  take  to  me  a  quayere.  Where 
yn  was  drawe  in  to  englesshe  . .  hire  martirdom.  c  1500 
MS.  Selden  B.  24  If.  191  Heirefter  followis  the  quair  maid 
be  King  James  of  Scotland  the  first,  callit  the  kingis  quair. 
a  1529  SKELTOS  Sp.  Parrot  280  Go  litell  quayre,  namyd  the 
Popagay.  c  1535  FISHER  \Vks.  (E.E.T.S.)  429  Who  so  euer 
ye  be,  y*  shall  fortune  to  rede  this  queare.  1570  FOXE  A. 
ff  .!/.  1393/2  The  bishop  of  Salis.  drewe  out  a  quire  of  the 
Concordance,  and  layd  it  before  the  bishop  of  Harford. 

3.  Comb.t  as  quire-work  ;  quire  stock,  books  in 
quires ;  quire-wise  adv.,  on  double  leaves,  which 
can  be  formed  into  quires  to  be  sewed. 

1088  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  124/1  When  quire  work  is 
Printed.  1885  Bookseller  5  Mar.  A.dvt.,  Bookselling  Busi 
ness  for  Sale. .including,  .bound  and  quire  Stock. 

Quire,  sb£  \  see  CHOIR. 

Quire  (.kwafcj),  zj.1  [f.  QUIRE  sby\  trans.  To 
arrange  in  quires.  Hence  Quired///,  a. 

1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  xxii.  r  4  If  they  be 
Quir'd  Sheets,  that  is,  two,  three,  or  four  Sheets  Quir'd 
together.  Ibid.  xxv.  r  4  The  Backs  of  the  Quired  Books. 
1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in,  124/1  The  number  of  Sheets 
Quired  one  in  the  other.  1875  SOUTHWARD  Diet.  Typogr. 
117  Quired.  Two  sheets  so  imposed  as  when  folded  and 
made  up  will  lie  one  within  the  other. 

Quire,  v.~,  to  sing:  see  CHOIR  v. 
Quire,  obs.  f.  QUARRY  sb.1,  QUEER  a.-;  var. 
QUERE  v.  to  inquire. 
f  Quirer.  Obs.  -1  [f.  QUIRE  v2]    A  chorister. 

1624  HEY  WOOD  Gunaik.  vn.  335  Neere  to  the  chamber 
doore  the  Quirers  thus  sing. 

Quirester,  obs.  form  of  CHORISTER. 
Quirie,  obs.  variant  of  querry  EQUERRY,  q.  v. 
t  Qui-rily,  adv.  Obs.  rare"1.     ?  Quiveringly. 
1582  STANVHURST  sEneis  i.  (Arb.)  24  Some  doe  slise  owt 
collops  on  spits  yeet  quirilye  trembling. 

Quirister,  obs.  or  arch,  form  of  CHORISTER. 
Quiritarian  (kwiriteVrian),  a.  Rom.  Law.    [f. 
as  next  + -AN.]   =  QUIRITARY. 

1842-3  W.  Smith's  Diet.  Gr.  Q-  Rom.  Antig.  s.v.  Lega- 
turn,  The  legatee  had  the  quiritarian.. ownership  of  the 
legacy.  1861  [see  BONITARIAN].  1871  POSTE  Gains  in.  §  80 
Quiritarian  ownership  is  only  acquired  by  usucapion. 

Quiritary  (kwi-ritari),  a.  [ad.  late  L.  quirt- 
tari-ust  f.  Qitirites  Roman  citizens.]  That  is  in 
accordance  with  Roman  civil  law ;  legal,  as  op 
posed  to  equitable  (see  BONITARIAN).  Also  of  pro 
perty  :  Held  by  legal  right  or  under  Roman  law. 

1865  MERIVALE  Rom.  Emp.  VIII.  Ixvii.  285  Every  citizen 
..so  far  as  he  was  the  occupier  of  Roman  or  Quiritary  soil, 
.  .enjoyed  exemption  from  the  tribute  or  rent-charge  due  to 
the  state.  1871  POSTE  Gains  in.  285  A  quaestor  . .  who  sold 
under  the  spear,  the  symbol  of  quiritary  dominion.  1880 
MyiRHEAi)  Gaius  i.  119,  I  say  that  this  slave  is  mine  in 
quiritary  right. 

t  Quirita-tion.  Obs.  rare,  [ad,  L.  quiritatio 
(Livy),  n.  of  action  f.  quiritare  to  cry,  lament.] 
A  complaint,  lament. 

1634  BP.  HALL  Contempt.^  N.  T.  iv.  Crucifixion^  How  is 
it  then,  with  thee,  O  Saviour,  that  thou  thus  astonishest 
men  and  Angels  with  so  woful  a  quiritation.  1656  in  BLOUNT 
Glossogr. 

Quiritian  (kwiri-Jan).  rare.  [f.  L.  Quirtt-es 
(see  QUIRITARY)  + -IAN.]  A  Roman  citizen. 

1880  MUIRHEAD  Gains  ii.  §  40  A  man  was  either  owner 
according  to  the  law  of  the  Quiritians,  or  he  was  not  held 
to  be  owner  at  all. 

Quirk  (kwaak).  Also  6  quircke,  queerk,  6-7 
quirke,  6-9  querk,  7  quirck,  quer(c)ke,  quirt, 
(qirk).  [Of  obscure  origin  and  history;  app. 
native  in  western  dialects. 


70 

The  original  sense  was  prob.  as  in  6,  whence  on  the  one 
hand  the  techn.  and  dial,  uses  in  7,  in  which  the  '  quirk  *  is 
in  some  material  thing,  and  on  the  other  hand  the  literary 
uses  in  1-5,  referring  to  mental  operations,  modes  of  action, 
etc.  The  earliest  trace  of  the  word  appears  in_Salesbury's 
Welsh  Diet.  (1547),  where  Kivyrk-hosan,  is  given  as  the 
W.  equivalent  of  Eng.  clock  (see  7  a) ;  the  term  is  still 
current  in  Wales,  but  its  form  proves  it  to  be  from  Eng.] 

1.  A  verbal  trick,  subtlety,  shift  or  evasion  ;  a 
quibble,  quibbling  argument. 

1565  T.  STAPLETON  Fortr,  Faith  100*  Not  vpon  quirkes 
and  suttelties  in  matters  indifferent.  1566  DKANT  Horace, 
Sat,  i.  v.  C  iij  b,  The  quiddityes  and  queerks  of  logique 
darke.  1583  STUBBES  Anat.  A  bits.  n.  (1882)46  They  inuente 
quirckes  and  quiddities,  shiftes,  and  put-offes  ynough  to 
blinde  the  eies  of  the  magistrates.  1625  W.  PEMBLE  Justi 
fication  (1629)  190  The  shifting  quercke  of  a  schoolemans 
braine.  1678  R.  L'ESTRANGE  Seneca's  Mor.  (1702)  131  Not 
with  Syllogisms  or  Quirks  of  Wit;  but  with  plain  and 
weighty  Reason.  1711  E.  WARD  Vnlgits  Brit.  n.  132  Per 
verting  solid  Sense,  With  artful  Querks  and  Impudence. 
178*  COWPER  Progr.  Err.  550  His  still  refuted  quirks  he 
still  repeats.  1814  D'!SRAELI  Quarrels  Anth.  (1867)  251 
A  true  feeling  of  religion  does  not  depend  on  the  quirks  and 
quibbles  of  human  reasonings.  1878  BROWNING  Poets 
Croisic  cxxx,  In  vain  the  Chevalier  beat  brain  for  quirk  To 
help  in  this  conjuncture. 

Comb.     1802-12    BEN-THAM    Ration.    Judic.  Evict.   (1827) 
IV.  386  The  quirk-abjuring  ejaculation  . .  of  lord  Hale. 
b.  The  employment  of  quirks ;  quibbling. 

1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  $  Sclv.  173  This  indeed  smells 
pretty  strong  of  quirk,  but  relishes  as  faintly  as  may  be  of 
reason.  1796  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Marchmont  IV.  221  His 
fears  lest  chicane  and  quirk,  .should  deprive  Althea.  .of  the 
two  thousand  pounds.  1839  CAR_LYLE  Chartism  v.  (1858) 
25  Shiftiness,  quirk,  attorney-cunning. .  fancies  itself  . .  to  be 
talent. 

2.  A  clever  or  witty  turn  or  conceit ;  a  quip. 
1599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado  n.  i.  245,  I  may  chance  haue  some 

odde  quirkes  and  remnants  of  witte  broken  on  mee.  1633 
T.  ADAMS  Exp.  2  Peter  i.  4  It  is  not  enough  to  have  quirks 
of  wit,  but  soundness  of  doctrine.  1699  BENTLEY  Phal, 
iii.  145  His  Quirks  and  Witticisms  upon  Me  are  all  grafted 
upon  his  own  mistakes.  1794  GODWIN  Cal.  Williams  28 
Your  rhymes  and  your  rebusses,  your  quirks  and  your 
conundrums.  1835  MARRYAT  Jac.  Faithf.  xxvii,  He  had 
a  quiz  and  a  quirk  for  everybody  that  passed.  1882  L. 
CAMPBELL  Life  Clerk  Maxwell  ii.  31  He  must,  .enliven  it 
with  some  quirk  of  fancy. 

3.  A  fits.  A  sudden  turn ;  a  fantastic  phrase,  rare. 
1579  GOSSON  Sc/t.  Abuse  (Arb.)  28  How  many  noates, 

how  many  restes,  how  many  querks.  1731  POPE  Ep. 
Burlington  143  Light  quirks  of  Music,  broken  and  uneven. 
1883  LATHROP^>a«.  Vistas  126  The  quirks  of  the  melody 
are  not  unlike  those  of  very  old  English  ballads. 

4.  A  trick  or  peculiarity  in  action  or  behaviour; 
f  a  knack,  a  fad. 

1601  SHAKS.  Twel.  N.  HI.  iv.  268,  I  have  heard  of  some 
kinde  of  men  that  put  quarreles  purposely  on  others,  to 
taste  their  valour  ;  belike  this  is  a  man  of  that  quirke.  a  1635 
CORBET  Poems  (1807)  100  He  hath  besides  a  pretty  quirk  . . 
how  to  work  In  iron  with  much  ease.  1656  EARL  MONM. 
tr.  Boccalims  Advts.  /r.  Parnass.  i.  xli.  (1674)  54  Having 
their  heads  full  of  querks  and  new  inventions.  1791  LEAR- 
MONT  Poems  42  He  is  . .  marlun1  out  some  dyke,  or  drainin' 
Wi1  mony  a  quirk,  a  1864  HAWTHORNE  Amer.  Note-bks. 
(1879)  I.  136  His  manner  was  full  of  quirks.  1868  Miss  AL- 
COTT  Lit.  Women  (1869)  I.  iii.  44  How  do  you  learn  all  the 
proper  quirks? 

f5.  A  fit,  start,  sudden  stroke.  Obs.  rare*~\ 

1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well  in.  ii.  51, 1  haue  felt  so  many 
quirkes  of  ioy  and  greefe. 

0.  A  sudden  twist,  turn,  or  curve ;  esp.  in  drawing 
or  writing :  A  flourish. 

1605  B.  JONSON  Volpone  in.  vii,  Some  yong  Frenchman.. 
That  . .  Knew  euery  quirke  within  lusts  laborinth.  1840 
THACKERAY  Ge orge  Cruikshank  Wks.  1900  XIII.  309  These 
little  dots  and  specks,  and  fantastical  quirks  of  the  pencil. 
1860  BUSHNELL  in  Lift  xx.  (1880)  437  Write  a  large,  full, 
regular,  and  free  hand.  Bring  in  no  quirks  and  flourishes. 

7.  tcchn.  or  dial. 

a.  In  a  stocking  *=  CLOCK  sb.% 

1547  [see  etym.  note].  1583  STUBBES  Anat.  Abus.  i,  E  iij  b, 
Then  haue  they  nether-stocks  to  these  gay  hosen  . .  with 
quirks  and  clocks  about  the  ancles.  [1834  PLANCHE  Brit. 
Costume  260  Hose,  .with  quirks,  clocks,  open  seams.]  1879- 
In  dial,  glossaries  (Chesh.,  Shroph.,  Som.,  etc.). 

b.  A  diamond-shaped  piece  of  leather  inserted 
at  the  junction  of  the  fingers  with  the  palm  in  some 
makes  of  gloves. 

1688  R.  HotMxArmtntrym.  18/1  Of  aGlove.. the  Querks, 
the  little  square  peeces  at  the  bottom  of  the  Fingers.  1881 
Oxfordshire  Gloss.  Suppl.,  Quirks,  the  bits  between  the 
fingers  of  leather  gloves,  where  they  open. 

c.  A  piece  added  to,  or  taken  from,  a  regular 
figure,  or  cut  out  of  a  certain  surface  (see  quots.). 

1679  MOXON  Mt'c/i.  Exerc.  I.  130  If  either  a  Quirk  or  any 
Addition  be  added  to  the  Building,  on  any  side  of  your 
Ground-plot,  you  must  describe  it  also  proportionably. 
1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  110/2  A  square  being  struck 
into  four  parts,  one  of  those  parts  in  Carpentry  Terms  is 
called  a  Quirk.  1842  FRANCIS  Diet.  A  rts  s.  v.,  The  irregular 
garden  beds,  cut  out  of  grass  lawns,  are  . .  as  truly  quirks 
as  any  other  example  that  can  be  adduced. 

d.  An  irregular  pane  of  glass  (see  quots.). 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  385/2  Querke,  is  a  nook 
shoten  Pane,  or  any  Pane  whose  sides  and  top  run  out  of 
a  square  form.  1847-78  HALLIWELL,  QnirJk,  ..  a  pane  of 
glass  cut  at  the  sides  and  top  in  the  form  of  a  rhomb. 

e.  Arch.  An  acute  hollow  between  the  convex 
part  of  certain  mouldings  arid  the  soffit  or  fillet. 

1816  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  <$•  Art  I.  173  The  Grecian 
mouldings  are  often,  .worked  with  a  small  return,  techni 
cally  called  a  quirk.  1836  PARKER  Gloss.  Archit.  (1850)  I. 
379  In  Gothic  architecture  quirks  are  abundantly  used 


QUIRT. 

between  mouldings.  1876  T.  HARDY  Ethelberta  v,  Along 
fillet,  quirk,  arris,  and  moulding. 

8.  Comb,  quirk-float,  a  plasterer's  float  used  for 
angles ;  quirk-moulding,  a  moulding  with  a 
quirk  or  sharp  return  (Crabb,  1823). 

1842-59  GWILT  Archit.  §  2242  Floats  are  of  three  sorts  : 
the  band  float  . .;  the  quirk  float,  which  is  used  on  or  in 
angles ;  and  the  Derby. 

Quirk  (kwaik),  v.1    [f.  prec.  sb.] 

1.  a.  trans.  To  assail  with  quirks  or  quips,     b. 
intr.  To  use  quirks  or  quips.     Also  with  it. 

1596  NASHE  Saffron  VValden  41  Not  so  much  to  quirke  or 
crosse  me  thereby,  as  to  blesse  himselfe.  1599  —  Lenten 
Stuffe  Wks.  1883-4  V.  307  Wee  shall  haue  some  spawne  of 
a  goose-quill  . .  quirking  and  girding.  18*3  Blackw.  Mag. 
XIII.  673  Merely  quirking  it  upon  the  strength  of  a  dozen 
or  two  hard  words. 

2.  trans.  To  form  or  furnish  with  a  quirk  ;   to 
groove.     Usually  in  pa.  pph. 

1842-59  GWILT  Archit,  §2106  When  a  bead  is  stuck  so  that 
it  does  not  on  the  section  merely  fall  in  with  its  square 
returns,  but  leaves  a  space .. between  the  junctions  at  the 
sides,  it  is  said  to  be  quirked.  1886  ELWORTHY  IV.  Somerset 
IVord-bk.)  Quirk,,  .used  by  carpenters  and  stonemasons. 
To  form  a  narrow  groove,  usually  in  a  moulding. 

3.  To  move  in  a  sudden  and  jerky  manner.   [Perh. 
an  independent  formation.] 

1821  CLARE  Vill.  Minstr.  II.  33  We  saw  many  a  mouse 
Quirking  round  for  the  kernels.  [See  also  QUIRKING //V.  a.] 
1876  G.  MEREDITH  Beauch.  Career  xiv,  That  is  the  thing  to 
set  an  audience  bounding  and  quirking. 

Quirk  (kwaik),^  dial.  Also  querk.  [Imita 
tive.]  To  grunt,  groan,  croak,  etc. ;  lo  grumble. 

1746  Exmoor  Scolding  (E.  D.  S.)  43  Thee  art  a  crewnting, 
querking, ..chockling  Baggage.  1787  GROSE  Prov.  Gloss., 
Quirking,  Complaining.  Wilts.  1830  Miss  MITFORD  Village 
Ser.  iv.  (1863)  195  The  poor  little  lass.. sighed,  and  quirked, 
and  fidgeted,  and  seemed  ready  to  cry.  1886-  In  dial, 
glossaries  (Surrey,  Berks,  Wilts,  Som.,  etc.).  1894  E.  H. 
BARKER  Two  Summers  in  Guyenne  289  Green  frogs  . . 
quirked  defiance  from  the  banks. 

Quirked  (kwdikt).  ///.  a.  [f.  QUIRK  v.1  or  sb. 
+  -ED.]  Arch.  Furnished  with  a  quirk. 

18x3  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  162  A  moulding  de 
nominated  a  Quirked  Ovolo.  1836  PARKER  Gloss.  Archit. 
(1850)  I.  379  The  quirked  ogee  from  the  arch  of  Constantine. 
1842-59  GWILT  Archit.  §  2126  The  cylindrical  part  is  called 
a  bead,  and  the  sinking  a  quirk;  the  whole  combination 
being  called  a  quirked  bead. 

Quirken,  variant  of  QUERKEN,  to  choke. 

Qui-rkiness.  [f.  QUIRK.T  a.  +  -NESS.]  The 
quality  of  being  quirky. 

1879  Sm  G.  SCOTT  Lect.  Archit.  I.  355  All  the  . .  pieces  of 
quirkiness  which  one  sees,  are  things  which  I  have  rarely  if 
ever  found  in  old  work. 

Quirking  (kwaukiq),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  QUIRK  z;.l  + 
-ING  l.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  its  various  senses, 
or  the  result  of  this. 

a  1688  BUNYAN  Mr.  Badman  (1767)  I.  735  Forbear  quirking 
and  mocking.  1820  SHKLLEY  C£W.  Tyr.  I.  254  If  you  had 
hung  her  With  canting  and  quirking.  1892  Harper's  Mag. 
Feb.  411/1  Ed.  In  all  uncomely?  Ath.  Ay,  to  the  very 
quirking  of  her  eyebrows. 

Quirking  (kwsMkirj),  ///.  a.1  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING^.]  That  quirks. 

1605  F.  MASON  Sertn.  (1607)  25  Surely  ..  quirking  braines 
may  haue  their  conceits.  1679  C.  NESSE  Antid.  agst. 
Popery  65  This  quirking  fryar.  1821  CLARE  Vill.  Minstr. 
II.  23  The  quirking  rabbit  scarcely  leaves  her  hole. 

Quirking,  ///.  a*  :  see  QUIRK  z/.2  (quot.  1 746). 

Quirkish  (kwa-jkij),  a.  [f.  QUIRK  sb.  +  -ISH.] 
OF  the  nature  of  a  quirk. 

a  1677  BARROW  Serm.  (1687)  I.  xiv,  195  A  smart  answer,. . 
a  quirkish  reason.  1882  E.  P.  HOOD  in  Leisure  Hour  Apr. 
227  He  sets  forth  a  number  of  quirkish  reasons. 

Qui'rksome,  a.  rare.     [+  -SOME.]    Quirky. 
1896  CROCKETT  Grey  Man  xlvi.  310  For  all  his  quirksome 
guile,  he  had  gotten  on  the  wrong  side. 

Quirky  (kwauki),  a.    [f.  as  prec.  4-  -Y1.] 

1.  Full  of  quirks  or  shifts;  tricky. 

1806  R.  JAMIESON  Pop.  Ballads  I.  297  Tarn  Tod  was  an 
ald-farran  birkie,  ..  Slee,  snackie,  and  wilie,  and  quirkie. 
1823  GALT  Entail  II.  xviii.  164  A  quirkie  bodie,  capable  o' 
making  law  no  law  at  a'.  1898  A.  BALFOUR  To  Arms  xiv.  153 
Out  upon  you  for  a  quack— a  quirky  quibbling  quack,  Sir. 

2.  Full  of  twists,  turns,  or  flourishes. 

1885  in  Cent.  Diet.  1896  N.  MUNRO  Lost  Pibroch  (1902) 
80  [The]  quirky  lanes  and  closes  were  as  black  as  the  pit. 

Quirl,  variant  of  QUERL. 
Quirlewind,  obs.  form  of  WHIRLWIND. 
Quirlicue,  variant  of  CURLICUE. 

1885  Home  Missionary  (N.  Y.)  Apr.  459  The  Rocky 
Mountains,  ..like  little  feather  quirlicues  on  a  map. 

Quirn,  dial,  variant  of  QUERN. 

Quirpo,  variant  of  CUERPO  Obs. 

t  Quirr6.  Obs.  rare*-1.  In  5  quyrre.  [a.  OF. 
quircetquirzej\a.i.cuiriei  seeCuiKASS.]  A  leathern 
habergeon  or  cuirass. 

c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.^  Gov.  Lordsh.  no  Wende  noght 
in  host  with  oute  haberion  or  quyrre. 

Quirrester,  -ister,  obs.  forms  of  CHORISTER. 

Quirry,  obs.  variant  of  querry  EQUERRY. 

Quirt  (kw5Jt),^.  U.S.  [?ad.  Sp.  corto  short, 
CURT,  or  cuerda  CORD.]  A  kind  of  riding-whip 
used  in  the  western  United  States  and  Spanish 
America,  having  a  short  handle  and  a  braided 
leather  lash  about  two  feet  long. 

1851  MAYNE  REID  Scalp  Hunt,  xxxi.  240  The  young  hunter 


QUIRT. 

laid  his  quirt  to  the  flanks  of  the  mustang.  1888  [see  QUIRT 
f.H  1894  Outing  (U.  S.)  XXIV.  215/2  The  spectators  even 
went  so  far  as  to  strike  the  bare  backs  of  their  favorites 
with  quirts,  or  whips,  to  urge  them  on. 

f  Quirt,  z*.1  Obs.  rare.  Also  7  quurt.  [Of 
obscure  origin.] 

1.  trans.  To  block,  fill,  or  stop  up  (an  opening). 
1587  FLEMING  Conln.  Holinshfd\\\.  1009/1  The  said  earle 

.  .did  leule  and  build  a  new  weere  in  the  said  aperture  .. 
stopping,  filling,  and  quirting  the  same,  with  great  trees, 
timber,and  stones.  1602  CAREW  Cornwall  105  b,  To  let . .  three 
or  foure  shouels  full  of  earth  fall  softly  downe  by  the  inner 
side  of  the  floodgate,  which  will  quurt  vp  his  chinkes. 

2.  intr.  Of  a  river:  To  be  dammed  back. 

1602  CARBW  Cornwall  152  Under  it  runneth  the  river  Lo, 
..thwarted  by  a  sandy  banke,  which  forceth  the  same  to 
quurt  back  a  great  way. 

Quirt  (kw5.it),  T>.-  U.S.  [f.  QUIRT  sb,~\  trans. 
To  strike  with  a  quirt. 

1888  TH.  ROOSEVELT  in  Century  Mag.  Apr.  854  A  first- 
class  rider  will  sit  throughout  it  all  . .  quirting  his  horse  all 
the  time.  . .  Quirt  is  the  name  of  the  short  flexible  riding- 
whip  used  throughout  cowboy  land.  The  term  is  a  Spanish 
one.  '897  W'estm,  Gaz.  8  Oct.  2/1  One  [horsej  ..  was 
'  quirted  ', '  raked  ',  and  nearly  killed. 

Quirtayn,  obs.  f.  CURTAIN.  Quiry,  var.  querry^ 
EQUERRY.  Quis,  obs.  f.  Quiz. 

Quisby  (kwi-zbi),^.  slang.  [Of  obscure  forma 
tion.]  An  idler.  Doing  quisby,  not  working. 

1837  Fraser's  Mag.  XVI.  155  He  eyes  the  twaddler  who'd 
enjoin  a  halt,  ..  Hating  ..  a  stop  by  such  a  quisby.  1851 
MAYHEW  Lond.  Labour  III.  219  One  morning,  when  we 
had  been  doing  *  quisby  ',  that  is,  stopping  idle. 

Quisby  (kwi-zbi),  a.  slang,  [cf.  prec.]  Queer, 
not  quite  right ;  bankrupt. 

1853  Household  Wds.  VIII.  75/2  To  say  that  a  man  is 
without  money,  or  in  poverty,  some  persons  remark  that  he 
is. .quisby,  done  up.  1854  T  ait'1  s  Mag.  XXI.  532  Larson  is 
not  so  well  as  he  should  be  —  rather  quisby  about  the 
throat.  1892  Punch  12  Mar.  123/1  He's  a-looking  queer 
and  quisby. 

Quischen,  -on,  etc.,  obs.  forms  of  CUSHION. 
Quiscos(kos) :  see  QUISQUOSE. 
t  Quish,  obs.  form  of  CUISSE. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  /Kan.  i  (R.)  One  sort  had  the 
quishes,  the  greues,  the  surlettes,  yfl  sockettes  on  the  ryght 
side  and  on  the  left  side  sylver.  1557  GRIMALO  Death 
Zoroas  in  Toitelfs  Misc.  (Arb.)  122  Aboue  the  greaue,  At 
th'  opening  of  his  quishes. 

Quishan,  -en,  etc.,  obs.  forms  of  CUSHION. 

Quisle,  obs.  form  of  WHISTLE  v. 

t  Quisqui'lian,  a.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  as  next  + 
-AN.]  Quisquilious.  So  Quisqurliary  a. 

1716  M.  D\\'iEsAf/tert,  Brit.  II.  394  Miscreant  quisqtulian 
Scraps  and  Fragments.  1817  Blackw.  Mag.  I.  470  Those 
shallow  and  fidimplicitary  coxcombs,  who  fill  our  too 
credulous  ears  with  their  quisquiliary  deblaterations. 

Quisquilious  (kwiskwrliss),  a.  rare.  [f.  L. 
guisquilite  f.  pi.,  waste  matter,  refuse,  rubbish,  etc.] 
Of  the  nature  of  rubbish  or  refuse. 

1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic,  Evid.  (1827)  IV.  412  The 
science  is  overloaded  by  the  quisquilious  matter  they  rake 
together.  01832  —  Deontol.  (1834)  I.  295  Dr.  Priest 
ley  . .  expunged  what,  in  the  quaint  phraseology  once  in 
vogue,  was  called  the  'quisquilious  matter  '.  1857  Fraser^s 
Mag.  LVI.  460  Besides  garden  fruit  insects  and  worms,  the 
Jay's  diet  is  sufficiently  quisquilious. 

Quisquose,  -quous,  a.  Sc.  Also  9  quis- 
cos(kos).  [Of  obscure  origin.]  Difficult  to  deal 
with  or  settle,  ticklish,  'kittle*. 

1720  IVodrow  Corr.  (1843)  II.  485  Being  biassed  with  his 
opinion  in  quisquose  and  difficult  matters.  1721  WODROW 
Hist.  Suffer.  Ch.  Scot.  (1829)  II.  it.  xiii.  499  The  truths 
delivered  by  ministers. .on  quisquous  subjects.  1830  GALT 
Lawrie  T.  iv.  ix.  (1849)  175  Your  conduct  this  day  has  been 
very  quiscos.  1836  —  in  Taifs  Mag.  III.  33  The  ladies 
maybe  a  wee  quiscoskos  in  character. 

f  Quissers.  Obs.  rare"1,  [a.  OF.  cuissere,  -iere, 
f.  cuisse  thigh.]  =  CUISSE. 

ci330  Art  A.  <$•  Mtrl.  2976  (Kolbing)  Helme  &  brini  & 
hauberioun,  Saumbers,  quissers  &  aketoun. 

Quisshen,  -in(g,  quissin(g,  -ion,  -yn,  obs. 
ff.  CUSHION.     Quissonday,  obs.  f.  WHITSUNDAY. 
f  Quist,  obs.  variant  of  WHIST,  silent. 

1598  R.  BERNARD  tr.  Terence  289  Quist,  quist,  what  man 
art  thou  well  in  thy  witts?  Ibid.  310  He  is  quist. 

Quister,  variant  of  WHITESTER  Obs. 

Quisteroun,  obs.  form  of  CUSTBON. 

t  Quistounes,  -sumnes.  [Form  and  meaning 
uncertain  ;  the  ref.  is  to  the  wheel  of  Fortune.] 

a  1400-50  Alexander 3303  Lo  !  so  be  queleofqwistsumnes 
my  qualite  has  changid.  Ibid.  4660  For  so  pe  quele  of 
qwistounes  ;oure  qualite  encreses. 

Quiatrel,  variant  of  COISTREL  or  CUSTREL. 

Quistron,  variant  of  CUSTRON. 

Quit  (kwit),  j£.l  [Perh.  imitative ;  but  Gosse 
suggests  that  it  may  be  African.]  The  popular 
name  of  many  small  Jamaican  birds. 

1847  GOSSE  Birds  Jamaica  254  The  name  of  Quit  is 
applied  without  much  discrimination  by  the  negroes  of 
Jamaica,  to  several  small  birds,  such  as  the  Banana  Quit, 
which  is  a  Creeper,  and  the  Blue  Quit,  and  Grass  Quits 
which  are  finches.  1882-  in  OCILVIE  and  later  Diets.  1894 
NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  761. 

Quit  (kwit),  j£.2  rare.     [f.  QUIT  ^.]     A  point 

ofaeparture. 

1892  H.  A.  NEWTON  in  Astronomy  $  Astrophysics  Jan.  15 
Of  the  839  comets.  .267. .will  have  quits  less  than  45°  from 


5 

f. 


71 

Jupiter's  quit,  while  38  of  them  will  have  quits  less  than  45° 
from  Jupiter's  goal. 

Quit  (kwit),  t  quite,  a.  Forms:  a.  3  cwite, 
3-6  quyt,(4qw-),4-6  quyte,  (4-5  qw-),  6  quight, 
3-7  quite.  0.  4  kuytte,  5  quytt(e,  qwytt, 
qw(h)itte,  6  quitt,  6-7  quitte,  3-  quit,  [(i)  In 
the  a-forms  (MK.  types  quite,  gait},  a.  OF.  quite  — 
Pr.  quiti,  Sp.  qutto,  med.L.  quitus,  unmolested, 
free,  clear,  etc.,  ad.  L.  quietus  QUIET.  Hence  also 
OFris.  quyt)  qwyt  (mod.  qiiijt\  MDu.  quite,  quijt 
(Du.  kwijt],  MLG.  and  MHG.  quit  (obs.  G.  queit). 
(2)  In  the  0-forms  (ME.  types  quitte,  qutt\  orig. 
a.  OF.  qtiitte,  later  form  of  quite :  cf.  med.L. 
quittus,  MHG.  quit  (G.  quitt\  ON.  kvittr  (Sw. 
gvitt)  Da.  kvif}.  The  pa.  pple.  of  QUITE  v.  may 
also  have  contributed  to  the  use  of  qui'f. 

Although  there  appears  to  be  sufficient  evidence  for  the 
existence  in  ME.  of  forms  with  a  short  vowel,  clear 
instances  are  somewhat  rare,  as  the  spelling  is  often  am 
biguous  or  misleading,  and  the  rimes  usually  show  quite, 
qnlt.  The  exact  range  of  quit  is  therefore  uncertain  until 
the  ifith  c.,  when  its  gradual  supersession  of  quite  is  prob. 
connected  with  the  similar  change  m  the  verb.] 
I.  In  predicative  use. 

1.  Free,  clear,  (t  Occas.  quite  and  clear,  quite 
and  free.)  7'o  be  quit  for,  to  get  off  with,  suffer 
nothing  more  than. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  6  Sum.  ,mei  ful  wel  beo  cwite  &  paie  god 
midlesse.  c  1275  Pass.  Lord  310111  O.  K.Misc.  46Yenelleb 
.  .lete  me  gon  quite.  Ibid.  370  Hit  is  eur  kusturne  to  habbe 
quyt  enne.  c  1290  Buket  812  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  129  po  was 
bis  guode  Man  quit  I-nov.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron,  l\7acc 
(Rolls)  1224  pys  were  our  most  profit,  Wib  loue  &  leue  he 
quebe  vs  quyt.  c  1400  Yivaine  <y  Gaw.  685  Bot  so  he 
wend  have  passed  quite.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  xiv. 
vi,  Yf  thow  be  ouercome  thou  shalt  not  be  quyte  for  losyng 
ofony  of  thy  membrys.  1509  BARCLAY  Shyf  of'Folys  (1570) 
72  The  great  fishe  are  taken.  .Where  as  the  small  escape 
;juite  and  free.  1577  NORTHBROOKK  Dicing (1843)  77  What 
faultes  great  men  alwayes  commute  Are  pardoned  still,  and 
goeth  quitte.  1609  HKENE  Keg.  Maj.  22  Gif  the  persewer 
compeirs  nocht.  .the  defender  sail  passe  quite.  1671  MILTON 
P.  R.  i,  476, 1 .  .must  submiss  endure  Chttck  or  reproof,  and 
glad  to  scape  so  quit.  1768  GRAY  in  Corr.  iv.  Nicholls(\^>^ 
72  We  . .  are  quit  for  the  fright  except  the  damage  above- 
mentioned.  1817  W.  SELWYN  Law  Nisi  Prius  (ed.  4)  II. 
761  The  judgment  shall  be  against  bim  only.. and  the  other 
shall  go  quit.  1852  THACKEKAY  Esmond  i.  xni,  Harry  Es 
mond  was  quit  for  a  fall  on  the  grass.  1866  ROGERS  Agric. 
$  Prices  I.  v.  124  When  the  book  was  restored  the  borrower 
[was]  declared  quit. 

b.  Free,  clear,  rid  of  (a  thing  or  person),    f  Also 
with  omission  of  prep.  (quot.  1630). 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  90  Ase  quite  ase  ge  beo5  ofswuch.  ^1300 
Cursor  AT.  6287  Godd.  .had  mad  Jmm  quite  Of  al  bair  soru 
and  al  bair  site.  1340  Ayenb.  41  Of  these  zennes  ne  byejj 
[they]  na}t  kuytte.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxxiv.  (Pelagia) 
136  Haffand  rycht  gret  delyte  Of  bare  synnis  to  be  quyte. 
c  1450  Alirour  Salnacioun  1511  Who  is  qwitte  of  one 
temptacionne  happily.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x.  xxiv, 
Now  my  moder  is  quyte  of  the.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr. 
Leslies  Hist.  Scot.  IT.  141  Throuch  desyre  . .  to  be  quyte  of 
the  glore  of  a  king,  c  1630  MILTON  On  Time  20  Then  all 
this  Earthy  grosnes  quit,,  .we  shall  for  ever  sit  [etc.].  1741 
CHESTERF.  Lett.  (1792)  I.  208  Aukwardnesses,  which  many 
people  contract  ..  and  cannot  get  quit  of  them.  1840  Miss 
MITFORD  in  L'Estrange  Life  (1870)  III.  vii.  108  To  me  . .  it 
would  be  a  great  release  to  be  quit  of  the  trouble  and 
expense.  1875  CROLL  Climate  $•  T.  v.  91  In  order  that  the 
sea  may  get  quit  of  its  heat. 

c.  Const,  from.  Now  rare. 

1471  RIPLEY  Comp.  Alch.  iii.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  140  Fro 
feculent  feces  when  hyt  ys  quytt.  c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE 
Ps.  cxix.  i,  Quitt  and  cleere  from  doing  wrong.  1591 
SPENSER  Ruins  of  Rome  viii,  Nought  from  the  Romane 
Empire  might  be  quight.  1660  H.  MORE  Myst.  Godl.  v. 
xvii.  209  Nor  shall  we  ever  be  quit  from  the  crime  of  slaying 
the  Witnesses.  1845  Economy  154  It  is  the  doctor's  duty  to 
see  you  quit  from  all  this. 

t  d.  To  make  quit  (#/"),  to  do  away  with,  dis 
pose  of;  to  make  a  clearance.  Sc.  Obs.  rare. 

c  147x1  HENRY  Wallace  vii.  504  The  formast  sone  hym  selff 
sesyt  in  hand,  Maid  quyt  off  hym.  15  . .  Droichis  Part  of 
Play  108  in  Dun&ar's  Poems  (\fy$  siSThair  is  nocht  thair 
bot  tak  and  slae,  Cut  throppillis  and  mak  quyte. 

f2.  Destitute,  deprived  of  (from}.  Obs. 

c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  \.  399/242  Of  ore  leoue  sones  quite  we 
beoth,  alas!  1:1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)319  Me  and 
many  mo,  fro  our  wages  gede  quite.  «  1352  HJWT  Poems 
vii.  124  Now  haue  bai  made  bi  biging  bare,  Of  all  bi  catell 
ertouquite.  c  nyo/fymns  Virg.  (1867)  35  Of  bi  blis  y  were 
ful  qwytt  If  y  hadde  aftir  bat  y  haue  do.  1573  Satir.  Poems 
Reform.x\\\.gi\  It  wald  mak  vs  quyte  Of  Christis  Euangell, 
our  delyte.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot,  iv.232 
Ethelfred  is  maid  quyt  of  ane  eye. 

t  3.  =  QUITS  2.  Double  or  quit :  see  DOUBLE 
adv.  4.  Obs. 

c  1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Aymon  x.  268,  I  have  yelde  you 
agen  that  ye  had  gyven  me;  we  be  now  quyte.  1596 
SHAKS.  Tarn.  Skr.  in.  i.  92  If  once  I  finde  thee  ranging, 
Hortensio  will  be  quit  with  thee  by  changing.  1607  —  Cor. 
iv.  v.  89  To  be  full  quit  of  those  my  Hanishers  Stand  I 
before  thee  heere.  1687  PRIOR  Epigr., '  To  John  /  ow'd\ 
Sure  John  and  I  are  more  than  quit.  1757  MRS.  GRIFFITH 
Lett.  Henry  $  Frances  (1767)  I.  21  But  we  are  now  quit ; 
and  your  generosity  is  equal  to  mine. 

fl).    To  cry  quit  (with  one),  cry  one  quit  (cf. 
QUITTANCE  4).  Obs. 

1626-7  in  Crt.  $  Times  Chas.  /,  I.  205  If  it  would  please 
God  . .  to  prosper  what  we  undertake,  we  might,  ere  long, 
cry  them  quit.  1641  SMECTYMNUUS  Vind.  Ansiv.  i.  5  If  we 
would  cry  quit  with  the  Remonstrant . .  wee  could  tell  him 
a  Tale. 


QUIT. 

II.  Attributive. 

f4.  Clean,  complete.   Obs.  rare. 

1583  BABINGTON  Commandm.  viii.  (1637)  73  To.  .the  quite 
marring  of  all  her  musicke.  1604  RUDD  in  Consid.  Peace  fy 
{'rood™,  Prot,  7  If ..  there  cannot  be  obtained  a  quite  re- 
movall  of  the  Premises.  1607  TOPSELL  I'our-f.  Beasts  (\fy$\ 
487  [This  will]  make  a  quit  riddance  of  all  their  hurts. 

Quit  (kwit),  t  quite,  z>.  Forms  :  a.  Infm.  3-5 
quiten,  quyten,  (5  -yn),  4  quyty,  4-7  quyte, 
quite,  5  qwite,  qwyt(e,  qw-,  queyt,  5-6  quyt ; 

5  qu-,  qwyght,  6  quight ;  also  north.  5  whyte, 

6  -tte,  5,  7-9  white,  9  wheyte.    Pa.  t.  4-5  quitte, 
quyt,  4-6  quit(t,  quytte,  5  qwit,  5-6  quyte  ; 
5-6  quyted,  6  quited,  quighted.     Pa.  pple.  4-5 
iquytt,  i-,  yquyt(te,  yquit ;  4  quite,  4-5  quitte, 
4-6  quit,  quyt,  5  qwit(t(e,  Sc.  quet,  5-6  quyte, 
qwytt,   6    quitt,   Sc.   quyite ;    4    i  quited,    5-7 
quited,  6  quyted.     0.  4,  7  quitte,  5  quytte,  6 
quitt,  4- quit.     7.  SeeQUATV.2     [(i)  In  a-forms 
(ME.  type  quiten},  a.  OF.  gaiter  =•$$.,  Pg.  q^t^tart 
It.  quitare,  med.L.  yuitaret  ad.  med.L.  quiet  are  to 
make  quiet,  put  in  quiet,  set  free,  absolve,  etc.,  f. 
quietus  QUIET  (cf.  QUIT  a.).     (2)  In  £-forms  (MK. 
type  qiiitteji],  a.  later  OK.  quitter  (cf.  ON.  kvitta, 
Sw.  qviita.  Da.  kvitte'].     The  origin  of  this  F.  form 
is  obscure ;  it  apparently  became  common  in  the 
I4th  c.,  but  med.L.  qnittare  is  found  in  documents 
of  the  1 3th  (Du  Cange). 

The  exact  range  of  ME.  ynitte(n  is  difficult  to  determine 
(cf.  QUIT  a.) ;  the  usual  form  was  undoubtedly  qititt(n.  The 
pa.  t.  and  pa,  pple.  of  this  were  usually  quitte,  quit  (less 
commonly  gnited),  and  this  fact  may  have  assisted  in  the 
general  substitution  of  quit  for  quite  which  began  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  i6th  c.,  and  was  practically  complete  by 
1650.  During  the  first  half  of  the  i;th  c.  the  pa.  t.  and  pple. 
vary  between  quit  and  quitted ^  the  former  being  freq.  em 
ployed  even  by  writers  who  use  quit  in  the  inf.  and  pres. ;  in 
later  use  quitted  is  the  standard  form,  quit  being  now  dial, 
and  U.S.  colloquial.] 

I.  f  1.  trans.  To  set  free,  release,  deliver,  redeem 
(usually  a  person;  also  absol.}.  Const, from,  out 
ofj  and  occas.  with  out  adv.  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  6680  Dei  (?ai  sal  wit-vten  lite,  Wit-vten 
raunscun  for  to  quitte.  1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne 
9582  Quyte  be  weyl  oute  of  boryhegang.  c  1374  CHAUCER 
Troylus  iv.  177  (205)  Alias  !  they  quitte  him  out  to  rathe. 
c  1450  AHronr  Saluacioun  1352  Crist  borne  to  qwite  man 
out  of  infernale  disese.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  14313/2 
I!ut  for  al  that  was  not  he  quyte  fro  the  pryson  of  helle. 
a  1569  KINGICSMYLL  Alans  Esf.  xl.  (1580)  74  They  counselled 
the  people  to  quite  Karabbas.  1579  SPKSSER  Sheph.  Cal. 
Feb.  213  For  nought  mought  they  quitten  him  from  decay. 
1616  K.  C.  Times  Whistle  vi.  2537  A  litle  mony  from  the 
law  will  quite  thee.  1642  ROGERS  Naanian  557  Arise 
therefore,  quite  thy  cause,  deliver  thy  people.  1652  GATAKKR 
Antinotn.  4  My  intent,  .was.  .to  qit  one  passage  of  Scrip 
ture  from  their  abuse  thereof. 

f  b.  To  free,  clear,  rid  of.   Obs. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VI    317  He  delyvered  and 

?uitte  alle  be  cherches.  .of  alle  manerekynges  tribute.  1530 
'ALSGR.  677/1,  I  wyll  quyte  hym  for  a  grpte  of  all  the 
dettesheoweth.  1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  /'/,  m.  ii.  218, 1  should 
rob  the  Deaths-man  of  his  Fee,  Quitting  thee  thereby  of  ten 
thousand  shames,  1606  G.  W[oODCOCKE]  Lives  Emperors 
In  Hist.  Ivstine  I  i  5  He  quited  Ancona  and  Dalmatia  of  the 
Saracens.  1668  PEPYS  Diary  5  Mar.,  She  ..  made  me  re 
solve  to  quit  my  bands  of  this  office.  1715  ROWE  Lady 
Jane  Gray  iv.  i,  That  Mercy,  Which  quits  me  of  the  vast 
unequal  Task.  1798  Geraldina  II.  201  Two  thousand 
guineas  will  not  quit  Revel  of  the  expence. 
C.  refl.  To  rid  (oneself)  of. 

c  1340  Cursor  M.  11198  (Fairf.)  He  did  alle  mennys  namys 
wryte  That  of  this  yeld  shuld  none  hem  quyte.  1606  11. 
W[OODCOCKE]  Lives  Emperors  in  Hist.  Ivstine  I  i  5  He 
quitted  himselfe  of  further  trouble,  c  1665  MRS.  HUTCHIN- 
SON  Mem.  Col.  Hutchinson  10  He  quitted  himself  of  his 
employment  abroad.  ^1703  BURKITT  On  N,  /".,  Luke  iv. 
30  It  was  an  easy  thing  for  him  . .  to  quit  himself  of  any 
mortal  enemies.  1857  RUSKIN  Pol.  Econ.  Art  4  It  requires 
some  boldness  to  quit  ourselves  of  these  feelings. 

f2.  To  clear  (a  suspected  or  accused  person) 
from  a  charge ;  to  prove  (one)  innocent  oft  Chiefly. 
refl.  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  14857  If  it  war  sli  maner  wite  J?at  he 
bar-of  ne  moght  him  quite,  c  1320  Seuyn  Sag.  (W.)  2898 
If  he  haue  this  day  respite,  Tomorn  he  sal  himseluen  quite. 
1533  J.  HEYWOOD  Merry  Play  (1830)  18,  I  thought . .  That 
he  nad  lovyd  my  wyfe,  for  to  deseyve  me,  And  now  he 
quytyth  hymself.  1390  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  i.  20  He  . .  shall 
againe  be  tryde,  And  fairely  quit  him  of  th'  imputed  blame. 
1683  Apol.  Prat.  France  iii.  n  Do  not  conclude  before  you 
have  quitted  the  Subjects  from  that  suspicion.  1715  BENT- 
LEV  Serttt,  x.  350  Their  known  Poverty  and  perpetual  Aus 
terities  wholly  quit  them  of  that  suspicion. 

t  b.  To  absolve,  acquit  (of,  from).   Obs. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Hand!.  Synne  1337  J>ys  fals  men,  bat  beyn 
sysours,  pat  . .  wyl  . .  a  J>efe  for  syluer  quyte.  1451  Past  on 
Lett.  I.  208  We  understand  he  shall  not  be  quyte  but  before 
the  Justice.  1509  BARCLAY  ShypofFolys  (1570)  4  There  shall 
be  no  delayes  vntill  another  Sise,  But  either  quit,  or  to 
infernal!  Gayle.  1584  PEELE  Arraignm.  Paris  iv.  tv,  The 
man  must  quited  be  by  heav'ns  laws.  1609  BIBLE  (Douay) 
2  Mace.  iv.  47  Menelaus  certes  being  guiltie  of  al  the  evil 
was  quitted  of  the  crimes.  1677  ^y.  HUBBARD  Narrative 
(1865)  I.  96  Upon  Tryal  the  said  Prisoners  were  all  of  them 
quitted  from  the  Fact.  1755  Monitor  No.  n.  I.  84  It  will  be 
difficult  to  quit  the  advisers  of  such  a  misapplication,  from 
a  crime. 

absol.  1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasnt,  Par.  i  Cor.  4  Menne 
maye  peraduenture  vnrighteously  condemne  or  quyte.  1560 
ROLLAND  Crt.  I'enus  i.  927,  I  creat  }ow  to  condampne  or 
to  quite,  My  luge  deput. 


oneself, 


QUIT. 

3.  rejl.  To  do  one's  part,  behave,  bear 
(usually  in  a  specified  way).     Now  arch. 

^1386  CHAUCER  Frankl.  T.  Prol.  i  In  feith,  Squier,  thow 
hast  thee  wel  yquit.  1455  PastonLett.  I.  329  To  quyte  us 
lyke  men  iu  this  querell.  1480  CAXTON  f'hron.  Eng.  ccxliii. 
(1482)  291  Manly  and  knyghtly  he  quytte  hym  in  al  maner 
poyntes.  1589  Marfrel.  Epit.  Dijb,  lohn  of  London  .. 
could  haue  quited  himselfe  no  better  then  this,  1611  BIBLE 
i  Sam.  iv.  9  Quit  your  selues  like  men,  and  fight.  1642 
ROGERS  Naaman  188  Labour  to  quite  our  selves  well  in  our 
sufferings,  a  1716  SOUTH  Serm.  U744)  X.  302-3  This  is  the 
fourth  means  to  enable  us  to  quit  ourselves  in  the  great 
duty  of  peaceableness.  1868  BROWNING  Ring  4-  Bk.  v.  278, 
I  rode,  danced  and  gamed,  Quitted  me  like  a  courtier. 

f  b.  To  acquit  oneself  (well,  etc.)  of  a  task  or 
duty.   Obs. 

1413  Pilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton  1483)  v.  xi.  103  Of  these,  .seuen 
[signes]  ye  Jiaue  quyte  yow  well,  c  1450  Robin  Hood  #f 
Monk  Ixxvii.  in  Child  Rallads\\\.  100/2,  I  haue  done  he 
a  gode  turne  for  an  euyll,  Quyte  be  whan  bou  may.  1600 
HAKLUYT  Voy.  (1810)  III.  383  One  which  knewe  so  well  to 
quite  himselfe  of  his  charge,  that  all  rancour. .ceased. 
fc.  To  use  (the  hands) ;  to  play  (one's  pnrtX 

1596  HARINGTON  Metam.  Ajax  (1814)  35  That  I  were  as 
likely  to  quit  my  hands  in  the  fray  as  well  as  any  man, 
1603  SIIAKS.  Mta^for  .)/.  n.  iv.  28  The  gciierail  subiect  to 
a  wel-wisht  King  Quit  their  owne  part. 

f  4.  To  remit  (a  debt,  etc.).   Obs.  rare. 

c  1400  ROM.  Rose  6032  They  shall  quyte  your  oth  al  free. 
1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  \.  xviii.  22  The  lordes  dyd  quyt 
me  my  ransom  and  prison.  1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  iv.  i.  381 
To  quit  the  fine  for  one  halfe  of  his  goods,  I  am  content. 
1671  MILTON  Samson  509  Perhaps  God  will  relent, and  quit 
thee  all  his  debt.  1693  Drydafs  Juvenal  vii.  (1697)  178 
For  that  Revenge  I'll  quit  the  whole  Arrear. 

5.  To  give  up,  let  go,  renounce,  etc. ;  to  cease  to 
have,  use,  enjoy,  be  engaged  in  or  occupied  with. 
(Freq.  with  implication  of  sense  7.) 

c  1440  Generydes  3608  As  for  the  land  of  Perce  . .  My  lord 
and  fader  quyte  it  in  his  dayes.  1560  ROLLAND  Crt.  \  'cnus 
i.  900  The  copie  clene  I  quite  it  is  sa  skant.  1612  SELDEN 
To  Rdr.  in  Drayton's  Poly-oil'.,  The  Capricious  faction  will . . 
neuerquit  their  lleliefe  of  wrong,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies 
(1840)  II.  434  It  seems  that  the  Christian  Britons  at  the  font 
quitted  their  native  names  as  barbarous.  1671  True  Xan- 
conformist  2  That  Nonconformists  think  they  may  quite 
the  communion  of  the  church,  if  [etc.].  1729  BL'TLER.$V?W. 
Resentm.  Wks.  1874  II.  100  Resentment  has  taken  posses 
sion  of  the  temper,  ..and  will  not  quit  its  hold.  1788 
FRANKLIN  Autohiog,  Wks.  1840  I.  156  Choosing  rather  to 
quit  their  power  than  their  principle.  1828  DISRAELI 
Chas.  /,  II.  ii.  47  Richelieu,  once  resolved,  never  quitted 
his  object,  till  it  became  his  own.  1851  HELPS  Comp.Solit. 
xiii.  (1874)  236  There  are  very  few  men  who  know  how  to 
quit  any  great  office. 

b.  To  give  up,  yield,  hand  over  to  another. 
Now  rare  or  Obs. 

a.  1450  Knt,  de  la  Tour  (1868)  101,  I  have  leuer  to  quytte 
yow  and  gyue  yow  my  parte.  1559  KENNEDY  Lett,  to 
Wiliock  in  Wodrow  Misc.  (1844)  273,  I  quyte  }ou  the  haill 
cause  without  farther  disputatioun.  1627  HAKEWILL  Apol. 
(1630)106  As  God  had  quitted  unto  them,  all  dominion  over 
his  creatures.  1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  in.  §  138  He 
might  wisely  quit  his  Mastership  of  the  Wards  to  the  Lord 
Say.  1769  ROBERTSON  Chas.  1',  xn.  Wks.  1826  III.  371 
Every  argument  which  . .  could  induce  him  to  quit  the 
Imperial  throne  to  Philip.  1824  J.  JOHNSON  Typog^r.  I.  551 
His  father  seems  to  have  quitted  the  trade  to  him  in  1576. 
C.  To  let  go  (something  held  or  grasped). 

1633  G.  HERBERT  Temple  122  Love  unknown  ii  The 
servant  instantly  Quitting  the  fruit,  seiz'd  on  my  heart 
alone.  1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  102  F  7  This  teaches  a 
Lady  to  quit  her  Fan  gracefully  when  she  throws  it  aside. 
1808  J.  BARLOW  Columb.  vm.  82  The  weak  moment  when 
she  quits  her  shield.  1841  ELPHINSTONE  Hist,  Ind.  II.  145 
A  horseman  . .  sprung  from  his  horse,  and,  without  quitting 
the  bridle,  rushed  into  the  tent. 

6.  To  cease,  stop,  discontinue  (doing  something). 
Now  U.S. 

1754  in  Picton  L'pool  Mimic.  Rec.  (1886)  IT.  166  Persons 
who  rent  seats  ..  after  they  quitt  sitting  in  them  [etc.]. 
1837  NV.  IRVING  Caff.  Bonneville  II.  165  They  followed  on 
his  trail,  nor  quit  hovering  about  him  ..  until  [etc.].  i88a 
A.  E.  SWEET  Sk.  Texas  S  if  tings  62  The  dog-catchers  have 
quit  going  their  rounds. 

b.  absol.     Also  U.S.  with  off. 

a  1641  SUCKLING  Why  so  pale  and  wan  n  Quit  !  quit  for 
shame  !  this  will  not  move.  1752  H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  11833) 
III.  25  It  is  I,  that  will  not  act  with  such  fellows  ..  if  they 
are  kept,  I  will  quit ;  and  if  the  Bishop  is  dismissed,  I  will 
quit  too.  1868  Morning Star  10  Mar.,  The  good  old  maxim 
for  speech-makers, '  Quit  when  you've  done  .  1894  Chicago 
Advance  i  Mar.,  I  don't  see  how  you  ever  made  up  your 
mind  to  quit  off  [from  study], 

7.  To  leave,  go  away  or  depart  from  (a  place  or 
person) ;  to  part  or  separate  from  (a  thing). 

1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  ii,  ii.  (1897)  **'•  29  *-*ur  m'nt^e 
cannot  out  of  her  place  attaine  so  high.  She  must  quit  it 
and  raise  her  selfe  aloft.  1623  MASSINGER  Dk.  Milan  iv.  ii, 
We  know  our  duty,  And  quit  the  room.  1653  H.  COGAN  tr. 
P info's  Trav.  vii.  19  Having  quit  the  river  he  marched 
somewhat  faster  than  ordinary.  1732  POPE  Ess.  Man  11.  274 
Hope  travels  thro',  nor  quits  us  when  we  die.  1787  WINTER 
Syst.  Husb.  306  When  the  earth  is  sufficiently  dry,  so  as  to 
quit  the  hoe.  1805  SCOTT  Last  Minstr.  \.  iv.  They  quitted 
not  their  harness  bright,  Neither  by  day,  nor  yet  by  night. 
1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Briery  Creek  v.  100  It  is  a  serious 
matter  to  quit  country  and  family  and  friends.  1874  GREI-:N 
Short  Hist,  v,  242  The  labourer  was  forbidden  to  quit  the 
parish  where  he  lived. 

b.  absol*  To  leave  the  premises  which  one  occu 
pies  as  a  tenant. 

1768  [see  QUITTING  vbl.  sb.}.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2) 
IV.  74  A  lease.. determinate  ..on  giving  reasonable  notice 
to  quit.  1831  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  ii.  To  the  Shade  <]f  Ellis  ton  > 


72 

Thou  ..  had  notice  to  quit,  I  fear,  before  thou  wert  quite 
ready  to  abandon  this  fleshly  tenement. 

C.  absol.  To  go  away.  dial,  and  £/..S". 
1839  MARRVAT  Diary  Auier.  Ser.  I.  II.  231  Clear  out,  quit, 
and  put— all  mean  '  be  off'.  1850  LYEM.  Btt*  KWI/  U.  •*>.  II. 
gg  No  sooner  was  I  engaged  . .  than  all  the  other  workmen 
quitted.  1883  STEVENSON  Silverado  Sq.  146  He  rose  at 
once,  and  said,  .he  reckoned  he  would  quit. 

8.  intr.    Toquitivith,  to  part  with  or  from.  rare. 
1635  SHIRLFY  Traitor  i.  i,  If  You  can  find  dispensation  to 

quit  with  Amidea,  . .  be  confident  Oriana  maybe  won.  1816 
SCOTT  Old  Mort.  viii,  Ye  hae  preached  twenty  punds  out  o 
the  Laird's  pocket  that  he  likes  as  ill  to  quit  wj'. 

9.  trans.  To  remove ;  to  put,  take,  or  send  away 
(also  with  dat.  of  person) ;  to  dismiss.     Now  rare. 

>S7S  TURBERV.  Faidconrie 364  This  medicine,  .cureth  and 
quitteth  the  mangie.  1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warres  116 
Having  quited  and  deprmed  them  the  preheminence  to 
elect  Captaines.  1625  MASSINGER  New  Way  n.  iii,  I'll 
quit  you  From  my  employments.  1649  EVELYN  Mem.  (1857) 
III.  45  The  small  intelligence  come  to  us  ..  would  have 
emitted  you  this  trouble.  1755  J.  SHEBBEARE  Lydia  (1769) 
I.  361  Miss  Arabella  . .  took  it  out  again,  without  quitting 
her  hand  from  it.  1847  Infantry  Man.  (1854)  38  Quit  the 
left  hand  smartly  to  the  left  side. 

II.  10.  To  repay,  reward,  requite  ^a  person  with 
some  return  for  something  done).   Obs.  exc.  north, 
dial,  (in  phr.  God  etc.  quite,  white,  twite}. 

13  ..  H.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  A.  595  pou  quyte?  vchon  as  hys 
desserte.  c  1384  CHAUCER  H.  Fame  in.  524  We  han  well 
deserued  hyt,  Therfore  is  ryght  that  we  ben  quyt.  c  1440 
Generydes  6975  Thus  quyte  he  them  that  were  to  hym  so 
kynd.  c  1530  Ln.  BERXERS  Arth.  Lyt.  Bryt.  (1814)  178 
.Syth  he  had  done  me  one  displeasure,  I  shall  quite  him 
agayne  with  two.  1576  WOOLTON  Chr.  Manual  G\,  Let 
vs  not  with  like  thanks  quite  almightye  God  for  his  greate 
benefyts  bestowed  vppon  vs.  1599  MASSINGKR,  eic.Old Law 
ii.  ii,  When  I  visit,  1  come  comfortably,  And  look  to  be  so 
quited.  1664  BUTLER  Hud.  n.  i.  448,  I  understand.. how  to 
quit  you  your  own  way.  1691  RAY  N.  C.  Words  ^  White* 
to  requite;  as,  'God  white  you'.  1790  MRS.  WHEELER 
Westmld.  Dial.  (1839)  16  Odd  white.. lustice  an  king  teea, 
fur  meaakin  sic  laas. 

•fll.  To  make  a  return  to  (a  person)  for  (some 
thing  done,  a  benefit  or  injury  received,  etc.).  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  4422  111  es  be  quit  bi  god  seruis  !  c  1320 
Sir  Tristr.  2258  $e  quite  himiuel  hisswink.  c  1386  CHAUCER 
Manciple's  T.  189  O  false  theef !  . .  I  wol  thee  quite  anon 
thy  false  tale  !  c  1440  Partonope  1554  His  kyndenes  so  he 
wole  hym  quyte.  1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1570)  171 
God  shall  thee  heare,  and  quite  thee  thy  trauayle.  1548  W. 
PATTEN  Exped.  Scot.  Pref.  aij,  Since  we  soo  quyt  theym 
their  kyndnes,  and  departed  so  litle  in  their  det. 

b.  With  omission  of  personal  object:  To  repay, 
make  a  return  for  (something  done  to  or  for  one). 

c  1350  Will.  Palerne  325  Alle  \>\  frendes  fordedes  faire 
schalstow  quite.  61420  Chron.  Vilod.  1187  His  trauelle 
shalle  be  rygt  welle  y-quytte.  c  1470  Col.  $  Gaw.  noi  As 
I  am  cristynit  perfite,  I  sail  thi  kyndnes  quyte.  11533  Ln. 
BERNERS  Hnon  liv.  183,  I  shall  quyte  your  mockes.  c  1586 
C'TESS  PEMBROKE  1's.  cxxxvn.  iv,  Thou,  O  Lord,  will  not 
forgett  To  quit  the  paines  of  Edoms  race.  1607  TOURNEUR 
Rev,  Trag.  v.  iii,  The  rape  of  your  good  Lady  has  been 
quited.  a  1632  T.  TAYLOR  God's  Judgem.  i.  i.  ix.  (1642;  190 
On  this  manner  was  the  Duke  of  Orleance  death  quitted. 
1850  BLACKIE  JEschylns  I.  137  Like  quit  with  like,  and 
harm  with  harm  repay.  1879  SIR  E.  ARNOLD  Lt.  Asia  v. 
xxvii.  If  I  attain  I  will  return  and  quit  thy  love. 

t  C.  To  be  a  return  or  equivalent  for,  to  balance ; 
esp.  in  phr.  to  quit  (the]  cost.  Obs. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  \.  185  A  litel  tiled  wel  wul  quyte 
expence.  c  1440  Generydts  5700  On  good  turne  another 
quytith.  1523  FITZHEHU.  Huso.  §  14  The  roughe  otes  be  the 
worste,  and  it  quiteth  not  the  coste  to  sowe  them.  1608-11 
BP.  HALL  Epist.  i.  viii.  Wks.  (1627)  288  Nothing  can  quite 
the  cost  and  labour  of  trauell  but  the  gaine  of  wisdome.  1646 
J.  GREGORY  Notes  <fy  Obs.  (1650)  63  The  strangeness  hath  been 
quitted  by  an  Experience  of  later  daies.  1659  BROME  Eng. 
Moor  i.  i,  Wks.  1873  II.  4  It  is  not  grief  can  quit  a  father's 
blood.  1787  JEFFERSON  Writ,(i%$9)  II.  106  Nor  would  that 
country  quit  the  cost  of  being  retained  against  the  will  of 
the  inhabitants. 

III.  12.  To  pay,  pay  up,  clear  off  (a  debt,  etc.). 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  28428, 1  wit-halden  ha  my  tende,  and  has 

it  quitte  til  ober  men.  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  3920  He 
may  J?an  In  purgatory  qwyte  alle  be  dett.  c  1386  CHAUCER 
Wife  of  Bath's  T.  152  Koude  ye  me  wisse,  I  wolde  wel 
quite  youre  hire,  a  1450  MYRC  1978  5ef  hys  godes  to  luyte 
be  For  to  quyte  bat  oweth  he.  1590  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  i. 
i.  23  A  thousand  markes.  .To  quit  the  penalty,  and  to  ran- 
some  him.  1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinarch.,  Rich.  //,  clvii, 
Hee  meant  To  quit  all  scores,  after  the  Parliament.  1677 
YARRANTOS  Eng.  Impr.  no  I'le  pay  the  reckoning, and  quit 
this  honest  Countrey-mans  Charge,  a  1800  Cow  PER  Ep.  to 
R.  Lloyd  22  That  I  may  fairly  quit  The  debt  which  justly 
became  due.  1854  in  Whately  Cautions  for  Times  131 
The  souls  in  Purgatory.. only  quit  the  score  of  punishment 
which  they  have  not  yet  paid  in  this  life. 

absol.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xvn.  32  Operis  satisfactio 
that,  .for  alle  synnes  soueraynliche  quiteth. 

fb.  With  dat.  of  person,  esp.  in  phr,  to  quite 
one  his  meed,  hire,  etc.  Obs. 

13..  Coer  de  L.  14-20,  I  schal  quy ten  hym  hys  mede.  11352 
MiNOT-Avws  vii.  66  Inglis  men. .quit  J?am  baire  hire.  <  1400 
Gamelyn  512  Ther  was  non  of  hem  alle..  That  he  ne..  quitte 
him  his  dette.  1550  CROW  LEY  Last  Trumpet  446  Let  me 
take  vengeance,  saith  the  Lord,  And  I  wyll  quyte  them  all 
theyr  hyre.  1567  Sati>:  Poems  Reform,  xiv.  99  All  Faith- 
full  hartis  quyte  thair  meid. 

t!3.  To  pay,  or  give,  back  ;  to  give  in  return. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  27867  (Fairf.)  Hegas  to  paine,  til  wrange 
tane  bing  be  quite  agame.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  1 1880)  173 
Des  worldly  prestis  . .  quiten  not  a$en  but  stynkynge  prelere 
bifore  god.  Ibid.  215  For  o  schrewed  word  a  man  mot 
ijuyte  anober  or  moo.  14..  Good  Counsel  in  Kings  Qitair 

S.  T.  S.)  51  For  ilk  ypch  he  wyll  the  quyte  a  spane. 


qu 

iS. 


QUITCLAIM. 

t  b.  absol.  To  make  return  or  repayment.   06s. 
a  1340  HA.MPOLK  J'sattfrxxxvi.  22  pe  synful  sail  borow  and 
lie  sail  noght  quyte.    c  1460  Ttnvnelcy  Myst.  xiii.  294  Eft 
whyte  when  I  may  Bot  this  will  1  borow. 
t 14.  To  pay  for  (a  thing).   06s.  rare. 
c  1250  Sotli  Sertnun  77  in  O.  K.  Misc.  190  Robin  vvule  Gilot 
leden  to  fc>en  ale  . .  He  mai  quiten  hire  ale.     a  1300  Cursor 
HI.  6685  pe  smiter  sal  quite  his  lechyng.     c  1330  R.  BRUNNE 
Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  11852  Alle  oure  sca^s  schul  |>ey  quyte. 
Quit,  variant  of  COOT  sb.-  ;  obs.  form  of  WHITE. 
Quital :  see  QUITTAL. 

II  Qui  tam  (kwsi  tscm).  Law.  [L.,  the  first 
words  of  the  clause  qiti  tam  pro  domino  rege  quant 
\  pro  se  if  so  sequitur  '  who  as  well  for  the  lord  the 
king  as  for  himself  sues '.]  An  action  brought  on 
a  penal  statute  by  an  informer,  who  sues  for  the 
penalty  both  on  his  own  behalf  and  on  that  of  the 
crown,  to.  transf.  An  informer. 

1755  CHESTERF.  in  //'c>Y</No.  105  An  action  popular,  or 

1    of  qui  tam,  would  certainly  lie.     1783  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg. 

213/2  An  action  was  tried  brought  byqui  tam  on  the  statute 

I    of  usury.     1816  'Qtlz'  Grand  Master  ill.  63  While  the 

j    qui  tarns  abuse  each  other,  From  hangman  Murtagh  to . 

attrib.  1803  Alt-it.  Jrtil.  X.  170  Whatever  certainty  is 
required  in  an  indictment,  the  same  is  necessary  in  a  qui  tam 
information.  1812  Sporting  Mag.  XXXIX.  23  Amongst 
..these  are  some  qui  tam  gentry.  1853  1-  ^  WHARTON 
Pennsylv.  Digest  (ed.  6)  11.  17  Qui  tam  informations  are 
in  the  nature  of  civil  suits. 

Quitance :  see  QUITTANCE. 

Quitasol(e :  see  KITTISOL. 

Quitch  (kwitj),  sbl  Forms  :  i  quiee,  cwice, 
etc.,  6  quyche,  7-8  quich,  7  cuieh,  quoioh,  6- 
quitoh.  See  also  QUICK  s6.~,  COUCH  sl>.2,  and 
!  TWITCH.  [OE.  cwice  =  MLG.  Inveke  (hence  G. 
quecke),  Du.  kweek ;  usually  supposed  to  be  related 
to  runic,  QUICK  a.,  in  reference  to  its  vitality.] 

I.  A  species  of  grass.   =  COUCH  s6.2 

a  700  I'-pinal  Gloss.  464  Gramen,  quiquae  [Erfurt  quicae, 
Corpus  quice].  t  1000  Sax.  Leeclid.  I.  182  genym  bysse 
wyrte  leaf  be  man  gramen  &  oSrum  naman  cwice  nemneS. 
1523  FITZHERU.  H itsb.  §  14  All  these  maner  of  otes  weare 
tiie  ground  very  sore,  and  maketh  it  to  beare  quyche.  1658 
SIR  T.  BROWNE  llyttriot.  22  Some  long  roots  of  Quich,  or 
Dogs-grass  wreathed  about  the  bones.  1727  BRADLEY  Fam. 
Diet.  s.v.  Corn  land,  A  good  fallowing,  .will  kill  the  Quitch 
Sorrel, moss  and  other  trumpery.  1816  F,  VANDKRSTRAETKN 
Improved  Agric.  p.  xv,  Destroying  weeds,  and  particularly 
quitch  or  dog -grass.  1884  BRITTKN  &  HOLLAND  Plani-n.  394. 

fig.  1859  TENNYSON  Enidijsi  The  vicious  quitch  Of  blood 
and  custom. 

b.  Also  quitch-grass  in  same  sense. 

1587  MASCALL  Govt,  Cattle,  Oxen  (1627)  73  lit]  groweth  in 
some  Gardens  like  to  a  quitch  grasse.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny 
II.  206  The  Quich-grasse.  -or  Dogs-grasse,  is  the  commonest 
herbe  that  groweth.  i^ia  J.  JAMKS  tr.  Le  Blond's  Garden 
ing  66  You  avoid  Quich-grass,  and  other  Weeds.  1840 
BROWNING  Sordfllo  iv.  23  The  thoroughfares  were  overrun 
with  weed— Docks,  quitchgrass. 

t  2.  Quitch-hay  (see  quot.).   Obs.  rare-1, 

1523  KITZHERB.  Hush.  §  25  Quyche  hey  commeth  of  a 
grasse  called  crofote, .  .and  it  is  the  beste  hey  for  horses  and 
beastes,  and  the  sweteste. 

t  Quitch,  sb.2,  obs.  variant  of  TWITCH  si. 

1600  SURFLET  Conntrie  Farme  I.  xxii.  271  Two  straight 
rules  of  wood  as  it  were,  .quitches  or  pincers. 

t  Quitch,  s6.3,  obs.  variant  of  COACH. 

a  1693  AUBREY  Lives,  IV.  Anirey  (1898)  I.  60  He  kept  his 
coach,  which  was  rare  in  those  dayes.  The  Judge  told  me 
they  then  (vulgarly)  called  it  a  Quitch. 

Quitch,  variant  of  QUETCH  v. 

t  Quitehineel,  obs.  form  of  COCHINEAL. 

1622  FLETCHER  Beggars  Bush  \.  iii,  Indico,  Quitehineel 
choise  Chyna  stuffs. 

Quitclaim  (.kwi-tkl/'m),  sb.  Also  5  -clayme, 
7  -claims,  [a.  AF.  quiteclame  (Godef.),  sb.  f. 
quiteclamer :  see  next.]  •)•  a.  A  formal  discharge  or 
release.  Obs.  b.  A  formal  renunciation  or  giving 
up  of  a  claim. 

1450  Rolls  Parlt.  V.  199/1  Letters  Patentes  of  relesse. 
quit-clayme  and  discharge.  i473/W</.VI.95/2Any.  .Relesse, 
Discharge  or  Quyte  clayme.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit. 
IX.  vii.  §  19.  517  [He]  gaue  vnto  him  for  the  quit-claime  of 
his  sisters  loynclure,  twenty  thousand  ounces  of  gold.  1658 
PHILLIPS,  Quite  claim,  in  Common  Law,  is  an  acquitting  of 
a  man  for  any  action  that  he  hath  against  him.  1865  NICHOLS 
Britton  II.  151  The  person  to  whom  the  quitclaim  was 
•  made  was  not  . .  in  seisin  of  the  tenement.  1891  B.  HARTE 
First  Fam.  Tasajura  i,  There's  the  papers- the  quit- 
claim— all  drawn  up  and  Signed. 

attrib.  1893  GUNTER  Miss  Dividends  182  A  quit  claim 
deed. .of  the  Mineral  Hill  locations. 

Quitclaim  (kwrtkte'm) ,».  Forms:  see  QUIT 
a.  and  CLAIM  v.  Also  5  quik-,  quieke-.  [a.  AF. 
and  OF.  quiteclamer,  -claimer,  f.  quite  QUIT,  clear, 
free,  etc.  +  darner  to  proclaim,  declare  (see  CLAIM 
v.  6).  In  later  use  associated  with  QUIT  v.  and 
CLAIM  sb.  (see  2  b).] 

I 1.  To  declare  (a  person)  free ;  to  release,  acquit, 
discharge,  etc.  Obs. 

c  1314  Guy  Warm.  (A.)  6654  pai  ben  out  of  prisoun  y-gon 
Ober  quite-cleymed  ichon.  c  1450  Merlin  19  Quod  Merlyn, 
'  Thow  haste  quyte  claymed  \frinled  clayned]  my  moder. . . 
Quod  the  luge,  '  It  is  soth'.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Anns 
(S.  T.  S.)  167  He  suld  be  content  thai  quite  clamand  him  in 
tyme  tocum.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  vl.  ii.  14  Neither  will  I 
Him  charge  with  guilt,  but  rather  doe  quite  clame.  1609 
SKENE  Keg.  Ma}.  23  b,  Everie  frie  man,  haueand  natme 
bond-men,  may  quiteclame  and  make  them  frie. 


QUITCLAIMANCE. 

2.  To  renounce,  resign,  give  up  (a  possession, 
claim,  light,  pursuit,  etc.). 


bit 

q 


13. .  Caw.  $  Gr.  Knt.  293, 1  quit  claymc  hit  for  euer,  kepe 

lit  as  his  auen.  c  1400  Sege  Jerus.  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  28/504  pat 
querel  y  quik  cleyme.  1480  Bnry  Wills  (Camden)  66  To 
reles  and  quyteclayme  all  their  right,  title,  and  interest  in  Ihe 
seid  maner.  1508  DUNBAR  l-'lyting  62  Quytclame  clergie, 
and  cleik  to  the  ane  club.  1560  HOLLAND  Crt.  I'enus  n.  74: 
For  ay  mirth  clenlie  I  quitclame.  1639  DRU.M.M.  OF  HAWTH. 
Mem.  State  Wks.  (1711)  130  Whether  a  subject  may  ..  give 
over  and  quit-claim  all  right  and  title  [etc.].  1760  T 
HUTCHINSON  Hist.  Mass.  (1765)  I.  89  Having  sold  or  quit, 
claimed,  .a  tract  for  a  plantation.  1809  BAWDWEN  Domes 
day  Bit.  2  The  land  ..  which  Hugo  the  Sheriff  quitclaimed 
to  Walcherus.  1885  W.  Ross  Aicriiour  $  Inckcolme  ii.  19 
He  quitclaims  the  land  of  Leyis  to  the  Monastery. 
b.  With  quit  taken  as  verb.  Const,  lo. 

a .1706  HOWE  in  Spurgeon  Treas.  Dan.  Ps.  xii.  4  We  must 
quit  claim  to  ourselves  and  look  on  God  as  our  owner.  1809 
R.  LANGFOKD  Introd.  Trade  108,  I,  A.  B.  . .  having  remksed 
released,  and  for  ever  quit  claim  to  CD...  of  all  . .  debts 
1886  Fox  Boram  Eng.  Merchants  I.  66  Having,  .remitted 
and  quitted  claim  to  the  king  for  all.  .debts. 

Hence  Qui  telaiming  vbl.  sb. 

1472-3  Rolls  Parlt.  VI.  45/1  For  that  knowelache,  re- 
mls>'ng,  quiteclaymyng  . .  the  seid  William  . .  graunted  the 
seid  maners. 

t  Quitclaimance.  Oh.  rare-'1.  In  4  quits- 
clamauee.  [a.  AF.  qiiilcclamance,-anme  (Britton, 
etc.).]  =  QUITCLAIM  sb. 

ci$}f>  R.  BRUNNE  C/«w;.(i8io)  186  Of  bat  Philip. .Mad  R 
a  quite  clamance  [w  in  Langtoft}  fro  him  &  alle  hise. 

Quite  (kwait),  adv.  Forms:  4-6  quit,  quyte, 
5  Sc.  quhyt,  5-6  quyt,  6  quyght,  6-7  quight, 
4-  quite,  [f.  quite  QUIT  0.] 

I.  Completely,  wholly,  altogether,  entirely ;  to 
the  fullest  extent  or  degree. 

1.  With  verbs,  esp.  in  the  pa.  pple.,  denoting  the 
thorough  completion  of  the  action,  f  Formerly 
also  in  phr.  quite  and  clean  :  see  CLEAN  adv.  6. 

c.1330 ;  R: L  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  45  Lyndessie  he  destroied 
quite  alle  bidene.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  iv.  (James)  288  In 
(>e  entent  pat  hai  suld  have  bene  quyt  schent.  a  1529 
SKELTON  Phyllyp  Sfarmt  706  Comfort  had  he  none  Fur 
she  was  quyte  gone.  1360  DAUS  tr.  SM Jane's  Comm. 
273  b,  All  that  was  there  begonne,  was  quite  dasshed.  1590 
SPENSER  F.  Q.  m.  v.  41  His  foule  sore  ..  she  reduced,  but 
hlmselfe  destroyed  quijht.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks 
(162.1)  204  For  now  was  the  Grecke  Emperour.  .quite  driuen 
™t  of  the  lesser  Asia.  1630  PRYNNE  Anti-Armin.  133 
lhat  I  may  quite  vnuaile  the  hidden  mysteries  of  this 
yniuersal  grace.  1700  S.  L.  tr.  Fryke's  Yoy.  E.  /«,/.  57 
We  found  our  selves  forced  to  Intrench,  lest  they  should 
have  routed  us  quite.  1783  REID  Wks.  (r863)  I.  67/2  My 
distemper  is  almost  quite  gone.  1859  M.  ARNOLD  Southern 
Night  in  Poems  (1869)  I.  218  Thy  memory,  thy  pain,  to 
night  ..  Possess  me  quite.  1880  JEFFERIES  Ct.  Estate  50 
Haws,  .which  often  quite  cover  the  hawthorn  bushes. 

2.  With  prepositional  or  adverbial  phrases. 

c  '375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxxiv.  (I'elagia)  124  It  ..  flaw  vpe 
quyt  in  (>e  ayre.  £1440  Cenerydes  3048  It  ranne  down 
quyte  thorough  the  harnes.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x. 
Ixxix,  He  smote  hym  doune  quyte  from  his  hors  1545 
BRINKLOW  Compl.  28 b,  He  bracke  it  quyte  in  pecys.  155! 
ROBINSON  tr.  Mare's  Utof.  i.  (1895)  112  That  is.,  quyte 
out  of  remembraunce.  a  1600  HOOKER  Serin.  Sorrtnu  f. 
Fear  Wks.  1888  III.  649  The  sword  that  pierceth  their 
souls  quite  through.  1638  R.  BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett. 
(vol.  II)  43,1  have  done  it  against  the  streame  of  my  resolu 
tion  quite.  <ri7io  CELIA  FIENNES  Diary  (1888)  91  Severall 
mtches  for  statues  quite  round  it.  1766  GOLDSM.  Vic  W 
xyili,  Dryden's  and  Rowe's  manner,  .are  quite  out  of  fashion. 
lonl.  xxi,  1  had  thrown  all  their  power  quite  away  1816 
J.  Vinsn-xCityo/Plagutii.  ii.  3  HWe  have  I  sat.. Quite  by 
myself.  1870  E.  PEACOCK  Ralf  Skirl.  1. 153  The  mom  was 
not  quite  without  ornament. 

3.  With  adjs.,  and  advbs.  or  sbs.  derived  from 
these,  denoting  that  they  are  to  be  understood  in 
their  fullest  or  most  absolute  sense. 

"37S \Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xl.  (Ninian)  1336  Blynd  I  nine 
quhyt  k  fre.  1597  Bp.  HALL  Sat.  i.  iii.  17  Threats,  That 
his  poore  hearers  hayre  quite  vpright  sets.  1604  Dp 
ANDREWES  Wks.  II.  142  Able  to  quicken  our  consideration] 
if  it  be  not  quite  dead.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  317  One 
regardless  quite  Of  mortal  things.  1751  FRANKLIN  Lc:t. 
Wks.  1840  V.  263  By  quite  dry  air,  I  mean  the  dryest  we 
have.  1765  A.  DICKSON  Treat.  Agric.  (ed.  2)  196  The 
mold-board  in  the  common  ploughs  is  . .  almost  quite 
straight.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  \.  xxlv.  i-o,  I  spent  that  day 
quite  alone  upon  the  Mer  de  Glace.  1879  R.  K.  DOUGI  AS 
Confucianism  iv.  95  A  man  should  be  quite  certain  what  he 
knows  and  what  he  does  not  know. 

b.  Preceded  by  def.  or  indef.  article,  chiefly  with 
ndjs.  expressing  difference.  ^A  quite  other  —  quite 
another;  -^ the  quite  contrary  (freq.  in  I7th  c.) 
=  quite  the  contrary  (see  next). 

1594  CARFAV  Huarte's  Exatn.  Wits  116  In  the  Spaniards, 
we  discerne  the  quite  contrarie.  1618  BOLTON  Flams  M.  vi. 
108  Livius  marcht  . .  into  the  quite  opposit  quarter.  1661 
CKESSY  Reft.  Oathes  Sufrem.  4  Alleg.  51-2  It  speaks  a 
quite  other  language.  1663  BoYLE0avzJ.  Rejl.  iv.  xi!i.(i848) 
249  Upon  a  quite  contrary  account  than  they  intended. 
1712  STEELF.  Sped.  No.  493  F  i  In  proportion  to  his  deserving 
the  quite  contrary,  a  1774'GoLDs.M.  Hist.  Greece  I.  25t  Into 
things  of  a  quite  opposite  nature.  1875  RUSKIN  Fors  Cla-.: 
v._lx.  348  When  the  luxuries  are  produced,  it  becomes  a 
quite  separate  question  who  is  to  have  them. 

C.  Preceding  the  article,  chiefly  as  in  prec.,  and 
esp.  in  phr.  quite  another  (thing,  question,  etc.) ; 
occas.  with  intervening  prep.  (cf.  2). 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  125  For  the  Impression  of  the  Sound, 

it  is  quite  another  Thing.     t6s7  W.  RAND  tr.  GasseMis 

V   r"V'  °62  TreeS|  qulte   of  another   kirul-     I6*4 


73 

Pttns£>iary  III.  51  The  comet  ..  is  gone  quite  to  a  new 
place  in  the  heavens.  1679  PF.NN  Aiidr.  1'rot.  II.  146  That's 
quite  another  thing  than  being  certain.  1716  DAVIES 
Athcn.  hnt.  II.  401  Which  was  quite  the  reverse  in  those 
two..  Prelates.  1751  R.  PALTOCK  /'.  Wilkins  (1883)  II.  194 
on  ret  was  1uite  of  a  different  colour  from  the  leaf. 

1810  BENTHAM  Ofjic.  Apt.  Maximized,  Def.  Econ.  (1830)  52 
Any  such  accidental  display  is  quite  another  business     1845 
M.  PATTISON  Ess.  1.1889)  I-  '6  For  quite  another  reason.     ' 
II.  Actually,  really,  truly,  positively  (impl)  ing 
that  the  case  or  circumstances  are  such  as  fully 
justify  the  use  of  the  word  or  phrase  thus  qualified). 
4.  With  adjs.  or  pa.  pples.,  and  derived  advbs. 
1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela(rtii)  III.  311  They  tell  me  she's 
..  quite  _smart  and  handsome.     1749  FIELDING  Tom  for.es 
[    xill.  v,   The  widow,  quite  charmed   with  her  new  lodger, 
invited  him  ..  to  breakfast.     1805  EMILY  CLARK  Banks  of 
JJonro  I.  248  She  felt,  .so  perturbed.. that  she  was  quite  ill 
and  restless.     1834  BBCKFORD  Italy  I.  326  The  gallery  im 
mediately  before   its  entrance  appeared  quite  gay.     1848 
HI.RSCHEL  Ess.  (1857)  342  A  ship  sailing  northwards  passes 
I    quite  suddenly  from   cold   into  hot  water.     1871   RUSKIN 
I    tors  Clav.  iii.  17  Von  would  observe  ..  the  quite  An"lic.vi 
|    character  of  Richard. 

b.  Preceding  the  indef.  article. 
1756  TOLDERVY  Hist.  2  Orphans   III.  49  It  is  quite  a 
pleasing,  rural, . .  plentiful  retirement.    1799  SOUTHEY  Lett. 
V>  1.  84  Quite  a  comfortable  dwelling.     1843  MiLLZ<jf* 
(1865)  I.  403  Up  to   quite  a  recent  period.     1860  KKBLE 
Lett.  (1870)  184  They  are  quite  a  large  party  in  Kdinburgh. 
1884  .\lanch.  /..raw.  3  .May  6/1  At  quite  an  early  hour. 
C.  Coupled  with  too. 

1763  C.  JOHNSTON  Rercrie  I.  137  Your  offer  is  quite  too 
»°iw'r  I?82  Mlss  Bl'RNEY  Cecilia  vn.  i.  (1893)  269  Going  lo 
Mr.  Harrell  again  would  have  been  quite  too  dismal  1843 
J.  MARTINEAU  Chr.  Life  (1867)  14  Presenting  the  Creator 
to  us  in  a  relation  quite  too  mean.  1882  H.  C.  MEUIVALE 
Faiicit  of  n.  III.  ii.  xii.  47,  I  quite  too  awfully  near  put  mv 
foot  in  it  ! 

d.   With  superlatives. 

1883  Harper's  Mag.  Nov.  882/1  The  auditorium  is  quite 
the  largest  in  the  world. 

5.  With  substantives  preceded  by  a,  or  in//. 
1-1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Fs.  i.xix.  iv,  To  my  kynn  a 
stranger  quite,  Quite  an  alien  am  I  giown.  1737  Pol  E  //,>;-. 
Sat.  n.  VI,,  146  Something  ..  quite  a  scandal  not  to  leain. 
—  Ep.  i.  i.  50  Far  from  a  Lynx,  and  not  a  Giant  quite. 
1762  LLOYD  1'oct.  ll'ts.  (1774)  I.  183  It's  quite  a  journey  to 
come  here.  1806-7  J-  BEKLSFORU  Miseries  Hnm.  Life  I. 
291  lhat  must  have  been  quite  a  scene.  1840  THACKERAY 
Cat/urine  i.  There's  many  a  girl  in  the  village  that  at  my 
age  is  quite  chits.  1896  T.  F.  TOUT  Kdw.  I,  iv.  79  A 
daughter.,  who  died  when  quite  a  child. 

b.  \\ith  sbs.  preceded  by  the  (also  with  adj.). 
1762  GOI.USM.  Cit.  W.  Ixxvii,  It  [silk]  is  at  once  rich 
tasty, and  quite  the  thing.  1799  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  277 
Pipes  aie  quite  the  rage.  1803  in  Sfirit  Pub.  Jrnls  VII 
20  Quite  the  tippy  for  the  boxes.  1865  Sat.  Rev.  July  14 
Ihe  Chancellor  is  not  quite  the  right  man  for  his  ..  place. 
1888  /  oar  Nellie  1 14  It  was  quite  the  thing  to  be  in  love. 

6.  With  verbs  (=  'to  go  as  far  as',  'to  do  as 
much  as '). 

1770  ELIZ.  CARTER  Lett.,  to  Mrs.  Montagu  II.  67,  I  quite 
longed  for  you  to  share  my  admiration  of  it.  1819  .Metro 
polis  I.  213  Lady  Mildew  . .  quite  haunts  us.  IHd.  249 
A  certain  upstart  commoner,  .quite  made  love  to  me.  1848 
a-'  ^EWMAN'  Loss  4  Gain  192  A  great  personage  ..  quite 
scoffed  at  their  persisting  to  hold  it.  1866  G.  J!ACDONALIJ 
Ann.  Q.  Neigho.  xiii.  (1878)  283  You  can't  quite  believe  there 
is  a  God  at  all. 

7.  With  prep,  phrases  or  advbs. 

1846  LANDOR  Wks.  II.  16  There  are  minerals  and  instru 
ments  quite  at  hand. 

Quite,  obs.  form  of  QUIT  a.  and  v. ;  WHITE. 
t  Qui-tely,  adv.  Obs.     [f.  QUIT(E  a.  + 
1.  Freely,  at  liberty. 


CI330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  1200  Wheber  bey 
redden  hym  for  to  slo,  Ober  quylly  let  hym  go.  c  1375  Sc. 
Leg.  Saints  xxvi.  (Nicholas)  496  Passis  one  quytly  away 
&  lovis  god.  c  1386  CHAUCEK  A'at.'s  T.  934  Lo  heere  this 
Arcite,  and  this  Palamon,  That  quitly  weren  out  of  my 
prison. 

2.  Completely,  altogether.    =  QUITE  adv.  I. 

(11300  Cursor  M.  1582  pe  find  wend  . .  (,-at  al  man  kind 
quitli  war  his.  a  1340  HA.MPOLK  t'salter  Ixxxvii.  5  It 
semes  as  (x>u  had  whitely  [-•. ,-.  qwitly]  forgetten.  c  1400 
A °".'-K "«5843  He  hath  geten  a  penyor  two, That  quytely 
is  his  owne  in  holde. 

t  Qui-tement, adv.  06s.  rare-1,   [a.  OF. quite- 

ment  (isthc.),  f.  quite:  see  Q(HT(E  a.]    =  pree.  2. 
13 ..  Coer  tie  L.  2002  The  scull  brake  with  that  dent,  The 
right  eye  Hew  out  quitement. 

Quiter,  obs.  f.  QUITTER  si.i  Quither,  obs.  f. 
WHETHER,  WHITHER.  Quiting,  vbl.  sb.:  see 
QUITTING.  Quitli,  var.QiiTELYoA.  Quitoure, 
obs.  f.  QUITTER  sli.l 

Quit-rent  (kwi'trent).  Also  5-6  quite-, 
(quyte-,  5  white-,  etc.).  [f.  guile  QUIT  a.  +  RENT.] 

1.  A  rent,  usually  of  small  amount,  paid  by  a 
freeholder  or  copyholder  in  lieu  of  services  which 
might  Le  required  of  him. 

c  1460  Pol.  Kel.  f,  L.  Poems  (1866)  24  Consydere  what 
seruyce  longyth  ther-to  And  the  quyterent  that  there-of 
oute  shalle  goo.  1463  Bury  mils  (Camden)  24,  xijj.  of 
•Vn"',6'  IS"  '''ABVAN  II '''I  i»  Chron.  (iSn)  Pref. 
p.  xi,  All  the  charges  and  quyterents  . .  goyng  owte  of  the 
same.  1532-3  in  Swayne  Sanim  Chnrch-m.  Ace.  (1896) 
264  i  o  my  lorde  of  Salisbury  for  quytrent,  viji.  ii\\,i.  a  1680 
LHARNOCK  A I  trio.  Co:t  (1834)  1 1.  57-8  He  that  pays  not  [he 
quit-rent.. disowns  the  sovereignty  of  the  lord  of  the  Manor. 
1706  MRS.  RAY  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden)  208,  ^40  a  year 
..out  of  which  taxes,  repairs,  and  quit-rent  make  a  great 
hole.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  (1869)  I.  n.  iii.  336  The 


QUITTANCE. 

rent  they  paid  was  often  nominally  little  more  than  a  quit, 
rent.,    1848  MILL  Pol.  Econ.  n.  vii.  §  i  A  tenant  at  a  quit 
rent  is  to  all  intents  and  purposes  a  proprietor. 
b.  transf.  or  fig. 

1607  TOURNEUR  Rev.  Trag.  i.  i.  Wks.  1878  II.  7  Vengence 
thpu  murder's  Quit-rent.  1645  QCARLES  Sai  Accant.  in.  54 
Is  t  not  enough  that  we  poor  Farmers  pay  Quit-rent  to 
Nature  at  the  very  day?  1737  GREEN  Spleen  657  Fit 
dwelling  for  the  feather 'd  throng,  Who  pay  their  quit. rents 
\vith  a  song.  1833  H.  COLERIDGE  Poems  I.  12  The  rose- 
llpp'd  shells  Which  Neptune  to  the  earth  for  quit-rent  pays 
attiib.  1782  COWTER  Table  Talk  1 10  The  courtly  laureate 
pays  His  quitrent  ode,  his  peppercorn  of  praise. 

2.  A  charge  upon  an  estate   for   some   special 
purpose.   ?  Obs. 

1454  Rolls  Parlt.  V.  258/1  Devysed  and  by  his  legate  or- 
eyned,  vi  mark  of  annuell  quyte  rente  to  the  sustenaunce  of 
Prest  perpetual!,  a  1500  Colyn  lilawMs  Test.  180  in  Hazl. 
..  /'.  /'.  118641  I.  lor  Sauf  only  a  certeyn  quyte-rent,  Which 
that  I  have  gevyn  with  good  entent  To  pay  for  me,  unto  my 
confessour.  1712  ADDLSON  Sped.  No.  517  !•  2  The  gifts  of 
chanty  which,  .he  had  left  as  quit-rents  upon  the  estate. 

Quits  (kwits),  a.  and  sb.     [Cf.  QUIT  a.,  but  the 
origin  of  the  -s  is  obscure ;   it  may  be  due  to  a 
colloquial  use  of  the  med.L.  quit  (t' us  in  receipts 
(cf.  QUITSEST).]    A.  adj. 
-*-1..  Clear,  discharged  (a/a.  liability).   Obs. 


de 
a  Pr 
E 


iiy  //.  iiij  s.  ij  if. ;  payd  and  quits. 

Si.  Even  or  equal  (witk  another)  by  means  of 
repayment  or  retaliation. 

1663  COM  LEY  Cutter  Colinan  St.  v.  ii,  II  'or.  I  had  quite 
forgot  you.  . .  Joll.  Faith,  we're  both  quits  then  ;  . .  I  hu' 


1816  W.  IRVING  in  Life  ^  Lett.  (1864)  I.  356,  I  shall  be  oon- 
tent  to  be  quits  with  fortune  for  a  very  moderate  portion. 
1879  DIXON   Windsor  II.  xx.  215  When  all  was  paid,  the 
young  King  and  the  sorceress  queen  were  quits. 
b.   To  cry  quits  (cf.  QUITTAXCE  4  . 

1639  FULLER  lloly  ll'ar  in.  xi.  ,1840)  134  To  cry  quits 
with  them,  our  English  authors  impute  it  to  the  envy  of  the 
French.  1837  MARRVAT  i'eni-'al  AVi-wxix,  I  should  have 
fired  at  you,  so  we  may  cry  quits  t,n  that  .score.  1884  |. 
GlLMOUK  Mongols  133  On  Ihe  young  man  making  an 
apology,  the  old  man  I. ad  been  content  to  cry  quits. 
C.  Double  or  ijuits :  see  DouiiLE  adv.  4. 

3.  Quit  or  rid  of.    rare"1. 

1885  LADY  HKRULRT  tr.  Lagran^cs  Life  Bp.  Dupanloiip 
I.  277  'I  hey  only  wish  to  be  quils  of  the  whole  thing. 

B.  sb.  a.  An  equivalent,  a  recompense,     b.  Re 
prisal,  retaliation,  rare. 

1806  SURR  Winter  in  L0mt.  III.  259  Fifty  pounds,  .which 
..was  to  be  quits  for  sister's  virtue.  1865  W.  G.  PAU.KAVK 
Arabial.  38  Not  finding  the  occasion  favourable  for  t:iki]u; 
immediate  quits. 

tQuitsest.  Obs.  rare-1.  [? Colloquial  var. 
of  QUIETUS  EST  :  see  QUITS.]  Release,  discharge. 

1587  HOLINSIIKII  Chren.  III.  1170/1  It  pleased  God  to  .-.end 
England.,  a  quilsest  from  former  broiles  of  a  turbulent 
estate. 

t  Quit  shilling.  Obs.  [f.  QUIT  v.  2  b.]  (See  quot.) 

1882  J.  ASHION  Social  Life  Q.  Anne  II.  245  Were  any 
one  [of  the  prisoners  in  Newgate]  lucky  enough  to  be  ac 
quitted,  he  had  to  spend  a  Quit  Shilling  for  their  delight. 

Quitt,  obs.  foim  of  QUIT,  QUITE. 

t  Qni-ttal,  qui-tal.  Obs.    [f.  QUIT  v.  +  -AL.] 

a.  Requital,     b.  Acquittal. 

1-1530  LD.  BERNERS  Artli.  Lyt.  Bryt.  (1814)  178  It  is  I  . . 
that  berelh  the  hurte,  therfore  . .  let  me  be  at  the  quital 
therof.  1592  KVD  Sp.  Trag.  III.  i.  79  Let  him  vnbinde  thee 
that  is  bound  to  death,  To  make  a  quitall  for  thy  discontent. 
1593  SHAKS.  Lncr.  236  As  in  icuenge  or  quiltall  ot  such 
strife,  a  1633  AUSTIN  Medit.  (1635)  124  His  Doome  [is]  thy 
Quittall. 

Quittance  (kwi-tans),  sb.  Forms :  3  owit- 
auuoe,  4  quitanoe,  5  qvyt-,  qwyt-,  5-6  quet-, 
quyt-,  6-  quittance  (also  5  -awnce,  5-6  -ana, 
-aunoe,  and  7  cuttansl.  [a.  OF.  quilance  (later 
quittance],  {.  quiter  to  QUIT.  Cf.  med.L.  quit(t}-, 
yuietantia.] 

1.  The  act  of  freeing  or  clearing ;  release ;  t  ac 
quittal. 

In  mod.  examples  perh.  associated  with  sense  5. 

a  1225  Aner.  R.  126  Wi5ute  cwitaunce,  up  of  his  prisun 
nis  non  inumen.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxii.  {Laitrence)  703 
For  quetance  scho  suld  ga  one  ane  heyt  yrne.  1426  £.  1H. 
Wills  71  pe  costes  of  his  qwytaunce  ot  his  enditement. 
1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  xliii.  58  We  woll.  .demaunde  of 
you  quytance  of  our  bondes.  1603  Court  Bk.  Earl  Orkney 
21  June  (Jam.  Suppl.',  Under  quittance  of  the  stowt  of  his 
nyhbor's  peits.  1858  J.  ROBERTSON  Poems  99  Thy  work  is 


terribly  difficult. 

2.  A  release  or  discharge  from  a  debt  or  obliga 
tion  ;  a  document  certifying  such  discharge ;  a 
receipt. 

(risso  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  156  Richard  5ald  him  his 
right,  his  tresore  &  his  toun,  ..  To  mak  certeyn  partie,  R  a 
quitance  toke.  1464  Paston  Lett.  II.  162  A  quetaunce  of 
suche  money  as  ye  have  receyved.  1:1500  Melu'.ine  356-7 
Ye  desyre  of  me  quytaunce  therof  so  wyl  1  haue  quytaunce 
of  hym  that  receyueth  it  of  you.  1600  HAKLUYT  Voy.  II.  272 
Hauing  paid  the  custome,  it  behoueth  to  haue  a  quittance. 
1628  WITHER  Brit.  Rcmemb.  v.  784,  I  have  thy  Quittance, 

10 


QUITTANCE. 

though  I  am  thy  Debtor.  1819  SCOTT  Ivanlwc  x,  Gurth  . . 
folded  the  quittance,  and  put  it  under  his  cap.  1863  J.  G. 
MURPHY  Comw.,  Gen.  xxiv.  5-8  He  . .  obtains  a  quittance 
from  his  oath.  1882  OUIDA  Rlaremma  I.  248  We  let  her 
take  our  substance  and  never  asked  her  a  quittance. 

fig'  '3°3  R-  BRUNNE  Handl.  Syimc  10813  Pe  fourbe 
sacrament  ys  penaunce,  pat  ys  forsynne  a  qnytaunce.  1595 
Locrint:  v.  iv.  188  Soon  shall  I  ..with  my  sword.  .Seal  thee 
a  quittance  for  thy  bold  attempts.  1642  QUARLES_  Div. 
Poems  I.  60  Deare  Mercy  made  a  Quittance  for  her  sin. 

Prov.  1562  J.  HEYWOOD  Prov.  tr  Epigr.  (1867)  161  Suffrans 
is  no  quittans.  _i6oo  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  in.  v.  133  That's  all 
one  :  omittance  is  no  quittance. 

3.  Recompense  or  requital ;  repayment ;  reprisal. 

c  1590  MARLOWE  Faust.  Wks.  (Rtldg.)  126/1  On  his  head, 
in  quittance  of  my  wrongs,  I'll  nail  huge  forked  horns.  1600 
HOLLAND  Livy  vn.  xix.  262  This  execution  made  quittance 


&  LANG  Odyssey  18  In  quittance  whereof  ye  now  work  me 
harm. 

Como.  1862  RUSKIN  Unto  this  Last  138  note,  Tisiphone, 
the  '  requiter  (or  quittance-taker)  of  death '. 

f  4.  To  cry  quittance,  to  declare  oneself  clear  or 
even  with  another  ;  hence,  to  make  full  repayment 
or  retaliation.  (Cf.  QUITS  2  b.)  Obs. 

1579  LVLY  Euphitcs  (Arb.)  292  Desirous  to  crye  quittaunce 
for  hir  present  tongue.  1622  MABBE  tr.  Alemans  Guzman 
d'Alf.l.  234,  I  thought  I  had  just  cause  to  crie  quittance 
with  him.  1679  DRYDF.N  Troilus  <$•  C.  I.  ii,  He  was  struck 
down  yesterday  in  the  Battle,  but ..  he'll  cry  Quittance  with 
'em  to-day. 

5.  The  act  of  quitting  or  leaving,  rare. 

1892  Black  f,  White  22  Oct.  462/2  After  his  quittance  of 
the  jail  he  resumed  the  editorship. 

t  Quittance,  v.  Obs.  [f.  prec.  sb.  Cf.  OF. 
quittancer  (Coder.).] 

1.  intr.  To  give  a  discharge,  rare "~ '. 

1502  ARNOLDS  Chron.  (1811)  108,  I  . .  graunte  to  my  sayd 
atturnays  . .  to  take  playnt  and  arest . .  and  to  relece  and 
quitaunce  [etc.]. 

2.  trans.  To  give  up,  cancel.   =  QUIT  v.  5. 

1592  GREENE  Canny  catching  11.  2  b,  Shall  I  be  made  a 
slaue  because  I  am  bound  to  you :  no  no,  1  can  quittance 
my  indenture  when  I  list. 

3.  To  repay, requite  (a  person, service, injury, etc.). 
1590  GRF.F.NE  Orl.  Fur.  Wks.  (Rtldg.)  95  Hate  calls  me  on 

to  quittance  all  my  ills.  1620  Swetnam  A  rraigned  (1880)  35 
Ere  long,  It  may  be  in  Our  power  to  quittance  him.  1624 
HEVWOOD  Gunaik.  i.  54  To  quittance  this  He  guerdons 
Midas  with  his  golden  wish. 

Quit tasol,  variant  of  KITTTSOL. 

Quitter,  quittor  (kwi'tsj),  slt.l  Now  rare. 
Forms:  3-4  quiture,  4  quyt-,  5  quet-,  5-6  quytt-, 
(5  -ur),6-7  quitture,  (7  -ur) ;  4  qwetour,  quet-, 
quitoure,  5  quyteour,  whitour,  whytoure,  7 
quittour ;  5  qustor,  7-9  quittor  ;  4-5  quyter(e, 
quytter(e,  5  quet-,  quiter,6-quitter,  (8  coutre). 
[Perh.  a.  OF.  quiture,  culture  cooking,  decoction, 
etc.  (but  app.  not  recorded  in  the  specific  sense  of 
the  Fng.  word).] 

fl.  I'm;  suppurating  matter;  a  purulent  dis 
charge  from  a  wound  or  sore.  Obs. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  8596  Heo.  .wess  hor  vet  &  clene  be 
quiture  \v .rr.  qwetour,  quetoure)  out  sojte.  c  1305  St.  Ed 
mund  159  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  75  Moche  del  his  bodi  orn  in 
quitoure  &  in  blode.  1382  WYCLIF  Job  ii.  8  [Job]  with  a 
sherd  scrapide  awei  the  quyture.  c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg. 
37  pilke  quyttere  &  blood  schulde  lette  be  helynge  of  pe 
wounde.  c  1440  Promft.  Parv.  525/2  Whytowre,  of  a  soore, 
sanies.  1543  TRAHERON  1'igcfs  Chirurg.  Interpret.  Strange 
Wordes,  Colde  apostemes  utterynge  quytture  or  fylthe. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  424  The  filthy  excrements,  attyr, 
and  quitter,  that  gather  in  sores  and  wounds.  1686  PLOT 
Stajffordsk.  305  The  nourishing  juice.. emptying  it  self  by 
those  corrupted  sores  in  a  quitture  or  Sanies.  1689  HICKER- 
INGILL  Ceremony  Monger  Concl.  i.  Wks.  1716  II.  454  To  let 
the  corrupted  Quitter  out. 

fig.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Stl.  Wks.  III.  231  So  shulde  men  . . 
thriste  oute  bo  quyter  of  hor  olde  synnes. 

2.  Farriery.   -  Quitter-bone  (see  4). 


Horse  xix.  394  Quittor  . .  has  been  described  as  being  the 
result  of  neglected  or  bad  tread,  or  over-reach. 

t  3.  The  dross  of  tin.  Obs.  rare~°. 

1674  HLOUNT  Glossogr.  (ed.  4).  1736  AINSWORTH  Lat.  Diet. 
[Hence  in  JOHNSON  and  mod.  Diets.] 

4.  Comb,  f  quitter-bone,  an  ulcer  or  suppurat 
ing  sore  on  the  coronet  of  a  horse's  hoof.  Obs.  (See 
also  TWITTER-BONE.) 

1598  FLORIO,  Seta,  . .  a  disease  in  a  horse  called  a  quitter- 
bone.  1614  B.  JONSON  B.irth.  Fair  II.  v,  She  has  ..  the 
quitter  bone  i'  the  tother  legge.  1639  T.  DE  GRAY  Expert 
terrier  n.  xvii.  298  A  Quitter-bone,  .commeth  to  a  horse 
by  some  hurt  he  hath  taken  in  the  foot.  1710  Lend.  Gaz. 
No.  4771/4  Lately  cured  of  a  Coutre  Bone  on  the  off  Foot 
behind.  1755  J.  SIIEBBEARE  Lydia  (1769)  I.  337  A  roan 
horse,  with.. a  small  quitter  bone  on  the  farther  leg  before. 
1798  LAWRENCE  Treat.  Hones  II.  520  A  quittor,  formerly- 
called  by  our  farriers  a  quittor  bone. 

Hence  fQni'tterish,  f  Qui'tterons,  t  Qui't- 
tery  adjs.,  containing,  or  of  the  nature  of,  pus.  Obs. 

1398  "ft.Wi^Barth.DeP.R.  vn.  Ixii.  (1405)  278  It  bredeth 
a  drye  scabbe  and  not  quyttery.  1543  TRAHERON  Vigo's 
Chirurg.  n.  i.  in.  48  Apostemes,  . .  quitterous,  ful  of  water. 
1582  BATMAN  On  tiarthol.  xxix.  97  In  whom  the  spettle  is 
quitterie  and  venemous.  1668  CULPEPPER  &  COLE  Barthol 
Anal.  n.  v.  95  Of  a  quittorish  nature. 


74 

Quitter  (kwHai),  sb?    [f.  QUIT  v.  +  -ER!.] 

1 1.  One  who  frees,  discharges,  etc.   06s.  rare— '. 

1611  COTCK.,  Quiteitr,  a  quitter,  acquiter,  freer,  discharger. 
[1736  in  AINSWORTH  Lat.  Diet.  Hence  in  JOHNSON,  and  later 
Diets.] 

2.  U.S.  One  who,  or  that  which,  ^its',  goes 
away,  shirks,  etc. 

1881  Standard  7  Sept.  5/2  They  may  perhaps  have  a  right 
to  the  term  'quitter',  to  stigmatise  an  animal  that  will  not 
make  a  fight.  1887  Columbus  (Ohio)  Uisp.  31  May,  The 
mighty  pressure  gives  confidence  that  the  [gas]  well  will 
not  be  a  quitter.  1897  Outing  (U.  S.)  XXIX.  581/1  Leggins 
may  be  fat,  but  he's  no  quitter. 

t  Qlli'tter,  vj-  Obs.  Forms  :  4  quyter,  5 
quittur,  whytowryn.  [f.  QUITTER  sb?-'}  intr. 
To  form  pus  ;  to  fill  with  pus.  Also /aw.  in  same 
sense.  Hence  Q,ui 'tiering///,  a.  (in  quot.  _/?£-.). 

1382  WYCLIF  Wisd.  vi.  25  Ne  with  the  quyterende  enuye 
weie  I  shal  han.  c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg.  9  If  bat  tweye 
woundis  ben  euene  I-quytturid.  Ibid.  207  Whanne  pe  en- 
postym  is  quitturid  &  sufficiently  rotid.  1:1440  Promf. 
Pan'.  525/2  Whytowryn,  as  soorys,  idem  quod  whelyn. 

tQui'tter,  v?  Sc.  Obs.  rare.  [Prob.  of 
Scand.  origin  :  cf.  MSw.  qvitra,  Sw.  qvittra,  Da. 
kvidre  to  chirp,  twitter.]  a.  To  twitter,  b.  To 
flicker,  quiver. 

1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  II.  viii.  63  With  forkit  long  intil  Mr 
moutht  quitterand.  Ibid.  xu.  Prol.  241  The  gukgo  galis, 
and  so  quytteris  the  quaill. 

Quitter,  obs.  f.  whiter,  comp.  of  WHITE. 

Qui'ttered,<z.  rare.  [f.  QUITTER^.!]  Affected 
with  quitter-bone. 

1778  H.  BROOKE  Charitable  Assoc.  II.  i.  Wks.  1778  IV.  234 
Put  the  new  set  of  greys  to  the  coach  . .  Old  Robin  the 
quitter'd  bay.  .may  limp  after. 

Quitting  (kwi'tirj) ,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  QUIT  v.  +  -ING  '.] 
The  action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses. 

1340  Ayenb.  114  lesu  crist  ous  tekb  zuo  to  oxi  uoryeuenesse 
and  quittinge.  1387  TREVISA  Iligden  (Rolls)  II.  125  For 
quy tynge  berof  he  3<if  to  be  bisshop  of  Lyncolne  a  real  citee. 
1519  HORMAN  Vulg.  271  He  was  rewarded  . .  for  his  manly 
quytynge.  1581  MARBECK  Bk.  of  Notes  iris  That  such 
stones  did  in  olde  time  witnesse  the  quitting  of  a  man. 
1688  WOOD  Lift  i  July  (O.  H.  S.)  III.  272  Thanksgiving. . 
for  the  deliverance  and  quitting  of  the  archbishop.  1768 
BLACKSTONE  Coinm.  III.  211  In  case  the  notice  of  quitting 
proceeds  from  any  tenant. 

So  Qui'tting///.  a. 

1686  Pall  Mall  G.  9  Oct.  i  i/r  The  quitting  tenant  is  for- 
bidden  to  remove  . .  trees  and  bushes. 

Quitter, -our,  -tire:  see  QUITTER^.!  (andz>.). 

Quittusol,  variant  of  KITTISOL. 

Quiver  (kwi'vaa),  si.l  Forms :  4  quy-, qwyu- 
ere,  4-7  quiuer,  (6  quy-),  5-6  qwyver,  (5  -uer, 
-were),  5-  quiver,  (5  quy-) ;  5  whywer,  5-6 
-ver.  /3.  Sc.  6  quavyr,  quauir,  6-7  quaver, 
[a.  AF.  quiveir,  OF.  qitivre,  qucvre  («<-)>  coivre, 
etc.,  app.  a.  the«Teutonic  word  represented  in  ling, 
by  COCKER  rf.l] 

1.  A  case  for  holding  arrows  (sometimes  also  the 
bow). 

_  a.  a  1300^1.  E.  Psalter  x.  2pairbowebai  bent,  pairarwes 
in  a  quiuer  sente.  a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  x.  2  pai  redied 
baire  aruys  in  qwyuere.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  2375  My  bow 
pat  was  bigge,  &  my  bright  qwyuer.  1483  Cath.  Angl. 
417/1  A  Why  wer  for  bowes,  arcldtcsis.  1555  EDEN  Decades 
56  When  they  had  emptied  theyr  quyuers.  1624  CATT. 
SMITH  Virginia  n.  25  His  arrowes  ..  he  wore  in  a  Woolues 
skinne  at  his  backe  for  his  Quiver.  1740  SOMERVILLE  Hob- 
binol l\\.  170  Fair  Virgin  Huntress,  for  the  Chace  array 'd 
With  painted  Quiver,  and  unerring  Bow.  1813  SCOTT 
TrieriH.  in.  xx,  A  quiver  on  their  shoulders  lay.  1854  CDL. 
WISEMAN  Fabiola  n.  xxiv.  284  A  gaily-painted  quiver,  full  of 
arrows. 

p.    1313  DOUGLAS  sEneis  vin.  iii.  165  Ane  courtly  quavyr 
..Wyth    arrowis    mayd   in  Lycia.     a  1584   MONTGOMERIE 
Cherrie  tySlae  114  His  quaver. .Hang  in  ane  siluer  lace. 
b.  transf.  anAjig. 

1382  WYCLIF  Ecclus.  xxvi.  15  Ajen  alle  arewe  [she]  shal 
opene  quyuere.  1535  COVERDALE  Ps.  cxxvi[i).  5  Happie  is 
the  man,  y1  hath  his  quyuer  full  of  them.  -1641  MILTON  C/i. 
Govt.  I.  vi,  When  the  quiver  of  your  arguments  . .  is  quite 
empty,  your  course  is  to  betake  ye  to  your  other  quiver  of 
slander.  ^1711  KEN  Edmund  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  289  The 
taper'd  Dart,  Design'd  to  make  its  Quiver  in  my  Heart. 
1839  BAILEY  Fe;lus  ii.  (1852)  14  Bow  of  my  life,  thou  yet 
art  full  of  spring !  My  quiver  still  hath  many  purposes. 
1864  TROLLOPE  Small  I/a.  at  Allington  ix,  Boyce  being  a 
man  who  had  his  quiver  full  of  them  [children]. 
C.  The  contents  of  a  quiver;  a  quiverful. 

'599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado  i.  i.  274  Nay,  if  Cupid  haue  not 
spent  all  his  Quiuer  in  Venice,  thou  wilt  quake  for  this 
shortly.  1623  WEBSTER  Duchess  Malfi  v.  ii,  Vour  bright 
eyes  carry  a  quiver  of  darts  in  them  sharper  than  sunbeams. 

2.  attrib.   and    Comb.,   as    qtuver-bearing  adj.; 
f  quiver-case  =  sense  I ;  quiver-tree,  the  South 
African  Aloe  dichofoma  (Treas.  Dot.  1866). 

c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  iv.  47  Sic  treitment  is  a 
trane  To  cleive  thair  quaver  caice.  1798  LANDOR  Gebir  vn. 
45  Woody  Nebrissa's  quiver-bearing  crew. 

Qniver  (kwi-v3j),rf.2  [f.  QUIVER  z>.l]  An  act 
ofquivering ;  a  tremble ;  ellipt.  a  trembling  of  the 
voice.  fAlso  =QuAVERj4.  i. 

1715  PENSECUIK  Poems  73  Cupid ..  Tun'd  all  his  Crotchets, 
Quiuers,  Semibrieues.  1786  MAD.  D'ARBLAY  Lett.  16  Oct., 
1  was  all  in  a  quiver,  but  gathered  courage  [etc.].  1853  <-'• 
BRONTE  Villette  xiv,  Heaven  was  ..  grand  with  the  quiver 
of  its  living  fires.  1875  JOWETT  Plata  (ed.  2)  111.  204 
Thrasymachus,  I  said,  with  a  quiver,  have  mercy  on  us. 


QUIVERING. 

Quiver  (kwrvai),  a.  06s.  exc.  dial.  Forms: 
i  cwifer,  3  cwiuer,  couer,  5  qwy-,  5-6  quyuer, 
(6  que-),  5-7  quiuer,  6,  9  quiver.  [OE.  *cwifert 
prob.  onomatopceic :  cf.  QUIVER  t>.2]  Active, 
nimble;  quick,  rapid. 

cgftQ  [implied  in  QUIVERLV].  a  1223  Ancr.  R.  140  pet 
fleshs  is  her  et  home  . .  ant  for  }ym  hit  is  cwointe  £  cwiuer 
[v.r.  couer].  1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xvm.  xv. 
(1495)  774  Some  wylde  oxen  ben.  .moostqwyuer  and  swyfte. 
1519  HORMAN  y-uig.  281  He  or  she  Is  a  quyuer  gester.  1548 
UDALL  Erasm.  Par.  Luke  ii-  34  Of  body  feble  and  im- 


.  ,  , 301  A  little  qu — j  — -  -  -      — .*•  -  - 

Words  302  We .  .use  the  word  in  a  sense  of  briskness,  smart- 


trans, 
in  pa. 


ness — '  He's  a  quiver  little  fellow.' 

Quiver  (kwi'vsj),  vl  [f.  QUIVER  sir.1]  tt 
To  put  into  or  as  into  a  quiver.  (Chiefly  ir. 
pple. ;  cf.  QUIVERED  2.) 

a  1643  EARL  OF  CUMBERLAND  Ps.  in  Farr  S,  P.  fas.  I 
j    (1848)   112  Thy  galling  shafts  lye  qmuered  in  my  bones. 
'    a  1711  KEN  Edmund  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  310  Use  Spears, 
I    your  Arrows  quiver,  case  your  Bows.     1866  J.  I>.  ROSE  tr. 
'    Ovid's  Met.  137  His  thousand  arrows  lie  Quivered  around. 
Quiver  (kwi'vai),  v.~      Forms:    5  quyuer,  6 
1    quyver,  6-7  quiuer,  4- quiver.    [Prob.  onomato 
poeic  :  cf.  QUIVER  a.  and  the  vbs.  QUAVE,  QUAVER. 
The  existence  of  an  obs.  Du.  kayi'eren^  given  by  Kilian  as 
meaning  '  to  quiver  ',  is  not  otherwise  authenticated.] 

1.  intr.  To  shake,  tremble,  or  vibrate,  with  a 
slight  but  rapid  agitation.  (Said  of  persons,  esp. 
under  the  influence  of  some  emotion,  of  things, 
light,  etc.) 

1490  CAXTON  EneyJos  xxvii.  103  Dido  quyuered  &  shoke 
of  grete  rage.  15^0  PALSGR.  677/2  The  poore  boye  quivereth 
for  colde.  1582  STANYHURST^fc'nm  in.  (Arb.)  73  Scant  had 
I  thus  spoken,  when  seats  al  quiuered  about  vs.  1620  MID- 
DLETON  C/iaste  Maid  i.  L  118  A  brave  court-spirit  makes 
our  virgins  quiver.  1670  EACHARD  Cont.  Clergy  55  Do  you 
not  perceive  the  gold  to  be  in  a  dismal  fear,  to  curl  and 


quivered  among  the  branches.  1798  WOHDSW.  Peter 
n.  i,  Upon  the  stream  the  moonbeams  quiver.  1853  MAURICE 
Prop/i,  fy  Kifigs  xxi.  376  This. .made  his  lips  quiver  and  his 
hands  tremble.  1869  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  III.  xu. 
243  His  hand  trembled  and  his  flesh  quivered. 

Jig.  1840  ALISON  Europe  (1849-53)  VIII.  1.  §  44.  267  The 
contest  was  quivering  in  the  balance.  1861  THACKERAY 
Four  Georges  11.  (1862)  86  Scorn  and  hate  quivering  in  his 
smile.  1874  S.  Cox  Pilgr.  Ps.  vii.  133  The  darkness  .. 
quivers  on  this  night  with  a  nameless  horror, 

2.  trans.  To  cause  to  vibrate  or  tremble. 

J599  M  INSHEU  Span.  Dict.t  Blandeetr,  to  brandish  or 
quiuer  a  sword.  1789  J.  WHITE  Earl  Strongbow  II.  146 
He  had  a  way  of  quivering  his  head  and  turning  up  his  nose. 
1804  GRAHAME  Sabbath  288  The  lark  ..  quivers  the  wing 
With  more  than  wonted  joy.  1858  R.  KEARTOX  Wild  Life 
at  Home  53  He  then  began  to  quiver  his  drooping  wings. 
b.  To  produce  in  or  by  quivering.  rare~l. 

1848  KINGSLEY  Saint's  Trag.  iv.  iv.  102  The  mad  air 
quivered  Unutterable  music. 

Hence  Quivera'nte  (after  andante),  Qnivera'- 
tion.  nonce-wits.  Also  Qui'verer ;  Qui'verishrt. ; 
Qui'very  a.  (rare]. 

1581  MCLC ASTER  Positions  xviL  (1887)  77  Wrastling  ..  is 
daungerous  to  be  delt  with  in  agues,  as  to  vehement  and 
conspiring  with  the  quiuerer.  1582  STANYHUKST  &nei$  in. 
(Arb.)  71  With  a  quiuerish  horror.  1775  SHERIDAN  Rivals 
ii.  i,  Such  a  mistress  of  flat  and  sharp,  squallnnte,  rumblante, 
and  quiverante  !  1812  J.  ADAMS  IVks.  (1856)  X.  16  My 
health  is  ..  good,  excepting  a  quiveration  of  the  hands.. . 
Excuse  the  word  quiveration,  which.. I  borrowed .. from  an 
Irish  boy.  1877  Daily  News  11  June  5/5  Like  a  dreamland 
that  trembles  in  the  quivery  air. 

Quivered  (kwi'vaid),  a.  and  ///.  a.  Chiefly 
poet.  [f.  QUIVER  sbl  or  z/.1  +  -ED.] 

1.  Provided  or  equipped  with  a  quiver. 

1634  MILTON  Contus  422  Likeaquiver'd  Nymph  with  Arrows 
keen,  a  1661  HOLYDAY  Juvenal  2-2.  Quiver'd  Semiramis  th' 
Assyrian  ne're  Did  thus.  1717  ADDISON  tr.  Ovid's  Met. 
Wks.  1758  I.  169  Diana,  with  a  sprightly  train  Of  quiver'd 
virgins.  1813  SCOTT  Rokeby  i.  xxi,  A  giant  he,  With  qui 
vered  back.  1874  W.  BRUCE  Hebrew  Odes  24  Safe  from  the 
shout  of  the  quivered  foe. 

2.  Placed  or  kept  in,  or  as  in,  a  quiver. 

1651  SHERBURNE  Ra6e  Helen,  When  his  quiver'd  Shafts 
she  did  not  see,  She  knew  he  was  not  Love.  1725  POPE 
Odyss.  xxn.  4  Full  in  their  face  the  lifted  bow  he  bore,  And 
quiver'd  deaths.  1846  KEBLE  Lyra  Innoc.  (1873)  175  If  she 
once  unlock  her  quivered  store. 

Qui'verful.  [f.  QUIVER  sb.^  +  -FUL.]  As 
much  as  a  quiver  can  hold.  Usually^,  with  ref. 
to  Ps.  cxxvii.  5  (see  QUIVER  s&.1  i  b,  quot.  1535). 

1861  BUMSTEAD  Vcn.  Dis.  (1879)  210  Women  ..  who  have 
'replenished  the  earth'  with  many  quiverfuls  of  offspring. 
1885  Manch.  Exam.  18  Feb.  5/2  A  quiverful  of  satirical 
invectives.  tSyoLongm.  Mag.  July  298  She  was  surrounded 
by  a  quiverful  of  chubby-cheeked  children. 

b.  Used  as  adj.  Having  one's  quiver  full. 

1869  Daily  News  20  Mar.,  The  quiverful  and  luckless 
Paterfamilias. 

Quivering  (kwrvarig),  vbl.  st>.  [f.  QUIVER  v.% 
+  -ING  !.]  The  action  of  the  vb. 

1562  TURNER  Herbal  n,  (1568)  23  b,  The  same ..  is  good., 
for  quiueringe  or  shakinge.  1597  A.  M.  tr.  duillemeaits  Fr, 
Chirurg.  10/1  The  Sjjasmus  possessed  the  whole  bodye 
with  shakinge  &  quiveringe.  163*  MASSINGER  Maid  of  Hon. 
i.  ii,  Cast  not  a  sheep's  eye  Upon  the  quivering  of  my  calf. 
1801  SOUTHEY  Thalaba  ix.  xxvj,  The  silver  quivering  of  the 
element.  1863  Gto.  ELIOT  Ron  tola  i.  vi,  A  momentary 


QUIVERING. 

quivering  of  the  lip.  1884  tr.  Lotze's  Logic  437  The  confused 
notion  that,  .colours  [are]  merely  quiverings  of  the  ether. 
Quivering  (kwi-vaiirj  >,  ///.  a.     [  +  -ING  -'.] 

1.  That  quivers ;  tremulous. 

a.  1547  SURREY  JEncid  n.  224  Holding  . .  her  targe  and 
quiuering  spere.  1632  LITHCOW  Trav.  vi.  273  A  soft  paued 
lodging  for  quiuering  Goates.  1700  DRYDEN  tr.  Ovid  s 
Metam.  xiii.  124  Let  his  quiv'ring  Heart  confess  his  fear. 
I73S  SOMERVILLE  Ckasc  in.  429  The  quiv'ring  Bog  Soft 
yielding  to  the  Step.  iSzo  W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  J.  124 
The  sequestered  pool,  reflecting  the  quivering  trees.  1871-4 
J.  _TlioMSON  City  Dreadf.  Nt.  xvil.  il,  The  quivering  moon- 
biidge  on  the  deep  black  stream. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  quivering. 

1849  NOAD  Electricity  42  A  wide  brush  of  pale  ramifica 
tions,  having  a  quivering  motion.  1882  A.  W.  WARD  Dickens 
iv.  103  The  story  of  experiences  ..  to  which  his  own  mind 
could  not  recur  without  a  quivering  sensitiveness. 

Quiveringly  (kwi-varinli),  adv.  [f.  prec.  4- 
-LY  -.]  In  a  quivering  manner  ;  with  a  quiver  in 
the  voice. 

i8o3  HELEN  ST.  VICTOR  Ruins  of  Riganda  III.  164  He 
started,  then  quiveringly  exclaimed.  1862  R.  H.  PATTERSON 
Ess.  Hist.  <V  Art  365  Pale  tremulous  rays  ..  shooting  qui 
veringly  along  the  sky.  1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Dcr.  v. 
xxxvii,  One  of  those  quivenngly-poised  natures  that  lend 
themselves  to  second-sight.  1894  Temple  Bar  Mag.  CI. 
514,  '  I  did  hope  '  (quiveringly)  '  that  you  knew  me  better.' 

t  Qui'verly,  adv.  Obs.  [f.  QUIVER  a.  +  -LY  -.] 
Actively,  quickly,  smartly. 

cg6o  Rule  St.  Bcnct  (Schriier)  122  Donne  he  wel  Senab  & 
ures  drihtnes  heorde  cwiferlice  jealjaS  &  to  rihte  manaS. 
1519  HORMAN  Vul°.  279  b,  Thou  playest  featly  at  the  tynis 
and  very  quyuerly.  1637  GlLLEsriE  Eng.  Pop.  Cerem.  Ep. 
A  iv,  Whiles  our  Opposites  so  quiverlygoe  about,  .is  it  time 
for  us.  .to  sit  still? 

.So  f  Qui-verness,  activity,  etc.   06s. 

1538  BALE  Thre  Lawcs  1323  And  toke  from  me  cleane 
the  quyuernesse  of  bodye.  1581  J.  BELL  Hadiion's  Answ. 
Osor.  142  The  Goale  is  not  attained  by  the  quyvernes  of 
the  person,  nor  successe  of  battell  by  prowesse. 

II  Qui  yive  (k?  vi  v).  [F.,  lit. '  (long)  live  who  ? ' 
a  sentinel's  challenge,  intended  to  discover  to  which 
party  the  person  challenged  belongs,  and  properly  re 
quiring  an  answer  of  the  form  (vive)  U  roi,  la  France, 
etc.]  On  the  qui  vive,  on  the  alert  or  look-out. 

1726  SWIFT  in  J'ope's  ins.  (1871)  VII.  82  It  is  imagined 
that  I  must  be..alway  upon  the  qni  vive  and  the  slip-slop. 
1752  FIELDING  Amelia  Wks.  1775  X.  223  Though  be  be  a 
little  too  much  on  the  qiti-T'ive,  he  is  a  man  of  great  honour. 
1833  MARRYAT  P.  Siniple  lii,  This  put  us  all  on  tbe  qtii  -vivc. 
1883  E.  P.  ROE  in  Harper's  Mag.  Dec.  56/1  'What  now?' 
cried  Burtis,  all  on  the  qnivive. 

Quixote  (kwi-ks^t),  sb.  Also  7  -ot,  8  -lot,  9 
-otte.  [The  name  of  the  hero  of  Cervantes'  romance 
(see  DON  s6.1  c),  =  Sp.  quixote,  now  written  quijote 
(k/x*'  td)  a  cuisse.]  An  enthusiastic  visionary  person 
like  Don  Quixote,  inspired  by  lofty  and  chivalrous 
but  false  or  unrealizable  ideals. 

1648  Merc.  I'rag.  No.  i.  A  ij,  The  Romance's  and  Gazetta's 
of  the  famous  Victories  and  Exploits  of  the  godly  Quixots. 
a  1658  CLEVELAND  Gen.  1'acms,  etc.  (1677)  "2  Tims  the 
Quixots  of  this  Age  fight  with  the  Windmils  of  their  own 
heads.  1786-7  BONNYCASTLE  Astrttn.  i.  17  There  are 


Caml'.  1800  MRS.  HERVEY  Moitrtray  I-'am.  IV. 41  Quixote- 
like,  going  to  fight  when  he  had  no  occasion. 
b.  attrib.  passing  into  adj.  =>  QUIXOTIC. 

1708  OZELL  tr.  Boilcaus  Lutrin  iv.  (1730)  209  A  weak 
Defence  for  Quixiot  kings.  1757  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU 
Let.  to  C'tcss  Bute  ^  July,  The  Quixote  reputation  of  re 
dressing  wrongs.  1782  H.  WALPOLE  Lett,  to  M.  Cole  14  Feb. 
(1846)  VI.  160  My  diet-drink  is  not  all  of  so  Quixote  a  dis 
position.  18x0  BENTHAM  Packing  (1821)  198  Our  Quixote 
Sheriff. 

Hence  Qui'xote  v.  intr.  (also  with  zV),  to  act  like 
a  Quixote. 

1702  VANHRUGH  False  Friend  v.  i,  When  you  . .  are  upon 
your  rantipole  adventures,  you  shall  Quixot  it  by  your  self 
for  Lopez.  1803  JANE  PORTER  Tltaddens  (1826)  I.  vi.  131, 
I  will  not  be  the  first  to  tell  him  of  our  quixotmg. 

Quixotic  (kwiksfj-tik),  a.  (j/>.)    [f.  QUIXOTE  sb^\ 

1.  Of  persons:  Resembling  Don  Quixote;  hence, 
striving  with  lofty  enthusiasm  for  visionary  ideals. 

1815  J.  ADAMS  Wks.  (1856)  X.  157,  I  considered  Miranda 
as  a  vagrant,  a  vagabond,  a  Quixotic  adventurer.  1857 
HUGHES  Tom  Brown  I.  i,  This  family  training,  .makes  them 
eminently  quixotic.  iSpJs  Spectator  7  Mar.  336  Any  one 
can  exceed,  but  few  can  be  really  Quixotic. 

2.  Of  actions,  undertakings,  etc. ;  Characteristic 
of,  appropriate  to,  Don  Quixote. 

1851  GALLF.NGA  Italy  131  A  daring  that  would  seem  almost 
quixotic.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  x.  719  A  quixotic  mis- 
sion^to  the  Indians  of  Georgia.  1876  EMERSON  £ss.  Sen 
n._vii.  175  AH  public  ends  look  vague  and  quixotic  beside 
private  ones. 

b.  //.  as  sb.  Quixotic  sentiments. 

1896  Spectator  7  Mar.  337  If. .our  Quixotics  seem  foolish 
or  extravagant. 

HenceQuixo'ticala. ;  Quixo'ticallya^.;  Quix- 
o-ticism  =  QUIXOTISM. 

1850  Frascrs  Mag.  XLII.  482  No  Quixotical  redresser  of 
wrong.     1862  Sat.  Rev.  XIII.  660/2  A  mathematician  who 
.  -Quixotically  endeavoured  to  cure  him.     1882  At/tenseutn    ' 
23  Sept.  410/1  The  symbol  of  his  noble  quixoticism. 

Quixotism  (kwrks^iiz'm).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ISM.] 
Quixotic  principles,  character,  or  practice ;  an 
instance  of  this,  a  quixotic  action  or  idea. 


75 

1688  Pnlpit  Popery,  True  Popery  36  All  the  Heroical 
Fictions  of  Ecclesiastical  Quixotism.  1723  Briton  No.  20 
(1724)  86  His  Publick  Spirit  would  appear  mere  Quixotism 
to  a  Protestant  People.  1793  Residence  in  France  (1797)  I. 
166  If  a  momentary  smile  Le  excited  by  these  Quixotisms. 
1858  LVTTON  IV/tat  will  he  do  ?  \i\\.  vi,  In  the  Quixotism  of 
atonement  for  your  father's  fault.  1898  BODLEY  France  II. 
iv.  ii.  345  The  scorn  which  inopportune  quixotism  provokes. 

So  Qui'zotize  v.  a.  intr,,  to  act  in  a  quixotic 
manner;  b.  trans. ,  to  render  quixotic. 

1831  Examiner  226/1  The  folly  to  think  of  quixotizing 
through  all  Europe.  1894  Du  MAURIER  Trilby  99  A  thing 
to  Quixotize  a  modern  French  masher  ! 

Quixotry  (kwi-ks^tri).  Also  8  -ery.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -BY.J  =  QUIXOTISM. 

[1718  MOTTBUX  Quix,  (1733)  III.  45  Many.. cry  out  Give 

,    us  more  Quixotery.]      1814  SCOTT  Drama  (1874)  217  An 

j    adventurous  spirit  of  profligate  Quixotry.    1873  H.  ROGERS 

Orig.  Bible  (1874)  411  We  may  wait  for  such  an  objector 

before  indulging  in  the  equal  Quixotry  of  confuting  him, 

Quiyke,  obs.  form  of  QUICK  a. 

Quiz  (kwiz),  sb.1  Also  8  quis.  [Of  obscure 
origin :  possibly  a  fanciful  coinage,  but  it  is  doubt 
ful  whether  any  reliance  can  be  placed  on  the 
anecdote  of  its  invention  by  Daly,  a  Dublin  theatre- 
manager.  Senses  3  and  4  are  app.  from  Quiz  7,>.l  I. 

The  anecdote  is  given  by  Smart  in  bis  Walker  Remodelled 
1836,  but  Is  omitted  in  the  ed.  of  1840.  The  very  circum 
stantial  version  in  F.  T.  Porter's  Gleanings  §  Reminis 
cences  (1875)  32  gives  the  date  of  the  alleged  invention  as 
1791  ;  but  this  is  later  than  the  actual  appearance  of  the 
word  and  its  derivative  quizzity.\ 

1.  An  odd  or  eccentric  person,  in  character  or 
appearance.  Now  rare. 

1782  MAD.  D'ARDLAY  Early  Diary  24  June,  He's  a  droll 
quiz,  and  I  rather  like  him.  1785  Span.  Rivals  8  Ay,  he's 
a  queer  Quis.  1793  in  W.  Roberts  Lcoker-on  No.  54  (1794) 
II.  311  Some  college  cell,  Where  muzzing  quizzes  mutter 
monkish  schemes.  1818  EARL  DUDLEY  Lett.  14  Feb.  (1840) 
196  Nor  are  we  by  any  means  such  quizzes  or  such  bores  as 
the  wags  pretend.  1852  MKS.  SMYTHIES  Bride  Elect  xiii, 
If  she  really  means  to  marry  that  qui/  for  the  sake  of  his 
thousands.  1857  C.  BRONTE  Professor  iii,  He  was  not  odd 
— no  quiz. 

b.  An  odd-looking  thing.  rare~~l. 

1798  JANE  AUSTEN  Xorthang,  Abb.  (1850)  26  Where  did 
you  get  that  quiz  of  a  hat  ? 

f2.  =  BANDALOBE,  q.v.  Obs. 

c  1790  in  Moore  Mem.  I.  12  The  Duke  ..  was,  I  recoiled, 
playing  with  one  of  those  toys  called  quizzes.  1792  J>. 
Munchauscn  (1799)  II.  xi.  137  She  darted  and  recoiled  the 
quizzes  in  her  right  and  left  hand.  ^1833  MOORE  Mem.  I. 
ii  A  certain  toy  very  fashionable  about  the  year  1789  or  1790 
called  in  French  a  '  bandalore '  and  in  English  a  '  quiz '. 

3.  One  who  quizzes. 

1797  The  Quiz  No.  13,  83  Now,  gentlemen,  as  you  have 
taken  to  yourselves  the  name  of  Quizzes,  I  request  to  know 
[etc.].  1836  Ibid.  No.  i.  4/2  A  true  Quiz  is  impertur 
bable  :  therefore  is  Talleyrand  the  Prince  of  Quizzers. 
1870  Q.  Rev.  July  238  She  could  write  letters  to  Horace 
Walpole  (perhaps  because  she  knew  him  to  be  a  quiz/  in  a  vein 
untiuctured  by  narrowness  or  phari>aism.  1899  Eng.  Hist. 
Rev.  April  36  Braving  the  ridicule  with  which  it  pleased 
the  quizzes  of  the  day  to  asperse  the  husband  chosen  for  her. 

4.  A  practical  joke ;  a  hoax,  a  piece  of  humbug, 
banter  or  ridicule;  a  jest  or  witticism. 

1807  Ant  id.  Miseries  Hum.  Lije  121,  I  was  engaged  a 
few  nights  ago. .  in  a  good  quiz  for  a  watchman.  1810  SCOTT 
Fam.  Lett.  14  Apr.  (1894)  I.  vi.  171, 1  am  impatient  to  know 
if  the  whole  be  not  one  grand  blunder  or  quiz.  1826  — 
JrjiL  ii  Feb.,  I  should  have  thought  the  thing  a  quiz,  but 
that  the  novel  was  real.  1835  WILLIS  Pencillings  II.  Ixiv. 
189  Whipping  in  with  a  quiz  or  a  witticism  whenever  he 
could  get  an  opportunity.  1840  HOOD  Up  the  Rhine  no 
Frank  said  he  was  travelling  for  Rundell  and  Bridge,  but  I 
suspect  that  was  only  a  quiz.  1850  T.  A.  TROLLOPE  Impress. 
Wand.  vi.  77  We  have.,  a  quiz  on  all  and  each  of  the  newly- 
arisen  tribe  of  journalists. 

b.  The  act  or  practice  of  quizzing. 

1819  QuizzualGaz.  No.  5/1  The  Editor,  .declares  this  the 
only  article  in  the  Paper  devoid  of  Quiz,  a  1845  HOOD  Tale 
Trumpet  xxx,  You  may  join  the  genteelest  party  that 
is,  And  enjoy  all  the  scandal,  and  gossip,  and  quiz.  1870 
GKEEN  Lett. in.  (1901)  254  What  a  taste  for  quiz  a  Professor 
ship  seems  to  develop. 

Quiz  (kwiz),  j£.2  U.S.  [f.  Quiz  0.2]  An  act 
of  quizzing  or  questioning ;  spec,  an  oral  examina 
tion  of  a  student  or  class  by  a  teacher. 

1891  in  Cent.  Diet.  1895  J.  W.  BROWN  in  Proc.  i^tk  Con 
vent.  Instruct.  Deaf '314  My  first  lesson  should  be  in  the 
form  of  a  quiz. 

Quiz  (kwiz),  0.1    [Cf.  Quiz  j£.i] 

1.  trans.  To  make  sport  or  fun  of  (a  person  or 
thing),  to  turn  to  ridicule ;  occasionally,  to  regard 
with  an  air  of  mockery. 

1796  Campaigns  1793-4,  H.  viii.  51  And  quiz  every  block 
head  accounted  a  boar.  1802  MAK.  EDGEWORTH  Moral  T. 
(1816)  I.  iv.  19  He  spent  his  time  in  ..  ridiculing,  or,  in  his 
own  phrase,  quizzing^  every  sensible  young  man.  1825 
C.  M.  WESTMACOTT  English  Spy  I.  231  Quizzing  the  little  • 
daughter  of  Terpsichore  through  his  eye-glass.  1833 
MARRYAT  P.  Simple  (1863)  113  Young  gentlemen  are  apt  to 
quiz;  and  I  think  that  being  quizzed  hurts  my  authority 
with  the  men.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  \.  214  Chaucer  .. 
quizzes  in  the  rime  of  Sir  Thopaz  the  wearisome  idleness  of 
the  French  romance. 

absol.  1815  Sporting  Mag.  XLV.  161  All  were  sneering  at 
Sain,  and  they  quizz'd  and  they  gaz'd.  1870  GREEN  Lett.  in. 
(1901)  254  What  a  charming  tongue  Latin  is  for  quizzing  in. 

f2.  intr.  To  play  with  a  quiz  (sb.1  2).   Obs. 

a  1800  MOORE  in  Mem,  I.  n  The  ladies  too,  when  in  the 
streets, . .  Went  quizzing  on,  to  show  their  shapes  and  grace 
ful  mien. 


QUIZZINESS. 

Quiz  (kwiz),  -V?  dial,  and  U. S.  [Prob.  a  trans 
ferred  use  of  prec.,  by  association  with  question  or 
inquisitive^  trans,  a.  To  question,  interrogate 
(a  ])erson) ;  U.S.  to  examine  (a  student  or  class) 
orally  (cf.  Quiz  rf.-').  Also  absol.  b.  To  find  out 
(a  thing)  by  questioning. 

1886  ELWORTHY  W.  Som.  Word-bk.  s.v.,  Her  on't  be  very 
long  'vore  her 'II  quiz  it  all  out.  1893  FERGUSSON  My  Village 
xi.  99  She  would  gossip  . .  and  quiz  her  visitors  as  to  what 
was  going  on  in  the  village. 

Quiz  (kwiz},  z,.3  rare— '.  [Echoic.]  intr.  To 
make  a  whizzing  sound. 

r  1866  Village  an  Cliff  xiii.  in  Cornhill  Ma%.  Nov.  526 
There  was  a  sound  of  grasshoppers  quizzing  at  their  feet. 

Qui'zzable,  a.  [f.  Quiz  z/.l  +  -ABLE.]  That 
may  be  quizzed.  Hence  Quizzabi-lity. 

1797  The  Quiz  No.  13.  85  Every  body  seems  to  set  me  down 
as  a  butt  made  on  purpose  to  be  ridiculed, ..as  if  I  had 
'This  man  is  quizable',  pasted  in  large  letters  on  my  bnck. 
1849  lUackw.  Mag.  LXVI.  687  It  may  be  somelliin- 
satirical,  if  they  see  anything  quiz/able — something  about 
yourself.  1858  CAKI.VI.K  Fred/;,  (,'t.  v.  vii.  I.  616  Kvcn 
book-men  . .  are  good  for  something,  more  especially  if  rich 
mines  of  quizzabiliiy  turn-out  to  be  workable  in  them. 

So  Quizza'cious  a.,  given  to  quizzing.  Quizza- 
to'rial  a.,  of  a  quizzing  character.  Quizzee',  one 
who  is  quizzed. 

1810  BENTHAM  Packing  (1821)  179  Another  epigram,  still 
more  pointed  and  qui/zatorial  than  the  Italian  one.  1825 
R.  P.  WARD  Trciiiaine  I.  x.xiv,  184  For  quizzing  to  take 
effect,  there  must  he  two  parties,  . .  the  quizzer  and  qui//<-e. 
£1830  BENTHAM  It'ks.  (1838-43)  X.  285,  I  made  a  little  quiz- 
zacious  attack  upon  the  bishop.  1840  A'ew  Monthly  Mag. 
LVIII.  526  Taking  care  to  make  their  remarks  ..  loiid 
enough  to  be  heard  by  the  quizzees. 

Quizzer  (kwi-zoi).     [f.  Quiz  K.I  +  -EH  1.] 

1.  One  who  quizzes  or  is  given  to  quizzing. 

1797  The  Quiz  No.  13.  84  At  every  corner,  I  am  accosted 
by  some  of  these  Quizzers,  1810  SCOTT  Let.  to  Kllis  in 
Lockhart  .\.\,  This  said  Kehama  affords  cruel  openings  for 
the  quizzers.  a  1845  HOOD  Tale  Trumpet  xvii,  The 
mischievous  quizzers,  Sharp  as  knives,  but  double  as 
scissors,  a  1876  HT.  MARTINEAU  Autolnog.  (1877)  II.  306 
My  lectures  were  maliciously  misrepresented  by  a  quizzer 
here  and  there. 

2.  =  QUIZZING-GLASS,  rare—1. 

1806  SURR  Winter  in  Loud.  II.  83  'You  must  have  a 
quizzer.'  '  What  is  that  ?'  said  Edward.  'Oh,  an  eye-glass.' 

Quizzery  (kwi-zori).  [f.  Quiz  z».l  + -BUY.]  The 
practice  of  quizzing  ;  an  instance  of  this. 

1821  Examiner  348/1  A  law. .destructive  to  mirth  and 
quizzery.  1825  T.  H.  LISTER  Grant)'  hi.  11836!  394  He 
began  with  a  little  gentle  qnizzery  of  the  Ladies  Manvcrs. 
1841  CAROLINE  Fox  Old  Friends  (1882)  122  Of  Mrs.  Carlylc's 
quizzerie*,  be  thinks  [etc.]. 

Qui-zzible,  a.  and  sb.  rare.  [f.  Quiz  vl  +  -IIII.E.] 
a.  adj.  =QUIZZABLE.  b.  sb.  Something  quizzable. 

1816  MOORE  Let.  to  Hyrim  29  Feb.,  There  is  so  much  of 
the  quizzible  in  all  he  writes.  1822  j.  WILSON  in  J>laL X-TC. 
Maff.  XI.  479  On  the  whole  the  book  wants  vigour,  and  it 
is  full  of  quizzibles. 

Quizzical  (kwi-zikal),  a.    [f.  Quiz  si.l  and  z).1] 

1.  Of  the  nature  of  a  quiz  or  oddity;  causing 
amusement ;  comical. 

1800  MRS.  HERVEY  Moitrtray  Fain.  II.  47  Nothing  but  a 
little  joke  of  mine,  at  his  quizzical  figure.     1812  Sporting 
Mag.  XL.   263  Whilst  they  were  quizzing  others,  they., 
made  themselves  quizzical.     1842  MOTLEY  Corr.  (1889)  I.  iv. 
joi   One  of  the  most  quizzical  of  old  fashioned  towns   of 
quizzical  Germany.    1873  HOLLAND  A.  Bonnie,  xi.  188  With 
a  quizzical  expression  of  countenance,  as  if  he  were  puzzled 
to  know  exactly  what  his  feelings  were. 

Comb.  1834  Tait's  Mag.  I.  440/2  Some  quizzical-looking 
fellow-countryman  in  a  seedy  coat. 

2.  Given  to  quizzing ;  pertaining  to,  or  charac 
terized  by,  quizzing. 

1801  Sporting  Mag.  XVII.  140  One  of  our  quizzical  cor 
respondents  remarks,  that  this  is  the  age  for  producing  fat 
beasts  and  lean  men.      1844  ALB.  SMITH  Adv.  Mr.  Led. 
bury  viii.  (1886)  24  The  'after  party',  which  is  always  so 
amusing  to  discuss  with  people  of  slightly  quizzical  powers. 

Hence  Quizzica'lity,  Qui'zzicalness. 

1821  AV.t/  Monthly  Mag.  I.  574  The  ne  plus  ultra-  of  un 
becoming  quizzicality.  1825  Eugl.  Lije  I.  76  Cornelia 
pouring  forth  her  badinage  and  her  quizzicalness.  1831 
Fraser's  Mag.  IV.  85  Somewhat  of  quizzicality  began  to  be 
associated  with  the  phrase. 

Quizzically  (kwrzikali),  adv.  [f.  QUIZZICAL  + 

-LY^.J     In  a  quizzical  manner. 

1849  C.  BRONTE  Sliirley  xvii,  Somewhat  quizzically  scan 
ning  Shirley's. .countenance.  1867  CAHLYLE  E.  Irving  in 
Reinbi.  (1881)  II.  95  A  sharp  man,  with  mouth  rather 
quizzically  close.  1878  M.  C.  JACKSON  Chaperons  Cares 
II.  viii.  87  Looking  at  me  quizzically  through  those  eye 
glasses  of  his. 

Quizzifica'tion.  [f-  as  next :  see  -FICATION.] 
The  action  of  quizzing ;  a  quiz. 

1800  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Belinda  (1832)  I.  xi.  207  After  all, 
. .  the  whole  may  be  a  quizzification  of  Sir  Philip's.  1856 
Chamb.  jfrnl.  VI.  179  It  is  sure  to  be  made  a  subject  of 
quizzification. 

Quizzify  (kwi'zifoi),  v.  rare—',  [f.  Quiz  rf.1 
-(--(I)FY.]  To  make  into  a  quiz. 

1834  SOUTHEY  Doctor  cxii.  (1862)  270  The  caxon  quizzifies 
the  figure,  and  thereby  mars  the  effect  [etc.]. 

Qurzziness.  rare—1,  [f.  QUIZZY  a.  +  -NESS.] 
Eccentricity,  oddness. 

1798  MAD.  D'ARDLAY  Lett.  Mar.  VI.  187  His  singularities 
and  affectation  of  affectation  . .  and  his  spirit  of  satire  are 
mere  quizziness. 

10-2 


QUIZZING. 


Quizzing  >wrzirj},t>*/.rf.  [f.Quizz>.i  +  -urci.] 
The  action  of  the  vb. 

1797  The  Quiz  No.  31.  208  On  Qui/zing.  1802  G.  ROSE 
oSria  (18601  I.  508  »<>/<•,  He  made  a  m,,st  brilliant 
speech  with  much  quizzing  on  Mr.  A.  1830  D  ISRAELI 
Cluts  /,  III.  v.  75  A  remarkable  instance  of  ..  persiflage. 
or  what  we  now  call  quiz/ing.  1862  SHIRLEY  [J.  SkellonJ 
AVpr  O//.  ix.  402  That  indirect  and  gentlemanly  quizzing, 
.  .so  much  relished  by  the  House  of  Commons. 


Quizzing-stock.  .,  - 

Quizzing  ^kwi-zin) ,  ///.  a.  [f .  as  prec.  +  -ING  *.] 
That  quizzes. 

1797  The  Qui:  No.  31.  208  The  supposed  robber,  was  no 
other  than  a  quizzing  fellow.  1806  SI-RR  H'iitter  ,a  Land. 


76 

Quod  (kwf>d),  v.     [f.QuoDJ/'.l]    trans.  To  put 

in  prisor 
i~ 
bi 
been  auoaed,  we  wameu  sumc  MIU^H,....  ...*~~ 

,£50  THACKERAY  Ballad  of  Eliza  Davis    The  cell  where 
she  was  quodded,  In  the  Close  of  Clerkenwell. 

Quod,  Quod-a,  obs.  varr.. QUOTH,  QUOTHA. 

t  Quo:dammo-dota:tive,  a.  and  rf.  Obs.  [f.  L. 
quodani  modo  in  a  certain  way  +  -(T)ATIVE.]  a. 
adj.  Existing  in  a  certain  manner,  b.  sb.  A  thing 
that  exists  in  a  certain  way. 

,656  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  vm.  i.  xiii.  (1687)  437/1  Things 
are  Subdivided  into  foure  Genus's,  Subjects,  and  Qualita- 
lives  and  Quodammodotatives  in  themselves,  and  Quodam- 
modotatives  as  to  others.  Ibid.  xvii.  438/2  Aristo.  .defined 
Uuodammodotative-Relatives  to  be  those,  whose  being  is 
.  .their  Quodammodotative  being  to  one  another. 


HI."        A  "JSXySSf*  wonder  '0  several  quizzing        Vg^SSSSSSSSSl,  £  ^SoSST 
A^ble^e^quizSngS5  ^  fcSSttg  QUO'ddity.     —      [f.    L.   ,„«/    (that,    which, 

,v  .l/.v/.  (7r.  1 1.  v.  348  Attacked  by  the  older  students .  .with         neut    of  ,,„,-  who  4.  -ITY.]      A  quasi-scholastic  term 


noae  subject  for  a  qu  .  . 

,v  .l/.v/.  Gr.  II.  v.  348  Attacked  by  the  older  students..  with 
all  sorts  of  quizzing  questions.  r 

Qui-zzing-glass.     [f.  QUIZ/ING  -M.  ;/>.]    A 

. 


MiiiEN     en       ousan    a     ea         . 

Klass  was  stuck  in  his  right  eye.  1885  J.  PAYN  Talk  of  Town 
I.  HZ  He  wore  round  bis  neck  what  was  thc:n  called  a 
quizzing-glass,  held  by  the  hand. 

Qurzzingly,  adv.  [f.  QUIZZING  ///.  a.  +  -LY  -.J 
In  a  quizzing  manner. 

1831  Fraser's  Mag.  IV.  147  A  lady  who  was  quizzmgly 
condoling  with  him.  1863  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xvn.  11. 
(1872!  VII.  23  Friedrich  ..  answers  quizzmgly:  'Island  ot 

Qtuzzisb.  (k\vi-zij),a.  ?  Obs.  [f.  Quiz  K.I  +  -ISH.] 
^QUIZZICAL  I.  Also  Comb. 

1792  J.  BUDWORTH  Fortn.  RainMe  i.  2  A  very  quizzish 
lookin"  man  threw  himself  into  a  knowing  attitude.  1797 
MRS.  A.  M.  BENNETT  Befgar  Girl  IV.  ii.  51,  I  cant  help 
laughing  to  think  how  quizzish  the  old  Doctor  will  look 
when  he  finds  my  lord  has  got  the  girl. 

Qui-zzity.  rare-1,    [f.  Quiz  *//.!]    Oddity. 

1788  ANNA  SEWARD  Lett.  (tSu)  II.  91  His  height  and 
proportion  mighty  slender..  nor  are  his  sharp  features..  a 
whit  behind  them  in  quizzity. 

Quizzy  kwi-zii.n.   [f.Qrizrf.1]  =Quizzic.u.i. 

1797-1805  S.  &  HT.  LEE  Canter/,.  T.  V.  13  She  had  taken 
all  tliis  trouble  for  some  quizzyold  bachelor.  1835  Black-M. 
Mag.  XXXVII.  84  A  quizzy  couple,  self-proclaimtd  as  man 
and  wife. 

Quo,  obs.  variant  of  WHO. 

Quo',  nbbrev.  of  QUOTH. 

i;  Quoad  (kwoa-rcd).  [L.,  '  so  far  as  ',  '  as  much 
as',  '  as  to',  f.  quo  where,  whither  +  ad  to.]  To 
the  extent  of,  as  regards,  with  respect  to. 

1742  GILBERT  Reports  of  Cases  in  Equity  3  To  supply  the 
Defect  of  the  Will  yu/'atf  that  Daughter.  1807  VANCOUVER 
Agric.  Devon  (1813)  462  It  will  operate  beneficially,  quoad 
the  quantity  applied.  1839  ARNOLD  in  Li/e(\Z^)  II.  ix.  149 
The  Order  of  Deacons,  which  has  been  long,  yuoad  ttie 
reality,  dead.  1872  E.  BKADDON  Life  in  India  iii.  58  His 
peculiar  position,  .quoa^i  the  natives  subject,  -to  him. 

b.  Quoad  hoc,  to  this  extent,  as  far  as  this,  with 
respect  to  this. 

1601  J.  CHAMBER  Agst.  Judic.  Astrol.  iv.  24  It  followeth, 
that  these  iigure-flingers  may  sometime  hit,  and  sometime 
misse  quoad  lioc.  1737  Common  Sense  I.  219  Infinite  are 
the  Numbers  of  minor  Coxcombs,  who  are  Coxcombs  quoad 
hoc.  1779  HUNTER  in  Pliil.  Trnus.  LXIX.  281  That  which 
they  do  have  must  ..  render  the  hermaphrodite  imperfect 
quoad  hoc.  1884  Law  rimes  LXXVIII.  169,  2  The  Bank 
ruptcy  and  Insolvent  Court  Act  .  .  which  quoad  hoc  is  unre- 
pealed. 

c.  Quoad  sacra  (s<?''kra),  '  as  far  as  concerns 
sacred  matters',  used  esp.  in  Scotland  with  ref.  to 
parishes  constituted  for  purely  ecclesiastical  pur 
poses  (as  contrasted  with  parishes  quoad  civilia)  ; 
hence  attrib.  with  church,  minister,  parish. 

The  usual  Sc.  pron.  is  (kw(''ad)  or  (kw^d  sa'kra). 

1825  DUNLOP  Treat.  Law  Scot.  §  125  When  a  part  of  a 

parish  is  disjoined,  or  annexed,  quoad  sacra  merely  [etc.). 

1845  Arty  Statist.  Ace.  XV.  Caithness  163  The  quoad  sat  ra, 

parish  of  Keise  was  erected  1833.    1882  J.  CUNNINGHAM  Ch. 

Hist.  (ed.  2)  xxx.  534  The  quoaii  sacra  ministers  in  general 

lost  nothing  by  the  Secession. 
Quoat,  obs.  f.  QUOTE  v.    Quob,  dial.  var.  QDAB 

sb.*  and  v.     Quobb(e,  var.  of  QUAB  sb?-,  burbot. 

Quobmire,  dial.  var.  QUABMIRE.     Quock,  obs. 

pa.  t.  QUAKE  v.    Quocken,  dial.  var.  QUEHKEN. 

Quocyent,  obs.  f.  QUOTIENT. 
Quod  (kw^d),  rf.l    Slang.     Also   quad.      [Of 

uncertain  origin  ;  commonly  regarded  as  identical 

with  quod  QUAD  si.l,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that 

this  is  really  l  he  case.  See  quot.  a  1700.]  Prison. 
ft  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Quod,  Newgate  ;  also  any 
Prison,  tho'  for  Debt.  1752  FIELDING  Amelia  I.  xii,  There 
is  not  such  a  pickpocket  in  the  whole  quad.  1795  in  Spirit 
Pub.  Jrnls.  IV.  226  Coming  home,  was  cast  in  quod  Till 
subjects  paid  his  ransom.  1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fairliv, 
She's.,  grudged  meahundred  pound  to  get  me  out  of  quod. 
1862  WHAXALL  tr.  Hugo's  'Miserable*'  IV.  x.  (1877)  7  Do 
you  know  I  have  been  in  quod  for  a  fortnight? 

Comb.    1812    I.   H.   VAI-X  Flash  Diet.,  Quod-cove,    the 
keeper  of  a  gaol. 

t  Quod,  sb.-,  obs.  var.  Con  sbl  7,  a  cocoon. 
1615  tr.  De  Mont/art's  Sun'.  E.  Indies  32  They  lay  so 
many  [silkworms]  on  it,  leauing  them  there  without  any 
more  adoe,  except  it  be  to  gather  the  quods,  when  they  are 
ready  to  be  spunne. 


if  qui 
formed  on  the  anal,  of  QUIDDITY,  q.v. 

1682  H.  MORE  Annot.  Glanvill's  Lux  <>.  191  He  is  . . 
armed  with  the  aflrightful  terms  of  Quoddities  and  Quid 
dities.  1902  Union  Mag.  Feb.  66/1  He  turned  over  ill  his 
mind  his  instances,  his  quiddities  and  his  quoildities. 

Quo-ddle,  v.  Now  dial,  (quaddle).  [var.  of 
WADDLE  :  cf.  quag  and  wag.~\  To  waddle. 

1662  STILLINCFL.  Orig.Sacr.  ill.  I.  §  16  You  will  presently 
see  . .  the  Duck  quoddling  into  a  pool.  1886  ELWOKTHY 
Ii'  Sour.  IVord-l'k.,  Quaddle.  to  waddle. 

Quod(d  le,  Quodgell,  obs.  forms  of  CODDLE, 

CUDGELL. 

il  Quodlibet  (kwjrdlibet).  Also  6  quot-.  [a. 
L.  quodlibet  (f.  quod  what  +  libet  it  pleases  (one)). 


1.  Any  question  in  philosophy  or  theology  pro-    | 
posed  as  an  exercise  in  argument  or  disputation ;    ! 
hence,  a  scholastic  debate,  thesis,  or  exercise  on  a   ' 
question  of  this  kind  ("chiefly//,  in  University  use, 
esp.  in  phr.  to  do  quodlibets}.     Now  only  Hist. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xv.  375  Of  diuinite  maistres-,  That 
shulde.  .answere  to  argumentz  and  also  to  a  quodlibet.  .if 
suche  weren  apposed.    1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531) 
164  As  saynt  Thomas  wytnesseth  in  his  thyrde  quodlibet. 
1529  MORE  Dyaloge  in.  Wks.  246/1   Among  other  such  as    j 
himselfe  to  kcpe  a  quotlibet  &  a  pot  parlament  vpon.     1603 
P.   STRINGER  in  Plummet  Elizah.  Oxford  (O.  H.  S.)  257    | 
At   the   same   hower   also    there  were,  in   other   Common    . 
Schooles,  disputations  called  '  Quodlibets '  by  Masters  of    | 
Arts  and  Bachelors  in  Art.     1631  WEEYER  Anc.  Fun.  Man. 
806  A  man  of  great  repute  in  the  Vniuersitie  of  Oxford_  for 
his  Quodlibets,  ordinary  questions,  and  his  Interpretations    j 
of  the  sacred  Scriptures.    1687  WILDING  in  Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)    ] 
I.  265  For  doing  Qdlibets  . .  oo  07  06.     1717  PRIOR  Alma 
MI.  347  All  his  quodlibets  of  art  Could  not  expound  its  [the 
heart's]  pulse  and  heat.     1868  MILMAN  St.  Paul's  iii.  70  He 
was  also  an  author,  of  theological  lectures  and  quodlibets. 

2.  Mies.  A  fanciful  combination  of  several  airs; 
a  fantasia,  medley. 

1845  E.  HOLMES  Mozart  38  The  young  musician  wrote  a 
symphony  and  a  Quodlibet  for  the  Installation  festival  of 
the  Prince  of  Orange. 

Quo'dlibetal,  a.    rare.     [f.  prec.  +  -AL.]   = 

QfODLIBETICAL. 

1839  tr.  Hugo's  Xotre  Dame  l.  i,  Down  with  the  cardinal 
and  quodlibetal  disputations.  1883  Manch.  Guard.  26  Dec. 
7/2  Who  chose  to  consult  him  on  things  spiritual,  temporal, 
and  quodlibetal. 

Quodlibeta'rian.    [f.  as  next  +  -AX.] 
t  a.  =  QUODLIKETAUY  A.  b.  Obs.     b.  One  who 
discusses  quodlibets. 

1727  BAILEY  vol.  II,  Quodlibetarian,  one  who  follows  the 
Dictates  of  his  own  Fancy.  1791-1823  D'ISRAELI  Cur.  Lit. 
(1858)  I.  60  The  works  of  the  scholastics,  with  the  debates 
of  these  Quodlibetarians,  at  once  show  the  greatness  and 
the  littleness  of  the  human  intellect, 

Quo  dlibetary,  sb.  nnd  a.  rare.  [f.  L.  qnod- 
litiet  QUODLIBET  +  -AKY.] 

t  A.  sb.  a.  1 A  qnodlibetical  argument,  b. 
(See  qnot.  1656.)  Obs. 

a  1631  DONNE  Lett.  (1651)  162  So.  he  having  made  use  of 
all  the  quodlibetaries,  imputations  against  the  other,  cannot 
be  obnoxious  himself  in  that  kinde.  1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr., 
Quodlibitaries,  those  that  run  after  their  own  fancy  or 
imagination,  and  do  what  they  list. 

B.  adj.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  quodlibets. 

1895  tr.  Hugo's  Notre  Dame  I.  i,  Down  with  the  dis 
putations,  cardinal,  and  quodlibetary. 

Quodlibe'tic,  a.  rare.  [t.  as  prec.  +  -1C.]  = 
next. 

1659  GAUDEN  Tears  Ch.  681  How  partial  are  the  principles 
.  .of  some  Quodlibetick  Presbyters  !  1831  SIR  \V.  HAMILTO_N 
Discuss.  (1852)  406  The  halls  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts,  in 
which  . .  the  Quodlibetic  Disputations  were  still  annually 
performed. 

Quodlibetical  (kwfxllibe-tikal),  a.  [f.  as  prec. 
+  AL.]  Of  the  nature  of,  connected  or  concerned 
with,  a  quodlibet  or  quodlibets. 

1580  FULKE  Answ.  P.  Frarine  i  The  president  of  the 
;  Quodlibeticall  disputations  of  Louane.  1600  WATSON  (title) 
A  Decacordon  of  Ten  Quodlibeticall  Questions  concerning 
Religion  and  State,  c  1665  R.  CARPENTER  Pragm.  Jesuit 
47/2  Quodlibetical  Brains  have  Consciences  of  all  sorts  and 
sizes.  1710  tr.  Dupin's  Eccl.  Hist,  i6t/i  C.  I.  III.  401  He 
publicly  read  Divinity  upon  those  that  they  [call]  Quodli 
betical  Questions.  1791-1823  D'ISRAELI  Cur.  Lit.  (1858)  I. 
62  They  at  length  collected  all  these  quodlibetical  questions 
into  enormous  volumes. 

Hence  Quodlibe-tically  adv. 


QUOIN. 

1657  J.  SERGEANT  Schism  Dispach't  174  His  Divisionary 
art  in  which  it  is  his  common  custome  to  talke  quodh- 
betically.  1682  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Car.  Slur,  ii.  (1756)  58  Many 
positions  seem  quodlibetically  constituted. 

t  Quo:dlibetrficate,  v.  trans.  To  deal  quib- 
bliugly  with,  nonce-wit.  So  also  f  Quo'dlibeting 
a.,  dealing  in  quodlibets.  t  Quo'dlibetist,  one 
who  deals  in  quodlibets.  Obs. 

1610  COOKE  Pope  Joan  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Malh.)  IV.  96 
Watson,  the  quodlibetting  priest.  1626  W.  FENNER  Hidden 
Alanita  (1652)  22  These  heretical  Opinionists,  schismatical 
Quodlibetists.  ?  1743  in  M.  Pennington  AJeni.  Eliz.  Carter 
(1816)  II.  147  To..quodlibelificate  any  word  into  a  pun. 

Quodling,  obs.  form  of  CODLING  -,  apple,  etc. 

t  Quods,  ?  var.  CODS.     (Cf.  Od"s  buds,  etc.) 

1593  NASHE  4  Lett.  Confnt.  84  Quods,  quods  giue  mee  my 
Text  pen  againe,  for  I  haue  a  little  more  Text  to  launce. 

Quoff,  obs.  Sc.  variant  of  COFF,  to  buy. 

Quohog,  variant  of  QUAHAUG. 

Quoice,  local  var.  (also  //.)  of  QUEEST,  ring 
dove.  Hence  Quoice-neck  (see  quot.). 

1883  GKESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining,  Qvoiceneck, . .  greyish 
black  clay  with  shining  surfaces,  and  streaked. 

Quoich,  var.  QUAICH.  Quoifie,  quoifF, 
quoiffure,  obs.  ff.  COIF,  COIFFURE.  Quoik, 
obs.  Sc.  pa.  t.  QUAKE  v.  Quoil,  obs.  f.  COIL. 

Quoi'ler.  dial.  Also  quiler.  [Cf.  COILER  -.] 
pi.  The  breech-harness  of  a  cart-horse.  Also  attrib. 
as  quoilcr-harness,  -horse. 

1697  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  3317/4  A  black  Horse.,  the  Hair 
rubbed  off  behind  with  the  Qnilers.  1876  Surrey  Gloss., 
Qnoilers,  the  breeching  of  a  cart-harness.  Quoiler-harness 
or  thill-harness  is  the  trace-harness.  1901  Kentish  Express 
13  July  12/4  Good  Quoiler  Horse. 

Quoin  (koin),  sb.  Forms :  6  quoyne,  6-8 
quoyn,  7  quoine,  7-  quoin;  7  quain;  7-8 
quine.  [var.  spelling  of  COIN,  formerly  used  in 
all  senses  of  that  word,  but  now  restricted  to  the 
following  uses,  in  which  coin,  coign  are  also  occa 
sionally  employed.] 

1.  Build,  a.  An  external  angle  of  a  wall  or 
building ;  also,  one  of  the  stones  or  bricks  serving 
to  form  the  angle;  a  corner-stone.  =  COIN  sb.  i. 

Rustic  quoin,  one  projecting  from  the  general  surface  of 
the  wall,  usually  with  bevelled  edges, 

1532  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  m  The  quoyne 
of  the  wall  of  a  tenement,  c  1640  J.  SMYTH  Lives  Berkeley* 
(1883)  II.  66  The  walls,  vautes.quines  of  doors  and  windows 
they  razed  and  tear  a  down.  1663  GERBIER  Counsel  71 
Flowers  for  the  Cross  work  in  the  gallace  in  these  quains. 
1670  L.  STUCLEY  Gospel-Glass  xxxiv.  365  So  many  quoines 
to  lock  together  all  parts  of  the  building  into  one.  1703 
MOXON  Mech.Exerc.ibi  At  an  upright  Quine.. lay  a  three 
quarter  Bat  at  the  Quine  in  the  stretching  course.  1725 
BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Wall,  Certain  courses,  ledges,  or 
Quoins  of  more  strength  than  the  rest,  must  be  interlaid 
like  bones  to  strengthen  the  whole  fabrick.  1820  W.  IRVING 
Sketch  &k.  II.  797  It  is  a  large  building  of  brick,  with  stone 
quoins.  1862  ANSTED  Channel  I  si.  I.  ii.  (ed.  2)  29  The  walls 
are  of  island  Sand-stone,  with  quoins  of  Caen  stone. 

b.  An  internal  angle  or  corner,  as  of  a  room. 
Hollow  quoin,  a  recess  in  the  walls  at  each  end  of 
a  canal  lock,  to  receive  the  heel-post  of  the  gate. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Opcrat.  Mechanic  627  If  a  room  con. 
sists  of  more  than  four  quoins,  the  additional  corners  must 
be  allowed  at  per  foot  run.  1838  SIMMS  Pub.  IVks.  Gt.  Brit. 
ii.  6  The  joint  between  the  heel-post  and  hollow  quoin  is 
made  watertight  by  the  gate  being ..  worked  backwards  and 
forwards. 

2.  A  wedge,  or  wedge-shaped  block,  used  for 
various  special  purposes,  a.  Printing.  A  shoit 
wedge  nsed  to  lock  up  a  form. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  215/17  A  Printers  quoyn,  cuncus, 
!  cuneolus.  1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  viii,  Quoyns 
i  are.. of  different  Lengths,  and  different  Breadths.  Ibid.  x. 
'  p  9  The  extuberancies  of  Nail-heads  would  hinder  the  free 
sliding  of  the  Quoins.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Printing, 
1  The  compositor.. unlocking  the  form.. by  knocking  out  or 
\  loosening  the  quoins.  1824  J.  JOHNSON  Typagr.  II.  xv.  534 


slacken  the  quoins. 

b.  Ctinnery.  (a)  A  wedge-shaped  piece  of  wood, 
with  a  handle  at  the  thick  end,  used  to  raise  or 
lower  a  gun.     (/>)  =  QUOIKER.  ?  Obs.   (c)  A  small 
wedge  used  in  fixing  the  breech  of  a  gun. 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  xiv.  65  Quoines.. are 
great  wedges  of  wood  with  a  little  handle  at  the  end  to  put 
them  forward  or  backward  for  leuelling  the  Peece.  1707 
Class.  Angl.  Nova,  Quoin,  a  wedge  fastned  on  the  Deck, 
close  to  the  Breech  of  the  Carriages  of  the  great  Guns,  to 
keep  them  firm  up  to  the  Ship's  sides.  1711  Mitit.  $  Sea 
Diet.  (ed.  4)  s.v.,  The  Quoyns  the  Gunners  use  under  the 
Guns,  to  mount  them  higher  or  lower.  1805  in  Nicolas 
Disp.  Nelson  (1845)  VII.  171  note,  Our  people  took  the 
quoins  out,  and  elevated  their  guns.  1881  GREENER  Gun 
476  For  the  larger  cannon  Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong  uses  a 
quoin  tightened  by  a  screwed  breech-plug. 

c.  Naut.  A  wedge  used  to  prevent  casks  from 
I    rolling.     Cantic  quoin,  standing  quoin  (see  quot. 
i    1711,  and  cf.  CANTIC  a.,  CANTING///,  a.1). 

1711  Milit.  if  Sea  Diet.  (ed.4>  s.v.,  Cantick  Quoyns,  being 
short,  with  three  Edges,  to  put  betwixt  the  Cask  at  the 
Bildge  Hoops,  to  keep  the  Cask  steady  from  rowlmg,  and 
labouring  one  against  another.  ..  The  standing  Quoyns,.  .a 


QUOIN. 

d.  Build.  The   key-stone,   or   any  one   of  the 

wedge-shaped  stones  (voussoirs)  of  an  arch.  rare. 
1730  A.  GORDOM  Maffeis  Amphith.  306  In  the  middle,  at 
the  Key-Stone  or  Quoin.  1873  TRISTRAM  Moab  ii.  20  Over 
the  doorway,  -was  let  in  an  old  quoin  on  which  was  cut  an 
Arabic  inscription. 

3.  An  angle,  or  angular  object,  rare. 

1838  SIMMS  Pub.  Wits.  Gt.  Brit.  36  The  quantity  thus  cut 
ofT  from  the  acute  quoin  is  gradually  diminished  to  the 
opposite  or  obtuse  quoin.  1868  KISGLAKE  Crimea  (1877) 
I  y.  ix.  230  It  is  only  by  an  isthmus .  .of  high  land  that  the 
trinngular  quoin  remains  joined  to  the  bulk  of  the  Chersonese. 
1878  GI;RNEY  Crystallogr.  30  Similar  quoins  or  solid  angles 
are  such  as  are  contained  by  the  same  number  of  plane 
angles. 

4.  Comb.,  as  quoin-drawer,  -post,  -stone  (see 
qtiots.). 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  111/2  Quine  stones  ..are 
Stones  laid  m  a  Brick  wall  at  the  corners  of  a  House— a 
yard  long  and  three  Brick  in  thickness.  1875  J.  SOUTH 
WARD  Diet.  Typogr.  117  Quoin-drawt'i;  a  drawer  in  the 
frame  of  the  imposing-stone  in  which  the  quoins  are  kept. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1849/2  Quoin  jost^  the  heel-post 
of  a  lock-gate. 

Quoin  (.koin),  v.     [See  prec.  and  COINT  ^.2] 

1.  trans.  To   secure   or   raise  with  a   quoin   or 
wedge.     Also  with  up. 

1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.>  Printing x\\v.  f  7  He.  .then 
Quoins  up  the  two  ends  of  the  Chase.  1769  KALCONKR  Diet. 
Manne  (1776),  Calcr  also  signifies  to  quoin  or  wedge  up 
any  thing.  1854  JACOB  ABBOTT  ll'allact  vii.  138  What  Mr. 
Grey  meant  by  quoining  up,  was  filling  in  the  spaces  under 
the  large  stones.. and  thus  wedging  them  up  to  their  proper 
level.  1875  J.  SOUTHWARD  Diet.  Typogr.  117  Quoining  a 
Forme,  the  tilting  of  the  quoins  in  a  forme  so  that  when  it 
is  locked  up  they  shall.,  wedge  up  and  secure  the  types. 

2.  To  provide  with  quoins  or  corners. 

1834  Gent/.  Mag.  CIV.  i.  96  A  well,  curiously  quoined  with 
stone. 

Quoinage,  obs.  form  of  COINAGE. 
t  Quoine,  obs.  variant  of  COIN  v.1 
1786  MRS.  A.  M.  BENNETT  Jurenile  Indiscr.  III.  181  He 
lend  you  money  !  he  must  quoine  it  I  believe  if  he  does. 

t  Quorner.  Obs.  rare.  In  7  quoyn-.  [f.  QUOIN 
v.  +  -ER.]  A  wedge  used  to  secure  a  gun. 

1669  STURMV  Mariner  s  Mag.  v.  64  In  Ships . .  if  the  Ropes 
be  suspected  not  to  be  good,  they  nail  down  Quoyners  to 
the  Fore-Trucks  of  heavy  Guns,  that  he  may  not  have  any 
play  ;  and  if  Hritchings,  and  Tackles,  and  Quoyners  should 
give  way  in  foul  weather,  presently  dismount  her. 

Quoining  (koi-nin).  Also  6  quenynge.  [f. 
QUOIN  sb.  +  -ING*.  Cf.  COINING  -vbl.  sb2\  The 
stone  or  brick-work  forming  the  quoin  of  a  wall, 
or  the  manner  in  which  this  is  placed. 

1562-3  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge(i%%6)  II.  567  Stone. . 
new  wrought,  .to  ashler  and  quenynge.  1848  RicKMAN6"/y/w 
A  rchit.  £ng".  App.  p.  iv,  There  is  a  peculiar  sort  of  quoining, . . 
consisting  of  a  long  stone  set  at  the  corner  and  a  short  one 
lying  on  it,  and  bonding  one  way  or  both  into  the  wall.  1876 
Arc/ixol.  Cant.  X.  Hi,  The  quoining  of  the  nave  and  chancel. 

Quoining,  obs.  form  of  COINING  vbl.  sb.i 
Quoit  (koit,  kwoit),  sb.  Forms  :  a.  4-7  coyte, 
5~*>  (9)  coite,  6  (\h)oytte,  7  coyt,  coight,  6- 
coit.  &.  7  quoite,  quoyt(e,  6-  quoit.  7.  6-7 
quaite,  7  quayte,  queit,  S  quait.  [Of  obscure 
etym. ;  the  variation  of  form  between  coit,  quoit, 
and  quait  prob.  indicates  a  French  origin. 

Derivation  from  OF.  coiticr,  quoitier  'to  prick,  spur, 
incite,  hasten ',  has  been  suggested,  but  it  does  not  appear 
that  this  vb.  had  also  the  sense  'to  throw,  hurl',  which 
would  be  necessary  to  make  the  connexion  probable  ;  and 
the  sb.  coite,  quoite  means  only  '  prick  (of  spur),  encounter, 
haste'.] 

1.  In  orig.  and  widest  sense  (now  only  with  ref. 
to  the  Greek  and  Roman  discus),  a  flat  disc  of 
stone  or  metal,  thrown  as  an  exercise  of  strength 
or  skill ;  spec,  in  mod.  use,  a  heavy  flattish  ring 
of  iron,  slightly  convex  on  the  upper  side  and 
concave  on  the  under,  so  as  to  give  it  an  edge 
capable  of  cutting  into  the  ground  when  it  falls,  if 
skilfully  thrown.  Also,  the  ring  of  rope  used  in 
deck-quoits  (see  2). 

o.  c  1440  Promp.  Pan'.  86/t  Coyter,  or  caster  of  a  coyte, 
fietreludits.  Q,Qy\e,pctrelnda.  f  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  \.  xx. 
120  That  men.  .schulden  pleie..bi  casting  of  coitis.  1530 
PALSCR.  206/2  Coyte  to  playe  with,  paid.  Coyte  of  stone, 
bricoteav.  1591  HARINGTON  OH.  Fur.  xm.  xxxiv,  This  like 
a  coight  at  them  Orlando  tost.  1657  K.  LIGON  Barbwiocs 
(1673)  28  There  is  no  part  of  it  so  broad,  but  you  may 
cast  a  Coyte  over  it.  1711  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  56  F  4  Some 
of  them  were  tossing  the  Figure  of  a  Coit.  1807  ClUBBB 
Par.  Reg.  \\.  393  Tossed  the  broad  coite  or  took  th1  inspiring 
ale. 

|3.  ci6ti  CHAPMAN  Iliad  XXIIT,  388  Nestors  sonne..got 
as  farre  before,  As  any  youth  can  cast  a  quoyte.  1715-20 
Poi'E  Iliad  XXNI.  712  Tho*  'tis  not  thine  to  hurl  the  distant 
Dart,  The  Quoit  to  toss.  1783  CKABDE  I'illage  i,  Who., 
made  the  pond'rous  quoit  obliquely  fall.  1843  LYTTON  Last 
Bar.  i.  i,  They  had  learned  to  wrestle,  ..  to  pitch  the  bar 
or  the  quoit.  1870  BRYANT  Iliad  II.  xxni.  360  As  far  as  flies 
a  quoit  Thrown  from  the  shoulder  of  a  vigorous  youth. 

•y.  1560  [see  b].  1658  J.  JONES  tr.  Ovid's  Ibis  144  If  Queit 
thou  cast  into  the  open  air,  let  Queit  thee  kill  like  Hyacinth 
the  fair.  1711  J.  GREENWOOD  Eng.  Gram.  188  Coit,  quait. 

fb.  Phr.  A  quoit's  casf,  distance,  the  distance 
t/>  which  a  quoit  is  commonly  thrown.   Obs. 

a  1490  BOTONER///W.  (1778)  147  Distans  per  spaciumcoytys 
cast.  1560  WHITEHORNK  Ord.  Souldiours  xxiv,  It  would 
scant  be  able  to  drive  their  pellettes  a  quaites  caste,  a  1604 
HANMER  Chron.  IreL  (1633)  10  The  Welch  Prophet  could 
not  see  a  quoits  cast  from  him.  1644  MILTON  Areop.  (Arb.) 


77 

57  Every  acute  reader. .will  be  ready.,  to  ding  the  book 
a  colts  distance  from  him,     1791  COWPER  Iliad  xxni.  648 
Menelaus.  .fell  A  full  quoit's  cast  behind. 
C.  A  curling-stone,  rare. 

1827  HONE  Every-day  Bk.  II.  164  The  stones  used  are 
called  coits t  or  quoits,  or  coifing,  or  qnoiting-stones, 
^2.  //.  (rarely  sing?)  The  sport  of  throwing  the 
quoit  or  of  playing  with  quoits ;  in  the  modern 
lorm  of  this  the  quoit  is  aimed  at  a  pin  stuck  in 
the  ground,  and  is  intended  to  fall  with  the  ring 
surrounding  this,  or  to  cut  into  the  ground  as  near 
to  it  as  possible.  Deck-quoits,  an  imitation  of  this 
game,  played  on  shipboard  with  rings  of  rope. 

1388  Act  12  Rich.  //,  c.  6  §  i  Les  jeues  appelez  coytes 
dyces  [etc.].  1477  Rolls  Parlt.  VI.  188/1  No  persone  shuld 
use  any  unlawfull  Pleys,  as  Disc,  Coyte,  Foteball.  1527 
GfUway Arch,  in  iot/i  Rep.  Hist.  AfSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  402 
Plainge  at  choyttes  or  stonis.  1531  ROHINSON  tr.  Mores 
Utop.  \.  (1895)  57  Lewde,  and  vnlawlull  games,  as.  .tennyes, 
bolles,  coytes.  1593  LYLY  Galathea  n.  iv,  I  will  now.  .play 
at  quaites  abroade.  1621  BURTON  ^«<i/.  Mel.  u.  ii.  iv.  342 
Keelpins,  tronkes,  coits  . .  are  the  common  recreations  of 
countrey  folks.  1708  \V.  KING  Cookery  117  He..  From  Nine 
pins,  Coits,  and  from  Trap-ball  abstains.  1841  Q.  Rev. 
LXVII.  355  Devoting  hours  on  hours  to  quoits,  cricket,  and 
so  forth.  1847  TKNNYSON  Princ.  in.  199  Quoit,  tennis,  ball 
no  games?  1892  E.  REEVES  Homeward  Bound  22  One  of 
the  best  amusements  provided  on  shipboard  is  'Quoits'. 

3.  transf.  fa.  A  quoit-shaped  stone  or  piece  of 
metal.  Obs.  rare. 

1593  P.  NICHOLS  Drake  Revived  (1628)  78  Thirteene  bars 
of  siluer,  and  some  few  quoits  of  Gold.  Ibid.  79  Promising 
to  give  him  a  fine  quoit  of  gold,  a  1635  CORBKT  Her  Bor. 
114  No  pompous  weight  Upon  him,  but  a  pebble,  or  aquayte. 
b.  The  flat  covering  stone  of  a  cromlech  or  cist ; 
also,  by  extension,  a  cromlech  or  cist  as  a  whole. 

1753  BORLASE  in  Phil,  Trans.  XLVII  I.  87  A  flat  rock  . . 
(which  in  our  country  [Cornwall]  we  call  a  quoit).  Il'id., 
On  the  top  of  this  quoit  there  is  a  remarkable  incision.  1827 
G.  HlGGINSCV//*VX?ri»<&  Pref.  49  Under  this  Quoit  I  caused 
to  he  sunk  a  pit.  1867  MAX  MULLER  Chips  (1870)  III.  xiii. 
291  In  Bosprennis  Cross  there  was  a  very  large  coit  or 
cromlech.  1887  BARING-GOULD  Red  Spider  I.  ii.  18  A  rude 
granite  slab. .[which]  had  been  the  'quoit1  of  a  great  pre 
historic  dolmen  or  cromlech. 

f4.  A  cast  or  throw.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1706  George  a  Green  in  Thorns  Prose  Rom.  (1858)  II.  165 
\Vith  such  a  tumbling  quait,  as  we  call  a  back  somerset. 

6.  attrib.  and  Comb^  as  quoit-cast,  -pitcher, 
-player,  -playing,  -thrower,  etc. ;  quoit-like  adj. 

1538  LELAND  I  tin.  VI.  56  A  Coyte  or  Stone  Ca^t  beneth 
the  Kmges  Bridge.  1818  KEATS  Endym.  i.  306  They  might 
watch  the  quoit-pitchers,  intent  On  either  side.  1871 
ALABASTER  Wheel  f-f  Law  169  The  quoit-like  weapon 
(chakra)  the  emblem  of  power  of  India.  1887  UTCOTT 
Introd.  Gk.  Sculpt,  iv.  57  The  most  familiar  of  Myron's 
works  is  the  Quoit- th rower.  Ibid.^  The  quoit-player,  who 
is  stooping  forward  in  attitude  to  throw. 

Quoit  (koit,  kwoit),  v.  Forms:  5  coytyn,  6 
coyte,  quayt-,  7  coit,  quait,  7-  quoit,  [f.  the  sb.] 

1.  intr.  To  play  at  quoits,     rare. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parr.  86/1  Coytyn,  pctrilndo.  1530  PALSGR. 
488/2  Let  us  leave  all  boyes  games,  and  go  coyte  a  whyle. 
1570  LEVINS  Manip.  216/18  To  coyte,  discum  mittere.  1684 
DRYDEN  Grid's  Met.  1. 599  To  Quoit,  to  Run,  and  Steeds  and 
Chariots  drive. 

2.  trans.  To  throw  like  a  quoit.   Also  with  advbs. 
as  away,  down,  off,  out. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  /^,  n.  iv.  206  Quoit  him  downe.  .like 
a  bhoue-groat  shilling.  1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Brave 
Sea-fight  Wks.  HI.  39/2  So  neere,  as  a  man  might  quoit  a 
Bisket  Cake  into  her.  1660  SHIRLEY  Andromana  \.  v.  ^7 
Tis  more  impossible  for  me  to  leave  thee,  Then  for  this 
carkase  to  quait  away  its  grave-stone.  1681  COTTON  Poet. 
Wks.  (1765)  326  If  you  coit  a  Stone.  1791  COWPER  Iliad 
xxin.  1042  Leonteus.  .quoited  it  next.  1822  LAMB  Elia  Ser. 
i.  Praise  Chimneysweepers t  One  unfortunate  wight  ..  was 
quoited  out  of  the  presence  with  universal  indignation. 
1870  THORSBURY  Tour  Eng.  I.  iv.  77  It  was  just  beyond., 
where  Falstaff  was  quoited  into  the  Thames. 

Quoi'ter.  [f«  QUOIT  v.  +  -EH*.]  One  who 
plays  at  quoits  ;  a  quoit-thrower. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  86/1  Coyter,  or  caster  of  a  coyte, 
fetrclndits.  c  15x5  Cocke  Lorelfs  B,  IT  Bowlers.,  and 
quayters.  1656  W.  D.  tr.  Comenius  Gate  Lat.  Unl.  265 
Quoiters  throw  quoits  and  other  things  that  are  to  be  flung. 
1884  Sporting  rimes  9  June  4/6  The  death  of  William 
Eagle,  . .  well  known  amongst  quoiters. 

Quoi'ting,  vbl.  s/>.  Forms:  5-7  coyt-,6koyt-, 
quait-,  quayt-,  7  coit-,  7-  quoit-,  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  1.]  The  action  or  game  of  playing  at  quoits. 

1467  Nottingham  Rec.  1 1 .  264  Luserunt  ad  quendam 
ludum  illicitum  et  prohibitum  vocatum  '  le  coytyng  '.  1532 
MORE  Confut.  Tindale  Wks.  574/2  Suche  prety  playes.  .as 
chyldren  be  woont  to  playe,  as  cheristone,  mary  bone,.. or 
quayting.  1541  Act  33  Hen.  K///,  c.  9  §  n  Any  common 
house,  aley  or  place  of  boulynge,  coytynge  [etc.].  1^63  B. 
GOOGE  Eglogs  vii.  (Arb.)  58  Suche  thynges,  whenn  we 
Shepeheardes  haue  delyght,  As  in  Quailing,  a  1619 
FOTHERBY  Atheom.  n.  L  §  8  (1622)  188  Running, Wrestling, 
Leaping,  Coyting.  1799  E.  Du  Bois  Piece  Family  Biog. 
I.  16  Wrestling,  running,  quoiting,  ..  and  every  description 
of  rural  sport.  1836  LYTTON  Athens  (1837)  I.  179  At  first 
only  the  footrace  was  exhibited,  afterwards  were  added 
wrestling,  leaping,  quoiting. 

Comb.  1530  PALSGR.  488/2, 1  Coyte.  I  play  with  a  coyting 
stone.  18*7  [see  QUOIT  sb.  i  c].  1897  CROCKETT  Lads'  Loi>e 
xviii.  189  He.  .fairly  dragged  me  Into  the  quoiting-ground. 
Ibid.  195  The  matter  of  the  quoiting-match. 

f  b.  A  method  of  cheating  at  dice.   Obs.  rare~~\ 

1545  ASCHAM  Toxopk.  i.  (Arb.)  54  If  they  be  true  disc, 
what  shyfte  wil  they  make  to  set  ye  one  of  them  with 
slyding,  with  cogging,.. with  coytinge  as  they  call  it. 


QUOP. 

Quok(e,  obs.  pa.  t.  of  QUAKE  v. 

Quoll  (kwpl).  [Aboriginal  name.]  The  'native 
cat  *  (Dasytirtts  macrurus)  of  Australia. 

1770  HAWKESWORTH  Voy.  (177.3)  HI.  626,  I  can  add  only 
one  more  [animal],  resembling  a  polecat,  which  the  natives 
call  Quoll.  1855  in  OGILVIE  .9K///.,and  in  recent  Diets. 

Quom,  obs,  form  of  WHOM. 

t  Quominus,  quo  minus.  Obs.  Law.  [L., 
*  by  which  the  less  (viz.  one  may  exercise  a  right, 
or  perform  a  duty).]  a.  A  writ  to  restrain  a  person 
from  committing  waste  in  a  wood  after  granting 
'  housebote  and  haybote'  to  another,  b.  An  Ex 
chequer  writ  available  for  a  steward  or  debtor  to 
the  King  ngainst  one  indebted  to  himself. 

1595  RASTELL  Termes  Lawes  156.  Ibid.  (1598)  160  b.  1623 
in  iciffi  l\ep.  Hist.  /l/.V.S'.  Corntt.  App.  IV.  433  [Paid]  to 
Mr.  Hill  for  suinge  out  several  Quominuses  and  for  his  fee, 
34$.  8/r".  1642  Perkins"  Prof.  Bk.  i.  §  5.  3  He  shall  have  a 
Quo  minus  against  the  vendre  in  the  Exchequer. 


Quomodo  (k\v<7u'm<?d<?),  quo  moclo  (kw<?u 
iru>»'d0).  [L.  *  in  what  way  ?  ']  The  quomodo^  the 
manner,  way,  mean?. 

1671  KVELYN  Corr.  (1879)  III.  383  The  difference  between 
us  and  the  Church  of  Rome  consists  chiefly  in  the  definition 
of  the  manner  of  the  change  ;  the  qiiomodo  or  modus.  1749 
FIELDING  Tom  Jones  vii.  xv,  Northerton  was  desirous  of 
departing  and  nothing  remained  for  him  but  to  contrive  the 
qnoinodo.  1791  Ilurkes  Co>~r.  (1844*  III.  318,  I  cannot 
persuade  myself  that  the  obstacle  is  not  to  be  removed. 
The  quomodo  is  the  thing  to  be  considered.  1828  Congress 
Debates  IV.  ii,  2724  (Stanf.)  The  quo  modo  of  executing  it 
is  left  to  the  wisdom  of  the  government. 

f  Quo  modocu'nquize,  v.  nonce-iud.  [f.  I,. 
quoinodocunqiie  in  whatever  way  (with  allusion  to 
Horace  Ep.  \.  i.  66)  +  -IZE.]  intr.  To  make  money 
in  any  possible  way. 

1652  URQUHART  Jewel  Wks.  (1834)  213  Those  quomodo- 
Cunqulzing  clusterfists  and  rapacious  varlets. 

Quon,  variant  of  WHONE,  few.  Obs. 

Quondam  (kw^rndam),  adv.)  sb.^  and  a.  Also 
i  6  coudam.  [L.,  *  formerly'.] 

A.  adv.  At  one  time,  formerly,  heretofore, 
'whilome7.  rare. 

1537  WRIOTHESLEV  Chron.  (18751  I.  63  An  Abbott  condam 
of  Fountens,  of  the  order  of  pyed  monkes.  1611  CORYAT 
Crudities  648  That.  .  most  faithful  attendant  quondam  \^>Q\\ 
the  right  \Vorsh  ipfull  Sir  Edward  Phillips.  1841  CATUN 
A1  Amcr.  Ind.  (1844)  II.  liii.  162  Mr.  C.  Jennings  quondam 
of  the  city  hotel  in  New  York. 

t  B.  sb.  The  former  holder  of  some  office  or 
position  ;  one  who  has  been  deposed  or  ejected.  Obs. 

1535  Lett.  Suppress.  Monast.  (Catnden)  93  The  kinges 
fowndation  thus  to  be  mangellede  by  the  quondam,  I  have 
petie  ;  the  prior  now  is.  .a  goode  clcrke.  1549  LATIMKR  $th 
Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI  (Arb.)  107  Make  them  quondammes, 
out  with  them,  cast  them  out  of  ther  office.  1583  STUBBES 
Anat.  Abus.  (1882)  n.  54  Let  him  be  ..  Jacke  out  of  office, 
make  him  a  Quondam. 

C.  adj.  That  formerly  was  or  existed  : 

a.  of  persons  (the  most  frequent  use). 

1586  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  HI.  xiv.  (1612)  65  In  Albanie  the 
quondam  King  at  eldest  Daughters  Court  was  setled  scarce, 
when  she  repynes.  1615  HKATHWAIT  Strafpado  (1878)  86, 
1  see  thy  quondam  friend,  Hath  cause  to  say  his  hopes  are 
at  an  end.  1675  COCKEH  florals  47  Quarles,  quondam  Poet, 
for  rare  Lines  Divine.  1728  MORGAN  Algiers  II.  ii.  234 
This  aspiring  quondam  Consort  of  his  grew  apace.  1825 
BENTHAM  Offic.  Apt.  J\Iaximized  (1830)  13  A  quondam 
country  Gentleman  with  thirty  years  of.  .experience.  1874 
KUSKIN  ForsCtav.  xxxvii.  (1874)  IV.  3  The  loquacious  and 
speculative  disposition,  .of  all  my  quondam  friends. 

b.  of  things,  qualities,  etc. 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  v.  i.  6,  I  did  conuerse  this  quondam 
day  with  a  companion  of  the  kings.  1600  S.  NICHOLSON 
Acolastus  (1876)  34  Marke  ..  How  euery  thing  in  quondam 
sort  appeares.  1642  VICARS  God  in  Mount  (16441  44  The 
heighth  of  their  quondam  pride  and  cruelty.  1717  UP. 
NICOLSON  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  IV.  318  His  quondam 
diocese  of  Derry.  1795-^  WORDSW.  Borderer  \.  79  The  tale 
of  this  his  quondam  Karony  Is  cunningly  devised. 

Hence  Quo-ndamly  adv.,  formerly;  tQuo'n" 
damship,  the  state  of  being  out  of  office.  Obs. 

1549  LATIMER  $th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI  (Arb.)  108  As  for 
my  quondamshyp  I  thancke  God  that  he  gaue  me  ye  grace 
to  come  by  it  by  so  honest  a  meanes  as  I  dyd.  1814  Sport 
ing  Mag.  XLIV.  53  Certain  gentlemen  smiths,  who  have 
been  quondamly  in  habits  of  wearing  such  articles. 

Quondary,  variant  of  QUANDARY. 

Quoner,  compar.  of  WHONE,  few.  Obs. 

Quonet,  variant  of  QUANNET. 

t  Quo'niam.  Obs.  rare~l.  [?  Some  allusive  use 
'  of  L.  quoniam  whereas.]  (See  quot.) 

1609  HEALEY  Disc.  New  World  6g  The  drinke  is  sure  to 
'  go,  be  it  out  of  Can,  Quoniam,  or  lourdan.  [Nate.  A  Quo- 
I  mam  is  a  glasse.-well  knowne  in  Drink-allia.] 

Quonundrum,  obs.  variant  of  CONUNDRUM. 
Quony,  variant  of  COYNYE.     (See  QUIDRATHE.) 
Quook(e,  obs.  north,  pa.  t.  QUAKE  v. 
Quop  (kvv^p),  v.  Obs.  exc.  dial.     [Later  form  of 
\    QUAP  z>.]     To  beat,  throb,  palpitate. 

a  1658  CLEVELAND  Model  New  Relig.  32  How  Quops  the 

!    Spirit?  In  what  Garb  or  Air?   1679  DRYDEN  Liml>crham\\\. 

ii,  Oh,  my  Eyes  grow  dim  !  my  Heart  quops,  and  my  back 

aketh.  1681  Ballad  Dk.  Monmoutk  \r\Skaksf>.  Cent.  Praise 

,    387  His  great  Heart  quops  his  Courage  fails.  1848  A.  6.  EVANS 

Leicestersh.  Words,  Quopl  to  throb  (used  also  in  Gloucester 

shire)  as  in  the  suppuration  of  boils  and  abscesses.     1889 

GISSING  Both  of  this  Parish  I.  v.  103  It  makes  a  body's 

heart  quop  to  hear  tell  of  such  a  history. 


QUOEUM. 

Quor,  Quore,  obs.  variants  of  WHERE,  COKE. 

Quorister,  obs.  form  of  CHOKISTEK. 

t  Quorse,  ?  obs.  variant  of  CORSE. 

1462  in  Ellacorabe  Bells  tfCh.  ix.  (1872)  469  Wan  they 
rynge  for  any  quorse  or  obiit. 

il  Quorum  (kwoo-rflrn).  [L.,  lit.  .'  of  whom ', 
from  the  wording  of  commissions  in  which  certain 
persons  were  specially  designated  as  members  of 
n  body  by  the  words  quorum  vos  .  .  .  itnitm  (duos, 
etc.)  esse  volumus  '  of  whom  we  will  that  you  .  .  . 
be  one  (two,  etc.) '.] 

1.  Orig.,  certain  justices  of  the  peace,  usually  of 
eminent  learning  or  ability,  whose  presence  was 
necessary  to  constitute  a  bench ;  latterly  the  term 
was  loosely  applied  to  all  justices. 

1455  Rolls  Parlt.  V.  334/1  The  Justice*  or  Justice  of 


vii,  At  sessions  &  at  syses  . .  In  patentes  &  commissions  of 
Quorum.  1581  LAMBARDE.£*VV«.  i.  ix.  (1602)  46  So  that  the 
one  of  thjse  two  [Justices]  be  of  that  select  number,  which 
is  commonly  tearmed  of  the  Quorum.  For  these  of  the 
Quorum  were  wont ..  to  bee  chosen,  specially  for  their  know 
ledge  in  the  Lawes  of  the  lande.  1623  MASSIXGEB  New 
Way  i.  i,  Old  Sir  John  Wellborn,  fustice  of  Peace  and 
Quorum.  1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxon.  II.  274  George  Wither 
..a  Justice  of  Peace  in  Quorum  for  Hamp^iire.  1728 
VANBR.  &  OB.  Prmi.  Hush.  II.  i.  43  I'm  o'  th'  Quorum— I 
have  been  at  Sessions.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  XXIL 
1 V.  705  A  squire  who  was  one  of  the  quorum. 

Coml>.  1619  HUTTON  Foil.  Anat.,  1  xions  Wheclc  E  iij  b, 
The  Gods.  .Quorum  luslice  warrants  sent  by  poast. 

b.  transf.  Applied   to   similarly  distinguished 
members  of  other  bodies;   hence,  a  select  company. 

1602  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  IX.  xlvi.  (1612)  216  The  Hellish 
Potentates  ..  a  new  Commission  framed,  Narcissus  ghost 
and  Ecchos  voice  therein  of  Quorum  named,  n  1661  FULLER 
Worthies  (1840)  III.  187  He  was  afterwards  of  that  quorum 
in  the  translating  of  the  ttible.  1678  MARVEI.L  Growth 
Popery  Wks.  1875  IV.  329  [They  are]  so  small  a  scantling 
in  number,  that  men  can  scarce  reckon  of  them  more  than  a 
quorum.  1747  Scheme  Equip.  Men  of  War  24  ^Quorum 
of  Surgeons,  .should  he  ordered  to.. examine  them.  1859 
GRKEN  Oxf.  Stud.  ii.  §  10  (O.  H.  S.)  128  The  deepest  sot 
among  the  topers  of  the  quorum. 

Comb.  1659  A.  UROMF.  l\inegyr.  I'erscs  in  R.  Brome's 
li'ks.  II,  These  would-be  Quorum-Wits,  and  by  their  own 
Commission,  do  invade  Apollo's  throne. 

2.  A  fixed  number  of  members  of  any  body, 
society,  etc.,  whose  presence  is  necessary  for  the 
proper  or  valid  transaction  of  business. 

1616  in  Row  Hist.  Kirk  (1842)  81  The  Assemblieappoynts 
twenty  Commissioners  nominat,  whereof  six  a  quorum,  to 
attend  the  King's  Majestic'*  ansuer.  1669  EVELYN  Diary 
19  May,  It  was  order'd  that  5  should  be  a  quorum  for  a 
Council.  1720  \Vodro-.vCorr.  (1843)  II.  524  The  Commission 
should  have  met  this  day ;  but  we  have  not  a  quorum  in  the 
forenoon.  1800  COLOUIIOUN  Cottim.  Thames  xiii.  360  At 
the  Meetings  of  the  Directors,  five  Members  shall  be  a 
quorum,  capable  of  acting.  1873  BURTON  Hist.  Scot.  V. 
Ivii.  163  Six  were  to  be  a  quorum,  of  whom  the  chancellor 
must  always  be  one. 

t  3.  Necessary  materials.   Ol>s.   rare. 

1630  FULLER  Pisgah  i.  vi.  12  Salt,  IJread  and  Wine  ..  (all 
of  the  Quorum  to  every  feast).  1655 — -Cfi.Jfist.  in.  xiv.  §  12 
Fullers  earth.. a  great  Commodity  of  the  Quorum  to  the 
making  of  good  Cloath. 

Quos(e,  obs.  forms  of  WHOSE. 
Quosher,  var.  COSHERY.     (See  QUIDKATHE.) 
Quo-so,  obs.  form  of  WHO-SO. 
t  Quoss,  obs.  var.  Coss,  to  barter,  exchange. 
1515  Burgh  Rec.Prcstitiick  (1834)47  J>e  said  George  allegit 
he  had  gottyn  it  [a  sword]  in  quossyn  fra  |>e  said  James. 
Quosshon,  Quest,  obs.  ff.  CUSHION,  COAST. 
t  Quot,  sb.  Sc. :  see  QUOTE  st.i  2  b. 
Quot  (kwft),  fa.  pple.    dial.     Also  7  quotted, 
8  quott.     [f.  quot  QUAT  z;.1  i  b.]     Sated,  cloyed. 

1674-91  RAY  i'.  f,  E.  C.  Words,  QuotteJ,  cloyed,  glutted. 
Suss,  c  1741  ELIZ.  CARTER  Let.  in  Mem.  (1808)  1. 27, 1  believe 
I  am  grown  quott  of  assemblies,  &C.  1887  Kentish  Gloss. , 
Quot,  cloyed,  glutted. 
Quot,  variant  of  QUAT  a.,  squat. 
Quota (kw(M-ta),rf.  [med.L. guota(x.fars'\\ovr 
great  a  part '),  fem.  of  qtiotus,  f.  quol  how  many.] 
1.  The  part  or  share  which  is,  or  ought  to  be, 
paid  or  contributed  by  one  to  a  total  sum  or 
amount ;  in  early  use  chiefly  with  ref.  to  contribu 
tions  of  men,  money,  or  supplies,  from  a  particular 
town,  district,  or  country.  (Cf.  CONTINGENT  sb.  5.) 
1668  TEMPLE  Lett.,  Ld.  Arlington  Wks.  1731  II.  '165 
Some  certain  Quota's  upon  the  several  Parts  of  the  Empire. 
1691  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  II.  236  If  his  master  doe 
not  speedily  remitt  the  money  promised,  and  quota  of 
officers  and  engineers.  1712  ADDISON  Sfect.  No.  439  F  2 
Newsgatherers  and  Intelligencers,  .who  bring  in  their  re 
spective  Quotas.  1756  NuGENTCr.  Tour, Germany  II.  391 
1  hey  have  often  balls  and  feasts,  where  every  one  pays  their 
quota.  1769  ROBERTSON  Chas.  (-",  xii.  III.  378  The  Papal 
troops  were  far  inferior  in  number  to  the  quota  stipulated. 
1844  DISRAELI  Coningsby  i.  vi.  The  host,  .always  contributed 
his  quota  to  the  general  fund  of  polished  sociability.  1887 
JESSOPP  Arcatiy  i.  13  It  is  the  village  huckster  who  has  to 
pay  his  heavy  quota  towards  the  rate. 

b.  Comb,  as  quota-bill,  a  Parliamentary  bill 
passed  in  March,  1795,  under  which  each  county 
and  (by  a  supplementary  bill  passed  in  April)  each 
port  had  to  supply  its  quota  of  men  to  the  navy  ; 
so  also  quota-bounty,  -man  (see  quots.). 


78 

1813  BRENTON  Naoal  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  I.  49  The  quota- 
bounty  given  in  1795,  1796,  and  1797.. formannmg  the  fleet. 
Ibid ,  There  were  few,  if  any,  seamen  among  them  ;  and  the 
term  '  quota-man  ',  or  '  lord-mayor's  man ',  was  supposed  tc 
comprise  every  thing  that  was  base  and  contemptible  among 
sailors  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  ll'ord-l'k.,  Quota-Men,  those 
raised  for  the  navy  ..  by  Pitt's  quota-bill,  in  1795  under 
bounties  of  from  £20  to  ,£00. 

2.  The  part  or  share  of  a  total  which  belongs,  is 
given,  or  is  due,  to  one. 

aijoo  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,s.v.t  Tip  me  i>iy  Quota, 
give  me  my  Part  of  the  Winnings,  Booty,  Plunder,  £c. 
1726  SHELVOCKE  Voy.  round  World  227  Sometimes  would 
not  allow  me  a  quota  of  the  fish  that  was  caught.  1753 
HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  II.  I.  xii.  61  They  have  great  maga 
zines  of  East-India  goods,  this  city  having  its  quota  of  that 
trade.  1806-7  J-  BKKESFORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life  (1826)  i. 
Introd.,  If  nerves  are  necessary  to  a  boiling  fit  of  rage,  I 
must  have  my  full  quota  of  them.  1883  SHAW  Local 
Go-'.  Illinois  17  Having  collected  the  total  amount,  the  col 
lector  disburses  to  each  proper  authority  its  respective  quota. 

Hence  Quo'taf .  trans.,  to  impose  in  quotas.  Also 
Quo'taing  vbl.  sb. 

1784  E.  GERRY  in  AVw  En%.  Hist.  $•  Gen.  Reg.  (1895) 
XLIX.  431  Troops  to  be  required  and  quotied  [sic\  on  the 
several  Slates  by  Congress.  1786  JEFFERSON  li'rit.  (1859) 
I.  593  A  convention ..  by  which  the  burthen  of  the  war 
might  be  quotaed  on  them,  according  to  their  respective 
wealth.  1798  Ibid.  (1896)  VII.  267  This  is  to  avoid  the 
quotaing.  Ibid.,  Requeues  under  a  quotaing  law. 

Quotable  (kw^-tab'l),  a.  [f.  QUOTE  v.  •»-  -ABLE.] 
Capable  of  being  quoted  ;  suitable  for  quoting. 

1821  Examiner  27/1  Passages  of  a  still  more  quotable 
nature.  1849  THOREAU  Week  Concord  Riv.  Thurs.  326  The 
Spectators  and  Ramblers  have  not  failed  to  cull  some  quot 
able  sentences.  1883  Manch.  Exam.  27  Nov.  4/6  There  is 
no  quotable  change  at  any  of  the  spot  markets. 

Hence  QuotaM'lity,Quo-tableness.  AlsoQuo't- 
al>ly  adv.,  in  a  quotable  manner,  so  as  to  be  quoted. 

a  1849  POE  Marginalia  'Wks,  1865  III.  500  It  is  the 
prosaicism  of  these  two  writers  to  which  is  owing  their 
especial  quotability.  1881  Daily  News  17  Jan.  3/3  Cotton 
yarns  are  not  quotably  dearer.  1888  Athcnxjim  24  Nov. 
693/2  This  uncouthness  interferes  with  the  quotableness.. 
of  not  a  few  anecdotes  amusing  enough  in  themselves. 

t  QuO'tal,  a. '  Obs.   rare.  -1.    [f.  L.  qnot-a  {pars) 

+  -AL  :  see  QUOTA.]   =  ALIQUOT. 

a  1696  ScARBi'RCH  £"w//W  (1705)  i77AQuotal  part  measures 
the  whole  :  which  is  then  called  a  Multiple  of  that  part. 

t  Quota-nnal,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  L.  quotann-is 
every  year  +  -AL.]  Yearly,  annual. 

1651  iJiccs  Ne~v  Disp.  170  A  quotannal  recidivation. 

.So  f  Quota'nnual  a.  (after  annual}.     Obs. 

1658  J.  ROBINSON  Ettdoxa  x.  55  There  would  be  a  fear  of 
,.a  quotannuall  Phaetontick  combustion. 

Quotation  (kw0ttf''j3n).  Also  6-8  cotation. 
[ad.  med.  L.  quotation-cm,  n.  of  action  f.  quotare 
to  QUOTE.  Cf.  obs.  F.  quotation  (Godef.%] 

-fl.  A  numbering,  number.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  100  Here  efter 
followis  the  chapitris  of  the  ferde  buke  efter  the  quotaciouns 
of  the  Rubricis. 

t  2.  A  (marginal)  reference  to  a  passage  in  a 
book  :  see  QUOTE  v.  2.  Obs. 

153*  MORE  Confut.  names  vin.  Wks.  776/1  His  quotation 
is  in  the  mergent  in  this  maner.  De  jhejie.  ({is.  ii.  Si  in 
glossa.  1557  .M  7*.  (Genev.)  To  Rdr.  **iii.  Then  is  it  noted 
with  this  starre  *,  as  the  eolations  are.  1574  WHITGIFT/V/T 
Annsw.  793  Although  the  wordes  in  the  texte  be  altered, 


yet  the  quotations  in  the  margent  remayne  still.  1664  H. 
MORE  Apology  508  The  Quotation  of  the  place  from  whence 
this  Objection  is  taken  is  here  omitted,  but  I  question  not 


but  that  it  aimes  at  that  passage,  Chap.  4.  Sect.  3.  Book  6. 
which  runs  thus  [etc.].  1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.t  Printing 
388  That  the  Compositer  may. . Justifie  his  Notes  or  Quota 
tions  exactly  against  the  designed  Line  of  the  Page. 

b.  Typog.  (ellipt.  lot  quotation-quadrat!)  A  large 
(usually  hollow)  quadrat  used  for  filling  up  blanks 
(orig.  the  blanks  between  marginal  references). 

1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.^  Printing  xxii.  224  He  Justifies 
his  Stick-full  just  to  the  breadth  of  the  Wooden  Letter  with 
Quadrats  or  Quotations.  Ibid,  236  He  sets,  .a  row  of  Quota 
tions  almost  down  the  length  of  the  Page.  1771  P.  LUCKOM  BK 
Hist.  Printing  287  Justitiers,  as  well  for  broad  as  narrow 
Quotations,  are  cast,  from  Double  Pica  to  all  the  Regular 
Bodies.  1808  STOWER  Printers  Gram.  97  Quotations  are 
cast  to  two  sizes,  and  are  called  broad  and  narrow. .  .Quota 
tions  should  not  be  cast  so  high  as  they  sometimes  are. 
1888  JACOBI  Printers  Vocab.  109  Quotations^  large  quadrats, 
generally  of  four-line  pica. 

3.  The  action  or  practice  of  quoting. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWSE  Pseud.  Ep.  279  This  Translation,  .is 
often  followed.. by  our  Saviour  himselfe  in  the  quotations 
of  the  Old  Testament.  1765  Museum  Rust.  IV.  Ixiii.  286 
Nothing  can  be  more  unfair  than  false  quotation.  1781 
JOHNSON  in  Boswell  8  May,  Classical  quotation  is  the  fiarole 
of  literary  men  all  over  the  world.  1875  EMERSON  Lett.  <$• 
Soc.  Aims,  Quot.  fy  Orig.t  Quotation  confesses  inferiority. 
b.  A  passage  quoted  from  a  book,  speech,  etc. 

1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  iv.  xvi.  (1695*  383  He.. cannot 
doubt  how  little  Credit  the  Quotations  deserve,  where  the 
Originals  are  wanting.  1711  STKELE  Spect.  No.  n  F  i  He 
..enforced  his  Arguments  by  Quotations  out  of  Plays  and 
Songs.  1771  Junius  Lett.  xlvi.  245  After  giving  a  false 
quotation  from  the  journals.. he  proceeds.  1828  L>'!SRAELI 
Chas.  /,  I.  viji.  249  That  prodigal  erudition  which  delights 
in  inexhaustible  quotations  from  writers  whom  we  now 
deem  obscure.  1887  BOWEN  Virgil  Pref.  (1889)  7  Hundreds 
of  Virgil's  lines  are  for  most  of  us  familiar  quotations. 

f4.  A  note  or  observation  ;  a  matter  noted.   Obs. 

1608  MIDDLETON  Family  of  LOT e  v.  iii,  Your  wife  can 
furnish  you  with  notes  out  of  her  eolations,  a  1635  NAUNTOS 
Fragm*  Reg.  (Arb.)  51  It  were  not  amisse  to  take  into  observa- 


QUOTE. 

lion  two  notable  quotations.  The  first  was,  a  violent  indul- 
gencie  of  the  Queen  [etc.]. 

t5.  Share,  QUOTA.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1613  J.  CHAMBERLAIN  MS.  Let.  to  Sir  D.  Carlelon  (T.), 
That  they  should  not  be  able  to  answer  their  quotations  (as 
they  call  them),  or  payments  to  the  general  charge. 

6.  The  amount  stated  as  the  price  of  stocks  or 
any  commodity  for  sale. 

1812  Examiner  21  Sept.  608/2  Sales  ..  sustain  the  last 
quotation.  1861  GOSCHKN  For.  2Zxch.  56  To  give  any  exact 
or  definite  quotation  of  the  price  of  long-dated  paper.  1883 
rail  Mall  G.  7  Apr.  5/2  Manufacturers,  .are  disposed  rather 
to  increase  than  to  decrease  their  quotations. 

7.  attrih.  and  Conib^  as  (sense  3  b)  quotation- 
capping  (see   CAP   z>.l  5),  -monger  \   (sense  2  b) 
-justifier,  ~qitadrat\  quotation-marks,  signs  used 
in  writing  or  printing  to  mark  the  beginning  and 
end  of  a  quotation  ;  in  English  the  inverted  comma 
(see  COMMA  4)  and  apostrophe  are  employed. 

1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  xxii.  236  Then  he  sets 
his  Notes,  .and  with  Quotation  Quadrats  of  proper  Bodies, 
Justifies  them  up.  1750  Student  I.  284  The  Author  shews 
his  skill  and  address  as  a  quotation-monger.  1771  P. 
LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Printing  287  Quotation  quadrats  require 
to  be  dressed  and  finished  as  carefully  as  any  other  sort. 
1885  Pall  Mall  G.  ii  Apr.  5/1  Characters  who  ..  indulge 
themselves  in  a  little  bout  of  quotation-capping.  1888  JACOBI 
Printers'  l-'ocab.  109  Quotation  jitstifiers,  spaces  for  justify 
ing  lines  of  quotations.  1897  Century  Mag.  563/1.  I  must 
put  play  in  quotation-marks  to  express  the  sarcasm  of  it. 

Hence  Quota-tional  a.,  of  or  pertaining  to  a 
quotation  or  quotations ;  Qnota'tionally  adv.,  by 
way  of  quotation,  as  a  quotation;  Quota'tionist, 
one  who  (habitually)  makes  quotations. 

1643  MILTON  Divorce  To  Parlt.  Eng.,  Let  the  Statutes  of 
God  be.. considered  not  altogether  by  the  narrow  intellec 
tuals  of  Quotationists.  1829  Blaekw,  Mag.  XXVI.  443  The 
quotationist . .  never  saw  even  the  Parthian  back  of  the  lucky 
fugitive.  1862  Sat.  J?£v.  13  Sept.  308  He  then  observed 
quotationally,  '  Men  cannot  determine  [etc.] '.  1869  EADIE 
Galatians  239  It  is  only  a  quotational  illustration  of  the 
truth  announced  in  the  previous  verse.  1878  J.  W.  EBS- 
WORTH  Introd.  llrathuxiit's  Strappado  xv,  The  phrase.. has 
the  imperfect  quotational  marks  before  it. 

Quotative  (kw^'tativ), ,a.  [See  QUOTE  v.  and 
-ATIVE.]  Relating  to  quoting  ;  inclined  to  quote. 

1812  Snorting  Mag*  XL.  25  What  do  you  think  of  my 
quotative  powers.  1891  Sat.  Rev.  12  Sept.  304/1  Mr. 
Liddell,  though  still  quotative,  is  straightforward. 

t  Quote,  J^.1  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  quoote,  6 
cote ;  Sc.  6  quoitt,  6-7  quott,  7  coitt,  8  quot. 
[a.  OF.  cote,  quote  QUOTA.] 

1.  a.  An  aliquot  part. 

1460  CAPGRAVE  Chron.  3  This  noumbir  eke  of  sex  is  praysed 
for  his  particuler  noumberes,  whech  be  on,  too,  thre ;  and 
these  be  cleped  cote. 
b.  A  quotient. 

1676  COLLINS  in  Rigaud  Corr.  Sci.  Men  (1841)  II.  9  By 
the  second  remainder  divide  the  second  divisor,  reserve  the 
quotes.  1694  E.  HALLEY  in  77*77.  Trans.  XVIII.  250 
Divide  the  Minutes  of  the  said  first  ./Equation  and  the 
Quote  shall  be  the  /Equation  of  Num.  II.  1767  MURDOCH 
ibid.  LVIII.  26  The  terms  ..must  involve  a  common 
factor;  by  which  being  divided,  the  quote  maybe  [etc.]. 

2.  =  QUOTA  i. 

1451  Rolls  Parlt.  V.  222/1  Any  part  or  parcell  of  any 
Dysmes,  or  other  Quoote  what  so  ever  it  be,  1491  Act  ^ 
Hen.  VI '/,  c.  5  §  i  Quinzimes  and  dlsmes  and  other  quotes 
taxes  and  tallages.  1619  SIR  J.  SEMPILL  Sacrilege  Handled 
78  Paul.. did  not  settle  the  Medium,  nor  name  the  Quote. 

b.  Sc.  Law.  '  The  portion  of  the  goods  of  one 
deceased  appointed  by  law  to  be  paid  for  the 
confirmation  of  his  testament,  or  for  the  right  of 
intromitting  with  his  property*  (Jamieson). 

1526  Sc.  Acts  Jos.  V  (1814)  II.  306  The  nerrest  of  Jiar 
kyne..sall  have  bar  gudis,  without  preiudice  to  J?eordinarU 
anent  he  cote  of  thar  testamentis.  1666  Acts  Sederunt  28 
Fell,  Twelve  pennies  of  every  pound  of  the  dead's  part 
shall  be  the  quote  of  all  testaments,  .which  shall  be  con 
firmed.  [1754  ERSKINE  Princ.  Sc.  Law  (1800)  in.  ix.  §  n.] 

attrib.  1564  Acts  Sederiint  13  Apr.,  The  Queins  writting 
of  the  1600  Hb.  of  the  quoitt  silver. 

Quote  (k\v0u-t),  sb.'2-    [f.  QUOTE  v.~\ 

fl.  A  (marginal)  reference;  a  note.  Obs. 

1600  TOUKNEUR  Trans.  Metanwrph.  Author  to  Book  2, 
O  were  Thy  margents  cliffes  of  itching  lust,  Or  quotes  to 
chalke  out  men  the  way  to  sin.  1611  CoTCR.,£«0/f,aquote, 
or  quoting ;  a  marke,  or  note  vpon  an  article. 

2.  A  quotation.     Also  quote  mark  —  b. 

1885  Pall  MallC.  23  Jan.  6/1  The  '  interviewer  '(..has  not 
the  time  come  for  leaving  out  the  quote  marks?).     1888 
Ibid.  12  Dec.  11/2  Stodgy  'quotes'  from  the  ancients? 
b.  A  quotation  mark. 

1888  JACOBI  Printers'  Vocab.  109.  1891  Scot.  Leader 
2  Apr.  6  The  portion  of  this  quotation  which  we  have  put 
within  quotes.  1895  Nation  (N.Y.)  14  Mar.  191  Lodge's 
*(  Americanism  " . .  will  get  the  "  double  quotes  "  every  time. 

Quote  (kwJut),  v.  Also  4-7  cote,  6  cott, 
quoate,  6-7  coat.  [ad.  med.L.  quotare  to  mark 
the  number  of,  distinguish  by  numbers,  f.  quot  how 
many,  or  quota  QUOTA.  Cf.  I1',  cotcr,  t  cotter  (itfhc.}, 
whence  prob.  the  obs.  forms  cotet  cott.] 

I.  f  1.  trans.  To  mark  (a  book)  with  numbers 
(as  of  chapters,  etc.),  or  with  (marginal)  references 
to  other  passages  or  works.  Obs.  rare. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  205  Stevene  \>e  arch- 
bisshop.-coted  [L.  guotavit\  )>e  Bible  at  Parys, and  marked 
J>e  chapitres.  1570  FOXE  A.  fy  M.  1394/2,  I  was  desirous 
to  see  it  agayne,.  .and  beyne  sent  to  me  the  second  tyme,  it 
was  thus  coted  [1596  quoted]  in  y°  margent  as  ye  see. 


d* 


QUOTE. 

fb.  To  mark  (with  lines).  Obs.  rare-1. 

V.coterls  similarly  used  by  Amyot,  'cicatrisez  et  cottez 

e  poinctes  et  picqueures  '  (Godef.  Conipl.}. 

1601  WEEVER  Mirr.  Mart.  Cij,  Thou  faire  frame,  with 
azure  lines  thick  quoted,  Bright  heauen. 

f2.  To  give  the  reference  to  (a  passage  in  a 
book),  by  specifying  the  page,  chapter,  etc.  where 
it  is  to  be  found.  Obs. 

iS74  WHITGIFT  Def.  Aitnsw.  800  They  quote  for  that  pur 
pose  in  the  margent  the  .10.  of  Matth.  verse  .  14.  15.  1581 
J.  HAMILTON  in  Catholic  Tract.  (S.  T.  S.)  104  Quhy  baue 
ye  not  cottit  the  places  of  your  bybill,  quhair  out  thaj  ar 
drauin.  1638  FEATLY  Transubst.  46  If  you  have  read., 
the  passages  which  you  cote  out  of  Jewell.  1651  HOBBKS 
Levietth.  in.  xlii.  280  What  needed  he  to  quote  any  places 
to  prove  his  doctrine  ? 

Jf*g'  TS88  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  n.  246  His  faces  owne  margent 
did  coate  such  Amazes; 

t  b.  ahsol.  To  set  down  references  ;  to  refer  to. 

1580  LYLY  Euphues  (Arb.)27o  He.  .desired  few  parentheses 
or  digressions  or  gloses,  but  the  text,  where  he  him-self  was 
coring  {later  eds.  coating]  in  the  margant.  1657  F.  COCKIN 
Div.  Blossowes  119  Another  Book  by  the  same  Authour,  to 
the  which  this  Quotes,  and  would  be  of  great  use  to  go 
along  with  this. 

3.  f  a.  To  cite  or  refer  to  (a  book,  author,  etc.) 
for  a  particular  statement  or  passage.  Obs.  b.  To 
copy  out  or  repeat  a  passage  or  passages  from. 

1589  Ptisqutfs  Ret.  c,  Mar.,  .in  other  places  he  quoat 


your  self  quote.  1710  STEELE  Tatler  No.  157  F  6  He  shall 
quote  and  recite  one  Author  against  another.  1781  WILKES 
in  Boswell  Johnson  8  May,  Upon  the  continent  they  all 
quote  the  Vulgate  Bible.  Shakspeare  is  chiefly  quoted  here. 
1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  \\\.  I.  391  One  series  ..  will  be 
occasionally  quoted  in  the  course  of  this  work.  1871  JOWETT 
Plato  IV.  61  He  still  quotes  the  poets. 
4.  To  copy  out  or  repeat  (a  passage,  statement, 
etc.)  from  a  book,  document,  speech, etc.,  with  some 
indication  that  one  is  giving  the  words  of  another 
(unless  this  would  otherwise  be  known). 
a  1680  BUTLER  Upon  Plagiaries  102  'Twas  counted  learning 
once,  .what  men  understood  by  rote,  By  as  implicit  sense  to 
quote.  1712  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  333  p  i,  I  omitted  quoting 
these  passages  in  my  Observations  on  the  former  books. 
1771  yunius  Lett.  liv.  283  He  quotes  verses  without  mercy. 
1860  TYHDAU.  Glac.  n.  xxvii.  378,  I  quote  the  following 
passage  from  this  paper.  18^8  R.  W.  DALE  Lect.  Preach. 
v.  142  The  rest  of  the  sermon  it  is  unnecessary  to  quote. 

b.  absol.  To  make  quotations  (from  a  book, 
author,  etc.). 

1787  BL-KNS  Extempore  in  Crt.  Session,  He  clench'd  his 
pamphlets.  .He  quoted  and  he  hinted.  1827  LYTTON/V&OM 
xiv,  [He]  had  a  peculiar  art  of  quoting  from  each  author  he 
reviewed.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  \\\.  §  5. 142  He. .quotes 
largely  from  state  documents,,  .and  exchequer  rolls. 

II.  f  5.  To  write  down ;   to  make  a  note  or 
record  of,  set  down,  mention  in  writing.   Obs. 

*573  TUSSER  Husb.  (1878)9  New  lessons  then  I  noted,  and 
some  of  them  I  coted.  1589  GREENE  Menaphon  (Arb.)  76 
Her  browes  are  pretie  tables  of  conceate,  Where  Love  his 
records  of  delight  doth  qiioate.  1612  WEBSTER  White  Devil 
Wks.  (Rtldg.)  $7/3  It  is  reported  you  possess  a  book  Wherein 
you  have  quoted  by  intelligence  The  names  of  all  offenders. 
a  1635  NAUNTON  Fragm.  Reg.  (Arb.)  34  It  is  already  quoted, 
they  were  such  as  awakened  her  spirits. 
fis>  '595  SHAKS.  John  iv.  ii.  222  A  fellow  by  the  hand  of 
Nature  mark'd,  Quoted,  and  sign'd  to  do  a  deede  of  shame. 
1599  MIDDLF.TON  Micro-cynicon  in,  Fine  madam  Tiptoes.. 
That  quotes  her  paces  in  characters  down. 

f  b.  To  take  mental  note  of  j  to  notice,  observe, 
mark,  scrutinize.  Obs. 

1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  iv.  i.  50  Note  how  she  quotes  the 
leaues.  1592  —  Rom.  A>  Jul.  i.  iv.  31  What  care  I  What 
curious  eye  doth  quote  deformities.  1607  BEAUMONT  Woman 
Hater  in.  iii,  I'll  quote  him  to  a  tittle,  let  him  speak 
wisely,  and  plainly,  ..  or  I  shall  crush  him.  1640  GENT 
Knave  in  Gr.  i,  i.  B  iij,  My  knowledge  coated,  and  all  Italy 
spoke  of  a  Damosell  called  Cornelia. 

absol.  1573  TUSSER  Husb.  (1878)  137  Who  minds  to  cote, 
vpon  this  note,  may  easily  find  ynough.  1605  B.  JONSON 
Volpone  n.  i,  To  obserue,  To  quote,  to  learne  the  language, 
and  so  forth. 

f  C.  To  mention  in  speaking.   Obs.  rare*-1, 
1612  Pasquirs  Night-Cap  (1877)  23   Here  could   I  cote 
a  rabble  of  those  wiues,  That  you  would  wonder  but  to 
Jieare  them  nam'd. 

6.  fa.  To  regard,  look  on,  take  as  something; 
to  note,  set  down  (a  person  or  thing)  for  some 
thing;  to  speak  of,  mention,  bring  forward  for 
having  done  something.  Obs. 

1588  SHAKR.  L.  L.L:  iv.  iii,  87  Her  Amber  haires  forfoule 
hath  amber  coted.  Ibid.  v.  ii.  796  Our  letters  ..shew'd 
much  more  then  lest. . .  Rosa.  We  did  not  coat  them  so. 
1601  —  Alfs  Well  v.  iii.  205  He's  quoted  for  a  most  per 
fidious  slaue.  a  1635  NAUNTON  Fragm.  Reg.  (Arb.)  42  They 
quote  him  for  a  person  that  loved  to  stand  top  much  alone. 
1691  T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent,  p.  xxxiii,  Dr.  Robert 
Wood,  .hath  not  been  by  any  Author.. so  much  as  quoted 
for  his  illuminating  us.  1722  DE  FOE  Relig.  Courtsh.  i.  ii. 
(1840)  61  We  can't  quote  our  fathers  for  anything  that  is  fit 
to  be  named. 

b.  To  bring  forward,  adduce,  allege;  cite  as  an 
instance  of  or  as  being  something. 

1806-7  J.  BsowOBDJnWrfer/fioii.  Life  (1826)  I.  Introd., 
As  I  will  evidence  in  a  few  instances  already  quoted.  1853 
BAIN  Senses  <V  Int.  \\.  i.  §  6  (1864)  77  No  impression  from 
without  can  be  quoted  as  originating  this  contraction.  1858 
W.  PORTER  Knts.  Malta  277  This  has,  in  more  than  one 
case,  been  quoted  as  an  excuse.  1863  COWDEN  CLARKE 
Shaks.  Char.  vii.  173  Few  instances  of  concentrated  disdain 
could  be  quoted  as  more  pungent. 


7-9 

7.  To  state  the  price  of  (a  commodity). 

1866  ROGERS  Agrlc.  <y  Prices  I.  xx.  493  There  are  entries 
of  shingle-nails,  though  no  shingles  are  quoted.  1884  Law 
Rep,  g  App.  Cases  7  The  Leeds  securities  had  been  quoted, 
and  to  a  large  amount  sold,  upon  the., exchanges. 

Hence  Quoted  ///.  a.  Quotee',  one  who  is 
quoted.  Quo'teless  a.t  'that  cannot  be  quoted* 
(Wright).  Quo'tewortliy  a.,  worthy  of  being 
quoted.  Quo  ting1  vbl.  sb.  Quo'tingfly  adv. 

1608  MIDDLE-TON  Mad  World  i.  ii,  Let  him  find  Some 
book  lie  open.. And  *coted  scripture.  1858  J.  B.  NORTON 
Topics  4  The  perusal  of  quoted  as  well  as  original  matter. 
1861  Sat.  Rev.  14  Dec.  600  The  quoted  prices  merely  tell  us 
that  buyers  or  sellers.,  are  on  the  increase.  1821  Examiner 
461/1  Quotations  of  us  between  inverted  commas  without 


ig  ot  ye  bcripi..       0    .., 

Ladies.  1714  FORTKSCUE-ALAND  Pref.  Fortescuc's  Abs. ,, 
Lim.Mon.  56  Like  quoting  ofDader.for  a  Verse  in  Horace. 
1657  J.  SERGEANT  Schism  Dispatch' t  Post-sen,  Their  old 
method  of  talking  preach  ingly,  *quotingly  and  quibblingly. 

Quote,  variant  of  QUOT  sb.,  \\*UOOT  v. 

Quote'imial,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  L.  quotannis, 
after  biennial,  etc.;  cf.  QuOTANNAL.]  Yearly. 

1878  SIMPSON  Sch.  Shaks.  \.  60  Hugh  Stucley  was  in  this 
state  of  quotennial  warfare  with  his  cousin. 

Quoter  (kw^tw).    [f.  QUOTE  v.  +  -ER  i.]    One 

who  quotes. 

1589  PasquiCs  Ret.  Biij,  They  are  great  quoters  of 
common  places.  1674  BOYLE  ExcelL  Thcol.  n.  v.  194  Small 
Tracts, . .  being  preserv'd  in  such  a  quoter  or  abridger. 
a  1732  ATTERBURY  (J.),  I  propose  this  passage  entire,  to  take 
off  the  disguise  which  its  quoter  put  upon  it.  1846  LANDOR 
I  mag.  Conv.  Wks.  II.  26  A  quoter  is  either  ostentatious  of 
his  acquirements  or  doubtful  of  his  cause.  1875  KMHRSON 
Lett,  fy  Soc.  Aiws,  Qnot.  $  Orig.,  Next  to  the  originator  of 
a  good  sentence  is  the  first  quoter  of  it. 

Quoth.  (k\v0»]T,  v.  (pa.  A)  Now  arch,  or  dial. 
[Pa.  t.  of  QO'ETHE  v.  to  say.]  Said. 

1.  Used  with  sbs.,  or  pronouns  of  the  first  and 
third  persons,  to  indicate  that  the  wprds  of  a  speaker 
are  being  repeated. 

The  vb.  is  always  placed  before  the  subject,  and  the 
clause  is  commonly  inserted  parenthetically  towards  the 
beginning  of  the  words  quoted,  but  may  also  precede  or 
follow  the  whole  sentence  or  speech. 

a.  3  cwa5,  3-4  quatf,  quad,  (3  quat,  hwat), 
3-5  quap ;  3  pi.  quej>en. 

c  1200  /  'ices  <y  Virtues  67  '  Hlauerd,'  cwa5  he,  '  hwat  mat 
ic  don  [etc.].'  (-1250  Gen.  $  Exod.  1313  Quat  abraham, 
'  god  sal  bi-sen  [etc.].1  Ibid.  3331  Quad  moyses,  *  loc  !  her 
nu  bread.'  c  1290  S.  Eiig,  Leg.  432/41  '  Leoue  Moder,1 
queben  be  sones.  c  1305  Andrew  33  in  E.  E.P.  (1862)  99 
Hou  mijte  hit  beo,  quab  t>e  lustise,  bat  his  wille  were 
berto.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A-  1.41  'A  Madame  Merci ! ' 
qua^j  I  *  me  likeb  wel  \\  wordes.' 

0.  3  //.  quotJen  ;  4  quoj>,  cope,  coth,  cuth,  4- 
quoth,  (6  qwoth). 

c  1250  Gen.  #  Ex.  2993  QuoSen  So  wiches  clerkes  ( Sis 
fortoken  godes  gastes  is.'  a  1300  Cursor  M.  7575  (Cott.), 
pou  es,  coth  golias,  bot  ded.  13  ..  Gain.  <V  Gr.  Knt.  776 
Now  bone  hostel'  cobe  be  burne.  1508  DUNIJAR  Tna. 
mariit  ivemen  161  To  speik,  quoth  scho,  I  sail  nought 
spar.  1581  NOWELL  &  DAY  in  Confer.  \.  (1583)  E  iiij  b, 
The  fyre  (quoth  wee)  hathe  heate  and  lyght.  1655  FULLER 
Ch.  Hist.  in.  vii.  §  6  No,  Quoth  the  King,  I  will  not  be 
both  party  and  judg.  c  1705  POPE  Jan.  <$•  May  222  '  I  say," 
quoth  he,  '  by  heav'n  the  man's  to  blame.'  1782  COWPER 
John  Gilfiin  25  Quoth  Mrs.  Gilpin,  'That's  well  said'. 
1829  HOOD  Eiig.  Aram  xiii, '  And  well '  quoth  he,  '  I  know 
for  truth.'  1838  LYTTON  Alice  146  'I  know  no  man  I 
respect  more  than  Maltravers,'  quoth  the  admiral.  1884 
BROWNING  Ferishtah's  Fancies,  Mihrab  Shah  i  Quoth  an 
inquirer, (  Praise  the  Merciful ! ' 

7.  4  quot,  cod,  4-7  quod  (the  prevailing  form 


13..  Cursor  M.  5005  (Gott.),  *  Say  me,' qupt  iacob,  '  hou 
es  pis?'  Ibid.  19311  (Edinb.)  '  Lauerdingis,  it  es  selcube,' 
cod  bai.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  n.  5  '  Lokeon  ^e  lufthond,1 
quod  heo  '  and  seo  wher  [he]  Stondep.'  c  1420  Sir  A  tnadace 


vin.  Prol.  122  Quod  I,  Lovne,  thou  leis.     1549  COVERDALE 
etc.  Erasin.  Par,  i  Tim.  2,  I  haue  not  chosen  (quod  he)  out 
of  an  other  mannes  flocke.     c  1620  A.  ISxnatJfrif,  Tongue 
(1865)  18  Be  quhat  reason  ?  quod  the  Doctour. 
5.  5  quo,  6  ko,  ka,  8  Sc.  co',  8-9  quo*. 

c  1450  Me rlin  33  'In  feith,1  quo  the  oon,  '  I  sholde  suffer 
grete  niyschef  er  he  had  eny  harm.'  a  1553  UDALL  Royster 
D.  in.  iii.  (Arb.)  44  Hawawe  what  ye  say  (ko  I) ..  Nay  I 
feare  him  not  (ko  she).  1756  TOLDERVY  Hist.  2  Orphans 
I.  39  Marry  (quo1  she)  I  think  it  is  the  province  of  our  elder 
brother,  a  177^4  FERGUSSON/TW*  Kirk  Bell  Poems  (1845)  44 
Quo'  he . . '  This  bell  o'mine's  a  trick  '.  1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy 
xxiv,  Whae's  Mr.  Robert  Campbell,  quo'  he?  1893  CROCK 
ETT  Stickit  Minister  127  '  Horse  or  mule,'  quo'  she  [etc.]. 

t  b.  Used  at  the  end  of  a  piece  to  introduce  the 
name  of  the  author.   Obs.  (Chiefly  Sf.) 

a  1500  King's  Qttatr  (S.  T.S.)  48  Explicit,  &c.  Quod 
Jacobus  Primus.  i5o8DuNBAii  Lament  ^101  Quod  Dunbar 
quhen  he  was  seik.  c  1550  Lusty  Jnventus.  Finis.  Quod 
R.  Weuer.  1583  Sa'.ir.  Poems  Reform,  xlv.  *m8  finis. 
Quod  R.  S.  [1788  BURNS  Friars  Carse  55  Quod  the  Beads 
man  of  Nith-side.] 

t  2.  Used  interrogatively  with  a  pronoun  of  the 
second  person,  with  the  same  force  as  QCOTHA.  Obs* 

The  form  qvothee  may  be  a  var.  of  QUOTHA. 

a  1553  UDALL  Royster  D.  i.  ii.  (Arb.)  17  Enamoured,  quod 
you?.  .Enamoured  ka?  Ibid.  in.  iv.  54  Scribler  (ko  you). 
1573  Ncu<  Custom  \.  ii,  Primitiue  Constitution  (quodes 


QUOTIDIAN. 

stowe)  as  much  as  my  sleeve  !  1583  STUBBES  Anat.  Abus. 
II.  (1882)  12  Rich,  quoth  you?  They  are  rich  indeede 
toward  the  deuill  and  the  world,  a  1600  Gri/nt  the  Collier 
of  Croydon  n.  iv.  (1662)  30  As  it  falls  !  quoth  ye,  marry  a 
foul  fall  is  it.  1681  T.  FLATMAN  Hcraclitus  Rid  ens  No.  5 
(1713)  I.  28  Earn  ..  And  what  Trade  do  they  intend  to 
drive?  Jest.  What  Trade,  quothee? 

^1  Hence  (erroneously)  Quo-thing,  saying. 

1864  SIR  F.  PALGRAVE  Norm,  fy  Eng.  III.  402  The  owner 
had  the  power  of  transmitting  the  possession  to  an  heir  by 
bequest,  by  quothing  or  speaking  forth  the  name  of  his  in 
tended  successor  to  the  lord. 

Quotha  (k\vju-]>a),  inter/.  Nowa;rA.  Also  6 
catha,  quod  a,  quodha.  [For*  quoth  he  (see  A. 
pron.'}.'\  The  phrase  'said  he?',  used  with  con 
temptuous  or  sarcastic  force  in  repeating  a  word  or 
phrase  used  by  another ;  hence  =  indeed  !  forsooth  ! 

1519  Interl.  Four  Elem.  (Percy  Soc.)  24  Thre  course 
dysshes,  quod  a.  1528  Rede  me,  etc.  {Arb.)  86  Wat.  Hath 
Christ  amonge  theym  no  place?  Jcf.  Christ  catha?  t  1550 
Lusty  Juventus  C  ii  b,  LawfuII,  quodha,  a,  fuole,  foole. 
1600  HEYWOOD  \st  /'/.  Edw.  IV  Wks.  1874  I.  33  Forbid, 
quotha?  I,  in  good  sadness.  1680  DKVDEN  Span.  Friar 
in.  ii,  A  novice  quotha  !  you  would  make  a  novice  of  me 
too,  if  you  could.  lyj^CoiiiSU.  States  tff  Cony.  i.  i,  Learning, 
quotha!  a  mere  composition  of  tricks  and  mischief.  1835 
WILLIS  Pencilling^  II.  xliii.  38  The  'fickle  moon,'  quotha  ! 
1  wish  my  friends  were  half  as  constant.  1884  BKUWNIXC; 
FcrislitaJis  Fancies,  Mihrab  Shall  99  Attributes,  quotha  ? 
Here's  poor  flesh  and  bood. 

f  Quothe,  quoath,  obs.  varr.  COTHE  v.  to  faint. 

1567  GOLDING  Ovid's  Met.  v.  (1593)  107  He  quothing  as  he 
stood  Did  looke  about  where  Atys  lay.  Ibiii.  vn.  179  She 
quoath'd,  and  with  her  bloud  Her  little  strength  did  fade. 

Quothernicke :  see  COTIIUUNIC. 

t  Quoti'dial,  a>  Obs.  In  6  cotidial,  -yall,  7 
quotidiall.  [f.  \^.  cot -^  quot idic  daily  +  -AL.]  Daily. 

1502  ARNOLDE  Chron.  (1811)  125  Mekly  besecheth  ..  your 
cotidial  oratur.  1540  HOORDK  The  bokefor  to  Lent?  Cj  b, 
Many  other  cotidyall  expences.  1609  W.  M.  Alan  in 
Aloont'  D  Sj  b,  Deuoting  your  selfe  to  quotidiall  daliance. 

t  Quoti'dially,  adv.  Obs.  Also  5-6  cotidi-,  6 
cotydy-.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -LY  -.]  Day  by  day. 

ci430  LVDC.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  63  The  monke.. 
thought  he  wolde  ..Cotidially  withe  hem  only  oure  lady 
please.  1542  BOORDF,  Dyetary  x.  (1870)  226  Cotydyally 
remembryng  your  bountyful  goodnes.  1547  —  Lr^'.  Health 
cxiv.  43  Then  cotidially  . .  use  stufes  wet  and  dry.  1623 
CocKERAM  n,  Continually,  Sempeiernally, .  .Quotidially. 

Quotidian  (k\v(?ti-dian),  a.  and  sb.  Forms :  4,  6 
cotidien,  (4  -ene)  ;  4-6  cotidian}  -ane,  (5  -yan, 
cotydian,  -yan,  C  -yane) ;  4-  quotidian,  (6  -ane, 
-ene,  quotydian).  [a.  OF.  cotidien,  -tan  (i^ili  c., 
mod.F.  quotidien))  or  ad.  L.  cot-,  qiwtidian-ns }  f. 
cat-,  quofidie  every  day,  daily.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  things,  acts,  etc. :  Of  or  pertain 
ing  to  every  day  ;  daily. 

(71380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  62  5J1"  kei  pfeien,  bat  is., 
comunly  for  offrynge  &  cotidian  distribucion.  1406  Hue- 
CLEVE  La  Male  Regie  25  My  grief  and  bisy  smert  cotidian. 
1432-50  tr.  lligdcn  (Rolls)  V.  307  He  made  the  preface 
quotidian.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  274  b/2  [A]  cotidyan 
fornays  is  oure  tonge  humayne.  1513  BKADSHAW  Sf. 
Werburge  i.  xx.  5  The  coiydyane  labours  her  body  to 
chastyce.  1350  VERON  Godly  Sayings  (cd.  Daniel  i  55 
Though  your  sinnes  be  daily  and  quotidian,  let  not  them 
be  deadly.  1603  HARSNET  Pop.  Impost,  xxiii.  158  A  Quo 
tidian  imaginane  oblation  of  a  Sacrifice.  1635  QL-ARLES 
Embl.  i.  xi.  (1718)  45  And  brazen  lungs  belch  forth  quoti 
dian  fire,  a  1711  KEN  Hymns  Evat'g.  Poet.  Wks.  1721 
I.  29  Thence  our  Quotidian  Raptures  were  begun.  1849 
LONGFELLOW  Kavanagh  xi.  53  Five  cats  ..  to  receive  their 
quotidian  morning's  meal.  1861  THACKERAY  Philip  xvi, 
Every  man  who  wishes  to  succeed  at  the  bar.. must  know 
the  quotidian  history  of  his  country. 

b.  spec,  of  an  intermittent  fever  or  ague,  recurring 
every  day.  Cf.  13.  i. 

In  early  use  placed  after  the  sb. ;  cf.  QUARTAN. 

1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  COHSC.  2987  Som  for  pride.  .Sal  haf  . . 
a  fever  cotidiene.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  II.  142  A  Fievere  it 
is  cotidian,  Which  every  day  wol  come  abouie.  1530 
PALSGR.  209/1  Cotidien  axes,  fici're  qitotidicnne.  1561 
HOLLYBUSH  ff&m.  Apoth.  41  b,  Of  the  dayly  ague  or  fever 
quotidiane.  1656  RIDGLEY  Pract.  Physick  37  In  chronical 
diseases,  as  Quartane  and  Quotidian  diseases.  1718  POPE 
Let.  to  R.  Digby  31  Mar.,  That  spirit . .  which  I  take  to  be 
as  familiar  to  you  as  a  quotidian  ague.  1876  tr.  Wagner's 
Gen.  Pathol.  (ed.  6)  17  If  the  attack  of  fever  returns  every 
day  we  have  what  is  called  a  Quotidian  rhythm  or  type. 
J*£>  a  'MS  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VI  177  b,  This  noble 
realme  ..  shall  never  be  unbuckeled  from  her  quotidian 
fever.  1663  COWLEY  Verses  $  Ess.,  Obscurity,  We  expose 
our  life  to  a  Quotidian  Ague  of  frigid  impertinencies. 

transf.  1723  COWI-ER  in  Ld.  Campbell  Chancellors  (1857) 
V.  cxvii.  343  John's  drunkenness  seems  a  tertian  . .  except 
that  on  Friday  it  proved  quotidian. 

2.  Of  persons  :  Pei  forming  some  act,  or  sustaining 
some  character,  daily,  rare. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAYE  Laiv  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  152  Sa  that  he  be 
wount  ..  to  be  cotidiane  at  Goddis  service.  1618  BOLTON 
Florus  i.  xi.  (1636)  31  The  /Equi  and  Volscians  were  ..  (as 
I  may  call  them)  quotidian  enemies.  17147.  WALKER  Suffer. 
Clergy  Pref.  37  The  weekjy  writers  (and  therefore  much 
more  the  diurnal  or  quotidian  hirelings). 

3.  Of  an  everyday  character ;  ordinary,  common 
place,  trivial. 

1461-83  Liber  Niger  in  Househ.  Ord.  (1790)  61  Not  [to] 
trouble  the  seyde  soveraynes  . .  in  smalle  accustomed  and 
cotidyan  thinges  and  questions.  1534  WHITINTON  Titllyes 
Offices  i.  (1540)  59  Tully  treateth  of  two  maner  of  speches, 
the  one  after  the  rhetoricyen  eloquent,  the  other  quotydian 
and  vulgare._  16*5  W.  JJ.  True  School  War  n  Soordmarie 
and  so  quotidian  procurements  of  wantonnesse.  1665  J. 


QUOTIDIAN  ARY. 

SPENCER  Vttlg.  Proph.  53  Common  and  quotidian  thoughts 
are  beneath  the  grace  of  a  Verse.  01763  SHESSTONE 
Economy  I.  149  To  scorn  quotidian  scenes,  to  spurn  the 
bliss  Of  vulgar  minds.  1816  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  HJ^ag. 


B.  sb.  1.  A  quotidian  fever  or  ague. 

a  1400  Stockh.  Medical  MS.  ii.  50  in  Anglia  XVI 1 1.  ^309 
(?at  coueryth  J>e  cotidyan  mythilyke.  c  1400  Ront.  Rose 
2401  Cotidien,  ne  quarteyne,  It  is  not  so  ful  of  peyne.  c  1491 
Chast.  Goddes  Chyld.  21  The  fyrst  feuere  is  callid  a  coty- 
dian.  1547  BOORDE  Brev.  Health  cxxxvii.  sob,  In  Englyshe 
it  is  named  a  quotidiane  the  which  doth  infest  a  man  every 
daye.  1663  BOYLE  Use/.  Exp.  Nat.  P kilos*  ii.  v.  ix.  211, 
I  myself  was  strangely  cured  of  a  violent  quotidian.  1732 
ARBUTHNOT  Rules  of  Diet  324  Tertians  sometimes  redouble 
their  Paroxysms  so  as  to  appear  like  Quotidians.  1822-34 
Good's  Stud.  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  607  The  quotidian  has  a  longer 
Interval  than  the  tertian. 

fig>  1430-40  LVL>G.  Boc/tas  ix.  xxxviii.  (1554)  217  Trusting 
.  .your  liberal  largesse  Of  thys  quotidian  shall  releuen  me. 
1600  SHAKS.  A.  J'.  L.  in.  ii.  383  He  seemes  to  haue  the 
Quotidian  of  Loue  vpon  him.  1643  MILTON  Divorce  II.xvi. 
Wks.  (1847)  I5°/1  A  quotidian  of  sorrow  and  discontent  in 
his  house. 

2.  A  daily  allowance  or  portion,  rare. 

1828  CAROLINE  FRY  Scriptnie  Reader's  Guide  vii.  87  The 
Psalms  are.  .more  mechanically  chosen  for  our  quotidian  of 
reading  than  any  other  part  of  Scripture.  1894  C.  M. 
CHURCH  Chapt.  Early  Hht.  Church  ofWells^  Bishop  Jocelin 
.  .increases  the  quotidians  to  all  members  of  the  Church  of 
St.  Andrew  in  Wells. 

So  fQuoti'diauary  a.   06s.  rare"1. 

1719  free-thinker  No.  139  P  3  Quotidianary  Words  and 
Actions.. do  not  rise  above  the  Powers  of  Mechanism. 

Quoti'dianly,  adv.   rare.    [•+  -LT  2.]    Daily. 

1447  LOKENHAM  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  180  Ryht  cotydyanly 
Aungelys  lyftyn  sevene  sythys  up  me.  ^1470  HARDING 
Chron.  LXXIV.  vi,  Princes  ..  That  auentures  then  sought 
cotidianly.  1652  KIRKMAX  Cltrio  fy  Lozia  121  Connotate  a 
Lover  who  dyeth  quotidianly.  1840  'J'ait's  Mag.  VII.  384 
Epics,  .are  quotidianly  placed  before  us. 

t  Quotidia*rian.  nonce-wd.  [f.  L.  quot  idle  (see 
QUOTIDIAN),  as  rendering  of  Gr.  tyrjptpfvrrjs.] 
A  daily  official  (among  the  Essenes). 

a  1641  Br.  Mot'NTAGU  Acts  fy  Man.  (1642)  434  At  warning 
given  by  one  whom  they  call  Ephemereutes  or  Qnoti* 
diarian  they  all  meet  together. 

Quotient  rkw^'jent).  Forms :  5  quocient, 
(quocyens),  6-  quotient,  [f.  L.  quotient  how 
many  times,  how  often  (f.  quot  how  many),  erron. 
taken  as  a  ppl.  stem  in  -ent ;  cf.  F.  quotient  (earlier 
quotient) i  It.  quoziente,  Sp.  quociente^\ 

1.  Math.  The  result  obtained  by  dividing  one 
arithmetical  or  algebraic  quantity  by  another.;  the 
number  of  times  one  number  is  contained  in  another 
as  ascertained  by  division. 

14..  Mann.  $•  Househ.  E.rp.  {Roxb.)  439  Owt  of  that 
nowmber  take  as  many  tymes  clx.  as  ye  may,  beyinge  for 
euery  tyme  a  quocyens.  c  1430  A  rt  Nombryng  I.E.  E.  T.  S.) 
12  The  nombre  that  shewith  (>e  quocient.  1542  RECORDE 
Gr.  Artes  129  Then  I  seke  howe  often  the  diuisor  maye  be 
founde  in  the  diuident,  and  that  I  fynde  3  tymes,  then  set 
I  3  in  the  thyrde  lyne  for  the  quotient.  1614  T.  BEDWELL 
Nat.  Geom.  Numbers  \.  8  The  quotients  of  60,  by  i,  2,  3, . . 
are  60,  30,  20.  1695  AUSGHAM  Gco»t.  Epit.  73  If..  I  divide 
54  by  3  the  quotient  is  18.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v. 
Division.  For  3  being  only  contained  twice  in  8,  the  last 
number  in  the  quotient  will  be  2.  1840  LARDSF.R  Geom.  124 
Multiply  b  by  c  and  divide  the  product  by  a,  and  the 
quotient  will  be  d.  1884  A.  PAUL  Ifisf.  Reform  ii.  29  The 
total  was  to  be  divided  by  558.  and  the  quotient  to  be  deemed 
the  proportion  of  voters  entitled  to  elect  one  member. 

b.  attrib.)  as  quotient  figurey  line,  number  \ 
quotient  representation  (see  quot.  1884  above). 

ci4y*ArtNombryng(3L,  E.T.  S.)  12  Above  bat  figure.. 
me  most  sette  a  cifre  in  ordre  of  the  nombre  quocient.  1543 
RECORDS  Gr.  Artes  48  b,  That  is  called  the  quotiente 
numbre.  1557  —  Whetst.  K  ij,  The  roote  .2.  I  sette  behind 
the  quotiente  line.  1709  J.  WARD  Introd.  Math.  i.  xi. 
§  7  (1734)  139  You  must  Increase. .the  Divisor  with  Thrice 
the  Quotient  Figure.  ^  1889  Universal  Re-j.  7  Jan.,  Equal 
electoral  districts,  quotient  representation  of  the  population, 
.  .are  a  deduction  from  the  democratic  principle. 

t  2.  a.   =*  QUOTUSI.   Obs.  rare, 

1621  BP.  MouNTAGuZ?/a/r/^5ii  The  first  of  their  Apples 
were  offered  to  other  gods  :  and  for  the  quotient,  it  was 
a  Tenth.  1641  H.  L'Es TRANCE  God's  Sabbath  63  The  fourth 


80 

Commandment . .  declareth    also  his  will  concerning  the 
quotient,  .so  that  one  [day]  in  a  week  he  must  have, 
t  b.  Number,  total.  0 l>s.  rare-1. 

1659  T.  ¥K\Lr.ParnassiPnerp.  82  God  is  but  One.  Hells 
Quotient,  none  asr-ign. 

Quo-tientive,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  as  prec.  +  -1VE.J 
Indicating  how  often. 

1871  I'nblic  Sch.  Lat.  Cram.  73  Quotientive  Adverbs, 
.  .answering  the  question  Quoties,  how  often  ? 

Ouotiety  (kwotai-eti).  [f.  L.  quot  how  many, 
on  anal,  of  words  in  -iety.']  Condition  in  respect 
of  number  ;  relative  frequency. 

1861  LATHAM  Comfar.  Philal.  731  One,  two,  three,  and 
the  other  numerals  convey  the  attribute  of  Quotiety,  or 
Howmanyness. 

Quoting,  Quotingly :  see  QUOTE  v. 

Quotity  (kwfrtiti).  rare.  [a.  K.  £/«»//#  (iCthc.) 
or  f.  L.  quot  how  many,  qnot-us  of  what  number  or 
amount  (see  QUOTA)  +  -ITY.  Cf.  quantity.'} 


1613  F.  ROBARTS  Revenue  Gosp.  128  What  needeth  this 
contending  for  the  quotity  or   determinate   tenth?      1894 
Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  June  360  It  is  not  a  fixed  quantity.. 
but  a  fixed  quotity  of  produce. 
2.  A  certain  number  (^/"individuals,  etc.X 
1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.   I.  iv.   ii,   These  are  the  thrice- 
famed  'Brigands':  an  actual  existing  quotity  of  persons. 
1858  —  Fredk.  Gt.   I.  v.  vi.  600  Assisting  Prussia,  .with  a 
like  quotity  of  thousands. 

Quott(ed:  see  QUOT  pa.  pple. 

fQuotto,  obs.  form  ofCoAiTA. 

1667  G.  WARREN  Surinam  ii  The  inhabitants  of  the  trees 
are  Baboons,  Quottoes,  Monkeys  [etc.]. 

II  Quotum  (kvv0u't#m).  [L.,  neut.  sintg.ofau&fus  : 
see  QUOTA.]  A  number  or  quantity  considered  in 
its  proportional  relationship  to  a  larger  number  or 
amount  of  which  it  forms  part ;  a  quota. 

a  1660  HAMMOND  IVks.  (1674)  I.  89  The  exact  proportion  or 
quotum  i  I  cannot  prescribe  you,  the  Scripture,  .intimating 
that  there  is  no  set  proportion  to  be  defined.  1696  Bip. 
PATRICK  Comm.  Exodus  xiv.  (1697)  262  Observing  that 
Seventh  Day.  .not  for  the  quotum  of  one  Day  in  Seven . .  but 
for  the  designaticfli  of  that  day.  a  1716  BLACKALL  Wks. 
(1723)  I.  394  Not  a  greater  Sum.  .than  a  poorer  Man.. may 
spare  to  give  away  with  as  little  Inconvenience,  .as  the 
richer  Man  can  give  away  his  larger  quotum.  1859  MAX 
ML'LLER  Sc.  Lang.  Ser.  i.  (1864)  382  The  number  of  names 
which  are  really  formed  by  an  imitation  of  sound,  dwindle 
down  to  a  very  small  quotum  if  cross-examined  by  the 
comparative  philologist.  1881  A.  RIMMEK  Old  Country 
Towns  172  The  quotum  [of  ships]  Hythe  had  to  furnish. 

tQuotuple.  Obs.  raw1,  [f.  L.  quot  how 
many,  after  quadruple,  etc.]  =  *  What  multiple  '. 

a  1696  SCARBURGH  Euclid  v.  i.  (1705)  2oi,  I  say,  that 
Quotuple  AB  is  of  E,  Totuple  shall  AB,  CD  together,  be  of 
K,  F  together. 

Quouk,  obi.  Sc.  pa.  t.  QUAKE  v. 

t  Quow,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  Cow  sbj- 

1583  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xiv.  715  He  had  na  mair  grace 
. .  Nor  it  had  bene  ane  hieland  quow. 

Quow,  obs.  form  of  How  adv. 

II  Quo  warranto  (kwju  wgrsrntc?),  sb.  [Med.L. 
'  by  what  warrant '.]  A  King's  Bench  writ  formerly 
in  use,  by  which  a  person  or  persons  were  called 
upon  to  show  by  what  wairant  he  or  they  held, 
claimed,  or  exercised  an  office  or  franchise. 

[1292  BRITTON  i.  xx.  §  2  Nos  brefs..del  Quo  ivarranto.} 
"535  tr-  Littleton's  Nat.  Brev.  211  (Stanf.)  A  wryt  de  Quo 
warranto.  1555  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  224 
To  make  answere  to  the  Quo  Warranto.  i6zt  EI.SING 
Debates  Ho.  Lords  ( i 870)  5  He  conceived  noe  charge 
against  Yelverton  for  theis  3201  quo  warrantos.  1681  LUT- 
TKELL,  Brief ' Rel.  (1857)  I-  J53  A  writt  of  quo  warranto  is 
delivered  to  the  sheriffs  of  London  against  the  charter  of  the 

Th; 

C. 

also  move  for  a  Quo  Warranto  against  the  spirits  of  the 

river  and  the  mountain. 

Hence  t  Quo  warra'nto  v.}  in  pass.,  to  be  served 
with  a  writ  of  Quo  warranto.  Obs. 

1690  J.  PALMER  in  Andros  Tracts  I.  Co  It  can  ..  render 
them  liable  to  be  questioned  and  Quo  Warranted  far  their 
Malefesance.  1691  C.  MATHER  ibid.  II.  331  Nor  could  you 
have  proceeded  again  as  formerly  upon  your  charter,  with 
out  being  quo-warramoed. 


QY. 

Quowke,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  t.  QUAKE  v. 
Quoy,  Sc.  variant  of  QUEY,  heifer. 
t  Quoy-duck,  obs.  form  of  COY-DUCK. 

1602  BOYS  Wks.  389  The  best  trick  y»  fouler  hath  is  to 
bring  game  to  his  snare  by  a  stale  or  quoy  duck. 

Quoy(e,  obs.  ff.  COY  a.  and  zi.i  Quoyl(e,  obs. 
ff.  COIL  sb.-,  J*.3  Quoyn'^e,  obs.  ff.  Coix,  COYN, 
QUOIN.  Quoynt(e,  Quoyntaunce,  obs.  ff. 
QcAHfi  a.,  QUAIXTANCE.  Quoyt(e,  obs.  ff.  QUOIT. 

tQttOZ.  Oh.  [App.  a  fanciful  formation:  cf. 
Quiz.]  a.  A  queer  or  absurd  person  or  thing  (also 
as  //.).  b.  Used  as  an  ejaculation  or  retort,  to 
express  incredulity,  contempt,  etc. 

1790  Bystander  93  Mr.  World  [the  newspaper]  might 
retort  that  Mr.  Herald  was  a  Quo?,  and  a  low  print.  1796 
MAD.  D'ARBLAY  Caiiiilln  vn.  xiii.  200  Upon  my  honour,  .. 
ths  quoz  of  the  present  season  are  beyond  what  a  man 
could  have  hoped  to  see  !  1802  in  Spirit  Pub.  Jrnls.  VI. 
197  At  length  it  was  announced,  that  Pic-Nict  like  Quoz, 
which  was  chalked  some  years  ago  on  windows  and  doors, 
really  meant  nothing.  1841  C.  MACKAY  Jtfetti.  Pop.  Delns. 
I.  325  Many  years  ago  the  favourite  phrase  (for,  though  but 
a  monosyllable,  it  was  a  phrase  in  itself)  was  Quo2. 

Qussyon,  obs.  form  of  CUSHION. 

t  Qnu-,  obs.  (chiefly  early  ME.)  var.  of  Qu-  and 
\\li-,  as  in  qiinad  quoth,  qitiiam  whom,  quiian 
when,  quuat  when,  quite  cue,  quiten  queen,  quuo 
who,  quitor  where ;  also  qintow  how. 

Quuik,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  t.  of  QUAKE  v. 

Quurt,  variant  of  QUIRT  v?  Obs. 

Quy,  obs.  form  of  QUEY,  WHY. 

f  Quy-,  a  common  ME.  variant  of  QUI-.  Ex 
amples  (exclusive  of  mere  doublets  of  forms  already 
given  under  QUI-)  are  qityach  queyock,  quyc(c}he 
quetch,  quye  quey,  quylet  quelet,  quyn  whin,  quynce 
(y.\\nsy,quyndesyn,-dezim  quindecim,  qityner  coiner, 
quynkill  quinkle,  quynnancy  quinsy,  quynnyble 
quinible,  quynse  quince,  qnynsine,  -iyn(ii)e  quin- 
zine,  quyntans  quaintance,  qityral  coral,  quyras 
cuirass,  quyschile  whistle,  qiiysht  queest,  quysper 
wliisper,  qnysseiix,  -eu<es  cuisses,  qnyteour,  -er^e, 
-lire  quitter. 

t  Quye,  obs.  form  of  COY  sb.l 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  11.  312/1  A  Decoy,  vulgarly 
called  a  Quye,  [is]  a  place  made  to  take  wild  Fowl  in. 

"I"  Q.uyn(e,  obs.  forms  of  QUEEN  sb. 

1505  Mem.  Hen.  VII  (Rolls)  248  Hit  was  saied  that  bothe 
the  Kynse  and  the  Quyn  wold  come  by  the  see.  Ibid.  249 
In  the  lifle  of  the  quyne. 

t  Quyne,  variant  of  COYN,  quince.  Obs. 

c  1450  Two  Cockcry~lks.  69  Quynes  bakyn.  c  1532  Du 
WES  Introd.  I'r,  in  1'alsgr.  914  Quyne  aple  tre.  1575  [set; 
COYN]. 

tQy-,  occasional  ME.  var.  of  Qu-  (and  WH-"), 
as  in qvan  wlien.qvare, qvayr  quire,  qvarelle  quarrel. 
qveise  qucase,  qverel  quarrel,  qvycchyn,  qvyhchyn 
quetch,  q^'ysperyn  whisper,  qvytaitnce  quittance, 
qvylchyn  quetch,  qvyrlebone  whirlbone;  etc. 

So  also  Qvh-,  var.of  QUH-,  as  qvhischen  =  ivhishen 
cushion,  Qvhissomiay  Whitsunday. 

t  Qw-,  freq.  ME.  (esp.  northern)  var.  of  Qu-  (and 
WH-),  as  qwa  =  qua  who,  qiaal  =  qual  whale, 
qware!l(pia<[K\,  etc.  (see  the  forms  with  Qu-).  Also 
qwaintan  quintain,  qiaalester  chorister,  qiuarto 
whereto,  qwattcer  quarter,  qivaylle  whale,  qwe 
whew,  qweasse  qnease,  qivcel  wheel,  qwelke  whelk, 
qwenofk  whinnock,  qwtschyn,  qu'escyn  cushion, 
qu'inaci  quinsy,  qwissel  whistle,  ifiuorle  whorl. 

So  Qwh-,  var.  of  QUH-,  as  qwhele  wheel,  qu'hen 
when,  qivhete  wheat,  qwhite  white,  qwhyhtni  whi 
lom  ;  etc.  Also  Qwy-,  var.  of  guy-,  QUI-,  as  qtvy(e 
quey,  qwyce  quice,  qwych(e  which,  qwynne  whin, 
qwynse  quinsy,  qwysschewes  cuisses,  quytier  quiver ; 
ttc.  (,See  the  forms  with  QUI-.) 

Qy.,  abbrev.  of  QUERY. 

1838  Civil  Rag.  «r  Arch.  ?>-i:l.  I.  390/1  Qy.  Is  this  pitch 
the  Trinidad  asphalte? 


R. 


R(ai),  the  eighteenth  letter  of  the  modern  and 
seventeenth  of  the  ancient  Roman  alpha 
bet,  is  derived  through  early  Greek  P,  P  from 
the  Phoenician  <),  representing  the  twentieth 
letter  of  the  early  Semitic  alphabet.  In  general 
the  character  denotes  an  open  voiced  consonant 
in  the  formation  of  which  the  point  of  the  tongue 
approaches  the  palate  a  little  way  behind  the 
teeth ;  in  many  languages  this  is  accompanied  by 
a  vibration  of  the  tongue,  in  which  case  the  r  is 
said  to  be  '  trilled '.  This  trill  is  almost  or  alto 
gether  absent  in  the  r  of  modern  standard  English, 
which  moreover  retains  its  consonantal  value  only 
when  it  precedes  a  vowel ;  in  other  positions  it 
has  been  vocalized  to  an  a-sound,  in  this  Dic 
tionary  denoted  by  (j),  and  even  this  is  entirely 
lost  after  certain  vowels.  The  earlier  history  of 
these  sounds  is  somewhat  obscure,  as  scholars 
differ  in  their  views  as  to  the  formation  of  r  in 
OE.  times.  In  Scotland  r  is  still  strongly  trilled 
in  all  positions,  and  other  varieties  of  the  sound 
are  characteristic  of  certain  districts,  as  the  burred 
r  of  Northumberland  and  the  reverted  r  of  the 
south-west.  By  southern  speakers  r  is  frequently 
introduced  in  hiatus,  esp.  in  the  phrase  the  idea(r~) 
of;  in  vulgar  speech  it  is  heard  even  in  such  forms 
as  draw(r}ing, 

In  all  periods  of  English,  r  has  exercised  a 
marked"  effect  upon  a  preceding  vowel.  In  OE., 
e  and  a  before  r  +  consonant  became  eo,  ea,  as  in 
steorfan  starve,  deorc  dark,  heorte  heart,  eortSe 
earth  ;  hearm  harm,  wearp  warp.  In  late  ME. 
and  early  mod.E.  er  usually  became  ar,  ear,  as  in 
(sterve)  starve,  (clerk)  dark  ;  (herte)  heart,  (erthe) 
earth,  the  date  and  extent  of  the  change  varying 
in  different  dialects.  In  a  few  cases  vas  clerk,  ser 
geant, Derby}  the  spelling  with  er  h.is  been  retained, 
while  ar(su)  ispronounced.  In  mod.E.  (prob.  from 
about  1650)  e  (or  ea)  and  i  before  r  in  close  syllables 
have  fallen  together  in  one  obscure  vowel  (a),  as 
in  berth,  birth  (bajb),  dearth  (da.ib),  dirt  (da.it), 
often  not  distinguished  from  (»),  as  in  bur  (bwj), 
burn  (bzun*.  The  vowel-lengthening  exemplified 
in  these  words  is  common  to  all  cases  in  which  r 
is  not  followed  by  a  vowel,  as  far  (fai),  farm 
(farm),  for  (f(?J),  horse  (hpis).  The  effect  of  r  is 
also  seen  in  the  use  of  open  vowels  instead  of  the 
normal  close  ones,  as  in  care  (ke»j),  here  (hT<u), 
moor  (mu°.i),_/?<w  (flo»j).  In  a  few  words  the  vowel 
has  been  affected  by  a  preceding  r,  as  in  break 
(br/'k) ,  great  (gre't),  broad  (brgd). 

OE.  r  usually  represents  Germanic  r,  but  in  some 
cases  takes  the  place  of  Germ.  2  (Goth,  z  or  j),  as 
in  (are  ear  (Goth.  ansi>),  mdra  more  (Goth,  maizd], 
hard  hoard  (Goth,  hiizd] ;  hence  the  variation  in 
verbal  forms,  as  Kosan,  loren ;  ci-osan,  coren.  It 
was  rarely  dropped  (as  in  specan  to  speak,  for 
usual  sprecan) ;  but  metathesis  was  frequent,  and 
many  of  the  forms  resulting  from  this  have  been 
retained  in  the  later  language,  as  beornan  to  burn, 
berstan  to  burst,  hors  horse,  fryhtu  fright,  North. 
pirda  third.  In  some  Scottish  texts  of  the  !5-i6thc. 
there  is  a  similar  tendency  to  transpose  r  (as  tragt 
targe,  rehress  rehearse,  scruge  scourge),  and  it  is 
sometimes  neglected  in  rimes  (as  large  :  age). 

Among  the  native  words  beginning  with  r  in 
VOL.  VIII. 


modern  Eng.  are  a  certain  number  which  in  OE. 
have  initial  hr-,  as  hring  ring,  hntfn  raven,  hreod 
reed.  This  A  was  usually  written  down  to  the  close 
of  the  OE.  period,  but  had  probably  been  dropped  in 
speech  at  a  somewhat  earlier  date  ;  in  the  northern 
Gospels  it  is  often  erroneously  prefixed,  as  in  ftrnest 
rest,  hreafere  reaver,  hrioppa  reap.  On  the  other 
hand,  m  before  r  was  retained  so  late  (being  still 
pronounced  in  some  Scottish  dialects)  that  con 
tusion  between  ivr-  and  r-  is  comparatively  rare, 
chiefly  occurring  with  the  words  rack,  wrack,  and 
rap,  wrap. 

I.  1.  Illustrations    of  the   literary  use   of  the 
letter  or  its  name. 

c  1000  ^LLFRIC  Grain,  iii.  (Z)  6  Sftttiztocttlts  syndon  seofan  : 
..r,  s,  x.  71460  in  Arch&ologia.  (1842)  XXIX.  331  There 
was  an  V_and  thre  arres  to-gydre.  c  1460  Fat.  Kel.  4-  L. 
Poems  2,  iij  ares  for  iij  Richardes  bat  bene  of  noble  fames. 
1530  PALSGR.  34,  R  in  the  frenche  tonge  shalbe  sounded  as 
he  is  in  latyn  without  any  exception.  1599  H.  BUTTES 
Dyets  drie  Dinner  M  viij  b,  Oysters  . .  in  those  Moneths 
that  have  the  letter  R.  in  their  names.  1636  B.  JONSON 
Eng.  Gram.  (1640)  47,  R  is  the  Dogs  Letter  and  hurreth  in 
thesound.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,The  Hebrewsallow 
the  r  the  privilege  of  a  guttural ;  that  is,  they  never  double 
it.  a  1854  CAROLINE  B.  SOUTHEV  Poet,  ll'fcs.  (1867)  21,  R's 
whose  lower  limbs  Beyond  the  upper  bulged  unseemly  out. 
1888  Cornh.  Hag.  Oct.  365  The  letter  R  is  not  yet  menaced 
with  extinction  in  Washington. 

b.  The  '  ?•'  months  :  Those  months  in  the  name 
of  which  an  r  occurs  (September  to  April),  during 
which  oysters  are  in  season  (cf.  quot.  1599  above). 
So  also  r-less  month. 

1764  CHESTERF.  Lett,  cccxlvi,  Here  is  no  domestic  news  of 
changes  and  chances  in  the  political  world,  which,  like 
oysters,  are  only  in  season  in  the  R  months,  when  the  Par- 
liament  sits.  1856  LOWELL  Lett.  (1894)  I.  iv.  301,  I  don't 
believe  even  the  oysters  found  out  what  r-less  month  it  was. 
1888  Pali  Mall  G.  21  Sept.  7/2  The  '  r '  months  have,  how- 
ever,  opened  at  Brussels  in  the  usual  way  ;  the  Zeeland  and 
Ostend  oysters,  -made  their  welcome  appearance. 

2.  Used  to  denote  serial  order,  as  '  R  Battery ', 
'  MS.  R ',  etc.,  or  as  a  symbol  of  some  thing  or 
person,  a  point  in  a  diagram,  etc. 

II.  Abbreviations. 

1.  Of  Latin  words  or  phrases,  a.  f  R  (in  mediaeval 
notation)  =  80.  R.  =  rex  king,  regina  queen.  In 
medical  prescriptions:  R,  R^  =  recipe  take.  b.  R.I.P. 

•=;  requiescat  in  pace,1  may  he  (or  she)  rest  in  peace '; 
or  requiescant  in  pace,  '  may  they  rest  in  peace '. 

2.  Of  English   words   and   phrases :    a.    R.  = 
Rabbi,   radius,  Railway,  Reaumur,  f  rest,  right, 
River,  f  rogue,  Royal,  Naut.  run  (see  quots.  1706 
and  1867),  rupee ;  also  various  proper  names,  as 
Richard,  Robert,  etc. ;   r  (Naut.  in  log-book)  = 
rain  ;   r  =  radius  vector.     R.A.  =  Rear  Admiral, 
Royal  Academy  or  Academician,  (Astron.)  right 
ascension;  R.C.  =  Roman  Catholic  ;  R.H.  =  Royal 
Highness;  R.M.  =  Resident  Magistrate;  R.N.  = 
Royal  Navy ;  R.S.^=  Royal  Society ;  R. V.  =  Revised 
Version  (of  the  Bible) ;  R.W.  =  Right  Worthy  or 
Worshipful.     Also  R>  =  response  (to  a  versicle.) 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  156  To  mak  certeyn 
partie,  R.  a  quitance  toke.  1588  J.  MELLIS  Briefe  Instr. 
Dvj,  Set  the  same  down,  .on  this  Creditor  side.. with  an  R 
before  it,  signifying  rest.  1625  MASSINGER  New  Way  iv. 
ii,  My  hand  hissing,  .with  the  letter  R  printed  upon  it. 
1654  SIR  E.  NICHOLAS  in  N.  Papers  (Camden)  II.  48  Be 
seech  her  R.H.  that  nothing  that  comes  from  me  may  in 
any  kinde  be  taken  notice.  1662  STILLINGKL.  Orig.  Sacr. 
n.  iv.  §  3  R.  Solomon  makes  this  hill  to  be  Kirjath-jearim. 
1676  GLANVILL  Ess.  Philos.  ff  Relig.  title-p.,  Joseph  Glan- 
vill  . .  Fellow  of  the  R.  S.  1706  Land.  Gaz.  No.  4216/3  All 


such  Seamen..,  that  are  made  Run,  for  not  repairing  to 
their  Duty,  shall  have  their  R's  taken  off.  1813  F.-taininer 
17  May  316/1  Far  above  the  mediocrity  of  most  of  our 
R.A.'s.  1819  Pantologia'K..  Fj  b,  Then  the  radius  vector  r 
is  expressed  by  either  of  the  following  formulae.  I867SMVTH 
Sailor's  l\'ord-bk.,  R.  in  the  muster-book  means  run,  and  i* 
placed  against  those  who  have  deserted,  or  missed  three 
musters.  1881  Atheuxum  5  Nov.  603/2  The  year  of  his 
R.A.-ship.  1896  Expositor  Aug.  126  Here  the  R.V.  . .  has 
rightly  translated. 

b.    The  three  K"s:  Reading,  (W)riting,  (A)rith- 
metic.     See  also  quots.  1879,  1892. 

The  phrase  is  said  to  have  originated  with  Sir  W.  Curtis 
(1752-1829)  who  proposed  it  as  a  toast. 

1828  Mirror  V.  75/1  The  three  R's— Reading,  Writing, 
and  Rithmetic.  1864  Readtr  30  Jan.  134  Middle-class 
schools,  in  which  education  is  pushed  beyond  the  three 
'  R's  '.  1879  Athenaum  5  Apr.  431/1  Romanism,  Ritualism, 
and  Rationalism,  the  three  'r's'  of  theological  contro 
versy.  1892  Academy  31  Dec.  602/3  Rhetoric,  reflexion, 
and  repetition— those  three  R.sof  the  inexperienced  book 
maker. 

3.  R.S.V.P. .abbrev.  of  the  French  phrase  rtpondez, 
s'i/  vous  plait, '  reply,  if  you  please ':  commonly 
placed  in  one  of  the  corners  of  invitation-cards. 
Also  attrib. 

a  1845  BAKHAM  Ingol.  Leg.  III.  House  Warmiitg-2%<)  Quad 
rilles  in  the  afternoon,  R.S.V.P.  1883  ANNIK  THOMAS  Alod. 
House™.  92  Attend  strictly  to  the  R.S.V.P.  corner  of  your 
'at  home '  cards. 

tRa.  Sc.  Obs.  Also  6  rae,  raye.  [-ON.rd 
(Da.  and  Sw.  ra),  Du.  ra  (Kilian  rae,  rha,  rail}, 
MLG.  riS,  MHG.  rahe  (G.  rahe,  raa~  :— Comm. 
Teut.  *raha  pole,  stake.  In  Sc.  prob.  adopted 
from  ON.,  or  Du.]  A  sail-yard. 

1494  Accts.  Ld.  High  Treasurer  Scot.  (1877)  I.  253  Ane 
gret  mast,  ane  ra.  Ibid.,  Thir  rais  and  the  takling.  1513 
DOUGLAS  sEneis  \.  xiv.  8  Thai  . .  Set  in  a  fang,  and  threw 
the  ra  abak.  1566  KNOX  Hist.  Kef.  (1846)  I.  109  Our 
Schotish  schippis  war  stayed,  the  sayles  tackin  from  thare 
rayes.  1589  fthinim.  Inline  (1890)  I.  76  To  fens  andarreist 
the  same  schipis.  .and  take  the  saillis  fra  the  rais. 

Ra,  obs.  1.  RAW  ;  obs.  north,  f.  ROE.  Raack, 
obs.  f.  RACK  siJ  Raad,  var.  RAH  a.-  Obs.  Raaf, 
obs.  f.  RAFF  s6.3  Raak,  obs.  f.  RAKE  s/>.1 

Raas  e,  obs.  forms  of  RACE  rf.i,  RASE  v.1 

Bab  *  (rseb).  [ad.  F.  robot  in  same  sense  ;  cf. 
RABBIT  rf.3]  A  wooden  beater,  formed  like  a 
crutch,  used  for  mixing  the  ingredients  of  mortar. 

a  1825  FORBY  V'oc.  E.  Anglia.  1860  WORCESTER  cites 
LEONARD.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1850/1. 

Raba.  dial.   =RADj<M  (q.v.). 

1830  LOUDON  Cottage  Arch.  §  840  Cob  is  used  for  filling 
in  the  framework,  which  is  previously  lathed  with  stout  slit 
oak.  . .  This  sort  of  work  is  called  rab  and  dab. 

I  Ra  band.  Sc.  Obs.  Also  rai-.  [f.  RA  + 
BAND  :  cf.  Da.  and  Sw.  raband,  Du.  raband 
(Kilian  raebaitd},  G.  rah-,  raaband,  and  ON. 
rabenda  to  bend  a  sail.]  A  roband  or  robbin. 

1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  in.  iv.  no  Do  lows  the  rabandis, 
and  Tat  doun  the  sail.  1549  Cojupl.  Scot.  vi.  40  Cut  the 
raibandis,  and  lat  the  mane  sail  and  top  sail  fal. 

Rabanet,  variant  of  RABINET. 

Rabarber,  obs.  form  of  RHUBARB. 

t  Rabat '.  Obs.  rare  ~  °.  Also  5  rabet.  [a. 
F.  robot  =  Pg.  rabdte.]  A  carpenter's  plane. 

r  1440  Promp.  Pan'.  421/2  Rabet,  yryne  tool  of  carpen- 
trye,  runcina.  1530  PALSGR.  260/1  Rabat  an  yrone  for  a 
carpentar,  rai'Ot.  1572  HULOET,  Rabat,  a  playne  that  car 
penters  vse,  runcina. 

t  Rabat  -.  Sc.  Obs.  rare.  Also  6  rabbat.  [a. 
F.  rabat  a  turned-down  collar.]  =  REBATO. 

(Recent  Diets,  give  rabat  in  senses  of  the  mod.  F.  word.) 

1578  Inv.  R.  IVardr.  (1815)  231  Huidis  qualms  collaris 
rabattis.  Ibid.  234  Ane  rabbat  of  hollane  claith. 

Rabat,  obs.  form  of  RABBET  sb. 

11 


RABATE. 

t  Rabate,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  Also  rabbate.  [a. 
OF  rabat,  rabbat  sb.  to  rabattre  :  see  next,  and  cf. 
REBATE  s/'.l  Diminution  ;  lessening,  drawing  in. 

1*80  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  n.  xi[;].  (Arb.)  109  In  his 
altitude  he  wil  require  diners  rebates  to  hold  so  many  sizes 
of  meetres.  Ibid.  in.  xi.  173.  Your  figures  of  rabbate  be  as 
many  [as  the  '  figures  of  addition  .] 

t  Rabate,  ».  Obs.  Also  6  rabbate.  [a.  ¥. 
rabattre  to  beat  down,  etc. ;  the  more  usual  form 
in  Ene.  is  rebate.-]  =  REBATE  v.  in  various  senses 

1489  Sc.  Acts  ?ai.  IV  (1814)  222  And  samekle . .  to  b 
deSkit  and  .Rabat  it  in  be  price  of  be  said  siluer .1530 


82 


-ftt  I  rabbit,  7-  rabbet,  [app.  f.  RABBET  rf., 
but  found  earlier  than  this  in  the  vbl.  sb  ralntyng 
(Wyclif),  the  second  vowel  of  which  makes  direct 
adoption  of  F.  rabattre  unlikely.] 

1.  trans.  To  join  or  fix  by  means  of  a  rabbet  or 
rabbets  Also  with  in. 

,565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Trabes  compacHles, .  Joygned or 
•abbated  one  within  the  other.  1620  ******""•:  „, 


,580  PUTTENHAM  Eng  Poesie  iii.  xi.  (Arb.) 
by'Sding  sometim=s%y  rabbating  of  a  slllab  e  or  letter. 
Ibid  xxv.  3.0  The  full  and  emptie  euen,  extant,  rabbated. 
hollow,  or.  .other  figure  and  passion  of  quanti 

Rabate,  obs.  form  of  RABBET  sb.  and  v. 

Rabatine.  rare-1,  [app.  f.  F.  rabat  RABAT  2 
+  -INE.]  A  low  collar. 

1821  SCOTT  Ktnihv.  xxiii,  Reform.. that  precise  ruff  of 
thine  for  an  open  rabaline  of  lace  and  cut  work. 

Rabato,  variant  of  RKBATO  Obs. 

t  Rabattued,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  F.  rabat tu 
(pa  pple.  of  rabattre  RABATE)  +  -ED.]  Blunted 

IS6> .}.  SHUTE  tr.  Camlnnis  Turk.  Wars  i  b,  Scanderbeg 
delighted  .  with  his  companions  to  use  the  launce,  and 

'Rabbat Rabbate, varr. RABAT 2, RABATE.  Obs. 

Rabbatte,  obs.  form  of  RABBIT  sb.1 

Rabbenet,  obs.  form  of  RABINET. 

Rabbet  (rarbet),  sb.  Forms:  5  rabit,  5-8 
rabet,  6  rabat(e,  -att.  -ett,  rabbott-,  8-9  rabbit, 
7-  rabbet.  See  also  REBATE,  [a.  OF.  rabat,  rabbat 
the  act  of  beating  down,  a  check,  abatement  in 
price,  recess  in  a  wall,  etc.,  sb.  from  rabattre  to 
beat  back  or  down :  see  REBATE  v.] 

1.  1.  a.  A  channel,  groove,  or  slot  (usually  ot 
rectangular  section)  cut  along  the  edge  or  face  of 
a  piece  (or  surface)  of  wood,  stone,  etc.,  and  in 
tended  to  receive  the  edge  or  end  of  another  piece 
or  pieces,  or  a  tongue  specially  wrought  on  these 
to  fit  the  groove,     b.  A  rectangular  recess  made 
along  a  projecting  angle  or  arris. 

Both  forms  are  extensively  used  in  Carpentry  in  joining  or 
framin"  wood,  the  two  pieces  being  commonly  either  in  the 
same  plane  or  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  In  a  double 
rabbet  (b)  the  shoulder  on  one  piece  fits  into  the  rabbet  ol 
the  other.  In  Masonry,  a  rabbet  (b)  is  often  made  to  receive 
the  edge  of  a  door,  window,  etc.  ;  in  picture-frames  the 
rabbet  receives  the  ed^es  of  ihe  glass. 

1404  [see  rabbet-stock  in  3].  1:1425  WVNTOUN  Cron.  in. 
ii.  ^32  Thare  he  made  than  rak  &  rak  Quhyll  conyhe  and 
rabet  bath  he  brak.  c  1440  Promp.  /'«>->.  421/2  Rabet,  in 
a  werke  of  carpentrye,  runctnra,  incastratura.  1538  LEI.AND 
/tin.  I.  55  By  pulling  one  or  all  wold  cum  downe,  briste 
hi^h  in  rabettes,  and  serve  for  Deskes.  I59J-4  in  Swayne 
Sarum  Church-iu.  Ace.  (1896)  299  Votting  in  of  the  hookes 
and  hewinge  of  the  Rabbottes.  1663  GERBIER  Counsel  68 
Oaken  Windows  with  a  double  Rabet.  1711  W.  SUTHER 
LAND  ShipbuiU.  Assist.  46  Cut  the  Rabbit  of  the  Keel,  Stem 
and  Stern-post  the  exact  Bigness  of  your  Plank.  1793 
SMEATON  Kdystone  L.  §  51  The  windows,  shutters  and  doors 

..  falling  into  a  rabbet,  when  shut,  their  outside  formed  a 
part  of  the  general  surface.  1830  HEDDERWICK  Marine 
Arch.  257  The  rabbet  is  cut  out  in  form  of  a  V,  having  its 
breadth  equal  to  the  thickness  of  the  garboard-plank.  1870 

H.  MEADE  New  Zealand  324  The  parts  are  joined  by  scarf 
ing  with  a  bevelled  rabbet  at  the  juncture. 

2.  t  a.  A  tongue  to  fit  into  a  groove.  Obs.     b. 
One  of  the  sides  of  a  rabbet  made  in  an  arris; 
a  shoulder,  a  ledge. 

1678  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  I.  103  Upon  this  Rabbet  rides  a 
Block  with  a  Groove  in  its  under  side  . .  made  fit  to  receive 
the  Rabbet  on  the  Planck.  1728  DESAGULIERS  in  Phil. 
Trans.  XXXV.  606  A  square  Hole  . .  to  receive  a  Piece  .. 
shutting  close  with  a  Rabbet  or  Shoulder.  1826  KIRBY  & 
SP.  Eiitomol.  1.  IV.  544  So  as  to  form  a  cavity  all  round  of 
a  proper  width  to  closely  receive  the  rabbet.  1867  J.  HOGG 
Microsc.  i.  iii.  188  The  dotted  ring  shows  the  rabbet  on 
which  the  centre-piece  rests. 

3.  attrib.,  as  rabbet-iron,  -joint,  measure,  -plane, 
-saw,  f  -slock ;  rabbet-head  (see  quot.). 

1830  LOUDON  Cottage  Arch.  §  282  The  *rabbet-head  of  a 
window  is  a  Scotch  term  for  what  in  England  is  called  the 
reveal  of  a  window.  1552  HULOET  s.v.  Rabat.  Ritncina  is 
the  *rabet  iron.  1832  WEBSTER,  Rabbeted,  united  by  a 
'rabbet  joint.  1838  J.  BRITTON  Diet.  Archil.  387  The  junc 
tion  thus  effected  being  called  a  rabbet-joint.  1886  Pall 
MallG.  26  July  4/2  A  frame  whose'  "rabbet1  measure  is  96  by 
72  inches.  i678MoxoN  Mech. Exerc.  I.  67  The  *Rabbet-plain 
.  .is  to  cut  part  of  the  upper  edge  of  a  Board . .  square  down 
into  the  Board.  1881  YOUNG  Every  man  his  trwtt  Meclianic 
92  The  rabbet  or  rebate  plane.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech. 

1850/1  "Rabbet-saw.     1404  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  I. 

396,  j  *rabitstoke  cum  ij  scrwes.    1573,  1688  [see  CLAVE- 

STOCK]. 

II.  t  4.  Fencing.  The  act  of  beating  down  an 

opponent's  weapon.   Obs.  rare-1, 
c  1450  Fencingivith  two  handed Swordin  Rel.  Ant.  I.  309 

Thy  stoppis,  thy  foynys  . .  Thy  spryngys,  thy  quarters,  thy 

rabetis  also. 
6.    An    elastic    beam    fixed    so    as    to    give    a 

rebound  to  a  large  fixed  hammer ;  a  spring-pole. 


rabbated   one  wtn   te  oer.  - 

S.irteesi  m  Hee  is.  .to  sawe  the  rayles  and  postes,  and  sett 
hemTnaioundselLandrabbittthem  into  the  rayl<  above 


doo 

,829  ;  -V«/  /vS!  I.  //«><  *.  60  (U.  K.  S.)  It  should  have 
n  wooden  cover,  rabbeted  in. 

2.  To  form  a  rabbet  in  ;  to  provide  with  a  rabbet  , 
to  cut  away  or  down  as  in  making  a  rabbet. 

ie72  HULOET,  To  rabate  or  make  suche  chaumfreyes  in 
any  thing.  .667  PRIMATT  City  *  C.  B«ild.  63  Suppose  that 
a  Window  hath  four  lights,  and  double  rabbetted  for  Orna 
ment.  1679  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  1.  148  The  Window  Frame 
hath  every  one  of  its  Lights  rabbetted  on  its  outs.de  about 
half  an  Inch  into  the  Frame.  1711  W.  SUTHERLAND  ,Sh,p- 
luiild  Assist.  25  When  that  is  trim'd,  scarf  d,  and  rabbited, 
mindtosetitlerystreight.  ,794  W.  FELTON  Carr.ag,, 
(1801)  I.  12  The  middle  rails  are.  .rabbetted  on  the  top  for 
the  boarding  or  pannels.  1877  CouES  &  ALLEN  N  Xw«r. 
Rod.  229  The  general  face  is  rabbeted  down  externally. 
Ibid  532  The  outer  portion  is  rabbeted  away. 

3.  intr.  To  join  on  or  lap  wer  by  means  • 
a  rabbet. 

c  1850  Rudim.  A'arif.  (Weak)  101  The  upper  piece  rabbet 
ing  on  the  lower  piece.  Ibid.  119  It  rabbets  over  the  ends 
of  the  deals. 

Rabbet,  obs.  form  of  RABBIT  sb.i 

Rabbeted  (rarbi-ted),  ///.  a.  [f.  RABBET  v.'] 
In  which  a  rabbet  is  cut. 

,707  Monthly  Mag.  HI.  MS  The  door  shuts  without  noise, 
by  means  of  a  spring  affixed  in  the  rabitted  jamb.,  c  1850 
Rudim  Na-'ig.  (Weale)  lor  Built  with  rabbeted  or  ciphered 
plank.  1869  Sin  E.  REED  ShipbuiM.  ii.  19  The-  -steam-ship 
'  Persia  '..has  also  a  solid  rabbeted  keel. 

Rabbeting  (rae-betirj),  vbl.  sb.     [f.  RABBET  v. 

+  -ING  1.]  The  process  of  grooving  boards,  etc.  by 
cutting  rabbets,  or  of  fitting  rabbeted  boards  to 
gether;  also  the  groove  or  rabbeted  portion  of 

such  boards. 

1382  WycLiF  Exod.  xxxvi.  22  Two  rabitynges  weren  bi 
eche  tables,  that  the  tone  to  that  other  my5t  be  loyned. 
<;  1440  Promt.  Pan-.  421/2  Rabetynge  to-gedyr  of  ij.  bordys, 
supra,  in  knyttynge,  or  ioynynge.  1463  Mann,  f,  Ilouseh. 
Exp.  (Roxb.)  193  Settyng  in  of  hedys  of  pypys  and  barells, 
and  rabating  of  xl.  ber  pypys.  1530  PALSGR.  260/1  Rabet. 
tvng  of  bordes,  rabilture.  1658  PHILLIPS,  Rabbetings,  a 
term  in  Navigation,  the  letting  in  of  the  planks  to  the  keel. 
1678  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.  1.67  When  two  Boards  are  thus 
lapped  on  the  edges  over  one  another,  this  lapping  over  is 
called  Rabbetting.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1776), 
Assembler,  to  unite  the  several  pieces  of  a  ship,  as  by 
rabbeting,  scarfing,  scoring,  tenanting,  «c.  1869  bin  t. 
REED  SliipbuiU.  iii.  48  The  rabbeting  has  now  been  almost 
universally  dispensed  with. 
Rabbett(e,  obs.  forms  of  RABBET,  RABBIT. 
Rabbi  (rse-bai,  rsrbi),  sb.  Forms:  4-5  rabi, 
4-6  raby,  5  rabe,  7  rabbie,  8  rabby,  6-  rabbi. 
[a.  (orig.  through  L.  rabbi,  Gr.  pa/3#)  Heb.  '31 
rabbi  '  my  master  ',  f.  n  rabh  master,  with  prono 
minal  suffix.  Cf.  OF.  rabi,  rabbi  (mod.F.  rabbin}.] 
1.  A  title  of  respect  (in  use  since  the  first  century 
B.C.)  given  by  the  Jews  to  doctors  of  the  law. 

a.  As  a  form  of  address.     (In  English  use  only 
in  translations  or  echoes  of  N.T.  passages.) 

c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  John  i.  38  Hi  cwaedon  to  him  J  rabbi', 
bset  is  gecweden  ft  ^ereht  lareow,  '  hwar  eardast  bu  ?  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  15766  ludas  .  .  lepe  him  to,  '  Aue  rabi  ,  coth  he. 
1377  LANCL.  P.  PI.  B.  xvm.  50  '  Aue,  rabby  !  '  quod  that 
ribaude,  and  threw  redes  at  hym.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Sompn. 
T.  479  God  liketh  nat  that  Raby  men  vs  calle.  c  1450 
HOLLAND  Hmulal  94  Befor  the  Pape  ..  on  kneis  he  fell; 
said  '  Aue  Raby  \  1526  TINDALE  Matt,  xxiii.  8  Ye  shall  not 
"  •"  "  Image  Hypocr. 


suffre  youre  selves  to  be  called  Rabi, 


JII      DltJLfc.      JVflTl     1.    JO      Alley    MUU      VIIVU     null,    ...   W.*.,    V". 

to  say  being  interpreted,  Master)  where  dwellest  thou 

b.  Prefixed  to  personal  names. 
1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Come.  7685  Raby  Moyses  says  alleHs- 
1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  365  Avicenna  preyseb hym 
weL.and  Raby  Moyses.  1541  'R.Coi'iMioGnydon'sQuest. 
Chirnrg.  Y  iij  b,  Rabymoyses.  .approued  water  dystylled  of 
a  leane  gotes  mylke.  1587  GOLDING  De  Mormay  xxix.  470 
The  same  man  whom  . .  the  Chronicle  of  the  lewes  calleth 
Rabbi  lohanan.  1677  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Mank.  in.  vii.  285 
The  Blew  and  Red  Men  of  Rabbi  Elcha,  that  came  out  of 
the  Mountains  of  Armenia,  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cyd.  s.v., 
Rabbi  Juda  is  said  to  have  composed  the  Mischna..in  the 
lid  century.  1838  Penny  Cycl.  XII.  92/2  The  Jerusalem 
Talmud  appears  to  have  been  compiled . .  by  Rabbi  Jochonan. 
2.  A  Jewish  doctor  of  the  law.  In  mod.  Jewish 
use  properly  applied  only  to  one  who  is  authorized 
by  ordination  to  deal  with  questions  of  law  and 
ritual,  and  to  perform  certain  functions. 


RABBINICAL. 

When  used  in  pi.  as  the  designation  of  a  class  (the  rabbis'], 
the  reference  is  usually  to  those  Jewish  teachers  or  writers 
who  have  more  commonly  been  called  rabbins. 

1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  A  If  once  i,  A  Rabe  of  Lucanye  sayd 
to  his  sone  in  this  maner.  1590  SANDYS  Europz  SfK.  1  1632! 
226  Each  Synagogue  hath  his  Rabbi,  to  expound  their  Law. 
1641  MILTON  Animadv.  ii.  Wks.  (1851)  207  The  gowned 
Rabbies  were  of  opinion  that  hee  was  a  friend  of  Beelzebub. 
1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  221/1  The  Jews,  .are  Married 
in  the  open  Aire,  either  in  the  Streets  or  Gardens,  by  their 
Rabbies  1788  GIBBON  Ded.  $  F.  1.  (ed.  Milman)  V.  22  The 
dreams  and  traditions  of  the  Jewish  rabbis.  1838  LVTTON 
Leila  iv  v,  I  have  been  summoned  into  the  presence  of  their 
chief  rabbi.  1838  Penny  Cyd.  XII.  92/2  The  Rabbis  of 
Tiberias  and  Babylon  wrote  numerous  commentaries  upon 
it  [the  Mishna].  1897  Alllmtfs  Syst.  Med.  II.  391  The 
early  and  almost  universal  seizures  of  medical  officers,  of  the 
clergy  and  rabbis. 

fb.  transf.  One  whose  learning,  authority,  or 
office  is  comparable  to  that  of  a  Jewish  rabbi. 

(Freq.  contemptuous.)  Obs. 
1553  BALE  Gardiner's  '  De  vera  Obcd:  To  Rdr.  Avijb, 

Yf   these  ruffling    rabbles   in   theyr  S«rmons  &  aduised 

Orationes  said  and  wrote  the  truthe.     1629  L.  OWEN  ^fec. 

Jesuit  i  These  great  Rabbies  that  call  themselues  lesuites. 

1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Gavt.  Eng.  l.  ii.  (1739)  3  The  deep 

obligement  of  the  People  unto  these  their  Rabbles  [the 

Druids  j.     1691  WOOD  A  th.  Oxon.  1  1.  175  This  book  .  .  pusled 

the  Presbyterian  Rabbies  for  a  time. 
3.  Comb.,  as  Kabbi-like  adj. 
1611  COTGR.,  Rabmique,  Rabbie-like,  of  the  Rabbies. 
Hence  t  Ka'bbi  v.  trans.,  to  call  '  Rabbi  .   Obs. 
1583  STI-BBES  Anat.  Abus.  i.  K  iv,  He  who  hath  mom 

enough  shalbe  rabbled  and  maistered  at  euery  word.     _ 
Rabbin  (ra-bin).     Also  6  rabbyn,  6-7  -me, 

7  -yne;    6  rabyne,  6-7  -ine,  7-8   -in.     [a.  F. 

rabbin  or  ad.  med.L.  rabbinns  :  cf.  It.  rabbino,  Pg., 

Sp.  rabino. 

The  source  of  the  «  in  these  forms  is  obscure  :  it  may 
have  originated  in  pi.  forms  (rablnns,  rabbmi)  on  the  sup 
position  that  the  pi.  of  the  Heb.  word  was  ''rabbin  (cf. 
assassin,  bedouin,  etc.).] 

=  RABBI  2  (but  mainly  used  in  //.  to  designate 
the  chief  Jewish  authorities  on  matters  of  law  and 
doctrine,  the  most  important  of  whom  flourished  be 
tween  the  second  and  thirteenth  centuries  of  the 
Christian  era). 

«7o  E  K.  in  Spenser's  Sheph.  Cal.  Gen.  Argt,  According 
to  the  opinion  of  the  best  Rabbins.  .God  made  the  worlde  in 
that  Moneth.  1612  BHF.REWOOD  Lang.  «,  b.elig.  230  ,  ln< 
Talmud  and  Targum  .  .  and  the  books  of  the  latter  rabbmes. 
1676  GLANVILL  Ess.  Philos.  t,  Relig.  v.  22  'Tis  said  in  the 
Talmud,  If  two  Rabbins  differ  [etc.].  1741  WATTS  Imtrov. 
Mind  I.  iv.  §  i  For  a  lawyer  to  learn  Hebrew  and  read  the 
Rabbins.  1832  W.  IRVING  Alhambra  II.  23  Instructed,  .in 
the  language  of  birds,  by  a  Jewish  Rabbin.  1852  THACKERAY 
Esmond  i.  xi,  All  the  parsons,  cardinals,  ministers,  muftis, 
and  rabbins  in  the  world. 

f  b.    =  RABBI  2  b.  Obs. 

iSlt  ELVOT  GOT.  in.  xxv,  Some  of  those  Rabines.  .which  in 
comparison  of  the  sayde  noble  doctours  be  .  unethe  lettered. 
1531  TINDALE  Exp.  i  John  5  We  remayne  all  blynde  gener 
ally  as  well  our  great  Rabynes.  .as  the  lay  people.  1606  in 
Crt.  *  Times  Jas.  I  (1848)  I.  65  Their  masters  and  rabbins, 
the  Jesuits.  1632  I.ITHGOW  Trao.  1.  35  &n«  »  both  the 
Spouse,  and  the  mother  of  God,  saith  a  Rabbin  of  theirs. 
c.  Used  as//,  (see  etym.  note). 

1826  SIR  W.  DRUMMOND  Orig.  iii.  105  Many  of  the  Rabbin 
have  understood  by  Baal  Berith  the  Lord  of  the  Covenant. 
1860  MOTLEY  Netherl.  (1868)  I.  v.  \if>  A  match  for  the 
doctors,  bishops  or  rabbin  of  Europe. 

Rabbinate  (rse'binA  ).  [f.  prec.  +  -ATE  :  ci.  *  . 
rabbinat.}  a.  The  office  or  dignity  of  a  rabbi. 
b.  The  period  during  which  some  one  is  a  rabbi. 
O.  coll.  Rabbis  as  a  body  or  class. 

1702  C.  MATHF.R  Magn.  Chr.  IV.  ii.  §  8.  146  He  .  .  seemed 
inclinable  to  the  Jewish  Rule  about  the  Rabbinate.  1881 
Encycl.  Brit.  XIII.  68,  Gradually  the  Talmud  .,  was 
abandoned  almost  entirely  to  candidates  for  the  rabbinate. 
!8oo  Jewish  Intelligence  Mar.  35  During  the  Rabbinate  ofDr. 
Adler.  1892  ZANGW.LL  Claldr.  Ghetto  I.  27  The  Rabbinate 
was  invited  to  address  the  philanthropists. 

Rabbindom  (ra:-bindam).   [f.  as  prec.  +  • 
The  rule  and  government  of  rabbis  ;  the  sphere  of 
rabbinical  authority. 

1880  BRUCE  Kingd.  God  xi.  266  The  state  of  matters  which 
prevailed  in  Rabbindom.  1890  E.  JOHNSON  Rise  Cliristen- 
dom  32  The  twelfth  century  is  the  great  age  of  early  Rab 
bindom. 

Rabbinet,  obs.  form  of  RABINET. 

Rabbinic  (rabi-nik),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  RABBIN  + 
-1C,  prob.  after  med.  or  mod.L.  rabbinic-its.  Cf. 
F.  rabbinique  (1611),  It.  rabbinico,  Pg.,  Sp.  rabi- 
tiieo.]  A.  adj.  =  RABBINICAL. 

!6iz  SELDEN  lllustr.   DraytmCs  Poly-ott.   v    168 
Rabbinic  conceit   upon    the  Creation.      ,678  CL-DWORTH 
Intel!  Svst.  i.  iv.  §  30.  469  Those  Rabbimck  Writers  com- 
monly  interpret  certain  places  of  the  Scripture  to  this  sence. 


terpret  ceran  pa 

a  1711  KEN  //>"<«>•/,»«  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  146  To  extract 
from  Mud  rabbinick  Gold.     1879  FARRAR  SI  .Paul  I   136 
Illiterate  men,  untrained  in  the  schools  of.  .rabbinic  wisdom. 
B.  sb.  Rabbinical  Hebrew. 

1832  in  WEBSTER.  1878  Academy  606/3  A  good  means  of, 
and  help  in,  practising  Rabbinic. 

Rabbinical  (rabi-nikal),  a.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -AL.] 

1.  Of  things  :  Pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of, 
the  rabbins,  their  learning,  writings,  etc. 

1622  BOYS  Wks.  4  It  is  a  Rabinicall  conceit,  that  the  last 
Psalme  hath  thirteene  Halleluiahs  [etc.].  _  1713  Ano.soN 
Guard.  No.  138  P  7  A  Rabbinical  story  which  has  in  it  the 
oriental  way  of  thinking.  1779-8'  JOHNSON  L.  P.,  Cowley 


RABBINICALLY. 


83 


BABBITRY. 


(1790)  I.  37  In  the  following  verses  we  have  a  Rabbinical 
opinion  concerning  Manna.  1856 1  STANLEY  Sinai  ^  Pal.  i.  i. 
34  The  grotesqueness  and  absurdity  of  the  Rabbinical  inter 
pretations. 

b.  spec,  of  the  later  form  of  the  Hebrew 
language  or  character  used  by  the  rabbins. 

1737-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.  Hebrew,  Modern,  or  Rab 
binical  Hebrew  character,  is  a  good  neat  character,  formed 
of  the  square  Hebrew  by  rounding  it.  Ibid,)  The  rabbinical 
Hebrew  must  be  allowed  a  very  copious  language.  1817 
COLERIDGE  Biog.  Lit.  55;  Of  the  Hebrew. .the  remainder 
seemed  to  be  in  the  Rabbinical  dialect. 

2.  Of  persons :  Belonging  to  the  class  of  rabbis 
or  rabbins ;  resembling  a  rabbi ;  occupied  with  or 
_  skilled  in  rabbinical  literature. 

1642  MILTON  Afol.  Smect.  i.  Wks.  (1851)  282  The  Maso- 
reths  and  Rabbinical!  Scholiasts.  1711  ADDISON  Sficct.  No. 
221  p  10  We  had  a  Rabbinical  Divine  in  England.  i8z8 
SYDNEY  SMITH  .Serin.  Charity  Wks.  1859  II.  248/1  A  very 
short,  .apologue,  taken  from  the  Rabbinical  writers.  1838-9 
HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  II.  11.  viii.  §  45.  349  Hugh  Broughton 
was  a  deeply  learned  and  rabbinical  scholar. 

Hence  Rabbi 'nically  adv.,  ina  rabbinical  manner. 

1684  N.  S.  Crit.  Enq.  Edit.  Bible  App.  286  Vossius.  .who 
so  greedily  catches  at  dreams  more  than  Rabbinically. 
a  1751  BOLINGBROKE  Fr agin.  Ixi.  Wks.  1754  V.  456  If  he 
[the  apostle]  understood  it  as  Locke  did,  he  reasoned  very 
rabinically.  1833  New  Monthly  Mag.  XXXVII.  149  Re 
sponding  most  rabbinically  to  the  serjeant  on  this  knotty 
matter. 

t  Ra-bbinish,  a.   Obs.  rare—*.   —  RABBINICAL. 

1652  GfMiMMagastrom.  123  Errors  of  paganish,  rabbinish, 
and  other  magicians  and  astrologers. 

Rabbinism  ^rse-biniz'm).  [f.  RABBIN  + -ISM  : 
cf.  F.  rabbinisme,  Pg.,  Sp.  rabtnismo.] 

1.  The  teaching  or  doctrines  of  the  rabbins. 

1652  GAULE  ftlagastrom.  43  The  key  of  doctorall  and 
magisteriall  rabbinismes  and  cabal  ismes.  1833  Blackw, 
Mag.  XXXIII.  628  Rabbinism  has  continued  full  of  trivial 
observances.  1887  Spectator  i  Oct.  1307  The  history  of 
mediaeval  rabbinism. 

2.  A  rabbinical  expression ;  a  peculiarity  of  the 
language  of  the  rabbins.  1832  in  WEBSTER. 

Rabbinist  (rnrbinist).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -1ST  :  cf. 
F.  rabbiniste,  It.  rabbinista,  Pg.,  Sp.  rabinista^\ 
An  adherent  or  follower  of  the  rabbins  ;  e$p.  among 
the  Jews,  one  who  accepts  the  teaching  of  the 
Talmud  and  the  rabbins,  in  contrast  to  the  Karaites, 
who  reject  tradition. 

I599  Brought o^s  Lett.  x.  35  You  . .  shew  you  are  a  great 
Rabbinist.  1609  BP.  HALL  Pharis.  #  Chr.  (1627)  408  At 
deadly  fevd  with  the  other  lewes,  which  they  now  call  Rab- 
binists.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  CycL  s.  v.  Caraite,  If  a  Caraite 
would  become  a  rabbinist,  he  should  never  be  received  by 
the  other  Jews.  1863  J.  G.  MURCHY  Comm.Gen.  i.  4  Accord 
ing  to  the  Pharisees  and  Rabbinists.  1882  FARRAR  Early 
Chr.  II.  66  note.  The  Rabbinists  also  felt  this. 

Hence  Kabbinrstic,  Rabbini'stical  adjs. 

1599  Broughton  s  Lett.  vii.  24  Glorying  of  your  reading 
Rabbinisticall.  1676  Doctrine  of  Devils  174  What-ever 
besotted  Rabbins,  and  Rabbinistical  men  prate..!  care  not. 
1888  B.  PICK  in  Librar.  Mag.  Mar.  247  The  last  Doctors  of 
the  Law  in  the  chain  of  Rabbinistic  succession. 

Rabbinite  (rarbinait).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -iTE1.] 
=  RABBINIST.  1832  in  WEBSTER. 

Hence  Babbini'tic  a. 

1884  SCHAFF  Encycl.  Relig.  Knowl,  III.  2095/2  The 
Pharisaic-rabbinitic  system  of  tradition. 

Rabbinize  (rarbinaiz),^.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-IZE  :  cf.  F.  rabbiniser ^\ 

1.  intr.  To  adopt  or  conform  to  rabbinism.  ?  Obs, 
a.  1641,  1652  [see  Rabbinizing  ppl.  a.]. 

2.  trans.  To  imbue  with  rabbinism. 

1835  J.  HARRIS  Gt.  Teacher  (1837)  54  The  whole  of  their 
law  had  become  rabbinized  and  overlaid  with  traditions. 

Hence  Ba'bbinized,  Ra'bbinizing///.  adjs. 

01641  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  $  Man.  (1642)  no  A  man 
thoroughly  enspired  with  a  Rabbinising  spirit.  1652  GAULE 
Magastrotn.  44  The  rabbinizing  and  Christianizing  magi 
cians  and  astrologers.  1894  BRUCE  Paul's  Concept.  Chr.  xx. 
377  The  bane  to  be  dreaded  is  a  rabbmised  church. 

Ra'bbinship.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  -f-  -SHIP.] 
Rabbinate  ;  the  personality  of  a  rabbi. 

1599  Broughton  s  Lett.  ix.  29  Howknoweth  your  Rabbin- 
ship  that  he  is  no  Grecian?  1852  [see  RABBISHIP]. 

RabbloUS,  variant  of  RABIOUS. 

t  Ra'bbish,  a.  Obs,  Forms  :  4  rabbisshe,  5 
rabbishe,  -isch,  -yshe,  rabyssh,  -sch.  [?  f.  OF. 
rabi,  rabbi  rabid,  raging  +  -ISH,  or  directly  from 
the  OF.  fern.  rabice,  rabiche,  the  ending  being 
associated  with  -t'sA.J  Unruly,  turbulent ;  incon 
siderate,  rash  ;  rough  or  precipitate  in  action. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  85  pan  be  rabbisshe 
peple.  .up  wi}>  staves,  battes,  and  stoones.  1398  —  Barth. 
De  P.  R.  ii.  xix.  (1495)  45  By  rabbyssh  foole  Tiardynesse  he 
takyth  moore  vpon  hym  than  he  maye  doo.  1494  FABYAN 
Chron.  vn.  357  Many  of  the  rabbishe  and  wylde  commoners, 
were  in  full  purpose  to  haue  defended  the  cytie. 

Hence  fBa-bbishlya^z/.  ;  f  Ba'bbishness.  Obs. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  147  A  manere  kynde- 
liche  rabbischness  of  wit.  .1400  Harl.  Contin.  ibid.  VII. 
523  Me  wondreth  gretlich  that  36  demeth  joure  bischop  so 
rabbischlich.  c  1475  Partenay  4690  He..  A  chambre  per- 
ceiued, in  went  rabbishly.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  v.  cxxxvi. 
123  Tlie  kyn%e  handelyd  the  body  of  Seynt  Denys  so  rab- 
bysshely,  y»  lie  brake  one  of  his  annes. 

Rabbiship  (ne-bai-,  rae-bijip).     [f.  RABBI  + 

-SHIP.]     The  office  of  rabbi. 
1669  PENN  No  Cross  Wks.  1782  II.  81  He  came  . .  to  over 


throw  their  rabbyship.  1702  C.  MATHER  Magn.  Chr.  iv.  ii. 
§  8.  146  The  Jewish  Rule,  about  the  Rabbinate,  Love  the 
Work,  but  Hate  the  Rabbiship  [ed.  1852  rabbinship].  1886 
Daily  AVa/s  23  Dec.  5/7  His  two  sons  quarrelled  for  the 
Rabbi-ship. 

Rabbit  (ne-bit),  sbl  Forms  :  5-6  rab(b)ette, 
5-7  rabet,  6-8  rabbet,  (6  -atte),  7  rabytt,  8  -it, 
8-  rabbit,  [app.  of  Northern  P'rench  origin  :  cf. 
Walloon  robett  (Remade).  The  primitive  seems 
to  occur  in  Flem.  robbe  (Kilian,  De  Bo ;  the  latter 
also  gives  ribbe,  rubbe],  dim.  robbeke(n\  the  ulti 
mate  etym.  is  unknown.  If  F.  rabouilfere  (the 
burrow  made  by  the  female  rabbit  to  kindle  in)  is 
connected,  the  ME.  rabet  may  be  more  primitive 
in  form  than  the  Walloon  and  Flem.  words.] 

1.  A  common  burrowing  rodent  of  the  hare-family 
{Leporidiv} ,  esp.  the  common  Kuropean  species, 
Lepus  Cunicuhis,  which  is  naturally  of  a  brownish- 
grey  colour,  but  in  domestication  also  white,  black , 
or  pied.     *f  Orig.  applied  only  to  the  young  animal, 
the  full-grown  one  being  called  a  CONY. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvm.  Ixvii.  277  Conynges 
.  .bringeb  forbe  many  rabettes  £  multiplied  ful  swibe.  ,1440 
Anc.  Cookery  in  Househ.  Ord.  (1790)457  Then  take  conynges 
par  boy  led,  or  elles  rabets,  for  thai  are  better  for  a  lorde. 
1502  Privy  Purse  E*p,  Eliz.  York  (1830)  13  A  present  of 
Rabettes  and  quayles.  1576  TURBERV.  Bk.  Venerie  Ixiii.  178 
The  Conie  beareth  her  Rabettes  xxx  dayes,  and  then  kin- 
deleth.  1607  TOFSELL  F&ur*f.  Beasts (16$%}  89  If  two  males 
be  put  to  one  female,  they  fight  fiercely ;  but  they  will  not 
hurt  the  rabbets.  1653  WALTON  Angler -VIM.  171  Take  the 
flesh  of  a  Rabet  or  Cat  cut  smal.  1768  PENNANT  ^r/V.  Zool. 
I.  91  Rabbets  will  breed  seven  times  a  year.  1846  J.  BAXTER 
Lihr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  I.  334  The  rabbit  lives  to  the 
age  of  eight  or  nine  years.  1885  E.  CLARK  \n  Nature  XXXI. 
264/1  Large  tracts  are  still  honeycombed  by  the  ubiquitous 
biscacha,  a  gigantic  rabbit. 

2.  transf*  a.  Applied  contemptuously  to  a  person. 
b.  A  shadow  resembling  the  form  of  a  rabbit,  cast 
by  the  hands  upon  a  wall.     c.   (See  quot.  1878.) 
d.   (See  quot.  1882.)     See  also  WELSH  RABBIT. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IV,  n.  ii.  91  Away,  you  horson  upright 
Rabbet,  away.  1849  Plymouth  Her.  21  Apr.,  Shadows  .. 
strong  enough  for  children  to  make  rabbits  with  their  fingers 
upon  a  wall.  1878  UKSANT  &  RICE  By  Cclitis  Arbour  xxx, 
Even  if  you  did  happen  to  have  a  'rabbit',  that  is  one  of 
the  coats  lined  with  while  fur.  1882  Standard  4  Sept.  6/2 
Though  somewhat  of  a  '  rabbit ',  as  a  horse  that  runs  *  in 
and  out'  is  sometimes  called. 

3.  attrib.  and   Comb.      a.  Simple  attributive,  as 
rabbit-burrow ,  -clcve,  •}•  -hay,  -hole,  -house,  -hutch, 
-paw,  -pie,  -run,  -skin,  -stock,  -warren. 

1752  SIR  J.  HILL  Hist,  Anim.  423  Deserted  *  rabbet- 
burrows,  or  any  other  hollows  of  a  like  kind.  1883  K. 
PENNELL-ELMHIRST  Cream  Leicestcrsh.  420  A  gallant  fox 
getting  to  ground  in  a  rabbit-burrow.  1869  BI.ACKMOKE 
Lorna  D.  xiii,  I  went  all  along  on  the  ridge  of  the  *rabbit- 
cleve.  1735  BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Woodcock,  Your  Net 
must  be  like  your 'Rabbet-Hays.  1705  BERKELEY  C«tv  Dun- 
more  in  Eraser  Life  (1871)  507  The  earth  turned  up  at  the 
entrance  of  a  *rabbit-hole.  1885  LADY  BRASSEY  The  Trades 
264  We  were  assured,  .that  there  were  no  rabbit-holes  in  the 
fields.  1839  W.  CHAMBERS  Tour  Belgium  77/1  A  little 

farden.  .containing  a  *rabbit  hutch.     1851  in  Life  A.  fon- 
(anque  (1874)  499  A  principal  ingredient  in  this  *rabbit-pie. 
1876  T.  HARDY  Ethelbcrta  xxxiii,  Every  detail  of  barrow, 

fath,  and  "rabbit-run.  1829  RICHARDSON  Zool.  Brit.  A  mcr. 
.  218  The  winter  skins  of  this  animal  [the  American  Hare] 
are  imported  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  under  the  name 
of  *rabblt-skins.  1848  DICKENS  Dombey  vi,  He  hung  the 
rabbit-skin  over  his  left  arm.  1861  R.  F.  BURTON  City 
of  Saints  590  They  were  dressed  in  the  usual  rabbit-skin 
cape.  1805  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  1204  *Rabbit- 
stock  demands,  on  the  whole,  hut  little  regard.  1775  ASH, 
*  Rabbit-warren.  1800  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  The  Will  i,  There 
is  that  rabbit-warren  near  Clover  Hill.  1892  E.  REEVES 
Homeward  Bound  295  It  is  almost  as  thickly  populated 
as  a  rabbit  warren. 

b.  Objective  and  obj.  genitive,  as  rabbit-breeder ', 
-breeding,  -catcher,  -chase,  -chasing  (sb.  and  adj.), 
-coursing,  -destroyer,  -fancier,  -keeper,  -manage 
ment,  -rearer,  -shooting,  -trapper. 

1885  Census  Instruct.*  Rabbit  Breeder,  Catcher,  Destroyer. 
1848  MAUNDER  Treas.  Nat.  Hist.  560/1  Otherwise  ..  will 


a  egins  . .  in  October.  1895 
Ibid.  XXVI.  426/2  The  *rabbit-chasing  pups.  1891  Pall 
Mall  G.  23  Dec.  6/3  Fond  of  what  they  call  babbit-cours 
ing.  1848  MAUNDER  Treas.  Nat.  Hist.  560/1  The  ingenuity 
of  *rabbit -fanciers  has  been  shown  in  the  production  of 
various  breeds.  1848  Chambers' s  Inform.  People  I.  628/2  Ex 
perienced  *  rabbit-keepers  conceive  too  frequent  breeding  to 
beinjurious.  1805  DicKSOyPract.Affric.  II.  i2o3Thehaxard 
and  uncertainty  of  "rabbit-management.  1848  Chatnbers's 
Inform.  Pecfle  I.  629/1  The  duty  of  the  'rabbit-rearer. 
1819  I\intologia  X.  s.v.,  An  occasional  reduction,  .is  found 
necessary  ..  in  which  case  *rabbit-shooting  is  a  pleasant 
diversion.  1888  G.  M.  FENN  Dick  o'  the  Fens  326 'Ay', 
said  the  "rabbit-trapper. 

c.  Similative  and  parasynthetic,  as  rabbit -mottth, 
-shoulders',  rabbit-backed, -eared, -like  adjs. ;  rabbit- 
wise  adv. 

1778  FOOTE  Trip  Calais  in.  Wks.  1799  II.  370  Red-faced, 
*  rabbet- back 'd.  1885  W.  J.  E.  CRANE  Bookbinding  for 
Amateurs  71  The  book  will  be  '  rabbit -backed '.  1835-40 
HALIBURTON  Clockm.  (1862)  185  That  little. .  *rabbit-eared 
runt  of  a  pig.  1836-9  TODD  Cyd.  Anat.  II.  52/2  The  light 
*rabbit-like  hyrax.  1849  Sk.  Nat.  Hist.,  Mammalia  IV.  6 
Body  short,  thick,  and  rabbit-like.  1833  DISRAELI  29  June 
in  Corr.  w.  Sister  (1886)  21  Handsome .  .but  with  one  great 
fault,  a  *rabbit  mouth.  1784  J.  BARRY  in  Lect.  Paint,  ii. 


(1848)  94  The  excesses  and  deficiencies  in  the  human  form, . . 
*rabbit  shoulders,  pot  belly.  1846  MRS.  GORE  Eng.  Char, 
(1852)  139  A  starveling  cat  roasted  "rabbit-wise. 

4.  Special  combs.  :  rabbit-bandicoot,  a  small 
Australian  marsupial  of  the  genus  Peragale;  rabbit- 
berry,  the  buffalo-berry  of  N.  America ;  rabbit- 
brush,  -bush,  a  common  shrub  (Bigelavia  graveo- 
lens]  of  western  N.  America,  giving  shelter  to  jack- 
rabbits;  rabbit-fish,  the  name  of  several  fishes 
having  points  of  resemblance  to  a  rabbit,  as  (a)  the 
British  fishes  Chimera  monstrosa  and  the  striped 
rock-gurnard,  (£)  an  American  fish  of  the  genus 
Lagoccphalus  with  teeth  resembling  a  rabbit's  in 
cisors  ;  rabbit-foot  (clover)  =  HARE'S-FOOT  i  ; 
rabbit-moth,  a  N.  American  bombycid  moth, 
J.agoa  opercnlaris ;  rabbit-mouth  sucker,  a  N. 
American  fish  (see  quot.) ;  rabbit-rat  =  HAPALOTE; 
rabbit-root,  the  wild  sarsaparilla,  Aralia  mtdi- 
caulis;  rabbit-spout  dial.,  a  rabbit-burrow  ;  rab 
bit-squirrel,  a  S.  American  chinchilla,  esp.  I.agi- 
dium  Cuvieri;  t  rabbit-starter,  a  young  rabbit  ; 
rabbit-weed,  a  N.  American  plant. 

1832  BISCHOFF  I'an  Diemens  Land  II.  28  (Morris)  There 
are  two  kinds,  the  rat  and  the  'rabbit  bandicoot.  1896 
SPENCER  77(7-*?'  Larapurta  Land  34  The  white  tips  of  the 
tails  of  the  rabbit-bandicoot.  1807  P.  GASS  Jrnl.  30  Small 
red  berries,  the  Indian  name  for  which  in  English  means 
*rabbit  berries.  1861  R.  F.  BURTON  City  of  Saints  591  An 
expanse  of  white  sage  and  large  *rabbit-bush,  1848  MAUNDER 
Treas.  A'at.  Hist.  560/1  * Rabbit-fish,  a  local  name  for  the 
Northern  Chima,'ia,  or  King  of  the  Herrings.  1880  DAY 
Fishes  Gt.  Brit.  I.  57  Streaked  gurnard,,  .rock  gurnard, 
rabbit  fish.  1883  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Uscf.  Animals,  Rabbit- 
./£;£,  a  name  for  Tctrodon  Ixvigatiis.  .an  American  fish.  1884 
MILLHR  Bot.  Diet.,  Trifolinm  arrcnse,  Hare's  foot  Clover 
or  Trefoil,  *Rabbit-foot,  of  N.  America.  1882  JORDAN  & 
GILBERT  Syn.  Fishes  N.  America  144  Quassilalna  lacera, 
Hare-lip  Sucker.  ."^Rabbit-mouth  Sucker,  a  1833  RICHARD 
SON  in  Hooker  Flor,  Bar.  Amer.  \.  274  The  Crees  use  the 
root  of  this  plant,  .under  the  name  of.  .(*Rabbit-root).  1886 
Field zj  Feb.  266  '3  Here  they,  .run  him  into  a  ^"rabbit-spout 
inthegorse.  1651  WELDON  Crt.  Jas.  1 125  Little  children  did 
run  up  and  downe  the  King's  Lodgings,  like  little  "Rabbit 


and  sad  rabbit-weed. 

tRa'bbit,  sb.-  Obs.  Also  rabit.  [Of  obscure 
origin.]  A  wooden  drinking- vessel. 

1685  mKRTTOti Praise  Yorksh.  Ale  i  Stronge  Beer  in  Rabits 
and  cheating  penny  Cans,  a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew, 
Rabbits,  Wooden  Kanns  to  Drink  out  of,  once  used  on  the 
Roads,  now  almost  laid  by. 

Ra'bbit,  sb.*  [a.  F.  robot \   =  RAB!  (q.v.)- 

1850-  in  OGILVIE  and  later  Diets. 

Rabbit  (ne-bit),  z/.i     [f.  RABBIT  atf.i] 

1.  intr.  To  hunt  for  or  catch  rabbits.    Chiefly  in 
pres.  pple. 

1852  Meander/tigs  of  J\Iem.  I.  20  Beer  never  bound  him 
rabbiting  again.  1861  HUGHES  Tom  tiroivti  at  Oxf.  xxx, 
She  liked  ..  coming  to  look  at  them  fishing  or  rabbiting. 
1873  *^-  W-  KITCHIN  Hist.  France  I.  in.  viii.  341  This  man 
caught  three  Flemish  students  rabbiting  in  his  warren. 

2.  intr.  To  crowd  together  like  rabbits. 

1892  Sunday  Mag.  Sept.  602  The  common  people,  .rabbit 
together  in  miserable  warrens. 

Rabbit  (ice-bit),  z/.2  Vulgar.  [Prob.  a  fanciful 
alteration  of  rat  mod  rat  (Oj)1),  drat.~\  A  meaning 
less  word  used  as  an  imprecation  -  DRAT,  etc.  Also 
drabbit,  od(d}  rabbit  (see  Oi>1  i  b). 

1743  FIELDING  J.  Andrews  HI.  viii,  'Rabbit  the  fellow' 
cries  he.  1768  GOLDSM.  Good-n.  J\lan  in,  Rabbit  me,  but 
little  Flanigan  will  look  well  in  anything.  1787  GROSE 
Provinc.  Gloss. ,  D' rabbit  it,  a  vulgar  exclamation  or  abbre 
viation  of  God  rabbit  it,  a  foolish  evasion  of  an  oath.  N. 
1831  ROBY  Trad.  Lancash.  Ser.  ii.  (1879)  II.  196  Ralibit 
thee,  Will,  but  the  luggage  will  break  thy  back.  1880  MRS. 
PARK  Adam  fy  Eve  xxix.  397  Drabbit  the  maid  !  1889 
DOYLE  Micah  Clarke  302  Rabbit  me  !  but  you  are  to  be 
envied. 

Rabbit,  variant  of  RABBET  sb.  and  v. 

Rabbiter  (rae-bitai).  [f.  RABBIT  Z>.I  +  -ERI.] 
One  who  hunts  rabbits  ;  a  rabbit-catcher.  Also 
of  a  dog  (quot.  1883). 

1872  BLACKMORE  Rlaid  of  Sk.,  The  five  young  rabbiters. 
1883  C.  READE  in  Harper's  Mag.  June  97/1  He's  the  best 
rabbjter  you  ha1  got.  1887  Blackw.  Mag.  Dec.  826  These 
rabbiters  insisted  on  being  shifted  out  to  more  rabbity 
country. 

Rabbiting  (rx-bitirj),  vbl,  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-IXG1.]  Hunting,  shooting,  or  catching  rabbits. 

1841  J.  T.  HEWLETT  Parish  Clerk  I.  99  A  day's  rabbiting 
or  rat-catching.  1875  W.  S.  HAYWARD  Lave  agst.  World  27 
The  day's  '  rabbidngs'  ou  the  heath  with  Giles'  ferrets  and 
Giles'  terriers. 

b.   Comb,  in  sense  *  useful  for  rabbiting  '. 

1884  Western  Morning  News  5  Sept.  2/5  White  Rabbiting 
Spaniels.  1889  Dogs  ii.  12  A  capital  rabbiting  dog. 

Rabbitisb. (rse'bitK),  a.  rare.  [f.  RABBIT  sb* 
+  -ISH.]  Characteristic  of  a  rabbit. 

1834  HECKFORD  Italy  II.  14  My  nose  having  lost  all  relish 
for  rabbitish  odours.  1851  in  Life  A.  Fonhlanque  (1874)  498 
That  is  just  the  most  rabbiti>h  thing  you  could  do. 

Rabbitry  (nt-bitri).  [f.  RABBIT  j<M  +  -BY.] 
A  place  in  which  rabbits  are  kept ;  a  collection  of 
rabbits. 

1838  LOUDON  Suburban  Gardener  712  The  Rabbitry. — .. 
The  warren  may  either  be  close  to  the  rabbit-house,  or  at 
any  convenient  distance.  1854  WOOD^«;W.  Life  (ed.  2)  299 

11-2 


RABBIT-SUCKER. 

A  curious  circumstance  occurred  in  my  rabbitry.  1886 
Poultry,  etc.  17  Sept.  463  Rye  flour  may  be  used  to  an 
advantage  in  the  rabbitry. 

t  Rabbit-sucker.  06s.  [Properly  an  apposi- 
tive  comb.,  but  in  some  of  the  transf.  uses  rabbit 
may  have  been  taken  as  objective.] 

1.  A  sucking  rabbit,  a  very  young  rabbit. 

c  1460  J .  RUSSELL  Bk.  Nurture  457  Rabettes  sowkers,  )>e 
furber  pane  from  be  hyndur,  ye  devide.  Iliiil.  697  Rabettes 
sowkere.  1591  LYLY  Endym.  Wks.  1858  II.  70,  I  preferre 
an  olde  cony  before  a  rabbet  sucker,  and  an  ancient  henne 
before  a  young  chicken  peeper.  1605  Tryall  Chev.  v.  ii.  in 


icke.  .hath  made  an  end  of  an  hogge  all  at  once,  as  if  it 
had  bin  a  rabbet-sucker. 

2.  transf.   (See  quots.) 

1608  DEKKER  Laiitli.  $  Candlelight  E,  The  commodities 
that  are  taken  vp  are  cald  Pursenets . .  They  that  take  up  are 
the  Rabbet-suckers.  1663  Cow  LEY  Cutter  of  Caiman  St.  iv. 
vi,  I'm  . .  mistaken  if  thou  beest  not  cheated  of  it  all  . .  by 
such  Rabbet-suckers  as  these,  a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant. 
Crew,  Rabbet-sncfcersl  young  Unthrifts  taking  up  Goods 
upon  Tick  at  excessive  rates.  1725  New  Cftnt.  Diet., 
Rabbet-sucker, . .  also  a  Name  given  to  Pawn-brokers  and 
Tally-men. 

Rabbity  (rarbiti),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -yi.] 
Abounding  in  rabbits ;  somewhat  like  a  rabbit. 

1887  [see  RABBITER].  1892  Field  10  Dec.  883/2  Any 
gamey  or  rabbity  district.  1897  W.  C.  HAZLITT  4  Genera 
tions  II.  207  The  legs  are  the  only  edible  part.  .and.. are  of 
a  rabbity  flavour. 

Rabble  (J.vb'l  ,  j/<.l  (and  a.).  Forms :  4 
rabel,  -ul,  6  rabell,  -il(l,  -yll,  rabbell,6-7  rable, 
6-  rabble.  [Possibly  connected  with  RABBLE  t>.l, 
the  root-notion  being  that  of  hurry  and  confusion  ; 
but  the  respective  dates  of  sb.  and  vb.  make  the 
relationship  somewhat  uncertain.  In  early  examples 
the  idea  of  a  string  or  series  seems  to  be  prominent.] 
A.  tl.  A  pack,  string, swarm  (of  animals).  Obs.  j 

13..  Caui.  ff  Gr.  Knt.  1703  [The  dogs]  runnen  forth  in  a     ! 
rabel.     Ibid.  1899  Renaud com.  .&  alle  be  rabel. .ry3t  at  hi.s     ' 
helez.     1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  xi.  ix.  29  The  rawk  vocit 
swannis  in  a  rubyll.     a  1529  SKELTON  P.  Sparovje  1313  He    \ 
brought  out  a  rable  Of  coursers  and  rounses.    1591  SYLVESTER 
Dn  I'artas  I.  v.  909  Flies,  Butterflies,  Gnats,  Bees,  and  all 
the  raijbles  Of  other  Insects. 

2.  A  tumultuous  crowd  or   array  of  people,  a 
disorderly  assemblage,  a  mob. 

1513  DOUGLAS  .-Ends  xlli.  iv.  63  In  lang  rabill  the  wemen 
..fled,  a  1529  SKELTON  E.  Rummyng  382  Now  in  Cometh 
another  rabell.  Fyrst  one  with  a  ladell  [etc.].  a  1568 
ASCHAM  Schelem.  \.  (Arb.)  69,  I  sawe.  .cum  out  of  London 
..a  great  rable  of  meane  and  light  persons.  1667  PEI-YS 
Diary  (1879)  IV.  349  At  last  the  rabble  broke  up  and  so 
I  away.  1713  BERKELEY  Guard.  No.  39  ?  5  They  seemed 
rather  a  confused  rabble  than  a  regular  army.  1756  C. 
LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  III.  332,  I  narrowly  escaped  the  in 
solence ..  of  an  inraged  rabble.  1840  THIRLW ALL  Cryfftt  VII. 
249  He  was  accompanied,  .by  a  mixed  rabble  of  strangers 
and  disfranchised  citizens.  1858  FROUDE  His!.  Eng.  III. 
xiv.  194  He  went  unwillingly,  with  followers  little  better 
than  a  rabble. 

b.  Applied  contemptuously  to  a  class  or  body 
of  persons,  imagined  as  collected  in  a  mob. 

1529  MORE  Dyaloge  m.  Wks.  (1557)  228/1  That  we  should 
not  haue  such  a  rabell  [of  priests].  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidane's 
Comin.  249  b,  Monkes  and  Freers  and  all  that  relygious 
rabbell.  1652-62  HEVI.IN  Cosmogr.  I.  (1682)  285  That  rabble 
of  39  Kings.. mentioned  by  Hector  Boetius.  1671  J.  WEB 
STER  Metallogr.  ii.  29  The  numerous,  and  almost  innumer 
able  rabble  of  the  School-men.  1741  WARBURTON  Div. 
Legat.  11.  iv,  Jupiter,  Mercury,  Bacchus,  Venus,  Mars, 
and  the  whole  rabble  of  licentious  deities.  1792  BURKE 
Pres.  St.  Aff.  Wks.  1826  VII.  loo  To  class  himself  with  that 
rabble  of  murderers.  1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  vi.  290  To  mob 
me  up  with  all  The  soft  and  milky  rabble  of  womankind. 

c.  The  rabble,  the  common,  low,  or  disorderly 
part  of  the  populace  (f  or  of  a  company) ;  the  mob. 

1553  BALE  Vocacyon  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Malh.)  I.  357  Than 
was  all  the  rable  of  the  shippe.. called  to  the  reckeninge. 
1581  J.  BELL  Haddoris  Answ.  Osar.  215  b,  The  meane  and 
infenour  subjectes,  even  the  rascall  rable  and  multitude. 
1633  N.  R.  Camtten's  Hist.  Eliz.  i.  101  A  few  of  the  rabble 
of  the  people  raising  a  tumult.  1676  MARVELL  Mr.  Smirke 
Wks.  1875  IV.  80  None  but  the  noisy  rabble  love  to  hear 
anything  scurrilous  or  railing.  1711  ADDISON  Sfect.  No.  18 
r  6  It  is  not  the  Taste  of  the  Rabble,  but  of  Persons  of  the 
greatest  Politeness.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mab  vn.  166  His  name 
unheard,  Save  by  the  rabble  of  his  native  town.  1873  Sv- 
MONUS  Grk.  Pacts  Ser.  i.  iii.86  Theognis  complains  that  the 
rabble  rule  the  state  with  monstrous  laws. 

transf.  1691  T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent,  p.  xlvi,  As  to 
the  Rabble  of  Readers.  .Water  would  have  served  their 
turns  as  well. 

d.  Without  article  :  Persons  of  the  lowest  class. 
1726  DE  FOE  Hist.  Devil  n.  v.  (1840)  235  The  devil  makes 

use  of  scoundrels  and  rabble,  beggars  and  vagabonds.  1734 
..  SHERIDAN  mSwi/fs Lett.(i-jK)  IV. 67  You  live  in  Dublin 
among  a  parcel  of  rabble.  1856  MRS.  STOWE  Dred  II.  xxxii. 
321  Ihere  is  always  an  abundance  of  excitable  rabble  to  be 
got  for  a  drink  of  whiskey. 

te.   =  RABBLESIENT  i  d.  06s.  rare—1. 

1712  BOLINGBKOKE  i  Jan.  in  Swift's  Lett.  (1766)  II.  23 
ide  hurry  and  rabble  of  an  impertinent  town. 

3.  A  disorderly  collection,  a  confused  medley  (of 
things),     a.  Of  material  things,  rare. 

•r!,5ItBA5CLAY  CyL;  *  UfloHayshm.  (Percy  Soc.)  p.  xxxiii, 
The  boorde  or  table,  With  dishes  charged  twentie  in  a 

D  -1°;  15SS  R"  SMITH  Lel'  m  Fox<:  A-  *  M-  (15831  1690/2 
Puilde  they  neuer  so  strongly  :  yet  downe  shall  theyr  rabble 
fall.  1581  J.  BELL  I/addon's  Ansm.  Osar.  40  A  wonderful!  , 


84 

rabble  of  wormeeaten  pictures.  1803  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann. 
J\cv.  I.  431  A  rabble  of  books  of  all  ages,  sizes  [etc.]. 

b.  Of  immaterial   things.     (In    later  use   only 
with  direct  reference  to  sense  2.) 

1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Rom.  14  All  oure 
desyres  of  transitorye  pleasures,  whose  whole  rable  maye 
well  be  called  the  body  of  synne.  1562  JEWEL  A  fa!.  Ch. 
F.ng.  v.  ix.  (Parker  Soc.)  89  Pardons,  crosses,  censings,  and 
an  endless  rabble  of  ceremonies.  1633  HART  Diet  of 
Diseased  Introd.  26  A  rabble  of  remedies,  which  may  so 
easily  be  abused.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  401 
Reason.. overpowered  by  the  rabble  of  appetites,  passions, 
and  opinions.  1847  H.  ROGERS  Ess.  I.  Y-  259  A  seditious 
rabble  of  doubts.  1861  EMERSON  Sac.  ff  Solit.,  Old  Age 
Wks.  (Bohn)  III.  134  We  live  in  youth  amidst  the  rabble  of 
passions. 

t4.  A  long  string  or  series  of  words,  etc.,  having 
little  meaning  or  value.  Obs. 

1:1388  Wyclif's  Sal.  H'ks.  III.  466  Nouber  God  ne  alle 
his  seintus  willen  heren  men  for  no  rabul  of  wordis,  ne 
curiouse  florischynge  in  ryme.  1545  BRINKLOW  Lament. 
(1874)  88  A  rable  of  vncommaunded  tradicions.  1589  PUT- 
TENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xxiii.  (Arb.)  271  Such  a  rable  of 
scholastical  precepts  which  be  tedious.  1641  EARL  MONM. 
tr.  Riandi's  Civil  ]Varres  v.  170  Hee  told  them  a  long 
rabble  of  reasons,  why  hee  had  sate  downe  in  that  place. 
1656  —  tr.  Boccalini's  Advts.fr.  Parnass.  I.  vi.  (1674)  10 
So  horribly  tedious  did  that  rabble  of  discourse  appear. 

b.  A  rigmarole.     (Cf.  RABBLE  v.1)     Now  dial. 
1592  CHETTLE  Kind-harts  Dr.  (1841)  20  When  I  had  read 

this  rabble,  wherein  I  founde  little  reason,  I  laide  it  by. 
c  1600  FORBES  Defence  65  (Jam.)  Such  doting  dreames.  -fitter 
to  bee  an  addition  to  rabies  . .  then  to  be  reputed  profound 
pointes  of  Christian  wisedome.  1649  J.  \\.MotiontoParl. 
Adv.  Learn.  28  This  would  amount  to  a  long  rabble,  and 
degenerate  into  some  Satyre  or  Pasquill.  1876  Mid-  \  'orksh. 
Gloss,  s.v.,  He  made  sike  a  rabble  on  it,  1  couldn't  under 
stand  a  word  he  said. 

c.  Hurried  or  confused  talk  or  reading. 
Perh.  directly  from  RABBLE  v.l,  but  cf.  2e  above. 

1868  BROWNING  King  <$•  Bk.  iv.  34  To  hear  the  rabble  and 
brabble,  you'd  call  the  case  Fused  and  confused  past  human 
finding  out. 

5.  Comb.,  as  rabble-driver;  rabble-charming, 
-chosen,  -courting,  -rousing  adjs. 

1686  SOUTH  Serin.  <  1693)  455  With  this  powerful!,  senseless 
Engine  the  Rabble-driver  shall  be  able  to  carry  all  before 
him.  a  1716  Ibid.  (1727)  VI,  56  The  Rabble-charming 
words,  which  carryso  much  Wild-fire  wrapt  up  in  them.  1802 
SYD.  SMITH  lyks.  (1859)  I-  10/2  Vulgar  violence  and  the 
eternal  repetition  of  rabble-rousing  words.  1839  Times 
10  Apr.,  Wounded  the  pride  of  this  rabble-courting  despot. 
1853  T-  N-  TALFOUKD  Castilian  n.  iii,  A  council  rabble- 
cliosen. 

B.  attrib.  passing  into  adj. 

1.  Of  persons  :   Forming  a  rabble  ;  of  or  belong 
ing  to  the  rabble. 

1549  LATIMKR  T,rd  Serin,  bef.  Ed-w.  yi  (Arb.)  93  You  my 
rable  people  that  are  wronged  in  the  world,  aske  of  my 
father  in  your  distresses.  1636  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Bacca- 
lints  Advts.  fr.  Pariutss.  I.  Ixxix.  (1674)  107  To  procure 
them  that  number  of  followers  of  the  rabble  sort  of  people. 
n  1683  OLDHAM  Wks.  (1685)  9  Let  rabble  Souls. .  Stoop  their 
vile  Necks.  1778  Heroic  Ep.  to  Unfort.  Monarch  7  Silent, 
and  watchful  of  the  rabble-band.  1831  Lincoln  Herald 
23  Dec.  4/5  This  old  war-cry  of  the  Newark  blues,  or  rather 
the  rabble  part  of  them.  1885  LOWE  Bismarck  I.  548  His 
only  resource  left  was  . .  to  concentrate  his  rabble  army 
around . . Sedan. 

2.  Of  tilings,    actions,    etc.  :    Characteristic   of, 
appropriate  to,  the  rabble. 

1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  n.  xii.  (1632)  317  In  the  rabble 
case-canvasing  of  our  plea-courts.  1692  DRYDEN  Cleomenes 
Pref.,  To  gratifie  the  barbarous  Party  of  my  Audience,  I 
gave  them  a  short  Rabble-Scene,  a  1734  NORTH  Exam. 
(1740)  306  How  could  any  one  of  English  Education,  .swal 
low  such  a  low  Rabble  Suggestion.  1780  JOHNSON  Let.  to 
Mrs.  Thale  10  June,  To  burn  the  jails  . .  was  a  good  rabble 
trick.^  1848  ANNA  JAMESON  in  Mrs.  Macpherson  Mem.  (1878) 
248  There  are  some  disturbances  here . .  mere  rabble- work. 

3.  Rabble-fish,  the  worthless  or  less  valuable  fish 
of  a  catch.  (Cornwall.) 

1862  COUCH  Fishes  I.  85  Other  fishes.. are  collectively 
known  by  the  name  of  rabble-fish,  as  being  rejected  from  the 
market.  1880-4  'J*v  fishes  Gt.  Brit.  II.  335  Things  are 
altered  now,  much  of  this  rabble-fish  going  to  Billingsgate 
and  other  large  inland  markets. 

Rabble  (ras-b'l),  sb*  Also  7  rabil.  [a.  F. 
rable,  earlier  roable,  rouable  :— med.L.  rotabulum, 
L.  rutaliulum  fire-shovel,  f.  mere  to  rake  up.] 

fl.  A  kind  of  shovel  used  by  charcoal-burners  to 
remove  the  covering  from  the  burned  pile.  Obs. 

1664  EVELYN  Sylva  xxx,  102  Two  or  three  days  it  will 
only  require  for  cooling,  which.. they  assist,  by  taking  now 
off  the  outward  covering  with  a  Rabil  or  Rubber 

2.  'A  kind  of  rake'  (Halliwell). 

3.  An  iron  bar  sharply  bent  at  the  end,  used  for 
stirring  and  skimming  molten  metal  in  puddling ; 
also,  a  steam-pipe  used  for  the  same  purpose. 

1864  Q  Jrnl.  Sc.  I.  453  A  stirring  tool  called  a  rabble  by 
which  the  workman  stirs  the  melted  iron.  1868  JOYNSON 
Metals  67  The  steam  tube,  or  '  rabble ',  being  bent  on  the 
end,  so  as  to  inject  the  steam  on  the  liquid  metal  1877 
RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  *  Mining  385  The  slag  is  now 
drawn  with  a  rabble  into  molds  prepared  for  it 

Rabble  (rarb'l),  v.l  Ods.  exc.  dial.  Forms : 
5-6  rable,  8  Sc.  raible,  9  rabble.  [  =  Du.  rabbe- 
len  to  speak  indistinctly,  (L)G.  rabbeln  to  talk 
hurriedly  and  thoughtlessly ;  also,  to  struggle, 
wriggle,  Sw.  rabbla  upp  lo  rattle  over.] 

1.  a.  trans.  To  utter  (words  or  speech)  in  a 
rapid  confused  manner.  Also  with  forth,  off,  out, 


RABBLEMENT. 

after,  b.  intr.  To  speak  or  read  in  this  fashion  ; 
to  gabble.  (Cf.  RABBLE  rf.l  4.) 

14. .  Prov.  Solomon  in  JUS.  Cantab.  Ff.  ii.  38  If.  24 
(Halliw.)  Let  thy  tunge.  .rable  not  wordes  recheles  owt  of 
reson.  e  1410  LOVE  Bonavent.  Mirr.  xviii.  44  (Sherard  MS.) 
In  the  seyinge  of  the  pater  nosier  they,  .rablen  it  forth  with 
oute  deuociouu.  1450-1530  Myrr.  our  Ladye  53  [Do]  not 
rable  them  out  togyther  as  though  ye  wolde  say  them  all  at 
ones.  1583  FOXE  A.  fy  M.  1663/2  Thus  father  Traues  you 
may  see  my  rashnes  to  rable  out  the  scriptures  without 
purpose,  ryme,  or  reason.  1627  J.  CARTER  Plain  Expos.  60 
The  Lords  prayer  is  rabled  ouer  without . .  vnderstanding  or 
reuerence.  1785  BURNS  Holy  Fairii\\\,  Wee  Miller. .  Ortho 
doxy  raibles.  1869-  In  various  northern  glossaries. 

2.  intr.  To  work  in  a  hurried  slovenly  manner. 
dial.  b.  trans.  To  rattle  tip. 

1862  MRS.  H.  WOOD  Channings  i.  5  '  It  looks  as  though  it 
had  been  rabbled  up  for  the  purpose ',  cried  Hurst  in  his 
schoolboy  phraseology.  1869  Lonsilale  Gloss.,  Rabble, ..in 
sewing,  to  take  too  long  stitches,  and  without  due  care  to 
finish  the  work  neatly.  1880  Jamiescn's  Diet.,  Rabble, . .  to 
do  any  kind  of  work  in  a  careless  and  hurried  manner. 

Rabble  (rce'b'l),  v2  Also  8  rable.  [f.  RABBLE 
sli.l  2.] 

1.  trans.  To  attack  or   assail    (a  person  or  his 
property)  as,  along  with,  or  by  means  of,  a  rabble ; 
to  mob.     To  rabble  out  of,  to  drive  from  (a  place) 
in  this  way. 

The  word  was  especially  used  to  describe  the  attacks  made 
upon  the  Episcopalian  clergy  in  Scotland  by  bands  of 
Presbyterians  in  the  last  few  days  of  1688  and  early  months 
of  1689,  and  is  frequently  employed  by  historical  writers  in 
reference  to  this. 

1644  HOWELL  Twelve  Treat.  (r66i)  132  The  same  kind  of 
riotous  Rascals  which  rabbled  the  K.  out  of  Town.  1690 
Ace.  Pres.  Pcrsec.  Ch,  Scot.  26  Some  who  were  then  very 
active  in  rabbling  the  Clergy.  1694  GIBSON  in  Lett.  Lit. 
Men  (Camden)  227  He  fail'd  not  to  cast  in  his  mite  when 
the  Episcopal  Clergie  were  rabbl'd.  c  1714  Culloden  Papers 
(1815)  336  The  magistrates  thought  fitt  to  stirre  up  a  mob 
and  rable  them.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  vii,  The  aughty- 
nine,  when  I  was  rabbled  by  the  collegeaners.  1860  A.  L. 
WINDSOR  Ethica  iv.  199  He  was  continually  receiving 
missives  threatening  to  rabble  his  house. 

2.  intr.  To  become  a  rabble. 

1813  Sm  R.  WILSON  Priv.  Diary  II.  448  We  rabbled, 
while  he  [the  enemy]  never  loosened  his  solidity. 

Hence  Ba'bbled///.  a. 

1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xviii.  IV.  186  William  . . 
thought  that  the  rabbled  curates  had  been  hardly  treated. 

Rabble  l,ra;'b'l),  v.3  [f.  RABBLE  sb.'*]  trans. 
To  stir,  skim,  or  rake  with  a  rabble. 

1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  fy  Mining  392  Just  before 
tapping  it  is  rabbled  for  five  minutes.  1894  BOWKER  in 
Harper's  Mag.  Jan.  420  The  molten  metal  is  thoroughly 
stirred,  or  '  rabbled  '  to  make  it  uniform. 

Rabblemeiit   (rarb'lment).    Also  6   rabel-, 
6-7  rablement.     [f.  RABBLE  s&.1  +  -HJSNT.] 
1.   =  RABBLE  2.     Now  dial. 

1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Mark  i.  ro  Thither  flocked 
a  great  rablement  of  souldiers.      1586  J.  HOOKER  Girald. 
Hist.Ircl.  in  Holinshed\\..  96/1  Two  or  three  field  peeces 
..scattered  Thomas  and   his  rablement.      1665   J.   WEBB 
Stone- lleng  (17251  127  We  are  not  then  to  wonder,  that  .. 
such  a  promiscuous  Rabblement  were  in  great  Confusion. 
1833  LAMB  Elia  II.  Productions  Mod.  Art,  A  rabblement  at 
the  heels  of  Rosinante.     1837  Neiti  Monthly  Mag.  LI.  118 
A  rude  and  noisy  rabblement  whom  he  could  not  command. 
1877-  In  various  dial,  glossaries  (Northumb.,  Lane.,  Som.). 

•fb.   =  RABBLE  2  b.     Obs. 

1549  CHALONER  Erasm.  on  Folly  M  iii,  Dunsmen,  and . . 
Albertistes,  together  with  the  whole  rablement  of  Sophis- 
trers.     1605  CAMDEN  Rein.  (1637)  199  Church-robbers,  Trai- 
tours,  and  other  of  the  same  rabblement.  1674  Bp.  BROWNRIG 
Serin.  I.  xxi.  284  Usurers,  Brokers,  and  the  like  rabblement 
of  City-thieves. 

trans/.  1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stltffe  25  All  the  foure  footed 
rablement  of  herbagers  and  grasse  champers. 

c.  ^  RABBLE  2  c.     Now  rare. 

1601  SHAKS.  Jut.  C.  \.  ii.  245  As  hee  refus'd  it,  the  rabble 
ment  howted.  1612  Trav.  Four  Knglislim.  95  Messengers 
.  .sent  to  raise  vp  all  the  whole  rabblement  thereabout  vpon 
us.  1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Itidol.  u.  xlv,  The  hubbub  of  the 
rabblement.  1813  LD.  THURLOE  Poems  23  The  rudest 
rabblement  With  their  ill  darts  upon  her  bosom  glanc'd. 
1841  H.  SMITH  Moneyed  Mint  I.  i.  12  Some  of  the  passing 
rabblement  ordered  him  to  desist. 

d.  Confusion,  disturbance,  or  tumult  like  that 
of  a  rabble  ;  riotous  conduct,  rare. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q,  I.  xii.  9  The  raskall  many.. Heaped 
together  in  rude  rablement.  1731  Genii.  Mag.  I.  125  Rab 
blement,  Brabblement,  or  Squabblement.  1888  STEVENSON 
Black  A rroiv  177  This  impulse  of  rabblement  was  not  re 
strained  without  a  certain  clamour  of  voices. 

1 2.   =  RABBLE  3  b.     Obs. 

c  1550  Will  ofDenyle  (Collier)  8  The  rablement  of . .  feined 
and  domme  ceremonies.  1607  Scholast.  Disc.  agsf.  Anti- 
chr.  i.  ii.  66  The  rabblement  of  Roman  rites  which  Augustine 
..brought  in.  1652  G.  COLLIER  Vindie.  Sabbath  (1656)44 
The  rabblement  of  Romish  holi-daies. 

t  3.   =  RABBLE  4.     Obs. 

1545  JOYE  Exp.  Dan.  ix,  An  hole  rabblement  of  significa 
tions  and  signes  of  an  abominable  desolation.  1581  MARBECK 
Bk.  of  Notes  845  Prayer  consisteth  not  in  a  rabblement  of 
words.  1612  tr.  Beiivemito's  Passenger  I.  i.  §  19.  73  An 
whole  rablement  of  Him  flam  tales.  1714  GAY  Sheph.  Week 
Proem,  A  rout  and  rabblement  of  critical  gallimawfry. 

b.   =  RABBLE  4  b.     Now  only  dial. 

1547  RECORDE  Judic.  Ifr.  i,  I  wyll.  .overpasse  the  greate 
rablement,  only  taking  one  generall  sentence.  I6S4GATAKER 
Disc.  A  pal.  8°;  In  both  his  Rabblements  fraught  with 
Ribaldrie.  1665  J.  WEBB  Stone-Heng  (1725)  54  To  reckon 
up  the  rest  of  the  Kabblemi-nt  is  nccdluss.  1855  ROUINSON 
Whitby  Gloss.,  Ral'l'lemcnt,  a  long  random  discourse. 


RABBLER. 


85 


RACCOURCY. 


Babbler1  (ne'blaj).  rare.  [f.  RABBLE  v.*  + 
-ER  l.j  One  who  rabbles ;  one  of  a  rabble. 

1634  J.  CANNE  Neccss.  Separ.  (1849)  150  The  scourges  of 
all  God's  people,  ravening  rabblers.  1692-1722  FOUNTAIN- 
HALL  in  W.  P.  Brown  Decis.  Stiff!.  (1826)  IV.  356-7  (Jam.) 
He  had  there  publicly  called  him  a  rabler  and  a  robber.  ' 
1693  Afol.  Clergy  Scot.  5  Such  of  the  Presbyterians  as., 
directed  the  Methods  that  the  Rabblers  were  to  take. 

Ra'bbler-.  [f.  RABBLE  v.''>]  a.  One  who 
uses  a  rabble,  b.  An  instrument  for  rabbling. 

1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Alines  $  Mining  398  The  upper 
hearths  are  not  very  accessible  to  the  rabblers.  1883  NAS.MYTII 
Autobiog.  xx.  368  My  patent  hollow  steam  Ra'bbler  is  at 
work,  producing  iron  of  superior  quality. 

Babble  rout  (ra-b'lraut).  [f.  RABBLE  jvM  \- 
K<>i  T.]  =  RABBLE  2,  2  b. 

1599  MIDDLF.TON  Micro-Cynicon'Wk'-,,  (Bullen)  VIII.  129 
A  crew  of  fiddling  knaves  abject,  The  very  refuse  of  that 
rabble  rout.  1639  FULLER  Holy  lfar  i.  xii.  (1840)  20  Besides 
these  well-meaning  people,  there  went  also  a  rabble-rout. 
1768  WESLEY  Jrnl.  3  June  (1827)  III.  327  A  more  rude 
rabble-rout  I  never  saw.  1822  W.  IRVING  Braceb.  Hall 
xvi.  134  There  was  a  rabble  rout  on  foot.  1881  BESANT 
&  RICE  Cliafl.  of  Fleet  I.  158  The  president  of  the  rabble 
rout  was  no  other  than  the  doctor  himself. 

b.   =  RABBLE  2  c.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1654  EARL  MONM.  tr.  BtntfooglilPs  Warrs  Flanders  38 
The  rabble  rout  now  will,  and  anon  will  not.  c  1680  in 
Somers  Tracts  (1748)  I.  213  Those  Republicans  who  . .  lead 
the  Rabble-rout  by  the  plausible  Cry  of  Religion.  1748 
THOMSON  Cast,  liidol.  II.  xli,  With  feigned  respect  he  bade 
give  back  The  rabble  rout. 

Babbling  (rsrblin},  -M.  rf.i  [f.  RABBLE  v.i 
+  -ING  '.]  The  action  of  the  verb.  Also,  a  par 
ticular  instance  of  this. 

1690  Ace.  Pres.  Persec.  Ch.  Scot.  26  Rabbling  has  been  I 
all  along  in  fashion,  and  continues  to  this  moment.  1692 
Sc.  Presbyt.  Eloq.  (17381  89  All  the  Evidences  of  their 
Moderation,  are  rabbling,  robbing,  beating.  1693  Afol. 
Clergy  Scot.  2  To  ward  off  the  blame  of  the  barbarous  Rab- 
blings  of  the  Clergy.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  viii.  527 
The  rabbling  of  the  bishops  proved  that  there  was  '  no  free 
Parliament '. 

Babbling  (ns-blirj),  vbl.  sb?  [f.  RABBLE  v.s 
+  -ING!.]  The  action  of  the  verb.  Also  attrib., 
as  rabbliiig-door,  -machine. 

1864  Q.  Jrnl.  Sc.  I.  493  After  '  rabbling  '  the  puddled  ball 
is  ready  for  shingling.     1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  f, 
Mining  397  The  long  reverbatory  with  rabbling-doors  on 
the  side.     1882  Engineer  24  Feb.  133/2  The  puddling  fur. 
naces.  .on  the  top  of  each  is  fitted  a  rabbling  machine. 

Ra  fabling,  a.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [f.  RABBLE 
sb.1]  Disorderly,  rowdy. 

1575  R-  B.  Affius  f,  Virg.  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  IV.  r43 
O  false  Judge  Appius,  rabbling  wretch.  1576  NEWTON 
Lentnie's  Complex.  (1633)  162  A  rabbling  rout  of  idle  Louts. 
1652  WADSWOKTH  tr.  Sundovaf  s  CVz'.  IVars  Spain  301  The 
report  . .  made  a  number  of  rabbling  people  join.  1887 
6".  Cltesh.  Gloss.,  Rabblin',  rowdy,  noisy. 

Rabbonet,  Rabbott,  Rabbyn(e,  obs.  ff.  RA- 
BINET,  RABBET,  RABBIN.  Rabysch,  -yssh,  varr. 
RABBISH  Obs.  Rabdo-,  see  RHABDO-. 

Rabe,  Rabel,  obs.  ff.  RABBI,  RABBLE. 

t  Rabelaic,  a.  Obs.  rare.   —  next. 

a  1768  STERNE  Fragment  i,  Longinus  Rabelaicus  (who  is 
certainly,  .as  Rabelaic  a  fellow  as  ever  existed). 

Babelaisian  (rcebel?-zian),  a.  (and  sb.)  Also 
-eesian.  [f.  the  name  of  the  French  author  Fran9ois 
Rabelais  (<r  1490-1553)  +  -IAN.] 

A.  adj.  Pertaining  to,  characteristic  of,  or  ic- 
sembling  Rabelais  or  his  writings,  which  are  dis 
tinguished  by  exuberance  of  imagination  and  lan 
guage,  combined  with  extravagance  and  coarseness 
of  humour  and  satire. 

1857  Sat.  Rev.  2  May  404/2  The  publications  of  the  two 
Brunets  on  Rabehesian  bibliography.  1864  —  5  Mar.  300 
Persons  of  a  Rabelaisian  turn  of  mind,  who  relish  La  Fon 
taine  and  Boccaccio.  1876  LOWELL  Among  »iy  Bks.  Ser.  II. 
132  {Skelton]  was  truly  Rabelaisian  before  Rabelais.  1876 
F.  HARRISON  Choice  Bks.  (1886)  177  The  Rabelaisian  re 
dundancy  of  his  humour. 

B.  sb.  A  student  or  admirer  of  Rabelais. 

1893  Athenxitiit  10  June  729/3  Modern  Rabelaisians, 
anxious  concerning  the  mission  of  the  master. 

Hence  RaTjelarsianism,  the  characteristic  style 
or  attitude  of  Rabelais.  So  also  Rabela/ism. 

1865  WRIGHT  Hist.   Caricat.   xix.   (1875)  342  Rabelaism, 
did  not,  during  the  sixteenth  century,  make  much  progress 
beyond_the  limits  of  France.    iBKAt/iefiieitm  23  Jan.  131/3 
Rabelaisianism.  .and  Voltairean  mockery. 

Rabell,  obs.  form  of  RABBLE  sb.l 

Rabet,  variant  of  RABAT  plane. 

Rabet(t,  obs.  form  of  RABBET  ;  var.  RABITE. 

II  Babi  (ra-bz).     See  also  RUBBEE.     [Urdu  ^ 

rail  (ad.  Arab.   juo.  rabit-  Spring.]     The  most 

important  of  the  three  grain  crops  of  Hindustan, 
sown  in  September  and  reaped  in  the  Spring.  Also 
attrib.  as  rabi-crop,  -harvest. 

1882  HUNTER  Ind.  Empire  385  According  to  the  system 
of  classification  in  Upper  India,  wheat  ranks  as  a  rabt  or 
sprint;  crop,  being  reaped  at  the  close  of  the  cold  weather  in 
April  and  May.  1886  A.  H.  Clli'KCK  Fo:'d  Grains  Ind.  99 
Where  indigo  is  grown  in  the  kharif,  bailey  is  its  usual 
accompaniment  in  the  rabi.  1898  ArrU.  Ledger  V.  No. 
12.  16  Before  the  rabi-harvest. 

Rabi,  obs.  form  of  RABBI. 


t  Ra'biate,   a.      Obs.    rare—*.      [a.    med.L. 

rabidt-us,  pa.  pple.  of  rabiare  to  be  mad  :  see 
RABIES.]  Rabid. 

c  1470  Lament.  Mary  Magd.  xxxiv,  Ah  ye  Jewes,  worse 
than  dogges  rabiate. 

Ra'biator.  Sc.  rare.  [Perh.  a  later  form  of 
kriiiATOK,  by  assoc.  with  rabid.']  *A  violent, 
noisy,  greedy  person  '  (Jam.). 

a  1814  Watch-house  \\.  i  in  New  Brit.  Theatre  I.  60  They 
a'  barkit  at  me,  like  sae  many  rabiators.  1830  GALT  Laivrie 
T.  i.  vii.  (1849)  22  One  morning  that  rabiator,  Mr.  Lapstone, 
came  into  the  shop. 

Rabic  (rre-bik),  a.  [f.  L.  rab-ies  +  -ic.  Cf. 
F.  rabique*\ 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  caused  by,  rabies. 

1885  LADY  HAMILTON  Life  Pasteur  295  The  saliva  loses 
its  rabic  virulence  in  twenty-four  hours.  1897  Allbutt's 
Syst.  Med.  II.  699  Rabic  symptoms,  .induced  by  the  in 
oculation  of  milk  from  affected  animals. 

2.  Affected  with  rabies. 

1887  DOLAN  Hydrophobia  33  Out  of  the  3S  Russians  bitten 
by  wolves,  3  died  rabic. 

fRa'bical,  a.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  rabi  RABBI  + 
-ICAL.]  Pertaining  to  a  rabbi  (in  quot.  transf.}. 

1716  M.  DAVIES  A  then.  Brit.  II.  395  He  is  willing  also  to 
be  contented  with  some  bare  Rabical  Preferment  amongst 
the  Elementary  Baptists. 

Rabid  (rarbid),  a.  [ad.  I,,  rabid-its,  f.  rabere 
to  rave,  rage,  be  mad.] 

1.  Furious,  raging  ;   madly  violent  in  nature  or 
behaviour.     Also  transf.  of  things  or  parts  of  the 
body. 

ci6n  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xxi.  129  As  my  brows  were  fork'd 
with  rabid  horns.  1615  —  Odyss.  xii.  428  All  the  rabide 
flight  Of  winds  that  ruine  ships  are  bred  in  night.  1695 
BLACKMORE  Pr.  Arth.  iv.  501  He  licks  his  rabid  Jaws. 
1722  WOLLASTON  Relig.  Nat.  vii.  146  Some  men  are  natu 
rally  ..  thievish,  pugnacious,  rabid.  1818  SHKI.LICY  Rev. 
Islam  v.  vii,  Like  rabid  snakes,  that  sting  some  gentle  child 
Who  brings  them  food.  1848  DICKENS  Dombey  x,  He  was 
made  so  rabid  by  the  gout. 

b.  Of  feelings,  passions,  disease,  etc. 

1647  CRASHAW  Ps.  xxiii.  Poems 34  He.. Strokes  and  tames 
my  rabid  grief.  1700  DRYDEN  Grid's  Met.  xv.  512  With 
rabid  Hunger  feed  upon  your  kind.  1858  GLADSTONE  Homer 
I.  141  She  has  not  the  rabid  virulence  against  Troy  which 
distinguishes  Juno.  1878  H.  M.  STANLEY  DarkCont.  II. 
xii.  361  The  itch  disease  was  rabid  ..  about  a  dozen  of  the 
men  were  fearful  objects  of  its  virulence. 

c.  Of  persons :    Having   some  quality,  feeling, 
view,  etc.,  in  a  violent  degree. 

1820  LAMB  Elia  i.  Christ's  Hasp.  35  Yrs.  ago,  B.  was  a 
rabid  pedant.  1841-4  EMERSON  Ess.,  Nom.  fy  Real.  Wks. 
(Bohn)  I.  256  The  rabid  democrat,  as  soon  as  he  is  senator 
and  rich  man  [etc.].  1884  EDNA  LYALL  We  Tiuo  .\iii,  He  is 
very  rabid  on  the  subject. 

2.  spec.   Of   beasts    (rarely   of  human    beings)  : 
Affected  with  rabies  ;  mad. 

1804  Med.  Jrnl.  XII.  388  Persons  who  have  had  reason 
to  believe,  that  they  were  bitten  by  a  rabid  animal.  1822 
Good's  Stud.  Med.  III.  347  A  rabid  young  man.  1833 
FORBES,  etc.  Cycl.  Pract.  'Med.  11.489/1  The  disease  named 
hydrophobia  usually  arises  from  the  bite  of  a  rabid  dog. 
1880  Med.  Temp.  Jrnl.  July  147  Bites  of  rabid  animals. 
b.  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  rabies. 

1806  Med.  Jrnl.  XV.  412  Nothing  characteristic  of  rabid 
hydrophobia.  1822  Good's  Stud.  Med.  III.  375  Their  plan 
of  abstracting  rabid  blood  from  the  system.  1887  DOLAN 
Hydrophobia  8  An  accompaniment  of  the  rabid  virus. 

Hence  Rabi'dity  ;  Rabidly  adv. ;  Rabidness. 

1649  JER-  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  xv.  §  27  The  furies  and 
rabidness  of  their  passion.  1831  DISRAELI  Young  Duke  v. 
vi.  174  At  any  rate  he  must  get  rid  of  his  rabidity.  1860 
PUSEY  Min.  Proph.  409  Wolves.. going  forth  to  prey  when 
urged  to  rabidness  by  hunger.  1864  £.MH\X\.Y.  Fredk.  Gt.  IV. 
505  Bruhl's  rabidities  of  appetite.  1877  KINCI.AKE  Crimea, 
VI.  vi.  §  xiv.  (1894)  272  Men  shouting  and  rabidly  yelling. 

Rabies  (rJ'-bii/z).  [a.  L.  rabies,  f.  rabere  to 
rage,  rave.  Cf.  RAGE.]  Canine  madness  ;  hydro 
phobia.  Alsoy^f. 

1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  $  Min.  333  The  rabies,  which 
is  a  madnesse,  caused  by  some  peculiar  poyson.  1753 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.  s.v.  Madness,  Dr.  James  relates  the 
cure  he  made  of  dogs  that  were  mad,  and  how  he  preserved 
others  from  the  rabies.  1828  LYTTON  Pclhatn  I.  xx.  152 
Finding  Lord  Vincent  so  disposed  to  the  biting  mood,  I 
immediately  directed  hUfwdtin  towards  Mr.  Aberton.  1846 
J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  II.  284  Whenever 
rabies  appears  it  is  inevitably  fatal.  1884  Graphic  22  Nov. 
531/2  The  alleged  epidemic  of  rabies  in  South  London. 

attrib.  1886  Pall  Mall  G.  17  Nov.  5/1  The  mad  dog  with 
his  rabies  virus.  1887  British  Med.  Jrnl.  8  Jan.  82/2  A 
discussion  on  Pasteur's  rabies-inoculations. 

Hence  aafoie'tic  a.,  affected  with  rabies,  rabid ; 
Eabi-fic  a,,  causing  rabies. 

1879  DOLAN  Rabies  or  Hydrophobia  (ed.  2)  213  The  total 
extinction  of  the  rabific  contagion.  1886  Encyl.  Brit.  XX. 
-•02  Rabific  virus  . .  obtained  from  a  rabbit. 

Rabil(l,  obs.  forms  of  RABBLE  sb. 

Rabin(e,  obs.  forms  of  RABBIN*. 

Ra'biiiet.  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  Forms  :  6  rabbi - 
net,  7  -enet,  rabauet,  -init,  9  -onet,  6-  rabinet. 
[App.  later  form  of  ROBINET  (q.  v.).]  A  small 
variety  of  cannon  (see  quot.  1644). 

Smith  Seaman  s  Gram.  (1627)  gives  the  diumel 
as  i  inch,  and  the  charge  as  half-a-pound. 

1587  [see  ROBINET].  1596  HARINCTON  A  pal.  Ajax  A  4  They 
made  a  sore  batterie,  with  Rabbinets,  minions,  Sakers,  ami 
Demicannons.  1598  BAKKKT  Theor.  Warrcs  v.  i.  124  Peeces 
that  shoot  bullet  of  waight  from  seuenteene  pound  downe- 


eter  of  bore 


ward  . .  euen  to  the  Rabinet.  1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's 
Gram.  ii.  it  Rabinits  to  cleare  the  Decks  fore  and  aft. 
1644  NYK  Gunnery  i.  (1647)  98  The  Rabanet  hath  in  diameter 
at  the  bore  one  inch  and  an  halfe,  the  weight  of  the  shot 
8  ounces  of  Iron,  and  of  Lead  12,  the  weight  of  the  peece 
300,  the  length  5  foot  and  an  halfe,  the  charge  in  powder 
three  quarters.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Rabinet,  a  small 

Siece  of  ordnance,  between  a  falconet  and  a  base.     [1802 
AMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.  v.  Cannon,  Rabinet,  which  carried  a 
all  of  16  ounces.    1894  C.  N.  ROBINSON  Brit.  Fleet  220 
Falconets,  and  rabonets.  ] 

Rabio-sity.  rare— '.  [f.  as  next  +  -ITY.]   Rabies. 

1824  H.  C.  KNIGHT  Letters  from  South  ff  litest  70  Near 
Loretto,  they  have  a  reputed  remedy  against  canine 
rabiosity. 

t  Ba'biotlS,  a.  Obs.  Also  rabb-.  fad.  I,. 
rabios-tis,  f.  rabies  RABIES.  Cf.  obs.  F.  rabUux, 
-ettse  (Godef.\]  Rabid. 

1613-18  DANIEL  Coll.  Hist.  En<*.  (1626)  15  Edniond  .. 
j  surnamed  Ironside  . .  was  imployed  against  this  rabious  in- 
uader.  1646  BUCK  Rich.  Ill,  it.  61  Their  cruell  Swords,  so 
rabious  in  their  execution.  1689  HARVEY  Curing  Dis.  by 
Expect,  xi.  76  Ignorant  Arabian  ior  rather  mad  rabious) 
Impostors. 

Rabit,  obs.  form  of  RABBET,  RABBIT. 

•|-  Babite.  Obs.  Forms :  4  rabit,  -yt,  4-5 
-yte,  -yght,  -et,t.  [Aphetic  for  Arabitc  (in  Gen. 
&  Exod.  1203),  f.  AHAB  +  -ITS!.  So  also  med.L. 
rabitits  or  rabita  (Du  Cange),  MHO.  ravit,  ON. 
rtibit-r.~]  An  Arab  steed.  Also  attrib. 

13. .  Coer  tie  L.  2323  In  the  world  nas  not  . .  Steed  rabyte, 
ne  camayl,  That  ran  so  swift.  6  1320  Sir  Benes  (A.)  4475 
Sire  Gii  lep  on  a  rabit  [rarr.  rabyt,  -yte,  -yghtj,  pat  was 
meche  &  nobing  lite,  a  1400  Octouian  1415  Thys  ys  a 
stede  of  Arabye,  ..A  rabyte  ..Therto  was  mare,  a  1400-50 
Alexander  1320  Be  rawe  of  |>ar  rabetis  he  ruschid  to  Jie 
erthe. 

Rabi-tic,  a.  [Irrcg.  f.  RABIES  :  cf.  RABIETIC.] 
Rabid. 

1888  WHITMARSH  Paitenr  Treatnt.  33  Rabitic  dogs  gene 
rally  take  three  days  before  they  die. 

Rable,  obs.  form  of  RABBLE  sb.1  and  v. 

Rablin,  obs.  form  of  RAVELIN. 

t  Babone.  Obs.  rare.  [?ad.  Sp.  nibano,  i. 
raba  RAPE.]  A  radish.  Also  attrib. 

"597  GERARDE  Herbal  u.  v.  §  4.  184  Radish  is  called. .in 
English  Radish,  and  Rabone.  1611  COTCJR.,  Kaifort,  the 
raddish,  or  the  Rabone,  root  (or  hearb). 

Raboyt,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  KEKUT  v. 

Rabscallion,  obs.  variant  of  RAPSCALLION. 

Rabuke,  obs.  form  of  REBUKE,  ROEBUCK. 

Rabul,  obs.  form  of  RABBLE  sb.  i 

t  Ba;bulaiie.  Obs.  rare-1.  [Of  obscure 
formation:  cf.  RABONE.]  ?  A  radish. 

1593  MUNDAY  Def.  Contraries  97  The  Rabulanes,  Onions 
and  Beanes  of  these  seuerall  Soiles. 

t  Ba'blllouS,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  L.  rabula 
a  brawling  or  wrangling  advocate.]  Scurrilous. 

1538  State  refers  ('1834)  III.  r  He  hath  ..  rayled  and 
ra^cd  ayenstc  me,  calling  meheritikeand  begger,  with  other 
rabulouse  revilinges. 

Rabut,  obs.  Sc.  var.  REBUT  st>.  and  v.  Raby, 
obs.  f.  RABBI.  Rabyll,  obs.  f.  RABBLE  sb.1  Ra- 
byne,  obs.  f.  RABBIN.  Rabyt^e,  -yght,  varr. 
RABITE.  Rabytt,  obs.  f.  RABBIT. 

Rac,  obs.  f.  RACK  rf.i,  sb.-  Rac-a-pee,  var. 
RACKAPEE.  Raeand,  obs.  f.  RACKAN.  Racare, 
obs.  f.  RAKEK.  Rachch,  obs.  f.  HATCH  v. 
Racch(e,  varr.  RACHE.  Racckee,  obs.  f.  RAKI. 

II  BacCO'lta.  Obs.  Also  7  re-,  ro-,  7-8 
racolta;  6 //.  raccolte.  [It.,  =  fem.  pa.  pple.  of 
raccogliere  to  collect  (f.  L.  re-  +  ad-  +  ' 

A  gathering,  collection ;  harvest ;  crop. 

1591  Garrard's  Art  ll'urrc  65  That  at  all  times  he  may 
make  Raccolte,  and  gather  his  souldiers  togither.  a  1625 
JAS.  I  in  Hacket  Abp.  Williams  i.  (1693)  115  This  motion 

.  .carries  all  my  Raccolta's,  my  Counsels  at  the  present,  and 
my  prospects  upon  the  Future,  with  it.  1748  in  Hallway 
Trav.  (1762)  I.  v.  Ixxv.  345  To  invest  it  in  raw  silk  cannot 
be  done  in  less  than  three  racoltas. 

t  BaccomniO'de,  ?>•  Obs.  Also  8  racomm-, 
raccomode.  [ad.  F.  raccommodtr,  f.  re-  + 
accotnmoder  to  ACCOMMODATE.]  trans.  To  restore 
to  good  relations  (with  a  person) ;  to  set  right. 

1673  DRYDEN  Afarr.  a  la  Mode  v.  i,  My  dear  French  sir, 
stay  but  a  minute,  till  I  raccommode  myself  with  the  prin 
cess.  1754  H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  (1846)  III.  60  If  you  will  take 
this  occasion  to  write  him  a  line  of  joy,  I  am  persuaded  it 
will  raccomode  everything.  1756  MRS.  F.  BKOOKE  Old 
Maid  No.  r6  (1764)  130,  I  ..  deranged  the  right  wing  a 
little,  but  Betty  has  racommoded  it  passablement  bien. 

Raccoon,  variant  of  RACOON. 

fRaccom;p)t,  raccount,  obs.  varr.  RECOUNT. 
(Cf.  F.  raconter  and  RACONTEUR). 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Coinm.  300  In  the  beginning  is 
raccomted,  how  oftentymes  the  Emperour  hath  desired 
a  counsel!.  Ibid.  316  Kynge  Ferdinando  raccompteth,  how 
he  . .  made  truse  with  the  Turke.  1663  Flagellnm  or 
(f.  Cromwell  (1672)  r8,  I  have  seen  it  r  accounted  by  a 
Worthy  and  Learned  hand. 

Baccotrrcy,  a.  Her.  ?  Obs.  Also  8  -oi.  [ad. 
F.  raccourci,  pa.  pple.  of  raccourcir,  f.  re-  +  ac- 
coutcir  to  shorten,  f.  court  CURT.]  =  Coui'ED  2. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Kaccourey,  in  heraldry,  signifies 
the  same  as  coupjr,  that  is,  cut  oft",  or  shortened.  1780  ED- 
MONDSON  Compl.  Body  Heraldry  II.  Gloss.,  Raccourcy,  or 
Keeotircie,  is  the  same  as  Con  fee. 


RACE. 

Race  (r^s),  sfi.1  Forms  :  3-4  ras,  4-5  raas, 
4-6  rase,  Sc.  raiss,  5  north,  rass,  6  Sc,  raice, 
rais,  rays,  4-  race.  [a.  ON.  rds  (Norw.  and  Sw. 
dial,  ras),  running,  race,  rush  (of  water),  course, 
channel,  row,  series  —  OE.  rxs  RKSE;  of  obscure 
etym.  Orig.  a  northern  word,  coming  into  general 
use  about  the  middle  of  the  i6th  c.] 

I.  1.  The  act  of  running ;  a  run.     Freq.  in  phr. 
iny  on,  ivith  a  race.     Now  Sc. 

c*3*S  Metr.  Horn.  141  To  the  bischope  in  a  ras  He  ran. 
1340  HAM  POLE  /V.  Consc.  8938  Assahelle.  .thurgh  rase  wald 
lurne  bath  buk  and  ra.  1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  \.  638  In 
a  raiss  to  the  king  he  r.in.  c  1460  Towneley  Myst.  xxii.  145 
Thyn  apostels  full  radly  ar  run  from  the  a  rase.  1535 
STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  118  This  nobill  Dongard  . .  Than 
with  ane  raice  amang  thame  entert  in.  1557  Tot  fell's  Misc. 
(Arb.)  199  Chast  Diane.  .And  all  her  maides  that  sue  her  in 
the  race,  a  1637  B.  JONSON  Ducov.  Wks.  (Rtldg.)  756/1  In 
the  contention  of  leaping,  they  jump  farthest,  that  fetch 
their  race  largest.  1687  DUYDEN  Hind  $•  P.  i.  46  The 
bristled  baptist  Boar,  .mountains  levelled  in  his  furious  race. 
1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  i.  v,  The  noble  stag. .  Held  westward 
with  unwearied  race.  Mod.  Sc.  If  ye're  to  jump  that,  ye'll 
need  to  tak'  a  race. 

fig-  *553  1'-  WILSON  Rhet.  48  Talking  of  faith,  thei  have 
fetcht  their  ful  race  from  the  xii  signes  in  the  zodiake.  1579 
GOSSON  Sen.  Abuse  (Arb.)  20  Blocks  of  the  Diucl  that  are 
cast  in  our  wayes,  to  cut  off  the  rase  of  toward  wittes.  1642 
MIL TON  ApoL  Smect.  Introd.,  Wks.  11851}  273  This  loose 
rayler,  ..having  once  begun  his  race,  regards  not  how  f;ure 
he  Hies  out  beyond  all  truth  and  shame. 

f  b.  Phr.  7o  rue  a  (QI one's)  race.  Chiefly y^,, 
to  repent  of  the  course  one  has  taken.  Obs. 

c  1440  York  Myst,  xxx.  214  Rugge  hyin  in  ropes,  his  rase 
till  he  rewe.  c  147/1  HEMRYSON  Mor.  Fab.,  Wolf  $  Sheep 
xiv,  Ye  sail  rew  tins  rais.  Quhat  was  the  caus,  ye  gaif  me 
sic  ane  catche?  1560  ROLLAND  .SVrv«  Sages  (1837)  32  He 
knew  That  it  wald  c;ius  ane  greit  Offence,  Kend  weill  that 
race  that  he  wald  rew. 

c.  Jig.  The  course  of  life  or  some  portion  of  it. 
1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  in.  x.  122  The  prince  Eneas,  . .  The 
fatis  of  goddis  and  rasis  mony  ane  Rehersing  schew,  1559 
W.  CUNNINGHAM  Cosniogr.  Glassc  i  The  Race  that  euery 
niiui  in  this  his  transitory  life  haue  to  runne.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  xn.  505  Thir  Ministry  perform 'd,  and  race  well  run,. . 
They  die.  1671  —  Samson  597  My  race  of  glory  run,  and 
race  of  shame.  1697  DKYDEX  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  301  Thus 
thro'  the  Race  of  Life  they  [bees]  quickly  run.  1709  WAITS 
Hymn,  lAwaket  our  Souls'  i,  Awake,  and  run  the  heavenly 
Race.  1784  COWPER  Tiroc,  315  The  well-known  place 
Whence  first  we  started  into  life's  long  race.  1850  TENNY 
SON  In  Mem.  ix,  My  Arthur,  whom  I  shall  not  see  Till  all 
my  widow'd  race  be  run. 
1 2.  A  rush,  onset,  charge  ;  a  raid.  Obs. 
JSSS  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  I.  498  Fulgentius,  with  mony 
Pecnt  and  Scot,.  .Full  mony  raice  attour  the  wall  hes  maid. 
1560  HOLLAND  Crt,  Venus  iv.  621  The  sowr  persute,  and  syne 
the  resistance,  The  rigorous  rais.  1587  FLEMING  Contn. 
Holinshed  III.  1986/1  Badlie  yet  could  they  make  their 
rase,  by  reason  the  furrowes  laie  trauerse  to  their  course. 
•\  3.  Rapid  action,  haste,  hurry.  Obs. 
01300  Cursor  M.  26732  Ne  tell  noght  [bi  dedis]  ouer  wit 
renand  ras,  als  dos  bis  men  bat  penis  tas.  t  1400  Sowdonc 
Bab.  489  '  Arise  vp1,  he  saide  in  a  ras,  '  We  bene  elles  alle 
I-take'.  a  1400-50  Alexander  1996  And  bairn  redes  on  a 
rase  he  &  rechez  to  be  sedes.  4:1440  Partonope  846  [She] 
ryseth  vp  in  a  grete  raas. 

f4.  a.  The  act  of  riding  rapidly  on  horseback; 
a  course  in  a  tournament  (cf.  7  b).  Obs. 

a  1400  Sir  Perc.  1145  In  he  rydes  one  a  rase  Or  that  he 
wiste  where  he  was.  c  1500  Lancelot  3088  Thir  sex  in 
a  Ras  Deliuerly  com  prekand  our  the  feldis.  1596  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  w.  vi.  3  Scudamour  . .  issewed,  To  have  rencountred 
him  in  equall  race.  16. .  Tom  Potts  286  in  Child  Ballads 
II.  445/2  Then  they  turned  their  horsses  round  about,  To 
run  the  race  more  egarlye. 

t  b.  A  journey  or  voyage.   Obs. 

c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  4252  Prothesaly  the  formast  was 
Off  alle  the  schippis  In  that  ras.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis 
in.  vi.  22  To  me  all  devote  godlie  wychtis  Schew  we  suld 
haue  a  prosper  rais.  Ibid.  iv.  x.  48  Sail  I . .  Bid  thaim  mak 
sail  anone,  and  a  new  rais?  1557  TottelCs  Misc.  (Arb.)  212 
A  Man  may..Thrise  wander  out  Vlisses  race:  Yet  neuer 
finde  Vlisses  wife. 

II.  5.  Onward  movement  of  a  thing,  as  the 
heavenly  bodies,  a  vehicle,  etc. ;  miming  or  rush 
of  water  (cf.  6).  ?  Obs.  f  Also,  a  sudden  deviation 
from  a  line  (quot.  1670). 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  23588  Sun  and  nion,  and  water  and 
stern,  bat  rinnes  nu  wit  ras  sa  yern.  13. .  Childh.  Jesus  845 
\nArchivneu.Spr.  LXXIV.  338  Twastremys.  .That  neuer- 
mare  of  rase  salle  blyne.  1480  Robt.  Devyll  948  He  spyed 
a  great  race  of  bloude  in  Robertes  face.  1557  N.  T.  (Genev.) 
2  Tim.  ii.  9  twte,  The  worde  of  God  hath  it  race  and  Sn- 
creaseth.  1381  MARBECK  Bk.  of  Xotes  164  The  Chariot  came 
nigh  unto  them  with  a  great  race  and  mightie  force.  1586 
BRIGHT  Melanch.  xiii.  66  Some  wheeles  passing  swifter  than 
other  some,  by  divers  rases.  1633  D.  RfocEKsJ  Treatise  of 
Sacraments  i.  168  Your  streame  weake  ;.  .and  the  staves  of 
your  wheele  which  should  support  the  race  of  it  pittifully 
broken,  a  1649  WINTHROP  New  Eng.  (1853)  I.  4  The  tide 
set  m  with  so  strong  a  race.  1670  NARBOKOUGH  Jrnl.  in 
Ace.  Sev.  Late  Voy.  \.  (1711)  76  It  points  off  with  a  Race 
from  the  other  Mountains,  .into  the  Channel. 

b.  esp.  The  daily  (or  annual)  course  of  the 
sun  through  the  heavens.  Similarly  of  the  moon. 

Chiefly  by  conscious  metaphor  from  sense  i,  and  usually 
with  vb.  to  run. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  v.  44  The  mother  of  dredd  darkness. . 
took  her  wonted  way  To  ronne  her  timely  race.  Ibid  xi  ^ 
litan  i-ose  to  runne  his  daily  race.  i66z  TUKE  Adv.  5 
Hours  it,  The  sun  ..ere  half  his  race  be  run.  c  i74z  GRAY 
Ignorance  n  Thrice  hath  Hyperion  roll'd  his  annual  race. 
1784  COWPER  task  vi.  126  Should  God  again,  .interrupt  the 


86 

race  Of  the  undeviating  and  punctual  sun.  a  1822  SHELLEY 
Horn.  Sun..  10  The  immortal  Sun,  Wlio,  borne  by  heavenly 
steeds,  his  race  doth  run  Unconquerably. 

c.  The  course  of  time.  (Chiefly  used  as  in  b.) 
1595  SHAKS.  John  m.  iii.  39  If  the  mid-night  bell  Did  .. 
Sound  on  into  the  drowzie  race  of  night.  ?  1630  MILTON  On 
Time  i  Fly  envious  Time,  till  thou  run  out  thy  race.  1697 
DKYDEN  I7irg.  Past.  iv.  15  Majestick  Months  set  out ..  to 
their  appointed  Race,  a  1720  CONGREVE  Imit.  Horace^ 
Odes  n.  xiv.  i  Eternity !  that  boundless  race  Which  Time 
himself  can  never  run. 

t  d.  The  course  or  progress  of  events,  or  of  a 
narrative.   Obs.   rare. 

c  1590  BRUCE  XI  Serm.  i.  (1591)  6  Gif  }ee  ..  consider  the 
race  of  the  historic,  a  1626  BACON  On  IVar  ivith  Spain  7 
The  Prosecution  and  Race  of  the  Warre,  carrieth  the  De 
fendant,  to  assaile  and  inuade,  the  . .  Patrimony  of  the  fiiet 
Aggressour. 

fe.  Impact;  a  shock,  blow.  Obs.  rare, 
c  1400  Sowdone  Bah.  1349  He  raught  a  stroke  to  Ferumbras 
..  It  brast  his  hawberke  at  bat  ras.     1535  STEWART  Cron. 
Scot.  I.  124  Sum  gat  ane  rais  gart  all  hir  ribbis  rak. 
6.  A  strong  current  in  the  sea  or  a  river. 
Perh.  partly  ad.  F.  ras,  ras  in  same  sense,  commonly  re 
garded  as  a.  Breton  raz,  a  strait,  narrow  channel. 

1375  BARBOUB  Bruce  in.  697  By  the  mole  thai  passyt  gar, 
And  entryt  sone  in-to  the  rase,  c  1400  Sowdotie  Bab.  774 
Wynde  him  biewe  . .  over  the  salte  flode  And  over  the  pro- 
founde  rase.  1506  Kalender  of  Sheph.  H  ij,  Amonge  the 
waues  perylous  on  rases  holowe.  1597  J.  PAYNE  Royal 
Exch.  33  In  your  Sea  stormes, ..  cross  tydes,  dangerouse 
races.  1625  N.  CARPENTER  Geog.  Del.  n.  vii.  (1635)  130  Hee 
found  a  strong  race,  a  Tide  running  sometimes  Eastward, 
sometimes  Westward.  1697  DAMPIER  Voy.  (1729)  I.  82  A 
short  cockling  Sea,  as  if  it  had  been  a  Race,  or  place  where 
,two  Tides  meet.  1720  DE  FOE  Capt.  Singleton  xiv.  (1840) 
238  Among  innumerable  islands,  ..  without  any  pilot  that 
understood  the  channel  and  races  between  them.  1828 
PLANCH£  Dcsc.  Danube  72  The  river  narrows,  and  a  slight 
fall,  or  what  our  sailors  call  a  race,  ensues.  1884  igt/t  Cent. 
Feb.  245  We  were  able  to  head  the  races  that  spun  out  from 
submerged  trees. 

trans/.  1894  CLARK  RUSSELL  Good  Ship  Mohock  I.  15  The 
sky  was  a  race  of  large  torn  cloud,  white  as  milk. 

b.  Used  in  the  names  of  special  currents. 

'375  BARBOUK  Bruce  in.  687  Quhar  als  gret  stremys  ar 
rynnand, . .  As  is  the  raiss  of  Bretangge.  c  1530  Hickescorner 
B  Hij,  I  sawe  them  all  drowned  in  the  rase  of  Irelande.  1596 
FITZ-GEI-FRAY  Sir  F.  Drake  (1881)  80  In  that  faire  palace 
neere  the  milken  race.  1697  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  3317/4  He  saw 
5  Sail  of  Ships  standing  through  the  Race  of  Fountney. 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1776)  Eee  ij  b,  The  race  of 
Portland.  1862  ANSTED  Channel  I  si. \.  ii.  18  Through  this 
channel,  the  sea,  at  high  spring  tides,  sweeps  at  the  rate  of 
eight  miles  an  hour.  . .  This  passage  is  called  the  Race  (or 
Ras)  of  Aklerney. 

III.  7.  As  a  portion  of  time  or  space : 

t  a.  A  space  of  time  ;  a  while.     Obs.  rare~~v. 

13 . .  K,  A  Us.  7830  They  lyved  here  bole  lite  ras ;  And  sone    i 
echon  forgete  was  ! 

t  b.  The  distance  or  space  between  two  points.    ; 
Knight's  race  (from  4  a) :  see  quot.  1562.  Obs. 

1562  LEIGH  Armorie  58 b,  Alciatus  saith  that  a  man  shall    ' 
discerne  colour,  if  he  may  come  within  a  knights  rase  of  any    ' 
banner,  but  I  neuer  hard  of  any  man,  that  came  within  an    ' 
100  rases  of  the  Sun.    Le  :  What  is  a  knights  rase?   Gel  It 
is  Ix.  foote  of  assise  in  length,  of  the  field,  and  is  of  Here- 
haughts  so  called.     1600  HOLLAND  Livy  1348  The  plaine    ' 
and  base  plot  of  the  cittie  . .  comprehendeth  a  Diameter  or    ' 
race  almost  of  8  Stadia. 

C.  A  piece  of  ground  suitable  for  running  or 
racing  (see  10).  rare. 

1612  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  in.  23  Nor  yet  the  level  South  can 
shew  a  smoother  race,  a  1783  Fair  Annie  64  in  Child 
Ballads  II.  75/1,  I  wish  that  they  were  seven  hares  To  run 
the  castle  race.  1890  R.  BRIDGES  Shorter  Poems  n.  7 
Perilous  in  steep  places  Soft  in  the  level  races. 

f  8.  The  course,  line,  or  path  taken  by  a  person 
or  a  moving  body.  Also_/?^-.  Obs. 

Vc  1400  Ser  y.  Mande-vclle  $  Gt.  Souden  17  in  Ha/1. 
E.  P.  P.  1. 155  Your  prestes  that  suld  tech  vertus  trace,  They 
ryn  rakyll  out  of  gud  race.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  v.  xiv.  84 
Prince  Enee  persauit  by  his  rais,  Quhow  that  the  schip  did 
rok  and  tailgevey.  1555  EDEN  Decades  28  He  diuerted  from 
his  accustomed  rase  which  was  by  the  Ilandes  of  Canarie. 
1570  DEE  Math.  Pref.  3  Of  the  auncient  Mathematiciens,  a 
Line  is  called  the  race  or  course  of  a  Point,  c  1580  SIDNEY 
Ps.  xxvi.  i,  I  have  made  my  race  Within  the  boundes  of 
innocence  to  bide. 

tb.  A  reach  (of  a  river).   Obs.  rare~l. 

1611  SI'EED  Theat.  Gt.  Brit,  xxxix.  (1614)  77/1  A  long  race 
of  the  river  Ouse. 

c.  The  channel  or  bed  (of  a  stream) ;  esp.  an 
artificial  channel  leading  water  to  or  from  a  point 
where  its  energy  is  utilized,  as  in  a  mill  or  a  mining 
claim.    Now  chiefly  U.S.    See  also  HEAD-,  MILL-, 
TAIL- RACE. 

It  is  not  clear  whether  there  is  any  connexion  between 
this  sense  and  OF.  rase,  rasse,  raze  (isth  c.  in  Godef.), 
watercourse,  trench,  ditch,  (mill-)  race.  • 

*&S~73  Durham  Dcpos.  (Surtees)  212  The  [law-]  suit,  .for 
the  raic[e]  of  the  said  water  corne  myln.  1777  Walling/en 
Inclos.  Act  45  The  beck,  race,  water,  or  watercourse.  1796 
MORSE  Amer.  Geog.  I.  536  The  race,.. a  canal  20  to  30  feet 
wide,  and  carried.. through  rocks  and  hills.  1805  West's 
Antiq.  Furness  74  There  has  been  also  a  subterraneous 
passage,  leading  from  the  race  of  the  rivulet.  1868  Rep.  U.S. 
Commissioners  Agric.  (1869)  334  The  bottoms  of  the  races 
are  covered  with  small  stones  and  a  layer  of  fine  gravel 
1890  'R.  BOLDRKWOOD'  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  293  The 
water,  brought  through  races  by  miles  of  fluming,  spouted 
clear  and  strong  over  heaps  of  auriferous  earth. 

d.  Weaving.  The  path  or  channel  in  the  lay  or 
batten  along  which  the  shuttle  moves  in  crossing 


RACE. 

the  web ;  the  board  or  other  support  on  which  the 
shuttle  slides. 

1855  [see  Lay-race  s.v.  LAY  sb.%\.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet. 
Mech.  1263/1  The  picker.,  which  strikes  the  fly-shuttle  and 
drives  it  along  the  race.  1879  BARLOW  Weaving  87  The 
warp  threads  are  pressed  down  upon  the  race. 

e.  A  circular  path  for  a  horse  employed  in  driving 
machinery.  1862  [see  Gin-race  s.v.  GIN  s&.1  12]. 

f.  New  Zeal.   (See  quot.) 

1872  Rttdg.'s  Ev.  Boy's  Ann.  53/2  Each  lamb  was  driven 
through  the  narrow  hurdle-passage,. called  a  race. 

g.  Mech*  The  space  in  which  a  drum  or  wheel 
revolves.     (Cf.  wheel-race^} 

1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  197. 

9.  a.  Mining.  ( A  small  thread  of  spar  or  ore' 
(Raymond  Gloss.  Mining  1881). 

1580  FRAMFTON  Dial.  Yroti  $  Steele  144  If.. of  brimstone 
and  quicksilver  they  were  ingendred,  there  would  be  some 
rase  of  them,  in  the  mynes  of  golde  and  silver.  1747  HOOSON 
Miners  Diet.  Kivb,  This  Keckle-Meckle  Stuff  has  the  Ore 
run  with  it  in  small  Strings  and  Races. 
b.  A  row  or  series,  dial,  and  techn. 

1880  E.  Cornwall  Gloss.,  Race.,  a  string,  e.g.  of  onions. 
1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-Mining  197  Race.  See  Journey. 
I='A  train  or  set  of  trains  all  coupled  together.']  1894 
Nortkumbld.  Gloss.,  Race,  a  range  or  series.  A  race  of  pits. 
1901  Scotsman  8  Mar.  5/1  They  were  run  into  by  a  race  of 
runaway  hutches. 

IV.  10.  The  act  of  running,  riding,  sailing,  etc. 
in  competition  with  one  or  more  rivals ;  a  contest 
of  speed ;  in  pi.  usually  denoting  a  series  of  horse 
races  held  at  a  fixed  time  on  a  regular  course. 

1513  DOUGLAS  &neis  v.  vii.  i  EftJr  thir  raissis  done,  and 
giftis  gif.  1582  BIBLE  (Rheims)  i  Cor.  ix.  24  They  that 
runne  m  the  race,  al  runne  in  deede,  but  one  receiueth  the 
price.  1641  BKO.ME  Joviall  Crewu.  Wks.  1873  III.  372  In 
Hide-Park,  to  see  the  Races,  Horse  and  Foot.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  jx.  33  To  indite  Warrs  ..or  to  describe  Races  and 
Games.  1715-20  POPE  Iliad  xxm.  429  Young  Nestor  leads 
the  race  ;  Eumelus  then.  1781  COWPER  Truth  13  He  that 
would  win  the  race  must  guide  his  horse  Obedient  to  the 
customs  of  the  course.  1840  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  xvii, 
We're  going  on  to  the  races.  1860  LONCF.  IV ay  side  /««, 
A".  Olafii.  xi,  Swimming,  skating,  snow-shoe  races. 

trans/.  and^%r.  a  1592  H.  SMITH  Sertn.  (16371  518  A  race, 
wherein  they  run  striving  who  shall  come  first  to  the 
devill.  1731  EARL  Qyaxxv Jttmarfa  Swift  (1752)  61  Every 
competitor  in  the  race  of  wit  is  left  behind  him.  1821 
SHELLEY  Hellas  856  Ere  thou  Didst  start  for  this  brief  race 
whose  crown  isdeath.  1871  FREEMAN  Nor-m.Conq,(\tyfi)  IV. 
xvii.  86  The  two  nations  which,  if  last  in  the  race  of  political 
freedom,  were  foremost  in  the  race  of  material  civilization. 
b.  slang.  A  bet  on  a  horse-race. 

1894  ASTLEY  50  Years  Life  II.  196,  I  had  a  fair  race  on 
Sir  Bevys,  L.  Rothschild's  horse,  for  the  Derby. 

V.  11.  attrib.  and   Comb.     a.  General  combs. 
(sense  io),as  race-boat,  -dust,  fund,  -ground,  list, 
-manager,  -meeting,  -nag,  night,  -rider,  -riding, 
-runner,  -week,  -winner ;  *  used  or  worn  by  one  who 
rides  in  a  horse-race  *,  as  race-cap,  -jacket,  -saddle  ; 
( intended  for  wearing  at  races  *,  as  race-cloak,  -coat, 
-dress,-gown>-hat.  b.  Special  combs.,  as  race  ball, 
a  ball  held  in  connexion  with  a  race-meeting ;  race- 
board,  (a)  a  gang-board,  (If}  the  board  on  which 
a  shuttle  slides  (see  8  d) ;  race-card,  a  printed  card 
giving  information  about  races;  race-circle,  the 
course  of  a  spindle  in  a  braiding  machine ;  race- 
cloth,  a  cloth  used  with  a  racing-saddle,  having 
pockets  to  hold  the  weight  required  by  the  rules  of 
the  course  (Knight  Diet.  Meek.  1875);  race-cup, 
a  cup  or  other  piece  of  plate  given  as  a  prize  to 
the  winner  of  a  race  ;  race-glass,  a  field-glass  for 
use  at  races  (hence  race-glassed  adj.);  race-plate 
=  RACER  4  (see  also  CURB  sd.  9  c) ;  race-stand, 
a  stand  at  a  race-course ;  race  taukard  (cf.  race- 
cup).    See  also  RACE-COURSE,  -DAY,  -HORSE. 

1775  SIIKKIDAN  Rivals  ii.  i,  At  our  last  *race  ball.  1808 
ASHE  Travels  III.  260  Ships  have  *race  boards  to  the  bank, 
which  gives  them  an  access  so  easy,  that  they  are  often 
visited  from  the  shore.  1879  BARLOW  WtmfagW  The  middle 
shuttle  boxes  are  ..  lowered  to  the  level  of  the  race-board. 
1866'  ARGONAUT  *  R  owing  $  Training-]  The  modern  single- 
straike  *race-boat  is  composed . .  of  two  parts.  1831  M  AYHEW 
Lond.  Labour  (1861)  I.  265  This  trade  (with  'race-cards)  is 
not  carried  on  in  town.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  355/2  The 
*race-circles,  in  which  the  spindles  are  caused  to  move.  1777 
SHERIDAN  Sch.  Scand.  in.  hi,  All  the  family  *racecups  and 
corporation  bowls.  1850  MRS.  BROWNING  Poems  1. 216  Electric 
Pindar,  quick  as  fear,  With  *race-dust  on  his  cheeks.  1840 
WHYTE  Hist.  Tnrf\.  200  The  shareholders  will  receive  five 
per  cent. . .  the  remainder  to  go  to  the  *race  fund.  1868  Daily 
Tel.  27  May,  Some  *race-glassed  and  blue-veiled  traveller. 
1802  S.  CHIFKEY  Genius  Genuine  52,  I  was  the  next  morning 
on  the  *race  ground.  1840  WHYTE  Hist.  Turf\.  260  The 

Bincipal  rooms  overlooking  the  race-ground.  1856  H.  H. 
IXON  Post  <y  /W^rX-xiii.  228  As  plentiful  now  as ..'  garters ' 
in  later  years,  among  the  list  of  *  race -jackets.  1833  New 
Sporting  Mag.  V.  398  Chancing  to  have  the  *race  list  in  my 
hand.  1812  Sporting  Mag.  XL.  154  *Race-manager,  or 
keeper  of  the  stud-book  at  Newmarket.  1809  Ibid.  XXXII  I. 
108  This  almost  universal  success  at  the  *race-meetings. 
a  1634  RANDOLPH  Poems  (1875)  II.  539  Keep  his  *race-nags, 
and  in  Hyde  Park  be  seen,  a  1687  COTTON  Wks.  (1765)  *!9 
The  base  Hag  Can  of  a  Cudgel  make  a  Race-Nag.  1795 
T.  WILKINSON  Wandering  Patentee  I.  241  The  assembly- 
rooms  keep  the  ladies  entirely  away  the  three  *race  nights. 
«  1700  B.  E.  Dut.  Cant.  CVtfTcs.v.  Jockeys.  .*Race  Riders. 
1840  WHYTB  Hist.  Turf  II.  580  We  will  now.  .describe  the 
'science  of  "race-riding",  or  jockeyship.  1863  Lo,  W.  P.  LEN 
NOX  Biog.  Reimn.  II.  146,  1  had  an  opportunity  of  carrying 


RACE. 

on  my  passion  for  race-riding.  1647  TRAPP  Comm.  Hel>.  iv. 
I  To  come  lag  and  late.. as  lazy  "Race-runners.  1860  H. 
AINSWORTH  OvingdeanGrange  174  No  modern  "race-stand 
towered  before  the  stern  .soldier  of  the  Commonwealth.  1881 
J.  GRANT  Cameronians  I.  i.  10  Indian  jars  and  old  silver  "race 
tankards.  1716  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  5436/4  To  be  fought  all  the 
"Race-Week.  1814  Sporting  Mag.  XLIV.  181  In  the  race- 
week,  a  long  main  of  cocks  was  fought.  1894  ASTLEY  50 
Years  Life  II.  198  We  both  got  back  to  Newmarket  a  few 
days  before  the  race  week.  1823  BYRON  Juan  xm.  Ixxxvii, 
Sir  Henry  Silvercup,  the  great  "race-winner. 

Race  (re's),  s6.2  Also  6-7  rase.  [a.  F.  race, 
earlier  also  rasse  (1512),  a.  It.  razza  =  Sp.  raza, 
Pg.  rafa,  of  obscure  origin.] 

I.  A  group  of  persons,  animals,  or  plants,  con 
nected  by  common  descent  or  origin. 

In  the  widest  sense  the  term  includes  all  descendants  from 
the  original  stock,  but  may  also  be  limited  to  a  single  line  of 
descent  or  to  the  group  as  it  exists  at  a  particular  period. 

1.  The  offspring  or  posterity  of  a  person  ;  a  set  of 
children  or  descendants.     Chielly/w/. 

1570  Fo.xE.4.  f;  M.  H.  1841/1  Thus  was  the  outward  race 
&  stocke  of  Abraham  after  flesh  refused.  1606  SHAKS. 
Ant.  ,*f  Cl.  in.  xiii.  107  Haue  I  ..  Forborne  the  getting  of  a 
lawfull  Race,  And  by  a  lem  of  women.  1667  MILTON  P.L. 
x.  385  High  proof  ye  now  have  giv'n  to  be  the  Race  Of 
Satan.  1712  POPE  Messiah  65  Their  Vines  a  shadow  to  their 
Race  shall  yield.  1784  COWPER  Task  IV.  384  Her  infant 
race . .  sit  cow'ring  o'er  the  sparks.  1842  TENNYSON  Locksley 
Hall  168,  I  will  take  some  savage  woman,  she  shall  rear  my 
dusky  race. 

trans/,  and  fig.  1594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  iv.  v,  Such,  as 
either  we  must  acknowledge  for  our  own  forefathers  or  else 
disdain  the  race  of  Christ.  1728  POPE  Dune.  I.  70  How 
Tragedy  and  Comedy  embrace,  How  Farce  and  Epic  get 
a  jumbled  race.  1820  SHELLEY  Orphcits  iro  Blackthorn 
bushes  with  their  infant  race  Of  blushing  rose  blooms, 
t  b.  Breeding,  the  production  of  offspring.  Obs. 

1607  '1'ovst.Ll.  Fonr-f.  Beasts  (1658)  234  Itbehooveth  there 
fore  that  the  mares  appointed  for  race  be  well  compacted,  of 
a  decent  quality.  1653  GREAVES  Seraglio  141  He  hath  also 
stables  of  stallions  for  race.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vn.  530 
Male  he  created  thee,  but  thy  consort  Femal  for  Race, 
t  C.  A  generation.  Obs.  rare. 

1549-62  STERNHOLD  &  H.  Ps.  cii.  12  Thy  remembrance 
euer  doth  abide  from  race  to  race.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s.v.,  In  several  orders  of  knighthood,  .the  candidates  must 
prove  a  nobility  of  four  races  or  descents.  [1790  BURKE  Fr. 
Rev.  51  If  the  last  generations  of  your  country  appeared 
without  much  lustre  in  your  eyes,  you  might  have.. derived 
your  claims  from  a  more  early  race  of  ancestors.] 

2.  A  limited  group  of  persons  descended  from 
a  common  ancestor ;  a  house,  family,  kindred. 

a  1600  WYNNE  Hist.  Gwydir  Family  (1878)  33  Some  affirme 
Jevan  ap  Meredith  to  be  the  elder  brother,  and  soe  doth  all 
the  race  that  are  of  him  contend.  1653  HOLCROFT  Procopins 
1.  7  No  Government  to  be  conferr'd  upon  strangers  in  blood  ; 
but  such  onely  to  have  the  place,  to  whose  race  it  did 
belong,  1734  MRS.  DELANY  Antobiog.  ff  Corr.  (1861)  I.  431 
Lady  Weymouth's  person  bears  away  the  bell,  even  from  the 
Marlborough  race.  1768  STERNE  Sent.  Journ.  (1778)  I.  4 
(Calais)  The  Bourbon  is  by  no  means  a  cruel  race.  1833 
TENNYSON  Sisters  i  We  were  two  daughters  of  one  race. 
1883  GREEN  Conq.  Eng.  418  [Eadmund  Ironside]  shared.no 
doubt,  the  weak  constitution  of  his  race. 

b.  A  tribe,  nation,  or  people,  regarded  as  of 
common  stock. 

01600  WYNNE  Hist.  Gwydir  Family  (1878)  20  Llewelyn 
ap  Gruffith  last  Prince  of  Wales  of  the  Brittish  race.  1667 
MILTON  P.L.i.  780  That  Pigmean  Race  Beyond  the  Indian  f 
Mount.  1715  POPE  Iliad  iv.  51  Troy's  whole  race  thou 
wouldst  confound.  1726-46 THOMSON  Winter^  A  mighty 
people  come  1  A  race  of  heroes  1  1827  D.  JOHNSON  Ind. 
Field  Sports  140  The  worst  race  of  people  inhabiting  that 
part.  1863  FR.  A.  KEMBLE  Rtsid.  in  Georgia  ii  The.  .pro 
scription  under  which  their  whole  race  is  placed. 

c.  A  group  of  several  tribes  or  peoples,  forming 
a  distinct  ethnical  stock. 

1842  PRICHARD  Nat.  Hist.  Man  150  No  two  races  of  Men 
can  be  more  strongly  contrasted  than  were  the  ancient 
Egyptian  and  the  Syro-Arabian  races.  1868  KINGSLEY 
Heroes  Pref.  10  They  were  all  different  tribes  and  peoples 
of  the  one  great  Hellen  race.  1883  GREEN  Conq.  Eng.  54 
Courage . .  was  a  heritage  of  the  whole  German  race. 

d.  One  of  the  great  divisions  of  mankind,  having 
certain  physical  peculiarities  in  common. 

1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.,  Animals  xxxiii,  The  second 

?-eat  variety  in  the  human  species  seems  to  be  that  of  the 
artar  race.  1839  Penny  Cycl.  XIV.  361/2  Considerable 
differences  occur  in  the  general  stature  of  the  several  races 
of  mankind.  1861  HULME  tr.  Moyuin-Tandon  i.  v.  27 
Blumenbach  proposed  to  establish  five  races  :  ist,  the  Cau 
casian  ;  2nd,  the  Mongolian ;  3rd,  the  Ethiopian ;  4th,  the 
American  ;  5th,  the  Malay. 

3.  A  breed   or  stock   of  animals ;    a  particular 
variety  of  a  species. 

1580  BLUNDEVIL  Horsemanship  i.  iii.  B  j,  Of  all  the  races  in 
Grace,  both  the  Horses  and  Mares  of  Thessalia.  .are  most 
celebrated.  1641  HINDE  J.  Brvcn  vii.  26,  I  have  scene  a 
Gentleman,  .very  carefull  to  have  his  horse  of  a  generous 
race.  1745  POCOCKE  Descr.  East  II.  i.  196  There  is  a  race 
of  sheep  in  this  country  with  four  horns.  1781  GIBBON  Decl. 
•$•  F.  II.  57  The  plains.. bred  a  generous  race  of  horses. 
1839  Penny  Cycl.  XIV.  362/2  In  the  most  highly  domesti 
cated  races,  as  the  spaniel,  the  cranium  is  more  fully  de 
veloped.  1880  HUXLEY  Crayfish  292  In  this  manner,  a 
variety,  or  race,  is  generated  within  the  species. 
t  b.  A  stud  or  herd  (of  horses).  Obs. 

'547. Privy  Council  Acts  (1890)  II.  86  Persons  having 
custodie  of  a  studde  or  race  of  mares.  1596  SHAKS.  Merch. 
V.  v.  i.  72  Doe  but  note  a  wilde  and  wanton  heard  Or  race 
of  youthful  and  vnhandled  coltes.  01626  FLETCHER  Double 
Marriage  I.  i.  The  rases  of  our  horses  he  takes  from  us. 
1667  DUCHESS  OF  NEWCASTLE  Life  Duke  o/N.  (1886)  II.  152 
All  this  stock  was  lost,  besides  his  race  of  horses. 


87 

c.  A  genus,  species,  kind  of  animals. 

1605  SHAKS.  Macli.  li.  iv.  15  Duncans  Horses. .  Beauteous, 
and  swift,  the  Minions  of  their  Race.  1687  DKYDEN  Hind 
ft  P.  I.  160  The  wolfish  race  Appear  with  belly  gaunt  and 
famished  face.  1727-46  THOMSON  Summer  388  Slow  move 
the  harmless  race  [sheep].  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776) 
VII.  190  The  generality  of  mankind  regard  this  formidable 
race  [serpents]  with  horror,  a  1822  SHELLEY  Horn.  Merc. 
lii,  1  wish  the  race  of  cows  were  perished. 

4.  A  genus,  species,  or  variety  of  plants  (cf.  quot. 
1880). 

1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  i.  i  The  wicked  seede  of  vice  Began 
to  spring.. But  evermore  some  of  the  vertuous  race  Rose 
up.  1712  AODISON  Sfect.  No.  387  p  7  The  Seeds  by  which 
the  several  Races  of  Plants  are  propagated  and  continued. 
1804  KNAPP  Brit.  Grasses  PL  119  The  whole  race  of  British 
grasses  now  before  us.  1880  ASA  GRAY  Struct,  /lot.  ix.  §  i. 
320  A  race  in  this  technical  sense  of  the  term,  is  a  variety 
which  is  perpetuated  with  considerable  certainty  by  sexual 
propagation. 

5.  One  of  the  great  divisions  of  living  creatures  : 

a.  Mankind.     In  early  use  always  the  human 
race,  the  race  of  men  or  mankind,  etc. 

c  1580  SIDNEY  Ps.  XXI.  x,  From  among  the  humane  race 
[thou  shall]  Roote  out  their  generation.  1607  SHAKS.  Tiinon 
IV.  i.  40  His  hate  may  grow  To  the  whole  race  of  Mankinde. 
1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  n.  348  Thehappy  seat  Of  som  new  Race 
call'd  Man.  1727-46  THOMSON  Summer  36  The  flux  of 
many  thousand  years,  That  oft  has  swept  the  toiling  race 
of  men.  .away.  1781  CoWFBR  Charity  22  That  every  tribe. . 
Might  feel  themselves  allied  to  all  the  race.  1850  TENNYSON 
In  Mem.  vi,  One  writes.  .That  '  Loss  is  common  to  the.race  '. 
1871  MORLEY  I'oltaire  (1886)  2  It  was  one  of  the  cardinal 
liberations  of  the  growing  race. 

b.  A  class  or  kind  of  beings  other  than  men  or 
animals. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  II.  194  Shall  we  then  live  thus  vile,  the 


race.     1820  SHELLEY  Prometh.  Unl>.  i.  244  The  voice  With 
which  our  pallid  race  hold  ghastly  talk  In  darkness. 

c.  One  of  the  chief  classes  of  animals  (as  beasts, 
birds,  fishes,  insects,  etc.). 

1726-46  THOMSON  Winter  lyj  The  plumy  race,  The  tenants 
of  the  sky.  1728-46  —  Spring  123  Insect  armies.  .A  feeble 
race.  1819  SHELLEY  Cyclops  no  And  who  possess  the  land  ? 
The  race  of  beasts  ?  Ibid.  244  The  sacred  waves  and  all  the 
race  of  fishes. 

6.  Without  article : 

a.  Denoting  the  stock,  family,  class,  etc.  to  which 
a  person,  animal,  or  plant  belongs,  chiefly  in  phr. 
of  (tiolile,  etc.)  race. 

1559  SACKVILLE  Induct.  Mirr.  Mag.  vi,  Som  were  Dukes, 
and  came  of  regall  race.  1590  Si'ENSER  F.  Q.  i.  x.  8  Una  . . 
Whom  well  she  knew  to  spring  from  hevenly  race.  Ibia.  60 
Thou,  faire  ymp,  sprong  out  from  English  race.  1611 
SHAKS.  Wiut.  T.  iv.  iv.  95  [A]  bud  of  Nobler  race.  1660 
STANLEY  Hist.  P/iilos.  ix.  (1701)  362/1  Who,  in  Race,  and 
Honour,  and  Wealth,  excelled  all  the  rest  of  the  Citi/etis. 
1703  POPE  Tkcbais  I.  685  A  fate  ..  unworthy  those  of  race 
divine  !  1734  GRAY  I'rogr.  Poesy  105  Two  Coursers  of 
ethereal  race.  1873  DIXON  Tiuo  (Jru-fns  1.  i.  i.  5  His  ablest 
servants  were  of  Oriental  race. 

b.  The  fact  or  condition  of  belonging  to  a  par 
ticular  people  or  ethnical  stock  ;  the  qualities,  etc. 
resulting  from  this. 

1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  i.  I.  16  In  no  country  has  the 
enmity  of  race  been  carried  farther  than  in  England.  1856 
EMERSON  Eng.  Traits,  Race  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  21  Race 
in  the  negro  is  of  appalling  importance.  1890  Spectator 
25  Jan.,  They  are  separated  by  language,  by  degree  of 
civilisation,  and  by  the  indefinable  aggregate  of  inherent 
differences  which  we  call '  race '. 

t  7.  Natural  or  inherited  disposition.    Obs.  rare. 

1603  SHAKS.  Meas.  for  M.  n.  iv.  160  Now  I  giue  my 
sensuall  race,  the  reine.  1610  —  Temp.  I.  ii.  358  Thy  vild 
race,  .had  that  in't,  which  good  natures  Could  not  abide  to 
be  with. 

H.  A  group  or  class  of  persons,  animals,  or 
things,  having  some  common  feature  or  features. 

8.  A  set  or  class  of  persons. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxvi.  50  Bakbyttaris  of  sindry 
racis.  <iis68  ASCHAM  Scholem.  i.  (Arb.)  66  His  onely 
example  had  breed  such  a  rase  of  worthie  learned  ientlemen, 
as  this  Realme  neuer  yet  did  affourde.  c  1580  SIDNEY  Ps. 
XII.  i,  Ev'n  the  race  of  good  men  are  decai'd.  a  i6n  BEAUM. 
&  Ft_  Maid's  Trag.  iv.  ii,  You  preserve  A  race  of  idle  people 
here  about  you,  Facers  and  talkers.  1712  BUDGELL  Sped. 
No.  404  r  3  To  this  Affectation  the  World  owes  its  whole 
Race  of  Coxcombs.  1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol.  i.  lii,  The 
race  of  learned  men,  Still  at  their  books.  1821  LAMB  Elia 
Ser.  i,  The  Two  Races  of  Men,  The  men  who  borrow,  and 
the  men  who  lend.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  56  There 
arose  a  new  race  of  poets.. who  made  pleasure  the  only 
criterion  of  excellence. 

b.  One  of  the  sexes,  poet. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  v.  52  In  gentle  Ladies  breste  and 
bounteous  race  Of  woman  kind.  1711  STEELE  Sped.  No. 
113  r  4  She  is  beautiful  beyond  the  Race  of  Women.  1725 
POPE  Odyss.  XL  349  Three  gallant  sons  . .  but  of  the  softer 
race,  One  nymph  alone. 

t  c.  The  line  or  succession  of  persons  holding 
an  office.  Obs.  rare—''. 

IS7«-*  LAMBARDE  Peramt.  Kent  (1826)  306  The  whole 
race  of  the  Bishops  succeeding  lustus  in  this  See. 

9.  A  set,  class,  or  kind  of  animals,  plants,  or 
things.     Chiefly  poet. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  xii.  8  Seagulles. .  And  Cormoy- 
raunts,  with  birds  of  ravenous  race.  1648  HF.RRICK  Hesper., 
Oil.  Spalt  1 1869)  226  Of  pushes  Spalt  has  such  a  knottie  race. 
1715-20  POPE  Iliad '  v.  66  Expert  ..  In  woods  and  wilds  to 
wound  the  savage  race.  1783  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thrale 


RACE. 

20  Nov.,  I  hope  [her  disease]  is  not  of  the  cephalick  race. 
1823  SCOTT  Pei'eril  xxv.  (motto),  Amidst  the  faded  race  of 
fallen  leaves. 

fb.  One  of  the  three  'kingdoms'  of  nature. 
Obs.  rare. 

1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  224  Of  all  the  Race  of 
Animals,  alone  The  Bees  have  common  Cities  of  their  own. 
1707  Curiosities  in  Hush,  fy  Card.  184  All  the  Offsprings 
that  are  produc'd  in  the  Race  of  Vegetables  and  in  the  Race 
of  Animals.  Ibid.  227  They  can  ..  extract  from  Water 
Minerals,  Vegetables,  and  Animals,  and  give  new  Creatures 
to  these  three  Races  of  Nature. 

10.  A  particular  class  of  wine,  or  the  character 
istic  flavour  of  this,  supposed  to  be  due  to  the  soil. 
(Cf.  KACINESS  a,  RACY  i."  ?  Obs. 

1520  WHITINTON  Vtilg.  (1527)  15  This  is  a  cup  of  good 
romney,  and  drynketh  well  of  the  rase.  1625  MAS.SINGF.K 
New  Way  i.  iii,  A  pipe  Of  rich  Canary  . .  Is  it  of  the  right 
race?^  £1645  HOWEI.L  Lett.  (1650)  I.  370  One  cannot  pass 
a  day's  journey  but  he  will  find  a  differing  race  of  wine. 
n  1682  SIK  T.  BROWNE  Misc.  Traits  (1684)  25  A  pure  and 
flosculous  race  or  spirit.  1779-81  JOHNSON  /,.  /'.,  Thomson 
Wks.  1787  IV.  178  Race '..applied  to  wines,  in  its  primitive 
sense,  means  the  flavour  of  the  soil.  1835  Tail's  Edin. 
Mag.  II.  350/1  Like  certain  wines  and  fruits  . .  in  removal, 
much  of  the  race,  or  peculiar  flavour  of  the  soil,  is  sure  to 
be  lost. 

b.  fig.  Of  speech,  writing,  etc. :  A  peculiar  and 
characteristic  style  or  manner,  esp.  liveliness,  sprig  ht- 
liness,  piquancy.  (Cf.  RACI.NKSS  b,  RACY  3.) 

1680-90  TEMPLE  Kss.,  Learning  Wks.  1731  I.  166,  I  think 
the  Epistles  of  Phalaris  to  have  mure  Race,  more  Spirit, 
more  Force  of  Wit  and  Genius,  than  any  other.-*  I  have  CVLT 
seen,  either  ancient  or  modern.  1711  P.  H.  /'/(.•;.•  -  iiist 
1'ar/ts.  185  Mr.  Dolben  .  .pursu'd  the  Charge  with  a  peculiar 
Race  of  Spirit.  1779-81  JOHNSON  L.  1'.,  Thomson  Wks. 
1787  IV.  178,  I  know  not  whether  they  [Thomson's  Poems] 
have  not  lost  part  of  what  Temple  calls  tl.eir  '  race  '.  1831 
MACAULAY  Ess.,  Bosnvll  (1860)  I.  3(19  We  know  no  produc 
tion  of  the  human  mind  which  has  s  >  much  of  what  may  be 
called  the  race,  so  much  of  the  peculiar  llavuur  of  the  soil 
frum  which  it  sprang.  1875  M'Cosn  Scot.  Philos.  xxxi.  247 
Ili>  conversation  hail  a  race  and  flavour  peculiarly  its  own. 

11.  attnb.  and  Comb.,  as  race-brood,  -character, 
•characteristic,    -difference,    -distinction,    -hatred, 
-maintenance,  -patriarch,  -poem,  -portrait,  -skull, 
etc. ;   race-begotten,  -maintaining,  -?;'/</c'  adjs. 

1878  B.  TAYLOR  lleukulion  it.  ii.  62  The  "race-begotten 
child  Is  its  own  father's  lurd.  1583  STAXYHUKST  .-Kiieis  m. 
(Arb.)  93  Agragas  . .  steeds  omrrageous  with  "racebrood 
plentiful  pffred.  1866  Pall  Mall  G.  3  Jan.  5/2  It  was 
absurd  to  ignore  all  distinctions  of  *  race-character  in  govei  n- 
ing  them  [negroes].  1875  WHITNEY  Life  Lang,  ii!  S  The 
theory  of  a  language  as  a  'race-characteristic.  //•/:/.  i.  4 
Far  greater  "race-differences  aie  met  with  among  the 
speakers  of  one  language.  1883  GKKI.N  Con,],  l-'.ng.  117 
*Race  distinctions  perpetuated  themselves  in  the  group  of 
little  townships.  1882  Times  15  Mai'.,  The  furious  "race 
hatred  that  has  been  raging  over  the  South.  1879  H. 
SPKNCER  Data  of^Ethics  ii.  §  5.  15  "Race-maintaining  con 
duct,  like  self-maintaining  conduct,  arises  gradually  out  of 
that  which  cannot  be  called  conduct,  ll'id.  16  This  conduct 
which  furthers  "race-maintenance.  1859  K-  B.  A\m  KSON 
tr.  Rydterg's  Tent.  Mytlwl.  106  The  songs  learned  by  Saxo 
in  regard  to  the  northern  "race-patriarch.  1888  Literary 
World  (Boston)  29  Sept.  314/3  The  Kalevala..a  ^race-poem 
whose  enduring  charm  is  its  artlessness  and  spontaneity. 
1875  TYLOR  in  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  m/i  The  coloured  ^ace- 
portraits  of  ancient  Egypt.  1864  J.  HrxT  tr.  I'ogi's  Led. 
Man  vii.  194  More  of  the  Simian  type  than  any  other  known 
"race-skull.  1893  J.  H.  BARROWS  World's  Parlt.  Kelig.  I. 
72  An  event  of  ^race-wide  and  perpetual  significance. 

Race  (re's),  sb.'A  [var.  of  RASE  sb.  q.v.).  Cf. 
RACE  v.S\  A  cut,  slit,  mark,  scratch.  Now  only 
tec/in,  (see  quot.  1819). 

1:1500  Robt.  De-<iyll  in 'Thorns  Prose  Rom.  (1858)  I.  40 
Robert  had  a  race  in  his  face.  1587  MASCALL  Govt.  Cattle, 
Oxen  (1627)  19  Yee  must  launce  his  feete  gently  round  on 
the  edge  of  his  hoofes,  with  small  races  not  deepe.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  (1654)  II.  572  That  sand  cutteth  smooth 
and  cleane  as  it  goeth,  and  leaues  no  race  at  all  in  the  work. 
1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  xiii.  ?4  He,  with  the 
Tooth  of  the  Gage  makes  a  Mark  or  Race  on  the  side  of 
the  Face.  1819  REES  Cycl.  XXIX.  Race,  the  mark  made 
on  timber,  &c.  by  a  tool  called  a  racing-knife. 

attrib.  1705  Lond.  Gas.  No.  4145  She  hath  had  a  little 
Race  Sore  upon  one  of  her  hind  Gambrels. 

Race  (rc's),  sb.*  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [f.  RACE  v.^  : 
cf.  PLUCK  sb.~\  The  heart,  liver,  and  lungs,  esp.  of 
a  calf. 

1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Aniin.  fy  Min.  25  The  destilled  water 
of  the  race  [of  a  calf]  . .  helpeth  cold,  c  1818  Yng.  Woman's 
Companion  1-2  The  head  and  inwards  are  called  the  pluck  ; 
in  some  places  they  are  called  the  calf  s  race.  1825  BRITTON 
Bcanties  Wiltsh.  III.  (E.  D.  S.).  1879-  In  dial,  glossaries 
(Shropsh.,  Leic.,  Wilts,  etc.). 

t  Race,  sbf>  Obs.  Also  6-7  rase,  7  raice. 
[Of  obscure  origin ;  cf.  RACHE  sb.*}  A  (white) 
mark  down  the  face  of  a  horse  (or  dog). 

1523  FITZHERB.  Hitsb.  §  73  A  whyte  rase  or  a  ball  in  the 
foreheed.  1674  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  841  A  young  black.. Dog, 
with,  .a  little  rase  of  white  down  his  Face  and  Nose.  1679 
Ibid.  No.  1423  A  sorrel  Stonehorse..wilh  a  white  Star  and 
raice  down  his  face.  1707  Ibid.  No.  4304  A  Pair  of. .  black 
Coach-Mares,  with  Races  in  their  Foreheads. 

Race  (r<?'s),  st.v  Also  6  rase,  raze.  [ad.  OF. 
rais,  raiz  **  Sp.  raiz  :— L.  radic-em  :  see  RADISH, 
RADIX.]  A  root  vof  ginger). 

1547  BOORDE  Brni.  Health  §  16.  324.  105  Take  and  eate 
a  race  of  grene  ginger.  1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram. 
xv.  75  A  few  stewed  Prunes,  a  race  of  greene  Ginger.  1665 
Sir  T.  Roe's  Voy.  E.  Ind.  in  J.  Havers  P.  delta,  r'alle's 
Tral'.  E.  India  361  Ginger  . .  the  large  races  whereof,  are 
there  very  excellently  well  preserved.  1750  G.  HUGHES 


RACE. 

Barbadoes  233  Its  roots  are  those  flatfish  digitated  Races 
called  Ginger,  c  1825  Houlston  Tracts  II.  xlvn  8  A  race 
of  ginger  you  shall  surely  have.  1879  in  Casselfs  /'•«"»• 
F.dtic.  n.  91/2  The  ginger  of  commerce  is  theory,  wrinkled 
rhizomes  of  the  plant,  which  are  called  '  races '. 

attrib.     1832  WEBSTER,  s.v.  Race-ginger. 

Race  'J<7ls),  si.1  [Origin  unknown.]  A  cal 
careous  concretion  found  in  nodules  in  brick-clay. 

1728  WOODWARD  Fossils  16  There's  one  sort  of  this  found 
commonly  among  the  clay  us'd  for  making  Tyles  and  Bricks ; 
which  the  Workmen  call  Race  or  Ranee.  1798  MIDDLETON 
ViewAgric.  311  The  calcarious  matter  is  chalk . .  in  very  small 
pieces.. which  the  brickmakers  about  town  call  race.  1824 
Ann  Reg  238*  By  contact  with  these  bones  the  clay  is 
converted  into  nodules  of  a  blueish  white  substance,  called 
by  the  workmen  race.  1885  Proc.  R.  Soc.  XXXIX.  21 
What  were  at  first  supposed  to  be_  pebbles  . .  prove  on  ex 
amination  to  be  calcareous  concretions  ('  race  or  kunkur  ). 

t  Race,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  F.  ras  shaven,  bare, 
etc.,  ad.  L.  ras-us,  pa.  pple.  of  radfrf  to  scrape, 
shave;  cf.  RASE  v.  and  RAZEE.] 

1.  Of  ships :  Lying  low  in  the  water.  Hence 
Race-building,  -built. 

There  is  app.  no  authority  for  Kingsley's  explanation. 

1622  SIR  R.  HAWKINS  Voy.  S.  Sea  (1847)  199  Whether  the 
race  or  loftie  built  shippe  bee  best  for  the  merchant.  Ilnd. 
220  This  race  building,  first  came  in  by  overmuch  homing 
in  of  our  shippes.  [1855  KINGSLEY  ly'est-M.  Ho  II.  xn.  322 
The  Spanish  fashion  . .  was  . .  to  build  their  men-of-war 
flush-decked,  or,  as  it  was  called,  race.) 

2    Of  measure:  Bare,  without  addition. 

17,6  PECGE  Kcnticisms  (E.  D.  S.),  Full  measure  b  n  to 
the  score,  as  of  corn,  coals,  &c. ;  and  race  measure  is  but 
20.  .'.  When  the  bushel  is  upheap'd  'tis  full  ;  when  struck 
with  the  strickle  and  even'd,  'tis  race  measure. 

Racevivis),-^1    [f.  R.vcKrf.i] 

1.  intr.  To  run  a  race  (with],  to  compete  (wiia) 
in  speed. 


88 

Race  (ir's),  »-3     [var.  of  RASE  (RAZE)  v.\  in 
common  use  ^1400-^1650,   now   only  tec/in,   n 


^.  trans.  To    scratch    or    tear   with   something 
harp ;  to  cut  or  slash.     Now  techn. 


fre'ely  with  his  fere.    1855  BROWNING  Lmaamongthe  Ruins 
iv,  A  burning  ring.. the  chariots  traced  As  they  raced. 
b.  To  practise  or  engage  in  horse-racing. 

1827  LYTTON  Pelhatn  K  ii,''  And  young  A ?  ' . . '  Has  an 

expensive  mistress,  and  races'.     1881  H.  SMART  Race  Jor 
II  'iff  iii,  I've  been  racing  now  getting  on  fifty  years. 

2.  intr.  To  run,  ride,  sail,  etc.  swiftly.  (In  some 
examples  perh.  with  suggestion  ot  sense  i.) 

>757  DVF.R  Fleece  \.  (1761)  8;  Those  snow-white  lambs  .. 
Skip  on  the  green,  and  race  in  little  troops.  1821  CLARK 
Vill.  Minstr.  I.  133  Scampering  beetles  rac'd  away.  1847 
TKNSYSON  Princ.  v.  107  Inward  raced  the  scouts  With 
rumour  of  Prince  Arac  hard  at  hand.  1879  BROWNING  P/ief- 
dippides  12  Run,  Pheidippides,  run  and  race,  reach  Sparta  l 
for  aid  !  1887  BOWEN  Virg.  sEneid  in.  191  [We]  Spread 
to  the  gale  our  canvas,  and  race  on  the  waves  once  more. 

transf.  or  fig.  1874  BLACKIK  Self-Cult.  46  There  is  a  class 
of  people  who  do  not  walk  through  life,  but  race. 

b.  Of  inanimate  things. 

1808  SCOTT  Marm.  in.  Introd.,   Like  streamlet  ..  racing 
forth.   1845  DE  QriNCEY  Afflict.  Child/load  Wks.  1807  I.  51 
April,  that  sometimes   cares   little   for  racing  across  both 
frontiers   of  May.     1883  OUIHA  Wanda.   I.  31  The  north 
wind  is  racing  in  from  the  Polish  steppes. 

c.  Of  a  steam  engine,  screw  propeller,  wheel,  etc. : 
To  run  or  revolve  with  uncontrolled  speed,  when 
resistance  is  diminished  while  the  driving  power 
continues  the  same. 

1862  Illiistr.  Catal.  Intemat.  Exhib.  II.  XII.  2/1  The 
'governor'  prevents  the  engines  from  racing  in  heavy 
weather.  1893  R.  Y.\V\AVG  Many  Invent.  158  The  Rathmines 
stood  poised,  her  screw  racing  and  drumming.  1900  Daily 
Neius  5  Nov.  7/2  The  loss  of  the  propeller  caused  the  engines 
to  '  race '  so  fiercely  that  the  shaft  broke. 

3.  trans.  To  race  with;  to  try  to  beat  in  running. 

1809  W.  IRVING  Knickerb.  iv.  (1820)  187  Fought  cocks,  and 
raced  their  neighbours'  horses.     1832  R.  H.  FROUDE  in  Ron. 
(1838)  I.  291  She  had  two  servants  a-head,  who.  .raced  him, 
and.. contrived  to  keep  a  head.     1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  II. 
230,  I . .  Flung  ball,  flew  kite,  and  raced  the  purple  fly.    1886 
C.  SCOTT  Sheep-Farming  203  If  he  [a  dog]  lacks  speed  in 
racing  a  sheep  [etc.]. 

b.  To  hold,  '  bring  off'  (a  race). 
1897  U'estm.  Gaz.  31  Aug.  7/2  A  match  open  to  the  four, 
teen  feet  boats.. will  be  raced  off. 

4.  To  cause  to  move  swiftly  or  to  make  rapid 
progress ;  to  cause  to  run  a  race  or  races. 

c  1860  Miriam  May  xv,  Whilst  he  will  race  horses,  it  is  as 
well  that  he  should  ..separate  himself  from  holy  things. 
1862  H.  KINGSLKY  Ravens/toe  HI.  ii.  24  That  quiet  looking 
commander  of  hers  was  going  to  race  her  out  under  steam 
the  whole  way.  1896  Daily  Neios  9  June  7/4  No  attempt 
would  be  made  by  the  Government  to  race  the  Bill  through. 

b.  To  race  away  :  to  lose  by  racing. 

1856  Leisure  Hour  V.  818/1  He  raced  all  his  money  away. 
1887  KUSKIN  in  Pall  Mall  G.  8  June  i  It  is  of  infinite 
importance ..  that  the  ancient  Lords  of  England  should  .. 
not  gamble  and  race  their  estates  away. 

c.  To  convey  swiftly,  rare. 

1896  R.  KIPLING  Song  of  the  English  iv,  The  clippers., 
that  race  the  Southern  Wool. 

5.  To  suspend  (a  wheel,  grindstone,  etc.)  in  the 
proper  position  for  running. 

1870  RKADF.  Put  yourself  in  his  place  II.  40  The  master 
provides  the  stone,  but  the  grinder  hangs  and  races  it. 

t  Race,  v.-  Oh.  rare~1.  [a.  F.  racer,  f.  race 
RACE  sb.'t]  intr.  Of  a  parent-bird :  To  impart  its 
nature  to  its  offspring. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Race  sb.,  D'Hervieux  ob 
serves,  that  . .  the  male  usually  races  more  than  the  female, 
i.  e.  the  young  ones  take  more  after  the  male. 


their  le»sand  armes.  16.7  MARKHAM  Caval.  vii .54 1  he  cure 
is  with  a  sbarpe  knife  to  race  him  alongst  his  gummes. 
,™3  MOXON  Mech.  Excrc.  24  Drawing,  or  racing  with  a 
P7oint  of  hardned  Steel,  a  bright  Line  by  the  side :  o "the 


marking  timber  with  the  race-tool.  . 

f  b.  spec.  To  cut  or  slash  (shoes  or  clothes)  in 
an  ornamental  fashion.  Obs. 


1613  W'ITII  ER  A  fuses,  I  •ani/y6cJ6  Apparel . .  shall  be  gathered, 
stitcht,  or  lac't,  Else  plated,  printed,  iag'd,  or  cut  and  rac  t. 
1653  GKRKTKS  Seraglio  128  His  shoes.,  are  raced,  and  painted 
like  childrens  shoes. 

f  c.  To  force  (a  way)  by  teanng  or  cutting. 
r  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xi.  287  As  when  two  chaced  Bores 
Turne  head  gainst  kennels  of  bold  hounds,  and  race  way 
through  their  gores. 

f  2.  intr.  a.  To  cut  a  way  ;  to  pierce,  penetrate. 
c  1403  LYDG.  Temple  Glas  756  A  world  of  beaute  com- 
passid  in  hir  face,  Whose  persant  loke  do))  buruj  myn 
hert[e]  race.  1412-20  —  Chron.  Troy  in.  xxii,  The  head  of 
stele.. Through  plate  and  mayle  mightly  gan  to  glace  But 
to  the  skinne  for  nothing  might  it  race.  1447  BOKENHAM 
St-yntys  iRoxb.l  31  So  depe  they  dede  in  race  Tyl  at  the 
laste  a  chest  they  founde. 

t  b.  Ot  boars  :  ?  To  slash  with  the  tusks.  Obs. 
1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  vn.  xvii,  They  yede  to  bataille 
ageyne  tracyng  racyng  foynyng  as  two  bores. 

1 3.  trans.  To  scrape  out,  erase.  Obs.  (Now 
written  RASE  or  RAZE.) 

c  1403  LYDG.  Temple  Glas  1238  Wi]ioute  merci,  shal  falle 
be  vengeaunce  Forto  be  raced  clene  out  of  my  bokes.  1447 
BOKF.NHAM  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  96  They  ordeynyd  hys  name 
. .  From  noumbyr  of  popys  racyd  to  be.  a  1541  WYATT  in 
Toiteirs  .ITisc.  (Arb.l  72  The  wound  alas  happe  in  some 
other  place :  From  whence  no  toole  away  the  skar  can  race. 
1596  SPKNSF.K  /-'.  Q.  v.  ix.  26  Bon,  that  once  had  written 
bin,  Was  raced  out,  and  Mai  was  now  put  in.  1704  Provi 
dence  Rec-'nis  (1894)  V.  220  The  three  words. .Raced  out  in 
the  thirty  fift  line. 

fb.  transf.  and  fig.  (cf.  ERASE  and  RASE).  Obs. 
It  is  difficult  to  decide  whether  some  instances  of  race  out 
belong  here  or  to  RACE  T'.4 

1579  TOMSON  Calvin's  Serm.  Tim.  215/2  The  remem- 
braunce.  .shoulde  bee  vtterly  raced  out  of  the  worlde.  1588 
SMAKS.  Tit.  A.  i.  i.  451  To  massacre  them  all,  And  race 
their  faction,  and  their  familie.  1630  LORD  Banians  <y 
Persecs  89  The  Lord  utterly  raced  out  all  of  the  Tribe  or 
Cast  of  the  Cutteryes.  1705  STANHOPE  Paraphrase  II.  596 
It  had  made  little  Impression  upon  their  Minds,  or  if  it  had, 
Grief  and  Disorder  had  quite  raced  them  out. 
\  4.  To  alter  (a  writing)  by  erasure.  Obs. 
c  1440  Prontp.  Pan'.  421/2  Racyng  bokys,  or  ober  lyke, 
rado,  abrade.  1530  PALSGR.  678/1  This  indenture  is  raced, 
all  the  worlde  may  se  it.  1577  HARRISON  England  n.  viii. 
(1877)  I.  176  The  instrument  is  still  wholie  or  in  part  raced 
or  reformed.  1614  in  Bury  Wills  (1850)  165  The  last  will 
and  testament  of. .  William  Cooke,  beinge  in  noe  part  therof 
raced  or  interlyned. 

t  5.  To  level  with  the  ground  ;  to  RAZE.  Obs. 
c  1565  ABP.  PARKER  Psalter  Ixxix,  Thy  holy  house  they 
haue  defylde,  Hierusalem  is  raced.    1594  PLAT  jfeivell-housc 
i.  16  Hee  had  sentence  giuen  him  to  haue  his  house  raced. 
1637  RALEIGH  Mahomet  50  Such  Castles  and  strengths  as 
hee  was  jealous  of  were  raced.     1679  G.  R.  tr.  Boaystuau's 
Theatre  World  112  Destroyed  Cities,  raced  Fortresses. 
t  Race,  v.*   Obs.    See  also  RASE  v.-    [Aphetic 
form  of  ABACE  :  cf.  OF.  racher,  -ier  for  arrachier 
ARRACHE.] 

1.  trans.  To  tear,  snatch,  pluck  off,  away,  from, 
out,  down,  up  •  to  root  out. 

c  1350  St.  Agatha  148  in  Horstm.  AUengL  Leg.  (1881)  47 
When  hir  pappes  war  raced  hir  fro.  a  1400  Relig.  Pieces 
fr.  Thornton  MS.  iv.  219  pay  . .  racede  of  all  be  skyne 
bat  tyde.  c  1400  tr.  Secrcta  Secret.,  Go-.'.  Lordsh.  91  He 
bat  racys  it  vp  by  be  rote,  and  ctys  be  flour,  c  1430  LYDG. 
Min.  Poems  (Percy  SocJ  162  Lat  every  man  doon  his  besy 
cure,  To  race  out  pride,  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  x.  670 
Sone  to  ground  the  baner  doun  lie  race  [pa.  t.].  1545 
ASCHAM  Toxoph.  I.  (Arb.)  89  As  wild  horses  at  a  brunte 
doth  race  and  pluck  in  pieces  many  a  stronge  carte.  1596 
SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  v.  ii  Thinking  at  once  both  head  and 
helmet  to  have  raced. 

2.  intr.  To  tear,  go  in  pieces.  rare~\ 

a  1375  Lay  Folks  Mass  Bk.  App.  iv.  137  So  radii  he  gon 
hit  Rogge  pat  al  be  Rolle  gon  race 

Race-building,  -built :  see  RACE  a. 

Ra'ce-course.     [f.  RACE  s6.1  i  COURSE.] 

1.  a.  A  piece  of  ground  laid  out  with  a  track  for 
horse- racing. 

1764  in  Fletcher  Sf.  Leger  (1902)  32  That  the  Corporation 
raise  the  sum  of  ^50  to  be  run  for  upon  Doncaster  Race 
Course.  1828  DARVILL  Treat.  Race-horse  xi.  253  Race 
courses  . .  are  sometimes  made  in  the  form  of  the  figure  8. 
1835  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  7)  XI.  624/1  The  nature  and  form  of 
race-courses.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  23  May  656  Those  who  knew 
no  more  than  had  been  seen  on  race-courses. 

atlrib.  1896  A.  MORRISON  Child  of  the  Jago  114  A  race 
course  adventure  involving  bodily  risk. 


RACEME. 

b.  The  course  for  a  boat-race. 
1866  '  ARGONAUT  '  Saving  ff  Training  57  Tlie  usual  length 
of  racecourses  for  eights,  ami  all  other  descriptions  of  boats, 
varies  from  \\  to  2Jf  miles. 

2.  Weaving.  A  shuttle-nee. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1285  The  weaver. .sheds  the  warp., 
and  opens  a  pathway  or  race-course  for  the  shuttle  to 
traverse  the  middle  of  the  warp. 

3.  A  water-way,  mill-race. 

1841  BREES  Glass.  Civil  Eng.  192  Race,  or  Race  Course, 
the  cut  or  canal  along  which  the  water  is  conveyed  to  and 
from  a  water-wheel. 

4.  Building.  ?  A  string-course. 

1883  MARGERISON  Cah'erley  RegislersM.  23 The  old  race 
course, ..  seen  on  the  tower  wall  inside  the  church. 

t  Raced,  ///.  «.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RACE  z/.3  i  + 
-ED!.]  Scratched;  cut,  slashed. 

1576  BAKER  Jewell  of  Health  8  b,  A  wyer  wreathed 
rounde. -caused  the  Glasse..to  cracke  at  the  same  raced 
place.  1600  SURFLF.T  Countrie  Fanne  V.  xxii.  722  Many 
raced  and  checkered  draughts,  after  the  manner  of  small 
squares.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  in.  ii.  288  With  two  Prouinciall 
Roses  on  my  rac'd  Shooes. 

Ra'ce-day.  [f.  RACE  s!>.1]  The  day  on  which 
a  race  or  set  of  races  is  held. 

1620  in  Maiilanct  Club  Misc.  \.  198  The  horse.. salbe 
obleist  to  be  present . .  befoir  the  said  raice  day.  1680  COTTON 
--•"•--  —  " the 


.....  . 

•  Training  51  He  cannot  look  after  his  boat  too  much  or 
too  carefully,  especially  on  a  race-day. 

Ra'ce-liorse.     [f.  RACE  sb.1  +  HORSE.] 

1.  A  horse  bred  or  kept  for  racing. 

a  1626  MIDDLETON  Worn,  beivare  Worn.  in.  ii,  I  will  allow 
you.. Your  race-horses.  1657  R-  LIGON  Hartadoes  (1673) 
105  Another  pleasure,  the  better  sort  of  the  people  of 
England  take  delight  in,  . .  is  Race-Horses.  1754  Ess. 
Manning  Fleet  42  A  Race  Horse  is . .  generally  computed  to 
stand  his  Owner  in  ioo/.  a  Year.  1797  Encycl.  £rit.(etl.  3) 
XV.  774/2  Race-horses  have  been  for  some  time  an  object  of 
taxation.  1859  DARWIN  Orig.  Spec,  i.  26  English  racehorses 
have  come  to  surpass  in  fleetness  and  size  the  parent  Arabs. 
1878  SMILES  Roll.  Dick.  v.  41  With  the  speed  of  a  race- 

att'rib.  1870  Regul.  Rlwy.  Clearing-house  §  298  The 
charges  for  Race  Horses  conveyed  in  Race  Horse  Vans. 

b.  pi.  A  gambling  game  in  which  small  models 
of  horses  are  used. 

1853  Ln.  MALMUSBUKV  Mem.  (1884)  I.  414  We  played  at 
race-horses  afler  dinner. 

2.  A  logger-head  or  steamer  duck. 

1773  HAWKESWORTH  I'oy.  I.  406  Other  Indians,  .brought 
with  them  some  of  the  birds  called  Race-horses.  1777  G. 
FORSTER  Voy.  round  World  II.  520  Five  large  ducks  of  the 
short-winged  sort,  which  our  sailors  called  race-horses.  1845 
UARWIN  Voy.  Nat.  ix.  (1873)  200  These  ducks  were  called, 
from  their  extraordinary  manner  of  paddling  or  splashing 
upon  the  water,  race-horses. 

Hence  Ra'ee-horsing  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1745  H.  WAI.POI.E  Lett.  (1846)  II.  60  A  silly  race-horsing 
boy.  1894  Westtn.  Gaz.  7  June  2/3  Preferring  supreme 
race-horsing  to  the  supreme  political  oft'ice  which  he  holds. 

Race-knife,  [f.  RACE  z>.:i]  A  cutting  tool 
with  a  bent  lip  used  for  marking  on  timber,  etc. ; 
a  race-tool.  1875  in  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech. 

Racemate  (ne-s/Wt).  Chem.  [f.  RACKM-IC  + 
-ATE  *.]  A  salt  of  racemic  acid.  Hence  Ka'ce- 
mated  a.,  containing  a  proportion  of  racemic  acid. 

1838  T.  THOMSON  Chem.  Org.  Bodies  68  Some  of  the 
principal  tartrates  and  racemates.  Ibid.  74  Racemated 
suboxfde  of  mercury.  1857  W.  A.  MILLER  Elcm.  Client.  III. 
333  The  racemate  of  lime  is  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 
1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  V.  37  Alkaline  racemates  form  a 
green  precipitate  with  cupric  salts. 

t  Racema'tion.  Obs.  [ad.  late  L.  racema- 
tion-em  (Tertull.),  f.  raceinus  RACEME.] 

1.  The  gleaning  or  gathering  of  grapes. 

1623  in  COCKF.KAM.  1656  in  BLOUNT  [citing  Hist.  K.  Clias. 
=  quot.  1654  in  2b].  1685  RuxxRTLi/e  J3f.£edM  220  Some 
curious  Instruments  out  of  Italy  for  Racemation,  Engraft 
ing,  and  Inoculating. 

2.  concr.  a.   A  small  number   or  quantity  still 
remaining,  as  grapes  to  be  gleaned  ;  also,  what  is 
gleaned,  gleanings. 

1650  FULLER  Pisgah  i.  ix.  31  He  suffered  a  small  racema- 
i  lion  to  remain,  still  preserving  ..  the  solemn  Jury  of  the 
twelve  Tribes.  1655  —  Hist.  Camfr.  5  Yet  a  racemation  at 
least  of  Scholars,  .remained  in  Cambridge.  1660  GAUDEN 
ISroivnrig  4  His  racemation,  or  after-gatherings  [would  be] 
beyond  their  proudest  Vintages. 

b.  A  collection  or  cluster  (of  things  or  persons). 

a  1641  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  !f  Man,  (1642)  389  Meere 
Racemations,  or  Collections  from  the  Writings  of  elder 
Fathers  then  himselfe.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep. 
in.  xxviii.  (1686)  147  The  whole  racemation  or  cluster  of 
Eggs.  1654  H-  L'EsTRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655)  115  Such  a 
racemation  and  cluster  of  abominations,  as  were  never  heard 
of  before. 

Raceme  (rasrm).  Hot.  [ad.  L.  racem-us  a 
cluster  of  grapes :  cf.  F.  raceme^  A  simple  in 
florescence  in  which  the  flowers  are  arranged  on 
short,  nearly  equal,  lateral  pedicels,  at  equal  dis 
tances  on  an  elongated  axis. 

Compound  raceme,  one  having  the  lower  pedicels  deve 
loped  into  secondary  racemes. 

1785  MARTYN  tr.  Rousseau's  Botany  xxiii.  (1704)  321  '  he 


flowe'rs  also  grow  in  a  raceme.  1835  KIRBY  Hal:.  <V  hist, 
L  App.  352  Each  germ  looks  like  what  botanists  call 
e  of  bell-shaped  Mowers.  1857  HENFREY  Bat.  §  127 


A  nini.  I.  A 
a  racem< 


RACEMED. 

The  raceme  differs  only  from  the  spike  in  having  the  flowers 
distinctly  stalked.  1880  C.  R.  MAKKHAM  I'eniv.  Bart  293 
The  Herberts  Malwnia,  with  its.. long  slender  racemes  of 
yellow  flowers. 

Hence  Bace  meet  a.,  disposed  in  racemes. 

1830  LINDLEY  Nat.  Syst.  Hot.  292  Flowers ..  arranged  in 
a  spiked,  racemed,  or  panicled  manner.  1870  HOOKER  Kind. 
Flora  225  Flowers  racemed  drooping . .  Hare-bell. 

Racemic  (rase-mik,  rasrmik),  a.  Chem.  [f. 
prec.  +  -1C  :  see  quot.  1838.]  Derived  from  grapes 
or  grape-juice. 

Racemic  acid,  an  acid  existing  in  certain  tartars,  isomeric 
With  tvtaric  acid,  but  differing  from  it  in  several  respects, 
esp.  in  its  optical  properties.  (Discovered  by  Kestner  in 
1822,  and  also  called  paratartaric  acid.)  Racemic  cam 
phor,  a  product  of  the  oxidation  of  borneol.  Racemic  ethers, 
the  acid  racemates  of  ethyl  and  methyl  (Watts  1868). 

1838  T.  THOMSON  Chem.  Org.  Bodies  66  The  term  ractmic 
acid,  given  it  by  M.  Gay-Lussac  in  1828.  1857  W.  A. 
MILLER  Elem.  Chem.  III.  333  The  ordinary  salts  of  racemic 
acid  occur  in  symmetrical  crystals.  1876  tr.  Schutzenbcrger  s 
Ferment.  7  It  might  be  thought  that  . .  it  resulted,  like 
racemic  acid,  from  the  union  of  two  active  but  opposed 
molecules.  1894  MORLEY  &  Ml'lR  Watts  Diet.  Chem.  I. 
672/2  The  '  racemic '  camphor,  bromo-camphor,  and  cam 
phoric  acid  were  also  prepared  by  mixture. 

RacemiferOUS  (rsesfmi-fer3s),a.  rare.  [f.  L. 
racemifer  cluster-bearing  (f.  racem-us  RACEME)  + 
-ous :  see  -FEKOUS.]  Bearing  racemes  or  clusters. 

1656  in  BLOUNT  Ghssogr.  [Hence  in  Bailey,  Johnson  etc] 
1813  J.  FORBES  Oriental  Mem.  III.  76  A  twig  of  the  race- 
miferous  fig  tree.  1819  H.  BUSK  Banquet  I.  250  The  vine 
its  racemiferous  branches  spread. 

Race-rniforrn,  a.  [f.  L.  racem-us  +  -(I)FOUM.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  raceme  (Cent.  Diet.  1891). 

Racemo-  (rasrmo),  used  as  combining  form  of 
L.  racemus  RACEME  in  certain  chemical  terms,  with 
the  sense  of  '  containing  a  proportion  of  racemic 
acid',  as  racemo-carbonate,  -methylate,  -vitiate; 
racemo-carbonic,  -oxalic,  -vinic  adjs. 

1838  T.  THOMSON  Chem.  Org.  Bodies  177  M.  Guerin-Varry 
discovered  racemovinic  acid.  Ibid.  178  Racemovinate  of 
potash.  Ibid.  184  Racemomethylate  of  potash.  1868  WATTS 
Diet.  Chem.  V.  40  The  ethylic  racemo-carbonate  may  be 
converted  by  heating  with  carbonate  of  potash.  Ibid., 
Racemocarbonic  acid  is  tribasic. 

Racemose  (roe's/m^s),  a.  [ad.  L.  racemos-tis 
clustering,  f.  racfm-us  RACEME  :  see  -OSE.] 

1.  Bot.  a.  Of  /lowers  :  Arranged  in  racemes,     b. 
Of  an  inflorescence  or  a  vegetable  growth  generally : 
Having  the  form  of  a  raceme. 

1698  J.  PETIVER  in  Phil.  Trans.  XX.  313  It  has  a  race 
mose  Flower.     1806  GALPINE  Brit.  Bot.  419  Stem  cross- 
branching,  . .  Fl.  racemose.     1860   TYAS   Wild  Ft.  176  A 
lengthened  racemose  spike  of  many  closely  crowded  lluwers. 
i88z  VINES  Sachs'  Bat.  179  A  racemose  system  occurs  when 
the  monopodial  mother-shoot  continues  to  develope  more 
strongly  than  all  the  lateral  shoots,  and  when  the  lateral 
shoots  of  each  successive  order  behave  in  the  same  manner 
in  respect  to  their  mother-shoot. 

2.  Anat.  Having  the  form  of,  arranged  as,  a  cluster 
(esp.  as  an  epithet  of  compound  glands). 

1833-6  TODD  Cycl.  A  nat.  I.  559/1  The  ovisacs  are  racemose  I 
or  connected  in  bunches.  1841-71  T.  R.  JONES  Anim. 
A  ingd.  (ed.  4)785  The  viscus  assumes  a  distinctly  racemose, 
appearance.  1860  SIR  H.  THOMPSON  Dis.  of  Prostate  (1868) 
34  They  are  not  crowded  upon  it  so  as  to  form  a  compact 
mass,  as  m  other  racemose  glands. 

Hence  Ra'cemosely  adv.,  in  a  racemose  manner. 

1840  PAXTON  Bot.  Diet.,  Racemosely. corymbose 

Racemous  (rarsfinas),  a.  Bot.  rare.  [f.  as 
prec. :  see -ous.]  =  prec.  I.  Hence  Ba-cemously 
adv.,  in  the  manner  of  a  raceme. 

1657  TOMLINSON  Renou's  Disp.  279  Their  fruits  small, 
round,  and  racemously  coherent.  1806  J.  GALPINE  Brit. 
Bot.  181  Berberis,  Fl.  racemous. 

Racemule  (ne-sftniwl).  Bot.  [ad.  L.  type 
*racc»iul-us,  dim.  of  racem-us :  see  RACEME  and 
-ULE.]  A  small  raceme  (Ogilvie  1882). 

Race  niulose,  a.  Bot.  [See  prec.  and  -OSE.] 
Resembling  a  race-mule;  somewhat  racemose. 

1864  WEBSTER  cites  HENSLOW. 

Racer  *  (r^i-sai).    [f.  RACE  z/.i  +  -ER  i.] 

1.  One  who  races  or  takes  part  in  a  race. 

1649  LOVELACE  Poems  30  Flye  on,  flye  on  swift  Racer 
1717  BERKELEY  Tour  in  Italy  22  Jan.  Wks.  1871  IV.  533 
1  wo  towers  where  the  racers  used  to  prepare  themselves 
1743  BULKELEY  &  CUMMINS  foy.  S.  Seas  150  They  rode 
backwards  and  forwards  like  Racers.  1818  KEATS  Enaym. 
II.  932  Some  breathless  racers,  whose  hopes  poise  Upon  the 
last  few  steps.  1879  BROWNING  Pkeidippides  94  Henceforth 
be  allowed  thee  release  From  the  racer's  toil. 

fig.  1741  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  ix.  2388  Leave  the  racers  of  the 
world  their  own,  Their  feather,  and  their  froth. 

2.  A  race-horse. 

1670  EVELYN  Diary  22  July,  The  jockeys  breathing  their 
fine  barbs  and  racers.  1719  D'URFEY  Pills  IV.  13  On  Pads, 
Hawkers,  Hunters,  on  Higlers  and  Racers.  1768  R.  WALL 
(title)  A  Dissertation  on  breeding  Horses,.. an  attempt  to 
promote  thereby  the  Breed  of  Racers  and  Horses  in  general. 
1833  MARRYAT  P. Simfle  d863)  211  As  much  difference,  .as 
there  is  between  a  racer  and  a  cart-horse.  1887  Miss 
BRADDON  Like  /j-  Unlike  i,  He  hasn't  a  racer's  head. 

b.  Any  animal  having  great  speed,  or  fit  for 
racing ;  spec,  as  the  name  of  several  species  of 
American  snakes  (Webster  1864),  of  a  sand-crab, 
and  of  some  varieties  of  American  lake-trout. 

1699  DORSET  To  Mr.  E.  Howard  22  All  the  swift-finn'd 
Racers  of  the  Flood.    1711  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  II.  303 

I  is  thus  the  aerial  racers  are  able  to  perform  so  rapid  and 

VOL.  VIII. 


89 

strong  a  motion.  1864-5  WOOD  Homes  without  Hands 
90  Another  Land  Crab,  which . .  is  popularly  called  the  Racer, 
..is  a  native  of  Ceylon.  1884  GOODE  Nat.  Hist.  Use/. 
Aquatic  Anim.  488  Two  varieties  (of  lake-trout]  are  also 
recognized,  one. .known  as  '  Reef  Trout ',  or  when  very 
large  are  called  '  Racers '.  1898  Westm.  C,az.  25  Oct.  5/1  The 
'carrier'  pigeon  has  become  a  show  bird;  so  have  the 
'  Antwerp  ',  which  succeeded  it  as  a  racer,  and  the  '  homer  '. 

3.  Anything  used  for  racing,  as  a  bicycle,  yacht, 
etc. ;  anything  capable  of  great  speed. 

1793  COWPER  A  Tale  30  A  ship  ! . .  This  racer  of  the  sea. 
1885  Cyclist  19  Aug.  1107/1  Bicycles.  ..Rudge  racer,  only 
ridden  in  ten  races.  1895  Westm.  Gaz.  15  Aug.  3/2  No 
train  . .  is  timed  to  do  the  journey  quicker  than  the  above 
racers. 

b.  Rlich.  A  part  of  a  machine  having  an  un 
usually  rapid  motion. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  355/2  When  the  braid  is  to  be 
laid  up  flat, ..each  racer,  as  the  spindle  holders  are  called, 
makes  a  single  course.  1882  Standard  23  Aug.  2/4  The 
'  racer ',  which  is  a  half  circle,  and  attached  to  the  machinery, 
came  down  with  terrific  force. 

4.  Gunnery.  A  rail,  forming  a  horizontal  arc,  on 
which  the  carriage  or  traversing-platform  of  a  gun 
is  moved. 

1861  Times  30  May,  The  carriages  work  on  raised  racers — 
that  is,  semi-circular  lines  of  metal  raised  about  ij  inch 
above  the  terre-pleine.  1879  Man.  Artill.  Exerc.  255  The 
racer  is  secured  to  the  bedding-plate  by  steel  bolts.  1883 
NARES  Constr.  Ironclati  9  If  a  broadside  ship,  racers  and 
gun  ports  are  fitted. 

Racer2  (r^'-saj).   rare.     [f.  RACE  zv1] 

1 1.   A  scalpel,  RAZOR.   Oh.  rare—". 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  72  A  racer,  scalpriim. 

2.  Jlort.   (See  quot.) 

1819  RKES  Cycl.  XXIX,  Racer,  in  Gardening,  a  name 
applied  to  a  sort  of  sward. cutter,  or  cutting  implement,  used 
in  racing  out  or  cutting  through  the  surface  of  grass  sward. 

Race-tool,    [f.  RACE  z>.31   =  RACE-KNIFE. 

1867  [see  RACE  v?  i]. 

Raceway  (t*'-S|W^).  U.S.     [f.  RACE^.I] 

1.  A  passage  or  channel  for  water;  the  bed  of 
a  canal,  etc.     Cf.  RACE  sf>.1  8  c. 

1868  Rep.  U.  -V.  Commissioners  Agric.  (1869)  335  The  sand 
and  gravel  which  covers  the  bottom  of  the  raceway.     1877 
RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  4-  Mining-  292  From  No.  i   the 
water  is  carried  through  a  race-way  into  tank  No.  2. 

trans/,  1873  LOWELL  Poems,  Orient  Apol.  xvii,  A  mere 
Auricular  canal  or  raceway  to  be  fed . .  From  their  vast  heads 
of  milk-and-water-power. 

2.  A  course  or  passage  for  a  shuttle. 

i87S  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1355/2  s.v.  Loom,  A  roller  im 
parting  a  vibratory  motion  to  the  lay,  in  which  is  a  raceway 
for  the  shuttle. 

Rache,  ratcli  (rsetj),  sl/l  Obs.  exc.  arch. 
Forms :  3-6  raoeh-,  (5  rachoh-),  4-5  rach,  4-7,  9 
rache ;  5-6  ratch-,  7-8  ratch.  [OK.  rim,  related 
to  ON.  rakkidog.]  A  hunting-dog  which  pursues 
its  prey  by  scent. 

After  c  1530  only  in  Sc.  use  :  cf.  quot.  1576. 

c  1000  Ags.  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  276/4  Molosus,  robhund. 
Un/er,  grijhund.  Bruccns,  raecc.  c  noo  ORMIN  13505 
Rihht  alls  an  hunnte  takebb  der  Wib>  hise  gaepe  rareness. 
c  1175  Serving  Christ  71  in  O.  E.  Misc.  02  pe  ronke  racches 
bat  ruskit  be  ron.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  11.  274  Brocours  that 
renne  aboute  Lich  unto  racches  in  a  route.  1433  LYDG. 
St.  Edmund  n.  881  With  blast  of  hornys,  with  rachchis  & 
with  houndys.  c  1440  Promp.  Parti.  422/1  Ratche,  hownde, 
odorinsecus.  1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.  592  Here  is  a  leysshe 
of  ratches  to  renne  a  hare,  c  1570  Satir.  rocms  Reform. 
xviii.  23  Throw  out  this  Realme  lyke  Ratches  se  je  range. 
1576  FLEMING  tr.  Cains'  Eng.  Doggcs  (1880)  7  Albeit  some 
of  this  sort  in  English  be  called  Brache,  in  Scottishe  Rache,  I 
the  cause  hereof  resteth  in  the  shee  sex  and  not  in  the  ; 
generall  kinde.  [160*  *nd  ft.  Return  fr.  Paniass.  n.  v. 
873  Small  Ladies  puppies,  raches,  and  Bastards.]  a  1733 
RAMSAY  Highland  Lassie  iv,  With  cockit  gun  and  ratches 
tenty,  To  drive  the  deer  out  of  their  den.  1819  SCOTT 
Demonol,  iv.  131  Three  raches,  or  hounds  of  scent,  followed 
her  closely.  1875  J.  VEITCH  Tweed  56  By  her  side  seven 
raches  running  free. 

'.''""^    *9Sl  J-  MELVILL  Diary  (1842)  428  Craftie  men . . 
Wna  noundlt  furthe  these  ratches  under  night. 
,,r,      ',T173?  MACFARI.ANE  Geneal.  Coll.  (1900)306  Three 
Wolves  Heads  erased  supported  by  two  Ratch  hounds. 

Hence  f  Batchet  (1  after  brachet  from  BKACH). 

1563  BECON  Acts  Christ  %  Antichr.  Wks.  III.  400  Anti 
christ  hunteth  the  wilde  dere..with  houndes  and  ratchettes 
ronning. 

Rache,  ratcli  (re'tf,  raetf),  sb?  Obs.  exc.  dial. 
Forms  :  6  ratche,  6-8  rache,  8  raieh,  7,  9  rach, 
9  dial,  raitch,  ratch.  See  also  REACH.  [Of 
obscure  etym. ;  cf.  RACE  s6.5  and  RAKE  st>.'2]  A 
(white)  line  or  streak  down  a  horse's  face. 

I5»3  FITZHERB.  Must.  (1598)  §  68  Of  markes  . .  a  white 
snyp,  or  a  white  rache  is  good.  Ibid.,  A  blacke  Horse,  so 
he  haue  white  feet,  white  ratche,  and  white  feather.  1558 
W,lh  «r  to.  AT.  C.  (Surtees  1835)  173  My  blacke  geldinge 
hauing  a  white  Rache  in  his  forehead.  1610  MARKHAM 
Masterp.  i.  x.  27  A  blacke  with  white  starre,  white  rache  or 
white  foote.  1689  A^.  Riding Kec.  VII.  99  One  bay  guelding 
with.. a  white  rache  down  his  face.  1725  Land.  Caz.  No. 
6403/3  A  black  Filly,.. with  a  Raich  down  her  face.  1811 
Sporting  Mag.  XXXVII.  135  He  is  a  good  chesnut,  no 
white,  except  a  rach  down  his  face.  1833  New  Sporting 
Mag.  \.  278/2  A  dingy  looking  bay  filly,  with  a  great  white 
ratch  down  her  face.  1855  ROBINSON  Whitby  Class.,  Raitch, 
a  white  line  down  a  horse's  face. 

t  Rache,  z;.l  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
intr.  and  refl.  1  To  hasten,  make  ready  in  haste. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  1239  Meliager  with  hys  men .  .rachen 
with  (>air  route  &  ryden  bott  a  while.  Ibid.  2031  Alexander 
. .  Rachez  hym  radly  to  ride. 


RACHIS. 

t  Rache,  v.%  Ofrs.  - '  [a.  OK.  racher,  aphetic 
f.  arraclier  AKRACHI:.]  trans.  To  pull  off. 

c  1400  Land  Troy  Bk.  5689  His  hed  was  bare,  his  helme 
was  rached. 

Rache,  obs.  f.  REACH  v .  Racheat,  obs.  f. 
RECHEAT.  Rachen,  var.  rechen  RECIIK.  Rachet, 
var.  RATCHET  ;  obs.  f.  ROCHET.  Rachetic,  irreg. 
var.  RACHITIC.  Rachill,  obs.  f.  RATCHEL. 

Rachi-  (n?i-ki),  rachio-  (r^'kio^comb.  forms 
of  RACHIS,  used  in  some  (chiefly  recent)  terms  of 
Anat.  and  J'ath.  relating  to  the  spine  or  vertebral 
column.  (Also  occasionally  written  with  rh- :  see 
RACHIS.)  Baohia-gra  (see  RACHISAUKA).  Ba- 
chia/lgia  [Gr.  -a\fia  pain],  pnin  in  or  due  to  the 
spine;  painter's  colic;  hence  Bachialgic  a. 
Rachialgi-tls  [see  -ma],  inflammation  of  the 
spinal  chord,  myelitis  (Dtinglison  1893  .  Bachi- 
glcrssate  a.  [Gr.  ykwaaa  tongue],  of  certain 
mollusca  :  having  a  median  row  of  teeth  on  the 
odontophore  (Cent.  Diet.  1891).  Ba'chiodont  a. 
[Gr.  iiduvr-  tooth],  of  a  genus  of  serpents  ^Kachio- 
tiori) :  having  vertebral  processes  which  penetrate 
the  gullet  and  serve  as  teeth  (Cassetfs  Encycl. 
Diet.  1887).  Ba  chi(o)para-lysis,  paralysis  of 
the  spine  ^Craig  1848).  Ba'chiotome  [Gr.  -TO/JOS 
cutting],  a  dissecting  instrument  for  cutting  open 
the  spinal  canal  (Knight  Diet.  Mech.  1875). 
Eachio  tomy  [Gr.  -ropia  cutting],  the  operation 
of  cutting  into  the  spinal  canal  (Dunglison  1893). 
Kachitome  =  rachiolome  (Ogilvie  1882).  Ba- 
chi-tomous  a.,  (a)  of  vertebra :  segmented,  as 
in  batrachians  and  other  low  vertebrate  types  ; 
(t)  having  segmented  vertebrse. 

1811  HOOPER  Med.  Diet.,  " Rachialgia.  1822-34  Good's 
Stitd.  Med.  (ed.  4)  II.  472  This  disease  was.  .a  modification 
of  rhachialgia.  Itid.  I.  172  Without  any  'rhachinlgic 
pains.  1887  E.  D.  COPE  Orig.  Fittest  317  The  reptiles, 
in  their  primary  representative  order,.. have  been  probably 
derived  from  the  *rhachitomous  Batrachia. 

Rachial  (r^'kiil  ,  a.  [f.  RACHI-S  \  -AT,.]  Cha 
racterized  by  a  rachis. 

1848  MACUONALD  in  Proc.  Zool.  Sac.  140  The  Rachidian 
development.. is  the  longest,  and  forms  the  Rachial  type. 

Rachidian  (raki-dian),  a.  Also  rha-.  [f. 
r(Ji),uhid-,  assumed  stem  of  Gr.  fdxts  KACHIS  + 
-IAN.  Cf.  F.  rac/nJien.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
rachis,  chiefly  in  sense  3  b.  So  also  Bachi-dial  a. 
1848  (see  RACIUAL).  1851  WOODWARD  Mollusca  iv.  27  The 
rachidian  teeth  sometimes  form  a  single  series.  1866  R. 
TATE  Brit.  Mollusks  iii.  51  Each  transverse  row  consists  of 
one  median  or  rachidian  tooth.  1880  MACDONALD  in  Jrnl. 
Linn.  Sac.  XV.  167  If  the  rhachidian  series  is  suppressed. 

Rachiform  (r^-kif^im),  a.  Bot.  [f.  RACHI- 
+  FOKM.]  Having  the  form  of  a  rachis  (i  aX 

1866  J.  SMITH  Ferns  Brit,  ff  For.  (1879)  274  Fertile  seg 
ments  rachiform,  compound  paniculate. 

II  Rachilla  (raki-la).  Bot.  [mod.L.  dim.  of 
RACHIS.]  (See  quot.  1842.) 

1842  BKANDE  Diet.,  Rachilla,  a  branch  of  inflorescence  ; 
the  zigzag  centre  upon  which  the  florets  are  arranged  in  the 
spikelets  of  grasses.  1881  BKNTHAM  in  Jrnl.  Linn.  Soc. 
XVIII.  367  The  rhachilla  present,  but  not  exceeding  the 
glume. 

II  Rachis  (r^-kis).  Also  rha-.  PI.  rachides 
(r^-kidfz).  [mod.L.,  a.  Gr.  /Joxis  spine,  ridge, 
rib  (of  a  leaf),  etc.  The  more  precise  spelling 
rhachis  is  chiefly  confined  to  sense  2.  The  pi. 
rachides  is  erroneous,  as  the  stem  of  IM\IS  is  not 
/fcx'S-  but  A>X'--] 

1.  Bot.  a.  The  axis  of  an  inflorescence  in  which 
flower-stalks  occur  at  short  intervals   from  each 
other,  as  in  grasses. 

1785  MAKTYN  Rousseau's  Bot.  xiii.  (1794)  146  The  teeth  of 
the  rachis  or  receptacle  of  the  spike  bearded.  1830  LINDLEY 
Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  258  Terminal  flowers  sessile  upon  a  2.  or 
3-branched  rachis.  1861  S.  THOMSON  Wild  Ft.  u.  (ed.  4)  132 
The  grass  blossoms  are  arranged  upon  a  central  stem  or 
rachis.  1875  BENNETT  &  DVEK  tr.  Sachs'  Hot.  544  The 
ebracteate  flowers  stand  on  the  rachis  of  the  inflorescence. 

b.  The  axis  of  a  pinnately  compound  leaf  or 
frond,  corresponding  to  the  midrib  of  a  simple 
leaf. 

1832  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  i.  ii.  107  The  term  rachis  is 
applied  by  Willdenow  and  others  . .  to  tlie  petiole  and  costa 
of  Ferns.  1861  Miss  PRATT  Flower.  PI.  VI.  139  The  stalk 
(of  fern]  is  often  called  the  rachis,  but  strictly  speaking, 
it  is  composed  of  two  parts.  That  part  which  bears  the 
green  leaf  is  the  rachis.  1880  C.  &  F.  DARWIN  Movem.  PI. 
86  The  rachis  of  the  bracken  fern . .  rises  above  ground  under 
the  form  of  an  arch. 

2.  Anat.  The  vertebral  column,  or  the  primitive 
cord  from  which  it  develops. 


completely  effected  in  Amphioxus. 

b.  The  median   part  of  the  odontophore  of  a 
mollusc,  resembling  a  series  of  vertebra;. 

1851  WOODWARD  Mollusca  iv.  27  The  tongue,  or  lingual 
ribbon,  usually  forms  a  triple  band,  of  which  the  central  part 
is  called  the  rachis.  1866  TATE  Brit.  Mollusks  iii.  50  The 
central  area  is  called  the  rachis,  and  the  teeth  form  usually 
a  single  series, 

12 


BACHISAGRA. 

C.  A  cord  of  protoplasmic  matter  in  the  ovary 
of  nematoid  worms,  round  which  ova  are  developed. 

1877  HUXLEY  Anat.  Jnv.  Anim.  xi.  640  An  axile  cord 
of  protoplasmic  substance — the  rhachis — and  peripheral 
masses,  each,  .connected  by  a  stalk  with  the  rhachis. 

3.  Ornith.  The  stem  or  shaft  of  a  feather, 
especially  the  part  bearing  the  vexillnm,  as  dis 
tinguished  from  the  quill. 

1874  COUES  Birds  N.  W.  607  The  central  pair.. form  an 
angle  of  45°  with  the  rachis.  Hid.  616  Rhachides  of  the 
first  two  or  three  primaries  pure  white.  1893  NEWTON  Diet. 
Birds  245  In  Casttarius  each  primitive  feather  consists  of  a 
long  and  slender  rhachis  bearing  two  series  of  rami. 

Rachisa-gra.  Path.  [Irreg.  f.  Gr./5dx<? RACHIS, 
after  \ttpaypa,  iroSafpa  PODAGRA.  Some  recent 
medical  diets,  also  give  rachidagra  and  (correctly) 
rat/tiagra.]  Pain  in  the  spine  ;  spinal  gout. 

1753  'n  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp. 

Rachitic  (raki-tik),  a.  Also  rh-,  and  (irreg.) 
-etie.  [f.  RACHIT-IS  +  -ic.  Cf.  F.  racAitijut.] 
a.  Affected  with  rickets,  rickety,  b.  Connected 
with,  pertaining  to,  rickets. 

1797  NICHOLSON  Jmt.  Nat.  Phil.  I.  175  The  nature  of 
rachiticacid.  Ibid.  In  general  the  bile  is  wanting  in  rachitic 
infants.  1822-34  Good's  Stud.  Med.  (ed.  4)  II.  486  A  con 
stitution  naturally  feeble  and  rachetic.  1855  Household  Wds. 
25  Aug.  89  Unfortunate  little  objects  .  .  with  rachitic  limbs. 
1876  HRISTOWE  Tit.  $  Pract.  Med.  (1878)  910  The  shape  of 
the  chest  in  rachitic  children  becomes  remarkably  modified. 

trtinsf.  1864  R.  F.  BURTON  Dahoiite  I.  25  The  youngest, 
and  the  most  rachitic  of  Great  Britain's  large ..  family  of 
colonies, 

II  Rachitis  (rakai'tis).  [mod.L.,a.  Gr.  paxTns 
(f.  /5ax«  KHACHIS  +  -iris  -ITIS),  properly  meaning 
'inflammation  of  the  spine',  but  adopted  by 
Gleeson,  1650,  in  his  work  De  Rachitide  as  a 
learned  form  of  rickets. "\  1.  =  RICKETS. 

1727-41  in  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  1799  UNDERWOOD  Treat.  Dis. 
Ckildr.  (ed.  4)  I.  339  It  was  named  Rachitis,  from  the 
Greek,  implying  that  the  spina  dorsi  is  particularly  affected 
by  it.  1830  R.  KNOX  fieclftrtfs  Anat.  241  The  vertebral 
column  presents  this  softening  in  a  very  marked  degree  in 
cases  of  rachitis.  1847-9  TODD  Cycl.  Anat.  IV.  712/2  In 
rachitis,  the  bones  may  be  bent  in  any  direction.  1876  tr. 
IVagner's  Gen.  Pattwl.  (ed.  6)  14  Phthisis  and  rachitis, 
which  usually  last  for  years. 

2.  Bot.  '  An  abortion  of  the  fruit  or  seed'. 

1864  WEBSTER  cites  HENSLOW. 

Racht,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  t.  of  REACH,  RECK. 

Rachter,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RAFTER  s6.1 

Racial  (re'-Jial,  -Jar,  a.  [f.  RACE  sb.2  +  -IAL.] 
Belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of,  race. 

1862  R.  H.  PATTKRSON  Ess.  Hist.  %  Art  448  These  racial 
diversities  are  reflected  in  the  character  of  the  religion. 
1883  S.  WELLS  WILLIAMS  Mid.  Kingd.  (ed.  2)  I.  iv.  ijg^The 
racial  distinction  between  the  Mongols  and  Manchus.  1885 
CLODD  Myths  tt  Dr.  i.  viii.  131  The  light  which  this  has 
thrown  upon  the  racial  connection  of  peoples. 

Hence  Ra  cially  adv.,  in  respect  of  race. 

1885  CLODD  Myths  <$•  Dr.  t.  viii,  133  [They]  were..probl 
ably  racially  connected  with  the  complex  group  of  peoples 
embracing  the  Tatar-Mongolians. 

Racily  vr/''sili),  adv.  [f.  RACY  a.  +  -LY  ^.] 
In  a  racy  manner  or  style. 

1843  J-  T.  COLERIDGE  in  Stanley  Arnold  I.  i.  17  His 
language  was  quaintly  and  racily  pointed  with  phrases  from 
[Aristotle].  1899  Westm.  Gaz .  15  Apr.  3/1  We  have  . . 
quoted  largely  from  Major  Y.'s  racily-written  pages. 

t  Raci'ne.  Ol>s.  rare—1,  [a.  F.  ratine :— pop.L. 
"radicina  dim.  of  radix  :  see  RADIX.]  A  root. 

£1400  Rom.  Rose  4881  Of  ech  synne  it  is  the  rote  Unle- 
fulle  lust..  And  of  all':  yvelle  the  racyne. 

Raciness  (re'-sines).  [f.  RACY  a.  +  -NESS.] 
The  fact  or  condition  of  being  racy  : 

a.  Of  wine,  fruit,  etc. 

1682  Art  f,  .'tryst.  Vintners(\-ja-^^\  Nutmegs  and  Cloves 
.  -give  a  kind  of  Raciness.  1823  LAMB  Lett.,  to  /».  Barton 
xiii.  122  My  jargonels.. were  of  exquisite  raciness.  1829 
DE  QUINCEY  in  '  H.  A.  Page'  Life  (18771  I-  xii.  265  New 
potatoes  of  celestial  earthiness  and  raciness. 

b.  Of  speech,  writing,  manner,  etc. 

1778  JOHNSON  L.  P.,  Milton  I.  247  His  images  and  descrip 
tions.,  do  not  seem.. to  have  the  freshness,  raciness,  and 
energy  of  immediate  observation.  1798  W.  TAYLOR  in 
Monthly  Rev.  XXVI.  545-6  That  raciness,  that  taste  of  the 
soil,  which  can  alone  endear  any  laws  to  a  free  people.  1834 
DE  QUINCEY  in  Tail's  Mag.  I.  200/2  An  apparent  strength 
of  character.,  and  a  raciness  of  manner.  1884  W.  J. COURT- 
HOPE  Addison  ix.  188  Using  the  language  with  a  raciness 
and  rhythm  probably  unequalled  in  our  literature. 

Racing  (r<-'-sirj),  vbl.  rf.l    [f.  RACE  s6.l  or  i>.l 

+  -ING1.] 

1.  The  action  of  RACE  vi.l  in  its  various  senses. 
1680  COTTON  Compl.  Gamester  (ed.  2)  xxxv.  Of  Racing. 

J7S3  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.,  Racing,  the  riding  heats  for 
a  plate  or  other  premium.  1808  SCOTT  Alarm,  v.  xii,  There 
was  racing  and  chasing  on  Cannobie  Lee.  1832  LIEDF.R 
Encycl.  Atner.  X.  474/1  Subsequent  sovereigns  have  also 
encouraged  racing.  1856  EMERSON  F.ng.  Traits,  Arista- 
cracy  Wks.  (Bohn)  11.86  Vet  gaming,  racing,  drinking, .. 
bring  them  down. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  racing-boat,  club,  coll, 
eight,  establishment,  -gig,  -glass,  jacket,  man,  out 
rigger,  pace,  -path,  place,   saddle,  season,    stable, 
stud,    -whip,    world,    yacht;    racing-like,    -tyred 
adjs.  ;   tracing-bell,  a  small  spherical  bell  for 
merly  given  as  a  prize  in  a  horse-race  (see  BELL 
sb.l  7)  ;  Boeing  Calendar,  a  yearly  publication 


90 

I   giving  particulars  of  horse-races  run  or  to  be  run  ; 
|    tracing-loser,  one  who   loses  in   or   by   horse- 
racing;   racing-  tail,    the    tail    of  natural    length 
worn  by  race-horses;  hence  racing-tailed  &. 

1850  KINGSLF.Y  Alton  Locke  xii,  I  stood  .  .  gazing  across  the 

river,  heedlessof  the  Bracing-boats.  1861  HUGHES  Totn  Brown 

at  Ox/.  I.  68  The  flooring,  lines,  and  keel  of  a  racing  boat. 

1709-  (title)  The  *Racing  Calendar.  1838  DE  QUINCEY  Wks. 

1863  XV.  114  He  would  suppose  himself  reading  the  'Racing 

Calendar  '.     1840  WHYTE  Hist.  Turf  I.  191  Members  of  a 

*racing  or  fox-hunting  club.  1828  DACYILt7Vca&&«fir&0nf 

454  On  breaking  *racing  colts.    1866  '  ARGONAUT  '  Rtnvingfy 

Training  12  Length  of  boat  (*Racing  eight)  56  feet.     1828 

DARVILL  Treat.  Race  horse  6  The  home  stables  of  a  large 

public  *racing  establishment.      1884  Harper's  Mag.   Feb. 

344/1  A  long  *racing-gig  swept  by  us.    1882  Graphic  25  Oct. 

437/3  Putting  off  the  shibboleth  of  the  turf  with  his  facing- 

glasses,    1833  A>7c  Sporting  Mag.    V.    398   The  *racing 

jacket,  with    fancy  buttons   and    velvet  collar.     Ibid.    132 

The  *racing-Hke  style  in  which  he  did  his  work.     1852  R.  S. 

SURTF.ES   Sfonges  Sf.    Tour  (1893)  290    Sound,    springy, 

racing-like  turf.     1680  COTTON  Compleat  Gamester  (ed.  2) 

xxxv.   148   The   woful   experience  of  too   many  *Racing- 

losers.     1828  DARVILL  Treat.  Race  horse  218  *  Racing  men 

endeavour  .  .  to  keep  the  secrets  of  their  stables.   1866  *  ARGO 

NAUT  '  Rowing  <$•  Training-  56  A  regular  *rachig  outrigger 

may  be  substituted  for  the  tub.     i8z8  DARVILL  Treat.  Rate 

i    horse  172  To  come  a  long  length  at  a  Bracing  pace.     1884 

I    Longm.  Mag.  Mar.  484  The  feats  accomplished  ..  on  the 

*racjng-path.       1741-3   POCOCKE   Descr.    East    I.    10  The 

j    Bracing  place,  call'd  the  Hippodromus.  1828  DARVILL  Treat. 

Race  horse  22  Racks  and  pegs  for  the  Bracing  saddles.    1840 

!     WHYTE  Hist.   Turf  11.  600  The  conclusion  of  the  *  racing 

1    season.     1828  DARVILL  Treat.  Race  horse  p.  v,  Anyone  who 

j    has  not  been  brought  up  in  'racing  stables.     1840  WHYTE 

I    Hist.   Tnrf  I.  36  Oliver  Cromwell.  .kept  a  *  racing  stud. 

1863  OUIDA  Held  in.  Bondage  (1870)  51  She  will  cost,  .more 

|    than  a  racing  stud.     1843  THACKERAY  Jerome  Paturot  361 

1    A  great  floundering  *racing-tailed  horse.    1891  Pall  M  all  G, 

|    29  Oct.  1/3  A  Clincher  *racing-tyred  Humber  safety.     1864 

.    Reader  No.  97.  568/2  A  *racing-whip  he  had  brought.  1841 

'WILDRAKE  '  Cracks  of  the  Day  212  The  grand  emporium 

1    of  the  year  [1838]  in  the  Bracing  world,  was  the  Epsom  Races. 

1885  Royal  River  xii.  338  The  *racing  yachts  are  clearing 

t  Ba'Cing,  vbl.  sbt    Obs.     [f.  RACE  -v.*\    The 

action  of  scratching,  cutting,  or  scraping  out. 

1576  BAKER  Gesncrs  Jewell  ofJIealth  8  b,  A  waxed  threede 

\    was  fastened  about  that  place  .  .  for  the  strayghter  and  evener 

i    racing  of  the  Glasse.     1592  WEST  ist  Pt.  Symbolzogr.  §  56 

1     Cij  b,  Ingrossed  in  paper  or  parchment,  without  blotting, 

racing,  interlyning.     1633  HART  Diet  of  Diseased  \\\.  ix.  264 

By  meanes  of  scarification  or  racing  of  the  skinne. 

attrib.  1794  Rigging  fy  Seamanship  I.  8  Racing-knife, 
a  small  tool  to  race  with.  1819  [see  RACE  sb?\. 

Racing  (r^-sirj\  ppl.  a.  [f.  RACE  v.l  +  -ING  2.] 
That  races,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb. 

1720  POPE  Iliad  xxni.  342  The  Prizes  ..  decreed  To  the 
brave  Rulers  of  the  racing  Steed.  1811  W.  R.  SPENCER 
Poems  23  How  swift  from  left  and  right,  The  racing  fields 
and  hills  recede.  18766.  MEREDITH  Beanch.  Career  xxxii, 
Levelling  his  telescope  to  sight  the  racing  cutters. 

Rack  (nek),  sbl  Forms:  4  rac,  4-5  rakke, 
4-6  rak,  (5  rake),  6-7  racke,  5-  rack.  [Chiefly 
a  northern  word,  and  perh.  of  Scandinavian  origin  ; 
cf.  Norw.  and  Sw.  dial,  rak  (Sw.  vrak,  Da.  wag) 
wreck,  wreckage,  refuse,  rubbish,  etc.,  f.  reka  to 
drive,  REKE. 

The  only  form  recorded  in  ON.  is  rek  wreckage,  but  the 
forms  cited  above  seem  to  indicate  an  ON.  *rak,  parallel  to 
OE.  ivrsec  from  ivrecan  WREAK.  The  history  of  the  word  is 
not  quite  clear,  however,  and  some  of  the  senses  may  have 
a  different  origin.] 

1  1.  A  rush,  shock,  collision,  ?  hard  blow  or  push. 
Also,  a  noise  as  of  a  shock  ;  a  crash.  Obs. 

a  1300  Body  fy  Soul  in  Map's  Poems  (Camden)  335  Thou} 
me  lete  have  rap  and  rac.  c  1330  Arth.  fy  Merl.  3476  (Kol- 
bing)  Vlfines  launce  tobrac.  f>e  J>re  come  \>o  gret  rac.  c  1400 
Metayne  1249  Thay  ruysschede  Samen  with  swilke  a  rake 
That  many  a  Sara^ene  laye  on  his  bake,  c  1470  Gol.  tyGaw. 
918  The  bernys  bowit  abak,  Sa  woundir  rude  wes  the  rak. 
1508  D  UNBAR  Gold.  Targe  240  Thay  fyrit  gunnis  .  .  1  "he 
rochis  all  resownyt  wyth  the  rak.  1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis 
XL  xii.  41  Thai  meyt  in  melle  with  a  felloun  rak. 

f  2.  A  rush  of  wind  ;  a  gale,  storm.     Obs.  rare. 

c  1400  Dcstr.  Troy  1984  There  a  tempest  horn  toke  .  .  A  rak 
and  a  royde  wynde  rose  in  hor  saile.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis 
x.  v.  127  Thai  fle  the  weddris  blast  and  rak  of  wynd. 

3.  Clouds,  or  a  mass  of  cloud,  driven  before  the 
wind  in  the  upper  air.  (The  main  use.) 

13.  .  E.  R.Allit.  P.  C.  176  What  may  gome  trawe,  Eot  he 
j?at  rules  be  rak  may  rwe  on  J>ose  ober  ?  c  1440  York  Myst. 
xvi.  7  The  rakke  of  J>e  rede  skye  fulle  rappely  I  ridde. 
c  1450  LONELICH  Grail  xxxv.  386  The  Schipe  wente  .  .  Swiftere 
than  J>e  Rakke  In  pe  Eyr.  1590  GREENE  Never  too  late 
(1600)  34  The  welkin  had  no  racke  that  seemed  to  glide. 
i6a6  BACON  Sylva  §  115  The  Windes  in  the  Vpper  Region 
(which  moue  the  Clouds  aboue  which  we  call  the  Racke). 
1697  DRYDEN  I'irg.  Georg.  i.  435  With  such  a  force  the 
flying  rack  is  driv'n.  1789  E.  DARWIN  Bot.  Gard.  n.  (1791) 
53  Now  a  speck  is  seen  !  And  now  the  fleeting  rack  ob 
trudes  between  !  1808  SCOTT  Mann.  iv.  Introd.,  Along  the 
sky,  Mix'd  with  the  rack,  the  snow  mists  fly.  1840 
THACKERAY  G.  Cruikshank  (  \  869)  317  A  great  heavy  rack 
of  clouds  goes  sweeping  over  the  bridge.  1886  HALI.CAINE 
Son  of  Hagar  i.  viii.  150  The  stars  struggled  one  by  one 
through  a  rack  of  flying  cloud. 

ftg.  1641  Curates'  Confer,  in  Harl.  Misc.  I.  499,  I  am 
almost  at  the  same  ebb  :  but  let  us  hope  better  :  things  will 
not  always  ride  in  this  rack. 

Comb. 

gro  ,  , 

ships.     1620  T.  SCOTT  God  $  King  (1633)  16  It  is  for  me  to 
observe  the  ground-winde,  not  the  rack-winde. 
•f  b.  Driving  mist  or  fog.     Obs. 


. 

Comb.     1618  S.  WARD  Jethro's  Justice  (1627)  57  It  is  the 
round    wind,    not    the  rack-winde,  that   driues   mils  and 


RACK. 

13. .  Gaiv.  fy  Gr.  Knt.  1695  In  rede  rudede  vpon  rak  rises 
be  siinne.  1418-20 Sieg? R onen  993  in  Archxologia  XXII. 
373  The  clothis. .  Kepte  hem  there  from  rayne  and  rack. 
1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  yn.  Prol.  131  Wyth  cloudy  gum  and 
rak  ourquhelmyt  the  air.  1606  SuAKS.Anf.  <$•  Cl.  iv.xiv.  10 
That  which  is  now  a  Horse,  euen  with  a  thoght  the  Racke 
dislimes,  and  makes  it  indistinct. 

Jig*  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  iv.  i.  156  The  great  Globe  it  selfe 
..shall  dissolue,  And..Leaue  not  a  racke  behinde.  [1874 
PUSEY  Lenten  Serin.  100  The  most  plausible  will  not  leave 
a  rack  behind.] 

4,  A  (narrow)  path  or  track.  (Cf.  RAKE  j£.3) 
Now  only  dial. 

The  identity  of  the  south-western  word  (cf.  also  b)  with  the 
northern  is  somewhat  doubtful.  With  some  of  the  senses 
cf.  also  Du.  rak  a  stretch  (of  road,  river,  etc.). 

a  1400-50  Alexander  3383  Oute  of  be  rakke  [f.r.  rake]  of 
rightwyssnes  rynne  shuld  he  neuer.     1825-46  BROCKETT  A'. 
!     C.  Gloss,  (ed.  3)  II.  86  Rack^  narrow  path,  a  track,  a  trace. 
:     1879-  In  dial,  glossaries  (Shropsh.,  Glouc.,  Wilts,  etc). 

"b.  The  track  made  by  an  animal ;  esp*  that  of 
a  deer,  as  marked  by  gaps  in  hedges,  etc. 

1611  COTGR.,  Les/>assees  dnn  Cerf,  His  racke,  or  passages  ; 
the  places  which  he  has  gone  through,  or  by.  1817  J.  MAYER 
Sportsvi*  Direct.  23  Rabbits  are  taken  in  various  ways... If 
they  lie  in  hedge-rows,  .plant  one  or  two  guns  at  the  end 
where  the  racks  meet.  1862  C.  1*.  COLLYNS  Notes  Chase 
Wild  Red  Deer  79  Can  he  find  the 'rack 'or  place  where 
the  deer  broke  the  fence  into  the  wood  ? 

c.  Sc*  A  ford  in  a  river,  d.  Sc.  The  course  in 
curling  (Jam.),  e.  north.  A  reach  of  a  river. 

C.  ?  16. .  Kinnwnt  Willie  iv.  in  Child  Ballads  III.  472/1 
j  They  led  him  thro  the  Liddel-rack,  And  also  thro  the 
I  Carlisle  sands. 

6.    1838  T.   WILSON   Keelman's    Tribute   (Northumbld. 
Gloss.),  The  keelman's  dues  tiv  iv'ry  rack.. knew  Faddy, 
f.  Rack  of  (the]  eye:  (see  quots.).     dial. 

a  1796  PEGGE  Derbicisms  (E.  D.  S.)  117  To  judge  of  the 
value  of  a  thing  by  '  the  rack  o'  th'  eye  ',  by  view  or  sight, 
without  weighing  or  measuring.  1869  Lonsdale  Gloss., 
Rack  of  eye,  to  work  by.  To  be  guided  by  the  eye  in  the 
execution  of  work  done.  1886-7  in  Cheshire  glossaries. 

Rack  (nek),  sb2  Forms :  4-5  rekke,  rakk(e, 
5  rak,  5-7  racke,  6-  rack ;  also  5-6  rake. 
[App.  a.  MDu.  rec,  reck-  (Du.  rek,  rekke}  or  MLG. 
rek*,  rekke*  rik  (LG.  and  G.  reck,  recke ;  hence  Da. 
nvkke.  Sw.  rack,  racke},  applied  to  various  con 
trivances  (as  a  horizontal  bar  or  pole,  a  frame 
work,  shelf,  etc.)  on  which  things  are  hung  or 
placed,  a  henroost,  rail,  etc.,  prob.  f.  recken  to 
reach,  stretch ;  see  RACK  ».3  The  usual  vowel  of 
the  Eng.  word  appears  also  in  Du.  rakt  (L)G. 
rack,  variants  of  rek.  reck,  but  may  have  been 
developed  independently.] 

fl.  ?An  iron  bar  or  framework  to  which  pri 
soners  were  secured.  Obs. 

The  exact  sense  in  the  first  quot.  is  doubtful. 

c  1305  St.  Cristopher  192  in  E,  E.  P.  (1862!  64  O  womman 
he  let  honge,  Heuye  rekkes  bynde  to  hire  fet.  1502  ARNOLDE 
Chron.  (181-1)  92  Yc  warde  must  haue  a  racke  wl  ij.  longe 
cheynes  of  yrne.  1572  Nottingham  Rec.  IV.  145,  viij.  Ib.  of 
eyron  to  the  town's  rackes  and  mendyng.  1590  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  n.  iv.  14  Both  his  hands  fast  bound  behind  his  backe, 
And  both  his  feet  in  fetters  to  an  yron  racke. 

2.  A  bar  (usu.  in  pi.}  or  set  of  bars  of  iron  or 
wood    (see   quot.   1617)  used    to   support   a   spit 
or  other  cooking  utensil.     Obs.  exc.  dial. 

1390  Earl  Derby's  Exped.   (Camden)  18   Pro  ij  paribus 
rakkes  pro  caudrons  pendendis,     1424  E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  56 
Too  spytes,  and  a  peyre  rakkes  of  yryne,  and  to  brandernes. 
Ibid.    102   Also   a   rake   of  yren  forto  rost   on   his   eyren. 
1467  Mann.  <y  Hoitsch.  ExJ>.  (Roxb.)  399  In  makenge  of 
rakkes  of  tre  to  roste  one,  xij  d.      1564  Wills  %  Inv.  N.  C. 
(Surtees  1835)  223   Toynges,    gibcrokes,    rakincroke,   and 
rackes.     1617  MINSHEU,  a  Racke  or  Cobborne   to  lay  the 
broch  in  at  the  fire. . .  A  racke  is  properly  that  which  is  of 
yron  which  hath  a  long  ranke  of  barres  in  it,  and  a  Cobborne 
or  Coleburne  are  the  little  ones  of  wood,     a  1643  CART- 
WRIGHT  Lady  Errant,  \,  i,  Spits,  Andirons,  Racks  and  such 
like  Utensils.     1706  PHILLIPS,  Rack,  a  Wooden  Frame  ..  to 
lay  Spits  on  in  a  Kitchin.     1888  Sheffield  Gloss.,  Rack,  a 
piece  of  iron  to  hang  a  spit  on. 

3.  A  frame  made  with  upright  bars  of  wood  or 
metal  to  hold  fodder  for  horses  and  cattle,  either 
fixed  in  a  stable,  or  movable  so  as  to  be  placed 
where  desired  in  a  field  or  farmyard  ;  a  heck. 

14. .  in  Tundale's  Vis.  (1843)  124  To  se  that  lord  in  a  racke 
lye  That  hathe  hevon  under  hys  poste.  1443  Pol.  Poems 
(Rolls)  II.  212  In  a  streiht  rakke  lay  ther  the  kyng  of  pees. 
1494  FABVAN  Chron.  v.  Ixxx'w.  61  The  Calfe.  .forthwith  etc 
i  haye  with  the  dame  at  the  Racke.  1540-54  CROKE  xiii.  Ps. 
(Percy  Soc.)  9  Bynde  fast  theire  iawes  vp  to  the  racke. 
1607  MAKKHAM  Cewal.  in.  (1617)  21  You  shall  put  into  his 
racke  a.. bottle  of  hay.  1697  DRYDEN  I'irg.  Georg.  in.  606 
Salt  Herbage  for  the  fodd'ring  Rack  provide.  1781  COWPER 
Charity  173  He  breaks  the  cord  that  held  him  at  the  rack. 
1859  DICKENS  T.  Two  Cities  n.  ix,  The  horses  in  the  stables 
rattled  at  their  racks.  1886  C.  SCOTT  Sheep-Farming  65 
A  rack  nine  feet  long  will  accommodate  twenty  sheep.  .. 
Whenever  the  racks  are  taken  out  to  the  fields  [etc.]. 
b.  Coupled  with  manger. 

1391  Earl  Derby's  Exped.  (Camden)  205  Pro  factura  de 
rakks  et  mangers  in  diuersis  stabulis.    c  1450  Bk.  Cnrtasye 
610  in  Babees  Bk.t  Euery  horse  schalle  so  muche  haue,  At 
racke  and  manger,    r  1475  Partenay  913   Both  rekke  and 
manger  at  their  ease  gan  make.     1573  TUSSER  Hnsb*  (1878) 
35  A  racke  and  a  manger,  good  litter  and  haie.     1707  Ln. 
RABY  in   Hearne  Collect.  14  Sept.  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  42   His 
Horses  stand  . .  wthout  either   Racks  or   Mangers.       1868 
Regnl.   $   Ord.   Army  §  570  To   prevent    infection   from 
glanders.. the  rack  and  manger  are  to  be  scoured. 

fig*     XS77  HARRISON  England  \\.  ii.  (1877)  i.  44  Cantur- 


RACK. 

burie  was  said  to  be  the  higher  racke,  but  Winchester,  .to 
be  the  better  mangier. 

c.  Phr.  At  rack  and  manger  :  in  the  midst  of 
abundance  or  plenty,  wanting  for  nothing,     f  Also 
rarely  without  prep.     (Cf.  HECK  jY>.i  3.) 

4:1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  435  It  is  yuel  to  kepe  a  wast 
hors  in  a  stable  . .  but  it  is  worse  to  have  a  womman  wib- 
ynne  or  \vib-oute  at  racke  &  at  manger.  1592  WARNER  Alb. 
Eng.  viit.  xli.  (1612)  200  A  Queane  coriuall  with  a  Queene? 
Nay  kept  at  Racke  and  Manger?  1593  Bacchus  Bountic 
in  Hart.  Misc.  (1809)  II.  275  Plaine  rack  and  manger,  where 
euery  one  dranke  himself  out  of  danger.  1679  MRS.  BEHN 
Feigjid  Curtizan  m.  i,  Danger,  . .  once  o'recome,  I  lie  at 
rack  and  manger.  1843  CARLYI.E  Past  fy  Pr.  ii.  i,  John 
Lackland  . .  tearing  out  the  bowels  of  St.  Edmundsbury 
Convent,  .by  living  at  rack  and  manger  there. 

d.  Hence  Rack  and  manger^  want   of  proper 
economy  or-  management,  waste  and  destruction. 
(?  Associated  with  rack  and  ruin.}    Now  dial. 

1687  MIEGE  Gt.  Fr.  Diet.  \\.  s.v.,  To  leave  all  at  Rack  and 
Manger,  laisser  tout  a  C  abandon.  1731  FIELDING  Gntb  St. 
Op.  m.  ii,  The  moment  my  back  is  turned,  everything  goes 
to  rack  and  manger.  1785  GROSE  Class.  Diet.  Vulgar 
Tongue  s.  v.  Rackrent . .  To  lye  at  rack  and  manger,  to  be  in 
great  disorder.  1883  in  Hampsh.  Gloss. 

4.  A   framework    (varying   greatly   in   form   as 
used  for  various  purposes)  in  or  on  which  articles 
are  placed  or  suspended. 

Freq.  with  defining  word  prefixed  as  bacon-,  bottle-,  case-, 
cheese-,  galley-,  hat-,  f  late-rack  (see  the  first  element). 

1537  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  130  The  tramely  yn  the  chem- 
ney,  and  the  rackes  on  the  soler.  c  1590  GREENE  Fr.  Bacon 
iii,  When  we  haue.. set  our  cheese  safely  vpon  the  rackes. 
1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  xix.  p  7  Every  Stick-full 
[of  letters]  is  set  up  upon  the  Racks,  ready  for  the  Dresser  to 
Dress.  1694  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  v.  xxvii.  1.1737)  120  Having 
laid  their  Boots  and  Spurs  on  a  Rack.  1842  DICKENS  A  trier. 
Notes  (1850)  2/1  A  rack  fixed  to  the  low  roof,  and  stuck  full 
of  drinking  glasses  and  cruet  stands.  1869  E.  A.  PARKES 
Pract.  Hygiene  (ed.  3)  323  A  wooden  rack  round  the  centre 
pillar  receives  the  rifles.  1871  C.  GIBBON  Lack  of  Gold 
xviii,  The  dishes  on  the  rack  above. 

5.  In  various  special  or  technical  uses. 

a.  An  openwork  side  for  a  cart  or  wagon.     1  Obs.     b.  A 
framework  set  in  a  river  to  obstruct  the  passage  of  fish. 
C.    Naut.   (see   quots.) ;    also  —  halyard-rack  (HALYARD  2) 
and  =  FIDDLE  33.     d.  An  inclined  frame  or  table  on  which 
tin-ore   is   washed  (cf.    WRECK),     e.   In   organ-building  = 
pipe-rack,  t  f .  Part  of  a  moulding-machine  (see  quot.).  Obs. 

8-  X593  HOLLYBAND  Diet.  Fr.  <y  Eng.,  Bers  de  chariot, 
the  sides  or  racks  of  a  wagon.  1687  MIEGE  Gt.  Fr.  Diet. 
ii.  s.v.,  The  Racks  of  the  Cart  are  broken. 

b.  1735  Col.  Rec.  Pennsylv.  IV.  24  That  Racks  are  a  much 
greater  Obstruction  to  Navigation  than  Wears. 

C.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1776),  Rack, .  .a  frame  of 
*:-nb-  — '~:-; J  "  "" 


through  it,  containing  a  number  of  belaying-pins.  Ibid.  172' 
Rack,  a  long  shell,  containing  a  number  of  sheaves,  formerly 
fixed  over  the  bowsprit  to  lead  in  the  running  rigging.  1841 
DANA  Seaman  s  Man.  119  Rack, .  .a  fair-leader  for  running 
rigging- 

d.  1839 URE  Diet.  Arts  1244  The  rough  [tin  ore]  is  washed 
in  buddies ; . .  the  slimes . .  upon  a  kind  of  twin  tables,  called 
racks.  1893  Longm.  Mag.  Feb.  375  note,  A  mine-girl  that 
works  at  a  '  rack ',  and  who  separates  the  particles  of  tin 
from  the  finely  crushed  ore. 

f.  1678  MOXON  Mec/u  Exerc.  I.  104  To  this  Engine 
belongs  a  thin  fiat  peece  of  Hard  wood,  about  an  Inch  and 
a  quarter  broad  . .  called  the  Rack.  It  hath  its  under  flat 
cut  into  those  fashioned  waves. .your  work  shall  have. 

6.  J/tY//.    A    bar,    straight    or    slightly    curved, 
having  teeth  or  indentations  on  the  side  or  edge, 
which  gear  into  those  of  a  wheel,  pinion,  or  worm 
(for   the   conversion   of   circular    into   rectilinear 
motion  or  vice  versa),  or  serve  to  hold  something 
in  a  desired  (and  easily  alterable)  position. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  IX.  19  The  teeth  of  these  four 
wheels  take  alternately  into  the  teeth  of  four  racks.  1805 
R.  W,  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  I.  39  The  friction-bar  . ,  being 
connected  ..  to  the  front  [of  the  cart]  by  a  closely  notched 
or  toothed  rack.  1830  LOUDON  Cottage  Arch.  §  630  The 
writing-board,  or  flap,  might  be  made  to  rise  with  a  rack 
and  horse.  1881  YOUNG  Every  man  his  o^vn  Mechanic  238 
The  inner  jaw  is  immovable  and  to  the  bottom  of  it  a  steel 
rack  is  fastened. 

b.  Coupled  with  pinion. 

1814  BUCHANAN  Milluwk  (1823)  85  The  rack  and  pinion 
should  be  made  upon  the  principles  of  spur  geers.  1858 
LARDNER  Hand-bk.  Nat.  Phil.  32  Sliding  shutters,  which 
are  raised  and  lowered  by  racks  and  pinions. 

c.  Hence    rack -and- pinion    used    attrib.,   with 
adjustment^  movement^  etc. 

1837^  GORING  &  PRITCHARD  Microgr.  217  Various  ingenious 
contrivances  . .  retaining  the  rack-and-pinion  movement. 
1892  Photogr.  Ann.  II.  283  Rack  and  pinion  focussing. 
Ibid.  285  Rack  and  pinion  adjustment. 

7.  In  lace-making  :   (see  quots.).     Also  attrib. 
1831  MORLEY  in  Ure  Cotton  Manuf.  (1861)  II.  356  A  rack 

is  a  certain  length  of  work  counted  perpendicularly,  and 
contains  240  meshes  or  holes.  1832  BABBAGE  Econ.  Mamtf. 
xxx.  (ed.  3)  296  The  introduction  of  the '  rack ',  which  counts 
the  number  of  holes  in  the  length  of  the  piece.  1839  URE 
Diet.  Arts  733  A  24  rack  piece.. is  now  sold  for  7^. 

8.  Abbrev.  of  RACK-DEAL. 

1835  WHITE  in  Purl.  Rep.  Timber  Duties  206  The  mer 
chants  would  not  sell  a  cargo  without  taking  some  rack  and 
some  seconds.. and  generally  the  timber  merchants  had  a 
great  many  uf  what  were  called  second  rack. 

9.  at tril>.  and  Comb.t  as  rack-block   Naut.  (see 
quot.  and  cf.  sense  5  c^  ;    rack-board,  one  of  the 
boards  forming  the  pipe-rack  of  an  organ  (also 


91 

attrib.} ;  rack- calipers,  calipers  fitted  with  a  rack 
and  pinion  (Knight  Diet.  Meek.  1875) ;  ra,ck-car, 
a  railway-car  having  open-work  sides  (cf.  sense  3); 
rack-chain,  a  chain  by  which  a  horse  is  fastened 
to  the  rack  in  a  stall ;  rack-compass,  a  pair  of 
compasses  fitted  with  a  rack  (sense  6),  so  also 
rack-easel ;  rack-hook,  a  hooked  lever  which 
catches  into  the  rack  in  the  striking  mechanism 
of  a  clock  ;  rack-hurdle,  -hurry  (see  quots.) ; 
f  rack  lever,  a  lever  terminating  in  a  rack  for 
merly  employed  in  the  escapement  of  a  clock ; 
rack-pillar,  one  of  the  small  upright  pieces  of 
wood  supporting  the  rack-boards  in  an  organ  ; 
rack  pole,  one  of  the  bars  or  staves  forming  a 
rack  (sense  3);  rack-rail,  a  cogged  rail,  into 
which  a  cogged  wheel  on  a  locomotive  works ; 
rack  railway,  a  railway  having  a  rack-rail  laid 
between  or  beside  the  bearing-rails;  rack-rod  = 
RACK-BAR  ;  rack  saw,  a  saw  with  wide-set  teeth 
(Simmonds  Diet*  Trade  1858)  ;  rack-side,  one  of 
the  horizontal  bars  of  a  rack  (sense  3) ;  rack- 
spring,  the  spring  attached  to  the  rack  in  a  clock; 
rack-stave,  one  of  the  upright  staves  of  a  rack 
(sense  3)  ;  rack-table  —  sense  5  d  ;  rack-tail,  an 
appendage  to  the  rack  in  a  clock ;  rack-tube, 
a  tube  (in  a  microscope)  worked  by  a  rack  (sense 
6) ;  rack-way  —  rack-rail;  rack-wheel,  a  cog 
wheel  ;  rack-work,  mechanism  of  the  nature  of, 
or  containing,  a  rack  (sense  6)  ;  rack-yard,  a 
stock -yard  provided  with  racks  (sense  3). 

1794  Rigging  $  Seamanship  I.  156  *  Rack-blocks  are  a 
range  of  small  single  blocks,  made  from  one  solid.  1867 
SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  557,  1855  E.  J.  HOPKINS  Organ 
39  Some  thin  planks  of  wood,  called  *rack-boards  ..  laid 
parallel  with,  but  four  or  five  inches  above,  the  upper  boards. 
Ibid.)  Through  these  rack -board -holes  the  lower  and  narrow 
ends  of  the  pipe-feet  pass.  1881  C.  A.  EDWARDS  Organs  57 
The  Rack-boards  . .  are  frames  by  which  the  pipes  are  sup 
ported  in  a  perpendicular  position  over  the  upper  boards. 
1875  KNIGHT_.Z?ZC^  Meek,  1863/1  [Railway-cars]  had  four 
wheels,  no  springs,  and  no  roof;  similar  cars,  termed  *  *rack- 
cars',  are  still  in  use.  1828  DAKVILL  Treat.  Race  horse  55 
A  *rack-chain  may  be  fixed  in  the  centre  of  the  stall.  1859 
GULUCK  &  TIMHS  Paint.  199  The  square  "rack*  easel 
which  allows  the  painter  greater  facility  in  raising  or 
lowering  his  picture.  1875  KNIGHT/?/^.  A/t'c//.  1852/1  * Rack- 
hook.  1884  F.  J.  BRITTEN  Watch  fy  Clockm.  251  The  rack 
hook  is  lifted  free  of  the  first  tooth  only  at  the  half-hour. 
1770-4  A.  YOUNG  in  A.  Hunter  Georg.  Ess.  (1803)  III.  145 
*Rack-hurdles,  which  are  made  ..  [by]  leaving  the  middle 
rail  out  and  nailing  spars  across.  1888  Bcrksh.  Gloss.,  Kack- 
hurdles,  hurdles  of  substantial  lathing  or  split  wood.  1788 
J.  RITSON  Borrowd.  Letter  (Cumb.  dial.),  They  feed  em 
[Sea-Nags  — ships]  wie  beck-sand,,  .but  nut  out  o'  *rack- 
hurries.  1899  Cuntlld.  Gloss.,  Rack-hurry,,  .a  rack  formed 
of  iron  bars  fixed  in  the  shoot  or  hurry,  which  allowed 
the  small  coal  ..  to  drop  through.  1884  F.  J.  BRITTKN 
Watch  <y  Clockm.  219  The  Track  lever  is  said  to  have  been 
invented  by  the  Abbe  Hautefeuille.  1881  C.  A.  EDWAR 


ipright.   1838  ' 

(ed.  3)  281  The  toothed  or  *rack  rail,  was  only  laid  on 
one  side  of  the  road.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl. 
734/1  *  Rack  Railway.  I&95  Daily  News  i  Mar.  s/3 
Tourists,  .who  'do'  the  Alps  in  rack  railways.  1839  URE 
Diet.  Arts  360  A  pushing  rod  ..  that  passes  behind  the 
*rack  rod.  1898  Daily  News  8  Feb.  3/5  The  *rack  saw, 
with  its  5o-feet  running  platform.  1830  LOUDON  Cottage 
Arch.  %  1103  The  *rack  sides  (top  and  bottom  rails)  to  be 
4  inches  by  2  inches  and  a  quarter,  and  to  be  fitted  in  with 
turned  rack-staves.  1892  F.  J.  BRITTKN  Watch  $  Clockm, 
(ed.  8}  87  If  the  spring  is  weak,  and  the  *rack  spring  strong, 
it  sometimes  gives  a  little.  1587  MASCALL  Govt.  Cattle,  Sheep 
(1627)  202  Their  racks  to  be  made.. with  *rack-staues  set 
nigh  together  of  a  good  length,  a  1639  W.  WHATELEY 
Prototypes  \.  xvi.  (1640)  166  Them  that  tie  their  horses  to 
the  rack-staves.  1830  [see  rack-side}.  1839  URE  Diet. 
Arts  1245  The  slope  of  the  *rack-table  for  washing  the 
roasted  tin  ore  is  7?  inches  in  the  9  feet.  1875  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Mech.  1852/1  * Rack-tail.  1893  F.  J.  BRITTEN  Watch 
fy  Clockm,  (ed.  8)  87  Rack  Tail— A  frequent  source  of  trouble 
in  some  old  clocks  is  the  spring  tail  to  the  rack.  1867  J. 
HOGG  Microsc.  i.  ii.  61  So  adjusted  that  its  reservoir  may 
be  close  against  the  end  of  the  *rack-tube.  1835  J.  NICHOL 
SON  Operat.  Mechanic  439  The  teeth  of  the  *rack-way  are 
of  the  same  pitch  as  the  teeth  of  awheel  whose  axle  is  in 
the  machine,  a  1824  A.  SCOTT  in  Trans.  High.  Soc.  (i824)VI. 
33  On  the  same  axis.,  are  fixed  the  two  *  rack-wheels,  whose 
teeth  will  act  on  the  teeth  of  the  racks.  1842  BISCHOFF  Wool, 
Mann/.  II.  498  This  cloth-beam,  .is  furnished  with  a  rack- 
wheel  for  the  purpose  of  letting  in  or  winding  on  the  cloth. 
1769  Phil.  Trans,  LIX.  189  My  telescope.. was.. governed 
by  rack-work.  1861  All  Year  Round  13  July  369  There 
was  an  unusual  quantity  of  rackwork  and  windlass  tackle 
about,  1772  Ann.  Reg.  120/2,  20  horses  and  7  cows;  the 
latter  in  a  house  or  *rack  yard.  1877  N.W.  Line.  Gloss. , 
Rack-yard,  a  fold-yard. 

Rack  (rtek),  sb2  Forms :  5-7  racke,  6  rakke, 
(Sf.  rak,  ract),  6-  rack;  6-8  wrack.  Also  5-7 
rake.  [Related  to  RACK  z>.3,  and  perh.  formed 
from  it  in  Eng.,  but  cf.  also  G.  recke,  more  com 
monly  recke-j  reck-,  or  rackbank,  a  rack  for  draw 
ing  wire,  stretching  leather,  inflicting  torture,  etc. 

An  obs.  Du.  racke  '  tormentum,  fidiculae,  equuleus '  is 
alleged  by  Kiliaii,  but  its  genuineness  is  doubtful,  esp.  as 
Kilian  also  cites  the  Eng.  word.] 

1.  An  instrument  of  torture  formerly  in  use,  con 
sisting  (usually)  of  a  frame  having  a  roller  at  each 


BACK. 

end ;  the  victim  was  fastened  to  these  by  the 
wrists  and  ankles,  and  had  the  joints  of  his  limbs 
stretched  by  their  rotation.  (See  also  quot.  1632.) 

c  1460  TowneUy  Myst.  xxiii.  88  He  wold  haue  turnyd 
an  othere  croke  Myght  he  haue  had  the  rake.  1481 
CAXTON  Reynard  (Arb.)  24  Your  hows  shal  be  byseged 
al  aboute  and  ther  shal  he  made  to  fore  it  galowes  and 
racke.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  312  Streight  waies 
was  he  put  upon  the  Racke,  and  examined  by  torture.  1581 
CAMPION  in  Confer,  i.  (^1584)  C  i  b,  He  . .  had  bene  twise  on 
the  Racke,  and  . .  racking  was  more  grieuous  then  hanging 
1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  463  A  Pottaro  or  Racke  is  . .  made 
of  three  plankes  of  Timber,  the  vpmost  end  whereof  is 
larger  then  a  ful  stride  ;  the  lower  end  being  narrow,  a  1711 
KEN  Blandina  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  520  Then  on  the  Rack 
the  Saint  they  stretch,  Her  Limbs  with  Screws  and  Pulleys 
retch.  1827  HALI.AM  Const.  Hist.  (1876)  I.  iii.  148  The 
rack  seldom  stood  idle  in  the  Tower  for  all  the  latter  part  of 
Elizabeth's  reign.  1875  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  III.  xviii.  281 
The  rack  which  bore  the  name  of  the  duke  of  Exeter's 
daughter. 

Phr.  1587  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III.  1326/2  The  chiefe 
matter.. is  as  yet  vnreuealed,  and  come  racke,  come  rope, 
ncuer  shall  that  be  discouered. 

b.  transf.  and  fig.  That  which  (rarely  one 
who)  causes  acute  suffering,  physical  or  mental  ; 
also,  the  result  produced  by  this ;  intense  pain  or 
suffering. 

1591  GREENE  Maidens  Dr.  xxxvi.  Her  outward  woes 
betrayed  her  inward  rack.  1607  DEKKER  Knt."s  Conjur. 
(1842)  p.  vi,  1  hey  that  haue  once  or  twice  lyen  vpon  the 
rack  of  pubiicke  censure,  a  1641  SUCKLING  Goblins  v.  (1646) 
55  What  a  racke  have  I  within  me  to  see  you  suffer.  1718 
PRIOR  Power  142  The  gout's  fierce  rack,  the  burning  fever's 
rage.  1792  S.  ROGERS  Pleas.  Mem.  n.  49  The  racks  of 
thought,  and  freezings  of  despair.  1826  DISRAELI  I'iv.  Grey 
iv.  iv,  There  is  yet  an  intellectual  rack  of  which  few  dream. 
1848  THACKERAY  I' an.  Fair  vi,  \Vhat  is  the  rack  in  the 
punch,  at  night,  to  the  rack  in  the  head  of  a  morning. 

C.  Phr.  On  the  rack  :  In  a  state  of  acute  physical 
or  mental  suffering ;  in  keen  anxiety  or  suspense. 

1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  m.  ii,  25  Let  me  choose,  For  as  I 
am,  I  Hue  vpon  the  racke.  1668  TKMI-LE  Lett.,  Marq.  dc 
Castel  Rodrigo  Wks.  1731  II.  n6To  see  him  keep  us  three 
or  four  Days  on  the  Rack  till  the  Affair  was  just  breaking. 
1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  170  f  5  A  cool  Behaviour  sets  him 
on  the  Rack.  1737  Common  Sense  I.  178  He  was  upon  the 
Rack  to  be  satisfied,  1863  KINGI.AKK  Crimea  (1876,1  I.  vii. 
104  When  for  some  time  men's  minds  had  been  kept  on  the 
rack,  it  became  known  [etc.]. 

d.  To  put  or  set  (faculties,  f  words,  etc.)  on  the 
rack,  to  strain  to  the  utmost.  So  to  be  on  the 
rack,  to  be  at  full  stretch  or  strain. 

1606  HIERON  ll'ks.  I.  65  My  text  very  naturally,  without 
setting  it  vpon  the  racke,  occasioned!  the  vrging  of  that 
duty,  a  1680  BUTLER  Rent.  (1759)  I.  86  Sometimes  I  set 
my  Wits  upon  the  Rack.  1693  R.  FLEMING  Disc.  Earth 
quakes  23  Men  are  so  much  on  the  Rack  how  to  solve  all 
by  natural  Demonstration.  1778  MAD.  D \\KBLAY  Diary 
Aug.,  They  have  both  worn  themselves  out  by  being  eter 
nally  on  the  rack  to  give  entertainment  to  others.  1818 
BYRON  Juan  I.  clxix,  Antoma's  skill  was  put  upon  the  rack. 
1856  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  u.Ui,  Martin's  ingenuity  was  there 
fore  for  ever  on  the  rack  to  supply  himself  with  a  light. 

2.  A  frame  on  which  cloth  is  stretched.  Obs. 
cxc.  dial, 

1519  In  Money  Hist.  Newbnry  (1887)  458  All  the  Rakkys 
and  ley nters  as  thei  nowstonde.  1533-4^^25  Hen.  I7///, 
c.  18  §  5  Euerie  suche  clothe  [shall]. .be  mealed  botli  length 
and  brede.  .before  they  be  set  vpon  the  racke  and  dried. 
'11633  AUSTIN  Medit.  (1635)  281  A  Web  {is]  ..  sometimes 
upon  the  Tenters  sidewayes,  and  .sometimes  on  the  Racke 
end  waves.  1678  Land.  Gaz.  1281/4  Lost  ..  off  from  the 
Racks,  24  yards  of  Cloth.  1886  ELWORTHY  W.  Som.  IVord- 
bk,,  Rack,  a  long  upright  frame  on  which  woollen  cloths  are 
stretched  while  drying. 

1 3.  A  windlass  or  winch  for  bending  a  cross 
bow.  Obs. 

1512  Test.  Ebor.  (Surtees)  V.  36  My  bigge  crosbowe  w'  the 
rakke  of  it.  1578  Lane.  Wills  (1857)  II.  60  One  crosse  bowe 
w*1'  the  racke  to  the  same.  1630  [see  GAFI-LE  i].  1648 
WILKINS  Math.  JHagick  \.  xiii.  91  The  force  of  racks,  which 
serve  for  bending  of  the  strongest  bows.  1672  [see  GAFFLE 
i].  1687  MIEGK  Gt.  Fr.  Diet.  11.  s.  v.,  To  set  up  a  Cross 
bow  with  a  Rack. 

fig.  /z  1628  Li>.  BROOKE  Alaham  iv.  Chorus  iv,  Your  safest 
racke  to  winde  us  up  is  Loue. 

4.  =  RACK-UK^  (sec  also  quot.    1688).     Now 
rare  or  Obs. 

1605  SANDYS  St.  Relig.  O  ij  b,  The  parish  Priestes  in  Italic, 
who  have  not  the  Tenthes,  which.. considering  the  great 
rents  and  rackes  would  be  vnsupporuible.  1688  R.  HOLME 
Armoury  m.  70/1  Such  as  hold  Lands  and  Livings  . .  upon 
the  Rack,  or  half-Rack,  that  is  upon  the  Yearly  value,  or 
half  value,  .avoiding  at  the  Landlords  pleasure.  17x0  Lotte/. 
Gaz.  No.  5895/3  Of  the  Value  of  i5oo/.  per  Annum  on  the 
Rack.  1818  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  v.  iii.  387  When  the 
revenues  were  farmed  to  the  Zemindars,  these  contractors 
were  induced  to  turn  upon  the  ryots,  .the  same  rack  which 
was  applied  to  themselves. 

5.  That  which  racks  or  strains ;  stress  of  weather  ; 
a  storm. 

1806  H.  SIDUONS  Maid,  Wife  $  Widmv  I.  40  These  she 
had  preserved  amid  the  frowns  of  adversity  and  the  rack  of 
wealth.  .1865  W.  WHITMAN  Leaves  of  Grass  (.\%&$  262 
O  Captain  !  my  Captain  !  . .  The  ship  has  weather'd  every 
rack.  1891  Daily  News  17  June  5/1  A  strong  voice,  unworn 
by  age  and  the  rack  of  various  seas. 

6.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rack-bent,  -proof  adjs. ; 
rack-master,  an  officer  having  charge  of  the  rack. 

1694  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  iv.  xxxi.  (1737)  127  A.  .*rack-bent 
Cross-Bow.  1582  in  J.  H.  Pollen  Acts  Eng.  Mart.  (1891) 
223  The  old  Vackmaster,  Mr.  Topcliffe.  i6o»  T.  FITZ- 
HERBERT  ApoL  4  The  crvelty  of  the  Rackmaisters  in  Eng- 

12-2 


RACK. 

land.  1886  J.  GILLOW  Lit.  $  Biog.  Hist.  Eng.  Cath.  II. 
397  The  rack-master  of  the  Tower,  a  most  cruel  torturer  of 
priests.  1654  SIR  E.  NICHOLAS  in  N*  Papers  (Camden)  II. 
1 25  It  was  to  deepe  a  policy . .  unless  he  had  bin  *rack  proofe. 

Rack  (nek),  sb.±  Now  rare.  [Of  obscure 
origin  :  cf.  RACKBONE. 

Sometimes  referred  to  hreacca,  hrecca  used  to  render  L. 
occiput  in  the  earliest  OE.  glosses,  but  this  is  prob.  an  error 
for  knecca  neck.] 

1.  A  neck,  or  fore-part  of  the  spine,  esp.  of  mutton 
or  pork.  Now  only  dial. 

1570  FOXE  A.  $  M.  1191/1  A  brothe  made  with  the  fore 
part  of  a  racke  of  Mutton.  1585  Good  Huswife's  Jewell 
ii.  i  You  may  boyle  Chynes  and  racks  of  Veale  in  all  points 
as  this  is.  1630  B.  JONSON  New  Inn  \.  i,  A  poor  quotidian 
rack  of  mutton,  a  1648  DIGBY  Closet  Open.  (1677)  163  Cut 
a  rack  of  mutton  into  tender  steaks.  1665  MAY  Accompl. 
Cook  167  To  carbonado  a  Rack  of  Pork,  a  1796  in  PEGGE 
Derbicisms  (E.D.S.).  1880-  In  various  dial,  glossaries. 
b.  At  \Vinchester  School :  A  rib  of  mutton. 

1870  MANSFIELD  Sch.-Life  Winchester  Coll.  84  All  these 
'  Dispars  '  had  different  names;,  .the  ribs  '  Racks  \  1893  W. 
TUCKWELL  Anc.  Ways  Winchester  35  The  saddles,  legs, 
shoulders,  supplied  the  higher  tables;  the  juniors  had  the 
*  racks '. 

f2.  A  segment  of  the  backbone  or  os  sacrum.  Obs. 

1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  809  The  marrow  concluded 
within  the  rackes  of  the  Holy-bone,  c  1720  W.  GIBSON 
Farrier's  Guide  i.  v.  (1722)  65  Their  Use  is  to  bend  the 
Racks  of  their  Loins. 

3.  a.  The  bones  of  a  dead  horse,  b.  A  horse 
consisting  of  '  skin  and  bone  '. 

1851  H.  MAYHEW  Lottd.  Labour  \.  181  The  bones  (called 
'  racks  '  by  the  knackers)  are  chopped  up  and  boiled.  1878 
Daily  News  16  Sept.  3/1  Among  the  horses  are  some  fine 
specimens  of  racks,  that  is  fieshless  horses. 

Rack  (rsek),  j-^.5  [Variant  of  WRACK,  WRECK 
in  various  senses.] 

1.  Destruction  ;  chiefly  in  phr.  to  go  (etc.)  to  rack 
(and  ruin']. 

1599  in  Fowler  Hist.  C.  C.  C.  (O.H.S.)  349  In  the  mean 
season  the  College  shall  goe  to  rack  and  ruin,  a  1609  Br. 
ANDREWF.S  5Vrv;/.(i84ii  II.  249  Between  Jehu  and  Jeroboam 
Solomon's  seed  went  to  rack.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  xi.  821 
A  World  devote  to  universal  rack.  17*82  ELIZ.  BLOWER 
Gt'o.  Bateman  II.  126  Everything  would  soon  go  to  sixes 
and  sevens,  and  rack  and  ruin.  1859  G.  MEREDITH  R. 
Feverel  xxxix,  If  the  world's  not  coining  to  rack.  1874 
BUKNAND  My  Time  xxxiii.  346  His  academicals.. run  to. . 
utter  rack  and  ruin. 

t  b.  A  crash  as  of  something  breaking.     Obs. 

1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  452,  I  heard  the  rack  as  Earth  and 
Skie  would  mingle. 

2.  f  a.  A  wrecked  ship.     Obs.  rare~l. 

a  1658  CLEVELAND  ll'ks.  (1687)  365  Ten  thousand  Racks, 
Cast  on  the  Shore  of  the  Red  Sea. 

b.  What  is  cast  up  by  the  sea;  wrack. 

1882  OUIDA  MaremmcL  I.  102  Well,  go,  rake  some  seaweed 
together  or  any  other  rack  of  your  precious  sea  that  one 
can  burn. 

Rack  (nek),  sb.§  Also  9  wrack.  [Related 
to  RACK  v.t,  and  pern,  formed  from  it.]  A  horse's 
gait  in  which  the  two  feet  on  each  side  are  lifted 
almost  simultaneously,  and  the  body  is  left  entirely 
without  support  between  the  lifting  of  one  pair 
and  the  landing  of  the  other.  Now  only  U.S. 

1580  BLUNIJEVIL  Horsemanship  \,  iii.  B  j  b,  Their  [Turky 
horses']  trauelling  pace  is  neither  amble,  racke,  nor  trot ; 
but  a  certaine  kinde  of  easie  traine.  1607  MARKHAM  Caval. 
n.  (1617)  135  Exercise  him  . .  first  vpon  an  ordmarie  rack  or 
foot-pace,  then  vpon  a  slow  trott.  Ibid.  iv.  5.  1683  Lond. 
Gaz.  No.  1846/4  A  full  trust  Nag,  a  good  Trot,  short  Rack. 
1832  FR.  A.  KEMBLE  Girlhood  III.  257  The  Americans., 
like  a  horse  to  have  a  shambling  sort  of  half-trot,  half- 
canter,  which  they  judiciously  call  a  rack.  1893  E.  Muv- 
BRIDGE  Descr.  Zoopraxogr.  35  The  rack  is  an  ungraceful 
gait  of  the  horse,  and  disagreeable  to  those  who  seek  comfort 
in  riding. 

fig.  1641  HINDE  J.  Bruen  Hx.  198  All  the  ease  of  such  a 
rack  will  be  no  other,  but.  .to  gallop  to  the  divel. 

Rack  (rsek),  sb.1  Also  7  racke,  raack. 
[Aphetic  form  of  ARRACK  :  so  also  G.  rack^\  — 
ARRACK.  Fool  rack,  see  FOOL  sbj-  Also  attrib. 
as  rack-house,  RACK-PUNCH. 

1602  SIR  J.  LANCASTER  in  Purchas  Pilgrims  in.  (1625)  154 
The  King  ..  dranke  oft  to  the  Generall  in  their  Wine, 
which  they  call  Racke.  1602-5  E-  SCOT  Ibid.  184  We  . . 
draue  them  into  a  Racke-house  {Margin.  Racke  house 
where  hot  drinks  are  sold].  1663  BOYLE  Usef.  Exp.  Nat. 
Philos.  n.  ii.  105  This  rack . .  is  often  drunk  in  hot  weather. 
1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  iv,  Five  or  six  gallons  of  rack.  1795 
SIR  J.  DALKYMPLE  Let.  to  Admiralty  ii  Their  common 
beverage,  water,  and  rack  bad  and  new.  1821  BYRON  Juan 
iv.  liii,  I  would  take  refuge  in  weak  punch,  but  rack.. 
Wakes  me  next  morning  with  its  synonym.  1848  [see  RACK 
st>.f  i  b].  1871  M.  COLLINS  Mrq.  fy  Merck.  I.  ix.  291 
Rooker  took . .  a  glass  of '  rack  '. 
b.  (See  uuot.) 

1773  Encycl.  Brit.  III.  525/1  Rack,  a  spirituous  liquor 
made  by  the  Tartars  of  Tongusia.  This  kind  of  rack  is 
made  of  mare's  milk,  which  is  left  to  be  sour  [etc.]. 

t  Back,  s6.»  Obs.  rare-1.  [?  Related  to  RAKE 
z>.1  Cf.  Icel.  and  Sw.  dial,  rak  rakings.]  A  rick. 

A  doubtful  form  :  ed.  1566  has  reake. 

1574  WITHALS  Diet.  21/1  A  ricke  or  racke  of  hay,  strues. 
LxtrtW)  to  make  up  in  rokes  [sic]  or  rackes. 

Rack  (rak),  j£.»  [Of  obscure  origin.]  The 
skin  of  a  young  rabbit  (see  quots.). 

1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  1204  There  is 
annually  a  great  loss  in  what  are  termed  half  skins,  quarter 
skins  and  racks,  sixteen  of  which  are  only  allowed  for  as 
one  whule  bkin.  1878  Ures  Diet.  Arts  IV.  Suppl.  380  The 


92 

rabbit  skins  are.. sorted  into  four  kinds,,  .racks,  or  young 
rabbits  about  two  months  old,  which  have  not  lost  their  first 
coat. 

Back  (nek),  ».i    [f.  RACK  rf.i  3.] 

1.  intr.  Of  clouds  :  To  drive  before  the  wind. 
To  rack  up,  to  clear  up,  said  of  the  sky  (Jam.). 

1590  [see  RACKING///.  «.']•  la  1611  BKAUM.  &  FL.  Four 
Plays  in  Otit,  Tri.  tfotwitr  iv,  Stay,  clouds,  ye  rack  too 
fast.  1631  Cclestina  xlx.  187  Looke  on  the  cloudes  and  see 
how  speedily  they  racke  away.  1678  BUNYAN  Pilgr.  i.  32, 
I.. saw  the  Clouds  rack  at  an  unusual  rate.  1811  SCOTT 
Rokcby  I.  i,  Racking  o'er  her  [the  Moon's]  face,  the  cloud 
Varies  the  tincture  of  her  shroud.  1833  M.  SCOIT  Tom 
Cringle  ii.  (1858)  63  A  thin  fleecy  shred  of  cloud  racking 
across  the  moon's  disk. 

fig.  1626  T.  HAWKINS]  Cauaafl  Holy  Crt.  289  A  fayth 
floating,  and  racking  vp,  and  downe,  like  clouds. 

t  2.  traits.  Of  the  wind  :  To  drive  (clouds).   Olis. 

1596  Ethu.  Ill,  ii.  i,  Inconstant  clouds,  That,  rack'd  upon 
the  carriage  of  the  winds,  Increase  or  die. 

Back  (nek),  w.a    [f.  RACK  st>2] 

1.  trans.  To  fit  up  (a  stable),with  racks,  rare*1. 

1583  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rcc.  Oxford  a,^  The  same 
stable  to  be  plancked  and  racked  at  the  charges  of  this 
Cytie. 

f  2.  transf.  ?  To  feed  as  at  a  rack.     Obs.  rare~v. 

1659  Burtons  Diary  (1828)  IV.  268  They  look  upon  them 
[negroes]  as  their  goods,  horses,  &c.,  and  rack  them  only  to 
make  their  time  out  of  them,  and  cherish  them  to  perform 
their  work. 

3.  To  rack  up.    a.  intr.    To  fill  a  stable-rack 
with  hay  or  straw   before    leaving   the   horse   or 
horses  for  the  night. 

1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  22  Nov.  1775  The 
hay  is  meant  merely  to  rack-up  with.  Ibid.  5  Feb.  1776  On 
the  hills  of  Surry,  the  Farmers  rack  up  with  straw.  1888 
in  Berksh.  Gloss. 

b.  trans.  To  fill  the  rack  for  (a  horse). 

1798  MIUDLETON  View  Agric.  361  They  must  be  taken  into 
the  stable,  and.,  be  racked  up  with  tare  hay  at  night.  1834 
Brit.  Husb.  I.  232  Pea-haulm  is.  .employed  in  cart-stables  for 
racking  up  the  horses.  1893  'limes  20  May  11/5  The  younger 
generation  find  it  intolerably  irksome  to  return  after  supper 
to  the  stables  to  '  rack  up  '  the  horses. 

fig.  1844  J.  T.  HKWLETT  Parsons  fy  W.  xix,  You  might 
have  racked  yourself  up  more  comfortably. 

c.  To  fasten  (a  horse)  to  the  rack. 

1886  ELWORTHY  IV.Som.  \Vord-bktJRack  »/,  to  fasten  up 
a  horse  with  a  short  chain  so  that  he  cannot  lie  down.  1886 
Sat.  Rev.  6  Mar.  327/2  It  is  stupid  of  a  groom  to  rack  a 
horse  short  up  while  lie  is  feeding. 

4.  To  place  ^a  thing)  in  or  on  a  rack. 

1855  K.  J.  HOPKINS  Organ  39  Most  of  the  metal  flue 
pipes,  .are  racked  in  this  manner.  1897  Daily  News  8  Nov. 
3/1  The  Manhattan  Beach  Cycle  Track  have  racked  i,ou> 
Cycles. 

b.  Mining.  To  wash  on  the  rack  (sense  5  f). 

1891  in  Cent.  Diet. 

5.  a.  To  move,  extend,  etc.  by  means  of  a  rack 
and  pinion,     b.  intr.  To  be  moved  in  this  way. 

1867  J.  HOGG  Microsc.  i.  ii.  62  By  racking  up  the  condenser 
for  the  best  light  1890  Anthony's  Photogr.  Bull.  III.  94 
A  Double  Extension  Camera,  .where  the  front  racks  out. 
Ibid.  295  The  camera  is  racked  to  a  certain  distance. 

0.  To   give  (a  thing)  the   form   of  a  rack;  to 
make  as  a  rack. 

1891  in  Cent.  Diet. 

Rack  (ra^k),  z/.3  Also  5  rakke,  6  Sc.  rak, 
6-7  racke,  7  wrack,  pa.  pple.  ract.  [Prob.  a. 
MDu.  recken  (Du.  rekken}w  MLG.  reckenjQIHj. 
recchan  ,LG.  and  G.  recken}  to  stretch,  draw  out, 
=  OE.  reccan  \  see  RECCHE. 

A  MLG.  racken  is  also  recorded,  and  Kilian  has  racken 
f  torquere,  tendere,  tormentis  exprimere '.  Cf.  also  G. 
racken  to  vex,  torture  (Grimm).] 

1.  trans.  To  stretch  the  joints  of  (a  person)  by 
tugging  or  pulling,  esp.   with   intention  to  cause 
severe   pain,    and   spec,    by    means   of   a    special 
apparatus  (see  RACK  sb$). 

1433  LYDG.  St.  Edmund  \\.  277  Worthi  to  been  enhangid 
hi  the  hals  Or  to  be  rakkid  with  a  broke  chyne.  1526  Pilgr. 
Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  135  Some  drowned,,  .some  racked, 
some  hanged  on  a  gybet.  1582  STANYHURST  JEneis  \\\. 
(Arb.)  71  You  rack  no  forrener  owtcast,  Yon  rent  a  Troian. 
1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  467  This  they  did.. to  make  me 
beleeue  I  was  going  to  be  rackt  againe.  1675  BROOKS 
Gold.  AVy  Wks.  1867  V.  89  His  legs  and  hands  were  violently 
racked  and  pulled  out  to  the  places  fitted  for  his  fastenings. 
1712  E.  COOKE  Voy.  S.  Sea  437  The  Pirates  exercis'd  the 
most  barbarous  Cruelly,  racking  them  inhumanly.  1829 
SCOTT  Demonol.  viii.  275  Their  mouths  were  stopped,  thtir 
throats  choked,  their  limbs  racked.  1876  GREEN  Stray 
Stud,  146  A  drummer  who  had  joined  in  the  attack  was 
racked  mercilessly. 

transf.  1835  LVTTON  Rienzi  \.  ix.  The  winds  and  storms 
torture  and  rack  the  sea.  1875  MAINE  Hist.  Inst.  vi.  183 
Their  country  was  racked  with  perpetual  disturbance. 

b.  To  affect  with  pain  similar  to  that  caused  by 
use  of  the  rack.     (Said  csp.  of  diseases.) 

1588  FRAUNCE  Laiviers  Log.  Ded.  qii  b,  Which,  .did  yet 
so  racke  my  raunging  heade,  and  bring  low  my  erased  body. 
1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  \.  ii.  369  lie  racke  thee  with  old  Crampes, 
Fill  all  thy  bones  with  Aches.  1674  ABP.  LEIUHTON  in 
Lauderdale  Papers  .(Camden)  III.  xlvi.  76,  I  keep  not 
bedd  much,  nor  am  . .  rack't  with  sharp  and  tormenting 
diseases.  1743  GRAY  Eton  85  This  racks  the  joints,  this 
fires  the  veins.  01859  MACAULAY  Bicg.  (1867)  138  A  cruel 
malady  racked  his  joints. 

c.  To  inflict  mental  pain  or  torture  on  'va  per 
son)  ;    to   torture,   distract,    lacerate    ;the    mind, 
soul,  etc.). 


BACK. 

1601  SHAKS.  Twel.  N.  v.  i.  226  How  haue  the  houres 
rack'd,  and  tortur'd  me,  Since  I  haue  lost  thee?  1602  znd 
Pt.  Return  fr.  Parnass.  iv.  ii.  1747  Till  with  my  verses 
I  haue  rackt  his  soule.  1647  COWLEY  Mistr,t  Dialogue  vii, 
The  Sin  Will  rack  and  torture  us  within.  1709  STEELE 
Tatler  No.  98  F  3  How  must  she  be  racked  with  Jealousy. 
1771  FLETCHER  Checks  Wks.  1795  II.  243  O  how  does., 
guilty  horror  rack  their  breasts!  1838  LYTTON  Alice  380, 
1  regret  no  more  the  falsehood  that  so  racked  me  for  the 
time.  1865  DICKENS  A/ut.  Fr.  HI.  xiii,Mr.  Fledgeby  meant 
him  to  be  racked. 

t  d.  transf.  To  examine  searchingly,  as  by  the 
application  of  torture.  Obs.  rare  -1. 

1581  J.  BELL  Hodden's  Answ.  Osor.  126  There  is  nothing 
so  holy  in  workes,  but.. must  needes  be  unsavorie  in  the 
sight  of  God,  if  without  Christ  it  bee  racked  with  exact 
scrutyne  of  Gods  severe  Judgement. 

1 2.  To  stretch,  pull  out,  increase  the  length 
of  (a  thing,  period  of  time,  etc.).  Obs. 

1463-4  [see  RACKING  vbL  so.3}.  1558  Act  i  Eliz.  c.  12 
Preamble,  Certayne. . persons,  .castthe  peecesof  cloth  ouer 
a  beame.  .and.  .racke,  stretche  and  drawe  the  same.  1565 
JEWEL  De/.  Apol.  (1611)  302  Heere  perhaps  yee  will  set 
Faith  vpon  the  Last,  and  racke  her  to  a  larger  sise.  1613 
PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  \.  x.  48  The  Chalda^an  Kalendar, 
which  yet  they  racke  higher  to  fowre  hundred  three  score 
and  tenne  thousand  yeres.  1642  FULLER  Holy  <$•  Prof.  St. 
ii.  xiv.  102  He  gives  them  their  true  dimensions,  not  racking 
them  for  one,  and  shrinking  them  for  another. 

b.  To  pull  or  tear  apart,  to  separate  by  force, 
to  break  up.     Obs.  exc.  dial. 

1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erastn.  Par.  Eph.  7  No  more  than 
we  see  the  membres  of  the  body  not  agre  or  to  be  racked 
one  from  an  other  because  thei  be  not  indifferently  apte 
al  to  one  vse.  1560  BECON  New  Catech.  in.  Wks.  1564  II. 
327  b,  They . .  racke  that  one  tente  commaundement  into  two 
for  to  supply  the  nomber.  iGoSTopSELLSerpenfs  (1658)  595 
Some  thmke  the  putride  backe-bone  in  the  grave  rack'd.. 
the  shape  of  snakes  to  take.  1848  A.  B.  fLvAKsLeicestcrsk. 
Words,  Rack  and  Rack  /*/,  to  break  up.  *  Why  didn't  ye 
get  at  it,  and  rack  it  up '. 

c.  To  shake  (a  thing)  violently ;  to  strain ;  to 
injure  by  shaking  or  straining.     Also  absol. 

1840  R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast  xxviii.  93  A  dreadful  cough, 
which  seemed  to  rack  his  whole  shattered  system.  1865 
A.  L.  HOLLEY  Ordnance  <$•  Armor  134  To  waste  no  power 
in  racking  the  whole  side  of  the  ship,  1867  Pall  Mall  G. 
27  July  10  We  assumed  that  the  American  guns  specially 
constructed  to  'rack1  would  'rack1  as  intended.  1873 
SYMONDS  Gk.  Poets  Ser.  L  vii.  194  The  Erinnyes  leap  upon 
the  palace  of  Atreus,  and  rack  it  like  a  tempest. 

a.  intr.  To  undergo  stretching,  strain, 'or  dis 
location.  Chiefly  Sc. 

1508  Di'NBAR  Tua  mariit  ivetncn  350,  I  gert  the  ren^eis 
rak,  et  rif  into  sondir.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  1. 124  Sum 
gat  ane  rais  gart  all  hir  nbbis  rak.  1605  BLACKMORE  Pr. 
Arth.  m.  47  The  Earth's  grip'd  Bowels  with  Convulsions 
rack.  1711  PERRY  Daggenh.  Breach  12  The  weight  of  Earth 


125  Lang  or  they  win  this  length.. their  chafts  are  like  to 
rack  wi'  the  gantin'. 

f  3.  To  strain  the  meaning  of  (words,  etc.) ;  to 
give  a  forced  interpretation  to.     Obs. 
In  quot.  1711  with  allusion  to  sense  i. 

1549  LATIMER  Serm.  Ploitghers  (Arb.)  17  This  is  one  of 
the  places  yat  hath  ben  racked,  as  I  tolde  you  of  rackynj^e 
scriptures.  1599 THYNNE^«W«WV. (1875)42  How  you  may 
seme  to  force  and  racke  the  worde  to  Chaucers  meaninge, 
I  knowe  not.  1645  FULLER  Good  Th.  in  Bad  T.  (1841)  21 
Grant  that  I  may  never  rack  a  scripture  simile  beyond  the 
true  intent  thereof.  1692  BENTLEY  Boyle  Lect.  ix.  328  The 
native  and  naked  Letter,  which  is  not  to  be  racked  and 
wrested  from  its  obvious  meaning.  1711 '  J.  DISTAFF'  Char. 
Don  Sackeverellio  4  He  racks  a  Text  to  make  it  confess  a 
Meaning  it  never  dream 'd  of. 

t  b.  To  strain  or  wrest  (law  or  justice).     Obs. 

1580  LYLY  Euphues  (Arb.)  452  Not  racking  the  lawes  to 

extremitie,  but  mittigating  the  rigour  with  mercy.      1607 

J.  DAVIES  Sitmma  Totalis  I.  4*  So,  God  doth  iudge,  and 

neuer  lustice  Rack. 

c.  To  strain,  task  severely,  put  pressure  upon 
(the  mind,  brain,  etc.). 

1583  W.  BYRD  in  Farr  S.  P.  Eliz.  (1845)  I.  224  Racke  not 
thy  wit  to  whine  by  wicked  waies.  c  1680  BEVERIUCE  Serin. 
(1729)  I.  iQsThey  rack  their  brains . .  they  hazard  their  lives  for 
it.  1713  STKELE  Guard.  No.  47  P  7  She  racked  her  invention 
to  no  purpose.  1768  MAD.  D'ARBLAY  Early  Diary  20  May, 
I  have  rack'd  my  brains  half-an-hour—  in  vain.  1831 
Society  I.  216  Fanny  was  racking  her  brains  for  something 
to  say.  1880  L.  STEPHEN  Pope  iv.  82  Racking  his  wits  to 
contrive  exquisite  compliments. 

fd.  To  force,  constrain  to  an  action  or  feeling. 
1602  MARSTON  Antonio's  Re*u  v.  iii,  The  court  is  rackt  to 
pleasure  ;  each  man  straines  To  faine  a  jocund  eye. 

t  e.  To  stretch  or  raise  beyond  the  normal 
extent,  amount  or  degree  (cf.  4).  Obs. 

1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  i.  i.  181  My  credit,  .shall  be  rackt 
euen  to  the  vttermost.  1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  in.  xii.  598 
Striving  about  my  ransome,  which  they  racked  so  high  [etc.]. 
1618  CHAPMAN  Hesiod  \\.  22  Hasten  thy  labours,  that  thy 
crowned  fields,  May  load  themselues  to  thee,  and  rack  their 
yeelds. 

4.  To  raise  (rent)  above  a  fair  or  normal 
amount.  Cf.  RACK-RENT. 

I553  Primer  Edw.  1/f,  P  v  b,  (That  they]  may  not  racke 
and  stretche  oute  the  rentes  of  their  houses  and  landes. 
1598  Bp.  HALL  Sat.  iv.  ii.  20  They  racke  their  rents  vnto 
a  treble  rate.  1657  TRAPP  Coinui.  Job  xxxi.  39  If  I  have 
caused.. the  poor  Rent-holders  (by  racking  their  rent^)  to 
misse  of  a  subsistence.  1778  /'////.  Sun1.  S,  Irtl.  311  Racked 
the  rents  to  a  pitch  above  the  reach  of  the  old  tenant.  1826 
Q.  Rev.  XXXIV.  214  He  racked  no  rents  to  maintain  the 
expenses  of  his  establishment. 


RACK. 

b.  To  charge  an  excessive  rent  for  (land).  tObs. 
1581  RICH  Farew.  (1846)  it  Landes  be  so  racked  at  such 
a  rate.  1628  WITHER  Brit.  Reiueinb.  vil.  751  Yet  stand 
their  Farmes  already  rackt  so  high,  That  they  have  beg- 
ger'd  halfe  their  Tenantry.  1641  BROME  Joviall  Crew  Wks. 
1873  HI-  356  What  Acre  of  your  thousands  have  you  rack'd? 
1766  Museum  Rusticum  VI.  145  Open  fields  may  be  as  high 
racked  as  inclosures. 

C.  To  oppress  (a  person)  by  extortions  or  ex 
actions,  esp.  of  excessive  rent ;  to  bear  hard  upon 
(one's  purse,  etc.). 

1584  T.  LUPTON  Dreame  Devil  $  Dims,  Wo  woorth  the 
time  that  ever  we  rackt  our  tenants.  1594  ist  Part  Con- 
tenlion  (1843)  34  Because  I  would  not  racke  the  needie 
Commons.  1600  HEYWOOD  ist  Ft.  Edw.  IV,  Wks.  1874  I. 
69  Oh,  good  Sir  Humfrey,  do  not  rack  my  purse.  1624 
CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  VI.  210  Here  are  no  hard  Landlords 
to  racke  vs  with  high  rents,  a  1674  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb. 
x.  §  122  The  declared  Delinquents  [were]  racked  to  as  high 
compositions.  1791  NEWTE  Tour  Eng.  *f  Scot.  124  The 
same  increase  of  luxury  which  would  induce  the  landlord 
to  rack  his  tenant  [etc.].  1862  J.  A.  ST.  JOHN  Four  Cony. 
Eng.  II.  303  Racking  the  people  with  impost,  and  collecting 
treasure  from  all  parts.  1883  S.  C.  HAI.L  Retrospectll.  315 
Implying  that  tenants  were  to  be  racked  to  the  utmost. 

absol.    1774  CUMBERLAND  in  Westm.  Mag.  II.  600  In  vain 
the  steward  racks,  the  tenants  rave.     1823  BYRON  yuan  ix. 
xv,  Let  this  one  toil  for  bread— that  rack  for  rent. 
fd.  To  extort  (money,  etc.).     Obs. 

«59i  SPENSER  M.  Hubberd  1306  Each  place.. fild  with 
treasure  rackt  with  robberies.  1622  FLETCHER  Sea-Voy.  i. 
i,  Here  lies  all ..  The  money  I  ha'  rack'd  by  usury,  a  1680 
BUTLER  Rein.  (1759)  I.  310  When  there  is  no  more  to  be 
racked  out  of  the  People  upon  any  other  Pretence. 

absol.  1603  H.  CROSSE  Vertues  Commvj.  (1878)  58  It  is 
neither  right,  nor  honest,  to  racke,  extort,  and  purloyne 
from  other. 

e.  To  exhaust  (tenants,  land,  etc.)  by  exactions 
or  excessive  use.  Also  with  out. 

1778  Family  Incompact  6  Her  Lands  and  Tenants  almost 
rack'd.  1850  Jrul.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XI.  II.  717  Soon  after  it 
was  enclosed  it  was  racked  out  by  over-cropping.  1856 
FROUDE  Hist.  Eug.  (1858)  II.  x.  410  It  was  thought,  too, 
that  they  had  racked  their  estates.  Ibid.  III.  xv.  283  Using 
.  .their  last  opportunity  of  racking  out  their  properties. 

f5.  To  rack  a  horse's  wind:  to  open  his  lungs. 
Obs.  rare. 

1607  MARKHAM  Caval.  in.  (1617)  45  The  first  chase  will  (as 
the  Northerne  man  sales)  racke  your  Horses  winde,  and  so 
prepare  him  to  his  labor.  1614  —  Cheap  Husb.  I.  i.  8  Tra- 
uaile  moderately  in  the  morning,  till  his  winde  be  rack'd, 
and  his  limbes  warmed. 

Rack  (raek),  v.*  [Of  obscure  origin:  cf.  RACK 
s6.S  The  F.  racquassure,  by  which  Palsgr.  renders 

'  racking ',  appears  to  be  otherwise  unknown.] 
iatr.  Of  animals,  esp.  horses :  To  move  with  the 
gait  called  a  rack. 

1530  [see  RACKING  vbl.  sb.*\.  1589  PEELE  Eclogue  to  Earl 
Essex  xll,  His  rain-deer  racking  with  proud  and  stately 
pace.  <;  1626  Dick  of  Devon  I.  iii.  in  Bullen  Old  PI.  (1883) 
II.  23  He  ..  trott  up  hill  with  you  and  racke  downewards. 
1671  Land.  Gaz.  No.  627/4  Bay  Gelding  . .  trots  and  racks. 

1829 ,  Sporting  Mag.  XXIII.  266  There  can  be  little  doubt 
of  his  having  racked  a  mile  in  even  less  than  I  stated.  1843 
MARRYAT  M.  Violet  xx.  157  No  one  ever  saw  him  trotting 
or  galloping  ;  he  only  racks. 

fig.  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Northampton.  (1662)  292  He 
was  thorough-paced  in  all  Spiritual  Popery. .but  in  secular 
Popery,  .he  did  not  so  much  as  rack. 

Rack  (rak),  Z/.5  [ad.  Prov.  (Gascon)  arracar 
in  same  sense,  f.  raca  the  stems  and  husks  of 
grapes,  thick  dregs  :  cf.  obs.  F.  via  raqtii  '  small  or 
course  wine,  squeezed  from  the  marc  or  dregs  of 
the  grapes '  (Cotgr.).] 

1.  trans.  To  draw  off  (wine,  cider,  etc.)  from 
the  lees.  Also  with  off. 

c  1460  J.  RUSSELL  Bk.  Nurture  115  The  reboyle  to  Rakke 
to  be  lies  of  be  rose,  bat  shalle  be  his  amendynge.  1519  [see 
RACKED  ppl.  a.*].  1633  Naworth  Househ.  Bks.  (Surtees) 
330  To  the  cooper  for  rackinge  2  hogsheades  of  sack.  1694 
FALLE  Jersey  ii.  71  [To]  ferment,  rack  and  bottle  our  Cidar. 
1741  Coinpl.  Fam.-Piece  i.  v.  275  Rack  off  your  Wine  into 
another  Vessel.  1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4) 
II.  416  Whenever  the  wine  becomes  dry,  rack  off  the  clear 
into  a  clean  ^and  sulphured  cask.  1880  Act  43  fy  44  Viet. 
c.  24  §  64  The  proprietor  of  spirits.. may.. vat,  blend,  or 
rack  them  in  the  warehouse. 

absol.  1830  M.  DONOVAN  Dom.  Econ.  I.  303  It  will  be 
necessary  to  rack  off  from  one  cask  to  another. 

trails/.  1683  A.  SNAPE  Anal.  Horse  i.  xxviii.  (1686)  64 
Serving  as  a  Pipe  to  rack  the  Urine  as  it  were  out  of  the 
Bladder  of  the  Young. 

b.  Jig.  in  various  senses. 

1653  GAUDEN  Hierasp.  74  Rack  him  off  further,  and  refine 
him  from  the  lees  of  sensual  and  inordinate  lusts.  1696 
BROOKHOUSE  Temple  Open.  17  Christ  Racks  off  his  Truth 
from  Vessel  to  Vessel.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  v.  i.  T  73 
Every  morning  I  wrote  down  in  my  pocket-book  such  anec 
dotes  as  I  meant  to  rack  off  in  the  course  of  the  day.  1861 
SALA  in  Temple  Bar  Mag.  II.  302  His  speech  was  of  the 
finest  jackeen  just  racked  through  a  cask  of  Cork  whisky. 

1 2.  To  empty  (a  cask)  by  racking.    Obs.  rare. 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  306  Rack  the  one  Vessell  from  the 
Lees.  1703  Art  tf  Myst.  Vintners  65  Rack  your  Cask  very 
clean,  and  let  it  remain  full  of  water  all  night. 

Rack  (raek\  v.6  Naut.  [Of  obscure  origin  : 
perh.  a  use  of  v.~  or  z/.3]  (See  quots.) 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1776),  Racking,  the  fasten 
ing  two  opposite  parts  of  a  tackle  together,  so  as  that  any 
weighty  body  suspended  thereby  shall  not  fall  down,  although 
the  rope  . .  should  be  loosened  by  accident.  1841  DANA 
Seainans  Man.  119  Rack,  to  seize  two  ropes  together,  with 
cross-turns.  1882  NARES  Seamanship  (fA.  6)  131. 


93 

Rack,  obs.  var.  RAKE  $b.^,  v\  and  v.'i ;   obs. 
north,  and  Sc.  f.  RECK  ;  pa.  t.  of  REKE  v.  Obs. 
t  Racka,  obs.  form  of  ARECA. 

1625  PURCHAS  Pilgrims  in.  304  Their  lading.. was  prin 
cipally  dryed  Coco  Nuts,  .and  Kacka  Nuts. 

Rackan  (raj-k'n),  reckon  (re-k'n).  0As.exe. 
north,  dial.  Forms :  I  racente,racete,  4  rakente, 
5  rakeude,  racand,  6  raken,  raeon,  9  raekan  ; 
4  recawnt,  5-6  rekand,  5  rekande,  rekanth, 
-enth,  6  reekand,  -en,  reoon,  7  reekan,  9 
reckon.  [OE.  racente  wk.  f.  =  ON.  rekendi 
(usually  in  pi.  rekendr  as  if  from  sing.  *rekandi), 
OHG.  rahchinza  (Graff) :  cf.  RAKENTEIE.  In 
ME.  and  later  use  only  north,  dial.,  and  chiefly  in 
forms  rek-,  reckoned,  which  app.  represent  the 
Scand.  rather  than  the  OE.  word  (but  forms  with 
rak-,  rack-,  prevail  in  the  comb,  rackan-crook)] 

1 1.  A  chain,  fetter.     Obs. 

£-888  K.  /ELFRED  Boetli.  xvi.  §  2  pact  he  wearS  gebunden 
mid  hira  racentum.  971  Blickl.  Hom.  43  Hie  hine  haefdon 
Xebreatodne  mid  fyrenuin  racentum.  a  1050  Liter  Sciniill. 
(1889)59  Rebeorscipas  swylce  racetan.  .forlleo  lusta.  13.. 
E.  E.  Allit.  P.  C.  188  per  ragnel  in  his  rakentes  hym  rere 
of  his  dremes.  31400-50  Alexander  $ii&,  I  send  ?ow..twa 
hundred  S:  ten.  .of rekanthes  of  rede  gold.  14..  Sir  Benes 
(MS.  N.)  1636  pe  jailers  liggen  bothe  dede  &  Beues  \i\> 
bounde  in  rakende. 

2.  A  chain  or  other  apparatus  by  which  cooking 
vessels  are  suspended  over  a  fire ;  now  usually 
a  vertical  bar  pierced  with  holes,  into  one  of  which 
the  pot-hook  is  inserted. 

1400  Test.  Ebor.  (Surtees)  I.  268  Unum  recawnt  de  catenis 
ferreis.  1445  Ibid.  II.  194,  j.  rekand  de  ferro.  1485  Ibid. 
III.  300,  j  pare  of  coberdis,  ij  potte-hyngylsj  racand.  1534 
in  Peacock  Eng.  Ch.  Furniture  (1866)  186  Thre  racons  wt 
a  peire  of  galows  of  yron.  1366  Richmond.  IVills  cj-  Inv. 
(Surtees)  184,  j  paire  of  tongs,  j  iron  scummer  and  one 
recken.  1582  BEST  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  172  One  recon,. . 
one  fier  shole,  one  pare  of  tanges.  1674-91  RAY  N.  C. 
Words  58  Rcckans,  Hooks  to  bang  Pots  or  Kettles  on  over 
the  Fire.  1876  Mid-Yorksli.  Chss.s.v.,  Apot-hook.  .sliding 
through  a  hole  in  the  bottom  piece  of  the  reckon. 

Rackan-crook.  north,  dial.  Forms:  5-6 
rakeu-,  6  rakon-,  racon-,  rackyn-,  rayekin-, 
rakin(ge)-,  6,  9  rackin-,  7-9  racken-,  9  raekan-, 
raek-an'- ;  7  rekin-,  7-9  reckin-,  9  reckon-, 
[f.  prec.  +  CROOK.  Kackan-hook  is  used  in  the  same 
sense  in  mod.  dial.]  A  raekan  serving  as  a  pot-hook, 
or  a  pot-hook  used  with  a  raekan. 

1469-7°  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  280  In  repar.  .unius 
rakencroke,  iiijrf.  1564  Wills  (?  Inv.  PT.  C.  (Surtees  1835) 
223  Gibcrokes,  rakincroke,  and  racks,  ..two  Rayckincrokes 
and  liij  spetes.  1648  Lancash.  Tracts  Civil  War  (Chetham 
Soc.)  254  The  very  racken  crocks  and  pot  hooks.  1684 
MERITON  Yorksh.  Dialogue  39  Hing  the  Pan  ore'th  fire  ith 
Rekin-Creauk.  1781  J.  H.  Gloss.  N.  E.  Words  (E.  D.  S.), 
Rannlc-balk,  a  piece  of  wood  in  a  chimney,  from  which  is 
hung  the  pot-crook,  or  racken-crook.  1869-  In  dialect 
glossaries  (Lonsdale,  Rochdale,  Sheff.,  Northumb.). 

Rackarock  (ra-karpk).  [f.  RACK  v.3  +  A  a.'* 
+  ROCK  s6.]  An  explosive  consisting  of  potassium 
chlorate  and  nitrobenzol.  Also  attrib. 

1885  Daily  News  12  Oct.,  A  six-pound  cartridge  of racka- 
rock.  1891  Times  8  Oct.  5/4,  200  Ib.  of  rackarock  powder. . 
were  set  off.  1891  THORPE  Diet.  Appl.  Chein.  I.  84/2  The 
rackarock  cartridges  were  not  fired  electrically. 

Raokat,  obs.  form  of  RACKET. 
Ra-ck-bar. 

1.  Mech.  [f.  RACK  sb*  6.]     A  bar  fitted  with  a 
rack  or  racks. 

a  1824  A.  SCOTT  in  Trans.  Highl.  Soc.  (1824)  VI.  3I  The 
teeth  of  these  two  spur-wheels  are  to  work  . .  into  the  teeth 
of  the  rack-bars.  1879  Cassell's  Techn.  Educ.  IV.  395/1 
A  strong  semicircle  of  cast  iron,  with  which  the  telescope  is 
connected  by  a  rack-bar. 

2.  Naut.  [f.  RACK  v.X\     (See  quot.) 

1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-bk.,  Rack-bar,  a  billet  of  wood 
used  for  twisting  the  bight  of  a  swifter  round,  in  order  to 
bind  a  raft  firmly  together. 

Rack-bolt,  variant  of  RAG-BOLT. 
1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  58  Of  trenails,  screws,  and 
rack-bolts  2500  each. 

t  Ra'ck-bone.  06s.    [RACK  sdA]    A  vertebra. 

1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Ulan  775  The  transuerse  processes 
of  the  racke-bones  of  the  necke.  Ibid.  800  The  last  spondels 
or  rackbones  of  the  chest.  1656  W.  D.  tr.  Comenius'  Gate 
Lat.  Unl.  (1659)  259  The  chine  or  back  bone.. is  made  up 
of  four  and  thirty  rack-bones,  c  1720  W.  GIBSON  Farriers 
Guide  i.  v.  11738)  67  The  Rack-bones  that  are  between  the 
sixth  Vertebrae  of  the  Chest,  and  the  middle  of  the  Os 
sacrum. 

Rackcoone,  obs.  form  of  RACOON. 

Ra-ck-deal.  [f.  RACK  sb2~\  Deal  set  up  in  a 
rack  or  framework  and  dried  by  exposure  to  the  air. 
_  l8o7C.  VANCOUVER  Agric.  ^ezw;(i8i3)o6The  floor  above 
is  made  of  rack  deal,  or  any  soft  wood  plank.  1835  WHITE 
in  Par!.  Rep.  Timber  Duties  206  By  being  cut  out  with  the 
sap  running  to  them,  they  would  be  both  sappy  and  slabby ; 
those  are  what  we  call  rack  deals.  1887  Diet.  Archil.  s.v. 
Kack,  The  name  of  the  framework  in  which  deals  or  boards 
are  placed  on  end  for  air-drying. . .  Hence  the  term  '  rack 
deals  . 

Racked  (roekt),  ///.  a.l  [f.  RACK  z/.l  +  -ED  l.] 
Driven  along,  as  clouds  by  the  wind. 

18^8  KINGSLEY  Poems  150  Winds,  upon  whose  racked 
eddies,  far  aloft.  My  thoughts  in  exultation  held  their  way. 

Racked  (rsekt), ///.  a*  [f.  RACK  st>*  or  v.- 
+  -ED.]  Fitted  with  a  rack  or  racks. 


RACKET. 

1890  Anthonys  Paotofr.  Bull.  III.  128  A  metal  racked 
frame  to  fit  inside  a  plain  wooden  box. 

Racked  (rsekt),  fpl.  at     [f.  RACK  zi.a  +  -ED  i.] 

1.  That  is  racked,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb. ; 
stretched,  strained,  tortured  by  stretching,  etc. 

1571  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Ps.  iv.  i  Wheras  some  translate 
thys  woord  (for  ever). .  I  do  reject  as  a  racked  translation. 
1583  STCBBES  Anat.  Abus.  II.  i.  (1882)  24  They  will  be  sure  to 
make  price  of  their  racked  cloth,  double  and  triple  more 
than  it  cost  them.  1611  CHAPMAN  Widoices  T.  Wks.  1873 
III.  59  Much  more  worth  than  the  rackt  value.  1632  LITH- 
GOW  Trav.  x.  484  The  maintaj  ning  of  my  Lame  and  Racked 
body.  1867  TROLLOI'E  Chron.  ISarsel  I.  i.  1 1  He  endeavoured 
to  tell  the  truth,  as  far  as  his  poor  racked  imperfect  memory 
would  allow  him.  1894  HALL  CAINE  Manxman  v.  xix.  341 
The  torn  heart  and  racked  brain  could  bear  no  more. 

2.  Of  rent:  Raised  to  excess.     Cf.  RACK-RENT. 
1583  STUBBES^/«a^.^^«s.  it.  i.  (1882)29  He  might  haue  it 

freely  for  this  racked  rent.  1668  R.  L'ESTRANGE  Vis.  Quev. 
(1708)  164  Impositions,  hard  Services,  and  Kackt  Rents. 
1725  RAMSAY  Gentle  Sheph.  II.  i,  Never  did  he  stent  Us  in 
our  thriving  with  a  racket  rent.  1799  J.  ROBERTSON  Agric. 
Perth  404  Racked  rents,  .disable  the  tenant  to  improve. 

b.  Of  men,  their  living,  etc. :  Oppressed  by  or 
subjected  to  extortion  or  excessive  rent. 

1628  WITHER  Brit.Rcmemb.n.  1713  That  Crew  of  Spend 
thrifts.  .Were  now,  among  their  racked  Tenants  faine  To 
seeke  for  shelter.  1643  PKYNXE  Sov.  Power  Parl.  H.  30 
Weekely  or  monetbly  assessments  and  contributions.. ex 
ceeding  many  mens  racked  incomes.  1781  COWI-ER  Eipost. 
304  Thy  racked  inhabitants  repine,  complain. 

3.  Backed-out,  (a)  completely  exhausted ;    (b} 
passed  through  with  suffering. 

1870  SIR  S.  NORTHCOTE  in  Life  (1890)  II.  xii.  30  The  old 
racked-out  tobacco  and  corn  lands.  1900  W.  A.  ELI. is  Life 
Wagner  332  The  harvest  of  the  last  outlived,  or  rather 
racked-out  Summer. 

Racked  (isekt),///.  a.*  [f. RACK  v.°  +  -ED!.] 
Drawn  off  or  emptied  by  racking. 

1519  HOKMAN  Vu/g.  294  b,  Whither  so  euer  I  go  :  I  haue 
with  me  racked  wyne.  1563  T.  GALE  Antidot.  11.  83  In  the 
latter  drinke  we  haue  vsed  to  put  in  rackte  Renishe  Wyne 
1626  BACON  Syl-ca  §  306  Powre  the  Lees  of  the  Racked 
Vessell  into  the  vnracked  Vessell.  1764  Klass.  Gazette 
No.  3149/4  Good  rack'd  and  refm'd  Cyder. 

Rackee,  obs.  f.  RAKI.  Racken,  north,  and 
Sc.  var.  RECKON".  Racken-,  var.  RACKAN-CROOK. 

Racker1  (roo-kaj).     [f.  RACK  z>.3  +  -ER1.] 

1.  One  who  racks,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Contortor  legunt,  a  racket  of 
lawes.  1607  DEKKER  Knt.'s  Conjur.  (1842)  72  Landlords 
dare  not  quarter  themselves  here,  because  they  are  rackers 
of  rents,  a  1656  HALES  Gold.  Rein.  (1688)  15  These  Rackers 
of  Scripture  are  by  St.  Peter  stiled  Unstable.  1725  RAMSAY 
Gentle  Sheph.  n.  i,  Rackers  aft  tine  their  rent.  1820 
SOUTHEY  in  Q.  Rev.  XXIII.  568  The  constant  employment 
of  rackers  and  executioners. 

t  2.   (See  quot.)   Obs.  rare- •'. 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  m.  70/1  The  Farmer,  or  Racker, 
or  Dairy-Man.,  hold  Lands. .from  the  Lords  thereof  upon 
Rack  or  half-Rack,  that  is  upon  the  yearly  value  or  half 
value,  having  no  certain  term  of  holding  [etc.]. 

Racker-  (rai'ksj).  [f.  RACK  v.4  +  -ER1.]  A 
racking  horse. 

1829  Sporting  Mag.  XXIII.  266  The  racker  comes  to  us 
from  our  North  Western  territory.  1856  THOREAU  Lett. 
(1865)  146  The  swiftest  equine  trotter  or  racker. 

Racker  3  (rae-ksj).     [f.  RACK  z/.s  +  -ER  i .] 

1.  One  who  racks  wine  or  other  liquor. 

1611  COTGR.,  Frelateur,  a  racker  of  wine.  1863  Pall 
Alall  G.  i  Apr.  8  Harris  was  what  is  called  a  racker. 

2.  An  apparatus  for  racking. 

1846  TIZARD  Brewing  (ed.  2)  xx.  551  The  Floating  Racker. 
[Description  follows.] 

t  Ra'cket,  sd.l  Ol/s.  rare.  Also  4-5  raket. 
[Etym.  obscure.]  Some  game  played  with  dice. 

^"374  CHAUCER  Troylits  IV.  432  (460)  Canstow  pleyen 
raket,  to  and  fro,  Netle  in,  dokke  out,  now  this,  now  that, 
Pandare  ?  1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  i.  ii.  (Skeat)  166, 1  haue 
not  plaid  raket,  Nettle  in,  Docke  out.  1430-40  LYDG. 
Bochas  V.  xxix.  (1554)  140  Kyng  Phrahartes,  in  token  he 
was  unstable,  Sent  him  three  dees,  forged  square  of  golde, 
To  play  racket  as  a  chylde  chaungeable. 

Racket  (ise-ket),  sb.~  Forms:  6  rackat,  -it, 
Sc.  rakkett,  rakcat,  6-7  rackette,  8  -ett,  5- 
racket ;  6-9  raquet,  7  -ett,  9  racquet.  See  also 
RAQUETTE.  [a.  F.  raquette  (i6th  c.)  =  Sp.,  Pg. 
raqtteta,  It.  racchetta,  lacchetta,  of  uncertain  origin 
(see  Littre  and  Devic) :  hence  also  Du.  raket  (in 
Kilian  racket),  G.  rakete,  -ette.] 

1.  A  bat  used  in  the  games  of  rackets,  tennis, 
etc.,  consisting  of  a  network  of  cord  or  catgut 
stretched  across  a  somewhat  elliptical  frame  formed 
of  a  bent  strip  of  wood,  to  the  base  of  which  a 
handle  is  attached. 

1500-20  DI/NBAR  Poems  xiv.  66  Sa  mony  rakkettis,  sa 
mony  ketche-pillaris.  1540  [see  b].  1374  NEWTON  Health 
Mag.  6  Striking  and  receaving  the  balle  with  a  raquet. 
1624  CAIT.  SMITH  Virginia  H.  27  The  Beaver.. His  taile 
somewhat  like  the  forme  of  a  Racket.  1690  LOCKE  Hum. 
Und.  xxi.  §  9  A  Tennis-Bali,  whether  in  motion  by  the 
stroke  of  a  Racket,  or  lying  still  at  rest.  1763  C.  JOHNSTON 
Reverie  II.  206  He  was  seated  at  table  with  a  parcel  of 
shuttle-cocks  before  him,  and  mending  a  racket.  1805  SCOTT 
Last  Minstr.  n.  xxxi,  Like  tennis-ball  by  raquet  tossed. 
1808  PIKE  Sources  Mississ.  (1810)  100  [In  Lacrosse]  one 
catches  the  ball  in  his  racket,  and.  .endeavors  to  carry  it  to 
the  goal.  i8z8  D'IsRAELi  Chas.  I,  I.  ii.  22  In  the  tennis- 
court  he  toiled  with  the  racquet.  1890  C.  G.  HEATHCOTE 
Lawn  Tennis  208  The  main  object  of  modern  lawn  tennis  is 
to  meet  the  ball  with  a  full  racket. 


RACKET. 

fis-  1589  GREENE  Mtnaphon  (Arb.)  51  Finding  opportumtie 
to  giue  her  both  bal  and  racket.  1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug. 
Citic  of  God  (1620)  616  Friuolous  pamphlets,  the  very  rackets 
wherewith  Greece  bandieth  ignorant  heads  about.  1705 
HICKEIUNGILL  Priest-cr.  \\.  iii.  38  Antichrist  is  the  common 
Tennis-Bali  that  every  malicious  Racket  bandies  and  tosses 
against  each  other.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  vm.  ix.  P  9  You 
have  a  racket  for  every  ball ;  nothing  comes  amiss  to  you. 

b.  A  game  of  ball  played  by  two  persons,  who 
strike  the  ball  alternately  with  their  rackets  and 
endeavour  to  keep  it  rebounding  from  a  wall.  Now 
always  //.  Also_/^f. 

1529  LYNDESAY  Compl.  175  Sum  gart  him  raiffell  at  the 
rakcat :  Sum  harld  hyin  to  the  hurly  hakcat.  1540  HEY- 
WOOD  Four  P.  P.  882  All  the  soules  were  playnge  at  racket. 
None  other  rackettes  they  hadde  in  honde  [etc.].  1610 
GUILLIM  Heraldry  iv.  xn,  221  Such  [games]  are.. Racket, 
Balloone.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  III.  xxxii.  191 
All  his  address  and  conversation  is  one  continual  game  at 
raquet.  1822  HAZLITT  Table-t.  II.  vii.  161  Rackets,  .is,  like 
any  other  athletic  game,  very  much  a  thing  of  skill  and  prac 
tice.  1890  E.O.  P.  BOUVERIE  A'fzc^.j  359  The  game  of  rackets 
is  now  exclusively  played  in  a  court  enclosed  in  four  walls. 

t  2.  A  military  engine  (see  quot.).   Obs.  rare-1. 

1535  COVERDALE  i  Mace,  vi.  51  He  made  all  tnaner  ordi- 
naunce  \  handbowes,  fyrie  dartes,  rackettes  to  cast  stones. 

3.  A   snow-shoe   made   after   the   fashion   of  a 
racket  (sense  i),  as  used  in  Northern  America. 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vm.  iv.  753  Their  Dogges  . . 
haue  rackets  tied  vnder  their  feet,  the  better  to  runne  on 
the  snow.  1677  W.  HUBBARD  Narrative  n.  130  Unless  they 
carried  Rackets  under  their  Feet,  wherewith  to  walk  upon 
the  Top  of  the  Snow.  1758  Michmakis  ^  Maricheets  55 
Much  more  capable  with  their  legs  only,  than  we  with  our 
rackets.  1790  BEWICK  Hist.  Quadrup.  (1792)  in  The  sports 
man  pursues  in  his  broad  rackets  or  snow-shoes.  1875 
TEMPLE  &  SHELDON  Hist.  Northfield,  Mass.  84  Travel  was 
next  to  impossible,  except  upon  rackets. 

b.  A  broad  wooden  shoo  for  man  or  horse  to 
enable  them  to  walk  over  marshy  ground. 

1864  in  WEBSTER. 

4.  Ornith.  A  bird's  tail-feather   shaped   like   a 
racket,  a  spatule.     (Casselfs  Encycl.  Diet.  1887.) 

5.  attrib.  and  Comb.t  as  (sense  i)  racket-frame, 
-maker,  -seller  •  racket-like  adj. ;  (sense  i  b)  racket- 
ball,  -hat,  -court,  -ground,  -match,  -player  ;   (sense 
3)  racket-string;  racket-press  (see  quot.). 

1651  OGILBY  Msop  (1665)  164  Like  *  Racket-Hals  with 
Argos's  I  sport  And  the  whole  Ocean  is  my  Tennis- Court. 
-837  THACKERAY  Ravcnsiving  vi,  Who  hit  [him]  across  the 
shoulders  with  a  *racket-bat.  1604  MIDDLE  TON  Father 
Hubbards  T.  Wks.  iliullen)  VIII.  103,  I  am  no  day  from 
the  line  of  the  "racket-court.  1860  All  Year  Round  No.  66. 
366  It  is  thoroughly  inconvenient  and  defective  as  a  racket- 
court.  1837  DICKENS  Pickw.  xli,  This  area  . .  was  the 
"racket-ground.  1893  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  168  The  outer 
most  pair  [of  feathers]  are  enlarged  at  the  end  in  a  "racquet- 
like  form.  1611  COTGK.,  Raquet icr,  a  *Racket- maker.  1838 
JAS.  GRANT  S&.  Land.  57  Employed  to  supply  the  *racket- 
players  with  balls.  1890  C.  G.  HEATHCOTE  Lawn  Tennis 
204  Among  those  [implements]  which  ..  are  useful,  majf  be 
mentioned  the  Bracket  press  to  keep  the  racket  from  warping. 
1808  PIKE  Sources  Mississ.  (1810)  75  The  pressure  of  my 
*racket  strings  brought  the  blood  through  my  socks  and 
mockinsons. 

Racket  (rarket),  sb$  Also  8-9  racquet. 
[Prob.  onomatopoeic.  Gael,  racaid,  sometimes 
cited  as  the  source,  is  no  doubt  from  Kng.] 

1.  Disturbance,  loud  noise,  uproar,  din ;  usually 
such  as  is  produced  by  noisy  or  disorderly  conduct 
on  the  part  of  one  or  more  persons. 

In  quot.  1597  with  pun  on  sb? 

1565  ABP,  PARKER  Corr.  (Parker  Soc.)  234,  I  send  you  a 
letter  sent  to  me  of  the  racket  stirred  up  by  Withers. 
1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IV,  \\.  \\.  23  But  that  the  Tennis- 
Cpurt-keeper  knowes  better  then  I,  for  it  is  a  low  ebbe  of 
Linnen  with  thee,  when  thou  kept'st  not  Racket  there. 
a  1641  BP.  MOUXTAGU  Acts  9f  Mon.  (1642)  323  Antonius.. 
hearing  what  racket  the  Parthians  kept  in  Syria.  1712 
STEKLE  Spect.  No.  336  r  3  After  all  this  Racket  and  Clutter 
[etc.],  179*  Elvina  II.  98  We  wanted  quiet,  not  racket. 
1877  BLACK  Green.  Past.  xlii.  (1878)  336  A  quiet  country 
life— no  racket  except  the  roosters  in  the  morning. 

b.  With  a  and  pi.     An  instance  of  this. 

i6aa  MABBE  tr.  Alematt's  Guzman  tfAlf.  n.  261  Then  will 
shee  keepe  a  racket,  and  cry  put.  1683  Pol.  Ballads  (1860) 
I.  243  And  made  such  a  riot . .  That  never  before  such 
a  racket  was  known.  1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela  (1824)  I.  53 
Your  daughter  has  made  a  strange  racket  in  my  family. 
1777  MAD.  D'ARBLAY  Early  Diary  7  Apr.,  The  drums  and 
trumpets  again  made  a  racket.  1824  SCOTT  Si.  Ronaris  i, 
Such  dashers  occasioned  many  a  racket  in  Meg's  house. 

fig-  1855  I.  H.  NEWMAN  Callista  (1800)  87  There  is  such 
a  racket  and  whirl  of  religions  on  all  sides  of  me. 

c.  A  noisy  expression   of   opinion    or   feeling ; 
clamour,  outcry ;  excitement  or  fuss  (about  some 
thing,  or  with  a  person). 

1652  CULPEI-PER  Eng.  Physic.  182  What  a  noise  Authoars 
have  made  of  Roses,  what  a  '  Racket '  they  have  kept  up. 
1755  J-  SHEBBEARE  Lydia  (1769!  II.  270  She  was  astonished 
..at  the  racket  which  was  made  about  a  son  of  such  a 
creature.  1789  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Ethelinde  (1814)  I.  n 
I  hough  her  father  has  always  made  such  a  racket  with  her. 

A.  The  noise  and  whirl  of  society ;  excessive 
social  excitement  or  dissipation. 

1784  R.  BAGE  Ba>-ham  Downs  I.  118  Charm'd  with  dress 
and  trumpery,  with  ra..ket  and  dissipation.  1822  SCOTT 
4  Sept.  m  ram.  Lett.  (1894!  II.  xviii.  149,  I  did  not  wish 
for  you  in  the  midst  of  all  this  racquet  of  mirth  and  war. 
1850  I  HACKERAY  Lett.,  to  Mrs.  ttrookfield,  With  all  this 
cet  and  gaiety,  do  you  understand  that  a  gentleman  feclb 
very  lonely?  ,886  Spectator  6  Feb.  175/1  Dr.  Johnson., 
did  not  live  in  the  racket  of  Society. 


94 

b.  A  large  or  noisy  social  gathering. 
1745  ELIZA  HEYWOOD  Female  Spect.  No.  12  (1748)  II.  269 
She  told  me,  that  when  the  number  of  company  for  play 
exceeded  ten  tables,  it  was  called  a  racquet.  1750  JOHNSON 
Rambler  No.  97  f  4  To  idle  amusements,  and  to  negligence 
of  domestic  business,  to  wicked  rackets.  1876  T.  HARDY 
Ethelberta  (1890)  402  She'll  have  her  routs  and  her  rackets 
as  well  as  the  high-born  ones. 

3.  slang.  A  trick,  dodge,  scheme,  game,  line  of 
business  or  action. 

1812  J.  H.  VAUX  Flash  Diet.,  Racket,  some  particular 
kinds  of  fraud  and  robbery-  are  so  termed.  1851  MAYHEW 
Land.  Labour  I.  224/1,  I  did  wear  a  shovel  hat  when  the 
Bishop  of  London  was  our  racket.  1884  Bread-winners 
183  That's  just  our  racket.  1891  KIPLING  &  BALESTIER 
Naulahka  vi,  What's  your  lay?  What's  your  racket? 

4.  An  exciting  or  trying  situation  or  experience  ; 
an  ordeal.     To  stand  the  racket,  (a]  to  hold  out 
against  strain  or  wear  and  tear ;   (b}  to  face  the 
consequences  of  an  action. 

1823  '  J.  BEE  '  Diet.  Turf,  '  Racket— to  stand  the  ',  when 
one  of  a  set  stands  forward  to  bear  all  the  blame.  1827  T. 
WILSON  Pitinati's  Pay  n.  63  Sic  tussels  nobbit  pluck  could 
settle,  For  nowse  less  could  the  racket  stand.  1837  WHIT- 
TOCK  Bk.  Trades  (1842)  404  (Shoemaker)  Upon  this.. pre 
paration  depends  his  work  standing  the  racket  of  adverse 
seasons.  1878  BESANT  &  RICE  Cellars  Arb.  xxxii.  (1887) 
237, 1  escaped  and  came  out  of  the  whole  racket  unwounded. 

5.  Sc.  A  hard  blow ;  a  severe  slap. 

1710  RUUDIMAN  Douglas  s&neis,  Gloss,  s.v.  Rak,  More 
frequently,  .we  use  Racket,  as  he  gave  him  a  racket  on  the 
lug,  i.e.  a  box  on  the  ear.  1810  Cock's  Simple  Strains  135 
(Jam.)  The  wabster  lad  bang'd  to  his  feet,  An'  gae  'im  a 
waefu  racket. 

fRa-cket,  f.1  Obs.  Also  7  rackat.  [f. 
RACKET  j£.-] 

1.  trans.  To  strike  with,  or  as  with,  a  racket ;  to 
toss  or  bandy  about.     Chiefly j^. 

1603  FLORID  Montaigne  in.  ix.  (1613)  540  The  Gods  perdie 
doe  reckon  and  racket  us  men  as  their  tennis  balles.  1609 
B.  JONSON  Case  is  Altered  iv.  iv,  Then  think,  then  speak, . . 
And  racket  round  about  this  body's  court  These  two  sweet 
words,  'tis  safe.  1631  R.  H.  Arraigmn.  Whole  Crcatitre 
xiv.  §  2.  244  They  are  moveable  as  Shittlecockes,  or  Tennis 
Balls,  now  rackated  here,  now  there.  1705  G.  SCROPE 
Kpit.  on  himself  (St.  Michael's,  Coventry),  Here  lyes  an 
Old  Toss'd  Tennis  ball  Was  Racketted  from  Spring  to  Fall, 
b.  To  racket  away  :  To  lose  (money)  in  playing 
with  a  racket. 

1612  WEBSTKR  White  Devil  n.  i,  I  shall  not  shortly  Racket 
away  five  hundred  crowns  at  tennis  But  it  shall  rest  upon 
record  ! 

2.  To  racket  it\  To  carry  a  racket.  rare~l. 
1605  CHAI'.MAN,  etc.  Eastiu.  Hoe  \.  i,  There's  thy  fellowe 

Premise,  as  good  a  Gentleman  borne  as  thou  art. .  But  does 
hepumpe  it  or  Racket  it? 

Backet  (rre-ket),  v.2    [f.  RACKET  sd.z] 

1.  intr.  To  live  a  gay  life,  to  take  part  in  social 
excitement.     Also  with  about. 

1760  GKA.Y  Lett.,  to  Dr.  Clarke,  Poems  (1775)  282  Company 
and  cards  at  home,  parties  by  land  and  water  abroad,  and . . 
racketing  about  from  morning  to  night.  1792  Elvina.  II.  132 
Sir  Edward  will  not  allow  Klvina  to  racket  any  more  for 
some  time.  1833  MACAULAY  in  Life  fy  Lett.  (1880)  I.  346, 
I  have  been  racketing  lately,  having  dined  twice  witli 
Rogers  and  once  with  Grant. 

2.  intr.  To  make  a  noise   or  racket ;    to  move 
about  in  a  noisy  way. 

1827  CAPT.  HARDMAN  Waterloo  16  A  ball  from  their  in 
fantry  went  through  my  jacket,  Took  the  skin  off  my  side, 
and  made  me  racket.  1851  S.  JUDD  Margaret  xvii,  151  The 
wind  blazed  and  racketed  through  the  narrow  space  between 
the  house  and  the  hill.  1897  R.  KIPLING  Captains  Courageous 
iv.  86  The  pots  and  pans  ..  jarred  and  racketed  to  each 
plunge. 

b.  To  get  up  with  noise  and  confusion. 

1847  ALB.  SMITH  Ckr.  Tadpole  Hi.  (1879)  445  They're.. 
obliged  to  racket  up  too  early  in  the  morning  to  catch  the 
train,  to  take  anything. 

3.  trans.  To  keep  lively,  to  disturb,  destroy  (also 
with  away],  etc.  by  racketing,  rare. 

1753  RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1781)  VI.  xxvii.  166  Dearly 
do  we  love  racketing  ;  and,  another  whisper,  some  of  us  to 
be  racketed.  1777  LADY  S.  LENNOX  in  Life  <$•  Lett.  (1901) 
I.  261  The  racketting  their  health  so  entirely  away.  1827 
HONE  Every-day  Bk.  II.  820  A  racketty  life  had  racketied 
his  frame.  1886  H.  WARD  BEECHER  in  Horn.  Rev.  May 
421  We  hear  the  whole  land  racketed  with  the  disturbance 
produced  by  labor  and  capital. 

Kacketer1  (rse-ketai).  rare.  Also  6  rak- 
ketter.  [f.  RACKET  sb2  +  -KR!.] 

1.  One  who  plays  with  a  racket. 

1581  MULCASTER  Positions  xxvii.  (1887)  105  The  rakketters 
in  tennyse  play,  .must  shew  them  selues  nymble.  1860  All 
Year  Round  No.  66.  366  These  listless  racketers  rarely,  if 
ever,  hit  the  ball  twice  before  it  dropped. 

2.  One  who  wears,  or  walks  on,  rackets  or  snow- 
shoes  (Fiink*s  Stand.  Diet.  1893). 

K/a'cketer  J.  rare.  [f.  RACKET  sb.'&  or  v.^  + 
-ER  *.]  A  gay  or  noisy  person. 

1661  Sir  A.  Haslerig's  Last  Will  3  The  discontented 
Party.. may  find  our  impregnant  City  a  ready  Foster- 
Mother  to  nurse  these  distempers  in  her  ranting  Racketers. 
1754  RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1781)  I.  xvi.  109  At  a  private 
concert  last  night.. and  again  to  be  at  a  play  this  night : 
I  shall  be  a  racketcr,  I  doubt. 

Racketing  (ne-ketirj),  7'<V.  sb.  [f.  RACKET 
v.-  +  -ING  1.]  The  action  of  the  vb,,  esp.  in 
sense  i ;  an  instance  of  this. 

I7S3  [see  RACKET  t'.a3].  1795  SCOTT  23  Aug.  in  Lockhart^ 
I  \s  ibh  they  may  come  down  soon,  as  we  shall  have  fine 


BACKING. 

racketting.  1832  —  25  June  in  Fam.  Lett.  (1894)  II.  xviii. 
139  Late  hours  and  raqueting.  1843  Mi  ALL  in  Nonconf. 
III.  745  No  racketing  of  engines  to  turn  his  domain  into 
a  modern  Babel.  1886  BARING-GOULD  Mclialah  183  There'll 
bejunke  tings  and  racketings. 

Kacketing  (rse'kelin),  ppl.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  2.]  That  rackets,  in  senses  of  the  vb. ;  char 
acterized  by  racket  or  racketing. 

1763  ELIZ.  CARTER  in  Mem.  (1808)  I.  362  We  live  a  very 
racketting  life  at  the  Hague.  1821  JEFFREY  in  Cpckburn 
Life  II.  Ixxxvi,  We  have  had  a  racketing  feverish  life  since 
we  came  here.  1847  W.  IRVING  in  Life  fy  Lett.  (1864)  IV.  25 
One  of  the  most  racketing  cities  in  the  world.  1893  BESANT 
Westminster  iii.  88  A  place  filled  with  noisy,  racketing,  even 
uproarious  life. 


:etry  (rse-ketri).     [f.  RACKET  $b$  +  -RY.] 

Systematic  or  continuous  noise  or  disturbance. 

1884  in  Bryce  Amer.  Commw.  II.  639  The  non-voters., 
constitute  the  muscle  and  sinew  of  the  campaign  racketry 
— a  word  made  indispensable  by  political  conventions.  Ibid. 
640  All  this  racketry  has  been  going  on .  for  seven  minutes. 

Ra'Cket-tail.  [f.  RACKET  sb*\  A  (bird's) 
tail  shaped  like  a  tennis-racket ;  hence  used  as  a 
name  for  various  species  of  humming-birds  and 
motmots  having  tails  of  this  form. 

1851  JARDINE  Contrib.  Ornith.  in  The  beautiful  species 
S[^at/tu>'a]  Underwoodu^  with  its  white  boots  and  racket 
tail.  1861  GOULD  Humming  Birds  III.  PL  162  Spathura 
Undenuoodii  white-booted  Racket-tail.  Ibid.  164  S,  Pern- 
ana,  Peruvian  Racket-tail.  1893  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds 
446  The  lateral  feathers  may.  .suddenly  enlarge  into  a  ter 
minal  spatulation  as  in  the  forms  known  as '  Racquet-tails '. 

So  Ka'cket- tailed  a.,  having  a  racket-tail. 

1812  SHAW  Gen.  ZooL  VIII.  1.317  The  Racket-tailed  Hum 
ming  Bird  is  a  rare  species,  and  is  a  native  of  South  America. 
1833  JARDINE  Humming- Birds  II. no  Rough-legged  Racket- 
tailed  Humming-Bird.  1894  Naturalist  on  Prowl 178  The 
ever-changing  . .  notes  of  the  Racket-tailed  Drongo. 

Rackette,  obs.  form  of  RACKET  sb.% 
Racket-wheel,  variant  of  RATCHET-WHEEL. 

1794  W.  FELTON  Carriages  (1801)  I.  78  The  brace  is  fixed 
to  a  spindle.. and  is  there  confined  by  a  small  racket-wheel 
and  ketch.  1837  Penny  Cycl.  IX.  150/1  There  is  also 
a  racket-wheel  to  prevent  its  unwinding. 

Rackety  (rsrketi),<z.  Also  -tty.  [f.  RACKET 
j*.3  +  -Y.] 

1.  Addicted   to   making   a   racket ;   noisy,   gay, 
fond  of  excitement. 

1773  BERRIDGE  Chr.  World  Unmasked  (1812)  27  Some 
players  are  rude  and  racketty.  1857  KINGSLF.Y  Two  Years 
Ago  I.  vii.  192  This  strange  metamorphosis  in  the  rackety 
little  Irishman.  1885  Afattc/t,  Exam.  9  Apr.  5/3  The 
rackety  winds  of  March  and  April. 

2.  Characterized   by  noise,   excitement,  dissipa 
tion,  or  disturbance. 

1827  [see  RACKET  ?'.2  3].  1840  HOOD  Up  the  Rhine  61 
Foreign  travelling  is  very  racketty  work.  1865  CAKLYLE 
Fredk.  Gt,  x.  ii.  (1872)  III.  221  He  ..  studies  and  learns 
amazingly  in  such  a  rackety  existence. 

\  3.   =  RICKETY. 

1824  W.  IRVING  T.  Trav.  I.  55  An  old  rackety  inn,  that 
looked  ready  to  fall  to  pieces. 

Ra-ckfUl.     [f.  RACK  sd*]    The  fill  of  a  rack. 

1898  C.  G.  ROBERTSON  Voces  Aeadem.  190  A  rackful  of 
sticks  and  pipes. 

Rackin-crook,  variant  of  RACKAN-CKOOK. 

Ra*cking,  vbL  sb±  [f.  RACK  v^  +  -ING1.] 
The  action  of  driving  before  the  wind.  rare"1. 

1631  Celesttna  Prol.  A  vj  b,  Those  rackings  to  and  fro  of 
the  clouds. 

Ra'ckiiig,  vb!.  sb.-  [f.  RACKZJ>]  a.  Fitting 
with,  placing  in,  etc.,  a  rack  or  racks,  b.  The 
washing  of  ore  on  a  rack  (Knight  1875). 

1888  Daily  News  18  July  2/6  Restitution  of  '  pennies '  if 
the  girls  do  their  own  racking. 

Racking  (rre-kirj),  vbl,  sb$    [f.  RACK  v.'J] 

1.  The  action  of  stretching,  extending,  straining, 

etc. ;  pulling  tight  or  making  fast  by  rack-lashings. 

Also  with  down, 
1463-4  Rolls  Parlt.  V.  501/1  Erode  Cloth,  .after  almanere 

rakkyng,  streynyng  or  teyntyng  therof.     1565  JEWEL  Reft. 

Harding  (1611)  364   It  cannot  be  drawen,  nor  by  racking 

can  be  stretched  to  any  other  sense.  1577  HoUHSHBDCAfimi. 

II.   1751/2  Thys   grieuous  racking  and  extending  of  this 

worde    Procurement.     1764   CHURCHILL    Gotkam    12   The 


Milit.  Diet.,  Racking-down,  an  operation  performed  with 
the  aid  of  rack-lashing  in  laying  a  gun  or  mortar  platform. 
b.  Torturing  by  means  of  the  rack. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vii.  490  Dyuerse  tourmentes,  as 
rakkynge,  h«ddynge,  and  hangynge.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slei- 
dane's  Comm.  284  All  racking  and  torture,  that  exceadeth 
a  meane,  is  uncerten  and  perillous.  a  1653  GOUGE  Comm. 
Hebr.  xi.  36  If  racking,  if  scourging.. be  reall  persecutions, 
then  were  theirs  reall.  1732  NEAL  Hist.  Pnrit.  I.  429  He 
had  condemned  racking  for  grievous  offenders,  as  contrary 
to  Law.  1868  BROWNING  Ring  fy  &&•  v-  "3  Noblemen  were 
exempt,  the  vulgar  thought,  From  racking. 

C.  Raising  (of  rents)  to  an  excess.    Also  with  up. 

1581  W.  STAFFORD  Exam.  Compl.  iii.  (1876)  82  This 
rackynge  and  hoyssingvpof  Rentes.  1627  HAKEWILL  ApoL 
(1630)  522  By  unconscionable  racking  of  rents  and  wresting 
from  them  excessiue  fines.  1690  CHILD  Disc.  Trade  (1694) 
50  The  racking  up  of  rents  in  the  years  1651  and  1652. 

2.  The  undergoing  or  causing  of  strain,  distortion, 
or  dislocation. 

1739  LABKLVI;  Short  Ace.  Piers  Westm.  Bridge  i_8  The 
Frames  could  move  . .  without  any  Danger  of  racking  or 
straining,  1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  306  Nothing  to 


RACKING. 

oppose  the  racking  of  the  frame.  1868  Rep.  Munitions 
War  267  The  '  Bellerophon '  could  pass  the  forts  at  New 
York  within  200  yards  without  suffering  except  by  racking. 
1869  SIR  E.  REED  Shipbuilding  ii.  jjThis  plan  ..  has  the 
important  advantage  of  opposing  the  racking  of  the  floor 
plates  longitudinally. 

attrib.  1865  A.  L.  HOLLEY  Ordnance  ff  Armor  212  The 
'racking*  system,  by  means  of  heavy  projectiles  at  low 
velocities. 

3.  Intense  pain. 

1896  AMutt's  Sysl.  of  Med.  I.  6So  Violent  aching  of  the 
head . .  with  racking  in  the  bones. 

Rac'king,   vbl.  **.*     [f.  RACK  z;.4]     Of  a 

horse  :  The  action  or  fact  of  moving  with  a  rack. 

1530  PALSGR.  260/2  Rackyng  of  a  horse  in  his  pace,  roc- 
quassure.  1607  MARKHAM  Caval,  iv.  5  Taking  his  time 
keeping  from  trotting,  and  his  motion  of  legges  from  ambling, 
and  so  compound  this  which  is  called  a  Traine,  or  Racking, 
1725  BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Rules  for  buying  Horses, 
Racking.. 'tis  the  same  Motion  as  Ambling,  only  it  is  a 
sweeter  Time.  1818  J.  PALMER  Jrnl.  Travels  51  Racking 
is  a  favourite  ambling  pace. 

Racking  (nrA-in),  vbl.  sbS>  ff.  RACK  v.»] 
Drawing  off  wine,  etc.  from  the  lees. 

c  1475  Liber  Niger  in  Uouah.  Or,/.  (1790)  74  The  rackinge. 
coynynge,  rebatinge,  and  other  salvations  of  wyues.  1626 
BACON  Sylva.  §  305  It  is  in  common  Practise,  to  draw  Wine, 
or  Beere,  from  the  Lees,  (which  we  call  Racking).  1703  Art 
ft  Myst.  Vintners  23  The  usual  times  for  Racking,  are  Mid 
summer  and  Alhallontide.  1783  B.  J.  BROMWICH  Exper. 
Bee-keeper  59  If  it  does  not  become  fine  after  the  first 
racking,  the  operation  should  be  repeated.  1846  J.  BAXTER 
Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  I.  169  The  manufacture  of  cider 
may  be  divided  into  twelve  heads  : . .  8.  The  racking. 

b.  attrib.,  as  racking-back,  -can,  -cellar,  -cock, 
-engine,  -faucet,  -hose,  -pump,  -shed,  -tap,  -vessel. 

1846  TIZARD  Brewing (ed.  2)  xx.  547  A  more  perfect  rack 
ing-engine  than  such  as  are  in  ordinary  use.  Ibid.,  The 
racking  tap.  1890  Pall  Mall  G.  4  Aug.  3/1  The  cask  . .  is 
further  cleaned  with  steam ..  before  being  allowed  to  roll  oft" 


Ibid.  503  Racking  hose,  .and  racking  cocks. 

Ra-cking,  vbl.  st>fi  [f.  RACK  w.c]  A  piece  of 
spun  yarn  or  other  material  used  for  racking  ropes. 

1711  W.  SUTHERLAND  Shipbuild.  Assist.  143  Racking  and 
Seizing  for  the  Parrel,  c  1860  H.  STUART  Seaman's  Catech. 
34  It  will  greatly  assist  the  spunyarn  racking.  1882  NARES 
Seamanship  (ed.  6)  116  Cast  off  the  racking. 

t  Ra-cking,  vbl.  sb.1  [f.  rack  WHACK  v.  Cf. 
RACK  rf.5]  Wrecking,  destruction. 

1689  Pol.  Ballads  (1860)  II.  8  The  Queen  and  Prince 
banisht  for  what  none  dares  own,  Unless  for  the  racking  and 
ruin  o'  the  state. 

Ra-cking1,  ppl.  0.1     [f.  RACK  v.i  +  -INOS.] 

1.  Of  clouds  :  Driving  before  the  wind. 

1590  MARLOWE  ind  ft.  Tamburl.  iv.  iv,  Draw  my  chariot 
swifter  than  the  racking  clouds.  1697  DRYDEN  SEneid  iv. 
361  Drives  the  racking  clouds  along  the  liquid  Space.  1808 
SCOTT  Marm.  in.  xxii,  Of  middle  air  the  demons  proud, 
Who  ride  upon  the  racking  cloud. 

2.  Of  winds :  Driving,  carrying  along. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  182  The  sport  and  prey  Of  racking 
whirlwinds.  1840  CARLYLE  Heroes  iii.  (1858)  255  The  racking 
winds,  .whirl  them  away  again. 

Racking  (rte-kin),///.  a?     [f.  RACK  z«.3] 

1.  Extortionate  ;  exacting. 

1580  SIDNEY  Arcadia  i.  (1598)  2  The  court  of  affection, 
held  by  that  racking  steward,  Remembrance.  1636  FEATLY 
Clavis  Myst.  vii.  go  Hee  layeth  the  blame  on. .racking 
Landlords.  1649  Bp.  H^LCases  Come.  (1650)  12  Let  those 
. .  learn  to  make  no  lesse  conscience  of  a  racking  bargain. 
1817  SCOTT  Search  after  Happiness  xvi,  Cursed  war  and 
racking  tax  Have  left  us  scarcely  raiment  to  our  backs, 
t  b.  Let  at  rack-rents.  Obs.  rare—1. 

a  1619  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Wit  without  M.  i.  i,  Your  racking 
Pastures,  that  have  eaten  up  as  many  singing  Shepherds, 
and  their  issues,  as  Andeluzia  breeds. 

2.  Torturing ;   causing  intense  pain,  physical  or 
mental. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  XL  481  Maladies  Of  gastly  Spasm,  or 
racking  torture.  1693  CONGREVE  in  Dryden's  Juvenal  xi, 
(1697)  296  The  most  racking  Thought,  which  can  intrude. 
1752  HUME  Ess.  ff  Treat.  (1777)  II.  106  A  man  lying  under 
the  racking  pains  of  the  Gout.  1806-7  J-  BERESFORD 
Miseries  Hum.  Life  (1826)  vi.  xxii,  Getting  up  for  a  journey 
with  a  racking  headache.  1873  G.  C.  DAVIES  Mount.  $ 
Mere  viii.  57,  I  had  been  kept  awake  by  a  most  racking 
tooth-ache. 

3.  Straining,  dislocating  ;  breaking  under  strain. 
1868  Rep.  Munitions  War  262  To  neutralize  the  vibration, 

when  struck  a  racking  blow  on  one  side.  1874  THEARLE 
Naval  Archit.  118  Great  racking  strains  are  set  up, tending  ' 
to  alter  the  relative  positions  of  the  beams  to  each  other  and 
to  the  ship's  side.  1895  R.  KIPLING  in  PallMallG.  25601. 
3/2  Spirits,  goblins,  and  witch-people  were  moving  about  on 
the  racking  ice. 

Hence  Ra'ckiugly  adv. ,  in  a  racking  or  exhaust 
ing  manner. 

1857  Cliamb.  Jrnl.  VIII.  33  They  will  certainly  become 
..monotonous  by  virtue  of  being  so  rackingly  relevant. 

Ra-ckiug,  ///.  a.s    [f.  RACK  v.*] 

1.  Of  a  horse  :  Moving  with  a  rack. 

1562  Richmond.  Wills  (Surtees)  166  One  old  rackynge 
nagg.  1585  Wills  f,  Inv.  N.  C.  (Surtees  1860)  108  My 
rackinge  blacke  nagge.  1817  PAULDING  Letters  fr.  South 
(1835)  I,  86,  I  bought  a  new  horse, — one  of  your  capital 
racking  ponies,  as  they  are  yclept. 

fig.  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Staffordsh.  (1662)  41  He 
himself  became  a  racking  but  no  thorough-paced  Protestant. 

2.  Racking  pace  =  RACK  sbf 

1611  COTGR.,  Aml'le, .  .an  ambling,  or  racking  pace.     1676 


95 

Land.  Gaz.  1138/4  Two  Cart-Geldings,  ..  a  little  racking- 
pace.  1721  DUDLEY  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXXI.  167  A  Moose 
..shoves  along  side-ways,  throwing  out  the  Feet,  much  like 
a  Horse  in  a  racking  pace.  1819  REES  Cycl.  XXIX.  s.v. 
Rack,  The  racking  pace  is  much  the  same  as  the  amble. 

Ra-ckiug,  ppl.  a.*  Naut.  [f.  RACK  v.a] 
That  fastens  ropes  together. 

1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bit,  s.v.  Nippering,  Fastening 
nippers  by  taking  turns  crosswise  between  the  parts. .  .These 
are  called  racking  turns.  1882  NARES  Seamanship  (ed.  6) 
34  It  is.  .secured  with  a  racking  seizing.  1886  J.  M.  CAI'L- 
FEILD  Seamansliip  Notes  3  Secure,  .reef-pendant  to  boom 
with  a  racking  or  rolling  hitch. 

tRaok  jack.  Obs.  rare-1.    A  racket. 
1582  STANYHURST  /Ends  i.  (Arb.)  22  Dare  ye.  .Too  raise 
such  raks  iaks  on  seas,  and  danger  vnorderd? 

Ra-ck-la:shing.  Mil.  [f.  RACK  z».3j  A  lashing 
consisting  of  a  piece  of  stout  rope  fastened  to  a 
short  tapering  stick,  by  means  of  which  it  may  be 
twisted  tight. 

"834-47  J.  S.  MACAULAY  Field  For/if.  (1851)  74  A  piece  of 
smaller  scantling  is  laid  on  the  top  of  the  plank . .  to  which  it 
is  secured  with  rack-lashings.  1859  F.  A.  GRIFFITHS  Artil. 
Man.  (1862)  257. 

Rackle  (rark'l),  a.  Ol>s.  exc.  Sc.  and  north,  dial. 
Forms :  4-5  rakel,  -il,  4-6  -yl,  (5  -yll),  racle,  6 
ra(c)kle,  .SV.  rakill,  7  raokel,  8  raucle,  9  raekle, 
rau(o)kle.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  ILasty,  rash, 
impetuous,  headstrong ;  rough  or  coarse  in  action  ; 
also  Sc.  possessed  of  rude  strength,  vigorous  at  an 
advanced  age.  a.  of  persons  : 

a  1300  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1875)  37  To  rakele  bo 
bei  were,  Jware  fore  |)o  buy  fullen  bere.  13. .  E.  K.  Allit, 
1'.  C.  526  He  bat  is  to  rakel  to  renden  his  clobez,  Mot  efte 
sitte  with  more  vnsounde  to  sewe  hem  togeder.  c  1430 
LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  30  To  wyving  be  thou 
nat  racle.  1433  —  St.  Edmund  n.  512  The  kyng,  nat  rakel, 
but  of  hih  prudence.  1570  LEVINS  Alanip.  129/8  Rakyl, 


BURNS  Jolly  ISeggars  4th  Recit.,  Then  niest  outspak  a 
raucle  carlin.  1826  T.  WILSON  Pitman's  Pay  i.  Ixvi,  Te 
guide  a  raekle  ram-stam  wife.  1876  WAUCII  Hermit  CoMilcr 
(Lancash.  dial.)  29  Is  there  ony  news  o'  that  raekle  (reckless) 
brother  o'  thine  ? 

b.  of  things,  actions,  feelings,  etc. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  in.  380  (429)  Echo  rakil  dede,  and 
eche  unbridelid  chere.  c  1386  —  Manciple's  7'.i85  A  thousand 
folk  hath  rakel  Ire  Fully  fordoon.  Ibid.  235  Wostow  wher- 
of  a  rakel  tonge  serueth.  1406  HOCCLEVE  La  Male  Regie 
83  His  rakil  wit  only  to  him  souffysith.  c  1550  R.  BIESTO.N- 
Bayte  Fortune  Aij,  Thy  lounge  is  racle,  thy  wit  is  rechles. 
1786  BURNS  Earnest  Cry  ff  Prayer  xxii,  Auld  Scotland  has 
a  raucle  tongue. 

Comb.  1715  Wodro-M  Corr.  (1843)  II.  39,  I  suspect  this 
will  be  a  very  rackle-handed  committee. 

?  Hence  t  Hackle  v.  intr.,  to  act  rashly  or  roughly. 
Obs.  rare  — '. 

CI374  CHAUCER  Troylus  in.  1593  (1642),  I  nil  not  rakle  as 
for  to  greven  here. 

Rackleness  (rark'lnes).  Obs.  exc.  dial,  [f 
RACKLE  a.  +  -NESS.]  f  a.  Rashness,  hastiness.  Obs. 
b.  Sc.  (See  quot.  1825). 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Manciple's  T.  179  O  euery  man  be  war  of 
rakelnesse  Ne  trowe  no  thyng  withouten  strong  witnesse. 
J549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  James  29  True  godlynes 
can  in  no  wise  agree  with  racklenes  of  tongue.  1825 
JAMIESON  Suppl.,  (Rackleness),  Raucleness,  vigour  and 
freshness  in  an  advanced  period  of  life. 

Ra-ckless,  a.  rare~^.    [f.  RACK  j*.3  +  -LESS.] 
Produced  without  a  rack. 
1867  G.  GILFILLAN  Night  ix.  310  Rackless  torture. 

Rackless,  obs.  (north,  and  Sc.)  f.  RECKLESS. 

t  Ra-ckly,  adv.  Sc.  Obs.  rare—1.  In  6  raklie. 
[?  f.  RACKLE  a.  +  -LT2.]  Rapidly,  impetuously. 

c  1470  HENRYSON  Mor.  Fab.  xi.  (.Wolfff  Sheep)  xix,  Went 
never  hound  mair  haistelie  fra  the  hand,  Quhen  he  wes 
rynnand  maist  raklie  at  the  ra. 

Rackoon(e,  obs.  forms  of  RACOON. 
Ra-ck-pin. 

1.  [f.  RACK  v.'f]   =  RACK-STICK. 

1859  J.  BROWN  Rat  ff  F.  (1862)  33,  I  had  to  brain  him  wi' 
a  rack-pin. 

2.  [f.  RACK  sb.1]     One  of  the  pins  supporting 
the  rack-boards  in  an  organ. 

1881  W.  E.  DICKSON  Pract.  Organ-building  91  The  rack- 
board  . .  may  be  placed  on  its  rack-pins,  and  the  feet  dropped 
into  their  places. 

Rack-punch,  [f.  RACK  s6.l  +  PUNCH.]  Punch 
made  with  arrack. 

1713  STEELE  Guard.  No.  143  r  3  Rack-punch,  quickned 
with  brandy  and  gun-powder.  1752  FIELDING  Amelia 
Wk.s.  I77S  X.  155  The  governor  ..  trumpeted  forth  the 
praises  of  his  rack-punch.  1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  vi, 
He  insisted  upon  having  a  bowl  of  rack  punch  ;  everybody 
had  rack  punch  at  Vauxhall. 

Ra'ck-rent, ,rf.  [f.  RACKw.34  +  RENT.  Rack- 
rented  is  found  in  1591.]  A  very  high,  excessive, 
or  extortionate  rent ;  a  rent  equal  (or  nearly  equal) 
to  the  full  value  of  the  land. 

1607  J.  NORDF.N  Sun:  Dial.  v.  So  An  obseruing  and 
painefull  husband,  .thriueth  as  well  upon  his  farme  of  rack 
rent,  as  many..  Freeholders.  1715  Act  Reg.  Papists  in 
Lond.  Gaz.  (1716)  No.  5455/3  Any  Farmer  or  Tenant  at 
Rack-Rent.  1745  Season.  Adv.  Protest.  18  They  steal  from 
their  Neighbours,  to  enable  them  to  pay  the  Land-jobber 
his  Rack-Rent.  1818  JAS.  MILL  Rrit.  India  I.  n.  v.  184  note, 
One  third  to  the  cultivator,  and  two  thirds  to  the  proprietor, 
would  be  accounted  a  rackrent  in  England.  1879  H.  GEORGE 


RACOON. 

Progr.  ff  Pov.  n.  ii.  (1881)  in  They  lived  on  the  potato, 
because  rack-rents  stripped  every  thing  else  from  them. 

attrib.  1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  4  Dec.  1775 
Obs.,  The  rack-rent  Gentlemen  of  landed  property.  1834 
Tail's  Mag.  I.  17/1  Every  year  growing  worse  than  the  last 
in  this  rack-rent  country. 

transf.  and  fig.  1608  MIDDLF.TON  Fam.  Love  i.  ii,  Nil 
muliere  levins.  Tut,  man,  every  one  knows  their  worth 
When  they  are  at  a  rack  rent.  1768  Woman  of  Honor  II. 
178  Subjecting  to  the  rack-rent  of  avarice  and  insolence  that 
country  of  theirs. 

Ra-ck-rent,  v.    [f.  prec.] 

1.  trans.  To  subject  (a  person)  to  the  payment 
of  rack-rent. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  I.  xiii.  83  It  was  a  maxim 
with  his  family.. never  to  rack-rent  old  tenants  or  their 
descendants.  1879  H.  GEORGE  Progr.  q-  Pov.  105  Who 
rack-rent  the  cultivators  most  mercilessly. 

alisol.  1856  LEVER  Martins  of  Cro'M.  138  He  hunted, 
and  drank,  and  feasted  and  rack-rented. 

2.  To  let  (a  farm,  etc.)  at  a  rack-rent. 
1882  in  OGILVIR. 

Hence  Kackre'ntable  a.,  capable  of  being  rack- 
rented  ;  Ea'ck-re:nted  ppl.  a.  (in  quot.  1591  app. 
f.  the  sb.)  ;  Ra'ck-re'nting  vbl.  sb.  and  ///.  a. 

1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  I.  iii.  1154  The  needy,  hard- 
rack-rented  Hinde.  1856  LEVER  Martins  ofCro'M.  398  Is 
it  rack-renting.. would  make  them  popular?  1875  MAINE 
Hist.  Inst.  vi.  175  They  were  the  first  'tenants  at  will'., 
and.. were  always  theoretically  rackrentable.  1893  PEEL 
Spen  Valley  120  The  appeal  of  the  poor  rack-rented 
tenantry.  1897  IVestm.  Gaz.  9  Sept.  7/1  Even  the  most 
rack-renting  of  landlords  will  find  ..  the  impossibility  of 
extortion. 

Ra/ck-reaital.  rare  -1.  The  value  (of  land) 
at  rack-rent. 

1812  SOUTHF.Y  in  Q.  Rev.  VIII.  328  The  rack-rental  of 
England  in  that  year  [1803!  was  about  forty  millions. 

Ra-ck-re:nter. 

1.  One  who  pays  rack-rent. 

1680  Spirit  of  Popery  45  If  they  were  Rack -renters.  1733 
TULL  Horse-hoeing  Hush.  Pref.  6  'Tis  a  publick  Calamity, 
that  the  Lands  of  a  Country  must  be  all  or  mostly  in  the 
Hands  of  Rack-Renters,  whose  Interest  it  is.. that  they 
never  may  be  improv'd.  1807  VANCOUVKK  Agric.  Dei'on 
(1815)  224  These  meadows  the  rack  renters  are  bound  to  dress 
after  every  third  crop  of  hay.  1826  COBBKTT  Km:  Rides 
(1885)  II.  236  The  farmers  were  real  yeomen,  and  not  miser 
able  rack-renters. 

2.  One  who  exacts  rack-rent. 

1880  Times  23  Oct.  6/5  Not.  .one  [landlord]  in  500  [will] 
be  found  to  merit  the  name  of  '  rack-renter  '. 

t  Rack-saueh.  Sc.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  RACK  zi.s 
+  SAUCH,  sallow,  willow.]  A  gallows-bird. 

1508  DUNOAR  Flyting  245  Filling  of  tauch,  rak  sauch,  cry 
crauch,  thow  art  our  sett. 

Ra-ck-staff.  ?  Obs.     (See  quots.) 

1611  COTGR.,  Frayoire,  the  racke-staffe,  or  nog  of  a  mill  ; 
the  little  peece  of  wood  which  rubbing  against  the  hopper 
makes  the  corne  fall  from  it.  1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in. 
340/2  The  parts  of  a  Wind-Mill  . .  The  Rack-staff,  that 
shakes  the  Shough.  1847-78  HALLIWELL,  Rack-staff,  a  kind 
of  pole  or  staff  used  for  adjusting  the  mill-stones. 

Ra'Ck-stick.  [f.  RACK  v.3]  A  stick  used  for 
tightening  a  rope  placed  round  anything. 

1859  F.  A.  GRIFFITHS  Artil.  Man.  (1862)  258  Rack-sticks, 
and  lashings.  Ibid.  259  The.  .officer  carries  the  rack  sticks. 

Raekt,  obs.  form  of  raited,  RAKK  v.1 

f  Rack  vintage.  Obs.   (See  quot.  1617.) 

1540  Act  32  Hen.  VIII,  c.  14  For  the  freight  of  euery  tun 
wyne  at  the  racke  vintage,  xvi.s.  1617  MINSHEU  Ditctor, 
Racke  vintage.  An.  32.  H.  8.  cap.  14,  is  a  second  vintage  or 
voyage  for  wines  by  our  Merchants  into  Fraunce,  &c. 
[Hence  in  Blount  and  later  Diets.] 

Rack- wind :  see  RACK  sbl  3. 

Rackyn-croke,  obs.  form  of  RACKAN-CKOOK. 

Racle,  obs.  f.  RACKLE  a.  Racoille,  var.  RKCUEIL 
v.  Racolta,  var.  RACCOLTA.  Racommode,  var. 
RACCOMMODE.  Racon,  obs.  f.  RACKAN. 

II  Raconteur  (rakontSr).  [F.,  f.  raconter  to 
relate  :  see  RECOUNT  v^\  One  skilled  in  relating 
anecdotes  or  stories. 

1829  DISRAELI  Yng.  Duke  I.  xii.  (1831)  97  Stamped  the 
illustrious  narrator  as  the  most  consummate  raconteur. 
1855-6  THACKERAY  Four  Georges  (1861)  183  Scott,  .the  very 
best  raconteur  of  his  time.  1885  Manch.  Exam.  13  Apr.  5/7 
He  was  a  good  raconteur.  No  one  knew  more  good  stories 
or  could  tell  them  so  well. 

So  Bacontevtse  (-tb'z),  a  female  raconteur. 

1863  OUIDA  Held  in  Bondage  (1870)  46  '  There's  not  one  of 
you  men  now-a-days  like  Selwyn  ',  began  the  old  raconteitse 
again.  1892  Daily  News  2  Aug.  5/1  Let  us  admit  that  she 
is  a  good  raconteuse,  for  the  sake  of  grammar. 

Racoon,  raCCOOU  (rakw-n,  raekK-n),  sb. 
Forms  :  7  (see  etym.  note ;  also)  racoone,  -oune, 
-owne,  7-8  rackoon,  (7  rack-,  rockoone),  7- 
raecoon,  8-  racoon.  See  also  COON  and  RATTOON. 
[Powhatan  (Virginia)  dialect  of  Algonquian.  The 
following  quots.  show  more  precise  reproductions 
of  the  native  word  : 

1608  CAPT.  SMITH  True  Relat.  Wks.  (Arb.)  19  Couered 
with  a  great  Couei  ing  of  Rahaugcums.  Ibid.  23  Presents 
of  Deare,  bread,  Raugroughcums.  ci6io  W.  STRACHEY 
Virginia  (1849)  '• x-  I22  There  is  a  beast  they  call  arocoune, 
much  like  a  badger.  Ibid.  183  Diet.  Ind.  Lang.,  Arathkone, 
a  beast  like  a  fox.  1624  CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  Ii.  27  There 
is  a  beast  they  call  Aroughcun,  much  like  a  badger.  Ibid. 
III.  ii.  48  A  great  robe,  made  of  Rarowcun  skinnes.] 

An  American  nocturnal  carnivore  of  the  genus 
Procyon.  The  common  N.  American  species  is 


RACOON. 

P.  lotor,  a  grayish-brown  furry  animal  with  bushy 
tail  and  sharp  snout. 

1619  MIDDLETON  Lore  ff  Antlq.  IQ  Mint:k,  Stole,  Miniuer, 
Racuone,  Moashye,  Woluerine.  1632  T.  MORTON  Neiv  Eng. 
Canaan  v.  (1838)  54  The  Racowne  is  a  beast  as  bigg,  .as  a 
Foxe,  with  a  Bushtayle.  1671  JOSSEI.YN  Nm>  F.tig.  Karitifs 
17  The  Raccoon  liveth  in  hollow  trees.  1711  E.  COOKK 
Voy.  S.  Sea  326  Of  wild  Creatures,  there  are  Raccoons, 
Hares,  Rabbits,  &c.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (177°)  IV. 
333  The  racoon,  which  some  authors  have  called  the  Jamaica 
rat,  is  about  the  size  of  a  small  badger.  1809  W.  IRVING 
Knickerb.  (1861)  204  They  were  gallant  bush-whackers  and 
hunters  of  racoons  by  moonlight.  1856  BRYANT  Winter 
Piece  52  The  lighter  track  Of  fox,  and  the  racoon's  broad 
path,  were  there.  1895  Outing  (U.  S.)  XXVI.  434/2  The 
American  raccoon . .  is  practically  a  bear. 

b.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  racoon-hunt,  -hunting, 
-skin ;  racoon-berry  f7.  S.,  the  May-apple  or  man 
drake  (Miller,  1884);  racoon-bridge  (see  quot. 
1791) ;  racoon-oyster  U.S.  (see  quots.  1883-4). 

1624  [see  etym.  note].  1670  D.  DF.NTON  Descr.  A'ew  York 
(1845)  2  Severs,  Otter,  Raccoon  skins,  with  other  Furrs.  1791 
\V.  BARTBAM  Carolina  445  No  other  bridge  than  a  sapling 
felled  across  it,  which  is  called  a  raccoon  bridge.  1809 
A.  HENRY  Trav.  131  Racoon-hunting  was  my. .daily 
employ.  1864  C.  GEIKIE  Life  in  H'oods  xix.  11874)  317, 
I  remember  one  racoon  hunt.  1883  SIMMONDS  Useful 
Animals,  Raccoon  Oysters,  a  variety  of  American  oysters 
from  Appalichicola  Hay,  Florida.  1884  GOODE  Nat.  Hist. 
Ihef.  Aquatic  Anim.  752  From  ..  overcrowding  the  shells 
of  the  individual  Oysters  become  very  narrow  and  greatly 
elongated  ;  the  peculiar  forms  which  result  are  known  to 
oystermen  as  '  Raccoon  Oysters  '  or  '  Cats. tongues '. 

Hence  Bacoo'n  v.  intr.,  to  walk  about  at  night, 
like  a  racoon,  noncc-wd. 

1855  MRS.  GASKELL North  $  .9.  xiii.  She  heard  him  pacing 
about  iracooninjr,  as  she  and  Edith  used  to  call  it).. long 
after  she  began  to  listen  as  she  lay  in  bed. 

Racord,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RECORD. 

Racovian  (rak^-vian),  a.  and  sl>.  [f.  Rakom, 
a  town  in  Poland  +  -IAN.]  a.  adj.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Rakow,  or  to  the  Unitarians  (Socinians)  who 
made  it  their  chief  centre  in  the  1 7th  century,  b.  sb. 
An  adherent  of  the  doctrines  taught  at  Rakow. 

1652  (titled  The  Racovian  Catechisme.  1768-74  TUCKER 
/./.  Xat.  (1834)  II.  474  Should  another  Edwards  do  me  the 
honour  to  make  another  Mr.  Locke  of  me  by  calling  out, 
Racovian  !  1837  HALI.AM  Hist.  Lit.  m.  ii.  §  39  The  Raco 
vian  institution  was  broken  up  and  dispersed  in  1638. 
a  1861  CUNNINGHAM  Hist.  Theol.  (1864)  II.  xxiii.  177  The 
Racovian  Catechism  fills  very  nearly  two  hundred  pages. 

Racquet,  -ette,  varr.  RACKET  sb.,  RAQUETTE. 
Ract,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RACK  sb.\ 
Racunnis,  etc.,  obs.  Sc.  forms  of  RECOGNIZE. 
Racy  (r/"si),  a.    Also  7  racie,  razy,  8  razie. 
[f.  RACE**.*  IO  +  -Y!.] 

1.  Of  wine  or  other  liquors,  vegetable  juices,  fruits, 
etc.  :    Having  a  characteristically  excellent  taste, 
flavour,  or  quality.     So  of  taste,  flavour,  etc. 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  in.  vi.  102  The  generous  oyle  of 
Sack,  nitty,  roapy,  and  razy.  1676  WORUDGE  Cyder  (1691) 
210  If  ground  early  then  is  the  cider  more  racy.  1756-7  tr. 
Keysler's  Trai'.  (1760)  IV.  244  The  racy  flavour  and  strong 
body  of  this  wine,  a  1774  GOLDSM.  Surv.  Exp.  Philos. 
(1776)  II.  243  The  juices  which  are  nourished  in  the  vegetable 
world  by  the  solar  heat,  are  light,  pungent,  and  racy.  1800 
MOORE  Anacreon  i.  12  His  lip  exhaled.  .The  fragrance  of 
the  racy  tide.  1849  SIR  J.  STEI-HEN  Eccl.  Kiog.  II.  228  The 
grapes  they  yield  are  ponderous  and  racy,  like  the  clusters 
of  Eshcoll. 

Jig.  c  1650  DENHAM  Progr.  Learn.  68  Might  make  old 
Homer's  skull  the  Muses'  hive;  And  from  His  brain  that 
Helicon  distil  Whose  racy  liquor  did  his  offspring  fill. 
1832  DE  QUINCF.Y  Rhetoric  Wks.  1862  X.  50  English  divinity 
ceased  to  be  the  racy  vineyard  that  it  had  been  in  ages  of 
ferment  and  struggle. 

t  b.  Of  plants :  Full  of  sap,  succulent.  Obs. 
1675  EVELYN  Terra  (1729)  25  Some  Plants,  the  most  racy, 
and  charg'd  with  Juice,  .thrive  well  amongst  Rocks. 

2.  a.  Of  persons :  Having  a  distinctive  quality 
or  vigour  of  character  or  intellect;  lively,  spirited, 
full  of '  go '.     So  of  actions,  qualities,  etc. 

1668  DRYDEN  Even.  Lvvc  n.  i,  A  colony  of  Spaniards,  or 
spiritual  Italians,  planted  among  us,  would  make  us  much 
more  racy.  1849  C.  BRONTE  Shirley  ix,  Yorkshire  has  such 
families  here  and  there  . .  peculiar,  racy,  vigorous;  of  good 
blood  and  strong  brain.  1852  Miss  MITFORD  Recoil.  II. 
147  My  friend  the  rector,  raciest  of  men,  is  an  Oxford 
divine  of  the  old  school.  1864  BI.ACKMORE  Clara  I7aughan 
Ixi,  That  genial  racy  smile,  which  very  few  could  resist. 

b.  Of  animals  or  their  parts  :  Showing  high 
breeding  or  good  blood. 

1841  'WiLDRAKE1  Cracks  of  the  Day  190  The  racy  Man^o 
won  him  the  St.  Leger.  1885  Century  Mag.  XXXI.  118  The 
Gordon  setter ..  should  have . .  a  narrow  deep  chest  with  racy 
front.  1889  Pall  MallG.  21  Aug.  2/1  His  [a  horse's]  head 
having  a  racy,  determined  look. 

to.  Of  a  sense:  Noble,  superior.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1675  R.  BURTHOGCE  Causa  Dei  400  There  are  things  Good, 
and  things  Evil  to  this  High  and  Racy  Sense,  as  well  as  to 
Inferiour  Ones. 

3.  Of  speech,  writing,  etc. :  Having  a  character 
istic  sprightliness,  liveliness,  or  piquancy. 

a  1667  COWLF.Y  A  nsw.  Verses  fr.  Jersey,  Brisk  racy 
Verses,  in  which  we  The  Soil  from  whence  they  came,  last, 
smell,  and  see.  c  1817  GIFFORD  Let.  in  Smiles  Mem.  J. 
Murray  (1891)  II.  xxi.  47  His  style  is  racy  and  vivid.  1841 
1)  ISRAELI  Amen.  Lit.  (1867)  291  The  conversations  of  Sir 
Thomas  More  were  racy.  1895  J.  HOLLINCSHF.AD  My  Life 
time  I.  xxiv.  232  A  rich  imagination,  and  the  power  of  racy 
narrative. 


96 

4.  Of  pleasure,  enjoyment,  etc. :  Peculiarly  agree 
able  or  rich. 

1690  SHAUWELL  Am.  Bigol  II,  Tis  difficulty  makes  the 
pleasure  high  and  racy.  1847  LVTTON  Lntretia  (1853)  166 
There  was  a  racy,  wholesome  gusto  in  his  enjoyment  of 
novelty.  1862  BURTON  lit.  Hunter  (1863)  163  The  active 
racy  enjoyments  of  life— those  enjoyments  in  which  there  is 
also  exertion  and  achievement. 

5.  Of  the  air :  Pure,  exhilarating. 

1838  ISITICM  Alice  vin.  vii,  Theresa's  merry  laugh  sounded 
clear  and  musical  in  the  racy  air. 

6.  Phr.  Racy  of  the  soil,  characteristic  of  a  certain 
country  or  people  (chiefly  used  with  ref.  to  Ireland). 

1870  Daily  News  16  Feb.,  It  is  racy  of  the  soil ;  and  would 
not  admit  of  transplantation  to  England  or  Scotland.  1889 
Sfectator  26  Oct.,  This  popular  [Irish]  superstition ..  is  so 
racy  of  the  soil,  that  it  is  really  deserving  of  a  much  wider 
publicity. 

Racyn,  obs.  form  of  RAISIN. 

Racyonal,  obs.  form  of  RATIONAL. 

Bad  irrcd),  sb.1     Abbrev.  of  RADICAL  sb.  $. 

1831  Lincoln  Herald  7  Jan.,  The  tricolor  rads  of  this 
Borough.  1852  COL.  HAWKER  Diary  (1893$  II.  344  Hooted 
at  by  the  scum  and  rads  at  this  dirty  end  of  the  town.  i88z 
BESANT  A/I  Sorts  (1884)  139  He  is  the  reddest  of  red-hot 
Rads  and  the  most  advanced  of  Republicans. 

Rad,  sb*  [Abbrev.  of  RADDLE  .rA.l]  In  phr. 
rad  and  dab:  see  RADDLE  sb.\  2. 

1887  in  Diet.  Archit.  VII. 

Bad  (rsed),  a.1  and  adv.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms  : 
i  brad,  breed,  1-3  rsed,  3-6  rade,  5-6  radde,  3-6 
(9  dial.)  rad.  [OE.  hrad,  hrifd  -  OHG.  hrad,  hrat, 
ON.  hraS-r  (MSvv.  ratM).] 

A.  adj.  Quick,  hasty,  speedy ;  active,  prompt, 
ready ;  eager,  elated. 

a  700  l\pinal  Gloss.  742  Percitits,  hraed  {Erfurt  hrad]. 
c888  K.  /ELFRED  Bot'th.  iv,  pu  be  on  hrfedum  faerelde  bone 
heofon  ymbhweorfest.  ^897  Gregory's  I'ast,  xxxviii.  280 
Sie  aj^hwelc  mon  swioe  breed  &  swioe  geornfull  to  jehie- 
ranne.  c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  Matt.  xxvi.  41  Se  gast  is  hrxcl 
[ffatton  MS.  rEed],  bjct  flaesc  ys  untrum.  c  1205  LAV. 
12318  per  fore  wes  be  king  glad  &  biderward  wes  swioe  rsed. 
c  1250  Gen.  ff  l:.r.  2730  Du  art  of  dede  and  o  word  to  rad. 
a  1310  in  Wright  Lyric  /'.  45  Wymmen . .  beoth  to  rad  upon 
huere  red,  To  love  [etc],  c  nooJJestr.  Troy  917  The  freike 
.  .raght  to  his  Ryng  in  a  rad  haste,  c  1425  Seven  Sag.  (P.) 
1290  The  tormentours  wer  ful  rade  To  do  tha[t]  the  Em- 
perour  bade,  c  1470  HKNRY  Wallace  vn.  526  Cast  we  doun 
all,  we  mycht  be  demyt  our  rad.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  7/41 
Radde,  agilis,proinptits.  1876  Whitby  Gloss,  s.v.,  'Either 
too  rad  or  too  sad  ',  as  a  variable  person,  over-elated  or,  other 
wise,  depressed.  1887  .V.  Chesh.  Gloss.,  Radt  quick,  ready, 
f  B.  adv.  Quickly,  readily,  soon.  Obs. 

c  1250  Gen.  $•  Ex.  998  Al  Sat  euere  3e  louerd  bad  dede 
abraham  redi  and  rad.  13 . .  Gaiv.  fy  Gr.  Knt.  862  Ryche 
robes  ful  rad  renkkez  hem  brojten.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy 
9233  He  made  hym  redy  full  rad,  ron  to  the  toun.  1486 
Bk.  St.  All'ans  Fj  b,  'I'hen  ar  thay  glad  In  hope  thay  shall 
hym  haue  &  renne  so  rad.  c  1525  Priests  of  Peblis  noo 
Thow  thocht  I  was  not  wort  ane  prene,  And  that  I  am,  ful 
rade  on  the  will  be  sene. 

Bad  (red),  a*  Obs.  exc.  Sc.  Also  3  raad,  3-5 
radd,  rade,  4-6  radde,  6  raed ;  4,  8  rede ;  4-8 
red,  5  redd,  6  redde.  [a.  ( )N.  hrxdd-r  (Sw.  radd, 
Da.  rKd)  frightened,  afraid,  pa.  pple.  of  hrzefta  to 
frighten.]  Frightened,  afraid,  alarmed.  Const,  of, 
for,  and  infin. 

,1200  ORMIN  2170  }ho  drefedd  wass  &  radd  off  Godess 
enngell.  13..  Cursor  M.  5097  Bes  noght  rad  hot  mas  godd 
chere.  Ibid.  23024  pai  for  him  sal  he  sa  redd,  a  1340 
HAMPOLE  Psalter  Ixv.  8  All  erthly  lufers  was  rad  for  pyne. 
1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xn.  431  Thai  war  rad  till  byd  ficnting. 
a  1400-50  Alexander  2510  pan  am  I  redd  all  oure  rewme  be 
reft  vs  for  euire.  c  1450  St.  CutJdcrt  (Surtees)  4627  For 
few  perills  were  bai  radd.  1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  11.  it.  18 
Semyng  ful  red,  Behaiding  Troiane  rowtis  on  athir  hand. 
c  1600  MONTGOMERIE  Cherrie  <V  Sloe  1392,  1  am  red  His 
hastyness  bred  us  mishap,  a  1708  Outlaw  Murray  xxvi.  in 
Child  Ballads  V.  192/1,  I  am  right  rad  of  treasonrie.  1791 
LEARMONT  Poems  284,  I'm  rede  I  tine  the  way. 

Rad,  obs.  f.  RAID  sb.,  obs.  pa.  t.  READ,  REDE, 
RIDE. 
f  Radcolle.  0Ar.-»    A  radish.    (Cf.  REDCOLL.) 

1483  Cath.  Angl.  298/1  Radcolle,  raphanus. 

Raddle,  variants  of  RAD  <z.l  and  a.2 

Radde,  obs.  f.  RAID  ;  obs.  pa.  t.  READ,  REDE. 

Raddish,  obs.  form  of  RADISH. 

Raddle  (ra-d'l),  rf.l  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  6 
radel(l,  -yll,  8  roddle,  9  ruddle,  [a.  AF.  reiJele 
(Wright  Vocab.  168),  OF.  reddalle,  ridelle,  rndelle 
( 1 4th  c.  in  Du  Cange)  a  stout  stick  or  pole,  the  rail 
of  a  cart  (so  mod.F.  ridelle),  of  obscure  origin.] 

1.  fa-  The  rail  of  a  cart.  Obs.  rare~°. 
1530  PALSGR.  260/2  Radyll  of  a  carte,  costee. 

b.  north,  dial,  and  U.S.  A  wooden  bar  with  up 
right  pegs,  used  to  keep  the  threads  of  the  warp  in 
place  while  it  is  being  wound  upon  the  beam. 
1848  in  WORCESTER.     1883  AlmondburyGloss. 

2.  A  slender  rod,  wattle,  or  lath,  fastened  to  or 
twisted  between  upright  stakes  or  posts  to  form 
a  fence,  partition,  or  wall  (in  the  latter  case  usually 
plastered  over  with  clay,  whence  the  phr.  raddle 
and  daub  or  dab,  applied  to  walls  or  houses  made 
in  this  way). 

1577  HARRISON  England  n.  x[ii.]  in  Holiiished  84  b,  The 
houses  of  the  Brytons  were  likely  set  vppe  with  a  few  postes 
and  many  radles,  the  like  whereof  almost  is  to  be  scene  in 
the  fenny  countries  vnto  this  day.  1686  PLOT  Staffordsh. 


RADDLING. 

233  Small  stakes  driven  into  the  ground  . .  and  interwoven 
with  broom  and  other  raddles.  1736  PF.GGF.  Kenticisms 
(E.D.S.),  Raddis-chimney,  a  chimney  made  of  studs,  lathe^ 
or  raddles,  and  covered  with  lonie  or  lime.  1868  Sussex 
Gloss,  in  Hurst  H 'ors ham  (1889),  Ruddles,  long  supple  sticks 
of  greenwood  interwoven  between  upright  sticks  to  make  a 
hedge.  1869-  In  dial. glossaries  (Lanc.,Chesh.,  Som.), 

attrib.  1736  PEGGE  Kenticisms  (E.D.S.),  Raddle-hedge. 
1778  (W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.,  Observ.  167  A  live 
roddle  Hedge.. is,  perhaps,  the  Ultimate  of  Farm  hedge- 
making.  1785  HUTTON  Bran  New  Wark  (E.D.S.)  372  The 
girl  unsneck'd  the  raddle  heck,  1786-1805  H.  TOOK?.  Purity 
(1820)  II.  258  A  raddle  hedge,  is  a  hedge  of  pleached  or 
plashed  or  twisted  or  wreathed  twigs  or  boughs, 

3.  A  piece  of  wattled  work  ;  a  hurdle,  door, 
hedge,  etc.  made  with  intertwined  raddles. 

1886  Cheshire  Gloss,  s.v.,  Long  sticks  were  wound  together 
between  the  timber,  forming  a  sort  of  basket-work  or  raddle. 
1892  J.  LUCAS  tr.  Kalm's  England  398  In  only  a  few  places 
were  there  any  '  Raddles  ',  or  wooden  hurdles. 

Raddle  (nrrd'1),  sb£  Also  6  radel,  raddell, 
7-8  radle.  [var.  RUDDLE,  q.v. :  cf.  also  REDDLE. J 

1.  Red  ochre,  RUDDLE. 

1523  [see  raddle-mark  below],  1577  B.  GOOGE  Heresbach's 
Hnsb.  (1586)  16  b,  Stone,  marble,  sande,  gravell,  raddell, 
cbalke,  &c.  1631  J,  BURGES  Ansiv.  Rejoined^  Laivfiiln. 
Kneeling  21  The  raddle  doth  signifie  more  then  the  brand 
alone.  1699  T.  BROWN  in  R.  L'Estrange  Colloq.  Erasm. 
(1711)402  To  revive  the  decay'd  Red  and  White  jn  their 
cheeks  with  raddle  and  chalk.  1757  DYER  Fleece  I.  321  See 
that  thy  scrip  have  store  of.,  marking  pitch  and  raddle. 
1805  DICKSON  Pract.Agric.  (1807)  I.  360  w0*f ,  Raddle. .has 
lately  been  used  with  advantage  on  some  lands.  1853 
LANDOR  Last  Fruits,  Let.  Wiseman  ri.  104  He  would 
whistle  the  sheep  into  the  ancient  fold,  marking  them  with 
his  raddle. 

transf.     1603  OWEN  Pembrokeshire  (1891)  83  '  Nod  glas ' 
which  in  Enghshe  is  blewe  radle  or  blewe  markinge  stone. 
b.  A  coarse  red  layer,  nonce-use. 

1860  THACKERAY  Round.  Papers  xxxii,  To  hide.. a  yellow 
cheek  behind  a  raddle  of  rouge. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  raddle-ground,  -mark ; 
raddle-red  adj. 

1523  FITZHFRB.  Hnsb.  §  52  Se  that  they  [the  sheep]  be 
well  marked,  both  eare-marke,  pitche-marke,  and  radel- 
marke.  1577  B.  GOOGE  iiercsbach's  Husb.  (1586)  18  A 
raddell  and  a  stonie  grounde  is  discerned  by  the  eye.  1897 
Contemp.  Rev.  June  765  The  then  new  and  raddle-red 
penny  postage  stamps. 

Ra'ddle,  sb.%,  variant  of  RABBLE  sb.z 

1875  in  KNIGHT  Did.  Mech. 

Raddle  jard'l),  v.1  Also  6  rathel.  [f.  RADDLE 
sfi.l]  trans.  To  weave  or  twist  together  (like  rad 
dles),  to  intertwine,  interlace. 

1671  .SV.  Foine  Improved  18  To  wrap  or  wreath  or  raddle 
the  spiks  or  teeth  of  the  Harrow.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  n.  v, 
They  came  at  last  to  build  up  their  Huts,  .very  handsomely ; 
raddling  or  working  it  up  like  Basket-work  all  the  way 
round.  1747  Hoosos  Miner  s  Diet.  I  j  b,  They  are  made  of 
Boards  or  of  Sticks  radled  together.  1824  in  Craven  Dialect. 
1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.>  To  raddle,  to  interlace  ;  as 
in  making  boat's  gripes  and  flat  gaskets.  1869-  In  dial, 
glossaries  (Yks.,  Lane.,  Som.). 

Hence  Ra'ddled///.  al 

1562  WITHALS  Diet.  41  b/i  A  hartheled  wall,  or  ratheled.. 
Paries  craticius.  1876  Whit  by  Gloss,,  Raddled,  wrought 
orpainted  in  a  zigzag  pattern. 

Raddle  (r^-d'l),  ^.2  [f.  RADDI.E  sl>2]  trans. 
To  paint  or  mark  with  raddle ;  to  colour  coarsely 
with  red  or  rouge. 

1631  J.  BURGES  Answ.  Rejoined,  Laivfnln.  Kneeling  21 
Hee  that  beside  a  pitch-brande,  doth  raddle  the  heads  of 
his  fat  sheepe,  doth  more  then  marke  them.  1848  THACKERAY 
Lett,  i  Nov.,  A  chief  raddled  over  with  war-paint.  1879 
SALA  Paris  herself  again  (i88o>  I.  vin.  120  They  do  not 
even  go  so  far  as  to  raddle  themselves.  Rouge  is  apparently 
too  dear. 

Hence  Ra'ddled  ppl.  a? 

1681  CHETHAM  Anglers  Vade-m.  iv.  §  7  (17001  35  Perhaps 
within  an  Hour  again  the  bright  ones  will  be  taken,  and 
the  radled  Worms  refused.  1854  THACKERAY  Neivcomes  xx, 
Those  whitened  and  raddled  old  women. 

Raddle  (rse'd'l),  z/.3  north,  dial.  [Perh.  f. 
RADDLE  sb.l  (as  if  =  to;  beat  with  a  raddle).] 
trans.  To  beat,  thrash. 

1688  SHADWELL  Sqr.  Alsatia  n.  i,  I'st  raddle  the  bones  o* 
thee.  1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  vii,  I'se  raddle  Dick  the  miller's 
bones  for  him.  1855  Bon  Gaultu-r  Ballads  171  Raddle  him 
well,  till  he  roar  again. 

tRa*ddled,£.  Obs.  rare~\  [Of  obscure  origin,] 

Fuddled. 

1694  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  v.  xxxix,  A.  .sottish  Fellow,  con- 
tinually  raddled,  and  as  drunk  as  a  Wheelbarrow. 

Ra'ddleman.  ff-  RADDLE  sb*]  A  digger 
of,  or  dealer  in,  raddle,  t  Applied  allusively  to 
Rutlandshire,  and  to  a  disease  in  wheat.  Obs. 

1622  DRAYTON  Poly-alb,  xxiii.  268  Little  Rutlandshire  is 
tearmed  Raddleman.  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Rutland 
(1662)  347  Rutland  Raddleman. . .  Rad  here  is  the  same  with 
red  (onely  more  broadly  pronounced).  .Raddleman  then  is 
a  Reddlentan.  1798  Ann.  Agric.  XXVI.  177  Raddletnan, 
ear-cockle,  the  disease  in  wheat  due  to  Vibrio  tritici.  Sal. 
1881  in  Leicestersh.  Gloss. 

Ra'ddling.  dial.  Also  7,  9  radling.  [f. 
RADDLE  sbJ-  +  -ING  i.] 

1.   A  raddle,  rod,  twig,  etc. 

1616  Salford  Portmote  Rec.  (1902)  121  Any  sprinkelings 
radlings  or  any  other  woode.  1626  Manchester  Court  Left 
Rec.  (1886)  III.  114  John  Wright  ..got  Radlings  in  the 
grounds  of  Elizabeth  Mosley.  1736  PEGGE  Kenticisms 
lE.D.S.),  Raddles.  ..  in  some  countries  called  raddlings. 
a  1796  —  Derbicisms,  Radlings,  long  slender  poles  for 


RADDOUR. 

binding  hedges.  1841  S.  BAMFOKD  Life  of  Radical  \.  xxi. 
137  A  timber  frame,  tilled  with  raddlings  and  daub  (wicker 
work,  plastered  with  clay). 

2.   (See  quots.) 

1674  RAY  N.  C.  Words  38  Radlings  ;  Windings  of  the  wall 
1736  NEVE  Builders'  Did.  (ed.  3),  Raddlings,  in  Architec 
ture,  the  Bowings-in,  or  copeings  of  Walls.  1824  Craven 
Dialect,  RatidUng,  Rabbling,  the  winding  or  crookedness 
of  a  wall. 

Raddock,  obs.  or  dial,  form  of  RUDDOCK. 

t  Raddour1.  Sc.  Obs.  Forms:  5  redur(e, 
reddure,  redoure,  5-6  rad(d)our(e.  [f.  red 
RAD  a.*  +  -OUB,  -URE.  The  formation  is  unusual 
(cf.  DBEADOUK).]  Fear,  terror. 

c  '375  •&•  Leg.  Saints  xviii.  (Egipciane)  701  Sic  rednre  & 
sic  dowl  me  tuk,  bat  to-gyddir  I  swet  £  quok.  Ibid.  xix. 
(Cristofore)  391  He  fel  fore  redoure  doune.  1456  SIR  G. 
HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  118  In  raddour  thare  cummys 
fayntnes,  and  failling  of  hert.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  ix.  xii. 
67  Of  dreidfull  raddour  trymlyng  for  affray,  The  Troianys 
fled  rycht  fast. 

t  Baddour '-.  north,  and  Sc.  Obs.  Also  5 
-owre,  radure.  [var.  ofI\EDDOUR(q.v.).]  Severity, 
harshness,  harsh  treatment. 

(11400-50  Alexander  2329  (Dubl.  MS.)  Who  bat  rekenly 
vsjesaued  no  raddour  tholett.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  vili. 
xliv.  6941  Kadure  in  prynce  is  a  gtid  thyng  For  but  radure 
all  governyng  Sail  al  tyme  bot  dispysyd  be. 

Raddyk,  obs.  variant  of  RADISH. 

t  Bade,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  radius  RADIUS  : 
see  also  KAY.]  One  of  the  arms  of  a  star-fish. 

1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  ff  Min.  283  Those  of  foure,  six, 
and  twelve  rades  are  edible. 

Rade,  var.  KAD  a. ;  obs.  f.  RAID  ;  var.  RATHE  ; 
obs.  f.  or  var.  of  RED(D,  REDE  ;  obs.  pa.  t.  RIDE. 

II  Badeau  (iado).  [F.,  a.  Prov.  radel:-L.  *ra- 
tell-us,  dim.  of  ratis  raft.  Cf.  med.L.  radellus 
(i5th  c. i.]  A  raft ;  spec,  a  floating  battery. 
,  '759  Hist.  Eiir.  in  Ann.  Reg.  44/1  A  great  radeau  84  feet 
in  length  and  20  in  breadth  which  carried  six  twenty-four 
pounders.  1801  SIR  H.  PARKER  6  Apr.  in  Nicolas  Disp. 
Nelson  (1845)  IV.  319,  I  reconnoitred  the  formidable  line  of 
ships,  Radeaus,  Pontoons  [etc.]. 

t  Radegound.  Obs.  rare-1.  [App.  f.  Gouun, 
with  obscure  first  element.]  ?  A  running  sore. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xx.  82  Rewmes,  and  radegoundes 
and  roynouse  scalles. 

Badel(l,  obs.  ff.  RADDLE  sl>.  Radeliche,  -ly, 
varr.  RADLY  adv.  Radem(e,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  REDEEM. 

t  Badeur,  radour.  Obs.  rare.  [a..  OF.  radeur, 
rattour,  f.  rade  ;—L.  rapid-its  RAPID.]  Rapidity, 
impetus,  force. 

1-1477  CMCTOH  Jason  30  He  smote  the  king.. by  such 
radeur  that  he  lefte  him  oute  of  his  arsons.  Ibid.  113  The 
ship.. that  saylled  by  a  grete  radour  and  a  full  sail.  1:1500 
Melnsine  329  T'henne  cam  geffray  toward  the  doore,  rennyng 
with  a  grete  radeur. 

fRadevore.  Obs.  rare.  Also  radi-,  rady-, 
raduore.  [?  a.  OF.  *ras  de  Vor  rash  of  Vaur  (in 
Languedoc) :  see  Skeat  Notes  Eng.  Elym.  (1901) 
239.]  A  kind  of  cloth. 

£1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  IV.  2352  Pfii/omel,i,S\K  werken  and 
embrowden  kouthe,  And  weven  in  the  stole  the  radevore 
c  1400  'As  ofte  as syghes,  etc.'  (Tanner  MS.  346  If.  73), As  ofle 
tymes  as  Penelapye  Renewed  her  werk  in  the  raduore. 

Radeym,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REDEEM  v. 

Radfulle,  variant  of  REDEFUL  a. 

t  Radge.  Obs.  rare-1.  A  species  of  duck  ;  perh. 
the  gadwall.  (Cf.  RODGE.) 

1620  VENNER  Via  Recta,  iii.  65  The  Radge  is  next  vnto 
Teale  in  goodnes :  But  yet  there  is  great  difference  in  the 
nourishment  which  they  make.  . .  Neither  is  the  Radge  so 
pleasant  to  the  taste,  .as  the  Teale. 

Radgee,  obs.  form  of  RAJA/II. 

Ra'diad,  adv.  Anat.  [f.  RADI-AL  +  -ad;  see 
DKXTBAD.]  '  Towards  the  radial  aspect '. 

1803  BARCLAY  New  Anat.  Nomencl.  165-6.  1808  —  Afus. 
cnlar  Motions  400.  The  motions  of  the  metacarp  by  its  own 
muscles,  are  Radiad,  Thenad. 

Radial  (nfi-dial),  a.  and  sb.  [a.  late  L.  radial  is 
(see  Quicherat),  F.  radial  (1611  in  sense  5),  or 
directly  f.  RADI-US  +  -AL.]  A.  adj. 

1.  Of  light,  beams,  etc. :   Proceeding  or  issuing 
as  rays  from  a  common  centre ;   also,  of  or  per 
taining  to  light  in  the  form  of  rays.     Now  rare. 

1570  DEE  Math.  Prt'f.  19  The  certaine  and  determined 
actiue  Radiall  emanations.  1637  K.  ASHLEY  tr.  Malvfzzis 
David  Persecuted  83  A  violent  starre,  whose  radiall  beames 
may  be  good.  1713  C'TESS  WIKCHELSEA  Misc.  Poems  69 
Enhv'ning  Beams  might  from  them  fly,  To  re-inkindle.  .The 
radial  sparks,  a  1774  GOLOSH.  Sum.  Exp.  Philos.  (1776) 
'  '•  353.  Place  an  object  that  is  blue  under  a  yellow  ray,  the 
object  immediately  assumes  the  radial  colour. 

transf.  1650  CHARLETON  I'anlfelmonfs  Tern.  Paradoxes 
Proleg.  D  i  b,  The  omnipotent  Odor,  or  radial  activity 
whereof.  Ibid.  D  2,  An  Influential  or  Radial  activity  (so 
have  I  taken  the  liberty  to  Christen  it\ 

2.  Arranged  like  rays   or  the  radii  of  a  circle; 
having  the  position  or  direction  of  a  radius. 

1750  FRANKLIN  Lett.  etc.  Wks.  1840  VI.  103  Eight  con 
centric  circles,  and  eight  radial  rows.  1756  BURKE  Snbl.  ff 
B.  iv.  xvi,  The  contraction  of  the  radial  fibres  of  the  iris. 
1837  BREWSTER  Magnet.  115  When  the  eight  open  radial 
spaces  were  filled  up  with  tin.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  xv. 
100  The  glacier  of  the  Rhone,  -its  system  of  radial  cievasses. 
1884  BOWER  &  SCOTT  De  Bary's  Phancr.  338  The  radial 
walls  of  the  layer  of  cells  bordering  these  canals. 

b.  Radial  axle,  an  axle  (of  a  railway  carriage, 
VOL.  VIII. 


97 

tramway  car,  etc.)  which  on  n  curve  of  the  track 
assumes  the  position  of  a  radius  to  that  curve ;  so 
radial  axle  box. 

1883  Daily  News  6  July  3/7  A  system  of  cars  by  which  .. 
a  truly  radial  axle  is  obtained.  1889  G.  FIXDLAY  Eng. 
Railway  104  The  compound  engines  are  fitted  with  '  Webb's 
radial  axle-box.' 

c.  Pertaining  to  the  radius  of  a  circle. 

1869  RANKINE  Machinery  ff  Millwork  in  The  radial 
pitch  [is  to  be  found]  by  dividing  the  radius  by  the  same 
number. 

3.  Having  spokes,  bars,  lines,  etc.,  extending  from 
a  centre ;    spec,   applied  to  certain  apparatus   or 
machines  having  a  part  or  parts  thus  arranged,  as 
radial  drill,  drilling-machine,  plane,  etc. 

1762  FALCONER  Shipmr.  i.  174  In  his  radial  wheel  the 
circling  Sun  Thro  bright  Astraa  and  the  Scales  had  run. 
1869  SIR  E.  REED  Shipbttild.  xv.  278  Common  radial  paddle 
wheels  usually  have  two  shaft  bearings.  1873  Practical 
Mug.  V.  276/1  Bouhey's  radial  machine.  Ibid.,  It  will  be 
seen  that  it  is  a  radial  drill.  1898  Cycling  46  The  tangent 
wheel,  as  it  is  called,  is  immensely  stronger  than  the  old- 
fashioned  radial  or  '  direct '  wheel. 

b.  Radial  paint  =  radiant  point  (sense  a). 

1867  J.  HOGG  Microsc.  I.  ii.  40  The  pencil  it  n  . .  having 
a  radial  point  at/,/. 

4.  Of  immaterial  things :  Involving  or  character 
ized  by  the  divergence  of  lines  or  parts   from  a 
centre ;  taking  the  direction  of,  acting  or  moving 
along,  such  lines. 

1833  HERSCHEL  Astron.  xi.  353  The  radial  part  of  the  dis 
turbing  force.  1862  H.  SPENCER  First  Princ.  n.  xix.  §  155 
(1875)  426  When  the  blow  is  violent  enough  to  fracture  the 
mass,  we  see,  in  the  radial  dispersion  of  its  fragments  [etc.). 
1872  MIVART  Elem.  Anat.  10  Another  form  of  symmetry 
which  is  entirely  absent  in  Man  is  radial  symmetry.  1875 
BENNETT  &  DYER  tr.  Sachs'  Hot.  692  The  root  takes  an  out 
ward  radial  direction,  .the  stem  an  inward  radial  direction, 
fb.  Radial cui-ve  (see  quot.).  Obs.  rare—". 

1710  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  II.  s.v.,  Radial-Curves  are 
Curves  of  the  Spiral-kind,  whose  Ordinates,  if  they  may  be 
so  called,  do  all  terminate  in  the  Centre  of  the  including 
Circle,  and  appear  like  so  many  Radii  or  Semi-diameters  of 
that  including  Circle.  [Hence  in  Bailey,  Chambers,  Crabb, 
Worcester,  and  recent  Diets.] 

5.  Anat.  Pertaining  to  the  radius  or  chief  bone 
of  the  forearm,  esp.  in  radial  artery,  nerve,  vein. 

1741  A.  MONRO  Anal.  Nerves  (ed.  3)  64  The  posterior 
Branches  of  the  ulnar  and  radial  Nerve.  1786  J.  PEARSON 
in  Mea.Commun.  II.  98  The  radial  artery.  1830  R.  KNOX 
Lloquct's  Anat.  352  The  section  of  the  radial  nerve  at  the 
lower  part  of  the  arm.  1840  G.  V.  ELLIS  Anat.  392  The 
radial  vein  commences  on  the  outer  side  of  the  back  of  the 
hand.  1851  H.  MAYO  Pop.  Snperst.  (ed.  2)  195  The  radial 
(or  thumb)  edge  of  the  wrist.  1870  ROLLESTON  Anim.  Life 
14  The  long  radial  extensor  of  the  metacarpus. 

B.  sb.  Anat.  1.  A  radiating  segment  of  a 
crinoid,  between  the  stem  and  the  brachials. 

1872  NICHOLSON  Palaeont.  125  A  series  of  two  or  three 
rows  of  plates,  which  are  directly  superimposed  upon  one 
another,  and  which  form  the  foundations  of  the  arms. . .  These 
are  termed  the  'radials'.  1877  HUXLEY  Anat.  Inii.  Anim. 
ix.  583  The  first  radial  corresponds  in  direction  with  the 
origin  of  one  of  the  arms,  and  is  followed  by  a  second  and 
third  radial. 

2.  Cuvier's  name  for  the  scapula  or  hypercoracoid 
bone  of  a  fish.  In  recent  Diets. 

3.  A  radial  nerve  or  artery. 

1871  TURNER  in  Encycl.  Brit.  I.  868/2  The  radial  passes 
through  the  forearm  to  the  hand.  iSgg  A  Mutt's  Syst.  Med. 
VI.  368  Extending  the  inquiry  from  the  radials  of  both  sides 
to  the  brachial  and  axillary  arteries. 

II  Radiale  (r^di^'-l/).  PI.  radialia.  [L., 
neut.  sing,  of  radidlis :  see  prec.] 

1.  =  RADIAL  sk.  i. 

1877  HUXLEY  Anat.  Inv.  Anim.  ix.  583  Upon  this  follow 
five  pieces  (first  raiiiali.i)  closely  united  together.  Ibid.  584 
At  the  third  radiale,  the  series  bifurcates  into  two  series  of 
brachial  ia. 

2.  The  carpal  bone  or  element  which  lies  on  the 
radial  side  of  the  carpus. 

1888  PARKER  in  Proc.  Royal  Soc.  XLIII.  486  Two  well- 
marked  carpals  have  appeared,  one  of  which— the  radiale— 
lies  pre-axiad  and  slightly  proximad  of  the  other. 

Radialization  (r^diabiz^'-Jan).  [f.  as  next 
+  -ATION.]  The  state  of  being  arranged  in  radiating 
lines,  or  the  process  of  producing  this. 

1889  <?..  frnl.  Geol.  Soc.  XLV.  267  Thus  the  rocks  exhibit 
much  evidence  of  a  silicification  (and  often  of  a  radialization 
possibly  connected  with  it). 

Badialized  (r^-diabizd),^//.  a.  [f.  *rculialise 
vb. ,  f.  RADIAL  -f  -IZE.]  Arranged  in  a  radial  manner. 

1889  Q.  Jrnl.  Geol.  Soc.  XLV.  249  One  fragment  [of 
felsite]  exhibits  part  of  a  large  radialized  structure.  Ibid 
260  Ihe  radialized  crust,  .follows  the  stellar  points  of  the 
interior. 

Radially  (r<?'-diali),  adv.  [f.  RADIAL  a.  +  -LY  ->.] 
In  a  radial  manner ;  in  the  form  of  radii  or  rays. 
j.'.^f.J-  CHANDLER  tr.  Van  Helmont's  Oriat.  274  Its  whole 
did  shine  only  radially  on  the  ignoble  parts.  1794  G.  ADAMS 
Nat.  ff  Exp.  Philos.  IV.  xlix.  348  The  sun.. is  also  con 
tinually  agitating  this  fluid  either  radially  or  obliquely. 
(i860  FARADAY  Forces  Nat.,  Electric  Light  189  A  number 
of  magnets  placed  radially  upon  a  wheel.  1878  A.  H. 
GREEN,  etc.  Coal  iii.  77  The  primary  medullary  rays  extend 
..radially  from  pith  to  bark.  1884  BOWER  £  SCOTT  De 
Bary's  P/ianer.  13  The  radially  arranged  apical  prolongation 
of  the  periblem. 

Badian  (radian).  Trig.  [f.  RADI-US  + -AN.] 
(See  quot.  1879.) 


RADIANT. 

1879  THOMSON  &  TAIT  Nat.  Phil.  1. 1.  §  41  The  usual  unit 
angle  is.  .that  which  subtends  at  the  centre  of  a  circle  an 
arc  whose  length  is  equal  to  the  radius;  ..  for  brevity  we 
shall  call  this  angle  a  radian.  1881  HALSTKD  Mensuration 
24  The  number  which  expresses  any  angle  in  radians  also 
expresses  its  intercepted  arc  in  terms  of  the  radius. 

Radiance  (radians).  Also  7  radience.  [ad. 
late  or  med.L.  radiantia  brightness :  see  RADIATE  v. 
and  -ANCR.] 

1.  Light   shining   with    diverging   rays ;    hence, 
brilliant  light,  vivid  brightness,  splendour. 

1601  SHAKS.  Alls  Well  i.  i.  99  In  his  bright  radience  and 
colaterall  light,  must  I  be  comforted.  1605  —  Lear  i.  i.  in 
By  the  sacred  radience  of  the  Sunne.  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
vn.  194  The  Son..wilh  radiance  crown'd  Of  majesty  divine 
1728-30  THOMSON  Spring  191  The  rapid  Radiance  in 
stantaneous  strikes  Th'  illumin'd  Mountain.  1795  SOUTHKV 
Joan  of  Arc  vl,  Innocuous  lightnings  round  the  hallowed 
banner  Wrealh'd  their  red  radiance.  1812  J.  WILSON  Isle 
of  Palms  i.  214  Well  may  the  moon  delight  to  shed  Her 
softest  radiance  round  that  head.  1874  H.  R.  REYNOLDS 
John  Bapt.  i.  n  When  the  sun  arose  the  morning  star  was 
lost  in  his  radiance. 

fig.  1761  WARTON  Poems  (1777)  10  The  radiance  of  the 
regal  name.  1822  Ii.  CORNWALL  Misc.  Poems,  The  soul's 
radiance  in  a  wintry  hour  Flings  a  sweet  summer  halo 
round  us.  1896  MRS.  CAFFVN  Quaker  Grandmother  13  It 
was  a  soft,  luminous  radiance  of  sincerity  and  sympathy. 
b.  Brightness  of  the  eye  or  look. 

1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol.  n.  Ixxii,  Sweet  love  their  looks 
a  gentle  radiance  lends.  1769  SIR  W.  JONES  Palace  of 
Fortune  in  Poems  (^n\  8  The  mild  radiance  of  her  sparkling 
eye.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romola  n.  iv,  There  was  a  radiance 
of  satisfaction  about  him  not  quite  usual. 

2.  =  RADIATION. 

1800  HERSCHEL  in  /'/;//.  Trans.  XC.  294  The.  .agency  of 
heat  in  other  circumstances  than  in  its  state  of  radiance,  or 
heat-making  rays.  1885  CLERK  MAXWELL  in  Kncycl.  Brit. 
XIX.  2  Thus  we  have. .(3)  Theory  of  radiance,  la)  Geo 
metrical  optics  [etc.]. 

Radiancy  (ivKiiansi).  Also  7  -encie,  -eiicy. 
[f.  as  prec.  :  see  -ANCY.]  The  quality  of  being 
radiant;  radiance. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Psmii.  p.p.  n.  (1672)  98  Too  high  an 
apprehension  [of  the  Carbuncle]  and  above  its  natural  ra 
diancy.  1693  J.  EDWARDS  Author.  O.  -V.  Test.  243  The 
radiency,  the  splendour  of  Moses's  face.  1702  ECIIARD 
Eccl.  Hist.  (1710)  72  The  skies  were  divided  with  great 
radiancy.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mab  n.  10  The  billowy  clouds 
Edged  with  intolerable  radiancy.  1873  SYMONDS  Gfc.  Poets 
vii.  230  Euripides  incontestably  displays  the  quality  of 
radiancy. 

Radiant  (rji-diant),  a.  and  sb.  Also  5-6  rady- 
ant,  6  -aunt(e,  -iaunt;  6  radyeut,  7-9  -lent.  [ad. 
L.  radiant-em,  pres.  pple.  of  raJidre  to  emit  rays  : 
see  RADIUS.  Cf.  mod.F.  radiant]  A.  adj. 

1.  Sending  out  rays  of  light ;  shining  brightly. 

CI4SO  Cm.  Myst.  xli.  (Shaks.  Soc.)  387  Heyl  !  radyant 
sterre,  the  sunne  is  not  so  bryth.  c  1510  Gesfa  Rom.  Add. 
Stories  ii.  433  [Christ's]  body  yc  was.  .more  radyent  than  ony 
syluer.  1590  SHAKS.  J/Ms.  -V.  in.  i.  95  Most  radiant  Pira- 
mus,  most  Lilly  white  of  hue.  1604  DRAYTON  Owl  (R.)  The 
great  eagle.. Which  from  the  mountain  (with  a  radiant 
eye)  Brav'd  the  bright  cressit  of  the  glorious  sky.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  in.  63  On  his  right  The  radiant  image  of  his 
Glory  sat,  His  onely  Son.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  iv.  373 
This  gloom  of  night, .  .with  all  her  radiant  worlds.  1812 
J.  WILSON  Isle  of  Palms  n.  493  Her  little  sail  beneath  the 
sun  Gleams  radiant  as  the  snow.  1872  BLACKIE  Lays  I  light, 
75  The  height  which  bears  The  sailor's  radiant  mark. 
fig.  1838  EMERSON  Literary  Ethics  Wks.  (liohn)  II. 208 
The  humblest .. in  view  of  these  radiant  facts,  may  now 
theorize  and  hope.  1874  H.  R.  REYNOLDS  John  Bapt.  iv. 
§  6.  262  The  author,  .treats  the  Old  Testament  as  radiant 
with  the  features  and  fragrant  with  the  Spirit  of  the  Christ. 

b.  Represented  as  sending  out  rays  of  light,  or 
having  radial  projections  resembling  this.    In  Her. 
=  RAYOXEE. 

1614  SELDEN  Titles  Hon.  138  Which  the  learned  Pascha- 
lius  interprets  for  a  Crown  radiant.  1661  MORGAN  Sph. 
Gentry  iv.  vi.  83  A  kind  of  radiant  or  pointed  Coronet.  1780 
EDMONDSON  Compl.  Body  Heraldry  II.  Gloss.,  Radiant, 
Rayonned.  .terms  used  to  express  any  ordinary  edged  with 
glittering  rays,  or  shining  beams.  1799.  G.  SMITH  Labo 
ratory  II.  16  The  radiant  crown,  on  ancient  coin,  signifies 
that  the  prince  was.  .Deified. 

c.  Of  the  eyes  or  looks :  Bright,  expressive  of 
lively  joy,  hope,  or  the  like  ;  beaming. 

1794  BURNS  Charming  !\Ionth  of  May  5  The  glorious  sun 
..  Out-rival'd  by  the  radiant  eyes  Of.,  charming  Chloe. 
1859  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  ff  It.  Jrnls.  II.  287  The  most 
radiant  eye  that  the  dull  earth  ever  opened  to  see  heaven 
withal.  1878  BROWNING  Poets  Croisic  clix,  Let,  through 
the  tumult,  break  the  poet's  face  Radiant. 

2.  Issuing  or  appearing  in  the  form  of  rays  (of 
light);  hence, bright,  shining, splendid.  Msoiraiisf. 
of  qualities,  as  beauty. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  iii.  (Percy  Soc.)  15  The  radiant 
bryghtnes  of  golden  Phebus.  Ibid.  xxxv.  112  The  mone.. 
is  fayre  replendysshaunte  In  the  longe  nyght  with  rayes 
radyaunte.  1548  UDAI.L  Erasm.  Par.  N.  T.  Pref.  C  ij  b, 
The  clere  radiaunt  sunnebeames  of  his  holy  woorde.  1601 
SHAKS.  Tivel,  N.  i.  v.  181  Most  radiant,  exquisite,  and  vn- 
matchable  beautie.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseittl.  Ep.  v.  ix. 
(1686)  202  With  scintillations,  or  radiant  Halo's  about  their 
heads,  c  1750  SHF.NSTONE  F.legy  ix.  28  All  that  bears  the 
radiant  stamp  of  Kings.  1781  COWPER  Truth  61  Meridian 
sunbeams  tempt  him  to  unfold  Ills  radiant  glories.  1810 
CRABBE  Borough  i,  Velvet  leaf  with  radiant  beauty  drest. 
1878  M.  A.  BROWN  Nasieschda  66  A  radiant  glow  o'erspread 
Her  rigid  face. 

t  b.  Of  heat:  Strong,  fierce.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1508  FISHER  7  1'enit.  Ps.  cxxx.  Wks.  (1876)  231  lonas.. 

13 


RADIANTLY. 

made  hym  a  shadowynge  place  for  his  defence  agaynst  the 
radyaunt  heet  of  the  sonne. 

3.  Moving  or  operating  in  a  radial  manner ;  esp. 
radiant  heat :  see  HEAT  sb.  2  b. 

1800  HENRY  Epit.  Chem.  (1808)  29  Radiant  Caloric  ex 
hibits  several  interesting  properties.  1835  KIRBY  Hab.  $ 


4.  (Chiefly  Bot.)  Extending  in  a  radial  manner; 
having  parts  so  extending. 

1830  LiNnLKY  .\'<it.  Syst.  Bot.  153  The  radiant  stigma  of 
Papaver.  1845  —  Sc/i.  Hot.  vi.  11858)  84  Flowers  either 
flosculous  or  radiant.  1847  W.  E.  STEELE  Fuld  fat,  34 
Pet[als]  obcordate,  the  outer  ones  radiant  and  deeply  bind. 

5.  Characterized  by  radiation. 

iSigJ.  NICHOLSON  Op£  rat.  Mechanic  406  Cut  into  grooves, 
..in  a  radiant  direction  from  the  centre.  185 J  RL-SKIN 
Stones  Ven.  (1874)  I.  xx.  223  The  scallop  also  is  a  pretty 
radiant  form.  1881  Nature  XXIII.  462  A  means  ..  for 
carrying  energy  in  a  '  radiant '  manner. 

6.  Radiant  point',  a.  Any  point  forming  a  centre 
from  which  rays  or  radii  proceed. 

I7z6  E.  STONE  New  Math.  Diet.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s  v  ,  Every  radiant  point  diffuses  innumerable  rays  all  round. 
1831  BKEWSTER  Optics  i.  10  The  point  of  divergence .  .or  the 
radiant  point*  as  it  is  called.  1833  N.  ARNOTT  Physics 
(ed.  5)  II.  209  If  the  distance  of  the  radiant  point  he  very 
great,  they  [the  rays]  really  are.  .nearly  parallel. 

b.  Astron.  Tne  apparent  focal  point  of  a  meteoric 
shower.  So  radiant  region, 

1864  A.  S.  HEF.SCHEL  in  Monthly  Notices  R.  Astron.  Soc. 
(18651  31  Two  radiant-points  of  shooting  stars,  .presented 
themselves  in  Auriga  and  in  Cetus.  1864  Brit.  Assoc.  A'</. 
Meteors  (18651  101  Allowing  a  radiant-region  of  10'  to  15 J 
in  diameter  for  ea^h.  1867-77  G.  F.  CiiAMBHRs  Astron. 
ix.  iii.  799  Herrick  regarded  the  position  of  the  radiant- 
point  as  being  near  the  cluster.. in  the  sword-hand  of 
Perseus, 

B.  sl>.  1.  Physics.  A  point  or  object  from  which 
light  or  heat  radiates. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  All  the  rays  proceeding  from 
the  same  radiant  continually  diverge  .Every  ray  is  sup 
posed  to  carry  with  it  the  species,  or  image,  of  the  radiant. 
1800  HERSCIIEL  in  /'////.  Trans.  XC.  295  Our  next  division 
comprehends  the  heat  of  coloured  radiants.  1869  TYNDALL 
Notes  Lcct.  Light  §  291  All  bodies,  whether  luminous  or 
non-luminous,  are  radiants;  if  they  do  not  radiate  li^ht 
they  radiate  heat.  1880  LK  COSTI-:  .V/c///  29  The  central 
rays  from  all  radiants  cross  each  other  in  the  lens. 

2.  Ceom.  '  A  straight  line  pr  ceeding  from  a  given 
point  or  fixed  pole  about  which  it  is  conceived  tc 
revolve'  (Brande  Diet.  Sci.  1842). 

1842  KRANDF.  Diet.  Set'.,  etc.  1012  The  theory  of  the  de- 
scripti  >n  of  lines  of  the  second  order  by  the  intersection  of 
radiants  is  given  by  Xi-wton  in  the  Prtncip:a.  1846  CLERK 
M  \XWF.LL  in  Campbell  Life  (1882)  77,  r  and  r' being  the 
radients  to  any  point  uf  the  curse  from  the  two  foci. 

3.  Astron.   A  radiant  point  (see  6  b  above). 

1864  British  ASSPC,  Rcf>.  Meteors  (1865)  101  Professor 
Heis.. has.  .divided  his  meteor-showers  and  radiants  into 
bi-monthly  divisions.  1884  Athenaeum  20  Dec.  809/3  The 
meteors  from  some  radiants  leave  a  .streak  ;  those  from  others 
are  swift. 

Radiantly  'r^'diantli),  adv.    [f.  prec.  +  -LY-.] 

1.  In  a  radiant  manner;    biightly,  splendidly. 
1557  PAYNELL  Barclay's  Ju^n»'th  89  The  lyghtand  glorie 

of  the  progeniiours  shineth  more  radlauntly  by  virtue  of 
their  progeny.  1570  FOXE  A.  <y  M.  197/1  A  certayne  ves- 
sell..made  of  the  pretious  stone  Onichinus,  so  radiantly 
wrought,  that  in  it  appeared  y  lyuely  corne  growing,  and 
niens  images  walkyng  [etc.].  1819  SHELLEY  Let.  to  Peacock 
26  Jan  ,  They  are  of  marMe,  radiantly  white.  1877  Hon 
ourable  Miss  Ferrard  III.  i.  28  Helena  was  looking  ra 
diantly  lovely.  1880  MRS.  FORRESTEK  Roy  .5-  V.  I.  61  She 
smiles  radiantly  at  him. 

2.  -  RADIALLY,  rare—1. 

1811  PINKERTOX  Pe.'ral.  II.  409  A  porous  lava,,  .mingled 
with  laminae  of  mica,  radiantly  disposed. 

It  a  diary  ^'-diari).  Zool.  [ad.  F.  radiaire  or 
mod.L.  Radiaria  (pi.),  £  radiits  ray.]  An  animal 
of  the  class  Radiaria  (comprising  certain  Inverte 
brates)  in  the  systems  of  Lamarck  and  Owen. 

1835  KIRBY  Hab.  $  Inst,  Anim.  I.  vi.  199  We  may  say  that 
in  some  sense  the  whales  were  created  for  the  gelatinous 
radiaries.  .and  that  these  gelatinous  radiaries  were  created 
for  the  whales.  1846  PATTERSON  Zool.  43  The  anatomist  is 
baffled  by  the  seeming  simplicity  and  uniformity  of  texture 
in  the  gelatinous  Radiaries. 

Ii  Radiata  (re 'di^ !'ta),  sb.pl.  Zool.  [neut.  pi.  of 
L.  radiatuSj  pa.  pple.  of  radiare  to  furnish  with 
rays  :  cf.  next.]  One  of  the  great  divisions  of  the 
animal  kingdom  according  to  the  system  of  Cuvier 
(afterwards  modified  and  now  discarded),  consisting 
of  animals  with  radial  structure,  as  sea  urchins,  sea 
anemones  and  polyps. 

1828  STARK  Elem.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  393  Division  iv.— 
Radiata.  1842  H.  MILLER  O.  R.  Sandst.  xiv.  fed.  2)  295  The 
radiata  cover  the  bank  by  thousands.  1855  H.  SPENCER 
Princ.  Psych^l.  I.  iv.  i.  (1872)  396  In  such  so-called  Radiata 
as  the  Star-fish.  1874  WOOD  Nat.  Hist.  767  A  vast . .  division 
of  living  beings,  which  have  no  joints  whatever,  and  are 
called  Radiata. 

Radiate  (r^-diA),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  L.  radiatns: 
cf.  next.]  A.  adj. 

1.  Having  rays  proceeding  from  a  centre,  or 
having  parts  arranged  in  this  manner.  Radiate 
animal,  one  of  the  Radiata.  Radiate  crown  :  see 
RADIATED  i.  Radiate  Jloiver^  composite  flowei- 
head  having  radial  (usually  ligulate)  florets. 


98 

1668  WILKINS  Heal  Char.  ll.  iv.  84  Divided  leaves  ;  having 
a  Radiate  flower.  1751  HURD  Marks  of  Imitation  Wks. 
1811  II.  "253  Anciently  the  Sun  was  commonly  emblematized 
by  a  starry  or  radiate  figure.  1769  De  1'oes  Tour  Gt.  Brit. 
Ill  139  Those  Pieces  that  have  radiate  Crowns  on  the 
Heads  of  the  Effigies,  they  call  Saracens  Heads.  1785 
MARTVN  Rousseau's  Bot.  vi.  (1794)  65  In  the  radiate  flowers 
the  disk  is  often  of  one  colour.  1846  PATTERSON  Zool.  57 
The  naturalist  who  lias  been  an  observer  of  the  radiate 
animals.  1877  HUXLEY  Anat.  Inv.  Anim.  591  The  ap 
parently  radiate  Echinus  or  Star-fish. 

2.  Arranged  like  rays,  diverging  from  a  centre. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  2;r  A  terminal  mouth 
surrounded  by  two  rows  of  radiate  hooks  or  holders.  1877 


131  The   thickening   tissue   pla 

radially-  out  of  which  the  radiate  tissue  is  composed. 

3.   =  RADIAL  a.  4. 

1859  J.  TCMES  Dental  Snrg.  394  The  radiate  direction 
followed  by  the  enamel  fibres  must  be  borne  in  mind. 
B.  sb.   1.  A  radiate  animal ;  one  of  the  Radiata. 

185^  EMERSON  Lett,  fy  Soc.  Aims,  Poet.  -%  I  mag.  Wks. 
(Bohn)  HI.  141  From  radiate,  mollusk,.  .up  to  man.  1863 
DANA  Man.  Geol.  158  The  sub-kingdom  of  Radiates  con 
tains  three  classes. 

2.  A  ray-like  projection,  a  ray. 

c  1885  in  Cent.  Diet. 

Radiate  Ov'-di^'t^,  v.  [f.  L.  radiat-  ppl.  stem 
of  radiare  to  furnish  with  rays,  to  emit  rays,  f. 
radius  a  ray,  RADIUS.] 

1.  intr.  To  emit  rays  of  light ;  to  shine  brightly. 

1649  HOWELL  Verses  pref.  Ld.  Herbert's  Hen.  1'IIf, 
Vertues  shine  more  clear  In  Them,  and  radiat  like  the  Sun 
at  Noon.  1678  CUDWOKTH  Intellectual  Syst.  i.  iv.  §  27.  454 
The  Fixed  stars,  .strongly  radiate  with  their  light  upon  our 
eyes.  1766-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  475  Everything 
set  forth  in  our  theory  radiates,  as  the  saying  is,  with  its 
own  lustre.  1852  I).  G.  MITCHELL  Dream  Life  17  It  radiates 
like  a  star,  God -ward  and  earthward.  1865  CAKLYLE  Fredk. 
Gt.  xx.  viii.  (1872)  IX.  158  The. .brow  of  Maria  Theresa 
..did  not  radiate  in  response;  but  gloomed  indignantly. 
b.  To  emit  rays  uf  heat. 

1833  ^-  AKNOTT  Physics  (ed.  5)  II.  .ji  Metal  with  a 
scratched  or  roughened  surface  radiates  or  receives  much 
more  rapidly  than  polished  metal.  1878  E.  CLARK  Visit 
S.  America  in  Long  grass  radiates  very  freely. 

2.  intr.  Of  light  or  heat :  Tc  issue  in  rays. 

a  1704  LOCKK  Elem.  Nat.  Phil.  xi.  (1754)  41  Light. .as  It 
radiates  from  luminous  bodies  directly  to  our  eyes.  =746-7 
HERVEY  Mcdit.  (1818)  263  A  richer  iustre  than  that  which 
radiates  from  thy  resplendent  orb.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX. 
233/2  Heat.. which  radiates  from  the  glass  after  having 
been  for  a  time  absorbed  in  it.  1851  UREWSI  KR  More  Worlds 
ix.  158  Those  eastern  lands,  ..  from  which  the  beams  of 
knowledge  first  radiated  on  mankind. 

3.  intr.  To  spread  or  move  in  all  directions  from 
a  centre ;  to  diverge  from  a  central  point* 

1830  N.  S.  WHKATON  Jrnl.  387  The  centre  whence  dili 
gences  radiate  to  every  part  of  this  great  empire.  2842 
T  R.  JONES  ^4nzVff.  Kingd.  314  One  great  central  Drain,  from 
whence  nerves  radiate  toall  parts  of  th_  body.  1856  STANLEY 
Sinai  $  Pal.  iv.  200  The  three  valleys  that  radiate  from  the 
uplands  of  Miclnnash. 

b.  Of  immaterial  things  : 

In  quot.  a  1619  perh.y?^".  from  sense  i. 

a  1619  FOTHF.RBY  Atheom.  n.  ii.  §  8  (1622)  209  The  Holy 
and  vndiuidedTrinitie..is  easily  able  to  fill  it,  and  to  radiate 
into  euery  corner  of  it.  1807  J.  BARLOW  To  Freedom  in 
Colnmb.,  Soul-searching  Freedom  i  here  assume  thy  stand, 
And  radiate  hence  to  every  distant  land.  1871  SMILKS 
Charac.  \\.  (1876)  41  Philanthropy  radiates  from  the  home  as 
from  a  centre. 

c.  To  converge  to  or  towards  a  centre,     rare. 
1835  \VJLLIS  Pencilling^  I.  iii.  27  Repelling  the  beggars 

who  radiated  to  us  from  every  corner.  1866  KQGSSBAfriCt 
<y  Prices  I.  xxi.  543  A  circumference  of  timber  firmly 
mortised  together,  with  spokes  radiating  to  an  axle, 

4.  trans.  To  emit  flight  or  heat)  in  rays. 

1794  J.  HUTTON  Philos.  Light,  etc.  226  Whether.,  the 
body  is  thereby  made  to  radiate  or  emit  light.  1860  TYN- 
DALL  Glac.  n,  iii.  242  If.  .we  stand  before  a  wall  of  ice,  the 
wall  radiates  heat  to  us,  and  we  also  radiate  heat  to  it. 
1868  LOCKYER  Elem.  Astron.  ii.  (1879)  51  The  Sun  sends 
out,  or  radiates,  its  light  and  heat  in  all  directions. 
b.  To  spread  or  disseminate  as  from  a  centre. 

1821  SHKLLEY  Epipsych.  325  From  her  presence  life  was 
radiated  Through  the  grey  earth.  1872  W.  R.  GREG 
Enigmas  of  Life  (1873)  271  Those  whom  he  softens  and 
purifies  that  they  may  radiate  love  and  serenity  around  them. 

5.  To  irradiate,  illuminate,     rare* 

1658  HeivyCs  Nine  Sertn.  To  Rdr.,  That  glorious  light, 
which  continually  ..  did  radiate  the  souls  of  his  faithful 
Auditory.  1831  Eraser's  Mag.  III.  482  The.. pleasurable 
feelings  which,  .radiate  the  broad  disk  of  our. .face, 

Radiated  (r^1  dieted),///,  a.     [f.  prec.] 

1.  Furnished  with  rays ;  made  or  depicted  with 
rays  issuing  from  it,  esp.  radiated  crown. 

1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Hydriot.  (1736)  60  By  the  Radiated- 
Crown,  this  Piece  should  be  coined  after  his  Death  and 
Consecration,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Suffolk  in.  (1662) 
57  A  Radiated  Circle  as  particular  to  Canonized  Saints. 
1702  ADDISON  Dial.  Medals  Wks.  1721  I.  466  The  radiated 
head  of  the  Phcenix.  1864  BOUTELL  Her.  Hist,  fy  Pop.  xxi. 
(ed,  3)  368  Az.,  three  clouds,  radiated.  1876  HUMPHREYS 
Coin-coll.  Man.  x.  117  The  radiated  crown  is  found  on  the 
coins  of  this  prince. 

2.  Having  or  consisting  of  parts  arranged  like 
rays  or  radii.     Cf.  RADIATE  a.  i. 

*775  J-  JENKINSON  Brit.  Plants  Gloss.,  Radiated-flowers, 
are  such  as  have  several  semifloscules  set  round  a  disk  in 
form  of  a  radiant  star.     1796  KIRWAN  Elem.  Min.  (ed.  2)  II. 
light  as  tc 


RADIATION. 

THOMSON  Chan.  (ed.  3)  II.  269  It  hardens,  and  a  radiated 
crust  forms  on  its  surface.  1845 \\"HK\\  F.LL/wtfYc.  Crcatvr(& 
The  symmetry  of  the  radiated  zoophytes.  1876  tr.  Haeckets 
Hist.  Creat.  I.  iii.  53  The  same  holds  good.. in  Molluscous 
and  Radiated  animals. 

b.  spec,  in  Ornith.  of  birds  having  plumage  or 
markings  thus  arranged.  Also  radiated  mole  (see 
quot.  1781). 

1781  PENNANT  Quadrupeds  488  Radiated  Mole.  {Ibid. 
486  Nose  long;  the  edges  beset  with  radiated  tendrils.] 
•&-LctShavJsGen.Zi>o[.  IX.  i.  281  Radiated  Grosheak  (I.pxia 
liiieaici^.  1821  LATHAM  Gen.  Hist.  Birds  I.  222  Radiated 
Falcon.  1822  Ibid.  IV.  256  Radiated  Creeper.  1848  GOULD 
Birds  Australia  I.  PI.  16  Astnt  Railiatlis,  Radiated 
Goshawk. 

3.  Arranged  like  rays.    =  RADIATE  a.  2. 

1748  HARTLEY  Observ.  Man  i.  i.  §  3.  100  The  radiated 
Fibres  of  the  Uvea.  1845  D.ARWIN  Voy.  A'at.  i.  (1873)  6 
Groups  of  beautifully  radiated  fibres  resembling  arragonite. 

Comb.  1870  BENTLEY  Atari.  Bot.  (ed.  2)  147  The  veins., 
diverge  from  each  other.. as  in  the  radiated-veined  variety 
of  reticulated  leaves. 

4.  Characterized  by  radiation.     =  RADIAL  a.  4. 

1798  W.  BLAIR  Soldiers  Friend  54  Bell  tents,  in  which  the 
men  lie  in  a  radiated  manner.  1830  LYELL  Pritic.  Geol.  I. 
205  The  same  combination  of  concentric  and  radiated  struc 
ture.  1848  CARI'ENTEK  Anim.  t'hys.  64  Arranged  in  a 
circular  manner  around  a  common  centre,  so  as  to  present 
a  radiated  or  rayed  aspect. 

Racliately  (re'-di/tli),  adv.  [f.  RADIATE  a. 
+  -LY  -.]  In  a  radiate  manner;  in  the  manner 
of  radii  or  rays. 

1841  DANA  Zvoph.  (1848)  301  Corallum  ..  below  radiately 
echinulate.  1851-6  WOODWARD  Mollnsca  292  The  sides  are 
concentrically-furrowed,  the  posterior  slope  radiately  striated. 
1887  SOLLAS  in  Entycl.  Brit.  XXII.  4i3/*From  the  walls., 
cxcal  processes  grow  out  radiately. 

So  Radiateness,  radiality  (Cent.  Diet.  1891). 

Radia-tiform,  a.  Bot.  [f.  RADIATE  a.  + 
-(I)FOKM.]  (See  quot.). 

1880  A.  GRAY  Struct.  Bot.  Gloss.  429  Radiati/omt,  said 
of  a  capitulum  of  flowers  which  is  radiate  by  enlargement  of 
some  of  the  outer  flowers,  which  however  are  not  truly 
limilate,  as  in  species  of  Centaurea. 

Radiating  (i?  client)),  vbl.  sl>.  [f.  RADIATE 
j,.  +  _ixo  ',]  The  action  of  the  vb.  Also  attrib. 

1833  N.  ARNOTT  Physics  (ed.  5)  II.  40  The  comparative 


right  lines  over  the  one  barrier  or  object. 
Radiating  (r^-di/lin),  ///.  a.     [f.  as  prec. 
+  -ING  a.]     That  radiates,  in  senses  of  the  verb. 

1.  That  sends  out  rays  (of  light  or  heat). 

1721  B.-\  i  LEV,  Radiating  point . .  is  that  Point  from  whence 
the  Rays  of  Light  issue.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  23 1/1  The 
velocity  of  radiation  depends  more  on  the  surface  than  on 
the  nature  of  the  radiating  body.  1893  J.  TAIT  Mind  in 
Jl/atler-zoi  Radiating-points  of  light  to  the  world  at  large. 
b.  Moving  in  a  tadial  direction. 

1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  232/2  The  radiating  particles  falling 
upon  the  surfaces  of  any  bodies  . .  are  . .  absorbed  in  them. 

2.  Extending  in  the  manner  of  rays. 

1849  ttamcaaa»  SHuria  X.  232  Furnished  with  radiating 
ribs.  1870  HOOKER  Stuff.  Flora  15  Stigma  discoid  or  pyra 
midal  with  radiating  lobes.  1884  BOWER  &  SCOTT  De  Bary's 
Phaner.  97  They  form  a  radiating  ring  round  the  margin  of 
the  Hat  surface. 

3.  Characterized  by  radiation. 

1831  R.  KNOX  Clfqutt's  Anat.  680  They.. send  twigs  in 
eradiating  manner  into  the  pectoralis  major.  1869  PHILLIPS 
JVi7*7'.  iii.  67  The  mountain  became  fissured  in  a  radiating 
direction.  1874  WOOD  Nat.  Hist.  555  Each  plate  being 
marked  with  slight  grooves  in  a  radiating  fashion. 

Radiation  (iMv'-Jan).    [ad.  L.  radiation-tm 

n.  of  action  from  radiare :  see  RADIATE  v.  and  cf. 
>.  radiation  (1469).] 

1.  The  action  or  condition  of  sending  out  rays 
of  light.  Now  rare  (see  note  to  2). 

i6z6  BACON  Sytva.  §  125  So  it  [sound]  paralleled  in  so 
many  other  things  with  the  Sight,  and  Radiation  of  Things 
visible.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  I'seud.  Ji/>.  260  As  for  Sci  >• 
tericall  Dialls,  whether  of  the  Sunne  or  Moon,  they  are  only 
of  use  in  the  actuall  radiation  of  those  Luminaries  1740 
CIIEVNE  Regimen  123  The  glorious  Appearance  and  Radia 
tion  of  our  Saviour's  Body  on  the  Mount.  1773  Encycl. 
Brit.  III.  525/2  Radiation,  the  act  of  a  body  emitting 
or  diffusing  rays  of  light  all  round,  as  from  a  centre. 

b.  A    ray    or   quantity   of  light  emitted  by  a 
radiant  body.     Usually//. 

1570  DEE  Math.  Pref.  bj,  Perspective  ..  demonstrate!]) 
the  maner  and  properties,  of  all  Radiations  Direct,  Broken, 
and  Reflected.  1626  BACON  Nnu  Ail.  39  Wee  haue  also 


292  A  radiated  ore  so  ligh 


to  float  in  water.     1807  T. 


,4into"the  flashing  radiations.  1837  BREWSTER  Magnet. 
225  The  part  of  the  heavens  where  all  these  beams  or 
radiations  unite.  1871  TYNDALL  Fragin.  Sci.  (1879)  II. 
xvi.  450  Dissolved  in  a  proper  vehicle,  iodine  cuts  the 
visible  radiation  sharply  off. 

fig.  1652  JER.  COLLIER  Ecctio  in  Benlowes  Tktaft.,  Ihe 
Radiations  of  the  Soul  All  splendors  of  the  flesh  controul. 
1750  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  29  f  4  As  the  errors  and  follies 
of  a  great  genius  are  seldom  without  some  radiations  of 
understanding,  by  which  meaner  minds  may  be  enlightened. 
1871  FARRAR  Witu.  Hist.  ii.  83  This  life  is  not  a  type  of 
any  one  excellence,  but  a  radiation  of  them  all. 
t  c.  Astral.  -  ASPECT  sli.  4.  Obs.  rare. 

1555  DIGCES  Prognos.  B  iv,  The  Sextile  aspecte  or  radia 
tion.,  is  with  in  60  degrees  thone  from  the  other.  1688 
R.  HOLME  Armoury  II.  i.  27  Names  or  Terms  used  by 
Astronomers..  .Aspect  or  Radiation. 


RADIATIVE. 

2.  The  emission  and  diffusion  of  heat-rays ;  the 
process  by  which  heat  passes  from  a  heated  body. 

In  its  widest  sense,  radiation  denotes  the  manner  in  which 
the  energy  of  a  vibrating  body  is  transmitted  in  all  directions 
by  a  surrounding  medium.  When  this  energy  is  imparted 
to  the  ether,  it  produces  waves  which,  according  to  their 
frequency,  affect  the  senses  either  as  light  or  heat. 

1811-16  PLAYFAIR  A'at.  Phil.  (1819)  I.  229  Heat  escapes 
from  bodies.. by  radiation,  or  by  passing  in  straight  lines 
through  the  air  with  great  rapidity.  1845  DARWIN  I'oy. 
Nat.  xi.  (1879)  249  1'he  winter  is  rendered  excessively  cold 
by  the  radiation  from  a  large  area  of  land  into  a  clear  sky. 
1880  HAUGHTON  Phys.  Geog.  ii.  50  This  process.. goes  on 
in  every  planet,  as  long  as  it  is  losing  heat  by  radiation. 
fig.  18*7  HARE  Guesses  Ser.  i.  (1873)  44  Under  the  im 
pulses  of  a  mighty  passion,  he.  .fuses  every  object  by  its 
intense  radiation. 

3.  I  livergence    from    a    central   point ;    radial 
arrangement  or  structure. 

1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Card.  Cyrus  iii.  59  The  motion 
of  vegetation  upward,  and  of  radiation  into  all  quarters. 
1856  RUSKIN  Mod.  Paint.  IV.  v.  xv.  §  8  The  beauty  of 
a  crest  or  bird's  wing  consists.. in  the  radiation  of  the 
plumes.  1868  STANLEY  Westm.  Abl>.  iii.  129  The  radiation 
of  the  polygonal  chapels  round  the  Choir. 

b.  One  of  a  set  of  radiating  things  or  parts. 

1843  YOUATT  Horse  vi.  (1847)  no  Rays  or  radiations  of 
hone  extend  thence  in  every  direction.  1899  Attbutt's  Syst. 
Med.  VI.  756  Division  of  the  optic  radiations  was  attended 
by  a  descending  degeneration. 

4.  Comb,   as   radiation-fog,   a   fog   caused    by 
radiation   of  heat   on   low   grounds ;   radiation- 
thermometer,  a  thermometer   specially  adapted 
for  measuring  the  effects  of  radiation. 

1857  HERSCHEL  Metcorol.  (1861)  93  A  radiation-fog  once 
formed  tends  to  its  own  increase,  by  radiating  off  heat  from 
its  own  particles.  1868  Symons's  Meteorol.  Mag.  1 1 1.  7  The 
sensitiveness  of  a  terrestrial  radiation  thermometer.  1883 
R.  H.  SCOTT  Elem.  Meteor.  121  A  class  of  fogs,  termed  by 
Herschel '  radiation  fogs '. 

Radiative  (r^'di/liv),  a.  [f.  as  RADIATE  v. 
+  -IVE.J  Pertaining  to,  connected  with,  radia 
tion  ;  having  the  quality  of  radiating. 

1837  WHEWELL  Hist.  Induct.  Sc.  (1857)  1 1-  383  In  this 
manner  the  radiative  effect  of  a  body  could  be  more  precisely 
traced.  1870  TYNDALL  Heat  xi.  §  453.  343  Showing  the 
superior  radiative  power  of  this  gas  over  air.  1889  Nature 
28  Nov.  81  Our  own  sun  falls  nearly  as  far  short  of  the  ra 
diative  strength  of  Arcturus. 

Radiato-  (r^di^'-to),  used  as  a  comb,  form  of 
RADIATE  a.  to  modify  an  adj.,  with  the  meaning 
'  in  a  radial  direction,  in  the  manner  of  rays ',  as 
radiato-patent,  -f  arose,  -striate,  -silicate,  -undulate. 

1819  Pantologia  X,  Kadiato-pateni,  in  botany.  Radiate- 
expanding  :  or,  spreading  out  like  rays.  Applied  to  the 
stigma.  1850  DANA  Geol.  App.  i.  702  The  surface  of  the 
cast  towards  the  beak  is  smooth,  and  not  finely  radiato- 
striate.  Ibid.  713  Upper  and  under-surfaces  correspon 
dingly  radiato-undulate.  1868  tr.  f'igiiier's  Ocean  World 
v.  119  Cceloptychimn,  ..  radiato-porose  above,  flat  and  ra- 
diato-sulcate  below. 

Radiator  vr^''di|«'t3.i).  [agent-n.  in  L.  form 
from  RADIATE  v.~]  One  who  or  that  which  radi 
ates  ;  esp.  anything  which  radiates  light  or  heat. 

1836  BRAXDE  Cliem.  (ed.  4)  516  The  polished  metals  are    1 
very  imperfect  radiators  and  receivers  of  heat.     1858  LARD- 
XER  liand-1'k.  Xat.  I'/iil.,  Ilydrost.,  etc.  373  The  power  of 
thermal  rays,  .is  augmented  by  raising  the  temperature  of 
the  radiator.     1879  PROCTOR  Pleas.  Ways  Sc.  xvi.  364  Glass 
..is   a  good  radiator,  so  that  dew  is  freely  deposited  on    ' 
glass  objects. 

b.  A  small  chamber  or  compartment  heated  by 
means  of  steam  or  hot  air,  and  radiating  warmth 
into  a  room  or  other  place. 

1873  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1853/1.  1899  Daily  News?,  June 
8/7  In  cold  weather  some  form  of '  radiator  '  should  always 
be  used  by  those  who  can  afford  it. 

Radiatory  (rt7i-diat3ri),  a.  [f.  as  RADIATE  v. 
+  -OBY.]  Radiating,  radiative. 

1865  ALLMAX  in  Intellect.  Observer  (No.  38)  85  A  series  of 
tubular  cells.. extending  in  a  radiatory  direction  from  the 
disc  outwards. 

Radiature  (iv'-diatiai).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -USE.] 
Radiation;  an  act  of  radiation. 

1704  NORRIS  Ideal  World  it.  iii.  190  The  proper  business 
of  opticks,  to  consider  the  radiature  of  light.  1883  Nature 
8  Feb.  351  In  these  radiatures  motion  is  conveyed  through 
space  by  transfer  of  vibratory  motions. 

Radical  (ne-dikal),  a.  and  sd.  Also  5-6  rady- 
oalli  5-7  -ieall.  [ad.  late  L.  radical-is  (Augustine) , 
f.  radic-  RADIX.  K.  radical  (i>i-i6th  c.  as  adj.) 
is  the  direct  source  of  sense  4  of  the  sb.] 

A.  adj.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  root  or  to  roots. 

1.  Radical  humidity,  humour,  moisture,  sap :  In 
mediaeval  philosophy,  the  humour  or  moisture  natu 
rally  inherent  in  all  plants  and  animals,  its  presence 
being  a  necessary  condition  of  their  vitality.  So 
radical  heat. 

1398  TKEVISA  Hart/:.  Da  P.  K.  xvn.  xlii.  (Bodl.  MS.) 
Radical  humouris  isente  into  J>e  herbe.  '.'^1412  LYDG. 
'lluo  Merchants  313  Thilke  humydite  i-called  radical.  1471 
Rli'i.EY  Camp.  Alch.  vi.  xx.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  166  Moysture 
radycall,  whych  theyr  begynnyng  was.  1530  RASTELL  Bk. 
Purgat.  in.  vii.  2  The  radycall  natural!  humour  of  that 
appell  wyll  increase  whyle  it  is  growynge.  1601  HOLLAND 
Pliny  I.  53,  The  better  will  she  imployher  radicall  sap  and 
moisture  to  fructifie  and  yeeld  good  store  of  grapes.  1643 
SIR  T  BROWNK .Rctig.  Med.  i.  §  43  Though  the  radical! 
humor  containe  in  it  sufficient  oyle  for  seventy,  yet  I  per 
ceive  in  some  it  gives  no  light  past  thirty.  1772  Fi.incliEK 


99 

Appeal  Wks.  1795  I.  ^6  His  intense  application  hath  .. 
almost  dried  up  his  radical  moisture.  1818  LADY  MOKGAX 
Autobiog.  (1859)  235  Our  wood  fire  scarcely  suffices  to  keep 
up  the  radical  beat.  1863  KINGSLEY  Water  Bab.  330  Being 
a  water-baby,  his  radical  humours  were  of  a  moist  and  cold 
nature. 

fig.  1626  Bl'.AxDREWEs5V'««.  (1856)  I.  44sThese  affections 
be  the  radical  humour  or  sap.  1635  QUARLES  Embl.  iv.  xii. 
230  Whilst  thus  my  sorrow-wasting  soule  was  feeding  Upon 
ihe  rad'cal  Humour  of  her  thought.  1655  FULLER  Cii. 
Hist.  iv.  ix.  §  15  Edward . .  took  order,  that  these  Aliens 
should  no  longer  prey  on  the  Radical  moisture  of  this  Land. 
b.  Of  qualities :  Inherent  in  the  nature  or  essence 
of  a  thing  or  person ;  fundamental. 

1562  BULLEYX  Def.  agst.  Sickness,  Bk.  Sickc  men  69  b,  It 
doeth. .consume,  and  waste  the  beste  humour,  or  one  of  the 
radical  venues.  1611  I'OVRNKVR  Atfi.  Trag.\.  i.  Wks.  1878 
I.  137  These  bodies  are  depriu'd  of  all  The  radicall  abilitie 
i  of  nature.  i663j.  HEATH  fr'lagellnmorO.  Cromwell  (tA.  2) 
!  4  [Cromwell's]  main  policy  was  a  radical  and  original  Hypo- 
cnsie.  1775  JOHXSON  Tax.  no  Tyr.  23  The  radical  vigour 
of  the  Mother-country.  1806  Med.  Jrnl.  XV.  220  The 
radical  diversity  of  these  rival  maladies.  1828  J.  M.  SPEAR 
MAN  Brit.  Gunner  (ed.  2)  p.  xiv,  I  have  pointed  out.. a 
radical  error  m  the  graduation  of  these  scales.  1871  K.  H. 
HUTTOX  Ess.  u877)  I.  Pref.  12  A  sneer  at  the  radical  rotten 
ness  of  human  nature. 

2.  forming  the  root,  basis, or  foundation;  original, 
primary. 

1560  ROLLAND  t';-.'.  I'ciius  Prol.  235  Idilnes  is  Mother 
Radycall,  Of  all  vicis,  and  font  original].  1597  HOOKER 

!  EccL  Pol.  v.  Iv.  §  4  They  intimate  the  radicall  cause  out  of 
which  it  groweth.  a  1639  W.  WHATKLEY  Prototypes  i.  xi. 
11640)  94  This  grace  of  faith  is  the  radicall  grace,  tbat  upon 
which  all  other  graces  grow  as  on  their  roote.  a  1677  HALK 

,    Prim.  Orig.  Man.  iv.  ii.  305  Not.. all  those  kinds  which  w.: 

I  now  see,.,  but  only  those  primitive  and  radical  Species. 
I75S  JOHNSON  Diet.  Pref.  F  50  \Vhen  the  radical  idea 
branches  out  into  parallel  ramifications.  1811  PINKKRTON 

•  Petrol.  Introd.  30  The  position  that  granite  is  the  universally 
radical  rock.  1871  MORI.KY  Crit.  Misc.  Ser.  i.  I'am'enargiics 

|     (1878)4  A  syllabus  of  the  radical  articles  of  the  French  creed 

I    of  the  eighteenth  century. 

b.  Anat.    =  RADICUI.AR  2  b. 
18..  DUNGLISON  icited  by  Worcester  1860). 

3.  Going  to  the  root  or  origin  ;  touching  or  acting 
upon  what  is  essential  and  fundamental ;  thorough'; 
esp.  rcuiical  change,  cure. 

1651  BAXTER  Inf.  Bapt.  294  Out  of  which  Radical  Re 
generation,  -the  exercised  act  of  Faith  and  Graces  is  wont 
to  be  educed.  1735  BOLINGBROKE  On  Parties  xviii.  220 
Such  a  Remedy  might  have  wrought  a  radical  Cure  of  the 
Evil,  that  threatens  our  Constitution.  1751  JOHNSON 
Rambler  No.  171  p  3  Desirous  to  fit  men  to  his  purpose  by 
complete  and  radical  corruption.  1802  JAv/.  Jrnl.  VIII. 
353  A  radical  and  systematic  change  of  that  mode  of  living. 
1865  SEELEY  Ecce  Homo  iv.  (ed.  8)  34  Christ  undertook 
a  work  more  radical  than  that  of  Moses.  1874  GREEN 
Slwrt  Hist.  iv.  §  2.  171  The  financial  difficulties  of  the 
Crown  led  to  a  far  more  radical  revolution  in  the  admission 
into  the  Great  Council. 

b.  Radical  reform,  a  thorough  reform ;  esp.  as 
a  phrase  of  English  politics  in  the  end  of  the  i8th 
and  early  part  of  the  ipth  century. 

J.  JEBB   in    Disney  Life   Wks.  1787   I.  194   The 


E 
_  .      very  body  seems  sensible  of 

the  necessity  of  radical  reform  botii  in  politics  and  in 
manners.  1830  GEN.  P.  THOMPSON  Exerc.  (18421  I.  227  The 
actual  agent . .  will  be  a  radical  reform  in  what  is  called  the 
commons  house  of  parliament. 

c.  Hence  Radical  reformer  —  RADICAL  sb.  5. 
1809  Morning  Post  17  June,  Reformer  radical  !  I  love  thy 
song.     1819  SCOTT  Let.  to  T.  Scott  16  Oct.  in  Lockhart,  You 
will  learn  enough  of  the  doings  of  the  Radical  Reformers 
from  the  papers. 

4.  Math.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  forming  the  root  of 
a  number  or  quantity ;  esp.  radical  sign,  the  sign 
I/  used  to  indicate  that  a  root  of  the  number  to 
which  it  is  prefixed  is  to  be  extracted ;  f  radical 
number  (see  quot.  1557). 

Used  by  itself,  the  sign  V  indicates  that  the  square  root  is 
to  be  taken  ;  for  the  cube,  biquadratic,  etc.,  appropriate 
numbers  are  added,  4',  $ ,  etc. 

"557  RECORDS  Whetst.  Sj,  Nombers  radicalle,  whiche 
commonly  bee  called  nombers  irrationalle.  ..Other  men  call 
them  more  aptly  Surde  numbers.  1570  DEEjVatA  Pref.  5, 
I  ..dp  giue  to  this  Practise,  the  name  of  the  Arithmetike  of 
Kadicall  numbers.  1668  T.  BRANCKER  tr.  Rhonii  Algebra 
43  In  the  quotient  subjoyn  the  surd  part  with  its  first 
radical  Sign,  a  1746  MAcLAURlN  Algebra  (1748)  I.  viii.  44 
Placing  above  the  radical  Sign  the  Number  that  denominates 
what  kind  of  Root  is  required.  1897  H.  F.  BAKER  Abeliaa 
J- unctions  377  'I  he  most  important  of  the  radical  functions 
are  those  which  are  square  roots  of  rational  functions. 

b.  Geom.  Used  in  several  terms  relating  to  the 
intersection  of  circles  and  planes,  esp.  radical  axis, 
centre,  circle,  plane  (cf.  quots.). 

1848-55  SALMON  Conic  Sect.  (ed.  3)  ix.  §  m  The  line  S-S' 
..has  been  called  [Note.  By  M.  Gaulier,  of  Tours. .1813] 
the  radical  axis  of  the  two  circles.  Ibid.  §  113  Given  any 
three  circles,  if  we  take  the  radical  axis  of  each  pair  of  circles, 
these  three  lines  will  meet  in  a  point,  and  this  point  is  called 
the  radical  centre  of  the  three  circles.  1889  J.  CASEY  Splier. 
'1  rig.  101  The  circle  of  the  system  S,  whose  plane  passes 
through  the  centre  of  the  sphere,  is  called  the  radical 
circle  of  the  system. 

5.  Philol.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  roots  of  words  ; 
connected  with,  based  on,  roots.     Radical  word, 
a  simple  uncompounded  word  having  the  form  of, 
or  directly  based  on,  a  root. 


RADICAL. 

"577.  r>KE  Rclat.  Spir.  \.  (1659)  75  No  word  in  his  radical 
form  is  extended.  1641  MILTON  A  iiiniaifv.  i.  Wks.  (1851)180 
I  hey  thought  it  best  not  to  screw  the  English  mouth  to  a 
harsh  forreigne  termination,  so  they  kept  the  radicall  word 
1777  J.  RICHARDSON Z)/J«r/.  East.  Xalioiis  2  Radical  words 
in  any  tongue  are  expressive  of  certain  customs,  objects  and 
modes  of  thinking.  1824  L.  MURRAY  Eng.  Gram.  (ed.  5)  I. 
347  Three  great  principles  of  accentuation,  .the  radical,  the 
;  terniinatioii.il,  and  the  distinctive.  1838-9  HALL  AM  Hist. 
Lit.  II.  n.  i.  15  The  arrangement  of  the  lexicon  is  not 
according  to  an  alphabetical  but  a  radical  order.  1861  MAX 
MULLER  Sc.  Lang.  275  As  long  as  every  word,  .is  felt  to 
express  its  own  radical  meaning,  a  language  belongs  to  the 
first  or  radical  stage. 

b.  Radical  letter,  (a)  an  original  unchanged 
letter  (so  also  radical  sound] ;  (l> ,  a  letter  belonging 
to  the  root  of  a  word. 

In  sense  (a)  chiefly  used  of  Welsh  initial  consonants,  which 
are  liable  to  be  altered  by  a  preceding  word  ;  in  (It  chiefly 
of  the  consonants  (commonly  three  in  number)  of  Hebrew 
roots,  and  spec,  of  those  which  appear  in  ronts  only. 

in].  11645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1650  1.457  Wallia,  which  the 
Komans  called  Gallia,  turning  //"into  (/,  ..yet  ihe  Walloon 
keeps  his  radical  letter  to  this  day.  1724  \V.  GVMBOLD 
Welsk  Uram.  (1727)  114  Table  of  Words  and  Particles:  .. 
shewing  what  effect  Theyhaueon  the  radical  initial  Letters 
of  Subsequent  Words.  1833  IHd.  (ed.  3)  n  After  the  prefix 
gar,  the  initials  i,  ii,f,  m,  r,  assume  their  Light  sound  ;  hut 
after  tra  they  retain  their  Radical  sound;  as  forfod 
trablin. 

(l>\  a  1653  GOUGE  Comm.  H,i>r.  xi.  n  Sarah  hath  all  the 
radical  letters  in  it.  1658  SIR  T.  linouxi:  (;,,,;/.  Cyriisv.  71 
Why  the  radicall  Letters  in  the  Pentateuch  should  equall 
the  number  of  the  Souldiery  of  the  Tribes,  1762  PAHKHURST 
I Ifb.  Cram.  (1778)  3  Although  the  radical  Letters,  .are 
never  Servile,  yet  the  servile  letters  are  very  often  radical. 
1831  LEE  Hebr.  Gram.  (1832 1  222  One  of  the  two  last  radical 
letters  of  any  word,  when  both  are  the  same,  may.,  be 
rejected. 

t  C.  Exhibiting  the  roots  or  radical  letters.  Obs. 
1623  LISLE  sEtfric  en  O.  f,  ,\.  Test.  Pref.  7  Huterus  .. 
in  bis  Catalogue.. before  his  radical!  Hebrew  Bible. 

t  6.  Astral.  Belonging  to  the  radix  of  an  astro 
logical  calculation.  Radical  'illation  (see  nuot. 
1647).  Obs. 

1621  BURTON  Anat.  3Tel.  i.  ii.  i.  iv,  Any  of  those  radicall 
promissors in  the  geniture.  1647  LILLY  Clir.Asti-ol.  121  The 
Question  then  shall  be  taken  for  radicall,  or  fit  to  be  judged, 
when  as  the  Lord  of  the  hour  at  the  time  of  pi\  posing  the 
Question.. and  the  Lord  of  the  Ascendant  or  first  House, 
are  of  one  Triplicity,  or  be  one.  1654  CUI.PEITKR  Opus 
Astral.)  Aphorisms  §  69  A  Radical  Figure  resembles  either 
the  nativity  or  the  revolution  of  the  nativity  of  the  Querent. 
1679  MOXON  Math.  Diet.  38  The  moons  coming  to  the.. 
Radical  place,  where  she  was  at  the  beginning  of  the 
sickness. 

7.  Mns.  Belonging  to  the  root  of  a  chord,  esp. 
radical  bass,  cadence,  number    cf.  quots. ). 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cjpcl.Sxfp.s.v.,  Radical  numbers,  .in  the 
Italian  music,  are,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  and  sometimes  10, 
which  are  often  met  with  in  musical  compositions,  to  denote 
the  accords  of  Ihe  thorough  basses.  1867  M  At.  F-ARKEN 
Harmony  iii.  97  According  to  the  radical  progression  of 
ascending  4ths.  1873  H.  C.  BANISTER  Music  6.,  By  the  root 
of  a  chord,  or  its  Radical  Bass,  is  meant  its  Bass-note  in 
its  original,  uninverted  form. 

8.  Bet.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  root  of  a  plant; 
esp.  of  leaves  or  stalks:  Springing  directly  from 
the  root-stock  or  the  stem  close  to  the  root. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Stipp.  s.v.  Leaf,  Radical  Leaf,  that 
which  grows  immediately  from  the  root  of  a  plant,  not  fronr 
the  stalk.  1766  .Museum  Knst.\\.  47  From  the  top  of  this 
turnep  rise  a  number  of  leaves,,  .which  answer  to  the  radical 
leaves  in  other  plants.  1851  RICHARDSON  </>(>/.  vii.  203 
Leaves.. proceeding  fronr  the  crown  or  radical  plate.  1861 
BENTI.EY  Man.  Hot.  (1870)  57  On  young  roots  we  find  cells 
..which  are  of  the  nature  of  hairs,  and  have  therefore  been 
termed  radical  hairs. 

1 9.  Cliem.  Radical  vinegar,  an  old  name  for 
acetic  acid.  Obs. 

1797  Knrycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  IV.  592/1  Experience  has  shown 
that  radical  vinegar  differs  considerably  in  its  properties 
from  the  common  acid.  1819  Pantologia  X.  s.v.,The  acid  thus 
obtained  . .  was  formerly  distinguished  by  the  names  of 
radical  vinegar,  and  vinegar  of  Venus. 

B.  sb.   (elliptical  or  absolute  uses  of  the  adj.) 

1.  rhilol.  A  root;   a  word  or   part  of  a  word 
which  cannot  be  analysed  into  simpler  elements. 

1641  WII.KINS  Afercury  xiii.  (1707)  57  The  Hebrew. .  Lan 
guage  consists  of  fewest  Radicals.  1677  Pi.oi  O.vfordsli. 
284  He  [nalgarno]  published  a  Specimen,  .containing  but 
500  Radicals,  all  the  Particles  being  brought  from  the 
Radicals  by  which  they  are  resolved.  1797  Encycl-  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  V.  463  The  Welsh,  the  Cornish  and  the  Armoric 
dialects,  whose  radicals  are  so  much  alike  [etc.].  1822  Good's 
Study  Med.  IV.  592  It  has  been  shown, that  the  real  radical 
is  the  Hebrew  term . .  (tsora).  1874  SAYCF  Compar.  Philol. 
i.  54  Words  derived  from  the  same  radical  will  often  assume 
different  forms  in  different  languages. 
b.  A  radical  letter  (see  5  b  above). 

1652-62  HEYLIN  Cosnwgr.  Introd.  (1674)  8/2  Divers  Cities 
in  tbat  tract,  which  still  preserve  the  Radicals  of  Hull  or 
Chtill.  1724  W.  GAMBOLD  tt'elsh  Cram.  (1727]  2  Ch.. 
being  a  radical,  is  ever  attended  with  w.  1784  HENLEY 
Note  in  Beckford's  I'atliek  (1786)  263  On  his  forehead 
the  radicals  of  cafer  [or  infidel]  are  said  to  be  impressed. 
1870  HKLIT-NSIEIN  Compar.  Grati^.  Teut.  Lang.  410  The 
radical  is  either  a  or  e.  . .  The  radical  of  the  perfect  is  of 
course  modified  by  the  reduplication. 

2.  A  basis,  a  fundamental  thing  or  principle. 
1657  VINES   Lord's  Supp.   (1677)  357    Covenant-benefits, 


other  nutritive  principles.    1833  HOLLAND  Mamif.  in  .Metal 

13-3 


RADICALE. 

II.  304  With  reference  to  a  similar  radical,  that  is  to  say, 
the  English  penny. 

b.  A  root  or  radicle. 

1850  M'CosH  Div.  Gwt.  in.  i.  (1874)  292  They  are  roots 
or  radicals  supporting  all  visible  truth,  but  themselves  un 
seen.  1897  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  III.  380  The.  .radicals  of 
the  portal  vein. 

3.  Math.    a.    A  quantity  forming  or  expressed 
as  a  root  of  another  quantity. 

1738  DE  MOIVRR  in  Phil.  Trans.  Abridg.  VIII.  271  (title) 
Of  the  Reduction  of  Radicals  to  more  Simple  Terms,  a  1746 
MACLAURIM  Algebra  (1748)  xiv.  117  Multiply  any  two 
Radicals  as  2  xy  by  2. re,  1798  HUTTON  Course  Math.  II. 
298  Expand  the  radical  or  fraction,  .into  an  infinite  series  of 
simple  terms.  1868  CAYLEY  Math.  Papers  (1874)  VII.  14 
The  expression  cannot  contain  any  radical  such  as  [etc.]. 
b.  The  radical  sign. 

1780  HUTTON  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXX.  401  Where  the  two 
denominators  under  the  radicals  differ  by  4.  1882  C.  SMITH 
Conic  Sect.  (18851  33  It  is  necessary  and  sufficient  that  the 
quantity  under  the  radical  should  be  a  perfect  square. 

4.  Chem.  An  element  or  atom  {simple  radical], 
or  a  group  of  these  (compound  radical],  forming 
the  base  of  a  compound  and  remaining  unaltered 
during  the  ordinary  chemical  reactions  to  which 
this  is  liable.     (See  also  RADICLE.) 

Introduced  (in  French)  by  G.  de  Morveau,  1787.  When 
used  without  adj.,  'radical'  usually  denotes  a  compound 
radical,  and  is  thus  contrasted  with  '  element '  or  '  atom  '. 

1816  f.  SMITH  ranminta.  Sc.  *  Art  II.  343  9x>"Stn  is 
called  the  radical  or  base  of  the  gas.  1845  J.  I-:.  DAY  tr. 
Simon  s  Anim.  Client,  I.  141  If  we  knew  more  of  the  com 
position  of  the  extractive  matters,  we  should  doubtless  find 
a  radical  common  to  all  of  them.  1881  Mature  No.  618.  415 
Compounds  of  hydrogen  with  elements  or  radicals  like 
chlorine. 

5.  Politics.  An  advocate  of 'radical  reform' (see 
A.  3  b) ;  one  who  holds  the  most  advanced  views 
of  political  reform  on  democratic  lines,  and  thus 
belongs  to  the  extreme  section  of  the  Liberal  party. 

1802  in  Spirit  Pnh.  Jriils.  VI.  4  The  sagacious  only  could 
have  foreseen  that  he  should  have  become  a  r — c— 1.  1819 
SCOTT  Let.  to  T.  Scott  16  Oct.  in  Lockhart,  Radical  is  a 
word  in  very  bad  odour  here,  being  used  to  denote  a  set  of 
blackguards  [etc.].  1830  GKN.  P.  TMUMI-SON  Excrc.  (1842) 

I.  269  The  term  Radical  once  employed  as  a  name  of  low 
reproach,  has  found  its  way  into  high  places,  and  is  gone 
forth  as  the  title  of  a  class,  who  glory  in  their  designation. 
1873  H.  Si'KNiMCK  .Stud.  Social,  xi.  290  It  is  manifest  to  the 
Tory  that  the  Radical  does  not  see  the  benefit  there  is  in 
that  which  he  wi.ihes  to  destroy. 

fig.  i8z2  CoiiuEiT  Weekly  Reg.  30  Mar.  779  Love  is 
a  great  leveller;  a  perfect  Radical.  1831  TKELAUNKY  Adv. 
Younger  S<>n  xcvii,  Gout,  apoplexy,  dropsy ..  are  in  their 
nature,  radicals. 

b.  cllipt.  A  white  hat,  formerly  affected  by  Radi 
cals  (in  consequence  of  one  having  been  worn  by 
Henry  Hunt  at  various  political  meetings  in  1820). 

1828  Lights  -5-  Shatfes  I.  294  A  whity-brown  radical  on  his 
head,  the  edges  of  which  are  worn  down  to  the  brown-paper 
foundation.  iCf.  radical  hat  inc.) 

C.  attrib.  or  as  adj.  in  sense  5,  as  Radical  butcher, 
cause*  hat .  man,  measure,  member,  mob,  speech. 

1820  SHELLEY  Uidip/is  i.  12  Kinys  and  laurelled  Em 
perors,  Radical  butchers.  1837  DISKAELI  in  Corr.  w.  Sister 
21  Nov.  (1886)  75  Wakley  made  a  most  Radical  speech  and 
amendment.  1839  Gent  I.  Mug.  Nov.  519/1  These  Essays 
are  intended  to  advocate  the  popular  or  radical  cause.  1840 
CAKLYI.E  Chartism  5  Radical  members,  above  all,  friends  of 
the  people.  1841  S.  BAMFORD  Life  of  Radical  I.  58  The 
presumptuous  appearance  of  a  radical  hat.  1846  J.  W. 
CROKERIII  C.  Papers  1884)  III.  xxiv.  90  If  Radical  measures 
were  to  be  carried  . .  they  should  be  carried  by  Radical  men. 
1836  EMERSON  Eng.  Traits,  Truth  Wks.  (Hohn)  II.  55  The 
radical  mob  at  Oxford. 

Hence  Ka  clical  v.  intr.t  to  act  like  a  Radical. 

1867  CAULYLE  Remin.  (iSSil  II.  219  The  notions  they 
seemed  'reforming1  (and  radicalling,  and  quarrelling  with 
their  superiors)  upon  ! 

Ra'dicale.  Bot.  rare.  [In  form  =  L.  radicate 
neut.  sing,  of  radlcalis  RADICAL,  but  perh.  intended 
for  radicle  or  radicnlcJ]  =  RADICLE. 

1763  GOLDSM.  Misc.  ll'&s.  (1837)  II.  544  The  radicale  or 
incipient  root, . .  when  shot  into  the  ground,  imbibes  nouri-*h- 
ment  from  thence.  1847  W.  E.  STF.ELE  Field  Bot.  158 
A  large,  many-leaved  plumule,  and  an  inferior  radicale. 

Radicalism  (ne*dik&uz*m).    [f.  RADICAL  a.  or 

sb.  +  -ISM.] 

1.  The  political  views  or  principles  characteristic 
of  Radicals. 

1820  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  \.  418  You  are  cherishing  in  tb,e 
mind  of  the  multitude  the  spirit  of  '  radicalism '.  1852 
SMEDLEY  L.  Arundel  xxiv.  179  In  all  ca->es  of  incipient 
radicalism,  chartist  tendencies,  or  socialist  symptoms,  his 
Grace  was  an  infallible  specific.  1870  DICKENS  Lett.  (1880) 

II.  436, 1  was  determined  that  ray  Radicalism  should  not  be 
called  in  question. 

b.  transf.  Thoroughness  of  method. 
1830  GEN.  P.  THOMPSON  Kxerc.  (1842)  I.  306  This  is  an 
attempt  to  carry  radicalism  into  Geometry ;  always  meaning 
by  radicalism,  the  application  of  sound  reason  to  tracing 
consequences  to  their  roots.  1885  MAX  MLLI.KK  in  iqt/i 
Cent.  XVIII.  921  There  is  a  true  radicalism  in  scholarship, 
which  despises  all  measures  which  do  not  go  to  the  roots  of 
things. 

2.  The  subject  of  (Hebrew)  roots. 

1849  S.  R.  MAITI.AND  Illnstr.  Mesmerism  i.  61  No  point 
in  Hebrew  radicalism  would  have  been  considered  more 
clear  and  indisputable. 

Radicality  (IP  .lik:..-liti).    [f.  as  prec.  f  -ITY.] 

1.  Radical  state  or  condition  ;  the  fact  of  being 
radical. 


100 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  147  Equivocal!  seeds  and 
Hermaphroditicall  principles,  which  contain  the  radicality 
and  power  of  different  formes.  1685  WALLIS  Alg.  xxv.  107, 
I.  .prefix  the  Root  of  such  Power  to  the  note  of  Radicality. 
1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Radical*  V  is  the  character  of 
radicality,  and  expresses  the  square  root.  1819  JAS.  WILSON 
Compl.  Diet.  Astrol.  269  Numerous  and  strong  testimonies 
like  these  prove  the  radicality  of  the  question. 

2.  a.  =  RADICALISM,    b.  The  Radicals,  or  Radical 

party. 

1820  Blackiv.  Mag.  VII.  318  The  demons  of  whiggery  and 
radicality.  1832  J.  WILSON  ibid.  XXXII.  722  We  shall 
play  one  section  of  you  against  the  other  this  day,  and  both 
sections  against  the  radicality  the  next.  1841  Ibid.  XLIX. 
549  John  remained  a  year  or  so  opposed  to  Radicality. 

Radicalize  (rse'dikalaiz),  v.     [f.  RADICAL  a. 

+  -IZE.J 

1.  trans.  To  make  Radical  in  politics;   to  imbue 
with  Radical  principles. 

1830  LD.  KLLENBOROUGH  Diary  31  July  (1881)  II.  339  He 
said  Yorkshire  was  quite  radicalised  by  having  four  members. 
1835  GKEVILLE  Mem,  q  Sept.  (1875)  III.  xxix.  313  That  the 
new  councils  will  be  Radical,  and  that  their  influence  will 
radicalise  the  boroughs. 

2.  infr.  To  become  Radical  in  politics  ;  to  uphold 
Radical  principles. 

iSzs  Blackw.  Mag.  XIV.  295  Many  an  honest  squire  .. 
rapidly  radicalizing  against  Mr.  Canning.  1839  LADY 
LYTTON  Chcvtley  (ed.  2)  I.  viii.  184  When  it  [the  Reform 
IJill]  and  the  Catholic  question  were  both  carried.  .Herbert 
Grinistone  radicalixed. 

Hence  Ra  clicalizing"  vbl.  sb.  and  ppl.  a.  Also 
Badicaliza'tion. 

1885  G.  MERKUITH  Diana  III.  v.  92  Such  is  the  condition 
of  a  rapidly  Radicalizing  country  !  1889  l'alf  Mall  G. 
27  July  2  A  remarkable  instance,  this,  of  the  Radicalising 
of  the  Liberal  party.  1891  Ibid.  28  Feb.  7  The  rapid 
Radicalixaiion .  .of  the  Tory  party. 

Radically  (rse-dikali),  adv.     [f.  RADICAL  a.  + 

1.  With  reference  to  root  or  origin  ;  primitively, 
originally,  naturally. 

1624  DONNE  Scrm.  ii.  12  Mercy  as  it  is  Radically  In  God 
and  an  essentiall  attribute  of  his.  1671  J.  WEBSTER 
Afetallogr.  xii.  175  Gold  may  be  radically  separated  into 
Salt,  Sulphur,  and  Mercury.  1796  MORSE  Amer.  Geoff,  ii. 
209  The  language,  which  is  called  the  Manks,  is  radically 
Erse,  or  Irish.  1822  Good's  Study  Med.  IV.  592  Psora  is 
allowed  to  import  derivatively,  what,  upon  this  explanation, 
it  opposes  radically.  1884  tr.  Lotzcs  Logic  100  That  the 
different  subjects,  .are  all  radically  of  one  common  essence. 

2.  To  or  from  the  root  or  central  part;  funda 
mentally;  completely,  thoroughly. 

1609  [  13  r.  \V.  BARLOW]  Anyiu.  Name  less  Cat  ft,  152  Naturally 
inclined  fat  least  radically  instructed)  to  disobedience.  1674 
R.  GODFREY  ////'.  <$•  Ab.  J'/iysic  Pref.,  How  to  cure  a  cut 
Finger  radically.  1696  TRYON  Misc.  ii.  53  What  is  more 
profitable  for  all  Lovers  of  Health  and  Wisdom,  than  Food 
that  i-;  Radically  Clean?  1770  BURKE  Prcs.  Discont.\J\&. 
1808  II.  223  If  these  be  radically  and  essentially  vicious. . 
tho^e  men  are  very  unhappy,  1783  —  Rep.  Ajff.  India 
Wks.  1842  II.  12  That  India  should  not  be  radically  and 
irretrievably  ruined.  1822  Good's  Study  Med.  I.  136  They 
..have  some  tendency  to  correct  the  disorder  radically. 
1871  TYNDAI.L  Fragm.  Sc.  (1879)  I.  xi.  333  Two  radically 
distinct  modes  of  viewing  the  subject. 

Ra-dicaluess.    [f.  as   prec.  +  -NKSS.]    The 

condition  ot  being  radical. 

1654  CULPEPPER  Opus  Astrol. t  Aphorisms  §  70  This  is  the 
most  absolute  way  to  judge  of  the  radicalness  of  a  Figure. 
1727  BAILEY,  Radica!n*sst  the  Quality  of  being  radical,  of 
having  Roots,  or  of  being  well-founded.  1843  POE  Pur 
loined  Letter  Wks.  1864  I.  278  The  radicaluess  of  these 
differences,  which  was  excessive. 

Radio  ant  (rardikant),  a.  Bot.  rare.  [a.  L. 
rddicdnt-y  ppl.  stem  of  radicare  RADICATE,  Cf. 
F.  radicant.]  Producing  roots;  usually  said  of 
parts  of  a  plant  which  produce  adventitious  roots. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supf>,  s.v.  Leaf,  Radicant  Leaf,  one 
which  pushes  out  roots  from  its  summit,  as  some  of  the 
ferns  do.  1866  Treat.  Bot.  954/2. 

Radicarian  (rsedikc->*rian),  a.  rare.  [f.  L. 
rcjdJc-  stem  of  RADIX  +  -arian.']  Of  or  pertaining 
to  roots  (of  words). 

1880  WHITNEY  in  Amer.  Jrnl.  Philol.  I.  338  The  strength 
of  the  radicarian  theory  is  that  it  accords  with  all  that  we 
have  learned  as  to  the  nature  of  language. 

Radicate  (nxrdik/t),  a.  [ad.  L.  radicat-us, 
pa.  pple.  of  radicare  :  see  next  and  -ATE^.] 

fl.   Rooted,  deep-seated,  firmly  established.   Obs. 

1656  H.  MORK  Enthns.  Tri.  (1712)  27  Their  settled  and 
radicate  ignorance.  1720  W  ELTON  Suffer.  Son  of  God  II. 
xxiv.  643  The  Cleaning  of  their  Radicate  Sores.  1768 
WUITAKER  Two  Serm.  ii.  (1770)  39  We  ..have  found  it . . 
innate,  and  radicate  in  the  heart. 

t  2.  Radicate  vinegar  :  (see  RADICAL  a.  9).   Obs. 

1694  SALMON  Bates  Dispens.  (1713)  571/1  Spirit  of  Vinegar 
1  may  also  be  made  radicate,  and  more  strong  if  it  be  dis 
tilled  anew  upon  Sal-armoniack.  Ibid.,  The  Uses  of  the 
terebinthinated  or  radicate  Vinegar. 

3.  Bot.  Having  a  root  (Treas.  Bot.  1866). 
Radicate  (jardik^t),  v.     Now  rare.     Also  6 

radycate,  pa.  pple.  5-6  radicate,  6  Sc.  -cait.  [ad. 
I.,  radical-)  ppl.  stem  of  radicare  or  radicari  to 
take  root,  f.  radu-  RADIX.] 

1.  trans.  To  cause  to  take  root  ;  to  plant  or 
establish  firmly.  Usually  fig.  with  reference  to 
qualities.  Const,  in. 

a.  passively,  in  pa.  pple.  (orig.  in  form  radicate). 


RADICLE. 

_  c  1470  HENRYSON  Mor.Fab.  Prol.  viii,  Lust  and  appetyte. . 
in  thair  myndis  sa  fast  is  radicate.  1531  ELYOT  Gov.  \\.  v, 
He  beinge  radicate  in  pride  . .  continued  his  way  to  the 
Senate.  1560  HOLLAND  Crt.  I'emts  i.  151  Venus  Quenc, 
quhair  his  hart  Radicait  Was  on  all  time.  1600  W.  WATSON 
Decacordon  (1602)  264  No  doubt  the  originall  cause  of 
religious  change,  came  ..to  be  radicated  in  the  mournefull 
effects  we  now  behold.  1676  COLE  in  Phil.  Trans.  XI.  609, 
I  should  think  the  upper  of  them  to  be  radicated  ..  at  the 
pylorus.  1775  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Bosiucll  14  Sept.,  My  regard 
for  you  is  so  radicated  and  fixed,  that  it  is  become  part  of 
my  mind.  1873  H.  ROGERS  cV/>.  Bible  ii.  (1874)  93  These 
[actions]  will  want  that  quality  which  can  alone  crown  them, 
if  not  radicated  in  religious  principle. 
b.  actively  (less  freq.  than  prec.). 

1531  ELYOT  Gov.  \.  iv,  Often  remembrance,  .of  their  estate 
I    may  happen  to  radycate  in  theyr  hartes  intollerable  pride. 
,     1627  W.  SCLATER  Exp.  2  Thcss.  (1629)  6  By  radicating  or 
!    making  more  firme  Graces  receiued.     1720  WELTON  Suffer. 
i    Son  o/God^  I.  xi.  285  Radicate  thy  Love  within  me,  O  my 
God,  Let  it  be  Rooted  Deep.     1788  BURKE  Sp.   Warren 
Hastings  Wks.  1822  XIII.  65  That  gulf,  which  manners, 
opinions  and  laws  have  radicated  in  the  very  nature  of  the 
people.     1873   H.    ROGERS  Orig.  Bible  i.   (1874)  23  Philo 
sophers  who  did  not  care  to  radicate  it  [morality]  in  religion. 

t  2.  inlr.  To  take  root,  become  established.  Obs. 

1656  in  BLOUST  Ghssogr.  1681  RYCAUT  tr.  Gracians 
Critick  134  Trees  began  there  to  radicate  where  but  lately 
a  shrub  wanted  moisture. 

Radicated  (ne'dik^t&T,  ///.  a.     [f.  prec.] 

1,  Rooted,  established,  etc. 

a.  of  qualities,  etc.  (freq.  in  i;th  c.). 

1633  HART  Diet  of  Diseased  In  trod.  10  As  for  true  radi 
cated  Consumptions  ..  she  was  farre  from  curing  any  such. 
1679  J.  GOODMAN  Penitent  Pardoned  \\.  \.  (1713)  150  The 
breaking  off  old  and  radicated  customs.  1703  KELSEY  Serm. 
235  The  radicated  Corruption  of  all  Mankind.  1722  DE  FOE 
Serious  Reft,  v,  215  A  Mind  of  radicated  Infidelity. 

b.  of  a  person.  rare~l. 

a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Warwickshire  m.  (1662)  123  Had 
he  any  assurance,  that  he  had  been  a  radicated  Romanist. 

+  2.  Radicated  vinegar  (see  RADICAL  a.  9).  Obs. 

1660  tr.  Paracelsus'  Archidoxis  i.  iv.  52  Pour  thereto  the 
Acetum  of  the  Roote,  or  Radicated  Vinegar. 

T~  3.  Bot.  Having  roots.   Obs. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  S«pp.  s,  v.  Leaf. 

Eradication  (rsedik^-Jan).  [n.  of  action  from 
radicare  :  see  RADICATE  v.  and  -ATION.  Cf.  F. 
raiii cation.']  The  process  of  radicating  or  taking 
root;  the  fact  of  being  rooted,  firmly  established, 
etc. ;  also,  the  manner  in  which  a  plant,  etc.,  is 
rooted  ;  an  arrangement  or  system  of  roots, 
t  a.  of  veins  or  arteries.  Obs. 

1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  856  As  the  Liuer  is  the  begin 
ning  of  Radication  and  Dispensation  to  the  Veines,  so  is  the 
Heart  to  the  Arteries.  1638  A.  READ  Ckirurg.  ii.  14  If  the 
vessell  be  cut  . .  asunder  ..  that  part  of  it  which  is  next  the 
radication  of  it,  shrinketh  up. 
b.  of  plants,  rare. 

1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Curd.  Cyrus  iv.  59  Whereby  they 
maintained  some  proportion  to  their  height,  in  Trees  of  large 
radication.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.,  A  great  number 
of  curious  observations  on  the  germination  and  radication 
of  plants.  1775  ELLIS  in  PhiL  Trans.  LXVI.  5  To  shew 
in  what  it  differs  from  what  is  called  radication  in  plants. 
1866  in  Treas.  Bot.  954/2. 

C.  Jig*  of  qualities,  states,  etc.  ?  Obs.  (freq.  in 
the  1 7th  c.). 

1615  JACKSON  Creed  iv.  ii.  §  i  Faith  . .  different  in  want  of 
radication  and  durability,  a  1658  C.  CAKTWRIGHT  Except, 
agst.  Baxter  (1675)  21  The  confirmation,  radication,  and 
further  degree  of  grace.  1707  NORRIS  Treat.  Humility  iii. 
97  This  shews  such  a  deep  and  settled  radication  of  vice  in  us. 

f  Ra-dicative,  a.  Obs.  rare-*,  [f.  ppl.  stem  of 
L.  radicare  RADICATE  +  -IVE,]  =  RADICAL  a.  3. 

1727  DOUGLAS  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXXV.  318  A  Palliative 
Cure,  .where  a  radicative  Cure  could  not  be  expected. 

Kadice,  obs.  form  of  RADISH. 

Radical  (ne*disel).  Bot.  [ad.  mod.L.  radicella, 
dim.  of  RADIX.  Cf.  F.  radicelle.']  A  rootlet. 

18. .  GRAY  Struct.  Bot.  (cited  by  Worcester  1860). 

So  RatUce  liar  a.,  of  the  nature  of  rootlets. 
Badice'llate  a.,  belonging  to  the  Radicellata*  a 
classof  polyzoans.  Ba'diceUo-serf.,  having  rootlets. 

1831  MACGILLIVRAY  tr.  Richard's  Elent.  Bot.  295  Through 
which  one  or  more  sadicellar  tubercles  are  to  issue.  1881 
G.  BUSK  in  Jrnl.  Microsc.  Sc.  Jan.  12  Kinetoskias  and 
many  other  radicellate  forms.  1881  SPRUCI-:  in  "Jrnl.  Bot.  X. 
12  Stems  an  inch  high, ..very  sparingly  radicellose. 

Radiche,  obs.  form  of  RADISH. 

Radici-,  comb,  form  of  L.  radix y  rddic-em 
RADIX,  used  in  a  few  terms  of  Bot.  and  Zool.t  as 
Radici  colons  a.,  living  on  the  roots  of  a  plant. 
Badi  ciflo'rous  a.,  flowering  from  the  root.  Ba- 
di'ciform  a.,  having  the  form  of  a  root.  Badici'- 
vorous  a.,  eating  roots. 

Cf.  F.  radiciflore,  -forme,  -vore  (Littre). 

1843  HUMPHREYS  Brit.  Moths  II.  85  They  are  never., 
radicivorous  in  their  habits.  1848  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot. 
(ed.  4)  II.  104  Two  or  three  radiciforrn  prolongations.  1861 
MAYNK  Med.  I  'oc.  (ed.  2),  Radiciflorous. 

tRadi-city.  Obs.  fare-1,  [f.  L.  rattle-,  stem 
of  RADIX  +  -ITY.]  =  RADICALITY. 

1651  BIGGS  New  Disp.  f  305  Diseases  have  not  in  them 
selves  an  essentiall  radiclty. 

Radicle  (rce'dik'l).  [ad.  L,  radiada  RADICULE  ; 
cf.yW/V/tf,  ventricle,  etc.] 

1.  Bot.  a.  That  part  of  the  embryo  of  a  plant 
which  develops  into  the  primary  root. 


RADICOSE. 

1671  Pkil.  Trans.  VI.  3037  The  one  is  called  by  him 
[Grew]  the  Radicle,  being  that,  which,  upon  the  vegetation 
of  the  Seed,  becomes  the  Root  [—  1672  GHEW  Anat.  Vegct. 
7].  1707  Curiosities  in  Plnsb.  $•  Card.  31  The  .  .  lowermost 
part  is  called  Radicle  ;  be  ause  'tis  the  Origin  of  the  Root. 
.  .The  Radicle  is  likewise  called  the  seminal  Root.  1727-41 
CHAMUKRS  Cycl.  s.  v,,  When,  in  sowing,  the  radicle  happens 
to  light  lowest,  it  is  no  wonder  the  root  should  spread  itself 
under  ground.  1796  C.  MARSHALL  Garden,  ii.  (1813)  15  The 
substance  of  seeds  appears  to  be  spent  first  in  feeding  the 
radicle.  1880  C.  &  F.  DARWIN  Movem.  PI,  5  The  radicle 
can  be  distinguished  from  the  hypocotylonly  by  the  presence 
of  root-hairs  and  the  nature  of  its  covering. 
b.  A  rootlet. 

1829  J,  L.  KNAPP  Jrnl.  Naturalist  122  The  radicles  pene 
trate  like  the  finest  hairs  into  the  substance.     1856  KANE 
Arct.   E-\-pl.  II.  i.  10  Using  the  long  radicles  of  a  spongy 
moss  for  wick. 

2.  Anat.  One  of  the  branching  subdivisions  of 
veins,  nerves,  etc.  resembling  a  part  of  a  root. 

1830  R.  KxQx£t?c/ara"s  Anat.  182  A  doubling  of  a  minute 
artery  which  becomes  a  venous  radicle.    1880  BASTIAN  Brant 
44  The  radicles  of  a  much  branched  nerve  process. 

3.  Chem.    =  RADICAL  sb.  4, 

Radicle  has  been  preferred  to  radical  by  some  authorities, 
and  is  the  form  at  present  employed  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Chemical  Society,  but  its  introduction  appears  to  have  been 
due  to  a  misunderstanding  (see  quot.  1862). 

1862  W.  MILLER  Elem.  Chem.  III.  36  Liebig  ..  defined 
organic  chemistry  to  be  the  chemistry  of  compound  radicles. 
[Ibid,  note,  The  German  term  radikat  is  commonly,  but 
inaccurately  translated  radical,  which  is  properly  an  adjec 
tive,  the  word  radicle  being  the  appropriate  rendering.] 
1880  KRISWCLL  in  Soc.  of  Arts  444  The  iodides  of  the  alco 
holic  radicles,  methyl  and  ethyl. 

4.  Philol.  (See  quot.) 

1870  F.  A.  MARCH  Anglo-Saxon  Gram.  33  Radicles  are 
elementary  relational  parts  of  words.  They  are  generally 
single  sounds  —  oftenest  a  consonant  sound. 

Ra-dicose,  a.  Bot.  rare—®.  \&&.\J.radlcds-us: 
see  RADIX  and  -OSE.]  Having  a  large  root  (Treas. 
Bot.  1866). 

fRa'dicous,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [cf.  prec.  and  -ous.] 
Root-like  ;  pertaining,  or  appropriate,  to  a  root. 

1767  BUSH  Hibernia  Citr.  (1769)  78  A  .  .  kind  of  heath,  which 
..  vegetates  at  the  bottom  into  a  close  and  extremely  radicous    | 
texture.     Ibid.  84  Of.  .radicous  or  Hgnous  composition. 

Badicnlar  (radi-kw/Iai),  a.  [f.  L.  raduula 
RADICULE  +  -AH.] 

1.  Bot.  Belonging  to  the  radicle. 

1830  LINDLEY  Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  72  Radicular  end  next  the 
hilum.  1831  MACGILLIVKAY  tr.  Richard's  Elem,  Bat.  288 
The  radicular  body  or  radicle  constitutes  one  of  the  extremi 
ties  of  the  embryo.  1873  BENNETT  &  DYER  tr.  Sacks'  Bot. 
462  The  embryo  is  thick  at  the  radicular  end. 

2.  a.  Path.  Affecting  or  attacking  the  roots  (of  a 
tooth,  nerve,  etc.). 


101 

1898  Tit-Bits  28  May  175/3  M.  Bran));,  whose  'radiocon- 
ductor  '  or  '  coherer '  is  used  by  Marconi  in  his  wireless  tele- 
raph%     1900  PRINCE  KROPOTKIN 


f 


neuritis  is  given. 

b.  Anat.  Belonging  to,   forming   part   of,  the 

roots  of  an  artery,  nerve,  etc. 
1897  Syd.   Soc.  LCJC,,  Radicular  arteries^  fibres,      1899 

Allbidfs  Syst.  Med.  VII.  390  The  radicular  branches  [of 

arteries]  to  the  bulbar  nerves  arise  from  the  vertebral. 
Badicule  (rsrdiki^l).  Bot.     [ad.  L.  radicula, 
im.  of  RADIX.     Cf.  F.  reuticule.'}   =  RADICLE. 


di: 

1836  LOUDON  Encycl.  Plants  Gloss.  1883  Knowledge 
20  July  43/2  In  five  or  six  days  the  radicules  will  appear. 

Hence  fRadi-culode  Bot.  (see  quot.).  Obs. 
RacU  cvtlose  a, ,  having  radicles. 

1831  MACGILLIVRAY  tr.  Richard's  Elem.  Bot.  295  The 
inferior  extremity  of  the  blastus  ..  bears  the  name  of  radi- 
culode.  1880  GRAY  Struct.  Bot.  Gloss,  (ed.  6)  430  Radicu- 
lose,  bearing  rootlets. 

Radie,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  READY. 

Radience,  -ent,  varr.  of  RADIANCE,  RADIANT. 

Radiescent  (r<?idi|e-sent).  a.  [Irreg.  f.  RADI 
ATE  v.  +  -ESCENT.]  =  RADIANT. 

1863  Reader  26  Sept.  348/3  The  radiescent  state  of  sub 
stances  is  known  to  originate  in  three  different  modes. 

Radiism  (re'-di|izm).  [f.  RADI-US  +  -ISM.] 
Radiate  arrangement ;  radiation. 

1841  E.  FORBES  Brit.  Starfishes  243  In  the  animals  of 
which  we  have  now  to  treat,  Radiism  sets  and  Annulism 
appears. 

Radik,  Radilie,  obs.  ff.  RADISH,  READILY. 
Radio-  i,r<?''dio),  comb,  form  of  RADIUS,  em 
ployed  in  some  scientific  terms. 

1.  Anat.   Belonging  to  the  radius  in  conjunction 
with  some  other  part,  as  Ra  dio-ca'rpal,  -di'g-ital, 
-hivmeral,  -mu'scular,  -pa'lmar,  -ivlnar  adjs. 

1831  R.  KNOX  Cloquet's  Anat.  133  The  external  lateral 
ligament  of  the  radio-carpal  articulation.  1845  TODD  & 
BOWMAN  P/iys.  Anat.  I.  137  Another  example  is  the  superior 
radio-ulnar  articulation.  1858  HOLDEN//WW.  Osteal.  (1878) 
160  The  lower  end  of  the  bones  of  the  fore-arm  forms  the 
radio-carpal  joint. 

2.  Physics.  Connected  with  rays  or  radiation,  as 
Ba,  dio-a'ctive  a.,  said  of  certain  substances  which 
are  capable  of  affecting  a  photographic  plate  or  an 
electrometer   by  radiation ;    so   Ra^dio-acti'vity. 
Ba  dio-condu'ctor,  part  of  the  receiver  of  a  wire 
less  telegraphy  apparatus  (usually  a  tube  contain 
ing  iron   filings),  which  is  converted  into  a  con 
ductor  by  the  impact  of  the  electric  waves  on  the 
collecting  wire  ;  a  '  coherer '. 


%  O  n  igt/t  Cent.  Dec.  931? 

lateriul  particles  projected  from  the  radio-active  bodies. 
Ibid.,  They  communicate  radio-activity  .  .  to  the  surfaces  of 
the  bodies. 

Radiogram  (radiogram),  [f.  prec.  +  -GRAM.] 
=  RADIOGRAPH  si.  2. 

1896  Photogram  Apr.  105  Another  title,  ..  suggested  by 
Dr.  Hill-Norris,  appears^  to  us  ..  much  superior  ..  and  we 
propose  to  call  prints  made  by  radiography  '  radiograms  '. 
1898  ISE.NTHAL  &  WARD  Pract.  Radiogr.  101  For  develop 
ing  radiograms,  almost  any  of  the  usual  developers  may  be 
employed. 

Radiograph.  (r£  ••diograf),  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-OKAPH.] 

1.  An  instrument  by  which  the  duration  and  in 
tensity  of  sunshine  is  measured  and  recorded. 

iSSi^mt.  Science  XVIII.  221  This  instrument,  which 
Mr.  Winstanley  names  the  '  Radiograph  ',  is  shown. 

2.  An  impression  or  image  of  an  object  produced 
on  a  sensitive  plate  by  means  of  the  Kontgen  rays. 

1896  Westnt.  Gaz.  21  Feb.  7/2  A  'radiograph  ',  or  shadow 
picture,  of  the  hand  of  Mr.  Alfred  Lyttelton.  1896  Daily 
Tel.  16  Mar.  7/2  A  radiograph  of  the  front  portion  of  the 
foot  gave  no  trace  of  the  needle. 

So  Ba  diograph  v.  trans.,  to  make  a  radiograph 
of  (a  thing).  Badio-grapher,  one  who  practises 
radiography.  Ra;diOj?ra'phic'al  a.,  relating  to 
radiography;  hence  Ra'diogra'phically  a^fo.  Ra 
dio  -graphy,  the  production  of  images  on  sensitized 
plates  by  means  of  the  Rontgen  rays. 

1896  Daily  News  29  Feb.  5/4  Mr.  Stanley  Kent  photo 
graphed,  shadowgraphed,  electrographed.  or  ^radiographed 
—  for  the  proper  verb  is  still  undetermined  —  a  fractured 
finger  bone  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital.  1896  Photogram 
Apr.  108  Our  illustration  .  .  is  the  first  complete  human 
skeleton^  ever  radiographed.  Il'id.  105  The  high  price  of 
Crookes'  tubes  is  a  matter  of  wonder  to  many  Radiographers. 
1896  Q.  Rev.  Apr.  501  The  internal  organs  will  be  brought, 


and  so  on,  have  been  *radiographically  traced.  1896  Brit. 
Med.  Jrnl.  14  Mar.  678  '  'Radiography '  and  its  more 
thoroughbred  equivalent  '  actinography  '.  .area  trifle  vague. 
1898  Ibid.  7  May  ug6Since  the  introduction  of  radiography 
into  surgery,  many  advances  have  been  made  in  its  applica 
tion. 

II  Radiolaria  (it7i:di<ne>ria),.r^.//.  Zool.  [mod. 
L.  f.  radiol-us,  dim.  of  RADIUS.]  A  class  of  rhizo- 
pods  (see  quot.  1872). 

1872  NICHOLSON  Palmont.  66  The  order  Radiolaria  is 
defined  as  comprising  those  members  of  the  Rhizopoda 
which  possess  a  siliceous  test  or  siliceous  spicules.  1879  tr. 
temper's  Aniin.  Life  74  Most  of  the  Radiolaria  . .  bear  in 
their  body  certain  . .  particles  known  as  the  yellow  cells. 

Radiolarian  (r^duHeVrian),  a.  and  sb.  Zool. 
[f.  prec.  +  -AN.] 

A.  adj.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Radiolaria. 
1877  THOMSON  Voy.  Challenger  I.  231  It  was  found  to 

contain  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  tests  of  radiolarians, 
that  Mr.  Murray  proposed  for  it  the  name  '  radiolarian- 
opze  '.  1889  J.  W.  GREGORY  in  Q.  Jrnl.  Geol.  Soc.  Nov.  646 
The  Radiolarian  deposits  include  a  somewhat  variable 
series  of  marls. 

B.  sb.  One  of  the  Radiolaria. 

1877  THOMSON  Voy.  Challenger  I.  iii.  186  They  brought 
back  . .  many  large  radiolarians.  1879  tr.  Semper' s  A  aim. 
Lift!  74  These  yellow  or  sometimes  green  cells  occur  in 
many  fresh-water  Radiolarians. 

Radiolite  (r^'-diobit).     [f.  RADIO-  +  -LITE.] 

1.  Conch.   (See  quot.) 

1839  SOWERBY  Conch,  ifan.  91  Radiolites.  A  family  be 
longing  to  the  order  Cephalopoda  ..  containing  the  genera 
Rotalina,  Lenticulina,  Placentula. 

2.  Palseont.  A  cretaceous   fossil  bivalve  of  the 
family  Rudista. 

1843  in  BRANDE  Diet.  Sci.  1851  WOODWARD  Mollusca  280 
fhe^outer  layer  of  shell  in  the  Hippurite  and  Radiolite 
consists  of  prismatic  cellular  structure. 

3.  Mitt.    A   variety   of  natrolite   with   radiated 
structure. 

1855  in  ORR  Ccol.  etc.  517.  1866  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  IV. 
29  Radiolite,  from  Brevig  [in  Norway]. 

Radiometer  (r^diiprnftai).  [f.  RADIO-  + 
METEK.] 

1 1.  An  instrument  formerly  used  for  measuring 
angles ;  a  cross-staff,  forestaff.  Obs. 

r7-4i  in  CHAMBERS  Cycl.     1802  in  JAMBS  Milit.  Diet. 
Ail   instrument   invented  by  Sir  W.  Crookes, 
with  the  design  of  illustrating  the  transformation 
of  radiant  energy  into  mechanical  force. 

1875  CROOKES  in  Proc.  R.  Soc.  XXIII.  377  The  luminous 
rays . .  repel  the  black  surface  more  energetically  than  they 
do  the  white  surface.  Taking  advantage  of  this  fact,  the 
author  has  constructed  an  instrument  which  he  calls  a 
radiometer.  1893  SIR  R.  BALL  Story  of  Sun  256  Highly 
rarefied  gas  like  that  contained  in  one  of  Mr.  Crookes's 
radiometers. 

attrib.  1876  Nature  XIV.  288/2  The  friction  of  the  radio 
meter  vanes  with  the  rarefied  air  of  the  globe.  Itid.  508/1 
The  radiometer  experiments  were  successful. 

Hence  Ba'diome-tric  a.,  pertaining  to  the  radio 
meter  or  its  use ;  Badio'metry,  the  use  of  the 
radiometer. 


RADISH. 

So  Ba:diomicro-meter,an  instrument  for  measur 
ing  minute  degrees  of  radiation. 

1887  C.  V.  BOYS  in  Proc.  Royal  Soc.  XLII.  189  (title]  Pre. 
limmary  Note  on  the  '  Radio-Micrometer '.  1888  Times 
10  May  5/5  Mr.  C.  V.  Boys's  Radiomicrometer  . .  consists  of 
a  circuit  made  of  antimony,  bismuth,  and  copper. 

Radiophone (r^'-dwfcun).  [f.  RADIO-  +  -PHONE.] 
An  instrument  for  the  production  of  sound  by  inter 
mittent  radiant  energy,  such  as  light  or  heat ;  the 
photophone  and  thermophone  are  special  forms. 

1881  BELL  Sound  by  Radiant  Energy  32  We  have  decided 
to  adopt  the  term  '  radiophone  ',  prop'osed  by  M.  Mcrcadier, 
as  a  general  term  signifying  an  apparatus  for  the  production 
of  sound  by  any  form  of  radiant  energy. 

Radiophonic  (r<7l:dirf<rnikj,  a.     [Cf.  prec.  and 
i    -PHONIC.]     Belonging  to  radiophony. 

1881  Sci.  Amcr.  5  Feb.,   Radiophonic  notes,  such  is  the 
new   term,  have  been  obtained  by  M.  Mercadicr  from  or 
dinary  gas  lamps.     1881  Nature  XXIII.  367  The  radio- 
I    phonic  sounds  result  from  a  direct  action  of  radiations  upon 
the  receiving  substances. 

Radiophony  (rr'dil?'fJni).  [Cf.  prec.  and 
-PHONY.]  The  theory  or  method  of  producing  sound 
by  radiant  light  or  heat. 

1880  Atnenxuiii  25  Dec.  870/3  M.  Mercadier  brought 
before  the  Academy  of  Sciences  a  paper  on  '  Radiophony  ', 
as  he  names  the  phenomenon  of  using  a  ray  of  light  for  the 
conveyance  of  sound.  1884  Nfm  Eng.  Jrnl.  Ednc.  XIX. 
374  Tyndali's  experiments  in  radiophony. 

Radioscopy  (r,?di|<rsk<ypi).  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-SCOPY.]  The  examination  of  objects  by  means  of 
the  Rontgen  rays.  So  Badiosco  pic  a. 

1898  ISENTHAL  &  WARD  Pract.  Radiogr.  114  The  latter 
method,  .enables  us.  .to  practise  radioscopy  in  broad  day 
light.  Ibid.  121  The  radioscopic  or  radiographic  image. 

tRa'diouS,^.  Obs.  Forms:  6  radius, radyuss, 
-ous,  6-8  radious.  [ad.  F.  radieux  (15-16111  c.), 
or  L.  radiosits  (Plautus),  f.  radius  ray.] 

1.  Radiant,  bright. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xlviii.  132  A  radius  croun  of 
rubeis  scho^  him  gaif.  1552  LYNDESAY  MonurcAc  5550 
Thare  Radious  beymes  ar  turnit  in  reik.  1592  R.  D. 
Hyptierotontachia  79  Two  pleasant  radious  and  glistering 
eyes.  1610  G.  FLETCHER  Christ's  Tri.  i.  xxxv,  His  radious 
head  with  shameful!  thorns  they  teare.  1678  CUDWORTH 
Intell.  Syst.  \.  iv.  §  36.  582  That  radious  efTulgency  which, 
immediately  encompassing  them,  i^  beheld  together  with 
them.  1692  O  .WALKER  Grk.  f,-  Rom.  Hist,  lllustr.  334  The 
Sun  (as  Constantine)  radious. 

b.  Forming  rays  of  light,  rare. 

1709  BERKELEY  Th.  Vision^  90 The  Intersection  made  by 
the  Radious  Pencils.  1733  —  Th.  I'ision  Viud.  §  50  The 
Pictures,  so  called,  being  formed  by  the  radious  Pencils  .. 
are  not  so  truly  Pictures  as  Images. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  radius  of  a  circle  or  sphere  ; 
radial.  rare~l. 

1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  I.  iy.  §  36.  598  The  Centre, 
Radious  Distance,  and  Movable  Circumference,  may  be  all 
said  to  be  Co-Essential  to  a  Sphere. 

Radir,  obs.  form  of  RATHEK. 

Radish  (rardij).     F'orms :  a.  i  redio,  rsedic, 

[    3  redich,  4  radiche,   5   radik,  raddyk.     0.  5 

radissh,  5-6  radys(a)he,  6-  -ishe,  -ice,  redish, 

6-7  raddish,  7  reddish,  (7-8  erron.  rhadish),  5- 

radish.     [In   the  a-forms  ad.  L.  radlc-etn,  with 

subsequent  palatalization  in  southern  Eng. ;  in  the 

1 5th  c.  readopted  from  F.  radis,  a.  Pr.  raditz,  or 

It.  radice :— L.  racKc-em  :  see  RADIX  and  RACE  sl>.&] 

1.  a.  The  flesh)',  slightly  pungent,  root  of  a  widely 
cultivated  cruciferous  plant  {Raphanus  sativus}, 
commonly  eaten  raw  as  a  relish  or  in  salads,     b. 
The  plant  of  which  this  is  the  root. 

Wild  radish,  a  field-weed  (R.  Raphanistritm),  also  called 
jointed  or  joint-podded  charlock. 

a.  c  looo  SajK.  Leeclld.  II.  64  Wib  sidan  sare..redic,  & 
hwite  clsefran  wyrc  to  clame.  c  1000  ^ELKRIC  Gloss,  in  Wr.- 
Wiilcker  135/23  Raphanum,  ltd  radix,  rcedic.  c  1265  Voc. 
Plants  ibid.  556/20  Rtiffariuin,  ..  redich.  a  1387  Si'ton. 
Barthol.  (Anecd.  Oxon.)  36  Raphannm,  radiche.  e  1425 
Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  645/20  Raparium,  raddyk. 
_  0.  c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husl>.  IX.  30  Now  rape  and  neep 
in  places  drie  is  so\ve..and  radish  last.  Ibid.  44  Radish 
female  hath  litel  bitternesse.  1548  TLKNLR  Names  Herbes 
(iSSi)  66  There  are  two  kindes  of  radice,  the  one  is  the 
commune  radice  wyth  the  longe  roote . .  The  other  kynde 
hath  a  rounde  roote.  1598  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Alan,  in  H ion. 
I.  v,  We  will  have  a  bunch  of  redish,  and  salt,  to  last  our 
wine.  1620  VENNEK  l*'ia  Recta  vi.  99  Some  Physitians 
commend  the  eating  of  Radishes  before  meate.  1649  BLITHE 
En?.  Iniprov.  Impr.  (1652)  248  You  may  Plant  your  garden 
with  Onions,  Reddishes  or  any  sallet  herb.  1718  QUINCY 
Coinpl.  Disp.  158  Radish. .is  much  in  Diet  amongst  our 
Spring-Sallets,  but  little  used  as  Medicine.  1784  COWPER 
Task  IV.  173  Enjoyed,  spare  feast  !  a  radish  and  an  egg. 
1853  LYTTON  My  Novel  IV.  viii,  It  was  with  some  such  tract 
that  Lenny  was  seasoning  his  crusts  and  his  radishes. 

2.  attrib.   and  Comb.,   as  radish-bed,  -oil,  -pod, 
•root,  -seed;  radish-leaved,  -like  adjs. ;  radish-fly 
(f/.S.},  a  small  dipterous  insect,  Anthomyia  ra- 

phani,  whose  larva;  burrow  in  radishes  ( Cent.  Diet. 
1891);  radish  tree  =  HOKSE-BADISH  TREE  (6). 

1855  E.  S.  DELAMKK  A" itch.  Garden  (1861)115  The  traveller 
who  has  no  *radish-bed  to  go  to.  1733  CHAMBERS  Cyel. 
Siipp.  s.  v.  Sisynibriiitn,  The  short-podded  *radish-leaved 

Mei-sisymbriiiiit.   1711  J.  PETIVIIK  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXVII. 


1883  A  thenxuin  10  Feb.  189/2  The  effects  of  all  the  dif-    \    385    Auriculated,    or    rather    small    wing'd    «Radish-like 
ferent    parts  of  the  radiometric  apparatus  in    influencing    ;    Leaves.     1728  E.  SMITH  Coinpl.  Houseu1.   Index,  *Radish 

Pods   pickjed.     1855    DELAMKR  Kitcli.  Garden  (1861)   134 


radiometer  motion,     c  1890  A.  R.  BENNETT  (title)  On  some 
experiments  in  Radiometry. 


Radish-pods.. make  an  excellent  pickle.     JS33ELYOT  Cast. 


RADIUS. 

Helthc  (1539)  25  *Radyshe  rootes,  haue  the  vertu  to  ex 
tenuate,  or  make  thyn.  1626  BACON  Sylva  §  408  A  Beet- 
Root,  a  Borrage-Root,  and  a  Raddish-Root.  1868  WATTS 
Diet.  Chan.  V.  76  Radish-roots  contain  ..  water  959.74 
[parts  in  1000].  1538  EI.YOT  Diet,,  C&rtinon,  *radyshe  seeae. 
1599  HAKLUYT  I'oy.  II.  16;  Some  others.. that  practised  to 
worke  that  effect  by  Radish  seed.  1626  BACON  Sylva.  §  401 
There  were  sown  in  a  Bed,  Turnip-seed,  Radish-seed  [etc.], 
1898  MORRIS  Austral  Eng.  378/1  *Radish-Tree,  an  Austra 
lian  timber-tree,  Codonocarpus  cotinifolius,  called  also 
Poplar  in  Central  Australia. 

Radius  (r^-di^s).  Also  7  -ous.  PI.  radii 
(r£|gdi|3i) ;  also  7-8  radius's,  8  -uses.  [a.  L. 
radius  a  staff  or  stake,  measuring-rod,  spoke,  ray, 
etc.  (cf.  senses  below).] 

1.  A  staff,  rod,  bar,  or  other  straight  object. 

t  a.  The  staff  of  a  cross ;  hence  Astron.  a  CROSS- 
STAFF.  Obs* 

1597  MORLEY  Introd.  Mns.  174  The  Radius  or  staffe  of 
the  crosse  containeth  like  wise  two  partes  in  one.  [1727-41 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Radius  astro  nondats,  an  instrument 
usually  called  Jacob's  staff,  or  the  cross-staff.]  1742  Yoi  NG 
Nt.  Th.  ix.  646  With  my  Radius  (the  rich  (lift  Of  Thought 
nocturnal  !)  I'll  point  out  to  thee  Its  various  Lessons. 

f  b.  The  bony  spine  or  sting  near  the  base  of 
the  tail  of  a  sting-ray.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  $  Min.  201  Fork-fish..  .Their 
Radius  only  is  poysonsome,  which  being  cut  off,  the  rosted 
may  be  eaten. 

C.  Anat.  The  thicker  and  shorter  of  the  two 
bones  of  the  forearm  in  man,  extending  from  the 
humerus  to  the  thumb  side  of  the  wrist;  also  the 
corresponding  bone  of  the  foreleg  in  quadrupeds, 
and  of  the  wing  in  birds. 

The  name  has  also  been  given  to  a  bone  of  the  pectoral 
arch  in  fishes,  held  to  be  homologous  with  the  radius  of 
higher  vertebrates. 

1615  CKOOUK  Hody  of  Man  (1618)  782  The  whole  hand 
being  sustained  almost  alone  by  the  Radius,  bath  one  and 
the  same  motion.  lyigQviNCYP/tys.  Diet.  (1722;  s.v.,  Altho 
the  Ulna  and  Radius  accompany  one  another,  they  touch 
but  at  their  Extremities.  1758  J.  S.  Lc  DrarfsObserv.Surg. 
(1771)  12  The  Radius  of  the  left  Arm  was.,  broke.  1827 
ABERNETHY  Xio'g.  H'ks.  II.  72  The  carpal  bones  were., 
driven  upwards,  .some  before,  and  others  behind  the  ends  of 
the  radius  and  ulna.  1841  R.  E.  GRANT  Comp.  Anat.  65 
In  the  perch.. the  two  succeeding  bones  [are  regarded]  as 
the  ulna  and  the  radius.  1881  MIVART  Cat  94  At  its  lower 
end  the  radius  becomes  much  broadened  out.  1896  NEWTON 
Diet,  Birds  859  In  Birds,  .there  are.. only  two  free  carpals 
--one,  generally  termed  the  '  radial ',  ..articulating  with  the 
distal  end  of  both  radius  and  ulna. 

f  d.  i^In  full  radius  articulatus^}  The  alveolus 
of  a  belemnite.  Ohs.  rare~l. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Stipp.  s.  v.,  Many  of  these  radii  are 

found  remarkably  compressed,  bent,  or  distorted,  which  is 
an  accident  accounted  peculiar  to  the  fossils  formed  in 
animal  moulds.  , 

e.  A  dorsal  fin.  rare—1. 

1822  G.  A.  MA  NT  ELL  Geol.  Sussex  229  Dorsal  fin,  or 
radius,  of  a  fish  allied  to  the  Batistes. . .  It  consists  of  thirteen 
narrow  parallel  rays. 

2.  A  rod,  bar,  etc.,  forming  one  of  a  set  extending 
in  several  directions  from  one  point ;  a  wheel-spoke; 
a  radiating  part  or  filament,  etc. 

1726  BAII.KV,  Radius  (in  median.),  a  spoke,  or  felloe  of 
a  wheel,  because  they  issue  like  rays  from  the  centre  of  it. 
1800  HL-RDIS  Ifav.  Village  169  His  fine-spun  radii  flings 
from  hide  to  side.  1805  SOUTHEY  Madoc  \\.  x,  Equal  in 
number, . .  The  spreading  radii  of  the  mystic  wheel,  Revolve. 
1876  Nature  XIV.  465/1  A  horizontal  wheel  of  iron.,  having 
six  radii.  1878  BELL  Gcgenhaur's  Comp.  Anat.  41  In  the 
animals  built  on  a  radiate  plan  the  number  of  the  ganglia  is 
increased  in  correspondence  with  the  radii. 

t  b.  In  fishes  :  (a)  pi.  The  branchial  lamella. 
(b}  A  fin-ray.  Obs. 

1691  RAY  Creation  \.  (1692)  66  These  papilla;  do  well 
resemble  the  Arista;  or  radii  of  a  Fishes  Gills.  1753 
CHAMKERS  Cycl.  Supp.  s.v.  Radiit  In  the  mackrel,  the  radii 
of  the  first  fin  of  the  back,  .are  absolutely  simple. 

C.  Bot.  (a)  The  ray  or  outer  whorl  of  ligulatc 
florets  surrounding  the  disk  in  a  composite  flower- 
head  ;  the  border  of  enlarged  petals  on  a  partial 
umbel ;  (b]  a  peduncle  supporting  a  partial  umbel ; 
(c)  a  medullary  ray. 

J775  J-  JENKINSON  tr.  Lintiseus  Brit.  PI.  Gloss.,  Radius,  is 
the  semifloscules  thatsurround  the  disk.  1796  Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed-  3)  III.  448/1  Radius,  the  rim  or  outward  part,  con 
sisting  of  irregular  florets.  1835  LINIJLEY  Introd.  Bot.  (1839) 
156  The  peduncles  which  support  the  partial  umbels  are 
named  radii.  [1866  Treas.  Bot.  955/1  Radii  Medultares, 
the  medullary  rays.]  1880  GRAY  Struct.  Bot.  (ed.  6)  430/1 
Ray  (Radius),  one  of  the  radiating  branches  of  an  umbel. 

d.  Ent.  One  of  the   radiating   subdivisions  of 
a  digitate  wing. 

1826  KIRBY  &.  Sr.  Entomol.  IV.  338.  1848  MAUNDER 
Treas.  Nat.  Hist.,  Gloss. 

e.  One  of  the  five  arched   rod-like  pieces  set 
radially  in  the  mouth  of  a  sea-urchin. 

1877  HUXLEY  Anat.  Inv.  Am'tti.  576  The  Lantern  consists 
of  twenty  principal  pieces — five  teeth,  five  alveoH,fiverotula;, 
and  five  radii. 

f.  Ornith.  One  of  the  processes  on  the  barb  of 
a  feather,  a  barbulc. 

1893  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  240  The  radii  or  barbnles  are 
attached  in  two  opposite  rows  to  the  thick  upper  rim  of  the 
rum.. Each  radius  is  a  thin  lamella,  about  i  mm.  in  length. 

3.  Math.  A  straight  line  drawn  to  the  circum 
ference  of  a  circle  or  the  surface  of  a  sphere  from 
the  centre,  all  lines  so  drawn  being  equal  in  length. 


102 

1656  HoBBES&r  £tw«f  Wks.  1845  VII.  256  Is  the  radius 
that  describes  the  inner  circles  equal  to  the  radius  that 
describes  the  exterior?  1672  BOYLE  Virtues  of  Gems  67 
These  rows  of  Planes  reaching  euery  way,  almost  like  so 
many  radious's  of  a  Sphere  from  the  Centre.  1705  BERKELEY 
CommonpL  Bk.  Wks.  1871  IV.  428  Circles  on  several  radius  s 
are  not  similar  figures,  a  i?ai  KEILL  Mau/>ertuis'  Diss. 
(i734)  47  Our  first  Method  of  finding  the  Curves,  by  Radii 
and  Angles.  1831  BUEWSTER  Optics  iii.  23  Let  a  small  tube 
..be  so  made  that  it  may  be  attached  to  the  board  along  any 
radius.  1853  HEKSCHKL  Pop.  Lf»t.  Sc.  i.  §  53  (1873)  41  In 
a  circle  22  miles  in  radius,  .every  town  and  village  was 
destroyed.  1879  CALDERWOOD  Mind  $  Br.  iii.  70  A  series 
of  fibres,  some  of  which  are  arranged  as  radii,  others  in  a 
circular  manner. 

transf.  and_/?f.  1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinarch. ,  Hen.  IV,  xlv, 
Thus  when  All  Causes  are  mett,  their  Radij  must  Spread. 
1710  T.  FULLER  P/iartn.  Exteinp.  201  It  [the  Glyster].. 
driveth  the  Radii  of  the  Miasmi  outward.  1856  DOVE  Logic 
Chr.  Faith  vi.  §  5. 369  Phenomena  are  the  radii  of  Knowledge. 
1860  FARRAR  Orig.  Lang.  (1865)  15  The  radii  of  inference 
from  many  other  sources  all  converge  to  the  common  centre 
of  a  similar  hypothesis. 

b.  A  radial  line  of  a  curve,  drawn  from  a  certain 
point  such  as  the  focus  to  any  point  on  the  curve. 

1836  LARDNKR  in  Civil  Eng.  <y  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  40/2  This  .. 
is  altogether  independent  of  the  radius  of  the  curve.  Ibid.) 
A  curve  of  large  radius.  1849  SALMON  Conic  Sect.  (1855)  162 
In  the  hyperbola,  the  difference  of  the  focal  radii  is  con 
stant.  1875  B.  WILLIAMSON  Integr,  Calc.  261  The  area 
between  two  focal  radii  of  a  parabola  and  the  curve. 

C.  Any  line  in  an  arrangement  of  straight  lines 
diverging  from  a  point,  and  resembling  the  radii 
of  a  circle. 

1774  PENNANT  Tour  Scotl.  in  1772,  358  On  a  live  rock  is 
cut  the  radii  of  a  dial.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.,  _In 
fortification,  the  radius  is  distinguished  into  exterior,  in 
terior,  oblique,  and  right  radius.  ..The  latter  is  a  perpen 
dicular  line  drawn  from  the  center  of  a  polygon  to  the 
exterior  side. 

d.  In  various  phrases,  as  radius  of  concavity,  of 
cwvatitre,  of  dissipation ,  of  an  eccentric ,  of  the 
evohite,  of  evolution,  of  explosion,  of  gyration,  of 
inversion,  of  rupture ^  of  torsion  (cf.  quots.  and  see 
the  second  element). 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Snpp.  App.,  Radius  of  Concavity,  in 
Geometry,  is  sometimes  used  for  the  Radius  or  ray  of 
curvature.  Ibid.^  s.v.  Ciir-catnre^  This  circle  is  called  the 
circle  of  curvature,  .and  its  semidiameter,  the  ray  or  radius 
of  curvature.  1758  J.  LANDEN  Rcsid.  Anal.  vii.  75  The 
right  line  CP  is  called  the  radius  of  evolution  corresponding 
to  the  point  P.  1834-47  J.  S.  MACAULAY  l-'icld  P'ortif. 
(1851)  2ui  In  common  mines  the  horizontal  radius  of  rupture 
is  equal  to  i3  times  the  line  of  least  resistance..  .In  a  vertical 
direction,  this  radius  is  of  the  same  length  as  the  radius  of 
explosion.  1879 THOMSON  &  TAIT  Xat.  Phil.  \.  i.  §  281  The 
radius  of  gyration  about  any  axis  is  therefore  the  distance 
from  that  axis  at  which,  if  the  whole  mass  were  placed,  it 
would  have  the  same  moment  of  inertia  as  before.  1881 
CASI'.Y  Si'tfiicl  to  Euclid  m.  xx.  41  The  point  C  is  called  the 
inverse  of  the  point  /•*,.. and  the  constant  A*  the  radius  of 
inversion.  1887  D.  A.  Low  Machine  Draw.  (1892)  47  The 
distance  from  the  centre  of  the  sheave  to  the  centre  of  the 
shaft  is  called  the  radius  or  eccentricity  of  the  eccentric. 

e.  Radius  vector,  a  variable  line  drawn  to  a  curve 
fro. n  a  fixed  jpoiut  as  origin;  in  astronomy  the  origin 
is  usually  at  the  sun  or  a  planet  round  which  a  satel 
lite  revolves.  4*1. 

1753  i'1  CHAMBER^  ..  *>p.  App.     1816  PLAYFAIR  Nat. 

Phil.  II.  103  The  line  drawn  from  the  moveable  to  the 
immoveable  body,  (the  radius  vector),  describes  areas  round 
the  latter  proportional  to  the  times.  1841  C.  GRAVES  tr. 
C/tasles"  Properties  of  Cones  60  The  sum  or  the  difference 
of  the  two  radii  vectores.  1872  PROCTOR  J^ss.  Astron.  xxx. 
373  T..ise  cones  will  have  a  common  axis — namely,  the 
Earth's  radius  vector. 

4.  A  circular  area  of  which  the  extent  is  measured 
by  the  length  of  the  radius  of  the  circle  which 
bounds  it.     Also//. 

1853  STOCQUEI.ER  Mil.  Encycl.  s.v.  Grenade*  It  bursts  into 
many  pieces,  scattering  death  and  wounds  among  alt  who 
are  within  its  radii.  1862  Miss  BRADDON  Lady  Audley 
xiii.  82,  I  shall  first  go  to  Audley  Court,  and  look  for  George 
Talboys  in  a  narrow  radius.  1866  CRUMT  BaMkiHf\X*  180 
Restricting  its  operations  to  a  radius  of  sixty-five  miles 
from  London. 

b.  spec,  in  London,  a  circle  of  four  miles  in  all 
directions  from  Charing  Cross,  outside  of  which 
cab-fares  are  higher. 

1889  BAEDEKER  London  (ed.  7)  28  Beyond  the  4-mile 
radius  from  Charing  Cross  the  fare  is  u.  for  every  mile. 
1899  W.  PETT  RIUGE  (title)  Outside  the  Radius.  Stories 
of  a  London  Suburb. 

5.  Comb.,  as  radius-bearing  adj. ;   radius-bar, 
a  bar  pivoted  at  one  end  so  that  it  can  move  in 
a  circle  or  arc  of  a  circle,  used  esp.  in  the  parallel 
motion  of  a  steam  engine ;  radius -finder,  an  in 
strument  for  finding  two  radii  (and  thereby  the 
centre)    of   a    circle;     radius-rod  -  radius-bar; 
radius-saw,  a  circular  saw  in  which  the  plate  is 
journaled  to  the  end  of  a  radius-bar  (Knight  Diet. 
Mech.  Suppl.  1884). 

1839  R.  S.  ROBINSON  Naut.  Steam  Eng.  75  To  these  levers 
are  also  secured  the  radius  bars,  which  are  rods  of  wrought- 
iron,  proceeding  from  the  side  rods.  1853  GI.YNN  Treat. 
Power  Water  140  The  radius  bar  carries  a  pen,  the  nib  of 
which  is  in  the  line  of  the  radius.  1858  MURRAY  Alariiit: 
Engines  (ed,  3)  Gloss.,  Radius  rods  or  bars, . .  are  the  guid 
ing  rods  in  a  parallel  motion.  1886  LOCK \voou  Diet.  Terms 
s.v.,  Radius  finder,  a  centre  square.  1893  NEWTON  Diet. 
Hirds  245  In  Gallinae  there  are  from  10  to  12  somewhat  hi  iff 
radium-bearing  i.um. 


BADLY. 

(riTl'diks).     PI.  7-9  radices  (i 
7-  radixes.     [a.  L,  radix  (stem  radic-}  a  root.] 
=  ROOT,  in  various  senses. 

1.  Math,  fa.  A  root  of  a  number.   Obs. 

1571  DIGGES  Pantovt.  \\.  \\.  Mj,  The  Radix  Quadrate  of 
the  Product,  is  the  Hypothenusa.  1579  —  Stratiot.  13 
To  find  the  square  Radix,  or  Roote  of  any  number.  1719 
QuiNCY/Vy.j.  Diet,  (1722)  s.v.,  A  Number,  which  multiplied 
into  it  self  makes  a  Square,  is  called  the  Root,  or  Radix. 

b.  A  number  or  symbol  which  is  made  the  basis 
of  a  scale  of  numeration. 

'  The  term  "  radix  "  is  due  to  Robert  Flower  (1771) '.  A.  J. 
Ellis  in  Nature  (1881)  XXIII.  379/2. 

1798  HUTTON  Course  Math.  I.  148  When  the  radix  ris= 
10,  then  the  index  «  becomes  the  common  or  Briggs's  log.  of 
the  number  N.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  234/2  Ten  is  the 
radix  of  the  decimal  system  of  numeration,  and  the  radix  of 
the  common  system  of  logarithms.  1888  C.  SMITH  Algebra 
xviii.  (1893)  271  To  express  a  number,  N,  in  the  scale  whose 
radix  is  r. 

attrib.  1888  C.  SMITH  Algebra  xviii.  (1893)  273  Radix 
fractions  in  any  scale  correspond  to  decimal  fractions  in  the 
ordinary  scale. 

t  2.  Astral*  and  Astron.  A  basis  of  calculation, 
as  a  nativity,  a  certain  point  in  time,  position  of 
a  planet,  etc.  Obs. 

1603  HEVDON  Jztd.  AstroL  363  These. .haue  euer  a  prin- 
cipall  aime,  vnto  the  position  of  heauen,  at  the  natiuite,  as 
the  Radix,  or  roote  of  their  operations.  1615  BEDWHLL 
Arab.  Trudg.  Tarich,,  The  Astronomers,  .do  call  it  Radix > 
whereby  they  vnderstand  some  set.  .time  beginning  at  some 
memorable  action.  1674  FLAMSTEED  in  Rigaud  Corr.  Set. 
Men  (1841)  II.  143,  I  have  pasted  new  radixes  to  the  meri 
dian  of  Derby,  that  so  they  may  comply  the  better  with  my 
solar  numbers.  1726  tr.  Gregorys  A  strati.  I.  469  Every 
Planet's  Radixes  are  to  be  settled,  not  of  Longitude  thereof, 
. .  but  of  the  Mean  Anomaly  of  the  Planet.  1774  J.  K  ENNEDY 
E.\'pl.  fyc.  Astrou,  Chron.,  Title,  The  truth  and  reality  of 
the  original  Luni-Solar  Radix. 

3.  The  source  or  origin  ;  that  in  which  anything 
originates. 

1607  HEYWOOD  Fair  Maid  Exchange  Wks.  1874  II.  54 
Her  wit  is  all  spirit,  that  spirit  fire,,  .able  to  burne  the  radix 
of  the  best  invention.  1654  H.  L'£STRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655) 
m  The  radix  and  ground  of  this  contest  was  this,  a  1716 
SOUTH  Senn.  (1744)  XI.  i.  5  Concupiscence,  I  shew,  was  the 
radix  of  all  sin.  1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  III.  26 
Hence  a  separate  and  specific  power  has.. been  ascribed  to 
the  nervous  fibres  themselves,  while  the  brain  has  been  con 
templated  as  their  radix.  1840  DE  QUINCEY  Essenes  Wks. 
i86->  IX.  297  Judaism  is  the  radix  of  Christianity. 

f  4.  Philol.  An  original  word  or  form  from  which 
other  words  are  derived.  Obs. 

1641  E.  LFGEI  (title)  Critica  Sacra.  Observations  on  all 
the  Radices,  or  Primitive  Hebrew  words  of  the  Old  Testa 
ment.  1668  WILKINS  Real  Char.  iv.  vi.  453  Of  all  other 
Languages,  the  Greek  is  looked  upon  to  be  one  of  the  most 
copious ;  the  Radixes  of  which  are  esteemed  to  be  about 
3244.  1761  STERN ic  Tr. Shandy  IV.  xxix,  Inasmuch  as  the 
radix  of  each  word  is  hereby  torn  up.  1771  W.  JONES  Zool. 
l-'.th.  102  A  quadriliteral  word  ..  compounded  of  a  double 
radix. 

t  5.  Ancestral  root  or  stock.   Obs.  rare. 

1651  C.  CARTWRIGHT  Cert.  Relig.  i.  106,  I  shall  run  your 
pedigree  to  the  radix,  1652  H.  C.  Looking  Glasse  for 
Ladies  A  ij,  The  two  Twins  of  Grace  and-Vertue  descended 
from  the  Radix  of  your  Nobility. 

t  6.   Mus.  The  root  of  a  chord.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1672  Phil.  Trans.  VII.  5154  Musical  Sounds  are  originally 
in  the  Radix  or  Unison. 

7.  Bot.  The  root  of  a  plant. 

1727-41  in  CHAMBERS  Cycl.     1866  Treas.  Bot.  955/1. 

Kadja,  obs.  form  of  RAJA(H. 

Radkliigllt  (ne'dnait).    Eng.  Hist.     Forms  ; 

1  radcniht,   7-   radknight,    (9  -cnecht,  rade- 
chnight).   See  also  KODKMGHT.    [OE.  radcniht,  f. 
rdd  riding  (see  RAID  and  ROAD)  +  cniht  KNIGHT, 
partially   modernized   by   historical   writers.      In 
Domesday  Book  the  word  appears  as  radchenistre.] 
In  Old  English  times,  a  tenant  holding  land  on 
condition  of  performing  service  on  horseback. 

c  1025  Institnta  Cnuti  \\.  c.  59  in  Liebermann  Gesetze  der 
Angels.  I.  73  In  domo  hominis  quern  Angli  Dominant  rad 
cniht,  alii  uero  sexhendeman.  1614  SELDKN  Titles  Hon.  334 
Rodknights.-were  such  as  held  their  lands  by  the  sendee 
to  Ride  vp  and  down  with  their  Lords... They  were  called 
also  Radknights.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  xxxi.  76 
Others  served  on  horseback,  and  were  called  Rad-knights, 
or  Knights  riders,  as  Bracton  noteth.  1778  PENNANT  Tour 
Wales  (1883)  I.  56  The.  .Rad-knights,  who  by  the  tenure  of 
their  lands,  were  bound  to  ride  with  or  for  the  lord,  as  often 
as  his  affairs  required.  1818  HALLAM  Mid*  Ages  (1872)  II. 
361  Radechnights,  and  lesser  thanes,  seem  to  be  included  in 
this  rank.  1861  PEARSON  Early  $•  Mid.  Ages  Eng.  201 
Radknights,  or  freemen  owing  commutable  service.  1872 
[see  R  ADM  AN), 

Radle,  Radling,  obs.  forms  of  RADDLE,  -LING. 
t  Ba'dly,  adv.  Obs.    Forms:  i  breed-,  rsedlice, 

2  radlioe,  4  radii,  4-5  radeliche,  5  radely,4-6 
radly,  6-7  radlie,  -lye.      [f.  RAD  <z.l  +  -LY-.] 
Quickly,  promptly,  without  delay,  soon. 

B*im(f3s6<Z.)  [He]  hwearf);;ihra;dlicel>a:r  HroSgarsjet. 
c  888  K.  /ELFEED  Boetli.  x,  Mine  s;el5a.  .pane  sajl'da  ne  sint, 
forSam  hi  swa  rajdlice  £ewita)>.  ll'itt.  xli.  §  5  fiEt  3u  mzje 
hrsedlicost  cumon  ..  to  J>inre  aRenre  cy63e.  c  1131  O.  E. 
Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1127  Swa  radlice  swa  he  |>£er  com 
[etc.],  c  1105  LAY.  25603  f>es  drake  and  beore  . .  radliche 
sone  to-gadere  heo  come,  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  797  He 
ros  vp  ful  radly  &  ran  hem  to  mete,  c  1400  Dcstr.  Troy 
6904  Radii  on  (>e  right  syde  Rakit  he  furth.  c  1410  Cliron. 
[~iM.  i26(Halliw.)  That  blessud  virgyn  .  .badile  hym  :.rys 
radeliche  and  blyve.  c  1477  CAXION  Jason  104  TherwUb 


RADMAN. 

was  the  boote  seen  approchyng  moche  radely  the  Rynaae. 

1515  .SVu/.  Field  417  in  Chethain  Misc.  (1856)  II,  Every 
ryncke  to  his  reste  full  radlie  him  dressed.  ,11600  Floddan 
F.  vii.  <  1664)  60  Who  radly  by  the  ranks  did  ride. 

Radman  (rai-dma-n).  Eng.  Hist.  [OK.  *nid- 
mann,  f.  rad  (RoAn)  ^  MAN.]  =  RADKNIGHT. 

1086  Domesday  Book  (1783)  I.  17,1  b/2  Ipsi  radmans  seca- 
bant  Una  die  in  anno.  Ibid.  270/1  Sunt  in  dominio  . .  vi 
burgenses  et  iij  radmans.  1628  COKE  On  Lift.  I.  50,  Cole- 
berti  often  also  named  in  Domesday,  signifieth  Tenants  in 
free  socage  by  free  rent,  and  so  it  is  expounded  of.  .Rad 
mans  . .  there  also  often  named.  1778  PENNANT  Tour  Wales 
(1883)  I.  56  (Coleshill)  had  at  the  Conquest  four  villeyns, 
two  boors,  and  a  Radman.  1872  E.  W.  ROBERTSON  hist. 
Ess,  139  A  similar  character  seems  traceable  in  the  Radman 
or  Radcnecht  of  Southumbrian  England. 

t  Ra'dness.  Sc.  and  north.  Obs.  Also  5  Sc. 
rednase, -nes.  [f.  RAD  a.2  +  -NKSS.]  Fear,  fright. 

a  1300  F..  E.  Psalter  liy.  4  Radnes  of  dede  felle  ouer  me. 
c  I375  ^'"-  Leg.  Saints  iii.  (Andrew)  1099  pe  portare . .  come 
..  but  delay,  haffand  wondir  with  rednes.  ?ai4oo  Mort. 
Artk  120  The  Romaynes  for  radnesse  ruschte  to  the  erthe. 
c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  v.  i.  172  Thare  Mary  wes  And 
Joseph  bathe  in  gret  radness. 

t  Rado'te,  ^.  Sc.  Obs.  rare  -'.  [ad.  F.  radoter : 
see  DOTE  v.]  intr.  To  mutter  disconnectedly. 

1595-6  BUREL  Pilgr.  in  Watson  Coll.  Sc.  Poems  ^709)  II. 
34  Than  softlie  did  1  suoufe  and  sleep . .  Radoting,  starnoting, 
As  wearie  men  will  do. 

Radoun,  obs.  Sc.  f.  REDOUND.  Radour,  var. 
RADKUB.  Radres,  obs.  Sc.  f.  REDRESS. 

II  Radula  (twditfli).  [L.  raaula  scraper,  scrap 
ing-iron,  f.  rati-ere  to  scrape  :  see  RASE  z/.] 

f  1.  Surg.  (See  quot.)   Obs. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supf.,  Ratlula,  the  raspatory,  a 
chirurgical  instrument  used  to  cleanse  foul  bones. 

2.  Zeof.  Tlie  odontophore  or  lingual  ribbon  of 
certain  mollusks. 

1877  HUXLEY  Anat.  Inv.  Anim.  viii.  488  The  radula  is 
a  cuticular  chitinous  product  of  the  epithelium  of  the  sub- 
radular  membrane.  1878  BELL  Gegenbuurs  Cotup.  Anat, 
341  They  form  the  supporting  apparatus  of  the  radula  and 
the  parts  connected  with  it. 

Hence  Ra/dular  a.,  pertaining  to  the  radula ; 
Ra-dulate,  Raduli'ferous  adjs.,  provided  with, 
bearing  a  radula  ;  Ra'ditliform  a.,  rasp-like. 

1849-52  Toon  Cycl.  Anat.  IV.  874/r  The  teeth  of  the  sheat- 
fish  present  all  the  gradations  between  the  villifonn  and 
radtiliform  types.  1885  PENNELL  His!.  Brit.  F.  W.  Fish  34 
Teeth  ..  when  much  shorter  than  the  latter  [card-likej  .. 
become  raduliform,  or  rasp-like. 

Radure,  var.  RADoouK2.  Radyll,  -y(s)she, 
obs.  ff.  RADDLE  si.'',  RADISH. 

Rae,  var.  RA,  ROE.  Rae(c)che:  see  REACH, 
RECCHK,  RECK.  Rsed(e:  see  RAD  a.'*,  RED  a., 
REDE.  Raedi(},  obs.  ff.  READY.  Raedlice,  var. 
RADI.V.  Reef,  var.  REAF,  obs.  f.  REIP.  Reefde, 
Raeff,  obs.  pa.  t.  REAVE,  RIVE.  Rfflh^e, 
raei(h)e :  see  REH  a.  Raeil,  Raein,  obs.  ff.  RAIL 
sii.l,  RAIN.  Raei^e:  see  REH  a.  Rasm,  var. 
REAM  rf.l  Raemen,  var.  REHE  v.  Ra8m(i)en, 
var.  RKAM  v.  Raen,  var.  RASE  v.,  obs.  f.  REIGN 
sb.  Raep,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RAPE,  ROPE. 

t  Raer,  obs.  var.  RATHE,  RAVE,  cart-rail. 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  339/2  The  two  Cart  Raers, 
the  Railes  on  the  Cart  top.  The  Cart  Staves  are  those  that 
hold  the  Cart  and  the  Raers  together,  which  maketh  the 
Cart  Body. 

Rsetful,  var.  REDEFUL  a.  Raeth,  var.  RATHE  sb. 
Raeue:  see  REAP.  Rseuthe.Raew,  obs.  ff.  RUTH, 
RUE.  Rae;e:seeREH«.  R8B5(e)l,  obs.  f.  RAIL  jvM 

Raf,  obs.  f.  RAFF  ;  obs.  pa.  t.  RIVE.  Rafar, 
obs.  f.  RAVER.  Rafe,  obs.  f.  RAFF,  RAVE  ;  obs. 
pa.  t.  RIVE. 

Raff  (raf),  sb.^  Also  4-5  (9)  raf,  6-7  raffe. 
[app.  the  second  member  in  the  phrase  riff  and 
raff  one  and  all,  every  one,  everything  :  see  RIFF 
and  RIFF-RAFF.  But  senses  3-6  may  be  (at  least 
in  part)  of  different  origin  :  cf.  RAFF  z>.  and  Sw. 
rafs  rubbish,  rag-tag.] 

1.  north,  and  Sc.  Abundance,  plenty.  ?  Obs. 

c  1320  .Sir  Tristr.  328  He  5af  has  he  gan  winne  In  raf 
[rime  ^af  J.  1768  Ross  Helenore  n.  90,  I  thought  ay  ye  wad 
brak  naething  aff,  I  mind  ye  liked  ay  to  see  a  raff.  1806 
JAMIESON  Dey's  Sang  in  Popular  Ball.  II.  363  He'll  bless 
your  bouk  whan  far  awa,.  .And  scaff  and  raff  ye  ay  sail  ha'. 
b.  A  large  number  or  collection.  =I\AFT.sA- 

a  1677  BARROW  Unity  of  Church  Serm.  (r687)  321  The 
Synod  of  Trent  [was  called]  to  settle  a  raff  of  Errours  and 
Superstitions.  1825  BROCKETT,  Raff,  . .  a  great  quantity, 
a  great  number.  '  A  raff  of  fellows  ',  a  great  many  men. 

f  2.  A  class  of  persons.  Obs.  rare—1. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (r8ro)  136  Fiue  bousand  marke 
he  gaf,  Title  heremites  &  tille  seke  men,  &  ober  of  suilk  raf. 

3.  Worthless  material,  trash,  rubbish,  refuse.  Now 
only  dial. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  I.  827  Take  chaf  &  raf  [L.  p^urga- 
menta\  And  ley  hit  on  thy  lond  . .  And  when  thou  sist  the 
myst,  let  brenne  vp  chaf  And  raf.  1645  WARD  Serm.  bef. 
Ho.  Coinm.  31  Whatever  seed  is  cast  in,  it  returns  nothing 
but  Carlock  and  such  like  raffe.  1811  WILI.AN  Arcli&ologia 
(E.  D  S.\  Raff,  scum,  refuse.  1869-  In  dial,  glossaries 
(Lonsd.,  E.  Angl.,  Cornw.). 

4.  collect.  The  common  tun  (of  people) ;  the  ruck 
or  rag-tag  ;  the  lowest  class  of  the  populace. 

1673  MARVKLL  Corr.  Wks.  r872-5  II.  4r3  Among  the  raffe 
of  the  meaner  and  most  unexperienced  mariners.  1823  C. 


103 

WESTMACOTT  Points  t>/ Misery  34  The  impertinent  curiosity 
of  the  town  raff.  1838  DICKENS  O.  Twist  1,  Ragged  children, 
and  the  very  raff  and  refuse  of  the  river.  1876  GFO.  ELIOT 
Dan.  Her.  \\.  xlii,  The  raff  and  scum  go  there  to  be  main 
tained  like  able-bodied  paupers. 

b.  Without  article  :  Persons  of  the  lowest  class. 
1811  WOI.COTT  (P.  Pindar)  Carlton  House  File  Wks.  1812 
V.  413  Raff  that  we  Britons  with  our  freedom  trust.  1824 
Hist.  Gaming  27  He  took  to  drinking  and  frequented  low 
houses  of  Irish  raff.  1848  DICKENS  Doinbey  ix,  Mrs. 
McStinger  immediately  demanded  whether,  .she  was  to  be 
broke  in  upon  by  'raff'. 

5.  A  low  worthless  fellow. 

1783  GROSE  Diet.  Vulgar  T.,  Raffs,  an  appellation  given 
by  the  gownsmen  of  the  university  of  Oxford  to  the  in 
habitants  of  that  place.  1800  Sporting  Mag.  XV.  86  Went 
down  into  St.  Thomas's,  and  fought  a  raff.  1827  Scon 
Two  Drovers  ii,  You  . .  have  behaved  to  our  friend  . .  here 
like  a  raff  and  a  blackguard.  1856  F.  K.  FACET  Owlet  of 
Owlst.  r84  That  raff  of  a  fellow  that  had  '.Swindler  '  stamped 
on  every  feature  of  his  dirty  face. 

6.  atlrib.  or  as  adj.    =  RAFFISH. 

1823  in  Spirit  Pub.  Jrnls.  485  My  Lady  has  no  disposition 
To  have  her  name  seen  . .  with  the  raff  Opposition.  1848 
T HACKEBAV  Bk.  of  Snolis  xxx,  There  is  the  English  raff 
snob  that  frequents  Estaminets. 

Raff,  sb.2  Obs.  [Onomatopoeic.]  A  word  used 
by  itself  or  in  combination  with  similar  forms,  to 
denote  verse  (alliterative  or  riming)  of  a  rude  kind, 
or  in  which  sound  is  more  prominent  than  sense. 

a  1300  Body  fy  Soul  57  in  Map's  Poems  340  For  to  here  thi 
word  so  wyde  And  maken  of  the  rym  and  raf.  c  1386 
CHAUCER  Pars.  Prol.  43  (Harl.  MS.),  I  can  not  geste  ruin 
raf  ruf  by  letter.  1418-20  J.  PAGE  Siege  Rouen  in  Hist. 
Coll.  Citizen  Lond.  (Camden)  46  Thys  procesce  made  John 
Page,  Alle  in  raffe  and  not  in  ryme.  1575  GASLOIGNE 
\Vcedes,Gr.  Knt.'s  Fareiv.  Fausie,  A  fansie  fedde  me  ones, 
to  wryte  in  verse  and  rime,  . .  To  rumble  rime  in  raffe  and 
ruffe.  1600  NASMK  Summer's  Last  It'ill  D  3  To  hold  him 
halfe  the  night  with  riffe,  raffe,  of  the  rumming  of  Elanor. 

Raff  (raf),  s/i.-i  Also  5  raaf,  raf,  7  raffe,  y 
raft.  [?a.  G.  raf,  raffle,  obs.  or  dial.  ff.  raft 
rafter,  beam.]  Foreign  timber,  usually  in  the  form 
of  deals. 

c  1440  [see  raff-man,  -ware  in  bj.  1667  Loud.  Gaz, 
No.  t24/r  The  Three  Kings,  belonging  to  Stockholm, . .  laden 
with  Raffe,  ..  about  7000  Deals.  1774  Hull  Dock  Act  6 
Hemp,  iron,  flax,  yarn,  timber,  raff.  1794  R.  LOWE  View 
Agric.  Notts.  51  By  the  Trent  are  carried  . .  Upwards  Raff 
or  Norway  timber,  hemp,  flax,  iron.  1894  Ifortlmmtld. 
Gloss.,  Raff,  timber,  especially  in  boards  and  kinds  ready 
for  use. 

b.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  raff  man,  -merchant, 
-ware,  -yard  (also  attrib.). 

c  1440  Promp.  Pan'.  42T/2  *  Raaf  man.  [No  Latin.}  1459 
in  Kirkpatrick  Relig.  Ord.  Norwich  (1845)  168  William 
Norwyche,  senior,  citizen  of  Norwich,  rafman.  1533  in 
Blomefield  Topogr.  Hist.  Norfolk  (1745)  II.  r48  This  jear 
was  setled  the  Order  of  the  Procession  of  the  . .  Crafts  or 
Companies.  . .  18.  The  Grocers  and  Raffmen.  1641  BEST 
Farm.  Bits.  (Surtees)  125  The  "raffe-merchant  may  lawfully 
stile  them  good  deales.  1885  Census  Instruct.  20  Raff 
Merchant,  c  1440  Fronip.  Parv.  421/2  *Raaf  ware.  {No 
Latin.}  1606  C/iarter  in  Brand  Newcastle  (1789)  II.  7oc 
Hemp,  pitch,  tarr,  or  any  other  goodes  or  raffe  wn.es. 
1840  F.vid.  Hull  Docks  Coutin.  51  There  snou:d  be  room  for 
"raft-yards  and  timber-yards.  1886  LINSKILL  fi^mi  I&ll 
I.  i.  12  Tall,  \\  hite  hanging  cranes  w->-  .n^  in  the  ruj  j 

yards.     1885  Census  Instruct.  2r  T  ...a  Labourer. 

t  Raff,  si.*  Obs.  rare".  A  grain-measure  (see 
quot.  and  CURNOCK). 

1727  BRADLEY  Fain.  Did.  s.v.  Dry  Measure,  Two  cur- 
nocks  make  a  quarter  seam  or  Raff. 

Raff  (raef ),  v.  Obs.  exc.  dial.    Also  7  raffe     [Of    ,' 
obscure  origin  :  cf.  obs.  F.  rafer  '  to  catch,  or  snatch, 
also  to  scrape '  (Cotgr.) ;  Sw.  rafsa  '  to  sweep  to 
gether,  huddle  up  '.]     trans.   To  sweep  together. 

1602  CAREW  Cornwall  69  b,  That  Church-ales  ought  to  bee 
sorted  in  the  better  ranke  of  these  twaine,  may  be  gathered 
from  their  causes  and  effects,  which  I  thus  raffe  up  together. 
1876  .]//>/.  Yorksh.  Gloss.,  Raff, . .  to  brush  or  rake  together 
promiscuously. 

Raff,  obs.  form  of  RAFT  sbl 

Raffaelesque,  variant  of  RAPHAELESQUE. 

Raflfan,  variant  of  RAFFING.  Sc. 

Raffe  (rosf).  U.S.  Also  raffee-,  ra-ffle.  [Of 
obscure  origin.]  A  triangular  top-sail  carried  by 
schooners  on  the  North  American  lakes. 

1888  Pall  Mall  G.  23  Apr.  9/1  The  Bridesmaid  carried 
away  all  her  square  sail  spars— namely,  spinnaker  boom, 
square  sail,  and  raffee  yards. 

Raffe,  obs.  f.  RAFT  si.i,  RAVE;  obs.  pa.  t.  RIVE. 
t  Ra-ffell,  raphell,  ?  Sc.  ff.  roe-fell  roe-skin. 

1474  /tecs.  Burgh  Edinb.  (1869)  29  Quha  that  ,.  sellis  the 
samin  poyntis  for  raphell.  15. .  Christ's  Kirk  n  in  Jlann. 
MS.  282  Thair  gluvis  wes  of  the  raffell  rycht,  Thair  schone 
wes  of  the  straitis. 

Ra-ffery.  rare-1,  [f.  RAFF  rf.l  +  -ERY.]  Raffish 
conduct. 

_  1819  SOUTHEY  in  Life  f,  Corr.  (1850)  IV.  343  The  college. . 
is  no  longer  the  seat  of  drunkenness,  raffery  and  indiscipline. 

Raffia  vrse-fia).  Also  rafia.  [var.  RAPHIA,  q.v.j 

1.  A  palm  of  the  genus  Raphia.     In  quot.  attrib. 
1897  MARY  KINGSLEY  Trav.  W.  Africa  too  A  slip  of  rafia 

palm  drawn., across  a  notch  in  another  piece  of  ratia  wood. 

2.  The  soft  fibre  from  the  leaves  of  Raphia  Raffia 
and  Raphia  tirdigera,  largely  employed  by  gardeners 
for  tying  up  plants,  cut  flowers,  etc. 

1882  J.  SMITH  Diet.  Econ.  Plants  23r  The  cuticle  of  the 
leaves  of  this  palm  has  of  late  years  been  imported  into  this 
country  in  considerable  quantities  for  tying  plants,,  .under 


RAFFLE. 

the  name  of  Raffia  or  RulTia.  1,897  Jrnl.  /'.  Afric.  Soc. 
Dec.  615  Raffia.,  is  now  largely  imported  for  tying'purposes. 

Ra'ffillg',  a.  .Sc.  rare.  Also  8  raffaii.  [Of 
obscure  formation ..]  Merry,  hearty  ;  noisy. 

1719  RAMSAY  yd  Answ.  Hamilton  xiii,  Thy  raffan  rural 
rhyme  sae  rare.  1824  MACTAC;GAKT  Gallmnd.  Kiuycl.  403 
Raffing  Fallows — Ranting,  roaring,  drinking  fellows. 

Raffinose  (ice-finiws).  Chem.  [f.  F.  raffm-er 
to  refine  +  -OSE.]  A  colourless  crystalline  com 
pound  with  a  sweetish  taste  found  in  various  sub 
stances,  as  the  sugar-beet,  cotton-seed,  etc. 

1881  WAT  is  Diet.  Chem.  3rd  Suppl.  1743  Raffinose  ..  is 
crystalline,  colourless,  easily  soluble  in  water,  sparingly  in 
alcohol.  1894  MORLEY  X:  Mum  Watts'  Diet.  Chem.  IV.  394 
In  a  mixture  of  cane-sn.ear  and  rafflnose,  the  amount  of 
raffmose  may  be  determined  by  observing  the  change  of 
;  rotatory  power  after  hydrolysis. 

Raffish,  :  rarfij),  a.  [f.  RAFF  sbl  +  -ISH.]  Dis- 
|  reputable,  vulgar,  low. 

1801  JANE  AUSTKN  Lett.  (:884)  I.  295  He  is  as  raffish  in 
his  appearance  as  I  would  wish  every  disciple  of  Godwin  to 
be.  _  1818  Ulackio.  Slag.  III.  527  A  raffish  sort  of  a  fellow 
calling  himself  Menippus.  1879  Miss  BKADIJON  do-.:  Fo.'t 
xv.  t3o  An  older  man,  of  somewhat  raffish  aspect. 

Comb.  1842  T.  MARTIN  My  Namesake  in  Eraser's  Jlfrr.-. 
Dec.,  A  raffish-looking  youngster. 

Hence  Ra'ffishly  adv.,  Ra  ffishness. 

1850  L.  HUNT  Antobiog.  xx.  (1860!  320  A  fine  head,  but 
still  a  beggar.  Some  were  of  portentous  raffishness.  1887 
Spectator  5  Nov.  ^13  There  was  nothing  of  the  cbaracter 
o!  raffishness  or  Bohemianism  in  David  Kennedy.  1897 
CROCKETT  Lads'  Love  xi.  116  Her  water-can,  rafli.shly 
a-dan:;Ie  at  htr  side. 

Raffle  (rse-f'l),  rf.l  Forms:  4  rafle,  =;  rafell, 
raphill,  7-  raffle,  [a.  F.  rafle,  \raffle  (1399  in 
Du  Tange;  also  mtd.L.  raj/la  1362),  and'  rajft, 
raf  lie  >vGodef.  Loinpl.*),  of  uncertain  origin. 

In  later  F.,  rajle  has  also  the  sense  of '  clean  sweep  ',  and 
Diez  supposes  the  related  vb.  rajler,  '  to  cany  off  com 
pletely,  make  a  clearance  of,  to  be  derived  from  the  synony. 
moils'  MHG.  rufjcii;  but  the  existing  evidence  is  against 
his  view  that  these  senses  are  the  original  ones.] 

T  1.  A  game  oi  chance  played  \\ith  three  dice,  in 
which  the  winner  was  the  person  who  threw  the 
three  all  alike,  or,  if  none  did  so,  the  one  who 
threw  the  highest  pair;  also,  the  throwing  of  a 
doublet  or  triplet  in  this  game.  Obs.  exc.  dial. 

c  1386  CIIAI-CER  I'ays.  T.  f  7rg  Hasardrie  with  hise  apur- 
tenances  as  tables  and  Ratios.  1468  in  Records  Peebles 
{18721  159  Quhat  nychtbur  that  rasettis  playaris  at  the  dyss, 
other  hasart  or  rafell,  in  hys  hows  [etc.],  1479  in  Eng.  Gilds 
(1870)  422  The  towne  clerke  to  fynde  theym  Dyce,  and  to 
have  rrf.  of  every  Raphill.  1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Raffle,  a 
game  with  three  Dice,  wherein  he  that  throws  the  greatest 
Pair-Royal,  wins.  1668  DRYDEN  Even.  Lore  in.  i,  Most 
commonly  they  use  Raffle.  That  is,  to  throw  with  three  Dii.e, 
till  Duplets,  and  a  Chance  be  tliruwn;  and  the  highest 
Dnplet  wins,  except  you  throw  In  and  In,  which  is  call'd 
Raffle  ;  and  that  wins  all.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v., 
The  raffle  is  properly  the  doublet  or  triplet :  a  raffle  of  aces, 
or  duces,  carries  it  against  mere  points.  1869  Lonsdale 
Gloss.,  Raffles,  plays  with  dice. 

2.  A  form  of  lottery,  in  which  an  article  is  assigned 
by  drawing  or  casting  of  lots  (properly  by  casting 
of  dice  as  in  sense  I)  to  one  person  among  a  number 
who  have  each  paid  a  certain  part  of  its  real  or 
assumed  value. 

1766  [ANSTEY]  Bath  Guide  xv.  24  Balls,  Raffles,  Subscrip 
tions,  and  Chairs.  1782  Miss  BUKNEY  Cecilia^,  xii,  Has 
there  been  anything  of  the  nature  of  a  lottery,  or  a  raffle,  in 
the  garden?  1853  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xx.  IV.  489  He., 
had  made  such  sums  by  raffles  that  he  was  able  to  engage 
in  very  costly  speculations.  1871  C.  GIBBON  Lack  of  Gold 
xxx,  There  was  to  be  a  raffle  for  a  silver  watch. 

transf.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  //".  N.  (1869)  II.  iv.  vii.  205 
The  little  prizes  which  are  to  be  found  in  what  may  he 
called  the  paltry  raffle  of  colony  faction.  1840  HOOD  Kil- 
mansegz.  Courtship  viii,  She  had  won  the  '  Man  of  her 
choice  '  In  a  matrimonial  raffle  ! 

Raffle   (rse-f'l),  si*     Forms:    5  rafull,   7  Sc. 
raphall,  7-  raffle.     [?  a.  OF.  rafle,  raffle  in  phi . 
rifle  oit  rafle  anything  whatsoever,  ne  rifle  ne  rafle 
nothing  at  all ;  cf.  RAFF  sl>y\ 
1 1.  Of  persons,   a.  A  rabble,     b.  Raff,  riff-raff. 
1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  Fvjb,  A  Rafull  of  knauys.      1670 
G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  i.  i.  12  The  Priests,  and  the  Friers, 
and  such  other  raffle. 
2.   Of  things:  Rubbish,  refuse. 

1848  A.  B.  EVANS  Leicestersh.  Words,  s.v.,  I  have  cut  the 
hedge;  what  shall  I  do  with  the  raffle?  1899  KIPLING 
Stalky  73  Plaster,  odd  shavings,  and  all  the  raffle  that 
builders  leave  in  the  waste-room  of  a  house. 

transf.  1891  KIPI.INC  City  Dread/.  Kt.  87  The  raffle  of  con 
versation  that  a  man  picks  up  as  he  passes. 

b.  Naut.  Lumber,  debris,  a  confused  tangle  of 
ropes,  canvas,  broken  spars,  etc. 

1881  CLARK  RUSSELL  Ocean  Free  Lance  I.  ti.  278  Others 
were  making  some  half-hearted  efforts  to  clear  away  the 
raffle.  1892  STEVENSON  &  L.  OSBOL'RNE  Wrecker  208 
The  loose  topsail  had  played  some  havoc  with  the  rigging, 
and  there  hung,  .a  raffle  of  intoned  cordage. 

transf.  1887  STEVENSON  Merry  AUn,  etc.  (ed.  2)  285  Hud 
dled  from  the  wind  in  a  raffle  of  flying  drapery. 

Raffle  (rrc-f  1),  sb.'^  rare.  [a.  F.  rafle,  of  un 
certain  origin.]  A  kind  of  net  used  in  fowling 
and  fishing.  Also  raffle-net. 

1725  BRADLEY  Fatn.  Diet.  II.  5  U  iij/r  There  is  a  triple 
or  counter-mesh  net,  called  by  some  a  Raffle,  wherewith 
they  likewise  catch  Birds.  1823  CRAEB,  Ruffle-net,  a  sort 
of  fishing  net. 


RAFFLE. 

Raffle  ne'f  1),  z-.1  [a.  F.  rafcr  in  same  sense, 
or  directly  f.  RAFFLE  sbl  An  earlier  synonym  was 
RIFLE  v?\ 

1.  intr.  To  cast  dice,  draw  lots,  etc.,  for  some 
thing  ;  to  take  part  in  a  raffle. 

a  1680  BUTLER  Kfm.  (1759)  I.  84  Those  Jew  troopers,  that 
threw  out,  When  they  were  raffling  for  his  Coat.  1689 
SHADWEU.  Bury  F.  n,  Will  you  please  to  raffle  for  a  tea 
pot.  1711  SWIFT  Jrnl.  to  Stella  to  Apr.,  I  was  drawn  in 

.to  raffle  for  a  fan,.. it  was  four  guineas,  and  we  put  in 
seven  shillings  a  piece.  1811  W.  TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mem. 
II.  365  It  is  as  rational  to  raffle  for  a  residence  as  to  choose 
one.  1849  LYTTON  Caxtons  21  That  work-box  which  you 
enticed  Mrs.  Caxton  into  raffling  for,  last  winter. 
b.  Hence  in  pass-,  of  a  thing.  Const,  for. 

1710  Land.  Gas.  No.  4687/3  The  winning  Horse  to  be  sold 
or  raffled  for  at  the  value  of  40 /.  1884  Graphic  21  June 
595  '3  A  quilt. .to  be  raffled  for  at  a  charitable  bazaar. 

2.  trans.  To  dispose  of  by  means  of  a  raffle. 
1851  MAYHK\V  I.omi.  Labour  I.  372/1,  I  can't  recollect  how 

many  ornaments  I  raffled.  1872  BLACK  Ad-:  I'haeton  XXH. 
309  Drowned  the  precentor,  and  raffled  the  church  bell.  1877 
—  Green  I'as!.  xxix.  (1878)  236  We  raffled  a  rug. 
Ba-ffle,  '•>:-  ran.  Also  8  rafle.  [?  var.  RUFFLE  v. 
Cf.  Sw.  raffia  to  scrape,  fret,  grate ;  F.  erafler  to 
graze.]  trans,  a.  To  indent,  serrate  (a  leaf),  b. 
To  crumple.  C.  dial.  To  ruffle.  Hence  Ea'ffled 
///.  <z.l,  Ba-ffling  vl>l.  sb.'' 

a.  1712  J.  JAMKS  tr.  Lc  Blond's  GarJeuin?  134  You  must 
then.. part   and   raffle  the  Leaves.     1817    RICKMAN   Goth. 
Archil.   26  The    best    examples    have    all    some    trilling 
difference,  principally  in  the  raffling  of  the  leaves.     IMA  32 
The  first  has.. water  leaves  instead  of  raffled  leaves  under 
the   volutes.      1895    liUKXS   Glass.    Arc/tit.,   Raffling,    the 
notched  edge  of  foliage  in  carving. 

b.  c  1728  KARL  OK  AII.KSBURY  Mem.  (1890)  I.  211  He  des 
patched  Mr.  Carlctor.  ..with  :i  bit  of  paper  rafled  up. 

0.  1868  ATKINSON  Cleveland  Glcss.,  Raffle,  to  raise  the 
skin  slightly  by  abrasion. 

Ba'ffle,  '•.'••'•  north,  dial.  [var.  RAVEL  v.']  /rails. 
To  ravel,  entangle.  Hence  Ba'ffled  ///.  a? 

1800  I.  MILNF.R  in  Life  xii.  (1842)  216  A  sad  raffled  letter. 
a  1843  SOUTHKY  DtKtcr  (1847)  VII.  Interch.  xxiv.  So  1" 
Maister  wail  wind  3  or  4  clues  togedder,  for  3  or  4  Bairns 
to  knitt  off— that  'at  knit  slawest  raffled  tudder's  yarn.  1863 
in  Robson  Bards  of  Tyne  86  Pec  Dee  ran  to  clear  the 
anchor,  'It's  raffled'!  right  loudly  he  roar'd.  1876-  In 
dial,  glossaries  (Vks.,  Rochdale,  Sheff.,  Line.,  etc.). 

tRa-ffle,  v.±  Obs.  rare.  [?var.  RUFFLE  v.] 
intr.  To  quarrel,  wrangle. 

c  1750  [implied  in  RAFFLi.K2].    a  1796  PEGGE  Derbicisms. 

Ra-ffle  ant,  variant  of  RIFI.K  ANT. 

1883  E-'cn.  Star  (Washington  U.S.)  31  Oct.  6/t  The  raffle 
ant  killed  rats,  but  it  also  killed  birds,  chickens  and  calves. 

Ra-ffle  leaf.  Arch.    A  raffled  leaf  (see  RAFFLE 

V .-  a).  1887  in  Diet.  Arch. 

Baffler1  (rce-fbi).  [f.  RAFFLE  r/.1  +  -KB1.]  One 
who  raffles.  Also  spec,  (see  quot.  1851). 

1798  Poetry  in  Ann.  Reg.  450,  I  see  the  rafflers  press,  by 
thousands,  round  ;  I  hear  the  die's  still  profitable  sound. 
1851  MAYHF.W  Lend.  Labour  I.  371  The  trade  in  China 
ornaments . .  is  carried  on  both  in  the  regular  way  and  by 
means  of  raffles.  At  some  public-houses,  indeed,  the  China 
ornament  dealers  are  called  '  rafflers  '. 

fRa-ffler^.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RAFFLE  ».*  + 
-EK  1.]  A  quarrelsome  person. 

e  1750  Long  Meg  of  H'esttninster  24  If  any  rafler  [var. 
raffler]  come  in,  and  make  a  quarel . .  thrust  him  out  of  doors. 

II  R/afflesia  (raflfjia,  -rzia).  Hot.  [mod.L., 
named  after  Sir  T.  Stamford  Raffles  (1781-1826), 
British  goTernor  in  Sumatra,  who  discovered  the 
plant.]'  A  stemless,  leafless  plant  of  the  order 
Cylinaceie,  found  in  Java  and  Sumatra  growing  as 
a  parasite  on  the  stems  of  various  species  of  grape 
vine,  and  remarkable  for  the  size  of  its  flowers. 

[1818  RAFFLES  Letter  m  Memoir  (iSyj*  316  The  Sumatran 
name  of  thisextraoidinary  production  is  Petimum  Sikinlili 
or  Devil's-Siri  {betletbox.]  1820  R.  BROWN  in  Trans.  Linn. 
Soe.  XIII  (1822)  206  It  is  proposed,  in  honour  of  Sir  Stam 
ford  Raffles,  to  call  this  genus  Rafflesia.  1830  LIX-DI.F.Y 
Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  74  Rafflesia  is  used  in  Java  as  a  powerful 
astringent.  1883  Good  11  'ords  Dec.  788/2  Rafflesia ..  bears 
the  largest  flower  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge. 

Raffling  (rx-flirj),  vbl.  sbl  [f.  RAFFLE  z/.1  + 
-ING  1.]  'Ihe  action  of  the  verb. 

1684  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  1950/4  To  keep  Rsfflings,  Ordinaries, 
and  other  publick  Games.  1693  SOUTHERNS  Maid's  last 
Prayer  n.  i,  You  have  so  many  rafflings,  and  whoever 
throws  most  you  win  the  prize.  1716  ADDISON  freeholder 
No.  it  P  4  Never  was  a  Subscription  for  a  Raffling  or  an 
Opera  more  crowded.  1851  MAYHF.W  Lond.  Labour  I.  371/2 
The  most  lucrative  part  of  the  trade  is  in  the  raffling. 
b.  attrib.,  esp.  in  f  rajjling-shop. 

1682  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  1773/4  A  newly  invented  Lottery, 
under  the  name  of  the  Riffling  or  Raffling  Lottery.  1706 
BAKER  Hampstead  Heatli  n.  16  To  have  Presents  made 
one  at  the  Raffling. Shnps.  a  1732  GAY  Poems  (1745)  II.  82 
'Twas  there  the  raffling  dice  false  Dainar  threw ;  The 
raffling  dice  to  him  decide  the  prize.  1756  NUGENT  Gr.  Tour, 
Netherlands  I.  273  About  the  pumps  ..  there  are  raffling 
shops,  coffee-houses,  and  all  other  diversions.  1870  in  N.  % 
Q.  4th  Ser.  V.  225/2  The  last  day  in  January  . .  observed  in 
Newark  as  a  raffling  day  for  oranges. 

Ra-ffling,  vbl.  sb:± :  see  RAKFLE  v.2 

Rafft,  obs.  form  of  RAFT  rf.i 

Raffte,  obs.  pa.  t.  REAVE. 

Ra-ffy,  a.     [?  f.  RAFF  rf.i  3.]    Of  loose  texture. 

1867  F.  FRANCIS  Aitflint;  i.  12  Bad  gut  is  flat,  greasy,  dull, 
raffy,  or  rough  and  frayed. 


104 

• 

Rafia,  variant  of  RAFFIA. 

tRafiol.  06s.  rare~l.  In  5 //.  rafTyolys.  [a. 
It.  rafioli  (Horio),  var.  ravioli',  sec  RAVIOL.]  A 

kind  of  meat-ball  in  medieval  cookery ;  a  rissole. 

c  1440  in  Househ.  Ord.  (1700)  442  Raffyolys.  Take  swynes 
lire,  and  sethe  hit,  and  hewe  hit  smalle,  and  do  therto  ;olkes 
of  egges,..a  lytel  larde  my  need,  and  grated  chese,  and 
pouder  of  ginger,  and  of  canelle;  then  take  and  make  balles 
therof  as  gret  as  an  appull  [etc.]. 

Raflak,  variant  of  REFLAC.   06s. 

Rafle  r,  obs.  ff.  of  RAFFLE  s6.,  RAFFLERZ. 

Raft  (raft),  sfi.1  Forms  :  a.  5  rafft,  5-6  rafte, 
6-  raft.  £.  5-7  raff,  6-7  raffe.  [a.  ON.  rapt-r 
(Sw.  raff,  Da.  rafte}  rafter.  The  form  raff"  may  be 
partly  due  to  assoc.  with  RAFF  s6.$] 

1.  A  beam,  spar,  rafter.     Now  only  arch. 

c  1420  Avow.  Arth.  xxv,  Aythir  gripus  a  schafte  Was  ah 
rude  as  a  rafte,  So  runnun  thay  togedur.  1426  LYDG.  De 
Cull.  Pilgr.  20396  Maystres  off  dyvers  crafftys  Hang  out, 
on  polys  and  on  rafft ys,  Dyuers  sygnys.  1650  W.  D.  tr. 
Cowetiius'  Gate'  Lai.  Unl.  §  446  Especially  if  it  [a  barrel] 
bee  laid  upon  stalls  (Rafts,  tresselsi  somwhat  high.  1745 
lii.oMEFiEi.D  Topogr,  Hist.  Norfolk  II.  148  Raftermen, 
those  that  deal  in  Rafts  or  Timber  Pieces.  1820  Blackw. 
Mag.  VIII.  147  The  roof  wags  its  remotest  raft.  1854 
S.  JJoBELL  Balder  xxviii.  198  Like  a  Temple,  wherein  cost 
Is  absolute,  dark  beam  and  hidden  raft  Shitiim. 

2.  A  collection  of  logs,  planks,  casks,  etc.,  fastened 
together  in  the  water,  so  as  to  be  transported  from 
one  place  to  another  by  floating. 

1497  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  I'll  (1896)  249  Cariage  of  certeyn 
mastes  to  the  Watyrsyde  and  tlier  to  be  made  in  a  Raff  & 
so  to  be  conveyed  to  Portesmouth,  1614  RAI.EIGH  Hist. 
World  n.  (1634)  424  Hiram  caused  his  Servants  to  bring 
downe  the  Cedars  and  Firres  from  Libanon  to  the  Sea, 
and  thence  sent  them  in  raffes  to  Joppe.  1685  New  Eng. 
Hist.  $  Gen.  Register  (1882)  XXXVI.  396  By  one  Raft  of 
boards  qt  12500  ft.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  VII. 
119  [Crocodiles]  lying  as  close  to  each  other,  as  a  raft  of 
timber  upon  one  of  our  streams.  1806  Gazetteer  Scotl.  (ed. 
2'  124  At  proper  seasons,  large  rafts  of  trees  are  constructed, 
and  floated  to  the  sea.  1863  Life  in  Normandy  II.  80 
[Th-y]  work  the  rafts  of  timber  and  floats  of  tar  barrels 
down  the  great  rivers  to  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia. 

3.  A  flat  structure  of  logs,  inflated  skins,  or  other 
materials,  for  the  conveyance  or  support  of  persons 
or  things  on  water. 

«.  1590  SH.VKS.  Com.  Err,  v.  i.  348  Where  is  that  sonne 
That  floated  with  thee  on  the  fatall  rafte.  1653  H.  COGAN 
tr.  Pintos  Trav.  Ixvi.  267  Before  it  was  day  they  had 
made  a  raft  of  such  planks  and  beams  as  came  to  their 
hands.  1677  W.  HUBBAKD  Narrative  (1865)  I.  88  They., 
either  waded  over.. or  else  wafted  themselves  over  upon 
small  Rafts  of  Timber.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  iv,  This 
Raft  was  so  unweikly,  and  so  overloaden,  that.. it  overset. 
1790  BCATSON  Nar.  fy  Mil.  Mem,  II.  354  The  building  of  a 
large  raft,  or  radeau,  to  carry  some  heavy  artillery.  1855 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xx.  IV.  509  Eight  large  rafts,  each 
carrying  many  mortars,  were  moored  in  the  harbour. 

transf.  a  1822  SHELLEY  Horn.  Merc,  xiii,  For  each  foot  he 
wrought  a  kind  of  raft  Of  tamarisk.  1853  KANE  Grinncll 
E,\-p.  xxxviii.  (1856)  353  Using  the  frozen  water  as  a  raft  to 
traverse  the  open  sea.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Col.  Re 
former  (1891)  375  Such  a  raft  of  a  place  as  Rainbar. 

£."i599HAKLUYT  Voy.  11.1.214  Certaine  Zattares  or  Raffes 
made  of  blowen  hides  or  skinnes... These  Raffes  are  bound 
fast    together.      1603    KNOLLES   Hist.    Turks    (1638)    185 
Making  a  little  boat,  or  rather  as  some  suppose  a  raffe. 
b.  Alii.  A  floating  bridge. 

1802  in  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON 
IMilit,  Diet.  322/1  Good  rafts  can  be  made  of  ca>ks  or 
barrels,  and  form  a  better  bridge  than  baulks  of  timber. 

4.  (Chiefly  U.S.)  A  large  floating  mass  or  accu 
mulation  of  some  material,  or  collection  of  materials, 
as  fallen  trees,  logs,  vegetation,  ice,  etc.     Also,  a 
dense  flock  of  swimming  birds. 

1718  [see  Raft-fowl  in  5].  1802  A.  ELLICOTT  Jrnl.  (1803) 
189  The  upper  raft  is  of  considerable  magnitude,  and  covered 
with  grass  and  other  herbage,  with  some  bushes.  i8iz 
BRACKENRIDGE  Views  Louisiana  (1814)  48  There  is  at  that 
point  a  curious  raft,  formed  of  logs  and  earth,  which  entirely 
covers  its  channel.  i8$z  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tom's  C.  vii. 
43  The  descending  ice.. lodged,  and  formed  a  great  un 
dulating  raft,  rilling  up  the  river.  1876  R.  F.  BURTON 
Gorilla  L.  II.  158  The  nymphaca,  lotus  or  water-lily,  forms 
rafts  of  verdure. 

5.  attrib.  and   Comb.,  as  raft-chain,  log,  -man, 
-master,  tug,  -"wood,  -work ;    raft  like  adj. ;   raft- 
breasted  a.y  of  birds :  having  a  keelless  sternum 
(Cent.  Diet.  1891) ;  raft-bridge,  a  bridge  made  of 
a  raft,  or  supported  by  rafts  ;  raft-dog,  an  iron  bar, 
having  its  ends  pointed  and  bent  at  right-angles, 
used  to  secure  logs  in  a  raft;  raft-duck, the  scaup 
or   blackhead   duck,  so  called  from   its  flocking 
closely  on  the  water  (see  also  quot.  1824);  raft- 
fowl  (see  quot.  1718) ;  raft-port  (see  quot.  1/69'; ; 
raft  spider,  a  spider  which  makes  a  floating  nest. 

1834-47  J.  S.  MACAULAY  Field  Fortif.  (1851)  130  When 
plenty  of  heavy  timber  can  be  procured,  a  *raft-bridge  may 
be  made.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.  244  An  eye.  .through 
which  the  *raft-chains  are  rove.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's 
H'nrd'bk.  559  There  are  also  dog-hooks . . by  which  the  raft- 
chains  are  secured.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.  244  Secured 
by  means  of  *  raft-dogs,  with  chains  wove  through  them. 
1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-bk.  558  A  sort  of  float . . fastened 
together  with  swifters  and  raft-dogs.  1824  LATHAM  Gen. 
Hist.  Hirds  X.  302  Scaup  Duck,  .is  known  m  Georgia,  and 
called  by  some  the  *Raft  Duck.  [Note.  But  the  Raft  Duck, 
truly  so  called,  is  another  species.]  Ibid.  352  Raft  Duck 
(Aftas/nliguiti).  1718  LAWSON  Carolina  150  *Raft-Fowl 
includes  all  the  sorts  of  small  Ducks  and  Teal,  that  go  in 


RAFTER. 

Rafts  along  the  Shoar.  1865  TFNNF.V ///.*/.  Rebellion  U.S. 
224/2  One  of  the  n-incli  Dahlgrens  from  the  . .  tower  upon 
the  *raft-like  structure.  1753  WASHINGTON  Jrnl.  Writ. 
1889  I.  38,  I  fortunately  saved  myself  by  catching  hold  of 
oneof  the*Raft  Logs.  17760.  CAKKOLL  Jrnl.  A/iss.  Canada 
in  B.  Mayer  Mem.  (1845)  47  Each  one  is  marked,  so  that 
the  *raft-men  . .  may  easily  know  their  own  rafts.  1828 
PLANCHE  Dcsc.  Danube  56  The  "Raft-masters  of  Munich. 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1776),  *  Raft-port,  a  square 
hole,  cut  through  the  buttocks  of  some  ships,  immediately 
under  the  counter,  to  receive  the  planks  or  pieces  of 
timber  ..  brought  to  lade  her.  1830  HKDDERWICK  Marine 
Arch.  258  A  raft-port  in  the  upper  part  of  the  bends  and 
black  strakes.  1864-5  WOOD  Homes  without  If.  xxxi.  (1868) 
597  There  is  another  spider  which  frequents  water,  but 
which  only  makes  a  temporary  and  moveable  residence. 
This  is  the  *Rnft  Spider  (Dolomedes  Jinibriatus).  1879 
Lumberman's  Gaz.  5  Nov.,  *Raft  tugs  are  in  demand  to 
bring  more  logs  down.  1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Peruv.  Bark 
225  One  of  the  rafts.. was  composed  of  twelve  trunks  of 
""raft-wood.  1892  I!.  HINTON  Lord's  Return  200  Liking 
best  the  *  raft- work  on  the  Hudson. 

Raft  (raft),  sb£  dial,  and  U.S.  [var.  RAFF 
•?/>.!,  perh.  by  assoc.  with  prec.]  A  Inrge  collection  ; 
a  crowd  ;  a  lot.  (Used  disparagingly.) 

1833  (MAJ.  DOWNING'  Lett.  xiv.  (1835)  88  Binny,  and 
Everett,  and  Gallatin,  and  a  raft  more  of  such  kinder  fellows. 
1876  '  MARK  TWAIN'  Tom  Saivytr  235  If  you  was  to  go  to 
Europe  you'd  see  a  raft  of 'em  hopping  around.  1887-  In 
dial,  glossaries  (Kent,  Cumb.). 

Raft,  sb.*,  var.  RAFF  sh*  (q.v.). 
Raft  (raft),  ».l     [f.  RAFT  j£.i] 

1.  trans.  To  transport  by  water :  a.  in  the  form 
of  a  raft. 

1706  Wooden  World  Dissected  (1708)  3  Charon  ..  rafting 
the  poor  Souls  astern,  like  Water-cask.  1768  in  F.  Chase 
Hist.  Dartmouth  Coll.  (1891)  1. 104  The  stream,  .(a  branch 
of  Merrimack,  by  which  logs  are  rafted  to  the  sea).  1792 
BEUCNAP  Hist.  Neva  Hamp&h.  III.  207  The  lumber  ..  is 
rafted  down  that  river.  1840  J-'.vid.  Hult  Docks  Comm. 
84  The  ships  have  to  discharge  it  [timber]  in  the  old  dock, 
and  it  is  rafted  round  into  the  harbour.  1881  Nature  XXI 1 1. 
340  All  the  slabs  have  been  rafted  out  to  sea  by  the  high  tide. 

b.  on,  or  by  means  of,  a  raft. 

1766  in  W.  Smith  Bouquet's  Exped.  (1868)  126  The  carts, 
provisions  and  baggage,  may  be  rafted  over,  or  a  bridge 
built.  1827  J.  F.  COOPER  Prairie  \.  ii.  33  We  rafted  our 
selves  across.  1845  HOOD  Mermaid  of  Margate  xxv,  There 
was  not  a  box  or  a  beam  afloat  To  raft  him  from  that  sad 
place. 

C.  To  raft  off:  To  float  off  (water-casks,  or  the 
water  in  themi  from  the  shore  to  a  ship. 

1745  P.  THOMAS  Jrnl.  Anson's  Voy.  174  We  now  con 
tinued  to  raft  off  Water.  1748  Anson's  I  'oy.  m.  v.  314  We 
were  obliged  to  raft  off  all  our  cask,  and  the  tide  ran  so 
strong,  that.. we  more  than  once  lost  the  whole  raft.  1882 
NARKS  Seamanship  (ed.  6)  14%  The  casks  must  be  rafted  off 
to  the  ship. 

2.  To  form  into  a  raft  or  rafts. 

1745  P.  THOMAS  Jrnl.  Anson's  I7oy.  120  A  couple  of 
Canoes,  which  we  brought . .  on  purpose  to  raft  and  carry  up 
Barreecas.  1800  COLQUHOUN  Comm.  Thames  i.  27  These 
Logs  are  rafted  in  the  River.  1833  MAKRYAT  /'.  Simple 
(1863)221  Our  first  business  was  to  water  the  ship  by  rafting 
and  towing  off  the  casks.  1891  C.  ROBERTS  Adrift  A mer. 
203  A  place,  .where  the  logs  that  came  down  the  Chippewa 
River  were  rafted. 

3.  To  go  upon  or  cross  (a  river)  by  means  of 
a  raft. 

1765  R.  ROGERS  Jrnls.  (18831  162  The  river  St.  Francis. . 
is  very  still  water,  and  may  be  easily  rafted  where  you  cross 
it.  1808  PIKE  Sources  Mississ.  n.  (1810)  119  We  concluded 
to  raft  the  river,  which  we  effected  with  difficulty. 

4.  intr.  To  use  a  raft  for  some  purpose;  to  work 
on  or  direct  a  raft. 

1741  KevoEng.  Hist.  <$•  Gen.  Register  (1879)  XXXIII.  330 
We  met  with  great  difficulty  in  passing  that  River,  first 
attempting  to  wade,,  .then  tried  to  Raft.  1808  PIKE  Sources 
Mississ.  (1810)  88  We  could  not  cross  the  river,  unless  we 
rafted.  1840  Evid.  Hull  Docks  Comm.  122  They  cannot 
raft  out  of  the  old  dock.  1888  Academy  XXXIV.  301/2 
They  canoed,  and  rafted,  and  steam-boated. 

Raft,  z;.2  rare-1,    [f.  RAFT  sbl  i.]  -  RAFTER  v. 

1804  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  XXII.  70  The  roof  rafted  and 
thatched  by  myself. 

Raft,///,  a.  rare^.  [  Arch,  fur  REFT.]  Torn  off. 

1818  KEATS  Endym.  \.  334  The  raft  Branch  down  sweeping 
from  a  tall  ash  top. 

Raft(e»  obs.  or  arch.  pa.  t.  and  pa.  pple.  REAVE. 

Rafter  (ra-ftai^  sbl  Korms:  a.  I  rsefter, 
reafter,  1-3  rseftr-,  1-4  reftr-,  2-4  raftr-,  3-7 
refter,  4  raftere,  (rafterer),  raftyr,  4  (5  Sc.) 
raftre,  ',7  rafture),  4-  rafter.  /3.  6  raughter, 
Sr.  rach-,  ranch-,  rawch-,  raychter.  [OE.  rafter 
-  MLG.  rafter  i  rachter,  related  to  ON.  rapt-r  RAFT 
sbJ-  The  Sc.  forms  \vith  ch  are  prob.  from  LG.] 

1.  One  of  the  beams  which  give  slope  and  foim 
to  a  roof,  and  bear,  directly  or  indirectly,  the  outer 
covering  of  slates,  tiles,  thatch,  etc. 

A ngle-i binding- jeush um-t  hi f>-, jack-rafter',  see  under  the 
first  element.  Principal  rafter,  a  strong  beam  in  a  truss, 
lying  under  the  common  or  ordinary  rafters. 

a.,  a  700  Ephtal  Gloss.  1 1  A  mites,  rcftras.  <  900  tr.  Breda's 
Hist.  ni.  xiv.  [xvi.]  1.1890)  202  Micelne  ad  gesomnude  on 
beamum  &  on  r«eftrum.  c  1050  Byrhtferth's  Handboc  in 
Anglia  VIII.  324  |>a  syllan  man  faesere  sefe^S,  and  J» 
beamas  geles}?,  and  (?a  racftras  to  |>aere  fyrste  gefaestnaS. 
c  1275  LAY.  7839  peos  reftres  stode,  hi-hud  in  ban  flode. 
1340  Ayenb.  175  J?e  ypocrites.  .ysyej?  bet  mot  ine  Jje  oj>res 
636  and  ne  ysye}»  na^t  bane  refter  ine  hire  o}ene  e^e.  c  1386 
CHAUCER  A'«/.V  T.  132  He.. rente  adoun  bothe  wall,  and 
sparre,  and  rafter,  c  1470  HENRY  \Vnllace\\\.  449  Krundis 
fell  off  raftreis  thaim  amang.  1555  EDEN  Decades  159  To 


RAFTER. 

lade  his  neighbours  wanles  with  rafters  or  beanies.  1594 
PLAT  Jcwcll-ho.  I.  10  The  principal!  posies,  the  Rafters,  and 
the  beames  of  any  house.  1667  PRIMATT  City  ft  C.  Build. 
86  Single  Rafter  being  four  foot  long,  and  four  and  three 
and  a  half  in  thickness.  1726  POPE  Odyss.  xxn.  262  Perch'd 
like  a  swallow  on  a  rafter's  height.  1823  P.  NICHOLSON 
Pract.  Build.  128  Common  rafters  are  inclined  pieces  of 
timber,  parallel  to  the  principal  rafters.  1865  G.  MAC- 
DONALD  A.  Forbes  21  Her  eyes  rested  on  nothing  but  bare 
rafters  and  boards. 

transf.  and /?£•.  c  1200  Vices  fy  Virtues  95  CariteS . .  arist 
up  anon  to  5e  roue,  forSan  to  hire  hied  ifastned  alle  oe 
raftres  of  5e  hali  mihtes.  c  1590  GREENE  ft:  Bacon  x\.  13 
The  rafters  of  the  earth  rent  from  the  poles . .  When  Bacon 
read  upon  his  magic  book.  1635  SWAN  Spec.  M.  iv.  §  2 
(1643)  58  The  heaven  it  self,  whose  beams  or  rafters  are  laid 
in  the  waters.  1844  WILLIS  Lady  Jane  ii.  150  '  Fame's 
proud  temple ',  build  it  ne'er  so  proud,  Finds  notoriety 
a  useful  rafter.  1891  C.  E.  NORTON  Dante's  Purgat.  xxx. 
193  Even  as  the  snow,  among  the  living  rafters  upon  the 
back  of  Italy,  is  congealed. 

£.     1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxxiii.  37  His  yrnis  was  rude 

as  ony  rawchtir.    1351  Aberdeen  Kef.  V.  21  (Jam.)  Ane 

schip  laidnit  with  rachteris  and  dalis.     1592  LYLY  Callathea 

i.  iii,  I  will . .  hang  myselfe  on  a  raughter  m  the  house. 

t  b.  A  large  beam  such  as  is  used  for  a  rafter. 

'.553  BRENDE  Q.  Curtius  Gj,  To  the  deisturbaunce  of  the 
shippes  that  approched  the  walles,  they  devised  longe 
rafters.  1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch  (1676)  584  They  left  their 
Rafters  or  great  pieces  of  timber  pinned  together,  where 
upon  they  had  passed  over  the  stream.  165*  EARL  MONM. 
tr.  Bentivoglio' s  Hist.  Relat.  2  Rampires  of  Earth,  built  up 
with  great  Stones,  Raftures  of  Wood  [etc.].  1697  POTTER 
Antiq.  Greece  III.  xv.  (1715)  127  [The  Sides  of  the  Ship]  were 
compos'd  of  large  Rafters  extended  from  Prow  to  Stern. 

C.  U.  S.  A  transverse  bar  (of  wood  or  iron)  in 
the  roof  of  a  railway-car.  1891  in  Cent.  Diet. 

2.  =  Rafter-bird  (see  3). 

1802  G.  MONTAGU  Ornitlwl.  Diet.  (1833)  398. 

3.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rafter-enii,foot,  -frame, 
-nail,  -tree ;   rafter-wise  adv. ;   rafter-bird,    the 
beam-bird,  spotted  flycatcher  (cf.  sense  2)  ;  rafter- 
level  (U.S.),  a  kind  of  level  made  of  long  spars 
of  wood;  rafter-ridging  =  RAFTEMXO  2;  rafter- 
roof,  a  roof  constructed  with  rafters ;  rafter-tim 
bering  Mining  (see  quot.). 

1817  T.  FORSTER  Nat.  Hist.  Swallmutribe  (ed.  6)  75  Mns- 
acapa  grisola, . .  "Rafterbird.  1885  SWAINSON  Names  Birds 
48  From  the  site  of  its  nest,  which  is  generally  placed  on 
a  beam  or  rafter  of  an  out-building,  this  bird  is  called  . . 
Rafter  or  Rafter-bird.  1895  Educat.  Rev.  Sept.  1 18  Rough 
walls  and  protruding  "rafter-ends.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON 
Operat.  Mechanic  567  Framing  the  'rafter  foot  into  the 
girder.  1871  B.  TAYLOR  Faust  (1875)  II.  in.  181  The  lofty 
beam,  upholding  "rafter-frame  and  roof.  1834  Brit.  Husb. 
I.  534  In  America,  where  it  is  much  used  for  ascertaining 


follows  [etc.].  Hants.  1847  R.  &  J.  A.  BRANDON  Anal. 
Goth.  Archit.  (1860)  I.  92  Sometimes  a  trussed  *rafter-roof 
spans  both  the  nave  and  the  aisles.  1887  Diet.  Arch.,  s  v 
1881  RAYMOND  MiningGloss.  *  Rafter-timbering,  timbering 
in  which  the  pieces  are  arranged  like  the  rafters  of  a  house. 

irk 
,ey 

Rafter  (ra-ftei),  /iT"[f!"RAira"j*.l  or  v.T- 
-ER  l.]     One  who  is  employed  in  rafting  timber. 

1809  KENDALL  Travels  III.  305  That  the  rafters  should 
relinquish . .  the  earnings  of  their  immediate  hands.  1851-61 
MAYHEW  Land.  Labour  \\\.  295  The  labourers  connected 
with  this  portion  of  the  trade  are  rafters  or  raftsmen. 

Rafter  (ra-ftaj),  v.   Also  6  raufter.   [f.  RAFTER 

1.  trans.  To  build  or  furnish  with  rafters. 

1538  ELYOT  Diet.,  Contigno,..to  raufter  a  house.  i6n 
BIBLE  2  Chron.  xxxiv.  n  Timber  for  couplings  and  to  floore 
[marg.  rafter]  the^houses.  1853  KANE  Gnnnell  Exp.  v. 
(1856)  39  A  square  inclosure  of  stone  or  turf  is  raftered  over 
with  drift-wood  or  whalebones.  1869  DORA  GREENWELL 
Carmina  Crucis  36  Ivory  palaces  raftered  with . .  cedar. 

2.  Agric.  To  plough    (land)   in   a  certain  way 
(see  quot.  1846,  and  cf.  RAFTERING  vbl.  sb.  2). 

"'733  [see  RAFTERING  vbl.  sb.  a].  1794  YOUNG  in  Driver 
Gen.  I'iem  Agric.  Hants  68  Raftering  the  land,  which  is  a 
sort  of  rest  baulk  ploughing-  1844  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Sac.  V. 
1. 173  The  land  is  raftered,  and  pared  with  the  breast-plough ; 
or  rafcered  again  in  a  cross-direction.  1846  CLARKE  in  Jml. 
R.  Agric.  Soc.  VII.  II.  511  To  rafter  or  plough-rafter  the 
land.. is  to  plough  only  one-half  of  the  land,  turning  the 
furrow  ploughed  upon  the  same  breadth  of  land  remaining 
unploughed  throughout  the  field. 

!.  To  form  into  rafters  (Worcester,  1846). 

Raftered  (ra-ftaid ),///.  a.  [f.  RAFTER  jvM  or 
v.  +  -ED.]  Roofed  with  or  composed  of  rafters ; 
esp.  indicating  that  the  rafters  are  visible  as  part 
of  the  ceiling. 

1732  POPE  Ep.  Bathurst  189  No  rafter'd  roofs  with  dance 
and  tabor  sound.  1751  T.  WARTON  Poet.  IVks.  (1802)  II. 
168  Whose  rafter'd  hall  the  crowding  tenants  fed.  1871  M. 
COLLINS  Mrq.  $  Merck.  I.  ii.  91  Quaint  casements  and 
raftered  rooms.  1893  MRS.  C.  PRAED  Outlaw  $  Lawmaker 
I.  238  Its  beamed  and  raftered  ceiling. 

Raftering  (ra-ftsrirj),  vbl.  sb.  Also  6  raftre-, 
raufteryng(e,  raftring.  [f.  RAFTER  v.  +  -ING!.] 

1.  Roofing  with,  or  forming  of,  rafters;  the 
arrangement  of  rafters ;  wood  for  rafters. 

1538  ELYOT  Diet.,  Contignatio,  . .  the  ranfterynge.     1542 

UDALL  Erastn.  Apoph.  232  Buyldyng  art  hous  euen  from 

the  foundacion  vnto  the  vttermost  raftreyng  and  reirynge 

of   the  roofe.      1667  PRIMATT  City  &   C.  Build.  65  How 

VOL.  VIII. 


105 

many  square  of  Raftering  there  will  be  in  a  Roof.  1857 
tr.  Pliny  (Bohn)  VI.  345  The  raftering  being  so  contrived 
as  to  admit  of  the  beams  being  removed.  1880  C.  R. 
MARKHAM  Peruv.  Bark  357  The  ben-teak  yields  timber  used 
for  raftering  and  flooring. 

traits/.  <ris86  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  cxxxix.  viii,  Thou, 
how  my  back  was  beam-wise  laid,  And  raftring  of  my  ribbs 
dost  know. 

2.  Agric.  A  certain  method  of  ploughing  (see 
quot.  1851,  and  cf.  RAFTER  v.  2). 

<"733  'n  Tull's  Horse-Hoeing  Hnsb.  (1733)  ix.  94  By  the 
Paring  and  Burning  the  Surface  ;  by  Raftering,  or  Cross 
Plowing.  Ibid.  (1762)  297,  I  have  seen  Land  plowed  in 
this  manner,  where  not  half  of  it  has  been  moved  nor 
better  tilled  than  by  Raftering.  1778  [W.  MARSHALL] 
Minutes  Agric.  7  Dec.  1775  The  Plowman.,  told  me,  that  it 
is  his  country-method  of  plowing,  and  calls  it  raftering 
1851  H.  STEPHENS  Bit.  of  Farm  (ed.  2)  I.  183/1  There  is  a  kind 
of  ploughing . .  which  bears  the  name  of  ribbing  in  Scotland 
and  of  raftering  in  England. . .  It  consists  in  turning  the 
furrow-slices  on  their  backs  upon  as  much  of  the  firm  soil 
as  they  will  cover. 

Ra-ftery,  a.  [f.  RAFTER  rf.l  +  -Y!.]  Full  of 
rafters. 

_  1872  HOWELLS  Wedd.  Journ.  (1892)  50  The  roof  seemed . . 
in  its  coal.smoked,  raftery  hollow  to  generate  a  heat  deadlier 
than  that  poured  upon  it  from  the  skies. 


Rafting   (rcrftirj),  vbl.   sb.     [f.   RAFT   v.l  + 
-ING  1.1     The  action  of  the  vb.,  in  various  senses. 


experiments  at  rafting  ..  were  so  often  unsuccessful.     1840 


. 

Evid.  Hull  Docks  Comm.  122  Is  not  rafting  the  cheapest 
mode?  1891  Miss  DOWIE  Girl  in  Karp.  256  This  rafting 
had  a  fascination  for  me. 

b.  Comb,  rafting-dog,  a  raft-dog  (RAFT  sbl  s). 

1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.  244. 

Raftre,  obs.  f.  RAFTER  rf.i 

Raftsman  (ra-ftsm&n).  [f.  RAFT  +  -s-  + 
MAN.]  One  who  works  on  a  raft. 

1776  C.  CARROLL  Jml.  Miss.  Canada  in  B.  Mayer  Men:. 
(1845)  67  A  small  current  begins  here,  and  the  raftsmen  are 
not  obliged  to  row.  1846  WHITTIER  Ship-builders  iii,  For 
us  the  raftsmen  down  the  stream  Their  island  barges  steer 
1883  OUIDA  Wanda  I.  13  She  wished,  .he  should  grow  up  a 
raftsman,  or  a  fisherman. 

Rafture,  obs.  form  of  RAFTER  sbl 
Raffcy  (ra-fti),  a.l  Obs.  exc.  dial. 

1.  Damp,  musty,  muggy,  raw. 

1655  GURNALL  Chr.  in  Arm.  I.  280  Things  kept  in  a  rafty 
muggish  Room,  subject  them  to  mould.  1658  J.  ROBINSON 
Endoxa  146  The  Occidental  mansions  are,  by  their  moisture. 
rafty.  1787  MARSHALL  E.  Norfolk  (1795)  II.  Gloss.  ,  Rafty, 
damp  and  musty;  as  corn  or  hay  in  a  wet  season.  1893 
Essex  Rev.  II.  126  A  rafty  morning  is  still  well  understood 
in  North  Essex  as  meaning  a  raw  morning. 

2.  Stale,  rancid  (usually  said  of  bacon). 

aim  LISLE  Hnsb.  (1752)  347  Shred  rafty  bacon  into  it 
[milk].  1874  JEFFERIES  Labourer's  Daily  Life  in  Toilers 
of  Field  (1893)  95  The  small  bit  of  fat  and  rafty  bacon. 

Raftyr,  Rafull,  obs.  ff.  RAFTER  sit,  RAFFLE. 

Rag  (rseg),  rf.l  Also  4-7  ragg(e.  [ME. 
ragge,  possibly  repr.  an  OE,  *ragg  (cf.  raggi^ 
RAGGY  a.},  ad.  ON.  rfgg  tuft  or  strip  of  fur  (Norw. 
and  Sw.  ragg  rough  hair)  ;  the  difference  in  sense 
between  the  ME.  and  ON.  sbs.  may  have  been 
developed  through  the  adjs.  ragged  and  raggy.] 

I.  1.  A  small  worthless  fragment  or  shred  of 
some  woven  material  ;  esf.  one  of  the  irregular 
scraps  into  which  a  piece  of  such  material  is 
reduced  by  wear  and  tear. 

£1310  [see  b].  CI37S  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxiv.  (Alexis)  411 
His  clathis  in  ragis  he  rafe.  1388  WYCLIF  Jer.  xxxviii.  ii 
Elde  clothis,  and  elde  ragges,  that  were  rotun.  1538  BALE 
Thre  Lames  677  Ragges,  rotten  bones  and  styckes.  1609 
HOLLAND  Amm.  Marcell.  400  [A  coat]  over-rotten  and  run 
to  ragges  and  ta_tters.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  m.  491  Cowles, 
Hoods  and  Habits..  tost  And  flutterd  into  Raggs.  1735  B. 
MARTIN  Philos.  Gram.  151  Dogs,  Cats,  Rats,  'Mice  &c.  .  . 
expire  in  half  a  Minute,  and  look  as  thin  as  a  Rag  1820 
SHELLEY  Ms.  Sea  i  The  rags  of  the  sail  Are  flickering. 
1848  DICKENS  Dombey  vi,  There  was  a  great  heap  of  rags 
..lying  on  the  floor.  1887  Brit.  Med.  Jrnl.  I.  28/1  We 
believe  that  rags  are  frequently  disinfected  by  the  owners  of 
paper  mills. 

b.  Used  in  //.  to  denote  a  ragged  or  tattered 
garment  or  clothes  ;  freq.  in  phr.  in  rags. 

c  1310  Pol.  Songs  (Camden)  150  That  er  werede  robes  nou 
wereth  ragges.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  1.  100  In  ragges,  as  sche 
was  totore,  He  set  hire  on  his  hors  tofore.  1500-20  DUNBAR 
Poems  xxxix.  27  Honest  3emen..Ar  now  arrayit  in  raggis 
1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  iv.  i.  84  What,  shall  thou  exchange 
for  ragges,  roabes?  1671  MILTON  Samson  415  The  base 
degree  to  which  I  now  am  fall'n,  These  rags,  this  grinding 
1784  COWPER  Task  i.  568  The  sportive  wind  blows  wide 
iheir  fluttering  rags,  and  shows  a  tawny  skin.  1851  D. 
JERROLD  St.  Giles  xiv.  137  Such  mercy  went  far  to  encourage 
rags  and  tatters.  1874  RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  xliv.  171  Going 
in  rags  through  the  winter. 

fig.  c  1380  WYCLIF-  Serm.  Sel.  Wks.  II.  226  Cristene  men 
shulden  benke  shame  to  clobe  hem  above  wib  raggis,  and 
foule  be  worbi  suyt  of  Crist.  1659  PEARSON  Creed  (1839)  262 
To  put  on  the  rags  of  our  infirmity  before  the  robe  of 
majesty  and  immortality.  1700  DRYDEN  Wife  of  Bath's  T. 
457,  I  begin,  In  virtue  cloathed,  to  cast  the  rags  of  sin. 
1807  CRABBE  Par.  Reg.  HI.  936  My  moral  rags  defile  me 
every  one.  1843  CARLYLE  Past  f,  Pr.  n.  xvii,  The  super 
annuated  rags  and  unsound  callosities  of  Formulas. 

c.  Used  (esp.  in  negative  phrases)   to  suggest 
the  smallest  scrap  of  cloth  or  clothing. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  x.  58  Without  or  robe  or  rag  to  hide 


RAG. 

his  shame,  a  1625  FLETCHEK  Faithful  Friends  iv.  iv,  I  prize 
poor  virtue  with  a  rag  Better  than  vice  with  both  the  Indies. 
1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  v.  i,  Won't  leave  him  a  rag  to 
his  back  nor  a  penny  in  his  pocket,  a  1786  N.  GREF.NE  in 
Bancroft  Hist.  U.S.  11876)  VI.  Ivii.  462  Not  a  rag  of  clothing 
has  arrived  to  us  this  winter.  1873  Rout/edge's  }'oung 
Centlm.Mag.  May366/iThe'  week'swash  '  had  disappeared. 
Every  rag  of  it. 

fig.  1663  BUTLER  Hud.  i.  i.  562  He  had  First  Matter  seen 
undrest , .  Before  one  rag  of  form  was  on. 

d.  Similarly,  the  smallest  scrap  <j/~sail. 

1653  H.  COGAN  tr.  Pinto  s  Trav.  xiii.  40  We  passed  that 
night  ..  without  bearing  so  much  as  a  rag  of  sail.  1804 
Naval  Chron.  XI.  258  Steering  after  them  with  every  rag 
of  sail  set.  1823  BYRON  Island  n.  xxi,  I've  seen  no  ra"  of 
canvass  on  the  sea. 

e.  In  sing,  without  article,  as  a  material. 

1808  tied.  Jrnl.  XIX.  99  Some  simple  ointment  spread  on 
rag.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Oferat.  Mechanic  375  Compressing 
the  fibres  of  rag  together,  for  the  purpose  of  making  them 
cohere,  and  thereby  giving  tenacity  to  the  paper. 

2.  transf.  A    fragment,    scrap,   bit,  remnant;   a 
torn  or  irregularly  shaped  piece. 

c  1440  York  My st.  xxx.  36  All  to  ragges  schall  ye  rente 
hym  and  ryue  hym.  1555  W.  WATREMAN  Fardle  of  Faciom 
n.  ix.  207  Then  take  thei  the  dead  man  ties  heade,  and  pike 
the  braine  oute  cleane,  with  all  other  moistures  and  raeges. 
161 1  COTGR.,  Chaplis, ..  the  small  peeces  that  flye  from  stones 
in  the  hewing;  we  call  them  rags.  1650  FULLER  Pisgah  i. 
li.  6  Some  proud  Geographer  will  scarce  stoop  to  take  up  so 
small  a  Ragge  of  land  into  his  consideration.  1761  Ann. 
Reg.  n.  7  Where  meat  is  plentiful  they  boil  the  offal  to  rags. 
1820  SHELLEY  Sensit.  PL  in.  68  A  murderer's  stake,  Where 
rags  of  loose  flesh  yet  tremble  on  high.  1873  BLACK  Pr. 
Thule  i.  i  Volumes  and  flying  rags  of  cloud. 

b.  of  immaterial  things. 

a  1529  SKELTON  Replyc.  i  A  lytell  ragge  of  rethorike, 
A  lesse  lumpe  of  logyke.  1579  E.  K.  Ded.  Spenser's  Sheph. 
Cal.,  They  patched  vp  the  holes  with  peces  and  rags  of 
other  languages.  1624  DONNE  80  Sena.  ii.  12  First  and  last 
are  but  ragges  of  time.  1707  Curiosities  in  Husb.  $  Card. 
29  The  Belief.,  is  a  Rag  of  the  Peripatetick  Philosophy. 
1807-8  W.  IRVING  Sali/iag.  (1827)  i-o  A  fierce  fellow. .  tearing 
the  music  to  rags.  1893  Times  22  Apr.,  They  have  no  rag 
of  evidence  to  uphold  them. 

c.  of  money.     ?  Hence  in  ols.  Cant,  a  farthing. 
1590  SHAKS.  Coin.  Err.  iv.  iv.  89  Monie  by  me?     Heart 

and  goodwill  you  might  [send],  But.,  not  a  ragge  of  Monie. 
1613  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Captain  iv.  ii,  Jac.  'Twere  good  she  had 
a  little  foolish  n\ony...Host.  Not  a  rag,  Not  a  Deniere. 
a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Rag,  a  Farthing. 

3.  Applied  contemptuously  to  things,  e.  g.  a  torn 
or  scanty  garment,  a  flag,  handkerchief,  theatre- 
curtain,  newspaper,  paper-money,  etc. 

1549  LATIMER  5//i  Serin,  bef.  £a'w.  VI  (Arb.)  154  Another 
poore  womanne  was  hanged  for  stealynge  a  fewe  ragges  of 
a  hedg.  a  1734  NORTH  Exam.  n.  v.  §  14  (1740)  323  Would 
any  one  expect  in  Print,  upon  tolerable  Paper,  and  a  clear 
Character,  such  Malice  and  Knavery  as  lies  here,  scarce 
fit  for  Midnight  Grubstreet  Rags.  1752  FIELDING  Amelia 
II.  iv,  Young  gentlemen  of  the  order  of  the  rag.  1817 
PAULDING  Letters  from  South  II.  158  What  would  be  an 
independence,  were  it  not  for  the  rags  in  circulation.  1832 
Blackw.  Mag.  Jan.  117/1  Under  their  tri-color — the  rascally 
rag.  1885  J.  K.  JEROME  On  the  Stage  76  The  'rag'  went 
up  unexpectedly,  and  discovered  the  following  scene.  1889 
Spectator  ?•$  Nov.  712/1  Every  rubbishy  rag  now  contains 
the  '  news ', 

b.  Similarly  applied  to  persons. 

1566  DRANT  Horace, Sat.  ii.  8  The..rabblement  Of  ragges 
and  raskalls  all  Be  pensive.  1598  SHAKS.  Merry  H'.  iv.  ii. 
JQ4  You  Witch,  you  Ragge,  you  Baggage.  1649  G.  DANIEL 
Trinarch.,  Rich.  II,  Ixxvii,  For  not  the  lowest  Ragge  of 
Human  race,  But  in  a  change  will  seeke  to  mend  his  place. 
1875  RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  Iv,  That  rubbishy  rag  of  a  girl. 

1882  STEVENSON  New  Arab.  Ats.  (1884)  247  The  poet  was 
a  rag  of  a  man. 

1 4.  An  alleged  name  for  a  '  company  '  of  colts. 
(From  RAGGED  a.  i.l  Obs.  rare.  • 

c  1470  Hors,  Shefe  $  G.,  etc.  (Caxton  1479,  Roxb.  repr.)  31 
A  Slode  of  mares,  a  Ragg  of  coltes.  1486  Ilk.  St.  A  loans  F  vj, 
A  Ragg  of  coltis  or  a  Rake. 

6.  A  sharp  or  jagged  projection,     rare. 

1664  EVELYN  Kal.  Hort,  (1720)  190  Cut  off  slanting  above 
the  Bud,  with  a  very  sharp  knife,  leaving  no  Rags.  1683 
MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  xvii.  P2  He  Rubs  every 
side  of  them  on  the  Stone.,  to  take  off  the  small  Rags  that 
may  happen  on  the  Shanck  of  the  Letter.  Ibid.  388  When 
Letter  Cast  has  a  Bur  on  any  of  its  edges,  that  Bur  is  called 
a  Rag.  1872  Routledge's  Ev.  Boy's  Ann.  536/1  File  off  the 
rags  left  by  the  saw. 

6.  //.   A  kind  of  moss  (tmiscus  pii/monarius). 
1758  Phil.    Trans.  L.  683  The  people  in   Herefordshire, 

where  this  moss  is  called  rags,  dye  their  stockings  of  a  brou  n 
colour  with  it. 

7.  Short  for  RAGWOBM. 

1881  St.  James's  Budget  Aug.  12/1  Lastly,  there  are  the 
two  species  of  mud-worms,  the  '.  lug  '  and  the  '  rag  ',  equally 
nasty  to  look  at. 
II.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

8.  General   combs,     a.  attributive,   '  pertaining 
to,  containing,  dealing  in  or  with,  rags ',  as  rag- 
basket,  machinery,  market,  tank ;  '  consisting,  or 
made,  of  rags ',  as    rag-baby,  -ball,  -carpet,  doll, 
-mop,  -paper,  -puppet.     Also  rag-made  adj. 

1883  '  ANNIE  THOMAS  '  Mod.  Housewife  1 16, 1  couldn't  play 
with  my  *rag  doll  here.     1853  URE  Diet.  Arts  (ed.  4!  II 
345  Improved  *rag  machinery.     1885  Pall  Mall  G.  15  May 
2/r  The  finest  *rag-made  paper,    c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1655) 
I.  i.  vn.  ii  The  Dog  and_«Rag  Market  is  hard  by.     1831 


black  ink  on  them  \— from  the' "Saily'VeVspaper  to  "the 

14 


BAG. 

sacred  Hebrew  Book.  1884  G.  MEREDITH  Diana  xxii,  How 
long  do  you  keep  me  in  this  *rag-puppet's  state  of  suspension? 

b.  Objective  or  objective  genitive,  as  rag-boilert 
-collector ;    -cutter ,    -dealer^    -gatherer,    -grinder \ 
-picker,   -raker,    -seller,  -sifter,   -sorter,   -stitcher, 
-washer',  rag-cleansing,  cutting,  -grinding,  -sorting, 
weaving. 

Many  of  the  combs,  with  agent-nouns  (rag-boiler,  etc.)  are 
applied  to  mechanical  contrivances. 

1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  735  '2  The  *rag-boiler.. 
is  generally  rotative,  which  gives  a  continual  agitation  to 
the  contents.  1873  Pract.  Mag.  I.  147  Sanitary  arrange 
ment  adopted  in  *rag  cleansing.  1860  Chambers  Jrnl. 
55/1  The  800  *rag-collecters  who  come  under  the  notice  of 
the  police.  1865  Sat.  Rev.  21  Jan.  74/2  His  fame  would 
have  been  by  this  time  food  for  the  rag-collectors.  1860 
TOMLINSON  Use/.  Arts  Ser.  i.  Paper  ii,  Another  set  of  women, 
and  sometimes  children,  called  *rag-cutters.  1851  MAYHEW 
Lond,  Lab.  II.  106/1  My  informant,  the  *rag  dealer.  1884 
Cassell's  Fam.  Mag.  Feb.  156/2  In  New  York.. there  are 
more  than  800  rag-dealers.  1851  MAYHEW  Lond.  Labour 

II.  139/1  The  bone-pickers  and  *rag-gatherers  are  all  early 
risers.   1831  CARLYLE  6"arA  AVi-.  i.  vih.  55, 1,  the  dust-making, 
patent  *  Rag-grinder,  get  new  material  to  grind  down.    1860 
Chambers'   Jrnl.  XIV.  53/1    Rags  and    "Ragpickers    in 
France.     1884  Harper  s  Mag.  Mar.  648/2,  30,000  rag  pickers 
in  Paris  thrown  out  of  employment.    1614  B.  JONSON  Earth. 
Fain,  i,  None  but.  .one  of  these  *rag-rakers  in  dunghills. . 
would  have  been  up  when  thou  wert  gone  abroad.     1700 
T,  BROWN  Amttsem.  Ser.  Com.  37,  I .  .was  mortally  frighted 
..by  the  Impudent  *RagselIers.     1887  British  Med.  Jrnl. 
12    Feb.    343  i    *Rag-sorters'    Disease.      1853    HICKIE    tr. 
Aristoph.  (1872)  II.  574  You  gossip-gleaner,  and  drawer  of 
beggarly  characters,  and  *  rag-stitcher. 

c.  Attrib.  phrases,  as  rag-and-bone-man,  -picker; 
rag-and-hottle-shop ;  rag- and -tatter  kind. 

1851  MAYHEW  Lond.  Labour  II.  139  The  state  of  the  shoes 
of  the  rag  and  bone  picker  is  a  very  important  matter  to 
him.  Ibid.  Anything  that  is  saleable  at  the  rag-and-bottle 
or  marine  store  shop.  1870  LOWELL  Study  Wind.  99  The 
somewhat  greasy  heap  of  the  literary  rag-and-bone-picker 
is  turned  to  gold  by  time.  1886  STEVENSON  Kidnapped 
267  A  fine,  hang-dog,  rng-and-tatter,  .kind  of  a  look. 

9.  Special  combs. :  rag-bush,  a  bush  on  which 
rags  are  fixed  as  a  superstitious  observance  ;  rag- 
carrier  (nonce-wd.)i  a  contemptuous  term  for 
a  valet  or  an  ensign ;  rag-castle  (noncs-wd^} , 
a  haunt  of  beggars  ;  rag-dust  (see  quot.) ;  rag 
engine,  a  machine  for  reducing  rags  to  pulp  in 
paper-making  (hence  rag  engineer} ;  f  rag-footed 
a.,  ?  badly  shod  (in  quot.yS^.) ;  rag-house,  a  build 
ing  in  which  rags  are  stored  or  prepared  for  paper- 
making  ;  rag-knife,  one  of  the  knives  in  a  rag- 
engine  ;  t  rag-mariners,  low,  ill-bred  behaviour 
(hence  rag-mannered} ;  rag-merchant,  a  dealer 
in  rags  ;  also  (in  contempt)  a  banker  or  draper ; 
rag-money  (contemptuously),  paper-money ;  rag- 
offering,  a  rag  or  rags  suspended  or  fixed  at  some 
spot  (esp.  a  well  or  standing  stone)  as  an  offering 
for  the  cure  of  disease,  etc. ;  rag-shop,  a  shop  for 
rags  nnd  old  clothes;  rag  trade,  trade  in  rags; 
also  slang  (see  quots.) ;  rag-tree  (cf.  rag-bush 
above) ;  rag  turnsole,  turnsole  dye  which  is  kept 
in  linen  rags  impregnated  with  it ;  rag-well  (see 
(mots. ,  and  cf.  rag-bush,  -tree]  ;  rag-woman,  a 
woman  who  gathers  or  deals  in  rags  (cf.  RAG 
MAN)  ;  rag-wool,  wool  obtained  by  tearing  rags 
to  pieces.  Also  RAG-BAG,  -BOLT,  -FAIR,  -MAN1. 

1882  C.  ELTOM  O rig.  Eng.  Hist.  285  There  is  usually  a 
'  *rag-bush '  by  the  well  on  which  bits  of  linen  or  worsted 
are  tied  as  a  gift  to  the  spirit  of  the  waters.  1893  E.  S. 
HARTLANoin  F0lk~Lore\V.  453  Pin-wells  and  Rag-bushes  are 
found  all  over  the  British  Isles,  a  1754  FIELDING  New  way 
to  keep  a  Wife  at^  Home  \.  iii,  I  must  tug  along  the  empty 
portmanteau  of  this  shabby,  no-pay  ensign . .  What  can  a  man 
expect  who  is  but  the  *rag-carrier  of  a  rag-carrier?  1828 
CARLYLE  Misc.  (1857)  I.  215  A  dream,  and  the  very  *Ragcastle 
of  '  Poosie-Nansie  '.  1864  WEBSTER,  *  Rag-dust,  fine  par 
ticles  of  rags  when  torn  thoroughly  to  pieces,  used  in  making 
papier-mache.  1853  URE  Diet.  Arts  (ed.  4)  II.  346  The 
improvement  in  paper  making, for  which T.W.W. ..obtained 
a  patent  in  1842,  relate  [sic]  to  the  *rag  engine.  1885  Census 
Instruct.,  *Rag  Engineer.  1606  BIRNIE  Kirk-Bnriall  (1833) 
33  Some  *rakj-footed  resons  that  we  must  refute.  1860 
TOMLINSON  Useful  Arts  Ser.  i.  Paper  ii,  The  rags,  .are  con 
veyed  in  baskets  to  the  *rag-house.  1731  Gentl.  Mag,  I.  350 
Why  charge  ye  "*  Rag-manners  thus  upon  the  clergy?  1698 
COLLIER  humor.  Stage  v.  §  3.  220  This  Young  Lady  swears, 
talks  smut,  and  is  . .  just  as  *rag-manner'd  as  Mary  the 
Huxsome.  1690  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2^97/4  At  the  same  Prices 
they  have  hitherto  Paid  the  *  Rag- Merchants.  1821  COBBETT 
Rur.  Rides  (1885)  17  The  country  rag-merchants  have  now 
very  little  to  do.  They  have  no  discounts.  What  they  have 
out,  they  owe  ;  it  is  so  much  debt.  1838  DICKENS  O.  Twist 
xxvi,  The  shoe-vamper  and  the  rag-merchant  display  their 
goods.  1862  F.  G.  TRAFFORD  (Mrs.  J.  Riddell)  Too  Much 
Alone  124  (Hoppe)  Rag-merchant,  ..  the  above  expression 
does  not  refer  to  a  marine-store  dealer,  but  simply  to  a  dealer 
in  Manchester  goods,  who  is  frequently  thus  designated  in 
the  City.  1878  .V.  Amer.  Rev,  CXXVI.  166  The  complete 
disuse  and  actual  repulsion  of  silver  by  "rag-money.  1893 
Archmol.  sEtianaXVl,  463  Squibs  and  skits  regarding  rag- 
money  were  issued.  1777  BRAND  Pop.  Antiq.  85  These 

Rag-offerings  are  the  Rehques  of  the  then  prevailing  popu 
lar  Superstition.  1892  Folk-Lore  III.  80  The  geographical 
distribution  of  rag-offerings  coincides  with  the  existence  of 
monoliths  and  dolmens.  1851-61  MAYHEW  Lond.  Labour 

III.  207  (Hoppe,'  Writing  a  squib  for  a  "ragshop.    1865  E.C 
CLAYTON  Cruel  Fortune  I.  143  A  ragshop  ..  occupied  the 
basement  story.    1843  MARRYAT  M.  Violet  xxvii,  There  is  in 
Galveston  a  new  invented  trade,  called  'the  *  rag-trade '..  I 


106 

refer  to  the  purchasing  of  false  bank-notes,  which  are  . . 
palmed  upon  any  stranger  suspected  of  having  money.  1873 
Prtict.  yi/rt£-.  V.  221  Parliamentary  Reports  onthe  Rag  Trade 
of  Foreign  Counti  its.  1890  BARKKKE  8:  LELAND  Diet,  Slang 
(i8Q7),A'rt£ -trade,,  .the  tailoring  business.  Also  the  mantle- 
making  trade.  1880  M.  J.  WALHOUSE  in  *Jrnl.  Antftro^.fnst. 
I X.  106  The  Christmas  Trees . .  are  but  changed  survivals  of 
the  Pagan  *ra^-trees.  1777  BRAND  Pop.  Antiq.  85  A  Well 
in  the  road  to  Benton.  .called  The  *Rag  Well.  1855  ROBIN 
SON  Whitby  Gloss.,  Ragwells,  certain  springs  in  the  neigh 
bourhood,  held  sacred  in  former  days  for  curing  diseases... 
Rags  from  the  garments  of  those  who  recovered,  were  torn 
off  and  hung  up  as  offerings  to  the  patron  saint  of  the  well. 
1673  WYCHERLEY  Love  in  a  Wood  v.  ii,The  *rag-women,  and 
cinder-women,  have  better  luck  than  I.  1723  Lond.  Gaz.  No. 
6175/5  Ellen  Weeb, ..  Rag- Woman. 

Rag  (neg),  sl>.2  Also  3  ragghe,  5-8  ragge, 
9  ragg.  [Of  obscure  etym. ;  original  connexion 
with  prec.  seems  unlikely,  but  the  idea  of '  ragged ' 
stone  would  naturally  suggest  itself  in  later  use.] 

1.  A  piece  (mass  or  bed)  of  hard,  coarse  or  rough 
stone  (cf.  2).   Obs.  exc.  dial,  (see  quot.  1877). 

1278  Bursar's  Ace.  Merton  Coll.  (Parker  Diet.  Archit.}, 
Pro  ij  magnis  lapidibus  qui  vocantur  ragghes.  1375-6 
Abingdon  Abb.  Ace.  (1892)  29  Pro  scapulacione  xxxij  pedes 
de  ragis  ij.j.  \\\).d.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  467  Other- 
whiles  they  meet  with  rocks  of  flint  and  rags,  as  wel  in 
vndermining  forward,  as  in  sinking  pits  downeright.  1609 
— Amm.  Marcfll.  xxxi.  x.  417  Taking  up  their  standing 
upon  the  craggie  rockes  and  ragges  round  about.  1769  DC 
Foe's  Tour  Gt.  Brit.  I.  158  A  Kind  of  Paving  Stone,  called 
Kentish-rags.  1778  Eng.  Gazetteer  (ed.  2)  s.v.  Nutfield, 
A  metalline  kind  of  substance  (that  looks  like  cast-iron, 
and  is  called  ragges)  much  esteemed  hereabouts  for  paving. 
1877  .V.  IV.  Line.  Gloss.,  Rag,  a  whetstone. 
b.  A  large  coarse  roo ring-slate. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  622  Patent  slate  . . 
was  originally  made  from  Welsh  rags.  1842  G\\\i.i  Arc/iif. 
501  Welsh  ra^sare  next  in  goodness  [to  Westmorland  slates]. 
1865  J.  T.  F.  TURNER  ^late  Quarries  15  A  large,  rough  kind, 
of  varying  dimensions,  having  one  side  uncut.  These  are 
termed  '  rags ',  from  their  ragged  appearance. 

2.  The  name  given  in  various  parts  of  England 
to  certain  kinds  of  stone,  differing  greatly  in  struc 
ture,  but  chiefly  of  a  hard  coarse  texture,  and  break 
ing  up  in  flat  pieces  several  inches  thick. 

The  best-known  varieties  are  CORAL-RAG,  Kentish  Rag 
(see  KENTISH*,  and  Rowley  Rag}  a  basaltic  rock  from  the 
Rowley  Hills  in  Staffordshire.  With  quot.  1751  cf.  quot.  1877 
In  i,  and  quot.  1812  under  RAGSTONE  i. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Hnsb.  \.  318  First  thy  grount  assay.  If 
hit  be  ragge  or  roche,  on  hit  thow  foote  In  depth  a  foote  or 
too.  1606  HOLLAND  Sueton.  230  He  laid  foundations  of 
piles.. and  hewed  rocks  of  most  hard  flint  and  rag.  1647 
SANDERSON  Serin.  (1681)  II.  xv.  218  A  little  Diamond  may 
be  more  worth  than  a  whole  Quarry  of  Ragge.  1681  Phil. 
Collect.  XII.  96  Made  of  one  of  the  most  common  sort  of 
Stone,  viz.  of  a  course  Rag,  or  Milstone-grit.  1751  J. 
BARTRAM  Observ.  Trav.  Pennsyh'.  etc.  30  A  steep  hill 
side,  full  of  excellent  flat  whet-stones  of  all  sizes.. .  I  brought 
one  home . .  it  is  as  fine  as  the  English  rag,  but  of  a  blackish 
colour.  1837  Civil  Eng.  <y  Arch.  Jrnl,  I.  72/1  At  a  depth 
varying  from  5  to  7  feet  from  the  surface,  is  the  first  bed  of 
stone  called  rag ;  this  is  a  coarse  tough  stone,  rising  in 
large  layers  from  6  to  9  inches  thick.  1847  TENNYSON 
Princ.  m.  344  Hornblende,  rag  and  trap  and  tuff. 


Rag  (rseg),  sb$  University  slang,  [f.  RAG  z/.2] 
An  act  of  ragging;  esp.  an  extensive  display  of 
noisy  disorderly  conduct,  carried  on  in  defiance  of 
authority  or  discipline. 

Known  in  Oxford  for  some  years  before  date  of  first  quot. 

1892  I  sis  No.  13.  88/2  The  College  is  preparing  for  a  good 
old  rag  to-night.  1894  WILKINS  £  VIVIAN  Green  bay-tree 
I.  275  It  was  the  usual  senseless  'rag'  in  which  Pimlico 
and  his  friends  were  wont  to  indulge  at  their  convivial 
gatherings. 

t  Hag,  sb*  Obs.  rare.     In  8  ragg.    (See  quot.) 
Perh.  a  chain-pump^  worked  by  a  rag-wheel,  sometimes 

called  a  *  rag-and-cham  pump  '. 
1747  HOOSON  Miners  Diet.  Q  ij,  Those  common  Pumps 

used  in  the  Mines,  such  as  Raggs,  Churns,  Sweaps,  Forces, 

for  drawing  of  Water,  these  are  so  well  known  to  every  one 

that  it  is.  .needless  to  describe  them. 

Hag  (,roeg),  z*.1     Also  7  ragge.     [f.  RAG  $b?\ 
1.  trans.    \  a.  To  tear  in  pieces.    Obs.    b.  To 
make  ragged  ;  to  tear  in  a  ragged  manner. 

t:  1440  York  Myst.  xxxvi.  120  On  roode  am  I  ragged  and 
rente,  J>ou  synfull  sawle,  for  thy  sake.  1521  FISHER  Serin. 
agst.  Luther  Wks.  (1876)  322  Martyn  hither..  so  maly- 
cyously  contemneth  and  setteth  at  nought  and  all  to  raggeth 
the  heed  of  chrystes  chyrche.  a  1603  CARTWRIGHT  Confut. 
Rhetn.  N.  T.  (1645)  331  The  other  testimony  of  Augustine, 


.      .     .  , 

wherewith  they  have  garded  or  rather  ragged  their  margent. 
1879  Casselfs  Techn.  Ednc.  IV.  117/2  There  was  a  burr 
left  at  the  hinder  end  of  the  thread  which  'ragged'  the 
wood.  1894  HALL  CAINE  Manxman  246  The  steel  of  the 
drum  ragging  me  sideways. 

2.  intr.  t  a.  To  become  ragged.  Obs.  rare. 

1641  BEST  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  13  The  woll  of  such 
sheepe  will  immediately  beginne  to  rise,  ragge,  and  fall  of. 
ai66i  FULLER  Wrrt/tof  (1840)  II.  312  Leather,  thm.  .tanned, 
..will  prove  serviceable  which  otherwise  will  quickly  fleet 
and  rag  out.  1683  MOXON  Mech.  Excrc.)  Printing  xvi, 
If  they  do  not  [fit  exactly],  the  Mold  will  be  sure  to  Rag. 

'  b.  To  sort  needles  by  means  of  a  rag. 

1861  WYNTER  Sec.  Bees  189  Little  children  '  rag  '  with  in 
conceivable  rapidity. 

c.   U.S.  slang.   To  ragout,  to  dress  well. 

1865  '  ARTEMUS  WARD'  Trav.  xi.  92  We  air  goin'  right 
straight  through  in  these  here  clothes,..  We  ain't  goin'  to 
rag  out  till  we  get  to  Nevady. 


origin  :  cf. 


v.-   dial,  and  slang. 
/fy-9  BULLYRAG.] 


[Of  obscure 


RAGAMUFFIN. 

1.  trans,  a.  To  scold,  rate,  talk  severely  to. 
171796  PFGGK  Dcrbicisms  Ser.  n,  'To  rag  a  person  \  to 

scold  and  abuse  him.  1808  in  JAMIHSON.  1878-  In  dial. 
glossaries  (Cumb.,  Hants.,  Som.,  etc.).  1895  F.  ANSTEY 
Lyre  <y  Lancet  vii.  70  You.. used  to  rag  me  for  not  readin' 
enough.  1899  T.  M.  ELLIS  Three  Cat's-eye  Rings  116 
She'll  keep  her  head,  and  I  hope  rag  'em  well. 

b.  To  annoy,  tease,  torment ;  spec,  in  University 
slang)  to  annoy  or  assail  in  a  rough  or  noisy  fashion ; 
to  create  wild  disorder  in  (a  room).  Cf.  RAG  sb$ 

1808  JAMIESON,  To  rag,  to  rally.  1877-  In  dial,  glossaries 
(Vks.,  Line.,  etc.).  1894  HALI,  CAINE  Manxman  v.  Jv.  293 
Nothing  much — nothing  to  rag  you  at  all.  1897  J.  WELLS 
Oxford  1 1 1 A . .  man . .  was  so  trying  that,  according  to  Oxford 
custom,  the  future  Archbishop  proceeded  to  'rag'  him. 

absol.  1896  I  sis  No.  112.  100/2  The  difficulty  of  '  ragging ' 
with  impunity  has  long  been  felt. 

2.  intr.  To  wrangle  over  a  subject. 

1889 '  J.  S.  WINTER  '  Mrs,  Bob  (1891)  275  If  it  is  constantly 
discussed  and  ragged  over  between  us,  we  shall  have  only 
a  miserable  life. 

Rag  (nieg),  z;.3  [Of  obscure  origin:  cf.  RACK  z/.3] 
trans.  To  break  up  (ore)  with  a  hammer,  prepara 
tory  to  sorting. 

1875  Ure"s  Diet.  Arts  II.  76  In  spalling  such  portions  as 
have  been  ragged,  an  additional  quantity  of  refuse  should 
be  excluded.  Ibid.  78  After  these  stones  are  washed  they 
are  ragged. 

t  Rag,  ^-4  Sc.  Cbs.  rarer-1.    (Meaning  obscure.) 

a  1585  POLWART  Fly  ting  tu.  Montgomerie  790  Buttrie 
bag,  fill  knag  !  thou  will  rag  with  thy  fellows. 

Raga,  obs.  form  of  RAJA(H. 

Ragabash  (rargabscf),  sb.  and  a.  Sc.  and  north, 
dial.  Forms  :  7-9  raggabash,  8-9  rag(g)abrash, 
9  ragabash,  (ragabosh,  Sc.  rag-a-buss).  [App. 
f.  RAG  sb.\  with  fanciful  ending.] 

1.  An  idle  worthless  fellow  ;  a  ragamuffin. 

1609  HEALEY  Discov.  Neiv  World  r.  v.  81  They  are  the 
veriest  Lack-latines,  and  the  most  Vn-alphabeticall  ragga- 
basbes  that  euer  bred  lowse.  1781  J.  H  UTTON  Tour  to  Caves 
(ed.  2)  Gloss.,  Raggabrash,  an  idle  ragged  person.  1825 
in  JAMIESON  Suppl.  1855-  In  various  northern  glossaries. 

2.  collect.  Rabble,  riff-raff. 

1824  MACTAGGART  Gallovid.  Encycl.  267  The  ragabash 
were  ordered  back.  1859  SALA  Tiv.  round  Clock  (1861)  361 
This  scum  of  frantic  knavery  and  ragabosb.  1891  HALL 
CAINE  Scapegoat  xxv,  The  raggabash  of  the  Sultan's  fol 
lowing  had  slunk  away  ashamed. 

3.  attrib.  or  as  adj.  Beggarly. 

1818  HOGG  Brownie  of  Bodsbeck^  etc.  II.  47  He  thought 
proper  to  ascribe  it  a'  to  his  ragabash  prayer.  1829  J. 
WILSON  in  Blackiv.  Mag.  XXV.  802 The  ragabash  rascals, 
who  sham  being  ministers. 

Ragacyoun,  obs.  form  of  ROGATION. 
Ra'galet.  rare.   [Obscurely  related  to  RAGGLE 
st>.1;  cf.  RAGLET.]    =RAGGLE  j/?.1 

1833  LOUDON  Encycl.  Archit.  §  940  Ragalets  (grooves),  2 
inches  deep  into  the  walls,  are  to  be  made  under  these  stones, 
to  receive  the  ends  of  the  slates.  1887  Diet.  A  rchit.^  Ragalet, 
the  Scotch  term  for  a  groove. 

t  Ra'gamuff.  Obs.  rare.   -  next. 

1591  HORSEY  Trav.  (Hakluyt  Soc.)  190,  I  was. .taken  by 
raggamouff  souldiers,  whoe  used  me  verie  ruffly.  [1863 
SALA  Copt.  Dangerous  I.  vii.  217  Even  thou  art  a  Gentle 
man,  little  Ragamuff.J 

Ragamuffi.ll  (rgepgamz>fin),  sb.  and  a.  Forms  : 
a.  4  ragamoffyn,  -mu£tyn,  -mofin,  5  ragomofin, 
6  rag  of  muffin,  6-9  ragga-,  7  ragge-,  7-8  rag-a-, 
g  Sc.  rag-o-,  7-  ragamuffin;  7-9  ragamuflian, 
(8  ragga-).  /9.  7  raggede-,  9  dial,  ragg'dmuffin. 
[Prob.  from  RAG  sbl  (cf.  RAGGED  i  c),  with  fanciful 
ending.] 

fl.  The  name  of  a  demon.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xxi.  283  Ac  rys  vp  ragamoffyn  and 
recne  me  alle  J?e  barres,  That  belial  by  bel-syre  beot  with  J>y 
damme. 

2.  A  ragged,  dirty,  disreputable  man  or  boy. 

1581  G.  PETTIE  tr.  Gnazzo's  Ch'.  Conn.  (1586)  iv.  187  b, 
Others  there  are.  .who  care  not  how  like  slouens  and  ragga- 
muffins  they  goe.  1607  DEKKEK  &  WEBSTER  Westiv.  Hoe 
D.'s  Wks.  1873  II.  350  What  set  of  Villaincsare  you,  you  per- 
petuall  Ragamuffins?  1622  T.  SCOTT  Newes  fr.  Pernasstts 
48  It  Is  no  marvaile  if  I  be  spoyled  to  clothe  so  many 
Raggede  muffins.  1704  SWIFT  Bait.  Bks.  Misc.  (1711)  243 
Rogues  and  Ragamuffins,  that  follow  the  Camp  for  nothing 
but  the  Plunder.  1764  IHetH.  G.  Psalmanazar  152,  I  soon 
persuaded  half  a  dozen  of  my  fellow  ragamuffians  to  follow 
me.  ciSi?  HOGG  Tales  #  Sk.  V.  178  Come  out,  ye  vile 
rag-o-muffm.  1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Rudge  xxxv,  A  set  of 
ragamuffins  comes  a-shouting  after  us,  '  Gordon  for  ever  ! ' 
1894  Jfcssopp  Rand.  Reatn.  ii.  32  A  caretaker,  .to  warn  off 
ragamuffins. 

b.  attrib.. QI  as  adj.  Rough,  beggarly ;  good-for- 
nothing,  disorderly. 

i6oa  ROWLANDS  Greenes  Ghost  37  There  are  a  certaine 
band  of  Raggamuffin  Prentises  about  the  towne,  that  will 
abuse  anie  vpon  the  smallest  occasion  that  is.  1668  EVELYN 
tr.  Frearfs  Idea  Perfect.  Paint.  105  He  rather  chose  to 
resemble  a  ragamuffin  Vagabond  than  a  Philosopher.  1771 
GRAVES  Spir.  Qnix.  vin.  xxiii.  (1783)  II.  262  Mr.  Aid- 
worth,  .turned  over  the  rest  of  this  ragamuffin  assembly  to 
the  care  of  his  Butler.  1812  H.  &  J.  SMITH  Rej.  Addr.,  T. 
Drury  Lane  (Revival),  Many  a  raggamuffin  clan  With 
trowel  and  with  hod.  1858  R.  S.  SURTEKS  Ask  Mamma 
xxiv.  92  Look  at  a  shooter, — what  a  ragamuffin  dress  his  is. 

3.  dial.  The  long-tailed  titmouse. 

1885  SWAINSON  Names  Birds  31. 

Hence  Rajfamuffinery  =  Ragamnffinry.  Rag*a- 
miiffiness,  a  female  ragamuffin.  Ragamuffin- 
ism,  the  world  of  ragamuffins.  Ragfamuffinize 


BAG-BAG. 

v.  trans.,  to  render  disreputable.  Ragamuffinly  a., 
beggarly.  Ragamuffinry,  (a)  the  disreputable 
classes  of  society ;  (K)  depraved  actions  or  conduct. 
1831  Fraser's  Mag.  IV.  5  A  fair  specimen  of  the  manner 
in  which  the  *ragamuffinery  will  manage  their  members. 
1868  HELPS  Rcalniith  xvii,  Six  or  eight  *ragamuffinesses . . 
began  to  dance.  1859  MASSON  Brit.  Novelists  ii.  95  He. . 
knew  the  very  face  of  the  mob  and  *ragamufnnism  in  its 
haunts.  1831  Blacbw.  Mag.  XXXI.  668  You  will  not 
object,  .to  *ragamuffinize  that  House  a  little.  1890  JESSIE 
FOTHERGILL  March  in  Ranks  I.  x.  154  His  attire  was., 
shabby,  not  to  say  "ragamuffinly  in  the  extreme.  1831 
Fraser's  Mag.  III.  745  Hunt,  .is  jostled  by  every-day com 
peers  in  "ragamuffinry.  Ibid.  IV.  131  The  whole.,  of  the 
ragamuffinry  of  the  town  proceed  to  the  fight.  1851  Lift; 
Snnynn  in  Scotfs  Pilgr.  Progr.  6  He  never  committed 
theft  or  ragamuffinry  ns  a  boy. 

Ra'g-bag.     A  bag  in  which  rags  or  scraps  of 
cluth  are  collected  or  stored. 

1861  DICKENS  Gt.  Expect,  xl,  An  animated  rag-bag  whom 
she  called  her  niece.     1873  Miss   BRADDON  Str.  <y  Pilgr. 
III.   xii.  360   Her   brain   was  . .  a  chaos  of    many-coloured 
scraps  and  shreds,  like  a  good  house-keeper's  rag-bag.    1884 
Casselfs  Fain.  Mag.  Feb.  155/1  Many  people.,  would,  .be 
surprised  if  they  could  see  the  contents  of  a  rag-bag. 
b.  transf.  and_/f§-.  A  motley  collection. 
1864  LOWELL  Whs,  (1890)  V.  156  The  Convention  was  a 
rag-bag  of  dissent.     1883  A.  DALE  Jonathan's  Home  108 
That  indescribable  medley  of  houses,  a  ragbag  of  dwellings. 
Ra'g-bolt.     [?f.  RAG  rf.l  6.]     A  bolt  having 
barbs  directed  towards  the  head,  so  that  it  cannot 
be  easily  withdrawn  after  it  is  driven  in  ;  a  jag-bolt 
or  barb-bolt. 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Grain,  ii.  5  Rag  bolts  are  so 
iaggered  that  they  cannot  be  drawne  out.  1691  T.  H[ALE] 
Ace.  New  Invent.  47  The  Ragg-bolts  eaten  away  to  nothing. 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1776)  Y  2,  A  rag-bolt  is  re 
tained  in  it's  situation  by.. barbs.  1836  in  Civil  Eng.  % 
Arch.  Jrnl.  (1838)  I.  150/2  Additional  ties  were. .put  in  at 
every  other  oak  pile,  and .  .secured  down  by  rag-bolts. 

Hence  Ba-g-bolt  v.  trans.,  to  fasten  down  by 
rag-bolts. 

1836  in  Civil  Eng.  f,  Arch.  yrnl.  (1838)  I.  150/2  It  even 
became  necessary ..  to  place  stringers  outside  of  the  sheet 
piles,  .and  to  rag  bolt  them  down. 

Rag- burned.  A  term  applied  to  tin-witts  which 
have  undergone  the  first  roasting.  So  Rag-burning. 

1875  U re's  Diet.  Arts  III.  1003  Instead  of  being  at  once 
completely  roasted,  the  '  whits  '  from  the  stamps  are  some 
times  first '  rag '  (or  partially)  burnt,  for  about  six  or  eight 
hours.  1881  RAYMOND  Mining  Gloss.,  Rag-burning. 

Rage  (rf'd.^),  sb.  Also  5  rag,  6  raige,  rayge, 
Sc.  raig,  rege.  [a.  F.  raige,  rage  (i  ith  c.)  =  Prov. 
ratje  :—*rabje  \-rabia  late  L.  form  (cf.  Sp.,  Pg. 
rabia,  It.  rabbia)  of  rabies  RABIES.] 

I.  1.  Madness  ;  insanity ;  a  fit  or  access  of 
mania.  Obs.  exc.poet. 

,c  '3a5  Metr.  Horn.  141  Snakes  and  nederes..!ep  upward 
til  his  visage,  And  gert  him  almast  fal  in  rage.  1390  GOWER 
Conf.  I.  40  Wher  that  wisdom  waxeth  wod,  And  reson 
torneth  into  rage.  £1400  MAUNDEV.  viii.  (1839)  89  He  felle 
in  a  rage,  and  oute  of  his  Wytt.  1552  LYNOESAY  Monarche 
5137  Thocht  sum  de  Naturally,  throuch  aige,  Fer  mo  deis 
raiffand  in  one  raige.  1590  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  iv.  iii.  88 
The  reason  that  1  gather  he  is  mad,  Besides  the  present 
instance  of  his  rage  [etc.].  1605  —  Lear  iv.  vii.  78  Be  com 
forted  good  Madam,  the  great  rage  You  see  is  kill'd  in 
him.  1700  DRYOEN  Pal.  fr  Arc.  J.  542  M useful  mopings, 
which  presage  The  loss  of  reason  and  conclude  in  rage. 
1819  SHELLEY  Peter  Bell  yd  vil.  xv,  To  wakeful  frenzy's 
vigil  rages,  As  opiates,  were  the  same  applied. 

t  b.  Madness,  folly,  rashness ;  an  instance  of 
this,  a  foolish  act.  Obs. 

13..  K.  A  Us.  4336  Alisaundre  ..  bad  non  have  the  rage 
Theo  _water  to  passe  of  Estrage.  c  1320  Cast.  Love  197 
Thus  is  Adam,  thorwh  rufull  rage  I-cast  out  of  his  eritage. 
«  1400  R.  Brunnc's  Cliron.  lyrace  (Rolls)  11598  Ffor  loue 
men  dob  gret  outrage  \l'etyt  MS.  many  rage].  1412-20 
LYUG.  Chron.  Troy  \.  vi,  It  were  a  rage  a  man  from  him  to 
chase  Wilfull  fortune  whan  she  is  beninge. 
t  c.  Rabies.  Obs. 

1558  WARDE  tr.  A  lexis'  Seer.  (1568)28  Agaynst  the  bytyng 
of  a  madde  dogge,  and  the  rage  or  madnesse  that  followeth 
ihe  man  after  he  is  bitten.  1595  DL'NCAN  Appendix  Etymol., 
Rabies,  rage  of  a  dogge. 

2.  Violent  anger,  furious  passion,  usually  as  mani 
fested  in  looks,  words  or  action ;  a  fit  or  access  of 
such  anger ;  f  angry  disposition. 

a.  of  persons : 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  4415  In  is  wod  rage  he  wende  Vor 
to  awreke  is  vncle  deb.  c  1330  Arth.  fg  Merl.  2422  (Kolbing) 
pe  king  com  wib  his  barnage  &  tounes  brent  in  gret 
rage.  Y  a  1366  CHAUCEII  Rom.  Rose  156  A-midde  saugh 
I  Hate  stonde  ..  grinning  for  dispitious  rage.  a  1548 
HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  i'{  163  b,  He  could  not  appeace 
the  furious  rage  of  the  common  people.  1607  SHAKS. 
Cor.  v.  iii.  85  Desire  not  t'allay  My  Rages  and  Re- 
uenges,  with  your  colder  reasons.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg. 
Georg.  tv.  652  The  Seer,  who  could  not  yet  his  Wrath 
assuage,  Rowl'd  his  green  Eyes,  that  sparkled  with  his 
Rage.  1773  MRS.  CHAI'ONE  Impror.  Mind  (1774)  II.  19 
The  sharpest  accusation  excites  pity  or  contempt,  rather 
than  rage.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  ofL.  v.  xv,  The  foe  . .  Foil'd 
his  wild  rage  with  steady  skill.  1862  CARLYLE  Fralk.  Gt. 
x.  i.  (1872)  III.  208  Liable  to  rages,  to  utterances  of  a  coarse 
nature. 

b.  of  animals : 

13..  If.  Alis._  555  Theo  lady  gede  to  theo  drake,  He  lette 
his  rage  for  hire  sake.  1390  GOWKR  Conf.  III.  267  Riht  as 
Leon  in  his  rage,  Which  of  no  drede  set  acompte.  £  1500 
Lancelot  3173  In  his  ferss  curag  Of  armys,  as  o  lyoune  in 
his  rag.  1611  BIBLE  Job  xxxix.  24  [The  horse]  swalloweth 


107 

the  ground  with  fiercenesse  and  rage.  1687  DRYDEN  Hind 
ft  P.  I.  305  The  Wolf,  the  Bear,  the  Boar  . .  Their  rage  re 
pressed,  . .  stand  aloof,  and  tremble.  1720  Pore  Iliad  xvn. 
609  So  looks  the  Lion  o'er  a  mangled  Boar,  All  grim  with 
Rage.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  VI.  xxii,  The  prison'd  eagle 
dies  for  rage. 

t3.  Vehement,  violent  or  impetuous  action  (of 
persons) ;  vigour,  rapidity,  haste.  Obs. 

13. .  K.  Alis.  980  That  othres  flowen  with  gret  rage.  13. . 
Scuyn  Sag.  (W.)  480  Sche  to-cragged  hire  visage,  And 
gradde,  '  Harow  ! '  with  gret  rage.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  III. 
219  Til  that  thei  sihe  time,  and  knewe,  That  thei  be  fled 
upon  the  rage,  c  1483  Digby  Myst.  (1882)  in.  1331  Masengyr, 
owt  of  bis  town  with  a  rage  ! 

t  b.  An  act  of  violence ;  a  fight.   Obs.  rare. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  ll'aca  (Rolls)  16173  P>'S  byword 
was  fonge  y-told,  pys  bey  seide  at  ilka  rage.  —  Chron. 
(1810)  114  Whan  Rauf  herd  him  so  seie,  he  dight  him  to 
pat  rage. 

4.  transf.  Violence,  violent  operation  or  action, 
'fury'  ^of  things,  e.  g.  wind,  the  sea,  fire,  etc.). 

c  1320  Sir  Bents  (MS.  A.)  4580  f>e  wind  blew  hardde  wib 
gret  rage.  1340  Ayeub.  142  Uor  be  rage  and  uor  be  tem- 
peste  of  euele  tongen.  1-1400  Rout.  Rose  1516  The  arwis 
were  so  fulle  of  rage.  1313  DOUGLAS  /Ends  x.  xii.  19  The 
fors.  .of  the  hevynnis  and  byr  of  seis  rage.  1562  PILKINGTON 
Expos.  AMyas  Pref.  S  The  rage  of  fyre  is  swaged  with 
water.  1634  SIR'!'.  HERBERT  Trav.  39  Bodies,  .exposed  to 
the  Sunnes  fiery  rage.  1770  ARMSTRONG  Imitations  85 
Every  petty  brook. .  mocks  the  river's  rage.  1822  SHELLEY 
Calderon  ii.  64  In  contempt  of  the  elemental  rage  A  man 
comes  forth  in  safety. 

b.  A  flood,  high  tide,  sudden  rising  of  the  sea. 

1390  GOWKR  Conf.  III.  103  Thilke  almyhty  bond  With- 


greater  rage  come  in.  1885  LADY  BRASSEY  '1  he  Trades  361 
Ihese  apparently  unaccountable  risings  of  the  waves  are 
called  by  the  natives  [of  the  Bahamas]  '  rages  '. 

fc.  A  fierce  blast  of  wind.   Obs.   rare—1. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt.'s  T.  1127  And  ther  out  came  a  rage 
and  suche  a  veze  That  it  made  al  the  gate  for  to  rese. 

1 5.  Extravagant,  riotous,  or  wanton  behaviour  ; 
sport,  game ;  jest,  jesting  talk.  Obs. 

£1320  Sir  Kaies  (MS.  A)  2967  An  erneste  &  a  rage  [He] 
euer  spekeb  frensche  laungage.  c  1330  Arth.  ff  Merl.  4618 
(Kolbing)  pou  schust  leten  bi  folye,  pi  rage  &  bi  ribaudye. 
a  1400  Kobcrd  t]f  Cisyle  (Vernon  MS.)  190  per  nas  in  court 
grom  ne  page  pat  of  be  kyng  ne  made  rage,  c  1425  Seven 
Sag.  (P.)  2177  The  knave  ..  bygan  onnoon  hys  rage,  And 
cast  watyr  oppon  the  kage. 

6.  A  violent  feeling,  passion,  or  appetite.     Also, 
violence,  severity,  height  {of  a.  feeling,  etc.). 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  237  Sardanapallus  ..  Was  ..  Falle 
into  thilke  fyri  rage  Of  love.  14..  in  Tundatc's  I'is.  96 
Whom  a  sarpent  falsly  dyd  exyle  Of  fals  malice  in  a  soden 
rage.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  iv.  ii.  53  Quhat  helpis  to  vesy 
templis  in  luiffis  raige?  Ibid.  VIII.  ir.  i  Eftir  that  stanchit 
was  the  hungris  rage.  1570  FOXE  A.  ff  M.  1767/1  If  the 
rage  of  the  payne  were  tolerable  ..  he  should  lift  vp  his 
handes.  1593  SHAKS.  Lucr.  424  His  rage  of  lust  by  gazing 
qualified.  1691  LADY  R.  RUSSELL  Lett.  II.  95  The  present 
rage  of  your  sorrow.  1709  STEELE  Taller  No.  34  F  2  It  is 
in  vain  to  give  it  when  the  Patient  is  in  the  Rage  of  the 
Distemper.  1784  BURNS  Man  ~.t<as  made  to  Monrn  ii,  Does 
thirst  of  wealth  thy  step  constrain  Or  youthful  pleasure's 
rage.  1833  TENNYSON  Miller's  Dau.  192  You  must  blame 
Love.  His  early  rage  Had  force  to  make  me  rhyme  in  youth. 
b.  Violent  desire  ;  sexual  passion  ;  heat. 

7^1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  1657  Whan  I  was  with  this 
rage  hent  That  caught  hath  many  a  man  and  shent.  1390 
GOWER  Conf.  111.2^1  That  ilke  fyri  rage  In  which  that  thei 
the  lawe  [of  Manage]  excede.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems 
Ixxxlv.  8  Quhone  the  biche  is  jolie  and  on  rage.  1552 
LYNDESAY  Monarche  in.  4706  [Personis]  lyke  Ralnmis  in  to 
thair  rage.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  in.  iii.  89  When  he  is  drunke 
asleepe  :  or  in  his  Rage.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg .  Georg.  in.  381 
'Tis  with  this  Rage,  the  Mother  Lion  stung,  Scours  o'er  the 
Plain . .  Demanding  Rites  of  Love. 

t  c.   Violent  sorrow ;  a  fit  of  this.    Obs.  rare. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Frank/.  T,  108  Hir  grete  sorwe  gan 
aswage ;  She  may  nat  alwey  duren  in  swich  rage,  c  1530 
LD.  BERNERS  Arth.  Lyt.  Bryt.  (1814)  51  Than  Florence 
stepped  forth  all  in  a  rage,  and  piteously  cried  and  sayd. 
c  1586  F.pit.  Sidney  in  Sfettser's  Wks.  (Globe)  571/2  Silence 
augmenteth  grief,  writing  encreaseth  rage. 

fd.  Violent  pain.    Hence  humorously  suggested 
as  a  name  for  a  set  of  teeth.  Obs.  rare. 

1486  Bk.  St.  Allans  F  vij,  A  Rage  [  =  set]  of  the  teethe. 
1520  Calisto  ^  Melioxa  C  i,  Mel.  I  ask  the  how  long  in  this 
paynfull  rage  He  hath  leyn.  Cel,  He  hath  be  in  this  agony 
this  .viii.  days.  1561  HOLLYBUSH  Horn.  Apoth.  17  b,  As  sone 
as  he  had  taken  it,  furthwyth  had  he  suche  a  rage  and 
grepyng  wythin  hyin. 

fe.  Extreme  hunger.   Obs.  rare—1. 

a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Htion  cix.  375  We  haue  no  thynge  to 
ete  nor  drynke,  wherfore  we  shal  dye  for  famyne  and  rage. 

7.  A  vehement   passion  for,  desire"  of,  a  thing. 
Also  const,  infill,  and  absol. 

1593  SHAKS.  Lucr.  468  This  moves  in  him  more  rage.. To 
make  the  breach.  1671  MILTON  Samson  836  Call  it  furious 
rage  To  satisfie  thy  lust.  1697  DRYDEN  I'irg,  Geoi-g.  iv.  299 
Such  Rage  of  Honey  in  their  Bosom  beats.  1750  H.  WAL- 
POLE  Lett.  (1846)  II.  359  You  can't  conceive  tne  ridiculous 
rage  there  is  of  going  to  Newgate.  1758  JOHNSON  in  Bos- 
well  xii,  Warburton..hasarage  for  saying  something, when 
there's  nothing  to  be  said.  1820  SHELLEY  Witch  Att.  xviii, 
The  earth.consuming  rage  Of  gold  and  blood.  1882  A.  W. 
WARD  Sickens  iii.  65  The  rage  which  possesses  authors  to 
read  their  writings  aloud. 

b.  (A/I)  the  rage  :  said  of  the  object  of  a  wide 
spread  and  usually  lemporary  enthusiasm. 

1785  Eiovf.  Mag.  VIII.  473  The  favourite  phrases. .The 


RAGE. 

Rage,  the  Thing,  the  Twaddle,  and  the  Bore.  1836  T. 
HOOK  G.  Gftriuy  I.  52  At  that  period  it  was  the  rage  to 
parodize  tragedies.  1837  MARRYAT  Perc.  Keene  ii,  In  a 
short  time  my  mother  became  quite  the  rage.  1870  LD. 
MALMESBUHY  laAUaunan  4  June  734  In  1776, the  game  of 
Commerce  ' . .  v.  as  '  all  the  rage  '. 

8.  Poetic  or  prophetic  enthusiasm  or  inspiration  ; 
musical  excitement. 

c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  xvii,  So  should. .your  true  rights  be 
term'd  a  poet's  rage,  c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad  i.  66  His  pro 
phetic  rage  Given  by  Apollo.  1713  Poi'E  Pro/.  Addison's 
Cato  44  Assert  the  stage,  Be  justly  warm'd  with  your  own 
native  rage.  1795  WOLCOTT  (P.  Pindar)  Loufiad  ir,  The 
ragged  Warblers  pour  their  tuneful  rage.  1811  SCOTT  Don 
Roderick  I.  iii,  For  Homer's  rage  A  theme.  1857-69  HKAVV- 
SEGESaitl  (1869)  173  Beat  out  harsh  rhythms  with  augment 
ing  rage. 

9.  Martial  or  high  spirit,  ardour,  fervour,  manly 
enthusiasm  or  indignation. 

1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  iv.  vi.  13  Leaden  Age,  Quicken 'd 
with  Youthful!  Spleene,  and  Warlike  Rage.  1700  DHYDEN 
Pal.  ff  Arc.  i.  117  The  soldiers  shout  around  with  generous 
rage.  1720  POPE  Iliad  xvn.  305  Merion  burning  with  a 
Hero's  Rage.  1850  TENNYSON  In  .Mem.  xxvii,  I  envy  not  in 
any  moods  The  captive  void  of  noble  rage. 

10.  Excitement  or  violence  of  an  action,  operation, 
etc. ;  also,  the  acutest  point  or  heat  of  this. 

1593  SHAKS.  Lucr.  145  All  for  one  we  gage;  As  life  for 
honour  in  fell  baltle's  rage.  1725  N.  ROBINSON  Th.  I'hysick 
124  This  Fever.,  assaults  with  all  the  kage  and  Fury  of 
Burning.  1756  BIKKE  I'ind.  Xat.  Sac.  Wks.  1842  I.  7 
C>ii:at  carnage  did  in  those  times  and  countries  ever  attend 
the  first  rage  of  conquest.  1784  COUTER  Task  in.  519  As 
time  subdues  The  rage  of  Hjrm^ntation.  1831  MACAULAY 
Let.  to  Sister  in  Trevelyan  Life  (1876)  I.  iv.  233  The  rase 
of  faction  at  the  present  moment  exceeds  any  thing  that  has 
been  known  in  our  day. 

1'  11.  An  alleged  name  for  a  company  of  maidens. 

1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  F  vj  b,  A  Rage  of  Maydenys:  a 
Rafull  of  Knauys. 

12.  attnb.  and  Comb.,  as  rage-infuriate ,  -swelling 
adjs. ;  f  rage-apples  ;see  RAGIMI/^/.  a.  b,. 

1578  LYTE  JJodoens  m.  Ixxxv.  438  Of  Madde  Apples,  or 
Rage  Apples.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  i.  14  The  violent  force 
of  his  rage  swelling  courtesie.  1806  J.  N.  WHITE  Poems  54 
A  rage-infuriate  train. 

t  Rage,  a.  Obs.  [f.  RAGE  sb.  or  v.  ;  cf.  OUT- 
KA<;E  a.]  Mad,  raging  ;  wanton. 

13..  Coer  tie  L.  828  Sche  gahchyd  herself  in  the  vysage, 
As  a  wyminan  that  wolde  be  rage,  c  1330  Amis  .(•  Amil. 
1945  The  gode  man  wende  he  hadde  ben  rage.  1426  Lvnc 
Dl  Guil.  Pilgr.  16367  The  Rage  Floode  off  worldly  Tribula- 
cion  kometh.  c  1430  —  Kcas.  ff  Sens.  6988  Swifter  also  of 
passage,  More  than  any  Tigre  rage.  1573  TL-SSER  Htisb. 
(1878)214  Cocking  Dads  make  sawsie  lads  In  youth  so  rage, 
to  beg  in  age. 

Rage  (r^'dj),  v.  Also  6  Sc.  raige.rege.  [ad. 
F.  rager  (i3th  c.),  f.  rage  RAGE  si>.] 

f  1.  intr.  To  go  mad  ;  to  be  mad  ;  to  act  madly 
or  foolishly.  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  6986  pai.Jefte  be  la;;h  of  hei  drihtin. . 
Qua_  herd  euer  men  sua  rage  !  a  1533  Lu.  BERNERS  Hnon 
cxvii.  423  Shortely  delyuer  vs,  for  we  rage  for  famyne. 
1567  Gude  ff  God  lie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  203  Thay  ar  with  dolour 
pynde,  And  lyke  to  raige  out  of  thair  mynde. 

2.  To  show  signs  of  madness  or  frenzy ;  to  rave 
in  madness  or  fury;  to  act  or  speak  wildly  or 
furiously;  to  storm;  Sc.  to  scold.  Also,  to  have 
frenzied  or  angry  feelings,  to  be  full  of  anger. 

a  1300  Cursor  J/.  7621  Saul  . .  Als  he  was  won  bi-gan  to 
rage.  13..  Coer  de  L.  2106  The  emperour  be^an  to  rage; 
He  grunte  his  teeth  and  fast  blewe.  1528  TINDALE  Obed. 
C/ir.  J/a«Wks.  (1573)  i2o'J  hen  fume  \veand  rage  and  set  vp 
the  bristels  and  bend  owrselues  to  take  vengeaunce.  1631 
GOUGE  GocTs  Arraivs  I.  §  71.  119  Some.. that  are  affected 
therewith,  rage  and  rave.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  XL  444 
Whereat  hee  inlie  rag'd,  and  as  they  talk'd,  Smote  him. 
1710  STEELE  Taller  No.  217  p  ii  If.  .the  Beauteous  could 
but  rage  a  little  before  a  Glass,  and  see  their  pretty  Counte 
nances  grow  wild.  1815  SHELLEY  Demon  of  U'orld  282 
They  did  rage  horribly,  Breathing  . .  fierce  blasphemies. 
1868  TENNYSON  Lucretius  272  She  heard  him  raging,  heard 
him  fall. 

b.  Const,  against,  at,  upon,  t  with. 

1519  HORMAN  Vitlg.  61  He  suffereth  men  all  to  rayle  and 
rage  vpon  hym.  1535  COVERDALB  2  Kings  xix.  27, 1  know. . 
that  thou  ragest  agaynst  me.  1591  SPENSER  M,  Hubberd 
1088  The  Tygre,  and  the  Bore,  . .  with  the  simple  Camell 
raged  sore  In  bitter  words.  1596  —  Slate  frel.  Wks. 
(Globe)  614/1  The  lawes  themselves  they  doe  specially  rage 
upon.  1642  ROGERS  Naaman  8  A  patient  raging  at  his 
Pnysitian.  1855  TENNYSON  The  Letters  26,  I  raged  against 
the  public  liar.  1866  MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett.  III.  325  Hayward 
was  raging  against  the  Jamaica  business. 

t  c.  Of  poets :  To  be  under  inspiration,  rare—'. 

1611  BEAUM.  &  Fi-  Maid's  Trag.  i.  ii,  Poets,  when  they 
rage,  Turn  gods  to  men,  and  make  an  hour  an  age. 

t  3.  To  behave  wantonly  or  riotously  ;  to  take 
one's  pleasure;  to  play.  Const,  with  (a  person). 

a  1300  Body  ff  Soul  in  Map's  Poems  347  Body,  miht  thou 
nouht  lepen  to  pleyen  ant  rage.  1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl. 
SynnfjScfi  To  pley  wyb  wommen  and  to  rage.  1390  GOWEK 
Conf.  I.  101  Sche  began  to  pleie  &  rage,  c  1430  Syr  Gtner. 
(Roxb.)  7107  Ye  shul  haue  youre  will  Of  my  maden,  al 
youre  fill  ;  And  rage  with  hir  ye  shal.  1508  DUNBAR  Tuft 
Mariit  ll'ctnen  386  Quhen  he  ane  hail  }ear  was  hanyt,  and 
him  behuffit  rage.  1597  SHAKS.  Lover's  Compl.  160  When 
we  rage,  advice  is  often  seen  By  blunting  us  to  make  our 
wits  more  keen. 

b.  Const,  in  (an  action,  practice,  etc.). 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  48  A  saumpul  her  be  Jjaem  I  say  pat 
rages  in  bare  riot  ay.  1567  Gude  ff  Godlie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  151 
Man  was  sa  wylde  and  nyce,  And  rageing  in  all  vjxe.  1599 

14-2 


pl 


RAGEFUL. 

SHAKS.  Muck  Ado  iv.  i.  62  Those  pampred  animalls,  That 
rage  in  sauage  sensualitie.  1645  QUARLES  Sol.  Recant,  in. 
28  One  while  we  plunge  in  teares  ;  and  by  and  by,  We  rage 
in  laughter. 

4.  transf.  of  things  (e.g.  wind,  the  sea,  etc.)  : 
To  be  violent  and  boisterous  ;   to  move  or  rush 
furiously. 

1535  COVERDALE  Ps.  xlvi.  3  The  waters  of  the  see  raged. 
1590  SHAKS.  Twit  Gent.  n.  vii.  26  The  Current  that  with 
gentle  murmur  glides..  being  stop'd,  impatiently  doth  rage. 
1611  BIBLE  Jer.  xlvi.  9  Come  vp  ye  horses,  and  rage  yee 
charets.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  211  The  madding  Wheeles 
of  brazen  Chariots  rag'd.  1795-1814  WORDSW.  Excnrs.  iv. 
536  Rage  on,  ye  elements  !  let  moon  and  stars  Their  aspects 
lend.  1819  SHKLLEY  Cenci  iv.  i.  114,  I  see  a  torrent  of  his 
own  bkKxf  raging  between  us.  183*  TENNYSON  Sisters  21 
The  wind  is  raging  in  turret  and  tree. 

b.  Of  passions,  feelings,  etc,  :  To  have  or  reach 
a  high  degree  of  intensity. 

1583  STUBBES  Anat.  Abus.  i.  E  iij  b,  Els  it  [pride]  could 
neuer  so  rage  as  it  dooth.     1605  SHAKS.  Lean,  ii.  178  His 
displeasure,  which  at  this  instant  so  rageth  in  him,  that..  it 
would  scarcely  alay.    1671  MILTON  Samson^  Thy  anger, 
unappeasable,  still  rages.     1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L,  i.  xxxv, 
Wild   were   the   heart   whose  passion's  sway   Could   rage 
beneath  the  sober  ray  !     1818  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  in.  xxi, 
Thirst  raged  within  me.     1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vi.  II. 
64  The  passion  for  play  raged  in  him  without  measure. 

C.  Of  a  disturbed  state  of  things  (as  a  storm,    i 
battle,  etc.)  :  To  have  course,  to  continue  or  prevail, 
without  check  or  with  fatal  effect  ;   to  be  at  thje 
height.      To  rage  out,  to  break  out  violently. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  i.  277  On  the  perilous  edge  Of  battel 
when  it  rag'd.  1705  ADDISON  Italy  7  Sudden  Tempests  rage 
within  the  Port.  1720  OZELL  V'ertot's  Koin.  Rep.  I.  in.  159 
Discord  raged  out  again  with  more  Fury  than  ever.  1784 
COWPER  Task  iv.  309  The  frost,  Raging  abroad,  and  the  , 
rough  wind.  1871  L.  STEPHEN  Playgr.  Eur.  iv.  (1894)  98 
The  gale,  .evidently  raged  above  our  heads. 

d.  Of  a  disease  or  pain  :  To  be  violent.     Also 
transf. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  iv.  iii.  68  Like  the  Hect'icke  in  my    j 
blood  he  rages.     1611   BEAUM.  &   FL.  Maid's  Trag.  n.  i,     ' 
Some  fever  rages  in  thy  blood.     1671  MILTON  Samson  619     j 
My  griefs  not  only  pain    me   As  a   lingring  disease,  Hut     : 
..ferment  and  rage.     1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  I.  217  All 
his  former  complaints  rage  with  more  than  double  fury. 
1800,  1840  [see  RAGING///,  a.  i  b]. 

e.  Of  a  tooth  f  or  sore  :  To  ache  violently. 
1567  TURBERVi  Epit.  etc.  616  That..  doth  cause  my  ranck- 

ling  sore  to  rage.  1604  [see  RAGING  ///.  a.  i  c].  1710  SWIFT 
Taller  No.  238  p  3  Old  Aches  throb,  your  hollow  Tooth 
will  rage.  1806  [see  RAGING///,  a.  i  c]. 

5.  To  be  widely  prevalent,  or  to  spread  widely, 
in  a  violent  or  virulent  form. 

1563  WiNaET_F<wr  Scoir  Thre  Quest.  Wks.  1888  I.  57 
Manifest  rebellioun  raigeing  at  this  praesent  aganis  Godis 
lane  word.  1737  POPE  Hor.  Ep.  n.  i.  254  Triumphant 
alice  rag'd  thro'  private  life.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist. 
(1776)  VII.  160  These  dangers  .  .  in  other  parts  of  the  world 
.  .still  rage  with  all  their  ancient  malignity.  1784  COWPER 
Task  in.  682  Vicious  custom,  raging  uncontrolled  Abroad, 
and  desolating  public  life. 

b.  esp.  of  epidemical  diseases. 

1584  COGAN  Haven  Health  ccxliii.  (1636)  320  The  same 
kinde  of  agew  raged  in  a  manner  over  all  England.     1667 
WOOD  Life  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  124  The  small  pox  rageth  much 
about   the   kingdom.     1732    BERKELEY   Alciphr.    in.    §    16 
Where  an  epidemical  distemper  rages.    1816  J.  WILSON  City 
of  Plague  in.  i.  168  The  Plague  That  rages  round  us.    1893 
TOUT  Ediv.  /,  iii.  49  Sickness,  .raged  throughout  the  camp. 

6.  To  act  with  fury,  ardour,  or  vehemence  ;  to 
move  furiously  over  (a  place)  or  about. 

*593  SHAKS.  3  Hen..  V[,  n.  iii.  26  Why  stand  we..heere, 
Wayling  our  losses,  while  the  Foe  doth  Rage.  1665  MANLEY 
Grotins  Low  C.  Warms  68  Those  Northern  Nations  raged 
over  all  these  parts  of  the  World.  1884  SYMONDS  Skaks. 
Predec.  iii.  no  The  Devil  leapt  from  the  cart  to  rage  about 
among  the  people. 

t  b.  To  exercise  one's  rage  on,  upon.   Obs. 

c  1540  tr.  Pol.  Verg.  Eng.  Hist.  (Camden  No.  36)  143  Yet 
these  rude  raskalls  .  .  raged  on  the  dead  carkas.  1603 
KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  867  With  the  same  [cruelty]  he 
also  raged  upon  the  meaner  sort  of  the  citizens, 

f7.  With  various  constructions:  To  be  violently 
bent  upon,  to  be  furiously  eager  to  (with  inf.),  to 
be  impatient/^.  Oh.  rare. 

1509  HA  WES  Past.  Pleas,  xm.  (Percy  Soc.)zo6  Insaciately 
upon  covetyse  to  rage.  1611  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Maid's  Trag. 
i.  i,  My  Lord,  the  Maskers  rage  for  you.  1671  MILTON 
Samson  1275  Violent  men..  raging  to  pursue  The  righteous. 

t  8.  trans,  (in  pa.  pple.}  To  enrage.   Obs.  rare. 

1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  II,  n.  i.  70  Young  hot  Colts,  being 
rag'd  do  rage  the  more. 

9.  refl.  To  bring  into  a  certain  state  by  raging. 

1831  CARLYLE  Sart.  Res.  n.  ix,  The  hot  Harmattan  wind 
had  raged  itself  out.  1839  BAILEY  Festns  xvi.  (1852)  199 
The  strong  passions.  .  Soon  rage  themselves  to  rest. 

Rage,  obs.  f.  RAG  sbl  Ragea,  obs.  f.  RAJA(H. 
Ragee,  variant  of  RAGI. 

Hrageful  (w'-d^ful),  a.     [f.  RAGE  sb.  +  -FUL.] 

1  1.  Mad,  frantic,  frenzied.   Obs.  rare. 

1580  SIDNEY  Arcadia  in.  (1598)  280  Then  Sorrow  lost  the 
witte  of  utterance,  and  grew  ragefull,  and  madde.  1635  A. 
STAFFORD  Fern.  Glory  (1869)  143  Any  other  desperate  signe 
of  ragefull  sorrow. 

2.  Full  of  rage  or  furious  anger. 

1580  SIDNEY  Arcadia  (1622)  142  With  ragefull  eyes  shee 
bad  him  defend  himselfe.  1599  SANDYS  Europx  Spec.  (1632) 
184  The  right  Zelez,  .  .are  as  malicious  and  ragefull  against 
the  Protestants  as  ever,  a  1639  W.  WHATELEY  Prototypes 
H.  xxix.  (1640)  144  That  bloudy  and  ragefull  murder.  1741 
RICHARDSON  Pamela  11.245  Her  fiery  Eyes,  and  rageful  i 


108 

Countenance,  made  me  lose  all  my  Courage.  1855  SINGLE 
TON  Virgil\\.  187  Allecto  doffs  grim  face  and  rageful  limbs. 
1885  TENNYSON  Anc.  Sage  269  Nor  be  thou  rageful,  like  the 
handled  bee. 

3.  transf.  of  things  :  Full  of  furious  activity. 

1597  BEARD  Theatre  God's  Judgem.  (1612)  68  The  furie  of 
that  ragefull  storme.  (11619  FOTHERBY  Atheom.i.  xii.  §  4 
(1622)  129  As  if  ragefull  windes  should  bring  this  ratling 
sound.  1668  H.  MORE  Div.  Dial.  in.  i.  (1713)  182  Some 
Chymical  Liquors,  .mingled  together  will  be  m  such  a  rage 
ful  Fermentation,  that  the  Glass  will  grow  hot,  1855 
SINGLETON  Virgil  II.  523  A  rageful  show'r  hath  washed 
it  down. 

Hence  Hatefully  adv. 

<zi6is  DONNE  Ess.  (1651)  123  Ragefully  tempested  with 
storms  of  persecution.  1865  Day  of  Rest  Oct.  585  The 
Israelite  was  ragefully  indignant.  1874  LISLE  CAKR  Jud. 
Givynne  I.  vii.  204  Again  he  stared  ragefully  and  viciously. 

tRa-geless,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RAGE  sb.  + 
-LESS.]  Devoid  of  rage. 

1578  T.  PROCTOR  Gorg.  Gallery  in  Heliconia  (1815)  I.  112 
With  Rageles  moodes  they  suffer  wronge. 

Rageman,  -ment,  -mon,  var.  RAGMAN. 

Rag'eous  (iv^dgas),  a.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  5 
rageouse,  5-6  ragyous,  5-8  ragious,  6  ragius. 
[a.  OF.  rageux,  -euse  (Godef.),  f,  rage  RAGE  sb. : 
see  -ous.]  Furious,  mad,  full  of  passion  :  a.  of 
persons,  their  attributes,  actions,  utterances,  etc. 

1440  in  Wars  Eng.  in  France  ( i864>II.  453  The  grete  trouble 
.  .begonne.  .by  the  rageous  demenyng  of  thayme  of  Basyle. 
1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xxli.  81  Tourned  from  herself  for 
grete  sorowe  in  to  a  rageouse  franesye.  1536  Rent.  Sedition 
i  Suche  ragious  outcries  of  souldiours,  noyse  and  brayeng 
of  horses.  1579  J.  JONES  Preserv.  Bodie  $  Sonle  I.  vii.  12 
Pithagoras . .  quenched . .  the  lusting  minde  ol  a  ragious  yong 
man.  1686  G.  STUART  Joco-Ser.  Disc.  n.  30  The  Rageous 
Pangs  that  I  ha'  tane  Wou'd  e'en  have  btirst'n  a  Heart  o1 
Stane.  a  1796  PEGGE  Derbicisms  Ser.  n,  Ragious,  fuli  of 
rage  or  anger,  very  angry.  1869-  In  northern  glossaries 
(Lonsd.,  Whitby,  Line.,  etc.).  1891  ATKINSON  Last'of  Giant- 
Killers  57  There  was  a  shrill  peal  of  laughter  such  as  to 
make  Mr.  Wolfwald  shivery  as  well  as  rageous. 
f  b.  transf.  of  things  (sea,  fire,  etc.).  Obs. 

1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  i.  ii.  (1544)5^6  boystruous  wyndes 
and  the  ragious  skie.  153^1  MORE  Confut.  Tindale  Wks. 
520/1  Fierce  &  ragyous  fire,  whyche  shall  consume  the 
aduersaryes.  c  1555  HARPSFIELD  Divorce  Hen.  b'111  (1878) 
177  The  rageous  insurges  of  the  wind  and  water. 

Hence  fRa'g'eouslyrt^. ;   I  Ra  g-eousiiess.  Obs. 

1509  FisHER.SVrw.  10  May  Wks.  (1876)  278  They  ragyously 
and  furyously  gape.  1540  HYRDE  tr.  Vi-ves^  Instr.  Chr. 
Worn.  (1592)  Ddvj,  What  a  ragiousnes  is  it,  to  set  thy 
chastity  common  like  an  harlot,  that  thou  maiest  gather 
riches?  1600  SURFLET  Countric  Farme  vi.  xvi.  758  If  there 
bee  any  water  it.  .will  boile  ragiouslie. 

Rager  (rJ'-d^ai).  Also  5  raiare.  [f.  RAGE  v. 
-f -EH  i.]  One  who,  or  that  which,  rages. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  422/1  Raiare  (K.  ragere),  radiator, 
rahulus.  1622  S.  WARD  Woe  to  Drunkards  (1627)  6  Wine 
is  a  rager  and  tumultuous  make-bate. 

b.  spec.  Austral.  (  An  old  and  fierce  bullock  or 
cow  that  always  begins  to  rage  in  the  stock-yard ' 
(Morris  Austral  Eng.  1898). 

1884*  R.  BOLDREWOOD'  Melb.  Mem.  xiv.  105  Amongst  them 
was  a  large  proportion  of  bullocks,  which  declined  with 
fiendish  obstinacy  to  fatten.  They  were  what  are  known  by 
the  stock-riders  as  '  ragers  '  or  '  pig-meaters '.  1890  —  Col. 
Reformer  (18911  223  The  '  rager  '  cuts  through  the  opposing 
ranks  like  a  dragoon  through  Chinese  infantry. 

tBa'gery.   Obs.   In  4-5  ragerie,  -ye.    [a.  OF. 

ragerie  i^Godef.)  :  see  RAGE  sb.  and  -EBY.]  Raging ; 
wantonness,  etc.  ;  a  frolic. 

(71386  CHAUCER  Wife's  Prol.  455,  I  was  yong  and  ful  of 
ragerye.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  337  Diane.. Was  come, and 
in  a  ragerie  Sche  seide  that  sche  bathe  wolde.  1422  HOCCLEVE 
"Jonathas  221  Fro  your  fyngir  mighte  it  fall,  Or  plukkid  of 
been  in  a  ragerie. 

Rag-fair,  [f.  RAG  j<M  +  FAIR  sb^\  A  mar 
ket  for  the  sale  of  old  clothes,  held  at  Hounds- 
ditch  in  London. 

172*  DE  FosCW.  Jack  (1840)  14  Til  go  into  Rag  fair,  and 
buy  me  a  pair  of  shoes.  1805  TURNBULL  in  Naval  Citron. 
XIV.  193  The  cellars  of  Rag-fair.  iSssDiCKENS  Dorrit  ix, 
Such  threadbare  coats  and  trousers.. never  were  seen  in 
Rag  Fair.  1894-5  Dicken^  Diet.  Lond.  135  s.v.  Jews,  Rag 
Fair,,  .the  greatest  old  clothes  market  of  the  metropolis,  is 
held  in  a  open  space  close  to  Houndsditch.  Sunday  morning 
is  its  busiest  time. 

attrib.  1722  DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  (1840)  14  We  bought  . .  a 
pair  of  Rag  fair  stockings.  1788  WOLCOTT  (P.  Pindar) 
B.  Peter  to  B.  Tom  Wks.  1812  I.  535  Bartering  like  Rag-fair 
Jews.  1840  LOUISA  S.  COSTELLO  Summer  amongst  Bocages 
II.  246  Quantities  of  ready-made  clothes. .all  of  coarse 
materials,  .giving  a  Rag-fair  effect,  anything  but  pleasing. 

fig.     1831  CARLYLE  Sort.  Res.  in.  iii,  The  tatters  and  rags 
of.,  worn-out  Symbols  (in  this  Ragfair  of  a  World). 
b.  slang.   (See  quots.) 

1785  GROSE  Diet.  Vulg.  Tongue,  Rag  Fair,  an  inspection  of 
the  linen  and  necessaries  of  a  company  of  soldiers,  commonly 
made  by  their  officers  on  Mondays,  or  Saturdays.  1890 
BARRERE  &  LELAND  Slang  Diet.  (1897),  Rag-fair  ..,  kit 
inspection. 

Rag-fallow,  -faugh.  Sc.  [The  sense  of  rag 
is  not  clear.]  (See  quots.)  So  Rag -fall  owing. 

1793~5  G.  ROBERTSON  Agric.  Surv.  Mid.  Lothian  3  (Jam.) 
Rag-fauch  is  ground  ploughed  up,  and  prepared  for  wheat, 
that  has  been  two  years  in  grass,  and  generally  gets  three 
furrows.  1805  R.  SoMERviLLE^£r/e.  Surv.  E.  Lothian  no 
Rag-fallow,  .consists  in  ploughing  the  clover  down  imme 
diately  after  the  first  cutting.  1853  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm 
(ed.  2)  II.  266/1  A  kind  of  fallowing,  technically  named  rag- 
fallowing,  ..consists  in  pulverising  lea  ground  in  summer 
as  a  preparation  for  wheat  in  autumn. 


BAGGED. 

Ragg :  see  RAG  rf.- 

Raggabash,  -brash,  variants  of  RAGABASH. 
Raggamouff,  obs.  variant  of  RAGAMUFF. 
Raggamuffian  -muffin,  obs.  ff.  RAGAMUFFIN. 
Ragged  (ne-ged),  a.1     Forms  :  a.  3-5  ragget, 
i   5  -eth,  4-9  Sc.  -it,  6  -at ;  4  raggede,  (,-ud,  4-5 
-id,  5-6  -yd,  6  -ued),  6  -wragged,  3-  ragged.     /3. 
5  ragyt,  5-6  -it ;  4-6  raged,  (5  -ud,  5-6  -yd). 
'    7.  6  ragd(e,  6-7  rag'd,  8-9  north,  dial,  ragg'd, 
raggt.     [f.   RAG  sb\  +  -ED;   but  the  early   uses 
(senses   I   and   2)   are  not  directly  based  on  the 
prominent  sense  of  the  sb.,  and  may  have  retained 
an  older  and  more  general  meaning  of  the  word 
(cf.  RAGGY,  and  Norw.  ragget  shaggy).] 

I.  1.  Of  animals,  their  fur,  etc.  :  Rough,  shaggy, 
hanging  in  tufts. 

13..  Jf.  Alls.  684  His  men  him  brought.. A  grisly  best, 
a  ragged  colt.  Ibid.  4471  A  raggid  wolf,  a  1400  Octonian 
839  That  fole,  Raggeth,  and  hegh,  and  long  of  swere.  c  1450 
Arl/i.  ff  Merl.  L  1583  (Kolbing)  His  tayle  was  ragged  [v.r. 
raggud]  as  a  feond.  1579  SPENSER  Shepk,  Cat.  Feb.  5  My 
ragged  rentes  all  shiver  and  shake.  1697  DRVDEN  Virg.  Past. 
in.  i  What  Shepherd  owns  those  ragged  Sheep?  1786  BURNS 
Dream  xi,  Aft  a  ragged  cowte's  been  known  To  mak  a  noble 
aiver.  1791  '  G.  GAMBADO'  Ann.  Horsem.  (1809)  Pref.  55 
To  preserve  a  ragged  flock  of  sheep  from  the  rot.  1859 
KINCSLEY  Misc.  (1860)  II.  237  A  pair  of  ragged  ponies. 

t  b.  Of  the  Devil  or  devils,  imagined  as  shaggy 
!   like  beasts.   Obs.     (Cf.  RAGAMUFFIN,  RAGMAN!.) 
a  1300  in  Map's  Poems  (Camden)  338  A  thousend  develene 
..thei  weren  ragged,  roue,  and  tayled.     £1320  LANGTOFT 
1    C/iroit.  (Rolls)  II.  248  The  devel  I  them  bikenne That  ragged 
i    sit  in  helle.    c  1460  Tcnvnelty  Myst.  viii.  414  Help !   the 
I    raggyd  dwyll,  we  drowne  ! 

c.  Of  birds :  Having   the   feathers   broken,   or 
irregularly  disposed,     rare. 

1508  DUNBAR  Flyting  57  Kevin,  raggit  ruke,  and  full  of 
rebaldrie.    1611  COTGR.,  Fattlcon  halfo-eni,  a  Faulcon  thats 
!    ragged,  or  broken-feathered. 

2.  Of  a  rough,  irregular,  or  straggling  form ; 
having  a  broken  jagged  outline  or  surface ;  full  of 
rough  or  sharp  projections. 

a.  of  roots,  branches,  plants,  trees,  etc. 
13..  Caw.  ff  Gr.  Knt.  745  With  roje  raged  mosse.     1362 
LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  x.  120  Out  of  a  ragged  roote  and  of  rouwe 
breres.     1390  GOWER  Can/.  II.  177  That  was  to  day  a  ragged 


scratches  doth  their  Skin  bescramble.  1664  EVELYN  Kal. 
Hort.  (1729)  195  Rosemary  thrives  better  by  cutting  off  the 
Sprigs,  than  by  ragged  slips.  1794  COWPER  Needless  A  /arm 
14  Wide  yawns  a  gulf  beside  a  ragged  thorn.  1860  RUSKIN 
Mod.  Paint.  V.  VI.  x.  §  12.  97  Leaves  rent  into  alternate 
gaps  . .  give  the  expression  to  foreground  vegetation  which 
we  feel  and  call  '  ragged  '. 

b.  of  stones,  rocks,  cliffs,  buildings,  etc. 

<- 1400  Destr.  Troy  12559  Roches  full  rogh,  ragget  with 
stones.  CI43S  Torr.  Portugal  194  Ther  lay  a  gret  Ragyd 
ston.  1579  LvLY  Eufkices  (Arb.)  120  One  may.  .weare  the 
precious  Diamonde  though  he  dispise  the  ragged  bricke. 
1595  SPENSER  Col.  Clout  114  That  auncient  Cittie.  .Whose 
ragged  mines  breed  great  ruth.  1632  LITHGOW  Trim.  x. 
447  [Toledo]  is  situate  on  a  ragged  Rocke.  1695  J.  EDWARDS 
Perfect.  Script.  285  This  ragged  pile  was  of  much  antienter 
date.  1742  COLLINS  Eel.  iv.  iq  Yon  ragged  cliff,  whose 
dang'rous  path  we  tried.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  I.  xviii.  128 
I  descended,  .through  a  second  ragged  fissure. 

c.  of  a  stretcli  of  ground  or  country. 

1555  EDEN  Decades  350  The  toppe  of  the  mountayne 

sheweth  very  ragged.     1607  J.  NORDEN  Surv.  Dial.  v.  203 

Euen  the  best  meddowes  will  become  ragged  and  full  of 

unprofitable  weeds,  if  it  bee  not  cut  and  eaten.     1697  DAM- 

PIER  Voy.  (1729)  I.  256  To  the  West  of  this  ragged  Land  is 

a  Chain  of  Mountains.      1796  MRS.   E.   PARSONS  Myst. 

'     Warning  III.  188  A  ragged  and  unfrequented  part  of  the 

!    hill.    1867  TROLLOPE  Chron.  Bnrset  II.  1.  65  A  path  led 

through  a  ragged  garden. 

d.  of  other  things. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  5133  Rynoseros,  a  roghe  best  with 
rasgid  tyudis.  1598  SHAKS.  Merry  II-'.  iv.  iv.  31  Herne  the 
Hunter.,  with  great  rag'd-hornes.  1664  POWER  Exp. 
Philos.  i.  53  A  right  line  either  printed  or  drawn  never  so 
neatly  upon  paper  appears  all  ragged,  indented,  and  dis 
continued.  1821  SHELLEY  Prometk.  Unit.  Ml.  ii,  Through 
the  thick  ragged  skirts  Of  the  victorious  darkness.  1873 
BLACK  Pr.  Tliulc  vii.  112  The  wind  sent  ragged  bits  of 
yellow  cloud  across  the  shining  blue. 

t  e.  atsol.  as  sb.  The  rough  part,  roughness. 

a  1300  Ancr.  R.  284  note  (MS.  C.),  fe  file  fret  of  )>e  irn  )>e 
rust  &  let  ragget,  &  make3  hit  hwit  &  smeOe. 

3.  transf.  of  immaterial  things  (in  some  cases 
perh.  directly  associated  with  sense  5) : 
a.  Faulty,  imperfect,  irregular. 

c  I«K>  Priests  ofPeblis  1044, 1  am  red  that  my  count  be  ovir 

ngfit.     1579  E.  K.  Ded.  Spenser's  Sheph.  Cal.  f  ij,  Theyr 


HAWTHORNE  Eng.  Nate-Ms.(iBjy)  1. 133 Uttering  one  rough, 
ragged,  and  shapeless  sentence  after  another.  1888  MRS.  H. 
WARD  K.  Elsmere  IV.  xxx,  His  work . .  He  saw  it  all  as  the 
merest  nothing,  a  ragged  beginning.  1894  Times  6  Mar.  7/2 
Began  to  row  at  33  strokes  a  minute.  The  work  was  done  in 
ragged  fashion. 

b.  Of  sounds  :  Harsh,  discordant,  rough. 
1600  SHAKS.  A.Y.L.  n.  v.  15  My  voice  is  ragged  ;  I  know 
I  cannot  please  you.     1633  G.  HERBERT  Temple,  Ktdcmf- 
I    tion,  I  heard  a  ragged  noise  and    mirth  Of  Theeves  and 
Murderers.     1840  DICKENS  Barn,  Rudge  viii,  A  voice  as 
ragged  as  the  head. 


BAGGED. 

4.  Her.  =  RAGOLT. 

1562  LEIGH  Armorie  (1597)  31  b,  He  bearcth  Geules,  a 
long  crosse  ragged  and  trunked  Argent.  1727-41  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Ragnled,  Ragged  differs  from  indented,  in  that 
the  latter  is  regular,  and  the  former  not. 

II.  5.  Of  cloth,  garments,  etc. :    Rent,   torn, 
frayed,  in  rags. 

c  1325  Alexis  155  in  Horstm.  Alteiigl.  Leg.  (1881)  177  Full 
raggid  and  riuen  wase  his  clathis.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B. 
xi.  33  Recchelesnes  stode  forth  in  ragged  clothes,  c  1400 


another.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  iv.  ii.  41  Their  ragged  Cur- 
taines  poorely  are  let  loose.  1709  STEELE  TatU-r  No.  37 
F  3  Are  your  Petticoats  ragged  ?  1745  POCOCKE  Descr.  East 
II.  I.  166  Their  sheik  ..  came  out  to  us  in  a  ragged  habit  of 
green  silk,  lined  with  fur.  1870  DICKENS  E.  Drood  i,  He 
draws  back  the  ragged  curtain. 

b.  Of  places  :  Dilapidated,  broken-down,  rare. 
1805  WORDSW.  Prelude  in.  465  Ragged  villages  and  crazy 
huts.    1851  S.  JUDD  Margaret  xv.  124  A  small,  low,  ragged 
room. 

6.  Of  persons  :  Wearing  ragged  clothes  ;  dressed 
in  rags.     Hence  of  appearance,  etc. 

c  X37S  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xlvi,  (Anastas}  186  Fra  )>at  place 
ban  vald  he  ga,  raggit  &  rent  &  blak  alswa.  c  1530  Court 
of  Love  47^8  To  wander  lich  a  dulled  ass,  Ragged  and  torne, 
disgysed  in  array.  1570  GOLDING  Justin  x.xvin.  127  No 
better  but  a  sort  of  ragged  Shepeheardes.  1642  VICARS 
Cod  In  Mount  (1644)  78  A  ragged  regiment  of  malignant 
and  ill-affected  persons.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  #  F.  x.xxi.  III. 
215  A  swarm  of  dirty  and  ragged  plebeians.  1830  L.  HUNT 
Autobiog.  xx.  319  These  coadjutors  were.. the  raggedest 
fellows  in  Genoa.  _  1876  BESANT  &  RICE  Gold.  Butterfly 
Prol.  ii,  He  was  in  no  way  discomfited  by  any  sense  of 
false  shame  as  to  his  ragged  appearance. 

7.  Combs,  and  phrases,  as  ragged-looking  adj.  ; 
t  ragged-apples  (see  quot.)  ;   ragged  hip,  in  a 
horse :  a  hip  standing  away  from  the  backbone 
(hence  ragged-hipped  adj.);  ragged-jacket,  fregi- 
ment  (see  quots.)  ;  Ragged  Kobert  (see  quot.) ; 
ragged  school,  a  free  school  for  children  of  the 
poorest  class.     See  also  RAGGED  ROBIN,  STAFF. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xv.  xiv.  438  The  "ragged-apples 
Pammcea  take  this  name,  for  that  of  all  others  they  soonest 
be  riveld.  1799  Sporting  Mag.  XIV.  185  The  goose-rump 
as  well  as  the  'ragged  hip  [is]  another  angular  infringement 
of  Hogarth's  curve  of  beauty.  1843  YOUATT  Horse  xvii. 
353  Many  a  "ragged-hipped  horse  has  possessed  both  fleet- 
ness  and  strength.  1898  J.  A.  GIBBS  Cotswold  Village  345 
Well  ribbed  up,  he  is  at  the  same  time  rather  'ragged-hipped'. 
1884  GOODE  Use/.  Aquatic  Anim.  62  The  young  [of  the 
Harp  Seal]  when  first  born,  are  called  by  the  Newfoundland 
sealers  '  White-coats  ' ;  later,  during  the  first  molt, '  •Ragged- 
jackets '.  1884  '  H.  COLLISG\VOOD  '  (W.  J.  C.  Lancaster) 
Under  Meteor  Flag  3  Dull,  dirty,  "ragged-looking  clouds. 
1770  in  A  rcltxologia  1.37  note  This  table  of  pictures  is  fixed 


Geranium  Robertianum,  commonly  called  "Ragged  Robert. 
1843  Times  18  Feb.  1/3  Advt.  [headed]  '  "Ragged  Schools  '. 
1847  COCKBURN  Jrnl.  II,  172  There  was  a  public  meeting 
here  on  the  gth  instant  [April]  in  favour  of  what  are  now 
called  '  ragged  schools '. 

Hence  Ba'gg-edish  a.,  somewhat  ragged.  Ba'g- 
ge&y  (Sc.  Ba-gg'ety)  a.,  of  ragged  appearance. 

1837  New  Monthly  Mag.  XLIX.  235  A  large,  rather 
raggedish,  arm-chair.  IS^CKOCKETT  Raiders  211  Fore  and 
aft  of  the  herd  there  were  raggety  boys  holding  the  beasts 
in  check.  1899  Pall  Mall  G.  26  Dec.  2/1  A  man  with,  .un 
pleasant-looking,  raggedy  teeth. 

Bagged  (rjegd),  a.  2  (or  pple.)  dial.  [Of 
obscure  origin ;  connexion  with  prec.  is  not  clear.] 
Covered  with  fruit ;  thickly  laden. 

1661  HICKERINGILL  Jamaica  16  A  sort  of  Cabbage  trees, 
rag'd  with  berries,  a  1796  PEGGE  Derbkisms  Ser.  i.  1877- 
In  dial,  glossaries  (Yks. ,  Line.). 

Ragged  (ragd),  ///.  a.  [f.  RAG  v.3]  Sub 
jected  to  the  process  of  ragging  (vbl.  sb.S}. 

1873  Ure's  Diet.  Arts  II.  76  In  the  process  of  cobbing, 
either  ragged  or  spalled  work. 

Raggedemuffin,  obs.  form  of  RAGAMUFFIN. 

Raggedly  (rargedli),  adv.  [f.  RAGGED  s.i 
+  -LY  ~.]  In  a  ragged  manner. 

1552  HULOET,  Raggedly  arayed,  pannose.  1586  J.  MEL- 
VILL  Let.  in  IVodrow  Misc.  (1844)  438  He  spake  raggatly 
the  rough  truth.  1592  LD.  VAUX  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser. 
iv.  IV.  109,  I  am  come  upp  raggedlie  suted  and  clothed. 
1691  Meeting  at  Hague  in  ColL  Poems  37  All  raggedly  torn, 
this  Mobb  of  Commanders.  _  1854  THOREAU  Walden  (1884) 
293, 1  heard  the  foxes  . .  barking  raggedly  and  demoniacally 
like  forest  dogs.  1881  J.  HAWTHORNE  Fortune's  Fool  I.  v, 
The  grass  grew  tall  and  raggedly  in  the  shaded  corners. 

Baggedness  (ne'gednes).  [f.  RAGGED  a.1  + 
-NESS.]  The  fact  or  condition  of  being  ragged. 

1.  Roughness ;  irregularity  of  form,  surface,  etc. 
1538  ELYOT  Diet.,  Lamx,  the  raggydnesse  of  rockes.    1601 

HOLLAND  Pliny  xxxn.  x.  448  The  grosse  pickle  sauce  called 
A!ex..cureth  the  raggednesse  of  nails.  1610  DONNE  Lett. 
(1651)  224  You  have  been  so  long  used  to  my  hand  that  I 
stand  not  to  excuse  the  hasty  raggednesse  of  this  letter.  1658 
EVELYN  French  Gardiner (1675)  71  Pared  away  the  ragged 
nesse  which  the  saw  hath  left.  1725  BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet. 
s.v.  Shoeing  of  Horses,  The  raggedness  also  on  the  outside 
of  the  coffin  should  be  fil'd  away. 

2.  Ragged  state  of  clothing  or  persons. 

1580  SIDNEY  Arcadia  III.  (1598)  297  His  decking.,  being  cut 
out  into  the  fashion  of  very  rags  :  yet  all  so  daintily  ioyned 
together  with  precious  stones,  as  it  was  a  braue  raggednesse. 
1605  SHAKS.  Lear  in.  iv.  31  Your  lop'd,  and  window'd 
raggednesse.  1728-9  SWIFT  Lett.,  to  Worrall  13  Jan.  (1766) 


109 

II.  89  My  raggedness  will  soon  force  me  away.  1816  W. 
TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rto.  LXXXI.  121  That  ignoble  ragged- 
ness  with  which  Aristophanes  reproaches  this  tragedian. 
1859  SALA  '/'?</.  round  Clock  (1861)  96  His  silk  gown  is 
shabby,  almost  to  raggedness. 

3.  Jig.  Want  of  coherence,  connexion,  etc.    rare. 
1590  C.  S.  Right  Kelig.  32  These  painted  clothes  bewray 

the  raggednesse  of  their  religion.  1616  HIERON  Wks.  I.  586 
The  more  aduised,  holding  it  vp  (as  it  were)  against  the 
light,  see  the  rawnesse  and  raggednesse  and  independance 
of  that  which  is  deliuered. 

4.  Irregularity,  lack  of  uniformity. 

1885  Manch.  Guard.  28  Mar.  6/6  The  most  noticeable 
faults  of  the  Cantabs  are  bad  time  and  raggedness  of  feather. 
1894  Times  4  June  11/5  The  most  remarkable  feature  of  the 
shooting  was  the  raggedness  of  the  volleys. 

Bagged  Robin.  [See  ROBIN.]  One  of  the 
popular  names  of  a  well-known  English  flower, 
Lychnis  Floscticttli.  Also  altrib. 

1741  Compl.  Fam.-Piece  II.  iii.  401  Lychnis  Coronaria, 
Spiderwort,  ragged  Robbin.  1777  [see  CUCKOO-FLOWER]. 
1821  CLARE  Vill.  Minstr.  II.  133  The  ragged-robins  by  the 
spinney  lake.  1872  BLACK  Adv.  Phaeton  II.  xx.  92  The 
viscid  petals  of  the  Ragged  Robin  glimmered  a  bright 
crimson.  1873  RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  V.  279,  I  have  been 
quietly  drawing  ragged-robin  leaves. 
b.  transf.  A  ragged  person. 

1826  SCOTT  \yoodst.  ii,  I  took  thee  up  when  thou  wert  but 
a  ragged  Robin,  made  a  keeper  of  thee  and  so  forth.  1859 
TENNYSON  Geraint  724  The  Prince  Hath  pick'd  a  ragged- 
robin  from  the  hedge,  And.. brought  her  to  the  court. 

Bagged  staff.    [RAGGED  a.i  2.] 

1.  A  staff  with   projecting    stumps    or   knobs ; 
chiefly  in  reference  to  the  badge  or  crest   of  the 
Earls  of  Warwick. 

1449  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  222  The  Here.. hath  lost  his 
ragged  staffe.  1336  Chron,  Gr.  Friars  (Camden)  73  The 
pepulle  sayd  dyvers  that  ther  was  the  ragyd  stafTe.  1593 
SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI,  v.  i.  203  Old  Neuils  Crest,  The  rampant 
Beare  chain'd  to  the  ragged  staffe.  1685  TEMPLE  Ess., 
Gardens  Wks.  r73i  I.  185  [Vines]  should  be  left  but  like  a 
Ragged  Staff,  not  above  two  or  three  Eyes  at  most  upon 
the  Bearing  Branches.  1778  Eng.  Gazetteer  (ed.  2)  s.  v. 
Penrith,  A  town-house,  .beautified  with  bears  climbing  up 
a  ragged  staff.  1856  EMKRSON  Eng.  Trails,  Aristocracy 
Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  78  The  black  ragged  staff,  his  badge. 

2.  Nanl.  (See  quot.) 

1805  W.  HUNTER  in  Naval  Chron.  XIII.  13,  I  was  one 
day  watering  at  the  ragged  Staff.  {Kate.  So  called  from  the 
Stump  Mast.. fitted  into  the  Launch,  when  sent  to  get 
water,  in  order  to  hoist  the  Casks  in  and  out.] 

Raggee,   var.  RAGI.     Raggeman,  -muffin, 

obs.  ff.  RAGMAN,  RAGAMUFFIN. 

Ra-gger.  [f.  RAG  v.i  2b.]  One  who  sorts 
needles  by  means  of  a  rag. 

i8Si  WYNTER  Sac.  Bees  189  Heads  and  points  still  lie 
together,  and  in  order  to  put  them  all  in  the  same  direction, 
the  '  ragger  '  is  employed. 

Baggery  (ra'gari).  rare.  [f.  RAG  st.l  +  -EBY.] 
a.  Ragged  people,  to.  Rags,  collectively. 

1843  THACKERAY  Irish  SkM.  viii,  Round  the  coach  came 
crowds  of  raggery,  and  blackguards  fawning  for  money. 
1854-—  AVwowttt'f  xxxv,  Grim  portentous  old  hags.. draped 
in  majestic  raggery. 

Ragghe,  obs.  f.  RAG  sb:-     Raggi,  var.  RAGI. 

Ba-ggiug,  vbl.  sd.l  rare-*,  [f.  RAG  v.l] 
concr.  Ragged  edges  or  projections. 

1683  MOXON  Mec/t.  Exerc.,  Printing  xvi,  To  Justifie  the 
Mold,  and  clear  it  from  Ragging. 

Ba'gging,  vbl.  sb*  [f.  RAG  p.2]  The  action 
of  scolding,  annoying,  etc.  ;  an  instance  of  this 

1796  GROSE  Diet.  Vulg.  Tongue  (ed.  3)  s.v.  Rag,  She  gave 
him  a  good  ragging.  1893  Daily  Nevis  25  Sept.  5/3  Com 
memoration  Week  exercises  at  Oxford  furnished.. the  most 
audacious  examples  of '  ragging  '.  1899  T.  M.  ELLIS  Three 
Cat's-eye  Rings  114  What  a  ragging  we  should  get  ! 

Ragging,  vbl.  s6.3     [f.   RAG  z>.3] 

1.  (See  quot.  and  cf.  RAG  z/.3) 

1*75.  Ure's  Diet.  Arts  II.  78  Ragging.. consists  simply  in 
reducing  the  stones  to  a  smaller  size,  and  rejecting  as  many 
of  the  sterile  stones  as  can  be  readily  picked  out. 

attrik.  1875  Ure's  Diet.  Arts  II.  76  The  ragging  hammer 
should  . .  be  Brought  into  free  requisition.  1878  Ibid.  IV. 
(Suppl.)  618  Steel  ragging  sledge,  7lb.  weight. 

2.  Ore  of  a  certain  class  ;see  quots.).     Also//. 
1878  Ure's  Diet.  Arts  IV.  (Suppl.)  618  The  ores  are  divided 

into  four  classes:  (i)  Cobbed  ore;  (2)  Sieve  raggings;  (3) 
Fine  Raggings;  (4)  Slimes.  1890  LOCK  Mining  £  Ore- 
dressing  Mac/i.  395  The  mixed  product  of  thejiggers.  .called 
chatts  or  ragging,  must  be  separately  treated. 

Baggie  (rse'g'l),  sb.l  St.  [Of  obscure  origin 
and  history  :  cf.  the  vb.]  A  groove  cut  in  stone, 
esp.  on  a  wall  to  receive  the  end  or  edge  of  a  roof. 

1881  D.  H.  FLEMING  Guide  St.  Andrews  55  The  raggle  of 
the  roof  and  the  ragged  marks  of  the  wall  are  still  seen  on 
the  west  front  of  the  tower.  1895  E.  M.  CHALMERS  St. 
ffiuiaii't  Candida  Coat  9  The  raggle  cut  in  the  stone  for  the 
roof. 

t Ra-ggle,  si*    Sc.    Obs.-1    Straggling  order. 

1594  in  Tytler  Hist.  Scot.  (1864)  IV.  222  [Marching,  as 
described  by  an  eye-witness]  at  raggle  and  in  plumps 
without  order. 

Ra-ggle,  s&.s  U.  S.  [f.  RAG  sb.  +  -us.]  A 
rag,  a  strip  (of  fur,  etc.). 

1888  Cosmopolitan  (quoted  in  Cent.  Diet.). 

Baggie  (raj'g'l),  v.  [?  f.  RAGGLE  rf.l ;  but  the 
vbl.  sb.  is  found  much  earlier  than  this.]  a.  /rans. 
To  cut  a  raggle  in  (stone),  b.  =  HOUSE  z>.  4  d. 
Hence  Bivggling  vbl.  sb. 

1683  MAKTINE  Reliq.  Divi  Andrex  (1797)  183  The  chaple 


RAGLAN. 

hath  had  at  several  times  three  roofes,  as  appears  by  the 
raggling  in  the  body  of  the  chaple  eastward.  1808  JAMIESON, 
To  raggle.  .  in  architecture,  to  jagg,  to  make  a  groove  in  one 
stone  for  receiving  another.  1833  LOCDON  Encycl.  Arch. 
§  1066  All  the  treads  and  risers  to  be  raggled  (housed)  into 
strings. 

Ra'ggling.  Build.     A  ceiling-joist  (see  quot.) 

1835  LOUDON  Encycl.  Arch.  §  083  Common  rafters  3  inches 
by  2  inches  and  a  half;  ragghngs,  3  inches  and  a  'half  by 
2  inches. 

tRaggmall.    Obs.  rare~l.    ?  *  RAGAMUFFIN. 

1581  J.  BELL  ff  addon's  Ansiv.  Osor.  276  New  straunge 
stragglers,  bussardly  blynde  and  unknowne  Raggmalles. 

Raggy  (ne'gi),  a.  Also  4  raggi,  6-7  raggie. 
[OE.  raggi^  app.  f.  *ragg  RAG  sbl  (q.  v.).  Cf. 
Sw.  raggig  shaggy,  rough.]  =  RAGGED  a. 

a  iioo  in  Napier  O,  E,  Glosses  131/5191  Sctosa,  ..  raggie, 
loc[code].  (Cf.  ibid.  155/30  Setosa,  rac^i^e.)  c  1320  LANG- 
TOFT  Lhron.  (Rolls)  II.  248  The  roghe  raggi  sculke  Rug 
ham  in  helle  !  1483  Cat/i.  A>igl.  299/1  Ra£gy,./hrrfi/£wiM'. 
1567  DKAXT  Horace,  Ep.  n.i.  (j  viij,  Raggie  rugged  rymes. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xiv.  vi,  Upon  a  stony  and  raggie  hill. 
1750  RUTTY  in  Phil.  Trans.  LI.  472  A  sediment  ..  partly 
white  and  raggy.  1822  Macfnv.  Mag.XIl.  785  [It]  sent  tip 
only  weeded,  raggy,  and  mixed  crops.  1876  SMILES  Sc. 
^,'afur.  ii.  (ed.  4)  38  His  clothes  were  thin  and  raggy. 

Comb.  1600  E.  BLOUNT  Hasp.  Incur.  Foolcs  8  His  trame 
of  three  or  fewer  racgie  heeld  followers. 

Raght^e,  rast.e,  obs.  ff.  pa.  t.  REACH. 


. 

Bagi  (ra-gz),  raggy  (rargi).  Also  rag(g)ee, 
raggi.  [Hindi  (Skr.)  ragi.~\  One  of  the  food- 
grains  of  India  (£fausi'ne  coracana], 
r  1792  in  G.  R.  Gleig  Life  Sir  T.  Munro  (1830)  III.  92  (Y.) 
The  season  for  sowing  raggy,  rice,  and  bajera.  1800  Asia/. 
Ann.  Reg.t  Afisc.  Tr.  178/2  A  small  quantity  of  dry  grain, 
such  as  raggy  and  Indian  corn.  1869  E.  A.  PARKES  Pract. 
Hygiene  (ed.  3}  228  Raggy  or  Ragee..is  largely  used  in 
Southern  India.  1889  Daily  Sc:i's  3  July  4/8  The  prices  of 
rice  and  ragi  are  still  rising. 

Ragia,  obs.  form  of  RAJA(H. 

Raging  (r^-d^irj  ,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RAGE  v.  + 
-ING  V)  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses. 

c  1320  Sir  Beucs  \  MS.  A)  1673  Ase  J?ai  sete  in  here  raging, 
In  at  >e  dore  Beues  gan  spring,  c  1430  Freemasonry  768 
Lawge  thou  not.  .  Ny  make  no  ragyngewith  ey-body.  1561 
HOLLYBVSH  Horn.  Apoth.  21  Thys  alayeth  the  heate  and 
ragynge  of  the  headc.  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acostas 
Hist.  Indies  in.  xiii.  161  The  tempests  and  raging  of  the 
sea.  1631  GOUGE  God's  Arrows  i.  §  66.  no  Let  not  ..  the 
present  raging  of  this  plague  too  much  daunt  us.  1711 
Fingalt  MSS.  in  loM  Rtf.  Hist.  MSS.  Coinm.  App.  V.  193 
He  fell  into  a  fitt  of  ragemg  a  little  before  he  dyed.  1810 
SOUTHEY  Kchama  xx.  vi,  The  travellers  hear  The  raging  of 
the  flood.  1892  ZANGWILL  Boiv  Mystery  137  His  most  un- 
gentlemanly  raging  and  raving. 

Raging  (ie  '-d^iij),  ppl  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.] 

1.   '1  nat  rages,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb. 

1483  Cath.  Angl.  298/2  Ragynge,  ratians,  rabldns.  15.. 
Jerusalem  t  reioss'mDundars  Poems  (1893)  322  Theregeand 
tirrant  that  in  the  rang,  Herod,  is  exilit.  1535  COVERDALE 
Wisd.  xiv.  i  Eeginnynge  to  take  his  tourney  thorow  y° 
raginge  see.  1591  SPENSER  Tears  of  Muses  374  Those 
bitter  stounds  Of  raging  love.  ,i  1680  BUTLER  Kent.  (1759) 
I.  116  Man,  with  raging  Drink  inflam'd,  Is  far  more  savage 
and  untam'd.  1697  VASBKUGH  Relapse  v.  ii,  Behold  this 
raging  lion  at  your  feet.  1727-46  THOMSON  Summer  432 
'Tis  raging  noon  ;  and  vertical,  the  sun  Darts,  .his  forceful 
rays.  1866  G.  MACDONALD  Ann.Q.Neighb.  xxx.  (1878)  523 
Beyond  the  reach  of  all  the  raging  storms. 

Comb.  1562  PILKINGTON  Exfios.  Abdyas  Pref.  8  Summer 
is  raging  hoate.  1592  SHAKS.  l/eit.  $  Ad.  1151  Loue.  .shall 
be  raging  mad,  and  sillie  mllde. 

b.  Of  a  disease  or  pain  :  Violent. 

1695  New  Light  Chirvrg.  put  out  58  Brought  the  Gentle 
man  into  a  raging  Fever.  1800  MRS.  HERVKY  Motirtray 
Fa>n.  III.  234,  I  have  such  a  raging  head-ache.  1840 
DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  Ixiii,  Mr.  Richard  .  .  was  stricken  with 
a  raging  fever. 

c.  Of  a  tooth  :  Aching  furiously. 

1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  in.  iii.  414  Being  troubled  with  a  raging 
tooth,  I  could  not  sleepe.  1806  H.  SIDDONS  Maid,  Wife,  % 
Widow  in.  246  Some  opium  I  had  concealed  for  a  raging 
tooth. 

t  2.  Kaging  (love)  apples,  =  '  mad  apples  ' 
(q.  v.).  Raging  nightshade  (see  quot.).  Obs. 

1578  LYTE  Dodoens  in.  Ixxxv.  438  There  be  two  kindes  of 
Amorus  or  Raging  loue  apples.  /^'^.  439  They  be  called.  . 
Raging  or  mad  Apples.  Ibid.  xcii.  447  The  other  [kind]  is 
called  Solatium  Ma-nicuWi  that  is  to  say,  Mad,  or  Raging 
Nightshade. 

Ragingly  (r^'-dginli),  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.] 
In  a  raging  manner,  vehemently,  furiously. 

1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Eph.  vi.  (1551)  14  The 
enemyes  and  foes  of  Christe,  whose  champions  and  instru- 
mentes  those  are,  that  ragingly  assault  vs.  1600  SURFLET 
Conntrie  Farme  i.  viii.  35  If  the  winde  called  Typhon.. 
doe  blow  ragingly.  a  1677  M  ANTON  Serttt.  Ps.  c.rix,  Ixxxvi. 
Wks.  1872  VII.  232  Pestilence  doth  not  ragingly  spread. 
1840  GM.T  Demon  of  Destiny  \\\\.  57  Satan  glared  ragingly. 
1879  G.  MEREDITH  Egoist  I.  v.  77  He  had  wooed  her  rage- 
ingfy  ;  he  courted  her  becomingly. 

So  f  Raging-ness,  fury.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1621  MOLLE  Camerar.  Liv.  Libr.  ii.  xviii.  132  The  raging- 
nesse  of  the  dogs  upon  the  poore  and  naked. 

Ragipou,  Ragius,  obs.  ff.  RAJPOOT,  RAGEOUS. 

Raglan  (ra^glan).  [f.  the  name  of  Lord 
Raglan,  the  British  commander  in  the  Crimean 
war.]  An  overcoat  without  shoulder  seams,  the 
sleeve  going  right  up  to  the  neck.  (See  also  quot. 
1881.)  Also  attrib. 

1864  in  WEBSTER.  1867  K.  H.  LUDLOW  Little  Brother  44 
Distant  visions  of  black  whiskers  and  big  Raglans.  1881 
JOTHMOM  DAVIS  Rise  •$•  J''aU  Confed.  Govt.  II.  701,  1  picked 


KAGLER. 


110 


BAG-TAG. 


up  what  was  supposed  to  be  my  '  raglan  ',  a  waterproof,  light 
overcoat,  without  sleeves.  1898  Tailor  $  Cutter  Dec.  162/1 
(jieading)  The  Raglan  Overcoat. 

i  Ragler.     Obs.     Also   -lar,  -lor.     [ad.  W. 

rhaglaw  deputy,  f.  rhag  before  +  law  hand.  In 
L,  documents  of  the  14-151!!  c.  the  form  rag(e}- 
lotusi*  used  ;  also  rag(e}loiia,  ragloria  raglership.] 
The  chief  officer  in  a  Welsh  commot ;  a  sheriff  or 
constable.  Hence  tRa'glership.  Obs. 

1408  in  Rymer  Foedera.  (ed.  2)  VIII.  547  L'office  de  Raglore 
de  les  Commotes  de  Generglyn  &  Hannynyok.  1485  Rolls 
ofParlt.  VI.  353/2  The  Raglorships  of  the  Advowres  of  the 
same  Counties.  1577  in  Archseologia  (1829)  XXII.  330  An 
Abstract  of  the  Office  of  Raglershipp.  1579  Ibid.  334  The 
.  .profytt  of  the  Office  of  Ragler. 

Ra-glet.     rarc~l.     [f,   RAG  sbl  +  -LET.]      A 

small  rag  or  scrap. 

1836-48  B.  D.  WALSH  Arisloph^  Acharnians  n.  iv.  45 
Give  me  a  raglet  out  of  your  old  play. 

Ragly,  obs.  form  of  RALLY  z/.1 

Ragman  1(r?e>gm£en).  Also  (sense  i)  4 ragge 
man,  rageman,  -mon,  6  Sc.  ragmen,  [f.  RAG 
sbl  +  MAX.] 

fl.  A  name  given  to  the  Devil,  or  one  of  the 
devils.  (Cf.  RAGAMUFFIN  i,  RAGGED  a.1  i  b,  and 
Sw.  Ragg-en}.  Obs.  rare. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xvi.  89  Go  robbe  that  raggeman 
and  reue  the  fruit  fro  hym.  1393  Ibid,  C.  xix.  132  To  ran- 
sake  that  rageman  and  reue  hym  bus  apples.  15..  in 
Battnatyfu-  MS.  76  [Christ]  that  ransonit  ws  vpoun  the 
rude  Fra  ruflfy  ragmen  and  his  route.  Ibid.  302  Ruffy 
Ragmen  with  his  taggis  Sail  ryfe  thair  sinfull  saule  in 
raggis. 

t  2.  A  ragged  person.     Obs.  rare'-0. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  421/2  Ragmann,  or  he  that  goythe 
wythe  iaggyd  [z'.r.  raggyd]  clothys,/a««/a«.s. 

3.  A  rag-gatherer,  rag-dealer. 

1586  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  \  1625)  no  He  is  become  a  sworne 
brother  of  the  rag-mans  number.  1660  BURNEY  Ke'pS.  Awpor 
(1661)  99  They  were  too  base  to  make  Gunpowder  on,  and 
below  the  Market  of  a  Ragman.  1732  BERKELEY  Altiphr. 
ii.  §  2  He  sets  the  Paper-mills  at  work,  by  which  the  poor 
Rag-man  is  supported.  1763  T.  PRICE  Life  B,  M.  Carew 
217  Happening  to  meet  with  a  brother  ragman  ..  they 
joined  company.  1833  Boston  Herald  19  Mar.  4/4  The 
ragman  came  up,  and  began  to  call  me  about  the  cards. 
b.  Contemptuously,  a  banker.  (Cf.  RAG  sbl  $.} 

1821  CODBETT  Rur.  Rides  (1885)  I.  18  [Tax  collectors]  will 
receive  the  country  rags,  if  the  rag-man  can  find,  and  will 
give  security  for  the  due  payment  of  his  rags. 

t  Ra'gman  -.     Obs.    Forms  :    3-5    rageman, 

4  -mon,  -ment ;  4,  6  raggeman ;  4-7  ragman, 

5  -man(n)e  ;  5-7  Sc.  ragment,  ^6  -men).     [Of 
obscure  origin  and  history.     In  the  absence  of  any 
plausible  etym.    the   development   of  senses   can 
only  be   conjectural,  and   is   perh.   not   properly 
illustrated  by  the  existing  material. 

In  early  examples  the  invariable  spelling  is  rage/Kan,  app. 
implying  three  syllables;  but  the  form  ragman  is  clearly 
proved  for  the  i5th  c.  by  the  rimes  in  the  Townefey  Myst.} 

1.  The  name  given  to  a  statute  of  4  Edw.  I  (ap 
pointing  justices  to  hear  and  determine  complaints 
of  injuries   done   within  25  years  previous),  and 
to  certain  articles   of  inquisition  associated  with 
proceedings  of  Quo  Warranto  under  this  statute. 

See  Placita  de  Quo  Warranto  (1818)  pp.  xvi-xvii. 

1276  in  Statutes  Realm  I.  44Statutum  de  justic'.  assign'.; 
quod  vocatur  Rageman.  1280  A ssize  Roll  (P.  R.  O.)  No.  670 
Placita  de  Ragemannis  et  de  Quo  Warranto  coram  J.  de 
Valljbus  et  sociis  suis,  justitiariis  itmerantibus  in  comitatu 
Notinghamiae.  1293  in  Placita  de  Quo  IVarranto  (1818)378 
Juratores  de  Ragemann'  prsesentaverunt  quod  [etc.].  Ibid. 
382  b,  De  hiis  quae  praesentata  sunt  in  le  Rageman. 

2.  A  roll,  list,  catalogue.     Also  Roll  of  Ragman 
=  RAGMAN  ROLL. 

c  1394  P.  PI.  Crede  180  J?er  is  none  heraud  pat  ha}?  half 
swicn  a  rolle,  Ri^t  as  a  rageman  haj>  rekned  hem  newe, 
c  1450  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  228  Pile  for  to  here  the  people 
..riken  up  the  ragmanne  of  the  hole  rowte,  That  servyth 
silvyre  and  levyth  the  law  oute.  c  1460  Towneley  Myst, 
xxx.  224  Here  a  rolle  of  ragman  of  the  rownde  tabille,  Of 
breffes  in  my  bag,  man,  of  synnes  dampnabille. 

b.  Sc.  A  long  discourse,  rhapsody,  rigmarole. 

1506  DUNBAR  Tua  Mariit  Wetnen  162,  I  sail  a  ragment 
reveil  fra  [the]  rule  of  my  hert.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEtteis  vni. 
Prol.  147  He  raucht  me  a  roll :  to  reyd  I  begane  The  riotest 
ane  ragment  wyth  mony  rat  rane.  1536  LrKDRBAY^MfM 
King's  Flyting  i  Redoutit  Roy,  }our  ragment  I  haue  red. 
<i  1585  POLWART  Fitting  iv.  Montgomcrie  142,  I  laugh  to 
see  the  bluiter  Glor  in  thy  ragments,  rash  to  raill. 

3.  A  game  of  chance,  app.  played  with  a  written 
roll  having  strings  attached  to  the  various  items 
contained  in  it,  one  of  which  the  player  selected 
or  'drew'  at  random. 

In  one  form  the  game  was  a  mere  amusement,  the  items  in 
the  roll  being  verses  descriptive  of  personal  character  :  see 
\Vr\ghtAftectt.  Lit.  (1844)  76-82  and  Hazlitt  E.  Pop.  Poetry 
(1864)  1. 68.  But  that  of  quot.  1377  was  probably  a  method 
of  gambling,  forbidden  under  penalty  of  a  fine.  In  the  other 
quots.  the  word  may  be  a  proper  name,  as  in  b. 

c  1290  MS.  Digby  86,  If.  162  [Heading  of  a  set  of  French 
verses.]  Ragempn  le  bon.  1377  Durham  Halmote  Rolls 
(Surtees)  140  De  Thoma  Breuster  et  Ricardo  de  Holm  quia 
ludaveruntad  ragement  contra  poenam  in  diversis  Halmotis 
positam  zos.  condonaiur  usque  vs.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  III. 
355  Venus,  which  slant.. In  noncerlem,  but  as  men  drawe 
Of  Rageman  upon  the  chance. 

b.  King  Ragman,  feigned  to  be  the  author  of 
the  roll  used  in  playing  the  game. 


CI400  MS.  Fairfax  16  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  I.  69  This  rolle 
which..  Kynge  Ragman  bad  me  sowe  in  brede. .  .Drawith 
a  strynge[etc.].  ciyx*  LenvoyofPrynter'm  Dodsley  O.  PI. 
(1827)  XI  1. 308  Go  lytyl  rolle . .  Excuse  thy  prynter . .  Layenge 
the  faute  on  kynge  Ragman  holly,  Whiche  dyde  the  make 
many  yeres  ago. 

4.  A  document  (contract,  agreement,  indenture, 
etc.)  with  seals  attached. 

App.  by  transference  from  sense  3,  the  pendent  seals  being 
compared  to  the  strings,  etc.  attached  to  the  roll  used  in  the 
game  :  cf.  quot.  a  1350  in  b. 

1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  Prol.  72  [The  pardoner]  rauhtewith 
his  ragemon  ringes  and  broches.  1376  Rolls  Parlt.  1 1.  324/2 
Une  lettre.  .sealees  des  sealx  des  plusours  Seignurs  de  lire- 
taigne,  appellee  Ragman.  Ibid.,  Le  dit  Rageman.  1399  in 
Rymer  Fozdera  (ed.  2)  VI II. 109  De  Raggemannis  Comburen- 
dis.  Ibid.)  Per  diversa  Scripta,  Cartas  sive  Literas  Patentes, 
vocata  Raggemans  sive  Blank  Chartres,  Sigillis  eorumdem 
Subditorum  separatim  consignata.  c  1435  WYNTOUN  Cron. 
vi.  xvii.  1722  Thai  consentyd  than  And  mad  apon  this  a  rag 
man  Wyth  mony  sellys  off  lordys.  <r  1470  HENRY  Wallace 
x.  1149  The  Bruce  and  he  completyt  furth  that  bandls ; 
Syn  that  samyn  nycht  thai  sellyt  with  thar  handis.  This 
ragment  left  the  Bruce  with  Cumyn  thar. 

b.  spec.  The  document  by  which  the  Scottish 
nobles  in  1291  acknowledged  Edward  I  as  their 
overlord  (given  up  by  Edward  III  in  1328). 

a  1350  Chron,  Lanercost  261  (an.  1327)  A  Scottis,  propter 
multa  sigilla  dependentia,  Ragman  vocabatur.  c  14^20  Chron. 
Thomas  Otterbourne  (1732)  1. 114  (an.  1328)  Redditis  regi  8; 
regno  Scotise  junbus.  .et  litera  quse  vocatur  Ragman,  cum 
sigillo  de  homagio  facto  nobili  regi  Edwardo  1°.  i48oCAXTON 
Citron.  Eng.  216  An  endenture  was  made  of  the  scottesvnto 
kyng  Edward,  .whiche  endenture  they  called  it  rageman. 
1559  Mirr.  Mag.,  Two  Rogers  vi,  Causde  the  kyng  to 
yelde  the  Skot,  . .  the  charter  called  Ragman. 

Ragman  's)  roll.     Obs.  exc.  Hist.    [f.  prec. 

+  ROLL.] 

jl.  The  roll  used  in  the  game  of  Ragman.     Obs. 

c  1400  MS.  Fairfax  16  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  I.  68  Here  be- 
gynnyth  Raginane  roelle.  c  1500  in  Dodsley  O.  PI.  (1827) 
XII.  308  Explicit  Ragmannes  Rolle. 

f2.  A  list,  catalogue,  etc.      =  RAGMAN  2.  Obs. 

a.  1523  SKELTON*  Garl.  Laurel  1490,  I  did  what  I  cowde 
..Apollo  to  rase  out  of  her  ragman  rollis.  1556  Ou>B<<4fl& 
christ  %j\),  The  noble  ragge  man  rolle  of  those  most  holy 
fathers.  1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stnffe  (1871)  48  The  whole 
ragman  roll  of  fasting  days,  a  1603  T.  C ARTW RIGHT  Confut. 
Rhem.  N.  T.  1.1618.)  286  A  ragman  roule,  of  numbers  of 
rogues. 

3.  1532  MORE  Confnt.  Tindale  Wks.  653/2  All  the  heresies 
that  they  haue  in  all  theyr  whole  raggemans  rolle.  1553 
BECOX  Reliques  of  Rome  (1563)  195  Many  other  raggemans 
roules  could  I  here  haue  placed  a  1610  HEALEY  Disc.  New 
World  175  The  ragman's  rolles  of  porters  and  panierists. 

3.  fa.   =  RAGMAN  4  b.     Obs. 

1570  FOXE  A,  fy  M.  470/1  Their  indenture  which  was 
called  the  Ragman  role.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit,  ix. 
xii.  §  13.  671  There  was  also  deliuered  to  them  that  famous 
Euidence  called  the  Ragman-Roll.  1641  BAKER  Chron. 
(1660)  227  The  King,  .restores,  .the  famous  Evidence  called 
Ragmans  Roll. 

b.  A  set  of  rolls  (formerly  preserved  in  the 
Tower  of  London,  now  in  the  Public  Record  Office), 
in  which  are  recorded  the  instruments  of  homage 
made  to  Edward  I  by  the  Scottish  King  (Balliol), 
nobles,  etc.,  in  1296. 

This  application  of  the  term  seems  to  be  comparatively 
modern  :  older  writers  apply  it  only  to  the  original  document 
given  back  to  the  Scots  by  Edward  III  (see  above). 

1710  RUODIMAN  Gloss.  Douglas'  sEneis  s.v.  Ragmen, 
Hence  the  famous  Ragman's  row  or  roll,  i.  e.  a  collection  of 
those  deeds . .  recorded  in  four  large  rolls  of  parchment  [etc.]. 
1834  Instrmnenta  Pnblica,  etc.  (Bann.  Club)  p.  xv,  They 
are  the  same  instruments  that  have  been  usually  known 
under  the  uncouth  appellation  of  the  Ragman  Rolls. 

So  f  Baffiuan('s)  rew  (see  quots.).  Obs. 

1542  UDALL  Erasin.  Apopk.  244  b,  Augustus  had  written 
a  greate  ragmans  rewe,  or  bille  to  bee  soung  on  Pollio  in 
derision  and  skorne  of  hym.  Ibid.  245  A  ragmans  rewe,  or, 
a  bible. .  .So  dooe  we  call  a  longe  ieste  that  railleth  on  any 
persone  by  name,  or  toucheth  a  bodyes  honestee  somewhat 
nere.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  95/2  Ragmanrew,  series. 

fRagmas,  -mersshe.  Obs.  rare.  Some  kind 
of  cloth.  Also  attrib. 

Perh.  the  same  word  as  OF.  racamaz  in  a  document  of 
1350  quoted  by  Du  Cange. 

1403  in  Rymer  Fccdera  (ed.  2)  VIII.  296  Un  entire  Vesti- 
ment.  .de  Drap  d'Or  ragmas  rouge  &  bloy.  1488  in  Jrnl. 
ArcJi&ol.  Assoc.  XXXIII.  317  A  pelow  couered  with  rag- 
mersshe  sylke. 

t  Ragilia'tical,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [?  f.  RAG  j£.i, 
after  PRAGMATICAL.]  ?  Wild,  ill-behaved,  riotou?. 

1742  FIELDING  J.  Andrews  i.  vii,  I  think  him  the  ragmati- 
callest  fellow  in  the  family.  1771  SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl. 
19  May  ii,  I  won't  be  Rogered . .  by  any  ragmatical  fellow. 

Ragmen(t,  obs.  Sc.  forms  of  RAGMAN  2. 

Rag(o)muffin,  etc.  obs.  ff.  RAGAMUFFIN. 

Ragoo,  -ou(e,  obs.  forms  of  RAGOUT  sb.  and  v. 

Ragosie  :  see  ARGOSY. 

Ragout  (rag«'),  sb.  Forms:  a.  7  ragust, 
7-8  ragoust.  0.  7-  ragout,  8-9  ragout,  y.  7 
ragoue,  rago-w,  7-8  ragou,  7-8  (9)  ragoo.  [F. 
ragofit,  t  ragoust  (1642  in  Hatz.-Darm.),  f.  ragotlter 
to  revive  the  taste  of,  f.  re  back  +  a  to  +  GoftT.] 

1.  A  dish  usually  consisting  of  meat  cut  in  small 
pieces,  stewed  with  vegetables  and  highly  seasoned. 

a.  1664  BUTLEK  Hud,  n.  i.  598  Season  her,  as  French  Cooks 
use  Their  Haut-gusts,  BuolHes,  or  Ragusts.  1673  S.  QArt 
of  Complaisance  y)  Producing,  .the  same  effect  which  salt 
does  in  a  ragoust.  1727  SWIFT  Modest  Proposal  Wks.  1755 
II.  u.  61  It  will  equally  serve  in  a/riiajiv,  wr  a  ragoust. 


ft.  1656-7  DAVENANT  Rutland  Ho.  Wks.  (1673)  357  Your 
Pottages,  Carbonnades,  Grillades,  Ragouts,  . .  and  Entre 
mets.  1698  J.  CRL'LL  Alnscovy  34  That  Ragout  which  the 
Italians  call  Cavayar.  a  1764  R.  LLOYD  Cobler  of  Cripple- 
gate's  Lett.  Wks.  1774  II.  102  Borrows  fine  shapes,  and  titles 
new,  Of  fricasee  and  rich  ragout.  1842  BARHAM  Ingol.  Leg. 
Ser.  n.  Nell  Cookt  For  soups  and  stews  and  choice  ragouts 
Nell  Cook  was  famous  still.  1859  WRAXALL  tr.  R.  Houdin 
xxi.  310  A  rich  soup,  roast  fowls,  various  ragouts  which 
I  cannot  describe. 

y.  a  1687  VILLIERS  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  Timon  Wks.  (1752)  116 
As  for  French  kickshaus,  cellery,  and  champain,  Ragous 
and  fricasses,  in  troth  we  'ave  none.  1692  LOCKE  Educ.  §  37 
Sauces  and  Ragoos,  and  Food  disguis'd  by  all  the  Arts  of 
Cookery.  1730  SWIFT  Panegyr.  on  Dean,  She  sent  her 
priest  in  wooden  shoes  From  haughty  Gaul  to  make  ragpos. 
1747-96  MRS.  GLASSE  Cookery  v.  38  Put  the  collops  into 
the  ragoo.  [1885  A.  DOBSON  At  the  Sigti  of  Lyre  123  He 
classed  your  Kickshaws  and  Ragoos  With  Popery  and 
Wooden  Shoes,] 
b.  transf.  mfig. 

1672  MAKVELL  Reh.  Transp.  i.  83  These  being  Conceits 
too  trivial,  though  a  Ragoust  fit  enough  for  Mr.  Bayes  his 
palate.      1717  MRS,  CENTLIVRE  Hold  Stroke  for  Wife  u.  21 
She  has  an  odd  Ragout  of  Guardians,  as  you  will  find  when 
you  hear  the  Characters.     1739  GIBBER  Apol,  (1756)  I.  34 
A  mere  ragoust,  toss'd  up  from  the  offals  of  other  authors. 

t  2.  A  sauce  or  relish.     Obs. 

1741  Cornel.  Fam. -Piece  i.  ii.  148  Pour  on  It  a  Ragoo,  and 
Garnish  with  Orange  and  Lemon.  1750  E.  SMITH  Compl. 
Housew.  29  A  ragoo  for  made  dishes. 

fig'  *673  [R-  LEIGH]  Transp.  Reh.  28  A  Couplet  in  a  Song 
gives  a  better  Ragoust  to  a  Controversial  Discourse.  1698 
L.  MELBOURNE  Notes  Dryden's  Virgil  67  The  Translator 

Euts  in  a  little  Burlesque  now  and  then,  for  a  Ragout  for 
is  cheated  Subscribers.    173411.  Rollins  Rom.  Hist.  (1827) 
IV.  iv.  240  Hunger  was  their  only  ragout. 

Ragout  (rag/2"),  v.  Forms:  7  ragoust;  8- 
ragout ;  8  ragoo,  8-9  ragou.  [f.  prec.  or  ad.  F. 
ragou  ter^ . 

1.  trans.  To  make  a  ragout  of,  to  stew  with 
highly  flavoured  seasoning. 

1748  MRS.  HARRISON  House- Keeper's  Pocket-bk.  ii.  (ed.  4) 
5  Breast  of  Veal  ragou'd,  with  Mushrooms,    a  1756  MRS. 
HKVVVOOD  New  Present  (1771)   163  To  ragout  a  Leg  of 
Mutton.     1833  IVestm.   Rev.  Jan.  33  To  allow  beef  to  be 
ragouted  in  small  kitchens. 

f2.  transf.  To  give  piquancy  or  variety  to;  to 
enrich  or  improve.  Obs. 

1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  i.  i,  We  shall  . .  hereafter  hash 
and  ragoo  it,  with  all  the  high  Frenchand  Italian  seasoning 
of  affectation  and  vice.     1753  Scots  ftlag.  Sept.  458/2  Pin 
a  stomacher  bib  on,  Ragout  it  with  cutlets  of  silver  and 
ribbon. 

f  3.  ?  To  have  a  relish  of,  to  understand.     Obs. 

1673  HicKEKiNGiLL  Gregory  Father  Greybeard  142  If  there 
be,  within  you  so  much  Repartee,  As  to  ragoust  now  what 
I  mean. 

Hence  Ragou'ed,  ragoo''d///.  a. 

1755  SMOLLETT  Quix.  (1863)  IV.  71,  I  would  not  have  you 
touch  these  ragoo'd  rabbits.  1810  Splendid  Follies  I.  73  He 
handed  his  plate  to  the  butler  for  some  ragoued  pigeon. 

Rzrgstone.    [f.  RAG  sb:*] 

1.  =  RAG  sb:~  2. 

1350  In  Riley  Lond.  Mem.  (1868)  262,  [2  boatloads  of] 
ragston.  c  1420  Pallad.  on  Huso.  n.  139  Ragstoon  &  thinges 
hard..bereth  vyneyerdes  grete.  [1573  in  Willis  &  Clark 
Cambridge  (1886)  I.  174  Item  for  Ramsey  stone  free  and 
ragge.]  1695  WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Earth  (1723)  10  Free- 
stone,  Ragg-stone,  Lime-stone.  1759  B.  STILLISGFLEET  tr. 
Biberg's  Econ.  -Nat.  m  Misc.  Tracts  (1762)  42  The  upper 
parts  consist  of  rag-stone,  the  next  of  slate,  the  third  of 
marble.  1812  J.  SMYTH  Pract.  of  Customs  (1821)  242  Rag 
stone,  -is  used  by  artificers,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  a  fine 
edge  to  knives,  chissels,  and  other  tools,  which  have  pre 
viously  been  sharpened  upon  stones  of  a  coarse  texture. 
1881  YOUNG  Every  man  his  (nun  Mechanic  §  1309.  602  The 
famous  Kentish  ragstone  so  much  used  in  bold  rubble  work 
for  churches,  houses,  walls. 

attrib.  1846  McCt'LLOCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  I.  197 
The  soil  of  the  lower,  or  ragstone  ridge,  varies  much. 

2.  -  RAG  j£.»  i. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Cxmentitius^  Made  of  rubbell  or 
ragge  stones.  1565  JEWEL  Def.  Apol.  (1611)  352  The  great 
ragge  stones  at  Stonage,  or  LongCompton.  1698  W.  KING 
tr.  Sorbiere's  Jonrn.  Lond.  n  All  the  Streets  are  Paved 
with  Pebbles,  and  Flints  and  Rag  Stones.  1766  ENTICK 
London  IV.  265  A  handsome  walk  paved  with  rag  stones. 
1840  J.  DEVLIN  Shoemaker  i.  113  Rag  stones  for  pointing 
awls.  1872  ArchseoL  Cantiaiia  VIII.  ii  Some  large  squared 
ragstones,  and  beneath  them  some  human  bones. 

Rag-tag  (n&"gjts8g).  [f.  RAG  st>.1  +  TAG. 
The  older  expression  was  tag  and  rag  (very  com 
mon  in  i6-i7th  c.).] 

1.  a.  coll.  The  ragged  disreputable  portion  of  the 
community;  the  raff  or  rabble,     b.  One  of  the 
individuals  forming  this  class. 

1879  MARG.  LONSDALE  Sister  Dora  viii.  (1880)  199  She 
visited  all  classes— from  the  respectable,  down  to  what  she 
called  the  '  ragtags '  of  the  town. 

attrib.  1883  Glasgow  Weekly  Herald  23  Apr.  8/4  These 
are  the  shapes  sold  by  certain  rag-tag^  drapers  at  yl.  1884 
American  VIII.  46  We  are  hemmed  in  by.  .rag-tag  Arabs. 

2.  Rag-tag  (Qt  rag,  tag]  ami  bob -tail  «=  i  a.    Also 
transf.  •  sometimes  =  *  the  whole  lot '. 

1820  Blackiv.  Mag.  VII.  318  This  Journal  cuts  up  the  rag 
tag  and  bobtail  of  the  faction.  1882  H.  SEEBOHM_  Siberia, 
in  Asia  100  Ragtag-and-bobtail  of  the  great  Arctic  army. 
1887  T.  A.  TROLLOI'E  What  I  remember  II.  vi.  95  He  shall 
have  them  all,  rag,  tag,  and  bobtail. 

attrib.  1882  F.  M.  CRAWFORD  Mr.  Isaacs  3  Regular  rag- 
taK-and-bobtail  cut-throat  moss-troopers. 

Ra'g-time.  U.  S.  Music  in  which  there  is 
frequent  syncopation,  as  in  many  negro  melodies. 


RAGULED. 

1901  Safe  Leaf  Apr.  6  The  coon  song,  with  its  r.ig.time 
accompaniment. 

Ragule,  variant  of  RAGULY. 
t  Raguled,  a.    Her.    Obs.   Also  6  ragueled. 
[f.  as  next,  with  native  termination.] 

1.  =  RAGULY. 

1572  BOSSEWELL  Armorie  II.  24  h,  This  noble  Baron 
beareth  Argent,  a  Crosse  ragueled  Sable.  1610  GUILLIM 
Heraldry  in.  iv.  95  He  beareth  Argent,  two  Billets  Raguled 
and  Truncked.  1661  MORGAN  Sfh.  Gentry  \\.  i.  10  The  field 
is  pearl,  a  cross  Raguled  and  trunked  Diamond.  1727-41 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Raguled,  or  Ragged,  in  heraldry,  is  applied 
to  an  ordinary,  e.gr.  a.  cross,  whose  out-lines  are  jagged  or 
knotted. 

2.  =  COUPED,  Coupf.  rare—". 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Raguled  is  sometimes  also 
used  in  the  sense  of  truncated  or  couped,  and  applied  to 
a  branch  that  is  sawed  from  the  tree,  or  a  stock  sawed  from 
its  root. 

Raguly  (riE-girfli),  a.  Her.  Also  9  ragu!6(e. 
[Of  obscure  formation  :  peril,  based  on  rag,  ragged, 
or  raggy.~]  Of  a  cross  or  other  bearing  :  Having 
short  oblique  projections  resembling  the  stumps 
of  branches  cut  off  close  to  the  stem.  Hence  of 
a  division  between  parts  of  the  field  :  Having 
alternate  projections  and  depressions  like  a  battle 
ment,  but  set  obliquely. 

1658  GUTLLIM  Heraldry  it.  vii.  83  He  beareth  Ermine, 
a  Cross,  Raguly,  Gules.  1780  Eticycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  V. 
3585/1  Lines  may  be  either  straight  or  crooked.  . .  There 


a  cross  raguly. 

Ragust,  obs.  form  of  RAGOUT  sb. 
Ragusye,  obs.  form  of  ARGOSY. 
t  Rag- water.     Obs.     Cant.     (See  quot.) 
a  1700  B.  E.  DLt.  Cant.  Crew,  Rag-water,  a  common 
sort  of  Strong-waters. 

Ra-gweed.     [Cf.  RAGWORT.] 

1.  =    RAGWORT!  i. 

1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Card.  Cyrus  iii.  48  Accounting  up 
ward  is  often  observable  in  furre,  pillitorry,  Ragweed, 
[etc.].  1682  WHELF.R  Journ.  Greece  in.  222  The  Leaves 
are.. something  like  ragweed.  1765  A.  DICKSON  Treat. 
Agric.  xiii.  (ed.  2)  113  The  yellow  rag-weed,  by  which  light 
land,  when  laid  out  in  grass,  is  very  much  infested.  1846 
J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  II.  387  Clearing  his 
land  of  charlock,  rag-weed,.  .&c.  1881  BLACKIE  Lay  Serm. 
v.  162  A  grand  growth  of  rushes,  dock,  and  rag-weed. 

attrit.  1785  BURNS Addr.  to  Deifix,  Wither'd  hags,. .on 
ragweed  nags,  They  skim  the  muirs. 

2.  U.  S.     A  plant  belonging  to  the  genus  Am 
brosia,  esp.  A.  trifida  and  A.  artemisixfolia. 

1866  Treas,  Bat.  956/2  Ragweed,  Ambrosia  trifida.  1883 
Century  Mag.  Aug.  487/2  Buck-wheat,  the  seeds  of  grasses, 
and  the  rag-weed. 

attrib.  1894  Outing  (U.  S.)  XXIII.  397/1  All  around  this 
rag-weed  patch  their  innumerable  little  footprints  run. 

Ra-g-wheel.     [f.  RAG  rf.i] 

1.  A  wheel  having  projections  which  catch  into 
the  links  of  a  chain  passing  over  it,  as  in  a  chain- 
pump  ;  a  sprocket-wheel. 

1829  Nat.  Philos.  I.  Mechanics  v.  21  (U.  K.  S.)  An 
endless  chain.. is  made  to  revolve  on  two  wheels  .called 
rag-wheels.  1830  KATER  &  LARDNER  Meek,  xviii.  249  In 
some  cases  the  teeth  of  the  wheel  work  in  the  links  of  a 
chain.  The  wheel  is  then  called  a  rag-wheel. 

2.  A  polishing  wheel  composed  of  rags. 
1884  KNIGHT  Did.  Meek.  Suppl.  736/1. 
Ra'gwork1.     [f.  RAG  rf.l]     The  process  of 

making  a  fabric  out  of  rags  by  weaving,  sewing, 
or  other  means  ;  the  fabric  thus  made. 
1891  in  Cent.  Diet. 

Ragwork*.  [f.  RAG  rf.2]  Masonry  com 
posed  of  flattish  pieces  of  ragstone,  having  an 
undressed  surface. 

1840  PARKER  Glass.  Arch.  (ed.  3)  I.  173. 

Ra'gworrn.  [f.  RAG  rf.i]  A  sand- worm 
(Nephthys  cxca)  of  the  British  coasts,  also  called 
white-rag  worm  and  lurg. 

1884  St.  James's  Gaz.  18  Jan.  6/2  The  bait  used  is  that 
damp  kind  of  centipede  called  a  ragworm.  1894  Bloc/cm. 
Mag.  Sept.  426/2  One  of  the  best  known  baits  is  a  live 
rag-worm. 

Ra-gwort J.    [Prob.  f.  RAG  rf.l,  in  reference  to    j 
the  ragged  form  of  the  leaves.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  several  species  of  the 
genus  Senecio,  esp.  the  Common  Ragwort,  Senecio    \ 
Jacobsea.     (See  also  RAGWEED.) 

The  first  quot.  may  belong  to  sense  2. 

ci45o  M.  E.  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  205  Tak  lytwort.. 
plantayne,  Ragwort  [etc.].  1597  GF.RARDE  Herbal H.  xxvi. 
218,  S.  lames  his  woort :  the  countrey  people  do  call  it.. also 
Ragwoorte.  Ibid.  219  Lande  Ragwoort  groweth  euery- 
where  in  vntilled  pastures  and  fieldes.  1678  PHILLIPS  Rag 
wort  (Jacobtua),  an  Herb  of  Mars  of  a  bitter,  discussing  and 
cleansing  quality.  1753 CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.  s.v.  Jacobxa, 
The  species  of  Ragwort  enumerated  by  Mr.  Tournefort  are 
these  [etc.].  1792  BURNS  Let.  to  Grose  Prose  Wks.  (1869) 
210  A  crew  of  men  and  women,  who  were  busy  pulling  stems 
of  the  plant  Ragwort.  1862  ANSTED  Channel  1st.  II.  viii. 
(ed.  2)  176  In  drier  places,  the  handsome  foxglove  is  beauti 
fully  contrasted  with  the  golden  yellow  of  the  ragwort,  i 
1885  RUNCIMAN  Skippers  £  Sh.  104  When  the  yellow  moths  i 
began  to  twirl  round  the  ragworts. 

b.  African  ragwort  =  OTHONNE.  rare  ~°. 

1760  J.  LF.F.  Introd.  Bat.  App.  324.  1866  Treas.  Bat. 
956/2. 


Ill 

t2.  The  wild  parsnip.   Obs.  rare—". 

1570  LE.VINS  Manip.  173/29  Ragworte,  elephabascuni. 
[For  elaphoboscon  (Pliny) -Gr.  eAa0o/Jda<coi<.] 

t  Ragwort  -.  Obs.  [ad.  G.  ragwarz,  f.  rag 
stiff:  see  Grimm  s.v.]  =  GANDERGOOSE  (Orchis 
masculd). 

1552  ELYOT,  Orchis,,  .some  call  it  in  English  gandergoose 
some  raggewoorte.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  n.  Ivi.  222  In 
English  somecal  it  also  Orchis,.  .Ragworte,  Priest  pintell. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  265  As  for  Ragworts  {margin, 
Orchis]  they  cure  morimals  also,  either  drie  or  greene. 

Ragyous,  obs.  form  of  RAGEOUS. 

Rah  (ra),  int.  and  sb.   U.S.  Apheticfor  HURRAH. 

1894  R.  H.  DAVIS  Eng.  Cousins  120  An  American  misses 
the  rab-rahs  and  the  skyrocket  cries. 

t  Rahate,  obs.  variant  of  RATE  v.,  to  scold. 

1542  UDALI,  Erasm.  Apoplt.  77  b,  He  neuer  lynned  rahat- 
yng  of  those  persones  [etc.].  It'id.  84  b,  To  bee  chidden  and 
rahated  of  all  the  worlde. 

Rahatour,  variant  of  REHATOUR.  Obs.  Sc. 
Ra-hdar.      Anglo-Ind.    [Urdu   (Pers.)    bsl 

rahdar,  f.    rah   road.]     a.  A   road-keeper,    toll- 
gatherer,     f  b.  erron.  ---  RAHDAREE  a.  Obs. 

1623  St.  Papers,  Colon.  1622-4,  '78  The  rahdars  or  duties 
at  Daita,  £c.,  shall  be  remitted.  1753  HANWAV  Trav.  (1762) 
II.  xv.  ii.  412  The  rahdars  were  ordered  to  examine  pass 
ports.  1764  Ann.  Reg.  188  To  all  governors,  officers,., 
rahdars.,  in  the  provinces  of  Bengal 

Hence  t  Ba-hdarage  (in  7  rhadorage)  =  KAH- 
DAREE  a.  Obs. 

1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  q  P.  222  Safe  Travelling  ..  for 
which  Rhadorage,  or  high  Imposts,  are  allowed  by  the 
Merchants. 

II  Ra'hdaree.  In  7  rattar(r;ee,  9  rahdarry. 
[Urdu  (Pers.),  f.  RAHDAR.]  a.  A  transit-duty, 
toll ;  a  tax  paid  to  secure  safety  in  travelling. 
Also  attrib.  b.  =  RAHDAR  a. 

1685  HEDGES  Diary  15  Dec.  I.  213  Here  we  were  forced 
to  compound  with  the  Rattaree-men,  for  the  Dutys  on  our 
goods.  1686  Ibid.  13  Feb.  I.  218  Here  we  paid  Rattarree 
1804  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Disp.  (1844)  II.  1182  A  rahdarry 
will  go  to  you  this  day  for  the  convoy. 

Raht(e,  obs.  forms  of  pa.  t.  REACH. 
Rai,  variant  of  RAY  sb.   Obs. 
II  Raia  (r?-a).    Zool.    Also  raja.    [L.  raia  (pi. 
=  RAY  (the  fish). 


Hist.  Anim.  304  The  apertures  of  the  gills  in  the  Raia  are 
five  on  each  side.  1804  Meet.  Jrnl.  XII.  550  The  rajje.  .are 
provided  with  glandulous  grains.  1878  BELL  Gegenbaurs 
Comp.  Attaf.  500^  There  is  a  pseudo-electric  apparatus  in 
Raja. 

Raia(h,  -aw,  obs.  ff.  RAJA(H.  Raiah,  obs.  f. 
RAYAH.  Raiat,  var.  RAYAT.  Raiband,  var. 
RABAND.  Raible,  var.  RABBLK  v.l  Raice, 
obs.  f.  RACE  rf.l  Raich,  obs.  f.  RACHE  so.-, 
RASH  sb.  Raicke,  obs.  f.  RAIK  v. 

Raid  (rf'd),  sb.  Forms  :  5-6  rade,  7  radde, 
5  raide,  5-6,  9  raid.  [Sc.  form  of  OE.  rdd  ROAD, 
revived  by  Scott  and  subsequently  adopted  in 
general  use,  with  extension  of  meaning.  In  sense 
4  perh.  partly  a.  F.  rade,  f  radde  :  see  also  REID.] 

I.  1.  A  military  expedition  on  horseback  ;  a  hos 
tile  and  predatory  incursion,  properly  of  mounted 
men  ;  a  foray,  INROAD. 

c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  vm.  xxxiv.  5034  Schyr  Andrew  syne 
wyth  stalwart  hand  Made  syndry  radis  in  Inglaud.  1528  in 
Tytler  Hist.  Scot.  (1864)  II.  348  note,  The  said  Erie  ..  pro- 
curit  divers  radis  to  be  maid  upon  the  brokin  men  of  our 
realme.  a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.  T.  S.) 
I.  61  The  Scottis  maid  dywerse  incurtiouns  and  raidis  in 
Ingland.  1803  SCOTT  Last  Minstr.  v.  xxviii,  In  raids  he 
spilt  but  seldom  blood.  1818  —  Rob  Roy  Introd.,  A  war 
which  opened  the  low  country  to  the  raids  of  the  clan 
Gregor.  a  1839  PRAED  Poems  (1864)  II.  14  His  Highland 
plaid,  Long  borne  in  foray  and  in  raid.  1868  G.  DUFF  Pol, 
Surv.  215  The  people  of  Uruguay  accuse  the  Rio  Grandians 
of  making  raids  into  their  territory. 

attrib.  1806  TAMIESON  Pop.  Ball.  ff  Songs  I.  Pref.  7 
A  parcel  of  raid  ballads  of  the  Border. 

D.  A  '  lifting '  of  cattle  by  means  of  a  raid.  rare. 

1867  LADY  HERBERT  Cradle  L.  v.  153  A  'raid'  of  cattle 
.  .by  the  tribe  of  whom  their  escort  was  composed. 

2.  transf.  andyf^.  a.  An  invading  troop  or  com 
pany,  as  of  raiders. 

1826  SCOTT  Jrnl.  8  Apr.,  We  expect  a  raid  of  folks  to  visit 
us  this  morning. 

b.  A  rush,  charge,  hurried  movement. 

1861  N.  A.  WOODS  Tour  Pr.  Wales  Canada  50  In  the 
reckless  indiscriminate  raid  made  to  all  parts  of  the  States, 
emigrants  often  commit  the  most  ruinous  mistakes.  1877 
A.  B.  EDWARDS  Up  Nile  iii.  51  A  rapid  raid  into  some  of 
the  nearest  shops,  for  things  remembered  at  the  last  moment. 
C.  A  sudden  or  vigorous  descent,  onset,  or  attack 
upon  something  which  it  is  intended  to  seize, 
suppress,  or  destroy. 

1873  SMILES  Huguenots  Fr.  i.  ii.  (iSSi)  14  There  was.. 
a  general  raid  upon  Protestant  literature  all  over  France. 
1878  MORLEY  Diderot  1. 106  A  stern  raid  was  made  upon  all 
the  scribblers  in  Paris. 

II.  f4.  A  roadstead  for  ships.  Obs.    Cf.  ROAD. 
'445  Rccs.  Burgh  Edinb.  (1869)  8  Shipps  that  commys  in 

the  havin  or  in  the  raide.  1:1470  HENRY  H'ollacc  ix.  264 
He  this  the  schippis  was  in  the  Rochell  raid.  1535  STEWART 
Cron.  Scot.  I.  10  Sone  tha  let  saill  and  straik  into  the  raid, 
And  ankeris  cast.  1609  SKLNE  tr.  Reg.  Maj.  122  (Burrow 


RAIK. 

Lama  c.  27)  His  shippe  is  in  the  radde.     1636  Charter  in 
Maitland  Hist.  Edin.  (1753)  in.  264  The  aforesaid  Port 
Harbour,  Soil,  and  Raid  of  Leith. 
Raid  (iv'd),  v.     Also  8  rhaad.     [f.  prec.  sb.] 

1.  inlr.  To  go  upon,  or  take  part  in  a  raid. 

1865  Intel!.  Observ.  No.  38. 104  To  raid  in  the  surrounding 
country.  1879  Academy  n  Oct.  261/2  English  sportsmen 
who  raid  with  nfle  and  hound  among  the  Rocky  Mountain 
game.  1883  Manch.  Exam.  28  May  4/6  He  hides  in  the 
mountain  fastnesses ..  whence  he  raids  into  the  settlements. 
b.  Of  speculators  in  a  market  or  stock-ex 
change  :  To  act  so  as  to  depress  prices  or  create 
uncertainty  as  to  values. 

1889  Times  9  Mar.,  A  further  decline  . .  due  to  a  'bear ' 
clique  raiding. 

2.  trans.  To  make  a  raid  on  (a  place,  person, 
cattle,  etc.).      To  raid  the  market  (see  I  b). 

1880  Kno  I'irgin.  II.  208  Their  apple  and  peach  orchard 
:  had  been  '  raided  '.  1887  J.  HATTON  Old  Ho.  at  Sandwich 
I.  in.  vii.  200  The  police  had  raided  the  house  almost  simul 
taneously  with  my  entrance. 

Hence  Kai'ded  ///.  a.  •  Hai'ding  vl>l.  sb.  and 
///.  a. 

1785  W.  HUTTON  Uritn  New  U'arlt  40  What  debate- 
able  wark,  what  rhaading,  and  watching,  and  warding 
•  -slang  the  Border  Service.  1824  J.  HOIICSON  in  Raine 
Mem.  (1858)  II.  29  Such  a  race  as  figured  in  it  during  the 
border  raiding.  1866  J.  B.  ROSE  tr.  O-.'id's  Met.  45  Jove 
now  circuits  heaven  and  taketh  note  ( )f  raiding  flames. 
1891  Daily  Xe-.es  16  May  6/1  To  arrest .  .every  person . .  who 
might  be  found  on  the  raided  premises. 

Raid,  obs.  variant  of  REDVD,  spawn.    Sc. 

Raid,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  t.  RIDE,  RAY. 

Raider  (rvMaj).  [f.  RAID  v.  +  -ER!.]  One 
who  raids ;  a  plundering  invader,  a  marauder. 

1863  Boston  Commonwealth  (U.S.)  30  Oct.,  Governor 
Hramlette  of  Kentucky.. telegraphs  that  the  rebel  raiders 
are  within  forty  miles  of  bis  capital.  1870  MORRIS  Earthly 
Par.  II.  in.  481  Hearkening  the  raiders  call  The  cattle  o'er 
the  meads.  1878  JEFFERIES  Gamekeeper  at  H.  142  There 
are  three  kinds  of  poachers,  the  local  men,  the  raiders 
coming  in  gangs  from  a  distance— and  the  mouchers. 

Raider,  dial.  var.  RATHER.  Raie,  obs.  f.  RAY 
Raif(f,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RAVE,  REEVE,  RKIF,  REIVE  ; 
obs.  pa.  t.  RIVE. 

•(•  Raiffell,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  rare.  (Meaning  not  clear.) 

?Cf.  north,  dial,  raffle  to  lounge  about,  dissipate. 

1529  LYNDESAY  Compl.  175  Sum  gart  hym  raifTell  at  the 
rakcat. 


Raifort.   Obs.     Also  6  rayf(f)ort,  -ert ;  Sc. 


1541  R.  COPLAND  Gafycn's  Terap.  D  iv,  He.  .fyrste  of  all 
vsed  hissalue  of  mustarde,  ..  &  than  his  vomytc  of  rayffort. 
1578  I.YTE  Dodoens  \.  .\.\.\vii.  599  Mountayne  Radish  or 
Rayfort  rmlh  great  brode  leaues,  in  fashion  lyke  to  the 
great  Docke.  31700  in  Sempill's  1'sems  (1849)  69  With 
sybows  and  rifarts  and  callings.  1808  JAMIESON,  Reefort. 

Raigve,  obs.  forms  of  RAGE  sb.  and  v. 

1  Raign,  v.  Obs.  Forms  :  5-6  rayn-,  reyn-, 
5  raygn-,  5-6  reygne,  6  reign,  rain,  f  Aphetic 
form  of  ARRAIGN  Z'.l]  trans.  To  arraign. 

1444  Rolls  ofParlt.  \.  116/2  He  shall,  .be  punysshed  be 
prisounement,  and  rayned  at  the  Kynges  will.  1480  CAXTON 
Ckron.  Eng.  cclii.  (1452)  323  lohan  hume  [etc.],  .byfore  the 
mayer  the  lordes  and  chyef  lustyce  of  Englond  were  rayned 
and  dampned.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  97  b, 
Reigned  before  Pylate  &  judged.  1581  MARBF.CK  />'*.  of 
Notes  374  Y'  same  false  faith  in  their  owne  works,  raineth 
y^  mercy  promised  to  the  merits  of  their  own  works. 

So  f  Rai'g-iiment,  arraignment.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1570  FOXE  A.  ^  M.  1637/1  Hauyng  somewhat,  .to  declare 
touching  the  raynment  and  death  of  the  Duke  of  SufTolke. 

Raign(e,  obs.  forms  of  REIGX  sb.  and  v. 

Rai-iform,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  RAI-A  +  -(I)FORM.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  ray  (the  fish). 

1884  F.  DAY  Fisfu-s  Gt.  Brit,  f,  Irel.  II.  33I  These  fishes. . 
possess  a  squalifonn  stage,  a  raiiform  stage,  and  a  torpedi- 
form  stage. 

Raijpout,  obs.  form  of  RAJPOOT. 

Raik,  sb.    Now  rare  or  Obs,     Forms :  5  rayk, 

reyke,  5-6  rayke,   5-7   (9^1  raike,  6   (9)  raik. 

[a.  ON.  reik  (Norw.  dial.  reik\  walking,  strolling, 

etc.,  related  to  rcika  RAIK  v.  In  ME.  distinct  from 
RAKE  so.3 ;  at  a  later  period  the  two  coalesced,  and 
the  spelling  raik  became  unusual.] 

1.  The  act  of  going,  walking  about,  etc.  ;  course, 
way ;  journey. 

la  1400  Morte  Art  ft.  2985  Sir  Gawaynne  . .  Rydes  one  a 
rawndoune,  and  his  rayke  holdes.  c  1425  WVNTOUN  Cron. 
III.  i.  98  To  the  dure  ..  Scho  tuk  hyr  rayk  rycht  hastyly. 
c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  427/2  Reyke,  or  royt,  ydylle  walky[n]ge 
abowt  (6*.  reyke  or  royke),  discursus,  vagacio.  1535  STEWART 
Cron.  Scot.  I.  284  Cesus  Nausica . .  with  his  raikis  all  that 
land  ouir  raid.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  198/17  Rayke,  awbu. 
lacrum.  1808  JAMIESON  s.v.,  It  is  said  of  a  horse,  that  takes 
a  long  step,  or  moves  actively,  that  he  has  a  great  raik  of 
the  road.  1813  HOC.G  Queen's  llrake,  Kilmeny  xxiv,  The 
wolf  and  the  kid  their  raike  began. 

fig.  1401  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)" II.  73  That  je  myjten  have 
;our  reyke  and  prechen  what  3OU  list 

1 2.  The  space  of  ground  over  which  animals,  esp. 
cattle,  usually  move  or  pasture  ;  a  piece  of  pas 
ture-land,  etc.  Obs.  Cf.  RAKE  sb.Z 

c  I42S  WYNTOUN  Cron.  vii.  vi.  104  That  land,  thai  oysyd 
all  The  Barys  rayk  all  tyme  to  cal.l.  1591  Manor  Records 
in  A^.  )('.  Line.  Gloss.  (1877)  s.v.,  There  was  a  place  in  the 


BAIK. 

Manor  of  Scotter  called  Long  Rayke.  1641  N.  Riding  Rec. 
IV.  212  A  place  called  le  Cow  Raikes. 

3.    =  RAKE  ^.84.  rare. 

1623  in  Records  Peebles  (1872)  412  To  bring  vp  the  vthev 
tua  trieis  with  his  hors  and  his  oxine,  pryce  ewerie  raike 
thretie  tua  s.  1808  JAMIESON  s.v.t  He  brings  twa,  thrie,  &c. 
raik  a  day;  applied  to  dung,  coals,  &c...as  equivalent  to 
draught. 

t  Raik,  v.  Obs.  Forms  :  3-5  (9)  raike,  4-6 
rayk(e,  5  raicke,  5-6  reyke,  3-6  raik.  [a.  ON. 
reika  (Norw.  dial.  reika%  MSw.  refca)  to  walk  about, 
stroll,  wander.  In  ME.  distinct  from  RAKE  z».2,  in 
which  it  was  subsequently  absorbed.] 

1.  intr.  To  go,  proceed,  make  one's  way  ;  to  walk, 
stroll,  wander,  etc. 

a.  of  persons.   =  RAKE  v*  i  a. 
c* 

abo 

bylyue  lonas  toward  port  laph.  a  1400-50  Alexander  5555 
pan  raikis  he  by  pe  reede  see  &  rides  ay  pe  sannd.  1535 
STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  III.  40  The  men  of  weir..  In  gude 
array  come  raikand  fra  the  schoir.  1596  DALRVMPLE  tr. 
Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  vi.  349  He  raikis  throuch  the  hail 
real  me. 

fig.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  20798  It  es  better  to  be  stell,  ban 
ratk  on  reson  pat  es  will.  1340-70  Alex,  ff  Dind.  467  We 
raiken  to  oure  romauncus  &  reden  pe  storrlus. 

b.  of  things.    =  RAKE  v.-  i  b. 

13. .  E.  E,  Allit.  P.  A.  112  pe  water  con  swepe  Wyth  a 
rownande  rourde  raykande  ary?t.  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  m. 
627  Thar  schip . .  Rayky t  slidand  throw  the  se.  c  1473  Rauf 
Coil^ear  212  Lat  the  cop  raik  for  my  bennysoun. 

fig.  a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  Ixxxv.  5  pai  suffire  J>aire 
hert  to  rayke  in  ydel  thoghtts.  c  1400  Dcstr.  Troy  3048 
Hir  chekes..as  the  chalke  white,  As  the  rose,  was  the  rud 
J>at  raiked  horn  in. 

c.  of  cattle,  deer,  etc.  =  RAKE  v.2  i  c. 

a  1225  [see  RAIKIXG///.  a.],  c  1470  HENRYSON  Rolenc  fy 
IMakync  12, 1 .  .keipis  myscheipundir  yone  wude,  Lo  !  quhair 
thay  raik  on  raw.  1530  LYNDESAV  Test.  Papyngo  643  The 
fallow  deir,  to  see  thame  raik  on  rawe. 

2.  re/I.  To  betake  oneself,  rare. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  465  pe  rauen  raykez  him  forth. 
13. .  Gaw.q-Gr.  Knt.  1735  pe  lady,  .ros  hir  vp  radly,rayked 
hir  peder. 

3.  trans,  a.  To  make,  pursue,  (one's  way),  rare, 
c  1425  WVN'TOUN  Cron.  v.  x.  3477  The  dede  body  ras.  .And 

raykyt  off  the  kyrk  hys  way. 

b.  To  wander  through  or  over  (a  place). 

1813  HOGG  Queen's  Wake,  Kilmeny  vii,  Lang  haif  I  raikit 
the  worlld  wide.  Ibid,  xxtv,  To  raike  the  lanely  glen. 

Hence  t  Barker,  a  stroller,  vagabond;  t  Hark 
ing  vhl.  sb.  and///,  a.  Obs. 

a  1225  A  tier.  R.  140  note  (Titus  MS.),  As  mon  dos  be  custel 
to  the  ku,  o5er  to  pe  beast,  bat  is  to  raikinde.  13..  E,  E. 
Allit.  P.  B.  382  Neuer  cowbe  stynt . .  pe  raykande  wawez. 
c  1340  Hampoles  IVks.  (1895)  1. 140  Thre  maners  of  occupa- 
cions  are,  as..Raykyngaboute.  1596  DALRVMPLE  tr.  Leslie's 
Hist.  Scot.  i.  121  Reiuers,  Raikers,  Herrieris  of  the  ground. 

Baik(e,   obs.   Sc.  ff.  RAKE,  RECK.    Kaikn-, 

obs.  Sc.  f.  RECKON. 

t  Rail,  $b.1  Obs.  Forms:  i  hraes(e)l,  hregl, 
etc.,  2  rs9s(e)l,  reil,  3  rejel,  5  reile,  6  raill, 
rayll,  rale,  6-7  raile,  rayl(e,  7-8  (9  Sc.)  rail. 
[OE.  hnegl,  hrxgel  =  OFris.  (A)r«V,  OHG. 
(h}regilt  hrecil^  of  obscure  etym.] 

1.  A  garment,  dress,  mantle,  cloak. 

a  700  EpinalGloss.  %iAmicufat  hraecli  [Erf.  hraegl,  Corpus 
hre^H].  ^897  K.  ALFRED  Gregory's  Past.  xiv.  82  £)a:t 
hrsegl  ..  sceolde  bion  geworht  of  purpuran.  c  1000  Ags. 
Gosp.  John  xlii.  4  He..Iede  his  reaf&  nam  linen  hrajel 
\Hatton  MS.  rail],  c  1175  Lamb.  Horn.  5  pa  o3re  men  be 
reil  nefden.  a  1250  Owl  fy  Night.  562  pu  art  lutel  and  un- 
strong  And  nis  pi  re3el  nowiht  long. 

b.  A  woman's  gown  (?  misuse  of  sense  2). 

c  1817  HOGG  Tales  4-  Sk.  (1837)  II.  15  She  was  dressed  in 
a  plain  white  rail. 

2.  A  piece  of  linen  or  other  cloth  formerly  worn 
about  the  neck  by  women ;  a  neckerchief.     See  also 
NIGHT-RAIL. 

1482  Act  22  Edw.  /y,  c.  i  They  shall  not  suffer  their 
wives  to  weare  any  reile  called  a  kercheffe,  whose  price 
exceedeth  twentie  pence.  1530  PALSGR.  260/2  Rayle  for 
a  woman's  neck,  erevechtefin  quattre  doubles.  1592  NASHE 
P.  Penilesse  (ed.  2)  8  A  course  hempen  raile  about  her 
shoulders.  01635  CORBET  Poems  (1807)  232  Ladyes,  that 
weare  black  cipress- vailesTurn'd  lately  to  white  linnen-rayles. 
1678  PHILLIPS  (ed.  4)  s.  v.,  The  . .  gathered  piece  of  Cloth 
which  Women  throw  about  their  necks,  when  they  dress 
them . .  is  also  called  a  Rail.  1710  RUDDIMAN  Gloss.  Douglas' 
^Eneis  s.y.  Ralis^  A  womans  rail  or  collar-body,  as  Scot. 
Bor,  call  it. 

Comb.  1558  Richmond  IVills  (Surtees)  126  Fower  crepings 
.  .iiij  railbandes. 


Rail  (y  1),  sb.%  Forms :  4-6  raylle,  4-7  raile, 
5  reyle,  5-7  rayl(e,  6-7  rale,  4,  7-  rail.  [a.  OF. 
reille  (1334):— pop.  L.  *regla,  L.  rSgula  straight 
stick,  bar,  rod,  etc.  (see.  RULE)  :  the  mod.  Norm, 
form  is  ratle  (Moisy).  (M)Du.,  (M)LG.,  and  Sw. 
regel,  OHG.  rigil  (G.  Hegel}  bar,  bolt,  etc.,  are 
prob.  also  of  Latin  origin.] 

1.  A  bar  of  wood,  fixed  in  a  horizontal  position 
for  hanging  things  on,  or  for  other  purposes.  Now 
chiefly  in  combs.,  as  copping-,  hat-^  towel-rail. 

^1320  [see  rail-tree  in  6 a).  1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  75 
Into  an  Egle  he  gan  transforme,  And  flyh  and  sette  him  on 
a  raile.  1497  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  I'll  (1896)  313  Cloffeborde 
&  Raylles  for  the  seyd  ship.  1609  HOLLAND  Amm.  Marcell. 


112 

222  The  master  of  the  Engine.. setteth  open  the  rayles  that 
contain  the  binding  of  the  whole  worke.  1683  MOXON 
Mech.  Exerc.*  Printing  xi.  f  22  These  Racks  .".are  hung 
a-thwart  two  Rails  an  Inch  thick,  .which  Rails  are  fastned 
..by  Stiles  perpendicular  to  the  Ceiling.  1710  STEELK 
Tatter  No.  174  r  3  All  the  Volumes,  .shall  be  from  Time  to 
Time  placed  in  proper  Order  upon  the  Rails  of  the  unhoused 
Booksellers.  1793  [see  COPPING-RAIL].  1883  [see  hat-rail, 
s.v.  HAT  sl\  8]. 

b.  Used  to  support  vines  or  other  plants. 

1389  Helming/tarn  MS.  21,  If,  17  b,  Forkis  &  railis  to  bere 
up  J?e  vyne.  c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  iv.  287  Helpe  hem 
[gourds]  vp  with  rayles,  as  they  growe.  1548  ELYOT  Diet., 
CantheriuS)  the  raile  of  a  vine  borne  vp  with  forkes  &  postes. 
1600  SUHFLET  Conntrie  Forme  i.  IL  2  A  frame  of  railes  in 
forme  of  an  Arbor  for  vines  to  runne  vpon.  1777  MASON 
Eng.  Garden  n.  200  To  defend  Their  infant  shoots,  beneath, 
on  oaken  stakes,  Extend  a  rail  of  elm. 

C.  Forming  part  of  the  sides  of  a  cart. 

1330  PALSGR.  260/2  Rayle  for  a  carte,  coste.  1611  COTGR., 
RidelUi  the  rayle  of  a  Cart  or  waine ;  and  more  particularly, 
the  vppermost  of  the  three.  1797  EncycL  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVII  I. 
697/2  The  chest  or  body  of  the  waggon,  having  the  staves 
or  rails  fixed  thereon.  1851  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm,  (ed.a)  II. 
357/1  The  outer  rails  support  the  sheaves  of  corn  over  the 
wheels. 

d.  JVaut.  Rails  of  the  head \  (see  quot.  1769). 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1776),  Rails  of  the  head, 
certain  curved  pieces  of  timber  extending  from  the  bows 
on  each  side  to  the  continuation  of  the  ship's  stem.  1867 
SMYTH  Sailor's  \Vord-bk.  375  The  short  rails  of  the  head, 
extending  from  the  back  of  the  figure  to  the  cat-head. 

2.  A  horizontal  bar  of  wood  or  metal,  fixed  upon 
upright  supports  (posts)  as  part  of  a  fence.     (In 
//.  freq.=b.) 

1494  Nottingham  Rcc,  III.  272  For  sawyng  reyleyes  \sic\ 
to  the  pale,  a  1548  HALL  Ckron.t  Hen.  VIII  (1550)  59  This 
Gardeyn  was  towred  at  euery  corner  and  railed  with  railes 
gilt.  1616  SIR  R.  BOYLE  in  Lismore  Papers  (1886)  I.  115, 
I  agreed  with  my  carpenter  to  mak  my  postes  and  Rayles  of 
my  Park.  1732  LEDIARD  Sethos  II.  vu.  91  The  rails  which 
inclos'd  the  sanctuary.  1792  BELKNAP  Hist,  New  Hampsh. 
III.  117  The  wood  ..makes  durable  rails  for  fences.  1861 
N.  A.  WOODS  Pr.  Wales  Canada  315  Mr.  Lincoln . .  began  his 
career  in  life  as  a  splitter  of  rails.  1891  Law  Times  XC. 
395/1  Placing  wooden  rails  on  the  side  next  the  glebe  land. 
Jig.  1614  DAY  Dyall  ix.  (1613)  246  The  law  hath  made 
rayles  and  barres  about  thee. 

b.  A  continuous  series  of  bars  forming  the  hori 
zontal  part  of  a  fence  ;  also,  by  extension,  a  fence 
or  railing,  whether  constructed  of  posts  and  rafcs, 
or  of  some  other  form. 

1541  Act  33  Hen.  VIII,  c.  38  Reparacions  nedefull  to  be 
done  in  and  vpon  any  pale,  rayle  and  lodge,  within  any  of 
the  saide  parkes.  1600  SURFLET  Conntrie  Farme  vu.  xix. 
833  These  seuerall  grounds  . .  must  be  separated  one  from 
the  other  by  a  strong  rale,  through  which  deere  or  sheepe 
(but  no  greater  cattell)  may  passe.  1650  T.  B[AYLEY] 
Worcester  $  Apoph.  31  As  we  were  going  along  by  the 
Churchyard  Rayle.  1726  LEONI  AlbertCs  Archit.  II.  62/2 
The  rail  or  side-wall  of  the  Bridge.  1871  L.  STEPHEN 
Playgr.  Eur.  iii.  (1894)  88  The  dangerous  place  is  guarded 
by  a  wooden  rail. 

c.  The  HAND-BAIL  of  a  stair. 

1453  Mem.  Ripon  (Surtees)  III.  160  Pro  emendacione  de 
le  grece  et  le  reyle  Infra  aulam.  1663  GERBIER  Counsel  15 
Carpenters  do  frame  their  Railes  to  Ballesters  to  meet  on 
the  Pedestals.  1778  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  I.  618/2  The  three 
dotted  lines  drawn  from  the  rail  to  the  pitch  board  represent 
the  width  of  the  rail.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic 
600  Every  level  straight  line,  directed  to  the  axis  of  the 
well-hole,  from  every  point  of  the  side  of  the  rail.  1842 
GWILT  Encycl.  Arch.  §2182  In  the  upper  ramp.. produce 
the  top  of  the  rail . .  to  P. 

d.  An  altar-rail  (see  ALTAR  sb.  II). 

1641  MILTON  Prel.  Episc.  10  Unlesse  a  man  be  within  the 
rayls,  or  enclosure  of  the  Altar.  1711  HEAHNE  Collect. 
(O.  H.  S.)  III.  231  In  the  Chancell  just  on  this  side  the  Rayle. 
1874  MICKLETHWAITE  Mod.  Par.  Ckttrchcsoo  The  rail  was  in 
troduced  in  the  seventeenth  century  as  a  fence  to  the  altar. 

e.  Natit.  (See  quot.  1804.) 

1804  A.  DUNCAN  Mariner's  Chron.  Pref.  19  Rails  are 
narrow  planks  nailed  for  ornament  on  several  parts  of  a 
ship's  upper  works,  as  drift-rails,  fife-rails,  sheer-rails.  1840 
R.  H.DANA  Be/,Mastxxx\.ii2Our  ship  had.  .high  bulwarks 
and  rail.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  264  Those  parts 
where  the  sheer  is  raised,  and  the  rails  are  cut  off. 

3.  Carpentry.    One  of  the  horizontal  pieces  in 
a  door  or  other  framework. 

1678  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.    I.  106   In  Wainscoting  of 
Rooms.. the  Upper  and  Lower  Rails  have  also  the  same 
breadth  with  the  Margent  of  the  Stile.    1823  P.  NICHOLSON 
Pract.  Build.  160  All  the  cross  pieces  (of  a  frame)  are 
denominated  rails.     1834-47  T.  S.  MACAULAY  Field  Fort  if. 
(1851)  81  This  gate.. is  usually  composed  of  two  upright 
stiles,  and  two  horizontal  rails,  framed  together. 

t  b.  A  string  of  a  stair.   Obs. 

1679  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  1. 154  The  Rail  these  Steps  are 
built  upon . .  must . .  be  framed  into  the  next  Post. 

t  C.  (See  quot.)   Obs.  rare"0. 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  100/1  Raile  is  a  piece  of 
Timber  6..  foot  or  more  long,  and  carrieth  four  inches 
broad,  and  an  inch  or  more  thick.  A  Raile  is  an  half  Spare. 

4.  A  bar  or  continuous  line  of  bars  (now  usu.  of 
iron  or  steel)  laid  on  or  near  the  ground  (com 
monly  in  pairs)  to  bear  and  guide  the  wheels  of 
a  vehicle,  and  enable  them  to  run  more  easily. 

a  1734  NORTH  Life  Lord  Keeper  North  (1742)  136 
Laying  Rails  of  Timber,  from  the  Colliery,  down  to  the 
River,  exactly  straight  and  parallel;  and  bulky  Carts  are 
made  with  four  Rowlets  fitting  these  Rails.  1789  BRAND 
Nwvcastle  I.  687  note,  Upon  these  sleepers,  other  pieces  of 
timber  called  rails,  of  4  or  5  in.  square  are  laid.  1834  N.  W. 
i  CUNDY  Inland  Transit  34  These  iron  bars,  which  are  called 


KAIL. 

rails,  are  firmly  connected  end  to  end.  1866  Engineering  I. 
255/2  ^Steel  rails  have  so  much  more  stiffness  in  a  vertical 
direction  than  iron. 

b.  Phr.  Off  the  rails  (freq.  fig.  =  out  of  the 
proper  or  normal  condition). 

1859  GEN.  P.  THOMPSON  Audi  Alt.  II.  xcv.  So  At  the 
arrival  of  a  general  election  England  therefore  may  be 
considered  as  '  off  the  rails '.  1886  GURNEY,  etc.  Phantasms 
of  Living  I.  499  A  sane,  healthy,  waking  mind  can  really  get 
momentarily  on  the  rails. 

5.  =  RAILWAY,  now  chiefly  in  phr.  by  rail,  and 
on  the  Stock  Exchange  in  //.  =  railway  shares. 

1843  SYD.  SMITH  in  Lady  Holland  Mem.  (1855)  II.  495  The 
rail.. has  brought  us  within  fifty  miles  of  London.  1872 
BLACK  Adr.  Phaeton  xi.  149  He  had  come  on  by  rail  to 
pay  us  a  visit.  1893  West™.  Gaz.  25  Feb.  8/1  The  public 
have  lost  nearly  all  confidence  in  American  rails. 
b.  Railway  journey. 

1857  E.  FITZGERALD/.^/.  (1889)  I.  242  So  as  the  Atlantic 
should  have  been  no  greater  Bar  between  us  than  the  two 
hours  rail  to  Oxford. 

6.  attrib.  and  Comb.    a.  In  senses  i  and  2,  as 
rail-fence(^S^)-mouldy-piece,-post, -splitter  (J3  $>.}, 
-splitting  (U.  S.),  -work;  rail-bird,  the  American 
spotted  cuckoo  ;    t  rail-cloth,  ?  a  cloth   for  the 
altar-rail ;   rail-ridden,    compelled  to  '  ride '   on 
a  rail,  as  a  punishment;  frail-stair,  a  stair  with 
a  railing  ;  trail-tree,  a  rail. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  V.  596/2  The  nsevius,  spotted 
cuckow,  or  *rail-bird,  is  about  the  size  of  a  field-fare. .  .It  in 
habits  Cayenne. .  .This,  .is  seen  often  perched  upon  gates 
and  rails,  whence  its  name.  1531  MS.  Ace.  St.  Johns 
ffosp.,  Canterb^  Paid  for  a  lyne  to  the  *rale  cloth.  1848 
WEBSTER,  * Kail-fence,  a  1864  HAWTHORNE  Grimshau>ex\\. 
(1891)  142  Simple  and  rustic  as  the  gap  in  a  rail  fence.  1870 
LOWELL  Study  Wind,  18  One  of  the  male  birds  accom 
panies  me,  flitting  from  post  to  post  of  the  rail-fence.  1778 
Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  I.  618/2  If  the  sides  of  the  twisted  part 
of  the  rail  be  shaped  by  the  *rail-mou!d.  1816  Mechanic  I. 
487  The  under  edge  of  the  blade  may  coincide  with  the  top 
or  winding  surface  of  the  *rail-piece.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON 
Operat.  Mechanic  600  A  parallel  piece  of  thin  wood,  .bent 
to  the  side  of  the  rail-piece.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1860/1 
*Rail-post,  a  newel  post  for  a  staircase  or  balustrade. 
1865  Morn.  Star  19  July,  A  Woman  Tarred  and  *Rail- 
ridden.  1865  Macm.  Mag.  Nov.  7  Earned  his  life  as  ^ail- 
splitter,  deck-hand,  farm- labourer,  clerk.  1863  DICEY 
Federal  Si.  I.  164,  I  am  not  practically  acquainted  with 
*rail-splitting.  1589  in  Rccs.  Burgh  Glasgow  (1876)  I.  148 
With  ane  *raill  galrie  stair  and  ane  turlies  upoun  the 
northmost  windo  therof.  r  1320  Sir  Beues  (MS.  A.)  3217 
panne  was  before  his  bed  itijt . .  A  couertine  on  *raile  tre,  For 
noman  scholde  on  bed  ise.  1825  JAMIESON  Suppl.,  Rail' 
tree,  a  large  beam,  in  a  cow-house,  fixed  about  two  feet 
above  the  heads  of  the  cows,  into  which  the  upper  ends  of 
the  stakes  are  fixed.  Teviotdale.  1828  Lights  fy  Shades  I. 
287  A  little  green  cross-barred  *ra!lwork  for  mignonette. 

b.  In  sense  4,  in  a  large  number  of  compounds, 
mostly  of  recent  origin,  as  rail-bender,  -borer > 
-chair,  -clamp,  -joint,  -layer,  -laying,  -maker, 
-making,  -mill,  -parallel,  -trade,  etc. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1859-60  *  Rail-bender,  etc. 
1884  Ibid.  Suppl.  737  ^Rail-borer,  etc.  1864  WEBSTER, 
* Rail-joint.  1835  BARLOW  2nd  Rep.  Direct.  Loud.  $  Wham 
Raihv.  40  Both  sides  being  alike,  the  *rail-layers  may  select 
the  side  that  fits  best.  1838  Civil  Eng*  ty  Arch.  Jrnl.  1. 166/1 
In  all  present  systems  of  *rail-laying  the  supports,  .simply 
rest  upon  the  ground.  1835  BARLOW  znd  Reg.  Direct. 
Lond.  fy  B'ham  Raihv.  22  The  *rail  parallel  weighing  42  Ibs. 
per  yard. 

C.  In  sense  5,  as  rail-bank,  -car,  -carriage, 
charges,  distance,  -head,  operations,  -track,  -waggon. 

1852  WIGGINS  Embanking  67  Shaping  the  material  for  the 
*rail-bank.  1843  WHITTIER  Pr.  Wks.  (1889)  I.  352  Steam 
boats  and  *rail-cars.  1867  G.  MUSGRAVE  Nooks  Old  France 
II.  204  A  hybrid  combination  of  "rail-carriage,  omnibus  and 
diligence.  1880  Q.  Rev.  CXLV.  319  On  the  question  of 
*rafl  charges  a  good  deal  might  be  written.  1882  E.  FITZ 
GERALD  Lett.  (18891  I*  4^9  An  hour's  *Rail  distance  from 
here.  1896  Daily  News  13  May  3/3  The  advanced  base 
camp  has  been  transferred  to  the  vicinity  of  the  *iail  head. 
1855  CARLYLE  in  E.  FitzGerald's  Lett.  (1889)  I.  235  The  end 
of  my  shrieking,  mad,  (and  to  me  quite  horrible)  *rail 
operations,  a  1824  ROBERTSON  in  Trans.  Highland  Soc. 
VI.  68  The  *rail-track  was  now  made  of  cast-iron  and  con 
cave.  1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  Note-l>ks.  (1883)  42  On  our  left, 
the  rail-track  kept  close  to  the  hills,  a  1824  A.  SCOTT  in 
Trans.  Highland  Soc.  VI.  30  Simple  as  the  common  ^ail- 
waggon  convoy  may  appear  [etc.]. 

Hence  Rarlage,  conveyance  by  rail,  or  the 
charges  for  this;  Bailery  nonce-wd.,  travelling 
by  rail ;  Rarly  a.  nonce-wd.,  railway-like. 

1851  LD.  COCKBURN  Circuit  Jonrn.  (1883)  373  Too  much 
railery  is  an  unbecoming  thing  for  an  aged  judge.  1859 
SALA  Tw.  round  Clock  (1861)  42  These  vegetable  Titans  are 
of  the  rail,  and  raily.  1891  A  vcklandQU.  Z.)  Star  i  Oct.  4/2 
Labour,  cartage,  and  railage. 

Hail  (r£H),  -f^.3  Forms  :  5-7  rayle,  5,  8  rale, 
6-7  raile,  7-  rail.  [a.  F.  rale  (Picard  reille},  OK. 
raale  (13-14111  c.),  of  uncertain  origin.  Hence 
also  G.  raile,  med.L.  rallus]  A  bird  of  the 
family  Rallidx  and  especially  of  the  genus  Ral/its : 
see  LANDRAIL,  WATER-RAIL. 

c  1450  Tiv o  Cookery-bks.  69  Votrellez,  Rales,  Quayles.  1483 
Cath.  Angl.  299/1  A  Rayle,  glebarins.  a  1529  SKELTON 
Col.  Cloute  870  Some.. by  the  barres  of  her  tayle  Wyll 
knowe  a  raven  from  a  rayle.  1615  MARKHAM  Eng.  Housew. 
(1660)  76  Sauce  for  a  Quail,  Raile,  or  any  fat  big  bird.  1755 
Mem.  Capt.  P.Drake  II.  xviii.  273  We  diverted  ourselves  in 
the  Meadows,  where  my  Lord  shot  some  Rales.  1843  I.EVER 
J.  Hint  on  xxxv,  All  was  hushed  and  still,  save  the  deep 
note  of  the  rail.  1885  O.  S.  FORBES  Wild  Life  in  Canara 
207  The  rails  tried  all  they  knew  to  stop  the  cobra. 


RAIL. 

attrib.  1573  BARET  Ahearie,  A  Raile  bird,  rusiicula 
1808  T.  ASHE  Trav.  II.  67  Rail-bird,  Kallus  Virginianus. 

Bail  (if'\),  si.*  rare.  Also  6  rayle.  \i.  RAIL 
"  41  An  act  of  railing  or  reviling. 


keep  up  the  old  rail  against  the  Catholic  religion 

Rail  (iril),  j*.S  Sc.  rare-\  [f.  RAIL  z/.l  :  cf. 
quot.  1887  in  sense  2.]  A  row  (of  nails). 

1776  C.  KK.TH  Farmer's  Ha'  y,  They  . .  set  about  their 
heels  wi  rails  O'  chnkin  tackets. 

Bail  (re'l),  ».l  0Af.  exc.  &•.  Also  4  raill-, 
4-6  rayl(e,  5  rayll(e,  6  .Si-,  ralye.  [a.  OF.  ra'//«- 
:-pop.L.  *nglare,  L.  regulare,  f.  ?v"TO/a :  see  RAIL 
rf.-'J 

1 1.  trans.  To  set  in  order  or  array  ;  to  arrange ; 
to  regulate.  Obs. 

0:1310  in  Wright  Lyric  P.  xiii.  43  The  rose  rayleth  hire 
rode,  a  1351  MINOT  Poems  iv.  83  Both  alblast  and  many  a 
bow  Was  redy  railed  opon  a  row.  c  1440  CAPGHAVE  Life 
St.  Kath.i\.  1020  Soo  weel  can  oure  mayden  hir  proporsyons 
rayll.  [bid.  v.  1168  Whan  that  no  counseill  may  you  reden 
ne  rayle.  c  1530  LD.  BERBERS  Artk.  Lyt.  Bryt.  (1814)  181 
Than  his  people  rayled  theym  togyther. 
fb.  To  tie  or  fasten  in  a  string  or  row.  Obs. rare. 
1622  BACON  Hen.  VII  141  [The  rebels]  were  brought  to 
London,  all  rayl'd  in  Ropes,  like  a  Teame  of  Horses  in 
a  Cart.  1634  FORD  Perk.  Warb.  m.  i,  The  ringleaders  of 
tms_  commotion,  Railed  in  ropes,  fit  ornaments  for  traitors 
Wait  your  determinations. 
2.  To  array,  adorn,  set  'with  something). 
c  1350  Will.  Palerne  1618  Eche  a  strete  was. . realy  rallied 
wij>  wel  riche  clobes.  1  a  1400  Morte  Art!:.  3264  The 
rowelle  whas  rede  golde  . .  Raylide  with  reched  and  rubyes 
inewe.  c  1430  LYDG.  Reas.  $  Sens.  2561  To  conserve  hyt, 
and  to  Raylle  With  fresh  and  lusty  apparaylle.  1542  Inv. 
K.  Waritr.  (1815)  85  Ane  cott  of  blak  sating  ralyeit  with 
gold  and  silver.  1887  Jamiesoris  Scot.  Diet.  Suppl.  317  To 
rail  skoen,  to  fill  the  soles  with  rows  of  iron  nails. 
,fis-  c  M4°  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  in.  1230  Wyth  many 
ioyes  I  wyl  5ow  newly  rayle. 

Bail  (r?l),  v.-  Also  4-7  rayle.  raile.  7  Sc. 
raill.  [f.  RAIL  sb?] 

fl.  trans.  To  provide  (vines,  etc.)  with  rails; 
to  train  on  rails.  Obs. 

1389  Hthiuitgham  MS.  21,  If.  17  b,  pe  vyne.-schal  wax 
wilde  but  if  she  be  railid.  c  1410  Pa/lad,  on  Husb.  I.  805 
Now  rayle  hem.  and  of  closure  is  no  doute.  1495  Trevisa's 
Earth.  De  P.  R.  xvn.  clxxvii.  717  Vynes  ben  perched  and 
rayled  and  bounde  to  trees  that  ben  nye  to  them. 
2.  To  furnish  or  enclose  (a  place)  with  rails. 
£•1374  CHAUCER  Troy  Ins  it.  820  (771)  This  yerd  was  large, 
and  rayled  alle  the  aleyes.  c  1400  Beryn  201  Al  the  Aleyis 
feir..I-raylid.  1587  Nottingham  Rec.  IV.  215  Chayney 
Pooll  the  syde  towardes  Est  Crofte  to  be  rayled.  1641 
W.  MOUNTACU  in  Bucclench  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.) 
I.  286  All  the  streets  are  railed  for  the  advantage  of  the 
show.  1679-88  Sccr.  Serv.  Money  Chas.  ,J-  Jas.  (Camden) 
125  In  raylmg  the  walke  called  Swinley  Rayles,  in  the  forest 
of  Windsor.  1726  AYLIFFE  Parergon  173  The  Church-yard 
..ought  to  be  fenced  in  and  railed.  01817  T.  DWIGHT 
Trav.  New  Eng.,  etc.  (1823)  I.  456  The  sides  of  the  causeys 
are  stoned,  capstained,  and  railed. 

b.  With  adverbs,  esp.  to  rail  in,  to  enclose 
(a  space  or  thing)  with  rails  ;  to  rail  off,  to  sepa 
rate  by  a  railing. 

.J423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q.  xxxi,  Ane  herbere  grene,  with  wan- 
dis  long  and  small  Railit  about.  1576  GASCOIGNE  Kenel- 
worth  A  iij,  A  bridge,  the  which  was  rayled  in  on  both 
sides.  1604  Manchester  Court  Lect  Rec.  (1885)  II.  203 
Raphe  Hulme  hath  Rayled  in  a  parcell  of  land.  1711 
ADOISON  Spect.  No.  112  ]•  2  Sir  Roger  has.. railed  in  the 
Communion-Table.  1802  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Moral  T.  (1816) 
I.  321  A  space  was  railed  in  for  the  reception  of  the  . . 
jurors.  1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  I.  v.  451  The 
footpaths  were  railed  off  along  the  whole  distance, 
tc.  To  confine  (sheep)  by  rails.  Obs.  rare—1. 
1641  BEST  Farm.  £As.  (Surtees)  84  Yett  some  will  perswade 
to  rayle  them  a  little  before  they  goe  to  field. 

8.  To  provide  (a  hedge,  bench,  etc.)  with  a  rail  or 
rails.  Also  with  about,  in  (cf.  2  b).  rare. 

1577  B.  GOOGE  Heresb.  Husb.  (1586)  50  The  common  hedge 
made  of  dead  wood,  well  staked  and  thicke  plashed  or  railde. 
1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  xi.  ?  n  The  Inck- 
Block..is  Railed  in  on  its  farther  and  hinder-sides.. with 
Wainscot  Board.  Ibid.  xx.  F  3  The  Bench  hath  its  farther 
Side,  and  both  ends,  railed  about  with  slit  Deal  about  two 
Inches  high. 

4.  To  lay  with  rails  (in  sense  4  of  the  sb.). 

1888  ffarfeSs  Mag.  LXXVII.  125  One  hundred  and  fifty 
miles_  of  new  road  graded  last  year,  which  was  to  receive 
its  rails  this  spring,  will  not  be  railed. 

5.  To  convey  by  rail. 

1865  Pall  Mall  G.  4  Sept.  10/1  Fat  cattle  and  fat  sheep 
. .  to  be  railed  to  market. 

6.  intr.  To  travel  by  rail.     Also  with  it. 

1842  LADY  GRANVILLE  Lett.  (1894)  II.  337  We  rail  to 
Munich  to-morrow.  1853  Vise.  STRATFORD  DE  REDCLIFFE 
in  Lane-Poole  Life  II.  243  Next  day  we  railed  it  away 
through  Gratz  and  Laibach. 

7.  To  fish  with  a  hand-line  over  a  boat's  rail. 

1889  Nature  XLI.  180  In  England,  the  summer  fishing 
for  mackerel  is  carried  on  by  means  of  hand  lines,  and 
small  boats  may  be  seen  '  railing  '  or  '  whiffing '  amongst  the 
schools  of  mackerel. 

t  Bail,  z/.3  Obs.  Forms :  5  raylle,  rayl,  reyle, 
5-6  rail(e,  rayle,  6  Sc.  rale.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
intr.  To  flow,  gush  (dtnvii}.  Usu.  said  of  blood. 

c  1400  Laud  Troy-bk.  6842  Thei  mette  so  well  . .  That  the 
blod  fro  hem  rayled.  £1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  v. 

VOL.  VIII. 


113 

1720  Ffrothi  eynez  lete  the  water  now  be  thi  cheekis  reyle. 
1513  DOUGLAS  /Ends  xi.  xiii.  172  The  blude  haboundantly 
furth  ralis.  1591  SPENSER  Vis.  Bcllay  155,  I  saw  a  spring 
out  of  a  rocke  forth  rayle.  1600  FAIRFAX  Tasso  iv.  l.\.\iv, 
A  tempest  railed  downe  her  cheekes  amaine. 

Bail  (iv7il),  vA  Forms :  a.  5-7  rayl,  6  St: 
ral-,  raill,  6-7  rayle,  rayll,  6-  rail ;  #.  6  Sc.  ralje, 
rail3e,  reljie.  [a.  F.  railler  (ijth  c.),  of  uncer 
tain  origin.  Cf.  RAILLY,  RALLY.] 

1.  intr.  To  utter  abusive  language. 

1460-70  GREGORY  Citron.  (Camden)  229  He  raylyd  soore 
and  grevysly  to  fortefy  hys  bretherynys  sayyngys.  a  1529 
SKELTON  Caudatos  Anglos  63  Walke,  Scot,  Walke,  sot, 
Rayle  not  to  far.  1:1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.T.S.)  iii.  44 
Be  ?e  rank  quhen  thay  begin  to  reljie.  1624  CAPT.  SMITH 
Virginia  in.  xi.  86  To  force  you  from  your  Idlenesse,  and 
punish  you  if  you  rayle.  1735  BERKELEY  Def.  Fret-think. 
Mathemat.  §  8  To  see  you  rail  and  rage  at  the  rate  you  do. 
1781  COWPER  Charity  500  Satire.  .Too  often  rails  to  gratify 
his  spleen.  1871  B.  TAYLOR  Faust  (1875)  I.  xiv.  152  You 
rail,  and  it  is  fun  to  me. 

b.  constr.  against,  at,  \of,  f  on,  -upon,  -\-with. 

1470-85  MALORY  A  rthurx.  Ixxi,  Sire  Dynadan  rayled  with 
sir  Tristram.  1519  HOUMAN  Vulg.  61  He  is  so  pacient,  that 
he  suffereth  men  all  to  rayle  and  rage  vpon  him.  1560  DAUS 
M.SlcUane's  Comm.  23  [He]  raileth  against  all  the  disci- 

g'ine  of  the  church.  Ibid.  47  The  Masse  is  railed  on.  1588 
ABINGTON  Prof.  Exp.  Lent  s  Pr.  (1596)  267  They  rayle 
of  al  compulsion  to  the  contrarie.  1602  MARSTON  Ant.  4- 
Mel.  v.  Wks.  1856  I.  60  Hee  railes  at  mee  beyond  reason 
1660  WOOD  Life  Dec.  (O.  H.  S.)  I.  369  Who  rayl'd  more., 
than  he,  against  both  Presbyterians  and  Independents? 
1771  Junius  Lett.  Iv.  291  Enemies  . .  rail  at  him  for  crimes 
he  is  not  guilty  of.  1819  SHELLEY  Cyclops  98,  I  am  the 
same,  butdo  not  rail  upon  me.  1866  Miss  BRADDON  Lady's 
Mile  i.  6  Don't  rail  against  the  women.  1872  BAGEHOT 
Physics  $  Pol.  ([876,1  195  We  are  beginning  to  see  this,  and 
we  are  railed  at  for  so  beginning, 
t  2.  To  jest,  to  rally.  Also  const,  with.  Obs. 
1508  DUNBAR  Tua  Mariit  Wemen  480  Sum  rownis  ;  and 
sum  raljeis,  and  sum  redis  ballatis.  1530  PALSGR.  678/1,  I 
rayle,  I  jeste  meryly,  je  me  gaiuiis.  1590  B  r  REL  in  Watson 
Coll.  Poems  (1709)  II.  12  Let  no  man  me  esteme  to  raill, 
Nor  think  that  raschelie  I  report.  1685  EVM.YN  Mrs. 
Godolp/iin  (1888)  98  Severall  Ladyes.  .were  railing  with  the 
Gallants  trifleingly  enough. 

t  b.  To  brag  or  boast.    Obs.  rare  ~  °. 
1530  PALSGR.  678/1,  I  rayle  in  bostyng,  je  me  raille.     He 
doth  naught  els  but  rayle  at  the  ale  house  all  daye. 

3.  trans.  To  bring  (a  person)  into  a  certain 
condition  by  railing.  Also  rarely  with  a  thing  as 
obj.  in  other  constructions. 

1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  iv.  i.  139  Till  thou  canst  raile  the 
scale  from  off  my  bond  Thou  but  offend'st  thy  Lungs  to 
speake  so  loud.  1606  —  Tr.  $•  Cr.  n.  i.  17,  I  shal  sooner 
rayle  thee  into  wit  and  holinesse.  1642  SIR  T.  BROWNE 
Relig.  Med.  n.  §  4  Noble  natures,  .are  not  railed  into  vice 
1823  LOCKHART  Reg.  Dalton  \.  xiii.  (1842)  88  Trying  ..  to 
rail  his  old  English  heart  out  of  his  bosom? 

b.  With  adj.  expressing  the  result,  rare  —  *. 
1676  OTWAY  Don  Carlos  v.  i,  You  spightfully  are  come  to 
rail  me  dead. 

t  Kail,  v.5  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure  etym.]  intr. 
To  go  about,  wander,  roam. 

£1400  Land  Troy  Bk.  6845  Aboute  Ector  euere  thei 
rayled.  Ibid.  7432  Ther  come  two  kynges  In  that  batayle, 
i'hat  saw  Ector  aboute  rayle,  As  faucoun  flees  afftir  drake. 
1530  PALSGR.  678/1,  I  rayle,  I  straye  abrode,  je  trace,  je 
tracasse.  He  doth  naught  els  but  rayle  here  and  there. 

Rail  (rffl),  v$  [Prob.  echoic.]  trans,  and 
intr.  To  rattle. 

1770  ARMSTRONG  Imitations  85  Every  petty  brook  that 
crawled.. Railing  its  pebbles.  1844  [see  RAILING p/>l.  a.']. 

Bailed  (r?ld),  ppl.  a.     [f.  RAIL  sb.2  and  v*\ 

1.  Enclosed  with  a  rail  or  rails  (sense  2).     Also 
with  advb.,  as  railed-in,  -off. 

1639  Rec.  Dedham,  Mass.  (1892)  III.  58  One  litle  parcell 
of  meadow.. within  a  Rayled  neck  of  Land.  1832  G. 
DOW.NES  Lett.  Cant.  Countries  I.  205  The  railed  inclosure 
of  the  altar.  1868  E.  YATES  Rock  Ahead  n.  iii,  The  crowds 
kept  pouring  in  to  the  railed-pff  space.  1892  ZANGWILL 
£<rui  Myst.  97  A  woman . .  standing  before  a  railed-in  grave. 

2.  Laid  with  rails  (sense  4). 

1769  De  Foe's  Tour  Gt.  Brit.  III.  276  The ..  Waggons . . 
are  easily  pushed  by  a  Man,  on  a  railed  Way,  to  a  Stage 
over  the  Canal.  1800  in  Picton  L'pool  Munic.  Rec.  (1886) 
II.  235  A  waggon  way  or  Railed  Road  for  conveying  stone 
from  the  quarry. 

Bailer1  (reHai).  [f.  RAIL  v.*  +  -ER!.]  One 
who  rails ;  a  reviler. 

1513  DOUGLAS  ^Eneis  vili.  Prol.  66  The  railjear  raknis  na 
wordis,  but  ratlis  furth  ranis.  1575-85  ABP.  SANDYS  Serai. 
xiv.  242  He  is  a  railer,  he  doteth,  he  wanteth  discretion. 
1642  MILTON  Apol.  Smect.  Introd.,  I  go  on  to  shew  you  the 
unbridl'd  impudence  of  this  loose  rayler.  1726  POPE  Ot/yss. 
xx.  328  Dread  not  the  railer's  laugh,  nor  ruffian's  rage.  1810 
CRABBE  Borough  xiii,  Thou  writ's!  of  living  men,  And  art 
a  railer  and  detractor  then.  1859  SMILES  Self-Help  (1860)  216 
The  grumblers  and  the  railers  against  fortune. 

Bailer  "(re'-laj).  [f.  RAILZ/.-'  +  -ERI.]  A  rail- 
maker  ;  one  who  fits  or  furnishes  with  rails. 

1882  in  OGILVIE.     (Cf.  stair-railcr.) 

fRaHer3.  Obs.  rare-1.     =  RAIL  sb2  I. 

14. .  Sir  Beues  (MS.  M.)  149/3217  losyan  made  On  her 
gurdill  a  knott  rennand..ouer  a  rayler  sche  it  drew. 

Railery,  obs.  form  of  RAILLERY. 

Bailing  (r?-lin),  vol.  rf.l     [f.  RAIL  ».2] 

1 1.  The  training  of  vines  upon  rails,  b.  A  shoot 
of  a  vine  so  trained  ;  also  attrib.  Obs. 

1382  WYCLIF  Ps.  Ixxix.  12  [Ixxx.  n]  He  strajte  out  his 
braunchis  vnto  the  se;  and  vnto  the  flod  his  railingus  [L. 
fropagints}.  —  Isa.  xvi.  8  His  railing  braunches  [L,  Billings'gate. 


RAILLERY. 

propagmes]  ben  forsaken,  thei  passeden  the  se.  1495 
Trevua't  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvn.  xviii.  614  Balsamum  .. 
spredyth  as  avyne  wythout  raylyng  and  vndersettinge. 

2.  The  action  of  making  fences,  or  enclosing 
ground  with  rails.  Also  railing-in. 

1543  Act  35  Hen.  VIII,  c.  17  §  6  To.. take  any  of  the 
i  same  [coppies  woodes]  for  palytig  raylyng  or  enclosing  of 
parkes.  1641  MILTON  Ch.  Covt.  n.  iii,  The  railing  in  of 
a  repugnant  and  contradictive  mount  Sinai  in  the  gospel 
1679-88  Seer.  Sera.  Money  Chas.  f,  Jas.  (Camden)  139  Ex 
pended  in..rayling  and  paleing  in  Bushy  Parke. 

b.  concr.  (also  in  //. )     A  fence  or  barrier  made 
of  rails,  or  in  some  other  fashion. 

1471-2  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  94  Pro  factura  Ixiiij 
rod' del  Ralyng.  1826  SCOTT  Woodst.  l,  The  gilded  railing, 
which  was  once  around  it,  was  broken  down.  1852  MKS. 
STOWE  Uncle  Tom's  C.  xii.  105  Tom  . .  stood  listlessly  gazing 
over  the  railings. 

transf.  1860  TYNDALL  Glaf.  i.  xviii.  125  From  roof  to 
ledge  stretched  a  railing  of  cylindrical  icicles. 

c.  Material  for  railings. 

1812  SIR  J.  SINCLAIR  Syst.  Hnsb.  Scot.  336  Railing  must  be 
nailed  across  the  boss  . .  but  when  railing  is  not  at  hand,  a 
strongstrau  rope  is  commonly  used  in  itsstead.  i847.S.MEATOs 
Builder's  Man.  147  Bars  of  fancy  railing,  and  balusters  uf 
stairs  consist  of  cast  iron. 

3.  The  laying  of  rails;  a  set  or  line  of  rails. 
1825   J.    NICHOLSON    Operat.   Mechanic  655   The  railing 

must,  .be  set  out  in  levels,  or  in  lines  nearly  level. 

4.  Comb,   railing-line,  a   hand-line   used   over 
the  rail  of  a  boat. 

1626  CAPT.  SMITH  Accid.  Yng.  Seamen  5  Rayling  lines  for 
Mackerell.  1883  Fisheries Exhib.  Catal.  12  Handlines  and 
Long  Lines,  .railing  Lines  for  Mackerel. 

Hence  Kailing-ed  a.,  enclosed  by  a  railing. 

1862  Temple  Bar  Mag.  V.  181  A  turfed  and  railinged 
square. 

Bailing  (r^-liij),  vbl.  sb.-  "[f.  RAIL  v.*  + 
-ING1.]  The.action  of  the  vb. ;  abusing,  abuse. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x.  Ixxii,  For  this  entente  syr 
Dynadan  said  alle  this  raylynge  and  langage  ageynst  sir 
Tristram.  1533  FRITH  Another  Kk.  agst.  ^Rastelt  ii.  1 1572) 
66/2  He  recounteth  it  to  be  rayling,  gesting,  and  scolding. 
c  1580  SIDNEY  Ps.  xxxi.  vii,  I  understand  what  railing  greate 
men  spredd.  1681  DRYDEN  Abs.  f,  Achit.  555  Railing  and 
praising  were  his  usual  Themes.  1769  Junius  Lett,  xviii. 
77  Railing  is  usually  a  relief  to  the  mind.  i873DixoN  T'.vo 
Queens  II.  xi.  vi.  255  He  was  proof  against  the  railing  of 
a  mob. 

pi.  1526  TIN-DALE  i  Tim.  vi.  4  Stryfe,  realinges  [1534 
raylinges],  evyll  surmysinges.  1612  T.  TAYLOR  Cumm. 
Titus  ii.  8  Hee  heard  raylings  and  reproaches  of  many. 
a  1704  T.  BROWN  Satire  Antiants  Wks.  1730  1.  17  The 
gall,  the  railings. .  .which  made  these  satires  take  with  so 
much  applause.  1854  MACAULAY  Biog.  (1867)  30  It  does  not 
appear,  .from  the  railings  of  his  enemies,  that  he  ever  was 
drunk  in  his  life. 

t  Railing  (ivHiij),  ppl.  a.l  [f.  as  prec.  +  -IXG  *.] 
That  rails;  characterized  by  railing. 

1526  TINDALE  Jitde  9  Michael.,  durst  nott  geve  raylynge 
sentence,  c  1586  CTKSS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXXIV.  ix,  The 
wrong  Of  thy  reviling  railing  foe.  1697  DRYDEN  Virgil 
Life  (1721)  I.  53  The  railing  Eloquence  of  Cicero  in  his 
Philipics.  1724  POPE  Lett.  10  Sept.,  The  railing  Papers 
about  the  Odyssey.  1821  BYKON  Sardanap.  i.  ii,  The 
railing  drunkards  !  why,  what  would  they  have? 

f  Rai-ling, ///.  a. 2    [f.  RAIL  z».3]     Flowing. 

1590  SPENSER  /'.  Q.  \\\.  iv.  57  Instead  of  rest  thou  lendest 
rayling  teares. 

Railing, ///.  a*     [f.  RAIL  z;.c]     Rattling. 

1844  LEVER  T.  Burke  II.  163  The  railing  crash  of  falling 
branches,  and  the  deep  baying  of  the  storm. 

Railingly  (r^-lirjli),  adv.     [f.  RAILING///.  <z.l 

+  -LY  2.]     In  a  railing  manner. 

t&J-G*  BAULDWIN  Mor,  Philos.  (Palfr.)  132  When  wee  do 
railmgly  burst  out  against  any  man  into  slanderous  and 
contentious  words.  1684  HUNYAN  Pilgr.  n.  65  They  will 
railingly  return  them  answer. 

Raili'potent,  a.  nonce-wd.  [f.  RAIL  z\4,  after 
omnipotent.]  Powerful  in  railing. 

JS93  G.  HARVEY  Pierce" s  Super.  Pro!.  **4  b,  Spare  me,  o 
super-dominering  Elfe,  And  most  Railipotent  for  euer  raine. 

Raillery  O^-bri).  Also  7  railery.  [a.  F. 
raillerie,  f.  railler  to  rally :  cf.  RALLEUY,  a  form 
which  represents  the  older  pron.  (ne-lsri),  given  by 
Sheridan,  Walker,  Smart,  etc.,  and  still  used  by 
some  (esp.  U.S^)  speakers.] 

1.  Good-humoured  ridicule,  banter. 

1653  R.  LOVEDAY  Lett.  (1663)  245  The  word  Raillery  you 
return'd   me   for   interpretation  ..  is   now   grown    here    so 
common  with  the  better  sort,  as  there  are  few  of  the  meaner 
that  are  not  able  to  construe  it.     1656  COWLEY  Misc.  Pref., 
I  am  not  ignorant,  that  by  saying  this  of  others,  I  expose 
my  self  to  some  Raillery:     1756-8*  J.  WARTON  Ess.  Pope 
IJ.  xi.  257  The  raillery  is  carried   to   the   very  verge   of 
railing,    some    will    say   ribaldry.      1806-7   J-    BERESFORD 
Miseries  Hum.  Life  (1826)  vn.  x,  A  company  in  which  you 
have  been  galled  by  the  raillery  of  some  wag  by  profession. 
1871  R.  ELLIS  Catullus  Ixi.  127  The  countryman's  Ribald 
raillery. 

b.   With  a  and//.  :  An  instance  of  this. 

1654  SIR  E.  NICHOLAS  in  N.  Papers  (Camden)  II.  100  He 
sayes  Sir  E.  H.  found  fault  with  the  meat  and  such  like 
railleries.      1683    D.    A.    Art  Converse    100  An    Innocent 
Railery  is   their  greatest   delight.      1710  ADDISOM    Whig' 
Exam.  No.  i  r  i  There  is  a  shocking  familiarity  both  in 
his  railleries  and  civilities.     1829  LYTTON  Devereux  i.  ii,  All 
his  purposed  railleries  deserted  him. 

f  2.  Railing,  reviling.   Obs.  rare. 


ry  ; 

15 


RAILLESS. 

Railless  (ivHles),  a.  ff.  RAIL  sb?  +  -LESS.] 
Devoid  of  rails;  having  no  railway. 

1887  HISSEY  Holiday  on  Road  vii.  123  The  railless,  almost 
roadless  downs.  1897  Daily  News  25jan.  3/1  The  slippery 
and  railless  gangway. 

!l  Railleur.  Obs.  Also  7-8  raillieur.  [Fr., 
f.  raillcr  to  rally.]  One  who  practises  raillery. 

1667  SPRAT  Hist.  R.  Soc.  417  The  Family  of  the  Railleurs 
is  deriv'd  from  the  same  Original  with  the  Philosophers. 
1675  WYCHERLEY  Country  Wife  it.Wks.  (Rtldg.)  75/2  His 
acquaintance  were  all  wits  and  raillieurs.  1751  J.  B»OWM 
Ska/tut.  Charac.  62  note.  Setting  aside  all  raillery,  advising 
the  railleurs  to  be  serious. 

t  Rai'llier.   Obs.     Also  8  -yer.     [f.  RAILLY  v. 


ing  i 


. 

1711  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  III.  288  An  airy  Gentle 
man  of  the  World,  and  a  thorow  Raillyer.  1754  RICHARD 
SON  Grandison  IV.  vi.  50  The  free,  gay,  Raillier.  .of  all  our 
Sex's  Foibles. 

Rai-lly,  sb.  Sc.  rare-1,  [f.  RAIL  rf.l  +  -T.] 
A  woman's  jacket. 

1818  SCOTT  Br.  Lamm.xU,  What's  the  colour  o'  her  hair? 
— and  does  she  wear  a  habit  or  a  railly  ? 

t  Rai'lly,  v.  Obs.  Also  "  rayly,  raillie.  [ad. 
F.  miller  to  RALLY  v?]  _ 

1.  a.  intr.  To  rally,  to  jest. 

,635-56  COWLEY  DaviJeis  i.  Note  18  He  would  not  railly 
with  the  God  from  whom  he  hoped  for  Relief.  1673  O. 
WALKER  Educ.  v.  45  If  they  railly,  droll,  and  speak  evil  of 
others,  a  1760  I.  H.  BROWNE  Poems  (1768)  in  Train'd  up 
to  laugh,.  .And  railly  with  the  prettiest  air. 

b.  trans.  To  rally,  ridicule,  tease  (a  person). 

1673  Lady's  Call.  I.  v.  I  26  The  jollier  [sort]  that  would 
railly  them  out  of  their  faith.  1740  GIBBER  Apol.  (1756) 
I.  269  He  began  to  railly  himself  with.,  much  wit  and 
humour. 

2.  intr.  To  mock,  scoff,  or  jeer  at. 

1678  WOOD  Life  n  Dec.  (O.H.S.)  II.  426  Barnesley  a 
Jesuit  ..  came  then  through  Oxford  . .  attended  by  a  guard 
and  a  tipstaff;  raylied  at  by  the  boyes. 

Hence  RaHlying  vbl.  sb.  rare  —  1. 

1760  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  III.  Auth.  Pref.,  There  would 
be.  . scoffing  and  flouting,  with  raillying  and  reparteeing. 

Raillyer,  obs.  form  of  RAILLIER. 

Railroad  (r(Ti'ln>ud),  sb.  Also  8-9  rail  road, 
rail-road,  [f.  RAIL  sb.z  4.  Now  chiefly  U.  S.,  the 
usual  term  in  Great  Britain  being  RAILWAY.] 

1.  =  RAILWAY  i. 

1775  SMEATON  Rep.  (1837)  II.  411  It  seems  perfectly  prac 
ticable  to  carry  the  coals  upon  a  rail-road.  1793  —  Edy- 
stone  L.  §  167  note,  The  timber  road,  commonly  called  at 
the  Collieries,  where  they  are  used,  a  Rail  Road.  1805 
Trans.  Soc.  Arts  XXIII.  318  A  horse  employed  on  a  rail 
road.  1832  Act  2  #  3  Will.  //",  c.  64  Sched.  O.  40  Along 
Smithsons  railroad  to  the  point  at  which  the  same  meets  the 
Dewsbury  road. 

b.    =  RAILWAY  i  b. 

1852  CAROUSE  Fox  Old  Friends  (1882)  276  The  speculum 
[of  Lord  Rosse's  telescope],  .has  its  own  little  railroad,  over 
which  it  runs  into  the  cannon's  mouth. 

2.  =  RAILWAY  2. 

1831  SCOTT  Ct.  Robert  Introd.,  The  giddiness  attendant  on    . 
a  journey  on  this  Manchester  railroad.     1835  MOORE  Mem. 
(1856)  VII.  95  To  Liverpaol  by  the  railroad  ;  a  grand  mode 
of  travelling.     1856  RUSKIN  Mod.  Paint.  III.  iv.  xvii.  §  35    ] 
Your  railroad  . .  is  only  a  device  for  making  the  world 
smaller. 

fig.  1847  HAMILTON  Let.  to  De  Morgan  5  Mathematicians 
. .  leaving  the  level  railroad  of  their  own  [science]. 

3.  attrib.  and  Comb.  (cf.  RAILWAY  3). 

a.  attrib.,  as  railroad  bill,  carriage,  coach,  com 
panion,  company,  conveyance,  pace,  shares,  speed, 
station,  track,  train,  travelling,  tunnel. 

1838  Ci-'il  Eng.  fif  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  296/1  The  Aylesbury  and 
Thame  "Railroad  Bill.  1839  PARKIN  in  Barlow  Railw. 
En*.  Wheels  (1848)  26  Improvements  in  *railroad  and  other 
carriages.  1839  BOWDLER  Sunday  Trains  15  Proprietors  of 
*Railroad  coaches.  1848  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Loss  $  Gain  363 
The  troubled  thoughts  from  which  his  "railroad  companion 
had  extricated  him.  l8a5  HONE  Every-day  Bk.  1. 173  Twenty 
*Rail  Road  Companies.  1825  WOOD  Pract.  Treat.  Rail, 
roads  Introd.  i  The  acknowledged  importance  of  "Railroad 
conveyance.  1840  THACKERAY  Catherine  i,  Hope,  glory,., 
and  such  subjects,,  .whirled  through  their  brains  at  a  Rail 
road  pace.  ^1839  PRAF.D  Poems  (1864)  II.  221,  I  ask  the 
price  of  "rail-road  shares.  1840  [R.  E.  \[\i.^\  Pinch  of  Snuff 
59  Intellect  and  refinement .  .now  progress  at  "railroad  speed. 
1837  Civil  Eng.  Sr  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  77/2  Entrance  to  a  "Rail 
road  Station.  1875  RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  Ivii.  250  The  main 
railroad  station  at  Birmingham.  1858  O.  W.  HOLMES 
Ant.  Break/.  T.  i.  (1859)  it  Boys  that  put  coppers  on  the 


America  is  very  fatiguing  and  noisy.  1836  Amer.  Jrnl. 
Sci.  9f  Arts  XXIX.  73  The  length  of  this  *Rail  Road  tunnel 
is  eight  hundred  and  seventy-seven  feet. 

b.  objective  and  obj.  gen.,  as  railroad  proprietor, 
scalper  (see  quot.),  -wrecking  adj. 

1839  BOWDLER  Sunday  Trains  16  The  Railroad  pro 
prietors  are  men  of  property.  1892  STEVENSON  &  L. 


wrecking  plant,  especially  the  heavier  types  of  steam  der 
ricks,  will  be  found  of  great  value. 

c.  railroad-creeper  =  rail  way -creeper. 

1891   KIPLING  &  BALESTIER   Naulahka  v,  The  mauve 
*railroad-creeper  on  the  station. 

Hence  Bai  lroadia-na,  matters  pertaining  to  rail 
roads;  Bai'lroadish  a.,  resembling  a  railroad  in 


114 

speed;   Bailroadship,  nonce-wd.^  connexion  by 
means  of  railroads. 

1838  (tit If)  Railroadiana.  A  New  History  of  England. 
1855  SMEDLEY  ff.  Covcrdale  i.  3  A  little  too  raHroadish, 
perhaps,  unless  a  man's  in  an  awful  hurry.  1883  National 
Baptist  (U.S.)  XIX.  7oo_Connecting  the  three  Americas., 
in  one  bond  of  railroadship. 

Railroad  (wHw«aJ,  v.     [f.  prec.  sb.] 

1.  trans,  a.  To  furnish  (a  country)  with  railroads, 
b.  To  engross  (the  mind)  in  railroads.     C.  transf. 
To  mark  with  parallel  lines. 

11847  EI.IZA  COOK  Poems  II.  Pref.  5  The  public  mind 
seems  nearly  as  much  railroaded  as  the  country.  1893  A. 
ROBERTSON  Fro.  Paolo  Sarfii  26  The  modern  practice  of 
*  railroading  *  Bibles.  1894  Blackw.  Mag.  Dec.  788/2  Nearly 
every  country  except  China  has  been  railroaded. 

2.  To  transport  by  means  of  the  railroad. 

1893  LELAND  Mem.  II.  69  We  were  marched  and  rail 
roaded  back  to  Philadelphia. 

b.  U.S.  To  accomplish  (an  action)  with  great 
speed ;  to  '  rush '  (a  person  or  thing)  to  or  into  a 
place,  through  a  process,  etc. 

1884  A  trier.  Law  Rev.  in  Law  Times  LXXVII.  104/2  The 
way  men  are  railroaded  to  the  gallows  in  that  country.  1898 
Educat.  Rev.  i,U.S.)  XV.  465  This  process  of  railroading  a 
pupil  through  school. 

3.  intr.   U.S.  To  travel  by  rail. 

1889  Lit.  World  (Boston)  8  June  190/3  Now  steaming 
along  the  coast,  now  railroading  along  the  shore. 

4.  intr.    U.  S.  To  work  on  the  railroad. 

1893  GL'STER  Miss  Dividends  52,  I  was  born  in  Chicago, 
.  .and  railroaded  ever  since  I  was  corn  high. 

Hence  Kailroaded///.  a. 

a  1847  ELIZA  COOK  Rhymes  by  Roatiside  i,  Time,  with 
deep  railroaded  brow,  Changes  all  things  but  horses  now. 

Railroader  (rvHnmdai).  U.  S.  [f.  prec.  sb. 
or  vb.  +  -ER.]  One  who  is  employed  in  the  manage 
ment  or  the  working  of  a  railroad. 

1881  LewisburgChron,  No.  1938  Experienced  railroaders 
..soon   placed  them   again  upon    the   rails.     1895  Outing 
(U.S.)  XXVI.  369/2  We  had  a  most  vigilant  brakeman  on 
the  train,,.!  called  the  attention  of  this  railroader. 

Railroading  (r^'lwdirj),  vbl.sb.  Chiefly  U.S. 
[f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  *.] 

1.  Travelling  by  rail.     Also  attrib. 

1855  LOWELL  Lett.  I.  251  A  quiet  Sunday.. after  a  week's 
railroading,  1872  MARK  TWAIN  Innoc.  Abr.  77  It  is  hard  to 
make  railroading  pleasant.  Ibid,  xxvii.  217  These  matter- 
of-fact  railroading  and  telegraphing  days. 

2.  The  business  of  making  or  working  railroads. 

1882  PIDGEON  Engineer  s  Holiday  I.  228  Mountain  rail 
roading  is  much  easier  at  its  highest  than  at  its  lower  levels. 
1887  M.  ROBERTS  Western.  Avertins  203  Railroading  is  con 
sidered  by  all  who  do  not  follow  it  as  a  *  low-down  job '. 

3.  The  action  of (  rushing '  things.    In  quot.  attrib. 
1884  American  VIII.  104  A  conviction  secured  in  an  hour 

.  .the  '  railroading'  feature,  .produces  a  painful  feeling. 

4.  Printing.  In  proof-correcting,  a  method  of  in 
dicating   by  parallel   lines  that  words   are  to  be 
transferred  to  the  next  line  ;  overrunning. 

i88a  J.  SOUTHWARD  Pract.  Printing  153. 

Kail -train,  [f.  KAIL  sb?  4  and  5.]  a.  A  rail 
way-train,  b.  (See  quot.  1881). 

1855  E.  FITZGERALD  Lett.  (1889)  I.  233  There  are  Rail- 
Trains  to  Ipswich  from  Shoreditch.  1872  TALM AGE  Sermons 
139  It  is  a  rail-train  . .  run  into  by  a  Bangor  express.  1881 
RAYMOND  Mining  Gloss.,  Rail-train,  a  train  of  rolls  for 
reducing  iron  piles  or  steel  ingots  or  blooms  to  rails. 

Railway  (r^'-lw^1),  sb.  Also  rail- way,  rail 
way.  [f.  RAIL  sb.%  4  -f  WAY.  Cf.  RAILROAD,  nt 
one  time  equally  (or  more)  common  in  Great  Britain 
and  still  usual  in  America. 

1838  Civil  Eng.  %  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  275/1  Railway  seems 
now  we  think  the  more  usual  term.] 

1.  A  way  or  road  laid  with  rails  (originally  of 
wood,  in  later  times  usually  of  iron  or  steel),  on 
which   the   wheels   of  wagons    containing   heavy 
goods  are  made  to  run  for  ease  of  transport ;  also, 
the  way  composed  of  rails  thus  laid. 

Railways  (or  railroads)  of  this  kind  were  app.  first  used  at 
Newcastle  m  the  beginning  of  the  i7th  c.  Cast-iron  rails 
were  introduced  about  the  middle  of  the  i8th  c.,  and 
wrought-iron  ones  about  1820.  Although  this  use  of  the 
words  is  not  obsolete,  it  has  now  a  very  restricted  currency 
in  comparison  with  sense  2. 

1776  Act  16  Geo.  Iff,  c.  32  To.  make.. a  rail-way  from 
hence  to  or  near  Caledon..and  to  make  other  rail-ways. 
1798  Term  Rep.  VII.  599  To  the  sleepers  or  dormant 
timbers  they  affixed  railways  or  waggon  ways.  1823  J. 
N  ICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  655  Five  tons  to  a  horse  is  the 
average  work  on  railways,  descending  at  the  rate  of  three 
miles  per  hour. 

b.  Any  line  or  set  of  rails  intended  to  facilitate 
the  motion  of  wheels  or  other  apparatus. 

1835  URE  Philos.  Manuf.  177  To  turn  the  wheel  round  at 
such  rates  that  the  spindles  will  not  take  up  faster  than  the 
carriage  moves  on  its  rail-way. 

2.  spec.  A  line  or  track  consisting  of  iron  or  steel 
rails,   on  which   carriages   or   wagons   conveying 
passengers  or  goods  are  moved  by  a  locomotive 
engine.    Hence  also,  the  whole  organization  neces 
sary  for  the  conveyance  of  passengers  or  goods  by 
such  a  line,  and  the  company  of  persons  owning 
or  managing  it. 

The  great  extension  of  rail  ways  from  their  original  limited 
use  (see  sense  i)  began  with  the  opening  of  the  line  between 
Stockton  and  Darlington  in  1825,  and  that  between  Liver 
pool  and  Manchester  in  1830. 


RAILYET. 

1832  Connr.TT  Rural  Rides  2  Oct.,  They  have  begun  to 
make  a  rail-way  from  Carlisle  to  Newcastle.  1842  TENNYSON 
Locksley  Hall  166  In  the  steamship,  in  the  railway,  in  the 
thoughts  that  shake  mankind.  1868  G.  DUFF  Pol.  Surv. 
45  The  construction  of  a  railway  would  encounter  no  great 
difficulties.  1889  G.  FINDLAY  (title)  The  Working  of  an 
English  Railway. 
3.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

a.  attrib.,  as  railway  accident ',  act,  billt  bridge, 
carriage,  company •,  contractor ;  cutting,  director ', 
engine^  journey,  line,  man,  servant,  shareholder, 
shares,  signal,  speed,  station,  stock,  system,  track, 
train,  travelling,  tunnel,  wagon. 

The  great  development  of  railways  in  the  iQth  c.,  leading 
to  an  extensive  use  of  the  word  in  various  connexions,  has 
given  rise  to  many  attributive  collocations  of  a  more  or  less 
permanent  character,  while  the  number  of  those  which  may 
be  formed  at  will  is  infinite.  The  examples  given  here  have 
been  selected  mainly  as  being  early  instances  of  some  of  the 
more  usual  combinations. 

1837  Civil  Eng.  fy  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  43/1  "Railway  acci 
dents,  by  An  Old  Engineer.  1829  in  Wood  Pract.  Treat. 
Railroads  (ed.  3)  305  The  provisions  of  the  *railway  act, 
7  Geo.  IV.  1819  Rep.  Darlington  $  Stockton  Railiv.  Petit. 
3  Any  Agent  for  the  Darlington  "Railway  Bill.  1837 
Civil  Eng.  <y  Arch.  Jml,  I.  55/2  About  140  men  are  em 
ployed  at  the  fallen  'railway  bridge,  a  1824  A.  SCOTT  m 
Trans.  Highland  Soc.  (1824)  VI.  57  If  springs ..  were  fixed 
to  the  front  of  *rail way- carriages.  1824  R.  STEVENSON  Ibid. 
131  The  first  Public  ^Railway  Company  seems  to  have  been 
instituted  at  Loughborough,  in  the  year  1789.  1846  SHAW 
Gauge  Question  p.  xxviii,  Carriers,  miners,  and  Vail  way  con 
tractors.  1842  BRANDE  Diet.  Sci.,  etc.  1017/2  The  strata 
through  which  ^railway  cuttings  are  made.  1837  Civil  Eng. 
4-  Arc/i.  Jrnl.  I.  43/1  The  discouragement  given  by  ^railway 
directors  to  railway  improvements.  1838  WOOD  Pract. 
Treat.  Railroads  (ed.  3)  726  The  Stanhope  and  Tyne  *rail- 
way  engines.  1864  BURTON  Scot  Abr.  I.  i.  36  Who  prefer 
economy  and  a  sea-voyage  to  a  "railway  journey.  1838 
Civil  Eng.  #  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  143/2  The  survey  of  the  *Rail- 
way  line  between  England  and  Scotland.  1880  G.  MEREDITH 
Trag.  C0w.  (1881)3  The  bare  railway  line  of  their  story.  1845 
SIDNEY  Gauge  Evidence  (1846)  13  An  experienced  "railway 
man.  1840  Act  3^4  Viet.  c.  97  §  13  "Railway  servants 
guilty  of  misconduct.  1837  Civil  Eng.  fy  Arch.  Jrnl.  I. 
43/2  The  anxiety.. for  "railway  shareholders  to  commence 
business.  1837  Ibid.  27/2  Questions  respecting  the  sale  of 
"railway  shares.  1838  Ibid.  358/1  A  "railway  signal  erected 
at  the  Grand  Junction  station.  1836  T.  BARLOW  (title)  A 
Trip  to  Rome  at  "Railway  Speed.  1838  Civil  En g.  %  Arch. 
Jrnl.  I.  358/1  Fire  at  the  London  and  Birmingham  "Rail 
way  Station.  1863  H.  FAWCETT  Pol.  Econ.  in.  xv.  504  The 
possessor  of  "railway  stock  is  part  owner  of  the  railway  itself. 
1824  R.  STEVENSON  in  Trans.  Highland  Soc.  VI.  3  An  offer 
of  a  reward  for  the  advancement  of  the  "Railway-system. 
a  1824  A.  SCOTT  Ibid.  43  All  public  lines  of  railway  will  require 
two  distinct  sets  of  "railway-tracks.  1841  B*as£&>*.CM2 
Eng.  196  The  effect  of  high  winds  upon  a  "railway  train  is 
very  considerable.  1842  W.  F.  COOKE  Telegr.  Railw.  3  The 
comparatively  high-degree  of  safety  now  attained  in  *Rail- 
way  travelling.  1836  in  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  Jrnl.  (1837)  I. 
27/1  Improvements  in  the  Construction  and  Arrangement  of 
"Railway  Tunnels,  a  1824  ROBERTSON  in  Trans.  Highland 
Soc.  (1824)  VI.  88  A  "railway-waggon  ..  has  two  axles  to 
sustain  the  burden. 

b.  objective  and  instrumental,  as  railway-borne 
adj.,  railway -making. 

1843  (title)  Examples  of  Railway  Making  (Weale).  1881 
Daily  News  g  Sept.  2/6  An  inland  market  for.,  railway- 
borne  fish. 

4.  Special  combs. :  railway-creeper,  a  plant 
conspicuous  at  railway  stations  in  India ;  railway 
novel,  a  light  novel,  suitable  for  reading  on  a  rail 
way  journey ;  railway  rug,  a  rug  used  for  warmth 
during  railway  journeys ;  railway-spine,  an  affec 
tion  of  the  spine  produced  by  concussion  in  a  rail 
way  accident. 


G.  H.  BoucHTONin  Harper  s  Mag.  Apr. 


from  '  railway  spine  '. 

Hence  Bai  Iwayize  v.  trans.,  to  furnish  with  a 
railway ;  Bai'lwayless  a.,  having  no  railway. 

1873  M.  COLLINS  Squire  Silchester  III.  xii.  118  He  is 
getting  up  a  company  to  railwayize  you  quiet  folk  at  Sil 
chester.  1860  Chamb.  Jrnl.  XIV.  338  Many  a  day's  hard 
galloping  in  the  railwayless  East. 

Railway  (r^-lw^),  z>.    [f.  prec.  sb.] 

1.  intr.  a.  To  make  railways,  b.  To  travel  by  rail. 
1839  CARLYLE  Chartisni  viii.  i68The  Saxon  kindred  burst 

forth  into  cotton-spinning,  . .  railwaying.  1855  SIR  J.  G. 
SIMPSON  in  Mem.  xi.  359, 1  was  railwaying  hither  or  thither. 
1860  MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett.  III.  36  Sailing,  which  he  prefers 
infinitely  to  railwaying. 

2.  tram.  To  deprive  of,  by  making  a  railway. 
1844  J.  T.  HEWLETT  Parsons  fy  W.  i,  A  house  now,  alas  ! 

railwayed  of  its  glories. 

t  Railwifery.  Obs,  nonce-wd.  [f.  rail(ing} 
wife  +  -ERY.]  Abusive  scolding. 

1695  J.  SAGE  Article  Vfks.  1844  I.  319  He  was  infinitely 
far  from  Gilbert  Rules  railwifery. 

fRailya.    Sc.    Obs.    rare-1.    ?  Striped,  rayed. 

1542  Inv.  R.  Wardr.  (1815)  7_8  Ane  nycht  gown  of  blak 
sating  railya  lynit  with  mertnkis. 

Rail3e,  -3ear,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  RAIL  z;.4,  RAILEB  l. 
fRailyet.  Sc*  Obs.  rare-1.  [Of  obscure  etym.] 
'Prob.,  bands,  ribbons,  ties*  (Jam.). 
1561  Inv.  R.    Wardr.  (1815)  148    Item,  sevin  qualffis  of 


RAIM. 

claith  of  silvir  cordonit  with  blak  silk,  and  the  railyettis  of 
the  same. 

t  It  aim,  v.  Obs.  Forms :  4  raim(e,  reyme, 
4-5  rame,  rayme,  (4  -mi),  5  raym.  [a.  OF. 
raim-,  reivi-  (raem-,  reaim-,  etc.)j  stem  oiraimbre, 
reimbrey  etc.  (see  raembre  in  Godef.) :— L.  redimere 
to  REDEEM.  iCf.  Skcat  Notes  Engl.  Etym.  241.) 

An  app.  instance  of  raim  (ray me)  sb.  in  Alexander  4563  is 
perh.  a  scribal  error  for  rauine,  RAVIN(E.] 

1.  tram.  To  ransom,  redeem,  deliver  (a  person) ; 
to  recover  (a  heritage),   rare. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  23156  pai  sal  be  dempt  al  wit  J>e  wick . . 
pat  al  b's  werld  J^aim  mai  not  raim.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE 
Chron.  (1810)  185  We  clayme  |>is  our  heritage. .&  borgh 
hard  woundes  of  pain  salle  reyme  it  eft. 

2.  To  put  to  ransom,  exact  ransom  from ;  hence, 
to  spoil,  plunder,  deprive  (<?/"). 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  43  Eilred  has  no  b'mg, 
Eitrcd  is  so  reymed  [F.  raynt\  of  his  tresorie.  1340  Ayenb. 

?4  Sergons  J>et  accuse]? ..  fc>et  poure  uolc  and  ham  do^  raymi 
F.  raembre}  and  kueadliche  lede.  *r  1400-50  Alexander 
2488  pis  souerayn  . .  po3t  to  ride  &  to  rayme  be  regions  of 
barbres.  c  1460  Townclcy  Myst.  xjii.  16  We  ar  so  hamyd, 
Fortaxed,  and  ramyd. 

b.  To  take  away  from  a  person,  rare. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  2510  pen  am  I  raddestallour  realme 
be  raymed  vs  first. 

c.  ?  To  treat  with  violence,  to  torment,  rare"1, 
c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  185  False  marchauntis.  .preisen 

hym  most  bat  foulest  rayme}?  alle  }>e  membris  of  crist  falsly. 

3.  a.  absol.  To  take  at  will.     b.  trans.  To  get 
possession  of;  to  have  control  of;  to  rule  over. 

c  13*5  Pol.  Songs  (Camden  Soc.)  150  Thus  me  pileth  the 
pore  and  pyketh  ful  clene,  The  ryche  raymeth  withouten 
eny  ryht.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  263  If  he  had. . 
gyuen  pam.  .per  wynnyng  ilk  a  dele,  pat  pei  mot  reyme  & 
gyue.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  i.  93  Kynges  and  knihtes 
scholde  . .  rihtfuliche  ray  men  the  realmes  a-bouten.  1393 
Ibid.  C.  xiv.  96  Al  that  the  ryche  may  reyme  and  ryght- 
fulliche  dele. 

Raim,  variant  of  RAME  v.t  to  cry. 

Raiment  (r^-ment),  sb.  Forms  :  5-7  ray- 
ment,  (5-6  -e),  6  rement,  6-  raiment.  [Aphetic 
form  of  ARBAYMENT:  cf.  RAYZ/.]  Clothing,  clothes, 
dress,  apparel.  Now  rhet. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv,  422/1  Ray  men  t,  or  arayment . . ,  orna- 
ttts.  1470  85  MALORY  Arthur  vm.  xxviii,  They  brou^t  hym 
thyder  m  a  fysshers  rayment.  1523  FITZHERB.  Hnsb.  §  151 
An  other  symple  man.  .seyngehim  to  weare  suche  rayment, 
ihynketh.  .that  he  maye  were  as  good,  a  1625  FLETCHER 
Women  Pleased  I.  ii,  Do  you  think  to.. keep  me  like  an 
alms-woman  in  such  rayment,  Such  poor  unhandsome 
weeds?  1695  WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Earth  \.  (1723)  72 
Provision  for  Food,  Rayment,  and  the  like.  1781  COWPER 
Truth  235  You  . .  cast  his  filthy  raiment  at  them  all.  1814 
CARY  Dante,  Par.  xxv.  96  The  white  raiment  destined  to 
the  saints,  1868  Miss  BKADUON  Dead  Sea  Fr.  I.  i.  3  Bright 
with  the  holiday  raiment  of  busy  multitudes. 
fig*  I5^x  SIDNEY  Apol.  Poetrie  (Arb.)  41  The  masking 
rayment  of  Poesie.  c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  xxii,  All  that  beauty 
that  doth  cover  thee  Is  but  the  seemly  raiment  of  my  heart. 
1819  SHELLEY  P.  Bell  -$rd  Prol.  5  Wrapped  in  weeds  of  the 
same  metre,  The  so  long  predestined  raiment  [etc,]. 

t  b.  With  a  and  pi. :  An  article  of  clothing, 
a  garment,  a  dress.  Obs. 

1483  CAXTON  Cato  F  ij,  Thou  oughtest  not  to  haue.  .ouer 

frecyous  Jewellys  ne  raymentes.  1537  Lane.  Wills  (1857) 
.  6  The  residue  of  my  raymentes  not  beqwhethed.  1590 
SPENSER  F.  Q.  r.  vi.  9  With  ruffled  ray  men  ts,  and  fayre 
blubbred  face.  1655  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  in.  (1701)  122/1 
A  new  Rayment  for  your  use  this  Winter. 

fig.  1662  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacr.  i.  i.  §  7  Error  seldom 
walks  abroad  the  world  in  her  own  raiments. 

Hence  fRarment  v.  trans.,  to  clothe;  Rai'- 
mented  ///.  #.,  clothed  (lit.  and  fig-}',  Bai'- 
mentless  #.,  destitute  of  raiment. 

1656  S.  H.  Gold.  Law  57  He  robes,  raiments,  and  orna 
ments  him  from  head  to  foot.  1833  TKNNYSON  Poems  16  AH 
raimented  in  snowy  white.  1861  Bf.  G.  SMITH  Ten  Weeks 
Japan  xix.  272  Raimentless,  naked,  tattooed  bodies.  1887 
D.  C.  MURRAY  &  HERMAN  Traveller  Returns  ix.  132  No 
woman  of  Coerlea  had  ever  before  her  been  so  gorgeously 
raimented. 

Raimondite  (r^mandaiO.  Mm.  [Named  in 
1866  after  A.  Raimondi^  an  Italian  scientist:  see 
-ITE.]  A  hydrous  sulphate  of  iron,  occurring  in 
hexagonal  yellow  crystals. 

1872  WATTS  Diet.  Chetn.  ist  Suppl. 

Rain  (r^'n),  sbl  Forms :  i  resn,  rsesn,  1-2 
r6n,  2  rien,  2-4  rein,  (3  -e),  3  re^n,  3-5  rayn, 
(4-6  -e),  3-6  reyn,  (4-6  -e,  ?  5  reynne),  4  rene, 
4-5, 6  5c.  rane,4-7raine,3-rain.  [Comm.Teut. : 
OE.  regn,  r/«  =  OFris.  rein  (mod.  reiju}yQ$.  regan, 
-in  (Du.  regen)t  OHG.  regan  (MHG.,  G.  regen\ 
ON.  (S\v.,  Da.)  regti)  Goth.  rign.  There  are  no 
certain  cognates  outside  of  Teut.] 

1.  The  condensed  vapour  of  the  atmosphere,  fall 
ing  in  drops  large  enough  to  attain  a  sensible 
velocity ;  the  fall  of  such  drops. 

c  825  Vesp.  Psalter  cxlvi.  8  Se  oferwirS  heofen  mid  wol- 
cnum  &  ^earwaS  eoroan  rexn.  c  1000  >ELFRIC  Gen.  vii.  4 
Ic..sende  ren  nu..ofer  eorSan.  1154  O.  £.  Chron.  (Laud 
MS.)  an.  1117  Mid  bunre  &  lihtinge  &  reine  &  hagole. 
ciaoo  ORMIN  8622  Wei  hallf  feortw  5er..comm  na  re^n  onn 
eorfc>e.  c  1250  Gen.  fy  Ex.  3265  Dhunder,  and  leuene,  and 
rein  Sor-mon^God  sent,  c  1330  R.  HRUNNE  Chron.  Wace 
(Rolls)  6827  pe  arewes  come  so  bykke  so  reyn.  6-1386 
CHAUCER  Monk's  T.  183  In  reyn  with  wilde  beestes  walked 
hee.  —  Prioress'  T.  222  Hise  salte  teeris  trikled  doun  as 


115 

reyn.  c  1449  PLCOCK  Rcpr.  n.  ii.  146  To  couere  him  fro  reyne 
and  froothir  sturne  wedris.  1535  STEWART  Cron.Scot.  III. 
257  Fers  as  ane  eill  war  new  tane  in  the  rane.  1635  SWAN 
Spec,  M.  iv.  §  2  (1643)  58  The  rain,  proceeding  from  those 
vapours  which  we  call  the  clouds.  1710  ADDISON  Tatler 
No.  218  *  2  A  black  Cloud  falling  to  the  Earth  in  long 
Trails  of  Rain,  1752  HUME  Ess.  $  Treat.  (1777)  II.  90  There 
is  a  certain  uniformity  in  the  operation  of  the  sun,  rain,  and 
earth.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  v.  xv,  Fierce  Roderick  .. 
shower'd  his  blows  like  wintry  rain.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr. 
4 1  We  may  fairly  expect  the  formation  of  rain  to  be  preceded 
by  that  of  cloud. 

b.  In  proverbial  and  allusive  expressions. 
6  1250  Long  Life  3  in  O.  E.  Misc.  156  Fair  weder  turned 
ofte  into  reine.  c  1386  CHAUCER  // Y/pV  Prol.  732  Er  bat 
thonder  stynte,  comth  a  reyn.  14..  in  Rel.  Antiq.  I.  323 
After  drught  commyth  rayne.  1484  CAXTON  f'atles  of 
.-Esop  ii.  viii,  After  the  rayne  cometh  the  fair  weder.  1599 
H.  BUTTES  Dyets  drie  Dinner  Biv,  Fooles-.have  the  wit  to 
keep  themselves  out  of  the  raine.  1670  RAY  Eng.  Prov.  135 
Small  rain  lays  great  dust.  1777  [see  RAIN  v.  3]. 

2.  //.  Showers  of  rain  ;  rainfalls. 

a  goo  O.  E.  Martyrol.  20  Mar.  40  {>aere  lyfte  gecynd  is  bast 
heo  tch3  to  ^a  renas  of  ba'm  sealtan  sa?.  971  Blicbl,  Hotn. 
51  pas  windas  &  bas  rejnas  syndon  ealle  his.  1154  O.  E. 
Chron.  (Laud  Mo.)  an.  1098  purh  mycele  renas  be  eulles 
^eares  ne  abhmnon.  t  izoo  Vices  <r  I'irtnes  143  Godd.. 
wi5held  alle  reines  brie  hier  &  six  monebes.  a  1340  HAM- 
POLE  Psalter  civ.  30  He  set  baire  raynys  haghil.  c  1400 
MAL-NDEV.  (Roxb.)  vii.  23  pare  'es  na  trubling  of  be  acr 
thurgh  raynes.  1556  Chron.  Gr,  Friars  (Camden)  2  Thys 
yere  felle  gret  raynes.  1625  N.  CARPENTER  Gcog.  Del.  n.  i. 
(1635)  5  The  extraordinary  Raines  and  showers  which  those 
places  suffer.  1738  GRAY  Tasso  10  Swoll'n  with  new  force 
and  late  descending  rains.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  48  The 
heavy  tropical  rains  are  usually  confined  to  definite  periods. 
Prov.  1846  DUNHAM  Prov.  (Percy  Soc.)  54  Many  rains, 
many  rowans. 

b.  In  India,  the  rainy  season. 

1616  SIR  T.  ROE  Jrnl.  (Hakluyt  Soc.)  I.  247  A  storme  of 
rayne  called  the  Oliphant,  vsuall  at  goeing  out  of  the  raynes. 
1707  Let.  in  Orme  Hist.  Fragments  (1805)  p.  vi,  We  are 
heartily  sorry  that  the  rains  have  been  so  very  unhealthy 
with  you.  1776  Trial  of  Nundocomar  65/2  Was  it.,  before 
the  rains  that  the  army  came  there?  1879  SIR  E.  ARNOLD 
Lt.  Asia  via.  (1881)  236  Forty-five  rains  thereafter  showed 
he  those  . .  and  gave  Our  Asia  light.  1895  MRS.  CROKER 
Village  Tales  (1896)  125  One  rains  he  died. 

c.  Naut.  A  part  of  the   Atlantic   Ocean   (see 
quots.),  in  which  rain  is  frequent. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.^  Ruins,  in  the  sea-language, denote 
all  that  tract  of  sea  to  the  northward  of  ihe  equator,  between 
4  and  i  o  degrees  of  latitude;  and  lying  between  the  meri 
dian  of  Cape  Verde,  and  that  of  the  easternmost  islands  of 
the  same  name.  1803  VIXCE  in  Naval  Chron.  X.  145  There 
are.  .constant  calms  in  that  part  of  the  ocean  called  the 
Rains.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.,  Rains.. exist  be 
tween  the  north-east  and  south-east  trade-winds,  changing 
their  latitude  several  degrees. 

3.  With  indef.  article  :  fa- A  shower  of  rain.  Qbs. 
a  1225  A  tier.  R.  246  A  muchel  wind  alib  mid  a  Intel  rein. 

c  1250  Gen.  fy  Ex.  3326  First  he  wenden  it  [manna]  were  a 
rein,  c  1385  CHAUCER  L,  G.  IV.  2411  Phyllis^  Behynde  him 
come  a  wynde  and  eke  a  rayne.  c  1420  Pallad.  on  Hitsb. 
in.  442  At  euery  rayn  Do  delue  vp  smal  the  mold,  a  1533 
LD.  BERBERS  Huon  xiv.  39  A  small  rayne  abatyth  a  grete 
wynd.  1597  MORLEY  Introd.  Mus.  69  It  is  no  maruayle  to 
see  a  Snayle  after  a  Rayne  to  creep  out  of  his  shell. 
b.  A  (specified)  kind  of  ram  (or  shower). 
1699  Phil.  Trans.  Abridg.  (1731)  III.  495  A  small  drilling 
Rain  ..increased  to  a  very  plentiful  shower.  1711  SWIFT 
Jrnl.  to  Stella  i  Aug.,  The  queen  and  I  . .  were  both 
hindered  by  a  sudden  rain.  1782  Encycl.  Brit.  (1797)  XV. 
779/1  If  the  vapours.,  rise  a  little  higher,  we  have  a  mist  or 
fog.  A  little  higher  still,  and  they  produce  a  small  rain.  1853 
G.  J.  CAYLEY  Las  Alforjas  II.  51  Set  off  in  a  mizzling  rain. 

4.  transf.  The  descent  of  liquid  or  solid  particles 
or  bodies  falling  in  the  manner  of  rain  ;  the  collec 
tive  particles  or  bodies  thus  falling.     Alsoy?^. 

1388  WYCLIF  Ecclus.  xliii.  20  An  herte  dredith  on  the  reyn 
therof  [snow],  a  1541  WYATT  in  Toil  ell's  Misc.  (Arb.)  39 
A  rayne  of  teares,  a  clowde  of  darke  disdayne.  1648  J. 
BEAUMONT  Psyche  \.  xxxviii,  Wealth  it  self  doth  roll  In  to 
her  bosom  in  a  golden  Rain.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Sttpp, 
S.V.,  These  rains  of  frogs  always  happen  after  very  dry 
seasons.  1821  SHELLEY  Hellas  381  The  batteries  blazed, 
Kneading  them  down  with  fire  and  iron  rain.  1847  TENNY 
SON  Print:  Prol.  62  The  fountain  . .  playing,  now  A  twisted 
snake,  and  now  a  rain  of  pearls. 

b.  fig.  of  immaterial  things. 

1821  SHELLEY  Prometh.  Unb.  m.  iii.  119  The  dew-mingled 
rain  Of  the  calm  moonbeams.  1820  —  Skylark  35  From  thy 
presence  showers  a  rain  of  melody.  1893  MRS.  C.  PRAED 
Outlaw  ff  Lawmaker  II.  229  To  shield  herself  from  the 
rain  of  kisses. 

c.  spec.  A  composition  used  in  rockets,  producing 
a  shower  of  bright-coloured  sparks. 

1749  Descr.  Machine  for  Fireworks  12  Explosions  of 
Serpents,  Kains,  and  Stars.  1853  MORTIMER  Pyrotechny 
(ed.  2)  94  Golden  Rain.  .Silver  Rain. 

5.  atlrib.  and  Comb.  a.  attributive  or  appositive, 
as  rain-bag,  -cloud,  -course,  f  -frost,  -pipe,  t  -rift, 
-storm,  t  -time^  t  -weather. 

1634-5  BRERETON  Trav.  {Chetham  Soc.)  66  Rain-water  pre 
served  in  *  rain-bags.  1839  Trans,  Meteorological  Soc,  I.  40 
Nimbus,  or  *Rain  Cloud,  is  accumulated  layers  of  the 
stratus,  which  dissolving  falls  as  rain.  1846  RUSKIN  Mod. 
Paint.  I.  n.  in.  iv.  §  2  The  nearness  of  the  rain-cloud  .. 
makes  its  hue  of  grey  monotonous.  1812  SCOTT  Rokeby 
n.  xiv,  Hid  in  the  shrubby  *rain-course  now.  a  1300  fr'ragm. 
Pop.  Sc.  (Wright)  232  Of  hawel,  of  den,  of  *reyn-forst,  and 
hor-forst.  1889  F.  A.  KNIGHT  By  Leafy  Wnys  12  It  rouses 
the  ire  of  the  hoxiseholder  by  stopping  up  the  *rain-pipe. 
13..  E.  E.  AJHt.P.  B.  368  Mony  clustered  clowde  clef  alle 
in  clowte^,  To-rent  vch  a  *rayn-ryfte  £  rusched  to  be  vrbe. 
1816  COLERIDGE  Lay  Serin.  348  The  rainbow  on  a  fast-sailing 


BAIN. 

^rain-storm,  c  1425  St.  Mary  of  Oignies  \.  ix.  in  Anglia 
VIII.  142/33  She  ..  in  be  *rayne-tyme  come  home  ageyne 
vntouched.  c  1520  L.  ANDREWS  Noble  Lyfe  in  Babees  Bk. 
219  In  fayre  weder  he  reioyseth  sore,  but  whan  it  is  *rayne 
weder,  than  it  singeth  selden. 

b.  Instrumental,  chiefly  with  pa.  pples.,  as  rain- 
awakened,  -beat,  -beaten,  f  -bentn,  -bleared,  -bound, 
bright,  -drenched,  -scented^  -soaked,   washed  adjs. 

1820  SHELLEY  Skylark  58  *Rain-awakened  flowers.  1598 
Bp.  HALL  Sat.  iv.  iii.  22  Figures  halfe  Obliterate  In  'rain-beat 
Marble,  a  1450  Fysshynge  iv.  Angle  (1883)  2  *Reyn  beton 
..and  hys  clothes  torne.  a  1529  SKELTON  Col.  Clonte  55 
Though  my  ryme  be  ragged,  ..Rudely  rayne  beaten.  1606 
J.  REYNOLDS  Dolarnys  Pritnerose'D  iv  b,  T'haue  deckt,  and 
trim'd,  this  now  rainbeaten  face,  c  1420  Pallad.  on  Hiisb. 
vn.  73  In  londis  wete,  or  ellis  *rayn  bironne.  1849  M. 
ARNOLD  Strayed  Reveller,  Grey,  *rain-blear'd  statues.  1864 
p.  G.  M  ITCHELI.  Sev.  Stcr.  45  A  .si i  anger  who  is  "rain-bound 
in  the  opposite  inn.  1818  MILMAN  Savior  344  Freshens  the 
circuit  of  the  *rain-bright  grove.  1853  TALI-OURD  Castilian 
v.  iv,  Not  a  scent  Of  *rain-drench'd  flower.  1818  KEATS 
Endytn.  i.  100  *Rain-scented  eglantine.  1789 WOLCOTT (P. 
Pindar)  Snly.  for  Painters  \Vks.  1812  II.  135  Drooping 
*rain-.soak'd  fowls.  1870  MORRIS  Earthly  Par.  III.  w. 
231  The  *rain-washed  fields  from  hedge  to  hedge  are  bare. 

c.  Objective,  etc.,  as  rain-bearer,  -maker  \  rain- 
aboding,  -bearing,  -dropping,  -making  adjs. ;  also 
rain-proof ,  -tight. 

1640  G.  ABBOTT  Job  Paraf>hr.  229  A  *ra!n-aboding  wind 
gives  fore-knowledge  of  it.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  42 
South-west  winds  act  as  the  chief  *rain-beaiers  to  our  inlands. 
1632  LITHGOW  Trai\  x.  429  There  Fabrickesare.  .of  smuake- 
torne  straw  ..  and  *Raine-dropping  wailes.  1775  ADAIR 
Amer.  Ind.  89  The  old  women  \\ere  less  honest  in  paying 
their  *  rain-makers.  1856  SIR  B.  P.RODIE  Psychol.  Inq.  I.  i. 
25  The  poor  African,  who  . .  seeks  the  conjurations  of  the 
rainmaker.  1889  RIDEK  HAGGARD  Allan's  ll'i/e  158  This 
old  *rain-making  savage.  1831  CAHLYLE  Sarf.  Res.  n.  vii, 
Their  old  Temples,  .for  h  nghave  not  been  "rainproof.  1870 
EMERSON  Soc.  $  Solit.  vii.  131  Rain-proof  coats  for  all 
climates. 

6.  Special  Combs.  :  rain-ball  dial,  (see  quot.) ; 
rain-band,  a  dark  band  in  the  solar  spectrum, 
caused  by  the  presence  of  water-vapour  in  the 
atmosphere  ;  rain-bath,  a  shower-  or  spray-bath  ; 
rain-box,  a  contrivance  used  in  a  theatre  for 
imitating  the  sound  of  rain  ;  rain-cap,  a  cap  worn 
as  a  protection  against  rain  (so  rain-cloak,  -clothes, 
-coat,  etc.)  ;  rain-chamber,  in  metal-working,  a 
compartment  in  which  noxious  fumes  are  condensed 
by  the  action  of 'spray  (,Knight  Diet.JMech.  1875); 
rain-chart  =  rain-map ;  rain-cuckoo  =  RAIN- 
umn  2  ;  rain-doctor,  one  who  professes  to  bring 
rain  by  incantatiuns  ;  rain-door,  an  outside  door 
in  Japanese  houses;  rain-gauge,  an  instrument 
measuring  the  amount  of  the  rain-fall ;  rain-glass, 
a  barometer;  rain-god,  the  god  who  has  control 
of  the  rain  ;  rain-goose,  the  red-throated  diver 
(Colymbns  septentrionalis) ;  rain-king,  rain  per 
sonified  as  a  king;  f  rain-machine  —  rain-gauge  ; 
rain-map,  a  map  showing  the  distribution  of  the 
rainfall  over  a  certain  area  ;  rain-mark,  -pit,  an 
indentation  made  in  the  ground  by  a  rain-drop 
(so  rain-pitting,  -print,  -spof) ;  rain-plover  (see 
quot.) ;  rain-procession,  a  ceremonial  procession 
made  in  the  hope  of  obtaining  rain ;  rain-quail, 
the  Indian  and  African  quail  (Coturnix  coroman- 
deficus},  abundant  in  some  parts  of  India  during 
the  rainy  season  ;  rain-tree  (see  quots.)  ;  f  rain- 
vault,  a  compluvium  ;  rain-wash,  the  effect  of 
rain  in  washing  away  earth,  etc. ;  also,  the  matter 
thus  washed  away.  See  also  RAJ.N-BIRD,  -BOW, 

-DROP,  -FALL,  -FOWL,  -SHOWER,  -WATER. 

1888  R.  ABEKCROMBY  Weather  iii.  78  In  Lancashire,  the 
festoons  [of  cloud]  are  called  '  *rainba!ls',  and  are  only  con 
sidered  a  sign  of  rain.  1882  PIAZZI  SMYTH  in  Knowledge 
II.  294  That  water-vapour  band,  .has,  therefore,  been  called, 
the  *rain-band  '.  Ibid.  '  Rain-band  spectroscopes '  have 
been  specially  constructed  by  . .  opticians.  1887  Kature 
XXXV.  588/2  The  intensity  of  the  rainband  is  observed 
and  recorded.  1896  Allbutts  Syst.  Med.  I.  340  Hip-baths, 
shower  or  *rain-balhs.  1881  Era  Almanack  38, 1  had  pulled 
the  rope  connected  with  the  '*rain-box\  1817  CARLYLE 
Germ.  Row.  I.  25  She  drew  a  Vain-cap  over  her  face.  1782 
LATHAM  Gen.  Syn.  Birds  I.  n.  535  Long-billed  *Rain 
Cuckow.  1843  The  Rain  Cloud  213  Should  rain  happen 
to  fall,  the  credit  is  given  to  the  *rain-doctor.  1857  LIVING 
STONE  Trav.  (1861)  17  The  chief  Sechele  was  himself  a 
noted  rain-doctor.  1888  Pall  Mall  G.  12  Sept.  2/1  The 
atnado,  or  outside  *rain-doors,  were  slid  in  front  of  all  the 
houses.  1769  HEBKRDEN  in  Phil.  Trans.  LIX.  359  The 
''rain-gage.,  was  fixed  so  high,  as  to  rise  above  all  the 
neighbouring  chimnies.  1860  MAUKV  Phys.  Gecg.  (Low)  v. 
105  Rivers  are  the  rain-gauges  of  nature.  1862  Athenxum 
26  July  121  The  following  may  be  depended  upon  as  a 
*ram-glass.  1884  A.  J.  EVANS  in  Arth&ologia  XLIX.  108 
The  hill  which  is  supposed  to  be  the  "Rain-God  himself. 
1793  Statist.  Ace.  Scotl.  VII.  573  The  birds  are,  eagles, 
marrots  or  auks,  kingfishers,  *rain  geese,  muir  fowls.  1880 
BLACK  White  Wings  xx,  There  is  a  deeper  gloom  over 
head  ;  the  "rain-king  is  upon  us.  1767  HUXHAM  in  Phil. 
Trans.  LVII.  446  One  of  the  Thermometers  is  kept,  .with 
out  Doors  in  the  *Rain  Machine.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr, 
46  A  general  view  of  the  rainfall  . .  is  presented  by  the 
accompanying  *rain-map.  1867  LYKLI.  Princ.  Geol.  n.  xv. 
I.  335  Tracks  of  worms,  .occasionally  pass  under  the  middle 
of  R  nun-mark.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  270/2  Foot-prims, 
"rain-pits,  and  hollows  of  every  kind.  1871  A.  C.  RAMSAY 
i"  (?•  "JrnL  Geol.  Soc.  XXVII.  250  The  presence  of  sun- 

15-  2 


RAIN. 

cracks  and  *rain-pittings  in  the  Longmynd  beds.  1817  T. 
KORSTER  Nat.  Hist.  Swallmi'tribe  (ed.  6)  86  Charadrins 
j>luvialis.  Golden  plover  . .  "Rainplover.  1859  PAGE  Geol. 
Terms  *Rain-Prints.  1882  GEIKIE  Text-Ik.  Geol.  iv.  i.  486 
Ripple-marks,  *  rain-prints,  or  sun-cracks.  1884  A.  J.  EVANS 
in  Arckxolo^ia  XLIX.  106  The  Roman  *ram-procession,.. 
described  by  Petronius.  1897  AllbutCs  Syst.  Med.  IV.  530 
Round  depressions  resembling  the  impress  of*rain-spots  on 
soft  sand.  1878  Nature  XVII.  349/1  The  Tamia-caspia,  or 
*rain  tree  of  the  Eastern  Peruvian  Andes.  1879  Bull.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  No.  13.  75  Bruncfelsia  pubescens  Rain-tree... 
Flowers  odorous  before  rain.  1553  HULOET,  *Rayne  volte, 
Compluuins  locus.  1876  A .  H.  GREEN  Phys.  Geol.  iii.  §  2. 1 1 2 
These  accumulations  of  rain-borne  decomposed  rock  go  by 
the  general  term  of '*Rain-wash  '.  1896  Geol.  Mag.  Oct.  466 
The  rain  and  rain-wash  loosen  the  light  soil  below  and 
about  the  roots. 

Rain  (win),  sb2  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms :  5-7 
reyne,  6  raine,  rayn(e,  9  dial,  rein,  rain.  See 
also  REAN.  [a.  ON.  rein  (Norw.  rein,  Sw.  and 
Da.  ren}  =  MLG.  rein,  OHG.  rain,  rein  (G.  rain^, 
strip  of  land,  esp.  one  left  unploughed  between 
fields  or  ridges,  a  balk,  etc.  Da.  ren  has  also  the 
sense  of  '  furrow  '  which  is  prominent  in  Eng.] 

1.  A  strip  of  land,  a  ridge;  a  division  between 
lands  or  fields. 

1481  in  Ripen  Ck.  Acts  (Surtees)  346  Layland  Raynes— 
Lidale  Rayne— Turff-car  Rayne— £c.  1541  Mem.  Ripon 
(Surteesi  III.  194  Et  in  decasu  firmse  unius  Rane  voc. 
Sayntwilfryd  Rane  ad  IDJ.  per  annum  ios.  4</.  1608  in  Peel 
Spcn  I7 alley  (1893)  125  Followingeacertaine  rayne  or  hedge 
devydinge  Gomersall  and  Liversedge.  1819  in  Sheffield 
Gloss,  s.  v.,  A  line  across  meadows  where  has  formerly  been 
a  hedge  or  a  road  is  called  the  rain. 

2.  A  furrow  between  the  ridges  or  lands  in  a  field. 
1523    FITZHERB.   Hnsb.  §   7   He   seeth  not,   whether   the 

plough  go  in  rydge  or  rayne.     a  1600  WYNNE  Hist.  Gwedir 
Fam.  (1878)  54  The);  reaped  the  corne  that  grew  in  the 
raine . .  as   the  corne   in    the   ridge   was   not   readie.     161 1 
COTGR.,  Seillon,,  .the  narrow  trench,  reyne,  or  furrow,  left 
betweene  butt  and  butt  for  the  drayning  thereof.   1844  PALIN 
in  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  V.  i.  59  Commencing  in  the  rein  of 
the  former  butts  and  making  the  former  ridges  into  reins. 
t  b.  A  small  stream  or  ditch.   Obs.  rare~(>. 
1611  COTGR.,  Ardoiie.a.  little  brooke,  or  reyne,  that  gently 
runnes  along  a  field. 

Rain  (r^n).  v.  Forms:  i  ,h)resnian,  2-3 
rein-,  3  163311-,  4  regne,  reigne,  reine,  4-5 

reygne,  (6  raigne,7reign),  3-rain.  [G&.regnian 
(jare)  =  MDu.  reghenen  (Du.  regenen\  OHG.  re- 
ganon  (MHG.  regenen,  regnen,  G.  regnen),  ON. 
regna  (Sw.  regna  t  Da.  regne} ^  f.  regn  RAIN  sl>.1 
The  usual  form  in  OE.  was  the  causative  rignan, 
rinan  RIXE  #.] 

I.  Intransitive  senses. 

1.  Impersonally.     It  rains  :  Rain  falls. 

<ri2Oo  OR.MIN  8694  He  badd  o  Drihhtin  Godd  pat  itt  ta 
shollde  re^nen.  13- .  K.  Alls.  6450  Whan  hit  snywith, 
other  rayneth.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Set.  \yks.  III.  380  pof  hit 
rayne  on  bo  auter  of  bo  parische  chirche.  1430-40  LYDG. 
Bochas  in.  xxiv.  95  It  may  nother  blowe  thereon,  nor  reyn. 
1523  LD.  P>EHNF.RS  Froiss.  I.  ccvii.  244  For  moost  part  day 
and  night  it  reyned  without  cease.  1697  DAMPIER  Voy.  1. 13 
It  rained  very  hard.  1711  SWIFT  Lett.  (1767)  III.  151  It 
rained  so  this  evening  again,  that  I  thought  I  should  hardly 
be  able  to  get  a  dry  hour  to  walk  home  in.  1854  EARL 
CARLISLE  Diary  115  It  has  really  taken  to  rain  rather  fre- 
quently.  188*  OUIDA  Maremma  I.  197  If  it  would  only 
have  rained,  how  welcome  it  would  have  been. 

Phr.    1726  ARBITTHNOT  (title}  It  cannot  rain  but  it  pours  ; 
or   London   strow'd   with   rarities.     1893    EARL    DUNMORE 
Pamirs  I.  292  As  it  never  rains  but  it  pours,  news  of  another 
disaster  was  rife  in  the  city  in  the  evening. 
b.  In  indirect  passive.     Const,  upon. 

1382  WYCLIF  Ezek.  xxii.  24  Thou  art  the  vnclene  loond, 
not  reynyd  togidir  [COVERDALE,  etc.  rayned  vpon]  in  the  dai 
of  woodnes.  1561  WINJET  Cert.  Tractates  Wks.  1888  I.  14 
Ane  vnclene  land,  quhilk  is  not  ray  nit  vpon.  1840  [R.  E. 
HILL]  rinch  of  Snuff  i^  Carrying  a  duck  in  a  rained-upon 
sedan  chair. 

2.  Of  the  Deity,  the  sky,  clouds,  etc. :  To  send 
or  pour  down  rain. 

£950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt.  v.  45  He  ..  hre^naS  [Rttshw. 
regne5]  ofer  sotSfeesta  &  unsoSfaeste.  c  izgo  S.  Eng.  Leg. 
284/235  pat  weder  bi-gan  to  reinie  faste.  c  1374  CHAUCER 
Troylus  in.  502  pe  walken  shop  hym  for  to  reyne. 
1382  WYCLIF  Gen.  ii.  5  The  Lord  God  forsothe  had  not 
reyned  vpon  the  erthe.  a  1550  Droichis  Part  of  Play  35  in 
D  unbares  Poems  (1893)  315  The  skyts  raind  quhen  he  wald 
"scowlej.  1605  SHAKS.  Lear  in.  vii.  62  Poore  old  heart,  he 
fiolpe  the  Heauens  to  raine.  1697  DRYDEN sEneidDed.  b4, 
They  make  ^Eneas.  .a  kind  of  a  St.  Swithen  Heroe,  always 
raining.  1833  TENNYSON  Lady  ofShalott  iv.  i,  Heavily  the 
low  sky  raining  Over  tower'd  Camelot. 
fis*  IS97  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  /K,  n.  iii.  59  To  raine  vpon 
Remembrance  with  mine  Eyes,  That  it  may  grow,  and 
sprowt.  1642  FULLER  Holy  fy  Prof.  St.  n.  xv.  107  Good 
reason  therefore  Northern  Scholars  should  be  most  watered 
there,  where  Northern  Benefactours  rained  most. 

transf.  1883  GRF.SLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  198  An  under 
ground  place  is  said  to  rain  when  water  drops  freely  from 
the  roof. 

3.  Of  rain  :  To  fall. 

a  1300-1400  Cursor  M.  1835  (Gott.)  pis  rain  rained  euer  on- 
ane.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.xvn.  333  The  reyne  M  reyneth 
)>ere  we  reste  sholde.  c  1440  Gesta  Rom.  Ivi.  235  (Harl.  MS.) 
Yf.  .)>e  Reyne  Rayne  vppon  bo(>e  myn  yen  [etc.).  1523 
[see  GOSLING  i.  Prav.\  1601  SHAKS.  '1'wel.  jV.  v.  i.  401  The 
raine  it  raineth  every  day.  1777  BRAND  Pof.  Aiitiij.  53 
Happy  (says  the  Proverb)  is . .  the  Corpse  the  Rain  rains  on. 

4.  transf.  Of  substances  other  than  water :  To 


[s 
h 


116 

fall  from  the  sky  or  through  the  air  in  the  manner 
of  rain,  csp.  in  small  particles. 

c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  99  God  let  hem  reine  manne. 
c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  \Vace  (Rolls)  2623  |>re  dayes  in  his 
tyme  reyned  blod.  c  1450  Mirour  Salnacioiin  1477  Manna 
also  y*  in  desert  reynyde.  1655  FULLER  C/t.  Hist.  n.  iii.  §  33 
Bloud  reigned  in  some  parts  of  the  Land.  1820  SHELLEY 
Vis.  Sea.  29  The  intense  thunder-balls  which  are  raining 
from  heaven.  1842  TENNYSON  .SYrC^/a/jaw/ 12  Perfume  and 
flowers  fall  in  showers,  That  lightly  rain  from  ladies'  hands. 
b.  Of  tears  :  To  fall  like  rain. 

ci374  CHAUCER  Troylus  v.  1336  The  terys  which  ^at  fro 
myn  eyen  reyne.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham,  iv.  v.  166  On  his 
graue  raines  many  a  teare.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  uc.  1122 
They  sate  them  down  to  weep,  nor  onely  Teares  Rained  at 
thlr  Eyes.  1860  THACKERAY  Level  \\t  Genuine  tears  rained 
down  her  yellow  cheeks. 

C.  Of  immaterial  things  :  To  descend,  fall,  come, 
etc.,  in  a  manner  comparable  to  the  fall  of  rain. 

'393  LANGL.  P.  PL  C.  xv.  24  Grace  groweth  nat  til  goode 
wil  gynne  reyne.  1412-20  LYDG.  Citron.  Troy  \.  v,  The 
foyson  &  plente  Of  kyngly  fredom.  .So  fulsomely  gan  there 
to  reygne  and  snowe.  1535  COVERDALE  Job  xx.  23  God 
shal.. cause  his  battayll  to  rayne  ouer  him.  1602  MARSTON 
Antonio's  Rw.  in.  ii,  The  curse  of  Heaven  raines  In 
plagues  unlimited  through  all  his  daies.  1801  J.  ADAMS 
Wks.  (1854)  IX.  585  Ennui,  when  it  rains  on  a  man  in  large 
drops,  is  worse  than  one  of  our  north-east  storms.  1847 
TENNYSON  Princ.  v.  490  As  from  a  giant's  flail,  The  large 
blows  rain'd. 

5.  It  rains  in  :  Rain  enters  or  penetrates.     Also 
transf.  with  other  subjects  (cf.  4). 

1596  Vestry  Bks.  (Surtees)  270  Mendmge  the  church  porch 
and  over  hed  above  where  it  did  rayne  in.  1664  J.  WEBB 
Stone~Heng(i72$}  95  The  Impluvium  or  open  Part  where  it 
rained  in.  1771  FOOTE  Maid  of  l>.  n.  Wks.  1799  11.222  The 
house  . ,  is  a  little  out  of  repair ;  not  that  it  rains  in  ..  at 
above  five  or  six  places.  1865  W.  G.  PALGRAVE  Arabia  I. 
72  Invitations  rained  in  on  all  sides. 
II.  Transitive  senses. 

6.  Impersonally.    //  rains  \  There  is  a  shower  of 
(something  falling  from  above  or  through  the  air). 

a  iz2$Aficr.  A",  98  (MS.  C)  pach  hit  reine  arewen,  ich  habe 
a  nede  erende.  c  1275  LAY.  3895  preo  daises  hit  reinede 
blod.  (71400-30  Alexander  566  pen  rekils  it  vnruydly  & 
raynes  doune  stanys.  1535  COVERDALE  Luke  xvii,  29  It 
rayned  fyre  and  brymstone  from  heauen.  1596  BARLOW 
Three  Serin,  iii.  141  In  Bauaria  it  rained  corne,  of  which 
much  bread  was  baked.  1653  WALTON  Angler  vii.  152  It 
should  rain  none  but  water  Frogs.  1738-  [see  CAT  AND 
DOG  2}.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.  s.  v.  Rain,  [They] 
.icounted  it  a  miracle  that  it  rained  earth  and  sulphur  upon 
them.  1821  SHELLEY  Hellas  604  It  has  rained  blood. 

Jig,  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  v.  i.  47  It  rain'd  downe  For 
tune  showing  on  your  head.  1606  —  Ant.  fyCl.  in.  xiii.  85 
Bestow'd  his  lips  on  that  vnworthy  place,  As  it  rain'd 
kisses.  1746  H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  (1857)  II.  24  Why,  it  rains 
princes.  1876  C.  M.  DAVIES  Unorth.  Lend.  (ed.  2)  no  It 
has  positively  rained  tracts. 

7.  Of  personal  or  other  agents:  To  pour  or  shower 
down  (something  falling  through  the  air  like  rain). 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  2841  Ouer  lauerd  raind  o  bam  . .  Dun  o 
lift,  fire  and  brinstan.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  183  The 
niyhti  god  began  to  reyne  Manna  fro  hevene  doun  to 
grounde.  1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apofih.  166  b,  lupiter  in 
fourme  of  a  shoure  raynyng  droppes  of  golde.  1598  SHAKS, 
Merry  IV.  v.  v.  21  Let  the  skie  raine  Potatoes.  1697 
DRYDEN  ^'irg.  Georg.  iv.  119  Nor  shaken  Oaks  such  Shown 
of  Acorns  rain.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  312  He 
could  have  rained  us  food  from  heaven.  1818  KEATS 
Endym.  it.  427  Another  [Cupid]  ..  Rain'd  violets  upon  his 
sleeping  eyes.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xxi.  IV.  591 
He  rained  shells  and  redhot  bullets  on  the  city. 

fig.  1882  BLUNT  Ref.  C/t.  Eng.  II.  9  Raining  coronets 
upon  their  heads  and  wealth  into  their  coffers. 

b.  To  shed  (tears)  copiously. 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  v.  ii.  819  Raining  the  teares  of 
lamentation.  1820  SHELLEY  Ode  to  Liberty  viii,  What  if 
the  tears  rained  through  thy  shattered  locks  Were  quickly 
dried  ?  1875  TowBTT  J3fe&  (ed.  2)  I.  240  His  eyes  rain  tears. 

c.  With  immaterial  object. 

a  1340  HAMPOLR  Psalter  xvii.  13  Prechours,  be  whilk.. 
raynes  down  godis  word  till  pber.  1382  WYCLIF  Job  xx.  23 
That  he.  .reyne  vp  on  hym  his  bataile.  c  1586  CTESS  PEM 
BROKE  Ps.  LXix.  x,  Downe  upon  them  fury  raine.  1632 
MILTON  L' Allegro  122  Ladies,  whose  bright  eies  Rain  in 
fluence.  1726  POPE  Odyss.  xvii.  49  Rains  kisses  on  his 
neck,  his  face,  his  eyes.  1820  SHELLEY  Skylark  30  The 
moon  rains  out  her  beams,  and  heaven  is  over-flowed.  1878 
Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage  152  The  blows  rained  by  practised 
pugilists  on  one  another. 

8.  In  passive :  To  be  showered  down.  rare. 

1647  HAMMOND  Power  of  Keys  vii.  140  Manna  ceased  to 
be  rain'd  from  heaven.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  II.  28 
Sometimes  salt  instead  of  fresh  water  has  been  rained  in 
different  places. 

9.  With  complement :  To  bring  into  a  specified 
condition  by  raining. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  cxtii.  6  My  saute,  .draghis  til  J»e 
'noght  til  be  warld,  J?at  may  noght  wete  it,  forj?i  bou  rayne  it 
ful  of  grace.  ci44o  Gesta  Rom.  Ivi.  239  (Harl.  MS.)  Yf . . 
be  Reyne  Rayne  vppon  bobe  myn  yen,  yee,  me  hadde  leuer 
let  hit  Reyne  hem  oute  of  the  hede,  than  I  tumid  me. 
Mod.  It  will  probably  rain  itself  out  before  morning. 

flO.  To  wet  with  rain.   Obs.  rare—1. 

c  1440  York  My st.  xiv,  18  pe  walles  are  doune  on  ilke  a 
side,  pe  ruffe  is  rayned  aboven  oure  hede. 

Rain,var.RAiGNz>.  Obs.\  obs.f. RANK sb.t REIGN, 
REIN  sb.  and  v. 

Rarn-bird.     [f.  RATN  sbl  +  BIRD/] 

1.  The  green  woodpecker,  Gccimis  mridts. 

i555GESNER//w/..<4»/w/.  III.675/VrKj,AngHsaspecht,Kf/ 
a  Vuodpecker,  i«/raynbyrde.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  214 
The  Rainbird,  Woodpeck  or  Hickway,  called  Picus  Martins. 


RAINBOW. 

1843  YARRELL  Brit.  /lira's  II.  136  The  Green  Woodpecker., 
[is]  said  to  be  vociferous  when  rain  is  impending,  hence 
their  name  of  Rain-bird. 

2.  A  Jamaican  cuckoo  (cf.  quots.  1852  and  1894). 
1725  SLOANE  Jamaica  II.  312  It  makes  a  noise  generally 

before  rain,  whence  it  had  its  name  of  Rain  Bird.  1756  P. 
BROWNE  Jamaica  467  The  Rain-Bird,  .is  seldom  seen,  but 
when  it  flies  it  takes  a  thousand  turns  in  its  flight.  1852 
SCHLATER  in  Jardine  Contrib.  Ortiith.  83  Rain-Birds  (a 
modification  of  Saurot/tfrae,  Motmots..).  1894  NEWTON 
Diet.  Birds  654  Old  Man,  the  name  in  Jamaica  for 
Hyetornis  plnvialis,  one  of  the  Cuckows  which  is  also  called 
Rain-bird,  as  are  others  of  the  family. 

3.  In  Australia:  (see  qnots.). 

1860  G.  BENNETT  Gather,  of  Naturalist  283  The  Austra 
lian  Shrike  or  Butcher-bird,  also  called  Rain-bird  by  the 
colonists  {Vanga  destructor).      1898  MORRIS  Austral  En?. 
s,v.,  The  rain-bird  of  Queensland  and  the  interior  is  the 
great  Cuckoo  or  Channel-bill. 

Rainbow  (r^'-nbou),  sb.  Forms  :  see  RAIN  sbl 
and  BOW  J<M  (also  5  -bawe,6-boll,-boa-w).  [OE. 
(regn-\  rtnboga  =  OHG.  reginbogo  (MHG.  regen- 
boge,  G.  -bogen\  Du.  -boog},  ON.  regnbogi  (Sw. 
-b&ge,  Da.  -biie}.] 

1.  A  bow  or  arch  exhibiting  the  prismatic  colours 
in  their  order,  formed  in  the  sky  opposite  to  the  sun 
by  the  reflection,  double  refraction,  and  dispersion 
of  the  sun's  rays  in  falling  drops  of  rain.     Also, 
a  similar  arch  formed  in  the  spray  of  cataracts,  etc. 

Lunar  rainbow,  one  formed  by  the  moon's  rays,  rarely 
seen.  Marine  or  sea  rainbow,  one  formed  on  sea-spray. 
Secondary  or  supernumerary  rainbow,  a  fainter  one  formed 
inside  or  outside  the  primary  by  double  reflection  and 
double  refraction,  and  exhibiting  the  spectrum  colours  in 
the  opposite  order  to  that  of  the  primary. 

c  1000  ^LFRIC  Gen.  ix.  13  Ic  sette  minne  renbojan  on 
wolcnum.  a  1175  Cott.  How.  225  panne  bi5  atawed  min 
ren  b<5ge.  £1250  Gen.  $  Ex.  637  God,.taunede  him  in  Se 
walkene  a-buuen  Rein-bowe,  men  cleped  reed  and  bio.  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  1976  pou  sal  fra  now  mi  rainbow  see.  1387 
TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  337  A  ston.  .callede  Iris,  whiche 
putte  to  the  sonne  causethe  a  reynebawe  to  appere  in  the 
aier.  1471  RIPLEY  Cotnp.  Alch.  Ep.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  188 
Pekoks  fethers  in  Color  gay,  the  Raynbow  whych  shall 
overgoe.  1526  TINDALE  Rev.  iv.  3  There  was  a  rayne  boll 
aboute  the  seate.  1555  EDEN  Decades  246,  I  sawe  a  whyte 
rnynebowe  abowt  mydnyght.  1698  FROGER  Voy.  169  This 
same  night,  we  beheld  a  Rain-bow  cross  the  heavens,  which 
..had  a  very  lively  red  colour.  1753  HOGARTH  Anal. 
Beauty  xi.  84  Any  two  opposite  colours  in  the  rainbow,  form 
a  third  between  them.  1813  SCOTT  Trierm.  11.  iii,  As 
wilder'd  children  leave  their  home,  After  the  rainbow's  arch 
to  roam.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  \.  ii.  12  In  front  of  us  a  mag 
nificent  rainbow,  fixing  one  of  its  arms  in  the  valley. 

Phr.  1598  SHAKS.  Merry  IV.  iv.  v.  119,  I  was  beaten  my- 
selfe  into  all  the  colours  of  the  Rainebow.  1834  J.  W. 
CROKER  in  C.  Papers  10  June  (1884),  The  women  dressed  in 
all  the  colours  of  the  rainbow. 

b.  fig.  (occas.  with  allusion  to  Gen.  ix.  13-16). 

1742  YOUNG  A7.  Th.  n.  234  Has  Death  his  fopperies? 
Then  well  may  Life  Put  on  her  plume,  and  in  her  rainbow 
shine.  1813  BYRON  Br.  Abydos  n.  xx,  Be  thou  the  rainbow 
to  the  storms  of  life  !  1876  SAUNDERS  Lion  in  Path  iii,  He 
has  seen  in  the  tears  of  the  nation  a  new  rainbow  of  hope. 
C.  Her.  A  representation  of  a  rainbow. 

1780  EDMONDSON  Compl.  Body  Her.  II.  Gloss.,  Rainbow 
is  represented  in  armory  as  a  semi-circle  of  various  colours, 
arising  from  clouds.  1780  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  V.  3599^2 
'  Argent,  a  Rainbow  with  a  Cloud  at  each  end '. . .  This  is 
part  of  the  crest  to  the  earl  of  Hopeton's  coat-of-arms. 

2.  transf.  A  brightly  coloured  arch,  ring,  etc., 
resembling  a  rainbow. 

17x5  tr.  Pancirollus'  Rerum  Mem.  \.  H.  xvii.  113  [A  vessel 
made  of  Electrum]  discovers  Poison,  by  a  Rain-bow  in 
the  Cup.  1788  COWPER  Mrs.  Montagu  4  The  peacock 
sends  his  heavenly  dyes,  His  rainbows  and  his  starry  eyes. 
1842  TENNYSON  Vision  of  Sin  32  Purple  gauzes,  golden 
hazes,  liquid  mazes,  Flung  the  torrent  rainbow  round. 
f  b.  spec.  The  iris  of  the  eye.  Obs.  rare. 

1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  748  The  horny  tunicle  ncere 
vnder  the  Rain-bow  in  the  great  Circle.  1634  T.  JOHNSON 
Parey's  Ohirurg.  xnr.  xiii.  (1678)  315  [An  Ulcer]  about  the 
circle  of  the  Iris  or  Rain-bow. 

C.  Boxing  slang.  A  discoloured  bruise. 

1811  Sporting  Mag.  XXXVII.  100  A  violent  blow  on  the 
forehead,  by  whicrThe  picked  up  a  handsome  rainbow. 

3.  a.  A  South  American   humming-bird  of  the 
genus  Diphfogena  (esp.  D.  Iris}. 

1861  GOULD  Monogr.  Troehilidse  IV.  pi.  247. 
b.  Short  for  rainbow-trout. 

1897  Daily  Ntws  30  Aug.  2/4  The  fish  included  a  number 
of  Rainbows,  a  species  of  trout  not  hitherto  introduced  to 
the  river . .  Thames. 

4.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  attributive,  in  senses  '  of 
or  belonging  to  a  rainbow*,  *  having  the  shape  or 
colours  of  a  rainbow',  as  rainbow  colours,  crown, 
curve,    dyest  fo^ver^    hue,  light,  path^  -pinions, 
-shower ,  sister,  tint,  -vapour. 


Hung  with  many  a  *rainbow  crown.  1795-1814  WORDSW. 
Excurs.  vn.  743  The  inglorious  football . .  shaped  a  *rainbow 
curve.  1860  C.  LANGSTER  Hesperus  53  Queenly  beauty 
diademed  with  *rainbow  dyes.  1816  SHELLEY  Alastor  590 
Nurses  of  *  rainbow  flowers  and  branching  moss.  Ibid. 
334  The  beams  of  sunset  hung  their  "rainbow  hues  [etc.]. 
jgjj  —  Qt  Mab\.  54  Those  lines  of  *  rainbow  light.  1812 
HERER  tr.  Pindar  ii.  127  TO  walk  the  *rainbow  paths  of 
heaven.  1839  BAILEY  Fcstus  xix.  (1852)  303  -Rainbow- 
pinions coloured  like  yon  cloud.  1804  Edin.  Rev.  V.  103  The 

§  lobules  in  a  *rain  bow-shower  being  all  nearly  of  the  same 
intensions.     1818  BYRON  Ch.  liar.  iv.  Ixi,  Where  Sculpture 


RAINBOW. 

with  her  "rainbow  sister  vies.  1812  IHJ.  n.  xlviii,  Where'er 
we  gaze  .  .  What  "rainbow  tints,  what  magic  charms  are 
found  !  1840  BROWN-ING  Sordetlo  ii.  Wks.  1896  I.  128/2 
Whoseshape  divine,  Quivered  i'the  farthest*rainbow-vapour. 

b.  attributive,  in  variousy?^.  senses,  as  rainbow- 
hint,  -presence,  promise,  -welcome. 

a.  1806  K.  WHITE  Time  121  There's  not  a  wind  that  blows 
but  bears  with  it  Some  rainbow  promise,  a  1835  MRS. 
HEMANS  Poems,  To  tke  New-Born,  A  rainbow-welcome 
thine  has  been,  of  mingled  smiles  and  tears.  —  Genius 
Singing  of  Love,  The  light  thy  rainbow-presence  throws 
Over  the  poet's  dream.  1861  DICKENS/,^/.  17  Nov.  (1880) 
II.  158  Precious  to  me  as  a  rainbow-hint  of  your  friendship. 

c.  instrumental,  parasynthetic,  and  similative,  as 
rainbow-coloured,    -edged,    -girded,    -large,    -like, 
-painted,  -sided,  -skirted,  -tinted,  -winged  adjs. 

01711  KEN  Hymnotlieo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  191  A  loose.. 
*Rainbow-colour'd  Vest.  1860  G.  A.  SPOTTISWOODE  in  Vac. 
Tour  82  Clouds  of  rainbow-coloured  spray.  1840  BROWNING 
Sordello  I.  Wks.  1896  I.  124/1  Lucid  dew-drops  Rainbow- 
edged.  c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad  n.  699  To  Troy  the  "rainbow- 
girded  Dame  right  heavy  news  relates.  1818  KEATS  Endym. 
'•  755  My  higher  hope  Is  of  too  wide,  too  'rainbow-large 
a  scope.  1847  LD.  LINDSAY  Chr.  Art  I.  119  Five  concentric 
*rainbow-like  semicircles.  1750  WARTON  Ode  vii.  Poet. 
Wks.  1802  I.  159  Through  the  sunshine  and  the  shower, 
' 


.  .       .       .  -  , 

and  odorous  winds,    a  1835  MRS.  HEMANS  Poems,  Tale  of 
ent.,  Fancy's  "rainbow-tinted  dreams. 
metk.  Unb. 
"rainbow-winged  steeds. 


Fourteenth  Cent.,  Fancy's  "rainb 
SHELLEY  Prometk.  Unb.  n.  iv.  1 


.      1819 

130,  I  see  cars  drawn  by 


d.  Special  combs.,  as  rainbow  agate,  chal 
cedony,  iridescent  varieties  of  these  stones ;  rain 
bow  crystal  =  IRIS  3  b ;  rainbow  darter,  an 
American  fish  of  the  genus  Pcecilichthys,  esp.  P. 
cceruleus  ;  rainbow-fish,  a  name  given  to  several 
brightly-coloured  fishes  of  America  and  New 
Zealand  ;  rainbow-flower,  the  Iris  ;  rainbow 
pitta,  the  Pitta  Iris  of  Australia ;  rainbow  rash  = 
rainbow -worm ;  rainbow-stone  =  IBIS  3  b  ;  rain 
bow  trout,  a  Californian  species  of  trout,  Salino 
irideus,  recently  introduced  into  British  rivers; 
rainbow  tub,  a  tub  used  in  calico-printing  to  pro 
duce  rainbow-colours  ;  rainbow-worm,  a  species 
of  tetter ;  rainbow  wrasse,  a  brilliantly-coloured 
labroid  fish  (Julis  vulgaris  or  Corisfulis). 

1865  PAGE  Geol.  Terms  (ed.  2)  382  *Rainbow  Chalcedony 
1748  SIR  J.  HILL  Hist.  Fossils  179  The  Iris,  or  'Rain-bow 
Crystal  of  authors.  1882  JORDAN  &  GILBERT  Syn.  Fishes 
N.  America  514  Pcecilichthys  Agassiz,  *Rainbow  Darters 
1848  GOULD  Birds  of  Australia  IV.  pi.  3  The  'Rainbow 
Pitta  differs,  .from  all  other  known  species  of  this  lovely 
tribe  of  birds.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XII.  270/1  The 
iris,  or  'rainbow-stone,  seems  to  be  no  other  than  a  moon 
stone.  1882  JORDAN  &  GILBERT  Syn.  Fislies  N.  America 
312  S[almo]  ;Wrf«<*«-California  Brook  Trout,  'Rainbow 
Trout.  1885  Census  Instruct.,  'Rainbow  Tub  Maker.  1822- 
34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  IV.  475  The  "Rainbow-Worm, 
or  tetter,  is  of  a  rare  occurrence. . .  [Willan]  called  it  a  rain 
bow  rash.  1854  BADHAM  Halieut.  86  The  . .  'rainbow 
wrasse  in  his  gay  harlequin  dress  of  green  and  blue  1864 
COUCH  Fishes  III.  51  The  usual  size  of  the  Rainbow  Wrass 
is  in  length  from  four  to  six  or  seven  inches. 

Rainbow  (iei-nbo*),  v.  [f.  prec.]  trans.  To 
brighten  or  span  with,  or  as  with,  a  rainbow ;  to 
produce  like  a  rainbow. 

1807  J.  BARLOW  Columb.  iv.  264  His  sword,  high  waving, 
.  .rainbow'd  far  the  spray.  1860  Athemeum  26  May  719  A 
life  whose  hopes  and  fears  are  rainbow'd  out  from  tears  ! 
1892  Times  15  Apr.  3/3  The  sails,  .rainbowed  with  small 
signalling  flags. 

Hence  Rai'nbowed  ///.  a. 

1846  KINGSLEY  Saint's  Trag.  i.  iii,  See  him  stand  Before 
the  altar,  like  a  rainbowed  saint.  1863  E.  BURRITT  Walk  to 
Land's  End  420  The  rainbowed  mist  of  poetic  fiction. 

Rai'nbowy,  a.  [f.  RAINBOW  sb.  +  -Y.]  Of  the 
nature  of  a  rainbow. 

1830  W.  TAYLOR  Hist.  Sum.  Germ.  Poetry  I.  292  A  misty 
glory,  an  intangible  rainbowy  lustre.  1852  H.  R.  REYNOLDS 
in  Life  (1898)  II.  69  It.  .tosses  itself  in.  .rainbowy  spray. 

t  Rainbreed,  a.  nonce-wd.     Producing  rain. 
1582  STANYHURST  &neis  i.  (Arb.)  42  Thee  rainebreede 
seunstars,  with  both  the  Trionical  orders. 

Raindeer,  obs.  form  of  REINDEEK. 

Rai-ndrop,  rain-drop.  [OE.  regndropa  = 
OHG.  regentropho  (G.  -tropfen),  MSw.  rdgndropi 
(Sw.  regndroppe) :  see  RAIN  sb}-  and  DKOI-  sl>.~\ 

1.  A  single  drop  of  rain. 

c  1000  Sax.  Leechd.  III.  278  Hajol  cymS  of  5am  ren- 
dropum  bonne  hi  beoo"  ^efrorene  up  on  Seere  lyfte.  [c  1290 
.!>.  Eng.  Leg,  442/380  pare  bis  holie  man  stod  Ne  fel  neuere 
a  reynes  drope.J  c  1400  Solomon's  Bk.  Wisdom  ii  Who 
schulde  be  rein-dropes  telle.  1560  PILKINGTON  Expos.  \ 
Aggeits  180  The  teares  like  rayn  droppes  come  tricklmge 
doune  his  cheekes.  1698  KEILL  Exam.  Th.  Earth  (1734) 
163  We  must  not  imagine,  that  rain  drops  have  the  same 
form  and  density  in  the  Clouds  with  which  they  arrive  at 
the  ground.  1805  WoHDSW.  H'aggonerl.  156  L,arge  rain  drops 
on  his  head  Fell.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  I.  x.  65  The  rounded 
rain-drops  had  solidified  during  their  descent. 

attrio.  1860  G.  H.  K.  in  Vac.  Tour  117  Sprinkling  sweet 
odours  and  sparkling  raindrop  gems.  1879  DANA  Geol. 
(ed.  3)  84  Rill-marks,  mud-cracks,  and  rain-drop  impressions.  , 

2.  The  dropping  of  rain  or  rain-water,  rare. 

a  1400  Minor  Poems  fr.  I  'crnon  MS.  xxiv.  108  Of  reste 
he  is  vr  tabernacle  To  schilde  vs  from  reyn-drope.  1880 
MUIRHEAD  Gains  ii.  §  14  a,  Urban  servitudes  are.,  the  rights 
of  roof-gutter  and  rain-drop. 

Raine,  obs.  form  of  RAIN,  REIGN,  REIN. 


117 
Rai'lier.     [f.  RAIN  v.  +  -ER  1.]    One  who  rains. 

a  1845  HooD  T°  st-  SiMhin  v,  Mother  of  all  the  Family 
of  Ramers  !  Saint  of  the  Soakers  !  1889  MAX  MULLER 
Nnt.  Relig.  xv.  484  The  human  mind  must  think  a  rainer 
behind  the  rain. 

t  Raines.   Obs.       p'orms  :    o.   4-6   reynes,  5 
raynez,  -ys,  raygnes,  5-6  raynes,   6  reiu(e)s, 
I   Sc.  reuoe,  6-7  rains,  6-S  raines.    0.  5  rayne. 
[f.  Raynes,  obs.  f.  Kennes :  see  def. 

The  place-name  occurs  in  the  form  Raynes  c  r46o  in  the 
PlaySacram.  107:  also  1489  in  PastonLett.  (1897)  111.358.] 

1.  Cloth  of  Raine(s),  a  kind  of  fine  linen  or  lawn 
made  at  Rennes  in  Brittany.     Also  with  a  or  one  : 
a  piece  of  this. 

c  1369  CHAUCER  Dethc  niaunche  255  Many  a  pelowe,  and 
euery  here  Of  clothe  of  reynes.  14..  Sor.  hive  Degre  842 
Your  shetes  shall  be  of  clothe  of  rayne.  1485  in  J.  M.  Cowper 
CHurch-w.  Ace.  St.  Dnnstan's,  Canterbury  p.  xi,  i  cloth  of 
raynezforthe  lectron.  t&SPilgr.Per/.fyt.Ae'W.  1 531)281  b, 
Clothed  in  purpull  &  cloth  of  reynes.  1558  MORWYNG  Ben 
Gorton  (1567)  61  Upon  the  beere  was  also  a  cloth  of  raynes. 
b.  Similarly  with  names  of  garments  or  other 
articles  made  of  this  cloth. 

'395  E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  4  A  peyre  schetes  of  Reynes. 
a 1400-50  Alexander  1550  All  samen  of  a  soyte  in  surples 
of  raynes.  c  1460  J.  RUSSELL  Bk.  Nurture  in  Balees  Bk. 
(1868)  130  pan  take  a  towaile  of  Raynes.  1560  HOLLAND  Crt. 
I  cnns  i.  r27  [A]  noble  seme  was  on  his  sark  of  Rence. 

2.  absol.    =  Cloth  of  Raines. 

1526  TINDALE  Luke  xvi.  19  Clothed  in  purple,  and  fyne 
raynes.  a  1571  JEWEL  On  2  Thess.  (1611)  141  That  great 
City  that  was  clothed  in  reines,  and  scarlet,  and  purple. 
1607  J.  CARPENTER  Plaint  Mans  Plough  26  The  which  in 
the  Apocalips  are  called  the  pure  raines  of  the  Bride.  1721 
C.  KING  Brit.  Mcrcli,  I.  283  Boulteel  Raines,  368  Pieces. 

Raine-sacking,  obs.  f.  RANSACKING///,  a. 

Rai-nfall.    [f.  RAIN  rf.i  +  FALL  sb.} 

1.  A  fall  or  shower  of  rain. 

1848-58  Ki  NGSLEY  Poems  1 5  Pawing  the  spray ..  till  a  fiery 
rainfall . .  Sparkled  and  gleamed.  1884  Mancli.  Exam.  6  June 
4/6  Early  in  the  game  there  was  a  smart  rainfall. 

2.  The  quantity  of  rain  falling  in  a  certain  time 
within  a  given  area,  usually  estimated  by  inches  (in 
depth)  per  annum. 

1854  H.  MILLER  ScA.  #  Sclrr::.  iii.  (1860)  139  The  Rain 
fall  of  this  year,  .must  have  stood.,  above  even  this  average. 
1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Peruv.  Bark  282  There  is  one  arid 
region,  with  a  normal  rainfall  of  less  than  fifteen  inches. 

attrtb.  1868  Symons's  Metcorol.  Hag.  III.  204  Rainfall 
Registration.  1869  lliid.  IV.  133  Report  of  the  Rainfall  Com 
mittee.  1872  MELDRUM  in  Q.  Jrul.  Metcorol.  Soc.  (1873) 
I.  i3i^The  rainfall  tables  of  land-stations. 

Rainforce,  ?  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REINFORCE. 
Rai-n-fowl.   ?  Obs.    1.  a.  =  RAINBIRD  i. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  428/1  Reyn'  fowle,  bryd  (or  Wode- 
wale,  or  Wodehake),  gaulus.  1678  KAV  Willughty's 
Ornith.  135  The  green  Woodpecker  . .  called  also  the  Rain- 
fowl.  1769  J.  WALI.IS  Northumberland  I.  321  The  lesser 
spotted  Woodpecker.  .Our  common  people  call  them  Pick- 
a-trees,  also  Rain-fowl,  from  their  being  more  loud  and 
noisy  before  rain. 

b.  The  Mistletoe  Thrush. 

1817  T.  FORSTER  Xat.  Hist.  Swallmulri/je(e&.  6)  70  Tnrdus 
viscivorus.  .Stormcock,  Stormbird,.  .Rainfowl. 

2.  =  RAINBIRD  2. 

1694  RAY  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden)  200  The  referring  of 
the  Old-men,  or  Rain-fowls,  to  the  Cuckow. 

3.  =  RAINBIRD  3. 

1849  tr.  Cinder's  Animal  Kingdom  215  The  Australian 
Rain-fowl  (Scr.  australasia),  a  grey  bird  of  the  size  of 
a  crow. 

Rai-nful,  a.     [f.  RAIN  sb}  +  -FUL.]     Rainy. 

1484  CAXTON  Fatles  ofsEsop  v.  viii,  This  yere  shalle  be 
raynfull  and  grete  habondaunce  of  waters  shalle  falle.  1877 
BLACKIE  Wise  Men  126  Dionysus,  born  Of  rainful  Jove. 

Rainge(r,  obs.  forms  of  RANGE(B. 

Rai-nily,  adv.  [f.  RAINY  a.  +  -LT  2.]  In  a  rainy 
manner  ;  with  rain  falling. 

1835  Neiu  Monthly  Mag.  XLIII.  495  The  day  now  went 
very  rainily  and  pleasantly  on.  1887  BOWEN  I'irg.  SEncid 
HI.  516  Palinurus  . .  observes,  .the  Hyads  rainily  bright. 

Raininess  (rt~'-nines).  [f.  RAINY  a.  +  -NESS.] 
The  fact  or  condition  of  being  rainy. 

1727  in  BAILEY,  vol.  II.  1849  KINGSLF.Y  Misc.  N.  Devon 
II,  298  The  very  raininess  of  the  climate,  .leaves  the  clear 
air.. all  the  more  pure. 

Raining  (rtTi-nirj),  vbl.  sb.    [f.  RAIN  v.  +  - 
The  action  of  the  vb. 


swell'd  with  endlesse  raining.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Stiff. 
s.v.  Rain,  Preternatural  rains,  such  as  the  raining  of  stones, 
of  dust,  of  blood ..  and  the  like. 

Raining, ppl.a.  rare.     That  rains,  rainy. 

1523  I,D.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  ccvii.  244  The  season  was 
sore  reynmg  and  weyt.  1647  FULLER  Good  Thoughts  in 
worse  1.  17  A  husbandman  at  plow  in  a  very  raining  day 
1829  Amtr.  Jrnl.  Science  *,  Arts  XV.  170  Raining  Trees.. . 
1  here  has  been  found  in  Brazil  a  tree  the  young  branches 
of  which  drop  water. 

tRai-nish,  a.  Obs.  rare~°.  [f.  RAIN  rf.l  + 
-ISH.]  Somewhat  rainy. 

'53°  PAI.SGR.  322/1  Raynisshe,belongyngtorayne,>/«K;Vi/. 
1598  r  LORIO,  Piouaiuola,  rsinish,  waterish,  shourish. 

Raink,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RANK. 

Rainless (rt-'-nles),  a.  [f.RAiN.t/>.i  +  -LESS.  Cf. 
G.  regenlos,  Sw.  regnlos.]  Destitute  of  rain. 

1557  Tottcirs  Misc.  (Arb.)  177  Gaping  ground  that  raine- 


RAINY. 

I  les  can  not  close.  1596  J.  NORDEN /Vo^r.  Pietie  (1847)  '04 
r«o  shaft,  no  shot,  no  rainless  cloud,  Can  daunt  his  spouse 
with  woe.  1605  SYLVESTER  Du  Bnrtas  n.  iii.  in.  The  La-M 
528  Rainlesse  their  soyl  is  wet.  1842  J.  WILSON  Chr.  North 
(1857)  I.  242  An  hour  of  rainless  sunshine.  1854  H.  MILLER 
Sch.  «;  Schm.  (1858)  457  The  sandy  deserts  of  the  rainless 
districts  of  Chili. 

Hence  Rai  nlessness. 

1879  Miss  BIRD  Rocky  Mntns.  2  The  look  of  long  rain- 
lessness,  which  one  may  not  call  drought. 

Rainment,  Rains:  see  RAIGNMENT,  RAINES. 

Rai'ji-sliower.  [OE.  rtnsciir  =  ON.  (Sw., 
Da.)  regnskiir,  G.  regenschaucr :  see  RAIN  rf.l  and 
SHOWEK.]  A  shower  of  rain. 

ciooo  /ELFRIC  Horn.  II.  16  Se  3e..syl5  renscuras  Sam 
nhtwisum  &  8am  unrihtwisum.  1340  HAMTOLE  Pr.  Consc. 
4317  Fra  heven  he  sal  do  falle  rayne-shours.  1513  DOUGLAS 
shneis  v.  viii.  76  Als  fast  as  rayne  schour  rappis  on  the 
thak.  1868  LOSSING  Hudson  40  Towards  morning  there  was 
a  ram-shower. 

Rai'U-water.  [OE.  (i-egn-),  rtnwxtcr  =  Du. 
regemaater,  MHG.  regenwaiyfr  (G.  -wasser),  ON. 
regnvatn  (Sw.  -vatten.  Da.  -vand) :  see  RAIN  and 
\V  ATEH.]  Water  that  falls  from  the  clouds  as  rain. 

c  1000  Sax.  Leechd.  II.  26  ^efylle  bonne  mid  ren  wjetere. 
ci2oo  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  151  pe  teares  be  man  wepe?  for 
longenge  to  heuene  ben  cleped  rein  water,  o3er  deu  water. 
c  1420  1'allad.  on  llnsb.  i.  770  Let  make  a  stewe  With  rayn 
\vatir,  thyn  herbis  to  renewe.  1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  clxxiv. 
257  The  Cysternes  where  as  was  rayn  water.  1563  W. 
FUI.KE  Meteors  (1640)  49  The  raine  water  doubtlesse  doth 
more  encrease  and  cherish  things  growing  on  the  earth, 
than  any  other  water.  1600  SUFFI.ET  Countrie  I-'arme  i.  iv. 
12  _The  best  and  most  wholesome  water  ..  is  raine  water 
falling  in  sommer.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  ii.  vii.  214  To 
caulk  the  decks  ..  of  the  Centurion,  to  prevent  the  rain 
water  from  running  into  her.  1827  FARADAY  Client.  Manip. 
ii.  50  As  pure  or  purer  than  rain-water.  1869  E.  A.  PARKES 
J'ract.  Hygiene  (ed.  3)  6  Rain-water  is  collected  from  roofs. 

pi.  1692  V.Ki  Dissol.  H'arldv.  (1693)299  We  daily  see,  that 
the  Rain-waters  wash  away  the  Superficies  of  the  Mountains. 
b.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rain-water  butt,  cistern, 
pipe,  spout,  tank. 

1836-9  DICKENS  Sk.  Bos\:  (1850)  18/1  An  open  rain-water 
butt  on  one  side.  1842  GWILT  A  rclt.it.  1023  Rain-water  pipe, 
one  usually  placed  against  the  exterior  of  a  house  to  carry  off 
the  rain-water  from  the  roof.  1851  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm 
(ed;  2)  II.  540/2  The  form  of  a  rain-water  cistern.  Ibid,  ^/r 
Rain-water  spouts,  or  rones  as  they  are  commonly  termed. 
1884  Meteorology  in  rel.  to  Health  30  With  regard  to  this 
ram-water  tank. 

Rai'liworm.  [OE.  (regn-),  rhiwyr/n  *=  Du. 
regenworm,  MHG.  regimnrm  (G.  regeniaurni) : 
see  RAIN  s&.l  and  WORM.]  The  common  earth  worm. 

c  1000  /KLFRIC  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  r22/22  Lumbricus, 
renwyrm,  7/f/angeltwicce.  1731  MEDLEY  Kolbens  Cape  G. 
Hope  II.  184  In  the  Cape  countries  there  is  a  sort  of  Rain 
worms  that  are  altogether  like  the  Rain-worms  of  Germany. 
1902  Westm.  Gaz,  23  May  ro/2  Putting  a  live  rain  worm 
between  the  halves  of  a  stoned  black  plum. 

Rainy  (rc~''m),  a.  .Forms :  i  r^nis,  4-=;  reyny, 
(4  -i.  -ie),  5-6  rayny,  (5  -eny,  6  raynye,  -ney, 
Sc.  rany(e),  6-7  rayn-,  rainie,  6-  rainy,  [f.  RAIN 
rf.1  + -Y  l.  Cf.  Sw.  rcgnig."] 

1.  Of  weather  or  climate :  Characterized  by  rain. 
«  looo  Riddles  i.  to  (Gr.)  ponne  hit  wres  renij  weder.  c  1380 

WYCI.IP  Serin.  Ixxiii.  Sel.  Wks.  I.  235  Ofte  tyme,  in  reyny 
wedir,  chirchis  don  good  on  halidai.  6-1449  PECOCK  Repr. 
II.  viii.  183  In  reyny  and  wyndy  wedris.  1535  COVERDAI.E 
Ezra  x.  13  It  is  a  raynye  wether,  &  they  cannot  stonde 
here  without.  1604  ROWLANDS  Looke  to  it  26  An  Almanacke 
..To  search  and  finde  the  rainy  weather  out.  1748  Ansons 
Voy.  ii.  vii.  214  A  rainy  climate.  1828  J.  H.  MOORE  I'ract. 
Navig.  (ed.  20)  128  When  the  wind  was  easterly,  the  weather 
was  gloomy,  dark,  and  rainy. 

2.  Of  periods  of  time  :  During  or  within  which 
rain  is  falling,  or  usually  falls. 

In_  Meteorology,  a  rainy  day  is  one  having  at  least  one 
millimetre  (formerly  one  hundredth  of  an  inch)  of  rain. 

c  1000  Sax.  Leechd.  III.  162  ponne  bi3.  .  windis  lengten  & 
reni^  sumer.  c  1460  Launfal  169  Upon  a  rayny  day  hyt 
befel,  An  huntynge  wente  syr  Launfel.  1481  CAXTON  Godfrey 
cciv.  209  The  moneth  of  luyll,  whiche  is  moche  rayny  cus- 
tomably  in  that  countrey.  1555  EDEN  Decades  28  The 
fyrst  day  was  fayre  :  but  all  the  other,  clowdy  &  rayny. 
1660  T.  BLOUXT  Doscobel  40  The  night  was  very  dark  and 
rainy.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  n.  iv,  The  rainy  season  came 
on.  ^1816  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  fy  Art  II.  60  An  unpro 
ductive  year  mostly  succeeds  a  rainy  winter.  1865  TROLLOPE 
Belton  Est.  xviii.  207  Monday  and  Tuesday  were  rainy  days. 
b.  Jig.  A  rainy  day :  a  time  of  need. 

(-1580  J.  JEFFERIE  Bug-bears  Ml.  ii.  in  Archiv  Stud.  neu. 
Spr.  (1897)  23  Wold  he  haue  me  kepe  nothyng  agaynst  a 
raynye  day?  1677  YARRANTON  Eng.  Impr.  115  In  the  Time 
of  Plenty,  they  lay  up  for  a  Rainy-day.  1768-74  TUCKER 
Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  300  It  behoves  us  to  provide  against  a 
rainy  day  while  the  sun  shines.  1865  CAHLYLE  Fredk.  Gt. 
III.  viii.  vi.  53_  The  massive  silver  did  prove  a  hoard  avail 
able,  in  after  times,  against  a  rainy  day. 

3.  Of  places:   In  which  it  rains  or   is  raining; 
where  rain  is   frequent ;  subject  to  rain. 

>43*-5°  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  333  pe  lond  is  nesche,  reyny, 
and  wyndy.  1697  DRYDEN  l-'irg.  Georg.  in.  437  Southward 
to  the  Rainy  Regions.  1845  FORD  Haudbk.  Spain  I.  i  The 
north  western  provinces  are  more  rainy  than  Devonshire. 
1885  R.  I..  &  F.  STEVENSON  Dynamiter  vi.  91,  I  wandered 
bedless  in  the  rainy  streets. 

b.  Of  an  action  :  Done  in  the  rain.  rare~l. 

1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  I',  iv.  iii.  in  Besmyrcht  With  raynie 
Marching  in  the  painefull  field. 

4.  Of  clouds,  mist,  etc. :    Bringing  rain  ;  laden 
with  rain ;  of  the  nature  of  rain  ;  connected  with 
rain,     f  Rainy  bow,  the  rainbow. 


BAISABLE. 


118 


RAISE. 


1390  GOWER  Con/.  I.  65  The  colour  of  the  reyni  Mone 
With  medicine  upon  his  face  He  set.  Ibid.  312  The  reyni 
Storm  fell  dounalgates.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEnetsvu.  Prol.  27 
Rany  Orioune  wyth  his  stormy  face.  1563  Mirr.  Mag., 
Lord  Hastings  \\.  108  As  beastes  forshew  the  drought  or 
rayny  dropps.  1604  JAS.  I  Counterbl.  (Arb.)  104  The  raynie 
cloudes  are  often  transformed  and  euaporated  in  blustering 
winds,  a  1649  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Poems  Wks.  (1711)  56/2 
The  seas  we  may  not  plow,  Ropes  make  of  the  rainy  bow. 
1818  SHELLEY  Prometh.  Unb.  I.  217  As  rainy  wind  [sweeps] 
through  the  abandoned  gate.  1876  GIBBON  Robin  Gray 
iv,  A  white  rainy  mist  lowered  upon  the  water. 

b.  Jig.  of  the  eyes  :  Shedding  tears  ;  tearful. 

1563  Mirr,  Mag.^  Compl.  Dk.  Buck,  xcvii,  With  rainy  eine 
and  sighes  cannot  be  told.  1633  P.  FLETCHER  Pise,  Eel. 
iv.  i  Why  drop  thy  rainie  eyes?  1774  J.  ADAMS  Diary  5  Mar. 
Wks.  1850 1 1.  332  A  pathetic . .  performance.  A  vast  crowd, 
rainy  eyes,  &c.  1871  R.  ELLIS  Catullus  Ixiii.  48  O'er  the 
waste  of  ocean  with  a  rainy  eye  he  gazed. 

Haloid  (r^-oid),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  RAI-A  +  -OID.] 
a.  adj.  Resembling,  or  related  to,  the  Rai&  or 
rays.  b.  sb,  A  fish  of  this  type.  (In  recent  Diets.) 

Raip,  north,  and  Sc.  var.  ROPE.  Raipe,  obs. 
Sc.  var.  REAP.  Rair,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RAKE,  ROAR. 
Raird,  var.  REIUP.  Rais,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RACE 
sb\  RASE  z/.1  ;  var.  REIS;  obs.  pa.  t.  RISE. 

Raisable  (rJ>*zabT),  a.  Also  9  raiseable. 
[f.  RAISE  z'.1  -f  -ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  raised. 

1644  AVw  J-'"g:  /fist.  <$•  Gen.  Res:.  (1850)  IV.  51  A  third 
of  the  clear  profitts  raised  or  raisable  of  all  my  other  lands. 
1739  LORD  HAKDWICKE  in  Atkyns  Rep.  Cases  (ijBi)  I.  512 
The  infant,  dying.. makes  this  legacy  not  raisable.  1855 
M.  H.  BLOXAM  Fragnt.  Sepnlch.  iv.  83  An  interior  lid.. 
raisable  by  means  of  two  iron  rings.  1858  R.  S.  SURTEES 
Ask  .Mamma  xliii.  188  The  time  soon  arrived  when  the  rent 
was  not  raiseable, 

Raise  (rJ'z),  sbl  Also  5  reise,  6  rayse.  [f. 
RAISE  z;.1] 

1 1.  A  levy.   Obs,  rare—1. 

c  1500  Three  Kings'  Sons  91  Than  may  ye  make  a  newe 
reise,  bothe  of  people  £  tresour. 

f2.  The  act  of  raising;  uplifting,  elevation.  Obs. 

1538  BALE  God's  Promises  in.  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  I.  301  The 
sure  health  and  raise  of  all  mankind,  c  1560  ABP.  PARKER 
Ps.  cxli.  405  .My  rayse  of  handes  :  as  sacrifice,  ..let  it  bee. 
i6z6  BACON  Sylva  §  690  In  Leaping  with  Weights,  .the 
Hands  goe  backward  before  they  take  their  Raise. 

3.  A  rising  passage  or  road. 

1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Alines  <$•  Mining  197  We  are  . . 
engaged  in  running  a  raise  up  from  west  drift  on  eighth 
level.  1887  HALL  CAINE  Deemster  xx.x\\\,  222  Sometimes 
at  the  top  of  a  long  raise  they  stopped  to  breathe  the  horse. 

4.  To  make  a  raise  =  RAISE  v.^-  25,    U.  S. 

1837  NEAL  Charcoal  Sketches  (Bartlett),  I  made  a  raise  of 
a  horse  and  saw,  after  being  a  wood-piler's  apprentice  for  a 
while. 

5.  An  increase  in  amount. 

1891  A.  WI;LCKEK  Wild  West  21  By  continued  raises, 
Potlatch  had  everything  which  he  possessed  . .  at  stake. 
1894  WILKINS  &  VIVIAN  Green  bay  tree,  I.  108  Pimlico  had 
obtained  a  raise  of  the  limit  to  ^20. 
Raise  (r*iz),  sb.'*  north  dial.  [a.  ON.  hreysi 
(Norw.  roys,  res,  S\v.  rose),  cairn.]  A  pile  of 
stones,  a  cairn.  (Freq.  in  place-names  in  Cum 
berland.) 

1693  KENNETT  Par.  Antiq.  (1818)  I.  50  Such  risings  as  are 
caused  by  the  burial  of  the  dead  ;  which  in  the  northern 
parts  are  called  raises.  1794-8  HUTCHINSON  Hist.  Cumbld. 
(Halliwell),  There  are  yet  some  considerable  remains  of 
stones  which  still  go  by  the  name  of  raises.  1869  A.  C. 
GIBSON  Folk  Sp.  Cumbld.  7  Dunmail  Raise  is  t'  biggest  cairn 
i'  t'  country. 

t  Raise,  sb$  Obs.  (See  REISE.) 
Raise  (rt^z),  v.1  Forms :  a.  3  reisen,  re}}- 
senn,  4  reys(en,  5  -yn,  4-6  reise,  reyse,  5 
rose,  reze,  6reyze,  rease;  #.  4  raisin,  4-6  rays, 
4-8  rayse,  4-7  rais,  8  raize,  4-  raise;  7.  4  rase(n, 
4-6  ras,  8  raze.  [a.  ON.  reisa  (used  in  most  of 
the  main  senses  of  the  Eng.  word ;  Sw.  resat  Da. 
rejse)  =  Goth.  (iir}raisjany  OE.  rxran  C :  -J*r 
causative  f.  rais-  ablaut- variant  of  *r*s-  to  RISE. 

First  prominent  in  the  Ormnlion^  in  which  it  occurs  freely 
in  various  senses.  In  the  Wyclif  Bible,  up  to  the  end  of 
Jeremiah,  the  earlier  version  regularly  has  rear,  while  the 
later  has  raise;  but  from  Ezekiel  onwards  raise  appears  in 
both  versions.  From  an  early  period  the  word  has  been 
extensively  used  in  a  great  variety  of  senses,  the  exact 
development  of  which  is  not  always  perfectly  clear.  The 
main  senses  (here  distinguished  by  Roman  numerals)  are 
distinct  enough  in  themselves,  but  tend  to  pass  into  each 
other  in  transferred  uses,  while  with  certain  objects  more 
than  one  idea  may  be  present.  The  addition  of  «/  to 
strengthen  the  verb  is  less  common  now  than  formerly.] 

I.  To  set  upright ;  to  make  to  stand  up. 
1.  trans.  To  set  (a  thing)  on  end  ;  to  lift  up  one 
end  or  side  of  (a  post,  stone,  etc.)  so  as  to  bring  into 
or  towards  a  vertical  position  ;  to  restore  (a  fallen 
thing)  to  its  usual  position. 
Occasionally  with  suggestion  of  sense  8  or  17. 
a  1240  Wohnngc  in  Cott.  Horn,  283  A,  nu  raise  bai  up  be 
rode.  01350  in  Horstm.  Altengl,  Leg.  (1881}  170/527  Pe 
Emperoure..Gert  bir  wheles  be  smertly  graid  £  on  pe 
thrid  day  bam  rayse.  1388  WYCLIF  Jer.  li.  12  Reise  $e  a 
signe  on  the  wallis  of  Babiloyne.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems 
xxxviii.  4  The  signe  trivmphall  rasit  is  of  the  croce.  1530 
PALSGR.  684/1  Reyse  this  speare  and  set  itagaynst  the  wall. 
1592  SHAKS.  Rom,  fy  Jnt.  v.  in.  299,  I  will  raise  her  Statue 
in  pure  Gold.  1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFB  Rom.  Forest  ii,  La 
Motte  and  Peter  endeavoured  to  raise  the  carriage.  1813 
SCOTT  Trtirm.  i.  vii,  Stones  of  power  By  Druids  raised  in 


magic  hour.  1847  R.&  J.  A.  BRANDON  Anal.  Gothic  A  re  hit. 
(1860)  99  It  [a  door]  consists  of  battens  slightly  raised 
towards  the  centre. 

b.  fig.  To  set  up,  establish,  restore,  etc. 

t  1200  ORMIN  5327  To  swelltenn  bli^di}  Forr  Crisstenn- 
dom  to  resssenn.  Ibid.  5685  To  re35senn  rihhtwisnesse. 
1388  WYCLIF  Ruth  iv.  5  Thou  owist  to  take.. the  wijf  of 
the  deed  man,  that  thou  reise  the  name  of  thi  kynesman  in 
his  eritage.  1535  COVERDALE  Ecclns,  xxxvi.  15  Cleue  wytnes 
vnto  thy  creature.. and  rayse  vp  the  prophecies  that  haue 
bene  shewed  in  thy  name.  1559  ABP.  HETHE^"/.  in  Strype 
Ann.  Rcf.  (1824)  I.  n.App.vi.  400  We.. aremuche.. inclined 
to  rayse  uppe  the  errors  and  sects  of  ancyent  and  condemned 
heretickes.  1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  iv.  xx.  268  He  under 
took  to  raise  up  the  almost-perished  name  of  Chivalry. 

c.  spec.  To  set  up  (paste,  crust)  without  the 
support  of  a  dish. 

1594  Good  Husiuifcs  Handmaids  17  To  make  Paste  and 
to  raise  Coffins.  1681  W.  MOUNTAGU  in  Buccleitck  MSS. 
(Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  335  Tom  Cooke  can  neither  tie 
brawn  nor  raise  past[e].  1713  STEELE  Sped.  No.  306  f  8 
Miss  Liddy  can  dance  a  Jig,  raise  Paste.  (11756  MRS. 
HEYWOOD  New  Present  (1771)  187  Make  the  flour  and 
butter  into  a  pretty  stiff  paste . .  then  raise  it  for  the  pastry. 
1845  Miss  ACTON  Mod.  Cookery  \\'\.  346  The  paste  must  be 
sufficiently  stiff  to  retain  its  form  perfectly  after  it  is  raised. 

2.  To   lift    (a   person   or  animal)  and  place  in 
a  standing  posture ;   to  assist  (one)  to  rise  from 
the  ground,  etc.     (Freq.  inyS^.  context.) 

c  1220  Bestiary  671  Mitte  helpe  of  hem  alle  Sis  elp  he 
reisen  on  stalle.  laid.  676  Dus  fel  Adam.-Moyses  wulde 
him  reisen.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  19792  (Edin.)  To  saint  petir 
sco  rajt  hir  hande,  ande  he  hir  raisid  for  to  stande.  1382 
WYCLIF  Amos  v.  2  She  is  cast  doun  in  to  hir  erthe,  ther  is 
not  that  shal  reyse  hir.  1413  Pilgr.  Soiule  (Caxton  1483) 
in.  vi.  54,  I  felle  to  the  ground,  but  full  soone  myn  Aungell 
reysed  me  and  sette  me  on  my  fete.  1530  PALSGR.  683/2 
If  you  fall  you  shall  nat  be  reysed  for  me.  1611  BIBLE 
2  Sam.  xii.  17  The  Elders  of  his  house.. went  to  him,  to 
raise  him  vp  from  the  earth.  1667  MILTON  /*.  L.  vm.  258 
Rais'd  By  quick  instinctive  motion  up  I  sprung  ..  and 
upright  Stood  on  my  feet.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  vn. 
xii,  [They]  had  raised  up  the  body  of  Jones,  but.. again  let 
him  fall.  1841  LANE  Arab.  Nts.  I.  113  Therefore,  liberate 
them,  and  come,  and  take  my  hand,  and  raise  me. 
b.  reft.  —  To  rise,  get  up. 

<ri2oo  PRMIN  504  Whillc  lott  himm  shollde  re^senn  To 
cumenn  inntill  }errsalaem.  1603  SHAKS.  Meas.forM.  v.  i. 
231  Let  me  in  safety  raise  me  from  my  knees.  1630  PRVNNE 
Anti-Armin,  119  We.,  haue  all  a  vniuersal  strength.. to 
raise  our  selues  being  fallen.  [1715  POPE  Iliad  li.  127  The 
king  of  kings  his  awful  figure  raised.]  18. .  HOGG  Field  of 
Waterloo  Poet.  Wks.  1838-40  II.  161  Our  soldier  raised  him 
from  the  sod,  And.  .leaned  upon  his  bloody  wrist. 

3.  To  restore  (a  dead  person  or  animal)  to  life. 
Orig.  implying  the  lifting   up  of  the   dead,  or  enabling 

them  to  rise  to  their  feet,  but  freq.  also  including  the  idea 
of  bringing  up  out  of  the  grave,  and  thus  associated  with 
sense  17.     Also  with  again  =  resurrect. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  9156  Helias.  .waspe  first, .. Raided  man 


L.  WAGER  Marie  MagJ.  (1902),  At  Nairn  a  dead  cnylde 
agayne  he  did  rayse.  1667  MILTON  P.  L,  in.  296  So 
Man.. Shall.. dying  rise,  and  rising  with  him  raise  His 
Brethren,  a  1770  JORTIN  Serm.  (1771)  I.  ii.  27  God  was 
able  to  raise  him  from  the  dead.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem. 
xxxi,  Behold  a  man  raised  up  by  Christ ! 
b.  So  with  body,  bones,  etc.  as  obj. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  194  O  lazar  ded . .  lesus  raised  his  licam. 
1610  BEAUM.  £  FL.  Maid's  'frag.  iv.  i,  They  must  restore 
him  flesh  again,  and  life,  And  raise  his  dry  bones  to  revenge 
this  scandal. 

C.   Hence,  To  raise  from  death,  to  life.  Cf.  19. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  22374  Quen  fc>ai  ha  lien  tua  dais,  Til  liif 
vr  lauerd  sal  pain  rais.  a  1340  HAM  POLE  Psalter  xvi.  14 
Take  out  my  saule  fra  }>e  wicked  deuel,  raisand  me  fra  ded. 
c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  viii.  (Philip]  52  Fra  ded  to  lyfe  . .  he 
raysit  ^ame.  1530  PALSGR.  683/2  Christ  dyd  rayse  Lazar 
from  deth  to  lyfe.  1885  CatJwlic  Diet.  (ed.  3)  584/1  If  he  had 
raised  their  dead  bodies  to  life. 

4.  To  cause  (a  person  or  animal)  to  rise  or 
stand  up : 

a.  To  rouse  from  sleep  ;  to  make  (one)  waken 
up  or  get  out  of  bed.  ?  Obs. 

c  1200  ORMIN  5843  O  \>e  Jmdde  da}}  itt  iss  Waccnedd  off 
sUep&  re^jsedd.  1383  WYCLIF  Jo/tttxi.  n  Lazarus,  .slepith, 
but  I  go  for  to  reyse  him  fro  slepe.  a  1400-50  Alexander 
5174  pe  duke..Fand  him  slowmand  on  slepe  &  sleely  him 
rayses.  1530  PALSGR.  683/2,  I  reyse  one  out  of  his  bedde. 
jfe  le  fays  lener.  By  my  fayth,  if  you  wyll  nat  ryse  I  wyl 
rayse  you.  1573  TUSSER  Husb.  (1878)  17  To  raise  [?/.  r.  rise] 
betimes  the  lubberlie..  Hob  and  Margerie.  1653  H.  MORE 
Antid.  Ath.  in.  ix.  §  2  Schol.t  Then  he  would  raise  his 
Amanuensis  to  write  down  his  dictates.  1731  DERBY  in 
Phil.  Trans.  XL!.  229  The  Houses  of  all  the  Town  were 
so  shock'd,  as  to  raise  the  Inhabitants.  1781  J.  MOORE 
ViewSoc.  It.  (1700)  I.  i.  16  Raising  the  people  at  midnight. 

b.  To   rouse    (a   beast   or   bird)   from   a   lair, 
retreat,  or  covert. 

14  ..  Kyn%  fy  Hermyt  216  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  I.  21  A  dere 
we  reysed  in  that  stonds,  And  gave  chase.  1484  CAXTON 
Fables  of  Poge  iv,  They  be  dogges  whiche  are  good  for  to 
serche  and  fynde  partryches  &  quaylles.  And  whan  they 
haue  reysed  them,  my  sperehawke  taketh  them.  15.. 
Tayis  Bank  (ftann.  MS.)  25  Raising  the  birdis  fra  thairrest. 
1607  TOPS  ELL  Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  3 1  This  being  effected,  they 
raise  the  Bear.  Ibid.  122  These  are  taught  by  falconers  to 
retrive  and  raise  partridges.  17*1  BAILEY,  To  spring  (in 
Fowling),  to  raise  a  Partridge  or  Pheasant. 

c.  To  cause  or  compel  (a  person)  to  rise  from 
a  seat.     (Cf.  29.) 

c  1460  Towneley  Myst.  xiii.  302  So  farys  A  huswyff..To  be 
rasyd  thus  betwene.  1542  UDALL  Erasm,  Apoph.  m  He 


..  that  reaseth  one  sittyng  on  his  taill,  to  arise  out  of  his  place. 
1590  SHAKS.  Com,  Err,  iv.  iv.  36, 1  am  wak'd  with  it  when  I 
sleepe,  rais'd  with  it  when  I  sit.  1785  BURNS  Death  fy  Dr. 
Hornbook  xxxi,  The  auld  kirk-hammer  strak  the  bell  . . 
Which  rais'd  us  baith.  1824  SCOTT  St.  Ronan's  vii,  When 
he  wan  to  the  lee-side  of  a  bowl  of  punch  there  was  nae 
raising  him. 

5.  To  rouse  or  stir  up  (a  number  of  persons, 
a  district,  etc.)  for  the  purpose  of  common  action, 
esp.  for  attack  or  defence. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  v.  1471  To  sle  J>is  bor  wr.r,  al  J?e 
contree  reysed.  ?  c  1480  Three  i^th  Cent.  Chron.  (Camden) 
76  The  quene  reysed  all  the  northe  and  all  ot)er  pepull 
by  the  wey.  1510  Virgilius  in  Thorns  Prose  Rom.  (1858) 
1 1.  23  And  forthewith  he  caused  his  kynsfolke  to  reyse  theyr 
people.  1674  COTTON  tr.  Montlufs  Comm.  363,  I  then 
dispatcht  away  Captain  M.. giving  him  order,  .to  raise  all 
the  people  of  the  Valleys  and  Villages.  1725  DE  FOE  Voy. 
round  World  (1840)  157  The  mother  crying  and  raising  her 
neighbours.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  v.  I.  544  Danvers 
undertook  to  raise  the  City. 

b.  Const,  against^  upon. 

1382  WYCLIF  Amos  vi.  2  Loo  !  Y  shal  reyse  a  folc  vpon 
gou..and  it  shal  to  gydre  breke  }ou.  —Ezek.  xx'iii.  22,  Y 
schal  reyse  alle  thi  loueris  a^ens  thee.  1608  Yorksh.  Trag. 
i.  vii,  It  shall  be  my  charge  To  raise  the  town  upon  him.  1854 
TENKYSON  Geraint  457  He.. Raised  my  own  town  against 
me  in  the  night.  1882  FLOYER  Unexpl.  Baluchistan  190 
The  whole  country  was  raised  upon  him. 

C.  To  stir  up,  incite,  instigate  (one  or  more 
persons)  to  do  something  or  to  some  feeling. 

1581  J.  BELL  Haddoris  Answ.  Osor.  106  b,  To  rayse  up 
all  men  in  every  place,  to  the  dewe  feare  of  Gods  law. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  i.  99  That  fixt  mind  And  high  disdain 
..That  with  the  mightiest  rais'd  me  to  contend.  1711 
Finga.ll  MSS.  m  xo/A  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  1 27 
This  suggestion  raysed  the  Prince  on  a  resolution  to  under 
take  the  Irish  expedition.  1814  BYRON  Lara  n.  viii,  A  word's 
enough  to  raise  mankind  to  kill. 

d.  To  excite,  agitate,  provoke,  rouse  to  excite 
ment  or  anger.  Chiefly  Sc.  Also  raised-like. 

1768  Ross  Helenore  17  Up  there  came  twa  shepherds  .. 
Rais'd  like.  Ibid.  39  She  ran  aff  as  rais'd  as  onie  deer. 
1786  BURNS  To  Auld  Mare  ii,  He  should  been  tight  that 
daur't  to  raize  thee,  Ance  in  a  day.  1828  SCOTT  J?.  M. 
Perth  xxxvi,  His  countenance  was  wild,  haggard,  and 
highly  excited,  or,  as  the  Scottish  phrase  expresses  it,  much 
raised.  1889  'R.  BOLDKEWOOD  '  Robbery  under  Arms  vii, 
When  she  was  a  little  raised-like  you'd  see  a  pink  flush 
come  on  her  cheeks. 

6.  To  rouse  up,  to  give  or  add  vigour  to  (the 
mind,  spirit,  etc.) ;   to  animate,  stimulate. 

In  later  use  associated  with  the  ideas  of  elevating  (the 
heart,  spirit,  etc.)  and  increasing  (courage,  etc.). 

1388  WYCLIF  Ezra  i.  5  Ech  man  whos  spirit  God  reiside 
[L.  suscitavit}  for  to  stie  to  hilde  temple  of  the  Lord. 
1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  n.  ii,  Balen.  .sawe  this  aduenture 
werof  hit  reysed  his  herte.  1508  FISHER  7  Pentt.  Ps.  Wks. 
(1876)  39  The  prophete.-wyllynge  to  excyte  and  reyse  vp 
the  myndes  of  synners.  1567  Gude  <$•  Godlie  B.  (S.T.S.)  231, 
I  will  speik  planelie,  torais^our  hartisquiklie.  16^1  HINDE 
J.  Bruen  xlvi.  146  Much  after  this  manner  did  this  faithful 
Servant  of  Christ  raise  up  his  thoughts  and  quicken_  his 
soule.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  xvi,  His  spirits  being  a  little 
raised  with  the  dram  I  had  given  him,  he  was  very  cheerful. 
1728  POPE  Dune.  n.  223  To  move,  to  raise,  to  ravish  ev'ry 
heart,  With  Shakespear's  nature  or  with  Jonson's  art.  1839 
THIRLWALL  Greece  xxii.  III.  251  The  immediate  effect  was 
to  raise  the  spirit  of  the  Athenians. 

fb.  To  encourage,  inspire  (a  person)  with 
courage,  confidence,  hope,  etc.  Qbs. 

1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  m.  xxi,  The  horsmen  ..  rasit  bare 
futemen  with  new  curage.  1652  NEEDHAM  tr.  Seldens  Mare 
Cl.  Ep.  Ded.  12,  I  am  raised  with  more  than  ordinary  con 
fidence,  that  the  same  Spirit  of  Justice  will  carrie  you  on. 
1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  555  Rais'd  with  so  blest  an 
Omen,  she  begun,  With  Words  like  these,  to  chear  her 
drooping  Son. 

7.  To   raise  the  wind'.   To  cause   the  wind  to 
blow ;  hence  Jig.  (with  ref.  to  wind  as  a  motive 
power),  to  procure  money  or  necessary  means. 

a  1350  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881)  33/421  pan  deuils 
.  .raysed  be  wynd  with  weders  wik.  a  1515  Droichis  Part 
of  P lav  in  Dunbar's  Poems  (1893)  316  At  Norway  coist 
schora'isit  the  wynd.  i88oT.A.SpALpiNG  Eliz,  Demonol.  113 
Charged,  .with  having  raised  the  wind. 
fig.  1789  L  oiierer  No.  42. 10  He..never  offered  to  pay  earnest. 
1  suppose,  poor  fellow,  he  could  not  raise  the  Wind.  1857 
TROLLOPE  Three  CferAsxxxiv,  Hecameto  me  this  morning  to 
raise  the  wind.  iBB&AfaHtA.  Even.  News  23  June  2/2  A  large 
number  of  people  still  rush  to  such  methodsof  raising  the  wind. 
II.  To  build  up,  construct,  create,  produce,  etc. 

8.  To  lift  up  and  put  in  position  the  parts  of 
(a  structure)  ;  to  construct  by  piling  up,  building, 
or  fitting  together;  spec,  in   U.S.  to  set  up  the 
wooden  framework  of  (a  house  or  other  building). 

ci20o  ORMIN  15591  Unnbinde^b  all  biss  temmple,  &  ice 
Itt  i  bre  da5hess  re^se.  £1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace 
(Rolls)  6059  Engyns  dide  be  Bretons  reyse,  &  mangenels. 


III.  42  They  reysid  up  the  archeys  be  gemeotre  in  rysyng. 
'579  GOSSOH  Sch.  Abuse  (Arb.)  37  The  Carpenter  rayseth 
not  his  frame  without  tooles.  c  1615  SIR  W.  MURE  Misc. 
Poems  ix.  9  So  shall  my  Muse  rich  trophes  rayse.  1697 
DKYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  in.  19  Of  Parian  Stone  a  Temple  will 
I  raise.  1735  B.  LYNDE  Diary  (1880)  144  Mr.  Fisk's  people 
.  .raised  a  new  meeting  house.  1779  J.  MOORE  View  Soc. 
Fr.  (1789)  I.  xl.  342  Encouraging  them  to  raise  magnificent 
churches.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  iii.  §  4.  129  In  the  fields 
to  the  north  the  last  of  the  Nurman  Kings  raised  his  palace. 
•fb.  Math.  To  construct  or  draw  (a  figure  or 
line)  upon  a  certain  base.  Obs. 


BAISE. 

1660  BARROW  Euclid  i.  ii,  Join  AC;  upon  which  raise  the 
equilateral  triangle  ADC.  1706  J.  WARD  Introd.  Math. 
m.  (1734)  294  To  Krect  or  Raise  a  Perpendicular  upon  the 
Knd  of  any  given  Right-line.  1712  J.  JAMES  tr.  Lcll/otid's 
Gardening  85  Raising  a  Square ..  is,  when,  upon  a  strait 
Line,  .you  cause  another  Line  to  fall,  .perpendicular. 

c.  To  found,   build   up,   make  or  construct  (a 
scheme,  plan,  description,  etc.).  ?  Obs. 

1652  J.  FRENCH  Yorksh.  Sjaw  ii.  14  Neither  is  it  rais'd  upon 
that  account  of  condensation,  &  rarefaction  [etc.],  1706  J. 
WARD  Introd.  Math.  v.  (1734)  431  From  hence  we  may  also 
raise  a  Theorem  for  finding  the  Frustum . .  of  the  last  Figure. 
1712  .\DDISOH  Sfcct.  No.  339  P6  What  a  beautiful  Description 
has  our  Author  raised  upon  that  Hint  in  one  of  the  Prophets. 
1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  To  Raise  a  plan  of  a  fortress. 

d.  To  form  (a  small  projection  or  elevation),  to 
cause  (a  blister,  etc.)  to  rise  or  form. 

1551  TURNER  Herbal  (1568)  *  iij,  Medicines  that  are  hole 
in  the  fourth  clegre,  rayse  vp  bladders.  1688  HOLMK 
Armoury  in.  14/1  Shavings  of  Leather,  .of  wich  a  Heel  is 
raised.  1712-14  POPE  Rape  Lock  IV.  68  Spoil  a  grace,  Or  raise 
a  pimple  on  a  beauteous  face.  1810  HENRY  ELem.  Che»/. 
II.  371  Acetic  acid,  thus  prepared ..  raises  a  blister  when 
applied  to  the  skin.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor  s  Word-bit.,  Raising 
a  Mouse,  the  process  of  making  a  lump  on  a  stay. 

e.  U.  S.  To  form,  appoint  (a  committee).   (Perl), 
orig.  in  sense  26). 

1816  PICKERING  Vocal.  Amer.  160  A  member  moves  that 
a  committee  should  be  raised  . .  and  a  committee  is  accord 
ingly  raised. 

9.  To  bring  into  existence,  to  produce,  beget 
(offspring).     Now  rare. 

c  1200  ORMIN  9852  Drihhtin  haffde  mahht  inoh  To  rejjsenn 
off  ba  staness  Rihht  a(>ell  streon  till  Habraham.  a  1300 
Cursor  jl/.  1199  Ur  lord  had  aghteld  yete  A  child  to  rais  of 
his  oxspring.  1388  WYCLIF  Gen.  xxxviii.  8  Entre  thou  to 
the  wijf  of  thi  brothir..that  thou  reise  seed  to  thi  brothir. 
1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  1^,  v.  ii.  476  Take  her,  faire  Sonne,  and 
from  her  blood  rayse  vp  Issue  to  me.  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
xn.  123  God.. from  him  will  raise  A  mightie  Nation.  1711 
H.  MARTYN  Sped.  No.  180  T  1 1  Will  any  man  think  of 
raising  children  without  any  assurance  of  clothing  for  their 
backs?  1869  FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq.  (1876)  III.  xii.  79  It 
was  before  all  things  needful  that  William  should  raise  up 
sons  of  his  own. 

b.  To  produce  a  supply  of  (persons  of  a  certain 
class) ;  to  breed  (animals). 

1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kittgd.  fy  Commw.  (1603)  89  France 
wanteth  shipping  . .  can  raise  no  good  Sailers.  1632  MAS. 
SINGER  City  Madam  n.  ii,  Some  innocent  country-girl . .  That 
could  give  directions  . .  when  to  raise  up  goslings.  1798 
WORDSW.  LastofFlock'w,  From  this  one,  this  singleewe.Full 
fiftycomely  sheep  I  raised.  1891  E.  KINGLAKE  Australian 
at  Home  154  We  '  raise  '  our  own  ministers  and  judges. 

10.  To  foster,  rear,  bring  up  (a  person).     Now 
chiefly  U.  S., and  commonly  in  pass,  with  specifica 
tion  of  place. 

1744  M.  BISHOP  Life  f,  Adv.  268  The  Child .. she .. says .. 
is  the  Picture  of  his  Father,  and  that  she  would  endeavour 
to  raise  it  for  his  Sake.  1793  Fate  of.Sedley  II.  ix.  104  My 
dissolution  will  be  made  more  sweet  by  dying  in  the  arms  of 
one  whom  I  raised.  1817  PAULDING  Lett.fr.  South  (1835) 
I.  85  You  know  I  was  raised,  as  they  say  in  Virginia,  among 
the  mountains  of  the  north.  1837  HALIBURTON  Clockm.  (1862) 
Pref.  6,  I  don't  know  as  ever  I  felt  so  ugly  afore  since  I  was 
raised.  1870  MARCY  Border  Rein.  (1872)  117  A  second 
lieutenant . .  was  born  and  '  raised  '  in  the  wilds  of  Indiana. 

b.   To  rear  or  bring  up  (animals). 
1767  G.  WHITE  Selborne  9  Sept.,  The  young  of  the  barn- 
owl  are  not  easily  raised.     1859  MARCY  Prairie  Traveler 
iv.  in  Horses  which  have  been  raised  exclusivelyupon grass. 

C.  To  cause  or  promote  the  growth  of  (plants), 
to  grow  (fruit,  vegetables,  flowers,  etc.). 
_  1669  WORUDGE  Syst.  Agric.  (1681)  99  The  Alaternus.. 
is  raised  from  Seeds.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  it.  v,  I  . .  got 
into  the  method  of  planting  and  raising  my  corn.  1780  COXE 
Russ.  Disc.  7  Greens  and  other  vegetables  are  raised  with 
great  facility.  1802  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Moral  T.  (1816)  I. 
viii.  59  A  rose,  .raised  in  a  conservatory.  1875  Encyd.  Brit. 
I.  301/1  No  notice  is  taken  of  either  clover  or  turnips  as 
crops  to  be  raised. 

d.  Said  of  the  soil  producing  the  plants. 

1720  SWIFT  Modern  Education,  The  dung-hill  having 
raised  a  huge  mushroom  of  short  duration,  is  now  spread  to 
enrich  other  men's  lands.  1797  J.  A.  GRAHAM  Pres.  St. 
l''ertno)tt  31  The  soil  is  excellent,  and  raises  vast  supplies  of 
wheat,  Indian  corn. 

e.  transf.  To  produce  (manure),  rare*1. 

1792  Trans.  Sac.  Arts  (ed.  a)  III.  58  They  [Hogs]  would 
certainly,  in  a  yard  properly  littered,  raise  dung  enough  to 
manure  one  acre  very  amply. 

11.  To  cause  (a  person  of  specified  character)  to 
come  into  existence  or  appear  :  a.  of  God. 

1382  WYCLIF  Zech.  xi.  16  Y  shal  reyse  a  sheperd  in  erthe. 
13*8  —  Dent,  xviii.  15  Thi  Lord  God  schal  reise  a  prophete 
of  thi  folk.  1568  H.  CHARTERIS  Prrf.  Lyndesay's  ll'Jts. 
(E.  E.  T.  S.)  6*  God  raisit  vp  in  Ingland,  lohne  Uicleif. 
1611  BIBLE  Pref.  F  n  We  acknowledge  them  to  haue  been 
raised  vp  of  God,  for  the  building  and  furnishing  of  his 
Church.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xn.  3:8  Provoking  God  to  raise 
them  enemies.  1785  BURNS  Cotter's  Sat.  Nt.  xxi,  [Do  Thou] 
still  the  patriot,  and  the  patriot-bard,  In  bright  succession 
raise.  1883-97  Catholic  Diet.  (ed.  5)  632/1  Great  saints  are 
raised  up  in  different  ages  to  renew  the  fervour  of  Christians. 
b.  of  persons  or  impersonal  agencies. 

c  1717  POPE  Ep.  Craggs  n  Nor  [do  thou]  wish  to  lose  a 
Foe  these  Virtues  raise.  1765  H.  WAI.POLE  Otranto  i,  Her 
gentleness  had  never  raised  her  an  enemy.  1821  SHELLEY 
Hellas  597  The  sins  of  Islam  Must  raise  up  a  destroyer  even 
now.  1881  STUBBS  Early  Plantag.  ii.  (ed.  3)  19  In  trying 
to  make  himself  friends  he  raised  up  persistent  enemies. 

12.  To  produce,  bring  into  existence  or  action 
(various  natural  phenomena  or  forces;  alsoyff.). 

c  '375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxvi.  (Nicholas)  303  It  a  fyre  mad 


119 

|  alsonepatbroynt  be  watir,£lorasyt.  1401  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls) 
II.  109  The  sterne  stormes  that  reufulli  se  reisin.  1313 
DOUGLAS  /Ends  \.  xiii.  58  Sa  maisterfull  storme  amyd  the 

I  Libyan  see  Scho  raisit  sone.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanes  Comm. 
469  These  sediciouse  persones,  which  as  certen  bellouse  seke 

I  to  reyse  up  flame.  1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  iv.  xx.  269  The 
joyfull  departure  of  their  suspected  guest,  rais'd  this  merry 
showre  in  their  eyes.  1741-2  GRAY  Agrip.  91  One.. may 
still  With  equal  power  resume  that  gift,  and  raise  A  tempest. 
1820  SCOTT  Monast.  \.  motto^  I  will  as  soon  believe  . .  That 
old  Moll  White.. raised  the  last  night'sthunder.  1884  W.  E. 
NORRIS  Thirlhy  Hall  v,  All  she  can  do  is  to  raise  a  storm 
in  a  tea-cup. 

13.  To  utter  (a  cry,  etc.)  with  loud  voice;   to 
produce  (a  loud  noise)  by  shouting  or  otherwise. 
^1350  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881)  100/261  A  hidose 

|  cry  ban  raysed  bat.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  v.  40  Gret  noyis 
&  dyne  was  rayssit  thaim  amang.  1382  STANYHURST 

|  sEneisu.  (Arb.)  68,  I  stoutly  emboldned  with  night  shade 
raysed  an  howting.  1611  BIBLE,  Job  iii.  8  Let  them  curse 

j  it.  .who  are  ready  to  raise  vp  their  mourning.  1671  MILTON 
Samson  1124,  I  only  with  an  Oak'n  staff  will  meet  thee, 
And  raise  such  out-cries  on  thy  clatter'd  Iron.  1748  THOM 
SON  Cast.  Indol.  n.  xliv,  Th'  inferior  demons  of  the  place 

,     Rais'd  rueful  shrieks  and  hideous  yells.    1808  SCOTT  Alarm. 

vi.  xxxiv,  To  tell  red  Flodden's  dismal  tale,  And  rai^e  the 

universal  wail.  1845  M.P.vmsoN  Ess.  (18891 1. 18  The  Frank 

warriors.,  raised  a  fierce  shout  of  indignation. 

b.  Hence  simply,  to  utter  or  produce  (a  sound). 

1590  SPENSER  /-'.  Q.  i.  xi.  7  Fayre  Goddesse, . .  to  my  tunes 

thy  second  tenor  rayse.   1602  SHAKS.  I/am.  n.  i.  94  He  rais'd 

a  sigh,  so   pittious  and  profound.     1743  GARRICK  Lethe  i. 

Wks.  1798  I.  5  I'll  raise  music  shall  dispel  their  fears. 


in  Swift's  Wks.  (1751)  IV.  230  When  I  raised  the  psalm, 
how  did  my  voice  quaver  for  fear  !  1808  SCOTT  Mann.  in. 
Introd.,  I  love  the  license..  In  sounds  now  lowly,  and  now 
strong,  To  raise  the  desultory  song.  1856  OLMSTED  Slave 
States  25  An  old  negro,.. who  raised  a  hymn,  which  soon 
became  a  confused  chant. 

14.  To  cause,  originate,  give  rise  to,  bring  about, 
set  going.     Used  with  a  variety  ot  objects,  as: 

a.  strife,  dissension,  or  other  disturbance  (a?nong 
or  between  persons,  in  a  place,  etc.).     Cf.  i6a. 

£1380  WYCI.IF  Wks.  (1880)  185  pei..reisen  debatis  &  ene- 
mytes  bitwene  weddid  men  &  here  wiwes.  ^1400  Cursor 
M.  27728  (Cott.  Galba)  Wreth  es  raysand.  .missaw,  flit,  and 
malisoune.  1533  GAU  Richt  Vay  17  Thayme  quhilk  rasis 
discord amangis  nichtburs.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanes Comm. 
4  So  muche  contention  is  reysed  in  these  oure  dates  about 
matters  of  learnyng.  Ibid.  13  But  in  case  we  preferre 
Charles ..  what  tumultes  shall  we  raise  up  in  Italy.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  v.  226  Thou  hear'st  what  stir  on  Earth  Satan 
. .  Hath  raisd  in  Paradise.  1719  RAMSAY  Ricky  fy  Sandy  58 
How  the  ill  sp'rit  did  the  first  mischief  raise.  1781  COWPER 
Tabte  Talk  317  Liberty.  .Shall  raise  no  feuds  for  armies  to 
suppress.  1843  MILL  Logic  \.  iii.  §  7  There  are  metaphy 
sicians  who  have  raised  a  controversy  on  the  point.  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  384  Do  not  raise  a  quarrel  .. 
between  Thrasymachus  and  me. 

b.  a  report  or  rumour,  slander,  etc. 

11350  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881)  29/91  pai  said  he 
suld  a  sklaunder  rays  Of  God.  1576  [see  16  b].  ifin  BIBLE 
Exod,  xxiii.  i  Thou  shalt  not  raise  a  false  report.  1678, 
1685  [see  i6b].  1711  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  13  PS  A  groundless 
Report  that  has  been  raised,  to  a  Gentleman's  Disadvantage. 
C.  a  feeling,  idea,  etc. 

£1380  WYCLIF  Wks*  (1880)  40  pat  noon  euyl  suspecion 
may  be  reysed  of  hem.  1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  x.  xiii.  2 
Thus  awfull  Mars.  .The  sorow  rasit  apon  athyr  hand.  1596 
DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  x.  385  Quhilk  rumour  in 
Scotland  rayset  not  lytle  invie  in  ffrance.  1600  SHAKS. 
A.  Y.  L.  iv.  iii,  51  If  the  scorne  of  your  bright  eine  Haue 
power  to  raise  such  loue  in  mine.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv. 
806  Thence  raise., discontented  thoughts,  Vain  hopes,  vain 
aimes,  inordinate  desires.  1729  BUTLER  Serm.  Resentm. 
Wks.  1874  11.94  Momentary  anger  is  frequently  raised., 
without  any  apparent  reason.  1855  PUSEY  Doctr.  Real 
Pres.  Note  A.  2  Opponents  have  succeeded  in  raising  an 
almost  insurmountable  prejudice. 

d.  the  expression  of  some  feeling. 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes^  iv.  vi[i],  207  The  publlque 
worship  ..  rais'd  a  condemning,  but  selfe-absolving  blush 
into  her  cheeks.  1726-46  THOMSON  Winter  652  The  comic 
muse  . .  raises  sly  the  fair  impartial  laugh.  1781  COWPER 
Table  Talk  658  They  raised  a  smile  At  folly's  cost.  1892 
G.  S.  LAYARD  C.Keene  viii,  176  He  never  fell  into  the  habit 
of  raising  a  laugh  at  the  expense  of  individuals. 

e.  an  action,  process,  condition,  etc. 

c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  vm.  xi.  3  The  Kyng  off  Prawns  set 
hym  to  ras  And  set  a  sege  befor  Calays.  1560  DAUS  tr, 
Sleidane"$  Comm.  28  b,  Suche  as  eyther  Reyse  t'p  new 
customes,  or  extorte  that  is  forbpden.  1611  BIBLE  Pref.  Fa 
They  raise  vp  a  tragedie,  and  wish.. the  Temple  had  neuer 
bene  built.  1671  MILTON  Samson  625  Thoughts  my  Tor- 
menters  . .  raise  Dire  inflammation.  1706  E.  WARD  Wooden 
World  Diss.  (1708)  86  The  Rogue,  .has  rais'd  such  a  Funk 
in  the  Forecastle.  1765  A.  DICKSON  Treat.  Agric.  (ed.  2) 
145  The  application  of  such  manures  as  raise  a  fermenta 
tion.  1831-3  E.  BURTON  Eccl.  Hist.  iii.  (1845)  54  The 
watchword ..  was  sufficient  to  raise  a  ferment  from  one  end 
of  Jerusalem  to  the  other.  1876  PATON  in  Encycl.  Brit. 
IV.  688/1  The  requisite  heat  for  the  dyeing  operation  is 
raised  and  maintained.  1892  Speaker  3  Sept.  278/2  The 
outbreak  has  raised  a  demand  for  restriction  [etc.]. 

15.  a.  Law.  To  draw  up,  frame  (a  summons, 
letter,  etc.),  institute  (an  action  or  suit),  establish 
(a  use). 

1546  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  45  Raising  of  new  letteres 
for  halding  of  siclik  courtis  justiciare.  1609  SKENE  Keg: 
Maj,  109  b,  The  name  of  the  Judge,  at  quhais  command  the 
summons  is  raised,  and  directed.  1632  in  Star  Chamber 
Cases  (Camdenl  126  He. .out  of  one  cause  ill  begunne, 
raysed  20  severall  actions.  1752  J.  LOUTHIAN  Form  of 


BAISE. 

Process  (ed.  2)  85  Criminal  Letters,  raised  at  the  Instance 
of  D.  F.  his  Majesty's  Advocate.  1766  BLACKSTONE  Connn. 
ii.  xx.  330  A  use  could  not  be  raised  without  a  sufficient  con 
sideration.  1877  Act  40  <y  41  Viet.  c.  50  §  8  Actions  relating 
to  questions  of  heritable  right,  .raised  in  a  SherifV  Court. 

b.  To  bring  up  (a  question,  point,  etc.);  to 
bring  or  put  forward  (a  difficulty,  objection,  etc.)  ; 
to  put  forward,  advance  (a  claim). 

1647  GENTILIS  tr.  Malvezzis  Chicfe  Events  159  In  racing 
difficulties  Jiee  makes  them  easie.  i^zz  STEELE  Conscious 
Lovers  n.  i.  (1723)  26  This  will  certainly  give  me  occasion 
to  raise  Difficulties.  1855  MACAUI.AY  Hist.  Eng.  xiii.  III. 


70  John  the  Marshal  ..  raised  a  claim  touching  one  of  the 
archiepiscopal  manors. 
16.   With  various  constructions  : 

a.  To  begin,  make,  institute,  direct,  etc.  against 
a  person  or  thing. 

#1300  Citrsor  M.  1071  Alias!  ..  A-gain  abel  he  raysed 
strijf.  1513  DOLGLAS  sEneis  vni.  x.  08  Thar  most  thou 
behald  The  wen's  rasit  aganis  Roniams  bald.  1546  Rer. 
Privy  Council  Scot.  J.  29  The  summondis  raisit  be  the  said 
Lord  againis  the  said  James.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's 
Comm.  262  He  ..  raysed  warre  against  us,  and  was  taken 
thenn.  1611  BIBLE  Acts  xiii.  50  The  lewes  ..  raised  per 
secution  against  Paul  and  Barnabas.  1822  SCOTT  Pirate 
Advt.  6  A  variety  of  sham  suits,  raised  against  him  by 
Newgate  solicitors.  1873  MAX  MI'LLER  Sc.  Rel.  ^56  The 
objections  which  have  been  raised  against  this  view. 

b.  To  bring,  send,  or  direct  on  or  upon  one. 

a  1300  Cursor  It/.  7949  luel  he  sal  npon  J>e  rais.  1375 
BARHOUR  Bruce  vr.  276  Fra  thai  had  rasit  on  him  the  cry 
1388  WVCUF 3Vr.  Ii.  i  V  schal  reise  on  Babiloyne..as  a  wynd 
of  pestilence.  1535  COVERDALE  Amos  v.  9  He  rayset h 
destruccion  vpon  the  mightie  people.  1576  Oppress.  Orkney 
ff  Shetland  (1859)  49  Gif  ane  brute  be  rasit  upon  thame. 
1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  i.  v.  846  This  was  . .  a  meer 
Slander  raised  upon  Atheists.  1685  Acct.  Execution  Dk. 
Monmouth  2,  I  have  had  a  Scandal  raised  upon  me. 

c.  To  draw,  obtain,  derive  ^one  thing)  out  of  or 
from  another,   rare. 

1627  DONNE  Serin,  v.  (1640)  48  Moses  third  excuse,  raised 
out  of  a  naturall  defect.  1732  POPE  Ess.  Man.  U.  245 
Heav'n's  great  view.  .Virtue's  ends  from  Vanity  can  raise 
1772  PRIESTLEY  Insf.  Relig.  (1782)  I.  Pref.  12  Abstruse 
speculations  ..  have  been  raised  from  every  branch  of  my 
speculations. 

III.  To  remove  to  a  higher  position. 
*  To  lift  lip  by  direct  effort. 
17.  To  lift  as  a  whole,  to  put  or  take  higher,  to 
elevate.     Also,  to  pull  up,  hoist  (sail,  etc.). 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  22109  P0*"  ^ou  be  ra's  UP  'nt''  "even,  To 
hell  depe  sal  bou  be  driuen.  #1350  in  Horstm.  AltengL 
Leg.  (1881)  88/685  Angels  ..  raysed  hir  vp  into  Jje  ay're. 
J375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xvi.  692  Thai  rasit  salys  but  abaid. 
1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixxii.  71  Him  all  nakit  on  the  tre 
Thai  raisit  on  loft.  1590  SPENSER  /'".  Q.  i.  i.  18  She  ..  all 
attonce  her  beastly  body  raizd.  1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI,  i. 
i.  254  Then  will  I  raise  aloft  the  M  like-white- Rose.  1728 
POPE  Dime.  n.  39  Such  a  bulk  as  no  twelve  bards  could 
raise.  0:1771  GRAY  Dante  i  The  griesly  Felon  raised  His 
Gore-dyed  Lips.  1805  SCOTT  Last  Minstr.  n.  Concl.,  He 
raised  the  silver  cup  on  high.  1814  —  Ld.  of  Isles  n.  xxxii, 
The  train  ..  Embark'd,  raised  sail,  and  bore  away.  1867 
TROLLOPE  C/iron.  Barset  II.  liii.  100  Should  he  try  to  catch 
her  eye,  and  then  raise  his  hat?  1886  FROUDE  Oceana  296 
She  could  have  struck  him,  and  had  her  arm  raised  to  do  it. 
b.  spec.  To  draw  or  bring  up  (water,  minerals, 
etc.)  to  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

1745  POCOCKE  Descr.  East  II.  i.  xvi.  61  The  oxen  raise  the 
water  by  a  bucket  and  rope.  1759  B.  MARTIN  Nat.  Hist. 
Eng;  I.  65  Much  Ore  has  been  formerly  raised  on  this  Hill. 
1851  Biackw,  Mag.  Dec.  639  The  coal  raised  in  1829  was 
37,000  tons.  1872  R.  B.  SMYTH  Mining  Statist.  44,  12,656 
tons  of  quartz,  .raised  from  depths  between  240  and  690  feet. 
C.  In  various  special  uses  :  (see  quots.). 
1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Snpp.,  Raise  is  likewise  used  for 
placing  a^horse's  head  right,  and  making  him  carry  well, 
and  hindring  him  to  carry  low,  or  to  arm  himself.  1775  A. 
BURNABY  Trav.  87  When  the  trees  are  fallen,  they.. drag 
them  along  the  snow.  It  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  put  them 
first  in  motion,  which  they  call  raising  them.  1867  SMYTH 
Sailor's  U'ord-bk.,  To  raise  the  mefal,  to  elevate  the 
breech,  and  depress  thereby  the  muzzle  of  a  gun.  To  raise 
tacks  and  sheets,  the  Lifting  the  clues  of  the  courses,  pre 
viously  to  bracing  round  the  yards  in  tacking  or  wearing. 
d.  To  turn  (the  eyes  or  look)  upwards. 
1388  WYCUF  Ps.  cxx.  i,  I  reiside  myn  i$en  to  the  hillis. 
1599  JONSON  Ev,  Man  out  of  Hum,  ii.  iii,  Gentle  friend  be 
merry,  raise  your  lookes  out  of  your  bosome.  1703  ROWE  Fair 
Penit.  i.  i,  Wherefore  are  your  Eyes  Severely  rais'd  to 
Heav'n  ?  1818  SHELL  v.\  Rev.  Islam  v.  xxii,  Nor  spoke,  .nor 
raised  his  looks  to  meet  The  gaze  of  strangers.  1859  TENNY 
SON  Vivien  787  He  raised  his  eyes  and  saw  The  tree. 

18.  jig.  To  promote  or  advance  (,a  person,  people, 
etc.)  to  a  higher  rank,  office  or  position  ;  to  exalt 
in  dignity  or  power. 

c  1200  ORMIN  9611  Forr  to  rejjsenn  alle  ^a  batt  foll^henn 
sob  meocnesse.  a  1300  Cursor  Jlf.  22281  He  sal  him  rais 
sua  hei  on  hight,  pat  men  sal  wen  bat  he  es  dright.  a  1350 
in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881)  42/13  In  ^e  kinges  hows 
sethin  was  he  To  ofice  and  to  reuerence  raysed.  c  1440 
GestaRom.  Ixv.  291  {Harl.  MS.)  Heresede  be  poore  man  fro 
filthede . .  to  sette  him  among  princis.  1559  Mirr.  Mag.^  Dk. 
Suffolk  xvii,  How  high,  how  soone,  she  did  me  raise.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  xn.  162  A  Son  whose  worthy  deeds  Raise  him 


CRABBE  Borough  iii,  Theirs  is  a  gracious  bounty,  form'd  to 
raise  Him  whom  it  aids.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  ii.  §  6.  90 
Charter  after  charter  . .  raised  the  townsmen  of  boroughs 
from  mere  traders. .into  customary  tenants. 


RAISE. 

•(•to.    To  promote  to  some  privilege.  ra/v~l. 
r  1400  Apol.  Loll,  ii  As  sone  as  mony  is  Jeuen  bei  reysen 
be  synnars  to  be  takyng  of  be  sacraments. 

c.  To  exalt  (one's  name,  state,  etc.).  rare. 

a  1425  Cursor  M.  2373  (Trin.)  fere  shal  bi  name  reised 
be  And  alle  bo  hcires  bat  comen  of  be.  1593  SHAKS. 
3  lien.  I'l,  iv.  i.  68  It  pleas'd  his  Maiestie  To  rayse  my 
State  to  Title  of  a  Queene.  1732  PorE  Ef.  Bat/inrst  202 
Of  qualities  deserving  praise,  More  go  to  ruin  fortunes  than 
to  raise.  1820  SCOTT  Monnst.  xix.  motto,  Farewell  each 
hope  of.  .raising  thy  low  rank. 

d.  To  extol,  laud.  rare. 

^1631  MILTON  Arcaties  8  Fame  that  her  high  worth  to 
raise  Seem'd  erst  so  lavish.  1735  POPE  J'rol.  Sat.  211  While 
Wits  and  Templars  ev'ry  sentence  raise,  And  wonder  with 
a  foolish  face  of  praise. 

19.  fig.  To  elevate  (persons)  to  a  higher  moral 
or  mental  condition.     (In  early  use  perh.  from  2.) 

c  1200  OR.MIN  4373  He  ras  o  behhtennde  da?;  To  rejjsenn 
uss  off  sinne.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  18674  lesus  him  kidd  til 
bairn . .  vtte  o  wan-hope  for  to  rais  [  Trin.  jl/.V.  hem  to  reise]. 
a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  Prol.,  pai  rays  bairn  in  til  contem- 
platyf  lyf.  c  1560  A.  SCOTT  I'ocins  (S.  T.  S.)  xxxiy.  149  Thir 
ressonis  ar  to  raiss  5ow  Fra  crymes  vndir  coite._  1605 
BACON  Adv.  Learning  n.  xxiv,  1  cannot  but  be  raised  to 
this  persuasion,  that  (etc.).  1758  S.  HAYWARD  Serin,  xvii. 
530  Oh  stupid  creatures  that  are  not  raised  with  the 
description  of.  .his  infinite  excellencies  !  1848  R.  S.  WILBER- 
FORCE  Doctr.  incarnation  v.  95  The  Incarnation  of  Christ  our 
Lord  has  raised  us  ..  above  the  carnal  anthropology  of  the 
Greeks.  1863  FR.A.  KKMBLE  Raid,  in  Georgia  14  They  are 
doing  their  best  to  raise  and  improve  the  degraded  race. 

to.  To  elevate   (the  thoughts,   mind,  etc.),  to 
make  higher  or  nobler. 

c  1340  Htuupole's  U'is.  (1895)  I.  69  He.  .rayses  bar  thoght 
abouen  all  erthly  thyng.  1390  SPENSER  F.  Q.  I.  Introd.  iv, 
Raise  my  thoughtes,  too  humble  and  too  vile.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  i.  23  What  in  me  is  dark  Illumine,  what  is  low^raise 
and  support.  1786  HURSS  Despondency  iii,  While  praising, 
and  raising  His  thoughts  to  Heav'n  on  high.  1871  MORLEY 
Voltaire  (1886)  2  Its  great  glory  was  to  have  raised  the 
moral  dignity  and  self-respect  of  the  many  to  a  level  which 
had  hitherto  been  reached  only  by  a  few. 

c.  To  elevate  (a  subject,  style,  diction). 
1668  DKYDEN  Def.  Ess.  Poesy  Essays  1900  I.  114  He  does 
so  raise  his  matter  in  that  prose,  as  to  render  it  delightful. 
1712  ADDisox^/tY^.  No.  289  P  ii  Milton  has  put  in  practice 
this  method  of  raising  his  language.  1737  Lu.  HERVEV 
Memoirs  (1848)  II.  361  His  words  are  well  chosen,  his 
diction  extremely  raised. 

**  To  cause  to  rise  or  mount  up. 

20.  To  cause  (a  spirit)  to  appear,  esp.  by  means 
of  incantations. 

a  1350  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881)  98/152  Experi- 
mentes  ban  ordand  he  ;  And  raised  deuils  grete  plente, 
1375  BARBOUR  Bruce,  iv.  243  The  erll  Ferrandis  moder  was 
Ane  nygratnansour,  &  Sathanas  Scho  rasit.  1513  DOUGLAS 
^Eneis  I.  Prol.  212  Like  as  the  spreit  of  Samuell.  .Rasit  to 


120 

I5S6  W.  TOWRSON  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1589!  98  At  n.  of  the 


iii,  He  that  could  in  tender  strains  Raise  Margaret's 
plaining  shade.  1785  BURNS  Addr.  to  Dcil  xiv,  Masons' 
mystic  word  an1  grip,  In  storms  an'  tempests  raise  you  up. 
1826  DISRAELI  Viv.Grey  in.  ii,  Then  the  magician,  .raised 
the  once-laid  ghost  of  Cleveland's  ambition. 

b.  To  raise  the  Devil,  Cain,  the  mischief  \  To 
make  a  disagreeable  disturbance ;  to  create  trouble, 
uproar,  or  confusion. 

[1705  VANBRUGH  Conjed.  v.  ii,  Sir,  give  me  an  Account  of 
my  Necklace,  or  I'll  make  such  a  Noise  in  your  House  I'll 
raise  the  Devil  in't.]  1841  LEVER  C.  O'Malley  Ixiii,  He 
was  going  to  raise  the  devil.  185*  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle 
TonCs  C.  xx.  212  Topsy  would  hold  a  perfect  carnival  of 
confusion  ..  in  short,  as  Miss  Ophelia  phrased  it,  'raising 
Cain'  generally,  c  1865  MARK  TWAIN  Sketches  i.  Mr. 
Bloke's  Item  (1900)  217  The  head-editor  has  been  in  here 
raising  the  mischief  and  tearing  his  hair. 

21.  To  make  (the  voice)  heard. 

1388  WVCLIF  Ps,  xcii.  3  The  flodis  ban  reisid  [L.  eleva- 
•z'frunt}  her  vois.  1581  SIDNEY  Apol.  Poetrie  (Arb.)  46 
Who  sometimes  rayseth  vp  his  voice  to  the  height  of  the 
heauens.  1607  DRYDES  Virg.  Past.  vi.  42  He  rais'd 
his  Voice,  and  soon  a  num'rous  throng  Of  tripping  Satyrs 
crowded  to  the  Song.  1738  GKAY  Proper  tins  iii.  31 
The  Tyrant  Love  permit  me  raise  My  feeble  voice.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vi.  II.  31  Many  voices  were  boldly 
raised  in  menace  and  accusation.  1868  FREEMAN  Norm. 
Cong.  (1876)  II.  x.  472  Not  a  voice  was  raised  in  opposition. 

22.  To  cause  (dust,  vapour,  smoke,  water,  etc.)  to 
ascend  or  rise ;  to  send  or  force  up,  to  stir  up.     See 
also  DUST  sbl  5. 

1422  HOCCLEVE  Jonathas  57  Sholde  y  a  neewe  smoke 
now  vp*reyse.  1581  G.  PETTIE  tr.  Guazzos  Civ.  Conv.  i. 
(1586)  27  b,  They  doe  nothing  else  but  raise  a  dust.  1646 
SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  in.  xxii.  (1686)  130  Camels  to 
make  the  water  sapid  do  raise  the  mud  with  their  feet. 
1686  W.  HARRIS  tr.  Lemerys  Course  Chym.  (ed.  2)  43 
Sublime  is  to  raise  by  Fire  any  Volatile  matter  to  the  top 
of  the  Cucurbit  or  into  its  Head.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe 
ii.  viii,  The  wine  ..  raise[d]  disagreable  fumes  from  the 
stomach  into  the  head.  1733  BERKELEY  Aiciphr.  vii.  §  3 
We  may  perhaps  raise  a  dust  and  dispute  about  tenets 
purely  verbal.  1807  J.  BARI.OW  Coluinb.  \.  34  The  drizzly 
fogs  from  dull  Pisuerga  raised.  1891  T.  HARUY  Tess  i,  And 
where  do  we  raise  our  smoke. . .  I  mean,  where  do  we 
D'Urbervilleslive? 

t  "b.  To  render  (tin)  volatile.   Obs.  rare  — *. 

1686  \V.  HARRIS  tr.  Lemery's  Course  Chym.  (ed.  2)  96 
To  Sublime  Tinn  is  to  raise  and  Volatilize  it  by  means  of 
a  Volatile  Salt. 

23.  Naut.  a.  To  come  in  sight  of  (another  ship, 
land,  a  whale,  etc.). 


Antarticke  Pole.  1775  ROMANS  Hist.  Florida  App.  61,  I 
would  not  come  nearer  than  just  to  raise  the  land.  1890 
Century  Mag.  May  516  In  October  1832,  the  ship  Hector 
of  New  Bedford  raised  a  whale  and  lowered  for  it. 

b.  To  give  a  higher  appearance  to  (a  ship, 
etc.)  by  coming  nearer. 

1574  BOURNE  Regiment  for  Sea  xiii.  (1577)  30  In  going  to 
the  North,  you  doe  rayse  the  Pole,  and  lay  the  Equinociiall. 
1700  MOXON  Math.  Diet.  46  So  many  Degrees  you  ap 
proach  towards  it,  so  much  you  are  said  to  Raise  the  Pole. 
1769  FALCON I-:R  Diet.  Marine  (1776),  Hausser  ttn  vaisseatt, 
to  raise  a  distant  ship  by  approaching  her  gradually  in 
chace.  1796  NELSON  21  Sept.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  11.279, 
I  saw  a  Spanish  Frigate  coming,  .who,  when  she  raised  our 
hull  hauled  her  wind  to  the  eastward. 

24.  To  make  (a  horse)  rise  in  leaping  or  rear 
ing.  lObs. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Sttpp.^  Raise,  in  the  manege,  is  used 
for  working ;  thus  to  raise  a  horse  upon  corvets,  caprioles, 
and  pesades,  is  to  make  him  work  at  corvets,  caprioles,  £c. 
***  To  collect  by  lifting;  to  levy. 

25.  To  levy  (a  tax,  etc.)  ;  to  collect  (rents  or 
other  charges) ;  hence,  to  bring  together,  obtain, 
procure  by  means  of  collecting  or  in  any  other  way. 
f  Const,  on  (a  person). 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (iSio1)  55  porgh  alle  his  lond  J>e 
Kyng  his  sonde  sent,  Forto  raise  be  treuage,  bat  on  be  lond 
was  sette.  1389  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  30  It  schal  ben  reysed 
and  gadered  be  ye  alderman  and  his  felas.  1463  Bury 
IVills  (Camden)  43, 1  wil  the  mony  y'  is  reysid  and  reseyvyd 
be  delyueryd.  1511  Watcrf.Arch.  in  lothRep.  Hist.  MSS. 
Conim.  App.  V.  325  Noo  man.. shall  reisu  keiage  of  noo 
kaye  • .  except  it  be  buylded  as  a  keay.  1546  Suppl.  of 
Commons  16  What  yearelye  rentes  may  be  clearlye  reased 
thtrof.  1651  HOUUES  Leviath.  11.  xxix.  173  The  difficulty  of 
raising  Mony,  for  the  necessary  uses  of  the  Common-wealth. 
1689  J.  MATHER  in  Andros  Tracts  II.  5  Impowcred  to 
make  Laws  and  raise  money  on  the  Kings  Subjects.  1708 
J.  C.  Compleat  Collier  (1845)  19  If  no  Profit  can  be  raised, 
I  see  no  reason  why  any  Man  should  Adventure  his  Money. 
1760  C.  JOHNSTON  Chrysal  (1822)  I.  30,  I  immediately  raised 
all  the  money  I  possibly  could.  1821  BYRON  Juan  in.  xiv, 
Let  not  his  mode  of  raising  cash  seem  strange.  1852 
THACKERAY  Esmond  \.  xiv,  The  correspondence,  .related  to 
a  new  loan  my  lord  was  raising.  1875  W.  S.  GILBERT  Tom 
Cohb  i,  Me  so  pinched  for  money  till  I  can  hardly  raise  an 
egg  for  breakfast. 

b.  transf.  To  obtain,  procure  (advantage,  plea 
sure,  praise,  etc.). 

1633  IJP.  HALL  Hard  Texts,  N.  T.  89  We  cannot  hope  to 

raise  any  advantage  to  ourselves  by  our  utmost  endeavours. 

1645  QUARLES  Sol.  Recant,  xn.  79  What  pleasure  shall  thy 

1    great  Creator  raise  From  thy  breath-tainted,  and  unsav'ry 

i    praise?     1781  COWPER  Retirement  805  Content  if.  .1  may 

raise  A  monitor's,  though  not  a  poet's  praise. 

C.  Of  articles  sold :  To  bring,  fetch  (a  certain 
price),  rare"1. 

1791  NEWTE  Tour  Eng,  #  Scot.  241  The  few  firs,  .cut  for 
deals  raise  from  eight  pence  to  twelve  pence  per  foot. 
d.  To  succeed  in  producing. 

1841  *WILDRAKE*  Cracks  of  Day  184  Mango  could 
scarcely  raise  a  gallop. 

26.  To  levy,  collect,  gather,  bring  together  (an 
army,  troops,  etc.). 

In  early  use  perh.  to  be  taken  in  sense  5. 

1388  WYCLIF  Jcr,  1.  9  Y  schal  reise,  and  brynge  in  to 
Baoiloyne  the  gaderyng  togidere  of  grete  folkis.  a  1400-50 
A lexander  829  Nicholas.  .Had  rasyd  vp  a  rode  hoste.  1473 
WARKW.  Chron.  (Camden)  7  Alle  his  peple  he  reysyd  were 
fledde  fro  hym.  1567  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  iii.  90  Our 
Queue  ..  Into  this  Realme  did  rais  ane  ryall  rout.  1596 
UALKYMI-LE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  x.  282  Raseng  an  armie 
thame  cruellie  he  persewis.  1643  Decl.  Commons  (Reb. 
Ireland)63LordBarnewall..hath  a  Commission  for  a  Troupe 
of  horse,  and  is  now  gone  into  Wales  to  raise  them.  1759 
H.  WALPOLE  Corr.  (ed.  3)  III.  cccxliv.  324  We  continue  to 
militate  and  to  raise  light  troops.  1839  MARRYAT  AI.  Violet 
xxxix,  A  mob  was  raised  in  1833,  and  expelled  the  whole 
Mormon  body.  1863  H.  Cox  Instit.  in.  ii,  594  The  Sovereign 
has  the  sole  power  of  raising,  .fleets  and  armies. 
****  To  remove  hyt  or  as  by^  lifting  tip. 

27.  To  put  an  end  to  (a  siege  or  blockade)  by 
withdrawing  the  investing  forces. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xx.  64  Thus  maid  wes  pes . .  And  syne 
the  assegis  rasit  watr.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  27  b,  He  hadde 
not  entencion  for  to  disloge  him  ne  to  reyse  his  siege.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Conim.  83  He  raised  his  siege  and 
departed  without  his  purpose,  a  1671  LD.  FAIRFAX  Mem. 
(1609^  62  Our  men.. put  the  enemy  to  a  total  rout,  upon 
which  he  raised  the  siege.  1769  ROBERTSON  C/tas.  K,  xi. 
Wks.  1813  III.  274  He  gave  orders  immediately  to  raise  the 
siege.  1835  Penny  Cycl.  IV.  531  If  the  blockade  shall  be 
found  to  be  raised. 

b.  To  remove,  rescind  (a  prohibition,  etc.). 

1887  Mind  XII.  257  The  Sorbonne  raised  the  prohibition 
it  had  so  long  laid  upon  the  works  of  the  Grecian  philo 
sopher.  1893  GUNTER  Miss  Dividends  141  He  will  be  .. 
happy,  .to  raise  the  injunction,  which,  .has  crippled  you. 

28.  To  end  (a  siege,   etc.)  by  compelling   the 
investing  forces  to  desist  or  remove. 

c  1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Aymon  vii.  163  Gyve  me  some 
parte  of  your  men,  And  I  shall  goo  reyse  the  sege  of 
Cologne.  1523  LD.  BEKNERS  Froiss.  I.  cccxxiii.  503  They 
were  all  determined  to  go  and  reyse  vp  the  siege,  and  to 
refresshe  and  vitayle  the  castell.  1603  DRAYTON  Heroic. 
Ep.  vii.  155  He  is  besieg'd,  the  Siege  that  came  to  raise. 
1800  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.\.  181,  I. .have  taken 
from  him  one  place  of  consequence,  and  I  have  raised  the 
siege  of  another.  1811  Ibid.  VII.  518  The  enemy  are  still 
close  to  us,  but  they  have  made  no  progress  in  raising  the 


RAISE. 

blockade.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.y.\\\.  IV.  14  William 
had  still  some  faint  hope  that  it  might  be  possible  to  raise 
the  siege. 

f  b.  To  cause  (the  besieger)  to  abandon  a  siege. 

1592  WYKI.EY  A  rmorie  39  The  King  of  Kngland . .  Hearing 

tleclar'd  his  friends  besieged  so.. basts  himselfe  to  go  To 

rease  the  Duke.     1611  COTGK.  s.v.  Lever,  Illeur  fit  lever 

It!  cul  at  he  raised  them,  or  their  siege,  from. 

29.  To  set  in  motion  (an  army  or  camp). 
Perh.  originally  related  to  4  c. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  i.  79  His  ost  he  rasd,  and  come  to 
Werk  on  Twede.  1569  STOCKER  tr.  Diod.  Sic.  in.  xviii.  135 
Lysimachus . .  in  a  foule  and  raynie  night  raysed  hys  Campe. 
1640  YOKKE  Union  Hon.  Battles  41  _Edward  loth  to  loose 
time  about  one  Cities  Siege,  raiseth  his  Army  and  departeth. 
1684  J.  PETER  Siege  Vienna  7  The  Grand  Visier  raising  His 
Camp,  followed  the  Christians. 

IV.  To  make  higher  or  greater. 

30.  To  increase  in  height  or  bulk ;  to  cause  to 
rise  up  or  swell ;  to  give  a  higher  level  to. 

c  1450  LYDG.  &  BURGH  Secrees  2670  Shuldrys  sharpe 
I  mene  not  reysed  with  slevys.  1485  CAXTON  Chas.  Gt.  26 
He  had  hys  nose  reysed  vpon  a  roundnes.  1513  DOUGLAS 
sEneis  i.  ii.  30  The  fadir..gaif  the  power.. To  meis  the 
flude,  or  rais  with  stormes  hie.  1596  RALEIGH  Discov. 
Gviatia  51  All  the..riuers  which  fell  into  Orenoque  were 
raised  with  such  speed  [etc.].  16x1  TOURNEUR  Am,  Trag. 
iv.  iii,  Why  could  not  he  ha'  suffer'd  me  to  raise  The 
mountaines  o'  my  sin  with  one  as  damnable  As  all  the  rest? 
1692  RAY  Dissol.  World  v.  (1603)  295  That  the  Mountains 
do  daily  diminish . .  that  the  Valleys  are  raised . .  no  man  can 
deny.  1720  POPE  Iliad  xxni.  640  The  Corselet.  .Whose 
glitt'ring  Margins  rais'd  with  Silver  shine.  1836  MACGIL- 

,    UVRAY  tr.  Hnmholdfs  Trav.  xx.  290  Raising  the  flesh  in 
alternate  bands  from  the  ankle  to  the  top  of  the  thigh. 
*fb.   To  raise  in  flesh  :  to  make  plump.   Obs. 
1608  TOPSELL  Serpents  (1658)  797  These  Tortoises.. are 
given  to  Horses,  for  by  them  they  are  raised  in  flesh,  and  made 
much  fatter.     1615  LATHAM  Falconry,  Words  of  Art  expt. 
(l&33\  Raised  in  flesh,  is  when  a  Hawke  grows  fat,  or  pros- 
pereth  in  flesh. 

t  c.  To  make  up  the  height  of.  Obs.  rare. 
1662  GERBIEH  Princ.  24  Four  of  them  (together  with  the 
Morter  thereunto  belonging)  may  raise  a  Foot.      1663  — 
Counsel  56  The  fittest  bigness  of  a  good  brick;   is.. two 

t    Inches,  a  quarter  and  a  half  thick,  which  will  raise  a  foot  in 
the  Morter  with  four  bricks. 

31.  In  various  technical  uses : 

a.  To  bring  up  (the  nap  of  cloth)  by  carding 
with  teazles,  etc. ;  to  make  a  nap  on  (cloth). 

1481-90  Howard  Housch.  Bks.  (Roxb.)  320  [The]  fuller., 
shall  dresse  . .  vij.  brode  clothes ;  that  is  to  say  reyse,  skore 
them,  barbe  them.  1494  Act  ii  Hen.  VII,  c.  27  They  raise 
up  the  Cotton  of  such  Fustians.  1633  J.  ASCHORAN  tr. 
Comenius'  Gate  Latin  Unl.  §  503  marg.,  The  shear-man 
..raiseth  the  nap.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Cloth,  The 
cloth  ..  is.. given,  all  wet,  to  the  carders,  to  raise  the  hair, 
or  knap,  on  the  right  side,  with  the  thistle,  or  weed.  1797 
Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VI.  45/1  Teazel.. is  of  singular  use  in 
raising  the  knap  upon  woollen  cloth.  1835  UKE  Philos. 
Afannf.  195  The  pile  is  also  said  to  be  more  perfectly  raided, 
1879  Casselfs  Techn.  Educ.  IV.  343/1  Cloth  is  usually 
'  raised  '  twice  and  '  cropped  '  several  times. 

b.  To   cause    (dough,    bread)   to    expand    and 
become  light,  as  by  the  use  of  yeast.     Also  absoL 

1611  BIBLE  Hos.  vii.  4  The  baker:  who  ceaseth  from 
raising  after  he  hath  kneaded  the  dough,  vntill  it  he 


and  set  them. 

c.  To  cause  (hides)  to  increase  in  thickness. 
1581  LAMBARDE  Eiren.  iv.  164  If  any  tanner  have  raised 

with  any  mixture  any  hide  to  bee  converted  to  batkes,  bend- 
leather  [etc.].  1777  MACBRIDE  in  Pkil.  Trans.  LXVIII. 
127  When  you  find  your  hides  sufficiently  raised,  put  them 
directly  into  the  ooze.  1852  MORFIT  Tanning  Of  Currying 
(1853)  196  The  skins. .have  not  yet  been  raised  sufficiently 
to  prepare  them  for  tanning. 

d.  To  give  (metal)  a  rounded  form. 

1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  398  In  raising  the  metals 
by  the  hammer  [etc.].  Ibid.  410  Thimbles,  which  are  slightly 
conical  are  raised  at  five  or  six  blows.  1879  Casse/Fs  Tcchn. 
Educ.  IV.  299/1  Brings  down  upon  them  a.  .globular  punch, 
which  domes  them  up— in  technical  parlance, '  raises '  them. 

32.  To  increase  the  amount  of,  to  heighten 
(rent,  taxes,  prices,  etc.).  Hence  to  raise  out,  to 
cause  (a  player)  to  withdraw  from  a  game  by 
making  the  stake  too  high  for  him. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xvii.  13  Mailis  and  gersomes  raisit 
ouir  hie.  1548  FORREST  Pleas.  Poesye  358  Too  reyse  his 
Rent  alas  it  neadethe  not.  1596  SHAKS.  Klerch.  V,  in.  v.  26 
This  making  of  Christians  will  raise  the  price  of  Hogs, 


BROWN  tr.  Du  Fresnys  Amusem.  Ser.  <"(•  Corn.  78  One  side 
endeavours  to  raise,  and  the  other  to  beat  down  the  Market 
Price.  1820  J.  GIFFORD  Compl.  Eng.  Lawyer  11.  viii.  (ed.  5) 
167  Journeymen  who  refuse  to  work,  in  consequence  of  a 
combination  to  raise  their  wages.  1885  Manch.  Exam. 
16  May  5/1  It  is  proposed  to  raise  the  duty  on  rye.  1894 
MASKELVNE  Sharps  4-  Flats  57  You  can  bet  against  that 
particular  player,  continually  raising  the  stakes,  until  all  the 
other  players  are  '  raised  out '. 

b.  To   increase,  add    to  (one's  reputation,  in 
terest,  credit,  etc.). 


would  raise  his  interest  in  the  Nation.  1849  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  ix.  II.  446  Promises  and  services  which,  if 
discovered,  would  not  have  raised  his  credit  at  Whitehall. 
1871  MORLEV  Voltaire  (1886)  3  Each  did  much  to  raise  the 
measure  of  worth. 


RAISE. 

c.  Math.  To  increase  (a  number  or  quantity) 
by  multiplication  into  itself. 

1706 1  J.  WARD  Introd.  Math.  II.  ii.  §  5  (1734)  157  To  Raise 
the  Binomial  Root  a+6  to  the  Seventh  Power.  1798  HIT- 
TON  Course  Math.  I.  201  To  involve  or  raise  Surd  Quantities 
to  any  Power.  1893  S.  L.  LO.NRV  Anal.  Trig.  22  Raise 
each  of  these  quantities  to  the/th  power. 

33.  To  increase  the  value,  price,  or  rate  of. 
To  raise  the  market :  To  charge  a  higher  price. 

'535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  3186  The  markit  raisit  bene  sa  hie. 
1596  BACON  Maxims  ff  Uses  Com.  Law  viii.  33  If  ..  the 
King  . .  doth  raise  monies,  that  the  weight  of  silver  in  the 
piece  now  of  sixpence  should  goe  for  twelve  pence.  1662 
PETTY  Taxes  p.  xix,  The  effects  of  the  various  species  of 
coins,.. as  also  of  raising  or  embasing  them.  1751  R.  PAL- 
TOCK  P.  lyilkins  (1884)  II.  279  'Tis  all  one  to  her  ..  so  she 
can  raise  but  the  market  by  a  change.  1763  FOOTR  Mayor 
»/G.  ii;  Wks.  1709  I.  181  How  comes  it  about  that  you  have 
rais'd  it  a  penny  a  quart?  1822  SCOTT  Pirate  ii,  Sweyn 


Mertoun  (.  .charging  the  rock  codfish  at  a  penny  instead  of 
a  halfpenny  a-piece'. 
34.  To  increase  the  degree,  intensity,  or  force  of. 

a.  To  make  (the  voice  or  its  sound)  louder ;  to 
give  a  higher  pitch  to. 

1638  R.  BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  II.)  145  An  honest 
man  never  raiseth  the  sound  of  his  Voyce,  to  get  advantage 
of  them  that  speake  not  so  loud.  l6$4GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes 
iv.  xvi.  254  Raise  thy  clear  notes  so  high,  That  labouring 
birds  may  die.  c  1783  COWPER  Mutual  Forb.  16  '  You  are 
so  deaf,  the  lady  cried  (And  raised  her  voice. ,\  1886 
FROUDE  Oceana  84  They  do  not  raise  the  voice  at  the  end 
of  a  sentence,  as  the  Americans  do. 

b.  To  make  keener,  to  intensify  (sensations). 
1697  DRYDEN   Virg.  Georg.   in.   608  These   raise    their 

Thirst.  1609  DAMPIER  Voy.  II.  i.  93,  I  think  my  appetite 
was  raised  by  seeing  so  much  food,  a  1704  T.  BROWN  Sat. 
agst.  Woman  Wks.  r73o  I.  55  To  raise  thy  pain,  be  Streplion 
ne'er  forgot.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mob  i-ni.  139  Lending  their 
power  to  pleasure  and  to  pain,  Yet  raising,  sharpening,  and 
refining  each. 

c.  To  brighten  (colours),  esp.  in  dyeing. 

1814  JANE  AUSTEN  Lady  Susan  xxiii.  (1879)  2S3  His  com 
plexion  was  raised  and  he  spoke  with  great  emotion.  1874 
CROOKES  Dyeing  ff  Calico-printing  607  Steam-greens  after 
printing  are  frequently  brightened,  or  '  raised  '  as  it  is  tech 
nically  called.  1884  Girls  Ovjn  Paper  8  Mar.  353  The 
first  pigment  . .  when  mingled  with  any  other  colour  raises 
its  tone — that  is  to  say,  lightens  it. 

d.  To  cause  (the  pulse)  to  beat  faster ;  to  make 
(a  fire)  burn  up  better ;  to  make  hotter ;  etc. 

1707  FLOVER  Physic.  Pulse-Watch  222  Burning  heats  a 
part,  and  raises  the  Pulse. 


said  magazines  are  raising  for  us  at  Coblentz.  1758  GOLDSM. 
Mem.  Protestant  (1895)  I.  225  There  was  raising  a  new 
Regiment  in  his  Province.  1802  H.  MARTIN  Helen  of  Glen- 

ross  II.  180,  I  see  money  is  raising  in  all  possible  ways by 

all  possible  means.  1864  TENNYSON  Enoch  Arden  175 
Annie  seemed  to  hear  Her  own  death-scaffold  raising. 

t  Raise,  vt  Obs.  Also  5  Sc.  rais,  6  rayse. 
[var.  of  RASE  v.1 ;  the  spelling  may  be  partly  due 
to  association  with  prec. ;  cf.  RAISED///,  a.2] 

1.  trans.  To  tear ;  to  scratch,  to  cut. 

In  some  cases  perh.  with  idea  of  'raising'  or  lifting  a 
portion  of  the  surface. 

c  1475  Kauf  Coilyar  550,  I  sail  rais  thy  Ryall  array. 
1590  R.  HARVEY  PI.  Perc.  6  If  you  strike  his  face,  you  can 
raise  no  skin,  for  his  forhead  is  brasse.  1601  HAKLUVT  tr. 
Galvano's  Discov.  23  They  tilled  and  raised  the  ground  with 
oxe  homes.  1641  BEST  Farm  Bks.  (Surtees)  48  That  hee 
lay  strawe  in  the  barne  floore . .  to  prevent  the  wheeles  from 
breakmge  and  raysinge  the  floore.  1677  Land.  Gaz.  No. 
1223/3  [Having]  his  Skin  only  raised. 

2.  To  erase  or  raze. 

1530-'  Act  -2-2  Hen  I'llI, c.  15  Excepted  always.. all  rays- 
ynge  of  recordes.  1588  A.  KING  in  Cath.  Tract.  (S.  T.  S.) 
216, 16  To  raise  the  diett  of  ane  instrument.  1601  R.  Jonx- 
SON  Kingd.  ^  Commw.  (1603)  165  In  the  year  1241  they 
raised  [1630  razed]  Kiouia  the  cbiefe  city  of  the  Rutheni. 
1645  Atom,  to  Pref.  130  If  there  had  been  any  such  church 
robbene  of  raising  the  recordes. 

3.  To  graze,  touch. 

_  1591  SPENSER  I'ision  Bellay  xiv,  It  seem'd  her  top  the 
firmament  did  rayse. 

Raise,  obs.  pa.  t.  RISE  v. 

Raised  (r^zd),  ///.  a.l     [f.  RAISE  K.I  +  -ED!.] 

1.  Set  erect  ;  restored  to  life ;  roused  up. 

1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  I.  ii.  29  Those  are  the  raised  Father,  and  his    .' 
Friends.     1697  G.  KEITH  ?nd  Narr.  Proc.  Turner's  Hall    ' 
32  The  Raised  Saints  shall  neither  need  Candle,  nor  Light 
of  the  Sun. 

VOL.  VIII. 


incandescence  by  friction  against  our  atmosphere. 

V.  f  35.  intr.  To  rise,  in  various  senses.  Obs. 
1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  xx.  xxii,  Syr  Gauwayns  hors  \ 
fete  reysed  and  so  the  hors  and  he  fyl  to  the  erthe.  1490 
CAXTON  Eneydos  vii.  32  The  delectable  name  of  hir  cyte 
grewe  &  reysed  in  praysing.  1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  iv. 
xxn.  273  lust  as  imprison'd  windes,  when  once  broke  forth, 
One  against  the  other  raiseth.  1666  Ormonde  AISS.  in 
io//;  Kef.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  v.  12  They  never  raised 
in  rebellion  against  his  Majestic.  1702  Eng.  Theophrnst. 
240  His  reputation  abroad  will  raise  or  sink  as  his  affairs 
go  well  or  ill  at  home.  1727  Philip  Qnarll  (1816)  57  The 
fowl ..  launched  itself  into  the  pond,  but  raised  more  easily, 
which  gave_  him  time  to  take  his  aim.  1761  HUME  Hist. 
Eng.  II.  xxix.  145  The  artisans,  finding  their  profits  to  raise 
by  the  favour  of  their  Customers,  increase,  .their  skill. 
36.  Raising  =  being  raised. 


121 

b.  Raised  pie:  A  pie  having  a  '  raised'  crust  ( see 
RAISE  i'.i  i  c). 

'747-9*  MRS.  GLASSE  Cookery  xiii.  191  Raised  pies  should 
have  a  quick  oven,  and  well  closed  up.  1844  Am.  S.MII  H 
Adv.  Air.  Lcdbury  iii.  (1886)  n  [He]  entered  a  neighbouring 
shop,  where  he  purchased  a  raised  pie.  1865  BFFTON  Diet 
Cookery  282/r  Raised  Pie  of  Veal  and  Ham... Plenty  of 
practice  [should  be]  given  to  the  making  of  raised  pies. 

2.  Set  on  foot,  instituted,  rare. 

1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  i.  i.  159  Lead  to  the  Sagitary  the  raised 
Search. 

3.  Lifted  tip,  elevated,  exalted,  high.  lit.  znAfig. 
1627  FEI.THAM  Resolves  i.  xli.  (1709)  101  From  the  Pismire 

..to  the  Monarch  on  the  raised  Throne.  1662  STILLINGFL. 
Orig.  Sacr.  n.  iii.  §  2  Such  as  are  of  more  raised  and  inqui 
sitive  minds,  a  1708  BEVERIDGE  Thes.  Theol.  (1711)  III.  n 
High  and  raised  apprehensions  of  God's  goodness.  1818 
SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  in.  xi,  A  stroke  on  my  raised  arm  and 
naked  head.  1873  JOWKTT  I' Into  (ed.  21  III.  400  Between 
the  fire  and  the  prisoners  there  is  a  raised  way. 

Comb.  1662  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacr.  m.  iii.  §  2  The  more 
raised-spirited  Moralists. 

b.  Raised  beach,  a  former  beach,  now  situated 
above  sea-level. 

1842  H.  MILLER  O.  R.  Sandst.  i.  (ed.  2)  37  A  raised  beach 
of  the  .Moray  Fnth.  1863  A.  C.  RAMSAY  Phys.  Geof.  i. 
(1878)  ii  On  all  continents  and  on  many  large  islands  raised 
beaches  occur. 

4.  Increased  in  height  or  size ;  made  larger, 
thicker,  or  more  prominent ;  standing  out ;  etc. 

1582  STANYHURST  jKucis  i.  (Arb.)  21  Soom  wights  'vp- 
noating  on  raisd  sea  wyth  armor  apeered.  1599  MINSHEU 
Span.  Gram.  77  Imbrodered  with  imbost  or  raisd  golde  and 
pearle.  1676  WISEMAN  Chirurg.  Treat,  v.  ix.  380  '1  he  raised, 
up  Lip  might  be  troublesome  to  the  Chirurgeon  in  his  work. 
1772  T.  NUGENT  tr.  Hist.  Friar  Gerund  II.  339  Two  scapu- 
laries  ornamented  with  tinsel  raised-work.  1777  MACBRIDE 
in  Phil.  Trans.  LXVIII.  127  The  lime-water  ooze  penetrates 
raised  leather.  1836  Pinny  Cycl.  V.  240  The  type  required 
forprintingin  raised  characters.  1882  CAULFEH.D&  SAWARK 
1  Diet.  Needlework  416  Raised  Embroidery  ..  consisting  ol 
working  raised  flowers  upon  a  flat  foundation. 

Comb.  1632  HAYWARU  tr.  Biondis  Eromena  55  They  laid 
downe  the  Beere  upon  a  rais'd-worke  mourning  Coverlet 
1879  SIR  G.  SCOTT  Led.  Arc/lit.  II.  177  Square  and  oblong 
spaces  were  vaulted. .on  the  raised-ridge  principle. 
b.  Increased  in  amount  or  degree. 
1706  J.  WARD  Introd.  .Math.  -i.  ii.  §  5  (1734!  iS7  The 
intermediate  Terms  in  the  new  Raised  Power.  1809  PINK- 
NF.Y  Trav.  France  58  His  wife  came  in,  hearing  my  raised 
voice.  1826  Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  n,  122  To  speak  of 
him  as  dead,  seemed  to  her  raised  feelings,  like  murder. 
1846  P.  Parley's  Ann.  VII.  232  With  smiling  face,  indeed, 
but  with  a  raised  complexion. 

5.  Naut.  Raised  upon :  Having  a  framework 
added  to  increase  the  height  of  the  sides. 

1799  NELSON  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  I.  3,  I  exerted  myself 
to  have  the  command  of  a  four-oared  cutter  raided  noon 
1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  559. 

Raised,  ///.  a.2  (and  pa. pple.).  [f.  RAISE  v? ; 
now  associated  with  prec.  Cf.  RASED///. a.] 

1.  Of  cloth  :  fa.  Having  the  pile  cut  close.  (Cf. 
velours  ras,  drap  if  or  ras  in  Cotgrave.)  Obs.  b. 
Having  the  pile  (apparently)  cut  away  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  leave  a  raised  pattern. 

c  1550  fabric  Rolls  York  Minster  (Surtees)  311  A  greene 
cushion  of  raised  velvet.  1578  Itiv.  R.  Wardr.  (1815)  222 
Ane  other  [gpwne]  of  raisit  claith  of  silver.  1870  ROCK 
Textile  Fabrics  Introd.  Ixxiii,  Some  [art-velvets]  are  raised 
or  cut,  the  design  being  done  in  a  pile  standing  well  up  by 
itself  from  out  of  a  flat  ground  of  silk.  find.  200  The  fabric 
.  .now known  as  cut  or  raised  velvet. 

1 2.   Of  shoes  :  Having  designs  cut  in  the  leather. 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  m.  14/2  Pinked  or  raised  shooes, 
have  the  over  leathers  grain  part  cut  into  Roses,  or  other 
devices. 

t  Raise-devil,  a.  tionce-wii.  [f.  RAISE  z».l  20.] 
Devil-raising. 

Ci66l  Jtfry.  Argyle's  Last  Will  in  Harl.  Misc.  (1746)  I 
VIII.  27/1  That.. it  may  by  the  same  raise-Devil  Directory  I 
be  conjured  up  again. 

Rai'sedly,  adv.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [f.  RAISED  i 
•"<.  a.1  +  -LY  2.]  In  an  elevated  or  excited  manner, 


RAISIN. 

raiser  of  all  that  storm.  1847  TENNYSON  Prim.  Concl.  87 
Araiser  of  huge  melons  and  of  pine.  ifyqAct  37  «,  38  /  'ict. 
c-  94  §  42  The  raisers  of  such  inhibition:,.,  may  again  record 
the  same.  1884  Harper's  M,,g.  June  53/2  A  disappointed 
raiser  of  church  debts. 
b.  So  raiser-up. 

"'425  Cursor  M.  16705  (Trin.)  Heil  bou  temple  caster 

I    donn  :  v  And  reiser  vp.     1580  HOLI.YIIAND  Treas.  /•;-.  Toiig, 

Resuscitenr  de  proces  vitidez,  a  raiser  vp  of  matters  alredy 

decided  and  iudged.     1879  Miss  BRADDON  Vixen  III.  89 

She  had  been,  .the  raiser-up  of  many  a  sickly  child. 

2.  That  which  raises ;  spec,  an  elevator  muscle  ; 
also,  leaven  or  yeast. 

1758  J.  S.  Le  Bran's  Obser-j.  Surf.  (i7-i)  Expl.  Fig.  v, 
The  Raiser  of  the  Scapula.  1838  I.vnoN  Alia  x.  ii.  357 
His  excited  fancy  was  the  sole  and  real  raiser  of  the  spectre. 

3.  Carpentry,   a.  A  riser  (of  a  stair;,     b.  A  start 
or  shoulder  of  a  water-wheel  bucket. 

1679  MOXON  Mech.  E.rerc.  1. 152  You  would  by  supporting 
each  Step  with  a  Raiser  have  the  model  of  a  true  pair  of 
Winding  Stairs.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Optiat,  Mechanic  85 
All  the  grooves  for  starts  or  raisers,  and  buckets,  were  cut 
}  out  before  it  was  removed.  1875  KNIGHT  Viet.  Mech.  1874/1 
Raiser,  the  front  of  a  step. 

t  Raise-velvet,  a.  Oh.  ra>v.~l.     Superfine. 

Cf.  raised  velvet  s.v.  RAISED///.  n.'~ 

1603  Patient  Grissil  (Shaks.  Soc.)  19  'The  sintheresis  of 
the  soul ',  and  such  like  raise-velvet  terms. 

tRaish.  Obs.  rare-1.  [Echoic.]  A  harsh  swish. 

1710  Last  Distemper  Tom  H'/n'fg  n.  38  A  Couple  of 
undone  Ravens,  cutting  the  Air  at  every  Stroke  of  their 
rank  Wing  with  a  Raish  [etc.]. 

Raisin  (r/i'z'n).  Forms  :  a.  3  raycin,  4-5 
-syn,  4,  6-7  -son,  4,  7  -sin,  (5  -sing),  6  -sen'; 
4, 6- raisin,  6-8 -son.  0.  4racyn,  4-6  rasyn;g, 
5rason,razin,5-6rasin,6  -en.  7.4-5  reysyn(g, 
(5  reyssyng),  4-6  reysin,  (5  -ing),  4-7  -on,  (5 
-one,  -oun) ;  4-5  reisyn,  6  -on,  6-7  reisin,  7 
-en.  S.  4resyn(g,  5 -7 -on,  (6  -oun) ;  5  reasyng, 
6  -en,  7  -in,  6  reazin,  6-7  (9)  reason,  t.  5  roy- 
son.  [a.  OF.  raiz-,  razin,  reis-,  resin,  roisin, 
etc.  (F.  ra/««)  =  Prov.  razin,  razim,  Sp.  raeinw:— 
pop.  L.  *racim-um,  L.  radin-tim  RACEME. 

The  five  main  forms  of  the  word  are  all  of  Fr.  origin  ;  that 
with  oi  is  rare  in  Engl.,  but  is  the  base  of  G.  rosine,  Du. 
rozijn,  Da.  rosin,  Sw.  russin.  The  pron.  (r/'z'n)  remained 
current  after  the  spelling  reason  had  been  dropped,  and  is 
still  defended  by  Webster  in  1828  (cf.  quot.  1807  in  28); 
Sheridan,  however,  gives  (r«''z'n)  in  1789.] 

1 1.  A  cluster  of  grapes ;  a  grape.   Obs. 

1382  WYCLIF  Lev.  xix.  10  Ne  in  thi  vyne  5eerd  the 
reysonus  and  cornes  fallynge  down  thow  shall  not  gedere. 
1:1400  MAU.NDEY.  (1839)  xv.  168  The  peper  growethe,  in 
maner,  as_  dothe  a  wylde  Vyne.  . .  and  the  Fruyt  thereof 
hangethe  in  manere  as  Reysynges.  1484  CAXTON  FaHes  of 
sEsop  iv.  i,  A  foxe  . .  beheld  the  raysyns  that  grew  vnon  a 
hyghe  vyne.  1614  RALEIGH  /list.  World  i.  (1634)  103  The 
fruit  of  the  Vine  or  Raysin,  did  not  grow  naturally  in  that 
part  of  Armenia. 


IMU  uivmciy.     1007  JMUHMJH  ouppi.,  l^aistuy,  excitedly. 

Rai'sedness.    ?  Obs.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.] 
The  state  of  being  raised,  elevated,  or  exalted. 

1645  W.  JENKVN  Stil-Destroycr  32  Others  neglect   the 
Sacrament.. in  comming  with    little   raisednesse   of  soule 
dead  affections.     1646   H.   I.AWUKNCE    Comm.  Angells  33 
Thirdly,  you  shall  know  what  they  know,  and  as  they  know    i 
it  ;  whence  you  see  what  raisednes  of  your  conditions  will    I 
bee.  1693  R.  FLEMING  Disc.  Earthquakes  57  Such  a  Raised- 
ness  and  Security  of  a  Christians  Soul  in  an  extraordinary 
Hour  of  Tryaf. 

Raiser  (r(T!- zaA  [f.  RAISE  z/.i  +  -ER  i.] 
1.  One  who  raises,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb. 
13..  Evang.  Nicod.  1162  in  Herrig  Arcliiv  LI  1 1.  413  To 
(>e,  Ihesu,  we  pray,  Rayser  tyll  lyfe  fro  ded.  1388  WYCLIF 
yuditli  xiv.  9  That  Holofernes  schulde  awake  not  of  the 
reisens.  c  1460  To-.unelcy  Myst.  xxii.  37  Rasars  of  slander- 
yngys.  1570  BTCHANAN  Aamonitionn  Wks.  (1892)  24 
Rasaris  of  rebellious  1377  B.  GOOCE  Hmsbach's  Husb. 
1 1586)  47  b,  In  no  wyse  to  be  a  rayser  or  enhaunser  of  rentes. 
1607-12  HACON  F.ss. .  Parents  >,  Childr.  (Arb.)  272  They  that 
are  the  raysers  of  their  houses  are  most  indulgent  towardes 
theire  Children.  1611  BIBLE  Dan.  xi.  20  Then  shall  stand 
vp  in  his  _estate  a  raiser  of  taxes.  1665  MANU;Y  Cretins' 
I.oivC.  H'arres62$  The  raysers  of  the  War  were  scattered 
here  and  there.  1704  NORRIS  !,ical  U'orld  II.  vii.  367  The 
great  raiser  and  improver  of  the  optical  science.  1741 
MIDDLETON  Cicero  I.  vi.  459  Caesar  was  the  author  and 


tb.   =  Raisin-grape  (see  3).   Obs.  rare—1. 
'573  TUSSKK  Huso.  (18781  76  Of  trees  or  fruites  to  be  set  or 
remooued..20  Respis.  21  Reisons. 

2.  A  grape  partially  dried,  either  in  the  sun  or 
by  artificial  means.  (Chiefly//.) 

a.  [1278  Dnrh.  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  486  In  ..  ficubus, 
Raycmys,  et  novem  lagenis  vini.J  13. .  Coer  lie  L.  1549  Off 
froyt  here  is  gret  plente'  !  Fyggys,  raysyns,  in  frayel. 
£1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret,,  Gov.  Lordsh.  74  Old  wyn  and 
swete  raysyns.  1533  ELYOT  Cast.  Hdthe  (1539)  20,  Ray.-ons 
do  make  the  stoniake  firme  and  strong.  1616  H.  JONSON 
Devil  an  Ass  ii.  i,  Is  not  that  strange,  Sr,  to  make  wine  of 
raisins?  1651  JER.  TAYLOR  Serin,  for  Year  L  vii.  81  A  man 
is.  .so  exposed  to  calamity,  that  a  raisin  is  able  to  kill 
him.  1703  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  3971/4  Their  Cargoes,  consisting 
of..Brandys,  Prunes,  Raisons.  1841  LANE  Arab.  Nts.  I. 
123  A  sweet  drink  composed  of  water  with  raisins. 

(3.  (-1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gffzi.  Lordship  77  Seuyn 
dragmes  of  pressyd  rasynges.  c  1450  3/innr  Saluacioun 
1771  Figes,  Razines  and  Nuttes  and  apples.  i$iftMS.Acc. 
St.  John's  Ilosp.,  Canterb.,  Payd  for  a  pound  of  Rasens 
iijrf.  1551  TURNER  Herltal  (1568)  II.  144  The  frayles  ..  that 
figges  and  rasines  are  carried  better  in. 

y.  13..  A".  Alis.  5193  It  wil  al  fruyt  ete,  Applen,  noten, 
reisyns,  and  whete.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv. 
245  Vse  in  this  tymes  . .  fygis,  tlatis,  and  reysyns.  1596 
I.  SMYTHE  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden)  90  To  suppe..with 
bread  and  reysins. 

S.  [1348-9  Durh.Acc.  Rolls  (Surtees)  549  In  duabus  libr. 
de  Resyns  sanz  pepyn.]  14..  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  621/8 
/  'no.  passa,  resonn.  1544  in  R.  G.  Marsden  Sel.  PI.  Crt. 
A  dm.  (1894)  I.  127  Venturyn..ladyth  ij  butts  saying  therein 
to  be  reasens  of  Damask.  1645  How  ELL  Lett.  lix.  (1650)  241 
With  Figs  and  Reasons  allur'd  litill  Children.  [1807  H.  I. 
PYE  Comm.  Commentators  Shaks.  225  Reason  and  raisin 
.  .are  pronounced  alike  in  the  age  of  George  the  Third,  by 
every  person  who  speaks  without  affectation.] 

fb.  Great  raisins,  the  dried  fruit  of  the  common 
vine,  as  distinguished  from  small  raisins  -  raisins 
of  Corinth  (see  CURRANT  I  a).  Obs. 

c  1420  Liber  Coconun  16  Sethe  |>enne  oj?er  raysyns  grete 
In  rede  wyne.  c  1430  Two  Cookery-bks.  33  pen  caste  |jer-to 
Roysonys  of  Coraunce,  Dates  y-talid,  grete  Roysonys.  1485 
In-.',  in  Ripan  Ch.  Acts  (Surtees)  366  In  small  reasynges, 
i\d.  1584  COGAN  Haren  of  Health  cvii.  (1612)  95  Great 
Raysons,  and  small  Raysons,  otherwise  called  Corans.  1598 
Kpulario  B  iij  b,  Take  a  few  small  Reasons  and  an  Onion. 
c.  Raisins  of  the  sun,  sun-dried  grapes. 
IS44  PHAER  Ktgim.  Lyfe  (1553)  I  vj  b,  A  litle  quantitie  of 
raisins  of  the  sunne.  1612  WOODALL  Snrg.  Mate  Wks 
(1653)  166  Currants  and  Reysons  of  the  Sun  are  likewise 
very  good  [in  Scurvy].  1780  ;.  T.  DILLON  Trav.  Spain  376 
I  he  raisins  of  the  sun.  .are  still  more  delicate.  1841  Penny 
Cycl.  XIX.  274/1  Muscatels,  blooms,,  .raisins  of  the  sun 

16 


RAISING. 

3.  attrib.  and  Coinb.,  as  raisin-brandy >  -^ -frail, 
-grape,  -z'tite.  -wine ;  raisin-tree  (see  quots.). 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  SnJ>p.t  *  Raisin  brandy,  ..a  very 
clean  and  pure  spirit,  obtained  from  raisins.  1669  EVKLVN 
Vintage  { 1675)  48  Putting  the  cluster  into  a*raisin-irail  or  bag 
of  hair-cloth.  1676  WORLIDGE  Cyder  ( 1691}  225  The  *Raisiu- 
grape  is  a  large  and  long  grape.  1767  J-  ABUHCROMBIE  ET. 
Man  his  own  Card.  (1803)  674/2  Tokay,  red,  white,  Alex 
andrian,  Raisin  [Grapes].  1883  Cheltenham  Examiner 
Suppl.  19  Sept.  1/3  Berries  and  apricots  often  yield  still 
more  profit  to  the  acre  than  raisin  grapes.  1548  TURNER 
Names  llerbes  (E.  D.  S.)  86  Rhibes  ..  is  called  in  some 
places  of  Englande  a  *Rasin  tree.  1887  NICHOLSON  Diet. 
Gardening^  Raisin-tree,  Japanese,  a  common  name  for 
Hoi'enia  dnlcis.  1597  GERARUE  Herbal  n.  cccxxtii.  (1633) 
875  We  may  call  it  m  English  "Raisin  Vine.  166^  EVELYN 
Kal.  Hort.  (1729)  234  Cluster  Grape,  Parsley,  Raisin  [Vines]. 
1769  M»s.  RAFI-ALD  Eng.  Househpr.  (1778)  319  To  make 
Smyrna  "Raisin  Wine.  1843  E.  ACTON  Mod.  Cookery  xxvi. 
541  Raisin  Wine. 

Raisin,  variant  of  RASKX,  wall-plate. 

Raising (r^'-zirj1),^/.^.   [f. RAISED  +  -ING1.] 

1.  The  action  of  tlie  vb.,  in  various  senses ;  spec. 
in  Curling^  driving  a  partner's  stone  into  one  of 
the  circles  round  the  tee. 

^1350  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881)  134/216  It  was 
bikini  ..  Thurg  raising  of  ^e  kinges  .sun.  1388  WYCLIF 
Judith  xiv.  9  Thei..ymagyneden  by  craft  vnrestfulnesse 


very  hooly  crosse  was  prouyd  by  rey singe  of  a  deed 
woman.  1501  PKRCIVAI.L  A>.  Diet.)  Descerco,  the  raising 
of  a  siege.  ---  ""  "  """  "*— '-  "*  ^~  J"" - 


1622  MlSSKLDEN  Free   Trade  106  The  deare- 


nesse  of  tilings,  which  the  Raising  of  Money  bringeth  with 
it.  1706  J.  WARD  hit  rod.  Math.  \\.  ii.  §  5(1734)  154  In 
volution  is  the  Rai-iin^  or  Producing  of  Powers  from  any 
proposed  Root.  1781  COWPER  Lett.  8  Apr.,  I  send  you 
a  cucumber,  not  of  my  own  raising.  1828  SCOTT  F.  M. 
Perth  ii,  A  sign  from  Catharine,  if  that  slight  raising  of 
her  little  finger  was  indeed  a  sign.  1892  J.  KERR  in  Skating^ 
Curling,  etc.  350  Every  competitor  shall  play  four  shots  at 
..raising,  and  chipping  the  winner. 

b.  So  raising  up. 

c  1440  Prontp.  Pam.  428/1  Reysynge  vp,  elevacio.  1530 
PALSGR.  260*2  Raysing  tip  of  athyng,  lenee.  I597GERARDE 
Herbal  in.  Ixxxviii.  1256  Almonds,  .serue  for  the  raising  vp 
of  flegme  and  rotten  matter.  1684  BusVAN/V/^r.  n.  69  The 
reason  of  raising  up  of  that  Stage. 

c.  With  a  and//.  An  instance  of  this  ;  spec,  in 
U.S.  a  house-raising  (see  RAISE  v.  8). 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  \Vks.  III.  361  Suspendingis,  enter- 
ditingis,  curbing  is,  and  reisingis  of  croiserie.  1388  —  Ps. 
xdi.  4'1'he  reisyngisofthesee  ben  wondurful.  1609  HOLLAND 
Amtfi.  Marcell.  xxvn.  xii.  324  Sapor, .  .by  way  of  open  reises 
and  raisings  of  booties  wasted  all  Armenia.  177*  M. 
CUTLER  in  Life,  Jrtils.  %  Corr.  (iS3S)  I.  38  At  Robert 
Dodge's,  at  a  raising.  1856  G.  DAVIS  Hist.  Sketch  Stock- 
bridge  fy  Sovthbridge,  .Mass,  174  Raisings  were  also  con 
sidered  as  an  affair  of  similar  interest,  followed  by  an 
entertainment  of  good  things.  1861  TRKNCH  Comm.  Ep.  7 
Churches  ii  Such  raisings  from  the  dead  as  that  of  the 
widow's  son. 

2.  Anything  that  is  raised ;  a  raised  place. 

1572  HULOET,  Raysing,  or  going  vp  of  a  hyll,  accliuitas, 
1611  COTGR.,  Condoli  a  ridge  or  raising  of  earth.  1658 
A.  Fox  \Vnrtz'  Sitrg.  n.  xxviii.  196  The  place  . .  is  hard 
and  red,  and  a  raising  is  there.  1742  LEONI  Palladia's 
Arc/tit.  I.  64  The  floor  of  the  Chambers  is  raised  thirteen 
foot  from. .the  ground..;  and  below  under  the  raising  of 
the  thirteen  foot,  are  the  Cellars.  1858  Skyrings  Builders 
Prices  (ed.  48)  46  If  raised  panels,  add  from  whence  the 
article  arises.  If  moulded  raisings,  add  [etc.]. 

3.  a   A  crop  raised,     b.  Mining  —  GET  sbl  i  b. 
1869  Daily  News  8  Dec.,  Its  most  important  'raisings' 

are  in  wheat,  oats,  maize,  tobacco,  grapes,  &c.  1883 
GRESLEV  Gloss.  Coal-mining  198. 

4.  attrib.  and  Comb. praising-cord ^gin^-machine^ 
-motion,  -tool,  -vat,  -wheel \  raising-bee  (£/".*$".), 
a  gathering   of  neighbours  to  give  assistance    in 
raising  the  framework  of  a  house  or  other  build 
ing  ;  raising-board,  a  corrugated  board  used  in 
raising  the  grain  of  leather  (Knight  Diet.  Mech. 
1875) ;  raising-dinner  (£7.5.),  a  dinner  given  at 
a  '  raising ' ;  raising-gig  —  GIG-MILL  (Knight  Diet. 
Meek.) ;    raising-hammer,    a    hammer   used   in 
giving  metal  a  rounded  form  (see  RAISE  v.  31  d) ; 
raising-knife    (see   quots.) ;     f  raising-pair,    a 
framework  used  in  mining  (see  quot.) ;  raising- 
room,  a  room  where  cloth  is  raised. 

1836  Hack^voods  of  Canada  121  Neighbours  who  assemble 
at  your  summons  to  raise  the  walls  of  your  house. .  :  this  is 
termed  a  '  "raising  bee1,  a  1859  W.  IKVING  Knickerb.  vn. 
ii.  (1900)  254  '  Raising  bees'  also  were  frequent.  1839  URE 
Diet.  Arts  1230  The  dots,  spots,  or  ciphers  which  denote 
the  "raising  cords.  1702  New  Eng.  Hist.  4-  Gen.  Reg. 
(1879)  XXXII I.  176  note,  Provide  a  *Raysing  Dinner  for 
the  Raysing  the  Schoolmasters  House.  1497  Naval  Ace. 
Hen.  K//u8g6)  104  Shipping  crane  with  a  *Reysing  gynne. 
1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  404  Figure  277  shows  the 
narrow  edge  of  the  *  raising-hammer,  in  the  act  of  descending. 
1725  URADLEY  Fam.  Dicf.  s.  v.  Green  plot,  They  put  the 
*Raising  Knife  under  the  Turf  and  raise  it  up.  1875 
K.NIGHI  Diet.  Mech.  1874/1  Raisiiig-knift!,  a  knife  employed 
by  coopers  in  setting  up  the  staves  in  form  for  a  cask.  1885 
Census  Instruct. ,  'Raising  Machine  Minder.  1839  URF. 
Diet.  Arts  1230  The  "raising  motion  Is  effected  by  coupling 


>egm  at  the  liottom  of  any  '. 

the  Day  to  Sink,  we  rise  with  these  Pair  upwards. 
URE  Philos.    " 
to  anil  from 


I\Januf.  203  The  cloth  passes  several  times 
the  *  raising  and  cutting-rooms.     1884  IV  ham 


122 

Daily  Pest  23  Feb.  3/5  bteel-pen  Trade.— Wanted,  a 
*Raismg-Tool  Maker.  1852  MOKFIT  Tanning*?  Currying 
(1853)  197  The  last  *raising-\at,  which  contains  tin:  strongest 
tan~- liquor.  (71824  DOUGLAS  in  Trans.  Highland  Soc.  VI. 
105  The  crank  must  revolve  nearly  13  times  to  give  the 
*  raising- wheel  one  revolution. 

Rai'Sing,  ///.  a.    [-ixa2.]     That  raises. 

1609  \V.  M.  Man  in  A/<w/(?  (1849)  20  Their  followers  ;  who, 
by  the  raising  hand  of  their  lord's  assistance,  have  ascended 
many  high  and  loftie  steppes  of  dignity. 

Rar sing-piece,  [f.  RASEN  sb.  (q.v.),  asso 
ciated  with  RAISING  vll.  sb^\  A  wall-plate. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron,  xn,  Hen.  I'll/  605  From  the  firste 
water  table  to  the  raysyng  or  resun  pieces.  1663  GERUIEK 
Counsel  66  Oake  Rooting  raysing  pieces.  1679  MOXON 
Meek.  Exerc.  I.  143  Wall  plates,  or  Raising  Pieces  and 
Beams.  1736  NEVE  City  $  C.  Purchaser  s.v.  1842  GWILT 
An  hit.  §  1023  Raising  Piece,  one  which  lies  under  a  beam 
or  beams  and  over  the  posts  or  punchions. 

So  Rai  sing-plate. 

1679  MOXON  Mfch.  E.verc.  I.  137  They  frame  the  Raising- 
plates  just  as  the  Ground-plates  are  framed ;  and  then 
frame  the  Roof  into  the  Raising-plates.  1835  J.  NICHOLSON 
Opcrat.  Mechanic  571  Wall-plates  are  sometimes  called 
raising  plates. 

Kaison,  obs.  form  of  RAISIN,  variant  of  RASEN. 

Raison,  -able,  obs.  ff.  REASON,  REASONABLE. 

||  BaiSOll  d'etre  (rgzoh  dgtr').  [Fr.]  *  Reason 
of  being  ' ;  rational  ground  for  existence. 

1867  MORLEV  Burke  208  Plunder  in  three  forms,  .was  the 
very  raison  d'etre  of  the  power  of  the  [East  India]  Com 
pany.  i83o  Standard  vg  Nov.,  The  Royal  Society  has 
almost  ceased  to  have  a  raison  d'etre. 

II  HaiSOnne  (*$zone)t  a.  [Fr.,  pa.  pple.  of  rat- 
sonnet  to  reason,  etc.,  f.  raison  REASON.]  Reasoned 
out,  logical  or  systematical. 

J777  H-  WALPOLE  Lett.  (1857)  VI.  492  This  is  my  creed. . 
I  think  it  is  raisonni:  1845  THACKERAY  JMisc.  Ess.  (1885) 
102  French  Cookery  is  not  . .  apfrofondi  or  elaborately 
described,  but  nobly  raisonne". 

b.  Catalogue  raisontid,  a  catalogue  (of  books, 
pictures,  etc.)  arranged  according  to  subjects,  and 
giving  information  beyond  mere  names  or  titles. 

1805  CAREY  in  Life  ix.  (1885)  228  A  catalogue  raisonne*  ot 
the  ancient  Hindoo  books.  1865  DIKCKS  J/?y.  Wore.  ii.  17 
A  most  interesting  catalogue  raisonne. 

Raiss,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RACE  jtf.i  Raistit,  obs.  var. 
REISTIT  Sc.  Raisty,  var.  REASTY,  RESTY  Obs. 

*h  Rai' sure.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RAISE  z*.1  -f  -USE.] 
Elevation. 

1613  MARKHAM  Eng.  Hitsbandtnan  \.  n.  xvi.  (1635)  203 
Where  by  meanes  of  such  raUure,  you  shall  want  mould. . 
you  shall  supply  that  lacke.  1677  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  in.  2 
The  highest  raisures  of  natural  or  moral  endowments. 

Rait,  obs.  f.  RATE  ;  Sc.  pa.  pple.  RAY  Obs. ; 
var.  RET  v.  Raitch,  dial.  var.  RACHE  j£.i  Rai- 
ter,  obs.  var.  REITER. 

Raith  (r£».  Sc.  (fand  north.')  Also  4  rath(t, 
rape,  4,  8  rathe,  8  reath.  [a.  Olr.  rathe t  rdithe, 
or  Gael,  rdith  in  same  sense  (cf.  QUIDRATHE). 
The  appearance  of  the  word  in  the  Cursor  1(1.  is 
remarkable.]  A  quarter  ot  a  year  ;  three  months. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  16166  (GOtt.)  Herodes  had  grenid  him 
to  se,  ^ar  forwid  mam  ratht.  Ibid.  23833  Said  it  es  gane 
mani  rath  [etc.l.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xl.  (Ninian]  772 
Men  fastis  it.  .tnryse  like  rath  of  be  }ere.  1768  Ross  Hele- 
nore  i.  6  Howsoon  as  the  jimp  three  raiths  was  gane.  a  1774 
I-'ERGUSSON  Rising  of  Session  Poems  (1807)  277  Little  mair 
than  half  a  reath.  1871  W.  ALEXANDER  Johnny  Gibb  (1873) 
57,  I  wuntit  him  to  gie  Sawney  a  raith  at  Ian*  mizzourin'. 

Raith,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RATHE  a.  and  adv.  Raithe, 
dial.  var.  RATHE  sb.  Raither,  dial.  var.  RATHEH. 
Raive,  Sc.  pa.  t.  RIVE  v.  Raivel,  Sc.  var. 
RAVEL  sb.  and  v.  Raiyat,  var.  RAYAT.  Raize, 
Sc.  var.  RAISE  v.1  (5  d). 

|i  Raj  (rads).  Also  8  raje.  [Hindi  raj :  cf. 
RAJA(H.]  Sovereignty,  rule  ;  kingdom. 

1800  Asiatic  Ann.  Rtg.,  Misc.  Tr.  261/2  An  account  of 
the  revenues  of  this  raje,  and  a  chart  of  the  country.  1858 
J.  IJ.  NORTON  Topics  58  A  very  faint  sample  of  what  must 
have  universally  happened  had  any  new  '  Raj '  been 
established.  1890  Athenaeum  13  Sept.  348/1  That  standing 
miracle,  the  maintenance  of  the  British  raj  [in  India], 

Raja,  variant  of  RAIA. 

It  Raja,  rajah  (ra-dga).  Forms :  6-7  (8)  raia, 
7  raiah,  raiaw,  raya;  7  raga,  ragea,  8  ragia;  7 
radgee,  8  radja ;  7-  raja,  7-  rajah.  [Hindi  raja, 
Skr.  rajan  king,  etc.,  f.  raj  to  reign,  rule  ;  cognate 
with  L.  rex,  reg-is^  Olr.  ri,  rig  king  (see  RICH).] 

Originally  the  title  given  in  India  to  a  king  or 
prince ;  in  later  times  extended  to  petty  chiefs 
or  dignitaries  (as  Zemindars)  or  conferred  as  a 
title  of  nobility  on  Hindus,  and  adopted  as  the 
usual  designation  of  Malay  and  Javanese  rulers  or 
chiefs  (cf.  quot.  1777). 

1555  EDEN  Decades  224  The  Kyngs  name  was  Raia 
Colambu  and  the  Prince  was  cauled  Raia  Siagu.  1608 
\V.  HAWKINS  in  Purchas  Pilgrims  (1625)  in.  viL  §  2.  209 
A  Raga,  who  was  absolute  Lord  of  a  Prouince.  1608  FINCH 
Ibid,  iv.  §  4.  424  A  small  King  or  Raiaw,  a  Gentile.  1630 
LORD  Banians  <$•  Persees  68  The  Raiahs..did  procure  the 
Bramanes  to  make  it  an  act  of  Religion  {etc.].  1665 
SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  65  This  Castle  [Rota]  for 
many  Ages  acknowledged  the  Radgee  her  Governour. 
1735  SOMKKVILLE  Chase  n.  331  Potent  Rajahs  who  them 
selves  preside  O'er  Realms  of  wide  Extent.  1777  MILLER 
in  Phil.  Trans.  LXVIII.  167  Their  Radjas  (by  which  name 


RAKE. 

they  call  every  freeman  that  lias  property,  of  which  there 
are  sometimes  one,  sometimes  more,  in  one  Compong,  and 
the  rest  are  vassals).  1810  SCHTHEY  Kehaina  vu.  xi,  The 
power  Of  the  dread  Rajah,  terrible  alike  To  men  and  Gods. 
1844  H.  H.  WILSOX  Brit.  India  I.  i.  99  The  Raja  of 
Bhurtpore  had  become.,  an  ally  of  the  British  Government. 
1878  C.  STANFORD  Symb.  Christ  \,  13  A  chieftain  so  different 
from  the  fiery  rajahs  around. 

ait  rib.     a  1843  i'1   Southey  Comnt.-pl.  Bk.  Ser.  n.  (1849) 
486  The  whole  race  of  Kettris,  the  Rajah-tribe  of  India. 
b.  attrib.  in  bird-names,  as  raja(Ji)  faryt  shrike. 

1812  G.  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  VIII.  537  Raja  Lory.  Pshtacus 
Raja.  .Scarlet  Lory,  with  gold-yellow  wings.  1822  LATHAM 
Gen.  Hist.  Birds  II.  63  Rajah  shrike,  ibid.  226  Rajah 
Lory.  Size  of  the  Purple-capped  Lory  . .  Inhabits  the 
Moluccas,  and  there  called  Rhadia,  and  is  a  rare  species. 

Rajah-poot,  obs.  form  of  RAJPOOT. 

!!  Rajahship  (ra-dgajip).    [f.  RAJAH  +  -SHIP.] 

1.  The  territory  of  a  rajah. 

1698  J.  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  <$•  Persia  166  They  are  only 
said  to  be  a  petty  Rajaship  in  the  Plain.  1763  SCKAFTON 
Indostan  (1770)  14  There  are  a  number  of  Rajnhships  inter 
spersed  throughout  India,  which,  .have.. never  been  sub 
dued.  1862  BEVEKIDGE  Hist.  India  I.  in.  iv.  430  The  two" 
rajahships  or  Hindoo  states  of  Trichinopoly  and  Tanjore. 

2.  The  rank  or  power  of  a  rajah.    Also  as  a  title. 


led  to  the  confiscation  of  his  estates.    1867  Gd.  Words  336/1 
His  Rajahship  rose. 

Raje,  obs.  form  of  RAJ. 

|]  Rajpoot,  raj  put  (ra-d^p?7t).  Forms  :  a.  6 
reysbuto,  7  resbuti  (//.)»  rashboot(e,  -bout, 
-poot,  rasboute,  reshpout,  8  rasspout.  £.  7 
ratspuche,  razbooche.  7.  7  ragipou,  8  raij- 
pout,  rajah-,  rajepoot,  9  rajapoote,  -put,  rauje- 
poot,  rajpoot,  -put.  [Hindi  rajput t  f.  Skr.  raja 
king  +  flutrason.  The  form  rashbftt  is  found  in  an 
Oriental  writer  of  the  i6th  c.  (Yule);  reysbuto  came 
through  Pg.,  and  ragipou  through  Fr.]  A  member 
of  a  Hindu  tribe  or  class,  claiming  descent  from 
the  original  Kshatriyas,  and  distinguished  by  its 
military  spirit. 

a.  1598  tr.  Linschotens  I'oy.  xxvii.  48  Reysbutos  of 
Cambaia  doe  yet  Hue  by  robbjng  and  stealing,  and  those  of 
Cambaia  pay  tribute  to  the  saide  Reysbutos.  1615  E.  TKRRV 
in  Purchas  Pilgrims  (1625)  ix.  vi.  §  4.  1479  The  Rashbootes 
eate  Swines-flesh  most  hatefull  to  the  Mahometans.  1689 
DAMPIER  y&y.  (1697)  I.  507  Our  Seamen  ..  calling  the 
Idolaters,  Gentous,  or  Rashbouts.  1727  A.  HAMILTON  New 
Ace.  E.  Ind.  I.  xii.  134  Those  Rasspouts  ..  are  all  Gentle 
men  of  the  Sword,.,  well  trained  in  the  Art  of  killing. 

attrib.  1616  SIR  T.  ROE  Jrnl.  o^Oci.  (Hakluyt  Soc.)  II. 
282  In  the  handes  of  a  Rashboote  Gentile. 

ft.  1612  COPLAND  in  Purchas  Pilgrims  (1625)  IV.  viii.  §  i. 
467  A  Castle  kept  by  the  Ratspuches.  i6iz  WHITHINGTON 
Ibid.  §  3.  482  A  Castle  of  the  Razbooches  (which  were 
before  the  Mogolls  Conquest,  the  Nobles  of  that  countrey 
now  lining  by  robbery). 

y.  1678  J.  PHILLIPS  tr.  Taverniers  Trav.  n.  i.  iv.  34  The 
Ragipou's,  who  are  the  best  Souldiers  among  the  Indians. 
1763  SCRAFTON  Indostan  (1770)  7  The  Soldiers  are  commonly 
called  Rajah-poots.  1800  Asiatic  Ann.  Reg.t  Chron.  47/2 
A  remarkable  strong  Rajepoot,  selected  for  the  purpose. 
1841  ELI-HINSTONE  Hist.  Ind.  I.  i.  103  The  Rajputs  still 
loudly  assert  the  purity  of  their  descent  from  the  Cshetriyas. 
1864  TREVELYAN  Compet.  IVnllah  (1866)  67  Coer  Sing,  who 
was  recognised  as  chieftain  by  the  Rajpoots,  or  soldier 
caste,  of  that  region. 

attrib.  1878  A.  C.  LYAI.L  in  Fortn.  Rev.  XXX.  543 
(/leading}  A  Rajput  Chief  of  the  old  School. 

Rak,  obs.  f.  RACK,  RAKE  sbl ;  obs.  Sc.  f.  RECK. 

Rakcat,  obs.  form  of  RACKET  sb.i 

Rake  (r^'k),  sbJ-  Forms :  i  raca,  racu,  4  raak, 
5  rak,  5-6  Sc.  raike,  4-  rake.  [OK.  raca  m., 
racu  f.  =  MLG.,  MDu.  rake  (Du.  raak\  (M)Sw. 
-raka,  Da.  -rage^  related  by  ablaut  to  MLG.  reke, 
OHG.  rehho,  recho  (MHG.  reche,  G.  recheti}  rake, 
ON.  reka  spade,  shovel,  f.  root  *rek-  (Goth,  rikan, 
OHG.  re/than}  to  gather,  heap  up.] 

1.  An  implement,  consisting  of  a  bar  fixed  across 
the  end  of  a  long  handle  and  fitted  with  teeth  which 
point  downwards,  used  in  field-work  for  drawing 
together  hay,  grass,  or  the  like,  and  in  gardening 
for  similar  purposes  or  for  breaking  up,  levelling, 
and  smoothing  the  surface  of  the  ground  (a  hand- 
rake).  Also,  a  larger  agricultural  implement  of 
the  same  character,  mounted  on  wheels  and  drawn 
by  a  horse  (a  horse-rake}^  or  one  of  the  bars  with 
teeth  in  a  tedding-machine. 

a  725  Corpus  Gloss.  25  Rostrum,  rsece.  c  1000  V^ELFRIC 
Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  105/1  Rostrum*  vel  rasteliinn,  raca. 
a  noo  Gerffa.'m  Anglia  IX.  263  He  sceal  habban  . .  bytel, 
race,  jeafle,  hladre  [etc.].  1387  TRF.VISA  Higden  (Rolls) 
III.  55  Fabius  slow?  Remus  -.  wib  an  herdes  rake  [v.r. 
rank],  c  1420  Pattad.  on  Hnsb.  i.  837  Take  thy  spadis, 
rakis,  knyf,  and  shoule.  1523  FITZHERB.  Hnsb.  §  24  A  good 
husbande  hath  his  forkes  and  rakes  made  redye  in  the 
wynter  before.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1638)  105  All 
his  mattockes,  forkes,  rakes,  syths  [etc.].  1697  DRYUEN 
I'irg.  Georg.  i.  233  The  land  with  daily  Care  Is  exercis'd, 
and  with  an  Iron  War  Of  Rakes  and  Harrows.  1727-46 
THOMSON  Summer  359  Infant  hands  Trail  the  long  rake 
..Wide  flies  the  tedded  grain.  1841-4  EMERSON  Ess., 
Prudence  Wks.  (Bohn)  I.  98  Keep  the  rake,  says  the  hay 
maker,  as  nigh  the  scythe  as  you  can,  and  the  cart  as  nigh 
the  rake.  1844  STEPHENS  fik.  Farm  (1855)  II.  228/2 
A  skeleton  carriage,  having  a  series  of  revolving  rakes, 
occupying  the  place  of  the  body. 


BAKE. 

b.  Phr.  As  lean  (also  thin,  f  rank)  as  a  rake. 

c  1386  CUAUCKK  Prol.  287  And  leene  was  his  hors  as  is  a  rake. 
c  1450  HOLLAND  Hoiulat  216  The  Ravyne . .  Was  dene  rurale 
to  reid,  rank  as  a  raike.  a  1529  S K ELTON  /*.  Spartnue  913 
Odyous  Enui  ..  His  bones  crake,  Leane  as  a  rake.  1694 
MOTTEUX  Rabelais  v.  iv,  All  these  sorts  of  Birds  . .  grow  in 
an  instant  as  fat  as  Hogs,  tho'  they  came  as  lean  as  Rakes. 
1823  K.  MOOR  .ViyrV/t  IVds.  s.v.,  'Thin  as  a  rake'  is  not 
an  infrequent  comparison  with  us. 
C.  transf.  A  very  lean  person. 

1581  STANYHURST  sEutis  in.  (Arb.)  89  A  meigre  leane  rake 
with  a  long  herd  goatlyke.  1607  SHAKS.  Coy,  I.  i.  24  Let  vs 
reuenge  this  with  our  Pikes,  ere  we  become  Rakes. 

2.  An  implement,  similar  to  the  above,  used  for 
various  purposes,  sometimes  having  a  Jlat  blade  in 
place  of  the  bar  with  teeth. 

1530  PALSGK.  260/2  Rake  for  the  Kenell,  rastcau.  1574 
SCOT  Hop.  Card.  (15781  51  A  Rake  fashioned  like  a  Coale 
rake,  hauing  in  stede  of  teeth  a  boorde.  1671  [see  rake-man 
in  4).  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  606  The  tools 
of  the  plasterer  consist  of  . .  a  rake,  with  two  or  three 
prongs,  bent  downwards.. for  mixing  the  hair  and  mortar 
together.  1851  GHEENWELL  Coal-Trade  Terms  Xorthnmb. 
fif  Dur/t.  41  A  rake,  with  about  8  teeth.. is  used  by  the 
hewer  in  working  coal  by  separation.  1868  Rep.  I'.  S. 
Commissioner  Agric.  (1869)  342  The  tongs  [in  oyster 
fishing]  are  composed  of  two  iron  rakes  attached  to.  .poles. 
b.  A  kind  of  rasp  or  scraper.  (?  For  RAPE  sl>.:>) 

1727  BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Hoof  bound,  With  a  Rake 
or  Drawing-lron,  file  or  draw  away  the  old  Hoof  somewhat 
near.  1843  Penny  Cycl.  Supp.  I.  624/2  In  the  preparation 
of  hares'  fur  for  the  hatter,  the  skin.,  is  rubbed  with  a  kind 
of  saw  called  a  rake.  1878  Ure's  Did.  Arts  IV.  380  The 
skin  is  first  carded  with  a  rake,  which  is  the  blade  of  an 
old  shear  or  piece  of  a  scythe,  with  large  teeth  notched  into 
its  edge. 

3.  =  rake-hook  (see  4). 

1797  JOHNSTON  Dcckmann's  Invent.  III.  152  The  same 
craft  in  avoiding  rakes  and  nets  is  ascribed  to  that  fish. 

4.  altnb.  and  Comb.,  as  rake-backed  adj.,  rake- 
handle,  -head,  t->«a«,  -shaft,  -shank,  -teeth,  -tine, 
-wheel;  rake-dredge,  a  dredge  fitted  with  a  rake, 
used    for    collecting    natural    history   specimens; 
t  rake-fetter,  ?  a  maker  or  mender  of  rakes  ;  rake- 
hook,  a  set  of  hooks  fixed  on  a  bar  which  is  dragged 
along  the  bottom  of  a  river  or  lake  so  as  to  catch 
lish  by  the  body;  frake-leau  a.,  lean  as  a  rake; 
rake-steel,  a  rake-handle  (now  dial.}. 

1629  GAI-I.E  Holy  Main.  324  Gaunt-belly'd,  'Rake-backt. 
CISOO  Locke  LorclCs  B.  n  Schouyll  chepers,  gardeners, 
and  rake  fetters.  1780  EDMONDSON  Body  Heraldry  II. 
OIoss.,  Rake-head,  as  borne  in  armory.  1844  STEPHENS 
h/f  /'arm  (1855)  II.  229/2  As  there  are  8  rake-heads,  there 
_will  he. .36  contacts  with  the  substance. .to  be  lifted.  1884 
T.  bHBmr  Sport  viii.  120  The  fines  imposed  for  illegal 
tlshing,  or  for  having  leisters,  -rake-hooks,  or  nets.  1891 
Daily •  NMS  28  .May  4/8  They  kill  fish  by  '  sniggling  ',01 
rake  hooks,  by  the  gaff  or  cleek.  1593  NASHE  Christ's  T. 
320,  through  theyr  garments  theyr  "rake-leane  rybbes 
appeared  1618  BKATHWAITE  Descr.  Deatli  in  Karr  S.  P. 
Jos.  !  (1848)  270  Hisrake-leane  body  shrinking  underneath. 
1671  l/iil.  Trans.  VI.  2112  The  "Rake-man,  .constantly 


•  —  ....._,  ^n.  u,c..vir3  404  .LUC  iioruoiitai  raKe-snait 

has  a  number  . .  of  wrought  iron  rakes  bolted  on.  c  1386 
CHAUCER  Wife's  T.  93  That  tale  is  nat  worth  a  "rake  stele. 
c  1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  iv.  2009  Youre  resons  lady 
avayle  not  a  rake-stele.  1878  CumtU.  Gloss.,  Kate-steel, 

I\akc-snank,  the  handle  of  a  rake.  1844  STEPHENS  Bk. 
/•arm  (1855)  II.  229/1  Bringing  the  "rake-teeth  nearer  to, 
jr  farther  from  the  ground.  Ibid.  230/1  All  the  *rake-tines 
are  lifted  from  the  ground  by  one  operation.  Ibid.  229/1 
Ihe  two  *rake-wheels.  .are  of  very  light  construction. 

tKake,  si.'-  Obs.  Forms:  i  brace,  3  rake. 
[OE.  Arsete,  /trace,  -it,  f.  hraca  in.  =  OHG.  ra/iho 
(MHG.  rache,  G.  racheii),  MLG.  rake,  Du.  rank 
throat.]  The  throat,  jaws. 

c8ij  I'csp.  Psalter  v.  ir   Byrjeii  open  is  hra;ce  huara. 
c  looo  Sax.  I.ccclid.  II.  62  Stinge  him  jelome  on  ba  hracan    ' 
pait  he  mage  spiwan.     a  1225  St.  Marker.  1 1  The  rode  the 


or  streak,  channel,  string  of  cattle,  etc.),  f.  *rdk- 
ablaut  var.  of  rek-  to  drive :  see  RACK  sb.l  In 
later  use  also  in  part  repr.  ME.  rayk,  RAIK  .,/<.] 

1.  A  way,  path ;  esp.  a  rough  path  over  a  hill, 
a  narrow  path  up  a  cleft  or  ravine. 

13  ..  Ga-M.  S,  Gr.  Knt.  2:44  Ryde  me  doun  bis  ilk  rake, 
blVJO  rpkke  syde.     a  1400-50  A  lexandcr  5070  Lene  to  be 

:lt  hand,  r  or  be  rake  on  be  rin  hand  bat  may  na  man  passe.     . 
.'  c  1600  /IniffSM  MS.  in  Northumbld.  Glass.  s.v.,  Two  brode 
Wales  or  rakes  commonly  used  occupied  and  worne  with 
cattal  brought  out  of  Scotland.    1869  l.onsdaU  Glass.,  Rake,     | 
..A  strip  of  ground,  .lying  in  the  side  of  a  hill,  and  sunk 
below  the  level  of  the  neighbouring  parts.     1872  (ENKINSON 
Guide  Eng.  Lakes  303  A  method  of  ascent .  .is  by  the  '  Lord's 
Rake  ,  a  narrow  cleft  a  short  distance  from  the  ridge. 

Af.  a  1400-50  Alexander  3383  Out  of  be  rake  . .  of  rijt- 
wysnes  ren  suld  he  neuire. 

2.  a.  A  run,  rush;  speed,  ran. 

c  1460  Tr.mclcy  Mysl.  xvi.  65  Fast  afore  wyll  I  hy  radly    I 
on    a  rake.     1768  Ross  Helcnore  n.  t,t  Their  milk  white 
lads.  .At  a  gueed  rake  were  running  on  before, 
t  b.  A  pass  iii  fencing.   06s.  rare. 

'  MS°  fencing  w.  two  /landed  S-.vord  in  Kcl.  Ant.  I.  309  ' 
thy  rakys,  thy  rowndis,  thy  quarters  abowte,  Thy  stoppis,  i 
thy  fovnys,  lete  hem  fast  rowte. 

J.  Course  nr  path.  esp.  of  cattle  in  pasturing;  ' 
hence,  pasture-ground,  light  of  pasture. 


123 

111640  JACKSON  Creed  xi.  xii.  §  8  In  that  region  wherein 
the  clouds  have  their  rake.  1688  MIECJE  Grt.  Fr.  Diet. 
Sillage,.  .Course,  the  Rake  or  Run  of  a  Ship,  her  Way  for 
ward  on.  1724  MS.  Survey,  Lower  Bninton  in  Nortlinm/, 
Gloss.,  It  pays  131.  4</. .  .yearly  for  what  is  call'd  a  Rake  for 
their  cattle  in  Tuggle  Moore.  1728  in  Best  Farm.  Jits. 
(Surtces)  174  note,  This  walk  or  rake  for  my  tenants'  sheep 
<if?a,C*Stoa>  Pry  or  Monk  Lees.  1863  MRS.TOOGOOD  Yorksh. 
Vial.,  I  he  cattle  had  a  good  rake  ower  yon  common. 
attrik.  1744  AT.  Riding  A'ec.  VIII.  m  A  rake-tent  of  las 
or  leave  to  graze  their  cattle  upon  Raskelf  Moor. 

4.  A  single  journey  in  conveying  anything  from 
one  place  to  another ;  hence,  the  amount  so  carried 
by  a  person,  horse  or  cart ;  a  '  gang '. 

1792  A.  WILSON  in  Poems,  etc.  (1876)  II.  25  He  kend  . 
How  mony  rake  wad  lave  the  ocean  loom.     1862  D  WIN- 
<.,u  E  in  Blackw.  Mag.  .Mar.  377  The  ponies  had  their  rakes 
brought  in,  And  been  stabled  one  by  one.      1894  CROCKETT 
haulers  192  To  fetch  a  rake  of  water  from  the  well. 

5.  A  leading  vein  of  ore,  having  a  more  or  less 
j    perpendicular  lie;  a  rake-vein. 

Hooson  Miner's  Diet.   (1747)   limits   the  term  to  a  vein 

I    which  is  in  process  of  being  worked. 

1634  in  Pennant  Tour  in  Wales  (17781  I.  74  A  grant 
made.. by  Charles  I.  of  all  the  mines  of  lead,  or  rakes  of 

;    lead,  within  the  hundreds  of  Coleshill  and  Rudland.     1651 

.  MAX-LOVE  Rlij/medCliron.  2  If  any  ..  find  a  Rake,  Or  sign, 
or  leading  to  the  same.  Ibid.  200  Main  Rakes,  Cross  Rakes 
. .  Randum  of  the  Rake.  1759  MARTIN  .\at.  Hist.  I.  66  It 
run,  along  after  the  Rakes,  and  not  crossing  them  as  the 
leading  Vaults  do.  1884  J.  A.  PHILLIPS  Ore  Deposits  i.  64 

.'  It  is  now  well  known  that  the  true  fissure  veins,  or  rakes 
pass  through  these  igneous  rocks. 

b.  Kake-soil,  the  deads  or  mbbish  of  a  vein.  '(Obs. 
1653  MANI.OVE  Rhymed  Cniva.  271. 
t  6.    -RACE  j/i.5,  KACHE  st>.~  06s.  rare-1. 
1685  Land.  Gas.  2023/4  A  little   Spaniel   Hitch  brown  and 
white  spotted,  .and  a  white  Rake  on  the  Forehead. 

7.  A  rut,  groove. 

1781  J.  HUITON  Ttitr  to  Caves  (ed.  2)  Gloss.,  Rake,  rut, 
crack,  or  crevice.  1789  Trans.  Sec.  ArlsVll.  199  Heavy 
loads,  .made  almost  as  deep  a  rut,  or  rake,  as  ever.  1812-16 
J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  f;  Art  I.  no  The  blade.. is  covered 
with  rakes  or  small  grooves  close  to  each  other. 

8.  A  row,  series.    =RACK  s&.1  9  b. 

1901  Daily  Record  (Glasgow)  28  Nov.  3/2  A  number  of 
lads  were  riding  on  a  rake  of  hutches. 

Rake  (r<?'k),  jiM  Also7rack(e.  [?  f.  RAKE  i>.a] 
1.  Naitt.  a.  The  projection  of  the  upper  part  of 
a  ship's  hull  at  stem  and  stern  beyond  the  corre 
sponding  extremities  of  the  keel  (distinguished  as 
forerake  and  sternrake').  Hence,  the  slope  of  the  I 
stern  or  stern-post,  or  of  the  rudder. 

1626  CAHT.  SMITH  Accid.  Yng.  Seamen  9  The  lengths, 
breadthes,  depthes,  rakes,  and  burdens.  1664  E.  BUSHXELL 
Coinpl.  Shipwright  7  Had  we  given  5  foot  more  Racke 
I«90  LEYOOURN  Curs.  Math.  83,  55  Foot,  .for  the  length  by 
the  Keel,.  .16  Foot. .for  the  Rack  forward.  1706  PHILLIPS 
(ed.  Kersey),  s.v.  The  Rake  of  the  Rudder.  i7n  W. 
SUTHERLAND  Shipbiiild.  Assist.  60  Looking  on  the  Rake  of 
the  Stern  of  any  Ship.  1813  BL-RNEY  Falconers  Mar 
Diet.  s.v.  Rudder,  Rake  of  the  Rudder,  a  term  used  to 
signify  the  fore  part  of  the  rudder,  which  depends  entirely 


BAKE. 

6  Sc.  raik,  4,  8  raken.     [a.  ON.  raka  (Sw   raka 
I  )a.  rage;  to  scrape,  shave,  rake,  elc.  =  (M  LG 
(M)Dn.  raken,  f.  the  root  *rak-  :  see  RAKE  ^.1,  on 
which  later  uses  may  to  a  large  extent  be  directly 
based.] 

I.  1  1.  trans.  To  scrape  away.   Obs.  rare  -'. 

Q<ri"5*-G"<*'  *  £:-'  2'32  A1,8at  8ist:  firbt  •"'•  ts^i's]  maken, 
bulen  9is  oaere  vii.  rospen  &  raken. 

2.  To  draw  together,   collect,  gather  (scattered 
objects)  with,  or  as  with,  a  rake. 

£  |i2So  Gen    g,  Ex.  3324  Dor  migte  euerilc  man   fugeles 
taken    So  fee  re  he  vvu|den  rak(;n      I456  in  Gross  (,.M 

illerc/i.  (1890)  II.  345  No  man.  .Rake  yn  ony  mannes  lond 
ane  Corne  yn  harvc-styme.  iS3o  PALSGK.  678/2  Rake 
thiscorne.  1598  GRENBWEY  Tacitus,  Ann.  xii.  ii.  (162-)  157 
in  ree 


upon  the  rake  of  the  stern-post.      1833  R'ICHARUSON".]/^ 
c/i.  9  It  also  shows  the  round  aft  of  the  stern  on  the 


rake.     1867  SMYTH  Sailors  IVord-bk.  559. 

b.  The  deviation  (usually  towards  the  stern)  of 
a  ship's  masts  from  a  perpendicular  to  the  keel. 

1815  BURNEY  Falconer's  Mar.  Diet.  s.v.  1842  LEVER  J 
llinton  xxxvi,  The  rake  of  her  low  masts,  and  the  Ion" 
boom.  1882  W.  H.  WHITE  .\aval  A  rcliit.  (ed.  2)  506  It  is 
customary  to  have  the  greatest  rake  in  the  aftermost  mast. 

2.  transf.  The  inclination  of  any  object  from  the 
perpendicular  or  to  the  horizontal ;  slope. 

1802  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  XX.  287  The  stems  are  segments  of    j 
a    circle,    with    considerable    rakes.      1825    J.    NICHOLSON    I 
Operat.  Mccluiiiic6oi  To  find  the  face-mould  of  a  staircase, 
so  that  when  set  to  its  proper  rake  it  will  be  perpendicular 
to  the  plan.   1881  Gard.  Chron.  XVI.  657  The  arrangement  of 
the  plants  follows  the  rake  of  the  roof.    1893  BuiiiBng  News 
10  Feb.  189  The  stage  floor,  .rises  from  the  foot-lights,  .at  a 
rake  of  half  an  inch  to  the  foot. 

Rake  (r<?'k),  s&.r>  [abbrev.  of  RAKEHELL.]  A 
man  of  loose  habits  and  immoral  character;  an 
idle  dissipated  man  of  fashion. 

'653  H.  MOKE  Antid.  Atli.  in.  vii.  §  13  Sclwl.,  These  dis- 
solute^Rakes  endeavour  to  extinguish  the  memory  of  the 
narrations.  1710  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  Up.  Bui-net  . 
20  July,  I  here  are  more  atheists  among  the  fine  ladies  than 
the  loosest  sort  of  rakes.  1775  SHERIDAN  Duenna  u.  iii,  Is 
lie  not  a  gay  dissipated  rake  who  has  squandered  his 
patrimony'/  1836  HOB.  SMITH  Tin  Trump.  (,876)  89  An 
old  rake  who  has  survived  himself  is  the  most  pitiable 
object  in  creation.  1880  L.  STEPHEN  Pope  iv.  83  Pope.,  had 
tried  to  assume  the  airs  of  a  rake. 

(W//>.     1891  TENNYSON  Dawn  iii,  Rake-ruin'd  bodies  and    ' 
souls  go  down  in  a  common  wreck. 

b.  A  woman  of  similar  character. 

1711  Si  EEI.E  Sfcct.  No.  336  T  3  These  Rakes  are  your  idle  '• 
Ladies  of  Fashion,  a  1777  GOLDSM.  Gift  i  Cruel  Iris,  pretty 
rake.  Dear  mercenary  beauty.  1832  L.  Hi  M.V/.-/T.  Ksher 
(1850)  367  How  superior  did  she  seen:  to  all  the  fair  rakes  of 
the  Court.  [t886  BVNNER  A.  Surriase  x.vxi.  373  A  plentiful 
sprinkling  of  rakes  of  both  sexes.) 

Bake(rt<k),fl>.«  rare-*',  [f.  RAKE  z/.l  9.]  The 
act  of  raking  with  shot. 

1810  .Vavat Cliron.  XXIII.  97  The  frigate .. gave  her  the    ' 
rake  astern. 

t  Rake,  s6.i  Obs.  we-1.    A  herd  (of  colts). 

1486  ISk.  M.  Al/'ans  V  vj,  A  Rags'  of  coltis  or  a  Rake. 

Rake,  obs.  form  of  RACK  rf.l.  sb.-.  .r/v' 

Bake  ^rj'k ;,  K  '    Also  7  rack ;  pa. pplc.  4  rake,    , 


.  .       .     . 

Her  exceeding  greedines  in  raking  mony.  1627  MAY  I.ucan 
vii.  846  Ihere  gold  rak'd  in  Spaine,  '1'here  tb'  Easterne 
Nations  treasuryes  remainc.  1796  MORSK  Aintr  Ceo?  I 
772,  3  or  400  go  annually  to  Turk's  Island,  to  rake  salt 

al'sol.  1642  ROGERS  Kaaman  173  A  spirit  of  the  world 
lusting  to  rake  and  scrape. 

b.  So  with  together.     ^Commoner  than  prec.) 

1550  [see  RAKING  -M.  sbl  i].  1570  6  I.AMBARDE  I'eraml: 
Kent  (1826)  137  Odo  raked  together  great  masses  of  silver 
and  gold.  1663  BUTLER  ll,,d.  i.  i.  676  But  now  a  Sport 
more  formidable  Had  rak'd  together  Village  Rabble.  1840 
UICKKNS  Barn.  Radge  x,  Leaving  the  window  now  and 
then  to  rake  the  crackling  logs  together.  1874  GREEN 
Mwrl  Htst.  ix.  §  4.  629  Raking  together  every  fault  in  the 
Chancellor. 

3.  To  diaw  or  drag  in  a  specified  direction  with, 
or  as  with,  a  rake  (freq.  with  implication  of  sense  2]. 
Const,  with  various  preps,  and  advbs.,  as: 

a.  with  out,  out  of.     To  rake  out  afire  :  To  clear 
the  embers  out  of  the  grate. 

1412-20  I.VLG.  Chifii.  Trey  I.  ii,  His  hyd  iniquitee  He  out 
gan  rake  that  hath  he  hyd  so  long.  IOCH'MARSIO.N  -.Antonio's 
h,v.  II.  i,  A  slave  lak't  out  of  common  mud.  1691  \\\.r.,, 
AH,.  O.im.ll.  318  All  the  bad  things,  .which  1'rynne  could 
pick  and  rake  out  of  Histories.  1838  PHKSCOTT  J-'crd.  t,  Is. 
(18461  III.  xxill.  341  Endeavouring  to  Kike  a  good  claim  for 
Castile  out  of  its  ancient  union  with  Navarre  1853  •  C' 
I.ti.E'  yerdant  Green  iv.  (ed.  4)  3J  To  see  that  your  fire 
was  safely  raked  out  at  night. 

b.  with   up.      Used  esp.   of  searching    for    and 
bringing  forward  all  thnt  can  be  said  or  charged 
against  a  person. 

1581.1.  lii.i.i.  //„  'dou's  Answ.  Oscr.  198  '1'he  Pope.  .  rakelh 
uppe  unto  him  .  .that  which  was  geven  to  the  whole  Church. 
1680  ALLEN  I'cace  f,-  Unity  27  l!y  raking  up.  and  thai 
scattering  abroad  all  ihe  evil  they  can.  1729  in  Keble  Life 
/'/.  Hilson  xx.  (1863)  698  Raking  up  and  ransacking.. 
several  articles  of  illegal  and  arbitrary  practices.  1813  Gen. 
Hist,  in  Ann.  Rrg.  20  This  evidence  is  to  be  raked  up  in 
Older  to  condemn.  1831  Xo'.e  Bk.  Oxonian  215  Should  tbe 
black  win,  Ihe  bankers.  .  rake  up  the  money  from  off  the 
rtd.  1868  FREEMAN  Korm.  Con,!.  (1876)  II.  vii.  144  The  old 
charges,  .were  again  raked  up  against  him. 

C.  with  into,  .  f  nirto,  over  preps.,  in  adv. 
1581  J.  Bi  i.l.  llaiidon's  AHS-.I.:  Osor.  298  [They]  did  rake 
unio  themselves  a  certeyne  Heavenly  power  out  of  the  very 
Heavens.  1583  Si  LUBES  Anat.  Alms.  n.  (1882)  54  By  which 
kind  of  theft,  ..  they  rake  in  great  somes  of  mony.  1637 
R.  HUMPHREY  tr.  St.  Ambrose  i.  6  Bind  up  thy  speech  .. 
list  by  much  lalke  it  rake  into  thy  bosome  many  sinner 
1684  BUNYAN  I'ilgr.  ii.  11900)  184  The  man  ..  raked  to  him 
self  the  Straws.  1888  Wiimitn  .Maud  Midler  Pref.,  She 
strove  to  hide  her  bare  feet  by  raking  hay  over  them. 
d.  with  away,  down,  offa.A\\i-,. 

1623  GOUGE  Scrm.  Extent  Goa's  Prc-'id.  §  13  Vet  were 
those  ashes  raked  away.  1854  RONAI.US  &  RICHARDSON 
Cliem.  leclinol.  (cd.  2)  I.  312  The  charge,  .is.  .raked  down 
on  to  the  lower  level.  1859  R.  THOMPSON  Card.  Assist.  123 
Wooden  rakes,  .are  required  for  raking  off  grass  and  leaves. 
II-  1  4.  To  cover  with,  or  bury  under,  something 
brought  together  with,  or  as  with,  a  rake.  Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Monk's  T.  143  (Hercules)  In  hoote  coles 
he  hath  hym  sejuen  raked,  c  1430  Hymns  Virg.  89/23 
Whanne  bi  soule  is  went  out,  &  bi  bodi  in  erbe  rakid.  1483 
CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  374/1  He  toke  the  y.irne  .  .  and  rakj  d  it 
in  the  fyre.  e  1580  SIDNEY  Ps.  MI.  v,  Then  in  the  dust  lett 
hym  my  honor  rake,  a  1644  QUAKLKS  in  Farr  S.  I\  Jos.  I 
(1848)  136  If  hidden  wages..  doe  lie  Rak't  in  her  furrowes. 
1786  BURNS  Toothache  21  Worthy  friends  rak'd  i'  Ihe  mools, 
Sad  sight  to  see  ! 

t  b.  So  with  up.   Obs. 

1576  FLEMING  Pan,-piie  E/>.  277  The  dende  bodie  of  her 
childe..put  into  the  sepulchre,  and  raked  vp  in  clods  of 
earth.  1603  JONSON  I'o/ft.ne  Ded.,  By  faults  which  charity 
hath  raked  up,  or  common  honesty  concealed.  1622  J. 
REYNOLDS  Gnts  Ra'tngi-m.  Hist,  xv,  Their  remembrance  of 
him  was  wholy  raked  up,  and  buried  in  the  dust  of  his  grave. 
5.  spec.  To  cover  (a  fire)  with  ashes  or  small  coal 
in  order  to  keep  it  in  without  active  burning.  Now 
dial.  Also  inVi'-  context. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Ckron.  Troy  I.  vi,  Many  man  .  .  Can  .  .  rake 
f.dsly  tbe  wycked  couert  fire.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  vin. 
vii.  90  The  puir  wyf  quhilk  at  evin  had  raik  Hyr  ingill,  risis 
for  to  beit  nyr  fyr.  1697  J)HVI>KN  /  7;;^.  Gcorg.  i.  390  To 
work  by  Night,  and  rake  the  Winter  Fire,  a  1796  PEGGE 
Ih-rbieisms.  1820-  in  many  dial,  glossaries. 
Jff.  1601  MUNDAY  ill  Hazl.  Dadt/tfVlll,  185  The  abbot's 
malice,  rak'd  in  cinders  long  Breaks  out  at  last.  1615  BRATH- 
WAII  Sti-affa,io  (1878)  71  Yet  shall  not  ..  those  accomplisht 
parts  ..  Lie  rak't  in  Ashes. 

b.   So  with  Up. 

1330  PALSGR.  678/2  Rake  up  the  fyre  and  come  lo  bedde. 
1629  Bk.  Mecry  Riddles  \  iij,  The  fire  lhat  burneth  briahlt] 
all  the  day,  and  at  night  is  raked  vp  in  his  ashes.  '1742 
YOUNG  Nl.  n.  i.  109  Slumbers,  rak'd  up  in  dust,  ethereal 
fire.  1866  LOWELL  Biglaw  /'.  Introd.,  Such  a  one  .  .  called 
bell  the  place  where  they  did  n't  rake  up  their  fire  nights  '. 
Jig.  1650  K.  SlAPYLTON  Strada's  I.o:a  C.  ll'arrcs  Ml.  Si 

10-2 


BAKE. 

His  Indignation,  then  raked  up  in  Embers,  would  in  time 
breake  out. 

III.  6.  To  go  over  with  a  rake,  so  as  to  make 
clean,  smooth,  etc.,  or  to  find  something.  Also 
with  up,  over. 

1523  FITZHERB.  ffuso.  §  28  Whan  the  barley  is  ledde  away, 
the  landes  musfe  be  raked,  or  els  there  wyll  be  moche  corne 
loste.  1383  BABIXGTON  Coinmaiidm.  iv.  (1637)  38  O  filthy 
savour  that  ariseth  out  of  this  lothsome  channell,  thus  raked 
up  into  the  nostrils  of  the  Lord  !  1693  EVELYN :De  la.  Quint. 
Comfl.  Card.  II.  199  We  rake  it  over  five  or  six  times  with 
an  Iron  Rake,  to  make  the  Seed  enter  into  the  Ground. 
1727-46  THOMSON  Summer  36$  They  rake  the  green-appear- 
ing  ground.  1854  WHITTIEK  Maud  flutter  2  Maud  Muller 
. .  Raked  the  meadow,  sweet  with  hay. 

fig.  1676  MARVELL  Mr.  Smirke  18  To  be  raked  and 
harrowed  thorow  with  so  rusty  a  saw  !  1810  CRABBK  Borough 
i,  The  billows .  .taketheir  grating  course,  Raking  the  rounded 
flints.  1835 .WORDSW.  Death  of  Hogg  21  Clouds  that  rake 
the  mountain-summits. 

b.  transf.  To  search,  etc.,  as  with  a  rake. 

1618  L.  PARSONS  in  Lismore  Papers  Ser.  n.  (1887)  II.  154 
For  feare  he  rake  me  for  more  mony.  1670  EACHARD  Cant. 
Clergy  35  They  rake  Lilly's  Grammar ;  and  if  they  can  but 
find  two  or  three  letters  of  any  name  [etc.].  1727  SWIFT  On 
Dreams,  The  statesman  rakes  the  town  to  find  a  plot.  1884 
f  fanch.  Exam.  19  [line  5/3  To  rake  history  ancient  and 
modern  for  proofs  of  the  wickedness  of  Dissenters. 

al'sat.  1735  in  S-.i'ift's  Lett.  (1766)  II.  219  Mr.  Curll  will 
rake  to  the  dunghill  for  your  correspondence. 

t  c.  In  phr.  To  rake  hell.  Obs.    Cf.  RAKEHELL. 

1341  UDAI.I.  Atophth.  Erasin.  n6b,  Suche  a  feloe  as  a 
manne  should  rake  helle  for.  1677  W.  HUGHKS  Man  a/ Sin 
ll.  xii.  215  Should  you  rake  Hell  and  Scum  the  Devil  (as  our 
Country  speakes)  they  will  hardly  be  outmatched.  1880 
TEXXVSON  Village  Wife  xii,  Ya  wouldn't  find_Charhes 
likes  . .  Not  thaw  ya  went  fur  to  raiike  out  Hell  wi'  a  small- 
tooth  coamb. 

d.  With  complement :  To  make  dean,  clear, 
levtl,  etc.  by,  or  as  by,  raking. 

1399  Pal.  Poems  (Rolls)  I.  363  The  long  gras  that  is  so 
srene,  Hit  most  be  mowe,  and  raked  clene.  1373  TUSSER 
llnsl:  (1878)  I2t  See  feeld  ye  rake  cleene.  1641  [see 
RAKER  '  ij.  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mart,  ix,  Raking  this  country 
clear  o'  whigs  and  roundheads.  1851  STEPHENS  Bk.  l''arm 
(ed.  2)  II.  235/2  The  second  field.worker  . .  rakes  clean  the 
half  ridge  he  has  cleared.  1856  DELAMER  l-'l.  Card.  (1861) 
5^  Rake  the  surface  perfectly  level. 

7.  To  scratch  or  scrape. 

1609  Bp.  H.\u.Srrm.v.  31  That  Head,  .is all  raked  and  har 
rowed  with  thorns.  i66iAfti3^i4C/ias.  If,  vii.  §7  Divers 
Tanners  do  shave  cut  and  rake  . .  the  Necks  of  their  Backs, 
and  Butts,  to  the  great  impairing  thereof.  1754  RICHARDSON 
C,randiso>l  (1781)  I.  xxvii.  195  His  sword  a  little  raked  my 
shoulder.  1821  CRAIG  Left.  Drawing  vii.  380  The  plate  .. 
is  first  raked, notched,  or  punched  all  over.  1866  M.  ARNOLD 
St.  Brandan,  Sand  raked  his  sores  from  heel  to  pate. 
b.  intr.  or  absol. 

1621  BURTON  Anat.  .Mel.  To  Rdr.  41  Thou  . .  stingest  like 
a  Scorpion,  rakest  like  a  Wolfe.  1740  R.  BROOKES  Art  of 
Angling  i.  iv.  22  As  you  will  be  oblig'd  to  play  the  Fish  for 
some  time,  the  Line  must  rake  against  his  Teeth. 

8.  Farriery.  To   clean  (a  costive   horse   or   its 
fundament)  from  ordure  by  scraping  with  the  hand. 

1575  Gamm.  Gurton  m.  iv.  18  Chil  see  what  deuil  is  in  her 
•^iiN.  chil  take  the  paines  to  rake  her  !  Ibid.  20  Did  not  Tom 
Tankard  rake  his  curtal  toure  day.  1607  TOPSELL  Four-f. 
/ieasts  (1658)  270  If  he  be  costive,  let  his  fundament  be 
raked,  or  else  give  him  a  glyster.  c  1720  W.  GIBSON  farmer's 
Dispcns.  x.  (1721)  234/2  If  the  Horse  be  first  raked  very  well, 
which  is  ..  necessary  ..,  that  room  may  be  made  for  the 
Clyster.  180$,  1842  [see  RAKING  vbl.  i*.1  2]. 

b.  Si.  To  rub  the  rheum  from  (the  eyes),   rare. 
1708  M.  BRUCE  Lett.  etc.  26  Love  ..  will  put  you  in  pur 
suit  after  Christ,  or  ever  other  Folk  rake  their  Eyes. 

9.  Mil.anctNaut.  To  sweep  or  traverse  with  shot ; 
to  enfilade ;  spec,  to  send  shot  along  (a  ship)  from 
stem  to  stern  (in  full  to  rate  fore  and  aft). 

1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)BraaeSea  f'if&t Vfks.  ill.  30/1 
\Vee  gaue  him  a  whole  broad  side,  euery  shot  raking  nim 
fore  and  after,  c  1642  in  Glorcr's  Hist.  Derby  (1829)  I. 
App.  71  When  there  was  no  other  expectation  but  of  rakeing 
the  towne,  instead  of  being  seconded,  we  were  called  off. 
1734  tr.  Kollin's  Anc.  Hist.  (1827)^!.  xv.  vi.  82  Coining 
forward  in  boats  and  raking  the  dike  on  each  side.  1800 
NELSON  18  Feb.  in  Nicolas  Disf.  (1845)  IV.  189  Captain 
Peard  . .  lay  across  his  hawse,  and  raked  him  with  several 
broadsides.  1874  GREEN  Short  flist.  iv.  §  6.  207  The 
English  archers  were  thrown  forward  to  rake  the  Scottish 
squares. 

transf.  1636  G.  SANDVS  Paraphr.  Ps.  l\xviii.  (1648)  130 
Thy  thunders,  .rake  the  Skies.  1785  BURNS  Jolly  Beggars 
7th  Recit.,  The  fiddler  rak'd  her,  fore  and  aft,  Behint  the 
chicken  cavie.  1858  RUSKIN  Arrotus  ofChace  (i88o>  I.  131 
[Pictures  hunu]  with  their  sides  to  the  light,  so  that  it  '  rakes ' 
them.  1884  Christ.  Treasury  Feb.  69/1  Every  wandering 
wind,  .seemed  to  take  peculiar  pleasure  in  raking  it. 

b.  To  command,  dominate,  overlook. 

1842  MRS.  F.  TROLLOPE  Vis.  to  Italy  I.  i.  TI  [An]  edifice. . 
so  placed  as  easily  to  rake  the  road  in  all  direction*.  1895 
Jrnl.  R.  fust.  Brit.  Architects  14  Mar.  350  Care  should  be 
taken  that  the  front  door  be  not  too  much  raked  by  the 
principal  windows. 

c.  To  sweep  with  the  eyes  ;  to  look  all  over. 
1848  THACKKRAV  lran.  Fair  Ixvii,  George  took  the  glass 

again  and  raked  the  vessel.  1894  A.  ROBERTSON  Nugxels, 
etc.  164,  I  raked  him  across  the  bows  with  my  two  black 
eyeballs. 

d.  Hawking.  Of  a  hawk  :  To  strike  (the  game) 
in  the  air.     Also  to  rake  off. 


124 

1816  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  t,  Art  II.  534  The  weld  . .  is 
to  be  stirred  with  a  rake.  The  vat . .  is  raked  again  for  half 
an  hour.  1837  WHITTOCK  Bk.  Trades  (1842)  102  (Dyer) 
The  liquor  .  .is  said  to  be  raked,  because  it  is  mixed  with 

t'lV.  11.  To  draw  along  like  a  rake.  Obs.  rare. 


V.  intr.  or  alisol.  12.  To  use  a  rake ;  to  scrape 
with  the  fingers  or  similar  means ;  to  make  search 
with,  or  as  with,  a  rake.  Const,  in,  among  (that 
which  is  scraped  or  searched). 

1575  Gamin.  Gurton  i.  iv.  n  As  thou  sawest  me  raking  in 
the  asshes.  a  1633  AUSTIN  Meitit.(i6^) .176  It  is  not  for 
every  bodies  fingers  to  be  raking  in  Christs  Side,  a  1708 


__ 1842  TENNYSON  Will.  Walerpr.  xvi, 

The  Cock  . .  raked  in  golden  barley.  1856  FROUDE  Hist. 
Eng.  (1858)  II.  xi.  505  It  has  been  no  pleasure  to  me  to  rake 
among  the  evil  memories  of  the  past. 

b.  Const,  after,  for  (the  object  of  search). 
1581  J.  BELL  Hatidon's  Ansiv.  Osor.  259 b,  You  busye 
yourselfe 


I 


with  the  sport .  she  will  be . .  ready  to  rake  the  fowl  as  it  rises. 
10.  Dyeing.  To  stir  or  mix  (liquor)  with  a  rake. 


_, about  a  straunge  matter  as  though  you  were 

raking  after  the  Moone.  1599  SIIAKS.  Hen.  V,  ll.  iv.  98  If 
you  hide  the  Crowne  Even  in  your  hearts,  there  will  he  rake 
."or  it.  1670  COTTON  Espernon  ll.  v.  236  The  people  . .  never 
fail,  after  a  storm  to  rake  all  along  the  Shoar  for  this  Com 
modity. 

c.  fig.  To  make  search  or  investigation,  to  poke, 
into.  Also  wither  as  in  b. 

1637  R.  HUMPHREY  tr.  St.  Ambrose  Pref.,  I  will  rake  no 
deeper  into  this  kennell.  1658-9  in  Burton's  Diary  (1828) 
III.  569  It  is  not  prudence  for  us  to  rake  into  the  proceed 
ings  of  the  former  Parliaments.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Kcv.  206 
To  rake  into  the  histories  of  former  ages,  .for  every  instance 
of  oppression  and  persecution.  1877  MRS.  OLIPHANT  Maktrs 
Flor.  i.  2  Students  rake  into  the  dust  of  old  histories  for 
further  particulars  of  those  street  riots. 

13.  To  move  on  or  ever  like,  or  with  the  effect 
of,  a  rake  ;  to  scrape  against. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  flartas  I.  iii.  21  Whose  pow'rful 
breath  . .  constrains  . .  Seas'  salt  billows  'gainst  Heav'n's 
vaults  to  rake.  1628  DIGBY  Vcy.  Mfdit.  (1868)  91  A  mighty 
growne  sea  that  continually  raked  ouer  our  shippe.  1814 
SOUTHEY  Warning  I'oice  u.  ii,  Like  the  sound  of  the  sea 
Where  it  rakes  on  a  stony  shore. 

14.  To  come  up  when  raked,  rare. 

1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  24  Jan.  1775  What 
rakes  up  is  chiefly  fern. 
f  15.   (See  quots.)     [Perh.  a  different  word.] 

a.  1753  CHAMBKRS  Cycl.  Sitpp.  s.v.,  A  horse  rakes,  when 
being  shoulder-splait,  or  having  strained  his  fore-quarter,  he 
goes  so  lame,  that  he  drags  one  of  his  fore-legs  in  a  semi 
circle. 

b.  1819  REES  Cycl.  s.v.  Racing,  If  it  be  perceived  that 
their  [horses]  wind  begins  to  rake  hot,  and  they  want  a  sob, 
the  business  is  to  keep  them  up  to  that  speed. 

0.  1725  NnuCant.  Diet.,  To  R akf,  signifies  also  to  stick, 
as,  To  rake  in  the  Throttle  \  To  stick  in  the  Throat. 

Rake  (rJ'k),  v.-  [OE.  racian,  perh.  -Sw.  raka 
to  run,  rush,  slip,  etc.  In  later  use  also  in  part 
repr.  ME.  rayk,  raik  RAIK  v.] 

1.  intr.  To  go,  proceed,  move  forward,  esp.  with 
speed.     Also  (esp.  in  later  use),  to  go  or  wander 
about,  to  roam,  stray.     Now  only  dial. 

a.  of  persons.   =  RAIK  v.  i  a. 

a  1013  WULFSTAN  Horn,  xxxii.  (1883!  155  Ne  bib  »a  S=- 
beorhlic  . .  ba:'  he  to  liraidlice  into  gpdes  huse  sefter  (>am 
racije.  c  1205  LAY.  18058  Vtheres  cnihtes  . .  mid  sweorden 
heom  to  rakeden.  c  1330  Artli.  t)  Merl.  8038  (Kolbing)  As 
bai  bus  togider  spake,  Fresche  paiens  on  hem  com  rake. 
-1470  HENKY  Wallace  vi.  429  Furth  fra  his  men  than 
Wallace  rakit  rycht.  1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch  (1676)  357 
As  they  . .  came  raking  by  the  Romans  camp,  c  1645  T. 
TULLY  Siege  Carlisle  (1840)  21  From  thence  they  raked 
towards  Botcherby,  along  ye  Riverside.  1714  MANDEVILLE 
Fab.  Bees  (1723)  I.  305  Keep  their  Children  in  awe,  and 
never  suffer  them  to  rake  about  the  Streets,  and  lie  out 
a-nights.  1869  GIBSON  Folk-Speech  Cumltld.  Gluss.  219 
They  ga  rakin  aboot  widoot  ayder  eerand  or  aim. 
t  b.  of  things.  Obs.  =  RAIK  v.  i  b. 

cSgj  K.  /El.i  RED  Gregory's  Past,  xxxviii.  274  He  his 
tungan  ^ehealde  Sail  heo  ne  racise  on  unnytte  spraxe. 
1-1400  M.  KILIJARE  in  AW.  Ant.  II.  193  So  wo  and  wrake 
sal  fram  the  rake.  1511  Cluvi.i  oiu.i:  Pilgr.  (L'amden)  75 
The  same  sayde  galye..fell  in  rakynge.and  so  draggyd  and 
drolTe  by  force  and  vyolence  of  the  sayde  tempest.  1572 
Scliole-ho.  IVom.  395  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  I'-  IV.  120  The  wife 
would  have  a  tail  Come  raking  after. 

C.  of  animals.  =  RAIK  v.  I  c.  In  later  use,  of 
horses  and  dogs :  To  go  nt  a  rapid  pace. 

c  1400  lleryn  2743  If  that  thy  blowing  of  bat  othir  (leopard] 
.  .bespyed,  Anoonherakithonthe.  1513  DOUGLAS  xA'»/mx  1 1. 
Prol.  177  The  bustuus  bukkis  rakis  furth  on  raw.  1717  A". 
Riding  Rec.  VIII.  100  For  permitting  John  Thompson's 
sheep  to  rake  upon  the  forest.  lMlWllvn-MELVlLU/«nr/< 
the  tiar  xi,  I  followed . . ,  Tipple  Cider  raking  and  snatching 
at  his  bridle  in  disagreeable  exuberance  of  spirits.  1883  K. 
PENNELL-ELMHIRST  Cream  Leicestcrsh.  357  The  pack  are 
raking  onwards,  and  momentarily  there  is  more  danger  of 
.  losing  them. 

2.  spec.  a.  Of  hawks :  To  fly  along  after  the  game  ; 
also  =  ft  rake  out  (off,  away),  to  fly  wide  of  (or 
away  from^  the  game ;  sometimes  said  of  the  game 
itself. 

1575  TURBERV.  Falilconrie  121  She  will  the  lesse  delyght 
to  rake  out  after  a  checke.  IHd.  151  Your  hawke  will 
learne  to  giue  ouer  a  fowle  that  rakes  out.  1677  N.  Cox 
Gfiitl.  Rfcreat.  II.  191  Whistle  her  off  your  Fist,  standing 
still  to  see.  .whether  she  will  rake  out  ur  not.  1797  Eltcfd. 


RAKEHELLY. 

Brit.  (ed.  3)  VIII.  344/2  It  frequently  happens,  that  they 
escape  from  the  hawk,  and  she,  not  recovering  them,  rakes 
after  them.  1852  R.  F.  BURTON  Falconry  in  Valley  of  Indus 
iii.  28  When  the  bird  mounts,  the  hawk  rakes  along  after  it. 
lbid.T,i  She  '  checked '  first  at  one  bird,  then  at  the  other,. . 
and  lastly,. .  she  '  raked  off'.  1855  SALVIN  &  BRODKICK  Fal 
conry  46  A  Hawk  is  particularly  liable  to '  rake  away  ',  and 
amuse  itself  with  an  occasional  stoop  at  any  bird  that  may 
pass.  1859  TENNYSON  Merlin  t,-  I-'.  125  She  is  too  noble,  .to 
check  at  pies,  Nor  will  she  rake. 

b.  Of  hunting  dogs  (see  quots.). 

1819  J.  B.  JOHNSON  Shooter's  Companion  84  A  dog  that 
rakes  (that  is,  runs  with  his  nose  close  to  the  ground1.  1877 
C.  HALI.OCK  Sportsman's  Gaz.  466  All  young  dogs  are  apt 
to  rake  ;  that  is,  to  hunt  with  their  noses  close  to  the  ground, 
following  their  birds  by  the  track  rather  than  by  the  wind. 

B>ake  (r<?'k),  v.'S  Also  7  rack.  [Of  obscure 
origin  :  Sw.  raka,  to  project,  has  been  suggested, 
but  this  (like  Da.  rage}  is  prob.  ad.  G.  ragen.  Cf. 
RAKE  sbA] 

1.  intr.  a.  Of  a  ship,  its  hull,  timbers,  etc. :  To 
have  a  rake  at  stem  or  stern. 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  ii.  4  She  rakes  so  much 
forward.  1692  Ibid.  11.  xv.  122  Suppose  a  Ship  . .  did  Rack 
it  with  the  Stem  forwards  13  foot.  1711  W.  SUTHERLAND 
Shi f build.  Assist.  35  Let  your  long  Timbers.. rake  forward 
one  after  another.  1833  RICHARDSON  Merc.  Mar.  Arch.  6 
To  rake  aft  two  inches  to  every  foot  length  of  the  sternpost. 

transf.  1865  SWINBURNE  Poetusfy  Ballads,  Ti  me  of  Order 
j2  The  wind  holds  stiff  And  the  gunwale  dips  and  rakes. 

b.  Of  masts  or  funnels  :  To  incline  from  the 
perpendicular. 

1691'!'.  H[.\L¥.]Acc.  Xcw  Invent.  126  The  dimensions  of  the 
Masts,  .and.  .the  reasons  of  their  raking  aft.  1769  FALCONER 
Diet.  Marine  (1776)  s.v.  Tomber,  le  mat  tomle  en  arriere, 
the  mast  hangs,  or  rakes  aft.  1882  P.  FITZGERALD  Recreat. 
Lit.  Man (18831  '92  Their,  .ghastly  white  chimneys,  .raking 
back.  1883  R.  JEFFERIES  in  Pall  Mall  G.  5  Nov.  2/1  Two 
lines  of  masts,  one  raking  one  way,  the  other  the  other. 

2.  trans.  To  cause  to  incline.     In  pa.  fple. 

1860  DICKENS  Uncomm.  Trar.  iv,  With  every  face  in  it 
commanding  the  stage,  and  the  whole  . .  admirably  raked 
and  turned  to  that  centre.  1898  Cycling  60  The  '  Rational 
Ordinary '  [bicycle]  has  the  front  forks  '  raked  '. 

Rake  (r<?'k),  v.*  [f.  RAKE  sl>S>\  intr.  To  be  a 
rake  ;  to  live  a  dissolute  or  dissipated  life. 

1700  FARQUHAR  Constant  Couple  iv.  i.  I'll  . .  Swear  and 
Rant,  and  Rake  . .  with  the  best  of  them.  1714  ROWE 
Jane  Shore  Epil.,  To  see  your  Spouses  Drinking,  Gaming, 
Raking.  1824  Examiner  456/2  The  battered  youth . .  rakes, 
games,  makes  love.  1846  GEO.  ELIOT  in  Cross  Life  I.  147 
We  have  been  to  town  but  once,  and  are  saving  all  our 
strength  to  '  rake '  with  you. 

Rakeage  (iv'-ked.^).  rare.  [f.  RAKE  v.i  +  -AGE.] 
That  which  is  raked  together. 

1851  MAYHEW  Land.  Lal<our\\.  205  Engaged  in  removing 
the  Scrapeage  or  Rakeage  . .  from  the  surface  of  the 

^  Raked  (tf'kt),  ppl.  a.  [f.  RAKE  t;.i  + -ED  1.] 
Drawn  together,  covered  up,  etc. 

1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  vm.  ix.  3  The  sloknyt  fyris  hes  he 
gart,  The  rakyt  harthis  and  ingill  jistir  nycht,  . .  bet  and 
kyndill  brycht.  c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXXVIII.  ix, 
The  raked  sparkes  in  flame  began  t'appeare.  1851  STEPHENS 
A*.  Farm  (ed.  2)  II.  230/2  The  latter  may  make  as  many 
ricks  along  one  ridge  as  the  raked  grass  will  admit 

t  Raked  table.  Oi>s.-°  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
(See  quot.  and  cf.  RAKIXC  TABLE.) 

1704  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  s.v.  Table.  Raked  Table,  is  that 
which  is  hollow'd  in  the  Square  of  a  Pedestal,  or  elsewhere. 

Rakee,  variant  of  RAKE. 

Rake-hell  (rtTi-k|hel),  sb.  Now  arch.  Also 
6  rack-.  See  also  RAKEL.  [See  RAKE  v.1  6  c.] 

1.  A  thorough  scoundrel   or  rascal ;   an  utterly 
immoral  or  dissolute  person  ;  a  vile  debauchee  or 
rake.     (In  common  use  c  1550-1725.) 

1554  BALE  Declaration  (1561)  Pref.  Aj  b,  After  the  mis- 
cheuous  example  of  Cain,  and  the  other  rake  hels.  1581 
J.  BELL  HadJon's  Ansm.  Osor,  315  Mpmish  Monckes, 
llattcryng  Fryers,  and  others  such  lyke  Religious  Rackhells. 
1603  H.  CROSSE  Vertues  Comiirw.  u8?8)  87  Al  the  rake-hels 
and  loose  vagabonds  in  a  countrey.  1690  J.  MACKENZIE 
Sien-  Lontlon-Derry  2/1  These  Rake-hells  (who  were  the 
very  scum  of  the  Countrey).  1766  ANSIEY  New  Bath 
tiii'iitt-  (1776)  131  Brother  Simkin's  grown  a  rakehell,  Cards 
and  dances  evry  day.  1870  THORNBUKY  Tour  Kng.  I.  ii. 
43  The  wild  son  of  a  baronet,  a  rake-hell  who  had  been 
brought  up  at  Eton. 

tb.  Applied  to  a  place.   Obs.  rare-1. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleuiaiie's  Comm.  17!),  Rome.. is  the  most 
filthy  sinke  of  al  the  places  in  the  Uniuersall  worlde,  and 
a  rakehell  heaped  of  all  mischief  [L.  inc.thaitsta  colluvics}. 

2.  attrib.  or  as  adj.   =  RAKEHKI.J.Y  i. 

1556  OLDE  Antichrist  186  Most  filthie  rakehell  masse 
priestes  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  xi.  44  Amid  their  rakehell 
hands,  They  spide  a  Lady.  1682  Scf.  Pica  Xoncoiif.  28 
A  reviling  sort  of  Rake-hell  Scriblers.  1782  COWPER  Progr. 
Frr  tziSoOM  lewd  earl,  or  rakehell  baronet. 

transf.     1895  CROCKETT  Cleg  Kelly  xvi,  [A]  rake-hell  cat 
skirmishing  across  from  area-railing  to  area-railing, 
f  b.  of  tilings.   =  RAKEHELLY  2.  Obs.  rare. 

,11547  SURREY  in  Tottelfs  M's,:  (Arb.)  It  The  rakehell 
lyfe  that  longes  to  loues  disportc.  1589  Paffe  -.u.  Hatchet 
B  ij,  If  Martin  haue  not  barrelde  vp  all  rakehell  words. 

Hence  Ba'kehe^llisli  a.  =  RAKEHELLY  ;  t  Bake- 
hello-nian,  one  of  the  '  sect '  of  rakehells. 

,11704  T.  BROWN  ll'ks.  (1730)  II.  313,  '  havc  been., 
admitted  into  the  family  of  the  rakehellonians.  1824  tievi 
Monthly  Mag.  XI.  240  Not  to  he  ill  bed  before  midnight 
was.. esteemed  a  rakehcllish  practice. 

Rakehelly  (r."'-k|he:li),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  prec.  + 
-y  l.  Sue  also  KAKELY.] 


EAKEISM. 

A.  adj.  1.   Of  persons  :    Of  the  nature  of,  or 
resembling,  a  rakehell,  or  rakehells. 

1579  E.  K.  Deii.  Sfaiser's  Site/ill.  Col.,  The  rakehellye 
route  of  our  ragged  rymers.  1698  KAKQUHAR  I.ffve  f;  Bottle 
II.  i,  I  am  a  Rakehelly  Rascal  not  worth  a  Groat,  n  1766 
MRS.  F.  SHERIDAN  Kidney  Bidulpk  IV.  103  Her  ladyship 
has  the  misfortune  of  having  a  rakehelly  young  fellow  to  her 
son.  1841  Blacku'.  Mag.  Apr.  439  They  were.. repulsive  in 
appearance— rakehelly,  slovenly  in  dress. 

2.  Appropriate  to,  characteristic  of,  rakehells. 

1594  O.  B.  Quest.  Profit.  Concern.  13  Reuiling.  .his  mother 
and  me  with  such  rakehelly  words  &  hellish  oathes.  c  1700 
tr.  B.  Jonsons  Leges  Convh'ales  x,  Breaking  of  windows, 
. .  And  spoiling  the  goods  for  a  rakehelly  prank.  1825  J.  F. 
COOPER  Lionel  Lincoln.  II.  iv.  89  They  needn't  think  to 
frighten  the  people  with  their  rake-helly  noises.  1888  J, 
PAVN  Myst,  Mirltridgi  vii,  Those  dissipated,  not  to  say 
rakehelly  countenances. 

B.  sl>.   =  RAKE-HELL  i. 

a  1761  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  The  Lover  iii,  No  pedant, 
yet  learned  j  no  rake-helly  gay.  1825  J.  F.  COOPER  Lionel 
Lincoln  II.  iv.  95  Let  the  rake-hellies  go  up  to  Breeds  ;  the 
people  will  teach  them  the  law  ! 

Rakeism.  rare-1,     [f.  RAKE  jA.5]   =RAKEBY. 
'775  S.  J.  PKATT  Literal  Of  in.  cxvii.  (1783)  IV.  94  One 
of  the  greatest  raptures  of  rakeism. 

t  Ra-ke-kennel.  Obs.  ran-1.    A  scavenger. 

1716  [W.  DARHEI.L]  Gentleman  Instr.  (ed.  2)  445  A  Com 
mittee  of  Gold-finders,  or  a  Club  of  rake-kennels. 

Ba'kel.   Obs.  exc.  dial.    Abbrev.  of  RAKE-HELL. 

1611  Bovs  Wks.  413  This  rakel-like  behauiour  is  not  in 
imperfect  words  only,  but  in  scornful  gestures  of  contempt. 
111661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  III.  207  In  Cambridge, 
where  (when  a  youth)  he  was  a  Rakel  in  grain.  1670 
COTTON  Espcriwn  in.  xl.  545  A  Cooper  that  had  put  him- 
self  in  the  head  of  a  crew  of  Rakels  of  his  own  profession. 
1886  Clieshire  Gloss.,  Rakdl,  a  thoroughly  bad  man. 

Rakel,  obs.  form  of  RACKLE  a. 

Rakeles,  obs.  north,  and  Sc.  form  of  RECKLESS. 

Rakeless  (r^'kles),  a.  [f.  RAKE  rf.*  +  -LESS.] 
Having  no  rake ;  having  perpendicular  forks. 

1886  Wheeling  2  June  172/2  Very  few  would  care  to  ride 
a  rakeless  machine  constantly. 

tRa'kely,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RAKEL  +  -Y'.] 
=  RAKEHELLY  i. 

1694  SOUTHERNS  Fatal  Marriage  I.  i,  I  saw  just  now 
a  glimpse  of  my  rakely  son.  1713  SHABWF.LL  Hum.  Army 

I.  (1713)  4  Our  rakely  young  Fellows,  live  as  much  by  their 
Wits  as  ever. 

t  Ra-ke-mould.  Obs.  rare-'1-,    [f.  RAKE  z/.i] 

attri/i.  Mould-collecting. 

1676  J.  BEAUMONT  in  Phil.  Trans.  XI.  732  In  the  Courses, 
..betwixt  the  clifts  I  find  of  these  Plants  growing  up  in  the 
grisly  clay, ..  being  rooted  on  the  rake-mofd  stones. 

Raken,  obs.  f.  RECKON,  REKEN.  Raken(te, 
obs.  f.  RACKAN. 

tRakenteie.  Obs.  Forms:  a.  i  raeent^ah 
(-tiSas-),  (h)rae(c)en-,  racon-,  2  rachenteje,  4 
rakeuteie.  /3.  i  raceteas-,  2-3  raketeie,  -tehe, 
3  -teje,  3-4  -teye,  4  -ti}e,  5  rakketye.  7.  4 
raketyne,  6  rakentyu.  [OE.  racenttah,  f.  racente 
chain,  RACKAN  +  teak,  ti'ag-  TIE  s/'.]  A  chain. 

C950  Lindisf.  Coup.  Mark  v.  3  Ne  hraccentegum  {Rush™.     \ 
nicent-,  racont-J . .  a5nij  monn  hine  mxhte  gebinda.     971    I 
Blickl.   Horn.    209    Gtesen    fat   on   seolfrenre   racenteaje 
ahangen.    c  looo  Ags.  Gos/>.  Mark  v.  4    He.,  to  slat   |>a 
raceteaja  \_Ifattpn  MS.  raketegenj.     ^1154   O.  E.  Chroii. 
an.  1137  In  mani  of  J?e  castles  wajron  lof  &  grin,  5ait  wjeron 
rachentejes  [etc.],      a  1225  Juliana  46  A   great   raketehe 
bat  heo  wes  mide  ibunden.     1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  3001  An 
raketeie  \v.  rr.  raketyne,  raketije]  of  hire  in  is  hond    he    ! 
nom.    1:1320  Sir  IScucs  (A.I  1636  Now  er  (>ai  ded,  f>e  geilers    I 
tweie,  &  Beues  lib  to  (>e  rakenteie  [J/.V.  E.  raketeye].    1517    [ 
Nottingham  Rcc.  III.  138  Unum  par  galefurauum  de  ferro 
cum  les  rakentyns  etsdem. 

Raker  J  (r^'kaj).  Also4rakyer.  [f.  RAKE  s-J] 

1.  One  who  rakes.     Also  with  afltr,  up. 

1563  FOXE  A .  ff  M.  37/1  Not  repairers  of  peace,  but  rakers    I 
for  money.     1619  HIEKON  Minoritic  of  Saints  Wks.  1632 

II.  35  This  cryeth  shame  vpon  the  rakers  and  scrapers  of 
this  world.     1641  BEST  Harm.  Kks.  (Surteesl  36  Rakers-    ! 
after  should  have  charge  given  that  they  rake  cleane.     1823 
J.  WILSON    Trials  Marg.  Lyndsay  xxix.   76/1   She  used,    i 
half  in  work,  half  in  pastime,  to  join  the  merry  band  of    ; 
rakers.    1834  MILMAS  Lat.  Chr.  MIL  vii.  422  Greedy  rakers    I 
up  of  gold.     1865  K.  Em\  ARDS  Lih-arics  425  To  rake  from 

a  dead  man's  private  diariesand  memoranda  passages  which 
it  is  hoped  by  the  raker  will  cause  pain. 

2.  spec.  A  scavenger,  street -cleaner.     Now  arch. 
1362  LANGL.  P.  I'l.  A.  v.  165  A  ribibor,  a  ratoner,  a  rakere 

\v.  r.  nkyer]  of  Chepe.     1469  Clmrclt-M.   Ace.   St.   Mich. 
Cornhill,  Paid  to  the  raker  for  caryng  awey  of  the  chirche    I 
dust.    1535  in  ISicarSsAaat.UmjApp.  iii.  170  The  Raker 
..  shall  have  a  home,  &  blowe  at  euery  mannes  doore  ..to    | 
lay  owt  theyre  offal.     1665  Orders  of  Ld.  Mayor  Land,  in    '• 
De  Foe  I'lague.  (Rtldg.)  63  That  the  Sweeping,  .of  Houses 
be.. carry 'd  away  by  the  Rakers.     1766   ESTICK   Lmaon 
IV.  17  A  wharf  used  for  a  laystall,  to  which  the  rakers  carry 
street-soil.      1817   Act  57  Geo.   Ill,    c.   29  §  59   The   sca 
vengers,  rakers,  or  cleansers  of  the  streets  and  public  places. 
1851    in    Mayhew   Loiul.    Labour  II.  210   Sewers'    Office, 
Guildhall,  Ixjndon,  Rakers'  Duties,  Midsummer,  1851,   to 
Midsummer,  1852. 

3.  f  a.  A  gun  so  placed  as  to  rake  an  enemy's 
vessel.  Obs.  rare-1. 

a  1625  FLETCHER  Double  Jfarr,  n.  i,  Every  man  to  his 
charge,  man  her  . .  wel,  And  place  your  rakers  right. 
b.  Milling.  vSee  quot.) 

1883  GKESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining,  Rakers,  shots  placed 
round  sumpers. 

4.  An  implement  for  raking :  spec.  a.  A  tool  used 
by  charcoal  -burners.   1  Obs.    b.  An  iron  tool  having 


125 

pointed  steel  ends  bent  at  a  right  angle  in  opposite 
directions,  used  in  removing  old  mortar  from  the 
joints  of  walls,  c.  A  salt-rake,  d.  (See  quot. 
1887.)  e.  A  gill-raker  (see  GILL  rf.l  5). 

1727  BRADLEY  Fam.  Diet.  s.  v.  Charcoal,  Lastly,  they  do 
with  the  Handles  of  their  Rakers,  &c.  make  Vent-holes 
thro  the  Stuff  that  covers  the  Heap.  1812-16  I.  SMITH 
Panorama  Sc.  ff  Art  I.  194  The  raker  ..  is  employed  to 
rake  or  scrape  loose  and  decayed  mortar  out  of  the  joints  of 
walls  1842  GWILT  Archit.  §  1890  The  tools  used  by  the 
bricklayer  . .  are  . .  10.  The  raker.  1886  Cheshire  Gloss., 
Raker,  . .  a  piece  of  flat  iron  at  the  end  of  a  long  handle, 
used  for  raking  the  salt  off  the  fires  and  to  the  sides  of  the 
pan.  1887  Diet.  Archit.,  Raker,  an  implement  used  ill 
mixing  lime  and  hair  for  plaster,  or  in  making  parget. 

Raker -(rJ'-ksj).  Colloq.  [f.RAKEz/.^cf. RAKING 
///.  a.*),  but  prob.  vaguely  associated  with  prec.] 

1.  An  extremely  fast  pace. 

1895  Daily  A  «M  8  July  8/6  The  pace  home  was  a  raker, 
the  three  boats  throwing  up  great  sheets  of  white  water. 

2.  Sporting  slang.  A  heavy  bet,  a  '  plunge '. 
1869  BRADU-OOD  The  O.  V.  II.  (1870)  339  His  Lordship  has 

1    gone  a    raker    for  Lord  of  the  Valley. 

Rakery  (r<?i-kari).     Now  rare.     [f.  RAKE  s6.i 
+  -EKY.]     Rakish  conduct ;  debauchery,  dissolute- 
1    ness  ;  social  excitement. 

1728  FIELDING  Lm-einSev.  Masques  I.  v,   O  if  that  be  the 
malady,   I  would  prescribe  to  the  gentleman   a  course  of 
rakery.     11734  NORTH /,/-/«  (1826)  II.  233  He. .instructed 
1    his  Lordship  in  all  the  rakery  and  intrigues  of  the  lewd 
town.     1850  L.  HUNT  Autabiog.  I.  vi.  24r  He  looked,  .like 
the  man  who  could  bear  rakery  and  debauch. 
f  Rakes.  Obs.  rare—1.      A  term  of  abuse. 
iSjSGamui.  Curtail  111.  iii.  25  Thou  slut,  thou  kut,  thou 
rakes,  thou  lakes!  will  not  shame  make  the  bide? 

Rakeshame  ,ri7i-k|JV"im).     Now  rare  (?  C.S.'). 
,    [f.  RAKE  v .1  +  SHAME  sb. ;  perh.  suggested  by  RAKE- 
I    HELL.]     One  who  covers  himself  with  shame ;  an 
ill-behaved,  disorderly,  or  dissolute  fellow.   (Com 
mon  in  1 7th  c.) 

l*fM  Brighton's  Lett,  v.  15  It  is  an  easie  matter  for  euery 
rakeshame  to  reuile  an  innocent.  i6zi  ftp.  MOUNTAGU 
Diatribx  446  Such  roysters  and  rake-shames  as  Mars  is 
manned  with.  1682  MRS.  BI;HN  City  Heiress  39  Marry 
you  !  a  Rakeshame.  .without  Money  or  Credit.  1718  OZELL 
tr.  Tonrnefort's  l-'oy.  1.353  The  Caimacan.  .gave  strangers 


Hence  f  Ra  ke-shamed  a.,  disreputable,  dis 
graceful.  Obs. 

1635  Long  Megof  U~estmi>ister(i%i(>)  6  Away,  you  foule 
rake-sham'd  whore,  quoth  he.  1662*3  PEI'YS  Diary  21  Feb., 
These  fellows,  which  are  called  the  commissioners,  but 
are  the  most  rake-shamed  rogues  that  ever  I  saw  in  my  life. 

Rake-soil :  see  RAKE  sb:-\  5  b. 

Raket,  obs.  form  of  RACKET  sb,\ 

Raketehe,  -teie,  etc.,  varr.  RAKENTEIE.   Obs. 

Ra-ke-vein.  [f.  RAKE  j-^Sj.]  A  leading  vein 
of  ore  (cf.  quots.  and  RAKE). 

1813  BAKEWELL  Intrttii.  Geol.  (1815)  274  Rake  veins  or 
perpendicular  veins  resemble  mineral  dykes  in  position,  but 
not  in  their  contents.  1874  J.  H.  COLLINS  Metal  Mining 
24  Rake-veins  or  Lodes  appear  to  occupy  fissures  in  the 
earth,  sometimes  parallel  to,  sometimes  cutting  across,  the 
general  bedding,  and  even  the  cleavage  of  the  rocks. 

Raki  (rakr,ra;'ki'j.  Forms:  7  racckee, 8  rakia, 
8-9  rakie,  9  rackee,  ra'k)kee,  7-  raki.  [a. 
Turkish  ^Ji\.  raqj (whence  also  mod.Gr.  pa.itr\,  pam) 

brandy,  spirits.]  An  aromatic  liquor  made  from 
grain-spirit,  or  from  grape-juice,  used  in  Greece 
and  the  Levant. 

1675  TEONGE  Diary  (1825)  96  [We]  drinke  to  our  friends 
in  England  in  racckee  at  night.  1777  Ann.  Reg.  n.  47 
They  distil  from  the  fruits  of  trees . .  a  sort  of  brandy,  called 
rakie.  1835  MAHRYAI  Pacha  i,  Sherbet  I  cannot  drink, 
rakee  I  must  not.  1873  TRISTRAM  Moali  x.  192  The  only- 
levy  on  our  stores  had  been  four  bottles  of  raki. 

Rakil(l,  obs.  ff.  RACKLE  a.     Rakin,  obs.  f. 
KACKAX.    Rakin(e,  obs.  ff.  RECKON  v. 
Raking  (iri-kirjl,  vl<I.  rf.i  [f.  RAKE  v.i  +  -IXG!.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.,  in  various  senses. 

c  1440  Proixp.  I'ara.  422/2  Rakynge,  rastratura.  1474-3 
Durham  A_cc.  Rolls  (Surtees)  95  J'ro  . .  le  rakyng  circa 
muros  coquina;.  1550  CROWI.EY  Wain  to  Wealth  528  Howe 
you  have  obeyed  the  lavve  in  rakeinge  together  of  fermes. 
1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  .Votes  III.  xi.  150  There  would  be  foul 
raking  in  the  dust.  ijtxtKng.  Thcophrast.  377  That  which 
some  call  good-husbandry,  industry,  and  providence,  others 
call  raking,  avarice,  and  oppression.  1769  FALCONER  Diet. 
Marine  (1776)  s.v.,  This  is  frequently  called  raking  fore 
and  aft.  1851  MRS.  HHOWNISC;  Casa  Giiiiii  Wind,  in  The 
raking  of  the  guns  across  The  world. 

b.  With  a  :  An  instance  of  this. 

c  1700  Batik  oj 1'entland  Hills  in  Child  B,illa,ls  VII.  242 
Such  a  raking  was  never  seen  As  the  raking  o'  the  Rullien 
Green.  1883  Jrnl.J-:duc.  (U.S.)  XVIII.  136  The  average 
common-school  received  a  raking. 

c.  coiifr.  That  which  is  collected  with  a  rake. 
1641  BEST  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  46  A  fewe  of  those  rakins 

will  serve  to  blacken  and  spoyle  a  greate  deale  of  better 
come.  1698  SIR  J.  HOLT  in  12  Mod.  Kef.  Case  399.  235 
One  may  libel  in  the  spiritual  courts  for  tithe  of  Takings  of 
corn.  1851  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  (ed.  2)  II.  341  '2  The  rakings 
should  not  exceed  from  four  to  five  per  cent  of  the  crop. 

2.  spec.  a.  l-'an-icry.    See  RAKE  v\  S.) 

1805  Trans.  S,v.  Aits  XXIII.  loS  Clysters 'and  raking 
aftord  much  relief.  1842  SI-OONER  White's  I'et.  Art  527 


RAKISH. 

In  some  cases ..  the  straight  gut  is  so  loaded  with  hard  dun" 
that  raking  is  a  necessary  operation. 
b.  Milliards.  (See  quot.  1788.) 

1670  COTTON  Gamester  (1680)  22  Have  a  care  of  raking, 
for  ..it  is  a  fault,  hardly  excusable.  1788  in  BENNETT  & 
'CAVENDISH  '  Billiards  (1873)  7  Trailing  [or  raking],  that  is, 
following  the  ball  with  the  mace  to  such  a  convenient 
distance  from  the  other  ball  as  to  make  it  an  easy  hazard. 

3.  attrib., Braking  machinery. operation;  raking- 
coal  (see  quot.  1883). 

1866  Engineering  I.  340  Raking  Machinery  for  the  River 
Hooghly.     Ibid.,  A  steamer  to  be  used  in  the  raking  opera 
tions.      1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining,  Raking-coal,  a 
;    large  lump  of  hard  coal  placed  upon  a  fire . .  for  the  purpose 
of  just  keeping  it  burning,  or  rather  smouldering. 

t  Raking  (re'-kiii),  vbl.  sb:-  [f.  RAKI:  v.2  +  -iNci.J 
The  action  of  the  vb.  (in  sense  2). 

1828  SIR  J.  S.  SEBRICHT  Hawking  47  Buzzards,  Sparrow- 
hawks.. fly  near  the  ground,  and  take  iheir  prey  by  what  is 
called  raking. 

Raking  (iv'-kin),  vbl.slZ  [f.  RAKE  v.">  +  -INC; i.] 
The  fact  of  sloping  or  causing  to  slope. 

ciSSo  Diet.  Archit.  s.v.  Jump,  Instead  of  making  abrupt 
jumps,  it  is  better  to  let  the  brickwork  rise  graduallyin  step 
courses.  This  operation  is  called  'taking  bark  '. 

Raking  ^i-kin),  vbl.  sb.±  [f.  RAKE  v.t  +  -ING!.] 
Playing  the  rake  ;  dissolute  living. 

1700  FAKQVHAR  Constant  Couple  i.  i,  [He]  usurps  Gen 
tility,  where  he  may  die  by  Raking.  1722  DE  FOE  Col. 
Jack  (1840)  63  Something,  .kept  me  from  lite  other  decree-. 
[  of  raking  and  vice.  1828  Lights  e,  Sliiufes  I.  124,  I  didn't 
waste  my  health  and  my  money  in  drinking  and  raking. 
1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  ix.  s  i.  58<j  .Duelling  and  raking 
became  the  marks  of  a  fine  Gentleman. 

Raking  (r^'kin) .  ppl.  a^  ff.  RAKE  v.l  +  -ING  -.] 
;  That  rakes,  in  senses  (esp.  2  and  9;  of  the  vb. 

1500-20  DUNBAK  Foetus  lix.  2  A  refyng  sone  of  rakyng 
Muris.  1611  STEED  Hist.  67.  Brit.  ix.  ix.  (1652)  624  Daily 
did  he  send  his  raking  Clerkes..to  delude  the  King  and 
purlome  his  Subjects.  1666  DRYDKN  Ann.  !\liral>.  Ixxxii, 
Raking  chase-guns  through  our  sterns  they  send.  1797  SIR 
J.  JERVIS  in  Nicolas  Disp.  Nelson  (1845)  II.  404  not,-,  The 
Launch,  .was  sunk  by  a  raking  shot  from  the  Enemy's  gun 
boats.  1840  DICKENS  Barn.  R,,,lgc  i,  Being  exposed  to  this 
raking  fire  of  eyes. 

Raking  (r67i-kirj),///.  a.-  [f.  RAKE  a-  +  -ING  -.] 
Fast-going.  Also  Comb. 

1862  WHYTE-MELVIU.K  Inside  the  Bar  ii,  A  well-bred 
raking.looking  sort  of  mare.  1883  C.  J.  WILLS  Land  Lion 
<y  Sun  61  A  big,  coarse,  raking  chestnut,  that  took  all  the 
boy  who  rode  him  could  do  to  hold  him. 

Raking  (ri'i'kirj),^/.  a.-*  [f.  RAKE  v.'-'>  +  -I\G  -.1 
Slanting,  sloping. 

1711  [see  b].  1778  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  I.  618/2  The 
square  of  the  rail,  with  the  raking  line  of  the  pitch-board 
drawn  through  the  middle.  1801  Sketch  Paris  I,  vi.  36 
A  pediment,  whose  raking  columns  are  composed  of  two 
stones  only.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Slast  ix.  20  A  long, 
sharp  brig,.. with  raking  masts.  1872  C.  KING  Mountain. 
.Sierra  Nev.  x.  208  Short  boots,  with  high,  raking  heels. 
b.  In  special  phrases  : 

Rakittg  arch,  a  rampant  arch.  Raking-niould,  in  hand- 
railing  =  face-mould.  Rating-piece,  (a)  part  of  the  supports 
of  a  bridge-centering;  (b}  a  low  sloping  piece  of  stage- 
scenery.  Raking  plate,  prop,  U'ork  (see  quots.). 

1711  W.  SUTHERLAND  Shipbuild.  Assist.  61  A  'Raking 
Arch.  1842  GWILT  Encycl.  Arch.  §  1413  The  model  of  a 
raking  arch.  1823  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  600  The 
face-mould.,  is  also  called  the  Braking-mould.  1875  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Mccli.  1877/2  *Raking-picces,  pieces  laid  upon  sills 
supported  by  the  footings  or  impost  of  a  pier.  Above  them 
are  the  striking-plates.  1898  'P.  M'GiNNis'  Bohcin.  Girl 
124  The  theatre  was  like  a  barn,  and  we  had  to  get  to  our 
dressing-room  up  a  raking. piece  with  ribs  nailed  across  it. 
1887  l]ict.  Archil.,  *  Raking  plate,  for  housing  a  step  in 
a  partition.  1883  GRESLEY  Gloss_.  Coal-mining,  *Raking 
I'rops,  short  wooden  props  used  in  sinking  for  supporting 
the  curbs  during  the  excavation  of  the  sides  of  the  shaft. 
1736  NEVE  City  tr  C.  Purchaser,  "Raiting-  Work,  that  which 
(..in  Mouldings,  etc.)  is  to  be  join'd  by  Mitering  exactly. 
Raking  (ivi-kin),  ///.  «.4  [f.  RAKE  v.l  +  -ING-'.] 
Dissolute,  dissipated. 

a  1704 T.  BROWN  t'raisc  t'o-Mrty  Wks.  1730  1. 98  A  thought 
less,  raking,  roaring,  drinking  scoundrel.  1760  C.  JOHNSTON 
Chrysal  (1822)  III.  116  Procuring  the  living  for  one  of  his 
raking  companions,  1803  MAR.  EDCEWORTH  Manufacturer 
ii,  Mrs.  Germaine,  thanks  to  the  raking  hours  she  keeps,.. 
looks  ten  years  older  than  she  is. 

Rakinge-crok,  obs.  variant  of  RACKAN-CBOOK. 
t  Raking-table.     Ol>s.~"  =  RAKED  TABLE. 

1736  NEVE  City  fy  C.  Purchaser  s.v.,  Raking-table, 
among  Architects,  a  Member  hollow'd  in  the  Square  of 
a  Pedestal,  or  elsewhere. 

Rakish  (rJ'-kij),  <z.i    [f.  RAKE  j/5.5  +  -ISH.] 

1.  Of  persons:  Having  the  character,  appearance, 
or  manners,  of  a  rake. 

1706  MRS.  CENTLIVRI:  Lore  ut  a  Venture  iv,  The  grave, 
surious,  formal  lover,  or  the  gay  rakish  soldier.  1758  JOHN 
SON  Idler  No.  33  p  25  Some  rakish  fellow-commoner  in  the 
next  room.  1811  BYRON  Hints  front  Hor.  165  A  ..rakish 
youngster  wild  from  school.  1840  THACKERAY  A&rr>S&>Aft. 
(1872)  226  The  knavish  valets,  rakish  heroes. 

2.  Of  things :  Characteristic  of,  appropriate  to, 
a  rake.     a.  of  talk,  manners,  mode  of  life,  etc. 

1722  WOLLASTON  Rclig.  Nat.  vi.  142  Impertinent  simile's 
and  rakish  talk.  1784  Bi  RNS  .Song,  O  leave  mn'cls,  That 
feeling  heart  but  acts  a  part,  'Tis  rakish  art  in  Rob  Moss- 
giel.  1876  World  No.  116.  6  The  rakish  ways  of  the 
medical  student  of  Albert  Smith. 
b.  of  appearance,  carnage,  etc. 

1706  !•'  \ur.ini  Mi  K,\riiitiug  Officer  Iv.  i,  I  take  a  bold 
St.  ]i.  a  rakish  Toss,  a  smart  Cock  and  an  impudent  Air. 
1816  J.  Scoi  I  yis.  Paris  led.  5)  ijj  With  keen  proud  looks, 


RAKISH. 

..and  a  rakish  dissolute  carriage.  1859  K.INGSLKV  Misc. 
(1860)  II.  123  The  rakish  swagger,  .of  tlie  coxcombs. 

trans/.  1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  I.  xxv.  186  The  wild  and 
rakish  appearance  of  the  sky. 

c.   of  material  things  :  Having  a  rakish  look. 

1847  L.  HUNT  Men,  Women  fy  B.  II.  xi.  275  He  does  not 
wear  so  rakish  a  wig.  1876  HOLLAND  Sin'.  Oaks  ii.  25  With 
a  basket  ..  in  the  back  of  the  rakish  little  wagon. 

3.   Comb. ,  as  rakish-looking. 

1861  HUGHES  Tom  Bro;un  at  Oxf.  II.  322  In  a  few  minutes 
a  rakish-looking  stable-boy  came  round  for  his  horse.  1897 
Daily  Xcws  26  May  9  Four  or  live  stalwart  young  fellows 
in  rakish-looking  broad  brimmed  hats. 

Rakish,  (ivi-kij),  «.-     [See  notes  below.] 

1.  Naut.  Of  a  ship :    Having  an  appearance  in-   I 
dicative  of  smartness  and   fast  sailing,  frcq.  with 
suggestion  of  suspicious  or  piratical  character. 

The  precise  origin  is  not  clear  :  it  may  orig.  be  a  trans-  ! 
ferred  use  of  «-1  (cf.  sense  2C  there),  but  recent  diets.  ' 
associate  it  with  the  raking  masts  of  pirate-vessels. 

1824  W.  IKVING  T.  Trav.  II.  242  A  little  rakish,  musquito- 
built  vessell,  that  could  run  into  all  kinds  of  waters.  1835 
MARRYAT  Jac.  Faithf.  xxxix,  A  low  schooner,  sir,  very 
rakish  indeed,  black  sides.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  22  Aug.  3/1 
A  yacht  of  grand  proportions  and  rakish  beauty. 

Coiuli.  1868  WHYIK-MKLVILI.K  ll'hiti  Rose  II.  xi.  138 
They  found  . .  that  the  beautiful,  rakish-looking  schooner 
was  averse  to  piracy. 

2.  Of  a  hawk's  wings :  Smart-looking. 
Perh.  suggested  by  RAKL  T'.-  2  a. 

1855  SALVIN^:  BRODKICK  Falconry  62  This  Tiercel. .has  a 
short  strong  body,  with  remarkably  rakUh  wings,  which 
accounts  for  its  great  speed. 

Rakishly  (r^'kifli),  adv.  [f.  RAKISH  a.1  + 
-i,Y  -.]  In  a  rakish  manner,  jauntily. 

1838  DlcKtNsO.  7'7f/j7  xxxvii,  Mr.  IJumble  touk  his  hat.. 
putting  it  on,  lather  rakishly,  on  one  side.  1884  K.  I*.  ROE 
.\'<if.  Scr.  Sfi'f-y  iv,  A  . .  little  atom  of  a  bird,  with  his  tail 
pointing  rakishly  toward  his  head. 

So  Ra  kislmess,  the  quality  of  being  rakish. 

1832  in  WEBSTER.  1866  Gno.  ELIOT  /•'.  Holt  (1868)  31  On 
the  stupid  rakishness  of  the  original  heir.,  he  had  calculated 
rashly.  1878  H.  IKVIN-G  Sbige  25  These  pieces  ..  inoculate 
the  feminine  mind  with  rakishness. 

Rakki^e,  obs.  ff.  RACK,  RKCK.  Rakkee,  obs. 
f.  RAKI.  Rakkett,  Rakkin,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  RACKKT 
sb.1,  RECKON.  Rakle,  obs.  f.  RACKI.E  a.  Rakles, 
obs.  Sc.  and  north,  f.  RECKLESS.  Raklie :  see 
RACKLY.  Raknit, obs.  Sc.  pa. t. RECKON.  Rakon- 
cruke,  obs.  f.  KACKAS-CUOOK.  Rakyer,  obs.  f. 

RAKKB1. 

fRa-kyl.  Obs.  ran—*.  ?var.  of  raktnt  RACK  AN. 
Jamieson  (i.SoS)  has  'A'aMe,  a  chain  '.) 

c  1430  LYUG,  Mitt,  rocws  (Percy  Soc.)  113  He  dyght  hym 
in  a  dyvelles  garment,  . .  He  cam  in  at  the  chyrch  dore  . . 
Kynnyng,  roryng,  wythe  hys  rakyls,  as  devilles  semyd 
to  doo. 

Rakyl^l,  obs.  forms  of  RACKLE  a, 

Rakyn,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RECKOX  v. 

i!  Bale  (ral).  Path.  [F.  rdk,  \raslc (.Cotgr.  16 1 1 ), 
vbl.  sb.  from  rater,  t  roller  (i6th  c.),  of  uncertaia 
etym. ;  connexion  with  LG.  and  Du.  ratclen,  Kng. 
rattle    is   doubtful.]     An   abnormal   sound   addi-    • 
tional  to  that  of  respiration,  heard  on  auscultation    : 
of  the  lungs  when   these  are  not   in   a  perfectly 
healthy  condition. 

1829  Good's  Study  Mcd.  (ed.  311.537'  For  want '  says  lit: 
[Laennec]  'of  a  better  or  more  generic  term,  I  use  the  word 
rale,  rattle,  or  rhoncus,  to  express  all  the  sounds,  besides 
those  of  health,  which  the  act  of  respiration  occasions'. 
1853  MARKIIAM  tr.Skotta's  Aitsfitlt.  130  The  moist  and  dry 
cavernous  rales,  as  well  as  the  blowing  rale  of  the  bronchial 
tubes.  1894  DOYLE  Round  Red  Lamp  7  The  difference 
between  a  mitral  murmur  and  a  bronchitic  rale. 

Rale,  obs.  f.  RAIL.  Raleiff,  Ralje,  obs.  Sc. 
ff.  RELIEVE,  RAIL  v* 

t  Ra-ling,  vbl.  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [?  f.  RAIL  v.*] 
Flying  away,  straying. 

1618  LATHAM  wid  Bk.  Falconry  (1633)  21  Although  they    1 
fall  to  raling  or  soaring  quite  away  from  them.     Ibid.  41 
Shee  will  not  stay,  but  forthwith  will  fall  to  raling  ;  neuer 
once  looking  backe  to  her  Keeper. 

||  Rallenta-ndo.  Music.   [It.,  pres.  pple.  oiral- 

lentare :  see  RELENT.]    A  musical  direction  indicat 
ing  that  the  time  is  gradually  to  be  made  slower. 
1811  in  BUSBY  Diet.  Mnn.  (ed.  3),  and  in  recent  Diets. 

t  Ra'llery.  Obs.  Also  7  ralliary,  -ie.  [var. 
RAILLERY  ;  ior  the  spelling  cf.  RALLY  z/.-J 

1.  Banter,  etc.      =  RAII.I.EHY  I. 

1651  EVELYN  Char.  England  (1659)  53  That  innocent,  yet 
salt  and  pleasant  diversion,  which  in  France  we  call 
Ralliary.  1693  DKNSIS  Imp.  Crit.  iii.  28  Curse  of  this 
unseasonable  Rallery  :  Can  anything  be  more  insipid  than 
an  untimely  Jest?  (11754  FIELDING  Fathers  i.  i,  I  admit 
rallery. 

b.  \Vith  a  and//.      =  RAILLERY  I  b. 
1654  tr.  Sciuli;ry'i  Curia  Pol.   164  Prince   liaja/et,  was 
sometimes  called  the  Shepherd,  by  a  tart  Ralliarie.     1707 
Curios,  in  Ifusb.  f,  Card.  169  Ready  and  pleasant  Ralleries    ] 
are  the  Delights  of  the  Mind  in.  .Conversations. 

2.  A  jesting  or  playful  action,    rare. 

1653  LD.  VAUX  tr.  (Mam'l  St.  Paul  49  All  these  were    ' 
rallenei  rather  of  a  Monster  then  a  Man.     1654  Nicholas 
Papers  (Camden)  II.  57  He  thought  she  tooke  them  up  in 
rallery  and  that,  if  he  gave  her  good  words,  he  iniuhl  have 
them  aganie. 

Ra-lliance.  [f.  RALLY  t/.i  ;  c(.  dalliance.}  The 
act  of  rallying.  I848  in  Wtusitn. 


126 

Ralliarie,  -ry,  variants  of  RALLEKY. 

Ralli-car,  -cart.  [See  def.]  A  form  of  light 
two-wheeled  driving-trap  for  four  persons,  intro 
duced  by  C.  S.  \Vindover  &  Co.  in  1885  and  named 
after  the  first  purchaser. 

1890  Conch  Builders'  Jrtil.  XI.  181  The  remaining  exhibit 
.  .  by  this  firm  was  a  specimen  of  their  famous  Ralli  Car 
with  basket  body.  1890  Cortihill  Mag.  Oct.  417  Little 
ladies  and  gentlemen  who  are  driven  in  in  the  morning  for 
instruction,  in  governess  and  ralli  carts. 

Rallied  (rarlid),  ///.  a.  [f.  RALLY  z>.l  + 
-EH  l.]  Reassembled  in  order  to  make  a  stand. 

1663  J.  SPENCER  I'rvdigies  (1665)  359  lirenuus  .  .  was  by 
some  rallyed  forces  of  his  defeated  enemy,  quite  vanquished. 
1704  OLDMIXON  Blenheim  xxii,  His  great  Brother  ..  At 
Hleinheim  holds  a  rally'd  Rout  at  Uay.  1818  SHELLEY  Rev. 
Islam  vi.  v,  Soon  came  pouring  there  New  multitudes,  and 
did  those  rallied  bands  o'erbear. 

Ra-llier,  rf.i      [f.   RALLY  z/.i  +  -ER!.]     One 
who  reassembles,  etc. 
1887  in  CasselCs  Encycl.  Diet. 

Rallier  (rorli,a.i),  sb.-  Now  rare.  [f.  RALLY 
z>.~  +  -ER!.]  One  who  banters. 

1678  BUTLLK  //«(/.  in.  i.  759  Ralliers  in  their  Wit  or 
Drink.  1719  Freethinker  No.  131  p  4  A  noted  Rallier 
generally  delights  in  galling  the  inoffensive.  1732  SWIFT 
leasts  Ct)nf.  Pref.,  The  Wits,  the  ralliers,  the  smart  fellows. 

t  Ra-llier,  v.  Obs.  rare—  \  [a.  F.  rallier  :  cf. 
RALLY  i/.1]  trans.  To  rally. 

1619  T.  MILLES  tr.  Mexia's  Trcas.  Anc.  $•  Mod.  T.  II. 
564/1  Lysias  ralliered  together  his  scattered  troopes. 

t  Ra-lliment.  Obs.  rare.  Also  rally-,  [ad.  F. 
ralliement  :  see  RALLY  w.l  and  -JIEXT.]  Rallying. 

1655  KARL  ORRKRV  Parthcn.  (1676)  532  He  made  it  the 
place  of  Ralliinent.  1677  —  Treat.  Art  War  183  When 
you  come  to  Rally,  you  make  your  Rallyment  of  those 
onely  uho  are  of  your  own  Troops. 

Ralline  (re-bin),  a.  Ornith.  [f.  mod.L. 
rall-us  RAIL  sl>2  +  -IXE  '.]  Pertaining  to,  related 
to,  or  resembling  the  rail,  or  the  family  Rallidst. 

1885  C.  F.  HOLI'KH  Marvels  Anim.  Life  159  A  long-billed, 
flightless  ralline  bird.  1891  W.  H.  HIDSON  .Vat.  La.  Plain 
19  Of  rails,  or  ralline  birds,  there  are  ten  or  twelve, 

Rally  (rx-li),  j/>.i     [f.  RALLY  z;.l] 

1.  A  rapid  reunion  for  concentrated  effort,  esp. 
of  an  army  after  repulse  or  disorganization. 

1651  DAVEXAXT  Gondibert  i.v.  27  Vet  soon  with  R/illys  lie 
reviv'd  the  warre,  1695  KENNETT  Par.  Aiiti</.  iii.  7  After 
this  defeat,  and  a  second  unsuccessful  rally,  they  still 
retir'd.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No,  96  if  15  They  yielded 
at  last,  .with  frequent  rallies,  and  sullen  submission.  1808 
SCOTT  Marm.  vi.  xxv,  Recoil  and  rally,  charge  and  rout. 
1865  KIXGSLEV  Herein,  xvii,  She  told  him..  of  the  last  rally 
of  the  men. 

fig.    1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  <V  Selv,  120  This  darting  force 
or  rally  of  stirring  springs,  is  shotten  or  propagated  also. 
b.  Mil.  The  signal  for  rallying. 

1897  SIR  E.  WOOD  Achicvew.  Cavalry  i.  14  A  relieving 
force  coming  out,  the  *  Rally  *  was  sounded. 

2.  A  quick  recovery  from  a  state  of  exhaustion, 
a  renewal  of  energy,  esp.  a  (temporary)  recovery 
of  strength  during  illness. 

1826  SCOTT  Jrnl.  24  Sept.,  I  made  a  rally  to-day  and 
wrote  four  pages.  1855  KANE  Arct.  E.vpl.  (1856)  II.  v.  63 
The  constant  rally  of  its  energies  to  meet  the  calls  of  the 
hour.  1896  Allbutt's  Syst.  Mcd.  I.  302  The  improvement 
was  but  temporary,  though  the  rally  ini.^ht  be  repeated 
more  than  once  before  death. 

3.  a.  Theat.  A  general  melee,  scramble,  or  chase, 
of  the  characters  in  a  pantomime. 

1870  J.  H.  FRISWKIX  M<*{.  Men  of  Lett.  i.  8  Character 
degenerates  to  caricature,  and  fun  to  pantomimic  romp  and 
'rally'.  i88z  SKUJT.  BALI.ANTINK  Ejcftr.  xxiii.  230  A  storm 
of  carrots  ..  and  turnips  ..  terminated  the  act,  technically 
termed,  I  believe,  a  '  general  rally  '. 

b.    U.S.  colloq.  A  polilicnl  mass-meeting. 
1878  E.  EGOLKSION  Roxy  I.  v.  58  The  grand  rally  of  each 
party  had  been  held  in  the  village  of  Lu/erne.     1886  MRS. 
H.    IJuKNKTT  Lit.    Ltf.    Fauutlcroy  v,   He   described   the 
Republican  Kally  in  all  the  glory  of  its  banners. 

4.  a.  ]!o.\hig.     A  separate  bout. 

1825  Sporting  Mag.  XVI.  332  The  workmen,  wlitjjse  *  Gee- 
up  ',  it  seems,  was  a  signal  for  a  '  rally  '.  1857  HUCHKS  Tom 
Brown  n.  v,  The  two  stand  to  one  another  like  men;  rally 
follows  rally. 

b.  Lawn  Tennis.  The  series  of  strokes  made 
by  both  players  between  the  service  and  failure  to 
return  the  ball. 

1887  J.  HAMILTON  A  Splendid  Rally  xiii.  83  Just  then  the 
players  were  in  the  heat  of  an  exciting  'rally  '•  1899  MII.KS 
Lessons  in  Lawn  Tennis  82  Something  which  shall  (a)  pro 
duce  a  level  game..(£)  produce  good  rallies. 

Bally  (rcu-li;,  sW  rare.  [f.  RALLY  v:-}  A 
piece  ol  rallying  or  banter. 

1832111  WEBSTKH.  1863  Cow  W-:N  CLAKKK^«^-.  Char.  xvi. 
4u4  It  is  after  this  friendly  rally  that  the  grave  Merchant  .. 
turns  to  Ua.ssanio. 


t,nc-li  ,  z-.i  Also  67  rallie,  7  r'ally, 
ralley,  (ragly).  [ad.  K.  rallier,  f.  re-  +  allier 
to  ALLY.  The  form  Sally  i^as  if  for  RE-ALLY") 
prob.  implies  the  same  stressing  as  Milton'.-,  laUicd. 
See  also  RELY,  used  earlier  in  the  same  sense. 

The  precise  ^en^e  is  not  clear  in  the  earliest  example,  vi/. 
1591  PKKCIVAI.L  Sp.  Diet.,  Rchn~ci\  to  renewe,  to  rallie.  J 

I.  trans.  1.  To  reassemble,  bring  together  again 
(an  army  or  company  which  has  been,  or  is,  scat 
tered).     Also  with  t/f>,  back. 
1604  R.  CAWiJRtv  Table  Alfh,,  Raliic,  gather  lugetht-r 


RALLY. 

men  dispersed,  and  out  of  order.  1632  MASSINGEK  Maid  of 
Him.  i.  i,  The  great  Gonzaga, ..  rallying  up  Her  scattered 
troops.  1723  DK  FOE  Col.  Jack  (1840)  238  Their  troops, 
being  rallied  by  the  dexterity  of  their  generals,  came  on 
again  to  the  charge.  1824  CAMI-BELL  Theodric  348  Oh  ! 
were  he  there  ..  to  rally  back  One  broken  band.  1868  E. 
EDWARDS  Ralegh  I.  xxv.  622  Young  Ralegh  was  the  first  to 
rally  his  men  under  the  unexpected  charge. 

2.  To  collect,  bring  together  (persons)  to  one's 
assistance  ur  for  concentrated  action. 

1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  I.  Ded.,  Yet  did  your  honoured 
name  r'ally  to  my  succour  the  forces  of  two  deare  friends. 
1678  EAKL  OF  LINDSEV  in  iztk  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Coiiun, 
App.  v.  50,  I  make  no  question  butt  your  Lordship  too  will 
rally  your  friends.  1874  GKEKN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  2.  361 
Even  this  blow  failed  to  rally  the  Country  round  the  Queen. 
1883  Manc/t.  Exam,  i  Dec.  5/2  He  dues  not  believe  that 
the  Mahdi  will  rally  to  his  banners  the  pure  Arab  tribes. 
fb.  To  collect  (things).  Obs. 

1643  CAKVL  Sticr,  Coi't.  7  The   Lord  doth  r'ally  all  the 
promises  of  mercy  made  to  us,  which  He  scattered.     1674 
N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  <y  Sclv.  131  To  rally  together  all  those 
^parks  of  life,  that  lay  asunder  in  a  clammy  dew. 
C.  To  drive  (cattle)  in  a  close  herd.  rare*1. 

1889  '  R.  IJOLDREWOOD  '  Robbery  under  Anns  (1890)  31 
Now  you  rally  the  cattle  well  after  me. 

3.  To  concentrate  or  revive  (a  faculty,  etc.)  by 
a  strong  effort  of  the  will.     Also  with  up. 

1667  MILTON-  /'.  L.  vi.  786  His  hapless  Foes  . .  to  rebellious 
fight  rallied  thir  Powers.  1702  J.  LOUAN  in  Fa.  Hist.  Soc. 
Man.  IX.  157,  I  can  say  no  more,  . .  having  rallied  my 
memory  for  that  to  the  utmost,  a  1716  SOUTH  Strm.  (1823) 
IV.  371  Let  a  man  rally  up  his  best  attention,  his  severest 
and  exactest  thoughts.  1791  MRS.  RADCUFFE  Rom.  Forest 
ii,  She  rallied  her  drooping  spirits.  1837  PRESCOTT  Ftrd.  <y 
Js.  n.  vii.  542  He  rallied  his  strength  for  a  final  blow,  a  1859 
MACAU  LAY  Hist.  Eng.  xxv.  V.  288  He  rallied  the  last 
energies  of  his  failing  body  and  mind. 

b.  To  pull  together,  revive,  rouse,  stimulate  (a 
person  or  animal). 

1790  BUKXS  Tarn  n"  S /tauter  191  Scarcely  had  he  Maggie 
rallied,  When  out  the  hellish  legion  sallied.  1832  R.  &  J. 
LANUKR  Exfcd.  Niger\.\\\,  261, 1  endeavoured.,  torally  him, 
but  he  was  scarcely  able  to  stand.  1856  KAXK  Arct.  Expl. 
I.  xvi.  188  They  were  sinking  with  fatigue  and  hunger,  and 
could  hardly  be  rallied  enough  to  tell  us  the  direction. 

rejL  1818  SCOTT  Br.  Lamm,  xxii,  The  Lord  Keeper  with 
difticulty  rallied  himself  so  far  as  to  explain.  1863  Mks. 
GASKELL  Sylvia's  L.  xxxiv.  III.  85  Philip  rallied  himself, 
and  tried  to  speak  up  to  the  old  standard  of  respectability. 

c.  Boxing.  To  attack  vigorously. 

iSiz  Snorting  Mag.  XXXIX,  139  Molineux  rallied  him 
with  quickness. 

d.  Sporting.  To  harry. 

1808  COL.  HAWKER  Diary  1,1893)  ^  I2  While  the  others 
rallied  his  covers. 

II.  intr.  4.  To  come  together  again,  to  re 
assemble,  esp.  in  order  to  renew  the  conflict ;  to 
return  in  a  body  to  the  fray  or  contest. 

1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  \.  v.  §  12  This  Conquerour  ..  now 
routed  the  Remnant,  which  began  to  ralley  and  make  head 
again,  a  1680  BUTLER  Eleph.  in  Moon  83  The  Battle's 
desperately  fought :  The  gallant  Subvolvani  rally.  1723 
I'K  FOE  Col.  Jack  (1840)  237  The  battalions  rallied  and 
came  boldly  on  to  charge  a  second  time.  1774  GOLDSM. 
.V<//.  Hist.  (1776'  III.  384  The  dogs  ..  instantly  turn  tail,., 
and  no  exhortations  can  ever  bring  them  to  rally.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eitg.  v.  I.  583  The  Whigs,  few  and  weak 
as  they  were,  attempted  to  rally.  1887  BOWEN  I'irg.  &neid 
n.  716  Severed  asunder  at  starting,  we  there  shall  rally  at  last. 
b.  Of  a  single  person  :  To  return  and  renew  the 
attack  ;  spec,  in  Boxing.  (Cf.  RALLY  sb^  4  a.) 

1813  H.  &  J.  SMITH  Horace  in  Loud.  21  Long  may'st  thou 
rally,  hit,  and  stop. 

f  5.  Of  things  :  To  come  together,  to  collect. 

a  1694  TII.LOTSUN  Serin.  (1728)  I.  17  Innumerable  parts  of 
matter  chanc'd  just  then  to  rally  together,  and  to  form 
themselves  into  this  new  world. 

6.  Of  persons  :  To  come  together  in  a  body;  to 
unite   for  a  common    purpose,   esp.   to   assist   or 
support  some  one.     Usu.  const,  round. 

1818  COBBETT  Pol.  Keg.  XXXIII.  106  The  people  would 
have  rallied  round  the  liilt.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ii. 
I.  263  The  majority  of  the  upper  and  middle  cla-^es  hastened 
to  rally  round  the  throne.  1853  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk. 
(1873)  II.  i.  iv.  174  The  veterans  of  Sylla  . .  refused  to  rally 
round  Pompey  in  his  war  with  C*tsar. 

b.  Const,  to.     (Also  said  of  a  single  person.) 

1879  G.  BAKNETT  SMITH  Life  Gladstone  I.  iv.  85  Mr.  Glad 
stone,  amongst  others,  rallied  to  the  support  of  the  Govern 
ment.  1888  BKYCE  Amer.  COIWHW.  I.xi.  142  Some  of  these 
MJhiiiursi.  .rally  to  the  cry. 

7.  To  revive,  recover,  acquire  or  assume  fresh 
vigour  or  energy. 

1840  MACAULAY  £ss.t  Ranke's  Hist.  (1851'  II.  144  Catho 
licism  had  rallied,  and  had  driven  back  Protestantism  even 
to  the  German  Ocean.  1871  FKEEMAN  Xorw.  Com/.  (1876) 
1 1 1.  xi.  9  At  last  his  flagging  powers  rallied.  1878  BKOVVNING 
J\n'ts  Croisic  xlix,  The  red  fire  . .  winks,  Rallies,  relapses, 
dwindles. 

b.  To  recover  in  part  from  an  illness. 

1853  M KS. CAKLYI.E  Lett.  (1883)  II. 220  Dr.  Carlyle  thinks  it 
probable  enough  she  may  not  rally  again.  1855  THACKEKAY 
AVrt'Ccwt's  II.  I6o  She  never  rallied,  or,  we  believe,  spoke, 
after  the  first  fatal  seizure.  1880  MCC'AK  i  nv  On>n  Time  IV. 
Ivi.  209  He  rallied  indeed  and  grew  much  better. 

c.  To  recover /$VMI  some  misfortune. 

1863  Sat.  Rev.  8  Aug.  173/1  It  IK  possible  that  the  Con 
federates  may  rally  from  their  heavy  disasters. 

Kally  (rrc'li),  z/.-     [ad.  F.  rattier^  of  uncertain 
origin  :  cf.  RAIL  v*  and  RAILLY  ^.] 
1.  trans.  To    treat  or  assail  \\ith   banter,  pica- 


RALLY. 

santry,  or  good-humoured  ridicule;  to  make  fun 
or  game  of.  a.  n  thing.  ?  Ofrs. 

1679  OLDIIAM  Adv.  Satyr  OH  Jesuits  Wks.  (1686)  I  The 
gravest  Fathers  have  rallied  thefopperies  and  superstitions  of 
the  Heathen.  1713  SWIFT  Ctuienns  $  1  'ancssa,  They  rally'd 
next  Vanessa's  dress.  1716  j'ini'ii  Talk  6  Jan.  11790)  40  The 
sanguine  temper  which  precipitates  people  into  excesses  . . 
was  most  admirably  rallied  in  an  Epilogue 
b.  a  person. 

1691  BENTI.EV  I'hal.  xi.  (1609)  298  Euripides . .  is  pleasantly 
burlesqu'd  and  rally'd  on  this  very  account.  1770  LANO 
HORNE  Plutarch  (1879)  I.  132/2  He  rallied  Simonides  for  his 
absurdity.  1806-7  J.  Bf»tsroitoJkfiUriafftaa.L{/f(rS36^ 
XI.  Sigh  3,  Being  rallied  by  a  facetious  gentleman.  1878  G. 
MACDOHALD  Phantasies  II.  xiii.  4  Rallied  by  his  fellow- 
students  On  his  wretched  looks. 
C.  \Vith  complement. 

1668  SEDI.EV  Miilb.  Gam/,  v.  Wks.  1722  II.  71  'Twas  only 
a  Trick  he  put  upon  us,  and  let's  rally  it  off.  1782  Miss 
BURNEY  Cecilia  ix.  xi,  I  will  not  . .  he  rallied  from  my  pur- 
pose.  1788  WESLEY  H 'ks.  (1872)  VII.  22  These,  .reason,  and 
rally,  and  laugh  you  out  of  it. 

2.  absol.  or  intr.  To  employ  banter  or  pleasantry 
against  one.  Also  cotistr.  at,  toith  (a  person), 
upon  'a  thing).  ?  06s. 

1668  SHADWEU.  Sullen  Levers  I.  i,  Sure  you  rally  wilh 
me  all  this  while.  1676  D'URFEY  Mad.  Fickle  n.  i,  I  see 
Madam  you  are  disposed  to  rally.  1758  MRS.  LENNOX  Hen 
rietta,  n.  v.  (1761)  I.  130,  I  could  not  help  humorously  rally 
ing  upon  some  of  her  notions.  1792  F.lvina  II.  185  She 
would  have  rallied,  but  he  stopped  her  short. 

Ra'lly,  v.?-  dial.  [?  Echoic.]  inti:  To  make 
a  loud  or  sharp  noise. 

1821  CLARE  I'ill.  Minstr.  I.  29  All  in  chorus  rallied  out 
amain.  1894  S.-E.  11  "orcestersl:.  Class.,  Rally,  to  crack  or 
'  smack '  a  whip. 

Rallying  (ra-li,ig),  vbl.  sl>.l  [-IXG!.]  The 
action  of  RALLY  r>.i 

1845  Lr>.  CAMPBELL  Chancellors  (1857)  III.  li.  3  Noble 
rallying!  from  his  disgrace.  1850  LYNCH  Theo.  Trinal  ii. 
22  The  rallying  of  the  world's  love  and  hope.  1864  DICKF.NS 
Let,  25  (Jet.  (1880)  II.  222  Occasional  [family]  rallyings 
coming  off  here. 

b.  at/fill.,  as  rallying  cry,  place,  point,  round, 
sfioitt,  sign,  square,  word. 

In  some  of  these  the  word  may  be  regarded  also  as  ppl. 
adj .,  in  transitive  sense. 

1818  SHELLEY  Kev.  Islam  VI.  iii,  'Rallying  cries  of  treason 
and  of  danger.  1879  M.  ARNOLD  Mixed  Ess.,  George  Sand 
338  France  which  has  made  equality  its  rallying  cry.  1820 
W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bit.  (1859)  '35  The  paternal  hearth  [is] 
the  "rallying-place  of  the  affections.  1799  WASHINGTON 
Lett.  Writ.  1893  XIV.  140  It  would  be  a  'rallying-point  for 
the  timid.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xx.  IV.  408  He 
thought  his  star  a  good  rallying  point  for  his  own  troops. 
1814  Sporting  Mag.  XLI V.  167  A  most  determined  'rallying 
round,  commenced  by  Burn.  1810  SCOTT  l.ady  ofL.  n.  xvii. 
The  rapid  charge,  the  'rallying  shout.  1840  CARI.YLE  Heroes 
(1858)  270  Shakspeare,  . .  the  noblest,  gentlest,  yet  strongest 
of  "rallying-signs.  1847  Infantry  Ulan.  (1854)  63  Form  the 
'rallying  square.  1818  HALI.AM  Mid.  Ages  (1872)  I.  383 
The  'rallying  word  of  faction.  1843  JAMES  A  rrah  .\eil  ii, 
It's  my  battle-cry,  my  rallying  word. 
Rallying  (rarliihj),  vbl.  sb?  [-we  1.]  The 
action  of  RALLY  v* 

1673  DRYDKN  Assignation  in.  i,  There  was  one  thing  amiss 
in  it,  that  was  your  rallying  of  Religion.  1698  JER.  COLLIER 
Short  View  Eng.  Stage  160  Rallying,  no  less  than  Railing, 
ought  to  be  under  the  Discipline  of  Law.  1834  HT.  MAR- 
TINEAU  The  f'arrers  ii.  28  Bore  rallying  on  preferring  . . 
negus  and  sweet  cake.  1884  E.  P.  ROE  Nat.  Ser.  Story  viii, 
He  replied  to  her.  .rallyings. 

attrib.  1710  SHAFTESB.  Cliarac.  (1737)  I.  62  Whither  this 
rallying  Humour  will  at  length  carry  us.  1741  MIDDI.F.TON 
Cicero  I.  vi_.  485  Cicero  being  in  a  rallying  humor,  made  the 
petition,  .ridiculous. 

Rallying  (ne-li,irj), ///.  a.i  [f.  RALLY  v.i  + 
-INT.  -.]  That  rallies  (reassembles,  revives,  etc.). 

1896  Daily  jVj-wj  u  June  2/4  Sir  Wilfrid  saw  signs  of 
encouragement  in  the  rallying  spirit  of  the  Liberal  party. 

Rallying  (rre-liiirj),  ///.  a*  [f.  RALLY  V*  + 
-INC.  2.]  That  rallies,  banters,  etc. 

1678  KL'TLER  Hud.  in.  i.  1398  These  Rallying  Devils  do 
no  hurt.  1868  HOLME  LEE  B.  Godfrey  Ixii.  361  '  V'ou  took  my 
strawberries  so  prettily ',  said  Basil  with  rallying  fondness. 

Hence  Ra'llyingly  adv. 

1669  R.  MONTAGU  in  Bucclencli  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  ComnO 
I.  424  He.  .rallyingly  thanked  me  for  the  good  news  I  told 
him.  1838  MOORE  Mem.  (1856)  VII.  220  The  '  Eveque  de 
Lombaz'  wrote  to  Petrarch  rallyingly,  that  all  his  love  for 
Laura  was  a  mere  fiction. 

Rallyment :  see  R.U.LTMENT. 

Ralstpnite  (rg-lstanait).  Min.  [Named  (187:) 
after  J.  G.  Ralston  its  discoverer:  see  -ITK.]  (See 
quot.  1875.) 

1875  WATTS  Diet.  Client.  2nd  Suppl.  1038  Ralstonite,  a 
hydrated  aluminium  fluoride  containing  traces  of  sodium 
and  calcium  from  the  cryolite  formation  of  Arksut  Fjord  in 
Greenland.  1882  Jrnl.  Amer.  Sci.  CXXXII.  380  (title'} 
The  Chemical  Composition  of  Ralstonite. 

Ram  (rrem),  rf.1  Forms :  i  rom(m,  1-2  rarnm, 
4-7  ramme,  5-6  rame,  rarnbe,  I-  ram.  [OE. 
ram(m,  rom'm  =  (M)Dn.,  (M)LG.,  OHG.  and 
MHG.  ram  (ramm-) :  cf.  G.  ramme  rammer,  naval 
rain.  Perh.  related  to  ON.  ramm-r  strong.] 

L  A  male  sheep ;  in  domestication,  one  kept  for 
breeding  purposes,  a  tup. 

c  825  I'esp.  Ps.  Ixiv.  14  Je^erede  sind  rommas  scepa.  c  1000 
^LFRIC  Gen.  xxii.  13  Abraham  ..  *eseah  hatr  anne  ramm  . . 
be  bairn  hornuin  ^ehajft.  c  xaoo  ORMIN  1136  pe  ramm  wass 
ofTredtl  forr  be  preost.  13..  A".  .  I //s<i»W.'r  388  Hisheved, 
and  his  schnldron  fram,  He  dyghte  in  forme  of  a  ram. 


127 

<-i4<»  tr.  Sttreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lords/,.  104  Ffor  man  ys 
hardy  as  a  lyon..rebell  as  a  rambe.  1470-85  MALOKY 
Arthur  \.  xxiii,  They  wente  to  the  batayl  ageyne  and  so 
hurtled  to  gyders  lyke  two  rammes.  1523  "FIT/HERB.  Hnsb. 
§  39  The  better  shall  the  ewe  take  the  ramme  agayne. 
I57S  TURHKRV.  I'enerie  30  Vou  must  couple  him  with  a 

I  ramme  or  a  stoute  Sheepe.  1697  DKYDEN  /  'irg.  Georg.  m. 
594  KY'II  though  a  snowy  Ram  thou  shall  behold,  Prefer 
him  not  in  haste,  for  Husband  to  thy  Fold.  1727-46 

j  THOMSON  Summer  411  The  sturdy  boy  Holds  by  the 
twisted  horns,  the  indignant  Ram.  1790  BEWICK  Hist. 
Qnaan/f.  (1792}  49  The  Ram  lives  to  the  age  of  about 
fifteen  years,  and  begins  to  procreate  at  one.  1842  BTSCHOFF 
// 'ivl/en  Manuf.  II.  328  We  would  recommend  the  intro 
duction  of.  .English  rams  amongst  the  Indian  ewe  flocks. 
fig.  01529  SKELTON  Col.  Clonte  157  To  kepe  ..  theyr 
spiritual  lammes  Sequestred  from  rammes.  1840  B\RH\M 
fngol.  Leg.,St.  Nicholas  xi,  Holy  Church  denieth  all  search 
'.Midst  her  sanctified  ewes  and  her  saintly  rams. 

fb.  As   I  he  reward  given   to   the  victor  in  a 
wrestling  match.  Ol>s. 

c  1386  CHAICKR  Prol.  548  The  Millere  was  a  stout  carl 
At    wrastlynge    he   wolde   haue   alwey   the   Ram.      ri4oo 
Gamelyn   184  Her  be  side,  brother  is  cried  a  wrastlynge, 
And  ber  fore  shal  be  sette  a  rarn  and  a  rynge. 

2.  As/roii.  (with  cap.).     The  zodiacal  sign  ABIES. 
cioso  Byrht/frtKt  Ilandboc  in  Anglia  VIII.  307  pe  ys 

aries,  bait  ys  ram  gencmncd.  ('1386  CHAUCER  J'rol.  S 
Whan. .the  yonge  sonne  Hath  in  the  Ram  his  halffe]  cours 
yronne.  1:1470  HENRY  ll'allacc  ix.  18  Quhen  conryet 
[read  aryet]  the  hot  syng  coloryk,  In  to  the  Ram  quhilk 
had  his  rowmys  ryk.  1563  B.  GOOGF.  F:glogs.  i.  (Arb.)  31 
The  Ram  doth  cau.-e  to  spring,  eche  herbe  and  floure.  1669 
SrURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  w.  95  Here  in  the  Zodiack  begins 
Ihe  Ram,  the  Bull,  the  loving  Twins.  1697  DRYDKN  I'irg. 
Georg.  m.  476  Till  the  new  Ram  receives  th'  exalted  Sun. 
1868  LOCKVEK  Gnillemin's  Heavens  (ed.  3)  330  Between  the 
square  of  Pegasus  and  the  Bull  we  meet  with  twoconstella. 
lions,  the  Fishes  and  the  Ram. 

3.  —  BATTEBINO-RAM. 

(897  K.  /El.FRED  Gregory's  Past.  xxi.  160  BesittaS  hie 
man.  .£fOersca5  8one  weall  mid  rammum.  c  1000  ^LFRIC 
Grain,  vi.  (Z.)  12  Aries  byo~..ram  to  weal^eweorce.  1513 
DOUGLAS  /Entis  xn.  xii.  27  The  barmkin  law  sniait  with 
the  rammis  fast.  1569  STOCKER  DM.  Sic.  m.  i-iii.  113/2 
He  had  also  many  other  engines  called  Rammes  very  large 
and  great  to  batter  any  wall.  1593  DONNE  Sat.  ii.  19 
Rammes,  and  slings  noware  silly  battery.  1727-41  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Aries,  Pliny  assures  us,  the  ram  was  invented  at 
the  siege  of  Troy.  1858  GREENER  Gunnery  5  A  68  Ib.  shot 
has  all  the  force  that  could  be  given  even  to  that  famous 
ram  of  Vespasian.  1884  Manc/i.  Exam.  14  Oct.  5/7  They 
brought  planks,  and  by  using  them  as  rams,  broke  open  one 
of  the  reserved  doors. 

fig.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  f,  Cl.  m.  ii.  30  Let  not  the  peece  of 
Venue  which  is  set  Betwixt  vs,..be  the  Ramme  to  batter 
The  h'ortresse  of  it.  1648  HEKRICK  llespcr.,  I'anegyr.  .Sir 
L.  Pemberton,  The  iron  and  rock,  Which  tryes,  and  counter- 
stands  the  shock,  And  ramme  of  time.  1829  CARLYLE  Misc. 
(1857)  11-  47  Concede  him  this,  and  his  ram  swings  freely 
to  and  fro  through  Space. 

b.  Naut.  A  solid  point  or  beak  projecting  from 
the  bows  of  a  war- vessel,  and  enabling  it  to  ram 
and  batter  in  the  side  of  an  opponent. 

1865  TEN-KEY  Hist.  Rebellion  U.  S.  223/2  The  Merrimac 
soon  crushed  her  iron  horn  or  ram  into  the  frigate.. knock 
ing  a  hole  in  the  side  near  the  water-line,  c  1869  LD.  C.  E. 
PAGET  Antobiog.  (1896)  335  There  was  but  little  damage 
done  to  them  by  shot  or  shell.  The  ram  was  the  deadly 
weapon. 

c.  Naitt.  A  battleship  fitted  with  a  ram. 

1862  EI.LET  in  Tenney  Hist.  Rebellion  U.  S.  169/1  After 
. .  the  gunboats  and  one  of  my  rams  had  passed  below.  1869 
SIR  E.  REED  Our  Iron-Clad  Skips  Introd.  23  The  chapters 
on  the  cost  of  our  iron-clad  fleet,  and  upon  the  deeply  im 
portant  question  of '  Rams  '. 

d.  Skiplntilding.  (See  quot.) 

1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.,  Ram,  a  long  spar,  iron- 
hooped  at  the  ends,  used  for  driving  out  blocks  from  beneath 
a  vessel's  keel,  and  for  driving  planks  an  end  while  only 
wedged  to  the  ship's  side. 

4.  The  weight  of  a  pile-driving  machine,  which 
is   raised   to  a  height   by  pulleys,  and  being  re 
leased  is  so  guided  as  to  fall  on  the  head  of  the 
pile  which  is  being  driven  ;  a  monkey. 

1440  in  C.Welch  Tower  Bridge  (1894)  55  The  'great 
Gebet-ram  ',  the  *  Lesser  Rennyng  ram  '.  1462  Hid. ,  Draw 
ing  the  Gebet-ram  in  pylyng  by  stadelles  next  the  bridge 
1587  FLEMING  Contn.  Holinshed  III.  5^,6/2  Some  of  those 
piles  were  . .  driven  into  the  maine  rocke  of  chalke,  with 
a  great  engine  called  a  ram.  1739  C.  LABELYE  Short  Ace. 
Piers  tl't-stm.  Bridge  21  Supposing  the  Ram  or  Weight  to 
be  1700 Ib.  1776  G.  SEMI-IE  Hnildingin  It'alerj6  The  Ram 
and  Follower  resting  on  the  Head  of  the  Pile.  1853  SIR 
H.  DOUGLAS  Milit.  Bridges  (ed.  3)  306  If  . .  the  piles  are  . . 
driven  by  heavy  rams  till  they  will  sink  no  further. 

b.  A  steam-hammer  used  in  setting-up  a  bloom 
of  metal.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech. 

c.  A  paviour's  RAMMER. 

1885  Antiquary  Oct.  146/1  Each  man  . .  threw  down  the 
ram  with  a  thud. 

5.  a.  An   automatic   water-raising  machine,   in 
which  the  raising  power  is  supplied  by  the  con 
cussion  of  a  descending  body  of  water  iii  a  pipe. 

1808  YOUNG  in  Phil.  Trans.  XCIX.  22  Almost  in  the 
same  manner  as  a  stream  of  water  strikes  on  the  valve  of 
the  hydraulic  ram.  1851  STEPHENS  lit.  Farm  (ed.  2)  I.  27/1 
The  ram  may  be  described  as  a  sloping  pipe  in  which  the 
stream  runs  [etc.  1. 

b.  The  piston  of  the  large  cylinder  of  a  hydro 
static  press. 

1816  J.  SMITH  Mechanic  II.  396  It  is  desirable ..  to  make 
use  of  the  larger  pump  rod  to  raise  the  ram  as  expeditiously 
as  possible.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  s.v.  Press,  The  hollow 
cylinder  of  the  press,  which,  as  well  as  the  ram,  is  made  of 


RAM. 

cast  iron.  1858  L\PI>\-FR  llnnd-t*.  Nat.  Phil.,  Hydros! 
etc.  io  'Ihe  ram,  the  immediate  object  that  receives  and 
transmits  the  pressure. 

c.  A  hydraulic  lifting-machine. 

1861   Times  7  Oct..  'Ihere  were  several  men  engaged  in 

i    pumping  water  imp  the  ram.     I  observed ..  that  they  were 

1    lifting  the  girder  with  one  ram.  1862  Catal.  Intern.  K.thib. 

II.  x.  9 '2  'Ihe  hydraulic  rams  will  safely  lift  a  dead  weight 

:    of  6000  tons. 

d.  The  plunger  of  a  force-pump. 

1883  GRKSI.FY  Gloss.  Conl-miniiig,  Form;  a  pump  by 
which  the  water  is  raised  w  ith  a  ram  or  plunger. 

6.  a/frili.   and  l'ow/>..  as  (sense  I)  ram-breeding, 
-liorn    (also    a/lrili.).  -lainli.    -like   adj.,    -iintlton, 
j    -supporters,  -lender,  trail?. 

1875  F.ncycl.  llril.  I.  393/2  Pure  I.eicesters  . .  are  now 
confined  to  a  few  "ram-breeding  flocks.  15..  Wooing  of 
Jok  $•  7ynny  65  (Bann.  MS.)  Ane  Irene  truncheonr,  ane 

romehorne  spone.  1725  RAMSAY  Gentle  Shepli.  v.  ii,  His 
ram-horn  spoons  and  kitted  whey.  1824  MACTAGGART 
Gallo-.'id.  Kncyel.  Introd.  5  Ill-tongued  tinklers,  with,  .their 
hampers,  and  their  ram-horns.  1573  TUSSF.R  Husb.  (1878) 
Si  Geld  bulcalfe  and  -ramlamh,  as  soone  as  they  fall.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  227  If  his  right  cullion  or  stone  be  tied 
vp,  hee  getteth  ewe  lambes ;  but  if  the  left  be  taken  vp, 
hee  getteth  ramme  lambes.  1886  C.  SCOTT  Sheep-Farming 
63  The  ram-lambs.,  an-  slightly  heaiur  than  the  ewe  lambs. 
1851  C.  L.  SMITH  tr.  Tassa  xi.  xxxvii,  The  ram.. Whose 
"ram  like  head  is  armed  with  iron  plates.  1632  MASSINGER 
Maid  of  Hon.  in.  i,  A  hu.ce  shoulder  Of  glorious  fat  "ram- 
mutton.  1837  HAI.IIII  RION  Clockm.  168  A  few  half-starved 
pigs,,  .some  ram  mutton.  1864  BOUTKI.I.  l/,r.  Hist.  ^  Pop. 
xxx.  (ed.  31  451  In  addition  to  the  "ram-supporters,  rams' 
heads  are  several  limes  sculptured.  1611  SHAKS.  ll'int.  T. 
IV.  iv.  8os  An  old  Sheepe. whistling  Rosue,  a  *Ram-tender. 
1886  C.  SCOTT  Sheep-Fanning  154  The  history  of  the  'ram 


b.  A'ant.  'sense  3  b),  as  rain-bo-i.'.  (miser,  fleet, 
-steamer,  -stem,  -ressel. 
1869  SIK  E.  REKD.«jXwYi/.  xv.  292  Ships  with  "ram-how 


ram  fleet.    1897  R.  KIM.ING  Cap  tains  Courageous  128  The 
ram-steamer  Arc/if  that  breaks  the  ice.    1869  SIR  E.  REEI> 


_ .860  .l 

Our  Iron-Clad  Shift  i.  19  The  '  Warrior  is  much  more 
than  an  ordinary  ship,  .having  a  massive  solid  forged  "ram- 
stem.  1878  -V.  .-Inter.  AYr'.  CXXVI  I.  381  All  fleets  should 
be  attended  upon  by  "ram-vessels. 

7.  Special  combs. :  ram-block  Rant.,  a  dead-eye 
(falso  ram's  block] ;  +ram('s)-ciche.  the  com 
mon  chick-pea  (Cicer  arietimtin) ;  fram-eiigine, 
a  battering-ram  ;  f  ram-fish,  some  kind  of  sea- 
monster  (L.  aries,  Pliny)  ;  ram-getter,  a  ram 
kept  for  breeding  rams ;  ram-goat,  f  a  he-goat ; 
also,  a  low-growing  shrub  i  Fagara  microphylla) 
of  the  W.  Indies  and  S.  America  ;  ram-house, 
a  shed  for  protection  in  working  a  battering-ram  ; 
ram-lettirjg,  the  letting-out  of  rams  for  breeding 
purposes ;  ram-reel,  a  dance  of  men  only,  a  bull- 
dance;  ram-riding,  a  form  of  popular  punish 
ment  ;  t  ram-sheep,  the  common  sheep. 

1611  COTGR.,  Capd<-  inonton,  (in  a  ship  is)  a  certaine  flat 
leece  of  wood  bored  full  of  holes. .;  we  call  it,  the  "Kammes- 

locke.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  143  The  blacke  ciches.. 
called  *Ram-ciches.  1611  COTGR.  s.  v.  Belier,  Cliichcs  de 
belit-r,  Rammes  Citches,  hlacke  Citches.  1632  H. \YWARD  tr. 
Inondis  F.romena  150  Don  Peplasos  ..  caused  a  "Ram- 
engine  to  be  landed,  which,  together  with  its  testude,  they 
setled  on  its  wheels.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  262  Of  the 
"Ram-fish.  This  fish  is  a  very  strong  theef  at  sea,  and 
makes  foule  work  where  he  comes.  1790  MARSHALL  Rural 
F.eon.  Midi.  C.  I.  429  Getting  Rams,  to  be  let  out  again  to 
inferior  lupmen,  as  *ram-getters.  1837  VOUATT  S/tet^ 
317  Strength  of  frame.,  was  the  distinction  between  the 


p 
bl 


'  ran-.-getter  '  and  the  '  wedder-getter  '.  1575  TL-RHERY.  Fanl- 
conrie  136  The  flesh  of  a  *Ram  goat.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT 

Trav.  8  In  Angola  ..  some  adore  the  Deuill  in  forme  of  a 
bloudie  Dragon,  others  a  Ram-goat.  1864  GRISEBACH  Flora 
Brit.lV.  Indian  I  si.  Index,  Ram-goat.  1882  in  Smithsonian 
Misc.  Collect.  XXIII.  No.  13.  38  Ramgoat-bush.  ..The 
whole  plant  has  a  strong  smell.  1878  GOSSE  Rivers 
of  Bible  152  The  "ram-house,  and  part  of  the  tower,  are 
covered  with  hurdles  or  hides.  1861  Times  17  Sept.,  The 
*ram  lettings  in  progress  .  .  show  .  .  a  great  development  of 
enterprise  on  the  part  of  sheep  breeders,  1813  D.  ANDERSON 
Poems  122  (Jam.)  The  chairs  they  coup,  they  hurl  an'  loup, 
A  "ram-reel  now  they're  wantin.  1891  Q.  [C'oL'CH]  Noughts 
*t  Crosses  loo  They  had  seized  the  woman  .  .and  were  haul 
ing  her  along  in  a  "Ram  Riding.  .the  men.  .had  to  drag 
her,  her  feet  trailing,  and  the  horns  and  kettles  dinning  in 
her  wake.  1797  Kncycl.  Brit,  (ed.  3)  XIII.  562/1  Linnaeus 
enumerates  three  species  .  .  i.  The  ovis  aries,  or  *ram- 
sheep. 

Ram,  si.-  rare.  Ore.  Black  ram,  bog-iron. 

1683  PETTI-S  Fleta  Miti.  n.  iii.  114  The  rich  Gold  Ram  or 
Slick  (out  of  which  Gold  is  quickened).  1807  VANCOUVER 
Agric.  Devon  (1813!  76  Large  quantities  of  black  ram  (i.  e. 
hog  iron)  are  found  dispersed  through  all  the  moors  and 
low-grounds. 

Ram,  rf.3   Naut.  Length  '  over  all  '  of  a  boat. 

1723  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  6224/5  A  Vessel  27  Foot  and  half 
upon  the  Keel,  33  Foot  Ram.  1889  //  'hitby  Ga~.  2  Aug  4/6 
The  charge  for  any  boat  exceeding  17  feet  in  the  ram,  that 
is  to  say  anything  after  the  style  of  a  coble. 

Ram  (rrem),  rf.4  [f.  RAM  i-.l]  The  act  or 
process  of  ramming. 

1897  H'fstm.  Ga-..  7  May  2/1  The  prescribed  course  of 
alternate  cram  and  ram  proved  entirely  successful. 

b.  Kain  ami  da  nidi),  jocularly  applied  (attrit. 
or  a/isfl.)  to  a  muzzle-loading  gun. 


RAM. 

1866  Cornhill  Mag.  Sept.  342  Old  sportsmen  ..  who  still 
use  and  prefer  the  old  '  rani  and  d— n  '  \\hich  they  uiekled 
so  effectively  in  their  youth.  1899  Pall  Mall  Mag.  Jan. 
1 16  A  pot-hunter  . .  considering  the  condition  of  his  ancient 
ram-and-dam  gun. 

Ram  (rcem),  r/.1  Also  4-^  ramme,  7  ramb,  8 
ramm.  [ME.  rammen  =  MHO.  rammen  to  batter, 
drive  in,  etc.  Perh.  f.  RAM  s/>.1  (as  if,  to  butt  or 
strike  like  a  ram),  but  the  earliest  uses  in  Eng.  do 
not  clearly  show  this.] 

1.  absol.  To  beat  down  earth  with  a  heavy  imple 
ment,  so  as  to  make  it  hard  and  firm. 

£•1330  Arth.  $  yJ/i-r/.533(K.<">lbins)  Sum  rammed  &dolnen 
snel  &  gun  ^at  castel  fair  8:  wel.  4:1440  rromp.  Paw. 


422/2  Rammyn'  wythe  an  instrument,  trufo,  tew,  pilo. 
1651  \V.  BACON  Disc.  Gwt.  Kng\  n.  xvii.  (1739)  94  A" 
instrument.. that  in  laying  a  sure  Foundation,  doth  as  well 


clay,  and  ram  well  over. 

b.  trans.  vi\\h.  ground >  etc.  as  object. 

1596-7  S.  FIXCHB  in  Ducarel  Acct.  Croyiion.  App.  (178 0     ; 
153  Small  stone,  and  brickbats  . .  rammed  stronglye,  course     • 
upon  course.     1664  GERHIER  Counsel^  The  Back-layers  to    \ 
lay  no  Foundation  except  the  ground  be  first  Ram'd.     1703 
MOXON  Afech.  Exerc.  128  If  the  Ground  be  hollow  or  weaker    , 
in  any  place,  he  strengthens  it,  sometimes  by  well  ramming     ; 
it  down.     1757   MIU.KS  in   /V«7.    Trans.   L.  26   They  are     . 
obliged  to   pave   and    ramm   the   bed   of  the   river.     1823     : 
P.  NICHOLSOM  Pract.  Build.  338  The  space  between  being 
filled  with  clay  or  chalk  closely  rammed. 

transf.  1873  HOLLAND  A.  Bonnie,  xiii.  214  Mr.  Mullins 
.  .rammed  down  his  shirt  bosom  again. 

C.  To  fix  or  make  (a  thing)  firm  by  ramming 
the  surrounding  soil. 

1565  GOLDING  Caesar  190  b,  Create  postes  of  streight 
timber. .are  let  into  the  grounde.  .and  rammed  surely  with 
a  great  deale  of  earth.  i88a  Garden  n  Mar.  169/2  The 
plants  may  be  well  rammed  and  top-dressed  with  stiff  loam. 

2.  To  force  or  drive  down  or  in  by  heavy  blows  ; 
to  drive  (piles,  etc.)  into  the  soil  in  this  way. 

1519  HORMAN  Vttl$.  240  A  quauery.  .foundacion,  must  be 
holpe  with  great  pylys  of  alder  rammed  downe.  1530 
PALSGR.  678/2, 1  ramme, as  workmen  ramme  in  py  lea. .  .They 
have  rammed  syxe  pyles  this  mornynge.  1621  T.  WILLIAM 
SON  tr.  Goulart's  Wise  I'ieillard  85  Euen,  as  it  were,  pyles 
of  wood  rammed  into  the  earth.  1708  J.  C,  Compl.  Collier 
(1848)  22  Stiff  Clay  . .  is  forc'd  and  ram'd  in  next  the 
Sand.  1840  Erid.  Hull  Docks  Com.  37  We  ram  »ome 
concrete  between  the  piles.  1881  WHITKHEAD  Hops  36 
Men  pitch  holes,  .and  ram  the  poles  down  into  them. 

b.  To  force  (a  charge")  into  a  fire-arm  by  means 
of  a  ram-rod.     71?  ram  home:  see  HOME  adv.  4. 

1598  BARRET  Theor.  ll'arrcs  m.  i.  34  To  ramme  the  same 
(bullet]  with  paper,  tow  or  such  like.  1627  CAPT.  SMITH 
Seaman s  Grain,  xiv.  66  A  Rammer  is  a  bob  of  wood.. to 
ramme  home  the  Powder.  1700  S.  L.  tr.  I-'ryke's  l^oy.  E.  [tut. 
72,  I.. loaded  again  with  a  double  Charge. .,  which  I  took 
care  to  ram  down  as  hard  as  ever  I  was  able.  1781  THOMP 
SON  in  Phil,  Trans.  LXXI.  269  The  recoil  of  a  musket  is 
greater  when  its  charge  is  rammed  than  when  it  is  not. 
1878  BF.SANT  &  RICF.  Celias  Arb.  xxii,  You  had  better  ram 
in  your  charge. 

absol.  1859  F.  A.  GRIFFITHS  Artll.  Man.  (1862)  112,  No.  2 
searches,  sponges,  rams  home. 

c.  To  cram,  stuff,  thrust  (a  person  or   thing) 
into  something  (///.  andjrigO- 

1582  STANYHURST  sEneis  n.  (Arb.)  44  In  this  od  hudge 
ambry  they  ramd  a  number  of  hard  ye  Tough  knights.  1640 
SIR  E.  DERING  Sp.  on  Relig.  14  Dec.  13  They  have  rammed 
a  prodigious  ungodly  oath  into  them.  1682  DRYDEN  &  LEK 
Duke  of  Guise  v.  i,  By  Heaven  I'le  ramm  thee  in  some 
knotted  Oak.  1840  LADY  C.  BURY  /list,  of  Flirt  xxvi, 
I  always  ram  my  clothes  into  a  box.  1869  C.  GIBBON  Robin 
Gray  xxxvi.  In  a  hurry  to  ram  his  head  into  the  noose. 

d.  To  push  firmly  down  ;  to  pen  up  closely. 
1602   MARSTON  Antonio's  Rev.   i.  iv,  Ramm't  quicklte 

downe,  that  it  may  not  rise  up.  1768  FOOTE  Devil  \.  iii, 
Consider,  ramm'd  up  in  this  narrow  compass  [a  bottle], 
I  can't  be  much  at  my  ease.  1887  SIR  R.  H.  ROBERTS  In 
the  Shires  ii.  25  He  rams  his  old  hat  down  on  his  head. 

3.  To  force  in  or  compress  the  charge  or  con 
tents  of  (a  gun,  etc.)  by  ramming. 

1581  STYWARD  Mart.  Discipl.  i.  13  Eiierie  peece  to  haue 
his  gonner,..to  wade,  ram, ..and  coole  the  peeces.  1796 
PEGGE  Anonym.  (1809)  280  It  made  a  flash  and  a  sharp 
crack,  like  that  of  a  gun  high  charged  and  hard  rammed. 
1799  G.  SMITH  Laboratory  I.  9  Having  rammed  a  rocket. 
1894  HALL  CAINE  Manxman  iv.  xvii.  265  He  took  out  his 
pipe,  and  rammed  it  with  his  forefinger. 

b.  To  cram  or  stuff  hard  with  something. 

1390  SPENSER  F.  Q.  \.  vii.  13  That  divelish  yron  Engin,.. 
With  windy  Nitre  and  quick  Sulphur  fraught,  And  ramd 
with  bollet  rownd.  1601  B.  JONSON  Poetaster  v.  i,  His 
poesie,  tis  so  ramm'd  with  life.  1721  RAMSAY  To  R.  H.  B. 
iii,  If  ram'd  wi'  red,  they  rant  and  rair,  Like  mirthfu'  men. 
1838  Civil  Eng.  fy  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  237/1  The  intervening 
space  being  well  rammed  with  saw-dust. 

4.  To  stop,  stuff,  or  block  up.     Also  const,  with. 
a  1548  PATTEN   Expeti.  Scotl.  B  vij  b,  These  kepers  had 

rammed  vp  their  outer  dures.  1620  QUAKLES  Feast  for 
Wormes  (1638)  3  Ramme  up  thine  eares,.  .Be  deafe  to  them, 
1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxon.  II.  518  A  back  stair,  .ranib'd  up 
with  earth  to  prevent  any  passage.  1843  CARLYLK  Past 
<$•  Pr.  iv.  iii,  ^diles;  who  would  ..  have  rigorously  seen 
rammed  up  into  total  abolition  many  a  foul  cellar. 

5.  t  a.  intr.  To  b:\tter  at  with  a  ram.   Obs.  rare. 
1599  HAKLUYT  I'oy.  II.  134  So  was  it  impossible  that  the 

wals  of  lericho  should  fall  doune,  being  neither  vndermined, 
nor  yet  rammed  at  with  engines. 

b,  trans.  To  dash  violently  against,  to  strike 


128 

with  great  force;  esp.  A\m/.  to  strike  (a  ship) 
with  the  i am. 

1864  AV;i>  York  Picayune  in  Daily  Tel.  30  Aug.,  The 
Tennessee  was  rammed  by  tlie  Hartford.  1893  Times 
24  June  7/5  The  Victoria  had  been  rammed  six  miles  off 
Tripoli.  1897  Allbutt's  Syst,  l\leii.  II.  107;  In  blood  so 
treated  it  is  easy  to  observe  the  lilariie  ramming  the  sheath 
and  hitting  their  way  out. 

al'sol.  .1869  LD.  C.  E.  PAGET_/l«/n*/<Jf.  x.  (1896)  334  The 
Kaiser  ..  rammed  four  successive  times.  1898  Tit-Bits 
26  Mar.  492/2  When  the  order  to  ram  is  given,  everybody 
throws  himself  Hat  on  the  deck. 

6.  To  dash,  force  or  drive  (one  thing  on,  at,  or 
into  another)  ;  Sc.  to  punish  (a  person)  by  dash 
ing  against  a  wall  (quot.  1854). 

1715  RAMSAY  Christ's  Kirk  Gr.  in.  xxiii,  Some  ramm'd 
their  noddles  \vi'  a  clank  ..  On  posts  that  day.  1854  H. 
MILLER  Sell.  %  Kclim.  (1858)  228  The  disputants.. were  pre 
pared  to  assist  in  ramming  each  the  other  ;  and  so  rammed 
they  both  were.  1858  R.  S.  SURTKF.S  Ask  Maiitma  xxiii, 
Ramming  his  horse  well  at  it,  he  gets  through,  c  1869 
Lt).  C.  E.  FACET  Atitoliiof.  x.  (1896)  334  The  gallant  Petz, 
who  rammed  the  old  two-decker.. into  an  Italian  ironclad. 

f7.  To  ram  oneself:  To  say  '  rammee '  (q.  v.).  Obs. 

1667  WATKRIIOUSF.  Fire  Lon,1.  126  His  Proclamations  and 
Manifests  against  Prophaneness.  .disobeyed  by.  .those  who 
will  Rain  and  Damn  themselves  to  be  his  best  friends. 

t  Ram,  v.~  Obs.  rare.  [1.  RAM  sb^-  i.]  trans, 
To  leap  (the  ewe). 

1688  K.  HOLME  Armoury  n.  vii.  134/1  A  Ram,  Rutteth 
or  Rammeth  the  Ewe.  1694  MorriiUX  Ratelait  v.  (1737) 
222  They  will  not  be  ridden,  tupp'd,  and  ramm'd. 

II  Ramadan  ^ramada-n},  ramazan  (-za-n). 

Forms  :  a.  7  ramm-,  rorn-,  rummadan,  ramdam, 
7-9  raraadhan,  8  -dam,  ramandan,  8-9  rham-, 
.7-  raraadan.  0.  7  ram-jan,  ramizam,  7-8  rame- 
zan,  S  -esan,  9  r^h)omazan(i,  ramadzan,  ram- 
zauii,  6-  ramazan.  [a.  Arab.  y^**-*]  ramaflan 

(hence  Turk,  and  Pers.  ramazan},  f.  ramada  to  be 
heated  or  hot  (see  note  to  def.).]  The  nintli  month 
of  the  Mohammedan  year,  rigidly  observed  as  a 
thirty  days'  fast,  during  the  hours  of  daylight,  by 
all  Mohammedans. 

The  lunar  reckoning  of  the  Mohammedan  calendar  brings 
the  fast  eleven  days  earlier  each  year,  so  that  in  a  cycle 
of  about  thirty-three  years  it  passes  through  all  the  seasons 
successively  ;  but  it  is  supposed  originally  to  have  been  one 
of  the  hot  months. 

a.  1601  W.  Hliini-l.rH  in  T.  Lavender  Trav.  Four 
Englishmen  (1612)  95  The  Turkes  Romadan,  which  is  their 
Lent,  being  ended.  1695  MOTTEUX  57.  Olon's  Morocco  43 
On  the  Eve  of  that  Ramadan,  they  prepare  themselves  for 
its  observation  by  public  Rejoycings.  1757  HUME  Kss.  9f 
Treat.,  Nat.  Hist.  Relig.  U777)  II.  4°3  The  Rhamadan  of 
the  Turks,  .must  be  more  severe  than  the  practice  of  any 
moral  duty.  1865  WMITTILK  I)a-'iti  li'alsim  Pr.  Wks._i889 
I.  316  At  the  season  called  Ramadan,  he  was  left  at  leisure 
for  a  whole  week. 

transf.  1822  Dr.  QuiNcEy  Confess,  n.  126  A  Lent  or 
Ramadan  of  abstinence  from  opium. 

/3.  1599  HAKLUYT  Voy.  II.  203  The  Mahumetans  observe 
a  kinde  of  lent  continuing  one  whole  moone.  .called  in  their 
tongue  Ramazan.  1698  J.  FKYEK  Ace.  E.  India  tf  P.  379 
In  their  Ramzan,  or  on  a  Journey,  they  often  expire  for 
want  of  it  [opium].  1706  Lonil.Gaz.  No.  4205/1  This  being 
the  Moon  of  Ramezan,  during  which  it  is  the  Custom  of 
the  Turks  to  fast  by  Day  and  feast  by  Night.  1812  HYRON 
Ch.  Har.  n.  Ix,  Ramazani's  fast  Through  the  long  day  its 
penance  did  maintain.  1813  ELPHINSTONE  Ace.  Cnnhil 
(1842)  I.  279  The  fast  of  the  Ramzaun  is.  .strictly  observed  ; 
and . .  is  felt  as  a  real  hardship. 

attrib.  1653  GKKAVES  Seraglio  112  The  Ramazan  time, 
which  is  their  lent,  and  lasteth  a  whole  moon.  1884 
J.  PAYNE  Talfsfr.  Arabic  I.  tQtiote,  The  orthodox  Muslim, 
whose  only  meals  in  Ramazan-time  are  made  between  sun 
set  and  dawn-peep. 

t  Haulage,  sb\  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RAMAGE  a.;  the 
OF.  sb.  is  not  recorded  in  the  same  senses.] 

1.  \Vildness,  high  spirit,  courage. 

In  first  quot.  perh.  an  adj.  (qualifying  -.vootlnes). 

1456  SIR  Cl.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  285  Malice  or 
hete,  woodnes,  ramage,  or  pride  orguillous.  a  1500  I'romp. 
Parv.  422/2  (MS.  H.)  Ramage,  or  corage,  ctmtffiam.  1618 
LATHAM  2n,l  Kk.  Falcomy(i(>i$  107  The  Lanner .  .is  nothing 
inferiour  to  the  other  in  ramage  and  wildenesse. 

2.  A  ramage  hawk,  rarer"1. 

1612  SELDEN  Illustr.  Draytoiis  Poly-olb.  v.  304  The 
Goshawk  taken  at  the  source  by  the  Falcon  soone  fell 
down  at  the  King's  foot,  which  performance  in  this  ramage 
made  him  yearly  afterward  send  hither  for  eyesses. 

Bamage  .rK'medg),  i/'.^  arch.  Also  7  ramm-. 
[a.  F.  ramage  =  Prov.  ramatge  :— late  L.  *rdma- 
tifittn,  f.  ramus  branch  :  see  KAMDS  and  -AGE.] 

1.  The  collective  branches  of  a  tree  or  trees. 

1656  P.LOf  NT  Glossogr.,  Railing,-,  lioughes,  Branches,  or 
any  thing  that  belongs  thereto.  1855  I!AII.EY  Mystic,  etc.  85 
That  beneficent  stem . .  From  leaf  and  ramage  sheddeth  cool 
bright  showers. 

f  2.  The  song  or  cry  of  birds.  Obs. 

1616  DRI-MM.  OF  HAWTH.  Poems  n.  x,  My  Lute  l>ee  as 
thou  wast  when  thou  didst  grow . .  in  some  shadie  Groue, . . 
And  Birds  on  thee  their  Ramage  did  bestow,  a  1693 
URQUHAHT  Rabelais  in.  xiii,  The  barking  of  currs,  bawling 
of  mastiffs,. .rammage  of  Hawks. 

t  Homage,  a.  Ol>s.  Also  6-7  (9)  rammage, 
7  ramadge;  6-7  ramege,  7  rammege.  [a.  OF'. 
ramage :— late  1..  *ramatictis :  see  prec.  and  cf. 
RAMMISH  a?,  RAMMIST  a.] 

1.  Of  hawks:  Having  left  the  nest,  and  begun  to 


BAMASS. 

fly  from  branch  to  branch  (cf.  BRAXCHEK  -)  ;  hence, 
wild,  untamed,  shy. 

1390  GOWER  Con/.  I.  361  The  faucon  which  that  flelh 
ramage  And  soeiTreth  nothing  in  the  weie,  Wherof  that  he 
mai  take  his  preie.  1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  A  viij,  Take 
a  sperhauke  ramage  and  calle  hym  curtoysly  and  ye  shall 
make  hym  come  frely  to  yow.  1575  TI-RBF.RV.  Fanlconrie 
31  The  seconde  name  is  a  ramage  falcon,  and  so  she  is  called 
when  she  hath  departed  and  left  the  eyrie.  1616  SURFL. 
&  MARKH.  Country  Farnic  708  lias-havskes  are  nothing  so 
valiant  as  those  which  are  taken  long  time  after,  and  are 
called  ramadge  hawkes.  « 1682  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Tracts 
(1683)  118  Nor  must  you  expect  from  high  Antiquity  the 
distinctions  of  Eyess  and  Ramage  Hawks.  1773  J.  CAMP 
BELL  Mod.  Faulconryyo\  It  is  best  to  give  them  [stones)  at 
night  to  haggards  and  ramage-hawks. 
b.  transf.  of  persons. 

1567  TURBERV.  Epit.  etc.  15  b,  You  are  become  so  wylde 
ana  rammage  . .  As  though  you  were  a  haggard  Hawke. 
1589  GREENE  Menaplum  (Arb.)  42  She  left  from  being  so 
rammage,  and  . .  came  to  the  fist,  and  granted  me  those 
favours  she  might  affoord.  1652  MAINE  Epig.  from  Donne 
vi.  89  Though  ramage  grown,  Th'  art  still  for  carting  fit. 

2.  Of  animals  :   Wild,  untamed,  unruly,  violent. 
c  1290  MS.  Land  108  fol.  n  pe  wolfues  (>at  weren  ramage. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Loi'e  i.  iii.  (Skeat)  1.  49  Nothyng  is 
werse  then  the  beastes,  that  shoulden  been  tame,  if  thei 
catche  her  wildenesse,  and  ginne  again  waxe  ramage.  c  1430 
LVDG.  Reas.  fy  Sens.  2858  At  wylde  bestis  for  to  shete, 
.  .Whan  she  seeth  hem  to  savage,  Hygh  of  jgres,  or  to 
Ramage.  1580  BLUNDEVIL  Art  of  Riding  Dib,  A  horse 
that  is . .  of  nature  ramege  or  restiffe.  1639  T.  DE  GREV  Compl. 
Horsent.  12  Horses,  .becomming  wild,  rammage  and  unruly. 

b.  Of  persons  :  Furious,  frenzied. 
'1470  HARDING  Chron.    xcvu.  vi,   Some  woode,   some 
ramage  went.    [1824  MACTAGGART  Gallmjid.  Encycl,  406 
When  a  man  is  rammaged,  that  is.  .craz'd..with  drink.] 

3.  Of  places  :  Full  of  thickets,  rough. 

c  1475  I'artenay  527  Cerching,  enquering  in  wodes  ramage. 
1809  Christmas  lla'ing  in  Skinner  Misc.  Poet.  127  He 
rumbl'd  down  a  rammage  glyde. 

4.  Of  velvet :  (see  quot.  and  cf.  BRANCHED  2  b). 
1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Velvet,  Ramage  or  branched 

velvet,  representing  long  stalks,  branches,  &c.  on  a  sattin 
ground. 

t  Ra-mageness.  Obs.  [f.  prec.  +  -NESS.] 
Wildness,  wantonness ;  high  spirit. 

(1440  rromp.  Parv.  422/2  Ramajenesse,  or  coragyows. 
nesse,  Liiita.  1575  TURBERV.  Fanlconrie  147  When  your 
Falcon  will  come  a  far  off  vnto  the  lewre.  .w'out  any  coy- 
nesse  or  ramagenesse.  1607  MARKHAM  Caval.  in.  i.  5  This 
..takes  from  him  [the  horse]  two  vices,  barbarous  rameg- 
nesse  and  fantasticke  restifnesse.  1686  R.  BROME  Gentl. 
Kecreat.  n.  x.  33  In  her  making,  a  little  rest  will  cause 
her  [the  hawk]  to  return  to  her  first  ramageness. 

t  Ramageous,  a.  Obs.  Also  5  -geouse, 
-gyous,  -gous,  -geus,  6  -gious.  [a.  OF.  ramageous 
(Godef.),  f.  ramage  RAMAGE  s/>.]  =  RAMAGE  a. 

I398TKEV1SA  Bartli.  De  P.  R.  xn.  iii.  (Bodl.MSJ  115  b.The 
goshauke..bi  moche  mete . . waxifp  ramageouse  ober  slow?. 
1412-20  LVDG.  Chron.  Troy  I.  ii.  162  liullis  full  vnmilde 
With  brasen  fete  ramageous  and  wilde.  a  1450  Knt.  de  la 
Tour  (1868)  14  A  sparhauke,  be  he  never  so  ramageus. 
1  c  1530  Remedy  of  Love  xlvii.  Now  is  he  tame  that  was  so 
ramagious. 

t  Ra-mager.  Obs.  rare  -'.  [f.  RAMAGE  a.,  perh. 
after  BKANCHER.]  A  ramage  hawk. 

1686  R.  BROME  Gentl.  Recreat.  n.  46/2  There  is  more 
danger  in  heating  a  Hawk  taken  out  of  the  Mew,  than  one 
newly  taken  being  a  Ramager. 

Ramail(e,  obs.  forms  of  RAMMEL  rf.1 

Ramakin,  variant  of  RAMEKIN. 

Ramal  (rvl-mal),  a.     [f.  L.  r&m-tts  branch.] 

1.  Bot.  Of  or  belonging  to  a  branch;   growing 
on  or  out  of  a  branch. 

1856  HENSLOW  Rot.  Terms.  1861  BENTLEV  Man.  Bot.  135 
The  leaves  which  arise  from  the  main  stem  are  called 
cauline  ;  those  from  the  branches  ramal. 

2.  Anal,  and  7.ool.    Pertaining  to  a  ramus ;  of 
the  character  of  a  rnmus.       1891  in  Cent.  Diet. 

Ramal,  obs.  f.  RAMMEL  rf.i  Ramallie,  obs.  f. 
RAMILIE. 

t  Ramalling.  Obs.  rare~°.  [ad.  F.  ramaillagc, 
f.  ramailler  (see  def.).]  The  process  of  scraping 
the  hair  from  the  skins  in  the  manufacture  of 
chamois  leather. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Shammy.  Kid  and  goats- 
skins.. when  brought  from  the  mill,  .undergo  a  particular 
preparation,  called  ramalling ;  the  most  delicate  and  difficult 
of  all  the  others.  (Description  follows.] 

Ramanand,  obs.  Sc.  var.  KEMANENT.  Ram 
andan,  obs.  f.  RAMADAN.  Ramaquin,  var. 
RAMEKIN. 

t  RamaSS,  i/'.  St.  Obs.  rare-1,  [a.  F.  ramas 
(1549)  heap,  collection,  etc.,  f.  ramasscr :  see  next.] 
A  summary,  resume. 

1606  BIHXIF.  Kirlt-Bnriall  (1833)  32  This  ramasse  of  these 
reasons  in  the  bygone  discourse  being  thus  made. 

t  Ramass,  f.1  Obs.  Also  7  remass,  ramash, 
rammass.  [ad.  F.  ramasser  (1539),  f.  re-  RE-  -t- 
ainasser  AMASS.]  trans.  To  gather  together. 

1589  HAKLUYT  I'oy.  To  Rdr.  *3b,  Those  wearie  volumes 
. .  most  vntruly  and  vnprofitablie  ramassed  and  hurled 
together.  1613-18  DANIEL  Coll.  Hist. Eng.  199  Phillip,  .had 
ramassed  one  of  the  fayrest  Armies,  .that  ever  was  scene  in 
France.  1650  T.  VAUGHAN  Anthroposophia  54  If  I  will  but 
ramash  all  that  be.  1659  World  in  Moon  lHalliwell,  s.v.). 
When  they  have  ramast  many  of  several  kindes  and  tastes . . 
they  open  one  vessel,  and  then  another. 

Ramass,    i'.-    rare.     Forms:    6  ramassh,  8 


RAMBAND. 

rammass.  [ad.  K.  ramasscr  (1606),  f.  ramasse 
sledge  of  branches,  ad.  It.  ramazza,  f.  ramoy  L. 
rdmits  branch.]  trans.  To  convey  on  a  sledge  of 
branches  .such  as  is  used  in  certain  parts  of  the 
Alps  for  descending  snow  slopes. 

IS"  GUVLFORDE  I'tlgr.  (Camdcn)  80  From  the  hyght  of  the 
mount  e  downe  to  Lyuyngborugh  I  was  ramasshed,  whiche 
is  a  right  straunge  thynge.  1792  A.  YOUNG  Trav.  France 
257  When  arrived  at  the  precipice,  .the  mute  is  dismissed, 
and  the  rammnssing  begins. 

Ramayle,  obs.  f.  RAMELL  sb.*  Ramayn, 
-and,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  REMAIN,  REMANEXT.  Ram- 
azan,  var.  RAMADAX.  Ramb,  obs.  f.  RAM  T'.1 

fRamband.  ?  error  for  ram  f  and  L  RAMP  r. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  24447  (Cott.^  Apon  mi  las  oft-sith  i  stod, 
Rnles  ramband  [Gott.  raxland]  to  jJe  rode. 

t  Rambarre,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  F.  rcm- 
barrert  f.  re-  RE-  +  embarrer  EMBAR.]  trans. 
To  beat  or  force  back. 

1644  Hi; ME  Hist.  Doug.  290 They  were  quickly  rambarred, 
and  beaten  back  by  those  that  had  been  left  of  purpose  in 
the  Court.  1819  W.  TKNNANT  Papistry  Storm"  d  (1827)  165 
To  rambarre  The  shock  o'  that  near-cuiiu'n'  war. 

Rainbe,  obs.  form  of  RAM. 

||  Ramberge.  Obs.  rare.  Also  7  -barga. 
[obs.  F.  rani-^  ran-,  raubcrgc  (Godef.),  ad.  Kng. 
ROW-BARGE.]  A  long,  narrow,  swift  war-vessel 
formerly  used  by  the  English. 

Described  by  Du  Bellay  (Mauoiri's  x.,  an.  1545). 

[1656  in  BLOUNT  G/ossogr.,  copying  Cotgr.]     ^1693  &>'- 

?iiharfs  Rabtlais  in.  li,  416  The  huge  Rambarges,  mighty 
iallioons,  the  large  I'"loyts  [etc.]. 

Ramble  (rse-mbl),  st>.i    [f.  the  vb.] 

1.  An  act  of  rambling;  a  walk  (f  formerly  any 
excursion  or  journey)  without  definite  route  or 
other  aim  than  recreation  or  pleasure. 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  iv.  xx.  268  Witches  are  confin'd 
In  their  night  rambles,  to  egge  shels.  1662  PEPYS  Diary 
30  June,  So  through  bridge  to  Blackfryers,  and  home  ;  she 
being  much  pleased  with  the  ramble  in  every  particular  of 
it.  1725  BERKELEY  Let.  to  Prior  i$  Oct.  Wks.  1871  IV.  115, 
I  have  been  these  five  weeks  in  a  ramble  through  England. 
1791  BOSWKLI,  Johnson  an.  1776,  21  Mar.,  Next  morning. . 
we  set  out  in  a  post-chaise  to  pursue  our  ramble.  1810 
CRAUBE  Borough  xxiv,  Then  walks  were  made,  Not  a  sweet 
ramble,  but  a  slow  parade.  1854  B'NESS  BUNSEN  in  Hare 
Life  (1879)  II*  'iv-  173  A  most  delightful  ramble  up  a  dell. 

transf.  and  /iff.  1659  H.  MORE  Iminort.  Soul  in.  xiv. 
§  10.  479  This  wild  and  audacious  ramble  from  a  more 
secure  state,  a  1700  in  Somers  Tracts  (1748)  I.  269  This 
Ramble  of  Imagination  is  not  altogether  a  Dream.  1818 
KEATS  Endym.  i.  932  A  brook — Whose  silver  ramble.. 
Tracing  along,— it  brought  me  to  a  cave. 

b.    Fhr.    On  or  upon  the  ramble  =  rambling. 

1700  T.  BROWN  Ainnscm.  Ser.  Com.  19,  I  will  set  both  his 
and  my  Imagination  on  the  Ramble.  1733  SWIFT  Corr. 
(1841)  II.  714  Since  I  left  that  place..  I  have  been  still  upon 
the  ramble.  1792  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Desmond  III.  167, 
I.  .shall  be  upon  the  ramble  for  some  time. 

2.  Rambling,  incoherence,  rare. 

11716  SOUTH  Sermons  (1737)  II.  107  Put  off  with  ramble 
and  confused  talk,  babble,  and  tautology.  Ibid.  159  Their 
prayers  ;  so  full  of  ramble  and  inconsequence. 

Ra'inble,  sb*  Coal-mining.  Also  ram(m)ell. 
[?var.  of  KAMMEL  $b*\  but  cf.  Sw,  ram  la  to  fall 
down.]  A  thin  bed  of  shale  lying  above  a  coal- 
seam,  which  falls  down  as  the  coal  is  taken  out, 
and  requires  to  be  separated  from  it.  Also  Comb. 

1851  GRF.EN\VFU, Coal-Trade  Terms 41  At  some  collieries, 
an  extra  allowance  . .  is  made  for  hewing  with  ramble. 
1893-4  Labour  Commission^  Gloss.  66  An  extra  allowance  . . 
called  'ramble-money'. 

Ramble  (rce-mb'l),  v.  Also  7  ramel.  [Of 
obscure  formation  ;  cf.  c  ramble  ^  scramble.  An 
earlier  form  appears  to  have  been  romble  RUMBLE.] 

1.  intr.  Of  persons :    To   wander,  travel,  make 
one's  way  about  (now  usually  to  walk)  in  a  free 
unrestrained  manner  and  without  definite  aim  or 
direction,     f  Formerly  sometimes  conj.  with  be. 

1620  T.  PEYTON  Paradise  in  Farr  S,  P.  Jas,  I  (1848)  178 
Hauing  rambled  in  the  sacred  keele  About  the  world.  1672 
R.  MONTAGU  in  Bucclcnch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  521, 
I  go  tomorrow  towards  Italy,  where  I  will  ramble  for  two 
or  three  months.  1711  STEELE  Spect.  No.  96  P  2,  I  . .  went 
out  of  the  House  to  ramble  wherever  my  Feet  would  carry 
me.  1754  WARBURTON  in  W.  &  Hurd  Lett.  (1809)  165  He  is 
rambled  into  Staffordshire.  1807-8  W.  IRVING  Salmag. 
(1824)  260  A  delightful  piece  of  wood  and  water,  where  he 
might  ramble  on  a  summer's  noon.  1880  L.  STEPHEN  Pope 
iv.  89  He  was  often  rambling  about  on  horseback. 

b.  fig.  with  ref.  to  mental  pursuits  or  studies. 
1650   T.  VAUGHAN  Anthroposophta  2,    I  studied  several 

Arts,  and  ramel'd  over  all  those  Inventions  which  the  folly 
of  man  call'd  Sciences.  1669  STORMY  Mariners  Mag.  Ep. 
Ded.,Then  I  rambled  over  all  these  Mathematical  Inven 
tions.  1726  BOLINGBKOKR  Lett.  Stud.  Hist.  v.  (1752)  140 
We  must  not  ramble  in  this  field  without  discernment  or 
choice,  nor  even  with  these  must  we  ramble  too  long. 

c.  transf.  of  things  (material  and  immaterial). 
1665    BOVLK    Occas.    Refi.    iv.    i.   (1848)    167    My  roving 

Thoughts  were  in  various  Dreams,  rambling  to  distant 
places.  1800  WORDSW.  Seven  Sisters  vi,  The  stream  . .  As 
through  the  glen  it  rambles,  Repeats  a  moan.  1858  GLENNY 
Card.  Ez'ery-day  Bk.  37/1  If  they  [plants]  be  neglected 
until  they  have  rambled  about. 

2.  intr.    To   wander   in    discourse    (spoken    or 
written) ;  to  write  or  talk  incoherently  or  without 
natural  sequence  of  ideas. 

1640  [see  RAMRUNG  "'H.  sb.\.    1692  DRYDEN  St.  Enretnonfs 

VOL.  VIII. 


129 

Ess.z-jt  I  should  then  ramble  from  the  Subject  I  have  pro 
posed  to  my  self.  1710  SWIFT  Jrnl.  to  Stella  19  Oct.,  My 
pen  is  apt  to  ramble  when  I  think  who  I  am  writing  to. 
1825  COBIJF.TT  Kur.  Rides  282  He  rambled  on  in  a  '.hildish 
sort  of  way.  1850  K.INCSI.KY  Alt.  Locke  xi,  He  ramblud  off 
into  a  Ion;;  jumble  of  medical-officers. 

3.  trans.  To  wander  over,  rare* 

1825  in  Hone  Evcry-day  Bk.  I.  291,  I  ramble  the  rough 
highland  hills. 

Ramble,  variant  of  RAMMEL  s&.2 

t  Ramble-berry.    Obs.  rare-1. 

App.  a  prepared  dish  ;  cf.  ale-,  bread-berry. 
1658  riiillida  Jhnds  tim  in  Wit  restored  166  Curds  and 
Cream,. .Wigge  and  \vhay..And  ramble-berry. 

fRa*mbie-hea:ded,  a.  Obs. rare— \  [f.  RAM 
BLE  sb.  or  v.}  Of  a  wandering,  giddy  disposition. 

a  1761  RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1902)  VI.  i.  2  Lord,  how 
we  ramble-headed  [1754  rambling-headed]  creatures  break 
in  upon  oursdvu-. 

Rambler  (nvmblo.i \  [f.  RAMBUS.  +  -i;u  '.] 
One  who  rnmbUs. 

1624  MASSINCKR  Parl.  Loi-e  iv.  iii,  My  young  rambler, 
That  thought  to  cheat  me. .  I  have  in  the  toil  already.  1750 
LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  C'tess  Bute  17  Oct.,  You  will 
think  m<j  a  urcut  rambler,  being  at  present  far  distant  from 
the  date  of  my  last  letter.  1808  SCOTT  Manu.i.  xxv,  I  love 
such  holy  ramblers.  1846  LAXDOR  Imag.  Conv.  Wks.  II. 
207  It  collects  all  ramblers  and  gamblers. 

b.  A  rose  which  straggles  or  climbs  freely,  csp. 
the  Crimson  Rambler.  Also  attrib. 

1837'!".  RIVERS Kose  Amateur  sGuide  ^  Dundee  Rambler 
is.  .one  of  the  best.     ll<id.,  Lovely  Rambler,  or  the  Crimson 
Ayrshire,  is.  .semi-double.      1895   Wes,ttn.  Gaz.  16  July  4 '3 
.     The  Queen  ..  inspected  the  new  crimson  rambler  rose. 

Ra-mble-scra-mble,  a.  [f.  RAMBLE  v.  + 
SCRAMBLE  v.]  Wanting  in  system;  confused. 

1833  ARNOLD  in  Stanley  Life  \  1844)  I.  vii.  306  The  Penny 
1  and  Saturday  Magazines  are  all  ramble-scramble.  1864 
KNIGHT  Passages  ll'ork.  Life  II.  xv.  322  The  engravings 
were  superior  J  the  writing  w;^  less  ramble-scramble. 

Rambling"  (rx'mblin),  i'bl.  sb.  [f.  RAMBI.K  r. 
+  -IXG  !.]  The  action  of  the  vb.,  in  its  various 
I  senses.  Also  in  //. 

1624  MASSINGER  Parl.  Love  v.  i,  For  this  gallant,  sir,  I  do 
confess  I  cooled  him — spoiled  his  rambling.  1640  W.  S['m.i: J 
tr.  De  AntisiO  Span.  Gallant  126  Hee.. ought  to  provide, 
that  hee  doe  not  often  repeate  the  same  words,  ..  (which 
is  that  which  is  called  ra.ablingt.  a  1704  T.  UKO\VN 
Imit.  \st  Sat.  Persius  Wks.  1730  I.  54  When  such  wild 
ramblings  got  him  some  poor  fame.  1745  POCOCKF,  Descr. 
East  II.  H.  iii.  277  Rambling  makes  little  alteration  in  the 
mind,  unless  proper  care  be  taken  to  improve  it.  1833 
TENNYSON  MUlcr's  Dau.  105  Oft  in  ramblings  on  the  wold, 
..I  saw  the  village  lights  below.  1897  Allbntfs  Syst.  JMed. 
II.  543  Rambling  of  the  mind  and  delirium. 

attrib,  1673  WVcHERLBY  Gent.  Dancing- Master  i.  i,  To 
confine  a  woman  just  in  her  rambling  age  ! 

Rambling  ^nxrmblirj),  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  ^.]  That  rambles,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb. 

1.  Of  persons    or    things :    Wandering,    moving 
about,  straying  from  one  place  to  another. 

1623  MASSINGER  Bondman  n.  i,  Your  rambling  hunt-smock 
feels  strange  alteration,  a  1652  J.  SMITH  Sel.  Disc.  iii.  53 
How  these  moveable  and  rambling  atoms  come  to  place 
themselves  so  orderly  in  the  universe.  1711  ADDisoN^/t't"/1, 
No.  129  P  i  Hunting  about  the  whole  Town  after  a  rambling 
Fellow.  1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela  I.  xvi.  (1824)  257  A  kind 
of  rambling  rheumatism.  1819  SHF.LLEY  Cyclops  58  Get 
along)  you  horned  thing,  Wild,  seditious,  rambling. 
b.  Of  life,  etc:  Characterized  by  wandering. 

1699  DAMPIF.R  I'oy.  II.  Pref.,  My  first  Entrance  upon  this 
Rambling  kind  of  Life.  1718  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let. 
toAbbtContiiq  May,  I  am  on  the  point  of  removing.  Such 
is  my  rambling  destiny.  1787  COWPKR  On  Bill  ^Mortality  i, 
All  these,  life's  rambling  journey  done,  Have  found  their 
home,  the  grave. 

2.  Of  the  thoughts,  mind,  etc. :    Straying  from 
one  subject  to  another ;  unsettled. 

1635  QUARLES  Embl.  iv.  xii,  What  unwonted  way  Has 
'scap'd  the  ransack  of  my  rambling  thought.  1700  ASTRY 
tr.  Saai'edra-I''axardo  II.  194  Those  Means  which  their 
rambling  and  unquiet  Minds  prompt  'em  to.  1719  DE  FOE 
Crusoe  i.  i,  My  Head  began  to  be  fdl'd  very  early  with 
rambling  Thoughts,  a  1839  PRAED  Poems  (1864)  II.  14  An 
opiate  for  a  rambling  head. 

b.  Similarly  of  speech,  discourse,  writings,  etc. 
(•1645  HOWKLI.  Lett.  (1650)  I.  345  It  may  seem  a  rambling 

wild  speech  at  first  view.  1691  BENTLEY  Phal.  Introd. 
(1699)  17  A  Man  of  much  rambling  Learning.  1713  STEELE 
Guard.  No.  34  P  i  The  conversation . .  was  so  very  rambling 
that  it  is  hard  to  say  what  was  talked  of.  1837  DISRAELI 
Vgnetia  i.  x,  A  long  rambling  ghost  story.  1871  BLACK 
Adv.  Phaeton  viii.  120  Rambling  reminiscences  of  theatres. 

c.  Of  persons  :  Given  to  wandering  in  thought 
or  discourse. 

1693  J.  EDWARDS  Author.  O.  <§•  N.  Test.  124  The  usual 
mistake  of  the  rambling  poets.  1774  J.  BRYANT  Mythol.  II, 
365  Nonnus  is  a  rambling  writer  and  unacquainted  with 
method.  1899  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VII.  681  The  patient 
became  mildly  demented,  rambling  in  speech,  and  defective 
in  memory. 

3.  Of  plants :  Straggling,  spreading  or  climbing 
freely  and  irregularly. 

1728-46  THOMSON  Spring  795  O'er  his  ample  sides  the 
rambling  sprays  Luxuriant  shoot.    1807  CRABBE  Sir  Eustace 
Greyt  I've  hung  upon  the  ridgy  steep  Of  cliffs  and  held  the 
rambling   briar.     1882  Garden    n    Feb.  93/1    One   of  the  ' 
creeping  or  rambling  species. 

4.  Having  an  irregular  straggling  form  or  plan, 
1849  C.  BRONTE  Shirley  I.  x.  288  [The  house]  was  antique, 

rambling,  and  incommodious.  1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  ff  It. 
Note-bks.  (1872)  I.  16  This  narrow,  crowded,  and  rambling 
street. 


RAME. 

Raiublingly  (nt-mblirjli),  adi\  [f,  prec.  + 
-LV-.]  In  a  rambling  manner. 

>r  1641  Hi-.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  ff  Mon.  (1642)  232  Our  Lords 
kinsmen,  of  whom  Africanus,  Epiphanius,  ami  the  Jesuit 
t;dk  so  ramblingly.  1686  GOAD  Celest.  Undies  HI.  ii.  422 
All  that  I  shall  ramblingly  note  here.  1855  DORAN  //rt«twrr 
Queens  II.  xi.  207  He..  ran  his  fingers  ramblingly  over  his 
harpsichord. 

So  Ra'mblin  guess. 

1835  JAMES  Gipsy  I.  vi.  163  Mrs.  Falkland's  house  had 
a  certain  ramblingness  of  construction.  1890  Sat.  Re:-. 
7  June  690/1  A  general  ramblingness,  so  to  speak,  which 
u-icd  to  be  characteristic  of  the  female  intellect. 

Rambootaii,  variant  of  RAMUI  TAX. 

t  Rambooz  e,  -buze.  Obs.     (See  quot.  1656.  ^ 

There  is  no  evidence  of  connexion  \\lth  KI'.MUOOXK. 

1656  I'LOUNT  Glossogr.,  Ratnboos,  a  conipuiind  ihink.  ,-'t 
Cambridge,  and  is  commonly  made  of  K?gs  Ale,  Wi:,c  ;,i,.i 
Sugar;  but  in  Summer,  of  Milk,  Wine,  Sujai.  ;ir,d  R.  .--• 
water.  1668  WILKINS  Real  Char.  \\.  \\\.  §  (.  .  ,•  Qthei 
nunle  l)riiik,  as  .  .  Rambuze,  Syllabub,  etc.  1815  H  ht  . 
John  Decastro  I.  226  Giving  directions  for  a  h"t  \»>'.  of 
rambooxe. 

Rambostan,  -boteen,  varr.  RAMJJUTAX. 

I!  Itambur(e.  06s.  Also  8  -bourg.  [F.  ram- 
bctir  (Cotgr.  ramlnire]^  f.  Ramburcs  near  Amiens.] 
A  large  kind  of  cooking  apple. 

1600  SURI-LF.T  Countrie  I-'arme  in.  xli.v.  535  Sharp*.-  sowre 
apples  ,  ,  as  ramburs.  1657  TOMLINPON  KCHOH'S  Pi^p.  -i;.. 
All  curtipendulous  apples,  rambures  and  the  like.  1706 
LONDON  ,^  WISF.  Retird  Gard.  \\43  The  Frank  KamU.ur..,' 
i-;  a  large  Apple  of  a  broad  Figure,  having  a  Coat  '-tix-aked 
with  l\vd. 

fRamburse,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  rare-*,  [ad.  K. 
rembourser^  f.  re-  +  emboitrser  Ii[BURSE.]  trans. 
To  reimburse.  Hence  Rambursing  vbl.  sb. 

1582  tturgh  Rec.  Edinb.  (1882)  229  The  .  .Migatioun  .  .  f  >r 
rambursing  to  the  guid  towne  of  the  x"1  merkis  lent  to  the 
Kin^is  Grace. 

Rarabvistious,  variant  of  KrMHrsriors  a. 

1853  LYTTON  My  Xmvl  III.  xi.  xix.  ^.\  That  Mack- 
whiskered  alligator,  the  Daren,  .  .  those  rambustious,  un 
christian  filbert-shaped  claws  of  his. 

Rambutan,  -bootan  (.rnimb;/  lan\  Also  8 
rum-,  rambostan,  rambustine.  9  ramboutan, 
ramboteen.  [a.  Malay  ,.Jft*^j  rambntan^  f.  rain- 


Intt  hair,  in  allusion  to  its  villose  covering.]  The 
fruit  of  Nephelium  lapfaceuni  ,  a  tree  of  the  Malay 
archipelago,  having  a  reddish  coat,  covered  with 
soft  spines  or  hairs,  and  pulp  of  a  subadd  flavour. 

The  forms  with  s  are  prob.  due  to  association  with  MAN-HO 
ST!.  KN,  which  also  exhibits  the  substitution  of  -/;/(•,  -tv,v  for 
•an  in  the  last  syllable,  as  in  rambustine,  -boteeu. 

1707  FL-NNELI.  I'oy.  x.  286  The  Rumbi^tan  is  about  the 
bigness  of  a  Walnut.  1779  T.  FORRKST  /  'oy.  -V.  Guinea  323 
They  have  also  ..  Mangoes,  Mangu.stines,  Kanibustincs. 
1772-84  COOK  I'oy.  (1790)  I.  281  The  lanibutan  contains 
a  fruit  within  which  is  a  stone,  that  i--  perhaps  the  finest 
acid  in  the  world.  1815  W.  THORN  Co>«i.  Jn-ca  212  The 
Ramboutan  is.  .of  a  very  pleasant  tr.ste.  1852  !•'.  A.  NK  \i  \\ 
Resid.  Siiun  xii.  194  The  bilimby,  the  ramboteen  ar.d  tl;e 
sour-sop.  1880  Nature  XXIII.  143/2  The  mang>>,  pine 
apple,  durian,  rambutan. 

Rarubuze,  variant  of  RAMBOOZ(K  06s. 

R.a'iil-cat.  Now  only  dial.  [f.  RAM  sb.1  :  sec 
CAT  s6.1  i  b.]  A  male  cat, 

1672  JOSSELYS  New  Eng.  Rarities  16  The  Ounce  or  Wild 
Cat,  is  about  the  bigness  of  two  lusty  Ram  Cats.  1751 
SMOLLETT  Per.  Pic.  (1779)  II.  xlviii.  103  The  skin  and  feet 
of  a  special  ram-cat,  newly  flayed.  1802  WOI.COTT  (I*. 
Pindar  i  Gt.  Cry  «y  Lit.  Wool  Wks,  1816  IV.  264  He.. 
already  has  kill'd  one  Ram  Cat.  1809  W.  IRVING  Knickerb. 
vii.  (1820)  414  Like  two  furious  ram  cats  on  the  very  point 
of  a  clapper-clawing.  1880-  in  dial,  glossaries  (Som.,  Devon, 
Cornwall). 

Raxndam,  obs.  form  of  RAMADAN. 

Railie  (r^'m),  j/;.l  Now  only  dial.  [Perh.  = 
MDu.  rame  (Du.  return)  t  OI1G.  rama  (MUG. 
ram,  ramc,  G.  rahm,  rahmeii}  frame,  framework.] 
a.  (Chiefly//.)  The  bones  or  skeleton  (ofa  human 
being  or  animal),  b.  dial.  The  mere  skeleton 
or  framework  (ofa  thing)  ;  also,  dried  stalks. 

1497  Will  of  Ottelcy  (Somerset  Ho.),  Where  my  wif  lieth 
buried  so  that  the  bones  of  her  be  not  digged  up  but  to  ly 
upon  the  Rame  of  the  same  bones.  1581  J.  UELL  Haddon's 
Answ.  Osor.  40  b,  Naturall  fooles  do  detest  the  stincking 
Rames  ..  of  that  Rebellious  tray  tour.  Ibid.  460  b,  Would 
any  man  dought  but  that  her  Raines  [L.  ossa]  would  have 
bene  bragged  upon.  1847  in  HAI.LIWELT,.  1880-  in  south 
western  glossaries  (Glouc.,  Som.,  Devon,  Cornwall). 

Rame  (r^'m),  s&.*  rare.  [a.  F.  rame  :—  L. 
ramns  branch,  RAMUS.]  A  branch  of  a  tree  or 
shrub  ;  also  transf.  ofa  nerve,  etc. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Alan  vnr.  IOQ  [This]  braunch  [of 
nerve],  .is  reflected  aboue  the  wrest,  there  into  three  proper 
rames  specially  deuided.  [1858  O.  W.  HOLMES  Aestivation  i. 
in  Aut.  Breakf.-t.  255  The  foles,  languescent,  pend  from 
arid  rames.]  a  i8<n  T.  HENEY  Wood  Notes  xi.  (Funk),  The 
Wattles  crown  Witn  golden  down  Their  sombre  rames. 

Rame  (rtTm),  s6.3  Sc.  Also  rhame.  [f.  RAME 
v*]  A  cry  ;  a  continuous  repetition  of  the  same 
words  or  sound.  (Cf.  RANE  s6.) 

1808  JAMIESON  s.v.,  It  is  said  of  one,  He  has  ay  at  rame, 
when  he  continues  to  cry  for  the  same  thing  or  to  repeat 
the  same  sound.  1822  HOGG  Perils  of  Man  I.  244  The 
poet  can  bring  out  naething  but  rhameso',.  nonsense, 

Rame  (wm),  vl  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Also 
6  raym,  9  rhame,  raim,  ream.  [Prob.  f.  ON. 
hreim-r  a  scream,  cry.] 

17 


I 


RAME. 

1.  intr.  To  shout,  cry  aloud,  scream  ;  dial,  to 
keep  up  the  same  cry,  to  continue  repeating  the 
same  thing.    (Cf.  KANE  v.) 

1-1470  Gel.  %  Ga-.u.  693  The  roy  ramyt  for  reuth.  1513 
DOL'GI.AS  .•Etteis  vii.  x.  76  Thay  rame  and  cry  fast  on  the 
King  Latyne.  £1560  A.  SCOTT  Foetus  (S.  T.  S.)  xxxiv.  51 
rame  as  ;e  wer  rent.  1808  in  JAMIESON.  1829  in 

ROCKETT.     1876-  in  northern  glossaries  (Yks.,  Northumh.). 

2.  trans,  f  a.  To  obtain  by  persistent  asking.  Obs. 
1500  20  DL'XOAR  Fcfrns  Ix.  33  Sum  ramyis  ane  rokkat  fra 

the  roy. 

b.  To  repeat,  run  over. 

1818  HOGG  Brownie  of  Boiisbeclt  II.  76  She'll  rhame  o'er 
bladds  o'  scripture  to  them.  1822  —  Perils  of  Man  II.  262, 
I  heard  Will  .  .  rhaming  o'er  the  names  o'  a'  the  saints  he 
had  ever  heard  of. 

Hence  f  Ba'ming  vbl.  sb.   Obs. 

1513  DOUGLAS  /Ends  v.  vi.  94  With  loude  ramyngis  and 
with  mony  a  sellout.  1351  Xc.  Ads  Mary  (18141  4^7  Nanc 
of  thame  may  pas  throw  the  streittis  for  raining  and  crying 
vpone  thame. 

tRame,  z'.2  Obs.  rare-1.     (Sense  not  clear.) 

f  1205  LAY.  7854  pa  Rom-leoden  rameden  }eond  u)jen. 

Rame,  obs.  form  of  RAM. 

||  Ram6  i,ranv),  a.  Her.  [F.,  f.  rame  branch.] 
=  ATTIHED///.  a.  4. 

1878  in  BUKKK  General  Armory  p.  xliv. 

Rameal  (ir'Tni^al),  a.  Bot.  [a.  F.  ramial,  f. 
rame  branch.]  —  KAMAL. 

1852  GRAY  in  Smithsonian  Contrib.  Kncrjileilge  V.  vi.  77 
Leaves  12  to  18  lines  long,  .the  smaller  rameal  ones  some 
times  contracted  at  the  base. 

Rameal,  -mel,  app.  erron.  ff.  CARAMEL. 

1584  El:,  of  Rates,  Ramels  the  c[wt.)  ..  x  //.  1660  Hid., 
Mel.isses  or  Rameales  the  hundred  weight  .  .  or  /. 


Rameaii  (iv'-m/iin),  a.  and  sb.     [f. 
(see  RAMIST)  +  -(E)AN.]     a.    adj.    Belonging   to, 
connected  with,  Ramus.     b.  sb.  A  Ramist. 

1710  tr.  ti*iy!i-'s  Diet.  (1735^  IV.  842/1  A  dissertation  for  the 
Rame.in  Philosophy.  1838-9  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  i.  vii. 
§  i.l  natf,  The  sixth  stage  of  Aristotle's  fortune  Launoy 
reckons  to  I>e  the  Ramean  controversy,  a  1880  J.  McCLiN- 
TOCK&  J.  Si  KONG  Cycl,  Bib.  Lit.  V  III.  900  The  faults  of  the 
Ramean  system  of  dialectics  have  long  been  acknowledged. 

Rained,  a.    A'aut.    [?f.  RAME  rf.i]   (See  quot.) 

1867  SMVIH  Sailer's  H'orJ-H:  559  Rained,  the  state  of 
a  ship  on  the  stocks,  when  all  the  frames  are  set  upon  the 
keel,  the  stein  and  stern-post  put  up,  and  the  whole  adjusted 
by  tile  rain-line. 

Ramedve,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  REMEDE.  Ramee,  var.  of 
RAMIE.  Ramefy,  obs.  f.  RAMIFY.  Ramege,  var. 
RAMAGE  a.  Rameid,  obs.  Sc.  f.  REMEDE. 

Ramekin,  ramequiu.  (nx-mekin).  Forms  : 
S  ramme^kin,  S-  ramequin,  9  ramekin,  -akin, 
-aquiii.  [ad,  F.  ramequin  (1690)  of  dub.  etym. 
Cf.  obs.  1'lem.  rammeken  toasted  bread  (Kilian).] 
A  small  quantity  of  cheese,  with  bread-crumbs, 
eggs,  etc.,  usually  baked  and  served  in  a  special 
mould.  Chiefly//. 

1706  PHILLIP-S,  Kaine^ttin  (Fr.  in  Cookery),  toasted  Cheese 
and  Bread,  a  Toast  and  Cheese.  Ramequins  are  also  small 
slices  of  Itread-crum  cover'd  with  a  Farce  made  of  pounded 
Cheese,  Eg;_;s  and  other  Ingredients  bak'd  in  a  Pie-p;m. 
1754  Connoisseur  No.  19  Toasted  cheese  is  already  buried 
in  rainmelkins.  1819  H.  BUSK  Banquet  II.  647  Your  rame 
kins  too  rich.  .Your  fricassee  too  fat.  1864  A.  B.  KIRWAN 
Host  ff  Guest  198  At  large  dinners  in  London,  cheese  is 
oftenest  eaten  in  the  form  of  ramequins,  or  grated  Parmesan, 
and  other  preparations.  1879  B'ham  Weekly  Post  8  Feb. 
1/4  We  had  hot  cheese,  like  ramakins. 

attrib.  1894  U'estm.  Gaz.  2  June  8/2  Butter  some  small 
ramekin  moulds.  1894  C.  H.  SESN  Pract.  Gastron.  551  Fill 
the  mixture  in  little  French  china  ramaquin  cases. 

Raniel,  obs.  form  or  var.  of  RAMBLE  sb*  and  v., 
RAMF.U.,  and  RAMMEL  sb.^ 
t  Ra-melande.  (Of  obscure  form  and  meaning.) 

Perh.  written  for  rame  I  (  =  ramniel,  rubbish^  ande. 

a  1310-30  £.  K.  Allit.  P.  C.  279  Nowhere  he  fyndez  No 
rest  ne  recouerer,  hot  ramelande  myre. 

fRa-melet.  Obs.  rare—'',  [f.  F.  rame  branch 
+  -LET.]  A  small  branch,  twig.  In  quot.y?f. 

1652  URQL-HART  Jnvel  Wks.  ^1834!  200  For  better,  under- 
st.inling  whereof,  with  all  its  dependant  boughs,  sprigs,  and 
ramelets,  I  have  set  down  [etc.]. 

Ramell,  obs.  form  of  RAMMEL  s/>.1 

Ramellie(s,  obs.  variant  of  RAMILIE. 

Railiellose  ^rx'melJus),  a.  [f.  mod.L.  ramell- 
us,  ilim.  of  ranius  (cf.  RAMULUS)  +  -OSE.]  Bear 
ing,  or  having  the  form  of,  small  ramuli. 

1852  SmithsoiiiaH  Contrib.  Kntr.vl.  V.  v.  205  Branches  ex 
cessively  divided,  ramellose.  i8?aH.C.  WOOD  Fresh-  Water 
Algjeiv-j  Fasciculi  of  extreme  branches  densely  ramellose. 

Ramembrance,  obs.  Sc.  f.  REMEMBEANCE. 

Rament  (rf'-ment).     [ad.  L.  RAMENTUM.] 

1  1.  //.  Scrapings.  Obs.  rare. 

1670  W.  SIMPSON  llydrol.  Ess.  143  A  saxtim  nitrosum,  or 
raments  of  stone.  1675  E.  W[ILSON]  Spadacr.  Ditnelm.  38 
Tliis  Liquor  thus  replenish  'd  .  .with  the  raments  of  Iron. 

2.  Bot.   =  RAMENTUM  2. 

1819  in  Panioloffia  X. 

Ramentaceous  (rrement^'-Jas),  a.  Bot.  [f. 
RAMENT-UM  +  -ACEODS.] 

1.  Covered  with  ramenta  or  scales. 

1816  KEITH  Phys.  Bot.  I.  75  A  branch  or  stem  that  is 
covered  with  thin  and  dry  scales  or  flaps  is  said  to  be 
ramentaceous.  1845  LINDLEY  Sch.  Bot.  ix.  (1858)  154  Leaves 
simple,  .  .with  a  ramentaceous  stalk.  1866  Treas.  AV/.  957/1. 


130 

2.  Resembling  ramentn. 

1861  RKNTI  EV  Man.  Hot.  48  Other  modifications  . .  are  the 
ramenta  or  ramentaceous  hairs  so  abundant  upon  Ferns. 

Ramenti'ierous,  a.  Bot.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-XI)FERODS.]  Bearing  ramenta. 

1886  Atlienxutn  27  Nov.  711/2  The  rarm-ntiferous  surfaces 
not  extending  to  the  apex. 

|[  Ramentum  (rame-nt™i).  Chiefly  in  pi. 
ramenta.  [L.,  f.  ratiere  :  see  RASE  z'.l] 

1.  A  fragment  scraped  off;  f  an  atom,  mote. 
1662  RAY  Three  I  tin.  (1846)  134  Common,  or  rain,  water 

falling  upon  a  stone,  doth  continually  carry  away  some 
insensible  ramenta,  or  atoms,  of  it.  1678  CUDWORTH  Intcll. 
Syst.  l.  iii.  §  14.  115  Those  Ramenta  that  appear  in  the  air 
when  the  sun-beams  are  transmitted  through  cranies. 
1822-34  Gooifs  Study  bled.  (eel.  4)  I.  73  Sir  Gilbert  I'.lanr  .. 
considers  the  salivary  glands  as  one  of  the  outlets  for  the 
ramenta  of  the  bones. 

2.  Bot.  A   thin  membraneous  scale   formed   on 
the  surface  of  leaves  and  stalks. 

1819  in  Pantologia  X.  1832  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  41 
Ramenta  . .  are  particularly  numerous  . .  upon  the  petioles 
and  the  backs  of  the  leaves  of  Ferns.  1872  NICHOLSON 
I'aLrsnt.  480  Rhizomata.  .covered  with  hairs  or  ramenta. 

Rameous  (r^'Tnz'iOs),  a.  Bot.  [f.  L.  ramiis 
branch  +  -EOl'S.]  Of  or  belonging  to  branches. 

1760  I.F.E  IntroJ.  /tat.  ill.  iv.  (1765)  172  Kanteous,  belong, 
ing  to  the  Brandies.  1832  LINDLEY  Itttrod.  Bot.  416. 
1866  Trcas.  Bat.  957/1. 

Ramequin,  variant  of  RAMEKIN. 

Ramera,  Rames,  obs.  ff.  RKMORA,  RAMS. 

Ramesan,  obs.  form  of  ramazan,  RAMADAN. 

Ramessid  (rormesid),  -ide  (-aid),  sb.  and  a. 
Also  Bameside.  [ad.  Gr.  type  *'Pafieaal$i)S,  f. 
'Paptaarjs  Rameses  +  -iSijs,  pationymic  suffix.]  A 
member  of  the  Egyptian  royal  family  during  the 
I  gth  and  2oth  dynasties. 

1854  C.  H.  COTTRELL  tr.  Bitnsrn's  Egypt' s  place  in  L'niv. 
Hist.  II.  571  The  Ramessides  of  this  both]  Dynasty  have 
generally  been  made  use  of  for  completing  the  roth.  1873 
S.  BIKCH  Kgyptfr.  Earliest  Times  iv.  154  The  Theban  line 
of  the  Ramessids  appears  to  have  been  broken  up  [etc.]. 
b.  attrib.  or  as  adj . 

1859  C.  H.  COTTRELL  tr.  Bitnscn's  E^rf-fi;  plate  in  Unfa. 
Hist.  HI.  160  The  confusion  of  the  Sesostride  and  Rames- 
side  legends.  1864  Athinxum  No.  1937.  786/1  The  great 
Pharaohs  of  the  Ramesside  dynasty.  1875  S.  BIRCH  Egypt 
fr.  Earliest  Times  iv.  1 54  A  princess ..  of  the  Ramessid  line. 

II  Ra'mex.  Med.  Obs.    [L.]   A  rupture,  hernia. 

1608  9  MIDDLETGN  tt'idow  iv.  ii,  I  thought  't  had  been 
some  gangrene,  fistula,  Canker,  or  ramex.  1753  CHAMBERS 
O\/.  Supp.,  Ramcx,  a  word  used  by  some  as  a  name  for 
hernia  or  rupture. 

Ramezan,  obs.  form  of  ramazan,  RAMADAN. 

Ramfee'zled,  a.  Sc.    Worn  out,  exhausted. 

1783  BURNS  2ml  Ep.  y.  Lapraik  13  The  tapetless  ram- 
feezl'd  hizzie.  1890  SERVICE  Kotandums  ix.  63  He  wrocht 
aw.i  till  he  was  ramfeezled. 

tBamforce,  vl  Obs.  Chiefly  Sc.  Also  6 
-forae.  [var.  KAXFORCE.  q.  v.]  trans.  To  fortify, 
strengthen  (a  wall,  rampart,  etc.)  ;  to  block  up, 
barricade  (a  gate  or  door). 

1570  Burgh  Rfc,  Edinb.  (1875)  269  The  counsall  ordanis 
the  baillies..to  caus  ramforce  the  Walter  Yait.  1583 
STOCKER  Civ.  H'arres  Lowe  C,  iv.  56  Thei  beganne  to  .. 
ramforce  the  Rampares,  and  Yauntmures.  1644  Privy 
Council  Dccrcta  2  Oct.  331  She  ..caused  ramforce  the 
doores  of  the  kirk  with  clog  stones  and  other!*  the  like 
materiallis..[and]  debarred  the  people  from  accesse. 

fig-     *58<  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xliv.  141  His  boss  bellie, 
ramforsit  with  creisch  and  lie,  Will  serue  to  be  a  gabion. 
b.  ?  To   stop  or  jam  up  (cannon). 

163*  LITHGOW  Trav.  Hi.  104  They  scaled  the  walles,  slue 
the  watches,  and  vnhappily  ramforced  all  the  Canon. 

Hence  fBamforced  ppl.  a.   Ohs. 

1589  A.  HUME  Hymns  vii.  y^Wks.  (S.  T.  S.)  54  Of  mightie 
walls  and  ramforst  towers  so  hie. 

Ramforce  ring,  var.  RANFORCE  KING. 

1669  STL-KMY  Mariner's  Mag.  v.  48  (plate). 

Ramgu'nshoch,  a.  Sf.  Harsh,  ill-tempered. 

1721  KELLY  Sc.  Prov.  348  What  makes  you  so  Ramgun- 
shoch  to  me?  1795  BURN'S  Had  I  the  ivyte  ii,  Our  ram- 
gunshoch  glum  gudeman  Is  out. 

t  Ra-m-head.  Obs.    [f.  RAM  *M] 

1.  One  who  has  a  head  like  a  ram  ;  a  dull,  thick- 
witted,  or  obstinate  person;  also,  a  cuckold. 

1605  Play  Stuclcy  in  Simpson  Sch.  Shaks.  (1878)  I.  196 
Drum,  ..  make  the  ram-heads  hear  that  are  within.  1630 
I.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Taylor's  Pastorall  54  To  be  cald 
Ramhead  is  a  title  of  honour.  1632  MASSINGFR  &  FIELD 
Fatal  Dowry  ii.  i,  Were  it  my  father's  trunk,  The  tyrannous 
ram-heads  with  their  horns  should  gore  it 

2.  Naut.  A  halyard  block:  see  RAM'S-HF,AD  2. 

1514  in  Oppenheim  A  tint.  Royal  Navy  (1896)  I.  App.  A. 
Ramehedes  with  ij  shevers  of  Brasse.  1626  CAPT.  SMITH 
Accid.  Yng.  Stamen  ii  The  ram  heads,  the  Knights,  1704 
In  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn. 

3.  Part  of  the  arm  of  a  crane. 

1611  COTGR.,  MolUtte> . .  the  ram-head  of  a  fearne,  or 
windlesse.  1686  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  2183/4  Stolen, ..  a  Crane 
Rope  cut,  and  the  Ram-head  of  Iron.  1729  DESAHTI  M-:KS 
in  Phil.  Trans.  XXXVI.  200  The  End  of  the  Gibbet  g 
with  the  Ram-head  r,  and  the  Weight  hanging  at  it. 

Hence  t  Ra-m-head  v.  trans. >  to  give  horns  to, 
to  make  a  cuckold  of.  Obs. 

1713  Poor  Robin  (N.),  For  fear  you  should  be  this  day 
wedded,  And  on  the  next  day  be  ram-headed. 

Ra'm-h.ea:ded,  a.  Having  the  head  of  a 
ram ;  fg.  thick-headed. 


RAMIFLOROUS. 

1813  SCOTT  Let.  tit  Morritt  12  Jan.   in  Lockhart,  To 
enlighten  the  understanding  of  an  old  rain-headed  sheriff  . 
who  was  usnally  named  Leather-head.     1865  J.  H.  INGKA- 
HAM  Pillar  of  I'irf  (1872)  213  The  worship  of.,  the  sacred 
ox  at  On,  and  of  the  ram-headed  Ammon  at  Thebes. 

Rami,  pi.  of  RAMUS. 

Ram-ian,  obs.  form  of  RAMADAN. 

fRa-mic,  a.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  Ram-us  (see 
RAMIST)  +  -ic.]  =  RAMEAN. 

1653  R.  SANDERS  Physiogn.  165  The  Aristotelick  and 
Ramick  Philosophy. 

Ramicle  (rrc  mik'l).  Zool.  [ad.L>typeViJ«i- 
cuhis,  dim.  of  rdmns  branch.]  A  small  branch  (of 
a  zoophyte). 

1846  DANA  Zooph.  (1848)  463  Ramicles  much  crowded. 

Ramicorn  (rarmik(>.in),  sb.  and  a.  [ad.  L. 
type  "ramifornis,  f.  ramns  branch  +  cornu  horn.] 

A.  sb.  Ornilh.  The  horny  sheath  of  the  rami  of 
the  lower  mandible. 

1866  COUES  in  Free.  Acad.  {fat.  Sc.  Philadelphia  176 
The  ramicorn  which  covers  the  sides  of  the  rami  of  the 
lower  mandible  is  chiefly  noticeable  for  the  peculiar  outline 
of  its  base. 

B.  adj.  Ent.   Having  ramified   antennae.     (In 
recent  Diets.) 

Ramiculose  (rami-kirfl<>"s),  a.  Zool.     [ad.  L. 
ictilesiis,  f.  *  ramicttliis :  see  RAMICLE 


type 

and  -OSE.]     Cliaracterized  by  ramicles. 

1846  DANA  Zavph.  (1848)  465  Erect  arborescent,  stem  .. 
laterally  ramiculose. 

Ramie  (wm»).     Also  ramee.     [Malay     j>l. 

ramT.']  a.  A  Chinese  and  Kast  Indian  plant  of  the 
nettle  family,  Bahmeria  nivea,  called  also  Rhea 
and  grass-doth  plant,  b.  The  fine  fibre  of  this 
plant,  extensively  employed  in  weaving. 

[1817  RAFFLES  Jai'a  I.  7  Among  plants  tbe  widuri  and 
rami,  the  fibres  of  the  latter  afford  very  strong  and  durable 
cords.  ]  1888  Times  22  Sept.  6/6  The  best  machine  for  ex 
tracting  the  fibre  of  ramie  in  a  green  state.  1897  H'tstHt. 
(,'az.  3  July  6/2  The  canvas  is  made  of  Indian  ramee. 

attri/i.  and  Comb.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  tMcch.  Supfl.  742/r 
Ramie  Machinery.  1890  HOSIE  West  China  73  The  cloth 
is  manufactured  from  Ramie-fibre. 

Ramifa-ctive,  a.  [t.  L.  ramns  branch  +  FAC- 
TIVE.]  Forming,  or  developing  into,  a  branch. 

1766  Museum  Rust.  VI.  210  We  are  ignorant  what,  in 
the  natural,  .state  of  a  tree,  determines  a  bud  to  forma  rami- 
factive,  instead  of  a  fructiferous  shoot. 

RamiferOUS  (rami-feres),  a.  rare.  [f.  L. 
ram-iis  branch  +  -(I)FEROI'S.]  Bearing  branches. 

1819  H.  BUSK  Banquet  i.  249  The  broad  elm,  ramiferous 
o'er  head.  1856  W.  CLARK  /  'tin  der  HoevetCs  Zool.  I.  83 
Shaft  knotty,  genicula  tumid,  ramiferous. 

Ra-mmcate,  v.  rare—'.  [Latinized  form  of 
RAMIFY,  after  next.]  intr.  To  branch  out. 

1844  Fraser"s  Mag.  XXX.  518/1  It  is  surprising  how  the 
family  tree  ramificates  and  widens. 

Ramification  (neunifiW'j'an).  [n.  of  action 
f.  med.L.  ramificare  RAMIFY,  perh.  after  F.  rami- 
featitm  (i 6th  c.).] 

1.  The  action  or  process  of  ramifying. 

1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  in.  xiii.  (1765)  200  Ramification 

]    is  the  Manner  in  which  a  Tree  produces  its  Branches.     1785 

MARTYN  Rousseau's  Bot.  xxxi.  11794)  485  The  mode  and 

,    degree  of  ramification  in  leaves  and  branches.    1865  MOZLEY 

I    Alirac.  i.   207  The  ramifications  and   migrations  of  the 

human  race.     1881  WESTCOTT  &  Hour  Grk.  A~.  T.  Introd. 

§  12  Transmission  ceases  ..  to  retain  exclusively  the  form  of 

diverging  ramification. 

b.   The  branches  of  a  tree  collectively. 
l8ai  CRAIG  Ltct.  Drawing  v.  283  This  character . .  pervades 
. .  trunk,  ramification,  bark,  and  foliage. 

2.  A   subdivision  or   single   part  of  a  complex 
structure  analogous  to  the  branches  of  a  tree,  esp. 
of  veins,  arteries,  and  other  parts  in  animals  and 
plants,  and  of  rivers.     Cf.  BRANCH  sl>.  2. 

1677  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  \.  ii.  65  A  ramification  of 
the  ntrvus  inttrcostalis  is  also  inserted  into  the  Muscle  of 
the  Heart.  1677  PLOT  Ox/ordih.  122  In  congelations  . .  we 
frequently  find  curious  ramifications,  as  on  Glass-windows 
in  winter.  1775  AI>AIR  Amtr.  hid.  284  From  the  small 
rivers  . .  the  far-extending  ramifications  are  innumerable. 
1813  SIR  H.  DAVY  Agric.  Chem.  iii.  (1814)  56  The  root  .. 
terminating  in  minute  ramifications  and  filaments.  1834 
R.  MI-DIE  Brit.  Birds  (1841)  I.  14  All  feathers  are  sub- 
divided  till  the  ultimate  ramifications  are  exceedingly 
minute.  1879  A.  R.  WALLACE  Australasia  ii.  23  Like  the 
Amazon,  it  sends  out  forks  and  ramifications. 
b.  transf.  Of  immaterial  things. 

1755  JOHNSON  Diet.  Pref.,  When  the  radical  idea  branches 
out  into  parallel  ramifications.  1800  COI.QUHOUN  Comm. 
Thames  Pref.,  The  numerous  ramifications  of  a  Commercial 
intercourse  of  unexampled  extent.  1849  M. \CAULAY  Hist, 
ling.  v.  I.  596  One  of  the  ramifications  of  the  Whig  plot  had 
extended  thither.  1866  UK.  ARGYLL  Kiign  La-.v  l.  (ed.  4) 
27  Like  all  central  truths,  its  ramifications  are  infinite. 

Ramified  (r.vmifaid),  ///.  a.     [f.  RAMIFY  v. 
-ED  1.]    Branched,  characterized  by  ramification. 


...    _     :yhn- 

drical  and  ramified.      1863  \I.  SPENCER  Ess.  II.  205  The 
ramified  consequences  that  laws  have  produced. 

RamifloTOUS,  a.  Bot.  [f.  L.  ramiis  branch  + 
for-, fids  flower  +  -DCS.  Cf.  F.  ramijlore.']  Flower 
ing  on  the  branches. 

1880  A.  GRAY  Struct.  Bot.  Gloss. 


RAMIFORM. 

Ramiform  (it£*mi$Kim).  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-FORM  :  cf.  F.  rami/ori/ie.]  Branch-like  ;  ramified. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Mcd.  (ed.  4)  II.  556  The  ramiforni 
expansion  of  a  minute  vein.  1853  KANE  Grinnell  Exp. 
xlviii.  (1856)  449  The  water  gorges  were  more  ramiform. 

Ramify  (rarmifsi),  v.  Also  6  ramefy,  -ifye, 
-yfye,  6-7  ramifle.  [ad.  F.  ramifier  (1314),  ad. 
med.L.  rdmijicare,  f.  ramus  branch:  see  -FY.] 

1.  intr.  Of  trees  and  plants  or  their  parts  :  To 
form  branches,  to  branch  out,  extend  in  the  form 
of  branches. 

1576  NEWTON  Lemnie's  Complex.  (1633)  212  Those  Trees 
and  Sprayes  that  doe  not  burgen  andramifie.  a  i735AuuuTH- 
NOT  A  liments  iii.  64  When  they  [asparagus  plants]  are  older, 
and  begin  to  ramify,  they  lose  this  Quality.  1842  LASCK 
Cottage  Farmer  18  The  roots  are  allowed  to  ramify  and 
collect  additional  nourishment. 

2.  intr.  To  extend  or  spread   in  a  number  of 
subdivisions  or  offshoots  analogous  to  brandies ; 
esp.  Anat.  of  veins,  nerves,  etc. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  YIII.  109  That  [nerve]  which 
runneth  inward  . .  ramifieng  to  that  first  Muscle.  1646  SIR 
T.  BROWNE  1'seud.  £p.  n.  v.  (1672)  97  Whether  ..  some 
[Corals]  . .  were  able  even  in  their  stony  natures  to  ramilie 
and  send  forth  branches.  1787  HUNTER  in  Phil.  Trans. 
LXXVII.  419  The  branches  of  the  bronchia?  which  ramify 
into  the  lungs.  1822-34  Good's  Study  Mc,t.  (ed.  4)  I.  223 
[Cholera]  spread,  .to  Panwell,  where  it  ramified  north  and 
south.  1861  MAY  Const.  Hist.  (1863)  II.  xiv.  428  Dissent 
had  grown  and  spread  and  ramified  throughout  the  land. 
1888  BRVCE  Amer.  Comiiau.  I.  xxviii.  443  The  machinery  of 
the  National  government  ramifies  over  the  whole  Union. 

3.  intr.  To   break  up,  divide,  into  branches  ur 
analogous  parts. 

1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydon's  Quest.  Chirurg.  Gj  b,  Yet 
agaynwarde  they  ramyfye  in  to  two  partyes.  1805  W. 
SAUNDERS  Miu.  Waters  12  A  system  of  cylindrical  vessels 
generally  ramifying  into  minute  branches.  1822-34  Good's 
Study  filed,  (ed.  4)  I.  177  Esculent  colic  may  be  justly  con- 
templated  as  ramifying  into  the  three  following  varieties. 
1856  OLMSTEU  Slave  States  93  The  road,  which  for  a  short 
distance  further  was  plain  enough,  soon  began  to  ramify. 

4.  trans.  To  cause  to  shoot  out,  spread,  or  extend 
after  the  manner  of  branches.     (Somewhat  rare  in 
active  voice;  the  passive  is  freq.  in  igth  c.) 

1565  J.  HALL  Crt.  Vertue  31  b,  But  we  O  Lorde,  that 
be  alyue,  Thy  prayse  wyll  spreade  and  ramifye.  1578 
HANISIEK  Hist.  Man.  v.  78  The  braunches..  are  ramified 
abroad  through  the  thinne  Membran.  1620  T.  GRANGER 
Divine  Logike  296  The  seede,  or  roote  out  of  which  all  the 
specials  following,  -are  as  it  were  procreated,  and  ramified. 
1767  GOOCH  Wounds  I.  273  The  vessels,  which  are  ramefied 
in,  and  upon  the  plicatures  of  the  pia  Mati-r.  1825  MAC- 
LAREN  Railways  27  Railways.,  may  be  ramified  over  a 
whole  country.  1860  TYNUALL  Glac.  n.  xxiv.  357,  I  have 
seen  the  internal  liquefaction  ramify  itself  like  sprigs  of 
myrtle. 

5.  To    separate    into    branches    or    analogous 
divisions.     Also  absol. 

1800  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859) Iv-  3'3  Some  of  these  articles 
are  too  much  for  one  professor  and  must  therefore  be  rami. 
fied.  1822-34  Good's  Slutty  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  543  The  varia 
tions  of  the  pulse  [have]  been  ramified  into  so  many  divisions 
and_ sub-divisions.  Ibid.  II.  105  In  dividing  them  into  two 
distinct  sub-species,  . .  he  ramifies  very  unnecessarily. 

Hence  Ka'mifying  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1682  GREW  Anat.  Learns  iv.  §  17  The  Distribution  of  the 
T'hreds  which  the  Vessels  compose,  is  not  the  Ramifying  of 
Greater  Pipes  into  Less.  1822-34 Goad's  Study  Med,  (ed.  4) 
III.  108  Fanaticism  ..  may  ..  rage  with  all  the  ramifying 
power  of  an  epidemic.  1884  BOWER  &  SCOTT  De  Bary's 
Phaner.  62  Branch-endings  of  ramifying  conical  hairs. 

Ramigerous  (rami-djeras),^.  Bot.  [[.L.raui-iis 
+  -(I)GEBOUS.]  =  Ramiferous.  In  recent  Diets. 

tRa-millet.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  Sp.  ramilUle] 
A  bouquet  or  nosegay  of  flowers. 

c  1620  T.  ROBINSON  Mary  Magd.  364  Faire  ramillets  and 
posies  hee  preepares, 

Ramillie  (rarmili;.  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  Also  8 
ramallie,  -ellie(s,  8-9  ramilie,  9  ramil(l)ies. 
[From  Kamillies  in  Belgium,  the  scene  of  Marl- 
borough's  victory  in  1706.] 

1.  attrib.  Applied  a.  to  a  wig  having  a  long  plait 
behind  tied  with  a  bow  at  top  and  bottom  (so  also 
with  tail) ;  b.  to  a  method  of  cocking  the  hat. 

c  1740  A.  ALLEN  MS.  Diet.,  Ramellies-Cock. .  .So  a  Ramilie 
wig  i.  the  twisted  Tail  Wig.  1767  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  IX. 
li,  Putting  my  uncle  Toby's  great  ramallie  wig  into  pipes. 
1858  CARLVLF.  Fredk.  Gt.  v.  iii.  (1872)  II.  83  Drinking  cham 
pagne  in  ramilies  wigs. 

2.  absol.  A  Ramillie  wig  or  tail. 

1752  Monthly  Rci'.  Feb.  121  A  head  of  fine  flaxen  hair  . . 
braided  into  a  ramillie.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  xvii,  Sir  Arthur's 
ramilies  being  the  positive,  his  own  bob-wig  the  compara 
tive.  1885  A.  DOBSON  At  Sign  of  Lyre  118  Giving  his 
Ramillie  a  whisk. 

Hence  Ra-millied  a.  =  RAMILLIE  I  a. 

1792  BUUWORTH  Fortn.  Ramble  ii.  10  Decorated  with  a 
ramillied  peruke. 

Ramiparous  (rami'paras),  a.  Bot.  [f.  I.,  ram-its 
4  -(I)PAROUS.]  That  produces  branches. 

1866  Treas.  Bot.  957/1. 

Ramiram,  erron.  form  of  ramizant,  RAMADAN. 

Ramish,  obs.  form  of  RAMMISH  a. 

Ramism  (rJ'-miz'm).  [f.  Kamus  (see  next)  + 
-ISM.]  The  logical  system  of  Kamus. 

1710  tr.  Bayle's  Diet.  (1735)  IV.  842/2  Ramism  had  been 
introduced  into  the  universities  of  Holland,  if  Scaligcr  and 
some  others  had  not  prevented  it.  1882  R.  ADAMSON  in 


131 

Encycl.  Brit.  XIV.  803  Cambridge  alone,  .was  a  stronghold 
of  Ramism. 

Ramist  (r/i-mist),  sb.  (and  a.),  [f.  the  name 
of  tiamus  (Pierre  de  la  Ramee,  1515-1572)  +  -IST.] 

A.  sb.  A  follower  of  Ramus,  as  the  author  of 
a  system  of  logic  opposed  in  various  respects  to 
the  Aristotelian. 

1605  CAMDEN  Mem.  (1636)  112  To  reduce  surnames  to  a 
methode  is  matter  for  a  Ramist.  1702  C.  MATHER  Magn. 
Chr.  in.  iii.  (1852)  539  He  was  an  acute  Ramist,  but  yet  he 
professed  himself  a  lover  of  a  Trichotomy.  1876  BOURNE 
Locke  I.  i.  45  At  Oxford,  in  Locke's  day,  the  Ramists  and 
anti-Ramists  fought  out  their  interminable  battle. 

B.  attrib.  or  as  adj.  Of,  pertaining  to,  charac 
teristic  of,  Ramists  or  Ramism. 

1863  W.  C.  DOWUING  Life  Calixtus  vi.  40  It  is  the  Ramist 
party  that  the  allusion  points  to.  1882  R.  AUAMSON  in 
F.ticycl.  Urit.  XIV,  803  Bacon  with  well-grounded  objection 
to  much  of  the  Ramist  method,  expounds  the  system  of 
logic  with  unmistakable  reference  to  the  Ramist  principles. 

Hence  t  Kami  stical  a.,  pertaining  to  Ramus  or 
his  system  ;  Ra'mistry,  Ramism. 

1627  HAKEWII.L  Apol.  (1630)  261  Even  Hooker  himselfe 
(though  otherwise  no  friend  to  Ramystry)  acknowledged 
that  it  is  of  marvellous  quicke  dispatch.  1636  FEATLV 
Clavis  .Mysl.  xxi.  277  Whose  day  after  a  ramisticall  dicho 
tomy  being  divided  into  forenoone  and  afternoone.  1841 
KKHI.E  in  Hacker's  U'ks.  (iSSS)  I.  218  note,  Ramistiy. 

Ra-m-ja'm,  adv.  dial,  and  slang,  [f.  RAM  v. 
+  JAM  v.]  Ram-jam  full,  crammed  full. 

1879  WAUGM  Chimney  Corner  46  If  I  \vur  ram-jam  full  o' 
sixpences,  I  shouldn't  feel  comfortable.  1897  Ontin^  (U.S.) 
XXX.  487/2  It's  truly  a  royal  game,  ram-jam  full  of  pluck. 

tRa-mkin.    Obs.   rare~l.    A  young  ram. 

1638  FORD  Fancies  iv.  i.  This  ramkin  hath  tupp'd  my  old 
j  rotten  carrion  mutton. 

Ram-line.    [?  f.  RAM  st.x]    (See  quots.1) 

1664  E.  BUSIINKLL  Shipwright  14  A  line  stretched  from 
the  middle  of  the  Sterne-Post  to  the  middle  of  the  Sum, 
called  by  Ship.wrightes,  a  Ram-line.  1711  W.  SUTHERLAND 
Shipbuild.  Assist.  27  A  Ram-line  made  fast  on  the  Stem 
ana  Stern-post,  and  weighed  by  some  Device  or  other  to 
steddy  it.  1794  Rigging  <fr  Seamanship  I.  8  Rain-line,  a 
long  line  (thicker  than  common)  used  to  gain  a  straight 
middle-line  upon  a  tree  or  mast,  1815  BURNEV  Falconer's 
Mar.  Did.,  Ram-line,  a  small  rope,  or  line,  sometimes  used 
to  form  the  sheer  of  a  ship,  and  to  set  the  beams  of  the 
deck  fair. 

KM  mm .  obs.  form  of  RAM  sb.  and  v. 

Rammadan,  obs.  form  of  RAMADAN. 

Rammage,  -al(e  :  see  RAMAGE,  RAMMEI.  rf.i 

+  Rammasche,  ?var.  RAMAGE  a.  Obs.  rare-1. 

Explained  by  Leyden  (1801)  as  F.  ramasse,  collected. 
JS49  Compl.  Scat.  vi.  38,  I  herd  the  rumour  of  rammasche 
foutis  ande  of  beystis  that  maid  grite  beir. 

Rammass,  variant  of  RAMANS  v.  06s. 
Ramme,  obs.  form  of  RAM  sb.  and  v. 
Rammed  (ra-md),///.  a.     [f.  RAM  v .1  +  -ED  i.] 
Forced  in,  beaten  hard,  etc. 
1582  STANYIIUKST  sEncis  in.  (Arb.)  77  With  ramd  cramd 

farbadge,  theire  gorges  draftye  be  gulled.  1656  EARL 
[OHM.  tr.  Baccalinfs  Advts.fr.  Farnass.  i.  xc.  (1674)  123 
A  Musket  loaded  with  ram'd  bullets.  1833  Lot  DON  F.ncyct. 
Arch.  §  753  Partitions,  .of  rammed  earth  or  of  cob.  1859 
R.  THOMPSON  Gardener's  Assist.  677  The  roots  do  not 
penetrate  through  the  rammed  chalk. 

t  Ra'mmee.  Obs.  rare.  Euphemism  for  DAMME. 

1652  Total  Rout  in  Coiuuiw.  Ball.  (Percy  Soc.)  133  With 
dammees  and  rammees  you  addle  his  brains. 

Rammege,  variant  of  RAMAGE  a.  Obs. 

Rammekin,  obs.  form  of  RAMEKIN. 

Rammel  (nc-m'l),  rf.1  Now  on\ydial.    Forms  : 

5  ramail,  -ayle,  -al,  5-  6  ramel(le,  4-6,  9  ramell ; 

6  rammal(e,  -aid,  6-7  rammell,  6-9  rammel, 
-il.      [In   senses  I    and  2   app.   a.  OF.  ramaille 
branches  (Godef.),  f.  rame  branch.     But  the  re 
maining   senses   are   not   clearly  developed  from 
these,  and  may  really  represent  a  different  word.] 

f  1.  north,  and  Sc.  Brushwood,  underwood,  small 
trees  or  bushes.  Obs. 

1373  Durh.  Halm.  Rolls  (Surtees)  121  Pro  transgressione 
facta  in  Elden,  viz.  succidend'  ramell'.  1513  DOUGLAS 
.Kneis  x.  vii.  112  The  hyrd  . .  Amang  the  scroggy  rammell 
settis  the  fyre.  1590  lilREL  Descr.  Queen's  Entry  in  Watson 
Coll.  Sc.  f'oe/ns  (1709)  II.  i  In  Tapestries  ye  micht  persaue, 
Young  Ramel,  wrocht  like  lawrell  treis. 

attrib.  i^tSurv.  Cheviot  in  MS.  Cott.  Calif.  B  8,  fol.  73  b, 
By  the  ryuers  these  growyth  many  allers  and  other  rammell 
wood.  1549  Compl.  Scot.  vi.  37  There  vas  ane  grene  bane  ful 
of  rammel  grene  treis. 

2.  Small,  crooked,  or  rubbishy  branches,  esp.  from 
trees  which  have  been  felled  and  trimmed. 

<  1420  I'allad.  on  //list.  in.  292  The  ramail  from  the 
fressher  bough  to  leson  Is  good.  1611  Inv.  in  Chesh.  Gloss. 
(1880)  s.v.,  It.  ffyve  wayne  loads  of  Coles,  some  Ramell, 
Kids,  pooles,  &  a  stone  trough,  a  1796  PEGGE  Derbicisms, 
Rammel,  small  spray-wood  left  after  the  cordwood,  stakes, 
and  all  the  larger  stuff  is  taken  out.  1886-  in  dial,  glossaries 
(W.  Som.,  Chesh.,  Northumb.'. 

3    Rubbish  of  any  kind. 

1370-71  Ace.  Rolls'  Durham  (Surtees)  209  De  ramell 
petrarum  rein,  de  ecclesia  del  Magdeleynes.  1473  M'aterf. 
Arch,  in  iotA' Rep.  /list.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  312  That 
no . .  man . .  putte  no  manerc  dunge,  ramell  or  fylth  into  the 
ryvere.  1569  Chron.  St.  Martin's  Leicester  (1866)  172  For 
Caryinge  y  stones  ,t  Rammell  away  where  y"  Crosse 
stoode.  1616  Nottingham  Rcc.(it,%g)  IV.  348  For.  .clcnsinge 
the  streetes,  and  caryinge  away  the  rammell  ..xlvij.v.  1766 
Ch.  Aa.  in  KullandGloiS.  s.v.,  For  Raming  Rammil  out  of 
the  church  porch  dd.  1832  lioitou  Jferald  6  Mar.  4  Some 


RAMMING. 

rammel  which  had  been  most  improperly  placed  in  Broad- 
street.  1870  E.  PEACOCK  Kalf  Skirt.  I.  194  Talc1  that 
rammil  [=  money]  back;  I  don't  want  none  on  it.  1877- 
m  dial,  glossaries  (Line..  Rutl.,  Warw.,  etc). 

attrit.  1433  Fabric  Rolls  York  Minster :  .Surlees)  st'De 
4<r.  de  magistro  Ricardo  Morton  proramelstone  sibi  vendito. 

4.  W.  Midland  dial.  A  hard  infertile  earth. 

1834  Brit.  Huso.  I.  405  A  grey  sand,  mixed  wilh  coarse 
clay— which  the  farmers  call  rammel.  1844  Jrnl.  R.  Agric. 
Soc.  V.j.  80  A  few  inches  of  an  unwholesome  rammel,  under 
which  is  a  stiff  marl  subsoil.  1894  BARING-GoULD  Queen  of 
Love  III.  37  The  fold  was  apparently  of  '  rammel' ..  and 
grew  nothing  but  a  little  stunted  broom. 

Ra-mmel,  j<M  Sc.  Also  ramble.  [Of  obscure 
origin  :  prob.  not  identical  with  prec.]  A  mixture 
of  barley  and  common  bear  formerly  sown  in  Fife. 

1793  Statist.  Ace.  Scot!.  IX.  441  (Crail).  1794  Ibia.  XII. 
531  (Maikinch). 

t  Ra-mmel,  v.  rare—",  [app.  f.  RAMMEL  sli.i  3; 
but  cf.  Sw.  ram/a  in  same  sense.]  (Sec  quot.) 

1611  FLOKIO,  Franarc,  to  breake  in  sunder,  to  rammell  or 
moulder  in  pieces  as  sometimes  mud  \\alles  or  great  masses 
of  stones  will  doe  of  themselues. 

Rammelkin,  obs.  form  of  RAMEKIN. 

Ra-mmelly,  a.  dial.  [f.  RAMMEL  si.i  4  +  -v.] 
Of  the  nature  of  lanunell. 

1879  Miss  JACKSON  Shropsh.  Word-Ik.  j883  GRESLEY 
Gl'jss.  Coal-mining  199  Rammclly,  mixed  argillaceous  and 
sandy  rocks. 

Rammer  (rac-maj).  Also  6 -ar, -or.  [f.  RAMZ/.I] 

1.  An  instrument  for  ramming  or  beating  down 
earth,  or  forcing  stones  into  the  ground,  consisting 
of  a  heavy  piece  of  wood  held  upright,  the  blow 
being  given  with  the  lower  end. 

'497  -V.iivi/  Ace.  Hen.  l-'ll  (1896)  89  Paving  rammers  of 
tymbre.  1530  I'ALSGR.  260/2  Rammer  for  husbandrie.  1600 
St:i:i  LET  Countrie  Farme  IL  liv.  372  You  may  beate  it  [the 
earth]  downe  with  a  rammer  uf  wood.  1641  HEST  Furn;. 
Uks. _iSurtees)  107  The  rest  have  rammers  for  ramminge  and 
beatinge  of  the  earth  downe  into  the  hole.  1766  Museum 
Rust.  \  I.  318  One  person  may  be  employed  with  a  rammer, 
to  follow  live  or  six  mowers.  1876  VOYLL  X;  STEVENSON 
Milit.  Diet.  325/2  Compressing,  by  means  of  rammers,  the 
loose  earth  used  in  building  parapet^. 

b.  A  similar  implement  used  for  other  purposes ; 
a  pestle  or  stamp. 

1643  HOKN  &  Ron.  Gate  Lang.  Unl.  xxxiii.  §  402  They 
stamped  it  [barley]  with  a  rough  rammer  in  a  bake  house. 
'755  ^entl.  Mag.  XXV.  361  Ramming  them  [ashes]  ..  with 
a  small  light  rammer,  as  light  as  you  can,  without  bursting 
the  vatt.  1837  WHITTOCK  Ll/c.  Trades  (1842)  254  (Fuller) 
Very  heavy  pointed  'rammers'  fall  upon  the  cloth.  1852 
MOKITT  Tanning  ,5-  Currying  (1853)  499  The  skins  . .  are 
beaten  out  with  the  mace,  or  rammer.  1879  Cassett's  Techn. 
KJuc.  IV.  338/1  When  full  to  the  brim  the  salt  is  worked 
about  with  a  short  thick  stick,  the  'rammer  '. 

C.  Applied  in  contempt  to  a  heavy,  clumsy  shoe. 

1810  Splendid  Follies  I.  127  If  you  had  but  a  pair  of  pink 
slippers  on  instead  of  those  confounded  rammers. 

2.  A  cylindrical  block  of  wood  fixed  at  the  end 
of  a  staff,  used  to  drive  home   the  charge  of  a 
cannon  ;  f  the  ramrod  of  a  fire-arm. 

1497  \aval  Ace.  Hen.  I'll  (1896)  125  Rammers  for  gonnes. 
1581  STVWARD  Mart.  Discipl.  \.  44  A  good  and  sufficient 
peece, flaske, .  .mould,  rannnor.  1627 CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's 
Gram.  xiv.  66  A  Rammer  is  a  bob  of  wood  at  the  other  end 
[of  the  sponge)  to  ramme  home  the  Powder  and  the  Wad- 
dinys.  1669  STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  v.  68  Then  with  the 
Rammer  put  the  Powder  home  gently.  1778  HUTION  in 
Phil.  Trans.  LXVIII.  68  The  powder  was  forced  up  with 
only  one  stroke  of  the  rammer.  1833  MAKRVAT  /'.  SimpU 
(1863)247  As  the  men  withdrew  the  rammer,  a  shot  from  the 
enemy  entered  the  muzzle.  1879  Man.  Artillery  Exfrc.  8 
Overbank  carriages,  jointed  rammers, &c.,  for  our  siege  guns. 
b.  A  ramming  instrument  used  in  chemical  experi 
ments,  or  in  blasting  operations. 

1660  KOVLE  New  Exf.  Phys.  Mech.  xxiii.  185  The  lower 
end  of  the  Glass  rammer  (if  we  may  so  call  it).  1709  L'hil. 
Trans.  XXVI.  262,  I  ramm'd  them  strongly  down  with  a 
Rammer,  whose  Basis  was  very  little  less  than  the  Bore  of 
the  Tube.  1799  G.  Sunn  Laboratory  I.  6  The  rammer  one 
diameter  shorter  than  the  mould.  1868  FAIKLEY  Gloss. 
Terms  Coal-Mining  n.  Rammer,  an  iron  instrument  used 
in  filling  a  hole  . .  previous  to  firing  the  powder. 

•f"  3.  A  battering-ram.   Obs.  rare, 

1546  LANGLEY  Pol.  Virg.  DC  Invent,  it.  vii.  47  b,  The 
rammer  called  in  Latin  Aries  wherwith  walles  be  ouer- 
throwen  was  made  by  Epeus  at  Troye. 

4.  A  pile-driver,  or  similar  device. 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  480/2  A  Rammer,  or  an  In. 
strument  to  Drive  Piles  into  the  Ground.  1775  FALCK 
Day's  Diving  r'ess.  27  The  next  implement  was  a  rammer, 
with  which  the  blocks  were  to  be  driven  into  the  object. 
[Description  follows.]  i8s3j,  NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 
(ed.  4)  313  The  rammer  made  use  of  to  drive  piles. 

5.  One  engaged  in  ramming  earth. 
1876  VOVLE  &  SIEVF.NSON  Milit.  Diet.  326/1. 

6.  attrit.  and  Comb.,  as  (sense  I)  rammer-beaten 
adj.,  (sense  2)  rammer-head,  rod. 

'549  J'riry  Council  Acts  II.  349/1  Rammers  and  ramer- 
hedes,  xvj  dousen.  1692  Capt.  Smith's  Seaman's  Gram.  n. 
xi.  106  Make  a  mark  upon  the  Rammer-head.  1774  COOK 
in  Phil.  Trans.  LX1V.  411  The  shock  forced  the  musket 
out  of  his  hand,  and  broke  the  rammer  rod.  1834  LANDOR 
j:.eam.  S/ia/cs.  Wks.  1846  II.  276  The  groundwork  and 
religious  duty  not  being  well  rammer-beaten  and  Minted. 
1876  VOYLE  &  STI,\  ENSON  Milit.  Diet.  325/2  Rammer-heads 
for. .siege  guns  are  not  attached  to  the  sponge  staves. 

Rammes,  Rammil,  obs.  if.  RAMS,  RAMMKI.  sbl 
Ramming  (jnrmiij),  vbl.  sb.1  [f.  RAM  z/.'  + 

-INU  l.]     The  action  oi  the  vb.  in  its  various  senses. 

Also  with  ado. 

17-3 


RAMMING. 

c  1440  Proinp.  Pan'.  422/2  Rammynge,  of  a  grownde. 

1464  Nottingham  Rcc.(  1883}  11.371  For  makyng  of  holes  and 
lammyng.  .iiij</.  1591  I'huciVALL  Sp.  Diet.,  Ma$o>ieria, 

..  ramming  in.  1854  H.  MILLER  Sc/i.  fy  ScJun.  ix.  177  The 
cry  arose. .'A  ramming  !  a  ramming  !'..Hewas  poised  like 
an  ancient  battering-ram,  and  driven  headlong  against  the 
wall  of  the  kiln.  1876  VOVLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet. 
325/2  Ramming  is  essential  for  the  stability  of  the  ramparts. 
atlrib.  1775  FALCK  Day*s  Diving  Vess.  27  At  the  top  [of 
a  rammer]  was  a  ring  to  hold  the  ramming  rope. 

t  Ramming,  vbl.  s6.~  ?  Obs.  [f.  RAM  ^^.1  + 
-IXG1.]  The  copulation  of  sheep.  Only  attrib. 
in  ramniing-time. 

1590  SWINBURNE  Treat.  Testaments  163  The  spotted  sticks 
being  laide  before  Labans  sheepe  at  the  ramming  time. 
ifioyToi'SELL  Four-/,  fitasfs  11658)  487  By  the  behaviour  of 
Sheep  at  their  Rutting  or  Ramming  time  the  Shepherds 
observe  tempests. 

Bamming  (rse-mii)),///.  a.    [f.  RAM  z*.i] 

1.  slang.  Forcible, '  go-ahead '. 

1825  Sforliug  JIng.  XVII.  38  The  most  ramming,  cram 
ming,  jamming  cove  you  ever  saw  perform. 

2.  dial.  Very  big,  huge. 

1864  J.  C.  ATKINSON  Stauton  Grange  226  He  worried  a 
great,  ramming  rat.  1877-  in  northern  glossaries. 

t  Ra-mmis,  a.  Sc.  Obs.   =  RAMMIST  a. 

c  1450  Craft  of  Dcyng  113  in  Ratis  Raving  4  Sa  mony  of 
thir  men  gangis  rammys. 

t  Ba'mmis,  v.  Sc.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  Also 
6  -ise,  -eis,  7  -ish.  [prob.  a  back-formation  from 
RAMMIST  a.]  intr.  To  behave  frantically,  to  rush 
wildly  about. 

<dS8s  MOSTUO.MEKIK  Flytiug  w.  Pohmirt  511  [TheyJ 
mnnneist  redwood,  and  raveld  in  their  reeles.  1596  DAL- 
nv.Mi'i.ii  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  vn.  i  He  began,  .to  rammise 
and  rin  wylde.  1607  in  C.  K.  Sharpe  1'tvf.  Law's  .Mem. 
(1818)  55  She  maid  their  two  Kye  run  mad  and  rammish  to 
deid.  1808  JAMIESON,  Rammis,  to  go  about  in  a  state 
approaching  to  frenzy. 

Rammish,  (r^'mif) ,  n.l  Now  dial.  Also  4-6 
-issh,  -yssch,  etc.,  6-8  rarrdsh.  [npp.  f.  RAM  si.1] 

1.  a.  Of  smell,  taste,  etc. :  Rank,  strong,  highly 
disagreeable. 

c  1386  CILUXER  Can.  Yeom.  Prol.  fr  T.  334  They  stynken 
as  a  goot  Hir  sanour  is  so  rammyssh  and  so  hoot.  1562 
TURNER  Herbal  II.  62  b,  Sampharitik  . .  hath  a  rammishe  or 
bnckishe  styn^kyng  smell.  1657  W.  COLES  Adam  in  Eden 
cclxvii,  Purging  away  thereby  the  ranke  and  rammish 
savour.  1719  D'Uui  r.v  Pills  V.  269  Butchers  . .  sell  a  lump 
of  Ramish  scent ;  For  Weather  Mutton. 

b.  Having  a  rank  smell  or  taste. 

c  1430  Lfoa.'A'i-as.  <$•  Seas.  3378  Whan  she  is  hoot,  Ram- 
mysli  taraged  as  a  goot.  1330  PALSGK.  322/1  Rammysshe, 
yll  savoured  as  a  man  or  beest  that  is  to  rancke.  1600 
Sl'Ki-n:T  Cottntrie  Farme  vn.  xxii.  838  Blacke  dogs., 
delight  most  in  coursing  the  rammish  and  strong  sented 
bcastes,  as  wilde  bores,  foxes  [etc.].  1677  PLOT  Oxfordsli. 
94  Cats,  or  such  like  ramish  creatures.  1863  MRS.  TOOGOOD 
Spec.  1  'orksh.  Dial.,  This  cheese . .  is  rather  rammish.  1894 
CLAKK  RUSSELL  Good  Ship  Mohock  I.  r4o  Open  that  sky 
light..  Its  growing  durned  rammish  down  here. 

c.  Jig.  of  persons,  things,  qualities,  etc. 

1610  HislriO'in.  111.  310  Fat  Ignorance,  and  rammish 
I'.arbarisme.  ci6n  CHAI-MAN  Iliad  in.  Comm.  (1857)  7g  In 
this  poesy,  redundant  I  afiirm  him,  and  rammish.  1656  EARL 
MON-.M.  tr.  Boccalini's  Ad-.'ts.  fr.  Parnass.  I.  xxiii.  (1674) 
25  Those  preambles,  which  smelt  so  rammish. 

t  2.  1  Lascivious,  lustful.  Obs. 

Perh.  belongs  to  RAMMISH  a.-  (cf.  sense  2  there). 

1577  STANYHUKST  Dcscr.  Irel.  in  Ilolinshed  (iZoq}  VI.  32 
Rutting  wives  make  often  rammish  husbands,  as  our  proverb 
dooth  inferre.  1635  QUARLES  Embl.  n.  i.  29  Goe,  Cupids 
rammish  Pandar,  goe. 

Hence  Ra'mmislily  adv. 

1567  J.  MAPLET  .Vat.  Hist.  63  At  haruest  time  his  leaues 
smel  rammishly,  in  maner  like  the  Goate.  1623  COCKERAM  i, 
llircosically,  smelling  rammishly.  a  1693  Urrjuhart's  Rabe 
lais  in.  xii.  95  More  rammishly  lascivious  than  a  Buck. 

Rammish  (rae'mij),  a.2  Now  only  dial.  Also 
6  -ysshe,  7-9  ramish.  [Alteration  of  RAJIAGE  a., 
perh.  after  prec.,  but  cf.  RAMMIST.] 

fl.   =RAMAGE<Z.  i.  Obs. 

1526  SKELTON  Magny/.  1831  My  hawke  is  rammysshe. 
1593  Tell-Trotft's  A\  V.  Gift  88  The  rammish  hauke  is 
tamd  by  carefull  heed.  1653  WALTON  Angler  i.  12  The 
Ramish  Hawk,  the  Haggard,  and  the  two  sorts  of  Lentners. 

2.  '\Yild,  violent.     Now  only  dial. 
Perh.  to  some  extent  associated  with  RAM  sl>.1 

1607  MARNHAM  Caval.  1.  67  Stond  horses  naturally  ..  are 
exceeding  rammish,  &  ynruely.  1807  J.  STAGG  Poems  i  ^ 
\Vhat  avail'd  their  ramish  routs,  Wi'  Sampson  leyke  exer 
tions.  1869  in  Lonsdale  Gloss. 

Rammish,  variant  of  RAMMIS  v.  Sc. 

Rammislniess  (rrc-mijnes).  [f.  RAMMISH  a.1 
+  -NESS.]  The  fact  or  condition  of  being  rammish. 

1552  HULOET,  Rammishness,  hirctis.  1591  PERCIVAI.L.S^. 
Diet..  Rancioso,  rustic,  ful  of  rammishnes.  1617  R.  FEN'TON 
Serin,  in  Treat.  Ch.  Rome  107  The  killing  of  the  rammish- 
nesse  of  our  affections.  1660  HEXHAM,  Gnelscheydt,  an  un 
pleasant  Tast,  ..or  Smell,  or  Rammishnesse. 

Ra mmist,  a.  Sc.  Now  rare.  Also  5  -ysd. 
[?  Alteration  of  RAMAGE  a.  Cf.  also  RAMMIS  a. 
and  vb.~\  Mad,  crazy,  frantic. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  La-.v  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  245  A  woodman, 
a  ramysde  fule  that  for  lytill  gude  wuld  sett  his  lyf  iii  perile. 
1536  UKLLESUEN  Cron.  Scot.  (1821)  I.  186  Th'j  residew  .. 
come  ..  as  rammist  and  wod  creaturis,  to  have  revengit  the 
slauchter  of  their  frcindis.  [Still  used  in  Orkney  and  Shet 
land  dial.] 

Hence  •)  Ba  jnmistness,  madness,  frenzy.   Obs. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  227  The  quhilk 
duk . .  takis  a  woodnes  and  a  ramysdness  in  his  hedc. 


132 

Bammy  (rx'tni),  a.  Now  chiefly  north,  dial, 
[f.  RAM  rf.l  +  -Y.]  Characteristic  of,  resembling 
(that  of)  a  ram;  esp.<=  RAMMISH  <z.l  i. 

1607  TorsELL  Four-f.  Bfasts  (1658)  482  That  Rummy 
humour  and  rank  moistness  which  is  found  in  the  Male- 
shecp.  i6ai  BUUTON  Anal.  Mel.  11.  ii.  i.  i,  That  rammy 
mutton,  which  is  in  Turkey  and  Asia  Minor.  1651  BRO.ME 
City  II  'if  iv.  ii,  Thou  rammy  nastincsse.  1882-  in  dial, 
glossaries  (Yks.,  Lane.,  Chesh.  >.  1884  BOUBKE  Snake  Dance 
A!oqnisx\\\\.  295  Herds  of  goats  skipped  nervously  past  us, 
the  leader  giving  his  rammy  bleat  of  warning. 

Rammyn,  Ramne,  Ramnus:  see  RHAMX, 
RHAMNCS.  Rammys,  obs.  f.  RAMS. 

||  Ramolade.  Obs.  A  kind  of  sauce  for  fish, 
made  of  parsley,  'chibols',  anchovies,  and  capers, 
with  other  seasoning. 

1706  in  PHILLIPS.  1736  BAILEY  Plouseh.  Diet.,  Having 
dress'd  the  fillets  ill  a  proper  dish,  they  are  to  be  sprinkled 
with  this  ramolade. 

Ramollissement  (ramoh'snian).  Path.  [I"., 
f.  ramollir  to  soften  :  see  MOLLIFY.]  A  morbid 
softening  of  some  part  of  the  body. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  357  note,  The  black 
ramollissement  or  disease,  in  which  the  liver  is  reduced  to 
a  dark-coloured  mass,  of  very  little  consistence.  1880  AITKEN 
Pract.  Med.  {ed.  7)  II.  474  In  thirteen  cases  of  ramollisse- 
ment  of  the  cerebellum,  .motion  was  greatly  affected. 

Ramon :  see  RAMOON. 

I  Ramoueur  (ramonor).  [F.,  f.  ramoner  to 
sweep,  f.  ramon  broom,  ultimately  from  L.  ranius 
RAMUS.]  a.  A  chimney-sweep,  b.  A  machine 
for  sweeping  chimneys.  Also  attrib.  c.  A  colour 
resembling  that  of  soot. 

1835  Court  .Mag.  V.  p.  ii/i  Velvet  and  satin  hats  of  a  new 
colour  called  ramoneur  (it  is  a  dingy  shade  of  brown, 
approaching  nearly  to  black).  1859  ^ALA  '^VJ'  round  Clock 
(1861)  39  Smoke  has  been  merciful  to  Covent  Garden 
Market,  and  its  cornucopia  is  not  :is  dingy  as  a  ramoneur's 
sack.  1861  MAVHKW  Land.  Labour  II.  373  Cleansing 
Chimneys  with  the  Patent  Ramoneur  Machine. 

Ramoon 'ram;?n).  Alsoramon.  [Sp.ramon, 
f.  ranio  branch ;  cf.  prec.]  The  tops  and  leaves  of 
a  West  Indian  and  Central  American  tree  ( Trophis 
Americana',  used  as  fodder  for  cattle.  Chiefly  in 
comb.  Ramoon-tret. 

1756  P.  BROWNE  Jamaica  357  The  Ramoon  tree.  The 
leaves  and  tops  of  this  tree  make  an  agreeable  wholesome 
fodder  for  all  sons  of  cattle.  1843  Penny  Cyct.  XXV.  302/2 
T.  americana,  the  Kampon-tree,  is  twenty  feet  high.  . .  The 
drupes  are  about  the  size  of  grapes,  and  have  a  pleasant 
flavour.  1885  liar/let's  Mag.  Feb.  374/2  They  go  half 
buried  under  a  load  of  ramon.  (The  ramon-tree  serves  as 
fodder  for  horses.) 

Ramord,  variant  of  REMORD  v.  Obs. 
Ramose  (ramo"'s),  a.     [ad.  L.  nlmffsiis:  see 
RAMU.S  and  -OSE.]   =  RAMOUS  i. 

1689  H.  MORE  Ans".i>.  Psychap.  139  They  are  long,  smooth, 
flexible  Parts  whereas  those  of  Oil  are  more  ramose.  1707 
SLOANE  Jamaica  I.  66  This  Fungus  . .  Jjegins  very  narrow, 
growing  in  breadth  to  its  end,  where  it  is  flat,  ramose,  or 
deeply  cut.  1804  Phil.  Trails.  XCIV.  43  Either  in  the 
form  o_f  layers,  or  of  mamillae,  or  in  the  ramose  form  of 
stalactites.  1870  STONE  lir.'it.  Heeded  184  Churches., 
springing  into  vigorous  ramose  existence. 

Hence  Ramo  sely  adv. ;  fBamo'sity  Obs.~° 

1656  BI.OUNT  Glossogr.,  Ratnoslty,  fulness  ol  Boughes, 
boughiness.  1872  H.  C.  WOOD  Fresh-ll'atet  Algx  21  A 
gelatinous  stratum,  .here  and  there  ramosely  divaricate. 

Rcimoso-  (ram0"'s0),  combining  lonn  of  prec., 
as  in  rainoso-palmate,  -subdivided,  -siibpinnale. 

1846  DANA  Zaoph.  11848)  615  Erect,  ..  irregularly  ramoso- 
palmate.  Ibid.  662  The  yiminalis . .  is  described  as  ramoso- 
subpinnate.  Hid.  707  Minutely  ramoso-snbdivided. 

RaiUOUS  (r<?i'm3s),  a.  Now  fare.  [ad.  L.  rd- 
inSs-its  :  see  RAMOSE  and  cf.  F.  rameux  (i6th  c.X] 

1.  branching,  ramose  :  a.  of  plants,  or  plant-like 
forms.     Also  fig.  of  a  pedigree. 

1562  LEIGH  Armorie  (1597)  120!),  Genealogies  descending, 
and  Ramous.  1668  WILKINS  Real  Cliar.  ibiv.  84  Marigold 
.  .having  a  ramous  leavy  stalk.  1676  J.  BEAI-MOXT  in  1'hil. 
Tr<ins.  XI.  732  A  Mine,  where  well  near  all  the  EntrocJu. . 
grew  tapering  and  ramous.  1793  SIR  J.  E.  SMITH  in  Mem. 
(1832)  I.  409  A  very  beautiful,  large,  ramous  shrub. 

b.  Applied  (after  ancient  physics)  to  the  par 
ticles  of  viscous  or  rigid  bodies. 

1674  Phil.  Trans.  IX.  105  The  Rigidity  of  the  Ramous 
parts  of  the  Air  proceeds  from  the  Nitro-aerial  corpuscles 
therein  infixed.  1742  London  <y  Country  Brewer  l.  (ed;  4) 
38  Hops  ..  whose  Particles  are  active  and  rigid,  by  which 
the  viscid  ramous  Parts  of  the  Malt  are  much  divided.  1813 
T.  BUSHY  Lucretius  I.  II.  Cotnin.  p.  xx,  The  ramous  and 
incurvated  seeds.. must  inlock  each  other  universally. 

2.  Belonging  to,  characteristic  of,  branches. 
1813  T.   BUSBY  Lucretius  II.  v.  Comm.  p.  xxxii,  They 

arose  from  the  ramous  friction  of  groves  and  woods,  ft  1845 
HOOD  Elm  Tree  n.  xiv,  In  ramous  wrestlings  interlaced — 
A  Forest  Laocoon. 

Ramowd  :  see  raw-mouthed  s.v.  RAW  a. 

i  Ramp,  sb^  Obs.  Also  56  rampe.  [?f. 
RAMP  f.1  4.]  A  bold,  vulgar,  ill-behaved  woman 
or  girl. 

(11450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  25  A  woman  that  dede 
\  ansuere  her  husbonde  afore  straungeres  like  a  rampe,  with 
gret  uelonis  wordes.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.  (1809)  148  [She] 
was  .1  rampe  of  suche  boldnesse,  that  she  would  course 
horsses  and  ride  theim  to  water.  1573  G.  HAKVEY  Letter- 
bk.  (1884)  113  An  insatiable  rampe,  Of  MeuallDCS  stampe. 
1611  MIUDLETON  &  DEKKEK  Roaring  Girl  in.  iii,  The 
Jouncing  ramp,  that  roaring  girl  my  mistress.  1728  ULNXIS 


RAMP. 

Pope's  Rape  Lock  16  The  Author  . .  represents  her  likewise 
a  fine,  modest,  well-bred  Lady:  ..  And  yet  in  the  very  next 
Canto  she  appears  an  arrant  Rampand  aTLmrig^.  [i896.\. 
LANG  Monk  Fife  62  All  men . .  mocked  the  Pucelle  for  a  bold 
ramp,  with  a  bee  in  her  bonnet.] 

Ramp  (nemp),  sb2  [Of  obscure  origin  in 
sense  i  ;  in  sense  2  abbrev.  of  RAMPIOM;  in  sense  3 
a  back-formation  from  RAMPS.] 

1 1.  The  plant  Wake  Robin  (.-I rum  mafii/atiim}. 

1548  TURNER  Names  Herbes  16  Arum  is  called . .  in  english 
Cuckopintell,  Wake  Robin,  or  Rampe.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens 
in.  vii.  323.  1611  COTGR.,  larrits,  Wake-robin,.  .Rampe. 

2.  The  garden  rampion.     Also  attrib. 

1598  FLOKIO,  Ramponzoli,  a  kind  of  roote  vsed  in  sallads 
called  rampes  [1611  Rampe-rootes  vsed  much  in  salades]. 
1846  McCuLLOCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  I.  105  The  ramps 
of  the  garden  are  the  roots  of  Campanula  rapunculus.  1854 
S.  THOMSON  Wild  /•'/.  III.  305  The  root  of  the  Campanula 
rapttncitloides  was  formerly  cultivated  under  the  name  of 
ramps. 

3.  The  wild  garlic,  ramsons.     (See  RAMPS.) 

1826  SOUTHEY  Vind.  Eccl.  Angl.  18  The  ramp  and  the 
stinkard  will  continue  to  be  as  offensive  and  as  rank, 
although  we  should  dignify  them  by  their  Linnaean  appel 
lations.  1869  in  Lonsdale  Gloss. 

Ramp  (ramp),  sb.'J  [f.  RAMP  z/.l]  The  act  of 
ramping,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1671  MILTON  Samson  139  The  bold  Ascalonite  Fled  from 
his  Lion  ramp.  1798  COLERIDGE  France  iii,  Her  arm  made 
mockery  of  the  warrior's  ramp.  1872  BROWNING  Fifine 
Ixxvii,  No  pompous  stag  . .  with  toss  of  horn,  and  brag  Of 
bray,  and  ramp  of  hoof. 

•fb.  //.  Romps.  Obs.  rare—\ 

1747  CARTE  Hist.  Eng.  I.  325  Dunstan.  .breaking  abruptly 
into  the  room,  found  him  playing  at  ramps  with  his  wife  and 
her  mother. 

Ramp  vrsemp),  sb.*  [a.  F.  rampe,  (.  ramper 
RAMP  z*.1] 

1.  A  slope ;    an  inclined   plane  connecting  two 
different  levels,  esp.  in  fortifications. 

1779  FORREST  I'oy.  N.  Guinea  233  A  ramp  of  masonry  was 
the  ascent,  but  only  to  one  door  of  this  vast  apartment. 
1832  SOUTHEY  Hist.  Penins.  ll-'ar  III.  419  They  were 
employed  in  . .  destroying  the  ramps  of  the  covered  way. 
1881  PALGRAVE  Visions  Eng.  238  Like  hornets  they  swarm 
up  the  ramp,  Lancing  a  breach  through  the  long  palisade. 

2.  The  difference  in  level  between  the  abutments 
of  a  rampant  arch. 

1725  W.  HALFPENNY  Sound  Building  4  Raise  a  Perpen- 
di  ular  . .  equal  to  the  Ramp  of  the  Arch.  1842  GWILT 
Arckit.  §  1943  To  describe  a  rampant  pointed  arch,  whose 
span,  .and  the  height  of  the  ramp  are  given. 

3.  a.  Part  of  the  handrail  of  a  stair,  having  a 
concave  or  upward  bend  (freq.  continued  in  a  knee 
or  convex  bend),  as  at  a  landing. 

1778  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  I.  618/1  The  manner  of  drawing 
the  ramp,  which  is  to  rise  equal  to  the  height  of  the  first 
step  of  the  next  flight.  1842  GWILT  Arc/lit.  §  2182  In  the 
upper  ramp. .produce  the  top  of  the  rail-.toP.  1862  Ctital. 
Internal.  Exliib.  II.  xxxl.  24  Model  of  Stable  Fittings., 
showing  the.  .division  railing  and  ramps. 

Comb.  1859  Carriage  Builders'  Jrnl.  I.  184/2  The  iron 
ramp-rail,  . .  with  the  stable-stall-post,  ..  is  a  most  neat  and 
desirable  division. 

b.  A  slanting  (straight  or  curved)  shoulder  con 
necting  two  levels  of  the  coping  of  a  wall.  Also, 
the  sloping  part  of  a  stair  parapet. 

1842  GWILT  Archil.  1023.  1882  Standard  15  Apr.  2/6 
Falling  over  the  coping  or  ramp  of  the  steps. 

Ramp,  sb.S  Slang,    [f.  RAMPt'.2  2.]    A  swindle. 

1888  Standard  27  June  6A  How  often  do  we  hear  people 
say  that  such-and-such  a  race  was  a  fearful  ramp.  1902 
Ibid.  29  Apr.  4/5  Being  president  of  a  swindle— 'a  ramp' 
they  called  it. 

Ramp  (rrcmp),  a.  Sf.  [Of  obscure  origin ;  perh. 
a  corrupt  form  of  RANK  a.,  after  RAMP  v.] 

1.  Wanton,  riotous.     Ramp  riiicr  =  rank  rider. 
1715  PESNECUICK  Tmecddale  27  When  frank  Miss  John 

came  first  into  the  camp  With  his  fierce  flaming  sword,  none 
was  so  ramp.  1759  FOUNTAINHALL  Decis.  I.  2  (Jam.)  The 
other  a  gentleman,  and  young,  and  known  to  he  ramp. 
a  1800  in  Child  Ballads  IV.  198/2  Ride  out,  ride  out,  ye 
ramp  rider  !  1819  W.  TENNANT  Papistry  Stornfd  (1827)  62 
The  mob  were  ramp  already. 

2.  Strong,  rank. 

1824  MACTAGGAUT  Gallo-.iid.  Encycl.  s.v.,  A  ramp  smell, 
a  strong  smell,  the  smell  of  a  he-goat.  1887  Suppl.  Jamie- 
son's  Diet.  s.v.  Let,  A  barbarous,  cruel  method  of  reducing 
the  ramp  flavour  of  the  flesh  of  animals. 

Ramp  (rremp),  z>.l  Forms :  4-5  raunp-,  4-6 
raump-,  (9  dial,  rawmp),  6-7  rampe,  4-  ramp, 
[a.  OF.  ramper  (i2th  c.)  to  creep,  crawl,  climb,  of 
uncertain  origin :  cf.  It.  i-amfare."\ 

1 1.  intr.  To  creep  or  crawl  on  the  ground,  rare. 

1390  GOWER  Coil/.  III.  76  A  litel  Serpent  on  the  ground, 
Which  rampeth  a'l  nboute  round.  1 1430  Pilgr.  Ly/.Mau- 
hade  1.  xli.  (1869)  25,  I  make  briddes  flee,  bestes  go,  fisshes 
swymme,  dragowns  raunpen.  1594  T.  B.  La  PrimaUd.fr. 
Acaii.  n.  409  Beastes  ramping  on  the  earth,  or  marching 
vpon  all  foure. 

2.  To  climb,  scramble.     Now  only  dial. 

1523  LD.  HI.KNL-RS  Froiss.  I.  cxci.  227  First  there  entred, 
raumpynge  vppe  lyke  a  catte,  Bernard  de  la  Salle.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  x.  xviii.  These  birds  will  rampe  up  with 
their  bellies  to  the  tree,  bending  backward.  1653  UBQUBAKT 
Kalvlais  1.  xxiii.  106  He  would  ..  ramp  and  grapple  after 
this  fashion  up  asainst  a  window  of  the  full  height  of  a 
lance.  1886  H.  CuMUFFB  Rxkdale  Glass.,  Kaaniip,  to 
climb  or  reach  over  things  in  a  careless  manner. 

trans/:  and  A'-  'S7«  T-  PKOCI  liu  Gorg.  Gallery  P  m,  One 
ryilic  too  low,  another  rampes  too  bye.  1641  MILTO.N  A/it- 


(p 
V 


EAMP. 

tiiadv.  v.  Wks.  (1851)  224  Surely  the  Prelates  would  have 
Saint  _Pauls  wurds  rampe  one  over  another,  as  they  use  to 
clime  into  their  Livings  and  bishoprkks. 

b.  Of  plants  :    To   climb  (up,  or  upon   some 
support).     Now  chiefly  dial. 

1597  GERARDE  Herbal  \\.  I.  §  2.  266  It  rampeth  vpon  what- 
soeuer  is  neere  vnto  it.  Ibid.  Ivii.  §  i.  277  The  great  Wilh- 
winde  that  rampeth  in  hedges.  1657  W.  COLES  Adam  in 
Eden  clxiv,  The  Vine,  ramping  and  taking  hold  of  any 
thing  it  meeteth  with.  1691  KAY  Wisd.  God  i.  (1692)  102 
Ramping  upon  Trees,  Shrubs,  Hedges  or  Poles,  they 
(plants]  mount  up  to  a  great  height.  1766  Museum  Knst. 

I.  198  Black  Bindweed  ..  frequently  ramps  up  in  hedges. 
Ibid.  443  The  great  Bindweed  which  ramps  in  the  hedges. 
1877  X.  IV.  Lines.  Class.,  Ramp  up,  to  climb  as  a  plant. 

c.  Of  BOQ-cltmbing  plants  :   To  grow  rankly  or 
luxuriantly,  to  shoot  up  rapidly.     Now  dial. 

1607  [see  RAMPING///,  a.  40).  i6io\V.  FOLKINCHAM  Art 
of  .Survey  I.  xi.  38  Jcsamines  rampe  vp  in  a  rotten  earth. 
'733-  [see  RAMPING  ///.  a,  4  b].  1820  CLAKE  Rural  Life 
(ed.  3)  70  The  cow-boy  seeks  the  sedge,  Ramping  in  the 
woodland  hedge.  1895  E.  Anglian  Gloss.,  Ramp,.  .  to  grow 
rapidly  and  luxuriantly.  It  is  applied  to  the  rank  growth 
of  plants  supporting  themselves. 

3.  Of  beasts  (real  or  depicted,  as  in  Her.*)  \  To 
rear  or  stand  on  the  hind  legs,  as  if  in  the  act  of 
climbing  ;  to  raise  the  fore-paws  in  the  air  ;  hence, 
to  assume,  or  be  in,  a  threatening  posture.    (Chiefly 
said   of  lions.)     Also  of  persons  :    To   raise,   or 
gesticulate  with,  the  arms  ;  f  to  clutch  wildly  at. 

a-  1300  Cursor  !\I.  7104  A  lion  quilpe  .  .  Rampand  to  'samp- 
son  he  stert.  c  1330  R.  BHUNNE  C/iron.  (1810)  305  f>ei  sauh 
kynge's  banere,  raumpand  bre  lebardes.  14..  TnndaU's 
I'is.  134  Fowle  fendys  aygrcnnyng  And  as  wyld  wolfis  thei 
cam  rampyng.  <ri45o  HOLLAND  Hoiulat  416  A  lyoun 
crovnit  with  gold,  Of  siluir  je  se  shold  To  ramp  in  array. 
1549-61  STERNHOLD  &  H.  Ps.  xxii.  13  Like  a  I.  yon  roaring 
put,  and  ramping  for  bis  pray.  1590  SPENSER  /'.  Q.  i.  v.  28 
Their  bridles  they  would  champ,  And  trampling  the  fine 
element  would  fiercely  ramp.  1641  HINDE  J.  Brucn  xlvii. 
151  The  Bish.  was  glad  to  lay  hold  on  the  boy,  ramping  at 
the  windows  to  have  gotten  out  tiiat  way.  1774  J.  BKVAST 
Mytlwl.  II.  363  The  lion  ramped  :  the  pard  sported.  1822 
W.  IHVING  Braceb.  Hall  xxvii.  245  My  Lady  Lillycraft's 
little  dogs  ramped  and  barkol.  1883  Li>.  R.  Gow  EK  Keminisc. 
I.  iv.  48  Above  the  fireplace  ramps  the  Royal  Lion  of  Scotland. 
fb.  To  trample  in  triumph.  Obs.  rare  —  1. 

1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch  <  1595)  906  To  exceede  the  bonds 
of  modestie  so  farre,  as  to  rampe  in  manner  with  both  their 
feete  vpon  the  dead,  and  to  sing  songs  of  victorie. 

4.  Of  persons  :    To  storm  or  rage  with  violent 
gestures  ;  to  act  in  a  furious  or  threatening  manner. 

1-1386  CIIAUCEK  Monk's  l'ivl.  16  Whan  she  comth  home 
she  rampeth  in  my  face,  And  crieth  false  coward,  wrek  thy 
wyf.  CI470  Hr.NKY  Wallace  vn.  458  The  peple  beryt  lyk 
wyld  bestis  ..  Within  the  wallis,  rampand  on  athir  sid. 
a  1605  MoNTOOMSBlE  Devot.  I'oeuis  ii.  i  Quhy  doth  the 
Heathin  rage  and  rampe  ?  1642  FL  LLEU  Holy  >j  Prof.  St.  v. 
xiv.  414  By  this  time  the  long  dormant  Usurer  ramps  for 
the  payment  of  his  money.  1648  Regall  Apol.  39  He  saw 
the  House  of  Commons  begin  to  ramp  upon  him.  1809  W. 
IRVING  Knickerb.  (1861)  168  The  lion-hearted  Peter  roared 
and  ramped.  1860  GEN.  P.  THOMPSON  Audi  Alt.  III.  cxli. 
120  They  had  ramped  and  sworn  that  drawing  by  the  tail 
was  an  'institution  '. 

b.  transf.  of  things.     Also  with  it. 

a.  1605  MONTGOMERY:  Misc.  I'MHIS  xxviii.  41  Watring  wauis 
and  huge,  Quhilk  ramping  ouer  his  rigging  ryds.  a  1734 
NORTH  Exam.  (1740)  II.  Pref.  i  '  Impartial  '  ramps  it  on  the 
Title  Page.  1864  H.  C.  COOTE  A'cglecteit  fact  Eng.  Hist. 
108  Though  Christianity  flourished..  heathenism  ramped  by 
its  side.  1874  HOLLAND  Mistr.  Manse  xiv.  197  Ramping 
from  his  hiding  place  Roared  the  wild  Thunder. 

f5.  To  go  about  in  a  loose,  immodest  way.   Obs. 

1530  PALSGR.  678/2,  I  rampe,  I  playe  the  callet.  Je  ram- 
faimc.  a  1553  UDALL  Royster  D.  n.  iv.  (Arb.;  37  Is  all  your 
..  ioy  In  whiskyng  and  ramping  abroade  like  a  Tom  boy. 
1611  COTGK.,  Gadriller,  (a  wench)  to  raump,  or  play  the  rig. 

b.   =  ROMP  v.     Now  i/ial. 

1657  [see  RAMPING  vU.  si.'].  111700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant. 
Crew,  To  Ramp,  to  Play  rude  Horse-Play.  1720  SWIFT 
Irisk  Feast,  They  dance  hi  a  round,  Cutting  capers  and 
ramping,  1741  [see  RAMPING  vbl.  sb.l\.  a  1825  in  FORBY. 

6.  To  bound,  rush,  or  range  about  in  a  wild  or 
excited  manner. 

1627  FELTHAM  Resolves  n.  Ixxxii.  (1677)  333  Such  wild 
Cattel  as  ramp  up  and  down  on  the  earth,  a  1800  Kniipy 
Kay  yii.  in  Child  Ballads  \.  302/2  She  rampit  out,  and  she 
rampit  in,  She  rampit  but  and  ben.  1853  HAWTHORNE 
Tangleivood  T.,  Minotaur  18  The  great  sow  had  been  an 
awful  beast  while  ramping  about  the  woods  and  fields.  1890 
D'OYLE  Notches  88  The  bronchos,  by  '  ramping  '  across  the 
storm,  had  found  good  shelter  for  themselves. 

reft,  a  1857  Jovial  Hunter  Uromsgrmv  in  Child  Ballads 
I.  212/2  The  wild  boar  ..  Thrashed  down  the  trees  as  he 
ramped  htm  along. 

b.  To  sail  swiftly,  to  scud. 

1872  BLACKIE  Lays  llighl.  61  The  rocks.  .Saw  thy  daring 
Norsemen,  Haco,  Ramping  o'er  the  Scottish  tide  !  1889 
Blackw.  Mag.  CXLV1.  187/2  We  were  ramping  along 
under  a  brilliant  sun. 

II.  7.  Arch.  Of  a  wall  :  To  ascend  or  descend 
from  one  level  to  another.     (Cf.  RAMP  rf.4  3  b.) 

1855  Ecclesiologist  XVI.  342  Sections  of  wall  'ramping* 
from  its  cornice  line  to  the  north  and  south  extremities  of 
the  half  screen.  1858  SPURDEN  Snfpl.  Foray  40  A  wall  so 
formed  is  said  to  ramp.  1876  in  Surrey  Gloss. 

8.  trans.  Alii,  and  Arch.  To  furnish  with  a  ramp, 
to  build  with  ramps. 

1848  A.  B.  EVANS  Leiccstersli.  Words  s.v.,  On  slopes  the 
wall  is  generally  so  'ramped'  or  'ramped  off'  at  intervals. 
1897  LD.  ROBERTS  41  Yrs.  India  xlvi.  (1898)  354  The  banks 
of  the  numerous  nnllas  .  .  had  to  be  ramped  before  the  guns 
and  baggage  could  pass  over  them. 


133 

b.  (See  quot.) 

1847  HALLIWBLL,  R  amp,.,  (5)  Bending  a  piece  of  iron 
upwards  to  adapt  it  to  wood-work,  of  a  gate,  &c.  is  called 
ramping  it. 

Ramp  (nvmp),  V.'*     [Of  obscure  origin. 

In  sense  i  perh.  a  misuse  of  prec.,  as  Wyclif  and  Trevisa 
render  L.  rapicns  and  rapax  by  'rampant '.  Sense  2  may 
be  a  different  \vord.J 

1 1.  trans.  To  snatch,  tear,  pluck.  Obs. 

1567  GOLDING  Ovid's  A/el.  viu.  (1593)  206  She  the  gag- 
toothd  elfe  did  spie,  . .  ramping  up  the  grasse  With  uglie 
nailes  and  chanking  it.  1570  LKVINS  Manip.  18/39  1° 
rampe,  rape  re.  1626  SANDYS  Ovid's  Met.  xn.  243  Amycus 
..down  ramps  A  bra/en  cresset.  1633  J.  DONE  Hist,  Scp- 
tuagint  99  It  is  nut  lavvfull  to  vexe  and  trouble  any  person 
. .  nor  rampe  away  his  Goods  by  force. 

2.  slang.  To  rob  or  swindle ;  spec,  to  force  (one) 
to  pay  a  pretended  bet.  (Cf.  RAMPER  -.) 

1812  J.  H.  VAUX  Flash  Diet.,  Ramp,  to  rob  any  person  or 
place  by  open  violence  or  suddenly  snatching  at  something 
and  running  utT  with  it.  1887  Daily  Xews  12  Oct.  7/1  If 
you  have  seen  me  ticket-snatching  and  '  ramping '  why  did 
you  not  take  me  in  charge?  1892  Chainb.  JrnL  13  Aug. 
517/2  The  neighbour  who's  ramped  the  man  that  trusted 
him.  1897  Daily  News  3  Sept.  3/5  Charge  of  'ramping' 
a  book-maker. 

Ramp,  7v'-  Obs.  exo.  dial.  Also  6  raumpe. 
[Imitative.]  trans.  To  eat  greedily  or  noisily. 

1542  UUALL  Erasiit,  Apoph.  73  Ye  maye  take  some  parte, 
with  me,  were  my  woordes,  and  not  to  raumpe  them  vp  on 
that  facion.  1894  Nortkiunbld.  Gloss.,  Rajiip,  to  eat  with 
a  gnashing  sound. 

Rampa*cious,  a.  rare.  [vnr.  rampageous,  as  if 
f.  KAMI*  7'. !  +  -ACioi's.]  =  RAMPAGEOUS. 

1837  DICKKNS  Pic  kit*,  xxii,  A  stone  statue  of  some  ram- 
pacious  animal  with  (lowing  mane  and  tail,  distantly  re 
sembling  an  insane  cart-horse.  1894  Daily  Ncus  20  Apr. 
5/4  A  dog  and  a  cat  and  throe  ram  pacious  children. 

Rampage  (nemjvi-d,;),  sb.  [f.  the  vb.]  A 
state  of  excitement  or  violent  passion  ;  the  act  of 
behaving  or  rushing  about  in  a  reckless  or  riotous 
fashion  ;  esp.  in  phr.  on  the  rampage. 

1861  DICKKNS  (//.  Expect,  ii,  She's  been  on  the  Ram-page 
this  last  spell,  about  five  minutes.  1872  ULACK  Adv. 
Phaeton  xi.  147  She  leaves  his  charming  society  to  go  off 
on  a  wild  rampage  through  the  country.  1891  Spectator 
10  Oct.  487  The  Irish  Members  ..  think  a  rampage  will 
guarantee  their  seats. 

Rampage  (ncmp^-d^),  v.  Also  9  Sc.  -auge. 
[Oiig.  Sc.,  of  obscure  formation,  but  peril,  based 
on  RAMP  t'.1  The  stressing  ra'mpage  also  occurs.] 

1.  intr.  To    behave   violently    or   furiously;    to 
storm,  rage  wildly. 

1715  RAMSAY  Christ's  Kirk  Gr.  n.  xvn,  His  wife  did  reel, 
And  rampage  in  her  choler.  ^1720  —  Marriage  of  Earl 
M'emyss  xii,  Were  Jove  rampaging  in  the  air.  a  1784  Ross 
Helenarc  (1789)  64  He  rampaged  red  wood,  And  lap  and 
danc'd,  and  was  in  unco  mood.  1824  SCOTT  Rcdganntlct 
let.  xi,  He  came  down  here,  rampauging  like  a  liun.  1898 
J.  ARCH  Story  vf  Life  U.  232  He  rampaged  like  a  lunatic, 
and  fairly  lost  his  head. 

2.  To  go  about  in  an  excited,  furious,  or  violent 
manner;  to  rush  wildly  hither  and  thither. 

1808  }.  MAYBE  Sitter  Gttu  iv.  T3/  Friends  feghting  friends, 
rampaged  about.  1831  GES.  P. THOMPSON Ejrerc.dB+z)!.  360 
Our  sailors  would  have  been  'rampaging'  over  the  world. 
1861  DICKENS  Gt.  Expect,  ii,  She  made  a  grab  at  Tickler, 
and  she  Ram-paged  out. 

transf.  1892  EiuxLBY  in  Life  (1900)  II.  xx.  331,  I  hear 
you  have  influenza  rampaging  about  the  Camp. 

Hence  Rampa'ging  vbl.  $b.  and///,  a. 

1824  SCOTT  RedgQuntM  ch.  xi,  There  was  a  set  of  ram- 
pauging  chields  in  the  country  then  that  they  called  rebels. 
1876  F.  E.  TKOLLon-:  Charming  Fellow  II.  iv.  63  Religion 
is  one  thing  and  rampaging  is  another. 

Rampageous  (rsempji-dgas),  a.  Also  -ious. 
[f.  RAMPAGE  st>.  +  -ous.] 

1.  Violent ;  unruly ;  boisterous. 

1822  GAI.T  Provost  xv.  115  The  primitive  ages  of  a  ram 
pageous  antiquity.  1840  MRS.  F.  THOLLOPE  Widow  Married 
xxiii,  She  must  be  careful  not  to  be  too  frolicsome  and 
rampageous.  1888  MBS.  H.  WARD  R.  Elsinerc  i.  v,  A 
rampagious  class  of  hundreds  of  Scotch  lads. 

2.  transf.   Glaring,  outrageous. 

1889  Harper's  Mag.  LXXIX.  200  The  ornamentation  is 
for  the  most  part  rampageous  rocaille  style. 

Hence  Bampa-geously  adv. ;  Ranipa'geous- 
ness. 

1840  LADY  C.  BURY  Hist,  of  Flirt  xxiii,  He  swears  so 
rampageously,  it  upsets  me.  1883  St.  James  s  Gaz.  19  May 

5  They. .  have  good  cau.se  for  rampageousness. 

Rampaii\e,  obs.  variants  of  RAMPIUE. 

t  Rampa'llion.  Obs.  Also  6-7  -alion,  7  (9) 
-allian.  [Perh.  based  on  RAMP  vl  Cf.  rapscallion^ 
tattenicmallion.~\  A  ruffian,  villain,  scoundrel. 

1593.  NASH  4  Lett,  confut.  Strange  Nciws  I,  Pocket  not 
up  this  abuse  at  a  rakehell  rampalions  hands.  1613  BE.AL-M. 

6  Ft.  Honest  Man's  Fortune  ii.  i[i],  Out  upon  them  ram- 
palHons.      I'll  keep  my  self  safe  enough  out  of  their  fingers, 
1639  R.  DAVKNPOKT  New  Trick  tj  Cheat  Devil  i.  ii,  And 
bold  Rampallion  like,  swear  and  drinke  drunke.   1822  SCOTT 
AV^/xxvi,  I  was  almost  strangled  with  my  own  band  by 
twa  rampallians. 

b.  Applied  to  a  woman,  rare  —  1. 
i6oz  S.  ROWLANDS  Greene" sG/tast  D$  Here  was.. an  aged 
Rampalion  put  besides  her  schoole-tricke. 

Rampancy  (xae*mp£iui).  [f.  next :  see  -ANTV.] 
The  fact  or  condition  of  being  rampant. 

1664  H.  MOKE  £".!/.  7  Epist.  Pref.  bivb,  The  Temporal 
Power  being  quite  in  a  manner  evacuated  by  the  Rampancy 
of  the  Spiritual.  1699  CULLI&K  zud  Def,  Shori  View  (i7>>) 


RAMPANT. 

373  Is  Rampancy  and  Lewdness  the  Character  of  Breed 
ing?  1844  DICKENS  Mart.  Clmz.  viii,  He  may  be  said  to 
have  exhibited,  at  the  moment,  a  sort  of  moral  rampancy 
himself.  1892  H.  R.  REYNOLDS  in  Life  (1828)  xix.  468, 

1  am  considerably  moved  by  the  rampancy  of  much  of  this 
Old  Testament  criticism. 

Rampant  (rarmpant),  a.  (j£.)  Also  5  raump- ; 
4-6  -aunt,  (5  -awut),  5-6  -and.  [a.  I1",  rampant, 
pies.  pple.  of  ramper  RAMP  z>.l 

By  Wyclif  and  Trevisa  inaccurately  employed  to  render 
L.  rapiens  and  rapax.  In  northern  Kng.  and  Sc.  prior 
to  1^00  ranipand\s  properly  the  pres.  pple.  uf  RAMT. 

In  early  use  freq.  placed  after  tlie  sb.,  as  in  trench;  now 
only  in  J/ci;,  or  with  suggestion  of  this.] 

A.  adj.    1.  Of  beasts,  esp.   lions :    Rearing  or 
standing  with  the  fore-paws  in  the  air. 

1382  WYCLIF  Ps.  xxi.  14  Thei  opeiuden  vp  on  me  iher 
mouth;  as  a  leoun  rampaunt  [L.  rapiens\  and  rurei.de. 
''.  14..  Leg.  Rood  145  pe  tleuel  stod  lyk  A  l>on  tauit.paunt. 
1509  HA  WES  Past.  Picas,  xvm.  (Percy  Soc.)  79  Rampande 
lyons  stode  up  wonder^ly.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  \  in.  x\i, 
When  he  chaseth  and  followeth  after  other  beasts,  htegoeth 
alwaies  sattant  or  rampant.  1667  MILTON  /'.  /..  vn.  .(t  6 
The  Tawnie  Lion  . .  Rampant  shakes  his  Blinded  main. 
1735  SOMERVILLE  Chase  i.  196  Then  on  their  Haunches 
rear'd,  rampant  they  seize  Each  other's  Throuis.  1876 
GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  \.  vi,  Careful  how  lie  mo\ed  his 
lion  paws  le^t  he  should  crush  a  rampant,  .mouse. 

transf,  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  <y  /'.  52  The  one  part 
of  them  wearing  naked  Swords  lampant  in  one  1 1  and. 

Comb.  1852  MUNDY  Aniipodc$(\%57)  ^5  The  rampant- 
looking  rocks  of  the  '  C'avallos'. 

b.  sfcc.  iii  Her.  'Standing  On  the  Sinister  hind- 
hg,  with  both  forelegs  elevated,  the  Dexlt-r  above 
the  Sinister,  and  the  head  in  profile '  (Cussans  •. 

14..  Sir  fit-tiffs  i77/342o  (M.i  Syr  Btuys  tare  of  colour 
pojmant  A  rede  lyon  of  golile  lampant.  1562  I.KIUM 
Anncne  (1597)  45  You  must  note  heere  the  dilVeruice  Ml 
the  Lyi  n  rampande,  and  this  Lyon  [valiant].  1593  SIIAKS. 

2  //en.  17,  v,  i.  203  Old  Neuils  Crest,  The  rampant  Ueaie 
cbain'd  to  the  ragged  staiTe.     a  1667  COWLI-.Y  !-.>*.,  .l^'ic. 
Wks.  1710  II.  709  Lillies,  and  Lions  Rampant,  and  Spread 
Eagles    in    Fields    d'Or.     1724    RAMSAY   On   Royal  Lomp. 
An  furs  21    Well    pleas'd    the   laiupant  Lj  on   smooths  his 
mane.   1814  Si  in  r  ll'ai'.  xi,  'J  be  chosen  crest  of  our  family, 
a  bear,  as  ye  observe,  and  rampant. 

trans/.  1633  T.  ADAMS  Exp.  2  Peter  iii.  12.  1346  Cod  is  no 
ludge  Dormant,  nor  Demurant,  nor  Rampant.  1641  HUOMK 
JwiallCrew  ii.  Wks.  1873  III.  376  Couchaiu  and  I'a^ant, 
Guardant,  Rampant  Beggars. 

c.  Given  to  ramping  ;  of  a  fierce  disposition. 

1387  TRMVISA  H  fatten  (Rolls)  IV.  447  liestes  lainpannt 
[L.  rafaces]  spare  her  owne  kynde.  1579  SI-KNSI  K  Slu-plt. 
t'rt/.  July  21  The  rampant  Lyon  hunts  he  fast,  \\'iili  do^m-s 
of  noysome  breath.  1641  J.  JACKSON  True  l-vang'  '!'•  '• (  u 
To  make  the  condemnation  of  these  ravenous  Wolves,  and 
Lion  rampants,  more  just. 

d.  Exhibiting  fierceness  or  high  spirits  by  lamp- 
ing  or  similar  movements.     Also  const,  with. 

<i  1529  SKELTON  Agst.  Scottes  135  The  Whyte  Lyoii,  there 
rampaunt  of  mcode,  He  ragyd  and  rent  out  your  luut 
blocde.  1684  BuNYAN  Pilgr.  n.  155  'I  he  Moiihier  at  first 
was  very  Rampant  and  looked  upon  these  Enemies  with 
great  Disdain.  1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol.  n.  Iviii,  The 
younglings  frisk  along  the  mends  ..  Rampant  with  life. 
1843  /'.  Parley  s  Ann.  IV,  235  A  wild  boar,  rampant  from 
a  forest. 

2.  transf.  a.  Of  persons :  Violent  and  extravagant 
in  action,  opinion,  etc.  (esp.  in  the  manner  implied 
by  the  sb.). 

1628  EAKLE  Microcosm.,  Placer  (Arb.)  42  He  is  tragicall 
on  the  Stage,  but  rampant  in  the  Tyring-honse,  and  sweares 
oathes  there  which  he  neuer  con'd  1709  in  Ileaine  Collect. 
(O.  H.  S.)  \\.y2\iwte,  The  Whiggsaie  rampant,  and  thinku 
to  carry  all  before  them.  1848  THACKERAY  Bk.  Snobs  xvii, 
The  English  Snob  rampant  always  does  this  to  the  present 
day.  1858  HAWTHORNE  Ft:  <y  It.  Xoie-bks.  II.  137  The  crowd 
has  not  spirit  and  self-consciousness  enough  to  be  rampant. 
1877  pAWSOH  Grig,  of  U'orld  -s.\\\.  264  Some  very  rampant 
theorists  of  some  ethnological  schools. 

b.  Of  things :  Unchecked,  unrestrained,  aggres 
sive,  etc. ;  esp.  of  a  quality,  belief,  state  of  things, 
etc. :  Having  full  sway  or  unchecked  course  in  the 
individual  or  (more  commonly)  in  general  society. 

1619  SIR  R.  NAUNTON  in  Fortescue  Pap.  (Camden)  95  In 
whom  theyr  hope  is  now  growen  rampant.  1642  FVLLEK 
Holy  <*r  Prof.  St.  v.  xviii.  g  4  It  grieved  him  to  see  ignorance 
and  impiety  so  rampant.  1673  GREW  Ace,  l'fg<t.  Roots 
§  66  The  Sulphureous  cr  Oyly  Parts,  which  were  before 
concentred,  are  now  moie  or  le.-s  rampant.  1718  ll'othoiu 
Corr.  (1843)  II.  392  The  great  thing  I  fear  . .  is,  that  Arian- 
ism  turn  rampant,  x 795-7  SOCTHKV  Juvenile  fy  Minor  Poems 


Wks.  1838  II.  227  Iniquity  abounds,  and  rampant  Vice  .. 
taints  The  herd  of  humankind.  1856  KANK  A  ret.  l-..\-pl. 
I.  xvi.  186  The  tide  was  low.  the  ice  rampant.  1877  MRS. 
Oui'HANT  Makers  Plot:  ii.  31  This  curious  outbreak  of 
rampant  democracy. 

f  Ii.  Lustful ;   vicious.   Obs. 

<  1680  HiiVERiDGK  Serin.  (1729)  I.  36  Lest  his  body  should 
grow  rampant  ,.  the  church  orders  him  to  fast.  1732 
FIELDING  afittr  iv,  xiv,  The  young  fellows  of  this  age  are 
so  rampant,  that  even  degrees  of  kindred  can't  restrain 
them,  1812  H.  &  J.  SMITH  Rej.  Addr.t  Archit.  Atomst 
The  rampant  lessons  of  the  stews. 

4.  Of  plants  or  their  growth  :  Rank,  luxurious. 
1764  .Museum  Rust.  II.  298  Where  a  fine  sheep-walk  is 

wanted,  the  sweeter  and  less- ram  pant  grasses  will,  of  course, 
be  chosen.  1796  C.  MARSHALL  Garden,  xvi.  (1813)  271 
A  rich  [soil]  ..  makes  them  (nasturtiums]  too  rampant  and 
less  fruitful.  1867  D.  G.  MITCHKLI.  Rural  .YiW.  34  Iis 
rampant  growth  will  cover  your  irellised  porch  in  a  pair  of 
seasons. 

5.  Arch.  Of  an  arch  or  vault :  Having  the  abut 
ments  or  springing  lines  on  different  levels. 


BAMPANTLY. 

1715  W.  HALFPENNY  Sound  Building  5  To  draw  a  Ram 
pant  Semicircular  Arch.  1842  GWILT  Archil.  §  1943  To 
draw  a  rampant  pointed  arch,  whose  span,,  .and  the  height 
of  the  ramp  are  given. 

fB.  sl>.   =  RAMP  rf.i  Obs.  rare-'1-. 

1671  Prvl.  to  SAadn-tlfs  Humorists,  These  Rampants 
have  a  hungry  Worm  indeed. 

Rampantly  (.rae-mpantli),  adv.  [f.  prec.  + 
-LY2.]  In  a  rampant  manner. 

1426  LYDG.  De  Guil.  Pilgr.  12760  Rampawntly  she  gan 
to  go  Vn-to  me-ward,  off  cruelte.  16^7  COLLIER  1  minor. 
Stage  vi.  (1730)  183  Their  Songs  are  often  rampantly  lewd. 
1897  Atlantic  Monthly  Oct.  546  A  town  so  rampantly 
democratic. 

Rampar,  var.  HAMPER!,  obs.  var.  RAJIPIBE. 

Rampart  (roe'mpaJt),  sb.  Also  6  -arte,  -arde, 
-erd,  6-7 -ard,  7 -ert.  See  also  RAMPIKE  st.  [ad. 
F.  rempart,  \rempard,  rampart,  etc.  (i6th  c.),  f. 
remparer  RAMPJBE  v.] 

1.  J-'orlif,  A  mound  of  earth  raised  for  the  defence 
of  a  place,  capable  of  resisting  cannon-shot,  wide 
enough  on  the  top  for  the  passage  of  troops,  guns, 
etc.,  and  usually  surmounted  by  a  stone  parapet. 

1583  STOCKER  Ch:  ll'arrcs  LO-MC  C.  iv.  64  b.  This  daie 
was  begunne  a  Rampart,  at  Northe  newe  Gate.  1585 
T.  WASHINGTON  to.Xicliolty's  \'oy.\.  viij.  ?b,  Strong  walles. 
ramperdes,  ditcher.  1641  KARL  MONM.  tr.  Biondis  Civil 
Wurres  v.  134  The  Rampard  betweene  tlie  two  townes 
was  covered  with  blood.  1667  MILION  /'.  L.  I.  678  To 
trench  a  Field,  Or  cast  a  Rampart.  1774  PENNANT  Tour 
Scotl.  in  1772,  01  The  camps  united  to  each  other  by  a 
rampart.  1777  WATSON  Philip  II  (1839)  233  'l'ne  fort  of 
Spartndam,  the  rampart  of  which  stood  on  the  dyke  along 
which  the  troops  must  pass.  1810  [see  2].  1880  OUIUA 
Moths  II.  xvii.  235  It  was  rather  a  rampart  than  a  terrace, 
and  the  waves  beat  and  fretted  the  wall  below. 

transf.  and  fig.  1611  BIBLE  Nakitm  iii.  8  That  had  tlie 
waters  round  about  it,  whose  ramp;irt  was  the  sea.  1675 
TK.UIERXE  Chr.  Ethics  185  As  the  laws  are  the  rampart 
of  mens  estates,  justice  is  the  rampart  of  the  law.  1748 
OKAY  Alliance  96  The  rocky  ramparts  round  they  see. 
1818  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  VI.  xi,  Flesh  and  bone  Soon 
made  our  ghastly  ramparts.  1867  SMILES  ffitgiu-nots  Kng. 
x.  (1880)  159  Louis  XIV.. could  not  prevail  against  the 
impenetrable  rampart  of  conscience. 

2.  attrik.  and  Comb.,  as  rampart  communication, 
-height,  -line. 

1799  CAMPBELL  Pleas.  Hope  Wks.  (1837)  13  On  the  rampart- 
heights  array'd  His  trusty  warriors.  1810  WELLINGTON  in 
Gurw.  Desp.  VI.  n  To  fill  up  the  rampart  in  the  bastions, 
and  to  make  a  good  rampart  communication  from  both. 
1852  TENNYSON  Ode  Wellington  105  The  vast  designs  Of 
his  labour'd  rampart-lines. 

Rampart  (rse'mpait),  zi.  [f.  prec.]  trans.  To 
fortify  or  surround  with,  or  as  with,  a  rampart. 

Orig.  only  in  ]>pl.  form,  perh.  directly  from  the  sb. 

1385  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas's  I'oy.  n.  x.  44  The 
castle,  .ramparded  &  ditched.  1611  SPKED  Hist.  Gt.  Bri.'. 
IX.  xv.  §  57.  792  A  Field  well  trenched,  and  ramparted  with 
strong  Gates.  1796  CoLERlocti  Ode  Dt-farting  J  'ear.  Those 
glittering  dells  Proudly  ramparted  with  rocks.  1822  LAMB 
Elia.  Ser.  i.  Distant  Corr.,  I  stood  ramparted  about  with  so 
many  healthy  friends.  1882  G.  MACUONALD  Castle  \Va>  lotlt 
I.  i.  9  The  hills  that  ramparted  the  horizon. 

Hence  Ka'mparted,  Ba-mparting///.  adjs. 

1837  CAMPBELL  On  the  Camp  Hill  in  Poems  297  The 
ramparted  ground  With  a  vision  my  fancy  inspires.  1850 
DROWNING  Ch>  istntas  Eve  iv,  The  ramparted  cloud-prison, 
.  .built  up  in  the  West.  1881  F.  T.  PALGKAVE  Vis.  England 
250  The  ramparting  rocks  their  darkness  uprear. 

Rampauge,  Sc.  variant  of  RAMPAGF. 

Rampeare,  obs.  variant  of  RAMPIKE. 

Ramped  (rcempt),  ///.  a.  [f.  RAMP  f.l  8.] 
Made  with  a  ramp  or  rise. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Opcrat.  Mechanic  604  Hand-railing., 
whether  ramped,  swan-necked,  ..or  wreathed.  1833  LOUDON- 
Encycl.  Arc/tit.  §  752  A  cast-iron  ramped  cap. .to  the  parti 
tion  between  the  stalls.  Ibid.,  The  ramped  iron  copings. 

fRa-mpen,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [Vcf.  G.  rampeln, 
rempeln  to  push,  shove.]  trans.  To  force,  ram. 

13..  Propr.  Sanct.  (Vernoa  MS.)  in  Archiv  neu.  Sp>: 
LXXXI.  84/109  pe  Rode-tres  bei  liften  vp  anon,  Rampned 
hit  harde  in  a  ston.  Ibid.  84/117  Vre  Cake  on  Crois  K'i 
knede  Rampned  hit  harde  a^eyn  J?e  Roode. 

Ramper1  (rEe-mpaa).  dial.  Also  8  rampar. 
f  Prob.  a  corruption  of  LAMPREY.]  a.  The  lamprey. 
Usu.  ramper-eel.  b.  (see  quot.  1865.) 

1792  Statist.  Ace.  Scotl.  IV.  217  note,  These  spotted  eels 
are  called  Rampar  Eels.  1818  R.  JAMIESON  Notes  liiirt's 
Lett.  L  r22  The  ramper-eel,  lamprey,  or  nine  eyes,  is  held 
in  abhorrence.  1865  J.  COUCH  Krit.  Fishes  IV.  f&MjXHH. 
Hagfish.  Ramper  eel.  Poison  Ramper.  1894  Northumblit. 
Gloss.,  Ramper  [N.],  the  lamprey. 

Ramper-  (ra-mpa.i).     [f.  RAMP  v."  + 
One  who  ramps;  spec,  (see  cjuot.  1887.) 


turbances,  under  which  '  welshers'  seek  to.. secure  their  re 
treat.  1887  Daily  Xcms  12  Oct.  7/1  He  knew  the  prisoners 
as  '  ramners ',  i.  e.  men  who  claimed  to  have  made  bets  to 
bookmakers,  and  hustled  and  surrounded  them  if  they  re 
fused  to  pay. 

Ramper,  obs.  or  dial.  var.  RAMPIRE.  Ramperd, 
-ert,  obs.  ff.  RAMPART.  Ramphoid,  var.  RHAM- 
I'noiu.  Rampiar,  obs.  f.  RAMPIRE. 

Rampick  (rx-mpik),  a.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also 
6-7  ran-,  ^  dial,  raun-;  Cranpike.  [Of  obscure 
origin  :  cf.  RAMPIKE.]  Of  a  tree  or  bough  :  Par 
tially  decayed  or  dead;  bare  of  leaves  or  twigs. 


134 

J593  DRAYTON  Eel.  \.  23  Rowland,  leaning  on  a  Ranpike 
Tree.  [Margin.  A  tree  with  age  beginning  to  decay  at  the 
top.]  1594  BARNFIELD  Affect.  Sheph.  xxvii,  When  their 
fleeces  gin  to  waxen  rough,  He  combs  and  trims  them  with 
a  rampicke  bough.  1637  DKAVTON  Agincourt,  etc.  181  The 
night-Crow  sometimes,  you  might  see,  Croking  to  sit  vpon 
some  Ranpick-tree.  iSSi  Leicestersh.  Gloss.,  Raunpick,  bare 
of  bark  or  flesh,  looking  as  if  pecked  by  ravens. 

So  Ba'mpicked  a.  •=  RAMPJKED. 

1836  WILBRAHAM  C/icsh.  Gloss.,  A  Rampicked  tree  is  a 
stag-headed  tree. 

Rampier,  variant  of  RAMPIKE. 

Rampike  (ne-mpaik).  dial,  and  U*  S.  Also  9 
ran-,  raun-.  [Of  obscure  formation :  the  second 
element  may  be  PIKE.  Cf.  KAMNCK.]  A  decaying 
or  dead  tree  ;  a  spiky  stump  or  stem  of  a  tree. 

1865  in  Wanuicksk,  Gloss.  1,1896}  Ranpike  or  Raunpikf, 
a  tree  beginning  to  decay  at  the  top  from  age,  and  having 
bare  dead  branches  in  consequence.  1881  W.  P.  RAK  New- 
found/,  to  Manitoba  iii.  93  The  sight  of  these  bare  and  life 
less  poles  is  a  common  one  here ;  the  poles  are  termed '  ram* 
pikes  '.  1894  PHILLIPPS-WOLLFV  Galti)  Gold  in  Cariboo  90 
Cruel  fire-hardened  rampikes,  which  tore  the  skin  to  rags. 

Hence  Ra'mpiked  (S  ran-,  9  rawn-)  a.t  of  the 
nature  of  a  rampike. 

1775  T.  CASH-BELL  Diary  in  Napier  yohnsoniana  (1884) 

246  The  trees  were  stunted  and  ranpiked,  as  they  call  it  in 

Ireland.     1875  T.  E.  PAGET  Student  Penitent  vii,  One  of 

i    the  old  oaks  in  his  park — erect  and  majestic  even  in  decay, 

•    though  scathed  and  rawnpiked  and  leafless. 

t  Rampin.  Obs.  rare.  In  5  -yn.  [obs.  F.  (in 
I  Godef.  from  Melusine  only).]  A  kind  of  ship. 

^1500  Mclnsine  117  The  Rampyn  then,  or  Caruell,  sa>  lied 
thither.  Ibid.  168  He  made  a  rampyn  or  smal  galeye. 

Ramping1  (larmpiij),  vbl.  sbl  [-ING1.]  The 
i  action  of  RAMP  v,^  in  its  various  senses. 

1580  HOLLVBAND  Trcns.  Fr,  Totig,  Griutf>urc,  a  ramping 
or  grasping.  1656  JEANES  AH.vi.  Schol.  Div.  20  His  very 
ramping  and  roaring  might  terrify  Mm,  that  is  fan  e  enough 
out  of  his  reach.  1657  G.  THOKNLEY  Daphnis  fy  Chloe  53 
i  That  wanton,  untoward,  malepert  ramping  and  hoytie-toitie 
which  he  kept  in  the  grove.  1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela  (1824) 
i  I.  cii.  400  An  over-free,  and  even  indecent  degree  of  ramping, 
as  it  is  called.  1870  DICKENS  E.  Drood\\,  Swaggering  fight 
ing  men  had  had  their  centuries  of  ramping  and  raving  about 
Minor  Canon  Corner. 

Ra'mping,  vbl.  st>.'2    (See  quot.  and  RAMP  &.-) 

1891  7V;//«  16  Oct.  8/4  The  trick,  .was  technically  known 
in  sporting  circles  as  '  ramping ',  which  had  been  extensively 
practised  during  the  past  season  on  bookmakers. 

Ramping  (rarmpirj).///.  a.  (and  adv.}  [-ING  2.] 
That  ramps,  in  senses  of  RAMP  z'.1 

The  obs.  northern  and  Sc.  form  ratttfand  may  also  be 
taken  as  a  variant  of  R  AMI-ANT.  » 

1 1.  Creeping,  crawling.  Obs.  rare"1. 

c  1440  Bone  Flor,  845  S\  r  (.larcy  went  crowlande  for  fayne, 
As  rampande  eyen  [?]  do  in  the  rayne. 

2.  Of  beasts:  Standing  erect,  rearing,  showing 
fierceness. 

1382  WYCLIF  Gen.  xlix.  27  Eeniamyn,  a  wulf  raumpynge. 
1509  HA\viis  Past.  Pleas,  xxxm.  ilPt-rcy  Soc.)  162  A  ramp- 
ynge  lyon  of  fyne  golde  so  pure.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  11^^ 
in.  i.  153  A  couching  Lyon,  and  a  ramping  Cat.  1743  WESLEY 
ll'ks.  (1872)  XIII.  191  The  mob..wtre  as  so  many  ramping 
and  roaring  lions.  i86a  G.  MEREDITH  Mod.  Lovt  I,  Thun 
dering  like  ramping  hosts  of  warrior  horse. 

Jig.  1850  BLACKIE  sEschytus  II.  238  Lest  our  pride  of 
ramping  riches  kick  our  sober  weal  in  the  dust. 

3.  Of  persons,  their  actions,  etc.:  Violent,  extrava 
gant,  unrestrained  ;  f  romping. 

1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  B  vj,  Wymmen  that  ben  chydars 
and  rampynge.  IS&aSTAHYHUK8T^ffiMtf£l  HI.  (Arb.)  88  With 
ramping  bounce  clapping  ..  Fierce  the  waters  ruffle.  1595 
SHAKS.  John  in.  i.  122  What  a  foole  art  thou,  A  ramping 
foole,  to  brag,  and  .stamp,  and  sweare,  Vpon  mypartie  !  1675 
E.  PHILLIPS  Thcat.  Poet.  Pref.  **  8  A  style  not  ramping, 
but  passionately  sedate  and  moving.  1697  VANBRUGH  -2nd 
Pt.  sEsoj*  ii.  237  I've  a  great  ramping  daughter,  that  stares 
like  a  heifer.  1745  J.  MASON  Self-Knowl.  i.  xiv.  (1853)  106 
The  maddest  Sallies  and  the  most  ramping  Reveries  of  the 
Fancy.  1876  BLACKIE  Songs  R eligio n  <V  Life  241  Race  not 
with  a  ramping  might.  1891  HANNAH  LYNCH  G'.  Meredith 
86  The  wild  ramping  life  of  the  colonies. 

4.  fa.  Climbing,  clasping.  Obs.  rare~~]. 

1578  LYTE  Dodoens  iv.  .\x.  475  Foure  or  fiue  griping  or 
ramping  clampers,  whereby  the  Pease  doth  take  holde. 
b.  Growing  luxuriantly.     Now  dial. 

1607  Barlcy-Breake  (1877)  28  A  Pipe  made  of  a  ramping 
Gate.  1733-4  MRS.  DELANY  Lett.,  to  Mrs.  A.  Granviile 
428  White  ground  with  great  ramping  flowers  in  shades  of 
purples,  reds,  and  greens.  1821  CLARE  Vilt.  Minstr.  I.  203 
Picking  from  the  ramping  grass  Nameless  blossoms  as  I  pass. 
1829  —  Ode  to  Autumn,  With  ramping  sallows  lined,  and 
crowding  sedge. 

5.  As  adv.  Exuberantly.  rare~~l. 

1886  J.  M.  C\VLVX.ILI>  Seamanship  Notes  2  These  sails  are 
to  be  ramping  full. 

Rampion  1  (rze'mpian).  [Prob.  ad.  some  form 
of  the  Romance  name,  which  appears  as  F. 
raiponce  (f  reponct,  etc.),  Sp.  reponche^  ruiponce, 
Pg.  ruiponto,  etc.,  It.  rap-t  ramponzoh\  cf.  G. 
raptinzel.  The  etym.  of  these  forms  is  obscure : 
connexion  with  L.  rapum  RAPE  sb$  is  doubtful.] 

1.  A  species  of  bellflower,  Campanula  Rapun- 
culust  of  which  the  white  tuberous  roots  are  some 
times  used  as  a  salad. 

1573  TUSSER  Hifsb.  (1878)  94  Herbes  and  rootes  for  sallets 
and  sauce..  Radish..  Rampions.  Rokat.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens 
V.  xxxv.  597  The  litle  Rampion  flowreth  in  June  and  July. 
1622  DRAY  TON  Poly-oil',  xx.  60  The  Rampion  rare  ..  the 
hardly  gotten  Gourd.  17*5  BRADLEY  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Sailer  * 


KAMPIBE. 

Others  mingle  Endives,  Succory  and  Rampipns  without 
Distinction.  1785  MARTYN  Rousseau's  Bot.  xvi.  (1794)  187 
Ramplon,  which  was  formerly  cultivated  for  its  toots  to  eat 
in  sallads.  1820  L.  HUNT  Indicator  No.  28  (1822)  I,  224 
The  rampions  grew  so  thickly.  1883  St.  Jamt'^s  6*<tz. 
20  Dec.  2/2  The  rampion  . .  with  its  roots  shining  as  ivory 
and  its  flavour  recalling  the  filbert. 

2,  A  plant  of  the  genus  Phyteuma. 

1760  J.  LKE  Introd.  Rot.  App.  324  Rampions,  Horned, 
Phytenma.  1790-1820  SOWEKBY  Eng.  Bot.  VI.  6  Spiked 
Rampion,  Phyieuma,  spicatum.  ll'id.,  Round-headed 
Rampion,  Phytenma  orbiculare.  1882  G.  ALLEN  Colour  of 
Flowers  iv.  73  The  rampions  {Phytenma}  vary  from  blue  to 
white  ;  so  do  many  of  the  campanulas. 

t  3.  The  Lobelia.   Obs. 

J733  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Rapuntinm^  Greater  Ram- 
pions  with  a  Ciimson-spiked  Flower,  commonly  call'd  the 
Scarlet  Cardinal's  Flower.  1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  App. 
324  Rampions,  Crested,  Lobelia. 

f  Rampion-.  Obs.rare~~l.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
A  certain  kind  or  colour  of  wine. 

1519  InterL  Four  Elem.  (Percy  Soc.)  22  Ye  shall  have 
spayneshe  wyne  and  Gascoyn,  Rose  coloure,  whyt,  claret, 
rampyon. 

Rampire,  -pier  (rce*mp3i«i),  sb.  Now  arch. 
Forms ;  a.  6  rampair(e,  -are,  -eare,  6-7  rampar, 
rampere,  6-7  (9  dial.}  ramper.  0.  6  rampyre, 
6-  rampire,  rampier,  (7  -iar, -yer).  [a.  obs.  F. 
rampar  (Godef,  Conipl.)t  var.  rempary  rempart 
RAMPART.  The  origin  of  the  £-forms  is  not  clear ; 
cf.  hampire,  -ier  obs.  forms  of  HAMPER  J/'.1  and 
camphire  CAMPHOR.  Sheridan (i  789)  gives rampyrt 
and  marks  the  final  syllable  as  short] 

1.  =  RAMPART. 

a.  a  1548  PATTEN  Exped.  Scotl.  A  vj,  My  lordes  grace, 
walking  vpon  the  Rampere  of  the  tounewalles  [etc.].  1557 
N.  T.  (Genev.)  Lnkt'\\x.  43  Thy  enemies  shall  cast  rampars 
about  thee.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidattes  Comm.  396  A  certain 
piece  of  the  wall  and  Rampeare  was  failed  dovvne.  1599 
HAKLUYT  I'oy,  II.  i.  125  The  battered  earth,  which  fell  in 
the  ditches  from  the  rampaire.  1604  E.  GKIMSTONE  Hist. 
A/V^c  Ostend  133  The  dike,.  .Rampars  and  defences.  1689 
Def.  Liberty  agst.  Tyrants  56  Fortifying  . .  by  Ravelins, 
Ditches,  and  Hampers,  the  Temple  of  God. 

ft.  a  1557  VAUX  in  Tottell's  Misc.  (Arb.)  172  Good  will  the 
master  of  the  shot,  Stode  in  the  rampyre  braue  and  proud. 
1579  DIGGES  Stratiot.  93  He  ought  to  have  knowledge  in 
Fortification,  especially  in  the  manner  of  making  Trenches 
and  Rampiers.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist,  'lurks  (1638)  82  The 
Venetians  ..  built  a  strong  tower  of  wood,  higher  than  the 
wals  and  rampiars  of  the  towne.  1665  MANLEV  Grotiits* 
Lffiv-C.  ll'arrcs  07  They  begin  to  fortifie  their  City  with 
strong  Bulwarks  and  Rampires.  1747  CARTE  Hist.  Eug,  I. 
no  It  is  fenced  with  an  high  treble  rampire.  1813  SCOTT 
TrUrm.  i.  xiii,  Buttress,  and  rampire's  circling  bound.  1870 
F.  R.  WILSON  Ch,  Lindisf.  71  On  its  wide  summit  there  is  a 
strong  rampier  built  of  stone, 
tb.  A  dam,  barrier.  Obs. 

1586  T.  B.  La  Primand.  Fr.  Acad.  604  To  strengthen 
with  ramplres  the  banks  of  rivers.  1611  CORYAT  Crudities 
257  The  great  long  banke.  .which  is  interjected  as  a  strong 
Rampier  betwixt  the  Adriatique  sea  and  the  citie.  1764 
GOLDSM.  Trw.  286  Sedulous  to  stop  the  coming  tide,  Lift 
the  tall  rampire's  artificial  pride. 

c.  dial.  A  raised  road  or  way ;  the  highway. 

1848  in  EVANS  Leic.  Gloss.  1864  in  Mem.  Tennyson  (1897) 
II.  i.  9  When  I  canters  my  'erse  along  the  ramper  I  'ears 
proputty,  proputty,  proputty.  1881  Gd.  Words  Nov.  752 
Along  the  rutted  ramper  Thory  wheels  His  barrow. 

2.  transf.  andyTg-.   A  thing  or  person  resembling 
or  comparable  to  a  rampart. 

1567  TURBEKV.  Epit.  etc,  37  A  Patrone  to  the  poore,  a  Ram 
pire  to  the  rest,  a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  v.  (1598)  443  Forti 
fying  courage  with  the  true  Rampier  of  patience.  1592 
KVD  $p.  Trag,  I.  ii.  50  Wilh  a  swelling  tide,  It  beats  upon 
the  rampiers  of  huge  rocks.  1611  SIR  \V.  MURE  Misc. 
Poems  i.  16  To  siege,  and  sack  the  Rampier  of  my  ressoune. 
i6z7  E.  F.  Hist.  Edw.  II  (1680)  58  Makes  himself  a  Rampire 
of  all  his  Servants,  Friends  and  Kindred.  1700  DKVDI-M 
Iliad  I.  401  The  son  of  Thetis,  rampire  of  our  hosts.  1880 
SWINBURNE  Stud.  .&>«£•  116  The  rampire  of  water  in  front 
is  erect.  x88z  —  Mary  Stuart  iv.  i,  Of  those  claims.,  have 
you  made  The  stoutest  rampire  of  your  rule. 

3.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rampire  bank,  bary  -like 
adj.,  -mound)  wall. 

1555  PHAEK  sEneid  n.  39  The  fomy  flood  whose  *rampier 
banks  are  torne.  1776  MICKLE  tr.  Camtttt*'  Lusiad  112 
Dash'd  the  fierce  monarch  on  a  *rampire  bar.  1635  J.  HAY- 
WARD  tr.  Biondis  Banish* d  Virg.  179  That  sinuous  Region 
..  is  ever  ..  calme;  thankes  to  the  *rampire-like  sheltring 
rocks  and  cragges.  1866  CONINCTON  sEneid  6  Banks  them 
round  With  sand  as  with  a  *ranipire-mouml.  1688  R.  HOLME 
Arnwnry  ill.  457/1  A  *Rampiar  Wall,  .or  Coffer  worke. 

Rampire,  -pier  (rarmpai^r),  v.  Now  arch. 
Forms:  a.  6-7  rampar(e.  -air,  -er.  #.  6  ram- 
pyer,  -iere,  6-7  rampier,  6-7  (9)  rampire.  [a.  F. 

(t  ramparer})  remparer  (i5th  c.)  to  fortify,  etc.,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  cmparcr  to  take  possession  of,  ad.  Prov. 
amparar,  f.  L.  ante- +  par  are  (cf.  prepare}^ 

•j-1.  trans.  To  strengthen,  increase  the  strength  of 
(a  bulwark,  gale,  etc.)  against  attack ;  to  block  up 
(a  gate)  for  this  purpose,  esp.  by  piling  earth  behind 
it ;  to  close  ///  (an  opening).  Obs. 

1552  EDW.  VI.  Lett.  (Roxb.t  81  We  find  the  bulwarkes 
chargeable,  massie,  wel  rampared.  1557  in  Strype  Eccl. 
Mem.  (17211  III.  n.  App.  Ixxix.275  The  Englishmen  within, 
looking  for  the  sieiie,  had  Tampered  up  the  gates.  1596 
R.  H.  tr.  Lavateriis"  Gkostes  83  A  brasen  gate  being  fast 
rampierd  with  barres.  1622  J.  REYNOLDS  6WV  Rwenge  11. 
8 1  He  sees . .  the  draw-bridges  and  approchcs  drawn  up,  and 
rampired  up  with  llarricadoes.  1632  LITHCOW  Tra.ii.  11.  48 
The  walls  [of  the  city]  are  strongly  rampired  with  earth. 


RAMPISH. 

2.  To  fortify,  strengthen,  or  protect  (a  place), 
esf.  by  a  rampart.  Now  only  arch. 

1550  in  Hodgson's  Hist.  Nortlnnnl'.  m.  II.  200  That 
side  to  be  massively  rampiered  with  earth.  1553  BRENDE 
Q.  Curtius  Fviij,  Havinge  rampared  the  prores  for  defence 
of  the  souldiers  that  were  beliinde.  1614  RALEIGH  Hist. 
World  \.  i.  §  10  (1634)  574  The  fort  of  Elsenour  ;  which  at 
that  time  was  not  so  well  rampard,  as  now  perhaps  it  is. 
(11656  USSHER  Ann.  (1658)  221  His  Camp  was  no  better 
rampiered  than  it  should  be.  1855  SINGLETON  I'irgil  I.  238 
Rampire  with  abundant  power  Long  Alba. 

trans/,  znd/if.  1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  U'orld  11.  (1634!  254 
Knowing  the  strength  of  his  owne  Countrey, . .  rampir'd  with 
high  and  sharpe  Mountains.  1631  MASSINGKR  Believe  as 
you  List  in.  iii,  There  is  no  touch  of  moral  honesty  Though 
rampired  in  your  soul,  but  will  fly  from  you. 

b.  To  shut  up  or  out  as  with  a  rampart,  rare. 

1566  SIR  H.  SIDNEY  in  FourC.  Eng.  Lett.  24  Nature  hath 
rampired  up  (as  it  were)  the  tongue  with  teeth,  lips,  yea  and 
hair  without  the  lips.  1606  N.  HAXTER  Sir  }'.  Sidney's 
Ourania  M_i,  Within  a  branchiefilme  there  lyeth  the  br.iine, 
Close  rampir'd  v£  with  Barracados  twaine.  1873  LVTTON 
Kenelm.  Chi/,  v.  iv.  (1878)  312  Trees  . .  which  rampired  out 
all  horizon  beyond. 

t  3.  To  fix  or  establish  firmly.   Obs.  rare. 

'555  EDEN-  Decades  5  Hyghe  trees,  sette  close  together  and 
fast  rampaired  in  the  grounde.  a  1670  HACKKT  Cfiil.  Serin. 
(1675)  396  When  men  have  rampared  witty  shifts  against 
truth,  it  is  in  vain  to  tell  them  [etc.]. 

Hence  Ha'mpired ///.  a.,  Ha  mpiring  vbl.  sli. 

1581  STAXYHURST  /Eneis  I.  (Arb.)  26  With  thick  bulwarck 
shal  he  fence  thee  rampired  Alba.  1657  REEVE  </W's  l'U-a 
168  Where  there  is  unity  there  needeth  no  barricadoing  nor 
Tampering.  1776  MICKLE  tr.  Canteens'  Litsiafivii.  311  Ram 
pired  walls  lie  smoaking  on  the  ground.  1873  BROWNING 
Red  Coti.  Nt.-Cap  1381  Grass  . .  contemptible  Compared 
with  solid  rock,  the  rampired  ridge. 

t  Ra-nipish,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RAMP  v.i  +  -ISH.] 
Given  to  ramping  or  romping. 

1530  PALSGR.  322/1  Rampysshe  as  beest  is  or  a  yonge 
wenche,  ramfmuuux.  1573  TUSSER  Hnsb.  (1878)  214  Not 
rampish  toie,  of  girle  and  boie, .  .good  end  doth  frame.  1661 
\V.  K.  Can/.  Charact.  To  Rdr.  (1860)  p.  xii,  Rampish  lust 
and  damnable  pride. 

t  Ra-mpling,  ?  alteration  of  RAMPING  vbl.  sl>.i 

c  1580  JF.FFERIE  Bngtears  v.  ix.  in  Anhh<  Stud.  tun.  Spr. 
(1897),  With  ramplynges,  with  tramplynges  [etc.]. 

t  Ra-mplish,  v.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  F.  rempliss-, 
remplir  to  fill,  etc.]  trans.  To  cover. 

1494  in  Lett.  Rich.  Ill  t,  Hen.  I'ft  (Rolls)  I.  396  A  lion 
of  gold,  . .  sett  in  maner  of  a  curnalles  with  plumesses  whit 
and  grene,  and  ramplyshed  with  spangils. 

Ra-mplor.  Sc.  [?  f.  RAMP  z/.i]  a.  st>.  A  rover, 
a  restless  person,  b.  adj.  Roving,  restless. 

1821  GALT  Ann.  Parish  162  He  was  a  ramplor,  roving  sort 
of  a  creature.  1812  —  Sir  A.  U'ylie  I.  xxv.  226  A  mis 
chievous  clever  ramplor. 

tRampone.   Obs.  rare-1.   =  LAMPAS  rf.l 

1580  HOLLVBAND  Treas.  Fr.  Tang,  Lampas,  or  lamfasf, 
a  disease  and  swelling  rising  in  the  mouth  of  horses,  being 
holpen  by  letting  the  bloud,  and  pricking  the  same  with  an 
home,  the  rampone. 

Ramps  (rjemps).  north,  dial,  and  Sc.  [Var.  of 
RAMS  ;  cf.  G.  rampe(n  in  same  sense.]  Ramsons. 

1538  TURNEK  Libellus,  Arisaron..puto  hodie  a  nostris  dici 
rammes  aut  rampes.  1663  BLAIR  AutMog.  iii.  (1848)  53  All 
things  smelling  of  a  root  called  ramps.  1824  MACTACGART 
Gallmiid.  Encycl. ,  Ramps,  wild  leeks,  common  on  shores. 
1869-  in  northern  dial,  glossaries  (Cumb.,  Lane.,  Northumb.). 

Rampsoun,  obs.  form  of  RANSOM  v. 
Rampyer,  -pyre,  obs.  forms  of  RAMPIRE. 
Ra'm-race.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.    Also  6  -rays, 
7  (9)  -raise,     [f.  RAM  s&.1  +  RACE  st>.l] 

1.  A  headlong  rush,  like  that  of  a  ram.    Alsoyfc. 
1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  XL  xvii.  49  Sum.. Can  with  a  ram 

rays  to  the  portis  dusche.  1821  Black-.u.  Maf.  IX.  163 
Poor  man  \  lie  ran  at  last  a  ram-race,  and  was  taken  before 
the  session. 

2.  A  short  run  preparatory  to  a  jump. 

1695  KENXETT  Par.  Antiq.  II.  Gloss.,  Rani-raise,  c  1815 
HOGG  Connel  of  Dee  xxviii,  With  ram-race  he  cleared  at  a 
bensil  the  wall,  c  1817  —  Tales  /,  Sk.  II.  158  They  took  a 
short  race  of  about  twelve  or  fourteen  paces,  which  they 
denominated  the  ramrace. 

Ram-riding:  see  RAM  sbl  •}. 

Ramrod  (rarmirjjd).  [f.  RAM  ».l  +  ROD.]  A 
rod  used  for  ramming  down  the  charge  of  a  muzzle- 
loading  fire-arm.  (The  earlier  word  was  RAMMER.) 

1797  Encycl.  Erit.  (ed.  3)  VIII.  246/1  If  the  ball  has  been 
forcibly  driven  down  with  an  iron  ramrod  ..  the  piece  will 
almost  certainly  burst.  1859  All  Y.  Round  No.  4.  87  The 
invention  of  the  iron  ramrod  by  the  Prince  of  Dessau,  .. 
doubled  the  value  of  the  fire  of  infantry. 

Comb.  1860  TOMLISSON  Arts  ff  Manuf.  II.  Gun-Barrels, 
The  bayonet  and  ramrod  maker.  1861  MUSCRAVE  By-roads 
264  A  ramrod-like  descent  of  pelting  rain. 

Hence  (nonce-u<ds.)  Ba-mroddy  a.,  stiff,  nn- 
liending ;  Ra  mrodism,  military  stiffness. 

1880  SIR  W.  BUTLER  Far  Out  12  The  Mosaic  ram- 
rodism  of  the  German  Emperor's  face  and  figure.  1886 
Harper's  Mag.  Way  888  Ramroddy  and  uncompromising. 

Rams  (nemz).  Now  only  dial.  Forms :  I 
hramsa,  -se,  (hromsa,  ramese),  5  rammys,  //. 
ramsis,  -zys,  6  ram(m)es,  8-9  rams,  9  Sc.  ramsh. 
[OE.  hramsa,  -se  =  MLG.  ramese,  G.  rams  (with 
many  dial,  variants  :  see  Grimm),  Da.,  Sw.,  and 
Norw.  dial,  rams  (Sw.  rams-loK] ,  cognate  with  Olr. 
(rcm  (Ir.  and  Gael,  crcanih,  \V.  craf},  Lith.  Jter- 
miisze,  Russ.  lepeMiiia,  wild  garlic,  Gr. 
onion.]  \Vild  garlic,  ramsons. 


135 

Some  mod.  dialects  treat  rains  as  a  pi.  form,  with  sing. 
rain  or  rainc.  See  also  RAMPS,  RAMSEY,  RAMSON. 

a  700  J-.final  Gloss.  59  Actnla  (accilula),  hramsa  [Corpus 
hromsa].  to..  Ags.  I'oc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  296/3  Acetiila, 
ramese.  c  1440  Promp.  Pant.  422/2  Ramzys,  'herbe  (//. 
ramsis,  A'.,S.  rammys),  affpdyllus.  1548  TI/RNF.R  Xaincs 
Jlerlvs  (E.  I).  S.I  to  The  third  kinde  [of  garlick]  is  called  in 
latin  Altitun  -'rsinnm,  and  in  english  Ramsey, or  bucrames 
or  rames.  1551  —  llertal  i.  (1568)  Bv,  The  third  kynd  is 
called  in  Englysh  rammes.  a  1796  PECCE  Derdicisms  Ser. 
II.  Rams,  rampions  [7 ramsons].  1818  Trans.  Antiq.Soc. 
Scot!.  II.  70  On  these  hills  [P.  of  Monivaird]  is  found  a 
mountain  leek,  or  ramsh,  as  it  is  here  named.  1876  H'/u'tty 
Gloss.,  Rams,  wild  garlic,  flavouring  the  cow's  milk  that 
eats  it. 

Ramsca-llion.  Chiefly  north,  dial.  [Of  obscure 
formation  :  cf.  rapscallion,  rampallion.\  A  mean 
wretched  fellow. 

'733  FIELDING  Don  Quixote  in  Eng.  i.  i,  The  Don  is  just 
such  another  lean  ramscallion  as  . .  his  Rozinante.  1855-6 
in  northern  glossaries  (Vks.,  Lonsd.). 

Rams(d)en,  dial,  variants  of  RAMSON. 

Ramsey  (rarmzi).  Now  dial.  Forms  :  //.  5,  7 
ramseys,  (6  -eyesj,  6-7,  9  ramsies  ;  «'«;<•.  6,  9 
ramsey,  9  ramsy.  [f.  RAMS,  prob.  by  a  wrong 
analysis  of  the  pi.  ramsis, ramses.]  =  RAMSON. 

1409  I'romf.  Par-.'.  422/2  (Pynson)  Kamseys,  affodyllus. 
1548  [see  RAMS).  1655  MofFET  &  BF.XXET  Healths  Impr. 
(1746)  325  Ramseys  are  of  the  like  Power  with  Garlic.  1882 
Ih'i-on  Plant  Xames,  Ramsey,  Ramsies,  or  Ramson. 

Ramshackle  (rse-mfek'l),  a.  and  sb.  Also 
-shaele.  [Later  var.  of  RAMSHACKLED.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Loose  and  shaky,  as  if  ready  to  fall 
to    pieces ;    rickety,   crazy,    tumble-down.     (Said 
chiefly  of  carriages  and  houses.) 

1830  Miss  MITFORD  I'illage  Ser.  iv.  (1863)  215,  I  could 
shake  the  old  chaise  to  pieces  with  one  jerk,  it's  so  ram 
shackle.  i847'i'nACKF.RAvGz««-/>(7«»«'rfC/i<i;>,  Therickety, 
ramshackle,  wheezy  spinet.  iK$At/iftixiim  No.  1978.  400/3 
A  huddle  of  ramshackle  lath-and-plaster  houses.  1889 
D.  C.  MURRAY  Danger.  Catsp,i-.u  78  There  was  J.  P.'s 
ramshackle  figure  on  the  pathway. 

2.  Of  persons,  actions,  etc. :  Unsteady,  irregular, 
disorderly,  rude.  (Chiefly  dial.) 

1855  ROBINSON  Whill'y  Gloss.  1870  E.  PEACOCK  Ra'f Skirl. 
II.  121  What  ramshackle  wark  ha' ye  been  after?  1880 
'  VERNON  LEE  '  Italyu.  ii.  26  Fine  talent,  .ruined,  -by  a  dis 
orderly  character,  a  ramshackle  career. 

B.  sb.  1.  dial.  A  thoughtless  or  reckless  fellow. 
1824  LOCKHART  Reg.  Da/ton  I.  199  This  will  learn  ye, 

again,  ye  young  ramshackle.  Ibid.  III.  267  An  ignorant 
ramshackle,  no  question.  1877  in  A".  //".  Line.  Gloss. 

2.  nonce-use.  A  ramshackle  object. 

1865  E:>cn.  Standard-2^  Mar.,  Our  own . .  purchased  hulks 
and  general  congregation  of  naval  ramshackles. 

Hence  Ka  mshackle  v.  trans.,  to  '  rattle  up'. 

1865  Daily  Tel.  27  Oct.  5/6  If  their  dwellings  were  not 
*  ramshackled '  or  '  run  up '  by  some . .  speculative  builder. 

Ramshackled  (rse-mJVek'ld;,  ///.  a.  Also  7 
ranshacled,  8  -shackled,  9  Sc.  -shackled.  [Perh. 
f.  ram-,  ranshackle  RAXSACKLE  v.,  as  if  ='  wrecked 
or  destroyed  by  plundering'  ;  but  cf.  Sc.  CAM- 
SHACHLE,  to  distort.]  =  RAMSHACKLE  a.  i. 

1675  S.  SEWALL  Diary  31  July,  A  window  which  was  all 
ranshacled.  1703  —  Let.  5  Jan.,  Barn  and  outhousing  ran- 
shackld.  1789  Loiterer  No.  39.  12  The  house  itself  was., 
such  a  ranshackeld  old  place  that  it  must  be  pulled  down. 
1883  Amer.  Missionary  Dec.  367  [The  Chinese  Wall]  a 
barbaric,  ramshackled  old  thing  of  a  great  many  centuries. 

So  Ba'msliackliug'  a. 

_  1868  LD.  HOL-GHTOX  Let.  in  Life  (1890)  II.  196  The  house 
is  a  ramshackling  old  place,  without  a  fine  room  in  it. 

Ra-mshackly,  a.  [f.  RAMSHACKLE  +  -T,  after 
rickety,  shaky,  etc.]  =  RAMSHACKLE  a. 

1857  READE  Course  Trill  Loi'e,  Clouds  $•  Sunshine  ix. 
266  Immeasurably  fond  of  the  old  ramshackly  house.  1892 
J.  PAVX  .ttod.  ll'/iittington  1.  166  Lawrence  was  ashamed 
of.  .the  ramshackly  dwelling. 

Ram's-head.    [f.  RAM  si.i ;  cf.  RAMHEAU] 

1.  a.  Used  atlrib.  to  designate  the  ordinary  chick 
pea,  Cfccr  arietinum.  1  Obs. 

1601  HOLLAXD  Pliny  I.  570  There  is  a  second  kind  named 
Columbmum..  .These  are  white,  round,  light,  lesse  than  the 
former  Rams-head  ciches.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  957/2. 

b.  The  American  plant  Cypripedium  arietinum, 
a  species  of  Lady's  Slipper.  (Treas.  Bot.  1866.) 

f2.  Naut.  (See  quot.)  Obs.     Cf.  RAM-HEAD  2. 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  ii.  7  The  Ramshead  is 
a  great  blocke  wherein  is  three  shiuers  into  which  are 
passed  the  halyards,  and  at  the  end  of  it  in  a  hole  is  reued 
the  ties,  and  this  is  onely  belonging  to  the  fore  and  maine 
halyards. 

f3.  (See  qnots.)  Obs.    Cf.  RAM-HEAD  3. 

1611  COTGR.,  Lome  defer,  a  Rammes  head;  or,  the 
(pmser-hke)  hook  of  a  Crane,  &c.  1727  BOVER  Did  Royal 
II.  s.v.  Ram,  Ram's  Head,  (an  Iron  Pincher  to  heave  up 
great  Stones  with). 

Ram's-horn.    [f.  RAM  rf.i] 

1.  The  horn  of  a  ram  ;  the  material  of  this. 

1522  SKELTOX  Why  not  toCourt  87  As  ryght  as  a  rammes 
horn.  1611  IJIBLE  Josh.  vi.  6  Let  seuen  Priests  beare  seuen 
trumpets  of  rammes-hornes.  1751  R.  PALTOCK  P.  H'iltins 
(1884)  I.  178  The  thing  I  made  . .  was  composed  of  old  hat, 
pieces  of  rams-horn  [etc.].  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  xxii,  Sir 
Arthur  drew  from  his  pocket  a  large  ram's-horn,  with  a 
copper  cover. 

attril>.  and  Comb.  1589  T.  NASHE  Anat.  Absurd.  Wks. 
(Grosartl  I.  71,  I  know  the  learned  wil  laugh  me  to  scorne, 
for  setting  down  such  Rams  home  rules  of  direction.  1820 
IMnBtU,  Christ' sHospit.  35  Yrs.  ago,  A  young  ass.  .blew 


RAMULUS. 

such  a  ram's  horn  blast,  as.  .set  concealment  any  longer  at 
defiance.     1840  MRS.   F.  TROI.LOI-F.  ll'idir-.u  Married  xxiii 
My  old  ramshorn  aunt  I'etsy.     1897  Allbittt's  Syst.  Med\ 
II.  1081  They  form  a  long  ram's-horn-like  projection. 
b.  A  form  of  scroll  ornament. 

1842  FRANCIS  Dici.  Arts,  Ram's  Horn,  a  particular  kind 
of  scroll  ornament,  the  origin  of  which  is  from  the  skull  and 
hums  of  the  ram. 

1 2.  An  ammonite  or  nautilus  (A'anti/iis  spirilla). 
Also  ramshorn  sailor.  Obs. 

1798  NF.MXICH  Polyg.  Lex.  V.  II.  865. 

tt.  /)/;'/.   (See  quot.) 

1802  JAMES  Mint.  Dict,,Kains-n<>rns,..a.n  a  kind  of  low 
works  made  in  the  ditch,  of  a  circular  arc  ;  they  were  in 
vented  by  M.  Kelidor,  and  serve  instead  of  tenailles. 

4.  A  vessel  in  which  lish  arc-  washed. 

1809  Naval Chron.  XXI.  21  The  fish  [cod]  are  thrown  into 
what  is  called  a  ram's-horn  (a  square  wooden  thing,  perfo 
rated  with  holes,  to  admit  the  water  to  passi,  when  the  fish 
are  tumbled  about  and  well  washed.  1883  Fisheries  Exliifr. 
Catal.  (ed.  4'  175  Washing  Vi^li  in  a  Ram's-Horn. 

b.  dial.  'A  winding-net  supported  by  stakes,  to 
inclose  fish  that  come  in  with  the  tide.  Somerset.' 
(llalliwell.1 

5.  dial.  The  plant  Orchis  Morio.      Also  attrib. 
1884 in  BRITTEN &Hoi.LAXii/Y.i«.'-.Vu«<-i.   1889  JKFFEHIES 

I    J-'iiU  ff  l/t'dgi-ro:^  115  Soon  after  the  May  garlands  the 
meadow  orchis  comes  up,  ..  and  after  that  the  'ram's-horn  ' 
j    orchis,  which  has  a  twisted  petal. 

Ramsin,  -sioun,  obs.  ff.  U\MS<>N.  RANSOM. 
t  Ram-skyt.   0/>s.  rare—1.     A  term  of  abuse. 
c  1460  Tmuiieley  Klyst.  iii.  217  We  !  hold  thi  long,  ram-skyt 
or  I  shall  the  still. 

Ramson  (rse'msan).  Forms  :  i  raraesau, 
hrarneson,  j  ramsyn,  6  -siu,  6-7,  9  -som,  C,  9 

i  dial,  -sen,  9  ransom,  (9  dial,  rarasden),  6-  ram- 
sou.  [OE..  pi.  of  hramsa,  -sc  RAMS  ^the  -n  being 

i  retained  as  in  oxen,  hoscn.  etc.  ,  but  in  later  use 
taken  as  a  sing.,  with  pi.  raiiisons.']  The  broad- 
leaved  garlic,  Alliiim  iirsiinim  ;  the  bulbous  root 

|    of  this  plant,  used  as  a  relish.     Chiefly  in //. 

r  1000  /-ELFRIC  Gloss,  in  Wr.-W;.l,  ker  134/7  Raiimsiuw, 
ramcsan.  c  1000  Durham  (,7<>..j.  in  .Yn.r.  I.ecchd.  III.  304/2 
Kaiiiuscium,  Hrameson.  14..  ['«.  in  Wr.-Wulcker 561/13 
Acticola.,  ramsyn.  1547  IVoKi.i;  j:,;~:  Health  xv.  12  b, 
They  muste  eat  no  salades.  garlyke,  ramsons,  onyons.  chy- 
bolles,  or  scalj-OTis.  1657  TOMI.INSOX  RCHOU'I  Di'sp.  29 
T'hat  poysonous  medicament.. such  as  be  Ramsons,  Savine, 
Leeks,  &c.  1733  HILLUR  Can/.  1'ict.  (ed.  2),  Allinm,  syl- 
vestre  latifoliian,  Ramson's.  1805  Medical  Jrnl.  XIV.  65 
Ramsons.  Ramson  garlic.  1879-  in  south-western  dial, 
glossaries. 

Ramson,  obs.  form  of  RANSOM. 

Ram-stam  (r.-en^st.-vm),  a.,  sl>.,  and  adv.  Sc. 
and  north,  dial.  [A  riming  comb.,  perh.  based  on 
RAM  rf.l  and  dial,  stam  to  stamp.] 

A.  adj.  Precipitate,  headstrong. 

1786  BURNS  To  Jas.  Smith  xxviii,  The  hairr.m-scainim, 
ram-stain  boys.  The  rattlin  squad.  1824  MACTAGGART 
Callo-.-id.  Encycl.  Introd.  8,  I  scamper  along  rather  in  the 
'ram  stam'  manner.  1893  CROCKETT  Stickit  Minister  Si 
He's  young  an'  terrible  ram-stam. 

B.  sb.   A  thoughtless  person,  rare. 

1823  GALT  Entail  III.  70  Walky,  who  i.s  a  lad  of  a  metho 
dical  nature,  and  no  a  hurly-burly  ramstam. 

C.  adv.  Precipitately,  headlong. 

1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  xxviii,  The  least  we'll  get,  if  we 
gang  ramstam  in  on  them,  will  be  a  broken  head.  1895 
CROCKETT  Men  cf  Moss-Hags  xxiv.  178  Was  there  ever 
a  Gordon  that  would  not  go  ram-stam  at  the  boar. 

Ramsyn,  obs.  form  of  RAMSOX. 

Ramtil  (rarm,til).  [Bengali  ramtil,  f.  ram 
pleasing,  beautiful,  excellent  (freq.  prefixed  to 
names  of  plants,  etc.  to  denote  special  kinds  or 
varieties)  +  til  TIL.]  A  plant  (Guizotia  Abyssinica 
or  oleifera)  largely  cultivated  in  various  parts  of 
India  for  the  oil  which  is  expressed  from  the  seeds 
(tiigcr  or  ramtil  seeds}.  Sometimes  called  black  til. 

1858  in  SIMMOXDS  Diet.  Trade.  1873  DRURV  Use/.  Plants 
India  (ed.  2)  238  The  Ramtil  oil  is  sweet-tasted,  and  is  used 
for  the  same  purposes  as  the  gingely  oil. 

Ramuff,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REMOVE  v. 

Ramulet  (rarmi;Het).  rare.  [f.  RAMUL-US  + 
-ET.]  =  RAMULUS. 

1671  GREW  in  Phil.  Trans.  VI.  3042  The  purest  sap, 
imbosom'd  in  the  ramulets  of  the  Seed  branch.  1829  U7est»i. 
Re-.'.  July  in  The  branches  and  ramulets  of  the  trunk. 

Ramuli,  pi.  of  RAMULUS. 

Ramuli-ferous,  a.  [See  next  and  -(I^FEROUS.] 
IJearing  rainuli.  (In  recent  Dicls.) 

Ramulose  (rarrrmflpus1),  a.  Bot.  and  Zool.  [ad. 
L.  ramnldsits  (applied  by  Pliny  to  veined  leaves; ; 
see  RAMULL'S  and  -OSE.]  Characterized  by  ramuli. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  S»pp.  s.v.  Leaf,  Ramnlose  Leaf, 
R  kind  of  compound  leaf,  in  which  there  are  several  foliola 
sustained  on  a  branched  petiole.  1872  H.  C.  WOOD  Fresh 
Water  Algx  207  Fascia,  .densely  clothed  with  penicillately 
ramulose  fasciculi. 

Hence  Ramuloso-pitmate,  -verrucose  adjs. 

1846  DANA  Zooph.  (1848)  650  Flabellate  and  ramuloso- 
pinnate.  Ibid.  520  Corallum  with  the  branchlets  subulate, 
ramuloso-verrucose  above. 

So  Ka  rnulous  a.  [see  -OUS.] 

1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos.  i.  29  About  the  joynts  and 
ramulous  divisions.  1846  DAXA  Zooph.  (1848)  607  Carnose 
Alcyonidae,  ramulous  or  fruticulose. 

11  Ramulus  (ix-miiilSs).  Bol.  and  Anat.     PI. 


RAMUS. 

ramuli  (-bi\  [L.,  dim.  of  RAMUS.]  A  small 
branch  or  ramus. 

c  1783  W.  STARK  in  Mai.  Commun.  I.  367  Those  [vessels] 
may  be  traced.. to  the  smaller  ramuli.  1872  II.  C.  WOOD 
Fresh  Water  Algx  207  Primary  branches  . .  densely  ramel- 
lose  wilh  the  ramuli  lanceolate. 

II  RamUS  (ivi-mi'Sj.  PI.  rami  (r^-mai).  [L. 
ramus  branch,  etc.] 

1.  Anat.  A  process  of  a  bone,  esf.  of  the  ischimn 
and  pubes,  and  of  the  jaw-bone. 

1803  Med.  Jrnl.  IX.  394  The  transverse  space  existing 
between  the  rami  of  the  ischium.  1843  J.  G.  WILKINSON 
SsutJealwrifs  Anim.  Kinyd.  I.  i.  22  IVtween  the  ramus  of 
the  lower  'jaw,  and  the  base  of  the  tongue.  1855  RAMS- 
BOTHAM  Ol'slctr.  Med.  5  The  ischinm  is  connected  . .  with 
the  pubis  at  the  junction  of  the  rami. 

2.  Omit/I.    =13ARRrf.  6. 

1882  H.  GADOW  in  Proc.  Zool.  Sue.  411  The  series  of  radii 
or  barbules  on  either  side  of  the  rami  or  barbs. 

t  Ramuscle.  Obs.   =  next. 

1677  in  nil.  Trans.  XII.  902,  I  could  see  those  manifold 
little  vessels  wilh  their  ramuscles,  which  were  all  very 
feeble,  and  by  the  least  touch  broke  asunder. 

Ramuscule  (ramo'skiwl).  Jiiol.  [ad.  late  I. 
riimiiscnlns,  dim.  of  ramus  RAWS  :  see  -CTLK. 
Cf.  F.  raniiisfulc.]  A  small  branch. 

1831  R.  KNOX  Ctafutl's  Anat.  644  From  the  aorta  . .  arise 
secondary  trunks,  branches,  twigs  and  ramuscules  in  great 
number.  1881  P.  M.  DTNCAN  in  Jrnl.  Linn.  Si>c.  XV.  323 
These  branch. ., and  terminate  in  minute  ramuscules. 

So  ||  Ranivrsculrts  i.'pl.  -euliX 

1842  E.  WILSON /)»«?.  f  We. I/. 'ed.  2)  263  They  inosculate 
.  .with  the  terminal  ramuscnli  of  the  arteries.     1866  7>vrtv.     , 
Rot _Q57/2  Kamnsculi,  the  mycelium  of  certain  fnngals. 

t  Ramverse,  v.  Obs.  [ad.  F.  renverscr,  f.  re- 
+  enrers  INVKHSE.] 

1.  trans.  To  overturn,  overthrow.     Alsoyf^. 
1412-20  NVIIG.  Citron.   Troy  n.  xiii.    He   hath   aye   ioye    , 

theyr  honour  to  ramnerse.     1593  NASHK  Christ's  T.  (1613)    , 
28  They  seeke  to  drowne  and  ramuerse  euery  ship. 

2.  To  reverse,  withdraw. 

1632  LITHGOW  Tra-J.  x.  461  He  could  not  Ram-verse  the 
Wedges.     1662  PETRIE  Ch.  Hist.  xiii.   I.  391  Thus  lie  did 
ramverse  the  priviledge  granted  by  Pope  Honorius  the  III. 
Hence  f  Bamvert  v.  (after  convert,  invert,  etc.\ 
1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  v.  189  A  guilty  conscience,  .ram verts    , 
most  of  them,  either  oner  in  a  torment  of  melancholy, 
otherwise  in  the  e.xtasie  of  madnesse. 

Ramyfye,  obs.  f.  RAMIFY.  Ramysde,  vnr. 
KAMMIST<I.  Ramzaun,  var.  ramazan  RAMADAN. 
Ramzys,  obs.  pi.  RAMS. 

Rail  (rccn).     [Of  unknown  origin.] 

1.  A  certain  length  of  twine  (see  quots.). 

1794  Ringing  ff  Seamanship  56  Ran,  twenty  cords  of 
twine,  wound  on  a  reel,  and  every  cord  so  parted  by  a  knot 
as  to  be  easily  separated.  1880  Plain  Hints  Ntcdlc'.wrk 
104  For  netting,  the  ordinary  common  twine  runs  three, 
quarters  of  a  p>mnd  to  a  '  ran  '. 

2.  dial.  A  certain  width  of  a  net  (sec:  quot). 
1887  Kent.  Gloss.,  Ran,  a  Folkestone  herring  net,  which 

is  about  thirty  yards  long,  is  made  four  rans  deep ;  and 
there  are  sixty  meshes  to  a  ran. 

Ran,  pa.  t.  and  obs.  pa.  pple.  of  Rux  v. 

Ran,  Sc.  variant  of  RAWW,  roe. 

Rana-rian,  a.  nonce-wd,  [f.  as  next.]  'Froggy'. 

1814  T.  L.  PEACOCK  Sir  rrotcus  i.  note,  Ranarian  min 
strels  of  all  ages  and  nations  have  entertained  a  high 
opinion  of  their  own  melody. 

Ranarium  (ranej-rii'm").  [Mod.L.,  f.  riina  frog  : 
see  -ARIUM.]  A  place  in  which  frogs  are  kept. 

1889  Lancet  27  Apr.  862  The  [Merlin]  institute,  .possesses    i 
a  ranarium,  in  which  are  700  frogs. 

Ranc,  obs.  form  of  RANK  a. 

Ranee  (rans),  sb.1  Also  7  rauns,  raunce, 
ranse.  [Prob.  of  F.  origin,  but  not  recognized  in 
the  leading  F.  diets.]  A  kind  of  variegated  marble 
(see  quot.  1887).  Also  at/rib. 

Described  by  Larousse  (Diet.  Univ.  XIX  Siecle,  s.v.) 
as  'un  marbre  blanc  et  rouge  brun,vein€  de  blanc  cendre  et 
de  bleu '. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Dn  Bartas,  Triumph  of  Faith  (title-p.l,  A 
Tomb..  With  Ivorie  Pillars  mixt  with  Jet  and  Ranee.  1632 
QUARLES  Div.  Fancies  iv.  liii,  No  Launce  can  pierce  it,  it 
is  grown  More  heard  than  Rannce,  ortiY  Adamantine  stone. 
1686  PLOT  Staffordsk.  107  Yielding  Coal,  Lead,  Copper, 
Ranee  Marble,  and  Mill-stones.  1703  T.  N.  City  ft  C. 
Purchaser  107  Chimney-pieces,  .of  Ranee,  or  Liver-colour 'd- 
marble.  1723  J.  SMITH  Art  Paint.  Oyl  (ed.  5 1  i  The  Stone 
must  be  a  hard  Ranee,  Marble,  or  some  other  of  a  close 
grain.  1887  Arc/fit.  Publ.  Sac.  Diet.,  Ranee,  a.  marble 
obtained  from  Hainault  in  Belgium,  of  a  dingy  red  colour 
varied  with  veins  and  spots  of  blue  and  white. 

-$f-  '598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iv.  i.  Tropheis  mo 
What  living  Ranee,  what  rapting  Ivorie  Swims  in  these 
streams  ? 

Ranee,  ranse  JOTIS),  sb.2  Chiefly  Sc.  [Perh. 

a.  F.  ranche  pole,  bar,  rung  (see  Hatz.-Darm.,  and 
Du  Cange  s.v.  ranchonum).]  A  bar  or  baton  ;  a 
prop  or  support. 

1808  JAMIESON,  Ranee,  i.  a  prop,  a  wooden  stake  employed 
for  the  purpose  of  supporting  a  building.    2.  The  cross 
bar  which  joins  the  lower  part  of  the   frame  of  a  chair    I 
together.    3.  The  fore-part  of  the  roof  of  a  bed,  or   the 
cornice  of  a  wooden  bed.     1855  \\xsl.lELarut  Burns  (1892)    | 
243  Our  Cadger  . .  shot  the  muckle  door  slot,  Made  a  ran^e 
o'  a  big  racking  pin.     1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.,  Rancc, 
the  strut  or  support  of  a  Congreve  rocket.     1883  GRESLEY 
Gloss.  Coal-miningi^  Ranee,  a  pillar  of  coal— a  large  stoop. 

Hence  Sauce  v.  trans.,  to  bar,  prop,  etc. 


136 

i8o8  JAMIESON,    To  ranee,  to  prop  with  stakes.     1887    ' 
M«NEII.I.  Blauvarie  54  Did  ye  sit.  .wi'  a  foot  ranst  against    , 
the  wa'  face.     Ibid.  119  We  have  'ransed'  the  cage  with 
crossbars. 

t  Ranee,  sb.z  Obs.    Nasalized  form  of  RACE  tef 
1570  LEVINS  Manif.  21/8  A  ranee  of  ginger,  zinsitcr. 
t  Ranee,  sb*  Obs.    Nasalized  form  of  RACE  sb.1 

1728  [see  RACK  si'.']. 

Ranee,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RHENISH. 

Rancel,  ransel  :rcc-ns'l),  v.  Orkn.  &  Shell. 
Also  8  rancell,  8-9  -oil.  [App.  a  back-formation 
from  RANCELMAN.]  intr.  '  To  search  throughout 
a  parish  for  stolen  or  for  insufficient  goods ;  also, 
to  inquire  into  every  kind  of  misdemeanour' 
(Jamieson).  Hence  Ea-ncelling  vbl.  sb. 

The  main  sense  is  that  of  ON.  rannsaka  RANSACK  V.,  but 
the  form  can  scarcely  be  derived  from  this. 

1615  Act  10  in  Barry  Orkney  App.  (1805)  460  Anent  Ran- 
celling  of  Theft.  1723 .  -Ic  t  26  in  Gilford  Hist.  Descr.  Zetland 
App.  (1876)  91  Upon  any  suspicion  of  theft,  two  or  three 
Rancelmen  may.. go  to  the  neighbour  parish  and  rancell. 
*733  GIFFORD  Hist.  Descr.  Zetland  {\Zi&>  41  To  enter  any 
house  within  the  parish  at  all  hours  of  the  day  or  night, 
and  search  the  house  for  stolen  goods,  which  they  call 
ranciling. 

Ra'ncellor.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -OR.]   =  next. 

The  form  ranzcllaar  (for  ran-)  used  by  Scott  app.  im 
plies  an  idea  that  the  word  was  of  Dutch  origin. 

1644  Act  46  in  IJarry  Orkney  App.  (1805)  477  That  the 
seaverall  rancellors  in  every  paroch  [be]  solemnly  sworn 
upon  their  great  oath.  1822  SCOTT  Pirate  ii.  26  The  ojd 
Rau/ellaar  of  the  village,  who  had  the  voice  most  potential 
in  the  deliberations  of  the  township. 

Ra-ucelman,  ra-nselman.    Also  S  -cell-, 

9  -cil-,  -zel-.  [?  a. ON.  *reynsht-macjr  (ace.  -manii), 
f. reynsla  trying,  searching,  f.  reyna  to  try,  examine, 
search  into  +  inacir  MAN.]  A  local  officer  formerly 
appointed  in  Orkney  and  Shetland  to  inquire  into 
thefts  and  petty  offences,  and  otherwise  preserve 
good  order  in  his  district. 

1752  Act  26  in  GitTord  Hist.  Descr.  Zetland  App.  (1876) 
89  A  list  of  such  honest  men  in  the  parish  as  are  rit  to  be 
rancelmen.  1822  SCOTT  Pirate  v.  1892  G.  GOUDIE  in  Proc. 
Sac.  Ant.  Scot.  XXVI.  189  /Hailing,  The  Fouds,  Law-right- 
men,  and  Ranselmen  of  Shetland  Parishes. 

Ranee'seent,  a.  rare-",  [ad.  L.  pres.  pple.  of 
rancescere.]  He-coming  rancid.  (Webster,  1832.) 

Ranch,  .••''•'  rare.  [Nasalized  var.  RACE  sb.z ; 
cf.  RANCH  t'.2J  A  scratch. 

1611  COTHR.,  Griffade,  a  clawing  ;  a  scratch  or  gripe  with 
the  cla\vcs  ;  a  ranche,  or  clinch  with  a  beasts  paw.  a  1825 
FORBY  I'oc.  F..  Angliu,  Ranch,  a  deep  and  severe  scratch, 
a  flesh  wound. 

Ranch  (rantf,  ranj"),  sb2  U.  S.  Also  ranche. 
[Anglicized  form  of  RANCHO.] 

1.  A  hut  or  house  in  the  country. 

1808  PIKE  Sources  Mississ.  in.  (1810)  254  When  we  arrived 
at  the  Ranche,  we  soon  had  out  a  number  of  boys,  who 
brought  in  the  horse.  1867  DIXON  New  Amer.  iv.  (ed.  C) 
42  A  while  frame  house — on  this  side  of  the  river  called 
a  ranch — peeps  out . .  from  beneath  the  foliage. 

2.  Acattle-breeding  establishment,  farm, or  estate. 
Also,  the  persons  employed  or  living  on  this. 

1872  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  $•  Mining  r/t  Large  ranches 
for  beef-cattle  and  horses.  1881  Chicago  Times  4  June, 
There  are  already  three  thousand  cows  in  this  ranch.  1887 
Scrihier's  Mag.  II.  509/2  The  American  herder  speaks  of 
his  companions  collectively  as  the  *  ranch  '  or  the  '  outfit '. 

3.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  ranch  company,  country, 
-house,  -ou'tter,  -ivontan. 

1872  C  KING  Mountain.  Sierra  AVt'.  ii.  28  The  roads., 
are  flanked  by  small  ranch-houses.  1877  BLACK  Green  Past. 
xxxii.  (1878)  255  In  the  company  of  a  ranchwoman,  a 
farmeress.  1884  Daily  Neil's  19  Dec.  3/1  Ranche  com 
panies  are  quite  modern  institutions.  1888  Cent.  Mag.  Feb. 
500  The  ranch-owners  differ  more  from  each  other  than  do 
the  cowboys.  1893  Rev.  of  Km.  Aug.  167  The  ranch  country 
where  his  herds  graze. 

Hence  Ranch  r'.1  intr.  (also  with  it),  to  conduct 
a  ranch  (hence  Ra'ncher,  a  ranchman ;  Ra-ncli- 
injf,  stock-raising  or  cattle-breeding  on  a  ranch) ; 
Ra-nchless  a.,  devoid  of  ranches ;  Ha'iichmaii, 
the  owner  of  a  ranch  ;  a  man  employed  on  a  ranch. 

1890  Anthony's  Photogr.  Bull.  III.  32  The  jolly  fellows 
who  "ranch  it  in  the  West.  1885  Mancli.  Ksam.  13  Aug. 
4/7  This  . .  prevents  ranging  by  other  'ranchers.  1882 
Cantemp.  Rev.  Aug.  232  "Ranching  or  stock-raising  on 
a  colossal  scale  has  already  begun.  1888  Home  Missionary 
(N.  Y.)  May  15  We  were  away  out  on  even  the  Branchless 
plains.  1872  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  fj  Mining  287  The 
•ranchmen  of  Colorado.  1879  Miss  !!IRB  Rocky  Mount. 
84  The  ranchman,  who  is  half  hunter  half  stockman. 

Ranch  (ranj),  v.2  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  5  ranseh, 
7  raunch.  [Nasalized  form  of  RACE  iv« ;  compare 
GLACE  v.  with  glanch  GLANCE  v."]  trans.  To  tear, 
cut,  scratch,  etc. 

c  1430  Two  Cookery-Iks.  39  pan  take  a  longe  Pecher,  al 
a-bowte  ouer  alle  bat  it  be  ransched.  <:  1460  Play  Sacratn. 
813  How  thys  paynfulle  passyon  rancheth  myn  hart.  ci6ll 
CHAPMAN  llia,{\<.  856  A  javelin  . .  his  belly  graz'd  upon  . . 
and  ranch'd  the  flesh.  1700  DRYDKN  Fables,  Meleager  ff 
Atalanta  140  (The  boar]  ranch'd  his  hips  with  one  continu  d 
wound,  a  1825  FORBY  I'oc.  E.  Anglia,  Ranch,  to  scratch 
deeply  and  severely,  as  with  a  nail. 

absol.  1699  GARTH  Disfens.  \.  (1706)  89  Emetics  ranch, 
and  keen  Catharticks  scour. 

Hence  Ra'nching ///.  a. 

1620  SHELTON  Qtiix.  II.  iv.  xix.  233  Fierce  Whelps,  which 
shall  imitate  the  raunching  paws  of  their  valorous  Father. 


RANCOROUS. 

t  Ranch,  v."  Obs.  rare.  In  6  raunch.  [Var. 
RACE  z'.4  ;  cf.  prec.]  trans.  To  pull,  pluck. 

1579  SPENSER  S/ief  A.  Cal.  Aug.  99  Hasting  to  raunch  the 
arrow  out.  1593  NASHE  Christ's  /'.  (1613)  65  Not  a  weede 
sprung  vp,  but  . .  was  weeded  and  rauenonsly  rauncht  vp. 

Ii  Rancheria  (runtjerra).  [Sp.,  f.  ranc/io  RAN 
CHO.]  In  Spanish  America  and  Western  U.S.,  a 
collection  of  Indian  huts ;  a  place  or  house  where 
a  number  of  rancheros  live. 

1600  HAKLUYT  Voy.  III.  678  Here  the  Spaniardes  haue 
seated  their  Rancheria  of  some  twentie  or  thirtie  houses. 
1760-72  Juan  ff  Ullaa's  Voy.  (ed.  3!  I.  134  Several  Ran- 
cherias,  or  assemblages  of  Indian  huts,  are  under  the  juris 
diction  of  a  village.  1851  MAVNE  UKID  Scalp  Hunt.  i.\.  70 
Indians  cro%vd  in  from  the  neighbouring  rancherias.  1872 
C.  KING  Mountain.  Sierra  A'cv.  ii.  37  The  ranchena  was 
astir  when  we  arrived. 

II  Ranchero  (rantffTO).  [Sp.,  f.  as  prec.]  One 
employed  on  a  ranch  as  herdsman  or  overseer ;  the 
owner  of  a  ranch ;  a  ranchman. 

1840  R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast  (1854)  118  A  law  was  passed  .. 
declaring  all  the  Indians  free  and  independent  Rancheros. 
1846  Times  16  June  8/2  The  Rancheros,  part  of  the  mate 
rial  of  the  Mexican  army,  are  half  Indian  and  half  Spanish 
in  their  extraction.  1883  STEVENSON  Silverado  S<j.  25,  I 
think  we  passed  but  one  ranchero's  house  in  the  whole 
distance. 

II  Rancho  (ru-ntjV).  [Sp.  rancho  a  mess,  a 
company  of  persons  who  eat  together ;  in  Sp. 
America  applied  to  the  huts  occupied  by  herdsmen 
or  labourers.  Cf.  Skeat  Notes  Engl.  Etym.  241.] 

1.  In  Spanish  parts  of  America:  A  rudely- built 
house,  a  hut  or  hovel ;  also,  a  collection  of  huts, 
a  hamlet  or  village. 

1845  DARWIN  I'oy.  Nat.  iv.  (1873!  71  We  took  up  our  resi 
dence  in  the  rancho,  or  hovel,  of  an  old  Spaniard.  1860 
Merc.  Marine  Mag.  VII.  37  To  the  westward  ..  there  is  a 
rancho  of  8  or  9  huts.  1887  E.  F.  KNIGHT  Cruise  Falam 
(ed.  4)  107  Every  native  likes  if  possible  to  have  a  little 
wooden  saint  of  his  own  in  his  rancho. 

b.  spec.  A  hut  or  shed,  or  a  collection  of  these, 
put  up  for  the  accommodation  of  travellers. 

1808  PIKE  Sources  Mississ.  in.  (1810)  260  Marched  early 
and  at  nine  o'clock  ariived  at  a  Rancho.  18460.  GARDNER 
Jiyazil  455  Ranchos  are  large  sheds  generally  open  at  the 
sides  ..  for  the  accommodation  of  travellers.  1869  R.  F. 
BURTON  Higlil.  Brazil  I.  102  The  Rancho  represents  the 
'Traveller's  Bungalow'  lacking,  however,  cot,  chair,  and 
table. 

2.  In  the  Western  U.  S.,  a  cattle-farm,  a  ranch. 
1840  R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast  xiv.  35  The  nearest  house, 

they  told  us,  was  a  rancho,  or  cattle-farm,  about  three  miles 
off.  1872  C.  KING  Mountain.  Sierra  A'ev.  v.  105  There 
they  had  taken  up  a  rancho,  a  quarter-section  of  public 

t  Ranch-sieve.  Obs.  rare-1.   -  RANGE  sb? 
1669  DIGBY  Closet  Opened  (1677)  40  Lade  out  the  water 
(Iftting  it  run  through  a  Ranch-Sieve). 

Rancid  (rarnsid),  a.  Also  7  rancide.  [ad. 
L.  rancid-us  stinking,  rank,  whence  also  obs.  F. 
rancide  (mod.F.  ranee}.  Cf.  RANCOUR.] 

1.  Having  the  rank  unpleasant  taste  or  smell 
characteristic  of  oils  and  fats  when  no  longer  fresh. 
Hence  of  tastes  or  smells. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ef.  114  A  garous  excretion  or 


grow  rancid,  rt  1813  A.  WILSON  Foresters  Poet.  Wks.  (1846) 
215  The  black  wet  bread,  wilh  rancid  butter  spread.  1889 
JESSOPP  Coining  o/ Friars  ii.  90  It  must  have  been  only  too 
common  to  find  the  bacon  more  than  rancid. 

2.  Jig.  Nasty,  disagreeable,  odious. 

1883  Gd.  H'ords  IOQ  Their  unctuous,  rancid  words  about 
their  Christian  affection.  1884  STEVENSON  New  Arab.  Nts. 
219  He's  a  rancid  fellow. 

Hence  Ba'ncidly  adv. ;  Ba'ncidness.  Also 
•|-  Ranci-duous  a.,  rancid. 

1664  H.  MORE  ilyst.  Into,.  I.  xxii.  86  These  false  Apostles 
having  abused  the  belief  . .  so  grossely  and  rancidly.  1688 
R.  HOLME  Armoury  11.  388/1  The  Ranciduous,  or  Mouldy 
Scent  is. .  from  thinas  corrupted.  i75sJonNSON,  Rancidness. 
1789  G.  WHITE  Srlbornc  xhv,  From  this  food  their  flesh  has 
contracted  a  rancidness  which  occasions  them  to  he  rejected 
by  nicer  judges  of  eating. 

Rancidity  (ransi-diti).    [f.  prec.  +  -ITY.    Cf. 


Nut.  Hist.  (1776)  VI.  43  Neither  boiling  nor  bleaching  can 
divest  them  of  their  oily  rancidity.  1869  E.  A.  PARKES 
I'ract.  Hygiene  (ed.  3)  240  The  rancidity  of  butter  is  chiefly 
owing  to  changes  in  the  fat. 

Ranck(e,  obs.  f.  RANK.  Rancken,  var.  RANK- 
EN  v.  Ranckle,  Rancle^n,  obs.  ff.  RANKLE. 

Ranckor,  obs.  form  of  RANCOUR. 

fRancon.  Obs.  rare~J.  [a.  obs.  F.  rancon, 
ratncon  (Godef.).]  A  kind  of  pike  or  bill. 

1547  in  Merrick /!«<;.  Armour  (i&2*)  III.  14  Rancons  with 
staves  garnyshed  with  velvett  and  fringed . .  56. 

Ranconter,  obs.  form  of  RENCONTBE. 

Rancorous  (rae'rjkores),  a.  Also  6-7  ranckor-, 
7  ranker-,  [f.  RANCOUR  sb.  +  -ous.  Cf.  OF.  ran- 
corus,  rancurns  (Godef.).] 

1.  Of  feelings:  Having,  or  partaking  of,  the  nature 

of  rancour. 
1590  SPENSSR  F.  Q.  I.  xi.  14  So  flam'd  his  eyne  with  rage 


BANCOBOUSLY. 

-  and  rancorous  yre.  1627  P.  FLETCHER  Locnsfs  n.  xm,  Her 
gracious  love  weighs  downe  our  ranck'rous  spight.  1771 
Junius  Lctl,  1.  261  Malice . .  feasting  with  a  rancorous  rap. 
ture  upon  .  .distress,  1867  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  I. 
App.  665  This  excited  rancorous  envy  in  the  breast  of  his 
uncle, 

transf.  1800  WEEMS  Washington  (1877)  71  A  wound  of 
such  rancorous  malignity. 

2.  Of  actions,  etc.  :  Proceeding  from,  or  charac 
terized  by,  rancour. 

1590  SHAKS.  Com,  Err.  i.  i.  6  The  enmity  and  discord 
which  of  late  Sprung  from  the  rancorous  outrage  of  your 
Duke.  1667  H.  MORE  Div.  Dial.  iv.  xxxvii.  II.  206  The 
rancorous  attempts  of  the  Romish  adherents.  1784  De 
Labile  $  Eng,  Constit.  Advt.  p.  xx,  Those  lasting  and  ran 
corous  divisions.  1849  W.  IRVING  Mahomed  vn.  (1853)  36 
Mahomet  was  keenly  sensible  of  the  rancorous  opposition 
of  this  uncle. 

3.  Of  persons  (the  mind,  heart,  etc.)  :  Feeling  or 
displaying  rancour. 

1592  MARLOWE  Edw.  If,  n.  ii,  Can  you.  .display  such  ran 
corous  minds?  1597  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  i.  iii.  50  Because  I 
cannot  flatter.. I  must  be  held  a  rancorous  Enemy,  a.  1656 
BP.  HALL  Rem.  Wks.  (1660)  108  Even  hatred  itself,  to  a 
rancorous  stomack,  hath  a  kinde  of  wicked  pleasure  in  it. 
1797  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  iii.  \Vks.  1826  VIII.  324  Throw 
ing  themselves  and  their  sovereign  at  the  feet  of  a  wicked 
and  rancorous  foe.  1879  "Mi*  &K8QI&  Mixed  M$S^  Falkland 
235  In  that  age  of  harsh  and  rancorous  tempers. 

1 4.  Of  a  wound  or  sore :  Festering,  inflamed, 
full  of  corruption.  Obs. 

1660  GAUDEN  Brown  rig- 243  Our  wounds  are  so  deep,  so 
rankerous,  and  incurable.  1667  H.  MORE  Div.  Dial.  iv. 
xxxvii.  (1713)  393  This  rancorus  sore  sticks  more  especially 
.  .on  those  marked  Vassals  of  the  Beast. 

Hence  Ba'ucorously  adv.)  Ra'ncorousuess. 

1727  BAILEY,  Vol.  II,  Rancoronsness.  1767  Junius  Lett. 
xxiii.  (1804)  1. 155  He  would  not  at  one  moment  rancorously 
persecute,  at  another  basely  cringe,  to  the  favourite  of  his 
Sovereign.  1845  DARWIN  lroy.  Nat.  xix.  (1879)  443  The 
whole  community  is  rancorously  divided  into  parties. 

Rancoun,  obs.  variant  of  RANSOM. 

Rancounter,  -re,  obs.  ff.  RENCOUNTER  st>.  and  v. 

Rancour  (rse-nksi),  sb.  Forms  :  4-6  ranker, 
-our,  (5  -oure,  -owre,  -ure),  6  ranckor,  6-7 
ranker;  4  rauncour,  5-6  rancoure,  3- rancor, 
4-  rancour,  [a.  OF.  rancor,  -ceur,  -cuert  raunkour^ 
etc. :— L.  rancor-em  rancidity,  rankness,  hence  (in 
the  Vulgate)  bitter  grudge.] 

1.  Inveterate  and  bitter  ill-feeling,  grudge,  or 
animosity ;  malignant  hatred  or  spitefulness. 

[a  i*z$Ancr.R.  200  pe  o<5er  kundel  is  Rancor  siue  odium: 
bet  is,  hatunge  o5er  great  heorte.]  13. .  E.  E.  Allit,  P.  B. 
756, 1  schal . .  my  ranker  refrayne  for  by  reken  wordez.  c  1380 
Sir  Ferumb.  5759  Fyrumbras  . .  prayede  him  cesse  of  his 
rauncour.  1413  Pilgr,  Soivle  it.  xlv.  (1859)  51  Wretched 
folke  and  irous,  ful  of  venym,  of  rancour,  and  of  hate,  c  1440 
Jacob's  Well  249  Whanne  bou  mercy  fully  for^euyst  pi 
wrongys,  wy  th-oute  wreche  &  rankure  in  herte,  bat  is  mercy. 
a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Huon  Ixxxiv.  266,  I . .  pardon  you  of  all 
myn  yll  wyll,  and  put  at  rancoure  fro  me.  1547  J.  HARRISON 
Exhort.  Scottes  Aivb,  Peace  in  their  mouthes,  and  all  ran 
cor  and  vengeaunce  m  their  hartes.  i6os\ViLLET  Hexapla. 
Gen.  234  Yet  doe  retaine  ranker  and  seedes  of  malice  in 
their  heart.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  1044  Rancor  and  pride, 
impatience  and  despite.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  in.  182  Each 
burns  with  rancour  to  the  adverse  side.  1828  DTsRAEU 
Chas.  /,  II.  vii.  174  To  envy. .Charles  traced  their  personal 
rancour  to  the  friend  of  his  heart.  1863  MAFFEI  Brig,  Life 
II.  37  The  gratification  of  private  rancour,  and  personal 
revenge. 

b.  transf.  andy%>-.  of  things. 

1582  SrANVHURSTyS'wd'/ji.tArb.Jaa  Billows  theire  swelling 
ranckor  abated.  1603  CAMDEN  Rent.  207  Through  the  ran 
cor  of  the  poyson,  the  wound  was  iudged  incurable.  1663 
BUTLER  Hud,  i,  i.  364  The  peaceful  Scabbard.  .The  Rancor 
of  its  edge  had  felt.  1719  D'URFEY  Pills  (1872)  I.  48  Let 
the  frozen  North  its  rancour  show.  1860  EMERSON  Cond. 
Life,  Power  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  333  The  rancour  of  the 
disease  attests  the  strength  of  the  constitution. 

t2.  Rancid  smell;  rancidity;  rankness.  Obs.  rare. 

£1400  Land  Troy  Bk,  6028  Ther  come  of  hem  a  foul 
sauour  And  smot  to  hem  a  gret  rancour,  c  1420  Pallad.  on 
Husb.  xi.  in  Lest  rancour  oil  enfecte,  do  fier  away.  1567 
J.  MAPLET  Naturall  Hist.  33  b,  It  is  also  said  somtime 
through  the  rancour  of  grounds  to  come  vp  vnsowne. 

Hence  Ba'ncourless  #.,  free  from  rancour. 

1886  H.  JAMES  Bostonians  II.  ir.  xx.  26  She  was  too  ran- 
courless, .  .too  free  from  private  self- reference. 

Ra/nconr,  v.     Now  rare  or  Obs.    [f.  prec.] 

1.  intr.  To  have  rancorous  feelings  ;  to  rankle. 
1530  PALSGR.  679/1,  I  ranker  by  wrathe  or  anger,  jc  ran* 

cune.     1640  HABINGTON  Edw.  IV  130  Unlesse  some  malice 
rancord  in  the  genius  of  our  Nation  against  the  French. 

2.  trans.  To  infect  with  rancour;  to  make  ran 
corous. 

1654  R.  BOREMAN  Triumph  of  Faith  Ep.  Ded.,  Men  (not 
rancord  with  envy)  usually  love  in  others  what  they  see  in 
themselves,  a  1711  KEN  Edmund  "Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  313 
Despite  and  Fury  ranker 'd  Hanguar's  Breast. 

Hence  Ra  ucoured ///.  a.\  Ra  ncouriug1  vbl.  sb. 
and  ppl.  a. 

1567  J.  MAPLET  Naturall  Hist.  lob,  It  kepeth  the  place 
of  vstion,  free  and  cleare  from  yil  smelling  and  rancoring. 
1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  129  Thou  kepst  the 
venime  in  thy  rankred  hart.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit,  IX. 
viii.  §  36.  553  The  King.. esteemed  the  Popes,  .loue  as  most 
rancored  hatred.  1728  MORGAN  Algiers  II.  i.  217  The 
vanquished  Moors  swarmed  over  into  Africa,  bearing  ran- 
coured  Hearts  against  the  successful  Spaniards,  a  1814 
Forgery  n.  iii.  in  New  Brit.  Theatre  I.  452  Her  detested 
vile  inconstancy  Which  with  a  rancoring  silence;  I  must  bear. 

Rancune,  obs.  variant  of  RANSOM. 
VOL.  VIII. 


137 

Raild  (rsend),  sl>.  Also  7  (in  sense  3  a)  rann. 
[OK.  rand,  r$nd  brink  or  bank,  shield-boss,  shield 
=  ON.  rond  shield-rim,  shield,  stripe  (Sw.  and  Da. 
rand  rim,  border,  etc.),  OHG.  rant  shield-boss 
(G.  and  Du.  rand  bank,  beach,  brink,  field-border, 
rim,  margin,  etc.). 

The  orig.  sense  of  the  word  is  app.  ( border,  margin,  rim  ', 
although  there  is  very  little  evidence  for  this  in  the  older 
literatures,  in  which  the  word  is  almost  entirely  poetic  and 
restricted  to  the  shield.] 

1.  A  border,  margin,  or  brink  (of  land).  Obs.  exc. 
dial,  in  specific  senses  (see  latest  quots.). 

The  E.  Anglian  word  is  usually  ROND  q.v. 

Beowulf  '2538  Aras  Sa  bi  ronde  rof  oretta.  [903  in  Kemble 
Cod.  Dipl.  B.  II.  259/8  Of  3am  fulan  broce  wi5  westan 
randes  asc.]  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  105  pe  playn,  be 
plonttez,  fre  spyse,  be  perez,  &  rawez  &  randez  &  rych  reuerez. 
13. .  Caw.  fy  Gr.  Knt.  1710  At  be  last  bi  a  littel  dich  he  lepez 
ouer  a  spenne,  Stelez  out  ful  stilly  by  a  strothe  rande.  1840 
SPURDENS  Suppl.  Forby,  Rand.  A  reed-rand,  on  our  rivers 
and  broads  is  a  margin  overgrown  with  reeds.  1868  ATKINSON 
Cleveland Gfas$.t  Kands^.  .the  borders  round  fields  left  un- 
ploughed  and  producing  rough  grass:  applied  loosely  to  the 
grass  in  question.  1893  Daily  News  22  Apr,  7/4  The  rands, 
skirts,  and  walls  thereof,  and  fens  and  reed  grounds  apper 
taining  thereto. 

2.  A  strip  or  long  slice :   a.  of  meat  (see  quots. 
1611  and  1895).     Now  only  dial. 

c  1394  P.  PL  Crede  763  Wih  be  randes  of  bakun  his  baly 
for  to  fillen.  1530  PALSGR.  260/2  Rande  of  befe,  giste  de 
beiif.  1611  COTGR.,  Giste-  de  bceuf,  a  rand  of  beefe  ;  a  long, 
and  fleshie  peece,  cut  out  from  betweene  the  flanke  and 
buttocke.  1669  DIGBY  Closet^  Opened  (1677)  124,  I  like  to 
add  to  this  a  rand  of  tender  briskit  Beef.  1838  in  HOLLOWAY 
Frov.  Diet.  1895  East  Anglian  Gloss.,  Rand  . .  [seems]  to 
signify  any  fleshy  piece  from  the  edges  of  the  larger  divisions 
of  the  hind  quarter,  the  rump,  loin,  or  leg. 
b.  of  fish  (esp.  sturgeon).  Now  rare. 

1572  in  Turner  Select  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  345  Item,  thre 
rands  of  sturgion.  .xij'.  1622  Jrnl.  Eng.  Plant,  in  Arber 
Story  Pilgrim  Fathers  (1897)  429  We  saw  it  was  a  grampus 
which  they  were  cutting  up.  They  cut  it  into  long  rands  or 
pieces,  about  an  ell  long  and  two  hands  full  broad.  1653 
MOUFET&  BEN-NET  Health's  Impr.  (1746)  264  Being  cold, 
they  [sturgeon]  are  divided  into  Jouls  and  Rands.  1820 
T.  MITCHELL  Aristoph.  I.  83  A  rand  Of  tunny  fish. 

3.  a.  A  strip  of  leather  placed  under  the  quarters 
of  a  boot  or  shoe,  to  make  this  level  before  the 
lifts  of  the  heel  are  attached.     (Cf.  G.  rand  welt.) 

1398  FLORIO,  Toritara,.  .the  rande  of  a  shooe.  1643  New 
Haven  Col.  Rec.  (1857)  I.  347  The  defendant  was  faine  to 
take  those  rands  to  make  welts  for  the  plaine  shooes.  1688 
R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  14/1  Parts  of  a  Shooe.. The  Rann 
[is]  the  Leather  as  holds  the  Heel  quarters  and  Vamp  to  the 
Soles.  1823  E.  MOOR  Suffolk  Words  s.v.,  The  rand  and 
welt  being  stitcbfed  to  the  superior  and  inferior  portions, 
strengthen  the  work.  1862  Catal.  Internat.  Exhib.  II. 
xxvii.  56  Box  cork  boot,  without  rand  or  stitch  in  sole. 

attrib.  and  Comb.  1840  J.  DEVLIN  Shoemaker  91  The 
single  rand-pricker  then  in  use  (the  forerunner  of  our  present 
rand-wheel).  Ibid.  113  One  rand  iron,  a  tool  for  setting  up 
the  rand  before  stitching.  1873  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mcch.  1879/2 
A  rand-guide,  by  which  the  rand-coil  or  ribbon  is  directed. 
1882  Wore.  Exhib.  Catal.  III.  31  Rand  turning  machine., 
delivers  the  rands,  .in  a  horse  shoe  form  ready  for  use. 
b.  A  strip  of  iron. 

1831  J.  HOLLAND  Manuf.  Metal  I.  212  The  sheet  iron  . . 
is  cut  into  strips  or  rands. 

t  4.  A  piece  or  mass  of  ice.   Obs.  rare. 

1633  T.  JAMES  Voy.  18  As  thick  rands  of  Ice,  as  any  we 
had  yet  scene.  Ibid,  104  The  Ice  lyes . .  in  rands  and  ranges. 
1702  C.  MATHER  Magn.  Chr.  (1852)  n.  App.  195  They  kept 
labouring,  .among  enormous  rands  of  ice. 

5.  [a.  G.  and  Da.  randl\    A  rim,  margin,  rare. 

1830  W.  TAYLOR  Hist.  Snrz>,  Germ.  Poetry  II.  356  A  rusty, 
brazen,  oval  vase.. .' Should  there  be  nought  within  the 
rand  ],  Thinks  he, '  I'll  take  it  to  the  brazier '.  1868  STEPHENS 
Runic  Mon.  1. 182  The  raised  rands  and  upstanding  carved 
ridges  have  been  left  in  their  original,  .glitter. 

Rand  (rsend),  v.1     [f.  prec.  sb.] 

T~  1.  trans.  To  cut  into  rands  (sense  2  b).   Obs. 

1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Jack-a-Lent  Wks.  i.  117/1  The 
Sturgeon  is  keg'd,  randed,  and  iold  about  the  eares. 

2.  a.  intr.  To  cut  rands  (sense  3).  b.  trans.  To 
6t  with  rands.  Hence  Ra-nding  vbl.  sb.l  (used 
attrib.  in  randing-machine^  -tool}. 

1873  KNIGHT  Diet.  Aleck.  1879. 

t  Brand,  v£  Obs.  rare.  [a.  obs.  Flem.  randen, 
var.  ranten  to  RANT.] 

1.  intr.  To  rave,  to  rant. 

1601  B.  JONSON  Poetaster  m.  iv,  He  will  teach  thee  to 
tear  and  rand.  1607  DEKKER  &  WEBSTER  North™.  Hoe  iv. 
D.'s  Wks.  1873  III.  54,  I  . .  rau'd  and  randed,  and  raild. 

2.  trans,  (with  out.}  To  utter  in  a  furious  manner. 
1609  ROWLEY  Search  for  Money  (Percy  Soc.)  21  After 

Coller  had  procured  a  foaming  vent,  he  randed  out  these 
sentences — Money?  vengeance  and  hell  so  soone  as  money  ! 

Hence  Ra'nding  vbl.  sb.%  and///,  a. 

1609  ROWLEY  Search  for  Money  i,  Percy  Soc.)  31  An  auda- 
tious  mouthing-randing-impudent.. rascal.  1633  T.  ADAMS 
Exp.  2  Peter  iii.  3  For  a  hypocrite  to  decline  open  randing 
. .  and  revels,  it  is  no  wonder.  1714  C.  JOHNSON  The 
Country  Lasses  v.  ii,  Here  will  be  brave  randing,  i1  faith  : 
all  the  steeples  in  the  County  are  to  rock. 

Hand  (rzend),  z/.3  dial.  [Of  obscure  origin  :  cf. 
RANDY  vV\  trans,  and  intr.  To  canvass.  Hence 
Ra-nding  vbl.  $b$ 

1740  SIR  C.  H.  WILLIAMS  Wks.  (1822)  I.  69,  I  in  plain 
English  will  the  country  rand,  And  shake  each  good  free- 
holder  by  the  hand.  Ibid.  70  Freeholders  with  such  lan 
guage  well  disper.se,  ..  Therefore,  be  wise,  go  home,  and 
rand  no  more.  1841  in  Glouc.  Gloss.  (1890), 


EANDOM. 

fRand,  ».*  Sc.  06s.  rare-*,  [ad.  F.  rend-, 
stem  of  rendre  RENDER  ;  cf.  rand  '  a  melting '  (of 
tallow)  in  Snppl.Jamisson's  Diet.  (1887).]  trans. 
To  melt  (tallow).  Hence  Ba'nding  vbl.  rf.4 

1583  Burgh  Rec.  Eiiinb.  (1882)  313  Ane  suspect  pairt  for 
randing  of  talloun  and  sending  the  sam  away  furth  of  the 
realm. 

•f  Randall,  obs.  var.  randon  KAKDOIT. 

1599  PORTER  A  ngry  Woin.  A  bingdon  I  Percy  Soc.)  108  Least 
striking  vp  and  downe  at  randall  the  rcge  might  hurt  me. 

Randall-,  variant  of  randle-  RANNEL-. 
Randan  (rKn,d:e-n),rf.i  [?var.  of  randon  RAN 
DOM,  with  assimilation  of  the  vowels.] 

1.  Riotous  or  disorderly  behaviour  ;  a  spree. 
(•1710  CELIA  FIENNES  Diary  (1888)  180,  I  had  the  trouble 

of  . .  ye  Randan  they  made  in  the  publick  houses.  1826-7 
HONE  Every-day  Bk.  II.  820  He  had  seen  a  deal  of  'ran* 
dan  ',  and  a  racketty  life  had  racketted  his  frame.  1893 
STEVENSON  Catriona  164  He  was  fond  of  a  lass  and  fond  of 
a  glass,  and  fond  of  a  ran-dan. 

b.  In  phr.  On  the  randan,  '  on  the  spree  '. 
1764  Low  Life  16  Young  Fellows,  who  have  been  out  all 
Night  on  the  Ran-Dan,  stealing  Staves  and  Lanthorns. 
1894  STEVENSON  St.  Ives  xxvii.  (1898)  203  They  were  a'  on 
the  ran-dan  last  nicht ! 

2.  A  riotous  person,  rare. 

a  1809  MRS.  COWLEY  Who's  the  Dufe  i.  ii,  The  most  ex 
traordinary  youth.  ..  None  of  your  randans,  up  all  night — 
not  drinking. . — No. .poring,  and  reading. 

Randan  (rrcn,das-n;,  adv.,  sb^  (and  a.).  [Of 
obscure  origin  :  connexion  with  prec.  is  not  ap 
parent.]  a.  adv.  Applied  to  a  style  of  rowing  in 
which  the  middle  one  of  three  rowers  pulls  a  pair 
of  sculls,  stroke  and  bow  an  oar  each.  b.  sb.  A 
boat  for  rowing  in  this  fashion,  c.  attrib.  or  adj. 

1828  Sporting  Mag.  XXII.  251  Pulling  what  is  termed 
'  Ran-Dan  ',  that  is,  a  pair  of  sculls  and  a  pair  of  oars.  1857 
P.  COLQUHOUN  Conipan.  Oarsman's  Guide  20  Four  is  the 
best  number,  and  randan  the  best  style,  for  an  up-country 
trip.  1884  VATES  Recall,  iv,  Had  a  randan  gig  built  for  us. 
1883  Act  if,  S,  49  Viet.  c.  76  §  29  The  term  '  vessel '  shall 
include  any.  .house-boat,  boat,  randan,  wherry  [etc.]. 

Randan,  sb.'i  dial,  or  techn.     (See  quots.) 

1730  ELLIS  Mod.  Husb.  VI.  ii.  65  (E.  I).  S.)  Rail-dan,  the 
coarsest  wheat  flour  that  is  made,  a  1825  FORBY  Voc.  E. 
Anglia,  Randan,  the  produce  of  a  second  sifting  of  meal. 
1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Randan,  a  miller's  name  for 
the  finest  parts  of  the  bran  or  outside  skin  of  the  wheat.  1886 
Cheshire  Gloss.  281  Rancia't,  the  very  coarsest  flour,  or  rather 
the  very  finest  bran,  ground  almost  as  fine  as  flour. 

fRanda-n,  v.  Obs.  rare-1,  [i  f.  RAXDAN  sb.l] 
trans.  To  abuse,  vituperate. 

1764  T.  BRYDGES  Homer  Travcst.  (1797)  I.  30  Atrides  he 
did  so  randan,  He  call'd  him  all  but  gentleman. 

Randan,  obs.  form  of  RANDOM. 

Randanite  (rre'ndansit).  A/in.  Also  -dann-. 
[f.  Randanne,  Puy  de  Dome,  France,  its  locality 

+  -ITE.]     (See  quots.) 

1862  DANA  Eletn.  Geol.  67  Randanite,  a  kind  of  opal  made 
of  infusorial  remains.  1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.,  Randanite, 
an  earthy  hydrate  of  silica,  occurring  near  Pont  Gibaud. 

Randa-uou,  obs.  form  of  RENDEZVOUS. 

Raildeni  (rse'ndem),  adv.,  sb.  (and  «.).  Also 
randem-tandem,  random.  [Prob.  based  on 
RANDOM,  on  the  analogy  of  TANDEM.]  a.  adv. 
Applied  to  a  style  of  driving  in  which  three  horses 
are  harnessed  tandem,  b.  sb.  A  carriage  or  team, 
driven  in  this  fashion,  c.  attrib.  or  as  adj. 

c  1805  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Wks.  (Rtldg.)  I.  185  To.,  go 
down  . .  to  Marryborough,  in  his  dog-cart,  randem-tandem. 
l8i8T.  L.  PEACOCK  Nightmare  Abbey  i,  His  fellow-students 
..who  drove  tandem  and  random  in  great  perfection.  1870 
J.  PAYN  Like  Father,  like  Son  iv,  The  Squire's  jovial  friends 
used,  for  the  most  part,  strange  conveyances,  such  as  tan 
dems  and  randems.  1883  lllustr.  Sport,  fy  Drain.  News 
10  Feb.  542/2  '  A  randem  team '.  That  randems  should  be 
uncommon  is  natural  enough. 

Ra-nder.  rare—1,  [f.  RAND  v.1  +  -ER  i.]  One 
who  cuts  into  rands. 

-757  W-  THOMPSON  R.  N.  Advoc.  42  Under  the  Randers 
and  Messers  Coarses  in  cutting  up,  I  have,  .seen  the  stink 
ing  oily  Substance  of  the  Flesh,  fly  up  to  the  Beams  of  the 
Cutting  House. 

Rander,  obs.  f.  RENDER  v.  Randeuou(ce, 
-devoo,  -VOUB,  etc.,  obs.  ff.  RENDEZVOUS. 
Randge,  obs.  f.  RANGE  v.  Randie,  var.  RANDY. 

Handing  (rx-ndirj),  sb.     [?f.  RAND  st."\ 

1.  Mil.  A  kind  of  basket-work  tised  in  fortifica 
tion  in  making  gabions. 

1834-47  J.  S.  MACAULAY  Field  Fortif.  (1851)  66  The  rand 
ing  or  basket-work  is  continued  to  near  the  top  of  the 
pickets.  1876  in  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  326/1. 

2.  '  A  narrow  frieze  running  along  the  edge  of 
a  knife  handle'  (Sheffield  Gloss.  1888). 

Randing,  vbl.  sbs. :  see  RAND  vl-v.* 
Randle-balk,  -tree :  see  RANNEL-. 
Random  (rse'ndam),  sb.,  a.,  and  adv.  Forms : 
o.  4  randun,  4-6  -doun  (also  4  ren-,  6  Sc.  rayn-), 
5  -down,  5-6  -downe,  -doune  ;  4-6  -done,  4-7 
-don,  (7  -dan).  3.  4-5  raundoun,  5  -done,  5-6 
-don;  5  rawndoune,  Sc.  -down.  7.  6  raundom, 
6-8  randome,  -dum,  5-  random,  [a.  OF.  randon 
(rendon,  etc.),  f.  randir  to  run  fast,  gallop.  The 
change  of  final  -»  to  -m  is  independent  of  the  very 
rare  OF.  form  random  :  cf.  RANSOM.]  A.  si. 

18 


RANDOM. 

I.  f  1-  Impetuosity,  great  speed,  force,  or 
violence  (in  riding,  running,  striking,  etc.") ;  chiefly 
in  phr.  with  (or  iii)  great  randon  (=  OF.  de  or  a 
grant  random}.  Also,  with  a,  an  impetuous  rush, 
a  rapid  headlong  course ;  chiefly  in  phr.  in  (on,  or 
with}  a  randon  (=  OF.  en  tin  randon};  hence 
Sc.  a  straight  course,  direct  line.  Obs. 

In  common  use  from  c  1300  to  the  early  part  of  the  i6th  c. 

c  1305  Land  Cokayne  132  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  159  pe  monkes 
li-,lij>  nojt  adun.  Ac  furre  fleeb  in  o  randun.  1373  HARBOUR 
TSrucc  v.  632  He  . .  Raucht  him  sic  rout  in  randoun  ncht. 
r  1430  Merlin  vii.  118  Than  thei  . .  ronnen  a-gein  hym  with 
as  grete  raundon  as  their  horse  rnyght  hem  here,  c  1477 
CAXTON  Jason  57  The  ship  . .  hurtlyd  again  the  ground  in 
suche  a  random  and  force  that  hit  was  all  to  broken.  1313 
DOUGLAS  jEneis  l.  vi.  149  Behald  tuelf  swannis  in  randoun 
glaid  and  fair  [L.  trdint  longo}.  1523  Ln.  BERNERS  J-'roiss. 
I.  clvii.  191  The  frenchmen  ..came  on  them  with  great 
randon,  their  speares  in  their  restes.  1594  •znd  Kef.  Dr. 
Fanstus  in  Thorns  Prose  Rom.  (1858)  III.  396  Two  great 
waves,  .meeting  together  by  long  randome.  1600  HOLLAND 
Livy  vn.  xxiv.  265  The  barbarous  people  ..  fled  m  this 
randon  beyond  their  tents.  1611  SPEKD  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix. 
xx.  (1632!  964  The  Kings  vantgard  . .  giuing  in  among  them 
with  full  randon,  slew  first  such  Captaines  as  resisted. 

fb.  A  rush  or  stream  (of  words,  fire).   Obs. 
CI440  I'mmf.  Pat-;'.  423/1    Randone,  or  longe  renge  of 

wurdys.  or  other  thyngys,  . .  haringga.  1:1430  Merlin  219 
The  dragon  . .  caste  oute  of  his  throte  so  grete  raundon  of 
fiere  in-to  the  aire.  .that  it  semed  all  reade. 

2.  Phr.  At  (the}  randon  or  random. 
fa.  Hawking.  (See  quot.  1486.)   Obs. 

1486  Bk.  St.  AWans  D  j  b,  If  the  fowle  spryng  not  bot  flee 
a  long  after  the  Reuer  and  the  hawke  nym  it  then  ye  shall 
say  she  slew  it  at  the  Raundon.  1600  W.  WATSON  Deca- 
cm-don  (1602)  145  They  [Jesuits]  haue,  like  great  fnwcons  or 
hawkes  of  the  lower,  tirmely  seazed  vpon  the  pray,  kild,  at 
randou,  wing,  or  souce. 

f  b.  Mil.  Applied  to  some  method  of  encounter 
in  a  tournament  (contrasted  with  at  the  tilt}.  Ol>s. 

1538  KI.YOT,  Dtcursh,  lustes,  as  at  the  tylte  or  randon. 
1587  HOLINSHED  Chnm.  III.  833/2  At  the  randon  and 
turncie  the  duke  of  Suftolke  hurt  a  gentleman,  a  1648  LD. 
HERBERT  Hen.  VIII  (1683)  52  The  Laws  on  Horse-back 
were,  that  with  Sharp  Spears  they  should  run  fiue  Courses 
at  Tilt,  and  fiue  more  at  Randon. 

fc.  ?  At  full  speed.  Obs.  rare~\ 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  vi.  264  Wee  found  twelve  ...  Turkes, 
ready  to  receiue  vs, .  .who  foorthwith  opened  at  randon  the 
two  great  Bnizen  halfes  of  the  Doore. 

3.  Phr.  At  random,  orig.  at  great  speed,  without 
consideration,  care,  or  control ;  hence, 

a.  with  vbs.  of  action  or  occurrence :   At  hap 
hazard,  without  aim,  purpose,  or  fixed  principle; 
heedlessly,  carelessly,  etc. 

Chiefly  used  with  verbs  of  moving,  striking,  throwing, 
speaking,  thinking,  or  taking;  in  early  use  esp.  in  the  phr. 
/c  run  at  random  (very  common  down  to  c  1650,1. 

1563  JEWEL  Replie  J  larding  viii.  §  16  Leaste  he  happen . . 
to  renne  at  randon.  1391  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  V.  iii.  84  He 
talkes  at  randon  :  sure  the  man  is  mad.  1592  —  I'en.  <r 
Ad.  940  Hatefully  at  randon  doest  thou  hit.  1616  DRUMM. 
OF  HAWTH.  I'oews  i.  C  j  b,  Psyche's  louer  hurles  his  Darts  at 
randon.  1662  GEUBIER  Principles  16  Not  to  Build  at  Ran 
dome,  as  the  Custome  of  too  many  ill  Builders  is.  1729 
BUTLER  Sinn.  Hum.  Nat.  ii.  Wks.  1874  II.  32  Man  cannot 
be  considered  as  a  creature  left  by  his  Maker  to  act  at 
random.  1796  H.  HUNTER  tr.  St.  Pierre's  Stud.  Xat.  (1799) 
I.  Pref.  9  A  few  passages,  not  selected,  but  picked  up  at 
random.  1833  J.  HOLLAND  Mannf.  Metal  II.  33  This  com 
position  is  then  dropped  upon  the  surface.,  at  random, 
leaving  the  effect  to  chance.  1862  SIR  B.  BRODIE  Psychol. 
Inq.  II.  vi.  193  Eclipses  ..  formerly  were  supposed  to  occur 
at  random. 

b.  Similarly  with  sbs.     Somewhat  rare. 

a  1653  GOUGE  Comm.  Hebr.  xiii.  20  To  shew  that  Christ  is 
a  Sheprierd  not  at  random  for  any  sheep,  but  that  he  bath 
a  peculiar  flock  belonging  unto  him.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L. 
iv.  930  Thy  words  at  random,  as  before,  Argue  thy  in 
experience.  1784  COWPER  Task  ii.  522  Their  answers,  vague 
And  all  at  random,  fabulous  and  dark. 

c.  (To  leave}  in  a  neglected  or  nntended  con 
dition.     Now  rare. 

1582  N.  LICMEFIELD  tr.  Castanheda's  Cong.  E.  Ind.  162  b, 
The  Caruell,.  .being  thus  left  at  randon, ..fell  vpon  certaine 
Rockes.  1642  ROGERS  Naaman  537  Leaving  thy  flock  and 
charge  at  random.  1848  K.EBLE  Serm,  Pref.  12  How  can 
there  be  any  comparison  of  safe  or  unsafe,  if  all  be  left  at 
random  1 

fd.  (To  leave  or  live}   at   liberty,  free  from 
restraint  or  control.   Obs. 

1369  in  Bolton  Stat.  Irel.  (1621)  313  Libertie  to  ..  Hue  at 
randan.  1390  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  x.  36  The  gentle  Lady, 
loose  at  randon  lefte,  The  greene-wood  long  did  walke. 
1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  ix.  388  There  was  not  a  Bandit  left  at 
randon  in  all  Sicilia.  1694  R.  L'EsTRANGE  Fables  (J.\  In 
the  days  of  old  the  birds  lived  at  random  in  a  lawless  state 
of  anarchy. 

4.  A  random  course.     Now  rare. 

In  early  use  perh.  directly  from  sense  i,  but  latterly 
influenced  by  the  phr.  at  random. 

1561  SACKVILLE  &  NORTON  Gortoduc  i.  ii.  127  When  such 
beginning  of  such  liberties.  .Shall  leaue  themfree_to  randon 
of  their  will,  c  1624  LUSHINGTON  Serm.  Resitrr.  in  Phenix 
(1708)  II.  480  We  follow  not  the  random  of  their  roving, 
but  take  the  sum  of  their  saying.  1670  COTTON  Espernon 
1. 11.  58  Making  stories,  as  it  is  his  custom  at  the  random  of 
his  own  passion,  and  fancy.  1813  G.  EDWARDS  Meas.  True 
Pol.  86  As  if  the  ant  and  bee  ..  had  . .  proceeded  in  chaotic 
randoms  upon  points  actually  unascertained  in  nature. 

II.  techn.  f6.  Gunnery.  The  range  of  a  piece 
of  ordnance  ;  properly,  long  or  full  range  obtained 
by  elevating  the  muzzle  of  the  piece  ;  hence,  the 


138 

degree  of  elevation  given  to  a  gun,  and  sfcf.  that 
which  gives  the  utmost  range  (45°).   Obs. 


may  be  made  for  any  peece  of  ordinance.  1661  S.  PARTRIDGE 
Double  Scale  Proport.  85  How  far  will  a  Cannon  carry  her 
Bullet  at  her  best  Randon,  that  canieth  it  at  point-blank 
360  paces.  1669  STUR.MY  Mariner's  Mag.  \.  71  The  next 
Shot  was  at  five  degrees  Random,  and  at  that  mounture  the 
Shot  was  conveyed  416  Paces.  1731  J.  GRAY  Gunnery  81 
The  random  and  direction  of  a  piece  on  the  plane  of  the 
horizon  being  given ..  find  it's  random  on  an  inclined  plane. 
Jig.  1667  DENHAM  Direct.  Painter  i.  26  The  Duke  him 
self.  .  was  not  out  of  dangers  random  set.  1697  J.  SERGEANT 
Solid  Philos.  A  iv,  Fancy  let  loose  to  fly  at  its  full  Random, 
and  driven  forward  with  a  quick  Wit. 

t  b.  Phr.  At  random,  at  any  range  other  than 
point-blank.  Obs. 

1588  LUCAR  tr.  Tartaglia's  Colloq.  Shooting  App.  62  To 
know  how  he  shoote  in  the  said  peece  at  randon.  1612 
CAPT.  SMITH  Map  Virginia  24  Forty  yards  will  they  shoot 
level  or  very  neare  the  mark,  and  120  is  their  best  at  Ran 
dom.  1669  STUKMY  Mariner  s  Mag.  v.  67  How  to  make 
a  good  Shot  either  of  Point-blank,  or  at  Random.  1698 
FKYER  Ace.  F..  India  ft  P.  137  Two  unshapen  Sakers  . .  one 
of  which  at  random  killed  a  Rajah  some  four  mouths  ago. 

6.  Mining.  The  direction  (of  &  rake  vein,  etc.). 
1653  MANLOVE  Lead  Mines  261  Break-offs,  and  Buckers, 

Randum  of  the  Rake.  1747  HOOSON  Miner  s  Diet.  D  ij  b, 
Observe  whether  such  leading  keep  its  course  according  to 
the  Randome  of  the  Vein  already  cut.  1866  Durham 
Mining  Lang.,  We  must  lower  the  sump  from  yon  level 
down  to  the  random  of  Wiregill  lower-level. 

7.  (From  B.  3.)   a.  Building.  Stone  of  irregular 
sizes,  or  a  piece  of  this.        1886  in  Rochdale  Gloss. 

b.  Dyeing.  Clouded  yarn. 

1874  W.  CROOKES  Dyeing  tg  Calico-Print,  xii.  102  Scarlet 
Random  [etc.]. 

B.  adj.  (from  phr.  at  random  :  see  A.  3). 

1.  Not   sent   or  guided  in  a  special  direction; 
having  no  definite  aim  or  purpose ;  made,  done, 
occurring,  etc.,  at  haphazard. 

1653  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  ix.  yii.  §  29  In  vain  do  staid  heads 
make  serious  comments  on  light  mens  random-expressions. 
1697  DRYDEN  MntUw.gl  The  watchful  Shepherd. .  Wounds 
with  a  random  Shaft  the  careless  Hind.  1728  POPE  Dune. 
I.  275  She  shews  . .  How  random  thoughts  now  meaning 
chance  to  find.  1764  BURN  Poor  Laws  190  Leaving  the 
poor  to  be  supported  by  random  charity.  1827  ROBERTS 
Voy.  Centr.  Amer.  172  The  random  and  ill-directed  fire  of 
the  Spaniards.  11843  HOOD  Sang,  'O  Lady,  leai'e  thy 
silken  thread'  i,  Stoop  where  thou  wilt,  thy  careless  hand 
Some  random  bud  will  meet.  1877  E.  R.  CONDER  lias. 
Faith  iii.  102  The  random  working  of  our.  .intellect. 

2.  Of  persons:  Living  irregularly,    rare. 

0825  Htmlston  Tracts-  II.  No.  60.  6  '  In  my  time,  Sir', 
said  he,  '  I've  been  random  and  free,  But  I  now  prefer  order 
and  quiet'.  1873  H.  SPENCER  Stint.  Social,  xv.  371  Con 
tinually  we  remark  that  men  who  were  random  grow  steady 
when  they  have  children  to  provide  for. 

3.  tec  An.  a.  Said  of  masonry,  in  which  the  stones 
are  of  irregular  sizes  and  shapes.     Cf.  C.  2  b. 

1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  339  Random  Courses- 
Unequal  courses,  without  any  regard  to  equi-distant  joints. 
1886  Chesh.  Gloss.  s.v.,  A  random  wall. 

b.  Of  tooling :  (see  DROVE  v.S). 

1842  GWILT  Archit.  §  1914  Droving  is  the  same  as  that 
called  random  tooling  in  England,  or  boasting  in  London. 

c.  Of  yarn  =  CLOUDED  2  a. 

1874  W.  CROOKES  Dyeing  $  Calico-Print,  xii.  102  On  the 
large  scale  the  random  yarns  are  coloured  in  machines. 

4.  Random  shot,  a  shot  fired  at  random  (orig.  in 
sense  5  b  of  the  sb.,  but  latterly  apprehended  as 
in  sense  i  of  the  adj.). 

1693  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  III.  9  One  of  their 
random  shotts  killed  lieutenant  coll.  Jackson.  1708  Lond. 
Gaz.  No.  4422/7  The  nine  Sail  stood  in  fair  with  us  near 
random  Shot.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  ff  If.  Ixviii.  (1869)  Ill.yiS 
The  first  random  shots  were  productive  of  more  sound  than 
effect.  1806  A.  DUNCAN  Nelson  109  The  ..  ship  ..  had  ap 
proached  within  random  shot  of  the  Leander.  1849  MAC- 
AULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ix.  II.  457  A  random  shot  or  the  dagger 
of  an  assassin  might  in  a  moment  leave  the  expedition  with 
out  a  head. 

fig-  '78S  BURNS  To  jf.  Smith  vi,  The  star  that  rules  my 
luckless  lot . .  Has  blest  me  with  a  random-shot  O'  countra 
wit.  1809  MAI.KIN  Gil  Bias  vn.  vi.  F  2  The  random  shot 
of. .  self-created  guides  in  matters  of  taste. 

C.  adv.    f  1.    =  At  random.   Obs.  rare. 

1618  BOLTON  Floras  (1636)  96  The  third  lightnings  of 
Annibal  flew  randome  at  us  by  Trasimenus  lake.  ^1619 
FOTHERBY  Atheom.  n.  xi.  §  2  (1622)  313  Neither  doe  they 
runne  randon,  nor  are  they  rolled,  beside  their  ancient  order. 

2.   Comb.,  as  random-cast,  -wise. 

1790  R.  MERRY  Laurel  Liberty  (ed.  2)  7  Random-cast, 
beside  some  stream, . .  Thou  ponder'st.  1839  DARLEV  Introd. 
Beaum.  f;  Fl.'s  Wks.  (1839)  I.  26  Most  imaginative  authors, 
perhaps,  commence  random-wise,,  .and  save  themselves  the 
trouble  of  a  total  invention  at  first. 

b.  Random-jointed  (see  quot.  1833  and  B.  3  a). 

1833  \jO\ivoyEncycl.Archit.  §  185  Rubble  stone.or  random 
jointed  ashlar  work  (free  stone,  rough  as  it  comes  from  the 
quarry,  laid  in  irregular  coursesi.  1848  [J.  C.  WHARTON] 
Quarrendon  Church  7  The  external  walls  are  built  with 
random-jointed  squared  ashlar. 

Hence  Ka'ndomish  a., somewhat  random;  Ra'n- 
domly  adv. ;  Ha  iidomness. 

1824  in  Spirit  Pub.  Jrnls.  (1825)  136  My  son  Jonathan  is 
but  a  randomish  sort  of  a  chap.  1865  Ch.  Times  2  Sept. 
276/3  Each  rode  his  own  hobby.. so  randomly  and  violently 
[etc.].  1872  BLACKMORE  Maid  of  Sker  166  If  any  one  cares 
for  that  sort  of  thing,  who  knows  mankind's  great  random- 


RANE. 

ness.     1891  G.  MEREDITH  One  of  our  Conq.  I.  xii.  228  He    , 
talked  randomly  of  money. 

i  Ra'iidon,  "  •  Obs.  rare.  Also  7  -ome.  [f. 
the  sb. ;  in  earliest  quot.  perh.  a.  ( >F.  raiiihuner.] 

1.  intr.  ?  To  flow  swiftly,  rare  — '. 

Or  peril,  trans.  '  to  set  in  line '  referring  to  the  walls. 
c  1470  Gol.  <f-  Galv .  248  Apone  that  riche  river,  randonit 
full  evin,  The  side-wallis  war  set,  sad  to  the  see. 

2.  intr.  To  fly  at  random. 

1602  Narcissus  (1893)  735  Lett  not  your  judgments  ran 
dome.  1605  CAMDEN  Rein.  (1637)  204  That  it  [the  bullet  of 
a  sling]  pierceth  helmet  and  shield,  that  it  reacheth  farther, 
that  it  randoneth  lesse. 

Randon(e,  -doun(e,  -down(e,  obs.  ff.  RANDOM. 

Randring,  obs.  Sc.  pr.  pple.  RENDER. 

Randsom,  obs.  form  of  RANSOM. 

Randum,  -dun,  obs.  forms  of  RANDOM. 

Randy  (rse-ndi),a.  and  sb)-  dial,  and  Sc.  Also 
7-9  randie.  [Perh.  f.  RAND  v.  +  -Y  :  bnt  the 
original  sense  of  the  word  is  not  quite  clear.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Sc.  Having  a  rude,  aggressive  manner  ; 
loud-tongued  and  coarse-spoken. 

In  early  use  always  of  beggars,  and  probably  implying 
vagrant  habits  as  well  as  rude  behaviour.  Now  applied 
only  to  women. 

1698  Culms  Kirk  Session  Minutes  18  Sept. .Seven  pounds 
Scots  ..  distributed  to  the  randie  beggars.  1723  MESTON 
Poems,  Knight  (1767)  6  A  rambling,  randy  errant  Knight. 
1785  BURNS  Jolly  Beggars  ist  Recit.,  A  merry  core  O' 
randie,  gangrel  bodies.  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mori,  xxyii,  It 
was  him  and  his  randie  mother  began  a'  the  mischief  in  this 
house.  1894  CROCKETT  R  aiders  led.  3)  42  Hearing  what  the 
pair  of  old  randy  wives  had  to  say  to  me. 

2.  dial.  Boisterous,  riotous,  disorderly,  dissipated ; 
wild,  unruly,  unmanageable. 

1787  in  GROSE  Pror.  Gloss.     1874  SIR  J.  KAY-SIIUTTLE- 
WORTH  Rikblesdale  I.  21  Mind  yon  long-horned  cattle., 
they  are  apt  to  be  randy.     1876-  in  dial,  glossaries  (Yks., 
Line.,  Chesh.,  Shropsh.,  etc.).      1884  Punch  8  Mar.  118/1 
That  young  bay  you'll  find  a  little  randy,  With  rather  more 
of  '  devil '  than  comes  handy. 

b.  dial.  Wanton,  lustful,  lewd. 
1847  in  HALLIWELL.     1881-  in  dial,  glossaries  (Yks.,  Leic., 
Warw.,  etc.). 

B.  sb.1  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  a.  A  sturdy  rude- 
mannered  beggar ;  a  thorough  vagrant. 

1788  BURNS  Louis,  what  reck  ii,  Reif  randies,  I  disown  ye  ! 
1792  Statist.  Ace.  Scot!.   II.   515    Many   Randies  (sturdy 
vagrants)  infest  this  country.    1811  WILLAN  W.  RidingGloss. 
(E.D.S.),  Randies,   itinerant    beggars    and   ballad-singers. 
1884  Gd.  Words  161  She's  a  regular  randy,  nigh  as  bad  as 
a  gipsy.     She's  never  in  the  house. 

b.  A  loud-tongued,  coarse-mannered  woman ; 
a  scold,  virago,  termagant. 

1816  SCOTT  Old  Mori,  viii,  The  daft  speeches  of  an  auld 
jaud.  .a  daft  auld  whig  randy.  1850  CARI.YI.E  Let.  to  II  'ifc 
19  Aug.  in  Froude  Life  in  £«wfa>  (1(84)  II.  xviii.  52  Do 
not  let  that  scandalous  randy  of  a  girl  disturb  you.  1878- 
in  dial,  glossaries  (Cumbld.,  Northumb.,  Antrim). 

Comb.    1822  GALT  Steam-boat  ix.  179  A  randy-like  woman. 

Ra'iidy,  sb*  dial.  [cf.  RANDY  z/.a]  A  noisy 
merry-making  or  revel.  Also  randy-go. 

Perh.  abbrev.  of  RENDEZVOUS,  used  in  various  dialects  (in 
forms  randiroo,  -beiu,  -bow,  .foose,  etc.)  in  a  similar  sense. 
But  cf.  RANDY  a.  2. 

1825  in  JENNINGS  Dial.  West  Eng.  1856  THOMPSON  Hitt. 
Boston  Gloss,  s.v.,  'He  was  at  the  randy'.  Rendezvous. 
1881  Miss  YONCE  Lads  %  Lasses  Langley  iv.  159  He  was 
trained  on  by  the  music,  and  got  into  that  there  randy  go  up 
in  the  park.  1891  T.  HARDY  Tea  (1900)  78/2  A  rattling 
good  randy  wi'  fiddles  and  bass-viols  complete. 

t  Ra'ndy,  z/.1  Obs.  rare.  [Cf.  RAND  z>.2]  intr. 
To  canvass.  Hence  Ra'ndying  vbl.  sb. 

a  1720  T.  GORDON  Cordial  Low  Spirits  57  Who  advised 
him,  as  soon  as  ever  he  came  to  the  randying  ground,  to 
bray  with  all  his  might.  1733  FIELDING  Don  Quijr.  in  Eng. 
II.  iii,  He  was  here ..  randying  for  a  knight  of  his  acquaint 
ance,  with  no  less  than  six  hundred  freeholders  at  his  heels. 

Ra-ndy,  v.2  dial.  [cf.  RANDY  si.*]  intr.  To 
be  '  on  the  spree '. 


Bane  (r<?n),  sb.  Sc.  Now  rare.  Also  5  rayne, 
6  reane,  8  rain.  [Of  obscure  origin.  With  sense 
2  cf.  RAME  sb.  and  z>.] 

fl.  In  a  rane,  continuously,  without  cessation. 

ciyi$Sc.  I.eg.Saints  iii.  (Andreas)  9%*)  Bot  ay  be  bischope 
in  a  rane  beheld  hyr  bewte,  and  nocht  fane.  Ibid,  xxxix. 
(Cosm.  ff  Dam.)  251  He..cryit  ay  in  til  a  rane.  1560 
ROLLAND  Seven  Sages  250  Thay  rattill  ay  in  a  rane.  <i  1585 
MONTGOMERY  Flyting  iu.  Polwart  501  All  the  ky  in  the 
countrey.  .roaring,  they  wood  ran,  and  routed  in  a  reane. 

2.  A  prolonged  cry  or  utterance ;  a  long  string 
of  words ;  a  rigmarole. 

(-1423  WYNTOUN  Cron.  n.  ix.  883  Swa  suld  I  dulle  hale 
yhoure  delyte,  And  yhe  sulde  call  it  bot  a  rane.  1513 
i  DOUGLAS  SF.neis  vui.  Prol.  66  The  railjear  raknis  na  wordis, 
but  ratlis  furth  ranis.  1710  RUDDIMAN  Gloss.  Douglas 
Mneis  s.v.,  You're  like  the  Gowk,  ..  you  have  not  a  ram 
but  one.  1825  in  Child  Halloas  II.  82/1  It  was,  as  she 
described  it,  a  '  lang  rane '  of  her  mother's. 

Hence  Bane  (.also  9  raen),  v.  fa-  trans.,  to 
demand  with  a  continuous  cry.  Obs.  b.  intr.,  to 
wail  or  complain  incessantly. 


wheenging  raenin'  bairn. 


RANEE. 

Bane,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RAIN  ;  obs.  pa.  t.  RUN. 

Ranedeer,  obs.  form  of  REINDEER. 

11  Ranee  (ra-nf).     Also  7  ranna,  8  r(h)anny, 
9  rannee,  rani,  (ranie,  -y).     [Hindi  raui  =  Skr.    ' 
rajni  fern,  of  rajayi  RAJAH.]     A  Hindu  queen. 

1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  ff  /'.  iv.  iii.  162  The   Ranna, 


Rannee,  that  is,  the  widow  of  the  deceased  Rajah.  1841 
ELI-HINSTONE  Hist.  India,  II.  495  He  dispatched  the  rani 
and  her  infants  in  disguise.  1858  BEVURIDCE  Hist.  India 
I.  in.  iv.  431  He  made  the  ranee  prisoner. 

Ranegate,  obs.  form  of  RENEGADE. 

Ranet,  obs.  form  of  roe-net :  see  ROE  sbj- 

t  Ranforce,  v.  Obs.  Also  6  -forse.  [ad.  F. 
renforcer  RENFOBCE  ;  cf.  RAMFOKCE  z>.] 

1.  trans.  To  strengthen,  fortify.  Hence  Ran- 
forcing  vbl.  sb. 

1547  Register  Privy  Council  Scot.  (1877)  I.  79  Our  auld 
ynemeis  of  Ingland  . .  hes  ranforsit  the  samin,  and  . .  per- 
severis  in  thair  bigging  and  ranforsingof  the  saidis  places. 
1590  SIR  J.  SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  Ded.  5  Newe  supplies  of 
men  and  munitions  from  time  to  time  to  ranforce  his  Armie 
or  Armies.  Ibid.  6  Light  Harquebuzes  well  formed  of  con- 
uenient  length,  and  ranforced. 

Tl  2.  To  force,  break  open. 

1637  MONRO  Exped.  i.  51  With  a  huge  great  ladder  and 
the  force  of  men  we  ran-forced  the  doorc  and  entred. 

Hence  f  Kanforce-ring.  Obs.  (See  quot.  and 
REINFOUCE  sb.} 

1706  PHILLIPS,  Ranforce-RingofaGun.titiA.  which  is  next 
before  the  Touch-hole,  between  it  and  the  Trunnions. 

Rang.  Sc.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  Also  9  raing. 
[a.  F.  rang\  see  RANGE  v.]  A  range,  rank. 

In  earliest  quots.  perh.  written  for  range. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  \\.  681  The  rang  in  liaist  thai  rayit. 
Ibid.  ix.  875  In  till  a  rang.    1580  J.  HAYK  Demands  in  Cath. 
Tract.  (S.  T.  S.)  51  Mony  . .  of  your  secte,  yea  ministers  of    , 
the  first  rang.    Ibid.  64  Ministers.,  nocht  in  the  lawest  rang,    i 
1808  JAMIESON,  Rang,  raing,  a  row,  a  rank. 

Rang,  obs.  f.  RANK  a.  ;  see  also  RING  z>.i,  v* 
I  Ran  gale.   Ol>s.    Chiefly  .5V.    Forms:  4  ren-    | 
gaile,  4-5  rangale,  -all,  6  -aid,  ringald.     See    i 
also  RANGAT-.     [ad.  OF.  ringailU  (Wace,  etc.).]     i 

1.  The  ranks  or  main  body  of  an  army.  rare—1. 
("1330  R.  BRUSNE  Chron.  (1810)  116  He  bad,^at  non  alone 

breke  out  of  f>e  rengaile. 

2.  Sc.  Rabble,  esp.  of  an  army  ;  camp-followers. 
1375  BAKBOUR  Bruce  xi.  in  Men  on  fut  and  small  rangale,    ; 

That  jemyt  harnas  and  vittale.     ^1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.\\\\.    , 
xxxvi.   35  Ane   hundreth   armyd  jolyly  Off  knychtis  and    ; 
sqwyeris,  but  rangale.      1513  DOUGLAS  &neis  vi.  xii.  73 
Gret  rout  with  rangald,  in  ledis  he. 
b.  The  common  herd  (of  deer). 

1513  DOUGLAS  Mneis  i.  iv.  57  First  the  ledaris  thre,..     J 
Smertlie  he  slew,  syne  all  the  rangald  persewis. 

Ra-ngant,  a.  Her.    [F.,  for  rangeantt  pr.  pple.    ; 
of  ranger  to  RANGE.]   =  FURIOSAXT  (q.v.). 

fRa-ngat1.  Sc.  Obs.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
Disorder,  disturbance,  noise. 

1500-20  DUSBAR  Poems  Ixvi.  30  Gude  rewle  is  banist  our    | 
the    Bordour,    And   rangat   ringis   but   ony  ordour.      1535 
STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  III.  294  For  feiring  of  thair  fo,  Tha 
tuke  the  gait  without  rangat  till  go. 

tRa*ngat-.  Sc.  Obs.    [var.  rangald  RANGALE,   : 
perh.  after   prec.  ;    but   cf.   the  Sc.  pron.   of  the 
surname  Donald  as  Donnat.]     Rabble. 

1535  [see  RINGAT.RANGAT.]  1606  BIRNIK  Kirk*Buriall 
(1833)  20  At  first  they  held  their  Abbay  burials  royal!,  yet 
in  the  end  they  were  for  pryce  exposed  to  the  rangat. 

Range  (r^'ndg),  s6.1  Forms:  4-7  raunge, (5  Sc. 
rawnge,  6  rawng),  5  rangh,  raynge,  6-8  rainge, 
6  randge,  4-  range,  [a.  OF.  range  row,  rank, 
file  (Godef.),  sb.  f.  ranger  to  RANGE  v.  See  also 
RKNGE  sb^\ 

I.  1.  A  row,  line,  file  or  rank,  of  persons  (\spec. 
of  hunters  or  fighting  men)  or  animals.  Now  rare, 
t  On  range,  in  file. 

a  1300  Cursor  J/.  23109  (Cott.)  pe  first  range  \Gott.  rauj. . 
sal  be  o  wreches  mistruand.  1375  BAKBOUK  Bruce  x.  379 
Thai . .  on  range  [E.  rawnge]  in  ane  rod  can  ga.  c  1470 
HBNKY  Wallace  in.  250  Na  chyftane  was  that  tyme  durst 
tak  on  hand,  To  leide  the  range  on  Wallace  to  assaill.  1513 
DOUGLAS  &neis  i.  vi.  153  Behald  twelf  swannis. .  Now  with 
lang  range  to  lycht  thai  bene  adrtrst.  Il'id.  iv.  iii.  56  Quhen 
that  the  rangis  and  the  faid  . .  1  >ynnis  throw  the  gravis,  ! 
sersing  the  woddis  \\yde.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicho- 
tay's  I'oy.  I.  vi,  A  little  further  were  in  a  range  the  kings 
slaues.  1640  YORKK  Union  Hon.  4=;  King  Richartl ..  made 
firm  the  Range  of  his  owne  I'attaile.  1677  W.  HUBBAKD 
Narrative  (1865)  I.  274  The  Indians  were  laid  in  one  Range 
by  several  Fires.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  FoolofQual.  (1809) 
HI.  134  Two  brilliant  ranges  of  foreign  and  British  ladies. 
1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  ir.  89  There  sat  along  the  forms.. 
A  patient  range  of  pupils. 

2.  A  row,  line,  or  series  of  things. 

a.  of  objects  in  general.  (Now  usually  expressed 
by  row\  in  i7-i8th  c.  freq.  used  of  trees.) 

1511  GUYLFORDE  Pilgr.  (.Cainden)  36  There  be  .iiij.  rowes 
or  ranges  of  pylers  thrughout  y«  church.     1578  LVTE  Dodoens 
\\-.  viii.  461  The  grayne  or   cornes   are   placed  . .  in   foure 
ranges  or  mpe  lines.     1653  NI-.F.DHAM  Sfldcns  Mare  Cl.  77 
A  Galley  with  one  range  of  Oares.     1695  BI.ACKMORE  Pr. 
Arth.  in.  539  Trees  on  their  Banks  in  goodly  Ranges  grow. 
1786  tr.    Beckford's    Vathck  (1868)   113  A  range  of  brazen     | 
vases  surrounded  the  elevation.     1831  Hi.  MARTINKAU  Life    \ 
in  Wilds  ix.  123  His  present  wa.-,  a  range  uf  beehives.     1863 


139 

GEO.  ELIOT  Rouwla  \.  xii,  The  walls  were  ..  covered  with 
ranges  of  books  in  perfect  order. 

b.  of  buildings  or  parts  of  these.     Also,  a  con 
tinuous  stretch  of  building. 

1600  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  II.  259  In  this 
rawng  now  erecting  ..  it  wilbe  well  ..  that  the  thyrd  story 
may  be.  .higher  than  it  is  in  the  north  rawng.  1618  Ibid.  I. 
206  Concerninge  a  Range  of  buildinge  to  be  erected.  1705 
ADDISON  Italy  n  The  New-Street  is  a  double  Range  of 
Palaces  from  one  end  to  the  other.  1771  BENTHAM  Ely 
Cath.  (1812)  33  Two,  and  sometimes  three  ranges  of  pillars, 
one  over  another.  1834  H.  MILLER  Scenes  fy  Leg.  xix.  (1850) 
280  The  range  had  been  inhabited,  .by  a  crew  of  fishermen 
and  their  families.  1863  P.  BARRY  Dockyard  Econ.  227 
Turning  from  these  buildings,  this  further  range  of  brick 
and  mortar  is  the  engine  factory  and  foundries. 

c.  of  large  natural  objects,  esp.  of  mountains. 
Hence  in//,  'the  usual  word  in  Australia  for  mountains' 

(Morris  Austral  Ettg,  1898). 

1705  AUUISON  Italy  451  The  Town .  .has  its  Views  bounded 
on  all  Sides  by  several  Ranges  of  Mountains.  1748  ANSON 
Voy.  in.  v.  344  The  Ladrones  will  be  only  one  small  portion 
of  a  range  of  Islands.  1791  W.  BARTRAM  Carolina  197  This 
range  or  chain  of  morasses.  1859  JEPHSON  Brittany  xix. 311 
A  magnificent  range  of  cliffs.  1871  L.  STEPHKN  Playgr. 
Ear.  iv.  228  Those  gigantic  ranges  which  surpass  even  the 
Alps  in  magnitude. 

d.  U.  S.  A  series   of  townships,   six   miles   in 
width,  extending  north  and  south  parallel  to  the 
principal  meridian  of  a  survey. 

1843-56  BOUVIER  Law  Diet.  U.S.  (ed.  6)  II.  419  In  patents 
from  the  United  States  to  individuals  they  are  described  as 
being  within  a  certain  range.  i88z  Contemp.  Rcr.  Aug.  233 
These  townships  are  numbered,  .in  Roman  numerals,  I.,  JI., 
III.,  &c.,  in  what  are  called  ranges  westward  from  the 
principal  meridians. 

e.  Math.  A  set  of  points  on  a  straight  line. 
1858  CAYLEY  Wks.  (1889)  II.  577  The  theories  of  ranges 

and  pencils,  .are  in  fact  a  single  theory.  1872  J.  M.  WILSON 
Solid  Gcoin,  65  The  points  A,  B  are  said  to  be  conjugate  to 
one  another  in  the  harmonic  range  ACBD. 

3.  Rank,  class,  order,  rare. 

1625  MARKHAM  Bk.  Honour  n.  v.  §  i  The  Eternall  Ma- 
iestie,  who.,  hath  created  and  placed  in  Heauen  these 
seuerall  Rankes  and  Raunges  of  Honor.  1677  HALK  Print. 
Orig.  Mankind  iv.  iii.  310  The  lowest  rank  or  range  of 
Intellectual  and  Immaterial  Beings.  1874  STUBBS  Const. 
Hist.  I.  vii.  211  The  cohesion  of  the  nation  was  greatest  in 
the  lowest  ranges. 

4.  Line,  direction,  lie. 

Perh.  to  some  extent  connected  with  branch  II. 

1677  MOXON    Mecft.    Exert:.    23    Keep    the   outside    flat 
of  the  Bolt  on  the  Range.     1712  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond* s 
Gardening  84  Direct  all  the  other  Stakes  according  to  the 
Range  of  the  first.     1788  M.  CUTLER  in  Life,  Jrnls.  $  Corr. 
(1888)  I.   393  The  range  of  the  hills  and  valleys  is  nearly 
from  north  to  south.    1849  MUKCHISON  Silnria  xvii.  416  The 
low  ridges  clearly  exhibit  the  strike  or  range  of  the  strata. 
1858  Merc.  Marine  Mag.  V.  190  Keeping  the  two  Buoys  in 
range  with  the  Lighthouse. 

fb.  quasi-aav.  In  range  or  line.    Obs.    rare. 

1678  MOXON  Mech.  Excrc.  in  The  side  of  any  work  that 
runs  straight,  without  breaking  into  angles,  is  said  to  run 
Range.     1683  Ibid.,  Printing  x.  P  7  The  Hind-Posts  may 
stand  Range  or  even  with  the  outer-sides  of  the  Cheeks. 

II.  5.  The  act  of  ranging  or  moving  about. 
Now  rare  in  literal  sense.  -\At  range,  at  random. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  iv.  xviii,  Syre  Marhaus..  de 
parted  fro  them  to  fete  he  his  raunge.  1568'!".  Ho\\ELi.Ar/>. 
XM&& (1879) 39  Thou  runst  at  rainge  :  and  needes  restraint. 
1598  MANWOOD  Forest  Lawes  xxiv.  (1615)  240/1  When  the 
said  Regardors  haue  made  their  range.  1693  I.UTTRELL 
Brief  Rel.  (1857)  III.  30  The  French  had  made  a  range 
into  the  country  of  Wirtemburgh.  1720  GAY  The  Toilette 
51  I'll  dress,  and  take  my  wonted  range  Through  evr'y 
India  shop.  1803  Naral  Citron.  IX.  70  The  ship  taking 
a  sudden  range,  the  cable  parted.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mew. 
xciii,  From  thy  sightless  range  With  gods..  Descend.  1856 
1  STONEHENGE  *  Brit.  Sports  i.  i.  iii.  §  6  Then,  not  letting  him 
[the  dog]  dwell  any  longer,  cry  '  Hold  up  '  and  proceed  with 
the  range. 

trans/,  and^f.  ^1380  WYCLIF  irks.  (1880^  332  Summe 
prestts  seyne  simply  '  I  assoyle  be  of  bi  synnes '  . .  Summe 
prestis  seyne  a  more  raunge.  1540-54  CROKE  13  Ps.  (Percy 
Soc.)  25  Thy  range,  Thy  course,  thy  yeres,  shall  knowe 
none  ende.  1784  COMTEK  Tiroc.  174  This  blest  exchange 
Of  modest  truth  for  wit's  eccentric  range.  1878  R.  W. 
DALE  Lect.  Preach,  ix.  283  Sometimes  our  hymns  should 
take  a  wider  range. 

b.  Opportunity  or  scope  for  ranging ;  liberty  to 
range. 

1793  Minstrel  I.  95  A  boy  drove  out  a  herd  of  cows,  who, 
pleased  with  the  range,  ran  kicking  and  scampering  along. 
1858  KINGSLEY  Misc.  (1859!  I.  180  The  boa,  alligator,  shark, 
pike, .  .will .  .attain  an  enormous  size,  give  them  but  range 
enough.  1865  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  Ser.  it.  I.  ir.  246  The 
ewes  have  range  over  the  stubbles,  .during  the  day. 

c.  The  application  of  the  file  to  each  notch  in 
the  entire  length  of  a  saw-blade. 

1846  HOI.TZAPM  KI.  Tnrning\\.^  In  this  first  range  each 
notch  has  only  received  one  stroke  of  the  file  ;  but  three  or 
four  ranges,  .are  required  to  bring  the  teeth  up  sharp. 

6.  An  area,   space,  or  stretch  of  ground,   over 
which  ranging  takes   place  or  is  possible;    spec.    \ 
tthe  course  in  a  tournament  (obs.},  and  (7.S.,  an 
extensive  stretch  of  grazing  or  hunting  ground. 

1470-85  MALOHY  Arthur  x.  xii,  Sir  Launcelot  came  in  to 
the  raynge  [printed  rayeng].  Ibid,  xlix,  Thenne  sire 
Launcelot  made  sire  Galyhodyn  to  lede  hym  thorugh  the 
raunge.  1707-8  in  Sheffield  Gloss.  Suppl.  s.v.,  One  other 
range  or  parcell  of  wood  in  two  clo.tses  called  the  Parke 
Bottoms.  1808  PIKK  Sources  Mississ.  HI.  App.  (1810)  30  At 
the  crossing  of  this  river  there  is  a  r.in^e  for  the  horses  of 
St.  Antonio.  1827  J.  F.  COOPI-.R  Prairie  I.  ii.  30  [I]  stldom 
P.TSS  nK.ru  than  a  moiuh  at  a  time  on  the  same  range,  1856 


RANGE. 

FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  I.  i.  27  In  most  parishes  ..  theie 
were  large  ranges  of  common  and  unenclosed  forest  land. 
b.   U.  S.  without  article  :  Grazing  ground. 
1766  J.  BARTRAM  Jrnl.  1-2  Feb.  in  Stork X re.  E. Florida^ 
There  is  good  pine-woods,  and  fine  range  for  cattle.     1812 
BRACKENRIDGE  Views  Louisiana  (1814)  117  The  want  of 
wild  pasturage,  or  range,  as  it  is  called,  for  their  cattle. 

7.  Bot.  and  Zool.    The  geographical  area  over 
which  a  certain  plant  or  animal  is  distributed.    Also, 
the  period  of  time  during  which  it  has  existed  on 
the  earth  ;    the  limits  of  depth  between  which  a 
marine  animal  is  found. 

1856  ~KANE  A  ret.  E.\-pl.  I.  viii.  So  The  reindeer,  who  is 
even  less  Arctic  in  his  range  than  the  musk  ox.  1887  Life 
Darwin  I.  300  The  habits  and  ranges  of  the  birds  which 
were  described  by  Gould. 

b.  The  area  or  period  over  or  during  which  the 
occurrence  of  something  is  possible. 

1830  LYELL  Princ.  Geot.  I.  xviii.  325  Not  wholly  beyond 
the  range  of  earthquakes  in  Northern  Italy. 

8.  The  area  or  extent  covered  by,  or  included  in, 
some  thing  or  concept. 

1661  J,  FELL  Hatntnond ^>  The  range  and  compass  of  hi;> 
[Hammond's]  knowledge  fill'd  the  whole  Circle  of  the  Arts. 
1732  POPE  Ess.  .Man  i.  207  Far  as  Creation's  ample  range 
extends,  The  scale  of  sensual,  mental  pow'rs  ascends.  1742 
YOUNG  Nt.  Tk,  vn,  Thro'  nature's  ample  range,  in  thought, 
to  strole.  1805  WOKDSW.  Prelude  \\.  176  Daily  the  common 
range  of  visible  things  Grew  dear  to  me.  1841  M.  MIAI.L 
in  .\t'tit  <'nf.  I.  i  The  whole  range  of  politics,  domestic  and 
foreign.  1870  HUXLKY  Lay  Serin,  x.  1.1874)  2'7  Through 
the  whole  range  of  geological  time. 

b.  A  series,  number,  or  aggregate. 

Perh.  to  some  extent  connected  with  sense  i. 

1847  TJ.NNYSON  Princ.  in.  161  The  day  fled  on  thro' all  Its 
range  of  duties  to  the  appointed  hour.  1856  KMKKION  fcng. 
frai.'s,  A' ace  Wks.  (Kohnj  II.  23  The  English  derive  their 
pedigree  from  such  a  range  of  nationalities. 

9.  Sphere  or  scope  of  operation  or  action  ;  the 
extent  to  which  energy  may  be  exerted,  a  function 
discharged,  etc.    a.  of  immaterial  things,    f  A"attt. 
=  Range  of  vision. 

1666  LUNYAN  Grace  Abound.  %  156  He  would  not  Differ 
them  to  fall  without  the  range  of  Mcicy.  1706  /.<>//</.  (,'a~. 
No.  4215/3  The  Marlborou^h,  and  the  Dover,  .joined  them 
yesterday  in  our  Range.  1835  1.  TAYLUK  S/-ir.  Despot,  vn. 
314  Affirming  . .  the  unrestricted  range  of  ecclesiastical 
jurisdiction.  1867  FREEMAN  Norm.  Con</.  11676}  I.  iv.  244 
A  variety  of  circumstances  brought  them  within  the  range 
of  French  influences. 

b.  of  instruments;  esp.  of  musical  instruments 
(and  so  of  the  voice)  with  reference  to  variation  of 
pitch  in  the  sounds  produced  ;  compass,  register. 

18*5  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  43  Both  the  sensi 
bility  and  the  range  of  the  instrument  [the  tachometer]  may 
be  infinitely  increased.  1833  TENNYSON  Dream  Pair  U'otu. 
xlii,  Her  .  .  voice,  a  lyre  of  widest  range.  1872  Ht'xi.i-.v 
Phys.  vii.  183  The  range  of  any  voice  depends  on  the  dif 
ference  of  tension  which  can  be  given  to  the  vocal  chords. 

c.  of  persons,  in  respect  of  knowledge, ability, etc. 
1847  EMEHSON*  Rt-pr.  JWen.SJta&fsfeart'WKS.  (Holm)  I.  352 

Great  men  are  more  distinguished  by  range  and  extent, 
than  by  originality.  1876  TREVELYAN  Life  Macau  lay  I.  iv. 
188  Macaulay  who  knew  his  own  range. 

10.  The  extent  to  which  variation  is  possible; 
the   limits   between  which  a  thing   may  vary  in 
amount  or  degree. 

1818  L.  HOWARD  Climate  Lond,  I  \.  48  The  average  annual 
range  [of  the  barometer]  is  very  nearly  2  inches.  1875 
BEDFORD  Sailor's  Pocket  Bk.  v.  (ed.  2)  168  1  he  height  from 
low  water  to  high  water  is  called  the  range  of  the  tide. 

b.  A  series  or  scale  (of  sounds,  temperatures, 
prices,  etc.)  extending  between  certain  limits. 

1812  SIK  H,  DAVY  Chem.  P  kilos.  85  Air  at  a  range  of 
temperature  such  as  we  can  command  below  our  common 
temperatures.  1871  B.STEWART  Heat  §  25  Between  o-  and 
100°,  and  for  a  range  extending  not  u  o  far  beyond.  1895 
Chambers'  Encycl.  I.  100  Beef  and  mutton.. have  at  last 
come  down  to  a  much  lower  range  of  prices. 

11.  The  distance  to  which  a  gun,  rifle,  etc.  is 
capable  of  sending  a  ball  or  bullet ;   the  space 
which  any  projectile  or  missile  can  be  made  to 
traverse.    Also,  the  distance  of  the  object  aimed  at. 

Technically  defined  as  '  the  distance  from  the  muzzle  of  the 
piece  to  the  (second)  intersection  of  the  trajectory  with  the 
line  of  sight '. 

i$gt  DIGGES  Pantoni,  163  Any  two  Peeces  of  Battery 
Ordinance.. shall  tuer  make  their  Profundities  of  pearcing 
Proportionall  to  their  leuell  Kandges  Horizontall.  1692 
Capt.  Smith* s  Seaman  s  Gram.  u.  xxvi.  138  The  Horizontal 
Rainge  of  that  Peece  will  be  found  to  be  374  Paces.  Ibid. 
xxx.  142  The  drying  of  the  Powder,  .doth  help,  .the  Rainge 
of  the  Shot.  1769  m  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1776).  1838 
THIKLVVALL  Greece  xxxvii.  V.  20  He  . .  approached  so  near 
the  walls,  as  to  be  within  the  range  of  the.,  missiles  from  the 
battlements.  1860  \V.  H.  RUSSELL  Diary  in  India  I.  268 
The  enemy  have  got  the  range  of  our  camp.  1884  J '  imes 
(weekly  ed.)  8  Feb.  1/4  The  rebels  were  visible  ;  but  they 
were  altogether  out  of  range. 

trans/.  1687  RcJJ.  Hind  $  Panther -21  That's  a  Flight  of 
Fancy  at  its  full  Range. 

b.  The  position  of  a  gun  in  firing  (see  quot. 
1704).  f  Also,  the  direction  of  a  shot.  Obs. 

1669  STURMY  Mariner's  M^ag.  v.  69  For  Shooting  in  a 
Right-line  called  the  Right  Range  of  a  Bullet.  1691  Capt. 
Smith's  Seaman's  Gram.  11.  xxix.  140  The  Gun  being., 
upon  a  Level  Rainge.  1704  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  s.v.,  If  the 
Bullet  go  in  a  Line  parallel  to  the  Horizon,  it  is  called  the 
Right  or  Level-Range  ;  if  the  Gun  be  mounted  to  45 
Degr.,  then  will  the  Ball  have  the  highest  ur  utmost  Range, 
..all  others  between  45  Degr.  and  oo  are  called  the  Inter 
mediate  Ranges.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  ll'ord-l'k. 

18-2 


RANGE. 


140 


RANGE. 


C.  A  place  or  piece  of  ground  having  a  target 
and  other  fittings,  used  for  practice  in  shooting. 

1873  Queens  Rcgul.  •$•  Orders,  Army  viu.  §  64  Fences  for 
cavalry,  and  ranges,  butts,  &c.  for  rifle-practice. 

III.  12.   A  form   of  fire-grate,    fire-place,    or 
cooking  apparatus.     Now  spec,  a  fire-place  having 
one  or  more  ovens  at  the  sides,  and  closed  on  the 
top  with  iron  plates  having  openings  for  carrying 
on  several  cooking  operations  at  once. 

The  precise  meaning  in  some  of  the  older  instances  of  the 
word  is  not  clear.  With  quot.  1574  cf.  Roast  ing-range^ 
which  is  perh.  the  sense  of  the  earliest  quots.  In  mod. 
Line.  dial,  range  denotes  a  high  fender  or  fire-guard. 

1446-7  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  tSurtees)  84  De  34*.  id.  rec.  de 
feodo  de  le  rangh  et  exitibus  animalium.  1471-2  Ibid.  93 
Pro  iij  kirsettes  ferri  empt.  pro  le  Raunge.  a  1548  HALL 
Chron.  (1809)  607  Chimnays,  Ranges  and  such  instrumentes. 
1574  R.  SCOT  Hop  Card.  (1578)  36  Then  you  must  lay 
these  Poales  vpon  a  couple  of  forked  stalkes..as  Spittes 
vpon  Raunges.  1611  BIBLE  Lev.  x\.  35  Whether  it  be  ouen, 
or  ranges  for  pots,  they  shalbe  broken  downe.  1660  PEPYS 
Diary  19  July,  An  iron  of  our  new  range  whch  is  already 
broke.  1736  NEVE  Builder's  Diet.  (ed.  3)  s.v.  Building*  We 
have  occasion  for  larger  Ranges,  or  Chimneys,  and  more 
ample  Kitchens.  1862  Catal.  Internal.  Exhib.  II.  xxxi. 
49/1  The  whole  top  of  the  range  is  a  flat  iron  platform, 
which  may  be  covered  with  vessels  for  boiling,  stewing,  etc. 
fb.  Dripping,  'kitchen-fee*.  Ohs.  rare~~l. 

Ellipt.  for  range-fee  (cf.  quot.  1446-7  above). 

1469  in  Househ.  Ord,  (1790)  95  As  for  the  raunge  that 
comyth  of  rested  meate,  to  be  feable. 

13.  The  name  of  various  articles  (see  quots. \ 

a.  1563-4  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  II.  571  For 
xij  Arms  and  Ixxij  greate  paynted  quarrels  and  xij  Ranges. 

b.  1688  R.  HoLMEArt/ioury  in.  243/2  In  the  Cow-House 
..a  Range  either  for  Oxe  or  Cow  to  which  they  are  tyed. 
[Cf.  1886  Cheshire  Gloss.,  Range  Stake*  the  wooden  stake 
to  which  cows  are  tied  in  the  shippon.] 

C.  »?a6  BAILEY,  Range,.. &  Beam  which  is  betwixt  two 
Horses  in  a  Coach.  1847  HALHWELL,  Range* . .  (3)  the 
shaft  of  a  coach.  Devon. 

d.  Nant.  1644  MAHWAVRIHG  Sta-man^S  Diet.*  Ranges* 
there  are  two,  one  aloft  upon  the  fore-castle,  .the  other  in 
the  beak-head.  1704  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.*  Ranges,  in  a 
Ship,  are  two  pieces  of  Timber  going  a-cross  from  Side 
to  Side.  1711  W.  SUTHERLAND  Shipbnitd.  Assist.  163 
Ranges,  pieces  fitted  to  the  Ship  to  belay  or  fasten  the  Main 
and  Fore  Sheets.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Afarv*e(iJi6)  H  iij, 
The  cleats,  kevels,  and  ranges,  by  which  the  ropes  are 
fastened,  c  1850  Rudim.  Navig.  (Weale)  140  Ranges, 
horned  pieces  of  oak,  like  belaying  cleats,  but  much  larger. 
..Also  those  pieces  of  oak  plank  fixed  between  the  ports, 
with  semicircular  holes  in  them,  for  keeping  shot  in. 

14.  A  length  or  stretch  of  something. 

t  a.  //.  A  fence,  enclosure.  Obs.  b.  (see  quot.)  C.  An 
unbroken  stretch  of  railing,  balustrade,  etc.  ?  Oos.  d-  Naut. 
(see  quot.)  ?  Obs.  e.  A  strip  of  glass,  f.  A  strip  of 
leather,  g.  Coal-mining  (see  quot.). 

a.  1537  BIBLE  (.Matthew)  2  Kings  xi.  8  Whosoeuer  cometh 
wyth  in  the  ranges  shale  dye  for  it.     1611  BIBLE  2  Chron. 
xxiii.  14  Haue  her  foorth  of  the  ranges. 

b.  1705  T.  N.  City  fy  C.  Purchaser  158  There  are  several 
Appellations   given    to    the    various    Dimensions,    &c.   of 
Quarries,  viz.  i.  The  Range,  which  is  a  Perpendicular  let 
fall  from  one  of  the  Obtuse  Angles  to  the  opposite  side. 

C.  1723-4  CHAMBERS  tr.  Le  Clerc's  Treat.  Archil.  I.  114 
The  Ranges . .  ought  to  terminate  in  half  Balusters  joyn'd  to 
the  Pedestals.  1770  Ann.  Reg.  171  A  whole  range  of  the 
cast  battlement  of  Westminster-hall  gave  way. 

d.  1769  FALCONER  Diet*  Marine  (1776),  Range,  a  suffi 
cient  length  of  the  cable,  drawn  up  on  deck,  before  the 
anchor   is  cast  loose  from  the  bow,  to  let  it  sink  to  the 
bottom,  without  being  interrupted. 

e.  1835  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  636  The  square 
is  used  in  cutting  the  squares  from  the  range,  that  they  may 
with  greater  certainty  be  cut  at  right  angles. 

f.  1878   Ure's  Diet.  Arts  IV.  110^  The  '  butt '  is  first  cut 
into  long  strips  known  as  'ranges'. 

g.  1892  Daily  News  29  Aug.  5/4  There  are  two  main  roads 
..from  which  there  branch  off.  .what  are  known  as  'ranges  ', 
in  which  the  coal  winning  principally  goes  on. 

15.  Shoemaking.     The  lie  or  line  of  the  upper 
edge  of  the  counter  in  a  top-boot,  corresponding  to 
(and  continued  in)  that-  of  the  vamp. 

1840  J.  DEVLIN  Shoemaker  63  Remedying  every  fault 
that  may  be  in  the  cutting,  the  range,  the  position,  the  back 
catch  of  the  counter.  Ibid.  65  A  further  closing  may  then 
follow,  beginning  at  the  turn  of  the.  .counter,  and  going 
right  round,  along  the  range,  and  up  the  tongue, 

IV.  16.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

a.  in  senses  6  and  7,  as  range  base,  cow,  district, 
end,  horse  (see  quot.),  -man,  mark*  tree. 

1895  C.  DIXON  Migrat.  Brit.  Birds  ii.  27  Three  fairly 
well  defined  *range  bases  or  refuge  areas.  1894  Outing 
(U.  S.)  XXIV.  336/2  Their  '  "range '  cows  and  razor-backed 
hogs  climb  the  steep  hills  like  goats.  1887  Q.  Rev.  July  49 
In  the  *range  districts  the  proportion  of  loss  has  been  much 
higher.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x.  xlii,  As  sire  Palomydes 
came  in  to  the  felde  syr  Galahalt  ..  was  at  the  *raunge 
ende.  1859  MABCY  Prairie  Trav.  iv.  in  Horses  which 
have  been  raised  exclusively  upon  grass . .  or  '  *range  horses', 
as  they  are  called  in  the  West.  1887  Q.  Rev.  July  49  The 
high-handed  conduct  of  the  *range-men.  1700  Providence 
(R.  I.)  Rec.  (1893)  IV.  139  From  it  to  turne  and  Range  East 
and  be  southward  to  a  heape  of  stones  laid  for  a  *Range 
marke.  1703  Ibid.  (1894)  V.  95  A  blacke  Oake  tree  marked 
for  a  "Range  tree. 

b.  in  sense  1 1 ,  as  range-board,  -folder,  -folding, 
-holding  adj.,  -officer,  -plate,  -tables. 

1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  326/2  *Range 
Roard,  this  nature  of  board,  .has  the  distances  painted  on 
it  of  prominent  objects  within  the  range  of  the  guns  mounted 
on  the  works.  1872  Daily  News  16  July,  A  very  simple  and 
useful  instrument.,  called  a  *  range-finder.  1876  VOYLE  & 
STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet,  326/2  Range-finder,  an  instrument 
for  ascertaining  the  range  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  or  small- 


arm,  1890  SIR  F.ABEL  Addr.  Brit.  Assoc.  n  The  applica 
tions  of  electricity  in  connection  with  *range-finding.  1865 
Sat,  Rev.  21  Jan.  72/1  The  rights  enjoyed  by  the  •range- 
holding  Corps.  1891  Daily  News  27  July  3/4  Permitted  by 
their  *range  officer . .  to  violate  the  regulations.  1876  VOYLE 
&  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  326/2  *Range  Plates,  plates  of 
brass  attached  to  the  brackets  of. .  field  carriages.  They  are 
marked  with  three  columns  of  figures,  showing  the  range 
in  yards,  .with  the  corresponding  elevations.  1873  Queen's 
Regvl.  $  Orders,  Army  vin.  §  40  Proper  *range-tables  for 
each  battery  must  be  prepared. 

C.  in  sense  12,  as  range-cock,  -stove  (Knight 
1875);  range-Jitter. 

1884  B"ham  Daily  Post  24  Jan.  3/4  Range  fitter,  Wanted, 
used  to  Patterns. 

d.  spec,  range-heads  Naut.,  the  windlass  bitts 
(Smyth  1867);  range  work,  (a)  work  having  a 
straight  face ;  (d)  masonry  laid  in  level  courses. 

1678  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.  i.  112  The  side  that  falls  away 
from  the  Foreside  of  any  Straight  or  Range-work  is  called 
the  Return.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  742/1  Range 
work.. is  usually  backed  up  with  rubble  masonry. 

Range  (rc'nda),  sb?    Obs.  exc.  dial. 

[Goes  with  RANGE  z/.a,  and  may  be  identical  with  prec.,  but 
the  history  is  not  clear.  Cf,  RANCH-SIEVE  and  RENGE  sb? 
(the  earlier  form).] 

A  kind  of  sieve  or  strainer,     f  Also  range-sieve. 

1545  ELYOT,  Sisactkea,  a  rayeng  [sic]  sieue.  1615  MARK- 
HAM  Eng.  Housevj.  (1660)  187  You  shall  have  Boulters, 
Searses,  Ranges,  and  Meal-sives  of  all  sorts,  both  fine  and 
coorse.  1616  SURFL.  &  MARKH.  Country  Farme  v.  xvii.  549 
If  it  be  sifted  and  cleansed  through  a  fine  raunge,  scarce, 
or  boulter.  1886  ELWORTHY  W.  Som.  \Vord-bk.,  Range t  a 
sieve  used  for  straining  liquids  and  not  for  sifting  dry 
matter.  In  cider  making,  the  juice  is  strained  through  a 
range ;  so  in  cheese  making. 

t  Range,  sb$  Obs.  rare.  Also  8  rainge. 
[?  Nasalized  var.  of  RACHE  sb?]  =  RACE  sb£ 

1685  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2079/4  A  large  well  quartered  Chesnut 
Coloured  Mare,  with  . .  a  range  down  her  face.  1723  Ibid. 
No.  6197/3  A  brown  Bay  Mare  . .  having  a  Star  and  Range 
in  her  Forehead. 

Range  (r^'nd^),  zv1  Forms:  4-5  Sc*  raxing, 
(9  dial.}  rawnge,  5-7  raunge;  4-7  raynge,  7 
rainge;  6  randge,  4-  range,  [a,  F.  ranger 
(lath  c.),  f.  rang  var.  ranc  RANK  sb.  See  also 
RENGE  z/.] 

I.  trans.  1.  To  place,  set,  or  station  (persons, 
rarely  animals)  in  a  row,  line,  or  rank ;  to  draw 
up,  arrange  (an  army,  etc.)  in  ranks.  Chiefly  pass. 
and  reft. 

1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  xi.  431  Thai  stude  than  rangit  all  on 
raw.  Ibid.  xvn.  348  Quhen  thai  saw  [That]  incite  raynge 
lhame  swa  on  raw.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  5678  The  Troiens 
..  Bowet  euyn  to  ^e  banke-.Out  of  rule  or  ar.iy  raungit 
on  lenght.  c  1450  HOLLAND  Howlat-2$^  Quhen  thai  [birds] 
war  rangit  on  rawis.  1523  LD.  BERNEKS  Froiss.  I.  xviiL  24 
The  Englishe  oste  dislodged,,  .and  raynged  theyr  battelles. 
1598  FLORIO  Ep.  Ded.  5  An  armie  ranged  in  files  is  fitter 
for  muster  then  in  a  ring.  1671  tr.  Frejus  Voy.  Mauritania 
57  Yet.  .would  they  not  be  perswaded  to  range  themselves 
and  make  us  way.  1717  LADY  M.  W,  MONTAGU  Let.  fo 
C'tess  Mar  18  Apr.,  Her  she-slaves,  finely  dressed,  were 
ranged  on  each  side.  1842  MACAU  LAY  Horatius  xii,  All  the 
Etruscan  armies  Were  ranged  beneath  his  eye.  1877  A.  I!. 
EDWARDS  Up  Nile  xi.  292  A  double  file  of  men.. ranged 
themselves  along  the  ropes. 

b.  To  place  (a  person  or  persons)  in  a  specified 
position,  situation,  or  company.  Const,  with 
preps,  and  prep,  phrases,  as  against y  among,  around, 
on  the  side  of,  under,  "with.  Chiefly  in  pass,  and 
refl.,  and  commonly  _/?£•. 

1598  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man  in  Hum.  in.  i,  The  most  fatal 
and  dangerous  exploit  that  euer  I  was  rang'd  in,  since  I  first 
bore  Arms.  1711  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  55  f  4  The  Father  of 
a  Family  would  often  range  himself  under  the  Banners  of 
Avarice,  and  the  Son  under  those  of  Luxury.  1796  BURKE 
Let.  Noble  Lord  Wks.  1826  VI II.  8  To  range  myself  on  the 
side  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford.  1818  JAS.  MiLL/?r/V.  India  II. 
v.  ii.  358  A  similar  contention . .  ranged  one  of  the  rivals  on  the 
side  of  Ragoba.  1874  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  (1897)  I.  x.  318 
The  Norman  baronage.. ranging  themselves  with  the  king 
or  against  him. 

t  c.  To  reduce  or  bring  under  obedience,  or  to 
something.  Obs. 

Renderings  of  F.  ranger  sous  (fobtissance),  and  ranger 
a  (la  raison,  etc.). 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I. 169  Hauing . .  subdued  Africke,  and 
raunged  it  vnder  the  obedience  of  Rome.  1608  D.  T,  Ess. 
Pol.  <$•  Mor.  75  He.  .tells  Fortune  shee  did  well  to  range  him 
to  the  gowne,  and  to  the  studie  of  Philosophic.  1622  BACON 
Hen.  VII  55  If  it  be  no  more  but  to  range  his  subjects  to 
reason.  1659  B.  HARRIS  ParivaCs  Iron  Age  9  Duke  Charles 
. .  ranged  the  Finlanders.  .under  obedience  to  himself. 

2.  To  set  or  dispose  (things)  in  a  line  or  lines; 
hence,  to  arrange,  put  in  order.  Also  as  in  i  b. 

a  1400  Pistill  of  Susan  112  The  rewe,  \>e  rubarbe,  rawnged 
fulle  ryghte  In  rees.  1594  PLAT  Jewell-ho.  i.  19  Those  they 
couch  and  range  in  the  earth.  1628  HUBBES  Thucyd.  (1822) 
106  The  quiet  life  can  never  be  preserved  if  it  be  not  ranged 
with  the  active  life.  1658  EVELYN  Fr.  Card.  (1675)  163 
You  may  range  the  first  at  the  very  edg  of  the  trench.  1711 
ADDISON  Sfect.  No.  37  Pi  Her  Books,  .were  ranged  together 
in  a  very  beautiful  Order.  1816  BENTHAM  Chre&tom.  25  The 
component  particles  of  water,  .have  to  range  themselves  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  form  a  surface.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i. 
ii.  16  All  the  images  will  be  ranged  upon  the  circumference. 
b.  To  set  or  lay  out  (a  line  or  curve). 

1712  T.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's  Gardening  100  Fix  a  line 
upon  the  Stake  F,  and.. range  it  by  the  Stakes  F  and  D. 
1847  BRODIF,  (title)  Rules  for  ranging  railway  curves  with 
the  theodolite. 


c.  To  make  straight,  even,  or  level, 

1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  690  The  little  facet  thus 
exposed  by  the  process  of  topping  or  ranging  the  teeth. 
1888  JACOBI  Printers'*  Vocab.,  Range  matter,  to  make  lines 
in  composing  range  equally  at  either  or  both  ends  of  the 
stick. 

d.  Naut.  To  lay  out  (a  cable)  so  that  the  anchor 
may  descend  without  check. 

1833  MARRYAT  P.  Simple  xv.  (1873)  103  Which  cable  was 
ranged  last  night.  1882  NARES  Seamanship  (ed.  6)  157  Too 
much  chain  should  not  be  ranged.  1886  J.  M.  CAULFEILD 
Seamanship  Notes  4  If  chain  lockers  are  forward,  do  not 
range  cables. 

e.  To  provide  with  a  row  or  rows  of  something. 
1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  fy  It.  Note-bks.  II.  259  The  upper 

one  of  these  floors.,  is  ranged  round  with  the  beds. 

3.  To  place  (persons  or  things)  in  a  certain  class 
or  category;   to  divide  into  classes;  to  classify, 
arrange,  etc. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  vn.  xlv.  179  The  late  Emperour 
Augustus,  whome  all  the  world  raungeth  in  this  ranke  of 
men  fortunate.  1662  GERBIER  Principles  4  Those  who  have 
Marshald  the  Orders  of  Colombs..have  Ranged  theToscan 
to  be  the  Supporter  of  a  Building.  1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury 
ii.  131/2  All  four-footed  Creatures  are  Ranged  into  two 
sorts.  1730  A.  GORDON  Maffeis  Amphith.  240  Divinities  to 
be  ranged  in  the  same  Rank.  1762  MILLS  Pract.  Huso.  I. 
16  The  subdivisions  of  different  soils  . .  may  . .  be  ranged 
under  two  general  heads.  1805  WORDSW.  Prelude  ii.  223 
To  range  the  faculties  In  scale  and  order. 

4,  reft.  (ad.  F.  se  ranger?)    To  adopt  a  more 
regular  mode  of  life. 

1855  THACKERAY  Newcomes  xxviii,  You  tell  me  to  marry 
and  range  myself.  1880  MRS.  LYNN  LINTON  Rebel  of  Family 
III.  vii.  144  He  had  no  intention  of  marrying  and  ranging 
himself  just  yet. 

H.  intr.  5.  Of  things,  esp.  buildings  or  their 
parts,  or  large  natural  objects :  To  stretch  out  or 
run  in  a  line,  to  extend. 

1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  in.  i.  206.  1613-39  I.  JONES  in  Leoni 
Palladia's  Archit.  (1742)  II.  43  A  Wall  ranges  along  the 
Cell  to  bear  up  the  Roof.  Ibid,t  This  Cornice  only  ranges 
along  the  Cell.  1703  Providence  Rec.  (1894)  V.  95  From  the 
said  black  oake  tree  to  Range  away  northeastward  to  a 
stake.  1770  Easington  Incl.  Act  7  Such  parcel  of  land 
adjoining  to  the  sea  and  ranging  along  the  same.  1862 
ANSTED  Channel  Isl.  i.  iv.  (ed.  2)  61  A  formidable  group  of 
rocks  and  islands,  ranging  north-east  and  south-west. 

b.  To  extend  or  lie  in  the  same  line  or  plane 
(with) ;  esp.  in  Printing,  of  type,  lines,  or  pages. 

1599  SHAKS.  Muck  Ado  11.  ii.  7  Whatsoeuer  comes  athwart 
his  affection,  ranges  euenly  with  mine.  1664  E.  BUSHNELL 
Compl.  Shipwright  20  That  the  backside  of  the  upper  end 
may  randge  faire.  1712  J.  JAMES  tr.  L,e Blond1  s  Gardening 
84  If  one  Stick  stand  half  a  Foot  higher  than  another. .it 
matters  not,  so  they  range  directly.  1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist. 
Printing- y)i  So  that  they  may  not  range  against  each  other. 
1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  vi,  I  have  a  copy  at  home  that  stands 
next  my  twelvemo  copy  of  the  Scots  Acts,  and  ranges  on  the 
shelf  with  them  very  well.  1883  Academy  20  Jan.  40/3 
Many  of  the  sonnets  on  opposite  pages  have  not  been  made 
to  '  range '. 

6.  To  take  up  or  occupy  a  place  or  position. 
Const,  as  in  i  b.  Also,  of  a  number  of  persons : 
To  draw  up  in  rank  or  order,  (rare.) 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  fVt  i.  iii.  169  The  Predicament  Wherein 
you  range  vnder  this  subtill  King.  1613  —  Hen.  fill,  n. 
iii.  20  Tis  better  to  be  lowly  borne,  And  range  with  humble 
liuers  in  Content.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  i.  687  The 
neighb'ring  Cities  range  on  sev'ral  sides.  1774  REYNOLDS 
Disc.  vi.  (1876)  401  He  would.. have  ranged  with  the  great 
pillars  and  supporters  of  our  Art.  1832  TENNYSON  (Enone  79 
When  all  the  full-faced  presence  of  the  Gods  Ranged  in  the 
halls  of  Peleus.  1841  R.  OASTLER  Fleet  Papers  I.  iv.  29 
That  would  range  under  the  head  of '  news '.  1832  THACKERAY 
Esmond  I.  xii,  In  the  unhappy  matrimonial  differences.. 
Mistress  Beatrix  ranged  with  her  father. 
"b.  Naut.  of  ships. 

1709  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4521/2  The  Comodpre.  .came  ranging 
along  our  Larboard-side.  1797  NELSON  in  A.  Duncan  Life 
(1806)  41  The  Excellent  ranged  up  within  two  feet  of  the 
San  Nicholas.  1855  MOTLEY  Dutch  Rep.  i.  ii.  (1866)  102 
Ten  English  vessels  . .  ranging  up  . .  as  close  to  the  shore  as 
was  possible,  opened  their  fire. 

III.  intr.  7.  To  move  hither  and  thither  over 
a  comparatively  large  area ;  to  rove,  roam,  wander, 
stray.  Const,  with  various  advbs.  and  preps,  (see 
quots.),  and  sometimes  including  the  idea  of  search 
ing  {for  something). 

a.  of  persons  (also  ATatit.~  To  cruise,  sail  about), 
animals  (esp.  of  hunting  dogs  searching  for  game), 
and  material  objects. 

1547  BOORDE  Introd.  KnowL  170  Out  of  my  countre  I  do 
syldome  randge.  1591  SPENSER  M.  Ifubberd  630  Brave 
beasts.  .In  the  wilde  forrest  raunging  fresh  and  free.  1618 
LATHAM  2nd Bk.  Falconry  142  She.. attends  the  Falconer 
and  his  Spaniels  as  they  range.  1628  DIGDY  Voy.  Medit. 
(1868)  85  The  Dunkerkers  ranged  much  and  m  great 
fleetes  about  our  channel).  1666  BAXTER  Call  to  Un 
converted  213  Its  easie  to  catch  such  greedy  fish  that  are 
ranging  for  a  bait.  1727  DE  FOE  Hist.  Appar.  iv.  (1840)  29 
That  all  the  planets  should  seem  to  be  made  for  nothing 
but  to  range  about  the  waste.  1772-84  COOK  Voy.  (179°)  v- 
1699  We  bore  away  to  leeward,  and  ranged  along  the  S.  E. 
side  of  the  coast.  1838  THIRLWALL  Greece  xlii.  V.  219  It  was 
his  habit  in  summer  to  range  over  the  Thracian  woodlands. 
1866  ROGERS  Agric.  $  Prices  I.  xxi.  525  The  custom  of 
allowing  sheep  to  range  prevailed.  1875  'PATHFINDER* 
Breaking  %  Training  Dogs  118  The  dog  should  range  no 
nearer  than  five,  .yards  from  the  gun. 

fig'  'S**1  NORTON  Calvin  s  Inst.  m.  246  Hipocrites.  .that 
wildly  range  with  licentiousnesse  of  sinnyng.  1581  J.  BEI.L 
Haddotts  Answ.  Osor.  67  b,  To  raunge  in  the  bookes  of 


RANGE. 

Philosophic.      1751   JOHNSON   Rambler   No.   153   p  10    By 
ranging  through  all  the  diversities  of  life.     1885  TENNYSON 
Locksley  Hall  60  Yrs.  After  217  While  we  range  with 
Science,  glorying  in  the  time. 
b.  of  immaterial  things. 

1574  tr.  Marlorat's  Apocalips  50  Whose  heresie  began  . . 
to  raunge  through  the  Churches  of  Asia,  1581  J.  BELL 
H  addon?  s  An$*w.  Osor.  28  There  raunged  at  that  tyme 
a  certeine  outragious  burnyng  feaver.  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
ix.  134  That  destruction  wide  may  range.  1781  COVVPER 
Com'.  438  The  Mind  ..  Should  range  where  Providence  has 
blessed  the  soil.  1814  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  iv.  xxviii,  How 
would  his  busy  satire  range.  1880  GOLDWIN  SMITH  in 
Atlant.  Monthly  No.  268.  208  You  will  hardly  restrain  our 
thoughts  from  ranging  beyond  an  earthly  abode, 

C.  of  the  eye :  To  '  move '  from  one  object  of 
sight  to  another;  to  reach  in  this  way. 

1622  J.  REYNOLDS  God's  Revenge  i.  8  Shee  . .  checks  her 
eyes  from  ranging  beyond  the  lists  of  modestie  and  dis 
cretion.  1721  RAMSAY  Morning  Interview  93  Her  unfix 'd 
eyes  with  various  turnings  range.  1857  LIVINGSTONE  Trav. 
xxvii.  548  Landscapes  which  permit  the  eye  to  range  over 
twenty  or  thirty  miles.  1872  JENKINSON  Guide  Eng.  Lakes 
(1870)  351  As  far  as  the  eye  can  range. 

ci.  Gunnery.  Of  projectiles :  To  traverse,  go 
(a  specified  distance). 

1644  NYE  Gunnery  (1670)  34  By  noting  how  many  paces 
a  shot  rangeth.  1798  HUTTON  Course  Matk.  (1828)  II.  208 
Some  of  those  which  in  the  air  range  only  between  2  and  3 
miles.  1846  GREENER  Sc.  Gunnery  324  Projectiles  are  made 
heavy  under  the  impression  they  will  range  further. 
e.  To  make  search.  Now  Sc. 
1551  T.  WILSON  Logike  (1580)  60*  Whensoeuer  he  shall 
seeke  out  the  trutbe  of  any  cause,  by  diligent  searche,  and 
raungyng  in  these  corners.  17. .  RAMSAY  Twa  Cut-Purses 
24  The  ferly  quickly  chang'd,  When  throw  their  empty  fobs 
they  rang'd. 

8.  To  change  from  one  attachment  to  another; 
to  be  inconstant. 

<  1596  SHAKS.  Tarn.  Shr.  m.  i.  91  If  once  I  finde  thee  rang 
ing,  Hortensio  will  be  quit  with  thee  by  changing.     1706 


remember,  I've  loved  a  great  number. 

9.  Bot.  and  Zool.  Of  plants  and  animals :    To 
extend  (i.  e.  to  occur,  be  found)  over  a  certain  area 
or  throughout  a  certain  period  of  time. 

1859  DARWIN  Orig.  Spec.  xiii.  (1873)  359  The  lower  any 
Rroup  of  organisms  stands,  the  more  widely  it  ranges.     1886 
PRESTWICK  Geol.  I.  67  The  Entomostraca  range  from  the 
Lower  Cambrian  up  to  the  present  day.     1895  C.  DIXON     I 
Migrat.  Brit.  Birds  ii.  31  We  find . .  Ethiopian  types  ranging     i 
right  up  the  Nile  valley  to  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean. 

10.  To  vary  within  certain   limits ;   to  form  a 
varying  set  or  series. 

1835  SIR  J.  Ross  Narr.  znd  Voy.  v.  71  Ranging  between 
two  and  twelve.     1857  LIVINGSTONE  Trav.  xxiv.  484  The 
thermometer  early  in  the  mornings  ranged  from  42°  to  52°.     , 
1876  Nature  XIV.  22/2  Of  Prime  Movers  alone  there  are  66     I 
groups,  ranging  through  many  forms  from  a  collection  of 
the  Original  Models  of  Steam  Engines  . .  ,  downwards. 

TV.  trans.  11.  To  traverse,  to  go  over  or  through    ' 
(a  place  or  area)  in  all  directions.     (Sometimes 
including  the  idea  of  searching  or  examining.) 

1533  FRITH  Another  Bk.agst.  Rastcll  B  iij,  In  the  seconde     : 
chaptre,   he  rangethe  the  felde,  and  sercheth  out . .  what    \ 
worde  I  haue  spoken,    1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  fy  Commw.     ' 
(1603)  3  The  French  did  raunge  Italy  at  their  pleasure  under    ; 
Charles  the  eight.     1715  POPE  Iliad  n,  62  The  king  de- 
spatch'd  his  heralds  with  commands  To  range  the  camp. 
1781  CoWTBuCfcsrf/T^oi  To  traverse  seas,  range  kingdoms.     | 
1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  Concl.  96  Out  we  pass  To  range 
the  woods,  to  roam  the  park. 

transf.  c  1572  GASCOIGNE  Fruites  Warrc  Poems(i83i)  211 
Warre  seemes  sweete  to  such  as  raunge  it  not. 

b.  Naut.  To  sail  along  or  about  (a  country,  the 
coast,  etc,). 

1603  R.  SALTERNE  in  Capt.  Smith's  Wks.  (1819)  I.  108  As 
they  ranged  the  coast ..  they  were  kindly  vsed  by  the 
Natiues.  1624  CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  i.  i  John  and  Sebas 
tian  [Cabot] . .  ranged  a  great  part  of  this  vnknowne  world. 
1748  Anson's  Voy.  HI.  v.  342  These  vessels  ..  are  fitted  for 
ranging  this  collection  of  Islands  called  the  Ladrones.  1834 
BANCROFT  Hist.  U.  S.  I.  i.  10  Caspar  Costereal  ranged  the 
coast  for  . .  six  or  seven  hundred  miles. 

12.  a.  To  pasture  (cattle)  on  a  range. 

1857  OLMSTED  yourn.  Texas  184  They  ranged  their  cattle 
over  as  much  of  the  adjoining  prairie  as.  they  chose. 

b.  To  place  (a  telescope)  in  position. 

1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  I.  xxvii.  213  Ranging  the  telescope 
along  the  line  of  pickets,  I  saw  them  all  standing. 

c.  To  throw  (a  projectile)  a  specified  distance. 

1858  GREENER  Gunnery  53  They  say  It  ranges  the  pro 
jectile  double  the  distance. 

d.  absol.  To  give  a  gun  a  certain  range. 

1892  Black  fy  White  12  Mar.  342/1  The  guns  were  all  laid 
for  the  leading  line,  there  was  no  question  of  ranging  at  all. 

f  13.  Of  a  cannon :  To  throw  (a  bullet  of  a 
specified  weight).  Obs.~~l 

1643  *">  Jos.  Lister's  Autob.  (1842)  68  Their  ordnance  .. 
played  upon  us,  one  of  them  ranged  an  S  pound  bullet. 

14.  To  cut  (glass)  into  strips. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  636  Ranging  of 
glass  is  the  cutting  it  in  breadths  as  the  work  may  require, 
and  is  best  done  by  one  uninterrupted  cut  from  one  end  to 
the  other. 

Range,:.-  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [Of  doubtful  origin; 
of.  RANGE  sb.^\  trans.  To  sift  (meal). 

*538  ELYOT,  Acerosus  panist  browne  bredde  not  ranged. 
Ibid.,  Certmret  to  syfte  or  range  floure  of  corne.  1623 
COCKERAM,  SuccerttatCi  To  bolt  or  range  meale.  1891-2  in 
Eng.  Dial.  Viet.  (Devonshire). 


141 

fig.  1694  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  v.  xxi.  94  She  used  to  sift, 
searse,  boult,  range,  and  pass  away  time  with  a  , .  Sieve. 

Range,  dial.  var.  RINSE  v.t  obs.  pa.  t.  RING. 

||  Range,  a.  Her.  [F.,  pa.  pple.  of  ranger 
RANGE  z/.i]  (See  qnot.) 

_  1780  EIXMONDSON  Compl.  Body  Her,  II.  Gloss.,  Range  [sic] 
is  a  French  term  signifying  many  mullets,  or  other  charges, 
placed  in  bend,  saltire,  fesse,  cross  etc. 

Ranged  (r^nd^d),  ppL  al     [f.  RANGE  z*.1  + 

-ED  l.]  Set  in  line,  ranked.  ^A  ranged  battle  :  a 
pitched  battle. 

X53O  PALSGR.  678/2  It  is  a  goodly  thyng  to  se  a  ranged 
batayle.  1609  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  VIM.  xvi,  The  ranged 
horse  breake  out.  1680  G.  HICKES  Spirit  of  Popery  n  That 
Army  of  Saints,  which  fought  the  Kings  Forces  on  Pent- 
land-hills  in  a  ranged  Battel  1666. 

t  Ranged, ///.«.-  Obs.  [f.  RANGED.-]  Sifted; 
made  of  sifted  ilour. 

1338  ELYOT,  Panis  secundarins,  raunged  bread,  or  chete 
breadde,  or  crybell  breade.  1559  Will  of  P.  Kedweliyt 
(Somerset  Ho.),  To  be  made  in  penye  Ranged  breade.  1598 
FI.ORIO,  Pane  di  cerititat.  .choise  bread,  ranged  bread. 

Ra-ngeful.    [f.  RANGE  sb?\    The  fill  of  a  range. 

1616  Trai>.  Eng.  Pilg.  in  Hart.  Misc.  (Malh.)  III.  324 
Some  two  hundred  persons  art:  owners  of  one  rangeful  [of 
eggs  placed  in  furnaces  for  hatching}. 

Ra'ngeless,  a.  rare.  [f.  RANGE  sb.^  +  -LESS.] 
That  has  no  range  or  limit. 

1838  S.  BELLAMY  Betrayal  166  A  fornix  vast,  that  range- 
less  from  the  eye  Ran  wildering. 


better  rangementfor  them,  a  1740  WATERLAND  IY%S.  (1823) 
IV.  468  General  abstract  ideas,  .formed  by  the  mind  for  the 
better  . .  rangement,  and  adjustment  of  our  other  ideas. 

fRa-ngen,  Obs.  rare~".     (See  quot.) 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  n.  182/1  The  Kernells  . .  are 
little  bunches  rising  in  the  throat,  and  unto  this  Disease 
belongs  another  called  the  Rangen  . .  it  is  a  swelling  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  chap  of  the  swins  mouth. 

Ranger1  (r^'ncl^ai).  Also  5-7  raunger,  (5 
-ier),  7  randg-,  rainger.  [f.  RANGE  P.1  +  -XB1.J 
One  who  or  that  which  ranges,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1.  A  rover,  wanderer ;  t  a  rake. 

1593  BRETON  in  P/ucnix  Nest  (Grosart)  1. 6/1  The  Rookes, 
no  raungers  out  of  raie  The  Pawnes,  the  pages  [etc.]. 
1599  Broughton's  Let.  v.  17  Accusing  his  father  ..  for  an 
whpremaster  and .  .a  raunger.  1636  HEYWOOD  Love's  Mistr, 
Epil.  Wks.  1874  V.  88  Mercury  shall  flie..Upon  your 
errands,  prove  your  happy  ranger,  a  1711  KEN  Hymnariutn 
Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  119  The  Rangers  in  the  wild  just  God 
design'd  [etc.].  1818  KEATS  Endym.  iv.  274  I've  been  a 
ranger  In  search  of  pleasure  throughout  every  clime.  1865 
NEALE  Hymns  farad.  28  On  this  sea  my  bark,  poor  ranger, 
Is  from  pirates  sore  in  danger. 
b.  Applied  spec,  to  certain  animals  (seequots.). 

1686  R.  BKO.ME  Gcntl.  Recreation  n.  33/1  Four  or  five 
Couple  of  Spaniels  that  are  good  Rangers.  1832  WEBSTER, 
Ranger,  a  dog  that  beats  the  ground.  1835  F.  MARRYAT 
Mountains  $  Molehills  xi,  I  had  two  horses ;  one  was  an 
old  grey  'Texian  Ranger'.  1867  F.  FRANCIS  Angling  x. 
(1880)  343  Following  up  the  military  lead,  we  come  to  the 
Rangers  [a  kind  of  salmon-flies].  1884  GOODE  Nat.  Hist. 
Aquatic  A  nint.  58  The  Harbor  Seal.  Phoca  vitulina. 
The  young  are  there  [Newfoundland]  also  called  '  Rangers  '. 
1887  .V.  <y  Q.  yth  Ser.  IV.  278  The  Sp.  bt-sitgo,  a  kind  of 
sea-bream,  is  called  in  English  ranger.  1890  H.  H.  Dogs 
for  Gun  in.  iii,  103,  I  took  him  (a  pointer]  out  with  five 
nigh  rangers  in  a  200  acre  field. 

attrib.  1895  Outing  (U.S.)  XXVII.  214/2  We  . .  secured 
a  fine  young  ranger  seal. 

C.  A  wave  of  unusual  height  and  force. 

1891  Pall  Mall  G.  31  Aug.  4/3  The  character  of  the  great 
wave  is  a  mystery.  . .  The  sailors  declared  that  it  was  a  not 
unfamiliar  phenomenon,  and  called  it  'a  ranger'. 

2.  A  forest  officer,  a   gamekeeper.     Now  only 
arch.,  and  as  the  official  title  of  the  keepers  of 
the  royal  parks. 

1455  Rolls  of  Par  It.  V.  318/1  Almaner  and  singuler  Offices 
of  Foresters  and  Raungers  of  oure  said  Forestes.  1579 
SPENSER  Sheph.  Cal.  Sept.  159  [Wolves]  walk  not  widely,  as 
they  were  woont,  For  fear  of  raungers,  and  the  great  hoont. 
1632  High  Commission  Cases  (Camden)  288  The  lopps  and 
topps  were  all  worth  but  46*,  and  he  agreed  with  the 
Ranger  of  the  Forrest  for  them.  1697  DRYDEN  &neid  vn. 
486  Tyrrheus  chief  ranger  to  the  Latian  King.  1788  H. 
WALPOLE  Reminisc.  131  We  afterwards  recollected  that  lord 
Bute  was  ranger  of  the  park.  1813  SCOTT  Rokcby  m.  iv, 
He  heard  the  rangers'  loud  halloo,  Beating  each  cover  . .  As 
if  to  start  the  sylvan  game.  1893  Whitaker''s  Almanack 
169/2  St.  James's,  Green,  and  Hyde  Parks — Ranger,  H.R.H. 
the  Duke  of  Cambridge. 

3-  //.  A  body  of  mounted  troops,  or  other  armed 
men,  employed  in  ranging  over  a  tract  of  country. 

Chiefly  U.S. ',  in  the  British  Army  the  title  is  given  to  one 
regular  regiment,  the  Connaught  Rangers. 

1742  State  Prov.  Georgia  (1897)  15  For  the  defense  of  the 
colony  now,  it  is  necessary  to  have  . .  rangers  who  can  ride 
the  woods.  1796  STEUMAN  Surinam  I.  iv.  81  The  rangers 
in  Virginia,  who  were  sent  out  against  the  Cherokee  Indians, 
1835  W.  IRVING  Tour  on  Prairies  ii.  in  Crayon  Misc.  (1863) 
22  We  learnt  that  a  company  of  mounted  rangers,  or  rifle 
men,  had  departed  but  three  days  previous.  i88a  DE 
WINDT  Equator  34  The  '  Sarawak  Rangers ' . .  are  recruited 
from  Malays  and  IJyaks. 

4.  One  who  sets  in  order,  rare  —1. 

1611  BIBLE  i  Chron.  xii.  33  marg.,  Rangers  of  battell. 


RANGY. 

Rangerine  (ra-nd^ersin),  a.  Zool.  [f.  F.  ranger 
(-gier)  reindeer  +  -JNE.]  Resembling  the  reindeer. 

1832  J.  E.  GRAY  Catal.  Mamm.  Brit.  Mus.  III.  185  The 
Rangerine  Deer  have  a  large,  basal  anterior  snag  to  the 
horns,  close  to  the  crown  or  bur,  and  no  muffle. 


., 

tRa/nger-.    Obs.     [f.  RANGE  z;.2]     A  sieve. 

1485  in  Kitchin  Rolls  St.  SwitAin's  383,  j  Ranger.  1498 
//W.  387  In  j  Fync  Ranger  empto,  xd.  In  iiij  Coins  K  angers 
emptis,  xviij  d.  1601  HOI.LANIJ  Pliny  II.  100  Rushes  so  big, 
that  they  will  serue  to  make  sieues,  rangers,  and  vans. 


Rangership  (r^-nd^afip).  [f.  RANGER  i  -t- 
-SHIP.]  The  office  of  ranger  of  a  forest  or  park. 

1464  Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  533/2  The  Office  of  the  Raunger- 
ship  of  the  Chace  of  our  said  Castell.  1697  LUTTRELI.  Brief 
Ret.  (1857)  IV.  216  Lord  Dursley  .  .  quitted  the  same  for  a 
rangership  of  a  forest  which  the  duke  of  Buauford  had.  1788 
H.  WALPOLE  Reminisc.  i.  12  Queen  Anne  had  bestowed  the 
rangership  of  Richmond  New  Park  on  her  relations  the 
Hydes.  a  1859  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xxv.  V.  274  Garters, 
gold  keys,  white  staves,  rangersliips,  .  .  were  now  intercepted 
by  aliens. 

Rangh,  obs.  form  of  RANGE  $bl 

Rangi-ferine,  a.  Zool.  [f.  med.L.  rangifer($. 
rangifere)  reindeer  +  -INK.]  Rangerine;  belonging 
to  the  genus  l\angiftr,  which  includes  the  reindeer. 
(In  recent  Diets.) 

Ranging*  (r^-nd^irj),  vbl.  sb.     [f.  RANGE  vV\ 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.     a.   in  transitive  senses. 
1622  MARKHAM  Decades  Wtir  iv.  ix,  155  These  Corporals 

haue  the  raunging  of  Battels.  1710  ADUISON  ll'/u'g  Exam. 
No.  4  When  au  author,  .imposes  upon  us  by  the  sound  and 
ranging  of  his  words.  1846  TRENCH  Mirac.  xviii.  (1862)  313 
A  ranging  of  men  in  their  true  ranks. 

b.  in  intransitive  senses. 

c  1610  Women  Saints  38  After  many  perills  and  long 
ranging  .  .  they  arruied  at  Colen.  1651  HOUJJKS  Leviath.  i. 
iii.  9  This  wild  ranging  of  the  mind.  1719  D'UKFEY  Pills 
(1872)  VI.  44  Cupid  it  is  my  Name,  I  livu  by  ranging.  1862 
Catal.  Internal.  Exhib.  II.  xxviii.  123  Their  inequality  of 
M*C  and  consequent  irregularity  of  ranging.  1890  H.  H. 
Dogs  for  Gun  in.  i.  80,  I  have  seen  four  months'  old  pups 
go  in  for  ranging. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  ranging  company,  prang 
ing  wise  ;  ranging  -lath,  a  lath  employed  to  guide 
the  tool  in  cutting  glass;   rangiug-liiae,  -pole, 
-rod,  -stick,  a  line,  pole,  etc.  used  in  surveying  or 
measuring,  for  setting  out  straight  lines;  ranging- 
timber  (?) 

1779  L.  McIxrosH  in  Sparks  Corr.  Amcr.  Rci'.  (18531  II. 
285,  I  ..authorized  the  Lieutenants  to  rai:-e  a  *ranging 
company.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Opcrat.  Mechanic  636  The 
"ranging  lath  must  be  long  enough  to  extend  rather  beyond 
the  boundary  of  the  table  of  glass.  1712  J.  JAMLS  tr.  Le 
Blond's  Gardening  82  The  Legs  and  *Ranging-sticks  are 
tied  up  together  in  a  Bundle.  1796  MORSE  Amer.  Gwg,  I. 
304  Ship  timber,  ^ranging  timber,  plank,  deals.  1563-87 
FOXE  A.  fy  M.  (1596)  92/2  Neither  yet  in  *rangin^  wist; 
wander  the  starres  to  what  place  of  the  world  they  list. 

Ranging  (r^-nd^irj),  ///.  a.  ff.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  -.]  That  ranges,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1559  .ilirr.  Mag.t  DA:  Clarence  xxix,  A  raynles  ranging 
horse.  1560  A.  L.tr.Catvtti's  f  oure  Ser  nt.Songe  Ezcc/t.  \\.6-z 
Though  we  haue  many  ranging  woordes  in  our  prnycr.  1655 
Siu  E.  NICHOLAS  in  JV.  Papers  (Camden}  Ii.  337  Only  tit 
for  one  of  .  .  his  ranging  spanielLs  to  finde  where  the  game 
lyes.  1700  PRIOR  Carm.  Sec.  xvii,  She  thro'  the  ranging 
Ocean  now  Views  him  advancing  his  auspicious  Prow.  1887 
KOWEN  I'irg.  &tuid  vi.  161  Many  the  troubled  thoughts 
that  in  ranging  talk  they  pursue. 

t  Ra*nging  sieve.  Obs.  rare.    —  RANGE  sb* 

1548  KI.YOT,  Sisacthea,  a  rangeyng  sieue.  1601  HOLLAND 
Pliny  vin.  xliv.  224  That  no  corne-rnaisters  ..  should  beat 
this  Mule  away  from  their  raunging  sives. 

Ra'llgle,  sb.  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  Small 
stones  or  gravel  given  to  hawks,  usually  to  improve 
their  digestion. 

1678  in  PHILLIFS  (ed.  4).  1852  R.  F.  BURTON  Falconry 
Valley  Indus  vii.  75  The  Bazdar  gives  his  falcons  bits  of 
rangle  the  size  of  a  pea  in  order  to  prevent  their  laying  eggs. 

t  Ra'llgle,  v.  Obs.  [Of  obscure  origin  ;  cf. 
RAMBLE.  Mod.  S.  W.  dial,  has  rangle  to  twine, 
of  climbing  plants.]  intr.  To  rove,  wander,  stray. 

1567  TUKBF.RV.  Epit.  etc.  15  Such  as  ..  neuer  rangle  farre 
abroade  against  the  keepers  will.  1575  —  Fanlconrie  23 
These  Eagles  .  .  doe  roue  and  rangle  abroade.  1591  HAR 
RINGTON  Arioso  xix.  Ivi,  They  scaped  best  that  here  and 
thither  rangled. 

Hence  f  Ra'ngler,  a  rover  ;  f  Haggling-  vbl.  sb. 

1575  TUKBERV.  Faulconrie  9  No  inwarde  Eagle  but  a 
fugitive  and  a  rangier.  1594  WiLLOBiE^7'W<i(  1880)  138  The 
rangling  rage  that  held  from  home  Vlisses  all  too  long. 

Rangle,  obs.  form  of  \YRANGLE. 
tRa-ngy,j£.   Obs.  rare-1.    =  RANGE  sb*  13  c, 

1657  C.  BECK  Univ.  Charac.  Kiij,  A  rangy  or  beam  be 
tween  horses  in  a  Coach. 

Rangy  (r^-nd^i),^  Chiefly  V.S.  [f.  RANGED. 
or  v.  +  -v.] 

1.  Of  animals  :    a.  Adapted  for  or  capable  of 
ranging;  having  a  shape  indicative  of  this. 

1891  Harper's  Slag.  Aug.  365/2  The  former  trots  by  on  his 
rangy  thoroughbred.     1895  Century  ftlag.  Aug.  627/2  How 
the  dogs,  like  the   race-horse,  have  grown    lighter,   more 
rangy  in  form,  smaller,  solider  in  bone. 
b.   Of  a  long,  slender  form. 

1886  C.  SCOTT  Sheep-Farming  22  The  short  close  made 
ewe  is  not  .  .  as  prolific  a  breeder,  as  those  more  rangy  and 
of  greater  length. 

2.  Of  places:  Giving  scope  for  ranging  ;  spacious. 
1880  LAMER  Sunrise  79  in  Poems  (1892),  Breathe  it  free, 

By  rangy  marsh,  in  lone  sea-liberty. 

3.  Austral.   Mountainous. 

1880  SUTHERLAND  Tales  ofGoldJields  89  The  most  rangy 
and  [naccembk  regions  of  the  Colonies.  1890  '  R.  HOLDKU* 
WOOD'  Robbery  under  Anns  144  The  hills  on  the  south 
were  wild  and  rangy  enough, 


BANIFORM. 

Rani,  var.  RANEE. 

Raniform  (rj'-nif/jm),  a.  [f.  rani-  comb, 
form  of  L.  rana  frog  +  -FORM.]  Frog-shaped. 

1852  WYMAN  in  Smithsonian  Contrib.  Knowl.  V.  iv.  46 
Dissections  of  other  than  Raniform  Batrachians.  _  1875 
HUXLEY  in  Encycl.  Brit.  I.  751/2  No  rnniform  Labyrintho- 
(loins  have  yet  been  discovered. 

Raninal,  a.  rare-1.   =  RAKISE  i. 

1822-34  Goya's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  93  The  necessity  for 
deep  incisions  has  been  superseded  by  bleeding  from  the 
ranmal  veins. 

Raililie  (r^'-nsin),  a.  [ad.  mod.L.  raiiTnus, 
f.  rana  frog :  see  -INK.] 

1.  Anat.  Belonging  to  the  under  side  of  the  tip 
of  the  tongue  (the  part  liable  to  be  affected  by 
RANULA)  ;  in  Ranine  artery  (the  terminal  branch 
of  the  lingual  artery\  raninc  vein. 

Cf.  F.  veine  raninc  (Cotgr.),  artire  raninc  (Littre). 


142 

b.  pi.  The  body  of  private  soldiers  ;  the  rank 
and  file  (see  5  b).     Also  transf. 

1809  WELLINGTON  Let.  to  Keresford  25  June  in  Gurw. 
Desp.  (1837)  IV.  464  The  irregularity  of  Colonel  Blunt 
having  three  servants  from  the  ranks.  1858  TROLLOPE 


1 98  The  continuation  of  the  gustatory  nerve  to  the  tip  of  the 
tongue,  together  with  the  ranine  artery. 
2.  Pertaining  to  a  frog  ;  frog-like,  rare. 

1840  in  SMART. 

Raninian  (rani-man),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -IAN.]  a.  adj.  Pertaining  to  the  Raiiinid«,  an 
order  of  frog-crabs,  b.  sb.  One  of  the  Raninidx. 

1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  298/1  Raninians,  the  name  by 
which  M.  Milne  Edwards  designates  the  fourth  tribe  of  the 
family  Apienira. 

Ranite,  the  correct  form  of  RAVITE. 

Rani-vorous,  a.  [f.  rani-  (see  ranifonii}  + 
-VOKOUS.]  Frog-eating. 

1821  LATHAM  Gen.  Hist.  Birds  I.  181  Ranivorous  Falcon. 
1878  Eraser's.  Mag.  XVIII.  504  Frenchmen  ..were  not  the 
rauivorous  and  capering  creatures  they  supposed. 

Bank  (rank),  sl>.1  Also  6  Sc.  raink,  6-7  ranke, 
6-8  ranok,  (6-7  -e),  7  ranque.  [a.  obs.  F.  ranc 
(mod.  rang},  var.  renc,  usually  supposed  to  be 
a.  OIIG.  lirinf,  hring  RING.] 

1.  A  row,  line,  or  series  of  things. 

In  common  use  c  1580-1610,  esp.  with  ref.  to  teeth  and 
trees  ;  now  rare  in  general  sense,  but  used  spec,  of  cabs  or 
carriages,  and  techn.  of  organ-pipes. 

1570  LKYINS  Manip.  24/21  A  rank  of  things,  turlia,  catena. 
1576  FLEMING  Panopl,  Epist.  249  Such  a  rancke  and  rowe  of 
litigious  causes,  .hange  one  vppon  another,  as  linckes  in  a 
long  chaine.     1590  SI-ENSER  F.  Q.  I.   xi.  13   In  either  jaw 
Three  ranckes  of  yron  teeth  enraunged  were.     1600  SHAKS. 
A.  Y.  L.  n1.  iii.  80  The  ranke  of  O/iers  by  the  murmuring 
streame.     1693  EVELYN  Da  la  Quint.  Canipl.  Card.  II.  149 
A  Rank  of  Baskets,  .one  at  the  tail  of  the  other,  beginning 
the  Rank  or  Row  where  the  Bed  is  to  end.     1811  BUSBY 
Diet.  Mia.  s.v.  Stop,  Furniture  Stop  ..  comprising  two  or 
more  ranks  of  pipes.     1851  MAYHEW  Lond.  I.al:  III.  353 
[The]  small  masters,  .are  amongst  the  most  respectable  men 
of  the  ranks.     1881   EDWARDS  Organs  xxi.  153   The  most 
useful  mixture  for  a  small  organ  is  one^of  three  ranks.     1888 
JACOBI  Printers''  Vocab.  s.v.,  Composing  frames  are  gene 
rally  arranged  in  rows  or  ranks. 

•fb.  On  a  rank:  On  end,  continuously.    Obs. 
1574  HELLOWES  Giieuam's  Fam.  Ep.    (1577)   360  Hee 
went  to  fast  . .  xl.  dayes  and  xl.  nights  on  a  rancke. 

2.  A  row  or  line  of  persons.     Now  rare  (cf.  3). 

1571  GOLUISG  Calvin  on  Ps.  xlii.  5  David  ment  ranks: 
bycause  they  went.. in  orderly  rowes  when  they  came  to 
the  Tabernacle.     1597  HOOKER   Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixxix.  §   r4 
A   miserable  ranke  of  poore,  lame  and  impotent  persons. 
1697  DKYDEN  /Eneid  n.  1044  A  ranck  of  wretched  youths, 
with  pinion'd  Hands.     1728  PprE  Dunciad  iv.  107  Courtiers 
and  Patriots  in  two  ranks  divide,  Thro'  both  he  pass'd,  and 
bow'd  from  side  to  side.     1870  B.  TAYLOR  xiut  ft.  Faust  III. 
440  Chorus  ..  dancing  nimbly  . .  in  interlinking  ranks. 

f  b.  Phr.  In  or  of  a  rank,  in  a  line  or  file.  On 
a  rank,  abreast.  Obs. 

1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxii.  6  A  gyde  to  blind  men 
in  a  rank.  1581  PETTIK  Guazzo's  Civ.  Conv.  III.  (1586)  157  D, 
All  the  women  in  the  towne  runne  thether  of  a  ranke,  as  it 
wer  in  procession.  1588  PARKE  tr.  Mendoza's  Hist.  China 
182  The  hie  wayes  are  verie  brode,  that  twentie  men  may 
ride  together  on  a  ranke  and  one  not  hinder  an  other. 

f  c.  Movement  in  line  or  file.     Obs.  rare. 
1600  SHAKS.  A.  }'.  L.  Ml.  ii.  103  It  is  the  right  Butter- 
womens  ranke  to  Market. 

3.  Mil.  A  number  of  soldiers  drawn  up  in  line 
abreast.     Hence  in  pi.  frtq.  =  forces,    battalion, 
army  (also  in  phrases  as  ranks  of  deal  h,  of  war). 

1574  H.  G.  tr.  Catanco's  Briefe  Tables  F  iij,  Let  44 
ranckes  of  unarmed  Pikes ..  be  bestowed  behind  these  armed 
ranckes.  1595  SHAKS.  John  iv.  ii.  244  My  State  is  braued, 
.  .with  rankes  of  forraigne  powres.  1668 CULPEPPER  &  COLE 
Bartlwl.  Anat.  iv.  xx.  356  They  resemble  a  rank  of 


When  the  ranks  are  broken  and  you  have  to  fight  singly. 

transf.  1377  BRETON  Flourish  upon  Fancic  II.  (Grosart) 
I.  10/1  A  Garde  of  Geese  and  Ganders,  in  one  rancke.  1625 
J.  GLANVILLE  Voy.  to  Catliz  (Camden)  15  To  enjoyne  our 
fileete  to  advance  &  fight  att  Sea,  much  after  the  maner  of 
an  Armie  at  land,  assigneing  every  shipp  to  a  perticular 
division,  ranke,  file,  and  station. 

fig.  1781  CowrEK  Table  T.  768  'Twould  thin  the  ranks 
of  the  poetic  tribe.  1853  PRESCOTT  Philip  II,  I).  (1857)  274 
He  at  once  enrolled  himself  in  the  ranks  of  the  opposition. 
1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  6.  399  Scholars  like  Hooker, 
gentlemen  like  George  Herbert,  could  now  be  found  in  the 
ranks  of  the  priesthood. 


having 

Dr.  Tliorne  I.  iii.  67  A  native  of  Barchester,  having  risen 
from  the  world's  ranks.  1897  Daily  Kent  16  June  7/7 
Native  ranks,  except  three,  doing  well. 

C.  Chess.  One  of  the  lines  of  squares  stretching 
across  the  board  from  side  to  side.  Also  in  rank, 
on  one  of  these  lines  (cf.  4). 

X597  G.  B.  Lndtis  Scacchix  D  iij  b,  Moouing  a  Pawne 
from  left  hand  side,  which  on  the  fourth  ranke  stood.  1672 
BARBIER  Saufi  Chesse  play  ix,  [The  King's  move  is]  to  the 
next  House  or  place,  in  File  or  rancke,  of  any  side.  1894 
J.  MASON  Princ.  C/it-ss  4  The  rank  upon  which  the  player's 
Pieces  are  ranged  is  his  first  rank. 
d.  fig.  of  things. 

J593  SHAKS.  Liter.  1439  Simois.  .Whose  waves  to  imitate 
the  battle  sought,  .and  their  ranks  began  To  break  upon  the 
galled  shore.  1697  DRYDEN  I'irg.  Georg.  iv.  514  At  once 
the  Ranks  of  swelling  Streams  divide.  1841  TENNYSON 
Ainphion  33  The  linden  broke  her  ranks  and  rent  The  wood 
bine  wreaths  that  bind  her. 

4.  Without  article  :  Line,  order,  array.     In  phr. 


BARRET  Theor.  \V~arres  II.  i.  25  He  must  be  carefull  that  h,s 
souldiers  breake  not  out  of  ranke.  1607  TOPSELL  Four-f. 
Beasts  (1658)  249  The  Horse-men  had  broken  rank  and  were 
asunder.  1611  BIBLE  i  ChrOJt.  xii.  33  Fifty  thousand,  which 
could  keep  rank.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Kng.  i.  xv. 
(1739)29  The  Legate. . soon  reduoed  him  into  rank.  1711 
Fingall  AfSS.  in  loM  Kef.  Hist.  MSS.  Comin.  App.  V.  167 
The  entrance  is  too  narrow,  as  not  capable  of  above  four 
men  in  ranck.  1850  TENNYSON  /«  Mem.  xiv,  [To]  see  thy 
passengers  in  rank  Come  .stepping  lightly  down  the  plank. 
1880  BROWNING  Echetlos  ii,  No  man  but.. kept  rank  and 
fought  away  In  his  tribe  and  file. 

transf.  1623  MASSINGEK  Bondman  iv.  iv,  A  part  of  your 
honour's  ruff  stands  out  of  rank. 

5.  Rank  and  file  :  ^see  quot.  1802  and  FILE  s/>.'2 
7).  Chiefly//,  or  without  article  in  phr.  in  rank 
and  file  (cf.  4).  Also  transf. 

1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warrcs  in.  i.  34  To  learne  to  keepe 
his  ranke  and  file  orderly.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxxv.  v. 
891  This  tempest  and  storme  of  Cavallerie  ..  brake  their 
ranks  and  files  cleane.  1632  MASSINGEK  MaidofHon.  IV.  i, 
See  the  soldiers  set  In  rank  and  file.  1697  DRYDEN  ( 'irg. 
Georg.  ii.  375  Extend  thy  loose  Battalions.  .Opening  thy 
Ranks  and  Files  on  either  Side.  1781  CowpER  Truth  422 
His  books  well  trimmed.  .Like  regimental  coxcombs  rank 
and  file.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet..  Ranks  and  files,  are  the 
horizontal  and  vertical  lines  of  soldiers  when  drawn  up  for 
service,  a  1822  A.  BOSWELI.  Sheldon  Hanghs,  The  Craw- 
furds  march'd  in  rank  and  file. 

transf.  1784  BURNS  ist  Ep.  ti>  Davit:  xi,  The  words  come 
skelpan,  rank  and  file.  1887  Century  Mag.  Nov.  42/1  Some 
rank-and-file  chairs  besides. 

b.  coll.  (The)  common  soldiers ;  (the)  privates 
and  corporals. 

1796  Campaigns  179^-4  I.  I.  vi.  51  It  may  not  be  amiss., 
to  state.,  that  rank  and  file  means,  in  Gazette  returns,  the 
corporals  and  private  soldiers.  1814  WELLINGTON  15  May 
in  Gurw.  Disp.  XII.  13  A  corps  consisting  of  about  12,000 
rank  and  file  of  British  infantry.  1894  WOLSELEY  L\ft 
Marlboroiigh  II.  lii.  84  Unless  the  Rank  and  File  are 
interested  in  their  work,  there  w  ill  be  no  enthusiasm. 

transf.  1860  MILL  Repr.  Govt.  (1865)64/2  One  of  the  mere 
rank  and  file  of  a  party.  1888  BRYCE  Amer.  Comimu.  I.  xv. 
212  For  other  committees  there  remains  only  the  rank  and 
file  of  the  House. 

f6.  A  class,  set,  kind  (of  persons  or  things,).  Obs. 

1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas's  Voy.  i.  xxi,  The  most 
part  of  them  were  put  to  the  ranke  of  criminels  forsworn. 
1610  WILLET  Hcxapla,  Daniel  294  The  diuers  opinions., 
may  be  sorted  into  three  ranks.  1660  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos. 
ix.  III.  47  A  Pythagorean  of  the  Acousmatick  ranck.  1725 
WATTS  Logic  n.  iii.  (1736)  221  The  Authority  of  Men  is  the 
Spring  of  another  Rank  of  Prejudices. 

7.  One  of  several  rows  or  lines  of  things  placed 
at  different  levels.  ?  Obs. 

1577  B.GooGE//wj&ir/2'i-//>«Mi586)i79b,  It  is  enough 
to  haue  three  rankes  of  them,  one  aboue  the  other.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  IV.  140  As  the  ranks  ascend  Shade  above 
shade,  a  woodie  Theatre.  1693  EVELYN  De  la  Quint.  ( 'ottlfi 
Card.  I.  178  One  single  rank  or  story  of  roots  is  enough. 
1734  tr.  Rollins  Anc.  Hist.  V.  13  Ranks  of  oars  in  the 
modern  galleys. 

8.  A  number  of  persons  forming  a  distinct  class 
in  the  social  scale,  or  in   any   organized   body; 
a  grade  of  station  or  dignity,  an  order ;  hence, 
(one's)  social  position  or  standing.    Also  in  phrases 
tfUgk  (etc.)  rank. 

1596  UAI.RYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Seat.  vi.  347  He  was  but 
of  the  mid  ranck  of  nobles.  i6n  TOURNEUR  Alh.  Trag.  1. 1, 
To  put  me  in  the  habite  of  my  ranque.  1651  HOBIJES 
Leviath.  n.  xxx.  iSoThe  aydcs  they  give  to  men  of  inferiour 
rank.  1732  BERKELEY  Alciphr.  III.  §  17  Reasonable  and 
well-educated  men  of  all  ranks.  1781  GIUBON  Drcl.  ff  F. 
xxxv.  (1869)  II.  306  The  boldest  chieftains  aspired  to  the 
rank  of  kings.  1791  MRS.  RADCLII  >  E  Rom.  Forest  vi,  An 
air  of  dignity  which  declared  him  to  he  of  superior  rank. 
1853  I.YTTON  My  Novel  \\.  v,  His  descendants.. took  rank 
among  the  first  commoners  in  England.  1873  MAX  MULI.ER 
S\:  Rtlig.  347  Few  men  commanded  greater  respect  in  all 
ranks  of  Greek  society. 

b.  High  station  in  society,  etc. ;  social  distinc 
tion.  Also  coitcr.  persons  of  high  position. 

1742  SHENSTONK  Sctttwliaistress  140  Some  with  rank  she 
grac'd  (The  source  of  children's  and  of  courtier's  pride). 
1776  Trial  pf.\'a>uloctimarg\/i,  I  heard .. several  persons 
of  rank  had  been  to  pay  salams.  1830  D'lbKAELl  C/loi.  /, 


RANK. 

III.  v.  75  The  pride  of  rank  was  attended  by  one  of  its 
peculiar  infirmities.  1883  FREEMAN  Impress.  U.  S.  172  The 
rank  and  fashion  of  the  older  country  does  not  shut  itself  up 
in  a  town. 

9.  A  class  (of  persons,  animals,   or  things)  in 
a  scale  of  comparison  ;  hence,  relative  position  or 
status,  place. 

1603  SHAKS.  Mncb.  III.  i.  103  If  you  haue  a  station  in  the 
file,  Not  i'  th'  worst  ranke  of  Manhood,  say't.  1639  T. 
BRUGIS  tr.  C  aunts'  Mor.  Relat.  144  A  Castle  bearing  such 
ranke  as  few  are  before  it,  but  divers  behind  it  in  magnifi 
cence.  (11674  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  xi.  §  151  The  Con- 
vertine,  a  Ship  of  the  second  Rank,  that  carried  seventy 
Guns.  1774  GOI.DSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  IV.  64  If  we  look 
through  the  different  ranks  of  animals,  from  the  largest  to 
the  smallest.  Ibid.  V.  107  The  first  rank  in  the  description 

I  of  birds,  has  been  given  to  the  eagle.  1851  RUSKIN  Stones 
Ven.  I.  Pref.  (1874)  8  To  place  in  its  true  rank  the  general 

i  Gothic  of  the  I3lh  century,  in  Italy.  1874  GREEN  Slwrt 
Hist.  iii.  §  4.  128  Oxford  stood  in  the  first  rank  among 
English  towns. 

10.  attrib.    and  Comb.,  as   rank-breaking  adj., 
-distinction,    -fellow,    -wise    adv.,    -worshipping 
adj. ;  f  rank-toothed  a.,  having  a  row  of  teeth  ; 
f  rank -work,  work  set  in  straight  lines. 

1887  R.  BROWN  Trilag.  Life  to  Come  76  *Rank-breaking 
Achilles.  1893  tr.  R  alters  Hist.  Mankind  i.  54  When 
the  two  halves  of  the  race  ..  show  no  recognition  of  "rank- 
distinctions.  1591  Garrard's  Art  Warre  84  Keeping  his 
*ranck-fellowes  justlie  on  both  sides.  157*  LYTE  Dodoens 
in.  xlvi.  381  Each  leafe  is  'ranke  toothed  or  snipt  round 
about.  1677  CARY  Chronology  n.  i.  I.  xx.  154  Several  were 
in  posture  of  time  standing  abreast,  or  'rank-wise.  1703 
MOXON  Mcch.  Exerc.m  Any  Straight  or  'Rank-work  \ed. 
1678  Range-work).  1869  Sat.  Rev.  25  Sept.  421/2  The 
^rank-worshipping  mammas  of  the  period. 

fRank,  sb?  Obs.  rare-1.  \i  cf.  G.  rank  quinsy, 
garget.]  A  disease  of  birds. 

1708  Brit.  Apollo  No.  97. 2/1  Many  [birds]  dye  of  the  Pip, 
the  Rank,  &c. 

Rank  (nvrjk),  a.,  (si.3,)  and  adv.  Forms  :  1-3 
ranc,(3  rannc,  rang),  3-5  ronke,  4-6  ronk,  (5 
rong),  4-7  ranke,  (4  raunke,  7  rawnke),  6-7 
rancke,  (7  wrancke) ,  6-8  ranck,  4-  rank.  [OE. 
ranc,  =  (M)LG.  rank  long  and  thin,  tall  and 
slender  (hence  prob.  Da.  rank  erect,  upright,  Sw. 
rank  slender),  ON.  rakkr  slender,  bold. 

The  ultimate  etym.  is  uncertain,  but  the  stem  may  be  an 
ablaut- var.  of  OS.  rink,  OE.  rinc  man  (?  full-grown  man), 
warrior.  The  root-idea  appears  to  be  that  of  growing  or 
shooting  up,  taken  in  its  fullest  sense  in  Eng.,  but  in  LG. 
(and  ON.)  restricted  to  height  or  length  without  corre 
sponding  breadth.  The  development  of  the  word  in  Eng.  is, 
however,  far  from  clear,  as  the  OE.  uses  are  not  quite  the 
primitive  ones.  In  ME.  also  it  chiefly  occurs  in  alliterative 
verse,  app.  more  for  convenience  than  to  express  definite 
meanings.  In  the  later  language  the  chief  difficulty  is  to 
decide  which  of  the  more  original  senses  are  represented  in 
the  transferred  uses.] 

A.  adj.  I.  1 1-  Proud,  high-minded,  haughty ; 
froward,  rebellious.  Obs. 

In  OE.  also  proud  or  showy  in  dress  :  see  Bosw.  -Toller. 

c  looo  /ELFRIC  Dent,  xxi.  18  jif  a;nis  man  ha;bbe  modisne 
sunu  and  rancne  (L.  protervum}.  c  1200  ORMIN  9622  Hell 
follc  &  rannc  onn  eorbe.  c  1300  fiaetlat  2561  Yif  bat  am 
were  so  rang  [rime  bank]  That  he  banne  ne  come  anon.. he 
sholde  maken  him  bral.  13  ..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  455,Pat 
was  be  rauen  so  ronk  bat  rebel  was  euer.  £1440  York 
Myst.  xxvi.  33  per  is  a  ranke  swayne  Whos  rule  is  nojt 
right,  e  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  i.  188  This  3eir  .. 
sail  aryse  Rowtis  of  be  rankest  bat  in  Europ  ringis. 

2.  Stout  and  strong.    Obs.  exc.  dial,  (in  later  use 
chiefly  in  rank  wing;  cf.  3). 

cii22  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1006  p«er  mihton  [hi] 
Xeseon.  .rancne  here  &  unearhne.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron. 
H'nce  (Rolls)  13,805  Was  ber  non  helm  wib  stel  so  rank  fat 
his  swerd  |>orow-out  ne  sank,  c  1400  Destr.  'J'rtytfoi  pere 
arof  all  the  rowte  with  bere  Ranke  shippes.  Ibid.  4709  A  tried 
castell . .  [with]  Ranke  men  with  in.  c  1470  Col.  f,-  Gam.  691 
Ryngis  of  rank  steill  rattillit  and  rent.  1536  BKLLENDEN 
Cron.Seot.  v.  vi.  (1821)  I.  177  Certane  wycht  and  rank  men 
tuke  him  be  the  middil.  1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Kaccalinfs 
Aiivts.  fr.  Parnass.  II.  Ixxvi.  (1674)  228  That  Pldgeon, 
which  . .  hath  the  rankest  win^.  1710  Last  Distemper  of 
Tom  H'/iigg  n.  38  Ravens,  cutting  the  Air  at  every  Stroke 
of  their  rank  Wing.  1824  R.  GII.CHRIST  Local  Songs  (ed.  2)  5 
Archy  lang  was  hale  an'  rank,  the  King  o'  laddies  braw. 
b.  Firm,  strong,  rare-". 

1848  WEBSTER,  Rank,  strong,  clinching.    Take  rank  hold. 

3.  Having  great  speed  or  force;   swift;   impe 
tuous  ;  violent.     Also  const,  of. 

^1225  Ancr.  R.  268  His  strencoesS:  his  stronge  [7".  ronke] 
turnes.  c  1275 . Serving  C 'krist  ^\  in  O.  E.  Misc.  92  pe  ronke 
racches  )>at  ruskit  be  ron.  a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  Ixxvii.  44 
[He]  turned  in  blode  bar  stremes  ranke.  13. .  E.  E.  Allit. 
/'.  A.  ri66  Of  raas  ba}  I  were  rasch  &  ronk,  ?et  rapely  ber- 
inne  I  was  restayed.  1560  RoLLANoO*.  VCKMSW.  700 The 
rank  riding,  and  the  greit  turnament.  1565  JEWEL  Kepi. 
J/an/iHf(i6ii)  340  M.  Harding  findeth  him  so  farre,  and 
so  ranke  of  his  side,  that  he  is  faine  to  checke  him  of  too 
much  riot,  and  to  call  him  back.  i635QuARi.ES  EmU.  v.  ix. 
-78  The  Hawlk.. makes  a  rank  Bate  from  her  forsaken 
Block.  1769  R.  CUMBERLAND  Brothers  I.  i,  It  blows  a  rank 
storm,  a  1803  May  Collin  iv.  in  Child  Ballads  IV.  442/1 
They  came  to  a  rank  river,  Was  raging  like  the  sea. 

fb.  Xank  rider,  a  rapid,  headlong,  or  reckless 
rider ;  a  moss-trooper,  highwayman.  (Freq.  in 
1 7 the.)  So  rank- runner.  Obs. 

1590  R.  HARVEY  I'l.  I'e>\.  (1860)  n  When  a  Rancke  rider 
hath  put  his  horse  to  a  hedge  and  lay  in  the  ditch  for  his 
labor.  1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  n.  xxii.  (1632)  382  Sure  he 
was  a  rancke-runner  :  for  where  any  river  hmclred  his  way, 
he  swam  it  over.  1641  HINDE  J.Brucn  xi.  38  A  good  rule 


RANK. 

for  our  horse-racers, rank  riders,  and  hot-spurre  hunters.. to 
measure  their  actions  liy.     a  1700  H.  E.  Did,  Cant.  Or;", 
Rank-rider,  a  High-\vay-nian,  also  a  Jockey. 
Jig.    1603  DEKKKK  Wonder/.   Ytare  A  iv,  Those  ranck. 
riders  of  Art  that  haue  spur-gald  your  lustiewingd  Pegasus. 

II.  Full,  large  or  gross  in  size,  quantity,  etc. 
f  4.  Full-grown  :  mature.  Oh.  rare, 
c  1000  /Kl.FKic  Saints'  Lives  xxxv.  52  He  funde  . .  fif  mx- 
dena  ..  wliti^e  and  ranee.     13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  869  In 
Sodamas.  .non  semloker  burdes,  Hit  arn  ronk,  hit  am  rype 
&  redy  to  manne.      1536  I'KLI.KNDKN  Cron.  Scot.  (1821)  I. 
Ivii,  Al  rank  madinnis  and  wiffis,  gif  tliay  war  nocht  with 
child,  yeid  als  weill  to  hattall  as  the  men. 

5.  Vigorous  or  luxuriant  in  growth.  In  later 
use  :  Growing  too  luxuriantly ;  large  and  coarse. 
Hence  of  growth,  etc.,  and  freq.  as  complement 
with  grow  or  similar  verbs. 
In  rank  weed  also  with  implication  of  sense  15. 
c  1250  Gen.  f,  Ex.  2105,  .vii.  eares  wexen  fctte  of  coren,  On 
an  busk  ranc  and  wel  tidi.  13..  Caiu.  !,  Gr.  Kilt.  513 
Blossume/  bolne  to  hlowe,  Hi  rawez  rych  &  ronk.  1398 
TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  K.  xiv.  iii.  (1495)  470  Grasse  and 
herbes  that  growe  in  valeyes.  .ben  General!  more  ranke  and 
fatte.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  54  b,  Our  vyne 
waxeth  ranke  it  must  nedes  be  cutte.  1544  PHAER  Kk. 
Chiltir. (1553)  Tiij, Take  a  good  handfulof  ranke& lusty rew. 
1605  SHAKS.  Lear  iv.  iv.  3  Crown'd  with  ranke  Fenitar,  and 
furrow  weeds.  1697  DRYDFH  Virg.  Georg.  n.  340  Moist 
Earth  produces  Corn  and  Grass,  but  both  'i'oo  rank  and  too 
luxuriant  in  their  Growth.  1777  ROIIF.KTSON  Hist.  Anicr. 
IV.  Wks.  1813  I.  257  The  woods  are  choked  with  its  ra?ik 
luxuriance.  1832  R.  it  J.  LANDER  Exfed.  Niger  II. xi.  148 
We  found  the  road  to  be  overgrown  with  rank  grass  and 
luxuriant  vegetation.  1850  K.  G.  CUMHIXC  Hunter's  I^ife 
S-  Afr.  (ed.  2)  I.  195  The  male  lion  is  adorned  with  a  long,  I 
rank,  shaggy  mane.  1892  Sf  eater  3  Sept.  290/1  This  year 
the  roses  grew  a  little  rank,  and  with  an  over-abundance  of 
leaves. 

fig.    1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $  Cr.  1.  iii.  318  Trie  seeded  Pride 
That  hath  to  this  maturity  blowne  vp  In  ranke  Achilles. 

t 6.  Excessively  great  or  large ;  esp.  swollen, 
puffed  up,  grossly  fit,  too  highly  fed.  Obs. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  H'ace  (Rolls)  9720  He  wax  al 
hlak,  &  bolned  rank,  it  deyde.  c  1400  Dcslr.  Troy  1991 
The  flode  ..  Rose  vpon  rockes  as  any  ranke  hylles.  1530 
PALSGK.  322/1  Rammysshe,  yll  savoured  as  a  man  or  beest 
that  is  to  rancke.  1568  Jacob  fy  Esau  n.  iv,  Is  that  meate 
for  you  ?  nay,  it  would  ninke  you  to  ranke.  Nay,  soft  brother 
mine,  I  must  kepe  you  more  lanke.  1612  DRAY  ION  Poly-olb. 
vii.  238  Teame  lastly  thither  com'n  with  water  is  so  ranke. 
trans/.  1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  iy,  iv.  i.  64  To  dyet  ranke 
Mindes,  sicke  of  happinesse.  c  1600  —  Sonn.  cxviii,  A 
healthful  state  Which,  rank  of  goodness,  would  by  ill  be 
cured.  1631  T.  POWELL  Tom  All  Trades  167  For  an  over 
flowing,  and  Ranker  disposition. 

f  b.  of  immaterial  things.    Obs. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  C.  490  Is  Jiis  ry;t-wys,  bou  renk,  alle  I 
by  ronk  noyse.  _  a  1400  Isnmbras  200  Nowther  of  tham 
myghte  other  stille,  Thaire  sorowe  it  was  fulle  ranke.  c  1400 
Destr.  Tray  13902  pan  the  ruerde  wax  ranke  of  bat  rught 
fare.  1633  HEYWOOD  Eng.  Trail,  m.  Wks.  1874  IV.  44  To 
stop  this  clamor  ere  it  grow  too  wrancke. 

C.  High  or  excessive  in  amount.    Obs.  exc.  Law. 
1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  iv.  iv.  22  Nor  will  it  yield  . .  A  ranker 
rate,  should  it  be  sold  in  fee.     1765  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II. 
iii.  §  3.  30  The  modus  must  not  be  too  large,  which  in  law 
is  called  a  rank  modus.     1885  Law  Times  Rep.  LII.  536/2 
The  modus . .  was  rank,  that  is  to  say,  that  it  was  a  pecuniary 
payment  greater  than  the  value  of  the  tithes, 
f  7.  Abundant,  copious.  Obs, 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Haiidl.  Synne  5095  In  sum  man  vnkynde- 
hede  ys  so  rank  bat  he  ne  may  cunne  no  man  bank  For  no 
gode  dede.     13..   E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  843  Wolle  quyte  so 
ronk  &  ryf.     c  1400  Destr.  Troy  8511  He  hade  no  ruthe  of 
hor  remyng,  ne  )>e  rank  teris.     a  1568  ASCHAM  Scholem.  n.    ' 
(ArbJ  112  Soch  a  rancke  and  full  writer  must  use,  if  he  will    ' 
do  wiselie,  the  exercise  of  a  verie  good  kinde  of  epitome. 
1579  SPENSEB  Sliefli.  Cal.  July  211  When  folke  bene  fat, 
and  riches  rancke,  It  is  a  signe  of  helth.     1632  LITHGOW 
Trav.  vii.  301  The  rank  serene  or  dew  of  the  night  ..  re- 
fresheth  all  kindes  of  growing  things. 
fb.  Abounding  in,  full  of.    Obs. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  21024  O  reson  was  nan  sa  ranc.    c  1400 
Destr.  Troy  9204  Of  Rent,  &  of  Riches,  rankir  j>an  I.    1375 
R.  B.  Appius  ff  Virg.  li  ij,  1  neuer  heard  one  so  rancke 
of  rudeness.     1652  C.  B.  STAPYLTON  llerodian  iv.  29  Rank 
of  successe  he  was  so  puft  with  pride. 

8.  a.  In  close  array,  crowded  together;  thick, 
dense.  Obs.  exc.  north,  dial. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  1319  Alexander.  .Ridis  euen  J7ur}e 
be  route  bar  rankest  bai  were.  1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  in.  ix. 
4  Than  suddanlie,  furth  of  the  woddis  ronk,  We  se  a  strange 
man.  1579  SPENSER  Sheph.  Cal.  July  4  A  goteheard.. 
Whose  straying  beard  them  selfe  doth  shrowde  Emong  the 
bushes  rancke.  1788  MARSHALL  J  "orksh.  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.), 
Rank,  standing  in  close  order;  thick  upon  the  ground,  as 
corn  in  the  field,  or  trees  in  a  wood.  1823  SCORESBV  Ace. 
Whale  Fish.  240  Kndangered,  while  among  rank  ice,  by 
a  gale  of  wind.  1864  MRS.  LVNN  LINTON  Lake  Country 
200  Where  the  sheep  are  '  rank  '  on  the  fell  sides. 

b.  Numerous,  frequent.    Obs.  exc.  north,  dial. 

'545  ASCHAM  Toxofh.  I.  (Arb.)  93  The  Archers  of  England 

should  not  be  only  a  great  deale  ranker,  and  mo  then  they 


14,3 

some  time  to  unhook  the  fish.  1884  Set.  Amtr.  17  July  32 
Whether  the  tool  used  was  a  roughing  tool  with  rank  feed 
or  a  finish  tool  with  fine  feed. 

III.  Of  a  luxuriant,  gross  or  coarse  quality. 

10.  Covered    or   filled   with    a    luxuriant    (and 
coarse)  growth  of  grass  or  plants. 

Rank  pasture  may  also  be  taken  in  sense  5. 

a  1400-50  AU-.vander  3060  As  fele..As  risonis  in  a  ranke 
fihl  quen  riders  it  spillen.  1538  STARKEY  England  i.  iii.  98 
When  they  [sheep]  are  closyd  in  ranke  pasturys.  i6iz 
DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  xiii,  398  Meadowes  hugely  ranke.  1735 
SOMERVILLB  Chase  ii.  29  In  hopes  Of  plenteous  Forage,  near 
the  ranker  Mead.  1821  G\i^Sir  A.  Wylie  I.  44  A  small 
garden  rank  with  apleringy  and  other  fragrant  herbs.  1890 
G.  A.  HKNTY  Lee  in  Virginia  209  The  patch  ..though  now 
rank  with  weeds,  had  evidently  been  carefully  cultivated. 

11.  Grossly  rich,  heavy,  or  fertile  ;  liable  to  pro 
duce  rank  vegetation. 

_  ^1420  Pallad.  on  Hiisb.  i.  104  Take  the  fatte  and  moyst 
is  myn  anise  ;  Aftir  hit  the  thikke  and  ronke  is  best.  1523 
FlTZHERB.  Hiisb.  §  17  The  moyst nes  of  the  dounge  shall 
cause  the  grounds  to  be  ranke  ynoughe.  1615  G.  SANDYS 
Trav.  151  Full  of  flowrie  bits  ascending  leisurely,  and  not 
much  surmounting  their  rancker  values.  1760  BROWN 
Comfit.  Fanner  n.  22  Where  land  is  rank,  it  is  not  good 
to  sow  wheat  after  a  fallow.  1789  G.  WHITE  Sclborne  \. 
(1853)  12  A  rank  clay  that  requires  the  labour  of  years  to 
make  it  mellow.  1895  Tablet  g  Nov.,  The  land  is  at  first 
too  '  rank  '  to  grow  corn  or  even  root  crop?. 

12.  Having  an  offensively  strong  smell ;  rancid. 
t  Also,  smelling  strongly  of. 

a  1529  SK ELTON  E.  Rnnnnyng  540  She  brought  a  here 
pygge ;  The  fleshe  therof  was  ranke.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav. 
148  They  are  generally  fat,  and  ranke  of  the  sauors  which 
attend  vpon  sluttish  corpulency.  1656  RIDGLEY  Pract. 
Pkysick  346  After  that,  add  Discussives,  as  rank  nuts.  1725 
DE  FOE  Voy.  round  World  (1^0}  84  Our  men  made  sonic 
butter,  .but  it  grew  rank  and  oily.  1800  COLERIDGE  Piccolow. 
i.  iv,  Pirates,.. crowded  in  the  rank  and  narrow  ship.  1878 
B.  TAYLOR  Denkalion  \.  ii.  24  The  incense  rank  in  censers 
burned,  which  seem  to  mask  some  odour  of  decay. 
^fig.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  in.  iii.  36  Oh  my  offence  is  ranke, 
it  sine-Is  to  heauen.  1664  H.  MORE  J\Iysi.  Iniq.  Apol.  545 
To  smell  too  rank  of  down-right  Atheism. 
b.  Of  smell  :  Offensively  strong. 


Rdr.  bsb,  Eighteene  of  this  rable,  all  rife  and  ranke  among    | 
us.     1868  ATKINSON  Cleveland  Gloss.,   Kank,   numerous, 
abundant,  of  frequent  occurrence. 

9.  techn.  Projecting,  standing  out. 

1678  MOXON  Mfch.  Exerc.  in  The  Iron  of  a  Plain  is  said 
to  be  set  Ranck,  when  its  edge  stands  so  fiat  below  the  Sole 
of  the  Plain,  that  in  working  it  will  take  off  a  thick  shaving. 
1727-41  CHAMBERS  CycL  s.v.  Keel,  When  a  ship  has  a  deep 
keel,  she  is  said  to  have  a  rank  keel.  1867  F.  FRANCIS 
Anfftoif  i.  (1880)  19  The  barb  is  so  rai.k.  .that  it  often  takes 


that  rank  Odour  from  thy  Dwelling-place  To  drive  the 
Viper's  Brood.  1733  POPE  Hor.  Sat.  n.  ii.  28  A  stench . . 
Rank  as  the  ripeness  of  a  rabit's  tail.  1834  PRINCLE  Afr. 
Sk.  viii.  268  The  smell  of  the  hyama  crocuta  is  so  rank 
and  offensive  that  scarcely  any  animal  will  come  near  the 
carcase. 

1 13.  Lustful,  licentious  ;  in  heat.     Obs. 

£1520  Mayd  Etnlyn  289  in  Hazlitt  E.P.P.  IV.  92  She 
was  full  ranke..  In  Venus  toyes  Was  all  her  joyes.  1596 
SHAKS.  Merch.  K  i.  iii.  Si  The  Ewes  being  rancke,.. turned 
to  the  Rammes.  1611  —  Cymb.  ii.  v.  24  Lust,  and  ranke 
thoughts  [are]  hers.  1701  DE  FOE  Trneborn  Eng.  \.  289 
Their  Rank  Daughters.  .Receiv'd  all  Nations  with  Promis 
cuous  Lust.  1765  Treat.  Dom.  Pigeons  25  A  merry  rank 
hen  will  sometimes  shew  and  play  almost  like  a  cock. 

14.  Gross,  highly  offensive  or  loathsome;  in  later 
use  esp.  grossly  coarse  or  indecent. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  760,  I  tene  hem  no  more,  But 
relece  alle  bat  regioun  of  her  ronk  werkkez.  c  1400  Destr. 
Troy  11775  Couetous  ..  That  rote  is  &  rankist  of  all  the  rif 
syns.  a  1529  SKELTON  Agst.  Scottes  172  The  rude  ranke 
Scottes,  lyke  dronken  dranes.  1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  i.  ii. 
277  My  Wife  ..  deserues  a  Name  As  ranke  as  any  Flax- 
Wench,  that  puts  to  Before  her  troth-plight.  1742  YOUNG 
Nt.  Th.  v.  41  Hand  in  hand  lead  on  the  rank  debauch.  1871 
MORLEY  Voltaire  (1886)  5  The  rank  vocabulary  of  malice 
and  hate. 

b.  Corrupt,  foul ;  festering-. 

1579  GOSSON  .9(7;.  A  buse  (Arb. )  17  Yeelding  the  ranke  fleshe 
to  the  Chirurgions  knife.  1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  //',  in.  L  39 
Then  youperceiue.  .what  ranke  Diseases  grow.  1634  MILTON 
Counts  17  The  rank  vapours  of  this  Sin-worn  mould.  1727-46 
THOMSON  Summer  1016  The  scent  Of  steaming  crowds,  of 
rank  disease,  and  death.  1862  STANLEY  Jewish  Ch,  (1877) 
I.  ii.  26  Corrupt  civilisation  had  growen  up  in  the  rank 
climate  of  that  deep  descent. 

15.  Of  a  strongly  marked,  violent,  or  virulent 
type;  absolute,  downright,  gross.     (Used  to  add 
force  to  terms  implying  the  existence  of  bad  quali 
ties  in  a  person  or  thing.) 

1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  M.  iv,  37  Full  of  vennome  and  rank 
person.  1528  ROY  Rgde  me,  etc.  (Arb.)  41  This  is  rancke 
heresy.  1550  BALE  (title)  The  Apology  of  Johan  Bale 
agaynste  a  ranke  Papyst.  c  1613  MIDDLETON  No  Wit  like 
a  Woman's  i.  iii,  'Tis  a  most  rank  untruth.  1676  MARVEI.L 
Mr.  Smirke  12  The  meanest  Varlet,  the  dullest  School-boy, 
the  rankest  Idiot.  1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  105  F  5  What 
are  these  but  rank  Pedants  ?  1766  FORDYCE  Scrm.  Yng. 
Worn.  (1767)  I.  iv.  148  Rank  treason  against  the  royalty  of 
Virtue.  1809  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1837)  V.  150 
General  Eguia's  plan  is  rank  nonsense.  1822-34  Good's 
Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  II.  6iojThose  who  are  actually  labour 
ing  under  the  disease,  and  in  its  rankest  form.  1880  W.  DAY 
Racehorse  in  Training  \ .  ap  A  horse,  .which  turned  a  rank 
roarer. 

b.  Grossly  apparent,    rare. 

1624  MASSINGER  Parlt.  Loz-e  iv.  i,  Tis  rank  !    The  sight 
of  my  wife  hath  forced  him  to  forget  To  counterfeit  !     1784 
COWPER  TYnte  s&tHil  pride  resents  the  charge,  although 
the  proof  Rise  in  his  forehead,  and  seem  rank  enough. 
fB.  sb.'t  Kankness,  strength.     Obs.rare~l. 

13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  C.  298  pur;  mony  a  regioun  ful  roje, 
J>urj,  ronk  of  his  wylle. 

C.  adv.  f  1.   «  RANKLY.  Obs. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  \\.  iii.  6  The  seely  man,  seeing  him 
ryde  so  ranck . .  fell  flatt  to  ground  for  feare.  1596  Ibid.  iv. 
v.  33  The  sound  Of  many  yron  hammers  beating  ranke. 


RANK. 

2,  With  adjs. :  Completely,  extremely. 
1607  MARSTOM  What  you  Will  i.  i,    He's  irrecoverable- 
mad,  ranke  madde.     1888  in  Sheffield  Gloss. 

D.  Comb.  a.  Parasyntheticadjs.,as7-a//£-£rd/;/tt/, 
-minded^  -scented,  -winged. 


HARVEY  Pierce' s  Super.  147  Sweet  Gossip,.. the  dunghill  is 
your  freehold:..!  know  none  so  *rank-minded.  1567 
GOLDING  Ovid's  Met.  x.  (1593)  257  *Rankesented  mint*  to 
make  Of  womens  Hmmes.  1638  JfMfs  Paint.  Anti,nfs 
154  Some  such  like  faces  were  painted  neere  the  rank- 
sen  ted  mangers.  1637  T.  MORTON  New  Eng.  Canaan  ,  188-}) 
196  These  [Lannarets]  are  most  excellent  Mettell,  "rank 
winged,  well  conditioned,  a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Lant.  Crew, 
Rank-wing'd  Hawk,  that  is  a  slow  Fligher. 

b.  With  pa.  pples.,  as  rank-grown,  f  -rode,  -st'f, 
t  -smc/t. 

1642  VICARS  God  in  Mount  (1644!  6  This  evill  w<_L-d  so 
rank-grown  in  the  garden  of  the  Kingdom.  ci6n  CHAI-- 
MAN//idu/iv.  414  The  "rank-rode  Cad  means..  Lode 'd  ;un- 
buscadoes  for  their  foe.  1615  BKATHWAIT  Strappado  11878) 
87  Flora. .them  did  put  In  her  embrodreil  skirls  wlii.  h  were 
'rancke  set,  With  Prime-rose,  Cow-slip,  and  the  violet. 
1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Builder  229  The  e<!-<.-  t.f  the 
iron  of  a  plane  is  said  to  be  rank-set  when  it  projects  con 
siderably  below  the  sole.  1595  BARNFIEI.D  Pecunix  xxxi, 
Thy  chafing  hath  begot  A  *ranke-smelt  sauour. 

c.  \Yith  pres.  pples.,  as  rank-feeding^  -riditig, 
i    -seen/tug,  -springing,  -swelling. 

•  1820  Philos.  Recrcat.  20  The  skins  of  large,  or  'rank- 
feeding  birds.  1612  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  iii.  40  The  "rank- 
riding  Scots  upon  their  Gallowayes.  1735  SoMKimr.r.F, 
;  Chase  iv.  171  O'er  Plains  with  Flocks  distain'd  'Rank- 
scenting.  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mori,  i,  "Rank-springing  gras-;. 
n  1649  J)KLPMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Poems  Wks.  (1711)  36  Lotid- 
bellowing  Clyde.  .*Rank-swelling  Annan. 

d.  frank-goat  (see  quot.X  Ohs.  rare~n. 

1611  COIGR.,  Blanche-putain,  the  hearbe  *Ranke-goat,  or 
stinking  Motherwort. 

Rank    (rrcrjU),   f.1     Also  6-7   ranke,  ranck, 
I    (7  rancke;.     [f.  RANK  sW] 

1.  trans.   To  arrange  or  draw  up  (persons,  esp. 
soldiers],  in  a  rank  or  in  ranks. 

'573  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxxix.  2  To  ring  $our  drmnmis 

i     and  rank  ;our  men  of  weir.     1632  LITHGOW  Trav,  v.  206, 

I    haue   scene   hundreds   of    them   after   this   manner,    lie 

ranked  like  durty  swine.     1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  \\.  604   In 

!     view   Stood  rankt  of  Seraphim  another  row.     1726  SWIFT 

|    Gulliver  \\\.  vii,  We  passed,  .between  servants  of  tht;  saint; 

;    sort,  ranked  on  each  side  as  before.     1814   SCOTT  Ld,  of 

i     Isles  v.  xiv,  Upon  the  sand  Let  every  leader  rank  his  band. 

1884  Harper's  Mag.   Nov.  884/2  The  prisoners  were  then 

drawn  up. .,  ranked  six  deep. 

rcjl.  x6x>  CAPT.  SMITH  Wks.  (Arb.)  I.  72  These,  .ranked 
themselves  15  a  breast,  and  each  ranke  from  another  4  or  5 
yards.  1686  tr.  C/iardin's  Tni7>.  Persia  88  They  rank 
themselves,  either  in  a  circle,  or  side  by  side.  1726  CAVAI.- 
LIER  Mem.  i.  99  My  Men  stood  to  their  Anus,  and  ranked 
themselves  in  a  fit  Posture  to  receive  them.  1865  CARLVLE 
l-'rcdk.  Gf.  vii.  vii.  (1872)  II.  329  They  all  ranked  themselves 
round  me. 

t  b.    =--  DBESS  v.  4  a.  Obs.  rare  — l. 
1604  EDMONDS  Observ.  Caesar  s  Comm.  131  The  leader  of 
the  left  hand  file,  .with  the  leader  of  the  right  hand  file  do 
alwaits  in  their  marching  and  imbattelling  rectifie  or  rancke 
the  whole  front  of  the  battallion. 

2.  To  arrange  ^things)  in  a  row  or  rows ;  to  set 
in  line ;  to  put  in  order. 

1590  SI'ENSER  F.Q.  in.  vi.  35  And  every  sort  is  in  a  sondry 
bed  Sett  by  it  selfe,  and  ranck  t  in  comely  rew.  1650  EARL 
MON.M.  tr.  ScnaulfS  Man  bee.  Guilty  304  He  sought  for 
stone.. he  ranked  them  with  Symmetry.  1697  PKYDEN 
yirg.  Georg.  iv.  213  He  knew  to  rank  his  Elms  in  even 
Rows.  1778  REYNOLDS  Disc.  viii.  (1876)  453  A  plain  space 
in  the  middle,  and  the  groups  of  figures  ranked  round  this 
vacuity.  1833  Frascr^s  Mag.  VIII.  62  Exerting  all  his 
mind  in  ranking  up  flower-pots.  1871  W.  ALEXANDER 
Johnny  Gibb  v.  45  The  fishers  gettin'.  .the  nets  rankit  oot. 

rejl.  1707  Curiosities  in  Husb.  4-  Card.  331  Little  Plants 
.  .rank'd  themselves  in  order  around  the  sides  of  the  Vial. 

fb.  To  divide  or  form  info  ranks  or  classes.   Obs. 
1650  PRYNNE  Anti-Armin.  123  An   equipage,  .which  all 

Diuines  haue  rancked  into  different  orders.  1690  LOCKE 
Hum.  Und,  in.  iii.  §  19  Those  Things  we  are  acquainted 
with,  and  have  ranked  into  Bands,  under  distinct  Names. 

fc.  In  pa.  pple.)  of  a  place:    Surrounded  or 
bounded  with  rows  or  ranks.  Obs. 

1607  SHAKS.  Timon  i.  i.  65  The  Base  o'  th1  Mount  Is 
rank  d  with  all  deserts,  all  kinde  of  Natures.  1623  J.  REY 
NOLDS  Go(fs  Revenge  in.  xn.  79  A  curious  walk,  ranked 
about  with  many  rowes  of  Sycamore  trees.  1698  FRYEK 
Ace.  E.  India  <V  P.  38  The  Streets  are  sweet  and  clean, 
ranked  with  fine  Mansions. 

3.  To  place,  locate ;  to  give  a  certain  position 
or  station  to ;  to  class  or  classify.     With  various 
constructions.     Also  reft. 

1592  SHAKS.  Rom.  fy  Jul.  in.  ii.  117  If  sower  woe.  .needly 
will  be  rankt  with  other  griefes.  1612  BKINSLEY  Lttd.  Lit,  7 
To  ranke  euery  head  in  the  right  order  and  proper  place. 
1666  DKYDEN  Ann.  Mirab.  Pref.,  \Vks.  (Globe)  38  Those 
who  rank  Lucan  rather  among  historians  in  verse  than  epic 
poets.  1713  BERKELEY  in  Guardian  No.  49  p  6  A  stranger 
would  be  apt  to  rank  me  with  the  other  domestics.  1777 
Miss  BURNEY  Evelina  xxviii,  Arguments,  which.,  will 
rather  rank  me  as  an  hermit.  1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  n.  32 
Aftertime  ..  Will  rank  you  nobly,  mingled  up  with  me. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  HI.  525  In  ranking  theories  of 
physics  first  in  the  order  of  knowledge. 

4.  Sc.  Law.  To  place  (orig.  in  order  of  prece 
dence)  on  the  list  of  claims,  or  of  those  having 
claims,  on  a  bankrupt  estate. 


RANK. 

1695  [see  RANKING  vbl.  sb.1  b].  1711  Acts  Sederunt  23 
Nov.  (1790)  251  The  creditors  shall,  .name  the  Lord. .before 
whom  their  severall  rights  and  interests  are  to  be  ranked. 
1735  Ibid.  29  July  (1790)  306  All  creditors.. shall  come  in, 
and  be  ranked  fari  passu  upon  the  moveable  estate.  1859 
J.  LORIMER  Handbk.  Law  Scot.  (1862)  307  All  arrestments 
and  poindings.  .shall  be  ranked parip^ssu. 

5.  U.  S.  To  take  precedence  of. 

1865  N.  Y.  Herald  in  Morning  Star  27  May,  '  That's 
right',  politely  observed  Grant,  'the  President  ranks  us 
both'.  1893  J.  STRONG  New  Era  153  A  growing  class  of 
idle  rich, . .  who . .  rank  Solomon  himself  in  luxury. 

6.  intr.  To  form  a  rank  or  ranks  ;  to  stand  in 
rank  ;  to  take  up  a  position  in  a  rank. 

1582  STANVHURST  /Ends  \\.  (Arb.)  58  Soom  bands  of 
Troians . .  Ranck  close  too  geather,  thee  Greeks  most  maul  ye 
repealing.  1605  MARSTON  Dutch  Courtezan  iv.  i,  Harke 
they  are  at  hande,  ranke  handsomly.  1796  SOUTHEY  Hymn 
to  Penates  ii  In  your  holy  train  Jove  proudly  ranks.  1865 
S.  FERGUSON  Forging  of  Anchor  i,  Fitfully  you  still  may 
see  the  grim  smiths  ranking  round. 

b.  To  take  or  have  a  place  in  a  certain  rank  or 
class  ;  to  have  rank  or  place.     Const,  as  in  3. 

1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  Vt  v.  ii.  474,  I  pray  you. .  Let  that  one 
Article  ranke  with  the  rest.  1745  Observ.  cone.  Naiy  45 
Colonels  dispute  the  Right  of  Captains  of  Men  of  War 
ranking  with  them.  1784  COWPER  Tiroc.  465  A  principle 
.  .That.  .Ranks  as  a  virtue,  and  is  yet  a  vice.  1805  MRQ. 
WELLESLEV  in  Owen  Desp.  (1877)  499  Holkar  never  had 
ranked  among  the  states  of  India.  1850  MEKIVAI.E  Rom. 
Enip.  (1865)  II.  xi,  17  Surenas  ranked  next  to  the  king  in 
birth,  wealth  and  distinction. 

c.  Law.  Of  creditors  or  claims  (see  4). 

1883  L,aiu  Times  Rep.  XLIX.  75/2  It  was  contended., 
that  they  were.. creditors  entitled  to  rank  next  after  the 
outside  creditors  (if  any),  or  even  with  them.  1891  Law 
Times  XCII.  106/2  Burdens  arising  after  the  first  registra 
tion  of  the  land  rank  in  the  order  of  their  registration. 

7.  intr.  To   move   or   march   in   rank ;    chiefly 
Mil.  in  to  rank  past,  off. 

1832  Prop*  Reg.  Instr.  Cavalry  in.  59  In  ranking  past  by 
Threes  there  is  to  be  a  horse's  length  from  croup  to  head, 
1833  Regul,  Instr.  Cavalry  \.  64  They  rank  off  alternately. 
1840  C ARLYtE //mw  ii.  (1858)  236  Your  cattle  .  .come  rank 
ing  home  at  evening-time. 

Hence  Ha'nking///.  a. 

1865  Bill  of  Confed.  States  Amer.  in  Morning  Star 
a  Feb.,  An  officer,  .designated  as  General-in-Chief,  who 
shall  be  the  ranking  officer  of  the  army . .  of  the  Confederate 
States^  1895  Daily  Neivs  27  Aug.  2/7  The  total  ranking 
liabilities  may  amount  to  between  15,000^.  and  2o,ooo/. 

Hank,  ^.-  rare.     Also  3  rouke.     [f.  RANK  aj\ 

*t*  1.  intr.  To  grow  rank  ;  to  rankle.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1325  Pro-j,  Ht-ndingKi.  in  Anglia  IV.  193  Wei  is  him 
bat  buiine  hateb,  And  bat  hit  IcteJ?  and  forsakeb,  Er  hit 
ronke  in  rote.  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  205  An  al- 
blastere  ..  smote  him  in  be  schank  ..  It  began  to  rank, 
be  querelle  Envenomed  was.  1606  J.  DAVIES  Set.  -2nd  Hus 
band  (Grosart)  o  T'will  swell  vnseene,  Which  ranking  in 
ward,  outward  shews  thy  teene. 

2.  trans.  To  cause  to  project.     (Cf.  RANK  a.  9.) 

1867  F.  FRANCIS  Angling  y\\.  410  The  point  of  the  hook 
being  ranked  outwards  slightly. 

f  Rank,  v$  intr,  Obs.  rare.  (Origin  and  pre 
cise  sense  not  clear.) 

a  1529  SKELTON  Caudatos  Anglos  56  That  dronke  as^e, 
That  ratis  and  rankis  ..  On  Huntley  bankes.  a  1783  Gil 
Brcndon  Ixi.  in  Child  Ballads  I.  69/2  An  ay  she  ranked,  an 
ay  she  flang,  Till  a'  the  tokens  came  till  her  han. 

t  Rank,  v.%-  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  late  L.  rancdre  (al. 
raucdre,  raccdre}.~]  intr.  Of  a  tiger:  To  roar. 
Hence  t  Ka-nkiug  vbl.  sb.  and  ppl.  a. 

1607  TOPSELL  Four-f.  Beasts  708  The  voice  of  this  beast 
is  cald  Ranking,  according  to  this  verse :  Tigrides  indo- 
nritx  rancont.  Ibid.,  A  tame  Tiger  ..  by  ner  ranking 
and  crying  voice  ..  made  signes  to  her  keeper  for  other 
meate.  Ibid.  703  She  maketh.  .great  lamentation  upon  the 
Sea  shoare  howling,  braying  and  rancking. 

Ranked  (raerjkt),  ///.  <z.i  [f.  RANK  z>.i  + 
-ED.]  Drawn  up  in  ranks. 

1786  BURNS  Toothache  v,  And  ranked  plagues  their  num 
bers  tell  In  dreadfu'  raw.  1837  CARLVLE /"X  Rev.  II.  n.  vi, 
The  ranked  Regiments  hear  it  in  their  meadow.  1897 
H.  N.  HOWARD  Footsteps  Proserpine  106  A  woman . .  Braves 
the  ranked  cohorts. 

f  Ra-nked, ///.  a?  Obs.    [f.  RANK  a.]    Rancid. 

1660  HEXHAM,  Vergarst,  Ranked,  or  Growne  mustie. 

Rankel(l,  obs.  forms  of  RANKLE  sb.  and  v. 

f  Ra*nken,  v.  Obs.  rare.  Also  7  ranckn-.  [f, 
RANK  a.  +  -EN.]  trans.  To  make  rank. 

1614  C.  BROOKE  Ghost  Rich.  Ill,  Tragedie  xxix,  My 
barren  heart.. ranckned  with  sinn's  ayre.. brought  thornes 
of  sharp  despaire.  1651  BAXTER  Inf.  Bapt.  135  To  dispatch 
men  out  of  the  world,  .and  to  ranken  Church- Yards. 

Ranker  (ne-nkaj).  [f.  RANK  sl>.1  and  v.1  +  -ER.] 

1.  One  who  arranges  in  ranks  (Webster  1832). 

2.  One  (esp.  a  soldier)  in  the  ranks. 

1890  [see  GENTLEMAN  7].  1891  Daily  News  IT  Mar.  3/5 
Rankers  in  the  Navy  have  thus  had  an  object  lesson  pre 
sented  to  the  world  in  their  interests.  1898  Echo  5  Jan.  1/7 
In  the  list  of  officers  who  have  been  'rankers'. 

3.  An  officer  who  has  risen  from  the  ranks. 

1878  BESANT  &  RICE  Celia's  Arb.  II.  xni.  112  Every  regi 
ment  has  its  'rankers';  every  ranker  has  his  story.  1881 
Echo  21  Mar.  1/5  This  most  deserving  class  of  officers  are 
*  rankers  '  to  a  man. 

t  Ra-nkfully,  adv.  Obs.  rare  -1.     Rankly. 
1607  TOPSEI.L  Four-/.  Beasts  755  The  Sabel.  .at  that  time 
stinclceth  very  rankefully. 

Rankil(l,  obs.  forms  of  RANKLE  v. 
Ranking  (rarrjkin),  vbl.  sbl     [f.  RANK  z».l] 
The  action  of  placing  in  rank,  arranging,  etc. 


144 

1625  J.  GLANVILL  Voy.  to  Cadiz  (Camden)  i6-Thenameing 
and  rankeing  of  the  shipps.  1693  EVELYN  De  la  Quint. 
Contpl.  Card.  Pref,  They  are  ill  contrived  in  the  Disposition 
and  Ranking  of  the  things  contained  in  them. 

b.  Sc,  Law,  with  ref.  to  creditors  or  claims  on 
an  estate  (see  RANK  v.1  4  and  6  c) ;  also  in  phr. 
Ranking  and  sale  (cf.  quot.  1711). 

1695  Acts  Sederunt  2  Nov.  (1790)  215  The  ranking  of  the 
creditors,  .shall  proceed.  1711  Ibid.  23  Nov.  (1790)  249  Act 
anent  Bankrupts,  the  Ranking  of  their  Creditors,  and  Sale 
of  their  Estates.  Ibid.,  The  raiser  of  a  process  of  sale  and 
ranking.  1773  ERSKINE  lust.  Law  Scot,  I.  n.  xii.  409  An 
action  of  ranking  and  sale,  which  is  calculated  for  the 
common  interest  of  all  the  creditors.  1882  WATSON  Belfs 
Diet.  La.iv  Scot,  800  Ranking  and  sale  . .  is  now  practically 
superseded  by  the  simpler  procedure  provided  by  the  Bank* 
ruptcy  Act. 

Ranking,  vbl.  sb*  :  see  RANK  v£ 

f  Ra'nkish,  a.  Ob$.  rare.  [f.  RANK  a.  +  -ISH.] 
Somewhat  rank. 

I398TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvii.  clxviii.  (1495)  711  Fatte 
and  rankysshe  whete  and  heuy  of  weyghte.  1589  FLEMING 
I'irg.  Gcorg.  \\.  31  These  able  are  for  rankish  soile.  1661 
LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  fy  Mitt.  225  They  have  an  unpleasant 
smell  and  taste,  or  rankish. 

t  Ra'nkle,  s<M  Obs.  rare.  In  4  rancle,  6  St. 
rankel.  [a.  OF,  rancle  (raancfe,  raoncle}  a  fester, 
ulcer,  var.  drancle^  draoncle  (see  Godef.)  =  med.L. 
drancuhts  and  dracuncuhiSj  which  in  form  is  a 
dim.  of  draco  dragon  :  see  Skeat  Notes  Eng.  Etym. 
(1901)  s.  v.]  A  festering  sore. 

c  1380  in  Rt'l.  A  nt.  I.  52  The  rancle  sal  abate . .  the  sare  sal 
slake.  14. .  Stockk.  Medical  MS.  i.  160  in  Anglia  XVIII. 
298  }>anne  wyl  bis  playster  al  rancles  slon.  4x385  POLWART 
Fly  ting  iv.  Montgouierie  556  With  scartes  and  scores  athort 
his  frozen  front,  In  rankels  run. 

Ra*nkle,   sb.-    rare"1,     [f.   RANKLE  ^.]      A 

rankling  thought  or  feeling. 

1795  EARL  MAI.MESBURY  Diaries  fy  Corr.  III.  220,  I  could 
see  it  did  not  please,  and  left  a  rankle  in  his  mind. 

Rankle  ^rae-rjk'l),  v.  Forms:  4-5,  7,  (9)  ran 
cle,  6  rankel (1,  -kil^l,  -kyll,  6-7  ranckle,  7-  -el, 
6-  rankle ;  erron.  7  wranckle,  8-9  wrankle. 
[a.  OF.  rancler,  raoncler,  var.  draoncler  (Godef.) : 
see  RANKLE  sbX\ 

I.  intr.  1.  To  fester,  esp.  to  a  degree  that  causes 
pain.  fa.  of  a  wounded  or  diseased  part  of  the 
body ;  also  rarely  of  a  person.  Obs. 

c  1320  SirBeites  2832 (MS.  A.)  par  be  venim  on  him  felle,  His 
flesch  gan  ranclen.  c  1425  Orolog.  Sapient,  v.  in  Anglia  X. 
363/5  pe  handes  vnweldy  bigynnen  to  rancle.  1486  Bk.  St. 
A  loans  A  iij  b,  It  will .  .  maake  the  legges  to  rancle.  c  1592 
MARLOWE  Jew  of  Malta  n.  ii,  Therewithal  their  knees 
would  rankle.  1616  T.  ADAMS  Taming  of  Tongue  Wks.  (1629) 
153  A  Leapershut  vp  in  a  Pesthouse,  ranckleth  to  himselfe, 
infects  not  others.  1646  SIR  J.  TEMPLE  Irish  Retell.  (1746) 
206  Her  hand  grew  black  and  blew,  [and]  rankled, 

b.  of  a  wound,  sore,  disease,  etc.  In  later  use 
chiefly  fig. 

1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss,  I.  xciii.  115  His  scores  rankeled 
and.  .within  a  shorte  space  after  he  dyed.  1553  BBENDE  Q. 
Curtius  Gvij,  The  wound,  .beganne  to  swele  and  rancle  as 
the  bloud  waxed  colde.  1642  ROGERS  Naaman  336  Which 
makes  their  disease  to  ranckle  in  them.  1741  RICHARDSON 
Pamela  (1824)  I.  204  The  wound,  .is  but  skinned  over,  and 
rankles  still  at  the  bottom,  a  1828  H.  NEELE  Lit.  Rein. 
(1829^331  When  the  heart's  wounds  Rankle  the  sorest.  1875 
STUBBS  Const,  Hist.  III.  xviii.  49  The  king  forgave  Mow- 
bray.,  but  the  sore  rankled  still. 
C.  of  things. 

1746,  1768  [see  RANKLING  ///.  a.  a].  1855  BROWNING 
Childe-Koland  xxv\,  Now  blotches  rankling,  coloured  gray 
and  grim.  1860  E.  P.  HOOD  in  Spurgeon  Treas.  Dav.  Ps. 
Ixxiv.  16  Forms  that  rankle.. contract  around  themselves 
loathsomeness  and  disgust. 

f2.  To  inflict  a  festering  wound;  to  cause  a 
painful  festering.  Obs. 

1575  TURBERV.  Venerie  207  Their  biting  is  venemous  and 
rancleth  sore.  1580  LVLY  Aw//iww(Arb.)  266  This  vile  Dog 
Loue  will  so  ranckle  where  he  biteth.  1644  BULWnCilPWi 
181  Two  venemous  weapons,  and  apt  to  wranckle  where 
they  fasten.  1698  DKYDEN  sKneid  iv.  100  Still  the  fatal 
Dart  Sticks  m  her  side;  and  ranckles  in  her  Heart. 

trans/.  1584  LVLV  Sap/to  n.  iv.  84  Honney  ranckleth, 
when  it  Is  eaten  for  pleasure. 

3.  a.  Of  persons :  To  have  a  painful  feeling ;  to 
fret  or  chafe  angrily,  rare. 

1582  STANVHUKST  Mneis  u.  (Arb.)  46  With  choloricque 
fretting  I  dumpt,  and  ranckled  in  anguish.  1894  GLADSTONE 
Odes  of  Horace  iv.  iv.  63  Alcides,  rankling  to  be  foiled,  Saw 
the  lopped  limbs  grow  quick  again. 

b.  Of  a  bitter  or  malignant  feeling:   To  have 
course,  or  continue  in  operation,  with  an   effect 
like  that  of  a  festering  sore. 

1508  [see  RANKLED///,  a.].  1590  [see  RANKLING///.  «.]. 
I789JEKFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  II.  583  The  ill  humor  on  account 
of  the  Dutch  revolution  continues  to  rankle  here.  1838 
THIRLWALL  Greece  V.  263  Animosity  had  long  been  rankling 
between  Thebes  and  Phocis.  1874  UIXON  Two  Queens  III. 
xvii.  iii.  265  A  bitter  feeling  rankled  in  his  heart, 

c.  Of  experiences,  events,  etc. :  To  continue  to 
cause  painful,  bitter,  or  venomous  feelings. 

1735  BOLINGBROKE  Left.  Stud.  Hist,  ii.  (1752)  36  The 
passages  of  King  Charles  the  Second's  reign  might  rankle 
still  at  the  hearts  of  some  men.  1792  A  need.  Pitt  III.  xliv. 
195  Such  a  mode  of  warfare  would  rankle  in  the  heart  of 
America.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xxi.  IV.  584  The 
mock  embassy.. was  doubtless  still  rankling  in  his  mind. 
1868  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  II.  x.  486  The  sight  of 
the  palace  of  the  English  King,  .rankled  in  bis  soul. 


RANKNESS. 

4.  To  change  to,  pass  intot  by,  or  as  by,  festering. 

1741-2  GRAY  Agrip.  74  Sweets  of  kindness  lavishly  in- 

dulg'd  Rankle  to  gall.     1831  MACKINTOSH  Sp.  Ho.  Conim, 

Wks.  1846  III.  562  Discontent  will  rankle  into  disaffection. 

II.  trans.  5.  To  cause  (flesh,  wounds,  etc.)  to 

fester;  to  make  painful.     Also  with  up. 

1530-77  H.  RHODES  Bk.  Nurture  32  in  Babees  Bk.  (1868) 
83Vyce..dulleth  wits,  ranckleth  flesh.  1609  B  p.  \V.  BARLOW 
Answ.  Nameless  Cath.  96  Hee  would  needes  rankle  vp 
againe  so  old  sores.  1640  QUARLES  Enchirid.  in.  xxxiv, 
Hasty  words  ranckle  the  wound.  1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  I. 
x.  218  He.. rankled  Richard's  shoulder  by  pulling  out  the 
arrow.  1865  SIR  J.  K.  JAMES  Tasso  x.  xiv,  His  wounds  were 
chilled  By  the  night  breeze,  which  rankled  them  still  more. 
b.  To  embitter,  envenom  (feelings) ;  to  cause 
painful  irritation  in  (a  person).  Also  const,  into 
(quot.  1796). 

1606  True  fy  Perfect  Relat.  X  x  iv,  A  Prince . .  more  willing 
to  solicite  union,  then  to  ranckle  hate.  1629  MAXWELL  tr. 
Herodian  (1635)  365  Which  horrid  facts  did  infinitely  rankle 
and  fester  the  affections  of  all  Estates.  1659  MILTON  Hire~ 
lings  57  A  fierce  reformer  once,  now  ranckl'd  with  a  contrary 
heat.  1711  C.  M.  Lett,  to  Curat.  79  That  not  so  much  as 
the  Difference  of  a  Ceremony  from  the  English  might  rankle 
them.  1796  Hist.  Ned  Evans  II.  21  Envy . .  has  . .  rankled 
his  base  soul  into  hatred  against  you.  1850  M'CosH  Dw. 
Govt.  in.  ii.  (1874)  ^96  Whatever  rankles  the  mind— and 
nothing  so  much  rankles  it  as  an  unappeased  conscience, 
fc.  To  poison,  destroy  (one's  credit).  Obs. 

1615  T.  ADAMS  White  Devill  7  His  teeth  rankle  the 
womans  credit,  1633  —  Exp.  2  Peter  ii.  3  Do  they  never. . 
rankle  another's  credit  with  malicious  report. 

6.  To  conceive  or  nourish  (a  bitter  feeling). 

1819  Metropolis  III.  16  His  heart  rancled  hatred  in  the 
extreme  for  the  cruel  act. 

Hence  Ra*nkled ///.  a. 

1508  DUNBAR  Tua  Ma-riii  Wemen  163  A  roust  that  is  sa 
rankild  quhill  risis  my  stomok.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  iii. 
36  Then  shall  the  Britons,  .avenge  their  ranckled  ire.  1631 
WEEVER  Anc.  Funeral Mon.  464  The  rankled  wound.. was 
iudged  incurable.  1756  HOME  Douglas  n.  28  I've  known  a 
follower's  rankled  bosom  breed  Venom  most  fatal. 

Ra-nkless,  a.  rare.     [f.   RANK  sb.  +  -LESS.] 

Not  drawn  up  in  ranks. 

1843  Toffs  Mag.  X.  566  Like  a  flood  He.. swept  the 
rankless  tens  away. 

Rankling  (rre-rjklirj),  vbl.  sb.  [-ING*.]  The 
action  of  the  vb.  RANKLE. 

14. .  Stockk.  Medical  MS.  i.  310  in  Anglia  XVIII.  303  Al 
be  rancelynge  schall  Qwyr  gon.  Ibid.  316  pe  rank[l]ynge 
schal  swage  away,  c  1450  M.  E.  Med.  Bk.  tHeinrich)  224 
Hyt  wolle  aswage  ranclyngof  vvoundes.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens 
i.  xlix.  71  Corruption,  festering  or  inward  ranckling.  1614 
MARKHAM  Cheap  Husb.  (1623)  127  To  preuent  the  ranckling 
and  impostumation  of  the  soare.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i. 
xx,  His  limbs.. swelled  with  the  rankling  of  his.. wounds. 
1795-1814  WORDSW.  Excitrs.  iv.  212  Ill-governed  passions, 
ranklings  of  despite.  1832  MACAULAY  £ss.t  Hampdent  A 
rankling  which  may  last  for  many  years. 

Rankling  (rseTjklirj),  ppl.  a,  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  2.]  That  rankles :  a.  In  intransitive  senses. 

1528  ROY  Rede  met  etc.  (Arb.)  25  One  rancklynge  member 
[putrifieth]  the  whole  boddy.  1590  SPENSER  F\  Q.  \.  vi.  44 
Two  Bores,  with  rancling  malice  mett.  1631  GOUGE  God's 
Arrows  in.  §  95.  363  The  daily  licking  of  his  ranckling 
wounds.  1746  SMOLLETT  Reproof  98  Thy  rankling  pen 
produces  nought  but  gall.  1768  BKATTIE  Minstrel  i.  xli, 
Dark  error's  den,  whose  rankling  slime  First  gave  you 
form.  1868  FARRAR  Silence  $  I'oices  ix.  (1875)  152  It  was 
not  the  rankling  wound  of  an  enemy. 
b.  In  transitive  senses. 

1635  QUARLES  Embl.  \\.  xi,  Whose  ranckling  pricks  are 
sharp,  and  fell.  1742  GRAY  Ode  Eton  Coll.  66  Jealousy  with 
rankling  tooth,  That  inly  gnaws  the  secret  heart.  1821 
JOANNA  BAILLIE  Met.  Leg.)  Colum.  xlii,  His  rankling  chain. 
18460.  W.  HOLMES  7? hymed  Lesson  (1883)  72  Shall  I  wound 
with  satire's  rankling  spear? 

Hence  Ra-nklingly  adv. 

1860  SIR  B.  BURKE  Viciss.  Fam.  Ser.  ii.  128  The  high 
hearted  boy.. ranklingly  nurtured  that  mixture  of  fiercely 
vengeful  and  patriotic  spirit. 

Rankly  (rce-rjkli),  adv.  [f.  RANK  a.  +  -LY2.] 
In  a  rank  manner,  in  various  senses  of  the  adj. 

c  1000  Canons  of  JElfric  §  35  in  Thorpe  Laws  II.  358/6 
Ne  eower  reaf  ne  beo  to  ranclice  jemacod.  c  1050  Byrht- 
ferth^s  Handboc  in  Anglia  VIII.  312/18  past  hij  majon  be 
ranclicor  Jjas  bmg  heora  clericum  jeswutelian.  13..  E.  E. 
Allit.  P.  C.  431  Herk  renk  !  is  this  ry^t  so  ronkly  to  wrath. 
1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasttt.  Par.  Titus  28  Slowe  belyes 
whiche.  .lyue  in  ydlenes  and  rankly.  1590  R.  HARVEY  PI. 
Perc.  10  Prid  and  venime,  if  they  had  so  ranckly  possessed 
his  hart  [etc.].  1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  fy  Min.  157  It's  best 
when  young,  it  smelling  rankely  when  old.  1743  Lotid.  <$• 
Country  Brewer  n.  (ed.  2)  109  Because  their  Back,  Tuns,  or 
Tubs  are  not  rankly  damaged.  1824  Hist.  Gaming  Houses 
57  If  his  Lordship  found  that  he  had  been  cheated  rankly, 
he  soon  retaliated  in  kind.  1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  III. 
1 146  Tools  for  brass  and  gun-metal,  when  left  from  the  grind 
stone,  cut  too  rankly.  1871  R.  ELLIS  tr.  Catullus  Ixiv.  42 
Steals  a  deforming  rust  on  ploughs  left  rankly  to  moulder. 

Rankness  (ne-rjknes).  [f.  RANK  a.  +  -NESS.] 
The  quality  of  being  rank,  in  senses  of  the  adj. 

(11400-50  Alexander  3350  Ronkenes  of  wynes.  1x1485 
Promp.  Parv.  423/1  (MS.  S.)  Rankenesse,  crassitude.  1523 
FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  58  Murren..commeth  of  a  ranknes  of 
bloudde.  1555  EDEN  Decades  122  The  rankenesse  and 
frutefulnesse  of  the  grounde.  1640  FULLER  Joseph's  Coat 
i.  (1867)  no  Experience  had.  .corrected  the  rankness  of  his 
spirit.  1692  R.  L'EsTRANGE  Fables  ccxxxiv.  (1708)252  The 
Crane's  Pride  is  in  the  Rankness  of  her  Wing.  1751  SMOL 
LETT  Per.  Pic.  (1779)  II.  xlviii.  103  The  dish  had  a  particular 
rankness  of  taste.  1850  R.  G.  CUMMING  Hunters  Life  St 
Afr.  (ed.  2)  I.  265  The  rankness  of  his  flowing  mane.  1873 
SVHONDS  Gk.  Poets  L  36  Weeds  lovely  in  their  rankness. 


RANZSMAN. 

Ra-nksman.  rare.  [f.  RANK  rf.']  a.  (See  quot. 
1880.)  b.  One  drawn  up  with  others  in  a  rank. 

iSfio  JAMIESON,  Ranksmcn,  a  name  given  to  two  or  more 
boats'  crews  fishing  together  and  dividing  the  catch  equally. 
Shell.  1898  T.  HARDY  Wessex  Poems  89  Hosts  of  ranks- 
men  round. 

tRa'nkum.  Obs.  rare-1.    ? A  noisy  chorus. 

1693  SOUTHERNS  Maid's  Last  Prayey  iv.  iii,  Pox  a'  this 
scraping  and  tooting  ;  shall  we  eclipse,  Tom,  and  make  it  a 
Rankum. 

Rankyll,  obs.  form  of  RANKLE  v. 

II  Railll  (rsen).     [Ir.]     A  verse,  a  strain. 

1843  CARLETON  Traits  Irish  Peas.  I.  338  The  ranns,  an' 
prayers,  an'  holy  charms,  a  1849  J.  C.  MANGAN  Poems 
(1859)  388  [To]  chant  aloud  the  exulting  rann  of  jubilee. 
1893  W.  B.  YEATS  Poems,  To  Ireland  234  Who  sang  to 
sweeten  Ireland's  wrong,  Ballad  and  story,  rann  and  song. 

Rannc,  Ranndon,  Rannee,  Rannegald, 
obs.  ff.  RANK  a.,  RANDOM,  RANEE,  RANNIGAL. 

f  Ra-nnell,  si.  Obs.     A  hussy,  jade. 

1573  G.  HARVEY  Lctter-bk.  (Camden)  113  A  beastely  ran- 
nell,  A  filthy  cannell.  1592  —  Pierce's  Super.  146  Though 
she  were  a  lustie  bounding  rampe..yet  was  she  not  such  a 
roinish  ranne!l..as  this  wainscot-faced  Tomboy. 

Ra'nnel-tree.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Also  9 
rannell-,  raoadle-,  rangel-,  8-9  Sc.  rantle-tree. 
[App.  of  Scand.  origin  ;  cf.  the  synonymous  Norw. 
dial,  randa-tre  and  rand-aas,  f.  rand  the  space 
above  the  fire-place.  But  the  appearance  of  /  in 
all  the  English  forms  is  difficult  to  account  for.] 
A  horizontal  bar  of  wood  or  iron  fixed  across 
a  chimney,  on  which  the  pot-hooks  or  rackans 
are  hung. 

Rannel-balk,  -perch  are  also  common  in  north,  dial. 

'755  R-  FORBES  Jrnl.  fr.  Loud.  4  The  lum  o'  a  house 
that  wanted  baith  crook  an'  rantle-tree.  1785  HUTTON  Bran 
New  Wark  (E.  D.  S.)  380  A  seaty  rattencreak  hang  dang 
ling  fra  a  black  randle  tree.  1790  GROSE  Prov .  Gloss.,  Ran- 
nel-tree.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xviii,  An  unguent  to  clear 
our  auld  rannell-trees.  1829-  in  northern  glossaries.  1887 
HALL  CAINE  Deemster  xix.  113  Over  the  rannel-tree  shelf 
a  huge  watch  was  ticking. 

trans/.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xxvi,  If  ever  I  see  that  auld 
randle-tree  of  a  wife  again. 

Ra'nnigal.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Also  Sc. 
6  rannegald,  9  rannygill.  [?  Alteration  of 
renegade.]  (See  quots.) 

15..  KENNEDY  Flytingw.  Dunbar  401  (Bann.  MS.)  Raw- 
mowd  rebald,  rannegald  [«/.  1508  renegate]  rehatour.  1825 
JAMIESON  Suppl.,  Rannygill,  a  bold,  impudent,  unruly 
person. .  .Roxb.  1847-78  HALLIWELL,  Rannack,  a  worth 
less  fellow.  Rannigal  is  also  used.  1878  Cumbld.  Gloss., 
Rannigal,  a  masterful  child  or  animal. 

Ranny  (rte-ni).  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  9  -ey. 
[App.  ad.  L.  araneus  mils  (Colum.  and  Pliny) 
'  a  kind  of  small  mouse,  ace.  to  some  the  shrew 
mouse '.]  The  shrew  mouse,  or  field  mouse. 

1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Cosmogr.  Glasse  173  Venomous 
beastes,  and  Wormes,  as  Ranny,  Tode,  Edder.  1646  SIR 
T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.i^  Sammonicusand  Nicander  do  call 
the  Mus-Araneus,  the  shrew  or  Ranny,  blinde.  1787  in  MAR 
SHALL  Norfolk  (1795)  II.  Gloss.  1823  MOOR  Suffolk  Words, 
Ranny,  the  long-nosed,  small-eyed,  fetid  shrew  or  field 
mouse. ..  Hence  anything  long  nosed  is  called  ranny-nosed. 

Ranny,  Sc.  var.  RANDY  a.,  obs.  f.  RANEE. 

Ran-piek,  -pike(d :  see  RAMPICK,  -PIKE(D. 

Ranque,  obs.  form  of  RANK  sl>. 

Ransack  (rarnssek),  sb.  [f.  the  vb.  Cf.  ON. 
rannsak.]  The  act  of  ransacking. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Pocsie  li.  xi[i].  (Arb.)  118  In  the 
ransacke  of  the  Cities  of  Cartagena  and  S.  Dominico.  1635 
QUARLES  Embl.  iv.  xii.  (1818)  241  What  unwonted  way  Has 
'scap'd  the  ransack  of  my  rambling  thought  1  1649  EARL 
MONM.  tr.  Senault's  Use  Passions  (1671)  137  His  Choler 
committed  no  less  ransack.  1887  BLACKMORE  Spring-haven 
(ed.  4)  III. xv.  2o8'There  are  no  official  papers  here ',  he 
said,  after  another  short  ransack. 

Ransack  (ne-nsjek),  v.  Forms:  3-7  ransake, 
(3  -en,  5  -yn ;  4  ron-,  5  ?  raun- ;  also  5  ransek, 
?  runsik,  6  ransik,  -sike),  5-7  ransacke,  (8  -sac), 
6-  ransack,  [a.  ON.  rannsaka  (Sw.  ransaka, 
Da.  ransage),  f.  rann  house  (=  Goth,  razn,  OE. 
sern}  +  -saka,  ablaut-var.  of  sdskja  to  seek ;  cf. 
saka  to  blame,  accuse,  harm.  Guernsey  dial,  ran- 
saquer,  Gael,  rannsaich  are  from  Eng.  or  ON. 

ON.  rannsaka.  is  esp.  used  in  the  legal  sense  of  searching 
a  house  for  stolen  goods :  cf.  senses  i  and  2  below.] 

fl.  trans.  To  search  (a  person)  for  something 
stolen  or  missing.  Ol's. 

c  1250  Gen.  fy  Ex.  1773  Du  me  ransakes  als  an  5ef.  Ibid. 
2323  He  gan  hem  ransaken  on  and  on,  And  fond  it  3or  sone 
a-non.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xix.  122  Filius  . .  flegh  . .  To 
ransake  that  rageman  and  reue  hym  hus  apples.  1493 
Festivatt(W.deVf.  1515)  22They..sayd  it  was  not  so,  and 
he  [Joseph]  ransaked  them  by  and  by. 

2.  To  make  thorough  search  in  or  throughout 
(a  place,  receptacle,  collection  of  things,  etc.)  far 
something  (in  early  use,  something  stolen :  cf.  i). 
Also  (rarely)  with  up. 

(11300  Cursor  M,  4893  (Gott.)  5on  er  theues  ..  Foluis 
bairn  and  ransakis  [Cott.  ripe]  bair  ware.  1530  PALSGR. 
679/1  He  hath  ransaked  all  the  chystes  I  have  for  his 
beades.  1532  MORE  Con/ut.  Tindale  Wks.  595/2  He  sayth . . 
that  the  woman  had  lost  her  money,  though  by  ransaking  vp 
her  howse  and  seking  she  founde  it  at  last  agayne.  1592 
GREENE  Art  Conny  catch.  30  The  Knight  sat  downe  with 
him  and  fell  a  ransacking  his  budget.  1644  H.  PARKER 
Jus  Pofuli  42  We  have  ransacked  the  bosome  of  Nature 

VOL.  VIII. 


145 

for  all  species  of  Power.  1739  CIBBER  Apol.  (1756)  II.  80, 
I  am  ransacking  my  memory  for  . .  scraps  of  theatrical 
history.  1805  WORDSW.  Prelude  v.  255  She  scratches,  ran 
sacks  up  the  earth  for  food.  1867  FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq. 
(1876)  I.  iii.  135  The  Latin  language  is  ransacked  for  strange 
and  out-of-the-way  terms. 

b.  absol.  To  make  thorough  search.  Now  rare. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Ktit.'s  T.  147  To  ransake  in  the  tas  of 
bodyes  dede.  .The  pilours  diden  bisinesse  and  cure,  c  1440 
York  Myst.  xlvi.  215,  I  shall  renne  and  reste  not  to  ransake 
full  right.  1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  i.  v.  749  We . .  ran 
sack  deeply  in  her  bosom  tender.  1731  NEAI.  Hist.  Purit. 
I.  253  This  raised  a  clamour  as  if  the  Queen  intended  to 
ransack  into  mens  consciences. 

3.  To   examine  thoroughly,  to  subject  to  close 

\    scrutiny ;  to  overhaul  and  investigate  in  detail. 

|      a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  Ixiii.  6  pai  ransaked  wicnesse,  and 

[    mel  thinge.    a  1400  Minor  Poems  fr.  Vernon  MS.  684/40 

j    Hou  schulde  a  leche  this  mon  releeve  But  ?if  he  mi?te  ron- 

[    sake  the  wounde.    c  1440  Jacob's  Well  109  pere  is  no  man, 

i    &_  he  raunsake  his  conscyens,  but  he  schal  fynde  . .  manye 

[sins],  to  schryuen  him  of.     1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  xill. 

j    xiii,  Anone  he  ransakyd  hym  &  thenne  he  saide  vnto  syr 

galahad  I  shal  hele  hym  of  this  wounde.     1533  MoRE^/0/. 

xlii.  Wks.  912,  I  purpose  not  to  ransake  and  rebuke  either 

the  tone  lawe  or  the  tother.     1612  T.  TAYLOR  Comm.  Titus 

i    i.  9  Reade  then  this  book  . .  and  thou  shall  ransacke  the 

;    affections,  yea  and   consciences   of  the  hearers.      1684  J. 

GOODMAN  Old  Relig.  (1848)  160  Ransacking  a  man's  own 

j    heart  in  secret.    1850  HAWTHORNE  Scarlet  L.  xx.  (1852)  207 

She  ransacked  her  conscience.,  and  took  herself  to  task,  .for 

a  thousand  imaginary  faults.     1872  RUSKIN  Eagle's  N.  §  66 

In  astronomy,  the  fields  of  the  sky  have  not  yet,  indeed, 

been  ransacked  by  the  most  costly  instruments. 

t  b.  Jig.  of  tilings :    To  search,  explore,  pene 
trate.     Also  intr:   Obs. 

1562  PHAF.R  /Eneid  ix.  Bb  iij  b,  The  sword  . .  Had  ransakt 
through  his  ribs.  1579  GOSSON  Sell.  Abuse  (Arb.)  38  One 
dramme  of  Eeleborus  ransackes  euery  vaine.  1590  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  in.  v.  48  The  mightie  ill,  which,  as  a  victour  proud,  gan 
ransack  fast  His  inward  partes. 

4.  To  search  (a  place,  person,  etc.)  with  intent  to 
rob ;  hence,  to  rob,  plunder,  pillage  (of). 
1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  331  He  can  the  packeswel  ransake, 


.Thus  Robberie  goth  to  seke.  1465  "MARG.  PASTON  in 
P.  Lett.  II.  251  Theystode  uppon  the  hey  awter,  and  ran- 
sackyd  the  images  _and  toke  a  way  such  as  they  myght 


fynd.  1522  MORE  Dequat.  Noviss.  Wks.  94  In  what  paine- 
full  plight  they  shall  lye  a  dying,  while  theyr  executours 
afore  their  face  ransake  vp  theyr  sackes.  1638  R.  BAKER  tr. 
Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  II)  no  Hee  hath  beene  robbed  and 
ransacked  in  France.  1686  tr.  C/iardin's  Trav.  Persia  145 
That  poor  country  had  been  pillag'd,  plunder 'd  and  ran- 
sack'd  by  the  Persians.  1735  J.  SHEBBEARE  Lydia  (1769)  II. 
413  Those  whose  houses  are  ransacked  by  invading  enemies. 
1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  vn.  xv.  r  4  They  rob,  ransack,  and  de 
vour  me.  1878  Bpsw.  SMITH  Carthage  109  The  palaces  were 
ransacked  of  their  valuables  and  then  ruthlessly  set  on  fire. 


Tracts  Ch'il  War  (Chetham  Soc.)  46  The  Sduldier  hath 
ransakt  and  pillag'd  . .  in  the  country  thereabouts.  1726 
LEONI  tr.  Albcrti's  Arc/lit.  II.  53  A  furious  and  insolent 
enemy  ransacking  among  the  Sepulchres  of  their  Ancestors. 
b.  To  search  for  and  take  {away)  or  carry  off 
as  plunder.  Also  with  up.  Now  rare. 

c  1400  Beryn  3652  Hanybald  shall . .  dely  vir  the  good  ageyn, 
J^at  from  jewe  was  ransakid.  1523  [COVERDALE]  Old  God  $ 
New  (T  534)  F  ij  b,  The  nations  dyd  ransake  away  whatsoeuer 
thinges  they  myght.  1621  Bp.  MOUNTAGU  Diatribe  463  To 
snpyle  the  whole  Countrey :  and  rake  and  ransake  vp  all 
things  that  are  for  mans  vse.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trait. 
57  Refined  gold,  which  greedy  Antiochus  thought  to  haue 
ransackt.  1867  LADY  HERBERT  Cradle  L.  viii.  218  Even 
scented  soap  and  toilette-vinegar,  .were  ransacked  from  his 
stores. 

1 5.  To  visit  with  harshness  or  violence ;  to 
assail,  drag,  shake,  etc.  roughly.  Obs. 

c  1375  Cursor  M.  15825  (Fairf.)  Forb  his  maister  bai  drogh 
£  ronsaked  him  vnrekenli  bab  ouer  hil  &  seogh.  c  1400 
Laud  Troy  Bk.  7967  Many  a  kny}t  fel  to  the  grounde.  Ful 
sorily  he  hem  ransaked.  c  1422  HOCCLEVE  Learn  to  Die  92 
A  yong  man . .  Whom  deeth  so  ny  ransakid  had,  &  soght. 

Ransacked  (roe-nssekt),  ///.  a.  [f.  prec.  + 
-ED!.]  Searched  into,  explored,  plundered,  etc. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  423/1  Ransakyd,  in-vcstigatus,  per. 
scrutatns.  1381  MULCASTER  Positions  xxxix.  (1887)  194  The 
spoile  of  the  ransaked  pouertie.  1659  SPRAT  Plague  of 
Athens  (1790)  249  The  ransack'd  memory  Languish'd  in 
naked  poverty.  1697  DRVDEN  SEneid  11.  1040  The  Spoils 
which  they  from  ransack'd  Houses  brought.  1862  LYTTON 
Sir.  Story  II.  175  A  Flora  and  a  Fauna  which  have  no 
similitudes  in  the  ransacked  quarters  of  the  Old  World. 

Ransacker  (rje-nssekaa).  Also  4  rauusaker. 
[f.  as  prec.  +  -ER.]  One  who  ransacks ;  a  pillager. 

c  1340  HAMPOLE  Prose  Tr.  42  Raunsaker  of  be  myghte  of 
Godd.  1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Judg.  ii.  14  Our  Lord  . .  de 
livered  them  into  the  handes  of  ransackers.  1862  GLADSTONE 
in  Times  8  Apr.  g/i  He  is  a  ransacker  of  Hansard. 

Ransacking  (ra-nsjskirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -ING  !.]  The  action  of  the  verb  RANSACK. 

« 1300  E.  E.  Psalter  Ixiii.  6  pai  waned.. of  ransakinge. 
1435  MISVN  Fire  of  Love  60  Be  ransakynge  of  rightwys 
mens  lyfis  fro  all  pryde  bi  self  refreyn.  1579  E.  K.  Gloss,  in 
Spenser's  Shcph.  Cal.  Oct.  65  He  came  to  ransacking  of 
king  Darius  coffers.  1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalinrs  Pol. 
Touchstone  (1674)  262  Naples  . .  is  now  brought  to  utter 
desolation ..  by  the  general  ransacking  of  the  Vice  Roys. 
1691  T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent.  28  Their  Ransackings, 
Groundings,  Dockings,  and  Repairings.  1708  J.  CHAMBER- 
LAYNE  St.  Gt.  Brit.  ii.  i.  ii.  (ITTO)  349  (Orkneys)  They  . . 
make  search  for  the  Theft,  which  is  called  Ransaking. 

Raiisackle,  ".  Obs.  exc.  north,  dial.  Forms: 
7  ransacle,  8  -shakle,  9  -s(h)ackle  (also  ram-). 
[f.  RANSACK  v.  +  -T,E.]  Irons.  To  ransack. 


RANSOM. 

1621  B.  JONSON Gipsies Metam.  \\.  vi,  They  ha'..ransacled 
me  of  every  penny,  a  1802  Jamie  Tel/er  iv.  in  Child  Ballads 
IV.  6/1  They..ranshakled  the  house  right  weel.  1825  in 
BROCKETT  N.  C.  Gloss.  1877  in  Holdcrncss  Gloss. 

Ranse,  variant  of  RANCE  sb.z  and  v. 

Ransel,  Ranselman  :  see  RANCEL,  -MAN. 

Ransom  (rse'nssm),  sb.  Forms  :  a.  3-4  ran- 
sun,  (4  -eoun,  -cun-e,  -scun,  -scon),  4-6  ran- 
soun,  4-7  ranson,  (5,  7  -sone)  ;  4  raunsun, 
(-scun,  -ceoun,  -zoun,  etc.),  4-5  raunson,  -soun 
(also  4  ron-,  5  rawn-,  rawun-,  etc.).  0.  4 
rans(o)um,  -scum,  -scome,  6-7  ransome,  (7 
randsom),  4-  ransom,  (4  rauns(o)um,  4-6 
rawnsom-e,  4-6  raunsom,  6  -some,  raundsom, 
-sum).  7.  4  raymson,  4-5  raumso(u)n,  4-6 
ramson.  S.  5  raen-,  reanson,  reauuceoune. 
[a.  OF.  rancon,  ran-,  ratmson,  raenfon,  -son, 
ra(a)nccnn,  ramfcon,  etc.  (see  Godef.) :— *  re- 
(d)e»ip(on :— L.  redemption-em  :  see  REDEMPTION. 
For  the  change  of  -on  to  -om,  which  appears  quite 
early,  cf.  randon,  RANDOM.] 

1.  The    action    of  procuring   the   release    of  a 
prisoner  or  captive  by  paying  a  certain  sum,  or  of 
obtaining  one's  own   freedom   in   this   way ;   the 
fact  or  possibility  of  being  set  free  on  this  con 
dition  ;  the  paying  of  money  to  this  end. 

In  older  use  freq.  in  phrases  t  to  make  ransom,  t  to  let  or 
take  to  ransom.  In  the  igth  c.  the  sense  appears  to  have 
been  revived  by  Scott,  and  now  occurs  chiefly  in  the  phr.  to 
hold  to  ransom. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  9772  (Cott.)  Angel  ne  might  wit  na 
resun  Mak  for  adam  his  ranscun  \Gott.  raunsumj.  1340 
HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  2834  '  In  helle',  he  says,  '  es  na  raun- 
ceon '.  For  na  helpe  maybe  in  J)at dungeon.  1375  BARBOUR 
Bruce  xill.  72  Slayand  thame  without  ransoune.  c  1430 
LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  102  Whan  he  for  man  the 
raunsom  on  hym  tooke.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms 
(S.  T.  S.)  60  Four  consules,  the  quhilkis  the  inymyes  wald 
nocht  lat  to  ransoun.  c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  89  He 
wolde  take  to  raenson  be  knyght  that  wasastraunger.  1568 
GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  295  They  slue  many  a  man  that 
could  not  come  to  raunsome.  1819  SCOTT  l-'anhoe  xxvii, 
An  honourable  imprisonment,  .as  is  due  to  one  who  is  in 
treaty  for  ransom.  Ibid,  xxxii,  Let  us  put  the  Jew  to 
ransom.  1839  JEPHSON  Brittany  xyi.  261  Gwesklen,  taken 
prisoner  by  Chandos,  was  held  by  him  to  ransom. 

2.  The  sum  or  price  paid  or  demanded  for  the 
release  of  a  prisoner  or  the  restoration  of  captured 
property.     A  kings  ransom,  a  large  sum.     f  Man 
of  ransom,  one  able  to  pay  ransom,  or  for  whom 
ransom  will  be  paid. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  124  A  mon  }>et  leie  ine  pristine,  &  ouhte 
muche  raunsun.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  6046  pis  folc  bisette 
kaunterbury..&  gret  raunson  of  horn  wibinne  esste.  c  1330 
Will.  Palcrnc  1251  Y  am  prest  as  Y\  prisoun  to  paye  be  my 
ransum.  1390  GOWER  Conf.\\  I.  220  Agaz  made  gret  beheste 
Of  rancoun  which  he  wolde  yive.  c  1470  HEXRY  Wallace 
n.  150  His  kyn  mycht  npcht  him  get..Mycht  thai  hawe 
payit  the  ransoune  of  a  King.  1542  UDALL  Erttsm.  Apoph. 
163  b,  Thei  had  been  leat.  .without  any  peny  of  raunsome 
paiyng  to  escape,  c  1590  MARLOWE  Faust,  vi,  I'll  not  speak 
another  word  for  a  King's  ransom.  1636  MASSINCER  Bask/. 
Lover  ii.  vii,  I  know  him  :  he's  a  man  of  ransom.  1697 
DAMPIER  Voy.  (1729)  I.  145  Here  we  staid  till  the  sixth  day, 
in  hopes  to  get  a  Ransom  for  the  Town.  1718  LADY  M.  W. 
MONTAGU  Lett.  (1887)  I.  239  Her  brother,  .sent  the  sum  of 
four  thousand  pounds  sterling  as  a  ransom  for  his  sister. 
1802  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Moral  T.  (1816)  I.  208  Like  all., 
prisoners  of  war,  she  must.,  pay  her  ransom  in  gold.  1829 
MRS.  HALL  Sketches  Irish  Char.  \.  75,  I  couldn't  look  upon 
the  babby's  face  for  a  king's  ransom.  1882  OUIDA  Maremma 
I.  ii  The  stranger  had  been  waiting  for  a  ransom  to  be  sent. 
b.  fig:,  in  religious  use,  ot  Christ  or  His  blood. 

a  1300  Ciirsor^M.  21731  On  cros  godd  boght  ur  saul  liues 
par -on  he  gaf  him-seluen  ranscun.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg. 
290  b/2,  O  crosse . .  which  only  were  worthy  to  here  the 
raunson  of  the  world,  a  1569  KINGESMYLL  Conjl.  Satan 
(1578)  37  Lpoke,  Christe  is  called  a  ransome,  that  is,  a  price 
of  redemption.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  61  Sending  thee.  -his 
Mediator. . Both  Ransom  and  Redeemer  voluntarie.  a  1711 
KEN  Ckristophilfozt.  Wks.  1721  I.  511  A  Price  inestimable 
paid,  The  Blood  of  God  our  Ransom  made,  a  1834  H.  REED 
Lect.  Eng.  Lit.  vii.  (1878)  236  A  soul.. not  unworthy  the 
awful  ransom  of  the  Redeemer's  blood. 
fc.  A  large  sum.  Obs.  rare~l. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  1665  Besands  to  Jje  bischop  he  bed 
out  of  nounbre,  Reches  him  of  rede  gold  ransons  many. 
d.  Sc.  An  exorbitant  price,  rent,  etc. 

1824-7  MOIR  Mansie  Wauch  \,  Grannie,  .sold  the  milk. . 
at  the  ransom  of  a  ha'penny  the  mutclikin. 
fe.  The  thing  ransomed.   Obs.  rare-1. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  28023  Fra  godd  his  ful  dere  ranscon 
yee  stele,  pat  es  J>at  ilk  saul  bat  he  Cost  wit  his  ded. 

f  3.  The  action  or  means  of  freeing  oneself  from 
a  penalty ;  a  sum  of  money  paid  to  obtain  pardon 
for  an  offence ;  a  fine,  mulct.  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  1970  Qua  bat  slas  or  man  or  wijf  bar  gas 
na  ransun  hot  Hue  for  lijf.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810) 
329  Som  gaf  raunson  after  ber  trespas.  c  1386  CHAUCER 
Wife's Prol.  411, 1  wolde  nolengerinthe  bedabyde. .  .Til  he 
had  maad  his  raunson  vn  to  me.  1491  Act  7  Hen.  VI 1,  c.  22 
§  i  To  abyde  in  prisone  therfor  unto  the  tyme  he  have  made 
fyne  and  raunsom  for  the  same.  1326  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de 
W.  1531)  42  Pardons  payeth  most  properly  the  raunsom  of 
payne  due  in  purgatory,  c  1585  Faire  Em  in.  768  Thy 
death  should  pay  the  ransom  of  thy  fault.  1647  N.  BACON 
Disc.  Gor't.  i.  xxxix.  (1739)  59  Then  might  that  Penance  be 
reduced  to  a  Ransom  (according  to  the  grain  of  the  offence). 
1769  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  IV.  373  This  is  the  reason  why 
fines  in  the  king's  court  are  frequently  denominated  ransoms. 

19 


RAKSOM. 

t  b.  A  sum  paid  as  a  tax  or  tribute.  Obs. 
c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  935  Man!  man  wepen  sare  For  ransoum 
to  yrland.  Marke  schuld  5eld  .  .  |>re  hundred  pounde  of  gold. 
a  1327  Poem  Time  Edw.  II  302  in  Pol.  Songs  (Camden)  337 
If  the  King  m  his  lond  maketh  a  taxacioun,  And  evert  man 
is  i-set  to  a  certein  raunzoun. 

4.  A  ransom  bill  or  bond  (see  5  b). 

1747  Col.  Rec.  Pennsylv.  V.  75  The  St.  Christopher  arrived, 
whose  Crew  .  .  had  taken  and  dismissed  on  a  Kansome  for 
Four  thousand  Dollars  an  English  Frigate. 

5.  attrib.  and  Combn  as  ransom-free  adj.  ;  ransom- 
gift,  -gold,  -money,  -payer,  -price,  purchase. 

c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  xxxvi.  76  Thy  haly  grave, 
uhilk  makis  ws  "ransome  fre.  1715  TICKELL  Homer*  Till 
ansom-free  the  Damsel  is  bestow'd.  1848  BUCKLEY  Iliad 


pay.  . 

captain  of  his  "ransom  money.  1848  BUCKLEY  Iliad  351 
Two  men  contended  for  the  ransom-money  of  a  slain  man. 
1645  RUTHERFORD  Tiyalfy  Tri.  Faith  (1845)  186  You  shame 
the  glory  of  the  *  ransom  -payer.  1872  J.  H.  INGRAHAM 
Pillar  of  Fire  329  The  King  may  be  redeemed  ..  with  a 
vast  'ransom-price.  1865  BUSHNELL  Vicar.  Sacr.  v.  (1868) 
113  To  be  the  'ransom  purchase  of  others. 

b.  ransom-bill,  -bond,  an  engagement  to  re 
deem  or  pay  ransom,  in  later  use  esp.  for  a  vessel 
captured  by  the  enemy. 

1575  CHURCHYARD  Chippes  (1817)  7  Releasing  many  of  his 
fellow  -captives,  on  his  own  ransom-bond.  1764  Ann.  Reg. 
138  1'he  ransom  bills  for  preserving  Manilla  from  pillage. 
1767  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  436  The  privileges  of  embas- 
sadors,  hostages,  or  ransom-bills.  1896  Daily  News  29  Feb. 
6/2  The  Alabama  burned  fifty-se_ven  ships  besides  releasing 
on  ransom-bond  a  great  many  with  neutral  cargo  on  board. 

Ransom  (j£e*nsam),  v.  Forms:  see  the  sb. 
(also  4  raunsene,  5  rampsoum,  6  ramsion,  Sc. 
ransson  ;  pa.  t.  4  raunsede).  [a.  OF.  ransonner, 
-Conner,  etc.  f.  ranson  :  see  prec.] 

1.  trans.  To  redeem  (from  captivity  or  punish 
ment)  ;  to  procure  the   release  of  (a   person)   or 
restoration  of  (a  thing)  by  payment  of  the  sum 
or  price  demanded.     Alsoyf^. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  x.  420  A  robbere  was  yraunceouned, 
rather  than  thei  alle.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  211 
Withbrandes  kyng  of  Longobardes.  .raunsoned  [v.r.  raun- 
sede]  be  relikes  of  seint  Austyn.  ^1470  HENRY  Wallace 
viii.  452  Quha  ;eildis  him,  sail  neuir  ransownd  be.  isj3 
Gahvay  A  rch.  in  loM  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  395 
That  no  dweller  of  this  towne  become  suertie  for  no  gent  of 
the  countrey,  ne  ramson  none  of  them.  1624  CAPT.  SMITH 
Virginia  vi.  215  Their  Canowes..they  ransomed  for  Beuer 
skinnes.  1667  SPRAT  Hist.  R.  Soc.  434  To  randsome  the 
minds  of  all  mankind  from  Slavery.  xS^THiRLWALLGrmrtf 
VI.  73  They  were  obliged  to  ransom  not  only  their  prisoners 
but  their  dead.  1868  FREKMAN  Norm.  Conq.  (1876)  II.  viii. 
280  His  wife  ransomed  him  at  a  heavy  price. 

b.  To  redeem,  deliver,  in  religious  sense. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  9784  If  godd  had  wroght  anojier  man 
For  to  ransun  wit  adam.  1414  BKAMPTON  Penit.  Ps.  (Percy 
Soc.)  28  Cryist,  that  deyid  up  on  the  rood,  To  raunsoun 
synfull  creature.  1557  N.  T.  (Genev.)  Epistle  **j,  He  was 
solde  to  ransom  vs.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  m.  297  His  Brethren, 
ransomd  with  his  own  dear  life.  1784  COWPER  Tiroc.  128 
We..  learn  with  wonder  how  this  world  began,  Who  made, 
who  marr'd,  and  who  has  ransom'd  man,  1859  TENNYSON 
Guinevere  677  Poor  sick  people,  richer  in  His  eyes  Who 
ransom'd  us..  than  I. 

c.  To  purchase  (life  or  liberty)  by  a  ransom. 
1630  DEKKER  -2nd  Pt.   Honest  Wk.  Wks.  1873  II.  170  If 

my  life  May  ransome  thine,  I  yeeld  it  to  the  Law.  1697 
DAMPIER  Voy.  (1729)  I.  75  The  Men.  .made  them  send  ashoar 
for  Cattle  to  ransom  their  Liberties.  1801  Litsignan  III. 
82  The  design  she  had  long  meditated  ..  of  endeavouring  to 
ransom  his  liberty. 

d.  To  atone  or  pay  for,  to  expiate  ;  f  to  pro 
cure  respite  of  (time)  ;  to  bring  into  by  ransoming. 

01300  Cursor  M.  14427  pat  he  suld  flexs  take  ..  For  to 
ranscun  wit  adam  sin.  ^1375  Sc.  Leg,  Saints  xxxiii. 
(George)  77  To  ransone  J?e  tyme  &  to  sauf  }>ame  fra  his 
venyme.  c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonnets  XXXLV,  Those  tears  .  .  are 
rich  and  ransom  all  ill  deeds.  1604  —  Oth.  m.  iv.  118  Nor 
my  Seruice  past,  nor  present  Sorrowes,  .  .  Can  ransome  me 
into  his  loue  againe.  1796  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  IV-  J52 
Its  moments  of  extasy  would  be  ransomed  by  years  of 
torment  and  hatred. 

2.  a.  To  permit  to  be  ransomed  ;  to  admit  to 
ransom;  to  set  free  on  payment  of  a  sum  of  money; 
t  to  fix  one's  ransom  at  a  certain  sum. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  n.  466  Off"  othir,  that  war  takyn  than, 
Sum  thai  ransownyt,sum  thai  slew.  1442  in  Proc.  King's 
Council  Irel.  (Rolls)  274  He  .  .  put  him  in  great  duresse  of 
prisoun,  and  rampsoumed  him  at  c.  marcs.  1494  FABYAN 
Chron.  vn.  348  That  he  were  streyght  put  in  pryson,  and  not 
to  be  raunsomyd  nor  delyuered  tyll  the  Kyngys  pleasure 
were  forther  knowen.  a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron. 
Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  228  Stewin  Bull  ranssonat  the  skiparis,  and 
held  money  of  the  marienaris  presonaris.  1^99  BRETON 
Will  of  Wit  in.  i.  Wks.  (Grosart)  37/2  The  souldiours  entred, 
slewe  a  number,  some  they  raunsommed.  1819  Scorr  Ivan- 
hoe  x,  Leaving  it  with  your  nobleness  to  retain  or  to  ransom 
the  same,  according  to  your  pleasure. 

b.  To  demand  ransom  from  or  for;  to  exact 
payment  from  ;  f  hence,  to  oppress  with  exactions. 
Also  absol. 

^1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  66  Many..  ben  dede  bi  be  weie, 
what  wty  traueile  &  cold..&  enemy  es  &  ofte  raunsonyd. 
7^1400  Morte  Arth.  100  Why  thow  has  redyne  and  ray- 
mede,  and  raunsound  pe  pople.  1495  Act  \  r  Hen.  l^/f,  c.  9 
Preamble,  People  .  .  be  .  .  caned  into  Scotland  and  their  raun- 
somed  to  ther..  utter  empoverysshing  for  ever.  1525  LD. 
BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  3  All  suche  landes  as  he  had  rule  of, 
he  raunsomed  them  ..  greuously,  and  wolde  taxe  the  men 
two  or  three  tymes  in  a  yere.  1590  SIR  J.  SMYTH  Disc. 


146 

Weapons  7  b,  By  fleecing  and  ransoming  of  their  soldiers    ' 
being  men  of  wealth.     1819  SCOTT  /KZfl&Vxix.  Who  is  it 
thru  rifle,  and  ransom,  and  make  prisoners  in  these  parts. 
1888  in  Times  17  Aug.  7/6  These  gentlemen  contend  that 
unfortified  towns  will  never  be  bombarded  or  ransomed. 

3.  To  pay  ransom  to  (a  person).  Also  absol. y 
to  pay  ransom  for  oneself.  rare~l, 

1722  CAPT.  OGLE  in  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  6091/3  They  had  all 
ransomed  at  the  Rate  of  eight  Pounds  Weight  of  Gold  each ; 
an  English  Ship,  for  refusing  to  ransom  the  Pyrates  had 
been  burnt. 

It  an  som  able  (ne'nsamab'l),  a.  [f.  prec.  -f 
-ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  ransomed. 

ci6n  CHAPMAN  Iliad  i.  22  To  dissolve  the  ransomable 
chain  Of  my  lov'd  daughter's  servitude.  1641  EARL  MONM. 
tr.  Biondis  Civil  Warres  iv.  79  He  made  a  scrutiny  of  the 
prisoners,  he  detained  such  as  were  ransomable.  1718  MOT-  , 
TEUX  Quix.  (1733)  II.  164  The  King's  Slaves,  which  are 
ransomable,  are  not  obliged  to  go  out  to  Works. 

Ransomed  (rse'nsamd),  ///.  a.     [i\  as  prec. 

+  -ED  l.]  Freed  by  means  of  a  ransom,  delivered, 
redeemed.  Also  absol. 

c  1400  Prymer  12  Folkis  raunsoned,  reioice  3e-  ("1440 
Pro)iip.  Parv.  424/2  Rawnsomyd,  redemptits.  1533  BEL- 
LEJJDEN  Liiy  y.  xxiii,  pe  goddis  . .  wald  nocht  sumr  bat 
romanis  suld  leif  as  redemit  or  ransound  pepil.  16x1  BIBLE 
Isa.  xxxv.  10  The  ransomed  of  the  Lord  shall  returne. 
1760-7*  H.  BROOKE  Fool  ofQual.  (1809)  III.  107  A  man  then 
demanded.. if  I  was  one  of  the  ransomed?  1846  TRENCH 
Mirac.  xxviii.  (1862)  387  Here  is.. a  ransomed  and  a  Ran- 
somer.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  Ixi,  If. .Thy  ransom'd 
reason  change  replies  With  all  the  circle  of  the  wise. 

Ransomer  (ne-nsamsj).     [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER!.] 

1.  One  who  ransoms  ;  a  redeemer. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  15043  Crist  and  king  and  ransconer 
[Gott.  ransuner]  O  folk  o  godds  lai.  ^137$  Sc.  Leg.  Saints 
iii.  (Andrew)  682  Thru  |?e  wes  myn  ransoner.  1500-20 
DUNBAR  Poems  xi.  45  Thy  Ransonner,  with  woundis  fyve. 
1571  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Ps.  xxxiv.  23  Ere  God  can  appeere 
to  bee  their  raunsomer.  1678  J.  BROWN  Life  of  'Faith  (1824) 
I.  vii.  129  A  Ransomer.  .will  be  most  tender  of  them.  i8oz 
T.  JAMIESON  Use  Sacr.  Hist.  I.  i.  86  Elihu  speaks  of  the 
Messiah  as  a  Ransomer.  1870  R.  C.  JEBB  Sophocles'  Electro. 
(ed.  2)  9/1  A  ransomed  prisoner-of-war  and  his  ransomer. 

2.  spec.    a.  One   of  the    representatives    of  the 
Order  of  our  Lady  for  the  redemption  of  captives, 
founded  by  St.  Peter  Nolasco  in  1223  (see  quot.). 

1745  A.  BUTLER  Lives  of  Saints  dfai]  I.  462  Two  members 
of  the  Order  should  be  sent  together  among  the  infidels  to 
treat  about  the  ransom  of  Christian  slaves,  and  they  are 
hence  called  Ransomers. 

b.  A  member  of  a  Roman  Catholic  guild  which 
aims  at  the  conversion  of  England  to  the  Roman 
Catholic  faith. 

1890  Pall  Mall  G.  i  Apr.  6/2  The  Guild  was  inaugurated 
about  two  years  ago.  .and  already  numbers  12,000  members, 
called  'Ransomers'.  1896  IVestm.  Gaz.  i  June  9/2  An 
enormous  gathering  of  ordinary  lay  Catholics,  including 
'  Ransomers  \  whose  special  mission  is  to  pray  for  the  con 
version  of  England. 

3.  A  person  held  as  security  for  the  payment  of 
ransom  for  a  ship.  ?  Obs. 

1707  Lomt.  Gaz,  No.  4326/3  This  Privateer  had  on  Board 
eight  Ransomers  for  Vessels  taken  in  this  Chanel.  1761  Ann. 
Reg.  157  The  Conrageux..hnd  ransomers  on  board  for  five 
prizes,  amounting  to  82oo/.  1782  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  199/1 
A  flag  of  truce  arrived  here  last  week  with  some  ransomers. 
Ransoming  (HE  nsamirj),  -vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -ING  i.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  RANSOM. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  4420  In  kinges  prisun  for  to  lij,  Wit  na 
raunsuming  to  bij.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  ix.  (Barthol.)  128 
pe  manere  of  oure  ransonynge.  1442  in  Proc.  Kings Counc. 
Irel.  (Rolls)  287  pe  taking,  imprisonyng  and  rampsonyng  of 
the  Priouer  of  Conale.  1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  52  He 
..dyde  great  domageto  thecountre. .  by  raunsomynge  of  the 
townes.  \efl$Galivay  Arch,  in  loM  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.Cottnn. 
App.  V.  425  For  redeming  and  ramsoning  of  the  Illes  of 
Aren.  1790  BEATSON  Nov.  <y  Mil.  Mem.  1. 295  All  the  articles 
relative  to  the  ransoming  of  the  town.  1899  STALKER  ChristoL 
Jesus  v.  180  Such  cases  show  clearly  what  ransoming  was. 

Ransoniless  (rarnssmles),  a.  [f.  RANSOM  sb. 
+  -LESS.]  Without  ransom. 

1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  i.  i.  274  Ransomlesse  heere  we  set  our 
Prisoners  free.  1645  MILTON  Tetrach.  (1851)  i6o(Gen.  ii.  18) 
A  ransomles  captivity.  1676  HOBBES  Iliad  i.  98  Till  she  be 
to  her  Father  sent.,  ransomless.  1796  ANNA  SEWARD  Lett. 
(1811)  IV.  265  Fingal.  .releases  him  ransomless.  1846  H.  W. 
TOR  R  ENS  Rem.  Milit.  Hist.  145  As  ransomless  prisoners 
after  a  battle.  1875  SYMONDS  Grk.  Poets  viii.  244  The  Athe 
nians  released  Doneus  ransomless  and  scatheless, 

Rant  (nent),  sb.     [f.  the  vb.] 

1.  A  high-flown,  extravagant,  or  bombastic 
speech  or  utterance;  a  piece  of  turgid  declama 
tion  ;  a  tirade. 

1649  G.  DANIEL  Trittarck.,  Hen.  IV,  cxl,  Tis  a  brave 
Costly  Rant  th'  Hesperian  King  vtters  with  many  Titles. 
1668  DRYDEM  Maiden  Queen  Epil.,  I  left  my  Client  yonder 
in  a  Rant  Against  the  Envious,  and  the  Ignorant.  1717 
ATTERBURY  Let.  to  Pope  8  Nov.,  What  I  look'd_  upon  as  a 
Rant  of  Barrow's,  I  now  begin  to  think  a  serious  Truth. 
1787  MAD.  D'AnBLAY  Diary  6  Mar.,  Then  broke  forth  one 
of  his  most  flighty  rants  of  compliments.  1849  MACAULAY 
Hist.  F.ng,  vi.  II.  139  He  sometimes,  ..  in  his  rants,  talked 
with  Norman  haughtiness  of  the  Celtic  barbarians. 
•f*  b.  A  violent  scolding.  Obs.  rare. 

1663  PEPYS  Diary  14  Mar.,  A  great  rant  I  did  give  to  Mr. 
Davis.,  and  others  about  their  usage  of  Michel).     1725 
RAMSAY  Gentle  Sheph.  \.  ii,  If  canker'd  Madge,  our  aunt, 
Come  up  the  burn,  she'll  gie's  a  wicked  rant, 
C.  A  ranting  state  or  condition. 

1722  DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  (1840)  207  Her  former  behaviour 
was  a  kind  of  rant,  or  fit.  1801  C.  GADSDEN  in  J.  Adams's 
Wks.  1854  IX.  579  The  uncommonly  extravagant  ravings  of 


RANTEK. 

our  own  times. .still  in  the  highest  rant.  187*  C.  M.  DAVIF.S 
Unortk.  London  (ed.  2)  42,  I  set  out  one  May  evening  to 
see  the  Tabernacle  'on  the  rant*. 

2.  Extravagant  or  bombastic  language  or  senti 
ments;  magniloquent  and  empty  declamation. 

1708  J.  PHILIPS  Cyder  (1807)  99  Nought  is  heard  But  din, 
and  various  clamor,  and  mad  rant.  1768  KAMES  Elan. 
Crit.  xvii.  (1833)  234  The  following  passages  are  pure  rant. 
1820  SCOTT  Abbot  xxxi,  He.. need  not  plead  his  cause  with 
the  commonplace  rant  of  romantic  passion.  1861  J.  G. 
HOLLAND  Le ssons  luLi/evw.  119  They  strain  their  brains. . 
and  wear  themselves  out  repeating  the  rant  of  their  sect  and 
the  cant  of  their  schools. 

b.  A  declamatory  way  of  speaking.  rare~t. 

c  1742  JOHNSON  in  Boswell  an.  1744,  The  players,  Sir,  have 
got  a  kind  of  rant,  with  which  they  run  on,  without  any 
regard  either  to  accent  or  emphasis. 

3.  north,   dial,   and   Sc.   A   boisterous,   riotous 
frolic  or  merry-making  ;  a  spree.     Also  Irattsf. 

1675  in  THORESBV  Ducatm  Leodensis  (1715)  App.  617  In 
December  the  same  Year  was  an  Epidemick  Distemper 
profanely  called  the  Jolly  Rant ;  it  was  a  severe  Cold,  and 
violent  Cough.  1703  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  3944/4  The  Yearly 
Fox  and  Hare  Hunting,  famous  by  the  Name  of  Dalton 
Rant.  1786  BURNS  Scotch  Drink  viii,  Thou  art  the  life  o' 
public  haunts  ;  But  thee,  what  were  our  fairs  and  rants  ? 
1816  SCOTT  Bl.  Dviarf'A,  A  rant  amang  the  lasses,  or  a 
splore  at  a  fair.  1876  Mid-  Yorks.  Gloss.  s.v.,  The  feast-days 
of  Nidderdale  localities  are  called  rants. 

4.  (Chiefly  Sc.)      A  lively,   noisy,  or   irregular 
tune  or  song. 

1715  RAMSAY  Gentle  Sliefh.  i.  i,  How  heartsome  is't.  .To 
hear  the  birds  chirm  o'er  their  pleasing  rants  !  1830  SIR  J. 
HARRINGTON  Pers.  Sk.  Own  Times  (ed.  2)  II.  166,  I  think 
our  rants  and  planxties  would  have  answered  just  as  well 
without  either  symphonies  or  chromatics.  1898  MUNRO  John 
Splendid  xi.  112  A  tune  they  call  'The  Galley  of  the 
Waves,1  a  Stewart  rant. 

Rant  O'jent,,  v.  [a.  obs.  Du.  randten,  ranten 
(also  randen  :  see  RAND  v.~)  to  talk  foolishly,  to 
rave ;  cf.  G.  ranzen  to  frolic,  spring  about,  etc.] 

1.  intr.  (for  with  it).  To  talk  or  declaim  in  an 
extravagant  high-flown  manner ;  to  use  bombastic 
language. 

i6oz  SHAKS.  Ham.  v.  i.  307  Nay,  and  thou'lt  mouth,  lie 
rant  as  well  as  thou.  1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  Iniq.  xii.  40 
Those  that  talk  at  this  rate  rant  it,  and  speak  unintelligible 
riddles.  1747  in  Doran  Mann  ff  Manners  (1876)  I.  xi.  250 
As  an  Actre^s.  .she  does  extremely  well  . .  She  rants  a  little 
too  much  whilst  she  is  in  woman's  cloaths.  1781  COWPER 
Table-t.  299  In  such  a  cause  I  grant  An  English  poet's 
privilege  to  rant.  1864  KNIGHT  Passages  Work.  Life  II. 
viii.  169  Pretended  teachers  of  political  economy  ..  were 
ranting  in  popular  assemblies. 

fb.  To  storm  or  scold  violently.     Const,   at, 
against.  Obs. 

1647  COWLEY  Mistr.,  Rich  Rival  i,  They  say  you're  angry, 
and  rant  mightily.  1664  PF.PYS  Diary  5  Feb.,  Which  I 
ranted  at  him  for  when  he  came  in.  1667  POOLE  Dial.  betw. 
Protest,  ff  Papist  (1735)  63,  I  have  heard  some  of  your 
Priests  ranting  highly  against  our  Translation.  1710  PALMER 
Pro-<'erbs  206  Children  and  servants  must  never  be  suffer'd 
to.  .insult  and  rant  at  one  another. 

2.  intr.  (f  or  with  it).  To  be  jovial,  boisterous, 
uproariously   gay   or   merry ;   to   lead   a   gay   or 
dissolute  life  ;  also,  to  sing  loudly. 

1598  [see  RANTING  ppl.  a.].  1641  BROME  Joviall  Crem 
(1651)  15  The  more  the  merrier,  I  am  resolv'd  to  Rant  it  to 
the  last.  1657  THORNLEY  tr.  Longits'  Daphnis  t,-Chloc  84 
He  permitted  them  securely  to  rant  and  be  joviall  as  in 
peace.  1700  FARQUHAR  Constant  Couple  iv.  i,  I'll  Court,  and 
Swear  and  Rant,  and  Rake.  1785  BuRNs7«/&<  Beggars,  ist 
Recit.,  Wi'  quaffing  and  laughing,  They  ranted  and  they 
sang.  1821  CLARE  Vtil.  Minstr.  II.  95  The  birds  that 
ranted  in  the  hedge-row  boughs.  1824  SCOTT  Redgauntlet 
let.  x,  If  ye  expect  to  be  ranting  among  the  queans  o' 
lasses...  Ye  will  come  by  the  waur. 

3.  trans.  To  utter  in  a  declamatory  and  bom 
bastic  manner ;  to  mouth.     Also  with  out. 

1650  W.  SAUNDERSON  A  vl.  Coqmn.  97  He  hath  ranted  his 
Stories  of  ManselL.and  of  the  peace.  1788  MAD.  D'ARBLAY 
Diary  13  Feb.,  To  hear  a  man  rant  such  stuff.  1805  T. 
HARRAL  Scenes  of  Life  III.  34  Ranting  out  some  speeches 
of  Hamlet.  1865  MORLEY  Mod.  Characteristics  150  Rant 
ing  Carlyle  and  Emerson  by  the  volume. 

Rant,  obs.  form  of  rent,  pa.  pple.  REND  v. 

Ban-tail  (rsenitxn).  slang  or  dial.  [Echoic  : 
in  sense  2  perh.  for  RANDAN.] 

1.  A  word  expressive  of  a  loud  banging  noise ; 
hence  si.  as  a  name  for  this,  and  \attrib.  -  noisy. 

1630  I.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Wks.  I.  no  There  is  ran  tan 
Tom  Tinker  and  his  Tib.  c  1640  SHIRLEY  Capt.  Underwit 
in.  iii.  in  Bullcn  O.  f'l.  (1883)  II.  366  Ran  t  .n  :  enough,— 
you  must  not  waste  your  lunges  Too  much  at  once.  1837 
CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  III.  vn.  v,  Beating  sharp  ran-tan,  To 
arms,  To  arms  !  1869  Lonsdale  Gloss.,  Rantan,  a  loud  and 
long  knocking  at  a  door. 

2.  A  riot,  drinking  bout.     On  the  ran-tan,  oil 
the  spree,  on  the  '  randan'. 

1853  DICKENS  in  Househ.  Words  24  Sept.  75  For  the  one 
word  drunk, . .  I  find . .  beery,  winey,  slewed,  on  the  ran-tan. 
1886  Rochdale  Gloss.,  Ran-tan.  not,  involving  the  idea  of 
breaking  furniture,  when  the  actor  is  drunken. 

t  Rantantingly  adv.     App.,  extravagantly. 

Perh.  a  misprint  for  rantingly,  but  cf.  prec. 

'599  NASHF.LentfaStHffiis,  I  would  not.  .haue  it  cast  in 
my  dishe  that  therefore  I  prayse  Yarmouth  so  rantantingly, 
because  I  never  elsewhere  bayted  my  horse. 

Rantepole,  obs.  form  of  RANTIPOLE. 
Ranter  (rae-ntaa),  sb.     [f.  RANT  v.  +  -EB  '.J 
1.  One  who  rants,  declaims  noisily  or  bombasti 
cally,  esp.  in  preaching  (cf.'  2). 


RANTER. 

1649  CROMWELL  Let.  14  Nov.  (Carlyle\  There  went  also, 
with  this  party,  Sir  Thomas  Armstrong,  Colonel  Trevor,  and 
most  of  their  great  ranters.  1675  TKAHERNE  Chr.  Ethics  339 
How  empty  these  self,  but  shallow -conceited  ranters  are,., 
they  place  all  gallantry  and  worth  in  valour.  1786  Genii. 
Mag,  LVI.  i.  305  Some  other  ranters  and  rhapsodists.  1826 
SCOTT  Woodst.  xxii,  A  wild  ranter  in  religious  opinions.  1889 
JESSOFP  Coming  of  Friars  i.  48  Rome  has  found  a  place  for 
the  dreamiest  mystic  or  the  noisiest  ranter. 

f  2.  A  noisy,  riotous,  dissipated  fellow  ;  a  rake. 

1654  SIR  E.  NICHOLAS  in  N.  Papers  (Camden)  II.  81  A 
very  sober  and  honnest  understanding  man,  noe  drinker  nor 
ranter.    1681  T.  JORDAN  Londotfs  Joy  in  Heath  Grocers* 
Camp.  (1869)  548  We  sing,  dance,  and  trip  it,  as  frolick  as 
Ranters.     1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  486  f  i  The  Hazards  of 
a  Town  full  of  Ranters  and  Debauchees.    1828  SCOTT  P.M. 
Perth  xii,  It  was  never  your  mother's  custom,  and  it  shall 
never  be  mine,  to  take  up  with  ranters. 

b.  Sc.  A  lively  singer  or  player. 

17..  Maggie  Lander  (Sc.  Song)  10  I'm  a  piper  to  my 
trade,  My  name  is  Rob  the  Ranter.  1812  W.  TENNANT 
Anster  F  i.  10,  I  see  the  Ranter  with  bagpipe  on  back. 

3.  spec,  (chiefly//.),  a.  Applied  to  the  members 
of  a  sect  of  Antinomians  which  arose  ^1645, 
Now  only  Hist. 

1651  BROME  (title),  The  Joviall  Crew,  or  the  Devill  turn'd 
Ranter  :  a  Comedie,  containing  a  true  Discovery . ,  of  a  Sect 
(lately  sprung  up  amongst  us)  called  Ranters.  1667  L. 
STUCLEY  Gospel-Glass  xxxii.  (1670)  319  Seekers,  Ranters, 
and  Quakers,  have  took  occasion  to  cry  down  the  Office  of 
the  Ministry.  1722  B.  STAR  tr.  Mile,  at  Si.  Phale  vii.  192 
Had  they  been  born  Ranters,  or  Papists,  or  Jews,  they 
would  not  have  changed  their  Religion.  1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN 
Mystics  (1860)  II.  217  The  priests  and  magistrates  were  not 
more  violent  against  him  [G.  Fox]  than  the  Ranters. 

b.  Applied  to  members  of  the  Primitive  Metho 
dist  body,  which  originated  in  1807-10. 

The  statement 'in  quot.  1823  connects  this  use  of  the  term 
with  sense  2  of  the  vb.  (cf.  2  b  above). 

1823  H.  BOURNE  Hist.  Primitive  Methodists  49  When 
these.. meetings  were  closed,  the  praying  people,  in  return 
ing  home,  were  accustomed  to  sing  through  the  streets  at 
Belper.  This  circumstance  procured  them  the  name  of 
Ranters ;  and  the  name  of  Ranter,  which  first  arose  on 
this  occasion  [in  1814],  afterwards  spread  very  extensively. 
1827  SYD.  SMITH  Wks.  (1867)  II.  129  The  Ranters  do  not 
cost  us  a  farthing,  because  they  are  not  disqualified  by 
ranting-  1839  Penny  Cycl.  XV.  143/1  The  Primitive 
Methodists,  who  are  sometimes  known  as  Ranters,  originated 
in  Staffordshire.  1862  SIR  B.  BRODIK  Psychol.  fnq.  II.  v. 
174  Those  having  a  too  lively  imagination  . .  become  Mor- 
monites  and  Ranters. 

Ranter  (rse'ntax),  v.  dial,  and  techn.  [ad.  F. 
rtntrcr,  rentraire  in  same  sense :  see  RENTER  z>.] 
trans.  To  darn,  mend.  Also  transf. 

1673-88  LD.  FOUNTAINHALL  in  M.  P.  Brown  Decis.  Suppl. 
(1826)  III.  86  (Jam.)  He  bade  the  defender  ranter  the  two 
ends  of  an  inconsistency  he  was  urging  together.  1808  in 
JAMJESON.  a  1825  in  FORBY.  1848  in  EVANS  Leicest.  Gloss. 

Hence  f  Ranter-drawed  a.,  darned.  Obs. 

1655  J.  BARNES  Gerania(i6j^>6<^  His  very  cloaths  were  so 
neatly  ranter-draw'd,  that  no  man  living  cou'd  ever  discern 
they  had  been  torn. 

Ranterism  (ne-ntariz'm).  ff.  RANTER  sb. 
+  -ISM.]  The  practices  or  doctrines  of  Ranters. 

1673  PENN  Spir.  Alexander  the  Coppersmith  Rebuked  9 
It  is  an  absolute  Inlet  to  Ranterism.  1697  G.  KEITH  Sec. 
Narr.  Proc.  Turn. -II all  26  The  bottom  of  it  is  Ranterlsme, 
and  wild  Notion  and  Fancy.  1841  Englishman's  Mag. 
i  Mar.  32  Methodism  and  Ranterism. 

Ranting  (rarntirj),  vbl.  sb.  [-ING1.]  The 
action  of  the  vb.  RANT  in  various  senses. 

1653  Nissena  40  [He]  was  the  scandal  of  all  Nicocia,  though 
his  ranting,  .made  him  [etc.].  1672  GREGORY  in  Rigaud  Corr. 
Set.  Men  (1841)  II.  231, 1  am  afraid  ye  will  find  these  Cogita- 
tiones.  .to  be  but  ranting.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834) 
II.  116  The  bigot  has  been  ..  terrified  by  the  rantings  of 
some  gifted  preacher.  1785  BURNS  Addr.  to  Deil  xx,  A 
certain  Bardie's  rantin,  drinkin  . .  will  send  him  . .  To  your 
black  pit.  1843  LEFEVRE  Life  Trav.  Pkys.  III.  in.  viii.  187 
The  scene,  .was  nobly  acted,  without  ranting. 

Ranting  (rse-ntirj ),///.  a.    [-ING-.] 

1.  That  rants,  in  senses  of  the  verb. 

1598  SHAKS.  Merry  W,  n.  i.  196  Looke  where  my  ranting- 
Host  of  the  Garter  comes  . .  hee  lookes  so  merrily.  1706 
FARQUHAR  Recruiting  Officer  iv.  i,  I  fancy  my  Breeches 
wou'd  become  me  as  wellas  any  ranting  Fellow  of  'em  all. 
1771  WESLEY  Wks.  (1872)  V.  149  Some  of  the  wild,  ranting 
Antinomians.  1838-9  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  III.  in.  vi.  §  103. 
347  Marston  is  a  tumid  and  ranting  tragedian. 

2.  Characterized  by,  of  the  nature  of,  ranting. 
<zi6s6UssHKR  Ann.  vi.  (1658)  470  [He]  sent  to  Jonathan.. 

a  ranting  challenge  to  meet  him  if  he  dared.  1665  BUNYAN 
ff0fyCtJf*(i66i))  199  It  looks  too  like  Ranting  Opinions, 
and  contradiction  to  Scripture,  for  me  to  believe.  1681-6 
T.  SCOTT  Chr.  Life  (1747)  III.  599  Flat  Impertinence  or 
ranting  Enthusiasm.  1814  SCOTT  IVav.  xxx,  Is  this  a  day, 
to  be  singing  your  rantin  fulesangs  in?  1834  —  Redgauntkt 
let.  xl,  The  ranting  suppers  in  Redgauntlet  Castle. 

3.  f  a.  Unruly,  restive,    t  b.  Flaunting.   Obs.    c. 
Sc.  Blazing,  roaring. 

1658  OSBORN  Jas.  I  (1673)  478  Horses,  that  are  far  less 
ranting,  and  easier  brought  to  an  even  temper,  c  1685 
Bagford  Ball.  A  pp.,  Her  Kitchin-stuff  she  often  will  sell, 
to  purchase  that  Ranting  Attire.  1725  RAMSAY  Gentle 
Sheph.  iv.  i,  I'll  mak  a  rantin'  fire,  and  merry  sail  we  be. 
1880  WATT  Sketches  75  (E.  D.  D.)  A  red  rantin'  fire. 

Hence  Ka'ntingly  adv.    Sc. 

»733  RAMSAY  South  Sea  Sang  i,  [We]  rantin'ly  ran  up 
and  down,  In  rising  stocks  to  buy  a  skair.  1794  BURKS 
Ar-Pkerson*s  Farewell,  Sae  rantingly,  sae  wantonly,  Sae 
dauntingly  gaed  he. 

Rantipole  (rje'ntipJul] ,  sb.  (and  a.)    Now  rare. 


147 

Also  8  rante-,  -pol ;  dial.  9  ranty-,  -pow(l. 
[?  A  fanciful  formation  on  RANT  v. :  cf.  FBAMPOLE.] 

1.  A  romp ;  a  wild,  ill-behaved  or  reckless  per 
son  ;  a  scold,  termagant. 

In  southern  dial,  also  applied  to  the  wild-carrot,  and  in 
the  north  to  the  game  of  see-saw. 

^1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Rantipole,  a  rude  wild 
Boy  or  Girl.  1719  D'URFEY  Pills  (1872)  I.  6  Good  buye  to 
the  Change  Where  Rantepoles  range.  1790  R.  TYLER  Con 
trast  in.  i.  (1887)  55  There  was  a  poor,  good-natured,  curse 
of  a  husband,  and  a  sad  rantipole  of  a  wife.  1829  MAKUYAT 
F.  Mildmay  xv,  I  was  always  considered  as  a  rantipole. 

2.  attrib,  or  as  adj.     Wild,  disorderly,  rakish. 
1700  CONGKEVE  IV ay  of  World  iv.  x,  [To]  comport  your 

self  at  this  Rantipole  rate.  1728  VANBR.  &CiB.  Prov.  Hitsb. 
v.  i.  93  Another  rantipol  Dame  of  Quality.  1842  S.  LOVER 
Handy  Andy  xxiv.  212  My  house  is  respectable  ..  none  o' 
your  rantipole  places,  Sir.  1863  SALA  in  Temple  Bar  Dec. 
9,  I  never  knew  such  a  set  of  rantipole  maniacs. 

Rantipole  (rae-ntipJ»l),  v.  [f.  prec.  sb^\  intr. 
To  go  about)  or  behave,  in  a  romping,  rude  or 
noisy  fashion,  f  Also  with  it. 

1712  AKBUTHXOT  John  Bull  u.  iv,  She  used  to  Rantipole 
about  the  House,  pinch  the  Children,  kick  the  Servants. 
1760  MURPHY  Way  to  Keep  Hint  i.  ii,  Lord  bless  you,  ma'am, 
they  rantipole  it  about  this  town.  1841  Black™.  Mag. 
XHX,  494  When  they  have  once  run  rantipoling  over  the 
country  after  bullocks. 

Hence  Ra  ntipoling  vbl.  sh.  and///,  a. 

1754  RICHARDSON  Grandison  VII.  xtiii,  They  go  on  with 
out  ruiuipoling,  in  the  ordinary  course  of  reasonable  crea 
tures.  1850  E.  WARBURION  A'.  Hastings  I.  6  Fitter  for 
honest  men  than  for  the  like  of  us  rantipoling  cavaliers. 

I  Ra'lltism  !,    Ohs.  rare.     [ad.  Gr.  ^avna^-os, 
n.  of  action  f.  fiavrifaiv  RANTIZE.]     A  sprinkling. 

a  1626  BP.  ANDREWES  96  Serin,  xix.  (1661)  394  But  an 
handful  to  their  heap  ;  but  a  rantisme  to  their  baptisme. 
1701  WHITEHEAD  Truth  Prevalent  116  For  Sprinkling  is 
Rantism,  and  not  Baptism.  . .  I  would  not  have  these  Men 
offended  at  the  word  Rantism,  it  being  as  much  English  as 
the  word  Baptism. 

t  Ra-lltism  -.  Ohs.  rare.  [f.  RANT  v.  +  -ISM.] 
The  practice  of  ranting,  spec,  alter  the  manner  of 
those  called  Ranters;  Ranterism. 

1665  Truth  Vindicated  13  John  had  not  then,  .gotten  into 
a  perfect  state  of  Rantisme.  111670  BP.  RUST  Disc,  oj 
Truth  xi.  (1682)  181  The  Foundations  of  Rantism,  De 
bauchery,  and  all  Dissoluteness  of  Life.  1691  WOOD  A  th. 
Oxon.  II.  362  This  person  (F.  Cheynell]  who  had  ran 
through  most,  if  not  all,  religions,  even  to  rantism. 

t  Rantize,  v.  Ohs.  rare.  [ad.  Gr.  pavr't^-iiv 
to  sprinkle.]  traits.  To  sprinkle.  (Used  with  refer 
ence  to  baptism  by  sprinkling  instead  of  immer 
sion :  cf.  RANTISM  ].) 

1644  Mock.  Majesty  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Main.)  V.  455  To  the 
intelligent  reader,  baptised  or  rantised.  Thou  must  excuse 
me  for  this  pretty  new  stamped  word. .  .  It  is  not  a  week  since 
I  first  met  with  it.  1653  S.  FISHER  Baby  Baptism  5  It  is  . . 
no  true  visible  Church  of  God  because  it  Ramizes  Infants. 
1701  WHITEHEAD  Truth  Prevalent  118  In  Rantizing,  or 
sprinkling  and  crossing  Childrens  Faces. 

Rantle,  dial.  var.  ROWAN-TREE.  Rantle-tree, 
Sc.  var.  RANNEL-TREE. 

t  Ra-ntling,  vbl.  sb.  06s.  rare—1.     Squeaking. 

a  1693  Urquhart's  Rabelais  in.  xiii.  107  The  barking  of 
Currs,  bawling  of  Mastiffs,,  .rantling  of  Rats. 

T  RautoOll.e.  Obs.  A  form  of  tricycle  formerly 
in  use  (see  quot.  i869\ 

1869  R.  CRAWLEY  Manly  Games  for  Boys  439  The  Ran- 
toone  has  a  small  wheel  in  front,  and  two  larger  wheels 
behind.  It  is  guided  by  means  of  the  front  wheel.  1870 
H.  KINGSLEY  Boy  in  Grey  i  A  Noah's  Ark,  in  which  the 
elephant,  .would  serve  for  a  ran  toone. 

Rantree,  -try,  dial,  variants  of  ROWAN-TREE. 

t  Rantum-SCantum,  int.,  sb.,  and  a.  Obs. 
Also  8  -skantum.  [A  riming  comb.,  perh.  sug 
gested  by  RANT  v.] 

A.  int.oxiA.sb.  (Precise sensenot clear;  cf.quots.) 
x6oo  HEYWOOD  isi  Pt.  Ediv.  fl^,  i.  iv.  Wks.  1874  I.  19 

Ran  turn,  scant  urn,  rogues,  follow  your  leader  !  1667  DAVE- 
NANT  &  DRYDEN  Tempest  iv.  iii,  I  found  her.. singing  Tory 
Rory,  and  Rantum  Scantum,  with  her  own  natural  brother. 
1760  Did  you  ever  see  such  Damned  Stuff  *  Title-p.,  Ran- 
tum-skantum  is  the  Word,  and  Nonsense  shall  ensue.  1772 
BRYDGES  Homer  Tretv.  11797)  1.78  Jove  and  his  queen  have 
had  their  quantum  Of  jaw,  and  such-like  ran  turn-scan  turn. 

B.  adj.  Harum-scarum,  disorderly. 

17*7-8  MRS.  DELANY  Lett.,  to  Mrs.  A.  Granville  164 
Don't  think  me  the  maddest  thing  in  the  world  for  writing 
such  a  rantum  scantum  letter,  c  1780  M.  MONKEY  Let.  to 
Mrs.  Montague  in  Bk,  about  Drs.  (1860)  II.  iv.  83,  I  shall 
find  rantum  scantum  work  at  Cyprus,  Paphos,  andCythera. 

So  Rantum-scootum  a.  (U.  S.) 

1885  Harper's  Mag.  Mar.  614/1  He's  a  deal  sight  more 
serious-minded  than  most  of  the  ran  turn-  scoot  um  boys. 

Rantypole,  variant  of  RANTIPOLE. 

Ranty-tanty.  north*  dial,  and  Sc.  '  A  weed 
which  grows  among  corn,  with  a  reddish  leaf 
(Jam.);  also,  'broad-leaved  sorrel'  (ibid.). 

1725  RAMSAY  Scornfu  Xansyii,  With  crowdymowdy  they 
fed  me,  Langkail  and  ranty-tanty.  xSzg  BROCKETT  N.  C. 
Wds.  (ed,  2),  Ranty-tanty,  -There  is  a  troublesome  weed  in 
corn  fields  of  this  name.  1893  T.  F.  HENDEKSONO/^  World 
Scotland  51  Ranty-tanty,  carrots  and  turnips. 

II  Ranula  (ns'nirfla).  Path.  [L.  ranufa*  little 
frog,   a  -little  swelling   on   the   tongue   of  cattle 
(Vegetius),  dim.   of  rana  frog.     Cf.  F.  ranulc.} 
A  cystic  tumour  under  the  tongue,  caused  by  the 
obstruction  of  the  salivary  ducts  or  glands. 


RAP. 

'  The  term  is  derived  either  from  an  imaginary  resemblance 
of  the  swelling  to  a  frog,  or  from  the  peculiar  croaking  noise 
which  the  patient  makes  when  affected  by  it '  (Craig). 

[c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg.  262.]  1657  in  Physical  Diet. 
1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  f,  3fin.  348  '1  he  ranula  under  the 
tongue,  which  is  a  tumour  in  forme  like  a  frog.  1727-41  in 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  1834  Good's  Stmiy  Hied.  (ed.  4)  I.  94 
When  a  ranula  has  been  opened,  the  surgeon  should  always 
examine  with  a  probe  [etc.].  1879  St.  George's  Hasp.  Rep. 
IX.  266  The  only  case  of  ranula  was  treated  by  snipping 
out  a  fair-sized  piece  of  the  cyst-wall. 

Hence  Ka-uular  a.  a.  =  RANINE  i.  (So  F. 
ranulaire.}  1  Obs.  b.  Of  or  pertaining  to  ranula. 

1656  in  BLOUNT  Gtossogr.  s.v.  Vein.  1784  W.  CULLES 
First  Lines  Pratt,  rhys.  cccv.  Wks.  1827  II.  35  The  opening 
of  the  ranular  veins  seems  to  be  an  insignificant  remedy. 

Ranunculaceous  (riMwjkufl/'Jijs),  a.  Bot. 
[f.  RANUNCUL-US  +  -ACEOUS.]  Belonging  to  the 
Natural  Order  Ranunculacea,  of  which  Ranunculus 
is  the  typical  genus. 

1833  Penny^  Cycl.  I.  8S/i  From  all  other  ranunculaceous 
plants,  Aconitum  is  at  once  known  [etc.J.  1882  G.  ALLI:N 
Colonrs  cf  Flowers  ii.  35  Among  the  higher  ranunculaceous 
plants.. we  get  the  fullest  and  richest  colouration. 

II  Ranunculus  (rano'rjki/aSs).  Bot.  PI. 
-culuses,  (7-8  -us's,  S  -usses)  and  -culi.  [L., 
a  little  frog,  tadpole ;  also  a  medicinal  plant, 
perh.  crowfoot  (Pliny) ;  dim.  of  rana  frog.]  A 
genns  of  plants  (also  called  CBOWFOOT)  widely 
diffused  in  temperate  regions  ;  the  common  species 
with  yellow  flowers  are  popularly  known  by  the 
name  of  BUTTERCUPS  ;  the  usual  cultivated  species 
is  A1,  asiaticus.  t>.  A  plant  belonging  to  this  genus. 

[1562  TURNER  Herl'al  n.  114  Ranunculus  is  called  ..  in 
Enfflishe  Crowfoot  or  kingcup.]  1578  LVTE  Dodotns  in. 
Ixxii.  415  There  be  foure  kinder  of  Ranunculus,  or  Crow- 
foote.  1663  BOYLK  Usef.E.rp.  A'at.  Phitos.  n.  ii.  42,  I  have 
made,  .even  a  ranunculus  itselfe,  to  grow,  with  water.  1712 
tr.  PotneCs  Hist.  Drugs  I.  39  A  Root  divided  by  Lumps  or 
Clods,  like  the  Ranunculus.  1767  j.  ABERCKOMBIIC  Hi--.  Man 
liis  (ru'ti  Gardener  (1803)  45  Plant  ranunculuses  and  aneino- 
nies  in  mild,  dry,  open  weather.  1855  E.  S.  DEI.AMER 
Flower  Garden  (1861)  68  The  florists1  Ranunculus  is  the  R. 
Asiaticns  ;  but  the  genus  is  large,  and  several  of  the  species, 
in  their  double  varieties,  are  cultivated  as  border  flowers. 

attrib.  1702  Land.  Gaz.  No.  3786/4  Divers  kinds  of  double 
Ranunculos  [sic]  Roots.  1845  1'lorisfs  frill.  5  Although 
worms  are  always  troublesome  ..  in  a  garden,  there  is  no 
bed.,  they  are  likely  to  deface  more  than  the  ranunculus  bed. 

Eanungard,  obs.  Sc.  f.  REMGADE.  Kan- 
verse,  var.  RENVEIIKE  v.  Rany,  obs.  f.  RANEE. 
Ranye,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RAINY  a. 

\\  Raiiz-cles-vach.es  (ran(s)  Ae  vaj).  Also 
erron.  -vaoh.  [Swiss  dial,  of  Fribourg,f.  ran:,  of 
doubtful  origin  and  meaning  +  '  of  the  cows '.] 
One  of  the  melodies  peculiar  to  Swiss  herdsmen, 
usually  played  on  an  Alpine  horn,  and  consisting 
of  irregular  phrases  made  up  of  the  harmonic 
notes  of  the  horn. 

1801  Encycl.  Brit.  Suppl.  II.  492/1  Every  Senn  has  an 
harmonious  set  of  at  least  two  or  three  bells,  chiming  in 
with  the  famous  ranz  des  vachcs.  1841  Penny  Cycl,  XIX. 
299/1  The  bands  of  the  Swiss  regiments  in  foreign  service 
were  forbidden  to  play  the  Ranz  des  Vaches.  1857  LONGF. 
in  Life  (1891)  II.  557  The  sound  of  his  voice,  was  like  a 
Ranz  des  I'aches  to  her  ears. 

Rap  nep),  JiM  Forms:  4-6  rappe,  (8  wrap), 
6-  rap.  [1'rob.  of  echoic  origin  (cf.  dap,  flap, 
slap,  wap],  appearing  in  the  I4th  c.  together  with 
the  related  verb  (RAP  zi.l).  Da.  rap,  Sw.  lapp 
agree  in  meaning,  but  there  is  no  evidence  of 
primitive  Scand.  origin.] 

1.  A  blow  or  stroke,  esp.  one  inflicted  on  a  per 
son.  Orig.  applied  to  severe  blows  with  weapons, 
etc.,  now  restricted  to  a  sharp  or  smart  stroke 
with  a  stick  or  the  like,  not  causing  serious  hurt. 

1340-70  Alisaunder  348  To  riden  into  the  route  rappes  to 
deale.  a.  1400  Octouian  334  To  the  ape  anoon  he  gert  Well 
many  rappys.  c  1460  Emare  660  The  wawes , .  On  the  bote 
faste  they  thronge,  With  mony  unsemely  rappes.  a  1548 
HALL  Chroii.,  Etha.  Fi4b,  He  clapped  hys  fyste  on  the 
horde  a  great  rappe.  1549-*"  STERNHOLD  &  H.  Pt.  Ixxiv.  1 1 
Lord,  .be  not  slacke,  to  geue  thy  foes  a  rap.  1601  HOLLAND 
Pliny  II.  571  Paris  caught  a  rap  vpon  the  mouth  with  a 
marble  stone.  1711  STEELE  Spect.  No.  260  T  5  She  pulled 
off  her  Shoe,  and  hit  me  with  the  Heel  such  a  Rap.  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  led.  2)  V.  56  The  boys,  and  the  audience  in 
general,  were  kept  in  order  by  raps  of  a  stick. 

b.  A  sharp  and  pretty  loud  knock,  such  as  is 
produced  by  striking  on  a  wooden  surface  with 
something  hard;  esp.  a.  knock  at  a  door,  or  (in 
recent  use)  one  supposed  to  be  made  by  a  spirit. 

1637  RUTHERFORD  Lett.  Lxxxviii.  (1862)  I.  227  His  first 
knock  or  rap  at  the  door.  1717  SWIFT  Further  Ace.  E. 
Cttrtf  Wks.  1755  III.  i.  156,  I  hear  the  rap  of  Mr.  Curll's 
ivory-headed  cane  upon  the  counter.  1785  SARAH  FIELDING 
Ophelia  I.  xvii,  The  peculiarity  of  a  footman's  rap  startled 
me.  1870  EMERSON  Sac.  $  Solit.,  Success  Wks.  (liohn)  III. 
119,  I  hate  this  shallow  Americanism  which  hopes  to  get., 
knowledge  by  raps  on  midnight  tables. 

t  2.   =  CHACK  so.3  Obs. 

c  1500  Mery  geste  Frere  t;  Bcye  119  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  III. 
66,  I  wolde  she  sholde  let  a  rappe  go,  That  myght  rynge 
ouer  all  the  place.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  III.  xxili. 
(Arb.)  274  Flamock  hauing  his  belly  full,  .gaue  out  a  rappe 
nothing  faintly. 

3.  Sc.  A  moment.     Cf.  CLAP  sbl  7. 
1768  Ross  HeUnore  in.  112  Honest  Jean  brang  forward  in 
a  rap  Green  horn  cutties.     1813-  in  Eag.  Dial.  Diet. 

19-2 


RAP. 

B»aj>  Osep)»  s&.z  [Of  obscure  origin ;  there  is 
no  evidence  of  connexion  with  G.  rappet  the  name 
of  a  small  coin.] 

1.  A  counterfeit  coin,  worth  about  half  a  far 
thing,  which   passed   current  for   a  halfpenny  in 
Ireland  in  the  i8th  c.,  owing  to  the  scarcity  of 
genuine  money.     Now  only  Hist. 

1724  SWIFT  Drafter's  Lett.  Wks.  1755  V.  ir.  14  Copper 
halfpence  or  farthings . .  have  been  for  some  time  very  scarce, 
and  many  counterfeits  passed  about  under  the  name  of  raps. 
1776  R.  Twiss  Tour  Irel.  73  The  beggars  . .  offering  a  bad 
halfpenny,  which  they  call  a  rap.  1827  J.  WILSON  Noct. 
Ambr.  Wks.  1855  I.  182  Ane  o1  the  bawbees  o'  an  obsolete 
sort . .  what  they  ca'  an  Eerish  rap. 

b.  Taken  as  a  type  of  the  smallest  coin  ;   chiefly 
in  negative  phrases,  esp.  without  or  not  a  rap. 

1823  BYRON  Juan  xi.  Ixxx'iv,  I  have  seen  the  Landholders 
without  a  rap.  1830  MARKYAT  King's  Own  xxxv, '  You  must 
fork  out '.  '  Not  a  rap  '.  1881  Miss  BRADDON  Asphodel  x\v, 
158  A  man  who  dies  and  leaves  not  a  rap  behind  him. 

c.  fig.  An  atom,  the  least  bit.     Chiefly  as  prec., 
and  esp.  not  to  care  a  rap. 

1834  AINSWORTH  Rookwood\\\.  v,  For  the  mare- with -three- 
legs  [the  gallows],  boys,  I  care  not  a  rap.  1875  Punch 
1 8  Sept.  113/2  It  don't  matter  a  rap  whether  it's  rough  or  fine. 
1882  Miss  BRADDON  Mt.  Royal  III.  iv.  79  If  I  thought  you 
cared  a  rap  for  me,  I  should  stay. 

2.  Rap  halfpenny  :  A  bad  halfpenny. 

1864  Blackw.  Mag.  Oct.  392  It  is  not  of  very  great  mo 
ment  to  me  that  I  am  now  and  then  imposed  on  by  a  '  rap 
halfpenny '.  1878  in  Cumbld.  Gloss. 

Rap  (nep),  sb$  Now  dial.  [f.  RAP  v.^\  An 
exchange  (esp.  of  horses). 

1755  T.  H.  CROKER  Ariosto  xxx.  v,  I,  for  your  nag,  incline 
To  make  a  rap  of  this  same  mare  of  mine.  1886  in  dial, 
glossaries  {Line.,  Som.). 

Rap  i,rsep),  $b±  [Of  obscure  origin.]  A  skein 
containing  120  yards  of  yarn. 

1776-7  Act  17  Geo.  ///,  c.  n  §  n  Every  .  .hank  of  ..  yarn 
shall  . .  contain  seven  raps  or  leas,  and  . .  every  such  rap  or 
lea  shall . .  contain  eighty  threads.  1873  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek. 

Rap  (r?ep),  sb£  NowrtW.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
A  strip,  esp.  of  land. 

1710  Land.  Gaz.  No.  4714/4  A  Rapp  of  Ground  ranging 
along  from  the  Mills.  1886-93  'n  south-western  dial,  glos 
saries  (Som.,  Wilts). 

Bap  (rap),  z;.1  Also  4-6  rappe,  (7  wrap). 
[Related  to  RAP  sb.1- ;  cf.  also  frap  vb.  and  G. 
rappeln  to  rattle.  Sw,  rappa  to  beat,  drub,  is  of 
obscure  history.] 

1.  trans.  To  strike,  smite  (esp.  a  person) ;  now, 
to   strike   smartly   without   causing    serious   hurt 
(cf.  RAP  sbl  j).    Also  absoL 

1377  LANGLAND  P.  PI.  B.  i.  95  Kynges  &  Unites  shulde . . 
Riden  and  rappe  down  in  reumes  aboute.  c  1400  Destr. 
Troy  13007  All  the  Rebellis  full  rad  [he]  rappit  to  dethe. 
c  1490  Proinf.  Parr.  423/2  (MS.  H)  Rappyn,  or  smytyn, 
Percitcio.  1530  PALSGR.  679/1,  I  shall  rappe  you  on  the 
costarde  if  you  playe  the  knave.  1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron. 
I.  13/2  It  [a  toad]  suddenlie  reculed  backe,  as  though  it  had 
beene  rapt  in  the  head.  1600  HOLLAND  Znyxxxiv.  xv.  863 
If  he  espied  any  one  to  step  out  of  his  rank,  he  would . .  rap 
him  with  his  light  javelin.  1676  HOBBES  Iliad  175  So  thick 
they  did  the  Trojan  armours  rap.  1873  OUIDA  Pascarel 
I.  iii.  34  Fortunato  could  rap  both  feet  and  hands  sharply 
enough  with  his  bow. 

b.  Thr.  To  rap  (one's)  fingers  or  knuckles^  to 
check  or  punish  smartly. 

(11677  BARROW  Serm.  Wks.  1716  I.  219  He  that  will  have 
a  scickle  in  another's  corn,  ..  no  wonder  if  his  fingers  be 
rapped.  1681  J.  FLAVEL  Right.  Man's  Refuge  257  Every 
objection  with  which  he  will  rap  thy  fingers.  1759  [see 
KNUCKLE  sb.  2  b].  1824  DE  QUINCEY  Falsif.  Eng.  Hist. 
Wks.  1859  XII.  327  If  that  bishop  were  not  dead,  I  would 
here  take  the  liberty  of  rapping  his  knuckles. 

2.  To  drive,  dash,  knock,  etc.  with  a  rap.     Const. 
against^  f  in,  on,  ^to.     Chiefly  Sc. 

a  1400  Octoiiiatt  1439  ^n  tne  s*edes  mouth  he  rapte  An 
huge  brydel.  c  1440  Promp.  Part'.  423/2  Rappyn',  or 
smytyn1  a  thynge  a-^en"  a-noj>er,  collide,  allido.  1539  Ex 
tracts  Aberd.  Reg.  (1844)  I.  161  Thai  . .  tuk  him  be  the  hair 
and  rappit  his  heid  to  the  wall.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's 
Hist.Scot.  x. 367  Agreat  ship.. quhilk  albeit  rapit  on  a cralg 
chaipet  safe.  1838  RODGER  Poems  46  Ilk  thing  against 
whilk  my  head  I  might  rap.  1861  GEO.  ELIOT  Silas  M. 
i.  iv.  6§  Dunstan,  as  he  went  along  ..  was  always  rapping 
his  whip  somewhere. 

3.  f  9»  Sc.  To  send  forth  with  a  clap.    rare"1. 
1513  DOUGLAS  &neis  in.  iii.  96  The  brokin  skyis  rappis 

furth  thunderis  levin. 

b.  Usually  with  out.  To  utter,  *  let  off*  (esp. 
an  oath)  sharply,  vigorously,  or  suddenly. 

1541  WYATT  Defence  267,  I  am  wont  sometime  to  rap  out 
on  oath  in  an  earnest  talk.  1609  HOLLAND  Amm.  Marcell. 
xxvu.  ii.  305  In  bragging  wise  rapping  out  nothing  but 
vaine  sounds  and  noyses  of  threats.  1635  QUARLES  Embl. 
i.  x.  41  One  raps  an  oath  ;  another  deales  a  curse.  1742 
FIELDING  J.  Andrews  in.  ii,  Adams  then  rapped  out  a  hun 
dred  Greek  verses.  1815  W.  H.  IRELAND  Scribbleomania 
208  note,  My  orator  raps  out  a  pun.  1880  BROWNING  Clivc 
203  Out  he  rapped  Such  a  round  of  oaths. 

•j*C.  slang.  To  swear  (a  thing1;  against  a  person. 
Also  intr.  To  swear;  to  perjure  oneself.  Obs. 

1733  BUDGELL  Bee  I,  207  He  ask'd  me  what  they  had  to 
rap  against  me,  I  told  him  only  a  Tankard.  Ibid.  213  We 
will  get  them  that  will  rap  the  Tankard  was  your  grand 
mother's.  1752  FIELDING  Amelia  11.  x,  I  scorn  to  rap 
against  a  lady.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xx,  It's.. hard,  when 
three  words  of  your  mouth  would  give  the  girl  the  chance. ., 
that  you  make  such  scrupling  about  rapping  to  them. 

4.  intr.  To  knock  sharply  (esp.  at  a  door). 


148 

c  1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  in.  311  per  nedyth  be 
noght  neythcr  ryng  ne  rap,  The  gate  shal  open  lightly.  1470 
HARDING  Chron.  in.  Ixxvi,  Doores  and  wyndowes  al  clapped 
Opened  and  sparred  al  by  theim  selfs  fast  rapped,  a  1510 
DOUGLAS  K.  Hart  n.  13  He  rappit  at  the  jet,  but  courtaslie. 
1613  HAVWARD  Norm.  Kings  15  Here  he  continued  rapping 
at  the  gate  . .  vntill  it  was  opened.  1750  GRAY  Long  Story 
55  The  heroines.  .Rap'd  at  the  door  nor  stay'd  to  ask  (etc.). 
1860  All  Year  Round  No.  66.  372  The  spirits  only  rapped 
when  the  younger  medium  was  present.  1867  TROLLOPE 
Chron.  Barset  II.  xlv.  6  One  morning  ..  the  squire  rapped 
at  the  window  of  the  drawing-room. 

b.  trans.  To  strike  with  a  rap  ;  to  rap  at  or  on. 
17x2-14  POPE  Rape  Lock  iv.  130  He  spoke,  and  rapp'd  his 

box.  1718  PRIOR  Dove  33  With  one  great  peal  they  rap  the 
door,  Like  footmen  on  a  visiting  day.  1784  COWPER  Task 
vi.  292  He  notes  it  in  his  book,  then  raps  his  box.  1865 
DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  ill.  v,  Sharply  rapping  the  table. 

c.  trans.   To  rap  out,  to  knock  out ;  also  (esjt.  of 
spirits),  to  declare  by  means  of  raps. 

1841  J.  T.  HEWLETT  Parish  Clerk  II.  192  All  three  rapped 
the  unconsumed  tobacco  out  of  their  pipes.  1860  All  Year 
Round  No.  66.  373  The  spirits  rapped  out  their  dismissal, 
and  the  seance  was  at  an  end. 

5.  intr.  Sc.  a.  To  fall  sharply  or  smartly;  to 
fall  in  pattering  drops. 

1508  DUNBAR  Gold.  Targe  195  The  schour  of  arowis  rappit 
on  as  rayn.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  I.  69  The  dartis  .. 
rappit  on  sa  rudlie  with  greit  reird.  1768  Ross  Helcnorc  I. 
64  By  this  time  the  tears  came  rapping  down.  1819  W. 
TENNANT  Papistry  Stonifd  (1827)  34  Tears  rappit  down 
the  dreamer's  cheeks. 

b.  To  go  off  with  a  sharp  sound. 

1818  SCOTT  Rot}  Roy  xxxvi,  The  pistols  and  the  carabines 
of  the  troopers  . .  rappit  aff  the  tane  after  the  tother. 

Hence  Kapped  (raept),  ///.  a. 

1899  A.  HOPE  King's  Mirror  xxviii.  308  The  little  girl's 
bare,  red,  rapped  knuckles. 

t  Rap,  v.'2  06s.  In  5  rappe.  [App.  related  to 
G.  dial,  rappen  (Da.  rappe,  Sw.  rafpa),  used  re- 
flexively  in  the  sense  '  to  make  haste,  hurry ' ;  cf. 
(M)LG.,  Du.,  Sw.  rap,  rapp  quick.] 

1.  intr.  To  move  with  speed  ;  to  hasten,  rash. 
13..  Coer  de  L.  2206  All  that  he  hit  he_  all  to-frapped ; 

The  Griffons  away  fast  rapped,  c  1320  Sir  Beues  (MS.  A) 
1900  Beues  is  swerd  anon  vp  swapte,  He  and  be  geaunt  to- 
gedre  rapte.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  iv.  23  Resun  with  him 
rideb  rappynge  swi^>e.  c  1420  Filius  Regis  Mortuus  est 
45  in  Pol.  Rel.  ff  L.  Poems  206  pe  clawdes  gan  clappe,  The 
elements  gonne  to  rusche  &  rappe. 

2.  trans.  To  hurry  or  huddle  up.  rare  —  1. 
1450-1530  Myrrotire  our  Ladye  si  They  rappe  vp  theyr 

seruyce  as  faste  as  they  can,  for  haste  to  be  at  their  worke. 

Hap  (rasp),  ».3  Now  rare.  Also  6-7  rappe, 
7  rapp.  [In  sense  I  perh.  related  to  MLG.  (and 
G.)  rappen  (Sw.  rappa)  to  seize,  snatch ;  but  in  2 
app.  a  back-formation  from  RAPT/(Z.  pple.~] 

fl.  trans.  To  seize  or  snatch  for  oneself;  to 
take  or  get  by  snatching  or  stealing.  Obs. 

1564  GRINDAL  Funeral  Serin.  B  j,  I  knew  a  Priest,  who  had 
rapped  together  foure,  or  fiue  benefices.  1581  MARBECK 
Bk.  oj  Notes  402  Thinges  which  are  founde  must  be  restored. 
Which  thing  if  thou  doe  not,  thou  hast  rapt  them.  1689 
T.  R.  View  Govt.  Europe  2  Their  work  was  by  hook  and 
crook,  to  rap  and  bring  all  under  the  Emperours  power. 
a  1754  FIELDING  Voy.  Lisbon  Wks.  1784  X.  246  Every  man 
spunges  and  raps  whatever  he  can  get. 

b.  In  alliterative  phrases,  esp.  rap  and  rend 
(common  in  i6-i7th  c.).  Now  arch,  or  dial.  Cf. 
RAPE  z>.2  i  b. 

1528  ROY  Rede  me,  etc.  (Arb.)  74  Acustumed  to  rappe  and 
rende  All  that  commeth  in  their  fingrynge.  1570  FOXE 
A .  $  M.  983  Thinke  you  . .  they  will  not  plucke  from  you 
what  soeuer  They  can  rappe  or  reue?  1678  MARVELL 
Growth  Popery  23  Contributing  all  that  we  could  rap  and 
rend  of  Men,  or  Amunition.  1712  ARBUTHNOT  John  Bull 
iv.  ii,  An  Eating-house,  where  the  whole  Tribe  of  them 
spend  all  they  can  rap  or  run.  1842  BARHAM  Ingol.  Leg., 
St.  Aloys,  From  foe  and  from  friend  He'd  'rap  and  he'd 
rend'.  1872  BROWNING  Fifinc  Epil.  iv.  Let  them  ..  Make 
and  mend,  or  rap  and  rend,  for  me !  1877  LEIGH  Clieshire 
Gloss.,  Rap  and  ring,  scrape  together.  1877  N.  W.  Line. 
Gloss.,  Rap  and  rear,  to  gather  together  by  any  means, 
f  c.  intr.  To  snatch  at.  Obs.  rare  -1. 

1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol.  Chyiti.  209  Through  a  confident 
ignorance,  he  rapps  at  the  prediction,  and  at  a  venture. 

2.  To  take  up  and  carry  off,  to  transport,  remove. 
Now  rare. 

1599  Warn.  Fatre  Wont.  I.  4t  To  rack  a  thought,, .  Until 
I  rap  the  senses  from  their  course.  16x3  HEYWOOD  Silver 
Age  n.  i.  Wks.  1874  III.  no  With  my  sudden  greeting,  Il'e 
rap  her  soule  to  heauen.  1654  H.  L' ESTRANGE  Chas.  I 
(1655)  90  He  was  rapp'd  and  hurried  into  another  world  by 
an  abrupt  and  untimely  death.  1771  WESLEY  Wks.  (1872) 
V.  351  God  is  pleased  . .  sometimes  to  rap  them  up,  as  it 
were,  into  the  third  heavens.  1872  S.  MORTON  in  Mem. 
Tennyson  (r$97)  II.  119  The  burning  impressions  ..  which 
rap  the  poet  into  the  lyrical  heaven. 

b.  To  affect  with  rapture ;  to  transport,  ravish 
(with  joy,  etc.). 

1599  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man  out  of  Hun:.  I.  i,  Is't  a  prognos 
tication  raps  him  so?  1685  R.  BAXTER  Parapkr.  N.  T., 
Matt.  xvii.  4  A  glympse  of  glory  is  enough  to  rap  a  Soul 
into  extasie.  1726  POPE  Odyss.  xix.  43  The  Prince  ..  rap'd 
with  ecstacy  the  Sire  address'd.  1751  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  ix. 
774  God.  .seizes  man  ;  Seizes,  and  elevates,  and  raps. 

Rap  (rap),  v .4  dial,  and  slang.  [Of  obscure 
origin  ;  cf.  RAP  rf.3]  To  exchange,  barter. 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crnv,  Rap,  to  Swop  or  Exchange 
a  Horse  or  Goods,  a  1796  PEGGE  Derlncisms  Ser.  n,  Rap, 
to  swap,  with  which  it  is  often  joined ;  to  exchange.  1879- 
in  dial,  glossaries  (Shropsh.,  Chesh.,  Glouc.,  W.  Som., 
Dorset,  Warwicksh.,  E.  Angl.). 


BAPB. 

Rap,  used  imitatively :  see  RAP  sb.T-  and  o.1 
1760  GOLDSM.  Cit.  IV.  xxxix,  Rap,  went  the  footman  at 
the  door,  bounce  went  my  heart.     1833-74  [see  RAP,  TAP], 
1889  McNEiu.  Blawearie  165  Eighteen   hutches  of  coal 
were  winded  rap  dash  to  the  pithead. 

f  Rap  and  run,  adv.  Obs.  rare- •".    (See  quot.) 

1598  FLORID,  Allarappa, . .  shiftingly,  rap  and  run. 

Bap,  obs.  pa.  t.  REAP  v.,  obs.  f.  ROPE  sb.,  WRAP 
sb.  and  v. 

Rapacious  (rap^'-Jss),  a.  [f.  L.  rapaci-,  rapax 
grasping  (f.  raplre  :  see  RAPE  v.2)  +  -CDS.] 

1.  Giving  to  grasping  or  taking  for  oneself;  in 
ordinately  greedy.     Also  const,  of,  and  inf. 

1651  JER.  TAYLOR  Serm.  xxii.  (1653!  287  We  may  be  dili 
gent  in  the  conduct  of  souls  though  we  be  not  rapacious  of 
estates.  1663  COWLEY  Ess.,  Liberty  (1684)  80  Who  more 
rapacious  in  robbing,  who  more  profuse  in  giving?  1752 
YOUNG  Brothers  IV.  i,  To  keep  rapacious  Rome,  from  seizing 
Thrace.  1848  LYTTON  Harold  v.  i,  By  the  side  of  Harold 
stands  Tostig,  rapacious  to  grasp.  1871  FREEMAN  Norm. 
Cong.  (1876)  IV.  xvii.  37  Even  this  small  fragment  of  former 
wealth  came  into  the  hands  of  the  rapacious  stranger. 

b.  trans/,  of  things. 

1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  13  But  some 
times  he  meets  with  a  gruff  Subaltern,  that  snarls  at  his 
rapacious  Stomach.  1776  SEITERTH  tr.  Gellerts  Metall. 
Chym.  36  A  rapacious-ore,  .in  the  fire  destroys  more  or  less 
of  the  metalline  particles.  x8i8  KEATS  Endym.  n.  332  De 
liver  me  from  this  rapacious  deep. 

c.  of  qualities,  modes  of  action,  etc. 

1663  COWLEY  Ess.,  Avarice  (1669)  127  The  rapacious  Appe 
tite  of  Gain.  1727  S.  SWITZER  Pract.  Gardiner  I.  v.  47 
Vegetables  of  a  more  rapacious  nature.  1769  ROBERTSON 
Chas.  V,  VIII.  Wks.  1813  III.  109  Heavy  fines  ..  which  he 
levied  with  most  rapacious  exactness.  1847^  MRS.  A.  KERR 
Hist.  Servia  201  Falling  under  the  rapacious  domination 
of  the  Fanariotes. 

2.  Of  animals  :    Subsisting  by   the   capture  of 
living  prey ;  raptorial. 

1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  #  Min.  Introd.,  The  nailes.  .of 
the  rapacious  [quadrupeds  are]  aduncate.  x7i6_GAY  Fables 
I.  Introd.  12  Rapacious  animals  we  hate :  Kites,  hawks, 
and  wolves,  deserve  their  fate.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist. 
(1776)  V.  79  Of  Rapacious  Birds  in  General.  1874  COUES 
Birds  N.  W.  330  Marsh  Hawks  ..  were  the  most  abundant 
.  .of  all  the  rapacious  birds. 

Rapaciously  (rap^'-Jasli),  adv.  [f.  prec.  + 
-LY  2.J  In  a  rapacious  manner ;  greedily. 

1730-6  in  BAILEY  (fol.).  1742  Land,  ff  Country  Brew.  n. 
(ea.  4)  112  Rapaciously  impregnating  the  Salt  and  Sulphur. . 
with  the  Liquor.  1772  FOOTK  Nabob  III.  Wks.  1799  II.  322 
What  has  been  treacherously  and  rapaciously  gained.  ^1894 
Chicago  Advance  i  Mar.,  Mohammedanism. .rules  so  igno- 
rantly  and  rapaciously. 

Bapa'ciousness.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.]  The 
quality  of  being  rapacious ;  rapacity.  Now  rare 
(freq.  in  i8th  c.). 

1659  Gentl.  Callings.  §  27  He  that  hath  the  rapaciousness 
of  a  wolf.  1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  55  F  2  Raising  fresh 
Supplies  of  Money,  by  all  the  Methods  of  Rapaciousness 
and  Corruption.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  ft  F.  xviii.  II.  77  The 
opposite  yet  reconcileable  vices  of  rapaciousness  and  prodi 
gality.  1829  SOUTHEY  Sir  T.  More  (1831)  II.  34  Its  wealth 
exposes  it  to  envy  and  rapaciousness. 

Rapacity  (rapae-siti).  [ad.  L.  rapacitdt-em,  f. 
rapax  RAPACIOUS.  Cf.  F.  rapacite  (i6th  c.  Littre).] 
The  quality  or  fact  of  being  rapacious ;  the  exer 
cise  of  rapacious  tendencies. 

1543  BECON  Policy  of  War  Wks.  1564  I.  136  The  rapacite 
of  wolues,  the  violence  of  Lyons.  1641  J.  JACKSON  Trite 
Evang.  T.  I.  73  Our  rapacity, . .  our  snatching,  and  catching, 
at  far  more  then  is  our  own.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  75  The 

freat  masses,  -which  excite  envy,  and  tempt  rapacity.    1868 
'REEMAN  Norm.  Conq.  II.  viii.  187  An  act  of  wanton  rapa 
city  was  presently  punished. 

||  Rapadu-ra.  [Pg.,  lit. '  scraping ',  f.  rapar  to 
scrape.]  A  coarse  sugar,  in  cakes  or  lumps,  made 
in  Mexico  and  S.  America. 

1846  G.  GARDNER  Brazil _i88, 1  had  often  an  opportunity 
of  seeing  the  manner  in  which  Rapadura  is  made. 

Baparal,  Sc.  var.  REPAREL  Olis.  Bapare,  obs. 
Sc.  f.  REPAIR  v.  Baparee,  var.  RAPPAREE. 

t  Bape,  -r*.1  Obs.  Also  3  rap.  [Related  to 
RAPE^.!]  Haste,  speed,  hurry;  chiefly  in  phrases 
to  have  rape  and  in  rape. 

a  1300  K.  Horn  1532  Horn  him  wok  of  slape,  So  a  man 
)>at  hadde  rape,  c  1330  Arth.  f,  Merl.  2368  (Kolbing),  He 
stirt  vp  al  in  rape.  Ibid.  4850  Fleand  oway  with  gret  rape. 
c  1374  CHAUCER  To  Scriv.  7  Al  is  thorugh  thy  necglygence 
and  rape,  c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  1644  Thei  saw  come  many 
a  lord, . .  With  mychel  spede  and  mychel  rape,  c  1440  Promp. 
Parv.  423/2  Rape,  or  \*zs,\.,festinacio. 

Prffi'.    £1300  Prov.  Heading  xxxi.  in  Salomon  ff  Sat. 
(1848)  278  Ofte  rap  rewe|>,   quo);  Hendyng.     1473  MARG. 
PASTON  in  P.  Lett.  III.  78  Bydde  hym  that  he  be  not  to 
hasty  of  takyng  of  orderes . .  for  oftyn  rape  rewith. 
b.  With  a,  in  phr.  in  a  rape,  in  a  hurry. 

c  1320  Sir  Beues  (MS.  A.)  642  Beues  slou}  hem  in  a  rape. 
c  1400  Dcstr.  Troy  5633  Row  forthe  in  a  rape  right  to  the 
banke,  Tit  vnto  Troy,  tary  no  lengur. 

Rape  (r^p),  st>.2  [a.  AF.  rap,  raap,  rape 
(Britton,  etc.  in  sense  3),  prob.  a  back-formation 
from  L.  rapere  :  see  RAPE  z>.2] 

f  1.  The  act  of  taking  anything  by  force  ;  violent 
seizure  (of  goods),  robbery.  Also  with  a  :  A  case 
or  instance  of  this.  Obs. 

In  later  use  perh.  transf.  from  2  or  3. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  4926  Right,  bat  vs  riches  for  rape  of 
our  godes.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  238  All 
vnlawfull  vsurpyng . .  of  the  temporall  goodes  of  ony  persone, 
by  rape,  pykyng..or  ony  other  maner  of  stelyng.  1596 


RAPE. 


149 


RAPE. 


SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  vii.  5  He  liu'd  all  on  rauin  and  on  rape 
Of  men  and  beasts.  1646-8  G.  DANIEL  Poems  Wks.  1878 
I.  204  Soe  farre  Humanitie  enforces.. In  the  Sterne  Rape 
of  Power.  1706  DE  FOE  Jure  Divino  xi.  246  When  Kings 
their  Crowns  without  Consent  obtain,  'Tis  all  a  mighty 
Rape,  and  not  a  Reign.  1712  Poi'ii  (title)  The  Rape  of  the 
Lock. 

2.  The  act  of  carrying   away  a  person,  esp.   a 
woman,  by  force. 

Sometimes  (as  in  quot.  1436)  involving  also  sense  3. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  3539  Menelay-.was  told  Of  the  rape 
vnrightwis  of  his  Riche  qwene.  1436  Roils  of  Parlt.  \,  497 
There  the  seid  Besecher  [he]  felonousely  and  moste  horribely 
ravysshed,  and  her..ledde  with  him  into  the  wylde  and 
desolate  places  of  Wales  ;  of  the  which  rape,  he . .  is  endited. 
1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  i.  1.405  Rape  call  you  it.. to  cease 
[seize]  my  owne,  My  true  betrothed  Loue.  1616  R.  C. 
Times'  Whistle  Cert.  Poems  (1871)  128  So  death  is  cruell, . . 
of  all  he  makes  his  rape.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Gcorg.  iv.  490 
All  the  Rapes  of  Gods,  and  ev'ry  Love.  1763  J.  BROWN 
Poetry  fy  Mus.  v.  77  He  . .  sung  the  Rape  of  Proserpine  by 
Pluto.  1829  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  Introd.  31  We  need  not  refer 
to  the  rape  of  the  Sabines. 

3.  Violation  or  ravishing  of  a  woman. 

1481  CAXTON  Reynard '(Arb.)  95  There  rauysschyd  he  and 
forcyd  my  wyf . .  See  my  lorde  thys  fowle  mater,  this  is 
murdre  rape  and  Treson.  1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  iv.  i.  48 
This  ..  treates  of  Tereus  treason  and  his  rape,  And  rape 

1  feare  was  roote  of  thine  annoy.     1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi. 
713  Marrying  or  prostituting,  as  befell,  Rape  or  Adulterie. 
1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  IV.  15  An  attempt  to  rob,  to 
ravish,  or  to  kill,  is  far  less  penal  than  the  actual  robbery, 
rape,  or  murder.     1869  LECKY  Eitrop.  blor.  II.  i.  69  The 
rape  of  a  slave  woman  was  also  in  this  reign  punished  like 
that  of  a  free  woman,  by  death. 

b.  With  a  and  //.  An  instance  of  this. 
1577  tr.  Bit  I  linger  s  Decades  (1592)  190  Let  adulteries, . . 
rapes,  and  incestes  bee  put  to  exile.  1616  R.  C.  Titties' 
Whistle  vi.  2460  The  daunger  of  the  lawe,  which  for  a  rape 
Awardeth  death.  1709  STEELE  TatUr  No.  84  f  i  At  the 
Old-Bailey  when  a  Rape  is  to  be  try'd.  1757  BURKE 
Abridgtn.  Eng.  Hist.  n.  iii.  Wks.  (1812)  283  Rapes,  and 
vows  of  perpetual  chastity,  succeeded  each  other  in  the 
same  persons.  1834  Cycl.  Pract.  Medicine  III.  583/1  An 
assault,  with  intent  to  commit  a  rape. 

C.  transf.  andySg;  (Freq.  in  i/th  c.) 
1595  SHAKS.  John  11.  i.  97  Thou  hast,  .done  a  rape  Vpon 
the  maiden  vertue  of  the  Crowne.  1642  FULLER  Holy  # 
Prof.  St.  i.  v.  13  When  they  set  Abel  to  till  the  ground,  and 
send  Cain  to  keep  sheep,  .they  commit  a  rape  on  nature. 
1677  GILPIN  Demotwl,  (1867)  76  If  thpu  yield,  will  not  God 
account  it  a  rape  upon  thine  integrity?  a  1704  T.  BROWN 
Sat.  French  King  Wks.  1730  I.  60  Old  Jerom's  volumes 
next  I  made  a  rape  on. 

4.  eoncr.  One  (esp.  a  woman)  who  is  raped.  ?  Obs. 
1586  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  i.  ir.  viii.  (1589)  29  And  bauing 

brought  his  trembling  Rape  into  a  valHe,said  :  Se  Deianira 
how  thy  Loue  an  end  of  me  hath  made.  1621  G.  SANDYS 
Ovid's  Met.  in.  (1626)  45  The  God,  arrtuing  with  his  Rape 
At  sacred  Greet,  resumes  his  heauenly  shape,  a  1683  OLDHAM 
Wks.  (1686)  20  Ravish  _  at  th'  Altar,..  Make  them  your 
Rapes,  and  Victims  too  in  one. 

Rape  (r^'p),  j£.3  Obs.  exc.  dial,  [a,  F.  rape 
f  raspe  RASP  sb£\  A  rasp,  rough  file. 

1502  ARNOLDE  Chron.  (1811)  245  The  toel  yl  belongeth  to 
my  craft e,  as  saues, . .  hameres,  rapis,  filis.  1546  LANGLEY 
Pol.  Verg.  de  Invent,  n.  xii.  56  b,  Ciniras  also  deuised  the 
tonges,  fyle  or  rape,  leuer  and  stithe.  1639  T.  DE  GREY 
Cotnpl.  Horscin.  101  Take  a  rape,  or  a  drawing-iron,  and 
with  eyther  of  these  make  the  coffin  of  the  hoofe  fine  and 
thin.  1725  BRADLEY  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Shoeing  of  horses,  The 
Raggedness  also  on  the  out  side  of  the  Coffin,  should  be 
filed  away  with  a  Rape.  1888  in  Sheffield  Gloss. 

attrib.  16x0  MARKHAM  Master/',  n.  cii.  385  The  best  cure 
is  with  a  fine  rape-file  to  smooth  the  wrinckles  away. 

Rape  (r^p),  sb.*  Also  i  rap,  4  rope.  [Of 
unknown  etym. ;  first  found  in  Domesday  Book, 
but  possibly  of  OE.  origin. 

The  form  of  the  word  is  decisive  against  any  connexion 
with  Icel.  hreppr  poor-law  district,  parish,  which  is  freq. 
given  as  the  source.  Advocates  of  this  etym.  have  further 
attempted  to  explain  the  term  as  meaning  land  measured 
by  the  '  rope  '  (OE.  rrfA  ON.  reip) ;  but  the  one  suggestion 
necessarily  excludes  the  other.  The  latter  is  phonetically 
possible,  but  there  is  no  positive  evidence  for  it.] 

One  of  the  six  administrative  districts  into  which 
Sussex  is  divided,  each  comprising  several  hundreds. 

£1086  Domesday  Bk.  II.  17  b,  De  his  hi5is  jacent  .111. 
hiSae.-in  Rap  de  Hastinges.  1376  Rolls  of  Parlt.  II. 
348/1  En  les  Rapes  de  Cicestre  &  Arundell.  1380  Ibid.  III. 
95/2  Le  Rope  d'Arundell',  en  quele  Rope  sont  contenuz 
pluseurs  Hundredes.  1495  Ibid.  VI.  500/1  The  Ferme  and 
Issues  of  the  Rape  of  Chichestre.  1588  FRAUNCE  Laiviers 
Log.  i.  xii.  52  b,  Lathes,  Rapes,  and  Wapentakes,  be  so 
called  of  the  divisions  ofpartes  of  shires.  1611  SPEED  Theat. 
Gt.  Brit.  v.  (1614)  9/2  This  country  is  principally  divided 
into  six  Rapes,  containing  a  river,  a  castle,  and  forrest  in 
themselves.  1717  GAY  To  William  Lwndcs  Esq.  12 
Great  Lownds  nis  praise  should  swell  the  trump  of  fame, 
And  rapes  and  wapentakes  resound  his  name.  1832  Act 

2  &  3  Will.  JlSt  c.  64  §  22    Such  Eastern  Division  shall 
include . .  the  several  rapes  of  Lewes,  Hastings,  and  Pevensey. 
1888  Arckxol.  A'w.  Mar.  59  In  West  Sussex  the  rape  also 
survives  for  the  important  purpose  of  liability  to  the  repair 
of  bridges. 

b.  Comb.',  frape  reeve,  the  official  charged 
with  the  administration  of  a  rape.  Obs. 

1763  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  116  These  had  formerly  their 
lathe-reeves  and  rape-reeves  acting  in  subordination  to  the 
Shire-reeve. 

Rape  (r^'p),  $b$  [ad.  L.  rapitm  neut.,  rapa 
fern.,  a  turnip.  In  sense  2  pern,  partly  from  Dn. 
raap  turnip,  rape;  cf.  G.  (now  obs.  or  dial.)  rape, 
ra&e(nt  rabe(ii  turnip.] 


1 1.  (Witha  or  in//.)  a.  A  turnip  (?  or  radish). 
b.  A  plant  of  rape  (2  b).  Obs. 

In  15th  c.  glossaries  rape  is  used  to  render  both  rdpa  and 
raphamts.  In  K.  Alts.  (Weber)  4083  rabben  is  not  a  form 
of  rape,  but  an  error  for  crabben  of  the  MS. 

?ci39O  Form  of  Cury  in  Warner  Anttq.  Culin.  (1791)4 
Take  rapus,  and  make  hem  dene  . .  parboile  hem  [etc.]. 
c  1440  Anc.  Cookery  in  Househ.  Ord.  (1790)  426  Take  rapes 
and  scrape  hom  wel  . .  and  then  cut  horn  on  peces.  1551 
TURNER  Herbal\\.  112  Rapum.  .is  called  in  English  of  them 
of  the  South  countre,  turnepe,  of  other  countre  men  a  rape. 
1577  B.  GOOGE  Here&baetis  Hitsb.  (1586)  25  Plinie  would 
not  haue  Rapes  sowen,  but  in  very  well  dunged  ground. 
1597  GERARDE  Herbal  n.  ii.  179  Wild  Turneps  or  Rapes 
haue  long,  broad,  and  rough  leaues  like  those  of  Turneps. 
1634  W.  WOOD  New  Eng.  Prosp.  (1865)  15  This  land  like 
wise  afibards  Hempe  and  Flax  . .  with  Rapes  if  they  bee 
well  managed.  1667  '  EFHELIA'  Females  Poems  46  Filberts, 
or  Strawberries,  or  the  Roots  of  Rapes.  1714  AINSWORTH 
Lat.  Diet,  n,  NapuS).  .Turnep.  or  naphew,  naphew  gentle, 
or  long  rapes. 

2.  As  a  plant-name,     f  a.  The  common  turnip. 
Obs.    b.  The  plant  Brassicanapus  ^  usually  grown 
as  food  for  sheep,     c.  The  plant  Brass ica  campes- 
tris  oleifera,  largely  cultivated  on  the  continent 
for  its  seed,  from  which  oil  is  made;  coleseed. 

There  has  been  much  confusion  between  r^/Vand  coleseed, 
either  plant  being  known  under  both  names  ;  the  former 
is  sometimes  called  winter  ratftsxid  the  latter  summer  rape, 
The  older  writers  usually  distinguish  tbe  turnip  and  rape 
by  the  adjectives  r<?««rt?and  long  (-rooted)  respectively. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  DC  P.  R.  xvn.  cxxxviii.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
Of  sede  of  be  Rape  and  also  of  Jje  Raphane  is  oile  made. 
1548  TURNER  Names  Herbes  (E.D.  S.)  55,  I  haue  hearde 
suine  cal  it  [na^ns]  in  englishe  a  turnepe,  and  other  some 
a  naued  or  nauet,  it  maye  be  called  also  longe  Rape  or 
nauet  gentle.  1551  —  Herbal  \\.  113  The  great  round  rape 
called  commonly  a  turnepe  groweth  ..  more  about  London 
than  in  other  place  of  England  that  I  knowe  of.  Itid.t 
The  long  rooted  rape  groweth  very  plenteously  a  litle  from 
Linne  where  as  much  oyle  is  made  of  the  sede  of  it.  1597 
[see  RAPE-OIL].  1651  R.  CHILD  in  Hartlib's  Legacy  (1655)  9 
To  sow  Turneps,  Carrets, . .  Pease,  Rape.  1760  STERNE  Tr. 
Shandy  IV.  xxxi,  It  was  plain  he  should  reap  a  hundred 
lasts  of  rape  ..  the  very  first  year.  1796  C.  MARSHALL 
Garden,  xvi.  (1813)  272  Rape  or  coleseed  is  sown  for  a  sal  lad 
herb  to  be  eat  in  the  seed  leaf.  1842  BISCHOFF  Woollen 
Manuf.  II.  91  The  nominal  duty  on  the  cake  made  from 
rape  was  reduced. 

fd.  Ellipt.  for  RAPE-OIL.  Obs.  rare*1. 

1641  HEYWOOD  Reader.  Here  you 'I  plainly  see  6  When 
our  sope  of  sweetest  oyle  was  made.. These  by  an  ingrost 
Patent  coveting  gaine  Compos'd  it  all  of  stinking  rape  and 
traine. 

3.  Wild  rape,  Charlock  or  Field-Mustard. 

1551  TURNER  Herbal  n.  112  The  thyrde  (kind]  whiche  is 
called  the  wilde  rape,  .rinneth  furth  a  long.  1597  GERARDE 
Herbal  n.  ii.  179  Charlocke  or  the  wild  Rape,  hath  leaues 
like  vnto  the  former  [the  wild  Turnip]  but  lesser,  and  not 
so  rough.  1766  Museum  Rust.  VI.  272  note.  The  wild  rape 
or  charlock,  and  wild  navew,  or  bunias,  which  have  both 
been  used  in  making  oil;  and  are  frequently  confounded 
under  the  name  of  rape-seed.  1805  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric. 
I.  563  The  rough-leaved  charlock,  or  wild  mustard;  the 
smooth -leaved,  or  wild  rape. 

4.  attrib.  and  C0///£.,as  rape  crop,  c  itltu  re  ^  field, 
•leaf,  -leaved  adj.,    -mill,  plant,  root,  -shearing, 
-thresher,  -threshing \    rape-cloth,   a    cloth    on 
which  rape  is  threshed;   tr^pe-cole,  the  turnip- 
cabbage,  KOHLRABI  ;   f  rape  crowfoot,  Ranun 
culus   bitlbosus  \  rape-dust,  rapeseed   ground   to 
powder  and  used  as  manure ;  j  rape  radish,  the 
round  radish ;  f  rape  violet,  Cyclamen  europ&um. 
Also  RAPE-CAKE,  -OIL,  -SEED. 

1765  Museum  Rust.  IV.  212  The  size  of  our  v  rape-cloths 
is  so  great,  that  [etc.].  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  xxxvii.  251 
The  first  kinde  of  "'Rape  Cole  hath  one  single  long  roote 
[etc.].  1610  W.  FOLKIXGHAM  Art  of  Survey  \.  xi.  37  The 
Coley-florey,  Rape-cole,  M  uske-melon,  Cucumber.  1788 
W.  MARSHALL  Yorksh.  II.  49  There  have  been  instances  .. 
in  which  the  produce  of  the  *rape  crop  has  been  equal  to 
the  purchase-value  of  the  land.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  HI. 
Ixxiii.  421  We  may  call  it  *Rape  Crowfoote.  1597  GERARDE 
Herbal  \\.  ccclxvhi.  (1633)  957  St.  Anthonies  Rape  maybe 
called  in  English  Rape  Crowfoot.  1856  EMERSON  Eng. 
Traits  v.  99  The  fens  of  Lincolnshire.. have  been  drained, 
and  put  on  equality  with  the  best  for  *rape-culture  and 
grass.  1807  Beverley  <V  Kexby  Road  Act  6  Mould,  dung, 
*rape-dust,soot,compostormanure.  igSoHoLLVBAND  Treas. 
Fr.  Tong,  Vnc  Navitiere,  a  *Rape  field.  1765  Museum 
Rust.  IV.  212  People  who  have  rape-fields  bespeak  them 
[rape-cloths]  long  before.  1538  ELVOT,  Rapacia,  *rape  leaues. 
1816-20  GREEN  Herbal  II.  521/2  Salvia  Napifolia,  *Rape- 
leaved  sage.  1634-5  BRERETON  Trav.  (Chetham  Soc.)  43 
Hence  we  went  to  see  a  *rape-mill  turned  by  an  horse  at 
Swammerdam.  1766  Museum  Rust.  VI.  271  The  *rape 
plant  ..  is  a  species  of  wild  turnep.  1842  LANCE  Cottage 
Partner  15  The  Rape  Plant  is  of  the  cabbage  kind,  and  is 
good  feed  for  sheep.  1548  TURNER  Names  Herbes  (E.D.S.) 
67  This  maye  be  called  in  englishe,  an  Alman  radice,  or 
*rape  radice.  1533  ELVOT  Cast.  Heltke  (1539)  24  b,  *Rape 
rotes  and  Nauews.  The  iuyce  made  by  them,  is  very 
grosse.  1606  HOLLAND  Suetonius  241  In  a  seditious  com 
motion:  there  were  Rape-rootes  {marg.  Or  Turneps]  flung 
at  his  head.  1765  Museum  Rust.  IV.  206  A  great  ^"rape- 
shearing  in  our  constablery.  Ibid.  212  The  disconcerting 
of  the  whole  series  of  *rape-threshers.  Ibid.  206  Description 
of  a  *rape-threshing..in  the  North-Riding  of  Yorkshire. 
1548  TURNER  Names  Herbes  (E.D.S.)  33  It  might  well 
be  called  m  englishe  *Rape  Violet  because  it  hath  a  roote 
tyke  a  Rape  &  flopres  lyke  a  Violet.  1558  ELVOT,  Cycla- 
ininus.  .is  named  in  english  rape  violet. 

Rape  (r^'p)j  sb$  Also  7  rappe.  [In  branch  I 
a.  F.  rdpe  —  Prov.  and  Sp.  raspa>  It.  raspo,  mcd.L. 


raspa  (1202  in  Du  Cange).     In  II  properly  rapt, 

a.  F.  nJ/<^(:-OF.  raspeit,  ia-i3th  c.)  f.  r&pe.~\ 

I,  1.  The  stalks  of  grape-clusters,  or  refuse  of 
grapes  from  which  wine  has  been  expressed,  used 
in  making  vinegar.     Also  //.  in  same  sense. 

1657  B&>  vf  Values,  Rape  of  grape,  the  tun../.  06.  i68z 
Art  fy  Myst.  Vintners  (1703)  64  Then  wash  your  Rapes 
clear  out,  and  put  it  in  the  Hogshead.  1725  BKADLEY  Fant. 
Diet.  s.v.  Vinegar,  Put  in  some  Rape,  or  Husks  of  Grapes, 
..  then  letting  the  Rape  settle,  draw  off  the  liquid  Part. 
1830  M.  DONOVAN  Dom.  Econ.  I.  321  The  rape  used  in  this 
process  is  kept  for  a  succession  of  other  processes.  1875 
KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1880/2  It  derives  its  name  from  being 
charged  with  rapes. 

2.  A  vessel  used  in  the  manufacture  of  vinegar. 
1805  SHANNON  Brewing  111.64  Small  rapes..  that  do  not 

but  hold  but  from  1500  to  3000  gallons,  whereas  the  rapes  in 
general  hold  20,000  gallons.  1885  GARDNER  Acetic  Acid  63 
This  operation  [of  filtering  vinegar]  is  performed  in  large 
casks  with  false  bottoms  called  '  rapes  '. 

3.  attrib.,  as  rape  tun,  -vinegar. 

1747-^96  MRS.  GLASSE  Cookery  xix.  299  If  you  can  get 
rapt-vinegar,  use  that  instead  of  salt  and  water.  1811 
A.  T.  THOMSON  Lond.  Disp.  (1818)  7  These  rape  tuns  are 
worked  by  pairs. 

II.  f4.  (More  fully  Rape  winc,  —  Y,  vin  rapt*.~) 
"Wine  made  either  from  the  rape  (sense  i  above) 
by  addition  of  water,  or  from  fresh  grapes  and 
light  wine  placed  together  in  a  cask.  Ofrs. 

1600  SURFLF.T  Countrie  Far  me  vi.  xvi.  756  He  shall 
make  it  in  this  sort  after  the  manner  of  a  rappc  vine.  1656 
BLOI'NT  Glossogr.,  Rape  ivine  [copying  Cotgr.  s.v.  rap<;\. 
1726  in  BAILEY.  1733  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  (eel.  2)  s.  v.  Vitis^ 
Concerning  Rapes,  or  New  Wines.  They  make  a  Rape  of 
Cuttings  only,  without  any  mixture  of  Grapes. 

f  5.  The  grapes  used  in  making  win  rape  (see  4). 

1704  RAY  Creation^.  4)  31  The  Juice  of  Grapes  is  drawn 
as  well  from  the  Rape,  where  they  remain  whole,  as  from 
a  Vat,  where  they  are  bruis'd. 

Rape,  obs.  form  of  REAP  sb.  (sheaf). 

t  Rape,  «•  and  adv.  Obs.  rare.  [?  Back-forma 
tion  from  RAPELY  adv.}  a.  adj.  Quick,  hasty. 

b.  adv.  Hastily. 

c  1400  Gamclyn  101  Than  bispak  his  brother,  that  rape 
was  of  rees,  'Stond  stille,  gadelyng'.  c  1400  Rom.  ^^£-6516, 
I  sey,  and  swere  him  ful  rape,  That  riche  men  [etc.],  a  1585 
MONTGO.MERIE  Ctterrte  fy  Slae  884  Then  Will,  as  angrie  as 
an  ape,  Ran  ramping,  sweiring,  rude  and  rape. 


Obs.  Also  inf.  3-4  rapen,  5  rapyn, 
[a.  ON.  hrapa  (,MS\v.  rapa}  to  hasten.] 

1.  re/I.  To   betake    (oneself)    in   haste    or   with 
speed. 

c  1250  Gen.  fy  Ex.  2376  He.  .bad  hem  rapen  hem  homward 
swiSe.  ^1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  IVacc  (Rolls)  7748  A-wey 
t>ey  scaped,  Ouer  se  til  ober  land  beym  raped.  1377  LANGL. 
/*.  PI,  B.  v.  399  '  What  !  awake,  renke  !  '  quod  repentance, 
and  rape  be  to  shrifte  '.  a  1450  Le  Mortc  Arth.  2665  He 
wolle  rape  hym  on  A  Resse  .  .  to  the  holy  londe. 

b.  Const,  with  infin. 

c  1250  Gfti.  fy  E.v.  1221  Abraham  rapede  him  sonc  in  :>ped 
for  to  fulnllen  godes  reed.  1362  LANGL  P.  PI.  A.  iv.  7, 
I  comaunde  be  .  .  pat  bou  Rape  (re  to  ride,  a  1460  Play 
Sacram.  659,  I  shalle  rape  me  redely  anon  To  plucke  owt 
the  naylys. 

c.  trans.  To  cause  to  hasten,  to  hurry  on. 
0-1330  R.  BRUNNE  Ckron.  (1810)  284  Jour  clerke  ;e  J»ider 

rape  with  our  messengere.  Ibid.  309  J?e  tyme  he  will  not 
rape,  no  set  a  certeyn  day. 

2.  intr.  To  hasten,  hurry,  make  haste. 

c  1330  Arth.  fy  Mcrl.  7474  (Kolbing)  Of  hem  fiue  bousand, 
bat  wald  scape  Toward  king  Oriens  gan  rape,  c  1400 
Destr.  Troy  1807  Pas  fro  my  presens..And  rape  of  my 
rewme  in  a  rad  haste,  c  1430  Syr  Gcner.  122  To  his  felows 
he  gan  to  rape. 

Rape  (rJ'p),  v£  [Prob.  ad.  L.  rapere  to  seize, 
take  by  force:  cf.  AF.  raper  (1400  in  Godef.), 
obs.  and  dial.  F.  raper  (ibid.).  The  relationship 
of  (M)LG.  and  (M)Du.  rapen  in  the  same  sense  is 
not  clear  (cf.  RAP  z>.3).] 

1.  trans.  To  take  (a  thing)  by  force.  Also  absol. 
1388  WIMBLETON  Serru.  in  MS.  Hattoti  57  fol.  16  Rauen- 
ous  fisches  han  sum  mesure  ;  whanne  pei  hungren  thei 
rapyn  ;  whanne  bei  ben  ful  f>ey  sparyn.  1526  Pilgr. 
Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  140  To  rape  &  deuour  the.,susten- 
aunceof  thepooreseruauntesofgod.  I596DRAYTON  Legends 
iv.  749  What  their  Fathers  gave  her  .  .  The  Sonnes  rap'd 
from  her  with  a  violent  Hand.  1635  HEYWOOD  Hierarch. 
349  As  before,  They  rape,  extort,  forsweare,..Oppresse. 
1807  J.  BARLOW  Columb.  v.  693  So  Leda's  Twins  from  Colchis 
raped  the  Fleece.  1863  COWDEN  CLARKE  Shaks.  Char. 
xvii.  421  Steadily  clutching  all  that  he  had  raped. 

b.  In  alliterative  and  riming  phrases,  as  f  rape 
and  renne,  rend,  ivring  (obs.)  ;  rape  and  scrape 
dial.  (Cf.  RAP  w.3  i  b.) 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Can.  Yeom.  Prol.  <y  T.  869  Al  that  ye  may 
rape  and  renne.  1555  W.  WATREMAN  Fardlc  Facions  n.  x. 
217  Thei  euer  couete,  and  ..  rape  and  rende  from  other. 
1610  HOLLAND  tr.  Camdeti's  Brit.  i.  259  To  scrape  and 
rape  money  to  himselfe.  1622  MABBE  tr.  A  leman's  Guzman 
d'Alf.  i.  230  Whatsoever  I  could  rape  or  wring  from  them. 
1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  iv.  i.  §  12  She  ..  snatched  all  she 
could  rape  and  rend,  unto  herself.  1887  J>\  Cheshire  Gloss., 
Rafe  an'  scrape^  to  rake  and  scrape  together. 
•fc.  To  pull  down.  Obs,  rare~l. 

1597  J.  KING  On  Jonas  (1618)  78  They.  .rend  and  rape 
downe  tackles,  sailes,  all  implements. 

d.  To  rob,  strip,  plunder  (a  place),  rare, 

a  1711  D'URFEY  A  riadne  \.  ii,  I  can  .  .  Rape  the  tow'ring 
Eagle's  Nest.  1892  R.  KIPLING  Barrack-r.  Ballads  177, 
1  raped  your  richest  roadstead,  I  plundered  Singapore. 


RAPE. 

2.  To   carry  off  (a  person,  esp.    a  woman)  by 
force.  ?  Obs. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  x.  heading,  Paridell  rapeth  Helle- 
nore  ;  Malbecco  her  poursewes.  1598  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man 
in  Hum.  \\.  y,  These  houshold  precedents;  which  are 
strong  And  swift  to  rape  youth,  to  their  precipice,  a  1649 
DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Poems  Wks.  (1711)  46/2  The  flower  of 
virgins  ..  By  ruthless  destiny  is  ta'ne  away,  And  rap'd 
from  earth.  1715-20  POPE  Iliad  xiii.  782  A  princess  raped 
transcends  a  navy  storm'd. 

3.  To  ravish,  commit  rape  on. 

1577  Test.  12  Patriarchs  (1604)  45  warp.,  The  Sichemites 
raped  Dina ;  persecuted  strangers ;  ravished  their  wives. 
a  1641  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  ty  Man.  (1642)  343  To  ..  tor 
ment  their  bodies,  rape  their  wives  and  daughters.  1861 
Times  18  July,  She  charged  that  ..  he  had  violently  as 
saulted  and  raped  her.  1885  Law  Times  LXXVIII.  240/2 
Females  who  have  been  raped  or  indecently  assaulted. 

4.  To  transport,  ravish,  delight.     NowfWtf. 
1613  DRAYTON  Eel.  v.  60  To  rape  the  fields  with  touches 

of  her  string.  1675  BAXTER  Cath.  Thect.  i.  in.  QI  This 
grace  . .  rapeth  the  will  so  that  it  is  scarce  perceived  to  act. 
1852  Meandering*  of  Mem.  I.  87  With  art's  refinement  he 
would .  .rape  the  soul. 

Hence  Raped///,  a.1 

1675  PENN  Eng.  Pres.  Interest  41  There  is  no  such 
Excitement  to  Revenge,  as  a  rap'd  Conscience. 

Rape,  z>-3  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [a.  F.  rdpert  f.  rape 
RAPE  sb.^\  trans.  To  rasp.  (In  mod.  south 
western  dial.,  to  scratch.) 

1596  BARROUGH  Meth.  Physick  (ed.  3)  369  Take  and  rape 
it  [wood].  Ibid.)  After  you  have  raped  it.  1633  [J.  PAR. 
TRIDGE]  Treas,  Hid.  Secrets  cxvii,  Put  into  the  pot  one 
pound  and  halfe  of  your  Wood  small  raped. 

Hence  Raped///,  a.2,  Raping  vbL  sb. 

1596  BARROUGH  Meth.  Physick  (ed.  3)  369  Take  one  pound 
of  the  raped  wood.  Ibid.,  The  last  proofe  of  this  wood  is,  to 
boile  the  rapings  thereof. 

Rape,  Sc.  and  north,  f.  ROPE. 

t  Rape.  Obs.  Also  4  rapee,  rapy,  5  rapey\e. 
[a.  F.  rapg)  pa.  pple.  of  r&per  to  scrape,  grate  :  cf. 
RAPPEE.]  A  dish  in  mediceval  cookery,  com 
posed  of  many  ingredients  grated,  stamped,  or 
pounded,  and  highly  seasoned. 

1381  Anc.  Cookery  in  Warner  Antiq.  Culin.  (1791)  49  For 
to  make  rapee.  Tak  the  crustys  of  wyt  bred,  and  reysons, 
and  bray  hem  wel  in  a  morter.  c  1430  Two  Cookery-bks.  25 
Rapeye  of  Fleysshe.  Take  lene  Porke  y-sode  it  y-grounde 
smalle.  c  1467  Noble  Bk.  Cookry  (1882)  118  To  mak  rape 
of  fisshe  tak  luces  and  tenches  or  other  fisshe  and  fry  them 
in  oile  [etc-]. 

Ra'pe-cake.  [f.  RAPE  sb$\  a.  A  flat  cake 
made  of  rapeseed  pressed  into  this  form  after  the 
oil  has  been  extracted  from  it.  b.  The  substance 
of  which  these  cakes  are  composed. 

1660  Bk,  of  Rates,  Rape  cake  the  thousand,  xs.  1732  W. 
ELLIS  Pract.  Fanner  n.  51  Several  make  use  of  Rape- 
cakes,  Ground  ..  into  Powder.  1766  Museum  Rust.  VI. 
269  Cattle  are  not  fed  with  rape  cakes,  because  they 
refuse  to  eat  them  :  and  those  calces  are  therefore  sold  for 
manuring  the  ground.  1869  E.  A.  PARKES  Pract.  Hygiene 
ted.  3)  283  Pepper  is  adulterated  with  Unseed  . .  rape  cake, 
and  ground  rice. 

Rapee,  variant  of  RAPK,  RAPPEE. 

i  Ra'peful,  a.  Obs.  [f.  RAPE  sb.-  +  -FUL.] 
Given  to,  or  characterized  by,  rape  or  violence. 

1605  CHAPMAN  Byroii's  Trag.  iv.  i,  To  teach  the  rapefull 
Hyrcans  mariage.  1633  Costlie  Whore  i.  i.  in  Bullen  O.  PI. 
IV,  His  suite,  Which  he  in  rapefull  manner  oft  hath  sought. 

t  Ra'pely,  adv.  Obs.  Also  3  -like,  4  -liche. 
[a.  ON.  hrapaliga  hurriedly,  f.  hrapa  RAPE  z*.1] 
Hastily,  in  haste,  quickly.  (Cf.  RAPLY  adv.) 

c  mo  Bestiary  240  De  mire  . .  renneS  rapelike.  a  135* 
MINOT  Poems  vi.  67  Gold  ..  made  him  rapely  ride.  1377 
LANGL.  P.  PL  B.  xvi.  273  With  that  sawe  I  an  other  Rape- 
lich  renne  forth,  c  1400  Gamely ti  420  Adam  look  Gamelyn, 
And  ladde  him  into  spence  rapely  and  anon. 

Rapent,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REPENT  v. 

Ha'pe-oil.  [f.  RAPE  sb.$  Cf.  Du.  raapolie.'] 
A  thick  brownish-yellow  oil  expressed  from  rape- 
seed,  used  chiefly  for  lubricating  and  in  the  manu 
facture  of  soap  and  india-rubber. 

1545  Bk.  of  Values,  Rape  oyle  the  last,  viii/.  1597 
GERARDE  Herbal  n.  ii.  179  There  be  three  sorts  of 
wilde  Turneps ;  one  our  common  Rape  which  beareth  the 
seed  whereof  is  made  rape-oil.  1640  PARKINSON  Herbal 
861  Rape  oyle  that  is  used  in  Lampes  and  therefore  called 
Lampe  Oyle.  1712  tr.  Pomefs  Hist.  Drugs  I.  10  Rape- 
Qil  is  sweet,  and  on  the  contrary  the  Linseed  bitter.  1866 
Public  Ledger  10  Jan.  3/2  Rape-oil  is  only  in  limited 
request. 

attrib.  and  Comb.  1766  Museum  Rnst.  VI.  272  The  uses, 
to  which  the  rape-oil  cakes  are  applied  for  the  feeding  of 
cattle.  1885  Census  Instruct.,  Rape  Oil  Refiner,  Maker. 

Raper,  obs.  form  of  RAPIER,  ROPEK. 

Raperee,  obs.  form  of  RAPPAREE. 

Ra'peseed.  [f.  RAPE  sb.&  Cf.Du.  raapzaad.'] 
The  seed  of  the  RAPE  (esp.  Brassica  campcstris 
oleifera],  used  chiefly  for  the  production  of  oil. 

'577  B-  GOOGE  Hcresbaclis  Husb.  (1586)  29  b,  Amongest 
the  Winter  seedes,  Rape  seed  dooth  chalenge  his  place, 
whiche  I  take  to  be  the  seede  of  the  Rape  which  Plinie 
maketh  for  his  third  kinde.  1634-5  BRERETON  Trav. 
(Chetham  Soc.)  44  A.. mill-stone,  upon  which  the  rape-seed 
being  thrown  was  ground.  1712  tr.  Pomet's  Hist.  Drugs 

I.  10  The  seed  of  a  Kind  of  wild  Colly-flower,  which  they 
call ..  Rape-seed.     x8ia  SIR  J.  SINCLAIR  Syst.  Husb.  Scot. 
i.  Add.  4  As  rape-seed  is  so  much  larger  than  turnip-seed, 
the  drill  should  be  wider.     1842  BISCHOFF  Woollen  Manuf. 

II.  90  There  is  another  oil  made  from  rapeseed,  also  used 
in  the  coarse  woollen  manufacture. 


150 

b.  Used   as  a   name   for   the   plant   itself  (cf. 
COLESEED).     Now  rare. 

ci532  Du  WES  Introd.  Fr.  in  Palsgr.  915  Rape  side, 
nauette.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  n.  ii.  180  Wilde  Turnep  U 
called  in  Latme  Rapistrum..\n.  English  Rape,  and  Rape 
seed.  1666  In  F.  L.  Hawks  Hist.  N.  Carolina  (1858)  II.  39 
The  meadows  are  very  proper  for  rice,  rape-seed,  linseed,  &c. 
1766  Museum  Rnst.  vl.  272  note^  The  common  rape-seed 
is  a  wild  species  ..  called  in  authors  Bunias  and  Napus 
sylvestris.  1865  tr.  Erckman-Chatrian's  Waterloo  141 
And  these  rape  seed, . .  this  colza, . .  how  they  all  are  at 
work,  living  and  growing. 

c.  attrib.,  as  rapeseed-cake,  ~ot/,  stubble. 

1634-5  BRERETON  '1  rav.  (Chetham  Soc.)  177  The  rape-seed 
cakes  I  observed  laid  up.  1816  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc. 
<y  Art  II.  638  Its  seed. .by  expression  yields  an  oil  called 
rapeseed-oil.  1840  J.  BUEL  Fanner's  Companion  118  To 
sow  a  green  crop.,  in  the  rape-seed  stubble.  1854  SIM- 
MONDS  Coinin.  Products  Veg.  Kingd.  y.  564  The  export 
of  linseed  and  rapeseed  cakes  from  Stettin. 

Rapey(e,  variant  of  RAPE  Obs. 

Rap  full,  a.  Naut.  (See  quot.) 

1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-bk.  s.v.,  'Keep  her  rap  full !' 
means,  do  not  come  too  close  to  the  wind,  or  lift  a  wrinkle 
of  the  sail. 

t  Ra-pfully,  adv.  Obs.  rare"1,  [f.  RAP  sbl 
+ -FUL  + -LY -*.]  With  resounding  blows ;  violently. 

1582  STANYHURST  ^Enels  in.  f Arb.)  88  A  seabelch  grounting 
on  rough  rocks  rapfulye  frapping. 

Rapha,  obs.  form  of  RAPHE-. 

Raphaelesque  (rsetfF'eVsk),  a.  Also  raf- 
faell-.  [f.  the  name  of  Raphael  (It.  Raffaello}> 
one  of  the  great  artists  (1483*1520)  of  the  Italian 
Renascence,  +  -KSQUE.]  After  the  style  of  Raphael. 

1832  Edin.  Rev.  XXXVIII.  455  He  may  be  competent  to 
expatiate  upon.  .Raphaelesque  expression.  1841  W.  SPALU- 
ING  Italy  <y  //.  fsl.  II.  406  An  almost  Raffaellesque  purity 
of  outline.  1887  LAYARD  Kuglers  Italian  Schools  II.  469 
Timoteo's  manner  might  be  called  'Raphaelesque'  were 
he  not  the  teacher  and  Raphael  the  pupil. 

So  Ra-phaelhood  nonee-wd^  the  artistic  nature 
of  Raphael's  work  ;  Raphae'lic  a.,  nonce-wd,t 
concerned  with  Raphael  \  Ra'phaelism,  the  prin 
ciples  of  art  introduced  by  Raphael ;  his  style  or 
method ;  Ra'phaelite,  one  who  adopts  the  prin 
ciples  or  follows  the  style  of  Raphael. 

1851  MRS.  BROWNING  Casa  Guidi  Wind,  25  If  any  should 
. .  Gaze  scorn  down  from  the  heights  of  Raffaelhood,  On 
Cimabue's  picture.  1859  HAWTHORNE  Marb.  Faitn  vi. 
(1883)  77  Thus  they  convert  themselves  into  ..  Raphaelic 
machines.  1877  SYMONDS  Renaiss,  It.,  Fine  Arts  III.  x. 
(1882)  490  In  a  style  of  over-blown  but  gorgeous  Raphaelism. 

f  Ra-phane.  Obs,  rare,  [ad.  L.  raphamis 
radish.]  The  radish. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth,  De  P.  R.  xvn.  cxxxviii.  (1495)  694 
Of  the  sede  of  the  rape  and  also  of  sede  of  Raphane  is  oyle 
made  that  is  nedefull  in  many  vses. 

Ii  Raphania  (raf<,7i-nia).  Path.  [mod.L.,  f. 
raphanus  radish  +  -IA1.]  A  name  given  by  Lin 
naeus  to  a  form  of  ERGOTISM,  on  the  supposition 
that  it  was  due  to  the  use  of  grain  containing 
seeds  of  species  of  Raphanus, 

1799  Med.  Jrnl,  I,  63  Palsy  of  the  tongue,  raphania,.  .the 
hooping  cough  [etc.].  1847  tr.  Feuchterslcbeti  s  Med. 
PayekoL  51  At  the  beginning  of  the  eighth  decennium, 
raphania.  .became  particularly  prevalent. 

i  Raphanus  (rae'filnrr).  Bot.  [L.,  a.  Gr. 
pcupavos  =  frcupav'ts  radish.]  A  genus  of  cruci 
ferous  plants,  of  which  the  common  radish  {R. 
sativus]  is  the  most  important  species. 

i73o-6inBAiLEv(fol.).  lyfiEncycL  Brit.  (ed.2)III.  1795/1 
Charlock,  the  English  name  of  the  Raphanus,  . .  is  a  very 
troublesome  weed  among  corn.  1897  Allbutt's  .Syst.  Med. 
II.  796  It  has  since  been  shewn  that  the  raphanus  is  never 
poisonous. 

f  Raphe  \  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  raphamis  :  see 
prec.  Cf.  obs.  F.  raphe  (Cotgr.).]  The  radish. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  n.  204  The  raphe  is  roote,  al  other 
in  letuce  Vpgooth.  Ibid*  212  The  raphe  outake,  and  lappe 
hit  faire  in  donge. 

II  Raphe2  (r^'-f*).  Also  8  rapha,  8-9  rhaphe. 
PI.  raphos.  [mod.L.,  a.  Gr.  fia<prj  seam,  suture  (of 
the  skull,  a  wound,  etc.).] 

1.  Anat.  A  line  of  union  between  the  two  halves 
of  an  organ  or  part  of  the  body,  having  the  appear 
ance  of  a  seam. 

'  J753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.>  Raphat  in  anatomy,  the  ridge 
or  hue  which,  .divides  the  scrotum  and  perineum  in  two. 
1758  J.  S.  Le  Draft's  Observ.  Surg.  (1771)  25^  An  Abscess 
was  formed  in  the  Scrotum,  on  the  right  Side  near  the 
Rhaphe,  1830  R.  KNOX  Bc'clard's  Anat.  43  This  line  even 
appears  defined  in  some  places,  where  it  forms  what  are 
called  rapha:  or  seams.  1884  MACKENZIE  Dis.  Throat  <y 
Nose  II.  476  Along  the  middle  line  of  the  nose  there  was 
a  raphe  projecting  to  the  extent  of  about  one  millimetre. 

2.  Bot.  a.  In  certain  ovules,  a  cord  connecting 
the  hilum  with  the  chalaza,  and  usually  appearing 
as  a  ridge,     b.  In  the  Umbelliferae,  the  line  of 
junction  or  suture  between  the  carpels.   C.  A  median 
line  or  rib  on  the  valves  of  diatoms. 

1830  LINDLEY  Nat.  Syst.  Bot,  123  Raphe  and  chalaza 
usually  very  distinctly  marked.  1870  HOOKER  Stud.  Flora. 
105  Ovules  . .  pendulous  with  a  ventral  raphe,  or  ascending 
with  a  dorsal  one. 

3.  Qrnith.  The  groove  along  the  under-side  of 
the  rachis  of  a  feather. 

1859  TODD  Cycl.  Anat.  V.  480/1. 
Raphell  :  see  RAFFELL. 


RAPID. 

Raphia  (r^-fia).  Bot.  [Malagasy  :  see  Rom.] 
A  genus  of  palms,  containing  three  main  species, 
with  short  stems  and  long  pinnate  leaves.  Also 
attrib,  as  Raphia  grass  —  RAFFIA. 

1866  Treat.  Bot.  959/2.  1885  J.  RICHARDSON  Malagasy- 
Eng.  Diet.  s.v.  Rofia,  The  fibre  from  the  young  leaves  is 
used  as  string,  for  which  purpose  it  is  exported  under  the 
name  of  Raphia  grass. 

Raphide  (r^'-fsid).  Bot.  [a.  F.  rapkide,  f.  stem 
of  Gr.  /Ja^u's.]  =  RAPHIS. 

1884  BOWER  &  SCOTT  De  Bary's  Phaner.  139  The  elon 
gated  or  spindle-shaped  raphide -bear ing  sacs,  which  are 
common,  e.  g.  in  the  Aroideae.  Ibid.  Hanstein's  raphide-con- 
taining  sac-vessels. 

Raphidi-ferous,  a.    Bot.   [f.  raphid-  RAPHIS 
+  -(I)FEROUS.]     Bearing  raphides. 
1870  [see  RAPHIS.    Comb.'}. 

Raphilite  (rarfilait).  Alin,  [f.  Gr.  patyls  needle 
+  -LITE.]  =  TKEMOLITE. 

Given  as  raphylite  in  1835  by  C.  N.  Shepard  (Minerals 
II.  329  App.),prob.  through  communication  with  Thomson. 

1836  T.  THOMSON  Outlines  Min.  I.  153  Raphilite.  I  have 
given  this  name  to  a  mineral  from  the  township  of  Perth, 
Upper  Canada.  1868  WATTS  Diet.  C7tew.,  Raphilitet  asbesti- 
form  tremolite  from  Lanark,  in  Canada. 

Raphill,  obs.  form  of  RAFFLE  sb± 

llK.aph.is  (r^'-fis).  Bot.  Also  rha-.  PI.  raphi 
des  (rge*fidiz).  [Gr.  /Suit's,  /5a</>*5-  needle.]  One 
of  the  minute  crystals,  usually  of  acicular  form, 
found  in  the  cells  of  many  plants. 

The  name  was  suggested  by  De  Candolle  (1826).  The 
sing,  is  rarely  used,  and  raphides  may  sometimes  be  in 
tended  as  pi.  of  RAPHIUE. 

1842  BRANDS  Diet,  Sci.,  Raphides,  1854  J.  HOGG  Microsc. 
n.  i.  (1861)  233  Among  the  cell-contents  of  some  plants 
are  beautiful  crystals  called  Raphides.  1876  HARLEY  Mat. 
Med.  (ed.  6)  393  Many  spiral  vessels  may  be  detected  in 
these  scales  by  the  microscope,  as  well  as  numerous  aci 
cular  raphides. 

Comb.  1870  BENTLEY  Man.  Bot.  (ed.  2)  33  The  orders 
to  which  it  applies  should  be  named  raph  is -bearing  or 
raphidiferous. 

Raphorte,  variant  of  KAIFOBT  Obs. 

Rapic  (r^-pik),  a.  Chem.  [f.  RAPE  sl>.5  +  -ic.] 
Belonging  to  the  rape.  In  rapic  acid  (see  quot.). 

1894  MORLEY  £  MuiR  Watts  Diet.  Chem.  IV.  394  Rapic 
Acid,  .occurs  as  glyceride.  .in  rape-seed  oil. 

Rapid  (rse'pid),  a.,  (adv.],  and  sb.  [ad.  L. 
rapid-US^  f.  rapere  to  seize,  carry  off,  etc. :  see  -ID*. 
Cf.  F.  rapide  (1611  in  Cotgr.).] 

A.  adj.  1.  Moving,  or  capable  of  moving,  with 
great  speed ;  swift,  very  quick. 

1634  T.  CAREW  Ccclum  Brit.  iv.  29  Be  fix'd  you  rapid 
Orbes,  that  beare  The  changing  seasons  of  the  yeare  On 
your  swift  wings.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  532  Part ..  shun 
the  Goal  With  rapid  wheels,  c  1742  GRAY  Ignorance  34 
Her  rapid  wings  the  transient  scene  pursue.  1791  COWPEK 
Iliad  xvn.  847  On  rapid  feet  Sped  to  Achilles.  1832  DE  LA 
BECHE  Geol.  Man.  (ed.  2)  213  This  river  was  at  first  by  no 
means  rapid,  and  afterwards  acquired  considerable  velocity. 
1866  G.  MACDONALD  Ann.  Q.  Neighb.  xxvii.  (^878)  466 
A  space,  .sufficient  to  show  the  persons  even  of  rapid  riders. 

2.  Characterized  by  speed  :  a.  of  motion. 


1815  SHELLEY  Altistor  522  With  rapid  steps  he  went 
Beneath  the  shade  of  trees.  1860  TYSDALL  Glac.  \.  xxvii. 
2i2;  I  observed  a  rapid  movement  on  the  part  of  the  re 
maining  three  men. 

b.  of  speech  :  Extremely  quick. 
1761  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  V.  in,  My  father's  eloquence  was 
too  rapid  to  stay  for  any  man.    1835  BROWSING  Paracelsus 
v,  I  heard  my  name  among  those  rapid  words. 

3.  Quick  in  action,  discourse,  etc. 

1791  Cowi'ER  Iliad  n.  136  On  that  he  leaned,  and,  rapid, 
thus  began.  1818  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  in.  vii,  Ere  with 
rapid  lips  and  gathered  brow  I  could  demand  the  cause. 
1826  DISRAELI  Viv.  Grey  v.  iv.  180  He  saw  the  student 
was  a  rapid  drinker.  1861  M.ARNOLD  Translating  H  omer 
\.  ii  Homer  is  eminently  rapid. 

b.  techn.  Said  of  photographic  lenses,  plates, 
or  subjects,  requiring  only  a  short  exposure. 

1878  ABNEY  Photogr.  (1881)  292  A  magnifying  lens,  which 
takes  the  form  known  as  '  the  rapid  rectilinear '.  1890 
Anthonys  Photogr.  Bull,  III.  28  When  I  speak  of  subjects 
impossible  to  the  draughtsman,  I  do  not  mean  merely  very 
rapid  subjects.  189*  Photogr.  Ann.  11.38  Your  long  exposure 
was  not  on  the  most  rapid  plate  you  had  with  you. 

4.  Taking    place    with    speed ;    accomplished, 
attained,  etc.,  within  a  short  time;  coming  quickly 
into  existence  or  to  completion. 

1780  HARRIS  Philol.  Enq.  Wks.  (1841)  479  The  rapid 
victories  of  these  Eastern  conquerors  soon  carried  their 
empire  from  Asia  even  into  the  remote  regions  of  Spain. 
1796  H.  HUNTER  tr.  St.-Picrre's  Stud.  Nat.  (1799)  III.  166 
As  it's  growth  is  very  rapid,  it  attained  three  years  after  tu 
the  height  of  twenty  feet.  1809-10  COLERIDGE  Friend  i. 
vii,  Bristol  has,  doubtless,  been  injured  by  the  rapid  pros 
perity  of  Liverpool.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  viii.  §  .5.  504 
Charles  had  good  ground  for  this  rapid  confidence  in  his 
new  minister. 

b.  Of  a  slope:  Descending  quickly. 

1890  Gd.  Words  133/2  The  slope  [is]  so  rapid  that  you 
can  scarcely  find  footing  when  once  off  the  beaten  road. 

5.  quasi-#flfo.  Rapidly,  with  rapidity. 

1791  COWPER  Iliad  viii.  381  Ajax,  ..  advancing  rapid, 
stalk'd  Around  hint.  1810  Splendid  Follies  II.  59  The 
hour;>  winged  away  uncommonly  rapid  with  Freelove. 

6.  Comb.,  as   rapid-footed,  ~manttered\    -firing, 

^  -running  adjs.  ;  rapid-fire  (used  attrib.). 


RAPIDITY. 

1749  G.  WEST  tr.  Pindar  (1753)  I.  6  If ,.  the  rapid-footed 
Steed  Could  with  joy  thy  Bosom  move.  1797  BEWICK 
Birds  I.  Pref.  6  Its  business  being  . .  among  rapid-running 
streams.  1820  (1.  HAKE  Mem.  80  Yrs.  Ixiii.  262  A  young 
Bavarian  officer  of  the  rapid-mannered  kind.  1848 
BUCKLEY  Iliad  265  The  rapid-flowing  current  of  eddying 
Xanthus.  1890  NOBLE  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  944  The  in 
creased  importance  of  rapid-fire  guns.  1896  Daily  Nws 
28  Apr.  3/2  Loaded  with  rapid-firing  and  machine  guns. 

B.  sb.  A  part  of  a  river  where  the  bed  forms 
a  steep  descent,  causing  a  swift  current.     (Origin 
ally  Un  S.  and  usually  in//. ;  cf.  F.  rapides.) 

1776  C.  CARROLL  Jml.  (1845)  84  Took  boat  and  went  down 
Hudson's  river,  through  all  the  rapids,  to  Albany.  1803 
Gouv.  MORRIS  in  Sparks  Life  $  Writ.  (1832)  I.  483  In  this 
condition  we  descend  the  rapid.  1820  SHELLEY  Witch  xli, 
Mortal  boat  In  such  a  shallow  rapid  could  not  float.  1856 
STANLEY  Sinai  $  Pal.  vii.  (1858)  282  It  plunges  through 
twenty-seven  rapids,  through  a  fall  of  a  thousand  feet. 

Rapidity  (rapi'diti).  [ad.  L.  rapiditat-em,  f. 
rapidus:  see  RAPID  and  -ITV.  Cf.  F.  rapidite 
(1611  in  Cotgr.).]  The  quality  of  being  rapid; 
celerity;  velocity;  swiftness  of  motion  or  action. 

[1616  BULLOKAR  Eng.  Exp.)  Rapitlitie,  a  snatching,  a 
catching.]  1654  BUTLER  Elephant  in  Moon  301  The  rapidity 
Of  both  their  motions  cannot  be  Hut  so  prodigiously  fast 
[etc.].  1701  BRAND  Descr.  Orkney  (1883)  73  The  quickness 
and  rapidity  of  the  Tide.  1783  WATSON  Philip  ///,  n.  (1839) 
123  He  advanced  towards  them  with  the  utmost  rapidity. 
1871  TYNDALL  Fragtn,  Sci.  (1879)  I-  XXK  492  There  .ire 
other  actions  which  far  transcend  in  rapidity  that  of  the 
rifle-bullet. 

//.  a  1774  GOI.DSM.  Surv.  Exp.  Philos.  (1776)  I.  337  The 
water  at  the  surface  of  a  river,  and  that  at  its  bottom,  are 
often  found  to  have  very  different  rapidities.  1867  TYNDALL 
Sound  \.  (1871)  4  It  is  conveyed  with  different  rapidities  in 
three  different  directions. 

Rapidly  (rse-pidli),  adv.  [f.  RAPID  +  Lv2.] 
In  a  rapid  manner,  with  rapidity;  swiftly, quickly. 
(Sometimes  hyphened  to  ppl.  adjs.) 

1727  in  BAILEY.  #1751  BOLINGBROKF,  Ess.  Hum.  Reas.  ii. 
§  7  1  hales  is  said  to  have  held,  that  mind . .  was  the  swiftest 
of  things,  and  pervaded  rapidly  the  universe.  1784  COWPF.R 
Task  I.  130  Our  years,  As  life  declines,  speed  rapidly  away. 
1838  T.  THOMSON  Chew.  Org,  Bodies  272  The  crystals  are 
deposited  rapidly.  1847  LEWES  Hist.  Philos.  (1867)  II.  118 
Carried  along  by  the  rapidly-swelling  current  of  their  age. 
1887  BOWEN  Iftrg.  t'Eneid  i.  90  Lightnings  rapidly  flash. 

E-a  pidiiess.  Now  rare.  [-NESS.]  =  RAPIDITY. 

a  1656  USSHER  Ann.  (1658)  733  The  passage  seemed  very 
difficult,  by  reason  of  the  . .  rapidnesse  of  the  river.  1719 
DR  FOE  Crusoe  \.  xiii.  (1858)  199  With  the  same  rapidness 
of  the  currents.  1782  PAINE  Let.  Abbe  Raynel  (1791) 
Introd.  6  Rapidness  of  thinking,  and  quickness  of  sensation. 
1863  EDITH  J.  MAY  Stronges  of  Net lierst range  239  This 
man's  folly,  .will  lose  all  that  rapidness  might  have  won. 

Rapier  (r^'-piai).  Also  6  raper(e,  -yer,  -yre  ; 
Sc.  6-7  rapper,  8  -ier.  [a.  F.  rafter*  (1474  in 
DuCange)  of  unknown  origin.]  Originally,  a  long, 
pointed,  two-edged  sword  adapted  either  for  cutting 
or  thrusting,  but  chiefly  used  for  the  latter.  In  later 
use,  a  light,  sharp-pointed  sword  designed  only 
for  thrusting ;  a  small  sword. 

i5S3  EDEN  Treat.  Neive  Ind.  (Arb  l  20  A  rede  is  to  them 
in  the  stede  of  sworde,  rapyre  &  iauelyne.  1590  SIR  J. 
SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  3b,  Rather  . .  Rapiers  of  a  yard  and 
a  quarter  long  the  blades,  or  more,  than  strong  short  arming 
Swords.  1622  MABBE  tr.  Alcman's  Gnzniatt  (TAlf.  \\.  227 
They  would  . .  pricke  me  in  the  body  with  their  Rapiers 
points.  1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  88  p  12,  I  went  up  Stairs 
with  my  Hand  upon  the  Hilt  of  my  Rapier.  1727-41 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.^  Rapier..  In  a  modern  sense  among  us, 
usually  denotes  a  small  sword,  as  contradistinguished  from 
a  back-sword,  or  cutting  sword.  1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  xxviii, 
Aware  of  the  superiority  of  my  weapon,  a  rapier  or  small 
sword,  [I]  was  little  afraid  of  the  issue  of  the  contest.  1889 
GROVE  Fencing  etc.  (Badminton)  Introd.  5  When  there  is  a 
public  exhibition  of  fencing,  an  assault  with  rapiers  is  very 
frequently  announced. 

Jig.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  304 
This  smiling  satirist  with  his  society  talk  and  ready  rapier 
of  repartee. 

t  b.  Coupled  with  dagger ;  alsoyf^.  and  Comb. 
1591  HARINGTOM  Orl.  Fur.  Pref.  i,  Hercules,. fought  with 
a  club,  and  not  at  the  rapyer  and  dagger.  1597  ist  Pt. 
Return /r.  P  amass,  iv.  i.  1236  This  hrncchidochio, . .  this 
meere  rapier  and  dagger.  1603  SHAKS.  Meas.for  M.  iv.  iii. 
15  Mr  Sta rue- Lackey  the  Rapier  and  dagger  man. 

C.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rapier  blade ',  hilt  >  point  \ 
-pointed    adj. ;    rapier-dance,    a    sword-dance  ; 
t  rapier-fish,  the  sword-fish.   Obs. 

1590  SIR  J.  SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  4  *Rap!er  blades  being 
so  narrow  . .  do  presently  breake.  1811  WILLAN  in  Arckxo- 
logia  (1814)  XVII.  154  *Rapier  Dance.  1681  GREW  Mu- 
saeum  i.  v.  i.  86  The  head  of  the  *rapier-fish  ;  called  Xiphias 
. .  Grows  sometimes  to  the  length  of  five  yards.  1399  B. 
JONSON-.E7>.  Man  out  of  Hum.  v.  iv,  I  will  make  thy  blood 
flow  on  my  *rapier  hilts.  1884  L.  GRIFFIN  in  Fortn.  Rw. 
Mar.  387  The  conclusions  . .  pierce  the  soul  ..  with  so  true 
and  acute  a  *rapier-point.  1816  KEATS  To  Ch.  C.  Clarke  65 
The  sharp,  the  *  rapier-pointed  epigram. 

Hence  Ba'piered  a.,  wearing  or  furnished  with 
a  rapier  ;  sharp-pointed. 

1683  Roxb.  Ball.  (1885)  V.  454  A  nimble  thrust  of  Rapier 'd 
Wit.  1854  LOWELL  Cambridge  30  Yrs.  Ago  Pr.  Wks.  1890 
I.  94  The  scarlet-coated,  rapiered  figures. 

HRapi-Ui.  [It.,  pi.  of  rapitto.]  Small  frag 
ments  of  pumice-stone. 

1809  WILSON  Hist.  Mountains  II.  620  The  first  ejections 
..were  simply  ashes,  pieces  of  pumice  stone  and  rapilli. 

Rapine  (ne-pin),  sb.  Rhet.  Forms:  5-6  ra- 
pyne,  6- rapine,  (7  -in),  [a.  F.  rapine  (lath  c.) 


151 

or  ad.  L.  rapwa,  f.  rapere  to  seize  :  see  RAPE  7'.2 
and  -INK  4.  The  popular  form  in  OF.  was  ravine 
RAVJN(E.]  The  act  or  practice  of  seizing  and 
taking  away  by  force  the  property  of  others ; 
plunder,  pillage,  robbery. 

a  1420  HOCCLEVE  De  Reg.  Princ.  4834  Is  it  Knyghtly  to 
live  on  rapyne?  nay.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xi.  (Percy 
Soc.)4i  For  these  thre  vyces  abhominable  ..  For  his  pryde, 
avaryce,  and  also  rapyne,  1586  A.  DAY  En*.  Secretary 
(1625)  44  What  rapine,  what  theft, . .  was  in  him  throughly 
planted?  1637  R.  HUMPHREY  tr.  St.  Ambrose  Pref.,  Coun 
tries  layed  open  to  their  furious  rapin.  1699  BURNET  y$Art. 
xxxvii.  (1700)  300  All  the  Rapine  and  Bloodshed  that  is 
occasioned  by  their  Pride  and  Injustice.  1769  ROBERTSON 
Chas.  /'*,  i.  Wks.  1813  V.  66  The  lawless  rapine  of  banditti. . 
rendered  a  journey  of  any  length  a  perilous  enterprise.  1879 
H.  PHILLIPS  Notes  Coins  9  The  robber  city,  founded  by 
outlaws  and  living  by  rapine. 

fig.  1879  GEO.  ELIOT  T/teo.  Suck  xi.  202  Angry  at  his 
conversational  rapine. 

b.  //.  Acts  of  violent  robbery  or  pillage.    (Freq. 
in  1 7th  c.,  now  rare.} 

1494  FAOYAN  Chron.  (1516)  II.  45  b/a  The  good  Cristen 
people,  whiche  they  had  harmed  by  meanes  of  their  Rapynes 
&  extoruons.  1514  BARCLAY  Cyt.  %  Uplondyshm.  (Percy 
Soc.)  56  Nought  is  in  warfar  save. .murder  and  imschiefe, 
rapines  and  cownrdise.  1631  WREVKR  Anc.  l-'un,  Mon.  363 
Such  were  the  Popes  rapines  and  enormous  proceedings  in 
those  dayes.  ^1711  K.EN  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wk-i.  1721  III. 
;i  A  lawless  Band,  Infesting  with  their  Rapines  all  the-  Land. 
1826  Son' HI-: v  I'itid.  Eccl.  Angl.  348  The  Judges  com 
plained  to  the  king  of  the  frequent  thefts,  rapines,  and 
homicides. 

c.  Beast  (etc.)  of  rapine  :  lieast  of  prey. 

1612  SKI. DEN  lllustr.  Drayto'i's  Poly-olb.  iv.  252  To  haue 
terrible  crests  or  ingraven  beasts  of  Rapine  ..  bath  been 
from  inmost  antiquity  continued.  1648  GAGE  ll'cst  hid.  xii. 
(1655)  44  For  hawking  fowles,  and  fowles  of  rapine.  1859 
TENNYSON  Merlin  <y  V.  578  That  foul  bird  of  rapine  whose 
whole  prey  Is  man's  good  name. 

Ka-pilie,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  prec.  or  a.  F. 
rapiner  (i  507).]  a.  intr.  To  commit  rapine. 
b.  trans.  To  plunder,  or  carry  away,  by  rapine. 

1580  HOLLYBAND  Trcas.  Ft:  Tong,  Rapiner,  to  rapine,  to 
robbe,  and  spotle.  1646  BUCK  Rick.  ///,  v.  154  A  Tyrant 
doth  not  onely  rapine  his  Subjects,  but  Spoils  and  robs 
Churches  and  Church-men.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  /.(•  /Wane's 
Tra-n.  323  In  their  dealings  these  people  are  lawlesse,  trad 
ing  in  slaves. .  which  they  rapine  from  all  parts. 

So  Ra'piner,  one  who  commits  rapine.  rare~~l. 

1843  LYTTON  Last  Bar.  iv.  v,  Are  not  the  king's  officers 
and  purveyors  licensed  spoilers  and  rapiners? 

t  Ra-ping, ///.  a.   Obs.  rare.     [f.  RAPE  v.?] 

1.  Her.  Ot  animals  :   Devouring  or  tearing  prey. 
1660  GUILUM  Heraldry  HI.  xv.  179  Lyons  Bears,  Wolves 

and  other  Beasts  of  ravening  kind,  when  they  are  borne 
in  Armes  feeding,  you  must  term  them  in  Blazon,  Raping, 
and  tell  whereon. 

2.  Transporting,  ravishing. 

1613-6  W.  BROWNE  Brit.  Past,  t.  iv.  6g  O,  had  I  Virgil's 
verse  or  Tullie's  tongue,  Or  raping  numbers  like  the  Thra- 
cian's  Song  !  Ibid.  v.  94  Raping  notes, 

tRa'pinous,".  Obs.  [f.  RAPINE^.  +  -ous,  or 
ad.  OFT  rapinetts,  -eux  (i4th  c.  in  Godef.).] 
Given  to  rapine ;  rapacious. 

1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  F  viij,  He  maketh  the  noble 
men  to  be  rapynous  &  tyraunts.  1627  W.  SCLATER  Exp. 
2  Thess.  (1629)  277  What  is  that  lining  other  than  vnjust, 
rapinous,  and  . .  injurious?  1682  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  1735/3 
The  Rapinous  hands  and  power  of  wicked.  .Men. 
b.  transf.  Carrying  or  sweeping  away. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  505  One  of  these  tides. .will  carry 
any  Vessel  backward,,  .the  length  of  its  rapinous  current. 

Rapist  (r^-pist).    U.  S.     [f.  RAPE  sb*  +  -IST.] 

One  guilty  of  rape. 

1889  Columbus  (Ohio)  Dispatch  13  June,  Two  horse  thieves 
and  a  rapist  were  sentenced,  .this  morning. 

t  Ra-pless,  ttt     [f  RAI,  s&i]     jrree  from  blows. 

a  1400  Minor  Poems  fr.  I'ernon  MS.  477/14  We  ne  moue 
raples  Jjorw  bo  |?re  To  Bere  be  croune  to-fore  be  kyng. 

Raploch.  (rse'pl^x)*  s^'  an<^  a-  &•  Also  6 
rep-,  roploch,  rapploch,  -lack,  raplach,  -lock. 
[Of  obscure  origin.] 

A.  sl>.  Coarse,  homespun,  undyed  woollen  cloth. 
1530  LVNDESAY  Test.  Papyngo  1045  Thay  haue  renuncit 

russat  and  roploch  quhyte.  1533  —  Satyre  1095  Thair 
vmest  clayis,  that  was  of  rapploch  gray.  1831  SCOTT  Cast. 
Dang,  ix,  I  will  owe  you  a  kirtle  of  the  best  raploch  grey. 
1832  VEDDER  Native  Parish  i.  in  Poems,  etc.  (1878)  348 
Ophelias  in  woollen  raplochs,  and  Desdemonas  in  linsey 
woolsey  frocks. 

B.  adj.  Coarse,  rough,  homely. 

1724  RAMSAY  Tea-t.  Misc.  (1733)  II.  183  The  rost  was 
teugh  as  raploch  hodin.  1785  BURNS  Ep.  Dame  vii,  The 
Muse,  poor  hizzie  !  Tho'  rough  an'  raploch  be  her  measure, 
She's  seldom  lazy. 

t  Ra'ply,  a.  rare.     [Cf.  next.]    Hasty,  hurried. 

a  1400  Body  ff  Soul  iVemon  MS.)  149  To  harme  was  thi 
raple  res.  £-1400  St.  Alexius  (Cotton  MS.)  353  She  com 
Forthe  with  A  raply  rese. 

t  Ha/ply,  adv.  Obs.  Also  4  -H,  -liche,  -lych. 
[=  MSw.  raplika  in  the  same  sense,  perh.  related 
to  RAP  z/.2,  but  cf.  RAPELY.]  Hastily,  hurriedly. 

c  1325  Metr.  Horn.  32  This  reul  thai  gert  me  rapH  rede. 
1362  LAKGL.  P.  PI.  A.  v.  176  The!  rise  vp  raply  [v.r.  rap- 
liche].  c  1440  York  Myst.  xvi.  7  The  rakke  of  be  rede  skye 
full  rappely  I  ridde. 

Rapok,  obs.  form  of  RAPPOCK  dial. 
Rapontik :  see  RHAPONTIC. 
Raporie,  obs.  form  of  RAPPAREE. 
Raport,  obs.  form  of  RAPPORT,  REPORT. 


RAPPER. 

Rapparee  (rneparr).  Forms:  a.  7  rappery, 
//.  -ies,  rap(p;Ories.  0.  7-8  raparee,  S  rap- 
peree,  7-  rapparee.  [a.  Ir.  rapaire  'a  short 
pike,  a  raparee'  (O'Reilly;  cf.  ropaire  'a  rapier, 
a  treacherous  violent  person ',  ibid.) ;  the  /3- 
forms  app.  originated  in  the  pi.,  after  the  southern 
Irish  pi.  rapairidhe  (-/ya).] 

fl.  A  half-pike.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1690  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2529/3  Both  Horse  and  Foot  are  very 
ill  Armed,  the  latter  having  for  the  most  part  only  Scythes 
or  Half  Pikes  called  Raporles. 

2.  Hist.  An  Irish  pikcman  or  irregular  soldier, 
of  the  kind  prominent  during  the  war  of  1688-92  ; 
hence,  an  Irish  bandit,  robber,  or  freebooter. 

a.  1690  T.  HARRISON  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  IV.  212 
The  fugitive  Irish,  or  Rapperies,  who  steal  in  the  night. 
n  1700  I!.  K.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Rapparies,  Wild  Irish 
Robbers,  and  Out-laws. 

attrib.  1690  Land.  1,'a-:.  No.  2506/3  Another  of  our  Parties 
have  cut  off  a  Rappery  Colonel,  with  50  of  his  MUM. 

£.  1690  MACKENZIE  Siege  Lotition-Derry  2  2  These  were 
afterwards  called  Rapparce's,  a  sort  of  Irish  Vultures  that 
follow  their  Armies  to  pray  on  the  spoil.  1692  Sif^g  Lyme- 
rick  3  This  day  several  notorious  Rapparees  were  brought 
Prisoners  into  our  Camp,  1707  Act  6  Anne  n  An  Act  for 
the  more  effectual  suppression  of  ..  robbers  and  rapparees. 
1745  HERKEI.KY  Let.  to  Gervais  24  Nov.  in  Fraser  Life  viii. 
304  We  have  been  alarmed  with  a  report  that  a  great  body  of 
rajtparces  is  up  in  the  county  of  Kilkenny.  1855  MACAU  LAY 
Hist.  Eng:  xvii.  IV.  73  The  English  complained  that  it  was 
no  easy  matter  to  catch  n.  Rapparee. 

attrib.  1834  AINSWORTH  Roofcwood \v.\\t  O'Hatilon  ..That 
o'er  the  bruad  province  of  Ulster,  the  Raparee  banner  un 
furled.  1888  H.  D.  TRAII.L  William  III  87  The  rapparee 
Irish  levies  who  formed  the  bulk  of  James's  force. 

b.  Jig.)  or  extended  to  persons  of  similar  char 
acter  in  other  countries. 

1693  J-  EDWARDS .X  wMtfr.  O.  <v  A".  Test.  307  These  zealots, 
these  Jewish  rapparees  and  assassins.  1720  J.  JOHNSON 
Canons  Kng.  Ch.  \.  Ee  j  b,  Let , .  Rapperees  and  freebooters, 
incur  the  severest  Wrath  of  God.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  xiii, 
This  rappavee  promised  him  mountains  of  wealth.  1833 
MARRVAT  /'.  Simple  xiii,  Hy  that  time  we  had  arrived  at 
the  door. .  I  paid  the  rapparee,  and  in  I  popped. 

Rappee  ;rsepr).  Also  9  rapee.  [ad.  F. 
(tabac]  rape,  pa.  pple.  of  raper  to  RASP  (see  def.).] 
A  coarse  kind  of  snuff  made  from  the  darker  and 
ranker  tobacco  leaves,  and  originally  obtained  by 
rasping  a  piece  of  tobacco.  Also  ^rappee-snuff. 

^1740  tt'imbh"$  Snuffs  in  F.  W.  Fairholt  Tobacco  (1876) 
268  English  Rappee,  Scented  Rappee  [etc.].  1758  JOHNSON 
Idler  No.  34  p  24  Made  some  rappee-snuff.  1785  CRABBE 
Ne*ivspaper  Wks.  1834  II.  128  He  May  tell  their  honours 
that  he  sells  rappee.  1859  THACKERAY  Virgin.  Ix,  He 
started  back,  and  must  have  upset  some  of  his  rappee,  for 
Macbeth  snee/ed  thrice. 

II  Rappel  (rapel),^.  [F.,  f.  rappeler  to  recall, 
REPEAL.]  The  roll  or  beat  of  a  drum  to  summon 
soldiers  to  arms. 

1848  W.  H.  KELLY  tr./.  Mane's  Hist.  Ten  1*.  I.  125  Then 
came  drums  of  the  national  guard  beating  the  rappel  and 
the  generate.  1861  W.  H.  Russxu.  in  Times  29  July,  A 
strong  body  of  drummers  on  the  French  model  beat  some 
noisy  rappel. 

transf.  1866  Miss  THACKERAY  I'illage  on  Cliff xiv,  He.. 
beat  the  rappel  with  his  spoon  upon  the  tablecloth. 

t  Rappel,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  F.  rappeler :  see 
REPEAL  v.~]  trans.  To  recall  (a  hawk;. 

1575  Tt'RBERv.  Faulconrie  62  A  fearfull  goshawke  . .  [will] 
not  willingly  repayre  to  any  devise  whenvith  she  is  called 
and  rappelde  after  hyr  flight. 

Rappely,  variant  of  KAPLY  adv.  Obs. 

Rapper  (rse-paj).     [f.  RAP  z\l  +  -ER  l.] 

1.  One  who  raps  or  knocks ;  a  spirit-rapper. 
1755  in  JOHNSON. 

2.  Anything  used  for  rapping  ;  spec,  f  &•  A  door 
knocker.  Obs.     b.  A  rattle  or  clapper,   rare,     c. 
Coal-mining  (see  quot.  1851). 

1640  Outlandish  Proverbs  §  916  An  old  mans  stafTe  is  the 
rapper  of  deaths  doore.  1767  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  IX.  xvi. 
He  stood  with  the  rapper  of  the  door  suspended  for  a  full 
minute  in  his  hand.  1810  Splendid  Follies  I.  16  Cavendish 
Square,  where  the  rapper  first  roused  her  from  the  deepest 
..  ruminations.  1834  SOUTHEY  Doctor  I.  (1862)  116  He  was 
not  disturbed  ..  by  the  watchmen's  rappers,  or  clap-sticks. 
1851  GREENWELL  Coal-trade  Terms,  Northumb.  ff  Ditrh.  41 
Rapper.— A  lever,  placed  at  the  top  of  a  shaft  or  inclined 
plane,  . .  to  give  signals,  when  every  thing  is  ready  at  the 
bottom  for  drawing  away.  1869  Pall  Mall  G.  8  Oct.  8  The 
connection  to  each  rapper  and  battery  was  to  be  made  by 
means  of  a  small  button. 

3.  a.   An   arrant   lie;    a   downright   falsehood. 
Now  only  dial. 

1611  COTGR.,  Bonrdes,  fibs,  rappers,  lyes.  1681  T.  FLATMAN 
fferaclitus  Ridetts  No.  38  (1713*  I.  252  Care  has  told  as 
many  Rappers  for  the  Dissenters  as  he  thinks  good,  a  1734 
NORTH  Exam.  n.  v.  §  139  (1740)  402  What  a  Rapper  is  it 
then  to  say  further  [etc.].  1890  in  Gloucestersh.  Gloss. 
b.  A  great  oath.  Now  only  dial. 

1678  DRYDEN  Limberha.ni  iv.  i,  If  you  can  swear  such 
Rappers  too,  there's  hope  of  you.  a  1734  NORTH  Lives 
(1826)  III.  225  When  he  was  very  angry,  .he  was  apt  to  let 
go  a  rapper  or  two.  1890  in  Gloucestersh.  Gloss. 

1 4.  Something  remarkably  good  or  large.  Obs. 
(Cf.  RAPPING///,  a.  2.) 

1653  SIR  E.  NICHOLAS  in  N.  Papers  (Camden)  II.  34  Tell 
my  deerest  Lord  Norwich  he  shall  have  a  rapper  [of  a  letter] 
next  week.  1671  MARVELL  Reh.  Transp.  i.  203  There  re- 
mains  but  one  Flower  more  that  I  have  a  mind  to ;  but  that 
indeed  is  a  Rapper.  'Tis  a  Flower  of  the  Sun. 

Rapper,  -ier,  obs.  Sc.  forms  of  RAPIEB. 


RAPPING. 

Rapperee,  -y,  obs.  forms  of  RAPPAKEE. 
Rappillg  (nc'pirj),  vbl.  sbl     [f.  RAP  v?\ 

1.  The  action  of  striking  or  knocking  sharply. 

c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gar.  Lordsh.  97  A  rappyngge 
togedre  of  stones,  a  1548  HALL  ( 'hron.,  Ediv.  V  4  b,  When 
he  was  with  hasty  rappyng  quickely  let  in.  c  1611  CHAPMAN 
Iliad  xn.  162  Stones,  .on  the  helms. .  Kept  such  a  rapping, 
it  amaz'd  great  Asius.  1710  Taller  No.  160  r  i,  I  heard  a 
great  Rapping  at  my  Door.  1860  EMERSON  Cond.  Life, 
Worship  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  397  In  creeds  never  was  such 
levity;  witness  the.  .deliration  of  rappings. 

2.  a.  Utterance  (of  an  oath).    \\>.  Perjury.  Obs. 
1611  COTGR.,  Inrement,.  .a  rapping  out  of  an  oath.     1754 

FIELDING  Jonathan  Wildi.  xiii.  (1840)  551  He  was  a  pitiful 
fellow  who  would  stick  at  a  little  rapping  for  his  friend. 

tRa-pping,  vbl.  sb*  Obs.-1  [f.  RAP  v.*} 
The  practice  of  seizing  or  taking. 

1541  PAYNELL  Catiline  i.  i  In  rappynge  and  catchynge  he 
was  auaritious. 

Rapping  (rorpirj^  pp?.  a,     [f.  RAP  v.*\ 

1.  That  raps  or  knocks. 

1855  SMEDLEY  Occult  Sciences  191  After  all  that  has  been 
written  on  the  subject  of  the  rapping  spirits. 

2.  Uncommonly  big  or  striking.     Now  dial. 
1658  BRAMHALL  Consecr.  Bps-  yi.  146  Some  others  who 

fathered  this  rapping  lie  upon  him.  1720  STRVPE  Stmv's 
Surv.  (1754)  I.  i.  xvii.  100/1  He  maketh  a  voluntary  confes 
sion  of  three  other  rapping  crimes.  1728  W.  SMITH  Univ. 
Coll.  181  Next  comes  a  rapping  Lye.  1847-78  HALLIWELL, 
Rapping,  large.  Var.  dial. 

Bappist1  (rse-pist).  U.S.  [See  <lef.]  A 
member  of  an  American  religious  sect  named  from 
its  leader,  George  Rapp. 

1845  G.  STRI.'THF.RS  in  Ess.  Chr.  Union  xii.  372  The  Rap- 

§ists,  Shakers,   Mormons.. and  other  small  sects.  t  1881-3 
CHAFF  Encycl,  Relig.  Knowl.  III.  1994  The  Rappists  emi 
grated  to  Economy,  17  m.  northwest  of  Pittsburg. 
So  Ka-ppite. 

1832  S.  A.  FERRALE  Ramble  through  U.  S.  A.  92  The 
Rappites  had  been  in  possession  of  the  place  for  .six  years. 
1864  T.  L.  NICHOLS  40  Yrs.  Artier.  Life  II.  20  The  Rap- 
piles. .  were  the  followers  of  a  religious  zealot,  who  yielded 
implicit  obedience  to  his  commands. 

Bappist 2  (ne-pist).  [f.  RAP  s&.i  or# .1  +  -LSI.] 
a.  One  who  believes  in  spirit-rapping,  b.  A 
supposed  spirit  that '  raps  '. 

1853  TaiCs  Mag.  XX.  417  Clairvoyants,  rappists,  connois 
seurs  in  ghostology,  and  such-like  mystery-mongers.  1888 
Pall  Mall  G.  10  Sept.  2/2  The  '  rappists ',  whoever  they 
might  be,  apparently  followed  with  close  attention  the  con 
versation  that  went  on  in  the  room. 

Rapplack,  -loch,  obs.  forms  of  RAPLOCH. 

Rapply,  variant  of  RAPLY  adv.  Obs. 

Ra'ppock.  north  dial.  In  4  rapok,  9  rappak, 
-uck.  An  ill-behaved  person. 

c  1350  ipomadon  7006  By  none  suche  rapokys  will  I  sitt. 
1878  Cumbld.  Gloss.,  Rappakt  a  pet  name  for  an  unruly 
child.  1881  I.  SARGISSON  Joe  Scoap  144  (Cumbld.  Gloss.) 
Them  rappucks  at  cuh  creepan  aboot  t1  back  dooar. 

Rapporie,  obs.  form  of  RAPPAKEE. 

Bapport  (rapo»Mt,  F.  rapor),  sh.  Also  7  ra- 
port.  [F.,  f.  rapporter\  see  RE-  and  APPORT  ^.] 

fl.  Report,  talk.   Obs.  rare~v. 

1539  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Life  fy  Lett.  (1902)  II.  104,  I 
perceyve  by  his  rapport  that  your  grace  shewed  unto  hym, 
that  the  yong  duck  of  Cleves  was  decessed. 

2.  Reference,    relationship ;     connexion,    corre 
spondence,  conformity.     In  rapport:  (see  3.) 

The  quots.  show  that  Johnson  was  mistaken  in  supposing 
that  Temple  was  the  introducer  and  sole  user  of  the  word. 

1661  in  BLOUNT  Glossogr.  1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  MandelsU s 
Trav.  226  Between  whose  Languages  there  is  no  more  rap- 
port,  then  the  English  hath  to  the  Greek  and  Arabian. 
1680-90  TEMPLE  Ess.^  Learning p\Vks.  1731 1. 167  'Tis  obvious 
enough,  what  rapport  there  is  ..  between  the  Thoughts  and 
Words.  1697  J.  SERGEANT  Solid  Philos.  26  It  has  no  Rap 
port  at  all  to  the  Line  of  Knowledge.  [1753  JOHNSON, 
Rapport.  .A  word  introduced  by  the  innovator,  Temple,  but 
not  copied  by  others.]  1821  Sporting  Mag.  IX.  3  The 
rapports  of  conformity  which  naturally  exist  between  the 
male  and  the  female.  1894  DOYLE  S.  Holmes  169  As  a 
proof  that  I  had  been  in  rapport  with  you. 

b.  spec.  A  state  in  which  mesmeric  action  can 
be  exercised  by  one  person  on  another. 

1848  CROWE  Night  Side  of  Nature  I.  345  The  somnambule 
reads  the  thoughts  not  only  of  his  magnetiser,  but  of  others, 
with  whom  he  is  placed  in  rapport.  1849  H.  ROGERS  Ess. 
(1874)  II.  vi.  293  Every  work  of  genius,  by  coming,  as  it 
were,  into  mesmeric  rapport  with  the  affinities  of  kindred 
genius, . .  is  itself  the  parent  of  many  others. 

3.  In  Fr.  phr.  en  rapport ',  in  connexion,  etc. 

1818  LADY  MORGAN  Atttobiog.  (1859)98  During  his  govern 
ment  as  First  Consul,  I  was  frequently  en  rapport  with 
him.  1831  MAYNE  REID  Rijle  Rangers  xxvlii,  Sympathetic 
natures,  who  only  needed  to  be  placed  en  rapport  to  '  like 
each  other  mightily '. 

•f  4.  Comb,  rapport-work  (tr.  F.  otwrage  de 
rapport],  inlaid  or  mosaic  work.  Obs. 

1686  tr.  Chardins  Trav.  Persia  407  The  Workmanship  is 
of  several  pieces  of  rapport-work  after  the  Mosaic  manner. 

tRappo-rt,  if.  Obs.  rare-1.  [See  prec.]  intr. 
To  relate  to. 

1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  n.  §  10  Which  duty  ..  r'ap- 
ports  to  God  and  touches  not  the  Man. 

t  Rapporteu-r.  Obs.  rare~l.  [a.  F.  rapport 
eur,  f.  rapporter:  see  RAPPORT  $b]  A  reporter. 

c  1500  Melusinc  190  With  drawe  not  rapporteurs  of  wordes 
toward  you. 

H  BapprOChement  (rapwjmaii).     [F.,  f.  rap- 

procher  (i.  re-  +  approcher  APPROACH)  +  -MENT.] 


152 

A  coming  or  bringing  together,  an  establishment 
of  harmonious  relations. 

1809  Edin.  Rev.  XIV.  228  One  of  the  opinions  ..  deserves 
to  be  mentioned,  as  exhibiting  a  curious  rapprochement. 
1888  TYwttt  (weekly  ed.)  6  July  8/3  A  rapprochement  between 
the  Russian  and  Austrian  governments. 

RapreirT,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REPROVE. 

Rapscallion  (roepskse'lisn).  Also  8  rabs-. 
[Later  form  of  RASCALLION.]  A  rascal,  rogue, 
vagabond,  scamp. 

1699  E.  WARD  London  Spy  No.  5.  ro  A  parcel  of  Poor 
ragged  Rapscallions,  mounted  upon  Scrubbed  Tits.  1748 
SMOLLETT  Rod.  Rand,  xxv,  Go  your  ways,  you  rapscallion. 
1837  Ho  WITT  Ri<r.  Life  iv.  ii.  (1862)  335  Those  ragged 
rapscallions  that  abound  in  the  streets  of  to\vns,  ..  unculti 
vated,  neglected.  1885  RUNCIMAN  Skippers  fy  S/i.  214  A  set 
of  ferocious- look  ing  rapscallions  had  boarded  the  steamer. 
b.  attrib.  or  as  adj. 

ITU  E.  WARD  Qinx.  I.  380  Such  a  strange  Rapscallion 
fellow.  1777  in  F.  Moore  Songs  $  Ball.  Amer.  Rev.  (1856) 
172  From  him  who.  .calls  all  Congresses  Rabscallion.  1869 
TROLLOPE  He  knew,  etc.  xii.  (1878)  66  He  is  dressed  in  such 
a  rapscallion  manner. 

Hence  Rapscallionly  a.,  rascally;  Sapsca'l- 
lionry,  rascals  collectively. 

1832  Blackw.  Mag.  XXXII.  245  A  '  rapscallionly  part' 
there  is  in  every  community.  ^1858  Times  30  Nov.,  I  sup 
pose  this  rapscallionry  will  'quit'  soon. 

fRa-pshin.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RAP  T/.I  +  SHIN.] 
A  kind  of  fetter  contrived  to  strike  against  a  horse's 
leg,  and  so  prevent  it  from  running  away. 

1677  Dulwich  College  MSS.  Ser.  n.  30  (28  July),  4  pins 
for  the 


„.  ,.ie  horses  rapshins.  1683  KESNET  tr.  Erasm.  on  Folly 
,4  The  Penalty  of  his  Jaws  being  curbed,  his  Tail  dock'd, 
Ills  Rapshin  and  Fetters  when  he  runs  a-Grass. 

Rapsodie,  -1st,  -y,  obs.  ff.  RHAPSODIST,  -Y. 

f  Ra*pster.  nonce-ivd.  [f.  RAP  v.1  +  -STER.] 
One  who  raps. 

1772  T.  BRYDGES  Homer  (1797)  I.  309  Then  at  another 
stroke  this  rapster  Settled  Calisius,  his  tapster. 

Bapt  (rapt),  sb.  Now  rare.  [ad.  Iv.  raptits, 
n.  of  action  f.  rapcre  to  seize.  Cf.  F.  rapt.'} 

1.  A  trance,  ecstasy,  rapture. 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  272  A  rapt,  or  a  rauyssh- 
ynge  of  the  soule.  1555  EDEN  Decades  182  He  seemeth 
to  lye  as  thoughe  he  were  in  great  payne  or  in  a  rapte.  1669 
WOODHEAD  St.  Teresa  i.  xxiv.  165  There  came  a  Rapt  upon 
me,  so  sudden,  that  it  took  me,  as  it  were,  out  of  myself. 
1751  LAVINGTON  Enthns.  Meth.  ff  Papists  in.  (1754)  72 
Being  much  indisposed,  I  took  up  my  Rosary,  and  insen 
sibly  fell  into  a  Rapt.  1826  SOUTHF.Y  Vind.  Eccl.  Angl.  138 
In  one^of  his  rapts  the  Angels,  who  conducted  his  spirit  . . 
bade  him  look  down  upon  the  earth. 

t  2.  Sc.  =  RAPE  (^abduction  or  ravishing).  Obs. 

1S3S  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  121  Adulterie  and  fornica- 
tioun,  Rapt  and  incest,  c  1614  SIR  W.  MURE  Didofy  /Eneas 
i.  48  Fair  Helen's  rapt,  and  Paris'  prowd  offence,  a  1693 
Urquhart's  Rabelais  in.  xlviii.  387  A  Vagabond  Stranger., 
by  an  open  Rapt  snatcht  away  before  their  own  eyes  their 
.  .Daughters. 
fb.  An  abducted  woman.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  n.  70  [Helen  is]  the  inordinate  pat- 
terne  of  all  willing  and  licentious  rapts. 

T" 3.  The  act  or  power  of  carrying  forcibly  away ; 
sweep ;  force,  current.  Obs, 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  vni.  341  Neither  may  reason  find 
place  in  the  violent  rapt  of  such  passions.  1645  RUTHERFORD 
Tryal  fy  Tri.  Faith  iv.  (1845)  149  Nor  are  we  to  think  that 
God  doth  all  with  an  immediate  rapt.  1682  SmT.  BROWNE 
Chr.Mor.  i.  §  24  Move  by  the  Intelligences  of  the  superiour 
Faculties,  not  by  the  Rapt  of  Passion. 

f4.  Violent  robbery,  rapine.   Obs.  rare""1. 

1641  Sc.  Acts  Chas.  I  (1814)  V.  425  [Hel  brought  away 
from  thame  ane  kow  whairof  he  never  made  restitutione  as 
yet.  quhilk  is  manifest  rapt  and  oppressioune. 

Bapt  (ncpt),/*x.  pple.  (and /a.  /.).  Also  5-6 
rapte,  7  rap't.  [ad.  L.  rapt-its t  pa.  pple.  of  rapfre 
to  seize,  RAPE  z>.2 

Chiefly  employed  as  a  pa.  pple.  passive  (rarely  active1*,  but 
also  occas.  in  poetry  (from  c  1600)  as  a  pa.  tense.  The  use 
of  RAP  i'.:{  to  supply  an  inf.  and  pres.  was  formerly  common 
(cf.  also  RAPT  z/.),  but  is  now  extremely  rare.] 

I.  As  pa.  pple.  passive.     (The  ordinary  use.) 

1.  (Also  with  up.}  Taken  and  carried  up  to  or 
into  heaven  (either  in  literal  or  mystical  sense). 

a  1400  I'crnon  MS.  in  O.K.  Misc.  223  pe  visions  of  seynt 
poul  wan  he  was  rapt  into  paradys.  1412-20  LYDG.  Chron. 
Troy  n.  xiv,  In  this  wyse  were  the  brctheren  twayne  To 
heauen  rapt,  as  thes  poetes  fayne.  1432-50  tr.  Higden 
(Rolls)  III.  25  Helyas  was  rapte  in  this  tyme.  1526  Pilgr. 
Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  25  Whan  he  was  rapt  &  taken  vp  in 
to  the  thyrde  heuen.  1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  HI.  ii.  (1660) 
99  To  this  place  . .  were  Enoch,  Elias  and  Paul  rapt  up 
fore  their  deaths.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  HI.  522  Rapt  in  a 


was  rapt  up  on  high  and  saw  S.  Peter. 

2.  Carried  away/?/  j/Z77V,without  bodily  removal. 

c  1470  Monk  ofEvesham  (Arb.)  15  How  a  certeyn  deuowt 
person,  .was  rapte  in  spirite  by  the  wille  of  god.  1550  BALE 
Image  Both  Ch.  i.  C  iiii,  I  . .  was  in  the  spirite  rapte,  and 
clerely  taken  vp  from  all  wordlye  affectes.  1669  WOODHEAD 
St.  Teresa  i.  xxxvi.  (1671)  272  Being  in  Prayer  ..,  and  rapt 
in  Spirit.  1712  POPE  Mcssiali  7  Rapt  into  future  times,  the 
Bard  begun.  1878  S.  Cox  Salv.  Mttndi  ix.  (ed.  3)  198  St. 
Paul  when  he  was  rapt  in  the  spirit  into  Paradise. 

b.  With  various  const.,  as  beside^  beyond,  out  of 
(oneself),  into  (a  certain  state). 

1549  CHALONER  Erastn.  on  Folty  T.  iij,  They  are  wholy 
distraught  and  rapte  out  of  theimselves.  1576  FLEMING 
Pauppl.  Epist.  289  Doe  I  seeme  . .  to  be  frentique,  and  rapt 


RAPT. 

beside  my  selfe.  1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  ill.  ii.  in.  iii. 
(1651)  476  Anthony  was  amazed  and  rapt  beyond  himself. 
1691  RAY  Creation  I.  (1692)  160  How  would  he  have  been 
rapt  into  an  Extasie  of  Astonishment.  1795-1814  WORDSW. 
Excurs.  i.  215  Rapt  into  still  communion.  1879  HESBA 
STRETTON  Through  a  Needle's  Eye  I.  182  He  had  been  rapt 
away  into  a  trance  of  spiritual  ecstasy. 

3.  Transported   with   some   emotion,   ravished, 
enraptured.     Also  const,  with  or  (in  recent  use)  by. 

1539  TAVERNER  Card.  Wysed.  n.  3  With  this  noble  corage, 
with  this  ardent  zele  ..he  is  thus  rapte.  1596  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  iv.  ix.  6  With  the  sweetnesse  of  her  rare  delight  The 
prince  halfe  rapt  began  on  her  to  dote.  1680  CROWNE  Misery 
Civ.  War  iv.  50,  I  am  so  rapt  I  mind  not  what  she  says. 
1713  ADDISON  Cato  iv.  iii,  I  . .  Am  rapt  with  joy  to  see  my 
Marcia's  tears.  1795-1814  WORDSW.  Excitrs.  iv.  187  From 
such  disorder  free,  Nor  rapt,  nor  craving,  but  in  settled 
peace.  1814  SCOTT  Wav.  xxvi,  I  am  not,  like  him,  rapt  by 
the  bustle  of  military  preparation.  1860  MAURY  Phys.  Geog. 
Sea  vi.  §  313,  I  have  stood  on  the  deck  under  those  beau 
tiful  skies  gazing,  admiring,  rapt. 

4.  Deeply  engaged  or  buried  in  (a  feeling,  sub 
ject  of  thought,  etc.) ;  intent  upon. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xxix.  (Percy  Soc.)  137  For  a  woman 
rapt  in  love  so  marveylously.  1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  *>• 
Coiinmu.  (1603)  222  As  men  rapt  in  deep  contemplation. 
1682  H.  MORE  Belshazzar  I.  66  Rapt  in  prophetic  vision, 
I  behold  Things  hid  as  yet  from  mortal  sight.  1769  GRAY 
Installat.  Ode  18  Rapt  in  celestial  transport  they.  1846 
TENNYSON  Golden  Year  69  As  if  the  seedsman,  rapt  Upon 
the  coming  harvest,  should  not  plunge  His  hand  into  the 
bag.  1847  —  Princ.  vi.  203  Ida  spoke  not,  rapt  upon  the 
child.  1882  FARKAK  Early  Chr.  I.  416  Rapt  in  adoring 
contemplation. 

5.  Of  a  woman  :  Carried  away  by  force  ;  raped. 
1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.   197   Sekenge  Europa  his 

sustyr, . .  whiche  was  rapte  by  lupiter.  £1550  Life  Bp. 
Fisher  in  Wks.  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  n.  p.  xliv,  Provided  alwaies 
that  you .  .Catherine  were  not  rapt  against  your  will.  1594 
DRAVTON  Idea  497  By  Proserpine's  sad  Teares,  When  she 
was  rapt  to  the  infernall  Bower,  a  1634  RANDOLPH  Poems 
(1638)  1 1  Euridice . .  From  Orpheus  rapt. 

6.  Carried  or  removed  from  one  place,  position, 
or  situation  to  another.     (Chiefly  said  of  persons.) 
With  various  const. 

1552  LATIMER  Godly  Serm.  (1562)  113 b,  They  ..shalbe 
rapte  vp  into  the  ayre.  16x5  SANDYS  Trav.  206  The  house  of 
the  blessed  Virgin  . .  was  rapt  from  thence,  and  set  in  the 
woods  of  Picenum.  a  1630  WOTTON  in  Reliq.  (1651)  506 
From  Oxford  I  was  Rapt  by  my  Nephew  . .  to  Redgrave. 
1715-20  POPE  Iliad  v.  113  Rapt  through  the  ranks  he 
thunders  o'er  the  plain.  1820  W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  I.  212 
The  aspiring  family  was  rapt  out  of  sight  in  a  whirlwind. 
1870  MYERS  Poems  82  That  face, . .  Lo,  while  we  looked  on 
her,  was  rapt  away. 

b.  Taken  away  by  death. 

1820  W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  (1859)  121  His  only  daughter 
had  been  rapt  away  to  the  grave.  1865  CARLYLE  Fredk. 
Gt.  x.  viii.  (1872)  1 1 1 . 297  Looking  back . .  upon  such  a  Father 
now  rapt  away  for  ever. 

fc.  Snapped  up  (by  purchasers).   Obs.  rare—*. 

1567  DRANT  Horace,  Epistles  To  Rdr.  *v,  Flim  flames  and 
gue  gawes . .  are  soner  rapte  vp  thenne . .  darkly  makinges. 
II.  7.  As  pa.  pple.  active,  rare. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xvl.  (Percy  Soc.)  59  The  mynde 
inwarde  Venus  had  rapte  and  taken  fervently.  1605  B. 
JONSON  Volpone  Ded. ,  This  it  is,  that  hath  . .  rap't  me  to 
present  indignation.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  n.  39  What  acci- 
dent  Hath  rapt  him  from  us? 

HI.  8.  Asfa.t.     Chiefly  poetic,  and  now  rare. 

1594  2nd  Rep.  Fanstus  (1828)  76  He  . .  rapt  him  up  by  his 
long  hair  out  of  the  water  unto  the  land.  1621  H.  KING 
Scnn.  54  Else  some  whirle-wind  rapt  him,  and  bare  him  to 
the  house.  1651  R.  WARING  Verses  prefixed  Cartiurigkfs 
Comedies,  He  rapt  us,  too:  't  was  Heaven  but  to  heare. 
1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Italian  xi,  A  pleasing  melancholy, 
that  rapt  all  her  attention.  1821  SHELLEY  Adonais  xxiii, 
Sorrow  and  fear  So  struck,  so  roused,  so  rapt  Urania.  1876 
SWINBURNE  Erfchtheus  617  As  the  wild  God  rapt  her  from 
earth's  breast  lifted. 

Rapt  (rapt),///,  a.     [See  prec.] 

1.  Entranced,  ravished,  enraptured,  etc. 

1555  EDEN  Decades  182  The  spirite  answereth  by  the 
mouth  of  the  rapte  Piaces.  1632  MILTON  Penscroso  40  Thy 
rapt  soul  sitting  in  thine  eyes.  1732  POPE  Ess.  Man  I.  278 
The  rapt  Seraph  that  adores  and  burns.  1841  EMERSON 
Addr.  iMeth.  Nature  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  221  The  rapt  saint  is 
found  the  only  logician. 

2.  Indicating,  proceeding  from,  characterized  by, 
a  state  of  rapture.     (Freq.  in  later  igth  c.  use.) 

1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Italian  i,  He  listened  . .  with  a  rapt 
attention.  1851  J.  P.  NICHOL  Archit.  Heav.  (ed.  9)  300  The 
rapt  language  of  the  Psalmist.  1874  L.  STEPHEN  Hours  in 
Library  (1892)  I.  iv.  167  It  is  not  the  poetry  of  deep  medi 
tation  or  of  rapt  enthusiasm. 

f  3.  Due  to  being  carried  along^.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1603  SIR  C.  HEYDON  Jiid.  Astral.  XXL  432  The  Moone  by 
her  diurne  rapt  motion  from  East  to  West. 

t  Rapt,  v.  Obs.  [f.  RAPT  pa.  pple. ;  cf.  RAP 
D.3,  RAPE  v.2] 

1.  trans.  To  carry  away  by  force. 

'577  NORTHBROOKE  Dicing(i%w)  86  The  women  of  Saba. . 
were  rapted  and  ranished  by  the  Romaines.  1601^  DANIEL 
Civ.  Wars  vn.  xcvii,  The  Libyan  lion,  . .  Out-rushing  from 
his  den,  rapts  all  away.  1619  SIR  A.  GORGES  tr.  Bacon's 
De  Sap.  Vet.  159  This  spirit  is  fained  to  be  rapted  by  the 
Earth.  Ibid.,  The  ayre  is  rapted  by  the  water. 

2.  To  transport,  enrapture. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Dit  Bartas  n.  iv.  i.  Trophies  441  The 
Prophet  rapting  his  soule's  soule  a  space,  a  1619  FOTHERBY 
Athcom.  n.  xii.  I  2  (1622)  337  It  euen  rapteth  the  soule,  and 
abstracteth  it  from  it  selfe. 

Hence  t  Ka-pted  ppl.  a.,  fBa-pting  vbl.  sb. 

1586  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  i.  v.  (1589)  16  Hercules,  .in  rescue 
of  the  rapted  Bride  did  runne.  1591  tr./*MAw  on  Rn:  xxi. 


RAP,  TAP. 

9  His  rapting  up  by  the  Spirit,  a  1619  FOTHERBY  Athiom. 
ll.  .xii.  §  2  (16221  337  Tuning  rarely  right,  Vnto  the  rapting 
Spirit,  the  rapted  spright. 

Bap,  tap,  etc.  An  imitation  of  the  sound  pro 
duced  by  nipping  on  a  door. 

1833  MARRVAT  P.  Simple  i,  Rap,  tap,  tap  !  '  There's  your 
master  ', .  .screamed  the  lady.  1874  A.  G.  MURDOCH  Sandy 
AT  Tartan  3  Rap,  tap,  tirrap,  went  the  Tweezer 's  knuckles 
against  the  pannelling  of  the  door. 

Ra'p-ta'p,  v.  [Cf.  prcc.]  intr.  To  make  a 
rapping  noise.  Hence  Ra'p-ta'pping///.  a. 

1821  CLARE  rill.  Minstr.  I.  36  The  tuteling  fife,  and 
hoarse  rap-tapping  drum.  1859  CAPERN  Ball,  fy  Songs  142 
Thrice  happy  cot,  if  there  the  bard  should  stray  By  some 
kind  chance,  and  rap-tap  at  its  door. 

Raptato-rial,  a.  [f.  L.  type  *raptatori-us  (f. 
raptare  to  seize)  +  -AL.]  =  RAPTOUIAL. 

1861  in  Smithsonian.  Misc.  Collect.  IV.  i.  Gloss.  1880 
GIJNTHER  Fishes  296  A  raptatorial  fish  organised  to  live  at 
a  depth  of  between  500  and  800  fathoms. 

So  Ra'ptatory  a.     (In  recent  Diets.) 

fRa-pter.  Obs.~l     [f.  RAPT  z«.]     A  ravisher. 

1612  DRAVTON  Paly. oil',  x.  149  Chaste  Winifrid  ;  who  chose 
..To  haue  her  harmlesse  life  by  the  leud  Rapter  spilt. 

fRa-ptery.  Obs.  rare-',  [f.  RAPT  pa.  pfle. 
+  -ERY.]  Rapture. 

1640  BP.  REYNOLDS  Passions  iv.  18  To  quicken  and  rayse 
the  Minde  with  a  kind  of  heat  and  rapterie. 

t  Ra'pting,  ///.  a.  Obs.  [f.  RAPTZ/.  +  -ING^.] 
Transporting,  enrapturing,  ravishing.  (Not  un 
common  in  1 7th  c.) 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Barlas  i.  vL  (1641)  57/2  Come  and  see 
Womans  rapting  features.  1610  Histrio-m.  i.  35  In  flowing 
straynes,  and  rapting  Symphonic.  1676  D'URFF.Y  Mad. 
Fickle  II.  ii,  He  eager  of  such  rapting  Bliss,  awak'd  her  with 
a  kiss.  1721  —  Operas,  etc.  Ded.,  Sing  then,  Apollo,  touch 
thy  rapting  Lyre. 

tRa-ption.  Obs.  rare—1,  [ad.  L.  raption-em 
(Terence),  n.  of  action  f.  »vz/<?i-«  RAPE  z>.-]  The 
fact  of  being  snatched  up. 

1548  UDALL  Erasm.  Par.  Pref.  A  iiij  b,  Of  feigned 
visions,  of  lying  in  traunces.  of  rapcions,  euen  unto  the  third 
heauen.  1623  in  COCKERAM.  [1644  condemned  in  l-'index 
Anglicns  5-6.] 

Ra-ptly,  adv.  rare.  [f.  RAPT  ///•  "•  +  -LY2.] 
fa.  Quickly.  Obs.  b.  Rapturously. 

1646  J.  GREGORY  Notes  f,  Obs.  (1650)  74  That  part  of 
the  Spheare  is  most  raptly  moved,  which  is  most  remote 
from  the  Poles.  1890  S.  J.  DUNCAN  Social  Departure  225 
Just  the  thing,  she  whispered  to  me  raptly. 

Ra'ptness.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  -I-  -NESS.]  f  a. 
Swiftness.  Obs.  b.  Rapt  condition. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Cuillemeau's  Fr.  Chirurg.  520/2  With 
more  festination  &  more  rapines.  1891  Cornli.  Mag.  Feb. 
182  That  look  which  such  raptness  wears. 

Raptor  (ne-ptai).  [a.  L.  raptor,  agent-noun 
f.  rapere  RAPE  V.*] 

1 1.  A  ravisher.   Obs. 

1609  HEYWOOD  Brit.  Troy  xiv.  xcv,  Oh  !  had  the  Raptor 
in  his  cradle  dide,  Millions  of  Hues  had  in  his  death  beene 
sau'd.  1709  J.  JOHNSON  Clergym.  Vade  M.  II.  30  If  the 
virgin  had  been  engaged  to  another, . .  the  raptor  had  been 
guilty  of  adultery. 

1 2.  A  plunderer,  robber.   Obs. 

1667  _\VATERHOUSE  Fire  Land.  32  They  that  took  away 
goods  in  a  sort  wrongfully  will  prove  themselves  preservers 
not  raptors.  1720  J.  JOHNSON  Canons  C/i.  Eng.  II.  H  hj  b, 
Some  Raptors  rather  than  Rectors  of  Churches. 

3.  Ornith.  One  of  the  Raptores  (see  4). 

1873  W.  CORY  Lett,  ff  Jrnls.  (1897)  324  We  wake  the 
echoes  of  the  rocks  so  well  stocked  with  raptors.  1892 
W.  H.  HUDSON  La.  Plata  93  Some  raptors  never  attack 
birds,  others  only  occasionally. 

4.  In  Lat.  pi.  raptores  (reepto»Tfz\  as  the  name 
of  an  order  of  birds  of  prey,  including  the  eagle, 
hawk,  buzzard,  owl,  etc. 

1823  VIGORS  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  XIV.  405  note,  The  term 
Raptatores  of  that  naturalist  [Illiger]  I  have  ventured  to 
alter  to  Raptores,  which  appears  to  me  more  classical.  The 
former  I  believe  is  not  in  use.  1854  BADHAM  Halieitt.  157 
Representatives  of  all  the  raptores,  or  birds  of  prey,  vultures, 
falcons,  and  owls. 

Raptorial  (rseptooTiall,  a.  (and  sb.}  [f.  L. 
type  "raptori-us  (cf.  prec.)  +  -AL.] 

1.  Given  to  seizing  prey,   predatory ;    esp.  rap 
torial  birds  =  prec.  4. 

1823  VIGORS  &  HORSFIELD  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  XV.  177 
The  first  order  . .  is  the  Raptorial  Order,  or  the  Birds  of 
Prey.  1854  OWEN  S/tel.  <$•  Teeth  in  Orr  Circ.  Sc.,  Organ. 
Nat.  I.  226  Raptorial  birds  take  a  horizontal  position  when 
suspended  in  the  air.  1892  W.  H.  HUDSON  La  Plata  158 
Bringing  a  raptorial  insect  and  a  firefly  together. 
b.  as  so.  A  bird  of  prey.  (Ogilvie  1882.) 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of,  predatory 
birds  or  animals  ;  adapted  for  seizing  prey. 

1839  JARDINE  Brit.  Birds  II.  53  With  raptorial  or  pre 
dacious  manners.  1870  H.  A.  NICHOLSON  Man.  Zool.  I.  219 
In  others  the  first  pair  of  legs  are  greatly  developed,  and 
form  powerful  raptorial  organs,  as  in  the  Mantis. 

So  Bapto-rioiis  a. 

1819  G.  SAMOUELLE  Entomol.  Compend,  300  Anterior  legs 
raptorious.  1835  KIRBY  Hob.  f,  Inst.  of  Anim.  II.  xv.  59 
The  raptorious  fore  leg  of  the  Squillae. 

Ra-ptril.  ? pseudo-arch.    App.  =  RASCAL. 

1843  LYTTON  Last  Bar.  i.  vii,  The  raptril  vulgar  . .  who 
hiss  one  day  what  they  applaud  the  next.  Ibid.  IV.  v, 
Heard  you  the  name  the  raptrils  shouted. 

Rapture   (rse-ptiua),  sb.     Also  7  wrap-,     [f. 
RAPT /a.  pple.  +  -URE.     Cf.  capture.} 
VOL.  VIII. 


353 

1 1.  The  act  of  seizing  and  carrying  off  as  prey 
or  plunder.  Obs. 

1608  SHAKS.  Per.  n.  i.  161  Spite  of  all  the  rapture  of  the 
sea,  This  jewel  holds  his  building  on  my  arm.  c  1611 
CHAPMAN  Iliad  x.xn.  271  Look  how  an  eagle  from  her  height 
Stoops  to  the  rapture  of  a  lamb.  1639  G.  DANIEL  Kcclus. 
xliv.  6  Who  did  Realmes  subdue  ..Were  wise  in  Councell, 
and  in  Rapture  strong. 

2.  The  act  of  carrying,  or  fact  of  being  carried , 
onwards ;  force  of  movement.  Now  rare. 

1615  CHAPMAN  Odyss.  xiv.  428  Our  Ship.. 'gainst  a  Rocke, 
or  Flat,  her  Keele  did  dash  With  headlong  rapture.  1625 
N.  CARPENTER  Geog.  Del.  n.  vi.  (1635)  98  A  receiued  opinion 
amongst  Philosophers  ..  that  the  sea  by  the  rapture  of  the 
heauens  should  be  moued  round,  -in  a  diurnal  I  course.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  vn.  299  Wave  rowling  after  Wave,  where  way 
they  found,  If  steep,  with  torrent  rapture.  1888  LOWELL 
Afassiz  vi.  i.  21  With  the  rapture  of  great  winds  to  blow 
About  earth's  shaken  coignes. 

1 3.  The  act  of  carrying  off  a  woman.   Obs. 

1600  DKKKER  Fortunatns  Wks.  1873  I.  151  That  feare 
Which  her  late  violent  rapture  cast  upon  her.  1662  J. 
BAKGRAVE  Pope  Alex.  I'll  (1867)  117  A  Hat  piece  of  brass, 
with  the  rapture  of  Proserpine  by  a  Centaure.  1728  NEWTON 
Chronol.  Amended  \.  114  Under  which  of  the  Kings  hap 
pened  the  rapture  of  Eutopa. 

t  b.   =  RAPE  sb*  3.  Obs.     Alsoy?;/-. 

1615  CHAPMAN  Oilyss.  xx.  485  My  women  servants  dragg'd 
about  my  house  To  lust  and  rapture.  1649  G.  DANIKL 
Trinarch.,  Hen.  V,  cccxxix,  Though  the  Representative 
committ  Rapture  vpon  his  heart,  in  well-drawne  Smiles. 

4.  The  act  of  conveying  a  person  from  one  place 
to  another,  esp.  to  heaven ;  the  fact  of  being  so 
conveyed. 

1647  WARD  Simp.  Cooler  19  Horrid  raptures  downe  to 
the  lowest  hell.  1693  J.  EDWARDS  Author.  O.  .(-  N.  Test. 
193  Elias's  rapture  to  heaven.  1842  MANNING  Sena.  viii. 
(1848)  139  In  the  book  of  the  prophet  Ezekiel  we  read  of  his 
rapture  to  Tel-abib.  1895  A.  NUTT  1'oy.  Bran  I.  273  note, 
The  rapture  of  the  hero,  by  the  heroine,  to  the  Underworld. 

5.  Transport  of  mind,  mental  exaltation  or  ab 
sorption,  ecstasy ;  now  esp.  ecstatic  delight  or  joy. 

1629  MILTON  \athity  98  Such  musick  sweet . .  As  all  their 
souls  in  blisfutl  rapture  took.  1655  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos. 
III.  (1701)  86/1  His  Contemplative  Rapture  at  the  same 
time  was  no  less  worthy  Admiration.  1717  LADY  M.  W. 
MONTAGU  Let.  to  C'tess  Mar  18  Apr.,  Women  always  speak 
in  rapture  when  they  speak  of  beauty.  1818  MRS.  SHELLEY 
Frunkenst.  iii.  (1865)  58  The  astonishment  ..  soon  gave 
place  to  delight  and  rapture.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romola  II. 
xxiv,  He  feU  in  that  moment  the  rapture  and  glory  of 
martyrdom  without  its  agony. 

b.  With  a  and  pi.     An  instance   of  this.     (In 
mod.  use  the  pi.  is  freq.  in  the  phr.  (to  be}  in,  or 
(to  go}  into  raptures.} 

1605  DRAVTON  Bar.  Wars  III.  Iviii,  With  such  brave  rap 
tures  from  her  words  that  rise,  She  made  a  breach  in  his 
impressive  breast.  1642  MILTON  Apol.  Sweet,  iii.  Wks. 
(1851)  287  This  man. .sees  truth  as  in  a  rapture,  and  cleaves 
to  it.  ^  1738  WESLEY  Hymns,  '  Again  the  kind  revolving 
Year' iv.  If  aught  can  there  enhance  their  Bliss  Or  raise 
their  Raptures  higher.  1760  GOLDSM.  Cit.  \V.  xi,  He  is  in 
stantly  in  raptures  at  so  great  an  improvement.  1862  Miss 
BRADDON  Lady  A  utiliy  i.  A  place  that  strangers  fell  into 
raptures  with.  1866  GEO.  ELIOT  F.  Holt  (1868)  19  The 
mother's  early  raptures  had  lasted  but  a  short  time. 

c.  A   state   of   passionate    excitement ;   a  par 
oxysm,  fit.  rare  (now  dial.''. 

1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  n.  i.  223  Your  pratling  Nurse  Into  a  rap. 
ture  lets  her  Baby  crie.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Tiar.  24 
Then  in  rage  and  sudden  rapture  drew  out  his  knife.  1895 
W.  C.  ERASER  Wkaups  oj  Durley  xii,  The  laddies  used  to 
pit  her  into  terrible  raptures  when  they  misca'ed  her. 

d.  A  strong  lit  or  attack  ^(some  emotion  or 
mental  state). 

I795-'8i4  WORDSW.  Excurs.  vi.  488  A  rapture  of  forgetful, 
ness.  1871  W.  ALEXANDER  Johnny  Gibb  ii.  19  '  Eh.  that's 
the  sea  !'  exclaimed  the  lassie  in  a  rapture  of  admiration. 

6.  The  expression  of  ecstatic  feeling  in  words  or 
music ;  a  rhapsody. 

1620  MELTON  A strolog.  27  The  cause  of  such  Musical!  and 
Harmonious  Raptures.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  in.  369  With 
Preamble  sweet  . .  they  introduce  Thir  sacred  Song,  and 
waken  raptures  high.  1763  J.  BROWN  Poeiry  #  Mns.  vi.  102 
When  the  first  Fire  of  Enthusiasm  had  vented  itself  in  the 
Rapture  of  Hymns  and  Odes.  1835  LYTTON  Rienzi  ix.  iv, 
The  people,  .shouted  rapturesas  he  passed.  1845  BROWNING 
Home  Th.fr.  Abroad  14  The  first  fine  careless  rapture  [of 
the  thrush]. 

7.  Comb.    a.    Instrumental,    as    rapture-bound, 
-bursting,  -lightened,  -rising,  -smitten,  -touched, 
-trembling  adjs. 

1842  FABER  Styrian  Lake  26,  I  see  Mary  *rapture-bound, 
And  the  lily-flowers  around.  1824  T.  FENBY  Four  Tern- 


of  Faith  219  With  'rapture-rising  heart,  and  a  thanksgiving 
tongue.  1799  CAMPBELL  Pleas.  Hope  Wks.  (1837)  23  Who 
hath  not  own'd  with  'rapture-smitten  frame  The  power  of 
grace.  1820  T.  MITCHELL  Aristoph.  I.  209  Your  bard  shall 
depart  With  a  *rapture-touch'd  heart.  1794  COLERIDGE  Relig. 
Musings  vi,  Cherubs  and  *rapture-trembling  Seraphim. 

b.  Objective,    as     rapture-breathing,    -giving, 
-moving,  -speaking  adjs. 

The  muses'  'rapture- 
"  'crses  by  Gnidu'ife  of 
'n  below,  Is  'rapture- 

iving  woman.    1801  ELIZABETH  SCOT  Alonzo  fy  Cora  81 
ler  *rapture-moving  voice.    1709  CAMPBELL  Pleas.  Hope 
Wks.  (1837)  4  The  'rapture-speaking  tear. 
Hence  Ba  ptural  a.,  Baptura'tion.    nonce-iads. 
1695  BP.  SPRAT  Disc.  Clergy  46  Such  raptural  (if  I  may  so 


H 


RARE. 

call  il)  or  Enthusiastical  Spirit  of  Preaching,  a  1814  Goti- 
zanga  n.  i.  in  New  Brit.  Theatre  III.  no  I'll  tell  you 
Now  prepare  for  rapturation. 

Rapture  (rarptuu),  v.  Now  rare.  [f.  the  sb.] 
trans.  To  enrapture.  Also  const,  with.  (Chiefly  in 
pass.,  common  c  1 700-50. ) 

1637  HEYWOOD  Royal  Ship  27  Shee  hath  (no  doubt)  rnp. 
lured  our  Undertaker.  1710  STEKLE  Taller  No.  224  ?  7 
The  highest  compounded  Spirit  of  Lavender  ..  which 
raptures  the  Spirits.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (i8n)  V. 
308  How  will  Lord  M.  be  raptured  when  he  sees  her.  1818 
KEATS  Ktutym.  n.  947.  1892  IXCERSOLL  in  Pall  Mall  G. 
16  Apr.  7/1  While  yet  in  love  with  life  and  raptured  with 
the  world,  lie  passed  to  silence. 

Raptured  (nc-ptiiud),  ///.  a.  [f.  prec.  sb. 
and  TO.]  Ecstatic,  enraptured.  (Freq.  in  iSthc.) 

1682  SIR  T.  BROWNE  ll'ts.  (1836)  I.  343  The  meeter  of  the 
rapturd  paidagogue.  1725  POPE  Oi/yss.  l.  558  In  his  rap 
tured  soul  the  vision  glows.  1748  THOMSON  Cast.  InJol.  n. 
xlvi,  Light  o'er  the  chords  his  raptur'd  hand  he  flung.  1830 
!  TENNYSON  Ode  to  Memory  v,  Large  dowries  doth  the  rap- 
tur  d  eye  To  the  young  spirit  present. 

Ra-ptureless,  a.  rare  -l.     Devoid  of  rapture. 

1811  SCOTT  Don  A'<»<rY.»-;V/t  I.  iii,  Weak  minstrels  of  a  laggard 
day,  . .  Timid  and  raptureless. 

fRa-pturist.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RAPTURE  sb.  + 
-IST.]  An  enthusiast. 

1663  SPENCER  Prodigies  (1665)  43  Swarms  of  prophets  and 
raptunsts.  1783  MAD.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  13  Jan., Dr.  Warton 
. .  is  what  Dr.  Johnson  calls  a  rapturist. 

Rapturize  (ne-ptiuraiz;,  v.  [f.  RAPTURE  sb.  + 
-IZE.]  intr.  To  fall  into  ecstasies.  Also  (tionce- 
iise},  to  say  in  an  ecstatic  way. 

1822  MRS.  E.  NATHAN  Langreath  I.  25  '  I  would  not  miss 
this  fete  for  the  world  ! '  rapturized  the  Earl.  1832  DARWIN 
in  Life  (1887)  I.  232,  I  will  not  rapturize  again,  "but  I  give 
myself  great  credit  in  not  being  crazy  out  of  pure  delight. 

Rapturous  (ra-ptifires),  a.  Also  7-8  poet. 
rapt'rous.  [f.  RAPTURE  sb.  +  -ous.] 

1.  Characterized  by,  expressive  or  partaking  of, 
rapture. 

1678  Ct-DwoHTH  Intcll.  Kyst.  i.  iv.  §  36.  540  A  kind  of 
Rapturous  and  Ecstatick  Union  with  . .  The  One  and  The 
Good.  1695  BLACKMORS  Pi:  Arth.  i.  441  Here  rapt'rous 
Converse  he  with  Heav'n  maintains.  1756  BURKE  Sitbl.  <y 
B.  i.  viii,  The  pleasure  . .  is  of  a  lively  character,  rapturous 
and  violent.  1802  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Moral  T.  (18161  I.  xx. 
178  The  joy  of  the  . .  master  . .  was  rapturous  and  voluble. 
1853  KINGSLEY  Hypatia  xxii.  279  A  shout  of  rapturous 
applause  greeted  this  announcement. 

2.  Feeling  or  exhibiting  rapture. 

1754  GRAV  Pleasure  18  Rise  the  rapturous  choir  among. 
1851  HELPS  Coinp.  Solit.  iv.  (1874)  42  A  rapturous  imagina 
tive  girl.  1871  R.  ELLIS  tr.  Catullus  xxv.  17  .Muse  more 
rapturous,  you,  than  any  Sappho.  1885-94  R-  BRIDGES  Eros 
Sf  PtyrcAeJuac  xxvi,  [  We]  see  thce  now  so  glad  and  rapturous. 

Rapturously  (no-ptiurssli),  adv.  [f.  prec. 
+  -LY  a.]  In  a  rapturous  manner. 

1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  Iniq.  293  Mere  Prophetick  Ellipsis 
. .  spoken  rapturously  and  ecstatically,  a  1711  KEN  Sion 
Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  375  When  Tears,  .so  rapturously  glide. 
1845  LD.  CAMPBELL  Chancellors  (18571  VL  cxxi.v.  174  The 
speech . .  was  rapturously  praised  as  a  fine  specimen  of  judicial 
eloquence.  1873  BURTON  Hist.  Scot.  VI.  Ixxi.  246  They 
crowded  rapturously  round  the  princely  boy. 

So  Ba'pturousiiess. 

1880  G.  MEREDITH  Tr,ig.  Coin.  (1881)  271  All  that  he  has 
dreamed  of  rapturousness  and  blessedness. 

II  Raptus  (nc-ptfe).  [L.,  vbl.  sb.  f.  rapcre  to 
seize  :  cf.  RAPT,  RAPTURE,  etc.] 

1.  Path.  A  seizure.     (Craig,  1848.) 

Chiefly  in  L.  phrases,  as  raptus  jnelanclwlicns,  nervorlDn. 

2.  A  state  of  rapture  or  excitement,  rare. 

1844  MARC.  FULLER  ll-'oin.  igt/i  C.  (1862)  106  How  graceful 
she  is  in  her  tragic  raptus  the  chorus  shows.  1888  Scoff. 
Leader  17  Nov.  4  Did  he  not  lash  up  the  raptus  over  the 
extension  of  the  franchise? 

Rapy,  var.  RAPE  Obs.  Rapyer,  -yre,  obs. 
ff.  RAPIER.  Rapyne,  obs.  f.  RAPINE.  Eaquer, 
obs.  f.  REQUIRE.  Raquest,  obs.  Sc.  f.  REQUEST. 
Raquet,  var.  RACKET  st>.1 

II  Raquette(rake-t).  Alsoraoq-.  =  RACKET s6.2 

1861  J.  G.  SHEPPARD  Fall  Rotju  xiii.  744  The  bishop  calls 
for  his  raquette,  and  engages  in  a  game  at  tennis.  1897 
Onting(V.  S.)  XXIX.  362/1  When  the  racquette  is  fastened 
the  heel  and  toe  are  free. 

f  Raquitable,  a.  Obs,  rare—1,  [a.  OF.  (rente} 
raquitable  (Godef.) :  see  next.]  Redeemable. 

1682  WARBURTON  Hist.  Guernsey  (1822)  92  If  the  inherit 
ance  shall  be  sold  for  rent  raquitable,  that  is  to  say,  rent 
afterwards  to  be  bought  off,  or  . .  passed  away  by  deed  of 
gift  . .  or  for  wares  . .  received. 

t  Raquite,  v.  Obs.  rare—1,  [a.  OF.  raquiter 
to  recover,  to  pay  (Godef.) :  see  RE-  and  ACQUIT.] 
trans.  To  redeem. 

1454  Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  255/2  To  leye  in  plege  all  my  grete 
Jowellys,  and  the  most  panic  of  my  Plate  not  yit  raqutted. 

Rar,  obs.  form  of  ROAB. 

tRaraehose,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  F.  rare 
chose  rare  thing.]  Rare,  nnnsual. 

1676  MARVELL  Mr.  Srnirfo  20  He  is  ravisht  in  Contempla 
tion  how  Rarachose  it  is,  to  see  or  hear  a  material  Question 
in  Theology  defended  in  the  University  Schools. 

Rarse  show,  obs.  form  of  RAREE-SHOW. 

Rardess,  obs.  form  of  REREDOS. 

Rare  (reV),  a.l  (adv.l  and  s6.}  Also  6-7  Sc. 
rair.  [ad.  L.  rar-us  or  a.  F.  rare  (i4th  c.).] 

1.  Having  the  constituent  particles  not  closely 

20 


RARE. 

packed  together.     (Opposed  to  dense.}     In  later 
use  chiefly  of  the  air  or  gases. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husl<.  I.  99  The  londis  fatte,  or  lene,  or 
thicke,  or  rare.  1595  SPENSER  Sonn.  Iv,  Not  ayre;  for  she 
is  not  so  light  or  rare.  1610  W.  FOLKINGHAM  Art  of  Survey 
I.  viii.  16  Distinguishing  betweene  open  and  rare  soyles,  and 
such  as  are  condense  and  close.  1669  STURMY  Mariner's 
Mag.  v.  47  All  pure  and  rare  bodies  ascend,  as  the  Fire 
more  than  the  Air.  1732  ARBUTHNOT  Rules  of  Diet  275  A 
denser  Fluid  is  hotter  than  a  rarer,  c  1790  IMISON  Sch.Arts 
I.  loo  As  the  air  rises  above  the  earth's  surface,  it  grows 
rarer,  and  consequently  lighter,  bulk  for  bulk.  1862  H. 
SPENCER  First  Princ.  H.  v.  §  55  (1875)  181  A  projectile  would 
travel  a  far  greater  distance  through  a  rare  medium  like  air, 
than  through  a  dense  medium  like  water. 

fig.    1820  SHELLEY  Let.  to  Maria  Gisborne  7  Spinning  . . 
From  the  fine  threads  of  rare  and  subtle  thought. 
fb.  Of  colour:  Thin,  faint.   Obs.  rare-1. 

1750  tr.  Leonardus'  Mirr.  Stones  in  Those  are  reckoned 
the  best,  whose  colour  is  neither  too  thick  nor  too  rare. 

t  2.  a.  Having  the  component  parts  widely  set  ; 


of  open  construction  ;  in  open  order.   Obs.  rare. 
c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husli.  xi.  494  A  multitude  of  reyso 


close  ngnts,  in  oouruin^  wuu  u^i,  »u<  ^n  ..*.n-  ....  ~t~-.. 
unto  us,  and  we  under  covert  and  shelter.  1647  MAY  Hist. 
Par/,  in.  v.  100  One  rare  and  slender  ranke  were  to  receive 
all  the  storme  without  seconds. 

t  b.  Thinly  attended  or  populated.   Obs.  rare. 

1610  J.  FORBES  Cert.  Rcc.  x.  (1846)  387  The  Assemblie 

was  so  rare  that  they  were  not  exceeding  the  number  of 

nineteen  Commissioners,    c  1789  GIBBON  Autobiog.  (1854)  6l 

Our  immediate  neighbourhood  was  rare  and  rustic. 

f  3.  a.  Placed  or  stationed  at  wide  intervals ; 
standing  or  keeping  far  apart.  Obs. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husk.  i.  1033  Bowis  ore  it  trayn  So  lough 
and  rare,  on  hem  that  bees  may  dwelle.  Ibid.  iv.  183  Cv- 
cumber  in  this  mone  is  sowen  rare.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vit. 
461  Among  the  trees  in  ijairs  they  rose,  they  walk'd;  Those 
rare  and  solitarie,  these  in  flocks. 

fb.  Seldom  appearing  or  seen.   Obs. 
c  1450  tr.  De  Imitatione  i.  viii.  9  Be  rare  amonge  yonge 
peple  &  straunge  folkes.     1784  COWPEB  Task  n.  383  Fre 
quent  in  Park  with  lady  at  his  side,.  .But  rare  at  home, 
to.  Sparing.     Const,  in.  Obs.  rare*1. 
1526  nigr.  Perf.^N.  de  W.  1531)  56  b,  Pacyent  in  aduer- 
sytees,  rare  &  sobre  in  wordes. 
d.  Infrequent,  rare. 

1707  FLOYER  Physic.  Pulse-  Watch  r28  The  Pulse  becomes 
.  .more  languid,  rare,  slow.  1859  TENNYSON  Elaine  164  He 
. .  Chose  the  green  path  that  show'd  the  rarer  foot. 

4.  (With  pi.  sbs.)     Few  in  number,  and  widely 
separated   from  each   other   (in   space  or  time) ; 
forming  a  small  and  scattered  class. 

i$SSAct  2  /r  3  Phil,  ft  Mary,  c.  13  The  Fertility  of  the 
Ground  is  not  apt  to  bring  forth  any  Corn  nor  good  Grass, 
but  in  rare  Places.  1654  BRAMHALL  Just  Vindication  iv. 
(1661)  65  And  the  Legations  from  Rome  were  almost  as  rare 
as  appeals  to  Rome,  ..  untill  the  Norman  conquest.  1698 
FRYER  Ace.  F..  India  q  P.  199,  I  never  saw  but  one  Grey- 
ey'd,  and  therefore  I  suppose  them  rare.  1784  COWPER 
Tirol.  700  Are  such  men  rare  ?  Perhaps  they  would  abound 
Were  occupation  easier  to  be  found.  1820  SHELLEY  Let.  to 
Maria  Gisl'orne  263  Clouds  sail  o'er  the  inverse  deep, . .  And 
the  rare  stars  rush  through  them.  1885  Munch.  Exam. 
15  May  5/6  Brake  appliances,  to  the  development  of  which 
we  mainly  owe  it  that  railway  accidents  are  now  so  rare, 

5.  Of  a  kind,  class,  or  description,  seldom  found, 
met   with,    or    occurring ;    unusual,    uncommon, 
exceptional. 

1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  171  It  is  a  veraye  rare  thyng 
in  princes  to  feele  the  mocions  and  pangues  of  the  graces. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  378  An  Olyphaunt  of  Inde, 
. .  a  rare  spectacle,  and  a  beast  not  often  sene  in  Germany. 
1611  BIBLE  Pref.  F  15  Many  rare  names  of  certaine  birds, 
beastes  and  precious  stones.  1709  HEARNEC~W/fc/.  (O.H.S.) 


154 

1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  n.  ii.  116  Maister  Bassanio,  who 
indeede  giues  rare  new  Liuories.  1667  DRYDEN  Sir  Martin 
Mar-All  \.\\\,  Mill.  You  and  I  will  disguise  too... Mood. 
That  will  he  most  rare.  1706  E.  WARD  H'ooden  World  Diss. 
(1708)  59  He's  a  rare  Fellow  for  giving  a  had  Captain  a  good 
Word.  1791  'G.  GAMBADO  '  Ann.  Horscm.  xviii.  (1809)  140 
My  horse  must  have  had  a  rare  hit  of  bone  in  his  back. 
1812  Sforting  Mag.  XXXIX.  283  The  prisoner  said  it 
would  be  a  rare  thing  to  get  at  that  mare  which  was  first 
favourite.  1878  MRS.  H.  WOOD  Pomcroy  Alibey  I.  172  Guy 
will  about  die  of  it  I  expect.  Rare  fun  if  he  does, 
f  c.  Interjectionally  in  0  rare  ! 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  i.  ii.  72  Shall  I  ?    O  rare  !    lie  be 
a  braue  ludge.    a  1688  VILLIERS  Rehearsal  w.  i, 


RAREFY. 


Paradise  is  the  most  rare. .  .The  first  sort  is  very  rare.  1812 
J  WILSON  Isle  of  Palms  iv.  309  Gathering  rare  shells, 
delighted  children  stray.  1863  FR.  A.  KEMBLE  Resid.  in 
Georgia  42  How  very  rare  it  is  to  see  a  well-formed  face. 
1870  E.  PEACOCK  Ralf  Skirl.  III.  182  It  was  a  rare  event 
for  Mrs.  Skirlaugh  to  go  from  home. 

b.  //  is  rare  that . . .  (Cf.  F.  il  est  rare  que  . . ., 
and  see  RARELY  adv.  2  d.) 

1788  T.  TAYLOR  Proclus  (1792)  L  34  It  is  very  rare  that 
philology  and  philosophy  are  united  in  the  same  person. 
1853  PRESCOTT  Philip  II,  I.  n.  ii.  163  It  was  rare  that  the 
tone  of  remonstrance  was  heard  in  the  halls  of  Castilian 
legislation. 

6.  Unusual  in  respect  of  some  good  quality ;  of 
uncommon  excellence  or  merit ;  remarkably  good 
or  fine;  f  distinguished  (quot.  1685). 

1483  CAXTON  Cato  2  b,  Therin  they  fonde  many  noble  and 
rare  bookes.  1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  x.  140  Of  quhais 
rair  bewtie  scho  did  sumpart  farlie.  1594  PLAT  Jeviell-ho. 
in.  27  One  of  the  rarest  Mathematicians  of  our  age.  1639 
FULLER  Holy  War  in.  xxv.  (1840)  164  A  more  substantial 
tower  was  built,  the  rarest  piece  in  that  kind  the  world  ever 
saw.  1685  BAXTER  Paraphr.  N.  T.  Matt.  x.  42  It  is  not 
only  Charity  to  Preachers  and  rare  Persons,  but  to  the  least 
Christians.  1779  COWPER  Yearly  Distress  57  A  rarer  man 
than  you  In  pulpit  none  shall  hear.  1818  SHELLEY  Rev. 
Islam  i.  xxiii,  A  boat  of  rare  device,  which  had  no  sail.  1874 
BANCROFT  Footpr.  Time  i.  67  This  rare  nation  knew  how  to 
adapt  its  governments  to  its  needs. 

b.  colloq.  Splendid,  excellent,  fine. 

Distinguished  from  prec.  merely  as  applied  to  more  trivial 
objects  or  employed  in  less  dignified  context.  Intermediate 
applications  are  not  uncommon  in  the  i7th  c. 


2.  transf.  A  show  or  spectacle  of  any  kind. 
1684  Hist.  Acct.  Gt.  Frost  22  Thames  becomes  a  kii 


nd  of 


Oh  rare  !  to  see  our  elbucks  wheep. 

d.  colloq.  in  ironical  use. 

1600  ROWLANDS  Let.  Humours  Blood  i.  48  Vttring  rare 
lyes  to  be  admired  at.  1712  ARBUTHNOT  'John  Bull  HI.  x, 
Well,  John,  thou  art  got  into  rare  company !  One  has  a 
dumb  devil  [etc.].  1789  Gouv.  MORRIS  in  Sparks  Life  q- 
Writ.  (1832)  I.  323  This  is  a  rare  situation,  for  which  they 
must  thank  themselves.  1837  M  RS.  SHERWOOD  Henry  Milner 
in.  v.  95  And  do  you  mean  always  to  go  to  bed  at  nine 
o'clock  ?. .  If  that  a'n't  rare. 

e.  colloq.  as  an  intensive,  with  sbs.   and  adjs. 
(also  rare  and  with  adjs.). 

1833  Hr.  MARTINEAU  Loom  i,  Lugger  n.vi.  121  They  put 
me  ma  rare  passion.  1848  MRS.  GASKELL  Mary  Barton  ix. 
49  We  got  a  good  supper,  and  grew  rare  and  sleepy.  1877 
MRS.  HUNCERFORD  Phyllis  xxvii.  (1884)  308  That's  a  rare 
good  sign.  1879  STEVENSON  Trav.  Cevennes  61,  I  was  rare 
and  hungry. 

7.  absol.  or  as  sb.  f  a.  A  rare  thing ;  a  rarity.  Obs. 

1566  Banouett  of  Dainties  A  vj  b,  Of  dainties  these  let  me 
not  fayle,  with  other  rares  among.    1611 T.  BASTARD  Paneg. 
Verses  in  Coryat's  Crudities,  Put  downe,  put  downe,  Tom 
Coryate,  Our  latest  rares. 
b.  What  is  rare. 

1656  EARL  MOXM.  tr.  Boccalinfs  Advts.fr.  Farnass.  i.  v. 
(1674)  8  Of  all  other  things  which  the  rest  had  mentioned  of 
rare  in  the  State  of  Venice,  this  was  to  be  preferred.  1813 
SCOTT  Trierm.  in.  xxxvii,  That  bower,  the  gazer  to  bewitch, 
Hath  wondrous  store  of  rare  and  rich. 

t  8.  As  adv.   =  RARELY.  Obs. ~l 

1721  RAMSAY  Content  213  Rare  she  appears,  unless  on 
some  fine  day  She  grace  a  nuptial. 

9.  Comb.,  as  rare-featured,  -painted,  -qjialiticd, 
-shaped  adjs. ;  rare-spring  attrib. 

1607  WILKINS  Mis.  Enforced  Marriage  F  iv  b,  They  are 
the  moste  rare  featur'd  . .  rare  qualitied  . .  gentlewoman. 
1641  HOWELL  Vote  in  Lett.  (1650)  II.  142  No  Pistolls  or 
som  rare-spring  Carrabins.  1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  xi,  O  rare- 
painted  portrait !  . .  Vandyke  was  a  dauber  to  you.  1882 
DE  WINDT  Equator  37  The  Deli  pony  is  a  rare-shaped  little 
animal . .  with  immense  strength,  and  very  fast. 

Rare  (re^u),  a.z  [Later  form  of  REAR  a.1] 
t  a.  Of  eggs :  Left  soft  in  cooking.  Obs.  b.  Of 
meat:  Underdone.  Also  Comb. 

Now  often  regarded  as  an  Americanism,  but  current  in 
many  English  dialects  (cf.  REAR),  and  used  by  English  writers 
in  the  first  half  of  the  iglh  c. 

a.  1655  MOUFET  &  BENNET  Health's  Itnprov.  137  A  rare 
Egg  any  way  dresst  is  lightest  of  Digestion,  a  hard  Egg  is 
most  rebellious.    Hid.,  Eggs. .  being  rare-roasted  in  embers 
. .  make  thickest  and  strongest  blood. 

b.  1784  in  Life  Longfello-.u  (1891)  II.  xvii.  414  The  lean 
should  be  quite  rare,  not  so  the  fat.     1810  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  i. 
Christ's  Hasp.  35  Yrs.  Ago,  The  same  flesh,  rotten-roasted 
or  rare,  on  the  Tuesdays.     1830  M.  DONOVAN  Dom.  Econ. 
II.  289  The  meat  was  in  all  cases  a  little  rare  at  its  centre. 
1861  G.  F.  BERKELEY  Sportsm.  W.  Prairies  26  The  wood 
cock  and  snipe . .  should  be  underdone  or  what  the  Americans 
call  '  rare '.     [1890  LOWELL  Introd.  Biglo-M  Papers  Ser.  II.  in 
Poems  II.  181  The  earliest  form  of  the  word  with  us  was, 
and  the  commoner  now  in  the  inland  parts  still  is,  so  far  as 
1  can  discover,  raredone.] 

Rare  (re»j),  a.3  and  adv.-  Ofrs.  exc.  dial.  [Var. 
of  RATHE  a.i :  cf.  RARE-RIPE.]  Early. 

1574  W.  BOURNE  Regiment  for  Seam.  (1577)  12  b,  Some 
time  in  the  yeare  you  shall  see  the  Moone  rarer  than  at 
some  other  time,  as  this  for  example,  from  January  to  June 
you  shall  see  the  Moone  within  .24.  houres  after  the 
chaunge.  1615  CHAPMAN  Odyss.  vi.  422  Rude  mechanicals, 
that  rare  and  late  Work  in  the  market-place.  1847  HALLI- 
WELL,  Rare,  . .  early.  Devon.  1880  in  IV.  Cornwall  Gloss. 

Rare,  obs.  form  of  REAB,  ROAR. 

Rarebit :  see  WELSH  BABBIT. 

fRaree-ftne,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RAREE  (see 
next)  +  FINE  a.']  Raree-fine  show  =  next. 

1736  FIELDING  Pasquin  v.  i,  All  the  raree-fine  shows  ex 
hibited  to  them  in  what  they  call  entertainments. 

Raree-show  (re»'rf|pi).  Also  7-8  rary-, 
8  raree-.  ['  This  word  is  formed  in  imitation  of  the 
foreign  way  of  pronouncing  rare  show '  (Johnson). 

It  has  also  been  suggested  that  ram  may  represent  rarity 
(cf.  G.  raritalen-kasten),  but  Johnson's  statement  is  prob. 
correct;  the  early  exhibitors  of  peep-shows  appear  to  have 
been  usually  Savoyards,  from  whom  the  form  was  no  doubt 
adopted.] 

1.  A  show  contained  or  carried  about  in  a  box ; 
a  peep-show. 

[c  1681  (title)  Raree  Show,  or  the  true  Protestant  Proces 
sion.)  a  1704  T.  BROWN  Sat.  French  King  Wks.  1730  I.  61 
May  Savoy  with  thee  hither  pack  And  carry  a  raree-show 
upon  his  back.  1730  FIELDING  Ton  Thumb  in.  iv,  Why  dost 
thou  speak  Like  men  who  carry  raree-shows  about  ?  1822 
SCOTT  Pevcritxli,  Fitter  ..  by  his  size  and  appearance,  for 
the  inside  of  a  raree-show,  than  the  mysteries  of  a  plot.  1849 
E.  FITZGERALD  Lett.  (1889)  I.  198  A  showman  whom  one 
gives  a  shilling  to  once  a  month  to  see  his  raree-show. 


„ -792)  !•  349   

shews  of  the  places  which  they  go  through,  such  as  steeples, 
clocks,  town-houses,  etc.  1824  J.  SYMMONS  tr.  /Eschylus' 
Agam.  75,  1  long  have  mark'd  Life's  raree-show  before  me 
in  a  mirror.  1883  Chr.  World  22  Nov.  813  He  is  averse  to 
taking  part  in  such  a  raree-show  upon  the  Sunday. 

b.  Spectacular  display. 

1809  SCOTT  16  July  in  Fam.  Lett.  (1894)  I.  v.  137  Those 
immense  London  Stages  fit  only  for  pantomime  and  raree- 
show. 

3.  at/rib.,  as  raree-show-box,  -showman  (hence 
-monism}. 

1765  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  VIII.  xxiv,  Thou  didst  look 
into  it  with  as  much  innocency  of  heart,  as  ever  child  look'd 
into  a  "raree-shew-box.  1806-7  J-  BERESFORD  Miseries 
Hum.  Life  (1826)  xx.  ii,  Two  men  at  two  of  the  holes  of  a 
raree-show-box.  01700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Cre-.v,*Raree- 
shvw-mcn.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  III.  329  A  rary- 
shewman  ..  always  takes  care  to  tell  he  had  the  honor 
[etc.].  1864  C.  KNIGHT  Passages  Work.  Life  II.  xiii.  269 
The  raree-showman  is  no  more.  1842  MOORE  Mem.  (1856) 
VII.  311  S— 1,  too,  upon  Romanism  Will  sport  his  "raree- 
showmanism. 

Rarefaction  (re°n"-,  rser/Tarkfan).  Also  7-8 
rari-.  [Noun  of  action  f.  L.  rSrefacere :  see 
RAREFY  v.  Cf.  F.  rarefaction  (i4thc.,  Oresme).] 
The  action  of  rarefying,  or  process  of  being  rare 
fied  ;  diminution  of  density.  (Now  chiefly  of  the 
air  or  gases,  or  Path,  of  bones.) 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  1318  To  clense  and  purifie 
the  aire  by  this  rarefaction  and  subtilization.  1626  BACON 
Syh'a  §  30  In  Gunpowder,  the  Force  of  it  hath  been  as 
cribed  to  Rarefaction  of  the  Earthy  Substance  into  Flame. 
1707  FLOYER  Physic.  Pulse-Watch  69  In  those  Persons  who 
have  the  best  Tempers,  the  Blood  and  Spirits  have  a  mode 
rate  Rarifactipn.  1869  E.  A.  PARKES  Pract.  Hygiene  (ed.  3) 
466  In  ascending  mountains  there  is  rarefaction,  i.e.  lessened 
pressure  of  air.  1898  AlllntlfsSyst.  Med.  V.  605  In  others 
there  is.. thickening  or  rarefaction  of  skull  bones. 


monotheism  by  a  process  of  rarefaction  and  purification. 
b.   With  a  and//.     An  instance  of  this. 

1834  MRS.  SOMERVILLE  Connex.  Phys.  Sc.  xvi.  (1849)  144 
A  regular  series  of  condensations  and  rarefactions.  1873 
W.  LEES  Acoustics  i.  i.  10  An  undulation  or_ wave,  .consists 
of  two  parts — a  condensation  and  a  rarefaction. 

Rarefa'ctive,  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  L.  type  *rare- 
factiwis,  f.  rarefacere  to  RAREFY.  Cf.  F.  rare'- 
faclif  (\fo\i  c.).] 

A.  adj.  Having  the  quality  of  rarefying  ;  char 
acterized  by  rarefaction.  (In  recent  use  only  Path. 
of  diseases  of  bones.) 

1656  [?  J.  SERG-EANT]  tr.  T.  White's  Peripat.  Inst.  v.  xiv. 
313  Tis  plain . .  that  an  Intelligence,  by  that  one  rarefactive 
Vertue,  can  operate  whatever  is  to  be  done  by  Bodies.  1664 
POWER  Exp.  Philos.  11.114  Hence  it  appears,  that  Ayr,  be 
sides  its  gravity,  has  a  nobler  rarefactive  faculty.  1889 
Lancet  6  Apr.  684/2  A  rarefactive  disease  of  the  whole  bone. 
1899  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VI.  551  The  microscopic  appear 
ances  are  those  of  a  rarefactive  osteitis. 
fB.  sb.  (See  quot.)  Obs.  rare-". 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Rarefacti-ves, . .  in  medicine, 
remedies  which  open  and  inlarge  the  pores  of  the  skin. 

t  Rarefiable,  a.  Obs.  rare.  In  7  rarifi-, 
-fy-.  [f.  RAREFY  v.  +  -ABLE;  cf.  F.  rare'Jiable.'} 
Capable  of  being  rarefied. 

1656  [?J.  SERGEANT]  tr.  T.  White's  Peripat.  Inst.  57  Any 
dense  body  that  is  rarifiable.  1680  BOYLE  Exper.  Chem. 
Princ.  ii.  64  That  so  inconsiderable  a  proportion  _  of  that 
liquor,  should  be  rarifiable  into  so  much  ardent  spirit. 

Rarefica'tion.  rare.  Also  7-8  rari-.  [Noun 
of  action,  after  L.  types,  from  RAREFY  V.]  —  RARE 
FACTION. 

1616  in  BULLOKAR  Eng.  Expos.  1727  BRADLEY  Fam. 
Diet.  s.v.  Bee  hive.  Its  Whiteness  is  increased  by  this  Ran- 
fication.  1794  SULLIVAN  View  Nat.  I.  209  It  carries  the 
point  of  greater  rarefication  on  the  other  side  of  the  equator. 
1893  SIR  J.  C.  BROWNE  in  Times  3  Oct.  9/5  Rarefication  in 
quality  of  two  orders  of  impressions. 

Rarefied, ///.  a.  [f.  RAREFY  v.  +  -ED.]  That 
is  made  less  dense.  (Chiefly  of  air.) 

1634  PEACHAM  Gentl.  Exert,  in.  140  The  higher  parts  of 
the  ayre,  which . .  are  more  rarified  and  pure  then  the  neather. 
i6«<  GLANVILL  Scepsis  Set.  i.  17  That  a  Bullet  should  be 
moved  by  the  rarified  fire.  1783  FRANKLIN  Lett.  Wks.  1840 
VI.  506,  I  need  not  explain  to  you,,  .what  is  meant  by  rare 
fied  air.  1855  PRESCOTT  Philip  II,  \\.  iv.  (1857)  243  The 
brisk  and  rarefied  atmosphere  of  Madrid  proved  favourable 
to  Charles's  health.  1895 \  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  482 
Mast-cells  closely  packed  in  columns  in  a  rairefied  tissue. 

Ra'refier.  rare.  [f.  RAREFY  v.  +  -ER  i.]  That 
which  rarefies. 

1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  I.  ii.  6  Such  infinite  variety  of 
Rarefiers  and  Condensers.  1798  HUTTON  Course  Math. 
(1807)  II.  240  The  air-pump,  or  rarefier. 

Raref^  (leo-rtfai,  rse-rffai),  v.  Also  5-6  rere-, 
5-9  rari-,  7  reri-.  [a.  F.  rariSJier  (i4th  c., 
Oresme),  or  ad.  L.  rarefacHre  (Lucretius),  f.  rar-us 
RARE  a.1  +fac!re  to  make ;  the  form  (for  rari- 
facere)  is  peril,  on  analogy  of  arefacere). 

The  pron.  now  usual  in  England  has  the  vowel  of  rare  adj. ; 
the  older  usage,  with  the  short  vowel,  is  still  favoured  in 
America  and  Scotland  (not  dial.) ;  cf.  RARITY.) 

1.  trans.  To  make  rare  or  thin,  esp.  by  expan- 


RARELY. 

sion  ;   to  lessen  the  density  or  solidity  of  (a  sub 
stance,  now  usually  air  or,  in  Path.,  bone). 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  K.  in.  xv.  (Tollem.  MS.),  To  hot 
sunnc  bat  rarefieb  [1535  rerefiethj  and  openeb  be  pores  oucr 
mcsure.  1477  NORTON  Ord.Alch.  v.  in  Ashra.  Theat.  Chem. 
Brit.  (1652)  77  Water  rarified  becomes  Ayrc  againe.  1523 
SKELTON  Garl.  Laurel  651  The  clowdis  gan  to  clere,  the 
myst  was  rarifiid.  16551  W.  CHAKBERLAYN  Pharonnida  lit. 
iv.  (1820)  67  Whilst  choice  music  rarities  the  air.  1677  W. 
HARRIS  tr.  Lemery's  Course  Chyin,  I.  xiv.  (1686)  347  A  Coral 
rarefied  and  opened  by  the  Spirit  of  Vinegar.  1756  C.  LUCAS 
Ess.  Waters  1.44  Higher  degrees  of  heat  rarefy  and  expand 
water.  1871  TYNDALL  Frngm.  Sci.  (1879)  I.  v.  135  The  hot 
wire  rarefied  the  air  in  contact  with  it.  1897  A  llbutt's  Syst. 
Med.  III.  149  The  osseous  structure  ..  is  absorbed,  rarefied 
and  softened. 

absol.  1697  DRYDEN  Ifirf.  Georg.  i.  566  As  Rains  con 
dense,  and  Sunshine  ratifies. 

2.  Jiff.  To  make  less  gross  or  material,  to  refine, 
to  purify. 

'599  B-  JONSON  Ev.  man  out  of  Hum.  n.iii,  You  see.. how 
their  wits  are  refinde  and  rarefi'd  !  1626  T.  H.  Caussins 
Holy  Cr£.  24  Raryfying  the  most  grosse  thoughts,  as  the 
sun-beames  doth  the  vapours  of  the  earth.  1720  WELTOM 
Sitjfer.  Son  of  God  I.  xi.  282  It  is  Prayer  that  . .  ratifies  his 
Soul  into  an  Essence  of  Divine  Love.  1818  HAZLITT  Char. 
Shafts.  (1838)  142  Love  is  a  gentle  flame  that  rarefies  and 
expands  her  whole  being. 

b.  To  make  (an  idea)  subtle. 

a  1699  STILLINGFL.  Serin.  (R.),  Plain  truths  lose  much  of 
their  weight  when  they  are  rarify'd  into  subtilities.     1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  140  In  some  parts  of  the  argument 
the  abstraction  is  so  rarefied  as  to  become ..  fallacious, 
f  c.  To  palliate,  extenuate  (a  fault).   Obs. 
1622  H.  SYDENHAM  Sena.  Sol.  Occ.  (1637)  222  There  is 
something  in  this  way,  which  may  rarifie  or  extenuate  an 
offence,  nullify  it  cannot. 

t  3.  To  reduce  the  number  of  (trees) ;  to  thin 
(a  wood).  Obs.  rare. 

1650  FULLER  Pisgah  411  Cedars  were  so  rarified  in  Libanus, 
that  modern  travellers  saw  but  four  and  twenty  in  their 
passage  over  this  mountain,  a  1661  —  Worthies  (i%$o)  III. 
244  There  needed  no  iron  mills  to  rarify  the  woods  of  this 
county. 

4.  intr.  To  become  less  dense;  to  be  thinned,  rare. 
111658  CLEVELAND  Committee  34  Bodies  at  the  Resurrec 
tion  are  On  Wing,  just  rarifying  into  Air.  1750  tr.  Leon 
ardos'  Mirr.  Stones  132  When  it  is  kindled  by  fire,  it  rarifies, 
and  is  violently  dilated.  1847  PE  QvtIKmt  Sfaa.  Mil.  Nim 
Wks.  1862  III.  57  Like  the  mist  sometimes  rarefying  into 
sunny  gauze. 

Hence  Ka  refying  vlil.  sb.  and  ppl.  a. 
1648  HAMMOND  Scrm.  iii.  Wks.  1683  IV.  487  This  rarifying 
power  of  flames  and  judgments,     a  1660  Ibid.  xxiv.  641  This 
rarifying  and  purifying  of  the  fancy.     1898  Allbutt's  Syst. 
Mud.  V.  9  The  common  atrophic  rarefying  emphysema. 

Rarely  (re»uli),  adv.     [f.  RARE  a.i  +  -Ly2.] 

fl.  a.  Thinly,  scantily.  Obs.  rare. 

1523  CROMWELL  Sp.  in  Merriman  Life  tr  Lett.  (1902)  I.  40 
How  should  we  be  Able  to  possede  the  large  Cuntreye  of 
Fraunce  which  haue  our  owne  Realme  so  meruelous  rarely 
storyd  of  inhabytauntes  and  hable  men. 

t  b.  In  a  wide-set  or  open  manner.   Obs. 

".'547  SURREY  &neid  iv.  (1557)  Ei,  The  hayes  so  rarely 
knit  [L.  retia  rarii}.  1622  SIR  R.  HAWKINS  I'oy.  S.  Sea. 
(1847)  196  Shee  ..  being  rarely  built,  and  utterly  without 
fights  or  defences,  .wee  cleered  her  decks  in  a  moment. 

2.  Seldom,  infrequently,  in  few  instances. 
Formerly  compared  rarelier,  rareliest  (quots.  1640,  1656). 
1552  HULOET,  Rarelye,  raro.  1570  in  LEVINS  Manip.  a  1618 

RALEIGH  Rein.  (1664)  121  Benefits  are  sometimes  acknow 
ledged,  rarely  requited.  1640  BOLTON  Comf.  Affl.  Cause. 
(ed.  3)  Ep.  Ded.,  They  are  rarelier,  and  hnrdlier  wrought 
upon  by  the  Word.  1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalini's 
Advts.fr.  Parnass.  i.  xxxix.  (1674)  51  Those  precious  Stones 
are  most  esteemed  of,  which  are  rareliest  found.  17x2 
BUDGELL  Spcct.  No.  277  F  16  She  was  not  Talkative,  a 

8uality  very   rarely   to   be   met  with  in  the   rest   of  her 
ountry-women.     1756  C.   LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  II.  3  They 
rarely,  if  ever,  .are  perfectly  frozen.   1861  FLO.  NIGHTINGALE 
Nursing  7  The  windows  are  rarely  or  never  opened.     1880 
GEIKIE  Pliys.  Geog.  ii.  S  n.  85  How  rarely  does  the  air 
seem  to  be  perfectly  motionless  ! 
b.  With  ever  added. 

1694  W.  WOTTON  Anc.  t,  Mod.  Learn.  (1697)  403  The 
most  verbose  Mathematicians  have  rarely  ever  said  any 
thing  for  Saying  sake.  1709  MRS.  MANLEY  Secret  Mem. 
II.  167  They  ..  rarely  ever  examin  into  the  true  Motive. 
1728  RAMSAY  Health  355  Who  rarely  ever  cures,  but  often 
kills.  1857  [see  EVER  adv.  7  c]. 

C.  Rarely  or  ever,  by  confusion  of  '  rarely  if 
ever '  and  '  rarely  or  never '.  Cf.  EVER  adv.  7  b. 

1768  Woman  of  Honor  I.  139  But  those  schemes  . .  rarely 
or  ever  answer  the  end.  1811  SYD.  SMITH  Wks.  (1850)  200/1 
The  contest  would  rarely  or  ever  take  place,  where  the 
friends  of  the  Establishment  were  not  numerous  enough. 

d.  It  is  rarely  that  —  It  is  rare  or  seldom  that. 
(See  RARE  a.  5  b.) 

.  '753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Snpp.  s.v.  Louse,  He  observes,  that 
it  is  rarely  that  flies  are  found  infested  with  them.  1825 
G.  N.  POLLINGWOOD  in  Parrs  Wks.  (1828)  I.  505  It  was 
rarely  indeed  that  any  such  request  was  denied. 

3.  Unusually  or  remarkably  well;  finely,  splen 
didly,  beautifully.      (Freq.  in  1 7th  c.) 

1590  SHAKS.  Miiis.  N.  i.  ii.  31,  I  could  play  Ercles  rarely. 
1602  MARSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  v.  i,  I  could  belch  rarely,  for 
I  am  all  winde.  1667  DRYDEN  Sir  Martin  Mar-all  v.  i,  I'll 
instruct  him  most  rarely,  he  shall  never  be  found  out.  1703 
MAUNDRELL  Joiirn.  Jerits.  (1732)  136  A  stately  Architrave, 
and  Cornish  rarely  carv'd.  1786  BURNS  Dream  x,  Down 
Pleasure's  stream,  wi'  swelling  sails  I'm  tauld  ye're  driving 
rarely.  1860  GEO.  ELIOT  Mill  on  Floss  m.  iii,  You  can 
write  rarely  now,  after  all  your  schooling,  I  should  think. 

4.  In  an  unusual  degree  ;  exceptionally. 


155 

1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  f,  Cl.  v.  ii.  158  Villain,  Dog.    O  rarely 
base.     1661  BOYLE  Spring  of  Air  n.  v.  (1682)  56  It  will  agree 
rarely- well   with    the   Hypothesis.      1681    R.    KNOX   Hist. 
Ceylon  15  It  is  rarelysweet  and  pleasing  to  the  pallat.    1853 
|    KANE  Grinnell  E.tf.  xxii.  (1856)  174,  I  was  one  of  the  oars- 
i    men,  and  sweated  rarely.     1882  JESSIE  FOTHERGILL  Kith 
tf  K.  xxx,  I  believed  him  to  be  rarely  good  and  wise, 
b.  With  (ppl.)  adjs.  used  attributively. 
1668  CULPEPPER  &  COLE  Barthol.  Anat.  I.  vii.  16  The 
rarely  learned  Marcus  Aurelius  Severinus.     1860  G.  H.  K. 
in  Vat.  Tour  117  Bits  of  rarely-scented  shrub  here  and 
there.      1866  Macm.  Mag.  Apr.  521  Investigated  by.  .That 
rarely-gifted  Scholar. 

Bareness  (re>.mes).     [f.  RAKE  o.l  +  -NESS.] 
The  fact  or  quality  of  being  rare. 
1 1.  Thinness  ;  fewness,  scantiness.   Obs.  rare. 


RASCAL. 

1560-1  First  Bk.  Discipl.  in  Knox  Wks.  (1846)  II.  194  The 
cheiffest  remedy  . .  in_all  this  raritie  of  trew  ministeris,  is 


1588  WMITEIIOKNE  tr.  Machiavel's  ArteofWarreui.  43 
The  Hastati . .  retyretl  by  a  lille,  and  litle,  by  the  rarenes  of 
thorders  betweene  the  Principi.  1610  J.  FORBES  Cert.  Rec. 


. .  give  an  occa- 
osphere. 


x.  (1846)  390  The  said  Assemblic.  .having  weighed  the  rare 
ness  of  their  own  number  [etc.]. 

2.  =  RAKITY  2. 

1614  W.  B.  Philosopher's  Banquet  (ed.  2)  45  The  light- 
nesse  and  rarenesse  of  the  substance.  1714  HALLEY  in 
Phil.  Trans.  XXIX.  160  The  extream  Cold  and  Rareness 
of  the  Air  in  those  upper  Regions.  1857  R.  TOMES  A  liter, 
in  Japan  xii.  287  The  not  infrequent  ram 
sional  humidity  and  rareness  to  the  atmosi 

3.  =  RAUITY  3. 

1551  R.  ROBINSON  tr.  Mores  Utopia  11.  vi.  (1895)  174  Yf 
that  the  folly  of  men  hadde  not  sette  it  in  hygher  estyniacyon 
for  the  rarenes  sake.  1620  VENNEH  Via  Recta  iv.  74  It  may 
be.. doubted,  whether  it  be  so  greatly  esteemed  for  the 
rarenesse  of  it,  or  for  the  goodnesse  of  meate.  1721  R. 
KEITH  tr.  a  Kempis'  Salil.  Soul  xviii.  262,  I  rather  accuse 
the  Rareness  than  the  Frequency  of  thy  Approaches.  1884 
Contemp.  Rev.  July  63  A  noteworthy  fact  is  the  compara 
tive  rareness  of  ruined  villages  of  the  age  of  bronze. 

4.  =  K.UHTY  4. 

1577  !>•  GOOGE  Hercslach's  Huso.  (1586)  167  This  kind  of 
1  oule,  both  for  their  rareness,  and  also  the  greatnesse  of 
their  body,  is  at  this  daic  kept  in  great  flockes.  1575-85 
ABP.  SANDYS  Scrm.  xviii.  (1585)  308  Their  prerogatiues  . . 
were  manifolde,  and  for  the  predousnesse  and  rarenesse  of 
them  most  wonderful.  1683  EVELYN  Hem.  (1857)  II.  185 
The  greatest  master  both  for  invention  and  rareness  of 
work,  that  the  world  ever  had.  1866  GEO.  ELIOT  F.  Holt 
xlv,  That  childhood  to  which  common  things  have  rareness. 

Ra-re-ripe,  a.  and  sb.  dial,  and  U.S.  [f. 
RAKE  a.3  +  RIPE.]  a.  adj.  Rathe-ripe,  b.  sb. 
An  early  fruit  or  vegetable.  Also  transf.  c.  attrili. 
Of  the  colour  of  a  peach  called  the  rare-ripe. 

1799  WASHINGTON  Writ.  (1893)  XIV.  231  All  that  part.. is 
to  be  planted  with  rare-ripe  corn.  1799  S.  FREEMAN  Tolun 
Officer  162  Onions  for  shipment  in  bunches  shall  weigh  as 
follows,  viz.  rare-ripes  two  and  a  half  Ibs.  1860  O.W.  HOLMES 
Elsie  lr,  (1861)  75  Brunette,  with  a  rareripe  flush  in  her 
cheeks.  1890  LOWELL  Poems  II.  181  President  Lincoln  said 
of  a  precocious  boy  that '  he  was  a  rareripe  '. 

Rareyfy  (re>r/fai),  v.  Obs.  Also  rari-.  [f. 
Karey  (see  def.)  +  -FY.  Prob.  suggested  by  RARE 
FY.]  trans.  To  tame  (animals,  esp.  horses)  by  the 
method  of  Rarey,  a  famous  horse-breaker. 

1858  O.  W.  HOLMES  Ant.  Breakf.-t.  (1883)  198  If  the 
Houyhnhnms  . .  send  a  man-tamer  to  Rareyfy  me.  1892 
Sat.  Rev.  14  May  566/2  A  handsome  bay  mare,  which  she 
has  succeeded  in  '  Rarey-fying  '. 

tBari'ety.  Obs.  [f.  RAKE  a.l,  on  analogy  of 
variety.  Pretty  frequent  in  early  part  of  I /th  c.] 
=  RARITY  (chiefly  in  senses  4  and  5). 

1596  Edward II I,  n.  ii.  sig.  D  4  The  register  of  all  rarieties 
Since  Letherne  Adam,  till  this  youngest  howre.  1611  HEY- 
WOOD  Gold.  Age  in.  Wks.  1874  III.  52  Let  all  raryeties 
Showre  downe  from  heauen  a  lardges.  1636  —  Challenge 
for  Beauty  iv.  Wks.  V.  52  If  any  clyme  Could  yeeld  rarietie 
to  equal!  ours.  1659  FULLER  App.  Inj.  Itinoc.  I.  44  Give  me 
leave  to  record  the  first  Essays  of  this  Pious  Prince,  especially 
they  being  unprinted  rarieties. 

Rarifaction,  -fy :  see  RAREFACTION,  RAKEFY. 

Rarin,  obs.  form  (inf.)  of  ROAR  v. 

Ra-rish,  a.    [f.  RARE  <z.l]     Somewhat  rare. 

1844  TUPTER  Heart  iv.  35  These  instances  are  rarish  too. 

t  Ra-ritive,  a.  nonce-wd.  [Iireg.  f.  RAKE  a.] 
Indicating  rareness  of  occurrence. 

1668  WILKINS  Real  Char.  HI.  vii.  342  The  opposite  to  each 
of  these,  viz.  Desinative  and  Raritive  [words], 

Rarity  (re>riti,  roe-riti).  Also  6-7  -itie,  7 
-ietie,  -iety,  -yet-,  [ad.  L.  rdritas,  f.  rants  RARE  : 
see-WY.  Cf.  F.  nzraV(i5th  c.),  franVc'(i6th  c.). 
On  the  pron.  see  note  to  RAREFY.] 

1 1.  a.  Of  a  number  of  things  or  persons  :  The 
fact  of  being  set  at  wide  intervals.  Oot.  rare. 

1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warres  in.  ii.  78  So  will  it  be  of  no 
force  to  fight,  by  reason  of  their  raritie  &  their  standing, 
t  b.  Of  the  pulse  :  Infrequency.   Obs.  rare. 

1590  BARROUCH  Meth.  Physick  238  The  pulses  do  keepe 
their  natural!  slownesse  and  raritie. 

2.  Of  substances  (now  chiefly  of  air) :  Thinness 
of  composition  or  texture.     (Opposed  to  density?) 

1644  H.  HAMMOND  Pract.  Catecli.  v.  iv.  (1847)  335  Bodies 
..spiritualized  into  a  high  agility,  rarity,  clarity.  1684  tr. 
Bonet's  Merc.  Comfit,  i.  8  Falling  of  the  Hair,  caused  by 
rarity  of  the  skin.  1794  G.  ADAMS  Nat.  ft  Exp.  Philos.  1 1. 
xxi.  404  Though  the  transparency  of  bodies  were  explicable 
on  the  supposition  of  infinite  strength  and  infinite  rarity. 
1834  MRS.  SOMERVILI.E  Connex.  Pliys.  Sc.  §  xvii.  (1849)  164 
The  air,  notwithstanding  its  rarity,  is  capable  of  transmitting 
its  undulations.  1887  R.  L.  STEVENSON  Merry  Men  v.  ii.  224 
An  atmosphere  of  more  than  usual  rarity. 

3.  Relative  fewness  in  number ;  the  fact  of  occur 
ring  seldom  or  in  few  instances. 


reason  of  its  Rarity  [etc.].  1830  D'ISRAELI  C&as.  I,  III.  XL 
243  These  libels,  \yhich  enler  into  our  national  history,  are 
of  the  greatest  rarity.  1856  STANLEY  Sinai  f,  P.il.  vii.  (1858) 
287  Confined  to  rare  and  remote  occasions,  the  more  remark 
able  from  their  very  rarity. 

4.  Unusual    or    exceptional    character,   esp.    in 
respect  of  excellence. 

1601  R.  CHESTER  in  Shaks.  Cent.  Praise  43  A  Poeme  enter- 
laced  with  much  varietie  and  raritie.  1695  W.  W.  Neiu 
Lt.  Chirurg.  Put  out  30  His  Method  of  Cure.  Which  hath 
several  Pieces  of  Rarity  in  it.  1744  HARRIS  Three  Treat,  i. 
(1765)  270  Some  Sample  of  a  Philosophy,  which,  from  its 
Rarity  perhaps,  may  possibly  furnish  some  Amusement. 
1873  SYMONDS  Grk.  Poets  v.  130  Even  Archilochus  seems 
commonplace  when  compared  with  Sappho's  exquisite  rarity 
of  phrase. 

5.  A  rare  or  uncommon  thing,  or  occurrence. 
1592  DEE  Compend.  Rehears.  (Chetham  Soc.)  30  Of  other 

rarities.  .1  will  not  make  here  any  further  rehearsal!.  1635- 
56  Cu\\LW  Davideis  I.  Note  54  But  this  was  a  Raritie  ;  for 
Mallows  are  too  soft  to  be  proper  for  that  use.  1673  RAY 
yourn.  Low  C.  27  A  Museum  well  stortd  with  natural  and 
artificial  Rarities.  1712-3  SWIFT  Jrnl.  to  Stella  l.\i,  It  was 
a  fine  day,  which  is  a  rarity  with  us.  1796  H.  HUNTER  tr. 
St.-Picm's  Stud.  A'at.  (1799)  II.  172  It  had  become  such 
a  rarity  in  his  time  as  hardly  any  where  to  lie  seen.  1821 
BVRON  Juan  iv.  cxv,  The  virtues,  even . .  Charity,  Are  saving 
— vice  spares  nothing  for  a  rarity.  1869  FREEMAN  Xorrn. 
Cong.  (1876)  III.  xii.  232  Milk  was  the  chief  diet  of  the 
people  :  bread  was  a  rarity. 

Rary-show,  obs.  f.  RAREE-SHOW.  Ras,  obs.  f. 
RACE  sl/.i,  RAISE  v.,  obs.  pa.  t.  RISE.  Rasalger, 
var.  RESALGAR  Obs. 

I  Rasaniala  (rasama-la).  [Malay  (Javanese 
etc.)  ras-  or  rasamala.']  A  tall  East  Indian  tree 
(Altiiigia  excelsa  or  Liquidambar  Altingia)  yield 
ing  an  odoriferous  resin.  Also  attrib. 

1817  RAI-FLES  Jara  I.  43  Besides  the  yiisamala,  which  is 
very  limited  as  to  its  place  of  growth,.,  few  odoriferous 
resins  are  found.  1886  C.  R.  MARKIIAM  Perm:  Bark  77 
Covered  with  rasamala  trees  of  immense  size. 

Rasant  (r^'-zant),  a.  Mil.  Also  razaiit. 
Now  rare:  or  Obs.  [a.  F.  rasanl,  pres.  pple.  of 
raj<r>-toRASEz/.l :  seeLittre.  So  also  Pg.  rasante.~\ 
In  fortification  :  Sweeping,  grazing.  (Cf.  quots.) 

1696  PHILLIPS  (ed.  5)  s.v.,  Line  of  defence  Rasant,  so  called, 
because  the  shot  from  thence  only  shaves  but  makes  no 
Breach.  1706  Accomplished  Officer  iv.  36  In  this  Case  you 
must  suppose  razant  Fortifications.  1727-41  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.,  In  fortification,  rasaut  flank,  or  line,  is  that  part 
of  the  curtin,  or  flank,  whence  the  shot  exploded  rase  or 
glance  along  the  face  of  the  opposite  bastion.  1830  E.  S.  N. 
CAMPBELL  Diet.  Milit.  s.v.  Razant. 

Rasaue,  -awe,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  RECEIVE  v.  Ras- 
berry,  Rasboute,  obs.  ff.  RASPBEUHY,  RAJPOOT. 

t Rascabi-lia.  Obs.  rare-1.  In  6  rask-. 
[Humorously  f.  RASCAL.]  collect.  Rascalry,  rascals. 
Hence  -(-Kascabi'lian,  a  rascal.  Obs.~l 

'573  TUSSER  Huso.  11878)  25  Beware  raskabilia,  slothfull 
to  wurkc.  1622  BKETON  Strange  Ncwes  (1879)  6  Their 
names  are  often  recorded  in  a  Court  of  Correction,  where 
the  Register  of  Rogues  makes  no  little  gaine  of  Rasca- 
bilians. 

So  t  Bascabi-lity,  rascality,  rabble.  Obs.-1 

a  1577  SIR  T.  SMITH  Coitimw.  Eng.  (1612)  31  Such  as  be 
exempted  out  of  the  number  of  the  rascability  of  the 
popular,  be  called  and  written  Yeomen. 

Rascal  (rerskal),  sb.  and  a.  Forms  :  4-5  ras- 
kayl,  (4  -kail(l)e,  -kayle,  -keyl,  5  -kell),  5-7 
raskall,  6-;  -kal,  (7  -kale);  4-6  rascaile,  (4  res- 
cail(re,  4-5  rascayl^e,  -caille  (y),  -caly(e),  5-8 
rascail,  (6  -koal,  -seal,  -eald,  -cold(e,  6-7  -ehal, 
7  -cole,  9  dial,  rascat,  -cot),  5-  rascal,  [a.  OF. 
rascaiUe,-caile,  rescaille (\ifac. ;  mod.F.  racaille), 
of  uncertain  origin.] 

A.  sb.  1 1.  collect.  The  rabble  of  an  army  or  of 
the  populace  ;  common  soldiers  or  camp-followers ; 
persons  of  the  lowest  class.  Obs.  exc.  arch. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Citron.  (1810)  276  pe  route  of  rascaile, 
Tille  armes  gan  drawe,  &  dight  bam  to  bataile.  ?  (11400 
Morle  Arth.  2882  The  raskaille  was  rade,  and  rane  to  be 
grefes.  1415  HOCCLEVE  To  Sir  J.  Oldcastle  391  Yee  broken 
meynee,  yee  wrecchid  rascaille.  1523  Lu.  BERNERS  Froiss. 
I.  703  It  is  nat  convenyent  that  such  raskall..sholde  be 
suffred  to  rule  a  countrey.  1553  BRENDE  <?.  Curtius  Ff  iv, 
Such,  as  sometime  were  the  rascal  of  al  their  citie,  and  then 
the  refuse  of  al  the  outlawes.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  13/12 
Y°  Rascail,  rulgus.  [1819  SCOTT  li'atthoe  xl,  A  score  of  such 
rascaille.  .whom  one  good  knight  could  drive  before  him.] 

t  b.  A  rabble  or  mob.  Obs.  rare. 
c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  1536  pat  raskayl 
{iiar.  rescaile]  to  be  schip  al  jod.  c  1470  Hors  Shepe  <y  C. 
(Caxton  1479,  Roxb.  repr.)  32  A  raskall  of  boyes.  A  rafull 
ofknaues.  1532  MORE  Confnt.  Tittdale  Wks.  412/1  Bothe 
Luther  and  he.. and  all  the  rable  of  that  rascaile,  neuer 
cease  to  say  this. 

t  C.  Rubbish,  refuse.     (So  F.  racaille.')  Obs.~" 
c  1440  Promp.  Paru.  424/1  Rascaly,  or  refuse,  where  of 
hyt  \xt..caducum. 

f  2.  One  belonging  to  the  rabble  or  common 
herd ;  a  man  of  low  birth  or  station.  Obs. 

1461-83  llonsch.  Ord.  (1700)  66  That  the  rascals  and 
hangers  upon  thys  courte  be  sought  oute  and  avoyded  from 
every  offyce  monethly.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vn.  326  The 
personys  whiche  entendyd  this  conspiracy,  were  but  of  the 

20-2 


RASCAL. 

rascally*  of  the  cytie.  1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst., 
Table  of  Script.  Quot.,  Hee.  -made  priests  of  the  rascals  of 
the  people.  1593  WYRLEY  Armorie  123  Mean  conquest  is 
it,  base  rascolds  to  subdue.  1674^  BREVINT  Saul  a!  Eniior 
304  Catholics  may  look  on  us  all,  like  so  many  poor  Raskals, 
who  have  none  of  these  Jewels. 

fb.  A  camp-follower.  Olis.  rare. 

1553  ED\V.  VI  Jrnl.  in  Lit.  Ran.  (Roxb.)  II.  420  About 
20,000  footmen,  and  8000  horsmen,  wel  appointed,  besides 
rascalles.  1571  HAMMER  Chron.  ircl.  (1633)  28  They  placed 
their  rascals  on  their  jades,  nagges,  and  labouring  garrons. 

3.  A  low,  mean,  unprincipled  or  dishonest  fellow; 
a  rogue,  knave,  scamp. 

1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  (1625)  44  There  was  no  rake- 
hell,  no  ruffian,  no  knaue,  no  villaine,  no  cogging  raskall, . . 
but  his  hand  was  in  with  him.  1649  SIR  E.  NICHOLAS  m 
N.  Papers  (Camden)  1. 1 54  This  rascall  spake  worse  then  they 
and  more  contemptuously  of  our  late  blessed  king.  1688 
R.  HOLME  Armoury  m.  311/2  The  Whip.,  is  a  Punishment 
inflicted  upon  all  Vagabonds,  Wandering  Beggars  and  Idle 
Rascals.  1709  HF.ARNE  Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  197  That  the 
39  Articles.. is  cut  out  of  y'  Book  by  some  Rascal.  1793 
JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  IV.  20  The  agents  of  the  two  people 
are  either  great  bunglers  or  great  rascals.  1859  W.  COLLINS 
Q  pf Hearts  (1875)  58  Shifty  Dick  and  the  other  rascal  had 
been  caught,  and  were  in  prison. 

b.  Used   without    serious    implication   of  bad 
qualities,  or  as  a  mild  term  of  reproof. 

c  1610  COOKK  Greenes  Tit  Quoque  i\  3  Sweet  Rascall !  if 
your  love  bee  as  earnest  as  your  protestation,  you  will  meete 
me  this  night  at  supper.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  «,  P.  34 
A  set  of  these  Rascals  . .  in  a  Week's  time  with  this  Load 
shall  run  down  their  choicest  Horses.  1712  STEELE  Sped. 
No.  493  r  3,  I  live  in  Taverns;  he  is  an  orderly  sober 
Rascal.  1899  W.  E.  NORRIS  Giles  Ingilby  iv,  You  are  a 
lucky  ra-cal,  and  I  wish.  .1  were  in  your  shoes. 

c.  Applied  to  a  woman  or  girl.  rare. 

1624  FLETCHER  Rule  a  Wife  v.  iv,  Why,  how  dar'st  thou 
[Estifania]  meet  me  again,  thou  rebel,  . .  thou  rascal.  1899 
H.  CLIFFORD  in  Black-.u.  Mag.  No.  1000.  319  What  a  clear 
colour  that  girl  had . .  What  a  lissom  rascal  it  was  ! 

1 4.  collect.  The  young,  lean,  or  inferior  deer  of 
a  herd,  distinguished  from  the  full-grown  antlered 
bucks  or  stags.  Obs. 

1399  LANGL.  Kick.  Rcdelcs  n.  129  So  whanne  joure  haunte- 
Itre  dere  were  all  ytakyn,  Was  non  of  the  rasskayle  aredy 
fTull  growe.  c  1474^  in  Christ  Church  Lett.  (Camden)  26  For 
lak  of  dier  it  [hunting!  must  be  forboren  unto  the  tyme  that 
more  Raskell  may  grow.  1575  TURBERV.  Vencric  73  In 
Januarie  they  leave  bearding  with  rascal  and  accompany 
themselves  three  or  foure  hartes  together.  1607  J.  NORDEN 
Sun'.  Dial.  ill.  114  What  Deere  hath  the  Lord  of  this 
Mannor  in  his  Parke,  red  and  fallow;  how  many  of  Antler, 
and  how  many  rascall. 

\  b.  A  deer  of  this  kind.   06s. 

1522  Warrant  in  Jeayes  Catal.  Berkeley  Charters  (1892) 
206  All  the  male  dear  and  all  other  Rasscalls  except  the 
Hyndes.  1612  DRAYTON  Poly-nib,  xiii.  91  The  Bucks  and 
lusty  Stags  amongst  the  Rascalls  strew'd. 

fig.     1635  B.  JONSON  Staple  of  N.  III.  i,  A  new  park  is 
a-making  there  to  sever  Cuckolds  of  antler  from  the  rascals. 
c.  Similarly  applied  to  other  animals. 

1530  PALSGR.  260/2  Rascall,  refuse  beest,  refits.  1576 
FLEMING  tr.  Cains'  Dogs  42  Some  be  called  fine  dogs,  some 
course,  other  some  mungrels  or  rascalls.  1577  B.  GOOGE 
Heresbach's  Husb.  (1586)  126  b,  When  you  perceiue  yl  she 
is  Horsing,  away  with  the  raskal,  and  put  to  your  stallion. 
1869  Lonsdalc  Gloss.,  Rascal,  a  lean  animal. 

5.  Comb.,  as  rascal-like  adj. 

1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  383  His  opprobrious  speaches, 
and  rascallike  raylinges.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  IV.  ii._49 
If  we  be  English  Deere,  be  then  in  blood,  Not  Rascall-like 
to  fall  downe  with  a  pinch. 

B.  adj.  1.  Belonging  to,  or  forming,  the  rabble: 
cf.  A.  i.     (Common  c  1530-1650,  esp.   in   rascal 
people  or  sort.)     Also  rarely,  rascally,  knavish. 

CI430  Life  St.  Kath.  (Gibbs  MS.)  81  O  how  blessed  schal 
1  ban  be  whan  be  folye  of  be  rascayl  puple  schal  worschepe 
me.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Mark  i.  n  He  that 
purifieth  al  thinges,  came  as  one  of  the  raskall  sort.  1581 
SAVILE  Tacitus,  Hist.  i.  xxx,  Yet  for  your  own  interest  pro- 
uide,  that  the  raskallest  sort  be  no  Emperour-makers.  1667 
POOLE  Dial.  betw.  Protest,  ft  Papist  U735)  93  Those  Cor 
poral  Pains,  which  the  Rascal- Herd  must  suffer  without 
Bail  or  Main-prise.  1681  DRYIJEN  Abs.  #  Acliit.  579  Nor 
shall  the  Rascal  Rabble  here  have  Peace.  1819  SCOTT 
Ivanhoe  xxvii,  We  shall  have  need  of  their  aid  to-day  before 
yon  rascal  rout  disband.  Ibid.  Marshalling  the  farther 
troop  of  the  rascaille  yeomen.  1878  TENNYSON  Q.  Mary  n.  ii, 
To.. yield  Full  scope  to  persons  rascal  and  forlorn. 
fb.  Common,  private  (soldiers).  06s. 

1578  GOI.DING  Justin  xm.  74  Ptolomy,  whome  Alexander 
for  his  manhode  and  valiauntnesse  had  promoted  from  a 
raskal  [1570  common]  souldioure.  1581  MARBECK  Bk.  of 
Notes  169  Achab  . .  would  not  be  knowne  to  be  the  king, 
but  bee  counted  a  rascall  souldier. 

C.  Pertaining  or  appropriate  to  (f  the  rabble,  or) 
rascals.     =  RASCALLY  3. 

1566  T.  STAPLETON  Ret.  Untr.  Jewel  in.  121  No  sadde 
writinge,  but  a  rascal  wrangling.  1618  WITHER  Motto, Ncc 
cares  in  Juvenilia  (1633)  531  The  Rascall  humours  of  the 
vaine  And  giddy  multitude.  1867  HOWELLS  Hal.  Joitrn. 
162  In  the  rascal  streets  in  the  neighborhood.  1804  F.  S. 
ELLIS  Reynard  Fox  203  A  holy  life  I'm  always  choosing, 
But  rascal  ways  find  more  amusing. 

t  2.  Wretched,  mean,  etc.    =  RASCALLY  4.   Obs. 

1585  GOLDING  Pomponius  Mela  (1590)  54  It  is  but  a  rascall 
bancke  all  stonie.  1613  T.  JAMES  Corrujtt.  Scripture  I.  55 
Such  rude,  rascall  and  foolish  stuflfe,  in  steed  of  manie 
learned  Treatises,  a  1639  WOTTON  in  Reify.  (1685)  652  The 
streight  and  rascal  Dyet  of  that  Town  in  Lent.  1748  H. 
WALTOLK  Lett.  (1846)  II.  211  On  what  rascal  foundations 
were  built  all  the  pretences  to  virtue  which  were  set  up  in 
opposition  to  him. 

f  3.  Of  deer  :  (see  A.  4).     Also/^.    Obs. 


156 

1602  2nd  Pt.  Return  fr.  Parnass.  11.  v.  882,  I  causd  the    f 
Keeper  to  seuer  the  rascall  Deere,  from  the  Buckes  of  the    j 
first  head.     1653  WALTON  Angler  i.  15  How  will  a  right 
Greyhound  fix  his  eye  on  the  best  Buck  in  a  herd.. and    I 
follow  him  and  him  only  through  a  whole  herd  of  rascal    • 
game.     1664  ETHEREDGE  Comical  Rctiengc  v.  iii,  Lest  some 
old  woodman  drop  in  by  chance  and  discover  thou  art  but  a 
rascal  deer. 

fb.  Similarly  of  other  animals  (cf.  A.  4  c).  Obs. 

1576  FLEMING  tr.  Caiui'  Dogs  34  Curres  of  the  Mungrell 
and  Rascall  sort.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trail.  185 
Laying  some  raschal  sheep  or  goat  for  a  bait. 

t  C.  Applied  to  all  beasts  other  than  those  of 
chase.  Obs.  rare.  (Perh.  intended  as  sb.) 

1486  Bi.  St.  Albans  Ej,  Other  beestys  all,  Where  so  ye 
hem  fynde  Rascall  ye  shall  hem  call. 

t  Ra-scal,  v.  Obs.  [f.  the  sb.]  trans.  To  call 
(one)  rascal. 

1598  T.  M.  Scruiugmaus  Com/.  (1868)  162  What  cares  a 
Gentleman  now  adayes  to  knaue  and  rascall  his  Man  at 
euery  worde  ?  1683  T.  HUNT  Def.  Charter  Land.  25  The 
Poet  hath  undertaken  for  their  being  kicked,  .about  the 
Stage  to  the  Gallows,  infamously  rogued  and  rascalled. 

Rascaldom  (rcrskaldam).     [f.  RASCAL  sb.] 

1.  The  world  or  body  of  rascals. 

1837  CARLVLE  Diamond  Necklace  viii,  He  has  much  the 
stature  of  Villette,  denizen  of  Rascaldom.  1860  Athenxum 
8  Sept.  313  The  last  Duke  of  Queensbury,  whose  death 
gave  such  regret  to  rascaldom. 

2.  Rascally  conduct ;  a  rascally  act. 

1862  THACKERAY  Philip  xi,  He  might  be  transported  for 
forgery  or  some  other  rascaldom.  1879  TROLLOPE  in  igM 
Cent.  Jan.  35,  I  will  not  say  that  Barry  Lyndon's  career  has 
deterred  many  from  rascaldom. 

fRa-scaldry.  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  rask-.  [f. 
rascald  RASCAL  sb.  +  -BY.]  a.  =  RASCAL  sb.  i. 
b.  The  character  or  condition  of  a  rascal  (in 
sense  2). 

1470  HAKDYNG  Citron.  Pref.  p.  iii,  Knyghtes,  squyers,  and 
chosen  yomanry,  And  archers  fyne  wlthouten  Raskaldry. 
1 1600  BRETON  Pasqmts  Fooles-caffc  B  iv  b,  So  base  a 
rascaldry  As  is  too  farre  from  thought  of  Chyualry. 

t  Ra'scaless.     nonce-wd.     A  female  rascal. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  I.  x.xxi.  221  Then  shall 
I  have  all  the  rascals  and  rascalesses  of  the  family  come 
creeping  to  me. 

Ra  scalism.  [f.  RASCAL  sb.  +  -ISM.]  The 
character  or  practices  of  a  rascal. 

1837  CAHLYLE  Diamond  Necklace  xiv,  A  tall  ^handsome 
man.. with  a  look  of  troubled  gaiety  and  rascalism.  1896 
Daily  News  13  Apr.  6/1  For  unmitigated  rascalism ..  recom 
mend  us  to  Mr.  Gordon. 

Rascality  (ruskse-liti).  Also  6-7  rask-.  [f. 
RASCAL  sb.  +  -ITY.] 

1.  The  rabble  ;  the  class  of  rascals.  =  RASCAL 
sb.  I.  (Common  c  1600-1710.) 

31577  SIR  T.  SMITH  Comimu.  Eng.  (1633)  6  The  usurping 
of  the  rascalitie  can  never  long  endure.  1652-62  HEVI.IN 
Casmogr.  u.  (1682)  156  The  Chief  Heads  of  their  Clans,  with 
all  the  several  Rascalities  depending  on  them.  1703  VAN- 
BRUGH  Confederacy  i.  iii,  I  love  your  men  of  rank,  they  have 


1875  JOWF.TT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  141  You  would,  .long  to  revisit 
the  rascality  of  this  part  of  the  world. 

2.  Rascally  character  or  conduct ;  a  rascally  act 
or  practice. 

1592  G.  HARVEY  Four  Lett.  46  The  thinges  are  paltry :  and 
the  very  names  sauour  of  rascallity.  1691  VVooo  Allt.  Oxon. 
II.  367  He  was  for  that  and  other  rascallities  imprison'd  at 
Coventry.  1825  CODBET  Rur.  Rides  30  It  presents  to  us 
nothing  of  rascality,  and  roguishness  of  look.  1875  JOWETT 
j  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  304  Frauds  between  man  and  man,  and 
the  other  rascalities. 

tRa-sealler.  Obs.  rare-1.    One  of  the  rabble. 

ciSoo  Cocke  Lorell's  B.  13  With  this  man  was  a  lusty 
company,  For  all  raskyllers  fro  them  they  dyde  trye. 

Rascallioil  (raskavlian).  Also  S  -calion. 
[?  f.  RASCAL  with  fanciful  ending  ;  cf.  rampallion. 
A  later  (now  more  usual)  form  is  RAPSCALLION.] 
A  low  mean  wretch  or  rascal. 

1649  Pol.  Ballads  (ed.  Wilkins,  1860)  I.  82  To  spend  our 
dearest  bloods  to  make  rascallions  flee.  1771  SMOLLETT 
Humph.  Cl.  20  Apr.  ii,  I  must  desire  you  will  wink  hard  at 
the  practices  of  this  rascallion.  1836  SCOTT  ll'oodst.  v,  I  saw 
two  rascallions  engaged  in  emptying  a  solemn  stoup  of  strong 
water.  1885  LADY  BRASSEY  The  Trades  300  Now,  master 
rascallion  of  a  wrecker  [etc.]. 

Rascally  (rorskali),  a.  Also  6-7  rask-.  [f. 
RASCAL  sb.  +  -LY  i.] 

•fl.  Forming  one  or  part  of  the  rabble  or  com 
mon  sort.  Obs.  =  RASCAL  a.  i. 

1643  J.  EATON  Honey-c.  Free  Justif.  47  Like  rascally 
souldiers.  1661  PEPYS  Diary  15  Sept.,  There  was  none  of 
any  quality,  but  poor  and  rascally  people.  1687  A.  LOVELL 
tr.  The-seno?  s  Trav.  in.  43  All  the  drudges  and  rascally 
People  which  Courts  and  Armies  commonly  draw  after  them. 

t  b.  Poor,  worthless.  Obs.     =  RASCAL  a.  2. 

1600  SURFLET  Countrie  Farme  III.  xviii.  462  All  the  small 
and  rascallie  sort  of  fruit  which  you  shall  find  vpon  them. 

2.  Low,  mean,  or  unprincipled  in  character  or 
conduct;  knavish. 

1598  SHAKS.  Merry  W.  n.  ii.  276  At  that  time  the  iealious- 
rascally-knaue  her  husband  will  be  forth.  1683  Lond.  Caz. 
No.  1688/4  Some  rascally  Boys  (whom  we  call  here  Coal 
stealers).  1753  HUME  Pol.  Disc.  x.  188  Our  common  soldiers 
are  such  a  low  rascally  set  of  people.  1816  SCOTT  Anti</., 
I  have  so  often  warned  you  of  the  knavery  of  that  rascally 
quack.  1887  Spectator  5  Nov.  1496  The  mock-marriage 
effected  with  the  connivance  of  a  rascally  valet. 


RASE. 

3.  Appropriate  to  a  rascal  or  rascals. 

1596  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man  in  Hmn.  \.  iii,  These  same 
abominable,  vile,. .  rascally  verses,  a  1677  BARROW  Serm. 
WHS.  1716  I.  276  As  it  is  a  raskally  delight,  .which  men  feel 
in  wreaking  spite.  1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss. 
(1708)  20  By  a  rascally  Recommendation  to  the  Board,  he 
endeavours  to  reward  him  at  the  publick  Cost.  1818  SCOTT 
Rod  Roy  viii,  A  rascally  calumny,  which  I  was  determined 
to  probe  to  the  bottom.  1862  MRS.  H.  WOOD  Mrs.  Hallib. 
Troub.  i.  xvii.  94  This  is  not  the  first  time  he  has  attempted 
a  rascally  action  under  cover  of  my  name. 

4.  Wretched,  miserable,  mean. 

1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $  Cr.  v.  iii.  101  A  whorson  rascally  tisicke 
so  troubles  me . .  that  [etc.].  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's 
Trav.  375  At  the  foot  of  these  Mountains  there  are  some 
rascally  Innes.  1728  MORGAN  Hist.  Algiers  I.  Pref.  18,  lam 
unpardonable  in  quoting  noble  Greek  authors  from  rascally 
Translations.  1830  COBBETT  Rur.  Rides  (1885)  II.  337  A 
rascally  heap  of  sand  and  rock,  and  swamp,  called  Prince 
Edward's  Island.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Ccl.  Reformer 
(1891)  317  If  we  rescue  the  cattle  we  can  be  summoned. .all 
the  way  to  that  rascally  hole  of  a  township. 

Conit.  1821  COBBETT  Rur.  Rides  (1885)  I.  =i  A  more 
rascally  looking  place  I  never  set  my  eyes  on. 

So  Ba-scally  adv.,  in  a  rascally  manner. 

1627  E.  F.  Hist.  Edw.  II  (1680)  128  A  garment  ..  tatter'd 
rascally.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones\\u.  iii,  You  have  used 
me  rascally,  and  I  will  not  pay  you  a  farthing.  1834  .Murder 
Mr.  Weare  225  They  two  have  used  me  rascally. 

Ra'scalment.  nonce-wJ.     —  RASCALBY. 

1833  f'raser's  Mag.  V.  118  The  pickpockets  of  Covent 
Garden,,  .the  blackguards  of  Barbican, .  .or  the  rascalment 
in  general. 

Rascalry  (ra-skalri).  [f.  RASCAL  sb.  +  -BY. 
Cf.  RASCALDBY.]  =  RASCALITY. 

1833  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1856)  IV.  296  All  the  loose  rabble 
from  the  surrounding  towns  and . .  our  own  rascalry.  1868 
DORAS  Saints  f,  Sin.  I.  107  When  Latimer  was  preaching 
before  young  Edward  on  rascalry  in  high  places. 

Ra-scalship.  [f.  RASCAL  sb.  +  -SHIP.]  The 
condition  of  being  a  rascal ;  used  as  a  mock  title. 

1639  W.  CAUTWRIGHT  Royall Stave  i.  i,  What's  thy  Raskal- 
ship's  pleasure.  iSgsT.  BROWN  in  Higden  Wary  Widdow  a, 
I'll  live  to  see  your  Rascalship  interrd. 

Rasch(e,  obs.  forms  of  RASH. 

Rasch-,  Rasckolnik :  see  RASKOLNIK. 

Rascle,  variant  of  RASKLE  v.  Obs. 

t  Rase,  J*.1  Obs.    [f.  RASE  z<.i] 

1.  The  act  of  scraping  or  scratching ;  the  fact  of 
being  scratched  or  cut. 

1530  PALSGR.  261/1  Rase,  a  scrapyng,  rasure.  1628  GAULE 
Pract.  The.  (1629)  266  The  rase  of  whose  skinne.  .was  more 
then  the  torment  of  their  wretched  Bodyes. 

2.  A  scratch,  cut,  slit.    =RACE  sb.3 

1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch  (1676)  739  Onely  a  little  rase  or 
scratch  seen,  as  it  were  of  a  bodkin  or  penknife.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  499  All  the  hacks,  cuts,  gashes,  and 
rases  all  ouer  the  body.  1677  MOXON  Mcch.  Exerc.  No.  2. 
17  Set  the  edge  of  it  upon  that  Mark  or  Rase. 

tRaae,  sb2  Obs.  rare—0,  [a.  OF.  rase '  mesure 
:  rase'  (see  Godef.),  fern,  of  ras,  ad.  L.  rasus:  see 
,  next.]  Struck  measure. 

1691  BLOUNT  Law  Diet.  (ed.  2)  s.v.,  Toll  shall  be  taken  by 
the  Rase,  and  not  by  the  Heap  or  Cantel. 

Rase  (r<.Tiz),  v.1  Also  5  Sc.  rass-.  [a.  F.  raser 
=  Sp.,  Pg.  rasar,  It.  rasare  :— pop.  L.  *rasdre, 
{.  ras-  ppl.  stem  of  radere  to  scrape,  etc.  See  also 
RACE  i/.a,  RAISE  v.-,  RAZE  v.'] 

fl.  trans.  To  scratch  or  tear  with  something 
sharp;  to  cut,  slit,  or  slash  (esp.  the  skin  or  cloth 
ing).  Obs.  (Common  c  1 400- 1 700.) 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  8519  Andromoca . .  Rasit  [printed  rafit] 

I    be  red  chekis  roidly  with  bond.    £1440  Partonope  2108 

I    Partanopes  cote  Was  foule  rasyd  and  eke  I-rent.     1533 

ELYOT  Cast.  Helthe  iv.  ii.  (1541)  78  b,  Yf  the  reuine  be  sharp 

it  raseth  the  inner  skinne  of  the  throte.    1583  STUBBES^«<Z/. 

I    Abus.  n.  (1882)  37  They  must  be  stitched  finelie,  pincked, 

cutte,  karued,  rased,  nickt,  and  I  cannot  tell  what.     1633 

T.  STAFFORD   Pac.   Hid.   u.   xxi.  (1821)  420  Sir  William 

Godolphin  a  little  rased  on  the  thigh  with  a  Halbert.    1665- 

76  RF.A  Flora  18  Rase  or  cut  the  bottoms  of  your  roots. 

1714  GAY  Trivia  u.  244  Wheels,  .rase  with  whiten  d  Tracks 

the  slipp'ry  tide. 

f  b.  intr.  To  slash ;  to  make  way  or  penetrate  ; 
to  make  an  incised  mark.   Obs. 


that  rased  to  his  Skull.    1677  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  No.  2. 
17  You  mark  the  out-lines  . .  either  with  Chalk,  or  else  rase 
upon  the  Plate  with  the  corner  of  the  Cold-Chissel. 
c.  trans.  To  incise  (a  mark  or  line). 
1815  BURNEY  Falconer's  Diet.  Mar.  s.v.  Rasing-knifc,  A 
small  edged  tool . .  used  for  rasing  particular  marks  on  timber 
:    [etc.].   iaj3l'HF.MU.E  Naval ArcAit.%  39  This  inside  line  is 
j    rased  or  scratched  in. 

2.  To  remove  by  scraping  or  rasping.  Const, 
with  advbs.  as  away,  forth,  off,  out,  or  preps,  as 
from,  off,  out  of.  Somewhat  rare  in  literal  sense. 

1388  WYCLIF  Wisd.  xiii.  u  A  carpenter,  hewith  doun  . . 
a  streijt  tre,  and  rasith  awei  perfitli  al  the  riynde  therof. 
—  Ezek.  xxvi.  41  Y  schal  rase  the  dust  therof  fro  it.  c  1420 
Pallad.  on  Husb.  xl.  236  Yf  a  tender  tree  Me  kitte  ..  and 
with  an  yron  se  The  mary  rased  out.  a  1600  HOOKER  Eccl. 
Pol.  vii.  xvi.  §  5  All  standing  superiority  amongst  persons 
ecclesiastical  these  men  would  rase  off  with  the  edge  of  his 
speech.  1869  GOULBURN  Purs.  Holiness  ii.  13  Nothing 
which  occurs  in  after-life  can  rase  the  seal  off  the  bond  of 
their  Baptism. 

b.  esp.  To  remove  (something  written)  in  this 
|   way  ;  to  erase.     Cf.  3.     (Chiefly  16-1 7th  c.) 


BASE. 

1388  WYCLIF  Pref,  Epist.  ix.  76/2  Whanne  he  scrapide  or 
rasitle  awey  ony  waast  writyng.  1486  Bk.  S/,  Albans, 
D  ij  b,  The  colouris  be  rasit  owt  as  0011  coloure  in  rasyng 
ware  take  awayfrom  an  othir.  1523  SniiLiONOar/.  Laurel 
72  Out  of  my  bookis  full  sone  I  shulde  hym  rase.  1571 
DlQGU  Paiitom.  i.  xxxv.  Liij,  Drawen  with  black  lead,  .. 
that  you  maye  easely  put  oute  or  rase  awaye.  1600  HOL 
LAND  Livy  vii.  xli.  2^9  No  .soldiors  name  once  entred  into 
the  muster-master  his  booke,  should  be  rased  out  again.tt 
his  will.  1658  URAMIIALL  Cotisecr.  Bps.\\.  148  Unlesse  you 
can  rase  these  words,  .out  of  the  Statute.  1859  KINGSLEY 
Altsc.  (1860)  I.  277  Let  those  too  idolized  names  be  rased 
henceforth  from  the  Calendar. 

c.  transf.  andyf^.  (chiefly  from  bl. 

1388  WYCLIF  Jer.  xi.  19  Sende  we  a  tre  In  to  the  brede  of 
hym,  and  rase  we  hym  awei  fro  the  lond  of  lyueris.  1560 
tr.  Calvin's  Foure  Serin,  N  viii,  Thei  which  did  wishe  it 
[the  church]  vtterly  rased  out  and  destroyed.  1581-2  in  W. 
H.  TURNER  Select  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  419  Hoping*:  . .  w't 
goode  behavioure  to  rase  owt  of  memorie  this  my  ..  dis- 
credite.  1606  G.  W[OOLH:OCKE]  Hist.  Ivstinc  xxm.  85  They 
had.,rast  fortli  the  record  of  their  habitation  in  Italy.  1677 
CALK  Crt.  Gentiles  \\.  223  That  which  the  most  profligate 
men  cannot  rase  out  of  their  souls.  1726  DE  FOE  Hist, 
Devil  I.  x.  (1840)  142  The  Devil  did  not  immediately  rase 
out  the  notion  of  religion.  1748  SHENSTONE  Ode  to  Memory 
41  Oh  from  my  breast  that  season  rase,  a  i8za  SHELLEY 
Fiordispina  13  From  the  catalogue  of  sins  Nature  had  rased 
their  love. 

3.  (Without  const.)  To  erase,  obliterate  (writing), 
orig.  by  scraping  with  a  knife.  (Freq.  in  iG-iyth  c., 
now  rare  or  Obs.) 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  21  Lich  to  the  bok  in  which  is  rased 
The  lettre,  and  mai  nothing  be  rad.  1508  FISHEK  7  PC  nit. 
Ps.  li.  Wks.  (1876)  101  In  lyke  maner  as  lettres  be  done 
awaye  whan  they  be  rased.  1669  MARVELL  Let.  to  Mayor 
of  Hull  Wks.  I.  135  To  rase  all  records  in  their  journals  of 
that  matter,  that  all  memory  thereof  might  be  extinguish,!. 
1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  v.  514  As  the  tide  rushing  rases  what 
is  writ  In  yielding  sands. 

fig,  1401  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  92  He  is  callid  an  here- 
tike  that  rasith  cure  bileve. 

f4.  To  scrape  (a  thing)  so  as  to  remove  some 
thing  from  its  surface ;  also,  to  scrape  down  into 
small  particles.  Obs. 

1388  WYCLIF  i  Kings  vii.  28  Thilke  werk  of  foundementis 
was  raside  betwixe.  c  1400  Beryn  2936  Hanybald .  .be-held 
his  contenaunce,  &  ho  we  he  was  I-rasid.  1508  FISHER 
7  Penit.  Ps.  li.  Wks.  (1876)  98  If  a  table  be  foule  and  fylthy 
of  a  longe  contynuaunce,  fyrst  we  rase  it,  after  whan  it  is 
rased  we  wasshe  it.  1561  HOLLYBUSH  Hom.Apoth.  34  The 
small  guttes  are  nearehande  rased  and  gnawen  through. 
1572  BULLEYN  Def.agst.  Sickness,  Dial.  Soarnes  fy  Chir.  45 
Whyte  Guaicum  rased  and  put  in  avessell.  1621  B.JONSON 
Gipsies  3fefatti.il.  in  You  are  . .  A  table  so  smooth,  and  so 
newly  ras'te.  1743  [see  RASED///,  a.]. 

fb.  To  alter  (a  writing)  by  erasure.   Obs. 

1429  Sc.  Acts  Jos.  /,  II.  17/2  Swa  bat  bai  halde  be  forme 
of  the  breif .,  &  be  nocht  rasit  na  blobit  in  suspect  place. 
1460  CAFGKAVE  Chron.  86  He  found  it  [the  epistle]  rased 
and  amended.  1570  FOXE  A.  <y  M.  3000  He  did  find  in 
many  places . .  theliook  rased  with  a  Pen  by  the  said  Wolsey. 
1654  Burton's  Diary  (1828)  I.  184  The  same  was,  in  divers 
places,  rased,  interlined,  and  half  of  one  of  the  sheets  cut 
off.  1607  View  renal  Laius  308  Counterfeiting  Rasing 
or  Falsifying  any  Cocquet  Certificate.  1703  [see  RASED 
ppl.  a.]. 

t  C.  To  shave  (a  person).  Obs.  rare. 

1580  LYLY  Enphnes  (Arb.)  381  When  a  rasor  cannot  rase 
thee.  1674  CUNNINGHAM  OF  CRAIGENDS  Diary  2  June 
(S.  H.  S.)  37  To  a  barber  for  rasing  me. 

5.  To  demolish,  to  level  with  the  ground ;  to 
HAZE.  Now  rare,  (f  Also  with  «/.) 

1537  Lett.  Suppression  Monasteries  (Camden)  165  As 
concerning^  the  rasing  and  takyn  down  the  howse. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidancs  Coinin.  288  That  all  suche 
Castells  and  fortes  as  he  hath,  ..  he  shall  rase  them  down  to 
the  grounde.  1597  HEARD  Theatre  God's  Jndgein.  (1612) 
352  A  certain  Sirian . .  pulled  downe  castles,  rased  vp  townes, 
and  destroyed  eueriewhere.  a  1680  BUTLER  Rein.  (1759)  I. 
302  They.. rased  the  noblest  Structures  in  the  Land,  to  sell 
the  Materials.  1769  ROBERTSON  C/ias.  K,  XL  Wks.  1813  III. 
286  Charles  ordered  not  only  the  fortifications  but  the  town 
to  be  rased.  1867  LADY  HERBERT  OW/£  L.  vi.  158  Ibrahim 
Pasha.. rased  their  houses  to  the  ground. 

transf.  1676  HALK  Contempt,  i.  255  A  disease  . .  that  will 
suddenly  pull  down  thy  Strength,  and  rase  thy  Beauty. 

t 6.  To  scrape  in  passing  ;  to  graze.   Obs. 

1609  HOLLAND  A  mm,  Marcell.  33  Rhene ..  rasing  as  it 
goes  the  high  bankes  . .  entreth  into  a  round  and  vast  lake. 
1786  tr.  Beckfonfs  Vathek  (1868)  59  Sometimes  his  feet 
rased  the  surface  of  the  water. 

fb.  So  into*.  Const,  on,  upon,  unto.   Obs. 

ISSS  EDEN  Decades  15  The  keele  of  the  shyps  sumtyme 
rased  on  the  sandes.  Ibid.  58  The  capitaynes  of  the  brigan- 
tines  who  had  rased  nere  vnto  the  coastes.  1733  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  Supp.  s.v.,  To  rase  or  glance  upon  the  ground  . .  is  to 
gallop  near  the  ground,  as  our  English  horses  do. 

t7.  To  strike  off  (corn,  etc.)  at  the  level  of  the    | 
measure.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1495  Act  it  Ilcn.  VU ',  c.  4  §  a  Be  it  also  enacted,  that 
ther  b*  but  only  viij.  busshelles  rased  and  streken  to  the 
quarter  of  Corne. 

t  Rase,  v.v  Obs.  Also  5  ras(s,  raase,  6  Sc. 
raise.  [Variant  of  RACK  z;.*,  perh.  influenced  by 
prec.]  trans.  To  pull  or  pluck. 

1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  in.  134  Him  gan  he  ras  Fra  be-hynd 
hym.  1422  tr.  Set  rcta  Secret. ,  Priv.  Priv.  164  Raase  ham 
all  out  of  rote,  as  the  good  gardyner  dothe  the  nettylle. 
1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x.  Ixiv,  Syr  Palomydes.  .rassyd  of 
his  hdme  from  his  hede.  a  1533  LD.  BERNKRS  Hnon  xliii. 
145,  I  shall  neuer  haue  ioy  at  my  herte  tyll  I  haue  rased 
(1601 ,  torne]  his  herte  out  of  his  body.  1594  SHAKS.  Ric //.///, 
in.  ii.  11  He  dreamt,  the  Bure  had  rasud  off  his  Helme. 


157 

i  Rase,  f.a  Obs.  Also  6  raze.  [-(M)Du. 
razen,  (M)LG.  rasen  (hence  G.  rasen^  Da.  rase, 
Sw.  rasa)  to  rage;  also  of  dogs,  to  be  rabid.] 
intr.  To  be  furious,  to  rage  ;  csp.  of  dogs,  to  growl 
or  bark  in  rage. 

13. .  Coer  de  L.  3633  Saladyn  began  to  rase  for  yre.  c  1440 
Prowp.  Pan1.  424/1  Rasyn,as  hondys,  ringo.  1513  DOUGLAS 
sEncis  ix.  ii.  69  [The  wolf]  Rasys  in  ire,  for  the  wod  hungris 
list.  1567  GOLDING  Ovid's  Met.  xiv.  (1593)  334  The  stones 
did  seeme  To  rore  and  bellow  hoarse:  and  dogs  to  houle 
and  raze  extreeme. 

fRase,  v*  Obs.  rare.  [a.  ON.  rasa  to  rush 
headlong.]  intr.  To  run  quickly,  to  rush. 

13..  Gait}.  iV  Gr.  Knt.  1461  pen,  brayn-wod  for  bate,  on 
burnez  he  [the  boar]  rasez.  1390  GOWEK  Conf.  II.  264  Thries 
sche  began  to  rase  Aboute  Eson. 

tRase,  z>.->  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  rase  RACK  sb$] 
intr.  To  extend  as  a  streak. 

1686  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2142/4  A  black  brown  Nag,,  .a  large 
Star  in  the  Forehead  rasing  downwards. 

Rase,  obs.  f.  RACE  sb,,  obs.  f.  RAISE  v,t  var. 
KKSE,  obs.  pa.  t.  RISE  v. 
Rased  O7lzd),  ///.  a.     [f.  RASE  t/.i  +  -KDi.] 

Cut,  scraped,  altered  by  erasure,  demolished,  etc. 

1555  EDEN  Decades  51  Rased  orvnpaynted  tables  are  aple 
to  receaue  what  formes  soo  euer  are  fyrst  drawen  theron. 
1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1638)  125  The  stones  and  rub- 
bldge  left  of  the  rased  city.  1703  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  3897/4 
Having,  by  a  Rased  Note,  defrauded  the  Bank  of  8o/. 
1743  Lond.  <y  Country  Brewer  in.  (ed.  2)  230  An  Ounce  of 
rased  Ginger, 

t  b.  Of  cloth  :  (cf.  RAISED///.  a.~).  Obs,  rartr~l. 

The  precise  sense  is  not  quite  clear :  the  Du.  original  has 
gheperst  en  gh efignreert  Satijn. 

1598  W.  PHILLIPS  tr.  Linschoten's  I'oy.  i.  xli.  75  Some  . . 
haue  all  their  bodies  rased  and  j-eared  with  irons,  and  al 
figured  like  rased  Sattin  or  Damaske. 

t  Rasedhead.  Obs.  rare—1.  In  5  rasydhede. 
[?  f.  RASE  z/.3]  Rage,  fury. 

c  1440  Jacob's  Well  207  pey  \>M.  haue  ..  in  rasydhede,  or 
malyce,  or  in  wodehed,  don  harme  or  waste. 

Rasee,  variant  of  RAZEE. 

t  Ra-sely,  aiiv.  Obs.  rare"1.  [?  f .  RASE  v,'<>] 
?  Fiercely,  angrily. 

c  1440  York  My st.  xlvi.  60  pei  rasid  hym  on  rode  als  full 
rasely  |?ei  rugged  hym. 

t  Ra'seil.  Obs.  Forms  :  i  raesn,  4,  7  rasen, 
6  rai-,  raysin,  8  raison.  See  also  REASON  sb.- 
[OK.  rsesn,  of  obscure  origin.]  —  RAISING-PIECE. 

a  1000  l-'oc.  in  Wr.  -  Will  eke  r  280/7  Lag  near,  raesn.  c  1000 
>ELFRIC  Grain,  ix.  (Z.)  43  Assert  raisn.  1338  in  Parker 
Gloss.  Arckit.  (1850)  1.380  Item  in  vj  peciis  meremii  emptis 
pro  rasens  ad  eandem  domum.  1577  HARRISON  England  n. 
x[iij.  in  Holinshcd  84  b,  To  vse  no  studdes  at  all,  but  onlie 
.  .raysines, . .  groundselles,  . .  transomes,  and  vpright  princi- 
palles.  1674-91  RAY  -V.  C.  Words  s.v.  /'««,  Pan  . .  is  that 
piece  of  wood  that  lies  upon  the  top  of  the  stone  wall,  ..  to 
-  which  the  bottom  of  the  spars  are  fastned  :  in  timber  build 
ings  in  the  South  it  is  called  the  rasett,  or  resen^  or  resetting. 
1703  T.  N.  City  ff  C.  Purchaser  30  Tennons  are  . .  made 
on  the  Posts  to  go  into  the  Raisons.  Ibid.  31  The  vacant 
space  betwixt  the  Raison  and  the  Roof. 

Rasen,  obs.  form  of  RAISE  z».,  RAISIN. 

tRa'Ser1.  Obs.  Also  6  ras-,  razier(e.  [a. 
OF.  (now  dial.)  raster^  -ere  (i3th  c.  in  Godef.) : 
see  also  RASUUE-.]  A  dry  measure  containing  about 
four  bushels. 

1491  CAXTON  lottos  Pair.  (W.  de  W.  1495^  I.  cxiv.  137  b/2 
One  of  the  shyppes  . .  he  made  be  fylled  wyth  ten  thousande 
rasers  of  whete.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanes  Coinin.  398  [To] 
offer  as  many  rasers  of  Otes,  as  thei  did  before  of  wheate. 
1583  STOCKER  Civ.  Warres  LOT.UC  C.  in.  89  b,  70  last  of 
corne,  which  are  1625  razieres. 

Raiser  ^,  rare.     [f.  RASE  z/.l]     One  who  rases. 

iSSi^NowELL  &  DAY  in  Confer,  i.  (1584)  D  iij  b,  Master 
Campion,  in  his  printed  booke,  hath  charged  vs  as  rasers, 
manglers  and  spoylers  of  the  holy  Scriptures. 

Raser,  obs.  form  of  RAZOR. 

Rash,  $bl  Sc.  Also  5-6  (9)  rasch,  6  rasche. 
[f.  RASH  z>.l]  a.  A  crash  or  clash,  b.  A  plashing 
shower  of  rain. 

c  1470  Gol.  $  Gaw.  914  The  rochis  reirdit  vith  the  rasch, 
quhen  thai  samyne  rane.  1513  DOUGLAS  /Ends  ix.  xii.  60 
Of  his  huge  wecht,  fell  wyth  a  rasche,  The  erd  dyndlyt. 
Ibid.  xn.  xii.  74  For  gret  raschis  all  the  hevynnis  rang. 
1808  JAMIESON,  Rasch  Is  still  used  for  a  sudden  fall.  1824 
MACTAGGABT  Gallayid,  Encyct.  s.v.,  Rash  also  means  a  fall 
of  rain,  attended  with  wind. 

Rash,  i.rsej'),  sb£  Now  only  Hist.  Also6rashe. 
[  =  Du.  and  LG.  ras,  G.  rasck,  Da.  and  Sw.  rask ; 
ad.  F.  ras  (i6th  c.)  =  Sp.,  It.  raso,  silk,  satin,  or 
fine  serge,  sb.  use  of  the  adj.  corresp.  to  L.  rasus 
scraped,  shaven,  smooth:  see  RASE  z^.l 

The  origin  of  the  -s/t,  -sc/t,  -sk  in  the  Eng^,  Germ.,  and 
Scand.  forms  is  not  clear.  There  is  no  evidence  of  any 
connexion  with  It.  rastia  coarse  woollen  cloth  (which 
Florio,  app.  in  error,  explains  as  '  rash  ')  or  with  ARRAS, 
which  has  been  suggested  as  the  ultimate  etym.] 

A  smooth  textile  fabric  made  of  silk  (silk  rash\ 
or  worsted  (cloth  ras/i}. 

1578  Richmond.  Wills  (Surtees)  276,  ix  yeards  of  block*: 
rashe  at  ij'.  iiij'1.  a  yeard.  1590  Acct.  Bk.  W.  Wray  in 
Antiquary  XXXII.  117,  iiij  yeardes  silke  rashe,  xvj  s.  1592 
GREENE  Upst.  Courtier^ Wks.  (Gro^art)  XI.  239  Oimintly 
attired  in  veluet  and  ratlin,  and  a  cloake  of  cloth  rash.  i6za 
MABBE  tr.  Alematis  Guzman  d'Alf.  1. 158  Hee  had  a  cloake, 
which  (if  I  be  not  deceiued)  was  of  Rash,  or  else  of  fine  Cloth. 
1674  JKAKE  Arith.  (1696)  65  In  i  Piece  of  Rashes.  Klanriers 
Sergts,  &c.  15  Yards.  1701  Lond,  Gaz.  Nu.  3701/4  All  sorts 


RASH. 

of  Mercery  Goods,  viz.  Bristol  Stuffs,  . .  Russels,  Rallies, 
Calamancas, . .  will  be  sold  by  Auction.  1721  C.  KING  Brit. 
Merch.  I.  301  Cloth  Rashes  209  Pieces.  [1846  J.  S.  BURN 
Hist.  I' or,  Prot.  Refugees  5  The  Flemings  taught  the  manu 
facturing  of  Wool  into  Broadcloth,  Rashes,  Flannel,  and 
Perpetuanas.] 

attrib.  and  Comb,  isgo  Lansdownc  AfS.  66  fol.  55  b,  His 
opinion  towelling  y  suite  of  y°  Rashe  makers  of  Sowth- 
ampton.  1597  Lane-  Wills  II.  229  My  silke  rash  gowne. 
1611  FLOKIO,  Rascicre^  a  Rash-maker  or  weauer. 

Rash  (roef),  sb.Z  [Perh.  a.  OF.  rache,  rasche 
scurf,  eruptive  sores  (Godef. ;  cf.  It.  raschia  itch) ; 
but  the  late  appearance  of  the  word  in  Eng.  is 
against  this.]  A  superficial  eruption  or  efflorescence 
of  the  skin  in  red  spots  or  patches,  as  in  measles, 
scarlet  fever,  etc. 

1709  STEELE  Tatlcr  No.  38  P  n  He  understands,  .the  Art 
of  Medicine  as  far  as  to  the  Cure  of  a  Pimple  or  a  Hash. 
1736  WESLEY  Wks.  (1872)  I.  36  She  had  only  the  prickly 
heat,  a  sort  of  rash,  very  common  here  in  the  summer.  1840 
LADY  GKANVILLIC  Lett,  (1894)  II.  301,  I  have  a  cold  and  a 
rash  on  the  lip  of  my  nose.  1876  BRISTOWK  Tk.  fy  1'ract. 
KU'd,  (1878)  153  Indications  of  the  rash  visible  long  after  the 
actual  rash  has  disappeared. 

b.  attrib.  and  Conib.^  as  rash-exanthetti,  -fever  \ 
rash-like,  -producing  adjs. 

1747  WESLKY  Prim.  Physick  §  101  A  Rash  Fever.  1753 
N.  TOKKIANO  Gangr,  Sore  Throat  117  Some  rash-like  Spots 
..upon  her  Skin.  1822-34  Goods  Study  Mcd.  <ed.4)  II.  341 
The  general  cumplexion  of  the  genus  exanthesis,  or  ra^h• 
e.xantliem.  Ibid.  IV.  419  Rash  fever  or  'efflorescence  spring 
ing  from  within'.  1899  Allbutfs  Syst.  Mcd.  VJII.  936 
Diflercnt  >peciinens  of  serum  vary  greatly  in  their  rash- 
producing  capacity. 

Rash  (rcej),  sb±  [Echoic  :  cf.  KAISH.]  A  rust 
ling  noise.  So  Rash-whish  (see  quot.); 

1668  DKYDEN  Ertn.  Lore  \.  i,  The  whi>king  of  a  Silk- 
Guwn,  ;UK!  the  ra^li  of  a  Tabby- Petticoat.  1899  CROCKETT 
Kit  Kennedy  22  The  strident  rash-whish  of  the  sharptning- 
strake  on  the  scythe. 

Rash,  Sc.  and  north,  form  of  RUSH  (the  plant;. 

Rash,  variant  of  RATCH  sh± 

Rasll  (rccj),  a.  and  adv.  Forms:  4  rasch,  5 
rasshe,  6  rashe,  Sc.  rasche,  6-  rash.  [=  (M)Du. 
rasch,  OHG.  rase  (G.  ;'OjfA),ON.  rosk-r,  Sw.  and 
Da. ras&t  active, vigorous, healthy ;  quick, hasty, etc. 

The  precise  source  of  the  Eng.  word  is  not  clear ;  in  spite 
of  it.i  latu  appt-arancc  it  may  represent  an  OE.  *rsEsc.  An 
adoption  of  the  Scand.  word  would  normally  have  given 
rask. } 

A.  adj.  1.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Active,  fresh, 
vigorous;  brisk,  nimble,  quick;  eager. 

13..  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  A.  1167  Of  raas  \>a%  I  were  rasch  & 
ronk.  1804  ANDERSON  Cwnocrld.  Ball.  85  I's  quite  young 
and  rash— eighty-five.  1808  JAMIESON  s.v.,  A  rasch  cartet 
a  man  vigorous  beyond  his  years.  Loth.  Twtedd.  1878-  in 
northern  glossaries  (Chebh.,  Cumbld.,  Northumbld.). 

2.  Hasty,  impetuous,  reckless,  acting  without  due 
consideration  or  regard  for  consequences. 

1509  UAKCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  154  Unwyse  men  rasshe,  and 
mad  of  brayne  Uecomyth  piestis  onely  for  couetyse.  1530 
PALSCR.  322/1  Rasshe  rude  or  boystous  of  condycions,  [no 
l'')cuck\.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Shidanes  Coinin.  55  A  great  occa 
sion  of  this  terrible  \Varrc  came  by  rashe  and  lewd  preachers. 
1638  JLNILS  Paint,  Ancients  35  Rash  and  inconsiderate 
beginner:*  fall  to  \vorkc  upon  the  first  sight.  1671  MILTON 
Sitinson  907,  I  was  a  fool,  too  rash,  and  quite  mistaken. 
1715  N.  RO\VE  tr.  Linan's  Pharsalia  iv.  462  The  rash 
Petreians  urge  to  Arms  in  vain.  1781  COWPEK  Conversnt. 
641  That  fire,  .which  impels  rash  youth,  Proud  of  his  speed, 
to  overshoot  the  truth.  1848  LEIGH  HUNT  Jar  of  Honey  x. 
135  Some  rash  persons  were  anxious  to  see  the  elTect  of  lava 
upon  a  pool  of  water.  1865  TENNYSON  The  Captain  10 
They  hated  his  oppression,  Stern  he  was  and  rash. 

fb.  Of  things:  Operating  quickly  and  strongly. 
Obs.  rare. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IVt  iv.  iv.  48  Though  it  doe  worke  as 
strong  As  Aconitum,  or  rash  Gun-powder.  1611  —  \Vint. 
T.  \.  ii.  319, 1  could  doe  this,,  .with  no  rash  Potion,  But  with 
a  lingring  Dram. 

3.  Of  speech,   actions,  qualities,  etc. :    Charac 
terized  by,  or  proceeding  from,  undue  haste  and 
want  of  consideration. 

1558  GOODMAN  H<nu  to  Obey  194  Yt  is  . .  no  rashe  or 
erelous  doctrine.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxvm.  xlii.  701 
lash  aduentures  speed  not  always  best.  1651  HOBOES 
Lmiatjt.  I.  xi.  49  Vain-glorious  men  ..  are  enclined  to  rash 
engaging.  1710  STEELE  Tatltr  No.  78  p  7  An  artful  Way 
to  disengage  a  Man  from  the  Guilt  of  rash  Words  or 
Promises.  1814  GARY  Dante,  Paradise  v.  65  Not  bent,  as 
Jephthah  once,  Blindly  to  execute  a  rash  resolve.  1862 
UuKTON/>X%//"«/fr  11863'  96  There  are  often  rash  estimates 
made  of  the  size  of  libraries 

fb.  Urgent,  pressing.    Obs.  rare~l. 
1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  ff  Cr.  iv.  ii.  62,  I  scarce  haue  leisure  to 
salute  you,  My  matter  is  so  rash. 

4.  dial.  (See  quots.)     Also  Comb. 

1674-91  RAY  N.  C.  Words,  Rash,  .is  spoken  of  Corn  in  the 
Straw,  that  is  so  dry  that  it  easily  durses  out,  or  falls  out 
of  the  Straw  with  handling  it.  1829  in  BKOCKKTT.  1886 
S.  IV.  Line.  Gloss, ,  Ras/t  or  Rash-rife,  Said  of  grain  in  the 
ear,  when  it  is  over  ripe  and  falls  out  easily. 

5.  Comb.,  as  rash-brain^  -brained,  -headed  adjs. 
1574  W.  BUUKNB  Regiment  for  Sea  Introd.  (1577)  7  Hee 

ought,  .not  to  be  light  or  rash  headed.  1600  S.  NICHOLSON 
Acolastits  (1876)  35  Training  my  rash-braind  thoughts  in 
reasons  wales.  1633  OUAUJU  Dii>.  Fancies  iv.  xcvi.  (1660) 
171  Is  rash-brain  Mendax  well  advised  then.  2841  JAMES 
Brigand  xxvi,  Young  rash-headed  boys  run  into  these 
encounters  for  mere  sport. 

B.  adv.  fl.  -  RASHLY.  Obs.  (somewhat  ran.) 

L  1420  Liber  Cocorwn  (1862)  18  Wasshe  J>qse  herbes  in 


per 
Ra; 


RASH. 

water,  )>at  rennes  so  rasshe.  1591  SPENSER  M.  Hubbcrd \-z\i 
Unto  the  King  so  rash  ye  may  not  goe.  1604  SHAKS.  Of/t, 
in.  iv.  79  Why  do  you  speake  so  starlingly  and  rash  ? 

2.  Co?nb.t  as  rash-conceived,  -embraced^  -levied, 
-running  2Av\>§. 

1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  iv.  iii.  50  Buckingham  and  his 
rash  leuied  Strength.  1596  —  Merck.  V.  in.  ii.  109  Doubt* 
full  thoughts,  and  rash  imbrac'd  despalre.  1611  SPEED 
Hist.  Gt,  Brit.  vi.  v.  57  His  rashrunmng  head  ..  turned 
all  to  nothing.  1777  POTTER  Mschylus  293  This  was  no 
hasty,  rash-conceiv  d  design. 

Rash.,  v.l  Chiefly  Sc.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 
Forms:  5  rassh-,  5-6  (9)  rasch,  6-  rash,  (9 
rashe).  [Prob.  onomatopoeic  (cf.  clash,  crash, 
dash,  etc.)  ;  connexion  with  OE.  rxscau  to  quiver 
or  flash  (found  only  once)  seems  unlikely.] 

L  intr.  To  dash  or  rush  hastily  or  violently. 

?  a  1400  Morte  Arth.  2107  Thane  riche  stedes  rependez, 
and  rasches  one  armes.     1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  vn.  iv, 
They  rasshed  to  gyders  lyke  borys.    Ibid.  vn.  vi,  Ther  with 
al  he  rasshyd  in  to  the  water.     153$   BELLENDEN  Cron. 
Scot.  i.  ix.  (1541)  8  b'l  The  britonis  fast  rascbandto  harnes  to 
resist  this  haisty  affray .     1575  TURBERV.  Faulconrie  265  By 
some  other  accident,  as.  .by  rashing  into  bushes  and  thornes. 
1616  ROLLOCKE  On  Passion  517  Young  men  yl  haue  health,     I 
habilitie  &  strength  of  body,  to  run  &  ride,  rash  here  &     i 
there  [etc.].     1801  LEYDEN  Compl.  Scot.  Gloss,  s.v.  Kaschet    •, 
'  To  rashe  through  a  darg ',  to  perform  a  day's  work  hastily. 
1824  M ACTACC ART  G##ff»w£  Encycl.  s.v.  Rash  sb., '  Hear  to     \ 
the  rain  rashing  ',  hear  to  it  dashing. 

f  2.  trans.  To  cast  or  pour  out  in  a  hurried  or    j 
forcible  manner.   Obs. 

a  1510  DOUGLAS  A'.   Hart   i.    10  Quhen  at  the  sone  so     | 
schene  Out  raschit  h.id  his  beinis  fro  me  the  sky.     1708  M. 
BIU'CE  Lett.,  etc.  15  It  is  good  that  I  hide  my  self,  and  not     | 
rash  out  all  my  Mind  (like  a  Fool)  and  Testimony  at  once.      | 

1 3.  To  dash  (things  together,  or  one  thing  against ^ 
in,  or  through  another).  Obs. 

1549  Compl.  Scot.  vi.  66  The  rammis  raschit  there  heydis 
to  gyddir.  1567  Gude  $  Godlic  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  115  He  that 
sail,  .rasche  thair  harnis  aganis  a  craig.  1605  SHAKS.  Lear 
in.  vii.  58,  I  would  not  see  . .  thy  fierce  Sister,  In  his 
Annointed  flesh,  sticke  [(?</,  rash]  bearish  phangs.  1666 
W.  SUTHERLAND  Declar.  in  Wodrow  Hist.  (1721)  I.  App.  xv. 
102  If  ye  come  one  Foot  further  here,  I  shall  rash  my  Pike 
through  your  Soul. 

f4.  To  smash,  break  with  violence.   Obs.  rare~~l. 

1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  xn.  i.  19  Onabasytly  raschand  the 
bchaft  in  sundir. 

f5.  To  rash  itp\  To  put  together  hurriedly;  to 
rush  or  run  up.  Obs. 

Perh.  associated  with  (or  even  derived  from)  RASH  a. 

1570  FOXE  A.  ff  M.  830/2  In  my  former  edition  of  Actes 
and  Monumentes,  so  hastely  rashed  vp  at  that  present, 
in  suche  shortnes  of  time.  1650  W.  D.  tr.  Content  its*  Gate 
Lat.  Unl.  §  622  Scaffolds  (pageants)  are  frames  of  timber 
ra^ht  up  in  haste. 

+  Rash,  f.2  Obs.  Also  5  rassh-.  [Alteration 
of  RACE  v.'t  or  RASE  z/.1,  perh.  after  prec.  or  next.] 

1.  trans.  To  cut,  slash. 

'ia  1500  Smyth  $  his  Dame  351  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  III.  214 
The  smyih  ramie  on  reed  blode,  AH  to-rent  and  rasshed. 
1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  ii.  17  They  . .  shields  did  share,  and 
mailes  did  rash,  and  helmes  did  hew.  1599  B.  JOXSON  Ev. 
Man  out  of  Hunt.  iv.  vi,  L.rasht  his  doublet  sleeue,  ran 
him  close  by  the  left  cheek. 

2.  To  scrape  out,  erase. 

1650  in  Gardner  Hist.  Dumvich  (1754)  160  Paid  to  John 
Prety  for  rashing  out  the  King's  Arms  m  our  Church  u. 

t  Rash,  v.'&  Obs.  Forms :  4-5  (6  Sc.}  rasch, 
5-6  rassh(e,  6-7  rash.  [Aphet.  form  of  ARKACHE, 
perh.  after  OF.  rocker,  ~ier\  cf.  RACHE  v.*  and 
RACE  z>.4]  1.  trans.  To  pull,  drag  (down,  off,out, 
etc.),  to  tear  away.  (Common  in  i6-i7th  c.) 

1513  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  cxlvii.  176  Ya  newe  towne  . . 
was  pulled  downe,  and  the  castell  that  stode  on  the  hauyn 
rasshed  downe.  c  1530  —  Arth.  Lyt.  Bryt.  (1814)  83  The 
seconds  [knight]  he  toke  in  hys  armes,  and  rasshed  hym  out 
of  the  sadell.  a  1571  JEWEL  On  i  Thess.  (1611)  69  The  tor 
mentor.,  taketh  the  Lawne  by  the  other  end,  and  rasheth  it 
suddenly  [etc.].  1629  MAXWELL  tr.  He  radian  (1635)  141  And 
rasht  off  all  their  clothes;  leaving  them  starke  naked.  1697 
DRYDEN  JEneid  ix.  1094  His  crest  is  rash'd  away. 

2.  To  draw  hastily,  rare"1. 

1675  TKAHERNE  Chr.  Ethics  326  A  musician  might  rash 
his  finger  over  all  his  strings  in  a  moment ;  but  melody  is  an 
effect  of  judgment  and  order. 

Rashboote,  obs.  form  of  RAJPOOT. 

Rash-bush,  -buss :  see  RUSH-BUSH. 

t  Rashed,  ///.  a.  Obs.  rare-1.     (?) 

1598  T.  BASTARD  Chre sto  leros  (i  880)  15  Out  of  her  fragrant 
sides  she  sendes  ..  The  rashed  primrose  and  the  violet. 

Rashen,  Sc.  variant  of  RUSHEN  a. 

Rasher1  (rsc-Jw).  [Of  obscure  origin;  perh. 
f.  RASH  v.'*  i,  but  Minsheu  (1627)  explains  it  as 
a  piece  'rashly  or  hastily  roasted'.  Cf.  { Rashed, 
burnt  in  cooking,  by  being  too  hastily  dressed' 
(Halliwell).]  A  thin  slice  of  bacon  or  ham,  cooked 
(or  intended  to  be  cooked)  by  broiling  or  frying. 

1592  NASHE  P.  Pcnilesse  (ed.  2)  n  b,  You  may  commaund 
his  hart  out  of  his  belly  to  make  you  a  rasher  on  the  coales. 
1647  R.  STAPYLTON  Juvenal  211  BroiPd  rashers,  that  on 
wide  gridirons  lay.  1678  DRYDEN  Alt  for  Lme  ProL  34 
Drink  hearty  draughts  of  ale  . .  And  snatch  the  homely 
rasher  from  the  coals.  1778  M  AU.  D'AKBLAY  Diary  23  Aug., 
She  would  like  an  egg  or  two,  and  a  few  slices  of  ham,  or 
a  rasher.  1840  DICKKNS  Barn.  Rudge  xxi,  Great  rashers 
of  broiled  ham  . .  done  to  turn,  and  smoking  hot.  1892 
Spectator  23  Jan.  119  The  curling  of  a  rasher  of  bacon 
under  similar  stress  of  fire. 


158 

attrib.  1598  B.  JONSON  E-v.  Man  in  Hntn.  i.  iv,  Why 
not  the  ghost  of  a  herring-cob,  as  well  as  the  ghost  of 
rasher- bacon. 

fb.  A  slice  of  some  other  eatable,  intended  for 
broiling.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1634  HEYWOOD  Maidenh.  lost  in.  Wks.  IV.  142  We  will 
haue  a  Cherry-Tart  cut  into  Rashers  and  broyled. 

tc.  Anything  acting  as  a  provocative  to  drink 
ing,  or  eaten  as  such.  Obs.  rare. 

1613  BEAUM.  £  FL.  Captain  in.  i,  Give  him  but  a  rasher 
And  you  shall  have  him  upon  even  terms  Defy  a  hogshead. 
1629  MASSINGEK  Picture  iv.  ii,  For  a  rasher.  To  draw  his 
liquor  down,  he  hath  got  a  pie  Of  marrowbones,  potatoes, 
and  eringos. 

Ra-sher2.   U.S.     [ad.  local  Pg.  rasctera.]    A 

red-coloured  rock-fish  of  California  (Sebastichthys 
miniatus}. 

1882  JORDAN  &  GILBERT  Syn.  Fishes  N.  Amer.  663. 

Ra'shful,  a.  rare.   =RASH«. 

1567  TURBERV.  Epit.,  etc.  59  With  hastie  doome  and  rash- 
full  sentence.  i%\g  Abeillard  %  Heloisayb  In  others  Love 
comes  very  bashful  Though  . .  very  rashful. 

Ra*shing,  vbl.  sb.  [Echoic  :  cf.  RASH  sb.1  and 
j^.4]  A  succession  of  harsh  grating  sounds. 

1889  F.  COWPER  Captain  of  Wight  222  There  was  a 
slashing  and  rashing  !  The  sparks  flew  like  the  sparks  at 
the  armourer's  forge. 

t  Ra'shling.     Obs.  rare  — l.     A  rash  person. 

a  1618  SYLVESTER  Paradox  1161  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  65 
What  rashlings  doe  delight,  that  sober  men  despise. 

Rashly  (rce'Jli),  adv.     [f.  RASH  a.  +  -LY  -.] 

1.  Quickly,  rapidly,  hastily.   Obs.  exc.  dial. 

.a  1547  SUKREV  in  TottelCs^Misc.  (Arb.)  17  With  teares,  for 
his  redrehse,  I  rashly  to  him  ran.  1691  RAY  Creation  n. 
(1692)  102  As  we  see  Fewel  burns  rashly  in  such  weather. 
1805  STAGG  Poems,  Anld  Lang  Seyne  xvii,  Rashly  they 
scale  the  scattran  swathe. 

2.  In  a  rash  or  inconsiderate  manner. 

1535  COVERDALK  Proi\  xxi.  29  An  vngodly  man  goeth 
forth  rashly.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanes  Comm.  29  To  the 
intente  I.. do  nothyng  rashely,  ..  I  require  a  time  to  take 
deliberation.  1631  GOUGI-;  Coifs  Arrows  in.  §  43.  261  What 
is  believed  without  a  promise,  is  ..rashly  and  audaciously 
presumed.  1696  WHISTON  Th.  Earth  (1722)  50  We  ought 
not  rashly  to  pass  our  Judgment  on  them.  1781  GIBBON 
Decl.  <$•  /'.  xxxi.  III.  IQI  Honorius  ..  rashly  disqualified 
many  of  his  bravest  and  most  skilful  officers.  1861  GEO. 
ELIOT  Silas  M.  38  The  butcher  ..  was  not  disposed  to 
answer  rashly. 

ellipt.  1747  in  Col.  Rec.  Pennsyh.  V.  86  The  Council  of 
the  Six  Nations  does  not  altogether  like  it,  but  think  it  too 
Rashly  of  the  Mohocks. 

f3.  Without  settled  course.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1695  LD.  PRESTON  Boeth,  iv.  vi.  194  Those  things  which  in 
their  Nature  are  mutable  and  which  would  otherwise  rashly 
and  irregularly  float  about. 

Rashness  (rarJnOs).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.]  The 
quality  of  being  rash ;  inconsiderate  haste  or  bold-^ 
ness ;  an  instance  of  this,  a  rash  act. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  131  All  ras*hnes  or 
hastynes  in  spekynge.  1589  GREENE  Menaphon  (Arb.)  82 
If  I  vanquish  thee,  thou  shall  feele  the  burden  of  thy  rash- 
nesse.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  i.  x.  45  Combatants,  who 
engaged  by  rashnesse,  are  driven  into  the  Lists  to  avoyd 
disgrace.  1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela  I.  173,  1  fear  ..  that 
your  Disregard  to  me.. may  throw  you  upon  some  Rash 
ness.  1833  TENNYSON  Two  Voices  392  If  I  should  do  This 
rashness.  1852  GROTE  Greece  \\.  Ixxi.  IX.  201  Through 
rashness  and  bad  management  they  first  sustained  several 
partial  losses. 

Rasier(e,  variants  of  RASEB  i.  06s. 

Rasin(e,  obs.  forms  of  RAISIN,  RESIN. 

Rasing  (rJi-zin. ),  vbl.  sbl   [f.  RASE  z/.1  +  -ING  1.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  its  various  senses. 

c  i^ftPromp.  Parv.  424/1  Rasynge,  ofscrapynge  of  bokys 
or  other  lyke,  abrasio,  rasitra.  1508  FISHER  7  Penit.  Ps. 
xxxii.Wks.(i876)24  By  these.,  we  make  a  perfyte  rasynge  & 
clensynge  of  the  soule  from  synnes.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sttidane's 
Comm.  290  b,  For  the  paiment  of  ye  mony  and  rasing  of  his 
castels.  1624  CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  in.ix.8i  Having., 
threatned  their  ruine,  and  the  rasing  of  their  houses.  1815 
BUKNEY  Falconer  s  Diet.  Mar,,  Rasing,  the  act  of  marking, 
by  the  edg^es  of  moulds,  any  figure  upon  timber,  &c.  with  a 
raising-knife.  1868  GLADSTONE  Jin>,  Muttdi  \.  (1870)  143 
The  rasing  of  that  city  by  the  Philistines. 
b.  attrib.,  as  ras ing-iron, -knife  (see  quots.). 

1815  BuXMXY/felwMrf  Diet.  Mar.,  Rasing- knife,?,  small 
edged  tool,  fixed  in  a  wooden  handle,  and  used  for  rasing 
particular  marks  on  timber,  lead,  tin,  &c.  1846  A.  YOUNG 
Naut.  Diet.  s.v.  Rasing.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk. 
561  The  rasing-knife  ..has  a  peculiar  blade  hooked  at  its 
point,  as  well  as  a  centre-pin  to  describe  circles.  Ibid,, 
Rasing-Iron,  a  tool  for  clearing  the  pitch  and  oakum  out  of 
the  seams,  previous  to  their  being  caulked  afresh. 

t  2.  concr.  Shavings,  scrapings.  Obs.  rare. 

1544  PHAEK  Regim.  Life  (1553)  I  ij  b,  Take  the  rasyng  of 
iuory,  and  the  rasyng  of  an  hartes  home  [etc.]. 

t  Ra-sing,  vbl.  sb*     [f.  RASE  z/.a]     Growling. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  424/1  Rasynge,  of  hondys,  . .  rictus, 
1552  in  HULOET. 

Rasion  (r^'gan).  Now  rare  or  Obs.  [ad.  L. 
rasion-em  (Cselius),  n.  of  action  f.  rddere  to  scrape, 
RASE  z/.l]  The  action  of  scraping  or  shaving; 
division  by  scraping  or  filing. 

1612  WOODALL  Sitrg.  Mate  Wks.  (1653)  273  Rasion  is  the 
scraping  or  paring  of  a  thing.  1657  TOMUNSON  Renou's 
Disp.  55  Which  cannot  be  performed  so  much  by  Lotion 
as  by  Section,  Rasion  and  Traction.  1678  in  PHILLIPS. 

t  Rask,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [var.  RAX  v . ;  cf.  ask  and 
axj\  intr.  To  stretch  oneself ;  to  yawn. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synnc  4282  pan  begynneb  he 


RASP. 

[Sloth]  to  klawe  and  to  raske,  And  5yueJ>  Terlyncel  hys  taske. 
He  klawyt*,  he  shrubby^,  wel  at  hys  pay.  c  13*5  Gloss.  W. 
lie  Bibbcxit.1.  in  Wright  Voc.  152  Apres  dontifr  it  fa  espreche, 
raskyt  hym.  c  1440  Proinp.  ran'.  424/1  Raskyn',  cxalo. 

So  t  Ba-skle  v.  intr.  —  RAXLE  v.   Obs. 

1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  vin.  7  He  .  .  rascled  and  remed  and 
routte  at  |je  laste.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  35/26  To  rankle, 
pandicnlari. 

Raskaile,  -kelt,  obs.  and  dial.  ff.  RASCAL. 

II  Raskolnik  (rxskflnik).  Also  9  Hasckol- 
nick,  Kascholnik.  [Russ.  PacKonfcmih-b  separa 
tist,  schismatic,  f.  pacKOJb  separation,  schism.] 
A  dissenter  from  the  national  Church  in  Russia. 

1799  W.  TOOKE  Vieiu  Russian  Enip.  II.  220  The  sectarists 
known  by  the  name  of  raskolniks,  distinguished  themselves 
..by  their,  .obedience.  1833  R.  PINKERTON  Russia  71  The 
ancient  Ru*sians,  like  the  present  Raskolniks  or  Dissenters, 
abstained  from  veal.  1897  Daily  News  8  June  5/3  The 
Raskolnik  who  buried  alive  ..  twenty-five  of  nis  fanatic  co 
religionists. 

Rason,  obs.  form  of  RAISIN. 

tRa-sor.  Obs.  rare—1,  [a.  L.  rasor:  see  RA- 
SORES.]  One  who  erases  ;  =  RASEB  2. 

1586  T.  B.  La  Priinaud.  Fr.  Actui.  I.  173  Temperance  is 
.  .  the  preserver  of  good  will,  the  rasor  of  evill  thoughts. 

Rasor(e,  obs.  forms  of  RAZOR. 

II  Rasores  (raso*T/z).  Ornith.  [mod.L.,  pi.  of 
rasor  agent-n.  f.  radlre  to  scrape,  RASE  z>.l]  The 
name  given  by  IHiger  (1811)  to  his  Fourth  Order 
of  birds,  comprising  those  which  obtain  their  food 
by  scratching  the  ground. 

1836  OWEN  in  Todd  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  266/1  The  third  order 
corresponds  with  Nitzsch's  Aves  terrestres,  and  is  denomi 
nated  Rasores.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  305/1  The  Kasores 
of  Illiger  contained  the  following  families  and  genera  [etc.], 

Rasorial  (raso^'rial),  a.  Ornith.  [f.  Rasor-es 
(see  prec.)  +  -IAL.]  ijcratching  the  ground  for 
food  ;  belonging  to  the  order  RASORES. 

1836  TODD  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  277/2  In  the  Rasorial  birds  the 
coronoid  process  is  feebly  developed.  1841  Proc.  Renu. 
Xat.  Club  I.  No.  9.  254  Of  the  Columbidae  belonging  to  the 
Rasorial  order,  we  possess  two..  residents. 

Rasoun,  obs.  So.  f.  REASON.  Rasour,  var. 
RASUHE^  Obs.  Rasour(e,  obs.  ff.  RAZOR. 

t  Rasour.  Sc.  Obs.  rare.    Some  kind  of  cloth. 

1578  IHV.  R.  Wardr.  (1815)  218  Aucht  small  peces  of  rasour 
of  quhite  silk.  Ibid.  222  Ane  lang  taillit  gowne  of  rasour  of 
quhit  silk. 

R.asp  (rasp),  i<5.1  Also  6-7  raspe  ;  6  north. 
respe,  6,  9  Sc.  resp.  [a.  OF.  raspe  (F.  rape  :  see 
RAPE  iiM),  f.  rasper  to  RASP  z/.l  Cf.  med.L. 
raspa  (1389  in  Du  Cange).  Du.,  Da.,  Sw.  rasp, 
G.  raspe,  are  also  of  F.  origin.] 

1.  A  coarse  kind  of  file,  having  separate  teeth 
raised  on  its  surface  by  means  of  a  pointed  punch  ; 
also,  any  similar  tool  or  implement  used  for  scrap 
ing  or  rubbing  down. 

1541  Abcrd.  Reg.  (1844)  I.  176  Item,  ane  resp,  ane  turcas, 
and  four  cuchin  nailis  of  jrne.  1597  A.  M.  tr.  GtaUtmiatfs 
Fr.  Chimrg.  I4b/i  The  Raspes  or  Scrapers,  called  in 
Latine,  Ratiitlx.  16x1  COTGR.,  Friiycr,  a  rubl>er;  also,  a 
raspe.  1677  MOXON  Jlftc/t.  Exerc.  54  Most  Rasps  have 
formerly  been  made  of  Iron  and  Case-hardned.  1698  T. 
FRO(;KK  Vey.  59  They  are  usually  grated  with  Rasps  made 
for  that  purpose.  1761-71  H.  WALTOLE  Vertue's  Aneat. 
Paint.  (1786)  V.  138  A  steel  roller,  cut  with  tools  to  make 
teeth  like  a  file  or  rasp.  1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II. 
819  When  the  file  is  spoken  of,  a  double-cut  file  is  always 
implied,  unless  a  single-cut  file,  or  a  rasp,  is  specifically 
named.  1881  YOUNG  Every  Man  his  own  Mechanic  §  238.  86 
Rasps  generally  speaking  are  used  in  carpentry  for  cutting 
away  or  smoothing  wood. 

b.  In  sugar  making,  a  mechanical  device  for 
grating  down  beet-roots. 

1839  UBE  Diet.  Arts  1210  Blocks  of  wood,  with  which  the 
workman  pushes  the  beet-roots  against  the  revolving  rasp. 

2.  trans/,  a.  A  rough  surface  like  that  of  a  rasp. 
1869  BLACKMORE  Lorna  D.  Ixix,  The  horses  from  the 

country  .  .  with  the  rasp  of  winter  bristles  rising  through  .  . 
the  soft  summer-coat. 

b.  Zool.  The  radula  of  a  mollusk,  or  one  of  the 
teeth  on  this. 

1879  B.  WATSON  in  Jrnl.  Linn.  Soc.,Zool.  XIV.  716  With 
several  hooked  or  serrated  central  rasps.  1883  Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed.  9)  XVI.  639  Lingual  ribbon,  rasp,  or  radula. 

3.  The  act  of  rasping,   or  rubbing  with   some 
thing  comparable  to  a  rasp. 

1873  J.  GRANT  One  rflhe'  Goo1  Hi.  30,  I.  .angrily  gave  my 
hair  a  finishing  rasp  with  a  pair  of  huge..hair-brushes. 

4.  A  rough  sound  as  of  a  rasp. 

a  1851  MOIR  Field  ff  Pinkie  v,  Hark  to  the  rasp  of  Grey's 
fierce  cavalry.  1878  GILDEK  Pact  fs  Master  19  The  grass 
hoppers'  rasp,  and  rustle  of  sheaf. 

o.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rasp-cutter,  -maker 
(1885);  rasp-cutting,  -like  adjs.  ;  rasp-grass  (see 
quot.)  ;  rasp-palm,  a  Brazilian  palm  (Iriartea 
exorhiza),  having  exposed  roots  which  are  used  by 
the  natives  as  rasps  ;  rasp-pod,  an  Australian  tree 
{Flindersia  australis],  bearing  woody  capsules 
serving  as  rasps  (Morris  Austral  Eng)  ;  rasp- 
punch,  a  punch  for  raising  the  teeth  of  rasps 
(Knight  1875);  rasp-teeth,  teeth  resembling  those 
of  a  rasp. 

1831  Sutherland  Farm  Rep.  67  in  Lit.  Usef.  Knonl. 
Hush  III,  The  sheep  find,  on  the  peat  of  damper  and 


deeper  quality,  .rasp  g[ 


cyspitasa).    1849-53  TODD 


HASP. 

Cycl.  Ana/.  IV.  874/1  Conical  teeth  as  close  set  and  sharp 
pointed  as  the  villiform  teeth,  but  of  larger  size,  are  called 
1  rasp-teeth'.  1851-6  WOODWARD  Molliiscayzi  Shell,  .armed 
in  front  with  rasp.like  imbrications.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet. 
Mcch.  1881/2  The  rasp-cutting  machine  resembles  the  file- 
cutting  machine  ..  in  the  striking  and  feeding  parts.  i88z 
J.  SMITH  Diet.  Econ.  Plants,  Rasp-palm. 

Rasp  (rasp),  rf.2  Also  6  respe,  6-;  raspe. 
[Related  to  RASPIS  2,  and  peril.  .1  back-formation 
from  it.  Now  chiefly  north,  and  St.] 

1.  =  RASPBERRY  i. 

1555  EDFN  Decades  132  Bramble  busshes  hearynge  blacke 
berries  or  wylde  raspes.  1598  HAKLUYT  I'oy.  I.  477  For 
kindes  of  fruites,  they  haue.. rasps,  strawberies,  and  hurtil- 
beries.  1660  SHARROCK  Vegetables  133  At  Bristol  he  saw 
Raspes  sold  for  four  pence  the  quart  at  Michaelmas.  1731 
ALBIN  Nat.  Hist.  Birds  16  It  feeds  on  Cherries  . .  Goos- 
berries  and  Rasps,  and  other  Fruit.  1871  Routlcdge's  E-,'. 
fay's  Ann.  Aug.  507  Wild  cranberries,  strawberries,  rasps, 
and  other  berries. 

2.  =  RASPBERRY  2. 

1573  TUSSER  Hnsb.  (1878)  32  Plant  Respc  anil  rose.  1626 
BACON  Sylva  §  487  Take  Sorrell,  and  set  it  among  Rasps. 
1660  SHARROCK  Vegetables*^  Rasps  and  Vines  always  bear 
upon  a  fresh  sprout.  1706  C.  MARSHALL  Garden,  iii.  (1813) 
39  The  smooth  wooded  or  cane  rasp  is  to  be  preferred  for  a 
principal  crop.  1853  G.  JOHNSTON  Nat.  /fist.  E.  Bord.  1.71 
The  Rasp  only  ascends  into  the  ravines  and  wooded  deans. 
Hasp  (rasp) ,  zi.l  [App.  a.  OF.  rasper  (F.  raper) 
=  Sp.,  Pg.  raspar,  It.  and  nied.L.  raspare,  perh.  of 
Teut.  origin  :  cf.  OHG.  raspSn  to  collect,  scrape 
together.  (MHG.  fifraspen  occurs  once  ;  mod.  Du. 
and  G.  raspen  are  app.  from  French).  ME.  ros- 
pen  may  also  be  related.] 

f  1.  trans.  To  inscribe  by  scraping  or  scratching. 
Obs.  rare  -1. 

13..  E.  E.Allit.  P.  li.  1545  Biholdand  be  honde  til  hit 
hade  al  grauen,  &  rasped  on  j>e  ro;  wo}e  runisch  sauez. 

2.  To  scrape  or  abrade  with  a  rasp  or  other 
rough  instrument. 

13 . .  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  B.  1724  pe  fyste . .  fat  rasped  renyschly 
f>e  woje  with  J?e  roj  penne.  1686  PLOT  Stajfordsh.  384  He 
can  turn  20  of  these  [twists],  whilst  one  is  cut  or  rasp't. 
1694  Phil.  Trans.  XVIII.  278  The  Root  rasped  affords  a 
fine  Flour  or  Powder.  1762  BORLASE  fbid.  LI  I.  509  As  if 
it  had  been  rasped  by  a  rough  rounded  file.  i8ir  Self 
Instructor  538  Logwood  being  rasped  and  shaved  into  small 
chips.  1859  F.  A.  GRIFFITHS  Artil.  Man.  (1862)  90  The 
fuze  must  be  rasped  if  necessary. 

b.  To  scrape  or  rub  in  a  rough  manner. 
1715  CHEVNE  Phttos.  Princ.  Relig.  I.  (ed.  2)  go  The  Mer 
cury  in  the  Agitation  of  the  Tube,  rasping  the  Sides  thereof. 
1824  Miss  FERRIER  Inker.  Ixxxvii,  He  put  his  feet  actually 
within  the  fender,  and  rasped  and  crunched  the  ashes.  1840 
DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  xxxyiii,  The  oony  . .  evinced  a  strong 
desire  to . .  rasp  himself  against  the  brick  walls.  1878  H  UXLEY 
Physiogr.  164  The  ice  played  its  part  in  rasping  and  grinding 
and  polishing  the  surface  of  the  land. 

trans/.    1868  J.  G.  HOLLAND  Kathrina  i.  (1869)  20, 1  heard 
the  harsh,  reiterant  katydids  Rasp  the  mysterious  silence. 
C.  fig.  To  grate  upon,  to  irritate. 
1810  Sporting  Mag.   XXXV.  80,  I   saw   Flaherty,  the 
deceased,  and  the  two  Jordans  rasping  each  other.     1866 
MRS.  STOWE  Little  Foxes  14  The  mistress  is  rasped,  irri 
tated,  despairing.     1887  Miss  CAREY  Uncle  Max  xxxviii. 
304  Her  hard,  metallic  voice  had  rasped  the  invalid's  nerves, 

3.  To  scrape  off  of  away. 

1789  Trans.  Sac.  Arts  (ed.  2)  II.  77,  I  began  to  rasp  off 
the  bark.     i86a  TYNDALL  Mountaineer,  viii.  72  These  rocks    [ 
are  known  to  have  their  angles  rasped  off,  and  to  be  fluted 
and  scarred  by  the  ice.     1863  KINGSLEY  Water-Bab,  viii.    ' 
(1878)  329  The  stream  as  it  rushed  up  rasped  away  the  sides 
of  the  hole. 

4.  To  utter  with  a  grating  sound,  rare"1. 

1843  O.  W.  HOLMES  An  After-Dinner  Poem  46  Grating 
songs  . .  Rasped  from  the  throats  of  bellowing  amateurs. 

5.  intr.  or  absol.  a.  To  scrape  or  grate,  esp.  on 
a  stringed  instrument. 

1842  S.  LOVER  Handy  Andy  xviii.  155  Murphy,  who  pre 
sided  in  the  cart  full  of  fiddlers  . .  ,  shouted  . .  '  Rasp  and  lilt 
away  boys'.  1870  A.  STEINMETZ  Gaming  Table  II.  iv.  113 
Sorrily  rasping  on  an  execrable  fiddle. 

Jig.  1848  LOWELL  Vision  Sir  Launfal  i.  e  This  man,  so 
foul  and  bent  of  stature,  Rasped  harshly  against  his  dainty 
nature.  1863  HOLLAND  Lett.  Joneses  vi.  86  Your  husband 
grew  tired . .  with  rasping  against  so  much  new  domestic 
material. 

b.  To  make  a  grating  sound  ;  to  go  about  com 
plaining  in  an  irritating  voice. 

1868  M.  H.  SMITH  Sunsh.  f,  Shad.  N.  York  302  He  has  a 
loud,  harsh,  sharp  tone,  that  rasps  like  a  file.     1874  LISLE 
CARR  Jud.  Gu<ynne  I.  iii.  82  With  a  shrill  voice  ceaselessly    i 
echoing  harshly-worded  complaints  . .  Mrs.  Nosgood  rasped 
about  the  place  from  morning  till  night. 

Rasp  (rasp),  z».2  Now  dial.  Also  9  resp.  i 
[?  Imitative.]  intr.  and  trans.  To  belch. 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  123  All  Eruptions  of  Aire.  .in  Rasping, 
Sneezing,  &c.     1627  Bp.  HALL  Heaven  vfon  Earth  §  26.  96    , 
The  man  of  nice  education  . .  rasping  since  his  last  meafe.    j 
1640  W.  STYLE  Antisco's  Spanish  Gallant  9  [If]  by  reason    ! 
of  thy  full  feeding,  or  couldnesse  of  stomack,  thou  hast  a 
provocation  to  rasp  wind,    a  1825  FORBY  E.  Anglian  Gloss., 
Rasp,  Resp,  to  belch. 

Raspass,  variant  of  RASPIS  -.  Obs. 

Raspatory  (ra-spatari).  [ad.  mecl.L.  raspd- 
lorium  (Du  Cange),  f.  raspare  to  RASP  Z*.1  Cf. 
obs.  F.  raspatoire  (Godef.).] 

1.  A  form  of  rasp  used  in  surgery. 

1562  BULLEYN  Def.  of  St.  sickness.  Dial.  Soarnes  ft  Ch.  44 
Whiche  thyng  can  not  bee  done  with  raspatorie.  1635  A. 
READ  Tumors  $•  Ulcers  244  The  bone  is  to  bee  made  even 
with  the  Raspatories,  and  smoothed.  1676  WISEMAN  Cliirurg. 


159 

I    Treat.  v.  i.v,  You  ought  to  he  furnished  with  various  sorts 
j    of  Raspatories.     x8o4  Med.  Jrnl.  XII.  203  The  different 


•    bread'  (Phillips  1658).  0/>s.rare~°. 
Raspays,  variant  of  RASPIS  2.  Obs. 
Raspberry   (ra'zbcri).     Forms :    7  res-,   7-8 
ras-,  8-  raspberry,     [f.  RASP  rf.2  +  BERRY.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  several  plants  of  the  genus  Rulnts, 
esp.    R.    idmis,    consisting   of  many   small  juicy 
grains  or  drupes  of  a  subacid  flavour  arranged  on 

I    a  conical  receptacle,  from  which  the  ripe  fruit  is 
easily  detached  unbroken. 

The  common  raspberry,  both  wild  and  cultivated,  is  of  a 
red  colour;  white  and  yellow  varieties  also  exist.  The  fruit 
is  much  used  for  making  preserves,  confections,  liquors,  etc. 
1623  N.  H.  in  Whitbourne  Newfoundland  114  Cherries, 
Nuts,  Resberries,  Strawberries.  1664  EVELYN  A'ai.  Hurt. 
(1729)  207  Rasberries,  Corinths,  Strawberries,  a  1736  MBS. 
HEYWOOD  Ai1:.'  Present  (1771)  220  To  preserve  Rasberries. 
Let  your  rasberries  be  large.  1817  RAFFLES  Java  I.  36 
The  wild  raspberry,  which  is  found  in  the  higher  regions,  is 
not  destitute  of  flavour.  1891  Miss  DOWIE  Girl  in  Knrp. 
234  A.,  handful  of  rasp,  straw,  and  whortle  berries. 

2.  The  plant  which  produces  the  raspberry,  or 
other  plants  of  the  genus  fatbits  resembling  this. 

The  common  species,  Rulms  idzits,  has  woody  stems 
thickly  covered  with  weak  prickles,  pinnate  leaves  which 
are  white  on  the  under-side,  and  whitish  flowers. 

Flowering  or  Virginian  raspberry,  the  American  species 
Rnbiis  odoratiis. 

1733  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Rnbus,  All  the  other  Sorts 
are  propagated  from  Suckers  in  the  same  Manner  as  the 
Garden  Raspberries.  1741  Coinpl.  Fam.-Piecc  n.  iii.  380 
There  are  several  other  Trees  and  Shrubs  which  are  now  in 
Flower,  as  ..  upright  sweet  Canada  Rasberries.  1846  J. 
BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  II.  229  The  root  of  the 
raspberry  is  considered  to  be  perennial. 

3.  Raspberry  wine. 

1768  GOLDSM.  Good-n.  Man  \.  i,  A  drop  of  as  pretty  rasp 
berry  as  ever  was  tipt  over  tongue. 

4.  altrib.  and  Comb.,  as  raspberry  brandy,  bush, 
cream,  fool^  jam,  juice,  tart,  tree,  vinegar,  wine ; 
raspberry-like,  -scented  adjs. ;    raspberry  apple, 
nn   apple   having    the   flavour   of  the  raspberry ; 
raspberry  jam  tree,  an  Australian  tree,  Acacia 
acuminata,  so  called  from  the  smell  of  its  wood ; 
raspberry  kidney,  a  kidney  of  a  morbid  granular 
structure   resembling   that   of  a  raspberry ;  rasp 
berry   lid,   an  eye-lid   having  a   morbid  growth 
like  a  raspberry;    raspberry  red,  the  colour  of 
the  raspberry  ;  also  as  adj. 

1894  Daily  News  5  Oct.  5/2  The  "raspberry-apple,  or 
pomme  framboise,  attracted  the  attention  of  gardeners, 
amateur  and  professional.  1796  MORSE  Amer.  Geog.  II.  503 
They  appeared  to  prefer  cherry  and  *rasberry  brandy.  1733 
MILLER  Card.  Diet.,  Rubns,.  .the  Bramble  or  *Rasp-berry- 
bush.  1864  SOWERBY  Eng.  Bot.  (ed.  3)  III.  161  Raspberry 
bushes  . .  bear  the  finest  fruit  in  a  light  rich  loamy  soil. 
1661  RABISHA  Body  Cookery  Diss.  30  To  make  'Rasberry 
Cream.  1851  MAYHEW  Land.  Lab.  II.  46/2  Raspberry 
cream !  Iced  raspberry-cream,  ha'penny  a  glass !  1728 
E.  SMITH  Compl.  Hoiisem.  (ed.  2)  150  To  make  Strawberry 
or  *Rasp-berry  Fool.  1760  MRS.  RAFFALD  Eng.  Honsckpr. 
(1778)  251  A  quart  of  raspberries,  or  *raspberry  jam.  1846 
STOKES  Disc.  Australia  II.  iv.  132  'Raspberry  Jam  [Tree], 
Acacia..  Sweet-scented  —  grows  on  good  ground.  1847 
LEICHHARDT  Jrnl.  x.  342  The  raspberry-jam  tree  covered  the 
approaches  to  the  river.  1661  RABISHA  Body  Cookery  Diss. 
216  A  quarter  of  a  pinte  of 'Raspberry-juice,  i&yj  A  llbntt' s 
Syst.  Hied.  IV.  334  That  condition  known  as  red  granular 
kidney,  or  'raspberry  kidney,  which  occurs  in  middle-aged 
people.  1869  Eng.  Mcch.  3  Dec.  271/2  The  lids  are  covered 


lose, 
sharp 


„  ,     .  501  A  chronic,  spei 

and  contagious  disease,  characterized  by  raspberry-like  : 
tubercles.  1894  Daily  Neius  7  July  6/6  Another  party,  who 
floated  a  "raspberry  red  flag  on  their  boat.  1894  J.  BROWN 
Forester  II.  501  Acacia  acnminata,  'Jam  '  or  "Raspberry 
scented  acacia.  1839  Household  Encycl.  s.v.,  "Raspberry 
Tart  with  cream.  1765  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  140/2  Some 
"rasberry  trees  in  perfect  leaf.  1713  SPRENGNELL  in  Phil.  | 
Trans.  XXVIII.  139  Sprinkled  with  *Rasberry-Vinegar. 
1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  215/2  Raspberry- vinegar  is  not  only 
an  agreeable  beverage,  but  is  said  to  act  as  a  febrifuge. 
1728  R.  BRADLEY  Country  Housewife  115  To  make  "Ras- 
berry  Wine.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  215/2  Raspberry-wine 
is  much  used  in  Poland. 

Hence  Kaspberria'de,  -berrye'tte,  liquors  made 
from,  or  flavoured  with,  raspberries. 

1851  MAYHEW  Land.  Lab.  II.  46/1  Iced  lemonade  here  ! 
Iced  raspberriade.  1883  Pall  Mall  G.  12  Oct.  12/1  Mixtures 
known  as  gingerette,  raspberryette,  and  peppermint. 

t  Raspe  a.  Obs.  rare  — *.  [a.  obs.  F.  raspi,  now 
rape:  see  RAPE  s6.<>,  and  cf.  RASPY  a. 2]  Raspe 
wine  =  RAPE  sl>S> 

i6oo_SuRFLET  Counlrie  Fanne  vi.  xxii.  787  Greene  or  raspe 
wine:  in  as  much  as  it  containeth  more  water  then  wine, 
nounsheth  the  body  but  a  little. 

So  Hasped  a.  rare~l. 


Rasped  ,raspt),///.  a.  [f.  RASP  z?.i  +  -ED!.] 
GratedT  scraped  ;  rough  as  if  rubbed  with  a  rasp. 
Also  spec,  in  Book-binding  (see  quot.  1 890). 

1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhouer's  Bk.  Physicke  302/2  Sodden 
Quince  broth, . .  with  rasped  Hartes-horne.  1694  SALMON 
Bates'  Dispens.  (1713)  636/2  Gelly  of  Harts-horn  and  rasped 


RASPIS. 

Ivory.  1749  MRS.  GLASSE  Cookery  17  Garnish  your  Dish 
with  rasp'd  Bread,  made  into  Figures.  iB6$  DICKENS  l\lut 
Fr.  i.  xi,  Chilled  elbows,  and  a  rasped  surface  of  n 
1890  /.IIINSDORF  Bookbinding  Gloss.,  Rasped,  the  sh 
edge  taken  off  null-boards. 
Rasper  (ra-spsj).  [f.  RASP  z/.l  +  -ER  I.] 

1.  One   who   or   that   which    rasps;   a    rasping- 
machine  for  beetroot,  etc. 

1725  l.ond.  Gaz.  No.  6382/11  Richard  Sill,  . .  Harthorn- 
Rasper.  1863  J.  T.  F.  TI-RNER  Slate  Quarries  17  The 
wages  due  to  the  sawyers,  planers,  and  raspers.  ^75  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Mech.  1881/1  Rasper,  a  file  for  rasping  the  burnt  sur 
face  from  loaves  of  bread.  i88z  Span's  Encycl,  Mannf.  1824 
The  potatoes  are  introduced  by  the  hopper,  and  are  forced . 
against  the  short  saw-like  teeth  of  the  rasper. 

2.  Hunting.  A  high  difficult  fence. 

1812  Storting Klag.  XXXIX.  232  Having  to  surmount  in 
every  held,  what  in  sporting  phrase  is  denominated  a  Rasper. 
1841  J.  T.  HEWLETT  l'aris/i  Clerk  I.  79  Many  raspers  and 
bullfinches  were  cleared  by  the  little  Shetland*. 

3.  Slang.  A  person  or  thing  of  sharp,  harsh,  or 
unpleasant  character;    also,  anything   remaikable 
or  extraordinary  in  its  own  way. 

1839  DICKFAS  Kick.  Nick.  Ivii,  He's  what  you  may  a-c.lll 
a  rasper,  is  Nickleby.  1860  SIR  T.  MARTIN  //,»•«.,-  r,  Hi< 
bat  at  cricket  was  a  rasper.  1886  Field  27  Feb.  256/3  Her 
course  with  Carsehill  was  such  a  rasper  that  there  was  little 
hope  for  her  in  the  final. 

Raspes(se,  variants  of  RASPIS*  Oh. 

Ra-Sp-h.OU.se.  [ad.  Du.  rasphuis  (G.  raspel- 
haiis),  t.  raspen  RASP  z>.l]  A  house  of  correction 
formerly  in  use  in  Holland,  Germany,  etc.,  where 
prisoners  were  employed  in  rasping  wood. 

1641  EVELYN  Diary  in  Aug.,  We  went  to  see  the  Rasp- 

house,  where  the  lusty  knaves  are  compell'd  to  worke,  and 

the  rasping  of  Brasifi  and  Logwood  is  very  hard  labour. 

1670  R.  HAINF.S  Mct/i.  Govt.  (1679)  7  Another  Officer  was 

Wnipt   and  committed  to  the  Rasp-house.      1756  Nn;>-M 

Gr.  T<ntr,  Netherlands  I.  81  The  Rasp-house,  or  house  of 

i    correction,  is  . .  very  well  worth  a  traveller's  notice.     18*5 

i    Daily  Tel.  28  Dec.  5/5  The  judge  ..  sent  this  rascal  to  the 

whipping-post,  and  that  rogue  to  the  rasp-house. 

Raspice,  -ies,  variants  of  RASPLS.   Obs. 

Rasping  (rcrspirjN,  -M.  rf.i    [f.  RASP  i/.i] 

1.  The  act  of  rubbing  or  scraping  with   or  as 
I    with  a  rasp  ;  a  grating  sound. 

1507  A.M.  tr.  Gmllemeau's  Fr.  Chirurg.  33  b/2  When  we 
perceave,  in  raspinge,  the  bone  to  give  bloode  from  it.  1641 
[see  RASP-HOUSE].  1703  MOXON  Alech.  K.rerc.  212  Either 
with  Hewing,  or  as  some  Hard  Woods  and  Ivory  may  re 
quire,  with  Rasping.  1889  DOYLE  Micah  Clarke  91  There 
was  much  creaking  of  locks  and  rasping  of  holts. 

2.  concr.    in  //.    Small    particles   produced   by 
rasping. 

1655  CULTEPPER,  etc.  Rireriiis  i.  i.  8  Take  the  shavings  or 
raspings  of  a  Skull  that  was  never  buriud.  1736  BAILEY 
Honseh.  Diet.  343  Give  him  raspings  of  bread,  which  may 
be  had  of  the  London  bakers  for  nine  pence  or  10  pence  a 
strike.  1791  HAMILTON  tr.  Berthollet's  Art  of  Dyeing  I.  i. 
I.  v.  lor  Oak  bark  and  raspings  of  heart  of  oak.  1875  H.  C. 
WOOD  Therap.  (1879)  55  Quassia.. is  kept  in  the  shops  in 
billets  and  in  raspings. 

3.  attrib.,  as  rasping-machine,  -mill. 

1655  MRQ.  WORCESTER  Cent.  Inv.  §  83  A  Rasping-Mill  for 
Harts-horn.      1835  URE  Philos.   Manuf.  58  Rasping-mills 
for  logwood.     1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  i8Si/i  Rasping- 
machine. 

Rasping  (m'spin*! ,  ///.  a^  [f.  RASP  a.l  + 
-ING  -'.]  That  rasps,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1656  RIDGLEY  Pract.  Physick  168  Scraped  with  rasping 
Instruments.     1735  W.  SEWEI.  Dutch  Diet.,  Rasplmys  boef, 
a  Rasping  rascal,  a  Bridewel-rogue.     1856  MRS.  CARLYLK 
Lett.  II.  269  A  cold,  rasping,  savage  day;  excruciating  for 
sick  nerves.     1873  Miss  BROUGHTON  Nancy  II.  146  He,  in 
his  raspingest  voice,  is  giving  his  [valet]  a  month's  warning. 

b.  Hunting.  Difficult  to  take.     Cf.  RASPER  2. 

1829  Sporting  3Tag.  XX11I.  372  Many  ox-fences  and  two 
rasping  brooks.  1837  T.  HOOK  Jack  Brag  i,  We'll  . .  pick 
out  rasping  fences. 

C.   Extremely  or  unpleasantly  rapid. 

1875  J.  GRANT  One  of  the,  '  600  '  xi.  92  Away  we  went  . .  at 
a  rasping  pace. 

Hence  Ba'spingljr  adv.,  in  a  rasping  manner. 

1883  Harper's  Mag.  June  6/2  The  wooden  rattles  with 
which  . .  the  people  were  raspingly  summoned  to  public 
worship.  1887  F.  WARDEN  Scheherazade  ILL  17  '  Try  it !  • 
said  he  raspingly. 

fRa-sping, ///.  a.-  Obs.~l  [f.  RASP  v.'*  + 
-ING  2.]  Belching,  emitting  wind. 

1629  T.  ADAMS  England's SicknessNks.  I.  328  Let  them  . . 
drink  Cleopatra's  draught,  .to  ease  their  rasping  stomacke. 

t  Ra'Spis '.  Obs.  Forms:  5  raspise,  -iee, 
6  raspays,  -yoe,  7  -is;  5  respioe,  6  -yce.  [Of 
obscure  origin. 

Possibly  connected  with  OF.  raspeit,  -pel  (mod.  F.  rApl: 
see  RAPE  sb&,  It.  raspato  (rendered  '  raspis  wine  '  by  Florio), 
med.L.  raspatiini,  -etitnt,  -ecia:  in  that  case  the  ending 
-ice,  -is  may  be  due  to  the  med.L.  form  in  -ccia.  Boorde 
(quot.  1542)  evidently  supposed  it  to  be  raspberry-wine  (cf. 
RASPIS  WINE),  but  it  seems  unlikely,  from  the  contexts  in 
which  it  occurs,  that  this  was  the  usual  sense  of  the  word.] 

A  kind  of  wine  used  in  the  i  jth  and  1 6th  centuries. 

c  1460  J.  RUSSELL  Bk.  Nurture  118  in  Babees  Bk.  9  The 
namys  of  swete  wynes  . .  pyment,  Raspise,  Muscadelle  of 
grew.  1c  1475  Sor.  lou>e  Degre  756  Mount  rose  and  wyne 
of  Greke,  Both  algrade.and  respice  eke.  1519  Interi.  Four 
Eletn.  (Percy  Soc.)  22  Ye  shall  han  Spanyeshe  wyne  and 
Gascoyn,..Sak,  raspyce,  alycaunt,  rumney.  1543  BOORDE 
Dyetary  x.  (1870)  254  All  maner  of  wynes  be  made  of  grapes, 
excepte  respyce,  the  whiche  is  made  of  a  bery.  1584  COGAN 
Haven  Health  2:8  Redde  wine,  if  it  be  a  deepe  redde  en- 
clining  to  blacke  as  Raspis. 


RASFIS. 

Obs.  Forms:  a.  6 raspyse, -ass, 
6-7  raspes,  -is,  -ice,  7  raspies,  -ease,  -isse.  13. 
6  respis,  -ies,  -yoe,  7  respas,  -ass(e.  [Of  obscure 
origin  :  perh.  in  some  way  related  to  prec.] 

1.  a.  collect.  Raspberries. 

e.  1532  Du  WES  Introd.  Fr.  in  Palsgr.  912  Raspyse,  frail- 
liaises.  1565  GOLDING  Ovid's  Met.  i.  (1593)  4  Men  ..  Did 
live  by  respis,  heps,  and  haws.  1578  LYTE  Dodocns  662 
The  fruite  of  this  Bramble  is  called  . .  in  English  Raspis  or 
Framboys  berries.  1658  EVELYN  French  Gardiner  (16751  256 
Raspis  are  of  two  colours,  the  white  and  the  red.  1688  R. 
HOLME  Armoury  in.  80/1  Preserves  . .  as  Pears,  Plums, . . 
Grapes,  Respass. 

b.  (With  pi.  in  -es.~)  A  raspberry. 

1548  TURNER  Names  Herl'es  (E.D.S.)  68  Rubus  ideus  is 
called.. in  englishe  raspeses  or  hyndberies.  1600  HAKLUYT 
Voy.  III.  305  There  are  Raspasses,  and  a  little  berrie  which 
we  call  among  vs  Blues.  1648  HERRICK  Hesperides  168  The 
wine  of  cherries,  and  to  these  The  cooling  breath  of  Res- 
passes.  1678  J.  PHILLIPS  tr.  Tai'ernier's  Voy.  xix.  92  Ol 
Strawberries  and  raspices  there  is  great  store. 

2.  The  raspberry-plant. 

1558  W.  WARD  tr.  A  lexis'  Seer.  I.  Mo  b,  This .  .is  taken  of 
loannes  Agricola  to  be  the  brier  called  Respis.  1573  TUSSER 
Husl:  (1878)  72  Set  Respis  and  Rose,  yoong  rootes  of  those. 
1629  PARKINSON  Paradisiis  Terrains  557  The  leaves  of 
Raspis  may  be  used,  .in  gargles.  1682  GREW  Anat.  Plants 
v.  275  The  Leavs  of  Rose-Tree,  Raspis  [etc.). 

3.  attrib.,  as  raspis-bush,  juice,  orchard,  tree. 

c  1532  Du  WES  Introd.  Fr.  in  Palsgr.  914  Raspis  tre,/ni«c- 
I'oisier.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  III.  1089  The  Raspis  bush, 
or  Hindberrie.  1622  WITHER  Phitarrte  (1633)  591  The 
shrubbie  fields  are  Raspice  Orchards  there,  a  1648  Lp. 
HERBERT  Hen.  I'llI  (1683)  89  A  Frambousier  or  KaspU- 
Bush.  1660  MAY  Accompl.  Cook  (1665)  254  A  quarter  of  a 
pint  of  raspas  juyce. 

t  Baspis-berry.  Obs.  [f.prec.]  =RASPBERRV. 

a  1548  HALL  Citron.,  Hen.  VIII  (1809)  611  The  Aubespine 
..  and  the  Framboister  [sic]  whiche  is  in  English  the  Hathorne 
..and  the  Raspis  berry.  »6oo  HAKLUYT  Voy.  (1810)  III.  192 
The  like  plentie  of  raspis  berries,  which  doe  grow  in  euery 
place.  1623  WHITBOURNE  Nt-wfonndland  5  Faire  Straw 
berries,  red  and  white,  and  faire  Respasse  berries,  and 
Gooseberries. 

Raspish  (ra-spij),  a.  rare.  [f.  RASP  w.1  +  -ISH.] 
Irritating,  irritable. 

1854  P.  B.  ST.  JOHN  Amy  Moss  77  Well,  don't  be  so 
raspish.  1866  Mattie,  a  Stray  II.  158  Vou  were  hot-headed, 
and  I  was  ill-tempered  and  raspish,  and  so  we  quarrelled. 

t  Raspis  wine.  Obs.  Also  C>  -ise,  7  respass. 
a.  =  RASPIS  l.  b.  ?  Raspberry  wine. 

1562  TURNER  Herbal  n.  120  It  were  good  to  kepe  some  of 
the  iuyce  of  the  berries,  .and  to  make  of  it  as  it  were  raspis 
wine.  1598  FLORIO,  Kaspato,  . .  Raspise  wine.  1662  R. 
MATHEW  L'nl.  Alcli.  §  40.  40  A  very  good  friend  of  mine  .. 
was  feasted.. with  Venison  and  Respass  wine. 

Raspy  (nrspi),  o.1     [f.  RASPW.I  +  -yl.] 

1.  Of  a  rasping  nature  ;  harsh,  grating. 

1838  CARI.VLE  Varnhagen  v.  Ense,  Misc.  (1857)  IV.  197 
Sucn  a  raspy,  untamed  voice  as  that  of  his  I  have  hardly 
heard.  1882  BLACKMORE  Cfiristowell  xxxvi,  Ungainly, 
nubbly,  fruit  it  was,.. raspy,  to  the  teeth. 

2.  Kasily  exasperated ;  irritable. 

1877  Holderness  Gloss.,  Raspy,  short-tempered.  1893 
Harper's  Mag.  975/1  Her  temper  was.  .certainly  '  raspy1. 

fRa'Spy,  a:-  Obs.  rare~l.  [Anglicized  form 
of  obs.  ¥.  raspe.~\  =  R  \SPE  a.  (q.  v.). 

1703  Art  «,  Mysi.  Vintners  20  They  counterfeit  Raspy 
wine,  with  Flower-de-luce  Roots. 

Raspyce,  -yse,  variants  of  RASPIS.  Obs. 

Rasa,  obs.  f.  RACE  sl>.1  etc. ;  obs.  pa.  t.  RISE  v. 

t  Rassasy,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  F.  rassasier  ( i  sth 
c.),  f.  re-  +  OF.  assasier,  f.  L.  ad-  +  saiidre:  see 
SATIATE  v."]  trans.  To  satisfy  (a  hungry  person). 
Also  const,  of. 

1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  I  ij  b,  The  brede  of  heuen 
wherof  she  was  rassasyed  and  fylde.  1484  —  Fables  of&sof 
v.  x,  I  must  etc  one  of  yow,  to  th'ende  that  I  may  be  fylled 
and  rassasyed  of  my  grete  honger. 

Rasse1  (ne-s<*;  ras).  [Javanese  rase."]  A  kind 
of  civet-cat  (Viverricula  malaccensis,  or  Malacca 
Weasel)  found  in  India,  the  Malay  Peninsula,  Java, 
China,  etc.,  and  frequently  kept  in  captivity  for 
the  sake  of  the  perfume  obtained  from  it. 

1817  RAFFLES  Java  I.  50  Musk,  called  dedes,  is  procured 
from  the  rast.  1824  HORSFIELD  Zool.  Researches  in  Java, 
Viverra  Rasse. . .  The  Rasse  belongs  to  the  division  of 
strictly  digitigrade  Carnassiers.  1861  WOOD  Nat.  Hist.  I. 
232  The  Rasse  is  spread  over  a  large  extent  of  country. 

t  Rasse 2.  Obs.rare~l.     ?  A  peak,  projection. 

13 ..  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  B.  446  On  a  rasse  of  a  rok,  hit  rest  at 
be  laste. 

fRassed,  fpl.  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RACE  v± 
or  RASE  v.%  +  -ED  1.]  Torn  off ;  hence  in  Her. 
(of  two  colours)  meeting  in  a  jagged  line.  Cf. 
ERASED  2  a. 

1513  in  Glover  Hist.  Derby  I.  App.  61  An  Asse  hed  goulls 
rassed  and  haltered.  1572  BOSSEWELL  Arinorie  11.  27  b, 
These  be  called  quartered  Armes,  rassed,  for  ye  two  colours 
be  rassed,  as  though  the  one  were  rente  from  the  other, 

Rassh(e,  obs.  forms  of  RASH  a.  and  v. 

Rassle,  obs.  form  of  wrastle  WRESTLE  v. 

Rasspout,  obs.  form  of  RAJPOOT. 

t  Ra-stel.  Obs.  rare  -'.  [a.  OF.  rastel  (rate!, 
mod.F.  rat  COM)  rake,  portcullis  (see  Godef. ),  etc. : 
:— L.  rastellus,  dim.  ofras/ritm  rake.]  A  portcullis. 

1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warres  v.  i.  127  The  gate  must  haue 
.  .his  rastell  or  drawer  of  strong  timber  or  iron. 


160 

fRa'Steling.  Ol>s.  rare*1.  ?  A  tumult,  uproar. 

a  1400-5°  •4'V-1  'andcr  943  f  Dubl.  MS.)  Alexander  . .  Herd 
suche  a  rastelyng  in  be  realm,  &  rydez  J»e  faster.  \Ashm. 
M.S.  Sees  slike  a  rottilyng,  etc.] 

t  Raster.  Obs.  rare—*.  [?  f.  RASE  v.l  +  -STER.] 
?A  barber.  Only  in  raster-cloth,  house  (see  quots.). 

c  1440  Prontp.  Parv.  424/1  Rastyr  howse,  or  schavyng 
howse  (S.  rasyr  hows),  iarbitondittm.  1483  Catft.  Angl. 
300/1  Raster  clathe,  ra.Ua.  Ibid.  300/2  Raster  house  (A. 
Raser  howse),  barbitOHdhim.  1500  Ortus,  Ralla,  a  raster 
cloth  or  a  shauynge  clothe. 

t  Rastilbow.  Obs.  rare—".  [Corruptly  ad. 
med.L.  resta  tovis  or  OF.  reste  de  beof  (mod.F. 
arrete  bcetif),  lit.  '  stopping  of  the  ox '.]  The 
plant  REST-HARROW. 

c  1440  Prottip.  Parr.  424/1  Rastylbow,  wede,  resta  bm<is. 

Rastle,  obs.  and  dial,  form  of  WRESTLE. 

t  Ra-ston.  Obs.  rare  — '.  [a.  OF.  raston,  raton : 
see  Godef.,  and  cf.  RATTOON  l.]  'A  fashion  of 
round  and  high  Tart,  made  of  butter,  egges,  and 
cheese'  (Cotgr.). 

c  1430  Two  Cookcry-bks,  52  Rastons.  Take  fayre  Flowre, 
&  be  whyte  of  Eyroun,  &  j> e  jolke  a  lytel  [etc.). 

Rasty,  dial.  var.  REASTY. 

Rasure1  (re'-ziiu).  Now  rare.  Also  7-9  raz-. 
[a.  F.  rasure  (1235  i"  Godef.),  or  ad.  L.  rasiira : 
see  RASE  z*.1  and  -URE.] 

1 1.  The  act  of  scraping  or  shaving  (also  fig.}  ; 
a  scratch,  mark,  cut,  slit.   Obs. 

1470-85  MALORY  A rthnr  xvni.  xxv,  Lyke  as  wynter  rasure 
doth  always  a  rase  and  deface  grene  somer,  soo.  -for  a  lytel 
blast  of  wynters  rasure  anone  we  shalle  deface  and  lay  a 
parte  true  loue.     1599  HAKLUYT  Voy.  III.  674  They  race 
some  their  faces,  some  their  bodies,  . .  the  print  of  which 
rasure  can  neuer  bee  done  away  againe  during  life.     1611 
SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  v.  vi.  (1632)  42  Carrying  these  rasures 
on  their  pictured  limbes.     1721  GIBSON  Farrier 's  dude  ii.    i 
(1738)  250  Soaking  Pledgits  of  clean  Kurds  in  this  Mixture,     . 
and  laying  them  pretty  warm  on  the  Razures  or  Chinks, 
t  b.  A  particle,  or  the  particles,  scraped  off. 

c  1400  I.anfranc's  Ciriirg.  135,  I  leie  on  be  schauynge  or 
ellis  be  rasure  of  lynnen  C\QO\J.  1669  KVELYN  Syfaa  (1776) 
324  The  wood  should  be  cut  about  May  and  the  Rasures 
well  dried. 

1 2.  The  act  of  shaving  (the  head,  hair,  etc.) ; 
tonsure.   Obs. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  111/1  Saynt  denys  . .  sayth  the 
rasure  and  cuttyng  of  of  the  heer  signefyeth  pure  lyf.    1561 
T.  NORTON  Calvin's  fust.  iv.  xix.  (1634)  726  inarg.,  The    j 
Popish  rasure  ministred  unto  Clerks  at  the  first  receit  of    \ 
their  Cleargie.    a  1603  T.  CARTWRIGHT  Confut.  Rltcni.  N.  T.    • 
(1618)  it  They  had  no  razure  commanded,  onely  it  was 
prouided  that  they  should  not  haue  their  haire  long.    1737 
WINSTON  Josephus  (1755)  IV.  333  Their  heads  were  sooty : 
they  had  round  rasures  on  them. 

3.  The  act  of  scraping  out  something  written; 
an  erasure.  (Freq.  in  i6-i8th  c.) 

1508  FISHER  7  Pcnit.  Ps.  xxxii.  Wks.  (1876)  24  We  fyrste 
scrape  the  paper,  and  by  that  rasure  or  scraping  sumwhat  is 
taken  awaye  of  the  letters.  1602  FULBECKE  znd  Pt.  Parall. 
28/1  Such  writings  obligatorie  if  they  haue  any  razure  in 
them  in  any  materiall  place  are  of  no  credit  in  law.  a  1734 
NORTH  Lives  Norths  (1742)  I.  115  She  had  very  credible  in- 
formation  that  there  was  a  foul  rasure  in  Sir  John  Cuts's 
will.  1791-1823  D'ISRAELI  Car.  Lit.  (1866)  208/2  A  speci 
men  of  his  continual  corrections  and  critical  rasures. 
b.  trans/.  Obliteration,  effacement ;  cancelling. 

1603  SHAKS.  Meas.for  M.  v.  i.  13  A  fprted  residence  'gainst 
the  tooth  of  time  And  razure  of  obliuion.  1670  MARVELI. 
Let.  to  W.  Kamsden  Wks.  (1875)  I.  410  When  we  began  to 
talk  of  the  Lords,  the  King  sent  for  us  alone,  and  recom 
mended  a  rasure  of  all  proceedings.  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler 
No.  41  Impressed  upon  the  mind  so  as  to  defy  all  attempts 
of  rasure  or  of  change.  1761-2  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  IV.  Ixv. 
(1806)  780  That  a  general  razure  should  be  made  of  all 
transactions  with  regard  to  that  disputed  question. 

t  Rasure  -.  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  -our.  [a.  OF. 
rasure  (Godef.)  ;  cf.  Pg.  rasoura.]  =--  RASER  l. 

(-1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Aymon  viii.  187  The  rasour  of    > 
whete  was  solde  for  fourty  shelynges  and  twenty  pence. 
1526  Tolls  in  Dillon  Calais  ff  Pole  (1892)  89  Item,  for  evry    j 
Rasure  of  Lyme  qr. 

Rasure,  obs.  f.  RAZOR.  Rasydhede :  see 
RASEDHEAD.  Rasyn(e,  -ynge,  obs.  ff.  RAISIN. 
Rasyst,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RESIST. 

Rat  (rset),  sbl  Forms :  I  reet,  4-6  ratte,  6 
ratt,  5-  rat.  [OE.  net  (once)  =  Du.  rat,  MHG. 
rat  (G.  rats),  masc. ;  also  OLG.  ratta,  OHG. 
ratte  (G.  ratte,  raise),  fern.,  and  OHG.  ratio  m. ; 
=  F.  rat  m.,  rate  f.,  Sp.,  Pg.  rato,  obs.  It.  ratio, 
med.L.  rattis,  raltus. 

The  ultimate  origin  of  the  word  is  uncertain,  but  it  seems 
probable  that  it  was  adopted  first  in  the  Teutonic  languages 
when  the  animal  came  to  be  known  in  western  Europe,  and 
thence  passed  into  the  Romance  tongues.  Forms  with  o 
occur  in  the  LG.  and  Scand.  languages  as  well  as  in  English : 
see  ROTTAN,  ROTTE.  The  most  usual  form  in  ME.  was 
raton,  -oun,  RATTON.] 

1.  A  rodent  of  some  of  the  larger  species  of  the 
genus  Mus,  esp.  M.  rattus,  the  black  rat  (now 
almost  extinct),  and  M.  decumanus,  the  common 
grey,  brown,  or  Norway  rat.  (See  also  LAND-, 
MUSK-,  WATER-EAT.) 

c  looo  /CLFRIC  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wulcker  118/41  Fiber,  .befer. 
Ratnrus,  rset.  Lvtria,  otor.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  Prol.  200 
Had  ?e  rattes  joure  wille  ;e  couthe  nou?t  reule  joureselue. 
c  1450  MYRC  Par.  Priest  1897  5ef  hyt  were  eten  wyth  mows 
or  rat,  Dere  bow  moste  a-bygge  bat.  1561  DAUS  tr.  Bitllinger 
on  Apoc.  (1573)  119  They  bewray  themselues  lyke  a  Ratte 


RAT. 

wyth  theyr  owne  vtteraunce.  1596  SHAKS.  Mercli.  V.  iv.  i. 
44  What  if  my  house  be  troubled  with  a  Rat.  1610  — 
Temp.  i.  ii.  147  Nor  tackle,  sayle,  nor  mast,  the  very  rats 
Instinctiuely  haue  quit  it.  1625  BACON  Ess.,  U'isd.  for 
Man's  SelJ '(Arb.)  187  It  is  the  Wisedome  of  Rats,  that  will 
be  sure  to  leaue  a  House,  somewhat  before  it  fall.  1726 
GAY  Fables  n.  viii.  87  Rats  and  mice  purloin  our  grain. 
1759  Ann.  Reg.  123/1  A  large  Norway  rat.  1774  GOLDSM. 
Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  IV.  66  The  Great  Rat. ..It  is  chiefly  in  the 
colour  that  this  animal  differs  from  the  Black  Rat,  or  the 
Common  Rat,  as  it  was  once  called,  but  now  common  no 
longer.  1820  SHELLEY  CEd.  Tyr.  i.  183  Rats,  when  lean 
enough  To  crawl  through  such  chinks.  1843  DIEFFENBACH 
Trav.  Ne-.v  /..  II.  185  There  exists  a  frugiferous  native  rat. 

1862  ANSTF.D  Channel  Isl.  n.  ix.  (ed.  2)  201  The  black  rat, 
so  rare  in  England,  is  common  in  Alderney  and  Herm.  t 

fig-  l8SS  SMF.DLEY  H.  Cpverdale  iii.  14  A  pair  of  little 
hopping  rats  of  ponies.  1875  BUCKLAND  Log-Book  204  Crabs 
are,  in  fact,  the  rats  of  the  ocean. 

b.  transf.  Applied  to  animals  of  other  species 
resembling  the  rat. 

t  Rat  of  Inde,  the  ichneumon.  ^  Rat  of  Surinam,  the 
phalanger.  Marsupial  rat,  an  opossum.  Pharaoh's  rat, 
the  ichneumon  (cf.  OF.  rat  de  Farcon  in  Marco  Polo). 
Nonvay  or  Norwegian  rat,  the  lemming. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  i.  vi.  272  So  Pharoah  s  Rat, 
yer  he  begin  the  fray  'Gainst  the  blinde  Aspicke.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  303  Rats  of  Inde,  called  Ichneumones. 
'753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.,  Le»ii>i£,lhe  name  of  a  creature 
of  the  rat  kind,  called  by  authors  mus  Norwegian,  the 
Norway  rat.  1774  GOLDSMITH  Nat.  Hist.  (1862)  I.  vn.  i. 
515  The  Philanger..is  about  the  size  of  a  rat,  and  has, 
accordingly,  by  some,  been  called  the  Rat  of  Surinam. 

1863  H.  W.  BATES  Naturalist  on  R .  Amazons  IX.  (ad.  2)  260 
A  beautiful  opossum  :  . .  this  made  the  third  species  of  mar 
supial  rat  I  had  so  far  obtained.    1886  Riverside  Nat.  Hist. 
V.  442  Pharaoh's  Rat  . .  feeds  to  a  great  extent  upon  the 
eggs  of  the  crocodile.     [1886  Pall  Mall  G.  14  Sept.  i/i  On 
the  suicidal  principles  of  Norwegian  ratdom.] 

2.  In  phrases  :  a.  To  smell  a  rat,  to  suspect 
something. 

01550  Image  Hypoer.  i.  51  in  Skelton's  Wks.  (1843)  II. 
414/2  Yf  they  smell  a  ratt,  They  griselj;  chide  and  chatt. 
1602  2«rf  Pt.  Return  fr.  Parnass.  in.  ii.  1272  He  say  no 
more,  gesse  at  my  meaning,  I  smel  a  rat.  1660  SHIRLKY 
Amiroin.  II.  ii.  14,  I  smell  a  Rat  sir,  there's  jugling  in  this 
business.  1736  [CHETWOOD]  Voy.  Vaughan  I.  170,  I  askd 
her  so  many  Questions,  that,  tho'a  Woman  ignorant  enough, 
she  began  to  smell  a  Rat.  1840  LVTTON  Paul  Clifford 
xxxiv,  Whew  !  I  smell  a  rat ;  this  stolen  child,  then,  was  no 
other  than  Paul.  1894  HOWELLS  in  Harpers  Mag.  Feb. 
377  He'll  be  sure  to  smell  a  rat  if  I'm  with  you. 
b.  Like  (or  as  met  as~)  a  drowned  rat. 

ciya  [see  DROWNED  i  b].  1542  UDALI.  Erasm.  Apoph. 
180  b,  An  hedde  he  had  . .  Three  heares  on  a  side,  like  a 
drouned  ratte.  1697  DAMPIER  Voy.  I.  iv.  70  The  Storm  . . 
drencht  us  all  like  so  many  drowned  Rats.  1771  SMOLLETT 
Humph.  Cl.  III.  14  Oct.  Let.  iv,  I  was  dragged  out  of  a 
river  like  a  drowned  rat.  1880  [see  DROWNED]. 

C.  (As)  drunk,  poor,  f  rank,  or  weak,  as  a  rat. 

1538  BALE  Thre  Lames  835  The  monkes  were  fatte  And 
ranke  as  a  ratte.  1553  T.  WILSON  Rhet.  (1580)  128  As  if  one 
had.  .keptetheTauerne  till  he  had  been  asdronke  as  a  Ratte. 
1661  Merry  Drollerie  i.  17  Drunk  as  a  Rat,  you'd  hardly 
wot  That  drinking  so  he  could  trudge  it.  1833  MARRYAT 
P.  Simple  xxxi,  He's  as  poor  as  a  rat.  1840  COL.  HAWKER 
Diary  (1893)  II.  186  Weak  as  a  rat,  and  no  appetite. 

d.  With  reference  to  the  alleged  killing  or  ex 
pulsion  of  Irish  rats  by  riming.     Cf.  RIME  v. 

1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  in.  ii.  188,  I  was  neuer  so  berim'd 
since . .  I  was  an  Irish  Rat.  1625  B.  JONSON  Staple  oj 'News 
4th  Interm.,  The  fine  Madrigall-man,  in  rime,  to  haue  runne 
him  o'  the  Countrey,  like  an  Irish  rat.  1660  (title)  Rats 
Rhimed  to  Death,  or,  The  Rump-Parliament  Hang'd  up  in 
the  Shambles.  1735  POPE  Donne  Sat.  ii.  22  Songs  no 
longer  move ;  No  rat  is  rhym'd  to  death,  nor  maid  to  love. 

e.  Slang  (orig.   U.  S.).     Used  ironically  in  //. 


rats  ',  cries  another  onlooker. 


3.  Used  as  an  opprobrious  or  familiar  epithet. 
1594  SHAKS.  Kick.  Ill,  v.  iii.  331  These  famish'd  Beggers 

..  Who  ..  For  want  of  meanes  (poore  Rats)  had  hang  d 
themselues.  1629  EARLE  Microcosm.  (Arb.)  98  One  that 
nick-names  Clergymen  with  all  the  termes  of  reproch,  as 
Rat,  Black  coate,  and  the  like.  ci6s&  Roxo.  Ball.  (1886) 
VI.  106  No  Female  Rat  shall  me  deceive,  nor  catch  me  by 
a  crafty  wild.  1830  HOOD  Drop  of  Gin  iii,  Hardly  ac 
knowledged  by  kith  and  kin,  Because,  poor  rat !  He  has  no 
cravat.  1888  STEVENSON  Black  Arrtmi  29  Ha  !  Clipsby, 
are  ye  there,  old  rat ! 

4.  spec,  f  a.  A  pirate.  Obs. 

[1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  I.  iii.  23.]    1673  HOBBES  Odyss. 
xv.  371  Phaenician  Merchants,  Rats,  then  thither  came. 
Ibid  xvi.  61  Thesprotian  rats  got  him  aboard  their  ship, 
f  b.  (See  quots.)  Obs. 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Rat,  a  Drunken  Man  or 
Woman  taken  up  by  the  Watch,  and  carried  . .  to  the 
Counter.  1781  R.  KING  Mod.  Loud.  Spy  38  Men  taken  up 
for  assaults  or  night-brawls  were  termed  Rats. 

c.  In  Politics  :  One  who  deserts  his  party. 
(From  the  alleged  fact  that  rats  leave  a  house  about  to  fall 

or  a  ship  about  to  sink  :  see  sense  i,  quots.  1610,  1625.) 

1792  EARL  MALMESBURY  Diaries  ty  Corr.  II.  477  This 
would,  .pronounce,  .us.  .as  having  differed  with  him,  and, 
of  course,  become  rats  and  deserters.  1823  BENTHAM  Not 
Paul  out  Resits  199  In  a  word,  in  the  language  of  modern 
party,  Silas  was  a  rat.  1888  H.  D.  TRAILI.  Will.  Ill,  i.  (1892) 
7  Charles  transformed  himself,  with  more  than  the  celerity 
of  the  nimblest  modern  rat  [etc.]. 

d.  A  workman  who  refuses  to  strike  along  with 
others,  or  takes  a  striker's  place ;  also  (esp.  among 
printers),  one  who  works  for  lower  wages  than  the 
ordinary  (or  trade-union)  rate. 


RAT. 

.  181  The  men  i 


161 

agree  to  go  into    ;   kangaroo-rats.    1894 Labour  Commission,  G/ow.s.v.,In  the 


it  Aug.  96/2  This  orator  declared  ..  that  'rats'  were  still 
employed  in  the  Tribune  office. 

5.  Something  resembling  a  rat  in  shape. 

a.  U.  S.  A  hair-pad  with  tapering  ends. 

1869  MRS.  WHITNEY  Ifo  Girls  v.  (1874)  98  She  can't  buy 
coils  and  braids  and  two-dollar  rats.  1888  Century  Mng. 
Sept.  769/1  The  crescent  shaped  pillows  on  which  it  [hair]  was 
put  up,  the  startling  names  of  which  were  '  rats '  and  '  mice '. 

b.  A  plumber's  tool. 

1894  Times  27  Jan.  7/5  Some  of  the  company's  men.,  were 
using  a  red-hot  plug  or  '  rat '. 

6.  [f.  RAT  ».]   The  act  of  changing  one's  side. 
1838  LYTTON  Alice  v.  ii,  Political  factions  love  converts. 

.  .A  man  s  rise  in  life  generally  dates  from  a  well-timed  rat. 

7.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  attributive,  as  rat-haunt, 
-hole  (also  fig.~),  kind,  -leather,  pie,  poison,  -pre 
serve,  -skin,  -terrier,  -warren. 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  iv.  v.  200  Mine  Host  wondred 
with  h.mselfe,  where  the  'Rat-haunt  should  be.  1812 
o  ,  *••£!"'*  Kcj'-  Alidr-'  Hampsh.  Farmer's  Addr. 
(1833)  32  Who  routed  you  from  a  'rat-hole. .to  perch  you  in 
a  palace  1  1879  O.  W.  HOLM  ES  Motley  xviii.  129  The  police 
et  on  the  track  of  the  writer  to  find  his  rathole  if  possible. 
"753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.,  Leming,  the  name  of  a  creature 
of  the  "rat  kind.  1879  GOODE  Catal.  Anim.  Resources 
f,  Fisheries  U.  S.  214  'Rat  leather,  used  for  thumbs  of  kid 
gloves.  1812  SOUTHEY  Omniana  I.  25  'Rat  pye  would  be 
as  good  as  Rook  pye.  1844  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  III.  1296 
A  pot  of. .  'rat  poison.  1848  Zoologist  VI.  2054  They  were 
the  lords  of  the  "rat-preserve  in  the  barn.  1812  SOUTHEY 
Ommana  I.  26  'Rat-skin  robes  for  the  ladies  would  be 
beautiful.  1893  Wcstm.  Gaz.  22  June  3/3  The  length  of  the 
largest  rat-skin,  when  dressed,  is  seven  to  eight  inches.  1851 
MAYHEW  Land.  Lab.  1 1.  55  The  cost  of  a  bull-dog,  or  a  bull- 
terrier  or  "rat-terrier.  1886  Miss  BRADDON  One  Thing 
Needful  iv,  Rooms  that  only  serve  as  a  'rat-warren. 

b.  Objective,  and  obj.  genitive,  as  rat-catching, 
-charmer,  -hunting,  -killer,  -killing,  f  -taker.  See 
also  RAT-CATCHEB. 


—  ,          ,  m- 

blctoes.     1860  MARRYAT  Horace  Jutland  II.  280  The  "rat- 
charmer  .  . 
MAYHEW  La 


.  .  - 

charmer  .  .  must   be  sadly  wanted  in   these  parts.      1851 
and.  Lab.  II.  56/2  The  main  sport  now.  .in  which 

~ 


,  M 


dogs  are  the  agents  is  'rat-hunting.  1538  ELYOT,  A 
cidus..,  a  'rat  killer.  1851  MAYHEW  Land.  Lab.  II.  56/2 
As  a  rat-killer,  a  ferret  is  not  to  be  compared  to  a  dog. 
1851-61  in  Mayhew  Land.  Lab.  (1865)  II.  491/1  Take  the 
tax  off  'rat-killing  dogs,  and  give  a  legality  to  rat-killing 
c  1500  Cockc  Lorelfs  B.  10  Mole  sekers,  and  *ratte  takers. 
1538  Arundcl  MS.  97  in  Vicary's  Anat.  (1888)  App.  II.  109 
John  Willis,  the  Kingis  rattaker. 

C.  Instrumental,  as  rat-deserted,  -gnawn,  -in 
fested,  -inhabited,  -ridden,  -riddled  adjs. 

1859  HELPS  Friends  in  Council  Ser.  n.  (ed.  2)  I.  n  Sordid, 
window- broken,  'rat-deserted . .  houses.  1860  WYNTER  Curi 
osities  of  Civilisation  137  The  'rat-gnawn  ivory  is  selected 
by  the  turner  as  fitted  for  billiard  balls.  1840  DICKENS 
Old  C.  Shop  iv,  A  small  'rat-infested  dreary  yard  1832 
CARLYLE  Goethe's  Wks.  Misc.  (1840)  IV.  198  Ancient  rotten 
*rat-mhabited  walls.  1870  DICKENS  E.  Drood  i,  Some  'rat- 
ridden  doorkeeper.  1835  BROWNING  HuguesofSaxe-Gotha. 
xxix,  Your  rotten-planked  'rat-riddled  stairs. 

d.  Similative,    as    rat-coloured,    -eyed,   -faced, 
-like  adjs. 

1633    MASSINGER  Guardian    n.  iv,  Their  'rat-coloured 


.,  ,         -  .  .      A 

Year  in  Sweden  II.  45  note,  This  'rat-faced  lady.  1846 
WATERHOUSE  Nat.  Hist.  Mamm.  I.  225  Its  'rat-like  tail. 
1857  BORROW  Romany  Rye  (1858)  II.  73  The  rat-like  eyes 
sparkled. 

e.  Special  combs.,  as  rat-bean,  a  species  of 
caper  (Capparis  frondosd)  ;  rat-bird,  the  striated 
bush-babbler  (Chattarrhcea  caudald)  ;  rat-clam, 
dial,  a  rat-trap  ;  rat-flrm,  a  firm  which  employs 
'  rats  '  or  non-union  workmen  ;  rat-flsh,  a  chimrera 
of  the  Pacific  coast  of  America  ;  rat-hare  =  LAGO- 
MTS  ;  rat-house,  a  printing-house  in  which  '  rats  * 
are  employed  ;  rat-kangaroo  =  KANGAROO-RAT  ; 
rat-labour  (see  quot.  and  4  d  above)  ;  rat-mole 
=  MOLE-RAT  ;  rat-offiee  =  rat-house  ;  rat-pill,  a 
pill  used  in  rat-catching;  rat-pit,  a  pit  in  which 
rats  are  confined  to  be  worried  by  dogs;  rat- 
poison,  poison  for  destroying  rats  ;  also  spec,  (see 
quot.  1848);  rat-snake,  a  snake  which  kills  rats, 
esp.  a  species  found  in  Ceylon,  frequently  kept  in 
domestication  for  this  purpose.  See  also  RAT- 
TAIL,  -TRAP. 

1879  BARON  EGGERS  Flora  St.  Croix  25  »Rat-bean.     1883 
E.  H.  A[ITKEN]  Tribes  on  My  Frontier  3  Down  among 


.   . 

»  Bin-  1889  Pall  Mall  G.  18  Feb.  3/3  Is  Mr.  Morley  sure 
that  his  books  are  not  printed  by  '"rat  firms'?  1881 
JORDAN  &  GILBERT  Syn.  Fishes  N.  Amer.  54  Cliimaem.. 


.  .         gd.  91  - 

Hares  have  moderate  ears;  legs  nearly  alike.  1891  Pall 
Mall  G.  21  Nov.  2/3  The  bills  ..  are  printed  at  what  are 
commonly  termed  '  'rat-houses  '.  1846  G.  R.  WATERHOUSE 
Nat.  Hist.  Mammalia  I.  196  The  "Rat-Kangaroo  may  be 
divided  into  three  minor  groups.  1894  R.  LYDEKKER  Mar- 
supialia  63  The  rat-kangaroo,  often  inc 


union  '  or  '  free '  labour  are  S3'nonymous.  By  a  unionist 
rat  labour  is  defined  as  men  who  work  for  less  than  the 
established  rate  of  wages.  1846  BUCHANAN,  "Rat  Mole. 
1810  Sporting  Mag.  XXXV.  7  The  quantity  of  'rat-pills 


RAT-CATCHEB. 

1835  W.  YATF.  Ace.  New  Z.  50  Rata. .,  this  is  a  fine  and 


VOL.  VIII. 


ncorrectly  spoken  of  as 


shrub,  a  native  of  Sierra  Leone.  1860  TENNENT  Ceylon  I. 
193  note,  Wolf . .  mentions  that  'rat-snakes  were  often  so 
domesticated  by  the  natives  as  to  feed  at  their  table. 

Bat  (net),  i/'.2  Obs.  exc.  north,  dial.  Forms  : 
3-4  ratte,  8-9  dial.  rat.  [Of  obscure  etym.] 
A  rag,  scrap. 

a  1240  H'ohiinge'm  Cott.  Horn.  277  pu  wunden  was  i  rattes 
and  i  clutes.  13..  S.  Erken-.volde  260  in  Horstm.  Altengl. 
Leg.  (1881)  272  In  cloutes,  me  thynkes,  Horn  burde  haue 
I  rotid  &  bene  rent  in  rattis  longe  sythene.  a  1796  PEGGE 
DtrUcumi  s.v.,  All  to  rats,  i.e.  scraps.  1847  HALLIWELL, 
Rats,  pieces,  shreds,  fragments.  North. 

t  Bat,  sb.-:  Obs.     Forms  5  ratte,  6  Sc.  ratt-. 

[a.  MDu.,  MLG.  rat  (rad-~)  or  Da.  rat  (from  LG.) 

=  OFris.  rod,  reth,  OS.  rath,  OHG.  (mod.G.) 

I    rad,  cognate  with  L.  rota,  Olr.  roth,  Lith.  raids 

•    wheel,  Skr.   rdtha-s   (war)  chariot.]     The  wheel 

which  was  formerly  used  in  one  method  of  execut- 

;    ing  criminals,  and  on  which  their  dead  bodies  were 

afterwards  exposed.     Also  in//. 

1481  CAXTON  Reynard  (Arb.)  12  It  shal  cos'te  you  yourlyf 
he  wyl  hange  yow  or  sette  you  on  the  ratte.  1508  DUNBAR 
Flytatf  51  Evill  farit  and  dryit,  as  Denseman  on  the  rattis. 
1560  ROLLAND  Sr-'cn  Safes  332  On  the  Rattis  reuin,  hangit, 
drawm,  and  quarterit. 

Rat,  sci.*  Sc.  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  A  rut, 
furrow,  mark,  scratch. 

1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  VII.  viii.  26  Hir  forryt  scoryt  wyth 
runclys  and  mony  rat.  1808  JAMIF.SON,  i.  Rat,  a  scratch  ; 
as,  a  rat  with  a  prein,  a  scratch  with  a  pin.  . .  3.  The  track 
of  a  wheel  in  a  road. 

t  Bat,  sb?  Sc.  Obs.  In  7  rate,  ratt(e.  [Var. 
of  ROT  sb.t,  by  Sc.  substitution  of  a  for  e.]  A  file 
(of  soldiers). 

1646  LT.  GEN.  BAILUF.  in  Baillie's  Lett,  ft  Jrnls.  (1841)  II. 
421,  I  found  five  ratt  musqneteers,  more  than  ane  musquet- 
shott  at  randome  before  their  bodie.  1653  BAILLIE  ibid.  III. 
225  Cotterall  besett  the  Church  with  some  rattes  of  mus- 
queteirs  and  a  troupof  horse,  a  1670 SPALDING  Troitb,  Chas.  f 
(Spalding  Club)  II.  331  He  directet  also  the  Laird  of 
Haddoche.  .to  go  to  Torry,  with  a  rate  of  mvskiteires. 

tRat,  si.o  06s.  rare-1.     =  RAT-KIME. 

1671  Trite  Non-Conformist  254  If  in  hearty  requests,  we 
our  selves  can  neither  be  confined  . .  to  a  rat  of  words  put  in 
our  mouth,  nor  relish  the  like  practice  from  others  [etc.]. 

t  Rat,  sb.1  Obs.-o  [a.  F.  rat,  obs.  var.  ra s,  raz  : 
see  RACE  sbl  6.]  A  strong  or  rapid  current. 

There  is  no  evidence  that  the  form  has  ever  been  in  Eng. 
use.  The  latter  part  of  quot.  1867  alludes  to  Pg.  ralo  a  sharp 
rock,  which  has  no  connexion  with  the  Fr.  word. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.,  Rat,  in  the  sea  language,  is 
used  to  express  a  part  of  the  sea,  where  there  are  rapid 
and  dangerous  currents,  or  counter  currents.  1867  SMYTH 
Sailor's  IVord-tk.  561  Rat, ..a.  rapid  stream  or  race,  derived 
from  sharp  rocks  beneath,  which  injure  the  cable. 

Bat  (rat),  K.I     [f.  RAT  aM] 

1.  intr.  (chiefly  fres.ff/e)   To  catch  or  hunt  rats. 
1864  Daily  Tel.  17  Dec.,  He  wished  to  take  it  [a  dog] 

ratting.  1871  M.  LEGRAND  Cambr.  Freshm.  275,  I  believe 
the  old  pony  would  rat,  too,  if  you  put  him  in  the  pit. 

2.  intr.  a.  To  desert  one's  party,  side,  or  cause, 
esp.  in  politics ;  to  go  over  as  a  deserter. 

1815  [cf.  re-rat,  RE-  5  a],  1817  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Harring 
ton  iii,  If  you  have  a  mind  to  rat,  rat  sans  phrase,  and  run 
over  to  the  Jewish  side.  1831  J.  W.  CROKER  in  C.  Papers 
i  Mar.  (1884),  Some  of  the  steadiest  old  country  gentlemen 
ratting  over  to  Reform.  1888  SAINTSBURY  in  Macm.  Mag. 
Sept.  349/2  Though  Mackworth  ratted  to  my  own  side, 
I  fear  it  must  be  confessed  that  he  did  rat. 
b.  To  act  as  a  '  rat '  (sense  4  d). 

1847  WEBSTER  cites  T.  F.  ADAMS. 

3.  trans.  To  furnish  with  a  '  rat '  (sense  5  a). 
1867  MRS.  WHITNEY  Z.  Goldtlnuaitex.  235  Next  morning, 

at  breakfast,  Sin  Saxon  was  as  beautifully  ruffled,  ratted, 
and  crimped,  .as  ever. 

Bat  (net),  zi.2  vulgar.  [Substituted  for  ROT 
v.  ;  cf.  DRAT.]  A  form  of  imprecation,  =  DRAT. 

1696  VANBRUGH  Relapse  I.  iii,  Rat  my  pocket-handerchief  1 
have  not  I  a  page  to  carry  it  ?  1747  DR.  HOADI.Y  Suspicious 
Husband  II.  i,  Rat  your  inquisitive  Eyes.  1792  CHARLOTTE 
SMITH  Desmond  I.  29  But,  rat  me,  if  I  know  why  the  plague 
we  came.  1862  THACKF.RAY  Philip  xxxvi,  Her  very  words 
were  '  Rat  that  piano  ! '  1889  DOYLE  MicoJi  Clarke  xxiii. 
236  Rat  me,  if  the  scar  is  healed  yet. 

tRat,  v.3  Obs.  rare-1.  [Related  to  RAT  sb?] 
trans.  To  break  up,  drive  apart. 

?,ii4oo  Morte  Artlt.  2235  Thane  be  Romayns  releuyde, 
bat  are  ware  rebuykkyde,  And  alle  to-rattys  oure  mene  with 
theire  riste  horsses. 

[Rat,  v.*,  error  for  RATTLE  v.  2  b. 

1733  PUCKLE  Club  (ed.  4)  84  Told  us  that  an  hart  bellows, 
a  buck  groyns,  a  roe  bells,  a  goat  rats.] 

Rat,  obs.  f.  3rd  pers.  sing.  pres.  indie.  READ  v. 

Bata  (ra'ta).  [Maori.]  A  large  and  handsome 
forest-tree  of  New  Zealand,  bearing  crimson  flowers 
and  yielding  a  hard  red  wood. 

The  name  is  given  to  two  species,  Metrosideros  robusla, 
the  Northern  Rata,  in  the  North  Island,  and  M.  Ivcida,  the 
Southern  Rata,  in  the  South  Island ;  sometimes  also  to  the 
climbing  species  M.florida,  properly  called  the  Aka.  See 
Morris  Austral  Eng.,  s.v. 


and  covered  with  scarlet  flowers.  1889  T.  KIRK  Forest 
Flora  New  Z.  99  The  southern  rata  is  easily  cultivated, 
and,  although  of  slow  growth,  is  of  value  for  ornamental 
planting.  Ibid.  263  The  northern  rata  is  one  of  the  largest 
trees  in  the  New  Zealand  flora. 

b.  attrib.,  as  rata-jlowcr,  -root,  -tree. 

1835  W.  YATF.  Ace.  Nan  Z.  Index,  Rata-tree  1843 
DiEFFENBACH  Trav.  New  Z.  I.  xiv.  224  Of  other  para 
sitical  plants,  however,  the  rata-trees  are  very  free.  1860 
DONALDSON  Bush  Lays  37  The  rata  flowers  whisper  a 
I  message  of  death.  1872  DOMETT  Ranolf  ft  Amohia  \.  i.  i 
Its  butt  against  a  rata-root. 

Ratable,  etc. :  see  RATEABLE,  etc. 

Batafia  (i  fetaff  a).  Also  8  rattafla,  -fee,  ratifla, 
-fle,  -fea,  -fee,  9  ratafie.  [a.  K.  ralafia  (17111  c., 
Boileau),  f  ratajiat,  of  unknown  origin  (see  Littre 
for  conjectures).] 

1.  A  cordial   or   liqueur   flavoured   with   certain 
fruits  or  their  kernels,  usually  almonds  or  peach-, 
apricot-,  and  cherry-kernels. 

1699  M-  LISTER  Journ.  to  Paris  164  All  sorts  of  Strong 
Waters,  particularly  Ratafia's,  which  is  a  sort  of  Cherry 
Brandy  made  with  Peach  and  Apricock  Stones.  1710 
D'URFEY  rills  I.  6  Farewel  Cold  Tea,  And  Rattafee.  1737 
DRURY  Rival  Milliners  l.  viii,  If  you  refrain  from  Ratifea 
and  Paint.  1810  CIIABBE  Borough  xvi,  She  chose  her  com 
forts,  ratafia  and  play ;  She  loved  the  social  same,  the 
decent  glass.  1852  THACKERAY  Esmond  m.  viii,  A  half- 
dozen  glasses  of  Ratafia  made  him  forget  all  his  woes  and 
his  losses. 

attrib,  1769  MRS.  RAFFALD  Eng.  Honsekpr.  (1778)  269  To 
make  Ratafia  Cakes.  1875  Encycl.  ISrit.  1.  595,  t  When 
bitter  almonds  are  pounded  in  water  a  ratafia  odour  is 
produced. 

2.  A  kind  of  cake  or  biscuit  having  the  flavour  of 
ratafia,  or  made  to  be  eaten  along  with  it. 

1845  BREGION  &  MILLER  rract.  Cook.  219  Put  half  a  pound 

of  ratafias  in  the  mould.     1860  GF.O.  ELIOT  Mill  on  Floss 

!    vi.  i,  Give  him  three  ratafias  soaked  in  a  dessert-spoonful 

J    of_cream.    (-1870  Mirth  i.  12  The  soles  were  worn  to  the 

thinness  and  brittle  sponginess  of  ratafias. 

8.  A  variety  of  cherry.     (See  quot.) 

1835  Trans.  Hitrt.  Soc.  Ser.  II.  I.  291  Ratafia.. is  so  much 
allied  to  the  Morello,  that,  .it  will  be  sufficient  to  state  that 
its  leaves  are  smaller  and  more  tapering  towards  the  base 
than  those  of  the  Morello. 

Batal  (r£~'-tal),  sb.  [f.  RATE  rf.1  +  -AL,  prob. 
after  rental]  The  amount  on  which  rates  are 
assessed.  Also  attrib.  (in  some  cases  perh.  taken 
as  adj.'}. 

1859  Times  21  Mar.  6/5  Lord  John  Russell  was  the  author 
of  the  ^5  and  £6  ratal  clause.  1866  Pall  Mall  G.  21  Feb. 
7/1  Lord  John  was  told  that  the  j£6  ratal  was  a  shuttle. 
1883  M.  D.  CHALMERS  Local  Go-.'ernment  iii.  42  A  ratal  of 
^50  gives  one  vote.  1891  Daily  Ne'vs  4  Feb.  5/3  A  Bill 
has  been  introduced  into  Parliament  . .  seeking  to  abolish 
the  ratal  qualifications  for  members  of  vestries. 

Ratan :  see  RATTAN. 

Ratanhia  (ratie'nia).  Also  9  ratinia,  rha- 
tania.  [Pg.,  =  Sp.  ratania,  a.  Quichuan  ratana 
(Tschudi).]  =  RHATANY. 

1804.  CAPT.  MOORE  in  Naval  Chron.  XII.  323,  32  chests  of 
ratinia.  1805  Med.  Jrtil.  XIV.  129  The  root,  bark,  and 
extract  of  the  ratanhia.  1826  HENRY  Elem.  Chem.  II.  383 
The  extract  of  rhatania,  digested  in  hot  water. 

Comb.  1872  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  ist  Suppl.  992  Ratanhia- 
red  . .  first  obtained  by  Wittstein  as  a  product  of  the  decom 
position  of  ratanhia-tannic  acid. 

Hence  Kataiihine  (ra'tansin),  Chem.  a  com 
pound  homologous  with  tyrosine,  occurring  in  the 
extract  of  ratanhia. 

1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  V.  77. 

Ratany :  see  RHATANY. 

Bataplau  (rataplse-n),  sb.  [a.  F.  rataplan, 
of  echoic  origin.]  A  drumming  or  beating  noise; 
a  tattoo,  rub-a-dub. 

1847-8  G.  A.  A'BECKETT  Comic  Hist.  Eng.  vit.  i,  The 
sheriff  . .  ordered  the  drums  to  strike  up  a  rataplan.  1882 
OUIDA  Under  Two  Flags  (1890)  345  She  laughed  and 
drummed  the  rataplan  with  her  brass  heel.  1897  igth  Cent. 
June  936  The  ceaseless  rataplan  of  the  bats  of  the  washer 
women. 

Hence  Batapla'u  v.  a.  trans.  To  play  (a  march, 
etc.)  by  beating;  b.  intr.  To  beat  upon  (a  drum). 

1865  Daily  Tel.  15  Dec.  5/2  An  absurd  drummer-boy 
rataplanning  . .  some  march  adapted  from  the  Rogue's  own. 
1889  Daily  News  16  Dec.  3/6  A  large  white  rabbit  rata 
plans  upon  a  big  drum. 

Bat-a-tat  (ne'tatrxvt).    [Echoic.]   -  RAT-TAT. 

1681  T.  FLATMAN  Heraclitus  Ridens  No.  28  (1713)  I.  185 
A  Cooper  was  . .  busy,  Rat-a-tat,  Rat-a-tat,  hooping  Tubs. 
1813  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  II.  604  This  bustle  and  endless 
rat-a-tat-tat  at  our  door.  1895  Q.  Splendid  Spur  153  A  wild 
rat-a-tat !  on  the  street  door. 

Ba-t-ca:tcher.  [f.  RAT  rf.i]  One  whose 
business  it  is  to  catch  rats.  Also  trans/.  snAJig. 

1592  SHAKS.  Rom.  4-  Jul.  in.  i.  78  Tybalt,  you  Rat 
catcher,  will  you  walke  ?  1623  Althorp  MS.  in  Simpkinson 


caught  us  here  in  a  trap.  1772  T.  SIMPSON  Vermin-Killer  \, 
The  nobility,  farmers,  &c.  . .  send  for  a  man,  known  in  the 
country  by  the  name  of  a  rat-catcher.  1814  CHALMERS  in 
Life  (1851)  I.  399  The  gains . .  from  the  calling  of  a  rat 
catcher.  1851  MAYHEW  Lond.  Lab.  No.  45  The  Rat 
catchers  of  the  Sewers. 

21 


RATCH. 

b.  Applied  to  animals. 

1704  Baltieus'  Ceylon  Hi,  in  Churchill  Voyages  III.  827/1 
The  Land-Serpents  call'd  Ratcatchers  are  . .  very  large. 
1856  KANE  Arct.  Exfl.  I.  xxix.  395  He  [a  fox]  had  only 
one  fault  as  a  rat-catcher ;  he  would  never  catch  a  second 
till  he  had  eaten  the  first. 

Hatch  (rsetf),  sl>.l  Mech.  Also  7  Sc.  ratsehe, 
8  roch,  8-9  rash.  [Var.  of  RATCHET  ;  the  precise 
history  of  the  form  is  not  clear.  Cf.  G.  ratsehe, 
ratsehe  \  also  ratschborcr  ratchet-drill,  ratschscheibe 
ratchet-wheel.] 

•(•1.  Sc.  =  FIRELOCK  i.  Oh.  rare. 

1610  D.  WEDDERDURM  Coinpl.  Bulk  (S.  H.  S.)  73,  I  have 
directit  James  to  bring  me  hame  a  ratsehe  of  a  gun  of 
fyve  quarter  lenth.  1657  COLVIL  Whigs  Supplic.  (1751)  18 
Some  had  guns  with  rusty  ratches. 

2.  A  ratchet. 

1721  BAILEY,  Raich  [in  a  Watch]  are  the  small  Teeth  at 
the  Bottom  of  the  Barrel,  which  stop  it  in  winding  up.  1825 
J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  502  The  spring . .  must  not 
be  altered  by  the  ratches'  click.  1873  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech. 
1881/2  Ratch)  a  rack-bar  with  inclined  angular  teeth  be 
tween  which  a  pawl  drops. 

3.  A  ratchet-wheel ;  spec,  in  clock-work. 

1721  BAILEV,  Ratch,  [in  Clock-Work]  a  Sort  of  Wheel, 

which  serves  to  lift  up  the  Detents  every  Hour,  and  to 
make  the  Clock  strike.  1741  ETTRICK  'mPAtf.  Trans.  XLI. 
563  The  Roch,  or  snagged  Wheel,  being . .  accounted  as 
Part  of  the  great  Wheel.  1780  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  IX. 
6635/2  Ratch,  or  rash,  in  clock-work,  a  sort  of  wheel  having 
twelve  fangs  [etc.,  as  in  Bailey].  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech. 
1881/2  A  circular  ratch  is  a  ratchet-wheel. 
b.  So  ratch'ii'hecl. 

1741  ETTRICK  in  Phil.  Trans.  XLI.  567  The  Roch-wheel 
to  be  cut  with  48  Teeth.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Opcrat, 
Mechanic  314  The  other  end  . .  by  the  motion  of  the  arm  G, 
is  made  to  move  the  ratch-wheel. 

f  Ratch,  s&.*  Obs.  ran-1.    ?  =  RACK  rf.l  3. 

1562  PHAER  SEneid  v.  O  iv,  Down  sinck  the  surging 
waues. .;  from  al  the  heauen  the  ratches  flies. 

Ratch,  rf.3  A'aiii.     [f.  RATCH  z».i]     A  reach. 

1885  Daily  Tel.  19  Aug.  (quoted  in  Casselfs  Encycl.  Diet.). 

Hatch,  hunting-dog  :  see  RACHE  l. 

Ratch,  white  mark  :  see  RACHE  2. 

Ratch,  erron.  form  of  ROTCH. 

Ratch.  (r^tj),  ».l  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  4-6 
raehche,  5  ratche.  [Back-form,  from  raught, 
pa.  t.  of  REACH  ».',  on  anal,  of  caught,  catch.\ 

1.  intr.  fa.  To  proceed,  go.   Obs.  rare— '. 

13  .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  619  Resttez  here  on  )>is  rote  &  I 
schal  raehche  after. 

b.  Naut.  To  sail  on  a  tack,  to  '  reach '. 

1881  CLARK  RUSSELL  Sailor's  Swath.  I.  ii.  34  They 
ratched  from  shore  to  shore,  slueing  on  their  heels  to  run 
athwart  the  wind  on  another  tack.  1807  Outing  (U.  S.) 
XXIX.  467/2  Getting  our  anchor  we  ratched  around  under 
mainsail  and  jib. 

f2.  trans.  To  reach,  get  hold  of.   Obs.  rare-". 

1530  PALSGR.  679/2,  I  ratche,  I  catche,  I  have  raught.  Je 
attayns.  And  I  ratche  the  thou  shalt  here  me  a  blowe. 

3.  tram.  To  draw  out,  to  stretch  (hence  dial,  to 
exaggerate,  to  lie) ;  to  pull  or  tear  asunder. 

a  1529  SKELTON  Agst.  Garnesche  iii.  180  Thou  xuldyst  be 
rachchyd,  If  thow  war  metely  machchyd.  1530  PACSGR. 
679/2,  I  ratche,  I  stretche  out  a  length.  Je  esteiuis.  If  it 
be  to  shorte  ratche  it  out.  1781  HUTTON  Tour  to  Caves 
(ed.  2)  Gloss.,  Ratch,  to  tear  in  pieces.  1829  in  BROCKETT. 
1847  in  HALLIWELL.  1869-  in  dial,  glosses  (Lanes.,  Vks., 
Line.,  Hants,  Dorset). 

Hence  Ratched  ppl.  a.,  stretched. 

1835  URE  Philos.  Mawif.  179  He  must  take  care  not  to 
stretch  the  cardings.  ..  If  any  fault  is  committed  in  this 
respect,,  .they  are  said  to  be  'ratched  cardings1. 

Ratch,  v2  Mech.  [f.  RATCH  jvM]  trans.  To 
cut  into  teeth  like  those  of  a  ratch ;  to  turn  round 
in  the  process  of  doing  this. 

1777  RAMSDEN  Descr.  Engine  (i.)  i  The  Circumference  of 
the  Wheel  is  ratched  or  cut  . .  into  2160  Teeth.  Ibid.  10, 
I  then  ratched  the  wheel  round  continually  in  the  same  direc 
tion,  .and,  in  ratching  the  wheel  about  300  times  round,  the 
teeth  were  finished.  Ibid.,  The  screw  in  ratching  had  con 
tinually  hold  of  several  teeth  at  the  same  time.  [1846  HOLTZ- 
APFFEL  Turning  II.  659  note,  In  ratching  or  cutting  the 
wheel . .  the  circle  was  divided  with  the  greatest  exactness.] 

Ratchel  (ne'tjel).  ttchn.  or  dial.  Forms:  8 
ra(t)ehill,  9  ratohil,  -el(l.  [Of  obscure  etym.] 

1.  Fragments  of  loose  shivery  stone  lying  above 
the  firm  rock. 

1747  HOOSON  Miner's  Diet.  I  iv  b,  Under  the  Rachill  . . 
where  it  is  the  most  gankey,  the  chief  Leader  may  be  found. 
1799  KIRWAN  Geol.  Ess.  297  Decaying  porphyry,  which  the 
miners  call  rotten  stone ;  . .  fragments  of  stone  they  call 
ran.  hill.  1811  FAREV  in  Hunt  Mining  (1884)  233  In  many 
instances  in  alluvial  mixtures  the  stones  are.. like  the  chip- 
pings  of  a  stonemason's  yard,  and  called  Ratchel,  Rumel, 
Keale,  Skerry,  or  Rubble.  1888  in  Sheffield  Gloss. 

2.  (See  quots.) 

1807  HEADKICK  Arran  250  Wacken  Porphyry.  Glomel- 
laria.  Scottish  :  Ratchel!.  1808  JAMIESON,  Ratchel,  a  hard 
rocky  crust  below  the  soil;  pan,  till.  1865  J.  T.  F.  TURNER 
Slate  Quarries  23  There  are  occasionally  found,  running 
east  and  west,  walls  of  hardah,  called  '  ratchels '. 

Ratchet  (rje-tjet),  s/>.  Forms :  a.  7-8  rochet, 
-ett,  8  rotchet.  0.  8-  ratchet,  (9  rachet).  [a. 
F.  rochet  (f  roquet),  a  blunt  form  of  lance-head, 
or  lance  having  such  a  head  (12-1 5th  c.) ;  a  bob 
bin  or  spool;  also,  a  ratchet  or  ratchet-wheel 
(i6th  c.,  in  Parf  xxm.  xii.)  =  It.  rocchctlo  spool, 
ratchet,  etc. :  see  ROCKET. 


162 

The  development  of  the  sense  of '  ratchet '  in  F.  and  It.  is 
not  clear  ;  it  may  have  originated  in  the  words  being  applied 
to  spindles  or  barrels  (in  mechanism)  provided  with  teeth.] 

1.  A   set  of  angular  or  saw-like   teeth   on   the 
edge  of  a  bar  or  rim  of  a  wheel,  into  which  a  cog, 
tooth,  click,  or  the  like  may  catch,  usually  for  the 
purpose  of  preventing  reversed  motion ;  also,  a  bar 
or  wheel  (ratchet-wheel)  provided  with  such  teeth. 

a.  1659  LEAK  Waterwks.  25  They  make  the  peeces  of 
Timber  to  come  to  the  Saws  by  means  of  certain  Toothed 
Wheels  with  a  rochet.  1743  FREKE  in  Phil.  7>vz«j.  XLII. 
558  A  Wheel ..  notched  round,  which  works  as  a  Rotchet  on 
a  Spring  Ketch.  1758  FITZGERALD  ibid.  L.  728  The  outside 
rochet  and  outside  wheel  are  fixed  on  the  arbor. 

0.  1729  DESAGULIERS  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXXVI.  204  To 
throw  the  Catch  in  again  upon  the  Teeth  of  the  Ratchet, 
and  stop  the  whole  Motion  without  Accidents,  1825  J. 
NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  501  The  click  attached  to  the 
great  wheel  is  laid  hold  of  by  the  teeth  of  the  ratchet.  1881 
GREENER  G»n  9  The  ratchet  is  wound  up  by  means  of  the 
lever  and  cogs. 
b.  //.  in  same  sense,  rare. 

1721  BAILEY,  Ratchets,  [in  a  Watch],  are  the  small  Teeth 
at  the  Bottom  of  the  Barrel,  which  stop  it,  in  winding  up. 
1860  MAURY  Phys.  Geog.  Sea  iii.  §  165  The  cogs  on  this 
wheel  are  cut  and  regulated  to  the  rachets  on  that. 

2.  A  click  or  detent,  catching  into  the  teeth  of 
.1  ratchet-wheel. 

1846  JOHNSTON  tr.  Beckmann's  Hist.  Invent.,  etc.  (ed.  4) 

I.  ii  These  two  wheels  are  connected  bya  ratchet  or  pall.., 
the  larger  ratchet-'wheel  is  held  stationary  by  a  ratchet. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1881/2. 

1 3.  (See  quot.)   Obs.  rare—1. 

1763  W.  LEWIS  Phil.  Comm.  Arts  56  From  this  the  wire 
is  wound  off  upon  a  smaller  cylinder,  called  a  Rochett, 
placed  on  the  spindle  of  a  spinning  wheel. 

4.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  ratchet-arbor,  -bar, 
-brace,  -catch,  -drill,  -jack,  -lever,  pinion,  rifling, 
-ring,  side,  -stop,  -tooth,  -wheel. 

1849  NOAD  Electricity  383  A  pinion  on  the  "ratchet-arbor 
gives  motion  to  other  simple  wheel-work,  a  1824  A.  SCOTT 
in  Trans.  Hi^hl.  Soc.  (1824)  VI.  34  So  hinged  that  its  lower 
end  shall  fall  into  the  teeth  of  the  same  *ratchet-bar.  1849 
WEALE  Diet.  Terms,  "Ratchet-brace.  1868  Pall  Mall  G. 
17  May  3  Saws,  files,  ratchet-braces,  a  1824  A.  SCOTT  in 
Trans.  Highl.  Sac.  (1824)  VI.  32  A  ratchet-wheel  of  about 
13  inches  diameter,  with  *ratchet-calches.  1846  HOLTZ- 
AHFFEL  Turning  II.  561  The  *ratchet-drill  . .  is  made  by 
cutting  ratchet  teeth  in  the  drill  shaft.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet, 
Mech.  1882/2  *  Ratchet-jack,  etc.  1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turn 
ing  II.  561  The  *ratchtt-lever  in  part  resembles  the  ratchet 
drill.  1779  in  PhiL  Trims.  LXV11I.  979  We  must,  .except 
the  "rochet  pinions.  1881  GREENER  Gun  177  The  "ratchet 
rifling  we  do  not  consider  nearly  so  good  as  either  of  the 
other  forms.  1779  RAMSDEN  Descr.  Engine  (ii.)  n  Till  the 
piece  (>)  is  brought  under  the  stop  on  the  *ratchet-ring. 
1838  Civil  Eng.  K,  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  192/1  The  palls  ..  are 
thrown  into  the  "ratchet  sides  of  the  press.  1867  J.  HOGG 
Microsc.  I.  iii.  204  The  teeth  answer  the  triple  purpose  of 
thumb-milling,  "ratchet-stop,  and  graduation.  1735  in  Phil. 
Trans.  XXXIX.  SgTheir  Distance  depends  on  the*Ratchet- 
Teeth . .  in  the  Brass- Bottom.  1777  RAMSUEN  Descr.  Engine 
(i.)  ii  A  "ratchet-wheel,  having  60  teeth.  ?  1790  J.  IMISON 
School  of  Arts  1. 17  It  is  requisite  to  have  a  ratchet-wheel  on 
the  end  of  the  axle,  .with  a  catch  to  fall  into  its  teeth.  1884 
F.  J.  BRITTEN  Watch  ft  Cloc/tm.  220  A  pawl  or  click  is  a 
necessary  adjunct  to  a  ratchet  wheel. 

Hence  Ratchet  v.  intr.,  to  move  by  means  of 
a  ratchet ;  Ra'tchetted  ppl.  a.,  provided  with  a 
ratchet;  Ra'tchety  a.,  resembling  the  movement 
of  a  ratchet,  jerky. 

1881  YOUNG  Every  Man  his  tnvn  Mechanic  §  270.  103  The 
angular  borer  turning  clear  around  without  stopping  to 
ratchet.  1892  Star  14  Dec.  3/2  The  ratchetted  arm  of  the 
derrick,  .broke.  1885  The  Motley-Makers  ix.  128  Raikes.. 
poured  out  a  ratchety  but  vehement  panegyric. 

Ratchet,  obs.  f.  ROCHET.  Ratchetter,  var. 
ROCHKTEB.  Ratchil(l,varr.  RATCHEL.  Ratchit, 
obs.  Sc.  f.  WRETCHED. 

t  Ra'tchment.  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure  ori 
gin.]  In  a  herse, '  a  kind  of  flying  buttresses  whicli 
spring  from  the  corner  principals  and  meet  against 
the  central  or  chief  principal '  (Parker) ;  also,  (?)  a 
sloping  part  of  a  wooden  framework. 

1557  in  Bentley  Excerpta  Historic^  (1831)  306  It'm  vj 
ratchementes  with  xiijne  corsse  lights  a  pece.  1558  Funeral 
Q.  Mary  in  Leland  Coll.  V.  (1774)  319  A  very  somptiouse 
Hersse  . .  the  viii  Rochments  hanged  double  with  Vallence 
of  Sarsenet,  1596  Lane,  Wills  (1857)  III.  3,  v  longe  boardes 
upon  stoopes  withe  three  ratchmentes  wth  hookes  to  hange 
meat  on. 

Rate  (r?it),  rf.i  Also  5-6  Sc.  rait,  6  ratte, 
rayt,  7  reat,  (9  dial,  raate).  [a.  OF.  rate,  (raite, 
ratte,  etc.,  see  Godef.),  ad.  med.L.  rata  (from  L. 
pro  rata  parte,  portions,  also  pro  rata  PRO  HAT  A), 
fern,  of  ratus,  pa.  pple.  of  reri  to  think,  judge  : 
see  RATIO.] 

I 1.  The  (total)  computed  or  estimated  quantity, 
amount,  or  sum  of  anything,  usually  as  forming 
a  basis  for  calculating  other  quantities  or  sums.  Obs. 

1472-3  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  49/2  Contributours  to  the 
costes  and  expenses . .  after  the  quantite  and  rate  of  the  yerely 
value  of  the  said  rent.  1548  UDALL  Erasm.  Par.  Luke  xix. 
145  b,  Accordyng  to  the  quantite  or  rate  of  the  fruict, 
which  they  haue  brought  into  the  lordes  vineyard.  1374 
tr.  Littleton's  Tenures  46  The  escuage  maye  &  shal  bee 
apporcioned  after  the  quantity  and  rate  of  the  lande.  1597 
SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IV,  iv.  i.  22,  I  iudge  their  number  Vpon,  or 
neere,  the  rate  of  thirtie  thousand. 

T  b.  A  fixed  portion  or  quantity.  Obs.  rare. 

1568  BIBLE  (Bishops')  Exod.  xvi.  4  The  people  shall  go  out 


RATE. 

&  gather  a  certaine  rate  euery  day.  1611  BIBLE  2  Citron. 
ix.  24  They  brought  euery  man  his  present,  .a  rate  yeere  by 
yeere.  cifin  CHAPMAN  Iliad  iv.  275  Our  inferior  mates 
Drink  even  that  mix'd  wine  measur'd  too;  thou  drink'st, 
without  those  rates,  Our  old  wine  neat. 

2.  Estimated  value  or  worth  (of  individual  things 
or  persons),     f  For  the  rate,  in  proportion  to  the 
value.     ^Beyond  the  rate,  too  highly.    Also  \s\pl. 
(i;th  c.).     Cf.  sense  5. 

1425  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV,  290/2  That  everychon  of  home 
may  holde  residence  for  the  rate  opon  yche  of  hire  Bene 
fice.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidane's  Comm.  42!),  That  Byshoppes 
and  other  spirituall  parsons  shoulde  paye.. after  the  rate  of 
the  benefice,  a  certeine  summe  of  money.  1592  SHAKS. 
Rom.  fy  Jul.  v.  iii.  301  There  shall  no  figure  at  that  Rate 
be  set,  As  that  of  True  and  Faithfull  luliet.  1620  E.  BLOUNT 
Horse  Siibs.  129  To  esteeme  life  aboue  the  price,  or  to  feare 
death  beyond  the  rate,  be  alike  euill.  1638  SUCKLING 
Brennoralt  in.  i,  The  world  does  set  great  rates  upon  you. 
a  1677  HAI.E  Contempl.  11.91  They  mightily  prize  them  and 
set  a  great  rate  upon  them.  1771  Jwmts  Lett.  Hi.  267,  I  am 
a  little  offended  at  the  low  rate  at  which  you  seem  to  value 
my  understanding. 

T  b.  Kstimation,  consideration.  Obs. 

1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  \\.  i.  109  My  sonne  is  lost,  and  (in  my 
rate)  she  too.  165*  HOBBES  Leviath.  (1839)  167  It  is  ne 
cessary  that  there  be  laws  of  honour,  and  a  public  rate  of 
the  worth  of  such  men  as  have  deserved  . .  well  of  the 
commonwealth.  1727  DE  FOE  Syst.  Magic  I.  ii.  (1840)  44 
Wise  Men  were  not.. so  high-prized  as  they  had  been,  and 
grew  dally  less  and  less  in  the  ordinary  rate  and  esteem  of 
the  World. 

f  C.  Valuation,  rating.  Obs,  rare— ^. 

1653  Pub.  Gen.  Acts  331  For  want  of  sufficient  time 
a  just  and  perfect  survey  or  rate  of  each  parish .  .could  not 
be  made  and  returned. 

3.  Price,  the  sum  paid  or  asked  for  a  single  thing. 
fAlso^/.  (i;th  c.) 

Properly  distinct  from  6b,  in  which  rate  implies  that  the 
same  price  or  sum  applies  to  a  number  of  similar  cases  ;  but 
the  two  senses  cannot  always  be  clearly  distinguished. 

1590  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  iv.  iv.  14  Ant.  E.  Fiue  hundred 
Duckets  villaine  for  a  rope?  E.  Dro.  He  serue  you  sir  flue 
hundred  at  the  rate.  1633  G.  HERBERT  Temple^  Vanitie  10 
To  purchase  heaven  for  repenting,  Is  no  hard  rate,  a  1660 
HAMMOND  Serm.  xviii.  Wks.  1684  IV.  599  The  devil,  .knows 
the  price  and  value  of  a  soul,  and  will  pay  any  rate  for  it  rather 
than  lose  his  market.  1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Rejl.  \\.  vi.  (1848) 
117  Giving  great  rates  for  neck -laces  of  true  pearl.  1770 
EARL  MALMESBURY  Diaries  $  Corr.  I.  66  His  Catholic 
Majesty  is  inclined,  .to  come  to  an  accommodation  with  us 
at  almost  any  rate.  1784  COWPER  Task  vi.  416  They  prove 
too  often  at  how  dear  a  rate  He  sells  protection, 
f  b.  At  the  rate  of,  at  the  cost  of.  Obs. 

1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Kefl.  v.  iii.  (1848)  305  The  folly  of 
gaining  anything  at  the  rate  of  losing  their  own  Souls.  1709 
STEELE  Tatler  No.  58  P  i  To  purchase  a  . .  momentary 
Pleasure  at  the  Rate  of  making  an  honest  Man  unhappy. 

c.  At  an  easy  rate,  without  great  expense ;  also 
transf.  without  great  loss  or  suffering,  f  Of  easy 
rate,  cheaply  purchased.  Obs. 

1596  DRAYTON  Baron's  Wars  (Roxb.)  340  O  !  hadst  thou 
in  thy  glury  thus  beene  slayne,  All  thy  delights  had  beene  of 
easie  rate.  1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Rcjl.  n.  xiv.  (1848)  142  Having 
sadly  Experienc'd.  .Sickness,  I  am  thereby  brought,  though 
at  no  easie  Rate,  to  set  a  high  Value  upon  Health.  1726-31 
TINDAL  tr.  Rapiris  Hist.  Eng.  (1743)  II.  xvn.  118  Thinking 
himself  very  happy  in  coming  off  at  so  easy  a  rate.  1819 
SHELLEY  Cenci  i.  ii.  73,  I  think  to  win  thee  at  an  easier 
rate. 

II.  4.  The  amount  or  number  of  one  thing 
which  corresponds  or  has  relation  to  a  certain 
amount  or  number  of  some  other  thing.  Chiefly 
in  phr.  at  (f  after]  the  rate  of. 

The  second  number  being  commonly  unity  (esp.  some 
unit  of  time)  is  sometimes  omitted  (cf.  quot.  1860), 

1497  Naval  Ace.  Hen-  VII  (1896)  147  Euery  man  takyng 
after  the  Rate  of  xijj  ob  by  the  weke.  1538-9  Lett.  Suj>- 
frcss.  Monast.  (Camden)  278  After  the  rate  of  xviij8.  the 
hundredd.  1596  SPENSER  State  trel.  Wks.  (Globe)  664/1 
Six  score  acres,  after  the  rate  of  21  foote  to  every  pearche 
of  the  sayd  acre.  1630  R,  Johnsons  Kingd.  fy  Comnrw. 
148,  I  feare  me,  hee  reckoneth  after  the  Athenian  rate,  ten 
for  one.  1660  Act  12  Chas.  //,  c.  20  §  6  [Interest]  after 
the  rate  of  six  pounds  per  cent.  1781  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2) 
VII.  5163/2  They  will  contend  who  shall  get  the  silver  at 
the  rate  of  15  pounds  for  one  of  gold.  1807  Europ.  Mag.  LII. 
112/1,  I  suppose  we  had  gone  at  the  rate  of  six  miles  an 
hour.  1860  MAURY  Phys.  Geog.  Sea  xviii.  §  746  Although 
we  were  going  at  the  rate  of  nine  knots,  the  ship  made 
no  noise.  1879  LUBBOCK  Set.  Lcct.  ii.  34  The  ants  brought 
in  dead  insects.,  at  the  rate  of  about  twenty-eight  a  minute. 

fb.  Ratio,  proportion.  Obs. 

1614  T.  BEDWELL  Nat.  Geom.  Numbers  i.  2  The  Base  and 
Height  are  said  to  be  rational  one  to  another,  when  as  the 
rate  or  reason  of  both  may  be  expressed  by  a  number  of 
the  same  measure  given.  1659  LEAK  Waterwks.  4  There 
is  the  same  rate  of  the  Water  D  to  the  Water  O,  as 
there  is  of  the  length  of  the  pipe  N,  to  the  length  of  the 
pipe  M. 

5.  Value  (of  money,  goods,  etc.)  as  applicable 
to  each  individual  piece  or  equal  quantity. 

Custom-house  rates  orig.  belong  to  this  sense,  a  standard 
value  being  assigned  to  each  class  of  article,  and  duty  paid 
in  accordance  with  this.  In  1657  the  title  of  the  '  book  of 
rates 'is  '  Book  of  Valuesof  Merchandize  imported,  according 
to  which  Excise  is  to  be  paid  by  the  First  Buyer '. 

With  reference  to  money,  rate  denotes  the  conventional  or 
legal  value  of  the  metals  or  coins  in  relation  to  each  other 
(cf.  RATIO  3). 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  v,  cxxxvl.  122  After  y*  rate  of  money 
nowe  currant,  a  quarter  of  whete  was  worth  .ii.  marks  & 
a  halfe.  1545  (title)  The  rates  of  the  custome  house  bothe 
inwarde  and  outwarde.  16x0  (title)  Book  of  Rates.  1612 
Acc.-bk,  W.  Wray  in  Antiquary  XXXII.  214  Proclamation 


BATE. 

for  the  rate  of  goolde,  as  the  angell,  souereigne  and  white 
royall  at  xu.  a  peece.  a  i6gz  POLLEXFEN  Disc.  Trade 
(ifii)7)  147  The  Book  of  Rates  by  which  the  Prizes  of  all 
Goods  are  Regulated  at  the  Custom-House  for  the  Payment 
of  Customsand  Duties.  1758  J.  HARRIS £ss. Manty  !,Coins 
1 1.  53  The  legal  rate  of  an  ounce  of  either  of  these  metals  in 
coin  is  called  the  mint  price. 

b.  The  basis  of  equivalence  on  which  one  form 
of  currency  is  exchanged  for  another.  (Cf.  EX 
CHANGE  3  and  4.) 

1717-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Rate,  The  rates  of  exchange, 
factorship,  &c.  1779  Etuycl.  JSrit.  (ed.  2)  IV.  2865/2  When 
the  Flemish  rate  rises  above  par,  Britain  gains  and  Holland 
loses  by  the_  exchange.  1838  Ptnny  Cycl.  X.  loj/i  The 
par,  for  the  time  being,  would  be  brought  to  coincide  with 
the  actual  rate.  1865  PHILLIPS  Amer.  Paper  Curr.  II.  164 
The  only  question  was  as  to  the  rate  at  which  they  should 
be  liquidated. 

6.  The  amount  of  a  charge  or  payment  (such  as 
interest,  discount,  wages,  etc.)  having  relation  to 
some  other  amount  or  basis  of  calculation. 

154°  Act  32  Hen.  VIII,  c.  14  (title)  An  acte'  for  main- 
tenaunce  of  the  nauy  of  England,  and  for  certaine  rates  of 
frayctes.  1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  i.  iii.  46  He  . .  brings 
downe  The  rate  of  vsance  here  with  vs  in  Venice.  1652 
Votes  Part.  cone.  Encouragem.  Mariners,  That  the  Rates 
and  Proportions  of  Pay  ..  be  allowed  to  the  Officers  of  the 
several  Ranks  of  ships.  1785  PALEY  Mar.  Philos.  Wks. 
1825  IV.  107  The  rate  of  interest  has  in  most  countries 
been  regulated  by  law.  1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Manchester 
Strike  iii.  34  It  is  not  on  this  that  the  rate  of  wages 
depends.  1883  Manch.  Exam.  13  July  5/2  The  rate  of 
the  income  tax  ought  to  vary  with  the  means  of  the  payers. 
b.  A  fixed  charge  applicable  to  each  individual 
case  or  instance ;  esp.  the  (or  an)  amount  paid  or 
demanded  for  a  certain  quantity  of  a  commodity, 
material,  work,  etc. 

In  I7th  c.  freq.  used  of  the  prices  of  goods  (cf.  note  to  3)  ; 
in  later  use  chiefly  of  charges  for  carriage. 

1526  Gal-way  Arch,  in  lolA  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm. 
App.  V.  402  Every  man  or  woman  which  makith  aquavitie . . 
to  paye  the  accostomid  ratte  to  the  silver  boxe.  1596 
SPENSER  State  Irel.  Wks.  (Globe)  662/1  The  rest  . .  should 
be  placed  in  parte  of  the  landes  . .  at  such  rate,  or  rather 
better  then  others.  1640  NABBES  The  Bride  \.  iv,  I  like  the 
rates  :  may  the  wines  please  as  well.  1663  GERBIER  Counsel 
56  The  Rate  of  Bricklayers  their  work.  Good  London 
Brick-layers  will  work  the  Rod  for  forty  shillings.  1687 
A.  LoVELLtr.  Tlievcnofs  Trav.  1.67  The  set  rate  for  the  Blood 
of  a  Man  is  five  hundred  Piastres.  1709  STEELE  Tatler^Q. 
10  !•  ii  Bread  was  sold  at  Paris  for  6rf.  per  Pound,  and., 
there  was  not  half  enough  even  at  that  Rate.  1727-41 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Coacli,  Hackney-coaches  ..  exposed  to 
hire,  .at  rates  fixed  by  authority.  1795  J.  PHILLIPS  Hist. 
Inland  Navig.  Addenda  147  The  company  are  authorised  to 
take  the  following  rates,  viz.  For  clay,  brick,  or  stones,  one 
halfpenny  per  ton  per  mile.  1845  M'CuLLOCH  Taxation  n. 
vii.  (1852)  312  Letters  containing  one  enclosure  charged  with 
two  single  rates.  1883  Alcatcli.  £.i-am.  29  Oct.  5/2  The  high 
rates  of  the  railway  companies  prevented  the  cheaper  kinds 
of  fish  from  being  sent  to  the  markets. 

fc.  Relative  cost  or  expense  (of  living).  Obs. 
1633  Bp.  HALL  Occas.  Medit.  §  61  At  how  easie  a  rate  doe 
these  creatures  live  that  are  fed  with  rest  \  1646  BOYLE 
Let.  to  Marcombes  22  Oct.,  Wks.  1772  I.  p.  xxxiii,  I  have 
been  forced  to  live  at  a  very  high  rate  (considering  the  in- 
considerableness  of  my  income). 

d.  (Usually//.)  Amount  of  assessment  on  pro 
perty  for  local  purposes.  (Cf.  CHURCH-BATE,  POOR- 
RATE.)  Also  Jig.,  the  rate-collector. 

1711  PRIDEAUX  Direct.  Ch.--wardens  (ed.  4)  48  The  Rates 
must  be  made  with  the  consent  of  the  major  part  of  the 
Parish.  1807  CRABBE  Par.  Reg.  in.  Wks.  1823  I.  138  The 
rates  are  high  ;  we  have  a-many  poor.  1841  Penny  Cycl. 
XIX.  307/1  If  the  parish  fail  to  meet,  the  churchwardens 
may  themselves  impose  a  rate.  1881  GLADSTONE  Sp.  at 
Leeds  7  Oct.,  Rates  have  increased  in  towns  with  great 
rapidity.  1888  R.  L.  STEVENSON  Popular  Authors  n,  Even 
the  Rates  and  Taxes  that  besiege  your  door,  have  actually 
read  your  tales. 

7.  Degree  of  speed  in  moving  from  one  place  to 
another ;  the  ratio  between  the  distance  covered 
and  the  time  taken  to  traverse  it.     Chiefly  in  phr. 
(to  go  etc.)  at  a . .. rate.     Also  const,  of  (travel 
ling,  etc.). 

1652  LOVEDAY  tr.  Calprenede's  Cassandral,  43  We  tra 
velled  at  a  great  rate,  marching  \vhole  dayes  without 
resting.  1697  COSGREVE  Mourning  Bride  I.  l,  When  my 
Lord  beheld  the  ship  pursuing,  And  saw  her  rate  so  far 
exceeding  ours,  He  came  to  me.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool 
ofQital.  (1809)  I.  67  The  coach  drove  on,  at  a  round  rate. 
1834  PRINGLE  Afr.  S/t.  ix.  292  The  most  rapid  rate  of  ox- 
wagon  travelling, . .  about  thirty  miles  a  day.  1860  TYNDALL 
Glac.  i.  xiv.  99  The  motion  . .  swiftly  augmented  to  the  rate 
of  an  avalanche.  1876  W.  H.  G.  KINGSTON  On  banks  of 
Amazon  119  The  whole  herd  ..wheeling  round,  off  they 
went  at  a  rapid  rate. 

b.  Relative  speed  of  working,  acting,  etc. 

•75'  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  165  r  n  As  workmen  will 
not  easily  be  hurried  beyond  their  ordinary  rate.  1858 
HOMANS  Cyclop.  Commerce  1724/1  The  operation  has  been 
since  proceeding  at  a  still  greater  rate.  1879  THOMSON  & 
TAIT  .Vat.  Phil.  I.  I.  §  268  The  actio  agentis.  .is  simply,  in 
modern  English  phraseology,  the  rate  at  which  the  agent 
works. 

c.  Of  time-pieces  :  Amount  of  gain  or  loss  on 
the  correct  time  during  twenty-four  hours. 

1833  HERSCHEL  Astron.  iii.  139  Their  clocks  being  regu 
lated,  and  their  errors  and  rates  ascertained  and  applied. 

8.  Relative   amount   of  variation,  increase,  de 
crease,  etc. 

1816  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  <$•  Art  II.  oo  A  set  of  glass 
bubbles,  varying  from  each  other  in  specific  gravity  at  an 
equal  rate.  1850  CARLYLE  Latler-d.  Pamph.  iv.  (1872)  133 


163 

Three  millions  of  paupers,  .increasing  at  a  frightful  rate 
per  day.  1876  TAIT  Rec.  Adv.  Phys.  Sc.  (1885)  357  Rate  of 
change  of  velocity  is  called  in  Kinematics  Acceleration. 
1878  HUXLEY  Pkysiogr.  200  The  rate  of  augmentation  being 
affected  by  the  character  of  the  rocks  bored  through. 

b.  fee/in,  of  the  inclination  in  the  thread  of 
a  screw. 

_  1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  637  In  this  comparatively 
inferior  class  of  screws,  .whether  or  not  their  pitches  or  rates 
have  any  exact  relationship  to  the  inch,  is  a  matter  of  in 
difference. 

III.  9.  Standard  or  measure  in  respect  of  quality 
or  condition;  hence,  class,  kind,  sort,  frank. 
(See  also  FIRST-RATE  A  i.)  f/«  rate  of=as. 
t  To  the  rate,  ?  to  the  full. 

1509  FISHER  Funeral  Ser m.  CtessRichm.  Wks.  (1876)  291 
She  was  of  singuler  wysedome  ferre  passynge  the  comyn 
rate  of  women.  1567  JKWEL  Dcf.  Apol.  (1611)  45  Somewhat 
..whereby  it  may  be  vnderstanded  to  be  taken  in  rate  of 
a  vice.  1621  FLETCHKR  Isl.  Princess  iv.  i,  They  had  their 
sute,  they  landed,  and  too  th'  rate  grew  rich  and  powerful!. 
1639  FULLER  Holy  IVar  in.  xxix.  (1840)  170  He  was  very 


BATE. 

Berwick  Reg.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  Varr.  Collect.  1. 10  The 
gilde  ..  ordened  . .  the  stone  to  wey  xvj  poundes  . .  and  the 
halffstone  after  the  rayt,  and  the  quarter  after  the  rayt. 
iS»3  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  121  Let  two  of  them  be  bores,  and 
foure  of  them  sowes,  and  so  to  contynue  after  the  rate.  1589 
PUTTENHAM fEng.  Poesie  HI.  v.  (Arb.)  161  His  manner  of 
vtterance.  .[is]  more  plaine,  or  busie  and  intricate,  or  other 
wise  affected  after  the  rate. 

t  b.  After  one  rate,  equally,  to  an  equal  extent; 
in  the  same  manner.   Obs. 

1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  158  The  clargy  both  pore 
preste  and  prelate  . .  vse  the  same  almost  after  one  rate. 
1561  DAUS  tr.  Bullinger  on  Apoc.  (1573)  129  Therfore  shall 
the  world  continue  alwayes  after  one  rate. 

f  13.  a.  Of  a  rate,  on  a  par  or  equality,  equal.  Obs. 

1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  310  The  cases  of  Pericles  & 
Pompeius  [were]  muchewhat  of  a  rate  in  all  behalfes.  1642 
FULLER  Holy  $  Prof.  St.  v.  xix.  438  This  would  ..  make 
lazinesse  and  painfulnesse  both  of  a  rate,  when  beggary  was 
the  reward  of  both.  1663  BUTLER  }Iud.  i.  i.  629  Their 
Valours  too  were  of  a  Kate. 

t  b.  At  a  rate^  equally.     Also,  of  equal  cost, 
equally  easy  to  attain.   Obs. 


learned,  according  to  the  rate  of  that  age!     1663  GERB.ER     \  U7«^  lln-    "OS. 

Counsel  Cvij  b,  The   several   Materials      are   of  the   best  a  X6*3  <-AMDKN  Kefff.  (1637)  184  He  also  graunted  liberty 

Rate,  as  any  can  be.     1682  J.  FLAVELL  Fear  n  Tis  a  creat         of  coyning  to  certaine  Cities  and  Abbeies,  allowing  them  one 


.. 

Rate,  as  any  can  be.  1682  J.  FLAVELL  Fear  13  Tis  a  great 
sin  to  love  or  fear  any  creature  above  the  rate  of  a  creature. 
1703  MRS.  CENTLIVRE  Rcaus  Duel  \.  i,  I  look  your  coffers 
shou'd  maintain  meat  my  rate.  1711  STEELE  Sped.  No.  151 
P7  The  intemperate  Meals  and  loud  Jollities  of  the  common 
Rate  of  Country  Gentlemen.  1815  JANE  AUSTEN  Emma  \. 
xi,  Her  brother's  disposition  to  look  down  on  the  common 
rate  of  social  intercourse. 

b.  A'dut.  Class  of  vessels,  esp.  war-vessels,  ac 
cording  to  their  size  or  strength.    (See  also  FIRST-, 
SECOND-RATE,  etc.) 

The  old  division  of  the  British  navy  into  six  rates  of 
vessels,  according  to  the  number  of  guns  carried,  is  fully 
explained  by  Falconer  (Marine  Diet.  s.v.  Rates),  The 
vessels  of  the  U.  S.  navy  are  rated  by  tonnage. 

1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Alandelslds  Trav.  132  Frigots  and 
Barks  enter  the  River,  and  Vessels  of  a  middle  rate  shelter 
under  the  Ilha  da  Naos.  1677  YAHRANTON  Rug.  fwfror. 
40,  I  am  very  well  satisfied  that  Ships  of  all  Rates  will  be 
built  at  W  ex  ford.  1691  T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  h'ew  Inventions 
Ded.  x,  Fifteen  Capital  Ships  for  the  Royal  Navy,  besides 
many  more  of  the  lesser  Rate.  1702  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  3775/1 
Any  of  Our  Ships  of  the  First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  Fifth 
or  Sixth  Rate,  or  Fire-Ships.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.\\\\.  154 
Of  various  rates  they  sail,  Of  ensigns  various.  1802  Naval 
Ckron.  VIII.  3  A  ship  of  so  small  a  rateas  the  Trial.  1816 
[see  FIRST-RATE  A  i]. 

c.  Naut.  Rating. 

1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  18  View  but 
his  Muster-Books,  and  you'll,  by  their  Rates,  fancy  his 
Men  the  stoutest  Fellows  in  the  Navy. 

d.  Class  or  sub-class  of  buildings,  in  respect  of 
purpose  or  size. 

Chiefly  used  with  ref.  to  the  construction  and  materials  of 
the  various  classes  of  buildings,  as  regulated  by  Acts  of 
Parliament. 

iff*  Act  14  Gee>.  Iff,  c.  78  That  the  several  Churches,  .. 
Dwelling  houses,  and  all  other  Buildings  whatsoever,  .shall 
be  divided  into  the  seven  several  Rates  or  classes  of  Building 
herein-after  described.  1814  Reg.  Park  51  As  to  the  rates 
of  houses,  second  and  third  rates  would  generally  be  most 
useful. _  1845/4^^^-8  Vict.c.  84  §  7  Any  Building  of  what 
ever  kind  which  is  not  hereby  expressly  assigned  to  any 
Class  or  Rate  of  a  Class. 

flO.  Standard  of  conduct  or  action  ;  hence,  man 
ner,  mode,  style.  Chiefly  with  after.  Obs. 

11470  HENRYSON  Mor.  Fab.  n.  (Town  fy  C.  Mouse)  viii, 
I  keip  the  rait  and  custome  of  my  dame,  a  1529  SKELTON 
Candatos  Anglos  20  Skelton  laureat  After  this  rate  De- 
fendeth  with  his  pen  All  Euglysh  men.  1596  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  iv.  x.  52  Thus  sate  they  all  around  in  seemely  rate. 
1648  JKNKYN  Blind  Guide  i.  14  He  speaking  after  the  rate 
of  the  eldest  sonne  of  Gogmagog  ;  more  like  a  Polyphemus 
than  like  a  Paul.  1659  SHIRLEY  Hon.  #  Mam.  v.  ii,  I  have 
not  liv'd  After  the  rate  to  fear  another  world.  1702  Eng, 
TJieopkrast.  77  They  behaved  themselves  after  another  rate 
in  private.  1793  COWPER  Let.  to  J.  Johnson  22  Oct.,  I 
proceed  much  after  the  old  rate;  rising  cheerless..,  and 
brightening  a  little  as  the  day  goes  on. 

t  b.  At  a  (certain)  rate:  In  a  . .  way  or  manner. 
So  at  this  rate,  etc.  Obs. 

1654-66  EARL  ORRERY  Part/ten.  (1676)  782  He  used  me  at 
a  Rate,  which  might  have  assured  me  he  would  deny  me 
nothing.  1692  R.  L'ESTRANGE  Josephus,  Antiq.  xm.  xviii. 
U733)  351  Let  them  treat  their  King  at  never  so  coarse 
a  Rate,  the  Multitude  would  be  sure  to  side  with  them. 
1707  WATTS  Hymns ^ '  Come  holy  Spirit,  Jieavtnly  Dove'  iv, 
Dear  Lord  !  and  shall  we  ever  lie  At  this  poor  dying  rate? 
1722  DE  FOE  Plague  (1756)  150  A  grave  and  sober  Man, 
and  not  pleased  with  their  lying  at  this  loose  Rate  the  first 
Night. 

11.  Degree  or  extent  of  action,  feeling,  etc. 
Chiefly  in  phr.  at  a  . . .  rate  (passing  into  7  b  and 
freq.  not  clearly  distinct  from  10  b). 

i5»3  SKELTON  Garl.  Laurel  1130  Of  your  bounte  the 
accustomable  rate,  c  1586  CTESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  cxxxix. 
xii,  O  Lord,  thou  know'st  in  highest  rate  I  hate  them  all  as 
foes  to  me.  1634  W.  TIRWHVT  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (Vol.  I)  304 
If  you  feed  all  your  flock  at  this  rate  [etc.}.  1666  BUNYAN 
Grace  Abound.  §  26,  I  swore  and  curst  at  that  most  fearful 
Rate,  that  she  was  made  to  tremble  to  hear  me.  1703 
SHARP  Wks.  (1754)  II.  105  It  is  very  hard  for  flesh  and 
blood  to  live  after  that  rate  of  strictness,  1748  AnsotCs 
Voy.  n.  i.  122  The  dogs  . .  laid  themselves  down,  panting  at 
a  great  rate. 
IV.  Phrases. 

t!2.  a.  After  tke  rate,  on  the  same  scale,  in 
proportion.  Obs. 

1427  Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  318/2  Ye  inhabitantz. .  pay  to  cure 
..soverain  Lord,  us.  And  so  above,  aftre  ye  rate.  1505 


staple,and  two  puncheons  at  a  rate,  with  certaine  restrict  ions. 

1642  FL-LLER  Holy  fy  Prof.  St.  in.  vii.  166  Those  that  raise 
i  a  new  house  from  the  ground  are  blame-worthy  if  they 
i  make  it  not  handsome,  seeing  to  them  Method  and  Con- 
1  fusion  are  both  at  a  rate. 

14.  At  any  rate,     t  &•  At  any  price  or  cost  ;  on 
any  terms.  Obs.     f  b.  (With  negatives.)     On  any 

|  account.  Obs.  c.  Under  any  circumstances ;  in 
any  or  either  case.  d.  At  all  events;  at  least. 

1    1 6-  By  any  means.   Obs* 

1619  FLETCHER  False  One  i.  i,  I  have  no  friend,  ..or 
Country,  but  your  favour,  Which  I'le  preserve  at  any  rate. 
1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  A  ij,  The  malice  of  such  as 
carpe  at  any  rate.  1693  EVELYN  DC  la  Quint.  Compl. 
C,ard,  Pref.,Some  men.  .seek  in  a  few  years  after,  to  get  rid 
of  them  at  any  rate.  1700  S.  L.  tr.  Fryke's  I  'oy.  E.  Ind.  95 
People,  .who  go  over  to  the  Indies  with  no  other  design  but 
to  enrich  themselves  at  any  rate.  1730  A.  GORDON  Majffei's 
Awphith.  272  Those  deserving  Citizens  have  at  any  rate 
kept  up  the  internal  Part  of  a  Fabrick.  1760-72  H.  BROOKK 

;  FoolofQual.  (1809'  IV.  58  We  must  not. .offend  our  Harry 
at  any  rate.  1818  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  v.  iv.  442  He 

'  recommended,  if  not  a  dereliction,  at  any  rate  a  suspension 
of  the  design.  i86sTROLLOPE  BcltonEst.  xxix.  348  All  would 
be  well,  or,  at  any  rate,  comfortable  with  her. 

15.  At  all  rates,     f  &•  At  any  cost  or  by  any 
means.   Obs.     b.  At  all  events  =  14  d. 

1704  Gd.  Expedient  for  Innocence  $  Peace  in  Harl.  Misc. 
(1746)  VIII.  12/2  The  vicious  Man.  .will  boggle  at  nothing; 
but,  at  all  Rates,  will  climb  up  to  . .  Posts  of  Advantage  or 
Authority.  1745  A.  BUTLER  Lives  of  Saints  (1836)  II.  117 
Let  him  at  all  rates  make  haste  to  find  it,  though  for  this  he 
should  sacrifice  everything  else.  1819  SCOTT  Br,  Lamm. 
xxxiv,  Bucklaw's  friends  ..  had  previously  insisted  that  he 
should,  at  all  rates,  be  transported  from  the  castle  to  the 
nearest  of  their  houses.  1857  Truths  Cath.  Rclig.  (ed.  4) 
I.  291  They  . .  were  determined  at  all  rates  that  all  should 
know  that  they  could  speak  strange  languages. 

16.  At  that  t^or  this}  rate^  in  that  case,  things 
being  so,  under  these  circumstances.     (Common 
in  colloquial  use.) 

1781  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  VII.  4x68/1  It  may  be  asked, 
how,  at  this  rate,  any  silver  has  remained  in  England  ? 

17.  attrib.  and  Comb,  (chiefly  sense  6  d;,  as  rate- 
aid,  -aided  adj.,  -collector ,  f  -master,  -payer,  -pay 
ing  \  also  frate  tithe  (see  quot.). 

1894  Ch.  Times  22  June  678/2  *Rate-aid,  with  its  corollary 
of  partially  popular  control.  1882  Daily  h'civs  20  Jan.  2/5 
State-aided  and  *rate-aided  schools.  1888  MRS.  H.  WARD 
R.  Elsniere  v.  xx.xi,  Imagine  Mr.  Langham  interviewed  by 
a  "rate-collector  or  troubled  about  coals  !  1641  S.  SMITH 
Herring  Buss  Trade  26  The  *Rate-masters  for  their  ap- 
praysement  and  visiting  of  each  barrel  of  salt.  1845  STEPHEN 
Comm.  Laws  Ensg.  11874)  I.  120  The  election  by  the  "rate 
payers  of  a  certain  number  of  vestrymen.  1862  ANSTED 
Channel  Isl.  iv.  xxiii.  (ed.  2)  523  The  *rate-paying  con 
stituency.  1857  TOULMIN  SMITH  Parish  473  Inhabitancy, 
not '  ratepaying ',  is  the  only  right  test  of  the  Parish  Roll. 
1670  BLOUNT  Law  Dict.t  *Rate  Tyilte  is  where  Sheep  or 
other  Cattel  are  kept  in  a  Parish  for  less  time  than  a  year, 
the  Owner  must  pay  Tythe  for  them/n?  rata  according  to 
the  Custom  of  the  place. 

Kate  (r^t),  sb*  Hunting,  [f.  RATE  v?\  A 
reproof  to  a  dog. 

1575  TURBERV.  Venerie  xiii.  30  With  your  wande  you 
muste  ..  beate  him  a  good  while  ..  to  the  ende  that  another 
time  he  may  know  the  rate.  1781  P.  BECKFORD  Hunting 
(1802)  95  As  long  as  they  will  stop  at  a  rate,  they  are  not 
chastised.  1856  '  STONF.HENGE  '  Brit.  Sports^  \.  i.  iii.  §  6  (ed.  2) 
33  The  dog  ..  should  be  brought  back  with  the  already- 
taught  rate,  '  Ware-chase '. 

f  Hate,  sb2  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  ratitnt  neut.  of 
ratus\  see  RATE  sb.*\  Ratification. 

ci6n  CHAPMAN  Iliad  L  509  Irrevocable;   never   fails; 
never  without  the  rates  Of  all  powers  else. 
fRate,  sb*  Obs.  rare.    [a.  F.  rate  (i3th  c.).] 
The  spleen. 

1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  F  iij,  Than  put  owt  the  paunche,  and 
from  the  paunche  taas  Away  wightly  the  Rate  sich  as  he 
haas.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  in.  Ixv.  406  Greeues  comming  or 
proceeding  from  the  Rate  or  Spleene.  [1678  PHILLIPS  (ed.  4) 
Suppl.,  Rate  of  a  Boar,  a  word  used  by  the  old  Venatory 
writers  for  the  Spleen  of  a  Boar.J 

t  Bate,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  ratus :  see  RATE  j£.3 
Cf.  OF.  rate  (1370  in  Godef.).]  Valid. 

ci40o  Apol.  Loll.  70  Manage  mad  in  J>rid  &  ferd  degre, 
a^en  fc  ordinaunce  of  J>e  kirk,  is  rate  &  stable.  1660  JER. 
TAYLOR  Duct.  Dubit.  n.  L  rule  i.  §  56  The  church  of  Rome 

21-3 


BATE. 

"..  hath  pronounced  some  marriages  void  which  by  the  rule 
of  nature . .  were  rate  and  legal. 

Bate  (tf't).  z>.i    [f.  RATE  rf.i] 

fl.  trans.  To  fix,  assign,  settle  the  amount  of 
(a  payment,  fine,  etc.).  Obs. 

1477  Rolls  o/Parlt.  VI.  178/2  After  the  rate  and  afferant 
of  the  seid  Rent,  to  be  rated  and  affered  with  the  seid 
Burgage.  1581  LAMBARDE  Eiren.  it.  iv.  (1588)  169  To  rate 
the  fine,  according  to  the  quantitie  of  their  trespasse.  a  1623 
CAMDEN  Rent.  (1637)  182  It  was  referred  to  the  King  to  rate 
how  much  he  should  pay. 

t  b.  To  divide  proportionally ;  to  allot  or  ap 
portion  (between  or  to  persons)  as  an  amount  or 
sum  to  be  received  or  paid  (quot.  1661);  also,  to 
give  or  assign  (one)  his  share.  Obs. 

1491  Act  7  Hen.  VII,  c.  20  §  6  The  same  DC.  Marcs  to  be 
rated  and  apporcioned  betwix  the  seid  Mary  and  Elizabeth. 
1530  PALSGR.  679/2,  I  rate  one,  I  set  one  to  his  porcyon  or 
stynte.  ..  He  wolde  eate  more  than  thre  and  he  might  be 
suffred,  but  I  shall  rate  hym  well  ynoughe.  1548  UDALL 
Erasm.  Par.  Luke  iii.  31  b,  It  is  rated  out  vnto  you  by  a 
plain  rule,  howe  muche  or  litel  ye  ought  to  require  of  the 
people  for  any  duetie.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  fr  Cl.  HI.  vi.  25 
We  had  not  rated  him  His  part  o'  th'  Isle.  1661  MAKVBLL 
Corr.  xxiv.  Wks.  1872-5  II.  60  A  Bill  for  inablmg  Church 
wardens  to  rate  such  monys  as  are  for  the  repare  of  churches. 

2.  To  reckon,  calculate,  estimate  the  amount  or 
sum  of.     Now  rare. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IV,  \.  iii.  44  When  we  see  the  figure 
of  the  house,  Then  must  we  rate  the  cost  of  the  Erection. 
1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stuffe  (1871)  28  It  hath  lost  by  the 
Dunkirkers,  a  thousand  pounds,  .and  other  loses  not  rated. 
1660  WILLSFOKU  Scales  Comm.  A  ij  b,  Tis  not  Life,  but 
Time,  we  ought  to  rate.  1799  CAMPBELL  Pleas.  Hope  II.  173 
There  shall  he  pause  with  horrent  brow,  to  rate  What 
millions  died— that  Caesar  might  be  great !  1814  CARY  tr. 
Dante,  Par.  xxiv.  19  They,  by  the  measure  paced  ..  Made 
me  to  rate  the  riches  of  their  joy. 

3.  To  estimate  the  (f  nature)  worth  or  value  of; 
to  appraise,  value,  t  price. 

1599  SIR  J.  DAVIES  Nosce  Teipsmn  Poems  (Grosart)  I.  76 
When  she  rates  things,.  .The  name  of  Reason  she  obtaines 
by  this.  1626  SIR  R.  COTTON  in  Shaw  Monetary  Tracts 
(1896)  44  Being  all  either  Mechanicks  or  Merchants,  they 
can  rate  accordingly  their  labours  or  their  wares. . to  the 
present  condition  of  their  money  in  exchange.  x663GERBiER 
Counsel  48  It  were  likewise  better  to  agree  with  Painters, 
to  have  their  work  rated  on  running  measure.  1710  SWIFT 
in  Taller  No.  230  f  2  You  may  see  them  gilt  and  in  Royal 
Paper  of  Five  or  Six  Hundred  Pages,  and  rated  accordingly. 
'75'  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  166  F  8  Instead  of  rating  the 
man  by  his  performance,  we  rate  too  frequently  the  perform 
ance  by  the  man.  1798  FERRIAR  Illustr.  Sterne  i.  14  Gold 
may  be  rated  to  its  utmost  grain.  1865  M.  ARNOLD  Ess. 
Crit.  viii.  (1875)  323  We  English  are  capable  of  rating  him 
far  more  correctly  if  we  knew  him  better. 

b.  To  value  at  a  certain  sum.     Also  with  other 
preps,  as  above,  below,  or  with  advbs.  as  highly}, 
low,  etc. 

1570-6  LAMBARDE  Pcmmb.  Kent  (1826)  282  The  Hospital 
of  Saint  Laurence . .  rated  at  twenty  poundes  yeerety.  a  1660 
HAMMOND  Serm.  xxv.  Wks.  1684  iy.  651  They  brought  out 
their  Books  and  burnt  them. . ;  which,  .were  rated  at  50000 
pieces  of  silver.  1672  PETTY  Pol.  Anat.  (1691)  21  Slaves  and 
Negroes  are  usually  rated  at  about  15  /.  one  with  another. 
1789  MRS.  PIOZZI  Jonrn.  France  II.  41  Human  life  is  lower 
rated  in  all  parts  of  Italy  than  with  us.  1843  LYTTON  Last 
Bar.  in.  v,  A  future  age.  .may  rate  high  this  poor  invention. 
1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  I.  iii.  191  Each  offence 
against  morality  was  rated  at  its  specific  money  value. 
1884  W.  C.  SMITH  Kildrostan  57  You  rate  yourself  too 
humbly. 

c.  To  assign  a  certain  value  to  (coin  or  metals) 
as,  or  in  relation  to,  monetary  standards.    (Chiefly 
in  pass. ;  also  const,  to.) 

1758  J.  HARRIS  Ess.  Money  #  Coins  II.  60  Let  us  suppose 
that  in  England  gold  coins  are  rated  five  per  cent,  higher  in 
proportion  to  silver.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  IV.  ff.  i.  v.  (1861) 
I.  44  Copper  is  rated  very  much  above  its  real  value.  1858 
HOMANS  Cyclop.  Commerce  339/2  In  England,  copper  pence 
and  halfpence  are  rated  at  about  72  per  cent,  above  their 
real  value.  1893  LD.  ALDENHAM  Colloquy  on  Currency  iv. 
(1900)  in  Silver  was  the  standard ;  gold  was  rated  to  it, 

4.  To  reckon,  esteem,  consider,  count.     •(•  Const. 
to  with  infin. 

1565  JEWEL  Def.  Apol.  (1611)  89  Thus  God  must  be  rated 
to  gouerne  aboue,  and  the  Pope  beneath,  a  1568  COVERDALE 
Bk.  Death  x.  (1579)  291  Then  should  not  he  [Themistocles] 
afterward  haue  bene  rated,  as  a  betrayer  of  Greekeland. 
1601  SHAKS.  All's  \Vell  n.  i.  182  All  that  life  can  rate 
Worth  name  of  life,  in  thee  hath  estimate.  1713  STEELE 
Guard.  No.  6  F  3  The  Buildings  would  be  rated  as  Lumber. 
1776  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thrale  n  May,  Surely  I  may 
rate  myself  among  their  benefactors.  1847  TENNYSON  Princ. 
i.  70  A  king,  Whom  all  men  rate  as  kind  and  hospitable, 
1871  B.  TAYLOR  Faust  (1875)  I.  iv.  69  Consider  well :  my 
memory  good  is  rated. 

5.  In  pass.  To  be  subjected  or  liable  to  payment 
of  a  certain  rate;  to  be  valued  for  purposes  of  assess 
ment,  taxation,  or  the  like. 

1580  Act  23  Eliz.  c.  15  §  27  The  Inhabitants  of  the  Parishe 
of  S'  Martyn  ..  shalbe  assessed,  rated  and  taxed  (etc.). 
111692  POLLEXFEN  Disc.  Trade  (1697)  A  iv,  About  1400 
sorts,  or  distinctions  of  Commodities,  rated  to  pay  Customs. 
1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  m.  vi,  Constancy,  chastity,  good  sense, 
and  good  nature,  were  not  rated,  because  they  would  not 
bear  the  charge  of  collecting.  1809  BAWDWEN  tr.  Domesday 
Bk.  154  This  is  rated  in  the  manor  to  which  it  belongs.  1860 
DICKENS  Uncomm.  Trav.  iii,  One  poor  parish  in  this  very 
Union  is  rated  to  the  amount  of  five  and  sixpence  in  the 
pound.  1880  M«CARTHY  Own  Times  IV.  1.  68  Houses  are 
generally  rated  at  a  value  somewhat  below  the  amount  of 
the  rent 
b.  Const,  to  (the  payment  required). 


164 

164*  FULLER  Holy  tt  Prof.  St.  ill.  xxv.  230  Clergie-men 
are  deeply  rated  to  all  payments.  1694  CROWNE  Regulus 
i.  i  Were  you  not  rated  to  the  public  charge  1  1776  ADAM 
SMITH  IV.  N.  v.  ii.  (1869)  II.  411  The  estimation  by  which 
Great  Britain  is  rated  to  the  land-tax.  1845  STEPHEN  Comm. 
Laws  Eng.  (1874)  II.  356  The  party  shall  have  been  rated 
to  all  poor  rates  . .  made  in  respect  of  the  premises. 

c.   To  rate   up,  to  impose  a  higher  rate  (of 
insurance). 

1896  Allbutts  Syst.  Med.  I.  481  The  habit  of  'rating  up' 
for  tropical  fever,  ague,  dysentery,&c. . .  is  also  fullyjustified 
by  experience. 

6.  Chiefly  Naut.  To  place  in  a  certain  class  or 
rank  :  to  give  rating  to. 

1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  19  These  ..  are 
rated  able  on  his  Ship's  Books.  1758  J.  BI.AKF.  Plan.  Mar. 
Syst.  7  Each  man  . .  shall  have  two  months  pay  advanced 
him,  according  to  the  class  in  which  he  is  rated.  1803 
NELSON  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1846)  VII.  p.  ccxiv,  Captain 
Hillyar  has  been  so  good  as  to  say  he  would  rate  you  Mid. 
1885  Hunt's  Yachting  Mag.  383  As  a  ketch  she  should  be 
rated  as  a  B  schooner.  1887  BESANT  The  World  went,  etc. 
i.  10  On  board  that  ship  I  was  rated  as  surgeon. 

b.  intr.  To  have  a  certain  rating  or  position ; 
to  be  rated  as.     Also  quasi-^a«J.  (quot.  1809). 

1809  Naval Cliron.  XXII.  362  She  rates  36  guns,  and  is 
to  be  named  the  Malacca.  1819  SHEI.LKY  Cenci  i.  i.  24  The 
deed  he  saw  could  not  have  rated  higher  Than  his  most 
worthless  life.  1854  H.  MILLER  Sea.  ft  Sc/im.(i&&  174  My 
master  was  to  be  permitted  to  rate  as  a  full  journeyman. 

7.  trans,  a.  To  calculate  or  fix  at  a  ceitain  rate. 

1845  MCCULI,OCH  Taxation  I.  iii.  (1852)  qr  From  house 
hold  servants  being  mostly  paid  by  time,  the  generality  of 
persons  are  most  familiar  with  wages  so  rated.  1878  Bosw. 
SMITH  Cartilage  165  It  was  . .  the  cost  of  their  maintenance 
as  rated  by  themselves  which  they  threateningly  demanded. 

b.  To  ascertain  the  variation  of  (a  chronometer) 
from  true  time. 

1833  KANE  Grinncll  Exp.  v.  (1856)  36  The  facilities  which 
they  offer  for  rating  chronometers.  1875  BEDFORD  Sailors 
Pocket  Bk.  v.  (ed.  2)  193  The  watch  used  in  rating  chrono 
meters,  should  . .  be  carried  in  a  box. 

c.  U.S.  To  convey  at  certain  rates. 

1881  Chicago  Times  12  Mar.,  Large  quantities  of  freight 
have  been  rated  through  to  New  York  by. .other  lines. 

Bate  (rt't),  v.2  Also  6  rayt,  rait.  [Of  obscure 
origin. 

Langland  has  ARATE,  of  which  rale  may  be  an  aphetic 
form.  In  the  C-te.\t  (xiii.  35)  two  MSS.  of  the  beginning  of 
the  isthc.  have  the  readings  rate  and  rehete  ;  with  the 
latter  cf.  Udall's  RAHATE.) 

1.  trans.  To  chide,  scold,  reprove  vehemently  or 
angrily.  Const,  for,  ^of.  (In  16-17*  c.  freq. 
intensified  by  all  to.)  a.  a  person. 


had  donne.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x.  xii,  Sire  Dagonet 
folowed  after  Kynge  Mark  cryenge  and  rateynge  hym  as  a 
wood  man.  1526  TINUALE  Col.  iii.  21  Fathers  rate  not  youre 
children.  1534  [see  ALL  aitv.  15].  1587  HOLINSHED  Chron. 
III.  1064/1  Hee  rose  vp  and  shut  the  doores,  and.. rated 
me  for  leauing  them  vnshut.  1605  CAMDEN  Rein.  229  The 
Bishop  being  angrie,  rated  the  fellow  roughly.  1642  J. 
EATON  Honey-c.  Free  Justif.  160  As  if  a  father  . .  should 
not  be  content  to  chide,  beat,  and  all  to  rate  him.  1724  pE 
FOE  Mem.  Cavalier  i.  94  The  King  was  in  some  Passion 
at  his  Men,  and  rated  them  for  running  away.  1832  HT. 
MARTINEAU  Hill  ft  Valley  vi.  101  He  ..  began  to  rate  them 
soundly  for  their  ingratitude.  1874  GRKEN  Short  Hist.  vii. 
§  3.  363  [Elizabeth]  rated  great  nobles  as  if  they  were  school 
boys. 

b.  a  dog.     (Cf.  RATE  sb?} 

!579GossoN  Apol.  Sell.  Abuse  (Arb.)  71  Hee  rateth  his 
dogge,  for  wallowing  in  carrion,  a  1628  PRESTON  New  Covt. 
(1634)  124  The  Shepheard  sets  his  Dogge  upon  bis  Sheepe 
to  bring  them  in,  but  when  they  are  brought  in,  he  rates 
his  Dogge.  1781  P.  BECKFORD  Hunting  (1802)  106  When 
hounds  are  rated  and  do  not  answer  the  rate,  they  should 
be  coupled  up  immediately.  1845  YOUATT  Dog  (1858)  77 
If  he  is  immediately  called  in  and  rated,  or  perhaps  cor 
rected,,  .he  will  learn  his  proper  lesson. 

t  2.  To  drive  away,  back,  from  or  off,  by  rating. 

1575  TURBERV.  Venerie  132  The  Varlets  of  the  kennel.. 

rate  away  the  houndes.     —  Faidconric  183  Ryding.  .about 

hir  on  horsebacke,  and  rating  backe  your  Spaniels.     1584 

LYLY  Campaspe  v.  iii,  I  am  a  dogge,  and  Phylosophy  rates 

mee  from  carion.     1596  SHAKS.  I  Hen.  IV,  IV.  iii.  09  He  . . 

j    Rated  my  Vnckle  from  the  Councell-Boord.   1640  W.  BRIDGE 

|     True  Sould.  Convoy  35  Afflictions  shall  be  all  rated  of  in 

i    due  time,  as  the  dog  is  when  he  falleth  upon  a  friend.     1702 

;    C.  MATHER  Magn.  Chr.  n.  App.  (1852)  228  All  attempts  of 

i    surviving  malice . .  give  me  leave  to  rate  off  with  indignation. 

3.  intr.  To  utter  strong  or  angry  reproofs.  Chiefly 
const,  at. 

1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI,  in.  i.  175  If  those  ..  Be  thus  vp. 
brayded,  chid,  and  rated  at.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's 
Trav.  224  There  were  four  Lions,  .under  one  mans  charge, 
who  never  ceas'd  raving  and  rating  after  them.  I741 
RICHARDSON  Pamela  (1824)  I.  98  Mrs.  Jewkes.  .fell. a  rating 
at  her  most  sadly.  1844  DISRAELI  Coningsby  i.  vii.  31  Her 
step-mother,  -seemed  seldom  to  address  her  but  to  rate  and 
chide,  1872  TENNYSON  Garttk  %  Lynette  1253  Such  a  one 
As  all  day  long  hath  rated  at  her  child. 

t  Bate,  v.3  Obs.  rare.  [f.  L.  ratus :  see  RATE 
s6.1  and  ji.:>]  trans.  To  ratify. 

c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad 'm.  123  That  they  from  thence  might 
call  King  Priam,,  .to  rate  the  truce  they  swore.  Ibid.  xiv. 
230  That  all  the  Gods . .  may  to  us  be  witnesses  and  rate 
What  thou  hast  vow'd. 

Rate,  variant  of  RET  v. 

Bateabrlity.  [f.  next :  see  -ITT.]  The  quality 
of  being  rateable. 

1849  PENFOLD  Princ.  RatinfComp.  (ed.  2)  31  Thegeneral 


BATELIER. 

principle. .  ,that .  .rent  is  to  be  taken  to  determine  the  amount 
of  the  rateability. 

Bateable  (rc'-tab'l),  a.  Also  6-  ratable,  [f. 
RATE  v.l  +  -ABLE.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  rated,  estimated,  or  calcu 
lated,  esp.  in  accordance  with  some  scale;   pro 
portional. 

1503  Rolls  ofParlt.  VI.  533/1  Chargeable  with  lyke  and 
egall  Sommes,  ratable  at  xxi  of  Freeholde.  1598  KITCHIN 
Courts  Leet  (1675)  420  He  shall  have  the  Writ  to  be  dis 
charged  for  a  ratable  proportion.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit. 
IX.  ix.  §  103.  624  A  rateable  distribution  being  made  of  their 
estates  to  the  Kings  well-deseruing  friends.  1628  EARLE 
Microcosm.,  Gallant  (Arb.)  40  He  is.. an  ornament.. and  is 
meerely  ratable  accordingly,  fiftie  or  an  hundred  Pound. 
1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qua!.  (1809)  II.  124  Men  con 
sented  to  fix  certain  rateable  values  upon  money.  1827 
HALLAM  Const.  Hist.  (1842)  I.  19  Requiring  a  rateable  part, 
according  to  such  declaration. 

2.  Liable  to  payment  of  rates. 

1760  T.  HUTCHINSON  Hist.  Mass.  ii.(ed.  2)  231  English  sub 
jects,  being  free  holders,  rateable  to  a  certain  value.  Ibid. 
327  Protestants  of  IM.  rateable  estate.  1818  BENTHAM  Ch. 
Eng.,  Calech.  Exam.  165  To  paupers,  as  well  as  to  rateable 
inhabitants.  1846 GROTE Gr«c<M.  xi.  (1862)  II.  319  The  rate 
able  property  of  the  citizen. 

Bateably  (re'-tabli),  adv.  [(.  prec.  +  -LY^.] 
In  a  rateable  manner  ;  proportionately. 

1490  Act  7  Hen.  VII,  c.  i  §  2  Every  Capteyn.  .shall,  .pay 
.  .the  Wages  ratably  as  is  allowed  unto  theym  by  the  King. 
1534  MORE  Treat,  on  Passion  Wks.  1288/1  We  Christen 
people,  . .  be  ratabli  bounden  to  the  beliefe  of  moe  thinges 
then  were  the  Jewes.  1581  Durham  Wills  <$•  Inv.  (Surtees) 
1 16  Payinge  all  chardges  ratiblye  for  the  same.  1596  BACON 
Max.  fi  Uses  Com.  Law  35  A  summe  of  mony  ratably 
lev 
Ga 

Geog.  II.  126  The  effectual  mode  of  conducting  canals,  is 
by  companies,  subscribing  rateably  to  the  expense.  1852 
Gf.<mGreece  n.lxxii.  IX.  256  A  scheme  of  tribute,  .assessed 
rattably  upon  each  city  by  Lysander. 

Bate-book,    [f.  RATE  j*.i] 

1.  A  book  of  rates  or  prices. 

1654  R.  WHITLOCK  Zootomia  240  When  God  maketh  up 
his  Jewells,  it  is  thence  Rale  Books  will  be  made.  1690 
DKYDEN  Don  Sebastian  Prol.  43  In  no  rate-book  it  was  ever 
found  That  Pegasus  was  valued  at  five  pound.  1876  VOYLE 
&  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  329/1  Rate-book,  a  priced  voca 
bulary  of  government  stores  [etc.]. 

2.  A  book  containing-  the  valuations  of  proper 
ties  for  the  purposes  of  local  taxation. 

1845  DISRAELI  Sybil  (Rtldg.)  300  They  . .  burned  rate- 
books  in  the  market  place.  1856  Farmer  s  Mag.  Jan.  39  A 
list  of  the  occupiers  to  whom  they  had  delivered  schedules 
.  .to  be  taken  from  the  local  rate-books. 

Bated  (i<?'-ted),  ///.  a.l  [f.  RATE  z>.l  +  -ED  i.] 
Reckoned,  esteemed,  classed ;  assessed,  etc.  Now 
usually,  subject  to  rates. 

1595  SHAKS.    "John   y.   iv.  37  Paying  the  fine  of  rated 
Treachery.     1596  —  i  Hen.  IV,  IV.  iv.  17  [Q.]  pwen  Glen- 
dower's  absence.  .Who  with  them  was  a  rated  sinew.    1758 
BRAKENRIDGE  in  Phil.  Trans.  L.  467  The  rated  houses  are  10 
the  cottages  more  than  two  to  one.   1805  Naval  C  fir on.  XIII. 
182  A  rated  Port  Ship.    1812  J.  SMYTH  Pract.  of  Customs 
(1821)  225  If  there  be  anyquills  found  in  the  wings,  they  are 
chargeable  with  the  rated  duties  thereon.    1883!.  CHAMBER 
LAIN  in  Pall  MallG.  26  Nov.  12/1  Additional  burden  on 
the  rated  occupiers. 

Bated  (rc'-ted),/*//.  a.2  [f.  RATE  v.z  +  -ED  '.] 
Scolded,  severely  reproved. 

1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  i.  29  As  rated  spaniell  takes  his 
burden  up  for  feare.     1808  SCOTT  Marm.  iv.  i,  The  rated 
horse-boy.     1825  —  Talisman  iv,  Couching  like  a  rated 
hound.     1849  C.  BRONTE  Shirley  xvi.  He  merely  passed  by 
sheepishly  with  a  rated,  scowling  look. 

Rateen :  see  RATTEEN. 

Batel !  (rJi-tel).  Also  9  rattel.  [a.  Cape  Da. 
rate!,  of  uncertain  origin. 

Kolbe  identified  the  name  with  the  Du.  equivalent  ot 
RATTLE  si.1  (see  RATTLEMOUSE  2,  and  J.  Platt  in  Athetiseum 
n  Apr.  1903,  p.  466),  but  the  reason  he  gives  appears  to  be 
quite  unfounded.) 

A  carnivorous  quadruped  of  S.  Africa,  Rlelhvora 
capensis,  of  the  family  Mustelitiie  ;  the  honey-badger 
or  honey-ratel.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  an 
Indian  species,  M.  inJica. 

1777  tr.  SFAKRMAN  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXVII.  43  Not  only  the 
Dutch  and  Hottentots,  but  likewise  a  species  of  quadruped, 
which  the  Dutch  name  a  Ratel  [note,  Probably  a  new  species 
of  badger),  are  frequently  conducted  to  wild  bee-hives  by 
this  bird.  1785  G.  FORSTER  tr.  Sparrman's  Voy.  Cape  G. 
Hope  II.  xiv.  179  The  Ratel,  so  called  in  Africa  both  by  the 
colonists  and  Hottentots.  1830  BENNETT  Menag.  Zool.  Soc. 
i.  1 6  In  size  the  Ratel  is  about  equal  to  the  Badger,  to  which 
it  also  bears  a  distant  resemblance  in  form.  1862  C.  ROSSETTI 
Goblin  M.  (1884)  3  One  like  a  ratel  tumbled  hurry -bkurry. 
Ibid.  13  Cat-like  and  rat-like,  Ratel-  and  wombat-like. 

t  Ratel  2.  Obs.  rare-1.  Also  6 -y  11.  [a.  OF. 
ratelle  (Godef.),  dim.  of  rate  RATE  sb* ;  cf.  F. 
rateleux  splenetic.]  The  spleen. 

1503  Kal.  ofShepherdes  I  vj  b,  Cancer  has  lordshyp  aboue 
..the  stomak..the  ratel  [1506  ratyll]  and  the  lyghttys. 

Ratel,  -er,  obs.  forms  of  RATTLE,  -LEB. 

Ra-teless,  a.  [f.  RATE  j*.1  6d  +  -LESs.]  Having 
no  rates. 

1889  HISSEV  Tour  in  Phaeton  182,  I  would  the  town  I 
lived  in  were  rateless  ! 

tRatelier.  Obs.  rare-1,  [a.  F.  r&teher  rack, 
stand,  set  of  teeth,  etc.  f.  ratel  RATELI-.]  A  stand 
for  amis. 


RATELIKE. 

1640  tr.  /  'trderes  Roinant  of  Rotn.  III.  101  The  rateliers 
\\  ere  stored  with  Launces,  the  shields  of  these  foure  Princes 
were  placed  neere  to  the  Barriers. 

tRa*telike,  adv.  Obs.  rare—1.     =  RATEABLY. 

1579  FENTON  Guicdard.  xvu.  (1599)  781  1'axing  euerie 
towne  ratelike  with  bands  and  numbers  [of  soldiers]. 

fRatell.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  OF.  ratel  (F. 
rateau),  rastel'.  see  RASTEL.]  A  rake. 

1489CAXTON  I-'aytes  of  A .  i.xiv.  37  Ratellis,  pycosis,  sawis, 
axes,  nayles. 

Ratell,  obs.  form  of  RATTLE  s&.1  and  v.^ 

fRa-tely,  adv.  Obs.  [f.  RATE  sbl  +  -LY  ^.] 
=  RATEABLY. 

1472-5  Rolls  of  Par  It.  VI.  1 61,  2  To  receyve.  .such  sommes 
of  money,  . .  rately  as  is  aforeseid.  151*  in  Willis  &  Clark 
Cambridge  (1886)  I.  608  Asmoche  money  as  shall  suffise  to 
pay  the  Masons,  .rately  after  the  numbre  of  workmen. 

fRa'tement.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RATE  v.1  +  -MEM.] 
Rating,  valuation. 

1613-8  DANIEL  Coll.  Hisf.  Eng.  (1626)  41  A  iust  note  of 
the  quality  and  quantitieof  euery  mans  ratement  was  taken. 
1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  World\\'.  vii.  (1634)  532  He  first  ordered 
ratements,  subsidies,  and  valuations  of  the  people's  wealth. 

Rater1  (r^-tw).    [f.  RATE  vl  +  -EK!.] 

1.  One  who  (or  a  thing  which)  rates,  estimates, 
measures,  etc.     Now  rare. 

1611  COTGR.,  PereqitanJi  an  equall  rater,  taxer,  assessor  of 
others.  1654  R.  WHITLOCK  Zootoinia,  1 1  The  wise  Rater  of 
things,  ..will  obey  the  Powers  over  Him.  1697  View  Penal 
Laws  292  A  Clothier,  .shall  not  be  a  Rater  of  Wages  of  any 
Artificer.  1823  Afcchanics'  Mag.  No.  4.  59  The  Rater  is  to 
give  the  rate  of  a  ship's  sailing. 

2.  A  vessel,  etc.  of  a  specified  rate. 

In  recent  use  with  ref.  to  the  tonnage  of  racing  vessels. 

1806-37  [see  FIRST-RATER].  1891  Fie  Id -j  Mar.  336/2  Three 
centre-board  cutters.  .These  include  one  lo-rater  and  two 
si-raters. 

Rater-'  (r^-tai).  [f.  RATE  v2  +  -ER!.]  One 
who  reproves  or  scolds. 

1863  COWDEN  CLARKE  S/ta&s.  Char.  ix.  218  Here  was  she 
already  installed  as  rater  of  his  conduct,  instead  of  rendering 
him  an  account  of  hers.  1884  Sat.  Rev.  8  Mar.  321/1  Far 
be  it  from  us  to  say  that  the  rating  is  generally  undeserved. 
But  . .  the  rater  delivers  it  evidently  from  a  purely  personal 
point  of  view. 

Rat-gOOSe.  Oniith.  [Given  by  Willughby, 
app.  as  a  local  name.]  A  kind  of  wild-goose, 
supposed  to  be  the  brent-goose. 

The  statement  of  Pennant  (Zool.  II.  453)  that '  the  Danish 
and  Norwegian  names  for  this  bird  are  Radgaas  and  Raat* 
gaas*  is  app.  erroneous. 

a  1672  WILLUGHBY  Ornith.  (1676)  276  Rat-Goose  or  Road- 
Goose.  Brenthus  fortasse.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.Suf>p., 
Rat-goose^  in  Zoology,  the  name  of  a  small  species  of  wild, 
goose,  common  in  some  of  the  northern  counties  of  England. 
1768  PENNANT  British  Zool.  II.  453  The  Rat  or  Roadgoo^e 
of  Mr.  Willoughby  agrees  in  so  many  respects  with  this 
kind  [the  brent  goose],  that  we  suppose  it  only  to  be  a  young 
bird  not  come  to  full  feathers.  1824  LATHAM  Gen.  Hist. 
Birds  X.  261  The  Brent  Goose  is  known  in  some  parts  of 
England  by  the  name  of  Rat  or  Road  Goose. 

Bath  (raj>),  sb.  [Ir.  rath,  now  pron.  (ra%] 
Irish  Antiq.  An  enclosure  (usually  of  a  circular 
form)  made  by  a  strong  earthen  wall,  and  serving 
as  a  fort  and  place  of  residence  for  the  chief  of 
a  tribe  ;  a  hill-fort.  (Often  incorrectly  ascribed 
to  the  Danes.) 

159*  SPENSER  State  trel.  Wks.  (Globe)  642/2  There  is  a 
great  use  amongest  the  Irish  to  make  greate  assemblyes  to- 
gither  upon  a  rath  or  hill.  Ibid.*  They  are  called  Dane- 
rathes,  that  is,  hills  of  the  Danes.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin. 
n.  ii.  ii.  161  A  ground  of  aduantage,  being  a  strong  Rath, 
between  the  towne  and  the  Camp.  1700  E.  LHWVU  \\\Phil, 
Trans.  XXVII.  525  Their  round  Entrenchments,  commonly 
called  Danes  Rathes.  1807  SIR  R.  C.  HOARE  Tour  frcl.  21 
One  of  those  raised  earthen  works,  which  the  Irish  writers 
call  raths.  1845  E.  WARBUKTON  Crescent  <V  Cross  II. 

•\\r:tu   ti,_  » L~  _ru...,i        i    A  _i_:it .  _  .         '_.-.        IM       T 


With  the  tombs  of  Hector  and  Achilles  appearing  like  Irish 
raths.  1880  M'CARTHY  Own  Times  IV.  Ivii.  231  The  'good 
people  '  still  linger  around  the  raths  and  glens. 

Hence  Bathed  a.,  surrounded  by  an  earthen  wall. 

1861  J.  y.  SIMPSON  Arckaeol.  36  The  true  sites  of  the  .. 
towns— or  merely  perhaps  stockaded  or  rathed  villages. 

Hath,  obs.  form  of  RAITH;  variant  of  RATHE. 

Rathare,  obs.  form  of  RATHER  adv. 

Rathe,  obs.  form  of  RAITH. 

t  Rathe,  si.1  Ol>s.  In  3  ra>(e,  rath.  [a.  ON. 
rdS  —  OE.  r%d  REDE  sb.]  Counsel,  advice  ;  help. 

c  1200  ORMIN  1414  palt  te?^  forr  be  deofless  rai>  Drihhtiness 
raj)  forrwurrpenn.  c  1300  liai'Clok  75  To  J>e  faderles  was 
he  rath,  Wo  so  dede  hem  wrong  or  lath.  Ibid.  2542. 

Rathe  (re'S),  sb?  Now  dial.  Also  7  raeth, 
8  rath,  8-9  rade,  9  raithe.  See  also  RAEK  and 
RAVE  sb?  [Of  obscure  origin ;  perh.  the  base  of 
RADDLE  sb±\ 

1.  A  cart-rail  =  RAVE  sb?  \. 

1497  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  F//(i896)  102  Cart . .  without  rathes. 
1523  FITZHEKB.  Husli.  §  5  The  bodye  of  the  wayne  of  oke, 
the  staues,  the  nether  rathes,  the  ouer  rathes  [etc.].  1705 


.  -> 

by  Iron  Pins,  to  the  Top  of  the  Rades  or  Sides.     1875-  i 
dial,  glossaries,  in  forms  rathe  {Chesh.,  Shropsh.,  Leic.)  and 
raa'e(Som.t  Berks,  Hants,  Sussex).     1800  BUCKMAN /)«r>t'«'j 
Sojourn  v.  34  Numerous  waggons  with  hurdles  tied  along 
their  rathes. 

2.  Weaving.     —  RAVE  sb.-  3. 

1564  luv.  in  Noake  Worcestershire  Relics  (1877)  13  In  the 
weaving  shoppe  a  rathe,  a  warpinge  bore,  a  troughe.    1688 


165 

R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  viii.  346/2  Th«  Raeth  is  a  thing 

like  a  Rake.  . .  The  Raeth  keeps  the  Yarn  in  Warping,  that 
they  shall  not  tangle  or  twist  one  with  another.  1886  in 
Cheshire  Gloss.  Suppl. 

Rathe  (w»S),  rath.  (raj>),  «.l  poet,  and  dial. 
Forms  :  i  bratf-,  //.  hrafce,  5  Sc.t  6-7,  9  rath,  7 
raith,  4-7,  9  rathe,  9  dial.  rave.  [f.  RATHE  adv. ; 
rare  in  OE.  in  place  of  hrxd  RAD  rt.1,  but  common 
after  c  1400.  For  the  uses  of  the  compar.  and  superl. 
see  RATHER  a.t  RATHEST  a.] 

1.  Quick  in  action,  speedy,  prompt ;  eager,  earnest, 
vehement. 

£900  Ags.  Ps.  (Th.)  xiii.  fi  Heora  fet  beo3  swiSe  hraSe 
blod  to  ajeotanne.  a  1400  Sir  Perc.  98  Was  no;te  the  rede 
Knyghte  so  rathe  For  to  wayte  hym  with  skathe.  c  1450 
St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  6442  To  reule  bairn  Wele  he  was  full1 
rathe.  1575  GASCOIGNE  Dan  Bartholomew  Wks.  (1587)  66 
In  deede  the  rage  which  wrong  him  there  was  rathe.  1818 
SCOTT  RobRoy\\\)  Art  there,  lad? — ay,  youth's  aye  rathe— 
but  look  to  thysell. 

2.  Done,  occurring,  coining,  etc.,  before  the  usual 
or  natural  time;  early. 

Originally  with  too :  cf.  RATHE  adv.  i  b. 

£•1420  Pallad.  on  Jins/'.  i.  247  Tilyng  . .  Is  not  to  rathe  yf 
dayis  thryis  fyue  Hit  be  preuent.  1584  COGAN  Haven 
Health  11612)  249  Rathe  marriage  is  the  cause  why  men  be 
now  of  lesse  stature  than  they  haue  been  before  time.  1609 
C.  BUTLER  Fern.  Mon.  v.  (1623)  I  iij,  Those  swarmes.  .if  they 
be  rathe,  will  swarme  againe  unless  they  be  ouer-hiued.  1670 
RAY  Prov.  22  The  rath  sower  ne're  borrows  o'  th'  late.  1816 
SCOTT  Antig.  xxxix,  Laying  his  head  in  a  rath  grave.  1833 
H.  COLEKIDUI;  Poems  I.  i?  A  rathe  December  blights  my 
lagging;  May.  1886  II".  Sow.  IVord-bk.  s.v.  /C«Mf...The 
expression.. a  rave  spring.. is  not  uncommon. 

b.  esp.  of  fruits,  flowers,  etc.,  which  grow,  bloom, 
or  ripen  early  in  the  year.  (Cf.  RATHE-RIPE.) 

1572  MASCALL  Plant.  ,y  Graff.  (1592)  53  For  to  haue  rath 
or  timely  Peares. . .  For  to  haue  them  rath  or  soone,  ye  shall 
grafle  them  on  the  Pine  Tree.  1600  E.  B.  in  Engi  Helicon 
Bivb.  And  made  the  rathe  and  timely  primrose  grow. 
1637  MILTOX  Lycidtis  142.  1651  R.  CHILD  in  1 1  art  lib's 
Legacy  (1655)  9  To  sow  Raith,  (or  early  ripe)  Pease.  1813 
SCOTT  Rokeby  iv.  ii,  Where  ..  the  rathe  primrose  decks  the 
mead.  1848  LOWELL  Fable  for  Critics  Poet.  \Vks.  1 1880)  357 
A  single  anemone  trembly  and  rathe.  1880  SwiNBURNE 
Songs  of  Springtides*  On  the  Cliffs  44  The  labours,  whence 
men  reap  Rathe  fruit  of  hopes  and  fears. 

3.  Early  in  the  day  ;  belonging  to  the  morning. 
1596  DRAYTON  Legends  i.  8  The  rathe  Morning  newly  but 

awake.  1635  HAYWAKD  tr.  BiondVs  Banish\t  Virg.  191 
Intending  to  aske  her  what  shee  made  there  at  so  rathe  an 
houre.  a  1835  HOGG  Allan  of  Dale  29  Beginning  thy  rath 
orisons  here.  1877  SYMONDS  Renaiss.  It,,  Fine  Arts  (1897) 
III.  iii.  no  The  rathe  tints  of  early  dawn. 

4.  Belonging  to,   or   forming,   the  first  part   of 
some  period  of  time. 

1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  c.\,  Thy  converse  drew  us  with 
delight,  The  men  of  rathe  and  riper  years.  1898  CROCKETT 
Stattdard  BfartrxxxifThs  young  ardour  of  spring  and  the 
rath  summer-time. 

f  Rathe,  a.*t  obs.  var.  RARE  a.i     (Cf.  next.) 
1548  ELYOT  s.v.  Rants,  Rarum  inueiitif,  harde  and  rathe 
to  Be  found* 

f  Rathe,  rath,  a.?>,  var.  of  RAKE  a?  Obs.  rare. 

For  the  confusion  of  tk  and  r,  cf.  raert  var.  of  RATHE  s/>.?t 
RAKE  a?  and  RATHE  a.2 

1684  LITTLETON  Lat.  Did.,  Qviiin  sorbile^  a  rathe  egg,  a 
poached  or  rath-roasted  egg.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey) 
s.v.,  A  rath  Egg.  [See  also  RATHERKST.] 

t  Rathe,  z/.  Obs.  Also  3  inf.  raj>enn.  [a. 
ON.  rdfta  =  OE.  rsdan  REDE  z>.]  trans,  and 
intr.  To  counsel,  advise. 

c  1200  ORMIN  2948  Godd  himm  sennde  hiss  enngell  To 
rabenn  himm  be  bettste  rap.  Ibid.  5514  Swa  ^att  te^  cun- 
nenn  rabenn  nhhtHemm  sellfennic  ecobre.  c  \yx>Ilavelok 
1335  JD°  nou  als  y  wile  rathe. 

Rathe  (Te*fytattv.  poet,  and  dial.  Forms:  i 
(h)reelSe,  hretSe,  rat!,  1-2  hratte,  1-3  ratSe,  2  refle, 
2-4  raj>e,  3  rreSen,  reafle,  3-7  rath,  4  rap,  4-6 
Sc.  raith,  6,  9  dial,  rade,  3-7,  9  rathe.  [OE. 
tirade,  hr&fte  (Strode)  =  OHG.  (ti)rado,  rat  ho  etc., 
the  adv.  corresponding  to  OE.  hrxd  RAD  a.1] 

fl.  Denoting  rapidity  in  the  performance  or 
completion  of  an  action  :  Quickly,  rapidly,  swiftly  ; 
esp.  without  delay,  promptly,  soon.  Obs.  (in  com 
mon  use  down  to  i6th  c.) 

Be0ivulf(Z.)  224  panon  up  hraSe  wedera  leode  on  wang 
HUGO.  c8zs  I' esp.  Psalter  xxxvi.  2  Swe  swe  leaf  wyrta 
hreoe  fallaO.  aQooCvNEwuLP  Christ  1525  [Hi]  sceolon  raoe 
feallan  on  grimne  grund.  a  1123  O.  E.  Chron.  an.  1102  pe 
he  hine  swa  hraSe  fcewinnan  ne  mihte,  he  let  bser  toforan 
castelas  gemakian.  a  izoo  Moral  Ode  90  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862) 
28  He  scullen  falle  swibe  rabe  in  to  helle  grunde.  (71225 
Ancr.  R.  54  pus  wolde  Eue  inouh  reaSe  habben  i-onswered. 
c  1275  LAY.  25645  So  rathe  so  hii  mihten  Vt  of  sipe  hii  rehten. 
c  1300  Havelok  2391  Cum  to  pe  king,  swibe  and  rabe.  1375 
BARBOUR  Bruce  y.  417  Gif  he  had  haldin  the  casteill,  It  suld 
haue  beyn  assegit  rath.  1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  clxxxv. 
162  He  prayd  hem  that  they  shold  make  edward  of  Carr- 
nariuan  kyng  of  englond  ..  as  rathe  as  they  myght.  1576 
GASCOIGNE  Philomene  (Arb.)  96  Sende  My  daughter  . .  And 
(since  I  counte  al  leasure  long)  Returne  hir  to  me  rathe. 
1649  R-  HODGES  Plain.  Direct,  36  Hee  was  wroth  because 
she  was  ful  of  wrath  so  rath. 

f  b.  With  too :  Too  quickly,  too  soon ;  hence 
(passing  into  sense  3),  too  early ;  before  the  fitting, 
usual,  or  natural  time.  Obs. 

t-888  K.  /ELFRED  Bocth.  iii.  §  i  Ic  wat  bset  bu  heefst  bara 
wsepna  to  hra5e  forjiten.  c  1205  LAV.  28362  per  weore  al 
bat  fiht  i-don  ah  bat  niht  to  raoe  com.  a  1300  Cursor  M. 
8876  Al  to  rath  he  bat  be-gan.  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron. 


RATHER. 

(1810)  9  He  regned  fiftene  ;ere,  &  died  alle  to  rathe,  c  1374 
CHAUCER  Troylus  v.  937  He  was  slayn,  alias.  .Vn-happyly 
at  Thebes  al  to  rabe.  1413  Pilgr*  Sow/e  (Caxton  1483)  iv. 
xx.  65,  I  songe  to  rathe,  for  I  sauge  by  the  morowe.  a  1541 
WVATT  in  Tottell's  Mine.  (Arb.)  60  All  to  rathe  alas  the 
while,  She  built  on  such  a  ground. 

f2.  Denoting  the  point  of  time  at  which  an 
action  or  occurrence  takes  place.  Obs.  (See  also 
RAHE  adv?} 

ta.  As  rathe  as  (swa  rathe  swa),  as  soon  as, 
at  the  moment  when.    Obs. 

iriooo  /ELFRIC  Horn.  II.  526  He  wa;s  Codes  Beam  swa 
hra5e  swa  he  inannes  Beam  wear<5.  c  1175  Lamb.  Horn. 
97  Swa  re8e  swa  he  J>es  inannes  heorte  and  his  mod  on 
lilite,  hit  iwende<5  from  ufele  to  gode.  <  1425  Eng.  Conq. 
IreL  84  As  rathe  as  thou  hast  I-sey  these  lettres,  ne  leue  nat 
to  come  to  socour  vs. 

f  b.  Early  with  respect  to  the  proper  or  natural 
time.    Obs. 

JS65  JEWEL  Repl.  Harding  11611)  3  It  was  verie  rathe  to 
haue  Monasteries  built  in  all  S.  lames  time.  1582  X.  LK:HI-> 
FIKLD  tr.  Castanheda's  Conq.  E.  Ind.  124  b,  For  that  it  was 
somwhat  rath  for  to  returne,  they  went  to  the  I  hind  n( 
Cambalan.  1598  BARCKLEV  Fetic.  Man  in.  (1603)  206  Though 
it  was  too  rathe  for  those  young  yeeres  to  know  the  w  icked- 
nesse  of  the  world. 

3.  Early  (in  the  morning  or  day),  poet,  and  dial. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Shipmaris  T.  1289  What  eyleth  yow  so 
rathe  for  to  ryse.  1575  TURBERV.  Vetterie  60,  I  am  the 
hunte,  whiche  rathe  and  earelyryse.  1584  R.  SCOT  Discov. 
Witchcr.  xii.  xxl  (1886)  230  Upon  some  Sundaie  morning 
rath,  light  it.  1612  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  .\ii.  168  Commaund- 
ing  him  . .  rathe  as  he  could  rise,  to  such  a  gate  to  got:. 
1674-91  RAY  S.  fy  E.  C.  Words  75  Rathe  in  the  morning, 
i.e.  early  in  the  morning.  1842  C.  PULMAN  Rustic  Sketches 
29  In  th'  marnin'  up  I  gits,  Za  rathe  as  break  o'  day.  1859 
TENNYSON  Elaine  339  The  face  ..  held  her  from  her  sleep. 
Till  rathe  she  rose. 

t  b.  Early  in  the  year.   Obs.  rare,"1. 

1574  R.  SCOT  //c/  Card.  11578)  10  Where  the  Garden 
standcth  bltake  or  the  Hoppe  springeth  rath. 

Rathed,  a. :  see  RATH  sb. 

Rathel,  obs.  form  of  RADDLE  v.1 

tRa-theled,/rt.//&.  Obs.  rare"1. 

Perh.  the  same  word  as  ratheled  intertwined,  cited  under 
RADDLED  ppl.  al ;  but  in  that  case  the  connexion  of  the 
various  senses  of  RADDLE  sir.1  becomes  doubtful. 

13. .  Caw.  <5-  6>.  Knt.  2294  Gawayn  . .  stode  stylle  as  J?e 
ston,  o^er  a  stubbe  auber,  pat  rabeled  is  in  ruche  grounde, 
with  rotez  a  hundreth. 

t  Ra'thely,  adv.  Obs.  Forms :  I  hrsefllice, 
3  rattliche,  4  rarely,  rajtli,  4-5  rathly,  ratheli, 
5-6  rathely  (Sc.  raith-).  [f.  RATHE  a.1  +  -LY  -. 
Cf.  RADLY.]  Quickly,  etc.  =  RATHE  adv.  i.  (Com 
mon  in  14-15111  c.) 

#950  Kit.  DurJiant  (Surtees)  58/5  Angel  driht[nes]  tet^Istod 
. .  cvoedende  '  aris  hrasSlice  '.  a  izzs  Ancr.  R,  422  Water 
bet  ne  stureS  nout  readliche  [Titus  MS.  raSliche]  stinkeS, 
a  iy»CttrsorM.  23926  (Edinb.)  Ifikeft  falpn  ani  wis  Ratheli 
do  me  for  to  ris.  a  1352  MINOT  Poems  vii.  91  pe  teres  he 
lete  ful  rathly  rcn  Out  of  his  eghen.  c  1400  Rowland  <y  O. 
292  Than  sir  Rowlande  full  rathely  up  he  rn>e.  c  1470 
HENRY  U'allaceiy..  1805  Raithly  he  raid,  and  maid  full  mony 
wound.  iy>zOni.  Crysten  Men  (W.  de  W.  1506)  I.  ii.  14 
These  yllts  that  we  se  come  rathely. 

Ka-theness.  rare.  [f.  RATHE  a.l  -f  -NKSS.]  a. 
Earliness.  b.  Premature  ending. 

1635  HAYWAKD  tr.  Biondfs  Banish1  d  Virg.  220  God  makes 
no  difference  betweene  the  rathenesse  and  latenesse  of  time. 
1883  J.  PAYNE  O.  J\I.  B.  xi.  4  If  thy  life's  untimely  ended 
story . .  hold  no  room,  For  \  ery  ratheness  [etc.]. 

Ra'ther,  a.  ?  Obs.  Also  3-5  rap-,  rathere,  5 
rap-,  rathir.  [Comparative  of  RATHE  a.1] 

1.  Earlier,  preceding  another  or  others  in  point 
of  time,  coming  at  an  earlier  hour,  date,  etc. 

1388  WYCLU--  John  \.  30  Aftir  me  is  coinun  a  man,  which 
was  maad  bifor  me  ;  for  he  was  rather  than  Y.  1429  Rolls 
of  Parlt.  IV.  342/2  Atte  a  rather  and  nerre  day.  1477 1  but. 
VI.  194/1  For  the  rather  execucion  of  his  said  false  pui  pose. 
1551  RECORDE  Cast.  Know  I.  (1556)  131  Kuery  15  decrees 
of  distaunce  estward,  causeth  the  daye  to  be  rather  by  one 
howers  space.  1579  SPENSER  Sheph.  Cal,  Feb.  83  The  rather 
Lambes  bene  starved  with  cold.  1583  GOLDJNG  Calvin  on 
Dent.  clvi.  966  But  we  see  one  winter  longer,  and  another 
winter  later,  and  an  other  rather.  [i6zo  SIR  J.  DA  VIES  Eccl., 
To  W.  Browne,  What!  been  thy  rather  lamklns  ill-apaid?] 
f  b.  Antecedent,  prior  ;  of  greater  importance. 
Obs.  rare. 

1657  J.  SERGEANT  Schism  Di$pa(h*t  278  A  circumstance 
much  encreasing  the  rather-probability  of  his  greater  Au 
thority.  Ibid.  297  The  midle  words  importing  his  rather 
right  to  S.  Paul's  obedience.  1668  PEI-VS  Diary  10  Feb.,  A 
great  blow  either  given  to  the  King  or  Presbyters  or,  which 
is  the  rather  of  the  two,  to  the  House  itself. 

f2.  The  earlier  (of  two  persons  or  things) ;  the 
former.  Obs.  (Common  c  1375-1450.) 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  5809  Seint  Edward  be  martir..was 
is  sone  Bi  is  rabere  wiue.  c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  n.  pr.  i.  20 
(Camb.  MS.)  Thow  art  defeted  for  desire  and  talent  of  thi 
rather  fortune.  (  1400  MALNDKV.  (1839)  v.  46  The  Sarazines 
niaden  another  Cytee . .  and  ciepeden  it  the  new  Damyete.  So 
that  now  no  Man  duellethe  at  the  rathere  Toun  of  Damyete. 
1413  Filgr.  Smt'le  iCaxton)  I.  xvi,  (1859)  J7  ^n  tyme  of  his 
rather  lyf,  he  had  space,  and  suffyaaunt  leyser  ynow.  1484 
Wilt  of  Tayiour  (Somerset  Ho.),  Wher  as  the  body  of 
Johanne  my  Rather  wyf  lieth  enterid. 

f  b.  Thepreviousorpreceding(dayoryear).  Obs. 
1387  TRE  vis  A ///£•</«•«  (Rolls)  III.  145  pe  trauail  of  beraber 
day  o^er  be  feste  of  b^t  day.    c  1400  Beryn  26  As  thouje  he 
had  I-knowe  hir  al  the  rathir  yeer. 
f3.  Of  earlier  times.   Obs.  rare"1. 
1387  TREVISA  fli&tett  ^Rollsj  I.  177  pat  vertue  keled  .,  so 


RATHER. 


166 


RATHEREST. 


raj?er  welles  bcej>  now  but  lakes  oj?ermore  vereyliche 
dreyc  chanels. 

f4.  More  to  be  chosen,  preferable.   Obs.  rare, 

c  1430  Hymns  Virg.  86  It  is  rajnr  to  bilceue  ^e  wageringe 
wijnde  pan  Jw  chaungeable  world.  £1449  PECOCK  Refr.  in. 
xvii.  393  In  such  aventure  it  were  rather  to  truste  to  the 
conscience  and  discrecion  of  him.. than  [etc.]. 

Rather  (ra'Sai),  adv.  Forms  :  i  hratforj-ur, 
ratSor,  2-3  ratter,  3  rapir,  -ur,  3-4  rathere,  3-5 
raper,  (4  -ere),  4-5  rathir,  (5  -yr,  -are,  5,  6  St. 
rether) ,  4-  rather ;  also  3  rader,  5  radyr,  9  dial. 
raider,  rayder.  [Compar.  of  RATHE  adv. 

The  pron.  with  long  vowel  (fi)  is  now  usual  in  England  ; 
the  short  sound  (r«e'5aJ,  ra'Saaj  is  common  in  Scotland  (but 
not  dial.)  and  America,  and  is  given  by  Walker  as  the 
standard  pron.  in  his  time.  The  use  of  (r^*5w),  preferred  by 
Walker,  is  now  confined  to  dialects.] 
I.  Denoting  precedence  in  time. 

fl.  The  rather,  (all)  the  more  quickly,  (all)  the 
sooner.  Obs. 

In  some  instances  not  clearly  distinguishable  from  sense  4. 

£850  O.  E.  Martyrol.  26  Dec.,  Hie  him  mtclan  (?e  reSran 
wseron  &  t>e  ra5or  hine  oftorfod  haifdon.  a  1123  O,  E.  Chron. 
(Laud  MS.)  an.  1009  [Hi]  ^a  btirh  ra5e  ^e-eodon,  jif  he  fc>e 
raSor  to  him  frtdes  to  ne  sirndon.  £1205  LAY.  21649  3"** 
Ardur  neore  J>e  rader  icumen  f>enne  weoren  Houwel  inumen. 
c  1330  Sir  £eru's  (MS.  A.)  431  Boute  bow  }>e  ralper  hennes  te, 
I  scnel  J>e  greue  !  c  1420  Chron,  Vilod.  796  Bot  ?yfF  Seynt 
Woltrud  hurre  }re  rather  holpe,  he  nys  bot  dedde.  1523 
FITZMEKB.  llitsb.  §  46  If  thou  put  a  lytel  terre  in  his  eye, 
he  will  mende  the  rather.  <zx536TiNUAU£  in  Foxe  A.  fy  Jlf. 
(1563)  159/2  The  pilgrimage  that  now  is  vsed  is  ..  a  good 
meaiie  to  come  the  rather  to  grace.  1603  SHAKS.  Macb.  \. 
vii.  62  When  Duncan  is  asleepe  (Whereto  the  rather  shall 
his  dayes  hard  lourney  Soundly  inuite  him). 

2.  Earlier,  sooner  ;  at  an  earlier  time,  season, 
day,  hour,  etc.  Now  dial,  f  Rather  or  later, 
sooner  or  later. 

cxooo  Ags.  Go$p.  John  xx.  4  Se  oSer  leorning-cniht  for-arn 
Petrus  forne  &  com  raSor  to  5aere  byr?;enne.  a  1300  Cursor 
M.  26516  pan  sal  it  helpe  J?e  Vte  o  ^i  sin  ra)?er  to  rise  To 
crist.  c  1330  R.  BKUNNB  Chron.  IVace  (Rolls)  5629  RaJ«r 
ne  myghte  [he]  |?ider  wende;  Bote  atte  seue  nyghtes  ende 
He  com.  1387  TREVISA  Higden{ Rolls)  1. 167  Oper  bere  was 
anober  Dido,  an  elder  ban  sche ;  ober  Cartage  was  raber 
i-founded.  c  1475  Partenay  4011  This  worle..goth  vnto  de* 
cline,  Rather  or  later  to  an  endly  fine.  1566  Pasquine  in  a 
Trannce  ii.  b,  I  sawe  the  Heauen  and  the  Starres  ..neither 
rather  or  later  to  rise  or  go  downe.  1609  C.  BUTLER  Fan. 
Mon.  (1634)  in  The  continuance  of  hot  and  dry  weather 


Som. ). 

b.   With  than.  ?  Obs. 

c  1330  Sir  Benes  (MS.  A)  3537  He  com  ra}>er  to  be  tresore, 
pan  hii  be  half  and  more,  c  1391  CHAUCER  Astral,  i.  §  21 
Thilke  sterres  . .  arisen  rathet  than  the  degree  of  hire  longi 
tude.  1454  Paston  Lett.  I.  301  Yn  case  he  know  of  it  rathyr 
then  ye.  1519  HOKMAN  Vttlg.  245  b,  The  warke  was  finisshed 
rather  than  a  man  myght  beleue.  1598  BARCKLEY  Felic. 
Man  in.  (1603)  208  Rather  then  her  yeares  required,  she 
was  ..  chosen  Abbesse.  1659  LEAK  Watsrwks,  32  As  con 
cerning  the  Vessel  D  it  is  necessary  that  it  empty  rather 
than  E. 

t  c.  (A  specified  time)  earlier  or  sooner.   Obs. 

X45S  Paston  Left.  I.  338,  I  had  lever  ye  were  at  London 

a  weke  the  rather  and  tymelyer  then  a  weke  to  late,    c  1500 

RIelusine  233  Playsed  god  that  ye  were  arryued  two  dayes 

rather,  For  thenne  ye  had  found  my  fader  on  lyue. 

3.  At  an  earlier  time  or  date  than  the  one  now 
present  or  in  question ;  previously,  formerly.   Obs. 
exc.  dial. 

c  1275  LAY.  4650  He  him  ?ef  J»es  womman ;  J>at  raber  was 
mi  lemman.  c  1305  Laud  Cokayne  120  pe  cristal  turnip  in 
to  glasse,  In  state  jrat  hit  raber  wasse.  1387  TREVISA 
Higdcn  (Rolls)  I.  93  Perseus,  .made  it  a  wor^ylond  J>at  was 
rajier  vnworj>y.  Ibid.  II.  357  pe  latter  Hercules,  anoj>er 
Jran  we  spak  of  ra|>er.  1559  Mirr.  Mag.t  Dk.  York  xvi,  An 
other  hoast,  wherof  I  spake  not  rather.  1886  W.  BARNES 
Dorset  Gloss.)  Rather,  lately  ;  just  now. 

f  b.  Previously,  beforehand.  Obs,  rare, 
c  1325  Chron.  Eng.  675  in  Ritson  Metr.  Rom,  II.  298  The 
lordmges.  .the  thefslowen  anon,  Ah  rathere  he  woundede 
moni  on.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Prii>,  Priv.  215  Gone 
man  may  not  ouercome  his  enemys,  but  yf  he  haue  radyr 
ouercome  covardy. 

II.  Denoting  priority  in  nature  or  reason. 

4.  The  rather^  the  more  readily  (on  this  account 
or  for  this  reason)  ;  (all)  the  more. 

1:888  K.  ^LKRED  Boetk.  xxxii.  §  2  peah  bu  nu  hwaim  fae^er 
Since,  ne  bi5  hit  no  \>y  hr«5or  swa.  cyoo  Ags.  Ps.  (Th.) 
iv.  5  Ne  scule  ^e  hit  no  by  hraSor  burhteon,  t>e  laes  je 
syn^ien.  a*zz$Ancr.  R.  190  Heie  monnes  messager,  me 
schal  heiliche  underuongen,  . .  &  so  muchel  J>e  raSer,  5if  he 
is  priue  mid  te  kinge  of  heouene.  ?  1447  Lett,  Marg,  Anjou 
iV  Bj>.  Beckington  (Camden)  93  We  shall  the  rather  for  our 
said  chapel  lei  n  sake  have  you  in  tendre  remembrance.  1523 
FITZHERB.  Hush.  §  133  The  weight  of  the  bowes  shall  cause 
theym  to  be  the  rather  cut  downe.  1570-6  LAMBARDE 
Perantb.  Kent  (1826)  237  The  true  place  of  this  conflict 
bhoulde  be  Stouremouthe, .  .the  rather  for  that  it  is  derived 
of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Stoure.  1615  W.  LAIVSON  Country 
Housetu,  Card.  (1626)  29  You  shall  finde  them  stirring  in 
the  morning  or  euening,  and  the  rather  in  moist  weather. 
1710  Tatler  No.  253  P  8  A  Case . .  which  1  the  rather  mention, 
because  both  Sexes  are  concerned  in  it.  1818  CRUISE  Digest 
(ed.  2)  II.  218  It  ought  not  to  be  in  the  heir's  power  ..  to 
charge  the  lands,  .the  rather  because  of  the  covenant  [etc.]. 
1885-94  R.  BRIDGES  Eros  %  Psycfu  Mar.  xx,  On  earth  he 
•  must  maintain  it  as  her  son,  The  rather  that  his  weapons 
were  most  fit. 

fb.  Without  the.   Obs. 
1463  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  19  pat  it  may  be  redde  and 


knowe  to  exortc  the  pepill  rathere  to  prey  for  me.  1654 
BRAMHALL  Just  Vindication  vii.  (1661)  203  Why  should  not 
the  Bull  of  Nicholas  the  second  . .  be  as  advantageous  . .  ? 
why  not  much  rather?  1660  BARROW  Euclid  i.  xix,  After 
the  same  manner  BC  —  AC,  wherefore  rather  BC  >  AB. 

5.  More  truly  or  correctly  ;  more  properly  speak 
ing;  with  greater  correspondence  between  the 
word  or  words  and  the  fact. 

a.  With  than  (Sc.  nor\  also  -\  the  rather). 
^1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  118  It  were  rabere  almes  to 

lordis  to  hire  . .  (?an  to  holde  [etc.],  c  1400  Beryn  2908 
pe  Romeyns  were  in  poynt  te  pas ;  Til  ther  were  a  ^owsand, 
rathir  mo  Denies,  Men  I-armyd  cleen.  a  XS^TINDALE  Doct. 
Treat.  390  A  thing  begun  rather  than  finished.  1560  DAUS 
tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  nob,  This  demaunde  of  his  ..  rather 
maketh  them  afrayde  of  a  counsel!,  than  provoketh  them  to 
it.  1567  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  578  Usurpand  the 
rather  the  office  of  Princes  nor  liegis.  1657  R.  LIGON  Bar* 
badoes  (1673)  102  The  Inhabitants,  .build  their  dwellings, 
rather  like  stoves  then  houses.  1711  STEELE  Spect.  No.  49 
p  3  Their  Entertainments  are  derived  rather  from  Reason 
than  Imagination.  1816  J.  WILSON  City  of  Plague,  n.  iii. 
iyo  Her  lace  . .  seem'd  the  face  of  sorrow  Rather  than  of 
death.  1857  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  I.  vii.  332  The  new  king,  from 
levity  rather  than  from  reason,  despised  the  disputes  of 
theologians. 

b.  Without  than^  in  opposition  or  contrast  to 
a  preceding  statement. 

4-1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  I.  409  We  have  litil  mater  for  to 
laughe,  but  rather  for  to  morne.  c  1450  Merlin  xx.xiii.  61/0 


children  off  thy  peopje  saye  . .  the  waye  off  the  Lorde  is  not 
right,  where  as  their  owne  waye  is  rather  vnright.  1576 
FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  227  iita.rg.t  Whether  this  were 
Lysistratus  the  Sicyonian  ..  I  doubt  much:  thinking  rather 
it  was  some  other  priuate  man.  1596  BACON  Max.  #  Uses 
Coin.  Law  Ep.  Ded.,  An  age  wherein  if  science  bee  in 
creased,  conscience  is  ratlier  decayed.  1768  GOUJSM.  Good-n. 
Man  i.  i,  Say  rather,  that  he  loves  all  the  world.  1884  tr. 
Lotze's  Metaph.  112  We  are  therefore  not  entitled  to  treat 
the  validity  of  the  law  as  an  independently  thinkable  fact.. 
Rather  it  is  simply  the  observed  or  expected  fulfilment  itself. 
c.  Or  rather^  used  to  introduce  a  statement 
more  correct  than  the  one  already  made,  f  Also 
and  rather  (with  comparatives). 

1460  Paston  Lett.  I.  508  Myn  autorite  is  as  grete  as  tberis, 
and  rather  more  as  I  tolde  you.  1545  UDALL  Erasin.  Par. 
Luke  (1548)  86  Nere  about  the  summe  of  twelue  or  fiftene 
poundes  sterlynge  or  rather  aboue.  c  1645  HOWELL  Lett. 
IV.  2  The  Doctor  by  this  Oversight  (or  Cunningness,  rather) 
got  a  supply  of  Money.  1711  STEELE  Spect.  No.  4  f  4  Thus 
my  Want  of,  or  rather  Resignation  of  Speech,  gives  me  all 
the  Advantages  of  a  dumb  Man.  1836  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Par. 
Serw.  (1837)  III.  xxiv.  386  You  will  find  there  are  few,  or 
ratlier  none  at  all.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  122  Last 
night,  or  rather  very  early  this  morning. 

6.  More  (so)  than  not;  more  than  anything  else; 
hence,  in  a  certain  degree  or  measure ;    to  some 
extent ;  somewhat,  slightly. 

a.  Withvbs.  of  thinking,  fearing,  etc. 

'597  J-  KING  On  Jonas  (1618)  574  And  surely  I  rather 
thinke,  that  they  blessed  lonas  in  their  hearts.  1611  A. 
STAFFORD  Niobc  172,  I  put  so  great  a  difference  between* 
the  ancient  and  modern  papists,  as  that  I  resolue  rather 
that  the  former  are  taken  to  mercy.  1709  E.  WARD  tr. 
Cervantes  55,  I  rather  think  I  have  worn  the  Mourning  for 
you  than  for  the  dead  Man.  1835  J.  KENT  Private  Corr. 
II.  387,  I  rather  guess  I  shall  like  it.  1875  JOWETT  Plato 
(ed.  2)  I.  10,  I  rather  think  that  you  know  him. 

b.  With  adjs.,  advbs.,  sbs.,  or  phrases.     (Some 
times  implying  slight  excess  =  rather  too.} 

i66z  PEPYS  Diary  27  Dec.,  With  the  new  Roxalana,  which 
do  [=  does]  it  rather  better  in  all  respects, . .  than  the  first 
Roxalana.  1713  HEARNE  in  Rel.  Heamia>i&  (1857)  I.  282 
These  were  rather  later  than  the  cainpagi.  a  1766  MRS.  K. 
SHERIDAN  Sidney  Bidulpk  IV,  65  It  would  be  rather  incon 
venient  to  you  at  present  to  have  your  rent  roll  scrutinised. 
1778  Learning  at  a  Loss  II.  163  His  Appearance  at  the 
Baronet's  must  have  been  rather  a  silly  one.  1788  M, 
CUTLER  in  Life,  Jrnls,  fy  Corr.  (1888)  I.  429  The  town  is 
situated,  very  injudiciously,  in  rather  a  valley.  1829  LANDOR 
Imag.  Conv.  Wks.  1853  I-  5I5/1  Our  bed  indeed  is  rather  of 
the  highest.  1850  SMEDLEV  Frank  Fairleigh  xiii.  Is  it  my 
trap  you're  talking  about?  rather  the  thing  isn't  it,  eh? 
1880  F.  p.  MATTHEW  Wyclif's  Eng.  Wks.  114  If  the  tract 
be  Wyclifs,  we  may  date  it  rather  oefore  1380. 
t  C.  So  rather  somewhat.  Obs. 

1733  ARBUTHNOT  Rules  of  Diet  in  Aliments^  etc.  i.  247 
Apncocks,  unless  mellow,  are  rather  somewhat  styptick. 
1768  Woman  of  Honor  III.  233  A  range  of  thirteen  chests 
rather  somewhat  larger  than  the  common  size. 

7.  Colloq.  (vulgar}.  Used  as  a  strong  affirmative 
in  reply  to  a  question  :  =  '  I  (should)  rather  think 
so ' ;  very  much  so  ;  very  decidedly. 


significantly.  1856  ALB.  SMITH  Adv.  Mr.  Ledbury  I.  iv,  27 
'  Do  you  know  the  young  lady  ? '  '  Rather  ! '  replied  Johnson. 
III.  Denoting  prior  eligibility  or  choice. 

8.  Sooner  (as  a  matter  of  fitness,  expediency, 
etc.) ;  with  more  propriety  or  advantage ;  with 
better  reason  or  ground  ;  more  properly  or  justly. 
With  than. 

c  izoo  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  213  He  sholde  ra$er  helden  hit  ut, 
J>ene  men  |?ermide  fordrenchen.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (iSSoJ 
376  Ra^er  f?an  Jm  schuldist  be  ocupied  J)erewiJ>  J?u  schalt 
renne  awai  ^er-fro.  -1450  Merlin  x.  148  Another  ought 
rather  to  go  oil  this  massage  than  ye.  1573  L.  LLOYD 
Marrow  of  Hist.  (1653)  274  Therefore  I  rather  deserve 
death  than  he.  1654  BRAMHALL  fust  VineBtatiom  ix.  (1661) 
263  Why  they  ih-juld  ruthu-  aubmil  lUtmidvui. .  iu  that  See 


. .  then  to  any  other  Patriarchate.  1680  LOCKE  Gout.  i.  xi. 
§  127  'Tis  rather  to  be  thought,  that  an  heir  had  no  such 
Right  by  divine  institution,  than  that  God  should  give  such 
a  Right  a  1756  MRS.  HEYWOOO  New  Present  (1771)  256 
Soft  water  should  be  used  rather  than  hard. 

fb.  As  against,  to  the  exclusion  of,  the  other. 
Obs.  rare"1. 

1553  GRIMALDE  tr,  Cicero's  Offices  i.  (1556)  34  b,  Semblably 
fare  they,  who  would  striue  together,  whether  of  them 
should  rather  rule  the  common  weale. 

9.  Sooner  (as  a  matter  of  individual  choice)  ; 
more  readily  or  willingly ;  with  greater  liking  or 
good-will ;  with  or  in  preference,  a.  Expressing 
choice  between  two  courses  of  action,  or  preference 
of  one  event  to  another. 

In  sentences  of  this  type  rather  is  placed  either  before  the 
yb.  or  clause  expressing  ihe  action  or  event  preferred,  or 
immediately  before  than.  For  the  use  of  to  after  t/ian,  see 
the  latter  word. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  9419  J>e  deserites  gonne  chese, 
Ra^er  J>an  to  lese  hor  lond,  hor  lif  J>ere  to  lese.  1440  in 
Wars  Eng.  in  France  (1864)  II.  457  They  ..  wolde  rather 
that  the  paix  were  letted  thanne  he  ±>hulde  be  delivered  and 
come  hoome.  1551  C  ROWLEY  Pleas,  fy  Pain  517  Rather  let 
your  leases  go,  Then  they  shoulde  worke  you  endelesse  woe. 
1675  E.  ESSEX  Lett.  (1770)  199,  I  will  rather  suffer  myself 
to  be  made  a  pack-horse  than  bear  other  mens  faults.  1711 
ADDISON  S^ect.  No.  261  ?  8  We  love  rather  to  dazzle  the 
Multitude,  than  consult  our  proper  Interests.  1788  MAD. 
D'ARBLAY  Diary  IV.  342  They  would  rather  have  died  than 
refused.  1812  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1830)  IV.  175  A  choice  to 
fight  two  enemies  at  a  time,  rather  than  to  take  them  by 
succession.  1885  Manch.Exam.  30  Dec.  5/3  Any  man  who 
resigns  a  great  office  in  the  State  rather  than  act  in  opposi 
tion  to  the  dictates  of  his  judgment. 

b.  Expressing  choice  between  two  things,  per- 
sonsy  qualities,  conditions,  etc.  7  Also  no  rather 
(I393)J  mow  rather  (1560). 

a  1300  Fall  $  Passion  27  in  E.  E.  P,  (1862)  13  Whi  com 
he  ra|>er  to  cue  f>an  he  com  to  adiun.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Sel. 
ll'ks.  III.  380  po  blynde  puple  ..  wil  ra^er  gif  to  waste 
hou^-is  of  freris  J»en  toparischechirchis.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI. 
C.  x.  123  He  reuerence^  hym  ryght  nount,  no  raj>er  than 
ano);er.  c  1450  tr.  De  Imitatione  i.  iii.  6  pei  chese  ra^er  to  be 
crete  than  meke.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane*$  Comm.  6  b,  Nowe 
he  would  gratifie  no  man  more  rather  than  hym.  1611 
BIBLE  Jer.  viii,  3  Death  shall  bee  chosen  rather  then  life. 
1711  STKELE  Spect.  No.  6  p  i  This  unhappy  Affectation  of 
being  Wise  rather  than  Honest.  i8$6RusKiN  Mod.  Paint. 
IV.  v.  xix.  §  8  Painting  cheeks  with  health  rather  than  rouge. 
C.  "Without  than,  in  contrast  to  a  preceding 
statement.  Also  rarely  the  rather. 

c  «75  LAY.  3943  Ra^ir  ich  wolle  be  slean  mid  mine  spere. 
c  IZ9O.V.  Eng.  Leg.  110/134  Heo  noldecristinedom  a-fongue, 
heo  seide  heo  wolde  raper  tuyrne  a^en  In-to  hire  owene 
londe.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PL  B.  iv.  5  But  resoun  rede  me 
J>er-to  rather  wil  I  deye.  a  1480  Lett.  Alarg.  Anjou  <$•  Bj>. 
Beckitigton  (Camden)  125  Ye  . .  wol  not  applie  you  . .  unto 
the  said  marriage  . .  but  rather  induce  yor  said  doghter  to 
the  contrarye.  1596  DANETT  tr.  Cot  nines  (1614)  331  There 
died  Monsieur  de  Montpensler  himselfe,some  say  of  poyson, 
others  of  an  ague,  which  I  rather  beleeue.  1633  UP.  HALL 
Occas.  Medit.  §  49,  I  would  rather  to  see  a  plot  less  fair, 
and  more  yielding.  1703  ROWE  Fair  Penitent  iv.  i,  I  cou'd 
even  wish  we  rather  had  been  wreckt.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci 
i.  i.  IOQ  Which  now  delights  me  little.  I  the  rather  Look 
on  such  pangs  as  terror  ill  conceals.  1881  JOWETT  Thucyd. 
I.  122,  I  do  not  now  commiserate  the  parents  of  the  dead 
who  stand  here ;  I  would  rather  comfort  them. 

d.  (One)  had  rather »  (one)  would  rather. 
(See  HAVE  v.  22  c.)  f  Hence  to  have  rather,  to 
choose  or  prefer  . .  rather,  (rare.) 

The  infin.  after  had  is  sometimes  preceded  by  to. 

c  1450  in  Rel.  Antiq.  I.  72  Yett  haid  I  rether  dye,  For  his 
sake,  ons  agayne.  1478  [see  HAVK  v.  22].  1523  LD.  BEKNERS 
Froiss.  1. 157  He  had  rather  they  had  bene  taken  prisoners. 
1551  ROBINSON  tr.  A/ore's  Utob.  (1895)  6  Bicause  I  had  be 
good  then  wise  rather.  1594  raMHOFIBLDtV.JtfiMiVaMlH'j 
Flor.  Hist.  (1595)  155  Which  if  we  be  not  able  to  defend, 
then  haue  we  rather  to  submit  our  selues  to  anie  other 
Prince.  1667  EARL  ORRERY  St.  Lett.  (1743)  II.  311,  I  had 
much  rather  to  do  it  than  say  it.  1685  Gracum\s  Courtier's 
Orac,  18  To  have  rather  be  indifferent  in  a  sublime  employ 
ment,  than  excellent  in  an  indifferent,  is  a  desire  rendred 
excusable  by  Generosity.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  n.  v,  Our 
men  had  much  rather  the  weather  had  been  calm.  1819 
SHELLEY  £ss.tetc.  (1852)  II.  155, 1  had  rather  err  with  Plato 
than  be  right  with  Horace.  1875  RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  Iv.  V. 
189,  1  had  rather  come  and  draw  the  cart. 

•J-  e.  (One)  would  rather  =  (one)  would  rather 
have  or  choose.  Obs. 

*557  NORTH  Gneuara's  Diall.  Pr.  96, 1  woulde  rather  one 
onely  day  of  lyfe  then  all  the  ryches  of  Roome.  1633  BP. 
HALL  Occas,  Medit.  §  49,  I  would  rather  never  to  have  fight, 
than  not  to  have  it  always.  1675  R.  BUHTHOCGE  Causa  Dei 
99  The  Parent.,  who  would  rather  than  the  better  part 
of  his  estate  . .  he  could  reclaim  and  turn  him. 

t  IV.   10.  Followed  by  or:  see  OB  advl  C  2. 


s5  Kathi 

my  bodye  or  I  lese  hit.  15*7  WAKFELDE  Let.  in  Kotser 
Codicis  ( 1528)  P  iv  b,  I  had  rather  to  dye  a  thousand  tymes 
or  suffer  it. 

Ba-therest,  ad*,  (and  a.)     [f.  prec.  +  -EST.] 

fl.  Soonest.  Obs.  rare-*. 

a  1425  Cursor  M.  22129  (Trin.)  Turne  . .  fci  shul  ra^erest 
and  siben  o>ere  at  \>t  leebt. 

2.  Most  of  all,  most  particularly.  Obs.  exc.  dial. 

c  i\zoChroH.  Vilod.  1014  pe  best  we  shull  ratherest  byleve 
to.  1535  FISHER  i>/>.  Consolat.  Wks.  (1876)  352  It  shall 
aiiun  lose  the  verluc  &  quickncsse  in  atirring  &  moving 


RATHE-RIPE. 

of  your  soule,  when  you  woulde  ratherest  have  it  sturred. 
1567  W.  BARKER  Xenophon^  Schole  Cyrus  i.  Eivb,  When 
you  haue  most  plentie,  then  ratherest  prouide  against  wante. 
1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  iv.  ii.  19  His..vntrained,  or  rather  vn- 
lettered,  or  ratherest  vnconfirmed  fashion.  1824  MACTAGGART 
Gallovid.  Encycl.  66  Gin  thou'lt  no  fancy  her,  And  ratherest 
wad  ha'e  Meg. 

3.  Rather  of  the  ratherest,  just  a  little  too  much 
or  too  little. 

Grose  assigns  the  phr.  to  Norfolk  and  explains  it  as  '  meat 
underdone ',  and  Forby  says  '  it  is  chiefly  applied  to  the 
insufficient  dressing  of  meat1.  This  appears  to  associate 
the  origin  of  the  expression  with  RATHE  a.3 

(1787  in  GROSE  Prov.  Gloss.\  a  1825  in  FORBY.  1865 
MRS.  H.  WOOD  Mildred  A  rkell  n.  iv.  68  The  women  would 
find  it  rather  of  the  ratherest  for  heat. 

Rathe-ripe,  rath-ripe  (r^'-S-,   ra->-),  a. 

and  sb.  Now  poet,  and  dial.  [f.  RATHE  0.1  + 
RIPE  a.  (cf.  OE,  rxdrfpe  and  RARE-RIPE).  With 
ref.  to  grain  the  usual  spelling  is  rath-] 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  fruits,  grain,  etc.  :  Coming  early 
to  maturity ;  ripening  early  in  the  year. 

Usually  applied  to  special  kinds  or  varieties,  as  rathe-ripe 
barley,  pease,  etc. 

1578  LITE  Dodoens  vi.  xlii.  712  There  be  diners  sortes  of 
Peares,  . .  whereof  some  be  rathe  ripe,  some  haue  a  later 
riping.  1620  VENNER  Via.  Recta  (1650)  184  Those  hard 
Rathe-ripe  Pease,  which  are  brought  to  the  Markets  by  the 
middle  or  end  of  May.  1677  Phil.  Trans.  XII.  876  A  rath- 
ripe  Barley,  sow'd  and  return'd  again  into  the  Barn  in  two 
months  time.  1745  tr.  Colnmella's  Hitsb.  x.  615  Then  from 
twice-bearing  tree  the  rathe-ripe  fig  Descends.  1832  Veg. 
Subst.  Food  of  Man  61  Spring  Barley.  ..  Of  this  species 
farmers  distinguish  two  sorts  ;  the  common,  and  . .  the  rath- 
ripe  barley.  1840  BROWNING  Sordello  n.  313  Fruits  like  the 
fig-tree's,  rathe-ripe,  rotten-rich.  1879-  in  dial,  glossaries 
(Devon,  Dorset,  Hants,  E,  Anglia). 

2.  fig.  Precocious ;  early  developed  in  mind  or 
body.  Now  dial. 

1617  Bp.  HALL  Quo  foci's?  §  4  These  rathe-ripe  wits  pre- 
uent  their  owne  perfection.  1691  WOOD  Ath.  O.ron.  II.  217 
Being  extraordinary  rath  ripe  [he] . .  was  entred  into  his 
Accedence  at  five  years  of  age.  1703  WHITBY  Comm.  N.  T. 
I.  118  Quintilian  saith  of  the  rath-ripe  wit,  that  it  rarely 
comes  to  maturity.  1886  IV.  Som.  ll'ord-bk.  s.v,.A  girl  who 
developed  into  a  woman  at  an  early  age  woulu  be  called 
rathe-ripe  by  elderly  educated  people. 

B.  sb.  Applied  to  various  early  fruits  and  vege 
tables,  esp.  peas  and  apples. 

1677  PLOT  Oxfordsh.  153  The  small  Rathe-ripes  [Peas]. . 
for  poor  and  gravelly  [Land].  1825  BRITTON  Wiltsh.  Words, 
Rathe-ripes  signifies  early  peas.  1874  T.  HARDY  Far  fr. 
Mad,  Crowd  II.  iii.  36  A  Quarrington  grafted  on  a  Tom 
Putt,  and  a  Rathe-ripe  upon  top  o'  that  again.  1887  — 
IVoodlanders  11.  ix.  151  The  mellow  countenances  of., 
costards,  stubbards,  ratheripes. 

Ra-therish,  adv.  colloq.  [f.  RATHER  adv.  6  b  + 
-ISH.]  Somewhat,  in  a  slight  degree. 

1862  in  New  Yk,  Tribune  (quoted  in  Cent.  Diet.).  1887 
Library  Mag.  (N.  Y.)  12  Feb.  422  Longfellow,  of  whose 
poems  Mr.  Lang  has  a  ratherish  good  opinion. 

Ra'therly,  adv.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  [f.  RATHER 
adv.  +  -LY  ^.]  =  RATHER  adv. 

1824  MACTAGGART  Gallovid.  EncycL  162  He  was  ratherly 
what  was  called  a  jobber.  1830  J.  WILSON  in  Blackiv. 
Mag.  XXVIII.  835  Whose  looks  gar  you  ratherly  incline 
to  the  ither  side.  1894  HALL  CAINE  Manxman  ir.  i.  53  His 
deep  voice  that.. trembled  ratherly. 

t  Ra-thermore,  a.  Obs.  rare  -l.  [f.  RATHER  a. 
+  -MORE.]  Earlier,  former. 

1382  WYCLIF  Job  viii.  8  Aske  the  rathermor  leneracioun, 
and  bisili  enserche  the  mynde  of  the  faders. 

Ra'thest,  a.  Obs.  exc.  dial,  or  arch.  [Superl. 
of  RATHE  a.1]  f  a.  Quickest,  soonest,  most  pre 
ferable,  etc.  Obs.  b.  Earliest. 

c  888  K.  ALFRED  Boeih.  xvi.  §  3  Swa  hit  is  nu  hraSost  to 
sec5anne..baet  nan  wuht  [etc.],  ayoo  O.E.  Chron.  (Parker 
MS.J  an.  755  Pa  fnder  urnon  swa  hwelc  swa  bonne  jearo 
wearjj  S:  raoost.  c  1420  Pallad.  on  Hush.  i.  753  Thyn  assis 
donge  is  rathest  forto  dight  A  gardyn  with  ;  sheep  donge  is 
next  of  myght.  1556  LAUDER  Tractate  {\%6$)  i  Vnto  quhose 
actionis,  in  special  1,  suld  Kyngis  geue  rathest  attendence. 
1611  CORYAT  Crudities  68  Barley  almost  ripe  to  be  cut, 
whereas  in  England  they  seldotne  cut  the  rathest  before  the 
beginning  of  August.  1633  W.  VAUGHAN  Direct.  Health 
j5,  I_will  begin  with  strawberies,  as  the  first  and  rathest 
:rult  in  the  beginning  of  summer.  1892  JANE  BARLOW  Irish 
Idylls  221  Blackberries,  .in  their  rathest  immaturity. 

t  Ra'thest,  adv.  Obs.  [Superl.  of  RATHE  adv.] 

1.  Soonest,  most  readily.     Also  the  rathest. 
c888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xxxiv.  §  10  pair  hit  ^efret  bast  hit 

hraoost  weaxan  mae&  &  latost  wealowian.  c  1000  J£LFRIC 
Horn.  I.  512  pone  fisc  5e  hine  hraSost  forswelhS,  geopena 
his  mu5.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  v.  186  He  that  repenteth 
rathest  schulde  arysen  aftur,  and  greten  sir  Gloten.  a  1400-50 
Alexander  726  The  hyest  thyng  rarest  heldes  ober  while. 
1437  >"  Wars  Eng.  in  France  (1864)  II.  Pref.  69,  I  beseech 
you. .to  purvey  some  way  how  I  shall  mowe  rathest  neghe 
payment.,  of  the  said  somme.  1553  GRIMALDE  Cicero  s 
Offices  i.  (1558)  53  What  race  of  life  they  would  the  rathest 
run.  1597  BACON  Coulers  Gd.  %  Evttl  i.  (Arb.)  139  Whome 
next  themselues  they  would  rathest  commend. 

2.  Earliest. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  i.  v.  (SkeaO  I.  30  Nat  the 
strongest;  but  he  that  rathest  com  and  lengest  abood. 
c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  m.  151  The  rathest  rypyng  grapes. 

3.  Most  of  all,  most  particularly,  *  chiefest '. 
X549  CHALONER  Erasm.    on   Folly   liijb,  If  any  sainct 

amongs  other,  semeth  rathest  to  be  newfounde  or  poeticall 
[etc.],  cisss  CAVENDISH  Wolsey  (1885)  162  God,  whom  I 
ought  most  rathest  to  have  obeyed.  1610  W.  SCLATER  Exp. 
r  Thcss.  (1630)  248  Both,  perhaps,  had  place  in  this  people; 
rathest  the  latter.  1644  HUME  Hist,  Douglas  28  The  enemie 


I 


167 

..not  knowing  which  to  pursue  rathest,  he  might  the  better 
escape.  Ibid.  248  He  means  rathest  (as  I  think)  George, 
now  Lord  Hume. 

Rathir,  -ur,  -yr,  obs.  ft.  RATHER. 

Rathoffite,  erron.  form  of  ROTHOFFITE. 

Ratian,  obs.  form  of  RATION  sb. 

t  Ra-tifactory,  a.  Obs.  rare-1.  [Irrcg.  f. 
RATIFY  v.  Cf.  ratificatory.]  Confirmatory. 

1720  STRYPE  Stoiv's  Sjtrv.  (1754)  I.  I.  xv.  76/1  This  was 
a  second  instrument  . .  ratifactory  of  his  privileges  as  Con 
stable  of  the  Tower. 

Ratifia,  -fie,  obs.  forms  of  RATAFIA. 

Ratification  (raetifikv'-Jan).  [a.  F.  ratifica 
tion  (1358  in  Godef.  Compl.*)  or  ad.  med.L.  rati- 
ficatio  ( 1 2  2  8  in  Du  Cange) ,  n.  of  action  f.  ratificare 
to  RATIFY.]  The  action  of  ratifying  or  confirming; 
sanction,  confirmation,  approval.  Also  attrib. 

Ratification  meeting  (U.S.),  a  meeting  held  for  the  pur 
pose  of  expressing  approval  of  the  nominations  made  by  a 
political  party. 

1451  Roils  of  ParlL  V.  221/1  Any  Graunte  or  Grauntes, 
Ratifications  or  Confirmations,  made  by  us.  1526  TAYLOR 
in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  II.  I.  333  The  Trety  of  Peace  with 
ratificacion  of  the  Kyngs  oone  hande.  I543~4  Act  35 
Hen.  VIII,  c.  3  (title)  An  acte  for  the  ratification  of  the 
Kinges  maiesties  style.  1612  T.  TAYLOK  Comm.  Titus  iii.  8 
They  stand  not  so  much  vpon  ratifications  and  asseuera- 
tions.  1667  PEPYS  Diary  16  Aug.,  Every  body  wonders  that 
we  have  no  news  . .  of  the  ratification  of  the  Peace.  1759 
ROBERTSON  Hist.  Scot.  I.  n.  7^  The  day  appointed  for  the 
ratification  of  the  treaty  with  England.  1828  SCOTT  F.  J\f. 
Perth  ix,  Till  such  ratification,  the  contract  was  liable  to  be 
broken  oiT.  1861  TRENCH  Comm.  P.p.  seven  Ch.  (ed.  2)  17 
God's  own  seal  and  ratification  of  his  own  word.  1864 
Daily  Tel.  12  July,  Monday  night  they  had  a  ratification 
meeting  in  this  city. 

t Ratificatory,  a.  Sc.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  ppl. 
stem  of  med.L.  ratificare  to  RATIFY.  Cf.  obs.  F. 
ratificatoire  (1493  in  Godef.).]  =  RATIFACTORY. 

1639  in  Aikman  Hist.  Scot.  III.  v.  531  Whereof  those  acts 
of  Parliament  were  ratificatory. 

Ratified  (rartifsid),///.  a.  rare.     [f.  RATIFY  v. 

+  -ED!.]     Settled,  confirmed. 

1644  HAMMOND  Pract.  Catech.  I.  §  3  Wks.  1684  I.  27  God . . 
consequently  will  accept  the  will  for  the  deed,  if  it  be  a  firm 
and  ratified  will. 

Hence  t  Ea-tifledly  adv.,  positively.   Obs. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  179  Wilt  thou 
ratifidely  affirm  that  God  is  no  God  because  . .  thou  canst 
not  essentially  see  him? 

Ratifier  (rse-tifaiai).  [f.  next  +  -ER  1.]  One 
who  or  that  which  ratifies. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  iv.  v.  105  The  Ratifiers  and  props  of 
euery  word.  1742  E.  CARTER  tr.  Algaratti  on  Newton's 
Theory  I.  ii.  94  A  chief  Magistrate,  who  is  only  the  Ratifier 
and  Guardian  of  the  Laws  of  Nature.  1832  in  WEBSTER. 

Ratify  (ne-tifai),  v.  Forms:  4-6  ratefie,  (6 
•fyej ;  5-6  ratyfye,  (7  -fie) ;  4-7  ratifie,  (5  Sc. 
-fli,  6  Sc.  -fe;  also  5  radifle,  ratiffye,  6  -ffle), 
5-6  ratifye,  6-  ratify,  [a.  F.  raiifur  (1294  in 
Godef.  Compl.^),  ad.  med.L.  ratificare  (1228  in  Du 
Cange)  :  see  RATE  sb±  and  a.,  and  -FY.] 

1.  trans.   To  confirm  or  make  valid   (an  act, 
compact,  promise,etc.)  by  giving  consent,  approval, 
or  formal  sanction  (esp.  to  what  has  been  done  or 
arranged  for  by  another). 

c  1357  Lay  Folks  Catech.  569  (T.)  Our  fadir  the  ercebisshop 
. .  ratifies  als-so  that  othir  men  gifes.  1439  Rolls  ofParlt. 
Y.  10/2  The  whiche  your  seid  Giftes  and  Grauntes,  it  hath 
liked  you.  .to  ratifie,  conferme  and  appreve.  1469  in  Exch. 
Rolls  Scotl.  VII.  618  We  ratifii  and  approvis  this  charter  in 
all  poyntis.  1549  DUKE  OF  SOMERSET  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett. 
Ser.  i.  II.  174  Their  agreament  and  conclusion  to  be  estab 
lished  and  ratified  by  Parlyament.  1579  FENTON  Gnicciard. 
in.  (1599)  107  To  ratifie.  .the  auncient  friendship  with  a  new 
peace.  1633  P.  FLETCHER  Purple  Isl.  i.  iv,  When  the 
shepherd-lads  with  common  voice  Their  first  consent  had 
firmly  ratifi'd.  1667  PEPYS  Diary  9  Aug.,  He  tells  me., 
it  is  supposed  the  peace  is  ratified  at  Bredah.  1774  PENNANT 
Toiir^  Scotl.  in  1772,  122  The  endowment  was  ratified  by  the 
Pope's  bull.  1840  THIRLWALL  Greece  Ivi.  VII.  125  The 
compact  was  ratified  by  a  solemn  reconciliation  between  the 
contending  parties.  1879  GREEN  Read.  Eng.  Hist,  xviii.  90 
The  terms  which  he  had  come  to  ratify  had  been  settled 
beforehand. 

absol.  1838  THIRLWALL  Greece  xxxviii.  V.  69  Asking 
whether  the  Thebans  would  permit  the  Bccotian  towns  to 
ratify  for  themselves. 

t  b.  To  confirm,  to  guarantee  or  ensure  the  fulfil 
ment  of  (a  purpose,  hope,  etc.).  Obs. 

1596  DRAYTON  Legends  iii.  551  The  King  suspending, 
should  He  not  consent,  To  ratifie  the  Baronies  intent. 
r  1611  CHAPMAN"  ///rt// xxiv.  270  Pray,  .that  he  will  deine  to 
vse  His  most  lou'd  bird,  to  ratifie  thy  hopes.  1649  Bp. 
REYNOLDS  Hosea  vi.  91  God  . .  onely  can  ratifie  all  our 
pious  resolutions. 

to.  To  confirm  the  possession  of.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1611  BIBLE  i  Mace.  xi.  34  We  haue  ratified  vnto  them  the 
borders  of  ludea. 

2.  To  declare  or  confirm  the  truth  or  correctness 
of  (a  statement,  etc. ).     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

,11400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxxiv.  156  pe  Pape  base  ratified 
and  confermed  my  buke  in  all  poyntes.     1548-9  (Mar.)  Bk.    \ 
Com.  Prayer  Offices  9  They  may  then  . .  with  their  owne 
mouth  . .  ratifie  and  confesse  the  same.    1358  in  Vicary's 
Anat.  \rt%S>  App.  in.  139  The  names.,  werre  here  red,    ' 
ratefyed  and  allowyd.     1631  WEEVER  Axe.  Funeral  Man. 
357  The  prophesie  . .  thus  ratified  by  the  euent.     1671  J. 
WEBSTER  Metatlogr.  iii.  50  To  ratifie  this, . .  I  shall  relate 
what  I  my  self  have  found.     1754  SHERLOCK  Disc.  (1759)  I. 
i.  30  This  Revelation  . .  has  been  ratified  by  the  blood  of 


RATING. 

Christ  and  His  Apostles.  1826  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  it.  Sanity 
True  Genius,  The  transitions  in  this  episode  are.  .as  violent 
as  in  the  most  extravagant  dream,  and  yet  the  waking 
judgement  ratifies  them. 

f  3.  To  consummate,  carry  out,  bring  to  fulfil 
ment  or  completion.  Obs.  rare. 

1561  in  Child-Marriages  (1896)  3  This  deponent  verilie 
belevis  that  the  said  matrimome  was  neuer  ratefied.  1562 
Ibid.  76  The  said  Henrie  Price  did  not  ratifie  the  said 
matrymonie  hie  carnall  copulacion.  c  1720  Ship  in  a  Storm 
vii,  Too  soon  the  rolling  Ruin  came  And  ratify'd  the  Wreck. 

1 4.  To  confirm  in  faith  or  courage.  Obs.  rare. 

1559  in  Slrype  Ann.  Ref.  (1824)  I.  n.  App.  vi.  406  One 
chief  pomte  of  spiritual  government  is  to  confirme  his 
brethren,  and  ratine  them  . .  by  holsome  doctryne.  1598-9 
E.  FORDE  Parismus  n.  (1661)  227  Those  that  were  also 
maimed  and  wounded  ..  were  ..  everyone  kindly  ratified  by 
Marcellus. 

t  5.  To  fix  the  rate  or  price  of.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1511  Gahitay  Arch,  in  ior/<  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm. 
App.  V.  394  Corne  or  grayne  that  comuh  . .  to  be  sold  in  the 
market  place  shall  be  sold  and  ratiffied  acording  the  plenti- 
nes  of  the  yere. 

Hence  Ba'tifyinff  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

'555  W.  WATRF.MAN  f'ardle  Facions  n.  xii.  278  A  con 
firming,  a  ratifieng,  . .  of  that  went  before.  1611  SPEFIJ 
Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  vi.  xxxix.  §  4.  142  Vpon  the  ratifyings  of 
his  election  by  the  Senate  at  Koine,  hee  hasted  not  thither. 
1714  J.  WYETH  Siifpl.  T.  Elkvood's  Life  (1765)  411  That 
which  was  the  most  ratifying  of  all  His  bodily  Sufferings. 
1829  SOUTHEY  A II for  Love  ix.  xlii,  Ye  shall  now  in  thunder 
hear  Heaven's  ratifying  voice  ! 

tRatihabit,  v.  Si-.  Obs.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of 
med.L.  ratihabere :  see  RATIHABITION.]  tram. 
To  express  approval  or  sanction  of. 

1678  SIR  G.  MACKENZIE  Crim.  Law  Scot.  n.  viii.  §  7.  391 
He  had  given  orders  lo  beat  them,  or  ratihabited  the  beating 
of  them.  1680  in  Wodrow  Hist.  Ch.  Scot.  (1833)  III.  227 
That  they  treasonably  owned  the  rebels  at  Bothwell  . .  and 
ratihabited  the  same. 

t  Ratihabitation.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  med.L. 
ratihabitatio,  irreg.  var.  ratihabitio.~\  —  next. 

1502  Ora.  Crystal  Men  (W.  de  W.  1506)  iv.  vii.  187  Raty- 
haby tacyon . .  hath  not  power  nor  place  in  suche  case.  1650 
ELDEKI  IEI.D  Tythcs  So  Our  next  [gift]  must  be  of  ratihabi- 
tation  or  confirmation. 

Batihabition  (rxtihabi-Jsn).  Law.  [ad.  late 
L.  ratihabitio  (Digesta),  f.  ratum  confirmed 
(RATE  0.1)  +  habere  to  have,  hold.  Cf.  obs.  F. 
ratihabition  (Godef.).]  Approval,  sanction. 

igilKcf.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  180  The  said  spulye  wes 
committit  of  the  causing,  command,  assistence,  and  rati- 
habitionn  of  the  said  Thomas.  1610  Bp.  HALL  Apol. 
BrcKuiiists  20  Cannot  the  Ratihabition  (as  the  Lawyers 
speake)  bee  drawne_  backe?  1672  H.  STUBBE  Jnstif.  Dvtch 
][rar  41  A  ratihabition  in  deeds  is  more  powerful,  than  a 
ratihabition  in  words.  1729  W.  REEVE  Serin.  234  Christ 
appearing  to  the  Apostles  ..  adds  a  promise  of  Ratihabi 
tion.  1810  Ln.  CAMPBELL  in  Life  (1881)  I.  ix.  248,  I  make 
no  doubt  I  shall  still  have  your  ratihabition  of  the  step 
I  have  taken.  1875  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  III.  xx.  425  They 
had  letters  of  commission  or  of  '  ratihabition ',  or  powers 
of  attorney. 

Ratil(le,  obs.  forms  of  RATTLE. 

Ratin(e,  obs.  forms  of  RATTEEN  I. 

Bating  (r^'-tin),  vbl.  sb.1  [f.  RATE  v.l  +  -ING  1.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.,  in  various  senses. 

1534  Act  26  Hen.  VIII,  c.  3  §  10  In  the  makinge  and 
ratinge  of  the  sayde  yerely  values.  1545  BRINKLOW  Com- 
playnt  15  b,  By  the  parcyal  act  of  ratyng  of  vy tellys.  1596 
SPENSER  State  Irel.  Wks.  (Globe)  663/2  What  rating  of 
rents  meane  you?  1764  BURN  Poor  Laivs  129  Rating  of 
the  wages  of  servants,  artificers,  and  labourers,  is  also  . .  of 
very  ancient  date.  1858  BRIGHT  Sp.,  Reform  21  Dec.  (1876) 
308  The  system  of  rating  forms  the  basis  of  the  elective 
franchise.  1884  B'ham  Daily  Post  23  Dec.  3/5  Watch- 
jobber  wanted;  one  who  thoroughly  understands  the  clean 
ing  and  rating  of  Chronometers. 

b.  The  (or  an)  amount  fixed  as  a  rate. 

1887  S.  D.  HORTON  Silver  Pound  77  A  suggestion  to 
change.,  the  permitted  rating  of  the  Guinea  in  Government 
offices.  1896  Allhitts  Syst.  Med.  I.  481  The  practice  of 
applying  an  extra  rating  for  residence  in  the  tropics.. has 
been  found  to  work  fairly  on  the  whole. 

attrib.  tK6  BRIGHT  Sf.,  Reform  13  Mar.  (1876)  345  In 
Ireland  they  had  a  £12  rating  franchise.  1893  Times 
25  Apr.  5/5  Persons  with  a  ^20  rating  qualification. 

2.  Naut.  '  The  station  a  person  holds   on   the 
ship's    books '   (Smyth) ;    also    trans/.,  position, 
class,  etc.,  in  general. 

1702  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  3815/3  The  Names,  Qualities  or 
Ratings  of  the  Company  of  such  Man  of  War.  1840 
MARRYAT  Poor  Jack  ii,  As  he  no  longer  did  the  duty  of 
coxswain,  . .  he  was  not  entitled  to  the  rating.  1853  DE 
QUINCEY  Autobiog.  Sk.  Wks.  I.  150  When  my  'rating',  or 
graduation  in  the  school,  was  to  be  settled.  1891  Daily 
AVrcj  16  June  3/6  The  third  match  was  between  yachts  not 
exceeding  a  rating  of  twenty  tons. 

b.  Nant.  in  //.  Men  of  a  certain  rating. 

1893  ll'estw.  Ga".  2  Dec.  3/2  We  certainly  cannot  build 
lieutenants  in  3$  years  !  whilst  in  all  engine-room  ratings 
we  are  still  more  behindhand. 

Rating  (rf'-tin),^/.rf.2  [f.  RATEz>.2  +-ING!.] 
The  action  of  reproving,  etc. ;  an  instance  of  this. 

1577  B.  GopCE  Heresbach's  Hiisb.  (1586)  119  b,  Least  the 
stronger  sppile  the  weaker,  while  hee  dreadeth  the  rating 
and  whipping.  1607  TOPSELL  Fottr.f.  Beasts  (1658)  369 
Horses  and  Dogs  which  live  among  men  . .  do  discern  also 
their  tearms  of  threatning,  chiding  and  rating.  1667  PEPYS 
Diary  (1877)  V.  6,  I  was  witness  of  a  horrid  rateing,  which 
Mr.  Ashburnham  . .  did  give  him.  1854  MRS.  GASKELL 
North  Sf  S.  xxxi,  I've  helped  old  Mr.  Leonards  to  give 
George  a  good  rating.  1878  E.  W.  L.  DAVIES  Mem.  Rev, 


RATIO. 

7.  Russet?  299  A  little  rating  and  a  few  cracks  of  the  whip, 
and  their  [hounds]  heads  are  up. 

Ra'ting,///.  a.     [f.  RATE  v.1]     Regulating. 

1884  F.  J.  BRITTEN  Watch  <$•  Clockm.  187  A  screw  ..  to 
receive  the  rating  nut. 

Rating :  see  RETTING. 

Ratinia,  obs.  form  of  RATANIA. 

Ratio  (rtTi'Ji0,  r^'-JV).  [L.,  f.  ra/-,  ppl.  stem  of 
mv  to  think  :  see  also  RATION,  REASON.] 

fl.  Reason,  rationale.     Obs.  rare. 

1636  MEDE  Reverence  God's  House  ii.  Wks.  (1672}  343 
The  true  Ratio  . .  of  this  Shecinah  or  Speciality  of  Divine 
Presence.  1732  WARBLRTON  Serm.  \.  \Vks.  1811  IX.  16 
Now,  in  this  consists  the  ratio  and  essential  ground  of  the 
Gospel-doctrine. 

2,  Math.    The   relation    between    two  _  similar 
magnitudes  in  respect  of  quantity,  determined  by 
the  number  of  times  one  contains  the  other  (in 
tegrally  or  fractionally). 

This  is  sometimes  distinguished  as  geometrical  ratio  (see 
GEOMETRICAL  a.  i  b),  in  contrast  to  arithmetical  ratio,  or 
the  extent  by  which  one  magnitude  exceeds  another  (now 
practically  obs.,  though  still  mentioned  in  some  text-books). 
For  alternate,  anharmonic,  compound,  duplicate  (etc.) 
ratio,  see  the  adjectives. 

1660  BARROW  Euclid  v.  Def.  3  Ratio  (or  rate)  is  the  mutual 
habitude  or  respect  of  two  magnitudes  of  the  same  kind 
each  to  other,  according  to  quantity.  1706  W.  JONES  Syn. 
Palmar.  Matheseos  56  When  two  Ratio's  are  equal,  the 
Terms  that  Compose  them  are  said  to  be  Geometrically 
Proportional.  1772  Junius  Lett,  Ixviii.  356  The  ratio  ..  is 
exactly  one  to  a  hundred.  1854  BRFAVSTER  More  Worlds  iv. 
70  The  matter  of  Jupiter  is  much  lighter  than  the  matter  of 
our  Earth,  in  the  ratio  of  24  to  100.  1884  tr.  Lotze's  Logic 
114  Heat  expands  all  bodies,  but  the  ratios  of  the  degree  of 
expansion  to  an  equal  increase  of  temperature  are  different 
in  different  bodies. 

b.  The  corresponding  relationship  between  things 
not  precisely  measurable. 

1808  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1856)  II.  66  Wishes  to  appropriate  to 
himself  the  reputation  which  he  had  only  a  right  to  share, 
and  that  in  no  great  ratio.  1820  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  i.  South- 
Sea  House,  Executorships  ..  which  excited  his  spleen  or 
soothed  his  vanity  in  equal  ratios.  1858  BUCKLE  Civiliz. 
(1869)  II.  i.  103  The  progress  of  knowledge  bore  the  same 
ratio  to  the  decline  of  ecclesiastical  influence.  1872  LIDIXIN 
Elem.  Relig.  v.  174  The  amount  of  will  which  we  severally 
carry  into  the  act  of  prayer  is  the  ratio  of  its  sincerity. 

3.  spec.    In   monetary   science,   the   quantitative 
relation  in  which  one  metal  stands  to  another  in 
respect  of  their  value  as  money  or  legal  tender. 

1879  E.  CAZALET  Bimetallism  26  Such  a  fixed  ratio  is 
eminently  desirable  for  the  welfare  of  all  civilized  nations. 
1881  EvARTin  Horton  Silver  Pound '(1887)  309  The  adoption 
of  the  ratio  of  15^  to  i,  would  accomplish  the.  .object  with 
less  disturbance  in  the  monetary  systems  . .  than  any  other 
ratio. 

t  4.   =  RATION  sb.  3.  Obs. 

1760  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  III,  xxxviii,  A  cow. .eat  up  two 
ratios  and  half  of  dried  grass.  1806  A.  DUNCAN  Kelson  siThe 
Governor  . .  furnished  the  . .  invaders  with  a  ratio  of  biscuit 
and  wine.  1824  LAM  n  Elia  Ser.  n.  Captain  Jackson,  Sliding 
a  slender  ratio  of  Single  Gloucester  upon  his  wife's  plate. 

fRatio-cinant,  a.  nonce-ivd.  [a.  F.  pr.  pple. 
of  ratiociner  (see  next),  after  scholastic  L.  ratio 
ratiocinans.']  That  reasons. 

a  1693  Urquharfs  Rrbelais\n.\\,\  have  not  asked  this 
question  without  cause  causing,  and  reason  truly  very  ratio- 
cinant. 

Ratiocinate  (rseJVsin^t),  v,  [f.  L.  ratio- 
einat-)  ppl.  stem  of  ratiocinari  to  calculate,  de 
liberate,  f.  ratio  RATIO.  Cf.  F.  ratiociner  (i6thc. 
in  Littre).]  intr.  To  reason,  to  carry  on  a  pro 
cess  of  reasoning,  (Now  rare  in  serious  use.) 

1643  DIGBY  Observ.  Reli$.  Med.  (1644)  87  A  Philosopher 
that  should  ratiocinate  strictly  and  rigorously.  1678  CUD- 
WORTH  Intell.  Syst.  I.  iii.§  19  The  Ax  cutsfor  the  sake  of  some 
thing,  though  it  self  does  not  ratiocinate.  1820  T.  L.  PEA 
COCK  Four  Ages  of  Poetry  Wks.  1875  III.  333  Patriarchs. . 
who.  .seemed  to  have  ratiocinated  in  the  following  manner. 
1887  R.  L.  STEVENSON  Merry  Men  v.  vi.  277  Don't  ratiocinate 
with  me — I  cannot  bear  it. 

Hence  Ratio'cinating///.  a. 

1694  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  v.  xx.  (1737)  89  My  ratiocinating 
Faculty.  1896  Daily  News  20  Jan.  7/1  All  the  ratiocinating 
.  .character  of  the  Germans  showed  itself, 

Ratiocination  (rce'JVsin^-Jan).  Also  6  ra- 
ciocin-,  7  ratiotin-.  [ad.  L.  ratiocination-em  > 
n.  of  action  f.  ratiocinari  :  see  prec.  Cf.  F.  ratio 
cination  (i 6th  c.  in  Littre).] 

1.  The  process  of  reasoning. 

c  1530  L.  Cox  Rhet.  (1899)  78  Raciocinacion  is,  that  comet h 
of  hope  of  any  commodity,  or  to  eschewe  any  discommodity. 
1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  1344  Without  any  dis 
course  of  reason,  or  ratiocination,  a  1677  HALE  Print.  Orig. 
Man.  i.  i.  2  There  are  some  truths  so  plain  and  evident,  and 
open,  that  need  not  any  process  of  ratiocination  to  evidence 
or  evince  them.  1758  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  31  F  ii  He  has 
observed  in  many  trades  the  effect  of  close  thought  and  just 
ratiocination.  1798  EDGEWORTH  Pract.  Ednc.  (1811)  II.  78 
We  resort  to  Geometry,  as  the  most  perfect,  and  the  purest 
series  of  ratiocination  which  has  been  invented.  1879 
FARRAR  St.  Paul  I.  55  He  had  not  arrived  at  any  one  of 
the  truths  of  his  special  gospel  by  the  road  of  ratiocination. 

2.  With  a  and  //.     An  instance  of  this ;   also, 
a  conclusion  arrived  at  by  reasoning.     (Common 
in  i  ;th  c.) 

c  1620  A.  HUMP.  Brit.  Tongue  n.  xii,  The  ratiocinative 
[conjunction)  copies  the  partes  of  a  ratiocination.  1644 
MAXWELL  Prerog.  Chr.  Kings  135  The  Romanists  must 
acknowledge  [etc.] . .  or  then  they  must  foregoe  these  ratio. 


168 

cinations.  1759  JOHNSON  RasseJas  xxii,  Other  men  may 
amuse  themselves  with  subtle  definitions,  or  intricate  ratio 
cinations.  1818  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  Pref.  n,  I  have  no 
apology,  therefore,  to  make,  for  those  inductions,  or  those 
ratiocinations.  1863  COWUKN*  CLARKE  Shaks.  Char.  xx.  516 
The  one  a  cool,  a  frigid  ratiocination ;  the  other,  an  awful 
and  terrible  reality. 

3.  Power  or  habit  of  reasoning,  rare. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  vil.  §  220  So  infinite  a  Fancy, 
bound  in  by  a  most  Logical  ratiocination,  a  1656  Bp.  HALL 
Rew.  Wks.  (1660)  285  For  us,  that  have  ratiocination  . .  we 
know  [what]  we  have  to  do  here.  1798  CHARLOTTE  SMITH 
Yng.  Philos.  III.  q^  A  lady  of  prodigious  ratiocination  as 
well  as  of  profound  information. 

Ratiocinative  (roejVsimtiv),  a.  [ad.  L. 
ratiocinativ-ns:  see  RATIOCINATE  and -IVE.  Cf.  F. 
ratiocinatif  (i4th  c.,  Oresme).]  Characterized 
by,  given  to,  or  expressive  of,  ratiocination. 

c  1620  A.  HUME  Brit.  Tongue  n.  xii,  Conjunction  . .  of  it 
ther  be  tuoe  sortes,  the  one  enunciative,  and  the  other  ratio- 
cinative.  a  1625  Bovs  Wks.  (1629)  475  All  the  faculties  of 
thy  soule,  vegitatiue,  sensitiue,  ratiocinatiue.  a.  1677  HALE 
I'riw.  Orig.  Man.  i.  ii.  51  The  conclusion  is  attained . . 
without  any  thing  of  ratiocinative  process.  i8i7CoLERii>GK 
Kiog.  Lit,  82  The  whole  gamut  of  eloquence  from  the  ratio 
cinative  to  the  declamatory.  1884  Manch.  Exam.  16  Oct. 
4/7  The  machinery  of  the  ratiocinative  logician . .  has  no 
place  in  his  speeches. 

Ratio-cinator.  [a.  L.  ratiocindtor  agent-n.  f. 
ratiocinari  to  ratiocinate.]  One  who  reasons. 

1824  Black-.u.  Mag.  XV.  51  The  puzzlement  of  ratiocinators 
became  profounder  than  ever. 

Ratio-dilatory,  a.  —  RATIOCINATIVE. 

1810  BlNTBAM/'aafcACTli  iii.  (1821)  141  Withratiocinatory, 
or  at  least  disceptatorial  cunctation. 

Ration  (iv'-Jan,  rie'Jan),  sfi.  Also  8  ratian. 
[a.  F.  ration  (I4th  c.  in  Littre),  or  ad.  L.  ration- 
cm  RATIO.  The  second  pronunciation  is  usual  in 
the  army,  and  may  be  due  to  the  adoption  of  the 
word  in  sense  3  from  Fr.] 

fl.  Reasoning.  Ohs.  rare-*. 

1550  BP.  HOOPER  Scrm.  Jonas  vi.  isSb,  We  be  not  so 
addicte  and  geuen  vino  humane  ration,  that  we  wyll  beleue 
nothinge  more  than  reason  is  able  to  accompt  and  geue 
answer  for. 

1 2.   =  RATIO  2  and  3.  Obs. 

1666  Phil.  Trans.  I.  272-What  he  saith  here  of  Rations 
or  Proportions.  1692  O.  WALKER  Gr.  fy  Rom.  Hist.  Illustr. 
6  That  Ration  of  Gold  to  Silver  was  12  to  one.  1728  R. 
NORTH  Mim.  Jlfnsic  (1846)  24  The  musick,  and  the  rations 
of  the  intervals  subtilized.  1815  J.  C.  HOUHOUSE  Substance 
Lett.  (1816)  I.  347  Increasing  in  a  reduplicating  ration. 

3.  A  fixed  allowance  or  individual  share  of  pro 
visions  ;  spec,  in  the  army  and  navy,  the  daily 
amount  of  certain  articles  of  food  allotted  to  each 
officer  and  man.  (Sometimes,  esp.  in  //.,  simply 
=  provisions,  food.) 

1702-11  in  Milit.  $  Sea  Diet.  1720  OZELL  I'rrtofs  Rout. 
Rep.  II.  XIII.  276  The  Corn  that  used  to  be  measured  out  to 
them  by  Rations  (or  stinted  Allowances)  was  given  them 
with  out  Measure.  i?76J.  HANCOCK  in  Sparks  C>rr.  Anrer. 
Rer.  (1853)  I.  236  The  cost  of  a  ration,  as  furnished  by  the 
Commissary-General.  1814  SCOTT  Wat>.  xvii,  Cutting  with 
their  dirks  their  rations  from  the  carcasses  which  were  there 
suspended.  1865  LIVINGSTONE  Zambesi  xx.  409  The  fresh 
labour  with  diminished  rations  was  too  much  for  their 
strength.  1885  Pall  Mall  G.  i  July  3/2  A  '  ration  '  in  the 
literal  military  sense  of  the  word  means  i  Ib.  bread  and  3  Ib. 
meat  (bone  included). 

to.  Mil.  The  daily  allowance  of  forage  or  pro 
vender  assigned  to  each  horse  or  other  animal. 


143/1  The  daily  ration  laid  down  for  all  horses  is  12  Ibs. 
of  oats  and  12  Ibs.  of  hay. 

C.  An  allowance,  share,  portion,  of  provisions 
or  other  supplies. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  horse  have  rations  of 
hay  and  oats,  when  they  cannot  go  out  to  forage.  1823 
SVD.  SMITH  Wks.  (1859)  I  ^  I?/2  A  sum  of  money . .  in  lieu  of 
their  regular  ration  of  provisions.  1869  LECKY  Enrof.  Mor. 
1 1.  i.  78  Septimus  Severus  added  to  the  corn,  a  ration  of  oil. 
1879  A.  FORBES  in  Daily  Neit'S  25  Tune  6/1  He  will  be  able 
to  carry  forward  with  him  eighty  thousand  rations  of  fuel, 
consisting  of  coal. 

4.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  ration  beef,  -carrier, 
grievance,  scale,  warrant,  etc. 

1830  E.  S.  N.  CAMPBELL  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.  Katim,  The 
Commanding  Officer  has  the  power  by  the  Ration  Warrant 
of  I4th  July,  1827,  of  diminishing.,  this  allowance.  1882 
MRS.  B.  M.  CHOKER  Proper  Pride  II.  iii.  S3  Dining 
heartily  on  ration  beef  and  dry  bread.  1890  '  R.  BOLDRE- 
WOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  115  The  ration-carriers  ..  were 
always  conveying  provisions,  water,  wood,  all  things  neces 
sary  to  the  shepherds.  1890  igM  Cent.  Nov.  844  One  more 
instance  of  a  ration  grievance,  and  we  will  pass  on.  1897 
P.  WARUNG  Old  Regime  81  The  daily  ration-scale  permitted 
him  only  16  ozs.  uncooked  maize-meal. 

Ration  (r?-Jan,  rue-Jan),  v.     [f.  prec.  sb.] 

1.  tram.  To  supply  (persons)  with  rations;  to 
provision  ;  to  put  on  a  fixed  allowance. 

1859  Times  3  Mar.  7/6  The  humane  provision  of  rationing 
immigrants  for  the  first  3  months.  1884  Spectator  4  Oct. 
1286/1  He  was  able  by  rationing  the  townsmen  as  well  as 
his  troops  to  make  this  supply  last  to  the  present  time. 

2.  To  divide  (food,  etc.)  into  rations ;  to  serve 
out  in  fixed  quantities. 

1870  Daily  News  2  Nov.,  It  will  not  be  necessary  to  ration 
the  bread  until  the  ist  of  January.  1873  A.  L.  PERRY  Elem. 
Pol.  Ecoa.  (ed.  8)  78  The  crew  of  a  boat  abandoned  at  sea, 
among  whom  the  last  biscuit  had  been  rationed  out. 


RATIONAL. 

3.  intr.  (for  reft.}.    To  obtain  a  supply  of  food. 

1859  R.  F.  BURTON  Centr.  Afr.  in  Jml.  Geog.  Soc.  XXIX. 
303  In  the  sparse  cultivation, ..  they  were  rarely  able  to 
ration  oftenev  than  once  a  week. 

Hence  Rationed///,  a.,  Rationing  vbl.  sb. 

1865  Englishman's  Mag.  Oct.  312  The  rationing  of  soldiers 
.  .was  much  neglected.  1870  Pall  Mall  G.  10  Dec.  10  You 
have  to  dine  at  a  restaurant  until  your  rationing  day  comes 
round  again,  1886  Century  Mag.  XXXII.  937  In  prepara 
tion  for  the  poorly  rationed  days. 

t  Rationabrlity.  Obs.  rare"1,  [f.  next  + 
-ITT.  Cf.  late  L.  rationabilitas  (once  in  Appu- 
leius).]  The  faculty  of  being  rational. 

1656  BRAMHALL  Repl.  Bp.  Clialcedon  Wks.  1842  II.  24 
Rationability,  being  but  a  faculty  or  specifical  quality,  is 
a  substantial  part  of  a  man. 

t  Ra'tionable,  a.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  ratidnabilis : 
see  RATION  and  -ABLE.  Cf.  obs.  F.  rationale.] 

1.  Reasonable,  just,  right.     (Chiefly  Sc.) 
\q$Extr.  Burgh  Rec.Edinb.  (1869)1.4  It  isordanit..the 

alderman  baillies  and  counsaile  by  this  vitaile  of  rationable 
pryce  as  thai  may.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  I.  38  Of  that 
desyre  content  was  euerie  wicht,  Tha  thocht  it  wes  ration- 
abill  and  richt.  1570-80  in  \$th  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm. 
App.  111.44  Gyffand  vs.. ane  rationabyll  drink-syluer.  1662 
J .  CHANDLER  Van  Helmoni's  Oriat.  19  Whatsoever  is  akin 
to  truth,  this  reason  judgeth  rationable,  and  agreeable  to 
Reason. 

2.  Rational ;  sensible. 

1620  MELTON  Astrolog.  26  Astrologers  or  Astronomers, .. 
that  thinke  Starres  rationable  Creatures,  are  worthy  to  be 
accounted  most  unreasonable  and  senselesse  themselves. 
1649  BULWER  Pathomyot.  11.  ii.  131  Laughter  ..  is  a  passion 
of  the  Rationable  part. 

Hence  f  Ba'tionably  adv.,  reasonably.  Obs. 
1646  J.  LILBURNE  Jonah's  Cry  (1647)  4,  I  professe  I  would 
doe  it,  if  I  were  rationably  able  to  doe  it  to  morrow.     1679 
J.  SMITH  Narr.  Popish  Plot  10  As  they  might  very  ration- 
ably  believe. 

Rational  (nxrjanal),  a.  (adv^  and  sbl  Forms : 
5  racional,  (6  -all,  -elle),  6  racyonall,  6-  ra 
tional,  (7  -all),  [ad.  L.  rational-is :  see  RATIO, 
RATION",  and  -AL.  Cf.  obs.  F.  rational  (i6th  c.), 
OF.  rationel  (i2th  c.),  F.  rationnel.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Having  the  faculty  of  reasoning; 
endowed  with  reason.  (Freq.  in  rational  being, 
creature?) 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  in.  xiii.  (1495)  56  The  soule 

racional,  in  that  he  vsyth  contemplacion,  he  hyghte  j/fcw/a- 

HTUS.    1547  BOORDE  Brev.  Health  §  321  The  racionall  sences 

\    consisteth  in  reason,  the  whiche  doth  make  a  man  or  woman 

;    a  reasonable  beaste.     1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  432  We 

i    determine  that  the  Braine  is  the  Pallace  of  the  Rationall 

I    Soule.    a  1641  BP.  MOUNTAGU  AttsfyMon.  (1642)  409  Other 

i    bodies,  not  onely  of  rationall  creatures,  men  and  women,  but 

'    also  of  irrational,  birds  and  beasts.     1783    COWPER   Let. 

29  Sept.,  We  are  rational:  but  we  are  animal  too.    1848 

DICKENS  Dombey  ii,  If  you're  a  rational  being,  don't  make 

such  ridiculous  excuses. 

b.  Exercising  (or  able  to  exercise)  one's  reason 
in  a  proper  manner ;  having  sound  judgement ; 
sensible,  sane. 

1632  B.  JONSON  Magnetick  Lady  in.  v,  You  are  one  O'  the 
deepest  Politiques  I  ever  met,  And  the  most  subtily  rationall. 
i  1641  H.  L'ESTKANGE  Gods  Sabbath  34  Our  most  Rationall 
I  adversaries  begin  to  reel  towards  us.  171*  E.  COOKE  I^oy. 
S.  Sea  239  They  were  told  by  a  good  rational  Indian 
Woman  [etc.].  1791  BURKE  App.  Whigs  Wks.  1842  I.  535 
Rational  and  experienced  men  tolerably  well  know,,  .how  to 
distinguish  between  true  and  false  liberty.  1809  Med.  JrnL 
XXI.  216  Frequent  restlessness  and  delirium,  yet  at  times 
he  is  rational  and  patient.  1835  LYTTON  Rienzi\.  vii,  Our 
rational  and  sober-minded  islanders.  1856  C.  BRONTE  Pro~ 
fessor  xix,  The  man  of  regular  life  and  rational  mind  never 
despairs. 

C.  Med.  Applied  to  an  ancient  class  of  physicians, 
who  deduced  their  treatment  of  cases  from  general 
principles.  (Opp.  to  EMPIRICAL.) 

1541  COPLAND  Gatytn's  Terap.  E  iij  b,  Seynge  that  none 
Emperyke,  nor  racyonall  hath  so  wryten  before.  1654  R. 
WHITLOCK  Zootomia  123  [They]  are  ready  enough  to  slander 
the  rationall  Physitian.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Physi 
cian,  The  ancients  distinguished  their  physicians  into  various 
classes,  or  sects:— as  Rational  Physicians  [etc.].  1837  WHE- 
\\ELL  Hist.  Induct.  Sc.  iv.  i.  §  5  That  medical  sect  which 
was  termed  the  Empirical,  in  contradistinction  to  the  rational 
and  methodical  sects. 

d.  National  Christians:  Such  as  claim  superior 
rationality  for  their  own  form  of  Christianity. 
A  sect  has  been  registered  under  this  name  since  1876. 
1750  MASSON  Contin.  True  Rationalist  xii.  155  This  is  .. 
what  shews  me  how  convincing  your  Reasons  are  to  deter 
mine  me  for  the  Establishment  of  a  Society  of  Rational 
Christians. 

2.  Of,  pertaining  or  relating  to,  reason. 
Chiefly  m  rational  faculty ;  nature,  powert  etc.     Also 
^rational  philosophy,  mental  philosophy. 

a  1601  NORTH  Plutarch  (1612)  1190  Morall  Philosophic 
was  his  chiefest  end  :  for  the  rationall,  the  naturall,  and 
Mathematickes.. were  but  simple  pastimes  in  comparison  of 
the  other.  1614  C.  BROOKE  Rich.  ///,  Poems  (1872;  125  My 
I  aspick  flatterie,  That  shed  such  venome  in  my  rationall 
'  powre.  1675  BARCLAY  Apol.  Quakers  iv.  iii.  102  As  he  is  a 
nicer  Man,  he  differs  no  otherwise  from  Beasts,  than  by  the 
Rational  Property.  1748  CHESTERF.  Lett.  (1792)  II.  61 
Philosophy,  rational  logic,  rhetoric  [etc.].  1788  REID  Aris 
totle's  Logic  vi.  §  i.  126  Our  rational  faculty  is  the  gift  of 
God.  a  1882  T.  H.  GREEN  Proleg.  Ethics  §  207  The  con 
sciousness  of  unfulfilled  possibilities  of  the  rational  nature 
common  to  all  men, 

t  b.  Existing  (only)  in  the  mind.  (Opposed  to 
REAL,)  Ofo+ 


RATIONAL. 

1628  T.  SPENCER  Legick  104  Such  things  haue  a  being  in 
our  vnderstanding.andthat  is  enough  to  make  them  rationall 
beings.  1677  GALF  Crt.  Gentiles  iv.  Proem.  6  These  second 
Notions  are  not  Real,  but  only  Mental  or  Rational  Beings, 
framed  out  of  Real  Beings. 

3.  Based  on,  derived  from,  reason  or  reasoning. 
1531  ELYOT  Goo.  in.  xxvi,  That  parte  of  phisike  called 
rationall,  wherby  is  declared  the  faculties  or  powers  of  the 
body,  the  causis,  accidentes,  and  tokens  of  sikenessis.  1649 
MILTON  Eikon.  vi.  56  He  confesses  a  rational  sovrantie  of 
soule,  and  freedom  of  will  in  every  man.  1701  NORRIS 
Ideal  World  \.  iv.  218  Faith  is  a  rational  assent,  or  an  assent 
founded  on  reason,  tho1  not  the  reason  of  the  thing  believed. 
1785  REID  Intt'll.  Powers  608  Of  tastes  that  are  natural, 
there  are  some  that  may  be  called  rational,  others  that  are 
merely  animal.  1885  J.  MARTINEAU  Types  Eth.  Th.  (ed.  2) 
I.  i.  xi,  §  8.  212  Any.  .instance  of  rational  apprehension, e.g. 
our  knowledge  that  the  surface  of  a  sphere  is  equal  to  the 
area  of  a  circle  of  twice  its  diameter. 

b.  spec,  in  Chcm.  and  Med.  (see  quots.). 
1850  DAUBENV  Atomic^  The.  ix.  (ed.  2)  297  By  rational,  in 
contradistinction  to  empirical,  formulas,  we  mean  expressions 
of  the  manner  in  which  the  respective  atoms  are  combined 
or  grouped  together,  and  not  merely  of  the  number  of  atoms 
of  each  of  the  ingredients  present.  1897  Allbntt's  Syst.  Mttt. 
IV.  275  Physical  are  more  important  than  rational  signs  in 
establishing  the  diagnosis  of  cyst  of  the  pancreas. 

4.  Agreeable  to  reason;  reasonable,  sensible; 
not  foolish,  absurd,  or  extravagant. 

1635  PAGITT  Christianogr.  i.  iii.  (1636)  123  We  offer  unto 
thee,  this  rationall  and  unbloody  worship.  1654-66  F.ARL 
ORRERY  Part/ten.  (1676)  750  He  might  decline  that  Assist 
ance,  in  which  he  had  his  Rationallest  hopes.  1691  LOCKE 
Money  Wks.  1727  11.92  What  Mr.  Lowndes  says  about  Gold 
Coins,.. appears  to  me  highly  rational.  1771  Junius  Lett. 
lxiv.^25  [He]  will  ..  concur  in  any  rational  plan  that  may 
provide  for  the  liberty  of  the  individual.  1804  ABERNETHY 
Sttff.  Oi'S.  176011  the  following  morning,  .his  answers  were 
rational.  1879  HART.AN  Eyesight  viii.  104  All  the  organs  of 
the  body  are  better  for  moderate  and  rational  use. 

b.  National  dress  :  A  form  of  dress  for  women, 
proposed  as  more  sensible  than  that  in  general  use. 
Now  usually  denoting  the  use  of  knickerbockers  in 
place  of  a  skirt,  esp.  for  cycling.  (Also  attrib.) 
So  rational  costume,  etc. 

1883  Catal.  Rational  Dress  Exhib.  Pref.,  The  Rational 
Dress  Exhibition  is  intended  to  stimulate  both  the  supply 
and  the  demand  for  good  dress.  1888  Rational  Dress 
Society's  Gaz.  No.  2  This  is  the  time  when  rational  dress 
principles  will  have  more  weight.  1899  Cyd.  Tour,  Club 
Gaz.  Apr.  221  If. .senior  churchwardens  protest  against 
rational  costume. 

5,  a.  Math.  Applied  to  quantities  or  ratios  which 
can  be  expressed  without  the  use  of  radical  signs. 
-\Rational  to  (see  quot,  1614).  Also  rational 
fraction  (see  quot.  1823). 

1570  BILLINCSLEY  Euclid  \\  def.  iii,  Such  magnitudes  or 
quantities,  which  may  be  expressed  by  numbre,  are  called 
rationall.     1614  T.  BED  WELL  Nat,  Gcom.  Numbers  i.  2  The 
Base  and  Height  are  said  to  be  rational  one  to  another, 
when  as  the  rate  or  reason  of  both  may  be  expressed  by  a 
number  of  the  same  measure  given.     1660  BARROW  Euclid 
x.  prop.  Ixi.  237  The  square  of  a  binomiall  line  . .  applyed 
unto  a  rationall  line.  1706  W.  JONES  .Sy#.  Palmar.  Matheseos 
116  Rational  Quantities  may  be  reduced  to  the  Form  of  any 
assign'd  Root.     1798  HuTTONCWrj^  Math.  (1827)  I.  82  The 
square  root  of  3  is  a  surd  root ;  but  the  square  root  of  4  is 
a  rational^root,  being  equal  to  2.     1823  J.  MITCHELL  Diet. 
Math.  Sci.t  Rational  Fractions  is  the  term  commonly  used 
to  express  those  fractions  which  may  be  decomposed  into 
other  fractions,  the  sum  of  which  is  equal  to  the  given 
fraction.     1885  WATSON  £  BURBURY  Math.  Th.  Elcctr.  <$• 
Magn.  I.  41  Y{  is  a  rational  and  integral  function  of  cos  &. 
b.  Rational  horizon  :  see  HORIZON  3. 
1625  N.  CARPENTER  Geog.  Del.  i.  vi.  (1635)  149  Therationall 
Horizon  diuides  the  whole  spheare  into  two  equall  parts,     j 
1642  MII.TON  Apol.  Smect.  Wks.  (1851)  310  The  rationall    ! 
horizon  in  heav'n  is  but  one,  and  the  sensible  horizons  on    i 
earth  are  innumerable.     1704  [see  HORIZON  3].     1833  HER-    j 
SCHEL  Astron.  i.  52  If  we  suppose  a  spectator,  .to  have  his 
view  bounded  by  the  rational  horizon. 

•f-  6.  Gram.  Of  a  conjunction  ;  That  indicates 
a  reason,  Obs.  rare. 

1678  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  iv.  in.  iii.  84  Those  words,  .are  im 
mediately  subjoined  to  vers  16,  and  are  connected  therewith 
by  the  rational  Particle  yap,  which  points  out  the  reason  of 
that  which  next  follows. 

t  B.  adv.  Rationally.   Obs.  rare. 
1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  in.  vi.  §  29  If  Baalam's  Ass  had, 
all  his  life,  discours'd  as  rational  as  he  did  once, 

C.  sb.l  Absol.  uses  of  the  adj. 
1*  a.  A  rational  being.     Chiefly  in  //.  =  human 
beings,  men.     Now  Obs.  or  rare. 

1606  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xiv.  Ixxxii.  (1612)  343  Beasts  silent, 
that  with  Rationales  was  all  a-mort  suppose.  i663GER8iER 
Counsel  6  b,  Love  to  Art  . .  infers  the  party  to  be  a  true 
Rational.  1688  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2357/1  We  must  deprive  our 
selves  of  our  selves,  as  Rationals,  and  become  more  stupid 
then  Brutes.  1755  YOUNG  Centaur  103  He  is  a  Rational, 
dethroning  Reason  ;  and  an  Animal,  transgressing  Appetite. 
1791  PAINE  Rights  of  Man  \\.  iii.  (1792)  21,  Kings  succeed 
each  other,  not  as  rationals,  but  as  animals.  1828  R.  CRAIG 
In  Memorials  vi.  (1862)  129  Something  which  might  exercise 
the  mind  as  well  as  limbs  of  the  rationals  assembled  there. 
b.  An  advocate  of  something  'rational'. 
1756  in  D'lsraeli  Calam.  Auth.  (1863)  65  He  [Henley] 
called  himself 'a  Rationalist',  and  on  his  death-bed  re 
peatedly  cried  out, '  Let  my  notorious  enemies  know  I  die  a 
Rational '.  1896  watm,  Gaz.  28  Nov.  3/2  As  a  '  rational ', 
. .  she  thought  that  members  should  be  free  to  adopt  any 
costume  that  they  liked. 

1 2.   Gram.  A  conjunction  indicating  a  reason. 
1612  BRINSLEY  Lnd.  Lit.  97  Conjunctions,  Copulatiues, 
Rationals,  Aduersitiues,.  .Expletiues,  and  certaine  others. 

VOL.  VIII. 


169 

t  3.  Afat/i.  A  rational  quantity.  Obs.  rare. 

1685  J.  WALLIS  A!?,  xcix.  373  A  Fraction  (in  Rationals) 
less  than  the  proposed  (Irrational)/.  1797  STOKES  in  Trans. 
Royal  Irish  Acad.  VI.  222  Four  quadratics  and  a  rational 
may  be  reduced  at  least  with  the  same  ease. 

4.  f  a,.  The  rational  part  of  man.   Obs.  rare~l. 
b.  That  which  is  rational  or  reasonable,     c.  A 
rational  concept. 

1698  F.\RQUHAR  Love  fs  Battle  IT.  ii,  Your  rational'*  re 
versed,  carrying  your  understandings  in  your  legs.  1874 
H.  SlDGWICK  Mcth.  lithics  in.  xiii.  362  This  absolute  end, . . 
can  be  nothing  but  Reason  itself,  or  the  Universe  of 
Rationals.  1898  G.  MEREDITH  Odes  Fr.  Hist.  86  They  not 
the  less  were  mated,  and  proclaimed  the  rational  their  issue. 

5.  //.  'Rational  'dress;  knickerbockers  forwomen. 
1889  }'a.ll  Mall  G.  26  Dec.  6/2  Small  shoes  and  latter-day 

'rationals'.  1895  // 'aim.  Gaz.  2  Sept.  8/1  A  mild  plot 
amongst  lady  cyclists  to  persuade  her  ladyship  ..  to  adopt 
'rationals '. 

Rational  (ne-Jnnal),  Ji.2  Forms  :  4-5  ra- 
cionale,  (4  -al),  6  -all,  7  rationall,  (-ale,)  9  ra 
tional,  [ad.  L.  rationale,  neut.  of  ratietialis  adj. 
(see  prec.) ;  used  in  the  Vulg.  to  translate  Heb. 
hos/ien,  after  the  Sept.  \oyftov  oracle,  oracular 
instrument.] 

fl.  The  breastplate  worn  by  the  Jewish  high- 
priest.  Obs. 

1382  WYCLIF  Exod.  xxv.  7  The  racionale,  that  is  the  clooth 
in  the  brest  of  the  coope,  and  in  the  brest  of  the  preest. 
1413  Pilgr.  Smtile  (Caxton  14831  iv.  xxxiii.  82  Aaron  had  a 
broche  or  a  tatche  fastned  vndtM-  his  breste  that  was  cleped 
racionale.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  \V.  1531)  192  The 
adornament  of  Aaron,  called  his  Racionall.  1646  SIR  T. 
BROWNE  Pseud.  Kf.  93  The  twelve  stones  in  the  Rationall 
or  breast-plate  of  Aaron.  [1662  H.  MORE  Philos.  ll'rit. 
Pref.  Gen.  v,  Philo  writes  of  the  Figure  of  the  Rationale,  or 
Sacerdotal  Breast-plate.] 

b.  An  ornament  formerly  worn  on  the  breast  by 
bishops  during  the  celebration  of  mass. 

The  real  nature  of  the  rational  has  been  the  subject  of  much 
discussion  :  see  Du  Cange  s.v.  Rationale,  Rock  Church  etc. 
I.  366,  II.  159,  and  Macalister  Reel.  I'cstutents  (1896)  no. 

1849  ROCK Cli.  of  Fathers  I.  371  Bishop  Giffard,  who  died 
A,  D.  1301,.  .is  figured  in  a  chasuble,  having  pinned  upon  his 
breast  the  rational,  llnd.  II.  159  1'he  real  'rational'  has 
nothing  to  do  with  the 'pall'.  i8f>4A.J.  BUTLER  AIIC.  Caftic 
Churches  II.  122  The  rational  ..  is  mentioned  among  the 
ancient  ornaments  of  the  Celtic  bishops, 
f2.  =  RATIONALE  2.  Obs.  rare. 
1658  SIR  T .  BROWNE  Hydriot.  34  To  afford  an  account  or 
rational  of  old  Rites.  1676  MARVKLI.  Mr.  Sniirke  17, 1  looked 
over  the  Canons,  the  Rational,  the  Ceremonial,  the  Kubrick, 
imagining  the  Exposing  mention'd,  must  be  some  new  part 
of  our  Ecclesiastical  Discipline. 

t  Ea-tional,  sl>.3  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  rationalis 
(3rd  c.),  sb.  use  of  rationalis  adj.  RATIONAL.]  A'ont. 
Antiq.  An  accountant  or  auditor. 

1610  HOLLAND  Canuien's  Brit.  i.  77  The  Receiver  of  ther 
Emperours    Finances  ..  had    under   him    in    Britaine    the    I 
Rational!   or   Auditor  of   the   Summes    and    revenues   of    I 
Britaine.     1683   Brit.  Spec.   115   His   Rational  of  Private    I 
State  in  Britain,  to  say  nothing  of  other  inferior  Officers. 

II  Rationale  (ncJani-'-lt).     [L.,  neut.  of  ratio-   \ 
nalis:  see  RATIONAL  a.] 

1.  A  reasoned  expositionof  principles;  an  explana 
tion  or  statement  of  reasons;  fa  set  of  reasoned 
rules  or  directions. 

1657  BP.  SPARROW  (HI let  A  Rationale  upon  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer  of  the  Church  of  England.  1703  MAUN- 
DRELL  Jaunt,  ytrus.  (1721)  28  They  could  not  give  any 
manner  of  Rationale  of  their  own  divine  Service.  1774 
J.  BRYANT  Mythol.  1 1.  396  The  writings  of  all  those,  who 
have  given  a  rationale  of  the  Egyptian  rites.  1846  MOZLF.Y 
Ess.  (1878)  I.  220  A  rationale  of  heroism  was  not  likely  to  tell 
much  on  English  minds.  1876 C.  M.  DAVIKS  Ifnorth.  Land. 
(ed.  2)  99  Where  these  facts  are  admitted,  . .  the  rationale 
usually  appended  is  that  their  source  is  a  diabolical  one. 

2.  The  fundamental  reason,  the  logical  or  rational 
basis  (of  anything). 

1688  Bp.  S.  PARKER  Kcas.  Atrog.  Test  124  This  gives  us 
the  true  Rationale  of  the  Mosaick  Law.  1715  M.  DAVIES 
A  then.  Brit.  I.  309  They  laid  down  the  Rationale  and  j 
Ground-Work  that  the  Judgment  of  the  Assize  was  founded 
upon.  1791  PAINE  Rights  of  Man  (ed.4)  161  He  sees  the 
rationale  of  the  whole  system,  its  origin  and  its  operation. 
1848  MILL  Pal.  Ecan.  in.  xxv.  §  2  Such,  I  conceive,  is  the 
true  theory  or  rationale  of  underselling.  1894  H.  DRUMMONO 
Ascent  Man  3  To  discover  the  rationale  of  social  progress 
is  the  ambition  of  this  age. 

Rationalism  (ra-jmaliz'm).  [f.  RATIONAL  a. 
+  -ISM.  Cf.  F.  rationalisme.] 

1.  Med.  The  principles  of  the  'rational'  school 
of  physicians. 

1800  Med.  Jmt.  III.  283  A  remark  on  medical  empiricism 
and  rationalism.  1803  Edin.  Rev.  I.  257  Acquainted  with 
the  divisions  of  empiricism  and  rationalism. 

2.  Theol.    a.   The  practice  of  explaining  in  a 
manner  agreeable  to  reason  whatever  is  apparently 
supernatural  in  the  records  of  sacred  history,     b. 
The  principle  of  regarding  reason  as  the  chief  or 
only  guide  in  matters  of  religion,  or  of  employing 
ordinary  reasoning  to  criticize  and  interpret  religious 
doctrines. 

1827  C.  H.  SACK  in  Pusey  Hist.  Enq.  (1828)  p.  xii, 
Common  rationalism,  which  the  theological  faculty  of 
Berlin  has.. for  more  than  fifteen  years  imparted  to  theo 
logical  study.  1846  J.  H.  NEWMAN  £ss.  De-.'doftucnt  v. 
§  3.  311  Its  spirit  was  rationalizing,  and  had  the  qualities 
which  go  with  rationalism.  i884j.  PARKER  LargerMMstry 


EATIONALITY. 

28  Rationalism  does  not  more  distinctly  recognise  human 
reason  than  it  is  recognised  by  evangelical  philosophy. 

3.  Afetaph.  A  theory  (opposed  to  empiricism  or 
sensationalism}  which  regards  reason,  rather  than 
sense,  as  the  foundation  of  certainty  in  knowledge. 

1857  FLEMING  Vocab.Phitos.^ig  According  to  rationalism, 
reason  furnishes  certain  elements,  without  w&ich, experience 
is  not  possible.  \&)$\.\.  Falckenbcrg's  Hist.  Alod.  f'/iilos.  81 
Under  [Wolff]  rationalism  stiffens  into  a  scholastic  dogma- 
tism,  soon  to  run  out  into  a  popular  eclecticism. 

4.  Used  with  reference  to  '  rational '  dress. 

1897  W«A«.iC?tfB.6Sept.  i/3  The  triumphs  of  Rationalism 
.  .in  the  domain  of  dress. 

Rationalist  (ne-Jsnalist),  sb.  and  a.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -1ST.  Cf.  F.  rationalists  (1539).] 

1.  One  who  forms  his  opinions  by  pure  or  a  priori 
reasoning ;  spec,  a  (  rational '  physician. 

a  1626  BACON  Apoph.  \\.  §  21  The  empirical  philosophers 
are  like  to  pismires.  ..The  rationalists  are  like  the  spiders. 
1656  S.  H.  Cold.  Lau>  79  It  concerns  the  highest  Governour, 
who  is  Judge  of  all,  . .  to  be  an  absolute  rationalist,  for  that 
reason  is  the  intention  of  Law.  1801  Si.  KR  Splendid  Misery 
II.  163  Whatever  you  may  say,  or  all  the  Rationalists  in  the 
world  may  preach,.,  there  is  such  a  thing  as  falling  in  love  at 
first  sight.  1876  tr.  Wagners  Gen.  t'athoL  led.  6)  5  Those 
physicians  are  called  rationalists  who  do  not  value  the  facts 
themselves  so  highly  as  their  explanation. 

2.  Theol.  One  who  rationalizes  in  matters  of  re 
ligion  or  sacred  history ;  an  adherent   of  ration 
alism. 

1647  Clarendon  State  Papers  II.  App.  p.  \\t  The  Presby 
terian  and  Independent  agree  well  enough  together.  But 
there  is  a  new  sect  sprung  up  among  them,  and  these  are 
the  Rationalists.  1670  SANDERSON  Pref.  Ussher's  J'on-er 
J'rinccs,  A  mere  Rationalist  (that  is  to  say  in  plain  English, 
an  Atheist  of  the  late  Edition).  1747  [MASSON]  (title)  A 
Letter  to  the  Author  of  an  Address  to  all  Rationalists  in 
Great  Britain.  1789  J.  ERSKINKIII  Life  L\  Xisbet  (1840)  197 
He  is  half  way  over  to  the  German  Rationalists  (as  they  call 
themselves).  1841  MVKRS  Cat/i.  Th.  in.  §  12.  45  The 
Rationalist  ..  makes  the  whole  subject  of  Religion  and 
Revelation _..  a  matter  of  sensible  evidence  or  intellectual 
demonstration. 

b.  aftrib.  or  as  adj.  =  RATIONALISTIC. 

1828  PI-SHY  (title)  An  Historical  Enquiry  into  the  Prob 
able  Causes  of  the  Rationalist  Character,  a  1857  R.  A. 
VAUGHAN  Kss.  $  Rcni,  I.  49  Rationalist  criticism  has  always 
been  content  with  the  endeavour  to  destroy.  1873  L. 
STEPHEN  Ess.  Frcethinking  319  The  answer  given  by  the 
rationalist  divines. 

3.  One  who  adopts  'rational '  dress. 

1899  Cyd.  Tour.  Club  Gaz.  Apr.  222  The  hotels,  etc.  at 
which  Rationalists  are  welcome. 

nationalistic  (rae'Jpnali'stik),  a.     [f.  prec.] 

1.  Characterized  by  rationalism. 

1830  PUSEY  Hist.  Enq.  it.  415  Against  a  rationalistic 
Christianity  Rationalism  may  triumph.  1878  LKCKY  En%. 
in  i8M  C,  II.  vii.  411  A  rationalistic  spirit  which  revolted 
against  all  formularies. 

2.  Given  or  inclined  to  rationalism. 

1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  311/1  The  way  being  thus  pre 
pared,  the  number  of  rationalistic  divines  increased.  1883 
WACK  Gospel  fy  j/s  li'ilnessfs  \,  13  If  we  could  be  sure  that 
a  miracle  was  inconceivable,  the  method  of  rationalistic 
writers  would. .be  justified. 

Hence  Bationali'stical  a.  (1847  in  "Webster); 
Rationali'stically  adv.  (1847  Ibid.)  ;  Rational- 
i'sticism,  rationalism. 

1865  R.  DRUITT  Rep,  Cheap  Wines  99  The  contagion  of 
rationaltsticism.  1869  Contemp.  Rev.  XII.  77  He  takes 
Homer  into  the  account,  but  rationalistically. 

Rationality  (xaefansc*l!ti).  [ad.  late  L.  ratio- 
nalitas  (Tertullian)  :  see  RATIONAL  a.  and  -ITV. 
Cf.  F.  rationality 

1.  The  quality  of  possessing  reason ;  the  power 
of  being  able  to  exercise  one's  reason. 

1628  T.  SPENCER  Logick  49  Rationalise  is  the  intrlnsecall 
part  of  man.  1698  FARQUHAR  Lave  <y  Bottle\.  i,  Thou  hast 
impudence  enough  to  draw  thy  rationality  in  question.  1726 
BuTLER.SYrw.  Rolls  Chap,  vii.  129  Some  kind  of  brute  Force 
within,  prevails  over  the  Principle  of  Rationality.  1777  M. 
MORGAN  Ess.  Falstaff'i^  [Vice]  is  inconsistent  with  moral 
agency,  nay,  with  rationality  itself.  1830  GALT  Lun'rie  T. 
i.  ii.  (1849)  5  She  spoke  with  great  rationality.  1870  J.  H. 
NEWMAN  Gram.  Assent  n.  viii.  274  We  call  rationally  the 
distinction  of  man,  when  compared  with  other  animals. 

2.  The  fact  of  being  based  on,  or  agreeable  to, 
reason. 

1651  BIGGS  AVif  Disp.  F  234  The  ingenuity  and  rationality 
of  it  will  prevail  more  then  our  slender  performances.  1681 
W'hole  Duty  Nations  20  The  Wisdom,  and  unquestionable 
Rationality  of  the  Divine  Ordination  among  the  Jews.  1744 
HARRIS  Three  Treat,  in.  i.  (1765)  155  [To  society]  we  owe 
.  .the  very  Elegance  and  Rationality  of  our  Existence.  1806 
A.  KKOX  Rein.  I.  29  To  preserve  the  rationality  of  religion., 
to  secure  it  from  the  charge  of  enthusiasm.  1871  TYNDALL 
Fragni.  Set.  (1879)  II.  ii.  21  A  principle  of  belief,  to  which 
he  flatly  denies  rationality. 

b.  A  rational  or  reasonable  view,  practice,  etc. 

1660  JER.  TAYLOR  Duct.  Dulit.  n.  ii.  rule  6  §  69  There  are 
some  little  rationalities,  .which  are  well,  and  decent  and 
pretty.  1660  BURSEY  Ke'pS.  Aupov  (1661)  57  The  Court  of 
Admiraltie,  who  depend  upon  that  great  head  of  Rationali 
ties,  lustinian.  1835  F.  W.  FABER  Lett.  (1869)  21  Antici 
pating  quite  as  much  danger  from  the  mysticisms  of  Newman 
as  from  the  rationalities  of  Whately.  1865  LECKY  Ration, 
(1878)  II.  148  The  rights  of  rationalities  became  a  great 
question  in  Europe. 

3.  The  tendency  to  regard  everything  from  a  purely 
rational  point  of  view. 

1791  BOSWELL  Johnson  an.  1784,  5  May,  Even  men  of 
pretty  dry  rationality  may  believe  that  there  was  an  inter. 

22 


RATIONALIZABLE. 

mediate  interposition  of  Divine  Providence.  1876  GF.O. 
KLIOT  Dan.  Der.  vin.  Iviii,  Phlegmatic  rationality  stares 
and  shakes  its  head  at  these  unaccountable  prepossessions. 

f  4.  Math.  The  qualityof  being  rational  (5  a).  Obs. 

1570  BlLi.iN'GSLEV  Euclid^.,  prop,  xviii.  247  These  wordes 
in  length  and  in  power  are  neuer  referred  to  rationalitie, 
or  irrationalitie. 

f  5.     —RATIONALE  2.    Obs.    nwV"1. 

1646  SIR  T.  PROWNF.  Pseud.  Ep.  373  Many  well  directed 
intentions,  whose  rationalities  will  never  beare  a  rigid 
examination. 


Rationalizable  ( 


'l^a.   [-ABLE.] 


That  may  be  rationalized. 

1896  Contcinp.  Rev,  Aug.  175  This  adaptation  justifies  us 
In  treating  reality  as  everywhere  rationalisable. 

Rationalization  (isejanabiz^'jan).  [-ATION.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  rational  or  intelligible,  or 
the  result  of  this. 

1846  RUSKIN-  JW.  Paint.  (1851)  I.  n.  i.  vii.  §  42  The  two 
Carthages  are  mere  rationalizations  of  Claude.  1888 
Encycl.  Brit.  XXIV.  556  The  rationalization  which  explains 
the  legend. 

2.  Math.  The  process  of  clearing  from  irrational 
quantities.     (See  RATIONAL  a.  5  a.) 

1853  CAYLI:  Y  in  Caml.  <$•  Dull.  Math.  Jrnl.  VIII.  97  (title) 
On  the  Rationalisation  of  certain  algebraical  Equations. 

nationalize  (rse'Janalaiz),  v.  [f.  RATIONAL  ^.] 

1.  trans.  To  render  conformable  to   reason  ;   to 
explain  on  a  rational  basis. 

1817  COLERIDGE  Biog.  Lit.  II.  xviii.  89  The  second  Olympic 
composed  for  the  .  .  purpose  of  rationalizing  the  Thchan 
Kngle.  1846  GROTF.  Greece  i.  xvi.  I.  533  The  disposition  of 
Herodotus  to  rationalise  the  miraculous  narratives  of  the 
current  mythes.  1883  H.  SpF.NCFRinCV«/w//.  Rrt>.  XLIII. 
9  When  life  has  been  duly  rationalized  by  science  ..  care  of 
the  body  is  imperative. 

b.  To  clear  aivay  by  reasoning. 

1855  KINGSLEY  Sir  W.  Raleigh  Misc.  (1859)  I-  *  To 
rationalize  away  all  the  wonders,  till  we  make  them  at  last 
impossible,  and  give  up  caring  to  believe  them. 

2.  Math.  To  clear  from  irrational  quantities. 
1816  tr.  Lacroix"$Dij(r.  ^-  Int.  Calculus  670  The  differential 

function  ..  may  be  rationall/ec!.  1888  C.  SMITH  Algebra 
(1893)  213  Find  factors  which  will  rationalize  the  following 
expressions. 

3.  To  endow  with  reason,  rare. 
1896  [see  RATIONALIZED///,  a.}. 

4.  ;/;/r.  To  employ  reason   or   rationalism;   to 
think  rationally  or  in  a  rationalistic  manner. 

1835  J.  II.  NEWMAN  Left.  (1891)  II.  137  When  we  ask  for 
reasons  when  we  should  not,  we  rationalise.  1868  BROWNING 
Kingfy  Bk.  vin,  1185  But  subdue  the  bard  And  rationalize 
a  little. 

Hence  Rationalized  ///.  a.,  Rationalizing 
vM.  sb.  and  ///.  a.  Also  Rationalizer,  one  who 
rationalizes. 

1855  SIR  G.  C.  LEWIS  Credib.  Rom.  Hist.  xi.  I.  426  Ac 
cording  to  another,  and  probably  a  ^rationalized,  version. 
1896  Spectator  n  Apr.  519  Swift's  grim  conceptions  of 
animalized  man  and  rationalized  animals.  1834'!'.  KKIGHT- 
LEV  Tales  vii.  250  Whittington's  Cat  has  not  escaped  the 
^rationalisers.  1871  TVLOR  Prim.  Cult.  I.  250  The  fault  of 
the  rationalizer  lay  in  taking  allegory  beyond  its  proper 
action.  1873  M.  ARNOLD  Lit.  ff  Dogma  (1876)  327  Partial 
and  local  Vationnlising  of  religion,  1841  GLADSTONE  .SVafc 
in  Rcl.  with  C/i.  x.  (ed.  4)  367  The  confession  of  faith  of  some 
*rationalising  philosopher.  <  "1852  IVylde's  Circ.  Sc.  I. 
483/2  The  rationalising  multiplier  here  is  5  +  \/3-  1868 
FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  II.  App.  543  Such  rationalizing 
doubts  are  indignantly  dismissed. 

Rationally  (rae-pmali),  adv.    [f.  RATIONAL  a.] 

1.  In  a  rational  manner  ;  reasonably. 

1612  WoODAtL&tty.  Af*/*Wlca.  (i653>  146  If  he  rationally 
follow  the  precedent  method.  1659  UP.  WALTON  Consid. 
Conside  red  23  No  such  consectaries  could  be  logically  and 
rationally  deduced  from  such  premises.  1786  BURKE  Art. 
agst.  Hustings  Wks.  1842  II.  174  The  sum  of  money  afore 
said,  which  in  a  time  of  such  extreme  distress,  .could  not  he 
rationally  given.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India  III.  387 
The  honest  expression  of  opinions  conscientiously  and 
rationally  entertained. 

2.  In  respect  of,  by  means  of,  reason,  rare. 

1620  T.  GRANGER  Dii>.  Logike  150  Here  are  foure  termes 
rationally  distinguished,  but  three  really,  viz.  Law,  Magis 
trate,  People.  1701  NORRIS  Ideal  World  i.  iv.  223  If  .  .  the 
intelligible  world  be  the  more  certain  of  the  two,  because 
rationally  evident. 

RationalneSS  (rrc-Jsniilnes).  Now  rare.  [f. 
as  prec.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  rational. 

1659  Gentl.  Calling  viii.  §  15  He  that  would  justifie  the 
rationalness  of  any  adventure,  must  prove  the  prize  at  least 
to  equal  the  worth  of  that  he  hazards  for  it.  1664  H.  MORE 
Apology  487  All  that  I  averre  is  the  Rationalness  of  this 
Position,  not  theTruth  thereof.  1727  in  BAILEY,  vol.  II.  1889 
J.  J.  THOMAS  Froitdacity  215  The  existence  of  a  Deity  and 
the  rationalness  of  entreating  him  in  prayer. 

Stationary  (rrc-Janari),  a.  rare.  [ad.  late  L. 
ratidnariitS)  or  f.  L.  ration-em  :  see  RATIO  and 
-ART1.]  fa.  'Of  or  belonging  to  account  or 
reckoning  '  (Blount  1656).  Obs.  b,  (See  quot.) 

a  1866  GROTE  Exam.  Utilit.  Philos.  (1870)  xviii.  275  Ethics 
..must  be  rationary  (i.e.  interested  in  the  reasons  of  facts) 
as  distinguished  from  positivist. 

Ra'tionate,  v.  rare.  [f.  late  L.  rational',  ppl. 
stem  of  rationari  to  reason,  f.  ratio  RATIO.]  intr. 
To  reason,  to  ratiocinate. 

1644  DICBY  Nat.  Bodies  xxxviii.  (1658)  419  When  they 
will  have  beasts  rationale  and  understand.  1819  Rlackw. 
Mag.  IV.  535  The  doctor,'  therefore,  rationated  inconse 
quentially. 


170 
t  Ra'tionative,  a-  Ofc.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -ivE.] 

That  gives  or  introduces  a  reason. 

1650  WF.FKES  Truth's  Conjl.  ii.  54  The  first  particular  in 
the  ir.  Verse  [For]  which  is  a  Rationative  Particle.  1656 
J RANKS  Mixt.  Schol.  Div.  5  An  argumentative,  or  rationa- 
tive  description  of  the  object  of  feare. 

Ra'tionless,  a.  rare.   [-LESS.]   Without  rations. 

1865  Standard  19  Apr.,  He  might  ..suddenly  find  himself 
and  his  army  rationless  and  surrounded. 

Ra*tionment.  rare.  [f.  RATION  v.  +  -MENT, 
after  F.  rationnement]  The  act  of  rationing. 

1870  Standard  19  Nov.,  Very  early  in  the  siege  ..the 
census  was  taken  for  the  rationment  of  butchers'  meat. 

Ratiotination,  obs.  form  of  RATIOCINATION-. 

Ra-titate,  a.  rare—0,  [f.  next,  after  carinafe.'} 
Ratite.  (Ogilvie  1882.) 

Ratite  (nc-taitl,  a.  Ornith.  [f.  L.  ratis  raft-i- 
-ITE  2.  Cf.  L.  ratlins  (of  a  coin)  marked  with  the 
figure  of  a  raft.]  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Jtatitt?, 
a  class  of  birds  (so  named  by  Merrem,  1812)  having 
a  keelless  sternum,  as  the  ostrich,  emu,  cassowary, 
etc.  (Opposed  to  carhiaie.} 

1877  NEWTON  jn  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  Ser.  iv.  XX.  500  Mcgis- 
tancs  was  used  in  1816  by  Vieillot  . .  for  the  whole  group  of 
Katite  IJirds  then  known.  1885  —  in  Encycl.  /fct/.XVllI. 
19/2  The  corresponding  characters  peculiar  to  the  Ratite 
Division  being  the  disconnected  condition  of  the  barbs  of 
the  feathers. .,  the  non-existence  of  the  furcula  [etc.]. 

Hence  Ba'titous  a. 

1880  Nature  XXI.  347  The  avlan,  and  indeed  ratitous 
character  of  the  animal. 

Ratle(r,  obs.  ff.  RATTLE  sb.^  and  z/.l,  RATTLEB. 

Ratlin, e,  ratling  (rce'tlin,  -lin).  Naitt. 
Forms  :  a.  5  radelyng,  5,  7-  ratling,  7,  9  ratt 
ling.  0.  8- ratlin,  prattlin.  7.  5  rad^cT,elyue, 
8-  ratline.  [Of  obscure  origin  :  perh.  the  same 
word  as  OF.  raef-,  raalingue  (?  from  *rade-,  *rate- 
/ingrte\  now  ralingite  small  cordage  employed  to 
strengthen  the  edge  of  a  sail. 

There  is  no  evidence  that  the  ending  -Une  is  identical  with 
LINK  sl>.~ ;  cf.  the  synonymous  Du.  iveveling  with  LG.  iveve- 
Iinet  G.  wcfclciuc.} 

1.  Thin  line  or  rope  such  as  is  used  for  the  ratlines 
(see  2)  ;  also  ratline  stuff,  f  line. 

1481-90  Howard  Househ.  Bks.  (Roxb.)  in  My  Lord  paid 
him  for  iij.  hausers,a  peir  takkes,  a  ratling  line  for  Chewdes, 
weing  C.  a  quarter  xiij.  Ib.  xv.  s.  1497  NaralAcc.  Hen.  VII 
(1896)  185  Raddelyne  Marly  tie  &  Sayletwyne.  Also. .payed 
for  DC  weyght  Radelyng.. liiij  s.  1835 CONSTABLE  in  Leslie 
Mem.  (1845)  268  A  supply  of  rattlin  for  his  hammock.  1899 
F.  T.  BULLKH  Log  of  Sea-waif  323  We  had  no  new  ratline 
stuff"  on  board. 

2.  (Chiefly//.)  One  of  the  small  lines  fastened 
horizontally  on  the  shrouds  of  a  vessel,  and  serving 
as  steps  by  which  to  go  up  and  down  the  rigging. 

Catck-ratlin(e  :  see  latest  quots.  in  ft  and  y. 

a.  1611  COTGR.,  KnJlecJtcureS)  the  ratlings,  the  cordie 
Steps  whereby  mariners  climbe  vp  to  the  top  of  the  mast. 
«i685  OTVVAY  Conipl.  Muse  xviii,  With  ill-furl'd  Sails,  and 
Rattling  loose.  1797  NELSON  23  June  in  Nicolas  Disp. 
(1846)  VII.  p.  cxliv,  A  brace,  bowling,  halyards,  or  any  rope, 
even  to  a  rattling.  1859  All  Year  Round  No.  17.  399,  I 
placed  my  hands  on  the  shrouds,  .and  lightly  touched  with 
my  feet  the  lower  rattlings. 

/5.  1711  W.  SUTHERLAND  Shipbnild.  Assist.  113  The  Main 
Shrowds,  and  the  Cross-lines,  called  Ratlins,  serving  as 
Steps  to  go  into  the  Main-top.  1767  S.  PATERSON  Another 
Trav.  II.  224  The  seeming  firm-set  ladder  to  towering  Fame, 
will  become  the  rolling  ratlins  of  lasting  Infamy.  1816  SCOTT 
Antiq.  viii,  Make  the  chair  fast  with  the  rattlin— haul  taught 
and  belay  !  c  1860  H.  STUART  Seaman's  Catech.  35  Kvery 
sixth  ratlin  will  be  a  catch  ratlin,  that  is,  the  end  of  the 
ratlin  is  seized  to  the  after  shroud. 

•y.  1721  in  BAILEY.  1773  Ccntl.  I^Iag.  XLIII.  143  Up 
ladders  and  steps,  and  up  ratlines  and  stairs,  We  pass'd.  1882 
NARES  Seamanship  (ed.  6)  13  All  the  ratlines  are  seized  to 
the  after  shroud  but  one,  except  every  fifth  ratline,  which  is 
seized  to  the  after  shroud,  and  is  called  a  catch  ratline. 

Hence  f  Ratlin  e  z>.,  trans,  to  furnish  with  rat 
lines.  Obs.  (Cf.  RATTLE  v?} 

1495  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  VII  (1896)  277  DC  Radelyne  .. 
spent  apon  reparacion  £  Radelynyng  of  theShrowdes.  1711 
W.  SUTHERLAND  Shipbuild.  Assist.  113  The  main  Swifter,  a 
Part  of  the  Shrowds,  but  not  ratlin'd. 

Rat-line.  rare~*.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  '  The 
rope  or  cord  used  for  enclosing  any  spot  or  ground ' 
(Voyle  &  Stevenson  Milit.  Diet.  '1876). 

Ra-tling.  rare.     [-LING.]    A  little  rat. 

1882  '  BASIL'  (R.  A.  KING)  Love  the  Debt  xlii,  The  cellar 
soon  swarmed  with  rats  and  ratlings. 

Raton,  Ratoner :  see  RATTON,  -EB. 

RatOOii  (rat?7*n),  sb.  Also  8-9  ratt-.  [ad.  Sp. 
retono  a  fresh  shoot  or  sprout,]  A  new  shoot  or 
sprout  springing  up  from  the  root  of  the  sugar 
cane  after  it  has  been  cropped. 

1779  Phil.  Trans.  LXVII.  232,  I  then  took  each  rattoon 
apart,  and  found  it  fastened  to  a  joint  of  these  last  canes. 
rti8i8  M.  G.  LEWIS  Jrnl.  W.  Ind.  (1834)  88  After  these 
original  plants  have  been  cut,  their  roots  throw  up  suckers 
which  in  time  become  canes,  and  are  called  ratoons.  1887 
Century  Mag.  Nov.  in  Next  year  the  cane  sprouts  from 
the  stubble,  and  is  called  first  ratoons.  .  .The  second  year  it 
sprouts  again,  and  is  called  second  ratoons. 

transf.  ify+Jty.Sci.  Monthly  XLIV.  493  The  Jamaican 
reference  to  a  meal  made  off  the  remnants  of  a  previous 
feast  as  '  eating  the  rattoons  '. 

attrib.  1777  ROBERTSON  Hist.  Amer.  (1778)  L  459  On  the 
banks  of  the  Essequebo,  thirty  crops  of  ratoon  canes  have 
been  raised  successively.  1880  J.  S.  COOPFK  Coral  Lands 


RAT-TAIL. 

I.  xviii.  213  When  cut  in  March  or  April  the  ratoon  canes 
are  made  to  grow  in  cold  dry  weather. 

Ratooil  (ratw'n),  7-.  [f.  prec.  or  ad.  Sp.  rctonar 
to  sprout  again,  f.  retono.']  intr.  Of  plants,  esp.  the 
sugar-cane  :  To  send  up  new  shoots  after  being  cut 
down  or  cropped,  f  Said  also  of  the  ground. 

1756  P.  RKOWNR  Jamaica  130  Where  the  ground  is  ob 
served  to  produce  a  kind  plant  and  to  rattoon  well.  1789 
Trans,  Soc.Arts  1.260  Some  sorts  of  Cotton  did  not  rattoon 
or  stool  so  well  as  others.  1856  OLMSTED  Slave  States  666 
In  the  West  India  plantations  the  cane  is  frequently  allowed 
to  ratoon  for  eight  successive  crops.  1880  J.  S.  COOPER 
Coral  Lands  L  xviii.  214  Such  a  cane  must  be  hardy  and 
healthy,  grow  rapidly,  ratoon  quickly  and  often. 

Hence  Ratoo'ning  vbl.  sb. 

1790  Phil.  Trans.  LXXX.  357  He  makes  a  greater  revenue 
than  the  Grenada  planter  on  the  present  modeofrattooning. 
1882  Spoils1  Encycl.  Mannf.  V.  1868  By  constant  ratooning, 
the  produce  of  sugar  per  acre,  .yields  [etc.]- 

Ratorn,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RETURN  v. 
fRat-rane.  Sc.  Obs.    [RAXE  st>.]   -RAT-RIME. 

1513  DOUGLAS  JEticis  vm.  Prol,  147  To  reyd  1  begane 
The  riotest  ane  ragment  wyth  mony  rat  rane. 

Ratret,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RETREAT. 

Ra't-rime.  Sc.  and  north.  Also  6  ratt-.  [f. 
rat*  prob.  onomatopoeic  (cf.  rattle  vb.)  +  RIME.] 
A  piece  of  doggerel  verse ;  a  rigmarole. 

1553  Douglas1  sEtieis  vin.  Prol.  147  The  royetest  ane  rag 
ment  with  mony  ratt  rime,  a  1585  POLWART  fly  ting  iv. 
&1  ontgotncrie  146  Thy  roustie  ratrimes,  made  but  mater. 
1636  Row  Hist.  Kirk  (1842)  404  What  will  a  rat-ryme  of 
words  work  upon  an  hard unrenewed  heart?  1728  RAMSAY 
Last  Sp.  AliserxiK,  With  a  lang  ral-rhime  of  cant.  1818 
SCOTT  J/rt.  Midi,  viii,  '  I  cannot  use  a  prayer  like  a  rat- 
rhyme',  answered  the  honest  clergyman.  1894  in  North- 
iimbld.  Gloss. 

Ratsbane  jortsb^n).     [f.  RAT  st>.1  +  BANE.] 

1.  Rat-poison;  ^sfec.  arsenic.  (Now  only  literary.} 
1523  CJinrchw.  Ace.  St.   Mary  Hill%   London  (Nichols 

1797)  108  For  milke  and  rattisbane  for  the  rats  in  the  church. 
1597  J,  PAYNE  Royal  Kxch.  41  Men  cover  ratts  bane  vnder 
suger  or  hony.  1679  DRYDEN  Troilns  $  Cr.  Epil.  9  As  we 
strew  rat's-bane  when  we  vermin  fear.  1722  DF.  I-'OK  i'/ague 
(1884)  161  Endeavours  were  us'd  . .  to  destroy  the  Mice  and 
Rats, ,  .by  laying  Rats-l.ane.  1820  SHELLEY  (Ed.  Tyr.  1.354 
Black  ratsbane,  which  That  very  Rat,  who. .  Nurtures  him 
self  on  poison,  dare  not  touch. 

fig'  3593  HARVEY  Pierce's  Super.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  293 
1  hat  peece  of  Althimy,  that  can  turn*  the  Rattes-bane  of 
Villany  into  the  Balme  of  honesty.  1633  PRYNNE  \st  ft. 
Histrio-m,  iv.  i.  140  Playes  are  Rats-bane  to  government  of 
Commonweales.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Blas\.  \.  F  15  Running 
in  debt  is  ratsbane  to  him. 

2.  Applied  to  certain  plants  (see  quots.). 

1846  LIN-DLEY  Veget.  Kingd.  583  The  fruit  of  Chailletia 
toxicaria  is  said  to  be  poisonous,  it  is  called  Ratsbane  in 
Sierra  Leone.  1886  llf.  SM>I.  H~ord-l>fc.,  Rat's  Bane,  chervil. 
A  common  wild  umbelliferous  plant,  in  appearance  some 
thing  like  hemlock — probably  mistaken  for  it. 

Hence  Ra  tsbaned  ppl.  #.,  poisoned  with  rats 
bane. 

1638  R.  JUMUS  (Younge)  Drunkards  Character  269  Which 
makes  them  like  ratsband  Rats,  drinke  and  vent. 

Ratsche,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  HATCH  sbl 
Ratspuche,  obs.  form  of  RAJPOOT. 
Rat's-tail,     [f.  RAT  sbl    Cf.  RAT-TAIL.] 

1.  pi.  in  Farriery :  f  a.  Chaps  or  cracks  on  the 
back  of  a  horse's  hind  legs,  also  called  cratches  or 
scratches.     Obs.      b.   Warty   or   suppurating   ex 
crescences  on  the  same  part.     (See  quots.  and  cf. 
RAT-TAIL  i.) 

1580  BLUNDEVILLE  Horsemanship  iv.  cxxxix.  61  Of  the 
Cratches  or  Rats  tailes,  called  of  the  Italians  Crepaccle. 
This  is  a  kind  of  long  scabbie  rifts  growing  right  vp  and 
downe  in  the  hinder  part  from  the  fewterlock  vp  to  the 
Curbe.  1639  T.  DF,  GREY  Cotnpl,  Horsem.  314  They  be  all 
.  .one  and  the  same  disease,  as  mules,  kibes,  rats  tayles, 
crepanches.  1687  Lond.  Caz.  No.  2263/4  A,  brown  Hay 
cropt  Mare,,  .with  two  Rats  Tails  on  each  Leg  behind.  1722 
W.  GIBSON  farrier's  Guide  n.  246  Of  Warts,  Scratches, 
Rats-Tails  and  other  Excrescences  on  the  Legs  and  Pasterns. 
Ibid.  247  Rats-tails  . .  generally  creep  from  the  Pasterns  to 
the  middle  of  the  Shank.  1891  DALZIEL  Dis.  Horses  101 
Rats'  Tails,  excrescences  discharging  ichorous  matter,  ex 
tending  from  the  middle  of  the  shank  to  the  fetlock. 

2.  Applied  to  various  things  resembling  a  rat's 
tail  in  shape :  a.  The  tapering  end  of  a  rope  (Smyth 
Sailor's  Word-bk.  1867).     b.  A  rat-tail  file  (Ibid.). 
C.  A  candle-end,     d.  A  lank  lock  of  hair.     e.  A 
tapering  rib  or  tongue  of  metal. 

1869  BLACKMORE  Lorna  D.  i,  The  end  of  a  candle  of 
tallow,  or  '  rat's  tail ',  as  we  called  it.  1899  HESANT  Orange 
Girl  ir.  v.  174  Their  hair  hung  about  their  shoulders  loose 
and  undressed  :  it  was  not  unbecoming  in  the  young,  but  in 
the  older  women  it  became  what  is  called  rats'  tails. 

3.  attrib.  rat's  tail  crane  (sec  quot.).   ?  Obs. 
1729  DESAGULIERS  in  Phil.   Trans.  XXXVI.   196  This 

Crane  is  of  the  Sort  which  is  commonly  call VI  a  Rat's  Tail 
Crane, . .  moving  round  a  strong  Post  like  a  Wind-mill,  so 
that  it  may  turn  quite  round  with  all  its  Load. 

Ratt,  obs.  form  of  RAT. 

Ratta,  obs.  form  of  RATA. 

Ra'ttage.  nonce-wd.  [f.  RAT  sb^  or  vj-  +  -AGE.] 
Percentage  of  people  who  *  rat  \ 

1807  in  Spirit  Pub.  Jrnts.  XI.  229  In  the  Scots  Peers  we 
find  a  Rattage  of  no  less  than  ninety  per  cent. 

Rat-tali,     [f.  RAT  $bl    Cf.  RAT'S-TAIL.] 
1.  //.   =  RAT'S-TAIL  i. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Sitpp.>  Rat-tails,  or  Arrests,  in  the 
manege,  signify  callous  hard  swellings  upon  the  hinder  legs 


HAT-TAILED. 

under  the  hough,  running  along  the  sinew.  1831  YOUATT 
Horse  xiv.  (1848)  275  On  the  back  part  of  the  leg,  are  some 
times  excrescences,  called  by  farriers  Rat-Tails,  from  the 
appearance  they  give  the  hair. 

2.  A  tail  resembling  that  of  a  rat ;  esp.  a  horse's 
tail  with  little  or  no  hair ;  also,  a  horse  having  a 
hairless  tail,  or  the  diseased  condition  which  causes 
the  hair  of  the  tail  to  fall  off. 

1705  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  4086/4  A  black  Horse  . . ,  with  a  Rat 
Tall.  1787  '  G.  GAMBADO  '  Acad.  Horscln.  uSog)  26  liny  a 
horse  with  a  rat  tail,  if  possible.  1897  Outing  (V.S. )  XXIX. 
540/1,  I  like  his  [a  pointer's]  clean-cut  appearance,  his  rat- 
tail,  his  style  in  the  field. 

3.  Something  resembling  a  rat's  tail. 

1871  KINGSLEY  At  Last  xi.  (1880)  266  Their  rat-tails  of 
small  green  flowers  prove  them  to  be  peppers. 

4.  A  fish  of  the  genus  AJacrurus,  esp.  M.fabncii. 
(Also  called  Grenadier.) 

1882  GILBERT  &  JOKDAN  Syn.  Fishes  N.  Amer.  811. 

5.  atlrib.  (Cf.  RAT-TAILED.) 

Rat-tail  file,  a  fine  round  file  used  for  enlarging  holes  in 
metal,  etc.  Rat-tail  grass,  a  name  given  to  two  Australian 
glasses  (Isclixinnm  la-vitm  and  Sporolvliis  indicus).  Rat- 
tail  radis/i,  an  East  Indian  radish  (Kapkanus  caudatus). 

1793  [see  RAT-TAILED  i  b,  quot.  1768].  1801  C.  K.  SHARI'E 
Can:  12  Jan.  (1888)  1. 103  The  clowns  with  lank  rat-tail  hair. 
1846  HOLTZAPKFEL  Turning  II.  824  Small  taper  round  files 
are  often  called  rat-tail  files.  1866  Harvard Manor.  Blagr., 
S.  H'illct  I.  267  A  rat-tail  file  ..  would  render  useless  in  a 
moment  a  superb  piece  of  ordnance.  1889  J.  H.  MAIDEN 
Use/.  Native  Plants  A  nstr.  92  Rat-tail  Grass.  An  upright, 
slender  growing  grass  [etc.).  Ibid.  109  Rat-tail  grass.  A  fine, 
open,  pasture  grass  [etc.]. 

Ra-t-tailed,  a.     [f.  RAT  rf.l    Cf.  prec.] 

1.  Having  a  tail  like  that  of  a  rat ;  esp.  of  horses, 
having  a  rat-tail. 

1684  Land.  Gas.  No.  1950/4  A  Black  Nag,.  .Mareheaded, 
and  Rat-tailed.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Stiff.,  Rat-tailed,  a 
horse  is  thus  called  that  has  no  hair  upon  his  tail.  1828 
Sparling  Mag.  XXII.  231  A  lean,  rat-tailed  mare.  1845 
YOUATT  Dog  31  He  selected  a  bull-do?,  one  of  the  smooth 
rat-tailed  species.  1890  Pall  Mall  G.  4  Jan.  6  '2  The 
miseiable  little  rat-tailed,  greyhound  beasts  that  furnish 
what  is  called  mutton  in  this  country. 

b.  of  the  larva  of  a  drone-fly  (Erislalis]  having 
a  long  slender  tail. 

'753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.,  Rat-tailed  -worms,  in  natural    , 
history,  a  species  of  fly-worms,  with  long  tails,  resembling    ! 
those  of  rat.s.     1768  AKSCOTT  in  Pennant  Brit.  Zool.  (1776) 
HI.  335  Blowing  flies  and  humble  bees  that  come  from  the 
rat-tailed  maggot.     [In  Polwhele's  Devon  (1793)  I.  innate,    | 
'rat-tail  maggot '.]    1836-9  TodiCsCycl.  Anal.  II.  874/1  The 
rat-tailed  larva  of  Eristalis  tena.v. 

c.  spec,  in  the  names  of  certain  animals. 
Rat-tailed  Kangaroo  (see  quot.  1846).  Rat-tailed  serpent, 

an   American   viper   (Botkrops    lauceolatus).      Rat-tailed 
skrc-M,  the  Musk-rat.     Rat-tailed  snake,  the  Fer-de-lance. 

1846  WATEKHOUSE  Nat.  Hist.  Mamm.  I.  224  Hypsiprym- 
nus  .Marinas,  Rat-tailed  Hypsiprymnus,  or  Rat-Kangaroo. 
//'/</.,  Index,  Rat-tailed  Rat-Kangaroo.     1854  DAVY  West 
Indies  273  [St.   Lucia]  possesses  besides  several  kinds  of 
harmless  snakes,  one  that  is  poisonous,  the  rat-tailed  snake,     j 
1871  KINGSLEY  At  Last  ii,  We  were,  .anxious  to  obtain  at    i 
St.  Lucia  specimens  of  that  abominable  reptile,  the  Fer-de- 
lance,  or  rat-tailed  snake.    1884  CasselCs  Nut.  Hist.  I.  378    I 
The  Rat-tailed  Shrew. 

2.  Of  a  spoon :  Having  a  tail-like  prolongation 
of  the  handle  along  the  back  of  the  bowl. 

1881  Miss  BRADDON  Asphodel  III.  21  The  slender  little 
rat-tailed  spoons. 

Rattan,ratan(raUe-n),.r£.l  Also7rat(t)oon, 
8  rat-tan,  [var.  ROTANG,  a.  Malay  Ji^.  rotan, 
app.  for  rautan,  (.  rant  to  pare,  trim,  strip.] 

1.  a.  One  of  several  species  of  the  genus  Calamus,    i 
climbing  palms  growing  chiefly  in  the  East  Indies, 
on  the  mainland  and  the  islands,  and  to  a  small 
extent  in  Africa  and  Australia,  and  notable  for 
their  long  thin  jointed  and  pliable  stems ;  also, 

a  plant  belonging  to  one  of  these  species,     b.   = 
Ground  rattan  (see  GKOL'KD  sb.  18  c). 

1681  R.  KNOX  Hist.  Ceylon  17  Rattans  grow  in  great 
abundance  upon  this  Island.  1777  MILLER  in  Phil.  Trans. 
LXVIII.  177  Precipices,  .so  steep  that  we  could  only  draw 
ourselves  up.  .by  a  rattan.  1813  SIR  H.  DAVY  Agric.  Client. 
(1814)  57  In  the  rattan,  the  Epidermis  of  which  contains  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  flint  to  give  light  when  struck  by  steel. 
1860  GOSSE  Rom.  Nat.  Hist.  129  These  ratalis  form  a  tribe 
of  plants  . .  which,  though  they  resemble  grasses  or  reeds 
in  their  appearance,  are  true  trees  of  the  palm  kind. 

2.  A  portion  of  the  stem  of  a  rattan,  used  for 
various  purposes  (cf.  quots.). 

1681  R.  KNOX  Hist.  Ceylon  86  Every  thing  . .  is  tyed  with 
rattans  and  other  strings.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  f,  P. 
17  A  shady  Contrivance,  ..  on  the  upper  end  of  which  sits 
the  Master  of  the  Family  on  a  Bed  of  Rattans,  a  kind  of 
Cane.  1796  tr.  T/innbergs  C.  of  Good  Hope  in  Pinkerton 
(1814)  XVI.  13  Small  ratans.  .fastened  together  with  cotton- 
thread,  so  as  to  form  an  arch  or  a  vaulted  roof  over  the 
tomb.  1817  RAKFLES  Java  I.  42  The  rattans,  .of  Java  are 
on  the  whole  inferior  to  those  of  Sumatra  and  Borneo.  1870 
YEATS  Nat.  Hist.  Com/it.  252  These  palms  yield  the  canes 
or  rattans  of  commerce. 

b.  esp.  A  switch  or  stick  of  rattan,  used  for 
beating  a  person  or  thing,  or  for  carrying  in  the 
hand. 

1660  PEPYS  Diary  13  Sept.,  Mr.  Hawley  did  give  me  a 
little  black  rattoon.  painted  and  gilt.  1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT 
Trav.  (1677)  90  He  ..  was  chabuck't  upon  the  soles  of  his 
feet  with  rattans.  1761  Ann.  Reg.  185  Striking  him  with  a 
rattan,  at  grumbling  to  do  his  duty.  1786  Lounger  (1787) 


in 

1 1.  196  When  I  meet  a  gentleman  I  must . .  flourish  my  rattan, 
to_show  my  shapes.  1806-7  J.  BERESFORU  Miseries  Hum, 
Life  (1826)  xix.  xviii.  229  A  clothes-horse  with  a  great-coat 
stretched  out  upon  it,  just  ready  for  the  rattan.  1858  CAR- 
LVLE  Frcdk.  Gt.  vl.  vi.  (1872)  II.  196  Fritz  he  often  enough 
beats,  gives  a  slap  to  with  his  rattan. 

3.  Without  article,  as  a  material. 

1748  Anson's  I'oy.  in.  x.  415  Each  mast  has  only  two 
shrouds  made  of  twisted  rattan.  1779  FORREST  I'oy.  N. 
Guinea  106  The  bow  is  generally  of  bamboo,  and  the  string 
of  split  ratan.  1884  Sunday  at  Home  June  397/2  These 
huts,  .are  built  of  bamboos,  .tied  with  rattan. 

4.  at/rib.,  as  rattan  bale,  cable,  cane, palm,  stick. 
1800  Asiat.  Ann.  Rt'g.,  Misc.  Tracts  216/1  The  nutmegs 

are.,  packed  up  in  *rattan  bales.  1779  FORREST  Voy.  N. 
Guinea  56  A  wooden  anchor,  and  *rattan  cable,  which  by 
floating,  made  an  excellent  warp.  1681  tr.  llfi/lis'  Keing. 
Jtcd.  Wits.  Vocab.  s.v.  Internodia,  the  spaces  in  a  "Ratoon 
Cane  between  the  joynls  or  knots.  1704  Lond.  Gaz.  No. 
4054/6,  143  Bundles  of  Rattan  Canes.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
S  it  pp.  s.v.  Cane,  Canes  make  a  considerable  article  in  com- 


1846  I.INDI.EY  Ycget,  Kingd.  135  The  'Rattan  Palms  . .  are 
described  as  inhabitants  of  dense  forests.     1854  HOOKEK 
Iliinal.  Jrnts.  I.  vi.  145  Bound  tightly  together  by  strips 
of  rattan  palm  stem.      1836  DICKENS  Pickw.  xix,  A  thick 
•rattan  stick  with  a  brass  ferrule. 

Hence  Ratta'n  v.,  trans,  to  fit  with  rattans ; 
t  Ratta'ner  nonce-wd.,  one  who  wields  a  rattan. 

1816  '  Quiz  '  Grand  Master  vil.  i6S  [He]  then  to  teach 
him  better  manners,  Converts  the  hamrnals  to  ratum-ers. 
'895  J-  M.  WALSH  Tea  67  The  chest . .  [is]  nailed,  clamped, 
matted  arrd  rattaned. 

Rattan  (ratarn\  sb."  Also  8  ratan.  [Echoic.] 
-  KAT.U'LAN. 

1787  BURNS  Let.  Dr.  Moore  Wks.  (Globe)  341,  I  did  not 
know,,  why  my  pulse  beat  such  a  furious  ratan.  1844 
AlNSWORTU  St.  James  i.  v.  136  Their  ears  were  saluted 
with  the  loud  rattan  of  a  drum. 

Rattan,  obs.  form  of  RATTEN  z: 

Rattany,  variant  of  RHATANY. 

t  Rattar.  Obs.  ran.  A  sieve  used  in  gold- 
washing.  Also  rat/ar-work. 

1683  PKTTUS  Fltta  Min.  i.  104  There  must.. be  made  of 
Brass  Wire  a  Rattar  or  Seeve  as  wide  or  narrow  as  the 
Work  requireth.  .  .The  bigness  of  the  Rattar  is  to  be  seven 
spans  long.  Hid.  107  The  before  described  Rattar-work. 

Rattaree :  see  RAHDAUEE. 

Rat-tat  (ra."t,ta:-t),  sb.  [Echoic.]  A  sharp 
rapping  sound,  esp.  of  a  knock  at  a  door. 

1774  T.  HUTCHINSON  Diary  3  Nov.  I.  277  A  violent  rat-tat 
at  the  door  made  us  jump.  1840-1  S.  WARKEN  Ten  Thou 
sand  a  1  Vailed.  Warne)  87/2  A  few  moments  before  ihe 
postman's  rat-tat  was  heard.  1870  Miss  BRIDGMAN  A'.  Lynne 
II.  xi.  226  There  came  a  soft  little  rat-tat  at  the  street-door. 
b.  Used  imitatively  with  vbs. 

(i  1845  Hoou  Double  Knock  \,  Rat-tat  it  went  upon  the 
lion's  chin,  c  1860  LOWELL  Pict.fr.  Appledore  n,  A  breeze . . 
playing  rat-tat  With  the  bow  of  the  ribbon  round  your  hat. 

.So  Bat-tat-tat,  etc. 

1779  MAD.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  Jan.  (1842)  I.  183  A  rat-tat- 
tat-lat  ensued,  and  the  Earl  of  Harcourt  was  announced. 
1811  Sporting  Mag.  XXXVII.  75  Coaches  frequently  drew 
tip,  with  rat,  tat,  rat,  tattere  tat  tat  !  1843  DICKENS  Mart. 
C/itts.  xxv,  A  low  melodious  hammer,  rat,  tat,  tat,  tat.  1877 
SruRC-EON  Serin.  XXIII.  43  The  man  that  can.,  give  a  good 
rat-tat-tat,  and  feel  that  he  will  be  welcome. 

Hence  t  Battatattatory  a. ;  Hat-tattooing. 

1709  E.  WARD  tr.  Cervantes  p.  viii,  All  the  rattles  in 
Bartholomew- Fair  had  been  loudly  conducing  to  the  Ratta- 
tattatory  Harmony.  <  1852  THACKERAY  Yankee  Volunteers 
Misc.  (1857)  I.  50  Drummer  making  din  . .  With  thy  rat- 
tattooing. 

Ratte,  obs.  form  of  RAT,  RATE  s6.1 

t  Ra-tted,  ///•  a-1  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RAT  sb?  + 
-ED  2.]  Ragged,  torn. 

13..  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  B.  144  How  was  bou  hardy  bis  hous. . 
[to]  ne}e,  In  on  so  ratted  a  robe  &  rent  at  the  sydez? 

t Ra'tted,  ///.  a*  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RAT  rf.3 
or  y,3  +  -ED  ^.]  Exposed  on  a  wheel. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  139/4  Al  the  bodyes  that  were 
dampned  to  dethe  that  he  coude  fynde  in  townes  and  citees 
hanged  &  ratted. 

Ratteen  !  (ratf-n).     Also  7-8  ratine,  8  ratiu,    | 
8-9  rateen.     [ad.  F.  ratine  (1642),  of  unknown 
origin.]     A  thick  twilled  woollen   cloth,  usually 
friezed  or  with  a  curled  nap,  but  sometimes  dressed ; 
a  frieze  or  drugget.     Now  only  Hist. 

1685  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2042/4  A . .  Cloak  Lined  with  a  Scarlet 
Ratteen.      1721   SWIFT  Epilogue  Wks.   1755   III.   n.    182    \ 
We'll  rig   in    Meath-street    Egypt's   haughty  queen,  And 
Anthony  shall  court  her  in   ratteen.     1721  C.  KING  Brit. 
Merck.    II.  114  Cloths,  Ratines,  and  Serges.     1785  G.  A.    ; 
BELLAMY  Apol.,  etc.  III.  49,  1  recommended  him  to  have    | 
a  brown  rateen,  which  at  that  time  was  much  wore.     1809 
MALKIN  Gil  Bias  x.  x.  F  12  A  cushion   of  ratteen    under 
my  head,  and  a  coverlet  over  me  of  the  same  stuff.     1850 
W.  IRVING  Goldsmith  xxv.  256  A  half-dress  suit  of  ratteen,    i 
lined  with  satin. 

attrib.     1755  Mem.  Capt.  P.  Drake  I.  vi.  42,  I  had  a 
Ratteen  Coat  that  I  brought  from  Dublin. 
b.  A  piece  of  ratteen. 

1706  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4218/3,  4  Ratteens,  which  make  out    I 
1028  Auns,  and  5  Auns  of  Shalloon. 

Ratteen-,  rare—1.     (See  quot.) 

1847  SMEATON  Builder's  Man.  84  There  is  another  kind  of    : 
mahogany,  known  by  the  name  of  Ratteen,  which  is  often    ! 
employed  for  panels,  as  its  dimensions  are  large  enough  to    I 
prevent  jointing. 

Rattel,!,  obs.  forms  of  RATTLE. 


RATTLE. 

Ratten  (roe-t'n),  v.    Also  ration,  -tan.     [Of 

obscure  origin  :  connexion  with  ratten  RATION  sb. 

\    has  been  suggested,  but  is  not  clear.    The  vbl.  sb.  is 

i    recorded  earlier,  and  is  more  frequently  used  than 

the   vb.]     a.  trans.  To  molest    (a   workman   or 

employer)   by   rattening.      b.   inlr.   To    practise 

rattening.     Hence  Ba'tteaer,  one  who  rattens. 

1867  Morning  Star  15  July,  I  have  heard  of  another 
[workman]  who  disposed  of  a  rattener  . .  and  was  never  rat 
tened  afterwards.  1870  READK  Put  yourself,  etc.  II.  201 
:  My  cousin  Godby,  that  has  a  waterwheel,  was  rattened, 
by  his  scythe-blades  being  flung  in  the  dam.  Ibid,  ^n 
That  sense  of  security  which  ratteners  had  enjoyed  for 
many  years. 

Ratten,  variant  of  RAT-TUN,  rat. 
Ratten-,  Ratting-crook,  varr.  RACK  AX-CKOOK. 

1665  BKA-IH\V,\IT  Two  Tales  Chancer  135  Having  laid 
his  Heel  on  the  Ratting  Crook,  to  pass  the  Winter-night 
away.  1783  HLTTON  liran  A'em  ll'ark  (E.  D.  S.)  380  A 
seaty  rattencreak  hang  dangling  fra  a  black  randle  tree. 

Ra'ttening,  vbl.  sb.  [See  RATTEN  v.]  The 
act  or  practice  of  abstracting  tools,  destroying 
machinery  or  appliances,  etc.,  as  a  means  of  enforc 
ing  compliance  with  the  rules  of  a  trade-union,  or  of 
venting  spite.  (Chiefly  associated  with  Sheffield.) 

|    Also  transf. 

1843  R.  V.MGHAN  Age  Grt.  Cities  292  The  stone  is  made 
steady  upon  its  iron  spindle  by  means  of  wedges,  and  rat- 
taning  consists  in  driving  in  one  of  the^,e  wedges  so  far  as 
slightly  to  crack  the  stone.  1870  RKADE  Fut yourself,  etc. 
II.  201  You  must  not  construe  this  that  1  was  any  way 
connected  with  the  rattening.  1889  A.  LANG  Lost  Lcaiiers 
204  If  things  go  on  as  they  are  at  present,  perhaps  we  shall 

;    hear  of  literary  rattening  and  picketing. 

attrii:  1861  Iltnstr.  Lond.  Neivs  7^Dec.  576/3  Another 
'rattening'  attempt  was  made  in  Sheffield.  1880  Manch. 
Guard.  30  Oct.,  The  wdl  known  Sheffield  rattening  case. 

Ratter  (nc'taj).     [f.  RAT  st>.1  and  z».l  +  -EK i.] 

1.  A  latcatchcr  ;  a  dog  which  catches  rats. 

1858  LEWIS  in  Vouatt  Dcg  ii.  54  The  little  Dane  is  often 
a  good  ratter.  1887  Century  Mag.  Sept.  704/1  Against  these 
ravages  the  company  supply  a  special  guardian  in  the 
person  of  the  ratter. 

2.  One    who    '  rats ' :    a.   One  who   deserts   his 
party,  a  renegade.    —RAT  sb. '  4  c. 

1834  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Helen  xxvii,  In  the  famous  old 
print  of  the  minister  rat-catcher ..  the  ridicule  on  placemen 
ratters  remains.  1883  E.  A.  ABBOTT  Bacon  84  The  Essay 
on  !•  action  is  . .  almost  cynical  in  its  suppression  of  resent 
ment  against  ratters  and  traitors. 

ta.  A  workman  who  refuses  to  join  a  strike,  etc. 
—  RAT  sb\  4  d. 

Rattery  (ra-teri).     [f.  RAT  sbl  +  -EKY.] 

1.  The  qualities  or  conduct  of  a  ratter  ;  apostasy. 
1822  SVD.  SMITH  Lett,  ccvii.  (1855)  II.  226  The  rattery  and 

scoundrelism  of  public  life.  1832  J.  WILSON  in  Black-M. 
Mug.  XXXII.  717,  I  can  fancy  him  turning  this  rattery  of 
your  Lordship's  to  some  account. 

2.  A  place  wheie  rats  are  kept  or  abound. 

a  1880  F.  T.  BUCKI.AND  Notes  f,-  Jottings  (1882)  17  Our 
excellent  friend,  .has  set  up  a  rattery. 

Rattil(l,  obs.  forms  of  RATTLE. 

Ra-ttinet.  ?  Obs.  [f.  F.  ratine  RATTEEN  +  -ET.] 
A  woollen  stuff,  somewhat  thinner  and  lighter  than 
ratteen.  1832  in  WEBSTER. 

Ratting  (ra.-tirj),  vbl.  sb.     [f.  RAT  vl  +  -ING  ] .] 

1.  Desertion  of  one's  party  or  principles.     Also 
with  over. 

1816  Edin.  Rei.'.  XXVI.  435  A  minister  of  state  suddenly 
changed  sides  ..and  the  ratting  ..became  general.  1827 
CAKLYLE  in  Froude  Life  (1882)  I.  426  He  characterises  the 
papers  as  a  splendid  instance  of  literary  ratting.  1839 
Times  10  Apr.,  A  general  ratting  over  of  the  Cabinet. 

attrib.  1818  MOORE  J'ltdgc  j-ain.  in  Paris  vi.  105  This 
serves  to  nurse  the  ratting  spirit ;  The  less  the  bribe,  the 
more  the  merit. 

2.  The  catching  or  killing  of  rats. 

1828  Sporting  Mag.  XXI.  399  Ratting,  or  any  other  school 
boy's  mischief.  1881  G.  ALLEN  Evolul.  at  Large  xix,  The 
most  tempting  solicitations  to  ratting  and  rabbiting. 

attrib.  1832  Boston  Herald  22  May  3/3  Committed  for., 
maliciously  stabbing,  .with  a  ratting  spear. 

Ratting-crook :  see  RATTEN-CROOK. 
Rattish  (rse-tij),  a.     [f.  RAT  rf.i  +  -ISH  L] 

1.  Belonging  to,  icaembling  (that  of)  a  rat;  in 
fested  by  rats. 

1690  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  257 1/4  A  brown  bay  Gelding . .  with . . 
a  Rattish  Tayl.  1822  W.  IRVING  in  Lije  f,  Lett.  (1864)  II. 
90  A  huge  old  mansion,  that  . .  is  now  rather  ratlish.  1899 
E.  PHILLI'OTTS  Human.  Boy  123  His  thin  white  face  had 
a  rattish  look  sometimes. 

2.  Characteristic  of  a  political  '  rat '. 

1840  Fraser's  Mag.  XXII.  636  Trimming,  no  doubt,  and 
rattish  thy  career. 

Rattle  (rart'l),  s&.l  Also  6  rattell  (Sc.  -ill), 
ratell,  -ille,  6-7  ratle,  7  rat(t)el.  [f.  RATTLE  v. 
Cf.  (in  senses  1-3)  Du.  and  LG.  ratel,  G.  rassel.} 
I.  1.  An  instrument  used  to  make  a  rattling 
noise,  as  :  a.  A  case  of  some  hard  material  contain 
ing  small  bodies  which  rattle  when  the  instrument  is 
shaken.  (Chiefly  used  as  a  child's  toy.)  b.  An 
instrument  having  a  vibrating  tongue  fixed  in  a 
frame,  which  slips  over  the  teeth  of  a  ratchet-wheel 
with  a  loud  noise  when  the  instrument  is  whirled 
round.  (Formerly  used  by  watchmen  and  others 
to  give  an  alarm.) 


BATTLE. 

1519  HORMAN  Vulg.  147,  I  wyll  bye  a  rattcll  to  styll  my 
baby  for  cryenge.  1348  PATTEN  E.iped.  Scotl.  K  viij,  Great 
rattels . .  coouerc-d  with  old  parchement  or  dooble  papers, 
small  stones  put  in  them  to  make  noys,  and  set  vpon  the 
cnde  of  a  staff.  1613  PL-RCHAS  Pilgrimage  VIII.  vl.  (1614) 
764  All  of  them  with  Rattles  in  their  hands  making  a 
great  noise.  1711  STEELE  Sped.  No.  258  r  4  An  Entertain 
ment  very  little  above  the  Rattles  of  Children.  1791  WOL- 
COTT  (P.  Pindar)  Academic  Ode  Wks.  1812  II.  509  That 
instrument  the  Rattle,  That  draws  the  hobbling  brother 
hood  to  battle.  1866  MRS.  H.  WOOD  St.  Martins  Em  xiv, 
His  next  movement  was  to  . .  swing  the  watch  round  and 
round  after  the  manner  of  a  rattle. 

transf.zn&Jig.  1622  MABBEtr.  Alemaris  Guzman  a  Alf. 
II.  18,  1  had  . .  put  into  his  head  nothing  but  Hawkes-bells 
and  Rattles:  All  that  he  tooke  delight  in  were  merry  tales, 
idle  jests,  and  the  like  vanities.  1665  GLANVILL  Scepsis 
xxvii.  166  Opinions  are  the  Rattles  of  immature  intellects. 
1758  H.  WALI'OLE  Lelt.  to  Mann  9  Sept.  (1846)  III.  388 
A  man  at  whom,  in  former  days,  I  believe,  Mr.  Pitt  has 
laughed  for  loving  such  rattles  as  drums  and  trumpets. 
t  C.  A  dice-box.  Obs. 

1x1732  GAY  Fables  u.  xii.  39  When  you  the  pilf'ring  rattle 
shake,  Is  not  your  honour  too  at  stake?  1796  in  Grose  f 
Diet.  Vutg.  Tongue  (ed.  3). 

2.  a.  A  set  of  horny,  loosely-connected  rings 
forming  the  termination  of  the  tail  in  the  rattle 
snake,  by  shaking  which,  it  produces  a  rattling 
noise.  Also  //. 

1624  CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia.  H.  30  Those  Rattels  ..  they 
take  from  the  taile  of  a  snake,  a  1704  T.  BROWNE  Martial 
in.  xliv.  151  Not  snake  in  tail  that  carries  rattle.  1774 


172 


GOLDSM.  .Vat.  Hist.  (1776)  VII.  211  A  rattle-snake,  .reared 
up,  bit  his  hand,  and  shook  his  rattles.  1860  O.  W.  HOLMES 
Elsie  V.  xiii.  (1891)  190  The  long,^  loud,  stinging  whirr,  as 
the  huge,  .reptile  shook  his  many-jointed  rattle. 
fb.  //.  Wattles.  Obs.  rare-". 

1611  COTGR.,  La  barbe  d'vn  coq^  a  Cockes  rattles,  or 
waddles. 

3.  Applied  to  certain  plants  having  seeds  which 
rattle  in  their  cases  when  ripe  :  a.  Yellow  rattle, 
Rhinanthus  Crista-galli  =  COCK'S-COMB  5  a.  b. 
Ked  rattle,  Pediculai-is  sylvatica  =  LOUSE-WORT. 

So  Du.  ratels,  G.  rasscl.  OE.  hrattle  (glossing  L.  bit- 
l-onica,  Wr.-Wulcker  296/2)  and  krztekuyrt  (gl.  hiero- 
botanwn  301/3)  have  been  compared  ',  but  the  late  appear 
ance  of  the  stem  of  rattle  in  Eng.  and  the  cognate  languages 
makes  it  probable  that  the  resemblance  is  quite  fortuitous. 

1578  LYTE  Dodoens  IV.  Ivi.  516  Yellow  Rattel.  i6n 
COTGH.,  Cres'.e  ait  coq,  ou,  de  cog,  the  hearbe  coxcombe, 
Penie-grasse,  yellow  and  white  Rattle.  1677  PLOT  Oxfonlsh. 
255  Rattles  they  hand-weed  as  soon  as  in  flower.  1748 
SIR  J.  HiLL.5r/?.  llerbalizi  We  confusedly  call  two  genera 
in  English  by  the  name  of  rattle,  distinguishing  them  only  by 
epithets  taken  from  the  colour  of  the  flower  into  red  and 
yellow  rattle.  1854  S.  THOMSON  Wild  P'l.  III.  (ed.  4)  209 
We  must  not  overlook  the  yellow  rattle. .,  for  ere  long  its 
seeds  will  be  rattling  in  its  seed-vessel.  1880  JEFFERIES 
HaJgeftM.  II.  281 'Rattles' and  similar  plants  destructive 
to  the  hay  crop. 

II.  4.  A  rapid  succession  of  short  sharp  sounds, 
caused  by  the  concussion  of  hard  bodies. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxvii.  74  His  harnass  brak  and 
maid  ane  brattill,  The  sowtaris  horss  scart  with  the  rattill. 
1695  PRIOR  Ballaii on  i\'amnr  102  The  rattle  Of  those  con 
founded  drums.  1790  BURNS  Ep.  to  R.  Graham  xii,  As 
Highland  crags  by  thunder  cleft.. Hurl  down  with  crash 
ing  rattle,  a  1806  HORSLEY  Scriu.  xxiii.  II.  245  The  sharp 
rattle  of  the  whirling  phaeton,  and  the  graver  rumble 
of  the  loaded  waggon.  1823  J.  BADCOCK  Dom.  Amitsem. 
32  The  bottom  one  . .  makes  a  ratlle  when  hit  with  the 
knuckle.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  vii.  48  Sent  bounding  down 
the  slope  with  peal  and  rattle. 

b.  transf.  Racket,  uproar,  noisy  gaiety,  stir. 
1691  T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  Nnu  Invent,  p.  xxxiii,  The  great  Con- 

troversie  about  Easter,  that  heretofore  put  all  the  World  in 
a  rattle,  a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crc-M  s.v.  Bustle,  What 
a  Bustle  you  make  !  What  a  Hurry  or  Rattle  you  Cause  ! 
1742  YOUNG  AV.  Th.  v.  639  Think  you  the  soul,  when  this 
life's  rattles  cease,  Has  nothing  of  more  manly  to  succeed? 
I75°  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  74  P  10  She  cannot  bear  a 
place  without  some  cheerfulness  and  rattle.  1874  KINGSLEY 
Lett.  (1878)  II.  424  New  York  was  a  great  rattle,  dining 
and  speechifying  and  being  received, 

c.  A  rattling  sound  in  the  throat,  caused  by 
partial  obstruction :  see  RALE,  and  death-rattle  s.v. 
DEATH  19.     Also  in//,  (spec,  as  a  popular  name 
for  croup). 

1752  BERKELEY  Th,  Tar-nater  Wks.  III.  505  Persons 
have  been  recovered  by  tar-water  after  they  had  rattles  in 
the  throat.  1820  EARL  DUDLEY  Lett.  3  Apr.  (1840)  244  The 
monarch  is  always  immortal  till  the  rattles  are  in  his  throat. 
1848  LYTTON  Harold  v.  v,  Godwin . .  tried  to  speak,  but  his 
voice  died  in  a  convulsive  rattle.  1898  Allbutt's  Syst. 
Med.  V.  142  The  large  coarse  toneless  rattles  produced  by 
mucus  and  air  in  the  trachea  and  larger  bronchi. 

d.  A  '  rattling '  breeze. 

1896  Daily  Neat's  10  July  3/6  They  came  rushing  along 
in  a  fine  rattle  of  wind. 

5.  a.  Sc.  and  north.     A  rattling  blow  or  shock. 
1632  LITHGOW  Tt-a-'.  i.  33  The  woman  gaue  the  Frier  such 

a  rattle  in  the  face.  Ibid,  w.  154  Then  hoysing  him  yp. ., 
they  let  the  rope  flee  loose,  whence  downe  he  falles,  with  a 
rattle.  1806  BLACK  Falls  of  Clyde  200  I'd  gi'e  'm  a  rattle, 
I'd  break  his  collar-bane  wi'  a  plough  pattle. 

f  b.  A  sharp  reproof.  Obs. 

c  1650  HEVLIN  Laud  (1668)  257  Receiving  such  a  rattle  for 
his  former  Contempt  of  the  Bishop  of  London.  1679  Hist. 
Jetzer  17  At  their  return  he  gave  them  a  round  rattle,  and 
spared  none  of  his  course  Eloquence  to  tell  them  their  own. 
1711  Brit.  Apollo  IV.  No.  3.  1/2  My  Wife  has  given  me 
such  a  Rattle,  that  another  Peal  will  rattle  all  my  Brains 
out  of  my  Head, 

6.  a.  A  noisy  flow  of  words. 

1627  HAKEWILL  Afol.  (J.),  All  this  ado  about  the  golden 


letter  contain. 

b.  \Vithout  article  :  Lively  talk  or  chatter  of  a 
trivial  kind. 

1780  MAD.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  May  (1842)  I.  374  And  gay 
enough  we  were,  for  the  careless  rattle  of  Captain  Bourchier 
[etc.].  1813  J.  ADAMS  Wks.  (1856)  X.  86  If  I  am  not  weary 
of  writing,  I  am  sure  you  must  be  of  reading  such  inco 
herent  rattle.  1890  F.  W.  ROBINSON  Very  Strange  Fain. 
112  One  is  not  called  upon  to  repeat  all  the  rattle  and  tattle 
that  one  hears. 

7.  A  constant  chatterer ;  one  who  talks  incessantly 
in  a  lively  or  thoughtless  fashion. 

1744  ELIZA  HEYWOOD  Female  Sped.  No.  4  (1748)  I.  167 
Neither  this  old  rattle.. nor  many  others  who  act  in  the 
same  manner,  ever  did  a  real  hurt  to  any  one.  1809  MALKIN 
Gil  Bias  x.  x.  p  43,  I  paid  so  little  attention  to  the  talk 
of  this  rattle.  1859  JEPHSON  Brittany  ix.  147  My  com 
panion  turned  out  to  be  a  lively  amusing  rattle. 

8.  U.S.  Used  as  a  mild  expletive. 

1790  R.  TYLER  Contrast  v.  i.  (1887)  88  But  what  the  rattle 
makes  you  look  so  tarnation  glum? 

f  9.  Slang.  A  coach.   =  RATTLEB  2  b.  Obs. 

1785  in  GROSE  Diet.  Vitlg.  Tongue. 

1O.  atlrib.  and  Comb.,  (in  some  cases  perh.  the 
verbal  stem)  as  rattle-baby,  a  rattling  doll,^.  a 
young  child ;  rattle-barrel,  a  tumbling  box  for 
castings,  to  remove  sand,  etc.  (Knight  Diet.  Mech. 
1875)  ;  rattle-bladder,  a  bladder  containing  peas, 
pebbles,  or  the  like,  used  as  a  rattle  (in  quot.^'.) ; 
rattle-bones  =  BONE  sb.  5  b//. ;  rattle-box,  (a)  a 
rattle  in  the  form  of  a  box  or  case ;  (b}  =  RATTLE  3 ; 
(c)  a  species  of  rattlewort  (Crotalaria.  sagittalis] ; 
rattle-broom,  a  species  of  rattlewort  (see  quot.) ; 
rattle-bush,  a  West  Indian  plant  (Crotalaria  in- 
catta) ;  rattle-clap,  a  rattle;  rattle-gourd,  a  primi 
tive  musical  instrument  (cf.  rattle-box  quot.  1884)  ; 
rattle-grass  =  RATTLE  3  ;  rattle-jack,  (a)  shaly 
coal;  (If)  —  RATTLE  3a;  f  rattle  -man,  a  watch 
man  provided  with  a  rattle;  f  rattle-noddled  a. 
=  RATTLE-HEADED  a. ;  rattle-note,  a  rattling  note ; 
rattle-skull  dial.  =  RATTLE-HEAD  ;  hence  rattle- 
skulled  adj. ;  f  rattle-watch,  (see  quot.  for  rattle- 
man')  ;  rattle-weed,  (a}  U.S.,  loco-weed,  Loco  2  ; 
(b)  dial.  Bladder  Campion  (H'Utsk.  Gloss.  1893); 
rattle-wiug(s,  the  Golden-eyed  Duck,  Clangula 
glaucia;  rattle-wort,  the  genus  Crotalaria  (Treas. 
Bot.  i866\  Also  RATTLE-BAG, -BRAIN,  -HEAD,  etc. 
1601  2>ui  Ft.  Return  Parnass.  I.  ii.  155  What  new  paper 
hobby  horses,  what  *rattle  babies  are  come  out  in  your  late 
Maj 
\Vk> 

A  re  __ 

Our  consciences,  now  quite  vnclogd  from  the  fear  of  his 
vaine  terriculaments  and  'rattelbladders.  1809  W.  IRVING 
Knickcrb.  (1861)  131  A  full  band  of  boys.. performing  on 
the  popular  instruments  of  'rattle-bones  and  clam-shells. 

•          r. I >„       &„„...  ,tt    t.Q~.\     TV       -irtrt     TKpl-1. 


laria,  or  'Rattle-broom.  1750  HUGHES  Barbados  212  The 
inclosed  Peas,  when  ripe,  make  a  Rattling  Noise  when 
shaken  by  the  Wind.  From  hence  they  derive  the  Name  of 
'Rattle-Bush,  or  Shake-Shake.  1879  BARON  EGGERS  Flora 
St.  Croix  41  Lcguminosx.  .Rattle-bush.  1860  PIESSE^U/'. 
Chew.  Wonders  p.  viii,  He  may  have  been  only  a  scarecrow 
or  *rattle-clap.  1791  W.  BARTRAM  Carolina  505  The  tam 
bour,  'rattle-gourd,  and  a  kind  of  flute.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens 
iv.  Ivi.  515  'Rattel  grasse . .  beareth  redde  flowers,  and  leaues 
finely  lagged  or  snipt.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Stiff.  App., 


an  American  name  for  Crotalaria.     1884    F.  CARPENTER 


RATTLE. 

Rattle  (rart'l),  z».l  Forms:  4  ratellen,  ratil-, 
ratyl,(5-ylle),4-5ratel(en),4-8ratl-,(7ratle); 
5  rattyll(e,  6  rattell,  -il,  Sc.  -ill,  6-  rattle.  [ME. 
ratelen  =  (M)Du.,  LG.  ratelen,  G.  rasselti,  prob.  of 
echoic  origin  :  cf.  Gr.  Kpora\ov  a  clapper,  xporiiv  to 
rattle,  xpuros  rattling  noise. 

On  OE.  hratele,  hrxtel,  see  note  to  RATTLE  sli.1  3.] 

1.  iutr.    1.  Of  things  :    To   give  out   a   rapid 
succession  of  short  sharp  sounds,  usually  in  con 
sequence  of  rapid  agitation  and  of  striking  against 
each  other  or  against  some  hard  dry  body. 

c  1330  Arth.  tf  Merl.  7848  (Kolbing)  pair  gilt  pensel  wil> 
be  winde  Mirie  railed  of  cendel  Ynde.  a  1400  Pol.  Rel.  fr 
L.  Poems  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  250/6  pin  telh  ratilet,  And  bin  bond 
quaket.  CI470&W.  ffGaw.  691  Ryngis  of  rank  steillrattillit. 
1508  DUNBAR  Flyting  180  Thy  rigbane  raltilis,  and  thy 
nbbison  raw.  1533  COVERDALE  Jer.  xlviii.  12  Hir  tankerdes 
rattell,  and  shake  to  and  fro.  1697  DRYUEN  Virg.  Georg. 
m.  342  The  Forrest  rattles,  and  the  Rocks  rebound.  1782 
COWPER  J.  Gilpin  43  The  stones  did  rattle  underneath. 
a  1839  PRAED  Poems  (1864)  II.  399  The  canvas  rattled  on  ihe 
mast.  1861  Miss  PRATT  Flower.  PI.  III.  68  Its  dead  stalks 
rattle  in  the  wind. 

transf.  1682  DKYDEN  Abs.  ft  Achit.  II.  420  He  .  .  faggoted 
his  notions  as  they  fell,  And,  if  they  rhymed  and  rattled,  all 
was  well. 

b.  Of  sounds  having  this  character. 

1587  FLEMING  O«/«.  /A>Aiu/ia/  III.  1288/1  The  acclama 
tions  and  cries  of  the  people  .  .  railed  so  lowd.  1697  DRYDKN 
v'irg.  Georg.  ill.  408  Rowling  Thunder  raltl'd  o'er  his  Head. 
1719  DE  For.  Crusoe  n.  iv,  The  echoes  rattling  from  one 
side  to  another.  1801  Sled.  Jrnl.  V.  491  Her  respiration 
rattling  like  that  of  an  apoplectic  person.  1830  LYTTON 
P.  Clifford  i,  Her  voice..  tattled  indistinclly,  and  almost 
died  within  her.  1865  KINGSLEY  Here-w.  xiii,  With  a  blow 
which  rattled  over  the  fen. 

c.  Of  places  :  To  resound,  be  filled,  with  a  noise 
of  this  kind. 

1622  J.  REYNOLDS  God's  Revenge  n,  ix.  (1635)  163  The 
City,  .rattleth  and  resoundeth  of  ihis  cruell  and  unnaturall 
Murther.  Ibid.  III.  xii.  227  Millan  ratleth  with  the  newes 
of  Baretano's  bloody  and  vntimely  end.  1855  KINGSLEY 
Heroes,  Theseus  n.  165  When  he  saw  Theseus  he  rose,  and 
laughed  till  the  glens  rattled. 

d.  Of  an   agent  :   To  produce  a  succession  of 
sharp  sounds  by  striking  or  knocking  on  some 
thing,  or  by  causing  hard  bodies  to  strike  against 
each  other. 

1676  HoBBES///W(i677)  135  Then  came  his  father  rattling 
at  his  door.  1715  ADDISON  Drummer  i.  i,  He  railed  so 
loud  under  the  tiles.  1726-46  THOMSON  Winter  93  The 
storm  that  blows  Without,  and  rattles  on  his  humble  roof. 
1781  CowriiR  Hope  77  Till  half  the  world  comes  rattling  at 
his  door.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  TmftC.xri.  148  She 
rattled  away  with  her  needles. 

e.  transf.  in  Shoe-making:  (see  quot.). 

1840  J.  DEVLIN  Shoemaker  I.  51  So  that  the  stitches  .  .  may 
rattle,  as  it  is  called,  or  distinctly  shew  themselves  to  the 
eye  of  the  spectator. 

2.  To  produce  an  involuntary  sound  of  this  kind, 
esp.  in  the  throat  ;  f  to  stutter. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  v.  xxi.  (Bodl.  MS.)  ii  b, 
Superfluyte  of  moisture  is  cause  whiche  somme  men  ratele)-, 
(>at  mowe  not  soune  alle  letteres.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  300/2 
Ratylle,  travlarc.  1589  W.  RIDER  Biblioth.  Schol.  s.v.,  He 
that  rattleth  in  the  throate  or  cannot  scarce  vtter  his  words, 
iraulus.  1619  R.  BEST  Treat.  Hamkes  (1890)  86  Vpon  any 
bate  she  [the  hawk]  wil  heaue  and  blow,  and  rattle  in  the 


let,  a  plant, . .  in  some  parts  caneu  COCK  s-comu,  aim  j  titw  « 

ittle.  1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  200  Rattle-Jack, 
_arbonaceous  shale.  1885  Daily  Tel.  21  Jan.  3/3  To  burn 
in  the  fireplace  some  coke  or  rattlejacks.  1689  in  Ann. 
Albany  (1850)  II.  no  Zacharias  Sichells,  'ratel  man  de- 
syres  he  may  have  payment,  .due  to  him  for  his  service  as 
ratel  watch.  1661  K.  W.  Con/.  Charnct.,  !n/or»:er(iS6o)4j 
Hees  a.."rattlenodled,  large-lugg'd  eagle-ey'd  hircocervus. 
1851  G.  MEREDITH  Love  in  the  Valley  v,  His  'rattle-note 
unvaried,,  .spins  the  brown  eve-jar.  1725  RAMSAY  Gentle 
Sheph.  i.  ii,  How  can  ye  loe  that  'rattle-skull?  1788 
SiitKREts  Poems  (1790)  86  Some  ratlle-scull ..  like  Geordy 
Will.  1887  S.  Clush.  Gloss.,  Rattle-skull,  a  talkative 
person  ;  a  chatter-box.  1805  SCOTT  Let.  to  Miss  Stivard  in 
Loci-hart,  A  'rattle-skulled  half  lawyer,  half  sportsman. 
1883  Harper's  Mag.  Mar.  503/1  The  loco,  or  "rattle-weed, 
met  with  also  in  California,  drives  them  raving  crazy.  1843 
YARRELL  Brit.  Birds  III.  274  The  boat-shopters  [near  Yar 
mouth].. are  well  acquainted  with  the  Golden  Eye,  or 
•Rattle-wings,  as  they  call  it. 

t  Rattle,  i*.2  Obs.  rare-*.  A  kind  of  fishing- 
net.  Also  rattle-net. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.,  Wolf-net,  a  kind  of  net  used 
in  fishing.. in  rivers  and  ponds,,  .of  the  nature  of  the  rattle, 
excepting  only  the  wanting  the  four  Wings.  Ibid.  App., 
Rattle-net. 

t  Battle,  a.  Obs.-1  [App.  f.  RATTLE  sb.1  or 
z;.l,  but  possibly  an  error  for  racle  RACKLE  a.] 
Rattling  (in  speech"),  voluble. 

1541  HYRDE  tr.  Vines'  Instr.  Chr.  Worn.  n.  v.  87  b,  The 
cause  why  many  women  be  ratle  of  tonge,  is  bycause  they 
can  nat  rule  their  mindes. 


throat.  1721  BAILEY,  To  Rattle  in  the  Sheath  [spoken  of 
a  Horse]  is  when  he  makes  a  Noise  in  the  skinny  Part  of 
his  Yard.  I7S3  N.  TORRIANO  Ganer.  Sore  Throat  5  Her 
Voice  was  much  interrupted,  and  she  rattled  .  .  in  her 
Breath,  a  1776  R.  JAMES  Dissert.  Ftvert  (1778)  23  At  this 
time  he  rattled  in  the  throat. 

fb.  Of  a  goat:  (see  quot.  1678).  Obs. 
1575  TL-KBERV.  Vtnerie  238  A  Rowe  belleth  :  aGote  rattleth. 
1678  PHILLIPS  (ed.  4*.  To  Ratle,  in  Hunting,  a  Goat  is  said 
when  she  cries  or  makes  a  noise,  through  desire  of  copula 
tion.  1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  n.  134/1  A  Goat  Rattleth, 
or  Rotteleth.  [a  1700  in  Diet.  Cant.  Crew.  1721  in 
BAILEY  ] 

3.  To  talk  rapidly  in  a  thoughtless,  noisy,  or  lively 
manner  ;  to  chatter.     Also,  to  scold  at  (f  rail  on) 
in  this  manner. 

1594  NASHE  Uufort.  Trav.  Wks.  (Grosart)  V.  33  To  the 
Enemie  he  went  and  offered  hisseruice,  ratling  egregiously 
on  the  king.  1713  J.  CHAPPELOW  Rt.  way  to^get  Rich  (1717) 
163  They  shall  not  then  roar  and  rattle  in  the  taverns. 
1806-7  J.  BEKESFORU  Miseries  Hum.  Life  (1826)  xii.  Concl. 
313  The  frothiest  coxcomb  that  ever  rattled  in  a  ball-room. 
1885  G.  MEREDITH  Diana  xii,  I  rattled  at  her  :  and  oh  !  dear 
me,  she.,  defies  me  to  prove.  1889  Boy's  Own  Paper  17 
Aug.  730/2  How  we  chattered  and  rallied,  and  bandied  the 
stalest  chaff. 

rcdupl.  1885  G.  MEREDITH  Diana  xiv,  Because  a  woman 
.  .  would  rattle-rattle,  as  if  the  laughter  of  the  company 
were  her  due. 

b.  So  with  advbs.,  as  on,  away,  along. 

1773  GOLDSM.  Stoops  to  Conqurrn.  i,  A  resolution  to  break 
the  Ice,  and  rattle  away  at  any  rate.  1782  MAD.  D'ARBLAY 
Diary  4  Nov.,  Dr.  Johnson.  .went  rattling  on  in  a  humorous 
sort  of  comparison  he  was  drawing  of  himself.  1838  LYTTON 
Alice  v.  v,  I  raltle  on  thus  to  keep  up  your  spirits.  Ibid. 
vl.  iv,  Vargrave  thus  rattled  away  in  order  to  give  the  good 
banker  to  understand  [etc.].  1887  HALL  CAINE  Son  oj 
Hagar  n.  xi,  Paul  Ritson  rallied  along  with  cheerful  talk. 
•)•  C.  To  rattle  it  out,  to  declaim  vigorously. 

1709  SWIFT  Adyanccm.  Relig.  Wks.  1755  II.  i.  118  He 
rattles  it  out  against  popery  and  arbitrary  power. 

4.  To  move,  fall,  etc.  rapidly  and  with  a  rattling 
noise.     Usually  with  advbs.  as  along,  by,  in,  out, 
or  prep,  phrases,    t  Also  with  *'• 


BATTLE. 

1555  [see  RATTLING  vbl.  sb].  ci6io  COOKE  Greens  Tit 
notjHe  C  iv,  In  silkes  I'l  rattle  it  of  every  colour.  1697 
JRVDEN  Virg.  Gcorg.  I.  161  Huge  Torrents  ..  ratling  down 


.  . 

the  Rocks,  large  moisture  yield.  1750  GRAY  Long  Story  fa 
Upstairs  in  a  whirlwind  rattle.  1795-7  SOUTHEY  W&but  iii, 
Fast  o'er  the  heath  a  chariot  rattled  by  her.  1816  BYKON 

' 


Ch.  }{ar.  in.  xxii,  The  car  rattling  o'er  the  stony  street. 
1830  LYTTON  P.  Clifford  i,  A  violent  gush  of  wind  .  .  rattling 
along  the  housetops.  1871  L.  STEI-HEX  Flaygr,  Eur.  (1894) 
vii.  159  A  violent  hailstorm  rattled  down. 

b.  To  drive  in  a  rapid  rattling  fashion. 

1838  STEPHEN  Trav.  Greece  32/1  The  pope  and  his  car- 
dinals,  with  their  gaudy  equipages  and  multitudes  of  foot 
men  rattling  to  the  Vatican.  1840  THACKERAY  Cat/urine'iv, 
All.  .entered  the  coach,  and  rattled  off.  1874  LADY  BARKER 
Station  Life  N.  Zealand  \\\.  20  We  were  soon  rattling  along 
the  Sunnier  Road  by  the  sea-shore. 

C.  dial,  and  slang.  To  make  haste,  to  hurry  off, 
to  work  briskly. 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew^  To  Rattle^  to  move  off,  or 
he  gone,  1821  CLAKE  l''ill.  filinstr.  I.  33  Milkmaids  and 
clowns,  .rattle  off,  like  hogs  to  London  mart.  1877  Holder- 
ness  Gloss.,  Rattle-away,  to  hasten  along;  to  go  quickly. 
1883  GKESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  200  Rattle,  to  work 
(drive  into  or  sink  through)  with  great  vigour  and  energy. 
II.  f  raits.  5.  To  make  (a  thing  or  things)  ratllc. 

1560  DA  us  tr.  Sleidams  Coinin,  232  b,  Whan  a  man  doeth 
rattle  or  shake  together  a  nomber  of  dead  me  us  bones.  1593 
G.  HARVEY  i\'cw  Lett.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  283  Yet  I  may 
chaunce  rattle  him,  like  a  baby  of  pachment.  1785  BURNS 
Jolly  Beggars  Air  ii,  To  rattle  the  thundering  drum 
was  his  trade.  1828  CAKLYLE  Misc.  (1857)  I.  81  To  rattle 
his  chains  by  way  of  lullaby.  1881  RITA  My  Lady  Coquette 
i,  She  begins  with  nervous  haste  to  rattle  the  teacups  and 
arrange  the  plates. 

tb.  To  assail  with  a  rattling  noise.  rare~l. 

1595  SHAKS.  John  v.  ii.  172  Sound  but  another  [drum]  and 
another  shall  (As  lowd  as  thine),  rattle  the  Welkins  eare. 
C.  To  drive  away  or  out  with  rattling,  rare. 

1622  BACON  Henry  VII  31  Hee  should  bee  well  enough 
able  to..  rattle  away  this  Swarme  of  Bees,  with  their  King. 
1711  Brit.  Apollo  IV.  No.  3.  1/2  Another  Peal  will  rattle 
all  my  Brains  out  of  my  Head. 

6.  To  say  or  utter  in  a  rapid  or  lively  manner. 
Also  with  off,  out  advbs.,  on  prep, 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  1,1880)  274  perfore  J>ei  ratellen  bat  it  is 
asenst  charite  to  tellen  opynly  here  cursed  disceitis  &  synnes. 
1401  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  64  Thou  ratelist  many  thinges, 
bot  grounds  hast  thou  non.  1553  T.  WILSON  R/tet,  (1580) 
223  An  other  rattles  his  woordes.  1685  COTTON  tr.  Mon 
taigne  (1877)  I.  75  It  amuses  me  to  rattle  in  their  ears  this 
word.  1785  BURNS  Death  $  Dr.  Hornbook  xx,  Their  Latin 
names  as  fast  he  rattles  As  A  B  C.  1808  SOUTHEY  Let. 
20  May,  Rhyme  must  be  rattled  upon  rhyme,  till  the  reader 
is  half  dizzy  with  the  thundering  echo.  1858  LYTTON  What 
will  He  do  ii.  xi,  Lionel  rattled  out  gay  anecdotes  of  his 
schooldays.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOU  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891) 
321  In  his  revulsion  of  feeling  [he]  rattled  off  these 
greetings. 

tb.  To  give  out  (a  rattling  sound).  w*~l. 

1582  STANYHURST  Mneis  ".  (Arb.)  53  Thee  towns  men 
roared,  thee  trump  taratantara  ratted. 

c.  To  play  (music)  in  a  rattling  fashion.    Also 
with  away,  off. 

1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  xlviii,  Sitting  down  to  the 
piano,  she  rattled  away  a  triumphant  voluntary  on  the  keys. 
1832  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tarn's  C.  xvi.  149  He  sat  down 
to  the  piano,  and  rattled  a  lively  piece  of  music.  1852 
DICKENS  Bleak  Ho.  II.  vii.  101  [She]  sat  down  at  a  little 
jingling  square  piano,  and  really  rattled  off  a  quadrille. 

t  7.  To  scold,  rate,  or  rail  at,  volubly.   Obs. 

Common  c  1580-1730  ;  in  earliest  examples  with  w/(seeb). 

1577  HAXMER  Anc.  EccL  Hist.  (1619)  373  For  which 
doctrine,  .yet  was  he  railed  of  Sisimus  the  Novatian  bishop. 
1600  ABBOT  E.vf.  Jonakffi  He  so  rebuketh  Jonas,  and  ratleth 
him  for  his  drowsinesse.  1667  PEPYS  Diary  9  Aug.,  I  did 
soundly  rattle  him  for  neglecting  her  so  much  as  he  has 
done.  1710  S.  PALMER  Proverbs  70  A  man's  own  friends 
will..  reprove,  catechise,  and  rattle  him  at  so  severe  a  rate. 
1736  [CHETWOOD]  Voy.  Vaughan  (1760)  I.  132  My  Uncle 
perceiving  his  Behaviour,  rattled  him,  in  his  merry  Way. 
t  b.  So  with  up  or  off.  Obs. 

1547  LATiMEuin  Foxe.-L  4-  J/.  (1563)  1349/2  Peraduenture 
ye  wyll  set  penne  to  paper,  and  al  to  rattle  me  vp  in  a  letter. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Slfwau't  Comtn.  202  b,  The  diuines  of 
Collon  assailed  Bucer  sore,  and  rattled  hym  vp  with  manye 
opprobrious  wordes.  c  1650  HEYLIN  Laud  (1668)  263  The 
King  so  rattled  up  the  Bishop,  that  he  was  glad  to  make  his 
peace.  1709  HEARSE  Collect.  4  Apr.  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  182  He 
..rattled  him  off  for  Printing  the  Book.  1712  AKBUTHNOT 
John  Bull  in.  viii,  She,  that  would  sometime  rattle  off  her 
servants  pretty  sharply. 

t  C.   With  complement.   Obs. 

1624  MASSIN-GER  Parl.  Love  n.  ii,  .SYr.  Madam,  I  rattled 
him,  Rattled  him  home.  Le.  Rattle  him  hence,  you  rascal. 
1669  PEPYS  Diary  25  Mar.,  I  did  lay  the  law  open  to  them, 
and  rattle  the  master-attendants  out  of  their  wits  almost. 
1722  DE  FOE  Relig.  CouHsk.  i.  iii.  (1840)  89,  1  believe 
I  rattled  her  out  of  it  when  I  came  away. 

8.  To  stir  tip,  rouse  ;  to  make  lively. 

1781  D.  WILLIAMS  tr.  Voltaire's  Dram,  ll'ks.  II.  119 
Come,  let  us  away,  to  hasten  his  scrawling  redundancies, 
and  rattle  the  old,  plump  gentleman.  1879  M'CARTHY  Owtt 
Times  I.  xvi.  397  A  timely  philippic  rattling  up  an  exhausted 
and  disappointed  House. 

b.  Sporting.  To  beat  up  or  chase  vigorously. 

1829  Sporting  Mag.  XXIII.  303  A  small  covert  close  by 
the  kennel,  being  w*  11  rattled,  the  varmint  broke  away  in 
gallant  style.  1860  WHVTE  MELVILLE  Mk£.  Harb.  88  A  fox 
well  rattled,  up  to  the  first  check,  huntsmen  tell  us,  is  as  good 
as  half  killed.  1878  E.  W.  L,  DAVIES  Mem.  Rev.  J.  Russell 
si.  259  To  rattle  ..  every  stronghold  visited  by  the  foxes. 

9.  To  rattle  away,  to  lose  by  dicing.      To  rattle 
off.  to  dispose  of  in  a  rapid  manner. 

"1808  E.  S.  BARRETT  Miss-led  General  161  Another  con 
siderable  estate,  called  Wheatlands,was  rattled  away  in  one 


173 

night.     1822  Black'M.  Mag.  XII.  47  Currently  rattled  off  at 
the  Edinburgh  hook  auctions. 

10.  To  impel,  drive,  drag,  bring,  etc.,  in  a  rapid 
rattling   manner.     Freq.  in  recent  use,  esp.  with 
advbs.  or  preps. 

1825-8  CHOKER  Fairy  Legends  342  As  bold  A  rider  as 
any  Mallow  boy  that  ever  rattled  a  four-year-old  upon 
Drumrue  race  course.  1840  J.  DEVLIN  Shoemaker  10  The 
sweep  ascends  to  his  task,  rattles  down  the  soot  about  our 
feet.  1867  J.  MACGKRGOK  Voy.  Alone  (1868,1  81  The  anchor 
was  rattled  up  in  a  minute.  1880  MeCARTitY  Own  Times 
III.  184  A  IJill .  .was  rattled,  if  we  may  use  such  an  expres 
sion,  through  both  Houses. 

11.  {/.S.  To  shake  the  system  of  (a  person),  to 
agitate,  frighten,  scare. 

1887  Sci.  Aincr.  12  Feb.  106  Girls  of  good  physique  ..  are 
much  less  liable  to  irritation  and  impatience,  much  less 
liable  to  'get  rattled',  than  those  who  are  weak  and  ill. 
1895  Outing  (U.  S.)  XXVI.  67/2  The  previous  long,  un 
certain  sialk  hnd  rattled  me,  but  things  were  now  all  right. 
1897  W.  D.  HOWKLLS  Landlord  Lion's  Head  212,  '  I  won 
der  if  you'd  really  have  ihe  courage'.  'I  don't  think  I'm 
easily  rattled  '.  '  You  mean  that  I'm  trying  to  rattle  you '. 

Rattle  (r^'t'l),  v?  Naut.  [Back-formation 
from  rattling  RATLIX(E,  taken  as  a  vbl.  sb.]  trans. 
To  furnish  with  ratlines.  Usually  with  down. 

1729  CAKT.  W.  WRK.LKSWORTH  AIS.  Lvg-bk.  of  the  '  Lye  IP 
i  Sept.,  Set  up  the  Shrouds  in  order  for  Rattling,  and 
Rattled  the  Mizon  and  part  of  the  Fore  Shrouds.  1829 
MARRYAT  /''.  flfiftft/tfiyxvn.  The  men  were  ordered  to  rattle 
the  rigging  down.  1840  K.  H.  DANA  Bcf.  Mast  viii.  17 
Everything  was  set  up  taut,  the  lower  rigging  rattled  down, 
or  rather  rattled  up,  (according  to  the  modern  fashion). 

Ra'ttle-bag.     [f.  RATTLE  sl>.i  or  f.i] 

a.  A  rattle  in  the  form  of  a  bag.  Also  transf. 
b.  attrib.  or  as  adj.  Rattling ;  reckless. 

1583  GOLDISG  Calvin  on  Dent.  xxiv.  140  Our  dooings 
which  are  no  better  than  rattlebagges  to  please  babes 
withall,  1728  P.  WALKER  Life  Peden  81  There  comes  the 
Devil's  Rattle-bag,  we  do  not  want  him  here.  1824  SCOTT 
Redgwtntlet)  let.  .\i,  The  Ilishop's  summoner,  that  tliey 
called  The  DeiPs  Rattle-bag.  1886  ELWORTHY  II'.  Sotit. 
\Vord-bk.,  Rattle-Bag^  wild;  harum-scarum  ;  roystering  ; 
spendthrift.  1896  Daily  AVrctf  4  May  5/6  Bicycles  ..  from 
the  days  of  the  old  rattlebag  '  bone-shaker '. 

Ra'ttle-brain.    [f.  RATTLE  sb^-  or  z/.1] 

1.  An  empty-headed  noisy  fellow. 

1709  Rumbling  Fuddle -Cape  8  Beholding  the  Rattle 
brains,  marry  thought  I,  I  have  heard  of  a  ljuppy  put  into 
a  Pye,  1823  DH  QUINCEY  King  of  Hayti  Wks.  1859  XII. 
46  He  had  taken  down  the  conceit  of  the  young  rattle 
brain.  1850  EMERSON  AV/r.  Men,  Shaks.  Wks.  (BohnJ  I. 
352  A  poet  is  no  rattlebrain,  saying  what  conies  uppermost, 

2.  Headlong  noisy  behaviour. 

1838  HAWTHORNE  Amer.  Note-bks.  (1883)  195  There  is 
much  exaggeration  and  rattle-brain  about  this  fellow. 

So  Ra'ttle-brained  a.,  characterized  by  foolish 
noisy  levity  of  chara'clcr  or  conduct. 

1716  ADDISON  Freeholder  No,  9  ?  10  A  story  ..  concern 
ing  a  rattle-brained  young  fellow.  1866  J.  TIMBS  Club  Life 
II.  173  The  Golden  Fleece  Club,  a  rattle-brained  society. 

Rattled  snake :  see  RATTLESNAKE. 

f  Rattle-gold.  Sc.  Obs.-*-  [a.  obs.  Du.  ratel- 
£vwrf(Kil.),f.  rate/en  to  rattle;  cf.  Vfo.klatergoud, 
G.  knitter-^  rauschgoldt  etc.]  Gold-leaf  or  tinsel. 

1508  Accts.  Ld.  High  Treasurer  Scot.  (1902)  IV.  113 
Item,  to  Pieris  the  payntour,  for  glew,  Rattil  gold,  Vameyis, 
..for  the  chappell. 

Ra'ttle-head.   ?  Ofis.    1.  =  RATTLE-BRAIN  i. 

1641  LACD  irks.  (1857)  VI.  163  If  this  world  go  on,  the 
dear  sisters  of  these  rattleheads  will  no  longer  ketp  silence 
in  their  churclit-s  or  conventicles,  a  1670  HACKET  Al'f, 
Williams  i.  (1692)  130  Many  rattle-heads,  as  well  as  they, 
did  bestir  them  to  gain-stand  this  match.  1713  C'TESS 
WINCHELSEA  Misc.  Poems  126  No  Cautions  of  a  Matron, 
old  and  sage,  Young  Rattlehead  to  Prudence  could  engage. 
1788  SIEVLNS  Adi:  Speculist  II.  151  He  was  such  a  rattle- 
head,  so  inconstant  and  so  unthinking,  that  he  affronted  his 
best  friends. 

f2.  spec.  A  Cavalier  (in  contrast  to  a  ROUXD- 
HEAD).  Obs. 

Perh.  orig.  in  the  same  sense  as  prec.,  but  commonly  used 
in  reference  to  the  long  hair  worn  by  the  Cavaliers. 

1641  Dial,  betiv.  Rattle-head  <y  Round-head  §  To  speak 
my  minde  of  Rattleheads,  Roundheads,  Loggerheads,  etc. 
1643  I'KYNNE  (title)  A  Gagge  for  Long  Haired  Rattle  Heads 
who  revile  all  civill  Round  Heads.  1649  Rexbnry  Ch.  Rec, 
in  Coffin  Hist.  Newbury  (1845),  Locks  and  long  haire  (now 
in  England  called  rattle  heads1. 

So  Ba'ttle-headed  a.  =  RATTLE-BRAINED. 

1647  farlt.  Ladies  ^  The  Rattle-headed  Lad  yes  being 
Assembled  at  Kates  in  the  Covent-Garden.  1705  ROWE 
Biter  in.  i,  The*e  Rattle-headed  Young  Fellows  don't 
kiiuw  how  to  value  a  discreet  elderly  Passion.  1864  T. 
NICHOLS  40  Yrs.  Atncr.  Life  II.  xiii.  224  As  lively,  spark 
ling,  amiable,  and  rattle-headed  as  she  knew  how  to  be. 

Ra'ttle-mouse.     [f.  RATTLE  j^.i  or  v*] 

1.  A  bat.   O/'s.  exc.  dial. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  I'ofsie  ii.  xiii.  [\viii.]  (Arb.)  147 
The  tale  of  the  Rattlemouse  who.  .excused  hlnuelra  for 
that  he  was  a  foule  and  flew  with  winces.  1856  Zoologist 
Sen  i.  XIV.  5216  Something  alive  wa,i  brought  to  me.  .with 
the  enquiry  whether  I  wanted  a  '  rattle-mouse '.  I  found 
the  mysterious  stranger  was  a  Serotine  bat. 

t  2.   =  RATEL  i.  Obs. 

Called  Katfl-Mans  by  Kolbe,  though  he  adds  that  the 
Dutch  name  is  simply  Ratel\  his  account  of  the  habits  of 
the  animal  is  very  inaccurate. 

1731  MEDLEY  AV/vV  Cape  G.  Hope  II.  124  There  is 
a  creature  pretty  often  seen  in  the  Cape  colonies,  and 
which  the  people  there  call  a  Rattle- M  on  >e..  .With  its  tail. . 
it  makes  now  and  then  a  rattling  noise,  and  thence  it  is 
called  the  Rattle-motile. 


RATTLESNAKE. 
Ra'ttle-pate.   =  RATTLE-HEAD  i. 

1643  PRYNNK  Gag  Long-haired  Rattle-Heads  L  ij,  All 
Rattle-pates  who  gainst  Round-heads  declaime.  a  1700 
B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew*  Rattle-pate,  a  Hot,  Maggot-paled 
Fellow.  1829  in  KROCKKTT.  1857  KINGSLKY  Two  Y.  Ago 
xi,  Rattle-pate  as  I  am,  I  forgot  all  about  it. 

So  Ra'ttle-pated  =  RATTLE-HEADED. 

1633  PRYNNK  Histrio-tn.  993  The  dissolutenesse  of  our 
lascivious,  impudent,  rattle-pated  gadding  females.  1779 
Sylfh  I.  234  Your  rattle-pated  husband.  1814  Scoi  T  ll'n~'. 
Ixiii,  The  rattle-pated  trick  of  a  young  Cantab.  1865 
COLLINS  Armadale  \\.  xi,  He  is  a  rattle-pated  young  fool. 

Rattler  (nx'tlai).     [f.  RATTLE  v.^  +  -ER  i.] 

1.  fa.  One  who  rattles  out.     tb.  A  stutterer. 
Obs.     c.  =  RATTLE  sbl  7. 

'  M49  PECOCK  Repr.  \.  xvi.  88  He  is  a  greet  and  thikke 

!    rateler  out  of  textis  of  Holi  Scripture.     1483  Catk.  Angl. 

\     300/2   Ratyllu,   trarhts.      1836  T.  HOOK  G.  Gnrney  III.  50 

The   volatile,  gay,  agreeable  rattler  of  other   days.     1879 

G.  MFKKUITH  Egoist  xxxix,  We  have  only  to  sharpen  our 

wits  to  trip  your  seductive  rattler  whenever,  .we  think  proper. 

2.  A  thin^  which  rattles  ;  ta  rattle. 

1594  GREENE  &  I,oix;t:  Looking  Gl.  G.'s  Wks.  (Gro:-art) 

XIV.  35  Her  working-day  words. .be  ratlers  like  thundtr, 

sir.     1648  GAGE   West  Ind.    xxi.    (1655)  202   Ihe   "oise  of 

I  Ms  and   ratlers   to   rouse  up   the   drowsie    Fryers.     1654 

I     GAYTOS  Pleas.  Notes  in.  xi.  146  The  murmurer,  (The  silver 

1     rattler   on   the  gravelly   pal  hi.      1822   SCOTT   Pirafe   viii, 

,     With  slugs  ..  never  gun  shot  closer.  . .  I'.ut  . .  the  old  rattler 

will  never  do  you  the  service  she  has  done  me. 

b.  slatig.  A  (rattling)  coach. 

1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  1'.)  [N.]   If  our  hackney  ratlers 

were  i-o  drawne,  With  cords,  or  ropes,  or  h:ilter>.  .11700 
,  I!.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Rattler,  a  Coach.  1753  Disc. 

"John  Foultcr  (ed.  2)  34  Go  three  or  four  Miles  out  of 
;  '1'own  to  meet  the  Rattlers,  that  is  Coaches.  1819  Sporting 

Mag,  V.   123  The  lads  in  their  rattlers,  heavy  drags,  and 

tumblers.     1825  [see  H. -\CKNEY  sb.  6  cj. 

c.  L'.S,  A  rattlesnake. 

1827  J.  F.  COOE-ER  rrairie  I.  xvii.  249  The  snakes  of  ihe 

prairies  are  harmless,  unless  it  be  now  and  then  an  angered 

rattler.     1884  J.  G.  UOLRKI:  Snake  Dance  Majftis  xiii.  147 

He  waii  holding  in  his  hai.d  the  biggest  snake  in  the  whole 

,     collection,  a  rattltr  not  less  than  live  feet  long. 

3.  a.  A  sharp  or  severe  blow,  fall,  storm,  etc. 

1812  S  farting  Mag.   XL.   66  Receiving   a  rattler    in  the 

neck.     1827  Ibid.  (N.S.J  XXI.  145  He  got  one  rattler  when 

I   was  in  the   country.     1858   ADM.  HORNBY  in  Autobiog. 

1     (1896)  60  In  the  first  watih  we  got  a  rattler,  only  got  the 

i     fore-  and  mizzen-top  sails  in  in  time  to  save  them.     1865 

DICKENS  Mitf.  I-'r.  \.  viii,  I  should  have  given  him  a  rattltr 

for  himself,  if  Mrs,  Boffin  hadn't  thrown  herself  betwixt  us. 

b.  A  remarkably  good  horse. 

1841  LYITON  Night  fy  Morning  n.  \iii,  I  want  a  good 
j  horse.  ..  Now  then,  out  with  your  rattlers.  1860  WHVTK 
j  MKI.VILLK  ^Ikt.  litirb.  127  If  he  can  only  jump.. and  get 
I  pretty  quick  over  his  fences,  he  ought  to  be  a  rauler. 

c.  dial.  An  arrant  lie.    (Cf.  RAITKB  3  a.) 
1829  in  linocKETT.     1847-  in  HALLIWEI.L,  etc. 

4.  techn.  a.  A  hard,  brittle,  jet-like  coal,  usually 
lying  on  the  top  of  seams.     Also//. 

iSai  CURWEN  in  orV/V  Tech.  Re  posit  ory(\^^)  I.  210  Rat  Her, 
which  is  a  mixture  of  coal  and  >chistu>.  //vVz'.,  Kattler  dots 
not  fall,  and  is  very  light  in  comparison  to  its  bulk.  1883 
GRESI.LY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  200. 

b.  A  razor  with  a  very  thin  blade.    Also  attrib. 

1829  in  BRpcKtTT.  1846  HOLTZAFFFKL  Turning  III.  1149 
From  the  vibration  to  which  they  are  liable  when  applied 
to  a  strong  beard,  they  are  called  by  the  Sheffield  cutlers 
rattler  razors. 

Rattlesnake  (rae't'lisn^k).  Also  S  rattled 
snake,  [f.  RATTLE  sb^  or  jy.1  -f  SNAKE.]  A  venom 
ous  American  snake,  having  a  series  of  horny  rings 
at  the  end  of  the  tail  which  make  a  rattling  noise 
when  the  tail  is  vibrated. 

1630 CAPT.  SMITH  fr>frj.(Arb.)955  Some  [talk]  ofthedanger  of 
the  raltt-ll  Snake.  1657  KVKLYN  Diary  19  Sept.,  I  saw  at  Dr. 


to  produce  death  in  two  minutes. 
Jig.     1824  BYRON  Dcf.  Trans/,  i.  n.  290  There's  a  demon 
In  that  fierce  rattlesnake  thy  tongue. 

atlrib.     1885   C.    K.    HOLDER   Marvels  Aniin.  Life  125 
I     Rattlesnake   oil,  which  is   believed   to   possess    wonderful 
j    curative  powers.     1897  Allbntt's  Syst.  Med.   II.  810  The 
poisonous  properties  of  rattlesnake  venom. 

b.  Comb,  in  names  of  American  plants,  as  rattle 
snake-fern,  a  species  of  moonwort  or  grape-fern, 
Botrychittm  virginianum  ;   rattlesnake-grass,  a 
kind  of  quaking-grass,  Glyceria  canadensis\  rattle 
snake-herb,  the  Bane-berry,  Actxa  rubra  or  albay 
and  some  other  plants ;  rattle snake('s)  master, 
the  Button-snakeroot,  Liatris  scariosa  or  syuarrosa, 
and  other  plants ;  rattlesnake  plantain,  one  of 
three  species  of  Goodyera,  esp.  G.pubesctns ;  rattle 
snake-root,  (a)  the  root  of  a  species  of  mtlkwort, 
1    Polygala  Senega  (see  SENEGA)  ;  </)  one  of  several 
!    species  of  Prenanthes^  esp.  P.  serpentaria ;  rattle 
snake  weed,  (a)  a  species  of  Eryngium ;  (If)  a 
species  of  hawk-weed,  Uicracium  venosum ;  rattle- 
,    snake-wort  ^rattlesnake  root  (a). 

1845-50  MRS.  LINCOLN  Lect.  Bot.  82/2  *Rattlesnake-fern. 
'  1868  PAXTON  Bot.  Diet.  83/2  The  largest  of  the  American 
•  kinds.,  is  named  the  rattlesnake  fern,  on  account  of  its 
'  generally  being  found  where  those  reptiles  abound.  1861 
Miss  PRATT  J-'lwcr.  PI.  I.  47  The  tubors  of  an  American 
1  species  [uf  Actu:aJ  are  considered  an  efficacious  remedy  for 


RATTLESOME. 


174 


RAITITE. 


the  wound  inflicted  by  the  bite  of  the  rattlesnake;  hence 
that  plant  is  one  of  several  which  are  known  in  America  as 
the  ^Rattlesnake-Herb.  1846-50  A.  WOOD  Class-bk.  Hot. 
536  ^Rattlesnake  Plantain.  1898  L.  H.  BAILEY  Lessons 
with  Plants  223  Among  the  better  known  plants  which  are 
members  of  the  Orchidacete  are  the  . .  rattlesnake  plantain, 
putty-root,  and  vanilla.  i68>  T.  A.  Carolina  n  They  have 
three  sorts  of  the  *RattIe-Snake  Root  which  I  have  seen. 
1760  J.  LEE  Introd,  Bot.  App.  324  Rattlesnake  Root,  Dr. 
Witts,  Prenanthes.  1840  PKKEIKA  Ekm.  Mat.  Med.  II. 
1257  Senega  or  seneka  root  . .  sometimes  called  the  seneka- 
snake-root,  or  the  rattlesnake-root,  is  imported  from  the 
United  States  in  bales.  1760  J.  LEE  Introd,  Bot.  App.  324 
^Rattlesnake  Weed,  Erynginin.  1861  N.  A.  WOODS  Tour 
Pr.  Wales  Canada  298  It  is  the  rattlesnake  weed,  always 
most  plentiful  where  this  deadly  reptile  abounds.  1782 
Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  IX.  6392/1  The  seeds  of  the  *rattlo- 
snake-wort  seldom  succeed. 

Ra'ttlesome,  a.     [f.  RATTLK  7/,1]     Rattly. 

1876  BLACKMORK  Crimps  xlix,  The  gate,  which  was  quite 
shaky  and  rattlesome  in  its  joints. 

Ra'ttletrap,  sb.  and  a.  [f.  RATTLE  sbl  or  z?.1 
+  TRAP  sb.] 

A.  sb.  1.  //.  Nick-nacks,  trifles,  odds  and  ends, 
curiosities,  small  or  worthless  articles.     Also  sing. 
of  a  single  article  of  this  kind. 

1766  Goody  Two-Shoes  \\.  (1881)  27  She  used  to  go  round 
to  teach  the  Children  with  these  Rattle-traps  in  a  Basket. 
1785  in  GROSE  Diet,  Vulgar  Tongue.  1820' SCOTT  Aibot 
xix,  Your  other  rattle-trap  yonder  at  A  vene!,  which  Mistress 
Lilins  bears  about  on  her  shoes  in  the  guise  of  a  pair  of 
shoe-buckles.  1878  M.  C.  JACKSON  Chaperon's  Cares  II.  xi. 
136  Rattletraps  for  the  mantelpiece,  gimcracks  for  the  table. 

2.  A  rattling,  rickety  coach  or  other  vehicle. 
i8zz  C'TKSS  BLKSSINGTON  Magic  Lantern  22  The  shabby 

rattle-trap  is  filled  by  a  group  that  would  require  the  pencil 
of  Hogarth  to  paint.     1861  K.  F.  TUCKETT  in  Peaks,  Passes 
ff  Glac.  Ser.  n.  I.  304  At  length  ..  \\e  tore  ourselves  away, , 
and  at  eight  entered  our  nondescript  rattletrap. 

3.  Any  rickety  or  shaky  thing. 

1833  M.  SCOTT  Tom  Cringle  xviii,  A  rickety  rattletrap  of 
a  wooden  ladder.     1857  TROLLOPE  Ban /tester  T.  xxxv,  He'd 
destroy  himself  and  me  too,  if  I  attempted  to  ride  him  at 
such  a  rattle-trap  as  that.     1883  Harper's  Mag.  884/1  The 
steamer  was  an  old  rattletrap. 

4.  a.  slang.  The  mouth. 

1824  SCOTT  Redgauntlct  ch.  xv,  Shut  your  rattle-trap. 
1886-7  i'1  Cheshire  glossaries. 

b.   =  RATTLE  sb\  7. 

1880  Life  in  Debtor  s  Prison  x,  I  see  you're  as  great  a 
rattletrap  as  ever. 

B.  adj.  Rickety,  shaky. 

1834  SIK  1-'.  HEAD  Bubbles  of  Brnnnen  115,  I  ascended  an 
old  rattle-trap  staircase.     1892  ANNIE  RITCHIE  Rec.  Tenny 
son,  etc.  in.  ix.  225  We  started  almost  the  next  day  in  a 
rattle-trap  chaise. 

Rattlin,  variant  of  RATLIN(E. 

Battling  (rse-tlirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RATTLE  v.1  + 
-I>*G  '.]  The  action  of  the  vb.,  in  various  senses. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  DC  P.  R.  v.  xxi.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Rateling 
men  beb  mosste  ytake,  for  to  moche  moisture  of  suche  men . . 
is  cause  of  rateling.  1508  DUNBAK  Fly  ting  230  Ffor  rerd  of 
the,  and  rattling  of  thy  butis.  *S$S  W.  WATREMAN  Fardlc 
I'acions  n.  viii.  180  There  is  no  glittering  apparel),  no  ratte- 
Hnge  in  sylkes,  no  rusteljng  in  yeluettes.  1656  Artif. 
Ilandsoin,  126  What  is  this  but  like  the  ratling  of  haile 
upon  tiles?  a  1677  BARROW  Serin.  \Vks.  1716  III.  32  The 
ratlings  of  clamorous  obloquy.  1753  RICHARDSON  Grandispn 
(ed-  7)  I.  2  My  Grandmother  Selby .  .is  always  pleased  with 
his  rattling.  1779  BURKE  Let,  to  Tkotnas  Burgh  VVks,  1826 
IX.  231  An  obscure  and  feeble  rattling  in  their  throat.  1855 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xxii.  IV.  774  The  rattling  of  dice  . . 
never  ceased  during  the  whole  night. 

Rattling  (r«-tlirj),  ///.  a.   [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.] 
That  rattles,  or  makes  a  rattle,     f  Rattling 

rattle-baby  (see  RATTLE  sb.i  10). 
1398  free  RATTLING  vbl.  sb.~\.  a  1400-50  Alexander  4531 
raikfiid  ni;t  ravyn  is  him  to  rent  }olden.  c  1586  C'TKSS 
t/Kt;  Ff'  Lxxvit.  xi,  Thy  voices  thundring  crash . .  Did 
.  .rattling  horror  rore.  1592  G.  HARVEY  Foure  Lett.  Wks. 
(Grosart)  I.  225  Yet  neuer  childe  so  delighted  in  his  rat 
ling  baby.  1646  SIK  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  u.  v.  §  9 
Many  sorts  there  are  of  this  ratling  Stone,  beside  the 
Geodes.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  546  Ratling  storm  of  Arrows 
barbd  with  fire.  1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  144  No  rattling 
wheels  stop  short  before  these  gates.  1842  LEVER  J.  Hinton 
vi,  The  infantry  poured  in  a  rattling  roar  of  small  arms. 

2.  Characterized  by  a  rapid  (low  of  words  or 
liveliness  of  manner. 

1560  HOLLAND  Crt,  Venus  in,  129  The  ratland  Rollis  was 
red  vnto  the  end.  1590  SHAKS.  .Mitis.  .V.  v.  102  The  ratling 
tongue  Of  saucy  and  audauous  eloquence.  1709  POI-K  Ess. 
Crit.  628  Rattling  nonsense  in  full  vollics  breaks.  1774 
MAD.  D'ARBLAY  Early  Diary  29  Sept.,  I  have  returned  to 
all  my  old  original  rattling  spirits-  1883  F.  M.  CRAWFORD 
Dr.  Claudius  viii.  137  Glad  of  the  rattling  talk  that  de 
livered  them  from  the  burden  of  saying  anything  especiaU 
t  b.  Full  of  scolding  or  reproof.  Obs. 

a  1700  DRYDEN  Iliad  \.  724  Thus  turbulent  in  rattling  tone 
she  spoke.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  2.  359  '  Rattling 
letters  '  from  the  council  roused  the  lagging  prelates. 

3.  Of  persons :  Extremely  lively  in  manners  or 
speech. 

1727  SWIFT  To  a  Young  Lady,  A  tribe  of  bold,  swagger- 
ing,  rattling  ladies.  1780  MAD.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  May  (1842) 
I.  365  He  seemed  a  mighty  rattling,  harem-scarem  gentle 
man,  but  talked  so  fluently  [etc.].  1862  THACKERAY  Philip 
xl,  She  gives  excellent  dinners  which  jolly  fogeys,  rattling 
bachelors,  .frequent.  1880  MCCARTHY  Own  Times  IV.  xlviii. 
21  A  powerful  speaker  of  the  rattling  declamatory  kind. 

4.  Remarkably  good,  fine,  fast,  etc.  (freq.  with 
more  or  less  suggestion  of  the  literal  sense). 

1690  DRYDEN  A ntphitryon  11.  ii,  If  Jupiter  ever  let  thee 
set  foot  in  heaven,  Juno  will  have  a  raiiling  second  of 


thee.  1768  STERNE  Sent.  Journ.  (1778)  I.  131  Postillion^ 
A  good  rattling  gallop  would  have  been  of  real  service  to 
me.  1831  TRELAWNY  Adv.  Younger  Son  II.  209  Running 
down  with  a  rattling  trade-wind.  1851  THACKKRAY  Eng. 
Hunt.  iii.  (1876)  212  A  gentleman  of  military  appearance, 
who  . .  has  a  rattling  grey  mare  in  the  stables.  1874  LAUY 
HERBERT  tr.  Hubner's  Ramble  n.  ii.  (1878)  258  Off  we  went 
at  a  rattling  pace. 

b.  Extremely  severe. 

1861  WHVTE  MELVILLE  Mist.  Harb.  16  The  limp  ..  had 
been  earned  in  a  rattling  fall  over  a  turnpike-gate. 

C.  Adverbially  with  adjs.  (t  sp.  good)  :  Remark 
ably,  extremely.     Also  with  vbs. :  Extremely  well. 

1829  T.  C.  CROKLR  Legends  (1862)  242  A  rattling  fine 
dinner  we  had  of  it.  1851  MAYHEW  Loud.  Lab.  I.  223/2 
We  had  a  fine  '  fake ',  . .  it  sold  rattling.  1877  BLACK  Green 
Past.  i.  (1878)  6  A  rattling  good  sort  of  a  girl. 

t5.  slang  m  Cant  (see  quots.). 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Rattling-cove,  a  Coach 
man.  Rattling  Plumpers,  such  Beggars  as  Ply  Coaches. 
[1725  .\ew  Cant.  Diet.,  Such  as  run  after,  or  ply  Coaches.] 
VJSA^Seouiulrtft  Diet.  21  The  rattling  mumper  broke  the 
rattling  peeper  [='coach-gla^>s ']. 

Hence  Ra'ttlingly  adv. ;    Ka'ttling-ness. 

1824  Blackiv.  Mag.  XV.  101  [They]  shake  in  skin  as 
rattlingly  as  they  ere  shook  the  castor.  1855  WISKMAN 
Fabiola.  220  The  old  capsararius,  as  he  had  had  himself 
rattlingly  called  in  his  anteposthumous  inscription.  1869 
Content^.  Rev.  XI.  18  The  general  rattHngness  of  the 
rhythmic  movement. 

Kattling,  variant  of  RATLIN(E. 

Rattly  (ne-tli),  a.     [f.  RATTLE  Z/.1  +  -Y1.]    Of 

the  nature  of  rattling  ;  inclined  to  rattle. 

1881  MRS.  MOLBSWORi  ii  Adv.  Herr  Baby  iv.  73  Baby  was 
very  pleased  to  get.  .out  of  nimbly,  rattly  noise.  1891  Miss 
Do  wit  Girl  in  Karp.  21  Their  little  long  wooden  carts, 
light  and  rattly  as  possible. 

Rattoii  (rre-t'n).  Now  Sc.  and  north,  dial. 
Forms :  4-5  ratoun,  5  ratone,  -un,  4-6  (9)  raton  ; 
6  St.  ratto(u)ne,  J-  rattin,  6  St.,  7-  ration,  8- 
ratten,  8-9  rattan,  [a.  OF.  raton,  f.  rat  RAT  sb.1 
Cf.  Sp.  raton,  med.L.  rato*  ratonis.]  A  rat. 

1300-30  in  Rel.  Ant.  II.  78  Wessele,  rcheitc.  raton,;,  raz. 
inolde  warpes,  tanpaines.  1377  LANCL.  P.  PI.  B.  Prol.  146 
Wi^  b^t  riin  bere  a  route  of  ratones  . .  And  smale  mys  with 
hem.  (-1400  MAUXDEV.  (Roxb.)  xiv.  64  pai  ete  cattes  and 
hundes,  ratouns  and  myesse.  1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  Cjb, 
The  fie.ihe  of  a  kydde  ..  and  especiall  Ratonys  flesh.  1552 
LYNDESAY  Monarchc  3985  Necessitie  gar^  thame  eit  per- 
for.vse  Dog,  Catt  and  Rattone.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  vm. 
xxxvi.  216  At  the  first,  they  [bear-whelps]  seeme  to  be  a 
lumpe  of  white  flesh  without  all  forme,  little  bigger  than  rat- 
tons.  1617  BUATHWAIT  Law  of  Drinking  yz  When  I'mdrunke 
as  any  Rattin,  Then  I  rap  out  nought  but  Lattin.  1785 
BVKNS  Vision  \.  iii,  I  ..  heard  the  restless  rations  squeak 
About  the  riggin.  1849  C.  BRONTE  Shirley  iii.  67  As  much 
better.,  as  a  bull's  bellow  than  a  ration's  squeak.  1894 
CKOCKETT  Raiders  59  A  ration's  bite's  poisonous. 

f'S-  1387  THEVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  V.  119  Spadones  ..  he 
clepede.  .ralouns  of  ^e  paleys.  a  1585  MONTGOMEKIE  Flyt* 
ing  w.  Polivart  288  Reavens  rugand  at  that  ration  [a  child]. 
1661  Sir  A.  I  faster  iff  s  Last  Will  Suppl.  6  The  inraged 
Tygre  no  sooner  furrowed  his  Front,  then  this  feverish 
Ratoun  let  fall  his  Crest. 

b.  attrib.)  as  ralton  bane,  fell,  man,  poison; 
ratton- bread,  a  poisoned  paste  for  killing  rats. 

1544  PHAKK  Pestilence  (1553)  Kvij,  *Ratten  bane,  or 
other  suche  lyke  kyndes  of  venymes.  1396  IVhitby  Abbey 
Rolls  (Wln'tby  Gl.),  For  Sperstane  and  *Ratonbrede,  is  6^. 
1876  Wliitby  Gloss.,  Ratton-breead.  c  1400  Tnrnani.  Totten 
ham  150  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  III.  89  Theire  baner  was  ful 
bryjt  Off  an  olde  *raton  fell.  1481-90  Howard  Homeh. 
Bks.  (Roxb.)  51  The  xx.  day  of  April,  I  ..  tpke  the  *raten 
man  iij.  s.  iiij.  d.  1590  in  Pitcairn  Crim.  Trials  (Bann.) 
1.  in.  195  To  pas  to  £lgyne  for  bying  *rattoun  poysoune. 

Ra'ttoiier.  Obs.  exc.  north,  dial.  Also  4-5 
ratoner(e,  5  ratunner.  [f.  prec*  + -KB  1.]  A  rat 
catcher. 

1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  v.  165  A  ribibor,  a  raloner,  a  rakere 
of  Chepe.  14..  Norn,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  686/15  Mitrida,  a 
ratunner.  c  1440  Prouip.  Parv,  424/1  Ratonere,  soricus, 
sorict'^s,  ratonarhts.  1876  Whit  by  Gloss,,  Rattoner. 

tRattoon1.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  F.  raton,  earlier 
raston,  reston  (i3th  c.) :  see  RASTON.]  A  kind  of 
cheese-cake. 

1656  MARNETTE  Perfect  Cook  148  You  must,  .fill  this  your 
said  PufT-pa>te  with  the  same  ingredients  wherewithal!  you 
do  make  your  Cheese  Cakes,  and  accordingly  you  may 
cause  your  said  Ratioon  to  be  baked. 

t  Rattoon-.  Obs.  Also  7  -ton.  [var.  RACOON. 
Cf.  F.  raton  in  same  sense.]  A  racoon. 

1656  [H.  MORE]  Second  Lasft  Alaz.  274  A  fellow  of  a  fit 
size  to  show  the  Lions  and  the  Rattoon  at  the  Tower.  1668 
CBAHLBTOH  Onouiasticon  14  Vulpes  Americana  Mapach 
dictat  Anglke  Ratton.  1704  W.  COWPER  in  Phil.  Trans. 
XXV.  1569  The  Coati  of  Brasil  and  Virginia,  or  ihe  Rackoon 
or  Rattoon.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Rattoon^  a  kind 
of  Fox  in  the  West  Indies  [etc.].  1755  in  JOHNSON  (citing 
Bailey). 

Rattoon,  obs.  variant  of  RATTAN. 
Ra't-trap.     [f.  RAT  sd.i  +  TKAI*  sb.] 

1.  A  trap  for  catching  rats.     Alsoyf^v 

1469  Churchw.  Ace.  St.  Mich.  Cornhill,  Payed  for  iij  rat 
trappes  for  the  chirche,  vj  d.  1820  SCOTT  Monast.  xxx,  Men 
peeping  through  their  own  bars  like  so  many  rats  in  a  rat- 
trap.  1884  DK.  ST.  ALBANS  in  Content^.  Rev.  Aug.  172  A 
Peer . .  finds  himself  in  a  rat-trap  from  which  politically  there 
is  no  escape  except  death. 

2.  Applied  (attrib.  or  absol.)   to  a  cycle  pedal 
consisting  of  two  parallel  iron  plates  with  teeth 
cnt  in  them,  as  in  a  common  style  of  rat-trap. 

a^3oMar.  1275/1  Balls  to  all  bearings  and  ptdals, 


which  are  rattrap.  1887  Vise.  BURV  &  HILLIKK  Cycling 
171  Pedals  ..  should  be  preferably  rat-traps  which  afford  a 
good  hold  for  the  feet. 

Ratty  (rarti),  a.     [f.  RAT  jj.l  +  -Y  1.] 

1.  a.  Characteristic  of  a  rat  or  rats. 

1888  H.  S.  MERRIMAN  Young Mistley  II.  vi.  78  Those  de- 
light  fill  ratty  odours  that  ..  assailed  his  sportive  nostriU 
1895   SSAITH  Mistress  Dorothy  Marvin  vii,  He  puckered 
his  ratty  eyes  till  scarce  aught  was  left  of  them. 
b.  Infested  with  rats. 

1865  G.  MEREDITH  Farina  104  Your  German  dungeons 
are  mortal  shivering  ratty  places.     1891   H.  S.  MERRIMAN 
Prisoners  $  Captives  I.  ii.  36  No  dog  had  rejoiced  more 
thankfully  in  ratty  sedges. 

2.  slang.  Wretched,  mean,  miserable,  nasty,  etc. 
1885  Century  Mag.  XXIX.  548/1   An  old  ratty  deck  of 

cards.  1900  Black™.  Mag.  Nov.  670/1  Both  were  pretty 
'ratty*  from  hardship  and  loneliness. 

Rattyll(e,  obs.  ff.  RATTLE z/.1  Ratunner, 
obs.  f.  RATTONER.  Raturn,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RETURN. 
Ratyl^le,  obs.  ff.  RATEL-,  RATTLE  v.1 

Rau,  obs.  f.  RAW  a.  Rauasch-,  obs.  f.  RAVISH. 
Rauascht,  var.  pa.  t.  REVEST  Obs.  Rauayn(e, 
obs.  ff.  RAVIN  1. 

Rauc,  a.  rare~l.     [a.  L.  rauc-us.]    =RAUQUE. 

1866  J.  B.  ROSE  tr.  Ovid's  Met.  146  Rauc  speech,  and 
!    volubility  of  words. 

Rou'cal,  a.  rare—1,    [f.  L.  rauc-us.]    Raucous. 

1839-47  Todd's  Cycl.  Anat.  III.  124/1  In  these  cases  there 
i  is  . .  no  raucal  sound  of  voice. 

t  Rauce-dity.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  L.  rauctdo, 
f.  raucus  hoarse  +  -ITY.]  Hoarseness. 

1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhoner's  Bk.  Physicke  100/1  Gargrise 
therwith  your  throte  for  the  hoarsenes  and  rauceditye. 

Raucht,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  t.  REACH  z/.1 

Rauchter,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RAFTEH  sb.1 

]|  Rauchwacke  .rau'xivaka).  Geol.  [G.,  f. 
rauth  smoke  +  wacke:  cf.  GRAU-,  GREYWACKE.] 
A  dolomitic  limestone  of  the  upper  Permian  or 
Zechstein  group  in  Germany,  corresponding  to  the 
Magnesian  Limestone  formation  in  England. 

1831  SEDGWICK  &  MURCHISON  Struct.  East.  Alps  in  Geol. 
Trans.  Ser.  n.  111.  (1835)  308  The  rauchivacke^  or  mag. 
neslan  limestone,  associated  with  the  new  red  sandstone. 
1832  DE  LA  BECHE  Geol,  Man.  ^ed.  2)  397  The  zeclistein  is 
represented  as  sometimes  from  twenty  to  thirty  yards  thick; 
the  rauchwacke,  when  pure  and  compact,  one  yard  thick. 

Rau'cid,  a.  rare—1,  [f.  L.  rauc-us  +  -ii)1.] 
Raucous. 

1831  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  n.  Shade  of  Elltston,  Metlnnks  I 
hear  the  old  boatman,,  .with  raucid  voice,  bawling  *  Sculls '. 

bo  Rauci'dity,  raucity.  rare"1. 

1703  Art  iy  Myst.  Vintners  4  They  degenerate  also  in 
Taste,  and  affect  the  palate  with  foulness,  roughness,  and 
raucidity  very  unpleasant. 

Raucity  (rg'siti).  rare.  [ad.  L.  raucitds,  f. 
raucus  hoarse:  see  RAUCOUS  and  -ITY,  and  cf.  F. 
raitcitt  (Littie").]  Harshness,  roughness,  hoarse 
ness  (ol  the  voice  or  other  sounds). 

1607  TOPSELL  Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  154  Aristotle  calleth  it 
Raucity,  or  hoarsness,  like  the  low  sound  of  a  Trumpet. 
1626  HACON  Sylva  §  700  In  the  Raucity  of  a  Trumpet. 
1656  in  BLOUNT.  1832  WEBSTER,  Raucity ^ ..  among  phy 
sicians,  hoarseness  of  the  human  voice.  1860  in  WORCESTER 
(citing  HUNT). 

Rauc(k)le,  Sc.  variants  of  RACKLE  a. 

Raucous  (rg'kos),  a,  [f.  L.  rattc-us  hoarse  + 
-ous.]  Hoarse,  rough,  harsh-sounding. 

1769  PENNANT  British  Zool.  III.  8  This  raucous  reptile 
[the  toad].  1793  tr.  Buffoifs  Hist.  Birds  VI.  158  A  raucous, 
thick  lone,  which  is  grating  to  the  ear.  18*17  EMERSON 
Poems  (1857)  4°  Where  yon  wedged  line  the  Nestor  leads, 
Steering  north  with  raucous  cry.  1879  SALA  Paris  Herself 
Again  (1880)  II.  xxiii.  342  In  a  raucous  strident  voice,  he 
sang  the  songs  of  divers  epochs. 

Hence  Rau'cously  adv.,  in  a  raucous  manner. 

i8$a  ttlackw.  Mag.  LXXII.  128  The  pawkie  proposal  is 
straightway  raucously  ratified. 

Raueste,  obs.  variant  of  REVEST. 

Raueyner,  -our,  obs.  forms  of  HAVENER. 

Raufter,  -yng,  obs.  forms  of  RAFTER,  -ING. 

Rau},  obs.  form  of  RAW  a. 

fRaught,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  rattght,  obs.  pa.  t. 
REACH  v.1}  intr.  To  reach,  snatch  at  or  after. 

1571  GOI.DING  Calvin  on  Ps.  xix.  9  Rawghting  after  the 
empty  shadow  of  blissfull  life.  1583  —  Calvin  on  Dent. 
xix.  113  To  raught  at  euerie  thing  that  we  like  off. 

Raught,  obs.  or  archaic  pa.  t.  and  pa.  pple. 
REACH  v.,  RECK  v. 

Raughter,  obs.  form  of  RAFTER  sb^ 

t  RaU'ghtish,  a.     Obs.  rare-1.     ?  Harsh. 

1567  GOLDING  Oviifs  Met.  ix.  123  The  temple  doores  did 
tremble  like  a  reede  And  Rattels  made  a  raughtish  noysc. 

f  Rau'ghty,  var.  HAFTV  a.,  raw,  damp.  Hence 
Hair  ghti  ness. 

1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  ff  Seh*.  126  In  coldish  raughty 
weather.  Ibid.)  Feeding  their  earth  and  froath,  with  cold 
and  raughtiness. 

Rauite.  Min.  [Erron.  for  ranit&t  i.  ON.  Ran 
the  sea-goddess  +  -IT E.]  A  greyish-black  mineral, 
a  variety  of  hydronephilite. 

Named  by  Paykull  (as  rait  it)  in  1874.  Some  recent  Diets. 
give  the  correct  form  ranite. 

1875  in  Dana's  Min.  (ed.  5)  App.  ii.  1881  WATTS  Diet. 
Client.  3rd  Suppl.  1^43  Rattit<;t  a  zeolite  from  the  island  of 
Lamo,  near  Brevig  in  Norway.  It  is  related  to  thomsonite, 
and  has  pi  obably  been  funned  by  decompo^itiya  yf  clawlite. 


RAUK. 


175 


RAVE. 


Raujepoot,  variant  of  RAJPOOT. 

t  Rauk,  a.  Sf.  Obs.  Also  6  rawk.  [ad.  L. 
rauc-ns  (see  RAUCOUS),  or  a.  F.  rattqite  (i3th  c.), 
RAUQUE.]  Hoarse,  raucous.  Also  Comb. 

£1470  HENRYSON  Mor.  Fab.  xin.  (Frogff  Mouse]  ii,  With 
voce  full  rauk  scho  said  on  this  maneir.  1513  DoUGLAJI 
sEneis  xi.  ix.  29  The  rawk  vocit  swannis  in  a  rabyll.  1533 
BELLENDEN  Livy  i.  x.  (1901)  57  pare  Voce  was  rauk  &  ban: 
sprete  solist  &  dull. 

Raukie  :  see  RAWKY  a2  Raukie,  Sc.  variant 
of  KACKLE  a.  Raumpand,  -aunt,  obs.  ff.  RAM 
PANT.  Raumpe,  Raumpp-,  obs.  ff.  RAMP  sb. 
and  v.  Raumso(u)n,  obs.  ff.  RANSOM.  Raun, 
var.  KAWN. 

Raunce.    rare~l.    [ad.  F.  ronee.]     A  bramble. 

1840  BROWNING  Sordello  vi.  461  Alberic,..tied  on  to  a  wild 
horse,  was  trailed  To  death  thro'  raunce  and  bramble-bush. 

Raunce,  obs.  f.  RANGE  s/>.1  Raunceoun, 
-coun,  obs.  ff.  RAXSOM.  Raunch,  var.  RANCH 
v.1,  7'.2  Obs.  Rauncour,  obs.  f.  RANCOUR. 
Raundom,  -don(e,  -doun,  obs.  ff.  RANDOM. 
Raundsom,  obs.  f.  RANSOM.  Raung{e,  obs. 
ff.  RANGE.  Raunger,  -ier,  obs.  ff.  RANGER. 

Rau-ning,  a.  [var.  RAWLIN  ;  but  in  Cornwall 
glossaries  explained  as  'ravening,  ravenous*,  as  if 
f.  rann,  f  to  devour  greedily  '.]  ^See  quot.) 

1880  E.  Cornwall  Gloss,  s.v.,  That  voracious  fish,  Mer- 
langits  Carl>onariiist  is  called  the  rauning  pollack. 

Raunke,  obs.  f.  RANK«.  Raunp-,  obs.  f.  RAMP 
v.  Raunpick,  dial.  var.  RAMPicKfl.  Raunpike, 
var.  RAMPIKE.  Rauns.obs.  f.  RAXCEJ/M  Raun- 
sake,  obs.  f.  RANSACK  2.  Raunscun', -som(e, 
-soun,  etc.,  obs.  ff.  RANSOM  sb.  Raunsede, 
-sene:  see  RANSOM  v.  Rauntree,  -try:  see 
ROWAN-TREE.  Rauon,  obs.  f.  RAVKN  sl>.1 

II  RaupO  (ra'»p0,  ruu'p0).  Also  9  ra-poo. 
[Maori.]  A  New  Zealand  bulrush  (Typha  Alue/- 
leri}  used  for  building  native  houses,  thatching 
roofs,  etc.  Also  at  t  rib. 

1832  A.  EARLE  9  Months'  Resid.  N.  Zealand  99  Another 
party  was  collecting  rushes  (which  grow  plentifully  in  the 
neighbourhood,  and  are  called  Ra-poo).  1835  W.  YATE 
Ace.  N,  Zealand  205  To  engage  the  natives  to  build  raupo, 
that  is,  rush-houses.  1860  DONALDSON  Busk  Lavs  5  En 
tangled  in  a  foul  morass  A  raupo  swamp.  1881  Chequered 
Career  104  My  canteen  was  built  of  raupo,  a  reed  something 
like  the  bulrush,  that  grows  in  the  swamps. 

Rauque  (rgk),  <*•  rare-  [a-  *  •  wwgue,  ad.  L. 
ra/iftts:  cf.  RAUC,  RAUK.]  Hoarse,  harsh. 

1848  LYTTON  A".  Arf/titnx.  Ixxxvi,  The  deafning,  strident, 
rauque,  Homeric  roar.  1859  R.  I-'.  HURTON  in  Jrnl.  Gnog. 
Soc.  XXIX.  214  The  rauque  bellow  of  the  hippopotamus  is 
heard  on  its  banks. 

Raut,  dial.  var.  ROWT  v.  Rauth,  var.  ranght, 
obs.  pa.  t.  REACH.  Rauthe,  obs.  f.  RUTH. 

Ravage  (r?e*veds),  sb.  [a.  F.  ravage  (T4th  c.), 
f.  ravir  to  RAVISH  :  see  -AGE.] 

fl.  A  flood,  inundation.  Obs.  rare~~*. 

1611  COTGR.,  Ragats  d'eaitt  a  great  floud,  inundation, 
rauage  of  waters. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  ravaging,  or  the  result 
of  this  ;  destruction,  devastation,  extensive  damage, 
done  by  men  or  beasts. 

1611  COTGR.,  Ravage t  rauage,  hauocke,  spoyle.  1656  in 
Kr.ouNT  Glossogr.  1684  Scanderbeg  Redivivus  vi.  154  They 
slew  near  one  Hundred-Thousand  ;  and  having  finisht  their 
Ravage,  took  Bialogrod.  1691  RAY  Creation  \.  (1692)  in 
To  secure  their  Kggs  and  Young  from  the  ravage  of  Apes 
and  Monkeys.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  185  P  3  What 
would  so  soon  destroy  all  the  order  of  society,  and  deform 
life  with  violence  and  ravage,  as  a  permission  to  every  one 
to  judge  his  own  cause.  iSai  SHELLEY  Adonais -x\\\\\t  'Tis 
nought  That  ages,  empires,  and  religions  there  Lie  buried 
in  the  ravage  they  have  wrought.  1872  TKNNVSON  Caret 't 
$  Lynette  429  Many  another  suppliant  crying  came  With 
noise  of  ravage  wrought  by  beast  and  man. 

b. //.  Extensive  depredations,  f  Also  sg.  with  a. 

1697  LUTTRELL  Brief  R  el.  (1857)  IV.  294,  60,000  Tartars 
are  approaching  to  make  a  ravage  in  Poland.  1771  GOLDSM. 
Hist.  Eng.  II.  78  Unable  to  perceive  any  signs  of  an  enemy, 
except  from  the  ravages  they  had  made.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON 
Brit.  India  III.  171  They,  .after  a  short  interval,  returned 
and  renewed  their  ravages.  1853  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk, 
^873)  II.  i.  L  34  Six  centuries  have  been  unable  to  repair 
the  ravages  of  four  years. 

c.  transf. ,  esp.  of  the  destructive  action  or  effects 
of  disease,  time,  storm,  etc, 

1704  F.  FULLER  Med.  Gymn.  (1711)  78  To  what  must  we 
attribute  the  Ravage  this  Disease  makes?  1745  J.  MASON 
Self-Knowl,  (1853)  i.  xiv.  99  The  Torment  of  the  Mind, 
under  such  an  Insurrection  and  merciless  Ravage  of  the 
Passions.  1786  HURNS  Author's  Farewell  ii,  The  Autumn 
mourns  her  rip'ning  corn  Ily  early  Winter's  ravage  torn. 
1801  Lnsignan  IV.  229  The  ravage  time  and  affliction  had 
made  on  those  features.  1868  TENNYSON  Lttcret.  176  Seeing 
with  how  great  ease  Nature  can  smile.. At  random  ravage. 

pL  1777  SHERIDAN  Sch.  Scam/,  u.  ii,  If  Mrs.  Evergreen 
does  take  some  pains  to  repair  the  ravages  of  time.  1838 
THiRi.wALLGVcm'xxi.  III.  169  The  ravages  of  the  pestilence 
continued,  .for  two  years.  1873  MAX  MULLER  Sc.  Rel.  118 
On  rolls  of  papyrus  which  seem  to  defy  the  ravages  of  time. 

3.  concr.  Plunder,  spoil.  rare~l. 

1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  vi.  i.  p  2  Three  hundred  pistoles, 
the  lawful  ravage  of  their  pockets. 

Ravage  (rse'ved^),  v.  [ad.  F.  ravager,  f.  ravage : 
see  prec.J 


1.  trans.  To  devastate,  lay  waste,  despoil,  plunder 
(a  country).     Also  transf.  otjig. 

1611  Crm;R.,  Ravager,  to  rauage,  forray,  spoyle,  prey  vpon. 
ft  1704  T.  HKOWN  Satire  Antients  Wks.  1730  I.  24  The  bar 
barians  who  ruvag'd  (Jreece  and  Italy.  1758  JOHNSON  Idler 
No.  8  ?6  The  Isle  of  Rhodes  ..  was  ravaged  by  a  dragon. 
Ibid.  No.  14  F  4  Life  is  continually  ravaged  by  invaders. 
1838-43  ARNOLD  Hist.  Rome  II.  xxxvii.  481  /Kmilius  began 
to  ravage  their  territory  with  fire  and  sword.  1848  THACKERAY 
I'an.  t-'air  xx,  That  sweet  face  so  sadly  ravaged  by  grief 
and  despair. 

2.  intr.  To  commit  ravages ;  to  make  havoc  or 
destruction.     Also^/g*. 

1627  F.  E.  Hist.  Edw.  ff  (1680)  47  His  wand 'ring  eyes 
now  ravage  through  the  confines  of  his  great  Court.  1659 
HAMMOND  On  J's.  civ.  20,  21  Paraphr.,  Beasts  of  prey,  which 
. .  are  inabled  to  ravage,  and  feed.  1769  GOLUSM.  Hist. 
Rome  (1786  II.  497  A  dreadful  enemy  ravaging  in  the  midst 
of  their  country.  1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Rttdge  iv,  The  lock 
smith  who  had  ..  been  ravaging  among  the  eatables.  1874 
GREEN  Short  Hist.  ii.  §  7.  95  When  the  Danes  were  ravag 
ing  along  Loire  as  they  ravaged  along  Thames. 

Ravaged  (nc'ved.^!),///.  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -Ei>l.] 
Despoiled,  devastated. 

1728-46  THOMSON  Spring  14  The  shatter'd  forest,  and  the 
ravag'd  vale.  1799  KIRWAN  (*,eol.  Ess.  74  The  more  sou  them, 
ravaged  or  torn  up  continents.  1811  SCOTT  Don  Roderick 
i.  ii,  Each  voice  .,  That  rings  Mundego's  ravaged  shores 
around.  1821  SHELLEY  Hellasgo-]  The  weight  which  Crime 
..Leaves  in  his  flight  from  ravaged  heart  to  heart. 

t  Ra*vagement.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  F.  ravage- 
ment'.  see  KAVACE  v.  and  -MENT.]  Ravage. 

1723  Briton  No.  20  (1724)  87  Success  attended  their  In 
roads  and  Kavagement.s.  1766  KNTICK  Lomion  IV.  286 
Houses  within  the  ravagement  of  the  flames. 

Ravager  (ne-vt-d.^.!).  [f.  RAVAGE  I/.  +  -KRI.] 
One  who  or  that  which  ravages. 

1611  COTGR.,  Ravage nrt  a  rauager,  spoyler,  forray er.  1726 
LEONI  tr.  Albert  ft  Arc/tit.  I.  39  They  fa.ll  like  so  many 
Ravagers  to  demolishing  . .  every  thing  before  them.  1742 
RICHARDSOM  Pamela  III.  226  That  very  Innocence,  whi<  h 
tempts  some  brutal  Ravager  to  ruin  it.  1815  Monthly  Mag. 
XXXVIII.  500  He  sees  ..  in  the  torrent,  now  the  fertilizer, 
now  the  ravagerof  districts.  1870  MOKKIS  Earthly  Tar.  1. 
n.  670  The  ravager  of  Rome  his  right  hand  slew. 

Ravaging  froe'vOd/irj\  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-IXG1.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  RAVAGE. 

1611  COTGR.,  Sac,  a  sacke, ..  pillage,  depopulation,  ranag- 
ing.  1710  PRIDEAUX  Orig.  Tithes  iv.  176  We  have  seen  .. 
the  ravagings  of  our  Wealth.  1753  N.  TORRIANO  Gangr. 
Sore  Throat  48  A  Witness  of  the  ravaging  of  this  Dis 
temper.  xBii  SCOTT  Don  Roderick  i.  viii.  Where .  .shepherds 
sing. .Of  feuds  obscure,  and  liorder  ravaging.  1867  FREE 
MAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  I.  vi.  519  The  ravaging  of  districts 
for  treason. 

Ravaging, ///.  a.     [-ING2.]     That  ravages. 

1886  W.  J.  TUCKER  E.  Europe  103  The  ravaging  hand 
of  time.  1887  HOVVEN  I'irg.  sEnetd  i.  621  When  lielus  .. 
with  a  ravaging  horde,  Swept  over  fruitful  Cyprus. 

fRava-lling,  vbl.  s/>.  [?ad.  F.  ravahment, 
•f  ravallement  (I5th  c.),  f.  ravaler  to  bring  down, 
f.  re-  +  avaler  AVALE  #.]  Reduction,  failure. 

1609  [Up.  W.  BARLOW]  Answ.  Nameless  Cath.  365  Raual- 
ling  of  a  Confederacie,  where  affiance  is  placed  in  Number, 
is  a  tormenting  discouragement. 

Ravar(ef  obs.  Sc.  fF.  RAVER.  Eavary,  dial, 
var.  RAVERV.  Ravayn(e,  obs.  ff.  RAVIN  \ 

t  Rave,  -f/'.1  Obs.  rare.  [a.  F.  rave  (isth  c.)  :- 
L.  rapa  RAPK  j^.-r>]  A  turnip. 

£1420  rallad.  on  llttsb,  iv.  170  Armorace  Or  arborace 
that  wilde  raues  are.  Ibid.  ix.  53  Rave  as  brasyk  for  vyne 
as  ille  is  fonde.  1585 T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay*s  I'oy.  \. 
xviii.  21  Ther  grow  good  Melons,  Raues,  and  pateques. 

Rave  (r£'v),  sb.~     [Var.  of  RATHE  s&.2] 

1.  A  rail  of  a  cart ;  esp.  //.  a  framework  of  rails 
or  boards  (permanent  or  removable)  added  to  the 
sides  of  a  cart  to  enable  a  greater  load  to  be  carried. 
b.  U.S.  One  of  the  vertical  side-pieces  in  the  body 
of  a  wagon  or  sleigh. 

J53°  PALSGR.  261/1  Ravys  of  a  carte.  1575  TURBERV. 
1'encrie  195  When  the  sayd  carlage  is  loded,  he  forget  not 
to  cause  his  Cooke  and  Butler  to  hang  good  store  of  bags 
and  bottels  about  the  raues  and  pinnes  thereof.  1623  J. 
TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  World  rnnnes  on  Whceles  Wks.  (1630) 
H.  242/1  Of  the  b'lttome  of  an  old  Cart,  one  may  make  a 
fence  to  stop  a  gap ;  of  the  Raues  one  may  make  a  Ladder 
for  Hermes  to  goe  to  Roost.  1688  S.  SEWALL  Diary  18  Apr. 
(1878)  I.  211  Jack. .dies,  .by  the  oversetting  of  the  Cart,  he 
(probably)  sitting  in  it,  the  Rave  fell  on's  neck  and  kill'd 
him.  1720  STRYPE  Stoivs  Sun'.  (1754)  II.  v.  xiv.  314/2  The 
Raves  thereof  shall  be  higher  than  the  Raves  of  the  street 
cars  or  carts  to  keep  the  fuel  the  safer  from  falling  off.  1834 
Brit,  ffnsb.  I.  163  The  inside  depth,  below  the  raves,  which 
are  boarded,  is  2  feet,  and  the  projection  of  the  raves 
g  inches.  1865  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  Ser.  u.  I.  n.  399  This 
cart  has  head  and  tail  ladders,  in  place  of  raves. 

at  t  rib.  1884  IVest  Sussex  Gaz.  25  Sept.,  Rave  cart,  three 
dung  carts.  1886  Sci.  Amer.  27  Feb.  130/2  The  rave  bolts 
[in  a  bob  sleigh]  extend  upward  from  the  runners  in  front 
and  rear  of  the  knees,  and  the  raves  rest  between  their  ends 
on  the  bottom  of  the  recess. 

•f  2.  App.  a  rung  of  a  ladder.   Obs.  rare~~l. 

Cf.  *  Rave,  bars  or  strips  of  wood  across  any  opening' 
(Elworthy  IV.  Som.  Word-l>k.}. 

1566  PARTRIDGE  Plasidas  C  v  b,  The  scaling  lathers  downe 
to  throwe  they  haue  their  iron  staues;  They  haue  their 
hatchets  for  to  cut  in  sunder  all  their  raues. 

3.  Weaving.  A  bar  fitted  with  teeth  or  pins,  used 
to  separate  and  guide  the  threads  of  the  warp  while 
it  is  being  wound  on  the  beam. 

1886  ELVVORTHV  W.  Som.  Word-bk  s.v  ,  The  object  of  the 


fo 


rave  is  to  keep  the  threads  even,  and  to  make  them  lie  on 
the  beam  at  the  same  width  as  the  intended  piece  of  cloth. 

Rave  (r<7iv),  sb?  [f.  RAVE^.I]  The  (or  an) 
act  of  raving  ;  frenzy,  great  excitement. 

1598  VONG  Diana  403  Like  a  sturdie  rocke  it  standes 
Against  the  cruell  raues  .  .  Of  beating  windes  and  waucs. 
1652  JirNLOWES  Theoph.  x.  xxxviii,  So,  have  we  rid  out 
storms,  when  Hoi's  rave  Plough'd  up  the  ocean.  1765  J. 
Iluou'N  Chr.  Jrnl,  (1814)  80  Whether  I  die  in  a  rave  or  in 
extremity  of  pain.  1820  WIFFEN  Aonian  Hours  (ed.  2)  27 
Meanwhile  the  rave  Of  gusty  winds  spake  loudly.  1896 
MRS.  C.  CLARKE  l\Iy  Long  Life  103  She  concluded  amid  a 
rave  of  admiring  plaudits. 

Rave  (r^v),  v.1  Also  5  rafe,  raffe,  6  Sc.  raif(f, 
rawe,  reave.  [?  a.  Ol1".  ravery  app.  a  variant  (of 
rare  occurrence)  of  rfaer  to  dream,  be  delirious,  etc., 
of  obscure  origin  :  for  conjectures,  see  Dicz  (s.v. 
reve}  and  Korting  (s.v.  rabia).] 

1.  intr.  To  be  mad,  to  show  signs  of  madness  or 
delirium  (obs?)  ;   hence,  to  talk  or  declaim  wildly 
or  furiously  in  consequence  of  madness  or  some 
violent  passion.     Occas.  (now  only  *//#/.),  to  talk 
loudly  or  boisterously,  to  shout  or  bawl. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  ir.  116  (65)  Ye  ben  so  wyldc  it 
semeih  bat  ye  raue.  1390  GOWER  Lonf.  \.  282  Ech  of  hem 
.  .  wenen  that  I  scholde  rave  For  Anger  that  tliei  so  me  have. 
1494  FABVAH  Chron.  vi.  ccxiv.  231  Sugandu*  .  .  sayile  ..  yl 
the  Kynge  railed,  or  ellys  doted  for  age  &  sykenesse.  1508 
DCNBAK  Tua  Marift  M'emen  481  Sum  raitiis  [?/.  r.  ravels] 
fin  glit  rudly  with  riatus  speche.  1552  LYNDI:S.\Y  Monariltc 
5137  Thocht  sum  de  Naturally,  thiouch  aige,  I-'er  mo  dels 
raitland  in  one  raige.  1620  MIDDLEION  Chaste  Maid  v.  i. 
13  He  raves  already;  His  senses  are  quite  gone.  1727 
SWIFT  Poisoning  of  £.  Curll,  Afr.  Curll  ra\'ed  aloud  in  ihN 
manner:  'If  I  survive  this,  I  will  be  revenged  on  Tonsoii  '. 
1812  J.  WILSON  Isli'  of  Palms  in.  56  No  more  the  pining 
Mariner  In  wild  delirium  raves.  1871  IJ.  TAYLOR  Faust 
(1875)  I.  vi.  no  She  talks  like  one  who  raves  in  fever. 

b.  Const,  with  preps,  as  about,  against  ^  at,  of  \ 
or. 

1593  SHAKS.  Liter.  982  I-et  him  have  time  against  himself 
to  rave.  1639  \\  LLKK  Holy  ll'ar  in.  xx.  (16471  M4  Tbnst- 
\\  lie  when  bemadded  with  anger,  mo^t  rave  and  rage  against 
them.  1707  E.  SMITH  Phaedra  .5-  Hipp,  \.  i,  Sometime^  .-.In- 
raves  for  Musick,  Light,  and  Air.  1733  S\\  \\:t  Legion  Cinl>, 
Let  them  rave  at  making  laws.  1819  SHELLEY  i\'(cr  />',-//  yd 
i.  ix,  Raved  of  (Jod  and  sin  and  death,  Blaspheming  like  an 
infidel,  a  1822  —  TtKuer  ef  Fain,  6  Whose  dwellers  rave  fur 
bread,  and  gold,  and  blood.  1884  Chr.  Commits.  14  Feb. 
416/2  The  Times  is  already  raving  about  our  having  reached 
'a  crisis  '. 

c.  Of  animals,  rare. 

1810  SCOTT  Lady  ofL.  i.  viii,  He  heard  the  baffled  dogs  in 
vain    Rave  through  the   hollow   pass   amain.     1848  A.   I>. 
EVANS  Leiccstt-rs/t.  H'ords  s.v.,  That  sow's  always  raving 
|    and  revelling  so. 

2.  transf.  a.  Of  the  sea,  storms,  etc.:  To  rage; 
to  dash,  rush,  roar,  etc.,  in  a  furious  manner. 

1559  Mirr.  Mag.,  Dk.  Suffolk  xxii,  The  windy  sourges 
whan  they  rave.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  xi.  32  Like  as  a 
fire,  the  which  in  hollow  cave  ..  With  murmurous  disdayne 
doth  inly  rave.  1629  MILTON  Nativity  67  The  mikle 
Ocean,  Who  now  hnth  quite  forgot  to  rave.  1726-46  THOM 
SON  \\'  inter  186  The  whirling  tempest  raves  along  the  plain. 
1767  SIR  W.  JONES  Swen  Fountains  Poems  (1777)  54 
Where  the  dark  sea  with  angry  billows  raves.  1811  SCOTT 
Don  Roderick  n.  lix,  When  the  pibroch  bids  the  battle  rave. 
1856  LONGF.  Gold.  Leg.  v.  Dwtfs  Bridge^  The  cataract, 
That  raves  and  rages  down  the  steep. 

b.  Of  a  disordered  mental  state,  rare. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cyntb.  iv.  ii.  135  Not  Frenzie,  Not  absolute 
madnesse  could  so  farre  haue  rau'd  To  bring  him  heere 
alone.  1638  SANDYS  Paraphr.  Job  xi.  15  Shall  these  wild 
distempers  of  thy  mind,  .thus  rave,  and  find  No  opposition? 

3.  To  talk  or  declaim  with  enthusiasm  or  poetic 
rapture.     Also  const,  about,  of,  -\upon. 

a  1704  LOCKE  Conduct  Und.  §  24  This  raving  upon  antiquity 
in  matter  of  poetry,  Horace  has.  .exposed  in  one  of  his  satires. 
1725  RAMSAY  C,cntk  Sheph.  \.  ii,  How  blythly  can  he  sport 
and  gently  rave.  1781  COWPER  Retirement  735  Solitude, 
however  some  may  rave,  Seeming  a  sanctuary,  proves  a 
grave.  1838  LYTTOX  Alice  iv.  ix,  How  people  can  rave  about 
Italy,  I  can't  think.  1880  OUIDA  Moths  I.  56  It  is  not  his 
singing  that  makes  the  great  ladies  rave  of  him. 

4.  trans.  To  utter  in  a  frenzied  or  enthusiastic 
manner.     Also  with  out. 

1602  MARSTON  Antonio's  Re::  iv.  v,  Like  to  some  boy, 
that  actes  a  tragedie,  .  .  and  ra\es  out  passion.  174*  YOUNG 
AV.  Th.  vn.  596  Pride,  like  the  Delphic  priestess,  with  a 
swell  Rav'd  nonsense.  1819  SHELLRY  Peter  Bell  yd  vi. 
xxxii,  For  he  now  raved  enormous  folly.  1887  G.  MEREDITH 
Ballads  ff  P.  95  Thus  their  prayer  was  raved,  and  ceased. 
b.  To  lament  frantically,  rare-1. 

1810  Splendid  Follies  1.  16  It  was  then  he  wept—  he  raved 
the  departure  of  Seraphina. 

5.  quasi-/;w«,r.  with  complement  :  To  bring  (into 
a  specified  state)  by  raving. 

1812  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  i.  Ixxxiii,  But  passion  raves  itself  to 
rest,  or  flies.  1850  WHIPPLE  Ess.  %  Kev.  (ed.  3)  1.  402  To 
rave  men  into  some  new  heresy. 

Rave,  •'--  north,  dial,  and  Sc.  [App.  of  Scand. 
origin  :  cf.  Icel.  rdfa  in  same  sense  (not  recorded  in 
ON.).]  intr.  To  wander,  stray,  rove,  t  err.  (Now 
rare  or  Obs.} 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  665  Bot  resoun,  of  ry3t  bat  con  not 
raue,  Sauez  euer  more  J>e  innossent.  1-1400  Rule  St.  Benet 
57/362  Hir  awn  sawle  wele  may  sche  saue,  Al  if  hir  schepe 
vnryght  wyl  raue.  c  1440  York  Myst.  xxiv.  159  Alias  !  for 
ruthe,  now  may  I  raue,  And  febilly  fare  by  friih  and  felde. 
1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  \.  71  Quhen  .  .  he 
lang  had  rauet  and  wandirit,  at  last  he  arriuet  in  Numidie. 
Ibid.  85  Albeit  sum  of  thame  raue  and  declyne  by  the  way 


RAVE. 

[L.  alii  aberrent}.     1841  HAWKINS  Poems  v.  24  (E.  D.  D.) 
Wi'  ither  do.ss  I  maunna  rave. 

Hence  fRa-ving///.  a.-,  straying.   Oh.  rare-1. 

c  1400  Rule  SI.  Bttict  56/292  Vnto  no  bird  bai  wil  tak 
kepe,  Rot  raykes  forth  als  raueand  schep. 

Rave,  ''••*  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [Ol  obscure  origin: 
for  the  sense,  cf.  RIVE  v.]  •  trans.  To  tear,  drag, 
pull.  Usually  with  tip :  To  drag  or  rake  up. 
-  "  "  •  •'--  '-'-En 


T.  WILSON  RlTet.  (1580)  108  Whereas  we  should  bee  shorte 
in  tellyng  the  matter  . .  the  best  is  to  speake  no  more  than 
needes  we  must,  not  rauyng  it  from  the  bottome.  i6'° 
COOKE  Popt  Joan  63  He  neuer  purposed  to  raue  vp  all  the 
filth  which  he  found  written  of  your  Popes.  1877  A".  II  . 
Line.  Gloss.,  Rave  np,  to  take  up,  to  pull  up.  (2)  To  repeat 
evil  stories  relating  to  by-past  time. 

b.  To  poke  or  pry  into.    (Cf.  RAVEL-;.  4.)  rare. 

1636  SANDERSON  Serin,  iv.  Wks.  1854  I.  100  It  can  be  little 
pleasure  to  us  to  rave  into  the  infirmities  of  God's  servants. 
1856  THOMPSON  Boston  Gloss.,  Rave  up,  to  repeat  old  stories; 
to  search  or  rave  into  anything. 

Hence  Ra'ving,  vbl.  sl>2 

1553  T.  WILSON  Rhet.  (1580)  9  Euermore  the  gladder  the 
lesse  rauyng  there  is,  or  stirryng  in  this  matter. 

t  Rave,  v.*  St.  Obs.  Also  raif.  [Perh.  a.  F. 
ravir  to  ravish,  if  not  a  mere  variant  of  reif,  rei'e 
REAVE  z>.]  trans.  To  take  away  by  force. 

1549  Compl.  Scot.\m.  73  My  mortal  enemeis  purchessis  to 
raif  my  liberte.  1552  LYJUJESAY  Monarch!  6280  Deilh  . . 
ranis  j>ame  frome  bare  rent,  ryches,  and  ringis.  a  1598  KOL- 
LOCK  IVks.  (1844)  II.  vii.  84  They  would  climb  up  to  heaven 
and  rave  it  from  God. 

Hence  fRa'ving  i'bl.  sl>3  and///,  a.?'  Obs. 

1549  Compl.  Scot.  Ep.  to  Queen  2  The  rauand  sauuage 
volflis..that  deuoris..scheip  for  ther  pray,  a  1578  LINDESAY 
(Pitscottie)  Chron.Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)  II.  273  Thair  was  nathing 
hot  rwgging  and  raveing  of  the  puir  laubouraris. 

Rave,  obs.  pa.  t.  RIVE  v. 

Rave-hook.  A'aut.  [?  f.  RAVE  ».3]   (Seequot.) 

1846  A.  YOUNG  Kan!.  Diet.,  Rave-hook,  an  iron  instru 
ment  used  by  caulkers  to  get  the  oakum  thoroughly  out  of 
a  vessel's  seams,  when  a  rasing-iron  would  not  penetrate 
deep  enough. 

Ravel /ne'v'l),  sb.1  Also  Sc.  raivel,  dial,  revel, 
[f.  the  vb.  Cf.  Du.  rafel  a  fraying  out.] 

1.  A  tangle,  complication,  entanglement. 

1634  JACKSON  Creed  vii.  xxvi.  §  i  The  thread  which  we  are  , 
to  unwind  as  far  as  possibly  we  can  without  knot  or  ravel. 
1853  W.  JERHAN  Autohiogr.  IV.  150  The  act  by  which 
numerous  political  ravels  seemed  to  be  so  happily  dis 
entangled.  1865  SWINBURNE  Poems  fy  Ball.,  At  Elensis  185 
She  thought  to  thread  this  web's  fine  ravel  out. 

2.  A  broken  thread,  a  loose  end.     Akojiff. 

1832  CARI.VI.E  in  Froude  Life  (1882)  II.  307  Great  is  self- 
denial.  . .  Life  goes  all  to  ravels  and  tatters,  where  that  enters 
not.  1847  HALLIWELL,  Revels,  the  broken  threads  cast  away 
bywomen  at  their  work. 

Ra'vel,  st>.-  Sc.  (and  north,  dial.)  Also  7 
reuele,  ravell,  9  raivel.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 

1.  A  rail  or  railing. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  VI.  264  A  foure  squared  stone;  in 
closed  about  with  an  yron  Reuele,  on  which  . .  the  dead 
body  of  our  Sauiour  lay,  and  was  imbalmed.  [1695  in  Hist. 
Brechin  (1867)  v.  98  The  east  ravell  is  found  to  be  very 
ruinous.  In  1707  the  whole  ravell  is  directed  to  be  amended.] 
1792  .Van  rear's  Morning  12  (E.  D.  D.)  A  cellar,  upo'  the 
high  street,  But  ony  ravel,  bare.  1821  GALT  Ayrsh. 
Legatees  v.  let.  xv,  We  then  ran  . .  up  an  old  timber-stair 
with  a  rope  ravel.  1892  N.  DICKSON  Anld  Scotch  Min.iis 
An  inside  stair  that  had  what  was  called  a  '  wooden  ravel '. 

2.  'The  cross-beam  to  which  the  tops  of  cow- 
stakes  are  fastened '  (Jam.  1825).    Also  ravel-slick, 
-tree  (Northumb.  Gloss. ;  cf.  rail-tree  RAIL  sb.z  6). 

Ra-vel,  rf.3  Also  Sc.  raivel.  [Synonymous 
with  RADDLE  rf.1  I  b  and  RAVE  st.2  3,  but  the 
mutual  relationship  of  the  words  is  not  clear.  Cf. 
prec.  and  RAVEL  v.1,  which  may  have  influenced 
the  form.]  Weaving.  A  separator  (cf.quot.  1842). 

1831  PORTER  Silk  Mamif.  220  The  threads  of  the  warp 
being  separated  and  guided  by  means  of  the  ravel.  1842 
BISCHOFF  Woollen  Mannf.  II.  412  In  order  that  the  warp 
may  be  laid  evenly  on  the  beam,  an  instrument  is  used 
similar  to  the  reel. . .  It  is  called  a  ravel  or  separator,  and  is 
composed  of  strips  of  cane  fastened  into  a  rail  of  wood  [etc.]. 

Ra-vel,  sb.*,  variant  of  RABBLE  sb2  3. 

1881  GREENER  Gun  221  The  scraps  were  then  cut  into 
pieces  of  the  same  size,  and  placed  in  a  furnace  until  of  a 
white  heat,  gathered  into  a  bloom  with  ravels,  and  the  mass 
placed  under  a  tilt  hammer. 

t  Ra-vel,  a.  Obs.  rare-1.  In  7  rauill.  [Peril, 
related  to  RABBLE  z>.l]  ?  Loquacious,  voluble. 

(11603  T.  CARTWRIGHT  Confnt.  Rliem.  N.  T.  (1618)  Pref. 
35  Your  Dirigie  groats,  and  Trentall  money,  will  make  you 
lauish  and  rauill  in  your  translation. 

Ravel  (roe-v'l),  f .!  Also  6-7  ravell,  7  ravill, 
ravle,  9  dial,  raivel,  reavel.  [App.  a.  Du. 
ravelen  (Kilian\  rafelen  to  tangle,  to  fray  out,  to 

unweave;  cf.  LG.  reffeln,  rebbcln  in  same  sense. 

A  common  dial,  form  is  raffle :  see  RAFFLE  z>.3 

In  ordinary  Eng.  use  ravel  is  synonymous  with  unravel. 
The  more  original  sense  of  entangling  or  becoming  tangled 
is  still  common  in  Sc.  and  dial.] 

I.  intr.  1.  To  become  entangled  or  confused. 
rare  (exc.  dial,). 

a  1585  MONTGOMERIE  Flytingiu.  Pohvart  511  Litill  tent 
to  their  time  the  toone  leit  them  take,  Bot  ay . .  [they]  raveld 
in  their  reeles.  1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  in.  ii.  51  As  you 
vnwinde  her  loue  from  him,  Least  it  should  rauell,  ..  You 


176 

must  prouide  to  bottome  it  on  me.    1671  MILTON  Samson 
305  By  tliir  own  perplexities  involv'd  They  ravel  more. 

2.  Of  a  fabric :  To  fray  out,  to  suffer  disintegra 
tion.     (Also  in  fig.  context.) 

1611  COTGR.,  Rittler,  to  rauell  out  like  silke.  1639  FL'LLER 
Holy  M'ar\.  i.  (1840)  242  To  hem  the  end  of  our  history 
that  it  ravel  not  out.  1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  97/2 
Ravell — when  threads  come  out  of  the  edges  of  the  cloth. 
1791  HAMILTON  Berthollet's  Dyeing  I.  1.  n.  i.  133  The  stuff 
now  participates  of  the  nature  of . .  felt  . .  and  it  may  be  cut 
without  being  subject  to  ravel.  1860  H.  WEDGWOOD  in  Phil. 
Soc.  Trans.  32  The  hem  of  a  garment  is  that  which  binds  it 
round,  and  prevents  it  from  ravelling  out. 
Jig.  1606  MAKSTON  Faivne  II.  i,  Do's  my  Lord  rauell  put, 
do's  he  fret?  c  1610  BEAUM.  &  Fi..  minster  v.  iv,  Your 
royalty  shall  ravel.  1669  SHADWELI.  Royal  Shepherdess  II, 
How  do  men  ravel  back  to  childhood. 

3.  Of  a  clue  or  thread :  To  unwind  ;  to  come  off 
the  clue,  reel,  etc.  rare  (now  dial.). 

1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinarch.,  Rich.  II,  Ixxxvii,  Shee  gives 
the  Clue :  and  if  it  can  but  ravel  To  the  Thred's  End,  wee 
seeke  no  farther  travel.  1653  WALTON  Angler\\\\.  154  With 
such  a  nick  . .  as  may  keep  the  line  from  any  more  of  it 
ravelling  from  about  the  stick  than  so  much  of  it  as  you 
intend.  1873  A.  G.  MURDOCH  Doric  Lyre  13  The  threed  in 
Tammie's  shuttle  Gaed  raivelling  aft"  the  pirn. 

t  4.  To  examine  or  inquire  into  a  thing.  Obs. 
(freq.  in  I7th  c.). 

1618  SIR  H.  MAY  in  Fortescnc  Papers  (Camden)  46  Being 
unwillinge  to  ravell  into  the  memory  of  those  offensive  par- 
ticulers.  1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol.  Chym.  34  We  have 
already  sufficiently  ravell'd  into  the  nature  of  both_vitriol 
and  iron.  1710  J.  PALMER  Proverbs  141  The  malicious  .. 
ravel  into  the  conduct  of  a  man  of  honour  in  the  dark. 
II.  trans.  5.  To  entangle,  confuse,  perplex. 

1598  E.  GUILPIN  Stial.  (1878)  51  Like  Weavers  shuttles 
which  runne  to  and  fro,  Ran 'ling  their  owne  guts  with  their 
running  so.  a  1656  VISES  Lord's  Supp.  (1677)  130  The  words 
which  are  so  ravelled  and  perplexed  by  contrary  senses. 
1706  DE  FOE  Jure  Divino  vin.  188  Those  wild,  unhappy, 
self-defending  Few,  If  not  destroy'd  in  Time,  will  ravel  all 
the  Clew.  1727  BERKELEY  Let.  to  Prior  27  June  in  ll'ks. 
1871  IV.  145  luy  affairs  were  ravell'd  by  the  death  of  his 
Majesty.  1843  P.  FAIRBAIRN  Typol.  Script.  (1857)  '•  '•.'*• 
133  It  ravels  and  complicates  the  meaning  of  the  prophecies. 

absol.  1862  HISLOP  Prov.  Scot.  63  Fools  ravel,  and  wise 
men  redd. 

t  b.  /rails/.  To  make  (dust)  rise  in  confusion. 

1646  J.  Hairs  Poems  To  Authour,  Summon  thy  lungs, 
and  with  an  angry  breath  Ravell  the  curious  dust,  1647  J. 
HALL  Poems  11. 100  Dust,  ravel'd  in  the  Aire  will  fly  Up  high. 

6.  To  unwind  or  unweave;  to  unravel,     t  Also 
with  away. 

1607  TOURNEUR  Rev.  Trag.  n.  ii,  You  shall  have  one 
woman  knit  more  in  an  hower  than  any  man  can  rauel 
agen.  1650  W.  BROUGH  Sacr.  Princ.  (1659)  426  How  then 
darest  thou  ravel  away  that  pretious  threed.  1726  POPE 
Odyss.  xix.  173  The  night  still  ravell'd,  what  the  day  re- 
new'd.  1809  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Manoeuvring  ix,  A  fool, 
who  ravels,  as  fast  as  one  weaves,  the  web  of  her  fortune. 
1889  (.'entnry  Mag.  Apr.  841  A  favorite  gown  had  been 
woven  by  her  maids,  of  cotton,  striped^  with  silk  procured  by 
raveling  the  general's  discarded  stockings. 

b.  Jig.  To  take  to  pieces  ;  to  disentangle. 

1582  STANVHURST  SEncis  To  Rdr.  (Arb.)  12  Many  good 
verses  would  bee  rauelde  and  dismembred.  1648  HEYLIN 
Re/at,  f,  Oose'-v.  I.  139  b,  To  rauell  back  all  Governments, 
to  the  first  principles  of  nature,  a  1658  CLEVELAND  Iler- 
maphrodite  19  Ravel  thy  Body,  and  I  find  In  every  Limb 
a  double  kind.  1874  HOLLAND  Mistr.  Manse  161  A  thousand 
chances  of  the  feud  She  wove  and  raveled  one  by  one. 

7.  To  ravel  out :  To  draw  or  pull  out  by  unwinding 
or  unweaving. 

1623-4  MIDDLETON  &  ROWLEY  Span.  Gipsy  II.  i.  161 
A  stitch  in  a  man's  stocking  not  taken  up  in  time,  ravels 
out  all  the  rest.  1675  HOBBES  Odyssey  xix.  139  All  day  I 
wove,  but  ere  I  went  to  bed,  What  I  had  wov'n,  I  ravel'd 
out  agen.  1746  ARDERON  in  Phil.  Trans.  XLI V.  429  When 
ever  it  ascended,  it  wound  its  Thread  with  its  Feet  into  a 
sort  of  Coil,  and  when  it  descended  only  ravelled  it  out  again. 
1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Etig.  vii.  (1858)  II.  164  We  find  a  com 
mission  sitting  at  Lambeth  . .  ravelling  out  the  threads  of  a 
story, 

b.  To  destroy,  spoil,  or  waste,  as  by  pulling  a 
fabric  into  threads.   ?  Obs. 

a  1616  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Wit  at  Sev.  Wcap.  v.  i,  Shelter, 
shelter,  if  you  be  scene  All's  ravell'd  out  agen.  1660 
INGELO  Rentiv.  .J-  Ur.  i.  (1682)  157  [They]  slighted  those 
mean  Sports  which  ravel  out  the  time  of  other  people. 
(11708  BEVERIUGE  Priv.  TA.  I.  (1730)  97  Why  should  I 
spend  and  ravel  out  my  Thoughts  upon  that  which  will 
destroy  my  Soul. 

c.  To  disentangle,  make  plain  or  clear. 

1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  IT,  iv.  i.  239  Must  I  rauell  out  My 
weau  d-vp  follyes?  1602  —  Ham.  in.  iv.  186  Let  him.. 
Make  you  to  rauell  all  this  matter  out.  a  1658  CLEVELAND 
H'ks.  (1687)  it  Then  roll  up,  Muse,  what  thou  hast  ravel'd 
out.  1832  t.  BREE  St.  Herbert's  Isle  89  What  there  she  did, 
took  me  full  thrice  as  long  To  ravel  out.  1870  MORRIS 
Earthly  Par.  III.  iv.  195  Asking  words  from  these  To 
ravel  out  his  tale  for  him. 

f8.  To  turn  or  toss  over.     (?Cf.  RABBLE  w.l  a.) 
a  1655  DIGBY  (J.),  They  but  ravel  it  over  loosely,  and  pitch 
upon  disputing  against  particular  conclusions. 

fRa-vel,  ».2  Obs.  rare-1.  [Cf.  RAFFLE  z/.2] 
trans.  To  ruffle  or  scratch. 

1621  J.  REYNOLDS  God's  Revenge  I.  ii.  62  A  faire  thrust. . 
which  onely  pierced  his  shirt,  and  ravelled  his  skinne. 

fRa'Vel,  v.3  06s.  rare— l.  [Perh.  a  back-forma 
tion  from  RAVELLED  a.]  trans.  To  sift. 

1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1696)  74  Houshold-Bread  of  the  best 
Wheat  unravelled,  or  ravelled  through  the  courses!  Boultel. 

Ra-vel  bread.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [Of  obscure 
origin :  cf.  RAVELLED  a.]  Bread  made  of  whole 


RAVELLY. 

meal,  or  of  flour  with  the  bran  left  in.  Also  ravel 
loaf. 

1591  FLORIO  2«<y  Fritites  51  Here  is  cheate  bread,  rauel 
bread,  manchet  bread,  and  houshold  bread.  1608  T.  COCKS 
Diary  (1901)  37/4  Mr.  Deanes  boye,  that  brought  me  a 
ravell  loafe.  1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1696)  74  Bread  made  of 
the  whole  Wheat  is  sometime  called  Cribble  or  fine  Ravel 
Bread.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Pants  vocatus  Klack- 
U'hitlof,  bread  of  a  middle  sort,  between  White  and  Brown ; 
such  as  in  Kent  is  call'd  Ravel-bread.  1887  in  Kentish 
Gloss. 

Ravelin1  (roe'vlm).  Also  6  rau-,  reu-,reve- 
lin,  rav'lin,  7  ravellin,  (8  rablin) ;  6  rauelline, 
-yne,  7-8  raveline ;  6-7  raveling,  (7  -iling,  9 
-elling).  [a.  Y.  ravelin  (i6th  c.,  Rabelais),  a.  It. 
rav-,  revellino  (Florio),now  rivellino  =  Sp.  rebellin, 
Pg.  rebelim  ;  of  unknown  origin.]  In  fortification, 
an  outwork  consisting  of  two  faces  which  form 
a  salient  angle,  constructed  beyond  the  main  ditch 
and  in  front  of  the  curtain. 

1589  IVE  Fortif.  35  There  the  defences  would  be  placed 
without  the  counterscarfe  . .  and  being  so  placed  they  are 
tearmed  to  be  rauelins  of  the  Italyans  and  Frenchmen,  and 
of  vs  they  have  been  tearmed  spurres.  1590  SIR  J.  SMYTH 
Disc.  Weapons  Ded.  10  The  bulwarkes,  platformes,  and 
reuelins  haue  beene  taken  away.  1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd. 
fr  Conmnu.  (1603)  85  It  is  indifferently  well  fortified  with 
rauelings,  bulwarkes  and  platteformes,  besides  a  deepe 
ditch.  16165  MANLEV  tr.  Grotiits'  Low  C.  H'arrcs  271  Find 
ing  the  Bulwark  too  strong  for  the  Cannon,  though  a  great 
part  of  the  Ravelin  was  beaten  clown.  1759  STERNE  Tr. 
Shundy  II.  xii,  Common  men.  .confound  the  ravelin_and 
the  half-moon  together, — tho'  they  are  very  different  things. 
1828  J.  M.  SPEARMAN  Brit.  Gunner  (ed.  2)  204  The  Ravelins 
are  intended  to  cover  the  curtains  and  shoulders  of  the 
bastions,  and  to  defend  the  ground  in  front  of  their  saliants. 
1834-47  J.  S.  MACAULAY  Field  Fortif.  (1851)  23  Ravelins 
are  seldom  added  to  forts  in  the  field,  but  almost  always  to 
fronts  of  permanent  fortifications. 

trans/,  and  Jtf.  1620  B.  JONSON  in  Sir  J.  Beaumont 
Boxiuorth-Field,  This  Booke  will  liue;  It  hath  a  Genius; 
..Here  needs  no  words  expense  In  Bulwarkes,  Rau'lins, 
Ramparts,  for  defense.  1852  NEWLAND  Lect.  Tractar.  133 
The  church  ..  though  protected  by  a  strong  ravelin  of 
masonry  from . .  the  falling  ice.  1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN  Mystics 
I.  v.  ii.  165  All  the  intellectual  fortification  of  the  time— 
the  redoubts,  ravelins.,  of  dry  stern  logic. 

t  Ravelin  2.  .5V.  Obs.  rare.  [Cf.  RAVEL  sb."-] 
A  railing,  fence. 

1626  Burgh  Rec.  Aberdeen  III.  7  The  councell  grants 
licience..to  big  a  dyick  or  ravelin  of  tymber,  betwixt  the 
chappell  wall  and  the  lard  Forbes  back  dyke  of  his  yaird. 

t  Ra-velled,  a.  Obs.  (See  RAVEL  BREAD.) 

'577  HARRISON  England  ii.  vi.  (1877)  i.  154  The  raueled 
is  a  kind  of  cheat  bread  also,  but  it  reteineth  more  of  the 
grosse,  and  less  of  the  poore  substance  of  the  wheat.  The 
raueled  cheat.. is  generalise  so  made  [etc.].  1613  WITHER 
Abuses  II.  i,  For  bread,  they  can  compare  with  Lord  and 
Knight.  They  have  both  raveld  manchet  browne  and  white. 
[1830  JAMES  Darnley  i.  ix.  200  His  pressed  curds,  his 
raveled  bread,  and  his  leathern  bottle  full  of  thin  beer.] 

Ravelled  (raVld),  fpl.  a.  [f.  RAVEL  »i.] 
1.  Tangled,  confused,  involved,  (lit.  and_/ff.) 
1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  n.  ii.  37  Sleepe  that  knits  up  the 
rauel'd  Sleeue  of  Care.  1642  ROGERS  Naaman  336  How  to 
picke  out  an  end  out  of  the  ravelled  skeine.  1666  BAXTER 
Catt  to  Unconverted  204  Because  our  ravelled  wits  cannot 
see  them  right  together.  1725  RAMSAY  Gentle  Shtph.  i.  i, 
Ye.. have  sae  kind  Redd  up  my  ravel'd  doubts,  and  clear  d 
my  mind.  1835  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Discuss.  (1852)  519  The 
difficult  and  ravelled  problems  touching  the  various  colle 
giate  foundations.  1883  ANNIE  S.  SWAN  Aldersyde  ii.  x, 
A  higher  hand  holds  the  ravelled  skein  of  life. 

b.  Sc.  A  ravelled  hasp :  An  intricate  or  involved 
matter. 

1637  FLEMING  in  A.  Whyte  Rutherford  (1894)  xxiii.  201 
My  inward  life  is  a  ravelled  hesp  and  I  need  guidance  and 
direction.  1720  PF.SNF.CI'IK  Helicon  (ed.  2)  26  Providence 
seems  a  ravel'd  Hasp.  1822  SCOTT  Pirate  v,  Speak  her 
fair  and  canny,  or  we  will  have  a  ravelled  hasp  on  the 
yarn-windles. 

1 2.  Frayed  out ;  with  frayed  edges ;  ragged. 
Also  transf.  Obs. 

1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stnffe  47  The  raueld  buttonholes  of 
her  bleare  eyes.  1613-16  W.  BROWNE  Brit.  Past.  II.  iv, 
A  ravell'd  wound  distain'd  her  purer  brest. 

Ra-veller.    [f.  RAVEL  z*.t  +  -EK1.]    One  who 

ravels  (Webster  1864). 
Ravellin(g,  obs.  forms  of  RAVELIN. 
Ravelling  (rarv'lirj),  vbl.  sb.    [f.  RAVEL  z>.l] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  various  sense_s. 

1673  in  Essex  Papers  (Camden)  I.  79  Commissions  issued 
out  for  ye  searching  and  raveling  into  mens  estates.  1688 
Col.  Rec.  Pennsylv.  I.  242  Tending  to  the  ravelling  into  y* 
Resolutions  of  y°  Last  day's  proceedings.  1830  GALT 
La-.urie  T.  it.  xi.  (1849)  78  All  this  breaking  of  banks  and 
revalling  [sic]  of  manufacturers. 

2.  concr.  A  thread  from  a  woven  fabric  which  is 
frayed  or  unravelled. 

1658  A.  Fox  tr.  H'tirlz"  Sitrg.  H.  ix.  83  Take  the  single 
threeds  or  ravsllings  of  linnen,  wet  them  in  this  Water, 
cleanse  the  Wounds  with  them.  1727  Philip  Quarll  (1816) 
57  He . .  with  the  ravelling  of  some  of  the  sail  made  a  string 
to  the  bow.  1792  SIR  B.  THOMPSON  in  Phil.  Trans. 
LXXXII.  58  The  ravelings  of  cloth,  or  cuttings  of  threads. 
1870  LOWELL  Study  Wind.  (18861  14  The  nest  was.. woven 
and  felted  with  ravellings  of  woollen  carpet. 

fig-  X7?8  Love  Feast  21  Of  Righteousness  mere  Rav'lings 
and  vile  Shreds. 

Ra-velly,  a.  rare.    Somewhat  ravelled. 

1890  Century  Mag.  Ian.  444/1  note,  A.  .suit  of  clothes 
that  looked  seamed  and  ravelly. 


RAVELMENT. 

Ravelmeiit  (raVlmcnt).  [f.  RAVEL  P.I  + 
-MENT.]  Entanglement,  confusion.  Also  with  a. 

1833  CARLVI.E  Diderot  Misc.  Ess.  (1888!  V.  28  A  series  of 
ravelments  and  squabbling  grudges.  1837  _  />-.  Rn>.  III. 
II.  ii,  Mischievous  deceitful  persons  cut  the  rope,  and  our 
Queae  becomes  a  ravelment.  1870  Daily  NC'MS  24  Sept., 
Heaps  of  Bavarian  and  French  dead  piled  high  in  inextric 
able  ravelment. 

Raven  (r^'Vn),  rf.l  (a.)  Forms  :  a.  i  hraebu, 
(h)rsefn,  raefen  ;  3  rauou,  4  ravoun  ;  3-6  rau-, 
ravin,  -yn,  (5  rawyn,  -iue,  ravyne),  4-5  rau-, 
ravene,  3-7  rauen,  4-  raven.  /3.  i  (h)refn,  3 
reafen,  3-4  reu-,  reven,  3-5  reu-,  revyn,  (4 
revon,  5  rewyn),  6  Sc.  revin,  7  Sc.  reavin.  7. 
i  hremn,  (h)remm,  (h)reem,  1-3  rem.  [Comm. 
Teut.  :  OE.  hrxfn  =  MDu.  raven  (Du.  raaf),  OHG. 
(li)ralan  (MHG.  raben),  ON.  hrafn  (MSw.  rafn, 
Da.  ravti),  Goth.  *hrabn-s  (cf.  early  ON.  Hara- 
i/anav.  -  HratlnaR,  the  personal  name  Hrafn). 
A  normal  change  of/«  to  ?««,  /«(?»  gave  also  OE. 
hrxmti,  hre»i(m  —  OHG.  (h}ra>n  (MIIG.  ram), 
MSw.  ramn,  (ramfn,)  ram(tn. 

A  weak  form  of  the  stem  appears  in  OHG.  rabo  (G.  robe, 
MLG.  rave)  :  for  the  relationship  of  this  to  MHG.  rappi* 
raven  (G.  rappe  a  black  horse)  see  Streitberg  Urgcrni. 
Gratitjn.  151.] 

1.  A  widely  distributed  corvinebird(Ci»-viisCorax) 
of  Europe  and  Asia,  of  large  size,  with  black  lustrous 
plumage  and  raucous  voice,  feeding  chiefly  on  carrion 
or  other  flesh.  The  name  has  also  been  extended  to 
birds  belonging  to  various  other  species  of  t'orvtts, 
esp.  the  American  Raven  (Corvus  carnivonis}. 

The  common  raven  is  easily  tamed,  but  is  mischievous  and  | 
thievish,  and  has  been  popularly  regarded  as  a  bird  of  evil  | 
omen  and  mysterious  character. 

a.  a  Boo  Erfurt  Gloss.  285  Cprax,  hraebn.  cSfpO.  E.  \ 
Martyrol.]z.n.  10,  pa..fedde  hine  an  hraefn  sextis  Jeara. 
CQSO  Liiidisf.  Crosp.  Luke  xii.  24  BehaldaS  oa  raefnas  Jia:tte 
lie  sawa;5  ne  hriopaS.  c  lim  Bestiary  408  De  rauen  is 
swiSe  red!  .  .  &  o3re  fules  hire  fallen  bi.  c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I. 
^12/452  Al  bat  ofmr  del  with-Inne  swi^e  blak  as  a  rauou  it 
IS.  13.  .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  4ss  pe  rauen  so  ronk  bat  rebel 
was  euer.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxxiv.  153  Vowltures, 
egles,  rauyns,  and  ober  fevvlez  of  rauyne.  c  1450  HOLLAND 
Howlat  215  The  Ravyne,  rolpand  rudly  in  a  roche  ran. 
1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  63  The  rauen  wyll  not 


n's  passpo 

beak.  1656  S.  HOLLAND  Zara  (1719)  130  Thou  art  always 
Oike  the  Raven)  croaking  my  infortunity  and  disgrace. 
1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  144/2  Pens  made  of  Ravens 
Quills..  are  to  finish  and  shadow  your  draught.  1766 
PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  (1768)  I.  166  Ravens  build  in  trees, 
and  lay  five  or  six  eggs.  Ibid.  167  The  raven  will  pick  out 
the  eyes  of  young  lambs  when  just  dropped.  1822  SCOTT 
Pirate  v,  If  the  men  of  Thule  have  ceased  .  .  to  spread  the 
banquet  for  the  raven  [etc.].  1839  TENNYSON  Guinevere  132 
Till  in  the  cold  wind  that  foreruns  the  morn,  .  .  the  Raven, 
flying  high,  Croak'd. 

0 
,8 
bri  ______    _______  o_.  ___  ,fm  _____  .....  _T  _____  .....  _ 

)>a  hrefnas  [<:  1160  Hatton  MS.  refnes]  bast  hir  ne  sawaS. 
a  1225  Alter.  R.  84  He..  mid  his  bile,  roted  stinkinde  fleshs, 
as  is  reafnes  kunde.  a  1300  Fragm.  Pop.  Sc.  (Wright)  63 
Al  that  other  del  with-inne  blac  as  a  reven  is.  c  1475  Pict. 
Voc.  in  Wr.-Wulcker  761/33  Hie  cornix,  a  rewyn.  1486 
Bk.  St.  Albans  D  ij,  That  hawke  that  will  slee  a  Roke  or 
a  Crow  or  a  Reuyn.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxvi.  117 
Thae  tarmegantis  .  .  begowth  to  clatter,  And  rowp  lyk  revin 
and  ruke.  c  1630  SIR  W.  MURE  Ps.  cxlvii.  9  Of  reavens  who 
heares  The  yong  ones,  when  they  call. 

y.  r  1000  v^LFRic  Gen.  viii.  7  Noe..asende  ut  senna 
hremn  ;  se  hremn  fleah  ba  ut  [etc.].  c  1000  —  Saints' 
Lives  (Skeat)  I.  492  Daer  flujon  sona  to  hrocas  and  hremmas. 
c  1205  LAY.  30392  Habben  bares  heorte  and  remes  brede. 

t  b.  Indian  raven,  the  name  given  by  Bontius  to 
two  East  Indian  birds  (see  quots.  1678).   Obs. 

1678  RAY  Willnghby's  Ornitk.  n.  vii.  126  Bontius  his 
Indian  Raven.  There  is  a  strange  kind  of  Raven  in  the 
Molucca  Islands  ..  which  resembles  our  Country  Raven  in 
the  bill.  Ibid.  viii.  127  The  horned  Indian  Raven  or  Tapau, 
called  the  Rhinoceros  Bird.  1752  SIR  J.  HILL  Hist.  Artitit. 
383  Bjtceros  niger..  in  shape  somewhat  resembles  the  crow 
kind,  whence,  and  from  it's  size,  it  has  been  called  the 
Indian  Raven. 

C.  Jig.   A  croaker. 

1814  SIR  R.  WILSON  Priv.  Diary  (1861)  II.  301,  I  have  done 
my  duty  honestly  in  my  correspondence  with  government 
on  this  subject  ;  but  I  am  not  sure  that  I  shall  not  be  voted 
an  incorrigible  raven. 

2.  a.  The  figure  of  a  raven  on  the  flag  of  the 
Danish  vikings  ;  also,  the  flag  itself  or  the  warlike 
power  typified  by  this. 

a  iioo  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  878  par  wses  se  gu3- 
fana  xenumen  be  hi  raifen  heton.  1603  CAMDEN  Rem., 
Armories  (tS7o)  228  The  Danes  [bore]  in  their  Standard 
a  Raven,  as  Asserius  reporteth.  a  1711  KEN  Edmund 
Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  313  The  mighty  Hildebrand  the  Raven 
rea.r.ij>  A  magick  Flag.  1740  THOMSON  &  MALLET  Alfred 
li.  iii,  Behold  the  warrior  bright  with  Danish  spoils  !—  The 
raven  droops  his  wings.  1856  C.  KNIGHT  Pop.  Hist.  Eng. 
I.  vii.  ioo  The  banner  of  the  White  Horse  floated  triumph 
antly  over  the  Danish  raven. 


177 

Kfye  Brid,  fish,  beste,  or  him  or  here,  As  the  Raven,  or 
either  Here.)  1551  RFCORDF.  Cast.  K'ntnvl.  (1556)  270  The 
Knuen  standeth  on  the  same  Hydre,..and  it  is  formed  of 
7  starres. 

4.  attrih.  (see  also  B.)  and  Comb. 

a.  Simple  attrib.,  as  raven  kind,  quill \  simila- 
tive,  as  raven-black,  -glossy,  -grey,  -like  adjs.,  raven- 
wise  adv. ;  parasynthelic,  as  raven-coloured,  -fea 
thered,  -haired,  -phimcd^  -toned  &<\)s. ;  instrumental, 
as  raven-torn  adj. 

c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  cxxvii,  My  Mistersse  [«V]  eyes  are 
*Rauen  blacke.  1857  C-  BRONTE  Professor  x,  Raven-black 
hair,  very  dark  eyes.  1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  \\.  iii.  83  Her 
*Rauen  coloured  loue.  1746  HKRVF.Y Medit.  (1818)  265  The 
raven-colored  mantle  of  night.  1798  SoTHEBYtr.  Wit-land's 
Oheron  (1826)  I.  8  The  starless  gloom  of  *raven-feather'd 
night.  1700  DHYDKN  Cymon  «y  Iph.  151  The  snowy  skin, 
the  *raveu-glossy  hair.  1815  SCOTT  GnyM.  xix,  Two  suits  of 
clothes,  one  black,  and  one  *raven-grey.  1844  THACKERAY 
MayGamboh  Wks,  igooXII 1. 427Thedark-eyed and  *raven- 


. 

b.  Her.  The  figure  of  a  raven  as  borne  in  arms. 
1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  in.  xvii.  162  Hee  beareth  Or,  a 
Raven  proper,  by  the  name  of  Corbet.     1780  EDMONDSON 
Compl.  Body  Heraldry  II.  Gloss. 
t  3.   Astron.  The  southern  constellation  Corvus. 
=  CROW  4.  Obs.  rare. 

[c  1384  CHAUCER  H.  Fame  n.  406  How  goddes  gonne  stel- 
VOL.  VIII. 


of  oblivion.  1776-96  WITHERING  Brit.  Plants  (ed.  3)  IV. 
232  Stem  solid.,  ii  inch  high  thick  as  a  *raven  quill.  1797 
SOUTHEV  in  J.  (Jottle  Rcminisc.  (1847)  210  The  very  voice. . 
will  be  enough  to  convict  the  *raven-toned  criminal.  1860 
RHSKIN  Mod.  Paint.  V.  ix.  ii.  §  1 1. 21 1  The  carcass  of  a  ewe. . 
*raven-torn.  1891  ATKINSON  Last  of  Giant-killers  hi  Nests, 
built  *raven-wise  one  a-top  of  the  other. 

b.  Special  combs.,  as  raven-bone  —  ravetfs  bone 
(see  c)  ;  raven-cockatoo,  a  black  cockatoo  (of  the 
genus  CaJyptorhynchus}  ;  raven-crow  =  RAVEX  I ; 
raven-duck  [ad.  G.  rabentuch~\y  a  kind  of  canvas 
(also  raverfs  duck] ;  raven-fish  [tr.  It.  coracino], 
a  black-coloured  Mediterranean  fish  ;  f  raven-foot 
(see  quot.) ;  t  raven  messenger  —  corbie  messenger 
CORBIE 2;    raven  standard:    cf.   RAVEN    2  a; 
raven-stone    [ad.    G.   rabenstein]*  the   place   of 
execution,  the  gallows  or  gibbet. 

1818  SCOTT  Br.  Lamm,  ix,  Disputing,  .concerning  nom- 
bles,  briskets,  flankards,  and  *raven-bones,  then  usual  terms 
of  the  art  of  hunting.  1817  T.  FORSTER  Nat.  Hist.  Swallow- 
tribe  68  Corpus  corax,  the  Raven,  Great  corbiecrow,  or 
*Ravencrow.  1753  HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  I.  n.  xiv.  61 
Sail-cloth,  sheetings,  *ravenducl:s  and  drillings.  1827 
ROBERTS  Voy.  Centr.  Amer.  36  In  exchange  we  gave 
them  ravenduck,  osnaburg,  [etc.].  1755  T.  H.  CROKER  Orl. 
fur.  vi.  xxxvi,  The  salmon,  mullet,  *raven-fish.  ^1265 
Voc.  Names  Plants  in  Wr.-Wulcker  556/3  Pollipodium, 
poliol,  *reuenfot.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  1892  (Ciiitt.)  Pat  messager 
..bat  duellis  lang  in  his  iornay,  He  may  be  cald,  wid  resun 
clere,  An  of  the  'rauyns  messagere.  1822  SCOTT  Pirate  xv, 
To  see  our  barks  . .  with  the  black  *raven  standard  waving 
at  the  topmast.  1817  BYRON  Manfred  in.  i,  74  The  raven 
sits  On  the  "raven-atone.  1871  B.  TAYLOR  l-anst  i.  xxiv, 
What  weave  they  there  round  the  raven-stone? 

c.  Combs,  with  ravens,  as  f  raven's  bill,  a 
surgical  instrument  resembling  the  bill  of  a  raven  ; 
f  raven's  bone  (see  quots.,  and  cf.  corbin-bone  s.v. 
CORBIX  b);  raven's  book,  the  list  of  the  dead 
(ttonce-use) ;    raven's-duck  =  raven-duck    (Sim- 
monds  1858) ;  raven's  eye,  a  species  of  toadstool ; 
t  raven's  morsel  =  corbel's  fee  CORBEL  sb.  i. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillern gait's  Fr.  Chirnrg.  nb/2,  The 
*Ravens  bille,  in  L.  called  Rostrum  corvinum.  1575  TUR- 
BERV.  Venerie  xliii.  135  There  is  a  Htle  gristle  which  is  vpon 
the  spoone  of  the  brysket,  which  we  cal  the  *Rauens  bone, 
bycause  it  is  cast  vp  to  the  Crowes  or  Rauens  whiche  attende 
hunters.  1637  B.  JONSON  Sad  Shepk.  \.  ii,  Mar.  The 
brisket  bone,  upon  the  spoon  Of  which  a  little  gristle 
grows  ;  you  call  it —  Rob.  The  raven's  bone.  1844  W.  H. 
MAXWELL  Sports  fy  Adv.  Scot  1.  iii.  (1855)  53,  I  am  fairly  in 
the  *raven's  book.  1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.4)  I.  181 
Perhaps  the  plants  that  through  such  an  error  have  been 
most  frequently  gathered  are,  the  Medusa's  head,  the 
*raven's  eye,  the  hemlock  mushroom,  and  the  agaricns 
muscarim,  c  1500  Wyl  Bucke's  Test.  A  ij  b,  The  *rauens 
morsell,  stickehiton  athorne  faste.  1575  TURBERV.  Venerie 
xlii.  129  The  rauens  morsell  (which  is  the  gryssell  at  the 
spoone  of  the  brisket). 

B.  attrib.  passing  into  adj.  Of  the  colour  of  a 
raven  ;  glossy  black  ;  intensely  dark  or  gloomy. 

1634  MILTON  Comus  251  Smoothing  the  Raven  doune  Of 
darknes.  1727-46  THOMSON  Summer  1088  Thus  o'er  the 
prostrate  city  black  Despair  Extends  her  raven  wing.  1761 
GRAY  Odin  66  A  wondrous  boy.  .Who  ne'er  shall  comb  his 
raven-hair.  1813  BYRON  Giaour  ix,  H.ere  'out'  ^'s  raven 
charger  _neigh'd.  1822  SCOTT  Pirate  iii,  From  her  mother 
Minna  inherited  the  . .  dark  eyes,  the  raven  locks.  1850 
TENNYSON  In  Mem.  i,  Let  darkness  keep  her  raven  gloss. 

Hence  (nonce-wds.}  Ra'vendom,  the  community 
of  ravens ;  Ba'venhood,  the  state  of  being  a  raven  ; 
Ra'venling,  a  young  raven. 

1870  STEWART  Nether  Lochaber  xix.  112  Permitted  by  the 
laws  of  ravendom.  1889  Gd.  Words  483/2  That  raven  grew 
to  the  fullest  stature  of  lusty  ravenhood.  1896  R.  J. 
HARDING  Slav  Tales  258  The  old  raven  started  off,  and 
Niezginnek  still  held  the  r.i venting. 

Raven,  sb*  :  see  RAVIN  1. 

Raven  (raeVn),  v.  Forms:  6  rau-,  ravyne, 
6-7  rau-,  ravine,  7  rauin,  -yn,  7,  9  ravin;  5-7 
rau-,  6-7, 9  raven,  [ad.  OF.  raviner  to  ravage  :— 
L.  *raptndret  f.  rapina :  see  RAPINE,  RAVIN  *.] 

fl.  trans.  To  take  (goods)  away  by  force;  to 
seize  or  divide  as  spoil.  Obs. 

1494  FAB  VAN  Chron.  vii.  ccxxxvii.  274  His  mouablegoodys 
were  spoyled  and  rauenyd  amonge  y*  kynges  offycers.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  Slcidane's  Comm.  356  Ravening  and  destroying 
his  goodes,  they  spoyled  his  wife  and  chyldren  of  all  theyr 


HAVENER. 

apparell.    1593  Q.  Ei.iz.  fiocth.  i.  pr.  iii.  7  While  they  be 
busy  to  rauyne  vnproflTitable  bag^a»e. 

t  b.  Const,  from  prep.,  away  adv.   Obs. 

1602  CAREwCV>r«-ri«//3The  encroaching  Sea  hath  rauined 
from  it  the  whole  Countrie  of  Lionnesse.      1621  HAKEWILL 
David's  I'tnv  237  Hee.  .sought  to  eat  him  up,  and  to  raven 
all  hee  could  get  from  him.-    1657  G.  THORN LI-:V  Da/>hw's  $• 
Chloe  175  Nor  had  the  Wolf  raven'd  away  so  much  as  one. 

C.  absol.  or  intr.   To  plunder ;  to  seek  after,  to 
go  about,  with  intent  to  plunder. 

1603  DRAYTON  Bar.  Wars  i.  vii,  [Blood-thirsting  WarreJ 
Transferd  by  fortune  to  the  Scottish   meare,  To  ransack 
that,  as  it  had  rauin'd  heere.     1621  MOLLE  Catnerar.  Liv. 
Lid.  n.  xvi.  125  He  goes  unto  the  wars  to  filch  and  rauen. 
1670  COTTON  Espernon  in.  i.v.  442  That  they  might  not  be 
disturbed  whilst  busie  ravening  after  Booty.     1865  CARLVLE 
1-redk.  Gt.  xx.  iv,  VI.  92  His  Croats  and  loose  hordes  went 
openly  ravening  about. 

2.  To  devour  voraciously.     AlsoyS^". 

1560  Bim.E  (Geneva!  Rzck.  xxii.  25  Like  a  roaring  lion 
rauening  the  pray,  ti  1571  JEWEL  On  i  Thess.  (1611)  91  The 
fishes  belly  destroieth  those  things  which  they  rauine.  1615 
BRATHWAIT  Strappade%  etc.  (1878)  278  A  Lion  new  returnde 
from  rauening  pray,  Came  to  the  fount,  his  blood  to  wash 
away.  1818  KKATS  Endyni.  in.  510  Clusters  of  grapes,  the 
which  they  raven'd  quick.  1875  LOWELL  Poet.  Wks.  (1879) 
458/2  'Gainst  Self's  lean  wolf  that  ravens  word  and  deed. 
b.  So  with  up,  down,  in.  Now  rare. 
1598  B.  JONSON  _£V.  Alan  in  Hum.  in.  ii,  They  rauen  vp 
more  butter  then  all  the  dayes  of  the  weeke  beside.  1603 
KNOLLES  Hist,  Turks  (1621)  833  Certain  young  men  . .  like 
greedie  Harpies  ravened  it  downe  in  a  moment.  1607 
TorsELL  Foitr-f.  Beasts  303  If  he  rauen  it  in,  as  he  wil  do 
hauing  much  at  a  time.  1683  TKYON  Way  to  Health  648 
Saturn  and  Mars,  .with  a  fierce  hunger  destroy  and  raven 
up  the  friendly  Properties  and  Preservatives  of  Life.  1814 

i     CAKY  Dantet  Inf.  x.xxn.  124  As  bread  Is  raven'd  up  through 

!     hunger. 

3.  intr.   or  absol.  To  eat  voraciously;    to  feed 
hungrily  or  greedily  ;  to  prey  on  or  upon.    Also _/?£•. 

1530  PALSGR.  67^/2,  I  ravyne,  I  eate  hastyly  or  gredyly. 
Jc  l<r!jh'.  He  is  an  horryble  lurtcht-r,  se  how  he  ravyneth. 
I$7S~*SABP.  SANDYS  Serm.  (18411 128  For  greedy  cormorants 
to  raven  upon.  1603  H.  CROSSE  /  ertues  Cotntnw.  1 1878)  56 
The  fish  Polipus  ..  doeth  rauen  vppon  other  fishes.  1667 
Decay  Chr.  Piety  i.v.  §  i.  299  Tho>e  wild  irregular  flames 
winch  ravine  and  consume.  1811  JEFFERSON  Writ.  11830) 
IV.  164  Our  printers  ravin  on  the  agonies  of  their  victims. 
1862  S.  LUCAS  Sccutaria  376  They  equally  ravened  on  a 
smaller  community. 

b.  To  have  a  ravenous  appetite  or  desire  for. 

1667  DRYDEN  Wild  Gallant  iv.  ii,  She  ..  ravens  mightily 
for  green  fruit.     1687  —  Hind  $  P.  in.  964  The  more  they 
fed,  they  ravened  still  for  more.     1883  T.  FOSTER  in  Know 
ledge  20  July  38/1  Leasts.,  ravening  for  blood  and  slaughter. 
C.  To  have  an  intense  longing  for  food.  Alsoy?^. 

1858  liusHNELL  Serin.  Neiv  Life  66  '1  hose  divine  affinities 
in  us  that  raven  with  immortal  hunger.  1881  Blackvj.Mag. 
CXXIX.  194  If  I  know  anything  cf  your  constitution,  .you 
must  have  been  ravening  hours  ago. 

4.  intr.  To  prowl  ravenously;    to  go  about  in 
search  of  food. 

1560  BIBLE  (Geneva)  Gen.  xlix.  27  Benjamin  shall  rauine 
(as)  awolfe.  1577  ^-  GOOGK  Hercsbach's  Husb.  (1586)  155  b, 
Let  them  want  no  meate,  for  if  they  doe,  they  will  for  hunger 
rauen  abroad.  1680  H.  MORE  Afiocal.  Apoc.  124  His  feet. . 
which  are  his  strength  and  instrument  cf  action  to  raven  and 
prey  with.  1877  M.  M.  GRANT  Sun-Maid  i,  Fierce  fiery  lions 
went  ravening  to  and  fro. 

fig-  l8SI  I->ixf  IN  W.  Penn  xxvi.  (1872)  236  Persecution  had 
ravened  through  the  land.  1857  RUSKIN  Pol.  Econ.  Art  17 
The  unclean  pestilence  ravins  in  your  streets. 

Hence  Ra'vened///.  <z.,  ?  glutted. 

1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  iv.  i.  24  Maw,  and  Gulfe  Of  the  rauin'd 
salt  Sea  sharke. 

fRa-venage.  Obs.  rare—1,  ff.  prec.  +  -AGE.] 
Ravenousness. 

1673  Jacksoti's  Creed  x.  xxxvi.  Publisher's  Notes,  The 
ravenage  or  voracity  of  dogs  is  such  that,  .a  diseased  appe 
tite  in  man  is  therefore  denamed  caninus  appetitus. 

Ravene,  obs.  form  of  RAVEN  sb.t  RAVIN  i. 

Havener  (rseVnai).  Forms:  a.  4rauaynour, 
4-5  raueynour ;  4  rauynour,  (.5  -or,  -oure),  4-6 
ravinour ;  4-7  rauenour,  -or,  (5  -owre).  p.  5 
raveyner ;  4-6  rau-,  raviner,  5-6  ravyner ;  4-6 
rauener,  6  rauenar,  rav'ner,  5-  ravener.  [a. 
OF.  ravineor,  -our(\$\h  c.  in  Godef.):— L.  rapind- 
tor-em :  sec  RAVEN  v.  and  -on,  -ER.  In  common 
use  from  end  of  i4th  to  end  of  I7th  c. ;  now  rare 
or  Obs.] 

1.  One  who  ravens  or  takes  goods  by  force;  a 
robber,  plunderer,  despoiler. 

o.  c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  iv.  pr.  iii.  94  (Camb.  MS.)  Yif  he 
.  .be  a  rauaynour  by  vyolence  of  foreyne  rychesse.  c  1440 
Jacobus  We/l(E.  E.  T.  S.)  17  Alle  bat  comaundyn  oj?ere  to 
don  raveyn  &  thefte,  &  alle  raueynoures.  1539  TONSTALL 
Serm.  Palm  Sund.  (1823)  67  To  make  this  realme  a  praye 
to  al  venturers,  al  spoylers,  ..  all  rauenours  of  the  worlde. 
1610  HOLLAND  Camden"s  Brit.  \.  108  'i'hese  shamelesse  Irish 
ravenours  returne  home. 

/*•  c  X37S  *Y/  Pains  Hell  36  in  O.  E.  Misc.  211  pese  were 
proud  men,  raueners  echon.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xvm. 
43  Men  of  holy  churche  Sholde.. refuse  reuerences  and 
raueneres  offrynges.  r  1440  Jacob's  Well  (E.  E.  T.  S,)  56 
Alle  opyn  thevys,  &  alle  false  raveynerys,  murdereres,  ny^t- 
thevys.  c  1580  SIDNEY  Ps.  xvn.  iv,  Ledd  by  thy  word,  the 
rav'ners  stepps  I  shun.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  in.  $•>  These 
..Seas,  are  free  from  pestilent  Raueners.  1697  C.  LESLIE 
Snake  in  Grass  (ed.  2)  96  Haveners  from  Christ,  and  his 
utter  Enemies. 

2.  A  deforcer,  ravisher,  destroyer,  etc.  rare. 
1390  GowERCrm/  11.312  Schrif  thee  hier,  If  thou  hast  ben 
a  Raviner  Of  love.     Ibid.  316  And  so  that  tirant  raviner, 

23 


RAVENESS. 

Whan  that  sche  was  in  his  pouer.    1594  CAREW  Tasso  (1881) 
63  That  murderer,  Of  my  bloud  royall  cruell  rauiner. 

3.  A  ravenous  or  voracious  animal  or  person; 
a  glutton. 

a.  1496  Fysshynge  w.  Angle  (1883)  30  The  ele  is  a  quasy 
fysshe,  a  rauenour&a  deuourerof  thebrode  of  fysshe.  1567 
MAPLET  Gr.  Forest  94  The  mouse. .Is  for  his  bignes  a  verie 
rauenour  or  greedigut.  1591  LODGE  Cat  haras  D  lj  b,  These 
two  bold  rauenors,  seeking  in  the  Summer  euening  for  their 
..Supper.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  243  As  for  the  sea  Pontus, 
there  enter  into  it  few  or  no  rauenours  that  haunt  and 
deuoure  fishes,  vnlesse  it  be  the  Scales  &  little  Dolphins. 

j5.  1520  WHITINTON  Vulg.  (1527)  13  He  is  great  ravener, 
specyally  if  he  come  there  as  be  good  dysshes.  1577  tr. 
Bullinger's  Decades  (1592)  384  Of  Birdes  those  are  forbidden 
which  are  the  greatest  raueners.  1627  HP.  HALL  Imprest  of 
God  ii.  Wks.  456  This  honie  of  the  Church . .  is  let  downe  and 
digested  by  these  raueners.  riJ^RAWLKYtr.AWBW'ZlW^1 
Death  (1650)  n  The  Pike,  amongst  Fishes.. is  a  Ravener. 
b.  \Vith  preps.,  as  after,  for,  of. 

1519  HORMAN  l-'itlg*  7i  'I'hou  arte  a  rauenar  of  dellcates 
and  a  francher.  1587  MASCALL  Govt.  Cattle^  Hogges  (1627) 
255  The  hog  ..is  a  great  rauener  for  his  meate.  1614  B. 
JONSON  Barth.  Fair  i.  i,  He  is  such  a  ravener  after  fruit. 
1692  R.  L'Esi  RANGE  Fables  n.  clxxviii.  (1699)  166  Well  ! 
says  the  Fox,  and  nobody  will  Tax  me.. for  a  Ravener  of 
Roots  and  Apples. 

Raveness  (iv'-venes).  [f.  RAVEN  sb.  +  -ESS.] 
A  she-raven. 

1623  WODROEPHB  Marrow  Fr.  Tongue  321/2  The  Rauen 
loues  his  Rauenesse,  becau>e  he  finds  her  most  faire.  1870 
STEWART  Nether Locha&er  x\x.  (1883)112  Flirtations. .with 
a  neighbouring  raveness. 

Ravening  (ncVnirj),  vbl.  sb.     [f.  RAVEN  v^\ 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  its  various  senses. 

1526  TINDALE  Luke  xi.  39  Youre  inwarde  parties  are  full 
of  raveninge  and  wickednes.  1567  MAPLET  Gr.  Forest 
49  b,  The  Wolfe,  and  all  other  beastes,  those  especially 
which  liue  by  rauening.  1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  World  in, 
(1634)  n  The  art  of  ravening  which  is  familiar  to  such  as 
liue  or  border  upon  desarts.  (71713  ELLWOOD  Autobiog. 
(1765)  154  To  whom  his  Company  was  as  offensive,  as  his 
Ravening  was  oppressive.  1854  MRS.  GASKELL  NorthtyS. 
xxii,  The  daemoniac  desire  of  some  terrible  wild  beast  for 
the  food  that  is  withheld  from  his  ravening.  1874  S.  WIL- 
BERFORCE  Ess.  (1874)  I.  285  An  instance  of  selfish  ravening 
for  wealth. 

f2.  Madness,  rabies.  Also  with//. :  Ant  of  mad 
ness.  Obs.  (?  for  RAVING  vbl.  sb$) 

1607  TOPSELL  Four-/.  Beasts  (1658)  568  The  biting  of  a 
Weasel  is  reported  . .  in  his  ravening  or  madnesse  not  to  be 
lesse  hurtfull  then  the  bitings  of  mad  Dogs.  1668  CUL- 
PEPPER  &  COLE  Barthol,  Anat,  in.  vi.  142  The  overgreat 
and  confused  motion  of  these  Idea's  ..  makes  raventngs,  as 
in  persons  drunk,  phreniick,  [etc.]. 

Ravening  (neVnirj),  ppl.  a.    [f.  RAVES  v.] 

1.  That  ravens,  in  senses  of  the  vb. ;  rapacious, 
voracious,  etc.  (In  early  use  esp.  of  wolves.) 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  129  They  wyll  appere  in 
terryble  similitudes  .,  as  rauenynge  wolves  or  rampynge 
lyons.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Matt.  v.  43  He 
hathe  well  cutte  of  his  rauenyng  ryght  hande.  1601  K. 
JOHNSON  Kingd.  iff  Commiv,  25  The  Hand  breedeth  no 
woolues  nor  any  other  rauening  beasts.  1670  MILTON  Hist. 
Eng.  in.  Wks.  (1851)  96  The  ravening  seizure  of  innumerable 
Thieves  in  Office.  1767  SIR  W.  JONES  Seven  Fountains 
Poems  (1777)  50  A  cave,  where  ravening  monsters  roar. 
1822  SHELLEY  Hellas  510  Some  ships  lay  feeding  The 
ravening  fire.  1887  BOWEN  Virg.  JEneid  H.  355  Wolves 
whom  ravening  hunger  has  driven  all  blind  on  the  path. 

f2.  Rabid,  mad.   Obs.     (?  for  RAVING///,  a.*) 

1598  MARSTON  Sco.  Villanie  i.  iv.  190  To  liue  happily  (I 
heare  thee  boast)  from  thy  Philosophy,  And  from  thy  selfe, 
O  rauening  lunacy  1  1607  TOPSELL  Fonr-f.  Beasts  (1658)  584 
A  ravening  Wolf  by  his  biting  bringeth  the  same  danger,  as 
a  ravenous  Dog.  1696  BP.  PATRICK  Comm.  Exodus  (1697) 
175  In  his  ravening  fit  he  called  for  Moses,  as  if  he  had  been 
near  him. 

Hence  f  Ra-veningly  adv.,  ravenously.   Obs. 

1533  UDALL  Fknvres  loob,  Gredily  and  rauenninglye,  or 
gluttonously  to  deuour  veri  moch.  1600  F.  WALKER  Sf. 
Mandeville  146  The  Wolues  ..  very  raueningly  with  open 
mouth  assayling  them. 

f  Ra'venish,  a.  Obs.  rare~\  [f.  RAVEN  sb.*  + 
-ISH1.]  Blackish.  (The  quot.  is  burlesque.) 

V^:  1450  Ballad  Pleasant  in  Stow's  Chaucer  (1561)  344/2 
Her  iyen  been  holow,  and  grene  as  any  grasse  And  Rauinish 
yelowe  is  her  sounitresse  [?r?«u£sonm  tresse]. 

f  Ra-venize,  v.  Obs.  rare"1,  [f.  raven  RAVIN  * 
+  -IZE.]  intr.  To  raven. 

1677  W.  HUGHES  Man  of  Sin  n.  x.  189  That  Great  Beast 
of  Prey,  the  Court  of  Rome,  hath  ravenized  so,  as  to  tear 
the  flesh  and  break  the  bones  together. 

RaveilOUS  (raeVnas),  a.  Forms:  5  rav-,  ra- 
uynous,  ravenus,  5-7  rauenous,  -ouse,  (7  Sc. 
-ows),  5-  ravenous;  6  rauynys,  Sc.  rawynnis. 
[a.  OF.  ravineux,  -os^  -ousy  etc.  (see  Godef.)  :— pop. 
L.  *rapinosus :  see  RAPINE,  RAVIN  1,  and  -ous.] 

1.  Addicted  to  plundering  or  taking  by  force; 
extremely  rapacious.  (Sometimes  transf.  from  2.) 

1412-20  LVDG.  Chron.  Troy  iv.  xxxv,  There  is  no  degre 
Gredyer  nor  more  rauynous  Than  priestes  be.  1538  STARKEV 
England  i.  iv.  127  Spoylyd  of  the  rauynys  and  pollyng 
offycerys.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  269  The  hors- 
men  of  Hungary  are  commonly  called  Hussares,  an  ex- 
ceadyng  ravenous  and  cruell  kynde  of  men.  1601  B.  JONSON 
Poetaster  v.  i,  Thus  oft,  the  base  and  ravenous  multitude 
Survive,  to  share  the  spoils  of  fortitude.  1725  DE  FOE  Voy, 
round^  World  (1840)  183  Nations  who  were  ravenous  and 
mischievous,  treacherous  and  fierce.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng.  xiv.  III.  424  A  crowd  of  negligent  or  ravenous  func 
tionaries,  .plundered,  starved,  and  poisoned  the  armies  and 
fleets  of  William. 


178 

2.  Of  animals  :   Given  to   seizing  in  order  to 
devour;  voracious,  gluttonous.     Hence  of  appe 
tite,  hunger,  etc.     (Freq.  in  fig.  context.) 

c- 1430  LVDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  159  Thus  by  a 
maner  of  simylitude,  Tirauntys  [are]  lyknyd  to  beestis 
ravynous.  1496  Fysshyngeiv.  Angle  (1883)  30 The  menow.. 
is  a  rauenous  biter  &  an  egre.  1522  MORE/?£?W<Z/.  Noviss. 
Wks.  95  The  rauenous  appetite  of  dilicate  meate  &  drink. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q  i.  xi.  12  Dead  was  it  sure  ..  What  ever 
thing  does  touch  his  ravenous  pawes.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x. 
991  Death  shall  ..  with  us  two  Be  forc'd  to  satisne  his 
Rav'nous  Maw.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  xx.  353  The 
ravenous  Creatures.. were  come  down  into  the  Forest  and 
plain  Country,  press'd  by  Hunger  to  seek  for  Food.  1835 
W.  IRVING  Tour  Prairies  157  The  black  wolves,  in  their 
ravenous  hunger  and  fury,  took  no  notice  of  the  distant 
group  of  horsemen,  a.  1859  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xxiii.  V. 
21  He  rushed  with  ravenous  eagerness  at  every  bait  which 
was  offered  to  his  cupidity. 

trans/.  1598  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  iv.  i.  138  Thy  desires  Are 
Woluish,  bloody,  steru'd,  and  rauenous.  c  1614  SIR  W. 
MURE  Dido  $  sEncas  l.  227  Let  louse  the  winds,  thy 
rav'nows  posies  imploy,  Disperse  their  navie,  and  them 
selves  destroy,  a  1845  HOOD  Last  Man  xxxii,  Their  jaws 
all  white  with  foam  Like  the  ravenous  ocean  brim. 
b.  Const,  of. 

a  1614  DONNE  BiotWoros  (1644)  65  For  that  age  was 
growne  so  hungry  and  ravenous  of  it,  that  many  were  bap 
tized  onely  because  they  would  be  burnt.  1856  KANE 
Ant.  Ej:pl.  II.  i.  i3They[dogs]  are  absolutely  ravenous  of 
every  thing  below  the  human  grade.  1882  BLUNT  Ref,  Ch. 
Eng.  II.  23  That  full  exercise  of  power  of  which  he  was 
ever  so  ravenous  in  all  ecclesiastical  matters. 

3.  Excessively  hungry. 

1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  n.  viii.  (1840)  184,  I  got  up  ravenous. 
1877  BLACK  Green  Past.  xlii.  (1878)  337  Handsome  girls  who 
waited  on  the  crowd  of  ravenous  people. 

f  4.   =  RAVENING///,  a.  2.  Ubs.  rare. 

1607  [see  RAVENING  ///.  a.  2).  1624  QUARLES  Job  xviii.  73 
Then  how  dare  Thy  ravenous  lips  thus,  thus  at  randome 
runne,  And  counter-maund  what  1  the  Lord  have  done  ? 

RavenOUSly(ra;'v'n3ili))ai/z'.  [f.prec.  +  -LY2.] 
In  a  ravenous  manner. 

1538  ELYOT,  Litrco,  to  eate  rauenously.  1611  COTGR., 
Gloittement,  gluttonously,  rauenously,  greedily,  a  1715 
BURNET  Oivn  Time  n.  (1724)  I.  245  She  . .  lived  at  a  vast 
expence,  and  was  ravenously  covetous.  1791  BOSWELL 
Johnson  an.  1778,  15  Apr.,  Dr.  Johnson  . .  seemed  to  read  it 
ravenously  as  if  he  devoured  it.  1843  DARWIN  Voy.  Nat.  Lx, 
(1879)  184  It  began  ravenously  to  tear  a  piece  of  carrion. 

Ravexxousiiess  (rarv'nasnes).  [t.  as  prec.  + 
-NESS.]  The  quality  or  fact  of  being  ravenous; 
rapacity,  voracity. 

1570  GOLDING  Justin  xxxviii.  157  b,  The  greedy  rauenous- 
nesse  of  their  Proconsulles.  1600  SURFLET  Countrie  Farme  i. 
xxiv.  147  The  rauenousnes  and  greedie  feeding  of  this  beast. 
1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalinfs^  Ad-Jts.  fr.  Partiass.  I. 
Ixxvii.  (1674)  101  To  defend  their  own  Estates  from  the 
ravenousness  of  these  Harpies.  121715  BURNET  Own  Time 
li.  (1724)  I.  224  [The  treasure]  was  by  the  unpatient  ravenous- 
ness  of  the  English  lost.  1829  J.  L.  KNAPP  Jntl.  Nat.  304 
There  are  natural  causes  which  render  these  apparent 
asylums  the  field  of  ravenousness  and  death. 

Ravenry  (rei'v'nri).  [f.  RAVEN  s6.l  +  -KY.]  A 
place  where  ravens  build  their  nests  or  are  kept. 

1888  \ature  26  Apr.  602/2  Nothing  short  of  a  reward  given 
on  the  hatching-off  of  a  ravenry.  .would  insure  protection. 

f  Ra-veny.  Obs.  Also  6  -any.  [f.  RAVEN  v.  + 
-Y  3.]  Robbery,  rapine. 

1506  KalenderofSheph,  Fiij,  Thoughe  thou  loue  rauany 
as  dothe  a  roke,  Goodes  of  this  worlde  maketh  many  one 
blynde.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Mark  \.  12  Nothing 
whose  nature  wurse  agreeth  with  fighting  and  raueny.  1577 
tr.  Bullinger's  Decades  (1592)  749  The  diuell  ..  is  full  of 
greedie  rauenie,  and  most  cruell  fiercenes. 

Saver  (r?'vai).  Forms  :  5  rafar,  ravare,  6 
Sc.  ravar,  6-7  rauer,  9  raver,  [f.  RAVE  v.1  + 
-EB1.]  One  who  raves ;  a  madman  ;  an  extrava 
gant  speaker. 

c  1400  Apol.  Loll.  96  Sum  tyme  men  wen  to  see  a  bing  wan 
|:ei  see  it  not,  as  is  schewid  bi  jogulors,  dremers,  &  rafars. 
c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  424/2  Ravare,  delirus,  delirator. 
c  1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxxvii.  69  Rek  not,  bail  foil-, 
how  raschelie  ravarris  raill.  1632  SHERWOOD,  A  rauer,  res- 
veiir,  1800  MOORE  Anacreon  iiii.  19  He  still  can  act  the 
mellow  raver,  "And  play  the  fool  as  sweet  as  ever  ! 

Ravery  (r^'-veri).  06s.  exc.  dial.  [?a.  OF. 
raverie,  rare  var.  of  r&verie  REVERIE  :  see  RAVE 
v?\  Raging,  raving,  madness  or  delirium.  Also 
with  a  and//.,  an  instance  of  this  ;  a  fit  of  raving. 

c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  11365  How  he  sclow  In 
his  rauery  The  dou^ti  kyng  Prothesaly  1  1594  A.  HUME 
Hymns  To  Rdr.  (S.  T.  S.)  6  To  rehearse  some  fabulos  fails 
of  Palmerine,  Amadis,  or  other  such  like  raueries.  1659 
MACALLO  Can,  Physick  8  Raving  or  Ravery  designes  the 
braine  to  be  distempered.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  T/tevtnot's 
Trav.  n.  105  If  the  King  have  sense  enough  not  to  give 
credit  to  all  their  raveries.  1721  WODROW  Hist.  Stiff.  Ch. 
Scot.  (1828)  III.  348  The  raveries  and  blasphemies  emitted 
by  John  Gib.  1895  E.  Anglian  Gloss.,  Ravary,  a  violent 
mad  fit  of  passion,  attended  with  loud  vociferation, 

Ravestre,  Sc.  variant  of  REVESTBY. 

Ravet  (ras-vet),  variant  of  RABBET  rf.l  ?  Oh. 

1679  RUSDEN  Discov.  Bees  78  The  two  front  doors  to  shut 
close  against  a  ravet.  17^94  W.  FELTON  Carriages '(1801)  II. 
Suppl.  86  Rub  the  shutting  edges,  or  ravels,  with  soap. 

Raveyn(e,  obs.  forms  of  RAVIN  i. 

Raviling,  obs.  form  of  RAVELIN. 

Ravin  J  (r^'vin),  raven2  (rse'v'n).  Forms  :  o. 
4-6  rau-,  ravyn(e,  6  Sc.  rawyne,  4-7  rauine,  6-7 
-in,  4-  ravine,  5-  ravin.  0.  4-5  rau-,  raveyn, 
4-6  rau-,  raveyne,  -ayn(e.  7.  4-7  rauen,  6 


RAVINE. 

ravene,  4-  raven,  [a.  F.  ravine  (t  rabine,  raveine, 
1 2th  c.) :— L.  raftna  RAPINE.  The  orig.  sense  of 
the  word  is  now  lost  in  Kr.,  see  RAVINE  si/.'] 

1.  Robbery,  rapine.     (Sometimesy?^.  from  2.) 

a.  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  3368  Thefte  alswa  and  rayyn, 
Ilkan  of  f»ir  es  a  dedly  syn.  c  1400  Rom.  Kose  6813  Bailifs, 
bedels,  provost,  countours  !  These  lyven  wel  nygh  by  ravyne. 
1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  /Esop  in.  vi,  He  lhat  lyueth  but  of 
rauyn  and  robberye  shal  at  ihe  lasl  be  knowen  and  robbed. 
1570-6  LAMBARDE  Peramb.  Kent  (1826)  95  Oppressing  the 
common  people  by  insatiable  rauine,  extorlion,  and  lyrannie. 
1629  MAXWELL  Ir.  Herodian  (1635)  103  Yet  shall  you  want 
nothing  which  is  . .  nol  clogged  with  violence  and  ravine. 
1728-46  THOMSON  Spring  339  With  hot  ravine  fir'd,  en- 
sanguin'd  Man  Is  now  become  the  lion  of  the  plain.  l86z 
RAWLINSON  Anc.  Man.  I.  Assyria  iii.  308  Blood,  and  ravin, 
and  robbery  are  their  characlei  islics. 

p.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Serin.  Sel.  Wks.  I.  3  Sum  men  shal  be 
dampnyd  more  felly  for  raveyne.  c  1430  LYDG.  Mill.  Poems 
(Percy  Soc.)  210  To  punysshe  extorcioun,  raveyne,  and  eche 
robbour.  1483  CAXTO.N  Cold.  Leg.  88/1  He  wold  kepe  hys 
people  fro  the  Rauayne  lhal  they  made,  c  1520  Treat. 
Galannt  (1860)  21  Prelatis  necligence,  lordis  rauayn.  and 
marchaunlis  deceyles. 

V.  1502  ARXOLDE  Chron.  (1821)  240  Do  thy  besy  deuor 
From  my  folke  al  rauen  to  disseuor.  cisio  MORE  Picas 
Wks.  22  If  Ihon  withdrawe  thine  handes,  and  forbere  The 
rauen  of  anyething.  1617  FLETCHER  I'alentinian  v.  iv, 
Why  doe  we  like  to  feed  the  greedy  Raven  Of  Ihese  blowne 
men  ?  1826  E.  IRVING  Babylon  II.  vm.  303  A  generalion  of 
raven  and  blood-lhirsliness. 

f  b.  With  a  and  //. :  An  act  of  rapine.   Obs. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boetli.  I.  pr.  iv.  9  (Camb.  MS.)  Whan  I 
say  Ihe  fortunes . .  of  poeple  of  be  provinces  ben  harmyd . .  by 
pryuey  Raueynes  [L.  privatis  rapinis}.  1475  Bk.  Noblesse 
(Roxb.)  73  Suche  oppressions  and  tirannyes,  ravynes  and 
crueltees.  1546  J.  HEY\VOOD  Prm'.  (1867)  77  Sens  we  were 
borne,  Ruine  of  one  rauine,  was  Ihere  none  gretter.  1593 
Q.  ELIZ.  Ir.  Botth.  I.  pr.  iv.  9,  I  sorowed  for  ihe  provinces 
misfortunes,  wrackt  by  privale  ravins  and  publick  laxes. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  seizing  and  devouring 
prey  or  food  ;  hence,  voracity,  gluttony. 

c  1381  CHAUCER  Parl.  Foules  336  pe  goshauke  that  dothe 
pyne  To  bryddis  for  his  outragious  ravine,  c  1440  HYLTON 
Stata  l'erf.(\V.  de  W.  1494)  II.  xiv,  Some  men  are  lorned 
inlo  wulfes  that  lyuen  by  raueyn.  1578  Chr.  Prayers  A  iv, 
Preserue  me  from  ..  pride  of  eyes,  rauine  of  the  belly,  .. 
hunger  of  richesse,  [etc.).  1609  HOLLAND  Amm.  Marcell.  xv. 
v.  57  As  wild  beasts,  wont  to  liue  of  ravine  and  prey.  1691 
RAY  Creation  (1714)  119  Exposed  lo  the  Ravine  of  any 
vermine  that  may  find  them.  1836  RUSKIN  Mod.  Paint.  IV. 
v.  xviii.  §  26  Their  pastured  flocks  ..  safe  from  Ihe  eagle's 
sloop  and  the  wolf's  ravin. 

b.  Beast  (etc.)  of  ravin  :  Beast  of  prey. 
1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  9448  Many  hydus  bestes  of 
ravyn,  Als  wode  wolfes,  lyons  and  beres  felle.  c  1400 
MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxxiv.  153  Vowltures,  egles,  rauyns,  and 
o&>er  fewlez  of  rauyne.  1503  DUNBAR  Thistle  $  Rose-  125 
And  lat  no  fowll  of  rawyne  do  efferay.  1623  LISLE  jE/fric 
on  O.  $  N.  Test.  Ded.  32  To  keepe  Your  flocks  wilhin,  and 
beasls  of  ravine  oul.  1641  MILTON  Animadv.  Wks.  (1851) 
233  The  very  garbage  that  drawes  all  the  fowles  of  prey  and 
ravin.,  to  come,  and  gorge  upon  the  Church.  1897  F. 
THOMPSON  New  Poems  143  All  fair  strong  beasts  of  ravin. 

t  C.  A  beast  of  prey.  Obs.  rare—1. 
1623  FLETCHER  &  ROWLEY  Maid  in  Millv.  ii,  Seiz'd  on 
by  a  fierce  and  hungry  Bear  She  was  the  Ravin's  prey. 

•(•d.  Ravenous  hunger.  Obs.  rare—'1, 
1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinarch.,  Hen.  V,  cci,  A  Tiger,  (whom 
lanke  Ravin  fires  To  sett  vpon  the  Herds). 

3.  concr.  That  which  is  taken  or  seized  ;  plunder, 
spoil ;  prey  (of  men  or  beasts). 

a  1325  Prose  Psalter  Ixi.  10  Ne  wil  je  nou?t  couaite  rauyns. 
1382  WYCLIF  Naliwn  ii.  12  The  lyoun.  .fulfillede  with  praye 
her  dennys,  and  his  couche  with  rauyn  [1388  raueyn). 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  l.  xi.  12  His  deepe  devouring  iawes 
Wyde  gaped,  . .  Through  which  inlo  his  darke  abysse  all 
ravin  fell.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  599  There  besl,  where 
mosl  with  ravin  I  may  meet.  1836  For.  Q.  Rev.  XVII.  163 
There  are  others  again  which  leap  like  tigers  suddenly  upon 
their  ravin.  1860  PUSEV  Min.  Propli.  238  Petra..was  well 
suited  lo  be  the  receplacle  of  ravin. 

4.  attrib.  as  aiij.  =  RAVENOUS. 

1423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q.  clvii,  The  lesly  beuer  and  the  ravin 
bare.  1601  SHAKS.  All's  Wellm.  ii.  120,  I  met  the  rauine 
Lyon.  1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  165  The  great  abundance 
of  meate  deuoured  by  Rauen-stomackes  and  Trencher- 
friends. 

fRa'vin2.  Obs.  [a.  F.  ravin  (1690),  f.  raviner 
to  hollow  out,  to  ravine.]  =  RAVINE  sb.  3. 

1760-72  tr.  Juan  f,  Ulloa's  Voy.  (ed.  3)  I.  153  The  in 
conveniences  of  ihe  ravins  are  avoided.  1785  Phil.  Trans. 
LXXV.  18,  1  found  myself  in  ihe  bollom  of  a  narrow  and 
deep  ravin.  1813  HOBHOUSE  Journey  (ed.  2)  444  Uneven 
downs,  .terminating  in  heaths  intersecled  by  several  ravins. 

Ravin,  obs.  f.  KAVEN  sb.,  var.  RAVEN  v. 

Ra-vinated, ///.  a.  =RAVINED///.  a. 

1898  Eclectic  Mag.  LXVII.  646  The  Urals  ..  represent  a 
wide  expansion  of  ravinated  plaleaus. 

Ravine  (ravf-n),  sb.  Also  5  ravayn,  ravyne. 
[a.  F.  ravine  a  violent  rush  (now  only  of  water), 
a  ravine ;  identical  with  ravine  RAVIN  1.] 

•)•  1.  Impetus,  violence,  force.   Obs.  rare. 

c  1450  Merlin  127  Bretell  smote  hym  a-gein .  .wilh  so  grete 
ravayn  that  the  spere  ran  thourgh  his  left  sholder.  Ibid.  324 
Thei  ..  spored  iheire  horse  and  smole  in-to  the  hoste  with 
grete  ravyne. 

f  2.  A  violent  rush  of  water.   Obs.  rare~°. 

1611  COTGR.,  Ravine  d't-ait,  a  greal  floud,  a  rauine,  or 
inundation  of  water  which  ouerwhelmeth  all  Ihings  lhat 
come  in  il  way. 

3.  A  deep  narrow  hollow  or  gorge,  a  mountain 
cleft,  properly  one  worn  by  a  torrent. 

Cf.the  earlier  RAVIN  2,  the  stressing  of  which  is  sometimes 


RAVINE. 

found  with  the  spelling  ravine  (see  quot.  1807  here,  and 
those  for  ravine.ficiss,  -rifted  in  4). 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Ravine,  ..  a  deep  hollow  [etc.]. 
1807  J.  BARLOW  Columb.  i.  267  Round  each  bluff  base  the 
sloping  ravine  bends.  1814  SCOT  r  Lei.  of  Isles  in.  xiv,  Each 
naked  precipice,  Sable  ravine,  and  dark  abyss.  1837  W. 
IRVING  Cnpt.  Bonncville  III.  189  Obliged  to  travel  along  the 
edges  of  frightful  ravines,  where  a  false  step  would  have 
been  fatal.  1853  HERSCHEL  Pop.  Lcct.  Sc.  i.  §  41  (1873)  3' 
The  river  had  run  in  a  ravine,  600  ft.  deep  and  200  broad. 
4.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  ravine-pass ;  ravine-like, 
-loving,  -rifted  adjs. ;  ravine -buck,  -deer,  the 
Indian  gazelle  (Gazella  Bennettii),  which  frequents 
ravines. 

1877  J.  H.  BALDWIN  Game  Bengal,  etc.  202,  I  ..  informed 
my  Commandant  how  I  had  disposed  of  one  of  the  "ravine 
bucks.  1894  PHILLIPS- WOLLF.Y  Big  Game  Shooting  II.  xlix. 
356  A  ravine  buck  with  a  broken  leg  will  give  a  good  run  to 
dogs.  1867  JERDON  Mammals  India  280  *Ravine-deer 
of  sportsmen  in  Bengal — Goat-antelope  in  Bombay  and 
Madras,  1877  J.  H.  BALDWIN  Game  Bengal,  etc.  204 
The  little  ravine  deer  is  a  regular  bush-loving  antelope, 
and  much  resembles  a  wild  goat  in  its  appearance  and 
habits.  1885  H.  O.  FORBES  Nat.  Wand.  J£.  Archif.  73 
The  parched  surface  of  the  ground  broke  up  into  Ravine- 
like  cracks.  1861  R.  F.  BURTON  City  of  Saints  224  The 
"ravine-loving  quaking-asp  (Populns  tremvloidcs).  1845 
MRS.  NORTON  Ckild  of  Islands  (1846)93  Down  "ravine-pass 
and  mountain-gorge.  1832  J.  BREE  St.  Herbert's  Jsle  68 
To  high  Blencathra's  "ravine-rifted  head. 

Ravi'lie,  v.  rare.  [f.  prec.  sb.  or  a.  F.  raviner 
in  same  sense.]  trans,  a.  To  score  with  ravines. 
b.  To  hollow  out. 

1838  G.  P.  SCEOI-E  Gcol.  Central  France  fed.  2)  167  Causes 
which  have  cut  up  and  ravined  to  a  great  depth . .  Les  Bou  t- 
tieres.  1896  HOWELLS  Impressions  $  Exp.  258  A  gulf 
ravined  out  of  the  bank  for  a  street. 

Ravine,  obs.  form  of  RAVEN  v. 

Ravined  (ravrnd),  ppl.  a.  f  f.  RAVINE  si.  or  v . 
+  -ED.]  Marked  with  ravines,  furrowed. 

1834  CT.  E.  DE  WARREN  tr.  De  Sauleys  Jourti.  DeailSea 
11.64  Between  us  and  the  sea,  a  large  ravined  plain  extends. 
1859  G.  MEREDITH  R.  Fruerel  xxxiv,  There  hung  Briareus 
with  deep-indented  trunk  and  ravined  brows. 

Ravinere,  obs.  form  of  RAVE.XEB. 

Raving  (r^'vin),t/W.  s6.1  [-ING!.]  The  action 
of  RAVE  pi* ;  wild  or  delirious  talk  or  declamation. 

c  1440  Prmtf.  Parv.  424/2  Ravynge,  delirado.  1530  TIN- 
DALE  A  nsw.  More  Wks.  285  That  stoppyng  of  her  throte,  that 
rauyng,  those  greuous  panges.  1624  MASSINGEK  Kenegado 
IV.  i,  Our  best  hope  for  his  recovery  is  that  His  raving  leaves 
him.  1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  46  f  i  There  is  nothing  in 
them  but  Obscurity  and  Confusion,  Raving  and  Inconsist 
ency.  1803  CHALMERS  Let.  in  Life  (1851)  1.  480  In  vain  will 
you  say  that  this  is  idle  and  declamatory  raving. 

attrib.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  xi.  iv,  Imagine  the 
maddest  woman  in  Bedlam  in  a  raving  lit. 

b.  With  a  and  pi.  An  utterance  of  this  kind ; 
t  a  fit  of  madness. 

c  1475  RaufCcilyar  895  Schir  Rolland,  I  rek  nocht  of  thy 
Ramngis.  _i638  A.  READ  C/iirnrg.  x.  75  A  convulsion  or 
raving,  which  ensueth  after  immoderate  bleeding.  1798 
FERRIAK  Illnstr.  Sterne  etc.  Of  Genius  286  The  ravings  of 
lunatics  have  often  been  more  regarded  than  the  arguments 
of  wise  men.  1883  Manck.  Exam.  7  Jan.  5/2  We  hear 
ravings  over  here  about '  one-sided  '  Free  Trade. 

Raving,  vbl.  sb2  and  3  ;  see  RAVE  v.3  and  v± 
Raving  (re'-virj),///.  (z.l  [f.  RAVE  z;.1  +  -ING  2.J 

1.  Delirious,  frenzied ;  raging. 

c  14^75  Rauf  Coifyar  650  To  his  raifand  word  he  gaue  na 
rewaird.  a  1585  POLWART  Flyting  iv.  Alontgomerie  29  Thy 
ragged  roundels,  raueand  royt.  1641  MILTON  Reform.  II. 
Wks.  (1851)  71  To  exercise  a  Raving  and  Bestiall  Tyranny 
over  them,  a  1704  T.  BROWN  Sat.  Quack  Wks.  1730  I.  64 
All  mankind  the  raving  monster  shun.  1781  COWPER  Conv. 
559  The  raving  storm  and  dashing  wave.  1837  DICKENS 
Pickw,  xi,  A  settled  gloom,  which  . .  finally  terminated  in 
raving  madness. 

b.  quasi-aafe.  with  adjs.,  esp.  mad. 

1786  BURNS  Toothache  iii,  Raving  mad,  I  wish  [etc.].  1813 
SHELLEY  Q.  Mali  v.  113  When  ..  religion  Drives  his  wife 
raving  mad.  1883  Harper's  Mag.  Mar.  503/1  The  loco,  or 
rattle-weed,,  .drives  them  raving  crazy. 

2.  U.  S.  slang.  That  excites  raving  admiration ; 
superlative. 

1886  in  Cent.  Diet.  1892  F.  M.  CRAWFORD  Three  Fates 
II.  102  You  are  such  a  raving  success,  as  they  call  it. 

Raving,///,  a?  and  3  :  see  RAVE  v?  and  vA 

t  Raving  fat.  Obs.  rare.  Also  6  ravin-.  (Of 
obscure  origin  and  meaning.)  Also  attrib. 

TS55  Richmond  Wills  (Surtees)  86  A  paire  of  studies  and 
ravinfat,  a  whealle  and  a  gallan  xiiijd.  1578 /^Y/.  274  A  pair 
of  studills,  quelis,  cards,  raving  fatt  gangs,  and  all  other 
geare  perteyning  wooll  worke. 

Ravingly  (r/i-virjii),  adv.     [f.  RAVING  ///.  a.l 

+  -LT  2.]     In  a  raving  manner. 

31586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  (1622)  113  In  this  depth  of  muzes, 
and  diuers  sorts  of  discourses,  would  shee  rauingly  haue 
remained.  1650  A.  B.  Mutat.  Polemo  3  These  ravingly 
cursed  their  fortunes.  1728  RAMSAY  Daft  Bargain  5  Quoth 
Rab  (right  ravingly)  to  Raff.  1793  J.  BOWLES  Ground  War 
w.  France  (ed.  5)  72  She . .  ravingly  exults  in  the  distempered 
idea.  1823  Examiner  721/1  Her  'Soldier  tired '..was 
ravingly  encored. 

Ravinour,  obs.  form  of  HAVENER. 

tRa-viol.  Obs.  rare-",  [a.  It.  raviolo  (Florio), 
raviuolo,  or  obs.  F.  raviofe.~\  =  RAFIOL. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rafioli,  a  kind  of  little  paste-meates  in 
fashion  of  little  pasties,  rauiols. 

tRavisable,  a.  c%r.-'.  [a.  OF.  ravis(s)ab!e 
(Godef.),  f.  raviss-,  ravir  to  seize.]  Ravenous. 


179 

r;  1400  Rom,  Rose  7016  Outward  lambren  semen  we..  And 
inward  we  withouten  fable  Ben  gredy  wolues  rauysable. 

t  Ra*vish,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RAVISH  v.~\  An 
act  of  ravishing;  ravishment,  rapture. 

ci6xo  M.  LOK  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1812)  V.  408  After 
diuers  complaints  of  those  rauishes,  . .  the  Women  brought 
from  thence  were  apparelled  [etc.],  a  1649  WINTHROP  Neiu 
Eng.  _d853)  I.  219  [They]  had  builded  their  comfort  of 
salvation  upon  unsound  grounds,  viz.,  some  upon  dreams 
and  ravishes  of  spirits  by  fits, 

Ravish  (rae-vij),  v.  Forms  :  a.  4-5  rav-,  rau- 
issch(e,  -isch  (also  6  Sc.),  -ysch(e,-isshe,-esche, 
-es(s)he,  -ych,  (5  -ich),  4-6  rauysh(e}  -yssch(e, 
(6  -yszsh),  4-7  -ishe,  5-6  ravissh,  4-  ravish ;  4 
rewych.,  5  revyssh.  0.  (Chiefly  north,  and  Sc.)  4 
raiuis-,  rauice,  ravese,  4-5  (6  Sc.)  rauis,  rauys ; 
Sc.  5  rawis-,  raves-,  6-7  ravis  j  5  rewis,  -ys,  6 
reuis(s,  reuys,  reueis-,  rewese,  6-7  revis.  [a.  F. 
raviss-,  lengthened  stem  of  ravir  to  seize,  take  away 
:— pop.  L.  *ra/iret  class.  L,  rapere,  Cf.  RAVIN  ].j 
1.  trans.  To  seize  and  carry  off  (a  person) ;  to 
take  by  violence,  to  tear  or  drag  way  from  (a  place 
or  person).  Now  somewhat  rare.  *)•  Also,  to  sweep 
or  carry  away;  to  drag  off  (to  or  into  a  place).  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M,  7680  His  reners  [saul]  beder  send  For  to 
rauis  dauid  he  wend,  a  1340  HAMPOLE/>ja//wlxii.  8, 1  am 
thi  bridde  &  if  bou  hill  me  not  |;e  glede  will  ravishe  me. 
1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret,,  Priv.  Priv,  174  The  course  of  the 
ryuer  so  stronge  and  so  styfe  rane,  that  the  knyght  and  his 
Hora  rauyshitH,  doune  hym  bare,  and  dreynte.  1585  T. 
WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholays  I'oy,  in.  i.  69  [They]  by  out- 
ragious  force  rauish  these  most  deare  infants  . .  from  . .  their 
fathers  and  mothers.  1603  B.  JONSON  Sejamts  v.  x,  Now 
inhumanely  ravish  him  to  Prison  !  1624  QUARLES  S  ten's 
Elegies  iv.  20  Heaven's  Anoynted,  Their  hands  have  crusht, 
and  ravisht  from,  his  Throne.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  i.  v. 
§  20  The  British  are  not  so  over-fond  of  St.  Patrick,  as  to 
ravish  him  into  their  Country  against  his  will,  and  the  con 
sent  of  Time.  1854  SUMNKR  Speech  in  Wks.  1895  III.  291 
For  the  mother  there  is  no  assurance  that  her  infant  child 
will  not  be  ravished  from  her  breast. 

fig-  1SI3  DOUGLAS  JEneis  vin.  i.  49  In  mynd..Nou  heyr, 
nou  there,  revist  in  syndry  partis.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidanes 
Co)itm.  464  b,  Many  men  rauished  &  toste  hither  and  thither 
with  euery  wynde  of  doctrine. 

t  b.  In  pass. :  To  be  carried  away/)w^  a  belief, 
state,  etc.  Obs. 

1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  xi.  297  Arn  none  rathere  yrauisshid 
fro  the  ri^t  beleue  Thanne  arn  thise  grete  clerkis.  a  1400-50 
Alexander  4424  pus  fra  be  rote  of  ri^twisnes  rauyst  ere  ?e 
clene.  ^1425  Found.  St.  Bartholomew's^.  E.  T.  S.)45  In 
his  slepe  he  was  raueshid  from  his  resonable  wyttys.  1738 
H.  WALPOLE  Catal.  Roy.  Authors  (1759)  I.  157  Ravished 
from  all  improvement  and  reHection  at  the  a^e  of  seventeen. 

t  C.  To  draw  forcibly  to  (or  into}  some  condition, 
action,  etc.  Obs. 

1398  TREVJSA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  n.  iv.  (1495)  b  ij  b/2  Aungels 
ben.  .rauysshed  to  the  Innest  contemplacion  of  the  loue  of 

fod.  1430-1530  Myrr.  our  Ladye  329  That  whyle  we 
now  god  vysybly,  by  hym  we  mote  be  rauyshed  in  to  the 
loue  of  inuysyble  thynges.  1574  tr.  Marlor&Ps  Apocalips 
23  Christes  works  ..  might  rauish  all  men  to  haue  them  in 
wonderfull  admiration.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  x.  xli.  382  The 
Romanes  were  ravished  and  carried  on  end  to  the  battaile, 
with  anger,  hope,  and  heate  of  conflict. 

2.  To  carry  away  (a  woman)  by  force.     (Some 
times  implying  subsequent  violation.)     Also  said 

fig.  of  death.  ?  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  7048  Alexandre,  in  bat  siquar,  bat  paris 
hight,  raiuist  helayn.  1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  7422 
^ay  rauys  a  mayden  a5ens  here  wyl,  And  mennys  wyuys 

>ey  lede  awey  bertyl.     1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  171 

upiter.  .rauisched  Eurppa,  Agenores  dou?ter.  c  1477  CAX- 
TON  Jason  8  1'hey  rauisshed  the  fayr  Ypodame  out  from 
alle  the  other  ladyes.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholays 
Voy.  n.  iii.  33  It  was  there  . .  Paris  after  he  had  rauished 
Helene,  tooke  of  her  the  first  frutes  of  his  loue.  c  1665 
MRS.  HUTCHINSON  Aleni.  CoL  Hutchimon  (1846)  49  Death 
quenched  the  flame  and  ravished  the  young  lady  from  him. 
b.  To  commit  rape  upon  (a  woman),  to  violate. 

1436  Rolls  of  Par  It.  IV.  498/1  [He]  flesshly  knewe  and 
ravysshed  ye  said  Isabel!.  1360  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm. 
220  b,  The  women  and  maides  that  were  fled  thither  for 
feare,  they  ravissh  everyone  [L.  const  up  >  ant}.  1642  FULLER 
Holy  4-  Prof.  St;  v.  xi,  397  Defiling  virgins,  or  ravishing 
them  rather,  for  consent  onely  defiles.  1756-7  tr.  Keysler's 
Trav.  (1760)  II.  159  The  Locis  Turpitudmis,  as  it  is  called, 
where  St.  Agnes  was  in  danger  of  being  ravished  by  two 
soldiers.  1834  Cycl.  Praet.  Med.  III.  583/1  Ravishing  by 
force  any  woman-child,  .or  any  other  woman. 

Jig.  1664  DRYDEN  Rival  Ladies  n.  i,  Against  her  Will 
fair  Julia  to  possess,  Is  not  t'enjoy  but  ravish  Happiness. 
1782  COWPER  Table  T.  332  May  no  foes  ravish  thee  [Liberty], 
and  no  false  friend  Betray  thee,  white  professing  to  defend. 
f  c.  To  spoil,  corrupt.  Obs.  rare—1. 

«.S93  SHAKS.  Lucr.  778  O  hateful,  vaporous,  and  foggy 
Night..  With  rotten  damps  ravish  the  morning  air. 

3.  To  carry  away  or  remove  from  earth  (esp.  to 
heaven)  or  from  sight.     Now  rare. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  18483  We  sal  be  rauist  forth  a-wai.  Sal 
na  man  se  us  fra  bat  dai.  1340  HAMPOLE/V.  Consc.  5050 
We.  .Sal  ban  with  bam  in  cloudes  bt;  ravyste  Up  in-to  b<i 
ayre.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  x.  (Matt/twv)  210  It  hapnyt  pe 
kmgis  son  be  ded.  .pai  laid  be  kynge  bat  goddis  had  rawist 
hyme.  c  1450  LYDG.  &  BURGH  Secrees  97  He  was  Ravysshed 
ContemplatyrT  of  desir  Vp  to  the  hevene  lyk  a  dowe  of  fTyr. 
15x3  DOUGLAS  SEneis  \.  i.  50  Ganimedes  reveist  aboue  the 
sky,  1697  DRYDEN  yirg,Gcorg.\v,-]\<)  Forever  I  am  ravish 'd 
fromthy  sight.  1754  FIELDING  Jonathan  Wild  iv.  vii,  Avery 
thick  mist  ravished  her  from  our  eyes.  1885-94  R.  BRIDGES 
Eros  $  Psyche  Oct.  xii,  Ravisht  to  hell  by  fierce  Agesilas, 
Thou  soughtest  her  on  earth  and  couldst  not  find. 
b.  To  carry  away  (esp.  to  heaven)  in  mystical 


KAVISHED. 

sense;    to  transport  in  spirit  without  bodily  re 
moval. 


.  ff  Merl.  8915  (Kulbing)This  Naciens.  .Whom 
sej>ben  be  holi  godes  gras  Rauist  in  to  be  bridde  heuen, 
Where  he  herd  an§els  steuen.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.) 
xxvi.  124  panne  bei  seyn  bat  he  is  ravissht  in  to  anober 
world.  1482  Monk  ofEvesham  (Arb.)  36  Y  was  rauyshte  in 
spirite  as  y  laye  in  the  chaptur  hows.  1552  LYNDESAY 
Monarckc  6076  Quhen  Paull  wus  reuyst,  in  the  spreit,  Tyll 
the  thrid  Heuin.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  56  They  haue  .. 
natural!  idiots,  in  high  veneration  ;  as  men  rauished  in 
spirit,  and  taken  from  themselues,  as  it  were,  to  the  fellow 
ship  of  Angels.  1644  EVELYN  Mem.  (1857)  I.  117  It  has 
some  rare  statues,  as  Paul  ravished  into  the  third  heaven. 

C.  To  transport  with  the  strength  of  some  feeling, 
to  carry  away  with  rapture  ;  to  nil  with  ecstasy  or 
delight  ;  to  entrance.  Also  const,  from. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  1087  So  was  I  rauyste  wyth 
glymme  pure.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  n.  17  Hire  arraye  me 
rauysshed,  sucche  ricchesse  saw  I  neuere.  1484  CAXTON 
J'ablcs  of  A  If  once  i,  The  medecyns.  .sayd  that.  .he  was 
rauysshed  by  loue.  a  1533  LD.  BERNEKS  lluon  cxliv.  538 
She  had  suche  ioye  that  of  a  great  spase  she  coude  speke  no 
word,  she  was  so  rauysshyd.  1386  A.  DAY  l'-ng.  Secretary 
(1625)  _23  Doth  not  the  learned  Cosmographie  ..  rauish  vs 
oftentimes  and  bring  in  contempt  the  pleasures  of  our  owne 
soyle.  1695  BLACKMORE  J'r.  Arth.  \\.  316  Ambrosial  Juices, 
sweet  Nectarean  Wine,  Ravish'd  their  Tast.  1753  HOGARTH 
Anal.  Beauty  v.  28  Ravish  the  eye  with  the  pleasure  of  the 
pursuit.  1826  E.  IRVING  Babylon  II.  vm.  282,  I  have  been 
wrapt  in  wonder,  and  ravished  with  delight,  in  the  study  of 
it.  1873  BROWNING  Red  Cott.  Nt.-cap  iv.  135  You  ravisli 
men  away  From  puny  aches  and  petty  pains. 

4.  To  seize  and  take  away  as  plunder  or  spoil  ; 
to  seize  upon  (a  thing)  by  force  or  violence  ;  to 
make  a  prey  of.  f  Also  with  away. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  iv.  pr.  v.  102  (Camb.  MS.)  Shrewes 
rauysshen  medes  of  vertu  and  ben  in  honours  and  in  gret 
estatis.  1382  WYCLIF  Nahum  \\.  9  Rauyshe  ge  syluer, 
rauyshe  $e  gold.  1483  CAXTON  Cato  Biij,  To  be  wyllyng 
for  to  dyspoyle  and  rauysshe  hys  neyghbours  goodes. 
1535  COVERDALE  Gen.  xxxvii.  33  A  rauyshinge  beast  hath 
rauyshed  Joseph,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)1!.  104 
Some  antiquaries  are  so  jealous  of  their  works,  as  if  every 
hand  which  toucheth  would  ravish  them.  1731  MEDLEY 
Kolben's  Cafe  G.  Hope  I.  66  The  Free-hooters  had  used  to 
ravish  away  their  lives  and  their  cattle.  1794  BURKE  Sp. 
agst.  IV.  I  tastings  Wks.  1826  XV.  430  To  steal  an  iniquitous 
judgment,  which  you  dare  not  boldly  ravish. 

eibsol.     1712-14  POPE  Rape  Lock  n.  32  He  meditates  the 
way,  By  force  to  ravish,  or  by  fraud  betray. 
fi*<   c  X374  CHAUCKR  Boeth.  in.  pr.  i.  50  (Camb.  MS.)  Whan 
bat  thow  ententyf  and  stylle  rauy^shedest  my  wordes. 

fb.  To  carry,  take,  pull,  or  drag  away  or  along 
in  a  violent  manner  without  appropriation  ;  to  re 
move  by  force.  Also  with  away^  down,  Obs. 

c  1374  [see  RAVISHING///,  a.  i].  1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De 
J\  K.  vm.  xxii.  (Bodl.  MS.)  If.  86/1  Aboute  be  whiche  axis 
alle  be  swiftenes  of  be  firmament  is  rauessched  and  yineued. 
1460-4  Paston  Lett.  No.  434  II.  81  The  gret  fray,  .ravyched 
my  witts  and  mad  me  ful  hevyly  dysposyd.  1533  COVERDALE 
J'ftn1.  i.  12  These  are  the  ways  of  all  soch  as  be  couetous, 
that  one  wolde  rauysh  anothers  life.  1620  MELTON  Astrolog. 
65  His  minde  was  rauished  downe  the  swift  torrent  of 
an  insolent  vanity,  1698  CROWNE  Caligula  111,  Rivers  he 
ravishes,  and  turns  their  courses  ! 

c.  Const./rom,  out  of,  t  intot  to. 
1398  TREVISA  Barth.  DeP.  R.  xvi.  vii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  ?if  bow 
doste  ber  on  [on  quicksilver]  a  scrupil  of  golde  it  rauesscheb 
into  itsilfe  be  Ii3tnes  berof.  £1400  Rom.  Rose  5198,  1  mene 
not  that  [love]  which  znakith  thee  wood,  .,  And  ravysshith 
fro  thee  all  thi  witte.  1363  WISSET  Wks.  (1890)  II.  16  We 
also..suld  reuiss  fra  it,  that  mot  proffet  to  the  lyfe  eternall. 
1634  W.  TIRWHYT  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  L)  a  ij,  The  onely 
thing  hee  supposed  to  possess  .  .  was  ravished  from  him. 
1722  DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  (1840)  175,  I.  .am  not.  .obliged  to 
ravish  my  bread  outof  the  mouths  of  others.  1748  RICHARD 
SON  Clarissa  (1811)  II.  xxxiii.  239  He  even  snatched,  .my 
struggling  hand;  and  ravished  it  to  his  odious  mouth. 
1838  PRESCOTT  Ferd.  $  Is.  (1846)  I.  ii.  135  The  crown  was 
ravished  from  her  posterity.  1871  R.  ELLIS  Catullus  Ixiv.  5 
Fain  from  Colchian  earth  her  fleece  of  glory  to  ravish. 
f  d.  With  double  object.  Obs. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  462  The  sight  of  bat  semely  .  .  rauysshed 
hir   radly  be  rest   of  hir  sawle.      a  1500  Sir  Benes  3917 
(Pynson)  Thou  haste  rauysshed  my  men  theire  liffe. 
f5.  To  ravage,  despoil,  plunder.  Obs. 
1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  4001  pou.-rauissest  france  &  ober 
londes.     (11340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  ix,  32  He  waites  bat  he 
rauysch  be  pore.     1388  WYCLIF  Isa.  xlii.  22  Thilke  puple 
was  rauyschid  and  wasted,     c  1619  BACON  Sp.  concerning 
War  iv.  Spain  Rem.   (1734)  226  We  ravished  a  principal 
City  of  wealth  and  strength. 

•f  b.  To  despoil,  rob,  or  deprive  (one)  of  some 
thing.  Obs. 

1363  LANGL,  P.  PI.  A.  iv.  34  And  hou  he  rauischede 
Rose,  Reynaldes  lemmon,  And  Mergrete  of  hire  mayden- 
hod.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  29  b,  I  am  not  led 
rashely  on  like  one  that  were  ravished  of  his  wittes.  1606 
G.  W[OODCOCKE]  Hist,  fvstine\iu.  38  Assailing  the  brothers 
.  .  [he]  rauisht  them  both  of  their  kingdomes.  1686  F. 
SPENCE  tr.  Varillofs  Ho,  M  edicts  240  As  he  was  ..  more 
methodick  than  Blondus,  he  ravish'd  him  of  his  reputation. 
a  1803  Hnghie  Grame  xiv.  in  Child  Ballads  IV.  13  They 
may  ravish  me  o'  my  life,  But  they  canna  banish  me  fro 
Heaven  hie. 

Ravished  (rse-vijt),  ///.  a.     [f.  prec.  +  -ED2.] 

1.  Carried  away  by  force  ;  violated  ;  ravaged. 

1313  DOUGLAS  sEneis  iv.  v.  48  To  Amon  he  was  son,  beget 

..Apon  the  maid  revist  Garamantida.     1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $ 

Cr.  Prol.  9  The  rauish'd  Helen,  Menelaus  Queene.     1693 

RAY  Disc.  35  When  Sea,  Earth,  ravisht  Heaven,  the  curious 

Frame  Of  this  World's  Mass  should  shrink  in  purging  Flame. 

1713  ADDISON  Cato  n.  v,  The  spurious  brood  Of  violated 

maids,  of  ravish'd  Sabines.     1788  BURNS  '  Fate  gave  the 

23-2 


BAVISHEDLY. 

Wn£*|Tb«  mother-linnet  ..  Bewails  her  ravish'd  young. 
a  1845  BAKIIAM  Cousin  Nicholas  xxi,  The  porter. -stretched 
out  his  hand  to  secure  the  ravished  peruke. 

2.  Transported,  entranced,  enraptured. 

1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  i.  ii,  My  rauist  spreit  in  that 
desert  terribill.  1543  COVEKDALE,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  i  Cor. 
38  Suche  as  are  Inspired  with  the  holy  gost  are  not  thcyr 
owne  men,  no  more  then  we  see  rauished  men  to  be.  1697 
DRYUEN  Virg.  Eel.  v.  70  Thy  Verse . .  Su  sweet,  so  charming 
to  my  ravish'd  Ears.  1768  Sm  W.  JONES  Solima  Poems 
(i777)  5  Sooth'd  with  his  lay,  the  ravish'd  air  was  calm. 
a  1839  PKAED  Poems  (1864)  II.  48  Before  your  ravished 
eyes  New  hopes  appear. 

Hence  TRa-*vishedly  adv.    Obs. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  (1613)  10  She  breaketh  violently 
from  mee,  to  run  rauishtly  into  his  rugged  armes.  Ibid.  167 
Which  maketh  them  rauishtly  melanc holly. 

Ravisher  (rar vijai).  Also  4  rauissch-,  5  rav- 
ys(s)hour;  6  St.  raviss-,  reuesar.  [f.  RAVISH  v. 
+  -EH1,  in  early  use  prob.  after  OF.  ravisserre, 
ravisseorj  -eur.]  One  who  ravishes,  in  senses  of 
the  vb.  (esp.  2  and  2  b). 

c  1375  XI  Pains  Hell  78  in  O.  E.  Misc.  225  To  brenne 
.  .Spous-brekers  wiblechours,  Rauisschers  wib  rauisschours. 
1429  Rolls  qfParlt.  IV.  344/1  Ravyshours  of  Wymen  ayens 
the  lawe.  155*  ABP.  HAMILTON  Catech,  (1884)  10  All  adul- 
teraris,  deflouraris  of  virginis,  ravissaris  of  wemen.  1588 
SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  v.  ii.  104  Good  Rapine,  stab  him,  he  is 
a  rauisher.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  n.  74  Her  matrones  be 
came  a  prey  and  prise  to  euery  Rauisher.  1712-14  POPE 
Rape  Lock  iv.  103  Gods  !  shall  the  ravisher  display  your 
hair?  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler^®.  77  F 14  The  giddy  libertine, 
or  drunken  ravisher.  1800  Asiat.  Ann.  Reg.t  Poetry  851 
Without  love  I  had  stray'd,  Till  at  length  a  sweet  ravisher 
came.  1851  D.  WILSON  Preh.  Ann.  (1863)  II.  iv.  iii.  259 
Pure  silver.,  found  in  the.. tumulus  by  its  unprincipled 
ravisher. 

Ravishing  (rse*vi(ip)i  vbl.  sb.     [-ING!.] 

1.  The   action   of  taking  or  carrying   away   by 
force;  plundering;  violation,  etc. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  7080  And  al  be  chesun  o  bat  strijf.  Was 
for  rauismg  of  a  wijf.     1398  TRKVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  vm.     ' 
xxii.  (Bod!  MS.),  Aboute   bis  lyne..be  firmament  passej?    ' 
aboute  wib  eendeles  rauessching.     c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems    \ 
(Percy  Soc.)  36  But  be  wel  ware  of  feyncd  cosynage,.  .And     , 
lords  lettres,  and  ravisshyng,  and  rage.     1535  COVERUALE     • 
Nahum  iii.  i  Wo  to  that  bloudt hurst y  cite,  which  is  all  full     ' 
of  lyes  and  robbery,  &  wil  not  leaue  of  from  rauyszshinge.     ! 
1580  HOLLYBASD   Treas.  Fr.  Tongt  Rapt,  ou  ravissement^     I 
rauishing   or    taking   away   by   violence.      1603    KNOLLES 
Hist.   Turks  (1638)  272  The  deflouring  of  our  daughters, 
the  rauishing  of  our  wiues. 

2.  The  action   of   transporting  with  ecstasy  or 
delight.   1  Obs. 

1382  WYCLIF  Acts  xxii.  17  Forsothitis  don  tome,  tnrnynge 
a^en  into  Jerusalem,  . .  me  for  to  be  maad  in  rauyssching  of 
soule.  1435  MISYN  I- ire  of  Love  86  Anober  manerof  rauisch- 
ynge  ber  is  ^at  is  lyfiing  of  mynde  in-to  god  be  contempla- 
cion.  1482  Monk  of  Evcsham  (Arb.)  112  Yn  the  space  of 
hys  raueshyng,  he  was  so  fully  helyd  that  he  hym  selfe 
meruelyd.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  :6ib,  In 
suche  hye  eleuacyon  or  rauysshyng  vp  of  the  mynde.  1586 
T.  B.  La  Printtiud.  Fr.  Acad.  \\.  (1594)  294  This  degree  of 
loue  may  be  rightly  called  rauisiiing,  in  which  the  louer  is 
so  rapt  out  of  hinibdfe,  that  he  forgetteth  himselfe.  1622 
WITHER  in  Farr  S.  P.  Jos.  I  (1848)  216  He  in.his  troubles 
eased  the  bodie's  paines  By  measures  raised  to  the  soule's 
rauishing. 

f  b.  An  ecstasy,  transport,  rapture.   Obs, 

1435  MISYN  Fire  of  Love  84  Of  dobylle  rauischyngis. 
/Wrf.86  And  [als]  well  bis  is  cald  a  rauischynge  als  be  todyr. 
1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  ^W.  de  W.  1531)  272  The  thyrde.  .is  called 
a  rapt  or  a  rauysshynge  of  the  soule.  1627-77  FELTHAM 
Resolves  n.  Ixvi.  328  The  ravishings  that  sometimes  from 
aboue  do  shoot  abroad  in  the  inward  man. 

Ravishing  (rae'vijirj),///.  a.  [-ING^.]  That 
ravishes,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1 1.   That  carries  along  or  away.  Obs.  rare. 

£1374  CHAUCER  Boetk,  i.  met.  v.  13  iCamb.  MS.)  O  Thou 
maker  of  the  whel  bat  bereb  be  sterres  which  . .  tornest  the 
heuene  with  a  Rauessyng  sweyh.  Ibid.  14  Thow  gouernour 
withdrawh  and  restryne  thei  rauesynge  floodys. 

\  2.  Seizing  upon  prey ;  ravenous.    Obs. 

1x1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xxi.  12  pai  oppyud  on  me  baire 
mouth  as  1)  on  rawysand  and  rumyand.  c  1400  MAUNDEV. 
(Roxb.)  xxxii.  147  Diuerse  maners  of  nedders  and  ober 
rauyschand  bestez.  1535  COVEKDALE  Gen.  xxxvii.  33  A 
rauyshinge  beast  hathrauyshed  loseph.  1605  SHAKS.  Macb. 
\\.  i.  55  With  his  stealthy  pace,  With  Tarquin's  rauishing 
sides  [emend,  strides]. 

3.  Exciting  ecstasy  or  transports. 

1:1430  LYDG.  Reas.  <$•  Seus.  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  3656  Whan  they 
harpe  pley,  and  synge,  The  noyse  is  so  ravysshynge.  That 
[etc.].     1570  DEE  Math.  Pref.  3  O  rauishing  perswasion,  to    I 
deale  with  a  Science,  whose  Subiect  is  so  Auncient.     1678    , 
BUTLER  Hud.  m.i,  783  Those  ravishing  and  charming  Graces.    I 
a  1703  BURKITT  On  N.  T.%  Matt.  xvii.  4  O  wliat  a  ravishing    | 
comfort  is  the  fellowship  of  the  saints.     1840  BROWNING    I 
Sordello  in.  351  Then,  ravishingest  lady,  will  you  pass  Or    j 
not  each  formidable  group?     1873  HAMERTON  Intell.  Life  I. 
iv.  (1875)  24  His  ears  drank  ravishing  harmonies. 
tb.  as  adv.  Kavishingly.   Obs.  rare* 

1616  BRETON  Cootie  -r  Batide  §  8  The  rauishing  sweet  in 
the  musique  of  Honour.  1705  STANHOPE  Paraphr.  I.  57 
Devotions,  .like  a  melodious  Consort  ravishing  Sweet. 

Ra-vishingly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY^.]  In 
a  ravishing  manner,  enchantingly. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  (1613)  96  [They]  sing  sweetly, 
glance  piercingly,  play  on  Lutes  rauishingly.  1615  CHAPMAN 
Oaytt.  x.  151  To  heaie  a  voice  so  rauishingly  rare,  a  1672 
STERRY  Freed.  Will  (,675)  105  An  unbounded,  equally, 
beautiful,  ravishingly-harmonious  variety.  1748  SMOLLETT 
Rod.  Rand,  xxxix,  [Her]  whole  person  was  ravishingly  de 
lightful.  1848  THACKKRAY  Lett,  i  Nov.,  They  have  a  full 
chorus  of  boys,.,  who  sing  quite  ravishingly. 


180 

fRavishmeal,^.  Obs.  rare— l.  [f.  RAVISH^. 
+  -MKAL.]  In  a  'ravishing*  manner. 

1382  WYCLIF  Job  \\.  15  My  brethern  passeden  beside  me, 
as  a  strem  that  raueshe  melum  [v.  rr.  rauyshe  meel,  rauesbe- 
meles  ;  L.  raftim\  passeth  in  valeis. 

Ravishment  (rse'vijinent).  Also  5-6  rau- 
isshe-,  6  rauysshe-,  rauishe-,  etc.  [ad.  OK 
ravissement  (i4th  c.)  :  see  RAVISH  v.  and  -MENT.] 

1 1.  The  act  of  carrying  off  a  person ;  in  ravish 
ment  of  'ward  or  degard%  the  taking  away  of  a  ward ; 
also,  the  writ  issued  in  consequence  of  this.  Obs. 

1530-1  Act  22  Hen.  VJ/f}  c.  15  And  also  excepted  and  for- 
prised  out  of  this  pardon  all  rauysshementes  of  the  Kynges 
wardes.  £1640  J.  SMYTH  Lives  Bcrkeleys  (1883)  II.  35r 
This  lord  Henry  brought  his  Writ  of  ravishment  de  gard 
against  Robert  Hill.  1642  tr.  Perkins*  Prof.  Bk.  i.  §  30.  13 
If  Lord  and  Tenant  be  by  Knights  service  and  the  Tenant 
die,  his  heire  within  age,  and  a  stranger  take  him  away,  the 
Lord  shall  have  a  ravishment  of  ward.  1700  TYRRELL  Hist. 
Eng.  II.  1107  Penalties  for  Ravishment  of  a  Ward  from  his 
Lord's  Custody. 

2.  forcible  abduction  or  violation  of  a  woman. 
1529  S.  FISH  Sitpfilic.  Beggers  (1871)  8  For  the  murdre  of 

his  auncestre,  rauisshement  of  his  wyfe,  of  his  doughter. 
1661  MORGAN  Spit.  Gentry  in.  ix.  101  Tatius  King  of  the 
Sabines  coming  against  him  to  revenge  the  ravishment  of 
their  women.  1712  STICK I.E  Spcct.  No.  533  p  2  Why  should 
there  be  Accessaries  in  Ravishment  any  more  than  Munher? 
1794  T.  TAYLOR  Pausanias  I.  39  She  was  there  informed,  by 
Chrysanthis,  of  the  ravi>hment  of  her  daughter.  6-1850 
A  rab.  AYr.  (Rtldg.)  679  He  begged  the  princess  to  acquaint 
him  of  what  had  passed  from  the  time  of  her  ravishment. 

transf.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  xliv.  (1739)  72 
For  though  he  might  have  taken  it  by  ravishment,  yet  he 
chose  the  way  of  wooing  it  by  a  kind  of  mutual  agreement. 
(11671  LD.  FAIRFAX  Mem.  (1699)  125  Even  this  I  hope  all 
impartial  judges  will  interpret  as  force  and  ravishment  of  a 
good  name,  rather  than  a  voluntary  consent. 

b.  With  a  and  //. :  =  RAPE  sb.-  3  b. 
1576  Act  18  Eliz.  c.  7  §  i  Felonious  Rapes  or  Ravishe- 
nients  of  Women  Maydes  Wieves  and  Damsells.  1686  Land. 
Gaz.  No.  2120/2  All  Ravishments  and  wilful  taking  away  or 
Marrying  of  any  Maid.  1724  DE  FOE  J/evw.  Cavalier  (1840) 
188  Murders,  ravishments,  and  barbarities.  1800  W.  BOOTH 
In  Darkest  Eng.  \.  \.  13  Ravishments  as  horrible,  as  if  we 
were  in  Central  Africa. 

/Iff.  1693  G.  FiRMiN'  Rev.  Mr.  Da-vis's  Vind.  \.  9  Our 
coming  to  Christ,  and  union  with  him,  is  compared  to 
Marriage, ..  but  Dr.  Crisp  makes  it  a  Ravishment. 

3.  Transport,  rapture,  ecstasy. 

c  1477  CAXTOM  Jason  67  b,  In  this  rauisshement,  him 
thought  that  the  God  mars  saide  to  him,  Appollo,  Appollo. 
1546  Primer  Hen.  I  'III  146  In  the  mouth  home  so  melli 
fluous,  In  the  heart  ravishment  celestious.  1627  W.  SCLATER 
Exp.  2  Thess.  (1629)  89  Cursed  Mpamed  calls  the  dead  fits 
of  his  falling  Sicknesse,  his  Exstasic  and  rauishment  at  the 
appearance  of  the  Angell  Gabriel.  1718  Entertainer'No.  21. 
144  That  Heavenly  Bliss,  which  has  absorb'd  their  Souls  in 
Ravishment  and  Rapture.  1814  CARV  Dante,  Par.  xiv.  115 
A  melody  That,  indistinctly  heard,  with  ravishment  Pos- 
sess'd  me.  1873  UKOWNING  RedCott,  Nt.-cap  iv.  270  What 
folks  nickname  A  lyre,  those  ancients  played  to  ravishment. 
b.  With  a  and//. 

1581  MARBECK  Bk.  of  Notes  b^  Some  of  them  haue  visions, 
rauishments,  &  traunces.  1663  UP.  PATRICK  Parab.  Pilgr. 
xvi,  To  make  joy  in  heaven, . .  o!i  what  a  ravishment  is  it  ! 
'744  J-  PATERSON  Conim.  Milton's  P.  L.  266  Ravishments, 
exstacies,  or  transports  of  the  mind  for  joy.  1841-4  EMERSON 
Ess.  Ser.  i.  ix.  (1876)  227  What  was  in  the  case  of  these  re 
markable  persons  [Fox,  Swedenborg,  etc.]  a  ravishment. 

f  4.  An  act  of  plundering  or  ravaging.   Obs. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  68/6  A  rauishmente,  raphia.  1606 
G.  W[OODCOCKF,]  Hist.  Ivsttne  n.  9  The  foule  rauishments 
they  had  offered  them  by  the  Athenians,  xfeo  B.  Discolli* 
minium  24  That  Scotlsh  Invasion  and  our  English  Defeat 
..was  a  very  Ravishment. 

Ra'vissant,  a.  Also  3,  6  rauisaunt,  -ant. 
[a.  F.  ravissantt  pple.  of  ravir :  see  RAVISH.] 

1 1.  Of  beasts  :  Ravening.   Obs.  rare, 

c  1290  MS.  Laud  108  If.  n  pe  wolf  wilde  and  rauisaunt 
with  be  schep  ^eode  so  rmlde  so  lomb.  1549  Compl.  Scot. 
Prpl.  2  Tha  said  rauisant  volfis  of  ingland  hes  intendit  ane 
oniust  veyr. 

b.  Her.  (See  quot.  1780.)   rare*0. 

The  attitude  of  a  '  wolf  ravissant '  corresponds  to  that  of 
a  '  lion  salient '. 

1727  in  BAILEY  (vol.  III.  1780  EUMONDSON  Contfl.  Body 
Her.  II,  Gloss.,  Ravissant,  a  term  used  by  French  Heralds  to 
express  the  posture  of  a  wolf,  half  raised,  and  just  springing 
forward  upon  his  prey. 

2.   Ravishing,  delightful. 

Now  only  as  F.  (rav/san),  with  fem.  raytssante  (-ant\ 

1653  GATDEN  Hit-rasp.  254  The  ravissant  happiness  of 
the  blessed  Angels.  1673  DRYDICN  Marr.  a  la  Mode  i.  i, 
O,  'tis  the  sweetest  Prince  !  .so  obligeant,  charmant,  ravls- 
sant.  1848  THACKERAY  I'tin.  Fair  li,  The  most  ravissante 
little  Marquise  in  the  world.  1885  MABEL  COLLINS  Prettiest 
Woman  ix,  She  is  not  ramssante  like  her  sister. 

Ravissh-,  obs.  variant  of  REVEST  v. 

Ravle,  dial,  form  of  RAVEL. 

Ravoun,  obs.  form  of  RAVEN  sb.l 

Ravyn(e,  obs.  forms  of  RAVEN,  RAVIN  !. 

Ravyner,  -ous,  obs.  forms  of  RAVENEB,  -ous. 

fRaw,  sd.1  Obs.  rare.  Some  contrivance  for 
catching  fish. 

1533-4  Act  25  Hen.  V/Iftc.  7  [No  person  shall  take  in  any] 
crele,  raw,  web,  lister,  fier,  or  any  other  engine. .the  yonge 
frie. .  of  any  kinde  of  salmon.  1558  Act  i  Eliz.  c.  17  §  i  No 
Person . .  withe  any . .  Crele,  Rawe,  Fagnett,  Trollnett,  Trim- 
menet . .  shall  take . .  Spawue,  or  Frye  of  Eeles,  Salmon,  Pyke 
or  Pyckerell. 

Raw,  sb2 :  see  RAW  a.  B. 


RAW. 

j>),  a.  (st>.~).  Forms:  a.  i  hr6aw,  hrsew, 
(?hreow),  3  rav^,  4  raughe,  4-6  rawe,  4-  raw. 
$.  north.  5  ra(e,  8  rey,  9  ray,  reea.  [Comm. 
Teut. :  OE.  /ir^aw=Ytis.  rat  re,  OS.  *hrdo  (hra-, 
MDu.  raeu,  rou,  ro,  Du.  rauw),  MLG.  ro  (LG. 
rau,  rd,  ro\  OIIG.  rdu-t  rou-,  ro  (MHO.  rdw-, 
rouw-,  rot  G.  rok)t  ON.  hrd-r  (S\v.  ra,  Da.  raa)  :— 
OTeut.  *Arawa-zt  pre-Teut.  *&rono-z  related  to  Olr. 
crie,  Lat.  cnior,  Lith.  knuijas,  OSlav.  kriivi  blood  ; 
Gr.  xptas,  Skr.  kravft  raw  flesh. 
The  northern  forms  ra,  ray,  etc.  are  app.  ad,  ON.  hrd-r.] 
A.  adj. 

1.  Uncooked,  not  prepared  for  use  as  food  by  the 
action  of  fire  or  heat,     f  Of  water:  Unboiled.  Obs. 

Raw  cream  (see  quot.  1796).  dial. 

a.  tiooo  /ELFRIC  Horn.  II.  264  Ne  ete  £e  of  Sam  lambe 
nan  £ing  hreaw.  c  1000  Sax.  Leechd.  II.  102  Meng  wid 
hreaw  argru.  c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  304/152  pei  heo  hadde 
fisch  and  drinke,  $e  wuten  wel  it  was  ravj.  1387  TREVISA 
Higden  (Rolls)  V.  27  He  ete  nevere  nober  drank  his  fulle, 
noJ7er  ete  rawe  fruyte.  £1420  Liber  Cocontm  (ibfo}  44  Take 
raw  porke  and  hew  hit  smalle.  c  1511  ist  Eng.  Bk.  Amer. 
(Aib.)  Introd.  33/1  People  the  whiche  ele  none  other  than 
rawe  fleshe.  1577  FKAMI'TON  Joyfull  Xeiues  \\.  (1596)  46 
With  the  noughtie  meates  and  drinking  of  the  rawe  waters, 
. .  the  most  parte  of  them  fell  into  continuall  Agues.  1613 
PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  (1614)  693  If  we  killed  a  beast  for  our 
use,  they  would  aske  the  inwards,  and  eat  them  raw,  1658 
A.  Fox  ly'itrtz'  Surg.  n.  xxni.  139  The  raw  Water  is  betttr 
than  if  boyled.  1704  Diet.  Rust,  et  Urb.  s.v.  Appetite,\<y& 
must  cause  them  to  swallow  raw  Eggs.  1796  W,  MARSHALL 
\V.  England  Gloss.  tE.D.S.),  Raiv  cream ^  cream  raised  in 
the  natural  way,  not  scalded  or  clouted.  1861  FLOK. 
NIGHTINGALE  Nursing  48  A  patient  should,  if  possible,  not 
.  .even  hear  food  talked  about  or  see  it  in  the  raw  state. 

ft.  £1400  MAUNDEV,  (Roxb.)  xxxii,  147  pai  ete  flesch  and 
fi^ch  rae.  c  1425  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  662, 16  Caro  cruda, 
ra  flesche.  1740-  in  Lane,  and  Yks.  dial,  (.in  forms  rey,  rayt 
reea). 

transf.    i6saTATHAM  Pref.  I'erse'in  Brome  J0i>ial?Crewt 
;     It  is  unhallowed  heat,  That  boyles  ycur  Raw-brains. 

•j-b.  Applied  to  blood  from  a  wound.  rare~l. 

« 1529  SKELTON  Ware  Hauke  58  The  bloude  ran  downe 
raw  Vpon  the  auter  stone. 

f  c.  Undigested.  Obs.  rare. 

11533  ELYOT  Cast.  Hett/it  i!.  ix.  [see  CRUDE  a.  3],  Jbid.  it. 
xxix,  In  a  cold  stomake,  the  litell  heate  is  suffocate  with 
grosse  meate,  &  the  fine  meate  Jefte  rawe  for  lacke  of  con 
coction. 

d.   Unburnt,   unbaked ;   not  hardened   or  fused 
by  fire.     Cf.  GBKEN  a.  9  d. 

1698  FRYEK  Ace.  E.  India  ^  P,  131  The  Castle,  .was  large, 
but  rude,  and  the  Wall  of  raw  Brick.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON 
Operat.  Mechanic  472  Raw  glazes  are  employed  for  the 
common  pottery.  . .  'J  hey  are  generally  composed  of  white- 
lead,  Cornish-stone,  and  flint,  ground  by  a  hand-mill.  1882 
[see  GKEtNa.  9  d].  1885  Encycl.  Brit.  XIX.  638/2  The 
'raw'  vessels  fresh  from  the  wheel,  which  only  require  a 
moderate  heat  to  prepare  them  for  being  glazed. 
fe.  Of  fruit:  Green,  not  preserved.  Obs. 

1686  tr.  Chardin's  Ttav.  Persia  391  They  export  from 
thence  vast  quantities  of  Fruit  dry'd  and  raw. 

2.  In  a  natural  or  unwrought  state ;  not  yet  sub 
jected  to  any  process  of  dressing  or  manufacture: 

a.  of  the  materials  of  textile  fabrics;  esp.  raw 
silkt  silk  simply  drawn  from  the  cocoons  by  the 
process  of  reeling.     Alsoyf^. 

(71315  SHOKEHAM  Poems  iii.  150  For  wel  to  conne  and 
nau}[t]  to  don  Nys  naber  rawe  ne  y-sponne.  13..  E.  E. 
A  Hit.  P.  B.  790  Royl  rollande  fax  to  raw  sylk  lyke.  1463-4 
Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  506/1  In  rawe  Silke  allone  unwrought. 
1503  Act  19  Hen.  y/f,  c.  21  All  other  maner  of  Sylkes,  . . 
rawe  or  unwrought.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Tray.  iv.  245  Eight 
thousand  bailes  of  raw  silke  are  yearely  made  in  the  Hand. 
1712  GAY  Story  oj 'Arachne  27  Whether  raw  wool  in  its  first 
orbs  she  wound,  1831  G.  R.  PORTER  Silk  Mannf.  207  The 
merely  nominal  duty  of  one  penny  per  pound  on  raw  silk. 
1863  FAWCETT  Pol.  Econ.  i.  iv.  47  A  tax  on  cotton  goods 
would  be  far  preferable  to  one  on  raw  cotton. 

b.  of  cloth:  Unfullcd. 

1381  in  Bickley  Little  Red  Bk.  Bristol  II.  7  Nule  manere 
drap  a  foler  qe  homeappeleraucloth.  146"]-$  Rolls  of  Parlt. 
V.62I/2  To  bie  Wollen  Varne..and  also  to  ble  rawe  Clothes, 
untuked  and  unfulled.  1561  AV^.  Prh'y  Council  Scot.  1. 175 
vj  fardellis  of  raw  claith  allegit  schippit  in  name  of  Petir  de 
Randea.  1583  N.  T.  iRhem.)  Matt.  ix.  16  No  body  putteth 
a  peece  of  raw  cloth  to  an  old  garment.  1713  RAMSAY 
Monk  fy  Miller  s  WJfe  140  Knaves. .  Whase  kytes  can  streek 
out  like  raw  plaiding.  1868  Chambers'  Encycl.  X.  265/2 
When  the  cloth  is  taken  from  the  loom,  it  has  a  bare  look, 
and  is  called  the  raw  thread.  1886  ELWORTHY  \V.  Som. 
IVord-bk.  s.v.,  The  room  in  which  goods  are  placed  when 
taken  from  the  weaver  is  always  the  '  raw-piece  shop '. 

C.  of  leather  or  hides:  Untanned,  undressed. 
Cf.  GBEKN  a.  9  c.  Also  rawhide,  a  rope  or  whip 
of  undressed  hide. 


.  n.  xiv.  u8  Covered  wythlamynes 
of  yron  or  wyth  rawe  leder.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr. 
Nicholay's  I'oy.  iv.  xxxiv.  156  b,  Their  headpeece  was  of  a 
raw  oxe  hide.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  xii.  29  Her  lips  were, 
like  raw  lether,  pale  and  blew.  1704  Lend,  Gaz.  No.  4°O4/3 
A  Parcel  of  Raw  Hides.  1847  GKOTE  Greece  n.  xlix.  (1862) 
IV.  306  Hides,  raw  as  well  as  dressed.  1890  L.  C.  D'OYLE 
Notches  174  He  called  to  Peters  and  his  companions  to 
slacken  the  rawhide,  and  by  this  means  they  lowered  him. 

at  t  r£f>.     1878  Smithsonian  Misc.  Collect.  XIII.  No.  6.  83 
Split-leather,  grain-leather,  rawhide  thongs. 

d.  of  other  substances  (or  their  qualities),  e.g. 
undiluted  (spirits),  unrefined  (oil),  unmalted  (grain), 
fundistilled  (water)  ;  etc. 

1567  MAM.ET  Gr.  Forest  3  b,  [The  beryl]  is  fir>t  found  also 
raw  and  rude  without  eyther  good  louke  or  pleasant  shewe. 


RAW. 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  347  Distilled  Waters  will  last  longer 
than  Raw  waters.  1651  Publ.  Gen.  Acts  1336  Melting  down 
Iron,  Oare  and  Sinders  into  Raw  Iron.  1787  WINTER  Syst. 
Httsb.  9  The  application  of  raw  dung  unmixed  with  earth. 
1830  M.  DONOVAN  Dom.  Econ.  I.  247  New  spirit  is  stored  in 
wooden  vessels  until  the  raw  flavour  is  anieliorated.  1858 
T.  THOMSON  Ckem.  Org.  Bodies  1017  It  existed,  no  doubt,  in 
the  raw  grain,  but  underwent  considerable  modifications 
during  the  process  of  malting.  1839  UKK  Diet.  Mannf.  (1853) 
II.  75  The  raw  oil  is  converted  into  a  drying  oil  of  a  pale 
straw  colour.  1845  M'CuLi-ocH  Taxation  n.  x.  (1852)  361 
Raw  spirits  could  not  be  purchased ..  for  less  than  45.  (xi. 

e.  with  general  terms,  as  raw  commodity*  ma 
terial ', produce,  etc.  (Freq.  in  i9th  c.) 

1738  BU'RKE  Rep.  Aff:  India  Wks.  1842  II.  28  This  forced 
preference  of  trafiick  in  a  raw  commodity.     1796  KIUWAN 
Elf ut.  Min.  (ed.  2)  I.  Pref.  8  The  raw  materials,  or  necessary    , 
instruments  of  all  manufactures.     1825  McCi;Li.ocH  Pol.    \ 
Econ.  in.  v.  273  A  farmer  who  rents  a_farm,  ..employing    j 
upon  it  such  a  capital  as  will,  at  the  existing  prices  of  raw    . 
produce,  enable  him  to  pay  his  rent.      1846  —  Ace.  Brit. 
Empire  (1854)  I.  109  The  earths,  the  metals,  and  other  sub- 
stances  ..  sent   abroad,  either  in  a   raw   or   manufactured 
.sluipe.     1868   FKEK.MAN-   Norm.  Conq.   (1876)   II.  App,  675 
Here  is  quite  raw  material  enough  for  a  legend-maker. 

3.  Crude,  not  brought  to  perfect  composition,  • 
form  or  finish.  (In  mod.  use  chiefly  of  colouring.)  j 
f  To  leave  raw,  to  leave  unfinished  (cf.  RAWLY  j 
adv.  i). 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  DC  P.  A*,  iv.  ix.  (1495)  94  His  vryne 
is  white  and  thycke,  rawe  and  euyll  coloured  [L.  cruda  et 
di$coloraia\.  1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.-i\  Softe,  my  frende  ; 
herein  your  reason  is  but  rawe.  1551  T.  WILSON  Logike 
86  b,  The  Judges  . .  left  the  matter  raw  without  judgement 
for  that  time.  1607  NORHEN  Snrv.  Dial.  in.  137  Some 
Surueyors  ouer  credulous,  will  take  their  raw  reports  for 


conceptions  ana  lona  reasonings  aoout  tne  meaning  01 
a  word,  against  such  valuable  authorities.  1762-71  H. 
WALPOLE  fertile"  s  A  need.  l'aint.(i-j%6]l\l.  10  The  colour 
ing  of  the  Saturn  [was]  too  raw,  and  his  figure  too  muscular. 
1871  L.  STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library  ^1892)  1.  v.  183  The  .. 
scenery,  so  provokingly  raw  and  deficient  in  harmony.  1876 
E.  JENKINS  Blot  on  Queens  Head  13  That  great  raw  pre 
tentious  building. 

b.   Uncultivated,  uncivilized,  brutal,  rare. 

1577  HARRISON  England'm  Holinshed  Ch'ron.  (1587)  1.2/2 
Men,  being  as  then  but  raw  and  void  of  all  ciulHtie.  1847 
TENNYSON  Frinc.  ir.  106  The  man.. Raw  from  the  prime, 
and  crushing  down  his  mate.  1865  BUSHNELL  Vicar.  Sacr. 
n.  iii.  (1868)  182  When  raw  force  was  everything. 

f4.   Unripe,  immature.     Chieflyyff.  Obs. 

1477  NORTON  Ord.  Alch.  iv.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  47  For  foule 
and  cleane  by  naturall  lawe  Hath  grcate  discord,  and  soe 
hath  ripe  and  rawe.  1495  Transa's  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvir. 
ii.  (W.  de  W.)  596  The  last  frute  rypeth  nat,  but  abydeth 
rawe  and  grene.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  357  Alowing 
one  anothers  weakenesse  of  wit,  which,  though  it  bee  but 
rawe,  yet  in  trade  of  time,  .it  wil  waxe  riper.  1593  SHAKS. 
Rick.  II,  n.  iii.  41,  I  tender  you  my  seruice,  Such  as  it  is, 
being  tender,  raw,  and  young,  Which  elder  dayes  shall 
ripen.  1652  Br.  PATRICK  l-'nneral  Serin,  in  7-  Smith's  Se/. 
Disc.)  etc.  526  Holy  and  pious  counsels  for  the  teaching  of 
rawer  and  greener  heads. 

fb.  New,  unfamiliar.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1447-8  SHILLINGKORD  Lett.  (Camden)  38  The  ij'°  Chif 
Justise.  .to  whom  oure  mater  myche  was  rawe. 

5.  Of  persons:  Inexperienced,  unskilled,  un 
trained  ;  quite  new  or  fresh  to  anything. 

1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  /nst,  iv.  23  They  so  framed 
them  from  their  tender  age,  that  they  shoulde  not  come 
vnskilfull  and  rawe  to  the  executyng  of  their  office.  1652-62 
HEYI.IN  Cosmogr.  n.  (1682)  33  The  ill  smells,  .are  ready  to 
stifle  and  choak  up  the  Spirits  of  raw  Travellers.  1712 
STEELK-S/Vi;/.  No.  288  F  i  A  raw,  innocent,  young  Creature, 
who  thinks  all  the  World  as  sincere  as  herself.  1791 
COWPEK  Iliad  xi.  866  He  supposed  me  raw  As  yet,  and 
ignorant.  1826  DISRAELI  I'ir.  Grey  n.  xvi,  Surely,  my 
Lords,  you  will  not  unnecessarily  entrust  this  great  business 
to  a  raw  hand  !  1867  TROLLOPE  Chron.  Barsct  I.  xv.  122 
It  was  remembered  . .  how  raw  a  lad  he  had  been  when  he 
first  came  there. 

b.  esp.  of  soldiers  without  training  or  experience 
in  fighting. 

1577  NORTHBROOKE  Dicing  (1843)  107  This  is  the  cause 
why  there  are  found  so  many  rawe  captaines  and  soldiers 
in  Englande.  1683  LUTIRKLL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  I.  352  The 
horse  I. being  most  raw  and  badly  mounted)  never  stood  one 
shock.  1761-2  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  (1806)  IV.  Ivi.  302  Raw 
troops,  conducted  by  unexperienced  commanders.  1807 
CHABBE  Par.  Reg.  11.  195  Like  raw  recruits  drawn  forth 
for  exercise.  1879  FROUDE  C&sar  xxii.  394  With  a  raw 
and  inexperienced  army  he  engaged  legions  in  perfect  dis 
cipline. 

c.  Const,  at,  in,  f  to. 

1548  UDALL,  etc,  Erasni.  Par.  Mark  ii.  23  The  disciples, 
who  were  as  yet  rawe  in  their  profession.  1561  T.  NORTON 
Calvin's  fnst.  u.  109  So  that  when  they  are  called,  they  be 
not  altogether  rude  and  raw  to  discipline,  n  1668  DAVENANT 
Man's  the  Master  \\  i,  I  have  been  a  raw  fellow  at  fighting. 
1697  DRYDEN  .-Erteidxi.  235  Young  as  thou  wert  in  Dangers, 
raw  to  War!  1734  tr.  Rollings  Attc.  Hist.  u.  (1827)  I.  398 
So  raw  and  unexperienced  in  naval  affairs.  1790  WOLCOTT 
(P.  Pindar)  IVks.  1812  II.  259  Suffer  than  Recruits  so  raw  at 
drill.  1842  BARHAM  Ingol.  Leg.  Ser.  n.  fifack  Mousquc- 
taire,  But  painting's  an  art  I  confess  I  am  raw  in. 

d.  of  things,  qualities,  actions,  etc.  rare. 

1602  SHAKS.  Hatn,\.\\.  i29[Q.]Theconcernancy,Sir?  why 
do  we  wrap  the  gentleman  in  our  more  rawer  breath?  1672 
OTWAY  Tihis  fy  Berenice  \.  i,  His  Fancy  does  with  wild 
Distraction  rove,  which  ihy  raw  Ignorance  interprets  Love. 
1823  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  M.  Old  Margate  Hoy,  The  raw 
questions  which  we.. would  be.  putting  to  them. 

6.   Having  the  skin  removed,  so  that  the  flesh  is 


181 

exposed  ;  excoriated.  Also  transf.  of  the  eyes  :  Un 
protected.  Raw  side,  the  flesh  side  of  a  skin.  06s. 

14.  .  Lat.  >i  Eng.  Voc,  in  \Vr.-Wiilcker  589/25  Iturutlo, 
to  make  rawe.     c  1410  LVDG.  1-yfe  Our  Ladye  xxl.  i.  (Bodl. 
MS.  75)  25  Even  raw  may  not  abyde  ffor  to  behold  a}ens 
her  beniys  bnjt.     1550  CROWLEY  Epigr.  323   Sore  legges, 
most  lothsome  to  se  ;  al  rawe  from  the  fote.     1576  FunuHO 
1'atwfl.  Kpist.  28  The  woundes  which,  .haue  becne  healed    : 
vp  and  couered  ouer  with  skinne,  beginne  a  fresh  to  waxe    , 
rawe  and  greene.     1607  TOPSKLL  Fonr-f.  Beasts  (1658)  186 
The  man..  in  Winter  time,  turneth  the  hairy  side  next  to 
his   body,  .  .  and  in  Summer  the   raw   side.     1719   YOUNG    . 
Busiris  I.  i,  Felt  him  as  the  raw  wound  the  burning  steel.     I 
1788  FALCON-BRIDGE  Afr.  Slave  Tr.  41  They  were  both 
flogged  till  their  backs  were  raw.    1886  BURTON  Arab.  Nts. 
(abr.  ed.)  I.  70  She  .  .  Hogged  him  cruelly.  .  .  Then  she  drew 
the  cilice  over  his  raw  and  bleeding  skin. 

fig.  1864  TREVELVAN  Compel.  Wallah  (1866)  263  Always 
s  >re  upon  the  question  of  the  .  .  native,  he  now  became  posi 
tively  raw  and  festering. 

b.  Painful,  as  when  the  raw  flesh  is  exposed. 
1590  SI-ENSER  /•'.  Q.  i.  x.  2  All  his  sinewes  woxen  weake 

and  raw,  Through  long  enprisonment,  and  hard  constraint. 
1898  All/nitfs  Syst.  Met/.  V.  n  It  [the  local  pain  in  bron 
chitis]  is  variously  described  as  '  sore  ',  '  raw  ',  or  '  burning  '. 

c.  Showing  through  the  skin  (o/is.'j  ;  raw-boned. 
1596  SPENSER  /•'.  Q.  iv.  xii.  20  His  wonted  chearefull  hew    j 

Can  fade,.  .  His  cheeke-bones  raw,  and  eie-pits  hollow  grew. 
1849  E.  B.  EASTWICK  Dry  Leaves  75  They  were,  .miserably 
mounted  on  raw  nags,  that  looked  as  if  they  had  fed  on 
sand  for  the  last  year. 

t  d.  Affected  with  indigestion  =  CRUDE  3  b.  Obs. 

1574  Homilies  II.  Sacrament  41  2  Wholesome  meatereceiued 
into  a  rawe  stomacke  corrupteth  and  marreth  all.  1591  [cf. 
raahstOHiackedwi  9].  1621  FLETCHER  Pilgrim  ul,  vi,  Gent. 
Have  you  no  fearful!  dreams?  Sclwl.  Sometimes,  as  all  have 
That  go  to  bed  \viih  raw  and  windy  stomacks. 

7.  Of  the  weather,  etc.  :  Damp  and  chilly  ;  bleak. 

1546  St.  Papers  Hen.  VIII,  XI.  162  Mr.  \Votton  beyng 
so  weake,  and  the  wethur  so  rawe  foule  and  fervent  cold. 
1601  ?MARSTON  I'asquil  «t  Katk.  v.  70  The  evening's  raw 
and  danke;  I  shall  take  cold.  1697  DKYDEN  I'irg.  Georg. 
III.  623  When  the  raw  Rain  has  pierc'd  them  to  trie  quick. 
1729  SAVAGE  Wandcrt-r  i.  42  Raw  clouds,  that  sadden  all 
tn  inverted  year.  1773  GOLDKM.  Stoops  to  Conq.  I.  i,  _You 
shan't  venture  out  this  raw  evening.  1822  SCOTT  Pirate 
xxix,  The  young  ladies  spend  the  night  under  cover  from 
the  raw  evening  air.  1876  ].  R.  HIND  in  Cliambtrj  Astro::. 
197  The  weather  ..  was  raw  and  uncongenial. 

•f  8.  Hoarse.  (Perh.  after  obs.  F.  raw.)  Obs.  rare. 

1474  CAXTON  Cliase  in.  vi.  (1883)  132  Luxurye.  .blyndeth 
the  syght,  and  maketh  the  woys  hoors  &  rawe.  1480  -- 
Oi'id's  Met.  xiv.  xi,  There  was  seen  a  fowle  fleying  &  fyrst 
knowen,  \vhyche  hade  a  rawe  voy-s. 

9.  Comli.,  as  raw-coloured,  -devouring,  -edged, 
-headed,  -looking,  -mouthed,  -nosed,  \  -reeked,  -ribbed, 
\  stomached  adj^. 

1570-6  LAMBARDE  Pcrainl.  Kent  (1826)  p.  vii,  A  *rawe 
coloured  portraiture  that  lacketh  licking.  1848  UUCKLEV 
lliad$o±  The  *raw-devouring  dogs  whom  I  have  nourished 
in  my  palaces.  1847  HALLIWELI.,  *Raw*tfgeft,txA  hemmed. 
1876  MBS.  VfunsKtSlfAti  f;  /«f.viii.  92  A  newness  of  old- 
ness;  there  was  nothing  raw-edged  ;  nothing  unmellowed. 
1586  E.  K.  in  Spenser's  Shcph.  Cal.  Feb.  I  Emblem*,  The 
old  man  checketh  the  'raw-headed  boy.  1827  ScoirC/iro;/. 
Canongate  l.  iv,  A  broad,  'raw-looking,  new-made  road.  1508 
DUNBAR  Flyting-21  *Ramowd  rebald.  IHd.  401  Raw-mowit 
ribald.  1679  Land.  Gaz.  No.  1423/4  A  white  Gelding  .  . 
*raw-nosed,  tender-footed.  1432  Nottingham  Rcc.  II.  132 
Dimidietatenl  unius  quarterii  brasii  ordei  *rawe  reket.  1638 
FORD  Lcuiy's  Trial  111.  i,  The  *raw-ribb'd  apothecary.  1591 
PERCIVAI.L  Sp.  Diet.,  Aliittula,  *rawe  stomacked,  criirlus. 
B.  Kllipt.  or  absol.  uses  passing  into  sb.  (st.*). 

f  1.  An  unfulled  portion  of  a  cloth.  Obs. 

1463-4  Rolls  of  Tar!  t.  V.  501/2  In  case  that  eny  such 
diversite,  or  rawe,  scawe,  kokell  or  fagge  happen  to  be  in 
eny  part  of  the  seid  Clothes. 

2.  a.  The  raw,  the  exposed  flesh.  Chiefly  in 
phr.  to  touch  (one)  on  the  raw  (nanally_/jf.). 

1823  livRON    Juan  vill.   1,  The   veriest  jade   will  wince 


.     , 

hose  harness  wrings  So  much  into  the  raw.  1837  MARRVAT 
og- 
the 


Dog-fiend  xxxvii,  This  was  touching  up  Vanslyperken  on 
raw.     1866  W.  E.  FORSTER  31  Oct.  in  T.  W.  Reid  Life 


.  .     .  . 

(1888)  I.  x.  387  Obliging  me  to  take  any  number  of  news 
paper  hits,  .and  these,  too,  on  the  raw. 

b.  A  raw  place  in  the  skin,  a  sore  or  sensitive 
spot.  Freq.y?f. 

1825  SCOTT  Fain.  Lett.  II.  235  Using  the  hackney  coach- 
man's  phrase  of  a  raw.  1840  MRS.  GORE  in  New  Monthly 
Jfag.  LX.  470  Susceptibility  on  such  points  is  an  almost 
unfailing  symptom  of  a  raw.  1858  O.  W.  HOLMES  Aut. 
Brcakf.-t.  (1883)  243  Parties  of  travellers  have  a  morbid 
instinct  for  'establishing  raws'  upon  each  other.  1883 
V.  STUART  Egypt  12  Sundry  awful  raws  which  stood  revealed 
now  that  their  saddle  cloths  were  removed. 

3.  The  raw,  applied  to  any  raw  article  (esp.  raw 
spirits)  or  quality. 

1844  }.  BALLANTINE  Miller  <if  Deanhaiigli  v.  100  After 
swallowing  a  single  glass  of  the  'raw'.  1864  CARLVLE 
Fredk.  Ct.  XV.  xii.  I  V.  182  The  raw  of  a  September  morning. 

4.  A  raw  person,  article,  product,  etc.;  spec,  in 
pi.  raw  sugars,  or  raw  oysters. 

1868  Cliaml:  Jrnl.  15  Feb.  110/2  Soft-going  raws  an'deli- 
cate  boys  with  romantic  heads.     1884  AVw  York  Herald  -21 
Oct.  6/2  Sugar—  Raws  steady  but  inactive. 
b.   U.S.   An  untrained  pony. 

1895  Outing  (U.  S.)  XXVI.  380/2  The  animals  are  mostly 
from  the  Texan  and  New  Mexican  mustang  herds.  They 
pay  for  a  '  raw'  on  an  average  fifty  dollars. 

Haw  (r§),  v.1     [f.  RAW  a.] 

•f*  1.  intr.  To  become  raw.  Obs.  rare. 

na^Cath.Angl.  301/1  Rawe  as  fai,dv;,crii,lcrc,iriiaescere, 
1765  Coi:ipl.  Maltster  $  Brewer  p.  xxii,  Acrosplred  malts.. 
are  not  subject  to  raw  nor  rope. 


HAWK. 

2.  trans.  To  make  raw,  to  excoriate. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  (1613)  135  Some  of  them  haue 
grated  and  rawed  their  smooth  tender  skinnes,  with  haire 
shirts  and  rough  garments.  1613  HEYWOOD  Braz.  Age 
Wks.  1874  III.  250  Helpe  me  to  teare  this  infernall  shirt, 
Which  rawes  me  where  it  cleaues.  1893  Black  $  White 
4  Mar.  262/1  He  ..  carries  his  head  a  little  forward,  just 
where  the  collar  raws  him.  1899  AllMt's  Syst.  Med.  VI. 
646  Theendsofthe  nerve  being  rawed  and  brought  together 
by  suture. 

Raw,  obs.  or  dial,  form  of  Row. 

t  Raw-bone,  a.  and  sb.     [f.  RAW  a.  6  c.] 

A.  adj.    =»  RAW-BONED. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  (1613)  65  So  many  men  as  were 
in  lerusalem,  so  many  pale  raw-bone  ghosts  you  would 
haue  thought  you  had  scene.  1660  Ali-ert  Durer  Re 
vived  T  A  thin  slender  wast,  a  raw-bone  arm.  1686  Lond. 
Gaz.  No.  2122/4  A  slender  raw-bone  Man.  1704  N.  N.  tr. 
Boccalinis  Advts.  fr.  1'arnass.  I.  235  Mounted  on  Sir 
Hudibrass's  raw-bone  Steed.  1772  BRVUGES  Homer  Trav. 
(1707)  I.  10  His  quivtr.. Rattled  against  his  raw-bone  back. 

B.  sf>.  A  very  lean   or  gaunt  person,   a   mere 
skeleton  ;  //.  Death. 

1638  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  in.  ii.  iv.  i.  (1651)  519  A  long 
lean  rawbone,  a  skeleton,  a  sneaker.  1784  Unfortunate 
Sensibility  I.  116  Till  old  Raw-bones.. strips  them  till  they 
are,  like  himself,  naked  to  the  very  bone. 

Ba-W-boned,  a.  [f.  as  prec.]  Having  pro 
jecting  bones,  barely  covered  with  flesh ;  excessively 
lean  or  gaunt. 

1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  I.  ii.  35  Leane  raw-bon'd  Rascals, 
who  would  e're  suppose,  They  had  such  courage  and  au- 
dacitie?  1638  JUMUS  raitit.  Ancients  229  Those  that  are 
dry,  raw-boned  and  bloudlesse.  1686  Lond.  Gaz.  No. 
2127/4  Edward  Woodcocke,  a  tall  raw-boned  Man,  down 
lookt.  1762  FOOTE  Lyar  \\.  Wks.  1799  I.  305  A  raw-bon'd, 
over-grown,  clumsy  cook-wench.  1818  SCOTT  Heart  .Midi. 
xxix,  Dick  turned  again  to  the  raw-boned  steed  which  he 
was  currying.  1861  HTGIIKS  Tom  Brtnvn  at  Oxf.  x.xiii, 
An  elderly  raw-boned  woman  with  a  skin  burnt. .brown. 

Eawcht,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  t.  REACH  f.1 

Bawchter,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RAFTEH  sb.\ 

t  Rawed,  "•  Obs.  [Of  obscure  origin:  the  sense 
is  that  of  RAYED  a.,  but  connexion  between  the 
forms  appears  unlikely.]  Striped. 

1534  in  Kng.  Cli.  Furniture  (Peacock  1866)  205  The  xth  is 
of  butk  &  Red  velvett . .  &  the  other  side  of  rawed  satten  of 
brigges.  1552-3  Im\  C/i.  Goods,  Staffs,  in  Ann.  Licit field 
IV.  73  One  vestement  off  rawed  saye,  an  albe  to  it.  1608 
in  Best's  Farm.  Bks.  (SurteesJ  162  note,  Two  dozen  of  fyne 
lynnen  napkins,  the  one  dozen  is  ra\\  ed  with  blewe.  1624 
Invent,  in  Arcli.rologia  XLVIII.  136  A  livery  cubberd, 
a  rawed-work  cover  on  it.  1633  Xa-.vorth  llouseli.  Bks. 
(Surtees)  325  For  29  ycardes  dimid.  of  rawed  stuffe  for 
hanginges. 

Rawen,  -eyne,  obs.  variants  of  ROWEX.  Ra- 
wenge,  Rawess,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  REVENGE,  REVEST. 

t  Raw-flesh.   Obs.  rare-".   =  RAW-HEAD. 

1598  FLOIUO,  CacciaueiniiO,  a  bragging  craking  boater, 
a  bugbeare,  a  rawe-flesh  and  bloodie-bone. 

Rawght,  obs.  pa.  t.  REACH  v.1 

Raw-head1,  [f.  RAW«.  6  +  HEADJ*.]  The 
name  of  a  nursery  bugbear,  usually  coupled  with 
BLOODY-BONES.  (,Cf.  RAW-FLESH  and  RAW  XF.CK.) 

1:1550  [?GASCOICNE]  \\~yll  of  Denyll  C  iij  b,  Written  by 
our  faithful  Secretaryes,  Hobgoblin,  Rawhed,  S:  Bloody- 
bone.  1659  Leveller  4  Most  People  are  agast  at  them,  like 
children  at  Raw-head  and  Bloody-bones.  1694  MOTTEUX 
Kalvlnis  IV.  Ixvi.  (1737)  271  Ruffians  and  Muithereis,  worse 
than  Raw-head  and  Bloody-bones.  1773  Lift  N.  frmude 
19  Already  I  thought  that  I  beheld  Raw-head  and  Bloody- 
Bones  stalking  about  my  Garret.  1819  I~  HINT  Indicator 
No.  II  (1822)  I.  81  He  was  the  Raw-head-and-bloody-bones 
of  ancient  fable.  1882-9  in  Lane,  and  Line,  glossaries. 

attrili.     1828  SCOTT  Jrnl.  i  Apr.,  Thiy  are  very  angry  at 
the  Review  for  telling  a  raw-head  and  bloody  bones  story. 
1848  Mus.  GASKELL  M.  Barton  xx,  A  raw-head-and-bloody- 
bones  picture  of  the  suspected  murderer. 
b.  In  allusive  or  figurative  use. 

1678  BUTLER  Una.  in.  ii.  682  For  Zeal's  a  dreadful  Terma 
gant,  ..  Turns  meek  and  sneaking  Secret  ones,  To  Raw- 
heads  fierce  and  Bloody  Bones.  1727  SWIFT  Art  Polit. 
Lying  Wks.  1755  III.  I.  119  Bringing  out  the  raw-head  and 
bloody  bones  upon  every  trifling  occasion.  1849  D.  J. 
BKOWNE  Aaier.  Poultry  Yd.  (1855)  70  They  will  welcome 
the  little  strangers  by  making  raw  head  and  bloody  bones 
of  them. 

fRawheada.   Obs.-a     [-HEAD.]     Rawness. 

c  1440  Fromp.  Pnrv.  424/2  Rawnesse,  or  rawhede,  crudltas. 

Rawhide  :  see  RAW  a.  2  c. 
Rawine,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RAVEN  sbl 
Rawing,  dial,  variant  of  rowing  ROWEN. 

Rawisb.  0§'iJ),  °-  [*•  RAW  "• +  "ISH  '•]  Some' 

what  raw,  in  the  various  senses  of  the  word. 

1602  MARSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  Prol  ,  The  rawish  danke  of 
clumzie  winter  [c]ramps  The  fluent  summers  vaine.  1667 
POOLE  Dial.  I'etm.  Protest,  ff  Pafist  (1735)  194  Every  Man 
that  Eats  rawish  Meat  may  be  said  to  drink  the  Blood  which 
he  eats  in  it.  1674  Land.  Gaz.  No.  875/4  One  white  Pad 
Nag,  with  a  rawish  Nose.  1828  BlOflm.  Mag.  XXI II.  4^4 
The  mouth  of  the  drunkard . .  contracts  a  singularly  sensitive 
appearance— seemingly  red  and  rawish.  1858  HUGHES 
Scour.  White  Horse  viii.  195  You'll  find  the  night  rawi.-h. 

Hence  Bawisfcness. 

1628  VENNF.R  IS.iths  of  Batlie  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Malh.)  IV. 
123  The  water  seems,  by  reason  of  the  rawishness  of  the 
place,  to  be  colder  at  its  issuing  forth,  than  it  is  otherwise. 
1662  H.  STUBBE  Ind.  Nectar  iii.  25  It  had  also  a  rawtshnesse 
in  it,  :is  if  the  fat  required  boiling. 

Rawk,  vapour,  fog  :  see  ROKE. 

Rawk,  variant  of  RACK  a.,  hoarse.   06s. 


BAWKY. 

tBawky.a.i  Obs.  rare~\     [f.  dial,  rawk  gum 
(of  the  eye),  slime.]     Slimy,  gummy. 

1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1570)  220  Their  noses  drop 
ping,.  .Their  eyne  rawky,  and  all  their  face  unpure. 
Baw-ky,  a?  rare.     Also  7  raukie.     [f.  rawk 
var.  ROKE  +  -Y.   Cf.  ROKY  a.]    Foggy,  misty ;  raw. 
1601  WEEVER  Mirr.  Mart.  E  iij,  The  gloomie  morning  .. 
Muffled  in  mists  and  raukie  vapours  rose.    21864  CLARE 
AtfMfc  (1873)  227   Nameless  flowers  ..  Culled  in  cold  and 
rawky  hours.     1869-82  in  Lane,  glossaries. 
Bawlin  pollack  (see  quot.  1686  and  RAUNING). 
a  1671  WILLUCIIBY  Hist.  Piscium  (1686)  23  Aselltis  niger, 
the  Cole-fish   or   Rawlin    Pollack.     1674   RAY  Coll.  Eng. 
Words  Fishes  100  The  Rsuwlin-Pollack.     1740  R.  BROOKES 
Art  of  Angling  144.     1884  GOODE  Uscf.  A/jnat.  Anim.  228. 
Rawly  (r9'li),  adv.     [f.  RAW  a.  +  -LY  a.     Com 
mon  c  1570-1670,  often  in  quasi-adjectival  use.] 
t 1.  With  to  leave :  a.  In  an  unfinished  state.  Ubs. 
1538  LELAND  ///«.  IV.  33   Eiton  College,  begon  to  be 
buildid  by  Henry  the  vj.  but  left  very  onperfect  and  rauly. 
1580  LYLY  Eiiphnes  (Arb.)  217  Nichomachus  left  Tindarides 
rawly,  for  feare  of  anger,  not  for  want  of  Art.    1615  HIKRON 
Wks.  I.  599  If  I  left  the  matter  so  rawly,  1  might  fall  at 
vnawares  into  two  extremities. 

t  b.  At  an  immature  age.   Obs.  rare~l. 
1599  SHAKS.  1 1  en.  I',  iv.  i.  147  Some  swearing,  some  crying 
for  a  Surgeah ;  some  vpon  their  Wiues,  left  poore  behind 
them  ; . .  some  vpon  their  Children  rawly  left, 
f  2.  Ignorantly ;  without  sufficient  knowledge  or 
experience.   06s. 

1565  JEWEL  Def.Apol.  (1611)  ro8  Had  you  well  considered 
these  things,  M.  Harding,  ye  would  not  so  rawly  haue  thus 
concluded.  1593  R.  HARVEY  I'hilad.  13  To  reject  it,  as  this 
one  Scot  hath  done  very  rawly  and  unadvisedly.  1612 
BRIKSLEY  Lud.  Lit.  309  How  many  euils  doe  come  vpon  the 
sending  of  schollars  so  rawly  thither.  1680  BAXTER  Let.  in 
Answ.  Dodwelt  97  To  tell  you  the  truth,  I  entered  so 
rawly,  that . .  I  remember  not  that  I  took  that  Oath. 

fo.  Cruilely;  imperfectly,  in  an  insufficient  or 
unsatisfactory  manner.  Obs. 

1576  FOXE  A.  ffHI.  1895/2  The  Story  is  butrawlyand  im 
perfectly  touched  before.  1581  M  ULCASTER  Positions  v.  (1887) 
32  Countcrfeat  the  letter  or  some  letterlike  deuise  first 
rawly  and  rudely.  1634  W.  Woou  A'em  Eng.  Prosf.  i.  ii, 


by  Learned  Men  [etc.], 

t  b.  Barely,  scarcely.   Obs.  rare. 

1607  MIDDLETON  Michaelmas  Term  iv.  iv.  21  The  world 
is  very  loath  to  praise  me ;  'Tis  rawly  friends  with  me. 
1651  H.  L'EsrRANGE  Ansu\  Mrq.  Worcester  65  Amongst 
the  antients  there  is  none  at  all,  or  very  rawly  any  mention 
of  Purgatory. 

f  c.  With  difficulty  or  annoyance.    Obs.  rare"1. 

1586  J.  HOOKER  Hist.  Ircl.  in  Holinshcd  11.  89/1  The 
archbishop  of  Dublin  rawlie  digesting  the  vicedeputie  his 
long  absence. 

4.  Immaturcly  (opposed  to  '  ripely '). 

1875  BROWMNI;  Aristoph.  Apol.  135  He  who  wrote  Erech- 
theus  may  be  rawly  politic,  At  home  where  Kleophon 
is  ripe. 

Rawmpe,  obs.  form  of  RAMP  v. 

Bawn  (rgu).  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Also  8  raan, 
9  raun,  (roan),  ran.  [Of  Scand.  origin,  =  Da. 
ravn  roe ;  the  relationship  of  this  to  Da.  rogn, 
ON.  hrogn  (see  ROE)  is  obscure.]  The  roe  of  a 
fish ;  a  female  fish.  Rawn-fleitk,  the  turbot. 

1483  Cat/i.  Angl.  301/1  Rawne  of  a  fysche,  lectis.  1584 
Rec.  Burgk  Edinb.  (1882)  343  The  heiring  to  be  callour 
slayne.. having  heid  and  taill  with  melt  and  rawne.  1583 
JAS.  I  Ess.  Poesie  (Arb.)  78  Evin  so  of  rawnis  do  mightie 
fishes  breid.  1785  HUTTON  Bran  New  Wark  85  An  unshot 
codfish  hes  maar  raans  in  its  belly  than  thare  be  people  on 
the  face  of  the  earth.  1810  NEILL  List  of  Fishes  12  (Jam.) 
Turbot.  . .  This  species  is  here  commonly  denominated  the 
rawn-fleuk,  from  its  being  thought  best  for  the  table  when 
in  rawn  or  roe.  1824  SCOTT  Rcdganntlet  let.  vi,  The  water 
being  in. .  rare  trim  for  the  saumon  raun.  1877  Ifolderness 
Gloss,  s.v.,  '  Melts  an  rauns ',  male  and  female  fish. 

Hence  Kawned  a.,  full  of  roe  (Jam.)  ;  Bawiier, 
a  female  salmon,  spec,  one  which  has  not  spawned 
at  the  proper  time. 

1808-25  JAMIESON.     1901  Dundee  Adv.  26  Feb.  6  The  fish 
was  found  to  be  unspawned,  or  what  is  known  on  the  Tay    j 
as  a  '  rawner',  and  deemed  an  illegal  fish  to  take. 

Bawn,  dial,  variant  of  ROWEN. 

Eawndoune,  -down,  obs.  forms  of  RANDOM. 

f  Baw  neck.  06s.  rare  -'.  =  RAW-HEAD. 

1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  596  Boiled  rabbits  are 
trussed  up  to  appear  as  frightful  as  possible,  and  made  to 
resemble  that  terror  of  our  childhood,  raw  neck  and  bloody 
bones. 

Rawness  (rg-nes).    [f.  RAW  a.  +  -NESS.] 
1.  The  state  of  being  raw  or  crude ;  Jig.  imper 
fection,  incompleteness. 

c  1440  Promp.  Pan'.  424/2  Rawnessc,  or  rawhede,  era- 
ditas.  1616  HIERON  Wks.  I.  586  The  rawnesse  and  ragged- 
nesse  and  independance  of  that  which  is  deliuered.  1646 
P.  BULKELEY  Gospel  Covt.  To  Rdr.  2  The  rawnesse  of  the 


182 

and  the  manifold  shipwracks  which  they  sustained.  1710 
HEARNE  Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)  III.  94  The  Bp.  denied  him 
Orders  for  his  Rawness  in  Divinity.  1736  CARTE  Ormonde 
II.  81  The  inexpertness  of.  .the  Irish  officers,  .and  the  raw 
ness  of  their  soldiers.  1861  DICKENS  Gt.  Expect,  xxxvii,  In 
my  first  rawness  and  ignorance. 

3.  Bareness  of  flesh,  excoriation,  soreness. 

1607  MARKHAM  Cai'al,  m.  (1617)  144  His  nostrils  wide 
and  without  rawnesse.      1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps.  Iviii.  o 
Annot.  298  So  shall  rawness,  so  shall  anger,  or  inflammation 
..affright   or  perplex    them.      1803  Med.    Jrnl.    IX.    525 
Universal  rawness  and  soreness  in  the  trachea  and  chest 
1897  All/iutt's  Syst.  Med.  III.  944  A  sense  of  rawness  and 
even  actual  tenderness  in  the  abdomen. 

t  b.  Indigestion.  Obs. 

1538  ELYOT,  Cmditas,  rawnes,  or  lack  of  digestion. 
1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay  xiv.  209  Our  minde  . .  for  all 
that,  neuer  feeleth  any  rawness  or  lacke  of  digestion.  1671 
H.  M.  tr.  Erasm.  Colloq.  61  He  felt  neither  pain  in  his 
head,  nor  rawness  in  his  stomach. 

4.  Chilly  dampness,  muggy  cold. 

1608  HEYWOOD  Liurcce  iv.  ii,  Hath  not . .  the  moist  raw- 
ness  of  this  humorous  night,  Impair'd  your  health?    1684 
SOUTHEHNE  Disappointment  m.  i,  I  am  to  blame  to  call 
thee  forth  Into  the  rawness  of  a  midnight  air.     1818  MRS. 
SHELLEY  Frankenst.  let.  iv,  He  is  far  too  weak  to  sustain 
the  rawness  of  the  atmosphere. 

Bawng(e,  obs.  ff.  RANGE.  Bawnke,  obs.  f. 
RANK  a.  Bawnpiked,  var.  RASH-IKED.  Bawn- 
sake,  -some,  obs.  ff.  RANSACK,  RANSOM.  Eaw- 
ranoke,  Bawthe,  Eawunson,  Bawyn,  obs. 
ff.  ROANOKE,  RUTH,  RAKSOM,  RAVEN.  Bawyne, 
•ynnis,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  RAVIN  1,  RAVENOUS. 

Rax,  si>J  Sc.  [f.  racks,  pi.  of  RACK  sb.z  2.] 
A  roasting-rack  (see  quot.  1808).  Chiefly//. 

1697  Inn.  Furniture  in  Scott.  N.  $  Q.  (IOOD)  Dec.  90/2 
A  pair  of  raxes,  two  spits,  a  frying  pann.  1717  RAMSAY 
Elegy  Lucky  \Vvod  v,  Rax,  chand_lers,  tangs,  and  fire- 
phools.  1808  JAMIBSOH,  Raxes,  iron  instruments  consisting 
of  various  links,  on  which  the  spit  is  turned  at  the  fire,  and 
irons.  1824  SCOTT  Ep.  Lockliart  42  Speates  and  raxes,  .for 
a  famishing  guest,  sir. 

Rax,  sl>2  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  [f.  RAX  v.]  A 
stretch,  an  act  of  stretching;  a  strain,  wrench. 

1790  D.  MOKISON  Poems  118  To  tak  a  turn  an'  gi'e  my 
legs  a  rax,  I'll  through  the  land.  1819  W.  TENXANT 
Papistry  S  torm' d  (ifo-j)  146  They  grippit, .  .And,  wi'  enor 
mous  raxes,  .soucht  T"  unsaddle  ane  anither.  1855-  in 
northern  glossaries  (Northumbld.,  Yks.). 

Rax,  v.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Also  9  Sc.  raur. 
[OE.  raxan,  of  obscure  formation.  The  word  is 
rarely  found  in  ME.  (cf.  also  the  variant  RASK), 
but  is  common  in  older  and  modern  Sc.] 

I.  intr.  1.  To  stretch  oneself  after  sleep,  f  To 
rax  up,  to  start  or  waken  up  from  a  swoon. 

a  1000  Prose  Life  GutAlacxii.  (1848)  60  Swa  lie  of  hefejum 
slxpe  raxende  awoce.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  24351  (Gott.)  pat 
suime  was  of  mi  soru  suage,  Bot  quen  i  raxed  vp . .  I  ne  wist 
bot  walaway.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  13.  v.  398  He  roxed  [v.r. 
raxed]  and  rored  and  rutte  atte  laste.  1715  RAMSAY 
Ckriifl  Kirk  Gr.  m.  i,  Carles  wha  heard  the  cock  had 
crawn,  Begoud  to  rax  and  rift.  1805  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (1808) 
109  (E.  D.  D.)  The  drowsy  queen  Raise  rauxing,  gaunting 
rub'd  her  een. 

2.  To  become  longer  by  pulling,  to  stretch ;  f  to 
be  hanged. 
1508  KENNEDIE  Flyting  m.  Dnntar  368  Thou  has  a  wedy 


the  rawness  thereof.  1809  PINKNEY  Trav,  France  204  What 
we  should  call  in  wine,  their  rawness  and  their  freshness. 
fig.  1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  iv.  iii.  26  Why  in  that  rawnesse  left 
you  Wife,  and  Childe.. Without  leaue-taking ? 

2.  Inexperience,  ignorance. 

1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Luke  xxii,  Tempering  his 
woordes  to  the  rawnesse  of  his  disciples,  which  rawenes  he 
suffred..to  remaine  a  long  season  in  them.  1627  HAKEWILL 
Afol.  (1630)  272  Considering  the  rawnesse  of  his  seamen, 


1876-  in_northern  glossaries  (Northumbld.,  Yks.). 

b.  To  wax,  grow,  become.  rare~{. 

a  1774  FERGUSSON  Farmer's  Ingle  Poems  (1845)  36  Wad 
they  to  labouring  lend  an  eident  hand,  They'd  rax  fell 
strang  upon  the  simplest  fare. 

c.  To  rax  out:  (see  quot.). 

1819  BROCKETT  N.  C.  Gloss,  (ed.  2),  s.v.,  As  applied  to  the 
weather,  to  rax  out  means  to  clear  up,  when  the  clouds 
begin  to  open,  and  expand  themselves,  so  that  the  sky 
is  seen, 

3.  To  extend  the  hand,  etc. ;  to  reach  out  (for). 

a  1385  MONTGOMERY  Cherric  ff  Slac  367  Then  Dreid  . . 
Forbad  my  minting  anie  mair,  To  raxe  aboue  my  reiche. 
1720  RAMSAY  Wcallk  10  Wha  rax  for  riches  or  immortal 
fame.  1824  SCOTT  St.  Ronans  x,  Ye . .  raxed  ower  the  tether 
maybe  a  wee  bit  farther  than  ye  had  ony  right  to  do.  1893 
CROCKETT  Stickit  Minister  145  Raxing  for  a  peat  to  light 
his  pipe. 

f4.  To  extend  one's  sphere  or  power;  to  have 
sway  or  rule;  to  prevail  or  have  course.  Obs. 
(i5-i6thc.  Sc.) 

c  1470  HENRYSON  Mor.  Fab.  in.  (Cock  Sr  Fox)  xxi,  He  . . 
traistit  ay  to  rax  and  sa  to  rin  [etc.).  Ibid.  v.  (Parl.  Beasts) 
xlvii,  Than  sail  ressoun  ryis,  rax,  and  ring.  1535  STEWART 
Croft.  Scot.  I.  91  Mony  theif  and  tratour  in  his  tyme  Raxit 
and  rang.  Ibid.  11.465  In  Albione  than  wes  gude  peaxand 
rest,  Bot  rycht  schort  quhile  tha  leit  it  rax  or  lest.  11578 
LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.T.  S.)  I.  346  He  will 
not  rax  long  nor  aeit  haue  his  realme  in  peace  and  rest. 
II.  trans.  5.  re/I.  To  stretch  or  slrain  (oneself). 

c  1325  Gloss.  W.  de  Bibbcsw.  in  Kel.  Ant.  II.  80/1  Raxes 
him,  se  espreche.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xl.  (Niniaa)  703 
('at  bysnyne-.vaknit  as  of  hewy  slepe,  &  raxit  hyme.  1513 
DOUGLAS  SEtifis  iv.  xi.  93  Thrise  scho  hir  self  raxit  vp  for  to 
rise.  Ibid.  vi.  xiv.  45  Considdir  Torquatus  3ondir  doith 
hym  rax.  a  1670  Sl'ALDlNG  Troub.  Chas.  I  (1829)  28  He  ] 
should  seem  to  rax  himself,  and  shake  loose  off  his  arm.  ] 
1829  BKOCKETT  N.  C.  Gloss,  (ed.  2\  s.v.,  To  rax  oneself,  is  to 
extend  the  limbs,  after  sleep  or  long  sitting.  1863  G.  MAC- 
DONALD  D.  Elginbrod  i.  x,  Tak'  care  an'  nae  rax  yersel 
ower  sair. 

6.  To  stretch  (a  thing)  by  pulling. 


BAY. 

1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  XL  xvi.  61  Now  hir  handis  raxit  it 

euery  stede.    1613  P.  FORBES  Comm.  Xeve/ation  229  He 

had   a   long   chaine,   which   yet  was  further  raxed.     1786 

BURNS  Ordination  i,  Ye  wha  leather  rax  an'  draw.     1818 

SCOTT  Hrt,  Midi,  v,  When  ye  gang  to  see  a  man  . .  raxing 

i    a  halter.     1861  RAMSAY  Remin.  Ser.  n.  106  If  I  could  win  at 

[    him,  I  wud  rax  the  banes  o'  him. 

b.   To  strain  (the  eyes),   rare. 
1819  W.  TENNANT  Papistry  Storm'd  (1827)  94  A  manmith 
rax  his  een  in  vain  Ere  he  could  spy.  .an  idol. 

7.  To  reach  or  hand  (a  thing)  to  one;  to  deal 
(a  blow). 

1711  RAMSAY  On  Maggy  Johnstoun  vii,  Death  wi'his  rung 
rax'd  her  a  yowff.  1792  A.  WILSON  On  a  Man  sawing 
rimbtr,  Rax  me  your  haun.  1825  J.  WILSON  Noct.  Ambr. 
i.  Wks.  1855  I.  8  Rax  me  ower  the  loaf.  1894  A.  ROBERTSON 
{"W**1*  etc-  7°  ^ax  me  l'le  brandy  bottle,  an'  pit  it  doon 
beside  me. 

8.  To  stretch  or  hold  out  (the  hand,  etc.) ;  to 
elongate  (the  neck). 

1742  FORBES  Ajax  iii,  Raxing  out  his  gardies.  1788 
PICKEN  Poems  88  The  darksome  e'cning  raxes  Her  wings 
owreday.  1810  COCK  6Y/;;/Wr  Strains  I.  89  (E.  D.  D.)  Yell 
shortly  see  me  rax  my  neck  and  craw.  1854  H.  MILLER 
;  ScA.  t;  Schm.  vii.  (1860)  76  Just  rax  out  your  han'  and  tak' 
in  my  snuffbox. 

Hence  Raxed  ///.  a. ;  Ea'xing  'M.  sb.  an&ppl.  a. 
1637-50  Row  Hist.  Kirk  (1842)  323  The  raxeing  con 
sciences  of  conforms  men.  1785  BURNS  Ep.  M'Math  iv, 
Their  three-mile  prayers, ..Their  raxin'  conscience.  1822 
SCOTT  Nigel  iii,  That  might  have  cost  my  craig  a  raxing. 
1824  —  Rcdganntlct  ch.  xi,  Cloured  crowns  were  plenty,  and 
raxed  necks  came  into  fashion. 

I  Baxle,  v.  Obs.  Alsoraxhil,  raxsil,  raxill(e, 
-el.  [Frequentative  f.  prec.  Cf.  RASKLE.]  intr. 
and  trans.  To  stretch,  etc.  =  RAX  v. 

c  1205  LAY.  25992  Seo35en  he  gon  raemien  and  raxlede 
swiOe.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  2209  (Cott.)  Oueral  he  raxhild 
him  wit  rage.  Ibid.  24447  (Gott.)  Apon  mi  taas  oft  sith  i 
stod,  Roles  raxland  to  be  rode.  13..  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  A. 
1174  pen  wakned  I.  .1  raxled  &  fel  in  gret  affray,  a  1400-50 
Alexander  4930  pe  renke  within  be  redell  ban  raxsils  his 
armes.  1483  Catli.  Angl.  301/1  Raxill;e,  alo  (exalo  A.). 

Ray  (re'),  s6.1  Also  7  raie,  raye ;  //.  5,  7 
rayes,  (6  ?  rayse),  6-7  raies.  [a.  OF.  ace.  'rat, 
ray  (nom.  rats,  raiz,  etc.,  see  Godef. ;  in  mod.F. 
rais)  =  Prov.  rai (g,  rait,  etc.,  Sp.  and  Pg.  rayo,  It. 
raggio  (pi.  raggi,  rai}  :-L.  radium,  ace.  of  radius 
RADIUS. 

Occasionally  employed  in  Eng.  from  the  i4th  c.  onwards, 
but  not  in  common  use  until  the  I7th.] 

I.  1.  A  single  line  or  narrow  beam  of  light. 
In  popular  use  applied  to  each  of  ihe  lines  in  which 
light  seems  to  stream  from  a  distant  glowing  body  or 
luminous  point,  and  to  similar  lines,  produced  by  the  reflec 
tion  of  light  from  a  polished  surface,  lens,  etc. ;  also  to  a 
narrow  Jine  of  light  passing  through  a  small  opening.  In 
early  scientific  u>e  defined  by  Newton  as  the  least  portion 
of  light  which  can  be  stopped  alone  or  propagated  alone ; 
more  recently  as  the  motion  of  a  simple  particle  of  light,  or 
the  smallest  conceivable  line  of  light,  and  now  usually  re 
garded  merely  as  the  straight  line  m  which  the  radiant 
energy  capable  of  producing  the  sensation  of  light  is  propa 
gated  to  any  given  point. 

Ray  is  usually  distinguished  from  beam,  as  indicating 
a  smaller  amount  of  light ;  in  scientific  use  a  beam  is  a 
collection  of  parallel  rays.  In  ordinary  language  ray  is  the 
word  usually  employed  when  the  reference  is  to  the  heat 
rather  than  the  light  of  the  sun  (as  in  quot.  1698). 

RSntgen  (ro'ntyyen)  rays,  a  form  of  radiation  discovered 
by  Prof.  Rontgen  in  1895,  having  the  power  of  penetrating 
many  substances  impervious  to  the  rays  of  ordinary  light. 
Also  called  X-rays  (q.v.). 

13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  160,  I  sey.  .A  crystal  clyffe  ful  re- 
lusaunt;  Mony  ryal  ray  con  fro  hit  rere.  1483  CAXTON 
Calo  F  ij,  Lyke  hym  whyche  is  blynde  of  the  rayes  of  the 
sonne.  c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  en.  vii,  The  sunn  of 
my  life  daies  Inclines  to  west  with  falling  raies.  1665 
GLANVILL  Dcf.  Van.  Dogm.  34  'Tis  as  conceivable  as  how 
the  Rays  of  Light  should  come  in  a  direct  line  to  the 
eye.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  f,  P.  242  We  had  our  skins 
Mead  off  of  those  Parts  exposed  to  the  Solar  Rays,  c  1750 
SHENSTONE  Progr.  Taste  n.  116  The  sheathless  sword  the 
guard  displays,  Which  round  emits  its  dazzling  rays,  a  1800 
COWPER  Gl(nu-worm  6  Disputes  have  been,  and  still  pre 
vail,  From  whence  his  rays  proceed.  1830  M.  DONOVAN 
Dom.  Econ.  I.  59  If  a  ray  of  light  is  admitted,  the  vegetable 
grows  with  greater  vigour.  1849  JAMES  Wcodman  iii,  The 
rays  of  the  moon  stole  through  the  leafless  branches  and 
chequered  the  frosty  turf.  1898  SIR  W.  CROOKES  Addr. 
Brit.  Assoc.  24  No  other  source  for  Rontgen  rays  but  the 
Crookes  tube  has  yet  been  discovered,  but  rays  of  kindred 
sorts  are  recognized. 

fig.  1831  LYTTON  Godolpjiin  4  A  ray  shot  across  his 
countenance  as  he  uttered  his  last  words. 

trans/.  1741  SHENSTONE  Judgm.  Hercules  202  Thy  costly 
robe  shall  glow  with  T'yrian  rays.  1830  TKNNYSON  Arab. 
Nts.  136  With  argent-lidded  eyes  Amorous,  and  lashes  like 
to  rays  Of  darkness. 

b.  A  representation  of  a  ray  (esp.  Her. ) ;  a 
material  thing  representing  or  resembling  a  ray  of 
light,  a  brilliant  stretch  (of  something). ' 

1729  SAVAGE  H'andcrcr  in.  84  O'er  altars  thus,  impainted, 
we  behold  Half-circling  glories  shoot  in  rays  of  gold. 
1780  EDMONDSON  Cornel.  Body  Heraldry  II.  Gloss.,  Rays, 
when  depicted  round  the  sun,  should  be  sixteen  in  number, 
but,  when  round  an  etoile,  six  only.  1797  Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  VIII.  457/1  Azure,  one  Ray  of  the  Sun,  bendways 
Gules,  between  six  Beams  of  that  Luminary  Argent.  1835 
LYTTON  Rienzi  v.  i,  Hung  with  silk  of  a  blood-red,  relieved 
by  rays  of  white. 

C.  fig.  of  mental  and  moral  influences,  etc.,  com 
parable  to  light. 
1634  MILTON  Comas  425  The  sacred  rayes  of  Chastity. 


RAY. 


183 


BAY. 


1674  BOYLE  Excell.  Theol.  \.  ii.  75  Reason  is  such  a  ray  of 
Divinity  [etc.].  1732  BERKELEY  Alciphr.  i.  §  2  A  ray  of 
truth  may  enlighten  the  whole  world  and  extend  to  future 
ages.  1781  J.  MOORE  View  Soc.  It.  (1790)  I.  vi.  63  This 
never  fails  to  dart  such  a  ray  of  comfort  into  my  heart. 
1838  THIRL  WALL  Greece  III.  xxiii.  265  Only  one  ray  of  hope 
broke  the  gloom  of  her  prospects. 

d.  A  trace  of  anything.   (Chiefly  with  negatives.) 

1773  EARL  MALMESBURY  Diaries  $  Corr.  I.  97,  I  am 
resolved  to  push  on  in  my  career  as  long  as  I  see  a  ray 
of  the  ladder,  which  is  within  my  compass,  to  mount.  1847 
DICKENS  Haunted M.  (C.  D.  ed.)2i9  Isn't  it  enough  that 
you  were  seven  boys  before,  without  a  ray  of  gal.  1856 
EMERSON  Eng.  Traits,  The  *  Times*  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  117 
Rude  health  and  spirits,  . .  and  the  habits  of  society  are 
implied,  but  not  a  ray  of  genius. 

2.  a.  (Chiefly  poet.)  Light,  radiance ;  (freq.  also 
implying  heat :  see  note  to  sense  i). 

1592  DAVIES  Inunort,  Soul  Ded.  vii,  Where  the  Sun  .. 
never  doth  retire  his  golden  Ray.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv. 
673  Earth,  made..apter  to  receive  Perfection  from  the  Suns 
more  potent  Ray.  1748  GRAY  Alliance  66  Lamps,  that 
shed  at  Ev'n  a  cheerful  ray.  1770  GOLDSM.  Des.  Vill.  347 
Those  blazing  suns  that  dart  a  downward  ray.  1818  SHELLEY 
Rev.  Islam  vi.  xxii,  A  mountain, .  .whose  crest . .  in  the  ray 
Of  the  obscure  stars  gleamed.  1830  LYTTON  /'.  Clifford 
xxviii,  The  ray  of  the  lanterns  glimmered  on  the  blades  of 
cutlasses. 

fig.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  fy  Cr.  i.  in,  47  In  stormes  of  Fortune 
..in  her  ray  and  brightnesse.  1635-56  COWLEY  Davidcis 


appears  Ljmon  sweet-souled.     174 
Judgm.  Hercules  77  Her  air  diffused  a  mild  yet  awful  ray. 
f  b.  concr.  A  star,  nonce-use.  Obs. 

1700  PRIOR  Cami.  Sec.  398  Thou  smiling  see'st  great 
Dorset's  Worth  confest,  The  Ray  distinguishing  the  Patriot's 
Breast. 

3.  a.  (Chiefly  poet.)  A  beam  or  glance  of  the 
eye;  false,  sight,  power  of  vision  (pbs.). 

1531  ELYOT  Got',  n.  xii,  The  rayes  or  beames  issulnge  from 
the  eyen  of  her,.. hath  thrilled  throughout  the  middes  of 
my  hart.  1616  CHAPMAN  Homers  Hymn  Hermes  368  To 
me  then  declare,  O  old  man,.. if  thy  grave  ray  Hath  any 
man  seen  [etc.].  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  m.  619  The  Aire,  No 
where  so  cleer,  sharp  nd  his  visual  ray  To  objects  distant 
farr.  1728  POPE  Dune,  n.  7  All  eyes  direct  their  rays  On 
him,  and  crowds  grow  foolish  as  they  gaze. 
"b.  A  line  of  sight. 

1700  MOXON  Math.  Diet,  177  The  Visual  Point ..  is  a 
Point  in  the  Horizontal  Line,  wherein  all  the  Ocular  Rays 
unite.  1753  HOGARTH  Anal.  Beauty  v.  25  A  ray  may  be 
supposed  to  be  drawn  from  the  center  of  the  eye  to  the 
letter  it  looks  at  first.  184*  GWILT  Encycl.  Arch.  §  2391 
The  visual  rays  upon  every  object  may  be  compared  to 
the  legs  of  a  pair  of  compasses. 

f  4.  AstroL    =  ASPECT  4.  Obs.  rare. 

1700  MOXON  Math.  Diet.  137  In  Astronomy,  a  Radius  or 
a  Ray  is  taken  for  the  Aspect  or  Configuration  of  two 
Stars :  so  we  say  Saturn  beholds  Venus  with  an  Hostile 
Ray,  &c.  when  she  is  square  with  him. 

5.  Used  (on  the  analogy  of  sense  i)  in  reference 
to  the  emission  or  transmission  of  non-luminous 
physical  energies  propagated  in  radiating  straight 
lines  after  the  manner  of  light  (in  modem  use 
esp.  of  heat:  cf.  RADIATION  2). 

1664  POWER  Exp.  Pkilos.  ni.  159  If  the  Magnetick  rayes 
proceeded  intrinsecally  from  the  Stone.  1813  SIR  H.  DAVY 
Agric.  C!iem.  (1814)  39  The  beautiful  experiments  of  Dr. 
Herschel  have  shewn  that  there  are  rays  transmitted  from 
the  sun  which  do  not  illuminate.  1865  Reader  28  Jan. 
105/1  The  term  dark,  or  invisible,  or  obscure  rays,  stimu 
lates  the  imagination  by  its  strangeness. 

T~b.  A  series  (of  atoms)  moving  in  a  straight 
line.  Obs.  rare. 

1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  fy  Selv.  196  Those  rayes  of  other 
atoms  that  are  shacking  all  over  the  worlds  wasts. 
H.  6,  Matk.  a.  =  RADIUS  3.     Now  rare. 

1690  LEYBOURN  Curs.  Math.  735  If  the  Ray  AC  of  the 
Concentrick  ACEF  be  supposed  to  be  equal  to  the  Ray  BD 
of  the  Eccentrick  BDEF.  17040.  HAYES  Treat.  Fluxions $5 
The  Arch  of  the  Circle  MQ,  bounded  at  Q  by  the  Ray  FA. 
1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.,  Ray  ofcttrvatvrg.  in  geometry, 
is  used  to  signify  the  semi-diameter  of  the  circle  of  curva 
ture.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  129  From  each 
of  these  points  draw  a  line  to  the  opposite  end  of  the  base, 
as  so  many  rays  to  a  centre.  1835  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot. 
(1848)  I.  336  A  corolla  is  said  to  be  regular  when  its  seg 
ments  form  equal  rays  of  a  circle. 

b.  Any  one  of  the  lines  forming  a  pencil  or  set 
of  straight  lines  passing  through  a  point. 

1875)  Encycl.  Brit.  X.  389/2  Through  every  point  in/  one 
line  m  the  pencil  will  pass,  and  every  ray  in  Q  will  cut  /  in 
one  point.  1885  LEUDESDOKF  Cremona's  Proj.  Geom.  73 
The  locus  of  the  points  of  intersection  of  pairs  of  correspond 
ing  rays  of  the  pencils. 

7.  One  of  any  system  of  lines,  parts,  or  things 
radially  disposed. 

1668  WILKINS  Real  Char.  11.  v.  131  A  kind  of  Gelly,.. 
having  several  kinds  of  rays  like  legs,  proceeding  from  the 
middle  of  it.  1672-3  GREW  Anat.  Roots  i.  iij.  §  7  These 
Parts,  are  like  so  many  White  Rays,  streaming,  by  the 
Diameter  of  the  Root,  from  the  inward  Edge  toward  the 
Circumference  of  the  Barque.  1748  SIR  J.  HILL  Hist. 
Fossils  654  Of  these  [Astense]  some  have  five  angles,  or 
rays,  and  others  only  four.  1849  NOAD  Electricity  (ed.  3) 
350  The  radii  of  the  wheel  must  be  so  arranged  that  each 
ray  shall  touch  the  surface  of  the  mercury,  before  the 
preceding  ray  shall  have  quitted  it. 

8.  Bot.  a.  The  marginal  portion  of  a  composite 
flower,  consisting  of  ligulate  florets  arranged  ra 
dially.      =  RADIUS  2  c  (a). 

1785  MARTYN  Rousseau's  Bot.  vi.  (1794)  65  Botanists  have 
given  the  name  of  ray  to  the  set  of  semiflorets  which  com 


pose  the  circumference.  1837  Penny  Cycl.  VII.  422/1  Every 
head  of  flowers  ..  has  a  central  part,  or  disk,  and  a  cir 
cumference,  or  ray.  1872  OLIVER  Elent.  Bot.  n.  195  In 
Daisy,  the  outside  florets  are  irregular,  ..and  white,  con 
stituting  the  ray. 

b.  A  pedicel  or  branch  of  an  umbel.    =  RADIUS 

2  C  (b). 

1785  MARTYN  Roiisseaii's  Bot.  v.  (1794)  51  The  rays  of  the 
little  umbels  are  no  farther  subdivided.  1776-96  WITHERING 
Brit.  Plants  (ed.  3)  IV.  375  The  Rays  may  be  sometimes 

3  or  5,  but  only  accidentally.    1870  HOOKER  Stud.  Flora 
155  Umbels  lateral  and  terminal,  subglobose ;   rays  few  or 
many,  long  or  short. 

c.  =  MEDULLARY  ray. 

1884  BOWER  &  SCOTT  De  Bary's  Phaner,  458  With  refer 
ence  to  their  origin  at  the  first  commencement  of  the  woody 
ring,  the  former  have  also  received  the  name  of  the  original 
primary  rays. 

9.  Zool.   a.  — Jin-ray  t  FIN  sb.  6. 

1668  WILKINS  Real  Char.  n.  v.  142  Pike. .  .Two  finns;  the 
hindermost  of  which  is  small,  fleshy  and  without  rays.  1769 
PENNANT  Zool.  III.  166  The  first  ray  of  the  first  dorsal  fin 
is  very  long.  1828  STARK  Elcm.  Nat.  Hist.  I.  400  One 
great  genus,  characterized  by  the  first  dorsal  fin  with  soft 
rays,  followed  by  a  second  smaller  one,.. not  supported  by 
rays.  1872  BAKER  Nile  Tribut,  ix.  156  The  back  fin 
resembled  that  of  a  perch,  with  seven  rays. 

b.  One  of  the  radial  divisions  of  a  star-fish. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Sufip.  s.v.  Star-fish,  There  are  many 
species  of  the  star-fish,  ..  they  have  different  numbers  of 
rays,  but  the  most  common  kind  have  five.  1834  McMi*R- 
TRIE  Cwiers  Anim.  Kingd.  466  There  are  also  two  ovaries 
in  each  ray.  1842  Penny  Cycl.  XXIII.  16/1  Specimens 
of  star-fish  with  four  large  rays  and  a  small  one  still 
growing. 

10.  attrib.   and   Comb.    a.  In   sense  i,   as   ray- 
fringed,  -gilt,  'girt)  -strewn  adjs. 

1830  TENNYSON  To 6  *Ray -fringed  eyelids  of  the  morn. 

T773  }•  Ross  Fratricide  n.  54  (MS.)  Those  yet  faithful, 
round  his  *ray-gilt  throne  Bask  in  their  Maker's  smile. 
1797  T.  PARK  Sonnets  29  Glory's  *ray-girt  head.  1859 
G.  MEREDITH  R.  Feverel  xxi,  The  dim  "ray-strewn  valley, 

b.  In  sense  8  a,  as  ray-corolla,  -floret ,  -flower^ 
-petal. 

1870  HOOKER  Stud.  Flora  203  Artemisia.  .*Ray-corollas 
dilated  below.     1845  A.  H.  LINCOLN  Lect.  Bot.  (1850)  185 
Flowers  without  rays,  or  the  *ray  florets  indistinct.     1877 
DARWIN   Forms  of  Fl.    Introd.  5   The  ray-florets   of  the 
Compositae  often  differ  remarkably  from  the  others.     1852 
GRAY  in  Smithsonian  Contrib.  Kncnul.  V.  vi.  107  Perityle 
aglossa.  ..This  species  is  remarkable  for  the  want  of  May 
flowers.     1859  DARWIN  Orig.  Spec.  v.  (1872)  116  That  the 
development  of  the  *ray-petals  by  drawing  nourishment  from 
the  reproductive  organs  causes  their  abortion, 

c.  In  sense  9  b,  as  ray-margin^  -plate,  -scale, 
-spine t  etc. 

1841  E.  FORBES  Brit.  Starfishes  28  The  lateral  ray-plates. 
Ibid.  50  Upper  ray-scales  transversely  oblong.  Ibid.  51 
The  ray-spines  are  long,  slender,  and  sharp.  Ibid.  133  The 
number  of  plates  on  each  ray-margin. 

d.  ray-filter,  a  means  of  separating  the  obscure 
from  the  luminous  rays  of  electric  light  (see  quot.) ; 
ray-fungus,  a  fungus  (Actinomyces)  which  enters 
the  body  and  produces  the  disease  Acthwmycosis. 

1871  TYNDALL  Fragm.  Sci.  (1879)  I.  Hi.  86  A  substance., 
has  been  discovered,  by  which   these   dark   rays  may  be 
detached  from  the  total  emission  of  the  electric  lamp.    This 
ray-filter  is  a  liquid,  black  as  pitch  to  the  luminous,  but 
bright  as  a  diamond  to  the  non-luminous,  radiation.     1897 
Syd.  Soc.  Lex.  s.v.  Ray-fungus,  The  ray-fungus  consists  of 
a  dense  mycelium  of  interlacing  hyphx,  with  club-shaped 
extremities  extending  radially  into  the  tissues.     1897  All- 
butt's  Syst.   HI  ed.   III.  890  The  livers  contained   a   large 
focus   of  pus,  in   which  colonies  of  the   ray-fungus   were 
found. 

Ray  (iv')>  ^-2  Also  4  ray$e,  4-7  raye,  5  raie. 
[a.  F.  raie  (i3th  c.)  =  Sp.  and  Pg.  ray  a,  It.  raja  :— 
L.  raia  RAIA.]  A  selachian  fish  of  the  family 
RaiidX)  having  a  broad  flat  body  (sometimes  of 
enormous  size)  and  inferior  gill-openings ;  esp,  a 
skate. 

1323-4  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  13  In.  .vii  Rayes  et 
ix  turbot  emptis.  c  1400  R.  Gloucester's  Chron.  (Rolls) 
App.  T.,  Folc  her  was  inne  ..  hengim  on  his  clones  fisch 
tayles  of  ray}e  [v.r.  ray),  c  1450  Two  Cookery-bhs.  103 
Ray  boiled.  Take  a  Ray,  and  draw  him  in  J>e  bely  [etc.]. 
1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Batis  . .  the  fishe  called  ray  or 
skeate.  1588  HARIOT  Virginia  D  iij,  There  are  also  Troutes  : 
Porpoises  :  Rayes.  1623  COCKERAM  in,  Pastorica,  a  fish 
like  a  Raye,  with  strong  pricks.  1726  SHELVOCKE  Voy. 
round  World  55  All  their  bays  and  creeks  are  well  stock'd 
with  mullets,  large  rays,.. and  drum-fish.  1833  J.  RENNIE 
Alph.  Angling  it  In  some  fishes,  such  as  the  rays  and  the 
sharks,  the  nostril  opens  by  a  considerable  chink  into  the 
mouth.  1862  ANSTED  Channel  Isl.  u.  ix.  (ed.  2)  211  The  ray 
is  taken  largely  for  bait,  and  is  also  sold  for  human  food. 

b.  With  defining  adjs.  (see  quots.). 

Also  eagle-,  rock-,  shark-,  sting-,  ivhip-ray,  etc. ;  see  these 
words.  For  an  enumeration  of  the  various  kinds  of  rays, 
see  Couch  Brit.  Fishes  (1862)  I.  97-144. 

1611  COTGR.,  Kaye  estelee,  the  starrie  Skate,  the  rugged 
Ray.  Raye  lize,  the  smooth  Raye.  . .  Raye  au  long  pec, 
the  spotted,  long-snowted,  or  sharp-snowted  Ray.  1753 
CHAMBERS  Cycl,  Supp.  s.  v.  Raia,  Rays  are  generally 
divided  by  authors  into  the  smooth  and  the  prickly.  The 
smooth  are  what  we  call  skates  and  flairs;  the  prickly  we 
call  thornbacks.  1769  PENNANT  Zool.  III.  64  Sharp-nosed 
Ray.  .(Raia  oxyrinchus  Lin.).  1862  G.  T.  LLOYD  33  Yrs. 
Tasmania  iv.  51  The  ray  is  termed  in  the  colonies  the 
1  stinging  ray '  from  its  possessing  a  barbed  spear-bone. 
1869  [see  BEAKED  2  c.]. 

c.  attrib.  and  C0;ȣ.,  as  ray-fish ,  -mouthed  %&}., 
-tail;  ray-dog,  ?the  ray-mouthed  dog-fish;  ray- 
maid,  -oil  (see  quots.). 


1857  KINGSLEY  Two  y.  Ago  I.  60  In  the  shallow  muddy 
pools,  lie  ..  some  twenty  non-exenterated  *ray-dogs  and 
picked  dogs  (Anglice,  dog-fish).  1611  FI.ORIO,  Rhina,  the 
Skate-fish,  a  *Raye-fish.  1611  COTGR.,  Coliart,  a  kind  of 
smooth,  and  straw-coloured  Ray-fish.  1862  J.  COUCH  Brit. 
1'ishes  I.  99  Thorn  back  Ray.  *  Ray-maid  (Linn.  Raia 
c/avata).  This  is  one  of  the  commonest  of  the  Rays,  and 
the  most  valued.  1884  F.  DAY  Fishes  C,t.  Brit.  II.  344  The 
young  [of  the  Thornback  ray]  termed  maids,  maidens,  or 
maiden-skates:  ray-maids.  1875  Trans.  Devon.  Assoc.  VII. 
145  It  \Mustelus  lxvis\  is  known  in  Plymouth  and  Corn 
wall  as  the  '* ray-mouthed  dog-fish  '.  1881  Spon's  Encycl.  IV. 
1376  *Ray-oilsare  very  extensively  procured  from  the  livers 
of  Raja  clarata,  R.  pastinaca,  and  other  species  indi 
genous  to  Indian  seas,  and  possess  qualities  like  those  of 
cod-liver-oil. 

t  Ray,  sb.'''  Obs.  Also  4-6  raye,  6  raie  (rey). 
[Aphelic  form  of  ARRAY  sb.,  pern,  a.  ONF.  *rei} 
OF.  roi  :  see  ARRAY  v.~] 

1.  Order,  arrangement,  array,  esp,  of  soldiers. 
In  i6-i7th  c.  also  freq.  in  the  comb,  battle-ray. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  v.  59  Butler  he  than  had  putt  his 
men  in  ray.  1519  HORMAN  Vulg.  274  Whan  the  ray  of  the 
hoste  is  all  to  scatered,.  .and  one  byddeth  sette  in  a  newe 
raye.  a  1553  UDAI.L  R  oyster  D.  iv.  vii.  (Arb.)  71  Nowe 
sirs,  keepe  your  ray,  and  see  your  heartes  be  stoute.  1609 
HOLLAND  Amui.  A/arcell.  119  Dispersed  here  and  there  out 
of  ray.  1632  —  Cyriipxdia  26  The  setting  of  a  battayle 
in  ray  was  but  a  small  part  of  the  art. 

Jig.  a  1529  SKKLTON  Sp.  Parrot  415  Wylfulnes  and  brayn- 
les  now  rule  all  the  raye.  1567  Satir,  Poems  Reform,  iv. 
43  Fra  credite  I  crakit,  Kyndnes  brak  ray. 

2.  A  line  or  rank. 

1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  i.  xix.  57  She  may  . .  passe  only  one 
ligne  or  Ray  fro  the  place  where  she  holdeth  her  in.  1542 
UDALL  Erasnt,  Apoph,  183  b,  Takyng  with  hym  thirteen 
rayes  of  horsemen,  hymself  flounced  me  into  the  floudde. 
1587  ]\Iirr.  ftlag.)  Albanact  x,  By  Mars  his  force,  their 
raves  and  ranckes  bee  rent. 

3.  Dress.   =  ARRAY  sb.  n. 

1399  LANGL.  Rich.  Rcdelcs  in.  125  That  [w]ho  is  riall  of 
his  ray,  that  light  reede  him  fTblwith.  1426  LVDG.  DeGutt. 
Pilgr.  11503  1'hogh  thow  boldest  me  nat  \vys.  By  cause  my 
ray  ys  al  to-rent.  1566  J.  PARTRIDGE  Plasidas  770  Thus 
fiftene  yeares  all  desolate  She  liues  in  widdowes  ray.  1637 
B.  JONSON  Sad  Sheph,  n.  i,  Here  he  comes,  new  claithed,. . 
and  helpes  her  forth  !  This  is  true  court-ship,  and  becomes 
his  ray.  [c  1760  SMOLLETT  Burlesque  Ode  39,  I  am  left  be 
hind.  .To  sing  thy  dirge  in  sad  funereal  ray.] 

trans/.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  a.  50  As  a  ship,  whom 
I  cruell  tempest  drives  Upon  a  rocke . . ,  spoyling  all  her  geares 
and  goodly  ray. 

Ray  (r£'),  sb.*  (and  a.}.  Obs.  exc.  Hist,  Also  4 
rai,  4-6  rey,  raye,  6  raie.  [a.  OF.  *rai£,  *mV, 
northern  ff.  roi£,  roiet  (Godef.)  f.  raiet  roie  stripe, 
streak.  (Cf.  mod.F.  ttoffe  de  rates.) 

In  med.L.  rendered  by  radiatiis  :  see  Du  Cange.] 

1.  A  kind  of  striped  cloth. 

The  word  was  app.  obsolete  in  the  time  of  Cowel  (1607), 
who  says  '  Ray  seemeth  to  be  a  word  attributed  to  cloth 
neuer  coloured  or  tlied '.  This  explanation  (adopted  by 
some  later  lexicographers)  was  no  doubt  suggested  by  the 
separate  mention  of  drap  de  raye  and  drop  de  colour  in 
various  Acts  of  Parliament. 

13..  MICHAEL  KILDARE  in  Rel.  Ant.  II.  102  Of  fow  no 
grai,  no  rede  no  rai,  nastou  bot  a  here.  1362  LANGL,  P.  PI. 
A.  v.  125  Among  this  riche  rayes  lernde  I  a  lessun,  Brochede 
hem  with  a  pak-neelde  [etc.].  1426  LYDG.  De  Guil,  Pilgr. 
14082,  I  ffond  vp  fyrst  devyses  newe,  Rayes  off  many  sondry 
hewe.  1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1570)  8  The  time  hath 
bene  ..  When  men  with  honest  ray  could  holde  them  selfe 
content.  1532  in  Money  Ch.  Goods  Berks  (1879)  18  A  old 
vestymente  of  Raye.  1837  SIR  F.  PALGBAVE  Merck.  $  Friar 
v.  (1844)  188  Miniver  and  satin  inspired  as  little  respect  as 
serge  and  ray. 

b.  So  cloth  of  ray. 

[1328  Act  2  Ediv.  HI,  c.  14  La  longure  de  chescun  drap 
de  Raye.  1388  Act  12  Rich.  //,  c.  14  En  laeure  come  les 
draps  de  Ray.]  1587  HOLINSHED  Chron^  III.  802/2  Cloth, 
called  vulyarliu  cloth  of  raie.  c  1640  J.  SMYTH  Lives  Berkc- 
leys  (1883)  I.  305  All  the  knights  robes  were  of  cloth  of  ray. 

2.  attrib.  or  as  adj.  (sometimes  placed  after  the 
sb.).     Striped;  made  of  striped  cloth. 

1362  LANGL.  P.  PL  A.  in.  277  No  ray  robe  with  riche 
pelure.  1382  WYCLIF  Prov.  xxxi.  22  A  rai  cloth  she  made 
to  hir.  1442  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  I.  382  To 
euery  of  theym  iij  yerd  of  cloth  Ray.  1494  FABVAN  Chron. 
vii.  663  To  be  ladde  aboute  the  towne  wl  raye  hoodes^pon 
•  hedc" 


SPEED  Hisi'.'Gt.  ~Brit.  ix.  xix.  §  12  Himselfe  and  Queene 
vpon  ray  Cloth.,  went  into  King  Edwards  shrine. 

Ray  («•),  ^-5  rare.  [App.  a.  F.  raw  stripe, 
streak  (see  prec.),  but  in  some  cases  peril,  appre 
hended  as  a  use  of  RAY  rf.1] 

fL  A  stripe,  streak,  line.  Obs. 

a  1327  Poem  Time  Eihu.  II  283  in  Pol.  Songs  (Camden) 
336  A  newe  taille  of  squierie  is  nu  in  everi  toun ;  The  rate  is 
turned  overthvert  that  sholde  stonde  adoun.  a  1500  Chau 
cer's  Dreme  1824  A  bird,  all  fedred  blew  and  greene,  With 
brighte  rayes  like  gold  betwene,  As  smalle  thred  over  every 
joynt.  1573  BARET  Alveari?  s.  v.  Ray,  Wrought  with  little 
raves,  streames,  or  streaks. 

2.  A  groove  in  a  rifle-barrel. 

i8oa  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.  Rifled,  The  rifled  barrels  in 
America,  during  the  last  war,  contained  from  10  to  16  rays 
or  threads. . .  Some  persons  have  imagined,  that  those  of  16 
rays  were  the  best. 

t  Hay,  •f^-(i  Obs.  Forms :  4  reye,  6  ray(e. 
[a.  MHG.  reie  (retge),  ret,  rl,  etc.  (see  Grimm  .- 
mod.G.  reihen,  reigen),  or  MLG.  ret(e,  Du.  (late 
MDu.)  ret,  of  obscure  origin.]  A  kind  of  round 
dance. 


RAY. 


184 


RAYNE. 


(-1384  CHAUCER  H.  Fame  HI.  146  Pypers  of  the  Duche 
tonge,  To  lerne  love-daunces,  springes,  Rej'es,  and  these 
straunge  thinges.  1514  BARCLAY  L'yt.  <y  Uploiidyslun.  (Percy 
Soc.)  ir,  I  can  daunce  the  raye,  I  can  both  pipe  &  sing. 
n  1529  SKELTON  Rcplyc.  169  Ye  dawns  all  in  a  sute  The 
heritykes  ragged  ray. 

Bay,  sl>.1  rare.     [Of  obscure  origin.] 

fl.  Darnel.  Oln. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  DC  P.  R.  XVTI.  Ixv.  (Bodl.  MS.)  If.  206 
Amonge  |?e  beste  wheete  somtyme  growe(>  yuel  wedes  & 
venemos  as  Cocle  &  ray  &  oj>er  suche.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens 
IV.  XV.  469  In  Englishe  it  is  also  called  luraye,  Darnell,  and 
Raye.  Ibid.  xlv.  504  Wall  Barley  or  Way  Bennet  .  .  may  be 
called  Red-Ray,  or  Darnell.  1597  [see  IVKAY].  1601  HOL 
LAND  Pliny  x\  in.  xvii,  As  for  the  graine  of  Raie  or  Darnell, 
it  is  very  small.  1617  in  MISSHEU  Ditctor. 

2.  ellipt.  =  RAY-GRASS. 

1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pritct.  Agrif.  I.  351  Being  laid  down 
with  fourteen  pounds  of  white  clover,  and  one  peck  of  ray, 
the  grass  lets  at  twenty  shillings. 

t  Bay,  sb.*  Obs.  rare.  [a.  ONK.  »rz'=OF.  roi 
ROY.]  A  king. 

a.  1400  SirPerc.  178  Scho  tuke  hir  leve  and  went  hir  waye, 
Bothe  at  barone  and  at  raye.  <•  1460  Emare  430  Then  sayde 
that  ryche  raye,  I  wyll  have  that  fayr  may,  And  wedde  her 
to  my  quene. 

b.  Erroneously  used  for  '  man  ',  '  person  '. 

1513  DOUGLAS  sEiids  viii.  Prol.  157  Thir  romanis  ar  hot 
rydlis,  quod  I  to  that  ray. 

t  Bay,  sip  Ol>s.  [Of  obscure  origin  ;  peril,  a 
concrete  application  of  RAY  sbl]  A  small  piece 
of  gold  or  gold-leaf;  a  spangle. 

CI450  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surteesl  633  Pro  xxvj  rayis 
pro  garniamento  .  .  senescalli  d'ni  Prioris,  vjs.xjd.  1565 
COOPER  TAesauna,J3rvcteoJa,st  little  leafe  or  raye  of  golde, 
silver  or  other  metall.  Also  a  thynne  ray  set  under  a 
precious  stone  in  a  ring.  1632  SHERWOOD,  A  raie  of  gold,  or 
other  mettall,y«c/7/t'  if  or,  tm  d'aultre  metal.  16400.  SEDG- 
WICKE  Chrlsts  Counsel!  173  He  carefully  lookes  upon  every 
ray  and  dust  of  gold,  and  preserves  it. 

Bay  (r<7i)»  sl>.v>  Now  dial.  [cf.  RAY  ».l  5  c.] 
Diarrncea  in  sheep  or  cattle. 

1577  B.  GOOGK  Ileresbach's  Husl>.  (1586)  133  The  Flix,  or 
the  Laske,  which  in  som  places  they  call  the  Ray.  1741 
Compl.  Fam.-riCii.'  in.  491  This  Salve  is  very  speedy  .  .  in 
curing  the  Distempers  called  the  Ray  and  the  Scab  in  Sheep. 
1869  ^Lonsdale  Gloss.,  Ray,  a  diarrhcea. 

fRay,  si>.n  Ol>s.rare—1.     App.,  chopped  straw. 

The  Latin  text  has  cum  dcsecto  stramento. 

1656  W.  D.  tr.  Comcniifs'  Gate  Lat.  Unl.  $.  440  A  Driver 
..winnoweth  oats  with  a  fan;  being  winnowed  casteth 
them  (together  with  Ray)  unto  the  horses. 

Bay  (rt71),  z'.1  [I.  RAY  s/>.1,  or  ad.  F.  rayer,  OK. 
rater:—  L.  raJiare  to  emit  beams,  fninish.  with 
beams,  f.  RADIUS.] 

1.  intr.  Of  light  :  To  issue  from  some  point  in 
the  form  of  rays.     Also  with  beams,  etc.  as  subj. 
Const,  forth,  off,  out. 

1598  FLORID.  Radian,  to  shine  .  .  ,  to  radiate,  to  ray.  1635 
QUARLKS  Emol.  V.  xiv.  302  The  brighter  beams,  that  from 
his  eyeballs  ray'd.  1698  N'oRRls  J'rtict.  Disc.  (1707)  IV.  158 
This  excellent  Glory  that  ray'd  forth  through  our  Saviour's 
Body  at  the  Transfiguration.  1850  MRS.  BROWNING  Poems 
II.  87  A  molten  glory.  .That  rays  off  into  the  gloom.  1890 
Murray's  Mag.  May  698  A  glitter  seeming  to  ray  out  from 
his  cold,  pale  eyes. 

b.  transf.  andyff. 

1647  H.  MORE  Song  o/Soul  in.  n.  xxviii,  The  soul  .  .  when 
it  raies  out,.  .Oretakeseach  outgone  beam.  1710  R.  WARIJ 
Life  More  41  Early  in  the  Morning  he  was  wont  to  awake 
..  \\ith  all  his  Thoughts  and  Notions  raying  (as  I  may  so 
speak)  about  him.  1797  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  iii.  Wks.  1808 
VIII.  283  Philosophy,  raying  out  from  Europe,  would  have 
warmed.  .the  universe.  1865  MRS.  WHITNEY  Gayworthys 
xxiii.  (1879)  213  On  the  side  of  God  her  soul  lay  open,  and 
her  thought  rayed  wide. 

c.  In  indirect  passive,  with  upon. 

1656  TRAPP  Comm.  Phil.  iv.  19  So  they  are  rayed  upon 
with  a  beam  of  divine  love. 

2.  intr.  Of  luminous  bodies  or  points  :  To  emit 
light  in  rays.     rare. 

1647  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  u.  iii.  n.  xvi,  In  a  moment  Sol 
doth  ray.  1655-87  —  App.  Ant  id.  iii.  §  2  What  we  fansy.. 
to  befal  light  and  colours,  that  any  point  of  them  will  thus 
ray  orbicularly. 

3.  intr.  To  radiate,  extend  in  the  form  of  radii. 
1659  H.  MORE  Immort.  Soul  196  That  the  Nerves..  may 

ray  through  the  sides.  1873  MRS.  H.  KING  Disciples,  Ufa 
Bassi  ii.  (1877)  88  Gold-threaded  hair  that  rayed  from  lips 
and  brow.  1896  Spectator  12  Dec.  851/1  Iron  roads  raying 
out  to  the  ends  of  the  kingdom. 

b.  To  move  in  to  a  centre  along  radial  lines. 

1876  MRS.  WHITNEY  Sights  fy  Ins.  xxxv.  332  Thosejn  the 

far  outskirts  catching  the  impulse  gradually,  and  raying  in. 

4.  trans.  To  send  out  or  forth,  to  emit  (light)  in 
rays.     Also  const,  into. 

1789  E.  DARWIN  Bot.  Card.  n.  (1791)  75  The  star  of 
Autumn  rays  his  misty  hair.  1850  BLACKIE  SEschylus  1.  26 
The  flaming  pine  Rayed  out  a  golden  glory  like  the  sun. 
1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  I.  192  As  the  sun  rays 
forth  its  natural  light  into  the  air. 
b.  transf.  tm&jig. 

1655  H.  VAUGHAN  SHex  Sciut.,  Isaac's  Marriage  8  Re 
ligion  was  Ray'd  into  tliee  as  beames  into  a  glasse.    1701    , 
NORRIS  Ideal  World  \.  ii.  52  It  being  impossible  .  .  that  a 
figure  that  is  not  exactly  round  in  itself  should  ray  forth  the 
image  of  a  perfect  circle.     1858  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  V.  ii. 
(1872)  II.  74  He  kept  all  Europe  in  perpetual   travail;.. 
raying-out  ambassadors,  and  less  ostensible  agents.     1863 
COWDEN  CLARKE  Shaks.  Char.  xiii.  337  His  presence  rays    | 
life  and  manliness  into  every  part  of  the  drama. 

6.  a.  To  furnish  with  rays   or   radiating   lines.    , 
b.   To  irradiate, 


1759  ^''  HUGHES  Barbados  199  It  bears  .  .  many  yellow 
papilionaceous  flowers,  ray'd  with  purple  veins.  Ibid.  201 
It  is  generally  rayed  with  fine  streaks  of  red.  a  1835  HOGG 
Grfc.  Pastoral  Poet.  Wks.  1838-40  II.  148  Such  a  grace 
Ne'er  r.iy'd  a  human  virgin's  face.  1871  B.  TAYLOR  Faust 
(1875)  II.  11.  ii.  94  It  rays  the  darkness  with  its  lightning. 

Hence  Baying  vol.  sb.^  (wiih  out). 

1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  I.  65  There  is  a  raying 
out  of  all  orders  of  existence. 

Bay  (re1).  v£  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  4-7  raie,  5 
rai,  6  raiy.  [Aphetic  f.  AKBAY  v  .  Cf.  KAY  sb.z] 

fl.  trans.  To  put  (men)  in  order  or  array.   Obs. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  77  After  long  pees  he 
rayed  batailles,  and  overcom  j?e  Albans.  a  1450  Le  Morte 
Art  ft.  2720  Ychone  theyme  rayed  in  alle  ryghtis  :  Novther 
party  thought  to  flee,  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  IV.  681  The 
rang  in  haist  thai  rayit  sone  agayne.  a  1600  Floddcn  F.  vii. 
(1664)  60  All  ray'd  in  ranks,  ready  to  fight.  1600  HOLLAND 
Lily  xxni.  xxvii.  492  They  encountered,  thin  and  losely 
raied,  with  the  enemies  thicke  and  closely  raunged  together. 

f  2.  To  arrange,  dispose,  or  deal  with,  in  any 
fashion  ;  also  in  pass.,  to  take  oneself  away.  Obs. 

c  1380  Sir  Fcriftnl\  2295  pe  mete  J>at  was  ful  richly  raied 
in  disches  of  golde  fyn.  c  1450  St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  7522 
pe  saint  be  dreme  him  slepand  flayde,  And  bade  him  sone 
away  be  rayde.  Ibid.  7812  Raying  J>e  cors  in  to  )>e  bote  bai 
led  it  to  Jarow  mynster.  c  1475  Parteiiay  3090  The  helme 
rent  And  foulle  raide.  1509  HAWES  I'ast.  Pleas,  xxxl.  viii, 
Wyth  him  dismayde  which  you  have  rayed  so. 

t  3.  refl.  To  make  ready,  prepare,  equip  (oneself). 

c  1380  Sir  Fentmb.  270  Euere  subbe  y  haue  me  raid  redely 
to  by  seruyse.  c  1400  A  rth.  4-  Merl.  (D.)  436  ^Kolbing)  pey 
raydyn  \v.r.  dighten]  hem  banne  to  in  hast,  In  to  bat  batayle 
for  to  wende.  c  1440  Promp.  1'arv.  422/1  Rayd,  or  (alrayde, 
or  nAVt^aratut. 

4.  To  dress  (oneself  or  another).  =  AKRAY  v.  8. 
Now  dial.  Also  absol. 

1399  LANGL.  Rich.  Reticles  in.  120  Ffor  ben  they  rayed 
arith  they  recchith  no  fforther.  (-1400  Beryn  3812  Beryn 
rose,  &  rayd  him,  &  to  be  chirch  went,  c  1440  Promp.  Pa.ni. 
422/1  Rayd,  or  arayd  wyth  clothynge,  or  other  thynge  of 
honeste,  ornatus.  1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1570)  9 
Both  man  and  woman  .  .  Are  rayde  and  clothed  not  after 
their  degree.  1650  FULLER  Pisgah  iv.  vi.  105  Their  clothes 
were  made  large  and  loose,  .  .  so  that  they  might  run,  and 
ray  themselves.  1673  HOBUES  Odyssey  (1677)  169  If  true, 
with  coat  and  vest  my  news  requite  ;  If  not,  then  not  ;  al 
though  ill  raid  am  I.  1886  in  W.  Som.  and  Dorset  glossaries. 
1898  T.  HARDY  tt'essex  Poems  118  She  rose  and  rayed,  and 
decked  her  head. 

I  5.  To  smear,  bespatter,  or  soil  with  blood,  dirt, 
etc.  ;  to  dirty  or  defile  ;  to  BEBAY.     Also  const. 
in.   Obs.  (freq.  in  i6th  c.). 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  257  All  his  precyous 
body  wounded  &  rayed  with  blode.  a  1535  MORE  Wks. 
614/1,  I.  .shall  shew  you  shortly  how  angrely  he  ryseth  vp, 
and  royally  rayed  in  dyrte.  1618  BOLTON  Floras  II.  xviii. 
(1636)  150  That  those  should  bee  rayed  with  durt,  who  would 
not  be  smeared  with  blood.  1663  MENNES  &  SMITH  ll'i/i's 
Recreations  §  469  His  scarlet  hose,  and  doublet  very  rich, 
With  mud  and  mire  all  beastly  raid. 

f  b.  Without  const,  in  same  sense.   Obs. 

1533  J.  HEYWOOD  ;>/«•>-.)'  /Yoy(i83o)  31,  I  burned  my  face, 
and  rayde  my  clothes  also.  1588  KYD  llousch.  Phil.  Wks. 
(1901)  272  Soyled  places  which  may  spoile  or  ray  her  gar 
ments.  1596  SHAKS.  Tain.  Shr.  iv.  i.  3. 

f  c.  absol.  Of  sheep  :  To  become  foul.   Obs.  ~  ' 

1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  41  If  any  shepe  raye  or  be  fyled 
with  dounge  about  the  tayle. 

Hence  tKaying  vl'l-  s^'-z  Obs. 

1552  EI.YOT,  Basis.  .  .  roundels  made  to  set  vnder  wyne 
pottes  for  raiying  of  the  table.  1591  PERCIVALL  Sp.  Diet., 
Encenagatniento,  raying  with  durt,  oblimatio. 

Ray,  var.  KA  Sc.  Obs.  ;  var.  REE  v.  to  sift  ;  obs. 
Sc.  f.  ROE.  Raya,  obs.  form  of  RAJA(H. 

HBayah,  (lai'a).  Also  raiah,  raya.  [a.  Arab. 
ile.  raf-iyah  flock  or  herd,  subjects,  peasants,  f.  ^j 

raf-a  to  pasture  or  feed.  Cf.  next.]  A  non-Moham 
medan  subject  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey,  subject  to 
payment  of  the  poll-tax  (see  KHARAJ). 

1813  BYRON  Br.Abydos  n.  xx,  To  snatch  the  Rayahs  from 
their  fate.  1863  KISGLAKE  Crimea  (1876)  I.  v.  77  They 
might  rise  against  their  Government  and  fall  upon  the 
Christian  rayahs. 

attrih.  1886  A.  WEIR  Hist.  Basis  Mod.  Europe  (1889)  298 
The  Greeks  .  .  possessed  a  .  .  status  to  which  other  Rayah 
populations  could  lay  no  claim. 

II  Bayat(rai-at).   Also  rayet,  rai(y)at.    [Indo- 
Pers.  var.  of  prec.  :  see  RYOT.]     A  cultivator  of  the 
soil  ;  a  peasant. 

1818  in  Gleig  Lijfe  Sir  T.  Mimro  (1830)  II.  278  Every 
rayet  should  be  at  liberty  to  cultivate  as  much  or  as  little  as 
he  pleases.  1844  J.  TOMLIN  Miss.  Jrnls.  99  A  small  dry 
patch  of  ground  had  just  been  cleared  by  the  rayats.  18915 
Sat.  Rev.  18  Apr.  389/2  The  murder  of  a  raiyat  was  a  matter 
of  easy  settlement. 

Raychter,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RAFTER  j*.i  Raycin, 
obs.  f.  RAISIN.  Rayckin,  Rayd,  obs.  ff.  RACKAN, 
RAID  sb.  Rayd(e,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  t.  RIDE.  Raye, 
var.  RA,  obs.  f.  RAY. 

Bayed  (r67ld),  ///.  a.l  [f.  RAY  rf.l  or  K.l] 
That  has  or  consists  of  rays  ;  arranged  radially. 

1853  KANE  Grinneil  Exp.  xxxv.  (1856)  322  The  rayed  pro 
longations  stretched  nearly  across  the  sky.  1890  Anthony's 
Photogr.  Bull.  III.3I  Dark  paper  having  some  fine  perfora 
tions,  cross  lines  or  a  rayed  star  cut  out  of  it. 

b.  Having  rays  of  a  specified  number  or  kind. 

1748  SIR  J.  HILL  Hist.  Fossils  654  Some  have  one  of  the 
rays  bifid,  so  as  to  emulate  the  figure  of  a  six-ray'd  kind. 
1825  Greenhouse  Coinp.  1.  130  Of  the  barren-rayed  (Dahlia), 

..of  the  fertile-rayed  species.   1870  HOOKER  Stud.  Flora  156 


Umbels  compound,  few-rayed.     Ibid.   158  Umbels  rather 
irregular,  many-rayed. 

c.  Zool.   -  RADIATE  A.  i. 

1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  319/1  Rayed  or  Radiated  Animals. 
1851  RICHARDSON  Gi-ol.  viii.  (1855)  224  In  the  rayed  families, 
the  organs  of  locomotion  are  disposed  around  a  central  axis. 

t  Bayed,  ///.  a?  Obs.    [f.  RAY  v."  +  -Ki>i.j 

Drawn  up,  arranged,  dressed,  etc. 

1382  WYCLIF  Esther  i.  6  Also  goldene  setis  and  siluerene, 
vp  on  the  raied  pament  [1388  pawment  arayede  with] 
smaragd  and  pario  stones,  weren  disposid.  c  1470  HKNRY 
11  'allace  ix.  535  Throu  Cyan  land  in  rayid  battaill  thai  raid. 
1513  DOUGLAS  /&ncis  vi.  xiv.  62  Pompey.  .With  rayit  hostis 
of  the  orient,  a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot. 
(S.T.S.)  I.  271  The  Earle  of  Huntlie  and  the  lord  of  Home 
standand  in  ane  rayit  battell. 

Bayed,  ///.  a.3  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  [ad.  OF.  rait 
in  same  sense  :  see  RAY  sb.*]  Striped,  streaked. 

c  1369  CHAUCER  Dethe  Blaunche  252,  1  woll  yeue  him  a  fea 
ther  bed,  Raied  with  gold,  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  11839)  xviii.  198 
Theise  Cocodrilles  ben  Serpentes,  5alowe  and  rayed  aboven, 
and  ban  4  Feet.  1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  u.  vi.  78  Ther  ben 
the  basylicocks,  .  .  he  is  whyte  rayed  here  and  there.  1598 
STOW  Sun'.  (1603)  539  In  the  year  1516  .  .  it  was  agreed  .  . 
that  the  Shiriffes  of  London  should..  gine  yearely  Reyed 
Gownes,  to  the  Recorder,  Chamberlaine  [etc.).  [1866  ROGERS 
Agric.  if  Prices  I.  xxii.  578  The  rayed,  or  variegated  cloth 
being  the  cheaper.] 

Rayeny,  obs.  f.  RAINY  a.  Rayes,  obs.  f.  REIS. 
Rayet,  obs.  f.  RAY  AT.  Rayfart,  -ffert,  -ffort, 
varr.  RAIFORT  Obs.  Rayge,  obs.  f.  RAGE  sb. 
Raygn,  var.  RAIGN  v.  Obs.  Raygne,  obs.  f. 
REIGN.  Raygnes,  var.  RAINES  Obs. 

Bay-grass.  Also  7  rea,  8  rey-.  [f.  RAY  sb.~] 
=  RYE-GRASS  (now  the  usual  form). 

1677  Lend.  Gaz,  No.  1:76/4  Pure  and  unmixt  Trefoile 
Seed  .  .  freed  and  acquitted  from  all  Rea,  and  other  course 
Grass  Seeds.  1677  PLOT  Oxfordsh.  154  They  have  lately 


manure,  and  so  does  clover,  ray-grass,  and  trefoil.  1831 
Sutherland  Farm  Kef.  74  in  Lit.  Use/.  Kn.,  Husb.  Ill, 
On  soil  of  the  second  quality,  one  bushel  and  a  half  ray- 
erass.  1886  BRITTEN  &  HOLLAND  Plant-it.,  Italian  Ray 
"Grass,.. a  commercial  name  for  Lolium  italicum. 

t  Rayie,  a.  Obs.-1     [f.  RAY  sif\     Ray-like. 

a  1687  COTTON  See,  how  thf  Twilight  Slumber  falls  Poems 
(1689)  353  See  how  Light  ..  Beautifies  The  rayie  fringe  of 
her  fair  Eyes. 

Rayis,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  t.  RISE  v.  Rayk(e,  Rayl(e, 
obs.  ff.  RAKE,  RAIL.     Rayler,  obs.  f.  RAILEB. 
Bayless  (r^-les),  a.     [f.  RAY  rf.l  +  -LESS.] 

1.  Devoid  of,  not  illumined  by,  any  ray  of  light ; 
dark,  gloomy. 

1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  i.  20  Night. .  In  rayless  majesty,  now 
stretches  forth  Her  leaden  sceptre.  1820  SHELLEY  Orpheus 
10  Hid  by  a  rayless  night.  1850  BLACKIE  /Eschylus  II.  68 
The  rayless  homes  Of  gloomy  Hades.  1875  L.  MORRIS 
At  Last  v,  Those  dear  souls,  who  sleep  ..  In  rayless 
caverns  dim. 

fig.  1820  Ellen  Fitzarthur  52  Ah  rayless,  joyless,  lifeless 
state  !  1845  JAMES  Smugglerlll.  94  Rayless,  dull  despair. 

2.  That  sends  out  no  rays ;  dull. 

1832  Fraser's  Mag.  V.  123  The  lamp  of  poesy  was  flicker 
ing  and  almost  rayless.  1842  MOTLEY  Corr.  (1889)  I.  iv.  115 
The  sun  . .  round  and  rayless  in  the  centre  of  its  low  arch. 
1878  BROWNING  Poets  Croisic  clii,  Gold  which  comes  up  rude 
And  rayless  from  the  mine. 

b.  Of  the  eye  (cf.  RAT  ski  3). 

1834  H.  AINSWORTH  Rookwood  iv.  viii,  Her  eye  gazed  . . 
with  a  dying  glare— then  grew  glassy,  rayless,  fixed.  1871 
MACDUFF  Mem.  Patmos  xviii.  241  That  eye  which  once 
beamed  affection  now  rayless. 

3.  Excluding,  dispensing  with,  rays  of  light. 
1896  Cosmopolitan  XX.  391/1  When  they  reached  the  tree, 

they  sat  down  under  the  rayless  boughs.  1898  Daily  .Veivs 
6  May  5/3  Revelations  of  what  may  be  called  Rayless 
Photography. 

4.  Having  no  ray-like  parts. 

1769  PENNANT  Zool.  III.  316  That  they  are  not  the  young 
of  smelts  is  as  clear,  because  they  want  the.. rayless  fin. 
1837  Penny  Cycl.  VII.  422/2  The  rayless  Corymbiferze. 

Hence  Ba'ylessuess. 

1843  POE  Pnmat.  Burial  Wks.  1864!.  336  The  intense 
and  utter  raylessness  of  the  Night  that  endureth  for  ever- 

Baylet  (r/'-let).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -LET.]  A  little  ray. 

1820  Blacktu.  Mag.  VII.  603  Across  the  floor  is  sunny 
raylet  shot.  1851  S.  JUDD  Margaret  xvii.  (1871)  144  A 
shower  of  fine  tiny  raylets  of  snow.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr. 
62  From  the  sides  of  these  rays,  secondary  rays,  or  raylets, 
may  be  given  off. 

Rayll(e,  obs.  ff.  RAIL.  Rayly,  var.  RAILLY  v. 
Obs.  Raym,  Rayment(e,  Raymson,  obs.  ff. 
RAME  v.1,  RAIMENT,  RANSOM.  Rayn,  var.  RAIGN 
v.  Obs. ;  obs.  f.  RAIN,  REIGN,  REIN.  Raynard, 
Rayndoun,  obs.  ff.  REYNARD,  RANDOM. 

t  Rayne.  Obs.  rare.     (.Meaning  not  clear.) 

The  rime-words  are  slayne  and  Gawaynt. 

a  1450  Le  Morte  Arth,  1980  Weilaway,  the  reufulle  Rayne 
That  euyr  Launcelote  was  my  fo.  Ibid.  3223  The  kynge 
gan  woffully  wepe  and  wake,  And  sayd, '  Alias,  thys  Rewffulle 

Rayne,  obs.  f.  RAIN,  RAINY,  RANE  sb.,  REIGN, 
REIN;  var.  RAINES  Obs.  Raynecle:  see  RAY- 
NOLL.  Raynish,  obs.  f.  RHENISH.  Rayne- 
de(a)re,  obs.  ff.  REINDEEB.  Raynes,  -nez,  varr. 
RAINES  Obs.  Rayney,  -nie,  obs.  ff.  RAINY  a. 
Raynge,  Raynold,  obs.  ff.  RANGE,  REYNARD. 


BAYNOLL. 

tRaynoll.  06s.  Also  5  ?raynecle.  [Form 
and  origin  uncertain :  cf.  raymolles  in  Cotgr.] 
pi.  Small  cakes  or  balls  made  of  pork  with  a  large 
number  of  other  ingredients. 

c  1430  Two  Cookery-bks.  42  Raynollez.  Nym  sode  Porke 
&  chese,  &  sebe  y-fere  [etc.],  c  1440  in  House/i.  Or<f.  (1790) 
461  Put  in  therto  the  raynecles  [sic],  and  when  thai  byn 
boyled  take  horn  up. 

Rayny(e,  obs.  forms  of  RAINY  a. 

Raynys,  variant  of  RAISES  Ots. 

Bayou  (re'-^h,  F.  rgyon).  [a.  F.  rayon  (1539), 
f.  rai  (mod.  rais)  RAY  ji.lj 

1.  A  ray  of  light,  rare. 

1591  SPENSER  Vis,  Bellay  21  Shining  Christall,  which  . .  a 
thousand  rayons  threw,  a  1609  ALEX.  HUME  Day  Estivall 
177  The  rayons  of  the  Sunne  we  see,  Diminish  in  their 
strength.  1850  SINGLETON  yirgil\\.  244  Here  stood  A  cave. 
. .  unreached  by  rayons  of  the  Sun. 

||  2.   =  RADIUS  4. 

1878  LADY  HERBERT  tr.  ffiianer's  Ramble  ill.  i.  459  Within 
a  rayon  of  a  certain  number  of  miles.  1879  Daily  News 
26  May  5/6,  I  found  myself  within  his  rayon  at  Newcastle, 
which  is  one  of  his  bases  of  supply. 

Rayonnance.  rare-1,  [f.  F.  rayonnant:  cf. 
next  and  -ANCE.]  Radiance. 

1848  DAILEY  Festus  xix.  206  Some  of  a  cold,  pure  bodily 
rayonnance  As  is  the  moon's  of  naked  light. 

II  Bayonne  (ifyoae),  a.  [F.,  pa.  pple.  of  ray- 
onner,  f.  rayon  RAYON.] 

fl.  Of  a  kind  of  hood  :  Rayed.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1690  EVELYN  Rhmdus  Mvliebris  7  Round  which  it  does 
our  ladies  please  To  spread  the  Hood  call'd  Kayonncs. 
\.Ibid.,FopDict.  20 K ayonne,  Upper  Hood,  pinn'd  in  Circle, 
like  the  Sunbeams.] 

2.  tier.  Of  a  division  between  parts  of  the  field : 
Having  alternate  pointed  projections  and  depres 
sions,   whose    sides    are    formed   by   wavy   lines. 
(Cnssans  1868.) 

Raype,  obs.  f.  ROPE.  Rayr,  obs.  f.  REAR  v., 
ROAR  v.  Rays,  obs.  f.  RACE  rf.l,  RAISE  v. ;  obs. 
pa.  t.  RISE  v. 

t  Rayse,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscnre  origin ; 
perh.  a  special  use  of  RAISE  z<.l  or  w.2J  trans. 
(Meaning  not  clear.)  Hence  Baysed  ppl.  a. ; 
Rayser ;  Haysing  vbl.  sb. 

1641  S.  SMITH  Herring  Buss  Trade  25  Of  the  choise, 
packing,  and  raysing  of  the  Herrings.  Hid. ,  It  is  forbidden 
that  no  body  may  rayse  or  packe  any  Herrings  but  in  the 
Lords  street  . .  and  that  with  dores  open.  Ibid.  26  The 
Packer,  Rayser,  Cooper,  .that  are  imployed  about  the  pack 
ing  of  the  said  Herring.  Ibid.  27  The  Coopers  may  not 
hoope  any  dryed  or  other  raysed  Herring  barrel!,  with  halfe 
barrel!  hoops. 

Rayse,  obs.  f.  RAISE,  RASE  z>.l;  obs.  pa.  t. 
RISE  v.  Raysen,  obs.  f.  RAISIN.  Raysin,  obs. 
f.  RAISIN;  var.  RASEN  06s. 

t  Raysing.  Obs.  rare~\  [f.  RAISE  z>.2]  A  cut. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  (1613)  146  As  many  iagges,  blisters 
and  scarres,  shall  Toades  ..  make  on  your  pure  skinnes  in 
the  graue,  as  now  you  haue  cuts,  iagges  or  raysings,  vpon 
your  garments. 

Raysing,  Rayso(u)n,  Raysure,  Raysyn, 
obs.  ff.  RAISIN,  REASON,  RAZOB.  Rayt,  obs.  f. 
RATE.  Rayte,  obs.  f.  rait  RET  v. 

Ray;e,  obs.  form  of  RAY  sb? 

Razant,  variant  of  RASANT. 

Razbooche,  obs.  variant  of  RAJPOOT. 

t  Baze,  sbl  Obs.  [f.  RAZE  v.  Cf.  RASE  rf.i, 
RACE  sb.3]  A  slash,  scratch,  cut,  slit. 

1610  MARKHAU  Masterp.  n.  c.  383  If  you  make  two  razes 
on  each  side,  it  shall  bee  so  much  the  better.  1636  SANDER- 
SON  Serm.  (1689)  370  A  mar.  had  better  receive  twenty 
wounds  in  his  good  Name,  than  but  a  single  raze  in  his 
Conscience. 

tRaze,  sb.2  Obs.  rare—1.     (See  qnot.) 

a  1728  WOODWARD  Fossils  54  The  Tin-Veins  . .  are  either  in 
Strata  of  Growan,  or  of  that  grey,  Talky,  Slaty  Stone,  that 
the  Tinners  call  Killas,  Raze,  or  Delvin. 

Baze  (ivr'z),  v.  [var.  RASE  v.l  Cf.  also  RACE  z/.3] 

1 1.  trans.  To  scratch,  cut,  slit,  etc.  =  RASE  v.1 1 . 
Obs.  (Common  in  lyth  c.) 

1587  TURBERV.  Trag.  T.  (1837)  279  His  death  did  raze  hir 
harte.  1610  MARKHAM  Masterp.  n.  c.  382  Then  raze  both 
the  quarters  of  the  hoofe  with  a  drawing-knife,  . .  so  deepe 
that  you  may  see  the  dew  come  foorth.  1684  R.  WALLER 
Nat.  Exper.  102  It  appeared  rough,  as  if  it  had  been  prettily 
razed  with  the  point  of  a  Diamond. 

b.  esp.  (often  with  limiting  word  expressed) : 
To  cut  or  wound  slightly,  to  graze  (the  skin,  a 
part  of  the  body,  etc.). 

<zi586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  in.  (1629)  314  The  point  swirved 
and  razed  him  but  on  the  side.  1667  SOUTH  Serin.,  Chance 
(»7'5)  317  Might  not  the  Bullet,  that  perhaps  razed  his 
Cheek,  have  as  easily  gone  into  his  Head?  1719  YOUNG 
Busiris  v.  i,  I  could  not  bear  To  raze  thy  skin  to  save  the 
world  from  ruin.  1808  SCOTT  Marm.  in.  xxiv,  Yet  did  a 
splinter  of  his  lance  Through  Alexander's  visor  glance,  And 
razed  the  skin — a  puny  wound. 

2.  To  remove  by  scraping;  to  scrape  off  or  out; 
to  cut  or  shave  off.  Now  rare. 

1567  TURBERV.  Epit.  etc.  33  Drowsie  drouping  Age.. With 
pensiue  Plough  will  raze  your  hue.  16159  W.  SIMPSON 
Hydrol.  Chym.  361  Earths  . .  which  the  . .  salt  in  the  water 
razeth  off  from  several  rocks.  111708  BEVERIDCE  T/ies. 
Theol.  (1711)  III.  347  Drunkenness  ..  razeth  out  the  image 
of  God,  and  stampeth  the  image  of  beasts  upon  us.  1814 
SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  VI.  xxxii,  An  axe  has  razed  his  crest. 

VOL.  VIII. 


185 

1871  PALCRAVE  Lyr.  Poems  14  Most  men  raze  her  stamp, 
and  prove  untrue. 

3.  spec.  To  erase  or  obliterate  (writing,  etc.)  by 
|  scraping  or  otherwise.  ?  Obs. 

1581  SAVILE  Tacitus,  Hist.  in.  xxxi.  (1591)  132  The  princi 
pal!  men  ..  razed  Vitellius  name,  and  defaced  his  images. 
1627  HAKEWILL^/SO/.  (1630)  100  [Theydeserve]  their  writings 
to  bee  razed  with  sponges.  1646  J.  HALL  Poems  i.  67  Now 
I  will  raze  those  Characters  I  wrote.  1709  Col.  Rec.  Pcnn- 
syh.  II.  489  The  clause  formerly  razed  ..  is  agreed  to  he 
kept  in  the  bill. 

b.  Const,  out  adv. ;  front,  out  of  preps. 

1577  FENTON  Gold.  Epist.  74  He  hath  razed  them  out  of 
the  register  of  heauen.  1641  MILTON  Reform.  \.  (1851)  20 
Of  those  Books  ..  who  knows  ..  what  hath  bin  raz'd  out, 
what  hath  bin  inserted.  1693  WOOD  Life  (O.  H.  S.)  IV.  19 
Altered  the  aforesaid  originall  papers,  by  razing  out  many 
lines, sentences,  and  words.  1735  SWIFT  Corr.  Wks.  1841  II. 
735  Having  first  razed  out  the  writer's  name,  I  have  shown 
it  to  several  gentlemen. 

c.  transf.  andjftg.   (cf.  RASE  v.l  2  c.) 

1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  285  As  for  that  which  is 
euil,  they  raze  it  out  of  their  memories.  1654  tr.  Scudery's 
Curia  Pol.  147  This  base  and  ingrate  person  razed  me  out 
of  her  affection.  1702  Rows  Tamerl.  i.  i,  The  first  feeble 
Blow  I  meet  shall  raze  me  From  all  Remembrance.  1720 
MRS.  M\ni,in  Power  of  Lovt  (1741)  I.  32  He  became  for 
midable  enough  to  raze  the  very  Name  of  Mendoza.  1877 
GLADSTONE  Glean.  IV.  xxii.  355  If  we  raze  out  all  our 
earlier  protests. 

4.  fa.  To  scrape  (a  writing)  so  as  to  erase  some 
thing  ;   to  alter  by  erasure.   0/>s. 

1594  MARLOWE  &  NASHE  Dido  in.  ii,  I  will  ..  raze  th' 
eternal  register  of  Time.  1602  FULBECKE  -2nd  Pt.  Parall.  31 
A  deede  razed  is  not  good  in  your  Law.  1720  Load.  fiaz. 
No.  5825/2  The  Decrees.. were  razed.  1724  Bp.  WILSON  in 
Keble  Life  (1863)  II.  xviii.  609  Razing  or  adding  to  records 
being  ever  accounted  . .  penal. 

tb.  To  shave.  06s.     Cf.  RASE  zi.i  4  c. 

1667    EVELYN  Public  Emfiloym.   Misc.  Writ.  (1805)   544 
Trifling  amongst  barbers,  razing  and  sprucing  himself.    1732 
Hist,  Litteraria.  III.  421  Both  had  their  Heads  raz'd. 
C.  To  scrape,  or  come  close  to,  in  passing. 

1598  FLORIO,  Radere,  . .  Also  to  raze  or  go  along  the  shore 
as  a  ship  doth.     1883  M.  BLIND  Tarantella  I.  iii.  29  [The 
swallows]  dive  low,  razing  the  grass,  then  soar  aloft. 
fd.  absol.  (see  quot.).   Obs.  rare~°. 

I7S3  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Sitpp.  s.v.,  A  horse  is  said  to  have 
razed,  whose  corner  teeth  cease  t-  be  hollow;  so  that  the 
cavity,  where  the  black  mark  was,  is  filled  up. 

5.  a.  To  sweep  away,  efface,  or  destroy  (a  build 
ing,  town,  etc.)  completely.     In  later  use  esp.  to 
raze  to  the  ground. 

a  1547  SURREY  ^neidu,  707,  I  saw  Troye  fall.  .Neptunus 
town  clene  razed  from  the  soil.  1582  STANYHURST  /Eneis 


dayes  raz'd.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  ft  F.  (1869)  I.  xxiv.  690  The 
fortifications  were  razed  to  the  ground.  1843  PRESCOTT 
Mexico  (1850)  I.  354  If  it  were  refused,  the  Aztecs  would 
raze  their  cities  to  their  foundations.  1870  BRYANT  Iliad  I. 
II.  40  Having  razed  Troy  with  her  strong  defences  I  should 
see  my  home  again. 

b.  To  take  away,  remove  (from  a  place),  in  a 
thorough  manner.     (With  various  objects.) 

1580  LYLY  Enf  lines  (Arb.)  360  That  the  heat  of  thy  loue 
might  clean  be  razed  with  ye  coldnes  of  my  letter.  1656 
EARL  MONM.  tr.  BiKcalinis  Advts.  fr.  Parnass.  i.  Ixxvii. 
(1674)  102  [God]  by  sending  universal  Deluges  of  water, 
razed  mankind,  .from  off  the  World.  1874  H.Ti.  REYNOLDS 
John  Baft.  iv.  i.  238  In  Henoch, 'the  Son  of  Man'  is  about 
to  raze  kings  from  their  thrones. 

Hence  Hazed,  Ra-zing///.  adjs. 

1582  STANYHURST  /Eneis  n.  (Arb.l  67,  I  ran  too  Priamus 
razd  court.    1598  YONC  Diana  60  His  short  cape  cloke  was    , 
..lined  with  razed  watchet  satten.     1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le    ' 
Blanc's  Trav.  229  Amongst  other  things  remarkable,  there 
were  three  pages  in  raz'd  tissue.     1715-20  POPE  Iliad  v.  419 
Her  snowy  hand   the  razing  steel  profaned.     1813  SCOTT 
Trienn.  n.  xx,  No  striplings  these,  who  succour  need  For  a    1 
razed  helm  or  falling  steed.     1882  W.  B.  WEEDEN  Soc.  Law    \ 
Labor  180  A  razed  table  on  which  new  classes  build  them 
selves. 

Raze,  obs.  form  of  RACE  so.s,  RAISE  vl 

Bazee  (razr),  sb.     [ad.  F.  rase(e,  pa.  pple.  of 
raser  to  RASE  v.1 :  cf.  RAZE  v.  and  -EE  !.]     Naut. 
A  war-ship  or  other  vessel  reduced  in  height  by  the    ' 
removal  of  her  upper  deck  or  decks. 

1803  SIR  R.  WILSON  in  Life  (1862)  I.  iv.  216  The  Captain 
of  a  twenty-four-razee.  1815  BURNEV  Falconer's  Mar.  Diet. 
s.v.,  The  Indefatigable,  Majestic..,  and  Saturn  have  been 
cut  down  for  Razees.  1844  HARWOOD  Irish  Rebellion  232 
Two  frigates  and  a  sixty-gun  razee  bearing  down  upon  him. 
b.  transf.  andy^. 

1829  MARRYAT  F.  Alildmay  iv,  This  was  the  sole  cause  of 
my  chest  being  converted  into  a  razee.  1860  O.  W.  HOLMES 
Elsie  V.  xviii.  (1891)  253  The  hulks  and  the  razees  of 
enslaved  or  half-enslaved  intelligences. 

Bazee  (riizr),  v.    [f.  RAZEE  sb.'] 

1.  trans.  To  cut  down  (a  ship)  to  a  lower  size  by 
reducing  the  number  of  decks. 

1842  BRANDE  Diet.  Klech.  s.v.  Razee,  By  razeeing,  the 
draught  of  water  is  diminished,  while  the  centre  of  gravity 
is  lowered,  and  the  qualities  of  the  vessel  have  generally  . . 
been  improved.  1862  W.  H.  RUSSELL  in  Times  27  Mar.  ,The 
Merrimac. -has  been  razeed  and  iron-plated.  1894  C.  N. 
ROBINSON  Brit.  Fleet  240  In  1793. .old  sixty-fours  were  cut 
down  a  deck,  or '  razeed '  (a  term  that  now  came  into  use) 
into  forty-fours. 

2.  fig.  To  abridge,  prune,  dock. 

1837  MARRVAT  Dog-fiend  v,  He  was  like  a  man  razfcd  or 
cut  down.  1882  BLUNT  Ref.  C/i.  Eng.  II.  77  They  were 


RAZOR. 

razeed  to  the  smallest  possible  dimensions  as  to  numbers 
and  endowment. 

Hence  Bazee'd///.  a. 

1884  Daily  News  23  Sept.  3/1  The  . .  Castles  of  Walmer, 
Deal,  and  razeed  Sandown.  a  1893  ADM.  PAGET  A  uiobiog. 
iii.  (1896)  71  The  command  of  the  Aigle,  razeed  frigate. 

Razie,  obs.  form  of  RACY  a. 

Raziere,  variant  of  RASER  i.  Obs. 

Razine,  obs.  form  of  RAISIN. 

Razing  (r<?i'zin),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RAZE  v.  +  -ING  i.] 
The  action  of  cutting,  erasing,  levelling,  etc. 

1611  COTGR.,  Ratitre,  . .  a  razing,  or  scraping  out.  a  1640 
J.  BALL  Answ.  to  Can  ii.  (1642)  7  What  hath  beene  their 
seeking  from  time  to  time?  a  razing  of  the  communion 
booke  !  No.  1669  DRYDKN  Tyrnnnicit  Love  v.  i,  The  rough 
razings  of  the  pointed  Steel.  1705  STANHOPE  I'arajthr.  I. 
126  The  Messiah  and  his  Messenger  must  have  come,  before 
the  razing  of  that  Temple.  1890  CHILD  Ballads  IV.  55/2 
note,  A  letter  of  Argyle's . .  would  seem  to  show  that  he  was 
not  there  in  person  during  the  razing  and  burning. 

b.  A  scraping  ;  a  particle  scraped  off.  rare~l. 

1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol.  Chym.  363  Particles,  .as  if  they 
had  been  razings  of  crystals. 

Razom,  obs.  variant  of  RIZZOM  dial. 

Razor  (rJi-zaj).  Forms  :  a.  3-4  rasor,  4-7 
rasour,  (5  -owre,  -owyr,  5-6  -cure,  6  Sc.  -iour, 
6-7  ra(y)sor,  7  rasoir) ;  6-  razor,  (6-8  -our). 
0.  4-7  rasure,  (6  ray-}.  7.  5-6  raser,  (5  -ere,  6 
-ier,  -ar),  6-7  razer.  [a.  OF.  rasor,  -our,  -ur 
(i2th  c.),  f.  raser  to  RASE  t>.l  Cf.  OF.  rasoir  = 
It.  rasojo :— late  I.,  rasffritim.'] 

1.  A  sharp-edged  instrument,  specially  used  for 
shaving  the  beard  or  hair. 

In  modern  razors  the  blade  has  usually  a  slight  curve 
backwards,  and  is  of  wedge-shaped  section,  or  has  the  back 
much  thicker  than  the  edge  ;  the  sides  are  often  made  con 
cave  by  grinding  ('  hollow-ground  ').  The  blade  is  attached 
to  the  handle  by  a  tang  and  rivet,  so  that  it  can  be  folded 
into  this  when  not  in  use. 

a.  c  1290  6'.  /-Xt;-  I'i'ff-  I-  98/222  Four  5\veles  of  Iren  he  let 
fullen  with  rasores,  kene  I-nowe.     1340  Ayenb.  66  pe  tonge 
more  keruinde  banne  rasour.     1387  TREVISA  Higdcn  (Rolls) 
III.  325  For  he  dredde}>e  harbour  to  schave  withra>oures  ful 
soore.  1413  Pilgr.  Sffii'ie  (Caxton  1483)  in.  i.  50, 1  wol  be  vpon 
a  pyler  filched  fill  of  sharp  keruyng  rasours.     1555  EDEN 
Decides  186  To  annuynte  the  place  with  oyle  and  scrape  it 
with  a  rasoure.     1655  CULPEPPER  Ri-'crius  vi.  vii.  144,  1  got 
ready  my  Raysor,  ..and  there  I  made  a  deep  incision.     1700 
DRYDEN  Pal.  <5-  Arc.  1629  This  length  of  hair  .,  Guiltless  of 
steel  and  from  the  razour  free.     17153  FOOTE  Commissary  i. 
Wks.  1799  II.  ii  His  little  weezen  face  as  sharp  as  a  razor. 
1856   EMERSON   Eng.    Traits,   Ability  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  39 
At  . .  .Sheffield,  where  I  was  shown  the  process  of  making 
a  razor  and  a  penknife. 

ft.  a  1340  HAMPOLK  Psalter  Ii.  2  As  sharpe  rasure  bou  did 
treson.  1486  Bk.  .St.  All'ans  A  iv,  Thou  most  cutt  it  with  a 
Rasure.  1334  WHITINTON  Tnllyes  Offices  n.  (1540)  82  The 
eldre  Dyonisius  . .  dreding  Rasures  dyd  syndge  his  heere 
with  a  cole.  1370  I,r.\  INS  Manip.  192/29  A  rnysure,  neita- 
cnla.  1376  XI.UTON  Li-mnif's  Complex.  (1633)  240  He., 
with  a  Barbers  Rasure  finely  cut  away  the  Nose. 

Y.  1483  CAXTON  Cato  C  iv  b,  Doo  so  moche  that  thys 
nyght  ye  haue  a  rasere  and  ,.  cutte  the  hceris  of  hys  berde. 
1583  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  AVt 'holays  Voy.  in.  xvii.  102  These 
.  .cause  their  hayre  and  beard  to  be  cut  with  a  raser.  1599 
Ann.  Barbcr-Surg.  London  (1890)  192  Grindeinge  of  rasares. 
b.  fig.  and  in  fig.  context. 

Occam's  razor,  the  leading  principle  of  the  nominalism  of 
William  of  Occam  (sec  OCCAM  ISM),  that  for  purposes  of 
explanation  things  not  known  to  exist  should  not,  unless  it 
is  absolutely  necessary,  be  postulated  as  existing ;  usually 
called  the  Law  of  Parcimony.  On  the  razor's  edge  (after 
Gr.  eni  gvpov  aKfj.^),  in  a  precarious  position  (cf.  razor-edge 
in  3  c). 

c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  198  Wyntris  rasour 
doth  al  away  arrace.  1394  WILLODIE  in  Slinks.  C.  Praise  7 
The  sharpe  rasor  of  a  willing  conceit.  ci6n  CHAPMAN 
Iliad -a.  150  Now  on  the  eager  razors  edge,  for  life  or  death 
we  stand.  1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Metaph.  xxxix.  (1859) 
II.  395  We  are,  therefore,  entitled  to  apply  Occam's  razor 
to  this  theory  of  causality.  1879  BROWNING  Pheidippidcs  86 
Here  am  I  hack,  .we  stand  no  more  on  the  razor's  edge  ! 
t  c.  transf.  The  tusk  of  a  boar  (Phillips  1 706). 

2.  fa.   Applied   to   certain  fishes:    cf.  RAZOR- 
PISH  2.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1440  Prontp.  Parv.  424/1  Rasowre,  fysche,  rasorins. 
1530  PALSGR.  261/1  Rasour  a  fysshe.  1601  HOLLAND /Y/>y 
II.  428  There  is  a  fish  called  a  Rasoir:  looke  whatsoever 
toucheth  it,  senteth  presently  of  Yron. 

b.  =RAZOK-FISH  i,  RAZOR-SHELL. 

1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  ill.  xxiii.  (1611)  170  The  rest  of 
the  crusted  sort  of  fishes  I  will  passe  puer  viz.  Crabs, 
Lobsters,  Creuisses,  Cuttles,  Razers,  Shrimpes  &C.  1805 
BARRY  Orkney  Isl.  287  The  Razor  . .  or,  as  we  name  it,  the 
spout-fish,  is  also  found  in  sandy  places.  1869  WOOD  Com. 
Shells  (ed.  3)  32  The  common  species,  the  Sabre  Razor 
(Solen  cnsis) . .  another  species  the  Pod  Razor  (Selen  siliqna). 
Ibid.  34  It  would  scarcely  be  recognized  as  belonging  to  the 
Razors. 

3.  attHb.  and  Comb.  a.  With  sbs.,as  razor  blade, 
case,  handle,  hone,  knife,  -maker,  mettle,  -seller, 
sheath,  strop,  -stropping,  wit. 

1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Tiirtitnglll.  1051  The  "razor  blade  is 
polished  on  a  soft  buff  wheel  fed  with  dry  crocus.  1688 
Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2410/4  A  black  Velvet  embroidered  *Rasor 
Case,  with  3  or  4  Rasors.  1833  MACAULAY  in  Trevelyan 
Life  cV  Lett.  (1880)  I.  323,  I  have  bought  a  new.  .razor -case. 
1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  III.  1069  Two 'razor  handles 
or  scales  are . .  held  at  the  one  end  in  a  pair  of  clamps.  Ibid. 
1066  [The]  German  "Razor  Hone  ..  is  universally  known 
throughout  Europe.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  187  In  his  bond 
a  "rasour  knif  He  bar,  with  which  hire  throte  he  cutte. 
1865  I.ruBOcK  Pre/i.  Times  20  A  razor-knife  said  to  have 

24 


RAZOR. 

been  found  together  with  objects  of  the  latter  metal.  1677 
MOXON  Meek.  Excrc.  No.  3.  56  "Razor-makers  generally 
clap  a  small  Bar  of  Venice  Steel  between  two  small  Bars  of 
Flemish  Steel.  1767  S.  PATERSON  Another  Trav.  I.  416 
An  infinite  number  of.  .jack-smiths  and  razor-makers.  1679 
J.  GOODMAN  Penit.  Pardoned  ill.  i.  (1713)  264  Great  wits 
and  curious  tempers  are  like  'razor-mettle  quickly  turned. 
1782  WOLCOTT  (P.  Pindar)  (title)  The  "Razor  Seller.  1812 
W.  DOOLEY  in  Examiner  31  Aug.  552/r  A  'razor-sheath 
was  found.  1822  Gill's  Tec/in.  Rcpos.  111.42  On  Improved 
Razors  and  "Razor-Strops.  1815  SIMOND  ToitrGt.  Brit.  II. 
278  He  gave  me  a  lesson  of 'razor-stropping.  1786  WOLCOTT 
(P.  Pindar)  Ep.  Boswell  Wks.  1816  I.  246  No  "Razor-wit, 
for  want  of  use,  grows  rusty. 

b.  With  adjs.,  as  razor-bladcd,  -bowed,  -edged, 
-leaved,  -shaped,  -tongaed,  -weaponed. 

1765  Ann.  Reg:  215  The  two  boys  had  found  a  "razor 
bladed  clasp  knife.  1883  Royal  River  xii.  338  The  "razor 
bowed  craft  move  slowly  out.  1807-8  W.  IRVING  Salmag. 
(1824)  128  The  'razor-edged  zephyrs  of  our  '  balmy  spring'. 
1831  J.  W.  CROKER  in  C.  Papers  (iWi,)  1 1.  xvi.  r43  Warburton 
has  given  us  razor-edged  disquisitions,  fine  and  false.  1878 
T.  HARDY  Return  of  Native  n.  iv,  Urns  ..  used  as  flower 
pots  for  two  'razor-leaved  cactuses.  1897  MARY  KINGSLEY 
W.  Africa  236  Small  black  and  white  birds  . .  with  heavy 
"razor-shaped  bills.  1873  O.  W.  HOLMES  Rhymes  of  an 
Hour  i,  The  saucy-aproned,  "razor-tongued  soubrette.  1828 
SOUTH EY  Let.  to  A.  Cunningham,  When  at  the  looking- 
glass  with  lather'd  chin,  And  'razor-weapon'd  hand  I  sit. 

c.  Special  combs.,  as  razor-bridge,  the  bridge 
Al  Sirdl,  believed  by  Mohammedans  to  lead  over 
hell;    f  razor  -  chirurgeon,    a    barber -surgeon; 
razor-elam  (U.S.)  =  razor-shell,  RAZOR-FISH  i  ; 
razor-edge,  a  keen  edge,  fig.  a  narrow  foothold, 
a  critical  situation  (cf.  razor's  edge  in  I  b) ;  razor- 
grass,  a  West  Indian  sedge  (Scleria  flagellum  or 
stindens)    with    sharp-edged    leaves    and   stems ; 
razor-paper,  paper  specially  made  for  sharpening 
razors  on  (Knight  1875) ;  razor-paste,  a  paste  of 
emery-  or  crocus-powder  for  improving  razor-strops. 

1812  SIR  R.  WILSON  Diary  in  Life  I.  380  The  paths  . . 
almost  realize  the  perils  of  the  "razor-bridge  of  Mahomet. 
1624  GF.E  J-'cot  out  of  Snare  X  2  b,  The  "Rasor-Chirurgions, 
very  many  of  them  Popish.  1882  SIMMONDS^  Diet.  Usej. 
Anim.,  Razor  Fish,  in  America  Solen  ensis  is  called  the 
"razor  clam.  1687  DRYDEN  Hind  $  P.  in.  688  You  have 
ground  the  persecuting  knife  And  set  it  to  a  "razor  edge  on 
fife.  1861  Sat.  Rev.  7  Sept.  238  On  the  closest  verge  of 
destruction,.,  on  the  very  razor-edge  of  fate.  1877  E.  CAIRO 
Philos.  Kant  II.  xix.  664  Kant  is  solicitous  to  maintain  him 
self  on  the  exact  razor-edge  of  critical  orthodoxy.  1871  C. 
KINGSLEY  At  Last  viii,  Yonder  beautiful  green  pest,  .. 
namely,  a  tangle  of  'Razor-grass.  1879  BARON  EGGERS 
J'lora  St.  Croix  109  Razor-grass.  1851  MAYHEW  Lond. 
Labour  I.  429/2  Of  the  Street-Sellers  of  .  ."Razor  Paste. 

Razor  (rci'zai),  v.  [f.  prec.]  trans.  To  shave 
as  with  a  razor ;  to  cut  down. 

1827  POLLOK  Course  T.  vn.  (1860)  182  Upon  the  head  that 
time  had  razored  bare  Rose  bushy  locks.  1872  DE_MoRGAN 
Budget  of  Paradoxes  337  He  has  announced  his  intention 
of  bringing  me.  .4159265. .razored  down  to  25. 

fRa-zorable,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  RAZOR  rf.]  Capable 
of,  or  fit  for,  being  shaved. 

1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  n.  i.  250  The  man  i'th  Moone's  too 
slow,  till  new-borne  chinnes  Be  rough  and  Razor-able. 

Ra'zor-back,  sb.  and  a.     [f.  RAZOR  st>.] 

A.  sb.   1.  The  Razor-back  whale  or  Rorqual. 
1832   LYELL  Princ.  Geol.   II.  278  The  other  [whale].. 

mentioned  by  Sibbald  ..  was  probably  a  Razor-back.  1850 
SCORESBY  Checver's  Whalem.  Adv.  vi.  (1858)  77  The  razor- 
back  is  sometimes  met  with  one  hundred  and  five  feet  long. 

2.  A  pig  having  a  sharp  ridge-like  back. 

Now  chiefly  applied  to  a  half-wild  breed  of  hogs  common 
in  the  southern  United  States ;  cf.  razor-backed. 

1867  HAWKER  Prose  Wks.  (1893)  149  Prominent  among 
them  the  old  Cornish  razor-back  asserted  his  pre-eminence 
of  height  and  bone.  1901  Munsey's  Mag.  XXIV.  494/1  In 
the  vernacular  of  the  South,  they  were  razor  backs. . .  Never 
theless,  these  two  hogs  had  a  value. 

B.  adj.  Having  a  very  sharp  back  or  ridge. 
1836    Uncle  Philip's  Cowers.    Whale   Fishery  34  The 

'  Razor-back  whale '  . .  is  longer  and  stronger  and  swifter 
than  any  other  sort.  1859  TROLLOPS  West  Indies  iii.  (1860) 
50  Riding  over  some  of  these  razorback  crags. 

So  Ka'zor-backed  a. 

1829  Sporting  Mag.  XXIV.  ri6  A  razor-backed  yellow 
tit.  1846  You  ATT  Fig-v'l.  (1847)  69  The  old  Cornish  hog,  a 
large . .  razor-backed  animal.  1885  Times  (weekly  ed.)  r  3  Feb. 
1/3  A  high  ridge  of  razor-backed  hills.  1894  Outing  (U.  S.) 
XXIV.  336/2  Their.,  razor-backed  hogs  climb  the  steep  hills 
like  goats. 

Ra-zor-bill.     [f.  RAZOR  sb.  +  BILL  sb.2] 

1.  A  name  given  to  various  birds. 

a.  A  species  of  AUK  (A  lea  tordtf). 

1674  RAY  Collect.  Words,  Water  Fowl  92  The  Rasor-bill ; 
Auk  or  Murre.  1768  PENNANT  Zool.  II.  403  Razor-bill.  .. 
These  birds,  in  company  with  the  Guillemot,  appear  in  our 
seas  the  beginning  of  February.  1865  GOSSE  Land  <$•  Sea 
(1874'  40  The  guillemots  sitting  in  rows,  . .  bolt  upright,  the 
manner  of  sitting  common  to  the  puffins  and  razor-bills. 

b.  U.S.  The  Cut-water  or  Skimmer.  rare~l. 
1794  MORSE  A  liter.  Geog.  (1796)  I.  214  Shear  Water  or 

Razor  Bill.     1832  in  WEBSTER. 

c.  'The  red-breasted  merganser,  Mergus  serrator ' 
(Hants  Gloss.  1883). 

2.  attrib.  Razor-billed. 

1894  Westm.  Gaz.  9  Aug.  4/2  A  young  razorbill  puffin 
came  alongside. 

So  Ba-zor-ljilled  a.,  having  a  bill  resembling  a 
razor  (applied  spec,  to  certain  birds :  see  quots.). 

1748  CATESBY  California  App.  103  The  Razor-billed 
Black-bird  of  Jamaica.  This  Bird  is  somewhat  less  than 


186 

our  Jack-da\v.     1824  LATHAM  Gen.  Hist.  Birds  X.  63  Razor- 
billed  Auk. 
f  Ra-zored,  a.  rare~'.    Sharp-edged. 

1613  HEYWOOD  Silver  Age  III.  i,  Be  his  teeth  razored,  and 
his  talons  keen,..  Yet  I  ere  night  will  case  me  in  his  skin. 

Ra'zor-fish.     [f.  RAZOR  s/>.] 

1.  Any  bivalve  mollusk    of  the  germs  So/en  or 
family  Solenidx,  having  a  long  narrow  shell  like 
the  handle  of  a  razor;  esp.  the  European  species 
Solen  ensis  or  siliqua,  common  on  sandy  shores. 

1602  CAREW  Cornwall  i.  32  The  Sheath,  or  Razor-fish, 
resembleth  in  length  and  bignesse  a  mans  finger.  1632  T. 
MORTON  New  Eng.  Canaan  n.  vii.  (1838)  62  Raser-hshes 
there  are.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp,,  Dactylus,.  .a  name 
used  by  many  authors  for  the  solen  or  razor-fish.  1802-3  tr- 
Pallas's  Trav.  (1812)  II.  466,  I  have  nowhere  met  with  any 
rare  sea-muscles ;  only  the  razor-fish,  or  Solen,  of  the  Bos- 
phorus.  1884  GOODE  Usef.  Aquatic  Anim.  707  The  Cali- 
fornian  Razor-fish  (Siliqnapatitla)  is  also  edible. 

2.  A  Mediterranean  labroid  fish  (Xyrichthys  tio- 
vaciila) ;  also,  a  related  W.  Indian  fish  (X.  Kneatus). 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.,  Novacula  piscis.  the  rasor- 
fish  . .  the  name  of  a  sea-fish  caught  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  some  other  seas.  [Description  follows.] 

Rn,  zor-gri:iicler.     [f.  RAZOK  s&.~\ 

1.  One  who  grinds  or  sharpens  razors. 

1833  Boston  Herald  19  Mar.  4/3,  I  afterwards  met  a  razor 
grinder  and  his  wife.  1886  BESANT  Childr.  Gibeon  n.  ii, 
They  are  buhl  cutters,,  .razor  grinders,  glass  bevellers. 

2.  A  name  given  to  various  birds  :  a.  The  Aus 
tralian  Dishwasher  or  Restless  Fly-catcher  (Seisitra 
inquieta).     b.  dial.  The  Night-jar,     c.  dial.  The 
Grasshopper  Warbler. 

a.  1825  VIGORS  in  Trans.  Linn.  Sac.  XV.  250  A  loud  noise 
.  .caused  by  a  rasor-grinder  when  at  work.    1848  R.  HOWITT 
Australia  332  The  razor-grinder,  fitly  so  called  from  making 
a  grinding  noise  as  it  wavers  in  one  position  a  foot  or  two 
from  the  ground. 

b.  1895  P.  H.  EMERSON  Birds,  etc.  Norfolk  153  The  night- 
hawk,  or  big  razor-grinder,  as  he  is  more  rarely  called  in  the 
Broadlands. 

0.  1895  P.  H.  E.MERSOM  Birds,  etc.  Norfolk  50  This  shy, 
mysterious  bird,  the  'razor-grinder',  as  he  is  often  called  in 
the  Broad  district. 

Ra'zor-shell.  [f.  RAZOR  sl>. :  see  quot.  1869.] 
The  shell  of  a  Razor-fish,  or  the  mollusk  together 
with  its  shell. 

1752  SIR  J.  HILL  Hist.  Anim.  170  The  large,  brown, 
common  Solen,  called  the  Razor-shell  and  Sheath-shell. 
1794  Collect.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  (1810)  III.  199  The  shores 
and  marshes  afford  large  and  small  clams,  quahaugs,  razor- 
shells,  . .  and  cockles.  1869  WOOD  Com.  Shells  (ed.  3)  3r 
That  curious  family  which  are  appropriately  termed  Razor- 
shells,  because,  when  perfect,  the  shell  looks  something  like 
the  handle  of  a  closed  razor.  Ibid.  32  All  the  Razor-shells 
are  edible. 

Razour,  obs.  form  of  RIZZAB.  St. 

Razure,  variant  of  RASURE. 

Razy,  obs.  form  of  RACY. 

II  Razzia  (rarzia).  [a.  F.  razzia,  ad.  Algerian 
Arab.  i>\\£.  ghasiah,  var.  Arab,  ghazvuah,  ghazah 
war,  battle,  military  expedition,  raid  against  infidels, 
f.  ghasw  to  make  war.  Cf.  Pg.  gazia,  gaziva,  from 
the  same  source. 

The  initial  r  of  the  French  form  represents  a  pron.  of  the 
Ar.  e.  approaching  to  a  guttural  r  (ghr),  also  indicated  in 
the  form  ghrazzie  formerly  used  by  some  English  writers  : — 
1821  CAPT.  LYON  Trait.  N.  Africa  vi.  262  None  but  ihe 
Bedouins  appear  to  approve  of  these  ghrazzies.  1826 
DENHAM  Trav.  75  These  people  could  lead  3000  men  into 
action,  for  his  ghrazzie  was  to  consist  of  that  number. 

Some  recent  Diets,  give  the  pron.  as  (raj'tsia)  on  the 
analogy  of  Italian  words  of  similar  form.] 

A  hostile  incursion,  foray  or  raid,  for  purposes  of 
conquest,  plunder,  capture  of  slaves,  etc.,  as  prac 
tised  by  the  Mohammedan  peoples  in  Africa ;  also 
transf.  of  similar  raids  by  other  nations. 

1845  Aihenzinn  8  Feb.  144  If  half  those  seized  survive  the 
atrocities  of  the  razzia  and  the  march,  it  is  considered  an 
excellent  speculation.  1861  J.  G.  SHEPPARD  Fall  Rome  ix. 
515  The  wars  of  Charlemagne  . .  were  something  very 
different  from  the  freebooting  razzias  of  his  Merovingian 
predecessors. 

b.  Jig.  =  RAID  2  c. 

1859  GREEN  Lett.  (1901)  29  One  of  our  maids  has  been 
making  a  razzia  in  my  study.  1865  MERIVALE  Rom.  Emp. 
VIII.  Ixiii.  25  He  executed  what . .  we  might  call  a  razzia 
upon  the  remnant  of  the  culprits. 

Ra-zzle-da-zzle.  slang.  A  word,  app.  of  recent 
(U.S.)  coinage,  used  to  express  the  ideas  of  be 
wilderment  or  confusion,  rapid  stir  and  bustle, 
riotous  jollity  or  intoxication,  etc. 

1890  GUNTER  Miss  Nobody  xv  (/leading)  Little  Gussie's 
Razzle  Dazzle.     1892  KIPLING  &  BALESTIER  Naulahka  88 
There  isn't  enough  real  downright  rustle  and  razzle-dazzle.. 
to  run  a  milk-cart.     1899  Westm.  Gaz.  10  Mar.  3/1  Dick, 
who  is  still  on  the  '  razzle  dazzle '. 

b.  (See  quot.) 

1891  Daily  News  27  July  3/1  A  new  type  of  roundabout, 
called 'Razzle  Dazzle '.which  gives  its  occupants  the  pleasant 
(or  otherwise)  sensations  of  an  excursion  at  sea. 

So  Razzle-dazzle  v.  trans.,  to  dazzle,  daze, 
'bamboozle',  etc.  Bazzle-dazzler  (see  quot.). 

1890  GUNTER  Miss  Nobody  xiv,  I'm  going  to  razzle-dazzle 
the  boys.. with  my  great  lightning  change  act.  1897  Daily 
Nelt'S  10  Aug.  5/2  Two  dozen  pair  of  plain  socks  and  half  a 
dozen  pair  of  the  sort  known  as  '  razzle-dazzlers '. 

Be  (l*')i  sbl     Also  6  rey.     [The  first  syllable 


RE-. 

1   of  L.  resondrc ;  see  GAMUT.]     a.  The  second  note 

i   of  Guide's  hexachords,  and  of  the  octave  in  modern 

solmization.     b.  (As  in  Fr.  and  It.)     The  note 

D,  the  second  of  the  natural  scale  of  C  major,  (rare.) 

£1325  [see  G-SOL-RE-UT].  a  1529  SKELTON  Bowgc  Conrte 
258  A  balade  boke  before  me  for  to  laye,  And  lerne  me  to 
synge,  Re,  my,  fa,  sol.  c  1550  Armonye  of  Byrdes  185  in 
Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  III.  194  Chaungyng  their  key  From  ut  to 
:  rey.  1596  SHAKS.  Tarn.  Shr.  III.  i.  74  A  re,  to  plead  Hor- 
tensio's  passion.  Ibid.  77  D  sol  re,  one  Cliffe,  two  notes 
haue  I.  1636  WALLER  To  Mr.  Henry  Lawes,  Let  those 
which  only  warble  long,.  .Content  themselves  with  Ut,  Re, 
Mi.  18x8  BUSBY  Gram.  Music  60  Whatever  the  key  in 
which  the  octave  is  taken,  do  is  the  tonic,  re  the  supertonic. 

Hence  t  Be  v.  (in  nonce-use). 

1592  SHAKS.  Rom.  ff  Jul.  iv.  v.  121,  I  will  carie  no 
Crochets,  He  Re  you,  He  Fa  you,  do  you  note  me? 

||  Re  (rf),  sb.-  [Ablative  of  L.  res  thing,  affair.] 
In  the  matter  of,  referring  to. 

The  L.  phr.  in  re  is  similarly  used  (t  formerly  also  =  in 
reality).  Re  infecta,  'with  the  matter  unfinished  or  un 
accomplished  ',  has  also  been  freq.  employed  in  Eng. 

1707  HEARNE  Collect.  17  May  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  14  Amused  by 
Charlett's  trick  re  Tacitus. 

Re,  obs.  sing,  rees  REIS  (Portuguese  money). 
Re,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  ROE,  deer. 
Re-,  prefix,  of  Latin  origin,  with  the  general 
sense  of  'back'  or  'again',  occurring  in  a  large 
number  of  words  directly  or   indirectly  adopted 
from  Latin,  or  of  later  Romanic  origin,  and  on  the 
model  of  these  freely  employed  in  English  as  a 
prefix  to  verbs,  and  to  substantives  or  adjectives 
I    derived  from  these. 

In  earlier  Latin  re-  was  used  before  consonants,  and  red. 
before  vowels  or  /*-,  as  in  redlre,  rcdimere,  redhibere  (rarely 
in  other  cases,  as  in  red-dire).  The  latter  form  appears  in 
Eng.  only  in  a  few  words  which  are  ultimately  of  Latin 
origin,  as  redeem,  redemption,  redintegrate.  In  later  Latin 
the  form  with  d  was  no  longer  in  use,  and  re-  was  employed 
before  vowels  as  well  as  consonants,  as  in  rexdificare, 
reagere,  reexpectdre,  reilliiminare,  etc. 

In  a  few  words  adopted  from  French  the  prefix  has  so 
coalesced  with  the  main  part  of  the  word  that  its  real  nature 
is  obscured.     In  some  cases  this  is  due  to  the  combination 
of  re-  with  another  prefix,  as  ad-  (Fr.  a-)  or  in-  (Fr.  en.). 
For  examples  of  these  types,  see  RANSOM,  RALLY,  RAMPART. 
2.  The  original  sense  of  re-  in  Latin  is  that  of 
'back'  or  '  backwards',  but  in  the  large  number 
of  words  formed  by  its  use,  the  prefix  acquires 
various  shades  of  meaning,  of  which  the  following 
are  the  most  clearly  marked,     a.  '  Back  from  a 
point  reached',  'back  to  or  towards  the  staiting- 
point',  as  in  recedere  to  draw  back,  reeurrere  to 
run  back,  redficere  to  lead  back,  referre  to  carry 
back,  refugere  to  flee  back,  remittere  to  send  back, 
respicere  to  look  back,  retrahfre  to  pull  back, 
revocare   to  call  back.     Sometimes  the  sense  of 
'  backwards '  is  also  implied,  as  in  resilire  to  spring 
back  or  backwards.    The  return  of  light  and  sound 
is  expressed  in  such  verbs  as  reluclre  and  remdere 
to  shine  or   flash  back,  reboare  to  bellow  back, 
'    rcsondre  to  echo,  resound.     In  many  cases  the  idea 
of  force  is  present,  as  in  re/lecture  to  bend  back, 
repelllre  to  drive  back,  reprimere  to  force  back, 
rescindHre  to  cut  back ;  hence  arises  the  sense  of 
resistance,  as  in  reluclan  to  struggle  against,  re- 
pugndre   to   fight   against,  reclamare  to  cry  out 
against,  recilsdre  to  refuse.     Occasionally  the  sense 
passes  into  that  of  '  away',  as  in  removcre  to  move 
back  or  away,  revellere  to  pull  away  or  off.     b. 
'Back  to  the  original  place  or  position',  as  in 
recondere,  reponere,  restilulre,  etc.  to  put  back, 
replace;   freq.  implying  'back  to  one's  hands  or 
possession ',  as  in  recipfre  to  take  back,  redimfre 
to  buy  back,  repemifre  to  pay  back,  resiimere  to 
take  back.     C.  '  Again ', '  anew ',  originally  in  cases 
implying  restoration  to  a  previous  state  or  condition, 
and  frequently  occurring  as  a  secondary  sense  in 
verbs  of  the  two  classes  already  mentioned  ;  further 
!    examples  are  recrcdre  to  create  again,  reficlre  to 
make  again,  reformdre  to  form  again,  renovdre  to 
make  new  again,  refrighcere  to  grow  cold  again, 
reviresdre  to  grow  green  again.     This  naturally 
passes  into  cases  where  the  action  itself  is  done 
a  second  time,  as  recoqiicre  to  cook  or  bake  again, 
t    refricare  to  rub  again,  regenerate  to  produce  again, 
retractare  to  handle  again,  etc.    This  class  of  words 
'   is  largely  augmented  in  later  Latin,  as  reseJifaart 
to  build  again,  rebaptizare  to  baptize  again,-etc. 
Many  of  these  later  compounds  have  been  adopted 
in  English,  and  have  chiefly  supplied  the  models 
i   for  the  new  formations  illustrated  in  §  5.     d.  In 
'   some  cases  re-  has  the  same  force  as  Eng.  «»-, 
!    implying  an  undoing  of  some  previous  action,  as 
j   in  recingtre  to  ungird,  rediidlre  to  unclose,  to^open, 
•   refigfre  to  unfix,  resignare  to  unseal,  revelare  to 
;    unveil.    More  rarely  it  expresses  direct  negation,  as 
i   in  reprobdre  to  disapprove  of.   e.  'Back  in  a  place', 
i.e.  'from  going  forward',  with  verbs  of  keeping 
or  holding,  as  retinere  to  hold  back,  religare  to  tie 


BE-. 

back  or  up,  rcfrlnare  to  rein  back,  reprchendlre 
to  (seize  and)  keep  back ;  or  '  without  going  on  or 
forward '  with  verbs  of  rest,  as  remanere,  residire, 
restart  to  stay  or  stop  behind,  reqtiiiscere  to  stay 
quiet,  etc.  Other  shades  of  this  sense  appear  in 
relinquere  to  leave  behind,  reservare  to  keep  back, 
store  up. 

Even  in  Latin  the  precise  sense  of  re-  is  not  always  clear, 
and  in  many  words  the  development  of  secondary  meanings 
tends  greatly  to  obscure  its  original  force.  This  loss  of 
distinct  meaning  is  naturally  increased  in  English,  when  the 
word  has  been  adopted  in  a  sense  more  or  less  remote  from 
the  strict  etymological  significance  of  the  two  elements 
which  compose  it.  In  many  cases  the  simple  word  to  which 
the  prefix  is  attached  is  wanting  in  English ;  in  others  a 
change  of  sound  or  shifting  of  stress  frequently  assists  in 
disguising  its  original  sense. 

In  the  Romance  languages,  as  in  later  Latin,  extensive 
use  was  made  of  re-  as  a  prefix  in  verbs  and  verbal  derivy- 
tives,  and  some  of  the  words  thus  formed  are  among  the 
earliest  which  were  adopted  in  English,  the  immediate 
source  being  OF.  To  these  and  later  adoptions  from  French 
belong  many  of  the  commonest  words  beginning  with  re-, 
as  rebate,  rcbontui,  rebuke,  rebut,  recoil,  redress,  refresh, 
regain,  regard,  regret,  remark,  etc. 
3.  Words  formed  with  the  prefix  re-  first  make 
their  appearance  in  English  about  the  year  1200. 
In  the  Ancren  A'iw/e.the  first  text  in  which  such 
forms  are  prominentAthere  occur  recluse,  recoil, 
record,  relief,  religioit^  religious,  and  remission. 
Towards  the  end  of  the  century  Robert  of  Gloucester 
uses  rebel,  receit,  release,  relic,  relief,  remue,  repent, 
restore,  revest.  In  the  I4th  c.  the  stock  is  largely 
increased,  especially  in  the  writings  of  Langland, 
Chaucer,  Wyclif,  and  Trevisa,  and  by  the  year  1400 
the  number  in  common  literary  use  is  very  consider 
able.  During  the  ijth  c.  the  additions  are  of  less 
importance,  but  about  the  middle  of  the  i6th  an 
extensive  adoption  of  Latin  forms  or  types  begins  ; 
the  French  element  at  this  time  is  small  in  com 
parison,  though  it  includes  some  important  words. 
Towards  the  end  of  the  i6th  c.  re-  begins  to  rank 
as  an  ordinary  English  prefix,  chiefly  employed 
with  words  of  Latin  origin,  but  also  freely  prefixed 
to  native  verbs,  a  practice  rare  before  this  period, 
though  Wyclif,  Trevisa,  and  others  have  renew 
(after  L.  renovare).  Such  formations,  however,  are 
common  in  Elizabethan  writers  :  Shakespeare  has 
recall,  regrcet  (frequent),  relive,  requicken,  resend, 
respeak,restem,retell  (thrice), and  reword, and  many 
others  occur  in  contemporary  literature,  as  rebuild, 
recast,  refitid,  rejlow,  regather,  etc.  Since  1 600  the 
use  of  the  prefix  has  been  very  extensive,  though  the 
\number  of  individual  formations  appears  to  have 
Been  smaller  in  the  i8th  century  than  in  the  1 7th 
and  i gth. 

The  rapidly  increasing  use  of  re-  in  the  early  part  of  the 
17th  c.  is  strongly  marked  in  the  dictionaries  of  Florio  and 
Cotgrave,  both  of  whom  freely  invent  forms  with  this  prefix 
to  render  Italian  or  French  words  which  begin  with  it. 
Many  of  these  reapp_ear  at  a  later  date,  and  most  of  them 
might  be  formed  again  at  any  time :  the  following  may  be 
quoted  as  specimens  of  those  which  have  obtained  little  or 
no  currency  in  later  writers. 

159-8  FLORIO,  RabbeUinteHto,  a  ..  rebeauetifying.  Ri- 
meritare,  to  remerit  or  deserue  againe.  1611  —  Rac- 
cordare,  . .  to  reaccord.  Ricapricciare,  to  re-affright.  ^?(- 
cowbattere,  to  recombat  or  fight  againe.  Ricompire,  to 
recomplish  or  end  againe.  Riiioccctre,  to  re-enbogue,  to  re- 
mouth.  Ritnaledittione,  a  remalediction.  Rimollire, . .  to 
remollifie,  to  resoften.  Risfei'so,  resprinckled.  Ristoppare, 
to  restop,  to  stop  againe.  1611  COTGR.,  Rabuser,  to  re- 
abuse.  Reaffrancki,  reaffranchised.  Reblatidir,  to  re* 
blandish.  Redaigncr,  to  redaign.  Rabiluer,  to.  .reinure. 
4.  In  English  formations,  whether  on  native  or 
Latin  bases,  re-  is  almost  exclusively  employed  in 
the  sense  of  '  again ' ;  the  few  exceptions  to  this 
have  been  directly  suggested  by  existing  Latin  com 
pounds,  as  recall  after  L.  revocare.  In  one  or  other 
application  of  this  sense,  re-  may  be  prefixed  to  any 
English  verb  or  verbal  derivative,  as  rearrange,  re- 
arranger,  rearrangement ;  reignite,  reignitible,  re- 
ignition;  resaddle,  resaddling;  resettlement,  etc. 
In  all  words  of  this  type  the  prefix  is  pronounced 
with  a  clear  e  (if),  and  frequently  with  a  certain 
degree  of  stress,  whereas  in  words  of  Latin  or 
Romanic  origin  the  vowel  is  usually  obscured 
or  shortened,  as  in  repair  (r^pe»u),  reparation 
(repawi'Jan).  In  this  way  double  forms  arise, 
with  difference  of  meaning,  which  in  writing  are 
usually  distinguished  by  hyphening  the  prefix,  as 
recoil  and  re-coil,  recover  and  re-cover,  recreate  and 
re-create.  The  hyphen  is  also  frequently  employed 
even  where  there  is  no  doublet,  when  emphasis  is 
laid  on  the  idea  of  repetition,  as  bind  and  re-bind, 
or  when  the  main  element  begins  with  a  vowel ; 
.  before  e  it  is  usual  to  insert  the  hyphen,  as  re-emerge, 
re-enter,  re-estimate,  the  use  of  the  direresis,  as 
reemerge,  reenter,  being  much  less  frequent. 

There  is  naturally  a  greater  tendency  to  give  full  stress  to 
the  prefix  when  the  simple  word  precedes  the  compound,  as 
in  make  and  re-make,  state  and  re-state ',  this  may  also 


pendence  ot  buenos  Ayr 
bours?  1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  fy  Mining ^-z  Sent  back 
. .  to  the  first  pair  of  rolls  for  *recrushing.  1827  SOUTHEV//W/. 
Peitins.  War  II.  418  He  consented  to  "re-decimate  those  on 
whom  the  lot  had  fallen.  1815  JANE  AUSTEN  Emma.  i.  ix, 
He  re-urged—  she  *re-declined.  1876  BANCROFT  Hist.  U.  S. 
VI.  572  He  "redeserts,  and  offers  to  negotiate  for  return  of 
colonies  to  allegiance.  1830  W.  TAYLOR  Hist.  Sitrv.  Germ. 
Poetry  II.  76  [A  panegyric  which]  has  not  been *redeserved 
by  any  subsequent  poet.  1862  H.  SPENCER  First  Princ.  II. 
xv.  §  119  (1875)^35  Meanwhile  each  of  these  differentiated 
tissues  is  "re-differentiated.  1875  BLACKMORE  Alice  Lor 
raine  II.xxiii.3i5The  British  army,,  .sternly  *redisciplined, 
was  eager  to  bound  forward.  1807  in  Spirit  Pub.  Jrnls. 
XI.  353  The  first  expedition,  .was  embarked,  disembarked, 
re-embarked,  *re-disembarked,  about  ten  times  in  ten 


1882  Rep.  to  Ho.  Repr.  free.  Met.  U.S.  623  The 
gold  has  been  *redissolved  and  reprecipitated.  1872  $tk 
Rep.  Dep.  Kpr.  Irel.  n  The  *re-docketing  and  revival 
books.  1830  M.  DONOVAN  Dam.  Econ.  I.  87  Malt  that  has 
suffered  injury. .will  not  be  recovered  by  *redrying it.  1879 
Alncm.  Mag.  XL.  135  The  opportunities  of  *re-earning  a 
character.  1811—31  HENTHAM  Logic  Wks.  1843  VIII.  225 
Recession  out  of  or  "re-emanation  from  it.  1858  BUSHNELL 
Serin.  New  Life  374  The  torpid  creatures  ..  "re-empowered 
with  life.  1815  Zeluca  III.  212  Zeluca  devoted  all  her 
attention  to  *re-engrossing  him.  1823  BENTHAM  Not  Paul 
376  Peter  imprisoned,  enlarged,  recommitted,  examined,  and 
*reenlarged.  1865  MASSON  Ri!c.  Brit.  Pkilos.  65  Let  us 
"re-enumerate  them.  1881  Li;  CONTE  Sight  97  After  this 
explanation  we  "reenunciate  the  law  of  corresponding  points. 
1869  H.  SniNCER  Print,  Psyclwl.  (1872)  I.  283  The  *re. 


187 

happen,  but  in  a  less  degree,  in  caaes  where  ;•*;-  does  not 
mean  '  again  ',  as  <i<  /  and  react. 

b.  Re-  is  occasionally  doubled  or  evui  trebled 
(usually  with  hyphens  inserted)  to  express  fuither 
repetition  of  an  action,  but  this  practice  is  rarely 
adopted  in  serious  writing,  although  re-  is  readily 
prefixed  to  words  of  which  it  aheady  forms  the 
fust  element,  as  re-recover,  re-reform. 

1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  3  April  1775  Re-re. 

re-tried  the  drill.     Not  yet  com  pleat  !     1838  MOORE  Mem. 

(1856)  VII.  218  A  late  publication  (or  rather  re-re-publication 

of  Bowles's).     1844  Sou i HEY  Life  Andrew  Bell  II.  483, 

I  have  read,  re-read,  and  re-re-read  your  dedication. 

5.  The  extent  to  which  this  prefix  has  been  em- 

•    ployed  in  English  during  the  I9th  c.,  and  especially 

during  the  latter  half  of  it,  makes  it  impossible  lo 

attempt  a  complete  record  of  all  the  forms  resulting 

from  its  use.      The  number  of  these  is  practically 

!    infinite,  but  they  nearly  all  belong  to  one  or  other 

i    of  three  classes,  which  are  illustrated  by  the  quota- 

!    tions  given  below.     The  first  of  these  is  also  abun- 

;    dantly  represented  in  formations  of  the  ifth  and 

i    iSth  centuries,  which  are  entered  in  their  alpha- 

j    betical  places. 

a.  Prefixed  to  ordinary  verbs  of  action  (chiefly 
transitive)  and  to  derivatives  from  these,  sometimes 
denoting  that  the  action  itself  is  performed  a  second 
time,  and  sometimes  that  its  result  is  to  reverse  a 
previous  action  or  process,  or  to  restore  a  previous 
state  of  things  (cf.  2  c). 

\\  ith  nouns  of  action  the  force  of  the  prefix  may  fre 
quently  be  rendered  by  'second'  or  'new',  and  on  the 
analogy  of  these  words  it  has  sometimes  been  used  in  tins 
sense  with  other  sbs.,  as  re-charter,  re-invoice. 

1870  ANDERSON  Missions  Amer.  Bd.  III.  ix,  135  To  induce 
him  to  Reabandon  his  original  belief.  1879  Temple  Bar 
Mag.  Oct.  252  With  a  view  to  their  Reacclimatisation  in 
Switzerland.  1856  F.  E.  PAGET  Owlet  Owlst.  164  Mr.  Pagu 
was  too  discreet  to  Readjudicate  the  matter.  1885  Law 
Rep.  Weekly  Notes  151/2  Each  lot  will  be  sold  subject  to 
Re-admeasurement.  1883  Knowledge  6  July  6/2  When  the 
metal  becomes  dull,  Reamalgamalion  is  necessary.  1874 
SULLY  Sensation  %•  Intuition  80, 1  regret  having  overlooked 
this  Reannouncement  of  Mr.  Bain's  views.  1875  A.  Amt-r. 
Rev.  CXX.  103  To  Reapportion  the  supply  of  labor.  1884 
Fortn.  Re^'.  Nov.  707  The  Reapportionment  of  electoral 
power.  1853  KANE  GrinmtU Ext>,  xlii.  (1856)  394  Acting  as 
checks  or  wedges  to  prevent  their  Reapposition  and  cementa 
tion.  1821  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  XCVI.  195  The 
reexamination  and  Reappreciation  of  the  assertions.  1880 
NICHOL  Byron  84  His  frequent  resolutions,  made,  Re- 
asseverated,  and  broken.  1884  Law  Times  LXXVI.  333/2 
If  the  assignor  paid  his  debt  he  would  be  entitled  to  Re 
assignment.  i8oz-iz  BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic^.  Evid.  (1827) 
III.  285  The  force  of  expansion  and  contraction  (repulsion 
and  Re-attraction  i.  1826  DISRAELI  Viv.  Creyi.  i,  'I  won't 
have  my  hair  curl ',  .  .Rebawled  the  beauty.  1869  ting.  I 
Mech.  31  Dec.  389/3  The  wax  is  then  .,  Re-bleached.  1881 
Sat.  Rev.  24  Sept.  375  A  refurbishing  and Rebrandishing  of  I 
weapons.  1877  LE  CONTE  Klein.  Geol.  (1879)  8  These.. are  I 
broken  and  Rebroken  until  the  rock  is  reduced  to  dust.  I 

1877  MRS.  OLIPHANT  Makers  Flor.  iii.  74  The  Re-bursting     i 
forth  . .  of  the  pacificated  cities.     1880  E.  OPPERT  Forbid.  L.     \ 
iv.  no  Serious  efforts  for  their  recovery  or  Recaptivation.     j 

1878  NEWCO.MB  Pop,  Astron,  iv.  L  417  Tycho  Brahe  ..  Re-     ! 
catalogued   the   stars.     1885  Law   Times  LXXIX.   217/2 
The  effect  of  Re-certificating  a  man   who   has   been   dis 
honest.     1863  A^.  *(7.  3rd  Ser.  III.  218  Jupiter  ..  was  Re- 
chiselled  into  St.  Peter.     1885  Manch.  Exam.  17  Jan.  5/5 
Bills  deposited  by  the  principal  railway  companies  for  the 
Re-classification  of  their  rates.     1896  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med. 

I.  437  The  catheter  must  be  thoroughly  Recleansed.  1874 
T.  H.  GREEN  Introd.  Hume  (1890)  41  Why  make  them  over 
again  by  abstraction  and  Recomplication  ?  iS&^Law  Times 
LXXVI  I.  331/2  The  Divisional  Courts  have  been  Re-con 
demned.  1862  T.  A.  TROLLOPE  Marietta  II.  xii.  205  Cor 
rected  and  Recorrected  sheets.  1860  FAKRAR  Orig.  Lang, 


RE-. 

equilibration  of  constitution  and  conditions.  1851  C.  L. 
SMITH  tr.  Tasso  n.  Ixxxix,  His  reasoning  in  thei>e  uords  he 
Re-essayed.  iSia  J.  HKNKY  L'auiip.  agst.  Quebec  195  It 
often  Re-exhilarates  my  mind  to  remember  the  occurrences. 
1804-6  SYD.  SMITH  Mor.  Pldlos.  (1850)  282  A  writer  has  no 
such  ..  power  of  Re-explaining  them.  1831  T.  HOPE  Aii. 
Origin  Man  III.  301  The  Portuguese,  .first  made  the  power 


Dec.  5/3  In  Refeeding  a  fiie  in  a  large  grate.  1898  Mag, 
Art  Feb.  220  Firing  and  Re-firing  the  bronze  with  different 
acids.  1882  St.  James's  G<iz.  24  June  n/i  The  same 
offender  has  ..  become  liable  lo  be  Refiogged.  1886  C. 
SCOTT  Skeep'farttiing  zoo  He  quenches  his  thirst  as  he 
Re-fords  the  stream.  1882  NARES  Seamanship  ted.  6)  131 
*Refurl  the  sails.  1812  J.  SMYTH  Pract.  of  Customs  (1821) 
411  The  Warehouse-keeper  . .  issues  a  Note  for  Re-gauging 
in  tht:  following  form.  1884  Aihenseum  9  Feb.  191/3  The 
Rehanging  of  the  Turner  pictures . .  is  now  Lomplettd.  1866 
ODLING  A  aim.  Chem,  85  Reconvertible  ..  by  actual  or  po 
tential  dehydration.  1853  CLOLGH  Poems,  etc.  (1869)  I.  359 
note.  The  \\ord  spoom  ..  netms  hardly  lo  deserve  "re-im- 
pat nation.  1863  Sat.  A\z>,  10  Oct.  407  To  Re-indorse  old 
quotations  in  compliance  with  custom,  1872  Bi  sHNEt.L^SVrw. 
Living  Sitl'j.  281  To  be  unspheied  here  and  Reinspheved  in 
a  promised  life.  1826  W.  IRVING  in  Life  $  Lett,  (1864)  IV. 
403,  I  liave,  as  usual,  intended  and  Reintended  to  write  to 
you.  1868  LYELL  Princ.  Geol.  II.  in.  xxxiv.  255  Nothing 
less  than  the  Reinttnention  of  the  Deity  was  thought 
adequate.  1871  H.  SPENCER  Princ.  Psychol.  (1872)  II.  vn. 
iv.  356 The  Space.,  in  which  the  Re-intuition  or  imagination 
of  things  occurs.  1882  Knowledge  No.  16.  332  He.  .reduces 
the  image  ..  and  then  shows  it  by  Re-magnification.  1878 
F.  S.  WILLIAMS  Midi.  Railu:  359  Being  Re-marshalled  as 
empties  for  the  down  traffic.  1859  F.  MILLS  in  Athenaeum 
9  July  49  Ere  the  shining  valves  Remeet.  1881  H.  PHILLIPS 
tr.  Chamisso's  Faust  19  1  hy  empty  sounds  ..  *  Re-mirror  all 
the  shadows  of  thy  brain.  1861  LYTTON  &  FANE  Tann- 
hiiuser  34  That  ..*Remultiplies  the  praise  of  what  is  good. 
1863  LYITON  Caxlotiiana  I.  160  In  proportion  as  he  is 
alvviiys  Renourishinig  his  genius.  1881  Athenaeum  18  June 
824  3  A  considerable  portion  of  the  work  was  Re-orches 
trated.  1890  Anthony's  Photegr.  Bull.  III.  400  *Re-phoio- 
graphing  this  positive  and  ruled  screen  together.  1895 
BOYD  CARPENTER  Lect.P  reaching  \.§Q  The  thing,  .often  needs 
to  be  translated  and  Rephra>ed.  1884  St.  Nicholas  XI. 
379  They  begin  at  once  to  Repitch  their  tent.  1888  I>.  W. 
RICHARDSON  Son  of  a  Star  III.  v.  72  He  has  planned  and 
'replanned  this  day's  tactics.  1823  \\iSpirit  Pub.  Jrnls.  112 
The  ..  monopolist  .slowly  and  blankly  Repocket-booked  his 
authorities.  1882  FLOYER  Unexpl.  Baluchistan  83  The 
wheat  thus  pounded  was  Re-pounded  and  sifted.  1828 
Lights^  $  Shades  II.  87,  I  heard  a  shot  ..  and  saw  a  fellow 
with  his  gun  Reprepared.  1813  T.  BUSBY  Lucretius  II.  iv, 
Comtn.  xxviii,  Before  the  sound  can  be  Re-propagated  from 
that  point.  (11878  SIR  G.  SCOTT  Recoil,  iii.  (1879)  172  *Re- 
proportioning  it  with  reference  to  its  earlier  form.  1857 
TOUL.MIN  SMITH  Parish  136  Its  adoption  cannot  be  Re- 
proposed  under  a  year's  time.  1838  Civil  F.ng.  4-  Arch. 
Jrnl.  I.  194/2  At  noon  the  Repuddling  was  completed. 
1833  K.Fhi.E  in  Newmans  Lett.  (1891)  I.  453  Their  con 
tinual  puffing  and  Repulflng  each  other.  1804  EUGENIA  DE 
ACTON  Tale  without  Title  III.  87  '  Then  you  think  . .  that 
Mr.  Conyers  is  to  be  married  to-morrow !'  Requestioned 
Mrs.  Lambert.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Colnmb.  vm.  323  To  tongue 
mute  misery,  and  Re-rack  the  soul  With  crimes.  1881 
Mature  XXV.  15  The  Re-radiation  which  the  strip  almost 
instantaneously  exerts.  1815  MARY  FRA.MPTON  Jrnl.  (1885) 
246  If  [.Talleyrand]  has  refused  to  Re-rat.  1860  CAPT. 
DCNHAM  in  Merc.  Marine  Mag.  VII.  263  [We]  Re-rated 
chronometers.  1891  H.  SPENCER  Justice  54  This  violent 
reaction  will  be  followed  by  a  Re-reaction.  1864  PUSKY 
Lect.  Daniel  iii.  136  Its  provinces  rebelled, and  Re-rebelled. 
1882  H.  S.  HOLLAND  Logic  fy  Life  (ed.  3)  129  In  token  of 
his  Re-recognised  allegiance.  1837  GEN.  P.  THOMPSON 
Exerc.  (1842)  IV.  248  We  must  have  a  Re-reformed  one. 
1810  SOUTHEY  in  Q.  Rev.  III.  451  No  expression  of  regret 
escapes  the  Re-regenerated  sinner.  1884.  H.  SIENCER  in 
Coiitcnip.  Rev.  July  30  A  very  reasonable  rejoinder  this 
seems  until  there  comes  the  Re-rejoinder.  1861  Wheat  <$• 
Tares  284  He  would  repent  and  Re-repent,  and  die  the 
same.  1891  H.  SPENCER  Justice  47  Such  acts  of  revenge 
and  Re-revenge.  1878  NBWCOMB  Pop.  Astron.  m.  ii.  268 
We  can  even  see  the  Re-reversal  of  the  lines  already 
reversed.  1875  RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  1.  V.  29  Needlessly  Re- 
rooting  myself  in  the  old  [ground].  1897  P.  WARUNG  Tales 
Old  Regime  148  The  Comptroller  Re-scans  the  parchment 
and  the  application-form.  1809  Char,  in  Ann.  Reg.  734/1 
An  incessant  succession  of  conscious  sensations  or  Re- 
sensations.  1863  Q.  Rev.  Jan.  172  Only  seventy-five,  .were 
Resentenced  to  the  convict  prisons.  1884  Harpers  Mag. 


Fr,  i.  ii,  He  Re-shakes  hands  with  Twemlow.  a  1849  J.  C. 
MANGAN  Poems  (1859)  128  When  spring  Reshowers  her 
beams  on  the  plains.  1820  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  II.  709 
A  horrid  appetite  of  Re-skinning  himself.  1873  BENNETT  & 
'  CAVENDISH  '  Billiards  6  When  the  red  was  holed  it  was  Re. 
spotted.  1813-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  IV.  534  The 
superincumbent  hairs  falling  off  and  never  Resprouting. 
a  1849  POE  Man  that  was  used-up  Wks.  1864  IV.  323 
Presently  Re-squeaked  the  nondescript.  1822-34  Good's 
Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  III.  127  Such  particular  sense  ..Re- 
stimulated  into  action.  1854  J.  SCOFFERN  in  Orr's  Circ.  Sc. 
Chem.  490  The  copper  leaves,  by  further  Restratification, 
may  be  entirely  converted  into  sub-carbonate.  1859  R.  F. 
BURTON  Centr.  Afr.  in  Jrnl.  Geog.  Soc.  XXIX.  112  The 
fields  had  been  stripped  and  Restripped  by  every  passing 
caravan.  1848  LYTTON  K.  Arthur  \\.  Ixxxv,  He  spreads  it 
out . .  Strokes  and  Restrokes  it.  1895  G.  MACDONALD  Lilith 
xlii.  311  Rushing.,  to  Resubmerge  the  orchard  valley. 
a  1831  A.  KNOX  Rem,  (1844)  I.  62  *Re-submitting  to  the 
long  dissolved  chains.  1818  BENTHAM  Ch.  Eng,  236  The 
accession  of  Elizabeth,  and  the  Re-substitution  of  the  Pro 
testant  system.  1865  MRS.  WHITNEY  Gayworthys  xxv,  A 
certain  quick  spasm  of  keen  Re-sufferance  came  over  her. 
1888  A.  S.  WILSON  Lyric  of  Hopeless  Loi>c  171  My  fancy's 
wings  *Resweep  Hellenic  plains.  1862  Maon.  Mag.  Nov. 
24  One  kind  of  Anagram  noticed  by  Mr.  Wheatley..is  that 


RE-. 


188 


REACH. 


which  arises  not  from  the  rearrangement  or  transposition  of 
letters,  but  only  from  their  redivision  or  ^syllabification. 
1894  BARING-GOULD  Deserts  S.  France  I.  169  Grottoes  .. 
have  been  *retenanted.  1860  Merc.  Marine  Mag.  VII.  141 
Their  being  ..  *re-tested  when  returned  into  store.  1894 
BARING-GOULD  Kitty  Alone  III.  95  The  pros  and  cons  were 
thrashed  and  *re-thrashed.  1851  C.  L.  SMITH  tr.  Tasso  xix. 
xxvi,  Then  thrust  his  sword  and  "'re-thrust.  1864  Spectator 
440  That  he  only  sent  the  reports  back  for  the  Inspectors  to 
*re-tinker.  1852  R.  S.  SURTEES  Sfonge's  Sp.  Tour  1,1893)  59 
He  was  toasted  and  *re-toasted,  and  toasted  again.  1866 
Intell.  Obserz>.  No.  52.  302  *Re-tooled  the  whole  of  the 
inscription.  1839-48  BAILEY  fesins  xxiii.  (1848)  298,  I  now 
*retrack  my  course  to  earth.  1816  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly 
Mag.  XLI.  143  Echo  *retrampling  every  gritty  tread.  1805 
—  in  Robberds  Me»t.  II.  91  Transmit  the  annotated  manu 
script  to  me  for  *re-transcription.  1879  MRS.  A.  E.  JAMES 
Ind.  Househ.  Manage  in.  1 8  They  can  be  more  easily  altered 
and  *re-trimmed.  1833  J.  RENNIE  Alph.  Angling  €&  The 
hairs  . .  must  be  *retwisted.  1882  Dt  WINDT  Equator  126 
To  *re-undergo  fresh  sufferings.  1881  Times  5  Apr.  9/5 
The  *re-unification  of  Afghanistan.  1885  SIR  C.  G.  C. 
UOWEN  in  Law  Times  Rep.  LII.  289/1  *Reventllating  the 
question  of  domicile.  1815  in  J.  Smyth  Pract.  of  Customs 
(1821)  330  Returned  Goods  may  be  *re-warehoused.  1874 
RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  <$•  Mining  179  The  *rewelding  .. 
costs  on  an  average  {510. 

b.  Prefixed   to   verbs    and    sbs.   which   denote 
'  making  (of  a  certain  kind  or  quality)',  'turning 
or  converting  into  — ',  esp.  those  formed  on  adjs. 
by  means  of  the  suffix  -ize. 

1830  Edin.  Rev.  LI.  497  The  required  discipline  of*re- 
Americanization,  1885  COUPLANU  Spirit  Goethe's  Faust  v. 
107  Faust  must  perforce  become  ^reanimalized.  1835  New 
Monthly  Mag.  XVI.  478  The  church.. Vebourbonized,  and 
reconventualized.  1870  Kng.  Meek.  11  Mar.  637/2,  I  know 
this  to  be  a  good  receipt  for  *rebrowning  gun  barrels.  1852 
Meetnderings  of  Memory  I.  21  O  too  *rebrutalized  !  oh  too 
bereaved  !  1885  COUTLAND  Spirit  Goethe's  Faust  \.  106  It 
is  the  aim  of  the  Devil,  .to  rebrutalize  him.  1851  Art  Jrnl. 
Ilinstr,  Catal.)  Science  of  Kxhib.  in.  p.  x*/i  Pressing  it  in 
moulds  ..  and  *re-coking  it  with  care.  1895  J.  WINSOR 
Mississ.  Basin  310  This  journal,  .was.. later  *re-Eng!ished 
by  another  hand.  1894  C.  L.  JOHNSTONS  Canada  48  Tiie 
duty  of  *refertilising  the  land.  1881  Atkenstum  17  Sept. 
363/3  The  *re-Helleni?:ation  of  the  country  by  the  Byzantine 
emperors.  1890  EARLE  Eng.  Prose  421  They  have  been 
refashioned,  re.spelt,  *relatinized.  Ibid.^  **Relatinization  ' 
provokes  cavil.  1804  J.  LAKWOOD  No  Grtn  Boats  29  The 
uncassocked  Prelate  in  his  now  *re-layman'd  ministerial 
capacity.  1898  HOWELLS  Open-eyed  Conspir.  100  Miss  Gage 
*rematerialised.. after  a  moment's  evanescence.  1892  —  in 
Harpers  Mag.  Mar.  641  To  *reobjectivize  the  phenomenon 
of  their  recurrence.  1809  W.  TAYLOR  in  Rob  herds  Mem.  II. 
273  The  army. .will  be  *reroyalized.  1893  J.  PULSFORD 
Loyalty  to  Christ  II.  298  Selfish,  until  it  becomes  *reselfed 
in  God.  1899  Pop.  Sci,  Monthly  Nov.  57  Unscrupulous 
manufacturers  ..  *resterilize  the  cans  with  their  contents. 
1882  Athenaeum  18  Nov.  667/1  This  deposit  of  the  foreign 
metal  may . .  be  *revolatilized. 

c.  Prefixed  to  verbs  and  sbs.  which  denote  fitting, 
furnishing,  supplying,  or  treating  with  something. 
(Frequent  in  recent  technical  use.) 

1886  WILLIS  &  CLARK  Cambridge  I.  184  The  interior  of 
the  Chapel  was  refitted  in  1717  and  its  exterior  *reashlared. 
1889  Daily  Chron.  30  June  7/1  What  has  been  the  total 
cost  of  *re-boilering  H.M.S.  Salamander?  1871  Figure- 
Training  54  The  stay  maker  should  be  directed  to  take  out 
all  the  bones  first  and  to  ""rebone  them  again  afterwards. 
1862  Times  22  Nov.  Advt.,  Lamps  *rebronzed,  regilt,  and 
repaired.  1859  R.  F.  BURTON  Centr.  Aft:  in  Jrnl.  Gcog. 
Soc.  XXIX.  212  The  central  channel  must  be  *rebridged 
with  branching  trees.  1853-8  HAWTHORNE  Eng.  Note-bks. 
II.  340  The  body  of  the  church  has  been  almost  entirely 
*recased  with  stone.  1879  F.  W.  ROBINSON  Coward  Cons  c. 
i.  vi,  ^Re-chalking  his  cue.  1886  WILLIS  &  CLARK  Caw 
bridge  I.  513  The  glazier  ..  was  engaged  to  *relead  them. 
1884  R.  F.  COFFIN  Old  Sailor  s  Yarns  x.  105  To  *releather 
the  parral  of  the  main  royal-yard.  1884  Manch.  Exam. 
15  Oct.  5/4  Renaming  and  *relettering  the  streets  of  Paris 
with  Republican  signs.  1857  TROLLOPE  Barchester  T.  (1861) 
204  Should  the  bishop  now  be  *repetticoated.  1884  S.  J. 
REID  LifeSyd.  Smith  ii.  46  The  Chapel  has  been *repewed. 
1865  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  ix.  vii.  (1872)  III.  132,  I  *re- 
powdered  her  myself,  and  readjusted  her  dress  a  little. 
1884  Bee-keeping  24,  I  *re-queened  all  my  stocks  ..with 
Ligurians.  1875  BEDFORD  Sailor's  Pocket  Bk.  v.  (ed.  2)  151 
The  means  of  *re-quicksilvering  its  reflectors.  185*  WIGGINS 
Embanking  113  The  contractors  had  to  strip  the  sod  . .  and 
*resoil  and  resod.  1893  SELOUS  Trav.  S.  E.  Africa.  118,  I 
had  all  the  tools,. necessary  for  *re-spoking it.  \W&4  Manch. 
Exam.  3  May  3/7  Venetian  blinds  can  be  *retaped  and  made 
equal  to  new.  1883  Manch.  Guard.  12  Oct.  4/3  Putting 
yarn  in  a  damp  cellar  ..  and  then  *re-licketing  it.  1845  E. 
WARBURTON  Crescent  $  Cross  I.  166  Re-dressed,  *re-tur- 
baned,  and  re-seated  on  my  carpet. 

Rea,  sing,  of  reas  REIS  (Portuguese  money). 

Rea-,  obs.  form  of  RA.Y-GRASS. 

fReable.fl.  Sc.  Obs.  rare-1.  [Cf.  REABLE  z>.] 
Legitimate. 

1581  N.  BURNE  in  Cath.  Tract.  (S.  T.  S.)  164/5^  To  per- 
suade  the  people  that  he  micht  be  reable  air  [  =  heir]  to  his 
father,  ye  preachit  euer  . .  that  promeiss  of  mariage  vas 
lauchful  mariage. 

t  Reable,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  Also  6  -abill,  -hable. 
[f.  RE-  +  ABLE  v.y  prob.  after  F.  ra-t  rhabiller] 
trans.  To  confirm,  to  legitimize. 

1521  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  I.  282  The  Due  [of  Albany] 
chalengethe  the  iiijlfc  parte  of  her  conjunctefee  to  be  his 
enheritaunce.  .and  is  reabled  to  the  same  by  acte  of  parlia 
ment.  1536  BELLENDEN  Cron.Scot.  (1821) II.  452  That  thay 
(.the  children]  micht  be  lawchful  and  reabillit,  be  virtew  of 
the  matrimony  subsequent.  1597  SKENE  De  Verb.  Sign. 
s.v.  Bastardus*  Ane  bastard,  legitimat  and  rehabled  in  his 
life-time,  a  1682  SEMPILL  Picktooth  for  Pofe  395  Poems 
(1849),  A  bastards  name  doth  duly  them  befit  For  they  were 
never  reaUed  as  yet. 


Re-abri-dge,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  abridge 
a  second  time. 

a  1631  DONNE  6  Serm.  ii.  (1634)  27  God's  abridgement  of 
the  whole  world  was  man  ;  re-abridge  man  into  his  least 
volume  [etc.]. 

Reabso'i'b,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  reabsorber 
(Littre).]  trans.  To  absorb  anew  or  again  ;  to 
take  in  again  by  absorption. 

1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  465  Psyche  becomes 
reabsorbed  into  the  ocean  from  whence  she  sprung.  1837 
CARLYLE /->.  Rev.  III.  v.  ii,  Chaps  has  reabsorbed  him  ;  may 
it  late  or  never  bear  his  like  again  !  1882  J.  H.  BLUNT  Rcf. 
Ch.  Eng.  II.  341  Some  portions  of  the  jurisdiction  assumed 
by  the  Pope  must . .  be  re-absorbed  into  the  Crown. 

ReabsoTption.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  prec.  and  F. 
^absorption  (Littre).]  The  action  of  reabsorbing, 
or  fact  of  being  reabsorbed :  spec,  in  Path.  = 
RBSOBPTION. 

1755  AKENSIDE  in  Phil.  Trans.  L.  328  The  continual  re- 
absorption  of  that  moisture  by  the  lymphatics  is  no  less 
necessary.  1842  T.  GRIFFITH  Apostles'  Creed  141  The  dream 
of  re-absorption  into  the  divine  essence  indulged  by  the 
Buddhists  of  Burmah.  1875  H.  C.  WOOD  Therap,  (1879)  267 
As  reabsorption  in  the  bladder  is  at  least  conceivable,  the 
catheter  should  be  used  early, 

t  Reacce-nd,  v .  Obs.  [RE-  5  a  ;  cf.  late  L. 
reaccendere  (Jerome).]  trans.  To  rekindle. 

a  1645  H  DWELL  Lett.  I.  in.  xxxiv.  (1650)  96  To  kindle  and 
reaccend  this  tinder. 

Keacce'pt.  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  med.L.  reaccipere 
(i4th  c.).]  trans.  To  accept  again. 

1623  ROWLANDSON  God's  Blessing  72  The  comfortable 
assurance  of  his  fathers  love  and  relenting  goodnesse  to 
reaccept  him.  1835  LYTTON  Rienzi  ix.  v,  One  caution 
before  I  re-accept  your  fealty.  1860  FROUDE  Hist,  Eng.  V. 
28  Henry  VIII  had  insisted  successfully  that  the  Scotch 
should  reaccept  their  engagements. 

So  Beacce'ptauce. 

1633  BP.  HALL  Hard  Texts  O.  T.  374  Thou.. hast  made 
thy  selfe  uncapable  of  my  reacceptance  by  the  law.  a  1652 
BKOME  Damoiselle  i.  ii,  With  reacceptance  of  this  thousand 
pound.  1870  Pall  Mall  G.  17  Nov.  i  A  formal  reacceptance 
of  the  very  disabilities  she  rebels  against. 

Keaccess.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  Return,  renewed  access. 

1611  FLORID,  Recession?,  . .  a  reaccesse  or  comming  again. 
1627  HAKKWILL  Apol.  ii.  i.  §  i  The  withering  of  all  things 
by  the  recesse,  and  their  reviving  and  resurrection,  .by  the 
reaccesse  of  the  Sunne.  1823  CHALMERS  Serm.  I.  178  A 
Flaming  Sword  had  to.  .guard  their  reaccess  to  the  bowers 
of  Immortality. 

f2.  Re-accession  (to  the  throne).   Obs.  rare^1. 

169.  Ad  Populum  Phalerze  i.  54  When  such  Discourses 
fill  the  Town,  what  less  Can  be  designed  than  James's 
Re-access  1 

So  Beacce'ssion. 

1825  BESTHAM  Offic,  Apt.  Maxim.,  Indications  (1830)  26 
Of  the  course  of  illegality  begun  under  Lord  Erskine,  and 
pursued  under  Lord  Eldon,  the  continuation  commenced 
with  his  re-accession,  a  1876  in  Orton  A  ndcs  ff  Amazons 
(ed.  3)  601  The  exposure  caused  a  re-accession  of  the  fever. 

Reacco'mmodate,  v.    [!\E-  5  a.    Cf.  F.  /-/• 

accommoder(\(tih.£.  in  Liltre).]  trans.  To  accom 
modate,  adjust,  f  array,  afresh  or  a^ain. 

1616  CAPT.  SMITH  Descr.  New  Eng.  Wks.  (Arb.)  I.  221 
Onely  her  spret  saile  remayned. .,  till  we  had  reaccommo- 
dated  her  a  lury  mast.  1639  N.  N.  tr.  Du  Bosq's  Compl. 
U'omani.  B2  He  desired  to  reaccommodate  what  had  been 
corrupted.  1641  BAKER  Chron.  (1674)  125/1  King  Edward., 
instantly  sends  to  charge  that  part,  without  giving  them  time 
to  re-accommodate  themselves. 

SofBeaccommo'derate^.  (Cf.  COMMODEKATE.) 

1613-8  DANIEL  Coll.  Hist.  Eng.  (1626)  200  [He]  instantly 
sends  to  charge  that  part,  without  giuing  them  time  to  re- 
accommoderate  themselues. 

Reacco'inpaiiy,  v-  [RE-  5  a.]  gratis.  To 
accompany  again  ;  t  to  escort  back. 

1611  FLORIO,  Raccompagnare^  to  reaccompany.  1650 
HOWELL  Giraffis Ra>. Naplesi.  114  Masaniello.  .re-accom 
panied  them  to  their  Homes.  1673  O.  WALKER  Ednc.  219 
If  they  will  accompany  further,  many  are  wont  to  reaccom 
pany  them  part  of  the  way. 

Re-acco-mplishment.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  second 
accomplishment  or  fulfilling. 

121656  BP.  HALL  Revelation  Unrcvealed§  \  A  re-accom 
plishment  [of  prophecies]  in  these  last  times. 

Re-acco-st,  z/.     [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To  accost 

again. 

1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Cat/ins*  Nat.  Paradox  v.  105  Merinda 
..was  forced  to  joyn  with  them  and  re^accost  Almeria. 

Reaccooriit,  v.    Also  6  -compt.    [RE-  5  a.] 

fl.  trans.  To  recount,  relate.  Obs.  rare. 

Cf.  RACCOUNT,  and  It.  raccontaret  F.  raconter. 

1561  DAUS  tr.  BulHnger  on  Apoc.  (1573)  55  Our  Lord 
proceedeth  in  reaccomptyng  much  more  ample  rewardes. 
1635  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  BiondCs  Banish' dVirg.  i66The  King 
upon  this,  -reaccounted  unto  him  openly  Bramac's  embassie 
with  his  answer. 

2.  To  account  again  or  anew. 

1840  G.  S.  FABER  Prim.  Doctr.  Regen.  44  Every  Soul  is 
accounted  to  be  in  Adam,  until  it  is  reaccounted  to  be  in 
Christ. 

Re-accrue-,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  ^  trans.  To  gather 
up  again  (see  ACCRUE  4).  Obs. 

1646  G.  DANIEL  Poems  Wks.  1878  I.  48,  I  will  Assay  My 
fancie.  .and  re-accrue  MyThoughts  into  their  Station, 

Reaccu'mulate,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    intr.    To 

accumulate  again. 

1874  LAWSON  Dls,  Eye  53  If. .  the  aqueous  is  found  to  have 
reaccumulatedi  the  central  point  i.i  again  opened. 


So  Beaccumula  tion. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  IV.  320  The  pressure 
will  tend  to  prevent  a  re- accumulation  [of  dropsical  effusion ]. 
1841  CALHOI/N  Wks.  IV.  7  There  must  be  a  great.. increase 
of  expenditure  . .  or  the  reaccumulation  of  another  surplus. 

Re-accirse,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  accuse 
again. 

1609  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  i.  Ix,  Who  re-accus'd  Norfolke  for 
words  of  treason  he  had  vs'd. 

Reacctrstom,  v.  [RE-5a.]  trans.  To  habituate 
again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rabituer^  to  reaccustome,  reinure.  1852 
HAWTHORNE  Blithcdalc  Rom.  xxiii.  (1883)  541  Time  long 
enough  for  my.  .hands  to  reaccustom  themselves  to  gloves. 

Reace,  variant  of  RACE  v.z  Obs. 

Reacll  (ntj),  sb.l     Forms:  6  reche,  reache, 
Sc.  reiche,  6-7  reatch,  7  rech,  6-  reach.     See 
also  RETCH  sb.^     [f.  REACH  z'.1] 
I.  An  act  of  reaching. 

I.  An  (or  the)  act  of  reaching  out  with  the  arm 
(esp.  to  take  hold  of  something),  or  with  some 
thing  held  in  the  hand.     Also  transf.  w\&Jig. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  205/10  Reache,  perretio  [read  par- 
rcctio].  1642  ROGERS  Naaman  Ep.  Ded.  2  A  few  good 
reaches  and  affections  after  holinesse  are  not  enough  for  us. 
1691  NORRIS  Pract.  Disc.  188  It  must.,  fan  the  Flame  of  our 
Affections,  and  make  them  tend  upwards  with  importunate 
reaches  towards  Heavenly  Objects.  1711  STEELE  Spcct. 
No.  38  f  i  Her  Fan  was  to  point  to  somewhat  at  a  Distance, 
that  in  the  Reach  she  may  discover  the  Roundness  of  her 
Arm.  1825  LONGK.  Sunrise  on  Hills  22  The  woods  were 
bending  with  a  silent  reach.  1881  '  MARK  TWAIN  '  Prince  ff 
Pauper  xxii.  256  A  brawny  blacksmith  . .  made  a  reach  for 
him. 

b.  With  indication  of,  or  reference  to,  the  space 
or  distance  covered  in  the  act  of  reaching. 

1607  TOPSELL  Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  231  Making  him  fit  to 
take  longer  reaches  without  doubling  of  his  legs,  a  1680 
CHARNOCK  Attrib.  God  (1834)  II.  41  Otherwise  the  reaches 
of  a  created,  .fancy  would  be  more  extensive  than  the  power 
of  God.  1874  T.  HARDY  far  Jr.  Mad.  Crowd  xlix,  You 
needn't  take  quite  such  long  reaches  with  your  rake.  1884 
St.  James's  Gaz.  29  Mar.  5/2  Their  pace  then  began  to  fall 
off,  and  the  reach  shortened  all  through  the  boat. 

•f  2.  Jig.  An  attempt  to  attain  or  achieve  some 
thing  ;  a  design  or  aim;  a  device,  scheme,  plan, 
contrivance.  Obs.  (very  common  c  1590-1700). 

1590  TARLTON  News  Purgat.  (1844)  84  Master  Vickar  had  a 
reach  in  his  head.  1621-3  MIDDLETON  &  ROWLEY  Change 
ling  v.  i,  This  is  my  reach  :  Til  set  Some  part  a-fire  of 
Diaphanta's  chamber.  1678  BUTLER  Hudibras  in.  ii.  1583 
But  Jesuits  have  deeper  Reaches  In  all  their  Politick  Far- 
fetches,  a  1734  NORTH  Exam.  \.  ii.  §  6  (1740)  34  All  which 
Matters,  .could  not  be  so  done  without  some  private  Reach. 
1785  BURKE  Sp.  Nabob  Arcot  Wks.  1842  I.  329  In  India 
this  is  a  reach  of  deep  policy. 

-f  b.  Without  a:  Scheming,  policy.  Obs.~l 

a  1633  NAUNTON  Fragnt.  Reg.  (Arb.)  36  A  piece  of  reach 
and  hazard  beyond  my  apprehension. 

3.  spec,  t  a.  A  term  in  dice-playing.   Obs^1 
1600  ROWLANDS  Lett.  Humours  Blood  iii.  59  He  calles  for, 

Come  on  fiue ;  and  there  it  is :  Or  else  heele  haue  it  with 
fiue  and  a  reach. 

b.  dial.  An  addition  to  wages. 

1851  Jr>il,  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XII.  n.  404  Hay-mowing,  corn- 
cutting,  etc.,.,  when  the  workmen,  .generally  obtain  a  small 
'reach  '  in  addition  to  their  daily  wages. 

4.  A  single  stretch  or  spell  of  movement,  travel, 
flight,  etc. 

1652-62  HEYLIN  Cosmogr.  in.  (1673)  4/1  Making  two  long 
reaches  in  his  journey  hither.  1682  N.  O.  BoileansLntrin 
in.  24  Then  wafting  at  one  Reach,  they  proudly  Pearch  On 
highest  Pinnacle  of  the  fatal  Church  !  1873  TRISTRAM 
Moab  xv.  290  There  was  a  long  reach  and  many  a  climb  up 
and  down  before  camp  could  be  reached. 

b.  Naut.  A  run  on  one  tack  ;  a  board. 

1830  J.  F.  COOPER  Water  Witch  xv,'Tis  by  many  reaches 
that  the  leeward  vessel  gains  upon  the  wind,  a  1845  HOOD 
Pain  in  Pleasure- Boat  21  Bill,  give  that  sheet  another  haul- 
she '11  fetch  it  up  this  reach.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut:  Diet,  s.v., 
A  vessel,  .is  said  to  be  on  a  reach,  when  she  is  sailing  by  the 
wind  upon  any  tack.  1884  Sat.  Rei>.  14  June  783/2  The  race 
back,  .was,  save  one  little  bit,  but  a  run  and  a  reach. 

II.  Power  of,  or  capacity  for,  reaching. 

5.  The  extent  to  which  a  person  can  stretch  out 
the  arm  or  hand,  esp.  so  as  to  touch  or  grasp 
something  (in  early  use  freq./A)  ;  the  distance  to 
which  an  animal  can  extend  a  limb  or  other  part, 
or  to  which  any  limb  can  be  extended, 

1579  LYLY  Enphnes  (Arb.)  77  Kinges  haue  long  armes, 
and  rulers  large  reaches.  1655  FULLER  Hist.  Camb.  (1840) 
179  This  horse,  I  may  say,  had  a  long-reach.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  ix.  591  High  from  ground  the  branches  would  require 
Thy  utmost  reach.  1866  Routledge's  Ev.  Boy's  Ann.  327 
Availing  himself  of  his  height,  which  . .  gave  him  a  longer 
reach.  1897  Century  Mag.  562/2  Their  reach  forward  is 
prodigious,  as  I  found. .when  my  horse's  hind  hoof  cut  the 
heel  clean  off  my  boot. 

b.  In  prep,  phrases,  esp.  within ^  above  or  out 
of  (one's)  reach, :  freq.  «=  Ability  to  obtain  or  pro 
cure  something ;  power  to  affect  or  injure  another. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron. ,  Henry  VHI 2 19  The  bearer . .  thought 
it.  .better  for  hytn  to  bestows  it  without  the  Kynges  reche. 
1557  Tottell's  Misc.  (Arb.)  129,  I  rowe  not  so  farre  past  my 
reache.  1592  SHAKS,  Rom.  fy  Jul.  in.  v.  86  The  Traitor 
Hues,  .from  the  reach  of  these  my  hands.  1601  R.  JOHNSON  - 
Kingd.  9f  Contmw.  (1603)  196  They.. made  pray  and  spoile 
of  whatsoeuer  came  into  their  reaches.  1698  FRYER  Ace. 
E,  India  <y  P.  177  TheTigre  seeing  them  out  of  his  reach. . 
falls  a  Roaring.  1712  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's  Card.  197 
Those.. cost  such  vast  Sums,  that  they  seem  to  me  above 


BEACH. 

the  Reach  of  the  most  wealthy  private  Gentleman.  1781 
COWPER  Com1.  586  Who  . .  plucks  the  fruit  placed  more 
within  his  reach.  1871  ROSSETTI  Dante  at  Verona.  Ixxxii, 
How  the  Prince  Sunned  himself  out  of  Dante's  reach. 

c.  tramf.  of  things,  in  various  applications. 
(1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  XLVI.  v,  Our  rock  on  Jacob's 

God  we  found,  Above  the  reach  of  harmes.  1596  SHAKS. 
Merch.  V.  iv.  i.  10  No  lawful  meanes  can  carrie  me  Out  of 
his  enuies  reach.  (£1656  BP.  HALL  Rem.  Whs.  (1660)  106 
The  Almighty  is  above  all  the  reach  of  these  unquiet  per 
turbations,  a,  1687  PETTY /W.  Arith.  (160,0)  103  All  of  these 
ten  Millions  of  People  are  obedient  to  their  Sovereign,  and 
within  the  reach  of  his  power.  1827  HOOD  Herofy  Leandcr 
ci,  Just  past  the  reach  Of  foamy  billows  he  lies  cast.  1875 
Encycl.  Brit.  I.  337/1  To  plough  deeply  ..  places  them 
[weeds]  out  of  the  reach  of  frost. 

d.  Power  of  reaching  far. 

1825  J.  WILSON  Noct.  Ambr.  Wks.  1855  I.  40  Although  he 
has  weight  length  and  reach  . .  yet  has  he  lost  every  battle. 

6.  Capacity  or  power  to  perform  or  achieve  some 
action,   attain   to   some   state   or   condition,   etc. 
(Chiefly  with  preps.,  as  in  5  b.)     a.  of  persons. 

1576  FLEMING  Pano/>l,  Epist.  1 8  Whom  to  annoy  is  beyond 
my  reache  and  abilitie.  1592  BABINGTON  Contf.  Notes  Gen. 
1.  §  9  The  mouing  of  others.. to  consider  what  wanteth  to 
a  multitude  in  this  land,  and  to  relieue  them  according  to 
their  reaches.  1711  HUARNE  Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)  III.  176*!!  is 
Learning  was  above  y9  common  Reach.  1784  COWI'ER 
Task  in.  40  The  fault  is  obstinate,  and  cure  beyond  our 
reach.  1820  W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  I.  28  A  picture  of  active 
yet  simple  virtues,  which  are  within  every  man's  reach. 
1880  L.  STEPHEN  Pope  vii.  163  Anything  like  sustained 
reasoning  was  beyond  his  reach. 
to.  of  things. 

1611  TOURNEUR  Atk.  Trag.  n.  iv,  Any  circumstance  That 
stood  within  the  reach  of  the  designe  Of  persons.  1690 
LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  n.  xxi.  §  21  In  respect  of  Actions,  within 
the  reach  of  such  a  Power  in  him.  1711  W.  KING  tr. 
Naudes  Refined  Politics  iii.  91  A  very  great  design  with  a 
long  reach,  and  contrived  with  much  judgment.  1800-24 
CAMPBELL  Margaret  <$•  Dora,  ii,  Dora's  eyes  of  heavenly 
blue  Pass  all  painting's  reach,  1865  M.  ARNOLD  Ess.  Crit. 
ii.  (1875)  58  The  highest  reach  of  science  is,  one  may  say,  an 
inventive  power. 

t  c.  Of  the  voice:  Range,  compass.  Obs. 
1597  MORLEY  Introd,  Music  7  That  compasse  was  the 
reach  of  most  voyces.  1674  EVELYN  Diary  (1827)  II.  390 
Mrs.  Knight ..  who  sang  incomparably,  and  doubtlesse  has 
the  greatest  reach  of  any  Englishwoman,  a  1680  BUTLER 
Rem.  (1759)  II.  429  All  he  does  is  forced,  like  one  that  sings 
above  the  Reach  of  his  Voice. 

7.  Capacity  or  power  of  comprehension ;  extent 
of  knowledge  or  of  the  ability  to  acquire  it ;  range 
of  mind  or  thought. 

1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  i.  (1625)  iv,  The  ignorant .. 
hereof,  whose  reach  hath  not  been  so  ample  as  others.  1601 
HOLLAND /Y//y/  1. 168  His  high  reach  and  deep  wit,  whereby 
he  apprehended  the  knowledge  of  all  things  ynder  the  cope 
of  heauen.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  793  Let  this  appease  The 
doubt,  since  humane  reach  no  further  knows.  1671  — 
Samson  1380  How  thou  wilt  here  come  off  surmounts  my 
reach.  1709  POPE  Ess.  Crit.  47  Be  sure  your  self  and  your 
own  reach  to  know,  How  far  your  genius,  taste,  and  learning 
go.  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  79  P  3  Has  a  long  reach  in 
detecting  the  projects  of  his  acquaintance. 

b.  In  prep,  phrases,  as  above,  beyond^  out  of 
(ones)  reach.     (Cf.  5  b.) 

1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoj>h.  i.  §  23  This  saiyng..whiche  is 
fathered  on  Socrates  .. ,  What  is  aboue  our  reach,  we  haue 
naught  to  doe  withall.  1572  H.  MIDDELMORE  in  Ellis  Orig. 
Lett.  Ser.  ii.  III.  5,  I  sayd  they  were  matters  owt  of  my 
reache,  and  farre  from  myne  acquayntawnce.  1613  PURCHAS 
Pilgrimage  i.  xii.  (1614)  60  Many  things  they  [Planets] 
foretold  to  Alexander  ..beyond  the  reach  of  men.  1671 
MILTON  Samson  62  Which  herein  Happ'ly  had  ends  above 
my  reach  to  know.  1711  ADDISON  Sfiect.  No.  58  7  i  If  my 
Readers  meet  with  any  Paper  that  in  some  Parts  of  it  may 
be  a  little  out  of  their  Reach.  1842  MACAULAY  Fredk.  Gt. 
Ess.  (1877)  663  Nothing  beyond  the  reach  of  any  man  of 
good  parts. 

c.  In  phr.  of  (a)  gnat  (deep,  etc.)  reach.     (Very 
common  £1585-1710;    in  later  use  only  without 
article.) 

1586  J.  HOOKER  Hist.  Irel.  in  HolinsJu'd  II.  143/1  In 
matters  of  policie  he  was  verie  prudent,  and  of  a  great 
reach.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  1128  A  man  of 
greater  reach  and  courage.  1641  MILTON  Reform.  H.  (1851) 
54  Men  more  audacious,  and  precipitant,  than  of  solid  and 
deep  reach.  1686  tr.  CkarditHs  Coronat.  Solytnan  103  They 
that  had  a  deeper  reach,  were  not  so  positive  in  their  judg 
ments.  1710  STEELE  Tatler  No.  246  ?  8  Plumbeus  acknow 
ledges  Levis  a  Man  of  a  great  Reach,  1765  J.  BROWN 
Poetry  <$•  Mus.  v.  54  If  one.  .delivered  his  Stories  in  Verse, 
another  of  inferior  Reach  and  Invention  would  naturally 
give  them . .  in  plain  Prose.  1875  STEDMAN  Victorian  Poets 
151  To  claim  that  they  have  been  overrated,  and  are  not 
men  of  high  reach. 

8.  Of  the   mind   or   mental  powers :  Range  of 
efficiency  in  speculation,  acquisition  of  knowledge, 
penetration,  etc. 

1 1580  SIDNEY  Ps.  xxxvi.  iv,  Pleasures  past  the  reach  of 
mind.  1507  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixiii.  §  i  The  mysteries 
of  our  religion  are  above  the  reach  of  our  understanding. 
1662  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacr.  n.  vi.  §  2  The  events,  .must  be 
such  as  do  exceed  the  reach  of  any  created  intellect.  1725 
WATTS  Logic  (1736)  271  Matters  of  Fact ..  which  lye  be 
yond  the  Reach  of  our  own  personal  Notice.  1744  BERKELEY 
Siris  §  337  The  most  refined  human  intellect,  exerted  to  its 
utmost  reach. 

b.  With  a.     (Approximating  to  sense  12  c.) 

l657.  J/  SERGEANT  Schism  DispacJit  261  Hath  not  this  Dr. 
of  Divinity  a  strange  reach  of  reason?  1707  Curias,  in 
Hnsb.  3-  Card,  5  Those  who  have  a  sufficient  Reach  of 
Understanding  to  comprehend  the  . .  ordinary  Course  of 
Nature.  1773  Life  N.  Provide  21  Perhaps  no  Child  of  my 


189 

Years  had  ever  more  Cunning,  or  a  readier  Reach  of 
Thought.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  186  The*  Utopia' 
of  Sir  Thomas  More  . .  shows  a  reach  of  thought  far  beyond 
his  contemporaries. 

9.  Range;  scope;   extent  of  application,  effect, 
influence,  etc. 

1546  J.  HKYWOOD  Prov.  (1867)  2  Their  sentenses  include  so 
large  a  reache.  1570  DEE  Math.  Prcf.  37  These  wordes  . . 
the  reach  of  their  meaning,  is  farther,  then  you  woulde 
lightly  imagine.  1600  HEY  WOOD  -2nd  Pt.  Ediu.  IV,  Wks. 
1874  I.  99  My  simple  wit  Can  never  found  a  judgment  of 
such  reach.  1858  BUCKLE  Cimliz.  (1869)  II.  vii.  378  When 
we  compare  the  shortness  of  his  life  \\ith  the  reach  and 
depth  of  his  views.  1875  WHITNEY  Life  Lang.  vi.  100 
A  process  of  wide  reach  and  abundant  results  in  English. 

10.  Range   (of  carrying   or   traversing),      a.  of 
a  gun,  or  shot. 

1571-91  DIGGES  Pcuttom.  (1591)  179  The  first  parte  of  the 
violent  course  of  Gunners,  commonly  termed  the  peeces 
pointe  blanke  reache.  1662  J.  DA  VIES  tr.  Mandelslds  Trav. 
28  They  could  not  go  by,  without  coming  within  reach  of 
our  Muskets.  1698  T.  KROGER  Voy.  21  In  order  to  level 
the  shot  within  reach  of  the  Place.  1748  Ansotis  Voy.  n.  v. 
171  Captain  Saunders  alarmed  them  unexpectedly  with  a 
broadside,  when  they  flattered  themselves  they  were  got  out 
of  his  reach.  1805  in  igth  Cent.  (1899)  Nov.  725  We  were 
now  without  any  opponent  within  reach  of  our  guns. 

b.  of  the  eye  or  sight. 

1623  MILTON  Ps.  cxxxvi.  94  Above  the  reach  of  mortal!  ey. 
1667  —  P.  L.  xi.  380  The  Hemisphere  of  Earth  ..  Stretcht 
out  to  amplest  reach  of  prospect  lay.  1709  AUDISON  Tatler 
No.  119  p  2  Those  Heavenly  Bodies  which  lie  out  of  Reach 
of  Humane  Eyes.  1873  MANNING  Mission  //.  Ghost  xiii. 
353  The  capacity  and  the  reach  of  the  eye  are  developed  by 
practice,  and  by  experience. 

c.  of  the  voice. 

1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Italian  xii,  The  travellers  ..  were 
soon  beyond  the  reach  of  the  voices. 

11.  Power  or  possibility  of  getting  to  (or  as  far 
as)  some   place,   person,   or   object ;   distance   or 
limit  from  which  some  point  may  be  reached.     Only 
in  prep,  phrases,  as  in  5  b. 

1784  COWPER  Task  vi.  263  That  has  ..  within  his  reach 
A  scene  so  friendly  to  his  favourite  task.  1806-7  J.  BERES- 
FORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life  (1826)  n.  i,  No  knife  in  your 
pocket  nor  house  within  reach.  1833  HT.  MARTINEAU 
Briery  Creek  ii.  23  Mrs.  Temple  had  never  been  very  happy 
while  within  reach  of  markets  and  shops.  1859  DICKENS 
T.  Two  Cities  i.  v,  All  the  people  within  reach  had  sus 
pended  their  business. 

III.  That  which  reaches  or  stretches. 

12.  A  continuous  stretch,  course,  or  extent :  a.  of 
some  material  thing  or  space. 

1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Ezek.  xvii.  3  A  great  eagle  with  great 
winges,  with  a  long  reach  of  members.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint. 
Ancients  68  Darksome  night  ..  dimming  the  spacious  reach 
of  heaven.  1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  $  Selv.  Contents,  The 
outmost  reach  of  Body  must  needs  be  bounded.  1803  Naval 
Citron.  IX.  440  Exposed  to  the  whole  reach  of  the  Western 
Ocean.  1866  BLACKMORE  Cradock  Nowelt  x,  The  glades 
and  reaches  of  gentle  park  and  meadow. 

b.  of  time. 

1814  L.  HUNT  Feast  of  Poets  49  His  look  with  the  reach 
of  past  ages  was  wise.  1869  PHILLIPS  Vesuv.  xii.  323  Some 
mountains  are  now  constantly  active,  and  have  been  so  in 
all  the  reach  of  history. 

c.  of  immaterial  things.     (Cf.  8  b.) 

1838-9  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  II.  m.  ii.  §  66.  452  A  prodigious 
reach  of  learning  distinguishes  the  theologians  of  these  fifty 
years.  1869  GOULBUKN  Purs.  Holiness  iv.  31  A  reach  of 
love,  and  wisdom,  and  power  to  which  it  is  impossible  to  set 
bounds. 

d.  The   space   over   which  something  extends 
or  is  distributed. 

1850  H.  MILLER  Footpr.  Creat.  i.  (1874)  9  The  marine  and 
fresh-water  animals  having  each  their  own  reaches. 

13.  spec.  a.  That  portion  of  a  river,  channel,  or 
lake  which  lies  between  two  bends  ;  as  much  as 
can  be  seen  in  one  view.     Also  the  portion  of  a 
canal  between  two  locks,  having  a  uniform  level. 

1536  in  R.  G.  Marsden  Sel.  PL  Crt.  Adm.  (1894)  I.  58  The 
same  catche  beyng  under  sayle  in  the  reche  over  agaynste 
Lymehowse  callyd  Limehowse  Reche.  1562  PHAER  JKneid 
viii.  X  iv,  They  pluckyng  swift  their  Ores,  that  ..  tyre  their 
lims,  And  reatches  long  they  win.  1609  HOLLAND  A  mm. 
Marcell.  33  Rasing  as  it  goes  the  high  bankes  with  their 
curving  reaches,  1724  DE  FOE  Meat.  Cavalier  (1840)  95 
The  king  . .  examined  every  reach  and  turning  of  the  river. 
1793  A.  YOUNG  Trav.  France  99  The  river  presents  one 
reach,  crossed  by  the  bridge,  and  then  dividing  into  two 
fine  channels.  1880  HAUGHTON  Phys.  Geog,  v.  242  Occa 
sionally  threading  some  narrow  channel,  to  enter  again 
some  magnificent  reach. 
f  b.  A  bay.  Obs. 

1526  TINDALE  Acts  xxvii.  39  They  spied  a  certayne  reache 
tGr.  KO\TTO<;]  with  a  banke.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  v.  xxix.  I. 
108  All  the  coast  thereof  is  very  full  of  creekes  and  reaches. 
1650  FULLER  Pisgak  v.  vii.  156  The  opposite  shoar,  on  the 
same  side  of  the  Sea,  but . .  over  a  reach,  or  bay.  1736  AINS- 
WORTH  Eng.'Lat.  Diet.,  A  reach  at  sea,  ditorum  promonto- 
riorum  interuallum. 

C.  A  headland  or  promontory.  Obs.  exc.  U.  S. 
(local). 

1562  PHAER  &neid  i.  A  iij,  On  either  side  the  reaches  hie 
..And  vnder  them  the  still  sea  lyeth,  1626  CAPT.  SMITH 
Acdd.  Yng.  Seamen  17  A  headland,  a  furland,  a  reatch,  a 
land  marke.  1627  E.  F.  Life  Ediv.  II.  in  Select.fr.  Harl. 
Misc.  (1793)  45  Twice  had  they  gained  St.  Vincent's  rock, 
but,  from  that  reach,  were  hurried  back,  with  sudden  gusts 
and  tempests.  1897  in  Cent,  Diet. 

14.  A  bearing-shaft  or  coupling-pole. 

1868  Kentledge's  Ev.  Bey's  Ann.  478  The  Reach,  or 
bearing-shaft  [of  a  bicycle]  is  the  most  important  portion. 


REACH. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1887/1  A  reach  for  a  certain 
description  of  city  wagon  is  shown  in  Fig.  4190. 

15.  —  RACHE  sb? 

1897  M.  H,  HAYES  Points  of  Horse  xx.  (ed.  2)  222  If  it 
runs  down  the  nose  in  the  form  of  a  line  of  no  great  width, 
it  is  known  as  a  *  reach '  or  '  stripe  '. 

f  Reach,  sb2  Obs.  rare.  [f.  REACH  v.%]  An  act 
of  clearing  the  throat,  or  of  retching. 

1573  LANEHAM  Let.  (1871)  41  [He]  cleered  his  vols  with  a 
hem  and  a  reach,  and  spat  oout  withal,  1736  AISSWOKTII 
Eng.-Lat.  Diet.,  A  reach,  or  reaching  to  vomit,  •voinendi 
nisus. 

Reach,  (r/lf),  vj-     Forms:  a.  Infin.  i  reccan, 

3  rsechen,  2,  4  rechen,  (5  -yn) ;  4-5  reche,  (5 
ric(c)he,  6  rech),  4-5  reiche,  (5  reyche,  6  Sc. 
reich),  6  reache,  (7  reatch),  6-  reach.     Pa.  t. 
(a]  i    rcehte,   3  rehte,  4  rei3te,  reighte ;  i,   3 
rahte,  4  ra}te,  4-5  raghte  ;  4  rauhte,  rau3te, 
-tte,  5  raw^te,  4-6  raughte,  (6  roughte)  ;  (and 
/#.  j^/63.)  4  raht,  4-5  ra;t,  4-6  raght,  (4-5  ragh, 
5   Sc.  racht)  ;   4-5   rauht,  (4  rahut,  5  rauth  , 
rau3t,  (4rau3ht,5raw3t),  5-9  raught,  (5  rawght, 
rought,     6    erron.   wrought),   Sc.    raucht,     (6 
raweht) ;    also  pa.   pple.    4    i-rawt.      (b}    4-6 
reched,   (4  recched,  5   rechid,   reychid),    6-7 
reach'd,   7  reachd,   reacht,  6-  reached.     /3.  4, 
Sc.  5-6  reke,  (4  reque,  5  Sc.  rek;,  5-6  (9)  Sc. 
reik,  (6  reyk),  8  Sc.  reek,  ryke,  (9  rike).     Pa.  t. 

4  reked,  6  Sc.  reikit.     [OE.  rxcan  (also£tfn£ftiff) 
=  OFris.  rekat  rets(t}a,  resza,  MDu.  (Du.)  reiken9 
MLG.  reiken,  rekcn,  OHG.  (G.)  reichen  :— OTeut. 
*raikjan  of  uncertain  relationship. 

The  various  parts  of  the  verb  exhibit  considerable  variety 
of  form  at  different  periods.  In  ME.  the  normal  vowel  e  of 
the  infin.  and  pres.  is  sometimes  replaced  by  d,  e,  or  z.  The 
latter  is  unusual ;  the  other  two  (see  RATCH  z/.1  and  RETCH 
z'.1)  have  probably  been  developed  by  hack-formation  from 
the  pa.  t.  r aught  i  on  the  analogies  of  catch,  caught  and 
stretch,  straight.  Mod.  dial,  forms  differing  from  the 
standard  reach  are  rei(t)c/i,  rey(t)c/i  (Yks.),  raick,  rcighch 
(Lane.),  rache,  raych  (Devon),  etc.,  in  addition  to  the 
northern  forms  with  final  -k  (as  in  streek  beside  stretch}, 
which  are  recorded  from  c  1400  and  survive  as  reekt  ryke 
(Sc.),  reak,  raik  (Vks.),  reik,  reyk  (Lane.),  etc. 

The  normal  West  Saxon  form  of  the  pa.  t.  was  rsehte, 
giving  ME.  rehte,  reihte  (rare).  From  the  typically 
northern  OE.  rdhte  came  the  usual  ME.  raught(c.,  which 
continued  in  general  use  down  to  c  1600,  and  was  frequently 
employed  for  half  a  century  later,  but  is  now  only  archaic, 
or  dialectal  in  the  forms  rancht  (Sc.),  rought  (Lane.,  Chesh., 
Staff.)  and  raught  (West  Midi.).  The  new  preterite  form 
readied  (cf.  northern  reckit)  appears  about  1400,  but  is 
comparatively  rare  before  1600.  For  other  modern  dial. 
variants  of  the  pa.  t.  and  pa.  pple.  (mostly  due  to  analogy) 
see  the  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

In  addition  to  rsecan,  OE.  had  also  the  hrmger&can,  the 
use  of  which  is  naturally  prominent  in  those  senses  in  which 
stress  is  laid  on  the  full  completion  of  the  action  (see 
sense  4).  In  some  senses  (as  4  b,  4  c,  and  5)  the  verb  occurs 
chiefly  or  exclusively  in  the  preterite  form  "Taught  ^  which  in 
later  use  was  perhaps  not  clearly  associated  with  reach  in 
its  other  applications.] 
I.  Transitive  senses. 

1.  To  stretch  out,  extend,  hold  out  or  forth  (one's 
hand,  arm,  etc.). 

c  897  K.  ALFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xxxvi.  246  Ic  raehte 
mine  bond  to  eow.  a  900  CYNEWULF  Christ  1620  In  ^set 
hate  fyr  ..  jwer  hy  leomu  ra;ca5..to  bsernenne.  ciooo 
^ELFKIC  Gen.  xxxviii.  28  Se  o3er  ra;hte  for<5  his  hand. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  19791  To  saint  petere  sco  raght  hir  hand. 
c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  83  Drynke  he  a 
syrupe  of  roses . .  and  after,  reche  out  his  armes  a  lityll.  1481 
CAXTON  Reynard  (Arb.)  54  He  raught  out  his  right  foot  and 
dubbed  me  m  the  necke.  1565  JEWEL  Dcf.  Agol.  (1611)  375 
lulius  Csesar  raught  out  his  foot  for  Pompems  Pcenus  to 
kisse.  1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Oleariits1  Voy.  Ambass.  19  Some 
of  us  would  have  reach 'd  their  arms  over  the  Table,  to  take 
the  Goblet.  1755  RAMSAY  To  Jos.  Clerk  48  [He]  will  at 
naithing  stap  or  stand,  That  reeks  him  out  a  helping  hand. 
1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  Ixxx,  Unused  example  from  the 
grave  [shall]  Reach  out  dead  hands  to  comfort  me. 

b.  Of  a  tree  :  To  extend  (its  branches). 

1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  VIII,  v.  v.  54  He  shall  flourish,  And 
like  a  Mountaine  Cedar,  reach  his  branches,  To  all  the 
Plaines  about  him.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  213  Where  any 
row  Of  Fruit-trees.. reachd  too  far  Thir  pamperd  boughes. 

c.  To  thrust  (a  weapon)  forth  or  up  by  stretch 
ing  out  the  arm. 

1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  iii.  33  At  that  instant  reaching  forth 
his  sweard  . .  He  smote  him.  1819  W.  TENNANT  Papistry 
Stormed  (1827)  93  He  raucht  his  halbert  up,  and  brack  An 
image  that  stood  starin'  out. 

T<1.  To  launch,  direct,  aim.  Obs.""1. 

1591  SPENSER  M.  Hubberd  840  He  would  his  impudent 
lewde  speache  Against  Gods  holie  Ministers  oft  reach. 

2.  To  hold  out  (a  thing)  and  give  (it)  to  a  per 
son  ;  to  hand  to  one.     Also  const,  with  dat.,  and 
occas.  with  simple  object. 

a.  a  1000  Boeth.  Metr.  xxix.  62  Ha^rfest  to  honda  herbu- 
endum  ripa  [bleda]  rece<5.  c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  John  xiii.  26 
He  ys  se  oe  ic  rscce  {Hatton  MS.  ra;che]  bedyppedne  bJaf. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  3649  (Cott.)  Quen  it  [mete]  es  dight  bou  it 
him  reche  [Fair/,  salle  J>ou  hit  reiche].  ^1369  CHAUCER 
Dethe  Blaunche  47, 1 . .  bade  one  reche  me  a  booke.  i43z~5o 
tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  35  His  stappemoder  rechid  to  hym  a 
pece  that  he  my^hte  drynke.  1535  COVERDALE  Ruth  iii.  15 
Reach  me  the  cloke  yl  thou  hast  on  the,  &  holde  it  forth. 
1581  in  Confer.  \\.  (1584)  M  iij,  The  Greke  testament  being 
reached  vnto  him,  he  refused  to  reade  it.  1613  SHAKS. 
Hen.  VIII,  iv.  ii.  4  Reach  a  Chaire,  So  now  (me  thinker) 
I  feele  a  little  ease.  1655  L'l  LLLU  Ch.  Hist.  \.  i.  g  5  It 


REACH. 

pleased  God  with  a  strong  hand  and  stretched-out  Arme,  to 
reach  the  Gospel  unto  them.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of 
Qual.  (1809)  II.  59  Taking  out  your  picture  . .  ,  I  reached  it 
to  her.  1827  Blackw.  Mag.  Sept.  339/2,  I  reached  him  the 
letter. 

etbsol.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  790  (Co*t.)  Quen  sco  bis  frutte 
biheild,  Sco..tok  and  ette  and  raght  adam. 

ft.  1513  DOUGLAS  ALneis  v.  vii.  42  Reik  to  the  man  the 
price  promist.  1567  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  iii.  230  With 
that  he  rais  and  reikit  me  this  bill.  1862  HISLOP  Prov, 
Scot.  129  [She]  cried  '  Reik  me  this,  reik  me  that '. 

b.  With  advbs.,  as  back,  down,  forth,  out,  round ^ 
up.     f  Also  to  reach  up,  to  surrender. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  758  Obire  recouyre  me  bi  rewme,  or 
reche  vp  be  girdill.  Ibid.  817  pis  renke  &  his  rounsy  bai 
reche  vp  a  croune.  1508  DUNBAR  Tna  Mariit  IVemen  148 
Thai..raucht  the  cop  round  about  full  off  riche  wynis. 
1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Luke  xxiv.  198  [He]  brake 
it,  and  then  raught  it  forth  to  theim.  1631  WEEVER  Anc. 
Funeral  Mon.  517,  I  caused  some  of  the  Nailes  to  be 
reached  vp  to  me.  1642  ROGERS  Naatnan  172  Beg  of  the 
Lord  to  reach  you  out  the  Lord  Jesus.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE 
Fool  of  Qual.  (i8o9)IIL  5  The  burdened  trees  reached  forth 
fruits  of  irresistible  temptation.  1865  KINGSLEY  Herew.  iv, 
The  beaker  I  reach  back  More  rich  than  I  took  it. 

f  c.  With   immaterial   object :    To  give,   yield, 
render;  to  grant,  bestow,  communicate,  etc.    Obs. 

^961  ^ETHELWOLD  Rule  St.  Benet  (Schruer  1885)  139  para 
anra,  be  for  neode  him  benunge  aet  J>zs  mynstres  ingange 
raecan  scylon.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  5308,  I  sal  be  to  be  kinge 
beteche,  And  siben  be  mi  blissing  reche.  13. .  E.  E.  Allif. 
P.  B.  1369  Vche  duk  . .  Schulde  com  to  his  court  . .  to  reche 
hym  reuerens.  ^1470  HEXRYSON  Mor.  Fab.  iv.  (Fox's  Con 
fess.}  xvi,  Heir  I  reik  the  [— thee]  full  remissioun.  1659 
HAMMOND  On  Ps.  cxv.  i  Unworthy  of  the  least  of  all  thy 
goodness,  abundantly  reached  out  unto  us.  a  1718  ROWE  ( J.), 
Through  such  hands  The  knowledge  of  the  gods  is  reach'd 
to  man. 

3.  a.  To  deal  or  strike  (a  blow)  ;  f  to  give  (a 
wound).     Const,  /<?,  at,  or  dat.     Now  rare. 

1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  n.  420  To  philip  sic  rout  he  raucht,.. 
He  gert  him  galay  disyly.  c  1400  Sowdone  Bab.  1347  He 
laught  a  stroke  to  Ferumbras.  c  1470  Golagros  fy  Gain.  630 
Schir  Rannald  raught  to  the  renk  ane  rout  wes  vnryde. 
a  I553  UDALL  Royster  D.  iv.  iv.  (Arb.)  66, 1  with  my  distafte 
will  reache  hym  one  rappe.  1577-87  HOLINSHF.D  Chron.  II. 
57/2  Gegathus  raught  Haco  such  a  wound,  that  the  vpper 
pait  of  his  liuer  appeared  bare.  1666  BANCROFT  Lex  Ignca 
24  God  hath  reacht  us  now  an  Universal  Stroke.  1760-72 
H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qual.  (1809)  II.  15  A  sudden  punch 
which  he  reached  at  the  nose  of  his  lordship.  1847  CHALMERS 
Romans xxx..  II.  82  Faith.. reaches  that  exterminating  blow 
whereby  the  body  of  sin  is  destroyed. 

fb.  To  give  (a  kiss).   Obs.  rare~l. 

13..  Gaw.  fy  Gr.  Knt.  2351  pou  kyssedes  my  clere  wyf,  be 
cossez  me  rajtez. 

4.  To  succeed  in  touching  or  grasping  with  the 
outstretched  hand  (or  with  something  held  in  it), 
or  by  any  similar  exertion. 

971  Blickl.  Horn.  207  Se  hrof . .  wass  bxt  man  mid  his  handa 
ncalice  ^eraecean  mihte.  a  1000  Satan  169  Eala  . .  ba;t  ic 
midhandumnemsejheofon^erEecan.  atyioCnrsor ./V. 24464 
Me-thoght  moght  i.  .wit  mi  hand  him  ans  reche.  .1  suld  ha 
ben  all  hale.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xi.  353  Who  tau3te 
hem  on  trees  to  tymbre  so  heighe,  There  neither  buirn  ne 
beste  may  her  briddes  rechen.  1530  PALSGR.  680/2,  I  reche 
a  thyng  with  myhande, ..I  can  nat  reache  it,  myne  arme  is 
to  shorte.  1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  in.  i.  156  Wilt  thou  reach 
stars,  because  they  shine  on  thee?  17x704  LOCKE  (J.)t 
Having  let  down  his  sounding-line,  he  reaches  no  bottom. 
1747  GRAY  Cat  22  She  stretch 'd  in  vain  to  reach  the  prize. 
1858  KINGSLEY  Poems  113  If  I  could  but  reach  that  hand. 

f  b.  To  obtain  by  seizure  or  otherwise ;  to 
procure,  gain,  acquire,  get  possession  of.  Obs. 

17900  O.  E.  C/iron.  an.  885  pa  metton  hie  xvi  scipu 
wicenga  &  wi(j  ba  gefuhton,  &  pa  sclpo  alle  jeraehton,  & 
ba  men  ofslo^on.  a  xooo  Ibid.  an.  918  Hie  ne  meahton 
nanne  mete  xeraecan.  11..  Ibid.  (MS.  C.)  an.  1066  Hi 
ne  micte  ba  brigge  ofersti^an,  ne  sije  jerechen.  a  1250 
Ou'l  ff  Night.  106  Tho  hit  bi-com  that  he  ha^te,  And  of  his 
eyre  briddes  y-ra^te.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  1912  p*e  beist[es] 
thoght  selcutli  god  pat  ^ai  hade  raght  Jjair  kindle  fode. 
c  1394  P.  PI.  Crede  733  After  . .  his  rychesse  is  rau^t  he  schal 
ben  redy  serued.  a  1541  WYATT  Poet.  Wks.  (1861)  67  With 
hapless  hand  no  man  hath  raught  Such  hap  as  I.  1603 
DRAYTON  Bar.  Wars  n.  xlv,  Then  had  yee  raught  Fames 
richest  Diadem.  1612  —  Poly-olb.  ix.  290  All  Ins  diuelish 
wit,  By  which  he  raught  the  Wreath. 

t  C.  To  seize  in  the  hand ;  to  take  or  lay  hold 
of ;  to  carry  off.  Obs. 

£1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  229  A  trestille  Edward 
rauht,  bat  heuy  was  of  pais.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxi. 
{Clement}  453  He  . .  hyre  in  armys  racht  &  by  re  embrasit. 
a  1400^50  Alexander  5284  Scho  . .  ra3t  him  by  be  rijt  hand 
&  raikis  to  a  chambre.  c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  cv.  vi,  Great 
people  y*  daye  the  death  hath  raught.  4x1547  SUKREY 
jGneid  n.  272  Then  raught  they  hym.  .twise  winding  him 
about.  1591  R.  WILMOT  Tancred  4-  Gismunda  in.  iii,  She 
raught  the  cane,  And  with  her  owne  sweet  hand  she  gaue  it 
me.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant,  %  Cl.  iv.  ix.  30  The  hand  of  death 
hathraughthim.  ai6z6  }\\WDi.K\wMayorofQueenboroitgk 
iv.  ii.  155, 1  was  surprised  by  villains,  and  so  raught. 

absol.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  04  Least  ..  his  now  bolder 
hand  Reach  also  of  the  Tree  of  Life,  and  eat. 

transf.  1387  Mirr.  Mag.,  Porrex  vii,  Can  I  complayne  of 
this  reuenge  she  raught?  1642  FULLER//*?//  <$•  Prof.  St. 
iv.  xix.  338  Princes  are  not  to  reach,  but  to  trample  on 
recreations. 

t  d.  To  receive,  catch,  suffer.  Obs. 

c  1400  Song  Roland  756  Of  the  hethyn  hound  no  harm  he 
reches.    c  1410  Sir  C  leges  193  As  he  knelyd  on  hys  knee, . . 
He  rawght  a  bowe  on  hys  hede.    c  iq-ftAIiroitrSaluaciouii 
3554  Of  the  Jewes  cruwelle  mykel  persecucionne  he  raght. 
fe.  To  fetch,  heave  (a  sigh).  Obs.  rare"1. 

1582  STANVHURST  Afneis  i.  (Arb.)  33  Groane  sighs  deepe 
reaching  with  tears  his  lyers  ful  he  blubbred. 


190 

5.  Const,  with  preps,  and  advbs.     a.  To  take  or 
snatch  from  a  person  or  thing  ;   to   take   away) 
hence,  out,  up.     Now  only  arch. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  799*  pou  must  rewle  all  my  realm 
qwen  I  am  raght  hyne.  14..  Sir  Bates  (MS.  M)  837  Thes 
knyghtes,  that  Beues  raught  fro  Bradmond.  1481  CAXTON 
Reynard  (Arb.)  22  Tybert  .  .  raught  out  his  ryght  colyon. 
*3y$Mirr.Mag.  n.  Rich.III^  xx,  [The  king]  of  kyngdonie  I 
bereft,  His  life  also  from  him  I  raught  away.  1587  TURBEKV. 
Trag.  T,t  First  History,  He  raught  a  truncheon  from  a 
pine  by  chaunce.  1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  (1613)  179  Many 
in  their  prime  and  best  yeares  are  raught  hence.  1634  JACK 
SON  Creed  vin.  xix.  §  12  Those  bodies,  which  being  alive 
shall  be  raught  up  into  the  air.  1718  RAMSAY  C/irisfs  Kirk 
Gr.  in.  xvih,  They  frae  a  barn  a  kabar  raught.  1863  W, 
LANCASTER  Praeterita  51  Old  confusions,  which  ..  Raught 
from  my  helm  the  garland  of  its  praise. 

b.  To  draw  or  bring  towards  oneself  (esp.  to 
take  down)  from  a  certain  place  or  position  ;  to 
lift  ///,  take  (f  or  pull)  downt  etc. 

c  1450  Merlin  697  The  dameseli  ,  .  raught  hym  vp  be  the 
honde.  1483  CAXTON  Gold,  Leg.  61  b/i  He.  .ran  and  raught 
doun  the  Calf  that  they  had  made.  1545  ASCHAM  Toxofk. 
i.  (Arb.)  66  111  fortune  me  that  daye  befell,  Whan  first  my 
bo\ve  fro  the  pynne  I  roughte.  1647  CRASHAW  Steps  to 
Temple  67  Men  of  martyrdom,  that  could  reach  down  With 
strong  arms  their  triumphant  crown.  1649  R.  HODGKS 
Plain.  Direct,  17  He  raught  it  from  the  shelf,  when  I 
wrought  it  with  him.  1746  COLLINS  Ode  to  Fear  33  [The 
Bardj  reach'd  from  Virtue's  hand  the  patriot's  steel.  1830 
MARRYAT  Kings  Own  xxiii,  [He]  reached  down  his  hat. 
1868  HOLME  LEE  B.  Godfrey  viii.  43  She  reached  from  the 
..shelf  her.  .cup  of  ink. 
*t*  C.  To  take  2ft,  to,  or  unto,  oneself.  Obs. 

1588  KVD  Househ.  Phil.  Wks.  (iQoiJ  253  First  wold  I  that 
the  parched  earth  did  riue  and  raught  me  in.  1591  SPENSER 
M.  Hubbcrd  w\  That  same  [rod]  hath  lesus  Christ  now.  to 
him  raught.  i66oBLoo.ME.-ir<:/«/.  C  b,  Calimachus.  .reached 
unto  hitnselfe  the  Basket. 

6.  To  succeed  in  touching  with  a  weapon  or  with 
the  hand  in  delivering  a  blow  (f  hence,  to  strike 
or  smite). 

Beounilf^ff)  Ic  ajlsecan  orde  £enehte.  13.  .  Guy  \Vat~w. 
(A.)  1477  Gii  bat  on  wib  his  swerd  rau$t.  c  1350  Will.  Palerne 
1193  What  rink  so  he  rau^t  he  ros  iieuer  after,  c  1400  Sow- 
done  Bab.  2923  Richard  raught  him-  with  a  barr  of  bras. 
c  1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Ay  man  ii.  63  He  .  .  rought  hym 
wyth  soo  grete  a  myghte,  that  sterke  deed  he  ouerthrew 
hym.  1609  HEY  WOOD  Brit.  Troy  xn.  cvi,  The  inuincible 
Dardanian  with  one  stroke,  Raught  Aiax  Beauer  and  un- 
plumed  his  hed.  1809  ROLAND  Fencing  126  If  you  can  con 
veniently  reach  your  adversary  upon  the  longe. 

b.  To  succeed  in  affecting  or  influencing  by 
some  means  ;  to  impress,  convince,  win  over,  etc. 

1667  MILTON  P,  L.  iv.  801  Assaying  by  his  Devilish  art  to 
reach  The  Organs  of  her  Fancie.  a  1713  ELLWQQD  ' 


. 

by  force.  1887  Times  (weekly  ed.)  14  Oct.  15/3  They  [the 
merchants]  know  how  Chinese  are  to  be  reached. 

7.  a.    Of  things   (or   of  persons   in   respect   of 
some  part  of  the  body)  :  To  come  into  contact 
with,  to  touch  ;  to  extend  so  far  as  to  touch. 

a  1225  Juliana  56  Hu  hit  grond  in  hwet  so  hit  rahte. 
a  1300  Cursor  M,  24390  It  raght  mi  hert  al  thoru  be  rote, 
c  1384  CHAUCER  //.  Fame  in.  284  With  hir  feet  she  therthe 
reighte,  And  with  hir  heed  she  touched  hevene.  1393  LANGL. 
P,  PL  C.  xx.  144  pe  paume  nab  power  to  .  .  receuen  bat  be 
fyngres  rechen.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  1029  A  Bridge  of 
wondrous  length  .  .  reaching  th'  utmost  Orbe  Of  this  frail 
World.  Ibid.  iv.  988  His  stature  reacht  the  Skie.  1704  POI-E 
Windsor  F.  193  Now  his  shadow  reach'd  her  as  she  run, 
His  shadow  lengthen'd  by  the  setting  sun. 

b.  Of  immaterial  things,  in  various  applications 
derived  from  7  a  and  8,  esp.  to  succeed  in  affecting 
or  influencing. 

c  1400  J>V«£-AW<z«</ioo  To  help  the,  batno  harm  be  reche. 
c  1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Aymott  x.  267  The  stroke  slided 
a  syde  &  kyt  a  sondre  all  That  it  rought.  1613  SHAKS. 
Hen.  VII  I)  u.  ii.  89  Who  can  be  angry  now?  What  Enuy 
reach  you?  a  1625  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Bonditca  iv.  iii,  There  is 
no  mercy  in  mankind  can  reach  me.  1675  H.  MORE  in 
R.  Ward  Life  (1710)  3^7  Nor  does  that  [conclusion]  reach 
the  present  Controversy.  1712  ADOISON  Spect.  No.  287  F3 
Liberty  should  reach  every  Individual  of  a  People.  1761 
GRAY  Odin  48  Pain  can  reach  the  Sons  of  Heav'n  !  1786 
BURNS  Two-  Dogs  213  There's  sic  parade,  sic  pomp,  an'  art, 
The  joy  can  scarcely  reach  the  heart.  1844  LD.  BKOUGHAM 
Brit.  Const,  xvii.  (1861)  259  Libels  ..  which  the  ordinary 
process  of  the  law  reached,  and  would  have  been  quite  suf 
ficient  to  punish. 

8.  To   come   to,  arrive  at  (a  place,   object,  or 
point  in  space),  to  get  up  to  or  as  far  as. 

CI330  R.  BRUNNK  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  1320  Two  dayes 
bey  sailled  .  .  lond  nc  hauene  reche  bey  ne  myght.  13.. 
E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  10  Reken  with  reverence  bay  rechen  ms 
auter.  1563  B.  GOOGB  Eglogs^  etc.  (Arb.}  109  Now  was  the 
Son  got  vp  aloft,  and  raught  the  mydle  Lyne.  1609  HOLLAND 
A  uim.  ft  I  arc  ell.  xxv.  vi.  273  Sooner  than  a  man  would  have 
thought  [they]  raught  the  banke  on  the  further  side.  1684  R. 
WALLER  Nat.  Exper.  no  The  point  not  onely  again  reacht 
the  Line,  but  passed  beyond  it.  1709  STEELE  TatUr  No.  107 
P  2  You  may  easily  reach  Harwich  in  a  Day.  1808  SCOTT 
Mann.  i.  xi,  The  steps  of  stone,  By  which  you  reach  the 
donjon  gate.  1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  \.  xiv.  96  Brought  him  to 
rest  before  he  had  reached  the  bottom. 

b.  With  personal  object,  in  various  applications. 
1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  22  Those  strong 

unexpected  Turnadoes  .  .  sometimes  reach  him  as  far  as  Brasil 
and  Jamaica.  1894  HALL  CAINE  Manxman  in.  xv.  177 
Pete's  letter  had  reached  him. 

c.  Of  sounds  :  To  come  to  (the  ear,  a  person  or 
place). 


REACH. 

1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinarch.,  Hen.  11",  Ixxx,  Fame  had  be- 
fore  the  escape  of  Richard  told.  .woh  raught  her  open  Ears. 
1671  MILTON  Samson  177,  I  hear  the  sound  of  words;  thir 
sense  the  air  Dissolves  unjointed  e're  it  reach  my  ear.  1727 
GAY  Fables  i.  xxxi.  1 1  My  name,  perhaps,  hath  reach'd  your 
ear.  1784  Cow  PER  Task  n.  5  Where  rumour  of  oppression 
and  deceit. .  Might  never  reach  me  more  !  1828  SCOTT  F.  M. 
Perth,  xix,  The  alarm  reached  the  royal  residence.  1874 
MICKLETHWAITE  Mod.  Par.  Churches  10  Every  syllable 
should  reach  the  ears  of  the  auditors. 

d.  Of  the  eye,  a  gun,  etc. :  To  carry  to  (a  point). 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xn,  556  Eternitie,  whose  end  no  eye 
can  reach.  1669  STURM Y  Mariner  s  Mag.  v,  xii.  72  What 
degree  the  Gun  must  be  Mounted  to,  to  reach  the  Mark. 
1732  POPE  Ess.  Alan  i.  240  What  no  eye  can  see,  No  glass 
can  reach. 

9.  To  arrive  at,  to  attain  or  come  to  (a  point  in 
time,  a  condition,  quality,  etc.) :  a.  of  persons. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  \.  vi.  29  Till  ryper  yeares  he  raught, 
1604  SIIAKS.  Oth.  i.  ii.  24  As  proud  a  Fortune  As  this  that 
I  haue  reach'd.  1647-8  COTTERELL  Davila?s  Hist.  Fr. 
(1678)  2,  I  hope  I  shall  be  able  to  reach  the  proper  order. 
1709  POPE  Ess.  Criticism  145  Nameless  graces  which  no 
methods  teach,  And  which  a  master-hand  alone  can  reach. 
1727  GAY  Fables  i.  xxxix.  35  He  reach'd  the  height  of  power 
and  place.  1789  Trifler  No.  35.  448  Our  poets,  .frequently 
reach  the  climax  of  absurdity.  1801  STRUTT  Sports  $  Past. 
n.  i.  60,  I  believe  few,  if  any,  of  the  modern  archers  in  long 
shooting,  reach  four  hundred  yards.  1874  GRKEN  Short 
Hist.  v.  §  3.  228  Wyclif.  .had  already  reached  middle  age. 
b.  of  things. 

1667  MILTON  P,  L,  in.  197  Thy  desire ..  leads  to  no  excess 
That  reaches  blame.  1691  LOCKE  Lower.  Interest  Wks.  1727 
II.  7  But  supposing  the  Law  reach'd  the  Intention  of  the 
Promoters  of  it.  1734  A.  COLLINS  Gr.  Chr.  AW.  215  The 
means,  .will  not  reach  that  end.  1784  COWPER  Task  i.  696 
In  the  eye  Of  public  note,  they  reach  their  perfect  size. 
Ibid.  iv.  662  His  faculties  . .  there  only  reach  their  proper 
use.  1888  BUKGON  Lives  12  Gd.  Men  x.  II.  262  This  little 
work  reached  a  second  edition. 

10.  a.  To   succeed   in   understanding   or   com 
prehending.  ?  Obs. 

1605  B.  JONSON  lrolpone  iv.  i,  Sir  P.  I  reach  you  not. 
Lady  P.  Right,  sir,  your  policy  May  bear  it  through  thus. 
a  1627  MIDDLEI  ON  VrMtt*  beware  Wom.  v.  i,  But  how  her 
fawning  partner  fell  I  reach  not.  1662  DRYDEN  Wild  Gallant 
iv.  i,  I  do  not  reach  your  meaning,  Sir.  a  1713  BUKNKT 
Hist.  Ref.  in.  Pref.  3  The  Meaning  of  this  dark  Expression 
I  do  not  reach,  a  1822  SHELLEY  Tasso  16  The  words  arc 
twisted  in  some  double  sense  That  I  reach  not. 

b.  To  succeed  in  acquiring  or  obtaining. 

1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  303  Zenodorus  ..  could  not 
reach  the  art  of  tempering  the  metalls  as  it  was  used  by  the 
ancients,  c  1709  PRIOR  Charity  4  Had  I  all  knowledge..  That 
thought  can  reach,  or  science  can  define.  1782  COWPER 
Charity  304  Knowledge  such  as.  .only  sympathy  like  thine 
could  reach.  1842  J.  AITON  Dottiest.  Econ.  (1857)  318  Pay 
ing  a  small  sum  yearly,,  .according  as  I  could  conveniently 
reach  it. 

11.  To  stretch  ;  to  draw  or  pull  out  f  or  /';/ ;  f  to 
extend  (one's  power).  Obs.  exc.  dial.     (Cf.  RAICH 
z;.1  3,  RETCH  z/.1) 

971  Blickl.  Horn.  191  Min  heafod  sceal  beon  on  eorban 
gecyrred,  &  mine  fet  to  heofenum  sereahte.  civj$Scrving 
Christ  5  in  O.  E.  Misc.  90  Crist,  .on  rode  was  rauht.  1297 
R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  4829  $oure  foil  ssolle  hor  poer  among  ow 
wide  reche.  a  1375  Lay  Folks  Mass  Bk.  App.  iv.  348  He 
rauhte  be  Rolle.  .\Vib  his  teth.  ?<z  1400  Marie  Arth.  2549 
Than  they  raughte  in  the  reyne  and  a-gayne  rydes.  c  1420 
Pallad.  on  Husb.  iv.  682  An  huge  breste,  No  litel  wombe, 
and  wel  out  raught  the  side.  1607  TOPSELL  Foiir-f.  Beasts 
(1658)  167  Whitest  the  members  are  reached  and  stretched 
with  many  strains  and  convulsions.  1648-60  HEXUAM  Dutch 
Dict.i  Het  leder  Recken,  to  Stretch  or  Reach  out  leather. 
1823  MOOR  Suffolk  Words  s.v.  Reech,  A  pair  of  small  shoes 
require  to  be  reached. 

II.  Intransitive  senses. 

12.  To  make  a  stretch  with  the  arm  or  hand ;  to 
extend  the  arm,  hold  out  the  hand.     Also  of  the 
arm  or  hand  :  To  stretch  out. 

Beowulf '(Z.)  748  Rsehteonjean  feond  mid  folme.  0:1225 
Attcr.  R.  338  Hwon  God  beot  be,  reched  for5  mid  bode 
honden.  c  1305  St.  Andrew  95  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  101  Here 
armes  whan  "hi  vpward  relate  bicome  as  stif  as  treo.  (1400 
N.  LOVE  Bonavent.  Mirr.  xxxix.  (B.  N.C.)  If.  92  The 
disciples  seten.  .so  bat  bey  alle  my^te  reche  into  be  myddes 
and  etc  of  one  disshe.  1538  STAKKEV  England  i.  ii.  48  The 
ye  to  se,  ..the  fote  to  go,  the  hand  to  hold  and  rech.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  779  What  hinders  then  To  reach,  and 
feed  at  once  both  Bodie  and  Mind?  1785  BURNS  Jolly 
Beggars  sth  Air,  Let  me  ryke  up  to  dight  that  tear. 

D.  Const,  to  or  wito  (a  person  or  thing),  Usually 
with  implication  of  catching  (f  or  striking)  at. 
Now  only  dial,  (also  absol.,  to  help  oneself  at 
table). 

a  1000  Satan  437  Efe  . .  rsehte  ba  mid  haiidum  to  heofon- 
cyninge.  13..  Sir  Beties  (A.)  2445  pe  liotiessc  seyje  bat 
sight  And  raujt  to  B[eues],  with  out  faile.  c  1400  Destr. 
Troy  10882  Ho  raght  to  hym  radly,  reft  hym  his  sheld.  1586 
J.  HOOKER  Hist.  Irel.  in  Holinshfd  II.  7/1  But  these  two. . 
raught  to  their  weapons.  1671  H.  M.  tr.  Erasm.  Colloq. 
192  Reach  to  the  Pompions,  there's  an  end  of  the  Lettices. 
1674  BKEVINT  Saul  at  Endor  232  This  Paiment,  however 
reacht  to,  is,  they  say,  presented  to  God  by  the  Pope.  1847 
HALLIWELL,  Reach-tot  to  reach  out  one's  hand,  so  as  to  help 
oneself.  1890  AUSTIN  CLARE  For  Love  of  Lass  iii,  Now  do 
as  the  missus  bids  you,  and  reach  to.  Your  father's  son  11 
be  always  welcome  at  my  table. 

c.  Const,  after,  for  (a  thing). 

c  1386  CHAUCEK  Prol.  136  Whan  she  dronken  hadde  hir 
draughte,  fful  semely  after  hir  mete  she  raughte.  1571 
CAMPION  Hist.  Irel.  11.  ix.  (1633)  nS  A  Gentleman,  .raught 
in  the  morning  for  some  paper.  1591  SPENSER  M.  Hnbberd 
1336  Rouzing  up  himselfe,  for  his  rough  hide  He  gan  to 
reach.  1737  [Si  DLIUNOIONJ  C/'.  tin  Luna's  Mew.  (1738)  33. 


BEACH. 


191 


BEACHING. 


I  was.. reaching  for  my  Sword  to  defend  myself  to  the  last 
Gasp 

a.  To  grasp  or  clutch  at.  (lit.  andjfo) 
1562  J.  HEYwoOD/Vor.  $  Epigi:  (1867)  106  Master  Sexten 
..Gredily  raught  at  a  goblet  of  \vyne.  1593  SHAKS.  -zHen. 
VI,  i.  ii.  Ji  Put  forth  thy  hand,  reach  at  the  glorious  Gold. 
1633  FULLER  Ch.  Hist,  ix.  Ded.,  The  Third  reached  not  at  all 
nt  Honor.  1732  NEAL///J/.  Pnn't.  (1822)  I.  66  Stretching  the 
laws  to  reacii  at  those  whom  they  could  not  fairly  come  at 
y.  1818  KEATS  Endym.  in.  372  Wherefore  reach 
At  things  which,  but  for  thee,  . .  Had  been  my  dreary  death? 


an  other  way.  1818  KEATS  Endym.  in.  372  When 
hings  which,  but  for  thee, ..  H 
6.  Jig.  of  mental  striving. 
1646  P.  BULKELEY  Gospel  Covt.  n.  131  The  soule  is  of  an 
intelligent  nature,  reaching  after  the  knowledge  of  high  and 
hidden  things.  1845-6  TRENCH  ffitls.  Lect.  Ser.  n.  vii.  261 
Some  of  old  had  been  reaching  out  after  this.  1870  J.  H. 
NEWMAN  Gram.  Assent  I.  v.  109  His  mind  reaches  forward 
with  a  strong  presentiment  to  the  thought  of  a  Moral 
Governor. 

13.  To  make  a  stretch  of  a  certain  length ;  to 
succeed  in  stretching  one's  arm,  etc.,  so  far. 

a ryooCursor  M.  1840  Nacreatur  in  Hue.  .moghttogrund 
or  reche  or  riue.  Ibid.  11673  Pe  fru^  hu  sulde  man  reche 
vnto.  13..  Sir  Denes  (A)  1623  [Beues]  knette  J>e  rop  J>ar 
while  Ase  hi^  ase  a  mi3te  reche.  c  1402  LYDG,  Cotnpl,  Bl. 
Knt.  xvi,  With  myn  hede  unto  the  welle  I  raughte.  ^"1450 
Merlin  344  He  lifte  vp  his  swerde,.and  he  slytte  the  shelde 
as  fer  as  that  he  raught.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  ^E  sop  n. 
xiii,  He  cowde  not  reche  to  the  mete  with  his  mouthe.  1535 
COVERDALE  Ecci.  vii.  23  She  wente  . .  so  depe  that  I  might 
not  reach  vnto  her.  1581  J.  HteUL.lfadtfott$Answ.  Osor.^ji 
By  reaching  beyond  his  reach,  he  reacheth  nothing  at  all. 
1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  in.  ii.  289,  I  am  not  yet  so  low,  But 
that  my  nailes  can  reach  vnto  thine  eyes.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  vi.  140  With  solitarie  hand  Reaching  beyond  all  limit. 

absot.  1667  MILTON  P.  L,  ix.  593  All  other  Beasts.. envy 
ing  stood,  but  could  not  reach. 

b.  transf.  and^/S^.  in  various  applications. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  27332  Als  ferre  als  he  may  reche,  ^e 
forme  o  scrift  til  him  he  teche.  1570-6  LAMBAKDE  Peramb, 
Kent  (1826)  257  As  farre  as  I  can  reache  byconiecture.  1591 
SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  i.  ii.  87  Lit.  Melodious  were  it,  would 
you  sing  it.  Jit,  And  why  not  you  ?  /.«.  I  cannot  reach 
so  high.  1611  BIBLE  Lev.  v.  7  inarg,,  His  hand  cannot  reach 
to  the  sufficiencie  of  a  lambe.  1633  BP.  HALL  Hfird  Texts, 
N.  T,  51  This  woman  hath  herein  reached  beyond  your 
conceit.  1653  H.  MORE  Antid.  Aik.  n.  vii.  §  5,  I  might 
now  reach  out  to  Exotick  Plants. 

14.  To  stretch  out  (continuously),  to  extend ;  to 
project  a  certain  distance  (above t  beyond,  etc.). 

a.  a  1000  Riddles  Ixvii.  7  (Gr.)  Iceom  mare  bonne  bes  mid- 
dangeard  . .  wide  r^ce  ofer  engla  card,  a  1000  C&dmoris 
Gen.  990  Raehton  wide  geond  werbeoda  wrohtes  teljan. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  2232  Do  we  wel  and  make  a  toure,  . .  bat 
may  reche  heghur  ban  heuen.  Ibid.  8080  (Gott.)  Lang  and 
side  bair  broues  wern  And  recched  al  a-boute  bair  ern. 
?  a  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  1022  Hir  tresses  yelowe.  .Unto 
hir  helys  down  they  raughten.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.) 
iii.  9  pe  schadowe  rechez  vnto  Lempny.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/. 
(W.  de  W.  1531)  77  b,  Saynt  Austyn  asketh  a  quest  yon : 
How  hye  recheth  the  hous  of  perfeccyon.  1623  GOUGE 
Serm.  Extent  God^sProvzd.  §  15  A  partition .  .which  reached 
up  to  the  floore  of  the  garret.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenofs 
Trav,  r.  21  The  Portico. -reaches  along  the  whole  front  of 
the  Church.  1751  LABELYE  IVestm.  Br.  28  These  Frames 
reached  about  z  Feet  above  the  common  High-water  Mark. 
1822  LATHAM  Gen,  Hist,  Birds  II.  63  The  wings  reach  very 
little  beyond  the  base.  1875  BRYCE  Holy  Rom.  Emp.  v. 
(ed.  5)  72  These  vast  domains,  reaching  from  the  Ebro  to 
the  Carpathian  mountains. 

ft.  ciy]$Sc.Leg.  Saints -x\\\\.  (Egtyciane)  1320  J>e  sone 
cane  fare  bemys  strek,  bat  fra  be  hewine  til  erd  can  rek. 
1462  Extr.  Burgh  Rec.  Peebles  (1872)  144  The  sayde . .  akeris 
of  land . .  on  the  northt  half  of  the  gat  rekand  to  the  Wenlaw. 
1513  DOUGLAS  j&neis  in.  ix.  12  His  herd  Rekand  doun  the 
lenth  neir  of  a  serd.  1824  MACTAGGART  Gallovid.  Encycl. 
191  He  sought  for  through-ban's  that  wad  rike. 
b.  Of  immaterial  things,  in  various  applications. 

aiooo  Sal.  <$•  Sat,  293  Yldo  ..  raeceb  wide  langre  linan. 
1340  HAM  POLE  Pr.  Consc.  6311  pe  mercy  of  God  ..  reches 
over  alle,  bathe  fer  and  nere.  1443  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II. 
211  Hir  contemplacioun  rauht  up  to  the  hevene.  1535 
COVERDALE  Dan.  iv.  22  Thy  greatnesse  increaseth,  and 
reacheth  vnto  the  heauen.  a  1636  HALES  Gold.  Rem.  (1688) 
i  How  far  his  intent  and  meaning  reacht.  1718  Freethinker 
No.  2,  10  His  Jurisdiction  reaches  even  to  the  Councils  of 
Princes.  1769  Junius  Lett.  i.  9  It  reaches  beyond  the  inte 
rest  of  individuals.  1871  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  IV. 
xviii.  131  The  exclusion  of  Englishmen  reached  even  to  men 
of  Norman  descent  born  in  England. 

C.  Of  a  period  of  time,  or  with  reference  to 
duration  of  time. 

1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  554  J>e  tother  part.. reches  fra 
be  begynnyng  Of  mans  lyfe  un-til  be  endyng.  1533  COVER- 
DALE  Lev.  xxvi.  5  The  wyne  haruest  shal  reache  vnto  the 
sowynge  tyme.  1622  CALLIS  Stat.  Seivers  (1647)  no  1'hese 
things,  .do  reach  from  the  beginning  of  the  Lease  to  the  top 
of  the  Inheritance.  1711  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  159  F  4  That 
Portion  of  Eternity  which  is  called  Time,.. reaching  from 
the  Beginning  of  the  World  to  its  Consummation. 

d.  To  suffice,  be  adequate  or  sufficient  to  (also 
with  infiti.).     Chiefly  of  money.  ?  Obs. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PL  B.  xiv.  230  His  rentes  ne  wol  naujte 
reche,  no  riche  metes  to  bugge.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law 
Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  168  He  aw  till  allow  thai  gudis  as  payment 
of  his  costis  . .  in  alsferr  as  thai  mycht  reke.  1642  ROGERS 
Naaman  159  Abilities  will  not  reach  to  suffer  for  God, 
though  they  seeme  to  act  for  him.  a  1657  BRADFORD 
Plymouth  Plant.  (1856)  215  Everyone  was  to  pay.  .what  ya 
profits  of  y  trade  would  not  reach  too.  1733  TULL  Horse- 
Hoeing  Hitsb.  xi.  (Dubl.)  142  As  much  of  the  middle  sort  of 
Wheat  as  his  Money  would  reach  to  purchase. 

e.  To  amount  to. 

1596  SHAKS.  r  Hen.  IV,  iv.  i.  129  Hotsp.  What  may  the 
Kings  whole  Battaite  reach  vnto?  Ver.  To  thirty  thousand. 
1887  STUBBS  Medisev.  $  Mod.  Hist.  360  Another  sum  of  the 
same  amount,  reaching.  •  to  j£  120,000. 


15.  f  a.  To  move,  proceed,  go,  spread.  Obs.         I 
Some  examples  would  also  admit  of  being  taken  in  sense 

16,  the  history  of  which  is  somewhat  obscure,  in  the  absence 
of  quotations  for  the  isth  and  i6th  centuries. 

a  xooo  Riddles  xvL  27  (Gr.)  Sijjban  ic  burh  hylles  hrof 
geraece.  c  1205  LAY.  16265  Bruttes  weoren  balde  £  reht^n 
ouer  walde.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  5003 
Tydynges  ronne,  bat  ouer  al  reches  ;  . .  bat  Romayns  were 
aryue  on  land,  c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  n.  447  Up  he  stert 
&  on  his  way  he  raught.  01400-50  Alexander  3852  pus 
rajt  he  fra  bis  reuir  be  many  ruje  waies. 

f  b.  To  go  on,  or  proceed  to  (a  place  or  point) ; 
to  ran  into  ;  to  penetrate  to.  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  15788  (Cott.1  Ilk  dint  [>at  ^ai  him  gaf  it 
reked  to  be  ban.    1:1400  Beryn  168  To  othirplacis  of  holynes 
bey  raii;te.     a  1400-50  A  lexander  5510  [Alexander]  Ra-,t  on    , 
to  );e  reede  See  &  rerid  bare  his  tentis.     c  1425  WYNTOUN    ' 
Cron.  I.  x.  554  Fra  north  on  sowth  the  streme  it  strekys  In 
tyll  the  Rede  Se  quhille  it  rekys. 

c.  Naut.  To  sail  on  a  reach ;    (see  also  quot. 

1867). 

1832  MARRYAT  Ar.  Forster  v,  The  sloop  wearing  round, 
reached  in  for  the  land.     1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk,^     ' 
Reaching,  sometimes  used  for  standing  offand  on...Avessel 
also  reaches  ahead  of  her  adversary.     1884  HnnCs  Yacht 
ing  Mag.  Apr.   150  A  Tattling  breeze  ..  got  up  ..  and  she    , 
reached  along  like  a  schooner. 

16.  To  attain  or  succeed  in  coming  to  a  place, 
point,  person,  etc. ;  f  to  come  tip  (to). 

1632  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  Biondi's  Eromena  21  Posting  on  with 
such  diligence  that  by  darke  night  hee  reached  to  Caleri. 
1651  CROMWELL  Let.  4  Aug.  in  Carlyle,  To  give  the  enemy    i 
some  check,  until  we  shall  be  able  to  reach  up  to  him.    1719    i 
DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  xviii.  (1840)  318  They  could  not  reach  back    I 
to  the  boat  before  it  was  dark.     1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones    ' 
ill.  vii,  The  public  voice.. seldom  reaches  to  a  brother  or  a    ' 
husband,  tho'  it  rings  in  the  ears  of  all  the  neighbourhood.     ' 
1802  H.  MARTIN  Helen  of  Glenross  III.  19  When  we  had 
reached  to  this  stage  of  our  proposed  journey. 

b.  With  other  constructions.  Also  with  speci 
fication  of  distance  covered  in  attaining  to  a  point. 
1591  R.  WILMOT  Tancred  <y  Gisimtnda  i.  ii,  He  neuer 
sought,  with  vast  huge  mounting  towers  To  reach  aloft, 
and  ouer-view  our  raigne.  1622  DRAYTON  Poly-oik,  xxii. 
1222  Hastings  that  before  raught  hither  with  his  rear, 
And  with  King  Kdward  join VI,  1627  SIR  R.  GIJANVILLE  in  j 
Ld.  Lansdownes  Wks.  (1732)  II.  336  We  had  not  raught  a  , 
musket-shot  out  of  the  Town.  1760^-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of 
Qital.  (1809)  IV.  138  At  length,  reaching  near  the  door.  1799 
E.  Du  T$o\s  Piece  Family  Kiog.  III.  55  Continually  receding 
until  they  have  both  reached  as  far  as  they  can  go. 

C.  Of  the  eye,  a  gun,  etc. :  To  cany. 
1632  HoLLANDCj'r7/^,2Y//rii66  They  gave  backe  from  thence 
foot  by  foot  . .  so  farre  as  a  dart  shot  raught  from  the  wall. 
1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  <$•  P.  40  The  Power  of  the 
English,  who  command  as  far  as  their  Guns  reach.  1885  G. 
ALLEN  Babylon  \,  As  far  as  the  eye  could  reach  in  either 
direction. 

17.  To  attain  to  an  achievement,  condition,  etc. 
Now  rare  or  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  20026  A  thusand  year  moght  i  noghtreke  i 
..  Til  tend  part  of  hir  louing.  1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  , 
Synne  1930  Alle  be  penaunce  bat  bou  mayst  do  Ne  may  nat 
reche  here  godenes  to.  c  1330  —  Chron.  (1810)  195  In  armes 
is  ber  none  pat  to  J?ie  renoun  reches.  1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  ///, 
I.  i.  159  Another  secret  close  intent,  By  marrying  her,  which 
I  must  reach  vnto.  1603  OWEN  Pembrokeshire  vii.  (1891)  55 
Great  aboundance  of  Wheat,  barlie  and  other  graine,  not 
rechinge  in  finenes  to  Castlemartyn.  1633  Bp.  HALL  Hard 
Texts  0.  T.  373  By  no  humane  meanes  which  thou  canst 
reach  unto. 

b.  Const,  with  infm.     Now  rare. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  11385  Elles  moght  not  kinges  thre  Haf 
raght  to  ride  sa  ferr  ewai.  1387  TREvisA//j£-rtV«  (Rolls)  II. 
217  And  he  may  not  reche  for  to  greue  obere,  }?an  lie  bycomeb 
angry  and  cruel  to  hym  self.  1871  FARRAR  Witn.  Hist.  iv. 
142  They  could  only  reach  to  lay  their  garlands  of  admira 
tion  at  his  feet. 

•{•  c.  To  attain  to  (knowledge  of).   Obs. 

1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.)  Mark  vi.  3  note,  His  coun trie- folks  .. 
not  reaching  to  his  godhead  and  divine  generation  did  take 
offence  or  scandal  of  him.  1594  HOOKER  Eccl,  Pol.  in.  viii. 
§  6  Festus  ..  heard  him,  but  could  not  reach  unto  that 
whereof  he  spake.  1653  H.  MORE  Antid.  Ath.  IT.  v.  §  5  To 
conclude  there  is  no  such  thing  as  Reason  and  Demonstra 
tion  because  a  natural  Fool  cannot  reach  unto  it. 

18.  To  undergo  stretching,  rare.    Now  only  dial. 
1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  iv.  148  Bi  him  that  rauhte  on  the 

roode.  c  1440  Promfi.  Parv.  425/1  Rechyn,  as  lethyr,  dilato, 
extendo.  1570  LKVINS  Mattip.  88/32  To  Reche,  distendi. 
1823  MOOR  Suffolk  Words,  s.v.  Reech,  If  your  hat  be  too 
small  it  will '  reech  i'  the  wearing ', 

1 19.  To  start  up.   Obs^ 

a  1450  Le  Morte  Arth.  3191  Hys  chambyrlayns  wakyd 
hym  ther  \v*  all,  And  woodely  oute  of  hys  slepe  he  raught. 

Reach  (ntf),^.2  Now  only  dial.  (cf.  RETCH  v.2}. 
Also  5  areche,  6-7  reche.  [OE.  hr&cant  =  ON. 
hrsekja  to  spit,  f.  OE.  hrdca,  ON.  hrdki  spittle, 
expectorated  matter. 

The  apparent  absence  of  the  word  in  literature  from  the 
OE.  period  to  the  isth  c.  is  remarkable,  but  there  can  be  no 
doubt  of  its  continuity.] 

1 1.  a.  intr.  To  spit ;  also,  to  make  an  effort  to 
clear  the  throat,  to  hawk.  Obs. 

^897  K.  >ELFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  v.  43  Jif  he  Sonne 
5aet  wif  wille  forsacan,  Sonne  hrasce  hio  him  on  3;et  neb 
foran.  ciooo  Sax.  Leechd.  I.  148  WiS  geposu  &  wid  baet 
man  hefelice  hraece,  genim  rJas  wyrte  [etc.].  [^1460  J. 
RUSSELL  Bk.  Nurture  290  Areche,  ne  spitt  to  ferre,  ner  be 
ye  slow  of  herynge.]  1545  RAYNOLD  Byrth  Mankynde  58 
Crieng  or  reching  so  loude  as  she  can,  so  to  stere  her  selfe. 
1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Screot  to  reache  in  spittyng. 

t  b.    trans.    To    spit    or    bring   up    (blood    or 
phlegm).  Obs. 


ciooo  Sax.  Leechd.  I.  142  £yf  hwa  blod  swipe  brace, 
genime  Sysse  ylcan  wyrte  [etc.],  c  1550  LLOYD  7V*oj.  Health 
(1585}  LJj,  Gume  of  a  Peache  tre  geuen  to  hym  that  rechit 
or  spitteth  bloud,  helpeth  greatly.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II. 
59  For  them  that  raught  vp  bloud  at  the  mouth,  he  pre- 
scribeth  to  take  Mints  in  a  broth.  1606  —  Sueton.  189  Hee 
never  durst  once  spit  and  reach  up  flearne. 

2.  intr.  To  make  efforts  to  vomit  ;  to  retch. 

In  i8th  c.  freq.  to  reach  to  vomit  (cf.  REACHING  vbl.  sbs\ 

1575  GASCOIGNE  Hearbes  Wks.  165,  I  poore  soule  which 
close  in  caban  laye,  And  there  had  reacht  til  gaule  was  wel- 
neare  burst.  1636  BRATHWAIT  Rom.  Emp.  47  As  hee  was 
reaching  or  striving  to  vomit.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa 
(1811)  IV.  xliii.  285,  I  shall  reach  confoundedly,  and  bring 
up  some  clotted  blood.  0:1776  R.  JAMES  Diss.  Fevers 
(1778)  51  She  . .  reached  to  vomit  very  much. 

Reachable  (rrtjab'l),  a.    [f.  REACH  v.^\ 
fl.  Able  to  reach  to.  Obs.  rare""1. 
1633  T,  ADAMS  Exp.  2  Peter  ii.  10  A  tower  reachable  to 
heaven  ! 

2.  That  may  be  reached. 

1824  L.  M,  HAWKINS  Mem.  II.  5  note*  My  father  ..  had 
strong  oak  shutters  put  on  the  outside  of  all  the  reachable 
windows  in  our  house.  1873  W.  S.  MAYO  Never  A  gain -x\\\. 
229  If  through  the  sense  of  smell  Her  heart  were  reachable. 

Reache,  variant  of  RECCHE  v.  Obs. 

Reached,///,  a.  rare-*.  [?  f.  REACH  s*.1  n.] 
?  Stretched,  strained. 

1650  WEEKES  Truth's  Coiifl.  ii.  45  It  doth  arise  from  their 
own  reached  and  unworthy  carriages  towards  God. 

Reachelesse,  obs.  form  of  RECKLESS. 

Readier  (rrtjaa).     [f.  REACH  r>.i  +  -ER  i.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  reaches. 

1394  GREENE  &  LODGE  Looking  Gl.  G/s  Wks,  (Rtkig.)  120/1 
Hold  in  your  rapier',  for  thougn  I  have  not  a  long  reacher, 
I  have  a  short  hitter.  1598  FLORIO,  Recatore,  a  bringer,  a 
reacher,  1667  WOOD  Life  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  in  [Prynne]  spoke 
to  Jennings  the  reacher  of  the  records  that  he  should  let 
him  have  any  record.  1819  BYRON  Juan  it.  clxv,  The  highest 
reachers  Of  eloquence  in  piety  and  prose.  1899  Daily  A'ews 
9  Oct.  6/2  Shamrock  . .  has  proved  herself  to  be  a  good 
runner,  a  fine  reacher. 

fb.  A  certain  type  of  beggar.   <9fo."~l 

1607  DEKKER  Jests  to  make  you  Merry  35  There  is  a  new 
company  arising,,  .and  these  call  themselues  Reachers,  they 
walke  together  Male  and  Female  [etc.]. 

t  2.  An  exaggerated  statement,  ( stretcher1.  Obs. 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  II.  x.  (1614")  157  Adrian  had  a 
Vineyard  eighteen  miles  square,  which  hee  hedged  with 
those  slaine  carkasses,  as  high  as  a  man  can  reach  ia  readier 
I  thinke).  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies^  Monmouth.  iv.  (1662) 
51,  I  can  hardly  believe  that  Reacher,  which  another  writeth 
of  him,  that  with  the  palms  of  his  hands  he  could  touch  his 
knees,  though  he  stood  upright. 

Reaching  (rf'tprj),  vbl.  sbl     [f.  as  prec.] 

1.  The  action  of  REACH  z;.i,  in  its  various  senses. 
Also  with  out,  up. 

(-950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  John  Intr.  7/3  MiS  rjccing  [L.  porrec- 
tiont-].  Ibid.  8/n  MiS  racing  honda  [L.  extensions 
jnanmuii].  c  \moPromp.  Parr.  425/2  Rechynge,  orstretch- 
ynge,  extensio.  1591  PERCIVALL  Sf.  Diet.,  Alcance,  ouer- 
taking,  obteining,  pursuing,  reaching.  1662  BETTY  VERXEV 
19  Apr.  in  Mem.  Vcrney  Fain.  (1899)  IV.  21  The  reaching 
up  of  my  armes.  1760  LAW  Spir.  Prayer  \.  55  A  natural  . . 
reaching  after  that  eternal  light.  1875  \\'nnxY.\- Life  La>ig, 
viii.  138  The  reaching-out  of  the  bodily  organs.  1884  Sat. 
Rei:  14  June  783/2  According  to  all  accepted  tenets,  mere 
running  and  reaching  [in  yacht-racing]  is  poor  work. 
b.  With  a  and//.  An  instance  of  this. 

1785  BL-RKE  .?/.  Nabob  Arcot  Wks.  1842  I.  333  All  the 
Teachings  and  graspings  of  a  vivacious  mind.  1846  RL-SKIN 
Mod.  Paint.  (1883)  ii.  i.  i,  Reachings  forward  unto  the  things 
that  are  before.  1871  SPENCER  Princ.  Psych.  II.  §  300.  82 
All  reasoning  . .  is  a  reaching  of  the  unknown  through  the 
known. 

f  2.  A  reach  or  stretch  of  country.  Obsr^ 

1727  in  M.  A.  Richardson  Hist.  Table-bk.  Leg.  Div.  (1843) 
I.  401  There  are  many  hills  and  Teachings  for  many  miles. 

3.  Comb,  reac-hing-post  (see  quot.). 

1815  BURNEY  Falconer's  Mar.  Diet.,  R  caching-Post,  in 
rope-making,  a  post . .  fixed  in  the  ground  at  the  lower-end 
of  a  rope- walk.  It  is  used  in  stretching  the  yarn  by  means 
of  a  tackle. 

Keaxhing,  vbl.  sb2  Now  dial.  ff.  REACH 
v.~]  The  action  of  retching  for  (inOE.)  spitting. 
Also//,  (freq.  in  i8th  c.). 

triooo  Sa.r.  Leechd.  II.  174  pis  sint  tacn  adlies  majan; 
serest  gelome  spsetunga  o33e  hrEecunga.  1601  HOLLAND 
Pliny  xxiv.  iv,  The  said  barke  . .  is  greatly  commended 
for  the  reaching  and  spitting  of  blood.  1655  CULPF.PPER 
Riverius  i.  vi.  24  Coughing,  Yawning,  Reaching,  and 
Hiccoughs.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  (1858)  481  First  hungry, 
then  sick  again,  with  Teachings  to  vomit.  1777  G.  FORSTER 
Voy.  round  World  II.  238  They  groaned  most  pitifully,  had 
violent  Teachings. 

Beaching  (rTtto),  ppl.  a.    [f.  REACH  v.i  + 

-ING2.]     That  reaches,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1.  Of  the  hand,  etc. :  Stretching  out  to  or  after 
something ;  able  to  reach  far. 

1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI,  iv.  vii.  86  Great  men  haue  reaching 
hands.  1681  T.  FLATMAN  Heraclitits  Ridens  No.  31  (t^is) 
I.  200  A  sad  Experiment  I  have  made  Of  the  long  reaching 
Arm  of  Kings.  1817  KEATS  Sleep  fy  Poetry  362  Fauns  and 
satyrs  taking  aim  At  swelling  apples  with  a  frisky  leap  And 
reaching  fingers. 

b.  Characterized  by  reaching  forward  (with  the 
legs.  Cf.  REACH  sb.  5). 

1866  BLACKMOnCfBf&atAiMMffxacV,  She  broke  from  the 
long  stride  of  her  trot  into  a  reaching  canter. 

2.  Having  great  (mental)  reach ;  far-  or  deep- 
reaching.     (Freq.  in  zyth  c.     Now  rare.) 

a.  of  thoughts,  views,  plans,  etc. 


REACHLESS. 

£•1400  tr.  Sccreta  Secret.^  Gov.Lordsh.  106"  It  ys  nedfull.. 
[to]  chese  a  sotell  man,  J>at  hauyn  most  stalworth  tokenyng, 
and  most  rechand  argument,  c  1592  MARLOWE  Jeiv  of  Malta 
i.  ii.  229  A  reaching  thought  will  search  his  deepest  wits. 
1674  BOYLE  Excell.  Theol.  n.  v.  207  To  have  so  reaching 
'and  attentive  a  prospect  of  all  things,  a  1718  PKNN  Maxims 
Wks.  1726  I.  840  St.  James  gives  a  short  Draught  of  the 
Matter,  but  very  full  and  reaching.  1836  BROWNING  Life 
ofStrafford^^T.}  140  The  views  of  the  lord  deputy,  some 
what  more  reaching  than  their  own,  startled  them. 
b.  of  the  mind,  etc. ;  rarely  of  persons. 

1582  STANYHURST  j&ntb  Ep.  Ded.  (Arb.)  3  Such  reaching 
wyts,  as  bend  theyre  endewours  too  thee  vnfolding  thereof. 
1594  \VILLOBIE  Avisa  2  Then  Pallas  gaue  a  reaching  head, 
With  deepe  conceites,  and  passing  wit.  1664  POWER  Exp. 
Philos.  in.  161  The  reaching  soul  of  the  renowned  Des- 
Cartes.  1845  Bp.  WILBERFORCE  Let.  27  May  in  A.  R.  Ash- 
well  Life  (1879}  I.  vii.  269  A  very  clever  reaching  mother. 

3.  Stretching;  capable  of  stretching.  rare~l. 

1651  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  n.  viii.  (1739)  46  They 
saw  that  in  such  cases  of  Treason  the  King's  honour  was 
made  of  reaching  Leather. 

t  4.  ?  Attractive,  (  fetching '.  Obs.—1 

1607  BEAUMONT  Woman  Hater  v.  i,  My  Book-strings  are 
sutable,  and  of  a  reaching  colour. 

Hence  Rea'chiugly  adv. 

1664  H.  MORE  Exfi,  ^  Epist.  iii.  31  Very  reachingly  and 
comprehensively  Propheticall. 

Reachless  (rrtjlt-s),  a.  [f.  REACH  ^.1  +  -LESS.] 
That  cannot  be  reached. 

1628  SIR  W.  MURE  Doomesday  318  What  glorious  lights 
Must  beautifie  those  reachlesse  hights.  1825  HONK  Every* 
day  Bk.  I.  951  The  hot  little  dog  looking  wistfully  into  the 
reachless  warm  water.  1863  LD.  LYTTON  Ring  A»iasis  I. 
121  Aloof  upon  her  reachless  rock,  sat  cold  the  Loreley. 

I  lenec  Rea'chlessness.  rare~^. 

1861  LYTTON  &  FANE  Tanjihiiuser  26  As  one  should  love 
a  star . .  who  knows  The  distance  of  it,  and  the  reachlessness. 

Reachless,  obs.  variant  of  RECKLESS. 

Reach-me-down,  a.  and  sb,   [REACH  r.1 5  b.] 

A.  adj.  Of  clothes:  Kxposed  for  sale  in  a  finished 
state,  ready  for  wearing,  ready-made;  also,  cast- 
off,  second-hand. 

1863  THACKERAY  Philip  xxlv,  The  most  splendid  reach- 
me-down  dressing  gowns.  1887  I*all  MallG.  22  Jan.  4/1 
The  reach-me-down  finery  of  the  East-end  exquisite. 

B.  sb.  A  ready-made  or  second-hand  garment. 
Chiefly//. 

1877  BESANT  &  RICK  Harpfy  Cr.  xv.  148  Two  new  pairs  of 
second-hand  machine-made  reach-me-downs.  1884  World 
3  Dec.  13/1  The  wide-awakes,  billycocks,  ulsters,  and  reach- 
me-downs. 

attrib.  1869  Routh'dge's  Ev.  Boys  Ann.  674  We  pre- 
ferred  going  to  a  reach-me-down  store,  as  Prawle  styled  it. 

Reachy  (rrtji),  a.  rare.  [f.  REACH  j£.i  +  -Y.] 
That  has  a  long  reach. 

1888  Poultry  27  July  377  Game  Cocks  (four)— First  (Plattin) 
a  beautiful  lilack  Red,  very  reachy,  capital  style. 

Reack,  obs.  variant  of  RICK. 

Reackiiow  ledge,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  In  early  use 
suggested  by  L.  recognoscere  or  F.  reconnottre^\ 

T 1.  Irans*  To  recognize,  confess,  acknowledge. 

iSSo  J-  COKE  Eng.  $  Fr.  Heralds  §  225  (1877)  123  You, 
syr  herald  of  Fraunce, . .  for  ever  herafter,  shall  reacknow- 
ledge  your  dutie,  gevynge  place  to  the  heralde  of  Englande. 
1555  HARPSFIRLD  in  Banners  Homilies  10  He  teacheth  vs  in 
oure  prayers,  to  reacknowledge  oure  selues  synners. 

f  2.  To  reconnoitre,  explore.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1622  F.  MARKHAM  Bk.  War  v.  ix.  196  To  find  out  and  re- 
acknowledge  the  natures,  dispositions  and  inclinations  of  all 
the  Enemies  Commaunders. 

3.  To  acknowledge  again  or  anew. 

1640  HABINGTON  Edw.  11'  70  King  Henry  set  at  libertie 
went  ..  to  Pauls  Church,  the  Clergy,  Nobility,  and  Com 
monalty  reacknowledging  all  obedience  to  him.  1657  J. 
SERGEANT  Schism  Dispach't  614  If  then  ..  they  have  broke 
in  peeces  his  Church,  and  renounced  the  only-certain 
grounds  of  his  law,  they  must  ..  restore  both  to  their  former 
integrity  by  reacknowledging  them.  1715  POI-E  Lett.  (1735) 
I.  232  This  puts  me  in  mind  of  reacknowledging  your  con- 
tinu'd  Endeavours  to  enrich  me. 

Hence  Reacknowledgement,  -lodging. 

1598  FLORIO,  Resipiscentia,  ..  a  reacknowledging.  1611 
Ibid.,  Riconoscenzat  reacknowledgement. 

Reacquai'nt,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  make 
acquainted  again  ;  to  bring  back  into  acquaintance. 

1647  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  in.  i.  xii,  Tract  of  time  at 
least  all  memory  Will  quite  debarre,  that  reacquainten 
mought  My  self  with  mine  own  self. 

So  Reacquai'ntauce,  renewed  knowledge. 

1668  H.  MORE  Div.  Dial.  in.  ii.  (1713)  183  Your  re- 
acquaintance  of  those  many  and  most  noble  Truths  that 
Philotheus  recovered  into  your  Mind. 

Keacqurre,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  rjacqutrir 
(i5th  c.  in  Littre).]  trans.  To  acquire  anew. 

a  1691  BOYLE  Hist.  Air  (1692)  225,  I  perceived  one  of 
them.,  that  had  almost  quite  lost  its  colour,  to  have  re- 
acquired  a  very  fair  blew.  «  1711  KEN  Hymnotheo  Poet. 
Wks.  1721  III.  361  Their  penitential  Tears.  .Had  strove  lost 
Heav'n  and  Love  to  re-acquire.  1805  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann. 
Rev.  III.  291  The  established  interests  ..  would,  after  the 
first  novelty  of  an  independant  choice,  shortly  reacquire  their 
natural  ascendancy.  1884  SIR  J.  PEARSON  in  Law  Times 
Rep.  L.  7i2/2^By  losing  an  English  domicil,  he  re-acquired 
a  Scotch  domicil,  his  domicil  of  origin. 

Hence  Reacqui'red  ///.  a. 

1839  JAMES  Louis  XIV^  II.  299  To  ensure  durability  to 
the  reacquired  power  of  the  queen.  1880  C.  &  F.  DARWIN 
Movem.  PI.  524  This  regeneration  of  the  tips  and  reacquired 
sensitiveness. 

So  f  Keacqui'st  v.  Obs.  rare1*"1. 

1635  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  Biondis  Banish'd  l-'irg-.  166,  I  will 


192 

endeavour  to  re-acquist  you  the  kingdome  or  dye  in  the 
attempt. 

t  Reacqui'te,  ^.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  requite. 

1534  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Life  <$•  Lett.  (1902)  I.  395,  I 
shall  accompt  my  self  bounden  to  reaquite  your  gentilnes 
with  semblable  pleasures,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Rich.  Iff 
(1809)  405  His  bountyfulnes  and  liberalise  whiche  they 
would  God  wyllynge  shortly  reacquyte.  1594  T.  BEDING- 
FIELD  tr.  Machia-velli's  Florentine  Hist.  (1595)  166  So  might 
he  also  hope  in  time  to  come,  to  be  reacquited. 

React  (rz*|je'kt),  zv1  [See  RE-  2  a  and  ACT  v. 
Cf.  F.  rtagir  (i8th  c.),  lateL.  reagcre  (5th  cent.).] 

1.  intr.  To  act  in  return,  or  in  turn,  upon  some 
agent  or  influence.     Also  without  const. 

Sometimes  used  loosely  when  previous  action  is  merely 
implied  or  possible. 

1644  DIGBY  Nat.  Bodies  xvi,  141  If  fire  doth  heate  water, 
the  water  reacteth  againe  . .  vpon  the  fire  and  cooleih  it. 
1724  SWIFT  Answer  Misc.  (1735)  V.  21  Because,  the  Soul 
her  Power  contracts,  And  on  the  Brother  Limb  re-acts. 
1771  WESLEY  Wks.  (1872)  V.  233  God  does  not  continue  to 
act  upon  the  Soul,  unless  the  Soul  re-acts  upon  God.  1831 
MACAU  LAY  Sp.  in  Ho.  Comm.  5  July,  Government  and 
society  are  cause  and  effect — they  re-act  on  each  other. 
1880  MCCARTHY  Own  Times  IV.  1.  61  Applause  reacts  upon 
the  orator. 

b.  spec,  in  Chem.  of  the  action  of  reagents. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  IV.  415/1  The  nitrous  acid  soon  .. 
reacts  on  the  other  metals,  and  dissolves  them.  1845  G.  K. 
DAY  tr.  Sintwfs  Anim.  Ghent.  I.  359  Chyle  of  different 
qualities  may  react  with  varying  energy  on  the  lymphatic 
glands. 

2.  intr.  To  act,  or  display  some  form  of  energy, 
in  response  to  a  stimulus ;  to  undergo  a  change 
under  some  influence.     Const,  to  (in  recent  use). 

1656  tr.  Hobbes'  Elem.  Philos.  (1839)  393  Though  all  sense 
. .  be  made  by  reaction,  nevertheless  it  is  not  necessary  that 
every  thing  that  reacteth  should  have  sense.  1856  KANE 
Arct.  Expl.  II.  v.  67  The  less  severe  cases  . .  are  beginning 
to  feel  the  influence  of  their  new  diet;  but  Wilson  and 
Brooks  do  not  react.  i88a  VINES  tr.  Sac/is'  £ot.  895  The 
tendency  to  expand  is  increased  by  darkness..:  light  hns  the 
contrary  effect,  and  the  one  half  always  reacts  more  power 
fully  than  the  other.  1891  F.  DARWIN  in  Nature  409  Plants 
may  gain.. various  aptitudes  for  reacting  to  light  and  gravi 
tation. 

3.  intr.  To   act   in   opposition   to   some   force. 
Const,  against. 

1861  M.  ARNOLD  Pop.  Ednc.  France  p.  xx,  I  know  that 
some  individuals  react  against  the  strongest  impediments. 
1871  Daily  News  31  Jan.,  He  . .  did  all  that  lay  in  him  to 
react  against  the  cry,  a  Herlin, 

4.  intr.  To  move  or  tend  in  a  reverse  direction  ; 
to  return  towards  a  previous  condition. 

1875  TENNYSON  Queen  Mary  iv.  iii.  ?.\6  Heaven  help  that 
this  re-action  not  re-act  Yet  fiercelier  under  Queen  Elizabeth. 
1893  Wcstni.  Gaz.  29  Nov.  2/1  His  father  was  a  strong 
Wesleyan,  and  the  son,  as  was  natural,  ix-acted  towards  the 
Church  of  England.  1896  Daily  News  5  Nov.  7/4  Silver 
reacted  2$,  but  rallied  ii  on  dealings. 

f5.  trans,  a.  To  exercise  in  turn.  b.  To  drive 
back,  to  reflect.  Obs. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  386  The  spirits  of  many., 
meeting  no  assimilables  wherein  to  react  their  natures,  must 
certainely  anticipate  such  natural!  desolations.  1678  CL'D- 
WORTH  Intell.  Syst.  i.  v.  731  Every  thing  that  suffered  and 
reacted  motion,  especially  polite  bodies,  as  looking-glasses. 

Hence  Rea'cting  vbl.  sb.  and  ///.  a. 

1611  FLORIO,  Reattidne^  a  reacting,  or  reaction.  1685  J. 
CHAMBERLAYNE  Coffee,  Teat  fy  Choc.  60  The  acting  and  re 
acting  which  they  have  one  upon  another.  1833  CHALMERS 
Const.  Man  (1835)  I.  iv.  173  The  actings  and  readings  that 
take  place  between  man  and  man.  1871  M  OR  LEY  I'oltaire 
(1886)  5  A  kind  of  reacting  sympathy.  1896  Allbutt's  Syst. 
Med.  I.  245  Some  modification  in  the  reacting  tissue, 

Re-act  (r/iae-kt),  ?'.2  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  ACT  V.] 
trans.  To  act,  do,  or  perform  a  second  time. 

a  1656  EP.  HALL  Invisible  World  in,  v,  Encouraging  a 
man,  by  the  prosperous  event  of  his  sin,  to  re-act  it.  a  1711 
KEN  Preparatives  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  18,  But.. I  fear  my 
treacherous  Will  Wou'd  live  re-acting  the  like  111.  1755 
SMOLLETT  Qnix.  iv.  xv,  The  gay  shepherdesses  and  gallant 
swains,  who  sought  to  renew  and  react  the  pastoral  Arcadia. 
1833  I.  TAYLOR  Fanat.  \\.  144  They,  .wait  only  the  leave  or 
bidding  of  circumstances  to  re-act  their  part. 

Reaction  (r?',ark/3n).  [f,  RE-  +  ACTION;  cf. 
REACT  z*.1  and  F.  reaction  (a  1610). 

Florio  (1611)  uses  'reaction  '  to  render  It.  reattlone  (mod. 
reazione) :  see  REACTING  i>bl.  sb.} 

1.  Repulsion  or  resistance  exerted  by  a  body  in 
opposition  to  the  impact  or  pressure  of  another 
body. 

1644  DIGBY  Nat.  Bodies  xvi.  139  Of  reaction  ..  in  locall 
motion,  that  each  agent  must  suffer  in  acting  and  actc  in 
suffering.  1748  HARTLEY  Ofacrv.  Man  i.  i.  47  It  must  be 
compressed  in  return,  by  the  Re-action  of  the  Skull.  1800 
VINCE  Hydrost.  i.  (1806)  n  The  reaction  of  the  sides  of  the 
vessel  against  the  fluid.  1881  Encycl.  Brit.  XII.  524/2  The 
reaction  of  the  jets  caused  the  rotation  of  the  machine. 

fig*  *G43  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Rclig.  Med.  i.  §  5  It  is  the 
method  of  Charity  to  suffer  without  reaction.  «i66o  HAM 
MOND  Serin,  xxi.  Wks.  1684  IV.  687  In  such  a  Soul  as  this, 
there  is  a  perpetual  re-action,  an  impatience  of  the  presence 
of  any  thing  which  may  trash,  incumber  or  oppress  it. 

2.  The  influence  which  a  thing,  acted  upon  or 
affected  by  another,  exercises  in  return  upon  the 
agent,  or  in  turn  upon  something  else. 

1771  WESLEY  Wks.  (1872)  V.  232  A  continual  action  of  God 
upon  the  Soul,  and  a  re-action  of  the  Soul  upon  God.  1792 
A.  YOUNG  Trav.  France  434  The  effects  of  high  or  low 
prices  on  agriculture,  and  the  re-action  of  culture  on  price. 
1863  TVNDALL  Heat  i.  2  Action  and  reaction  have  thus  gone 
on  from  prehistoric  ages  to  the  present  time.  1876  1.. 


REACTIVE. 

STEPHEN  Eng.  Th.  iWi  C.  I.  i.  12  Mr.  Darwin's  observa 
tions  upon  the  breeds  of  pigeons  have  had  a  reaction  on  the 
structure  of  European  Society. 

b.  Chem.  The  action  of  one  chemical  agent  on 
another,  or  the  result  of  such  action. 

1836  J.  M.  GULLY  Magemiie's  Formnl.  {ed.  2)  9  The  great 
care  that  is  requisite  to  prevent  the  re-action  of  this  acid  is 
an  objection  to  its  use.  i86a  MILLER  Elem.  Chem.  fed.  2) 
in.  67  Owing  to  the  feebler  affinities  of  these  elements,  the 
reactions  take  place  with  less  vehemence.  Ibid.  43^  The 
vegetable  bases  when  in  solution  have  generally  a  decidedly 
alkaline  reaction  upon  test  papers. 

3.  Phys.  and  Path.    a.  The  supervention  of  an 
opposite  physical  condition,  as  the  return  of  heat 
after  cold,  or  of  vitality  after  shock. 

1805  W.  SAUNDERS  Min.  Waters  498  If  an  intire  immersion 
in  cold  water  be  employed,  and  the  body  be  in  a  fit  state  to 
produce  reaction,  a  full ..  perspiration  will  follow.  1842 
ABDY  Water  Cure  (1843)  165  The  first  impulse  to  the  re 
action  of  the  heart  has  been  found  to  have  been  given  by 
these  means.  1875  H.  C.  WOOD  Therap.  (1879)  652  The 
cold  bath,  when  not  followed  by  a  healthy  reaction,  is  any 
thing  but  a  tonic. 

b.  The  response  made  by  the  system  or  an 
organ  to  an  external  stimulus. 

Reaction  of  degeneration^ f  a  gradual  diminution  and  final 
loss  of  faradic  excitability  of  both  nerves  and  muscles,  con 
sequent  on  degeneration  and  atrophy  of  both '  (Syd.  Sac. 
Lcx.^.  A  variety  of  this  is  called  Reaction  ojf  exhaustion. 

1896  Allbittt's  Syst.  Med.  I.  359  This  condition  is  known 
as  the  reaction  of  degeneration-,  and  is  found  in  serious 
injury  or  disease  in  the  motor  nuclei  of  the  anterior  cornua. 
1899  Ibid,  VII.  347  The  reaction  to  light  was  lost  in  both 
eyes. 

4.  A  movement  towards  the  reversal  of  an  exist 
ing  tendency  or  state  of  things,  esp.  in  politics;  a 
return,  or  desire  to  return,  to  a  previous  condition 
of  affairs ;  a  revulsion  of  feeling. 

In  1816  referred  to  as  a  French  use  of  the  word  (Edinb.  Kev. 
XXVII.  480). 

1801  HKL.  M.  WILLIAMS  Fr.  Rep.  I.  xii.  122  If  I  have 
delayed  sending  you  the  sketch  of  the  re-action  at  Naples 
[etc.].  1816  SCOTT  Old  MorL  xliv.  note,  That  perpetuating 
of  factious  quarrels,  which  is  called  in  modern  times  Re 
action.  1836  HOR.  SMITH  Tin  Trump.  (1876)  161  Like  every 
other  excess,  fanaticism  provokes  a  reaction.  1875  JOWETT 
Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  256  In  the  ancient'as  well  as  the  modern 
world  there  were  reactions  from  theory  to  experience. 

5.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  (sense  3)  reaction  period, 
stage,   time*,    reaction    engine    or   machine,   a 
small    apparatus   in   which  the  motive   power  is 
derived   from   the   reaction   exerted   by   escaping 
steam  ;  reaction  process,  a  method  of  treating 
galena,  depending  on  the  chemical  reaction  which 
follows  upon  roasting  and  fusing  (Raymond  1881); 
reaction  wheel,  a  water-wheel  impelled  by  the 
reaction  of  escaping  water. 

1868  Model  Steam  Eng.  (1895)  82  ^Reaction  or  resistance 
engines,  described  at  pages  7  and  8.  1863  GANOT  Physics 
§  380  In  ^reaction  machines  steam  acts  by  a  reactive  force 
like  water  in  the  hydraulic  tourniquet.  \%y]  Syd.Soc.Lex. 
s.v.,  *  Reaction-period,  the  period  of  reaction  or  return  of 
vitality  after  a  shock.  1899  Allbutt'sSyst.  Med.  VI.  619  In 
the  *  react  ion -stage  of  many  cases  of  local  asphyxia,  there  is 
distinct  evidence  of  heat.  1893  Outing ;<U.S.)  XXII.  152/2 
It  appears . .  that  the  *reaction  time  varies  with  the  loudness 
of  the  report.  1881  Encycl.  Brit.  XII.  524/2  The  old  "re 
action  wheel  consisted  of  a  vertical  pipe  balanced  on  a 
vertical  axis,  and  supplied  with  water. 

Hence  Bea'ctionala.,  characterized  by  reaction; 
Rea'ctionally  adv. 

1856  J.  GROTF  in  Cambr.  Ess.  87  Under  certain  circum 
stances  the  mind  may  be  likely  to  move  reactionally.  1897 
HUGHES  Medit.  Fever  v.  207  This  artificial  reduction  of 
temperature  is  followed  by  a  slight  reactional  rise. 

Reactionary  (r?,  ark  Jan  an),  a.  and  sb.  [f. 
REACTION  4-  -A BY  1.  Cf.  F.  reactionnaire  (i 9th  c.).] 

A.  adj.    1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characterized 
by,  reaction. 

1847  GROTE  Greece  n.  xxxvi.  IV.  497  The  intensity  of  the 
subsequent  displeasure  would  be  aggravated  by  this  re 
actionary  sentiment.  1879  MCCARTHY  Own  Times  II.  xviii. 
40  The  results  of  the  year  that  followed  were  decidedly 
reactionary. 

2.   Inclined  or  favourable  to  reaction. 

1858  FFOUDF,  Hist.  Eng.  III.  161  The  reactionary  members 
of  the  council  had  suggested  a  call  of  parliament.  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  174  The  fixed  ideas  of  a  reactionary 
statesman. 

B.  sb.  One  who  favours  or  inclines  to  reaction. 
1858   FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.   IV.  485  The  reactionaries.. 

watched  for  some  change  of  fortune. 

Rea'Ctionist,  sb.  and  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -IST.] 
A  marked  or  professed  reactionary. 

)86a  MERIVALE  Rom.  Em  p.  Hi.  (1865)  VI.  266  As  usual 
with  reactionists  in  social  life,  . .  they  mistook  the  cause  of 
the  disease.  1883  Jrnl.  Ednc.  XVIII.  137  Nobody  except 
the  chronic  reactionist  and  constitutional  grumbler  wants 
to  keep  back  the  colored  people. 
b.  attrib.  or  as  adj. 

1858  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  xlii.  III.  177  To  the  clergy  and 
the  reactionist  lords  he  would  not  yield  a  step.  1866  Pall 
MallG.  21  Feb.  4/2  The  Liberals. .did  not  expect  that  the 
reactionist  tendencies  of  the  Government  would  be  expressed 
so  strongly. 

Rea'ctive  (r/ise'ktiv),  a.  and  sb.    [f.  REACT  z>.1 
+  -IVE.     Cf.  F.  rfatttf(i8th  c.),  It.  reatttvo.] 
A.  adj.  f  1.  Repercussive,  echoing.   Obs.1—* 

1712  BLACKMORE  Creation  357  Ye  fish,  assume  a  voice, 
with  praises  fill  The  hollow  rock,  and  loud  reactive  hill. 

2.  Acting  or  operative  in  return. 


REACTIVELY. 

1794  G.  ADAMS  Nat.  $  Exp.  P/iilos.  III.  xxi.  103  Every 
body  that  acts,  is  at  the  same  instant  both  active  and  re 
active,  1851  H.  SPENCER  Soc.  Stat.  318  We  have  to  con 
sider,  not  only  what  is  done  for  the  afflicted,  but  what  is 
the  reactive  effect  upon  those  who  do  it. 

3.  J'ath.  a.  Supervening  on  a  previous  opposite 
state  ;  due  to  reaction. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  IV.  434  The  patient  .. 
was  not  rendered  faint  by  the  re.active  glow  that  ensued 
upon  his  quitting  the  water.  1885-8  PYK.SMITH  Faggc's 
Prim.  Med.  I.  51  Such  patients  . .  sometimes  pass  into  a 
condition  of  reactive  pyrexia. 

b.  Recuperative  ;  responsive  ^fo  a  stimulus). 

1822-34  Goods  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  704  There  is  no 
longer  any  rallying  or  reactive  power  remaining.  1896 
Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  I.  193  These  granules  are  feebly  re 
active  to  light.  Ikid.  293  Delicate  children,  with  little 
reactive  power. 

4.  Characterized  by  reaction  (sense  4). 

1868  GLADSTONE  ?;«'.  Mundi  i.  (1870)  24  The  reactive 
tendency  to  preserve  the  text  by  recurrence  to  a  standard. 
1890  Harper's  Mag.  June  77/1  He  constantly  inclined  to 
reactive  measures. 

B.  sb.  Chem.   [a.A.'F.re'tiftif.]    A  reagent,  rare. 

[1790  Monthly  Rev.  III.  546  Chemical  tests,  or,  as  the 
French  call  them,  reactk'cs.}  1791  HAMILTON  Berthollet's 
Dyeing  I.  I.  n.  iv.  192  A  chemist  should  be  employed  for 
preparing  a  proper  reactive.  1887  BROWNING  Parleying, 
Ck.  Avison  ix,  Reviewing  learnedly  the  list  complete 'Of 
chemical  reactives. 

Hence  Bea'ctively  adv. 

1805  FOSTER  ILSS.  I.  ii.  30  The  living  world  . .  is  re-actively 
throwing  on  him  various  moral  influences  and  infections. 
1860  A.  L.  WINDSOR  Elliica  v.  285  A  very  irritable  temper, 
that  bore  him  reactively  into  close  relationship  with  a  few. 

So  Bea-ctiveness  (Webster  1847)  =  next- 

Reacti'vity.  [f.  REACTIVK  a.  +  -ITY,  after  acti 
vity.]  The  state  or  power  of  being  reactive. 

1888  Nature  22  Mar.  503/1  The  occurrence  of  colour  . .  is 
more  frequently  than  not  concomitant  with  a  high  degree  of 
reactivity.  1896  Alltutt's  Syst.  Med.  I.  558  Our  know 
ledge.,  of  vital  reactions  and  reactivity. 

Re-a'Ctuate,  v.  [RE-  5  b.]  trans.  To  make 
actual  again  ;  to  restore  to  actuality. 

1810  COLERIDGE  in  Lit.  Rein.  (1838)  III.  386  As  far  as  the 
principle  . .  went  to  re-actuate  the  idea  of  the  Church,  as  a 
co-ordinate  and  living  Power. 

Reacuntar,  obs.  So.  f.  RECOUNTES. 

Bead  (rfd),  si.l  Obs.  exc.  dial,  or  tec/in.  Also 
4  (9  dial.)  rede,  5,  9  St.  reid,  8-9  reed.  [OE. 
riada,  of  obscure  origin.]  The  stomach  of  an 
animal ;  in  later  use  only  spec,  the  fourth  stomach 
of  a  ruminant. 

It  is  probable  that  the  special  sense  of  the  word  is  the 
original  one,  but  the  early  examples  are  not  sufficiently 
definite  to  establish  this. 

c  1000  ^KLFRIC  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  159/38  Ilia,  smrcle 
|>earmas.  _  Tolia,  uel  porunula,  reada.  c  1320  Sir  Tristr. 
489  He  ri3t  al  be  rede,  pe  wombe  oway  he  bare,  c  1450 
HOLLAND  Htnvlat  839  He  cryid  :  '  Allace  . .  revyn  is  my 
reid  !  I  am  vngraciously  gorrit,  baith  guttis  and  gall  ! ' 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  342  All  creatures  hauing  a  Stomack 
or  Read,  are  not  without  a  belly  vnder  it.  1666  J.  SMITH  Old 
Age  (1676)  84  That  is  that  which  Anatomists  call,  Omasum, 
and  our  Butchers,  the  Read.  1701  GREW  Cosinol.  Sucrti  i. 
v.  29  Most  of  those  [animals]  which  have  no  upper  Teeth, 
or  none  at  all ;  have  Three  Stomachs :  As  in  Beasts,  the 
Ranch,  the  Read  and  the  Feck.  1808  JAMIESON  s.v.,  A 
calf's  reid,  the  fourth  stomach  of  a  calf,  used  for  runnet  or 
earning.  1836-9  1'odd's  Cycl.  Anal.  II.  n/i  The  food  is 
finally  deposited  in  the  fourth  stomach,  the  abomasum  . .  or 
reed.  1886  W.  BARNES  Dorset  Gloss.,  Read. 

attrib.  a  1756  MRS.  HEVWOOD  New  Present  (1771)  191 
Get  four  pounds  of  reed  tripe.  1895  Daily  Neius  13  Dec.  8/1 
Such  technical  particulars  (to  be  understanded  by  butchers 
only)  as  '  weights  of  suet,  caul,  and  reed  fat '. 

Read  (ml),  so*  [f.  READ  v.]  An  act  of  pe 
rusal  ;  a  spell  of  reading ;  also  St.,  a  loan  of  a 
book,  etc.,  for  the  purpose  of  reading  it. 

1838  THACKERAY  Hist.  Sam.  Titmarsh  x,  When  I  arrived 
and  took ..  my  first  read  of  the  newspaper.  1862  DARWIN  in 
Life  (1887)  II-  39T»  I  have  just  finished,  after  several  reads, 
your  paper.  1870  LOWELL  Stud.  Wind.  39  A  good  solid 
read,  -into  the  small  hours. 

Bead  (rfd),  v.  Pa.  t.  and  pa.  pple.  read  (red). 
Forms  :  Inf.  I  redan,  (-on,  reeddan,  north,  reda, 
refta),  3  reeden(n),  raden,  2-4  reden,  5  redyn ;  | 
(and  pres.)  2,  4  rade,  3-6  rede,  5-6  reede,  Sc. 
red,  reid,  6  (8  Sc.')  reed ;  (3)  67  reade,  6-  read. 
(Also  3  sing:  pres.  I  rset,  2-4  ret,  3  red,  3-4  rat.) 
Pa.  t.  i  pi.  reordun ;  i  rsedde,  3-4,  6  radde,  (4 
rade),  4,  6  rad,  (4  rat)  ;  I  //.  red(d)on,  3,  6  (9) 
redd,  4  redde,  4-6  rede,  4-6  (7-8)  red,  7-  read. 
Pa.pple.  iraeden,4reddynn,6readen;  I  reeded, 
3-4  redd,  3-6  redde,  (4  radde),  3-6  (7-8)  red, 
4  rede,  6  reed(e,  6-  read  ;  i  seredd,  3  ired,  3-4 
irad,  4  iredde,  yrade,  4-5  iradde.  [Comm. 
Teut. :  OE.  rsedan  =  OFris.  rfda,  OS.  radan  (MLG. 
ratten,  MDu.  and  Du.  raden),  OHG.  r&tan  (MHG. 
r&ten,  G.  ratcn,  ratheif),  ON.  rdSa  (Sw.  rSda,  Da. 
raade),  Goth,  -rldan  :-OTeut.  *r$(tan,  prob.  re 
lated  to  Olr.  im-radim  to  deliberate,  consider, 
OS1.  raiiiti  to  take  thought,  attend  to,  Skr.  radh- 
to  succeed,  accomplish,  etc. 

The  Comm.  Teut.  verb  belonged  to  the  reduplicating 
ablaut-class,  with  pa.  t.  *rtrod'  and  pa.  ^\G*  ffar&aono-z, 
whence  Goth,  -rairof,  *-ridans,  ON.  rft,  rdiinn,  OHG. 
riat,  giratan  (G.  riet,  geraten},  OS.  ried  or  red^  *girAdan 
(Du.  ried,  geraden).  The  corresponding  forms  in  OE.  are 
VOL.  VIII. 


193 

I  reord  and  (ge}r£den,  but  these  are  found  only  in  a  few 
I  instances  in  Anglian  texts,  the  usual  conjugation  £eing 
rxdde,  gersFd(e)tt,  on  the  analogy  of  weak  verbs  such  as 
txdan :  cf.  M  LG.  radde,  redde,  Sw.  radde,  and  G.  rathete  (for 
usual  ritty  Ua.  raadede.  The  typical  M  E.  forms  are  redde 
or  radde  in  the  pa.  t.,  and  (fired  at  (i}rad\\\  the  pa.  pple. ; 
in  the  later  language  (from  the  i;th  c.)  all  tenses  of  the  verb 
have  the  same  spelling,  read,  though  in  pronunciation  the 
vowel  of  the  preterite  forms  differs  from  that  of  the  present 
and  infinitive.  Individual  writers  have  from  time  to  time 
denoted  this  by  writing  red  or  redd  for  the  pa.  t.  and  pa. 
pple.,  but  the  practice  has  never  been  widely  adopted. 

The  original  senses  of  the  Teut.  verb  are  those  of  taking 
or  giving  counsel,  taking  care  or  charge  of  a  thing,  having 
or  exercising  control  over  something,  etc.  These  are  also 
prominent  in  OE.,  and  the  sense  of '  advise  '  still  survives  as 
an  archaism,  usually  distinguished  from  the  prevailing  sense 
Of  the  word  by  the  retention  of  the  older  spelling  REDK. 
The  sense  of  considering  or  explaining  something  obscure 
or  mysterious  is  also  common  to  the  various  languages,  but 
the  application  of  this  to  the  interpretation  of  ordinary 
writing,  and  to  the  expression  of  this  in  speech,  is  confined 
to  English  and  ON.  (in  the  latter  perhaps  under  Eng,  in 
fluence).] 

I.  Transitive  uses. 
*  To  consider,  interpret,  discern,  etc, 
fl.  a.  To  have  an  idea;    to   think  or  suppose 
that,  etc.   Obs.  rare. 

cgoo  tr.  fixdas  Hist.  in.  x,  pa  ongann  he  ..  bencean  & 
rscdan,  J>a;tte  nan  oSer  intinga  wasre  [etc.].  c  1400  Dcstr. 
Troy  3308  Tho  truly  J»at  are  takon  ..  Shalbe  plesit  with 
plenty.. red  ye  non  ober.  1600  BRETON  Pasqnils  Foolcs- 
cappe  (1879)  22A  Let  him  be  sure  that  better  wits  doe  reede 
Such  Mad  head  fellowes  are  but  Fooles  indeede.  1768  Ross 
Heleiwrg  in.  122  Goodwife,  I  reed  your  tale  is  true.  Ibid, 
125,  I  reed  'twas  they  that  me  a  dreaming  set. 

t  b.  To  guess,  to  make  out  or  tell  by  conjecture 
what,  'who,  why,  etc.  Obs. 

« 1000  Riddles  Ixii.  9  Ra;d,  hwact  ic  masne !  ciooo 
/ELFRIC  Hom,  II.  248  ludei  ..  heton  hine  rxdan  hwa  hine 
breopode.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  597  pow  mai  ask..qui  god  him 
gaue  sua  mikel  a  nam  ;  Parfay  pat  es  but  eth  to  rede.  1530 
PALSGR.  601,2  Rede  w  ho  tolde  it  me  and  I  wyll  tell  the 
trouthe.  1564  Child- Marriages  124  This  deponent  askid 
the  said  Margaret,  who  that  shuld  be  ;  and  the  said  Mar 
garet  bade  this  deponent  reade  if  he  cold.  1590  SFENSKR 
l'\  Q.  ii.  xii.  70  Right  bard  it  was  for  wight  which  did  it 
heare  To  reade  what  manner  musicke  that  mote  bee. 
t  C.  To  takeytv  something.  Obs.  rare. 
1591  SPENSER  Ruins  of 'Time  63^,  I  saw  a  stately  Bed,. . 
That  might  for  anie  Princes  couche  be  red.  [1813  SCOTT 
Rokcby  in.  xvii,  I  read  you  for  a  bold  Dragoon,  That  lists 
the  tuck  of  drum.] 

2.  To  make  out  or  discover  the  meaning  or 
significance  of  (a  dream,  riddle,  etc.);  to  declare 
or  expound  this  to  another. 

nooo  V^ELFRIC  Gram.  (Z.)  179  Conicio..\c  rade  swefn. 
a  1300  Cursor  Af,  4553,  I  haf  soght.  .At  find  a  man  mi  drem 
to  rede.  Ibid.  7122  If  |>ai  cuth  right  bat  redel  rede.  ^1380 
WYCLIF  Serin.  Sel.  \Vks.  I.  69  Men  bat  can  rede  bes  513 nes. 
4:1440  Promp.  Pan:  426/2  Redyn  or  expounyn  redellys, 
or  parabol,  and  other  privyteys,  idem  quod  ondon'.  1593 
DRAYTON  Eel.  iv.  hi,  Let  vs  passe  this  wearie  winters  day 
In  reading  Riddles.  1768  Ross  Helenore\\\.  124  I'm  right, 
I'm  right  !  My  drenm  is  read.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  v. 
xiii,  Then,  by  my  word,.  .The  riddle  is  already  read.  1887 
RUSKIN  Prxterita  II.  24  Neither  he  nor  I  were  given  to 
reading  omens,  or  dreading  them. 

rcJJ.  1865  CARLYLF.  J-'rtdk.  Gt.  xiv.  vii.  (1872)  V.  239  The 
small  riddle  reads  itself  to  him  so. 

b.  To  foresee,  foretell,  predict.     Chiefly  in  to 
read  one 's  fortune. 
In  quot.  1647  passing  into  sense  10  c. 

1591  SPENSER  M.  Hubherd  698  For  he  moiigst  Ladies 
could  their  fortunes  read.  1647  COWLF.Y  Mistress,  My 
fate  19  You,  who  men's  fortunes  in  their  faces  read.  1790 
SHIRREFS  Poems  122  Like  gospel,  Sir,  she  credits  a'  ye  said, 
And  says,  she's  sure  'twill  happen  as  ye  read. 
t3.  To  count,  reckon,  estimate.  Obs.  rare, 
a  1225  Juliana  51  iBodl.  MS.)  Ne  mahte  hit  na  mon  rike- 
nin  ne  reden  \v.r.  tellen].  a  1300  Cursor  M.  2570  J>e  barns 
pat  o  (?e  sal  bred  Namar  sal  bou  bam  cun  rede,  ban  sterns  on 
light  and  sand  in  see.  1340  HAM  POLE  Pr.  Consc.  2484  Swa 
may  we  ay  rekken  and  rede  An  hondreth  syns  agayne 
a  gude  dede.  1790  GROSE  Prov.  Gloss.,  Read,  to  judge  of, 
guess.  At  what  price  do  you  Read  this  horse?  Clone. 

t4.  To  see,  discern,  distinguish.  O&S.  rare  (in 
Spenser  only). 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  i.  21  Such  vgly  monstrous  shapes 
elswhere  may  no  man  reed.  Ibid.  in.  ix.  2  Good,  by  para- 
gone  Of  evill,  may  more  notably  be  rad.  1596  Ibid.  v.  xii. 
39  Bit  him  behind,  that  long  the  marke  was  to  be  read. 

:*  To  peruse,  withozlt  uttering  in  speech. 
6.  To  inspect  and  interpret  in  thought  {any  signs 
which  represent  words  or  discourse) ;  to  look  over 
or   scan    (something   written,   printed,  etc.)  with 
understanding  of  what  is  meant  hy  the  letters  or 
signs ;  to  peruse  (a  document,  book,  author,  etc.). 
Formerly  used  in  imperative  (as  in  quot.  1563)  in  referring 
the  reader  to  another  hook  or  author  for  information. 

c888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  Proem.,  He  halsaS  jelcne  bara  J>e 
l>as  boc  raedan  lyste.  £950  Lituiisf.  Gos/>.  John  xix.  20 
Diosne  . .  taccon  meni^o  redon  [Rushiv.  reddon],  ,  izoo 
ORMIN  Ded.  328  pa  Crisstene  menn  patt  herenn  oberr  redenn 
piss  boc.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  8495  pis  writte  wit  fele  was  red 
and  sene,  Bot  fa  it  wist  quat  it  wald  mene.  1375  BARBOUR 
Bruce  i.  17  Auld  storys  that  men  redys,  Represents  to 
thaim  the  dedys  Of  stalwart  folk.  1413  Pilgr.  Sowle 
(Caxton)  i.  xxii.  (1859)  23  He  hath  redde  and  knowen  bothe 
wordes  and  werkes  of  the  rather  seyntes.  1532  MORE 
Confut.  Tindafe  Wks.  684/2,  I  can  proue  that  he  red  some 
commentours  and  holy  doctours,  that  write  exposicions  vpon 
it.  1563  SHUTE  Archil.  B  ij,  The  Pyramides  . .  and  manye 
other  beautiful!  buildinges  of  that  nacion.  Reade  Diado, 
Sic.  Ii.  i.  2.  1617  MORYSON  /tin.  11.  2^0  Because  I  am  not 


BEAD. 

sure  whether  you  can  perfectly  reade  her  Maiesties  hand, 
I  send  you  the  same  in  a  coppy.  1646  Hamilton  Papers 
(Camden)  126  One  word  of  it  which  I  reade  without  en 
cipher.  1709  POPE  Ess,  Crit.  233  A  perfect  Judge  will  read 
each  work  ofWit,  With  the  same  spirit  that  its  author  writ. 
1774  MITFORD  £ss.  Harmony  Lang.  16  What  has  been* 
printed  on  both  Sides  is  little  red.  1864  SIR  H.  TAYLOR 
Aittobiog.  (1885)  I.  198  My  father,  who  had  read  the  work.. 
in_MS.,  rejoiced  in  it  more  and  more  when  he  came  to  read 
it  in  print.  1871  SMILES  Charac.  i.  (1876)  23  Me  was  always 
the  most  national  of  the  Italian  poets,.,  the  most  read. 

b.  To  peruse  books,  etc.  written  in  (a  certain 
language)  ;  esp.  to  have  such  knowledge  of  (a  lan 
guage)  as  to  be  able  to  understand  works  written 
in  it. 

153°  PALSGR.  681/2,  I  rede  latyn  better  nowe  than  I  wene 
I  shall  do  frenche  hence  of  a  yerc.  1612  BKINSLEY  Lnd, 
Lit.  iii.  (1627)  22  Now  they  may  goe  thus  forward,  .in  read- 
,  »ng  English  perfidy.  1692  LOCKE  Education  §  163  When 
'  he  can  speak  and  read  French  well  ..  he  should  proceed  to 
Latin.  1779  JOHNSON  L.  P.,  Milton  (1868)62  He  read  all 
the  languages  which  are  considered  either  as  learned  or 
polite,  a  1862  HOGG  in  Dowden  Shelley  I.  73  He  [Shelley] 
had  in  truth  read  more  Greek  than  many  an  aged  pedant. 
1873  HAMERTON  tntell.  Life  in.  yii.  109  By  far  the  shortest 
way  to  learn  to  read  a  language  is  to  begin  by  speaking  it. 

C.  transf.  and  _/%>-.  in  various  applications. 
1581  J.  HAMILTON  in  Cath.  Tract.  iS.T.S.)S7  Thou  hes 
red  (sayis  he)  the  varkis  of  the  varld.     1601  SHAKS.  Twel.  N. 


.  .          l.  N. 

v.  i.  302  Ol.  How  now,  art  thou  mad?  Clo.  Xo  Madam, 
I  do  but  reade  madnesse.  1611  —  Wint.  T.  iv.  iv.  172  Hee'l 
stand  and  reade,  As  'twere,  my  daughters  eyes.  1665 
GLANVIU.  Scepsis  Sci.  xxv.  154  [They]  are  the  Alphabet  of 
Science,  and  Nature  cannot  be  read  without  them.  1741-2 
GRAY  A  grip.  65  The  dreadful  powers  That  read  futurity. 
1782  COWPER  Charity  333  He  reads  the  skies.  1818  SHELLKY 
Rev.  Islam  iv.  viii,  All  the  ways  of  men  among  mankind  he 
read.  1851  MAYSK  REID  Scalp  Hunt.  xxvi.  191  Indians 
can  'read'  the  smoke  at  a  great  distance.  1867  CKAIG 
Palmistry  42  One  of  the  greatest  of  all  difficulties  in  read 
ing  the  hand.  i?go  W.  A.  WALLACE  Only  a  Sister  ?  88 
What's  a  man  worth  that  cannot  read  his  own  watch? 

d.  transf.  To  make  out  the  character  or  nature 
of  (a  person,  the  heart,  etc.)  by  scrutiny  or  inter 
pretation  of  outward  signs. 

1611  SHAKS.  //"/«/.  T.  in.  iii.  73  Though  I  am  not  bookish 
yet  I  can  reade  Waiting-gentlewoman  in  the  scape.  1647 
N.  BACON  Disc.  C,ovt.  Eng.  i.  Pref.  (1739  7  Historians.  .for 
the  most  part  read  Men.  1727  S\\m  Letter  on  Ens- 
Tongue,  This  they  call  knowing  the  wcrld,  and  reading 
men  and  manners.  1838  LYTTON  Alice  I.  x,  I  wish  you 
could  read  my  heart  at  tins  moment.  1902  Ki  NA  LVALL 
Hindercrs  ix,  We  ordinary  mortals  are  at  the  mercy  of  you 
I  artists.  .  .  You  read  us  like  books. 

6.  \\  ith  adverbs,  a.  To  go  vvcr  (a  letter,  book, 
etc.)  in  the  act  of  perusal.  Also  transf. 

CI374  CHAUCER  Troy  I  us  n.  1036  (1085)  He.,  radde  it  over, 

and  gan  the  lettre  folde.      1560  DAUS  tr.  S/ri<ianSs  Comm. 

133  The   Lantgrave   readinge   over  their  bouke  and  their 

[    letters,  noted  what  he  thought  blame  worthy.     1594  Lvi.v 

i     Moth.  Bomb.  m.  iii,   Fooles  ..  Haue  farre  more  knowledge 

To  reade  a  woman  ouer  [etc.].     1683  H.  PKIUKAUX  in  Lett. 

\    Lit.  Men  (Camden)  185  Some  bouke  or  other  ..  which  he 

!     will  read  over,  and  then  bring  me  again.     1768  GRAY  Let. 

1    28  Oct.,  The  first  act  of  Caractacus  is  just  arrived  here,  but 

1  have  not  read  it  over. 

b.  To  read  through  (f  or  out".  :  to  peruse  from 
beginning  to  end.  t  Also  to  read  out,  to  read  to 
the  end  of,  to  finish  the  reading  of.  Obs. 

1638  BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  II.)  196,  I  may  boldly 
say,  I  never  yet  read  a  Gazetta  through.  1652  GATAKER 
Antinoni.  21  Had  thisAutor  but  wiit  or  red  out  the  text  he 
cites  he  had  found  somewhat  more  then  faith  in  it.  1662 
NEWCOME  Diary  6  Sept.  (Lhetham  SGC.J  120,  I  read  (  ut  w* 
remained  to  be  read  in  Rushworth.  1715  SWIFT  Let.  28 
June,  Wks.  1841  II.  526/1,  I  borrowed  your  Homer  from  the 
bishop,  and  read  it  out  in  two  evenings.  1747  MRS.  S. 
FIELDING  Lett.  David  Simple  II.  151  The  pretence  of 
being  eager  to  read  out  some  new  Book  which  I  have 
borrowed.  1858  FKOUDF,  Hist.  ling.  vii.  11870)  II.  113  He 
read  it  through,  and  replied  that  ..  for  himself  it  was  im 
possible  [to  take  the  oath]. 

C.  To  read  off:  to  note  in  definite  form  (the  result 
of  inspection,  esp.  of  a  graduated  instrument). 
Perh.  originally  used  as  in  sense  ii  d. 
1816  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  #  Art  II.  69   Before  the 
height  of  the   mercury  is  rend  off.     1834  Penny  Cycl.   II. 
525/2  The  angle  read  off  on  the  interior  edge  of  the  ecliptic 
is  the  longitude.     1899  Allbnifs  Syst.  Med.  VII.  435  Pass 
ing  the  tip  of  the  finger  over  the  outlines  of  the  letters  and 
so  reading  off  the  result. 

d.  To  mark  or  impress  on  (a  fabric). 
1831  G.  R.  PORTER  Silk  Manuf.  258  1'he  workman  pro 
ceeds  to  read  on  the  design. 

7.  To  attach  a  certain  meaning  or  interpretation 
to  (what  is  read)  ;  to  take  in  a  particular  way. 

1624  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Gagg  201  Secondly,  read  it  how  you 
will,  it  is  not  to  purpose.  1890  SIR  N.  LINDLEY  in  Law 
Times  Rep.  LXIII.  690/1,  1  think  there  are  two  methods  of 
reading  that  order. 

b.  transf.  To  take  a  certain  view  of  (a  person, 
thing,  event,  etc.),  to  regard  in  a  certain  light. 

1847  HELPS  Friends  in  C.  (1851)  I.  u  This  is  a  matter 
which,  as  I  read  it,  concerns  only  the  higher  natures.  1866 
J.  MARTINEAU  Ess.  1.  190  Every  relative  disability  may  be 
read  two  ways. 

8.  Const,  with  preps,     a.  refl.  To  bring  (one 
self)  into  or  to  (a  certain  state)  by  rending. 

1676  WYCHERLEY  PL  Dealer  m.  i,  We  shall  have  you  read 
yourself  into  a  Humour  of  rambling  and  fighting.  1873 
BLACK  Pr.  Tlutle  xxi.  345  Give  me  that  book,  that  I  may 
read  myself  into  a  nap. 

b.  To  introduce  (an  additional  idea  or  element) 
into  what  is  being  read  or  considered.  (Freq. 

25 


READ. 

implying  that  the  insertion  is  unwarranted  or  er 
roneous.) 

1879  H.  SPENCER  Princ.  Social ^  Ceremonial  Inst.  §  346 
Men  read  back  developed  ideas  into  undeveloped  minds. 
1882  AINGEK  Lamb  173  He  reads  something  of  himself  into 
the  composition  he  is  reviewing.  1895  SIR  A.  KEKKWICH  in 
Law  Times  Rep.  LXXIII.  663/1  This  is  a  sensible  limita 
tion  which  can  easily  be  read  into  deed  or  will. 

0,  a.  To  adopt,  give,  or  exhibit  as  a  reading  in 
a  particular  passage. 

1659  HAMMOND  Acts  xv.  Annot.,  The  jEthiopick  and  other 
interpreters  retain  ..  ,  ivkat  you  would  not  have  done  Jo 
your  selves,  do  not  ye  to  another,  . .  for  which  other  Jewish 
writers  read,  doing  as  they  would  l<e  done  to.  1697 
BENTLEY  Phal.  20,  I  cannot . .  comprehend  why  the  most 
learned  Is.  Casaubon  will  read  tnrfv&ovTtt  in  this  passage, 
and  not  orreVioi'Ta.  1759  RUDDIMAN  Aniinadver.  I  ind. 
Buchanan  60  Instead  of  . .  sexagesiwo  guinto,  we  should 
read, . .  sevagfsimo  nono.  1847  MADDEN  Layamons  Brut. 
III.346  For  Lwaine  some  copies  of  Wace  *f&&Alemaigne. 
b.  To  register,  indicate. 

1887  GUMMING  Electricity  44  A  rider  reading  thousands  of 
an  ounce  on  the  beam  of  a  grocer's  balance. 
***  To  learn  by  perusal. 

10.  To  see  or  find  (a  statement)  in  a  written  or 
otherwise  recorded  form ;    to  learn  by  perusal  of 
a  book  or  other  document,     (f  Formerly  some 
times  const,  with  obj.  and  inf.  or  pple.) 

C975  Rushw.  Gosp.  Matt.  xxi.  42  Hwaet.  .^e  na^fre  reordun 
in  ^ewritum  [etc.].  civooAgs.  Gosp.  Matt.  xii.  3  Ne  ra-dde 
$e  hwaet  Dauid  dyde  ba  hyne  hingrede.  c  1200  Tritt.  Coll. 
Horn,  ii  We  radeo  on  boc,  bat  elch  man  haueS  to  fere  on 
engel  of  heuene.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  170  Ase  me  ret  in  hire 
boc,  heo  was  the  kinge  Assuer  ouer  alle  icweme.  a  1300 
Cursor  J/.  1459  Cainan  his  sun,  als  it  es  redde,  His  lijf  nine 
hundret  yeir  he  ledd.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  77 
So  it  is  i-rad  bat  Joseph  dalf  \vij>  his  fader  moche  tresour  in 
be  erbe.  c  1440  Generydes  i  In  olde  Romans  and  storys  as 
I  rede,  Of  Inde  somtyme  tlier  was  a  nobyll  kyng.  1555 
HARPSFIEI.D  Divorce  Hen.  \rfl f  (Camden)  268  The  terrible 
punishment  . .  the  like  whereof  I  never  read  sent  to  any. 
*597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  fl^,  i.  ii.  133,  I  haue  read  the  cause  of 
his  effect-;  in  Galen.  1621  W.  SCLATER  Tythes  (1623)  76, 
I  never  read  Christ  speake  so  much  of  any  Jewish  Caerc- 
monie  as  he  did  of  Tythes.  1764  GKA.V  Jemmy  Tivitcher  27 
The  prophet  of  Bethel,  we  read,  told  a  lie.  1839  LONGK. 
Beleaguered  City  i,  I  have  read,  in  some  old  marvellous 
tale,.. That  [etc.]. 

b.  transf.  oryf>.  in  various  applications. 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  \\.  \.  109  Vouchsafe  to  read  the  pur 
pose  of  my  comming.  1604  —  Oth.  in.  iv.  57  She  was  a 
Charmer,  and  could  almost  read  The  thoughts  of  people. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  ion  For  proof  look  up,  And  read  thy 
Lot  in  yon  celestial  Sign.  1840  DICKENS  Old  C,  Shop  i, 
Her  quick  eye  seemed  to  read  my  thoughts. 

C.  To  discern  or  discover  (something)  in  (or0#) 
the  face,  look,  etc.,  of  a  person. 

1590  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  in.  ii.  9  Muffle  your  false  loue  .. 
Let  not  my  sister  read  it  in  your  eye.  1638  JL'NIL'S  Paint. 
Ancients  235  He  might  read  in  their  eyes  and  countenance 
the  severall  faces  of  anger,  love,  feare  [etc.].  1713  Guardian 
No.  137  F  4  You  read  his  ancestry  in  his  smile.  1768 
Woman  of  Honor  II.  15,  I  red  in  her  looks  a  willingness  to 
come  to  an  explanation.  1818  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  viri. 
xvii,  I  cannot  name  All  that  I  read  of  sorrow,  toil,  and 
shame,  On  your  worn  faces.  1860  TENNYSON  Sea  Dreams 
i6j  My  eyes ..  Read  rascal  in  the  motions  of  his  back. 
****  To  peruse  and  utter  in  speech. 

11.  To  utter  aloud  (the  words  or  sentences  indi 
cated  by  the  writing,  etc.,  under  inspection) ;  to 
render  in  speech  (anything  written,  a  book,  etc.) 
according  as  the  written  or  printed  signs  are  appre 
hended  by  the  mind.     Also  reading  =  being  read. 

To  read  aloud  is  frequently  used  to  distinguish  this  sense 
of  the  vb.  from  5. 

r  900  tr.  Bseda's  Hist.  v.  xxi.  §  3  Mid  $y  J>aet  gewrit  Sa 
WKS  rasded  beforan  ^am  cyninge.  971  Blickl.  Horn.  167 
We  ^ehyrdon,  ba  ba  Esaias  se  wit^a  rzden  wa^s  [etc.]. 
c  1000  ./£LFRIC  Exod.  xxiv.  7  Moises.  .ra-dde  his  boc  bam 
folce.  c  1175  Lamb.  Horn.  125  Al  bet  me  ret  and  singeo  on 
Jiisse  timan  in  halie  chirche.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  428  3^  ancren 
owen  bis  lutle  laste  stucchen  reden  to  our  wummen  eueriche 
wike  enes.  ^1315  SHOREHAM  i.  1292  Ine  be  aide  la^e  be 
redere  Rede  be  prophessye  By  wokke.  c  1412  HOCCLEVE 
De  Reg.  Princ.  2955  When  bgi  [laws]  weren  by  fore  hem 
I-radde,  l>ei  made  hem  wondir  wroth.  1542  UDALL  Erasnt. 
Aj>of>h.  40  When  he  heard  the  dialogue  of  Plato  entitleed 
Lysides,  readen.  1601  SHAKS.  Jut.  C.  in.  ii.  152  Read  the 
Will;  wee'l  heare  it  Antony.  1621  in  Crt.  fy  Times  Jos.  I 
(18481  I.  249  While  the  proclamation  was  reading  [etc.]. 
1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Olearins*  l^oy.  Amhass.  213  If  we  desired 
it, we  might  hearthe  Letter  read.  \jo^Lond.Gaz.  ^0.4152/2 
The  Dean  and  Prebendaries  sat  within  the  Rails,  ..  except 
such  as  Officiated  in  Reading  Prayers.  1802-12  BENTHAM 
Ration.  Judic.  Evt'd.  (1827)  II.  285  Oftentimes  have  I 
observed  them,  while  affidavits  have  been  reading,  looking 
about  to  their  brethren  on  the  bench.  1875  JOWETT  Plato 
(ed.  2)  IV.  160  Socrates  requested  that  the  first  thesis  .. 
might  be  read  over  again. 

b.  In  phr.  to  read  a  lesson  or  lecture  :  (see  these 
words).  Kreq.  fig.  To  teach  (one)  something,  to 
administer  a  reprimand  or  check  (to  one). 

a  1223  Ancr*  R.  66  Al  bet  lescun  J«t  God  hire  hefde  ilered 
\MS>  C.  ired  hire],  a  1460  Gregory's  Chron.  in  Hist.  Coll. 
Citizen  Land.  (Camden)  230  Doctor  Ive.  .radde  many  fulle 
nobylle  lessonnys  to  preve  that  Cryste  was  lorde  of  all. 
1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  iv.  L  232  Would  it  not  shame  thee,  in 
so  faire  a  troupe,  To  reade  a  Lecture  of  them?  1629 
MASSINUER  Picture  HI.  ii,  I'll  be  her  tutor,  And  read  her 
another  lesson,  c  1632  in  Athenyum  No.  2883.  121/3  Is 
this  our  Jurisdiction  or'e  the  Sea  To  reade  man  Lectures  of 
humanity?  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  iv,  iv.  157  Dread 
ful  was  the  fate.. and  important  are  the  lessons  which  it 
reads.  1884  W.  E.  NORRIS  Tkirlhy  Hall  viii,  To  read  him 


194 

a  lesson  which  should  prevent  him  from  doing  the  same 
a  second  time. 

c.  Used  of  submitting  a  proposed  measure  to 
a  legislative   assembly  by  reading  the  whole  or 
some  part  of  it.     Cf.  READING  i>bl.  sl>.  2  c. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.Rcb*  in.  §  129  The  bill  was  ..  imme 
diately  read  the  first  and  the  second  time,  and  so  committed. 
1692  [H.  SCOBELL]  Rules  <y  Customs  4  The  first  business  in 
the  House  is  ordinarily  to  read  a  Bill  that  was  not  passed 
in  the  last  Parliament  proceeding.  1783  Hansard  far/. 
Hist.  (1814)  XXIII.  1224  [Mr.  Fox's  East  India  Bill]  was 
read  for  the  first  time,  and  ordered  to  be  printed.  1863  H.  Cox 
Instit.  i.  ix.  166  A  bill  having  been  read  a  first  time,  is 
ordered  to  be  read  a  second  time  on  a  future  day. 

d.  \Vith  adverbs  (cf.  6),  esp.  to  read  out  (or  up}. 
1588  SHAKS.  L,  L.  L.  iv.  in.  193  laqite.  I  beseech  your 

Grace  let  this  Letter  be  read.  . .  King.  Berowne,  read  it 
ouer.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxtv.  xxv.  526  Before  it  was  all 
red  out  and  published,  it  passed  cleare.  1626  BRETON  Fan" 
tastickes  (1879)  15/1  The  first  course  is  served  in,  . .  the 
dishes  haue  be  red  ouer.  1784  R.  BAGE  Barham  Downs 
I.  224  Read  it  up,  Timothy  :  I  have  not  yet  seen  or  heard 
a  syllable  of  it.  1794  SOUTHEY  IVat  Tyler  in.  i,  Tom 
AHtlcr.  Read  it  out — read  it  out.  Hob,  Ay,  ay,  let's  hear 
the  Charter.  1808  STOWER  Printers'  Grant.  395  That  part 
of  the  copy  ..  should  be  carefully  transcribed  or  read  off. 
1862  F.  C,  HUSENBETH  Life  ftlilner  173  After  dinner  the 
Secretary  of  the  Catholic  Board  read  up  certain  Resolutions. 
1890  HALL  CAINE  Bondman  \.  v,  The  clerk  and  sexton  read 
out  the  askings  for  the  marriage. 

f!2.  To  teach  or  impart  (some  art  or  branch  of 
knowledge)  to  another  by  (or  as  by)  reading  aloud. 
Also  without  const.  Obs. 

1560-1  First  Bk.  Disc,  in  Kno.vs  Hrks.  (1848)  II.  210  A  Col- 
ledge,  in  whiche  the  Artis  . .  be  read  be  sufficient  Maisteris. 
a  1586  SIDNEY  Astr.  $  Stella  Sonn.  xxviii,  Lone  onely 
reading  unto  me  this  arte.  1601  H.  JONSON  Poetaster  \.  i, 
We  may  read  constancy  and  fortitude  To  other  souls. 
1637  —  Sad  Sheph.  n.  ii,  Are  these  the  arts,  Robin,  you 
read  your  rude  ones  of  the  wood?  1662  J.  DAVIES  tr. 
Olearins  Voy.  Ambuss.  215  He  understood  Astrology,  and 
read  Kuclid  to  some  of  his  Disciples. 

fb.  In / 'ass.  To  be  instructed,  to  become  learned 
in,  Obs.  ,Cf.  READ///-  a-  2-> 

1458  Paston  Lett.  I.  431  William  hath  goon  to  scole..to 
lern  and  to  be  red  in  poetre  or  els  in  Frensh. 

13.  a.  To  read  oneself  in  :  to  enter  upon  office 
as  incumbent  of  a  benefice  in  the  Church  of  Eng 
land,  by  reading  publicly  the  Thirty-nine  Articles 
and  making  the  Declaration  of  Assent. 

1857  TROLLOPE  Barchester  T.  xxiii.  heading)  Mr.  Arabin 
reads  himself  in  at  St.  Ewolds.  1890  BARING-GOULD  Old 
Country  Life  136  The  rector  is  said  to  have  visited  one  of 
his  livings  twice  only,  .once  to  read  himself  in. 

b.  To  readout  of:  to  expel  from  (a  body,  party, 
etc.),  properly  by  reading  out  the  sentence  of  ex 
pulsion.  Chiefly  u\pass. 

1865  HUNT  Pop.  Rom.  IV.  Eng,  Ser.  i.  96  He  left  the 
'people'  that  he  mightn't  be  read  out.  1873 WHITNEY  Life 
Lang.  xv.  301  It  is  high  time  that  any  one  who  takes  the 
wrong  view  be  read  out  of  the  ranks. 

C.  To  bring  or  draw  down  to,  by  reading  aloud. 

1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  n.  235  Are  you  That  Psyche,  wont 
to.  .read  My  sickness  down  to  happy  dreams? 

•f- 14.  To  declare,  as  by  reading  aloud ;  to  relate, 
tell,  say.  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  10198  In  almis  dede  hir  lijf  sco  ledd,  AIs 
we  find  in  the  stori  redd.  £1320  Cast,  Love  1359  No  tonge 
ne  mihte  reden  Ne  bou^t  benken  his  mihtful  deden.  1393 
LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  in.  14  Hure  robe  was  ryccher  J>an  ich 
rede  couthe.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  12579  pan  Palomydon.. 
put  was  to  dethe  With  the  birre  of  his  bow,  as  I  aboue 
rede,  a  1586  SIDNEY  Astr.  -y  Stella  Sonn.  Iviii,  Stella's 
sweet  breath  the  same  to  me  did  reed.  1591  SPENSER 
M.  HitM-erdfo^  But  read,  faire  Sir,  of  grace,  from  whence 
come  yee. 

f  b.  To  speak  of  or  mention ;  to  describe ;  to 
name  or  call.  Obs. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  10801  5e  rnen.  .bat  haue 
hertte  me  rede  bys  sacrament,  How  ouer  alle  J»yng  hyt  ha|> 
powere.  ^1330  —  Chron,  Wace  (Rolls)  15099  In  bat  tyme, 
bat  y  now  rede,  be  date  was  [etc.].  ("1460  Lannfal  299 
May  no  man  rede  here  atyre.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  vii.  46 
Whose  kingdomes  seat  Cleopolis  is  red.  1617  FLETCHER 
Valentinian\\\.  ij  Good  men  [will]  raze  thee  For  ever  being 
read  again,  but  vicious. 

II.  Intransitive  or  absolute  uses. 

*  In  senses  corresponding  to  5-10  above. 

15.  To  apprehend  mentally  the  meaning  of  written 
or  other  characters;  to  be  engaged  in  doing  this; 
to  be  occupied  in  perusing  a  book,  etc.  Also  with 
advbs.  as  away,  on. 

£•950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Mark  xnt.  14  Se5e  redes  oncnauaS 
[c  1000  On$yte  se  be  net].  (11225  Ancr.  70.  286  Ofte,  leoue 
sustren,  36  schulen  vren  lesse  uorte  reden  more,  c  1320  Cast. 
Love  1241  Clerkes  bat  conne  reden.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Wife's 
Prol.  701  Sodeynly  three  leves  have  I  plight  Out  of  his 
book,  right  as  he  radde.  1483  CAXTON  Cato  A  ij  b,  He 
that  redeth  and  no  thynge  understondeth.  1598  SHAKS. 
Merry  If.  n.  1.54  Heere ;  read,  read:  perceme  how  I 
might  bee  knighted.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  322  Who 
reads  Incessantly, . .  Uncertain  and  unsettl'd  still  remains. 
1757  MRS.  GRIFFITH  Lett.  Henry  $  Frances  (1767)  I.  p.  vi, 
I  used  to  take  out  a  parcel  from  this  collection.. and  so 
read  away.  1794  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Myst.  Udolpho  i,  How 
often  have  I  sat  with  my  book  in  my  hand,  reading.  1865 
MILL  in  Evening  Star  10  July,  Those  persons  who  quoted 
this  passage  were  not  candid  enough  to  read  on.  1887 
Miss  BRADDON  Like  <5-  Unlike  i,  She  had  read  and  thought 
much  in  those  years. 

b.  Coupled  with  write,  usually  with  reference  to 
education  or  instruction. 


READ. 

1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xxii.  84  Cadynus  inventour  of  the 

first  lettres  lerned  the  folke  to  rede  and   to   write.     1567 

Gvde  %  Godlie  B.  {S.T.  S.)  196   Preistis,  reid   and  wryte, 

And  ;our  fals  Cannowne  law  lat  be.     1796  H.  HUNTER  tr. 
1    St.  Pierre's  Stiid.  Nat.  (1799)   III.  1541  *  applied  myself 

night  and  day  to  the  means  of  learning  how  to  read  and 
'    write.     1842  J.  AITON  Dotnest.  Econ.  (1857)  317  An  English 

nursery  governess, . .  to  learn  them  to  read  and  write. 
C.  To  occupy  oneself  seriously  with  reading,  esp. 

with  a  view  to  examination  ;  to  study.    Also  to  read 

up,  to  collect  information  by  reading. 

1826  DISRAELI  Vrv.  Grey  \.  vi,  Vivian,  .promised,  pro- 
'  tested,  and  finally  sat  down  'to  read'.  1847  TENNYSON 
[  Princ.  Prol.  175  We  seven  stay'd  at  Christmas  up  to  read. 
\  1859  FARRAR  J.  Home  x,  [He]  was  reading  for  honours. 

Ibid,  xxxii,  All  three  determined  to  read  for  Fellowships. 

1889  Harpers  Mag.  Jan.  209^  Men  should.. be  compelled 

to  'read  up'  on  questions  of  the  time. 

16.  a.   To  read  on  :  to  look  on  and  read.     Now 
rare  or  Obs. 

.1200  I'icesSf  Virtues  141  panne  we  on  boke_radeS,  Sanne 
spekeS  godd  wiS  us.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  430  O  bisse  boc  redeft 
euenche  deie  hwon  =e  beoo  eise.  a  1300  Floriz  <y  Bl.  578 
AIni5t  heo  set  at  hire  boke  And  hab  beron  irad  and  loke. 
c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  \.  (Peter)  71 1  Angelis . .  brocht  fra  criste 
to  hym  a  buk,  and  all  be  wordis  petir  one  rad.  a  1450 
A  rthur  633  He  bat  wolle  more  loke,  Reed  on  be  frensche  boke. 
?«  1550  Freiris  Berivik  352  in  D  unbar* s  Poems  (1893)  297 
Quhylis  still  he  satt  in  studeing,  And  vihir  quhylis  vpoun 
his  buk  reding.  1642  MILTON  Apol.  Sweet.  Wks.  1738  I. 
108  To  take  them  nightly  to  read  on  and  after  make  them 
his  pillow.  1764  REID  inquiry  vi.  §  16  Before  the  other 
eye  was  placed  a  printed  book,  at  such  a  distance  as  that 
he  could  read  upon  it. 

b.  Similarly,  io  read  in.   Now  rare.   Also  transf. 
c  1470  HENRY   Wallace  vn.  902  As  whnes  weill  in  to  the 

schort  tretty  Eftir  the  Bruce,  qulia  redis  in  that  story. 
1485  CAXTON  Alalorys  Arthur  Pref.  3  Al  noble  lordes  and 
lady es.. that  shal  see  and  rede  in  this  sayd  book.  1530 
TINDALE  Prol.  Deuteron.  Wks.  21/2  Tins  is  a  booke  worthy 
to  be  read  in,  daye  and  night.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  iv.  i. 
276  Giue  me  that  Glasse,  and  therein  will  I  reade.  1820 
SOUTHEY  Wesley  (ed,  2)  II.  140  Neither  had  he  read  in 
any  devotional  book. 

c.  Jig.  in  phrases.    -\To  read  on  one  side  of  the 
leaf\  to  regard  or  apprehend  only  one  side  of  the 
question.      To  read  between  the  lines  (see  LINE 
sb;~  23  a). 

1456  SisG.  HAVE  Law  XrM*(S.T.S.)fllfl  Syndry  folk 
redis  apon  a  syde  of  the  lef  and  nocht  on  the  tothir.  *866, 
1880  [see  LINE  sb.~  23  a.]  1886  Manch.  J\xam.  19  Jan.  5/4 
People  who  have  not  the  shrewdness  to  read  a  little  between 
the  lines,  .are  grievously  misled. 

t  d.   To  read  right :  to  have  or  take  a  correct 
view ;  to  be  right  in  one's  ideas  or  expectations.  Obs. 

Perh.  originally  related  to  senses  i  and  2. 

c  1420  Anturs  ofArth.  525,  I  shal  rewarde  be  bi  route,  if 
I  cone  rede  righte.  1508  DUNBAR  Gold.  Targe  255  O  reue- 
rend  Chaucere,  . .  quho  redis  rycht,  Thou  beris  of  makaris 
the  tryumph  riall.  «  1585  MONTGOMEBIE  Cherrie  %  Sloe 
ngr  Gif  je  reid  richt,  it  was  not  I. 

17.  To  find  mention  or  record  0/1  something  by,  or 
in  the  course  of,  reading. 

[c  xooo /ELFRIC //w«.  II.  394  We  raedaS  be  sumon  wife,  be 
\vaes  twelf  gear  geuntrumod.]  a  1225  Ancr.  A'.  244  pe  oSer 
deouel  J>et  me  redeS  of  J?et  he  gredde  lude  to  Seinte  Bar. 
tholomeu.  ciqextApol.Loll.-$\  peiweredekunis,  ..as  Steuyn, 
&  silk  ober  bat  is  redd  of  in  apostlis  dedis.  1559  W.  CUN 
NINGHAM  Cosmogr.  Glasse  80  Places  towarde  the  south 
coast,  of  which  neither  I  have  heard  of  any  credible  person, 
nor  yet  red.  1595  SHAKS.  John  in.  iv.  13  Who  hath  read, 
or  heard  Of  any  kindred  action  like  to  this?  c  1645  HOWELL 
Lett.  I.  v.  xxxvii,  I  have  read  of  Caligula's  Horse,  that  was 
made  Consul.  1789  COWPER  Annas  Ulan.  3,  I  read  of 
bright  embattled  fields.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  xcv, 
I  read  Of  that  glad  year  which  once  had  been. 

ellipi.  1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  \.  ii.  424  Worse  then  the 
great'st  Infection  That  ere  was  heard,  or  read. 

18.  a.  To  bear  reading ;  to  be  readable. 

1668  SHADWELL  Sullen  Lovers  in,  'Tis  a  play  that  shall 
read  and  act  with  any  play  that  ever  was  born.  1727  DK 
FOE  Hist.  Appar.  (1840)  340  The  book  will  read  without  it. 
b.  To  turn  out  (well  or  ill),  or  have  a  specified 
character,  when  read;  to  produce  a  certain  im 
pression  on  the  reader. 

1731  Gentl.  Mag.  I.  21  Thy  comedies  excell  ..  And  read 
politely  well.  1789  T.  TWINING  Aristotle  s  Treat.  Poetry 
(1812*  I.  254  Whose  productions . .  read  better  than  they  act. 
1805  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rm.  III.  231  This  pamphlet  is  so 
pious  as  to  read  more  like  a  sermon  than  a  political  address. 
1828  Examiner  84/2  Nothing  can  read  more  free  and  easy 
than  his  present  translation.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage 
371  The  joke  does  not  read  to  us  like  a  very  good  one. 

transf.     1863  JULIA  KAVANAGH  Eng.  Worn.  Letters  vii.  I. 
187  There  are  lives  that  read  like  one  long  sorrow. 
C.  To  admit  of  interpretation. 

1866  J.  MARTINFAU  Ess.  I.  28  This  rule  reads  both  ways. 
**  /«  senses  corresponding  to  \  1-14  above. 

19.  To  render  or  give  forth  in  speech  the  words 
one  is  reading  (in  sense  5).     Const,  to  (a  person), 

from  or  out  of  (a  book,  etc. ;  f  formerly  of, ;'«,  on), 
and  with  advbs.  as  aivay,  on,  out. 

(-950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Luke  iv.  16  [He]  aras  to  redanne. 
c  1200  ORMIN  17286  E^whaer  J>a:r  mann  ra^debf?  be  Off  halij 
wite^hunnge.  £1315  SHOREHAM  i.  1306  He  toke  ysaies  bok 
Ine  jie  synagoge,  and  radde.  1382  WYCLIF  Neh.  viii.  8  And 
the!  radden  in  the  boc  of  the  lawe  distinctli  and  apertli. 
—  Jer.  xxxvi.  6  Go  in  therfore  thou,and  rede  of  the  volum, 
.  .herende  the  puple.  ^1440  York  Myst.  xx.  144  Late  se, 
sirs,  in  youre  sawes  Howe  right  |>at  ?e  can  rede.  1556 
Chron.  Gr.  Friars  (Camden)  56  Cardmaker,  that  rede  in 
Powlles  iij.  tymes  a  weke.  1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  in.  i. 
329  That  fault  may  be  mended  with  a  breakfast;  read  on. 
1635  PAGITT  Christianogr.  30  Comming  on  a  Sunday  into 


READ. 

one  of  their  Congregations  ..  he  found  one  sitting  in  the 
midst  of  them, . .  reading  on  a  Bible  in  the  Chaldean  tongue. 
1718  Freethinker  No.  7  (1733)  I.  30  The  Bridegroom  . . 
deposited  one  Moiety  ;  and  the  Doctor  read  away.  1787 
BURNS  Tain  Samson's  Elegy  i,  Has  . .  Robinson  again 
grown  weel,  To  preach  an'  read?  1844  LADY  KULLERTON 
E.  Middleton  vi,  Sir  Edmund  and  Henry  alternately  read 
out  loud  to  us.  1879  M.  PATTISON  Milton  150  Then  he 
went  up  to  his  study  to  be  read  to  till  six. 

fb.   Coupled   with   sing,    in    ref.    to    church- 
services.  Obs. 

f  1150  Hymn,  to  Cod  i  in  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  App.  258  Hit 
bilimped  forte  speke  to  reden  &  to  singe  Of  him.  1303  R. 
BRUNNE  Handl.  Synnt  8018  Whyle  y  haue  Jow  prestes  |>re 
pat  me  mow  rede  ande  synge.  {-1420  Anturs  of  Arth.  704 
Dame  Gaynour  garte  besly  wryte  in  to  be  weste,  To  all 
manereof  relygeous,  toredeand  to  synge.  1500-20  DUNUAR 
Poems  x.  29  All  clergy  do  to  him  inclyne, . .  Ensence  his 
altar,  reid,  and  sing  In  haly  kirk. 

C.    To  read  in  =  1 3  a. 

1828  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Lett.  (1891)  1. 180,  I  read  in-i.c.  read 
the  Thirty-nine  Articles.  1863  CRIWS  Law  Church  ff 
Clergy  (1886)  481  marg.,  Certificate  of  reading  in  should  be 
obtained. 

d.  Sc.  Of  a  minister :  To  read  sermons,  instead 
of  preaching  extempore  or  from  memory. 

1781  Reading  not  preaching  11.  6  To  read,  and  not  preach 
is  to  deny  the  Spirit  his  office.  1888  BARRIE  Auld  Lie/it 
Idylls  iii,  To  followa  pastor  who  '  read  '  seemed  to  the  Auld 
Lichts  like  claiming  heaven  on  false  pretences, 
t  20.  To  give  instruction  by  means  of  reading 
aloud  ;  to  lecture  or  discourse  upon  a  subject.  Obs. 
e  1290 :S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  446/521  Jif  bou  me  drifst  out  of  bi 
lond.  .Ich  can  rede  at  parys.  .And  bare-with  winne  me  mete 
i-nov}.  1576  FLEMING  1'anofl.  Epist.  341  In  that  College 
It  was  his  happie  lucke,  to  reade  in  the  open  schooles  in 
Latme.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  in.  i.  46  Where  is  the 
Lining.  .Which  calls  me  Pupill,  or  h:uh  read  to  me.  1618 
G.  STRODE  Anat.  Mortalilie  i  The  Statute  which  I  haue 
chosen  to  reade  vpon.  a.  1625  FLETCHER  Elder  Brother  iv. 
iii,  I  shall  dissect  ye,  And  read  upon  your  phlegmatic  dull 
carcasses.  1691-2  WOOD  Life  6  Jan.  (O.  H.  S.)  Ill,  The 
Master  of  Pembroke  College  suffers  him  to  read  to  Scholars 
of  his  house.  1700  COLLIER  ?nd  Dcf.  Short  View  (1738) 
434  To  read  upon  a  putrified  Carcass,  and  shew  Nature, 
to  the  Affront  of  Religion. 

t  21.   To  rehearse,  speak  or  tell  of.   Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  4327  Sua  did  bis  wijf,  i  yow  of  redd,  Sco 
folnd  ioseph  ai  bar  he  fledd.  1:1330  R.  BKUXNE  Chron. 
IVace  (Rolls)  10508  He  wrot  his  dedes  . .  &  blamed  bobe 
Gyldas  &  Bede  Why  bey  wolde  nought  of  hym  rede.  1375 
BARBOUR  Bruce  x.  276,  I  think  of  hym  to  reid  And  till 
schaw  part  of  his  gud  deid.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  n.  x. 
heading,  Or  I  forthere  nowe  precede,  Of  the  Genealogi  will 
I  rede.  1570  Henry's  IVallace  M.  72  Heirof  as  now, 
I  will  na  malr  proceid . .  Of  vlher  thing  my  purpois  is  to  reid. 

Read  (red),///,  a.     [f.  READ  z>.] 

1.  That  is  read,  esp.  that  is  read  out  (in  contrast 
to  being  expressed  spontaneously  or  repeated  from 
memory).     Read  line  (Sc.) :  see  LINE  sb*  23  e. 

1590  G.  GYFFORD  Plain  Dcclar.  Title-p.,  A  Re'plie  to  ' 
Master  Greenwood  touching  read  prayer.  1641  S.  RUTHER- 
FURD  Peaceable  Plea  326  None  by  any  Act  of  our  Church . . 
is  obliged  to  a  stinted  or  read  prayer.  1781  Reading  net 
preaching  n.  9  Your  read  papers  is  a  lame  service.  1901 
Wtitm.  Gaz.  10  Dec.  n/i  The  trouble  of  attending  the 
meeting  to  hear  a  read  speech.  1901  LAWSON  Rt-min. 
Dollar  Acad.  122, 1  have  still  a  recollection  of  the  read  line 
being  sung  in  that  congregation. 

2.  In  predicative  use :   Experienced,  versed,  or 
informed  in  a  subject  by  reading. 

Used  simply  and  with  adverbs  (see  also  WELL  READ). 

1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  \\.  (1625)  127  He  ought . .  to 
be  well  languaged,  to  be  sufficiently  read  in  Histories  and 
Antiquities.  1631  MASSINGEK  Emperor  East  in.  iv,  You 
are  read  in  story :  call  to  your  remembrance  [etc.].  1682 
DRVUEN  Relig.  Laid  Pref.,  Wks.  (Globe)  187  Every  man 
who  is  read  in  Church  history.  1707  PRIOR  Epil.  toPhaldra. 
3  An  Oxford  Man,  extreamly  read  in  Greek.  1749  FIELDING  I 
Tom  Jones  in.  iii,  He  was  deeply  read  in  the  ancients.  1857 
Ecclesiologist  XVIII.  208  Chaucer,  who  was  evidently 
quite  as  read  in  the  Latin  classics,  as  a  well-educated  person 
would  be  in  the  present  day.  1897  Pall  Mall  Mag.  Feb.  | 
189  A  man..,  who  was  read  in  four  Eastern  languages. 

3.  (Chiefly  predicative.)     Informed  by  reading,    : 
acquainted  with  books  or  literature,  learned. 

Now  only  with  adverbs  (esp.  WELL-HEAD). 

1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  IV.  i.  33  Thou  art  deeper  read  and 
better  skild.  1607  TOI'RNEUR  Rev.  Trag.  v.  iii,  You  are 
read,  my  Lords.  1650  B.  Discolliminium  43  If  any  read 
Gentleman  or  Divine  will  assoile  these  doubts,  I  shall  be 
very  much  beholding  to  him.  1676  ETHEREDGK  Man  of  \ 
Mode  I.  i,  Shoom.  Why  stiou'd  not  you  Write  your  own  I 
Commentaries  as  well  as  Caisar?  Mid.  The  Raskal's  read, 
I  perceive.  1709  POPE  Ess.  Crit.  612  The  bookful  block 
head,  ignorantly  read,  With  loads  of  learned  lumber  in  his 
head.  1824  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1830)  IV.  398,  I  might  defy 
the  best  read  lawyer  to  produce  another  scrap  of  authority 
for  this  judiciary  forgery. 

Read,  obs.  f.  RED  a.,  var.  REDE  sb.,  obs.  f.  REED. 

Readability,     [f.  next.]     Readableness. 

1860  TUOLLOI'E  Castle  Richmond  I.  3  The  readability  of  a 
story  should  depend  ..  on  its  intrinsic  merit  rather  than  on 
the  site  of  its  adventures.  1886  Spectator  6  Feb.  205/1 
Readability  is  the  characteristic  of  his  literary  work. 

Readable  (rrdab'l),  a.  (and  a.)    [f.  READ  v.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  read,  legible. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  1 14  Both  readable,  and  legible,  signifie  i 
Ofttitis.  1874  M.  BURROWS  IVorl/iies  of  All  Souls  392  ' 
Hoveden  and  Codrington  write  good  readable  hands.  1890 

R.  BOLDREWOOD'  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  232  Every  one  .. 
will  help  the  owner  of  a  stray  beast  to  get  him,  if  his  brand 
is  readable. 

2.  Capable  of  being  read  with  pleasure  or  interest.    ( 


195 

[  Usually  of  literary  work :  Easy  or  pleasant  to  read, 
agreeable  or  attractive  in  style. 

1826  DlsRAELf  /  'iv.  Grey  n.  ii,  Doubled  up  the  sheet  into 
a  convenient  readable  form.     1832  MARRYAT  -V.  Forster  i, 
The  second  and  third  volumes  are  by  far  the  most  readable. 
1895  J.  H.  ROUND  in  Bookman  Oct.  25/2  This  history. .is. . 
a  straightforward,  readable  narrative. 
b.   ASJ*.  in*/.  Readable  works. 
1864  Realm  9  Mar.  8  Though  the  ingenuity  of  the  story 
permits  us  to  class  this  book  among  the  readablcs. 

3.  Admitting  of  reading.  rare~l. 

1819  M'CmE  Milvilie  I.  iv.  217  The  provost  was  bound  to 
read  lessons  in  Theology  once  a  week— and  the  bachelor 
every  readable  day. 

4.  Enabling,  making  it  possible,  to  read. 

1859  H.  T.  ELLIS  Hong  Kong  to  Manilla  39  Only  suffi 
ciently  transparent  to  admit  what  might  be  called  a  read 
able  amount  of  light. 

Hence  Bea'dableuess,  the  quality  of  being  read 
able  or  legible. 

1844  S.  R.  M..\n  LAND  Dark  Ages  69  The  correctness  and 
readableness  of  our  own  edition  of  a  father  or  a  classic. 
1861  SMILES  Engineers  Pref.  10  The  interest  and  readable- 
ness  of  such  narratives  being  often  in  an  inverse  ratio  to 
their  length.  1883  J.  MlLLINGTON  Are  we  to  read  back 
wards  ?  48  Important  factors . .  in  the  readableness  of  print. 

Reada-pt,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]   trans .  To  adapt  anew. 

1843  HOLTZAI-FFEL  Turning  II.  663  To  re-adapt  it  [the 
nut]  to  the  lessened  size  of  the  screw.  1858  CAKLYLE  Fredk. 
6V.  I.  i.  (1872)  I.  14  To  readapt,  in  a  purified  state,  the  old  eras. 

So  Beadaptabi-lity ;  Beadapta'tion;  Beada  p- 
tive  a. ;  Reada  ptiveness. 

1859  STOPI-ORU  Work  ft  Counterwork  29  This  is  but  a  re- 


M.U«.UU»I>  Bl£«oi        luwy  I    llnl'tlllfcr.^J.ln.   3/3    1  lie  prodigal 

fund  of  ever  fresh  and  readaptive  humour.  1894  Forum 
(U.S.)  Aug.  672  Evidence  of  their  readaptability  to  society. 
Ibid.  673  Anti-social  perversity  or  social  readaptiveness. 

Readdre-ss,  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  re/I.  To  address  (oneself)  anew. 

1611  Si'EED//(i/.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  v.  §  16.  471  King  Stephen 
re-addressed  himselfe  for  the  North,  to  prosecute  that  which 
Thurstan  had  begunne.  1657  BOYLE  Marlyrd.  Theodora 
vii.  (1703)  102  Didynms  ..  readdressed  himself  to  her. 

2.  traits.  To  put  a  new  address  on  (a  letter,  etc.). 
Hence  Readdressing  vbl.  fb. 

1884  Daily  .\'ews  23  Oct.  2/1  The  female  staff  to  which 
the  re-addressing  is  entrusted.  1889  Ibid.  3  Oct.  5/2  Why 
a  letter  from  abroad  should  be  readdressed  in  England 
without  extra  charge. 

Reade, obs.  f.  RED  a.  Readeliche,  var.  REJJELY 
adv.  Readen,  obs.  f.  RKEDEX. 

t  Reade'pt,  v.  Obs.  [See  RE-  5  a  and  ADEPT 
a. ,  ADEPTED///.  a.]  trans.  To  recover. 

a.  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Ed™.  IV  (1809)  285  King  Henry  the 
VI  thus  readepted . .  his  Crowne  and  digmtie  Royall.     Ibid. 
291  The  which  Duchie  if  he  might  by  their  meanes  readept 
and  recover  [etc.].     1577^87  HOLINSHKD  Chron.   III.  869/1 
In  the  said  yeare  . .  in  which  Henrie  the  sixt  readepted  the 
crowne  of  England. 

So  t  Beade 'ption,  recovery.   Obs. 

1471  in  Rymer  Fadera  (1710)  XI.  693  Of  the  Readeption 
of  our  Roial  Powerr  the  Furst  Yere.  1750  CAKTK  Hist. 
Eng.  II.  798  Upon  her  husband's  re-adeptiun  of  the  Crown. 

Reader  (rfdai).  Forms:  I  rfedere,  3-6  re- 
dar(e,  4-6  redeye,  ^6  Sc.  reidar,  ridar,  reider), 
5-  reader,  [f.  READ  v.  +  -EB  1.] 

1.  An  expounder,  interpreter  (of  dreams,  etc.). 

a  noo  O.  E.  Glosses  (Napier)  i.  4i93A£Jtifotu6uslmcciUn, 
fram  rajderum.  £1440  Promp.  l\irv.  426/2  Redare,  or  ex- 
pownder  of  thyngys  hard  to  vndyrstonde.  .interpretator. 

2.  One  who  reads  or  peruses. 

c  1050  Byrhtferth's  Handboc  in  Anglia  VIII.  308  f>e  bus 
ys  awriten  on  bam  bocfelle,  xenuln  ou  la  rgedere  [etc.]. 
a  1300  Cursor  J/.  26502  Vnderstand  me  wel,  bou  reder,  quat 
birthyn  mai  bis  wordes  here.  1423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q.  cxciv, 
Pray  the  reder  to  haue  pacience  Of  thy  defaute.  1:1425 
Hampole's  Psalt.r  Metr.  Pref.  13  In  bis  boke  is  muche 
vertu,  to  reders  wib  deuocyown.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de 
W.  1531)  1 1),  I  trust  it  shall  not  be  tedyous  to  the  reders. 
1611  BIBLE  Transl.  Pref.  f  14  Truly  (good  Christian  Reader) 
wee  neuer  thought  . .  that  we  should  neede  to  make  a  new 
Translation.  1702  ADDISON  Dial.  Medals  I.  Wks.  1721  I.  449 
All  kinds  of  Readers  find  their  Account  in  the  old  Poets. 
!784CowrrK  Task  n.  581  My  very  gentle  reader  yet  unborn. 
1856  MRS.  BROWNING  A  ur.  Leigh  in.  319, 1  wrote  tales  beside 
.  .To  suit  light  readers.  1882  A.  W.  WARD  Dickens  i.  4  He  ' 
was  no  great  reader  in  the  days  of  his  authorship. 

trans/.  1784  COWPER  Task  in.  253  Sagacious  reader  of 
the  works  of  God.  1838  LYTTON  Leila,  ti.  i,  He  was  a  pro 
found  reader  of  men  s  characters.  1888  A.  K.  GREEN 
behind  Closed  Doors  iii,  If  I  am  any  reader  of  countenances. 

b.  A  proof-reader. 

1808  STOWER  Printers'  Grammar  387  A  careful  and  steady 
Reader  must  be  indispensable  in  every  printing-office.  1882 
J.  SOUTHWARD  Pract.  PrinUng  (1884)  144  All  corrections 
made  by  the  reader  are  called  '  marks  *  or  readers'  marks. 

c.  One  employed  by  a  publisher  to  read  works 
offered  for  publication  and  to  report  on  their  merits. 

1871  in  RINGW  ALT  Amer.  Encycl.  Printing. 

3.  One  who  reads  aloud  j  esp.  one  who  is  ap 
pointed  to  read  to  others,  and  spec,  one  who  reads 
the  lessons  or  other  parts  of  the  service  in  a  place 
of  worship. 

In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  the  office  of  reader  is  the 
second  of  the  minor  orders  (see  LECTORI.  After  the  Re 
formation,  lay  readers  were  appointed  in  the  Churches  of 
England  and  Scotland  to  read  the  lessons  and  perform  some 
minor  functions  in  parishes  which  had  no  regular  incumbent 
or  minister.  In  Scotland  further  appointments  to  the  office 
were  forbidden  by  an  Act  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1561  ; 


READILY. 

I    in  England  it  remained  in  use  till  a  much  later  period,  and 
was  partly  revived  in  1866. 

cg6i  /ETHELWOLD  Rule  St.  Benet  xxxviii.  (Schroer  18851 
62  pa:t  nanes  mannes  stem  . .  jehyred  ne  sy,  butan  ba;s 
raderes  anes.  10.  .Laws  Aitfric  in  Thorpe  Laws  II  -46 
Lector  is  ra;dere,  be  rzd  on  Godes  cyrcan,  and  biS  bicrto 
Sehadod  J>aet  he  bodije  Godes  word,  c  1290  S.  Ene  Leg 

!  I-  137/1070  pis  word  bat  ore  louerd  het  is  redare  bi-fore  him 
radde.  £1315  SHOKKHAM  i.  1291  Ine  be  aide  la-,e  be  redere 
Kede  (>e  prophessye  By  wokke  ;  So  schulle  be  rederes  now 
Hyrede.  1382  WVCLIF  i  Esdras  viii.  9  Esdras  presl  and 
redere  of  the  lawe  of  the  Lord.  1560-1  First  Bk.  Diid6l 
C/i.  Scot.  iv.  in  Knojc's  Wki.  (1848)  II.  196  In  process  of 
tyme  he  that  is  but  ane  Readar  may  atteane  to  the  further 
degree,  and.  .may  be  permittit  to  minister  the  sacramentis. 
1585  J.  CAKMICHAEL  Let.  in  Wodr.  Soc.  Misc.  (1844)  436 
he  readers  are  made  ministers,  and  . .  every  man  hath 
tten  four  kirks.  1661  PEPYS  Diary  22  Dec.,  To  Church 


reader  must  be  supposed,  .actually  to  personate  the  author. 
1842  BKANDE  Diet.  Set.,  etc.  s.v.,  There  are . .  readers  (priests) 
attached  to  various  eleemosynary  and  other  foundations. 
1873  PHILLIMORE  Eccl.  Law  (ed.  2)  I.  451  Recently  lay 
readers  have  been  appointed  by  bishops  in  several  diocese.-, 
to  officiate  with  consent  of  the  incumbent. 

4.  One  who  reads  (and  expounds)  to  pupils  or 
students;  a  teacher,  lecturer;  spec,  in  some  Uni 
versities  as  the  title  of  certain  instructors. 

1519  HORMAN  V'tilg.  viii.  88  b,  He  hath  founded  a  reder  in 
greke  for  a  C'.  ducaues  a  yere.  1536  Act  28  Hen.  VIII,  c.  13 
§  2  Reders  of  diuinitie  in  thecomon  wholes  of  diuinitie.  1567 
BUCHANAN  il'ts.  (S.T.S.)n  Ane  Reidar  in  Medicine.  1630 
R.  Johnson's  Kingd.  fy  Commiv.  50  Let  his  Lecture  consist, 
more  in  questions  and  answers,  ..  than  in  the  Readers  con 
tinued  speech.  1667  DecayChr.  Pictv  xvi.  r4  Have  any  of 
our  idolized  readers  bought  their  interest  in  us  so  dear  as 
Christ  has  done.  1703 ;T.  N.  Cityff  C.l'tinhasergi  Dr.  Hook, 
Reader  of  Geometry  in  Gresham-colledge.  1846  M'Cri  LOCH 
Aa.Brit.  Empire  (1854)  '1.359  The  University  of  Durham . . 
consists  of  a  warden,  professors,  tutors,  readers,  and  lecturers. 
1881  Slat.  Unit:  Ojrf.  (1882)  65  A  Reader  in  Roman  Law 
shall  be  appointed  from  time  to  time. 

b.  In  the  Inns  of  Court,  a  lecturer  on  law. 
(Now  only  as  the  title  of  an  honorary  office. 

On  the  nature  of  the  office  of'reader  in  the  various  Inns 
:     see  Emycl.  JSrit.  (1881)  XIII.  88/2,  Douthwaite  Cray's  Inn 
(1886)  36,  Worsley(?)  Oiserv.  Const.  Middle   Temple  (repr. 
1896)  57,  Black  Books  of  Lincoln's  Inn  (1897)  III.  p.  xiv. 

1517  Black  Bks.  Lincoln's  Inn  (18971  I-  tS?  Wlh>  so 
bryngith  any  repasltr  to  ihe  Redar's  denar  or  sc  par,  except 
the  Redar  or  any  of  the  Benche,  schall  pay  for  the  Repast, 
xiji/.  1569  Nottingham  Kcc.  IV.  133  Maister  Recorder, 
then  beyng  Reder  of  Grey's  Inne.  (11613  OVERUURY  A 
IrifttV&c.  (1638)  121  He  arrogates  as  much  honour  for  bein^ 
Reader  to  an  Inne  of  Chancery,  1664-5  Ptrvs  Diary  (1879) 
III.  124  Mrs.  Turner,  .takes  it  mightily  ill  I  did  not  come 
to  dine  with  the  Reader,  her  husband.  1733  (?  WORSI.EY] 
Obseru.  Const.  Middle  Teiuffe  (1896)  57  From  the  Benchers 
are  chosen  Readers  who  us'd  to  read  law  twice  in  the  year, 
vi/1 :  in  the  Lent,  and  Long  Vacations. 

5.  Used  as  a  title  for  books  containing  passages 
for  instruction  or  exercise  in  reading. 

1799  (title)  The  English  Reader ;  or  Pieces  in  Prose  and 
Poetry  selected  from  the  best  writers,  .by  L.  Murray.  1869 
(title)  The  advanced  reader:  Lessons  in  liteiature  and 
science.  1876  H.  SWEET  (title)  An  Anglo-Saxon  Reader; 
in  Prose  and  Verse. 

6.  a.  Thieves'  cant.  A  pocket-book. 

a  1790  in  POTTER  .V«u  Diet.  Cant.  1819  J.  H.  VAUX  .Mfnt. 
I.  xii.  140  He  had  that  day  turned  out  three  readers,  but 
without  finding  a  shilling  in  either  of  them.  1834  H.  AINS- 
WORTH  Rookti'ood  in.  v.  (1871)  200  None  [could]  knap  a 
reader  like  rue. 

b.   Gambling  slang.  A  marked  card. 

1894  MASKELVNE  Sharps  fy  Flats  27  Whatever  method  of 
marking  may  be  adopted  in  the  preparation  of  faked  '  card.-, 
or  *  readers '. 

Hence  Bea'deress,  a  female  reader. 

1864  Realm  16  Mar.  4  He  paid  only  a  just  tribute  to 
readeresses  at  the  expense  of  readers. 

Readership  (rf-dsujip).    [f.  READER  +  -SHIP.] 

1.  The  office  of  a  reader  (chiefly  in  sense  4). 
1719  SWIFT  To  Y»g.  Clergyman  Wks.  1755  II.  n.  2  They 

..  first  sollicit  a  readership,  and.  .arrive  in  time  to  a  curacy. 
1840  Act  3  (^-4  Viet.  c.  86  §  2  The  Term  '  Preferment ' . . 
shall  be  construed  to  comprehend  every  Curacy,  Lecture, 
ship,  Readership  [etc.].  1883  icjt/i  Cent.  May  833  A  step  in 
the  ladder  of  promotion,  first  to  a  readership  and  ultimately 
to  a  professorship. 

2.  As  a  title  :  The  personality  of  a  reader. 

1771  P.  PARSONS  Newmarket  II.  186  An  expectation  which 
your  readership  cannot  suppose  I  should,  .entertain.  1820 
Blackiu.  J/4f.VlL  477,  I  trust,  O  gentle  reader, .  .that  your 
readership  will  not  [etc.]. 

Readesmon,  obs.  form  of  REDESMAN. 

Readfoll,  -full,  variants  of  REDEFUL. 

Re-adhe're,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  To  adhere 
again.  So  Be-adhe  sion. 

1813  J.  THOMSON  Lect.  Inflam.  235  A  tooth  replaced  in 
this  manner  not  unfrequently  re-adheres,  c  1865  J.  WYLDE 
in  Circ.  Se.  I.  4  The  slightest  film  oil  the  surfaces  . .  will 
prevent  their  re-adhesion. 

Rea-died,  ///.  a.     [f.  READY  v .]     Made  ready. 

a  1773  R.  FEKGUSON  Farmer's  Ingle,  The  readied  kail 
stands  by  the  chimley  cheeks. 

Readily  (re'dili),  adv.  Forms:  4-6  redily, 
(4  redyli),  5-6  (7)  redyly,  (5  reddyly),  6  Sc. 
radilie,  5-  readily,  [f.  READY  a.  +  -LY  -'.  In 
early  use  sometimes  difficult  to  distinguish  from 
REDILY  adv.  Formerly  compared  rcadilier,  -liest 
(i6-i7th  c.).]  la  a  ready  manner. 


READINESS. 

L  Promptly,  in  respect  of  the  voluntariness  of 
the  action  ;  hence,  with  alacrity  or  willingness ; 
willingly,  cheerfully. 

c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  611  He.  .redily  ^af  him  sa  Of  wel  gode 
mone.  Ibid.  1523  pis  tale  he  bi  gan  And  redyli  gan  to  say. 
(-1400  Rom.  Kose  3293  Thyn  herte  was  loly,  but  not  sage, 
Whan  thou  were  "brought  in  sich  a  rage,  To  yelde  thee  so 
redily.  1:1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Goiis  1291  That  ye  lyst 
to  come  to  me  soo  reddyly.  1538  STARKEY  England  i.  ii.  48 
That  they  promptely  and  redyly  may  don  that  thyng  wych 
ys  requyryd.  1581  MLLCASTER  Positions  xxxvil  (1887)  165 
To  whom  the  patrones  would  rediliest  yield.  1626  GOUGE 
Strrtn.  Dignity  Chivalry  §  9  Such  as  ..  offer  themselves 


1777  Miss  BURSEY  Evelina  xxvri,  I  accepted  the  offer  very 
readily,  and  away  we  went.  1873  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  1. 
115  Hippocrates  readily  adopts  the  suggestion  of  Socrates. 

2.  Promptly,  in  respect  of  the  time  of  action ; 
quickly,  without  delay;  also,  without  difficulty, 
with  ease  or  facility. 

1390  COWER  Con/.  II.  137  This  god,  which  herde  of  his 
grevance,  ..  bad  him  go  forth  redily  Unto  a  flod  was  faste 
by.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  123  b,  The  more 
promptly  or  redily  it  discerneth  &  sheweth,  what  thynges 
we  ought  to  byleue.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas's 
broy.  Ep.  Ded.,  To  spcake  their  language  redily.  1631 
J.  DONE  Poly  dor  on  174  He  sent  his  Sonne  in  Mans  owne 
figure,  to  bee  the  Readilier  Cogitated  by  Man.  1683  Brit. 
Spec.  Pref.  9  The  reudilier  to  stir  up  against  him  the 
Animosity  of  the  people.  1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  JK.  iii,  Her 
gratitude  may  be  more  readily  imagined  than  described. 
1846  J.  E.  KVLAND  Life  Foster  II.  101  An  allusion  will 
readily  be  understood.  1873  HALE  In  His  Name  vi.  47  He 
did  not  mean  to  be  readily  overtaken. 

b.  Sc.  As  may  easily  happen ;  probably. 

1643  R.  BAILLIE  Lett.  <*•  Jrnls,  (1841)  II.  71  Readilie  it 
may  cost  him  more  time.  1883  ANNIE  S.  SWAN  Aldersyde 
i.  ii,  Sandy  Riddell  wull  hae  been  here  the  day  readily? 

f  3.  In  a  state  of  readiness.   Obs.  rare—1. 

c  1400  MATNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxv.  118  pai  schall  fynd  before 
J>am  redily  puruayd  all  mantr  of  thinges  bat  er  necessary. 

Readiness  (re*diiu-s).  Also  4-6  redy-,  redi-, 
v6  reddi-,  Sc.  radi-,  7  readdi-),  6-7  ready-,  [f. 
READY  a.  +  -NESS.  In  early  use  not  easily  distin 
guished  from  RKDINESS.]  The  quality,  state  or 
condition  of  being  ready. 

1.  Promptness  in  voluntary  action;  prompt  com 
pliance,  willingness,  etc. 

c  1400  Beryn  3088  He  gan  to  tell  his  tale  with  grete 
redynes.  1509  FISHER  Funeral  Serin.  Wks.  (1876)  301  Con- 
syderynge  the  redyness  of  mercy  and  pyte  in  our  sauyour 
Ihesu.  1550  CROW  LEY  Last  Trumpet  214  Refuse  nothing 
that  must  be  done,  but  do  it  wyth  al  redines.  1631  GOUGE 
God's  Arro^vs  in.  §  50.  278  That  readmesse  and  forward- 
nesse  that  is  in  God  to  succour  and  support  us.  1732 
LEDIARD  Sethos  II.  vin.  206  The  women.. spoke  less,  but 
with  greater  readiness  than  the  men.  1822  SCOTT  13  Sept. 
in  fain.  Lett.  (1894)  II.  xviii.  155  The  readiness  of  all  the 
country  to  take  arms  was  very  singular.  1875  JOWETT 
Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  291  There  is  no  great  inclination  or  readi 
ness  on  the  part  of  mankind  to  be  made  as  good.,  as 
possible. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  prompt  or  quick  in  action, 
performance,  expression,  etc. 

i39pGowEHC<7«/C  II.  80 The worldes redinesse  Inbodibothe 
and  in  corage.  1530  PALSGR.  261/2  Redynesse  in  doyng  of 
a  thyng,  fractiqvt.  1576  FI.KMING  Panopl.  Epist.  401 
Beeing  too  too  curious  in  imitations,  [he]  marreth  the  readi- 
nesse  of  liis  naturall  inuention.  1615  W.  LAWSON  Country 
Housew.  Card.  (1626)  27  Let  yourgrarTe  haue  three  or  foure 
eyes,  for  readinesse  to  put  forth.  1718  Freethinker  No.  72. 
119  The  Readiness  and  Faithfulness  of  the  Memory  is, 
likewise,  very  wonderful.  1742  FIELDING  J.  Andrews  n.  x, 
This  fellow  ..  had  a  readiness  at  improving  any  accident. 
1863  CEO.  ELIOT  Romola  xxiij  His  readiness  in  the  French 
tongue,  which  he  had  spoken  111  his  early  youth.^ 

b.  The  quickness  or  facility  with  which  some 
thing  is  done. 

1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas's  Voy.  \.  ix.  12  [He] 
caused  with  a  marueilous  readinesse  a  forte  to  be  made. 
1662  Bk.  Com.  Prayert  Communion^  That  he  may  with  the 
more  readiness  and  decency  break  the  bread.  1781  COWPER 
Expost.  312  Thou  canst  not  read  with  readiness  and  ease 
Providence  adverse  in  events  like  these?  1805  J/rt/.  Jrnl. 
XIV.  247  The  readiness  with  which  the  finger  passed.. is 
not  to  be  conceived  but  by  those  who  had  an  opportunity  of 
examining. 

3.  A  state  of  preparation :  f  a.  With  indef.  article, 
in  phr.  in  (rarely  <?«,  into]  a  readiness.  (Common  in 
i6-i7th  c.,  after  to  6e,  get,  have,  f>ut,  set,  etc.)   Obs. 

1511  GUYLFORDE  Pilgr.  (Camden>7  Alwaye  in  a  redynesse 
to  set  forth  whan  they  woll.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss. 
I.  cclxxix.  419  The  erle  of  Armynahe  and  the  lorde  Dalbre, 
..made  their  people  to  be  on  a  redynesse  to  kepe  and 
defende  their  countreis.  1605  VERSTEGAN  Dec.  IntelL  vi. 
(1628)  175  Caused  his  shipping  to  bee  made  in  a  readiness 
at  S.  Valeries.  1647  MAY  Hist.  Parl.  in.  i.  14  That  the 
Trayned  Bands  . .  should  be  put  into  a  readinesse.  1723 
BLACKMORE  Hist.  Conspir.  agst.  K.  William  56  Captain 
Counter  . .  said,  they  must  be  sure  to  be  all  in  a  readiness 
the  next  Morning. 

b.  So  without  article,  in  phr.  in  readiness. 

1541  Act  33  Hen.  l^f//t  c.  12  §  12  The  yoman  of  the 
chaundrie..  shall,  .haue  in  red  t  ness  seared  clothes,  sufficient 
for  the  surgeon.  1612  WOODALL  Surg.  Mate  Pref.,  Wks. 
(1653)  19  Such  necessaries  as  by  the  ship  Barbers  are  fit 
to  be  had  in  readinesse.  1644  VICAKS  God  in  Mount  186 
That  the  trained-bands  in  and  about  London  might  be  put 
in  readinesse.  1726  Adv.  Capt.  R.  Boyle  60  She  would  wait 
with  some  Impatience,  .and  any  Hour  should  find  her  in 
Readiness.  1820  KEATS  Isabel,  xxiv,  He  went  in  haste,  to 
get  in  readiness,  1868  E.  EDWARDS  Ralegh\.  xxvi.  654  He 


196 

sent  orders  that  she  [the  ship]  should  continue  to  lie  in 
readiness  for  another  night  or  two. 

4.  The  condition  or  fact  of  being  ready  or  fully 
prepared,  rare. 

1548  THOMAS  Hal.  Diet.,  Concio,  the  dressyng,  redinesse, 
or  arraie,  1565  Reg:  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  309  Anent  the 
reddines  of  his  hous  at  the  King  and  Quenis  Majesteis 
commandiment.  1613  BRINSLEY  Pos.  Parts  (1669)  39  Is  not 
a  perfect  readiness  in  the  Verb  Su»t,  as  necessary  as  in  any 
other  of  the  Verbs?  yes,  and  more  also.  1638  BAILLIE /.?//. 
#  Jrnls.  (1861)  I.  200  We  heard  nought  bot  of  all  England's 
arming,  at  least  of  the  ready  ness  of  six  or  seven  thousand 
great  horse. 

t  5.  A  thing  or  arrangement  ready  for  use ;  ready 
use,  convenience.  Obs.  rare. 

I523  FITZHERB.  Surv.  xxiii.  42  The  whiche  shall  be  a  great 
redynesse  many  yeres  hereafter.  1:1591  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men 
(Camden)  77  Out  of  w«*  booke  for  your  Lordship's  readines 
there  is  hereunto  noted  certen  places  offensive. 

f  Rea'ding,  sb.  Obs.  rare.     (See  quot.  1688.) 

1580  Lane.  M'ills  III.  36  Two  payre  of  sheetes,  th'  one 
payre  of  canvas,  th'  other  of  redinge.  1688  R.  HOLME 
Armoury  in.  107/1  Readings  is  a  course  sort  of  Cloth. 

Reading  (rrdiq),  vbl.  sl>.    [f.  READ  v.  +  -ING*.] 

1.  The  action  of  perusing  written  or  printed  matter; 
the  practice  of  occupying  oneself  in  this  way.    Also 
with  up,  off. 

c  897  K.  ALFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xxii.  169  Donne  ic 
cume,  Sonne  beoSuabisjad  ymbe  redinge.  a  \z.2.$Ancr.  R. 
44  Redinge  of  Englichs,  oSer  of  Freinchs,  holi  meditaciuns. 
Ibid.  286  Redunge  is  god  bone.  Redunge  techeS  hu  & 
hwat  me  schal  bidden,  c  1460  Kutarc  550  As  he  stode  yn 
redyng,  Downe  he  fell  yn  sowenyng.  1534  STARKEY  Let. 
to  Crow-well  in  England '(1878)  p.  ix,  To  trowbull  you  wyth 
the  redyng  of  thys  scrole.  1656  EAKL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalinfs 
Advts.  fr.  P amass,  n.  xiv.  (1674)  154  Politick  Salt,  which 
makes  the  Reading  of  History  very  delightful.  1710  STEELE 
Tatler  No.  147  r  i  Reading  is  to  the  Mind,  what  Exercise 
is  to  the  Body.  1771  Junius  Lett,  xlvii.  248  In  the  course 
of  my  reading  this  morning  I  met  with  the  following 
passage.  1844  J.  T.  HEWLETT  Parsons  <s-  II7.  xiii,  A  little 
reading-tip  would,  he  felt  assured,  qualify  him  for  matricula 
tion.  1894  BURN,  etc.  Steam  Eng.  User  55  '1  he  forms  and 
the  Reading  off  of  Indicator  Diagrams  or  Figures. 

b.  The  extent  to  which  one  reads  or  has  read ; 
literary  knowledge,  scholarship,     f  Also  pi. 

1593  G.  HARVEY  Piercers  Super.  HI,  179  He  is  of  no 
reading  in  comparison,  that  doth  not  acknowledge  euery 
terme  in  those  Letters  to  be  autenticall  English,  a.  1700 
URVDKN  Poems  (1822)  I.  256  His  knowledge  more,  his 
reading  only  less.  ^1700  G.  GREY  Life  M.  Robinson  (ed. 
Mayor)  §  25  He  that  had  his  writings  had  cause  to  question 
his  great  readings.  1724  SWIFT  Riddle,  Without  my  aid 
..The  scholar  could  not  .shew  his  reading,  1797  Monthly 
Mag.  III.  93/2  That  information  which  a  man  of  some 
reading  might,  with  ease,  have  imparted.  1865  M.  ARNOLD 
Ess.  Crit.  i.  (1875)  9  Shelley  had  plenty  of  reading;  Cole 
ridge  had  immense  reading. 

c.  Ability  to  read;  the  art  of  reading. 
Reading  made  easy*,    the  title  of  various  reading-books 

for  children  formerly  in  use.  Still  freq.  in  dial.,  usually  in 
form  readimadeasy  (see  Eng,  Dial.  Viet.). 

1599  SIIAKS.  Much  Ado  in.  iii.  20  For  your  writing  and 
reading,  let  that  appears  when  there  is  no  neede.  of  such 
vanity.  1810  CKABBE  Borough  xxiv,  Reading  made  easy, 
so  the  titles  tell.  1827  SCOTT  Chron.  Canongate  Ser.  i.  iv, 
A  very  responsible  youth  . .  gied  them  lessons  in  Reedie- 
madeasy.  1876  PREKCE  &  SIVEWRICHT  Telegraphy  248  It . . 
becomes  a  matter  of  the  highest  importance  that  every 
telegraphist  should  thoroughly  master  acoustic  reading. 

d.  A  single  or  separate  act  or  course  of  perusal; 
also  Sc.  =  READ  sb. 

1757  HURD  Remarks  on  Hume's  Essay  5  The  Remarks. . 
are  such  as  occurred  to  him  on  a  single  reading  of  the  Essay. 
1786  WASHINGTON  Let,  to  Lafayette  10  May,  Some  petitions 
. .  could  scarcely  obtain  a  reading.  1825  J.  WILSON  Noct. 
Amb.  i.  Wks.  1855  I.  9  The  beuk  must  be  a  curious  ane 
indeed,  and  you  must  gie  me  a  reading  o't.  1864  TENNYSON 
Ay-Inter's  F.  553  Sir  Aylmer  watched  them  all,  Yet  bitterer 
from  his  readings. 

2.  The  action  of  uttering   aloud  the  words  of 
written  or  printed  matter.     (Also  with  ref.  to  the 
manner  in  which  this  is  done.) 

^961  ^ETHELWOLD  Rule  St.  Benet  xxxviii.  (Schroer  1885) 
62  ^ebroSra  ^ereorde  vst  hyra  mysum  ne  sceal  beon  butan 
halijre  raedinge.  c  1300  Havelok  2327  Harping  and  piping, 
..Romanz  reding  on  the  bok.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  111.  31 
Min  Ere  . .  Is  fedd  of  redinge  of  romance.  1583  Leg.  Bp. 
St.  Androis  103  Neather  with  preiching  nor  wl  reiding, 
Tuke  he  that  faythless  flock  in  feiding.  1779  G.  KEATE 
Sketches  fr.  Nat.  (ed.  2)  II.  189  How  frequently  do  we 
meet  with  men  of  great  learning,  whose  reading  gives  one 
pain  !  1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  vi,  I  wish  to  hear  reading, 
and  could  listen  to  your  sweet  voice  for-ever.  1878  R.  W. 
DALE  Led.  Preach,  via.  228  It  was  genuine  reading,  not 
dramatic  recitation. 

b.  The  delivery  in  this  manner  of  a  specified 
portion  of  matter;  a  single  act  or  spell  of  this; 
also,  the  portion  so  read  at  one  time. 

£961  /ETHELWOLD  Rule  St.  Benet  ix.  (Schroer  1885)  33 
Man  Jweo  rsdinga  raede  and  fry  rsepsas,  and  ealle  ba  £e- 
brojra  ba  hwile  sittan.  ciooo  /£LFRIC  Horn,  II.  384  Agus- 
tinus  us  onwreali  bissere  r^edinge  and^it.  ^1175  Lamb. 
Horn.  93  5e  iherden  a  lutel  er  on  pisse  redunge  bat  6e  halie 
gast  [etc.].  c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  163  On  salmes,  and  on 
songes,  and  on  redinges.  1382  WYCLIF  Acts  xiii.  15  Aftir 
the  redinge  of  lawe  and  prophetis,  the  princes  of  the  syna 
gogue  senten  to  hem.  1490  in  Somerset  Medieval  Wills 
(1901)  290  In  such  place  as  the  Mynisters  of  god  may  stond 
upon  my  body  in  the  tyme  of  the  Redyng  of  the  gospellis. 
1657  SPARROW  Bk.  Com.  Prayer  (1661)  112  Regard  is  had  to 
the  more  solemn  times  by  select  and  proper  readings.  1673 
I  True  Worship  of  God  y'Vhvy  had  their  weekly  Readings  of 
•  the  Law  of  Moses.  1860  ELLICOTT  Life  Our  Lord  iv.  158 
i  The  reading  of  the  prophets  was  to  begin,  and  the  reading 


BEADING. 

of  the  season  was  from  the  old  Evangelist  Isaiah.  1864 
Sharpe's  London  blag.  XXVI.  216  No  reading  should 
.  .last  longer  than  ten  minutes. 

C.  The  formal  recital  of  a  bill  (or  some  part  of 
it)  before  a  legislative  assembly. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  in.  §  240  They  called,  .for  the 
bill . .'  for  the  extirpation  of  episcopacy ',  and  gave  it  a  second 
reading.  1702-3  ATTERBURY  Let.  Misc.  Wks.  1739  1. 164 The 
Eill  about  repairing  Churches  was  thrown  out  by  the  Lords 
..  at  the  first  reading.  1783  Hansard  Part.  Hist.  (1814) 
XXIII.  1224  That  the  Christmas  recess  should  intervene 
before  the  second  reading.  1858  J.  BRIGHT  Sj>.  India  24 
June,  Opposing  the  second  reading  of  this  Bill. 

d.  Sc.  The  act  of  reading  a  portion  of  Scripture 
to  the  members  of  a  household,  as  a  form  of  family 
worship. 

1814  NICHOLSON  Poet.  Wks.  (1897)  67  (E.  D.  D.)  Breakfast 
done,  and  reading  bye.  1889  KARIUE  Window  in  Thrums 
193  I'll  sit  up  till  the  readin's  ower. 

e.  A  social  or  public  entertainment  at  which  the 
audience  listens  to  a  reader.     Cf.  Penny  reading. 

i 
la 

VI f __. 

read  themselves,  have  little  occasion  for  public  readings. 

f.  Reading  in  (see  READ  v.  13  a  and  190). 
1858  DALK  Clergym.  Legal  Handbk.  (ed.  7)  35  margin. 

1891  WHITEHEAD  Church.  Law  (ed.  2)  251  The  church 
wardens  and  some  parishioners  should  certify  that  the  read 
ing  in  has  been  duly  performed. 

t  3.  The  act  of  lecturing  or  commenting  upon 
some  subject,  esp.  a  law  text ;  also,  the  matter  of 
such  lecture  or  comment,  a  commentary  or  gloss. 
Reading  of  the  Sentences  :  (see  SENTENCE).  Obs. 

1517  Black  Bks,  Lincoln's  Inn  (1897)  I.  183  All  such  as  be 
at  the  Bench  and  dwellyng  in  the  town,  schall  come  daily 
to  the  redynges.  1581  LAMBARDE  Eiren.  Proheme  (1588)  i 
The  Office  and  Duetie  of  lustices  of  the  Peace,  after  M. 
Marrow  (whose  learned  Reading  in  that  behalfe  . .  is  in 
many  hands  to  be  scene).  1508  MANWOOD  Lawes  forest  ii. 
(1615)  28/2  Both  Master  Hesket  and  M.  Treherne  in  their 
reading  of  the  lawes  of  the  forest.  1656  EARL  MONM.  tr. 
licccalinis  Ad-i'ts.fr.F amass.  I.  xc.  (1674)  I2r  The  reading 
of  good  discipline  in  a  famous  University.  1727-41  CHAMBERS 
Cycl., -Readings  are  also  used  for  a  sort  of  commentary  or 
gloss  on  a  law  text,  passage,  or  the  like,  to  shew  the  sense 
an  author  takes  it  in. 

fb.  Instruction  by  a  tutor.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1630  R.  Johnson's  Kingd.  $  Cowitrw.  54  Two  Crownes  a 
moneth  his  Fencing,  as  much  for  Dancing,  and  no  lesse  for 
his  Reading. 

4.  The  act  of  interpreting  or  expounding,  rare—0. 

c  1440  Prontp.  Parr.  427/1  Redynge,  or  expownynge  of 
rydellys,  or  oper  privy teys . . /w/i'^rc/ac/0,  cdicio. 

t  5.   A  or  in  reading :  Being  read.   Obs. 

1535  COVERDALE  i  Mace.  v.  14  \Vhyle  these  letters  were 
yet  a  readinge,  . .  there  came  other  messaungers.  1566 
Child-Marriages  137  This  respondent  saieth,  that  the  testa 
ment  was  written  before  this  talk,  and  was  then  in  readinge. 

0.  The  form  in  which  a  given  passage  appears  in 
any  copy  or  edition  of  a  text ;  the  actual  word 
or  words  used  in  a  particular  passage.  Various 
readings :  (see  VAKIOUS). 

1557  N.  T.  (Genev.)  title-f.,  The  Newe  Testament ..  With 
the  arguments,  ..  also  diuersities  of  readings.  1611  BIBLK 
Transl. Pref.  ns  They.. had  rather  haue  their  judgements 
at  libertie  in  differences  of  readings.  1699  BENTLEV  Phal. 


281    If  the    Reading   be   not   corrupted,   this   Oracle   was 


FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq.  (1876)  II.  App.  612  The  readings  of 
the  manuscripts  are  so  different  that  it  is  hard  to  tell  their 
exact  meaning. 

7.  Matter  for  reading,  esp.  with  ref.  to  its  quality 
or  kind. 

1706  SWIFT  To  Peterborough,  Ne'er  to  be  match'd  in 
modern  reading,  But  by  his  name-sake  Charles  of  Sweden. 
1809  [see  LIGHT  a}  19].  1840  DE  QUINCEY  Style  i.  Wks. 
1853  XI.  175  It  is  in  newspapers  that  we  must  look  for  the 
main  reading  of  this  generation.  1851  MAVHEW  Lend. 
Labour  I.  415  The  books  sold  at  railways  are  nearly  all  of 
the  class  best  known  as 'light-reading',  or  what  sume  account 
light  reading.  1883  Pall  Mall  Budget  19  June  31/1  His 
account  of  the  America  is  lively  reading. 

b.  Printed  or  written  characters ;  lettering. 

1891  E.  PEACOCK  .V.  Brendon  I.  163  You  will  observe  the 
cover  has  no  reading  on  it,  but  only  seven  stars. 

8.  That  which  presents  itself  to  be  read;  spec. 
the  indication  of  a  graduated  instrument. 


limo.  1030  UE  I^UINCEY  unarms  i^ttim  1 1.^.  1030  i^v.  133 
That  pure  light  of  benignity  which  was  the  predominant 
reading  on  his  features.  1869  W.  B.  CARPENTER  in  Scientific 
Opinion  9  Jan.  174/1  note,  Our  third  thermometer  stood  .. 
at  45°  . .  and  its  reading  has  not  been  taken  into  account. 
b.  So  reading-off. 

x8o8  SAX  in  Phil.  Trans.  XCIX.  240  Taking  a  mean  of 
the  different  readings-off  for  the  true  position  of  the  wire. 
1833  HKKSCHEL  Astron.  §  198  The  same  constant  error  of 
graduation,  which  depends  on  the  initial  and  final  readings 
off  alone. 

9.  The  interpretation  or  meaning  one  attaches  to 
anything,  or  the  view  one  takes  of  it ;  in  recent  use 
esp.  the  rendering  given  to  a  play  or  a  character, 
a  piece  of  music,  etc.,  as  expressing  the  actor's  or 
performer's  point  of  view. 

1791  A.  YOUNG  Trav.  France  37  There  is  a  species  of 
countenance  here  so  horridly  bad,  that  it  is  impossible  to  be 
mistaken  in  one's  reading.  1858  J.  MAKTINEAU  Stud.  Chr. 


READING. 

151  Dognja..is  ever  producing  new  readings  of  the  history. 
1860  READE  Cloister  <$•  //.  Iviii,  She  gave  him  her  reading 
of  the  matter.  1882  P.  F'ITZGERALD  Recreat.  Lit.  Man 
(1883)  112  His  reading  of  Balzac's  Mercadet ..  appeared 
somewhat  airy  and  not  tragic  enough. 

10.  allrilt.  and  Comb.  a.  Simple  attrib.,  as 
reading-class,  day,  excursion,  hour,  -lamp,  matter, 
party,  play,  society,  -stand,  -table,  time,  tour. 

1838  MARG.  FULLER  Wont,  igt/i  C.  (1862)  347  The  forward 
ness  of  their  minds  has  induced  me  to  take  both  into  my 
*reading-class.  a  1643  CARTWRIGHT  Ordinary  in.  v.  Song, 
A  *Reading-Day  Frignts  French  away,  The  Benchers  dare 
speak  Latin.  1654  WHITLOCK  Zaotomia  240  The  Booke 
which  in  that  grand  reading  day . .  will  be  Licensed  or  burnt. 
1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  Ixii,  Jaunty  young  Cambridge- 
men  . .  going  for  a  "reading  excursion.  1809  CAMPBELL 
Gert.  IVyont.  it.  ix,  A  deep  untrodden  grot,  Where  oft  the 
Dreading  hours  sweet  Gertrude  wore.  1861  DICKENS  Gt. 
Expect,  xxxix,  I  took  up  my  "reading-lamp  and  went  out. 
1884  G.  ALLEN  Pkilistia  III.  238  To  supply  the  ^reading 
matter,  the  letterpress  I  think  you  call  it.  1860  HUGHES 
Tom  Brown  at  Oxf.  xxvi,  Others  applied  to  know  whether 
he  would  take  a  "reading  party  in  the  long  Vacation.  1729 
FIELDING  Author's  Farce  I.  vii,  Your  "reading  play  is  of  a 
different  stamp,  and  must  have  wit  and  meaning  in  it.  1797 
C.  TOOGOOD  Let.  in  Polwhele  Trait.  <y  Recoil.  II.  462  We 
meet  now,  in  almost  every  town,  with  a  "reading-society. 
1853  DALE  tr.  Baldesclus  Cereiuanial  119  The  Assistant 
Priest  carries  to  the  Altar  the  cushion,  or  "reading-stand, 
with  the  Missal.  1885  MABEL  COLLINS  Prettiest  Woman 
xiii,  Beside  the  bed  was  a  reading-stand.  1873  Carp,  ff 
Join.  130,  I  will  now  describe  a  large  elevating  "reading 
table.  1591  Black  Bks.  Lincoln's  Inn  (1898)  II.  21  No 
Reader  shall  make  anie  dinner  ..  but  in  the  "Reading  time. 
1848  THACKERAY  Bk.  Snobs  (1881)  223  They  are  on  a  head 
ing  tour  for  the  Long  Vacation. 

b.  Special  combs. :  reading-book,  f  (a)  a  book 
of  church-lessons  (oi>s.) ;  (i)  a  book  containing 
passages  for  instruction  in  reading;  reading-closet, 
one  of  the  small  compartments  in  the  reading-room 
of  a  printing-office  ;  readi  rig-coat,  a  coat  to  wear 
while  reading  (fobs.) ;  reading-desk,  a  desk  for 
supporting  a  book  while  it  is  being  read,  spec,  a 
lectern ;  reading-glass,  a  large  magnifying  glass 
for  use  in  reading;  reading-hook  (see  quot.) ; 
reading-machine  (see  quot.) ;  reading-pew,  a 
pew  from  which  the  lessons  are  read  in  church ; 
f  reading-psalms,  the  prose  psalms  used  for  read 
ing  in  church  (obs.~) ;  reading  room,  a  room  devoted 
to  reading,  esp.  one  in  the  premises  of  a  club  or 
library,  or  intended  for  public  use ;  also,  the  proof 
readers'  room  in  a  printing-office  (Jacobi  1888). 


B 


ID..  Laws  SElfric  21  in  Thorpe  Laws  II.  350  Se  maisse- 
reost  sceal  habban  ..  *raedingboc.  1050-73  Charter  in 
Thorpe  Diplom.  430,  ii  forealdode  raedingbec.  c  1315 
SHOREUAM  Poems  I.  1311  pe  bisschop,  wenne  he  ordreb  bes, 
6e  redyng  bok  hym  take)).  1840  (title)  The  Church  Scho 
lar's  reading  book.  1886  Referee  10  Jan.  1/2,  I  was  getting 
an  honest  . .  living  in  the  composing-room  or  the  "reading- 
closet.  1830  C.  WORDSWORTH  in  Overton  Life  (1888)  51 
Here  I  am,  lying  on  my  sofa,  with  my  drab  "reading-coat 
on.  1703  MAUNDRELL  Journ.  Jerus.  (1721)  8  A  piece  of 
plank  supported  by  a  Post,  which  we  understood  was  the 
"Reading  Desk.  1775  JOHNSON  ro  Oct.  in  Boswell  Life 
(1791)  I.  502  In  the  reading-desk  of  the  refectory  lay  the 
Lives  of  the  Saints.  1838  LYTTON  Alice  II.  iii,  A  huge  arm 
chair,  with  a  small  reading-desk  beside  it.  1670  WOOD  Life 
(O.  H.  S.)  II.  200  Dr.  Barlow  gave  me  a  "reading-glass, 
pretium  405.  1747  TREMBLEY  in  Phil.  Trans.  XLIV.  632 
It  would  be  . .  very  inconvenient  to  hold  it  like  a  reading- 
glass  in  the  hand.  1831  BnmmnQftia  xxxviii.  320  Spec 
tacles  and  reading  glasses  are  among  the  simplest  and  most 
useful  of  optical  instruments.  1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade, 
''Reading-hook,  a  book-marker,  made  of  bone  or  ivory. 
1897  Sketch  26  May  181/2  The  pattern  being  read  from  the 
draft  by  the  "reading  machine  on  to  the  Jacquard  band  or 
tape  by  the  skilled  designer  or  pantagrapher.  1641  R. 
BROOKE  Eng.  Episc.  i.  vii.  38  To  wrangle  downe  a  Sophister, 
..or  acquaint  themselves  with  a  "Reading-Pue,  in  the 
Countrey.  l66z  PEI'YS  Diary  26  Oct.,  To  church,  and  there 
saw  for  the  first  time  Mr.  Mills  in  a  surplice;  but  it  seemed 
absurd  for  him  to  pull  it  over  his  eares  in  the  reading-pew. 
1848  EcclesMogist  Oct.  144  An  open  reading-pew  and  lettern. 
1706  A.  BEDFORD  Temple  Mits.  viii.  162  The  like  Order  is 
observed  in  the  Pointing  of  our  "Reading  Psalms,  a  1707 
BP.  PATRICK  Antotiogr.  (1839)  150  The  old  translation  of 
the  reading  Psalms.  1759  GRAY  Lett.  8  Aug.  (1853)  186, 
1  often  pass  four  hours  in  the  day  in  the  stillness  and  soli 
tude  of  the  "reading  room  [at  the  British  Museum].  1817 
CODUETT  Wks.  XXXII.  357  There  are  what  are  called 
Reading  Rooms  all  over  the  kingdom.  1852  ROCK  Cf.  of 
Fathers  III.  i.  298  Saint  Edmund  keptafigure  of  our  Lady 
in  his  reading-room. 

Beading  (rrdin),  ///•  "•    U-  RE-^  *>•  +  •1NG  20 
1.  f  a-  Reading  minister,  etc.,  one  who  merely 
reads  the  lessons  or  service,  without  preaching ;  also 
Sc.,  one  who  reads  his  sermons  (see  READ?'.  19 d). 
1583  STUBBES  Anat.  Atus.  n.  (1882)  71  It  were  to  be 
wished  that  all  were  preaching  prelates,  and  not  reading 
ministers  only.     1650  in   Hodgson  Northumberland  (1835) 
III.  iii.  p.  Iv,  Those  who  formerly  had  the  Rectory  of  Hal- 
twistle  did  mainteyne  a  reading  Minister.    ij^(titM  Read 
ing  is  not  preaching,  or  a  Letter  to  all  reading  Clergymen. 

b.  Reading  clerk,  the  designation  of  one  of  the 
clerks  to  the  House  of  Lords. 

1788  Miss  ROSE  in  G.  Rose's  Diaries  (1860)  I.  96  My 
brother  William,  then  reading  Clerk,  came  to  us  as  soon  as 
the  House  adjourned.  1817  Part.  Deb.  16  The  Lords  were 
obliged  to  send  this  message  by  their  Clerk-Assistant,  and 
their  Reading-Clerk.  1884  YATES  Recoil.  I.  ii.  66  Slingsby, 
who  is  reading-clerk  in  the  House  of  Lords. 

c.  Reading  boy,  a  boy  who  reads  copy  aloud  to 
the  corrector  of  the  press. 


197 

i8o8  STOWKR  Printers'  Gram,  392  The  eye  of  the  reader 
should  not  follow,  but  rather  go  before  the  voice  of  his 
reading-boy.  1888  Encycl.  Brit.  XXIII.  710/1  The  reading 
department,  sometimes  called  the  closet,  having  for  its  occu 
pants  the  reader  and  his  reading-boy. 

2.  Given  to  reading;  studious.  Freq.  in  reading 
matt,  applied  spec,  to  a  University  student  who 
makes  reading  his  chief  occupation. 

1673  DRYDEN  Prol.  Univ.  of  Oxford  31  In  London.. 
haughty  dunces,  whose  unlearned  pen  Could  ne'er  spell 

frammar,  would  be  reading  men.  1759  HurcCs  Dial.  Pref.  6 
'he  learned  assemblies  of  reading  divines.  1797  Monthly 
Mag.  III.  266/1  During  my  residence  at  the  university,  and 
a  constant  intercourse  with  both  reading  and  non-reading 
men  [etc.].  1831  Black'v.  Mag.  Jan.  94/2  The  'reading 
public',  then,  had  little  to  do  with  the  lower  orders.  1837 
SIR  F.  PALGRAVE  Merck.  $  Friar  Ded.  (1844)  i  His  attempts 
to  be  brought  out  into  the  reading  world.  1885  J.  MARTINEAL* 
Types  Etk.  Tk.  II.  ir.  iii.  §  i.  517  Its.  .literary  merits  secured 
it  immediate  attention  on  the  part  of  reading  men. 

Rea'dingdoru.     The  aggregate  of  readers. 

1832  SouTHKy  in  C.  C.  Southey  Life  (1849)  VI.  182  The 
commonwealth  of  Readhigdom  is  divided  into  many  in 
dependent  circles. 

t  Readjoin,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To  join  again. 

1646  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Biondis  Civil  ll'arrcs  ix.  173  Re- 
acljoyning  unto  it  whatsoever  at  sundry  times  has  been 
disme  mbrcd  from  it. 

Reacljoirrn,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  med.L.  read- 
jorndre  '^1240  in  Du  C.),  K.  rtajourner  (1531  in 
Godef.).]  trans,  and  intr.  To  adjourn  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Readjoumerf  to  readiourn.  1628  WOTTON 
in  Ri'ltij.  (1672)  443  The  Parliament.  .  was  then  re-adjourned 
by  the  Kings  especial  Command  till  Tuesday  next.  1678 
MARVELL  Groivtk  ropery  41  He  might  have  given  Notice 
by  Proclamation  that  upon  this  account,  they  should  re- 
adjourn  to  a  yet  longer  time. 

Hence  Readjou  rnment  (Ogilvic  1882). 

Readjust,  v.  [RE-  5'  a.  Cf.  med.L.  rcad- 
justarc  (1236  in  Du  C.).]  trans.  To  adjust  again 
or  afresh  ;  to  put  in  order  again. 

1742  FIELDING  J.  Andrews  iv.  xi,  The  beau  ..  taking  out 
a  pocket-glass  ..  re-adjusted  his  hair.  1764  MASKELYNE  in 
Phil,  Trans.  LIV.  357  It  is  not  always  necessary  to  re 
adjust  the  wires  after  each  sett  of  observations.  1848  M  ILL 
Pol.  Econ.  in.  xvi.  §  i  The  values  and  prices  of  the  two 
things  will  ..  readjust  themselves.  1866  FULTON  Anc.  fy 
Mod.  Gr.  II.  n.  i.  253  The  early  attempts  to  readjust  the 
affairs  of  the  East  by  the  Great  Powers. 

absol.     1864  PL-SEY  Lect.  Daniel  (1876)  214  It  adjusts,  re- 
I    adjusts,  turns,  re-turns,  in  every  way  it  wills. 

Hence  Readjusted///,  a.  ;  Keadju'sting^/.  $b. 

1776  CAVENDISH   in  Phil.    Trans.    LXVI.    385   It  is  not 
i    likely  to  want  re-adjusting  soon.     1863  Q.  Rev.  Jan.  283  He 
held  out  hopes  of  a  readjusted  and  graduated  income-tax. 

Readjll'ster.     [f.  prec.]     One  who  readjusts. 

1862  TIIORSUL-RY  Life   Turner    II.  256   Turner  was.,  a 
1    selector,  reviser,  a  reacljuster  of  Nature. 

b.  L',  S.  A  member  of  a  political  party  (formed 
in  1877-8)  in  Virginia,  which  advocated  a  legisla 
tive  readjustment  of  the  State  debt. 

1879  Nation  (N.  Y.)  13  Nov.  317/2  Further  news  from 
Virginia  indicates  that  the  Kepudiators,  or  Readjusters,  as 
they  call  themselves,  have  elected  a  majority  of  the  General 
'  Assembly.  1883  M.  D.  CONWAY  in  Glasgow  Weekly  Her. 
i  Sept.  3/2  The  readjuster  reminds  the  negro  that  he  was  a 
slave  when  this  debt  was  formed  ..  and  should  not  be  taxed 
for  the  interest. 

Readjirstment.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -MEXT.]  The 

:    process  of  readjusting  or  of  being  readjusted, 

1771  S.MEATON  in  Phil.   Trans.  LXI.  208  After  this  re 

adjustment  they  both  agreed  to  i°.  1793  WOLLASTON  ibid. 
\  LXXXIII.  149  It  is  very  steady;  and  rarely  wants  any  re- 
1  adjustment  at  all.  1863  R.  W.  DALE  Jeiv.  Temp.  xii.  (1877) 
i  129  Your  theology  needs  alteration  and  readjustment.  1883 

FROUDE  in  Mrs.  Carlyles  Lett.  1.  194  The  house  .  .  requiring 
i  paint  and  other  re-adjustments. 

f  E-eadliche,  adv.  Obs.  Also  2-3  red-,  3  reaft- 
liche.  [Van  of  ME.  radliche  KADLT.]  Quickly, 
promptly. 

CH75  Lamb.  Horn.  45  l?a  wes  sancte  paul  swiSe  wa  and 
abeh  him  redliche  to  his  lauerdts  fet.  a  1225  Ancr.  K.  422 
Water  bet  ne  stureS  nout  readi  iche  stinkecS.  a  1240  Saw/cs 
Warde  In  Cott.  Hoin.  247  His  hinen  ..  swerieS  somet  rea5- 
liche  J?at  efter  hire  hit  schal  gan. 

Readmi-nister,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To 

administer  a 


was  re-administered  for  some  Weeks.  1897  Columbia  (Ohio) 
Disp.  24  Mar.  1/2  _  The  Democratic  party.,  has  regained 
power  and  read  ministered  government. 

f  Rea-dmiral,  v.  Obs.-^  [RE-  5  b.]  trans.  To 
make  (one)  an  admiral  again. 

1599  NASHE  Lenten  Sittffe  12  Peerebrowne  did  not  only 
hold  his  office  all  the  time  of  that  King  ..  but  was  againe 
readmirald  by  Edward  the  third. 

Readmi-re,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  admire  again. 

1782  ELIZ.  BLOWER  Ceo.  Bateinan  I,  202  The  pleasure  of 
having  it  re-admirtd  by  our  friends. 

Heaclmission  (r/isedmi-Jan).  [RE-  5  a;  cf. 
next  and  F.  rfadmissi&t  (Littre).j  The  action  of 
admitting  again. 

1655  SIR  E.  NICHOLAS  In  N.  Papers  (Camden)  II.  341 
Twill  proue  a  very  difficult  worke  to  make  them  allow  of  y° 
readmission  of  y°  King.  1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxon,  II.  307 
He  ..  preached  at  the  readmission  of  a  relapsed  Christian 


READY. 

Readmit  (rfi&dmi-t),  v.     [RE-  5  a.    Cf.  F. 

riadmettre  (I'eadmis,  Cotgr.  1611).]  trans.  To 
admit  again. 

1611  COTGK.,  Readmis,  readmitted.  1616  T.  GOUWY_N 
Moses  <y  Aaron  I.  (1641'  54  Sometimes  they  would  re-admit 
such  a  one  being  brought  neere  unto  death.  1665  MANI.EY 
tr.  Grotiits'  LO-M  C.  Warres  616  This  was  terrible,  -to  them 
of  Wesell,  who  were  commanded  to  readmit  the  Roman 
Rites.  1741  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  IV.  670  Happy  day!  that.. 
re-admits  us  .  .  to  our  Father's  throne.  1866  Limti.  Rev. 
6  Jan.  2/2  He  would  at  once  readmit  the  late  rebel  states 
to  the  full  enjoyment  of  their  rights. 

absol.  <  1659  THORNDIKE  Church's  Pcnver  cf  Excotnin. 
§  36  Penance  .  .  readmits  not  but  upon  reasonable  or  legal 
presumption  of  sin  first  abolished. 

Hence  Readmitting  lid.  sb. 

1667  Phil.  Trans.  II.  583  The  re-admitting  of  the  Air. 

Reachni  ttaiice.  [Cf.  prec.  and  ADMITTANCE.] 
Readmission. 

1669  Ormonde  MSS.  in  \olh  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comin. 
App.  V.  104  To  order  his  readmittance  and  continuance  in 
the..  guard  of  halbertiers.  a  1711  KEN  Urania  Poet.  Wks. 
1721  IV.  480  You  give  me  .  .  Re-admittance  to  the  blissful 
Throne.  1845  Lu.  CAMPBELL  Chancellors  (1857)  I.  xxv.  357 
The  re  admittance  of  .so  great  a  prelate  into  your  favour. 

Reaclo'pt,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  adopt  again. 

1598  FLOKIO,  Kcaiioltarc,..lo  readopt.  1611  COTGR., 
Kcatioptcr,  to  readopt.  a  1711  KEN  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks. 
1721  III.  33,  I  come  to  save  you.  .And  God  to  re-adopt  you 
to  incline.  1742  YOUNG  St.  Til.  IX.  1342  When  shall  my 
soul  tier  incarnation  quit,  And,  re-adopted  to  thy  blest  em 
brace,  Obtain  her  apotheosis  in  thee?  1850  B.  TAYI.OR 
Eldorttdo  I.  xv.  103  The  boundary  which  had  first  passed 
was  re-adopted  by  a  large  vote. 

Reado'ptioil.  [!<K-  5  a  ;  cf.  prec.]  Renewed 
adoption. 

(11562  G.  CAVENDISH  //  'elsty  (Ellis)  179  They  feared  hyme 
more  after  his  fall..  ,  doughtyng  myche  hys  readopcion  in  to 
auctorytie.  1825  COLEKIDGE  AiJs  Kcjl.  (1848;  I.  243  John,.  . 
speaking  of  the  re-adoption  of  the  redeemed  to  be  sons  of 
God.  1878  UAVXK  /'iirit.  Re-:  v.  162  The  readoption  of 
those  religious  doctrines  and  sentiments  which  .  .  England 
had  cast  out. 

ReadOTll,  v.     [1\E-  5  n.]     To  adorn  anew. 

1598  1  I.ORIO,  Ratbellirt,  to  rebcawtifie,  to  readorne  againe. 
1610  HOLLAND  Cuindciis  Brit.  i.  299  King  Henry  the  Fifth 
readourned  it  with  new  buildings.  1712  BI.ACKMORE  Crea 
tion  vi.  449  \\  ith  Scarlet  Honours  re-adorn'd. 

Hence  ReadoTning  vbl,  sb. 

1598  FLOMO,  Ral>bt:Uiincnt<-\  a  readorning. 


,  - 

f  Readunite,  v.  0/>s.~*    [1<E-  5  a  ;  see  Am-si 
and  cf.  late  L.  readfotalio  (Tertullian),  med.L.  re- 
aduntire  (Du  C.).]     trans.  To  reunite. 

a.  1600  HOOKKR  Eccl.  Fol.  vin.  i.  §  6  A  man  ..  is  upon  his 
repentance  necessarily  readunited  into  the  one,  but  not  of 
necessity  into  the  other. 

Readva'lice,  v.   [RE-  5  a.]   To  advance  again. 

a.  In  transitive  senses  of  the  vb. 

1611  FI.ORIO,  Rb:a[zar<>,  to  raise  againe,  to  readuance. 
1633  T',  ADAMS  l-'..\p,  2  Pet.  iii.  17  How  able  he  is  to  re- 
advance  the  dejected.  1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  n.  II. 
162  To  re-advance  all  the  Noble  Families  in  Rome,  that 
began  to  lessen  and  decay  in  their  splendour.  i8z8  SOL-THEY 
in  Q.  Jin:  XXXVIII.  574  It  recedes  from  none  of  its 
claims,  though  it  may  wait  the  convenient  season  for  re- 
advancing  them.  1850  M'Cosii  Dk:  Gmt.  (1852.)  266  note, 
We  are  swinging  upon  a  hinge  in  advancing  and  re- 
advancing  such  maxims. 

b.  In  intransitive  senses. 

1611  COTGR.,  Remontcr,  .  .  to  reascend  ;  readuance.  1616 
B.  JONSON  Epigr.  i.  Ixxxv,  Which  if  they  misse,  they  yet 
should  readvance  To  former  height.  1655  Ft  LLER  Hist. 
Cainb.  (1840)  142  The  Vice-Chancellor  retreated  to  Trinity 
College.  .  .  This  done,  he  readvanceth  to  St.  John's.  1813 
SIR  R.  WILSON  I'riv.  Diary  (i860  II.  254  The  Russians  re- 
advanced  to  Peterswalde,  .  .  but  were  checked  at  Grossubel. 
1848  MILL.  /W.  Econ.  i.  xiii.  §  3  The  tide  which  has  receded, 
instantly  begins  to  re-advance. 

So  Readva'ncement  ;  Beadva  ncing  'M.  si'. 

1611  STEED  Hist.  Ct.  Brit.  ix.  vii.  §  i.  514  To  the  seruice 
of  God,  and  re-aduancement  of  the  Crosse  of  Christ.  1611 
COTGR.,  Rchanlseincnt,  a  readuancing.  1647  CLARENDON 
Hist.  Ket.  vi.  §  99  The  re-advancing  upon  it  and  taking  it. 

f  Readve-rtency.  Ol>s.~l  [RE-  5  a.]  Renewed 
application  (of  the  mind). 

1692  XORRIS  Curs.  Reflect.  9  A  Re-advertency  or  Re- 
application  of  mind  to  Ideas  that  are  actually  there. 

Readyertise,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  adver 
tise  again. 

1669  WOODHEAU  St.  Teresa  u.  iii.  22  Who  not  giving  me 
leave  to  go,  our  Lord  often  re-advertised  me. 

Beadvi-se,  v.    [KE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  advise  again.     Also  rejl. 

1574  HELLOWES  Cneuara's  Fam.  Ef.  (1577)  116.  I  do 
adu'se  and  readuise  the  man  [etc.].  1603  FLORIO  Montaigne 
I.  xxv.  (1632)  73  The  libertie  for  a  man  to  repent  and  re- 
advise  himselfe.  1748  RICHARDSON  C/(insi<i(i8i  1  1  Vlll.  167, 
I  was  going  to  re-advise  her  to  calm  her  spirits. 

2.  inlr.    To    consider   again  ;    to   take   counsel 
afresh. 

1598  FLORIO,  Kauisare,  to  readuise,  or  marke  againe. 
1643  Five  Yrs.  A'.  Jos.  75  You  may  againe  ruminate,  and  re- 
advise  to  make  your  defence.  1820  T.  MITCHELL  Arislcfh. 
I.  p.  Ixxxvii,  To  re-advise  for  the  better  security. 

Beady  (re'di),  a.,  adv.,  and  sb.  Forms:  3 
rsedit,})  ;  3-5  redi,  3-6  redie,  redy  (7  Sc.),  4-5 
redye,  (6  redey,  reedy;  also  Sc.  5-7  reddy, 
reddie,  6  rady,  radie)  ;  3,  6  readi,  6  readye, 
6-7  readie,  6-  ready.  [Early  M  E.  riedi(f)  ,  readi, 
redi,  in  southern  texts  also  jeredi,  ireadi,  etc.  (see 
I-KEDY),  apparently  formed  on  the  analogy  of  other 


BEADY. 


198 


BEADY. 


adjectives  by  the  addition  of  -ij}  -y,  to  OE.  rxde  (?)   j 
or  gtrxde  I-REDE,  from  the  Tent,  stem  *rai£-  to 
put  in  order,  prepare :  see  I-BAD  and  GBAITH  sb.   | 
and  a. 

The  form  rzdi$  is  peculiar  to  ME.,  but  synonymous  words  | 
from  the  same  base  are  common  in  the  cognate  languages, 
as  MDu.  genet*  -reit  (Du.  gereed),  MLG.  gerede>  MHG. 
gereite>gcreit;  OFris.  rede,  red  (mod.  ree),  Du.  reede,  ree, 
MLG.  ride  (hence  Da.  redet  Sw.  rcda,  redo*  Icel.  tvftr), 
OHG.  -reiti  (MHG.  reite)  ;  MDu.  bercet,  -reit  (Du.  bereid), 
MLG.  <W<&  (hence  Da.  bercdt,  Sw.  btredd),  OHG.  £/r«tf 
(G.  bereit).  Mod.  Sw.  m//^  unentangkd,  clear,  etc.,  is  an 
independent  formation  from  reda  to  disentangle.] 

A.  £<#.  I.  1.  In  a  state  of  preparation,  so  as  to 
be  capable  of  immediately  performing  (or  becoming 
the  object  of)  such  action  as  is  implied  or  expressed 
in  the  context. 

cizos  LAV.  8651  Julius  wes  al  rsedi  [c  1275  readi]  alse  he 
to  wolde  rxsen.  £1320  Sir  Tristr,  259  [He]  bad  al  schuld 
be  boun . .  Redi  to  his  somuun.  1381  WYCLIF  Matt,  xxv.  10 
Tho  that  weren  redy,  entriden  in  with  hym  to  the  \ved- 
dyngis.  1450  in  Wars  Eng.  in  France  (Rolls)  I.  511  Make 
oure  sugites  of  youre  cuntre  to  be  arayyd  and  redy  in  thaire 
best  maniere.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  698  He  wrote  .. 
commaundyng  all  men  . .  to  be  redie  in  harnesse.  1596 


stand.  1788  BURNS  Go,  fetch  to  me  ii,  The  glittering  spears 
are  ranked  ready.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci\\,  iv.  169  As  soon 
as  you  have  taken  some  refreshment,.  .We  shall  be  ready. 

b.  spec.  Properly   dressed   or   attired;    having    j 
finished  one's  toilet. 

As  a  special  sense  app.  limited  to  the  i6-i;th  c.,  earlier  I 
and  later  instances  being  merely  contextual  applications  of  I 
the  general  sense. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Sqr?s  T.  379  Vp  riseth  fresshe  Canacee     I 
hir  selue.  .Noon  hyer  was  he  [the  sun]  whan  she  redy  was.     I 
1523  FITZHF.RB.  Hnsb.  §  146  Whan  thou  arte  vp  and  redy, 
than  first  swepe  thy  house.    'i  a  1642  ROWLEY  T/irac,  Wonder    \ 
ii.   i.   [Stage    Direction]    Enter    Pheander,    ready.       1653 
DOROTHY  OSBORNE  Lett,  to  Sir  W.  Temple  (1888)  100,  I  rise 
in  the  morning  reasonably  early,  and  before  I  am  ready  I 
go  round  the  house.     1709  MRS.  MASLEY  Secret  Mem.  II. 
234  Having  permitted  'em  time  to  get  themselves  ready,  he 
enter'd  the  Chamber.    1856  THOMPSON  Boston  Gloss.,  To  get 
Ready,  to  be  dressed  and  prepared  for  a  visit  or  journey, 
f  c.  Used  in  replying  to  a  call  or  summons.  Obs. 
1590  SHAKS.  Mids,  N.  in.  i.  165  Ready;  and  I,  ..and  I, 
Where  shall  we  go?     1596  -  Merck.  V.  iv.  i.  2  Duke  What, 
is  Anthonio  heere?    Ant.  Ready,  so  please  your  grace. 
d.  Mil.  and  Aratt(.  as  a  word  of  command. 
In  military  use  shortened  from  make  ready  (see  15),  the 
order  to  prepare  the  piece  for  firing.     For  the  nautical  uses, 
see  quots.  1846,  1867. 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.  J /«««#/,  The  officers,  instead 
of  giving  the  words  platoon,  make  ready,,  .are  to  pronounce 
the  words  short,  as  for  instance,  'toon,  ready.  1841  R.  H. 
DANA  Seaman's  Man.  150  The  master  finds  that  the  ship 
will  not  lay  her  course,  and  tells  the  chief  mate  to  '  see  all 
clear  for  stays',  or 'ready  about'.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut. 
Diet.  s.v.  About,  Ready  About !  an  order  to  the  crew  that 
all  hands  be  at  their  stations,  ready  for  tacking.  1867 
SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bit,,  Ready  with  the  Lead,  a  caution 
when  the  vessel  is  luffed  up  to  deaden  her  way,  followed  by 
*  heave'. 

2.  Const,  with  infinitive  :  Prepared,  or  having  all 
preparations  made,  to  do  something. 

c  1200  ORMIN  11758  pa:r  wass  efTt  te  labe  gast  riedi?  forr 
himm  to  fandenn.  cizgoS.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  106/176  Aungles 
bare  weren  redie  I-nowe  hire  soule  to  heuene  lede.  1375 
BARBOUR  Bruce  xix.  454  Than  turnyt  thai  ..  And  stude 
reddy  to  giff  battale.  1478  W.  PASTON  in  P.  Lett.  III.  238 
And  than  I  wol  telle  you  when  I  schall  be  redy  to  come 
from  Eton.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  306  The  king..sayd, 
howe  he  was  not  as  then  ready  to  geue  them  a  pjayne 
aunswere.  1596  SHAKS.  Tarn.  Shr.  iv.  iv.  104  To  bid  the 
Priest  be  readie  to  come  against  you  come.  1662  STILLINGFL. 
Orig.  Sacr.  in.  ii.  §  18  There  are  some  more  subtile  par- 
ticks  of  matter,  which  are  ready  to  fill  up  those  void  spaces. 
1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  n.  i,  My  nephew  was  ready  to  sail. 
1791  Cowi'ER  Retired  Cat  20  Apparelled  in  exactest  sort, 
And  ready  to  be  borne  to  court.  1860  TYNDALL  Glaciers  \. 
xvi.  115  We  stood  beside  each  other  ready  to  march.  1884 
CHURCH  Bacon  ix.  220  His  incorrigible  imaginativeness, 
ever  ready  to  force  itself  in  amid  the  driest  details. 

b.  Willing ;  feeling  or  exhibiting  no  reluctance. 
c  1200  ORMIN  12936  Godd  iss  rcedi}  tunnderrfon  patt  follc 
fc>att  rihht  himm  foll^hebb.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  26471  lesus 
crist  es  redier  to  merci  giue  ban  jugement.  136*  LANGL. 
P.  PI.  A.  iv.  155  '  Icham  Redi',  quod  Reson  'to  Reste 
with  be  euere\  tr  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  in.  x.  337  Redi  in 
wil  forto  haue  suffrid  marterdom.  1530  CROWLEY  Way  to 
Wealth  512  How  readi  God  is  to  take  vengeaunce  for  the 
oppression  of  his  people.  1648  MILTON  Ps.  Ixxxvi.  54  Thou 
Lord  art  the  God  most  mild  Readiest  thy  grace  to  shew. 
1786  COWPER  Gratitude.  43  To  me  ever  ready  to  show 
Benignity,  friendship,  and  truth.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng.  i.  I.  137  The  loyal  gentry  declared  that  they  were 
still  as  ready  as  ever  to  risk  their  lives  for  the  old  govern 
ment,  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  142  There  is  no  one  to 
whom  I  am  more  ready  to  trust. 
C.  Inclined  or  disposed ;  apt. 

1596  SPENSER  State  Irel.  Wks.  (Globe)  609/1  They  are  ready 
allwayes  to  impute  the  blame  therof  unto  the  heavens.  1656 
G.  COLLIER  An$iut  15  Quest,  20  They  were  readier  to  sus 
pect  themselves  than  Judas.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng. 
xiiL  III.  273  He  was  but  tuo  ready  to  consider  all  who 
recommended  prudence  and  charity  as  traitors  to  the  cause 
of  truth.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  298  You  are  too 
ready  to  speak  evil  of  men. 

d.  Sufficiently  angry  or  irritated  to  be  on  the 

point  of  (doing  something  violent).   Cf.  FIT  a.  5  b. 

'535  COVERDALE  Exod.  xvii.  4  What  shal  I  do  with  this 

people  'i     They  are  almost  ready  to  stone  me.     1596  DAL- 


RYMPLE  tr.  Leslies  Hist,  Scot.  yn.  12  Thay  sune  ar  steirit  up 
and  radie  to  put  hand  in  thair  King.  1632  HAYWARD  tr. 
Biondis  Eromcna  iv.  123  Murmuring  in  so  open  a  manner, 
against  the  person  of  the  Prince,  as  made  him  ..  ready  to 
goe  besides  himselfe.  1722  DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  (1840)  28,  I 
was  ready  to  snatch  the  breeches  out  of  her  hands. 

6.  Used  attributively  (cf.  5)  in  preceding  senses 
with  injin.  after  the  sb.  Somewhat  rare. 

(izoo  ORMIN  13436  Swa  batt  I  mujhe  findenn  }uw  All 
rsedi}  follc  to  foll^henn  me.  1535  COVERDALE  2  Cor.  viii.  19 
That  like  as  there  is  a  ready  mynde  to  wil,  there  maye  be 
a  ready  mynde  also  to  perfourme  the  dede.  1607  SHAKS. 
Timon.  i.  ii.  49  The  fellow  that  sits  next  him.,  is  the  readiest 
man  to  kill  him.  1660  WOOD  Life  (O.  H.  S.)  I.  359  The 
most  ready  men  to  cring  to  and  serve  these  times.  1706 
E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  98  He's  the  readiest 
man  living  to  make  him  sick  with  good  Liquor. 

3.  Const,  with  infinitive :  a.  That  has  passed,  or 
has  been  brought,  into  such  a  condition  as  to  be 
immediately  likely  or  liable    (to   do   something). 
Also  ellipt.  in  attributive  use  (quot.  1818). 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  vii.  (James  less}  300  Rycht  as  be 
aerdesuld  tremyl  al,  &  makall  werkis  reddy  to  fall.  1500-20 
DUNBAR  Poems  Ixv.  5  All  is  bot  tynt,  or  reddie  for  to  lyne. 
1526  TINDALF,  Heb.  viii.  13  Nowe  that  which  is  disanulled 
and  wexed  olde,  is  redy  to  vanysshe  a  waye.  1593  SHAKS. 
2  Hen.  l-'It  i.  i.  229  Ready  to  sterue,  and  dare  not  touch  his 
owne.  1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Olearins'  Voy.  Ambass.  50 
Drawing  him  from  one  side  of  it  to  the  other,  till  he  was 
ready  to  give  up  the  ghost.  1710  PRIDEAL'X  Orig.  Tithes 
iv.  172  Finding  all  things  ready  to  run  into  confusion.  1748 
RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1868)  III.  251  He  has  ordered  her., 
only  some  little  cordials  to  take  when  ready  to  faint.  1818 
KEATS  Endym.  in.  1024  The  hen-dove  shall  not  hatch  Her 
ready  eggs,  before  I'll  kissing  snatch  Thee  into  endless  I 
heaven.  1855  TLXNYSON  Maud  i.  vi.  iii,  A  delicate  spark. .  I 
Ready  to  burst  in  a  colour 'd  flame. 

b.  Hence  (without  reference  to  a  previous  pro-    \ 
cess)  :  Likely,  liable  ;  (  fit '. 

1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslies  Hist.  Scot.  I.  59  Quha  sailis    ; 
frome  thir  lies  is  verie  radie   to  Incur  sik  danger.     1633 
EARL  MANCH.  Al  Mondo  (1636)  183  Our  last  thoughts  are 
readiest  to  spend  themselves  upon  somewhat  that  wee  loved 
best  while  we  lived.     1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  <$•  P.  295 
The  Sharp  Winds  are  Serene  Air  ..  being  ready  to  cut  you 
through.      1817  JAS.   MILL  Brit.  India  II.  v,  viii.  635  At 
a  moment.,  when  every  thing  was  ready  to  be  reported, and    | 
every  thing  to  be  believed. 

4.  Const,  with  prepositions  :  f  a.  ^"ith  to  or  unto 
(rarely  into} :  Prepared,  inclined,  or  willing  to  do, 
give,  take,  suffer,  etc.  (what  is  indicated  by  the  sb.) ;    | 
also  occasionally,  prepared  for  (an  act).   Obs. 

c  1200  Trin,  Coll.  Horn.  191  }if  hie  redie  ben  to  golliche  ! 
deden.  a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xvi.  13  pai  toke  me  as  I 
leoun  redy  til  pray.  1382  WYCLIF  Ps.  xxxvii.  18  For  I  in 
to  scourgis  am  redi  [1388  Y  am  redi  to  betyngls].  1390 
GOWER  Conf.  I.  275  He  is  redi  to  the  feith.  Ibtd.  282  The 
more  I  am  redy  to  wraththe.  1471  RIPLEY  Comf.  Alch. 
vii.  v.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  170  Lyke  Wax  yt  wylbe  redy  unto 
Lyquacyon.  1558  GOODMAN  How  to  Obey  103  The  Lorde, 
who  is  redie  to  mercie  and  slowe  to  anger,  a  1591  H.  SMITH 
ll'ks.  (1867)  II.  313,  I  lament  that  the  wisdom  of  the  flesh 
should  be  readier  to  godly  works  than  the  wisdom  of  the 
spirit. 

b.  Prepared  for  (an  event,  action,  state,  etc.). 

1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  l'lt  n.  iv.  104  Thou  shall  finde  vs 
ready  for  thee  still.  1603  —  Alcas.  for  M.  in.  i.  107  Be 
readie,  Claudio,  for  your  death  to  morrow.  1789  BLAKE 
Songs  Innoc.,  Echoing  Green  iii,  Many  sisters  and  brothers 
. .  Are  ready  for  rest. 

5.  Having  the  quality  of  being  prepared  or  willing 
to   act  when   necessary ;    prompt,    quick,   expert, 
dexterous  (in  general,  or   in  the  special   manner 
implied  by  the  sb.).     Ready  hand,  man  (see  quots. 
1840,  1851). 

c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  798  Rohand,  be  riche  knist,  Redy  was 
he   ay.     1535    COVERDALE  Ps.  xliv.   i    My    tonge    is    y° 
penne  of  a  ready  writer.     1552  ELYOT  Cla&siarius^.  .a  dili 
gent  persone,  a  ready  felow.     1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks 
'    (1621)  977  With  these  ..  was  Amurath,   upon  a  light  and 
'    readie  horse.    '1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1650)  II.  n  So  I  am 
'    Your  most  affectionate  ready  Servant,  J.  H.     1704  POPE 
Windsor  For.  99  Before  his  lord  the  ready  spaniel  bounds. 
1725  —  Odyss.  in.  608  Bread  and  wine  a  ready  handmaid 
I    brings.     1818   SHELLEY    Rev.    Islam  xn.   iv,  A   thousand 
|    torches.  .Borne  by  the  ready  slaves  of  ruthless  law.     1840 
I    J.  DEVLIN  Shoemaker  i.  43  The  quickest,  or,  as  they  are 
called   in   the   trade,  the   readiest   hands.     1851    MAYHEW 
Lend.  Labour  (i860  II.  333  He  knew  that  he  was  a  ready 
!    man  (a  quick  workman). 

b.  Const,  at,  in,  f  of. 

C  3t37S  Cursor  M.  8404  (Fairf.)  [J>]of  salamon  bi  sone  be 
gonge,  he  [is]  ful  wise  and  redy  of  tonge.  1484  CAXTON 
Fables  of  A  If  once  xii,  And  by  cause  that  the  yonge  woman 
was  redy  in  speche  and  malycious,  she  ansuerd  forth  with. 
1508  KENNEDIE  Fly  ting  w.  D  unbar  467  As  thou  was  louse, 
and  reddy  of  thy  bune.  1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  m.  iv.  161 
Ready  in  gybes,  quicke-answered,  sawcie.  1686  tr.  Char* 
din^s  Coronat.  Solyman  109  These  Eunuchs  are  very  ready 
at  these  kind  of  dark  Contrivances.  1777  SHERIDAN  Sen. 
Scand.  i.  i,  'T would  surprise  you  to  hear  now  ready  he  is  at 
all  these  sort  of  things.  1833  HT.  MARTISEAU  Loom  »y 
Lugger  i.  v.  67  Likely  to  be  excellent  Christians  as  they 
were  very  ready  at  the  Bible.  1855  TENNYSON  Maud  I.  v.  i, 
Men.. in  battle  array,  Ready  in  heart  and  ready  in  hand. 

6.  a.  Of  the   mind  or  mental   powers :    Quick 
to  devise,  plan,  comprehend,  observe,  etc. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  17432  (G6tt.)  Nu  es  vs  nede  of  redi 
thognt.  1390  GOWKR  Conf.  II.  162  To  every  craft  ..  He 
Hadde  a  redi  wit  to  helpe  Thurgh  naturel  experience.  1413 
j  Pilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton  1483)  iv.  xxxiv.  82  Suche  as  were  of 
moost  redy  wyt  couthe  taken  hede  of  alle.  1607  SHAKS. 
Cor.  n.  ii.  120  By  and  by  the  dinne  of  Warre  gan  pierce  His 
readie  sencc.  1762  GOLUSM.  Cit.  W.  Ixij,  Nature  had  fur 
nished  her  not  only  with  a  ready  but  a  solid  turn  of  thought. 


1830  DISRAELI  Chas.  /,  III.  y.  72  The  intellect  j)f  Laud 
was . .  earnest,  ready,  and  practical  above  most  minds. 

b.  Of  persons,  etc. :  Prompt  or  quick  in  speech, 
discourse,  or  writing. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  8404  He  es  wis  and  o  redi  tung.  Ibid. 
27566  Pride  rises  . .  for  steuen  suet,  for  rede  tung.  1461 
Pluntpton  Corr.  (Camden)  2  Ye  may  nott  faile  to  send  hider 
all  your  bookes  and  some  readie  man  for  to  answer  unto 
him.  1531  ELYOT  Gov.  in.  xxi,  A  man.  .shall,,  .withalittell 
refection,. . haue  his  inuencyon  quicker,  .his  toqge  redyar. 
1597  BACON  Ess.  %  Studies  (Arb.)  10  Reading  maketh  a  full 
man,  conference  a  readye  man.  1883  LD.  R.  GOWER  My 
Keminisc.  I.  vi.  101  He  had  a.. kind  heart  and  a  ready  pen. 
C.  Proceeding  from,  delivered  with,  promptness 
of  thought  or  expression. 

I583STUBBES  Anal.  Alms.  i.  (1877)  107  Til  neuer  a  one  can 
speak  a  redy  woord.  1638  Jusius  Paint.  Ancients  31  The 
ready  suggestions  of  our  own  naturall  wit.  1816  SCOTT 
Antiq.  \,  Returning  a  ready  answer.  1857  WILLMOTT  Pleas. 
Lit.  xxi.  124  A  ready  jest  opens  more  intricacies  of  the  true 
character  than  a  siege  or  a  battle. 

7.  Of  action  or  capacity  for  action  ;  Distinguished 
ur  characterized  by  promptness  or  quickness. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  Ill  322  Leonin  it  herde telle,..  And  bad 
him  gon  a  redy  pas  To  fetten  hire,  and  forth  he  wente. 
1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Cosmogr.  Glasse  13  For  the  redier 
conceiving  . .  behold  the  figure  insuing.  1601  CORNWALLIS 
Ess*  n.  xxx,  Being  soone  off  and  soone  on,  of  a  readie, 
though  not  of  a  wise  dispatche.  1754  SHERLOCK  /)/«:.  (1759) 
I.  x.  292  Yeilding  a  ready,  tho'  unwilling  Obedience.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iv.  I.  497  Gave  him  credit  for.  .much 
readier  elocution  than  he  really  possessed. 

b.  Characterized  by  alacrity  or  willingness  in 
some  respect.    (In  some  cases  passing  into  next.) 

1548-9  (Mar.)  Bk.  Com.  Prayer^  Communion  Collect, 
Defended  by  thy  moste  gracious  and  readye  helpe.  1607 
Toi'SELL  I'ottr-f.  Beasts  155  Beneuolence  and  ready  minde 
toward  their  keepers  and  norishers.  1695  WOODWARD  Nat. 
Hist.  Earth  in.  i.  (1723)  156  It  finds  the  veadyest  Reception. 
1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  \.  2  He,  like  the  world,  his  ready  visit 
pays  Where  fortune  smiles.  1789  MAD.  D'AKBLAY  Diary 
Nov.,  I  gave  her  my  ready  promise.  1813  BYRON  Br, 
Abydos  ii.  xx,  Open  speech,  and  ready  hand.  i8ax  SCOTT 
A'cnilw.  xvii,  Never  was  moie  anxious  and  ready  way  made 
for  my  Lord  of  Leicester.  1884  Law  Times  LXXVI.  331/2 
This  is  one  of  tho^e  abstract  principles  which  in  the  present 
day  are  pretty  sure  to  find  ready  acceptance. 

c.  Taking  place  quickly  or  easily. 

1730  Col.  Rfc.  Pennsylv.  III.  391  That  when  at  Market 
they  may  find  a  readier  sale.  1877  E.  R.  CONDER  £as. 
Faith  v.  223  The.. ready  solubility  [of  sugar]  in  water. 

II.  8.  In  the  condition  oi  having  been  prepared 
or  put  iu  order  lor  some  purpose.  Const.  fort  f  to, 
or  with  injin.  (in  some  cases  with  suggestion  of 
sense  2). 

(i2oo  OXMIN  62^5  Heore  leghe  [  =  pay]  birrj?  hemm  beon 
Radi},  bann  itt  iss  addledd.  a  1300  Cursor  HI.  5270  pair 
mete  to  bam  i  rede  [v.r.  redi]  broght.  1382  WYCLIF  JJ/atf.  xx'ii. 
4  My  boles.. ben  slayn,  and  alle  thingis  redy.  Ibid.  8  The 
weddyngis  ben  redy.  c  1450  Merlin  362  A  cheyer,  that 
euer  more  sholde  be  redy  for  the  knyght  in  to  sitte.  1523 
LD.  BERNERS  J-roiss.  I.  Ixxvii,  Sir  leaue  your  musyng  and 
come  into  ye  hall  . .  yor  dyner  is  all  redy.  1603  SHAKS. 
ftleas.for  M.  iv.  i.  56  This  your  companion,  .hath  a  storie 
readie  for  your  eare.  1648  GAUE  West  Ind.  17  Our  two 
Cock-Boates  were  ready  to  carry  to  shore  such  as  . .  had 
clothes  to  wash.  1711  STEELE  St>ect.  No.  133  f  i  His 
Horses  were  ready  at  the  appointed  Hour.  1732  BERKELEY 
Alciphr,  iv.  §  15  A  servant  came  to  tell  us  the  tea  was 
ready.  1816  J.  WILSON  City  of  Plague  \\.  v.  72  Here  is 
a  grave  Just  ready  for  thy  body,  Walsingham !  1878 
BROWNING  La  Saisiaz  106  All  awaits  us  ranged  and  ready. 

b.  Added  to  past  participles  (cf.  16). 

1567  Gude  %  Godlie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  06  The  cruell  men  sail. . 
haif  thair  bow  bent  reddy  in  thair  hand.  1608  SHAKS.  Per. 
in.  i.  72  We  have  a  chest  beneath  the  hatches,  caulked  and 
bitumined  ready. 

c.  In  attributive  use  (passing  into  5). 

"559  Mirr*  Mag.  Hen.  VI^  xix,  Our  kingdomes  are  but 
cares,  ..Our  riches  redy  snares.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT 
Trav.  147  They,  .when  past  the  marke,  with  an  other  ready 
Arrow,  can  strike  the  rest  looking  backwards.  1725  POPE 
Odyss.  n.  455  Along  the  strand  The  ready  vessel  rides.  1764 
GOLDSM.  Trav.  16  Bless'd  that  abode,  where,  .ev'ry  stranger 
finds  a  ready  chair.  1820  KEATS  St.  Agnes  xl,  There  were 
sleeping  dragons.. perhaps,  with  ready  spears. 

9.  So  placed  or  constituted  as  to  be  immediately 
available  when  required  or  wished  for;   close  at 
hand  ;  handy,  convenient  for  use. 
f  a.  In  predicative  use.   Obs. 

a  1240  Wohunge  in  Cott.  Horn.  277,  I  bi  childhad  hafdes 
tu.  .bi  moder  readi  hwen  |>u  pappe  gerndes.  a  1375  Joseph 
A  rim.  42  Whon  be  lust  speke  with  me,  lift  |>e  lide  sone; 
pou  schalt  fynde  me  redi  ri}t  bi  bi  side.  138*  WVCLIF  Jo/in 
vii.  6  My  time  cam  not  511,  but  3oure  tyme  is  euermoro 
redy.  11449  PECOCK  Rep>\  in.  x.  336  Persecucioun  of 
tirantis  was  redier  in  tho  dales.  1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss. 
II.  ccii.  621  By  cause  the  langage  uf  yrisshe  is  as  redy  to 
me  as  the  Englysshe  long.  1577  B.  GOOGF  Heresbach's 
Hnsb.  i.  (1586)  ii  b,  I  place  fyrst  by  them  selues,  suche  as 
are  most  in  vse,  that  they  may  be  the  redier.  1656  H. 
PHILLIPS  Purch.  Patt.  (1676)  155  The  use  of  this  Table  is 
plain  and  ready.  1695  WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Earth  i. 
(1723)  8  The  next  Cole-pit,  or  Mine  ..  these  are  so  ready 
and  obvious  in  almost  all  Places. 

b.  Similarly  in  phrases  ready  to  (one's)  hand(s}^ 
ready  at  hand,  (bee  HAND  sb.  2  and  25.) 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Friar's  T.  21  He  had  a  Somonour  redy  to 
his  bond.  1530  PALSGR.  822/2  Redy  at  hande,  ait  ant  la 
tnayn.  1663  GERBIER  Counsel  f  3  The  Grecians  the 
readiest  at  hand  h;id  their  choise.  1727-41  CRAMBHfl 
CycL  s.v.  Table,  Systems  of  numbers,  calculated  to  be 
ready  at  hand  for  the  expediting  astronomical,  .and  other 
observations.  1891  Law  TimtsXC.  315/2  The  chief  guide 
which  both  courts  found  ready  to  their  hands. 


READY. 

c.  In  attributive  use. 

In  i6th  c.  app.  only  in  Sc.  use,  especially  of  money,  lands, 
goods,  etc. 

a  1425  Cursor  M.  10890  (Trin.)  pat  goddes  son  calde  sli.il 

Ijene  1  shewe  \>e  redy  token  to  sene.  1535  STEWART  Craa. 
Scot.  III.  48  At  Ptolome  ane  reddie  port  tha  fand.  1545 
Rig.  Privy  Council  Scat.  I.  14  The  reddiest  money  thai 
may  be  gotlin  for  the  casunlite.  1609  SKENE  Kef.  Maj., 
Forme  of  Proccs  125  To  . .  poynd,  and  dUtreinzie  the 
reddiest  cornes.  1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps.  xcix.  8  This  appears 
to  be  the  full  and  ready  importance  of  this  passage.  1671 
MILTON  P.  A*,  in.  128  The  slightest,  easiest,  readiest  recom- 
pence.  1796  H.  HUNTER  tr.  St.Pitm'iStuii,ffat.(ijy))il. 
432  Finding  there  readier  means  of  subsistence,  than  in  the 
other  cities  of  the  kingdom.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  ix,  Rab  . . 
banged  out  o'  bed,  and  till  some  of  his  readiest  claes.  1874 
GREEN  Short  Hist.  ii.  §  5.  83  William  found  a  more  ready 
source  of  revenue  in  the  settlement  of  Jewish  traders. 

1O.  a.  Immediately  available  as  currency;  having 
the  form  of  coin  or  money. 

App.  first  in  ready  pennies  or  pence :  cf.  Da.  rede  fenge, 
Sw.  redo.  (MSw.  also  rlda)  tenmngar,  ON.  reiSufcningar. 

Ready  coin  and  ready  gold  are  frequent  in  i6-i?th  c.  See 
also  ready  rhino  s.v.  RHINO  l,  and  READY  MONEY. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  4835  (We  have  brought]  Al  red!  penijs 
for  to  tell  [Gftt.  MS.  Redi  penis  we  haue  to  tell].  1303 
R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  6324  Ten  mnrk  of  pens  redy. 
And  ten  mark  hys  ouper  store.  1472  l\islon  Lett.  III.  70 
If  je  shuld  selle  alle  this  wode  togedyr  for  redy  Sylver. 
1550  CROWLEY  Kfigr.  1450  Thys  lande  he  made  sale,  and 
toke  readye  golde.  1568  URAFTON  Chron.  11.42  Roger,  .left 
behinde  him  in  readie  coyne  . .  fourtie  thousand  ^Markes. 
1639  N.  N.  tr.  Du  Bosq's  Compl.  Woman  IT.  14  Procris  .. 
surrendred  the  place,  as  soon  as  she  saw  the  ready  chink. 
171*  STEELE  Sped.  No.  450  r  4  What  advantage  might  be 
made  of  the  ready  Cash  I  had.  1747  Geutl.  Alng.  580/1  To 
turn  their  wrought  bullion  into  ready  sterling.  1826  SCOTT 
Woodst.  ii,  He  had  never  known  the  ready-penny  so  hard 
to  come  by.  1885  [see  CASH  j/>.'  2  bj. 

trans/,  a  1721  PKIOR  Chameleon  5  The  chameleon .  .struts 
as  much  in  ready  Light  Which  Credit  gives  him  upon 
Sight  [etc.]. 

t  b.  Ready  stock  :  Surplus,  amount  on  hand. 

l«i  COWLEY  Oliver  Cromwell  Wks.  1710  II.  660  He  found 
the  Common- wealth . .  in  a  ready  Stock  of  about  8oo,ooo/. 

11.  Of  a  way,  path,  etc.  :  Lying  directly  before 
one ;  straight,  direct,  near.  ?  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  6252  j)ou  sal  see  it  cleue  in  tua,  And  giue 
yow  redi  wai  to  ga.  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xvn.  555  Thai 
ga  Toward  mytoune  the  reddy  vay.  c  1470  Golagros  <$•  Gain. 
310  The  roy  and  his  rout  . .  To  Rome  tuke  the  reddy  way. 
'5*3  Mirr,  Mag.,  Hastings  xxii,  The  stearesman  sekes  a 
redier  course  to  ronne.  1634  MILTON  Comus  305  What 
readiest  way  would  bring  me  to  that  place?  1667  —  P.  L. 
n.  976,  I  seek  What  readiest  path  leads  where  your  gloomie 
bounds  Confine  with  Heav'n.  1759  JOHNSON  Rasselas  xxxix, 
To  the  favour  of  the  covetous  there  is  a  ready  way. 

b.  Hence  with  way  in  the  sense  of  '  method ', 
'  means ',  etc. ;  and  so  ready  means. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  S/ciilane's  Comm.  58  b,  The  rediest  way  to 
overthrow  theyr  authorise.  1591  SPENSER  M.  Hubberd  127 
Euerie  thing  that  is  begun  with  reason  Will  come  by  readie 
meanes  unto  his  end.  1639  FULLER  Holy  War  v.  vi.  (1840) 
251  Teaching  covetousness  . .  a  ready  way  to  assault  them. 
1750  tr.  Leonardos'  Mirr.  Stones  97  This  is  the  readiest 
way  of  knowing  it.  1883  Law  Times  20  Oct.  409/2  If  in 
vention  be  required,  the  readiest  way  to  secure  it  is  to  give 
proper  remuneration  to  the  inventor. 

12.  Of  payment  or  pay :  Made  or  given  promptly  ; 
not  delayed  or  deferred.  ?  Otis. 

c  1375  Cursor  M.  4835  (Fairf.)  A  party  of  siluer  [we  have] 
wibvs  brojt,  redy  payment  for  to  telle.  144:  Rolls  o/Parlt, 
V.  63  Redy  paiement  in  hand  he  hadde.  1545  Reg.  Privy 
Council  Scot.  I.  15  To  poynd  and  dystrenye  for  the  said  rest 
and  mak  reddy  payment  thairof.  1621  T.  WILLIAMSON  tr. 
Goulart's  IVise  Yieillard  84  His  promise  should  passe  for 
ready  pay,  and  for  money  told  on  the  nayle.  1697  LUTTRELL 
Brie/  R el.  (1857)  IV.  267  The  earl  of  Oxford's  regiments 
and  the  foot  guards  haveing  now  ready  pay,  notice  is  given 
to  their  quarters  not  to  trust  them. 
III.  In  phr.  To  make  ready. 

13.  refl.  To  put  (oneself)  into  a  state  of  prepara 
tion  ;  to  prepare  (oneself). 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  97  At  Burgh  in  Schrob. 
schire  to  werre  [he]  mad  him  redy.  £1380  \VvcUFSerrn. 
Sel.  Wks.  I.  65  We  shulden  maken  us  redy  to  suffre.  c  1470 
HENRY  Wallace  IV.  425  He  thaim  commaunde  to  mak  thaim 
redy  fast,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII 126  b,  The  gar 
rison  made  them  ready  and  bent  their  ordinaunce.  1610 
SHAKS.  1  etnp.  I.  i.  27  Make  your  selfe  readie  in  your  Cabine 
for  the  mischance  of  the  houre.  1615  W.  LAWSON  Country 
Housew.  Card.  (1626)  8  Trees  cannot  . .  make  themselues 
ready  to  blossome  [etc.].  1859  TENNYSON  Elaine  775  While 
she  made  her  ready  for  her  ride. 

tb.  spec.  Toarray.attireordress  (oneself).  Obs. 

1511  GuYLFORDE/Vdfr.  (Camdent  24  Whiche  [chapell]  the 
freres  kepe,  and  there  they  made  theym  redy  in  ornaments, 
and  began  there  a  very  solempne  procession.  1603  DEKKER, 
etc.  Patient  Grissil  164  Little  girls  that  yesterday  had 
scarce  a  hand  to  make  them  ready,  a  Ml  FULLER  Worthies 
(18401  III.  181  Neatness  he  neglected  into  slovenliness;  and 
. .  may  be  said  not  to  have  made  himself  ready  for  some 
seven  years.  _[l722  MRS.  BRADSHAW  in  Lett.  Ctess  Suffolk 
(1824)  1.  91  We  repair  to  our  own  chambers  and  make  our 
selves  ready  ;  for  it  cannot  be  called  dressing.] 

14.  trans.  To  prepare  or  put  in  order  (a  thing  or 
things);  fto  dress  (a  person). 

C'37S  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  Prol.  95  Syne  ..  lefit  I  nocht,  til  I 
had  mad  bairn  redy.  1426  LYDC.  De  Guil  Pilgr.  22918,  I 
wente  afforne  ..  And  made  redy  his  passage.  11533  LD. 
BERNKRS  Huon  Ixvi.  226  Theyr  beddes  were  made  redy. 
1596  DANETT  tr.  Comines  (1614)  157  Many  a  time  haue  I 
scene  him  made  ready  and  vnready  with  great  reuerence 
and  solemnity.  1640  in  Ussltcr's  Lett.  (16861  App.  27  There 
be  great  Preparations  making  ready  against  the  Liturgy 
and  Ceremonies  of  the  Church  of  England.  1808  STOWER 


199 

j    Printers'  Gram.  345  Making  ready  a  Form.    1842  TENNY- 
I    SON  Gardeners  Daughter  268  Make  thine  heart  ready  with 
thine  eyes.     1853  G.  J.  CAYLEY  Las  Al/orjas  I.  184  While 
our  chocolate  was  being  made  ready. 
15.  absol.  To   make   preparations.      Const,   for 
(t  to},  or  with  inf. ;  f  formerly  also  common  with 
out  const. 

13. .  Scuyn  Sag.  (W.)  3876  Thai  spred  clathes  and  salt  on 

set,  And  made  redy  vnto  the  mete.     1375  BAKBOUR  Bruce 

\    XIX.  718  Thai  turst  harnas  and  maid  reddy.     1382  WYCLIF 

Mark  xiv.  15  There  make  ;e  redy  to  vs.     1473  WARKW. 

Chron.  (Camden)  2  Wyth  the  whiche  menne  made  redy,  and 

.    beseged  the  same  castelle[s].     1526  TINUAI.E  Mark  xiv.   15 

There  make  reddy  for  vs.     1603  SHAKS.  Meas.forM.  ill. 

i.  172  To  morrow  you  must  die,  goe  to  your  knees,  and 

make  ready.     1669  STCR.MY  Mariner s  Mag.  i.  ii.  20  Make 

ready  to  board   him.     1689  [see  REAR  si.3  7  a].     1869  \V. 

LONGMAN    Hist.  ll,ln<.  Ill,  I.  xvii.   319   His   companions 

made  ready  to  fight.     1890  T.  F.  TOUT  Hist.  Kng.  from 

1689,  29  liolingbroke  .  .made  ready  for  a  revolution. 

b.  tec/in,  in  Printing  (see  quots.). 

1871   KINGWALT  Enfycl.  Amer.  1'rinl.,  Making  Ready— 

the  act  of  getting  a  form  ready  to  be  printed;  ..  Making 

ready  may  be  said  to  form  the  chief  portion  of  the  press- 

man's  duty.     1874  SOUTHWARD  Prtict.  Print,  xiv.  (ed.  4)  41  i 

Begin  to  'make  ready'— that  is,  get  the  impression  equal 

and  level  over  the  whole  forme. 

IV.  Co/nli.  16.  Placed  before  past  participles 
to  emphasize  the  completion  of  the  process  ex 
pressed  by  these  (cf.  S  b)  :  a.  In  predicative  use. 
(Now  frequently  hyphened  as  in  b. ) 

Additional  examples  are  ready  beaten  (1617),  braced  (i^fy, 
coined  (i(x>$,  graft Hed  (151$,  grown  (1812),  mounted  (15961, 
prepared  (1535),  shapen  (1571),  starched  (1602);  see  also 
READY  MADE.  With  the  early  ready  ham,  which  is  frequent 
in  the  i5-i6th  c.,  compare  ON.  reiSnlu'tinn,  MSw.  rei{lw[><>iii. 
etc.  (Sw.  rcdel'Ogen,  Da.  redebon},  which  may  conceivably 
have  given  the  suggestion  for  the  Eng.  expression. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  11595  Son  was  ioseph  redi  bun.  IHtl. 
12864  QUCTI  he  sagh  iesu  redi  tift.  1390  GOWKR  Con/.  I.  294 
For  evere  his  bowe  is  redi  bent.  4:1420  Aroiv.  Arlh.  xxv, 
Mi  rauunsun  is  a!le  redy  bo^te.  a  1425  Cursor  M.  7452  (Trin.) 
Greet  he  was  &  . .  Al  redy  armed  for  to  fi^t.  c  1435  Toj-r. 
Portugal  578  Be  the  gyant  wase  redy  dyght,  Torrent  had 
slayne  the  dragon  ryght.  1448-9  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cam- 
bridge  (1886)  II.  10  The  seides  howses  shull  accord  with  the 
other  syde  the  wich  is  now  redy  framed  next  the  Freres. 
J535  CovERDALE  Josh.  iv.  13  Aboute  a  fortye  thousande  men 
ready  harnessed  to  the  warre.  1567  Glide  *•  Godlie  B. 
(S.T.S.)  235  Thairfoir  leif  wi-ill,  be  reddy  bowne.  1568 
GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  2  The  Duke  ..  seeyng  all  the  countrey 
ready  set  to  hedge  him  in.  1613  I'UKCHAS  Pilgrimage  v. 
xvii.  (1614)  542  Duckes,  sometimes  raw,  and  sometimes 
ready  dressed.  1697  VANBRUGH  Pro-.'.  Wife  in.  i,  If  woman 
had  been  ready  created,  the  devil.,  had  been  married.  1727 
POPE,  etc.  Art  of  Sinking  121  Old  Troy  is  ready  burnt 
to  your  hands.  1809  MAI. KIN  Gil  Bias  x.  xii.  F  29,  I  was 
the  man  of  all  others  ready  cut  and  dry  for  an  intrigue.  1836 
J.  M.  GULLY  Magendie's  l-'onnul.  (ed.  2)  161  His  doctrine, 
that  all  the  varied  secretions  of  the  body  are  ready  formed 
in  the  blood.  1842  DICKENS  Amer.  Notes  (1850)  57/1  Clothes 
ready-made,  and  meat  ready-cooked. 

b.  In  attributive  use.     (See  also  READY-MADE.) 

1766  SMOLLETT  Trav.  I.  xii.  214  You  will  find  no  ready- 
furnished  lodgings  at  Nice.  1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration. 
Judic.  Evid.  (18271  II.  62  A  mass  of  ready. written  evidence. 
Ibid.  193  Ready-prepared  and  scientifically-planted  ground. 
1827  SOUTHEY  Hist.  Peniiis.  War  II.  290  note.  The  Ameri 
cans  carried  over  ready-built  houses  for  sale.  1892  WOOD- 
BL'RY  Encycl.  Phologr.,  Ready. sensitised  paper  . .  in  sheets 
or  in  cut  sizes. 

t  c.  Used  with  come,  coming.     (Cf.  B  2.)  Obs. 

1523  LD.  BERNF.RS  Froiss.  I.  cxxv.  150  At  saynt  Denyse 
were  redy  come  the  kynge  of  Behayne..and  many  other 
lordes.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  I'll  I  104  b,  For  redy 
comming  is  y-  lord  talbot..,  with  a  puissaunt  army. 

17.  a.  In  parasynthetic  combs.,  as  ready-handed, 
-penned,  -winged;  also  READY-WITTED. 

1641  MILTON  Ch.  Govt.  \.  vii.  Wks.  (1847)  4°/2  Two  quick- 
sighted  and  ready  handed  virgins.  1771  1'.  HULL  Sir  W. 
Harrington  (1797)  IV,  77  You  have  no  ready  penn'd  sister. 
1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Dcr.  Ixiii,  Ready-winged  speech. 
1881  BLACKIE  Lay  Sernl.  i.  37  Ready-handed  interpretations 
of  judgments. 

t  b.  Objective,  as  ready-mating.   Obs. 

1611  COTGR.,  Appareillentent,  a  preparing,  prouiding, 
readie-making. 

B.  adv.  1.   =  READILY.     (In  later  use  chiefly, 
and  now  only,  in  compar.  and  superl.) 

c  1250  Gin.  4-  Ex.  998  And  al  ?at  euere  5e  louered  bad, 
dede  abraham  redi  and  rad.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  19638  Sat 
me  . .  quat  i  sal  do,  pi  will  wil  I  do  redi,  lo  !  c  1485  Digby 
Myst.  in.  136  Your  arend  it  xall  be  don  ful  redy.  1557 
Order of  the  Hospitalls  Fiiij,  To  thintent  that  all  things  in 
your  Office  may  be  the  rediar  answered.  1396  DALRVMPLE 
tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  x.  319  He  vnderstude  al  taknes  per- 
temeng  to  the  flycht  rady  anuich.  1641  EARL  MONM.  tr. 
Biondfs  Civil  H'arres  HI.  158  Giving  him  downe  a  ladder 
at  the  walles  foote,  that  hee  might  the  readier  climb  up. 
1712  BLACK.MORE  Creation  vi.  56  The  Earth-born  Race  Could 
move,  and  walk,  and  ready  change  their  Place.  1768-74 
TUCKER  I.t.  Nat.  (1834)  ".  ?79  Thou  ..canst  seek,  and 
readiest  find,  comforts  in  the  distresses  and  uses  in  the  evils  ' 
thou  beholdest.  1799  SOUTHEY  Eng.  Eel.  Poet.  Wks.  III. 
20  There  was  not..  A  child  who.  .answered  readier  through 
his  Catechism. 

t  2.  =  ALREADY.  Obs.  rare  — *. 

1430  Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  204/2  Bi  the  opressing  of  the  peple 
.  .he  hath  gretli  enpovred  and  hurt  the  poure  flond  redy. 

C.  sb.   1.  (Usually  with  the.')     Ready   money,    i 
cash,    (slang  or  colloq.) 

1688  SHAD\vELLo>r.  A  Isatia  i  i,  Take  up  on  the  reversion  ; 
'lisa  lusty  one,  and  Cheatly  will  help  you  to  the  ready.  1712 
ARBUTHNOT  John  Bull  I.  iii,  He  was  not  flush  in  ready,    I 
either   to  go  to   law,  or  clear  old  debts.     1784  R.   BACK    I 


EEADY-MADE. 

Barham  Downs  II.  136  Cherish  your  lovely  spouse  till  you 
have  got  all  her  ready.  1823  SCOTT  A'^/xxiii,  An  estate 
in  the  north,  which  changes  masters  for  want  of  the  redeem 
ing  ready.  1872  BLSANT  &  RICE  Ready-money  Mort  iii 
'  Some  of  the  "  ready  "  '  he  said . . '  Gold,  father— gold  ! ' 

2.  (Usually  with  the.}  The  position  of  a  fire-arm 
when  the  person  holding  or  carrying  it  is  ready  to 
raise  it  to  the  shoulder  and  aim  or  hre. 

1837  J.  E.  MURRAY  Summer  in  Pyrenees  I.  55,  I  ..  found 
the  guard  with  his  musket  at  the  'ready'.  1875  RUGGLES 
Perils  of  ^cout-Life  75  They  brought  their  pieces  to  a 
ready,  as  if  preparing  to  fire.  1897  Outing  (U.S.)  XXIX. 
427/2,  I  approach,  my  gun  thrown  forward  at  ready. 

Ready  (re'di),  v.      1-orms:    4-5  redy(e,  4-6 
redi-,   6  Sc.  reddy,    7-   ready,      [f.    READY  a. 
Somewhat  rare  between  the  igth  and  igtli  c.] 
1.  rejl.  To  make  (oneself)  ready  in  any  way. 
a  1350  St.  Laurence  51  in  Horstm.  Altcngl.  Leg.  11881)113 
parfore,  lady,  redy  be  For  here  saltou  noght  fu!  lang  be. 
c  1425  Eng,  Long.  Ircl.  26  He  assembled  hys  hostes  &  redied 
hym  to  wend  thedere.     c  1475  KanfCoiiyar  782  In  Ryall 
array  he  reddy  it  him  to  ryde.     1864  MKS.  LLOYD  Ladies  of 
Polcarr&w  41  '1  hey  readied  and  steadied  themselves  as  best 
i    they  might.     1892  BHOOKE  Early  Eng.  Lit.  II.  xvii.   105 
j    One   of  his    thegns   sprang    up   and   readied   him   for  the 
journey. 

f2.  trans,  and  re_fl.  a.  To  direct  (one's  way,  one 
self,  or  another)  ;  lo  guide.  Obs. 

c  1330  R.  BRI-NN-E  Chron.  (1810)  315  To  Scotlond  now  he 
fondes,  to  redy  his  viage.  1:1400  MALNDI  \ .  (1839)  xvii.  185 
No  man  cowde  redye  him  perfiicly  toward  the  parties  that 
he  cam  fro,  but  }if  it  were  be  aventure  and  happ.  c  1440 
Gt'sta  Rom,  xxiv.  91  Eche  good  Cristen  man.. owith  to  redy 
him  toward  the  %vey  of  heuen  by  praiers,  fastyng  [etc.], 
fb.  To  instruct  in  (a  matter).  Ol>s~^ 

1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxxu.  Ixi.  886  He  redied  him  in  the 
names  of  all  those  persons  with  whom  he  was  to  talke. 

3.  trans.  To  make  'a  thing)   ready ;  to  prepare ; 
I    put  in  order.     Now  only  dial. 

<i  1340  HAMTOLE  Psalter  vii.  1-5  His  bow  he  has  bent  and 
j     redid  it.     (-1380  WYCLIF  Set.   ii'ks.   III.  181  If  J>cm  doist 

;i\\ay  synne  ^ou  rediest  Goddis  weye.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy 
j  5648  All  the  ruikes  to  rowredyn  hor  shippts.  1609  J.  Dow- 
i  I. AND  OrnitSicp.  Ulicrol.  23  Tins  readied,  set-to  one  string 
I  of  \vyre,  strong,  big,  and  stretched  inough.  1633  T.  ADAMS 

l:xp.  2  Pt-t.  it.  5  When  a  great  poi'tion  is  readied  for  them, 

divers  parents  think  they  have  done  enough.  1867  WACGH 
i  Qwd  Blanket  iii.  53  Come  in,  an'  sit  tho  deawn  while  eawr 
;  lasses  getten  yon  kitchen  readied  (made  right)  a  bit. 

b.  Sc.  and  dial.  To  make  (food)  ready  for  eating  ; 
j    to  dress  or  cook. 

1721  WODROW  Hist.  Snff.  Ch.  Scot.  (1828)  I.  i.  v.  393  His 

fuel  to  ready  it  with  was  sea-tangle.     [1765  J.  BROWN  Chr. 

Jrttl.  (1814)  237  It  is  but  coarse  and  ill-readied  provision 
1  which  I  have  for  breakfast.]  1831  CARLYLE  Stirf.  fit's,  i.  v, 
j  Can  a  Tartar  be  said  to  cook  when  he  only  readies  his  steak 
j  by  riding  on  it.  1881  Isle  of  Wight  Gloss,  s.v.,  That  pork 
,  esn't  readied  enough. 

4.  slang,    a.  Racing.  To  prevent  (one's  horse) 
j    from  winning,   in   order  to  secure   a  handicap  in 
I    another  race.1. 

1887  BLACK  Sabina  Zembra  38   'Readying'  a  horse  and 
running  it  out  of  form  so  as  to  scoop  the  big  handicap.    1889 
j     Saf.  Rev.  2  Nov.  489/2  A  handicap  of  io,ooc/.  will,  indeed, 
!     be  worth  '  readying '  a  horse  for. 

b.  Australian.  \Vith  ?//:  To  prepare  or  manipu 
late  in  an  improper  way  for  some  end. 

1893  Melbourne  Age  25  Nov.  13/2  (Morris)  It  has  been 
said  that  a  great  deal  has  been  '  readied  up  '  for  the  jury  by 
the  present  commissioners. 
Hence  Rea'dyirig  vbl.  sb. 

a  1340  HAM  POLE  Psalter  ix.  41  pe  rediynge  of  baire  hert, 
pat  is,  Jxiire  hert  redy  to  seme  ^e.  1884  Sf.  James's  Gaz. 
5  Dec.  5/2  Striking  feats  of  dexterous  'readying'  ami 
'passing1  which  his  companion  performed. 

Ready-made,  ppl.  phr.t  a.,  and  sb.    [f.  READY 

a.  16  +  MADE  :  orig.  a  participial  phrase  used  only 
as  a  predicate,  in  later  use  regarded  as  a  comb, 
and  hyphened  (even  in  predicative  use\] 
fl.   Made  ready,  prepared.    Obs. 
c  1440  Jacob's  Well  22,  I  se  helle  opyn,  &  my  place  redy 
made  here.     1547  BOORDE  Introd.  Knowl.  11870)  185  They 
haue  euer  . .  tymber  readye  made  to  make  a  hondred  gales 
or  more.     1588  WHITEHORNE  tr.  MachianeCs  Art  Warre 
vii.  102  b,  Y*  fortifications  being  readie  made. 

2.  Of  made  or  manufactured  articles  :  In  a  finished 
state,  immediately  ready  for  use ;  now  spec,  of  articles 
which  arc  offered  for  sale  in  this  state,  in  contrast 
to  others  of  the  same  kind  which  are  made  to  order. 
[1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  312  Wlianne  he  sih  and  redy  fond 
This  cofre  mad.]  1535  COVERDALE  Ezek.  xxvii.  19  Dan, 
lauan,  and  Meusal  haue  brought  vnto  thy  markettes,  yron 
redy  made.  isdSGRAFTONC/mw.  II.  355  Neyther  is  there 
in  Scotland  ..leather  to  make  harnesse  for  their  horse,  as 
Saddels,  Bridels,  &c.  But  they  haue  all  these  thinges  readie 
made  out  of  Flaundyrs.  1631  WEEVER  Ane.  Funeral  M  on. 
498  To  each  one,  a  Gowne  and  a  hood  ready  made.  1687 
A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot's  Treev.  I.  33  A  Coffee-hane  (so  they 
call  the  place  where  they  sell  it  [coffee]  ready  made). 
1768-74  TL'CKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  515  They  expect  to  buy 
understanding  and  sentiments,  as  they  do  wares,  ready 
made,  at  a  shop.  1853  S'R  H.  DOUGLAS  RJilit.  Bridges  337 
To  move  the  bridge,  ready-made,  to  its  place.  1860  MRS. 
CARLYLE  Lett.  III.  20,  I  fell  to  cutting  out  that  jacket  last 
Monday,.. better  to  have  bought  one  ready-made.  1875  in 
Ruskin  Fors  Clav.  lix.  notes  V.  321  Never  buy  cheap  ready- 
made  clothing  of  any  kind  whatsoever. 
b.  In  phrases  used  attributively. 
1844  ALB.  SMITH  Adv.  Mr.  Lfdbnry  vi.  (1886)  20  [He] 
repaired  to  a  ready-made  clothes  establishment  in  the 
Palais  Royal.  1874  BURNAND  My  time  xviii.  151,  I  used 
.  .[to]  admire  the  garments  in  a  ready-made  clothes  shop. 


READY  MONEY. 


200 


REAL. 


3.  Hence  applied  to  any  thing  or  person  which 
exists  in  a  finished  or  complete  form,  either  natnrally 
or  as  the  result  of  some  process ;  freq.  used  with 
depreciatory  force,  in  allusion  to  the  inferiority  of 
certain  '  ready-made'  articles  of  trade. 

1738  SWIFT  Polite  Com'.  102  A  good  Wife  must  be  be 
spoke,  for  there  is  none  ready  made.     1801  MOORE  1  o 
Poems  88  You  will  be  An  angel  ready-made  for  heaven  ! 
1890  Spectator  7  June,  We  all  nowadays  . .  elect  our  leaders 
instead  of  taking  them  ready-made. 
b.  In  attributive  use. 

1797  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  iv.  Wks.  IX.  44  A  shop  of 
ready-made  Bankruptcy  and  Famine.  1813  SHELLEY  Q. 
Mab  III.  41  Some  ready-made  face  Of  hypocritical  assent. 
1869  J.  MARTINEAU  Ess.  II.  64  He  carries  about  with  him 
certain  ready-made  formulas.  1871  FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq. 
(1876)  IV.  xvii.  64  Their  own  Richard's  Castle  was  a  ready, 
made  outpost  of  the  Norman  King. 

4.  Pertaining  to,  dealing  in,  ready-made  articles. 

1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  VI.  i.  F  7  The  ready-made  ware 
house,  where  \  bought  these  dresses.     1853  LOWELL  Moose- 
head  Jrnl.  Pi.  Wks.  1890  I.  39  True  enough,  thought  I, 
this  is  the  Ready-made  Age. 

5.  st>.  A  ready-made  article;  esp.  a  ready-made 
garment  or  suit  of  clothes. 

1882  Standard  1 8  Dec.  8/3  Traveller  wanted  for  the 
Ready-mades  for  the  Midland  Counties.  1898  Daily  Ne^vs 
9  May  3/6  Stocks  of  cloths,  especially  ready-mades. 

Rea'dy  imrney.  [READY  a.  10  a.]  Coined 
money,  cash,  as  being  immediately  available  for 
use ;  also,  immediate  payment  in  coin  for  anything 
bought.  (In  common  use  from  ijth  c.) 

(1420  Sir  Amadace  (Camden)  xii,  A  marchand  of  this 
cite,  Hade..euiryche  }ere  thre  hundrythe  pownde,  Of  redy 
monay,  and  of  rowunde.  1503-4  Act  19  Hen.  VII,  c.  27  §  7 
The  Capytayne.  .agreyd  to  have  ..  the  said  therde  pane  in 
redye  money  and  nott  in  vitayles.  1613  PUBCHAS  Pilgrimage 
HI.  x.  (1614)295  Readie  monie  is  their  surest  riches,  because 
the  Grande  Signior  is  their  surest  Heire.  1712  STEEI.E  Sped. 
No.  264  P  2  He  had  at  this  Time  fifty  Pounds  in  ready 
Money.  1787  BENTIIAM  Def.  Usury  iii.  19  No  man.. ever 
thinks  of  borrowing  money  to  spend,  so  long  as  he  has 
ready  money  of  his  own.  1885  Lam  Kef.  29  Chanc.  Div. 
468  The  company  was  in  great  difficulties  for  ready  money. 

Pro-!>.  1630  J.TAYLOR  (Water  P.) '/raw.  Twelve  Pence  Wks. 
I.  72/2  The  Prouerbe  true  doth  say  That  ready  money  euer 
will  away. 

Hence  Bea'dy-mo  ney  attrib.  fhr. 

1.  Characterized  by  immediate  payment  in  money 
for  articles  bought. 

1712  STEF.LE  Sfect.  No.  546  F  3  He  cannot  expose  that  to 
the  hazard  of  giving  credit,  but  enters  into  a  ready-money 
trade.  1822  SCOTT  Pirate  xviii,  Having  been  hitherto  a 
ready-money  trade.  1865  Sat.  Re-.'.  21  Jan.  79/2  The 
transactions  . .  require  only  ready-money  dealing.  1898 
J.  B.  WOLLOCOMBE  From  Morn  till  ETC  x.  236  The  land 
lord  carried  on  a  ready-money  business. 

2.  Paying  ready  money. 

1796  NELSON  in  Nicolas  Disf.  (1845)  H-  22I>  '  think  you 
will  like  to  have  these  ready-money  gentry  come  amongst 
you.  1895  Pall  Mall  G.  17  Oct.  3/1  Within  handy  reach 
of  every  ready-money  housekeeper  in  the  kingdom. 

Rea-dy-mo:neyed,  a.  [f.prec.]  a.  Possess 
ing  ready  money,  b.  Of  the  nature  of  ready  money. 
(In  quot._/?f.) 

1810  Citron,  in  Ann.  Reg.  314/1  Mr._  Elwes  is,  perhaps, 
the  richest  ready-moneyed  commoner  in  England,     c  1815 
JANE  AUSTEN  Nortltang.  Abb.  (1833)  II.  xi.  175  Giving 
ready-monied,  actual  happiness  for  a  draft  on  the  future 
that  may  not  be  honoured. 

B,ea-dy  re-ckoner.    [READY  a.]    A  table, 

or  collection  of  tables,  showing  at  a  glance  the 
results  of  such  arithmetical  calculations  as  are 
most  frequently  required  in  ordinary  business, house 
keeping,  etc. 

1757  D.  PENNING  (title')  The  Ready  Reckoner  ;  or,  Trade's 
most  useful  Assistant.  1811  S.  SIMPSON  (title)  The  Readiest 
Reckoner  ever  invented.  1838  DICKENS  Nick.  Nick,  i, 
Abstract  calculations  of  figures,  or  references  to  ready- 
reckoners.  1851  MAYHEW  Lond.  Labour  I.  327/1  This  book 
.  .contains  a  diary. . ,  an  almanack,  a  ready-reckoner  [etc.]. 

Ready-witted,  a.  [READY  a.  6  a.]  Of  a 
ready  wit  or  intelligence ;  quick  of  apprehension. 

1581  PETTIE  tr.  Guazzo's  Civ.  Com.  in.  (1586)  127  b, 
Manie  grosse  heads,  by  continuall  studie  become  readie 
wilted.  1784  BURNS  Ep.  J.  Rankiue  i,  O  rough,  rude 
.ready-witted  Rankine.  1821  SCOTT  Kcnihu.  xvi,  _Varney 
was  as  bold-faced  and  ready-witted  as  he  was  cunning  and 
unscrupulous.  1869  TROLI.OFE  He  Kncv.',  etc.  xxxi.  (1878) 
175  Dorothy  was  not  sufficiently  ready-witted  to  see  the 
danger  of  this  position. 

Hence  Bea^dy-wi'ttedness. 

1884  Spectator  20  Dec.  1700/2  The  ready-wittedness  and 
power  of  observation,  which  makes  in  semi-civilized  com 
munities  the  successful  doctor. 

t  Beaf.  Obs.  Also  3  reef,  rseu-.  [OE.  rifaf, 
usually  regarded  as  a  special  sense  of  rtaf  spoil, 
booty  (see  REAVE  ».),  but  the  precise  relationship 
is  not  quite  certain.]  A  garment,  mantle. 

cgsol.indisf.  Cos/*.  Matt.xxii.  12  Ne  hitfdes  Su  wede  vel 
reaf  brydlic.  c  1121  O.  E.  Citron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1070 
Mzsse  hakeles  &  cantelcapas  &  reafes.  c  1205  LAY.  23760 
Warp  he  an  his  rujjge  a  raf  swioe  deore.  Ibid.  26636 
Romanisce  leoden  mid  rseue  bihonged. 

Reafi^e,  variants  of  REIF,  plunder(ing). 

Reafen,  obs.  form  of  RAVEN  rf.1 

Reaffe'ct,  v.  1.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  affect 
(faim  at,  have  liking  for,  etc.)  again  or  anew. 

1599  SANDYS  Enrapx  Spec.  (1632)  174  The  Germane,  .will 
hardly.. be  brought  ever  in  heart  to  re-affect  the  Papacie. 


i 


1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus'  Nat,  Paradox  xn,  328  Iphigenes 
...seemed  to  re-affect  the  desire  of  Living.  1654  COKAINE 
Diane  a  n.  128  If  I  kill  him,  I  can  never  hope  to  enjoy 
him,  who  living  may  become  sensible  of  his  errour,  and  re- 
affect  me. 

2.   [RE-  2  a.]     To  affect  in  return. 

1697  J.  SERGEANT  Solid  Philos.  144  Those  Phantasms., 
which  have  already  affected  the  said  Seat  of  Knowledge. . 
and  have  been  re-affected  by  it. 

Rieafirrm,  v.     [RE-  5  a.] 

fl.  trans.  To  confirm  anew.   Ofa.~~° 

1611  FLORIO,  RajfermarCi  to  re-affirme,  to  re-confirme. 

2.   To  affirm  or  assert  anew. 

a  1842  CHANNING  Perfect  Life  i.  (1873)  25,  I  close  with 
re-affirming  the  truth  that  I  have  aimed  to  impress.  1884 
Spectator  t,  Oct.  1289/2  The  electors  have  since,  .reaffirmed 
and  strengthened  that  decision. 

Hence  Reaffi'rmer,  one  who  reaffirms. 

1892  BRUCE  Apologetics  ii.  v.  231  They  were  only  re- 
affirmers  with  new  emphasis  of  the  ancient  faith. 

Reaffi/rmaiice.     [RE- 5  a.]  -next. 

1726  AVLIFFE  Parergon  208  A  persisting  therein  without 
Revocation  of  his  Error,  or  a  Re-affirmance  thereof  after 
such  Revocation.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev,  45  Nothing  more 
than  a  re-affirmance  of  the  still  more  ancient  standing  law 
of  the  kingdom,  1881  G.  W.  HERVEY  Mann.  Revivals  vi. 
45  At  such  a  time  the  true  Gospel  may  need  a  reaffirmance 
and  defence. 

Keaffirnia'tion.  [RE-  5  a.]  Renewed  affirma 
tion  ;  reassertion. 

1857  P.  FREEMAN*  Princ.  Div.  Serv.  II.  100  The  dogmatic 
re-affirmation  of  Eucharistic  doctrine.  1885  Athenaeum 
14  Nov.  642/2  The.. criticism.. concludes  with  a  reaffirma- 
tion  of  the  great  influence  of  the  antique  on  Raphael. 

Reaffcrrest,  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

f  1.  trans.  To  restore  to  the  legal  status  of  a 
forest.  Obs. 

1667-8  Act  19  $  20  Chas.  77,  c.  8  §  5  All  the  other  Waste 
Lands  aforesaid  shall  be  and  are  hereby  reaffbrrested  and 
shall  from  henceforth  be  governed  by  Forrest  Law.  [Hence 
in  Manley  (1684),  Phillips  (1706),  and  later  Diets.] 

2.  To  replant  with  trees ;  to  cover  again  with 
forest.  Hence  RearTo-resting  vbl.  sb. 

1882  Pall  Mall  G.  10  Aug.  5/1  The  great  importance  of 
reafforesting  the  denuded  soil  in  over-cleared  countries. 
1890  W.  MEVSELL  J.  77.  Newman  2  His  scheme  for  the 
reafforesting  of  England. 

So  BearToresta  tioii. 

1884  blanch.  Exam.  28  Mar.  5/2  The  question  as  to  how 
the  work  of  reafforestation  is  to  be  done. 

t  Reaffirnd,  v.  Obs-1  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
pour  on  again. 

1605  TiMME(?«*r«V.  i.  xiii.  57  If.  .the  oylely  liquor  of  his 
proper  sulphur.. be  drawen  forth.. and  be  reaffunded  and 
distilled  [etc.]. 

So  t  Reaffirsion.   Obs.  rare. 

1657  G.  STARKEY  Ilelmont's  I'ind.  326  The  spirit  by  re- 
affusion  and  powring  off.  .will  extract  the  whole  tincture  of 
the  Vegetable.  1666  HOYI.E  Qrig.  Formes  $  Qital.  it.  vi. 
371  By  the  Reaffusions  of  fresh  Menstruum  on  the  dry 
Calx  of  Gold. 

Reaflac :  see  REFLAC  Obs. 

Reageiicy  (K^'dgensi).  [RE-  2  a;  cf.  RE 
ACT  v±\  Reactive  power  or  operation. 

1842  Blackw.Mag.  LI.  284  Christianity.. as  a  re-agency 
of  destruction  to  all  forms  of  idolatrous  error.  1852  DE 
QUINCEY  Confess.  (1856)  12  The  re-agency  of  these  London 
sufferings  did.,  enforce  the  use  of  opium. 

Reagent  (rzy-d^ent).  [RE- a  a;  cf.  REACT vX\ 

1.  Chem.  A  substance  employed  as  a  test  to  deter 
mine  the  presence  of  some  other  substance  by  means 
of  the  reaction  which  is  produced. 

1797  HATCHETT  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXVIII.  115  The 
liquor. .being  examined  by  the  re-agents  commonly  used, 
afforded  no  trace  of  matter  in  solution.  1812  SIR  II.  DAVY 
Chem.  Philos.  27  Boyle  . .  introduced  the  use  of  tests  or 
reagents,  active  substances  for  detecting  the  presence  of 
other  bodies.  1880  DARWIN  in  Life  $  Lett.  (1887)  III.  346 
Injecting  various  reagents  into  the  tissues  of  leaves. 

2.  A  reactive  substance,  force,  etc.     (Sometimes 
directly  transf.  from  prec. ) 

1856  EMERSON  Eng.  Traits,  Race  27  Civilization  is  a  re 
agent,  and  eats  away  the  old  traits.  1865  M.  PATTISON 
Serw.  109  Mind  is  a  reagent  against  society.  1880  W.  MAC- 
COKMAC  Antis.  Surg-ery  113  The  antiseptic  method  is  not 
the  mere  employment  of  any  single  reagent. 

t  Rea'ggravate,  ^'.  Obs.  rare.  [RE- 5  a,  after 
med.  L.  rcaggravare  (1501  in  Du  C.),  It.  raggra- 
vare  (Florio},  F.  ri-aggraver  (i5th  c.) :  cf.  next.] 
trans.  To  make  still  heavier. 

x6xx  COTGR.,  Rcngra^er^  to  reaggrauate;  reinforce,  re 
new.  1626  C.  POTTER  tr.  Sarpi's  Hist.  Quarrels  72  Re- 
seruing  to  Himselfe  and  his  successors  power  to  aggrauate 
and  reaggrauate  the  censures  and  penalties  against  them. 

Reaggrava'tion.  Eccl.  [&d*mesLL*tviggra- 

yatio\  cf.  obs.  F.  ^aggravation  (isth  c. ;  the  usual 
word  is  rtaggrave}.  See  prec.  and  AGGRAVATION  3.] 
The  second  warning  given  to  a  person  before  final 
excommunication. 

i6xx  COTGR.,  R  eaggravation,  a  reaggrauation  ;  and  (par 
ticularly)  the  last,  and  most  direful!  excommunication  of 
offenders.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.,  Before  they  pro 
ceed  to  fulminate  the  last  excommunication,  they  publish 
an  aggravation,  and  a  re-aggravation.  1864  [see  AGGRAVA 
TION  3], 

Rea-ggregate,  v.  [Rl-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
collect  or  bring  together  again.  Hence  Bea'ggre- 
g-ated///.  a. ;  Beag-grcg-a'tion. 

1849  Mi-RcmsoN  Siluria  xiv.  347  Simply  a  re-aggregated 
granite.  1862  G.  P.  SCROPE  Volcano*  45  A  proportionate 


diminution  of  temperature.. reaggregates  them  in  a  solid 
mass.  1882  SPENCER  Princ.  Social.,  Pol.  Instit.  243  The 
minglings  of  peoples  and  institutions,  the  breakings  up  and 
re-aggregations . .  destroy  the  continuity  of  normal  processes. 

Rea-gitate,  v .     [RE-  5  a.]     To  agitate  again. 

1813  T.  BUSBY  L-ucretins  II.  IV.  Conim.  p.  xxxiv,  Certain 
minute  moveable  bones ..  provided  to  re-agitate  the  air. 

t  Reagnize,  v.  Obs.—1  [1<E-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
recognize. 

1682  H.  MORE  Annot.  Glanvill's  Lux  Orient  30  They 
will  ..  remember  their  former  Paradisiacal  state  upon  its 
recovery,  and  reagnize  their  ancient  home. 

t  Reagree,  v.  Obs.-1  [RE-  5  a  +  AGREE  v.  4.] 
trans.  To  reconcile,  make  up  again. 

1609  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  vn.  cxiv,  Fain  to  see  that  glorious 
holiday  Of  union  which  this  discord  re-agreed. 

Reaisun,  obs.  f.  REASON.  Reak,  (?)  var.  of 
RAKE  si.s  and  v.1  Reak(e,  obs.  ff.  REEK  si. 
and  v.  Reake,  obs.  f.  RECK  v. ;  (1)  obs.  var.  of 
REACH  v.  Reaklesse,  obs.  var.  of  RECKLESS. 
Reakn-,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RECKON  ». 

r  R/eaks,  sb.  pi.  Obs.  Also  6-7  reakes,  7 
reeks,  reax :  and  sing.  9  Sc.  reik.  [Of  obscure 
origin :  cf.  FREAK.  The  precise  relationship  to 
REX  is  not  clear ;  the  evidence  is  not  decisive  for 
the  view  that  rex  is  the  original  form.]  Pranks, 
wanton  or  riotous  tricks  or  practices.  Chiefly  in 
phr.  to  keep  or  play  reaks  (very  common  in  1 7th  c.). 

1575  GASCOIGNE  Flowers,  Lookes  of  Louer  forsaken  Wks. 
15  Such  reakes  the  rage  of  loue  in  theehad  wrought.  1586 
D.  ROWLAND  Lazarillo  n.  (1672)  U  i,  The  owner  of  the 
House,  where  these  Reaks  were  Played.  1596  NASHE 
Saffron  Walden  95  The  olde  reakes  hee  kept  with  the 
wenches  in  Queenes  Colledge  Lane.  1633  HEYWOOD  Eng. 
Trav.  II.  Wks.  1874  IV.  25  They  may  be  rather  called 
Reakes  then  Reuells.  1692  R.  L'EsTRANGE  Fables  (1694) 
475  Throwing  books  at  one  another's  heads  and  playing 
such  Reaks  as  if  Hell  were  broke  loose.  1818  SCOTT  Rob 
Roy  xxvi,  Mony  a  daft  reik  he  has  played. 

Comb.  1611  COTGR.,  Ribleur,  a  dlsorderlie  roauer,  ..  out- 
ragious  reakes-player. 

Real  (.rf-al,  r/-al),  s/>.1  Also  7  reall.  [Sp.  real, 
sb.  use  of  real  adj.,  royal :— L.  regal-em  :  see  RKAL 
a.1,  and  RIAL  st>.] 

1.  A  small  silver  coin  and  money  of  account  in 
use  in  Spain  and  Spanish-speaking  countries,  a. 
The  old  Spanish  real  de  plata  (still  current  in 
Mexico,  and  largely  circulated  in  the  United  States 
up  to  c  1850)  =  an  eighth  of  a  dollar,  or  6\d.  b. 
The  present  Spanish  monetary  unit,  real  (dt)  vellon 
(not  current  as  a  coin)  =  a  quarter  of  a  peseta,  or 
about  2|</. 

The  real  of  plate  was  formerly  known  in  the  northern 
U.S.  by  the  name  of  Mexican  or  Spanish  shilling,  in  the 
south  by  that  of  LEVY  sb.2  See  also  BIT  sb.1  8  b. 

1611  COTGR.,  Real,  a  Reall,  or  Spanish  sixpence.     1613 
PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  VIII.  x.(i6i4)  795  Euery  Indian  payeth 
tribute  to  the  King  [of  Spain]  twelue  Reals  of  Plate.     1662 
J.  DAVIES  tr.  OUarius'  I'oy.  Ambass.  97  The  Muscovites., 
carry  them  [Rixdollers]  to  the  Mint,  as  they  do  also  Spanish 
Reals.     1760  Ann.  Keg.  89  All  they  owed  to  the  crown  . . 
which  does  not  amuunt  to  less  than  sixty  millions  of  reals. 
1798  MALTHUS  Popul.  (1878)  359  The  highest  price  is  48 
reals  vellon.     1850  B.  TAYLOR  Eldorado   II.   xiii.   84  The 
money,  .was  paid  to  me  in  quarter-dollars,  reals,  and  medios, 
which  it  took  me  more  than  an  hour  to  count. 

t2.  Realo] 'eight  =  Pieceof "Eight ^  (EIGHT  2  d).  Obs. 

1612  SHKI.TON  Qttix.  I.  I.  ii.  14  It  being  all  one  to  me  to 
be  paid  my  Money  in  8  single  Reals,   or  to    be  paid    the 
same  in  one  Re:il  of  eight.     1628  DICBY  I'oy.  Aledit.  38, 
4  French  vessels,  whereof  one.  .had  still  a  hundred  thousand 
reals  of  eight  abord  her.     1818  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  I.  l. 
ii.  31  The  prize  money,  whicn  was  estimated  at  ioo,ooo/. 
and  240,000  reals  of  eight. 

t  Real,  a.1  (and  sb.2)  Obs.  Also  4-5  reale,  4, 
6-7  reall ;  //.  5  Sc.  reaws.  [a.  OF.  real  (i  2th  c.) 
=  Prov.  real,  reial,  Sp.,  Pg.  real,  It.  reale :— L. 
r!gal-em  REGAL.  As  a  variant  of  RIAL  and  ROYAL, 
the  form  chiefly  occurs  in  MSS.  written  about  1400.] 

A.  adj.  Royal,  regal,  kingly. 

13 . .  Guy  War-.ti.  (A.)  3879  A  real  pauiloun  he  (;er  seye. 
c  1350  H'ill.  Palerne  1597  Al  ^at  real  aray  reken  schold 
men  neuer.  1397  Rolls  of  Parlt.  III.  379/1,  I  amonges 
other  restreyned  my  Lord  of  his  fredom,  and  toke  upon 
me. .Power  Reall.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  m.  iii.  560  Biute 
•  •byggyd  in  his  land  a  towne,  Yhit  realle  [and]  orT  gret 
renowne.  1460  CAPGRAVE  Chron.  (Rolls)  197  The  qween 
held  a  real  Cristmasse  aftir  at  WaltDgford.  1577  HELLOWES 
GucHiira's  Chron.  109  He  edified  the  reall  palace  named 
Neptunus.  1602  MARSTON  Attt.  ff  Mel.  II.  Wks.  1856  1.  23 
Then  whome  I  knowe  not  a  more  ..  pretious,  real!,  mag 
nanimous,  bountious. 

B.  sb.2  A  royal  person,  rare. 

1399  LANGL.  Rich  Keiiflfl  i.  91  Reffusynge  the  reule  of 
realles  kynde.  Ibid.  III.  301  Whanne  realles  remeveth,.. 
And  carieth  ouere  contre  ther  comunes  dwellcth.  c  1423 
WYNTOUN  Cron.  vm.  i.  105  Gyve  any  male  Of  Reaws  might 
fundyn  be  Worth  to  have  that  realte. 

Real  (rral),  a.'-,  adv.,  and  sb*  Also  5-7  reall. 
[a.  OF.  real,  reel  (\y\\  c.  in  Godef.),  or  ad.  late  L. 
realis,  f.  res  thing,  etc.  +  -AL.] 

The  precise  sense  is  uncertain  in  the  following  early 
instances  of  the  word :— c  1440  Promp.  Pan:  424/2  Real, 
realis.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  13/31  Reall,  realis.  1598 
MARSTON  Sea.  Villaitie  To  iudic.  Perusers  169  Some  of  his 
new-minted  Epithets  (as  Reall,  Intrinsecate,  Delphicke). 

A.  adj.  I.  1.  Having  an  objective  existence; 
actually  existing  as  a  thing. 

1601  SHAKS.  Alts  Well  v.  iii.  307  Is  there  no  exorcist 


REAL. 

Beguiles  the  truer  Office  of  mine  eyes?  Is't  reall  that 
I  see?  1651  HOBBES  Lcviath.  in.  xxxiv.  210  That  some 
such  apparitions  were  not  Imaginary,  but  Reall.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L,  vnr.  310  Whereat  I  wak'd,  and  found  Before 
mine  Eyes  all  real,  as  the  dream  Had  lively  shadowd.  1821 
SHELLEV  Prometh.  Unb.  i.  748  But  from  these  create  he 
can  Forms  more  real  than  living  man.  1859  PARKINSON 
Optics  (1866)  130  A  real  visible  object  and  its  optical  image 
differ  in  this  respect. 

b.  In  Philosophy  applied  to  whatever  is  regarded 
as  having  an  existence  in  fact  and  not  merely  in 
appearance,  thought,  or  language,  or  as  having  an 
absolute  and  necessary,  in  contrast  to  a  merely 
contingent,  existence. 

1701  NORRIS  Ideal  World  I.  iii.  150  An  Hircocervus  or 
any  other  Fictitious  Being  is  true  and  real  with  respect  to 
the  Simple  Essences  or  Natures.  1711  SHAFTESB.  Charac. 
(1737)  II.  in.  i.  369  Thought  we  own  pre-eminent,  and  con 
fess  the  reallest  of  Being*.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVIII. 
79/1  N  umberless  absurdities,  such  as,  that . .  forms  or  sensible 
qualities  are  real  things  independent  of  their  subject  and  the 
sentient  beings  who  perceive  them.  1843  MILL  Logic  I.  vi. 
§  3  He  [Locke]  admitted  real  essences,  or  essences  of  indi 
vidual  objects,  which  he  supposed  to  be  the  causes  of  the 
sensible  properties  of  those  objects.  1857  WHEWELL  Hist. 
Induct.  Sc.  led.  3)  I.  343  The  perfections  are  unquestionably 
real  existences.  1893  BRADLEY  Appearance  fy  Reality  xxvii. 
(1897)  552  The  more  that  anything  is  spiritual,  so  much  the 
more  is  it  veritably  real. 

C.  Real  money,  current  coin  or  cash  (esp.  as  op 
posed  to  imaginary  money  or  money  of  account). 

1685  PETTY  Will  p.  v,  An  estate  of  about  1300^.  in  ready 
and  real  money.  1849  FREESE  Comm.  Class-bk.  71  Real 
monies  are  coins  of  any  kind  of  metal,  made  current  by  the 
authority  of  the  state, 

d.  Math.  Of  quantities.  (Opposed  to  IMAGIN 
ARY  i  c,  or  IMPOSSIBLE  2.) 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.y.  Root,  If  the  value  of  x  be 
positive,  i.e.  if  x  be  a  positive  quantity,.,  the  root  [of  an 
equation]  is  called  a  real  or  true  root.  1841  Penny  Cycl. 
XX.  150/2  Here  a.  and  b  are  meant  to  be  real  algebraical 
quantities,  that  is,  reducible  to  positive  or  negative  whole 
numbers  or  fractions. 

6.   Optics.    (See  quot.) 

1859  PARKINSON  Optics  (1866)  130  If  an  image  consist  of 
points  through  which  the  light  actually  passes  it  is  called 
real ; — in  other  cases  virtual.  Hence  a  screen  placed  in  the 
position  of  an  image  will  receive  illumination  only  when  the 
image  is  real. 

2.  Actually  existing  or  present  as  a  state  or  quality 
of  things;  having  a  foundation  in  fact;  actually 
occurring  or  happening. 

1597  SHAKS.  Lover's  Cotnpl.  114  His  real  habitude  gave 
life  and  grace  To  appertainings  and  to  ornament,  Accom 
plished  in  himself,  not  in  his  case.  1662  STILLINGFL.  Orig. 
Sacr.  in.  ii.  §  7  Time  ..  denotes  nothing  real  in  its  self 
existing,  .and  so  can  argue  nothing  as  to  the  real  existence 
of  things  from  all  eternity,  c  1689  PRIOR  To  Chas.  Montague 
4  He  can  imagm'd  pleasures  find,  To  combat  against  real 
cares.  1729  BUTLER  Sertn.  Hum.  Nat.  ii.  Wks.  1874  II.  18 
Our  inward  feelings,  and  the  perceptions  we  receive  from 
our  external  senses,  are  equally  real.  1794  PALEY  Evid.  HI. 
ii.  (1817)  288  The  malady  was  real,  the  cure  was  real, 
whether  the  popular  explication  of  the  cause  was  well 
founded  or  not.  1816  J.  WILSON  City  of  Plague  ii.  iii.  122 
More  terrible  These  sights  and  sounds  from  the  disastrous 
sky  Than  all  the  real  terrors  of  the  Plague.  1852  MRS. 
JAMESON  Leg.  Madonna  Introd.  36  The  Caracci  school  .. 
combined,  .the  study  of  the  antique  with  the  observation  of 
real  life.  1879  M.  ARNOLD  Irish  Cathol.  Ess.  115  From 
Christianity's  being  a  real  source  of  cure,  for  a  real  bondage 
and  misery.  1884  tr.  Lotze's  Logic  in.  ii.  (1888)  II.  208  We 
call.. an  event  Real  which  occurs  or  has  occurred,  in  con 
tradistinction  to  that  which  does  not  occur. 

fo.  Real  presence,  the  actual  presence  of  Christ's 
body  and  blood  in  the  sacrament  of  the  Eucharist. 

The  precise  sense  attached  to  real  depends  on  the  belief 
held  as  to  the  nature  or  mode  of  the  presence.  In  the 
Roman  Catholic  and  Lutheran  churches  it  implies  the 
presence  (by  transubstantlation  or  consubstantiation)  of  the 
actual  body  and  blood  of  Christ ;  by  the  Church  of  England 
it  is  held  that  the  body  and  blood  are  present  '  only  after  an 
heavenly  and  spiritual  manner'. 

J5S9  FECKSAM  in  Strype  Ann.  Ref.  I.  App.  Ix.  (17091  25 
Doctor  Cranmer.  .did  most  constantly  affirme  and  defend  the 
real  Presence  of  Chryst's  Bodye  in  the  Holie  Euchariste. 
1563  [Latimer  in]  FOXE  A.  $•  M.  979'!  This  same  presence 
may  be  called  moste  fitly,  a  reall  presence,  that  is  a  presence 
not  fained,  but  a  true  and  faythfull  presence.  1655  FULLER 
Ch.  Hist.  ix.  vii.  §  iz  Confessing  the  reall  presence,  and 
that  the  manner  thereof  transcended  his  apprehension. 
1687  DRYDEN  Hind  $  P.  11.  32  And  to  explain  what  your 
forefathers  meant  By  real  presence  in  the  Sacrament,  After 
long  fencing.  .Your  salvo  comes,  that  he's  not  there  at  all. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVIII.  78/1  This  account  of  the 
Romish  doctrine  concerning  the  real  presence.  1839  KEIGHT- 
LEY  Hist,  Eng.  I.  322  WicklifTe..  seems  to  have  agreed  with 
the  present  Church  of  England,  in  denying  a  bodily  but 
acknowledging  a  real  spiritual  presence  in  the  sacramental 
elements.  i88a  M.  CREIGHTON  Hist.  Papacy  \.  ii.  (1899)  I. 
124  Wyclif  did  not  deny  the  real  presence  of  Christ  in  the 
elements;  he  denied  only  the  change  of  substance  in  the 
elements  after  consecration. 

3.  That  is  actually  and  truly  such  as  its  name 
implies;  possessing  the  essential  qualities  denoted 
by  its  name  ;  hence,  genuine,  undoubted. 

1559  in  Strype  Ann.  Ref.  (1824)  I.  n.  App.  vi.  401  Eccle- 
siasticall  lawes  made,  cannot  bynd  the  universal!  churche  of 
Christe,  without  the  reall  assent  . .  of  the  sea  apostolike. 
1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixvii.  §  2  That  which  alone  is 
material,  namely  the  real  participation  of  Christ .  .by  means 
of  this  sacrament.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  x.  413  Planets ..  real 
Eclips  Then  sufferd.  1712  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  275  P  3 
Homer  tells  us  that  the  Blood  of  the  Gods  is  not  real  Blood, 
but  only  something  like  it.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev,  51  Press- 

VOL.  VIII. 


201 

ing  down  the  whole  by  the  weight  of  a  real  monarchy.  1836 
HpR.  SMITH  Tin  Trump.  I.  12  Dressing  like  a  real,  and 
driving  like  an  amateur  coachman.  1866  G.  MACDONALD 
Ann.  Q.  Neighb.  iv.  (1878)  52  It  was  evidently  real  and  not 
affected  doubt. 

b.  Natural,  as  opposed  to  artificial  or  depicted. 
1718  POPE  Arachnt  158  A  real  bull  seems  in  the  piece  to 
roar,  And  real  billows  breaking  on  the  shore.  i8z7STEUART 
Planter's  G.  Pref.  (1828)  2  In  removing  Wood,  for  the 
purpose  of  creating  Real  Landscape,  plants  of  a  large  size 
are  necessarily  employed. 

C.  Mus.   (See  quots.) 

1869  OUSELEY  Counterp.  xiv.  83  Counterpoint  in  more 
than  four  real  parts,  i.  e.  *  parts  which  proceed  together,  and 
yet  have  each  a  different  melody'.  Ibid,  xix.  160  A  fugue 
with  a  subject,  the  answer  to  which  gives  every  interval  by 
exact  and  simple  transposition,  is  called  a  real  fugue.  1889 
PROUT  Harmony  v.  §  139  If  . ,  the  quality  of  the  intervals  is 
exactly  the  same  in  the  imitations  as  in  the  pattern,  the 
sequence  will  be  real,  i.  e.  exact, . .  A  real  sequence  is  much 
rarer  than  a  tonal  one. 

4.  a.  That  is  actually  present  or  involved,  as 
opposed  to  apparent,  ostensible,  etc. 

1716  POPE  Let,  to  Lady  M.  W.  Montagu  18  Aug.,  What 
ever  I  write  will  be  the  real  thought  of  that  hour.  1771 
Juniiis  Lett.  lix.  307,  I  doubt  not  they  delivered  their  real 
sentiments.  1802-12  BKNTHAM  Ration.  Jndic.  Evid.  (1827) 
IV.  644  note,  There  lurks  the  real  reason  at  the  bottom  of 
the  ostensible  one.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  n.  vii.  279  With 
regard  to  the  real  explanation  of  these  effects,  it  may  be 
shown  [etc.].  1870  LOWELL  Study  H'ind.  249  An  imper 
turbable  perception  of  the  real  relations  of  tilings. 

b.  The  actual  (thing  or  person) ;  that  properly 
bears  the  name. 

(i  1631  DONNE  Poems  (1650)  9  The  Kings  reall,  or  his 
stamped  face.  1660  F.  BKOOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  10  One 
of  them  to  his  thinking  favoured  very  much  his  companion, 
and.  as  he  was  about  to  follow  them,  his  reall  companion 
called  him  to  come  back.  1704  [see  HORIZON  3].  1774 
GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  IV.  244  The  bag.  .may  rather  be 
considered  as  a  supplemental  womb.  In  the  real  womb,  the 
little  animal  is  partly  brought  to  perfection,  ifa^Sporting 
Maff.  XLI.  175  She  went  the  real  pace,  having  passed  this 
extent  of  country  in  forty-five  minutes.  1840  MACAU  LAY 
Ess.,  CUve,  It  was  absurd  to  regard  him  as  the  real  master 
of  Hindostan.  1869  RUSKIN  Q.  of  Air  §  5  From  the  real 
sun,  rising  and  setting ; — from  the  real  atmosphere  [etc.]. 

C.  77ie  real  thing  :  The  tiling  itself,  as  contrasted 
with  imitations  or  counterfeits ;  hence  slangt  the 
'genuine  article'. 

1818  LADY  MORGAN  Antebiog.  (1859)  15  He  is  the  real 
thing,  and  no  mistake.  1858  HAWTHORNE  J-'r.  $  It.  Note- 
Iks.  II.  37  Represented  with  the  vividness  of  the  real  thing. 

5.  +  &•  Sincere,    straightforward,    honest.    Obs. 
(freq.  in  iyth  c.). 

1597  BACON  Ess.,  Ceremonies  <$•  Respects  (Arb.)  24  He  that 
is  only  reall  had  need  haue  exceeding  great  parts  of  vertue. 
1630  A*.  Johnson's  Kingd.  <$•  Commit1.  51  The  Dutch  hath 
an  honest  and  reall  manner  of  dealing.  1647  CLARENDON* 
Hist.  Reb.  i.  §  35  If  his  intentions  were  real.  1686  tr. 
Char  dins  Trav,  Persia  173  Supposing  he  should  be  real 
and  sincere.  1709  MRS.  CENTLIVRK  Gamester  i.  i,  If  I  could 
believe  thee  real,  my  joys  would  be  compleat. 
fb.  True  or  loyal  to  another.  Obs. 

1642  EARL  OF  CLANRICARDF,  m  Carte  Ormonde  (1735)  III.  79 
To  haue  a  person  soe  full  of  worth  and  honour  to  be  finne 
and  reall  to  me.  1690  Seer.  Hist.  Chas.  II  $•  fas.  //,  91 
Which,  had  England  been  real  to  the  confederate,  might 
have  been  easily  wrested  again  out  of  his  hand. 

c.  Free  from  nonsense,  affectation,  or  pretence ; 
*  genuine '. 

1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  Concl.  18  They  hated  banter,  wish'd 
for  something  real.  1851  HAWTHORNE  Ho.  Sev.  Gables  ix, 
Phoebe's  presence  made  a  home  about  her.  . .  She  was  real  ! 
1880  MRS.  WHITNEY  Odd  or  Even?  xxxvi,  She  had  been  so 
near  real  people  who  meant  every  bit  of  their  lives. 

II.  6.  Law.  (Opposed  to  PERSONAL.) 

a.  Of  actions,  causes,  etc.:  Relating  to  things,  or 
spec,  to  real  property  (see  c). 

In  early  use  freq.  placed  after  the  sb.,  and  with  pi.  in  -s, 
1448  Shilling  ford's  Lett.  (Camden)  App.  139  Any  action 
real  personall  and  myxte  apon  any  person  or  persons.  1535 
Act  27  Hen.  fr'/ff,  c.  26  §  4  All  actions  realles,  hereafter 
shalbe  conueied,  perpetrated,  or  sued  for  any  landes.  1574 
tr.  Littletons  Tenures  41  If  the  villaine  be  demaundant  in 
an  accion  reall,  or  plaintife  in  an  action  personal.  1603 
OWEN  Pembrokesli.  (1892)  155  Pleas  reall  and  mixt  for 
landes  are  and  must  be  sued  at  home.  1652  GAULE  ftlag- 
astrom.  342  All  matters  or  causes,  criminall  or  reall.  1768 
BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  117  Real  actions  . .  which  concern 
real  property  only.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  a)  III.  491 
After  a  real  action  was  barred  by  length  of  time.  1863  H. 
Cox  Instit.  ii.  ix.  512  Real  actions,  brought  for  the  specific 
recovery  of  freeholds. 

b.  Connected  in  some  way  with  things  or  real 
property :  (see  quots.  and  \Y  barton's  Law  Lexicon}, 

1467-8  Rolls  of  Par  It.  V.  578/2  Lands,  Tenementez  and 
other  Possessions  ..  in  demeane  and  reall  possession.  1625 
BURGES  Pers,  Tithes  48  How  much  should  bee  due,  where 
no  Custome,  Composition  real,  or  other  sufficient  Priuiledges 
takes  place.  1666-88  DALLAS  Stiles  (1697)  694  (/leading-) 
Real  Rights.  Ibid.  797  Disposition  . .  of  certain  Lands, 
Baronies,  and  others,  in  Real  Warrandice  of  other  Lands 
formerly  Disponed.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Customs 
are  said  to  be  real ;  that  is,  they  determine  all  inheritances 
within  their  extent.  1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  iii.  28  A 
real  composition  is  when  an  agreement  is  made  between  the 
owner  of  the  lands,  and  the  parson  or  vicar,.. that  such 
lands  shall  for  the  future  be  discharged  from  payment  of 
tithes,  by  reason  of  some  land  or  other  real  recompence 
given  to  the  parson,  in  lieu,  .thereof.  1802-12  BENTHAM 
Ration.  Judic.Evid.  (1827)  I.  53  Real  evidence,  that  which 
is  afforded  by  a  being  belonging,  not  to  the  class  of  persons, 
but  to  the  class  of  things.  1832  AUSTIN  Jtirispr.  (1879!  I.  59 
Real  rights  (property  in  things  real  or  real  property)  are 


REAL. 

rights  which  are  inheritable.  1837  tr.  Guizofs  Hist.  Cimliz. 
iii.  89  Personal  legislation,  in  contradistinction  to  real 
legislation,  which  is  found  upon  territory. 

C.  Consisting  of  immovable  property,  as  lands 
and  houses;  esp.  real  estate  (see  ESTATE  sb.  ii). 

1641  Decay  Trade  z  The  price  and  measure  of  all  our 
other  meanes  both  personall  and  reall.  1644  G.  PLATTES  in 
Hartlib's  Legacy  (1655}  209  A  present  estate,  either  real  or 
personal.  1690  CHILD  Disc.  Trade  (1694)  8  Securities  of 
lands  and  houses  [are]  rendered,  indeed  such  as  we  com 
monly  call  them,  real  securities.  1711  STEELE  Sfcct.  No.  97 
f  5  Their  real  Estate  shall  be  immediately  vested  In  the 
next  Heir.  1827  JARMAN  Powell's  Devises  II.  169  The 
word  effects,  without  the  word  real,  will  not  ..  comprehend 
land.  1845  STEPHEN  Comm.  Laws  /:.'«,£•. (1874)  II.  9  Things 
real  comprise  not  only  the  land  itself,  but  also  such  in 
corporeal  rights  as  issue  out  of  or  are  connected  with  it. 
1870  PINKERTON  Guide  27  A  sale  of  real  estate  by  order  of 
Orphans'  Court . .  must  be  public. 

d.  Chattels  real',  (see  CHATTEL  4  b). 

7.  t  a.  Consisting  of  actual  things.   Obs.  rare, 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vii.  ix.   (1614)  698  The  cere 
monies   they  used   to   them,   were  . .  verball  prayers,  reall 
offerings.     Ibid.  ix.  xiv,  912  The  Colonie  ..  haue  not  onely 
sent  verball,  but  reall  commendations  of  the  place. 
b.  Relating  to,  concerned  with,  things. 

1593  G.  HARVEY  Pierces  Snpercr.  Wks.  (.Grosart)  II.  162 
The  most  endlesse  altercations  ;  being  generally  rather 
verbal,  then  reall,  and  more  circumstantial],  then  substan- 
tiall.  1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  143  Logicke  is  a 
Rationall,  not  reall  art.  1681  RAY  Corr.  (1848)  130  Making 
your  discoveries  and  observations  public,  for. .the  advance 
ment  of  real  philosophy.  1697  tr.  Bitrgersdiciits  his  Logic 
Ii.  xv.  64  A  Real  is  when  the  Attribute  of  the  Question  is 
real ;  as,  '  is  a  Place  a  Superficies?1  or  so.  1845  WHATELV 
Logic  in  Encycl.  Metroj*.  I.  235/1  Those  which  are  called 
real  Definitions,  viz.  which  unfold  the  nature  of  the  thing. 
1870  J.  H,  NEWMAN  Gram.  Assent  i.  i.  8  Propositions  . .  of 
which  the  terms  stand  for  things  external  to  us,  unit  and 
individual  as . . '  the  earth  goes  round  the  sun  ' . . ;  these  I  call 
real  propositions,  and  their  apprehension  real. 

t  c.    Of  written  characters  :  Representing  things 
instead  of  sounds.    Obs. 

1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  n.  xvi.  §  2  We  understand 
further,  that  it  is  the  use  of  China,  and  the  kingdoms  of  the 
High  Levant,  to  write  in  characters  real,  which  express 
neither  letters  nor  words  in  gross,  but  things  or  notions. 
1668  WILKINS  Real  Char.  i.  iii.  g  5.  13  A  Real  universal 
Character,  that  should  not  signifie  words,  but  things  and 
notions.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Character,  The  real 
character  is  no  chimera;  the  Chinese  and  Japonese  have 
already  something  like  it. 

d.  Corresponding  to  actuality  ;  true. 

1657-83  EVELYN  Hist.  Relig.  (1850)  I,  87  But,  though  we 
can  neither  see  God,  nor  our  souls,  we  may  and  can  have  a 
real  idea  of  both,  without  a  sensible  vision.  1690  LOCKE 
//««/.  Und.  n.  xxx.  §  5  Ideas  of  substances  are  real,  when 
they  agree  with  the  existence  of  tilings.  1862  H.  SPENCKK 
First  Princ.  i.  ii.  §  n  (1875)  32  The  impossibility  of  ex- 
panding  our  symbolic  conception  of  self-creation  into  a  real 
conception,  remains  as  complete  as  ever.  1866  G.  MAC- 
DONALD  Ann.  Q.  Neighb_.  xiv.  (1878)  287  Whether  a  story  be 
real  in  fact  or  only  real  in  meaning. 

f  8.  Essential,  important.    Obs.—'1 
1620  LD.  HERBERT  Corr.  in  Life  (1886)  349  This  being  the 
reallest,. .  I  need  not  insist  upon  some  less  essential  forms. 

9.  Attached,  or  pertaining,  to  scholastic  Realism. 
1528  TINDALE  Obed.  Chr.  Man  To  Rdr.,  One  holdeth  this, 

an  other  that.  One  is  reall,  an  other  nominal!.  1663  BUTLER 
Hud.  i.  i.  156  Profound  in  all  the  Nominal  And  Real  ways 
beyond  them  all. 

10.  Real  school  [tr.  G.  realscJtule~\.    Applied  to 
a  class  of  schools  in  Germany  which  occupy  them 
selves  mainly  with  the  sciences  and  modern  lan 
guages,   as   subjects    of  practical  utility.     Hence 
Real  scholar. 

1833  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Discuss.  (1852)  552  J\  calschiilen, 
real  schools,  .because  they  are  less  occupied,  with  the  study 
of  languages  (Verbalia)  than  with  the  knowledge  of  things 
(Realia).  1836  Ibid.  269  The  best  of  our  former  Real 
Scholars,  when  brought  into  collation  with  the  Latin 
Scholars  could,  in  general,  hardly  compete  with  the  most 
middling  of  these.  1885  Guardian  6  May  697/3  Chapters 
on  the  State  schools,  whether,  .real  schools,  or  gymnasia. 
III.  11,  Comb.)  as  real-hearted,  -minded  adjs. 

a*866  J.  GROTE  Exam.  Utilit.  Phil.  ii.  (1870)  37^  The 
more  real-minded  the  philosopher  is,  and  the  less  he  is  the 
mere  echo  of  others.  1884  J.  PARKER  A  post.  Life  III.  66 
Would . .  real-hearted  men  respect  him  now  ? 

B.  adv.  (Usually  with  adjs.)  Really,  genuinely. 
Also  more  loosely  in  later  use   (chiefly  Sf.  and 
t/.S.}:  Very,  extremely. 

In  early  use  properly  an  adj.  qualifying  the  phrase  ('good 
turn  ',  etc.)  which  follows,  and  only  at  a  later  period  appre 
hended  as  an  adv.  qualifying  the  adj.  (*  good  ',  etc.). 

1658  } I' hole  Duty  l\fan  xiii.  §  35  The  reallest  good  turn 
that  can  be  done  from  one  man  to  another.  1718  J.  Fox 
Wanderer  No.  17. 116  An  Opportunity  of  doing  a  real  good 
Office.  1771  MRS.  GRIFFITH  J/ist.  Lady  Barton  II.  283  The 
burning  of  three  real  good  and  substantial  houses  in  this 
town.  1827  R.  H.  FROUDE  Rent.  (1838)  I.  448  Last  Friday 
was  a  real  fine  day.  1885  G.  ALLEN  Babylon  vi.  It  looks  real 
nice.  1887  MABEL  WETHERAL  Two  N.'C.  Maids  xxv.  174, 
I  was  real  put  out  to  think  how  [etc]. 

C.  Absolute  or  as  sb.  (^.;i). 
fl.   =  REALIST  i.  Obs. 


nalles.     1684  S.  G.Angl.Xpec.  8or  W.  Ockham  headed  the 
Nominals  against  the  Reals,  followers  of  Scotus. 
2.  A  real  thing;  a  thing  having  (or  conceived  as 
having)  a  real  existence,  either  in  the  ordinary  or 
in  a  metaphysical  sense. 


REAL. 


202 


REALIZABLE. 


a fi6z6  BP.  ANDREWES  Sernt.  11856)  I.  142  The  names  of 
His  imposing  ;  there  is  no  surer  place  in  logic  than  from 
them.  His  nominate  be  reals.  1646  SmT.  BsOWmAfM^ 
Ep.  82  Hereunto  we  know  not  how  to  assent  in  the  General!, 
as  having  met  with  some  whose  Reals  made  good  their 
representations,  c  1810  COLERIDGE  in  Lit,  Rein.  (1838)  III. 
332  If  we  will  confound  actuals  with  reals.  1884.  tr.  Lotze's 
Metaph.  60  A  material  of  reality,  a  Real  pure  and  simple, 
which  in  itself  is  neither  this  nor  that,  but  the  principle  of 
reality  for  everything. 

f  b.   A  piece  of  real  property.   Obs.  rare. 

1651  \V.  G.  tr.  Cowers  hist.  26  And  so  of  immoveables  and 
realls  if  aliened  by  the  Husband  in  his  lifetime. 

3.  The  real :  That  which  actually  exists,  con 
trasted  (a)  with  a  copy,  counterfeit,  etc.,  (//)  with 
what  is  abstract  or  notional. 

1818  COLERIDGE  On  Poesy  or  Art,  For  this  does  the  artist 
for  a  time  abandon  the  external  real  in  order  to  return  to  it 
with  a  complete  sympathy  with   its   internal  and  actual,     i 
1844  MRS.  BROWNING  Dead  Pan  xxxvi,  And  the  Real  is    i 
His  song.     1852   MRS.   STOWE   Uncle   Tout's  C,  xv,  Thus 
ended.,  the  ideal  of  life  for  Augustine  St.  Clare.     But  the 
real  remained.     1870  NEWMAN  Gram.  Assent  i.  v.  135  Reli 
gion  has  to  do  with  the  real,  and  the  real  is  the  particular. 

Real,  obs.  form  of  REEL  sb. 
Realgar   (r^se-lgaj).     Also   8   realgal.     [a.    j 
med.L.  realgar^  ultimately  from  Arab.   .IjJI     A. 

rehj  al-ghdr '  powder  of  the  cave  * :  cf.  Sp.  rejalgar, 
F.  realgar  (earlier  realgal,  reagal,  riagal}.  It.  re- 
algale,  and  see  RESALGAR.]  The  native  or  factitious 
(HsulphideofARSENlc(ib), also  called  red(sulphide 
or  sulphuret  of}  arsenic  and  red  orpiment^  used  as 
a  pigment  and  in  pyrotechnics. 

c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg.  230  J>ou  schalt  In  no  maner  leie 
berto  realgar,  ne  noon  violent  ^ingis.    I543TRAHERON  Vigors 
Chirnrg,,  Interpr.  Strange  ll'ordess.v.,  Realgar  is  made  of    , 
brymstone,  vnsleked  lyme,  and  orpigment.    It  kylleth  ratten.     , 
1685  BOYLE  Sa/u/ir.  Air  75  Divers  native  Orpimental  Min-     . 
erals,  to  say  nothing  of  Realgar  because  it  is  a  factitious     < 
combination  of  Orpiment  and  .Sulphur.     1698  Phil.  Trans. 
XX.  199  A  Medicine  made  of  red  Arsenick,  or   Realgar     I 
Powdered.     1771  WoOLFE  ibid.  LXI.  126  Arsenic  forms  a     i 
reddish  mass  like  realgar.    181*  SIR  H.  DAVY  Chem.  Philos.     \ 
457  Sulphur  and  arsenic  readilyunite  by  fusion,  and  form  a    ; 
red  vitreous  semitranspareiit  mass.     The  same  substance  is     j 
found  native  in  different  parts  of  Europe,  and    is  called     ' 
realgar.     1876  HARI.EV  Mat.  Mcd.  (ed.  6)  298  Realgar  of 
Arsenic  was  in  ancient  times  employed  in  Medicines,  and    j 
still  is  in  India, 

Reali,  variant  of  REALLY  adv*  Obs. 
Realie,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REALLY  adv.1 
Reali'gnment.  [RE- 5  a.]  A  new  alignment. 

(Chiefly  U.S.) 

1889  in  Public  Opinion  27  Apr.,  That  the  time  has  come  for 
a  partisan  realignment  on  the  vital  economic  concerns  of 
to-day.  1896  N.  Amer.  Rev.  CLXIII.  700  There  need  be 
no  realignment  of  contemplated  business  plans. 

Realism  (rf-aliz'm).  [f.  REAL  a.2  + -ISM;  perh. 
after  F.  rfahsme  or  G.  realismus.] 

1.  Philos.  a.  The  scholastic  doctrine  of  the  objec 
tive  or  absolute  existence  of  universals,  of  which 
Thomas  Aquinas  was  the  chief  exponent.  (Opposed 
to  NOMINALISM  and  CONCEPTUALISM.)     Also  in 
later  use :    The  attribution  of  objective  existence 
to  a  subjective  conception. 

1838-9  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  I.  i.  Hi.  187  Scotus  and  his 
disciples  were  the  great  maintainers  of  Realism.  1846 
WRIGHT  Ess.  Mid.  Ages  I.  vi.  236  The  struggle  between 
nominalism  and  realism,  under  different  forms,  has  con 
tinued  even  to  the  present  day.  1874  FISKE  Cosmic  Philos. 
II.  401  By  a  subtle  realism,  he  projects  the  idea  of  himself 
out  upon  the  field  of  phenomena,  and  deals  with  it  hence 
forth  as  an  objective  reality. 

b.  Belief  in  the  real  existence  of  matter  as  the 
object  of  perception  (natural  realism} ;  also,  the 
view  that  the  physical  world  has  independent 
reality,  and  is  not  ultimately  reducible  to  universal 
mind  or  spirit.  (Opposed  to  IDEALISM  I.) 

1836-7  SIR  \V.  HAMILTON  Metaph.  xvi.  (1859)  I.  293, 1  would 
be  inclined  to  denominate  those  who  implicitly  acquiesce  in 
the  primitive  duality  as  given  in  consciousness,  the  Natural 
Realists  or  Natural  Dualists,  and  their  doctrine,  Natural 
Realism  or  Natural  Dualism.  1872  H.  SPENCER  Princ. 
Psychol.  II.  VH.  xix.  491  It  cannot,  .construct  its  argument, 
without  making  many  times  over  that  assumption  which 
Realism  makes  but  once.  1881  R.  ADAMSON  Fickle  219 
The  opposition  between  Hegelianism  on  the  one  hand,  and 
scientific  naturalism  or  realism  on  the  other. 

2.  Inclination   or  attachment  to  what   is   real; 
tendency  to  regard  things  as  they  really  are ;  any 
view  or  system  contrasted  with  IDEALISM  2. 

1817  COLERIDGE  Biog.  Lit.  127  It  is  only  so  far  idealism, 
as  it  is  at  the  same  time,  and  on  that  very  account,  the 
truest  and  most  binding  realism.  1851  CARLYLE  Sterling 
in.  ii.  (1872)  180  Faithful  assiduous  studies  ..  of  which, 
knowing  my  stubborn  realism,.. he  told  me  little.  1858  J. 
MARTINEAU  Stud.  Chr.  274  The  realism  of  his  mind  makes 
him  a  better  critic  of  the  hard  Judaical  element.  1860  j 
EMERSON  Cond.  Life  vi.  (1861)  126  Let  us  replace  senti- 
mentalism  by  realism,  and  dare  to  uncover  those  simple 
and  terrible  laws  which,  be  they  seen  or  unseen,  pervade 
and  govern. 

b.  The  principle  of  giving  practical  subjects  the 
chief  place  in  education.  (Cf.  REAL  a,%  10.) 

1836  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Discuss.  (1852)  270  One  . .  with  a 
stronger  bias  to  realism,  in  the  higher  instruction,  than  is 
of  late,  .easily  to  be  found  in  Germany. 

3.  Close  resemblance  to  what  is  real ;  fidelity  of   ; 


representation,  rendering  the  precise  details  of  the 
real  thing  or  scene. 

In  reference  to  art  and  literature,  sometimes  used  as  a 
term  of  commendation,  when  precision  and  vividness  of 
detail  are  regarded  as  a  merit,  and  sometimes  unfavourably 
contrasted  with  idealized  description  or  representation.  In 
recent  use  it  has  often  been  used  with  implication  that  the 
details  are  of  an  unpleasant  or  sordid  character. 

1856  RUSKIN  Mod.  Paint,  iv.  viii.  §  8  (1883)  III.  103  To 
try  by  startling  realism  to  enforce  the  monstrosity  that  has 
no  terror  in  itself.  1863  D.  G.  MITCHELL  Sev.  Stor.t  My 
Farm  of  Edgewood  236  Let  me  illustrate  by  a  little  talk, 
which  I  think  will  have  the  twang  of  realism  about  it.  1878 
GLADSTONE  Prim.  Homer  27  There  Is  a  curious  realism  in 
the  difficulties  which  beset  the  re-establishment  of  Odusseus 
in  his  dominions.  1880  SWINBURNE  Stud.  Shak.  136  The 
one  is  a  typical  example  of  prosaic  realism,  the  other  of 
poetic  reality. 

b.  A  real  fact  or  experience. 

1858  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  x.  i.  II.  558  A  life-pilgrimage 
consisting,  .of  realisms  oftenest  contradictory  enough. 

Realist  (n'alist),  sb.  (and  a.)  [f,  REAL  a.2  + 
-IST  ;  cf.  F.  rfaliste.~] 

f  1.  One  who  occupies  himself  with  things  rather 
than  words.  Obs.  rare. 

1605  CAMDEN  Rem.  (1637)  19  When  as  it  is  a  greater  glory 
now  to  be  a  Linguist,  then  a  Realist.  1623  H.  SVDENHAM 
Serin.  Sol.  Occ.  (1637)  30  He  that  only  sings  unto  God  {the 
vocale  professor)  he  doth  but  talk  of  his  wondrous  work, 
but  he  that  psalmes  it  (the  realist  in  Christianity)  he  glories 
in  his  holy  name. 

2.  Philos.  An  adherent  or  advocate  of  Realism 
(as  opposed  either  to  NOMINALIST  or  to  IDEALIST). 

a  1695  WOOD  Hist.  $  Ann.  Univ.  Oxon.sxi.  1340  (1792) 
I.  I.  437  The  faction  now  of  the  Nominalists  and  Realists 
being  very  rife  and  frequent  In  the  University.  1725  WATTS 
Logic  ii.iii.  §  4  In  the  colleges  of  learning,  some  are  for  the 
nominals,  and  some  for  the  realists.  1832  tr.  SismondFs 
Ital.  Rep.  vi.  130  He  fancied  himself,  however,  a  philo 
sopher,  and  took  a  part  in  the  quarrel  between  realists  and 
nominalists.  1836-7  [see  REALISM  i  bj.  1864  BOWEN  Logic 
x.  330  The  Realist,  who  believes  in  the  objective  validity 
of  our  external  perceptions.  1884  tr.  Lotzc's  Metaph.  \.  vii. 
(1887)  I.  217  While  the  Idealist  conceives  his  one  principle 
as  a  restlessly  active  Idea,  the  Realist  conceives  his  as 
something  objective. 

3.  a.  One  devoted  to  what  is  real,  as  opposed  to 
what  is  fictitious  or  imaginary. 

1847  EMERSON  Repr.  Men,  Napoleon  Wks.  (Bonn)  I.  370 
He  is  a  realist,  terrific  to  all  talkers,  and  confused  truth- 
obscuring  persons.  1889  Spectator  28  Sept.,  The  multitude 
of  protectionists  do  not  dream.  They  are  hard,  if  mis 
taken,  realists. 

b.   An  artist  or  writer  addicted  to  realism.     - 

1870  SWINBURNE  Ess.  $  Stud.  (1875)  337  No  modern  realist 
has  excelled  in  quaint  homeliness  . .  Piero's  study  of  a 
Nativity.  1874  L.  STEPHKN  Hours  in  Library  (1892)  II. 
vi.  193  [Fielding]  is,  indeed,  as  hearty  a  realist  as  Hogarth. 

4.  attrib.  or  as  adj.  Pertaining  to,  characteristic 
of,  realists. 

1845  MAURICE  Mor.  Philos.  in  Encycl.  Metrop.  II.  644/1  It 
was  this  realist  spirit . .  which  really  held  back  the  nominalism 
of  the  schools.  1871  KINGSLEY  At  Last  ii,  As  long  as  the 
nominalist  and  the  realist  schools  of  thought  keep  up  their 
controversy.  1874  R.  TVRWHITT  Sketch  Club  i  They  direct 
attention  to  good  realist  landscape. 

Realistic  (n,ali'stik),  a.     [f.  prec.  +  -ic.] 

1.  Characterized  by  artistic  or  literary  realism; 
representing  things  as  they  really  are. 

1856  EMERSON  Eng.  Traits,  Literature  Wks.  (Bohn)  II. 
104  How  realistic  or  materialistic  in  treatment  of  his  subject 
is  Swift.  1874  L,  STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library  (1892)  II.  ii. 
63  Crabbe,  like  all  realistic  writers,  must  be  studied  at  full 
length.  Ibid.  vi.  193  His  scenery  is  as  realistic  as  a  photo 
graph.  1887  Spectator  26  Mar.  421/2  A  woman  in  a  realistic 
novel  murders  her  child. 

b.  That  conceives  or  imagines  (a  thing)  as  real. 

1858  J.  MARTINEAU  Stitd.  Chr.  171  That  realistic  mode  of 
conception  in  which  alone  a  true  atoning  doctrine  can  rest 
in  peace, 

2.  Concerned  with,  or  characterized  by,  a  practical 

view  of  life. 

i86z  'SHIRLEY1  [J.  Skelton]  NngxCrit.  x.  436  Carlyle's 
..  speculative  genius  (for  his  genius  is  speculative,  how 
ever  realistic  it  may  appear  in  certain  aspects).  1869  SEE  LEY 
Ess.  #r  Lect.  iii,  87  Could  not  be  reconciled  to  life  by  any 
plain  view  of  things,  by  any  realistic  calculations. 

3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  realists  in  philosophy;  of 
the  nature  of  philosophical  realism. 

1874  J.  FISKE  Cosmic  Philos.  I.  i.  v.  122  The  realistic  ten 
dency—the  disposition  to  mistake  words  for  things— is  a 
vice  inherent  in  all  ordinary  thinking.  1884  tr.  Lotze's 
Metaph.  362  The  Realistic  view  inclines  to  treat  general 
principles  of  this  kind  . .  as  designations  of  mere  matters  of 
fact,  which  might  have  occurred  differently  [etc.]. 

Hence  Beali-stically  adv.,  in  a  realistic  manner, 
with  realism.  Also  Beali-sticize  z>.,  trans,  to 
make  realistic. 

1868  H.C.  MERIVALE  in  Forty.  Rev.  Nov.  476  Let  us  look 
a  little  more  closely  and  'realistically  ',  as  the  phrase  now 
runs,  at  the  features  of  New  World  landscape.  1874  L. 
STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library  (1892)  II.  vii.  233  [He]  painted 
the  truth  as  realistically  as  Crabbe.  1900  H.  D.  TRAILL  in 
Contetnp.  Rev.  Feb.  200  (heading)  Romance  Realisticized. 

Reality  («,se'liti).  Also  6  realyte,  7  reallity. 
[ad.  med.L.  realitas  (1120  in  Du  Cange),  or  F. 
rfaliti  (i6th  c.)  :  see  REAL  a.2  and  -ITT.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  real  or  having  an  actual 
existence. 

*55°  KALE  Eng.  Votaries  n.  49  Sigebertus  sayth,  Realyte 
they  ioyned  to  their  sacramental!  breade,  to  make  the  people 
beleue  it  to  be  Christes  natural!  body.  i6w>  MF.LTON 


Astrolog.  20  Your  discourse  . .  hath  no  Realitie  or  Essence 
in  it.  1651  HoitBF.s  Lemat/taniu.  xl.  250  The  reality  of  his 
Conferences  with  God.  1711  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  110  P6 
Lucretius  . .  makes  no  doubt  of  the  Reality  of  Apparitions. 
1790  PALEY  Horse  Paul.  i.  4  It  proves  the  general  reality  of 
the  circumstances.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  blab  vii.  63  Fancy's 
thin  creations  to  endow  With  manner,  being,  and  reality. 
1861  E.  G  ARBEIT  Boyle  Lect.  13  The  presence  or  absence 
of  faith  . .  no  more  affects  the  reality  of  the  truths  revealed, 
than  sight  creates  the  material  objects  of  the  natural  world. 

b.  of  feelings,  etc.  (with  implication  of  sense  a). 
1649  CROMWELL  Let.  19  Oct.  in  Carlyle,  By  these  you  will 

:    see  the  reality  of  my  intentions  to  save  blood.     1686  tr. 

Chardin's  Tray.  Persia  36  The  Port  had  never  till  then 
'  question'd  the  Truth  and  Reality  of  the  Proposals.  1693 
!  T.  POWER  In  Dryderfs^  Juvenal  xii.  Argt.,  He  professes  the 

reality  of  his  Friendship,  and  the  sincerity  of  his  Intentions. 

c.  Correspondence  to  fact ;  truth.    ?  Obs. 

1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  72  The  reality  of  the  asser 
tion  seemed  however  then  incredible  to  Dr.  Spry. 

d.  Suggestion  of,  resemblance  to,  what  is  real. 
1856  STANLEY  Sinai  $•  Pal.  xin.  (1858)  431  The  simplicity 

and  reality  of  a  teaching  which  took  its  stand  on  the  ordin- 
i  ary  sights  and  sounds  still  seen  and  heard  in  the  same  land. 

1896  Harpers  Mag.  Apr.  680/1   The  showy  girl  and  her 
I    showy  accessories  were  reproduced  on  the  canvas  with  al 
most  startling  reality. 
f  2.  Sincere   devotion  or  loyalty  to   a   person ; 

sincerity  or  honesty  of  character  or  purpose.   Obs. 
1652  FULLER  Holy  $  Prof.  St.  (ed.  3)  v.  xviii.  466  We 

want  not  a  will  but  wait  a  time,  to  expresse  our  reallity  to  the 
j  Emperour.  a  1657  R-  LOVEDAY  Lett.  (1663)  126  A  perfect 

confirmation  of  the  opinion  I  ever  cherished  of  your  reality. 

1665  MARVF.LL  Corr.  Wks.  1872-5  II.  187,  I  believe  there  is 
'.  nothing  but  reality  among  the  partys.  1677  W.  HUBBARD 
i  Narrative  22  In  token  of  the  abovesaid  Sachims  reality  in 

this  Treaty,  a  1761  LAW  Contf.  Weary  Pilg.  (1809)  54  If 
j  thy  faith  and  desire  does  not  seek  and  cry  to  Christ  for 
:  them  in  the  same  reality  as  the  lame  asked  to  walk  and  the 
I  blind  to  see. 

tb.  A  sincere  expression  of  opinion  or  feeling. 
0:1679  T.  GOODWIN  Work  of  Holy  Spirit  vit.  Wks.  1704 

V.  165  Will  you  take  one  of  Paul's  realities?  (I  must  not 

term  them  complements), 

3.  Real  existence ;  what  is  real;  the  aggregate  of 
real  things  or  existences;  that  which  underlies  and 
is  the  truth  of  appearances  or  phenomena. 

1647  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  i.  Psychoroia  Pref.,God  doth 

not  fill  the  World  with  his  Glory  by  words  and  sounds,  but 

by  Spirit,  and  Life,  and   Reality.     1663  COWLEY  College 

Wks.  1710  II.  623  To  carry  it  on  from  Discourse  and  Design 

to  Reality  and  Effect.     1818  SHELLEY  Rev.  [slain  vii.  xvi, 

Like  sweet  reality  among  Dim  visionary  woes.     1864  SKEAT 

Uhland^s  Poems  16  What  morning's  dreams  had  promised, 

J    proved  Reality  when  eve  drew  near.     1877  E.  R.  CONDER 

'    -Bos.  Faith   iv.    178   The   universe  of  Reality  is   built  on 

Truth.     1884  tr.  Lotze's  Metaph.  i.  vii.  (1887)  I.  217  Limita- 

|    tions..  imposed  by  Reality  on  itself  and  within  which  it  is. 

b.  In  reality,  really,  actually,  in  fact,     f  Also 

in  reality  of  fact. 

1679  B.  THOROGOOD  Succession  5  Not  by  fiction  of  Law, 
but  in  reality.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav.  i.  229  In 
reality,  the  life  of  a  Corsair  is  most  wretched  life.  1690  LOCKE 
Hum.  Und.  i.  ii.  §  13  This  Saying  ..  amounts,  in  reality  of 
Fact,  to  no  more  but  this.  1761  m\3ME,Hist.Ettg.  III.  Ixi.  321 
The  military  being  now  in  appearance,  as  well  as  in  reality, 
the  sole  power  which  prevailed  in  the  nation.  1850  McCosH 
Div.  Govt.  in.  i.  (1874^  321  Doubtless  they  Intend  thereby 
to  benefit  the  cause  of  religion,  but  they  are  in  reality  doing 
it  serious  injury.  1869  J.  MARTINEAU  Ess.  II.  166  In  words, 
he  does  ;  in  reality,  he  does  not. 

4.  A  real  thing,  fact,  or  state  of  things. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  F,j>.  113  Not  to  receive  figures 
for  realities.  1710  ADDISON  Tatler  No.  165  F  i  To  dis. 
tinguish  between  Realities  and  Appearances.  1781  COWPER 
Hope  68  'Tis  grave  philosophy's  absurdest  dream,  . .  That 
. .  earth  has  no  reality  but  woe.  1860  TYNUALL  Glac.  \\.  L 
239  What  effort  of  the  imagination  could  transcend  the 
realities  here  presented  to  us?  1884  F.  TEMPLE  Relat. 
Relig.  ffSci.  vii.  (1885)  200  Their  genuine  success  for  a  time 
has  been  enough  to  show  that  they  rested  on  a  reality. 

5.  The  real  nature  or  constitution  of  something ; 
also  without  const.,  the  real  thing  or  state  of  things. 

1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  n.  xxx.  §  2  Our  simple  Ideas  are 
all  real,  all  agree  to  the  Reality  of  things.  1756  WASHING 
TON  Lett.  Writ.  1889  I.  404  You  entertain  notions  very 
different  from  the  reality  of  the  case.  1875  JOWETT  Plato 
(ed.  2)  V.  130  He  probably  suspected.. that  the  appearance 
of  the  heavens  did  not  agree  with  the  reality. 

b.  That  which  'constitutes  the  actual  thing,  as 
distinguished  from  what  is  merely  apparent  or 
external. 

1840  MACAULAY  Ess.,  Clive,  A  formal  grant  of  the  powers 
of  which  he  already  possessed  the  reality.  1861  M.  PATTI- 
SON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  45  Thick  walls  and  turrets  at  the  angles 
gave  the  whole  the  aspect  and  the  reality  of  a  fortress.  1878 
J.  P.  Horrs  ?CflUvtL  27  The  reality  and  not  the  mere  show 
of  prayer. 

6.  Law.  f  a.   =  REALTY  2  3.    b.  (See  quot.) 

i6«8  SIR  E.  COKE  Upon.  Littleton  H.  xi.  §  177  Chattels  .. 
Reall,  because  they  concerne  the  realitie.  1706  PHILLIPS 
(ed.  Kersey)  s.  v.,  In  a  Law-sense,  Reality  or  Realty  is 
oppos'd  to  Personalty.  1845-56  Bonnier1  s  Law  Diet.  U.S. 
s.v.  Real,  Reality  of  Laws,  those  laws  which  govern  pro 
perty,  whether  real  or  personal,  or  things  ;  the  term  is  used 
in  opposition  to  Personality  of  laws. 

Realizable  (rratoizab'l),  a.  [f.  REALIZE  v.% 
+  -ABLE.]  That  may  be  realized,  in  senses  of  the 

vb.     (Common  from  f  1 860.) 
1848  Tait*s  Mag.  XV.  254  He  is  establishing  a  property 

realisable  only  by  his  death.    1853  KJLtatGr1»M*U EJ£  xli. 

(1856)  379  Warmth,  .was  realizable  and  apparent.     1881  G. 

ALLEN  I'ignettes  fr.  Nature  ix.  88  A  hopeful  progress  to- 

wards  a.. realisable  Paradise  in  the  future. 


REALIZABLENESS. 

Hence  Be'alizableness,  Ke'alizably  adv.  ;  also 
Be'alizabi'lity  (in  recent  Diets.). 

1886  Manch.  Exam.  10  Feb.  3/3  All  the  little  details 
which  give  charm  and  realisableness  to  biography.  1885 
Ibid.  18  Mar.  3/3  Its  persons  and  its  situations  alike  are 
well  and  realisably  conceived. 

Realization  (rralaii^'Jan).  [f.  REALIZE  #.2 
+  -ATION.]  The  action  or  result  of  realizing. 

1.  The  action  of  making  real  or  investing  with 
reality;  the  process  of  becoming  or  being  made 
real  ;  conversion  into  real  fact. 

1611  COTGR.,  Realisation^  a  realization,  a  realizing,  a  mak 
ing  real.  1799  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  XXIX.  148 
Conscious  of  the  .  .  value  of  his  lofty  views,  and  desirous  of 
dying  for  them  ..  to  secure  the  trust  of  their  realization. 
1815  WRAXALL  Hist.  Mem.  I.  243  No  reflexions  ..  on  the 
indecorum..  in  the  proceeding  interposed  to  prevent  its  im 
mediate  realization.  1880  MCCARTHY  Own  Times  III. 
xxxvi.  132  There  is  as  yet  no  sign  of  the  realisation  of  the 
fears  which  he  expressed. 

b.  A  case  or  instance  of  this. 

1837  HT.  MARTINEAU  Soc.  Amer.  III.  259  Such  a  realisa 
tion  of  high  morals..  as  the  world  has  not  yet  beheld.  1853 
KANE  Grinnell  Exp.  v.  (1856)  38  The  rider  seemed  one 
with  his  craft,  an  amphibious  realization  of  the  centaur. 

2.  The  action  of  forming  a  clear  and  distinct 
concept,  or  the  concept  thus  formed. 

1828  PUSEY  Hist.  Enq.  I.  157  His  own  views  were  rather 
dim  ..  conceptions  than  any  full  realization  of  the  truths 
which  flashed  across  rather  than  dwelt  upon  his  mind.  1874 
GREEN  Short  ^  Hist.  vi.  §  4.  299  His  [Colet's]  faith  stood 
simply  on  a  vivid  realization  of  the  person  of  Christ. 

3.  a.  The  action  of  converting  (paper  money, 
property,  etc.)  into  a  more  available  form  ;  in  later 
use  chiefly  applied  to  the  sale  of  stock,  or  of  a 
bankrupt's  estate,  in  order  to  obtain  the  money 
value,     b.  The  action  of  obtaining  or  acquiring 
(a  sum  of  money,  a  fortune,  etc.). 

1796  &CoUErf4wff*.  Geog.  II.  61  In  1777,  a  judicious  realiza 
tion  of  the  paper  took  place  ;  and  silver,  with  national  bank 
notes,  form  a  sure  medium.  1800  Asiat.  Ann.  Keg-.,  Proc. 
Parl,  12/2  When  the  estimate  .  .  was  brought  before  the 
Committee,  .  .  doubts  were  stated  as  to  the  realization  of  the 
net  revenue.  1813  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  X.  52  Some 
authority  ..  which  should  superintend  the  realization  of  the 
resources  of  the  country.  1881  Times  ii  Apr.  9/3  Bankruptcy 
legislation  .  .should  intrust  the  creditors  with  the  realization 
of  the  insolvent's  estate.  1887  Daily  News  10  Mar.  6/8  After 
a  rise  of  nearly  one  in  French  Rentes  some  realisations  were 
inevitable. 

attrib.  1895  Wcstnt.  Gas.  6  June  6/1  The  new  company 
was  to  be  a  realisation  company,  and  not  a  trading  concern. 
1896  Ibid.  30  July  6/1  The  price  of  the  stock  .  .  relapsed  on 
some  realisation  sales. 


203 

was.. so  realized  to  me,  that. .  I  could  not  be  persuaded  but 
that  it  was.  .true.  1870  EMERSON  Soc.  <y  So/it,,  Domestic 
Life,  The  child  realizes  to  every  man  his  own  earliest 
remembrance. 

C.  Especially  to  (oneself  or  one's  own  mind). 
1694  in  C.  Mather  Magn.  Chr.  (1853)  II.  369  Let  us  now 
realize  unto  ourselves  that  great  and  notable  day  of  the 
Lord.     1778  A.  HAMILTON  Wks.  (1886)  VII.  538  Realize  to 


.1  Obs.—*  [ad.  obs.  It.  realizzare  : 
see  REAL  «.l  and  -IZE.]  (See  quot.) 

1611  FLORIO,  Realizzdre,  to  reallize  or  make  Kingly. 

Realize  (n~alaiz),z;.2  [f.  REAL  <Z.-  +  -IZE,  perh. 
after  F.  rfaliser  (i6th  c.  in  Hatz.-Darm.).] 

1.  trans.  To  make  real,  to  give  reality  to  (some 
thing  merely  imagined,  planned,  etc.)  ;  to  convert 
into  real  existence  or  fact  ;  f  to  show  the  reality  or 
truth  of  (a  statement). 

In  common  use  from  4:1750  with  a  variety  of  objects,  as 
ideas  or  ideals,  schemes,  theories,  hopes,  fears,  etc.,  and 
freq.  in  passive. 

1611  COTGR.,  Reatiscr,  to  realize,  to  make  of  a  reall  con 
dition,  estate,  or  propertie;  to  make  reall.  1661  GLANVILL 
Van.  Dogm.  22  It  will  be  as  hard  to  apprehend,  as  that  an 
empty  wish  should  remove  mountains  ;  a  supposition  which, 
if  realized,  would  releave  Sisyphus.  1684  T.  HOCKIN  Gods 
Decrees  322  We  shall  but  make  up  the  story  of  Icarus,  and 
realize  the  fable.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Tk.  in.  517  Rich  death, 
that  realizes  all  my  cares,  Toils,  virtues,  hopes  ;  without  it 
a  chimera!  '7SS  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Miss  Boothby  20  Dec., 
Designs  are  nothing  in  human  eyes  till  they  are  realised 
by  execution.  1763  J.  BROWN  Poetry  $  Music  v.  46  In 
Support  of  the  Truth  of  these  Deductions,  let  us  now 
endeavor  to  realize  them;  by  shewing  that  such  Conse 
quences  did  in  Fact  arise  in  ancient  Greece.  1812  WELLING 
TON  in  Sporting  Mag.  XXXIX.  6  Nor  has  the  experience  of 
any  officer  realized  the  stories  which  all  have  read.  1845 
McCuLLocH  Taxation  in.  ii.  (1852)  441  These  expectations 
were  rarely  realised.  1875  JWE.TT  Plato  (ed.  2)  1  1  1.  154  Ideals 
are  none  the  worse  because  they  cannot  be  realized  in  fact. 

b.  To  make  realistic  or  apparently  real. 

1779  SHERIDAN  Critic  n.  ii,  Dangle.  Well,  that  will  have 
a  fine  effect.  Puff.  I  think  so,  and  helps  to  realize  the 
scene.  1865  Strauss'  Life  Jesus  II.  n.  Ixxxii.  299  The 
introduction  of  features  that  tend  to  realize  and  strengthen 
his  account. 

absol.  1859  LONGF.  Hyperion  \\.  viil,  He  [Goethe]  does 
not  so  much  idealize  as  realize.  1885  JANE  HARRISON  Stud. 
G>'k.  Art  vii.  305  There  the  artist  seemed  well-nigh  com 
pelled  to  realism,  and  after  all  he  has  realized  ideally. 

c.  To  convert  into  by  making  real. 

1872  LOWELL  Dante  Pr.  Wks.  1890  IV.  207  His  instinct  as 
a  poet  ..  realized  her  into  woman  again. 

2.  To  make  real   as  an  object  of  thought  ;   to 
present  as  real  ;  to  bring  vividly  or  clearly  before 
the  mind. 

1646  H.  LAWRENCE  Comm.  Angells  146  A  lively  faith 
realizeth  things,  and  makes  them  present.  1750  JOHNSON 
Rambler  No.  60  p  i  An  Act  of  the  Imagination,  that  realises 
the  Event  however  fictitious,  or  approximates  it  however 
remote.  1798  Geraldhia  II.  235,  1  conjure  up  frightful 
forms  which  my  imagination  realizes.  1888  Harpers  Mag. 
Apr.  806/1  To  a  certain  degree  the  story  realizes  him. 
b.  Const,  to  (the  mind,  a  person). 

*68a  FLAVEI.  Fear  37  It  is  the  use.  .of  faith  to  reallize  to 
the  soul  the  invisible  things.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  n.  i,  It 


„    ,en  my  Jai 

things  eternal.  1867  HowELLS*  Ital.  fount*  170  They 
might  thus  realize  to  themselves  something  of  the  earnest 
ness  which  animated  the  elder  Christian  artists. 

3.  To  conceive,  or  think  of,  as  real  ;  to  apprehend 
with  the  clearness  or  detail  of  reality;  to  under 
stand  or  grasp  clearly. 

In  early  use  chiefly  American,  and  frequently  condemned 
as  such  by  English  writers  about  the  middle  of  the  iath  c. 

1773  J.  NEWTON  Cardiphonia,  Let.  to  Nobleman  No.  18 
(1857)  96  Even  these  are  much  concerned  to  realize  the 
brevity  and  uncertainty  of  their  present  state.  1781  P. 
SCHLYLEH  in  Sparks  Corr.  Amer.  Rev.  (1853)  III.  281  My 
heart  realizes  your  feelings  on  the  occasion,  and  cordially 
sympathizes  with  yours.  1820  W.  IRVING  Sketch  tik.  I.  47 
She  cannot  realize  the  change  we  must  undergo.  1850 
ROBERTSON  .Sifrw.  Ser.  in.  ix.  115  He  is  compelled  to  realize 
at  every  moment  the  possibility  of  the  extremes  of  life. 
1891  E.  PK  ACOCK  N.  Brendan  \.  xiv,  When  her  mother  died 
she  was  too  young  to  realize  the  situation. 

absol.  1896  'M.  FIELD'  Attila  11.47  You  realise—  Torture 
and  then  the  executioner..  but  torture  first. 

b.  With  subord.  clause  as  obj. 

1775  ABIGAIL  ADAMS  in  Fam,  Lett.  (1876)  68  Can  they 
realize  what  we  suffer?     1817  B'NESS  UUNSEN  in  Hare  Life 
I.  v.  117,  1  never  could  have  realised  that  I  should  have  borne 
the  parting,  .so  well.   1891  SWINBURNE  Sh<d.  Prose  q-  Poetry 
(1894)  17  Scott,  .evidently  failed  to  realize  how  far  superior 
is  Clara  Mowbray  to  all  his  other  heroines. 

C.    U.S.  To  have  actual  experience  of. 

1776  ABIGAIL  ADAMS  in  Fam.  Lett.  (1876)  138  To-night 
we  shall  realize  a  more  terrible  scene  still.     1791  WASHING 
TON  Lett.  Writ.  1892  XII.  62  That  you  may  find  it  [national 
happiness]  in  your  nation,  and  realize  it  yourself. 

4.  To  convert  (securities,  paper  money,  etc.)  into 
I    cash,  or  (property  of  any  kind)  into  money. 

After  F.  rfaliscr,  first  used  c  1719  in  connexion  with  the 
j  speculations  over  Law's  scheme,  in  the  sense  of  converting 
:  securities  into  cash  or  permanently  valuable  property. 
!  Hence  Johnson,  perh.  influenced  by  the  phrase  'real  pro 
perty',  gives  as  one  sense  of  the  word  '  To  convert  money 
j  into  land';  this,  however,  is  unsupported  by  quotations. 

1727-41  in  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  1768  Woman  of  Honor  III. 
I  225  Substantial  securities.,  to  be  realised  and  converted 
into  cash.  1709  K.  Du  Bois  Piece  Family  Biog.  I.  25  One 
more  voyage  I  must  make,  to  realize  the  property  I  have  in 
that  quarter  of  the  globe.  1848  MILL  Pol.  Econ.  (1876)  3 
When  he  retires  from  business  it  is  into  money  that  he 
converts  the  whole,  and  not  until  then  does  he  deem  himself 
to  have  realized  his  gains.  1894  H.  NISBET  Busk  Girts 
Rom.  21  Realizing  what  he  could  of  his  impoverished 
estates,  and  emigrating  to  Australia. 

b.  absol.  To  realize  one's  property;  to  sell  out. 
1781  BENTHAM  Wks.  (1843)  X.  93  Caron  de  Beaumarchais 
has  realized  .  .  to  the  tune  of  £  30,000  or  ,£40,000  a-year. 
1849  THACKERAY  Pendcnnis  ii,  He  realised  with  great  pru 
dence  while  this  mine  was  still  at  its  full  vogue.  1887  R. 
LODGE  Mod.  Europe  xxii,  §  12  (1897)  510  On  application  the 
holder  of  one  of  these  assignats  could  realise  in  land. 

5.  To  obtain  or  amass  (a  sum  of  money,  a  fortune, 
etc.)  by  sale,  trade,  or  similar  means  ;  to  acquire 
for  oneself  or  by  one's  own  exertions  ;  to  make  (so 
much)  out  of  something. 

1753  HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  I.  vn.  xc.  411  About  four 
millions  of  dollars  might  be  realised  with  great  ease.  1775 
S.  J.  PRATT  Liberal  Opin.  Ixxii.  (1783)  III.  46  You,  sir,  who 
have  realized  a  fortune.  1802  MRS.  K.  PARSONS  Myst. 
Visit.  III.  166  Thus  happily  realizing  a  sum  far  beyond 
her  expectations.  1845  MGCuLLOCH  Taxation  i.  ii.  (1852) 
71  The  nett  profits  realised  by  those  engaged  in  all  depart 
ments  of  industry. 

trattsf.  1847  MRS.  CARLVLE  Let.  6  Mar.  in  New.  Lett. 
(1903)  I.  224,  I  have  been  extremely  lucky  .  .  in  realizing  so 
.  .respectable  a  servant  out  of  the  great  sink  of  London. 

b.  Of  property  or  capital  :  To  bring  (a  specified 
amount  of  money  or  interest)  when  sold  or  invested  ; 
to  fetch  (so  much)  as  a  price  or  return. 

1845  M«CULLOCH  Taxation  (1852)  398  Have  checked  the 
transfer  of  capital  from  England  to  America,  notwithstand 
ing  the  high  rate  of  profit  it  realises  in  the  States.  1863 
FAWCETT  Pol.  Econ.  in.  ii.  313  There  would  evidently  be 
a  much  greater  demand  for  them  than  if  the  same  pictures 
realised  a  hundred  guineas  each.  1885  Law  Times  Rep. 
LI  I.  647/1  His  duty  was  to  see  that  the  property  realised 
its  full  value. 

c.  intr.  With  advb.  :  To  turn  out  (well  or  ill) 
when  sold. 

1884  Leeds  Mercury  27  Nov.  4/4  The  liabilities  are  esti 
mated  at  .£130,000,  and  the  assets  will,  it  is  assumed, 
realise  well. 

Hence  Re'alized  ///.  a.  ;  also  Be'alizedness. 

1845  M<CUI.LOCH  Taxation  i.iv.(x852>  113  A  tax  on  what  is 
called  realised  property,  that  is,  on  lands,  nouses,  the  public 
funds,  mortgages,  and  such-Hke  securities.  1876  F.  H. 
BRADLEY  Ethical^  Stud.  119  Taking  pleasure  to  be  the 
feeling  of  the  realizedness  of  the  will  or  self.  1883  Contetnp. 
Rev.  XLIII.  268  The  realized  morals  of  a  people  find  an 
expression  in  their  usages  and  laws. 


Realizer  (rrabizaj).     [f.  REALIZE  V.-  +  - 
One  who  or  that  which  realizes. 

1809-10  COLERIDGE  Friend  (1865)  74  Miserable  was  the 
delusion  of  the  late  mad  realizer  of  mad  dreams.  1839-40 
W.  IRVING  W'olfcrCs  K.  (1855)  188  Sleek  placemen—  know 
ing  realizers  of  present  pay. 


REALLY. 

Realizing1  (rTalsizirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  l.J  The  action  of  REALIZE  v.'* 

1611  [see  REALIZATION  i],  1727  KOVER  Diet.  Royal  I.  s.  v. 
Realiser,  Misers  call  realizing,  the  hoarding  up  of  Gold  or 
Silver.  1785  BUKKE  Nabob  of  Arcot  Wks.  1826  IV.  277 
Suppose  1,200,000^.  to  be  annually  realised  (of  which  we 
actually  know  no  more  than  the  realising  of  six  hundred 
thousand).  1802  H.  MARTIN  Helen  ofGUnross  I.  153  The 
realizing  of  one  or  two  of  your  dismal  reveries.  1818  JAS. 
MILL  Brit.  India  II.  iv.  vi.  226  It  has  frequently  been  seen 
what  difficulties  attended  the  realizing  of  revenue. 

attrib.  1893  Boston  Herald  21  Mar.  5/7  Realizing  sales 
caused  irregularity  and  nervousness. 

Realizing  (rralaizirj),  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  -.]  That  realizes,  in  senses  of  the  vb. ;  esp. 
a  realizing  sense  (U.S.). 

1768  WHITAKKR  Tu-o  Serin,  ji.  39  A  realizing  view  and 
perception  of  the  moral.,  glory  of  God.  1806  J.  VAILL  in 
Memoir  (1839)  95,  I  have.. a  fixed  and  realizing  sense  of 
the  truths  contained  in  the  word  of  God.  1816  J.  SCOTT 
Fw./Vi/-/,r(ed.  5)243  The  vivid  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  the  grasp 
ing  realizing  Titian.  1838  H.  BLCNT  Sei'ctt  Ck.  Asia  75 
A  more  realizing  communion  with  God.  1897  Hcmi-j.is 
!  Landlord  Lion's  Jfctui  324,  I  ought  to  go,  so  that  it  can  be 
brought  home  to  me,  and  I  can  have  a  realising  sense  of 
what  I  am  doing. 

Hence  Re'alizingly  adv.,  in  a  realizing  manner. 

a  1849  J.  H.  EVANS  in  Spuigeon  Trcas,  Dan,  Ps.cxix.  151 

Then  may  I   realizingly    remember,   that    [etc.].      1891  G. 

MEREDITH  One  of  onr  Cong.  I.  xii.  232  Her  subservience. . 

j     compelled  her  to  think  realizingly  of  any  scheme  he  allowed 

her  darkly  to  read. 

Reallich(e,  obs.  forms  of  REALLY  adv.1  and  2. 
Re-allo't,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To  allot  afresh. 

1876  DiGBY  Real  Prop.  i.  §  i.  6  The  practice  of  re-allotting 
from  time  to  time  portions  of  the  arable  or  meadow  land  is 
occasionally  noticed  in  later  times.  1885  SIR  C.  Bow  EN  in 
Laiu  Rep.  29  Chanc.  Div.  445  1  he  conduct  of  the  company 
in  cancelling  and  re-allotting  the  shares. 
Hence  Be-allo*tment. 

1874  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  I.  ii.  21  The  annual  re-allotment 
,     involves  an  equality  of  subdivisions. 

t£e*ally,2.  Obs.    Forms:  5  realy,(7re-aly;, 
6  re-allie,  7  really,  re-ally,  re  ally,  reallee.    [a. 
j    obs.  F.  realicr,  -yer,  reallier,  var.  raliert  rattier  to 
!    RALLY  v± ;  see  RE-  2  and  ALLY  v.~\ 

1.  trans,  and  rejl.  a.  —  RALLY  v.^  i.  Also  with  nf. 
1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Laiu  Arms  (S.  T.  S-)  59  Pompce  ..  was 

|      discomfyte  . .  and  had   agayn  realyed  his  folk,  and  gevin 

;      thame  bataill.     c  1500  Melusine  144  The  sawdan  ..  realyed 

his  folke  about  hyin.     1614  RALEIGH  hist,  World  II.  v.  iii. 

i      §  21.  495  Masanissa  ..  not  suffering  them  to  re-ally  them- 

i      selues,  draue  them  quite  out  of  the  field.     1645  SLINCSBV 

Diary  (1836)  152  The  enemy  did  not  pursue,  which  gave  us 

time  to  stop  and  really  our  men. 

b.  To  connect,  unite  (again)  to  or  with. 
1603  FLORID  Montaignt  in.  xiii.  (1632)  621  To  acquaint 
and  re-aly  me  with  that  people  and  condition  of  men  that 
have  most  need  of  us.  1653  GAUDEN  Hitrasp.  32  The 
Ministers  of  this  Church  will  never  be  able  to  stand  . .  until 
..  they  ..  re'ally  themselves  to  that  Primitive  Harmony. 

2.  intr.  (for  reft.}  =  RALLY  v.1  4. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  47  Thai  war  dis 
comfyte  . .  bot  efter  that,  thai  realyd.  1596  Z.  I.  tr.  Lavar- 
itiris  Hist.  Scanderberg  i.  36  They  realHed  &  assembled 
themselues  together  neare  Alchria,  1647  WAKD  Simp. 
Cobler  (1843)  66  That  the  Errors  of  State  and  Church,  louted 
by  these  late  stirs,  may  not  re-allee  hereafter. 

3.  trans.   To  form  i^plans)  again.   iare^1. 

a  1599  SPENSEK  F.  Q.  vn.  vi.  23  Before  they  could  new 
counsels  re-allie. 

t Re'ally,  advl  Qbs.  Forms:  4  reali,  real- 
(l)ich(e,  realych,  4-6  real(l)y,  6  Sc.  reallie.  [f. 
REAL  a.1  +  -LY  '2.  Cf.  RIALLY.]  Royally. 

0350  Will.  Palcrne  1426  pe  messageres  ri^t  realy  were 

arayde,  for  sobe.     1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)   III.  171 

He   hadde    i-ieigned   noblicbe    and    realliche    gritty   jere. 

£1400  Ywaine  $  Gaiv.  1569  Ful  really  thai  rade  about  .. 

To  justing  and  to  turnament.    c  1511  ist  Eng.  Bk.  Atner. 

(Arb.)  In  trod.  36/1  Realy  wrought  with  sterres  lyke  yf  it 

were  ye  heuen.     a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot. 

(S.  T.  S.)  I.  93  He..callit  [him]  to  the  supper  and  bankitit 

him  werie  reallie. 
Really  (rrali),  adv.%    Also  5  rialliche,  6  St. 

realie,  6-7  reallie,     [f.  REAL  a.2  +  -LY^.] 
1.  In  a  real  manner ;  in  reality;  in  point  of,  or  as 

a  matter  of,  fact ;  actually. 

In  later  use  commonly  placed  immediately  in  front  of  the 
word  or  phrase  on  which  emphasis  is  laid. 

<  1430  t'ilgr.  LyfManhcde  \.  Ixxxvii.  (1869)  49  With  inne 
this  bred  al  the  souereyn  good  is  put;  . .  bodiliche  and  rial 
liche,  presentliche  and  verreyliche.  1528-37  Lett.  Suppress. 
Monast.  (Camden)  161  My  dysfortune  hathe  byn..not  only 
with  yntellectyon  to  have  thought  yt,  but  exteryally  and 
really  I  have  fulfyllyd  the  same.  1563  FOXK^.  fy  AI.  172/1 
He  held  this  opinion,  that  it  was  not  the  body  of  Christe 
really,  the  whiche  was  sacramentally  vsed  in  the  church. 
1639  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  180, 1  will  that  twenty  pounds., 
shafbe  paid  to  the  said  ffeofTees  when  they  shall  really  begin 
the  said  worke.  i66a  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacr.  in.  ii.  §  16 
He  imagined  that  which  is  said  to  be  above  as  to  us,  was 
really  the  upper  part  of  the  world.  1692  E.  WALKER  tr. 
Epic te tits*  Mor.  xxxvii.  To  have  right  Notions  of  the 
Deities;  As  that  such  Beings  really  are.  1712  ADDISON 
Spect.  No.  315  r  9  The  Account  of  such  things  as  have 
really  happened.  1762  GOLDSM.  f\ash  21  Frequented  only 
by  such  as  really  went  for  relief.  1798  FERKIAR  lliustr. 
Sterne,  etc.  287  The  popular  prophets  of  this  country  were 
all  really  or  affectedly  mad.  1820  SHELLF.Y  Witch  Ail. 
Ixxiii,  How  the  God  Apis  really  was  a  bull,  And  nothing 
more.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng,  vi.  II.  139  It  soon 
appeared  that  the  government  was  really  directed,  not  at 
Dublin,  but  in  London.  1886  LD.  ESHKR  in  Law  Rep.  32 

26-2 


BEALM. 

Chanc.  Div.  26,  I  do  not  think  that  any  of  the  cases  that 
were  cited  did  really  prove  that  assertion. 

b.  Used  to  emphasize  the  truth  or  correctness  of 
an  epithet  or  statement ;  hence  =  positively,  indeed. 

a  1610  HEALEY  Cc6es(.i6$6)  140  Hee. .  shall  be  reallyblessed, 
and  lift  up  beyond  the  pitch  of  misery  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr. 
The-ccnots  Trail.  I.  70  The  Janizaries  . .  seem  to  be  sacred ; 
and  really  I  know  no  Order  of  Militia  in  the  World,  that  is 
so  much  respected.  1722  DE  FOE  Hist.  Plague  (1754)  5 
This  last  Bill  was  really  frightful.  1772  Test  filial  Duty 
II.  180  He  was  really  very  useful,  perfectly  commode.  1824 
HOOD  Whims  fy  Oddities,  May-day  (1857)  308  A  really 
pretty  maiden,  and  worthy  of  the  honour.  1834  R.  H. 
FROUDE  Rem.  (1838)  I.  378,  I  really  think  this  illness  is 
being  a  good  thing  for  me.  1874  MICKI.ETHWAITE  Mod. 
Par.  Churches  207  It  is  really  a  pity  that  this  is  not  true. 

c.  Coupled  with  truly. 

1742  FIELDING  J.  Andre-Ms  n.  xiii,  The  word  reaJly  and 
truly  signifies  no  more  at  this  day.  1828  MOIR  Mansie 
Wauch  xx.  302  This  was  really  and  truly  a  terrible  business. 
1849  MACAUI.AY  Hist.  Eng.  iv.  I.  435  The  king  is  really 
and  truly  a  Catholic.  1852  DICKENS  Bleak  Ho.  II.  xv.  195 
'  Have  you  money  for  your  lodgings  ? '  '  Yes  sir ',  she  says, 
'really  and  truly  . 

2.  Used  without  syntactical  construction  :  a.  As 
a  term  of  asseveration  or  protest. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  \.  ii.  132  Is't  not  possible  to  understand 
in  another  tongue?  You  will  do't,  sir,  really.  1728  GAY 
Regg.  Op.  in.  viii,  But  really,  Mistress  Lucy  [etc.].  1819 
KEATS  Let.  22  Sept.,  How  fine  the  air  . .  Really,  without 
joking,  chaste  weather.  1841  DE  QUINCEY  H_omcr  Wks. 
1853  VI.  338  Really  no:  a  dyspeptic  demigod  it  makes  one 
dyspeptic  to  think  of  !  1875  JowETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  61  Why 
really,  I  said,  the  truth  is  that  I  do  not  know. 
b.  Interrogatively. 

ciSis  SIR  D.  WILKIE  in  Pinmngton  Life,  etc.  (IQOO)  75 
Wilkie  looked,  smiled,  and  in  the  most  unconscious  manner 
said,  '  Rea-al-ly  1 '  1893  Scrilmer's  Mag.  June  787/1  She 
exclaimed, '  Really?  it  is  really  true?' 

t  3.   Sincerely,  honestly,  truly.   Obs.~l 

1650  T.  B[AYLEY]  Worcester's  Aptifh.  79,  I  protest  my 
Lord,  I  speak,  said  Redman,  really;  he  is  coining. 

f  4.  In  the  usual  course  of  things,  naturally. 

1651  CUI.PEPTER  Astro!.  Judgem.  Dis.  (1658)89  Diseases., 
whether  they  come  really,  or  by  accident,  as  fractures. 

f5.  Math.  Used  with  reference  to  an  equation 
having  real  roots.  Obs. 

1706  W.  TONES  Syn.  Palmar.  Math.  128  In  every  Prepared 
Equation  Really  constituted,  which  has  . .  all  its  Terms. 

Realm  (relm).  Forms  :  a.  3-5  reaume,  4 
reeaum,  reawme.  0.  4  reome,  4-5  reem(e, 
regm(e,  4-6  rem(e,  reame,  5  reyme,  reiem, 
reamme,  Sc.  reime,  6  ream.  -y.  4-5  reum(e,  4-6 
rewm(e.  8.  4-8  realme,  4-  realm,  [a.  OF. 
reaume,  realme,  reialme=  Prov.  re-,  reyalme,  OSp. 
rea(l)me,  It.  reame :— pop. L.  *regalimen,  f.  L.  re- 
galis  regal,  royal :  see  also  RIALM  and  ROYALME. 

The  earliest  form  adopted  in  Eng.  was  reaume,  which 
subsequently  appears  also  in  the  reduced  forms  reame  or 
reme  and  reume.  The  more  etymological  spelling  realm 
appears  somewhat  later,  and  did  not  finally  become  the 
standard  form  till  about  1600.] 

1.  A  kingdom.  Now  chiefly  rhet.,  and  in  such 
phrases  as  '  Statutes  of  the  Realm '. 

a.  c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  114/276  pare  nas  Man  In  enge- 
lond  bat  hadde  so  gret  power  Of  be  reaume  ase  seint 
thomas.  c  1350  Will.  Palerne  135  pat  he  ne  schuld  WHtH 
in  bis  world  neuer  weld  reaume.  1387  TREVISA  Higden 
(Rolls)  VIII.  87  pe  kyng  committed  be  destourbance  of  be 
reawme  to  be  bisshop  of  Durham.  1470-85  M  ALORY  A  rthur 
I.  viii,  It  was  a  grete  shame  . .  to  see  suche  a  boye  to  haue  a 
rule  of  soo  noble  a  reaume. 

^.  c  1330  Arth.  9t  Merl.  1642  (Kolbing)  pou  hast  made 
flem  pe  ri}t  aires  out  of  be  rem.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  ix. 
99  To  beo  kyng  . .  And  rule  be  reame.  c  1430  LYDG.  Min. 
Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  4  Sovereign  lord  and  noble  Kyng,  ge  be 
welcome  oute  of  ?oure  reame  of  Kraunce,  into  this  blissed 
reme  of  Englond.  14^83  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  G  iv,  God . . 
sent  to  hym  and  to  his  reame  many  euyles.  1575  LANEHAM 
Let.  (1871)  3  Born  both  indeed  within  the  Ream  heer,  but 
yet  of  the  race  of  Saxons.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  III.  v.  53 
And  to  your  willes  both  royalties  and  reames  Subdew. 

y.  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  4033  Rewme  ogayne  rewme 
.  .sal  ryse.  1382  WYCLIF  Matt.  iv.  8  The  deuel  ..  shewide 
to  hym  alle  the  rewmys  of  the  world.  1417  K.  HENRY  V  in 
Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  in.  I.  62  How  the  said  Due  Johan 
governeth  him  towardes  us  and  cure  Rewme  of  Englande. 
c  1475  Partenay  5552  That  roiall  rewme  which  in  hand  [ye] 
hold,  And  bat  ye  gouerne  now.  1562  A.  SCOTT  Poems 
(S.  T.  S.)  i.  147  So  lairdis  vpliftis  mennis  leifing  ouir  thy 
rewme. 

8.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  i.  93  Kynges  and  knihtes  scholde 
. .  Rihtfuliche  Raymen  (>e  Realmes  a-bouten.  1390  GOWER 
Con/.  III.  86  Hou  that  a  worthi  king  schal  reule  His 
Realme  bothe  in  werre  and  pes.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law 
Anns  (S.  T.  S.)  ii  His  disciplis  ..  convertit  realmes  and 
regionis.  1535  COVERDALE  A  mas  ix.  8  The  eyes  of  the  Lorde 
are  vpon  the  realme  that  synneth.  1591  SI'ENSER  At.  Hub- 
berd  1185  Nobilitie,  . .  The  Realmes  chiefe  strength  and 
girlond  of  the  crowne.  1667  MILTON  P.L.n.  234  Wandring 
many  a  famous  Realme  And  Country.  1703  HEARNE  Col 
lect.  22  Nov.  (O.  H.  S.)  I.  92  The  Duke  of  Argyle  is  to  be 
created  a  Peer  of  this  Realme.  1763-9  BLACKSTONE  Comm. 
(1793)  599  To  the  common  law,  and  to  their  own  by-laws, 
not  contrary  to  the  laws  of  the  realm.  1818  CRUISE  Digest 
(ed.  2)  V.  247  Persons  who  are  out  of  the  realm  at  the  time 
when  a  fine  is  levied.  1871  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876) 
IV.  xvii.  99  His  work  in  his  island  realm,  instead  of  being 
ended,  was  hardly  begun. 

ttansf.  1733  POPE  Ess.  Man  in.  184  The  ants  Republic, 
and  the  Realm  of  bees. 

2.  transf.  andyff.  a.  The  kingdom  of  heaven,  or 
of  God. 

a  1340  HAMPOLF.  Psalter  xliv.  3  pe  reum  of  be  whilke  is 


204 


nane  endynge.    1380  Lay  Folks  Catech.  (Lamb.  MS.)  94 


.hiche  there  be . .  many  pleasures  in  many  realmes,  that  we 
here  shall  neuer  knowe.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mali  vi.  106  The 
avenging  God  !  Who.  .sits  High  in  heaven's  realm. 

b.  Any  sphere  or  region.  (Sometimes  with 
suggestion  of  a  ruling  power.) 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boethius  11.  pr.  ii.  24  (Camb.  MS.)  Thou 
(rat  art  put  in  the  comune  Realme  of  alle,  ne  desire  nat  to 
lyuen  by  thin  oonly  propre  ryht.  1596  SPENSER  /".  Q.  iv. 
viii.  45  His  soule  descended  downe  into  the  Stygian  reame. 
1757  GRAY  Bard  72  Proudly  riding  o'er  the  azure  realm  In 
gallant  trim.  1784  COWPER  7'as&  vi.  579  He  that  hunts  Or 
harms  them  there  . .  Disturbs  the  economy  of  Nature's 
realm.  1816  J.  WILSON  City  of  Plague  i.  ii.  309  The  realms 
of  Hell  are  gleaming  fiery  bright.  1856  EMERSON  Eng. 
Traits,  Personal  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  132  New  means  were 
employed,  and  new  realms  added  to  the  empire  of  the  muse. 
1899  Allbntt's  Syst.  Med.  VI.  626  Loss  of  sensory  and 
motor  power  in  the  realm  of  the  nerve  affected.  . 

C.  The  sphere,  domain,  or  province  of  some 
quality,  state,  or  other  abstract  conception. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  133  Thir  Legions. -Scout  farr  and 
wide  into  the  Realm  of  night.  1682  DRYDEN  Mac-Fl.  6 
In  prose  and  verse.. Through  all  the  realms  of  Nonsense 
absolute.  1725  YOUNG  Love  Fame  vil.  62  A  realm  of  death  1 
and  on  this  side  the  grave  !  1781  COWI'ER  Hope  651  The 
realms  of  Sin,  where  Riot  reels.  1812  J.  WILSON  Isle  of 
Palms  I.  148  Lift  thy  queen-like  diadem  O'er  these  thy 
realms  of  rest.  1830  TI-:NNYSON  Arab.  Nts.  101  Thro'  the 
garden  I  was  drawn— A  realm  of  pleasance.  1873  HAMER- 
TON  Intell.  Life  x.  ix.  385  The  fairest  realms  of  fancy. 

d.  A  primary  zoogeographical  division  of  the 
earth's  surface. 

1876  WALLACE  Distrib.  Anim.  I.  61  In  an  elaborate  paper 
.  .(Bulletin  of  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts,  vol.  2),  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  proposes  a  division 
of  the  earth  . .  as  follows  :  i.  Arctic  realm  . .  8.  Australian 
realm.  Ibid.  68  The  following  terms  are  proposed  :  realm, 
region,  province,  district. .;  the  first  being  the  highest,  the 
last  the  lowest  and  smallest  subdivision.  1895  BEDDARD 
Zoogcogr.  78  The  fewness  of  the  peculiar  genera  and  their 
alliance  with  Australian  forms  seems  to  render  it  necessary 
to  place  the  entire  Polynesian  realm  within  the  Australian. 
3.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  -\realm  raiker,  ^rape; 
realm^mding,-destroying,  -dcrshadowing,  -stick 
ing,  -tmpeopling  adjs. 

1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  472  The  wide-extended 
ocean,  the  "realm-bounding  mountains.  1643  PRYNNE  Sov. 
Pomer  Par!.  Ded.  A  iij,  Their  ..  *Realme-destroying, 
Church-subverting  selfe-seeking.  1810  MONTGOMERY  West 
I  Indies  u.  60  The  dun  gloom  of  *realm-o'ershadowing  trees. 
1506  DAI.HYMPI.F.  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  v.  307  All  'Realme 
rafkaris  to  put  furth  of  the  laud.  1559  jl/irr.  Mag.,  Dk. 
Clarence  xlix,  For  "realme  rape  spareth  neither  kin  nor 
frend.  1633  Cast/if  Whore  v.  i.  in  Bullen  O.  PI.  IV,  These 
"rcalme-sucking  slaves,  That  build  their  [rallace  upon  poor 
mens  graves.  1777  POTTER  Aischylus ^495  He  in  *realm- 
unpeopling  war  Wasted  not  his  subjects'  blood. 

Hence  Realmic  a.,  of  or  belonging  to  a  realm  ; 
Bealmist,  a  supporter  of  the  realm  (in  quot. 
attrib.};  Bea'lmlet,  a  little  realm. 

1865  Intel!.  Olserv.  No.  38.  149  Individual,  realmic,  and 
epicosmic.     1883  SWINBURNK  Les  Casqitettes  xi,  As  flowers 
on  the  sea  are  her  small  green  reahnlets.    1895  IVesttii.  Gaz. 
4  Mar.  3/2  When  petty  party  politics  shall  have  been  for 
gotten  in  the  rise  of  a  great  Realmist  League. 
Realme,  obs.  (erron.)  form  of  REAM  sd.s 
Bealmless  (re-lmles),o.    [f.  REALM  +  -LESS.] 
Destitute  of  a  realm. 

1820  KEATS  Hyperion  i.  19  His  old  right  hand  lay  .. 
TJnsceptred :  and  his  realmless  eyes  were  closed.  1843 
LOWF.LL  Prometheus  Poet.  Wks.  (1879)  32/1  Realmless  in 
soul,  as  tyrants  ever  are.  1863  LD.  LYTTON  King  Amasis 
II.  282  Sethos  the  realmless  prince,  immoveable,  before 
Amasis  the  usurper. 

Bealness  (rf-alnes).  [f.  REAL  a?  +  -NESS.] 
The  fact  or  quality  of  being  real ;  reality,  truth. 

1642  ROGERS  Naaman  181  It  hath  brought  realnesse  of 
comfort  and  peace  into  it.  1675  BROOKS  Gold.  Key  Wks. 
1867  V.  147  This  expression  is  used  . .  to  note  out  the  truth 
and  realness  of  the  thing.  1835  BROWSING  Paracelsus  in. 


_,  ng  ot  realness  must  pervade  her  spu 

Science  27  Nov.  472/2  There  is  such  a  freshness,  . .  and 
such  a  realness  to  his  narration  that  one  is  willing  to 
overlook  his  many  deficiencies  in  the  art  of  expression. 


Ser.  i.  (1863)  6  He  has  a  passion  for  bricks  and  mortar,  and 
.  .diverts  himself  with  altering  and  re-altering. 

fRe'alty1.  Obs,  Forms:  4-5  realte,  (4 -tee, 
reaulte),  7  realty,  -tie ;  4  reiate,  reaute,  Sc. 
reawte,  (rewate).  [a.  OF.  reautt,  rcalti :— pop.L. 
"regalitat-em  REGALITY  :  see  also  RIALTY  and 
ROYALTY.] 

1.  Royalty ;  royal  state,  dignity,  or  power. 

c  135°  Will.  Palerne  5006  Alle  be  clerkes  vnder  god  coube 
noujt  descriue.  .be  realte  of  bat  day.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PL 
B.  x.  335  Kynghod  ne  kny5thod . .  Helpeb  nou}t  to  heuene- 
ward  . .  ne  reaute  of  lordes.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxx. 
134  Now  will  I  speke  of  sum  of  be  principall  iles  of  Prcstre 
lohn  land,  and  of  be  realtee  of  his  state. 
b.  Used  as  a  title. 

1400  in  Royal  S,  Hist.  Lett.  Hen.  IV  (Rolls)  23  Likit 
yhour  Realte  to  wit  that  I  am  gretly  wrangit  be  the  Due  of 
Rothesay. 

2.  Sc.  a.  A  kingdom,  realm. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  t.  593  Thiddir  somownys  he  in  hy 


wa:re 

(    1000 


BEAM. 

The  barownys  of  his  reawte.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  VIIL 
i.  62  Na  thare  consent,.. Prejwdycyale  suld  [nouchtlbeTill 
oflf  Scotland  the  realte. 

b.  A  town  or  district  under  the  immediate  juris 
diction  of  the  king  ;  a  regality. 

1438  Sc.  Ads  jfas.  [I  (1814)  32  Vyth  help  and  supple  of 
the  Tordis  of  the  realteys  geyiff  neyd  be. 

Realty  -  (n-alti).     Also  5  realte,  7 -tie.     [f. 
REAL  a.2  +  -TT.] 
fl.  Reality.   Obs. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  424/2  Realte,  realitas.  1627  W. 
SCLATER  Exp.  2  Thess.  (1629)  99  The  man  [leads  into 
Error]  through  realty,  or  opinion  of  learning,  or  sanctity,  or 
both.  1644  MAXWELL  Prerog.  Ckr.  Kings  47  He  b  King 
of  kings  . .  truly  so,  kings  upon  earth  are  onely  such  . .  more 
in  resemblance,  than  realtie. 

t  b.  A  reality,  a  real  thing.   Ots.~' 
1647  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  i.  n.  xii,  We  may  see  The 
nearly  couching  of  each  Realtie. 
f  2.  Sincerity,  honesty.  Obs.  rare. 
1619  in  Eng.  fr  Germ.  (Camden)  170  He  tould  the  Am 
bassador  that  he  needed  not  doubt  of  his  realty  in  observing 
such  capitulations.     1667  MILTON  P.  L.  VI.  115  That  such 
resemblance  of  the  Highest  Should  yet  remain,  where  faith 
and  realtie  Remain  not. 

1 3.  A  real  possession  ;  a  right.  Obs.  rare. 
1618  J.  WILKINSON  Of  Courts  Baron  120  b,  If  any  man 
hath  fished,  hawked,  or  hunted  within  this  Lordship  ..  you 
must  present  them,  for  they  are  the  Lords  Realties.  1635 
CHAPMAN  &  SHIRLEY  Chabot  i.  ii,  That  kings  do  no  [tread 
not]  hazard  infinitely  In  their  free  realties  of  rights  and 
honours  Where  they  leave  much  for  favorites'  powers  to 
order  1 

4.  Law.  Real  property  or  estate.     (REAL  a?  6  c.) 

1670  BLOUNT  Law  Diet.,  Realty,  is  an  abstract  of  real, 

and  distinguished  from  Personalty,    a  1683  SCROGGS  Courts- 

leet  (1714)  109  In  Action  of  Debt  which  concerns  the  Realty. 

1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  xxiv.  385  Our  courts  now 

regard  a  man's  personalty  in  a  light  nearly,  if  not  quite, 

equal  to  his  realty.    1861  PEARSON  Early  $  Mid.  Ages  Eng. 

1 86  The  realty  of  a  man  who  died  intestate,  was  divided 

equally  among  his  sons. 

Eealy,  variant  of  REALLY  adv.1  Obs. 

t  Ream,   s6.1    Obs.     Forms :    i   hre'am,   2-3 

ream,  3  reem,  rem.  [OE.  hriam,  of  obscure  origin ; 

hence  REME  v.1     The  sb.  is  common  in  OE.  and 

early  ME.,  but  is  not  found  after  c  1 250.]   Clamour, 

outer)-,  shouting. 

897  K.  /ELFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  Iv.  427  Dastte  swiSe 
gemanijfalSod   Sodomwara   hream    &    Gomorwara. 
jELFRic  Horn.  II.  336  Dam  halgan  were  waes  sebuht 
BEES  Jefeohtes  hream  mihte  beon  gehyred  geond  ealle 
eorSan.     c  1205  LAY.  11280  Scottes  huuen  up  muchelne 
raem  &  Octaues  folc  nam  flem. 

b.  esp.  Noise  of  wailing  or  lamentation ;  hence, 
great  sorrow,  distress,  or  trouble. 

Beowulf '(Z.)  1303  Hream  wearS  in  Heorote.  .Cearu  wies 
Xeniwod.  (1900  CYNF.WULF  Christ  594  Swa  mid  Dryhten 
dream,  swa  mid  deoflum  hream.  c  1200  ORMIN  8137  pe))rc 
wop  &  tejjre  ra:m  Comm  full  wel  till  hiss  asre.  a  1225  Leg. 
Kath.  2325  To  arisen  from  ream  to  aa  lestinde  lahtre. 
a  1250  Owl  $•  Night.  1213  ^ef  eni  mon  schal  rem  abide, 
Al  ich  hit  wot  ear  hit  i-tide. 

c.  With  a  and  //.  A  cry  (of  grief). 

(11225  Leg.  Katk.  164  SwiS  feole  ?einde..wiS  reowfule 
reames.  c  i25o6V«.  ^  Ex.  1962  He  missed  loseph.  .wende 
him  slagen,  set  up  an  rem. 

Beam  (r/'m),  sb2  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms  :  I 
rgam,  4-5  rem,  5-6  reme,  (6  Sc.  reyme),  7 
reame,  8-  ream,  (8-9  dial,  reeam,  reem,  raim, 
etc.).  [OE.  riam  —  MDu.  (Du.)  room,  MLG. 
rt>m(e,  MHG.  roum  (G.  rahm,  also  dial,  raum, 
rohm,  etc.)  :— OTeut.  *raumo-z,  of  obscure  origin  : 
ON.  rjfrni  (Norw.  dial,  rjome,  rome,  etc.)  repre 
sents  a  different  ablaut-grade  with  weak  ending 
(*reumon-).] 

1.   =  CREAM  rf.2  i.    (In  ME.  occ.  milkes  reme.} 

ciooo  Sax.  Leechd.  II.  314  Jenim  god  beren  mela  and 
hwit  sealt,  do  on  ream  o35e  gode  flcte.  c  1330  Arth.  !, 
Merl.  1455  (Kulbing)  On  is  white  so  milkes  rem,  fat  ober 
is  red.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  303/1  Reme,  guaccum.  1549 
Compl.  Scot.  vi.  43  Fresche  buttir  ande  salt  buttir,  reyme, 
not  quhaye.  1728  RAMSAY  Betty  $  Kate  ii,  Can  dale 
dainties  please  Thee  mair  than  moorland  ream  ?  1788 
SHIRRKFS  Poems  (1790)  141,  I  laid  upon  the  board  Some 
cruds  and  ream.  1822  GALT  Sir  A.  Wylie  Ixxxviii,  A  bonny 
wee  china  pourie,  full  o'  thick  ream.  1869-  in  northern 
dial,  glossaries  (Yks.,  Lane.).  1880  E.  Cornwall  Gloss. 
s.v.,  Cold  cream  is  called  '  raw  ream  '. 
b.  Used  allusively  (see  quot.  1721). 

1721  KELLY  Sc.  Prov.  136  He  streaks  Ream  in  my  Teeth. 
. .  Spoken  when  we  think  one  only  nattering  us.  1722  RAMSAY 
Three  Bonnets  IV.  31  Rosie . .  Rubs  o'er  his  cheeks  and  gab 
wi'  ream,  Till  he  believes  't  to  be  a  dream. 

f2.   =  CREAM  rf.l 

Perh.  a  mechanical  alteration  of  crein  in  the  original  text. 

13. .  Minor  J'oems/r.  I'ernon  MS.  624/435  Cristened  we 
weore  In  Red[de]  rem,  Whon  his  bodi  bledde  on  be  Beem. 

3.  transf.  A  scum  or  froth  upon  any  liquid. 

1460-70  Bk.  Quintessence  2  3e  schal  se  as  it  were  a  liquor 
of  oyle  ascende  vp,  fletynge  aboue  in  maner  of  a  skyn  or  of 
a  reme.  1594  T.  B.  La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad.  n.  346  This 
liquor  is  called  by  thephysicions  chylus,  which,  .resembleth 
the  reme  of  a  ptisame.  1786  BURNS  Tiva  Dogs  131  The 
nappy  reeks  wi'  mantling  ream.  1839  Mom  Mansie_  \\~auch 
(ed.  2)  xxiv.  306  The  porter.. was  in  prime  condition  with 
a  ream  as  yellow  as  a  marigold. 

Beam(rfm),^.3  Forms:  a.  4  rem,  5 -6  reme, 
(5  reeme,  7  rheme) ;  5-7  reame,  6  realme,  7-8 
rheam,  6-  ream.  0.  5-6  rym,  6  rim.  [ME. 


REAM. 

rem  and  rim  -  Du.  Hem  (i6th  c.),  OF.  ray  me, 
raime^reyme^remme  (1360-1489  in  Godef.;  mod. 
F.  rame},  and  riesme  (1492  ibid.),  Sp.  and  Pg. 
resma.  It.  (and  med.L.)  risma,  ad.  Arab.  iuj. 
rizmah  bale  or  bundle  (of  clothes,  paper,  etc.).  " 

The  precise  source  of  the  MK.  forms  is  not  clear;  the 
usual  rente  approximates  to  those  which  appear  in  OF., 
while  the  northern  rim  or  rym  has  more  resemblance  to 
Du.  ricm.  It.  risma  is  app.  the  source  of  MHG.  ris,  riz, 
rist  (G.  ries,  in  i6th  c.  also  reisz),  whence  Da.  and  Sw.  ris. 

The  occasional  i6th  c.  spelling  realme  is  due  to  the 
existence  of  ream  as  a  variant  of  REALM.] 

A  quantity  of  paper,  properly  20  quires  or  480 
sheets,  but  frequently  500  or  more,  to  allow  for 
waste;  of  paper  for  printing,  21  \  quires  or  516 
sheets  (a.  printers'  ream}. 

a.  1392-3  Earl  Derby* s  E*p.  (Camden)  154  Pro  j  rem 
papiri,  viijf.     1411  Close  Kail  12  Hen.  fl7,  [Licence,  .to  ex 
port  from  England  to  Ireland,  one] '  Reme  de  papiro'.    1481- 
90  Howard  Househ.  Bks.    (Roxb.)   303,    ij.  Ib.   almondes, 
and  half  a  reme  paper.     1497  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  VII  (1896) 
128  A  reame  of  paper  roiall,  j  reame  &  vij  quires  of  small 
paper.     1545  Rates  of  Customs  c  iij,  Paper  the  bale  contein- 
inge  x.  realme  at  xvi</.  the  realme.     1549  J.  CHEKE  in  Lett. 
Lit.  Men  (Camden)  8,  I  prai  yow  bi  me  a  reme  of  paper  at 
London.       1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Gt.    Eater  Kent  9 
OfTring  him,  that  for  a  wager  he  would  deuoure  4.  reame  of 
his  ballads;  which  in  the  totall  are  two  thousand.     1689-90 
WOOD  Life  20  Mar.  (O.  H.  S.)  III.  328  Bought,  .a  reame  of 
writing  paper.     1766  C.  LEADBETTER  Royal  Ganger  \\.  xiv. 
(ed.  6)  371  Tied  up  into  Reams  or  Bundles  for  Sale.  Note. 
That  18  of  the  good  Quires,  and  2  of  the  broken  go  to  each 
Ream.      1832  BABBAGE  Econ.  Manuf.  ix.   (ed.   3)  65  The 
hundred  reams  of  paper   were   printed   off.      1879  Print. 
Trades  Jrnl.xxvi.  15  A  hundred  reams  were  actually  made 
m  Scotland  and  delivered  in  London  in  three  days. 

ft.  1473-4  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  645  Pro  di.  rym 
et  iij  quaternis  papiri  empt.,  ijs.  vijV.  1507-8  Ibid.  659  In 
ij  Rymez  papiri  empt.  1568  Wills  $  Im>.  A'.  C,  (Surtees 
1835)  293  Haifa  rim  of  paper..  Haifa  rim  of  dim  paper. 

b.  Used  to  denote  a  large  quantity  of  paper, 
without  reference  to  the  precise  number  of  sheets. 

1597  BP.  HALL  Sat.  ii.  ii.  30  When  ye  have  spent  A 
thousand  lamps,  and  thousand  reams  have  rent  Of  needlesse 
papers.  1646  J.  HALL  Poems  i  Paper-tyrants  reign,  who 
presse  Whole  harmlesse  reams  to  death.  1699  GARTH 
Dispens.  iv.  46  Hither,  rescu'd  from  the  Grocers,  come 
M— —  Works  entire,  and  endless  Rheams  of  Bloom.  1781 
COWPER  Progr.  Err.  311  Whose  corresponding  misses  fill 
the  ream  With  sentimental  frippery  and  dream.  1814  SCOTT 
Drama  (1874)  202  More  fire  than  warms  whole  reams  of 
modern  plays,  a  1839  PRAED  Poems  (1865)  II.  14  Shield 
thee  with  a  ream  of  rhyme. 

C.   With  pun  on  ream  REALM. 

1589  Pappe  iv.  Hatchet  D  ij,  Let  them  but  chafe  my  penne, 
and  it  shal  sweat  out  a  whole  realme  of  paper,  or  make 
them  odious  to  the  whole  Realme.  c  1592  MARLOWE  Jew 
of  Malta  iv.  iv,  Giue  Me  a  Reame  of  paper,  We'll  haue  a 
kingdome  of  gold  for't.i 

Ream,  obs.  variant  of  REALM. 

Ream,  ^.l  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms:  3  rsemien, 
4-6  reme,  6-  ream,  9  dial.  ra(y)me,  r(h)eem. 
[ME.  rsemien,  of  obscure  origin.  Cf.  REAM  z>.3 

As  the  evidence  for  the  word  is  chiefly  south-western,  it  is 
doubtful  whether  the  northern  quots.  in  i  b.  belong  here.] 

1.  intr.  To  stretch  oneself  after  sleep  or  on  rising ; 
fto  yawn. 

f  1205  LAV.  25991  SeoSSen  he  gan  raemien  and  raxlede 
swi^e.  1393  LANGL.  P. PI.  C.  vni.  7  He..husbrest  knokede 
Rascled  and  remed  and  routte  at  pe  laste.  14. .  Lat.~Eng. 
Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  563/9  Alo,  to  reme.  1591  PERCIVALL 
Sp.  Diet.)  Enaspar  el  cuerpo,  to  reame,  to  reach,  pandicu- 
lare,  cxporrigere  se.  1886  ELWORTHY  W.  Som.  \Vord-bk. ^ 
Ream,  to  stretch  oneself  on  awaking,  or  on  getting  up. 

b.  To  stretch  or  reach  after. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  72  Holde  euerich  his  owene  mester,  & 
nout  ne  reame  oSres.  1691  RAY  N.  C.  Words,  Rcamt  to 
stretch  out  the  hand  to  take  any  thing ;  to  reach  after.  1781 
HUTTON  Tour  to  Caves  (ed.  2)  Gloss.,  Reamt  to  reach  with 
stretched  out  body  and  arms. 

c.  Of  bread  :  (see  quot.). 

1778  Exmoor  Scolding  Gloss.,  Bread  is  said  to  ream,  when 
. .  if  a  Piece  of  it  be  broken  into  two  Parts,  the  one  draws 
out  from  the  other  a  kind  of  String  . .  stretching  from  one 
Piece  to  the  other. 

2.  trans.  To  draw  out,  to  stretch,  distend. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  /?.  vn.  xlviii.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
Wombe  ache  comej> . .  of  winde  bat  strecchib  and  reme^. 
1598  Herrings  Tayle  D  i  b,  His  pearching  homes  are  ream'd 
a  yard  beyond  assise.  1880  W.  Cornwall  Gloss,  s.v.,  Don't 
ream  it  out  of  shape.  1886  ELWORTHY  W.  Som.  Word-bk. 
s.v.,  You  can  ream  that  there  cloth  [etc.]. 

b.  To  pull  apart  or  to  pieces  ;  to  tear  open. 

1587  filirr.  Afag".,  Irenglas  xxv,  Which  seeme  . .  to  reme 
my  hart,  Before  I  come  to  open  all  my  smart.  1746  Ex- 
ttwor  Scolding  (E.  D.  S.)  18  Chell  ream  my  Heart  to  tha 
avore  Ise  let  tha  lipped. 

Ream  (r;m),  z>.2  Chiefly  Sc.  Also  5  remyn, 
6  Sc.  rem-.  [f.  REAM  sb*] 

1.  intr.  To  froth  or  foam.  Also  const,  over. 
(Said  of  liquor,  or  the  vessel  containing  it,  and 
hence  transf.  or  fig.  in  various  applications.) 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  429/1  Remyn'  as  ale  or  other  lycoure, 
spumat.  1513  [see  REAMING  ///.  a.2].  1710  RUDDIMAN 
Gloss.  Douglas*  sEtieis  s.v.  Remand,  We  say  that  ale 
reams,  when  it  has  a  white  foam  above  it.  1785  BURNS 
Scotch  Drink  ii,  Or,  richly  brown,  ream  owre  the  brink  In 
glorious  faem.  1791  —  Tarn  o'  Shanter  IOQ  The  swats  sae 
ream'd  in  Tammie's  noddle.  1814  SCOTT  Wav.  xi,  A  huge 
pewter  measuring- pot.  .which  in  the  language  of  the  hostess, 
'reamed'  ..  with  excellent  claret.  1863  T.  TAYLOR  Pict.  in 
Words  xxiii,  Where  the  white  waters  chafe  and  ream. 


205 

b.  To  become  covered  with  cream. 

0x774  FERCUSSON  Farmer's  Ingle  Poems  (1845)  36  Wi 
buttered  bannocks  now  the  girdle  reeks ;  I'  the  far  nook  the 
bowie  briskly  reams. 

2.  trans.  To  take  the  cream  off;  to  skim.  Also 
intr.,  to  be  skimmed. 

1768  Ross  Helenore  \\.  71  On  skelfs  . .  the  cogs  were  set, 
Ready  to  ream,  an'  for  the  cheese  be  het.  1899  J.  COI.VILLE 
Scott.  Vernacular  15  (E.  D.  D.)  When  the  milk  was  drawn 
in  the  cog  it  was.. reamed  for  the  churn, 

Ream  (r/m),  v$  techn.  Also  reem.  [Of  some 
what  doubtful  origin  :  perh.  a  survival  in  special 
sense  of  ME.  rente  to  make  room,  open  up. 

The  word  is  current  in  south-western  dial.,  in  which  it  is 
app.  not  regarded  as  distinct  from  REAM  f.1 ;  but  the  mean 
ing,  and  the  fact  that  reamer  corresponds  to  a  northern 
rimer )  make  it  probable  that  the  real  source  is  ME.  re/Hc, 
rime ;— OE.  ryman.  The  spelling  reem  is  rare  in  the 
senses  given  here,  but  is  usual  in  another  application  of  the 
word,  for  which  see  REEMING  i'bl.  sb.} 

1.  trans.  To  enlarge  or  widen  (a  hole)  with  an 
instrument. 

1815  [see  REAMING  vbL  sb.}.  1825  JENNINGS  Ol>s.  Dial. 
\y.  Eng.)  Ream,  to  widen;  to  open.  1881  Metal  World 
No.  i.  3  Bore  the  tang-hole  with  a  gimlet,  and  slightly  ream 
the  hole  with  a  taper  reamer. 

2.  a.  To  enlarge  the  bore  of  (a  gun)  by  the  use 
of  a  special  tool.     Chiefly  with  out. 

1867  in  SMYTH  Sailor 's  IVord-bk.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVEN 
SON  Milit.  Diet.  330/1  The  practice  of  reaming  out  guns,  or 
boring  them  out,  first  took  place  in  the  British  service  in 
1830.  1881  JEFFERSON  DAVIS  Rise  $  Fall  Confcd.  Govt.  I. 
474  Iron  guns  which  were  reamed  out  to  get  a  good  bore. 
b.  To  clear  from  lead. 

1882  [see  REAMING  M  si'.].  1886  J.  M.  CAULFEILD  Sea- 
manship  Xotes  7  Reaming  a,  shackle  is  clearing  the  undercut 
portion  of  the  lug  of  a  shackle  from  any.  .lead  which  might 
remain  after  pin  and  pellet  are  knocked  out. 

3.  With  out :  To  remove  (a  defect)  by  reaming. 
1861  E.  P.  HALSTED  Let.  in    Times  25  Oct.,  The  interior 

of  the  gun  itself  was  defective,  . .  and  the  defect  had  been 
reamed  out  at  Woolwich. 

t  Ream,  v±  Ol>s.  Also  reem-,  rem-.  [Of  ob 
scure  origin  ;  found  only  in  Layamon,  usually  along 
with  rxsen  RESE  V.]  intr.  To  rush,  charge. 

c  1205  LAY.  623  Ofte  heo  raesden  &  rjemden  togadere. 
Ibid.  9339  Heo  raesden  to  Romleoden  &  heo  remden  to 
flonne.  c  1275  Ibid.  26813  Bruttus  to  3am  reamde,  and 
flowen  Rom-leode. 

Ream,  a.  Cant.    Genuine. 

1851  MAYHEW  Loud.  Labour  I.  313  Not  one  '  swell '  in  a 
score  _  would  view  it  in  any  other  light  than  a  'ream' 
(genuine)  concern.  Ibid.,  Petition  with  ream  monekurs 
(genuine  signatures). 

Re-ama'SS,  v.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
bring  or  heap  together  again. 

1611  FLORIO,  Ramassare,  to  re-ammasse  together,  a  1631 
DONNE  Serin.  (1640)  Ixxvi.  767  All  that  is  written  in  our 
hearts  . .  is  reamassed,  and  reduced  to  the  Ten  Command 
ments,  the  Lords  Prayer  and  to  the  Creed. 

Reame,  obs.  form  of  REALM,  REAM  st>,2,  st>.3 

Re-ame'nd,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  amend 
anew.  So  Re- ame'udment. 

1796  LAMB  Lett.  ii.  To  Coleridge  17  Take  my  sonnets,  once 
for  all,  and  do  not  propose  any  re-amendments.  1884  Century 
Mag.  May  149  The  Constitution  might  be  re-amended. 

Reamer  (rf-mai).  [f.  REAM  Z/.3  +  -ER1;  see 
also  RIMER.]  An  instrument  used  to  enlarge  a  hole 
or  boring. 

iSag  in  JENNINGS  Obs.  Dial.  W.  Eng\  a  1864  GESNER 
Coal,  Petrol,*  etc.  (1865)  28  The  Reamer  is  used  to  enlarge 
the  hole  made  by  the  Bit.  1883  CRANE  Smithy  fy  Forge  167 
This  'half  round'  reamer  is  justly  a  favourite  with  ex 
perienced  workmen. 

Rea'ming,  ?•£/.  sb.     [f.  REAM  z».s  +  -ING*.] 

(See  the  vb.  and  qnots.) 

1815  BURNEY  Falconers  Mar.  Diet.,  Reaming,  in  block- 
making,  the  act  of  increasing  the  size  of  a  hole  with  a  large 
instrument.  1882  NARES  Seamanship  (ed.  6)  156  The  lead 
that  remains  in  the  groove  must  be  extracted— this  is  called 
reaming, 

Reaming,  variant  of  REEMING  vbl  sb. 

Rea'ming,  ///.  #.*  rare.  [f.REAM^.l]  Stretch 
ing  out  in  threads ;  ropy ;  forming  masses  of  fila 
ments. 

1495  Trevisa?*  Earth.  De  P.  R.  \.  xxii.  (W.  de  W.),  Moche 
grete  spityll  £  thycke,  gleymy  &  reamyng.  1647  HERRICK 
Noble  Numbers,  Widow's  Tearcs  v,  Farewell  the  Flax  and 
Reaming  wooll,  With  which  thy  house  was  plentifull. 

Rea'ming,///.  «-2    Chiefly  5^.    [f.  REAM  v?\ 

Frothing,  foaming.     Also  in  phr.  reaming  full. 

1513  DOUGLAS  &neis  I.  xi.  89  He  merely  ressauis  the  re 
mand  tais,  All  put  he  drank.  1717  RAMSAY  Elegy  Lucky 
Wood  vi,  Reaming  swats.  1711  —  Prospect  of  Plenty  196 
With  reaming  quaff,  a  1774  FERGUSSON  Poems  (1845)  5 
Come  and  gie's  the  tither  blaw  O'  reaming  ale.  1824  SCOTT 
Redgauntlet  ch.  ii,  It's  a  sore  thing  to  see  a.  .cow  kick  down 
the  pail  when  it's  reaming  foil.  1842  J.  AITON  Domest. 
Ecott.  (1857)  zoi  They  give  a  reaming  handiful  of  rich  milk. 
1894  CROCKETT  Lilac  Sttnbonnet  23  The  reaming  white 
which  filled  the  blanket  tub. 

Reamme,  obs.  form  of  REALM. 
fRe-amou-nt,^.   Obs.  [RE- 5  a.]   To  remount. 
1621  QUARLES  Argalus  <5-  P.  (1678)  64  All  rites  performed, 
he  re-amounts  his  Steed. 

Reamy  (r/"mi),a.  [f.  RKAMJ&S  +  .YI.]  Creamy, 
frothy  ;  made  with  cream. 

1831  J.  WILSON  in  Blacfav.  Mag,  XXIX.  553  A  reamy 
richness,  unknown  to  any  other  malt.  1868  G.  MACDONALD 
R.  Falconer  vi,  A  bit  o'  reamy  cakes. 


BEANNEX. 

It e a  11  (rih).  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms  :  6  reian, 
6-7,  9  reane,  7,  9  reean,  9  reau(n,  reen(e,etc. 
[App.  a  var.  of  RAIN  s&.2,  but  the  difference  in 
vowel  over  the  northern  area  is  difficult  to  explain. 
In  the  west  perhaps  associated  with  reen  RHINE.] 

1.  A  water-furrow.    =  RAIN  sb*  2. 

?«  1500  Chester  PL  ii.  478  Cornes  fayre  and  cleane  that 

I    growelh  on  ridges  out  of  the  reane.     1533  FITZHERB.  Husb. 

§  21  He  taketh  up  the  wede,  and  casteth  it  in  the  reane. 

Ibid.  §  33  It  wolde  be  water-foroued  bytwene  the  landes, 

there-as  the  reane  shulde  be.     1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  \\\. 

:     iii.  73   A  Reean,  is  the  distance  between  two  But?.     1859 

•      Jrnl.R.Agric.  Scv.   XX.   I.  221  The  work  being  thus  all 

'cops  '  and  'reanes  ',  not  only  was  there  a  waste  of  ground 

from  such  a  redundance  of  water-furrows,  but  there  was  a 

great  loss  of  time  in  ploughing.     1879-  in  dial,  glossaries 

iNorthumb.,  Lane.,  Chesh.,  Shropsh.,  Glouc.). 

t  b.  A  streamlet.     -  RAIN  sb*  2  b.  Obs.-1 
1611  COTGR.,  Ruissefetf  a  small  brooke  or  gullet ;  a  reane, 
or  gutter  of  running  water. 

2.  A  balk,  ridge,  terraced  strip,  etc.   =I<Ai3f  j£.-  i. 
1781  HUTTON  Tour  to  Caves  (ed.  z>  Gloss.,  Rean,  a  dale, 

or  rig  in  a  field.  1869-  in  northern  glossaries  (Climb., 
Northumb.,  Durh.,  Vks.,  Derby).  1883  SEEBOHM  Eng. 
Village  Oww.x.  381  Similar  terraces  in  the  Dales  of  York 
shire.,  are  still  called  by  the  Dalesmen  '  recans  '  or  'reins  '. 

Hean,  obs.  form  of  REIN  sh. 

R.e-a*nchor,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and  intr. 
To  anchor  again. 

a  1711  KEN  Hyinnarinm  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  27  Soon  as 
she  re-anchor'd  in  my  heart,  She  thus  began  her  Cargo  to 
impart.  1897  MARY  KINUSI.KV  //-'.  Africa  xviii.  418  The 
Lafayette  having  dragged  her  anchor. .  must  be  rescued  and 

re-anchored. 

Reane,  obs.  form  of  RANK  sb.  and  REAN. 

Rea'iiimate,  a.  rare.  [Cf.  next  and  ANI 
MATE  a.]  Reanimated,  revived,  etc. 

1810  SOUTHEY  Kchama  xiv.  x,  With  other  life  re-animate, 
She  saw  the  dead  arise.  1885  in  SchafF  &  Oilman  Libr. 
Rctig.  Poetry  567,  I  would,  .with  reanimate  and  quickened 
step,  .go  on  my  way. 

Reanimate  (rz'iarnim^t),  v.  [f.  RE-  5  a  + 
ANIMATE  v.,  prob.  after  med.L.  reanimdre  or  F. 
rfanimer^  [^ranimer]  ranimer  (i6th  c.).] 

1.  trans.  To  animate  with  new  life,  to  make  alive 
again,  to  restore  to  life  or  consciousness.    AlsoySg-. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rammer^  to  reanimate,  reincourage,  reuiue 
[etc.].  1714  Sp^ct.  No.  578  p  8  The  Power  of  re-animating 
a  dead  Body,  by  flinging  my  own  Soul  into  it.  1786  tr. 
Bet kf orei's  I'athck  (1868)  14  The  wakeful  lark  hailed  the 
rising  light  that  reanimates  the  whole  creation.  1812  MYRON 
Ch.  I  far.  i.  xliv,  Fame  that  will  scarce  re-animate  their 
clay.  1865  DICKENS  Mat.  l-'r.  m.  iii,  Doctor  examines  the 
dank  carcase, and  pronounces.. that  it  is  worth  while  trying 
to  reanimate  the  same.  1886  RvsKix Pr&terita  I.  271  liyron 
.  .reanimated  for  me  the  real  people  whose  feet  had  worn  the 
marble  I  trod  on. 

2.  a.  To  give  fresh  heart  or  courage  to  (a  person) ; 
to  stimulate  anew.     Also  const,  with. 

1706  PHILLITS  (ed.  Kersey),  To  Re-animate,  ..  to  put  in 
heart  again,  1792  Anted.  IV.  Pitt  II.  xxiii.  57  His  late 
Majesty  could  not  re-animate  the  Dutch  with  the  love  of 
liberty.  1870  DISRAELI  JLotJiairxxx\\t  Your  presence  always 
reanimates  me. 

b.  To  impart  fresh  vigour,  energy,  or  activity 
to  (a  thing). 

17^62  FOOTK  Orators  \.  Wks.  1799  I.  204  He  reanimates 
their  slackened  nerves  witli  the  mystic  picture  of  an  apple- 
tree.  1785  BURKE  Wks.  (1826)  IV.  267  To  reanimate  the 
powers  of  the  unproductive  parts.  1833  DE  QLINCEY  Dice 
Wks.  1862  X.  314  The  picture  ..  called  up  and  re-animated 
in  his  memory  . .  all  his  honourable  plans.  1872  YEATS 
Growth  Comm.  250  He  reanimated  the  textile  manufactures. 

3.  intr.  To  recover  life  or  spirit. 

1645  SYMONDS  Diary  \ Camden)  244  All  ours  re-animated, 
and  expected  to  follow  Pointz  to  the  North.  1782  Miss 
BURNEY  Cecilia  ix.  v,  'There  spoke  Miss  lieverley  ! '  cried 
Delvile,  re-animating  at  this  little  apology.  1796  JANE 
AUSTEN  Sense  fy  Sens,  xvii,  His  affections  seemed  to  re 
animate  towards  them  all.  1841  J.  CURTIS  in  JrnL  R. 
Agric.  Soc.  II.  II.  207  They  reanimate  as  they  are  dried  by 
the  sun. 

Hence  Rea'nimated,  -a'nimatiiig,  ///.  adjs. 

1661  GLANVILL  I'an.  Dogin.  138  We  are  our  re-animated 
Ancestours  and  antedate  their  Resurrection.  1746  HERVEV 
Medit.  (1818)  157  The  resurrection  of  the  just,  and  the  state 
of  their  re-animated  bodies  !  1817!.  SNA  m  (title)  Thesaurus 
of  Horror,  or  the  Chainel-House  Explored,  showing  the  re 
animating  power  of  earth  in  cases  of  Syncope.  1871  SMILES 
C/iarac.  iii.  (1876)  84  Gazing  on  them  with  reanimated  eye. 

It e animation  (n'lsenim^'Jan).    [f.  prec. :  see 

-ATION.] 

1.  a.  The  action  of  restoring  to  life.     Alsoy?^. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  26/1  Reanimation  means 

the  reviving  or  restoring  to  life  those  who  are  apparently 
dead.     1858  SEARS  A  than.  \\.  xi.  237  The  reanimation  of  the 
corpse.     1889  RUSKIN  Praeterita\\\.  147  The  first  two  of 
his  great  poems  ..  are  the  re-animation  of  Border  legends. 
b.  The  fact,  or  process,  of  returning  to  life. 
1816  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XLI.  502  Canonized  on 
the  express  ground  of  a  miraculous  reanimation.     1838  POE 
A.  G,  Pym  Wks.  1864  IV.  31,  I  experienced  . .  a  giddy  and 
overpowering  sense  of  deliverance  and  reanimation. 

2.  Renewal  of  vigour  or  liveliness. 

1815  JANE  AUSTEN  Emma  11.  v,  A  most  delightful  re- 
animation  of  exhausted  spirits.  1833  SIR  F.  B.  HEAD 
Bubbles  fr.  Brunnen  4,  I  felt  a  reanimation  of  mind. 

Reannex  (r/^ane-ks),  v.  [a.  OF.  reannexer 
(1476  in  Godef.  CompL} :  see  RE-  and  AXNEX  z>.] 
trans.  To  annex  again. 

1495  Rolls  o/Parlt.  VI.  469/2  That  the  same  Manours. . 


REANNEXATION. 


206 


REAP. 


be  reuiued  and  reannexed  to  the  said  Duchie  of  Cornwall. 
1622  BACON  Hen.  F//  40  King  Charles  was  not  a  little 
inflamed  with  an  ambition  to  repurchase,  and  reannex  that 
Duchie.  1642  C.  VEKNON  Consid.  Exch.  58  The  said  Court 
of  Wards  and  Liveries  ..  might  ..  escape  from  being  re- 
annexed  to  the  Exchequer.  1750  CARTE  Hist.  Eng.  II.  284 
Declaring  the  feif  forfeited,  re-annexed  it  to  the  domaine  of 
the  Crown.  1808  W.  TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mem.  II.  223, 
I  believe  I  snail  be  re-annexed  to  the  Critical  Review  if  it 
go  on.^  1896  LELY  Stat.  ofPract.  Utility  8  note,  The  gth 
..  section  ..  reannexed  to  Lower  Canada  certain  parts  of 
Labrador  and  the  adjacent  islands. 

Hence  Reanne'xing  vbl.  sb. 

1622  BACON  Hen.  VII  45  The  French  Ambassadors  were 
dismissed  ;  the  King  auoiding  to  vnderstand  any  thing 
touching  the  reannexing  of  Britaine. 

Re  annexation  (r/iseneks^'Jan).  [Cf.  prec. 
and  ANNEXATION.]  The  action  of  reannexing ;  the 
fact  or  process  of  being  reannexed. 

1860  MOTLEY  Netherl.  (1875)  I.  360  One  general  scheme; 
the  main  features  of  which  were  the  reannexation  of  Holland 
[etc.].  1866  Macm.  Mag.  Feb.  280  Adjusting  the  terms  of 
reannexation  to  Rome. 

Reanoiiit  (r^anoi'nt),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  anoint  again. 

1611  FLORIO,  Riungere,  to  reanoint.  i6a6  BACON  Sylva 
§  998  The  Party  Hurt,  hath  been  in  great  Rage  of  Paine, 
till  the  Weapon  was  Reannointed.  1627  DtuctTQX  AgtMCOWt 
99  Edward,  .re-annoynted  mounts  th'  Imperiall  Chaire, 

Heanson,  obs.  form  of  RANSOM  sb. 

t  Rea'nswer,  sb.    Obs.-1     [Cf.  next.]     Reply. 

1599  Sir  Clyom.  in  Peele's  Wks.  (Rtldg.)  531/1  Who  art 
thou,  or  what's  thy  name?  re-answer  quickly  make. 

t  Rea'nswer,  v.1  Obs.  [f.  RE- +  ANSWER  v., 
prob.  after  respond,  reply,  rejoin,  etc.] 

1.  trans,  a.  To  answer ;  to  give  answer  to. 

1523  MOKE  In  .S 't 'ate Paper ^(1830)  1.143  Which  [commenda 
tion]  I  can  never  otherwise  reanswere  than  with  my  pore 
prayoure.  c  1594  GAIT.  WVATT  R.  Dudley's  Voy.  W,  /rid. 
(Hakl.  Soc.)  3  Our  great  ordenance  . .  was  re-answeared  by 
the  Queenes  ordenance  out  of  Callshott  Castle.  1599  Sir 
Clyom.  in  Peele's  Wks.  (Rtldg.)  511/1  In  case  you  will  re- 
answer  me  my  question  to  absolve. 

b.  To  meet,  be  sufficient  for,  or  equivalent  to. 

1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warrcs  iv.  i.  97  If.. your  enemy  [be] 
very  strong  in  horse,  and  you  few  horse  or  none  to  re 
answere  them.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  I',  in.  vi.  136  The  losses 
we  haue  borne . .  which  in  weight  to  re-answer,  his  pettmesse 
would  bow  vnder.  1630  ft.  Johnson's  Kingd.  <fy  Comtinv. 
513  Rewards  of  their  abstinence  and  vertues,  as  also  to  re- 
answer  their  benefactors  confidence. 
C.  To  make  good.  rare"1. 

1591  GREENE  2nd  Pt.  Conny-Catching  Wks.  (Grosart)  X. 
109  If  a  purse  bee  drawen.  .they  take  vp  all  the  Nips  and 
Foists  abovte  the  cittie,  and  let  them  lie  there  [in  Newgate] 
while  the  money  be  reanswered  vnto  the  party. 

2.  intr.  To  make  an  answer  or  return. 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  21  b,  He  commeth  to  vs 
helpyng.  .vs  :  and  we  reanswere  to  his  grace. 

t  Rea'nswer,  v%  Obs~l  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
answer  a  second  time. 

1608  HIEKON  Defence  n.  179  Lyraes  distinction  betwene 
the  facte  and  the  zeale  is  before  answered,  and  by  and  by 
shal  be  reanswered. 

Re-a'nvil,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  put  on  the 
anvil  again  ;  to  forge  afresh. 

1716  M.  DA  VIES  A  then.  Brit.  III.  61  Of  which  Arian 
forgeries  some  were  re-anvilPd  again  by.  .Turrianus. 

Reap  (n"p),  sb^-  Forms :  i  reopa,  rypa,  4-5 
reepe,  4-6  repe,  7-  reap.  [OE.  reopa,  rypa, prob. 
for  *ripa,  related  to  ripan  or  ripan  REAP  v.^\ 
A  bundle  or  handful  of  grain  or  any  similar  crop; 
a  sheaf,  or  the  quantity  sufficient  to  make  a  sheaf. 
(Cf.  RIP  sb.} 

c  825  Vesp.  Psalter  cxxv.  6  CumaS . .  berende  reopan  heara. 
Ibid,  cxxviii.  7  Se  5e  reopan  soinnaS.  a  1340  HAMPOLE 
Psalter  cxxv.  8  pai  sail  cum  with  gladnes:  berand  baire 
repis.  1388  WYCLIH  Judith  vui.  3  Men  byndynge  togidere 
reepis  in  the  feeld.  c  1420  Pallnd.  on  Huso.  vn.  247 
Early.. vppon  repes  bounde  And  in  a  oone  ybake.  c  1460 
Towneley  Myst.  ii.  235  As  mych  as  oone  reepe.  1523 
FITZHKRB.  Hnsb,  §  29  In  some  places  they  lay  them  [beans 
and  peas]  on  repes,..  and  neuer  bynde  them.  1613  M  ARK- 
HAM  Eng.  Husbandman  xviu.  (1635)  116  You  may  put 
twentie  reapes  together,  and  thereof  make  a  cocke.  1764 
Museum  Rust.  II.  81  Though  the  bottom  of  the  reaps 
will  be  a  little  greenish,  they  must  not  be  turned  to  weather 
the  under  side.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  706 
They  are  usually  reaped  with  the  sickle,  and  laid  in  thin 
grips  or  reaps.  1829  in  EROCKETT  fed.  2).  1876-  in  dial, 
glossaries  (Cumb.,  Northumb.,  Yks.  J  Glouc.,  Som.). 

Reap  (rip),  sb?  Forms :  a.  i  hrip(p-,  hrip(p-, 
i,  4 rip,  ryp,  4 ripe,  rype,  rijp ;  ripp,  ryppe,  rep. 
0.  6  reape,  7,  9  reap.  [OE.  rip  or  rip  related  to 
ripan  or  ripan  REAP  v.l  •  on  the  relationship  and 
history  of  the  forms  cf.  the  note  to  the  vb.  Sense  2 
is  perh.  directly  from  the  vb.] 

•f  1.  Harvest,  reaping.  Obs. 

a-  ^950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt.  xiii.  30  Forletas  e^Ser 
gewaexe  wi3  to  hripe.  .&  in  tid  hripes  [etc. ;  Ruskw,  ripe(s]. 
c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  Matt.  IK.  37-8  Micel  rip  ys  . .  Biddap  3xs 
ripes  hlaford  t>st  he  sende  wyrhtan  to  his  ripe,  1383  WYCLIF 
Gen.  viii.  22  All  the  dales  of  the  erthe,  seed  and  ripe,  .shulen 
not  rest.  —  z  Sam.  xxi.  9  In  the  dais  of  the  fyrst  rijp  [1388 
the  firste  rep  or  ripp].  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII. 
185  pou  hast  no  leve  to  sette  J>yn  hook  in  oj?er  men  ripe 
[v.r.  ryppe,  rip,  ryp(e]. 

£.  1543  BECON  Davhfs  Harp  Pref.,  We  had  nede  therefore 
to  pray  vnto  the  Lord  of  the  haruest,  to  sende  out  labourers 
into  his  reape.  1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  239 
Your  plants  are  blasted  in  the  bud  :  your  corne  bhaken 


before  the  reape.  1679  BLOUNT  Anc.  Tenures  21  He  was. . 
to  come  to  the  Lords  Reap  with  all  his  houshold. 

2.  A  set  of  reapers. 

i8z6  in  Hone  Eyery-day  Bk.  II.  1167  The  lord  of  the  har 
vest  is  accompanied  by  his  lady  (the  person  is  so  called  who 
goes  second  in  the  reap). 

Reap  (r/p),  &•*  Forms :  see  below.  [OE. 
ripan  or  ripan  (North.  rwgjteetc.),  rypan,  reopan, 
not  represented  in  the  cognate  languages :  the 
relationship  of  the  various  forms  and  their  sub 
sequent  history  in  ME.  is  to  some  extent  obscure. 

The  quantity  of  the  vowel  in  WS.  is  not  certain,  but  the 
pi.  pa.  t.  ripon  (rypon)  would  normally  correspond  to  an 
infin.  rfpati  (conjugated  like  rfdan  ride).  For  Anglian 
and  North,  dial.,  however,  a  short  vowel  is  proved  by  the 
forms  with  umlaut  (reop~,  rlop-),  and  by  the  spelling  with 
double  p ',  how  these  forms  were  conjugated  does  not 
appear.  Whether  an  OE.  *repan  can  also  be  inferred  from 
the  late  pi.  pa.  t.  r&pon,  and  early  ME.  reopen,  is  doubtful. 

In  ME.  the  infin.  types  are  ripe(n  and  repe(n,  the  former 
of  which  might  represent  either  OE.  ripan  or  ripan,  and 
the  latter  OE.  ripan  or  *repan.  The  strong  conj.  of  repc(?i 
is  that  of  verbs  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  classes,  with  pa.  t. 
rap,  and  pa.  pple.  repe(n  or  rope(ti.  The  rare  pa.  t.  rope 
(pi.  ropen)  may  either  be  a  relic  of  the  old  conj.  of  ripan,  or 
a  new  formation  on  analogy  of  the  pa.  pple.  From  the 
i5th  c.  the  conj.  has  usually  been  weak,  though  some  strong 
forms  have  been  retained  (or  re-formed)  in  dialect  use.  The 
infin.  rip,  found  in  some  i6th  c.  writers,  is  also  common  in 
mod.  dial.,  and  may  partly  represent  the  old  northern  forms 
with  double/.] 

A.  Illustration  of  forms. 

1.  Inf.  (and  Pres.)  a.  i  ripan,  rypau,  north. 
hriopa,  3  ripen,  ripe,  4  rype. 

The  normal  forms  of*  the  present  tense  in  OE.  are  i.  ripe, 
2.  ripst,  3.  ripS,  or  ripe<}\  pi.  ripn5. 

^825  I'esp,  Psalter  cxxviii.  7  Of  S«em  ne  gefylleS  hond 
his  se  ripeo.  £950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt.  xxv.  24  Du  hripes 
Ser  5u  ne  sawes.  C97S  Rushw.  Gosp.  ibid.  26  Ic  ripe 
[c  1000  ripe,  rype]  basr  ic  ne  scow,  c  1000  /&LFRIC  Gen.  xlv. 
6  Man  ne  mx^  naoet  erian  ne  ripan.  c  1200  Moral  Ode  22 
(Trin.  Coll.  MS.)  Alle  men  sulle  ripen  t>at  hie  ar  sewen. 
1:1290  ripe  [see  B.  i].  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  ir 
}if  3e  [  —  she]  wole  wib  }ow  rype,  forbedeb  hir  nou}t. 

£.  i  reopa,  3  reopen;  2-4  repen,  4-6  repe, 
5-6  reepe,  6-8  reape,  (6  Sc.  raipe),  6-  reap. 

('825  Vesp.  Psalter  cxxv.  5  Da  sawa5  in  tearum,  in  ^efian 
hie  reopaS.  a  1200-25  repen,  reopen  [see  B.  2  b],  a  1300 
E.  E.  Psalter  cxxv.  6  In  inikel  gladschip  repe  sal  b;ii. 
a  1325  Prose  Psalter  cxxviii.  6  Of  which  he  bat  shal  repen, 
ne  fild  nou^t  his  honde.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  vi.  15 
Canstow  ..  Repe.  11420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  1245 
Suche  as  ye  haue  sowe  Must  ye  nedes  reepe.  1530  PALSGR. 
6S6/2,  I  repe  corne  with  a  syckell,  1535  COVERDALE  Matt. 
xxv.  26,  I  reape  where  I  sowed  not.  —  Ret',  xiv.  15  Thruste 
in  thy  sycle  and  reepe.  1588  A.  KING  tr.  Canisiits"  Catech. 
185  Quhat  so  euer  a  man  saues,  the  same  sal  he  raipe. 
1591  SPENSER  M.  Hitbberd -26$  To  plough,  to  plant,  to  reap. 
1707  in  Hearne  Collect.  9  Aug.  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  32,  I  should 
not  reape  one  peny  advantage.  1833  TENNYSON  Lotos 
Eaters  166  Sow  the  seed,  and  reap  the  harvest. 

7.   i  north,  hrioppa,  hripp-,  6-7  rippe,  6  rip. 

^950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt.  vi.  26  Fuglas  heofnes  ne  settas.  - 
ne  rioppas.  Ibid.  xxv.  26  Ic  hrippo  3er  ne  seawu  ic.  1533-4 
Act  25  Hen.  VIII  in  Bolton  Stat.  Irel.  (1621)  75  Their 
wages  to  rippe  or  binde  corne.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus 
s.v.  Demeto,  to  rippe  or  cut  downe  with  a  sickle. 

2.  a.  Str.pa.  t.  \  pi.  ripon,  -rypoii,  rsepon;  4 
rap,  rope  (//.  ropen)  ;  dial.  8-9  rope,  9  rep. 

c  893-121122  [see  B.  2).  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xm.  374  If 
I  rope  [I  wolde]  ouer-reche,  or  ^af  hem  red  that  ropen  [etc.]. 
1388  WYCLIF  Ruth  ii.  23  So  longe  sche  rap  with  hem. 

b.  Sir.  pa.  pple.  a.  4  ropen,  ropun,  -yn,  4-5 
rope.  £.  4  repe,  4-5  repen,  -yne,  (o.  reapen). 

1382  WYCLIF  Gen.  xlv.  6  It  may  not  be  eerid,  ne  ropun. 
1388  —  Song  Sol.  v.  i,  Y  haue  rope  [v.r.  repe]  my  myrre. 
C 1385  ropen,  -yn,  repyue  [see  H.  2  b}.  c  1420  rope  [see  B.  2]. 
1874  OUIDA  Two  little  "wooden  Shoes  256  The  wheat  was 
reapen  in  the  fields. 

3.  a.  Weak  pa.  t.  4  repide,  6  rieped,  7-8  reapt, 
8-  reaped. 

1382  repiden  [see  B.  3].  1542  rieped  [see  B.  4).  1613 
PUKCIIAS  Pilgrimage  ix.  ix.  (1614)  876  That  which  they 
reapt  on  the  land.  1724  DE  FOE  Mem.  Cavalier  (1840)  183 
The  king  reaped  the  fruits  of  the  victory. 

"b.  Weak  pa.  pple.  5-6  reped,  6  reeped,  6- 
reaped,  7- reap'd  ;  6  reapt,  rept;  ripped. 

1489  reped  [see  B.  4].  1535  COVERDALE  Rev.  xiv.  16  The 
earth  was  reeped.  a  1547  SURREY  SEneidw.  (1557)  F  2  b, 
Springyng  herbes  reapt  vp  with  brasen  sithes.  1566  PAINTER 
Pal.  Pleas.  I.  72  When  the  wheate  was  ready  to  be  ripped. 
1573  TUSSER  Husb.  (1878)  45  Much  profit  is  rept,  by  sloes 
well  kept.  i6iz  BIBLE  Rev.  xiv.  16  The  earth  was  reaped. 
1633  MILTON  Hirelings  Wks.  (1851)  365  From  him  wherfore 
should  be  reap'd? 

B.  Signification. 

1.  intr.  To  perform  the  action  of  cutting  grain 
(or  any  similar  crop)  with  the  hook  or  sickle. 
Also  freq.^/?^-.  or  in  fig.  context. 

c  825  [see  A.  i  a  and  ft],  c  897  K.  ALFRED  Gregory's  Past. 
C.  xxxix.  284  Se  be  him  a;lc  wolcn  ondrset,  ne  rip<5  se  nsufre. 
C9S°~  lsee  A-  J  «]•  ciooo  ^ELFRIC  Horn.  II.  462  Behealda'5 
bas  fleofcendan  fujelas,  <5e  ne  sawaS  ne  ne  ripa5.  c  1250 
Moral  Ode  ii  in  E.E.P.  (1862)  23  Hy  mowen  sculen  & 
ripen  ber  }?e  hi  ser  seowen.  c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  303/126 
He  ne  burte  carie  of  non  obur  weork,  nojmr  to  ripe  ne 
mowe.  1382  WYCLIF  Rev.  xiv.  15  Sende  thi  sikel,  and 
repe.  t,  1450  Mirour  Saluacioun  4203  The  Austere  juge 
wille  repe  in  place  whare  he  noght  sewe.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf. 
(W.  de  W.  1531)  ii  b,  They  dyd  sowe,  &  we  do  repe.  1600 
SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L,  in.  ii.  113  They  that  reap  must  sheafe 
and  binde.  a  1822  SHELLEY  Men  of  Eng.  vi,  Sow  seed,— 
but  let  no  tyrant  reap.  1842  TENNYSON  Dora  76  The 
reapers  reap'd,  And  the  sun  fell,  and  all  the  land  was  dark. 


2.  trans.  To  cut  (grain,  etc.)  with  the  sickle,  esp. 
in  harvest ;  hence,  to  gather  or  obtain  as  a  crop 
(usually  of  grain)  by  this  or  some  other  process. 

^893  K-  ALFRED  Oros.  iv.  viii.  §  7  t>aet  folc  him  ge^uhte 
ba  hie  heora  corn  ripon.  .f>£et  ealle  f>a  ear  waeron  blodege. 
a  900  O.  E.  Chron.  (Parker  MS.)  an.  896  On  hserfarste  .. 
J>a  hwile  J?e  hie  hira  corn  gerypon.  a  1122  Ibid.  (Laud  MS.) 
an.  1089  Man  13  men  raepon  heora  corn  onbutan  Marlines 
maessan.  13. .  Propr.  Sanct.  (Vernon  MS.)  in  Archiii Stud. 
neit.  Spr.  LXXXI.  83/22  [The  wheat]  is  ropen  and  leid  fut 
lowe.  1382  WYCLIF  Dent.  xxiv.  19  Whanne  thou  repist 
corn  m  thi  feeld.  c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  x.  127  Now  in 
sum  stede  is  panyk  rope  and  mylde.  1495  Treuisa's  Barth. 
De  P.  R.  xvn.  clvii,  707  Repers  haue  repen  the  corn  with 
bokys  and  gadred  it  home.  1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  29 
Pees  and  benes  be  moste  commonly  laste  reped  or  mowen. 
1585  HIGGINS  tr.  Jitnius'  Xomenclator  107  The  strawe, 
stubble,  .remaining  in  the  grounde  after  the  corne  is  rept. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xn.  18  Labouring  the  sotle.  and  reaping 
plenteous  crop.  1717  PRIOR  Alma  \.  156  No  man  ever 
reapt  his  Corn,  Or  from  the  Oven  drew  his  Bread.  1784 
COWPER  Task  v.  203  They  ploughed  and  sowed,  And  reaped 
their  plenty  without  grudge  or  strife.  1812  SIR  J.  SINCLAIR 
Syst.  Husb.  Scot.  i.  268  Many  have  reaped  more  than  60 
bolls  [of  potatoes]  from  one  acre.  i825CoBBETT  Rur.  Rides 
239  , 1  am  told  they  give  twelve  shillings  an  acre  for  reaping 
wheat.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  Ixiv,  Who  ploughs  with 
pain  his  native  lea  And  reaps  the  labour  of  his  hands. 

b.  In  fig.  context. 

ciooo  .^I.FRIC  Horn.  II.  534  £>f  we  eow  ha  gastlican  sa;d 
sawaji,  hwonlic  bij>  bset  we  eowere  flaesclican  bing  ripon. 
a  1200  Moral  Ode  20  5e  mawen  sculen  &  repen  bet  ho  er 
spwen.  a  1225  Juliana  74  (Bodl.  M  S.)  3e  schulen . .  reopen 
ripe  of  J>at  sed  |?at  3e  her  seowen.  c  1385  CHAUCRR  L.  G.  IV. 
Prol.  74  Well  I  wote  that  ye  haue  here  byforn  Of  makyng 
ropyn  [v.r.  ropen,  repyne]  and  lad  a-wey  the  corn,  c  1420 
LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  1245  Suche  as  ye  baue  sowe  Must 
ye  nedes  reepe.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  iv.  47,  I  hop'd  to 
reape  the  crop  of  all  my  care.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  in.  67 
Reaping  immortal  fruits  of  joy  and  love.  1718  LADY  M.  W, 
MONTAGU  Let.  to  Abbe  Conti  19  May,  We  die  or  grow 
old  before  we  can  reap  the  fruit  of  our  labours.  1842 
TENNYSON  Locksley  Hall  130  What  is  that  to  him  that  reaps 
not  harvest  of  his  youthful  joys  ?  1853  SIR  H.  DOUGLAS 
Milit.  Bridges  147  To  reap  the  fullest  fruits  of  a  victory. 

c.  \Vith  down  adv.,  offa.&v.  and  prep. 

1563  GOLDING  Czsar  iv.  (1565)  104  In  all  other  quarters 
ye  corn  was  reaped  down,  &  none  standing  any  where  saue 
in  thys  one  place.  1592  Knaresboroitgh  Wills  (Surtees) 
I.  187  When  the  same  [barley]  shalbe  reapte  of  the  feilde. 
1649  BLITHE  Eng.  Improv.  Impr.  (1653)  75  I'll.. begin  to 
enter  upon  it  as  soon  as  the  Crop  is  reaped  off. 

d.  transf.  To  cut  (plants,  flowers,  etc.)  after  the 
fashion  of  reaping.     Also  in  fig.  context. 

1721  MORTIMER  Husbandry  II,  123  It  will  repair  the 
hurt  you  have  done  to  the  Plants  in  reaping  their  Shoots. 
1781  COWPER  Retirement  753  We  reap  with  bleeding  hands 
Flowers  of  rank  odour  upon  thorny  lands.  1784  —  Task 
vi.  939  Compared  with  which  The  laurels  that  a  Caesar  reaps 
are  weeds.  1820  KEATS  Lamia,  i.  318  Baskets  heap'd  Of 
amorous  herbs  and  flowers,  newly  reap'd  Late  on  that  eve. 

3.  fg.  To  get  in   return ;  to  obtain  or  procure 
(esp.  some  profit  or  advantage)  for  oneself;   to 
gain,  acquire. 

c  1300  JT,  Cecilia  155  (Ashm.  MS.)  We  schulle|?  uor  our 
trauail,  bi  blis.se  repe  atenende.  1382  WYCLIF  Hosea  x.  13 
5e  ban  sowe  vnpite,  je  repiden  [1388  ban  rope  or  repe] 
wickidnesse.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comrn.  Pref.  2  Men 
may  reape  frute  and  commodity.  1573  TUSSER  Husb.  (1878) 
46  By  malt  ill  kept,  small  profit  is  rept.  1630  PRYNNE  Anti- 
Armin.  159  They  can  reape  nothing  but  discomfort  from  it. 
1671  MILTON  Samson  966  Why  do  I.  .suing  For  peace,  reap 
nothing  but  repulse  and  hate?  1711  SrEELE^/fc/.  No.  262 
p  6  Those  Advantages,  which  the  Publick  may  reap  from 
this  Paper.  1752  HUME  Ess.  fy  Treat.  (1777)  1. 182  He  reaps 
no  satisfaction  but  from  low  and  sensual  objects.  1833  LAM  B 
Elia  Ser.  11.  Pref.,  He  sowed  doubtful  speeches,  andreaped 
plain,  unequivocal  hatred.  1863  BRIGHT^"/.  Amer.  26  Mar. 
(1876)  126  Where  labour  ..  has  reaped  its  greatest  reward. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  197  The  greatest  blessing 
which  you  have  reaped  from  wealth. 

t  b.  \Vith  material  object.  Obs.  rare. 

1601  SHAKS.  Tvjel.  N.  m.  i.  144  When  wit  and  youth  Is 
come  to  haruest,  Your  wife  is  like  to  reape  a  proper  man. 
1630  R.  Johnson's  Kingd.  <$•  Commw.  60  The  nils  swarme 
with  cattell  and  sheepe,  from  whence  they  reape  plenty  of 
butter,  cheese,  and  milke. 

C.  To  take  away  by  force,  rare"1. 

1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav,  50  The  Bramini..vnresisted 
reaps  her  Virgin  honour. 

4.  To  cut  down  or  harvest  the  crop  or  produce  of 
(a  field,  etc.).     Also  with  down. 

1382  WYCLIF  Jos.  v.  4  The  hijre  of  5oure  werkmen,  that 
repiden  5oure  cuntrees.  1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A .  n.  ix. 
108  Theyre  landes  were  almost  ripe  for  to  be  reped.  1526 
TINDALE  Jos.  v.  4  The  labourers  which  haue  reped  doune 
youre  feldes.  1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  210  b,  He  rieped 
Asia  and  had  all  the  eres,  and  I  dooe  but  gather  the 
stalkes.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  HI,  279  With  thy  Sickle 
reap  the  rankest  Land.  1784  COWPER  Task  y.  755  Ye  may 
fill  your  garners,  ye  that  reap  The  loaded  soil.  1827  G.  S. 
FABER  Sacr.  Calend.  Prophecy  (1844)  III.  217  If  a  king 
shall  behold  a  country  reaping  or  reaped,  .he  shall  quickly 
hear  of  the  slaughter  of  his  people. 

transf.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  /^,  i.  Hi.  34  His  Chin  new 
reapt,  Shew'd  like  a  stubble  Land  at  Haruest  home. 

Hence  Reaped,  Rea'peu,  Bea'ping///.  adjs. 

1765  Museum  Rust.  III.  193  At  market  I  sold  the  reaped 
wheat  at  one  pound  per  comb.  1819  KEATS  Fancy  41  Thou 
shalt  hear.  .Rustle  of  the  reaped  corn.  1844  H.  STEPHENS 
Bk.  Farm  III.  1069  In  reaped  sheaves. .the  straws  are 
straight  and  hard  pressed.  1865  SWINBURNE  Poems  fy  Ball. ^ 
Garden  of  Proserpine  6  For  reaping  folk  and  sowing.  1874 
OUIDA  Two  little  wooden  Shoes  206  The  purple  brow  of  the 
just  reapen  lands.  1887  R.  L.  STEVENSON  Merry  Men  in. 
131  Scythes  for  the  reaping  angel  of  Death. 


REAP. 

Reap  (r/"p),  v.2  Now  only  dial.  [Var.  of  RIP, 
due  to  the  existence  of  rip  as  var.  of  REAP  t'.1] 
trans.  To  rip  up  (a  matter). 

1580  LYLY  Euphwes  Wks.  1902  II.  143  The  rages  of  friendes, 
reaping  vp  al  the  hidden  malices,  or  suspicions,  or  folly es 
that  lay  lurking  in  the  minde.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India 
ff  P.  374  The  Courtiers  are  shy  of  her  Company,  because  of 
reaping  up  their  old  Sins.  1862  MRS.  H.  WOOD  Channings 
III.  52,  I  am  sorry  you  should  have  reaped  up  this  matter. 
1873-  in  many  dial.  (esp.  northern  and  western)  glossaries. 

Reapable  (rf-pab'l),  a.  rare.  [f.  REAP  z».l  + 
-ABLE.]  That  can  be  reaped  ;  fit  for  reaping. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  2/30  Reapable,  messibilis.  1858 
CAHLYLE  Frrdk.  Gt.  ix.  i.  II.  390  A  strange  sowing  of 
dragon's  teeth,  and  the  first  harvest  reapable  from  it  a 
world  of  armed  men. 

Reape,  obs.  var.  RIPE  vJ- ;  dial.  var.  ROPE  sb. 
Reaper  (n-pai).    Forms  ;  i  ripere,  4-6  reper, 
(5  repare,  6  repar),  6-  reaper,     [f.  REAP  z/.l] 

1.  One  who  reaps. 

c  looo  Ags.  Gosfi.  Matt.  xiii.  39  paet  rip  is  worulde  endung, 
l>a  riperas  synt  englas.  1382  WYCLIF  Ruth  ii.  3  She  . . 
gedrideeeris  after  the  backisofreperis.  1387-8!'.  USK  Test. 
Love  Pro!.  (Skeat)  1. 105  These  noble  repers,  as  good  work 
men  and  worthy  their  hier  han  al  draw  and  bounde  vp  m 
the  sheues.  c  1440  Protnp.  Parr.  430/1  Repare,  hervyst- 
manne,  messor.  1495  Aft  n  Hen.  I'/f,  c.  22  §  3  A  Reper 
and  Carter.. iijd.  by  the  day.  1523  FITZHKRB.  Hnsb.  §  29 
Loke  that  your  sherers,  repers,  or  mowers  geld  not  your 
beanes.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  F.pist.  228  Keeping  com 
pany  with  the  labouring  reapers.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  XL 

G 

1845  FORD  Handbk.  Spain  i.  69  Reapers,  .could'never  stand 
the  sun's  fire  without  this  cooling  acetous  diet. 

attrib.  1715-20  POPE  //rWxvm.  638  With  bended  sickles 
stand  the  reaper  train.  1730-46  THOMSON  Autumn  225 
He.  .chanced  beside  his  reaper-train  To  walk. 

2.  A  mechanical  device  for  cutting  grain  without 
manual  labour,  the  more  modern  types  having  also 
a  device  for  binding  the  sheaves. 

1862  Times  12  June  6/1  In  addition  to  the  agricultural 
machines.,  there  are  a  variety  of  reapers  and  mowers.  1871 
LOWELL  Study  Wind.  (1886)  76  Our  pianos  and  patent 
reapers  have  won  medals.  1883  Stnbbs"  Mercantile  Circular 
26  Sept.  862/2  English  reapers  suit  well  in  some  parts  of 
South  Russia,  but  self-binders  are  not  understood. 

attrib.  1887  Pall  Mull  G.  23  Aug.  10/2  He  fell  off  his 
seat  and  became  entangled  in  the  reaper  knives. 

Bea-p-hook.     [f.  REAP  z>,l]     A  reaping-hook. 

1591  PERCIVALL  Sp.  Diet.,  ffocfno,  a  reape  hooke.  1761 
Brit.  Mag.  II.  447  One  of  them  struck  at  him  with  the 
reap-hook,  and  cut  his  arm  almost  ofF.  1820  Black-w.  Mag. 
VIII.  143  The  reap-hook  had  been  busy  among  the  ripened 
corn.  1896  BRUCE  Econ.  Hist.  Virginia  I.  464  In  harvest 
ing  wheat,  both  the  reap-hook  and  the  sickle  were  used, 

Reaping  (rrpirj),  vbl.  sb.     [f.  REAP  z/.l] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  REAP,  in  lit.  wjig.  uses ; 
also,  the  amount  reaped. 

_  c  1380  WYCLIF  Serai.  Sel.  Wks.  I.  97  Tyme  of  J>is  repinge 
is  clepid  >e  day  of  dome.  ^1440  Promp.  Parr'.  430/1 
Repynge,  of  come,  wessura.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par. 
John  iv.  There  is  more  pain  and  labour  about  the  tilling 
and  sowing,  then  in  the  haruest  and  reaping.  1576  FLEMING 
Panopl.  Epist.  179  To  the  readie  reaping  of  your  comoditie. 
1693  EVELYN  De  la  Quint.  Conipl.  Card.  I.  32  Those  which 
..require  some  help  in  order  to  a  good  Reaping.  1765 
Museum  Rust.  III.  136  Let  the  wheat  stand  ever  so  well, 
yet  reaping  is  preferable  to  mowing.  1812  SIR  J.  SINCLAIR 
Syst.  J I  iisl<.  Scot.  i.  270  An  acre  of  potatoes  gives  120  days 
reaping  (shearing!.  1844  H.  STEPHEN'S  Bk.  Farm  111.1053 
Calculating  every  day's  reaping  of  those  who  are  hired  by 
the  day.  1881  A  thenxunt  5  Nov.  603/2  That  blueness  which 
proves  thousands  of  reapings  by  a  razor. 

2.  attrib.    and    Comb.,    as    reaping-fork,   -hook, 
-scythe,  -sickle,  -time  ;  also  reaping-machine  = 
REAPKII  2. 

1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II,  793  A  ^reaping 
fork  is  sometimes  made  use  of  for  collecting  it  into  sheaves. 
a  1700  DRVDEN  (J.),  It  looks  Most  plainly  done  by  thieves 
with  *reapjng-hooks.  1765  Museum  Rust.  III.  134  They 
must  imagine  ..  that  the  new-fashioned  scythes  are  much 
better  for  use  than  the  old-fashioned  reaping-hooks.  1805 
R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.\\.  794  The  sickle  with  teeth 
should  be  employed  in  preference  to  the  reaping-hook 
with  a  cutting  blade.  1842  MACAULAY  Horatius  xiv,  Sun 
burned  husbandmen  With  reaping-hooks  and  staves.  1812 
SIR  T.  SINCLAIR  Syst.  Hnsb.  Scot.  i.  328  No  *reaping 
machine  has  yet  been  invented,  that  will  answer  the  object 
they  had  in  view.  1844  H,  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  III.  1076 
The  first  reaping-machine  that  came  before  the  public  with 
any  claim  to  efficiency  was  that  of  Mr.  Smeath  of  Deanston, 
about  the  year  1814-15.  Ibid.  1081  Of  this  form  of  mount 
ing  a  Veaping-scythe  there  are  many  varieties.  1611  COTGR. 
s.v.  Motssonnier^  a  *reapmg  sickle.  1388  WYCLIF  Matt. 
xiii.  30  Suffre  }e  hem  bothe  wexe  . .  in  to  *repyng  tyme. 
16n  COTGR.,  Moisson,  ..  reaping  time. 

t  Heap-mail.  Obs.  Forms  :  i  hrip(p)emonn, 
2  ripman,  4  ripeman,  4-5  repman,  5-6  repe- 
man.  [OE.  rip'^f\c-,  ripmann,  f.  ripp-,  rip  REAP 
sb.^\  A  reaper. 

<~95o  Lindisf.^Gosp.  Matt.  xiii.  30  In  tid  hripes  ic  willo 
cuoecSa  oaem  hrippe-monnum  [etc.].  Ibid.  39  Da  hripemenn 
soolice  engles  smdon.  cn6o  Hatton  Gosp.  Matt.  ix.  37 
Witodlice  mycel  rip  ys,  &  feawe  ripmen.  1387  TRKVISA 
Higden  (Rolls)  I.  n  Ruth  . .  lase  vp  pe  eeres  after  his  ripe- 
men,  ri4oo  Solomon's  Bk.  Wisd.  246  Repmen  forto  bere 
mete  sone  he  hym  )>ider  sent.  1426  LYDG.  De  Gut'/.  Pilgr. 
10420  Thow  semyst ..  A  repman,  for  thyn  vnkouth  guyse. 
c  1449  PECOCK  Kcpr.  HI.  xvi.  383  Whanne  money  is  paied  to 
a  repe  man  for  his  dai  labour  in  the  haruest  feeld.  1566 
Wtnuu  Diet.  17  b,Arepe  man  or  he  that  repetlt  thecorne. 


207 

Reappaise,  variant  of REAPPEASE  v.  Obs. 
Ke-appa'rel,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  apparel 
again.     Hence  Ke-appaprelling  vhl.  sb. 


BEAR. 

t  Reapport,  sb.    Obs.  rare.    [var.  RAPPORT  or 


;uch  re-apparelhng  is  of  secondary  import  when  [etc.J. 

Re-appa-rent,  a.  [RE-  5  a.]  Of  stars  :  Reap 
pearing  periodically. 

1794  G.  ADAMS  Nat.  $  Exp.  Philos.  IV.  xliv.  190  Three 
changeable  or  re-apparent  stars  have  been  discovered  in  . . 
the  Swan. 


re-apparitions  and  delectable  strange  accidents.  1634  l!i-. 
HALL  (,>#/<.-/«//.,  N,  T.  iv.  xii,  Remember  thy  glorious  re- 
apparition  with  thy  Saviour.  1766  MATY  in  Phil.  Trans. 
LvX.  65  Sufficient  to  render  the  reapparition  of  the  comet 
uncertain.  1883  A.  WIXCHELI.  World-Life  281  (Cent.  Diet.), 
Colonies,  reapparitions,  and  other  fauna!  dislocations  in  the 
vertical  and  horizontal  distribution  of  fossil  remains 

Reappea'l,  v.  Also  5  -appell.  [f.  RE-  + 
APPEAL  v.  In  early  use  after  obs.  F.  reappeller 
var.  rappelcr  RAPPEL  v* ;  cf.  rned.L.  rcappellare 
C'SS0)-]  trans,  and  intr.  fa.  To  call  back;  to 
recall.  Obs.  b.  To  appeal  again.  Hence  Re- 
appea'ling  vbl.  sb. 

1480  CAXTOX  Ovid's  Met.  xiir.  iv,  Ayax..sholde  have 
mayntened  the  warre  ayenst  the  Troyans,  and  have  re- 
appellcd  and  called  them  ngayn  to  the  stour.  ig?9  FENTOS 
Guicciard.  11.80  Almost  all  the  kingdom  expected.. an  occa 
sion  to  reappeale  the  Aragons.  1598  I-'I.OKIO,  Rapfellart,  to 
reapeale  . .  or  call  againe.  1611  //W.,  Rappeilo,  a  reappeal- 
ing  vnto.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (iSn)  V.  133  May  I 
not  re-appeal  this  to  your  own  breast? 

So  Beappea-1  sb.t  f  (a)  a  recall  (obs.) ;  (b)  a 
second  appeal. 

1611  "FLQRiQjfiajMgttatione,  a  reappeale,  a  reuokmg.  1899 
}\'cstin.  Gaz.  ii  Sept.  5/2  Peace  cannot  be  reached  by  a 
vista  of  endless  retrials  and  re-appeals. 

Reappear  ;rf,api;>M},  v,  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  AP 
PEAR?'.]  intr.  To  appear  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Refiaroistre,  to  reappeare.  1728  POPE  Dune. 
in.  322  The  dull  stars  roll  round  and  reappear.  1792 
MURPHY  Ess.  Johnson  20  [The  Nile  waters]  continue  hidden 
in  the  grass  and  weeds  for  about  a  quarter  of  a  league,  when 
they  re-appear  amongst  a  quantity  of  rocks.  1821  SHELLKY 
AaonMSxvm,Thc  ants,  the  bees,  the  swallows,  reappear. 
1863  Sat.  Rev.  16  May  638  That  which  was  '  motion'  . .  re 
appears  as  heat.  1900  G.  C.  BRODRICK  Mem.  $  Imp.  92,  I 
never  felt  quite  sure  for  years  afterwards  that  he  might  not 
reappear  in  my  rooms. 

Hence  Keappea'ring  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1816  SOI:THF.Y  Lay  of  Laureate  Iviii,  In  re-appearing  light 
confess'd,  There  stood  another  Minister  of  bliss.  1884 
Harper's  Mag.  Mar.  607/2  The  next  afternoon  went  by 
without  his  re-appearing.  1891  Daily  News  u  Sept.  3/3 
One  or  two  [cottages]  that  have  become  shelters  for  the 
reappearing  small  holders. 

Reappearance.  [RE-  5  a.]  The  act  of  ap 
pearing  again ;  a  second  or  fresli  appearance. 

1664  POWER  Exp.  Phitos.  i.  35  All  my  little  Animals  made 
their  re-appearance.  1753  N.  TORRIAHO  Gangr.  Sore  Throat 
20  We  bled  her  again  . .  on  account  of  a  Re-appearance  of 
bleeding  at  the  Nose.  1828  LANDOR  I  mag.  Conv.  Wks.  1853 
I.  341/1  The  most  favourite  word  with  her  ever  since  her 
re-appearance  among  us.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Rxpl.  II.  xiii. 
131  About  a  month  alter  the  reappearance  of  the  sun. 

t  Reappease,  v.  Oh.  rare.  Also  6  reappaiae. 
[RE-  5  a.J  trans.  To  pacify  or  appease  again. 

1579  FENTOM  Gnicciard,  i.  (1599)  44  To  be  aduertised, 
afore  he  entered  the  Citie :  whether  the  tumult  of  the  people 
were  in  any  sort  reappaised.  1598  FLOKIO,  Rachctare^  to 
reapease,  to  quiet.  1611  in  COTGR.,  s.v.  rcblandir. 

Reappell,  obs.  form  of  RE-APPEAL. 

Reap-penny.  rare—1.   —  REAP-SILVER. 

1843  CARLYLE  Past  $  Pr.  n.  v,  fWhat  difficulty  ..  has  our 
Cellerarius  to  collect  the  repselver,  *  reaping  silver ',  or  penny. 
lbid.\  Wise  Lord  Abbots  . .  did  in  time  abolish  or  commute 
the  reap-penny. 

Re-applica'tion.  [RE- 5  a;  cf.  next.]  Afresh 
application. 

1692  NORRIS  Curs.  Reflect.  9  A  Re-advertency  or  Re- 
application  of  mind  to  Ideas  that  are  actually  there,  1823 
J.  BADCOCK  Dam.  Amusem.  27  The  simple  re-application  of 
fire  produces  nearly  the  same  result.  1897  Daily  Ncu>s  12 
Mar.  3/3  Racing  licences  should  hold  good  from  year  to 
year  without  re-application. 

Re-apply,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  apply  again. 

1723  HOUSTOUN  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXXII.  388  She  went 
chearfully  Abroad,  and  re-apply'd  herself  to  Business.  1805 
R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract,.  Agric.  I.  388  Mixing  them  [slices  of 
soil]  into  composts  with  lime,  and  re-applying  them.  1873 
M.  ARNOLD  Lit.  $  Dogma  (1876)  88  By  giving  a  fuller  idea 
of  righteousness,  to  reapply  emotion  to  it. 

Hence  Re-applrer,  one  who  reapplies. 

1884  CRAFTS  Sabbath  for  Man  (1894)  384  Knox  seems  to 
have  been.,  the  re-applier  of  the  term  'Sabbath'  to  it. 

Reappoi'nt,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  appoint 
again.  Hence  Reappornted///.  a. 

1611  COTCR.,  Redelegner,  to  redelegate,  reappoint,  giue  a 
new  commission  vnto.  1815  Zehica  III.  58  Before  the  re- 
appointed  day.  1855  MACAULAV  Hist.  Eng.  xvii.  IV.  46  The 
convert  had.,  been  reappointed  Master  of  the  Temple.  1884 
Meatck*  Exam.  13  Sept.  5/2  A  member  may  be  reappointed 
for  five  years. 

So  Reappoi'ntment,  a  second  appointment 

1800  Asiat.  Ann.  Reg.,Proc.  E.  Ind.  Ho.  72/2  The  court 
postpone  the  re-appointment  of  a  committee  of  patronage. 
1900  H'est»t.  Gaz.  6  Dec.  2/1  The  sooner,  therefore,  [he]  is 
withdrawn,  or  his  reappointment  prevented,  the  better. 


gouernrnent  and  wisedome.  Ibid.  \\.  86  The  reapport  of  his 
ouertbrow  in  Calabria. 

So  t  Reapport  v.t  trans,  to  report.    Obs."~l 

1587  HOLINSHF.D  Chron.  III.  885/1  The  losse  of  thebattell 
was  no  sooner  reapported  at  Millaine,  than  [etc.J. 

tReappOSe,  v.  Obs,  [var.  REPOSE  v.,  as  if 
f.  RE-  +  APPOSE  v.~\  intr.  and  trans.  To  repose. 

1579  FENTON  Guicciard,  i.  (1599)  2  To  icappose  almost  an 

absolute  faith  and  credit  in  his  councels.    Ibid,  ir  Lodowyke 

p     ..reapposed  much  in  the  friendship  and  familiarity  which 

I    [etc.].    1587  HOUNSHBD  Chron.  1 1 1.  896/2  Such  as  reapposed 

in  the  confidence  of  their  faction. 

Re-apprpa*ch.,  v.    [RE-  5  n.] 

1.   trans.   To  approach  again. 

1652  LOVEDAY   tr.  Calprened^s   Cassandra   in.   198    Re- 
approaching   him,   and   raising   him   by   the   Arme.      1755 
SMOLLETT  Quix.   (1803)  IV.  151   Re-approaching  the  hole, 
he  ,.  surveyed  the  depth  of  the  cave.     1854  P.  B.  ST.  JOHN 
Amy  Moss  go  He  then  rose,  ..  re-approached  the  fire,  and 
sat  down  upon  a  log. 

f  2.  To  bring  together  again.   Obs. 
1663  BOYLE  Exp.  Hist,  Colours  in.  Exp.  xiv,  Severing  or 
j    reapproachmg  the  edges  of  the  two  irises. 

Reappro'priate,  v.  [R±>  5  a.]  trans,  f  a. 
To  restore.  Obs.  b.  To  take  back  to  oneself. 

1653  MILTON   Hirelings  Wks.  (1851)  372  What  shall  be 
found  hertofore  given  by  Kings  or  Princes  out  of  the  pub- 

j    lick,  may  justly  by  the  Magistrate  be  recall 'd  and  reappro- 

;    priatud  to  the  Civil  Revenue.     1863  Sat.  Rev.  3  Jan.  19/1 

j    That  forest  which  has  reappropriated  the  conquests  made 

from  it.     1864  W.  HAXNA  Earlier  Years  Our  Lent's  Life 

112  St.  Matthew  should  revive,  rcappropriatc  and  rtapply 

that  image. 

t  Reap-reeve.  Obs.—1  [f.  REAP  sb.-  +  RKEVK.] 
A  harvest  overseer. 

1393  LANGI,  /'.  PI,  C.  vi.  15  Can^tow  . .  Repe  ober  be  a 
repeiL-yue  [-'.r.  rip  p)-,  rype-]  and  a-ryse  erliche  ? 

t  Reap-silver.  Obs.  rare,  [f.  as  prec.  -f 
SILVER.]  The  sum  paid  by  a  tenant  to  a  superior, 
in  commutation  of  his  services  in  harvest-time. 

12..    Chron.    Joe.  de  Brakchnda  (Camden)  73  Solebant 

homines _de  singulis  domibus  dare  celerario  unum  denarium 

in   principio  August!,  ad    metendum   segctcs   nostras,  qui 

|    census  dicebatur  rep-sclver.     1299  Muniment.  Magd.  Coll. 

\    O.i'f.  (1882)  145  Ripsulwer. 

t  Reap- time.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  +  TIME.] 
j  Harvest-time. 

cioooAgs.  Gosp.  Matt.  xiii.  30  Laetao"  a^ber  ueaxan  o3 
j    rip-timan  &  on  |>am  rip-timan  ic  secge  bam  riperum.     1382 
WYCLIF  Pr&v.  XXVL  i  What  nianer  51103  in  somer,  and  reyn 
in  ri_*p  time,  so  vnsemende  is  to  the  fool  glurie. 
Reaquite,  variant  of  RKACO.UITE  v.  Obs. 
tRear,  sb±    Obs.-1     [?var.  rcard  HERD.]     A 
crash,  peal. 

1584  HUDSON  Du  Bartas1  Judith  n.  in  Sylvester* s  Du 
,  Bartas  n.  (1621)  702  At  this  Hebrew's  prayer  such  a  reare 
,  Of  thunder  fell  that  brought  them  all  in  feare. 

tRear,  sb:-  Obs.  rare.  [f.  REAR  ?-.!]  That 
which  is  reared  or  got  (from  cattle). 

<zi6i8   RALKIGH   Anc.    Tenures    Wks.    1829    VIII.    608 
.     Fructus  not  only  comprehends  cattle,  with  their  wool  and 
I    milk,  but  the  rear,  and  that  which  cometh  from  them.    Ibid. 
615  The  wool,  or  milk,  or  rear  of  them. 

Rear  (ri°J)»  sb.'^  (and  a.1)    Also  7  reer,  reare, 
|    (9)  rere.     [Aphetic  form  of  ARREAR  sb.t  prob. 
I    originating  in  the  rear  for  tJC  arrear,  or  under  the 
influence  of  rear-guard,  rear-ward, 

The  form  became  current  in  the  i^th  c.  ;  an  app.  instance 
in  R.  Brunne's  Chron.  (1810)  204  is  no  doubt  to  be  taken  as 
|    elliptical  for  rereward\ 

1.  Mil.  (and  A'avaf).  The  hindmost  portion  of 
I  an  army  (or  licet) ;  that  division  of  a  force  which 
i  is  placed,  or  moves,  last  in  order.  (In  later  use 
|  tending  to  pass  into  sense  2.) 

1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  fy  Cr.  in.  in.  162  Like  a  gallant  Horse 
falne  in  first  ranke,  Lie  there  for  pavement  to  the  abject 
reare  \conj.for  neere].  1629  DONNE  Derations  Expost.  xvi. 
380  When  an  Army  marches,  the  vaunt  may  lodge  to  night, 
where  the  Reare  comes  not  till  to  morrow.  1667  MILTON 
P,  L,.  n.  78  When  the  fierce  Foe  hung  on  our  brok'n  Rear 
Insulting.  1684  Scanderbeg  Rediv.  vi.  137  One  great  De 
tachment  following  the  Imperial  Army  fell  upon  their  Reer. 
1733  LEDIARD  Set  has  II.  x.  372  The  cavalry,  .soon  overtook 
the  enemy's  rear.  1769  FALCON KR  Diet,  Marine  (1780), 
Rear,  a  name  given  to  the  last  division  of  a  squadron,  or 
the  last  squadron  of  a  fleet.  1790  BEATSON  Nav,  ff  Mil. 
Mem.  I.  190  Expecting  that  the  van  of  the  enemy  would 
necessarily  come  to  the  assistance  of  their  rear.  1802  JAMES 
Milit.  Dict.t  Rear  of  an  A  rmy,  ..Generally  the  third  com 
ponent  part  of  a  large  body  of  forces,  which  consists  of  an 
advanced  guard,  a  main  body  and  a  rear  guard.  1876  VOVLE 
&  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  330/1  A  detachment  of  troops 
which  brings  up  and  protects  the  rear  of  an  army. 
b.  Jig.  and  in  fig.  context. 

1629  DONNE  Devotions  Expost.  xvi.  381  That  [bell]  which 
rung  to  day  was  to  bring  him  in  his  reare,  in  his  body,  to 
the  Church.  1632  MILTON  L? Allegro  50  While  the  Cock.. 
Scatters  the  rear  of  darkness.  1671  —  Samson  1577  The 
first-born  bloom  of  spring  Nipt  with  the  lagging  rear  of 
winters  frost.  1821  SHELLEY  Hellas  339  That  shattered 
flag  of  fiery  cloud  Which  leads  the  rear  of  the  departing  day. 
2.  The  back  (as  opposed  to  the  front)  of  an  army, 
camp,  or  person ;  also,  the  space  behind  or  at  the 
back  ;  the  position  at  or  towards  the  back. 

1600  EDMONDS  Obs.  Carsar's  Cotum.,  Mod.  Training-,  When 
the  whole  Battalion  being  in  their  close  order  shoulde  turne 
alxnit  and  make  the  Rere  the  Front.  1651  N.  BACON  Disc. 


p 
hi 


BEAR. 

Govf.  F.ng,  n.  i.  4  The  King  was  advised  to  give  place,  .  . 
till  he  had  tryed  masteries  with  Scotland,  and  thereby  se 
cured  his  Rere.  1663  BUTLER  I  hid.  i.  Hi.  76  His  rear  was 
suddenly  inclos'd,  And  no  room  left  him  for  retreat.  1735 
SOMF.RVILLE  Chase  in.  536  He  stands  at  Bay  against  yon 
knotty  Trunk  That  covers  well  his  Rear.  1796  Instr.  $ 
Reg.  Cavalry  (1813)  93  The  Divisions  marching  through 
each  other  from  Rear  to  Front.  1838  THIRLWAI.L  Greece 
IV,  xxxiv.  334  The  rear,  as  the  post  of  danger,  he  claimed 
for  Timasion  and  himself.  1847  Infantry  Man.  (1854)  40 
They  will  carry  their  right  foot  .  .  diagonally  to  their  right 
rear.  1888  P.  H.  SHERIDAN  Personal  Man.  II.  37  Crook.  . 
conducted  his  command  south  in  two  parallel  columns  until 
he  gained  the  rear  of  the  enemy's  works. 

3.  Ill  general  use  :   The  back,  or  back  part,  of 
anything. 

1641  J.  JACKSON  Trite  F.vang.  T.  m.  191  The  front,  and 
the  reare,  the  beginning,  middle,  and  end  of  our  salvation. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  497  Not  with  indented  wave,  Prone 
on  the  ground,  ..  but  on  his  reare,  Circular  base  of  rising 
foulds.     1679  MOXON  Mech.  Excrc.  ix.  152  By  the  width  I 
mean  the  sides  that  range  with  the  Front  and  Rear  of  the    j 
Building.     1864  TENNYSON  Kit,  Ard.  729  The  ruddy  square    j 
of  comfortable  light,  Far-blazing  from  the  rear  of  Philip's 
house,  Allured  him. 

4.  In  adverbial  and  prepositional  phrases: 

a.  In  the  rear  (less  freq.  in  rear},  in  the  hind 
most  part  (of  an  army,  etc.)  ;  hence,  at  or  from  the 
back,  behind. 

1600  EDMONDS  Obs.  Cxsar's  Comm.,   Mod.    Training, 
Another  meanes  to  preuent  the  enemy  his  assaulting  vs  in    ( 
the  reare  or  flanke.     1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  \Vorld\\\.  (1634)    | 
126  The  horsemen,  .were  placed  on  the  flanks,  only  a  troupe    ' 
of  the  Eleans  were  in  reare.     1689  Perfect.  Milit.  Discipl.    \ 
(1691)  20  Fall  back  with  your  right  Arm  and  Leg,  keep  the    ; 
Spear  in  the  Rear.     1722  WOLLASTON  Relig.  Nat.  ix.  216 
Followed  many  times  by  sharp  reflections  and  bitter  pen-    j 
ances  in  the  rear,     1782  COWPER  Gilpin  235  With  postboy    \ 
scampering  in  the  rear,  They  raised  the  hue  and  cry.     1844 
[see   FRONT  sb,  5  c].     1852   MRS.   STOWE    Uncle    Tom's  C. 
xvii.  165  The  women,  .saw,  far  in  the  rear,,  .a  party  of  men 
looming  up.     1857  YOUNGHUSBAND  Handbk.  Field  Service 
208  If  possible  to  take  any  enemy  in  rear,  it  should  be  done. 

b.  In  (or  on)  one's  rear,  at  one's  back,  behind 
one. 

1639  R.  RAILLIK  £«*/.  $  fr-tits.  (i860  I.  212  To.,  march 
forward,  leist  his  unkannie  trewesmen  should  light  on  to 
call  [  =  drive]  them  up  in  their  rear.  1653  HOLCROFT  Pro- 
cophis  i.  34  They  began  on  both  sides  .  .,  Vitigis  and  Beli- 
sarius  incouraging  their  men  in  their  Reares.  1745  DC 
Foe's  Eng.  Tradesman  vi,  (1841)  I.  39  His  payments  may 
come  in  on  his  front  as  fast  as  they  go  out  in  his  rear.  1827 
SOUTHEY  Hist.  Penins.  H'ar  II.  303  A  plan  which  was  im 

ossible,  unless  Soult  should  .  .  allow  the  enemy  to  get  in 

is  rear.  1862  STANLEY  Jewish  Ch.  (1877)  I.  v.  108  The 
huge  mountain  range  which  rose  on  their  rear,  and  cut  off 
their  return. 

C.  /«  (f  or  -withiii)  the  rear  of,  at  the  back  of, 
behind.  Also  in  later  use  with  at,  and  occas.  with 
out  the. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  \.  ui.  34  Feare  it  Ophelia,..  And  keepe 
within  the  reare  of  your  Affection.  1643  R.  M.  ScJwole  of 
IVarre  Asb,  Half  of  the  Muskettiers  to  be  in  the  Reare  of 
the  Pike^.  1699  BKXTLEY/VM/.  194  In  his  own  time,  in  the 
Rear  of  so  many  Poets.  1815  W.  H.  IRELAND  Scribbleo- 
mania  13  Slush  from  the  ditch  that's  in  rear  of  the  mountain. 
1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Toms  C.  xv.  141  Miss  Ophelia  dis 
appeared  in  the  rear  of  Mammy.  1886  Law  Times  LXXXI. 
59/2  The  houses  were  built  in  1877.  At  the  rear  of  them 
was  a  g-inch  sewer. 

5.  a.  In  verbal  phrases  :    To  bring  tip  (or  close) 
(he  rear,  to  come  last  in  order,     f  To  get  the  rear 
of,  to  get  behind.     To  hang  on  ones  rear,  to  follow 
closely,  in  order  to  attack  when  opportunity  offers. 

1643  SIR  T.  BROWNE'.  Relig.  Med.  \.  §  58  My  desires  onely 
are.,  to  be  but  the  last  man,  and  bring  up  the  Rere  in 
Heaven.  1653  HOLCROFT  Procopius  \\.  6  r  Whom  he  directed 
..to  get  the  Reare  of  them,  and  to  follow  at  their  backs. 
1667  [see  i].  1717  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  Abbt 
Conti  17  May,  The  rear  was  closed  by  the  volunteers.  1728 
POPE  Dune.  i.  308  Let  Bawdry,  Billingsgate.  .Support  his 
front,  and  Oaths  bring  up  the  rear.  1759  ROBERTSON  Hist. 
Scot.  in.  (1817)  I.  209  A  body  of  the  enemy  hung  upon 
their  rear.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  t.  xiv.  98  Lauener  was  in 
front,,  .while  I  brought  up  the  rear.  1884  Graphic  6  Aug. 
159/1  A  Lancashire  army  of  quite  as  great  dimensions  would 
be  able  to  hang  on  his  rear. 

b.  In  phr.  Front  and  rear  used  in  loose  con 
struction. 

1689  Perfect,  Milit.  Discip.  (1691)  28  Upon  marching 
from  your  Arms,  step  Front  and  Rear  together  with  the  left 
Feet.  1692  HICKERINGILL  Good  Old  Cause  Wks.  1716  II. 
512  His  Army  stood  in  battalia,  ready  to  fight  the  Enemy 
that  had  beset  them  Front  and  Rear.  1808  SCOTT  Marmion 
VL  xxxiv,  Front,  flank,  and  rear,  the  squadrons  sweep.  1816 
—  Antiq,  xxvii,  Keep  thegither,  front  and  rear. 

6.  One  who  stands  in  the  rear  of  another,  rare'-1. 
1851  MAYNE  REID  Scalp  Hunt.  li.  387  The  heads  of  the 

front-rank  men  rested  between  the  feet  of  their  respective 
'  rears  '. 

II.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

7.  attrib.  passing  into  adj.  (a.1)  Placed  or  situated 
at  the  back  ;  hindmost,  last. 

a.  In  Mil.  (and  Naval}  use  of  divisions  of  troops, 
etc.,  as  rear-brigade,  company  ^  division,  ^  forlorn^ 
t  (lorne)  hope,  rank,  etc. 

1600  DVMMOK  Ireland  (1843)  32  In  the  head  of  the  reare 
lorne  hope.     1623  BmoVAM^UMuAiM  114,  I  will  goe  and 
take  some  of  the  Reare  Companies.     1650  CROMWELL  Let. 
4  Sept.  in  Carlyle,  The  Enemy  .  .  had  like  tohave  engaged  our 
rear-brigade  of  horse  with  their  whole  Army.     1689  Perfect. 
Milit.  Discipl.  (1691)  59  The  Rear  half  Files  are  to  March    | 
exceeding  slow.     Ibid.  91  The  Rear  Ranks  ofMusketiers    ! 
make  Ready.     1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl^  Rear-Line^  of  an    j 


208 

army  encamped,  is  the  second  line  ;  it  lies  about  four  or  five 
hundred  yards  distant  from  the  first  line,  or  front.  1769 
FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780*,  Arrierc-garde,  the  rear- 
division  of  a  squadron  of  vessels  of  war.  1796  Instr.  fy  Reg. 
Cavalry  (1813)  95  If  on  a  rear  division.  That  division  will 
he  placed.  ..The  change  will  then  be  made  as  on  a  front 
division.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.  v.  Rear  front ',  The 
rear-rank-men  stand  where  the  front-rank-men  ought  to  be. 
1861  MAY  Const.  Hist.  (1863)  II.  viii.  83  The  halting  rear, 
rank  of  their  own  Tory  followers. 

b.  In  Mil.  or  general  use,  of  things. 
1667  PRIM  ATT  City  <$•  C.  Build.  72  Front  and  rear  walls 
in  the  first  Story  to  be  two  Bricks  and  a  half  thick,  c  1860 
H.  STUART  Seaman's  Catech.  (1862)  12  Why  are  the  rear 
trucks  taken  off?.. To  give  the  gun  more  elevation.  1862 
Patents^  Abridg.  Velocipedes  (1886)  I.  n  Bicycle  steered 
by  small  rear  wheel.  1868  Re/>,  to  Govt.  U.  S.  Munitions 
War^  97  The  metallic  rear-end  of  the  cartridge.  1884  Mil. 
Engineering (<£,  3)  I.  n.  45  Choose  the  best  men  for  diggers 
in  the  gun-spaces  and  rear-trench.  The  diggers  in  the  front 
ditch  have  easier  work. 

8.  With  adverbial  force :  a.  Towards  the  rear, 
as  rear-directed,    b.  From  the  rear,  as  rear-driven, 
-driving^  -steering. 

1855  SISGI.ETOX  rirgil  I.  147  Trusting  in  flight  and  rear- 
directed  shafts.  1887  Vise.  BURY  &  G.  L.  HILLIF.R  Cycling 
159  ( Hadm.  Libr.)  The  rear-driving  safety  bicycle.  Ibid. 
162  The  old  class  of  single-driving  rear-steering  tricycles. 
1888  Encycl.  Brit.  XXI II.  559/2  The  evil  of  rear-steering 
is  only  reduced,  not  removed. 

9.  Special  combs.,  as  rear-cut,  applied  attribu 
tively  to  a  mower  having  the  cutting-bar  in  the 
rear  of  the  carriage  (Knight   1884);   rear-crew, 
U.S.  the  paity  of  men  who  attend  to  the  rear  of 
a  'drive*  of  logs;  rear  driver,  a  cycle  driven  by 
means  of  the  rear  wheel ;  rear  front,  f  ?  a  covering 
for  the  wall  at  the  back  of  an  altar  (cf.  FRONT  9  b) ; 
fthe  back  of  a  building  (pbs.}  •  Mil.  (see  quot.) ; 
rear   man,  Naut.    (see  quots.) ;   rear-steerer,  a 
tricycle  steered  from  the  back. 

1893  Scribners  Mag.  June  715/1  Behind  them  follows 
the  '  "rear  crew1,  the  name  indicating  the  work  they  do. 
1438  in  Somerset  Medieval  Wills  (1901)  144  [Also  one 
white  chalice,  one]  '  frount '  [and]  '  ^rerefrount '  [of] 
*  Grenetarteryn '.  1703  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.  265  A  Build 
ing,  which  is  25  Feet,  both  in  the  Front  and  Reer  Front. 
1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.  v.,  When  a  battalion,  troop;  or 
company  is  faced  about,  and  stands  in  that  position,  it  is 
then  said  to  be  rear  front.  1839  F.  A.  GRIFFITHS  Artil. 
Man.  (1862)  227  The  two  men  whose  numbers  place  them 
farthest  from  the  ship's  side  [in  working  a  gun]  are  to  be 
termed  right,  and  left  *rear-men.  c  1860  H.  STUART  Sea- 
man's  Catech.  12  Who  places  the  inclined  planes?  The 
rear-man.  1883  BROWNING  in  Knowledge  18  May  289 '2, 
I  prefer  a  *rear-steerer  with  ratchets  for  easy  riding.  1887 
Vise.  BURY  &  G.  L.  HII.LIER  Cycling  374  (Hadm.  Libr.)  The 
old  bath-chair  ..  front-steering  tricycle  is  fast  following  the 
old  rear-steerer  into  obscurity. 

Rear  (riu),  a.-  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms  :  I  hrer, 
4~7  (9  dial^)  rere,  6  reere,  6-7  (9  dial.}  reer,  6-7 
reare,  6-8,  9  dial.  rear.  See  also  RARE  a.l  [OE. 
hr£rt  of  uncertain  origin.]  Slightly  or  imperfectly 
cooked,  underdone.  In  early  use  only  of  eggs. 

ciooo  Sax.  Leechd.  II.  272  Nim  scamoniam..£  hrer 
henne  &•$  swifte  sealt.  [Cf.  Ibid.  III.  294  On  an  hreren- 
breeden  ae^.]  c  1400  Lanfrancs  Cinirg,  58  pe  brobis  of 
fleisch,  ..£  rere  eyren,  &  smale  fischis.  a  1450  Knt.  dc  la 
70«r(i868)  27  Thei  had  atte  her  dyner  rere  eggis.  1532 
MORE  Confut.  Tindale  Wks.  667/2  Suppling  of  a  rere  roten 
egge.  1584  COGAN  Haven  Health  cxciii.  (1636)  174  Rere 
egges,..that  is  to  say  little  more  than  through  hot.  1655 
CULPKPPER,  etc.  Riverius\\.  vii.  121  Let  the  Patient  abstain 
. .  from  Wine,  Flesh,  and  Rear  Eggs.  1731  MEDLKY 
Kolben's  Cape  G.  Hope  I.  201  The  Hottentots,,  .love  their 
victuals,  whether  roasted  or  boil'd,  should  be  very  rear. 
a  1796  PEGGE  Derbicisms  Ser.  n,  Rear,  meat  underdone. 
a  1825  in  FORBY  Voc.  E.  Anglia.  1865-  in  dial,  glossaries 
{Cumbld,,  Durham,  Lanes.,  Yks.,  Lines.,  Shropsh.,  Dorset, 
Hants,  etc.). 

trans/,  orjtg.  1620  MIDDLETON  &  ROWLEY  World  Tost 
Wks.  (Dyce)  V.  192  I'll  have  thee  ramm'd  Into  a  culverin 
else,  and  thy  rear  flesh  Shot  all  into  poach'd  eggs.  1625 
MIDDLETON  Game  at  Chess  iv.  ii,  Can  a  soft  rear,  poor 
poach'd  iniquity  So  ride  vpon  thy  conscience? 
b.  As  complement  with  verbs. 

1542  BOORDE  Dyetary  xil.  (1870)  264  Let  the  egge  be  newe, 
and  roste  hym  reare.  1700  DRYDEN  Ovid's  Met.,  Bands  fy 
Phil.  98  New  laid  Eggs,  which  Baucis  busie  Care  Turn'd 
by  a  gentle  Fire,  and  roasted  rear. 

C.   Comb.  (cf.  quot.  c  1000  above),  as  rear-boiled, 
-dressed,  -poached,  -roasted. 

1548  ELYOT  s.v.  Otittftt,  Sorbilc  tntittnt  a  reere  rosted  egge. 
1576  BAKER  Jewell^  of  Health  55  The  hearbe  [Eyebright] 
..eaten  euerie  day  in  a  reare  potched  Egge.  1586  BRIGHT 
Melanch.  xxxix.  253  Eggs,. reare  dressed  somewhat.  1626 
BACON  Sylva  §  53  Eggs  (so  they  be  Potched,  or  Reare 
boyled).  1656  HEYI.IN  Surv.  France  260  A  dish  of  Egges, 
rear-roasted  by  the  flame. 

Rear  (ri*i\  z*-1  Forms:  i  r&ran,  3  rseren, 
3,  4  reren,  5  reryn ;  4-6  rere,  5,  6  reere,  (3)  6 
reare,  7-  rear;  (6-7  rair,  9  dial.  rare).  [OE. 
nvran  (:— OTeut.  *raisjan}  =  Goth,  -raisjan,  ON. 
reisa,  to  RAISE.  OE.  had  also  drxran  AREAR  (in 
use  down  to  the  I7th  c.). 

The  main  senses  of  rear  run  parallel  with  those  of  the 
Scandinavian  equivalent  RAISE,  but  the  adopted  word  has 
been  much  more  extensively  employed  than  the  native,  and 
has  developed  many  special  senses  which  are  rarely  or 
never  expressed  by  rear.  Hence,  on  the  one  band,  rear 
has  in  many  applications  been  almost  or  altogether  sup 
planted  by  raise,  a  process  which  is  clearly  seen  in  the 
usage  of  the  Wyclif  Bible  (see  note  to  RAISE  ;  in  the 


BEAR. 

]  version  of  1611  rear\$  found  only  in  i  F,sdr.  v.  62,  while 
I  raise  is  freely  employed).  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  probable 
p  that  rear  has  sometimes,  esp.  in  poetry,  been  used  as  a  more 

rhetorical   substitute   for   raise t    without   independent   de- 
\    velopment  of  the  sense  involved.     As  in  the  case  of  raise 

there  is  some  overlapping  of  the  senses,  and   occasional 
1    uncertainty  as  to  the  precise  development  or  meaning  of 

transferred  uses.] 

I.  To  set  up  on  end  ;  to  make  to  stand  up. 

1.  trans.  To  bring   (a  thing)   to   or  towards   a 
vertical  position  ;  to  set  up,  or  upright.   =  RAISE  i. 

Frequently  with  suggestion  of  senses  8  or  n,  and  now 
usually  implying  a  considerable  height  in  the  thing  when 
raised. 

a.  1000  Cxdnton's  Gen.  1675  (Gr.)  Ceastre  worhton  &  to 
heofonum  uphlsedras  raordon.  1:1205  LAY.  noo  Heo  raerden 
heora  mastes.  Ibid.  17458  Maerlin  heom  [the  stones]  gon 
rasren  [c  1275  reare]  alse  heo  stoden  asrer.  1387  TREVISA 
Higdeti  (Rolls)  V.  455  pe  place  bere  Oswaldus  knelede  and 
rerede  a  crosse.  etjOO&owfotu  Bab.  2658  Thai  rered  the 
Galowes  in  haste.  1530  PALSCR.  687/2  It  is  a  great  deale 
longer  than  one  wolde  have  thought  it  afore  it  was  reared 
up.  1571  DIGGES  rantom.  i.  xxix.  Ijb,  Fixing  on  the 
dimetient  thereof  two  sightes  perpendicularly  reared.  1631 
WEF.VER  Anc.  Funeral  Mon.  637  A  broken  peece  of  a  faire 
marble  stone,  reared  to  the  side  of  a  pillar.  1688  PRIOR 
Ode  Exodus  Hi  108  That  Ladder  which  old  Jacob  rear'd. 
1725  POI-E  Odyss.  xi.  3  At  once  the  mast  we  rear,  at  once 
unbind  The  spacious  sheet.  18*2  W.  IRVING  Braceb.  Hall 
xxvi.  225  The  May-pole  was  reared  on  the  green.  1847 
I  TENNYSON  Princ.  v.  404  Your  very  armour  hallow'd,  and 
\  your  statues  Rear'd. 

refl.    1596  DRAYTON  Legends  iv.  933  The  Corne.. being 
1    once  downe,  it  selfe  can  never  reare. 

b.  spec,  of  setting  up  the  crust  of  a  pie.  Now 
dial.  ~  RAISE  i  c. 

<  1420  Liber  Cocorutn  (1862)  34  Take  floure  and  rere  the 
cofyns  fyne,  Wele  stondande  withouten  stjne.  1588  SHAKS. 
Tit.  A.  v.  ii.  189  Of  the  Paste  a  Coffen  I  will  reare.  1879- 
in  dial,  glossaries  (Chesh.,  Shropsh.,  Warw.). 

2.  To  lift  (a  person  or  animal)  to  or  towards  an 
erect  or  standing  posture ;  usually,  to  set  (one)  on 
one's  feet,  assist  to  rise.     Now  chiefly  dial. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  viii.  40  He  found  the  meanes  that 
Prisoner  vp  to  reare,  Whose  feeble  thighes  . .  him  scarse  to 
light  could  beare.  Ibid.  x.  35  She  held  him  fast,  and  firmely 
did  u p beare ;  As  carefull  nourse  her  child  from  falling  oft 
does  reare.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  758  Till  gently  reard  By 
th'  Angel,  on  thy  feet  thou  stood'st  at  last.  1667  N.  FAIR 
FAX  in  Phil,  'irans.  II.  457  Nor  could  she  lie  flat,  but 
rear'd  up  with  pillows.  1769  SIR  W.  JONES  Pal.  Fort,  in 
I  Poems  (1777)  30  The  Matron  with  surprize  her  daughter 
rears. 

b.  rejl.  To  get  up  on  one's  feet,  to  rise  up  (rare}; 
also  of  animals,  to  rear  (sense  15  b). 

c  1580  SIDNEY  Ps.  HI.  in,  I  laid  me  downe  and  slept,  .. 
And  safe  from  sleepe  I  rear'd  me.  1591  SPENSER  M. 
Hitbberd  237  Eftsoones  the  Ape  himselfe  gan  up  to  reare. 
1749  FIF.LDING  Tom  Jones  iv.  xiii,  The  unruly  beast  pre 
sently  reared  himself  an  end  on  his  hind-legs.  1856  KANE 
Arct.  Expl.  II.  xv.  164  He  [a  bear]  will  rear  himself  upon 
his  hind-legs. 

C.  So  with  ffoefyj  etc.  as  object.     Chiefly  refl. 

1593  SHAKS.  2  H(n.  VI^  in.  ii.  34  Helpe  Lords,  the  King 
is  dead.  Sour.  Rere  vp  his  Body,  wring  him  by  the  Nose. 
1610  WILLET  He.vapla  Daniel  137  Whereas  before  he  went 
groueling  ..  now  be  reareth  vp  his  bodie.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  i.  221  Forthwith  upright  he  rears  from  off  the  Pool 
His  mighty  Stature.  1810  SHELLEY  St.  Inync  ui.  xvi,  Her 
skeleton  form  the  dead  Nun  rear'd.  1815  —  Alastor  182 
He  reared  his  shuddering  limbs. 

d.  To  cause  (a  horse)  to  rear,  rare —1. 

1814  SOUTHEY  Roderick  xxv,  He  raised  his  hand,  and 
rear'd  and  back'd  the  steed. 

t  3.  To  raise  from  the  dead.   Obs.    -  RAISE  3. 

c  1320  Sir  Beites  (MS.  A)  2839  Lord,  J>at  rerede  be  Laza- 
roun.  1387  TREVISA  Higdcn  (Rolls)  IV.  461  lulianus.. 
rered  bre  men  fro  deth  to  lyve.  157*  R.  H.  tr.  Lavatems' 
Ghostes  (1596)  177  [Saule]  sought  helpe  of  a  witch  to  reare 
Samuel  from  the  dead. 

re_fl.  c  1450  LONELICH  Grail  xlix.  201  5if  that  to  lyve  he 
rere  him  Ageyn  thanne  ben  they  myhty  [gods]. 

t  b.  To  raise  (a  person)  to,  out  of,  or  from  a 
certain  condition.  Obs. 

Connexion  with  sense  17  is  also  possible.     Cf.  RAISE  19. 

c  1450  tr.  De  Imitatione  in.  Ixii.  145,  I  am  it  bat  rere  to 
hehh  hem  bat  morneb.  £1580  SIDNEY  Ps.  xxxiv.  ix,  God 
shall  him  to  safety  reare,  When  most  he  seemes  opprest. 
1590  SFENSER  F.  Q.  in.  i.  64  Their  Ladye..they  reard  out 
of  her  frosen  swownd.  1624  QUARLES  Div.  Poems^  Job 
(1717)  187  Then  doubt  not,  but  he'll  rear  thee  from  thy 
sorrow. 

4.  To  cause  to  rise :  a.  To  rouse  from  bed  or 
sleep.  Obs,  exc.  dial.  —RAISE  4 a. 

a  1000  Riddles  iv.  73  (Gr.)  Sa^a  hwset  ic  hatte  obbe  hwa 
mec  ra;re,  bonne  ic  restan  ne  mot.  c  xsoo  Trin.  Coll.  Horn. 
77  [To  pray]  bat  he . .  weche  us  of  ure  heuie  slape  and  rere  us 
of  lire  fule  lust  bedde.  13..  E.X.Altit.P.C.  188  per  ragnel 
in  his  rakentes  hym  rere  of  his  dremes.  1382  WYCLIF  Jer. 
xxxi.  26  Therfore  as  fro  slep  I  am  rered.  1*1440  Prowp. 
Pan'.  430/2  Reryn,  or  revyn  of  slepe,  infra  in  wakyn', 
excito.  1886  EL  WORTHY  IV.  Som.  IVord-bk.^  Rear,  to  rouse ; 
to  disturb. 

fb.  To  rouse  or  dislodge  (a  beast  of  chase, 
spec,  a  boar)  from  covert.  Obs.  =  RAISE  4  b. 

1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  E  iv,  Whiche  beestes  shall  be  reride 
with  the  lymer.  157$  TURBERV.  Venerie  xl.  115  Beating 
and  following  vntill  they  haue  reared  and  found  the  Harte 
againe.  1582  STANYHURST  SEneis  i.  (Arb.)  28  Rearing  with 
shoutcry  soom  boare.  1685  DRYDEN  tr.  fforace  Rpode  ii, 
Into  the  naked  Woods  he  goes  And  seeks  the  tusky  Boar 
to  rear,  a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Creiv,  Rear  the  Z>oart 
dislodge  him.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  III.  174 
When  the  boar  is  rear'd,  as  is  the  expression  for  driving 
him  from  his  covert.  1846  YOUATT  J'igiv.  (1847)  37  When 


REAR. 

first  the  animal  was  '  reared',  he  contented  himself  with 
slowly  going  away. 

5.  To  rouse  up  for  common  action.  Obs,  exc.  dial. 
=  RAISE  5. 

£1400  Beryn  2905  [He]  made  an  hidouse  Cry,..&  rerid 
vp  ftl  be  town.  1460  raston.  Lett.  I.  506  The  kyng  cometh 
to  London  ward,  and.  .rereth  the  pepyll  as  he  come.  1464 
Ibid.  II.  148  That,  .he  rere  the  centre  and  take  hem  and 
bryng  hem  to  the  Kyng.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  77,  iv.  j.  145 
If  you  reare  this  House  against  tins  House.  1864  BARNKS 
Dorset  Gloss.,  Rear,..lQ  rouse;  to  excite.  1878  Cumbld. 
Gloss.,  Rear,., rally,  bring  up.  1891  T.  HARDY  Tcss  (1900) 
143/1  There  are  sixteen  of  us  on  the  Plain,  and  the  whole 
country  is  reared. 

f6.  To  arouse,  animate,  stimulate,  06s.  =  RAISE  6. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  97  b,  Therfore  rerc  vp 
thy  courage  &(shewe  thy  manhode.  1621  BI-RTON  Anat. 
Mel.  il.  ii.  vi.  iii.  (1651)299  A  roaring-meg  against  Melan 
choly,  to  rear  and  revive  the  languishing  soul.  1647  H. 
MOKE  SottfO/StntllL  \.  n.  ii,  New  strength  my  vitals  doth 
invade  And  rear  again,  that  earst  began  to  fade. 

II.  To  build  up,  create,  bring  into  existence. 
7.  To  construct  by  building  up.    =  RAISE  8. 
It  is  not  clear  whether  the  common  OE.  phrase  Codes  (or 
dryhtnes)  lof  rxran  is  a  fig.  use  of  this  sense,  or  is  to  be 
associated  with  branch  III. 

^900  tr.  Santa? s  Hist.  in.  ii[i].  (1890)  158  He  Cristes 
cirican  in  his  rice  Mornllce  timbrede  &  r.trde.  a  1000  C.rtf- 
monsGen.  1880  (Or.)  Ongunnon  him  ba  bytlian  &  heora 
burh  raeran.  c  1205  LAV.  75459  Ich  faren  wulle  to  ban  muntc 
of  Reir  &  racren  (>er  cast  el.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  5408 
Abbeys  he  rerde  monion  In  mony  studes.  1382  WYCLIF 
Gen.  xxxiii.  20  And  there,  an  auter  reryd,  he.  .clepide  vpon 
the . .  God  of  Israel.  1479  Nottingham  Rec.  II.  390  That  the 
seid  howse  be  fenysshit,  reryd  and  made  upp.  a  1548  HALL 
Chron.,  Hen.  VIII  73  A  tower  ..rered  by  great  craft e. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  x.  52  Amongst  the  hives  to  reare 
An  hony  combe.  1634  MILTON  Contus  798  Till  all  thy 
magick  structures  rear'd  so  high,  Were  shattered  into 
heaps.  1697  DRYDEN  I'irg.  Eel.  \\.  30  When  summon 'il 
Stones  the  Theban  Turrets  rear'd.  1779  J.  MOORE  View 
Soc.  Fr.  (1789)  I.  xlviii.  408  He  had  reared  a  building 
greatly  larger.  1849  MACAU  LAY  Hist.  Kng.  v.  I.  629  Her 
family  reared  a  sumptuous  mausoleum  over  her  remains. 
1874  GRF.EN  Short  Hist.  iii.  >?  4.  129  The  sanons..  reared  the 
church  which  still  exists  as  the  diocesan  cathedral. 
fig.  1772  MACKENZIE  Man  World  \.  ii.  (1803)  421  The 
fall  of  those  hopes  we  had  been  vainly  diligent  to  rear. 
1781  COWPER  Tai>l<!~t.  532  From  him  who  rears  a  poem  lank 
and  long,  To  him  who  strains  his  all  into  a  song.  1812 
Miss  MITFORD  in  L'Estrange  Life  (1870)  I.  vi.  193  How 
weak  the  fame  the  lowly  songstress  rears. 

fb.  To  bring  into  existence;  to  cause  to  arise 
or  appear.   06s.   =  RAISE  9,  ii. 

In  the  Wyclif  Bible  (up  to  the  end  of  Jeremiah)  rere  is 
regularly  employed  to  render  L.  snscitdre  in  the  above 
senses:  it  is  not  quite  clear  whether  the  underlying  idea 
belongs  here  or  to  branch  I. 

1382  WYCLIF  Gen.  xxxviii.  8  Go  yn  to  the  wij'f  of  thi 
brother.. that  thou  rere  seed  to  thi  brother.  —  i  Sam. 
ii.  35,  I  shal  rere  to  me  a  trewe  preest.  1591  SHAKS. 
i  Hen.  yf,  iv.  vii.  92  From  their  ashes  shall  be  reard  A 
Phccnix. 

t  8.  To  originate,  bring  about,  set  going  (a  state 
or  condition  of  things,  esp.  one  which  causes  trouble 
or  annoyance) ;  to  commence  and  carry  on  (some 
action,  esp.  war).  06s.  =  RAISE  12,  14. 

#900  CYNEWULF  Christ  689  God  ..  sibbe  raerej?  ece  to 
ealdre   engla  &   monna.     «  1023   WL-LISTAM  Horn,  xxxiii. 
(1883)  156  Dae^hwamUce   man   ihte  yfel  refter  oSrum,  and 
unriht  raerde.     ,-1052  O,  E.  Chron.  (MS.  C.)  an.  1052  Ealle 
Frencisce  men  \>e  xr  unlade  rscrdon.     12..   Moral  Ode  172 
(Egerton  MS.)  po  scullen  habben  hardne  dom..ba  he  euele 
heolden  wreche  men  &  vuele  la^es  rerde.     1297  R.  GLOUC. 
(Rolls)  8987  Erl  thebaud  ..  bigan  to  rere  worre  vpe  be  king 
of  france.     ^1330  Florice  <J-  Bl.  (18^7)  685  We    han    irerd 
this  schame  and   schonde.     1382  WYCLIF   2  Sam.  xii.  n, 
I  shal  rere  vpon  thee  yuel  of  thin  hows.     a.  1450  MYRC  1243 
Hast  bow  reret  any  debate.     1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vii.  454 
Which  tempest,  after  y«oppynyon  of  some  wryters,  was  reryd 
by  y-'  negromauncers  of  yj  Frenshe  Kynge.     a  1548  HALL    ! 
Chron.,  Hen.  IV  10  If  any  persones  would  presume  to  rere    : 
warre    or    congregate    a   multitude.      1577    NORTH  BROOK  ]•: 
Dicing  (1843)  25  Rearing  vp  slanders  vpon  the  preachers    [ 
of  the  worde  of  God.     1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  II.  vi.  21  Her    \ 
mery  fitt  she  freshly  gan  to  reare.     Ibid.  xii.  22  Unweeting 
what  such  horrour  straunge  did  reare. 

b.  To  make  (a  noise)  by  shouting ;  to  utter 
(a  cry) ;  to  begin  to  sing.  rare.  =  RAISE  13. 
Also  associated  with  (or  originating  in)  branch  III. 
13..  E.  E.  Allit.  }\  B.  873  Jtenne  be  rebaudez  so  rpnk 
rered  such  a  noyse,  c  1330  Arth.  $  Afe>'/.  6417  (Kolbing) 
pe  paiens..gun  rere  a  wel  foule  crie.  1382  WYCLIF  Isa. 
xv.  5  The  cri  of  contricioun  thei  shul  rere  [L.  le~>abunt\, 
c  1500  in  Arnolde  Chron.  <i8n)  94  Ye  shall  rere  vp  hue  and 
crye  and..folowe  theym  fro  strete  to  strete.  1784  COWPKR 
Task  vi.  662  The  simple  clerk  ..did  rear  right  merrily, 
two  staves,  Sung  to  the  praise  and  glory  of  King  George. 

9.  To  bring  (animals)  to  maturity  or  to  a  certain 
stage  of  growth  by  giving  proper  nourishment  and 
attention  ;  esp.  to  attend  to  the  breeding  and  growth 
of  ;cattle,  etc.' as  an  occupation.  ^  RAISE  9  b,  lob.    j 
c  14*0  Pallnti.  on  Hnsb.  i.  610  The  pocok  me  may  rere  vp    t 
[L.  nutrire]  esely  If  beestes  wilde  or  theuys  hem  ne  greue.    \ 
1523  KITZHERB.  Hitsb.  §  8  That  countrey  is  not  for  men  to    i 
kepe  husbandry  vppon,  but  for  to  rere  and  brede  catell  or    ! 
shepe.     Ibid.  §  66  Yet  is  it  better  to  the  housbande,  to  sell 
those    calues,   than    to   rere   them,   bycause   of    the    cost. 
[1697    DRYDEM    I'irg.   Georg.    in.  668   Thoughtless   of  his 
Eggs,  [the  snake]  forgets  to  rear  The  hopes  of  Poison,  for 
the  following  Year.]     1759  BROWN  Compl.  Farmery  It  is    j 
a  common  saying,  the  worst  housewife  will  rear  the  best    \ 
pigs.    1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  II.  248  Those  persons    , 
whose  employment   it  is  to  rear  up   pigeons   of  different 
colours,  can  breed  them,  .to  a  feather.    1805  R.W.  DICKSON    i 
Pract.  Agric.  II.  085  Calves  reared  in  this  manner  are  to    I 

VOL.  VIII. 


209 

f    be  enticed  to  eat  hay  as  early  as  possible.  1844  H.  STEPHENS 
!    Bk.  Farm  III,  845  No  man  rears  a  stallion  for  the  use  of 
his  own  mares  only.     1863  Sat.  Rev.  u  July  49  Man  de 
votes  his  energies  to  the.  .employment  of  rearing  pigs. 

b.  To  bring  up  (a  person),  to  foster,  nourish, 
educate.    =  RAISE  10. 

1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  n.  i.  136  For  her  sake  I  doe  reare 
vp  her  boy.  1605  SYLVESTER  Du  Bar/as  n.  iii.  in.  Lawt 
1  80  She  takes  him  up  and  rears  him  royall-like.  1671 
MILTON  Samson  555  God  with  these  forbid'n  made  choice 
to  rear  His  mighty  Champion.  1784  COWPER  '1  'ask  vi.  38 
We  loved,  but  not  enough,  the  gentle  hand  That  reared  us. 
1803  J.  DAVIS  Trav.  U.S.  215  This  gentleman..  is  not  only 
a  Latin,  but  a  Greek  Scholar.  He  was  reared  at  Cambridge. 
1879  M.  PATTISON  Milton  17,;  When  Milton  was  being 
reared,  Calvinism  was  not  old  and  effete. 

absol.  1850  TKNNVSON  In  Man.  xl,  Her  office  there  to 
rear,  and  teach. 

c.  To  attend  to,  promote,  or  cause  the  growth  of 
(plants)  ;  to  grow  (grain,  etc.).    =  RAISE  IOG. 

1581  W.  STAFFORD  Exam.  Co»ij>j.  i.  11876)  19  IJreade 
Corne,  and  Make  corne  ynough,  besides,  reared  alltogether 
vpon  the  same  lancle.  1728  YOUNG  Love  Fame  v.  230  In 
distant  wilds  .  .  She  rears  her  flow'rs.  1784  COWPEK  Task 


.  .  rs.     174     OWPEK     as 

VI-  753  Happy  to  rove  among  poetic  flowers,  Though  poor 
in  skill  to  rear  them.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  v.  vii,  While 
on  yon  plain  The  Saxon  rears  one  shock  of  grain.  1834 
H.  MILLER  Scenes  fy  Leg.  v.  (1857)  61  In  these  'times  it  was 
quite  as  customary  for  farmers  to  rear  the  flax  uhirh  sup 
plied  them  with  clothing.  1871  R.  ELLIS  tr.  Catnlhts  Ixfi. 
50  A  flower,  .rear'd  by  the  showers. 

transf.  1728-46  THOMSON  Spring  1148  Delightful  task! 
to  rear  the  tender  thought,  To  teach  the  young  idea  how 
to  shoot.  1770  Hi-RKK  Pres.  Discont.  Wks.  II.  340  It  is 
therefore  our  business  .  .  to  rear  to  the  most  perfect  vigour 
and  maturity,  every  sort  of  generous  and  honest  feeling. 
1781  COWPER  Hope  ?g$  Hopes  of  every  sort,  whatever  sect 
Esteem  them,  sow  them,  rear  them,  and  protect. 

d.  To  raise  or  grow  (meat  or  food  •. 
1799  J.  ROBKRTSON  Agric.  3\-rtk  3.15   In  the  highlands 
every  man  rears,  on  his  own  farm,  what  butcher  meat  his 
family  requires. 

III.   To  lift  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  position. 
1O.  To  lilt  up  or  upwards  as  a  whole.   =  RAISE  17. 

Sometimes  also  with  implication  of  sense  i.  esp.  in  to  rear 
the  head. 


vp  locustes,  —  Matt.  xi.  23  And  thou,  Caphernaum, 
whether  til  in  to  heuen  thou  ^hak  be  rerid  vp?  ("1450  tik, 
Cnrtasye  754  in  lial-ces  L>k.,  Who  so  euer  he  takes  bat  mete 
to  here  Schalle  not  so  hardy  )>o  couertoure  rere.  c  1485 
Digl<y  Klyst.  in.  1878  Rere  vp  f?e  seyll  In  all  [?e  hast,  as 
well  as  bou  can.  1571  DIGGES  Pantom.  i.  xvii.  Eiij  b,  The 
nature  of  water  is  such,  as  by  pipes  it  may  be  rered  aboue 
the  fountaine  hed.  1610  SHAKS.  Tcwf.  n.  i.  20=;  When  I 
reare  my  hand,  do  you  the  like  To  fall  it  on  Gonzalo.  1668 
CULPEPPER  &  COLB  Barthol.  Anat.  iv.  vii.  165  Its  Use  is 
to  rear  up  the  Chest.  1726  Pom  O,fyss.xxu.  14  High  in  his 
hands  he  rear'd  the  golden  bowl.  1827  HOOD  HI  ids.  Fairies 
xviii,  Upon  a  mast  rear'd  far  aloft,  He  bore  a  very  bright 
and  crescent  blade.  1864  TENNYSON  En.  Ard.  752  The 
babe,  who  rear'd  his  creasy  arms. 

reft.  1398  TRKVISA  Earth.  DC  P.  R.  xn.  I.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
J>e  more  brides  haueb  of  holownes  of  pennes  ..  J?e  more 
eselich  bei  rereb  bemsilf  and  fleel>  vpward. 

b.  To  have,  hold,  or  sustain  (some  part)  in  an 
elevated  or  lofty  position.     Also  quasi-;r/?. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  699  Each  beauteous  flour.  .ReaVd 
high  thir  flourisht  heads  between,  and  wrought  Mosaic. 
1671  —  /*.  R.  iv.  546  Higher  yet  the  glorious  Temple  rear'd 
Her  pile.  1757  GRAY  Bard  112  Sublime  their  starry  fronts 
they  rear.  1781  J.  MOORE  View  Sac.  It.  (1790)  I.  xxxv.  381 
The  ancient  Mistress  of  the  World  rears  her  head  in  melan 
choly  majesty.  1823  BYRON  Island  iv.  ii,  A  black  rock 
rears  its  bosom  o'er  the  spray.  1872  JENKIXSON  Guide 
Eng.^  Lakes  (1879)  15°  Honister  Crag,  the  grandest  in  the 
district,  rears  its  front  on  the  left. 

C.  reft.  To  rise  up  to  a  height,  to  tower. 
1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1862)  I.  ii.  10  The  ground,  .rears 
itself,  .in  lofty  mountains  and  inaccessible  cliffs.  1839  J.  H. 
NEWMAN  Par.  Serin.  (1842)  IV.  xvii,  298  The  stately  tree 
rears  itself  aloft.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  ix.  63  A  steep  slope 
of  snow.,  reared  itself  against  the  mountain  wall. 

f  d.  absol.  or  with  //.  To  raise  anchor.  Obs. 
14..  Sailing  Directions  (Hakluyt  Soc.  1889)  13  Yif  ye 
Ride  in  the  Doowns  and  will  go  into  Sandwiche  haven, 
Rere  it  by  turnyng  wynde  at  an  est  south  of  the  moone. 
Ibid.  15  A  man  that  ridith  in  the  way  of  odierene  at  an 
ankre,  he  may  begyn  to  rere  at  an  est  southest  moone  for  to 
turne. 

11.  To  lift  up,  raise,  elevate,  exalt,  in  various  fig. 
applications  (sometimes  with  suggestion  of  other 
senses  of  rear  or  raise}.    Now  rare  or  Obs, 

1382  WYCLIF  Jer.  Ii.  i  Babilon  and  . .  his  dwelleris,  that 
ther  herte  rereden  a^en  me.  c  1450  tr.  De Ii>ritationc\.-x.x\\\. 
32  Kepe  bin  herte  fre&  rere  it  up  to  by  god.  1586  MARI.OWK 
istPt.  Tawl>nrl.\\i.ut  And  higher  would  I  rear  my  estimate 
Than  luno.  1611  SHAKS.  l\7int.  T.  \.  ii.  314  His  Cup-bearer, 
whom  I  from  meaner  forme  Haue  bench'd,  and  rear'd  to 
Worship.  1637  R.  ASHLEY  tr.  Malrczzis  David  Persecuted 
5  The  same  action  which  at  one  time  hath  reared  up  a 
Prince,  should,  .sink  him.  1655  JKR.  TAYLOR  Guide  Dcvot. 
(1719)154  Thy  Goodness  mayhereafter  rear  Our  Souls  unto 
thy  Glory. 

12.  To  turn  or  direct  (esp.  the  eyes)  upwards. 
1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  vi.  ii.  42  The  Ladie  . .  Gan  reare  her 

eyes  as  to  the  chearefull  light.     1621  QUARLES  Div.  Poems, 
Esther  (1717)  14  Jonah  (humbly  rearing  up  his  eyes).    1671 
hill  anonhir  -"  --  ' 


MILTON  P.  R. 


Up  to  a 


. 

I  .     .     .  25      p    o  a          anon    is  steps  he  rear  d. 

1712-14  POPE  Rape  Lock  \.  126  To  that  she  bends,  to  that 
her  eyes  she  rears.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Cohtmb.  xv.  135  O'er 
the  dark  world  Erasmus  rears  his  eye. 

13.  To  cause  to  rise  :  a.  Naut.   =  RAISE  23  a. 

1555  EDEN  Decades  351  In  .xv.  degrees  we  dyde  reere  the 


REAR-. 

crossiers.     1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Cosmogr.  Glasse  49  We 
reared  the    north  starre   in  short  space  .xij.  degr.   and  at 
length,  30.  deg.      1867  SMYTH  Sailor's   Word-Ill,  s.v.,  To 
rear  an  object  in  view,  is  to  rise   or  approach  it. 
fb.  To  raise  (a  fiend).  Obs. 

1567  Goi-nixr,  Ovid's  Met.  vi.  (1593)  148  The  tyrant  with 
a  hideous  noise  away  the  table  shooves,  And  reares  the 
fiends  from  hell. 

c.  To  make  (the  voice)  heard.    ^  RAISE  21. 

1817  SCOTT  Harold  vi.  xiii,  When  his  voice  he  rear'd, .  .The 
powerful  accents  roll'd  along.  1818  SHELLEY  Kfi\  Islam 
xi.  xx,  His  voice  then  did  the  stranger  rear. 

f!4.  a.  To  levy,  raise,  gather,  collect  (fines, 
rents,  etc.\  Obs.  —  RAISE  25.  Also  const,  upon. 

1:1420  Sir  Antadace  (Camden)  *xii,  A  marchand  of  this 
cite,  Hade  riche  rentus  to  rere.  1449  Rolls  of  Tar  It.  V. 
144/2  A  Subsidie  to  be  take  and  rereyd  of  al  mancrc  Prests 
seculers.  1473  Bk.  Noblesse  (Roxb.)  30  ( Ippresxid  . .  by 
over  gret  taskis  and  tailis  rered  uppon  them.  1574  Galu<ay 
Arch,  in  IQ//I  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Coinm.  App.  V.  423,  xxti 
pound  sterlinge  current  mony  of  England  to  be  rered  and 
levied  to  the  commone  use.  1599  HAKLUYT  I'oy.  II.  ii.  60 
Which  rent  is  reared  onely  in  goats  skinnes. 
t  b.  To  levy,  raise  (an  army'1.  Obs.~l 

a  1400-50  Alexander  81  Artaxenses  is  at  hand  &  has  ane 
ost  reryd,  And  resyn  vp  with  all  his  rewme. 
f  C.   To  take  &\\a.y  from  one.   Obs.~l 

1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  vi.  6  He,  in  an  open  Turney  lately 
held,  t'j-o  me  the  honour  of  that  game  did  reare. 

IV.  15.  intr.  To  rise  up  (towards  a  vertical 
position  or  into  the  air)  ;  to  rise  high,  to  tower. 

Spec,  in  fiifsl',  of  a  furrow-slice:  see  quots.  1523  and  1700. 

13--  X.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  366  pe  mukel  lauande  loghu  tope 

lyfte  rered.     IHa.  423  Ofte  hit  roled  on-rounde  &  rered  on 

,    ende.     1523  FITZHERB.  Hnsb.  §  16  Lette  the  hnsbande.. 

!    plowe  a  brode  forowe  and  a  depe..and  lay  it  flat,  that  it 

rere  not  on  the  tdge.     1790  W.  MARSHALL  Mid.  Counties 

,     (17961  H-  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.)  Kear,  to  rise  up  before  the  plow, 

as  the  furrows  sometimes  do  in  plowing.      1840   DICKENS 

i     Old  C.  Shop   xxxviii,  The   loftiest  steeple  that    now  rears 

j    proudly  tip  from  the  mid>t  of  guilt.     1881  Scrihner's  Ma%. 

Aug.  532/2  If  a  wind  on  the  beam  is  so  strong  as  to  make 

her  either  slide  or  '  rear  up  '  too  much. 

b.  intr.  Of  a  quadruped,  esp.  a  horse:  To  rise 
on  the  hind  feet.  Also  with  it. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xiv.  69  Hobynis.  that  warstekit  thai-, 
Rent  and  flnng.  1592  SMAKS.  /  'en.  A-  Ad.  270  Sometimes 
he  trots,  . .  Anon  he  reres  \\  right,  curuets,  and  le:ips.  z6n 
COTGR.,  Cabrcr,  to  reare,  or  stand  vpright  on  the  hinder 
feet;  ..as  a  Goat,  or  Kid  that  brouses  on  a  tree.  1761 
;  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  III.  xxxvi,  Let  me  beg  of  you,  like  an 
unback'd  filly  ..  to  jump  it,  to  rear  it,  to  bound  it.  1800 
COLERIDGE  }Vallen$tein  iv.  iv,  His  charger,  by  a  halbert 
bored,  rear'd  up.  1870  EMERSON  Soc.  $  Solit.  x.  207  When 
he  bcLjan  to  rear,  they  were  so  frightened  that  they  could 
not  see  the  horse. 

fig.  1629  GAL-LE  Holy  Madn.  92  How  he  reares  in  the 
Necke.  a  1761  JOHNSON  in  Bosivcll  an.  1780  Johnson  .  pro 
fessed  that  he  could  bring  him  out  into  conversation,  and 
used  this  illusive  expression,  'Sir,  I  can  make  him  rear'. 
1899  Set-timer's  Mag.  Jan.  98/1  [He]  is  a  brave  man  and 
has  been  known  to  rear  on  occasions. 

C.   f rans.  To  throw  off  by  rearing,   nonce-use. 
_i852  BAILEY  Festus  xxii.  ted.   3)  395  Earth  rear  off  her 
cities  As  a  horse  his  rider. 

16.  intr.  To  turn  out  (well  or  ill)  in  course  of, 
or  after,  rearing  (in  sense  g\ 

1894  Daily  Nt"ws  2  Oct.  6/6  In  the  counties  mentioned 
pheasants  have  reared  well. 

Rear  Crl*-0)  ^-2  Obs.  exc.  arch.  Also  5-6  rere. 
[Of  obscure  origin.]  trans.  To  cut  up  or  carve 
(a  fowl,  spec,  a  goose). 

ci470  in  Hors,  Shepe  <$•  G.  (Caxton  1479,  Roxb.  repr.i  33 
A  dere  broken,  a  ghoos  rerid,  a  swan  lyfte  ..  a  heron  dis- 
membrid.  c  1500  For  to  swe  a  Lord  in  Bal'ccs  Bk.  374 
To  lose  or  untache  a  bitorn  :  kitte  his  nekke,..rere  hym 
leggeand  whynge,  as  the  heron.  ^1756  MRS.  HFVWOOD 
Neiv  Present  (1771)  269  To  rear  a  Goose.  1804  FARI.EV 
London  Art  Cookery  (ed.  10)  293  To  rear  a  poose,  cut  otT 
both  legs  in  the  manner  of  .shoulder  of  lamb.  1840  H. 
AINSWORTH  Tower  of  London  (1864)  412  In  the  old  terms 
of  his  art,  he  leached  the  brawn,  reared  the  goose. 
tBear.  v$  Obs.  rare.  [f.  REAR  sb$\ 

1.  trans.  To  attack  or  assail  in  the  rear. 

1670  EACHARD  Cont.  Clergy  48  He  falls  a  fighting  with 
his  text,  and  makes  apitch'd  battel  of  it,,  .he  rears  it,  flanks 
It,  entrenches  it,  storms  it.  1682  BUNYAN  Holy  War  xv, 
Then  the  captains  fell  on,  and  began  roundly  to  front  and 
flank  and  rear  Diabolus'  camp. 

2.  To  strengthen  in  the  rear. 

1680  J.  SCOTT Sertn.bef.  Artillery  Comp.  Wks.  1718  II.  24 
We  cannot  talk  in  Rank  and  File,  Flank  and  Rear  our  Dis 
courses  with  Military  Allusions. 

t  Rear,  z».4  Ob$.~~l  Nant.  (Of  obscure  origin 
and  meaning.) 

1599  HAKLUYT  Voy.  II.  n.  40,  I  tooke  our  skiffe  and  went 
to  them  to  know  why  they  lost  vs,..and  lohn  Kire  made 
me  answere  that  his  ship  would  neither  reare  nor  steere. 

fEear,  adv^\  Ol>s.~~*   =  ARIIKAR  adv. 

The  sense  of  the  passage  is  not  clear  j  the  phrase  may 
mean  simply  '  not  at  all '. 

c  1412  HOCCLEVF,  De  Reg.  Princ.  1247  Sone,  as  for  me, 
nouthir  avaunte  ne  rere. 
-t  Rear,  atto.%  Obs.  rare.    =  RAKE  adv."2-    Early. 

1714  GAY  Shtph.  Week  \.  6  O'er  yonder  Hill  does  scant 
the  Dawn  appear.  Then  why  does  Cuddy  leave  his  Cott  so 
rear?  Ibid,  n  This  rising  rear  betokeneth  well  thy  mind. 

Rear,  dial,  variant  of  ROAR  v. 

Hear-,  comb,  form,  partly  of  OF.  or  AF.  origin, 
as  in  r ear-war d, -guard,  rearsnpper  (and  hence  by 
analogy  in  rear-admiral,  -feast*  -freight)^  partly 
ad.  F.  arriere-)  as  in  rear-tassel,  -vault,  and  partly 

27 


14  We  all  put  out  to  sea  ..  :  videlicet  ..  the  Golden  Lyon, 
vize-admirall  ;  the  Dreadnaughte,  reare  admirall  [etc.]. 
1628  UICHY  I'oy.  Medii.  dS68)  28  The  newes  of  my 


REAR-ADMIRAL. 

(from  c  1600)  an  attributive  tise  of  REAR  sb.^  In 
recent  use  the  older  spelling  RERE-  has  sometimes 
been  adopted,  esp.  in  archaic  or  architectural 
terms  (see  rear-arch,  -vault}. 

Rear-A'dmiral.    [f.  REAR-.] 

1.  A  flag-officer  in  the  navy,  the  next  in  rank 
below  a  vice-admiral.  (See  ADMIRAL  3.) 

In  the  U.S.  navy  the  highest  rank  granted  except  in 
special  circumstances. 

1589  [T.  GATES]  Sir  F.  Drake's  IV.  Ind.  Voy.  2  Captaine 
Francis  Knolles,  Rieradmirall  in  the  Gallion  Leicester. 
a  1642  SIR  W,  MONSON  Naval  Tracts  in.  (1704)  332/1  The 
use  of  a  Rear-Admiral  is  but  a  late  invention,  and  is  allow'd 
but  the  ordinary  Pay  of  a  Captain.  1702  Land.  Gaz.  No. 
3829/3  Sir  John  Mimden,  Rear-  Admiral  of  the  Red,  hoisted 
his  Flag  this  day  on  the  Mizen-top-mast  of  her  Majesty's 
Ship  the  Victory.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  s.v.  Ad- 
viiral,  There  are  at  present  in  England,  .four  rear  admirals 
of  the  red,  four  of  the  white,  and  five  of  the  blue  squadron. 
1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.  Rank,  Admirals  ..  rank  with 
generals  of  horse  and  foot  ;  rear-admirals,  as  major-generals. 
1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-bk.)  Rear-Admiral,  the  officer 
in  command  of  the  third  division  of  a  fleet,  whose  flag  is  at 
the  mizen. 

t  b.  Formerly  used  in  the  designation  Rear 
Admiral  of  England  or  Great  Britain.  Now  Obs. 

1684  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  1901/3  His  Majesty  has  been  gra 
ciously  pleased  to  constitute  Arthur  Herbert  Esq.  Rear 
Admiral  of  England.  1705  Ibid.  No.  4086/3  The  Lord 
High  Admiral  ha-;  been  pleased  to  appoint  Sir  Cloudesly 
Shovell.  .to  be  Rear-Admiral  of  England.  1707  Ibid.  No. 
4397/3  He  was  at  the  Time  of  his  Death  Rear-Admiral  of 
Great  Britain.  1799  Naval  Chron.  I.  368  note,  In  August 
1771  [Sir  George  Rodney]  was  made  Rear  Admiral  of  Great 
Britain. 

t  2.  A  ship  carrying  a  rear-admiral's  flag.   Obs. 
1587  R.  LFXG   True  Descr.  Voy.  Sir  F.  Drake  (Camden) 

Lyon, 
[etc.]. 
Rere- 

admirall  fighting  the  day  before  with  the  Venetian  shippe, 
1690  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2541/3  Their  Majesties  Ship  the  Coro 
nation,  being  a  second  Rate,  and  Rear-Adrmral  of  the  Red. 

Rear-arch..  Arch.  Also  rere-.  [f.  REAR-  + 
AUCH.]  The  inner  arch  of  a  window-  or  door- 
opening,  when  differing  in  size  or  form  from  the 
external  arch.  (Cf.  REAR-VAULT.)  Also  attrib. 

1849  FREEMAN  Archit.  343  By  these  two  means  the  splay 
and  the  distinct  rear-arch  are  abolished.  1860  G.  E.  STREHT 
in  Archseol,  Cant,  III.  116  From  these  a  richly-moulded  rear- 
arch  springs.  1878  SIR  G.  SCOTT  Lect.  Archit.  I.  280 
Taking  all  styles  together,  the  rear,  or  rere  arch,  or  in 
earlier  works  the  wider  internal  splay,  is  greatly  more 
frequent,  probably  because  less  costly  than  the  other  form, 
the  'through  arch*.  Ibid.  282  The  two  systems  may  be 
distinguished  as  rere-arch  windows  and  through  arch 
windows. 

Rear-banquet  :  see  KERB-BANQUET. 
Heard,  variant  of  RKUD,  noise. 
Keardemain,  variant  of  REREDEM.VIN  Obs. 
Reardors,  obs.  variant  of  REREDOS. 
Reared  (ri-ud),  ppl  a.    [f.  REAR  z>.i  -f-  -ED  2.] 

1.  Raised,  elevated,  exalted. 

1382  WYCLIF  Isa.  xxx.  25  Vp  on  alle  rered  hil.  1595 
BAHNFIELD  Cassandra  (1841)  32  Stately  Dion  (whose  provd 
reared  walls  Seem'd  tocontroule  the  cloudes).  1606  SHAKS. 
Ant.  ff  Cl.  v.  ii.  82  His  rear'd  arme  Crested  the  world. 
1638  KILLIGREW  Conspiracy  Epil.,  From  your  reared  and 
exalted  Throne.  1726  LEOSI  tr.  Albertis  Archit.  II.  59/1 
On  the  rear'd  Column  be  my  Story  wrote. 

2.  Brought  up  to  a  certain  stage  of  growth. 

1889  Pall  Mail  G.  27  Dec.  1/2  Freely  giving  the  millions 
of  reared  fish  away. 

Rearer  (ri»Tai).     [f.  REAR  Z/.I  +  -ERI.] 

1.  One  who  rears  (in  transitive  senses,  esp.  sense  9). 
1382  WYCLIF  Judith  xiv.  9  That  not  of  the  rereres,  but  of 

the  noise  makeris  Olofernes  shulde  waken.  1611  COTGR., 
Esleveur^  a  rearer,  breeder.  1767  LEWIS  Statins  x.  323 
The  Rearer  of  the  Steed,  When  the  kind  Spring  renews  his 
gen'rous  Breed  [etc.].  1841-3  ANTHON  Class.  Diet.  579  She 
..  is,  by  the  appointment  of  Jupiter,  the  rearer  of  children. 
1880  Daily  AVTCJ  23  Oct.  2/1  The  demand  of  the  English 
rearer  of  store  cattle  for  Irish  lean  cattle. 

2.  A  horse  that  rears,  or  has  a  habit  of  rearing. 
1829  Sporting  Mag.  XXIV.  89  In  nine  cases  out  of  ten  I 

have  found  that  confirmed  rearers  are  tender  mouthed. 
1882  Daily  News  i  June  3/1  He  was  a  respectable  rearer, 
and  a  hearty  horse  at  a  kick,. 

3.  Slang.   (See  quot.) 

1827  Sporting  Mag.  XXI.  131  We  were  favoured  with  .  . 
what  is  technically  called  'a  rearer',  that  is  to  say,  the  near 
side  wheels  went  into  a  ditch  deep  enough  to  have  turned 
us  keel  upwards. 

4.  Coal-mining.  An  edge-seam  (see  EDGE  sb.  12, 
and  cf.  REARING///,  a.  i,  quot.  1686). 

1883  GRESLF.Y  Gloss.  Coal-mining  200. 

t  Bear-feast.  06s.-1  [f.  HEAR-  +  FEAST.]  The 
latter  meal,  supper. 

1615  CHAPMAN  Odyss.  iv.  286  But  let  us  not  forget  our 
rear  feast  thus. 

t  Rear-freight.  Obs.-1  [Alteration  of  REFRAIT, 
after  REAR-  and  FREIGHT.]  Refrain,  burden. 

c  1557  ABP.  PARKER  Ps.  309  The  reare  freyt  of  the  Psalme. 

Rear-guard  J  (ri»ugajd).  Mil.  Forms:  5  rier-, 
ryere-,  5-6  reregarde  ;  5  rere-,  6  Sc*  rearegard  ; 
6  Sc.  reir-,  7  rere-,  7-  rearguard,  [a.  OF.  rere" 
giiarde>  AF.  reregard^  rergarde  (c  1307)  :  see  note 
to  ARREAR-GUARD  and  cf.  REARWARD  sbj- 

Variously  written  rearguard^  rear-guard,  and  rear 
guard.] 


210 

f  1.  The  rear  portion  of  an  army  or  armed  force 
drawn  up  for  action.  Obs.  =REAR  sbj>  I,  REAR- 

WAUD  sbJ-  I. 

1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  xlv.  85  He  kepte  aUvey  the  rier 
garde  with  grete  plente  of  hi.s  peple.  c  1500  Me  hi  sine  191 
The  two  bretheren.  .them  self  toke  &  conduyted  the  gret 
baytayll.  . .  And  of  the  reregarde  were  captayns  the  two 
kmghtes  of  poytou.  1598  BARRET  Theor.  IVarres  57,  1400 
armed  men,  the  which  are  to  arme  the  front  and  reregard 
of  the  battell.  1636  E.  DACRES  tr.  Machiavcl's  Disc.  Livy 
II.  335  Though  they  have  made  their  Armie  tripartite, 
terming  the  one  the  Vauntguard,  the  other  the  Battell,  and 
the  last  the  Rereguard. 

2.  A  body  of  troops  detached  from  the  main  force 
to  bring  up  and  protect  the  rear,  esp.  in  the  case  of 
a  retreat. 

1659  RUSHW.  Hist.  Coll.  I.  417  The  King  of  Denmark., 
endeavored  to  make  his  retreat ;  but  Tilly  followed  so  close 
his  Rear-guard,  that  he  kept  them  in  continual  action.  1777 
A.  ST.  CLAIR  in  Sparks  Corr.  Amer.  Rev.  (1853)  *•  4°4  The 
rear-guard .  .wasted  so  much  time  in  the  morning,  that  they 
were  overtaken  and  surprised.  1811  WELLINGTON  Let.  30 
Mar.  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1838)  VII.  412  The  enemy  went  off 
towards  Setubal,  the  rear  guard  in  admirable  order.  1876 
VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  330/2  Under  such  cir 
cumstances,  seldom  more  than  a  fifth  or  sixth  of  the  total 
force  forms  the  rear  guard. 

fig-  J837  HT.  MARTINEAU  Soc.  Amer.  III.  283  If  the 
clergy  of  America  follow  the  example  of  other  rear-guards 
of  society.  1860  TYNDALI,  Glac.  i.  xxv.  185  The  storm,  too, 
had  left  a  rear-guard  behind  it. 

attrib.  1898  tt'estm.  Gaz.  6  Jan.  4/3  The  worst  of  all 
battles  to  fight — a  rearguard  action. 

Rear-guard  2.  [f.  REAB  $b.$\  The  guard  at 
the  rear  of  a  railway  train  ;  or  the  van  he  occupies. 

1897  Daily  News  17  Mar.  8/7  The  rear-guard  of  the 
Hounslow  tram. 

Reargue  (rfjaugiw),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
argue  (spec,  a  case  in  law)  a  second  time ;  to  debate 
over  a^ain. 

1776  BURROW  Rep.  IV.  2320  The  Court  ordered  the  Cause 
to  be  re-argued.  1863  Sat.  Rez>.  6  June  724  The  case  does 
not  need  or  admit  of  re-arguing  now.  1884  Law  Times 
Rep.  XLIX.  584  '2  TheCourt..  desired  that  the  point  should 
be  reargued  before  a  full  Court  of  Appeal. 

So  Rea  rg'iinient. 

1884  LD.  FITZGKRALD  in  Law  Times  Rep.  LII.  200/1  The 
Lord  Chancellor  directed  a  re-argument  of  the  Case. 

Rear-horse.  Entom.  [f.  REAR  v.1  15  b.]  A 
mantis. 

1884  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  173  The  Mantidse  have  be 
come  popularly  known  under  a  variety  of  names,  such  as 
Rear-horses,  Race-horses,  . .  from  the  peculiar  positions 
assumed  by  them  at  different  times. 

Rearing"  (rla-riij),  •vbl.  sb,  [f.  REAR  v^\  The 
action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses. 

1.  The  action  of  lifting  up,  raising,  elevating, 
•\  increasing,  etc. 

c  1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  v.  1232  If  ye  deye  in  this 
same  errour,  youre  rerynge  ageyn  shal  cause  you  grete 
dolour.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (\\.  de  W.  1531)  260  b,  In  the 
whiche  rerynge  doutlesse  his  handes  &  fete  dyd  rent  & 
teare.  1549  LATIMER  St'rtti.  bef.  Ediu.  VI,  i.  (Arb.)  41  Al 
the  enhansinge  and  rearing  goth  to  your  priuate  commo- 
ditie  and  wealth.  Ibid.  vi.  168  [The  deuil]  sturres  men  up 
to  outragious  rcaryng  of  rentes. 

2.  The  action  of  erecting,  building  up,  etc. 

In  various  dialects  spec,  the  erection  of  the  roof-timbers, 
putting  on  the  roof,  of  a  house;  hence  rearing-feast^ 
-supper  (or  simply  rearing],  a  supper  given  to  the  workmen 
on  this  occasion.  (See  Rochd.,  Lonsd.,  Chesh.,  Line,,  and 
Hants  glossaries.) 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  99  Scipio  . .  fforbeed  J>e 
rerynge  of  )>e  theatre  in  }>e  citee  of  Rome.  1535  COVERDALE 
i  Esdras  v.  62  In  the  rearinge  vp  of  the  house  of  the 
Lorde.  1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  232  Buyldyng  an  hous 
euen  from  the  foundacion  vnto  the  vttermost  raftreyng  and 
reirynge  of  the  roofe.  1639  MS.  Ace.  St.  John's  Hosp.^ 
Canterb.,  The  rareinge  of  our  house  in  Ruttinton  Lane. 
1867  FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq.  (1876)  I.  App.  682  In  the  minster 
of  the  Holy  Trinity  of  his  own  rearing.  * 

3.  The  action  (practice  or  occupation)  of  bring 
ing  up  to  or  towards  maturity. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xvm.  i,  (Bodl.  MS.), 
Bestes  . .  haue  redines  of  wytte  in  bredynge  and  reringe  of 
here  brode.  1611  COTGR.,  Eslcvement ^  a  rearing,  breeding, 
or  bringing  up.  1681  DRVDEN  Prol.  to  Saunders"  Tamer 
lane  23  He's  a  young  plant,  . .  But  his  friend  swears  he  will 
be  worth  the  rearing.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  i.  viii. 
(1869)  I.  83  Poverty.,  is  extremely  unfavourable  to  the 
rearing  of  children.  1796  MORSE  Amer.  Geog.  I.  770  The 
soil.. is  thin,  and  better  adapted  to  the  rearing  of  cotton 
than  sugar.  1797  BEWICK  Brit.  Birds  I.  263  The  breeding 
and  rearing  of  these  charming  birds.  1886  Pants  Fish 
Culture  Sept.  67  They  aim  at  the  stocking  of  waters  rather 
than  the  rearing  offish  for  the  table. 

4.  f  a.  The  fact  of  rising  up.  06s.—1 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xiy.  xlvi.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
Valeis  ben  ischadowed  bi  reringe  &  hi^enes  of  hilles. 
b.  The  action  of  rising  on  the  hind  legs. 

1831  YOUATT  Horse  xix.  337  Then  rearing  may  be  im 
mediately  and  permanently  cured  by  using  a  snaffle-bridle 
alone.  1892  E.  REBVF.S  Homeward  Bound  262  In  the 
frantic  rearing  of  the  horse  . .  both  horse  and  rider  turned 
a  somersault. 

5.  attrib.  a.  Of  animals  :  Being  reared,  intended 
for  rearing. 

1509  Nottingham  Rec.  IV.  251,  viij.  olde  swyne  and 
twelve  rearinge  pigges.  1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Afitmtts 
Agric.  29  Aug.  1774  This  is  the  same  [cow]  which  suckled 
the  two  rearing  calves.  1887  in  S.  Chesk.  Gloss,  s.v., 
Promising  well-bred  rearing  heifer  calf. 

b.  Of  appliances  or  places  used  in  or  for  the 


RE-AROUSE. 

rearing  of  animals  (esp.  fowls  or  fishes),  as  rearing 
box,  coop,  glass,  ground,  pond,  tank. 

1854  Zoologist  XII.  4189  For  rearing-glasses  [for  insects], 
I  have  used  confectioners'  show-glasses  of  various  sizes. 
1884  Pall  Mall  G.  4  Apr.  4/2  Building  hatching-houses  and 
boxes,  constructing  rearing-coops  and  runs.  1886  PanTs 
Fish  Culture  Sept.  71  Rearing  grounds  similar  to  those 
which  are  found  on  the  coast  of  France.  1891  Chambers' 
Encycl.  VIII,  198/1  Rearing  ponds  situated  near  the  sea. 

6.  Comb.  :  rearing-bit,  a  bit  employed  to  prevent 
a  horse  from  lifting  the  head  while  rearing  (Knight 
Diet.  Mech.  1875). 

Rearing  (ria'rin),  ///.  a.    [f.  REAR  z;.1] 

1.  That  rears  or  rises  up. 
With  the  first  quot.  cf.  REARER  4. 

1686  PLOT  Stajfordsh.  147  If  it  be  a  rearing  mine  or  edg- 
cpal  as  some  call  it,  cutting  the  superficies  of  the  earth  at 
right  angles.  1816  L.  HUNT  Hero  $  Leander  n.  65  Sur 
mounted  like  a  god  the  rearing  tide.  1851  J.  M.  WILSON 
Rural  Cycl.  IV.  29  A  viciously  rearing  horse,  .is  sometimes 
dealt  with  by  being  pulled  over  backward  by  a  rider. 

2.  That  rears  or  brings  up.     (Cf.  prec.  5  b.) 
\'&4r  Health  Exhib.  Catal.  119/1  A  Rearing  Mother  for 

the  artificial  rearing  of  the  chickens. 

Rearing-bone,  -piece.     (See  quots.) 

1736  KAILMY  Househ.  Diet.  349  Take  two  buttock  pieces 
or  as  they  are  also  call'd  two  rearing  pieces  of  pork  (these 
are  the  lean  that  is  cut  off  the  gammon  on  the  inside  of  the 
flitch).  1883  Hants.  Gloss.,  Rearing-boru^  the  hip-bone  of 
a  pig. 

Rearise  (r/^ararz),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  To 
arise  again. 

1865  SWINBURNE  Poems  fy  Ball.,  Hesperia  31  As  a  ghost 
rearisen.  1887  BOWEN  Virg.  sEneid  iv.  129  Morn,  mean 
while  rearising,  has  left  dark  Ocean. 

Rea-rling.  rare—1,   [f.  REABz/.1]    A  fosterling. 

1884  J.  PAYNE  Tales  fr,  Arabic  II.  100  This  youth  is  my 
rearling,  and  he  was  born  of  one  of  my  slave-girls. 

t  B»ea'rly,  adv.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  REAR  a.2  + 
-LY  -.]  Early. 

1612  Two  Noble  K.  iv.  i,  I'll  bring  it  tomorrow.  Daughter. 
Do  very  rearly  ;  I  must  be  abroad  else.  1714  GAY  Sheph, 
II  'eek  iv.  39,  I  rearly  rose  just  at  the  break  of  day. 


(r^a'-im),  v.  Alii.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  arm  again  ;  esp.  to  arm  afresh  with  more 
modern  weapons.  Hence  Hea'rming  vbl.  sh, 

1871  Pall  Mall  G.  6  Mar.  7  At  this  moment  the  effort  of 
the  Government  is  to  rearm  as  many  soldiers  of  the  line  as 
possible.  1898  Daily  News  31  Aug.  5/4  The  recent  re 
arming  of  the  German  artillery  with  a  new  weapon. 

So  Rea  rmament. 

1870  Observer  13  Nov.,  The  revictualment  of  Paris  is  more 
important  than  the  rearmament  of  France. 

Rearmost  (ri»'inwust),  a.  [f.  REAR  #.*  + 
-MOST.]  Farthest  in  the  renr,  coming  last  of  all. 

1718  ROWE  tr.Lucan  u.  moThe  rest  pursue  their  Course 
..These  of  the  Rear-most  only  left  behind.  1790  BEATSON 
Nav.ff  Mil.  Mem.  II.  193  The  rearmost  ship  of  the  enemy's 
line.  1851  MAYNE  REID  Scalp  Hunt.  xli.  322  The  Indians 
halted  until  those  who  were  rearmost  should  close  up. 
1880  Nature  XXI.  357  The  rearmost  end  of  this  fragment. 

Rearmouse,  reremouse  (ri->umaus).  Now 
only  arch,  or  dial.  Forms  :  a.  i  hrere-,  hryre- 
mus,  (2  reremus),  4-5reremous,  -mows(e,6-7, 
9  reremouse,  (7  reere-,  7,  9  dial.  reer-).  0.  6-7 
reare-,  7-  rearmouse,  (9  dial.  rare-).  7.  6-7  pi. 
remice,  -mise,  9  dial.  ry(e)-,  ray-,  raa-,  raw- 
mouse.  [OE.  hreremiis,  f.  mils  MOUSE. 

The  first  element  may  represent  the  stem  of  OE.  krtran 
to  move,  but  the  length  of  the  vowel  is  not  certain.  It  is 
also  possible  that  the  form  is  an  alteration  (by  phonetic  cor 
ruption  or  popular  etymology)  of  the  older  hrtafieifntS) 
found  in  the  earliest  glosses  and  some  later  texts,  and  perh. 
represented  by  some  of  the  existing  dialect  forms.] 

=  BAT  s6.1     (£,{.  flicker  ~ijlinder-,jlitter-inoitse^ 

o.  a  iioo  I'oc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  318/27  Uesfertilio,  hrere- 
mus.  1382  WYCLIF  Lev.  xi.  19  A  lapwynk  and  a  reremous. 
1382  —  Barnch  vi.  21  Aboue  the  hed  of  hem  backis,  or 
reremijse,  and  swalewis  fleejen.  1399  LANGL.  Rich,  Rf  deles 
in.  272  Not  to  rewle  as  reremys,  and  reste  on  the  daies. 
1552  HULOET,  Backe  or  Reremouse  which  flieth  in  the 
darke,  nicteris.  1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  n.  ii.  4  Some  warre 
with  Reremise  for  their  leathern  wings.  1634  SIR  T. 
HERBERT  Trtw.  212  Reer-mice,  or  Bats  so  large  as  Gos- 
hawkes.  1686  J.  DUNTON  Lett.fr.  Neu>-Eng.  (1867)  24  One 
of  the  Seamen  affirm'd  that  he  had  seen  Flying  Fishes, 
and  that  they  had  wings  like  a  Rere-Mouse.  1863  WISE 
New  Forest  192  The  bat  is  here  called  rere-mouse.  1864- 
in  dial,  glossaries  (Dorset,  Som.,  GIouc.,  Hants).  1886 
R.  F.  BURTON  Arab.  Nts.  (abr.  ed.)  I.  Foreword  8  The  rere 
mouse  flitted  overhead  with  his  tiny  shriek. 

ft.  1581  J.  BELL  H  addon*  sAnsw.  Osor.  504  We  shall  wander 
and  straggle  blindely  ..  as  wantes  and  rearemyce  at  the 
bright  beames  of  the  cleare  Sunne.  1668  DRVDEN  Even. 
Love  v.  i,  Some  flying,  and  some  sticking  upon  the  Walls 
like  Rear-mice.  1728  MORGAN  Algiers  I.  iv.  129  These 
Brutes,  whose  language  resembled  the  screeching  of  Bats, 
or  Rear-Mice.  1835  BROWNING  rarncelsits  in.  391  Do  the 
rear-mice  still  Hang  like  a  fretwork  on  the  gate?  1892 
EARL  LYTTON  King  Poppy  Epil.  163  The  rear-mice  flit  In  the 
hard  furrow. 

y-  1565  GOLDING  Ovid's  Met.  iv.  (1593)  92  We  in  English 
language  bats  or  remice  call  the  same.  1603  KNOLLES 
Hist.  Turks  (1621)  544  Their  lights  are  oftentimes  put  out 
with  the  .  .  swarmes  of  remise  flying  about  their  eares.  1825 
BRITTON  Beauties  Wilts  III.  Prov.,  Rymoitse^  a  bat.  1851, 
1893  in  Glouc.  and  Wilts  glossaries  (rye-,  raa-t  raivmonse). 
f  b.  transf.  (See  quot.)  Ohsr* 

1611  COTGR.  Rondolt^  the  sea  Bat,  or  Rearemouse  of  the 
sea;  a  flying  fish. 

Be-arou'se,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  arouse  again. 

1830  LVTTON  P.  Clifford  xix,  The  witness,  re-aroused  into 


BE -ARRANGE. 

anger,,  .said  in  a  low  voice  [etc.].  1860  EARL  LYTTON  Lucile 
II.  iv.  §  6.  37  The  heart  of  a  man  re-aroused  to  the  use  Of 
the  conscience  God  gave  him. 


1863  A.  C.  RAMSAY  Pkys.  Geog.  13  Oil  cooling,  the  con 
stituents  re-arranged  themselves. 

So  Be-arra  ugeable  a. ;  Re-arra/ng-ement. 

1867  H.  SPKNCER  First  Princ.  II.  xiii.  §  102.  297  Its  parts 
are  no  longer  appreciahly  re-arrangeahle  by  any  save 
violent  actions.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  6  June  719  It  will  repay 
the  trouble  of  rearrangement  and  fresh  elaboration. 

Re-array,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  array  again. 

a  1711  KEN  Hymns  Festiv.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  249  In 
wonted  Splendor  re-array'd,  He  strait  invisible  retir'd. 
c  1858  ELIZ.  WATTS  Poultry  Yard  112  This  bird,  .was  pre 
sented,  .on  a  large  dish,  re-arrayed  in  its  glorious  plumage. 

Re-arre'St,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  arrest  again. 

1655  FULLER  Hist.  Caml>.  (1840)  186  As  for  the  duke  . .  he 
was  re-arrested  of  high  treason,  tf&t)  Daily  News -12  July  5/5 
If  he  escapes  this  time,  it  is  almost  certain  that  he  will  he 
rearrested. 

So  Re-arre'st  sb. 

1864  Mont.  Star  29  Dec.,  The  issue  of  new  warrants.. for 
the  re-arrest  of  the  raiders. 

Rear-rib:  see  REAR-VAULT  (quot.  1844). 

Re-arri've,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  arrive  again. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Panaretus  1423  [They,]  re-arrived  in 
their  own  camp,  their  prize  Unto  their  prince  present.  1637 
WOTTON  in  Reliq.  (1672)  74  The  Arch-bishop  of  Spalato 
being  then  re-arrived  from  England. 

So  Be-arri'val. 

1891  Miss  DOWIE  Girl  in  Karp.  262  The  village  soon  got 
wind  of  my  re-arrival. 

Rear-shaft:  see  REAR-VAULT  (quot.  1844). 

Rear-supper,  variant  of  RERE-SUPPER  06s. 

Rear-vassal.  Hist.     Also  rere-.     [f.  REAB- 

+  VASSAL,  after  F.  arrie 're-vassal,  '  an  vnder- 
vassall,  a  vassall  vnto  a  vassal!'  (Cotgr.).]  A 
sub-vassal ;  one  who  does  not  hold  directly  of  the 
sovereign. 

1761  GIBBON  Misc.  Wks.  (1814)  III.  215  His  own  imme 
diate  vassals  were  hound  to  follow  him  into  the  field  against 
a  prince  of  whom  they  were  themselves  the  rear-vassals. 
1832  AUSTIN  Jurispr.  (1879)  II.  lii.  875  This  . .  is  the  case 
with  freehold  land  . .  where  the  tenant  in  fee  simple  is 
properly  a  rere  vassal.  1844  LD.  BROUGHAM  Brit.  Const. 
xiii.  (1862)  183  note,  Mr.  Hume  erroneously  thinks  that  the 
statute  7  Hen.  IV.  gave  rear-vassals  their  right  of  election. 

Rear-vault.  Arch.  Also  rere-.  [f.  REAB-, 
after  F.  a>  riere-voitssitre,']  The  vaulted  space 
connecting  an  arched  window-  or  door-head  with 
the  arch  in  the  inner  face  of  the  wall. 

1844  WILLIS  Arc/lit.  Nomencl.  §  81  We  may  therefore  call 
the  said  vault,  rib,  and  shaft,  the  rear-vault,  rear-rib,  and 
rear  shaft  of  the  window  or  door.  1861  BERESK.  HOPE  Eng. 
Cathedr.  igt/i  C.  ii.  46  These  window  groups  being  in 
ternally  set  back  into  a  single  recessed  panel,  and  sur 
mounted  by  a  single  rear-vault. 

Rearward  (n»-jwgjd),  j£.l  Forms :  4-5  rer-, 
4-9  rere-,  5  Sc.  reir-,6-7  reare-,  7  reer-,  6  rear 
ward;  also  4-7  -warde.  [a.  AF.  rerewarde 
(c  1307)  :  see  note  to  ARREAE-WAKD.] 

1.  Mil.  (and  Naval).  That  part  of  nn  army  (or 
fleet)  which  is  stationed  behind  the  main  body ;  the 
third  division  in  a  force  drawn  up  for  battle.  Cf. 
REAR-GUARD  i.  Obs.  exc.  arch. 

13. .  Coer  de  L.  3147  Alle  the  rerewarde  Was  i-slayn  with  < 
Kyng  Rychard.  1375  BASBOUR  Bruce  vnl.  71  Quhen  the 
reirward  saw  thaim  swa  Discumfit.  .Thai  fled  on  fer.  c  1430 
Syr  Gener.  (Roxb.)  9024  Thei  without  folowed  hard,  And 
slogh  many  of  the  rereward.  1450-1530  3/yrr.  our  Ltutye 
119  An  hooste  in  batayle  is  departed  in  thre,  that  ys  to  saye, 
the  forwarde,  the  mydel  warde,  and  the  rerewarde.  1585 
T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  i.  xvii.  19  At  thys  Cape 
..were  foure  Galliots  of  the  rearewarde  of  the  Turkes  armie. 
1609  HOLLAND  Aiuni.  Marccll.  119  The  souldiors  of  our 
rereward,  who  kept  the  upper  part  of  the  hill.  1654  EARL 
MONM.  tr.  Bentivoglio's  Warrs  Flanders  322  The  third 
Squadron  of  the  Rereward  got  almost  all  safe  off.  1828-40 
TYTLER  His!.  Scat.  (1864)  II.  41  He  himself  followed  with 
the  rearward,  composed  of  the  main  strength  of  his  army. 

fig.  *S9*  SHAKS.  Rom.  $  Jill,  UI.  ii.  121  [Q.  2]  But  with  a 
rereward  following  Tybalts  death  Romeo  is  banished  [etc.]. 
t>.  transf.  in  various  applications. 

c  1586  C'TKSS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXVIII.  ix,  The  rereward  lowd 
on  instrunients  did  play.  1611  BIBLE  Num.  x.  25  The  campe 
of  the  children  of  Dan. -which  was  the  rere-ward  of  all  the 
campes  throughout  their  hostes.  —Isn.  Iviii.  SThyrighteous- 
nesse  shall  go  before  thee,  the  glory  of  the  Lord  shall  be  thy 
rereward.  1665  BUNYAN  Holy  Citie  174  As  he  is  to  be  the 
Captain  and  Leader  of  his  People,  so  he  is  to  be  the  Rere 
ward  and  Bringer-up  of  his  People.  1860  WARTER  Sea 
board  II.  27  God  went  before  them,  and  was  their  rereward 
also. 

t  2.  In  verbal  phrases  :  To  have,  keep,  make  the 
rearward  (in  early  use  said  of  the  leaders,  later  of 
the  troops).  To  close  the  rearward,  to  bring  up 
the  rear.  Obs. 

13. .  Jf.  Alis.  7788  Antioche  hadde  the  former-warde,  And 
Tolome  the  reirwarde.  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xvi.  58  Schir 
fcduard . .  Befor  in  the  avaward  raid.  The  Kyng  him-self  the 
reirward  maid,  c  1380  Sir  Ferumb.  27IZ  Y  me-self  and 
Olyuer..Wolleb  come  be-hynde  her;  &  kepe  fce  rereward. 
c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  14662  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  Ho  schal  haue  the 
vaun warde,  Who  the  myddel,  and  ho  the  rerewarde  t  ^1430 
Syr  Gencr.  (Roxb.)  3757  Aufreus  of  Tharse.  .The  rereward 
he  kept  ful  wiselie.  1583  in  Grosart  Spenser's  Wks.  I.  484 
The  examinate . .  appointed  the  souldieres  to  keepe  the  rere 
warde.  1613  HAYWARU  Norm.  Kings  9  The  lances  and  men 


211 

I    at  Armes  cloased  the  Rereward.    1614  RALEIGH  Hist,  World 
ir.  (1634)  248  The**:  had  the  Rereward  and  moved  last. 

3.  In  prepositional  phrases  (cf.  sd.2)  : 

a.  In  (or  at]  the  rearward t  in  the  rear. 

14 . .  [see  4],  1487  Barbour's  Bruce  xiv.  60  (Camb.  MS.) 
The  vaward  had  the  erll  thomas,  And  in  the  rereward  schir 
eduard  was.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxxix.  xlix.  1054  Whiles 
he  came  himselfe  behind  in  the  rereward.  .his  horse  fell  and 
cast  him  at  once.  1601  DOLMAN  La  Priinaud.  Fr.  Acad. 
(1618)  III.  759  Cranes  come  from  the  farthest  oriental!  seas 
of  India.  .Euet-y  troup  hath  a  captaine  who  is  alwaiesat  the 
rereward.  1866  NEALE  Sequences  <$•  Hymns  67  Some  in  the 
van  Thou  call'st  to  do . .  And  in  the  rearward  not  a  few  Thou 
only  bidd'st  to  bear. 

b.  In  (or  on]  the  rearward  qf,  in  the  rear  of. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  /F,  in.  ii.  339  Hee  was  the  very  Genius 
of  Famine  :  he  came  euer  in  the  rere-ward  of  the  Fashion. 
1599  —  Much  At/o  iv.  i,  128  [Q.]  My  selfewouldon  the  rere 
ward  of  reproches  Strike  at  thy  life.    1603  DEKKER  Wonder. 
full  Yeare  A  iv  b,  There  stands  in  the  Rere-ward  of  this 
Booke    a    Troope    of   straunge    Discourses.      1808   SCOTT 
Mann.  vi.  xxvi,  Lord  Dacre  with  his  horsemen  light,  Shall 
be  in  rear-ward  of  the  fight.     1841   Blackiv.  Mag,  XLIX. 
152  It  would  occupy  its_right  position. .in  the  advance,  not 
in  the  rearward  of  the  times. 

4.  transf*  The  hinder  parts,  posteriors. 

14. .  Tourn.  Tottenham  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  III.  86  He 
gurde  so  fast  his  gray  mare  That  she  lete  a  fowkyn  fare  At 
the  rerewarde.  c  1557  ABP.  PARKER  Ps,  Ixxviii.  227  Hys 
foes  rearwardes  even  down  he  fclde.  1855  .MARTIN  &  AYTOUN 
Bon  Gaulticr  Ball.  238  Already  in  his  rearward  Felt  he 
Jove's  tremendous  toes. 

Rearward  (tfr'-iwaid),  a.   [f.  REAK-  +  -WAED.] 

1.  Situated  in  the  rear. 

1598  BARRET  Theor,   Warres  54,  6  rankes  at  2  men  per 
ranke  in  the  reareward  angles.     1813  SCOTT  Rokchy  n.  vi, 
As  champions,  when  their  band   is  broke,  Stand  forth  to 
guard  the  rearward  post.     1876  '  MARK  TWAIN  '  Tom  Sa-wj/er 
vi.  His  coat,  .had  the  rearward  buttons  far  down  the  back. 

2.  Directed  towards  the  rear;  backward. 

1861  Sat.  Rev.  7  Dec.  585/1  If  the  execution  of  a  rapid  rear 
ward  movement  be  required.  1872  JKXKINSOX  Guide  Eng. 
Lakes  (1879)  28  A  rearward  view  discloses  a  lint:  grouping 
of  the  hills  which  have  been  passed. 

Rearward  (m-jwaid),  adv.  (sb?)     [f.  as  prec.] 

1.  Towards  the  rear  ;  backward. 

1625  MARKHAM  Soutdiers  Accid.  18  Open  your  Rankes, 
from  the  front  reareward.  1818  SOUTHEY  in  Q.  AYr.  XVIII. 
33  The  heavy  weapon  reached  me  in  the  rear,  And  rearward 
I  returned  a  long  loud  .sigh.  1868  Rep.  to  Govt.  U.  -V. 
Munitions  War  53  The  head  of  the  locking  bolt . .  causes 
this  block  to  move  obliquely  rearward. 
b.  At  the  back  of. 

1880  L.  WALLACE  Ben-Hur  iv.  x,  Rearward  of  the  structure 
which  graced  the  entrance-way. 

2.  As  sb.  in  phr.  in  the  rearward,  in  the  rear. 
i83z  G.  DOWNES  Lett.  Coat.  Countries  I.  55  The  view  in 

the  rearward  now  became  agreeably  diversified  by  the 
mountains  we  had  lately  traversed. 

So  ReaTwardly  adv. ;  Rea'rw&rds  adv. 

1856  OLMSTICD  Slave  States  91  A  room  that  extended  out, 
rearwardly,  from  the  house.  1897  Daily  News  25  May  8/1 
The  unfit  were  gradually  weeded  out  and  sent  rearwards. 

Keas,  variant  of  REIS  (Pg.  money). 

Reascend  (r/iase-nd),z».  [Re- 5  a.]  To  ascend 
again:  a.  intr.  (Cf.  ASCEND  1-4,  7-10.) 

£1450  Mirour  Saluacioim  4088  Crist  descendid  to  helle.. 
so  to  heven  is  he  reascendit.  1594  SPENSER  Amorctti 
Ixxxvi,  I  wish  that  day  would  shortly  reascend.  1621  T. 
WILLIAMSON  tr.Goularfs  Wise  I'ieillard  166,  I  reascend  to 
the  nintith  one  Epistle,  from  whence  I  will  deduce  that 
which  followes.  a  1691  BOYLE  Hist.  Air  (1692)  134  The 
mercury  re-ascended  to  its  first  stations.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE 
Fool  of  Qual.  (1809)  IV.  14  How  shall  he  . .  be  able  to  re- 
ascend  in  the  state  of  his  weakness?  1814  SIR  R.  WILSON 
Priv.  Diary  II.  355  How  many  degraded  sovereigns  have 
re-ascended  from  a  dungeon  to  a  throne?  1850  DE  QUINCEY 
in  '  H.  A.  Page  '  Life  II.  xvii.  67  Up  from  the  river  banks  you 
behold  it  reascending. 

b.  trans.  (Cf.  ASCEND  5-6.) 

1615  CHAPMAN  Odyss.  xx.  86  the  Goddesse  . .  re-ascended 
the  Olympian  skies.  1624  MASSINGER  Renegado  in.  v,  To 
re-ascend  that  glorious  height  we  fell  from.  #  1711  KEN 
Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  120  Till  they  the  Lunar 
Mountains  re-ascend.  1781  COWPER  Truth  395  She  . .  As 
soon  shall  rise  and  reascend  the  throne.  1891  T.  HARDY  Tess 
Ivi,  She  heard  Tess  re-ascend  tbe  stairs  to  the  first  floor. 

Hence  Reasce-nding  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1611  FLORID,  Risalita,  a  reascending  or  getting  vp  againe. 
1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos.  n.  92  The  re-ascending  Quick- 
silver  will  never  totally  . .  fill  the  Tube.  1818  BYRON  Ch. 
Har.  iv.  clxxiv,  '  Arms  and  the  Man ',  whose  reascending 
star  Rose  o'er  an  empire. 

SoReasce-ndanVent^Reasce-ndancy^ency, 
Reasce'nsiou. 

1668  MILTON  P.  L.  VH.  Argument,  The  Angels  celebrate 
.  .his  reascention  into  Heaven.  1808  BENTHAM  Let.  to  Ld. 
Holland  Wks.  1843  X.  440  Since  the  reascension  of  this 
thinking  . .  great  court  has,  in  my  absence,  been  paid  to  him. 
1868  MILMAN  St.  Paul's  237  St.  Paul's  witnessed  the  triumph 
of  reascendant  Roman  Catholicism.  1875  LIGHTFOOT  Comm. 
Col.  (1886)  no  He  described  this  re-ascension  of  the  Christ 
as  a  return  '  to  His  own  pleroma  '.  1885  Cornk.  Mag.  Mar. 
267  The  eventual  reascendency  of  Brahmanism. 

Reascent  (rrase'nt).     [f.  RE-  5  a  -i-  ASCENT.] 

1.  The  act  of  reascending. 

011711  KEN  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  87  The 
Heav'nly  Standard  then  shall  wave  in  Air,  And  the  bright 
Hosts  for  Re-ascent  prepare.  1733  TULL  Horse-hoeing 
Hitsb.  xvi.  247  To  prevent  the  Re-ascent  of  what  that  brings 
down.  1808  BENTHAM  Sc.  Reform  43  Where  the  descent 
has  not  been  occasional,  alternating  with  re -ascent.  1851 
C.  L.  SMITH  tr.  Tasso  xv.  xxxiii,  The  sun  . .  shone  behind 
them  on  its  re-ascent. 


REASON. 

2.  The  way  by  which  one  reascends. 

1784  COWPEK  Task  I.  327  Hence  the  declivity  is  sharp  and 
,    short,  And  such  the  reascent.    1855  BAILEY  Mystic  6  They 
Move  ever  up  the  reascent  to  light. 

3.  The  distance  to  which  one  reascends. 

1807  WORDSW.  White  Doe  vn.  297  Dire  overthrow,  and  yet 
how  high  The  re-ascent  in  sanctity. 

Rease,  obs.  f.  RAISE  n.i,  var.  RESE  Obs.,  obs.  Sc. 
pa.  t.  RISE  v.,  Sc.  dial.  var.  of  ROOSE  v. 

Reased,  variant  of  REUSED  a.,  rancid. 

t  Reasemblance.  06s.-1  [Perh.  for  resem 
blance,  but  cf.  ASSEMBLAKCE  -.]  Resemblance. 

1638  R.  BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  II.)  212, 1  can  make 
you  a  reasemblance  at  least  of  the  good  Cheere  of  Paris. 

Reasen,  Reasin,  obs.  forms  of  RAISIN. 

Reasiness  :  see  REASY  a. 

Re-a/sk,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  ask  again. 

1611  FLORIO,  Radimandare,  to  redemaund,  to  re-aske. 
1803  J.  WHITAKER  in  Polwhele  Trad.  $•  Recoil.  (18261  II.  547 
'Why  then  should  we  fear?'  she  re-asked.  1856  LI-.VKR 
Martins  of  Cro'  K[.  602  The  few  questions  to  which  I  will 
ask  your  answers,  now, . .  may,  very  probably,  be  re-asked  of 
you  under  more  solemn  circumstances. 

Reasnable,  obs.  form  of  REASONABLE. 

Reason  (rrz'n),  sb^     Forms  :  a.  3  reisun,  4 

-oun,  (5  reissoun),  3-5  reyson,  (5  -one),  4-5 

j    reison ;    3   reaisun,   4-6   rayson,   (4  -oun),   6 

.    raisson,  rasone.  Sc.  rasoun.     y3.  3-5  resun,  (4 

-une),  3-6  resoun,  (4-5  -oune,  4  -owne),  3-7 

reson,  (4-6  -one) ;  4  reesoun,  5  -on ;  5-6  res- 

soun,  (7  6V.  -oune),  resson,  (6  -one) ;  7  Sc.  reas- 

soune,  4-  reason,     [a.  OF.  reisun,  -on,  raisun, 

-on,    reson,   etc.   (mod.F.   raison) :— L.  ration-em 

reckoning,  account,  relation, understanding,  motive, 

cause,  etc.,  vbl.  sb.  f.   rat-,  ppl.   stem  of  rlri  to 

think-,  reckon  :  see  RATIO  and  RATION.] 

I.  1.  A  statement  of  some  fact  (real  or  alleged; 
employed  as  an  argument  to  justify  or  condemn 
some  act,  prove  or  disprove  some  assertion,  idea, 
or  belief. 

In  common  use  down  to  c  1600  ;  after  that  date  somewhat 
rare,  except  as  elliptical  for  sense  5. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  164  IhereS  nu  reisuns  hwui  me  ouh  for  to 
fleon  bene  world  :  eihte  reisuns  et  te  h-ste.  c  1305  Si. 
Kathcrine  31  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  90  Mid  ober  reisouns  of 
clergie  bat  maide  preouede  also  pat  here  godes  nobing  ncre. 
1362  LANGL.  P.  t'l.  A.  xi.  41  pel  ..  Bryngeb  forth  liallede 
'•  Resouns..And  puyteb  forb  presumpcion  to  prcue  be  sobe. 
c  1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  n.  704  5e  may..  New  wordes 
reherse  &  new  rescues  speke,  Whech  wer  rehersyd  S;  haue 
her  answers  eke.  1533  BELLENDEN  Liry  v.  xxv,  It  is  said 


not  depart  without  bailing  of  me  some  present,  alleadging 

j     by  their  reasons  that  they  had  done  me  great  honour  in 

comming.     1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  15  Strengthning 

their  reasons  wilh  many  examples.      1638  R.  BAILLIE  Lett. 

$  Jrtils.  (1841)  I.  90  Ye  have  here  also  some  Reasons  against 

the  Service  in  print.    1810  CRABBIC  Borough  xxi,  They  pi  oved 

i     (so  ^thought  1   then)  with  reasons  strong  That   no   man's 

feelings  e\er  lead  him  wrong. 

b.  A  woman's  (or  the  ladies")  reason :  (see  quots.). 
1591  SHAKS.   Tu-o  Gent.   i.  ii.  22,  I  haue  no  other  but  a 

womans  reason  :  I  thinke  him  so,  because  I  thinke  him  so. 
^1641  Bp.  MOUNTAGU.-JC/J-  t,-  i\lon.  (1642)  106  They  were, 
scilicet,  because  they  were ;  which  is  more  foolish  then  a 
womans  reason.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  287 
A  pretty  way  of  proving  the  point,  being  no  better  than  the 
ladies'  reason,  it  is  divisible  because  it  is.  1792  MARY 
WoLLSTONECR.  Rights  Worn.  v.  254  This  mode  of  arguing, 
;  if  arguing  it  may  be  called,  reminds  me  of  what  is  vulgarly 
termed  'a  woman's  reason';  for  women  sometimes  declare 
that  they  love  or  believe  certain  things  '  because  '  they  love 
or  believe  them. 

c.  Logic.  One  of  the  premises  in  an  argument ; 
esp.  the  minor  premise  when  placed  after  the  con 
clusion. 

1826  WHATELY  Logic  i.  §  2  A  premiss  placed  after  its  con 
clusion  is  called  the  Reason  of  it,  and  is  introduced  by  one 
of  those  conjunctions  which  are  called  causal.  {Note.  The 
Major-premiss  is  often  called  the  Principle  :  and  the  word 
Reason  is  then  confined  to  the  Minor.]  1864  BOWEN  Logic 
vii.  211  To  deny  the  Consequent  is  also  to  deny  the  Reason. 

2.  a.  To  give,  yield  or  render  (a)  reason  :  to  give 
an  account  (of  one's  acts  or  conduct).  Now  arch. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  82  Of  swuche  speche.  .schal  euerich  word 
beon  irikened,  &  i3iuen  reisun,  hwi  be  on  hit  seide  [etc.]. 
«I225  Leg.  Kath.  2248  Ich  am  her  ..  mid  alle  mine  hird- 
men  to  gelden  reisun  [v.  r.  reaisun]  for  ham.  1340  HAMPOLE 
Pr.  Consc.  5966  pus  sal  men  ban  yhelde  resons  sere  Of  alle 
bair  lyf,  als  writen  es  here.  1382  WYCLIF  Matt.  xii.  36  Of 
euery  ydel  word  that  men  speken,  thei  shul  3elde  resoun 
therof  in  the  day  of  dome,  r  1400  Rule  St.  Benet  42  ]?e 
abbes . .  salle  vmbebinke  hir . .  bat  sho  sal  yelde  resun  of  alle. 
1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xxxiv,  Ye  have  an  undoubted  right 
to  ask  your  ain  son  to  render  a  reason  of  his  conduct. 

f  b.  To  do,  put,  or  set  to  reason  (tr.  OF.  mettre 
a  raison)  :  to  bring  or  call  to  account.  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  3881  pan  did  he  laban  to  resun :  '  Qui 
has  bou  don  me  sli  tresum  ? '  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  5791 
It  semes  bat  be  kyng  had  grete  encheson  To  sette  hym  for 
bat  kepyng  to  reson.  1423  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  296/2  To 
putte  ye  said  parties  to  reson. 


perteynen  to  me.     1382  —  Matt,  xviii.  23  A  man  kyng,  that 
wolde  putte  resoun  with  his  seruauntis. 

27-2 


REASON. 

1 3.  A  statement,  narrative,  or  speech ;  a  saying, 
observation,  or  remark ;  an  account  or  explanation 
of,  or  answer  to,  something.  Also,  without  article, 
talk  or  discourse. 

In  common  use  throughout  the  i4th  c.  after  OF.  raison', 
in  later  examples  perh.  a  fresh  development  of  sense  i. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  219  pe  last  resun  of  alle  (ns  ron  Sal  be  of 
hir  concepcion.  Ibid.  1632  Drightin  of  heu=n  spak  til  him 
J?an,  And  bus  his  resun  he  began.  Ibid.  12211  Of  ilk  letter 
for  to  ask  Resun  of  ilkan  be  nam.  13..  Coerde  L.  117  The 
kyng  ham  tolde,  in  hys  resoun,  It  com  hym  thorugh  a 
vysyoun.  c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  iv.  pr.  vi.  1 1 1  (Camb.  M  S.) 
But  I  se  now  that  bou  art  . .  weerey  with  the  lengthe  of  my 
reson.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  xv.  165  And  so  seyn  thei, 
thatmaken  here  resounes,  of  othere  Planetes;  and  of  the 
Fuyr  also.  1460  Lybeaus  Disc.  109  Wib  oute  more  resoun 
Duk,  erl  and  baroun  Wesch  and  gede  to  mete.  1481  CAXTON 
Myrr.  n.  xxlx.  122  Of  the  wyndes  may  men  enquyre  reson 
of  them  that  vse  the  sees.  1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  v.  i.  2  Your 
reasons  at  dinner  haue  beene  sharpe  and  sententious,  ft  1635 
NAUNTOM  Fragm.  Reg.  (1641)  35  The  Queene.  -began  to  be 
taken  with  his  election,  and  loved  to  heare  his  reasons  to  her 
demands. 

f  b.  A  fact,  event,  or  incident,  as  a  subject  of 
discourse.  Obs.  rare. 

13  . .  Cursor  Af.  5456  (Gott.)  Mani  resunes  he  bairn  tald, 
Bath  bat  bai  suld  ouer  bide,  And  in  }>air  last  dais  bitide. 
a  1375  Joseph  A  rim.  76  pat  tyme  fc>at  Augustus  Cesar  was 
Emperour  ..  )?is  reson  bi-gon  |>at  I  schal  now  rikenen. 

fc.  Part  of  reason:  a  part  of  speech.   Obs.  rare. 
1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  i.  v.  16  Vnnetb.  . .  knowe  they  their 
partes   of  reson   whiche   is   the   first   book  of  grammaire. 
1530    PALSGH.    In  trod.    24    Partes   of  reason  -  -  they   have 
thryse   m,  for,  besydes  the  vm  parts  of  speche  commen 
betwene  them  and  the  latines.  .they  have  also  a  nynth  part 
of  reason  whiche  I  call  article. 
T"  4.  A  sentence.  Obs. 

1388  Pi'KVKY  Prot.  Bible  xv.  57  Whanne  oo  word  is  oonis 
set  in  a  reesoun,  it  mai  be  set  forth  as  ofte  as  it  is  vndur- 
stonden.  1450-1530  Myrr.  our  Ladye  7  There  is  also  many 
wordes  tliat  haue  dy verse  vnderstondynges,  ..  and  som 
tyme  they  may  be  taken  in  dyucrse  wyse  in  one  reson  or 
clause.  1530  PALSGR.  Introd.  24  Of  these  letters,  lyke  as  it 
is  in  all  tonges,  be  made  syllables,  of  syllables  wordes,  of 
wordes  sentences  or  reasons. 

t  b.  A  motto,  posy.   Obs. 

1434  E.  E.  Wills  [1882)  96  A  ryng  of  golde  with  a  ston, 
&  a  reson  ' sans  depart ir'.  1463  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  18 
My  arrays  and  my  reson  therto,  Grace  me goiterne.  a  1548 
HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII  So  Gounes  . .  enbrodred  with 
reasons  of  golde  that  sayd,  adieu  lutit-jse,  farewell  youth. 

II.  5.  A  fact  or  circumstance  forming,  or  alleged 
as  forming,  a  ground  or  motive  leading,  or  sufficient 
to  lead,  a  person  to  adopt  or  reject  some  course  of 
action  or  procedure,  belief,  etc.  Const,  why,  where 
fore,  that]  of,  for  preps.;  to  with  inf. 

a  1225  A  tier.  K.  78  pis  is  nu  be  reisun  of  J>e  veiunge  luvi 
Isaie  ueieS  hope  &  silence.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  9304 
An  ober  reson ..meucj?  more  me  [>er  to,  pat  |>e  king.  .Mid 
vnri^t  halt  bis  kinedom.  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  C.  191 
[He]  Arayned  hym..  what  ray soun  he  hade  In  such  slaves  of 
sor5e  to  slepe  so  faste.  a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (i868j  122 
She  shewed  so  main  good  resounes  vnto  the  kynge  her 
husbonde,  that  he  forgaue  Absolon.  1533  BFLLEMDEN  tr. 
Liuy  in.  xxxv,  He  couth  fynd  na  resson  quhy  he  aucht 
nocht  to  helpe  be  romane  pepill  to  recovir  be  land.  1588 
SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  v.  ii.  715  Brag.  Sweet  bloods  I  both  may, 
and  will  [deny].  Ber.  What  reason  haue  you  for't?  1633 
BP.  HALL  Hard  Texts,  O.  T.  560  Is  there  any  reason  In  you 
. .  why  I  sh'1  respect  you  any  more  than  the  very  Ethiopians  ? 
1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Olearius*  Voy.  Ambass.  202  The  Ambas 
sador  JJrugman  would  by  no  means  accept  of  the  horse,  for 
no  other  reason,  doubtlesse,  than  this,  that  his  was  not  so 
good  as  his  Collegue's.  1711  ADDISON  Spect,  No.  101  f  7 
He  made  a  Voyage  to  Grand  Cairo  for  no  other  Reason,  but 
to  take  the  Measure  of  a  Pyramid.  1763  C.  JONES  Hoyle's 
Games  Impr.^  Backgammon  (1778)  181  For  the  same  Reason 
avoid  hitting  any  Blots  which  your  Adversary  makes.  1843 
MILL  Logic  i.  iii.  §  7  Should  we  not  have  as  much  reason 
to  believe  that  it  still  existed  as  we  now  have.  1875  JOWETT 
Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  %  There  is  no  reason.. to  imagine  that  this 
melancholy  tone  is  attributable  to  disappointment. 

b.  Reason  of  state,  a  purely  political  ground  of 
action  on  the  part  of  a  ruler  or  government,  esp. 
as  involving  some  departure  from  strict  justice, 
honesty,  or  open  dealing.  Freq.  without  article,  as 
a  principle  of  political  action.  So  ^public  reason. 
A  rendering  of  F.  raison  d'etat  or  It.  ragione  di  stale,  the 
latter  used  or  cited  by  Scarlett  Estate  Eng.  Fugitives  ( 1 595) 
R  iij,  Ben  Jonson  Cynthia's  Rev.  (1599^  '•  *»  V°lP°nt  (1605) 
iv.  i,  and  Bacon  Adv.  Learn.  (1605)  i.  ii.  §  3. 

1611  FLORIO  Ragione  di  stato,  the  law,  reason,  or  policie 
of  State.  1622  BACOX  Hen.  VII  3  As  if  the  King  ..  were 
become  effeminate  and  lesse  sensible  of  Honour,  and  Reason 
of  State,  then  was  fit  for  a  King.  1660  R.  COKE  Power  $ 
Subj.  116  King  Charles  had  not  the  same  Reason  of  State  to 
indulge  the  House  of  Commons.  1667  MILTON/'.  L.  iv.  389 
Public  reason  just . .  compels  me  now  To  do  what  else  . .  I 
should  abhorre.  1735  BOLINGBROKE  Stud.  Hist.  ii.  (1752)  39 
The  notion  of  attaching  men  to  the  new  government,  .was  a 
reason  of  state  to  some.  1756  BURKE  Vind.  Nat.  Soc. 
Wks.  1842  I.  34  The  whole  of  this  mystery  of  iniquity  is 
called  the  reason  of  state.  It  is  a  reason  which  I  own  I 
cannot  penetrate.  1897  MORLEY  Mackiavelli  40  The  most 
imposing  of  all  incarnations  of  the  doctrine  that  reason  of 
State  covers  all,  is  Napoleon. 

6.  A  ground  or  cause  of,  or  for,  something : 

a.  of  a  fact,  procedure,  or  state  of  things,  in 
some  way  dependent  upon  human  action  or  feeling. 

1x1300  Cursor  M.  551  For  bis  resun  bat  ^ee  haue  hard, 
Man  is  clepid  be  lesse  werld.  c  1450  HOLLAND  Hmvlat  544 
Throw  this  ressonis  aid,  The  bludy  hart  it  is  cald.  1592 
SHAKS.  Rom.  %•  Jul,  iv.  i.  15  Now  doe  you  know  the  reason 
of  this  hast?  1659  PEARSON  Creedix,  697  This  reason  did  the 


212 

ancient  Fathers  render  why  the  Church  was  called  Catholick. 
1698  ASGILL  Argument  9  Custom  it  self,  without  a  reason 
for  it,  is  an  argument  only  to  fools.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3) 
XI.  477/1  This  holds  equally  in  metaphor  and  allegory ; 
and  the  reason  is  the  same  in  all.  1841  LANE  Arab,  A'ts. 
1.  105  Respecting  this  palace,  and  the  reason  of  thy  being 
alone  in  it. 

b.  of  a  fact,  event,  or  thing  not  dependent  on 
human  agency. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  iv.  pr.  vi.  104  (Camb.  MS.)  To 
vnwrappen  the  hyd  causes  of  thinges  and  to  discouere  me 
the  resouns  couered  with  dyrknesses.  1484  CAXTON  Fables 
of  ^E  sop  v,  xii,  The  wulf  on  a  daye  came  to  the  dogge  and 
demaunded  of  hym  the  rayson  why  he  was  soo  lene.  1601 
SHAKS.  Jul.  C.  \.  iii.  30  When  these  Prodigies  Doe  so 
conioyntly  meet,  let  not  men  say,  These  are  their  Reasons, 
they  are  Natural!.  1656  tr.  llobbes'  Elem.  P kilos.  (1839) 
484,  I  should  think  comets  were  made  in  the  same  manner. 
..For  I  could  very  well  from  hence  give  a  reason  both  of 
their  hair,  and  of  their  motions.  1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Untt* 
in.  vi.  §  9  We  know  not  their  Make;  and  can  give  no 
Reason  of  the  different  Qualities  we  find  in  them.  1826 
WHATELY  Logic  (1840)  App.  Ambig.  Terms  xix,  The  Reason 
of  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  is,  that  the  moon  is  interposed 
between  it  and  the  earth.  This  .should  strictly  be  called 
the  cause.  1879  LUBBOCK  Set.  Lect.  ii.  67  There  is  not 
a  hair  or  a  line,  not  a  spot  or  a  color,  for  which  there  is 
not  a  reason. 

fc.  In  phr.  by  the  reason  of  or  that.     (Cf.  7.) 

1423  tr.  Secreta.  Secret. >  Priv.  Priv.  244  Hit  nedyth  a 
man  do  more  abstynence  in  that  tyme..by  the  reyson  that 
[text  than]  in  colde  tyme  the  colde  chasyth  the  naturall 
hete.  1530  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  88 
Ther  is  a  corporacyon  made  . .  amongst^fischmongers  ..,by 
the  reason  wherof  all  maner  of  fische  ts  sold  derar.  1538 
STARKEY  England  \.  i.  9  You  se..what  glotony..ys  had  in 
cytes  and  townys,  by  the  reson  of  thys  socyety  and  cumpany 
of  men  togydur. 

7.  (Without  article.)   a.  By  (for/??-)  reason  of, 
on  account  of. 

Very  common  in  the  Bible  of  1611. 

a  1300  Cursor  M,  16372  A  prisun  ar  yee  wont  at  hafe,  for 
resun  o  be  dai.  1393  LANOL.  P,  PI,  C.  xvn.  49  The  ryche  is 
yreuerenced  by  reson  of  his  richesse.  1432-50  tr.  liigden, 
Uarl.  Contin.  (Rolls)  V11I.  471  John  Holand,  broker  to 
the  kynge  by  reason  of  his  moder.  1496  Rolls,  of  Parlt.  VI. 
512/2  [Lands]  whiche  came,  .to  youre  handes  of  possession, 
by  reason  and  force  of  the  same  Acte.  1568  GKAFTON* 
Chron.  II.  39  In  the  night  [they]  had  quarrelled  among 
themselves,  by  reason  whereof  they  ranne  vpon  a  rock. 
1663  MAN-LEV  Grotius  Low  C.  ll'arres  391  The  Commanders 
being  unserviceable,  by  reason  of  their  wounds,  quickly 
abated  their  Courage.  1750  tr.  Lconardus'  Afirr.  Stones 
i'^7  By  reason  of  its  softness,  it  is  turned  and  cut.  1840 
HERSCHEL  Ess.  (1857)  76  Their  labours  are  highly  deserving 
of  notice  by  reason  of  their  having  attempted  to  execute 
this  task  systematically.  1885  Academy  6  June  397  Irri 
tating  by  reason  of  its  deficiency  in  organisation. 

b.  By  reason  (that*},  for  the  reason  that,  because. 
(Frcq.  ^1560  to  1720;  now  rare.} 

1534  Lett,  Suppress.  Monast.  (Camden)  42  The  cause  of 
their  dissent.. was  by  reason  that  that  article  was  cltrely 
agaynst  their  professyon.  1537  llnd.  165,  I  ame  myndet  to 
lut  it  staunde  to  the  sprynge  of  the  yere,  by  reason  the  days 
ar  now  so  short.  1582  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  CastanJiedtfs 
Conq.  E.  Ind.  8  b,  They  doe  not  flye,  by  reason  tiiey  have 
no  feathers  in  their  wings.  1662  STILLINCFL.  Orig.  Sacr. 
i.  vi.  §  i  By  reason  that  their  Moneths  must  of  neces 
sity  by  degrees  change  their  place.  1745  P.  THOMAS  Jrnl. 
Anson's  l-'oy.  52  There  were  several  Murmurings.  .by  reason 
the  Prize-Money  was  not  immediately  divided.  1829 
LANDOR  /mag:  Conr.t  Mary  <§•  Eliz.  Wks.  1853  II.  91/2  By 
reason  tliat  she  is  adorned  with  every  grace  and  virtue. 

8.  (Without  article,  and  sometimes  with  adj.,  as 
good,  great,  little,  small.} 

a.  There  is  (was,  etc.)  reason.     Also  with  omis 
sion  of  verb  (sometimes  not  clearly  distinct  from  1 4). 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L,  L.  v.  ii.  28  You  care  not  for  me.  Ros. 
Great  reason  :  for  past  care,  is  still  past  cure.  1593  — 
2  lien.  VI)  i.  i.  155  There's  reason  he  should  be  displeased 
at  it.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.vni.  443  Whose  fellowship  .. 
Good  reason  was  thou  freely  shouldst  dislike.  1671  —  P.  R. 
iv.  526  Good  reason  then  if  I  [etc.].  1849  C.  BRONTE  Shirley 
xviii,  I  have  rather  a  leaning  to  the  agricultural  interest  too  ; 
as  good  reason  is  [etc.].  1892 /.irsy  TYvw-sXCIII.  414/2  If  the 
defendant  was  let  out  of  prison  before  these  things  were 
done,  there  was  reason  to  believe  that  they  would  never  be 
done  at  all. 

b.  To  have  reason  for  ^  or  to  do,  something.    Also 
ellipt.  without  construction  (cf.  17). 

1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  in.  i.  146  Me  thinkes  . .  you  should 
haue  little  reason  for  that.  1597  J.  KINGC?«  Janas(\fa'&}  177 
Hee  had  reason  to  exclame  as  be  did.  1605  SHAKS.  Macb. 
m.  v.  2  Why  how  now  Hecat,  you  looke  angrily?  Hec. 
Haue  I  not  reason.  1663  BUTLER  Hud.  \.  iii.  272  Noble 
Orsin,  th1  hast  Great  reason  to  do  as  thou  say  st.  1776 
Trial  of  Nundoconiar  66/1,  I  have  reason  to  remember  it. 


PAGET  Citrate  Cumberworth  353,  I  had  good  reason  to 
hope  that  I  was  being  of  use  at  Roost. 
C.   To  see  reason  (to  do  something). 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  i.  ii,  207  If  he  fight  longer  then 
he  sees  reason,  He  forswear  Armes.  1740  J.  CLARKE  Educ. 
Youth  (ed.  3)  154,  I  never  yet  saw  Reason,  -to  believe  [etc.]. 
1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Brooke  Farm  v.  62,  I  began  this 
winter  by  admiring  Sir  Henry's  benevolence  . .  more  than 
I  saw  reason  to  do  afterwards. 
d.  With  or  without  reason. 

1601  DOLMAN  La,  Printand.  Fr.  Acad.  (1618)  III.  837 
Yet  hath  not  God  giuen  their  beeing  without  good  and  iust 
reason.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  it.  431  With  reason  hath  deep 
silence  and  demurr  Seis'd  us.  1781  COWPER  Hope  316  Could 
he  with  reason  murmur  at  his  case,  Himself  sole  author  of 
his  own  disgrace?  1833  HT.  MARTJNEAU  Brooke  1'arm  iii. 


REASON. 

30  It  is  very  wrong  in  you  to  make  your  neighbours  dis 
contented  without  reason. 

t  9.  Rationale,  fundamental  principle,  basis.  Ohs. 
1585  GREENE  Planetom,  Wks.  (Grosart)  V.ig  The  Egip- 
tians.. found  out  the  reason  of  Diuination,  increasing  the 
Science  greatly.  1607  TOPSELL  Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  181 
The  reason  of  the  Latin  word  Hircus,  is  derived  of  Hirtits 
(signifying  rough).  1668  MOXON  J\Iech.  Dyallittg  4  Geo 
metry,  and  the  Projecting  of  the  Sphere.,  are  only  useful  to 
those  that  would  know  the  reason  of  Dyalling.  1678  GALE 
Crt.  Gentiles  III.  7  'Ihe  formal  reason  or  nature  of  Sin 
consists  in  its  being  a  deordination  or  transgression  of  the 
Divine  law. 

III.  10.  That  intellectual  power  or  faculty 
(usually  regarded  as  characteristic  of  mankind,  but 
sometimes  also  attributed  in  a  certain  degree  to  the 
lower  animals)  which  is  ordinarily  employed  in 
adapting  thought  or  action  to  some  end ;  the  guiding 
principle  of  the  human  mind  in  the  process  of 
thinking.  (Freq.  more  or  less  personified.) 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  272  Wummon  is  be  reisun,  bet  is,  wittes 
skile.  a  1300  Fall  <$•  Passion  19  in  E.  E.  P.  11862}  13  Skil, 
resun,  an  eke  111131  he  gef  adam  in  his  mode.  ^1315  SHORE- 
HAM  Poems  i.  515  pat  alle  J>yng  his  ase  he  sei^  py  resoun 
vole  be  rede.  1340  HAMPOLE  /V.  Consc,  62  pan  aght  man 
.  .noght  to  be  of  wers  condicion,  pan  be  creatours  with- 
outen  reson.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PL  A.  i.  52  For  rihtfoliche 
resoun  schulde  rulen  ou  alle.  1406  HOCCLEVE  La  Male 
Regie  105  Reson  me  bad  . .  To  etc  and  drynke  in  tyme  at- 
temprely.  1450-80  tr.  Secreta  Secret.  38  Of  his  \vijsdome 
and  resoun  he  refreyneth  him  silff  from  these  vicis  that 
nature  shewith  in  him.  1538  STARKEY  England  \.  i.  4 
Seyng  the  perfectyon  of  man  restyth  in  the  mynd  and  in 
the  chefe  and  puryst  parte  therof,  wych  ys  reson  and  intel- 
lygence.  1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  ii.  ii.  115  The  will  of  man 
is  by  his  reason  sway'd  :  And  reason  sales  you  are  the 
worthier  Maide.  c  1665  MKS.  HUTCHINSON  Mem.  Col. 
Hutchinson  (1846)  26  In  matters  of  faith  his  reason  always 
submitted  to  the  Word  of  God.  1693  DRVDEN  Persius 
v.  (1697)  478  Reason  still  is  whi^p'ring  in  your  Ear,  Where 
you  are  sure  to  fail,  th'Attempt  forbear.  1785  REID  Intett. 
Powers  530  It  is  absurd  to  conceive  that  there  can  be  any 
opposition  between  reason  and  common  sense.  1859 
DICKENS  T.  Two  Cities  I.  ii,  Some  brute  animals  are  endued 
with  Reason.  1871  DARWIN  Desc.  Man  I.  ii.  46  Of  all  the 
faculties  of  the  human  mind,  it  will,  I  presume,  be  admitted 
that  Reason  stands  at  the  summit. 

b.  So  (^good  or)  right  reason.     Now  rare. 
Perhaps  sometimes  understood  as  in  sense  n. 

a  1300 — c  1400  [see  13  a,  13  e,  13  g,  and  14].  1508  KENNEUIE 
Fly  ting  iv.  JJunbar  305  It  war  aganis  bayth  natur  and 
gud  ressoun,  That  Dewlbeiris  bairnis  were  trew  to  God 
or  man.  1538  STARKEY  England  n.  i.  147  Yf  man  wold 
folow  euer  ryght  reson  and  the  jugement  therof.  1611 
BIBLE  Transl.  Prcf.  f  i  That  the  Church  be  sufficiently 
prouided  for  is  so  agreeable  to  good  reason  and  conscience. 
1647  H.MORI;  Song  of  Soul  \\.  \.  n.  xvii,  The  Dog,  the  Horse 
. .  Will  all  . .  claim  their  share  in  use  of  right  reason.  1709 
I'OPE  Ess,  Crit.  212  If  once  right  reason  drives  that  cloud 
away,  Truth  breaks  upon  us  with  resistless  day.  1809-10 
COLERIDGE  /Vw*rffi8oj)s7  The  clue  of  right  reason,  which 
we  are  bound  to  follow  in  the  communication  of  truth.  1887 
BROWNING  Parleyings^  G.  B,  Dodington  i,  Right  reason 
being  judge. 

c.  In   the  Kantian  transcendental   philosophy : 
The  power  (Verminff]  by  which  first  principles 
are  grasped  a  priori,  as  distinguished  from  USDKB- 
BTANDING  (Verstand}. 

1809-10  COLERIDGE  Friend  (1850)  I.  240  note,  By  the 
pure  'reason'  I  mean  the  power  by  which  we  become 
possessed  of  principles.  1827  CARLYLE  St.  Germ.  Lit.  Misc. 
(1840)  I.  102  Reason,  the  Kantists  say,  is  of  a  higher  nature 
than  Understanding;  it  works  by  more  subtle  methods,  on 
higher  objects. 

d.  Iii  various  mystic  or  transcendental  uses :  (see 
quota.). 

1702  tr.  Le  Clcrc's  Prim.  Fathers  86  The  Son  is  called 
Reason  as  well  as  the  Paternal  Reason.  Ibid.  87  Cerinthus 
held  the  Pre existence  of  the  Reason  which  he  called  the 
Christ.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  323/2  Schelling  defines 
reason  to  be  the  identity  of  the  subjective  and  the  objective. 
..God  and  reason  are  essentially  of  the  same  nature  ;  they 
are  identical.  1870  EMERSON  Sac.  <$•  Solit.*  Art  Wks. 
(Bohn)  III.  20  There  is  but  one  Reason.  The  mind  that 
made  the  world  is  not  one  mind,  but  the  mind.  1874 
SIDGWICK  Metk.  Ethics  in.  xiii.  362  This  absolute  end.. 
can  be  nothing  but  Reason  itself,  or  the  Universe  of 
Rationals. 

11.  The  ordinary  thinking  faculty  of  the  human 
mind  in  a  sound  condition  ;  sanity. 

^1380  WYCLIF  De  Ecclesia  Sel.  Wks.  III.  342  pat  man  is 
out  of  resoun  bat  trowij?  bat  Clement  in  Petris  tyme  was 
more  ban  Joon  evaungelist.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  n.  ii.  214 
A  happinesse,  That  often  Madnesse  hits  on,  which  Reason 
and  Sanitie  could  not  so  prosperously  be  deliuer'd  of.  1611 
BIBLE  Dan.  iv.  36  At  the  same  time  my  reason  returned 
vnto  me.  1765  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  xiv,  351  A  fourth 
incapacity  is  want  of  reason.  1818  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam 
vii.  xxv,  So  now  my  reason  was  restored  to  me.  1863 
Spectator  25  July  2295  We  are  fully  convinced  _that  any 
attempt  to  show  Hamlet's  reason  to  be  shaken  is  utterly 
hopeless. 

b.  A  reasonable  or  sensible  view  of  a  matter ; 
chiefly  in  phr.  to  bring  to  reason. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  12759  To  here  of  his  sermon  pat  rnani- 
man  broght  to  resun.  1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  ccii.  621 
The  kyng.  .commaunded  me.. to  gouerne  and  bringe  them 
to  reason,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII  150  b,  Whiche 
thynges  if  he  deny  to  dooe,  then  the  confederates  certifie 
hym,  that  thei  shall  neuer  cease  till  he  be  brought  to  reason. 
1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Keb.  iv.  §  279  He  would  sit  still  till 
they  who  were  over-active  would  come  to  reason.  1703 
KAKQUHAR  Inconstant  Dram.  Pers.,  Oriana  ..  would  bring 
him  to  reason.  1870  BURTON  Hist.  Scot.  VI.  Ixvi.  332  They 
had  failed  to  bring  a  recusant  clergyman  to  reason. 


REASON. 

12.  In  verbal  phrases  denoting  the  conformity  of 
something  to  the  dictates  of  reason :  f  a.  Reason 
will  or  would.    Obs. 

a  iipaCitrsorM.  11663  '  loseph  ',  sco  said, '  fain  wald  i  rest ' 
..  'Gladli',  said  he,  '£at  \vil  resun '.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI. 
B.  x.  112  Whi  shulde  we  [etc.]?,  .resoun  wolde  it  neuere. 
1423  Rolls  of  Par  it.  IV.  257/2  Hit  semeth  resoun  wolde  he 
shuld  have  the  disavaille  therof,  and  not  the  Marchant. 
1433  Ibid.  424/2  To  be  as  reson  will,  Chief  J?ereof.  1526 
TIN  DALE  Acts  xviii.  14  Yf  it  were  a  matter  of  wronge, .. 
reason  wolde  that  I  shuld  heare  you.  [So  COVKRDALE 
S:  1611.]  1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  11',  iv.  i.  157  Our  Cause  [is] 
the  best ;  Then  Reason  will,  our  hearts  should  be  as  good. 
b.  It  stands  (j\wit/i  or)  to  reason. 
1528  PAYNEL  Salerne's  Regiin.  Biij,  Considerynge  then 
that  mans  eies  be  colde  of  nature  :  hit  standeth  with  reason 
they  shulde  be  washed  with  colde  water  and  not  with  hotte. 
ifiiz  SHELTON  Quix.  i.  i,  I.  6  For  it  stood  greatly  with 
reason,  seeing  his  Lord  and  Master  changed  his  estate 
and  vocation,  that  he  should  alter  likewise  his  denomina 
tion.  1632  HOLLAND  Cyrupwdia  149  It  standeth  to  good 
reason,  that  they  who  repose  mutuall  trust  one  in  another, 
will  joyntly  sticke  to  it.  1698  C.  BOYLE,  etc,  Ep.  Ph  alar  is 
Exam,  137  It  stands  to  reason,  that  he  thought  the  Ex 
pression  common  enough  ;  or  else  he  would  not  have  us'd  it. 
1873  BLACK  Pr.  Tknle  xxiv,  Of  course  it  stands  to  reason 
that  the  rich  never  have  justice  done  them  in  plays  and 
stories :  for  the  people  who  write  are  poor, 

13.  In  prepositional   phrases  (chiefly  Obs,\  de 
noting   agreement  with,   or   opposition   to,   what 
reason  directs  or  indicates: 

fa.  By  reason  (  =  QM  .parraisoii}.  Also  rarely 
by  good  (or  right'}  reason,  by  no  reason.  Obs, 

a.  1300  Cursor  I\f.  14742  Mi  has  agh  be,  [be]  right  resun 
Hus  o  praier  and  of  onsoun.  13..  K.  A I  is.  3937  The  kyng 
. .  n'olde  him  sle,  bote  by  resoun.  c  1400  MAUNDF.V.  (1839) 
x.120  Seynt  Petre  the  Apostle, and  theithat  camenaftrehim, 
han  ordeynd  to  make  here  Confessioun  to  man ',  and  be  gode 
Resoun:  for  [etc.].  0:1425  Cursor  ;!/.  10535  (Trin.)  Shal 
no  mon  bi  no  resoun  A3eyn  hir  haue  no  wicke  chesoun. 
a.  1450  A'nf.  de  la  Tour  (.1868)  53  Thei  that  seethe  the  good 
and  takithe  the  evelle,  by  reson  they  simile  repent  hem. 
1523  Lu.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  xviii.  26  He  delyuered  them 
sufficient  by  reason,  to  pay  all  their  small  charges.  1563 
Mirr.  Mag.)  Collingbournc  145  b,  The  gylty  alwayes  are 
suspicious,  And  dread  the  ruyne  that  must  sewe  by  reason. 

b.  In  reason.  Also  in  all  or  any  reason ;  f  upon 
reason. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  1670  Aske  it  at  Alexander  quat  J>ou 
will  apon  reson,  And  I  sail  grant.  1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IV, 
ii.  ii.  53  Keeping  such  vild  company  as  thou  art,  hath  in 
reason  taken  from  me,  all  ostentation  of  sorrow.  1598  — 
Merry  W.  i.  i.  249  In  any  reason.  1603  —  Elects,  for  J\f. 
m.  i.  250  In  all  reason.  1650  T.  B[AYLEY]  Worcester's 
Apoph.  97  The  Law  could  not  in  reason  take  notice  of  any 
such  thing.  1678  BUNYAN  Pilgr.  \.  (1862)  68  Had  he  had  a 
thousand  souls,  they  had  in  reason  been  cast  away.  1713 
BUDGELL  Sped.  No.  277  F  12,  I  am  willing  to  do  anything 
in  reason  for  the  Service  of  my  Country-women.  1823 
KKBLE  Serin,  iii.  (1848)  65  To.  .consider  fairly,  what  effect, 
in  all  reason,  their  believing  it  ought  to  have  on  themselves. 
1898  G.  B.  SHAW  Plays  I.  {Unpleasant)  186  If  you  want 
a  cheque  for  yourself,  .you  can  name  any  figure  you  like — 
in  reason. 

fc.  Of  reason.     Also  with  a//,  good.    Obs. 
1413  Pitgr.  Soiule  (Caxton  1483)  iv.  xxx.  78  They  shall  . . 

brynge  hit  in  to  good  couenable  fourme  as  to  suche  a  lord 
bilongeth  of  reson.  1449  in  Wars  F.ng.  in  France.  (Rolls)  I. 
493  Purveaunce  shalbe  made  for  you  in  such  wise  as  of 
reasone  ye  shal  holde  you  wel  contente.  15*3  FITZHERB. 
Husb.  §  12  In  some  places  they  sowe  bothe  pees  and  beanes 
vnderforowe  :  and  those  of  reson  must  be  so  wen  betynie. 
1533  BELLENDEN  tr.  Lhy  v.  ii,  May  it  nocht  be  said  to  him 
of  gude  resoun  :  'Thowhas  gereliewagis,  suffir  fcareof  ^erelie 
laubouris?1  1664  H.  MOKE  Antid.  Idolatry^  ix.  103  The 
Council  of  Trent  . .  must  of  all  reason  be  conceived  to  mean 
these  very  Circumstances. 

fd.  Out  of  reason,  Obs. 

,1400  Destr.  Troy  2222  We  may  boldly  vs  byld  with 
bostis  out  of  Reason.  1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  ccxix.  209 
Mortimer  disgised  him  with  wonder  riche  clothes  out  of  al 
maner  reson.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  F.pist.  385  You  sell 
the  same,  .to  your  Brother  too  deere  and  out  of  reason, 
•f  e.  Through  (good  or  right}  reason.  Obs. 

13..  SirBeues  (MS.  A.)  48  Man,  whan  he  fallebin  to  elde, 
Feble  a  wexeb..pour5  ri^t  resoun.  c  1325  Chron.  Eng.  842 
in  Ritson  Metr.  Rom.  II.  305  Ant  so  thourh  god  resoun  He 
yeld  hem  heore  tresoun.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wacc 
(Rolls)  3628  After  Belyn,  Gurgoint  his  sone  Hadde  be 
heritage  borow  resone. 

t  f.   With  (or  to)  reason.     Also  with  no.   Obs. 

c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  44/359  Seint  leme  ne  mi^hte  habbe 
be  soule.  .with  no  resun  ne  rijhte.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  1470$ 
PC  werckes  }?at  i  were  in  his  nam,  Quat  man  ban  mai  wit 
resun  blam.  ciyysAmis  fy  Amil.  874  Then  seyd  thai  al 
with  resoun,  Sir  Amis  schuld  ben  in  prisoun.  14- •  ^r 
Series  (MS.  M.)  179  Syr  Guy  answered  hym  with  reason  And 
sayd  :  '  Alas,  for  here  is  treason  ! '  c  1489  CAXTON  Sonnes 
of  Ayinon  vii.  159  As  ye  knowe,  I  wolde  be  reformed  with 
rayson  to  the  sayenge  of  his  barons.  1556  HOBY  tr.  Castig- 
lio tie's  Cottrtyer  Epist.  A  Sij  b,  Because  you  may  see  him 
confirme  with  reason  the  Courtly  facions.  1615  T.  ADAMS 
White  Devill  37  These  ride  in  the  open  streetes,  whiles  the 
other  lurke  in  close  woods— and  to  reason,  for  [etc.], 
f  g.  Without  (right}  reason.  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  Jlf.  16296  Qui  smites  bou  me  wit-vten  right 
resun.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  150  Men  mad  tille 
him  grete  mone,  it  was  without  reson.  1390  GOWER  Cottf. 
III.  42  Delicacie  in  loves  cas  Withoute  reson  is  and  was. 
1484  CAXTON  Life  of  sEsop  2  b,  He.,  went  in  without 
rayson  and  hath  eten  al  the  fygges.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron. 
II.  629  This  multitude.. spoyled,  robbed  and  rifled,  without 
reason  or  measure. 

14.  A  matter,  act,  proceeding,  etc.,  agreeable  to 
reason ;  in  phrases  it  is  reason  or  reason  is  (also 


213 

with  good,  great})  it  is  no  (or  not}  reason,  to  think 
(it}  reason,  etc.     Freq.  c  1400-1650  ;  now  rare. 

So  OF.  il  est  raison,  c'est  (bien)  raison,  c'est  raison  ct 
droit)  etc. 

c  1320  Cast.  Love  1096  'pat  is  skile ',  quaj>  Jhesu,  'and 
good  reson'.  1340  HAMFOLE  Pr.  Consc.  6891  parfor  it  es 
reson  and  ryght,  pat  bai  ay  se  bat  grysely  syght.  1423 
Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  257  Hit  is  no  reson  that  the  Maister 
take  his  worship  of  another  mannes  harme.  1454  Ibid.  V. 
248/1  In  suche  wyse  as  it  can  be  thought  reason  unto  our 
Tresorer.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  1.348  It  is  reason  that 
it  shulde  so  be.  a  1533  —  Gold.  Bk.  M.  Aurel.  Ddvi, 
Reason  is,  that  I  succour  thy  povertee  with  moneie.  1577 
B.  GOOGE  HeresbaclCs  Husb.  \.  (1586)  25  b,  It  is  good  reason 
to  sowe  timely  in  wette  groundes.  1625  BACON  Ess.,  Mar 
riage  (Arb.)  264  It  were  great  Reason,  that  those  that  haue 
Children,  should  haue  greatest  care  of  future  times.  1676 
HOUSES  Iliad  i.  129,  I  thought  it  reason  th'  Argives  should 
collect.  1686  tr.  Char  dins  Coronat.  Solyinan  100  It  was 
not  reason  to  punish  the  innocent  with  the  Guilty.  1809 
MALKIN  Gil  Bias  vi.  ii.  ?  2  It  is  but  reason  that  you  should 
distrust  our  purity.  i8i8T.  L.  PEACOCK  Nightmare  Abbey 
iv,  'Do  you  know,  sir,  that  Marionetta  has  no  fortune?' 
'  It  is  the  more  reason,  sir,  that  her  husband  should  have 
one'.  1864  MANNING  Let.  to  Pusey  28  It  is,  however,  but 
reason  that  I  should  rejoice, 

t  b.  In  parenthetic  phrases,  as  reason  is  (or  was"), 
as  (it}  is  reason,  etc.   Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Prol.  847  Telle  he  nioste  his  tale  as  was 
reson,  By  foreward  and  by  Composicion.  1535  COVER  DALE 
Baritch  ii.  6  We  with  oure  fathers  (as  reason  is)  are  brought 
to  open  shame.  1596  DANKTT  tr.  Canines  (1614}  198  To 
which  his  commandement  I  obeyed  as  reason  was.  1604  E. 
G[KIMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  f/ist.  Indies  i.  xxii.  74  If  we  shall 
give  that  respect  to  the  authoritie  of  Plato  (as  it  is  reason), 
we  must  [etc.],  1671  MILTON  Samson  1641  What  your 
commands  impos'd  1  have  perform'd,  as  reason  was,  obeying. 

"|*C.  And  reason^  placed  after  a  statement.  Obs. 
1563  MAN  Muscitlns  Commonfl.  279  They  do  sufficiently 
confesse  ..  that  the  sacrament  is  not  the  very  grace  itselfe, 
and  reason,  c  1592  MARLOWE  Jew  of  ^lalia  iv.  i,  Bctrabas. 
I'd  cut  thy  throat,  if  I  did.  Ithamore.  And  reason  too. 
1671  MILTON  P.  R.  in.  122  To  whom  our  Saviour  fervently 
reply'd.  'And  reason;  since  his  word  all  things  proiluc'd'. 

f  d.  Similarly  and  good  reason,  and  (rarely  as} 
reason  good.  Obs.  (Cf.  S  a.) 

1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI^  iv.  ii.  171  Wee'I  haue  the  Lord 
Sayes  bead.  . .  Cade.  And  good  reason.     1657  W.  RAND  tr. 
Gassendi's  Life  rtiresc  i.  75  He  wrote  most  frequently  (and 
good  reason)  to  his  Father  and  Uncle.     1714  MRS.  MAN  LEY 
Adv.  Rivella  60  Lord  Crafty,  as  Reason  good,  immediately 
assumed  the  Management  ofhis  Lady's  Affairs.     1757  MRS. 
GRIFFITH  Lett.  Henry  $  Frances  (1767)  I.  115  True  love  .. 
never  attacks  us  but  once,  and  reason  good,  because  it  la^ts 
us  for  life, 

f!5.  That  treatment  which  may  with  reason  be 
expected  by,  or  required  from,  a  person ;  justice ; 
satisfaction ;  chiefly  in  plir.  to  do  (one)  reason  (tr. 
f.faire  raison}.  Obs. 

^1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxxi.  141  pai  do  resoun  and 
trewth  till  ilke  man,  als  wele  to  pouer  as  to  riche.  4:1420 
Anturs  ofArth.  xxviii,  Welecome,  worthyly  wyghte  !  Thou 
sail  hafe  resone  and  ryghte.  c  1477  CAXTON  Ja?>on  72  b,  To 
holde  them  in  pees  reson  and  justice,  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS 
Huon.  x.  30,  I  shal  do  hym  reason  yf  it  be  founde  that 
I  haue  done  any  wronge.  1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A,  \.  ii.  278,  I . . 
[am]  resulu'd  withall  To  doe  my  selfe  this  reason,  and  this 
right.  1638  R.  BAILLIE  Lett.  <y  Jrnls.  (1841)  I.  94  If  they 
gett  reason,  it  is  thought  they  are  both  undone.  Ibid.  132 
The  Thesaurer.,  required  that  his  Grace  would  see  justice 
done  upon  him... The  Commissioner  promised  him  reason. 
1651  tr.  De-las-Coveras'  Don  Fenise  301  The  more  I  endea 
voured  by  faire  meanes  to  oblige  him  to  doe  me  reason,  the 
more  I  excited  him  to  derision. 

b.  With  reference  to  drinking.  Obs.  exc.  arch. 

1594  PLAT  Jewell-Ito.  in.  62   Quaffing  companions  ..  wil 
require  reason   at   their   hands   as    they    ternie    it.      1663 
DRYDEN  Wild  Gallant  r.  i,   First  I'll  drink  to  you,  Sir; 
upon  my  faith  I'll  do  you  reason,  Sir.     1698  FRYER  Ace.  E. 
India  15-  P.  279  After  . .  every  one's  Health  has  reason  done 
it,  they  take  off  the  Table-Cloth.     1819  SCOTT  Ivankoe  xlii, 
I  pray  you  . .  to  do  me  reason  in  a  cup  of  wine.     1826  — 
Woodst.  xix,  Nor  was  his  follower  slow  in  doing  reason  to 
the  royal  pledge. 

^C.  Satisfaction  by  a  duel.   Obs.~l 
1619  in  Crt.  %  Times  Jas.  I  (1849)  II.  120  Sir  Edward  Vil- 
liers  told  him  himself  was  the  man.    '  I  hope',  said  the  other, 
'you  will  do  me  reason '.     Thereupon  a  challenge  was  made 
and  accepted. 

1 16.  A  reasonable  quantity,  amount,  or  degree. 
Also  spec,  the  measure  by  which  a  miller  took  his 
toll.  Obs. 

1426  LYDG.  DC  Gull.  Pilgr.  10614  As  touchyng  off  the 
inelle,  Thow  myghtest  ther.  .be-holden  A  mesure  Wych  (by 
folkys  oppynyoun,)  Bereth  the  name  off  '  Resoun '.  £1430 
Pilgr.  Lyf  Atanhode  ii.  xv.  (iB6g)  80  At  the  mille  pera- 
uenture  ye  haue  seen  a  mesure  that  is  cleped  resoun.  Ibid. 
in.  xvii.  144  Millewardes  also  that  filleth  here  resoun,  with 
oute  clepinge  of  resoun.  1591  SPENSER  M.  Hitbberd  887 
In  case  his  paines  were  recompenst  with  reason.  1598 
GRENEWEY  Tacitus^  Ann.  vi.  vi.  (1622)  130  Agrippina  not 
contented  with  reason,  and  greedy  of  rule.  1599  SHAKS. 
Mitck  Ado  v.  iv.  74  Bene.  Doo  not  you  loue  me  ?  Beat.  Why 
no,  no  more  than  reason.  1675  EARL  KSSEX  [A.  CAPEL] 
Lett.  (1770)  15,  I  have  not  yet  heard  precisely  what  terms 
mr.  Thinne  stands  upon,  but  in  case  he  will  take  reason  .. 
it  would  be  a  great  convenience  to  me  to  be  provided  of 
a  dwelling  in  town. 

fb.  Moderation.    Obs.-1 

1615  LATHAM  Falconry  (1633)  93  When  she  hath  cast  them 
againe,  giue  her  her  breakefast  of  good  meat,  with  reason  in 
the  quantity, 

1 17.  To  have  reason  (tr.  F.  avoir  raison} :  to 
be  right  (esp.  in  making  a  statement).  Obs.  (Cf.Sb.) 

1557  NORTH  Gueuards  Diatt  Pr.  i.  x.  (1568)  13  b,  This  if 


REASON. 

they  had  demaunded  of  the  true  God,  they  should  haue  had 
reason.  1594  CAREW  Hitartds  Exam.  Wits  8  Aristotle 
excepteth  naturall  Philosophic,  saying,  a  yoong  man  is  not 
of  fit  disposition  for  this  kind  of  doctrine,  wherein  it  semeth 
he  hath  reason.  1624  BEDELL  Lett.  vi.  95  The  King  him- 
selfe  said  aloud,  that  both  sides  had  reason.  1667  DRYDEN 
&  DK.  NEWCASTLE  Sir  M*  Mar-all  m.  \iSirMatrt.  You 
have  reason,  sir.  Mood.  There  he  is  again  too ;  the  town 
phrase.  1704  SWIFT  Mcch.  O^crat.  Sgir.  Misc.  (1711)  285 
The  Objectors  have  Reason,  and  their  Assertions  may  be 
allowed.  1771  Junius  Lett,  xliii.  (1804)  II.  181  Louis  XIV 
had  reason  when  he  said  'the  Pyrenees  are  removed'. 

18.  The  fact  or  quality  of  being  agreeable  to  the 
reason ;  such  a  (f  procedure  or)  view  of  things  as 
the  reason  can  approve  of. 

c  1470  Golagros  fy  Gaiu.  331  Ressaue  him  reuerendly,  as 
resoun  in  lyis.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  v.  ii.  358  Wee  haue 
consented  to  all  tearmes  of  reason.  1601  —  Jitl.C.  m.  ii.  113 
Me  thinkes  there  is  much  reason  in  his  sayings.  1653 
WALTON  Angler  ii.  47  This  is  reason  put  into  Verse,  and 
worthy  the  consideration  of  a  wise  man.  1667  MILTON  P.L. 
ix.  738  His  persuasive  words,  impregn'd  With  Reason,  to 
her  seeming,  and  with  Truth.  1732  BERKELEY  Alcipkr.  n. 
§  4  There  is  reason  in  what  you  say.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci 
n.  ii.  17  Nay,  there  is  reason  in  your  plea;  'twere  hard. 
1880  T.  HARDY  Wessc.v  Tales,  Fellow-Townsmen  iii.  (1896) 
124  There  was  reason  in  Mrs.  Downe's  fear— that  he  owned. 
b.  In  phrases  to  hear,  listen  to,  or  speak  reason. 

1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  I.  596  For  na  counsall  that  tyme 
wald  he  heir  ressoun.  1545  ELYOT  s.v.  Jus,  IKS  dicist 
thou  speakest  reason.  1599  SHAKS.  J\fuc/i  Ado  I.  iii.  5 
You  should  heare  reason.  Ibid.  v.  i.  41  There  thou  speak 'st 
reason.  1664  J.  WILSON  A.  Comnienins  v.  iii,  Troth  he 
speaks  reason.  1719  Die  FOE  Crusoe  n.  iii,  The  rogues  were 
now  more  capable  to  hear  reason  than  to  act  reason.  1768 
GOI.DSM.  Good-n.  Man  I,  When  I'm  determined  I  always 
listen  to  reason,  because  it  can  then  do  no  harm.  1832  Hi. 
MARTINEAU  Hill  fy  Valley  vi.  101  The  people  were  now  in 
a  condition  to  hear  reason.  1880  T.  HARDY  Wcssc.t  Tales, 
Fellow-Townsmen  iii.  (1896)  124  Her  impression  is  that  your 
wife  will  listen  to  reason. 

IV.  f!9.  The  exercise  of  reason;  the  act  of 

reasoning  or  argumentation.  Obs. 

c  1330  King  of  Tars  276  The  doughter  dude  overcome 
hem  bothe  Ijeo  riht  reson  and  event.  ^1440  \'ork  l\Iyst. 
xxxvii.  255,  I  schall  be  prone  be  right  resoune.  1542 
RKCORDI£  Gr.  Artes^  (1575)  8  Reson  is  the  expressing  of  a. 
iust  matter  with  witty  persuasions,  furnished  with  lerned 
knowledge.  1565  JEWEL  Rcpl.  Harding (ifai)  361  Wee  may 
not  argue  by  reason  in  this  sort  [etc.].  1620  T.  GRANGER 
Div.  Logikc  8  That  part  of  euery  proposition  that  goeth 
afore  in  reason,  howsoeuer  the  words  be  placed,  is  the 
Theme  there  handled.  1647  H.  Moiue/Vw.?  Interpr.  Gen. 
433,  I  understand  by  Rei^on,  the  deduction  of  one  thing 
from  another. 

f20.  Consideration,  regard,  respect.  Obs. 
^1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  728  Thisbe,  And  certeyn  as  by 
reson  of  hir  age  Ther  myght  haue  ben  bitwise  hem  manage. 
1398  TREVISA  Karth.  De  P.  R.  xviii.  liii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Amptes 
..  take  grele  charge  of  heyr  comyn  profite  and  haue  (jereof 
reson  and  mynde.  1533  BKLLEXUKN  \.?,Lhy  in.  xxiv,_More 
respect  suld  haue  bene  had  to  ressoun  of  )?e  scnatouris  ban 
to  ony  ressoun  of  bare  vassalege  or  meritis. 

f  21.  AYay,  manner,  method  ;  spec,  the  method  of 
a  science.  Obs. 

c  1380  WVCLII-  Serai.  Sd.  Wks.  1. 15  $if  men  avysiden  hem 

on   \>\s  resoun,  uoone  shulde  juge  bi  mannis  lawe,      1530 

PALSGR.  809  And  by  lyke  reason  forme  they  tlntouin,  chari- 

\    iiaris,  and  suche  lyke.  1551  RECORDE  Pathw.  Knoiul,  Argts., 

The  fourth  booke  teachuth  the  right  order  of  measuringe  all 

platte  formes,  and  bodies  also,  by  reson  Geometrical!.     1643 

i    in  Clarendon  Hist.  Reb.  vi.  §  353  We  cannot  believe  the 

:    intermixture  of  the  present  ecclesiastical  government  with 

I    the  civil  state  to  be  other  than  a  very  good  reason. 

^b.  Possibility  of  action  or  occurrence.     Const. 
bttt.    Obs.  rare. 


oke 


her 


I591  SHAKS.  Tivo  Gent.  n.  iv.  212  When  I  1< 
perfections,  There  is  no  reason,  hut  I  shall  be  blinde.  c  1592 
MARLOWE  Jew  of  Malta  \.  ii,  Since  things  are  in  thy  power, 
I  see  no  reason  but  of  Malta's  Wrack.  1596  SHAKS.  Tarn. 
S/ir.  n.  i.  409,  I  see  no  reason  but  suppos'd  Lucentio  Must 
get  a  father. 

t22.  Math.    =--  RATIO  2.  Obs. 

<ri374  CHAUCER  Bocih.  n.  pr.  vii.  44  (Camb.  MS.)  Al  the 

enuyronynge  of  the  erthe  abowte  ne  halt  but  the  resoun  of 

I    a  prikke  at  regard  of  the  gretnesse  of  heuene,     c  1400  tr. 

I    Secret  a  Secret.,  Goi<.   Lordsh,  86    If  it  be  yn  tokenynge 

i    ffleumetyke,  a  Utyll  [medicine]  after  be  qualyte  &  resoun  of 

|    Jje    tokenynge.      1570  BILLINGSLEY  Euclid  xi.   def.  i.  312 

•    There  are . .  three  reasons  or  meanes  of  measuring,  which  are 

I    called  commonly  dimensions.     1587  GOLDING  De  Alornay 

I    x\v.  212  There  is  the  same  reason  in  the  proportion  of  eight 

:    vnto  six  that  is  of  fower  vnto  three.     1614  T.  BEDWELL  Nat, 

I    Geom.  Numbers  i.  8  Like-plaines  haue  a  doubled  reason  of 

!    their  correspondent   sides.      1678  COCKER  Arithm.  vi.  60 

A  third  [number],  which  shall  have  such  reason  to  the  one, 

as  the  other  hath  to  unite.     1713  BERKELEY  Hylas  $  Phil. 

iii.  Wks.  1871  I.  337  The  moments  or  quantities  of  motion 

i:i  bodies  are  in  a  direct  compounded  reason  of  the  velocities 

I    and  quantities  of  Matter  contained  in  them. 

V.   23.  attrib*  and  Comb,  (chiefly  objective  and 

obj.  gen.),  as  reason-plating  (after  armour -plating]  ^ 

-poisoning,  -Tenderer,  -scanner,  -worship ;  reason- 

I   derived,  -proof  zA]s. ;  reason-ring,  a  ring  bearing 

!    a  *  reason  '  or  motto. 

1874  W.   WALLACE  HcgeVs  Logic  §  36.  61   A  *reason- 
'    derived  knowledge  of  God  is  the  highest  problem  of  philo 
sophy.     1870  Spectator  24  Dec.  1536/1  If  his  heavy  artillery 
j    could  not  penetrate  the  thick  *reason-plating  of  the  states- 
I    men,  it  was  passion-proof.     1888  F.  M.  CRAWFORD  With  the 
Immortals  I.  69  Doctor  Saul  Ascher,  who  died  an  abstract 
I    death  from  *reason-poisoning.     1829  Westtn.  Rei>.  Oct.  442 
j    A  man  who  on  this  topic  . .  is  pretty  nearly  *reason  proof 
1589    PUTTENHAM   Eng.   Poesic    iii.    xix.   (Arb.)    236   This 
assignation  of  cause  the  Greekes  called  Etiologia. . .  We  aUo 
!    call  him  the  *reason-rendrer.    1877  W.  JONES  Fin&r-ring 


REASON. 


214 


REASONABLE. 


416  Among  the  motto  or  '  *reason '  rings,  as  they  were 
termed,  is  an  example  . .  found  in  1823,  at  Thetford.  1591 
SYLVESTER  Die  Bartas  i.  iii.  970  *Reason-scanners  have  re 
solved  all,  That  heavie  things,  hang'd  in  the  Aire  must  fall. 
1893  9'  ™"  DENISON  in  Ch.  Times  24  Mar.  325  *Reason- 
worship,  the  parent  of  all  heresies. 

Reason  (rrz'n),  sli.~  Forms :  6  resun,  7  resen, 
8  reson,  dial,  rezen,  7-  reason,  [var.  RASEN, 
q.v.]  =  RAISING-PIECE.  Also  attrib.  with  piece. 

A  1548  [see  RAISING-PIECE].  1611  COTGR.,  Architravet..\hz 
reason  peece,  or  master  beame  (in  buildings  of  timber). 
1674^91  [see  RASKN].  1703  T.  N.  City  ff  C.  Purchaser  183 
Betwixt  them  and  the  Sell,  or  Reson.  1736  PEGGE  A'entt- 
cisms  (E.  D.  S.),  Rezen*  the  raising  ;  'tis  much  the  same  as 
the  wall-plate.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1899/1  Reason- 
piece,  a  timber  which  lies  under  the  beams  on  the  brick  or 
timber  in  the  side  of  a  house. 

Reason  (rrz'n), z'.  Forms:  4  resun,  5  resoune, 
5-7  reson,  6  rai-,  rayson,  reazon,  Sc.  resson,  5- 
reason.  [ad.OF.rtf/-sw/tv  VF.  raisonner] :— lateL. 
rationare  to  discourse,f.  ration-em  :  see  REASON  sb.l 
In  sense  i  perh.  aphet.  for  AREASON.] 

f  1.  trans.  To  question  (a  person) ;  to  call  (one) 
to  account.  =  AitEASoN2'.  Obs.  rare. 

13..  Cursor  J/.  8676  (Gott.),  I  knew  wel. .Of  J>is  tresun 
scho  had  me  don.  I  hir  resuned  ban  al-sua  son.  f  1430 
Syr  Getter,  (Roxb.*  2809  Generides  thoo  he  [Annzaree]  gan 
reason  Whi  the  Sowdon  did  him  in  prison,  a  1578  LINDESAY 
(Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot,  (S.T.S.)  I.  33  Quhen  he  had  pansit 
in  this  maner  wp  and  doun  and  ressonit  himself  for  his 
slouthfulnes. 

f  2.  intr.  To  hold  argument,  discussion,  discourse 
or  talk  with  another.  Obs. 

The  precise  sense  depends  greatly  on  the  context. 

1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  Lvj,  Vf  one  begynne  to 
resoune  and  talke  with  yow  of  suche  mater,  lete  hym  alone. 
c  1489  — -  Somies  ofAymon  i.  32  Thenne  he  resoned  wyth 
his  prynces  and  barons.  1530  PALSGR.  680/1  By  that  time 
that  I  have  reasonned  a  lytell  with  hym  I  shall  soone  fele 
his  mynde.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  127  He  sent  for  the 
Maior  and  Shirifes  of  London,  with  whome  he  reasoned 

§reuously  for  the  escape  of  one  called  John  Gate.     1596 
HAKS.  Merch.  V.  11.  viii.  27,  I  reason'd  with  a  Frenchman 
yesterday,  who  told  me  [etc.].     1611   BIBLE  i  Sam.  xii.  7 
Now  therefore  stand  still,  that  I  may  reason  witli  you  before 
the  Lord.     1671  MILTON  /'.  R,  iv.  233  How  wilt  thou  reason 
with  them,  how  refute  Thir  Idolisms,  Traditions,  Paradoxes  ? 
fb.  (\Vithoutconst.)  To  argue,  discourse,  con 
verse,  talk.  Obs, 

1526  Pilgr.  Ptrf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  99  Glotony  commeth  in 
full  subtylly,  &  reasoneth  full  craftely,  sayenge  [etc  ].  1551 
ROUINSON  tr.  MorJs  Utoj>.  n.  (1895)  271  That  no  man  shalbe 
blamed  fur  reasonynge  in  the  mayntenuunce  of  his  owne 
religion,  1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  iv.  iv.  537  Away  towards 
Salsbury,  while  we  reason  here,  A  Royal!  battcll  might  be 
wonne  and  lo-^t.  1611  BIBLE  Matt,  xvi.  7  And  they  reasoned 
auvjng  tliemselues,  saying,  It  is  because  we  haue  taken  no 
bread. 

f  c.  Const,  about,  against  ^  of,  on  (a  matter^ .   Obs. 

1551  ROBINSON  tr,  Mores  Utop.  n.  (1895)  270  He,  as  sone 
as  lie  was  baptised,  began  . .  to  reason  of  Christes  religion. 
1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  i.  i.  95  How  well  hee's  read,  to  reason 
against  reading.  1599  —  {fen.  /',  in.  vii.  38  My  Horse  . . 
'tis  a  subiect  for  a  Soutraigne  to  reason  on.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  ii.  553  Others  apart  sat  on  a  Hill  retir'd..  .and  reason'd 
high  Of  Providence,  Foreknowledge,  Will,  and  Kate. 

d.  To  employ  reasoning  or  argument  with  a  per 
son,  in  order  to  influence  his  conduct  or  opinions. 

1847  MARRYAT  Childr.  N.  Forest  iv,  All  he  could  do  was 
..to  reason  with  htm.  1875  JowETT  Pliito  (ed.  2)  V.  72 
Mankind  must  be  reasoned  with  before  they  are  punished. 

3.  intr.  To   think   in  a  connected,  sensible,  or 
logical  manner ;  to  employ  the  faculty  of  reason  in 
forming  conclusions  (in  general,  or  in  a  particular 
instance). 

In  early  use  not  clearly  distinguished  from  2  b. 

1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  I.  iii.  277  [Q.  i]  Teach  thy  necessity 
to  reason  thus, — There  is  no  vertue  like  necessity.  _  i6zo  T. 
GRANGES  Div.  Logikc  2  God  doth  not  reason,  or  discourse. 
1631  HOBBES  Leviath,  n.  xxix.  168  Kings  deny  themselves 
some  such  necessary  Power. . :  wherein  they  reason  not  well. 
1667  MILTON  P.L.  ix.  765  Hee  hath  eat'n  and  lives,  And  knows, 
and  speaks,  and  reasons,  and  discernes,  Irrational  till  then. 
1713  ATJDISON  Cato  v.  i,  It  must  be  so  -  Plato,  thou  reason's! 
well.  1782  COWPER  Denies  i,  Reasoning  at  every  step  he 
treads,  Man  yet  mistakes  his  way.  1810  CRABUE  Borough, 
xix,  Temptation  came ;  I  reason'd,  and  I  fell.  1846  RUSKIN 
Mod*  Paint.  II.  in.  i.  xiv.  §  5  Though  we  cannot,  while  we 
feel  deeply,  reason  shrewdly. 

b.  Const,  front  (premises  or  data)  ;  about,  of, 
upon  i'a  subject). 

1651  HOBBES  Leriath.  in.  xlii.  280  By  Reasoning  from  the 
already  received  Scripture.  1695  BLACKMORE  Pr.  Arth.  i. 
398  He  reason'd  deep  of  Heav'ns  mysterious  Ends.  1785 
PALEY  Mor.  Philos.  \.  vii,  To  reason  about  his  duty.  1812 
SIR  H.  DAW  Che »i.  Philos.  3  If  the  phenomena  are  reasoned 
upon, . .  the  enquirer  is  guided  by  analogy.  xSaa  SHELLEY 
Faust  n.  341  Oh!  He  is  far  above  us  all  in  his  conceit: 
Whilst  we  enjoy,  he  reasons  of  enjoyment.  1844  H.  H. WILSON 
Brit.  India  n.  xi.  II.  489  Reasoning  from  experience  of  the 
past  abuses,  .they  anticipated  a  like  result  from  the  present. 

4.  With  object-clause : 

a.  To  question,  discuss  lu/iat,  whyt  etc. 

1529  BRIGHTWELL  [Frith]  Ep.  to  Christian  Rdr.  in  b,  If 
thou  woldist  reason  why  God  doth  thus.  1594  SHAKS. 
Rich.  ///,  i.  iv.  94, 1  will  not  reason  what  is  meant  heereby, 
Because  I  will  be  guiltlesse  from  the  meaning.  1396  — 
i  Hen.  IV,  11.  iii.  107,  I  must  not  haue  you  henceforth, 
question  me,  Whether  I  go  :  nor  reason  where-about.  1855 
TENNYSON  Lt.  Brigade  14  Their's  not  to  reason  why.  1864-8 
BROWNING  J.  Lee's  Wife  iv.  i,  I  will  be  quiet  and  talk  with 
you,  And  reason  why  you  are  wrong. 

b.  To  argue,  conclude,  infer  that.  etc. 


15*7  R.  THORSE  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1589)  257,  I  reason,  that  i 
as  some  sicknesses  are  hereditarious,  .  .so  this  inclination 
or  desire  of  this  discouerie  I  inherited  of  my  father.  1727 
POPE  &  GAY  What  passed  in  London  Swift's  Wks.  1751 
VI.  262  She  reasoning,  that  it  would  be  time  enough..  after 
.the  Comet  had  made  its  appearance. 

c.  To  say  by  way  of  argument,  nonce-use. 

1840  DICKENS  Bant.  Radge  i,  '  What  have  I  done  ',  rea 
soned  poor  Joe. 

5-  trans,  a.  To  discuss  or  argue  (a  matter).  Now 
rare. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  187  b,  They  wyll  reason 

£''  mysteryes  of  our  fayth,  whiche  be  aboue  reason.  1560 
ACS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  175  b,  Ther  should  be  chosen 
two  divines  to  reason  the  matter.  1625  BURGHS  Pers.  Tithes 
26  Thence  a  tender  conscience  may  iustly  thus  reason  the 
case.  1660  Trial  Regie.  116  LHe]  was  pleased  to  do  me,  ' 
and  several  other  Gentlemen,  .the  favour  to  reason  the  Law 
with  us.  1802  MAK.  EDGEWORTH  Moral  T.  (1816)  I.  205,  I 
am  in  no  humour  to  reason  that  point. 

b.  To  explain,  support,  infer,  deal  with,  by  (or 
as  by)  reasoning,  nonce-uses. 

1605   SHAKS.   Lear  \.  ii.    114  Though   the   wisedome  of 
Nature  can  reason  it  thus,  and  thus,  yet  Nature  finds  it    ; 
selfe  scourg'd  by  the  sequent  effects.    1607  —  Cor.  v.  iii.  176    \ 
This  Boy^  that  cannot  tell  what  he  would  haue.  Doe's  reason    | 
our  Petition  with  more  strength.  Than  thou  hast  to  deny't. 
1732  POPE  l'".ss.  Alan  i.  18  Say  first,  of  God  above,  or  Man 
below,  What  can  we  reason,  but  from  what  we  know?    1821 
SHELLKY  Proineth.  Unb.  in.  iv.  22  It  saw  much,  Yet  idly 
reasoned  what  it  saw. 

6.  a.  To  bring  (a  person)  into*  out  of  ($.  state  of 
mind,  etc.)  by  reasoning. 

1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  I',  v.  ii.  165  These  fellowes  of  infinit 
tongue,  that  can  ryme  tliemselues  into  Ladyea  fauours,they    i 
doe  alwayes  reason  themselues  out  again.     1653  H.  MOKE 
Conjcct.  Cahbnl.  233  Men  commonly  reason  themselves  into 
an  allowance  of  sin,  by  pretending  humane  infirmities  or 
natural  frailties.     1749   FIELDING    Tom   "Jones  xv.  ii,  You 
know  us  better  than  to  talk  of  reasoning  a  woman  out  of 
her  inclinations.     1785  PALEY  Mor.  Philos.  i.  vii,  A  man, 
who  has  to  reason  about  his  duty,  when  the  temptation  to 
transgress  it  is  upon  him,  is  almost  sure  to  reason  himself 
into  an  error.     1893  FoRBES-MlTCHELL  Rcmin.  Gt.  Mutiny     \ 
289  David  tried  to  reason  him  out  of  his  fears. 
b.  To  put  down  by  reasoning. 

1686  GOAD  Cclcst.  Bodies  n.  i.  155  This.,  is  the  grand 
popular  objection,  which  Cries,  not  reasons  us  down.     1713 
AUDISON  Cato  i.  i,  Love  is  not  to  be  reason'd  down,  or  lost    , 
In  high  ambition. 

7.  To  think  out]  to  arrange  the  thought  of,  in 
a  logical  manner. 

1736  BUTLER  Anal.  i.  vi.  Wks.  1874  I.  124  There  is  no  hint 
or  intimation  in  history,  that  this  .-.ystem  was  first  reasoned 
out.  1851  THACKKRAY  Eng.  ///////.,  Swift  (1858)  34  They 
are  reasoned  logically  enough.  1874  CARI'ESTER  Ment. 
Phys.  i.  ix.  (1879)  414  By  thus  reasoning-out  the  probable 
consequences  of  an  action,  motives  .  .  may  lose  more  or  less 
of  their  force. 

8.  To  provide  with  reason  ;  to  accompany  with 
a  reason,  nonce-iises. 

1562  J.  HEYWOOD  Prov.  $  Eplgr.  (1867)  161  Which  .  . 
Shewth  thy  nose  better  sesond  than  thy  hed  resond.  1796 
BI-RKK  AVjf  Peace  i.  Wks.  1826  VIII.  129  This  offer  so 
reasoned  plainly  implies,  that  [etc.J. 

Reason,  obs.  form  of  RA.ISLN. 

Reaisonabi'lity.    rare.      [f.  as  next  +  -ITY.]    \ 
Reasonableness. 

1897  Advance  (Chicago)  22  July  105/1  The  reasonability 
of  man,  and  the  reasonability  of  the  contention  of  God  with    I 
his  sinful  creature. 

Reasonable  (rrz'nab'l),  a.t  eulv.,  and  sb.  ; 
Forms  :  4  raison-,  reison-,  4-5  resoun-,  (5  re- 
sun-),  4-7  reson-,  5-6  resson-,  6  rezon-,  5- 
reasonable  (also  4-6  -abil.  -abyll,  etc.  ;  5  resen- 
able,  6  reasnable).  [a.  OF.  raison(ii}ab!e  >  reson- 
(«)«£/<?,  etc.  (mod.K.  raisonnabk).  f.  raison,  reson, 
etc.  REASON,  after  L.  rationabilis  RATIONABLE. 
The  1  5th  c.  form  resenable  may  represent  the  earlier 
resnable  REN  ABLE,  q.v.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Endowed  with  reason.  =  RATIONAL 
a.  i.  Now  rare.  a.  of  persons  or  living  things, 
esp.  reasonable  creature  (f  or  beasf]. 

^1374  CHAUCEK  Boeth.  v.  pr.  iv.  128  (Camb.  MS.)  Man  is 
a  resonable  two  foted  beest.     Ibid.  pr.  vi.  133  The  commune 
lugement  of  alle  creaturU  resonablis  ..  is  this  bat  god  is    i 
eterne.    1456  Sin  G.  HAYK  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  64  Or  lang    | 
tyme  be  gane,  thare  sail  men  that  ar  callit  resonable  do    , 
mare  bestly  dedis.     1503  Ord.  Crysten  Men  (\V.  de  W.  1506)    ] 
Prol.  2   Every  creature  resonable  unto  whome  god  hathe     i 
gyuen  mynde   and   understandynge.      1588    K.YD   Househ. 
Phil.   Wks.  (1901)  251   Man,  a  reasonable  creature  whose 
dignity  doth  come  so  neere  the  Angels.     1650  JER.  TAYLOR 
Holy  Living  $  Dying  (1870)  7  Let  your  employment  be 
such   as   may  become   a   reasonable  person.     1725  WATTS 
Logic  HI.  ii.  g  5  If  every  Creature  be  reasonable,  every  Brute 
is  reasonable.     1791  BURKE  App.  Whigs  Wks.  1826  VI.  218 
For  man  is  by  nature  reasonable. 

b.  of  the  soul  or  intellectual  powers. 

1390  GOVVEK  Conf.  III.  378  Thilke  intelligence  In  maimys 
soule   resonable    Hath   schape   to   be    perdurable.      ("1425 
Found.  St.  Bartholomew's  (E.E.T.S.)  45  In  his  slepe  he    i 
was  raueshid   from  his  resonable   wyttys.     1538  STAKKEY    i 
England  \.  ii.  40  Some  sayd  that  man  was  no  thyng  els  but 
hys  resonabul  soule.     1595   SHAKS.    John   in.   iv.    54    My 
reasonable  part  produces  reason  How  I  may  be  detiuer'd  of 
these  woes.    \6e$ShortcrCatech.  §22  Christ,  .became  man    ' 
by  taking  to  Himself  a  true  body  and  reasonable  souL    1736 
CHANDLER  Hist.  Persec.  Introd.  2  Every  Man  is  bound,  -to 
make  the  best  use  he  can  of  his  reasonable  powers.     1838-9 
HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  II.  n.  iti.  §  6.  102  The  reasonable  soul 
of  mankind  is  not  numerically  one. 


fig.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  v.  i.  81  Their  vnderstanding  Be 
gins  to  swell,  and  the  approching  tide  Will  shortly  fill  the 
reasonable  shore. 

2.  Having  sound  judgement;  sensible,  sane.  = 
RATIONAL  a.  i  b.  Also,  not  asking  for  too  much. 

13..  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  B.  724  Fyfty  fyn  frendez.  .pat..re5t- 
ful  wern  £  resounable  £  redy  )>e  to  serue.  c  1386  CHAUCER 
Wife's  Prol.  441  Sith  a  man  is  moore  resonable  Than 
womman  is,  ye  moste  been  suffrable.  1573  G.  \\&R\Y.\-  Letter- 
bk.  (Camden)  10  He  is  able  to  f-atisfi  ani  reasnable  natural 
philosopher  In  that  point.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  39 
Reasonable  and  judicious  Readers  will  not  dislike  the  same 
digression.  1669  STURM  Y  Mariner's  Mag.  n.  46  To  give 
any  reasonable  Man  an  answer  to  any  useful  Question  in 
the  Art  of  Gunnery.  1751  SMOLLETT  Per.  Pic.  xxxix,  Those 
polite,  candid,  reasonable  watermen  demanded  a  Louis  d'or 
for  that  service.  1769  Jaunts  Lett.  i.  10  We  are  governed 
by  counsels  from  which  a  reasonable  man  can  expect  no 
remedy  but  poison.  1802  Gouv.  MOKRIS  in  Sparks  Life  $• 
IVrit,  (1832)  III.  369  If  mankind  were  reasonable  they  would 
want  no  government.  1883  ANNA  K.  GKFEN  (Mrs.  Rolilfs) 
Hand  $  Ring  iii,  '  Ferris  is  a  reasonable  man  ',  said  the 
coroner. 

b.  Requiring  the  use  of  reason,  nonce-use. 

1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  iv.  iv.  409  Is  not  your  Father  growne 
incapable  Of  reasonable  affayres. 

to.  Able  to  discourse  or  discuss  matters;  ready 
of  tongue  or  speech.  Also  const,  of.  Obs, 

^1369  CHAUCKR  Dethe  Blannche  534  Loo  how  goodely 
spake  thys  knyghte..  I.  .fondehimsotretableRyght  wonder 
skylful  and  resonable.  '387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII. 
25  He  was  .  .  resonabel  of  speche,  and  wel  i-lettred.  c  1400 
Rom.  Rose  2214  Wherfore  be  .  .  Goodly  of  word,  and  reson- 
r.ble  Kothe  to  lesse  and  eek  to  mar. 

-\  b.   Of  language  :  Marked  by  reasoning.    Obs. 

1387  TRKVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  n  After  so  noble  spekers 
J>at  sownede  at  ^e  beste  ;  and  of  hem  faire  facounde  and 
resonable  speche,  folowed  and  streynede  all  her  lyf  tyme. 
1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  136  Rethorique  the  science  Appro- 
pred  to  the  reverence  Of  wordes  tliat  ben  resonable. 

4.  Agreeable  to  reason  ;  not  irrational,  absurd  or 
ridiculous. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  26767  Stedfast  and  stabil  Sal  scrift  be, 
('at  es  resonabil,  And  noght  als  neus  (?at  er  tan.  <  1340 
HAMPOLE  Prose  Tr.  24  Charite  .  .  lith  both  ine  loue  of  God 
and  of  thyne  evyne  cristene,  and  bere  fore  itt  is  resounable 
that  lie  that  hath  cherite  vse  both.  1390  GOWKR  Conf.  III. 
210  Pite..Makth  that  the  god  is  meraable,  If  ther  be  cause 
resonable.  1411  Rolls  of  Par  It.  III.  650/2  Atte  such  reson 
able  tyme  as  it  likyth.  the  forsaid  Lord  ..  to  assigne.  1494 
FABYAN  Chron,  vi.  clxxxv.  184  This  pylgryme  .  .  layde  for 
hyin  many  resonable  excuses,  as  well  for  his  age  as  other- 
wyse.  1573  G.  HARVEY  Letter-bit.  (Camden)  i  Uppon  a 
reasnable  vew  of  ihe  matter.  1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  i.  ii. 
136  It  is  a  quarrell  lust  and  reasonable,  To  be  reueng'd  on 
him  that  kill'd  my  Husband.  1655  STANLEY  hist.  Philos. 
m.  (1701)  78/1  That  God,  not  chance,  made  the  World  and 
all  Creatures,  is  demonstrable  from  the  reasonable  disposi 
tion  of  their  parts.  1725  DE  FOE  Voy,  round  M'orld  11840) 
154  Spmeihii.g  which  it  was  much  more  reasonable  to 
worship.  1796  Bp.  WATSON  Af>ol.  Bible  232  So  far  from  this 
genealogy  being  a  solemn  truth,  it  is  not  even  a  reasonable 
lie.  1858  GREENER  Gunnery  350  The  reasonable  assumption 
would  be  that  this  bullet  would  range  a  greater  distance  if 
projected  at  the  same  velocity.  1877  E.  R.  CONDER  Has. 
Faith  i.  3  The  conviction  would  be  reasonable,  for  it  would 
be  based  upon  universal  experience. 

fb.  That  may  reasonably  be  used.  Obs.~~l 

1465-6  Act  5  Edw.  II'  in  Bolton  Stat.  Irel.  (1621)  37  The 
Bowes  [to  be]  of  Ewe,  Wych-hassell,  Ashe,  Awburne,  or  any 
other  reasonable  tree. 

5.  Not  going  beyond  the  limit  assigned  by  reason  ; 
not  extravagant  or  excessive  ;  moderate. 

a.  of  requests,  desires,  wishes,  expectations,  etc. 
?  a  1366  CHAUCEK  Rotn.  Rose^  1499  This  prayer  was  but 

resonable,  Therefor  god  held  it  ferme  and  stable,  c  1399 
Pol.  Poems  (Rolls')  II.  5  Axe  of  thi  God,  so  schalt  thou 
noght  be  werned  Of  no  reqwest,  which  is  resonable.  1561 
WINJET  Cert.  Tractates  Wks.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  4  Our  ressonable 
de>yris  being  knawin.  1581  J.  HAMILTON  in  Cath.  Tract. 
(S.  T.  S.)  76  This  demand  appciret  ressonabill  to  sum,  that 
thay  could  not  reiect  the  same.  1832  HT.  MARTINEAU  Life 
in  M  'iltis  iv.  55  The  reasonable  wishes  of  the  whole  people. 
1882  A.  W.  WARD  Dickens  iv.  gi  He  never  had  a  reasonable 
want  which  he  could  not  and  did  not  satisfy. 

b.  of  amount,  size,  number,  etc.,  or  of  things  in 
respect  of  these  properties. 

13..  E.  E.-Allit.  P.  A.  523  What  resonabele  byre  be  na^t 
be  runne,  I  yow  pay  in  dede  and  bo^te.  c  1380  WYCLIF  ^/. 
M'ks.  III.  200  Men  and  wymmen  schulden  lyven  in..  reson 
able  abstynence  of  mete.  1477  Roils  of  Parlt.  VI.  178/2 
Suche  resonable  costs  and  expenses,  as  shall  happen  to  be 
done.  1504  Bury  Wills  (Camden  J  08,  I  wyll  that  J.  P.  shall 
by  my  house,  .for  xl  li.  .  .  to  be  paya  in  resonabyll  yeerys  as 
he  can  agre  w*  myn  executo's.  i$73TussER  Hnsb.  (1878)  20 
Rent  corne  to  be  paid,  for  a  reasiiable  rent.  1632  LITHGOW 
Trav.  vi.  256  Nothing  will  sinke  into  it,  of  any  reasonable 
weight.  1653  WALTON  Angler  ii.  41,  I  long  to  be  doing; 
no  reasonable  hedge  or  ditch  shall  hold  me.  1755  COLMAN 
&  THORNTON  Connoisseur  No.  68  r  9  The  old  lady  had  the 
hardiness  to  squint  at  the  sum  total,  and  declared  'it  was 
pretty  reasonable,  considering  '.  1849  MACAU  LAY  Hist.  Eng. 
ii.  I.  206  Doing  a  great  service  on  reasonable  terms  to  the 
Church  of  which  lie  was  a  member.  1895  Bookman  Oct. 
25/2  A  straightforward,  readable  narrative  in  a  very  reason 
able  compass. 

c.  Moderate  in  price  ;  inexpensive. 

1667  COLLINS  in  Rigaud  Corr.  Set.  Men  (1841)  II.  471  Mr. 
Stephens,  .will  undertake  it  when  paper  is  more  reasonable. 
1805  W.  IRVING  in  Life  %  Lett.  (1864)  I.  148  This  part  of 
Paris  is  tranquil  and  reasonable.  1885  Field  3  Oct.  502/2 
Feeding  materials  .  .  are  unusually  reasonable  just  now. 
fd.  Law.  Reasonable  aid\  (see  quot.).  Obs. 

1607  COWELL  Interfir.,  Reasonable  ayd?,  is  a  duty  that  the 
Lord  of  the  Fee  claimed)  holding  by  Knights  seruice  or  in 
soccage  to  marie  his  daughter,  or  to  make  his  sonne  Knight. 


REASONABLENESS. 

6.  Of  such  an  amount,  size,  number,  etc.,  as  is 
judged  to  be  appropriate  or  suitable  to  the  circum 
stances  or  purpose. 

1436  E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  104  Eeyng  yn  Resonable  helth  of 
body.  1523  FITZHERB.  Hush.  §  62  If  the  beaste  be  fatte, 
and  any  reasonable  meate  vpon  hym.  1560  OAUS  tr.  Slei- 
dane's  Comtn.  251  We  trust  surely,  that  moste  men . .  wil  be 
content  for  reasonable  [L.  tolcrabilis\  wages  rather  to  folio  we 
oure  campe,  than  theirs.  1614  LATHAM  Falconry  (1633) 
116  Put  it  into  a  pipkin  or  posnet  with  some  reasonable  store 
of  faire  water.  1755  FRANKLIN  Autobiog.  Wks.  1887  I.  252 
All  . .  forage  . .  is  to  be  taken  for  the  use  of  the  army  and  a 
reasonable  price  paid  for  the  same.  1784  COWPER  Fash  ii. 
623  A  man  o'  the  town  dines  late,  but  soon  enough,  With 
reasonable  forecast  and  dispatch,  To  ensure  a  side-box 
station  at  half-price.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  J'-ng.  v.  I.  656 
They  were  determined  to  prosecute  .,  unless  a  reasonable 
sum  were  forthcoming,  and  . .  by  a  reasonable  sum  was 
meant  seven  thousand  pounds. 

fb.  Of  a  fair,  average,  or  considerable  amount, 
size,  etc.  Obs.  (Freq.  c  1590-1650.) 

1588  PARKE  tr.  Mendoza's  Hist.  China  317  There  are  many 
prouinces  . .  that  euery  one  of  them  is  as  bigge  as  a  reason 
able  kingdome.  Ibid.  337  They  saw  two  reasonable  riuers, 
vppon  whose  bankes  there  were  many  vines.  1597  MORLEY 
Introd.  Mtis.  69,  I  haue  a  Brother.. a  reasonable  musition 
for  singing.  i6iz  WOODALL  Surg.  Mate  Wks.  (1653)  9  My 
self  have  had  reasonable  experience  m  piercing  wounds. 
1653  GREAVES  Seraglio  154  A  Customer,  who  receiveth 
custom  of  the  buyers  and  sellers  of  slaves,  which  amounteth 
to  a  reasonable  sum  in  a  year,  for  the  toll  is  very  great.  1726 
SWIFT  Gulliver  i.  vi,  A  barrel  of  their  liquor  a  reasonable 
draught. 

f  7.   Proportionate.     Also  const,  to.  Obs.  rare. 

i  1460  FORTESCUE  Abs.  $•  Lim.  Mon.  x.  (1885)  132  Also 
moche  salte  as  by  thair  coniecture  ys  ressnable  to  the  nombre 
off  be  men,  women,  and  childeren.  1546  Reg.  Privy  Council 
Scot.  I.  51  The  said  Dame  Marioun  to  haue  ane  reasonable 
terce  of  Eglintoun.  1766  BLACKSTONE  Comin.  II.  492  The 
shares  of  the  wife  and  children  was  called  their  reasonable 
parts,  and  the  writ  de  rationabili  parte  bonorum  was  given 
to  recover  it. 

8.   Comb.,  as  reasonable-bladed ,  -minded,  adjs. 

1764  Museum  Rust.  III.  373  You  cannot  possibly  hurt 
the  gut,  . .  which  no  reasonable-bladed  pen-knife  can  touch. 
1895  Outing  (U.S.)  XXVII.  226/2  Enough  for  any  reason 
able  minded  person. 

B.  adv.  Reasonably,    a.  With  adjs.  and  advbs. 
1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  yi.  Ixxvi,  I  helde  hym  resonable 

hote  though  ye  had  not  hoi  pen  me.  1523  LD.  BERNF.RS 
Froiss.  I.  ccclvi.  574  The  first  day  the  wynde  was  reasonable 
good  for  them.  1583  STOCJCER  Civ.  \Varres  Lowe  C.  i.  16  b, 
The  minister  ..  made  a  reasonable  long  exhortation.  1603 
KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1638)  185  The  common  people  began 
to  like  reasonable  well  of  the  Turks.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E. 
India  $•  P.  66  Thefe  is  also  a  reasonable  handsome  Kuzzar. 
1835-40  HALIRURTOM  Clockm.  (1862)  180  Reasonable  well,  I 
give  you  thanks,  sir,  said  he. 

b.  With  verbs,  rare™1. 

c  1550  Disc.  Common  Weal  Eng.  (1893)  326  Thmcke  youe 
that,  .he  did  not  speake.  .reasonable. 

C.  absol.  as  sb.  f  a.  A  reasonable  being.   Obs. 

c  1400  Rom.  Rose  6760  In  al  this  caas  and  in  semblables  If 
that  ther  ben  mo  resonables  He  may  begge  as  I  telle  you" 
here.  1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  i.  xxvi.  57  A  mixt 
action  in  reasonables  is  voluntarie,  because  there  is  some 
consent  of  will,  or  self-motion.  1633  Rr.  HALL  Occas.  Medit. 
§  24  That  woeful  hostility,  which  is  exercised  betwixt  us 
reasonables. 

b.  A  reasonable  person,  rare"1. 

a  1814  Savoyards  i.  in  New  Brit.  Theatre  IV.  360  What, 
fool,  are  you  one  of  the  reasonables  too? 

Reasonableness  (rrz'nab'lnes).     [f.  prec.] 

f  1.  The  quality  of  being  reasonable  or  rational ; 
rationality.  Obs. 

c  1511  ist  Eng.  Bk.  Amer.  (Arb.)  Introd.  27  These  folke 
lyucn  lyke  bestes  without  any  resonablenes.  1620  T. 
GRANGER  Div.  Logike  n.  vi.  231*  Reasonablenesse  is  in  man 
vniuersally.  a  1677  HALE  Print.  Orig.  iMan.  i.i.  16  Porphiry 
. .  and  some  others  have  been  bold  to  make  reasonableness 
not  the  specifical  difference  of  the  Humane  Nature. 

b.  The  fact  or  quality  of  being  amenable  to 
reason,  or  of  acting  or  thinking  in  a  sensible 
manner. 

1533  UDALL  Flonres  i68b,  Lette  your  goodnes  or  reson- 
ablenes  be  som  refuge  or  succour  vnto  my  folyshnes.  1576 
Foxs  A.  $•  M.  (ed.  3)  II.  1884/1,  I  haue  heard  you  talke 
this  houre  and  a  halte,  and  can  heare  no  reasonablenes  in 
hym.  1736  BUTI.KR  Anal.  i.  v.  134  A  settled  moderation 
and  reasonableness  of  temper.  1850  KINGSLEY^/^.  Locke 
Pref.  (1879)  105  The  self-restraint,  the  reasonableness,  the 
chivalrous  honour  of  the  men.  1873  M.  ARNOLD  Lit.  <^- 
Dogsna  379  For  the  right  inculcation  of  the  method  and 
secret  of  Jesus,  we  need  the  epicikeia,  the  sweet  reason 
ableness,  of  Jesus. 

2.  Of  actions,  opinions,  words,  etc. :  The  fact  of 
being  based  on,  or  agreeable  to,  reason. 

1568  Q.  ELIZ.  in  H.  Campbell  Love-lett.  Mary  Q.  Scots 
(1824)  App.  10  They  shall.,  judge  thereby  the  reasonableness 
of  the  things  propounded.  1581  SIDNEY  Apol.  Poetrie  (Arb.) 
23  May  I  not  presume  a  little  further,  to  shew  the  reason 
ablenes  of  this  worde  Vatesl  1641  SMECTYMNUUS  Vind. 
Answ.  ii.  44  The  reasonablenesse  or  unreasonablenesse  of 
this  we  determine  not.  1712  Spectator  No.  524  F  2  A  serious 
Reflection  on  the  Reasonableness  of  Virtue,  and  great 
Folly  of  Vice.  1751  SMOLLETT  Per.  Pic.  xli,  He  saw  the 
reasonableness  of  her  fear.  1825  M°CuL!.OCH  Pol.  Econ.  it. 
ii.  74  AH  have  been  impressed  with  the  reasonableness  of 
the  maxim  which  teaches  that  those  who  sow  ought  to  be 
permitted  to  reap.  1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  r.  viii.  60  To  ac 
knowledge  the  reasonableness  of  my  remarks. 
b.  Moderateness,  cheapness,  rare. 

1742  FIELDING  J.  Andrews  n.  xiii,  They  had  no  objection 
to  the  reasonableness  of  the  bill,  but  many  to  the  probability 
of  paying  it.  1813  Gmde  Watering  Places  289  The  reason- 


215 

ableness  of  this  place,  joined  to  the  beauty  of  its  situation, 
draws  to  it  a  considerable  number,. during  the  season. 
Reasonably  (irz'nabli),  adv.     [f.  as  prec.] 

1.  According  to  reason,  with  good  reason,  justly, 
properly, 

1377  LANGL.  P. PI.  B.  xiv.  102  Ricchesseri^tfullicheywonne 
and  resonablelich  yspended.  1456  SIR  G.  W^iv. Law  Arms 
(S.  T.  S.)  66  He  gave  to  man  wit  and  resoun,  knaulage  and 
discrecionn  to  governe  him  resonably.  0:1533  I--0.  I-JERNEKS 
Hnon  cxlix.  563  He  wolde  gyue  hym  as  moche  golde  & 
syluer  as  he  coud  resonably  demaunde.  1585  T.  WASHING 
TON  tr.  Nicholays  I'oy,  in.  iii.  74  Reasonably  to  consider 
aswel  the  time  past,  present,  and  too  conic.  1651  HoBBES 
Leviat/t.  H.  xxvi.  150  One  may  very  reasonably  distinguish 
Laws  in  that  manner.  1718  Freethinker  No.  87  P  9  He  can 
reasonably  blame  only  Himself.  1830  Miss  MITFORD  in 
L'Estrange  Life  (1870)  II.  xiii.  302  The  French  Revolution 
is  most  happily  over ;  never  was  anything  French  so  reason 
ably  conducted.  1879  LUBBOCK  Addr.  Pol,  &  Etinc.  iii.  49 
The  results  which  we  might  reasonably  expect  from  a  more 
enlightened  system  of  education. 

2.  At  a  reasonable  rate  ;  f  to  a  reasonable  extent. 

la  1400  MortcArth.  1508  Raunsone  me  resonabillye,  as  I 
may  over  reche,  Aftyre  my  renttez  in  Rome  may  redyly 
fort  hire.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  191,  xija 
causes  enduceth  a  man  to  loue  his  wif  reissonnabli  and 
tempora[t]li.  1600  SURFLET  Cottnfrie  Farme  n.  li.  351  When 
you  see  that  all  the  water  is  consumed . .  boile  them  altogither 
reasonablie. 

3.  Sufficiently,  suitably,  fairly. 

cisoz  Joseph  Arint.  (E.E.T.S.)  47  Verely  .she  was  heled, 
and  lefte  her  styltes  thore,  And  on  her  fete  wente  home  re 
sonably  well.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poetic  in.  xxiii.  (Arb.) 
278  The  Earle.  .could  reasonably  well  speake  French.  1638 
JUMIUS  Paint.  Ancients  15  The  helpe  of  a  reasonably  good 
wit.  1665  MANLEY  Cretins'  Low  C.  War  res  720  A  town  . . 
reasonably  well  fortified,  having  therein  a  strong  garrison. 
1791  MKS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  ii,  Their  distress  was 
reasonably  great.  1861  DICKENS  Gt.  Expect,  v,  There  was 
a  reasonably  good  path  now. 

f  b.   With  vbs. :  Fairly  or  pretty  well.   Obs. 

1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  i.  (1625)  76  It  is  reported  . . 
that  you  are  groune  prettely  skilled  in  Instruments  whereon 
you  play  reasonably.  1613  PURCMAS  Pilgrimage  vi.  ii.  (1614) 
566  To  whicli  also  the  computation  of  Herodotus  dothe 
agree  reasonably  in  the  time. 

•f1 4.  Normally,  naturally.   Obs.~~l 

1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  335  The  Infant  borne  the 
seuenth  month  is  reasonably  borne  and  Hueth. 

t  Rea'SOnal,  sb.  and  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  REASON 
slrl  +  _AL,  after  RATIONAL  sb.  and  #.]  a.  sb.  — 
RATIONAL  sb?  2.  b.  adj.  =  RATIONAL  a.  2. 

1577  Test.  12  Patriarchs  (1706)  46  Put  on  the  stool  of 
priesthood,  the  crown  of  righteousness,  the  reasonal  of 
understanding.  1594  CAREVV  Huartcs  Exam,  ll'its  (1616) 
286  [They]  make  their  children  defectiue,  as  well  in  the 
powers  reasonall,  as  in  the  naturall. 

fReasonate,  v.  Obs.1-1  (?  error  for  resonate , 
to  resound,  shout.) 

1631  R.  H.  Arraignm.  Whole  Creature  xii.  §  4.  127  He 
cryes  out  of  a  suddaine  . .  like  that  passionate  Orator,  that 
reasonatea;  Oh  tempera?  Oh  mores? 

t  Rea-soned,  a.  Obs.-1  [f.  REASON  sb.1}  Pro 
vided  with  reason  or  reasoning  power. 

1521  FISHER  Serm.  agst.  Luther  Wks.  (1876)  345  These 
heretykes  all  be  it  they  . .  were  fell  wytted  men  and  depely 
resoned  . .  yet  were  they  disceyued. 

Reasoned  (irz'nd),  ppl.a.  [f.  REASON  v.  + 
-ED1.]  Characterized  by  or  based  on  reasoning, 
carefully  studied.  Also  with  out. 

1684  T.  EURNF.T  Th.  Earth  I.  n.  x.  297,  I  do  generally 
distinguish  of  two  sorts  of  opinions  in  all  men,  Inclination- 
opinions,  and  Reason'd-opinions.  1815  J.  C.  HOBHOUSE 
Substance  Lett.  (1816)  I.  304  The  official  letter  of  Lord 
Clancarty..  which  is  a  sort  of  renewed  and  reasoned  declara 
tion.  1862  H.  SPENCER  First  Princ.  n.  vi.  §  61  (1875)  192 
All  reasoned-out  conclusions  whatever  must  rest  on  some 
postulate.  1874  L.  STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library  (1892)  II.  vi. 
200  He  prefers  nature  to  law,  instinct  to  reasoned  action. 

Hence  Rea'sonedly  adv. 

1836  A.  WALKER  Beauty  in  Woman  281  The  Greeks, 
either  intuitively  or  reasonedly,  distinguished  the  three 
species  of  beauty  as  to  the  Figure. 

Iteasoiier  t^rrz'nai).     [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER1.] 

1.  One  who  reasons. 

1548  ELYOT,  Ratiodnator^. .  a  disputer,  a  reasoner.  1551 
T.  WILSON  Logike  X  vj,  Vpon  such  matters  as  are  necessary 
. .  for  the  godlye  reasoner  to  teache.  1639  ROUSE  Hcav. 
Univ.  Advt.  (1702)  3  By  too  many  of  the  great  Reasoners  of 
the  age.  1741  WARBURTON  Dii>.  Legat.  II.  642  Our  Reasoner 
has  here  mistaken  the  very  question.  1769  Junius  Lett. 
xix.  82  A  correspondent  . .  censures  him  for  a  bad  reasoner. 
1864  BOWEM  Logic  ix.  271  The  ambiguities  of  language 
which,  .originally  led  the  reasoner  astray. 

f  2.  A  keeper  of  accounts.    Obsr~^ 

1509  Plmnpton  Corr.  (Camden)  205  John  Wythers,  his 
Surveyor  &  general!  Reasonner. 

f  Rea-sonfully,  adv.  Obs.—1  [f.  REASON  sbl  + 
-FUL  +  -LY  2.]  Reasonably. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  in,  i.  (Skeat)  1.  136  Reasonfulli 
maye  he  sey,  yfc  mercy  both  right  and  lawe  passeth. 

Reasoning  (rfz'nii)),  rbt.  sb.  [f.  REASON*  v. 
+  -ING  l.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  REASON,  esp.  the 
process  by  which  one  judgement  ib  deduced  from 
another  or  others  which  are  given. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troy  his  iv.  1046  (1018),  I  may  wel  maken 
..My  resoninge  of  goddes  purveyaunce.  —  Bpeth.  v.  pr. 
v.  131  (Camb.  MS.)  Yif  J>at  wit  and  ymaginacion  stryiien 
ayein  resonynge.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  iv.  Ixix.  47  For 
resonyng  and  profe  of  this  was  after  assygned  vii.  score 
lewes.  1538  STARKF.Y  England  i.  iv.  137  Hyt  ys  a  commyn 
faute  in  resonyng,  to  lay  a  faute  ther  as  non  ys.  1587  GOLD- 
ING  DC  Mornay  i,  There  is  no  reazoning  against  those  which 


amon 
H 


REASONLESSNESS. 

'  denie  the  Principles.  1643  MILTON  Divorce  Introd.  (1851)  4 
,  Who  ..  make  it  their  chief  designe  to  envie  and  cry-down 
the  industry  of  free  reasoning.  1725  DE  FOF,  /  'oy.  -round 
World  (1840)  313  A  little  reasoning  with  them  brought  some 
of  the  men  to  their  senses.  1781  CowPKR  Table-t.  53  Such 
reasoning  falls  like  an  inverted  cone,  Wanting  its  proper 
base  to  stand  upon.  1866  GEO.  ELIOT  F.  //0#{i868)  29  The 
Rector  was  helped  to  this  chain  of  reasoning  by  Harold's 
remarks. 

b.  With  a  and//.  An  instance  of  this. 

1552  EDW.  VI  Jrnl,  etc.  (Roxb.)  457  The  reasonings  be  in 
iy  deske.     1611  BIBLE  Luke  i.\.  46  There  arose  a  reasoning 

them,  which  of  them  should  be  greatest.  1651 
i  Govt.  $  Sec.  ix.  S  i.  135  Socrates  is  a  man,  and 
therefore  a  living  creature,  is  a  right  reasoning,  and  that 
most  evident.  ^1720  SEWKL  Hist.  Quakers  (1795''  I.  ii.  101 
Several  people  accompanied  him,  and  he  had  great  reason 
ings  with  them.  1812  L.  HUNT  in  Examiner  14  Dec.  785/2 
He  would  not  enter  into  a  reasoning  on  the  subject.  1880 
L.  STEPHEN  i'opc  vii,  163  The  reasonings  in  the  Essay  are 
confused,  contradictory,  and  often  childish. 

c.  attrib.)  as  reasoning  faculty,  ground,  power , 
thread. 

1728  POPE  Dune.  i.  179  Or  quite  unravel  all  the  reas'ning 
thread.  1775  HARRIS  Philos.  Arrangem.  Wks.  11841)  325 
Of  all  the  animals  we  see  around  us,  man  alone  possesses 
the  reasoning  faculty.  1781  COWPER  Convcrsat.  431  The 
reasoning  power  vouchsafed  of  course  inferred  The  power 
to  clothe  that  reason  with  his  word.  1875  E.  WHITE  Life 
in  Christ  i.  i.  14  Such  contradictory  arguments  as  these, 
the  reasoning-grounds  ..  of  two  opposing  schools. 

Reasoning  (rrz'nin),  ///.  a,  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ixo  2.]  That  reasons,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1665  GLANVILL  Dcf.  Van.  Dogm.  80  Thus  was  the  reason 
ing  World  despoil'dof  that  Freedom  which  is  the  priviledge 
of  Humane  Nature.  1737  PO?E  Hor.  Epist.  I.  i.  185  That 
reas'ning,  high,  immortal  Thing,  Just  less  than  Jove.  1781 
COWPER  Hope:  143  Then  praise  is  heard  instead  of  reasoning 
pride.  1821-2  SHELLEY  CJias.  /,  ii.  158  All  that  makes  the 
age  of  reasoning  man  More  memorable  than  a  beast's.  1870 
J.  H.  NEWMAN  Gram.  Assent  i.  iv.  91  After  all,  man  is  not 
a  reasoning  animal. 

Hence  Rea  soningly  adv. 

1886  H.  JAMES  Bostonians  III.  in.  xxxvi.  in  'That's  not 
the  way  ',  Verena  went  on,  reasoningly. 

t  Rea'SOnist.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  REASON  s&.1  or  v. 
+  -1ST.]  A  professed  reasoner. 

1610  HKALEY  St.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  (1620)  843  But  what 
say  our  great  Reasonists  unto  those  ordinary  things  which 
are  so  common  ?  a  1740  WAI  ERLAND  Chr.  Vind.  agst,  Iiijtd. 
Wks.  1823  VIII.  67  Such  persons  are  now  commonly  called 
reasonists  and  rationalists,  to  distinguish  them  from  true 
reasoners  and  rational  inquirers. 

Reasonless  (r/~-z'nles\  a.  (and  adv.).  [f. 
REASON  sb.1  +  -LESS.] 

1.  Not  endowed  with  reason.   =  IRRATIONAL  a.  i. 
1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xvm.  Iii.  (Bodl.  MS.)  273/1 

[The  ant  is]  a  Htel  beste  wi^oute  prince  and  resonles. 
c  1412  HOCCLEVE  De  Reg.  Princ.  3659  If  he  tho  weies  take 
wolde  That  beestes  resonles  vsen  and  holde.  1581  PETTI  E 
Guazzo^s  Ci^'.  Conv.  n.  (1586)  80 bj  Nature  . .  giuing  a  very 
long  life  to  many  reasonlesse  creatures.  1604  T.  WRIGHT 
Passions  v.  §  4.  201  Beasts,  though  reasonless,  yet  in  loue 
follow  this  generall  instinct  and  inclination  uf  reason,  1633 
W.  STRUTHER  True  Happines  14  Three  instances  prove  the 
same  :  The  first  is  from  reasonlesse  creatures.  1877  BLACKIE 
Wise  Men  250  So  great  a  gap  Betwixt  the  reasonless  and 
the  reasoning  life  A  favouring  God  hath  set. 

b.  Of  natural  forces  or  their  results  :  Acting  or 
produced  without  the  aid  of  reason. 

1867  H.  MACMILLAN  Bible  Teach,  ii.  (1870)  36  The  forces 
of  nature . .  are  not  reasonless,  merciless  forces.  1895  Q.  Rei'. 
Apr.  492  A  purely  reasonless  concourse  of  atoms. 

2.  Devoid  of  ordinary  reason  ;  senseless. 

1421  HOCCLF.VE  Complaint  222  Yet  homly  reason  know 
I  nevartheles ;  not  hope  I  founden  be  so  resonles  as  men 
demen.  1592  GREENE  Groatsw.  Wit  (1617)  24  Reasonlesse 
Roberts,  that  hauing  but  a  Brokers  place,  asked  a  Lenders 
reward.  1628  WITHER  Brit.  Rcmemb.  in.  626  Now,  most 
thou  need'st  it,  be  not  reasonlesse.  1671  F.  PHILLIPS  Reg. 
Necess.  Ep.  Ded.  i  These  unhappy  times  have  brought  forth 
a  sort  of  reasonless  men,  whose  humors  and  pliancies  .. 
makes  them  unwilling  to  submit  to  Laws.  1868  BROWNING 
Ring  $  Bk.  iv.  ii  This  rabble's-brabble  of  dolts  and  fools 
Who  make  up  reasonless  unreasoning  Rome. 

3.  Not  grounded  upon  reason  or  reasons ;   not 
supported  by  any  reason. 

1553  GRIMALDE  Cicero's  Bk.  Offices  in.  (1558)  124  That  Is 
reasonlesse  that  some  say  [etc.].     1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  f7/, 
v.  iv.  137  This  proffer  is  absurd,  and  reasonlesse.     1658  T. 
WALL  Charact.  Enemies  Ch.  23  Casting  a  fraudulent  shew 
of  reason  upon  those  things  which  are  indeed  reasonless. 
1794  ANNA  SEWARD  Lett.  (1811)  IV.  34  The  shallow,  reason 
less  oratory,  which  is  so  perpetually  shifting  its  ground. 
1874  T.  N.  HARPKK  Peace  through  Truth  Sen  n.  I.  p.  xx, 
The  feelings  of  the  great  body  of  the  people,  even  though 
reasonless,  ought  to  be  respected. 

fb.  of  a  reason.     (Common  c  1600-50.)   Obs. 

a  1603  T.  CARTWRIGHT  Confnt.  Rhem.  N.  T.  (1618)  Pref. 
26  To  aflirme  that  a  substantiall  reason  . .  should  be  iudged 
reasonlesse.  1634  CANNE  Necess.  of  Separ.  (1849)  210  It  is 
likely  he  saw  that  there  was  no  help  for  him  there,  and 
therefore  only  makes  use  of  this  reasonless  reason.  1670 
G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  i.  i.  20  The  good  Father.,  made  me 
a  long  discourse. .,  alleging  reasonless  reasons. 

f4.  adv.  Without  reason.   Obs.  rare—'1. 

1632  BROME  Crt.  Beggar  iv.  iii,  Since  reasonlesse  you  layd 
those  wrongs  upon  me. 

Hence  Rea'sonlessly  adv.,  Rea-sonlessness. 

1889  Harpers  Mag,  Apr.  721/2  Reasonlessly,  silently,  all 
her  anger  against  him  vanished.  1891  MAX  MULLER  Pres. 
Addr.  Brit.  Assoc.  in  Nature  3  Sept.,  He  saw  . .  that  there 
is  no  possible  transition  from  reasonlessness  to  reason. 

Reasoune,  obs.  form  of  REASON  sl>.1 


RE-ASPIRE. 


216 


REASSUME. 


Re-asprre,"'.     [Re-  5  a.]     To  aspire  again. 

1621  S.  WARD  Life  of  Faith  2  It  would  pittie  one  to  see 
how  lamely  and  blindly  hee  re-aspires  thereunto.  1646  E. 
F[ISHF.R]  Mod.  Divinity  led.  2)  222  The  soule  is  thereby 
made  to  re-aspire  towards,  .that  chief  good,  even  God. 

Reassa'il,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  assail  again. 

1579  FENTON  Gnicciard.  n.  (1599)  67  The  king  complayned 
.  .that  he  did  not  eftsoones  reassayle  with  a  new  supply  [of  \ 
vessels]  the  rocke  of  Yschia.  1665  GLANVILL  Def.  I'an. 
Dogtn.  75  And  possibly  could  with  an  humor  brisk  enough 
have  reassailed  the  spirit  of  proud  and  unreasonable  pre 
sumption.  1851  C.  L.  SMITH  tr,  Tasso  in.  xxxi,  Then  showed 
her  front  and  re-assailed  the  foe. 

Reassau  It,  sb.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  renewed  or 
repeated  assault. 

1611    FLORIO,  Riassalto,   a  re-assault.     1631   R.  BYFIELD 
Doctr.  Sabb.  3  Never  so  subtle  or  serpentine  in  malice  to  a    [ 
re-assault,     a  1711  KEN   Urania  Poet.  \Vks.  1721   IV.  471     I 
The  Chaste.  .By  Watching,  Prayr,  Fasts,  Alms,  Lust's  Fury 
quell,  and  all  its  reassaults  repell. 

Reassau'lt,  £'-     [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To  assault    : 
or  attack  again. 

1654    H.    I/ ESTRANGE  Ckas.    I  (1655)  24   One  Turner  a    i 
Doctor  of  Physick,  reassaults  it  in  these  six  Queries.     1674 
T.  FLATMAN  Agst.  Thoughts  Poems  102  Then  they  throng    j 
again,  And  reassault  me  with  a  trebled  pain.     1117x1  KEN 
Hytnnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  220  Soon  as  this  lower 
World  becomes  our  own,  We  with  success  may  reassault 
the  Throne.     1851    C.   L.    SMITH    tr.    Tasso  in.  xxiii,   She 
covered  her  fair  head.. And  re-assaulted  him. 

Reassay  ,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     a.  intr.  To  make 
a  frcsli  attempt,      b.  trans.  To  test  the  purity  of   ; 
(metals)  again.     Hence  Reassaying  vbl.  sb. 

1598  FI.OHIO,  Rattcntare,  to  reattempt,  to  reassaie.     1665 
PiRATmvAiT  Comment  Tiuo  Tales  140  In  this  sort  she  re-    i 
a^saies  to  course  him  before  she  leave  him.     1677  Touch 
stone  in  Rigland  Assay  Gold  <V  Silver  it''.  71   Four  grains    ; 
out  of  every  twelve  ounces  that  is  marked,  is . .  to  be  detained 
and  kept  for  a  reassaying.     1898  Daily  Neivs  2  May  6/7 
They  require  hall-marked  silver  to  be  re-assayed. 

f  Reassecure,  v.  Ohs.  rare,  -'.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  make  secure  again. 

1654  EARL  MOXM.  tr.  Bentivoglios  Warrs  Flanders  384 
Thinking  that  it  was  sufficient  for  them  to  reassecure  their    j 
Neutralities  which  had  been  violated. 

Reasse'mblage.     [RE-  5  a.]     A  collecting,   I 
meeting,  or  gathering  together  again. 

1744  HARRIS  Three  Treat,  i,  notes  (1765)  264  New  Beings    • 
nrUe  from  the  Re-assemblage  of  the  scattered  Parts.     1792 
Ann.  Reg.,  Chron.  49  Areassemblage  of  the  mob  was  appre 
hended.     1815  SOUTHEY  in  Q.  Rev.  XIII.  482  It  will  not    j 
now  be  doubted  that  Buonaparte  had  this  rea^semblage  in 
view.    1890  WEISSMANN  in  Nature  6  Feb.  319  The  giving    j 
off,  circulation,  and  reassemblage  of  gemmules. 

Reassemble  (r^&se-mb'l),  v.    [RE-  5  a.    Cf.   ! 
F.  rassemb/ert  ^f  reassembles  (i4th  c.).] 

1.  trans.  To  bring  together  again,  to  collect  anew. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  VH.  ccxlvi.  289   Kynge  Phylyp  re 
assembled  his  Knyghtes,  and  sped  hym  towarde  the  coun- 
trey  of  Poytoys.     c  i$zo  BARCLAY  Jugvrth  xxxi.  43b,  Whan 
Metellus  (as  sayd  is)  had  reasembled  them  againe  :  he  began 
in  fewe  wordes  to  pray  and  exhort   them.     1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  i.  1 86  Reassembling  our  afflicted  Powers,  Consult  how 
we  may  henceforth  most  offend  Our  Enemy.    1751  JOHNSON 
Rambler  No.  157  p  12,  I  was  reassembling  my  scattered 
sentiments.     1762-71  H.  WALPOLE  I'crtue's  A  need.  Paint.     \ 
(1786)  V.  267  King  Charles's  collection,  which  his  royal  high-    i 
ness  wished  as  far  as  possible  to  re-assemble.     1863  CoWDEH    ' 
CLARKE  Shaks.  Char,  vii.  173  Her  old  father  pathetically 
endeavours  to  reassemble  his  wandering  ideas. 

reft.    1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  viii,  Morris,  whose  scattered    1 
wits  had  hardly  yet  reassembled  themselves. 

2.  intr.  To  meet,  come  together,  again. 

i6n  COTGR.,  Reconvenir,  to  reassemble,  reunite,  c  1645 
HOWELL  Lett.  i.  n.  xix.  (1890)  I.  133  At  the  dissolution  of 
the  last  Assembly  at  Lodun,  where  he  solemnly  gave  his 
word,  to  permit  them  to  re-assemble  when  they  would  six 
months  after.  1677  COLES  En g.* Lett.  Diet.,  To  Reassemble, 
rnrsum  convenire.  1831  SHKI.LEY  Hellas  1003  If  Greece 
must  be  A  wreck,  yet  shall  its  fragments  re-assemble.  1882 
J.  HAWTHORNE  Fort.  Fooli.  xviii,  They  would  reassemble 
in  London  once  more. 

Hence  Beasse'mbling  vb/.  sb. 

1611  COTGR.,  Ralliement^  a  rallying,  reassembling,  re 
uniting.  1817  Parl.  Deb.  247  Mr.  Hunt's  parliament  at 
Spa-fields  was  prorogued,  and  at  the  re-assembling  received 
a  royal  message.  1863  H.  Cox  Instit.  \.  vi.  32  This  rule  .. 
applies  as  well  to  the  original  meeting  of  a  Parliament  as 
to  its  reassembling  after  prorogation. 

Reasse  mbly.    [RE-  5  a.    Cf.  obs.  F.  rtas- 

semble'e  (1606-9  m  Godef.)]   =REASSEMBLAGE. 

1611  FLORIO,  Radnnanza,  a  re-assemblie.  1639  H.  SEII.E 
Augustus  xlviii.  157  The  Soldiers.. he  dispersed.. all  about 
Italy,  in  32.  Colonies :  ..  for  their  more  speedy  reassembly, 
if  need  should  require.  1779-81  JOHNSON  L.  /*.,  Young 
Wks.  IV.  278  The  re-assembly  of  the  atoms  that  compose 
the  human  body.  1896  Daily  Chron.  25  Aug.  3/5. 

Reassert  (rf,as3ut),  v.    [!<E-  5  a.] 
1.  trans.  To  assert  (a  statement,  claim,  etc.)  again. 
<zi66s  J.  GOODWIN  Filled  iv.  the  Spirit  (1867)^  162  We 
might  re-assert  our  former  argument  for  the  divinity  of  the 
Holy  Ghost.     1726  POPE  Odyss.  xvii.  147  With  equal  fury, 
and  with  equal  fame,  Shall  great  Ulysses  re-assert  his  claim, 
1771  Juniits  Lett.  Ivi.  293  You  replied  with  abuse,  and  re 
asserted  your  charge.   1833  LVTTON  Rtenzi  v.  v,  I  re-asserted 
each  right,  and  proved  it.     1879  FROUDE  Csesar  xxii.  368 
They  had  an  opportunity  of  reasserting  their  independence. 
reft.     1840  MILL  Diss.  $  Disc.  (1875)  I.  417  The  natural 
tendency  ..  reasserted  itself.     1854  KINGSLEY  Alexandria, 
Pref.  10  These  laws  will.. reassert  themselves. 
t 2.  To  reassign  (a  person)  to  a  condition.  Obs."*1 
1675  SOUTH  Serm.  (1823)  I.  25,7  Gross  ingratitude  m  the 
person  . .  made  free,  forfeits  his  freedom,  and  re-asserts  him 
to  his  former  conditions  of  slavery. 


3.  To  claim  (a  thing)  again,  rare. 

1725  POPE  Odyss.  i.  52  To  warn  the  wretch,  that  young 
Orestes  grown  To  manly  years  shou'd  re-assert  the  throne. 
1853  KANE  Grinntll  Exp.  xxv.  (1856)  202  Both  of  these 
documents  reassert  the  name  of  Albert  Land  for  the  large 
tract  of  high  lands. 

Hence  ReasseTting  vbl,  sb. 

1697  C.  LESLIE  Snake  in  Grass  (ed.  2)  233  A  fair  occasion 
. .  towards  the  Re-asserting  of  the  Good  Old  Cause. 

Reasse-rtion.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  repeated  asser 
tion,  a  reamrmation. 

1848  R.  I.  WILBERFORCE  Doctr.  Incarnation  xii.  (1852)  327 
The  glowing  words  in  which  Scripture  describes  the  privi 
leges  of  Christians,  are  regarded  . .  as  a  re-assertion  of  the 
claims  of  nature.  1880  E.  WHITE  Cert.  Relig.  106  A  reso 
lute  reassertion  by  scholars  of  the  Baconian  laws  of  scientific 
interpretation. 

So  Reasse'rtor ,  one  who  asserts  again. 

1859  SMII.ES  Self-Help  iii.  (1860)  48  A  recent  reassertor  of 
the  power  of  perseverance. 

Re-asse'SS,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  assess 
anew. 

1803  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  I.  427  Whatever  taxes  are 
laid  on  the  rent  of  land,  must  be  re-assessed  by  the  grower 
of  corn  on  the  produce.  1813  —  in  Monthly  Mag.  XXXVI. 
7  This  . .  will  be  re-assessed  with  a  profit  on  the  poor.  1884 
Law  Times  Reft.  L.  142/1  The  rateable  value  of  certain 
property  having  been  re-assessed  at  a  much  higher  sum. 

So  Re-asse  ssnient. 

1777  IjL'RRonv  Rep.  IV.  2291  Personal  Estate  is  not  gene 
rally  rated  to  the  Poor,  throughout  the  Kingdom  ;  and  very 
seldom  to  the  Land  Tax,  unless  upon  a  Re-assessment. 
1886  Pall  Mall  G.  10  Aug.  8/2  There  had  been  lately  in 
London  a  quinquennial  reassessment. 

t  Reassiege,  v.  Obs,  rare-1.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  lay  siege  to  anew. 

1577  HOLIXSHED  Hist.  Scot.  412/1  Which  occasioned  the 
casiell  of  Edenborough  to  be  reasseeged  and  inuironed  both 
by  sea  and  land. 

Reassi'gn,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  assign  anew. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rf  consigner  t  to  reconsigne,  reassigne,  re- 
appoint.  1721  in  BAILEY  [hence  in  later  Diets].  1893  l-'oice 
(N.  V.i  8  June,  Generally  on  the  occasion  of  a  new  sovereign 
all  lands  were  reassigned. 

So  Beassig-na'tion  i  Bailey  1721);  Reassign 
ment  (Worcester  1850). 

Reassi'milate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  assimilate 
anew.  So  Beassimila  tion. 

1828  in  WKBSTEK.  1876  DOUSE  Grimm  s  L.  in  A  partial, 
but  now  arrested  re-assimilation. 

Reasso'ciate,  v.  rare.  [Ri->  5  a.]  refl.  and 
intr.  To  come  together  again. 

1494  FABVAN  Chron.  vii.  552  Some  euyll  dysposyd.. 
re;issociat  them,  and  sayde  and  cryed  that  [etc.].  1809  A. 
HENRY  Trnv.  124  The  Indian  families  ..  separate  in  the 
winter  season, . .  and  re-associate  in  the  spring  and  summer. 

Reasso'rt,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  assort 
again.  So  Beasso'rtment. 

1779  FORREST  I'oy.  N,  Guinea  294  He  took  care  to  provide 
..  reassortments  of  stock,  which  he  safely  deposited  in  his 
warehouse.  1870  ORTON  Andes  $•  Amazons  n.  xxxii.  (1876) 
438  Wool  is  generally  taken  to  that  city  . .  to  be  re-assorted 
and  repacked.  1872  W.  S.  SYMOSHS  Rec.  Rocks  vi.  193  The 
whole  mass  has  evidently  been  reasserted  by  water. 

t  Reassert,  obs.  variant  of  RESORT  v. 

1535  in  Lett.  Suppress.  Monasteries  (Camden)  85  There 
was  here  suche  frequence  of  women  commyng  and  reassert 
ing  to  this  monastery. 

Reassoune,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REASON  sb.^- 
ReaSSlime  (r/jasi«*nr,  v.     [f.  RE-  5  a  +  AS 
SUME  v.     Cf.  Sp.  reasttmir,  Pg.  reassitmtr,  It.  rt~ 
assumcre.     See  also  RESUME  v.t  with  which  this 
word  formerly  coincided  in  many  of  its  senses.] 

1.  trans.  To  take,  or  take  up,  again  (a  material 
thing  laid  down  or  handed  to  another). 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vii.  319  Pandulph  toke  y*  Crowne  of 
the  Kynge,.  .y»  Kynge  reassumyd  the  Crowne  of  Pandulph. 
1628  FELTHAM  Resolves  \\.  xxi.  70  Beware  him,  as  an 
Enemie,  apt  to  re-assume  his  Armes.  1679  New  Advice  in 
Roxb.  Ball.  (18831  IV.  548  Painter,  once  more  thy  Pencil 
reassume.  a  1766  MRS.  F.  SHKRIDAN  Sidney  Bidulph  V.  44, 
I  shall  break  off  here,  and  shall  re-assume  my  pen  in  the 
evening.  1848  C.  C.  CLIFFORD  tr.  Aristophanes ,  Frogs  18 
No  nonsense,  Xanthias;  reassume  your  pack. 

b.  To  revoke,  take  back  (a  grant,  gift,  etc.). 

1609  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  in,  Ixxxix,  His  successour  . .  did 
reuocate  And  re-assume  his  liberalities.      1675  H.  NEVILE 
Maehiavellis  Prince  vii.  Wks.  209  Lest   the  next   Pope 
should  ..  reassume    all    that    Alexander    had    given    him. 
1726  POPE  Odyss.  xvi.  476  She  waves  her  golden  wand,  and 
reassumes    From  ev'ry  feature   every  grace    that   blooms. 
1792  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Desmond  I.  129  What  then  should 
prevent    a  nation    from  re-assuming    grants?     1816  SCOTT 
Antiq.   xviii,   His    lands.,  lay   waste    till    they   were    re- 
assumed  by  the  emperor  as  a  lapsed  fief. 

f  C.  To  rescind,  recall  (a  vote\  Obs. 
1685  S.  SEW  ALL  Diary  22  Oct.,  Deputies  reassume  their 
vote  as  to  the  treasurer,  and  consent  with  the  magistrates. 
1716  B.  CHURCH  ffist.  Philip's  War  (1867)  II.  128  The 
Lieut.  Governour  . .  told  them  except  they  did  Re-assume 
that  Vote,  .they  should  sit  there  till  the  next  Spring. 

2.  a.  To  take  back  (a  person)  into  close  relation 
ship  with  oneself. 

1610  DONNE  Pseudo-martyr  13  The  seuerity  which  the 
Church  vsed  towards  them,,  .and  her  bitternesse  andauerse- 
nes,  from  re-assuming  them,  euen  after  long  penances,  into 
her  bosome.     1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  \.  xlvi.  (1739) 
76  He  reseized  and  reassumed  the  Knglish,  in  partnership 
with  the  Norman  in  their  ancient  right  of  Government. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  225  Into  his  blissful  bosom  reassum'd 
In  glory  as  of  old. 


b.  To  take  back  (a  thing)  as  a  constituent  part. 
1692  RAY  Disc.  n.  ii.  (1732)  74  Carried  off  by  the  rivers 
and  reassumed  by  the  sea.  1741  MOXRO  Anat.  (ed.  3)  22 
The  Marrow  . .  is  reassumed  into  the  Mass  of  Blood.  1883 
Cat/i,  Diet.  (1897)  744/1  St.  Thomas  says.,  that  all  the 
particles  of  blood  which  Christ  shed  in  his  Passion  were 
reassumed  by  him  in  His  resurrection. 

3.  To  take  again  upon  oneself: 

a.  a  shape  or  form,  a  garb  or  something  worn. 
1624  HEYWOOD  Gunaik.  i.  31  By  the  bankes  of  Nilus  re- 
assumed  her  humane  shape.     1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le Blanc's 
Trav,  221    The  . .  Steward   of  houshold  . .  caused   him  to 
reassume  his  apparel).     1719  J.  T.  PHILIPPS  tr.  Thirty-four 
Confer.  283  At  the  great  Day  of  Accompts  the  Souls  shall 
re-assume  their  former  Bodies.     1771  MRS.  GRIFFITH  Hist. 
Lady  Barton  II.  271,  I  could  again  be  weak  enough  ..  to 
reassume  those  rosy  fetters.     1855  LONGF.  Hiaiv.  xii.  304 
Then  the  birds,  again  transfigured,  Reassumed  the  shape  of 
mortals.     1873  1».  STEWART  Conseru.  Force  §  157  The  heat 
thus  spent  reassumes  the  form  of  molecular  motion. 

b.  a  charge,  office,  exercise  of  power,  etc. 

1632  SIR  T.  HAWKINS  tr.  Mathicus  Unhappy  Prosp.  I.  24 
Hee  should  re-assume  the  charge  [which]  had  beene  taken 
from  him.  1670  MILTON  Hist.  Eng.  \.  Wks.  (1851)  25 
Elidure  now  in  his  own  behalf  re-assumes  the  Government. 
1726  AVLIFFK  Farergon  162  After  Henry  the  Vlllth  had 
re-assum'd  the  Supremacy.  1774  tr.  Hflvetiits'  Child  Nat. 

II.  245  At  last,  reason  reassumed  her  empire.  1821  SHELLEY 
Prometh.  Unb.  III.  i.  58  The  tyranny  of  heaven  none  may 
retain,  Or  reassume,  or   hold.      1885  M.   ARNOLD  in  Pall 
Mall  G,  3  Nov.  3/2  To  reassume  an  office  at  sixty-two  is 
not  the  same  thing  as  to  assume  it  at  thirty-two. 

c.  a  character,  attribute,  quality,  feeling,  etc. 
1632  MASSINGER  IWaid  of  Hon.  v.  ii,  I  conjure  you  To 

re-assume  your  order  [of  knighthood].  1655  tr.  Com.  Hist. 
Francion  xn.  23  Little  and  little  he  began  to  reassume  his 
Spirits.  1671  MRS.  BEHN  Forced  Marriage  \.  iii,  Go,  re- 
assume  your  beauty;  dry  your  eyes.  1712  STEELE  Sped. 
No.  432  f  4  These  little  Republicks  reassume  their  National 
Hatred  to  each  other.  1785  G.  A.  BELLAMY  Apol.  IV.  37 
Upon  rejoining  the  company,  he  reassumed  his  good  humour 
and  politeness.  1810  SOUTHF.Y  Kehama  xxiv.  iv,  Then  did 
the  Man-God  re-assume  His  unity.  i8<>9  AllbutCs  Syst. 
Med.  VIII.  482  The  quality  of  reassuming ^turgescence  on 
excitement. 

d.  a  right,  title,  name,  etc. 

1660  T.  M.  Hist.  Independ.  iv.  101  The  Lords  (who  had 
now  reassumed  their  Native  right  by  taking  their  places  in 
the  higher  House).  1761  GRAY  Odin  92  Night  Has  re 
assum'd  her  ancient  right.  1813  EUSTACE  Class.  Tour 
(1821)  IV.  328  Whether  Italy  be  destined  to  re-assume  her 
honors.  1830  LYTTON  /*.  Clifford  xxxiii,  He  had  re-assumed 
his  hereditary  name.  1847  MRS.  A.  KERR  tr.  Ranke's 
Hist.  Servia.  vi.  114  They  re-assumed  the  title  of  Dahi. 

e.  refl.  To  return  to  one's  natural  character. 
i68z  N.  O.  Boileaus  Lntrin  \.  149  Then  Reassume  your 
self,  forbear  to  Doat.     1811  Henry  <y  Isabella  I.  168  She 
instantly   combated   what   she  considered  an   ungenerous 
suspicion,  and  reassumed  herself. 

I.  absol.  To  take  office  again.   Obs.   rare. 
1716   B.  CHURCH  Hist.  Philip's   U'ar  (1867)  II.  3    Soon 
after  this  was  the  Revolution,  and  the  other  Government 
Re-assumed. 

4.  To  take,  resume  (one's  place)  again. 

1640  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  in.  (1602)  I.  45  Mr.  Solicitor., 
reassumed  the  Chair  again.  1670  DRYDEN  Cong.  Granada 
i.  ii,  But  now  my  Reason  re-assumes  its  Throne,  a  1711 
KEN  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  84  The  scatter'd 
Atoms  of  each  humane  Mold  ..  Shall  ..  re-assume  in  Men 
their  pristine  site.  1789  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Kthelinde(i.^\^ 
IV.  131  Again  reassuming  his  place  at  the  breakfast -table. 
1821  SHELLEY  Ess.  <§•  Lett.  (1852)  II.  255  We  could  easily 
reassume  our  station  with  the  spring  at  Pugnano  or  the 
baths.  1841  CLOUGH  Poems  (1862)  8  The  day  may  come 
I  yet  may  re-assume  My  place. 

5.  To  recommence,  take  up  agciin,  resume : 

f  a.  speech,  discourse,  thought,  a  subject,  etc. 

Very  common  in  the  i7th  and  iSth  centuries. 

1608  WILLET  Hexapla.  Exod,  818  After  the  lewes  had 
made  answere..the  Lord  presently  reassumeth  that  speech. 
1660  ISGELO  Bentiv.  fy  Ur.  n.  (1682)  102  They  might  after 
wards  re-assume  their  delightful  conversation.  1682  VERNON 
Life  Heylin  183  He  again  re-assumes  the  Argument  and 
confutes  all  that  Belfarmin  and  others  produce  for  it.  1715-6 
Twn  Talk  No.  4  Mr.  Arthur  reassumed  the  discourse. 
1755  B.  MARTIN  Mag.  Arts  %  Sc.  i.  n  We  will  re-assume 
the  Subject  of  the  Ptolomaic  System. 

b.  a  practice,  action,  occupation,  etc. 

Common  in  the  i7th  and  iSth  centuries. 

1624  Bp.  MOUNTAGU  Gagg  244  A  thing  prohibited  in  the 
councell  of  Laodicea,  but  re-assumed,  and  long  time  fre 
quented  in  the  Church,  a  1641  —  Acts  $  Mon.  (1642)  144 
They  re-assumed  the  work  upon  warrant  of  Cyrus  his 
former  Edict.  1702  ECHARD  Eccl.  Hist.  (1710)  492  Those 
kind  of  Spectacles  were  already  over,  and  not  to  be  re- 
assumed  the  same  day.  1756  TOLDERVY  Hist.  2  Orphans 

III.  12  Our  company  reassumed  their  march  ;  and.. arrived 
in  good  time.     1791  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Celestina  (ed.  2)  I. 
220  To  quiet  the  perturbation  of  her  mind  by  re-assuming 
her  usual  occupations.     1824  in  Spirit  Pub.  Jrnls.  (18251 
508  Mary  Stuart  having  brought  some  superb   diamonds 
into  France,  the  ladies  of  the  Court  re-assumed  the  wear 
of  them. 

t  c.  With  inf.  Obs.  rare. 

1646  FULLER  W'ountied  Consc.  (1841)  313,  I  re-assume  to 
personate  a  wounded  conscience. 

f  d.  intr.  To  resume,  continue  speaking,  after 
a  pause.  Obs. 

1719  J.  T.  PHILIPPS  tr.  Thirty-four  Confer.  32  Then  they 
j    re-assumed  and  said.     1768  STERNF.  Sent.  Joum.   II.  no 
Case  of  Conscience,  I  own  it  is  necessary,  re-assumed  the 
master  of  the  hotel,  that  [etc.].      1796  CHARLOTTE  SMITH 
Marchmont  \.  60  '  Ah,  my  dear  loveV  reassumed  this  ad 
mirable  woman,  after  a  short  pause, 
f  6.  To  repeat.   Obs.  rare. 
1631  R.  BYFIELD  Dwtr,  Sabb.  17,  I  re-assume  that  your 


RE  ASSUMING. 

exposition  is  meerely  a  dreame.  1684  T.  HOCKIN  God's 
Decrees  353  Here  give  me  leave  to  re-assume  that  great 
Apostolical  caution. 

Hence  Reasstrming  vbl.  $b. 

1633  Br.  HALL  Hard  Texts,  IV.  T.  120  The  voluntary 
resigning  and  the  reassuming  of  my  life.  1656  KARL  MOXM. 
tr.  Bocctilini's  Advts.fr.  Parnass.  i.  v.  (1674)  5  In  the  Vene 
tian  Common-wealth,  those  reformations  of  Government, 
those  re-assumings  of  State  were  never  seen. 

f  Reassu-mpt,  v.  Obs.  rare—1.  [RE-  5  a.] 
=  RE  ASSUME  v.  (Only  in  pa.  ppk.) 

1561  DAUS  tr.  Bullinger  on  Afioc.  (1573)  273  h,  S.  lohn 
speaketh  not  of  the  bodyes  reassumpted,  chaunged,orraysed 
agayne  at  the  last  judgement. 

Reassu'inptioii.  [RE-  5  a.]  The  act  of 
reassuming. 

1611  FLORIO,  ReassuntiSne,  a  reassumption.  1693  J. 
EDWARDS  Perfect.  Script.  469  Ver.  1 1  . .  is  but  a  repetition  or 
reassumption  of  this.  1701  DE  FOE  Trnel>orn  Eng.  I.  145 
He  did  not  send  his  Dutchmen  home  again.  No  Re- 
assumptions  in  his  Reign  were  known.  1815  SOUTH F,Y  in 
Q.  Re^f.  XIII.  55  The  return  from  Elba  and  the  reassump 
tion  of  the  throne. 

Reassurance  (rf,aju°'rans).  [RE-  5  a.  Cf. 
F.  rassurance  and,  in  sense  3,  reassurance  (1681).] 

1.  Renewed  or  repeated  assurance  ;  repetition  of 
assuring  statements. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rassicnrdnza,  a  re-assurance.  1643  PRYNNF. 
Sov.^Pffiver  Par  I,  m.  25  He  hastily  dispatcheth  messengers 
to  him  with  great  summes  of  Money,  and  a  re-assurance 
of  his  tributary  Subjection,  1863  J.  C.  JKAFKRESON  Sir 
Everard's  Dan.  186  So  wrought  upon  by  the  re-nssurances 
of  his  physician.  1873  BUOWNING  Red  Cott.  Nt.-cap  \,  403 
By  reassurance  of  that  promise  old. 

2.  Renewed  or  restored  confidence. 

1875  CHURCH  Pascal,  etc.  xvi.  (1895)  272  We  have  learned 
from  facts  a  reassurance  which  some  only  can  find  in  the 
most  self-consistent  theories. 

3.  Reinsurance. 

1745-6  Act  19  Ceo.  If,  c.  37  §  4  It  shall  not  be  lawful  to 
make  Re-assurance,  unless  the  Assurer  shall  be  insolvent, 
become  Bankrupt,  or  die.  1826-30  KENT  Comm.  v.  xlviii. 
(1858)  III.  368  The  contract  of  reassurance  is  totally  distinct 
from,  and  unconnected  with,  the  primitive  insurance. 

Reassure  (iMpta),  v.  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  ASSURE  v. 
Cf.  F.  rassurer  (OF.  rasseurer),  and,  in  sense  3, 
re-assurer  (1681  in  Littre).] 

*|*1.  trans.  To  re-establish,  confirm  (a  thing). 
Also  const,  to  (a  person),  b.  To  confirm  (one) 
again  in  (an  honour).  Obs. 

1613  SIR  R.  BOYLE  in  Lismore  Papers  (1886)  I.   28,  I., 
reassured  the  said  land  to  him  by  my  lease  for  xxi  yeares.    j 
1637  SALTONSTALL  Ensebius*  Constant ine  36  [They]  were    ! 
restored  to  their  former  dignities,  and  reassured  their  former    • 
honours,     (11711  KEN  Anodynes  Poet.  Wks.  1721  111.422    : 
They  long  sharp  Penances  endur'd,   Till   ghostly  Health 
was  reassur'd.      1764  CHURCHILL  Gotham  in.  Poems  1772 
III.  153  Ere  'tis  too  late  wish'd  Health  to  re-assure, 

2.  To  restore  (a  person,  the  mind,  etc.)  to  confi 
dence,     f  Also  const. //w#  (a  fear),  and  with  inf. 

1598  DALLINGTON  Meth.  Trav.  M  iij,  By  this  meanes  hee 
should  reassure  other  Cities  that  then  stoode  waucring.   1687 
A.  LOVKLL  tr.   Thevenofs   Trav.  \\.  184,  I  endeavoured  to    ! 
reassure  him  and  the  rest  from  the  fear  which  made  him    i 
speak  so.     1697  BRYOEN  sEneid  vm.  146  '1'hey  rose  with    j 
Fear,. .Till  dauntless  Pallas  reassur'd  the  rest,  To  pay  the    \ 
Rites.     1728  ELIZA  HEYUOOD  tr.  Mad.  de  Gomez's  Belle  A* 
(1732)   II.   289  The  Air  with  which  I  spoke  these  Words 
something  re-assuring  him.     1806  SURR   Winter  in  Lomi.    \ 
III.  34  With  a  calmness  of  manner  that  reassured  me,  as    ; 
it  demonstrated    that   he   had  no  suspicion  of  me.      1879 
MCCARTHY  Own  Times  II.  xxviii.  333  This  was  a  sort  of 
explanation  more  likely  to  alarm  than  to  reassure  the  public. 
b.  To  confirm  again  in  an  opinion  or  impression. 
Const,  of. 

1811  SYD.  SMITH  Lett.  Ixxvi,  There  is  great  happiness  in 
the  country,  but  it  requires  a  visit  to  London  every  year  to 
reassure  yourself  of  this  truth.  1821  BYRON  'Juan  m. 
xxxvii,  And  long  he  paused  to  reassure  his  eyes. 

3.  To  reinsure. 

1826-30  KENT  Comm.  v.  xlviii.  (1858)  III.  368  The  insurer 
may  have  the  entire  sum  he  hath  insured,  reassured  to  him 
by  some  other  insurer.  1828  WFBSTER,  Reassure,  to  insure 
a  second  time  against  loss..;  to  insure  against  loss  that 
may  be  incurred  by  taking  a  risk. 

Hence  Reassirred  ppl.  a. ;    Keassii'rement ; 
Reassn  rer ;    Reassuring  ///.   a.;    Reassvrr-    j 
ingly  adv. 

1896  Westm.  Gas.  28  Dec.  5/2  One  of  the  two  Johannes 
burg  deputies.. sent  off  a  "reassured  and   reassuring  tele 
gram.     1891  E.  &  D.  GERARD  Setisi't.  Plants  II.  n.  xii.  124 
This  was  meant  as  a  *reassurement,  but  his  words  startled    : 
Janet  further.    1828  WEBSTER,  *Reitssurcrt  one  who  insures    j 
the   first  underwriter.     1897  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  II.  273    j 
In  this  matter  the  profession  should  take  the  part  of  the    \ 
reassurer  and  not  of  the   alarmist.      1861  TRENCH  Ep.  7    j 
Churches  Asia  114  This  may  not  sound,  at  the  first  hear-    ! 
ing,  a  *reassuring  word.     1884  Athcnaatm  14  June  754/3  If 
there  be  any  fears  of  severance  from  old  associations,,  .such 
works  as  the  present  may  have  a  reassuring  effect.     1872 
GF.O.  ELIOT  Mt'Jdleni.  xxxii,  '  I  shall  take  a  mere  mouthful 
of  ham  and  a  glass  of  ale  ',  he  said,  ^reassuringly. 

Reast,  var.  REEST  v.,  obs.  f.  REST  v. 

Reasty  (r/'sti),  a.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  7,  9 
reisty,  9  reesty,  reeasty,  raisty,  etc.  [Later 
form  of  RESTY  a. ;  cf.  REESED  a.] 

1.  Rancid.     Cf.  REAST  i. 

'573  TUSSER  Husb.  (1878)  53  Through  follie  too  beastlie 
much  bacon  is  reastie.  1632  SHERWOOD,  Reasie  (or  reastie), 
rand,  relant.  1639  HORN  &  ROB.  Gate  Lang.  Unl.  .\xvi. 
§  329  Musty,,  .tainted,  sappy,  rotten,  reisty  things  such  as 
bacon  and  grease  is  wont  to  be.  1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury 

VOL.  VIII. 


217 

f    in.    269/1    Much   Bacon   and  long   kept,   groweth    reasty. 

;     1821  A.  WELBY  Visit  N.  Amer.  113  For  six  months  the 

food  .  v  was  only  some  reasty  liacon  and  Indian  corn.     1848 

A.  B.  EVANS  Leiccstersh,  H  'ords  s.v., ( That  ere  oil's  as  raisty, 

as  raisty.1     1855-  in  many  dial,  glossaries. 

trans/.     1593  U-  HARVEY  Pierces  Super,  in.  147  Martins 
Vnbrideled  stile,  and  Pap-hatchets  reastie  eloquence. 
1 2.    =  REASV  2  (q.v.). 

Rea'SV,  a.    0/>s.  exc.  dial.     Also  8  reesy,  9 
reezy.     [Obscurely  related  to  prec. ;  cf.  REESE  7-.] 
1.  Rancid,  'reasty*. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rand)  musty,  fusty,  reasie,  resti,  tainted. 

1736  BAILEY  Househ.  Diet.  140  The  butter-milk   in   fresh 

butter  must  not  by  any  means  be  wash'd  out  with  water  ; . . 

for  water  will  make  it  rusty  or  reesy.     1848  A.  B.  EVANS 

|    Leicestersk,  II  'ords,  Kcasy  or  Reezy.  rancid  :  said  of  bacon. 

f2.   Idle,  lazy.   Obs.  rare-0. 

1679  COLES  Eng.-Lat.  Diet.  (ed.  2),  Reasy,  reasty,  reses, 
deses.     To  be  rea^ie,  residco,  stucco,  torpeo. 
Hence  fRea-siness.   Obs.  rare—0. 
1611    COTGR.,   Rancissnrc,   mustines.se,    fustinesse,  reasi- 
nesse.      1679    COLKS   Eng.-Lat.    Diet.    (ed.    2)    Reasiness, 
desittta,  figritia. 

Reasynge,  obs.  form  of  RAISIN. 
fReat,  sb.  Sc.   Obs.  rarc^~l.     [ad.  L.  reat-nst  f. 
reus  accused.]     Offence,  \vrong-doini;. 

1535  .STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  667  Of  thi  reat  this  tyme 
full  soir  I  rew  ;  In  tyme  to  cum  so  that  thow  wilbe  trew. 
Heir  I  forgif  the  all  faltis  bygone. 

t  Reat,  v.  (fa.  /.)  Obs.  rare. 

Of  doubtful  origin  and  meaning  ;  the  intransitive  example 
may  belong  to  ruten  to  dart,  rush  :  see  ROUT  v. 

•71225  Juliana  54  ipe  edie  meiden..reat  him  mitte  rake- 
tehe  unrudeliche  swi5e  &  warp  him  for3  efter  bet  from 
hire.  Ibid.  58  So  ber  lihtinde  com  an  engel  ofheouene£ 
reat  to  bat  h  \vcol  swa  bat  hit  al  to  refde. 

Reat,  obs.  f.  RATE  s/>.1    Reata  :  see  RIATA. 
Reatch,  obs.  form  of  REACH  s/>l  and  v.i 
Reatchlessness,  obs.  var.  RECKLESSNESS, 
Reate  (n't).   Obs.  cxc.  arch.    [Of  obscure  origin  : 
cf.  REIT.]      A  species  of  water- crow  foot,  Ramiu- 
cuhis  Jin  i  tans. 

1661  WALTON  Angler  (ed.  3)  xx.  242  To  kill  the  water- 
weeds,  as  Water-lillies,  Candocks,  Reate  and  Bul!n:shes. 
1840  BROWNING  Sordcllo  vi.  81  Pure,  loquacious  pearl  the 
soft  tree-tent  Guards,  with  its  face  of  reate  and  sedge. 

Reath,  obs.  form  of  RAITII. 

Rea"Se,  obs.  form  of  RATHE  adv. 

Reattacll  (n,alartf),  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F. 
rattacher  (i^th  c.) ;  Or.  rat 'tackier,] 

tl.  trans.  Law.  To  seize  (a  person)  by  authority 
of  a  writ  of  reattachmcnt.  Const,  for.  Obs. 

1607  COXVELL  Intcrpr.  s.v.  Rf attachment,  Reattachmcnt 
general  seetneth  to  be,  where  a  man  is  reattached  for  liis 
appearance  vpon  all  writs  of  Assise  lying  against  him. 

2.  To  attach  again.     Const,  to. 

1814  SIR  R.  WILSON  Priv.  Diary  (1862)  II.  489  His  lord- 
ship,  .suggests  that  marshal  llellegarde  should  re-attach  to 
his  own  army  the  division  Giiber.  1841-4  EMERSON  Ess. 
Ser.  n.  i.  (1876)  22  The  poet,  who  reattaches  things  to 
nature  and  the  Whole. 

refl.  1813  \V.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rtv.  LXXII.  424  The 
church  separated  from  the  aristocracy,  and  re-attached 
itself  _to  the  regal  order.  1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  n.  xxii.  347 
The  ice  was  crushed,  but  the  crushed  fragments  soon 
re-attached  themselves. 

Reatta'Chmeilt.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  fresh  attach 
ment,  esp.  in  Law. 

1574  tr.  Littleton's  Tenures  42  The  demaundante  or 
pleintife.  .may  have  a  resummons  or  a  reattachment  uppon 
his  original.  1607  CowELL  Interpr  t  Kf attachment,  a 
second  Attachment  of  him,  that  was  formerly  attached. 
1634  Irish  Act  10  Chas  /,  Sess.  n.  c.  14  To  prosecute  and 
sue  re-summons,  re-attachments,  ..  or  other  such  like  pro- 
cesse.  1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  \\.  xxx.  405  Some  of  them  have 
yielded  along  a  plane  passing  through  them,  . .  but  the  re- 
attachment  is  very  strong. 

Reatta'Ck,  v.     [KB-  =,  a.]     To  attack  again. 

ai7ii  KEN  Psyche  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  195  And  if  I 
chance  my  Watch  to  slack,  My  Soul  they  re-attack.  1795 
NELSON  7  Feb.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  II.  6,  I  was  the 
cause  of  re-attacking  Hastia,  after  our  Generals  gave  it 
over,  from  not  knowing  the  force.  1894  Westm.  Gaz.  16 
Oct.  5/1  The  Kaffirs  are  re-attacking  Lorenzo  Marquez. 

Reattai'll,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  attain  again. 

1609  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  v.  Iv,  And  got  and  lost,  and 
reattaines  (againe)  That  which  again  was  lost. 

So  Reattarnment. 

1853  MILL  Diss.  9t  Disc.,  Grate's  Greece  (1859)  II.  513  The 
resurrection  of  Athens,  and  her  reattainment.. of  something 
like  imperial  dignity. 

Reatte'mpt,  sb.     [RE-  5  a.]     A  second  trial. 

1598  FLORIO,  Kitcnto,  a  reattempt,  reassaying.  1662 
HICKERINGILL  Jamaica  56  Being  so  often  refrustrated  in 
their  reat  tempts. 

Reatte'inpt,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  attempt 
anew.  Hence  Reatte'mpting  vbl.  sb. 

1583  HAYES  I'oy.  Sir  //.  Gilbert  in  Hakluyt  Vty.  (1600) 
III.  158  Also  laying  downe  his  determination  in  the 
Spring  following,  for  disposing  of  his  voyage  then  to  be 
reattempted.  1598  FLORIO,  Rattentare,  to  reattempt,  to 
reassaie.  Ibid.^  Rattento,  a  reattempting,  a  reassaying. 
1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  319  It  was  first  attempted 
by  Sersostris, . .  but  was  long  after  re-attempted,  and  in  some 
manner  effected  by  Philadelphus.  1669  WOODHEAD  St. 
Teresa  n.  ii.  8,  I  should  ..  discourse  no  more  of  it,  till  the 
season  came  for  re-attempting  the  business. 

Keatte'nd,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  ^  trans.  To  attend 
to  again  ;  to  give  renewed  attention  to  (a  thing). 

1642  CJUARLES  Div.  Poems,  Jonah  (ed.  2)  22  With  prayers, 
and  pains  re-utter'd,  re-attended ;  They  try'd  new  ways, 


REAVE. 

]  despairing  of  the  old.  a  1711  KEN  Christophil  Poet.  Wks. 
I  1721  I.  429  We  Thoughts  on  Things  extraneous  spend, 
I  And  Heav'n  can  hardly  re-attend. 

Reaue,  obs.  form  of  REAVE,  REEVE. 

Reaulte,  variant  of  REALTY  ]  Obs. 

Reaume,  obs.  form  of  REALM. 

II  Reaumur  (re,0m/Vi).  [See  def.]  The  name 
of  a  French  physicist  (1683-1757),  used  ellipt.  to 
denote  the  thermometer  or  thermometric  scale  intro 
duced  by  him  about  1730,  in  which  the  freezing 
point  of  water  is  o°  and  the  boiling  point  So0. 

In  English  works  the  accent  on  the  e  is  usually  omitted. 

1782  JEFFERSON  Notes  on  Virginia  (17871  1-52   In  rooms 

heated  to  140°  of  Reaumur,  equaJ  to  347°  of  Farenheit.    1814 

I    tr.  Klaprattis    Trai'.    271   The  water  ..  commonly    has   a 

!    temperature  of  more   than   55°   Reaumur.      1855  Etitfish- 

i     woman  in  Russia  5  There  were  but  18°  of  Reaumur  ;  the 

sky  was  beautifully  blue. 

Reaunceoune,  obs.  form  of  RANSOM  sf/. 

Reaute,  variant  of  REALTY  1  Obs. 

Reauthentica'tion.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  renewed 
'  authentication. 

^1802-12  HKNTHAM  Ration.  Jadic.  Erid.  (1827)  IV.  634 
Until  the  authenticity  of  the  supposed  transcript  can  be 
put  out  of  doubt  (for  example,  by  being  sent  to  the  original 
for  reauthentication . .). 

Reau-thorize,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  authorize  anew. 

1646  TRAIT  CVw/w.  John  xxi.  17  To  confirm  him  . .  and  to 
;  re-authorize  him  in  his  apostleship. 

Reave    (r/~v),   v.1      Now    only    arch,    or  poet. 
Forms:  In/in,  i  reafian,  2  rseuen,  2-3  reauen, 
3  ra?fenn,  reafen,  3-5  refe^n,  3-6  reu-,  revefn, 
j    5  revyn  ;  (?  4  reyue),  5-6  Sc.  reif(f>,  rewe,  6  Sc. 
i    reff-,  6  (8-9  Sc.}  reeve,  6-7  reaue,  6-  reave,  (Sc. 
|    reive,  9  rieveX    Pa.  t.  a.  i  re"afode,  2-3  rscuede, 
j    reuede,  3  rewede,  r&efde,  refde,  4  revede  ;   •  and 
|   pa.  pple.}  4-5  reu-,  reued,   (-id,   -yd,    5  refyd, 
,    reuet,  Sc.  rewyt,  etc.),  6-7  reaued,  6-  reaved, 
9  rieved.     0.  3-6  raft(e,  5  raffte  ;  3-5  refte,  4 
reeft,  5  refft,  3-  reft.     Also  pa.  pffe.  3  rscfedd. 
refd,  4  yreued,  -raft,  7  reauen.     (See  also  RIVE 
^'.)      [Comm.  Tent.:  OK.  rtafian  =  OFri<.  nh'fa, 
•    riiva,  OS.  rffion  (MLG.  rovcn,  MDu.  wen,  Dui 
roovejt},  OHG.  roubon  (MHG.  roitben,  G.  ran  ben}  t 
Guth.    Jn}ranbon :— OTeut.  *rauftiyan,  f.  *ratt1>om 
(OE.  rtaf  \  see  RKIF),  from  the  o-gradc  of  a  pre- 
Teut.  ablaut  series  *reup-,  ronp-,  nip-,  widely  repre 
sented  in  the  cognate  languages  ;  the  original  sense 
is  app.  that  of  breaking,  as  in  OK.  r^ofan^   ON. 
I'jitfai  ran/a,  I.at.  nip-,  rumperc. 

In  the  sense  of  robbing  or  plundering  the  word  is  wanting 
in  ON.  The  later  Icel.  rcyja  ifrmn  about  i.joo'  is  ad.  Da. 
rows  (MDa.  r<ijf/ie,  etc.),  which  like  Sw.  n'l/'ra  i  MSw.  roffiia. 
rinva.  etc.)  is  from  -MLG.  rovcn'.  cf.  nolu  to  Ri  A\M;. 

The  spi/lling  rct\-t'  'Or  r/Vrr),  originally  Sc.,  is  ^nincliincs 
employed  \vlitn  the  reference  is  to  the  taking  of  L;,  <  d-  or 
cattlu  by  force  tcf.  rctrcr,  rch'ing';  in  other  .senses  the 
normal  Kng.  spelling  is  retained,  as  in  the  con.b.  Hi  KI  ,\\'i".] 

1.  intr.  To  commit  spoliation  or  robbery;  to 
plunder,  pillage.  Const.frow.  (In  later  use  cliiefly 
Se.j  sometimes  written  reive ^  rii7 c. 

cq^Q Limttsf.Gosp.  Matt.  Contents  x\,  Xe  3; urn  sloc^ende 
ne  ftaiin  reafende  .  .  wi5t.tonda,  a  1023  \\'n.i  STAN  Horn. 
xxxiii.  (Napier)  163  Hy  hergiaS . . rypa?(  and  reafiaft  and  to 
scipe  Isedao.  f"7S  Lamb.  Hoin.  31  BluSellche  \>e  mon 
wile  gan  to  scrifte  &  segge  be  preoste  |;et  he  haueft  ireaueS 
&  istolen,  c  1205  LAV.  10584  Heo  rupten,  heo  r.xfden  [r-.r. 
refden],  noht  heo  ne  bi-la.'fden.  a  \yxtCnrsor  M.  6477  Lok 
l?at  J)ou  ne  reue  ne  stele.  1375  BAHUOUR  Bruce  xvi.  551 
Thai.  .Tuk  land,  and  fastbegoutbtoreif.  ri45o.SV.  Cut/il-crt 
(Surtees)  4898  pai  slew,  ^ai  brent,  |'ai  robbed,  hai  reued. 
c  1520  BARCLAY  Jugurth  xxvii.  37  Euery  man  .  .robbyng  and 
reauynge  without  measure,  from  the  commen  wele.  1607 
R.  C[AKI: w]  tr.  Esticnnes  World  of  Wonders  48  The  Church 
from  Hue  and  dead  doth  reaue.  1783  BURNS  I  'HC-.-  Mournfi? 
Tale  37  To  slink-thro'  slaps,  an'  reave  an'  steal.  At  stacks  o' 
pease.  1851  LOWELL  Poems,  Anti-Apis,  Thor  the  strong 
could  reave  and  steal.  1864  BURTON  Scot  Al>r.  \.  ii,  62  A 
troop  of  bare-legged  ruffians,  who  rieved  and  ravaged  far  and 
near. 

~\  2.  trans,  a.  To  despoil  or  rob  (a  person)  ;  to 
deprive  (one)  of  something  by  force.  Obs. 

Beowulf  2986  penden  reafode  rinc  oSerne,  nam  on  On- 
genSio  irenbyrnan.  971  Blickl,  Horn.  63  Sume  myccle 
swi^or  rihtab  Godes  folc  bonne  hie  reafian  earme  &  un- 
scyldigan,  c  1154  O.  E,  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1135  j*£uric 
man  sone  raiiede  ober  >e  mihte.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  286  Hwo 
so  euer  on  him  sulf  nime&  ouSer  of  beos  two,  he  robbe5 
God  &  reaue'5.  13..  Cursor  M.  6149  (Gott.)  (!odd,  bat 
grace  to  his  folk'gaue,  . .  For  to  reue  bat  folk  vn-sele.  1456 
SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.S.)  91  Gif  a  knycht  be  reft 
doand  his  princis  charge.  Ibid.  92  A  rev-are  that  set  to 
reve  him  be  the  way.  1567  Gude  tf  Godlie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  9 
Commit  na  thift,  na  man  thow  reif. 

t  b.  To  spoil,  rob,  or  plunder  (a  place  or  district). 

c  950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Mark  in.  27  NymSe  airist  3one 
stronga  [he]  gebinde,  &  Sonne  hus  his  reafaS.  cuzz 
O-  £.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1087  [Hi]  woldan  ba  Sjene 
port  baernen  &  ban  mynster  reafian.  6-1154  Ibid.  an.  1137 
para:ueden  hi  &  brendon  alle  the  tunes,  c  izgo  Gen.  <J-  Ex. 
2802  Ge  sulen  cumen  ..  And  reuen  egipte  Sat  is  nu  prud. 
c  1463  in  Three  i^t/i  Cent.  Chron.  (Camden)  23  The  Kynge 
off  Scot tes  ..  robbed  and  revid  the  centre  about  Derham. 

3.  To  despoil,  rob,  or  forcibly  deprive  (usually 
a  person)  of  something.  (In  mod.  use  chiefly  in 
pa.  pple.  reft.) 

c  1275  LAY.  8799  He  wolde  me  vt  driue  and  refe  me  of  ban 
lifue.  c  1300  Harrow.  Hell  119  3ef  bou  reuest  me  of  myne 

28 


EEAVE. 


218 


REE. 


Y  shal  reue  be  of  byne.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xix. 
(Christopher}  658  Ane  arow.  .rewyt  JTC  king  of  ane  ee-sycht. 
c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  LXVUI.  x,  So  shall  wee  reue  ttieim 
xonest  of  their  life.  1559  SACKVILLE  Induct.  Mirr.  Mag. 
liii,  Pale  death  Enthryllyng  it  to  reue  her  of  her  breath. 
1567  GOLUING  Ovid^s  Met.  xii.  (1593!  283  Amycus  ..  began 
To  reeve  and  rob  the  bridehouse  of  his  furniture.  1610  G. 
FLETCHER  Christ's  Viet.  \.  Ixviii,  Though  of  present  sight 
her  sense  were  reauen,  Yet  shee  could  see  the  things  could 
not  be  seen.  1757  GRAY  Bard  79  Reft  of  a  crown,  he  yet 
may  share  the  feast.  1813  SCOTT  Triertn.  HI.  Introd.  i,  A 
wild  resemblance  we  can  trace,  Though  reft  of  every  softer 
grace.  1884  TENNYSON  Becket  i.  iii.  364  We  fear  that  he 
may  reave  thee  of  thine  own  [eyes]. 

4.  With  double  object :  To  take  (a  thing  or  per 
son)  from  (one)  by,  or  as  by,  robbery  or  violence;  to 
deprive  (one)  of  (a  possession,  quality,  etc.).  ?  Obs. 

The  personal  object  prob.  represents  an  original  dative, 
and  in  early  use  is  retained  when  the  construction  is  passive. 

£-1200  ORMIN  4470  ^iff  bu  nefesst  me  min  bing  J>n  ra;fesst 
Godd  tin  sawle.  Ibid.  8238  Himm  wass  ba  be  kinedom 
Forr  hise  gilltess  ra-fedd.  c  1300  Havclok  2590  He  moiin 
vs  . .  thral  maken,  and  do  ful  wo  Or  elles  reue  us  ure  liues. 
c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  1220  pai  raft  me  fowe  &  griis.  Ibid.  3304 
Mi  leman  fair  and  swete  A  kni^t  hab  reued  me.  c  1374 
CHAUCER  Boeth.  iv.  met.  vii.  147  (Add. MS.)  He slou?  belyuun 
and  rafte  hym  liys  skyn.  ^1440  Partunope  3204  A  wyne  I 
dranke.  .Thorwe  whiche  my  wyt  was  me  rafte.  1450-80  tr. 
Secreta  Secret.  38  If  thou  maiste  not  reve  hem  her  watir. . 
envenyme  it.  1561  NORTON  &  SACK.  Gorbodnc  n.  i,  I  mer- 
uaile  inuche  what  reason  leade  the  kynge.  .to  reue  me  halfe 
ye  kingdome.  1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  i.  i.  723  He  reaves 
him  [job]  all  his  Cattel.  1594  CAKEW  Hnarte's  Exam. 
IVits  xv.  (1596'  274  To  say  that  Eue  for  her  offence  was 
reft  that  knowledge  which  she  wanted  cannot  be  auouched. 

5.  To  take  iorcible  possession  of  (something  be 
longing  to  another) ;  to  take  away  from  another 
for  oneself. 

^825  I'csp.  Psalter  Ixviii.  5  Da  ic  ne  reafade,  5a  ic  onlesde. 
c  888  K..  ^Ei.FRF.n  Boeth.  xiii,  Se  3e  bit  [gold]  gadera'd  & 
on  o3rum  reafaS.  ciooo  /KLFRIC  Horn.  I.  130  Swa  hw.tt 
swa  he  ;er  on  unriht .  .reafode.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  396  pi  lime 
..is  forto  sullen,  o5er  he>j  is  forto  reauen  K:  to  nimen  mid 
StrencSe.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  1962  Etc . .  O  nakin  worrne  b^nt  es 
made,  Nao  fouxul  bat  refes  his  liuelade.  c  1350  M'ill.Palerne 
1824  Bred  ober  drinke .  .redeli  i  wol  it  reue  &  come  a  gein 
swi|je.  c  1400  Yivaine  -V  Gaiv.  -253  My  landes  haves  he 
robbed  and  reft.  Noght  bot  this  kastel  es  me  left.  ("1470 
HEMRY  Wallace  iv,  59  The  ho;s  thai  reft  quhilk  suld  your 
harries  ber.  'S^?  TURBKRV.  'Frag.  T.  0837)  83  It  were  a 
worthie  deede . .  To  murther  him,  and  reave  his  realmc.  1609 
SKENE  Reg.  Maj.  14  The  cattell,  or  anie  other  thing  thif- 
teouslie  stollen  or  reft.  1768-73  W.  COLE  in  Willis  &  Clark 
Cambridge  (1886)  II.  40,  I  observed  all  the  Brass  of  Dr. 
Stokes's  Monument  reaved,.  .except  a  small  Peice.  1808 
SCOTT  Marm.  in.  Introd.  69  The  last,  the  bitterest  pan^  . . 
For  princedoms  reft,  and  scutcheons  riven.  1866  SKEAT 
Lndlow  Castle  \.  iii,  Crafty  foemen  long  to. .reave  or  spoil 
The  herdsman's  care,  the  peasant's  toil. 

b.  To  take  away  (life,  rest,  sight,  etc.). 

c  1330  Arfh.  fy  Merl.  9088  (JCtilbing)  pai  hem  brewe  wib 
spere  8;  kniif  &  ober  armes  to  leuen  her  liif.  1375  BARBOUR 
Bruce  ill.  715  The  wawys  reft  thar  sycht  of  land,  c  1440 
Partonope  239  Let  no  such  thoughtes  reve  youre  rest.  1559 
Mirr.  Mag,  (1563)  X  ij,  Who  reft  my  wyts?  or  howe  do  I 
thus  lye?  1590 SPENSBB  F.  Q.  n.  i.  17  Sith  that  false  tray- 
tour  did  my  honour  reave.  1591  —  M.  Hubberd  34  Talke, 
that  might  unquiet  fancies  reave.  0:1771  GRAY  Dante  79 
For  then  Hunger  had  reft  my  Eye-sight.  1872  ULACKIE 
Lays  Highl.  82  They  shot..  And  reaved  his  purple  life. 

c.  Const,  from    (a   person,   etc.),   t  of,  out  of 
(a  place,  etc.). 

Usually  conveying  the  idea  of  deprivation  fas  in  a  and  b), 
but  sometimes  merely  expressing  removal  or  separation. 

c  izoo  Ibices  #  Virtues  1 1  An  o5er  senne,  Se  reaue5  godes 
luue  of  mannes  hierte.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  28791  To  reue 
a-nober  his  right  him  fra.  c  1330  Arfh.  %  Merl.  4967 
(Kolbing)  For  to  haue  anon  yreued  His  bodi  tram  his  geniil 
heued.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Monk's  T.  in  He  golden  Apples 
refte  of  the  dragoun.  (  1400  Destr.  Troy  7680  He  ..  The 
right  arme,  with  a  rappe,  reft  fro  be  shuldurs.  c  1470  HENRY 
Wallace  x.  484,  I  mycht  reiff..  Fra  the  thi  crowne  off  this 
regioun.  1513  DOUGLAS  sE*ieis  in.  iii.  95  The  rane  and 
roik  reft  fra  ws  sicht  of  hevin.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  i.  24 
From  her  body..  He  raft  her  hateful  I  heade  without  re 
morse.  1606  G.  W[OODCOCKE]  Hist.  Ivstine  xxxix.  125 
Hauing  giuen  commaundement  to  haue  the  Image  of 
lupiter  reft  out  of  the  Temple  also*  (11638  MEDE  IVks. 
(1672)  311  The  wicked  shall  be  condemned  at  the  last  day, 
not  for  reaving  the  meat  from  the  hungry,  but  for  not 
feeding  their  poor  brethren.  1825  SCOTT  Talism.  viii,  His 
soul  should  not  have  been  reft  from  his  body.  1884  TENNY 
SON  Becket  i.  iii,  There  be  among  you  those  that  hold  Lands 
reft  from  Canterbury. 

d.  \Vith  away. 

1382  WYCLIF  Jer.  1.  n  5ee  ful  out  iojen,  and  grete  thingus 
speken,  reuende  awei  myn  eritage.  1:1400  Rowland  fy  O. 
561  His  schelde  a  waye  it  reuede.  <"  145°  •$?•  Citthbert 
(Surtees)  2648  All  his  webb  J>at  he  weues,  A  puft  of  wynde 
away  reues.  1768  HEATTIE  Minstr.  \.  xxxvi,  Fell  chanticleer  ! 
who  oft  hast  reft  away  My  fancied  good,  a  1839  PRAED 
Poems  (1864)  II.  290  The  daily  labour,  and  the  nightly 
lamp,  Have  reft  away  ..  from  him  The  liquid  accent  and 
the  buoyant  limb. 

6.  To  take  or  carry  away  (a  person)_/hw*  another, 
from  earth,  to  heaven,  etc. ;  also  ellipt.  to  carry  oft 
to  heaven ;  to  take  away  from  earth  or  this  life. 
(Also  with  soul  as  object.) 

c  1200  ORMIN  19825  Herodian  Filippess  wif . .  )»att  fra 
Filippe  rsefedd  \vas..&  gifenn  till  Herode.  (11300  Cursor 
M.  17551  He  bam  said  he  was  be-nummen,  '  Reft  awai  for- 
soth  es  he '.  1340  Ayenfr.  143  [The  soul]  huanne  hi  is 
y-reaued  banne  to  heuene,  hi  lokeb  ope  be  erbe  uram  uer. 
c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  vi.  (Thomas)  464  pane  cumys  ded 
vnwenandly  &  rewis  bame  a-wa  tn  by.  ^1450  St.  Cuthbert 
(Surtees)  6463  pat  he  was  fra  be  erde  reuyd  And  in  thoght 
to  heuyn  heuyd.  1563  Mirr,  Mag.  it.  Compl.  Henry  Dk. 


Buckhm.  126  When  the  fates  had  reft  that  royal  prince 
Edward  the  fowrth.  1590  GKELNK  Orl.  Fur.  Wks.  (Rtldg.) 
106/2  A  Fury,  sure,  worse  than  Megaera  was  That  reft  her 
son  from  trusty  Py lades.  1637  MILTON  Lycidas  107  Who 
hath  reft  (quoth  he)  my  dearest  pledge  ?  1721  RAMSAY 
I' II  never  leave  thee  \t  Tho'..  honour  should  reave  me  To 
fields  where  cannons  rair.  1818  SHELLEY  Rev*  Jslaiu  vin. 
xxiv,  We  are  wretched  slaves,  Who  from  their,  .native  land 
Are  reft,  a  1873  LYTTON  Paitsanias  n.  iv,  Wouldst  thou  see 
my  daughter  reft  from  me  by  force. 

t  b.  To  deliver  or  rescue  by  carrying  off.  Obs. 
(Also  with  double  object,  as  in  4.) 

a  1225  yuliana  63  Bihald  me  ant  help  me  ant  of  JjUse 

reade  leye  ref  me  [and]  arude  me.   a  1340  HAM  POLE  Psalter 

xvii.  20  He  reft  me  out  fra  my  faes  stalworthest.    c  1400 

Destr.  Troy  6038  Let  vs  reskew  the  Renke,  rcfe  hym  his 

fos  !   1550  Reg.  Privy  Council  Sccf.  I.  97  The  said  Capitane 

!    Skenestoun.  .reft  the  said  Schir  Robert  fra  thaim  efter  that 

i    thai  had  takin  him.    a  1649  DKI'MM.  OF  HAWTH.  James  III 

\    Wks.  (1711.1  56  If  found  guilty,  they  should   not   be   reft 

!    from  justice  by  strong  hand. 

t  c.  To  take  away,  remove,  from  some  condition, 
activity,  etc.  Obs. 

c  1340  HAMPOLK  Prose  7V.  40  It  reuys  the  fra  \>\  slepe  on 
nyghtys.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xiv.  132  Alias  !  bat  ricchesse 
shal  reue  and  robbe  mannes  soule  Fram  be  loue  of  owre 
lorde.  ^1381  CHAI'CER  Parl.  Foules  86  The  derke  nyjt 
That  revith  bestis  from  here  besynesse.  1621  KKATHWAIT 
Nat,  fcwbassie,  etc.  ^1877)  iC8  How  hard  it  was  from  error 
to  be  reau'd.  1665  DRYDEN  &  HOWARD  Ind.  Queen  v.  i, 
'Till  fit  for  arms,  I  reaved  you  from  your  sport,  To  train 
your  youth  in  the  Peruvian  court. 

f  d.  Sf.  To  snatch  or  lift  up  vin  lit.  and  Jigt 
senses").  Obs. 

1561  WINJET  Cert.  Tract.  Wks.  (S.  T.S.)  I.  8  Gospellaris 
and  cunning  in  Scripture  . .  reft  vp  in  hie  curtofiitie  uf  ques- 
tionis.  1715  RAMSAV  Chris? s  Kirk  Gr.  i.  xii,  '1'he  wyves 
cam  furth,  and  up  they  reft  him,  And  fand  lyfe  in  the  loune. 

Recive,  ~'.~  Now  dial,  or  arch.  Forms:  Inf. 
4  reue,  6  reve,  6-7  reave,  7,  9  reive,  9  reeve. 
Pa.  t.  3  reafde,  refde,  4  raft,  5  Sc.  reft.  Pa.  pple. 
6  refte,  9  reft.  [App.  a  confusion  of  prec.  with 
RIVE  z*.  In  mod.  literary  use  only  in  the  preterite 
form  reft.~\ 

*t"  1.  intr.  To  break  in  pieces ;  to  burst.    Obs. 

a  1225  Juliana  58  An  engel  ..  reat  to  bat  hweol  swa  bat 
hit  al  to  refde  [Bodl.  AfS.  to  reafde].  c  1560  Disobed.  Child 
(Percy  Soc.)  6  Though  ye  crye  tyll  ye  reve  asunder  I  wyll 
not  meddle  with  such  a  matter. 

2.  trans.  To  tear  ;  to  split,  cleave. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  4490  A  mikel  rauen  mi  basket  hent, 
Abo ute  mi  lieued  he  raft  and  rent,  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints 
xxvii.  (Machor)  251  Scho  ..  with  hyr  newis  reft  m'r  brest. 
1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  iv.  203  Religion  hue  al  to-reueb  and 
out  of  ruele  to  lybbe.  1578  '!'.  PKOCTOR  Gorg.  Gallery  in 
Heliconia  (1815)  I.  70  My  sighes  from  sobbing  harte  Doth 
reaue  my  brest  in  twayne,  1590  R.  PAYNE  Descr,  /re/. 
(1841)  6  Timber,  .so  good  to  reaue,  that  a  simple  workcm;in 
with  a  Brake  axe  will  cleaue  a  greate  Oke.  1660  STANLKV 
Hist.  Philos.  ix.  (1701)  369/1  Finding  a  great  Tree  with 
Wedges  in  it,  he  set  his  Hands  and  Feet  to  it,  trying  to 
reive  it  asunder.  1814  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  in.  xxvii,  The 
patriot's  burning  thought . .  Of  England's  roses  reft  and  torn. 
1887  Pall  Mail  G.  n  Nov.  7/1  The  rock  was  reft  asunder. 

afrsol.  1895  CROCKETT  Men  of  Moss-Hags  xxxii.  235  [A 
dog]  ruggin'  an1  reevin'  at  the  hinderlands  o'  him. 

f  3.  To  pluck  or  pull  up.    Obs. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  409  J>ts  diuinour . .  5^de  him  furthe . . 
herbis  to  seche,  Reft  j>am  vp  be  be  rotes.  1558  PHAER 
sEncid  n.  C  1  b,  Against  them  Troians  down  the  towres  and 
tops  of  houses  rold,  And  rafters  vp  they  reaue. 

t  Reave,  ^.3  Obs.  rare.     ?var.  of  RAVE  v2 

1615  SIR  G.  HELWYS  in  Bnccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.)  I.  161  Whether.. I  bad  got  any  inkling  of  this  fore- 
said  foul  act  or  not,  and  if  I  had,  whether  he  could  perceive 
any  desire  in  me  to  have  it  reaved  into  or  not.  1643  HORN 
&  ROB.  Gate  Lang.  Unl.  xlvi.  §  504  Sometimes  also  nee  rips 
the  seams,  and  reavelh  [ravelleth  out]  the  threds. 

Reave,  ohs.  Sc.  f.  RAVE  z>.i,  var.  REEVE  v. 

Reavel,  obs.  form  of  RAVEL. 

t  Reavel-ravel.   Sc.  Ob$.~*     A  rigrnarole. 

/r  1689  W.  CLELAND  Poems  (1697)  107  Like  some  Lawyers 
making  Speeches,  He . .  Half  singing  vents  this  Reavel  Ravel. 

Reaven,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RAVEN  J&1 

Reaver,  reiver  (rrvai).  Forms :  a.  i  r^afere, 
(hr^af-,  reof-),  2-3  rseuere,  (3  -are),  2-4  reuere, 
4-5  reuour,  4-6  reu-,rever,  5~6Sc.  reu-,revar(e, 
6-7  reauer,  6-  reaver.  Also  4  refar,  5  Sc.  reffayr. 
#.  4  reyuour,  6  reyvar,  7.  Sc.  5-6  reiffar,  6 
reifar,  7  reivar,  6,  9  reiver,  9  riever.  [OE. 
reafere,  agent-n.  f.  rtafian  to  REAVE  v.1  ~  OFris. 
r&vere,  MDu.  rover  (Du.  roover),  MLG.  rOver^ 
OHG.  roubari  (MHO.  roubxre^  rottber,  G.  rauber, 
•^rauber}.  MSw.  rb'vare  (Sw.  r^ettr»),MDa,  revere 
(Da.  rdvtr),  and  Icel.  raufari  (i3th  c.),  reyfari 
(c  1400)  are  from  MLG.  rfocr :  see  note  to  REAVER.!, 
and  cf.  Eng.  ROVER. 

In  mod.  use  the  normal  Eng.  spelling  reaver  is  less  usual 
than  the  Sc.  reiver  (or  riever\  brought  into  literary  use  by 
Scott,] 

1.  A  robber  or  plunderer;  a  maraxicler,  raider. 
Occas.  with  of.  Also  transf.  ory?^. 

a.  <:888  K.  /KLFRED  Boetk.  xxxvii.  §  4  %\f  hu  on  hwilcum 
men  ongitst  bat  he  bid  gitsere  &  reafere.  ^950  Lindisf. 
Gosj>.  Luke  xxii.  52  SUEB  to  hreafere  [Rushw.  reofere]  7,ie 
cuomon  miS  suordum.  c  1000  /ELFRIC  Horn.  II.  330  Sceaoan 
&  reaferas,  o55e  re5e  mansla^an.  c  1154  O.  E.  Chron,  (Laud 
MS.)  an.  1137  Al  be  tunscipe  fluxaen  for  heom,  wenden  5a;t 
hi  waeron  raeueres.  c  1230  Halt  Meid.  29  peoues  hit  stelen 
ham,  reaueres  bit  robbe3.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  2205  J>er  wit 


was  he  [Nimrod]  . .  Reuer  and  man-queller  gret.  c  1400 
Apol.  Loll.  77  Clerkis  now  are  fals  witnes  a^en  her  lawis, 
&  befis,  &  refar s,  &  fals  intrewsars.  c  1440  Gesta  Ro»i.  Ixix. 
386  (Add.  MS.)  '1'he  prophete  seith,  wo  sliall  l>e  Robbers 
and  revers  of  pore  mennes  goodes.  1559  SACKVILLE  Induct. 
Jl/irr.  Mag.  xlii,  [Sleep]  Reuer  of  sujit,  and  yet  in  whom 
we  see  Thinges  oft  that  tide.  1583  STOCKKR  Cit>.  M  arres 
J^enve  C.  i.  6  b,  The  reauers  and  robbers  of  all  churches  and 
images.  1615  JACKSON  Creed  iv.  viii.  §  2  [Bodies  politic] 
the  one  hath  reavers  the  other  only  plain  thieves.  1721 
KELLY  Scot.  Prov.  284  Reavers  should  not  be  Ruers.  1846 
SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Diss.  in  Reid's  W'ks.  890  note,  This  paper 
is  remarkable  for  the  sagacity  which  tracks  the  footsteps  of 
the  literary  reaver. 

0.  <  1380  Sir  Ferumb.  1758  For  |x>v  mayntenest  (>ef  rey- 
uours,  . .  To  gpn  aboute  &  robby  ous.  1525  LD.  HERNERS 
Froiss.  II.  xxiii,  1'here  is  nother  Englyshe,  nor  French,  nor 
robbers,  nor  reyvars,  yl  dothe  them  any  hurte. 

y.  1479  Harbour's  Bruce  xiv.  441  (Edm.  MS.)  The  fyscher 
. .  said,  '  ReifTar,  thow  mon  her  out '.  1553  Reg.  Privy 
Council  Scot.  I.  148  The  said  Capitane  of  Norame  reiffar  of 
the  said  fyscheing.  a  1578  LINDESAV  \Pitscottie)  Chron. 
Scot.  i.S.  T.  S.)  I.  66  To  theif  and  reiver  he  was  ane  sicker 
tar^e.  1x1615  Brieite  Cron.  Erlis  Ross  (1850)  n  Scap- 
thriftis,  alias  rcivars  and  sorneris.  1725  RAMSAV  Gentle 
Sfaph.  iv.  ii,  Carried  by  some  reiver's  hand,  Far  frae  hii 
wishes.  1824  SCOTT  Redgauntlet  ch.  xi,  Harry  was  none  of 
your  bold-speaking,  ranting  reivers.  1880  MCCARTHY  Own 
Times  III.  xxxii.  62  The  chiefs  of  Oudh  were  reivers  and 
bandits ;  the  king  was  the  head  reiver  and  bandit. 

attrib.  1864  J.  C.  ATKINSON  Stanton  Grange  292  A  gun 
might  warn  the  reiver  crow  to  be  le.ss  audacious. 

t  2.  A  pirate,  sea-robber  (cf.  sea-reaver],   Obs. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg".  Saints  xxi.  (dement)  305  pare  come  in  |>* 
sithtware  Reu^ris  sayland.  1436  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  164 
'Ihe  commodytes  of  Pety  Brytayne,  wyth  here  revers  on 
the  see.  c  1470  HENRY  M'atlacc  ix.  87  The  best  wer  man  in 
se  is  ws  lieforn,..The  Rede  Reffayr  thai  call  him. 

fRea^very.  Ohs.  Forms:  3-5 reu-,revery(e, 
5  Sc.  reuere.  [f.  REAVE  v.1  +  -ERY.  Cf.  MDu. 
roverij  (Du.  rooverij],  MLG.  r&verfe,  G.  ranb-j 
riiuberei)  MSw.  rov-y  roveri  (Sw.  rofuer£)t  Da. 
roveri^  obs.  Icel.  reyfari  (i^^.']  Robbery. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  4000  pou..mid  ^i  reuerye  Rauis- 
sest  france  &  ober  londes.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron,  II  'ace 
(Rolls)  5827  Longe  dured  J»at  reuery  \v.r.  robberie],  1456 
SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Anns  (S.  T.  S.)  3  Weris  discensiouns 
thiftis  and  reveryis.  c  1490  Phtmpton  Con-.  (Camden)  81 
Such  other  as  . .  have  made  revery  and  withdrawen  goods, 
contrayrie  to  the  Kings  lawes. 

Keaviiig,  reiving  (rrvirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -ING".]  The  action  of  REAVE  z/.1 

In  recent  use  chiefly  in  Sc.  form  reiving. 

c  1122  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1116  Wurdon  mane^a 
unrada  &  rsefunga.  c  1205  LAY.  2647  pes  wes  be  aereste 
king,  be  ferde  vt  to  ra^uing  [?>.r.  reuing],  bat  ouer  sa;  wende. 
a  1300  Cursor  Al.  28797  ^r  lauerd  . .  wil  na  gift  of  oker, 
reuing,  ne  o  thift.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls.)  VII.  495 
Al  be  ?erc  was  in  }»e  lond  robbynge  and  manslau3ter,  and 
revynge.  c  1440  Protnp.  Parv.  432/1  Revynge  of  reste,  in- 
qnietacio.  1567  TURBERV.  Kpit.  etc.  101  For  H  a  Friendly 
hart.  .In  value  doe  not  passe  The  Ring,  you  may  reprooue 
The  reauing  of  the  same.  1596  DALRYMTLE  tr.  Leslie's 
Hist.  Scot.  in.  187  Trubling  the  west  seyes  in  thift.  ruging 
and  reiueng.  1851  SIR  F.  PALGRAVE  Norm.  <v  Eng.  I.  viii. 
684  They  must  help  tlieniselves..by  robbing  and  reiving. 

Reaving,  reiving  (j/~-virj^///.  a.  [f.  as  prec. 

+  -ING  %.\     That  robs  or  reaves. 

nooo  /ELFRIC  Saints'  Lives  I.  328  Hi  synd  wib-innan 
reafi^ende  wulfas.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  hx.  2  A  refying 
sone  of  rakyng  Muris.  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mort.  iv,  The  iwa 
reiving  loons  drave  the  cow  frae  the  gudewife.  1828  — 
f.  M.  Perth  viii,  A  party  of  reiving  night-walkers.  1858-61 
J.  BROWN  Horse  Subs.  (1882)  III.  417  His  ancestors  were  of 
the  sturdy  border  stock,  reiving  pastoral  lairds. 

Re-avou'ch,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]    To  avouch  again. 

1645  MILTON  Telrach.  70  (i  Cor.  vii.}  1'hat  this  heer  spoken 
by  1'aul.  .cannot  be  a  command,  these  reavouch, 

Re-avow,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  avow  again. 

1654  H.  L'EsTRANCE  K.  Chas.  I  (1655)  118  Upon  the  evi 
dence  formerly  given  in  by  the  Countesse,  and  re-avowed 
then  by  her,.. [they]  were  found  guilty. 

Keawa'ke,  ^.  [RE-  5  a.J  intr.  and  trans.  To 
awake  again. 

1831  T.  HOPE  Ess.  Origin  Man  I.  n  When  from  the  sleep 
of  death . .  I  again  reawake  to  a  new  life.  1863  W.  PHILLIPS 
Speeches  iii.  53  Prophets  . .  to  . .  reawake  the  people  to  the 
great  ideas  that  are  constantly  fading  out  of  our  minds. 
a  1873  S.  WILBERFORCE  £ss.  ( 1874)  II.  186  The  great  ques 
tions,  .seem.. to  have  suddenly  reawoke  amongst  us. 

Hence  Reawa'king///.  a. 

1848  LYTTON  Harold  xi.  viii,  William's  re-awaking  and 
ready  intellect. 

Reawa'ken,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and  intr. 
To  awaken  again. 

1846-55  [see  below],  1860  PUSEY  Min.  Proph.  35  By  God 
.  .alone  the  longing  for  Himself  is  kept  alive  or  reawakened 
in  His  creature.  1809  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly  LV.  62  The  con 
sciousness  of  the  truth,  .reawakens. 

Hence  Beawa'kened  ppl.  a. ;  Reawakening 
vbl.  sb.  and  ppl.  a. ;  Beawa'kenment. 

1846  BP.  BLOMFIELD  in  Life  (1863)  I.  ix.  247  We  cannot 
afford  to  wait  for  th^  re-awakened  liberality  of  the  legis 
lature.  1855  MILMAH  Lat.  Chr.  xiv.  iii.  (1864)  IX.  152  A 
sign  of  the  reawakening  life  of  the  human  mind.  1862  <?. 
Rev.  Oct.  465  Some  extreme  views  which  have  disfigured 
the  great  reawakening  of  the  Church  of  England.  1886  Gd. 
Words  602  The  overthrow  of  Darius  at  Marathon  is  not 
unnaturally  marked  by  a  reawakenment  of  piety. 

Reawe,  obs.  f.  Row.     Reawme,  obs.  f.  REALM. 

Reaws:  see  REAL  sb?  Reawte,  obs. f.  REALTY!. 

Reazed,  variant  of  REESED  a.,  rancid. 
Reb.  U.  S.    Abbreviation  of  REBEL  st>.1 
1862  in  Post  Soldier's  Lett.  \\.  xxxii.  90  As  soon  as  the 


REBAIL. 

rebs  saw  our  red  breeches  (the  Zouaves)  coming  through 
the  woods  they  skedaddled.  1886  Century  Mag.  June  316/1 
You  will  ride  right  into  the  Rebs. 

Reb,  obs.  Sc.  and  north,  form  of  RIB. 

Rebatk,  variant  of  REBALK  v.   Obs. 

t  Rebail,  v.  Obs.-1  [a.  OF.  rebailler,  f.  re-  RE- 
+  baillcr  BAIL  v.l]  trans.  To  hand  over  again. 

1601  F.  TATE  Househ.  Ord.  Edit).  II  §  66  (1876)  48  If  it 
happen  the  same  wines,  or  any  parte  of  them,  be  not 
spent  before  the  kinge  departe  . .  then  let  them  be  rebailed, 
redelivered  to  the  ehief  purveiour  to  carry  or  keep  them. 

Rebai't,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  bait  (a  fish 
hook  or  line)  again.  Also  absol. 

1848  Life  Normandy  (1863)  I.  164  During  the  night  tide, 
when  they  have  to  rebait  their  lines.  1893  Outing  (U.  S.) 
XXII.  96/1  Quickly  disengaging  our  respective  hooks..,  we 
rebailed  and  cast  out  again. 

Rebait,  obs.  form  of  REBATE  v. 
Rebak,  variant  of  REBALK  v.  Obs. 
Reba-ke,  v.    [Re-  5  a.]     tram.  To  bake  again. 

1727  BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Sallet,  Re-bake  'em  a 
second  time,  till  they  are  .Stone  hard.  1834  G.  BENNETT 
Wanderings  II.  212  It  is  then  resifted  at  another  bench  and 
rebaked. 

Rebald'e,  obs.  Sc.  (and  north.)  ff.  RIBALD; 
obs.  f.  REBEL  a.  Rebaldaill :  see  RIBALDAILLE. 
Rebaldrie,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RIBALDRY. 

tRebalk,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  Also  6  rebak,  -baik. 
[Of  obscure  etym.]  trans.  To  assail  with  abuse 
or  reproaches. 

CI450  HOLLAND  Howlat  915  All  birdis  he  rebalkit  that 
wald  him  nocht  bowe.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  85 
The  Britis  all  richt  bitterlie  and  bald  Rebalkit  him.. Of  tha 
wordis  that  he  said,  a  1578  LINDESAY  iPitscottie)  Citron. 
Scot.  IS.  T.  S.}  II.  83  Everie  ane  of  tliame  rebakit  ane  wther 
witht  ewill  dispossit  wordis.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's 
Hist.  Scot.  ii.  139  Silius  quha  b^for  sa  vncourteouslie  had 
rebaikit  Reuther  wl  sa  rude,  rasche,  and  rouch  wordes. 

Reban  (nkirn).  [RE-  5  a.]  A  second  or 
additional  ban. 

1845  S.  AUSTIN  Ranke's  Hist.  Ref.\\.  185  He  forbade  the 
assembly,  on  pain  of  being  found  guilty  of  high  treason,  and 
incurring  sentence  of  ban  and  reban.  1873-4  I^I^ON  7'.vr; 
Queens  II.  via.  v.  82  He  ..  has  commanded  that  ban  and 
reban  be  proclaimed  within  his  countries. 

Reban,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RIBHOX. 

t  Reba-nd,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RE-  +  BAND  z/.2, 
or  ad.  K.  reban  Jer  (Cotgr.)  in  same  sense.]  trans. 
To  throw  back,  retort. 

1588  SIR  W.   STANLEY  Brie/  Disc.   Dr.  Allen's  Xedit. 
Drifts  95  Slanderous  defamations,  .most  truely  and  iustlye 
refuted,  and  rebanded  vpon  himselfe  and  his  partie.     1600 
W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  348  [The  Jesuits]  reband    ! 
this  surmised  assertion  with  the  speeches  which  some  great     j 
persons  should  vse, 

Rebandy,  v.  rare-1.  [RE-  2  b.]  trans.  To 
bandy  or  toss  back  again. 

1650  R.  STAPYLTON  Strata's  Low-C.  Warres  vi.  2  From 
thence  being  rebandied  to  his  country  . .  he  bounded  againe    j 
into  the  Belgick  Tumults. 

Reba-nish,?'.  [KE-5a;cf.F.rafo««zV(Cotgr.).]    ' 
trans.  To  banish  again.  HenceReba'nished///.a. 

1611  FLORIO,  Ril'iindito,  rebanished  or  proclaimed  againe. 
1617  lip.  HALLOW  I'adis?  §  15  No  buhvarke  of  lawes  .. 
can  keepe  our  rebanished  fugitiues  from  returning. 

Rebant,  obs.  form  of  RIBBON. 

Rebaptisant.  rare-".  [a.  F.  rebaptisant 
(iSth  c.).]  =  REBAPTIST. 

1717-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  Anabaptists  are  re- 
baptisants,  inasmuch  as  they  baptize  those  at  maturity,  who 
had  been  before  baptized  in  childhood. 

Rebaptism  i,nt«;-ptiz'm).  [RE-  5  a;  cf.  RE- 
BAPTIZE  V.]  A  second  baptism  ;  rebaptizing. 

1795  BURKE  Lett.,  to  Dr.  Hnssey  (1844)  IV.  284  Re- 
baptism  you  won't  allow,  but  truly  it  would  not  be  amiss  for 
the  Christian  world  to  be  re-christened.  1850  J.  E.  MIDDLE- 
TON  Lect.  Eccl.  Hist.  44  Disputes  respecting  the  rebaptism 
of  those  who  had  been  baptized  by  heretics. 

Hence  Rebapti  smal  a. 

1892  Daily  News  3  Aug.  5/2  In  the  re-baptismal  certificate 
he  was  called  the  son  of  George  Large. 

t  Reba'ptist.    Obs.      [RE-  5  a.]      One  who 
baptizes  again,  or  advocates  a  second  baptism;    j 
spec,  an  Anabaptist. 

1651  C.   CARTWRIGHT  Cert.  Relig.  i.  49  Cyprian  [was]  a 
rebaptist.     1673  T.  JOLLY  Nole-bk.  (Chetham  Soc.)  13  Shee 
was  cast  out  of  the  church  of  Duckenfeild  long  since,  and 
then  fell  in  with   the   Rebaptists.      1738  [G.  SMITH]  Cur. 
Relat.  I.  ii.  138  Several  of  the  Re-baptists  were  apprehended. 

t Rebaptiza'tion.  Obs.  [a.\a.te'L.rebaptizatio 
(4th  c.) :  cf.  REBAPTIZE  ».]  The  act  or  practice 
of  baptizing  again. 

Very  common  c  1570-1700,  esp.  with  ref.  to  the  view,  held 
by  St.  Cyprian  and  opposed  by  Pope  Stephen  I,  that  those 
baptized  by  heretics  ouL;ht  to  be  baptized  again  before 
being  admitted  to  the  Church. 

1570  FOXE  A.  fy  M.  (ed.  2)  08/2  Agrippinus,  which  also 
was  y«  fyrst  author  of  rebaptization.  1593  BELL  Motives 
cone.  Romish  Faith  (1605)  49  Pope  Stephanus .  .defined  flattie 
against  rebaptization.  1680  BAXTER  Anstt*.  Stilling}?,  7 
It  must  be  acknowledg'd . .  that  Re-ordination  is  an  uncouth  j 
thing  ..  ;  and  put  usually  into  the  same  predicament.. with 
Re-baptiz.uion.  1780  in  Kippis  Riog.  Brit.  II.  315  note, 
This  extraordinary  Baptism  of  theirs  [laymen]  was  counted 
valid,  without  any  need  of  Re-baptization. 

transf.     1617  DONNE  Serin,  cxlvii.  VI.  10  Tears  which 
should  be  thy  Souls  Rebaptization  for  thy  Sins.     1623  BAR-    i 
CRAVE  Serin,  bef.  Ho.  Comm.  (1624)  14  This  Bathe  of  Mary 
Magdalens  repentance  . .  is  a  kind  of  Rebaptization,  giuing 
strength  and  effect  to  the  first  washing.  1 


219 

Rebaptize    (nbseptsi-z),   v.      [a.  late   L.   re- 

baptizare  :  cf.  F.  rebaptiscr  (i4th  c.).] 
1.  trans.  To  baptize  again  or  anew. 
Common  c  1550-1650  :  see  note  to  prec. 
1460  CAPCRAVE  Chron.  77  The  Donatistes  sey  that . .  thoo 
that  schuld  come  to  her  secte  must  be  rebaptized.  i$qoAct 
32  Hen.  VIII,  If  they  [infants]  be  baptysed  that  they 
ought  to  be  rebaptised  when  they  come  to  lav/ful  age.  1635 
PAGI  TT  Christianogr.  i.  iii.  (1636)  165  They  are  accused  of 
rebaptizing  themselves  yeerely.  1699  BuRNET39^rr.  xxiii. 
(1700)  261  We  do  not  Annul  such  Baptisms,  nor  Rebaptise 
Persons  so  Baptised.  1736  CHANDLER  Hist.  Persec.  332 
Whosoever  was  discovered  to  re-baptize  any  person,  should 
forfeit  twenty  dollars.  1817  BYKON  Beffa  xcviii,  His  wife 
received,  the  patriarch  re-baptized  him.  1863  Pl'SEV  Truth 
Eng.  Ch.  34  The  question  of  rebaptizing  heretics  was  settled 
by  the  Council  of  Aries. 

absol.     1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixii.  §  6  The  Bishop  .. 
yet  durst  not  aduentnre  to  rebaptise.     1678  Lively  Orac.  vi. 
§  it  You  say  'tis  lawful  to  rebaptize,  we  say  'tis  not  lawful. 
b.  transf.  andyfj,-. 

I63S  Ql  ARLES  Embl.  in.  i.  125  You  whose  better  thoughts 
are  newly  born,  And  (rebaptiz'd  with  holy  fire)  can  [etc.]. 
«I7H  KEN  Hynmotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  HI.  34  While  he 
rebaptizcl  himself  in  Tears.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  T/i.  iv.  738 
Reason  rebaptiz'd  me  when  adult.  1818  BYRON  Mazepfa 
xiv,  With  a  temporary  strength  My  stiffen'd  limbs  were  re- 
baptized  1878  B.  TAYLOR  Deukalion  \.  iii.  29  They  consent 
tc  see  Themselves  in  sacred  marble  rebaptized. 
2.  To  give  a  new  name  to  ;  to  name  afresh. 
1596  RALEIGH  Discov.  Gviana  24  Baraqu.in  farther  down 
is  also  rebaptized  by  the  name  of  Orenoque.  1646  SIR  T. 
BHOWNE  Pseud.  Kf.  101  What  is  practised  by  many  is  .. 
relinquishing  their  proper  appellations,  to  re-baptise  them 
[herbs]  by  the  names  of  Saints  [etc.].  1670  MILTON  Hist. 
Eng.  m.  Wks.  (1851)  106  Of  any  Paganism  ..  we  read  not, 
or  that  Pdagianism  was  rebaptiz'd.  1828  Lights  Sf  Shades 
II.  142  Every  misnamed  'gentleman'  who  reads  this  pro- 
P°?a!  /or  re-baptizing  him.  1852  THACKERAY  Esmond  n. 
xiii,  That  name,  with  which  sorrow  had  rebaptized  her. 
Hence  Hebapti'zed///.  a. 

1620  QUARLES  Div.  roems,  Jonah  (i6.;8)  34  The  voice  of 
heavens  hi^h  Commander  ..  Came  do\vne  ..  to  Jonah  new 
born  Man,  To  re-baptized  Jonah.  1657  AUSTEN  Fruit 
Trees  n.  192  Some  are  for  the  Episcopal  way,  . .  some  for 
the  Rebaptized  way. 

Rebapti'zer.    Also  6  rebaptisour.     [f.  prec. 

-f-EB:  cf.  K.  rebaptiseur  (1532).]  One  who  re- 
baptizes  ;  a  rebaptist,  Anabaptist. 

I552  HULOF.T,  Anabaf'tistes  ..  signifieth  rebaptisoures. 
c  1645  HO\VELL  Lett.  iv.  xxix,  There  were  Adamites  in  former 
times  and  rebaptizers.  1651  BAXTER  Inf.  Bapl.  148  This  ' 
man  continued  a  most  zealous  re-baptizer  many  years.  1721 
in  BAILEY.  1823  CRADB  Technol.  Diet.  s.v.  Anal-aftists, 
They  are  called  Anabaptists,  that  is  '  Rebaptizers'. 

Rebaptizing',  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  l.] 
The  action  of  the  vb.  REHAPTI/.E. 

1579  FULKE  Hestins'  Par!.  414  The  matter  of  rcbaptising. 
a  1631  DONNE  Let.  to  Ctess  Bedford,  From  need  of  tears  he 
will  defend  your  soul  Or  make  a  rebaptizing  of  one  tear. 
1684  BAXTER  Ansn:  Theol.  Dial.  2  What  if  Rebaptizing 
prove  a  Sin?  1860  FKOUDE  Hist.  Kng.  V.  298  He  would 
have  no  conventicles,  no  rebaptisings  [etc.]. 

Reba:rbariza'tion.  [f.  next  +  -ATIOK.]  The 
fact  or  condition  of  being  rebarbarized. 

1840  MILMAN  Hist.  Chr.  I.  130  The  comparative  rebar- 
barisation  of  the  human  race. 

Rebarbarize  (rfbaubSraiz),  v.  [RE-  5  b.] 
trans.  To  reduce  again  to  barbarism.  Also  absol. 

1798  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  XXV.  567  A  love  of 
military  achievement,  which  tends  to  rebarbarize.  1807 
SOUTHEY  Espriella's  Lett.  (1808)  II.  109  Nations  can  never 
take  too  many  precautions  against  the  possibility  of  being 
rebarbarized.  1841  BISCHOFF  //  'oollen  Maunf.  II.  104  If  the 
object  was  to  rebarbarise  the  country,  the  proposition., 
would  be  well  calculated  to  attain  that  end. 

Hence  Reba-rbarizing  vbl.  sb.  and  ///.  a. 

1804  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  II.  692  Destructive  and  re- 
barbarizing  actions.  1807  HAZLITT  Pol.  Ess.  (1819)  406  The 
re-barbarising  and  the  re-enslaving  the  country. 

Reba-rbative,  a.  rare.  [a.  F.  rtbarbatif,  -ive 
(i4th  c.),  f.  barbe  beard.]  Crabbed,  unattractive. 

1892  Sat.  Rev.  12  Nov.  571/1  It  is  not  very  clear  why  Sir 
Robert  Coke^..  bestows  so  much  trouble  and  time  on  this 
very  rebarbative  lady. 

Rebarbere,  obs.  form  of  RHUBARB. 

t  Rebarrioa-do,  v.  Obs.  In  7  -oe.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  barricade  anew. 

1655  tr.  Coin.  Hist.  Francion  I.  15  The  cowardly  Clownes 
•  •  going  all  away,  gave  the  besieged  time  enough  to  re- 
barricadoe  their  Avenues. 

t  Reba-rter,  v.  Obs.~l  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
give  in  return  or  exchange. 

i6i6J.  Lf,KECo>it.Sar's.  T.  viii.  220  All  quarters.,  chaungd 
wordes  for  bloes,  and  thrustes  for  thrustes  rebarters. 

t  Rebash,  v.  Obs.-1  In  5  -bassh.  [a.  F.  ra- 
baisser  to  bring  or  come  down  (i3th  c.  in  Littre)  : 
see  RE-  and  ABASH  z/.]  intr.  To  descend. 

1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  in.  viii.  147  Whan  he  [the  sun]  re- 
basshith  and  declyneth  he  maketh  the  wynter  to  bygynne 

fRebat.  Sc.  Obs.  [ad.  F.  rabat :  cf.  RABAT  2.] 
A  collar. 

1657  .?/.  Fife  Laird  in  J.  Watson  Coll.  Scots  Poems  (1706)    • 
I.  30  Rebats,  Ribands,  Bands,  and  Ruffs,  Lapbends,  Shag- 
bands,  Cuffs  and  Muffs. 

Rebat,  obs.  form  of  REBATE  v.,  RYBAT. 

Rebata,  variant  of  REBATO.   Obs. 

Rebate  (rtW-t),  rf.l  [ad.  F.  rabat,  sb.  f.  ra- 
baltre  REBATE  v.1]  A  deduction  from  a  sum  of 
money  to  be  paid,  a  discount ;  also,  a  repayment, 
drawback. 


REBATE. 

1636  H.  PHILLIPS  Purch.  Pali.  ^676)  103  What  is  the 
rebate  out  of  500  pound  due  6  inonths  hence,  to  be  paid  at 
present?  i6g4LuTTRELL  Brief  Rci.  (1857)  HI.  332  Such  as 
subscribe  before  Sunday  will  bo  allowed  501.  per  cent,  re 
bate.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Relate,  Rebatement,  in 
commerce,  a  term  much  used  at  Amsterdam  for  a  discount 
or  abatement  in  the  price  of  certain  commodities.  1882 

I    Conttmp.  Rev.  Aug.  234  The  company  gives  the  settler  a 
rebate,  or  payment  bad:,  -,:  ss.  f  r  every  acre  of  land  so  im- 

1    proved.     1891  Law  Time;  XCII.  94^1  The  company,  .had 

'    made   payments  in  advc.nce  under  its  agreement  without 

I    receiving  any  discount  or  rebate. 

attrib.  1834  Daily  News  4  Dec;  7/1  Returning  the  amount 
in  the  form  or  a  '  rebate  '  coupon  entitling  the  possessor  to  a 
ten  per  cent,  reduction  on  the  prices  of.  .articles. 

Rebate  (rfWM),,j£.2  [Respelling  of  RABBET  sb., 
j    on  analogy  of  prec.  and  REBATE  z/.1]     A  rabbet. 

The  pron.  (rilrf'-l)  is  given  in  all  Diets,  from  1845  onwards, 
but  in  technical  use  the  word  is  commonly  pionounced  as 
.     if  written  rabbet. 

1674  GOULDMAN  Eng.-Lat.  Diet.,  A  rebate,  rebating  or 
chamfering,  strix.  1731  BAILEY,  Vol.  II.  (ed.  2\  Reodte 
(with  Architects),  chamfering  or  fluting.  1785  PKACOCK  in 
Phil.  Trans.  LXX  V.  370  Fix  the  . .  groove  . .  in  the  rebate. 
1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  421  Cottage  and  some 
kinds  of  church  windows  are  glazed  in  squares,  or  other 
figures,  in  leaden  rebates.  1894  BOITONE  Licet.  Inslr. 
Making  (ed.  6*  201  The  movable  back  fits  into  a  rebate  in 
the  bottom  of  this  box. 

b.  atlrib.,  as  rebate-joint,  -plane. 

1797  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  XV.  261  The  sort  of  planes  I  have 

|     used  are  what,  by  the  joiners,  are  called  the  levelled  rebate 

[    plane,  and  small  rounds.    1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Oferat.  A/e- 

j    c/ianic  582  A  third  sort  of  rebate-planes,  called  a  fillister,  is 

used  for  sinking  or  cutting  away  the  edge  of  a  piece  of  wood, 

j    to  form  the  rebate.     1875  Carpentry  $  Join.  27  The  rebate 

i     plane  is  ..  made  as  follows.     1886  LOCKWOOD  Diet.  Terms, 

|    Rebate-Joint,  a  joint  \\bich  is  made  by  the  o\erlapping  of 

the  edges  of  material. 

Rebate,  st.'t  rare-°.  [App.  for  rabbet,  ad.  F. 
robot:  cf.  RABAT!.]  a.  =RABBIT  rf.a,  KAB'. 
b.  '  An  iron  tool  sharpened  something  like  a  chisel, 
and  employed  in  dressing  and  polishing  wood,  etc.' 
1826  KLMES  Diet.  Fine  Arts.  Hence  in  Webster  (1847) 
and  later  Diets. 

Rebate,  sb.±  rare~°.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  'A 
kind  of  hard  freestone  used  in  the  formation  of 
pavements'  (Elmes  1826). 

Rebate  (r/b«?''t),  v.1  Also  5  rabat,  6  rabb-, 
rabate,  6-7  rebait,  7  rebayte.  [ad.  OF.  rabattre, 
f.  re-  RE-  +  abattre  ABATE  z>.l  (cf.  BATE  f.2).] 
fl.  trans,  a.  l-'alconry.  To  bring  back  (a 'bating' 
hawk  to  the  fist;.  Also  intr.  of  the  hawk:  To 
settle  down.  Obs. 

Cf.  BATE  v.'  2,  and  OF.  rclat  sb.  in  Godef.  VI.  636. 
1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  Avj,  The  secunde  [term]  is  rebate 
youre  hawke  to  yowre  fyst,  &  tbatt  is  whan  yowre  hauke 
batith  the  leest  nleuyng  that  ye  can  make  with  yowre  fyst 
she  will  rebate  ayen  vppon  yowre  fyst.  1632  [see  RABATE  •<•.]. 
1677  COLES  Eng.-Lat.  Diet.,  la  Rebait  a  hawk,  accifiircin 
relicere. 

t  b.  Of  a  horse:  (cf.  ABATED.!  19).  rare—  °. 
1611  COTGR.,  Rabatre,.  .also,  a  horse  to  rebate  his  cnruet. 
1727  BOYER  Diet.  Royal  I.  s.v.  Rabattre,  A  Horse  that 
rebates  his  Curvets  very  handsomely. 
1 2.  a.  To  deduct  (a  certain  amount  from  a  sum)  ; 
to  subtract  (one  quantity  or  number  from  another). 
1427  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  257/2  Yf  [Silver]  be  as  good  in 
alay  as  the  old  Sterlyng,  to  take  it  wythoute  gruchyng  .., 
and  yif  it  be  wars,  to  rebate  truly  the  disavaill  tberof,  after 
the  feblenesse  of  the  alay.  1472-3  Ibid.  VI.  4/2  The  Rentes 
and  Services  goyng  oute  of  the  seid  Londes  ..  therof  oonly 
to  be  deducte  and  rebated.  1542  RECORDE  Gr.  Artes  E  iij  b, 
Than  do  I  rebate  6  out  of  8,  &  there  resteth  2.  1633  T. 
STAFFORD  Pac.  Hib.  n.  iv.  (1821)  275  Detaining  only,  and 
rebating  to  her  Higbnesse  use,  twelue  pence  sterling  upon 
every  twentie  shillings.  1675  GRF.GORV  in  Rigaud  Corr. 
Sci.  Men  (1841)  II.  273  Ye  say  ye  areowing  me  445.,  but  ye 
are  not  owing  so  much.  You  have  to  rebate  the  price  of  the 
Archimedes  [etc.]. 

absol.  1440  in  IVars  Eng.  in  France  (Rolls)  II.  587  The 
king  may  rebate  yerely  of  the  said  som  as  shalbe  thoughte 
resonable.  1542  RECORDE  Gr.  Artes  Eiij,  If  you  shoulde 
go  aboute  to  rebate,  yon  muste  haue  two  sundry  summes 
proposed.  1586  WARNER  Alb^.  Eng.  m.  xix.  (1589)  81  God 
..  with  a  Plague  did  crosse  The  Brutons,  that  had  els  at 
least  rebated  from  their  losse. 

t  b.  To  reduce  or  diminish  (a  sum  or  amount). 
Obs.  (Cf.  3.) 

1538  STARKEY  EttgfoMdn.  i.  175  Al  such  rentys  as  be  in- 
haunsyd  by  memory  of  man  scnold  be  rebatyd,  and  set  to 
the  old  stynt.  1599  HAKLUVT  \7oy*  II.  n.  43  We  began. .to 
rebate  our  allowance  of  drinke,  to  make  it  indure  the  longer. 
transf.  1627-77  FELTHAM  Resolves  ii.  x,  If  I  be  able  to 
do  a  Courtesie,  I  rebate  it  by  remembring  it. 

tc.  To  give  or  allow  a  reduction  to  (a  person). 
1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  cccxliv,  543  Therle  was  set  to 
his  raunsome  to  pay  sixscore  M.  frankes,  so  that  whan  he 
had  rnaryed  the  lady  Maude,  than  to  be  rebated  threscore 
thousande,  and  the  other  threscore  thousande  to  pay.  1656 
H.  PHILLIPS  Pnrc/t.  Putt.  (1676)  19  All  the  money  the  Land 
lord  receives  for  the  Fines  of  those  Leases,  he  rebates  his 
Tenant  for  it.  1669-70  MARVF.LL  Corr.  cxxxvii.  Wks.  1872-5 
II.  303  The  merchant  paying  down  the  duty  in  ready  mony 
is  to  be  rebated  blank  per  cent. 

3.  To  reduce,  lessen, diminish  (a condition,  quality, 
feeling,  activity,  etc.).     Now  rare. 
Common  £-1575-172^  wiih  a  large  variety  of  objects. 
c  1450  Cov.  Myst.  viii.  (Shaks>.  Soc.)  76,  I  xal  sey  here  the 
same  here   sorwys  to  rebate.      1495   Trevisa's  Bartk.  De 
P.  R.  xvn.  cAxxii.  689  Pulegiumhatli  the  vertue.  .to  rebate 
[1398  abate]  ventosyte.    1563  LEIGH  Armorie  123  b,  Who  so 
killeth  his  prisoner  . .  with  hys  owne  haiide,  rebateth  his 
honor.    1593MUNDAY  De/,  Contraries  98  Dearth  of  victuals 

28-2     . 


REBATE, 


220 


REBECK. 


..rebateth  the  pride  of  the  highest  mounted.  1624  CAIT. 
SMITH  Virginia  iv.  128  Their  fury  was  not  onely  rebated, 
but  their  hastinesse  intercepted.  1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies 
n.  xii.  322  Warmth  it  self,  when  dull'd  and  rebated  by  the 
Affluence  of  the  contrary,  is  not  wholly  bound  up.  1748 
RICHARDSON  Clarissa  fiBii)  V.  xxxvi.  349  To  pacify  her,  or, 
at  least,  to  rebate  her  first  violence.  1759  MARTIN  Nat. 
Hist.  Rng.  II.  182  The  Sulphur  has  so  sufficiently  rebated 
the  Acidity.  1897  F.  THOMPSON  New  Poems  144  Thou  dost 
rebate  thy  rigid  purposes. 

b.  To   reduce  the  effect  or  force  of  (physical 
agencies,  a  blow,  stroke,  etc.).     Now  rare, 

1579  TOMSON  Calvin's  Serm.  Tim.  278/2  This  fire  will  be 
put  out,  or  so  rebated  that  we  shall  bnrne  no  more  as  we 
werewoont  to  do.  1586  BRIGHT  , Melanch.  xi.  53  The  poysons, 
being  maistred  or  at  least  rebated  by  . .  remedies.  1609 
HEYVVOOD  Brit.  Troy  vi.  xlviii.  124  To  yeeld  way,  rebates 
the  greatest  stroke.  1663  in  Boyle's  Wks.  (1772)  VI.  371 
The  flesh  of  the  viper  rebaieth  the  poison  of  the  viper.  1713 
C'TESS  WiNCHELStA  Misc.  Poems  93  When  the  Coquette  .. 
Assumes  a  soft,  a  melancholy  Air,  And  of  her  Eyes  rebates 
the  wand'ring  Fires.  1814  SOUTHEY  Roderick  xxv.  493 
Many  a  foin  and  thrust  Aim'd  and  rebated. 

fc.  To   lessen   the  vigour   or   activity  of  (the 
mind,  etc.)  ;  to  repress,  stop  (a  person  or  action). 

1581  SAVILE  Tacit  us.  Hist.  iv.  IxviL  (1591)  220  The  success 
of  the  Sequani  reb.ited  and  stayed  the  course  of  the  warre. 
1597  HKAHU  Theatre  God's  Judgem.  (1612)  34  His  malicious 
and  bloudthirstie  mind  was  somewhat  rebated  and  repressed 
from  doing  that  which  he  pretended.  Ibid.  472  He  ..  was 
cut  short  and  rebated  by  a  small  and  base  creature,  and 
constrained  to  leaue  this  life.  1645  King's  Cabinet  Open. 
in  Stlect.fr.  Harl.  Misc.  (1793)  356  Digby's  sanguine  com 
plexion,  not  to  be  rebated  from  sending  good  news,  a  1683 
OLIJHAM  Wks.  (1686)  42  Let  no  defeat  Your  sprightly 
Courage,  and  Attempts  rebate.  1788  I'riflcr  No.  30.  354 
Where  universal  torpidity  rebates  the  animal  spirits. 

4.  To  make  dull,  to  blunt  :  a.  the  edge  or  point 
of  a  weapon,  oifig.  of  a  feeling,  action,  person,  etc. 
Now  rare. 

Common  c  1590-1720  in  both  lit.  and  fig.  contexts. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Cladiorum  aciem  praestringtt^ 
it  rebateth  or  dulleth.  r  1586  C'TKSS  PEMBROKE  /'s.  i.xxxix. 
xiv,  Takes  he  his  weapon  ?  thou  the  edge  rebatest.  1601 
R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  fy  Cominw.  (1603)  193  The  footemen  try 
It  out  at  sword  and  buckler  with  point  and  edge  rebated. 
1686  HOKNI-ICK  Crucif.  Jesus  xx.  577  When  the  very  tools 
whereby  the  soul  is  to  work,  are  blunt,  and  their  edge  re 
bated.  1715-20  POPE  Iliad  xi.  304  The  broad  belt,  . .  The 
point  rebated,  and  repell'd  the  wound,  1801  STKUTT  Sports 
<y  Past.  in.  i.  123  Armed  with  a  pointless  sword,  having  the 
edges  rebated. 

fig.  a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  (1622)  251  Compassion  so  re 
bated  the  edge  of  Choler.  ci6n  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xx\\.  5:5 
So  long  would  I  rebate  Mine  own  edge  set  to  sack  your 
town.  1630  LENNARD  tr.  Charrons  Wisd.  n.  iii.  (1670)  249, 
I  will  here  adde  a  word  or  two  ..  to  rebate  and  blunt  the 
point  of  detraction.  1700  DRYDEN  Pal.  fy  Arc.  m.  502  The 
keener  edge  of  battel  to  rebate.  1773  J.  ALLEN*  -SV/v.v.  Sr, 
Mary's,  Qxf.  16  To.  .rebate  the  edge  of  Erastian  insolence. 
b.  a  weapon,  or  something  compared  to  one. 

1574  HELLOWKS  Gueuaras  Fam.  Ep.  (1584)  210  His  rule 
commaunded,  that  they  shoulde  not  torney  more  than  thirtie 
with  thirty,  and  with  swords  rebated,  a  1625  FLETCHER 
Faitlif.  Friends  m.  iii,  This  shirt  of  mail  worn  near  my 
skin  Rebated  their  sharp  steel.  1676  MARVELL  Mr.  Smirk*: 
48  He  forthwith  relented,  he  rebated  the  Sword  of  the  K.\e- 
cutioner.  1708  OZKLL  tr.  Boilean's  Lutrin  101  My  Front 
rebates  your  soft  Artillery.  1814  SOUTHEY  Carmina  Aulica 
vi.  i,  Of  arrows  and  of  spears  they  told  Which  fell  rebated 
from  his  mortal  mould.  1863  W.  THORNBURY  True  as  Steel 
(1868)  I.  136  To  see  that  the  horses  were  well  shoed  and  the 
spear-heads  properly  'rebated'  or  blunted. 
fig.  1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinnrc/i.,  Hen.  Vt  cvii,  Nature 
will  not,  (haveing  forg'd  him  vp  To  Life,  and  Edge)  rebate 
him,  in  her  Shoppe.  1681  DRYDEN  Ads.  <y  Achit.  To  Rdr., 
By  rebating  the  satire,  where  justice  would  allow  it,  from 
carrying  too  sharp  an  edge. 

5.  Her.  To  diminish  (a  charge)  by  removal  of 
a  portion,  esp.  a  point  or  projection.    Cf.  REBATE- 
MENT  3.   b.  To  remove  (a  point, etc.)  from  a  charge. 

1562  LEIGH  Armorie  122 b,  When  the  father  is  dead,  it 
may  please  y*3  prince  to  adde  agayne  to  the  sonne  that,  that 
was  rebated  from  the  father.  Ibid.  127  b,  The  fielde  is 
Geules,  three  Escocheons  Argent,  one  rebated  on  the  Sinister 
chiefe  point.  1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  HI.  ii.  87  To  shew 
that  the  Canton  doth  not  rebate  the  Starre  in  the  Dexter 
point  1637  HEVWOOD  Dial.  iv.  Wks.  1874  VI.  163  Some  of 
the  rales  are  broke,  others  rebated.  1868  CUSSANS  Her.  iv. 
60  A  Cross  Moline,  with  its  eight  points  rebated,  or  cut  off. 

•f*  6.   To  repulse,  drive  back.    Obs. 

1590  LODGE  Rosalind  L,  Hee  was  not  onely  rebatted,  but 
sore  wounded.  1590  GREENE  Orl.  Fur.  Wks.  1831  I.  34 
This  is  the  city  of  great  Babylon,  Where  proud  Darius  was 
rebated  from.  1633  W.  STKUTHER  True  Happines  46  Hatred, 
Feare . . ,  and  Sorrow . .  which  serve  to  rebate  and  keep  us  in 
Separation  from  it. 

f  7.  intr.  a.  To  diminish,  lessen,  abate.   Obs. 

J545  RAYNOLD  Byrth  IHankynde  133  When  the  infant 
falleth  away,  and  the  flesshe  rebateth  remaynyng  nothynge 
but  as  it  ware  skynne  and  bone.  1557  GRIMAI.DE  Cicero's 
Death  in  TottelCs  Misc.  (Arb.)  124  Rage  rebated,  when 
They  his  bare  neck  beheld,  and  his  hore  hey  res.  1597 
BEARD  Theatre  Gods1  Jitdgem,  (1612)  170  He  had  scarce 
ended  these  speeches,  but  the  Christians  battell  and  courage 
began  to  rebate. 

t  b.  To  grow  blunt.   Obs. 

1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay  xvi.  (1617)  280  The  edge  of 
vnderstanding  rebateth  at  the  outside  of  the  least  things 
that  are.  1614  C.  BROOKE  Rich.  Ill  Poems  (1872)  141  But 
soone  my  archers  slack  their  strongest  bent,  My  souldiers' 
steel  rebated. 

t  C.  To  depart,  fall  o.\\a.yfrom  a  thing.   Obs*~l 
1570  FOXE  A.  fy  M.  (ed.  2)  1951/2  In  king  Edwardes  dayes, 
he  began  a  litle  to  rebate  from  certeine  poynts  of  Popery, 
and  somewhat  to  smell  of  the  gospell. 


!     f  8.  (Meaning  not  clear :  cf.  REBATING  vbl.  sb.1} 

1503  ARNOLDE  Chron.  (1811)  no,  ix.  tonne  of  good  Ciuill 
oyle,  vessels  fylled,  the  gauge  payde  and  rebated.     Ibid.  113 
Which  tonne  wyne  wele  rebatid  ful  and  gawge  J.  Alman    i 
:    byndith  him.  .to  delyuer. 

Rebate,  ^--  [Later  spelling  of  RABBET  vn  on 
analogy  of  prec.  For  pron.  see  REBATE  sb?\ 

1.  trans.  To  make  a  rebate  or  rabbet  in. 

1674  GOULDMAN  Eng.-Lat.  Dict.t  To  rebate  or  make  re-    ' 
bates,    strio.     1706   PHILLIPS   {ed.   Kersey),   To  rebate^   to 

j    channel  or  chamfer.     1785  PEACOCK  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXV. 

j    368  The  edges  of  the  said  board  are  to  be  rebated.     1825 
J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  583  This  kind  of  plane  is    i 
usually  employed  to  rebate  narrow  pieces  of  wood,  such  as    : 

1    are  used  in  sashes.     1863  WYSTER  Subtle  Brains  $  Lissom    \ 
Fingers  275  Another  machine  rebated  and  bearded  the  keel. 

2.  To  join  together  with  a  rebate. 

1838  London's  Arch.  Mag.  V.  579  It  will  be  seen  that  the 
headers  and  stretchers  are  rebated  together.    1847  SMEATON 
,     Builder's  Man.  oo  A  lap  dovetail,  which,  when  put  together,    \ 
shows  only  a  joint,  as  if  the  pieces  were  rebated  together. 

Reba'ted,  ///.  a.1  [f.  REBATE  z/.i  +  -LD  i.] 
Blunted  ;  dulled. 

1587  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III.  1297/2  Six  gentlemen  on 
either  side  with  rebated  swords.  1616  SURFL.  &  MARKH. 
Country  Farme  66  Make  them  cleane  . .  with  a  rebated 
knife  made  of  purpose,  such  a  one  as  will  not  cut.  a  1661 
FULLER  ll'orthies,  Northants  n.  (1662)  292  During  iiis 
reign.. a  shrude  thrust  was  made  at  all  Abbies,  not  with 
a  Rebated  point,  but  with  sharps  indeed. 

flS-  1589  NASHE  Prcf.  Greene's  Mcnaflwn  (Arb.)  8  Re 
create  their  rebated  witts. 

debated,  ///.  «.-  [f.  REBATE  z>.-]  Having 
a  rebate  or  rabbet. 

1785  PEACOCK  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXV.  370  The  stock  . .  is 
to  slide  in  a  rebated  or  dove-tail  groove.  1837  Civil  Ettg. 
ff  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  70  A  letter.. on  Hitch's  'Patent  Rebated 
Brickwork  '.  1875  Carpentry  $  Join.  104  The  moulded, 
bevelled,  or  rebated  strips  can  be  set  on  edge  in  these. 

Reba*  t  emeiit .  ?  Obs.  [a.  O  Y.  rebate  went 
(1290  in  Godef.)  :  see  REBATE  v.^-  and  -JIENT.] 

1.  A  sum  to  be  deducted  from  another;  a  discount. 
1542    RECORDE    Gr.    Aries   E  iij,   The    rebatemente    or 

summe  to  bee  withdrawen.  .muste  be  .sette  vnder  the  fyrste 
[sum].  1635  R.  DAFFORNE  Merck.  Mirr.  title-p.,  The 
Ready  mony..that  we  are  to  Receive  or  Pay  upon  Rebate- 
ment.  1687  Addr.  frotn  Chichester  in  Latut.  Gaz.  2270/4 
We  having  no  rebatements  to  make,  are  totally  thankful. 
1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Rebate,  Y\\t  merchants  having 
not  always  wherewithal  to  pay  for  their  goods  in  hand,  by 
means  of  the  rebatement,  such  as  have,  will  find  their 
account  in  it. 

2.  Diminution  in  amount,  force,  etc. 

1598  STOW  Snrv.  xxxviii.  (1603)  373  The  rebatement  of 
Bishops  liuings,  1663  T.  TUT.LV  in  Lett,  fy  Poems  (1676)95 
Mine  I  fear  may  look  like  Injury  and  Rebatcment  to  their 
Worth.  1701  BKVEKLKY  Glory  cf  Grace  37  The  Law  hath 
its  full  Course,  it  is  pointed  still  against  Them,  without 
Rebatement. 

3.  Heraldry.   =  ABATEMENT  4. 

1562  LKIGH  Armorie  127  This  is  a  rebatement,  ..  but  is 
rebated  onely  for  dought  of  challenge.  1586  FERNE  Blaz. 
Centric  97,  I  haue  heard  of  the.se  nine  vices  before  ;  and 
also  of  certaine  rebatements  of  armes  appointed  to  them. 
1661  MOKGAN  Sph.  Gentry  i.  vii.  101  There  are  notes  of 
infamy  as  well  as  of  honour,  which  in  Arms  are  called 
Rebatements,  1727-41  in  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  and  later  Diets. 

1 4.  A  narrowing  (of  a  vail).    Cf.  RABATE  sb.  Obs. 

1611  BIBLE  i  Kings  vi.  6  In  the  wall  of  the  house  hee 
made  narrowed  rests  [margin  t  narrowings,  or,  rebatements] 
round  about,  that  the  beames  should  not  bee  fastened  in  the 
walles  of  the  house. 

Rebater  (rrb^-tai).  [f.  REBATE  Z/.I  +  -ERI.] 
One  who  or  that  which  rebates. 

1601  DENT  Pathiv.  Heaz'en  (1603)  37  God,  in  his  great 
mercy  sent  him  a  cooler,  and  a  rebater  :  to  wit,  a  pricke  in 
the  flesh.  1893  Independent  (N.Y.)  19  Oct.  32/2  What  is  to 
be  done  with  rebaters  ?  There  is  a  law  . .  [in]  many  of  the 
states  providing  a  penalty  for  its  practice. 

Rebater,  variant  of  REBATO  Obs. 

Rebating  (rH^-tin),  vbl.  sb}    [f.  REBATE  vV\ 

1.  The  action  of  the  vi).,  in  various  senses. 

a  1483  Liber  Niger  Edw.  IV  in  Honseh.  Ord.  (1790)  74 
All  other  crafte  for  the  rackinge,  coynynge,  rebatinge,  and 
other  salvation  of  wynes.  1561  in  Froude  Hist.  Eng.  (1881) 
VI.  486  Punishing  of  massmongers  for  the  rebating  of  their 
humours.  1598  R.  HAYDOCKE  tr.  Lomazzo  11.  138  How  the 
Lights,  Reflexions  and  naturall  rebating  of  the  lights  doe 
vary.  1632  SHERWOOD,  A  rebating,  or  rebatement,  rabais. 
1889  Times  6  June  5/1  Both  houses  of  the  Cape  Parliament 
have  passed  the  convention  tariff,  which  confers  similar 
powers  of  rebating  on  the  Government. 

f  2.   =  REBATEMEXT  3.  Obs. 

1562  LEIGH  Amiorie  122  There  are  nyne  rebating[s]  of 
armes,  . .  for  nyne  sondry  vngentilmanly  dedes  done. 

Rebating1,  vbl.  sb$  [f.  REBATE  z>,2]  The 
making  of  a  rebate  or  rabbet. 

1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  159  Grooving  and  Re 
bating  consist  in  taking  or  abstracting  a  part  which  is  every 
where  of  a  rectangular  section.  1861  WVNTER  Sac.  Bees 
144  As  there  is  no  window-framing,  planing,  mortising,  or 
rebating  required,  the  cost  is  very  inconsiderable. 

attrib.  1812-16  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  <$•  Art  I.  in 
Rebating-ptanes  without  a  fence  have  the  iron  the  whole 
breadth  of  the  sole.  1842  GWILT  Archit.  §  2104  Of  the 
sinking  rebating  planes  there  are  two  sorts. 

t  Beba-ting,  a.  06s.-1  [Prob.  f.  rebat-er,  var. 
of  next.]  Supporting  the  ruff. 

1596  GOSSON  Quips  Upst.  Gentleiu.  80  (Percy  Soc.)  6  This 
starch,  and  these  rebating  props,  as  though  ruffes  were 
some  rotten  house. 

t  Reba'tO.  Obs.  Also  6  rebatu,  6-7  rabato, 
rebater,  7  rebata,  -oe.  [f.  F.  rabat  collar,  etc., 


on  anal,  of  Italian  words  in  -ato,  or  ad.  obs.  F.  raba- 
teau,  recorded  in  i6-i7th  c,  in  some  of  the  senses 
of  rabat  (see  Godef.).]  A  kind  of  stiff  collar  worn 
by  both  sexes  from  about  1590  to  1630. 

1591  HARINGTON  Orl.  Fur.  410  You  fayre  Ladies,  that 
spend  so  many  houres  in  looking  and  prying  in  a  glasse  to 
see  if  this  shadow  sit  handsomlie,if  your  rebatoes  be  well  set. 
1593  NASHE  C/irisfs  T.  (1613)  161,  I  see  Gentlewomen.. 
burning  out  many  pounds  of  Candle  in  pinning  their  treble 
rebaters.  1598  MARSTON  Sco.  Villanie  n.  vii.  208  Alas,  her 
soule  struts  round  about  her  neck,  Her  seate  of  sense  is 
her  rebato  set.  1609  HEYWOOD  Brit.  Troy  xn.  xvi.  His 
smooth  Rebata  from  his  Neck  he  fals.  1630  J.  TAYLOR 
{Water  P.)  ll'ks.  n.  254  The  Tires,  the  Periwigs,  and  the 
Rebatoes,  Are  made  t'aclorne  ilshap'd  Inamoratoes. 

fig.  1601  EP.  W.  BARLOW  Defence  162  The  men  who 
haue  made  scarfes,  and  veiles,  and  rebaters  for  sinnes. 

b.  A  collar  of  this  kind  used  to  support  a  ruff, 
or   a   frame   of  wire   serving   the   same  purpose. 


1592  NASHE  P.  Penilesse  (ed.  2)  n  b,  Their  Lords  au- 
tlioritie  is  as  a  rebater  to  beare  vp  the  Peacockes  taile  of 
their  boasting.  1601  BENT  Pathiv.  Heaven  (1831)  36  These 
great  ruffs,  which  are  borne  up  with  supporters  and  re 
batoes,  as  it  were  with  post  and  rail.  1617  MORYSON  If  in. 
in.  iv.  i.  166  In  Prussia  1  obserued  them  to  weare  long  ruffes, 
with  rebatoes  of  wire  to  beare  them  up,  such  as  our  women 
vse.  1634  PEACHAM  Gent  I.  lixerc.  i.  xvii.  56  King  Salomon 
sitting  in  his  throne  with  a  deepe  laced  Gentlewomans 
Ruffe,  and  a  Rebatoe  about  his  necke. 
c.  attrib.,  as  rebato-pinner  ^  -wire. 

1601  Jack  Drums  Entertainm.  iv,  Peace  !  you  Rebato- 
pinner,  Pot  ing-stick.  1607  HKYWOOD  Worn.  Killed  TV. 
Kindn.  (1617)  H  iij,  A  Bodkin  or  a  Cuffe,  A  Bracelet, 
Necklace,  or  Rebato  wier.  1612  in  Naivorth  Honseh.  Bks. 
(Surtees)  10  A  rebatoe  wyer  for  Mrs  Mary. 

Rebaude,  Rebaudry,  obs.  ft  RIBALD,  RI 
BALDRY.  Rebawde,  Rebawdous,  obs.  ff.  RI 
BALD,  RIBALDOUS.  Rebayn,  obs.  f.  RIBBON. 
Rebbec,  obs.  f.  REBECK. 

f  Rebbit,  obs.  variant  of  RABBET  sb. 

1675  J.  GEDDE  Meth.  Bee-Houses  3  At  the  top  of  the  Box 
there  is  a  crease  or  rebbit  all  round  it,  about  half  an  inch  in 
depth  on  the  outside. 

t  Rebea  t,  v.1  Obs,  [f.  RE-  back  +  BEAT,  prob. 
after  F.  rebattre  REBATE  z/.1]  trans.  To  beat  back 
again;  to  force  or  drive  back,  to  repel.  Hence 
fRebea'ting  vbl.  sb. 

In  last  quot.  perhaps  '  to  blunt  '  :  cf.  REBATE  v.1  4. 

1595  DANIEL  Civ.  IVars  in.  cix,  An  equal!  fury  thrusts  to 
stay  And  rebeat  backe  that  force.  1611  FLOKIO,  Rabbat- 
timento,  a  reheating  backe  or  downe.  a  1634  RANDOLPH 
Muses  .Looking-gl.  n.  ii,  An  undaunted  rock,  \\liosc  constant 
hardnesse  Reheats  the  fury  of  the  raging  Sea.  a  1634 
—  Poems  (1652)  14  Am  I  invulnerable?  is  the  Dart  Re- 
beaten  which  thou  levelst  at  my  heart? 

Re-bea't,  ^-2   [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To  beat  again. 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  iv.  xvii.  259  Beaten  and  re- 
beaten  by  the  Carriers.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat. 
Mechanic  532  The  mortar.,  should  be  kept  covered  up, 
and  when  wanted  be  re-beaten. 

Re-beautify,  -fying:  see  READORN  (1598). 

Rebecca  (r/"be'ka).  The  name  given  (in  allu 
sion  to  Gen.  xxiv.  60)  to  the  leader  in  woman's 
attire  of  those  rioters  who  demolished  toll-gates  in 
South  Wales  in  1843-4.  Also  attrib, 

1843  Times  8  May  4/2  Rebecca  and  her  Daughters.  The 
counties  of  Carmarthen  and  Cardigan  appear  to  be  in  a 
most  fearful  state  from  these  daring  depredators.  1846 
Ibid.  17  June  7/6  Rebecca  wanted  in  Glocestershire.  1879 
MCCARTHY  Own  Times  xiii,  An  odd  feature  of  the  time 
was  the  outbreak  of  what  were  called  the  Rebecca  riots 
In  Wales. 

b.  transf.  A  salmon-poacher. 

1881  igth  Cent.  Apr.  692  The  poor  emaciated  salmon  .  .  is 
transfixed  by  the  unerring  aim  of  '  Rebecca.  '. 

Hence  Bebe-cca  v.  trans.  •,  to  demolish  or  remove 
(a  gate).  Rebe'ccaism,  the  practices  and  princi 
ples  of  the  Rebeccaites.  Bebe-ccaite,  a  follower 
of  '  Rebecca  '  ;  also  attrib. 

1879  Rebecca  Riots  in  Radnorshire  i  The  outrages  the 
'Rebeccaites'  committed  did  not..  appear  to  originate  in 
political  causes,  /bid.  7  In  dealing  .  .  with  the  Reheccaite 
question.  1881  Daily  News  8  June  6  The  report  of  Mr. 
Walpole  and  Professor  Huxley  .  .  as  to  the  cause  and 
existence  of  Rebeccaism  was  Issued  yesterday.  1890  Sat. 
Ret'.  14  June  719/2  The  desire  of  the  County  Council  to 
'  Rebecca  '  certain  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford's  gates. 

fRebe-ck,  sb,l  Obs.—1  [Of  obscure  origin: 
connexion  with  next  is  doubtful,  but  cf.  RIBIBE.] 
A  term  of  abuse  applied  to  a  woman. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  friar's  T.  275  Brother,  quod  he,  heere 
woneth  an  old  rebekke  That  hadde  almoost  as  lief  to  lese 
hire  nekke  As  for  to  yetie  apeny  of  hir  good. 

Rebeck  (rrbek),  sb.'*  Now  only  Hist,  or  poet. 
Forms:  6-7  rebecke,  (7  -beke),  6-  rebeck,  (7 
rebbeck)  ;  8-  rebec,  (8  rebbec).  [a.  F.  rebec 
,  igth  c.)  =  med.L.  rebeca  (^1400),  It.  ri~ 
^  Pg.  rebeca,  rabcca,  app.  variants  of  the  forms 
cited  under  RIBIBE,  but  the  alteration  in  the  final 
consonant  has  not  been  clearly  explained.]  A 
mediaeval  instrument  of  music,  having  three  strings 
and  played  with  a  bow  ;  an  early  form  of  the  fiddle. 
(Also  personified,  in  quot.  1509.) 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xvi.  (Percy  Soc.)  61  There  sat 
dame  Musyke,  with  all  her  mynstrasy  ;  .  .  Rebeckes,  clary- 
cordes,  eche  in  theyr  degre,  Dyd  sytte  aboute  theyr  ladyes 
mageste.  c  1530  Ln.  BERNERS  Ari/i.  Lyt.  Bryt.  (1814)  232 
Than  began  ..  taboures,  and  rebeckes,  and  other  instru- 


REBECK. 

mentes.  1508  YOSG  Diana  50  Syrenus  did  these  verses  sing, 
And  on  his  Rebecke  sweetely  play.  1632  MILTON  L* Allegro 
94  When,  .the  jocond  rebecks  sound  To  many  a  youth,  and 
many  a  maid.  1644  —  A  reap.  (Arb.)  50  The  bag-pipe  and 
the  rebbeck.  1755  SMOLLETT  Don  Quix.  n.  iii.  56  [A] 
young  fellow  ..  who  ..  can  read  and  write,  and  play  upon 
the  rebec.  1811  SCOTT  Don  Roderick  11.  xxv,  Far  to 
Asturian  hills  the  war-sounds  pass,  And  in  their  stead  rebeck 
or  timbrel  rings.  1870  MORRIS  Earthly  Par,  III.  iv.  188 
While  round  about  the  rebecks  played. 

tb.  eilipt.  Applied  to  the  player.   Obs* 

1540  Arundel  I\IS.  97  If.  i2zb  in  I'icarys  A  nat.  (1888) 
App.  xii.  241  Item,  for  Thomas  Evans,  Rebeke,  wagis  xxj. 
viijt/,    1647  H. '\WAKD  Crown  Rev.  25,  Musicians  and  Players.    ; 
..Rebeck:  [£]2&  6.8. 

tRebe-ck,  sb$  Obs.-1    [f.  F.  rebcqiter  to  resist   I 
or  oppose  saucily.]     Resistance. 

1609  [Br.  W.  BARLOW]  Answ.  A'ai/ie/ess  Cath.  199  Generous 
mindes  yeeld  where  they  find  a  relenting  passage ;  rebecke 
by  opposition  prouokes  to  wrath. 

fRebe-ck,  v.  Obs.-1  [f.  RE-  back  +  BECK  v,  2.] 
trans.  To  beckon  back,  to  recall,  reclaim. 

1607  HEY  WOOD  M'om.  Killed w.  Kindn.  Wks.  1874  II.  99 
Now  she  hath  seis'd  the  Fowle,  and  'gins  to  plume  her, 
Rebecke  her  not;  rather  stand  still  and  checke  her. 

Re-beco'ine,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  (with compl.} 
To  become  again. 

1590  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Antonlc  i.  100  Thy  loue  with  such    i 
things   nourished  . .  stealingly   Retakes   bis   force   and   rt- 
becpmes  more  great.     1599  R.  LINCHE  Fount  A>ic.  Fict.     \ 
K  ij,  The  ^Egyptians,  .held  that  Serpents  ..  by  despoiling    ' 
and  vncasing  them  of  their  vpper  skins  . .  instantly  againe 
rebe^ome  youthful!.      1611  COTGR.,  Redevenir^  to  returne, 
rebecome,  or  become  againe.    1719^'.  GOKDON  Cordial  Lo^v    ' 
Spirits  1. 100  They  abandoned  the  Gospel  and  their  Wives,     \ 
and  re-became  orthodox  Catholics.    1788  EAKL  MAI.MI-ISBURY    , 
Diaries  fy  Corr.  II.  415  If  we  mean,  .to  prevent  this  country    . 
..from  re-becoming  a  French  province.    1861  R.  F.  DURTON    : 
City  of  Saints  569  Snow  still  lay, ..  but  in  the  fine  clear    | 
sunny  day.. the  lowest  levels  re-became  green. 

Re-bege't,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  beget 
again  or  a  second  time.  Hence  Re-bege'ttiug 
vbl.  sb. ;  Be  -bego'tten  ppLa. 

1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay  xxxiv.  638  Palingenesian,  that 
is   to  say,   a  Regeneration,  Rebeegetting,  or   New  Birth. 
« 1631  DONNE  St.  Lucys  Day  ii,  He  ruined  me,  and  I  am    : 
re-begot  Of  Absence  Darkness  Death.     1645  WITHER  Vox 
Pacif.   136   Themselves  to  re-beget  Into  a  perfect  bodie.     | 
1839-48  BAILEY  Festvs  x.  105  All  being  shall  be  rebegotten. 
Ibid.  xx.  254  The  rebegotten  world  is  born  again. 

Be-begl-n,  v.      [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To  begin    ; 
again  or  anew.     Hence  Re-begrnnmg  vbl.  sb. 

1598    FLORIO,   Ripigliart\  . .  to  rebegiu  a  speech.     Ibid.) 
RaccoininciainentO)  a  rebeginning.     1632  J.  HAYWARD  tr.     i 
BiondTs  Eromena  150  Having  landed  the  fresh  forces  . .     ; 
they   re-began   the   fight.     1778   [W.   MARSHALL]  Minutes    \ 
Agric.  29  Nov.  1774  Re-began  to  stir  the  fallow.     1893  in 
}$'&ttQvt$Parlt.Relig.  I.  636  Are-beginning,  and  another  Tall. 

Re-begui'le,  v.     [RE-  5  a.J     To  beguile  again* 

a  I7ii  KEN  Urania  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  484  The  Question 
startled  me  awhile,  But  I  myself  would  re-beguile. 

Re-belloTd,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  behold, 
or  look  upon,  again. 

1605  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iii.  in.  Law  808  When  the 
Sun.  .doth  haste  his  Race  To  re-behold  the  beauty,  number, 
order.  .Of  th' awfull  Hoast.  1812  GARY  Danti\  Pnrg.  xvii. 
8  So  thy  nimble  thought  May  image,  how  at  first  I  re- 
beheld  The  sun.  1830  LYTTON  P.  Clifford  xxvi,  One..  • 
whom  in  such  a  scene  it  will.,  wound  thee  to  re-behold. 

Rebel  (re'bel),  a.  and  sbj-     Also  4-6  rebele, 
4-7  rebelli^e,  6  rsbald.    [a.  F.  rebelle  adj.  (i2th  c.) 
and  sb.,  ad.  L.  rebellis  rebellious,  f.  re-  RE-  +  bellum    \ 
war.] 

A.  adj,  (Formerly  common  in  predicative  use, 
freq.  with  const,  against  or  to ;  now  only  attribu 
tive,  and  sometimes  capable  of  being  taken  as  an 
attrib.  use  of  the  sb.) 

1.  Refusing  obedience  or  allegiance,  or  offering 
armed  opposition,  to  the  rightful  or  actual  ruler  or 
ruling  power  of  the  country. 

fred.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  1625  Adrian.. temprede  horn 
vol  wel,  &  made  horn  sone  milde  ynou,  ^o  hii  were  rebel. 
c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  222  pe  flemed  ageyn  i?e 
kyng  ros  eft  full  rebelle.  1:1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  fK.  591 
Cleopatra^  Rebel  un-to  the  toun  of  rome  is  he.  c  1400 
tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  108  pe  hertys  of  \>\  subgitz 
sail  be  rebell  to  ]>y  gouernaill.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vn. 
ccxxii.  246  Whyle  Kyng  William  was  thus  occupyed  in 
Normandy,  the  Northumbers  waxte  sterne&  rebell.  a  1548 
HALL  Chron.^Hen.  VIII  88  b,  And  where  as  the  duke  of 
Geldre  is  subiect  to  the  Emperor,  is  he  not  yet  at  this 
day.,  rebell? 

attrib.  1382  WYCLIF  Isa.  xli.  12  Thi  rebel  men  thei  shut 
ben  as  tho^  thei  ben  not.  —  i  Mace,  iii.  20  Thei  cum  men. 
to  us  in  rebelle  multitude.  1616  J.  LANE  Cont.  Sqr.'s  T,  xi. 
40  His  fTather  now  heere  sendes  to  her  her  conquerd  rebell 
sonn,  bound  prisoner.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  i.  484  The  Rebel 
King  Doubl'd  that  sin  in  Bethel  and  in  Dan.  Ibid.  vi.  647 
Amaze  ..  and  terrour  seis'd  the  rebel  Host.  1726  POPE 
Odyss.  xxiv.  611  Now  by  the  sword  and  now  the  jav'lin 
fall  The  rebel-race.  1812  BYRON  C/t.  Har.  \\.  Ixxvii,  Wa- 
hab's  rebel  brood,  who  dared  divest  The  prophet's  tomb  of 
all  its  pious  spoil.  1861  LOWELL  Pickens-and-Stealins 
Rebell.  Pr.  Wks.  1890  V.  82  To  acknowledge  the  inde-  I 
pendence  of  the  Rebel  States. 

b.  Consisting   of,   belonging    or    falling  to,   in    | 
command  of,  rebels. 

1682  DKYDEN  &  LEE  Duke  of  Guise  u.  ii,  He  was  the 
author  of  the  rebel-league.  1776  GlBBQH  Decl.  <V  F.  vi. 
(1869)  L  119  The  rebel  ranks  were  broken.  1821  SHKLLKY 
Hellas  529  If  the  rebel  fleet  Had  anchored  in  the  port. 
Ibid.  lozo  Now  shall  . .  British  skill  . .  Thunder-strike  rebel 


221 

victory.  1825  J.  NEAL  Bro.  Jonathan  III.  138  The  seamen, 
having  the  same  fear  of  the  rebel  chief,  .stuck  to  the  shipping. 

2.  Disobedient  to  a  superior  or  to  some  higher 
power  ;  contumacious,  refractory.    -\  Also  const,  of, 
and  with  injin. 

a  1300  Cursor  Af,  28094  Gayn  haly  kyrk  was  i  rebell. 
vyy&Ayenb.  69  To  ^e  rede  of  cure  Ihorde  ofte  hi  byej?  rebel. 
1389  Eng.  Gilds  95  Qwo-so  be  rebele  of  his  tonge  a^ein  |>e 
aldirman.  c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  145  [He] 
Deyed  accursyd,  rebel  to  paye  his  dyines.  1496  Dives  fy 
Pauj>.  i,\V.  de  \V.)  v.  x.  376/j  Yf  he  be  ouer  proude  &  to 
rebell  to  his  mayster,  1523  Lo.  BURNERS  Ftoiss.  I.  ccxxix. 
307  He  was  rude  and  rebell  agaynst  the  cornmaundementes 
of  holy  churche.  1667  MILTON  /'.  /,.  x.  83  The  third  best 
absent  is  condcmn'd,  Convict  by  flight,  and  Rebel  to  all 
Law.  1685  DRYDENJI/WC.  11.  454  Sinai. .where  was  receiv'd 
the  Law,  That  ought  to  keep  the  Rebel  World  in  aw.  1742 
YOUNG  Nt.  Tk.  iv.  328  A  rebel  univer.se  L.not  one  exempt  ! 
1821  SHELLEY  Hellas  301  To  speak  in  thunder  to  the  rebel 
world. 

fb.  Said  of  animals.    Obs.  rare. 

13..  E.  E.Allit.  P.  B.  455  pe  ratien  so  rank  J?at  rebel  was 
euer.     1:1420  Pallad.  en  Hitst>.  iv.  776  Yf  they  be  rebel,  so 
let  hem  stonde  ffastyngoon  day  and  nyght  in  yokis  bonde. 
C.  transf.   of  things. 

1340  Ayenb.  68  pe  herte  bet  is  rebel  and  hard,  c  1386 
CHAUCER  Pars.  'J'.  r  192  Right  as  reson  is  rebel  to  god 
right  so  is  . .  sensualitee  rebel  to  reson.  1593  SHAKS.  Liter. 
625  From,  a  pure  heart  commaund  thy  rebell  will.  1647 
TRAPIJ  Comm.  Matt.  vi.  16  [It]  subdues  rebell-fiesh,  whicii 
with  fullnesse  of  bread  will  wax  wanton.  i7oz  ROWE  Tamer 
lane  iv.  i.  1752  All  my  Rebel-blood  assists  the  Fair.  1885-94 
R.  BRIDGES  Eros  <y  Psyche  July  xv,  She  set  the  Limp 
beneath  a  chair,  and  cloked..its  rebel  lustre  from  the  eye. 
fd.  Of  ulcers:  =«  REBELLIOUS  3.  Obs.—1 

1541  R.  COPLAND  Galycn's  Tcrap.  2  D  iv,  The  curacyon  of 
vlceres,  nat  inueterate,  but  contumaced  and  rubell. 

3.  Of  words,  actions,  etc.  :  Characterized  by  rebel 
liousness;  characteristic  of  a  rebel  or  rebels. 

c  J393  CHAUCER  Scogan  23  pe  ilke  rebel  word  that  thou 
hast  spoken.  1700  CONC;KI;VIC  Way  of  World  \.  vii,  Must  I 
live  to  be  confiscated  at  this  reb<jl-rate?  1715-20  POTE 
Iliad  xv.  248  Desists  at  length  his  rebel-war  to  wage.  1755 
H.  WALPOLE  Corr.  (1837)  1.  296  However  rebel  thi>  may 
sound  at  yuur  Court  my  Gothic  spirit  is  hurt.  1812  II.  iS;  J. 
SMITH  Rcj.  Addr,t  Living  Lustres  viii,  Unaccustom'd  to 
rebel  commotion. 

B.  slr.i  1.  One  who  resists,  or  rises  in  arms 
against,  the  established  governing  power  ;  one  who 
refuses  or  renounces  allegiance  or  obedience  to  his 
sovereign  or  the  government  of  his  country. 

c  1400  Dcsir.  Troy  1466  He  [Priam]  was  faryn  to  fight  in 
a  fer  londe,  To  riche  hym  of  Rebel les  )?at  of  be  rewine  held. 
c  1460  FoRTEbcui;  Abs.  #  Lim.  Man.  ix.  (1885)  129  When 
such  a  rebell  hatli  more  riches  than  bis  sou  tray  ne  lorde. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleida-ne's  'Comm.  56  The  rebelles  had  en 
camped  them  on  a  Hill.  1612  DAVIES  Why  Ireland^  etc. 
(1747)  113  We  find  the  degencrat  and  disobedient  English 
called  Rebelles,  but  the  Iri^h  \\liich  were  not  in  the  King's 
peace  are  called  Enemies.  1719  IJK  FOE  Crusoe  i.  x,  I  could 
.  -give  Liberty,  and  take  it  away,  and  no  Rebels  among  all 
my  Subjects.  1778  (ioiv.  MOKRIS  in  Sparks  Life  <y  W>it. 
(1832)  I.  158,  I  kiiuw  that  for  such  sentiments  I  am  called 
a  rebel.  1864  I.OWKU.  Gen.  McClellans  Report  Pr.  Wks. 
1890  V.  107  General  McLlellan,  by  the  admission  of  the 
Rebels  themselves,  had  Richmond  at  his  mercy, 
tb.  In  collect,  sense  (cf.  enemy"}.  Obs~^ 

1600  PV.MMOK  Ireland  (1843)  33  The  small  losse  we  sus- 
teyned  in  this  place  was  multiplied  upon  the  rebell  by  our 
quarter  and  skoutmasters. 

c.  Law.  One  who  resists  or  disobeys  a  legal 
command  or  summons.  Now  only  spec,  in  Sc. 
Law  :  A  debtor  who  disobeys  a  charge  on  letters 
of  horning. 

1592  Sc.  Act  12  Jos.  VI  §  129  (1597)  119  Quhen-ever  onie 
persones,  that  hes  fund  sovertie  to  vnderly  the  Law,  com- 
peiris  not  at  the  day  appoynted,  and  their-throw  are  de- 
cerned  to  be  denuuced  rebelles,  as  fugitiues  fra  the  law. 
1607  COWBLL  Intcrpr.  s.v.  Rebellion^  Rebell  is  sometime 
attributed  to  him  that  wilfully  breaketh  a  lawe..,  sometime 
to  a  villein  disobeying  his  Lord.  1609  SKHNE  Keg.  Maj.  86 
The  lands  and  tenements  of  felonis  (of  rebelles  at  the  home) 
quhilk  are  escheit  indnring  their  lyftime.  Ibid.)  Burrow 
Laives  i4ob,  The  rebelles  (disobedient)  and  perturbers 
within  the  burgh.  1666-88  DALLAS  Stiles  (1697)  289  Being 
..orderly  denunced  Rebel  and  put  to  the  Horn,  by  vertue 
of  Letters  of  Horning  raised,  used  and  execute  against  him. 
1752  A.  M^DOUALL  Inst.  Laws  Scot.  in.  iii.  II.  260  It  was 
for  his  not  surrendering  his  person,  (in  default  of  payment) 
which  was  in  his  power,  that  he  was  pronounced  rebel,  a  1768 
ERSKINF,  Inst.  Law  Scot.  n.  v.  §  56  If  the  debtor  obey  not 
the  will  of  the  letters  within  the  days  mentioned  in  them,  the 
messenger  may  immediately  after  publish  the  diligence  by 
denouncing  the  debtor  rebel.  1882  WATSON  Belfs  Diet. 
Law  Scot.  s.v. 

2.  One  who,  or  that  which,  resists  authority  or 
control  of  any  kind. 

1340  Ayenb.  69  pos  hy  byej>  rebels  to  \>e  heste  of  oure 
Ihorde.  121400  l^ernon  MS.  in  Hamfiole's  Wks,  (1896)  II. 
345  To  chastise  the  rebel . .  beo  wij>-drawyng . .  [>e  occasion  of 
his  sunne.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  Atiian  xxi,  The  cursyd 
&  rebelles  whiche  doo  no  thynge  but  playe  with  dees  and 
cardes.  1567  Gude  $  Godlie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  104  God,  . .  Ceis 
not  to  send  thy  Sanctis  sune  support, . .  For  thay  RebelHs 
with  rage  do  resort.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  fy  Cl.  iv.  ix.  14  That 
Life,  a  very  Rebell  to  my  will,  May  hang  no  longer  on  me. 
1665  GLANVILL  Scepsis  Set,  xiii.  76  Tis  Imagination  is  the 
Rebel,  Reason  contradicts  its  impious  suggestions.  1738 
WESLEY  Dryderis  '  Creator  Spirit ',  by  whose  A  id '  iv, 
Create  all  new,  our  Wills  controul ;  Subdue  the  Rebel  in 
our  Soul.  1822  KYRON  Werner  iv,  i,  You  are  not  jealous 
Of  me,  I  trust,  my  pretty  rebel ! 

3.  Comb.,  as  rebel-high^  -like  advbs. 

1605  SHAKS.  Lear  iv.  iii.  16  (Q.  i)  It  seemed,  she  was  a 
queene  Ouer  her  passion,  Who  most  rebell-like,  sought  to  be 


RESELLER. 

King  ore  her.  a  1661  HOLYDAY  Juvenal  (1673)  73  How  he 
seems  arm'd  for  resistance,  rebel  like  !  1719  YOUNG  Brothers 
in.  Wks.  1757  II.  240  Demetrius  borrows  those  [wings],  To 
mount  full  rebel-high. 

t  Rebel,  sb?  Obs.  [f.  REBEL  v.  (perh.  on 
analogy  of  prec.;  or  ad.  med.L.  rebcllum^  -htm 
(Du  Cange).]  Rebellion. 

c  1400  Kale  St.  Bfnct  46  Lauerd  for  his  merci  giue  vs  sua 
obediens  and  mekenes  at  halde,  and  rebel  at  Me,  bat  [etc.], 
1444  R  nils  of  Parlt.  V.  104,,  i  The  secunde  rebell  of  the 
seid  Walssh  men,  the  which  arosen  with  Owen  of  Glan- 
doure.  c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  xxx.  viii,  His  subiect,  or 
another  wight,  That  with  rebell  vnlawful  kill  hym  might. 
1581  J.  HELL  Iladdaii's  Anstv.  Osor.  75  In  my  opirion  it  is 
a  manifest  rebell  agaynst  the  holy  Scriptures.  1618  RALKIGH 
in  Four  C.  Eng,  Lett.  (1880)  38  If  I  had  resisted  ..  the 
rebells  and  spoils  which  my  companyes  would  have  made. 

Rebel  (r/be'l),  v.  Also  4-8  rebell,  (4-6  -e). 
,  [ad.  F.  rcbcller  (i4th  c.),  ad.  L.  rebel/art:  to  make 
'•  war  again,  to  revolt,  f.  re-  RE-  2  c  +  bellare  to  fight, 
make  war,  f.  bellum  war.] 

1.  intr.  To  rise  in  opposition  or  armed  resistance 
against  the  rightful  or  established  ruler  or  govern 
ment  of  one's  country.  Const,  against,  \from,  to. 

'375  HARBOUR  Bruce  ix.  649  He  duelt  furth  in-t<j  ilu:  huid, 

Thame  that  rebelland  war  warrand.     isgoOowKK  Cnif.  II. 

196  The  king  of  1'uile,  which  was  tho,  Thoghte  ayein  Rome 

to  rebelle.     c  1460  FORTESCUE  Abs,  fy  Lim.  Man.  \\\.  (1885) 

114  ]<i  cause  tht;  commons. . haue  not  rebellid  ur  belli  liardy 

to  rebelle.     isz3  Ln.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  cii.  122  The  kyng 

:    ordayned  thcrlc  of  Salisbury.. into  the  northe  parties,  . .  for 

the   Scottes    had    rebelled    agayne   to   hym.      1560    Wnn  ic- 

HOUNK  Ord.  Souldiotirs  (1588}  35  b,  The  same  lownc  U-t-ini; 

!     rebelled  from  the  French  men,  ..  the  Venetians  ..  had  laid 

the    streets    full    of  artillerie.      1651    HOBRES    Lcriath.    \\\. 

xxxviii.  :?.|o  They  rebelled,  and  would  have  a  inortall  man 

j     for  their  King.     1718 Free-thinker  No.  56  f  9  It  is  asluni^h- 

j     ing.,  the  People  should  ever  rebell  fur  Slavery.    1767  Jiiniiis 

\     Lett.  xxxv.  163  You  would  not  be  the  fir.^t  priiKe  .  .  a^ainnt 

1     whom  they  have  rebelled.     1863  \Y.  PIIILLII-S  Speeches  \i.\. 

.    446  The  government.. deserves  to  be  rebelled  against. 

b.  To  resist,  oppose,  or  be  disobedient  to,  some 
one  having  authority  or  rule. 

1340  Ayenb.  28  f>o  rebelej?  be  enuyous  nor  to  s>enc!c  and  to 
de.s;rue  be  his  mi^te.  1382  WVCLII-  Xnmb.  xxvi.  y  In  the 
dissencyoun  of  Chore,  whanne  a^ens  tlie  Lord  tliei  rebelden. 
1495  Trcvisa's  Barth.  De  1\  A'.  iW.de  W.  \i.  xiv.  199  The 
faders  herte  is  sore  greuyd  yf  hi>.  chyldren  rebell  ayeint 
hym.  1526  PHgr.  Pcrf.  (\V.  de  W.  1531)  17  Rebellyng 
agaynst  theyr  prelates  &  curates.  1566  Pas<]iti>tt:  in  a 
'J'raitncc  50 b,  Howe  wilt  thou  that  they  should  In;  honu.st, 
I  if  in  their  cursed  othe,  they  rebel  from  Cliri^ie.  1631  GOUGE 
(it't/'s  Arro-ws  in.  §  69.  309  To  take  vengeance  of  such  as 
obstinately  rebell  against  his  will.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  vi. 
179  This  is  servitude,  To  serve  th'  unwise,  or  him  who  halli 
rebelld  Against  bis  worthier.  1817  SHKLI.KY  A'*.-'.  Islnui  i\-. 
xx,  They  . .  bend  beneath  the  spell  Of  that  young  maiden's 
I  speech,  and  to  their  chiefs  rebel. 

C.  transf.  or  fg.  in  various  contexts :  To  offer 
resistance,  exhibit  opposition,  to  feel  or  manifest 
repugnance,  etc. 

(•1386  CHAUCER  SqrSs  Pro/.  5,  I  wol  nat  rebelle  Agayn 
youre  lust  ;  a  tale  wol  I  telle.  1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  //', 
n.  iv.  379  His  Orace  sayes  t!iat,  whkh  his  flesli  rebells 
against.  1634  HKVWOOD  Maidenhead  lost  iv.  Wks.  1874 
I\'.  151  My  blood  rebells  against  my  reason.  1738  JOHNSON 
London  i,  Tlio' grief  and  fondne>s  in  my  breast  rebel,  When 
injur'd  Thales  bids  the  town  farewell.  1781  Cow  run  Re 
tirement  16  Thus  Conscience  pleads  her  cau>-j  ..  Though 
long  rebelled  against,  not  yet  suppressed.  185^  TLNNVSON 
fclaine  648  Amorous  adulation,  till  the  maid  Rebell'd 
against  it.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  2.  354  The  temper 
of  the  whole  people  rebelled  against  so  lawless  a  usurpation. 
td.  re/I.,  and  with  it.  Obs.  rare. 

1456  SIK  G.  HAVE  Law  Anns  (S.  T.  S.)  125  Quhen  ever 
a  baroun  risis  to  mak  were  on  his  king,  or  rebell  him  in  ony 
thing  to  cum  agaynis  him,  he  fallis  in  the  crime  uf  Icsc 
ningeste.  1656  S.  H.  Gold.  Law  68  Yet  it  kill'd  Achan,  and 
infinite  Innocents  enough  ..  to  have  rebell'd  it. 

•f  2.  trans.  To  oppose  rebelliously.   Obs.  rare~l. 

6-1450  HOLLAND  Hozulat  562  Quhen  they  rcbellit  the 
crovne,  and  couth  the  kyng  deir. 

Hence  t  Kebe'lled  ///.  a.,  in  active  sense;  in 
quot.  absol.  Obs. 

1667  MILTON /'.Z.  vi.  737,  I  ..  shall  soon,  Armed  with  thy 
might,  rid  Heav'n  of  these  rebell'd. 

Rebeldom  (re'beldsm).    [f.  REKEL  sb.  +  -DOM,] 

1.  The  domain  of  rebels.    Chiefly  applied  by  their 
opponents  to  the  Confederate  States   dining  the 
American  Civil  War. 

1862  OKAY  Lett.  (1893)  480  As  to  Rebeldom,  there  is  now 
hardly  any  State  that  we  have  not  got  some  foothold  in. 
1866  VISCT.  STRANGFORD  Selection  (1869)  II.  198  Its  neigh 
bours  call  it  Yaghistan,  the  land  of  revolt,  rebeldom. 

2.  Rebellious  behaviour. 

1859  THACKERAY  Virgin.  Ii,  Never  mind  his  rebeldom  of 
the  other  day. 

t  Rebe'llant,  a.  and  sb.  Obs,  rare.  [a.  OF. 
rebel/an^  pr.  pple.  of  rebeller  to  REBEL,  used  as 
adj.  and  sb.  in  I4~i6th  c.  (see  Godef,).]  a.  adj. 
Rebellious.  Const,  to.  b.  sb.  A  rebel.  Const,  to. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  217  That  other  infortuny  is 
exterialle,  that  man  scholde  haue  his  inferior  rebellante  to 
hym.  1586  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  lit.  xviii.  11597)  86  Rebel- 
lants  to  a  common  good,  and  sinning  without  awe.  1641 
SIR  E.  DEHING  Sp.  Relig.  xi.  38  Although  my  . .  reason  be 
rebellant  to  your  conclusions. 

Rebeller  (r/be'lw).  Now  rare.  Forms :  5 
(6  Sc.}  rebellour,  (5  -e),  5  rebellar,  (6  Sc.  -e), 
6-7  rebellior,  5-  rebeller.  [f.  REBEL  v.  +  -EK  l : 
see  also  -IOUR  and  -OUK.]  A  rebel,  one  who  rebels. 


REBELLING. 

1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Prtv.  Priv.  206  Sooner  Is 
graciously  hardyn  oone  Prayere  of  the  obedient,  than  ten 
thowsante  of  oon  rebelloure.  1495  Pas  ton  Lett.  III.  388 
The  shippes  with  the  Kynges  rebeliars.  1548  UDALL  Erasin. 
Par.  Luke  xxi.  166  A  continual!  rebeller  against  God. 
6-1640  J.  SMYTH  Lives  Berkeley*  (1883)  I.  290  The  same 
kjnge  affirmed  the  same  Maurice  to  bee  his  enemy  and  bis 
rebellion  ^1787  J.  BROWN  Sel.  Re»i.  (1807)  165  A  robber  of 
and  rebeller  against  God.  1837  CARLVLE  Fr.  Key.  I.  vi.  J, 
Who  is  it  that  especially  for  rebellers  and  abolishers  can 
make  a  Constitution? 

Rebelling  (r^be'lirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING!.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  REBEL. 

a  1340  HAM  POLE  Psalter  xvii.  41  Til  J>at  J>ai  faile  and  wile 
awey  and  leue  ^aire  rebellynge.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt.'s  T. 
1601  Myn  is..  The  murmure,  and  the  cherles  rebellyng. 
1560  A.  L.  tr.  Calvin's  Fourc  Ser»i.  Sottge  Ezcch.  i,  He 
tormenteth  . .  with  a  rebelling  uncomely  for  a  servant  of 
God.  1661  HF.YMN  Hist.  Ref.  II.  68  After  Absalom's  re 
belling  was  suppressed,  and  the  kingdom  setled. 

Rebelling  (i/be-lirj),  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  -.]  That  rebels  ;  rebellious. 

*575  GASCOIGSE  Flowers  Wks.  77,  I  thinke  the  Goddesse 
of  reuenge  deuisde  So  to  bee  wreackt  on  my  rebelling  wyll. 
1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  v.  iv.  96  The  Thunderer,  whose  Bolt .. 
Sky-planted,  batters  all  rebelling  Coasts.  #1677  MANTON 
Serin.  Ps.  cxixtc\v.  Wks.  1872  VIII.  91  An  unconstant  and 
rebelling  heart.  1847  J.  RIKK  Cloud  Dispelled  ii.  44  Sin  is 
the  intrusion  . .  of  a  free  and  rebelling  creature  on  the  plans 
..of  a  holy  God. 

Rebellion1  (r^be-lyan).  Forms:  4-5  rebell- 
youn,4~6  -ioun;  5  rebylione, -billion, -bely one, 
5-6  rebellyon(e,  4-  rebellion,  [a.  F.  rebellion 
(I4th  c.\  ad.  L.  rebellion-em  a  renewal  of  war, 
revolt,  rebellion,  f.  rebell-is  REBEL  aJ\ 

1.  Organized  armed  resistance  to  the  ruler  or 
government  of  one's  country  ;  insurrection,  revolt. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv,  425/1  Rebellyone,  or  vnbuxumnesse, 
rebellio.  c  1460  FORTESCUK  Abs.  fy  Lim.  Mon.  iii.  (1885)  114 
He  wolde  not  sett  any  such  charges  . .  vppon  the  nobles  for 
fere  of  rebillion.  1542-5  BRISKLOW  Lament.  (1874)  107 
They  teache  sedycyon,  &  cause  rebellyon  agaynst  the 
hygber  powers.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  If,  n.  iii.  109  In  grosse 
Rebellion,  and  detested  Treason.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xn. 
36  He  . .  from  Rebellion  shall  derive  his  name,  Though  of 
Rebellion  others  he  accuse.  1788  GIHUON  Decl.  <y  /•'.  xlvi. 
(18691  II-  7J7  Every  province  of  the  empire  was  ripe  for 
rebellion.  1857  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  I.  xii.  686  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  rebellion  is  the  last  remedy  against  tyranny. 

b.  With  a  and  pi.     An  instance  of  this. 

The  Great  Rebellion^  the  civil  war  of  1642-9  and  the 
Commonwealth  government  of  1649-60.  In  Sc.  Hist,  the 
name  of  Rebellion  is  spec,  applied  to  the  risings  of  1715  and 
1745,  and  in  U.  S.  Hist,  to  the  Civil  War  of  1861-5. 

1382  WYCLIF  i  Kings  xi.  27  The  cause  of  the  rebellious 
a^ens  hym.  1460  CAPGKAVF.  Chron.  62  He  was  sent  be 
Nero  to  Pales tyn,  for  to  withstand  the  rebellion  of  lewis. 
1511-2  Act  3  Hen,  lrIII,  c.  17  §  2  As. .  yf  the  same  treasones 
rebellyones  &  oder  mysdedes.  .h.idde  never  be  doone.  1602 
SHAKS.  Hani.  iv.  v.  121  What  is  the  cause  . .  That  thy  Re 
bellion  lookes  so  Gyant-like?  1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Ri'b. 
I.  §  i  To  present  to  the  world  a  full  ;md  clear  narration  of 
the  grounds,  circumstances,  and  artifices  of  this  Rebellion. 
1746  Ascanus  273  The  Duke  of  Perth,  .had  fur  some  Time 
been  suspected  by  the  Government  before  the  Rebellion 
broke  out.  i838TH[RLWALi.G'rm-£xiv.  1 1. 198  His  meditated 
expedition  had  been  delayed  by  a  rebellion  which  broke  out 
at  Babylon.  1861  LONGF.  m  Life  (1891)  II.  418  John  Bull 
is  not  behaving  well  about  this  Rebellion. 

c.  Law  (now  only  Sc.  Law).  Disobedience   to 
a  legal  summons  or  command  ;   also  etlipt.,  the 
fact  of  being  regarded  as  a  rebel  on  account  of 
such  disobedience. 

1550  Reg:  Privy  Council  Scot,  I.  102  Under  the  pane  of 
rebellious  1607  COWELL  Interpr.  s.v.,  Commission  of  re 
bellion.  . .  is  otherwise  called  a  writte  of  rebellion..,  and  it 
hath  vse,  when  a  man  after  proclamation  ..  to  present  him- 
selfe  to  the  court  by  a  certaine  day,  appeareth  not.  1666-88 
DALLAS  Stiles  (1697)  289  All  Goods,  Gear,,  .that  shall  happen 
to  fall.,  to  him  in  any  time  coming  during  his  Rebellion.  1720 
T.  WOOD  Instit.  Laws  Eng.  iv.  i.  (1722)  463  If  a  Non  cst 
Inventus  is  Return'd,  then  an  Attachment  with  Proclama 
tion  of  Rebellion  Goes  against  Him;  and  if  He  stands 
further  out  in  Contempt,  then  a  Commission  of  Rebellion 
may  be  issued,  a  1768  ERSKINE  Inst.  Law  Scot.  n.  v.  §  61 
All  moveables  belonging  to  the  rebel  [at]  the  time  of  his 
rebellion,  .fall  under  his  single  escheat,  whether  the  rebellion 
proceeds  on  denunciation,  or  on  conviction  in  a  criminal 
trial.  1882  WATSON  BelCs  Diet.  Law  Scot.  s.v. 

2.  Open  or  determined  defiance  of,  or  resistance 
to,  any  authority  or  controlling  power. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  ix.  6  PC  swerdis  of  onre  enmy  ere 
be  rebellions  of  be  deuel.  c  1430  LYDC.  Min.  Poems  (Percy 
Soc.)  141  He  was  bounde  by  lawe  . .  To  pay  his  dymes,  and 
for  rebellioun  I  cursyd  hym.  1552  ABI-.  HAMILTON  Catech. 
(1884'  43  Without  ony  murmur  rebellioun  or  contradictioun. 
1595  SHAKS.  John,  in.  i.  289  Thy  later  vows,  against  thy  first, 
Is  in  thy  selfe  rebellion  to  thy  selfe.  1715  DE  FOE  Fattt. 
Instruct,  i.  iv.  (1841)  I.  92  Contempt  of  God,  and  rebellion 
against  your  parents.  1781  COWPER  Hope  565  His  aim  was 
mischief  . .  His  speech  rebellion  against  common  sense.  1885 
E.  GARRETT  (Mrs.  Mayo)  At  any  Cost  xiii.  235  Perhaps 
some  rebellion  against  his  destiny  accounts  for  bis  atheism. 
fb.  Of  ulcers:  Obstinacy.  Obs.~l 

1541  R.  COPLAND  Galyens  Terap.  2  Div,  It  happeneth 
that  some  vlceres  and  diseases  are  contumacy  and  rebellyon 
[sic]  to  heale.  Howbeit  indicacyon  curatyfe  is  nat  taken  of 
this  contumacy  and  rebellyon. 

f  C.  Opposition,  variance.   Obs.  rare. 
1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Ltvw  Arms  t'S.  T.  S.)  78  Nowspere  I.. 

gif  man  suld    have  this   rebellioun   and   contrarietee,  ane 

agaynis  ane  othir,  quhen  thai  ar  of  divers  complexiouns? 
tRebe'llion2.  Obs.  [ad. late  i, at.  rebellidn-eni, 

f.  as  prec.]     A  rebel. 


222 

1461  Pas  ton  Lett,  II.  27  The  seyd  Stapylton,  &c.,  makyn 
gret  gaderyngs  of  the  Kyngs  rebelyones,  lying  in  wayte  to 
morderme.  1543  GRAFTON  C<wf«.  ffanluif +y  Assy*  manne 
beyng  a  traytoure  or  rebellion  hertofore  to  hys  grace. 

Rebellior,  obs.  form  of  REBELLEB. 

Rebellious  j/"be'lyas),<z.  Also  5  rebellous(e. 
[ad.  L.  type  *rebeUdsus  or  *rebelliosusy  f.  rebellis 
REBEL  a.,  or  rebellio  REBELLION.  Cf.  obs.  F.  re- 
bdleux  (Godef.).] 

1.  Insubordinate,  defying  lawful  authority;   be 
longing  to  a  party  of  rebels.     Const,  against ',  to. 

Rebellious  Assembly,  in  Cowell  (1607)  and  later  Diets.,  is 
defined  in  accordance  with  the  act  cited  in  quot.  1553. 

1433-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls  >  II.  449  Men  of  Peloponense 
beynge  rebellous  ageyne  men  of  Athenes.  c  1450  St.  Cutk- 
bcrt  (Surtees)  4812  To  ilk  man  he  was  rebellouse.  1535 
COVERDALE  Esther  xiii.  7  They  which  of  olde  (and  now  also) 
haue  euer  bene  rebellious.  1553  Act  i  Mary  n.  c.  xii,  An 
Acte  againste  unlawfull  and  rebellyous  Assembles.  1611 
BIBLK  Transit  Pref.  3  A  Pandect  of  profitable  lawes  against 
rebellious  spirits.  1641  THORNDIKE  Prim.  Govt.  Ch.  Kp. 
Ded.,  It  is  a  Child  rebellious  to  the  Fathers  intentions. 
1738  WESLEY  fiymn,  '  Fat  her t  how  •wide  thy  glory  shines' 
iv.  When  we  view  thy  strange  Design  To  save  rebellious 
Worms.  1795  SOUTHEY  Joan  of  Arc  v.  61  My  weak  heart 
..Will  beat,  rebellious  to  its  own  resolves.  1871  R.  ELLIS  j 
tr.  Catullus  Ixiii.  13  Lost  sheep  that  err  rebellious  to  the  j 
lady  Dindymene.  1888  Miss  BKADDON  Fatal  Three  i.  i,  | 
A  horrid  rebellious  girl  who  has  been  expelled  from  a  school. 

absol.     i46z  Pol.  Poems  (.Rulls)   II.  270  Alle  rebellyous    ' 
undyr  he  sdial  hem  brynge.     1611  BIBLE.P.S.  Ixvi.  7  Let  not 
the  rebellious  exalt  themselues.     1667  MILTON  P.  L.  \\.  414 
On  th'  other  part  Satan  with  his  rebellious  disappeerd. 
b.  transf.  of  the  hand,  head,  a  weapon,  etc. 

c  1580  SIDNEY  Ps.  xvn.  vi,  Thou  by  faithful!  men  wilt  : 
stand,  And  save  them,  from  rebellious  hand.  1605  SHAKS.  \ 
Jfticb.  i.  ii.  56  Point  against  Point,  rebellious  Anne  'gainst  ; 
Arme.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  in.  86  Revenge,  that  shall  re-  j 
dound  Upon  bis  own  rebellious  head.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  of 
L.  n.  xxxii,  Douglas  ne'er  Will  level  a  rebellious  spear.  , 
1848  LVITON  Harold  \\.  ii,  When  Mangor..let  loose  his  re-  I 
bellious  tongue. 

C.  transf.  of  intoxicating  liquor.  rare~l. 

1600  SHAKS.  A.  J".  /-.  11.  iii.  49  In  my  youth  I  neuer  did    ! 
apply  Hot  and  rebellious  liquors  in  my  bloud. 

2.  Of  actions,  etc.  :  Characteristic  of  a  rebel  or    ! 
of  rebels  ;  marked  by  rebellion. 

1492  Rolls  of  Par  It.  VI.  447,1  Joyed  in  rumour  and  re-     , 
bellous  novelries.     1544   BALE   Sir  J.   Oldcastle  20  Vpon     ' 
youre  rebellyouse  contumacye  ye  were  both  excommuni-     , 
cated.      1667    MILTON  P.    L,    vi.    786    His    hapless    Foes, 
.  .to  rebellious  fight  rallied  thir  Powers.     121704  T.  BROWN     , 
On  Dk.  Ormotufs  Recov.  Wks.  1730  I.  50  Caesar  to  aid,  and     i 
end  rebellious  strife.     i86z  LONGF.  Wayside  Inn  Prel.  113 
The  sword  his  grandsire  bore  In  the  rebellious  days  of  yore.     \ 

3.  Of  things  :  Offering  resistance  to  manipulation 
or  treatment ;  refractory,    a.  Of  diseases,  sores,  etc. 

1578  LYTE  Dodoens  i.  xv.  24  Very  good  against,  .rebellious 
old  sores.    1600  SUKFLET  Countrie  Far  me  m.  liv.  557  They..     . 
v>e  tbeoyle  for  rebellious  ringwormes.     1698  FRYER  Ace.  E. 
India  A>  P.  229  It  [a  tumour]  is  rebellious  to  all  common     . 
Medicines.     1899  Allbutfs  Sy&t.  Mcd,  VIII.  800  Few  skin    I 
lesions  have  proved  more  rebellious  [than  lupus], 
b.  Of  material  things. 

1594  GREENE  &.   LODGE  Looking  Gl.   G.'s  Wks.  (Rtldg.) 
120/1   If  his  inane  grow  out  of  order,  and  he  have  any  re-     ! 
bellious    hairs.      1828    SCOTT  F.    M.    Perth   xvii,    'Bring 
forward  ',  he  said,  '  our  key . .  and  apply  it  to  this  rebellious    ' 
gate'.     1882  Rep.  to  Ho.  Repr.  Prec.  Met.  U.S.  609  The    ' 
new  processes  for  the  treatment  of  rebellious  gold  ores. 

Rebelliously  (i/be'lyssli),  adv.  [f.  prec.  + 
-LY  -.]  In  a  rebellious  mnnner. 

I55i-a  ^cf  5  <$•  6  Edu>.  l'ft  c.  xi.  §  3  If  any  person  . .  re-  ! 
belliouslye  doe.  .withholde  from  our  saide  Soveraigne  Lorde 
.  .Castles  [etc.].  <*x66i  HOLY  DAY  T'wz'''"'^' (1673)  7 3  The  beast 
is  forraign  and  behaves  himself  rebelliously.  1729  BUTLER 
Serm.  Hum.  Nat.  ii.  Wks.  1874  II.  28  Men  violate  [con 
science]  and  rebelliously  refuse  to  submit  to  it.  1884  FREE 
MAN  in  Manch.  Guard.  22  Sept.  5/6  The  body  which  thus 
disloyally,  almost  rebelliously,  flouted  the  crown. 

Rebelliousness  (r*brlyaai6s).  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -NESS.]  The  slate  of  being  rebellious. 

1583  I'OXE  A.  fy  Af.   (1596)  299/2  The  king  ..perceming     , 
the  waiwardnesse  of  his  owne  clergie,  or  rather  rebelUous- 
nesse.     1649  ROBF.KTS  C  lav  is  Bibl.   374  Teaching  us  sub-     , 
mission,  and  bridling  all  undutifulness  and  rebelliousness. 
1681  H.  MOKE  E.\-p.  Dan.  Pref.  90  Our  Schismaticalness 
and  Rebelliousness.     1873  HELPS  Anim,  $  Mast.  i.  (1875)    ; 
29  The  singular  rebelliousness  of  young  people. 

Rebellour(e,  obs.  forms  of  RESELLER. 

Rebellow  (nbe'10»),  v.  [f.  RE-  +  BELLOW  v., 
after  L.  rebodre  (see  RE-  2  a).J 

1.  intr.  Of  cattle  :  To  bellow  in  reply  or  in  turn. 
Also  transf.  of  the  wind. 

1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  x.  46  The  raging  buls  rebellow 
through  the  wood.  [1700  DRYDEN  Pal,  $•  Arc.  m.  140  For 
thee  the  bulls  rebellow  through  the  groves.]  1776  MICKLE 
tr.  Camoens'  Lttsiad  240  The  blast  rebellows  o'er  the  ocean 
wide,  a  1790  WARTON  Poet.  Wks.  (1802)  II.  179  Rebellows 
to  the  roar  the  staggering  ox. 

b.  Of  places  or  material  objects :    To  re-echo 
loudly  (to  or  with  a  sound  ;  also  rarely  to  the  agent 
producing  the  sound).     Freq.  in  i8th  c. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  viit.  n  He  loudly  brayd  with  beastly 
yelling  sownd,  That  all  the  fields  rebellowed  againe.  1697 
DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  i.  686  Here  the  Rhine  rebellows  with 
Alarms.  1715-20  POPIC  Iliad  \.  1057  Earth  and  heaven  re 
bellow  to  the  sound.  1791  COWPKR  Iliad  n.  566  The  earth 
Rebellow'd  to  the  feet  of  steeds  and  men.  1837  CAKLYLE 
Fr.  Rev.  I.  vn.  i,  The  Palais  Royal  rebellows  with  Veto. 

c.  Of  sounds;  To  re-echo  loudly,   lit.  andyi^. 

a  1806  K.  WHITE  GondoL  Ixxii,  Hollow  peals  of  laughter 
loud  Again  rebellow'd  rouiid.  1867  GOLDW.  SMITH  Three 


BEBIND. 

Eng.  Statesmen  (1882)  198  A  storm  of  denunciation,  which 
still  rebellows  in  the  histories. 

2.  trans.  To  return  or  repeat  (a  sound)  in  a 
bellowing  tone. 

1765  Meretriciad(tA.  6)  51  Panders,  Boys,  and  Men,  In 
cadence  hoarse,  re-bellow  out— Amen.  1800  W.  TAYLOR  in 
Monthly  $Iag.  X.  425  Echo  hears,  and  aloud  more  wildly 
rebellows  the  bellow.  1807  J.  ADAMS  Wks.  (1854)  IX.  592 
The  English,  the  Scotch,  the  tories,  and  hyperfederalists 
will  rebellow  their  execrations  against  me. 

Hence  Kebe'llowing  ppl.  a. 

1712  BLACKMORE  Creation  260  And  strike  rebellowing  caves 
on  either  side.  1789  E.  DARWIN  Bot.  Card.  n.  (1791)  60  With 
loud  acclaim,  A  present  God  !  they  cried.  A  present  God, 
rebellowing  shores  reply'd. 

Rebelly  (re-beli),  a.  rare.  [f.  REBEL  sb.  +  -Y1.] 
Inclined  to  rebellion;  marked  by  lebelliousness. 

1827  LADY  MORGAN  O'Briens  $•  O* Flaherty*  II.  328  Did 
you  not  give  me  your  word,  .that  you  knew  nothing  of  that 
rebelly  thief?  1849  Fraser's  Mag.  XXXIX.  490  Lauda 
tions  of  such  persons  as  Hugh  O'Neill,  and  the  RedO'Don- 
nell  and  others  (vide  the  recent  rebelly  literature  f>assim). 

f  Rebelly,  adv.  Obs.-1  [f.  REBEL  a.  +  -LY  a.] 
Rebelliously. 

c  1400  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxv,  If  bei  drawe 
fer  fro  hym  rebellyche,  he  shulde  sey  to  hem  in  bat  caas  as 
when  he  seketh  for  be  hare. 

t  Ke'belness.  Obs.  [f.  REBEL  a,  +  -NESS.] 
Rebelliousness. 

ct&oAntecrist  in  Todd  Three  Treat.  IVycltf  (i%$i)  145 
To  putte  out  of  chirche  for  rebelnesse  to  hem.  c  1450  St. 
Cnthbert  (Surtees)  3376  paiin  self  of  rebelnes  bai  blamed. 
1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  ccvi.  187  With  hem  that  were 
outlawed  oute  of  Englond  for  hyr  rebelnesse. 

Re-belo'Ve,  v.  trans.  ?  Obs.  [RE-.]  To  love 
in  return.  (Only  \npass.} 

1592  WARNER  A  lt>.  F.ng.  vn.  xxxvi.  i75Erickmon  languish  t 
all  this  while  not  re-beloued  long.  1649  EARL  MONM.  tr. 
Renault's  Use  Passions  (1671)  238  He  loves  without  hope  of 
being  re-beloved. 

t  Rebel  rout,  var.  RABBLE  KOUT,  by  confusion 
with  REBEL  sbJ- 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Rebel-rout^  the  Rabble, 
running  Riot. 

Re-belry.  nonce-wd.  [f.  REBEL  sbl  +  -BY.  Cf. 
revelry^  The  behaviour  characteristic  of  rebels. 

1893  LELAND  Mem.  II.  no,  I. .joined  in  the  dreadful 
rebelry  and  returned  unharmed. 

t  Rebelty.  Obs.  [ad.  OF.  rebelled  (Godef.) : 
see  REBEL  a.  and  -TY.]  Rebellion. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  75  Not  for  rebelte  ajenst  god 
ne  his  lawe.  1388  —  i  Kings  xi.  27  This  was  cause  of  re 
belte  a^cns  the  kyng. 

Re-bemi*re,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  bemire  again. 

1608  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iv.  iv.  Decay  786  But  Israel 
back  to  his  vomit  turns,  Him  rebemires. 

Rebe'nd,  v.  [R.E-  5  a.]  trans.  To  bend  again 
c*r  in  a  new  direction  (in  various  senses  of  the  word). 

1601  SIR  W.  COKNWALLIS  Ess.  ii.  xxvii.  P  4  Custome  is  a 
mettal  that  stands  which  way  so  euer  it  is  bent  &  is  not  to 
be  re  bent  without  the  danger  of  breaking.  1611  FLORID, 
Reclinatorio,  rebending  or  inclining  againe.  c  1828  BERRY 
EncycL  Her.  s.v.,  Rebending,  is  the  same  as  bowed  em- 
bowed,  bent  first  one  way  and  then  another  like  the  letter  S. 
1832  MARRYAT  A*.  Forster  xi,  Her  topsail-sheet  was  . .  soon 
rebent.  1897  KIPLING  Captains  Courageous  48  These  hooks 
are  made  of  soft  metal  to  be  rebent  after  use. 

So  Rebeud  sb.^  a  bend  following  another. 

1893  H.  M.  DOUGHTY  Our  W  lurry  in  Wendish  Lands  63 
We  . .  unravelled  the  bends  and  rebends  and  surrebends  of 
the  Geeste. 

t  Re-benedi'ction.  Obs.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  second 
or  renewed  benediction. 

1611  FLORJO,  Ribenedittione^  a  rebenediction.  1656  EARL 
MONM.  tr.  Boccalints  Pol.  Touchstone  (1674)  289  The  re- 
benediction  of  the  most  Christian  King,  Henry  the  Fourth. 

Re-besie-ge,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  besiege  again. 

ai66x  FULLER  Worthies,  Lincoln  n.  (1662)  159  Tyrone 
credit  now  lay  a  bleeding,  when  to  stanch  it,  he  rebesieged 
Blackwater.  ^ 

t  Rebesk,  a.  Obs.~"  [Aphetic  f.  arabesque ;  cf. 
It.  rabcsco  (Florio).]  =  ARABESQUE  a.  i. 

1611  COTGK.,  Arabesque.,  Rebeske  work<£;  a  small  and 
curious  flourishing.  1656  in  BLOUNT  (hence  in  Phillips,  etc.). 

Re-bestow,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  bestow 
again.  So  Rebestowal. 

1835  LVTTOS  Rienzt\i\.  ix,  A  fair  name  vindicated,  and 
rightful  honours  re-bestowed.  1896  Daily  News  ii  Dec  2/6 
His  formal  placing  of  his  office  in  the  hands  of  the  Academi 
cians,  and  their  equally  formal  rebestowal  of  it. 

tRebet,  v.  Sc.  Obs.~l  [App.  ad.  F.(J<?)  rebattrc 
to  turn,  take  a  new  course  -  REBATE  v.1]  intr.  To 
return. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  x.  802  Gret  harm  it  war  at  he  suld 
be  ourset ;  With  new  power  thai  will  on  him  rebel. 

Ke-beta-ke,  v.  [HE-  5  a.]  reft.  To  betake 
(oneself)  again  to  a  place,  etc. 


St. 

Kebeue,  obs.  form  of  RKBUKE  sb. 

E.e-bewai-1,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  bewail  anew. 

,11711  KEN  Psyche  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  166  They  re- 
bewail'd  their  own,  and  publick  crimes. 

Rebillion,  obs.  form  of  REBELLION. 

Rebind  (rfbai-nd),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
bind  again,  in  senses  of  the  vb. ;  esp.  to  give  a  new 
binding  to  (a  book).  Hence  Kebi-nding  vbl.  st>. 

1850  Kisusuiv  Alt.  Locke  )ixv,  He  had  numbers  of  his 


REBIRTH. 


223 


REEOTJND. 


books  rebound  in  plain  covers.    i$&$  Spectator  A,  Feb.  120/2  i 

A  great  victory  might  still  rebind  the  fetters  upon  its  serfs,  j 

1886  Athenseum  30  Oct.  566/2  Why  these  old  covers  were  , 

not  restored  to  the  volume  on  its  rebinding  it  is  hard  to  say.  j 

Rebirth  (nbauj?).     [RE-  5  a ;  cf.  REBORN.]    i 

A  second  birth  (physical  or  spiritual)  ;  also^.  of 
things. 

In  common  use  from  c  1850,  now  especially  with  reference  i 
to  the  reincarnation  of  the  soul  in  new  forms. 

1837  tr.  Guizot's  Hist.  Ch'iliz.  vi.  196  This  re-birth  of  the  } 
spirit  of  free  inquiry.  1853  BAILEY  Mystic,  etc.  22  The  de 
struction  and  re-birth  of  things  He  saw.  1866  J.  MARTINI' AH 
Ess.  I.  14  The  rebirth  of  his  heart  was  indispensable.  1871 
ALABASTER  Wheel  of  Law  p.  xlv,  The  request  to  a  living 
Buddha  to  reward  an  offering  by  some  particular  rebirth. 

f  Rebi'te,  z;.1   Obs.~~l     trans.   To  bite  in  return. 

1594  T.  B.  La  Printaud.  Fr.Acad.  11.  325  When  the  heart  ! 
is  wounded  with  griefe  by  any  one,  it  desireth  . .  to  rebite  j 
him  of  whome  it  is  bitten. 

Rebite  (rfbart),  v.'2  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  j 
bite  ngain  (in  sense  n  of  the  vb.).  Hence  Be-  I 
bi'ting  fbl.  sb. 

1816  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  fy  Art  II.  768  When  any 
part  of  the  plate  is  materially  too  faint,  it  may  be  rebitten. 
1822   IMISON  Sc.  <§•  Art  II.  429  This  second  biting  in  the    , 
same  lines  is  called  re-biting.      1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Afec/t. 
1809/1  The  parts  which  do  not  require  rebiting. 

Reble'SS,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To  bless  again. 

1599  SANDYS  Europe  Sf>ec.  (1632)  181  The  Popes  refusal! 
to  reblesse  the  King  upon  his  sodame  reconversion.     16:4 
C.   BROOKR  Eclogue  Poems  (1872)   159  Take  thy  pleasant    i 
reed,  And  with  thy  melody  reblesse  mine  eare.     1630  J.    - 
TAYLOK   (.Water  P.)    Wks,   \\.    303/1   At   last  the  Pope  was 
pleased,  and  I  reblest. 

Rebloom  (nblw-m),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  To 
bloom  again. 

1605  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  in.  in.  Law  1236  His  oft-    \ 
quickned  Rod,  Which  dead,  re-buds,  re-blooms,  and  Almonds 
bears.     1793  SOUTHEY  Lines  isf  December  xi,  Nature  soon     i 
..  Shall  ..  Expand  the  bursting  bud  again,  And  bid  the 
flower  re-bloom.     1812  CRABBE  Tales  59  Faded  beauty  with 
new  grace  re-bloom'd.  1864  TENNYSON  Aylmers  F.  142  They 
. .  Gather 'd  the  blossom  that  rebloom'd. 

Reblossom  (nbl^-sam),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  , 
To  blossom  again. 

1611    FI.ORIO,    RigerMogliante^   budding   or    burgeoning    1 
againe,  reblossoming.     1747  Gent/.  Alag.  339  Your  charms    - 
reblossom  in  a  female  face.     1768   STERNE  Sent.    Journ.     \ 
(1778)  II.  55  (The  Sword)  The  little  tree  his  pride  and  af-     ' 
fection  wish'd  to  see  re-blossom.     1863  LYTTON  Caxtoniana 
I.  115  Mere  dandies  are  but  cut  flowers  in  a  bouquet — once 
faded,  they  never  can  reblossom. 

Re-blue*,  v.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  make 
(the  sky)  blue  again. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  i.  \\.Handie-crafts  13  Fair 
Goddesse  that  renew'st  Th'  old  golden  age,  ^&  brightly 
now  re-blew'st  Our  cloudy  sky. 

Reboailt  (re'b0«ant),  a.  Chiefly  poet.  [a.  L. 
reboant-,  ppl.  stem  of  reboare,  f.  re-  RE-  2  a  + 
boare  to  bellow :  cf.  R^BOATION.]  Rebellowing, 
re-echoing  loudly. 

1830  TKNNYSON  Conf.  Sensit.  Mind  97  Unpiloted  i1  the 
echoing  dance  Of  reboant  whirlwinds.  1844  MRS.  BROWNING 
Vis.  J\>efs  13  Spiritual  thunders  ..  Crushing  their  echoes 
reboant  With  their  own  wheels. 

Reboa-rd,  v.  rare.  [RE-.]  trans.  To  board 
(a  vessel)  again  or  in  return. 

CI594  CAFT.  WYATT  R.  Dudleys  I'ny.  U'.  Ind.  (Hakluyt) 
ii  After  great  bordinge  and  rebordinge  each  other,  one  the 
morrow  wee  solemnlie  feasted  one  another.  Ibid.  19. 

t  Re  bo  at  ion.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  L.  reboare  :  see 
REBOANT  and  -ATION.]  A  rebellowing  echo. 

1654  R.  CODRINGTON  tr.  Iiisttne  xxiv.  337  The  sound  is 
heard  more  multiplyed  by  the  reboation.  1659  HP.  PATRICK 
Div.  Arith.  2,  I  imagine  that  I  should  hear  the  reboation 
of  an  universal  groan.  [1736  in  BAILEY  ;  hence  in  Johnson 
and  later  Dicts.J 

t  Rebo'dy,  v.  trans.  Obs.—1    —  RE  -EMBODY  v. 

1622  H.  SYDENHAM  Sertn.  So?.  Occ.  n.  (1637)  174  Man.  .is 
.  -rebodied  with  the  soule,  to  the  honour  of  a  Resurrection. 

fReboil,  sb.  Obs.—*-  [f.  next.]  Wine  which 
has  fermented  a  second  time. 

£•1460  J.  RUSSELL  Bk.  Nurture  115  The  reboyle  to  Rakke 
to  f>e  lies  of  be  rose  bat  shalle  be  his  amendynge. 

t  Xteboi'l,  v.1  Obs.  Forms :  5  reboille,  5-7 
-boyle,  6-7  -boile.  [a.  OK.  rebouillir  (i3thc.  in 
Littre) :— L.  rebulll-re  to  bubble  up :  see  BOIL  v. 
and  EBULLITION.] 

1.  intr.  Of  wine  :  To  ferment  a  second  time. 
1444  Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  114/1  Neither  Clusters  of  Grapes, 

ne  hole  Grapes  ..  yat  myght  cause  yat  Wyne  after  that  to 
reboille  or  myscare.  c  1460  J.  RUSSELL  Bk.  Nurture  no 
Take  good  hede  to  be  wynes..)?at  bey  not  reboyle  nor  lete. 
1594  PLAT  Jewell-ho.  m.  63  If  anie  sweete  Wines  happen  to 
reboile  in  the  hot  part  of  the  Summer.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny 
I.  417  New  wine,  .must  be  suffered  to  work:  and  afterwards 
to  reboile  and  work  againe.  .the  Summer  following. 

2.  intr.  To  boil  up  or  over  (in _/?£•.  uses). 

1477  SIR  T.  PASTON  in  P.  Lett.  III.  174  It  semythe  that 
the  worlde  is  alle  qwaveryng  ;  it  will  reboyle  somwher.  1531 
ELVOT  GOT.  n.  vii.  Some  of  his  companyons  therat  re- 
boyleth,  infamynge  hym  to  be  a  man  without  charitie.  1556 
PHAER  sEneid  iv.  Liljb,  Fixed  vnderneth  her  brest  her 
wound  reboyleth  fast.  1601  F.  GODWIN  Bps.  of  Ens;.  501 
The  auncient  hatred  he  bore  vnto  the  king  . .  now  rebelled 
in  his  stomacke. 

\>.  trans.  To  cause  to  boil  up  (fig-}- 

«  1529  SKELTON  Ref>lyc.  Wks.  1843  I.  209  These  demy 
diuines  . .  feruentiy  reboyled  with  the  infatuate  flames  of 
their  rechelesse  youthe. 

Hence  t  Rebelled  ///.  a, ;  f  Rebelling  vbl.  sb.     \ 


143*  Rolls  ofrarlt.  IV.  405/2  After  the!  have  lyen  a  little 
while,  thanne  for  reboylyng.  .because  of  the  saide  falsnesse 
they  wer  all  noght.  •*  1483  Liber  Niger  in  Housch.  Ord. 
(1790)  73  If  any  wynes  be  corrupted,  reboyled,  or  unwhol- 
some  for  mannys  body.  1513  W.  DE  WORDE  Bk,  Kcrnynge 
in  Babees  Bk.  267  Drawe  the  reboyled  wyne  to  y«  lyes,  & 
it  shal  helpe  it.  1598  FLORIO,  Ribollimenio,  a  reboyling, 
a  heating,  or  skalding. 

Reboil  (rfboH),  v$  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
boil  again  (///.  and^/fcf.).  Hence ReboiTinge^/.^. 

1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Ulan  267  [The  vein]  powreth  the 
blood  into  the  right  ventricle  ..,  there  it  is  reboyled  and 
attenuated.     1628  tr.   iMatkieifs   Powcrfull  Favorite   120 
Tiberius  hailing  boyled  and  reboyled  his  project  in  his  heart. 
1806  A.  HUNTER  Culina  (ed.  3)  247  Let  them  [eggs]  be  re- 
boiled  for  the  same  space  of  time  as  at  firpt.     1875  Miss 
BIRD  Sandwich  Isl.  fiSSo)  76  This  rebelling  of  the  drainings 
is  repeated  two  or  three  times. 

Reboiler,  v. :  sec  RE-  5  c. 

Reboise  (rfboi-z),  v.  rare.  [ad.  F.  relwiscr,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  hois  wood.]  trans.  To  reafforest,  reforest. 

1891  in  Cent.  Ditt. 

Reboise ment  (r^oi'zment).  [a.  F.  reboise- 
mcnt,  f.  rehoiser  :  see  pi'ec.]  Reafforestation. 

1882  Pall  Mall  C.  10  Aug.  5/1  By  reboisement  of  much 
waste  land  wholly  unlit  for  the  plough.  1893  R.  KIPLING 
Many  Invent.  189  The  reboisement  of  all  India  is  in  its  hand. 

t  Rebo'ke,  v.  Obs.  [f.  RE-  -t-  hokey  var.  BOLK  v.] 
intr.  To  belch,  eructate. 

1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1570^  229  He  is  king  of 
dronkardes  and  of  dronkennes  Reputed  of  them.  .As  grunt 
ing  and  drinking,  reboking  up  agayne.  1514  —  Cyt.  <V 
Uplondyshm.  (Percy  Soc.i  47  Sometime  thy  felowe  reboketh 
in  thy  face,  a  1529  SKELTON  Bouge  of  Court  180  His  stomak 
stuffed  nfte  tymes  did  reboke. 

BebO'lt,  v.     [RK-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  bolt  fa  door)  again. 

1877  Sunday  Mag.  n^/i  John  came  back,  rebolted  the 
scullery  door,  looked  to  his  other  fastenings  [etc.], 

2.  To  cut  up  again  into  bolts  or  lathes.     Hence 
reholting-machine  ^see  qnot.). 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mcch.  1899/1  Rel'olting-tnachine^  a 
species  of  sawing-machine  for  rebolting  large  blocks  of 
timber  without  quite  separating  smaller  bolts  from  each 
other.  [Description  follows.] 

Rebon,  obs.  variant  of  REBOUND  sb. 

E,e-book,  t>-  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and  intr.  To 
book  again  (see  BOOK  v.  4  b). 

1864  Raifa*.  Time  Tallet  Passengers  cannot  be  re-booked 
at  any  Intermediate  Station  by  the  Train  in  which  they  are 
travelling.  1885  Law  Rep.  14  Q.  B.  D.  223  At  Stockport 
the  plaintiff  re-booked  to  Aihton-under-Lyne. 

Reboot,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REBUT  v. 

Re-bore,  V.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  bore  (a  gun- 
barrel,  wheel,  etc.)  again. 

1821  COL.  HAWKER  Diary  (1893^  I.  239  Weight  of  gun  since 
reboring.  .83  Ib.  1884  F.  J.  BRITTEN  Watch  <y  Clockm.  152 
If  the  wheel  is  out  of  truth  it  must  be  re-bored. 

Reborn (rz~bjr.ni)  ,pa.pple.  and///,  a.  [RE-  5  a.] 
Born  again  (physically  or  spiritually). 

1598  FLORIO,  Rinato,  reborne  or  sprung  vp  againe.  1614 
H.  GREENWOOD  Jayle  Deliv.  476  O  better  for  these  never 
to  have  been  borne,  then  not  to  be  reborne.  1652  BESLOWES 
Theoph.  iv.  iv,  The  New-man  is  By  th'  quickning  Spirit  of 
the  High 'si  reborn.  1842  PUSICY  Crisis  Eng.Ch.  12  Through 
her  we  were  reborn,  within  her  have  we  been  trained.  1871 
ALABASTER  \Vheel  of  L,aiv  p.  xxxix,  According  to  them,  it 
is  not  the  soul  or  self  which  is  reborn,  but  the  quality. 
b.  transf.  of  things. 

1824  Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  i.  (1863)  17  The  road  is 
alive  again.  Noise  is  re-born.  1864  PUSEV/,*-^.  Daniel  \\\, 
105  Noah  at  the  head  of  the  newly  cleansed  and  as  it  were 
reborn  world. 

Iteborrow  (rfbfrtfu),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
borrow  back  again  ;  to  borrow  anew.  Also  absol. 

1631  P.p.  H.  KIXG  On  Death  Dr.  Donne,  Nor  is't  fit  Thou, 
who  didst  lend  our  age  such  summes  of  wit,  Shoulds't  now 
reborrow  from  her  Bankrupt  Mine  That  Ore  to  bury  thee, 
which  once  was  thine.  1806  W.  TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mew. 
(1843)  II.  135  For  your  specimens  I  will  re-borrow  and  tran 
scribe  an  ode  or  two  of  Stevens.  1863  GLADSTONE  F  inane. 
Statetn.  393  We  shall  ask  the  House  to  intrust  us  with 
power  to  reborrow  that  money.  1885  Laiv  Times  Rep,  LI  I. 
800/1  One  of  the  powers  of  the  company  is  to  borrow  and 
reborrow  for  the  purposes  of  the  company. 

Rebosa,  Reboso  :  see  REBOZO. 

Rebo'ttle,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  bottle  again. 

1807  SOUTHEY  in  Robberds  Mem.  IV.  Taylor  (1843)  II.  198 
To  rebottle  water  which  he  has  distilled  till  it  has  lost  all  its 
life  and  freshness.  1888  J.  ELLIS  New  Christianity  vi.  137 
The  clear  portion  of  the  wine  must  be  carefully  removed  . . 
and  then  heated  and  rebottled  and  corked  while  hot. 

Rebouk,  obs.  form  of  REBUKE  v. 

Rebounce,  v.  [RE-.]  To  bounce  back  or  again. 

1616  J.  LANE  Cont.  Sqr.'s  T.  vn.  245  [The  fight]  More  and 
more  encreasinge,  hotter  grew,  ,.  bownclng,  rebowncinge, 
new  noise  immitatinge. 

Rebound  (r/bairnd),  sb.  Also  5  rebon,  6  re- 
bowne.  [f.  the  vb.  Cf.  K.  rv&JM?(l6th  c.).  The 
early  forms  without  d  are  prob.  a.  AF.  reboun 
(Go  wer).] 

fl.  ?  Noise,  din.   Obs.-1 

c  1485  Dig-fry  Myst.  in.  1465  Who  made  the  so  hardy  to 
make  swych  rebon? 

1 2.  A  violent  blow.  Obsr* 

Cf.  mod.Sc.  '  He  got  a  great  rebound  for  his  carelessness ', 
i.e.  a  severe  rebuke  or  reprimand. 

a  1500  Sir  Beues  (Pynson)  3515  Than  rode . .  syr  Terry  To 
the  kynges  broder  . .  And  gaue  to  hym  suche  a  rebowne 
That  both  he  and  his  hors  fel  downe. 


3.  The  act  of  bounding  back  after  striking ;  re 
silience,  return,  recoil. 

a.  of  material  things. 

1530  PALSGR.  261/1  Rebounde  of  a  ball,  bond.  1596 
RALEIGH  Disccv.  Gvintiu  67  The  rebound  of  water  made  it 
seeme,  as  if  it  had  beene  all  couered  oner  with  a  great 
shower  of  rayne.  1698  FKVKR  Ace.  E.  India  fy  P.  398  They 
play  Balls  with  Rackets,  bringing  their  Steeds  to  observe 
the  Rebound.  1732  LKHIARD  Set/ws  II.  vn.  55  His  head  .. 
made  three  rebounds  upon  the  scaffold.  1814  BYRON  Ode 
Napoleon  vi,  He  who  of  old  would  rend  the  oak,  Dream'd 
not  of  the  rebound.  1876  T.  HARDY  Kthcll-erta  dSgo'i  344 
The  water  began  to  thunder  into  these  [caverns]  with  a  leap 
that  was  only  topped  by  the  rebound  seaward  again. 

b.  of  sound  and  light. 

1594  T.  B.  La  Primand.  Fr.  Acad.  n.  Si  The  soundes 
woulde  not  be  conucyed  in  so  well,  as  they  are  in  places 
that  bend  and  giue  backewarcle,  where  they  haue  rebounds. 
1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  A  for.  1217  The  stroks..be  heard 
a  farre  off, .  .by  reason  of  the  resonance  and  rebound.  1689 
BURNF.T  Tracts  I.  93  The  Rebound  of  the  Sun-beams  from 
the  Mountains  doth  so  increase  the  brats  here.  1810  SOUTHEY 
Kehatna  \.  iv,  With  quick  rebound  of  sound.  All  in  accord 
ance  cry. 

C.  transf.  or_/?£-.  in  various  applications. 

1562  J.  HEVWOOD  Prov.  $  Epigr-  (1867)  135  Throw  no 
gyft  againe  at  the  gyuers  bed:  If  thou  do  the  rebounde 
may  be  so  red,  That  the  red  bloud  may  run  downe  m  thy 
necke.  1589  PUTTF.NHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xix.  (Arb  )  216  Ye 
haue  another  figure  which  by  hi^  nature  we  may  call  the 
Rebound.  1606  SIIAKS.  Ant.  $•  Cl.  v.  ii.  104,  I  do  feele  By 
the  rebounde  of  yours,  a  grief  that  suites  \ttwend.  shoots] 
My  very  heart  at  roote.  a  1658  CLEVELAND  Cl.  V indie. 
(1677)  169  She  had  return'd  your  Summons  without  perusal. 
Which  rebound  of  your  I,ttter..is  the  most  compendious 
Answer  to  what  you  propound.  (11708  REVEUIDGI-:  ll'/ta. 
(1846)  VIII.  654  The  report . . I  heard,  by  a  second  rebound 
from  the  prints  which  go  about  the  country.  1763  EARL 
MARCH  21  June  in  Jesse  G.Sektyn  '1843)  I.  235  My  dinner  is 
a  rebound  of  one  we  had  at  Eglinton's.  1782  Miss  BURXKY 
Cecilia  ix.  iii,  Nature  herself,  .is  not  more  elastic  in  her  re 
bound.  1853  MAURICE  /Vc//i.  <5~  fCings  xvii.  292  The  feeling 
would  be  all  the  stronger  because  it  was  a  rebound  from  a 
state  of  depression  and  shame. 

t  d.  Jig.  in  phrases  to  take  at  (a  or  the] ,  by >  from, 
or  iipon  rebound  ;  also,  to  accept,  catch,  etc.,  at  re 
bound.  Obs.  (Free],  in  i7th  c.) 

1577  STANYMURST  Descr.  Iret.  in  I  I oU ashed  VI.  5  Here 
percase  some  snappish  carper  will  take  me  at  rebound.  1639 
Frr.LFR  Holy  IV nr  in.  xix.  (1840)  150  St.  Bernard,  taking  it 
rather  from  the  rebound  than  first  rise  chargeth  them  there 
with.  1660  Trial  of  Regie.  118  If  he  doth  but  write  them 
by  the  command  of  another,  by  speaking  them  after  another, 
taking  them  upon  rebound,  that  is  not  treason.  1675  COCKER 
Morals  2  Accept  a  Courtesie  at  first  Rebound.  1739  Mia.- 
MOTH  Fitzosb.  Lett.  (1763!  361  Either  to  seize  upon  thuir 
conclusions  at  once,  or  to  take  them  by  rebound  from  others. 

Rebound  (r/'buirnd),  v.  Also  6  rebowne, 
reboune,  [ad.  OF.  rebonder,  -bondir^  -bundir 
(mod.F.  rebondir}  to  resound,  bound  back  :  see 
RE-  and  BOUND  v.-  In  ME.  and  early  mod.E.  freq. 
confused  with  REDOUND  v. ;  see  i  b-i  d  and  3  c.J 

1.  intr.  To  spring  back  from  force  of  impact, 
to  bound  back. 

1398  TREVISA  Rartli.  De  P.  R.  vin.  xxviii.  (Bodl.  MS.)  pat 
besschynyng  bat  rebounde}?  a;en  is  icleped  hunen  reflnxnnt. 
(•1450  Merlin  245  He  droff  hem  a-wey  discounfited,  and 
made  hem  to  rebounde  vpon  the  warde  of  ffnlsabres  and 
vpon  the  warde  of  Pyngnoras,  1530  PALSGR.  680/1,  I  never 
sawe  gonne  stone  skyppe  on  that  facyon,  it  rebounded  thrise 
one  after  an  other.  1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Costttogr.  Gt'asse  42 
The  Sonne  beanies  rebounding  from  th'earth.  1634  PEACHAM 
Genii.  E.rerc.  i.  x.  33  A  ball  being  strucken  hard  downe 
with  your  hand,  reboundeth  backe  in  the  same  line.  1692 
BENTLEY  Boyle  Lect.  vii.  235  Those  few  [atoms]  that  should 
happen  to  clash  might  rebound  after  the  collision.  1751 
SMOLLETT  /Vr.  Fie.  xxxvi,  My  shot  rebounded  from  his 
face  like  a  wad  of  spun-yarn  from  the  walls  of  a  ship.  1816 
BYRON  Ch.  Har.  in.  Iviii,  When  shell  and  ball  Rebounding 
idly  on  her  strength  did  light.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng. 
xii.  III.  236  The  shock  was  such  that  the  Mountjoy  re 
bounded,  and  stuck  in  the  mud. 

b.  transf.  or  Jig.  of  immaterial  things  (common 
in  is-iyth  c.). 

In  early  use  prob.  confused  with  REDOUND  t'. ',  cf.  3  c. 

?  c  1400  Lvnc.  /E$ot>*s  Fab.  v.  164  Where  frawde  is  vsed, 
frawde  mote  rebounde.  1412-20  —  Chron.  Troy\\.  xii,  The 
shame  . .  doth  rebounde  Upon  vs  all.  a  1533  Ln.  BERNERS 
Gold.  Bk.M.  Aurel.  (1546)  I,  That  benefit*  rebounded  onely 
to  the  myserable  prysoners.  1581  J.  BxLL/fadlf0*'sArtfW, 
Osor,  186  The  question  reboundeth  backe  agayne  from 
whence  it  came  first.  1647  COWLF.Y  Mistr.  xxvm.  iv,  When 
it  does  Hardness  meet  and  Pride,  My  Love  does  then  re 
bound  t'another  side.  1707  NOHRIS  Treat.  Humility  vi. 
246  The  respect  that  is  shewn  to  those  below  us,  rebounds 
upwards.  1788  BURKE  S/>.  agst.  W.  Hastings  Wlcs.  XIII. 
16  An  evil  example,  that  would  rebound  back  on  themselves. 
185*  ROBERTSON  Serttt.  Ser.  in.  xiv.  170  Through  the  medium 
of  reaction  rebounding  from  extremes  which  produce  con 
trary  extremes. 

f  C.  To  redound  to  one's  shame,  honour,  etc.  Obs. 

1412-20  LVDG.  Chron.  Troy  n.  xvi,  Reprefe  to  their  name 
That  Justly  might  rebounde  to  their  shame.  <r  1460  G. 
ASHBY  Dicta  P kilos.  76  So  it  shal  rebounde  to  youre  honour. 
1528  ROY  Rede  me  (Arb.)  36  Unto  cure  dishonowre  all  doeth 
rebowne  Seyinge  that  gone  is  the  masse. 

"*  cL  Used  by  Wyclif  to  render  L.  redundare. 

1382  WYCLIF  Prov.  iii.  10  Thi  bernes  shul  ben  fulfild  with 
fulnesse,  and  with  win  thi  presses  shul  rebounden.  — 
Esther  vii.  4  Our  enemy. .  whoscruelte  reboundeth  in  to  the 
king.  Ibid.  x.  6  A  litil  welle,  that  grew  into  a  flod, . .  and 
in  to  manye  watris  reboundide. 

2.  To  re-echo,  reverberate,  resound.  Now  rare 
or  Obs.  a,  of  sounds. 


REBOUND. 

c  1440  Prom}.  Parv.  425/1  Rebowndyn1,  or  sowndyn  a- 
5ene',  reboo.  ?  a  1500  Knt.  of  Curtesy  347  The  noise  of 

f>nnes  did  rebounde.  1530  RASTELL  Bk.  Purgat.  i.  xvi, 
very  man  hereth  the  hole  voyce,  sown,  or  worde,  &  it  re- 
boundyth  hole  in  every  mannes  erys.  1583  STASVHURST 
&neh  in.  (Arb.)  71  With  playnts  most  pitiful  to  cure  ears 
thus  sad  lye  rebounding.  1646  CRASHAVV  Sosfetto  ti'Hcrode 
xxxviii,  A  gen'ral  hiss,  from  the  whole  tire  of  snakes  Re 
bounding,  through  hell's  inmost  caverns  came.  01711  KEN 
Preparatives  Poet.  Wks.  1721 IV.  51  More  surprising  Sound 
Will  through  the  hollow  Graves  rebound.  1781  COWJJER 
Hope  346  From  stuccoed  walls  smart  arguments  rebound. 
a  1822  SHELLEY  Homer  s  Hymn  Merc,  Ixxxvii,  Far  and 
wide  rebounded  The  echo  of  his  pipings. 

b.  of  places.  Const,  of,  with,  to,  and  absoL 
1555  EDEN  Decades  To  Rdr.  (Arb.)  49  Hauens  with  echo 
seuen  tymes  reboundynge.  1579-80  NORTH /Y«/tfnr/m6i2) 
430  Made  the  mountaines.  .to  rebound  againe  of  the  sound 
and  eccho  of  their  cries.  1697  DRYDF.N  Virg.  Georg.  i\:  IOT 
With  hoarse  allarms  the  hollow  Camp  rebounds,  1725  POPE 
Odyss.  vnr.  16  With  tumultuous  sounds  Of  thronging  multi 
tudes  the  shore  rebounds.  1788  WARTON  On  his  Majesty's 
Birthday  ii,  Where  the  long  roofs  rebounded  to  the  din  Of 
spectre  chiefs,  who  feasted  far  within. 

3.  a.  To  bound  or  leap,  esp.  in  return  or  response 
to  some  force  or  stimulus.     Now  rare  or  Obs, 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  422  [The  ark]  flote  forthe  with  \>e 
flyt  of  t>e  felle  wyndez;  Wheder-warde  so  be  water  wafte, 
hit  rebounde.  c  1420  Avow.  Arth.  xi,  Als  sone  as  he  come 
thare,  A-3aynus  him  rebowndet  the  bare.  1513  DOUGLAS 
sEneis  vn.  vii.  91  [The  top]  smyttin  wyth  the  tawis  dois  re 
bound.  1634  SIR  T.  HF.RBKRT  Tra~\  7  Sometimes  the  surges 
or  Sea-flashes  doe  rebound  top-gallant  height.  1653  H.COGAN 
\r.  Pluto's  Trav.  xxiii.  86  By  means  of  a  bellows,  .the  water 
rebounded  up  so  high,  that  ..  it  fell  as  small  as  dew.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L,  i.  788  At  once  with  joy  and  f^ar  his  heart  re 
bounds.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  xv.  162  Along  the  court  the  fiery 
steeds  rebound.  1791  COWPER  Iliad  xin.  741  The  heart 
Rebounded  of  Pisander,  full  of  hope. 
b.  To  bound  back  (without  impact). 

1513  DOUGLAS sEneis vn.  Prol.  112,  I.  .slepit  sownd  Quhill 
the  urizont  wpwart  gan  rebound.  1856  KROXJDE  Hist,  l-'.n^. 

II.  213  The  stone  which  had  been  laboriously  rolled  to  the 
summit  of  the  hill  was  trembling  on  the  brink,  and  in  a 
moment  might  rebound  into  the  plain. 

te.  To  result,  arise  from  a  source.   Obs~l 

Prob.  confused  with  REDOUND:  cf.  i  b. 

a  1471  FORTESCUE  Wks.  '1869)  485  Thou  knoweat  nat  what 
spiiitual  \vynnyng  reboundeth  from  theis  temporal  hurls,  i 
1662  J.  CHANDLER  Van  Helmonfs  Oriat.  Pref.,  As  soon  as  i 
any  one  shall  come  to  be  fined,  let  the  money  rebounding  j 
from  hence,  be  laid  aside  for  the  use  of  suppressing  the  j 
Enemies. 

4.  trans.  To  cause  to  bound  back  ;   to  cast  or   \ 
throw  back,  to  return.     Now  rare. 

c  1560  in  CEcon.  Rokcbiorum  in  Richmond  /F///J (Surtees)    : 
200  note,  Christofer  Rokeby,  being  as>aulted.  .was  able  soe 
to  have  rebounded  the  blower  given  him  [etc.].     1596  F.div.     \ 

III,  i.  i,  Defiance,  Frenchman  V  we  rebound  it  back.     1657    , 
J.  SMITH  Myst.  Rhet.  126  When  Anthony  charged  Cicero,. .     ' 
Cicero  rebounded  the  same  accusation  again  to  Antony.     > 
1658  Gt'RNALLOir.  in  Arm.  verse  14.  xi.  §  3  11669)  99/1  Now    i 
to  rebound   his  love  in   thankfulness,  she  bestirs  her  self    , 
[etc.].      1713   STEEI.E   Spect.    No.  423  p  6   They  have  the 
whole  Woman  between  them,  and  can  occasionally  rebound     i 
her  Love  and   Hatred  from  one  to  the  other.     1803  JANE 
PORTER  Thaddeus  xxvi.  (1831)  231  His  dignified  composure    i 
rebounded  their  darts  upon  his  insulters.    1865  S.  FERGUSON    I 
Forging  of  Anchor  ii,  The  leathern  mail  rebounds  the  hail.     | 

fb.  To  reflect  (light).   Obs. 

1398  THEVISA  Earth.  DC  P.  K.  vin.  xxix.  (Bodl.  MS.),  A    , 
merroure  . .  and  o|>er  glistering  bodies  reboundeb  a^en  be    j 
schynynge  that  he  fungeb.     1599  DA  VIES  Hymns  Astrcca    , 
xv,  Rebound  vpon  thy  selfe  thy  light.     1653  MORE  Antid. 
Ath.  ii,  xii.  §  3  The  rays  falling  upon  the  Retina  ..  being 
rebounded  thence  upon  the  Uvea, 

5.  To  re-echo,  return  (a  sound).     Now  rare. 

XS55  EDEN  Decades  96  The  wooddes  and  montaynes  . .  re 
bounded  the  noyse  of  the  horryble  crye.  1591  SPF.NSER 
Tears  of  Muses  22  The  hollow  hills . .  Were  wont  redoubled 
Echoes  to  rebound.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  i.  v.  §  10  They 
reckoned  their  Foes  by  the  increase  of  the  Noise  rebounded 
unto  them.  1703  POPE  Thebais  i.  163  The  dreadful  signal 
all  the  rocks  rebound.  1751  LAVINGTON  Enthus.  Meth,  <$• 
Papists  in.  (1754)  Pref.,  I  have  little  more  Honour  than  that 
of  being  an  Echo,  rebounding  your  own  Words.  1813  T. 
BUSBY  Lucretius  I.  n.  370  Loud  to  the  neighbouring  hills 
the  clamours  rise,  The  neighbouring  hills  rebound  them  to 
the  skies. 

f  b.  To  send  out,  exalt,  celebrate,  by  a  re-echoing 
sound.  Obs. 

c  1557  ABP.  PARKF.R  Ps.  Ixxxi.  235  Open . .  the  mouthes  of  us    I 
thy  suppliants  to  rebounde  out  the  prayse  of  thy  glorious    | 
majesty.     1598  VONG  Diana  444  They  shall  rebound  His    j 
famous  name  ..Vnto  the  highest  spheares.     1647  J.  HALL 
Poems  n.  101  His  throne,,  .whom  your  plumy  pipes  rebound.    | 

Hence  Reboirndable  a. ;   Rebou'nded  ///.  a. ; 
Reljoivncler,  a  device  in  a  gun-lock  by  which  the    | 
hammer  is  thrown  back  after  it  has  struck  the  cap    • 
(Knight  Diet.  Mech.  1875). 

1659  Gentl.   Calling  78  Everie  degree  of  unmercifulness 
they  shew  to  others,  reverts  with  a  rebounded  force  upon 
themselves.      1685   COTTON    tr.   Montaigne    III.  244   Our 
reasons..,  our  arguments  and  controversies  are  rebound-    j 
able  upon  us. 

Rebounding  (r/bau'ndirj),  vbl.  sb,     ff.   prec. 
+  -ING!.]      The  action  of  the  vb.  REBOUND,  in    ! 
various  senses  ;  an  instance  of  this.     Also  attrtb. 

1382  WYCLIF  Wisd.  xvii.  18  The  a^een  sounende  rebound 
ing  of  sound  fro  the  hejest  hillis  maden  them  failende  for 
drede.  c  1440  Partonope  4212  This  hors  . .  was  euer  neyng 
And  ther  to  so  gretly  reboundyng  Hit  made.  1526  Pilgr. 
Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  30  By  reason  of  the  great  refleccyon 
or  rebownynge  of  the  sayd  beame  it  causeth  an  hete.  1582 
STANYHURST  sEneiS)  etc.  (Arb.)  138  Now  doe  they  rayse 


224 


1698  CATT.  LANGFORDin  Phil.  Trans,  XX.  414  The  Reverse 
or  Rebounding  back  of  the  Wind. 

Rebounding  (r/'bcurndirj),  ppl.  a.  [-ING2.] 
That  rebounds,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb. 

1382  WYCLIF  Prov.  xviii.  4  The  reboundende  [L.  reditn- 
dans\  welle  of  wisdam.  1555  EDEN  Decades  134  The  re- 


rebounding  surge  the  barrs  assaild.  1790  A.  WILSON  Poemst 
Thunder  Storm,  Trembling  he  stops,  .  ,  When  bursting, 
harsh,  rebounding  thunders  roll  !  1822  GOOD  Study  Med. 
II.  26  The  dicrotic,  coturmsmg,  and  inciduous  [pulses]  .  .  as 
mere  subvarieties  of  the  rebounding,  or  redoubling. 

b.  Rebounding  lock,  a  gun-lock   fitted  with  a 
'rebounder'. 

1871  GREENER  Mod.  Breech-loaders  32  We  consider  that 
sufficient  striking  power  cannot  be  imparted  to  the  rebound 
ing  lock  to  insure  certainty  of  ignition  with  the  cartridges 
as  now  made,  1881  —  Gitn  259. 

t  Rebours,  <*•  and  sb.  Obs.  Forms  :  4  reburs, 
rebours(e,  robours,  5  St.  rebowris.  [a.  F.  re- 
bours  rough,  perverse,  etc.  (as  sb.,  the  wrong  side 
of  a  fabric")  :—  pop.  L.  reburs-itm,  L.  reburnim 
rough-haired,  bristly.] 

A.  adj.  Perverse,  fro  ward,  rare  ~l. 

1340  Ayenb.  63  Wyjistondynge  is  a  zinne  J?et  comb  of  J?e 
herte  bet  is  rebel  and  hard  and  rebours  and  dyuers. 

B.  sb.  in  \Aii.atrebours  (tr.  F.  a  rebours},  on  the 
rough  or  wrong  side,  in  the  wrong  way  or  opposite 
direction,  perversely.     Chiefly  St. 

.  BRUXNE  Chr  ' 


ron.  H'ace  (Rolls)  5165  Androcheus 
..answered  hym  al  at  reburs  [v.r.  robours].  Ibid.  12652. 
c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  I.  (Katherine)  860  J?ir  quhelis  ..  twa 
aganis  twa  Sail  alwais  turne  in  contrare  cours  As  thingis 
lieand  at  rebourse.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  ix.  viii.  48 
Schyre  Willame  persaywyd  then  His  myschef,  and  hym 
sent!  succowris,  Ellis  had  all  gane  at  rtbowris. 

t  Rebous.    Sc.   Obs.   rare.     ?  Din,  disturbance. 

Etym.  and  precise  meaning  not  clear  :  connexion  with  OF. 
rel'ous  var.  of  rebours  (see  prec.)  is  perh.  possible. 

1535  STEWART  Chron.  Scot.  II.  212  The  schawis  schuik 
and  trimlet  all  the  erd  With  sic  rebous  reboundand  fra  the 
bruke.  Ibid.  647  His  wyfe  that  tyme,  but  bargane  or  rebous, 
Rycht  reuerentlie  to  him  gaif  ouir  the  lious. 

R,ebout-,  obs.  form  of  REBUT  v. 

Rebowne,  obs.  form  of  REBOUXD  sb.  and  v. 

Rebowris,  Sc.  var.  REBOURS  Obs. 

Rebowt-,  obs.  form  of  REBUT  v. 

Reboyle,  obs.  form  of  REBOIL  z/,1 

Reboyt-,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REBUT  v. 

II  Rebozo,  reboso  (n-bJ-Jw,  -bJ-z*).  Also  re- 
bosa,  ribosa.  [Sp.  rebozo]  A  shawl  or  long  scarf 
used  by  Spanish-American  women  as  a  covering 
for  the  head  and  shoulders. 

1850  B.  TAYLOR  Eldorado  II.  ix,  52  The  men  in  their 
white  shirts,  and  the  women  in  their  bewitching  rebosas. 
1851  MAYNE  REID  Scalp  Hunt.  ix.  70  Swarthy  ill-favoured 
faces  appear  behind  the  folds  of  dingy  rebozos.  1888  Literary 
World  (Boston)  1  8  Aug.  262/1  The  women  move  shyly, 
covered  to  the  eyes  in  the  long  blue  scarf,  or  reboso,  which 
is  part  of  the  national  costume. 

Rebrace  (j/bi^'-s),  v.  [I\E-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
brace  again.  Hence  Rebra*cing  vbl.  sb. 

1741-2  GRAY  Agrippina  138  A  cause  To  arm  the  hand  of 
childhood  and  rebrace  The  slackened  sinews  of  time-wearied 
age.  1797  MRS.  RADCMFFE  Italian  vii,  Vivaldi's  nerves 
were  instantly  rebraced,  and  he  sprang  to  the  door.  1826 
SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1856)  III.  540  The  rebracing  of  a  bodily 
frame.  1848  LYTTON  Harold  xi.  viii,  Rebraced  to  its  purpose 
by  Lanfranc's  cheering  assurances,  the  resolute,  indomitable 
soul  of  William  now  applied  itself  [etc.]. 

Rebreathe  (wbrrS),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
breathe  (air)  again.  Hence  Rebrea'thed///.  a. 

1606  HEYWOOD  Challenge  for  Beauty  iv.  i,  Have  hope  to 
bee  redeemd  ;  .  .  Hope  to  re-breathe  that  ayre  you  tasted  first. 
c  1865  J.  WYLDE  in  Circ.  Sc.  I.  427/1  He  must  .  .  re-breathe 
these  .  .  exhalations.  1896  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  I.  310  The 
consequence  is  that  patients  have  to  inhale  rebreathed  air. 

Rebree'd,  v.  rare—1.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  breed  again. 

1608  SYLVESTER  Dit  Bartas  n.  iv.  in.  Schismc  788  My 
Childe  returns,  re-breeding  in  my  Womb. 

Hebrew,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To  brew  again. 

1761  ARMSTRONG  A  Day  219  Brewed  and  rebrewed,  a 
double,  treble  curse. 

Rebri'be,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  bribe  a 
second  time. 

1602  -2nd  Pt.  Return  fr.  Parnass.  iv.  ii.  1646  It  _is  vsuall 
with  them,  .to  be  bribed  and  rebribed  on  the  one  side,  then 
to  be  feed  and  refeed  of  the  other.  1849  DE  QUINCEY  Eng. 
Mail  Coach  Wks.  1862  IV.  294  This  whole  corporation  was 
constantly  bribed,  rebribed  and  often  sur-rebribed. 

Rebri'lig,  v.  [RE-.]  trans.  To  bring  back. 
Also  with  back. 

1395  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  i.  xxiv,  Now  this  great  succeeder 
all  repaires,  And  rebrings-backe  that  discontinued  good. 
1616  J.  LANE  Cont.  Sqr.'s  T.  viii.  112  But  then  afreshe  .. 
rebringes  these  canons  foorth  that  back  weare  run.  1839-52 
BAILEY  Ffstus  557  Lo  !  ye  are  all  restored,  .  .  rebrought  To 
Heaven  by  Him  who  cast  ye  forth. 

Hence  Retori'ngfer  ;  Rebri'nging*  vbt.  sb. 

1598  FLORIO,  R  apportatore^  .  .  a  rebringer.  lbid.t  Rap- 
Porto^.  .a  rebringing. 

Rebstone,  obs.  form  of  RUESTONE. 
Rebu-bble,  v,     [RE-.]     To  bubble  up  again. 

1823  BYRON  Islandiv.  iv,  They  watch  'd  awhile  to  see  him 
float  again,  But  not  a  trace  rebubbled  from  the  main. 


intr.  To  bud  again. 


REBUILD. 

Rebuck,  obs.  form  of  REBUKE -v. 

Rebirckle,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  buckle 
again.  Hence  Rebirckling  vbl.  sb. 

1611  FLORIO,  Raffibbiare,  to  buckle  againe,  to  rebuckle. 
Raffibbiatura,  a  rebuckling.  1845  BROWNING  How  tlu-y 
brought  the  good  News  ii,  1  . .  Rchuckled  the  cheek-strap, 
chained  slacker  the  bit. 

Rebucous :  see  REBUKOUS. 
Rebu-d,  v.    [Rt>  5  a.] 

Hence  Rebu'dding  vbl.  sb. 

1605  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iii.  HI.  Law  1236  His  oft- 
quickned  Rod,  Which  dead,  re-buds,  re-blooms,  and  Almonds 
bears.  1611  FLORIO,  Ripampinare^  to  rebud  or  reburgeon 
out  anew  as  a  Vine  doth,  a  1618  SYLVF.STKR  Job  Triumph. 
888  It  will  revive,  and,  as  a  Plant,  re-bud.  1814  Sporting 
Mag.  XLIV.  95  When  earth  rebuds  with  kindly  rain.  1871 
Daily  News  7  Mar.,  The  rebudding  of  the  wand  of  peace. 

Rebuff  (r/w b*?'f ),  sb.  [a.  obs.  >".  rebuff*  (i6lh  c. ; 
mod.F.  rebtiffade),  ad.  It.  ribuffo  (also  rablmffo], 
f.  ri~  RE-  +  buffo  puff.] 

1.  A  peremptory  check  given  to  one  who  makes 
an  advance  of  any  kind  ;  a  blunt  refusal  of  a  request 
or  offer;  a  snub.   Also  without  article  (quot.  1847). 

1611  FLORIO,  Ribuffo^.  .a  chiding,  a  taunt,  a  rebuffe.  1685 
WOOD  Life  25  Oct.  (O.H.S.)  III.  168  In  Mr.  Paynter's 
chamber,  (I  received]  a  rebuff  from  Dr.  LI.  ..  a  pedagog. 
1736  Swift's  Lett,  (1766)  II.  220  Perhaps,  if  I  seek  it  too 
much,  I  might  meet  with  a  rebuiT.  1784  COWPES  Task  iv. 
411  The  rugged  frowns  and  insolent  rebuffs  Of  knaves  in 
office.  1833  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk.  (1873)  II.  i.  i.  8  Great 
men  love  to  be  courted,  and  little  men  must  not  mind  rebuffs. 
1847  C.  BRONTE  J.Eyre  xviii,  All  eyes  met  her  with  a  glance 
!  of  eager  curiosity,  and  she  met  all  eyes  with  one  of  rebuff 
and  coldness.  1880  L.  STICPHKN  i'opc  ii.  53  Pope  un 
doubtedly  must  have  been  bitterly  vexed  at  this  implied 
rebuff. 

b.  A  check  to  further  action  or  progress,  due  to 
circumstances. 

1672  MAR\  EI.L  Rch.  Transp.  i.  208  Too  glorious  an  Enter- 
prize  to  be  abandoned  at  the  first  rebuffe.  1759  STERNE  Tr. 
Shandy  II.  i,  These  perplexing  rebuffs  gave  my  uncle  Toby 
Shandy  more  perturbations  than  you  would  imagine,  1853 
KANE  Grinnell  Exf.  (1856)  544  Bontschitscheff  met  the 
same  rebuff  at  the  same  height  thirty  degrees  further  west. 

2.  A  repelling  puff  or  blast,   rare. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  936  The  strong  rebuff  of  som  tu 
multuous  cloud  Instinct  with  Fire  and  Nitre.     1812  H.  &  J. 
SMITH  Rej.  Addr.,  Archil.  Atoms  52  /Eolian   Monarch  ! 
Emperor  of  Puffs  !  We  modern  sailors  dread  not  thy  rebuffs. 

Rebuff  (rfbvf),  v.  [ad.  obs.  K.  rebufer  (ra~ 
buffer} ,  ad.  It.  ribnffare  (also  rabbuffare}^  f.  ribuffo  : 
see  prec.] 

1.  trans.  To  repel  bluntly  or  ungraciously;  to 
give  a  rude  check  or  repulse  to  (one). 

a  1586  SfDNF.Y  Arcadia  in.  (1655)  319  Marvelling,  that 
hee,  who  had  never  heard  such  speeches  from  any  knight, 
should  be  thus  rebuffed  by  a  woman.  1611  FLORIO,  Ribuffare, 
to  rebuke,  .to  rebuffe.  1697  DRYDEH  ./£*««&/ in.  319  At  length 
rebuff 'd,  they  leave  their  mangled  Prey.  1774  MAD. 
D' ARBLAY  Early  Diary  30  Mar.,  I  answered  . . ,  that  I  could 
not  possibly  comply :  he  would  not  be  rebuffed.  1827  SCOTT 
Swrg1.  Dan.  vi,  He  could  not  find  any  proper  mode  of  re 
buffing,  or  resenting  it.  1869  TROLLOPE  He  knew,  etc.  xxiv. 
(1878)  137  She  had  certainly  not  intended  to  rebuff  him. 

2.  To  blow  or  drive  back.   rare. 

1747  [see  REBUFFING  ppl.  a.  below].  1798  LANDOR  Gebir 
Wks.  (1846)  II.  493  The  fierce  element  . .  earths  adamantine 
arch  rebuft. 

Hence  Rebuffed  (r/b»'ft\  Rebu'ffing///.  adjs. 

1747  HALES  in  Phil.  Trans.  XLIV.  582  Those  tempestuous, 
rebuffing,  whirling  Hurricanes,  which  hear  down  ail  before 
them.  1788  H.  WALPOLE  Reminisc.  viii.  66  The  rebuffing 
spite  of  the  princess  dowager.  1792  MARY  Won. STONECR. 
Rights  \\'om.  vi.  265  His  manners  ..  are  rebuffing,  and  his 
conversation  cold  and  dull.  1886  Pall  Mall  G.  17  Apr.  4/1 
Some  of  the  rebuffed  ones  seat  themselves. 

Rebu'ffet,  v.  [R-E-.]  trans.  To  reject  or  return 
with  a  buffet. 

1672  EACHARD  Lett.  64  Mandringo's  Pismires  rebuffetted. 
1697  C.  LESLIE  Snake  in  Grass  (ed.  2!  251  This  was  soon 
Re-buffeted  back  again  upon  them,  by  the  Quakers  in  the 
West  of  England. 

Rebuik,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REBUKE  sb. 

Rebuild  (rfbi-ld),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
build  again  ;  to  reconstruct. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rcbaslir,  to  reedifie,  rebuild.  16x3  DRAYTON 
Poly-olb.  viii.  159  In  whose,  .name  Great  London  still  shall 
live,  (by  him  rebuilded).  1653  H.  VAUGHAN  Silex  Scint., 
Ascension  Hymn  vii,  Hee  alone  ..  can  Bring  bone  to  bone 
And  rebuild  man.  1743  BULKELEY  &  CUMMINS  I'oy.  S, 
Seas  i  The  Ships  were  all  in  prime  Order,  all  lately  rebuilt. 
1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  Wks.  V.  163  We  have  rebuilt  Newgate, 
and  tenanted  the  mansion.  1840  MILL  Diss.  fy  Disc.  (1875) 
I.  423  When  society  requires  to  be  rebuilt,  there  is  no  use 
attempting  to  rebuild  it  on  the  old  plan.  1875  STUBBS  Const. 
Hut.  I.  xii.  458  Farmhouses  and  palaces  had  alike  been  re 
built. 

absol.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  IV.  88  Where  a  re 
mainder-man  . .  suffers  the  lessee  or  assignee  to  rebuild. 
1861  M.  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  44  When  the  Company  pro 
ceeded  to  rebuild,  they  no  longer  did  so  in  the  massive  and 
imposing  style  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

b.  Rebuilding  =  being  rebuilt.     Cf.  BUILD  z/.  7. 

1668  H.  DUKE  LondonS'Nonsitch  title-p.,  That  most  stately 
and  magnificent  structure  now  re-building.     1745  Observ. 
Cone.  Navy  33  She  is  re-building.    1776  G.  SEMPI.E  Building 
in  Water  30  The  Bridge  at  that  Time  rebuilding  at  Orleans. 

Hence  Rebuild  sb.,  an  operation  of  rebuilding, 
a  thing  rebuilt ;  Rebuilt  ///.  a. 

1692  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2761/3  Two  rebuilt  Ships,  the  Prince, 
.  .and  the  Dunkirk.  1856  P.  FAIRBAIRN  Prophecy  n.  ii.  268 
A  restoration  to  the  Land  of  Canaan,  and  a  rebuilt  Jerusalem. 


REBUILDER. 

1878  F.  S.  WILLIAMS  Midi.  Railw.  646  We  enter  the  erecting 
.shops,,  .one  for  '  rebuilds  ',  renewals,  and  new  engines. 

Rebuilder  (rn>iidw).  [f.  prec.  +  -EK 1.]  One 
who  rebuilds  or  reconstructs. 

1686  PLOT  Stajfordsh.  295  The  Founder  or  rebuilder  of 
this  Church.  1831  CARLYI.E  Sart.  Res.  in.  vii,  An  English 
Radical,  who  ..  it  is  to  be  hoped,  will  become  an  English 
Rebuilder.  1856  FROUDE//W/.  Eng.  I.  116  He  saw  himself, 
in  imagination,  the  rebuilder  of  the  Catholic  faith. 

Rebuilding  (ubHdhj),  vbl.  si',  [f.  as  prec.  4- 
-ING  1.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  REBUILD.  Also//. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xvi.  xl,  Brought  with  other  timber 
for  the  rebuilding  of  the  foresaid  bridge.  1691  T.  H[ALE] 
Ace.  Neiu  Invent,  p.  Ixi.The  Fire  and  Rebuilding  of  London. 
1773  Ann.  Reg.  222  The  buildings,  re-buildings,  and  repairs 
of  ships  of  war  in  his  Majesty's  yards.  1867  FREEMAN 
Norm.  Cong.  (ed.  3)  I.  v.  399  All  the  rebuildings  of  that 
wonderful  pile.  1886  WILLIS  &  CLARK  Cambridge  III.  254 
The  rebuilding  of  the  entire  college  on  a  new  site  was 
undertaken. 

Rebuit,  variant  of  REBUTE  Sc. 

Rebukable :  see  REBUKEABLE. 

Rebuke  (rf  bi??k),  sb.  Also  5  rebeuc,  6  rebuk, 
Sc.  rebuik.  [f.  the  vb.] 

f  1.  A  shameful  or  disgraceful  check ;  a  shame  or 
disgrace.  Obs.  (Common  in  i5th  c.,  esp.  in  phr.  to 
put  to  a  rebuke.} 

c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  258  Behold  the  re- 
bukys  that  do  me  so  menace,  c  1470  GREGORY  Chron. 
(Camden)  197  That  yere  the  Pope  put  that  hethyn  bounde. . 
to  a  grete  re_buke.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  ix.  iv,  The  re 
bukes  that  sir  Launcelot  dyd  vnto  many  knyghtes  causeth 
them  that  be  men  of  prowesse  to  beware. 

f  b.  Without  a  or//. :  Shame,  disgrace,  reproach. 
Obs.  (Common  in  i6th  c.) 

1493  Act  ii  Hen.  VII^  c.  19  To  the  grete  rebuke  and  dis- 
claunder  of  the  seid  Crafte.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Hiton 
xlvii.  160  We  shall  do  hym  all  the  shame  and  rebuke  that 
we  can.  1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  174  He  dyd  not 
stayne  ne  putte  to  lackeor  rebuke  hysroyall  autoritie.  1590 
SPEXSER  P.  Q.  m.  i.  55  For  great  rebuke  it  is  love  to  despise. 

2.   Reproof,  reprimand. 

c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  127  Scorne  and 
rebuke  cast  in  his  visage,  He . .  sayde  nothyng  therto.  c  1515 
Cocke  LoreWs  B.  8  On  your  owne  sleue  to  wype  your  nose 
Without  rebuke  takynge.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  fl^,  v.  i. 
in  If  he  will  not  yeeld,  Rebuke  and  dread  correction  waite 
on  vs.  1611  BIBLE  Prov.  xiii.  i  A  wise  sonne  heareth  his 
fathers  instruction  :  but  a  scorner  heareth  not  rebuke.  1671 
MILTON  P.  R.  i.  468  Sharply  thou  hast  insisted  on  rebuke. 
1781  COWPER  Ex^ost.  397  Hast  thou.  .Despising  all  rebuke, 
still  persevered,  1844  MRS.  BROWNING  Drama,  of  fi.vite 
Poems  1850  I.  48  God  hath  rebuked  us,  who  is  over  us,  To 
give  rebuke  or  death. 

b.  With  a  and  //.  (the  commonest  use) :  A  re 
proof,  a  reprimand. 

1514  BARCLAY  Cyt.  .5-  Uplondyshm.  (Percy  Soc.)  47  Thou 
shalt  at  the  least  way  rebukes  soure  abide.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sleidane's  Comm.  424  b,  It  is  incredible,  with  what  rebukes 
and  railinges  ye  people  received  hym.  1611  SHAKS.  Cymb. 
in.  v.  48  Shee's  a  Lady  So  tender  of  rebukes,  that  words  are 
stroke[s].  1667  MILTON/*.  /,.  iv.  844  So  spake  the  Cherube, 
and  his  grave  rebuke . .  added  grace  Invincible,  1784  COWPER 
Task  ii,  720  His  gentle  eye  Grew  stern,  and  darted  a  severe 
rebuke.  1837  W.  IRVING  Capt.  Bonneville  III.  66  The  only 

Runishment  this  desperado  met  with,  was  a  rebuke  from  the 
;ader  of  the  party.     1877  SPARROW  Serin,  xx.  272  The  very 
existence  of  these  forms  in  our  Prayer  Book  is  a  standing 
rebuke  of  the  selfish  ingratitude  of  those  who  [etc.]. 

1 3.  a.  A  check,  stop.  "b.  A  severe  blow.  c. 
Reproof  or  correction  by  a  blow.  Obs.  rare. 

1615  W.  LAWSON  Country  Housew.  Card.  (1626)  27  The 
sap  in  grafting  receiues  a  rebuke,  and  cannot  worke  so 
strongly.  1692  R.  I/ESTRANGE  Fables  i.  xxxvii.  36  [The 
horse]  gave  him  so  Terrible  a  Rebuke  upon  the  Forehead 
with  his  Heel,  that  he  laid  him  at  his  Length.  1712  STEELE 
Sped,  No.  436  p  9  Miller's  Heat  laid  him  open  to  the  Rebuke 
of  the  calm  Buck,  by  a  large  Cut  in  the  Forehead. 

Rebuke  (r^biw-k),  v.  Also  4  rebuk(k,  -bonk, 
-buyk,  -bukie,  5  rebuck.  [a.  AF.  (Langtoft)  and 
ONF.  refa&er  =  OF.refac&(fyr(Godef.\f.  re-RE- 
+  bucher  to  beat,  strike.  (Connexion  with  ONF. 
rebouquer,  F.  rcboucher,  to  blunt,  is  doubtful.)] 

f  1.  trans.  To  beat  down  or  force  back ;  to  re 
press  or  check  (a  person) ;  to  repulse.  Obs. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  180,  I  am  now  comen  here, 
J>ise  Sarazins  to  rebuke  [F.  destntre],  £  slo  at  my  powere. 
Ibid.  igi4  Rebuke  [F.  rebuke(z\  him  for  bat  ilk  of  bat 
auauntrie.  1380  Sir  Ferumb.  460,2  \>}  frensche  to  bam  shute 
&  caste,  &  rebuked,  hem  foule  with-ynne.  1422  tr.  Secreta. 
Secret.^  Priv.  Priv.  204  Anoone.  .he  rebukid  the  forsayden 
breenys  and  bourkeyns.  .and  ham  to  Pees  reformed,  c  1500 
JMelnsine  252  Two  of  his  knightes  . .  proudly  rebuckyd 
Claudes  men  with  theire  speres.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  K,  in. 
vi.  128  Wee  could  haue  rebuk'd  him  at  Harflewe.  1605 
—  Macb.  in.  i.  56  Vnder  him  My  Genius  is  rebuk  d,  as  it  is 
said  Mark  Anthonies  was  by  Caesar. 

t  b.  To  check,  repress  (a  quality,  action,  etc.). 

'450-1530  Myrr.  onr  Ladye  28  The  holynes  of  the  chyrche 
&  deuoute  prayers  made  therin  . .  rebuketh  the  boldnes  of 
the  fende.  1584  COGAN  Haven  Health  ccxv.  (1636)  232  The 
drinke  being  cold,  it  rebuketh  naturall  beat  that  is  working. 
1595  SHAKS.  John,  ir.  i.  9  Hether  is  he  come,  .to  rebuke  the 
vsurpation  Of  thy  vnnatural  Vncle,  English  John, 
t  c.  To  beat,  buffet.  Obs.  rare. 

1611  BEAUM.  &  FL.  King  <$•  No  King  \\.  iii,  A  head  rebuked 
With  pots  of  all  size,  daggers,  stools,  and  bed-staves. 

2.  To  reprove,  reprimand,  chide  severely.  Some 
times  const,  for,  f^/(a  fault). 

c  1325  Lai  le  Freine  75  The  knight . .  was  sore  agramed, 
And  rebouked  his  leuedy.  1377  LANGI..  P.  PL  B.  v.  371 
Repentance  ri3te  so  rebuked  hym  J?at  tyme.  1413  Pilgr. 

VOL.  VIIT. 


225 

I  Sowle  (Caxton)  n.  Iviii.  (1859)  56  Why  shold  the  ashes  be 
blamed,  or  rebuked  for  theyr  vnthryftynesse  ?  1486  Bk.  St. 
Albans  B  iij  b,  IfT  ye  haue  a  chastised  hounde  that  will  be 
rebuket.  c  1500  MEDWALL  Nature  (Brandl)  517  These  .ii. 
folk,  .euer  enbesyeth  theyin  to  rebuke  you  of  syn.  1574  tr. 
AfarZorat's  Apocaiips  13  To  rebuke  al  such  as  are  vngodly 
for  al  the  works  which  they  haue  done  wickedly.  1608 
SHAKS.  Per.  in.  i.  i  Thou  god  of  this  great  vast,  itbuke 
these  surges.  1611  BIBLE  Luke  iv.  39  He  stood  ouer  her, 
and  rebuked  the  feuer,  &  it  left  her.  $676  HOBBES  Iliad 
i.  510  And  angry  him  rebuk't  with  Language  keen.  1738 
WESLEY  Ps,  LXXXVIII.  ii,  Rebuke  these  Storms,  and  set  me 
safe  on  Land.  1791  COWPER  Iliad  v.  514  Him  thus  the 
Archer  of  the  skies  rebuked.  1834  LYTTON  Pompeii  i.  ii, 
*  Thy  heart  rebukes  thee  while  thou  speakest  ',  said  the 
Egyptian.  1883  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  IV.  i.  vi.  70  He  re- 
buked  them  for  their  cowardice  and  want  of  faith. 

absol,  1535  COVERDALE  P$.  lxxiii[i].  18  Remembre  this.  . 
how  the  enemie  rebuketh.  1611  BIBLE  Amos  v.  10  They 
hate  him  that  rebuketh  in  the  gate. 

b.  To  express  blame  or  reprehension  of  (a  quality, 
action,  etc.)  by  reproof  or  reprimand  addressed  to 
persons. 

1529  MORE  Supplic.  Soulys  Wks.  335/2  Albeit  we  cannot 
well..  rebuke  or  blame  this  negligence  and  forgeatfulnes  in 
you.  1550  CROWLEY  Langland's  P.  PI.  To  Reader,  There 
is  no  maner  of  vice..whiche  this  wryter  hath  not  godly, 
learnedlye,  and  wittilye  rebuked.  1590  SI'ENSER  F.  Q.  n. 
xii.  69  The  Palmer..  much  rebukt  those  wandring  eyes  of 
his.  1632  QUARLES  Div.  Fancies  n.  vi.  49  His  indulgent 
tongue  Compounded  rather  than  rebuk'd  the  wrong.  1784 
COWPER  Task  vi.  655  The  Muse  perhaps  .  .  rebukes  a  deed 
Less  impious  than  absurd.  1821  SHELLEY  Hellas  928, 
I  must  rebuke  This  drunkenness  of  triumph  ere  it  die.  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  131  Parmenides  rebukes  this  want 
of  consistency  in  Socrates. 

C.  transf.  txjig.  of  things. 

1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  v.  iii.  37  Do's  not  the  Stone  rebuke 
me,  For  being  more  Stone  then  it  ?    1728  YOUNG  Love  Fame 
111.76  Impatient  art  rebukes  the  sun's  delay.    1859  WHITTIER 
My  Psalm  iv,  The  manna  dropping  from  God's  hand  Re 
bukes  my  painful  care.     1876  J.  PARKER  Paracl.  i.  viii.  134 
Holy  and   unblamable   lives,    whereby   ungodly   men   are 
silently  rebuked  and  instructed. 
f  3.  To  treat  lightly,  despise.    Obs.   rare. 
£1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  246  pis  Reseamiraduk,  als 
fole  &  onwise,  His  letter  gan  rebuk,  sette  it  at  light  prise. 
1485  CAXTON  Paris  %  V.  (1868)  14,  I  wyf  be  lothe  to  see  the 
beaulte  of  my  lady  vyenne  to  be  rebuked. 
f4.  To  put  to  shame,  bring  into  contempt.  Obs.—1 
1529  MORE  Dyaloge  m.  Wks.  228/1  The  order  is  rebuked 
by  the  priestes  begging  and  lewde  Huing. 
f5.  Falconry.   To  check  (a  hawk).   Obs, 
1575  TURBERV.  Faiilconrie  121  Take  heede  that  you  caste 
not  your  lewre  into  the  water,  least  she  shoulde  thereby  be 
rebuked.     Ibid.  134,  141,  etc. 

Rebuke,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  ROEBUCK. 

Rebukeable  (r/bi«-kab'l),a.  Now  rare.  [f. 
REBUKE  v.  -f  -ABLE.]  That  may  be  rebuked; 
deserving  of  rebuke.  (Freq.  in  i6th  c.) 

1350  BALE  E?i^.  Votaries  n.  91  Nothynge  [is]  more  re 
bukeable,  if  ye  respect  fame.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Efiist. 
343  Krowardnesse,  and  suche  lyke  rebukeable  conditions. 
c  1660  To  Ail  Friends  #  People  in  Christendom  25  These 
were  rebukeable,  that  were  not  to  be  numbered  among  the 
Christians.  1882  SWINBURNE  Tristram  of-  Lyonesse  108 
Yet  am  I  not  rebukable  by  thee. 

Bebukeful  (rrbi??kful),  a.     [f.  REBUKE  sb.} 

1.   Of  words  :  Of  a  rebuking  character. 

1523  [COVERDALE]  Old  God  $  New  (1534)  D  iij,  The  chefe 

?reestes  .  .  fell  to  opprobrious  and  rebukefull  wordes.  1570 
'OXE  A.  fy  M.  (ed.  2)  269/1  Becket  .  .  replyeth  agayne,  ex 
postulating  and  checking  them  with  rebukefull  wordes.  1623 


. 

COCKERAM    i,   Opprobation,    rebukefull,    spightfull.      1887 
lustr.  Land.  News   17  Dec.  700/1  This  retort  ..  evoked 


Illu 


. 
some  very  rebukeful  language. 

b.  Of  persons  ;  Full  of,  given  to,  rebuke. 

1868  HEAVYSEGE  Jezebel\\.  81  She  turned  away  Rebukeful. 
1869  ELACKMORE  Lorna  D.  xxi,  Not  that  he  is  rough  with 
them,  or  querulous,  or  rebukeful. 

1  2.  Deserving  of  rebuke  ;  disgraceful,  shame 
ful.  Obs. 

1530  PALSGR.  322/1  Rebukefull,  ...culpable,  a  I^FISHER 
Wks.  (E.E.T.S.)  n.  429  It  shalbe  moche  rebukefull  and 
mochft  worthy  punishement.  1548  UDALL,  etc,  Erasm,  Par. 
John  \.  13  He  toke  vpon  him  the  rebukefull  miserie  of  our 
mortalitie.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  187/21  Rebukeful,  culp- 
andus. 

Hence  Kebu'kefitlly  adv.,  Bebn-kefulness. 

153*  ELYOT  Gov.  in.  xxviii,  He  wyl  gyue  to  the  a  fayned 
thanke,  &  after  reporte  rebukefully  of  the.  1552  HULOET, 
Speakinge  despitefullye,  rebukefullye,  or  reprochfullye, 
Opprobatio.  1888  Cornh.  Mag.  May  475,  *  I  hope  not  often  ', 
said  Sir  Lucas,  rebukefully.  1891  L.  KEITH  Lost  Illusion 
I.  ix.  225  Said  Oliver,  with  cold  rebukefulness. 

Rebuker  (rrbitt-kai).  [f.  REBUKE  v.  +  -ER  l.] 
One  who  rebukes. 

c  1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  901;  Rebukers  of  synne  & 
myschefes  odyous.    1532  MOREC«|nf/.  Tindate'WVs.  651/2     i 
These  rebukers  of  our  liuyng,  Hue  themselfe  at  the  leaste    ! 
wyse  as  euill  as  we.     1579  GOSSON  Sch.  Abuse  (Arb.)  53    ' 
Euery  rebuker  shoulde  phce  a  hatch  before  the  doore.    1670 
MILTON  Hist.  Eng.  in.  '.Vks.  (1851)  97  These  great  Rebukers    : 
of  Nonresidence.     17^1  in  Lett.  C'tess  Suffolk  (1824)  II.  182 
You  should,  for  Miss  Hobart's  sake,  begin  your  office  of  re 
buker  with  her.     1867  SWINBURNE  Ess.  fy  Stud.  (1875)  146 
They  can  turn  round  upon  their  rebukers,  and  say  [etc.]. 

Rebuking  (rrbi«-kirj\  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING1.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  REBUKE.  Also 
with  a  and  //.  :  An  instance  of  this. 

cx4oo  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxiii,  pei  ought 
to  holde  be  abay  as  longe  as  £>ei  may  withouten  rebukynge    ! 
of  |?e  bounties,    c  1430  LYDG.  Reason  fy  Sens.  580  To  thy    i 
name  Hyt  is  rebukyng  and  gret  shame.     1526  Pilgr.  Perf.    j 


REBUS. 

i    (W.  de  W.   1531)  241  b,  Without  ony  exprobracyon  or  re- 

I    bukyng   [I]   admyt   the   to   my   grace.      1561    T.    NORTON 

!    Calvin  s  last.  n.  v.  11634)  142  Exhortations  and  rebuking* 

much  availe  . .  to  enflame  the  desire  of  goodnesse.      1611 

BIBLE  2  Sam.  xxii.  16  The  channels  of  the  Sea  appeared.. 

at  the  rebuking  of  the  Lord.      i8zi  CLARE   Vill.  Mtnstr. 

I.  103  Her  wor^t  rebukings  wore  a  smile. 

Rebu'king,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  -t  -ING  ^.]  That 
rebukes. 

1611  COTGR.,  SatyrtCj  satyricall.  . .  sharpe,  rebuking,  re- 
prouing.     1829  S.  TURNER  Mod.  Hist.  Eng.  IV.  n.  xxxi.  336 
Her . .  rebuking  sense  of  t  be  atrocious  transaction. 
Hence  Bebu'king'ly  adv. 

i58z  BKNTLEY  Mon.  Matrones  ii.  13  The  liuelie  voice  of 
God  rebukinglie  tooke  me  vp.  1652  GAULK  Magastrotn.^ 
That  art  or  power  winch  the  Holy  Ghost  thus  rebukingly 
derides.  1829  LYITON  Disowned  xi,  '  Ha\e  not  1  prayed, 
and  besought  you,  many  and  many  a  time  ',  said  the  lady, 
rebukingly,  [etc.].  1896  MKS.  C&VFYW  Quaker  Grandmother 
2  She  glanced  rebukingly  at  the  ceiling. 

f  Rebu-kous,  a.  Obsr~l  In  5  rebucous.  [f. 
REBUKE  sb.  +  -ous.]  =  REBUKEFUL  a.  i. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vii.  557  She  gaue  vnto  hym  many 
rebucous  wordys. 

t  Rebu-lliency.  06s."1  [ad.  L.  type  *rebul- 
lientia,  f.  rebuilTre  :  cf.  next.]  A  tendency  to  boil 
up.  In  quot.y^-. 

1681  RYCAUT  tr.  Gracian's  Critick  15  Suppressing  with 
what  power  I  could  the  strong  rebulliency  of  my  Passions. 
t  Rebulli-tion.     Obs.~l     [Noun  of  action  ^cf. 
ebullition},  f.  L.  relntllire :    see  REEOIL  z/.i]     A 
boiling  up  again.     In  cjuot.yf^ 

a  1639  WOTTON  in  Reliq.  (1685)  582  The  Scotish  gentlemen, 
who  have  been  lately  sent  to  that  King,  found  (as  they  say) 
but  a  brusk  welcome  ;  which  makes  all  fear  that  there  may 
be  a  rebullition  in  that  business. 

Rebirncll,  v.  U.S.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
arrange  in  new  groups.  Also  absol.  Hence  Re- 
bu'ncbing  vbl.  sb. 

1881  Harper's  Mag:  Oct.  723  A  sure  though  gradual  re- 
bunching  of  the  small  farms  into  large  estates  1888  m 
Bryce  Amer.  Cowmiv.  II.  in.  Ixvi.  51.0  They  can  destroy, 
rebunch,  fail  to  distribute,  and  what  not  as  they  please. 

Rebuoy(r£bor),  v.  [RE-  5  a,  5  c.J  trans,  a. 
To  buoy  up  once  more.  In  quot.y^.  b.  To  furnish 
with  a  new  set  or  airangement  of  buoys. 

1818  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  iv.  xxii,  Some,  with  hope  replenish 'd 
and  rebuoy'd,  Return  to  whence  they  came.  1860  Merc. 
Marine  Mag.  VII.  94  The  entrance  to  Frazer  River  has 
been  re-buoyed. 

So  Re  buoy  age,  the  act  of  rebuoying. 
1890  Chanib.  Jrnl.   12  July  433/1  The  ever-shifting  bars 
and  sandbanks  of  our  river  estuaries  necessitate  frequent 
.soundings  and  rebuoyage. 

Rebu'rden,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  a.  To  lay 
a  new  burden  on.  f  b.  To  make  more  burden 
some.  Obs.  Hence  Rebu'rdening  vbl.  sb. 

1611  FLORID,  Ricarcatura,  a  recharge,  a  reburthening. 
Ricaricare,  to  recharge,  reburthen.  1631  BRAT  H\VAIT 
WhimzieS)  Jayler  49  He  redoubles  his  wards,  reburdens 
his  irons. 

So  t  RebuTden  sb,t  a  new  burden.   Obs~° 
1611  FLORID,  Ricarica^  a  recharge,  a  reburthen. 
t  RebUTgeon,  v.    Obs.  rare.    [a.  OF.  rebour- 
geonner:  see  RE-  and  BURGEON  v.~\     a.  trans.  To 
cause  to  bud  or  sprout  again,     b.  intr*  To  bud  or 
sprout  anew. 

£•1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lords  It.  59  He  by  rayne 
what  bing  £>at  is  makys  whik,  dede  binges  reburgones,  and 
he  geuys  hy.s  benysoun  in  alle  vertuz.  1611  FLOKIO,  Ripain- 
pinare,  to  rebud  or  reburgeon  out  a  new  as  a  Vine  doth. 

t  Rebu'rse,  ^.   Obs.    [f.  RE-  +  -burse>  as  in  dis 
burse  ^  imburse.\     trans.  To  reimburse  (a  person). 
(In  B.  Jonson  Tale  Tub  in.  i.,  prob.  intended  as  an  ejrror 
for  dt'-  or  disburse,) 

1587  Sc.  Acts  Jos.  F/(i8i4)  III.  508/2  And  [the  strangers] 
alsua  sal  be  rebursit  and  payit  of  l>a!r  expense  and  passage. 
Rebury  (nbe-ri),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]      trans.  To 
bury  again. 

1584  [R.  PARSONS]  Leycesters  Commit).  (1641)  36  My  good 
Lord . .  would  needs  have  her  taken  up  againe  and  re-buried. 
1611  SPEF.D  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xv.  §  86.  649/2  Her  Coffin  ,. 
hath  euer  since  so  remained,  and  neuer  reburied.  a  1711 
KEN  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  86  Some  [shall]  wish 
themselves  re-buried  in  the  Grave.  1837  CARLYU-;  Fr.  Rev. 
II.  in.  vii,  Reburied  hastily  at  dead  of  night.  1862  LYTTON 
Sir.  Story  xli,  No  one  ..  could  suppose  that  some  third 
person  had.  .forced  open  the  casket  to  abstract  its  contents 
and  then  rebury  it. 

Rebus  (rrbps),  sb.  [a.  F.  rebus  (1512  in  Hatz.- 
Darm.),  or  L.  rebus,  abl.  pi.  of  res  thing. 

The  precise  origin  of  this  application  of  the  Latin  word  is 
doubtful.  It  is  variously  explained  as  denoting  '  by  things', 
from  the  representation  being  non  vcrbis  sed  rebus,  and  (in 
Menage)  as  taken  from  satirical  pieces  composed  by  clerks 
in  Picardy  for  the  annual  carnival,  which  dealt  with  current 
topics,  and  were  therefore  entitled  de  rebus  qu&  gentntur 
'  about  things  which  are  going  on  '.] 

An  enigmatical  representation  of  a  name,  word, 
or  phrase  by  figures,  pictures,  arrangement  of 
letters,  etc.,  which  suggest  the  syllables  of  which  it 
is  made  up.  b.  In  later  use  also  applied  to  puzzles 
in  which  a  punning  application  of  each  syllable  of 
a  word  is  given,  without  pictorial  representation. 

1605  CAMDEN  Rent.  (1634)  146  They  which  lackt  wit  to 
expresse  their  conceit  in  speech,  did  vse  to  depaint  it  out 
(as  it  were)  in  pictures,  which  they  called  Rebus.  1630  B. 
JONSON  New  Jnu  i.  i,  I  will  maintain  the  rebus  against  all 
humours,  And  all  complexions  in  the  body  of  man.  a  1661 
FULLER  Worthies,  Somerset  in.  (1662)  23  He  gave  for  his 

29 


REBUS. 


226 


RECALCITRANT. 


Rebus  (in  allusion  to  his  Name  [Beckinton])  a  burning 
Heacon.  1713  BIRCH  Guard.  No.  36  f  14  If  this  meets  with 
encouragement,  I  shall  write  a  vindication  of  the  Rebus,  and 
do  justice  to  the  Conundrum.  1777  SHERIDAN  Sc/t.  Scant/, 
i.  i,  I  back  him  at  a  rebus  or  a  charade  against  the  best 
rhymer  in  the  kingdom.  1854  E.  A.  FRKEMAN  in  Ecclesio- 
logtst  XV.  318  A  certain  John  Chapman  was  a  benefactor 
to  the  building,  and  carved  a  chapman  with  a  dog,  as  a 
rebus  on  his  name.  i88a  F.  HARRISON  Choice  Bks.  (1886) 
305  Many  an  ingenious  picture  is  nothing  but  a  painted 
rebus. 

attrib.  1744  WARBURTON  Occas.  Rcfl.  23  Mistaking,  for 
Egyptian,  a  ridiculous  Kind  of  rebus- writ  ing.  1765  lip. 
LOWTH  Lett.  IVarburton  13  From  Egyptian  Hieroglyphics 
to  modern  Rebus-writing.  1864  Reader  14  May  614  The 
rebus  addresses,  .that  postmen  sometimes  get. 

Hence  Re  bus  v.  trans.>  to  mark  or  inscribe  with 
a  rebus  or  rebuses. 

In  quot.  1864  substituted  for  bercbits  used  by  Fuller, 
IVortkias,  Essex  (1662)  330. 

1655  FULLER  Ck.  Hist.  iv.  xv.  §  35  John  Morton  ..  had  a 
fair  library  (rebussd  with  More  in  text  and  Tun  under  it). 
1864  Athementn  No.  1932.  595/1  A  fine  cenotaph  ..  rebused 
with  hawks. 

Rebut  ;r/b»'t),  v.  Forms  :  a.  3-4  (6  Sc.)  re 
bute,  4  rebuyt ;  Sc.  5  reboyt,  rabut,  5-6  raboyt, 
6  reboot.  (3.  4-5  rebout(e,  5  rebowte.  7.  5-7 
rebutte,  7  rebutt,  6-  rebut,  [a.  AF,  reboter 
(1302-7),  OF.  rebater,  rebuter,  rebouter,  etc.,  f.  re- 
RE-  +  boter,  bitter,  boittcr  to  BUTT  T».'] 

1 1.  trans.  To  assail  (a  person)  with  violent  lan 
guage  ;  to  revile,  rebuke,  reproach.  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  29520  For-(n  es  fele  rebuted  \v.r.  reuyled] 
here  pat  forwit  crist  self  es  dere.  1330  Arth.  <<j-  Merl.  3000 
(Kdlbing)  King  &  erls,  wi}>  outen  dout,  per  gun  him  anon 
reh  >ut  For  to  proucn  his  maner.  c  1373  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xii. 
(AfntJtirts)  174  Rubene  ..  fund  hyme  sa  takand  his  froyte. 
qu  hare- for  he  cane  hyme  faste  reboyte;  &  he  hyme  with 
wordisfell  answcrte.  c  1470  HEVSR\ Il'attace  x.  595  '  Wallace', 
said  Bruce,  '  rabut  me  now  no  mar'. 

f  2.  To  repel,  repulse,  drive  back  (a  person,  or 
an  attack).  Obs. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  vn.  617  Fiften  hundreth  men  &  ma 
Wyth  fewar  war  rebutit  swa,  That  thai  vith-drew  thaim 
schamfully.  1:1400  Melayne  743  Was  neuer  kynge  that 
wercde  a  crown  So  foule  rebuytede.  c  1470  HENRY  l^allace 
vi.  754  Raboytit  ewi!l,on  to  thar  king  thai  rid.  1480  CAXTON 
OvicCs  Met.  xiv.  xiv,  Romulus  &  his  peple.  .made  them  to 
retorne  and  flee  abacke  &  rebowted  them  alle  out  of  Rome. 
1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  xi.  vili.  38  Quha  can  that  say  . .  That 
I  rebutit  was  or  dung  abak?  1568  GRAFTON  Ckron.  II.  542 
The  Knglishe  Capteynes  ..  rebutted  and  draue  away  the 
Frenchmen,  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  ii.  23  But  he.. Their 
sharp  assault  right  boldly  did  rebut. 

b.  transf.  in  various  uses.     Also  const,  from. 

1536  BKLLKXOEN  Cron.  Scot.  (1821)  I.  24  The  Scottis  and 
Pic  fit  is,  more  insolent  efter  this  victory  than  afore,  rebutit 
the  Britonis,  and  denyit  peace.  1570-6  LAMBAKDE  Per&mb, 
Kent  (1826)  495  The  Eldest  Sonne  onely  shall  be  rebutted, 
or  barred,  by  the  warrantie  of  the  auncestour.  1593  NASHE 
Christ's  T.  66  Our  Atheist,  ..  with  nothing  but  humaine 
reasons  will  bee  rebutted.  1661  COWI.KY  O.  Cromwell  Wks. 
1710  II.  660  The  other  Design-  .from  which  he  was  rebuted 
by  the  universal  Outcry  of  the  Divines.  1848  Eraser's  Mag. 
XXXVII.  510  This  demand  upon  the  exercise  of  the  ima 
gination  will  rebut  the  mere  novel-reader. 

f  c.  To  foil  or  deprive  of  (a.  tiling)  by  repulse. 

1508  DUNRAR  Gold.  Targe  180  Syne  [they]  went  abak  , 
reboytit  of  thair  pray.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  III.  466  i 
He  had  far  leuer  sterue,.  .Of  his  honour  or  he  rebutit  be. 

3.  To  force  or  turn  back  (a  thin^,  now  usually 
something  abstract) ;  to  give  a  check  to. 

1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  x.  40  The  lyghte  of  the  daye  re- 
bouted  and  putte  a  backe  the  shadowe  of  the  nyghte.  1596 
SPENSER  Hymn  Heav.  Beaut.  125  Their  points  rebutted 
backe  againe  Are  duld.  1601  WEEVER  Mirr.  Mart.  B  v  b, 
A  naked  piller,  Whose  force  rebutts  the  streame  which 
runneth  after.  1633  P.  FLETCHER  Pise.  Ed.  i.  iii,  Rebut 
ting  Phoebus  parching  fervencie.  a  1720  SHI;FFIICLD  ^Dk. 
Buckhm.)  Wks.  (1753)  II.  157  Rowing  in  theGallies  is  nothing 
to  the  toil  of  popularity;  but  ambition  is  rebutted  with 
nothing.  1814  SOUTHEY  Roderick  xvi.  66  [The  stream]  here, 
from  the  rock  Rebutted,  curls  and  eddies.  1859  I.  TAYLOR 
Logic  in  Tkeol.  24  Fatalism  ..  has  been  rebutted  in  its  at 
tempt  to  interfere  with  the  energies  of  the  day. 

f  b.  To  repel,  reject  (a  thing  offered).  Obs. 

1562  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.T.S.)  i.  108  As  waspU  ressauU  of 
)?e  same  hot  soure,  So  reprobati.s  Christis  buke  dois  rebute. 

4.  Law.  To  repel  by  counter-proof,  refute  (evi 
dence,  a  charge,  etc.).     Hence  in  general  use  :  To 
refute,  disprove  (any  statement,  theory,  etc.). 

1817  W.  SELWVN  Law  Nisi  Prius  (ed.  4)  II.  709  The  pre 
sumption  of  legitimacy. .may  be  rebutted  by  circumstances 
inducing  a  contrary  presumption.  1830  D'!SRAELI  Chas.  7, 
III.  v.  70  This  faculty  . .  enabled  him  to  rebut  the  minute 
and  harassing  charges  brought  against  him.  a  1862  BUCKLE 
Civiliz.  (1873)  III.  v.  327  This  antiquated  notion  is  further 
rebutted  by  the  fact  that  wages  are  always  higher  in  summer 
than  in  winter.  1869  ROGERS  Pref.  Adam  Smith's  W.  N. 
I.  26  He  rebuts  their  strange  doctrine. 

6.  intr.  or  absol.  f  a.  To  draw  back,  retire,  retreat, 
recoil.  Obs. 

1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.^  Priv.Prrv.  139  Company.. makyth 
the  honnoure  of  lordshupp  rebutte  in  dyspite.     Ibid.   246    | 
The  grete  colde.  .makyth  the  natural!  hette  reboute  and  re-    j 
tourne  to  the  stomake.     1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  n.  xxi.   in     I 
As  the  sabboth  day  approcheth  he  [a  river]  rebouteth  and     | 
goth  into  therthe  agayn.    1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  ii.  15  Them 
selves.  .Doe  backe  rebutte,  and  ech  to  other  yealdeth  land.     ! 
1624  QUARLES  Dh>.  Poems,  lion's  Elegies  ii.  5  As  the  Pilot 
.  .striving  to  'scape  The  danger  of  deepe-mouth'd  Carybdis 
rape,  Rebutts  on  Scylla. 

b.   Law.  To  bring  forward  a  rebutter.   ?  Obs. 

1602   FUI.BECKE  ind  Pi.  Parall.  67  If  the  prouiso  had    | 


beene  that  he  should  neyther  vouche  nor  rebutte,  the  prouiso 
bad  beene  void.  1628  COKE  On  Litt.  365  The  action  of  the 
heire  by  the  Warrantie  of  his  Ancestor,  .is  called  to  Rebut 
or  repell.  1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  xx.  310  The  plaintiff 
may  answer  the  rejoinder  by  a  sur-rejoinder ;  upon  which 
the  defendant  may  rebut. 

c.  Curling.  To  play  a  random  shot  with  great 
force  towards  the  close  of  a  game,  in  the  hope  of 
gaining  some  advantage  for  one's  own  side. 

1831  [see  REBUTTING  vbl.  sb.\  1800  KF.RR  Curling-  404  To 
rebut . .  and  to  cannon . . ,  were  two  favourite  points  by  which 
the  ancient  curlers  were  wont  to  win  distinction. 

Rebute  I  r/txj't).  Sc.(ax\&  north.)  ?  Obs.  Forms: 
5  north,  rebuyte,  Sc.  5  rabut,  6  rebuit,  6,  8  re 
bute.  [f.  rebtite,  obs.  form  of  REBUT  v.  Cf.  obs.  F. 
rebout.]  fa.  Rebuke,  reproach.  Obs.  b.  Repulse. 

^•1450  St.  Cnthbert  (Surtees)  4531  Restyng  place  to  our 
refuyte  }it  haue  we  nane  bot  beres  rebuyte.  c  1470  HENRY 
Wallace  ix.  860  Allace,  how  [may]  this  be  ;  And  do  not 
harm?  Our  gret  rabut  haiff  we.  1513  DOUGLAS  /Ends  xii. 
v.  166  Drevin  abak  Wyth  a  schamefull  rebute  and  mekill 
Ink.  c  1585  MONTGOMERIE  Misc.  Poems  xlvi.  14  My  hairt  hes 
biddin  sik  rebute.  1794 BURNS  '  O  steer  her  up'  ii,  Ne'er 
break  your  heart  for  ae  rebute. 

Rebutment  (r/bzrtment).  [a.  obs.  F.  rebutte- 
ment  (also  reboutte-,  reboute-}  :  see  REBUT  v.  and 
-MENT.]  The  act  of  rebutting ;  the  fact  of  being 
rebutted.  Now  only  as  =  RKBUTTAL. 

1593  NASHE  Chris? s  T.  (1613)40  lustled  head-long  downe 
.  .and  breaking  their  backes  with  their  stumbling  rebutment. 
1623  COCKERAM,  RebiitwentS)  iustlings.  1824-6  LANDOR 
I  mag.  Conv.  Wks.  1846  I.  204  In  fact,  *  will  I '  can  only  be 
used  in  the  rebutment  of  a  question.  1871  Daily  A'cws 
ii  Mar.,  In  rebutment  of  the  presumption  of  law. 

Rebuttable  (r/'b^-tab'l),  a.  [f.  KBBUT  v.  + 
-ABLE.]  That  may  be  rebutted. 

1879  Smith's  Leading  Cases  (ed.  8)  II.  883  Payment  of 
rent  ..  was  held  not  to  be  a  conclusive  admission  of  title  .. 
but  rebuttable  by  showing  that  he  never  had  any  title. 

Rebuttal  (i/b^-tal).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -AL.]  Refu 
tation,  contradiction  ;  spec,  in  Law  (cf.  REBUT  v.  4). 

1830  S.  WARREN  Diary  Physic.  I.  xiv.  302  There  is  gener 
ally  preserved  an  amazing  consistency  in  the  delusion,  in 
spite  of  the  incessant  rebuttals  of  sensation.  1881  Times 
20  June  6/1  To  hear  the  defendant's  evidence  first,,  .reserv 
ing  his  right . .  to  call  evidence  in  rebuttal  thereof. 

Rebutter  (tfbzrtaj),  sb.  [In  sense  I,  a.  AF. 
rebuter  (see  REBUT  v.  and  -ER*);  in  2,  partly  f. 
REBUT  v.  -f  -ER*.] 

1.  Law.  a.  An  answer  made  by  a  defendant  to 
a  plaintiff's  surrejoinder. 

1540  A  ct  32  Hen.  K///,  c.  30  §  i  Replycacyons,  reioynders, 
rebutters. .  .and  other  pleadyn^es.  1588  FRAUNCE  Laiviers 
Log.  i.  iv.  25  Formal  precidents  of . .  rejoynders,  surre- 
joynders,  rebutters,  issues,  a  1734  NORTH  Exam.  in.  viii. 
§  61  (1740)  630  Of  all  the  several  Pleas,  ..  Rebutters,  Sur 
rebutters  &c.  the  Public  were  made  Judges  by  the  Favour 
of  the  Press.  1770  FOOTE  Lame  Lover  n.  Wks.  1799  II.  71 
Rebutters,  sur-rebutters,  replications  ..,  and  imparlance. 
1875  POSTE  Gaius  iv.  §  129. 

transf.  1599  Broiightorf s  Lett.  v.  17  It  had  been  too 
much  for  any  such  . .  to  haue  aduanced  a  Rebutter  against 
his  Grace.  1613  CHAPMAN  Ren.  BussylTAmbois  Wks,  1873 
II.  176  loyne  in  mee  all  your  rages,  and  rebutters. 

fb.  (See  quots.)    Obs. 

1607  COWF.IX  Interpr.  s.  v.,  The  Dpnnee.  .repelleth  the 
heire,  because  though  the  land  were  intailed  tohim  :  yet  he  is 
heire  to  the  warranty  likewise  ;  and  this  is  called  a  Rebutter. 
a  1625  SIR  H.  FINCH  Law  (1636)  378  If  the  sonne  bring  an 
action  to  recouer  the  land,  he  shall  be  barred  by  the  war 
rantie  made  by  his  father,  and  this  is  called  a  Rebutter. 
1658  PHILLIPS,  Rebutter,  a  Term  in  Law,  is,  when  the 
Donnee  by  virtue  of  a  Warranty  made  by  the  Donour  re 
pelleth  the  Heir. 

fc.  (See  quot.)   Obs. 

1607  COWKLT,  Interpr.  s.v.,  If  I  graunt  to  my  tenent  to 
hould  sine  impetitione  vasti^  and  afterward  I  impede  him 
for  waste  made,  he  may  debarre  me  of  this  action,  by  shew 
ing  my  graunt,  and  this  is  likewise  a  Rebutter. 

2.  That  which  rebuts,  repels,  refutes,  etc. ;  a  refu 
tation. 

1794  GODWIN  Cal.  Williams  170  Surely,  it  is  no  sufficient 
rebutter  of  a  criminal  charge  [etc.].  1829  GEN.  P.  THOMPSON 
Exerc.  (1842)  I.  181  If  they  have  received  a  rebutter  for 
their  pains,  they  must  ascribe  it  to  the  fatality  which 
prompted  them  to  folly.  1868  Daily  News  3  Aug.,  The 
constitutional  course  which  the  Queen  has  adopted  ..  is  a 
sufficient  rebutter  of  the  suspicion. 

Hence  fBebu'tter  v.  intr.t  to  make  a  rebutter 
to  (a  statement) ;  to  reply. 

1715  M.  DAVIRS  Atken.  Brit.  I.  Pref.  30  An  English 
Fryar.,,  writ  a  Pamphlet,  which  he  call'd,  The  Case  Re 
stated;  which  was  presently  reply'd  to  ..  in  a  Pamphlet, 
styl'd,  The  Case  truly  stated  ;  which  has  been  again  re- 
butter'd  to,  by  another  Missioner. 

Rebutting  (r^b»-tirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  !.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  REBUT,  in  various 
senses;  spec,  in  Curling  (see  quot.  1831). 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  x\\.  339  Thai  haf  tald  thair  reboyting, 
Thai  of  the  vaward.  <?  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Rich.  Ill  25  b, 
Y'  his  aduersaries  in  no  wise  should  haue  any  place  apte  or 
oportune  easely  to  take  lande  withoute  defence  or  rebut- 
tynge  back.  1695  Colbatcfis  New  Lt.  Chirurg.  put  out 
39  Sounding  the  Wound  with  his  Probe,  and  being  alarmed 
with  the  rebutting  of  it  by  the  Systole  and  Diastole  of  the 
Heart.  1831  J.  WILSON  in  filacbiv.  Mag.  XXX.  971  Re 
butting,  is  towards  the  end  of  the  game,  when  the  ice  is 
blocked  up,  and  the  aspect  of  the  game  hopeless  or  desperate, 
to  run  the  gauntlet  through  the  same. 

So  Bebu'tting///.  a.,  that  rebuts. 

1871  Daily  Nf-ws  ii  Mar.,  The  rebutting  evidence,  .was 
exceedingly  strong.  1901  N.  Amer.  Rev.  Feb.  248  The 


medical  member  of  the  commission  practically  testified  as  a 
rebutting  expert. 

Kebu-ttpn,  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  button  (a  garment,  etc.)  again. 
1852  R.  S.  SURTEES  Sponge's  Sp.  Tour  (1893)  278  Then  he 

commenced  to  rebutton  the  easy,  brown  great-coat.  1882 
ANSTEY  I' ice  l^ersa  (ed.  19)  120  The  boys  began  ..  to  un 
button  and  rebutton  their  gloves  with  great  care. 

2.  To  furnish  (a  garment)  with  new  buttons. 
1867  A.  GRANT  Mr.  Sec.  Pej>y$,  An  old  seedy  black  coat, 

re-buttoned,  sponged,  and  '  goosed  up'. 
Rebuy",  v.     [RE-  2  b  and  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  buy  back. 

1611  COTGR.,  Retraict  Lignagier,  a  power,  giuen  by 
custome  vnto  the  neerest  kinsman  of  one  that  sells  land,  to 
rebuy  it  within  a  certaine  time.  1693  LUTTKELL  Brief  Ret. 
(1857)  III.  118  Prince  Lewis  bad  taken  some  horses,  mules, 
witli  part  of  D'Lorges  baggage  ;  who  sent  to  the  prince  to 
rebuy  their  horses,  but  was  refused.  1886  Law  Times 
LXXX.  206/1  To  sell  and  to  rebuy  the  same  amount  of 
stock  at  a  future  day  at  the  same  price. 

2.  To  buy  a  second  time. 

1866  NKALE  Sequences  $•  Hymns  186,  I  bought  them  ;  and 
I  will  rebuy  them. 

Rebuyk-,  obs.  form  of  REBUKE  v. 

Rebuyt-,  obs.  form  of  REBUT  v. 

Rebuyte,  variant  of  REBUTE.  Sc. 

Rebylione,  obs.  form  of  REBELLION. 

Rebylle  rable,  obs.  f.  RIBBLE-RABBLE. 

t  Reca-dency.  Obs— l  [f.  med.L.  recad-ere  to 
fall  back  +  -ENCY  :  cf.  CADENCY.]  A  falling  back, 
recidivation,  backsliding. 

1648  W.  MOUNTAGUE  Devout  Ess.,  Addr.  to  Court  a4  One 
patern  of  relapse  and  retrogradation .  .is  apt  to  render  many 
sincere  progressions  in  the  first  fervor,  suspected  of  unsound- 
ness  and  recadency. 

II  Recado  (r<?ka-d0).  Also  7  recaudo,  recarder. 
[a.  Sp.  or  Pg.  recado  (also  recaudo}  a  message  or 
errand,  a  gift,  equipment  or  furnishings,  etc. ;  of 
uncertain  origin  (see  Die?,  and  Korting).] 

f  1.  A  present;  a  message  of  compliment.  Obs. 

1615  R.  COCKS  Diary  (Hakluyt  Soc.)  I.  26  Our  hostis  .. 
sent  her  sonne  to  me  with  a  present  of  2  barilles  wine  and 
other  recado.  c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  I.  y.  ix.  205  Yours  of 
the  2  of  July  came  to  safe  hand,  and  I  did  all  those  particu 
lars  recaudos,  you  enjoyned  me  to  do  to  som  of  your  friends 
here.  1698  KRYER  Ace.  E.  India  *  P.  71  The  Padre- 
Superior,  whose  Mandate  whereever  we  came  caused  them 
to  send  his  Recarders  (a  Term  of  Congratulation,  as  we  say, 
Our  Service). 

2.  A  South  American  saddle. 

1826  SIR  F.  HEAD  Pampas  246  (StanO,  I  was  standing  in 
despair,  gazing  at  the  recado  which  had  formed  my  bed. 
1845  DARWIN  I'oy.  Nat.  iii.  (1873)  44  The  complicated  gear 
of  the  recado  or  saddle  used  in  the  Pampas. 

Recal,  variant  of  RECALL  sb.1,  v.^ 

f  Reca*lcate,  v.  Obsr~°  [ad.  L.  recalcare  ] 
'To  tread  under  foot*  (Cockcram  1623). 

Kecalcinatiou  (r/'kcelsin^-Jsn).  [RE-  5  a.] 
The  action  of  recalcining ;  a  second  calcination. 

1768  Elaboratory  laid  open  149  The  recalculation  of  the 
ashes  ..  is  wholly  unnecessary.  1802  SMITHSON  in  Phil. 
Trans.  XCIII.  26Disoxidation  of  the  zinc  calx,,  .its  sublima 
tion  in  a  metallic  state,  and  instantaneous  recalcination. 

Re-calcine  (nk^elsarn),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  calcine  again.  Also  fig. 

1655  QUARLES  Embl.  n.  xv.  (1818)  129  So,  now  the  soul's 
sublim'd  ;  her  sour  desires  Are  re-calcin'd  in  Heaven's  well- 
temper'd  fires.  1662  MRRRETT  tr.  Neri's  Art  of  Glass  i. 
xxv,  Powder  it  [brass]  again,  serce  it  fine,  and  re-calcine  it. 
1758  REID  tr.  Macqiter's  Chym.  I.  376  As  it  would  have 
been  too  tedious  to  re-calcine  them  all  separately,  he  made 


able  properties. 

Recalcitrance  (r/kas-Isitrans).  [See  next  and 
-ANCE.  Cf.  mod.F.  recalcitrance.]  Recalcitrant 
temper  or  conduct. 

1856  FROUDE  Hisf.  Eng.  (1858)  I.  iii.  279  Armed  with  this 
letter,  the  heads  of  houses  subdued  the  recalcitrance  of  the 
overhasty  '  youth  '.  1882  FARRAR  Early  Chr.  I.  32  The 
Senate  showed  signs  of  indignant  recalcitrance  against  her 
attacks  on  those  whose  power  she  feared. 

So  Reca'lcitrancy. 

1869  Daily  News  15  Apr.,  This  judgment  is  not  at  all  un 
likely  to  strengthen  them  in  their  recalcitrancy. 

Recalcitrant  (r/karlsitrant),  a.  and  sb.  [a. 
F.  recalcitrant  ^7-i8th  c.),  or  L.  recalcitrant-, 
pres.  pple.  virecalcitrare  to  RECALCITRATE.] 

A.  adj.  1.  '  Kicking '  against  constraint  or  re 
striction  ;  obstinately  disobedient  or  refractory. 
(Said  of  person  or  animals,  and  transf.  of  things.) 
Also  const,  to. 

1843  THACKERAY  Fitzboodle^s  Confess.,  Afr.  fy  Mrs.  F. 
Berry  361  In  oaths  both  French  and  English  [he]  called 
upon  the  recalcitrant  Anatole.  1861  Sat.  Rev.  7  Sept.  240/2 
If  you  are  recalcitrant  to  the  rules  of  his  art.  1866  Cornh. 
Mag.  Sept.  339  A  recalcitrant  pin  falling  from  its  rightful 
place.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  3.  571  For  a  time  it 
was  necessary  to  suspend  the  more  recalcitrant  ministers. 

absol,  1865  MAFFEI  Brigand  Life  II.  50  The  number  of 
the  recalcitrant  was  exceedingly  small. 

2.  Characterized  by  refractoriness. 

1865  MILL  Comte  25  A  single  Deity.,  keeping  in  recal 
citrant  subjection  an  army  of  devils.  1876  Fox  UOURNE 
Locke  I.  vi.  284  Parliament  met.  .to  be  again  prorogued,  on 
account  of  its  recalcitrant  temper. 


RECALCITRARY. 

B.  sb.  A  recalcitrant  person. 

1865  Pall  Malt  G.  30  May  loAll  recalcitrants  were  treated 
as  rebels  and  traitors.  1881  Times  4  July  11/2  The  Registrar 
..will  take  legal  proceedings  against  the  recalcitrants. 

So  Beca'lcitrary  a. 

1862  F.  WILFORD  Maid  en  of  our  mutt  day  505  If  this 
troublesome  landlord  is  still  recalcitrary,  .  .  I  have  another 
plan  to  propose. 

Recalcitrate  (r/kae'lsitr^t),  v.  [f.  ppl.  stem 
of  L.  recalcitrdre  to  kick  out  (Horace),  to  be  re 
fractory  (Vulgate)  :  see  RE-  and  CALCITRATE  z>.] 

1.  intr.  To  kick  out,  kick  backwards,  rare.    (Now 
only  withyig".  connotation,  as  in  b.) 

1623  COCKERAM,  Recalcitrate^  to  kicke  with  the  heele. 
1656  in  RLouNTGSosscgr.  1853  W.  WicKKNDEN//K;^/^ar^V 
Chest  258  Another  was  recalcitrating  like  a  kicking  horse. 
1852  f-'raser's  Mag,  XLV.  176  We  recalcitrate  with  all  our 
heels  against  the  conclusion. 

b.  To  *  kick  out  '  against  or  at  a  thing  ;  to  show 
strong  objectionor  repugnance;  tomanifest  vigorous 
opposition  or  resistance  ;  to  be  obstinately  dis 
obedient  or  refractory. 

1767  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  IX.  xxxiii,  Why  then  did  the 
delicacy  of  Diogenes  and  Plato  so  recalcitrate  against  it? 
1824  Blackw.  Mag.  XV.  563  Many  good  fellows  .  .  have  re 
calcitrated  against  every  proposal.  1852  LANDOR  Wk$. 
(1876)  II.  126  Those  who  ..  recalcitrate  at  their  caresses, 
they  threaten  with  Tartarus.  1862  GOULBURN  Pars.  Rclig. 
ii.  i.  (1873)  42  Slothfulness  always  recalcitrates  against  an 
effort  of  mind. 

2.  trans.  To  kick  back.  rare. 

1832  Blackw.  Mag.  XXXII.  745  When  this  man  ..  was 
stopping  the  rock  with  his  feet,  to  recalcitrate  it  upon  the 
enemy,  a  1859  DE  QUINCEY  (Ogilvie',  The  more  heartily  did 
one  disdain  his  disdain,  and  recalcitrate  his  tricks. 

Hence  Recalcitrating  vbl.  sb.  o.\\<\  ppl.  a. 

1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  I.  in.  vi,  There  is  nothing  but  re 
bellious  debating  and  recalcitrating.  1870  J.  H.  NI;\VMAN 
Grant.  Assent  I.  v,  129  Seeming  to  force,  and  to  exult  in 
forcing,  a  mystery  upon  recalcitrating  minds. 

Recalcitration  (r/kcedsitr^'Jan).  [See  prec. 
and  -ATION.]  The  action  of  recalcitrating,  or 
'kicking'  against  something. 

1658  PHILLIPS,  Recaldtrationt  a  striking  back  with  the 
heel.  1678  J.  J[ONES]  Brit.  Church  364  With  unevangelical 
revenge,  and  recalcitration,  after  fair  eviction.  1818  SCOTT 
flrt.  Midi,  xl,  These  symptoms  of  recalcitration.  1861 
J.  G.  SIIEPPARD  Fall  Rome  viii.  415  The  hard  battle  which 
they  had  daily  to  maintain  with  the  recalcitration  of  the 
proprietor  and  the  extortion  of  the  treasury.  1880  L. 
STEPHEN  Pope  ii.  46  One  cannot  read  Addison's  praises 
without  a  certain  recalcitration. 

Recalculate  (r/k^-lki/^t),  v.   [RE-  5  a.   Cf. 

F.  rccalculer.']  trans.  To  calculate  afresh  ;  to  re- 
.  count.  Also  absol. 

16x1  COTGR.,  Recalculer,  to  recalculate,  or  make  a  new 
computation  of.  1652  BRO.ME  Danwiselle  ii.  i,  Whilst  I 
recalculate  The  miseries  of  a  distressed  man.  1669  FLAM- 
STEED  in  Rigaud  Corr.  Set.  Men  (1841)  II.  77  These  occulta- 
tions  .  .  I  recalculated  from  the  exactest  tables.  1856  DOVE 
Logic  Chr.  Faitlivi.  §  i.  334  If  you  have  made  an  error  in 
your  process,  then  you  must  recalculate.  1885  Athenaeum 
3  Jan,  18/3  Dr.  Hurter  ..  has  recalculated  the  tables  for 
English  weights  and  measures. 

t  Becalefy,  v.  Obs.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  L.  recale- 
facere^\  trans.  To  heat  again. 

1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhoner's  Bk.  Pltysicke  80/2  When  it  is 
coulde,  then  recalefy  the  same  agayne.  1657  ToiCUNBOM 
Runouts  Disp.  548  They  coct  them  to  the  consistence  of 
an  Electuary,  then  they  recalifie  them. 

Recalesce  (nkale-s),  z>.  [ad.  L.  recalescfre  : 
see  RE-  2  c  and  CALESCENT.]  intr.  To  grow  hot 
again.  So  Recale'scence. 

1887  Xatnre  15  Dec.  165  If  an  iron  bar..  be  heated  to  a 
white  heat  and  allowed  to  cool,  the  brightness  at  first 
diminishes,  and  then  reglows  (recalesces)  for  a  short 
interval.  1887  TOMLINSON  Recalescence  of  Iron  in  Proc. 
Physical  Soc.  (1888)  Apr.  107  The  metal,  to  all  appearances, 
receives  a  sudden  accession  of  heat,  and  reglows.  This 
phenomenon  was  discovered  by  Professor  Barrett,  and  is 
frequently  designated  the  l  recalescence  '  of  iron.  1899 
W.  F.  BARRETT  in  Nature  22  June  173  In  this  paper,  the 
phenomenon,  for  which  I  suggested  the  name  recalescence, 
was  first  described. 


Recall  (rflcg-l),^.!  Also  8-9  recal.  [f.  RE-  + 
CALL  *&,  after  the  vb.] 

1.  The  act  of  calling  back  ;  an  invitation  or  sum 
mons  to  return  to  or  from  a  place. 

In  recent  use  spec,  the  calling  back  of  an  actor,  singer,  or 
other  performer  to  the  stage  or  platform;  an  encore. 

1611  FLOKIO,  Riapello,  a  recall,  a  reappeale.  1616  J.  LANK 
Cant.  St/r's  T.  195  Canac,  on  knees,  did  too  Cambuscan  fall, 
With  begginge  grace  for  Algarsifes  recall.  1759  J.  G. 
COOPER  tr.  Cresset's  Ver  Vert.  iv.  191  There  the  blest  day 
of  his  recall  Is  annually  a  festival.  1794  Ld.  Auckland's 
Corr.  (1862)  III.  201,  I  shall,,  wait  at  Brussels  for  my  letters 
of  recall,  and  for  orders.  1806  A.  DUNCAN  Nelson  86  The 
admiral  ..  gave  the  signal  of  recal.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng.  vi.  II.  139  About  three  quarters  of  a  year  elapsed 
between  the  recall  of  Ormond  and  the  arrival  of  Clarendon 
at  Dublin.  1884  MRS.  H.  WARD  Miss  Bretherton  vii,  He.  . 
escaped  behind  the  scenes  as  soon  as  Miss  Bretherton's  last 
recall  was  over. 

fig.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  Lett.  LXXV.  iii.  352  A  poor 
girl,  .having  no  recalls  from  education. 

b.  Naut,  A  signal  flag  used  to  call  back  a  boat 
to  a  ship,  or  a  vessel  to  a  squadron. 

1832  MARRYAT  N.  Forstcr  xli,  The  recall  is  up  on  board 
of  the  commodore.  1833  —  P.  Simple  (1863)  117  The  Sea 
horse,  who  saw  the  recall  up,  did  not  repeat  it,  and  our 
captain  was  determined  not  to  see  it. 

C.  Any  sound  made  as  a  signal  to  return  ;  esp. 


227 

Mil.  a  signal  sounded  on  a  musical  instrument  to 
call  soldiers  back  to  rank  or  camp. 

X855  KINCSLEY  Westward  Hoi  ix,  The  trumpets  blow  a 
recall,  and  the  sailors  drop  back  again  by  twos  and  threes. 

2.  The  act  of  recalling  to  the  mind.  rare. 

1651  tr.  Dc-las-Coveras1  Don  Fenise  243  A  history  I  will 
tell  you,  at  the  recall  whereof  this  Cavalier  ..  will  under 
stand  [etc.].  1887  BAIN  in  Mind  Apr.  161  The  recall, 
resuscitation,  or  reproduction  of  ideas  already  formed. 

3.  The  act  or  possibility  ot  recalling,  revoking, 
or  annulling  something  done  or  past.      Chiefly  in 
phrases  beyond,  past,  or  without  recall. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  885  Other  Decrees  Against  thee  are 
gon  forth  without  recall.  1680  DRYUEN  Span.  Friar  in.  ii, 
'Tis  done,  and  since  'tis  done,  'tis  past  recall.  1790  in 
Dallas  Amcr,  Laiv  Rep.  I.  143  After  foreclosure,  the  land 
is  in  the  mortgagee  without  any  possibility  of  recal.  1833 
HT.  MARTINEAU  Fr.  Wines  $  Pol.  i.  15  Since  the  bargain 
is.. beyond  recall  it  is  no  longer  my  affair.  1864  BROWSING 
Rabbi  Ben  Ezra  xxvii,  All  that  is,  at  all,  Lasts  ever,  past 
recall.  1884  Law  Times  LXXVII.  25/2  The  Chancery 
Division  may  possess  power  to  order  the  recall  of  probate. 
b.  A  claim  to  rescind  a  bargain. 

1894  Daily  News  14  Apr.  2/7  If  you  buy  that  stone  you 
buy  it  on  your  own  entire  judgment,  and  you  have  no 
'  recall '  upon  me. 

Recall  (r/kg-l\  sb2  [i<E-  5  a.]  A  repeated 
call  or  demand. 

1823  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  CI.  254  He  makes  fre 
quent  calls  and  recalls  on  our  attention. 

Recall  (rJkg-l),  z/.i  Also  7-9  recal.  [f.  RE- 
+  CALL  v.t  prob.  after  F.  rappeler  or  L.  revocdre.'} 

1.  trans.  To  call  back,  to  summon  (a  person,  or 
fig.  a  thing)  to  return  to  or  from  a  place. 

1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  v.  iv.  155  Let  them  be  recall'd 
from  their  Kxile.  1632  LITHGOW  "I'm?1.  I.  38  These  . .  were 
all  re-cald  home  to  their  fathers  Pallaces.  1670  MARVELL 
Corr.  Wks.  1872-5  II.  314  About  the  same  time  the  King 
had  resolved  to  recal  the  Lord  Roberts  back.  1759  ROBERT 
SON  Hist,  Scot.  (1817)  209  To  recal  those  legions  which 
guarded  the  frontier  provinces.  1816  SHLLLKV  Mont  Blanc 
48  Some  phantom,  some  faint  image;  till  the  breast  From 
which  they  fled  recalls  them.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  iv. 
§  i.  162  His  father's  death  recalled  him  home. 

b.  To  bring  back  by  (or  as  by)  calling  upon. 

1582  T.  WATSON  Ccnturie  of  Loi'e  To  Rdr.,  Nothing  is 
more  easlie  let  flowne, .  .nothing  later  recalled  backeagaine, 
then  the  bitter  blast  of  an  euill  spoaken  man.  1632  BKGMIC 
Northern  Lass  I.  iii,  There's  no  recalling  time.  1667 
MlLTON  /'.  L.  ix.  926  But  past  who  can  recall,  or  don  undoe  '{ 
1766  tr.  Beccaria'sEss.  Crimes  xii.  (1793)  47  Can  the  groans 
of  a  tortured  wretch  recal  the  time  past,  or  reverse  the 
crime  he  has  committed  'i  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  XLI. 
xxviii,  Ye  who  must  lament  The  death  of  those  that  made 
this  world  so  fair,  Cannot  recall  them  now.  1834  MRS. 
SO.MKKVILLE  Connt'.i:  Phys.  Sc.  ix.  (1849)  78  The  attraction 
of  the  earth  would  have  recalled  the  greatest  axis  to  the 
direction  of  the  line  joining  the  centres  of  the  moon  and 
earth. 

C.  To  summon  or  bring  back  (the  attention, 
mind,  etc.)  to  a  subject.  Also  without  const. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  422  But  him  the  gentle  Angel  by 
the  hand  Soon  rais'd,  and  his  attention  thus  recall'd.  1790 
BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  21  We  must  recall  their  erring  fancies  to 
the  acts  of  the  Revolution.  1820  SHE  LUCY  Let.  Maria  Gisl\ 
253,  I  recal  My  thoughts  and  bid  you  look  upon  the  night. 
1848  W.  H.  KELLY  tr.  L.  Blanc's  Hist.  Ten  Y.  I.  430 
Whether  it  was  that  the  king  wished  to  recall  to  his  own 
person  the  too  long  diverted  attention  of  the  public  [etc.], 

2.  To  call  or  bring  back  to  (or  Jroni}  a  certain 
state,  occupation,  etc. 

1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI^  i.  i.  66  If  Henry  were  recall'd  to 
life  againe,  These  news  would  cause  him  once  more  yeeld 
the  Ghost.  1621  T.  WILLIAMSON  tr.  Goiilart's  Wise  Vieil- 
lard  103,  I  will  not  bee  recalled  from  my  last  end,  to  my 
first  state  and  condition.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  330  Re 
call'd  To  life  prolongd  and  promisd  Race,  I  now  Gladly 
behold  [etc.].  1766  GRAY  in  Corr.  iv.  Nicholas  (1843)  63  He 
. .  by  such  afflictions  recalls  us  from  our  wandering  thoughts 
and  idle  merriment  ..  to  serious  reflection.  1798  FERRIAR 
lllnstr.  Sterne,  etc.  ii.  36  We  are  so  constantly  recalled  to 
right  and  severe  reason.  1821  BYRON  Cain  in.  i,  May  his 
soft  spirit,  .recall  thee  To  peace  and  holiness  !  1871  R.  W. 
DALE  Commandm.  Introd.  9  The  Commandments  recall 
us  to  the  better  faith  of  earlier  times. 

reft.  1575-85  ABP.  SANDYS  Scrm.  (Parker  Soc.)  69  That 
all  heretics  not  recalling  themselves  by  admonition  should 
be  avoided.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  58  Polemo,  forced 
by  the  weightinesse  of  his  speech,  could  not  but  recall  him- 
selfe  by  little  and  little. 

b.  To  bring  back  or  down,  to  reduce,  to  a  certain 
number,  rare"1. 

1836-7  HAMILTON  Metafh.  xxxi.  (1859)  H-  23J  Aristotle 
recalled  the  laws  of  this  connection  to  four,  or  rather 
to  three. 

3.  To  call  or  bring  back  (a  circumstance,  person, 
etc.)  to  the  mind,  memory,  thoughts,  etc. 

1611  BIBLE  Lam.  iii.  21  This  I  recall  to  my  mind,  there 
fore  haue  I  hope.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  \\.  106  Mary  ponder 
ing  oft,  and  oft  to  mind  Recalling  what  remarkably  had 
pass'd.  1779  J.  MOORE  View  Soc.  Fr.  II.  xcv.  423  Any 
statue  of  the  Virgin  would  serve  as  effectually  as  that  to 
recal  her  to  the  memory.  1796  H.  HUNTER  tr.  St. 'Pierre's 
Stud.  Nat.  (1799)  III.  303,  I  tried  to  recal  myself  to  him  by 
the  image  of  Arcadia.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  v.  xxxvii, 
The  sleepless  silence  did  recal  I^aone  to  my  thoughts. 
*8?5  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  46  The  name  does  not  recall 
any  one  to  me. 

b.  To  bring  back  to  the  mind ;  to  cause  one  to 
remember. 

1651  HOUSES  Leviath.  \.  iv.  13  Wheras  a  Proper  Name 
bringeth  to  mind  one  thing  onely ;  Universals  recall  any 
one  of  those  many.  1819  SHELLEY  Julian  557  In  towns, 
with  little  to  recal  Regret  for  the  green  country.  1875 


RECANT. 


JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  225  The  expectation  of  his  death 
recalls  the  promise  of  his  youth. 

•• 


s      e  promse  o       s  you. 

.  To  recollect,  remember.     •(•  Also  with  over 
' 


ents. 

4,   To   bring    back,    restore,    revive,   resuscitate 


no  more  rgt  ..  tan  a  cess  puyer 
lias  made  a  bad  move  has  to  recall  it. 

b.  To  revoke,  take  back  (a  gift). 
1608  SHAKS.  Per.  in.  i.  25  We  here  below  Recall  not  what 
we  give.  1850  TENNYSON  Tithonus  49  The  Gods  themselves 
cannot  recall  their  gifts. 

t  c.  absol.  To  retract.   Qbs.rare~~*. 
1598  MAKSTON  Sco.  Villanie  \\.  vi.  201,  When  I  .  .heard  him 
swc-are  I  was  a  Pythian,  Yet  straight  recald,  and  sweares 
I  did  but  quote  Out  of  Xilinum  ..,  I  scarce  could  hold. 

'  ' 


t  Oct.  7/1  The  recalled  Governor  of  Indu-China. 
Recall  (I'/kp'ljj  v.'-    [RE-  5  a.]    intr.  and  trans. 
To  call  again,  call  a  second  lime. 

1794  BURNS  She  says  she  Iocs  me,  etc.  iii,  While  falling, 
recalling,  The  amorous  thrush  concludes  his  sang.  1863 
Times  19  Mar.  13/1  He  then  proceeded  to  recall  the  names 
in  a  regular  way. 

Recallable  (r/kjrlab'l),  a.     [f.  RECALL  v. 


tiie  same  date  have  been  forgotten 


Re  calling1  (r/kg'lirj),  vbl,  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  l.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses. 

1611  COTGR.,  Revocationt.  .a  countermaund,  recalling, 
recantation.  1646  Hamilton  Papers  (Camden)  115  The  re 
calling  of  the  copy  of  the  letter  then  ready  to  be  sent.  1696 
T.  BRAY  Lect.  I.  xvii.  195  The  Mischief  and  Poyson  of  such 
Temptations  do  fly  beyond  his  Recalling.  1835  BROWNING 
Paracelsus  \.  85  Recall  With  all  the  said  recallings,  times 
when  [etc.].  1836  J.  H.  NEWMAN  in  Lyra  Apost.  (1849)  155 
Who  knows  but  myriads  owe  their  endless  rest  To  thy  re 
calling? 

Recallment(r/k£'lment).  [f.asprec.  +  -MEKT,] 
—  RECALL  s/>.1 

1650  T.  BAYLY  Iferba  parletis  115  Now  the  time  is  cume 
for  her  recallment.  1678  SHAUWELL  Timon  ii.  ii,  If  he 
sollicites  his  recallment  with  you.  1753  W.  SMITH  Thu- 
cydides  Disc.  m.  (1805)  I.  106  A  change  of  government  is 
judged  a  necessary  measure  to  bring  about  his  recalment. 
1845  BROWNING  The  Glove  122,  I  followed  after,  And  asked 
. .  If  she  wished  not  the  rash  deed's  recalment? 

t  Reca-mara,  -era.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  Sp.  re- 
camara,)  It.  recamera  (Florio)  :  see  RE-  and  CAM 
ERA.]  A  back  chamber,  retiring  room,  closet. 

i6zz  MABBK  tr.  Alemans  Guzman  if  A  If.  i.  \.  viii.  92  They 
made  ready  their  Recamara,  and  all  fitting  provision  for 
such  a  businesse.  1625  BACON  /:'«.,  Building  (Arb.)  552 
An  Infirmary,  .with  Chambers,  Bed-chamber,  Anticamera, 
and  Recamera,  ioyning  to  it. 

Recambole,  obs.  form  of  ROCAMBOLE. 

fReca-mby.  St.  Obs.  rare—1,  [ad.  med.  L. 
*  rtcambhwi  ;cf.  Sp.  recatnbio,  It.  ricambio},  f.  RE- 
+  CAMBIUM.]  =  RKCHANGE  sb.  i. 

1489  Ada  Dom.  Cone,  Scotl.  129  The  payment  of  f>e 
soume  of  twa  hundreth  fourti  ducatis.. .  And  of  J>e  Recamby 
ilke  foure  moneth  . .  of  ilke  x  ducate  a  ducate. 

Recande-scence.     [I<E-  5  a.     Cf.  L.  recan- 

desc$re?\    The  process  of  becoming  brilliant  again. 

1861  BUMSTEAD  Ven.  Dis.  (1879)  483  If  mercury  be  given 
for  the  primary  sore,  it  may  somewhat  diminish  for  a  time, 
but  commonly  undergoes  a  recande^cence  upon  the  evolution 
of  secondary  symptoms. 

Recant  (r/kse'nt),  Z'.1  [ad.  L.  recant-are  to 
recall,  revoke  (Horace),  f.  re-  RE-  2  d  +  cantare 
to  sing,  chant :  cf.  Gr.  traAii'a»5€iV.] 

1.  trans.  To  withdraw,  retract,  or  renounce  (a 
statement,  opinion,  belief,  etc.)  as  erroneous,  and 

29-3 


RECANT. 

esp.  with  formal  or  public  confession  of  error  in 
matters  of  religion. 

1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  1136,  I  will  recant  nathing  that 
I  haue  schawin:  I  haue  said  nathing  hot  the  veritie. 
1542-3  Act  34  #  35  Hen.  VIIL,  c.  i  Suche  offendour.. 
shalbe  for  the  first  time  admitted  to  recante  and  renounce 
his  said  errours.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  200  b, 
He  was  enforced  to  recant  suche  thynges  as  he  had  taught 
before.  1601  F.  GODWIN  Bps.  of  Eng.  246  He  was  content 
to  recant  his  opinions  at  Paules  crosse.  1636  FEATLY  Serm. 
in  Strict.  Lyndom.  (1638)  it.  219  They  recanted  the  Pro 
testant  Religion,  and  were  reconciled  to  the  Roman  Church. 
1719  WATERLAND  De/.  Queries  \,  Can  you  deny  it  with 
out  recanting  all  that  you  had  said  before?  1817  MOORE 
Lalla  R.  (1824)  344  His  criticisms  were  all  ..  recanted 
instantly.  1853  KANE  Grinnell  Exp.  xxxvii.  (1856)  338, 
I  was  forced  to  recant  in  a  measure  my  convictions  as 
to  the  force  of  the  opposing  floes. 

t  b.  To  renounce,  abjure  (a  course  of  life  or 
conduct)  as  wrong  or  mistaken.  Obs. 

1576  \\HY.TSToxv.R0ckcof  Regard \v.  99  Before  the  world, 
I  here  recant  my  life,  I  do  renounce  both  tingling  loue  and 
lust  1579  LVI.Y  Eutkues  (Arb.)  101  Musing  to  renue  his 
ill  fortune,  or  recant  his  olde  follyes.  1605  Play  of  Stuctey 
in  Simpson  Sch.  Sltaks.  (1878)  i.  227  Let  it  suffice  If  with 
his  tongue  he  do  recant  his  fault.  1701  C.  WOLLEY  Jrnl. 
New  York  (1860)  5=;,  I  cannot  say  I  observed  any  swearing 
or  quarrelling,  but  what  was  easily  reconciled  and  recanted 
by  a  mild  rebuke. 

2.  a.  To  withdraw,  retract  (a  promise}  vow,  etc.). 
Now  rare, 

1596  SHAKS.  Mcrch.  /".  iv.  i.  391  He  shall  doe  this,  or 
else  I  due  recant  The  pardon  that  I  late  pronounced  heere. 
1600  FAIRFAX  Tasso  v.  Ixix,  The  Captaine  sage  the  damsel! 
faire  assured,  His  word  was  past,  and  should  not  be  re 
canted.  1667  MILTON  P.L.  iv.  96  Ease  would  recant  Vows 
made  in  pain,  as  violent  and  void.  1855  MILMAN  Lat. 
Chr.  ix.  ii.  V.  230  Recanting  all  his  promises  and  struggling 
out  of  his  vows. 

b.  To  renounce,  give  up  (a  design  or  purpose). 

1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus'  Nat.  Paradox  x.  232  Lest  .. 
compa>-sion  ..  should  have  made  mee  ..  recant  the  Design 
which  I  had  resolved  to  execute  upon  him.     a- 1814  Word  of 
Honor   n.    i.    in   Neiu   Brit.    Theatre  I.    361    Edw*  Then 
Thomas  lied?     Car.  But  I  recant  my  purpose. 

iJ.  intr.  To  retract,  renounce,  or  disavow  a  former 
opinion  or  belief;  esp.  to  make  a  formal  or  public 
confession  of  error. 

1553  M.  WOOD  [?Bale]  tr.  Gardiner  s  TrneObed.  ToRdr. 
A  vj,  How  these  incarnate  deuils  could,  .say  yea  than,  &  so 
impudentli.. recant  and  say  nay  now.  1633  P.  FLETCHER 
Poet.  Misc.  78  Here  I  recant,  and  of  those  words  repent  me. 
1645  PAGITT  Heresiogr.  11601)  44  Of  a  Congregation  of 
Dutch  Anabaptists  ..  four  recanted  at  Pauls  Cross.  1768 
H.  WALPOLE  Hist,  Doubts  88  Not  one  of  the  sufferers  is 
pretended  to  have  recanted.  1830  DISRAELI  Chas.  /,  III. 
xiv.  306  To  Induce  him  to  recant,  they  attempted  to  confute 
his  principles.  1876  MOZLKY  Unw.  Serin.  \.  21  The  earth 
must  roll  back  on  its  axis  again  before  the  moral  sense  of 
society  recants  on  these  questions. 

fb.  To  go  back  on,  resile  from,  an  agreement ; 
to  refuse  to  fulfil  a  contract.  Obs.  rare. 

1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  316  We  agreed  for 
threescore  and  odd  pistols,  which  I  laid  down  ;  but  he  re 
canting  and  demanding  more,  I  withdrew  my  money.  1755 
M AGENS  Insurances  I.  403  Should  the  Giver  of  the  Premium 
not  approve  of  the  Contractor,  he  may  very  justly  recant. 

f  4.   rejl.  To  make  retractation  (<?/"  something). 

c  1590  GREENE  Fr.  Bacon  vi,  Recant  thee,  Lacy,  thou  art 
put  in  trust.  1646  GAULE  Set.  Cases  Consc.  199,  I  will  con 
ceive,  withall,  that  witches  have  as  great  cause  as  may  be 
to  recant  them  of  their  bargame. 

Hence  Keca'nted///.  a.,  Keca'nting  vbl.  sh. 

1538  ELYOT  Palinodia  . .,  nowe  of  some  men  called  a  re- 
cantynge.  1580  HOLLYBAND  Treas.  Fr.  Tongt  Abjure- 
meat,  a  recanting.  1671  GLANVILL  Disc,  AI.  Stubbe  8 
Somt,  you  phancy,  may  think,  that  you  writ  against  the 
Errors  of  that  recanted  Book, 

•j* Recant,  ».2  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  recant-are\ 
see  prec.  and  RE-  2  a,  2  c.J 

1.  To  sing  again  ;  to  repeat  in  singing. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mar,  704  (R.)  They  were  wont 
ever  after  in  their  wedding  songs  to  recant  and  resound  this 
name — Thalassius.  1611  FLORIO,  Rt  can  fare,  to  recant  or 
sing  againe.  1656  BLOUNT,  Recant,  to  sing  after  another. 

2.  To  relate,  recount,  rehearse. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  137  If  one  that  sits  by  him 
.  .recant  of  some  processe  of  law  or  action  commenced.  1611 
FLORIO,  Ridetto,  said,  repeated,  or  recanted  againe. 

Recant  (rfkse-nt),  z>.a  rare-*,  [f.  RE- +  CANT 
z>.^]  intr.  To  cant  or  tilt  back. 

1793  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  XI.  199  Wheel  Cranes,  by  their  re- 
canting  back,  when  overpowered  by  the  weight. 

Recantation1  (rftant^'Jan).    [f-  RECANT  v.1 

+  -ATION.]  The  action  of  recanting  ;  an  instance 
of  this. 

*545  JoYE  ExP-  ®an-  v-  94  The  kyng  with  publyke  rescript 
and  open  recantacion  confessinge  his  synne.  1616  R.  C. 
Times'  Whistle  vi.  2413  Turn  convertite,  and  make  true 
recantation.  1667  PP;PYS  Diary  (1879)  IV.  261  Two  papist 
women  lately  converted,  whereof  one  wrote  her  recantation. 
1771  Junius  Lett.  xliv.  232  My  offences  are  not  to  be  re 
deemed  by  recantation  or  repentance.  1814  D'!SKAELI 
Quarrels  Auth.  (1867)  453  Recantations  usually  prove  the 
force  of  authority,  rather  than  the  force  of  conviction.  1846 
GROTE  Greece  i.  xv.  (1862)  I.  257  His  poem  of  recantation 
(the  famous  palinode  now  unfortunately  lost). 

attrit'.  1619  R.  JONES  Two  Serin. t  The  Recantation 
Sermon.  1690  LUTTRELL  £rief  R et.  (1857)  II.  109  Mr.  Sheap- 
herd.  .has  preacht  a  recantation  sermon  in  Pinners  hall. 

t  Recantation^.  Obs.  rare~°.  [Cf.REOANT  z>.2] 
(See  quot.) 
z6ix  FLORIO,  Rbantnti0rtet  a  recantation  or  singing  againe. 


228 
Recanter1  (r/kse-ntai).  [f. RECANT  z;.1  +•  -ER1.] 

One  who  recants  or  retracts. 

!g89  J.  RIDER  Bibltoth.  Schol.  s.v.  Recant,  A  recanter,  or 
he  that  recanteth,/a//«w//C7/j.  1607  SHAKS.  Tinion  v,  i.  149 
The  publike  Body,  which  doth  sildome  Play  the  re-canter. 
1689  HICKERINGILL  Modest  Ing,  w.  29  Heaven  is  fill'd  with 
no  glorified  Saints,  except  Recanters.  i8z6W.  K.  ANDRKWS 
Rev.  f*'ox£s  Bk.  Mart.  II.  52  A  recanter,  a  prevaricator, 
and  frontless  liar. 

I  Recanter2.    Obs.  rare~\     [f.    RECANT  z>.2] 

(See  quot.) 

«i66i  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  III.  428  To  recant;  ..  to 
Ray  over  the  same  again  (in  which  sense  the  cuckoo,  of  all 
birds,  is  properly  called  the  recanter). 

Recanting  (i^kDe-ntirj),///.  a.  [f.  RECANT  v.1 
-f  -ING  a.]  That  recants  or  retracts. 

1593  SHAKS.  Rick.  //,  i.  i.  193  My  teeth  shall  teare  The 
slauish  motiue  of  rAanting  feare.  1607—  Timon  i.i'i.  17 
Recanting  goodnesse,  sorry  ere  'tis  showne.  1648  MILTON 
Tenure  Kings  Wks.  1738  I.  320  Have.  .not.. their  now  re 
canting  Ministers  preach'd  against  him? 

Hence  Reca'ntingly  adv. 

1393  NASHE  Chris?  s  T.  (1613)  119  lulian  ..  recantingly 
cryed  out,  J  'icisti,  Galilxe,  •vicisti. 

Recap  (ukse-p),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  put 
a  (or  the)  cap  on  (a  thing)  again ;  esp.  to  provide 
(a  cartridge)  with  a  new  cap.  Also  absol. 

1870  GREENER  Mod.  Breech-Loaders  235  The  principal 
advantage  of  this  cartridge  is,  that  it  can  be  recapped  and 
fired  a  great  number  of  times.  Ibid,  246  advt,t  It  both 
extracts  and  re-caps  at  the  same  time.  1890  Anthony's 
Photogr.  BnlL  III.  27,  I  ..  blow  the  magnesium  powder 
through  the  flame,  and  then  recap  the  lens. 

Hence  Reca'pped  ppl.  a. ;  Reca  pper,  a  tool  for 
recapping  shells  or  cartridges.  Also  recapping- 
machine. 

1870  GREENER  Mod.  Breech-Loaders  112  ^A  re-capped 
cartridge-case  should  not  be  trusted  when  in  pursuit  of 
dangerous  game,  Ibid.  246  advt.^  Improved  Central-fire 
Cap  Extractor  and  Re-capper.  1885  Bazaar  30  Mar.  1274/1 
Loading,  turning-over,  and  re-capping  machines. 

Recapa  Citate,  v.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans, 
and  reft.  To  make  (legally)  capable  again.  (Cf. 
CAPACITATE  v.  2.) 

1702-3  ATTERBURY  Let.  Misc.  Wks.  1739  I.  166  There  was 
another  [amendment],  which  provided,  that  persons,  re- 
capacitating  themselves  by  taking  the  oaths,  should  not 
come  into  the  places  out  of  which  they  were  turned,  if  full. 
1703  Land,  Gaz.  No.  3892/1  An  Act  for  Enlarging  the  Time 
fur  taking  the  Oath  of  Abjuration,  and  also  for  Recapacitat- 
ing  and  indempnifying  such  Persons  as  have  not  taken  the 
same  by  the  Time  limited. 

fReca'pitate,  v.  Obs.~l  [ad.  It.  ricapitare  in 
same  sense.]  trans.  To  send,  to  forward. 

1592  WOTTON  in  Rdiq.  (1685)  700  Being  yesterday  from 
my  Friend  advertis'd  that  your  Honour  resided  still  in 
Padoa,  and  that  my  last  [letters]  were  recapitated  thither  ; 
I  now  proceed  to  effectuate  your  Will. 

t  Reca'pitle,  v.  Obs.  Also  6  -capytele.  [ad. 
obs.  F.  recapitler,  var.  rtcapititler ;  see  RECAPI- 
TULE  v.~\  trans.  To  recapitulate. 

1430-40  I.YDG.  Bochas  iv.  Prol.  (1554)  99  b,  He  . .  doth  re- 
capitle  agayn  The  fal  of  many  that  sate  in  hye  stages.  1502 
Ord.  Crysten  Men  (W.  de  W.  1506)  n.  xv.  121  For  to  under- 
stonde  ye  better  &  retayne  these  thynges  before  sayd  they 
ben  recapyteled.  1529  MORE  Dyaloge  i.  Wks.  175/2  The 
authour  in  this  chapiter  doth  briefely  recapitle  certaine  of 
the  principall  pointes  that  he  before  proued. 

Recapi'tulary,  a.  rare—1.  ^RECAPITULATORY. 
1830  IVestm.  Rev.  Oat.  437  Re-inquiry,  or  call  it  repeti- 
tional  or  recapitulary  hearing. 

Recapitulate  (rfkaprti;fl^t),z>.  [f.  ppl.  stem 
of  late  L.  recapitulare  :  see  RE-  and  CAPITULATE  v."\ 

1.  trans.  To  go  over  or  repeat  again,  properly  in 
a  more  concise  manner ;  to  give  the  heads  or  sub 
stance  of  (what  has  been  already  said) ;  to  sum 
marize,  restate  briefly. 

1570  FOXE  A .  fy  M.  (ed.  2)  7/1  Wherof  as  mention  is  touched 
before,  so  breeflye  to  recapitulate  the  same.  1607  T.  ROGERS 
39  Art.  Pref.  14  These  and  many  more  (too  many  here  to 
be  recapitulate) . .  this  first  subscription  brought  first  to  light. 
1642  FULLER  Holy  $  Prof.  St.  iv.  viii.  275  Judge  Markham 
in  a  grave  speech  did  recapitulate  select  and  collate  the 
materiall  points  on  either  side.  1699  BENTLEV  Phal,  108,  1 
would  summ  up  the  Particulars  of  this  Second  Head,  if  the 
Examiner's  Performance  could  bear  recapitulating.  1768 
H.  WALPOLE  Hist.  Doubts  121,  I  will  recapitulate  the  most 
material  arguments  that  tend  to  disprove  what  has  been 
asserted.  1783  BURKE  Sp.  E.  Ind.  Bill  Wks.  1826  IV.  27  It 
only  remains,  .for  me  just  to  recapitulate  some  heads.  1861 
BERESF.  HOPE  Eng.  Cathedr.  io*A  C.  205  All  that  I  feel 
bound  to  do  is  to  recapitulate  the  alternative  possibilities. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  404  Socrates  recapitulates  the 
argument  of  Cebes. 

absol.  1821  CfiAtG  Lect.  Drawing,  etc.  viii.  428  My  object 
being  now  merely  to  recapitulate,  I  give  you  the  rules  with 
out  the  reasoning.  187^  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  485  Let  me 
recapitulate— for  there  is  no  harm  in  repetition. 

b.  transf.  in  Biol.  of  young  animals :  (see  RE 
CAPITULATION  i  b).     Also  absol. 

1879  E.  R.  LANKESTER  Advancem.Sc.  i. (1800)43  Suppose 
..  that  the  Barnacles  ..  instead  of  recapitulating  in  their 
early  life,  were  to  develope  directly  from  the  egg  to  the 
adult  form.  1879  Athenxum  19  July  83/2  The  fact  that  in 
their  early  development  young  animals  recapitulate  their 
ancestral  history. 

2.  To  bring  together  again ;  to  sum  up  or  unite 
in  one.  rare.     Also  rejl. 

1607  BP.  ANDREWES  Serin.  Nativity  in.  (1631)  21  That 
this  Mysterie  is  . .  the  fulfilling  of  all  Prophecies;  That  alL 
Moses  veiles,  and  all  the  Prophets'  visions,  are  recapitulate 


RECAPTION. 

in  it.  1629  DONNE  Serin.  Wks.  1839  V.  436  Truly  even 
this  first  work,  . .  to  recapitulate  ourselves,  to  assemble  and 
muster  ourselves  [etc.],  1870  W.  GKAHAM  Lect.  L-.phes.  i.  46 
Jesus  Christ  is  the  Head  in  whom  all  things  are  to  be  re 
capitulated.  1874  H.  R.  REYNOLDS  John  Bapt.  hi.  §  3.  197 
The  two  offices  were  alike  recapitulated  in  the  person  of 
Him  who  is  at  once  our  Prophet  and  our  Priest. 

tb.   intr.  To  come  together  into  one.    Obs.—1 

1623  BP.  ANDRiiWEs  Serf /i.  Nativity  xvi.  (16311  152  The 
Head  is  (as  it  were)  the  Summe  ol  all  sense  ;  motion,  speech, 
understanding,  all  recapitulate  into  the  Head. 

Hence  Recapi  tulating  ppl.  a. 

1845  A.  SYMINGTON  in  Ess.  Chr.  Union  viiL  467  The  Re 
deemer  in  heaven  is  the  grand  recapitulating  Head  in  which 
redeemed  and  holy  creatures,  .are  to  be  united. 

Recapitulation  *  (ifkapiti/71^  Jan),  [a.  F. 
recapitulation  (13-141110.),  or  ad.  late  L.  recapitit- 
latidn-em  :  see  prec.  and  -ATION.] 

1.  The  action  of  recapitulating ;  a  summing  up 
or  brief  repetition. 

1388  PURVEY  Prol.  Bible  xii.  48  The  vi.  reule  is  of  recapitu- 
lacoun,  either  rehersing  a  thing  don  bifore.  /£;'</.,  This  issetd 
by  recapitulacoun.  c  1410  LYDG.  Lyfe  Our  Ladye  xviii.  head 
ing  (MS.  Ashm.i,  A  recapitulacion  of  bc  \vordes  of  gabriell 
to  oure  lady.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  7  A  shorte 
recapitulacion  or  rehersal  of  all  yl  is  sayd.  1579  FENTON 
Gnicciard.  \.  (1599)  13  It  is  a  time  vainely  spent  to  stand 
long  vpon  the  recapitulation  of  these  reasons.  i6a8  VENNER 
Baths  o/ Bathe (1650)  363  Take  this  short  hint  or  recapitula 
tion  for  all.  1752  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  194  P  i,  1  shall 
therefore  continue  my  narrative  without  preface  or  recapitu 
lation.  1812  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  n.\i.  note,  The  reflections 
suggested  by  such  objects  are  too  trite  to  require  recapitu 
lation.  1869  FARRAR  Font.  Speech  iii.  (1873)  85, 1  will  content 
myself  with  a  mere  recapitulation  of  the  elements  which  we 
possess  for  the  decision. 

transf.  1673  tr.  Harvey's  A  nat.  Excrc.  28  Nature  in  death 
making  as  it  were  a  recapitulation,  returns  upon  her  self 
with  a  retrograde  motion. 

b.  Biol.  The  repetition  of  evolutionary  stages  in 
the  growth  of  a  young  animal.     Also  attrib. 

1875  DYER  in  Encycl.  Brit.  III.  692/2  In  the  animal 
kingdom  the  'recapitulation  theory'  steps  in.  1880  E.R. 
LANKESTER  Dcgener.  21  In  some  animals  this  recapitulation 
is  more,  in  others  it  is  less  complete. 

2.  A  gathering  together  into  one.   rare~~l. 

a  1635  SIBBES  Confer.  Christ  $  Mary  (1656)  3  There  is  a 
recapitulation,  a  gathering  of  all  things  in  heaven  and  earth. 

Hence  Recapitula'tionist,  an  adherent  of  the 
theory  of  recapitulation  in  Biology. 

1897  Mi  ALL  in  Nature  26  Aug.  408/2  If  I  had  time  to  dis 
cuss  the  Recapitulation  Theory,  I  should  begin  by  granting 
much  that  the  Recapitulationist  demands. 

Recapitulation  *.  rare—1.  [RE-  5  a.]  A 
second  capitulation  or  surrender. 

1641  EARL  MOS.M.  tr.  Biondis  Civil  Warres  v.  100  Being 
blockt  up  on  all  sides,  this  their  retreate  served  onely  for  - 
their  recapitulation. 

Recapitulative  (rflc&pi*tWUtiv),  a.  [f.  RE 
CAPITULATE  :  see  -ATIVE.]  Characterized  by  (bio 
logical)  recapitulation. 

1875  DYER  in  Encycl.  Brit.  III.  692  The  economy  of  nutri 
tion  [in  plants]  has  probably  generally  led  to  the  suppression 
of  recapitulative  structural  details.  1879  E.  R.  LANKKSTER 
Advancem.  Sc.  i.  (1890)  19  The  tadpole  is  a  recapitulative 
phase  of  development. 

Recapi'tulator.  rare.  [f.  as  prec. :  see -OK. J 
One  who  or  that  which  recapitulates. 

1382  WYCLIF  AY/>&Pref.  Ep.  Jerome  vii.  72  Perlipomynon, 
that  is,  the  book  of  the  olde  instrument,  recapitulatour,  word 
bregger.  1589  PUTTKNHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xix.  (Arb.)  244 
Ye  may  gene  him  more  property  the  name  of  the  collectour 
or  recapitulatour. 

Recapitulatory  (n~kapi'ti/?lat9ri),*7.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -ouv.]  Of  the  nature  of,  characterized  by, 
recapitulation. 

1669  BAKKOW  Expos.  Decafa?tie\Vks.  1716  I.  516  This  law 
is  comprehensive  and  recapitulatory  (as  it  were)  of  the  rest 
concerning  our  neighbour.  1685  R.  LUCAS  Happiness  (1692) 
I.  66  inarg.,  A  recapitulatory  conclusion.  1781  WARTON 
///*/.  Eng.  Poetry  xxxviii.  III.  358  Illustrating  it  by  re 
capitulatory  moral  reflections.  1829  HENTHAM  Justice  <$• 
Cod.  Petit.  180  A  fresh  hearing,  tunned  a  recapitulatory 
hearing,  or  say  a  new  trial.  1881  FITCH  Lect.  Teaching 153 
A  most  effective  form  of  recapitulatory  lesson. 

b.  Biol.    —  RECAPITULATIVE. 

1890  Nature  n  Sept.  468/1  Sudden  changes  of  this  kind. . 
cannot  possibly  be  recapitulatory. 

'[  Recapitule,  ^.  Obs,—1  [ad.  F.  relcapituler 
(i4th  c.),  ad.  L.  recapitulare.  Cl.  RECAPITLE  v.'] 
trans.  To  recapitulate.  Hence  t  Recapi'tuler. 

1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  I.  xxix.  86  To  recapytule  shortly 
almost  all  the  substance,  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Gold.  tik. 
M.Aurel.  xii.  140 b,  Colliodrus  recapituler  of  the  antyke 
lawes,  that  was  banyshed  by  Nero  the  cruell.  1623  COCKE- 
HAM,  Recapituler,  which  briefly  rehearseth. 

Recapped,  -capper,  -capping :  see  RECAP  v. 

Recaption  (r^-,  r/kse-pjan).  [f.  RE-  +  CAP 
TION.] 

1.  Law.  a.  A  second  distress  (see  quots.). 

1607  COWELL  Interpr.  s.v.,  Recaption,  .signifieth  a  second 
distresse  of  one  formerly  distreined  for  the  selfe  same  cause, 
and  that  during  the  plea  grounded  upon  the  former  distres. 
1641  Termes  de  la  Ley  20  If  a  man  be  convict  before  the 
sherife  in  the  County  of  a  Recaption,  he  shall  be  but  amerced. 
1753  in  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX. 
402/2  If  after  goods  have  been  replevied,  and  before  the  suit 
has  been  decided,  the  defendant  makes  another  distress  for 
the  same  cause,  such  second  distress  is  called  a  recaption.^ 

b.  (Also  writ  of  recaption?)   A  writ  issued  in 
favour  of  one  who  has  been  distrained  twice. 


KECAPTOK. 


229 


RECEDE. 


1607  COWELL  Interpr.  s.v.,  Recaption,  .likewise  signifieth 
a  writ  lying  for  the  party  thus  destreined.  111625  SIR  H. 
FINCH  Law  (1636)  447  Recaption  Is  for  him  whose  goods 
being  distreined  before  for  rent  or  seruices, .  .are  distrcyned 
again  for  the  same  thing.  1768  BLACKSTONE  Coinm.  III.  150 
If,  pending  a  replevin  for  a  former  distress,  a  man  distreins 
again  for  the  same  rent  or  service,  then  the  party  is  not 
driven  to  his  action  of  replevin,  but  shall  have  a  writ  of  re 
caption.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  402/2  If  the  landlord  .., 
finding  the  goods  of  B  upon  the  land,  ..  distrains  them  for 
the  same  rent,  no  writ  of  recaption  lies. 

2.  Law.  The  peaceful  seizure  without  legal  pro 
cess  of  one's  own  property  wrongfully  taken  or 
withheld. 

1768  BLACKSTONE  Conni.  III.  22  Though  I  may  retake  my 
goods  if  I  have  a  fair  and  peaceable  opportunity,  this  power 
of  recaption  does  not  debar  me  from  my  action  of  trover  or 
detinue.  1769  Ibid.  IV.  336  Recaption  is  unlawful,  if  it  be 
done  with  intention  to  smother  or  compound  the  larciny  ;  it 
then  becoming  the  heinous  offence  of  theft-bote. 

f3.   =  RECAPTURE  i.   Obs.  rare—1, 

1766  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg,  76/2  The  king  and  the  magis 
trates  of  that  city  have  offered  a  reward  of  ioo/.  each  for 
her  re-caption. 

Recaptor   (nkse-pt^i).      [f.    RE-  +  CAPTOR.] 

1.  One  who  retakes  by  capture ;   esp.  one  who 
makes  a  recapture  at  sea. 

1752  BEAWES  Lex  Mcrcat,  280  She  and  her  cargo  were 
sold,  to  pay  the  salvage  due  to  the  recaptors.  1804  LD. 
ELLENBOROUGH  in  Besfs  Rep.  V.  320  Lyde  in  that  case  ac 
cepted  the  goods  from  the  recaptors,  and  not  from  the  master. 
1848  ARNOULD  Law  Jlfar.  fnsur,  (1866)  II.  in.  viii.  969  A 
perishable  cargo  having,  after  capture  of  ship,  been  brought 
by  recaptors  into  a  foreign  port. 

2.  Law.  One  who  takes  goods  by  a  recaption  or 
second  distraint. 

1841  Penny  Cycl,  XIX.  402/2  The  course  is  to  sue  out  a 
special  writ  for  the  restoration  of  the  goods  and  for  the 
punishment  of  the  recaptor. 

Recapture  (j/k^'ptiui),  sb.  [f.  RE-  +  CAP 
TURE.] 

1.  The  fact  of  taking,  or  being  taken,  a  second 
time ;  recovery  or  retaking  by  capture. 

1752  BEAWES  Lex  Mercat.  280  There  is  no  room  to  claim 
a  loss  in  cases  of  a  recapture.  1787  R.  MACKENZIE  Strict. 
Tarletott's  *  Campaigns  i7_8o-i  '  title-p.,  The  Recapture  of 
the  Islands  of  New  Providence.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl. 
II.  x.  in,  I  learned  too  that  Godfrey  was  playing  the  great 
man  at  Etah,  defying  recapture.  1873  SYMONDS  Grk.  Poets 
vii.  209  The  simplicity  of  Giotto  was  gone  beyond  recapture, 

2.  That  which  is  captured  again. 

1861  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  at  OxJ\  xxiii,  After  carrying 
his  re-capture  safely  home,  and  erecting  the  hive  on  a  three- 
legged  stand,  ..he  hastened  to  rejoin  Simon. 

Recapture  (r*kse'ptifij),#.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  capture  again  ;  to  recover  by  capture. 

1799  Hull  Advertiser  6  Oct.  3/2  She  ..  had  been  in 
possession  of  the  French  a  day  or  two  only  prior  to  her 
being  re-captured.  1834  SIR  F.  B.  HEAD  Bubbles  fr.  Brunnen 
284  They  had  nowhere  to  run  but  to  their  own  homes,  where 
they  would  instantly  have  been  recaptured.  1899  W.  E. 
NORRIS  Giles  Ingilby  viii,  Something  which  every  writer 
loses,  as  time  goes  on,  and  never  can  recapture. 

Hence  Beca'ptured///.  a. ;  Reca'pturer. 

1804  Naval  Citron,  XI.  4 13  A  recaptured  brig  of  the  convoy. 
1889  STEVENSON  Master  of  B.  296  The  master,  .thanked  his 
recapturers  as  for  a  service. 

Recarder,  obs.  form  of  RECADO. 

tRecaTga(i)son.  Obs.  rare—0,  [a.  obs.  F. 
recargaison  (Cotgr.),  or  f.  RE  + CARGASON.]  The 
cargo  of  a  ship  for  the  homeward  voyage. 

1661  in  BLOUNT  Glossogr.  (from  Cotgr.).  1677  COLES  Eng.~ 
Lat.  Diet.,  A  Recargason,  sarcina  nams  doinnin  rediturse. 

Reca-rnify,  v.  rare~v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
convert  into  flesh  again. 

c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  II.  li.  65  The  flesh  which  is  daily 
dish'd  upon  our  Tables  is  but  concocted  gras,  which  is  re- 
carnified  in  our  stomacks. 

Recarriage  (rfkarridg).  Also  6  recariage. 
[f.  RE-  +  CARRIAGE  :  cf.  next.]  The  act  of  carrying 
or  conveying  back  again,  esp.  conveyance  back  of 
merchandize  ;  also,  the  fact  of  being  carried  back. 

1541  Act  33  Hen.  yill,  c.  6  For  the  cariage  &  recariage 
of  them,  a  1603  T.  CARTWKIGHT  Confut.  Rhem,  N.  T.  (1618) 
16  This  story  of  his  carriage  and  re-carriage  to  and  fro  the 
Wildernesse.  1633  MUNDAV  Stow's  Si<rz>.  i.  iv.  18/1  Three 
thousand  poore  Watermen  are  maintained,  through  the 
carriage  and  recarriage  of  suche  persons  as  passe  and  repasse 
. .  upon  the  [river].  1889  Pall  Mall  G.  15  June  7/1  The 
return  or  recarriage  of  goods  broken  or  damaged  in  transit. 

Becarry  (r/kse-ri),  v.  [f.  RE-  +  CARRY  v. ;  cf. 
F.  rapporter^  L.  reportdre.'} 

1.  trans.  To  carry,  bear,  or  convey,  back  or  again. 
(Common  in  16-1 7th  c.,  esp.  in  carry  and  recarry.) 

1439  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  345/1  Which  Rever  is  comone  to 
alle  yowr  poeple..for  to  carye, recarye  and  lede.  .in  botes.. 
alle  maner  of  Marchaundise.  1494  FAB VAN  Citron.  II.  li.  b, 
The  body  ..  was  recaryed  vnto  saynte  Denys  of  Fraunce. 
I533~4  Act  25  Hen.  VI II,  c.  17  If  the  said  owner  of  the  said 
lodging  cause  the  brmger  thereof  to  take  and  recarie  awaie 
the  saide  crossebowe.  1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Gen.  xliii.  12 
Duble  money  also  carie  with  you :  and  recarie  that  you 
found  in  your  sackes.  1637  J.  TAVLOK  (Water  P.)  Carrier's 
Cosmogr,  C  iv  b,  Great  Boats  that  doe  carry  and  Recarry 
Passengers  . .  to  and  fro.  1745  De  Foe's  Eng.  Tradesman 
xxxiv.  (1841)  II.  687  Thousands  of  men  and  horses  are 
employed  in  the  carrying  and  recarrying  to  and  from 
London  the  growth  of  England.  1855  SINGLETON  Virgil 
I.  82  So  all  things. .gliding  gradually,  are  re-carried  back. 

absol.  1578  FLORIO  ist  Fruites  15  b,  They  cary  and 
recary,  no  body  saith  any  thing  to  them,  1622  MABBE  tr. 
Alcmatfs  Guzman  d'Atf.  a.  31  Moyling  and  toyling  in  the 


world  ..  carrying  and  re-carrying  home,  and  out  againe. 
1673  T.  JORDAN  London  in  Splendor  in  Heath  Grocer's 
Cotup.  (1869)  514  The  ..  Inhabitants  are  very  actively  im- 
ployed,  some  in  working  and  planting,  others  carrying  and 
recarrying. 
2.  To  carry  again  by  storm. 

1839  ALISON  Europe  '1850)  XIV.xciv.§  21.24  Planchenoil 
was  recarned  ;  Bulow  was  driven  back  into  the  wood. 

Hence  Reca'rrier  ;  RecaTrying"  vhl.  sb, 

1563  KOXE  A.  <V  M.  890/2  A  matter  not  of  taking,  but  of 
gasing,  . .  carying,  recariyng  [etc.].  1610  HKALF.Y  St.  Avg, 
Citie  of  God  (1620)  667  Mercury  . .  feigned  to  be  the  carter 
and  recarier  of  soules  to  and  from  hell.  1677  YAKRANTON 
Eng.  In/prov.  31  For  carrying  and  recarrying  of  Wood, 
Coles,  Corn,  and  all  other  Commodities  to  and  fro.  1711 
Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4866/1  The  . .  Carrying,  Recarrying,  or 
Delivering  of  any  Letter. 

RecaTt,  v.    [R*>.]  To  cart  off  or  back  again. 

1820  SYD.  SMITH  IVks.  (1850)  291/1  No  sooner  have  the 
poor  wretches  become  a  little  familiarised  to  their  new 
parish,  than  the  order  is  appealed  against,  and  they  are  re- 
carted  with  the  same  precipitate  indecency. 

Reca'Sh,  v.    [I<E-.]     intr.  To  make  repayment. 

1843  MARRY  AT  M.  Violet  xxvii,  The  poor  fellow  was  con 
demned  to  recash  and  pay  expenses. 

Reca'sket,  v.  [RE-.]  To  enclose  again  in  a  casket. 

1853  C.  BRONTE  Villette  xxvi,  I  had  hardly  time  to  re- 
casket  my  treasures  and  lock  them  up. 

Recast  (r/kcrst),  sb.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  next  and 
CAST  sb.  VIII.]  An  act  or  instance  of  recasting ; 
the  new  thing  or  form  produced  by  recasting. 

1840  DE  QUINCKY  Homer  v.  Wks.  1857  VI.  386  Popular 
feeling  called   for  a  diaskeue^   or  thorough   recast.     i86z 
MERIVALE  Ron.  E»ip,  (1865)  III.  xxx.  402  In  the  second 
recast  of  the  imperial  drama,  Agrippa  might  seem  to  play 
the  part  of  Brutus.     1868  M.  PATTISON  Acadeni.  Org.  229 
Not  merely  a  revision,  but  an  entire  re-cast  of  the  Statute. 

Recast  (uku-st),  v-    [RE-  5  ^-] 

1.  trans.  To  cast  or  throw  again.  rare~l. 

1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  \,  xlviii.  155  In  the  middest  of 
their  running-race,  [they]  would  cast  and  recast  themselves 
from  one  to  another  horse. 

2.  To  cast  or  found  (metal)  again.     Also  fig. 
1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  \.  vi.  §  9  Taking  their  terms 

from  the  common  language,  . .  recasting  them  in  a  mould  of 
their  own.  1809-10  COLERIDGE  Friend  (1865)  156  They  .. 
would  melt  the  bullion  anew  in  order  to  recast  it  in  the 
original  mould.  1846  ELLIS  Elgin  Marbles  II.  146  Recast 
ing  some  articles  of  gold  and  silver.  1863  Q.  Rev.  Jan.  275 
To  no  purpose  has  the  taxation  . .  been  recast  in  the  moulds 
of  their  narrow  philosophy. 

b.  To  refashion,  remodel,  reconstruct  (a  thing, 
esp.  a  literary  work,  a  sentence,  etc.) ;  to  invest 
with  new  form  or  character,  (Freq.  in  iQth  c,) 

1790  BP.  T.  BURGESS  Scrm.  Dlv.  of  Christ  28  The  advo 
cates  of  free  inquiry  have  recast  the  annals  of  Christian 
antiquity.  1817  MALTHUS  Popul.  (ed.  5)  I.  p.  xiii,  I  have 
recast  and  rewritten  the  chapters.  1828  WHATELY  Rhetoric 
in  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1847)  I.  287/1  Young  writers  . .  should 
always  attempt  to  recast  a  sentence  which  does  not  please. 
1840  Erasers  Mag,  XXII.  63  Buonaparte  recast  the  art  of 
war.  1853  GROTE  Greece  n.  Ixxii.  IX.  255  He  sent  Eteonikus 
to  Thrace  for  the  purpose  of  thus  recasting  the  governments 
every  where. 

absol.  1820  BYRON  Let.  to  Murray  23  Apr.,  I  can  neither 
recast  nor  replace. 

3.  To  compute  over  again,  recalculate. 

1865  NEALE  Hymns  on  Paradise  48  Now  the  years  of 
their  affliction  In  their  memory  they  recast. 

Hence  Reca'st  ///.  a.  ;  Reca'ster,  one  who  re 
casts;  Reca-sting1  vbl.  sb.  (also  attrib.). 

1687  in  Harwood  Lichfield  (1806)  68  Towards  the  re- 


psychological  methods.     1884  Alhenseum  5  July  7/2  The    ; 
original  and  the  recast  Carolingian  poems  and  romances.    ' 
1888  Edin.  Rev.  Apr.  510  These  are  only  additions  by  the 
recaster  of  the  narrative. 

Reca'tcll,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  catch  again. 

1824  in  Spirit  Pub.  Jrnls.  (1825)  294  As  to  recatching  the 
Speaker  !  as  soon  They  might  hope  to  have  caught  Mr. 
Graham's  Balloon.  1871  Daily  Neivs  19  Jan.,  French 
officers  . .  recaught  by  the  Germans.  1893  Chamb.  Jrnl. 
5  Oct.  634/2  Of  337  dabs  marked  and  liberated,  n  were 
recaught. 

f  Reca-tholize,  v,  ot>s.  rare-*.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  make  Catholic  again. 

1399  SANDYS  Europte  Spec.  (1632)  101  To  have  her  re- 
catholized  and  absolved. 

Recaudo,  obs.  form  of  RECADO. 

Recaulescence  (r/kgle-sens).  [RE-  5  a  :  see 
CAULESCENT  «.]  Bot.  The  adhesion  throughout 
its  whole  length  of  a  bract  or  leaf  to  its  stem. 

1880  GRAY  Struct.  Bot.  (ed.  6)  158  note,  Bracts  or  leaves 
may  be  for  a  good  distance  adnate  to  sympodial  shoots, 
whether  peduncles  or  leafy  flowerless  branches.  This 
(named  recaulescence  by  Schimper)  is  of  most  frequent 
occurrence  in  Solanacea;. 

Recaulk  [rfkj'k),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
caulk  again. 

1860  Merc.  Marine  Mag.  VII.  242  If  a  vessel  requires  to 
be  . .  re-caulked.  1885  LADY  J^RASSEY  The  Trades  6  Her 
decks  ..  had  not  been  recaulked  after  her  last  voyage. 

Recawnt,  obs.  variant  of  reckan  KACKAN. 

t  Recche,  reche,  v.  Obs.  Forms;  i  reccan, 
reccean,  3  rsecchen,  recchen,  rechen,  4  rachen; 
3  reache,  3-4  recche,  4  richche,  4-5  reche.  Pa.  t. 

1  reahte,  i,  3  rente,  3  reehte.   Pa.pple.  i  sereaht, 

2  ireht,  3  iraht.     [Comm.  Teut. :  OE.  recc(e}an 
=  OS.  rekkian  (MDu.  recken^  Du.  rekken),  M-LCJ. 


recken  (hence  Da.  rxkke,  Sw.  racka}^  OHG.  recchan 
(G.  recken*),  ON.  rekjat  Goth,  rakjan  (in  comb. 
ufrakjati) :— OTeut.  ^rakjan,  prob.  related  to  Gr. 
vptjftVj  JL.  regere,  por-rigere. 

The  original  sense  of  the  word,  retained  in  Du.  rekken, 
G.  recken  to  stretch,  reach,  is  not  prominent  in  OE. ;  how 
far  it  existed  in  ME.  is  not  quite  clear,  as  the  pa.  t.  and  pa. 
pple.  of  recche^  reche  cannot  well  be  distinguished  from 
those  of  REACH,  but  it  is  possible  that  RATCH  v.  and  RETCH 
v.  may  partly  represent  both  recche  and  reach.} 

1.  trans.  To  tell,  nariate,  say.     a.  with  simple 
object. 

Beowulf  (^^  91  Se  be  cube  frum-sceaft  fira  feorran  reccan, 
c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  Matt.  xiii.  31  He  relit e  him  ba  ^yt  oj^er 
bi^spel.  c  1205  LAY.  25131  pa  spac  Howel  be  hende  ,.  and 
his  quides  rsehte.  c  mp Freemasonry  ($&.  Halliw.  1840)  550 
An  angele  smot  hem  so  with  clyveres  speche,  That  never 
won  wyste  what  other  schuld  reche. 
b.  with  dependent  clause. 

Beowulf  (Gr.}  2093  To  lang  ys  to  reccenne  hu  ic  }?am  leod- 
sceacSan  yfia  gehwylces  ondlean  forgeald.  c  888  K.  ^LI-RED 
Boeth.  xxxii.  §  2  ForSsem  ic  be  recce  call  bajt  ic  be  a;r 
reahte.  c  IQOO  Ags,  C,osp.  Mark  v.  16  Hi  rehton  him  . .  hu 
hit  sedon  waes.  c  1205  LAY.  10842  Nu  ich  habbe  be  iraht 
hu  lie  hauede  bene  nome  icaht.  a  1250  Owl  fy  Night.  1447 
Ich  reache  heom  bi  mine  songe,  That  swucch  luve  ne  Itst 
11051  longe. 

2.  To  explain,  expound,  interpret  (a  dream,  etc.). 
c  1000  ALLPRIC  Gen.  xl.   16   Hu  gleawlice  he  baet  swefen 

rehte.     c  1250  Gen.  $  E.r.  2122  De  king  him  bad  ben  hardi 

6  l;old  If  he  can  rechen  9is  dremes  wold,     a  1400-50  Alex 
ander  521   pus  he  vndid  him  ilka  dele  &   him    be   dome 
reched.     Ibid.  1354  JPe  kyng  callis  him  a  clerke  ..  to  reche 
\_v.r.  rachen]  bim  his  sweuyn. 

3.  intr.  To  go,  proceed,  make  one's  way. 

£'897  K.  -/ELIDED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xi.  65  He  nat  hwider 
he  rec5  mid  3aem  sta;pum  his  weorca,  1:1205  LAY.  25646 
Swa  sone  swa  heo  mihten  ut  of  scipe  heo  rehten.  a  1225 
Ancr.  R.  164  Seint  Peter  sei6  bat  |je  helle  Hun  rengeS  &. 
r*cche3  euer  abuten.  a  1300  Vex  $•  Wolf  268  in  Hazl. 
E.  P.  P.  I.  67  On  frere  . .  hem  shulde  awecche  Wen  hoe 
shulden  thidere  recche.  13..  Gaw.fy  Gr.  Knt.  1898  Renaud 
com  richchande  bur;  a  ro^e  greue. 

b.  trans.  To  pursue  (one's  course).   rare~l, 

aizz$  S.  Marherctc  9  pe  sunne  reccheS  hire  rune  euch 
buten  reste. 

Hence  tRe'cching  vbl.sb.,  interpretation.   Obs.~~l 

6-1250  Gen,  fy  K.v.  2058  Tel  me  6in  drem  ..  Quc3er-so  it 
\vur3e  softe  or  strong  ~9e  reching  wurS  on  god  bilong. 

Recche,  obs.  f.  RECK  z>.}  RETCH  v.  Reccheles, 
-lesly,  -lesues,  obs.  ff.  RECKLESS,  -LESSLY,  -LESS- 
KESS.  Reccless,  var.  REKELH,  incense.  Reccles- 
laic:  see  RECKLESSLAIK.  Reccnenn,  obs.  inf. 
of  RECKON  v.  Receande,  var.  RESEANT  Obs. 

t  E/ece  de,   sb.   Ol>s~l  [f.  next.]   Withdrawal. 

1658  SUNGSBY  Diary  (1836)  202,  I  shall  now  take  occasion 
to  make  my  recede  from  the  world. 

Recede  (r/sf'd).  v.^    Also  5  reysede,  6  recead, 

7  receed.   [ad.  L.  recedere,  f.  re-  RE-  2  a  +  cedere  to 
go,  CEDE.     Cf.  obs.  F.  rectder  (Godef.).] 

1.  intr.  To  go  back  or  further  off;  to  remove  to 
or  towards  a  more  distant  position. 

a.  of  persons.     Usually  =  to  retreat,  retire. 
1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc  s  Trav.  93  You  must  recede 

and  keep  at  distance,  when  you  meet  women.  1725  POPE 
Odyss.  vi.  263  But,  nymphs,  recede  !  sage  chastity  denies 
To  raise  the  blush.  1799-1805  S.  TURNER  Anglo-Sax.  (1836) 
I.  in.  iii.  168  Of  the  events  of  the  battle,  he  only  says,  that 
Arthur  did  not  recede.  1822  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  i.  Dream 
Children^  While  I  stood  gazing,  both  the  children  gradually 

£rew  fainter  to  my  view,  receding,  and  still  receding.     1848 
YTTON  Harold  in.  iii,  The  Earl  ceased  and  receded  behind 
his  children. 

b.  of  things.     (Said  also  of  things  from  which 
one  is  moving  away.) 

i66z  GLANVILL  Lu.v  Orient,  xiii.  140  As  the  sun  recedes, 
the  moon  and  stars  discouer  themselues,  a  I763SHENSTONE 
Elegies  vii.  73  When  proud  Fortune's  ebbing  tide  recedes. 
£1790  IMISON  Sch.  Arts  I.  66  If  it  be  charged  positively  .. 
the  balls  will  recede  still  further  asunder.  1818  SHELLEY 
Eugan.  Hills  21  The  dim  low  line. .Of  a  dark  and  a  distant 
shore  Still  recedes.  1860  MAURY  PJiys.  Geog.  Sea  (Low)  i. 
§  13  When  the  two  [waves]  receded,  there  was  not  a  house. . 
left  standing  in  the  village. 

C.  Const,  from.     Also  in_/?^.  context. 

1605  BACON  Ad^<.  Learn.  11.  xxv.  §  12  It  is  plain  that  the 
more  you  recede  from  your  grounds,  the  weaker  do  you  con 
clude.  1653  H-  MOKE  Antid.  Ath.  n.  ii.  44  The  resistance 
..could  no  more  keep  down  the  above-said  bullet  from 
receding  from  the  earth  [etc.].  1759  JOHNSON  Rasselas 
xxviii  [xxix],  Those  conditions,  .are  so  constituted,  that,  as 
we  approach  one,  we  recede  from  another.  1860  TYNDAIX 
Glac.  i.  xi.  73  We  receded  from  him  into  the  solitudes.  1868 
Q.  VICTORIA  Life  Highl.  26  As  the  fair  shores  of  Scotland 
receded  more  and  more  from  our  view. 

d.  To  become  more  distant ;  to  lie  further  back 
or  away ;  to  slope  backwards. 

1777  MASON  Eng.Gardcn  n.  86  Oft  let  the  turf  recede, and 
oft  approach,  With  varied  breadth.  1784  Cow  PER  Task  i.  65 
Not  with  easy  slope  Receding  wide,  they  pressed  against 
tlie  ribs.  1815  SHELLEY  A  last  or  404  Where  the  embowering 
trees  recede  and  feaveAlittle  space  of  green  expanse.  1877 
A.  B.EDWARDS  Up  Nile  vii.  167  The  mountains  here  recede 
so  far  as  to  be  almost  out  of  sight. 

2.  To  depart  from  some  usual  or  natural  state, 
an  authority,  standard, principle, etc.  ?0bs.  (Com 
mon  1650-1700.) 

1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  in.  (1520)  19/1  It  is  mervayle 
that  suche  men  so  excedynge  in  wyt . .  receded  from  the 
knowlege  of  the  very  god.  1651  HOUSES  Leviath.  i.  xi.  50 
Receding  from  custome  u  hen  their  interest  requires  it.  1665 
GLANVILL  Def.  Van,  Dogm.  60  By  the  instances  alleg'd,  he 


EECEDE. 


230 


RECEIPT. 


recedes  from  his  Master  Aristotle.  1702  STUBIJS  For  God 
or  Baal  17  The  Brute  . .  recedes  not  from  the  Directions  of 
Instinct.  1796  H.  HUNTER  \.t.St.'PierresStnd.  Nat.  (1799) 
I.  194  We  recede  very  widely  from  the  intentions  of  Nature. 
b.  Of  things;  To  depart,  differ,  or  vary  from 
something  else.  Now  rare. 

1576  FOXE  A.  $  M.  (ed.  3)  3/1  If  they  held  any  thyng 
whiche  receaded  from  the  doctrine  and  rule  of  Christ.  1605 
BACON  Adv.  Learn.  \.  i.  §  3,  I  sawe  well  that  knowledge 
recedeth  as  farre  from  ignorance  as  light  doth  from  dark- 
nesse.  1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps.  Ixxxvi.  -z  Another  possible 
notion  of  the  word,  and  which  recedes  very  little  from  this. 
1724  A.  COLLINS  Gr.  Ckr,  Rclig.  171  The  Septuagint,  which 
greatly  receded  from  the  Hebrew  text,  by  its  additions  [etc.]. 
1834  MRS.  SOMKKVILLE  Connex.Phys.Sc.  iii.  12  In  paths 
now  approaching  to,  now  receding  from,  the  elliptical  form. 

3.  fa.  To  fall  away  i,in  allegiance  or  adherence) 
from  a  person.   Obs.  rare. 

1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  iv.  (1520)  33/1  Many  kyngdoms, 
the  whiche  receded  from  all  other  Emperoures,  wylfully  to 
this  man  torned  agayne.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  75  That 
neither  he  nor  his  sonne,  should  recede  or  dlsseuer  from 
Pope  Alexander,  or  from  his  Catholique  successors. 

b.  To  draw  back _/>'<? w  a  bargain,  promise,  etc. 
Also  without  const. 

1648  DK.  HAMILTON  in  H.  Papers  (Camden)  154  They  ar 
so  far  from  receding  from  anie  engagement  to  you.  1651 
G.  W.  tr.  CoweCs  lust.  184  If.,  the  Buyer  repents  of  his 
Bargain,  so  that  he  desires  to  recede,  he  shall  loose  what  he 
gave.  1759  ROBERTSON  Hist.  Sci>t.  v.  Wks.  1813  I.  357  By 
receding  from  the  offer  which  she  made.  1792  Anccd. 
IV.  Pitt  I II.  xxxix.  51  How  could  I  recede  from  Mich  an  en 
gagement?  1802  MAR.  KDCEWORTH  Moral  T.  (1816)  I.  220 
A.  felt  no  inclination  to  recede  from  the  agreement,  into 
which  he  had  entered.  1885  Law  Rep.  29  Chanc.  Div.  437 
There  was  a  concluded  contract  from  which  neither  party 
could  recede. 

c.  To  withdraw_/r<?w  a  position,  proposal,  under 
taking,  opinion,  etc.     Also  without  const. 

1716  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  5447/2  The  Deputies  . .  thought  fit  to 
recede  from  the  Objections.  1738  Col.  Rcc.  Pcnnsylv.  IV. 
324  They  hope  the  Governour  would  recede  from  this  part 
of  the  Amendment  1844 THIRLWAU. £TYAV  Ixiii.  VIII.  233 
Chilon,  whose  hopes  were  dashed  by  this  failure,  now  only 
persevered  because  it  was  too  late  to  recede.  1863  H.  Cox 
Instil,  in.  ii.  602  From  this  opinion  some  of  the  judges  sub 
sequently  receded. 

4.  a.   To  go  away,  depart,  retire  (from  or  to  a 
place  or  scene},  rare. 

1:1483  E.  E.  Misc.  (.Warton  Clubl  29  The  grettyst  payn.. 
Was  when  my  sole  dyde  from  me  reysede.  1679  WOOD  Life 
(O.  H.  S.)  II.  446  About  the  same  time  that  the  Treasurer 
went  away,  'twas  reported  that  the  dutchess  of  Portsmouth 
ie'-eeded  also.  1691  —  Ath.  Oxon.  I.  5  Afterwards  receeding 
to  his  Native  Country,  he  wrot  in  his  own  Language. 
1818-20  E.  THOMPSON  Cullers  Nosot.  Method,  (ed.  3)  201 
Inflammation  of  the  joints  suddenly  receding.  [1842  BRANDE 
Diet.  Sci.  etc.,  s.v.  Recess  of  the  Empire,  They  are  thought 
to  have  been  so  termed  from  being  pronounced  at  the  time 
when  the  diet  was  about  to  '  recede ',  or  separate.  1892 
KIRK  Abingdon  Ace,  p.  xxviii,  Two  monks  had  'receded', 
one  to  Colnc.] 

f  b.  To  retire  from  an  occupation.  Obs.~~^ 

1666  Ormonde  MSS.  in  icM  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm. 
App.  V.  20  Bankes  thinks  to  recede  from  those  Employments 
to  follow  his  owne. 

t  c.   To  have  recourse  to  one.   Obs~^ 

1681-6  J.  Scorr  Chr.  Life  (1747)  III.  368  This  Power  is 
subordinate  to  the  Civil  Legislation  . .  and  . .  stands  obliged 
to  recede  to  the  Civil  Sovereign. 

5.  a.  To  go  back  or  away  in  time. 

1831  Blackw.  Mag.  XXX.  660  From  Green  and  Bewick. . 
let  us  recede  (in  a  chronological  sense)  to  Hogarth.  1834 
CALHOUN  Wks.  (1864)  II.  392,  I  shall  endeavor  to  recede,  in 
imagination,  a  century  from  the  present  time. 

b.  To  go  or  fall  back,  to  decline,  in  character 
or  value. 

1828  HALLAM  Mid.  Ages  \.  ix.  (1869)  585  A  nation  that 
ceases  to  produce  original  and  inventive  minds,  .will  recede 
from  step  to  step.  1883  Daily  News  7  Nov.  4/7  American 
prices  were  firm,  but  foreign  Government  stocks  receded 
fractionally. 

6.  trans,  t  a.  To  retract,  withdraw.   OAff.""4 
1654  H.  L'EsTRANGE  Chas.  /  (1655)  57  Rather^  willing  to 

submit  to  the  hazard  of  Lewes  his  breach  of  Faith,  then  to 
the  blame  of  receding  his  own  from  pollicitation. 
b.  To  remove  back  or  away. 

1819  in  Picton  Vpool  Mimic.  Rec.  (1886)  II.  364  The 
widening  of  Dale  Street  by  taking  down  and  receding  of  the 
houses,  1823  J.  BADCOCK  Dom.  Amusem.  51  Introducing 
two  lenses,  .and  approaching  or  receding  these  by  means  of 
the  slider. 

Hence  Bece'der;  Bece'ding  vbl.  sb. 

1605  BACON  Adv.  Learti.  n.  xxv.  §  24  When  there  is  once 
a  receding  from  the  word  of  God.  1748  RICHARDSON  Cla 
rissa  (1768)  IV.  xxxv.  214  'Do  I  what,  Madam?'  'And 
why  vile  man  ? ' . .  O  the  sweet  receder  ! 

Kecede  (rzsfd),  v*  [f.  RE-  5 a  +  CEDK  v.] 
trans.  To  cede  again,  give  up  to  a  former  owner. 

1771  J.  BAILEY  in  F.  Chase  Hist.  Dartmouth  Coll.  (1891) 
I.  435  The  lands  on  the  west  side  Connecticut  river  might 
be  receded  back  to  New  Hampshire.  1805  M.  CUTLER  in  Li/et 
Jrnls.  «v  Corr.  (1888)  II.  185  The  first  step  was  to  re-cede 
Alexandria  to  Virginia. 

Kecedence  (r&Td£nt>  [f.  RECEDE  z>.i  +  -ENCE  : 
cf.  precedence]  -=  RECESSION. 

J8S9  J.  TOMES  Dental  Surg.  494  The  gradual  waste  of  the 
alveolar  processes,  accompanied  by  a  corresponding  re- 
cedence  of  the  gums.  1883  AV7f  Eng.  Jrnl.  Editc.  XVII. 
320  An  age  approximating  the  recedence  of  the  flood. 

Recedent  (r/sf-dent),  a.  Med.  [f.  as  prec.  4- 
-ENT  :  ci.  precedent,]  =RETROCEDENT. 

1822  GOOD  Study  Med.  II.  505  Retrograde;  recedent; 
misplaced  gout.  1830  Frascr's  Mag.  II.  381  Persons  subject 


to  gout  ..  particularly  in  that  form  of  the  disease  which  the 
learned  call  recedent. 

Receding  (r/s/'din),  ppl.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  2.]  That  recedes. 

1781  CowptR  Charity  147  The  sable  warrior  ..  Loses  in 
tears  the  far  receding  shore.  1805  KMILY  CLARK  Banks  of 
Doitro  III.  299  Kmbittering  the  receding  moments  of  exist 
ence.  1866  HUXLKY  Preh.  Rein.  Caithn.  98  The  forehead 
is  smooth  and  not  receding.  1878  —  Physiogr.  141  The 
muddy  bank  left  by  the  receding  tide. 

Recedure  (r/srdiuj).  Arch.  [f.  as  prec.  -t- 
-URE.]  A  recess  or  ledge  on  the  inner  side  of  a 
chimney  stalk. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  280  To  facilitate  the  erection  . .  of  an 
insulated  stalk  of  this  kind,  it  is  built  with  three  or  more 
successive  plinths,  or  recedures. 

Receipt  (r/sr t),  sb.  Forms :  a.  4-6  receyt, 
(5-6  -e,  6  receeyte),  4-7  receite,  5-8  receit, 
($  reciet);  4-5  resceyte,  5  (7)  resceyt,  5,  7  (8) 
resceit,  (5-6  -e);  4  resseit,  4-5  reseit,  (6  -e),  5 
ress3yt(e,  -ayt,  5-6  resayte,  -eyt,  6  -ayt,  6  (7 ,5V.) 
ressait,  (6  reseight) ;  5  recyt(e;  6  receate,  7 
-eat.  0.  4-7receipte,5resceipte,  5~6receypte, 
6- receipt.  [MK.  receite^  receit^  a.  AF.  (ONF.) 
receite,  receyte  (1304-5)  =  OF.  re^oite^  var.  of  recete 
=  Sp.  recetdj  Pg.  receita..  It.  ricetta :— L.  recepta^ 
fem.  pa.  pple.  of  rccipcre  to  RECEIVE. 

The  vowel  of  OF.  receite^  re^oite  is  app.  due  to  the  in 
fluence  of  such  verbal  forms  as  receit,  rccoit.  The  normal 
OF.  form  is  recete,  the  more  usual  recite  (whence  mod.  F. 
recette)  being  a  learned  reversion  to  the  Latin  form  (cf. 
RECKPT  sb.^-}.  In  Eni;.,  the  spelling  receipt  (with/  from 
Latin,  as  in  OF.  receipt*}  has  prevailed  in  this  word,  in 
contrast  to  the  related  CONCEIT  and  DECEIT.] 

I.  1.  A  formula  or  prescription,  a  statement  of 
the  ingredients  (and  mode  of  procedure)  necessary 
fur  the  making  of  some  preparation,  esp.  in  Med. 
(now  rare)  and  Cookery  ;  a  RECIPE. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Can.  Yeom.  Prol.  <V  T.  800  What  schal 
this  receyt  coste?  telleth  now.  t  1400  tr.  Sccrcta  Secret.^ 
Goz:  Lordsh.  84  Off  ^?e  Receytes  off  Medicynes.  1530 
PALSGR.  261/1  Receyte  of  dyvers  thynges  in  a  mcdycine, 
droggeS)  reccpte.  1595  H'idowes  Treasure  B  iv  b,  A  nota 
ble  receite  to  make  Ipocras.  163*  J.  HAYWARU  tr.  Biondis 
Kroincna  iv.  125  The  severall  antidotes  by  nice  taken,  whereof 


I.  Pref.  5  A  few  books  of  receipts  [for  dyeing]  taken  from 
HelloU  1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  vi,  The  thin  soft  cakes, 
made  of  flour  and  honey  according  to  the  family  receipt. 
1859  W.  COLLINS  Q.  of  Hearts  (1875)  24  She  spent  hours  in 
the  kitchen,  learning  to  make  puddings  and  pies,  and  trying 
all  sorts  of  receipts. 

./if.  1647  COWLEY  Mistr.  Wks.  1710  I.  113  I'll  teach  him 
a  Receipt  to  make  Words  that  weep,  and  Tears  that  speak. 
1709  POI-E  fcss.  Crit.  115  Some  ..  Write  dull  receipts  how 
poems  may  be  made.  174*  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  v.  04  Till  the 
destin'd  youth  Slept  in,  with  his  receipt  for  making  smiles. 
b.  The  formula  or  description  of  a  remedy  for 
a  disease,  etc. ;  also  absol^  a  remedy,  means  of  cure. 

1586  T.  B.  La  Prim  and.  Fr.  Acad.  (1589)  143  As  surgeons 
do  to  cut  off  and  to  burne  . .  when  there  is  no  way  to 
finde  or  use  any  other  receit.  i6iz  BACON  Ess.t  Studies 
(Arb.)  13  Euery  defect  of  the  mind  may  haue  a  speciall 
receit.  a  1656  BP.  HALL  Soliloquies  29  Dark  rooms,  and 
cords,  and  hellebore  are  meet  receipts  for  these  mental  dis 
tempers.  1693  DKYDF.S  ^wWfW/Ded.  (1697)  75  The  Patients, 
who  have  open  before  ihem  a  Book  of  admirable  Receipts 
for  their  Diseases.  1711  STEELK  Sped.  No.  52  ?  3  The  most 
approved  Receipt  now  extant  for  the  Fever  of  the  Spirits. 
1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  xn.  iv.  r  5  There  is  not  a  receipt  in 
the  whole  extent  of  chemistry  which  I  have  not  tried. 

fig.  1628  tr.  Mathicii's  PowcrfuU  Favorite  108  Death  is 
the  onely  receit  for  her  euils,  and  they  keepe  her  by  force 
from  it.  1646  GATAKER  Mistake  Removed  39  [They  have] 
made  up  all  their  receipts  for  distempered  souls  of  so  much 
Law  and  so  much  Gospel. 

C.  The  formula  of  a  preparation,  or  an  account 
of  the  means,  by  which  some  effect  may  be  pro 
duced  ;  hence,  the  means  to  be  adopted  for  attain 
ing  some  end. 

1621  T.  WILLIAMSON  tr.  Gonlart's  Wise  Vieillard  22  That 


__  ...__iples  shee  had  a  receipt  __ 
1707  Curios,  in  Hnsb.  <$•  Card.  276  These  Receipts  for  the 
Vegetation  of  Plants.  1827  POLLOK  Course  T.  vn,  [He] 
sought  Receipts  for  health  from  all  he  met. 

fig.  1691  HARTCLIFFE  Virtues  166  The  best  Receipt,  both 
for  the  amending  our  Manners,  and  the  managing  our 
Business,  is  the  Admonition  of  a  Friend.  1777  SHERIDAN 
Sch.Scand.  iv. iii,  Well  certainly  this  is.. the  newest  receipt 
for  avoiding  calumny,  a  1868  BROUGHAM  (Ogilvie),  A  more 
certain  receipt  for  producing  misgovernmentof  every  kind. . 
it  would  be  difficult  to  devise. 

t  2.  A  drug  or  other  mixture  compounded  in 
accordance  with  a  receipt.  Obs. 

1398  TBEVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xvn.  viii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  In 
alle  good  receites  and  medicynes  Amomum  is  ofte  ido. 
c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  69  This  ressayt  is 
bought  of  no  poticarye,.  .To-al  indifferent,  richest  diatoryu. 
c  1500  Sloane  MS.  2491  If.  73  A  Booke . .  teachinge  the  waye 
of  making  diuerse  i^ood  and  excellent  Receipte/.  1560 
WHITKHORNK  Ord.  Sonldiours  (1588)  40  b,  Fill  the  bottels 
halfc  full  of  this  foresaide  receipt.  1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn. 
n.  viii.  §  3  It  can  be  done  with  the  vse  of  a  fewe  drops  or 
scruples  of  a  liquor  or  receite.  a,  1631  R.  BOLTON  Com/.  Afft, 
Consc.  64  He  throwes  the  glasse  against  the  Wall,  spills  that 
precious  Receipt,  and  drives  the  Physition  out  of  doores. 
T773  GOLDSM.  Sloops  to  Cong.  n.  i,  Did  not  I  prescribe  for 
you  every  day, .and  weep  while  the  receipt  was  operating  2 


trans/,  and^ff.  £-1430  LYDG.  It  fin.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  50 
My  lord  may  al  my  sorowe  recure,  With  a  receyte  of  plate 
and  of  coyngnage,  1576  FI.KMING  Panofl.  Epist.  27  Their 
noblenesse  .  .  quite  quenched  their  calamitie,  with  preserua- 
tiue  receiptes  of  comforte. 

yb.  pi.  Ingredients  of  a  mixture.   Obs. 

1669  STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  v.  xii.  65  Gun-powder  of  a.. 
liusset  colour  is  very  good,  and  it  may  be  judged  to  have 
all  its  Receipts  well  wrought. 

U.  3.  That  which  is  received  ;  the  amount,  sum, 
or  quantity  received,  a.  of  money. 

a  1400  Minor  Poems  fr.  Vcrnon  RIS.  225/145  penk  also.. 
J>at  longe  hast  lyued  and  muche  reseiued,  .  .  hou  bou  hast 
spendet  )>at  reseit.  c  1483  CAXTON  Dialogues  3/9  Your 
recyte  and  your  gyuing  oute  Brynge  it  all  in  somme.  1370 
Act  13  Eliz.  c.  4  §  8  Any  Treasorer.  .whose  whole  Receipt 
from  the  begyning  of  his  Charge,  is  not.,  above  the  Summe 
of  Three  Hundred  Poundes.  1648  BP.  HALL  Breathings  of 
Devout  Soul  §  38  None  of  the  approved  servants.  .  brought 
in  an  increase  of  less  value  than  the  receit.  1800  Asiat. 
Ann.  Reg.,  Proc.  Parl.  16/2  The  Tanjore  subsidy  is  stated 
at  something  more  than  the  receipt  last  year.  fl>id.}  The 
deficient  receipt  in  1797-8.  1849  MAC  At1  LAY  Hist.  Eng.  vi. 
II.  102  The  Commissioners  of  the  Customs  reported  to  the 
King  that,  .the  receipt  in  the  port  of  the  Thames  had  fallen 
off  by  some  thousands  of  pounds. 

//.  1422  \x.  Seer  eta  Secret.  ^Priv.  Prrv.  1^4  Whan  the  Myses 
&  the  exspensis.  .ouer-Passyth.  .the  receitis,  than  moste  the 
kynge  of  his  Peple  har  goodis  take.  1535  Act  27  Hen.  K///, 
c.  27  The  said  chauncellour  shall  .  .  take  reconUances  of 
euery  particular  receiuour  ..  for  the  sure  p^aiement  of  his 
receites.  1589  WARNER  Alb.  Eug.  vi.  xxxi.  (1612)  153,  I 
spake  of  great  accpmpts,  Receites  [etc.].  1691  HARTCLIFFE 
Virtues^-}  Liberality,  .is  designed  to  be  a  Virtue  moderating 
our  Receipts,  as  well  as  our  Gifts.  1805  W.  COOKE  Mem. 
1-oote  I.  96  His  own  pieces,  and  Macklin's  Lovc-a-la-Mode^ 
brought  great  receipts  to  Crow-street  theatre.  1863  Sat. 
Rev.  6  June  714  That  a  possible  margin  should  be  left  for 
an  excess  of  actual  revenue  over  estimated  receipts. 

trarts/.  andjfff.  1612  T.  TAYLOR  Comm.  Titus  ii.  12  The 
end  of  all  thy  receits  is  Gods  glory  m  the  seruice  of  the 
Church.  1692  RAY  Disc.  H.  ii.  (1732)  78  In  the  Mediter 
ranean  the  Receipts  from  the  rivers  fall  short  of  the  expence 
in  Vapour. 

f  b.  of  other  things.  Obs,  rare. 

1593  SHAKS.  Lucr.  704  Drunken  Desire  must  vomite  his 
receipt,  Ere  he  can  see  his  owne  abhomination.  1607  — 
Cor.  i.  i.  116  The  belly.,  taintingly  replyed  To  th'  dis 
contented  Members,  ..That  enuied  his  receite.  1623  LISLE 
'J't'sf.  Antiq.  Anc.  Faith  Ch.  Eng.  13  He  which  will  receive 
that  housell,  shall,  .take  with  chastitie  that  holy  receit. 

III.  4.  The  act  of  receiving  something  given 
or  handed  to  one  ;  the  fact  of  being  received. 

1399  LANGL.  Rich.  Redeles  n.  98  Whedir  the  grounde  of 
gifte  were  good  other  ille,.  .reson  hath  rehersid  the  resceyte 
of  all.  1439  Rolls  o/Parlt.  V.  16/2  After  the  date  and  re 
ceit  of  the  saide  Writte.  1443  Ibid.  57/1  To  see  the  bookes 
of  receyte.  1494  FABVAN  Chron.  iv.  Ixix.  47  After  the  receyte 
of  thyse  letters,  he  wrote  answer  to  his  moder.  1588  J. 
MELLIS  Briefe  Instr.  Fvijb,  Whan  you  pay  money  to 
another,  cause  the  day  of  receite  to  be  written  in  your  booke 
of  rtcorde.  (11617  BAYNE  On  Eph.  (1658)  20  The  receit  of 
benefits,  is  the  foundation  of  thankfulness.  1661  MARVFLL 
Corr.  Wks.  1872-5  II.  61  We  thought  it  would  be  a  good 
answer  to  giue  you  account  of  the  receit  of  your  letter.  1774 
JEFFERSON  Autobiog.  Wks.  1850  I.  133  On  receipt  of  such  a 
sum  as  the  Governor  shall  think  it  reasonable  for  them  to 
spend.  1831  T.  HOPE  Ess,  Origin  Man  III.  341  The  receipt 
of  the  radiance  that  .  .  proceeds  to  us  as  its  common  centre 
and  focus.  1848  MILL  Pol.  Econ.  i.  vii.  g  5  (1876)  69  Fit  to 
be  entrusted  with  the  receipt  and  expenditure  of  large  sums 
of  money. 

t  b.  Bill  or  ticket  of  receipt  =  next.   Obs. 

1509-10  Act  i  Hen.  VIII^  c.  3  §  i  All  Acquittaunces  and 
Billes  of  Receyte  heretofore  made  by  the  seid  John  Heyron. 
1551  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  114  Conforme  to  the  tekat 
of  ressait  maid  betuix  the  saidis  parteis  thairupoun. 

C.  A  written  acknowledgement  of  money  or  goods 
received  into  possession  or  custody. 

1602  in  Maitl.  Cl.  Misc.  (1840)  I.  23  Certane  buikis.-gevin 
to  Mr.  Adam  Newtoun  for  the  Prince  his  use,  as  the  said 
Mr.  Adamis  ressait  thairof  producit  testifeis.  1651  MARIUS 
Bills  of  Exchange  13  Make  a  receit  for  the  same  on  the 
backside  of  the  said  Bill.  1721-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v., 
Where  the  receipt  is  on  the  back  of  a  bill,  &c.,  it  is  usually 
called  an  indorsement.  1858  Murray's  Hand-Bk.  N,  Germ. 
100  The  fare  must  be  paid  beforehand,  and  a  receipt  is 
always  given  for  it. 

Jig.  1781  COWI-KR  COHV.  202  Then  each  might..  carry  in 
contusions  of  his  skull  A  satisfactory  receipt  in  full. 

5.  The  act  or  practice  of  receiving  .stolen  goods)  ; 
reset.  ?  Obs. 

1413  Pilgr.  Howie  (Caxton  1483)  in.  v.  54  Had  not  be  youre 
redy  receyt,  they  had  not  be  at  al  tymes  so  redy  to  stele. 
1596  SPENSER  State  Ircl.  Wks.  (Globe)  620/1  The  stollen 
goodes  are  convayed  to  some  husbandman  or  gentellman, 
which.,  liveth  most  by  the  receit  of  such  goodes  stoln. 

6.  The  act  of  receiving  or  taking  in  ;  admittance 
(of  things')  to  a  place  or  receptacle.  ?  Obs. 

c  1400  tr.  Sccreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  96  pe  wirkynge  of 
\}is  Jast..ys  yn  be  receyte  of  be  seed  in  be  mam.  laid.  101 
As  be  see  waxis  by  be  receyt  of  fflodes  and  waters.  1561 
T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst.  i.  53  Fiue  senses  ..  whereby  al 
objectes  are  poured  into  common  sense,  as  into  a  place_  of 
receite.  a  1600  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1810-12)  III.  141  Shipping 
used  among  us  either  for  warre  or  receit.  1615  G.  SANDYS 
Trav.  22  Ample  cisternes  for  the  receit  of  raine.  1651 
Raleigh's  Ghost  200  It  [the  ark]  was  sufficient  for  the  receite 
.  .of  all  living  Creatures. 

•fb.  The  act  of  taking  in  (food,  medicine,  etc.) 
by  the  mouth  or  otherwise.  Obs. 

ci4oo  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  82  Drynkes  of 
swete  wyn,  and  ressayt  of  hony  moyst.  1522  MoxB  De 
Qnat.  Nwiss.  Wks.  74/2  The  pleasure  that  men  may  finde 
by  the  re^eeyte  of  this  medicine.  1567  MAHLKT  Gr.  Forest 
26  b,  [Plants]  by  their  more  hid  receit  of  necessaries  ..  have 


. 

before  so  gretea  stroke  nor  a  goodlyer  reseyt  therof  without 
fallynge  to  the  erthe.  1613  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  28  Hearing 
his  brother  cry  out  at  the  receipt  of  a  blow.  1651  Life 


RECEIPT. 

given  great  causes  of  doubting.  1599  B.  JONSON  Every 
Man  out  of  Hum.  in.  i.  (Rtldg.)  40/1  He  shall  receive  the 
first,  second,  and  third  whiffe  [of  tobacco-smoke]..,  and, 
upon  the  receipt  [etc.J. 

fc.  An  act  of  taking;  a  definite  amount  taken. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  n  If  I  myhte.  .Of  such  a  drinke.. 
have  o  receite.     1601  HOLLAND /Y/Vy  II.  36  A  greater  receit 
than  one  Obulus,  killeth  him  or  her  that  taketh  it. 
td.  The  act  of  receiving  the  sacrament.   Obs. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  ix.  92  Of  ressait  sinffull  of  The  my 
Saluiour,  ..  I  cry  The  mercy.  1552  R.  HUTCHINSON  yd 
Serm.  (1560)  G  vi.  A  manifest  deniall  of  the  transubstantia- 
lion,  and  of  all  corporal),  reall,  and  naturall  receit. 

f?.  The  act  of  receiving  or  admitting  (a  person) 
to  a  place,  shelter,  accommodation,  assistance,  etc. ; 
the  fact  of  being  so  received ;  reception.  Obs. 
(Common  c  1600-50.) 

1557  Order  of  Hospitalls  Fviijb,  Against  Easter  yow 
shall  prepare  a  Booke  for  the  receipt  home  of  the  children. 
a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  m.  (1598)  338  Come,  death,  and  lend 
Receipt  to  me,  within  thy  bosome  darke.  1615  G.  SANDVS 
Trav.  10  When  all  the  earth  at  the  intreatie  of  Juno,  had 
abjured  the  receipt  of  Latona.  a  1641  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Acts 
fy  Man,  (1642)  539  Speciall  lodgings  for  receit  of  women 
dedicated  to  God.  1676  HALE  Contempt.  \.  528,  I  have  A 
little  room,  ..  not  that  I  think  it  fit  For  thy  Receit  or 
Majesty,  but  yet  It  is  the  best  I  have. 

•f  b.  The  ordinary  or  habitual  reception  of 
strangers  or  travellers ;  esp.  vn.  place  of  receipt.  Obs. 

1608  HEYWOOD  Lncrece  Wks.  1874  V.  183  There  is  no 
newes  there  but  at  the  Ale-house,  ther's  the  most  receit. 
1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  154  Noble  places  of  Receipt  or 
Carrauans-rawes  for  Trauellors  to  rest  in.  1642  ROGERS 
Naaman  846  Inne-Keepers  who  stand  at  their  doors  or 

fates  of  receit  . .  to  welcome   and  lodge  travellers.     1650 
'ULLER  Pisgah  \\.  ix.  §  25  The  greatest  place  of  receipt  in 
Samaria. 

f  c.  Receptiveness,  welcome.  Also  with  a  :  A 
(good  or  bad)  reception.  Obs.  rare. 

1596  in  Nichols  Progr.  Q.  Eliz.  (1823)  III.  384  This  Master 
Dorstetell  came  and  made  his  speach  in  Latin,  full  of  receit, 
love  and  curtesie.  1664  PEPYS  Diary  26  Feb.,  I  had  a  kind 
receipt  from  both  Lord  and  Lady  as  I  could  wish. 

t  d.  Law.  The  admission  of  a  third  person  to 
plead  in  a  case  between  two  others  in  which  he  is 
interested.  Also,  admittance  of  a  plea  in  a  court 
of  justice.  Obs. 

1607  COWELL  Interpr.  s.v.  Resceyt.  1628  COKE  On  Litt.  \\. 
iii.  §  96  As  there  maybe  a  demurrer  upon  counts  and  pleas, 
so  there  may  be  of  Aide  rjrior,  Voucher,  Receite,  waging  of 
Law,  and  the  like.  1658  in  PHILLIPS. 

1 8.  Acceptance  of  a  person  or  thing.   Obs.  rare. 

c  1460  G.  ASHBY  Dicta  Philos.  852  For  kynge  they  wolde 
haue  hym  in  Receite,  Howe  be  it  that  they  haue  hym  not 
in  love.  1607  COWELL  fnterpr.,  Resceyt  of  homage^  is  a 
relatiue  to  doing  homage,  for  as  the  Tenent,  who  oweth 
homage,  doth  it  at  his  admission  to  the  land :  so  the  Lord 
receiueth  it.  1621  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Diatribx  569  Not  so 
general!,  euery  where  in  vse,  and  receit,  because  not  so 
obuious  euery  where  vnto  the  vnderstandlng. 

9.   The  fact  of  receiving  (a  blow,  wound).  ?  Obs. 
1533  LD.  BERNERS  Huon  Iv.  186  They  had  neuer  sene 
ore  so  grete  a  stroke  nor  a  cnndlvp 
fallynge  to  the  erthe. 

his  brother  cry  out  at  _r_   __ __       

Father  Sarpi  (16761  62  The  day  after  the  receipt  of  his 
wounds  [etc.J.  a  1676  WISEMAN  Chirnrg.  Treat.  (J.). 

1 1O.  To  stand  at  receipt :  to  stand  ready  to 
receive.  Obs. 

Perh.  originally  a  hunting  term  ;  cf.  sense  14. 

1546  HEYWOOD  Prov.  n.  v.  (1867)  59  If  ye  can  hunt,  and 
stand  at  receite.  a  1569  KINGESMVLL  Man's  Kst.  x.  (1580) 
62  Happie  it  was  that  there  stoode  some  at  receipte  to  re- 
ceive  the  precious  seede  sowen  by  our  Saviour.  1387  GREENE 
Eitphuts  his  Censure  Wks.  (Grosart)  VI.  245  Yet  hee  would 
ahvaies  gyue  the  onset,  saying  that  souldiers  which  stood 
at  receipt,  and  felt  the  furious  attempt  of  the  enemy,  were 
halfe  discomfitted.  ci6n  CHAPMAN  Iliad  vi.  375  Helen 
stood  at  receipt,  And  took  up  all  great  Hector's  pow'rs  t' 
attend  her  heavy  words. 

IV.  11.  The  chief  place  or  office  at  which  moneys 
are  received  on  behalf  of  the  Crown  or  government ; 
the  public  revenue-office.  Also  in  Kng.  use,  Re 
ceipt  of  the  {King's}  Exchequer.  Now  only  Jlist. 

1442  AW/r  ofParlt.  V.  62/2  Certayn  Tallies  reysid  at  the 
resceyt  of  your  Escheker.  1450  Ibid.  176/1  If  Shirrefs, 
Eschetours,  or  eny  other  persones  shall  . .  paie  eny  sommes 
of  money  therof  att  Kynges  receite  at  Westm.  1485  Naval 
Ace.  Hen.  F//(i896)  7  Thomas  Roger  hath  receyved  at  the 
Receypt  of  the  Kinges  Exchequier..ccI].  1596  DANETT  tr. 
Comines  (1614)  242  One  other  also  being  of  the  receit  was  a 
furtherer  thereof  till  his  heart  failed  him.  1603  KNOLLES 
Hist.  Turks  (1621)  1277  The  Magistrates  in  the  publicke 
receipt.  1620  WILKINSON  Coroners  <$•  Sherifes  75  To  levie 
the  Kings  debts,  and  to  pay  them  into  the  receit  duely  and 
orderly.  1691  LOCKE  Lower.  Interest  Wks.  1727  II.  93 
Who  will  not  receive  clipp'd  Money,  . .  whilst  he  sees  the 
great  Receipt  of  the  Exchequer  admits  it.  1765  Act  5 
Gfo.  ///,  c.  26  Preamble.  A  fine  of  j£ioi.  15$.  unpaid  into 
the  receipt  of  his  said  Majesty's  Exchequer.  1863  H.  Cox 
Instit.  in.  vii.  683  The  officer.,  was  to  reside  at  the  Receipt 
of  Exchequer. 

jfcf.  1684  T.  BURNET  Th.  Earth  n.  75  Thousands  of  lesser 
[rivers}  that  pay  their  tribute  at  the  same  time  into  the  great 
receit  of  the  ocean. 

b.  The  receiving-place  <T/~  custom.     Hence  fig. 

'539  BIBLE  (Great)  Matt.  ix.  9  He  sawe  a  man  (named 
Mathew)  syttyng  at  the  receate  of  custome.  1847  L.  HUNT 
Men,  Women  $  B.  II.  vii.  96  The  bird  sat  at  the  receipt  of 
victory,  a  1859  —  Bk.  Sonnet  (1867)  L  87  Lamb  ..  sat  at 
the  receipt  of  impressions,  rather  than  commanded  them. 

1 12.  A   place  for   the  reception   of  things ;    a    , 
receptacle.   Obs. 


3 
h 


231 

1388  WYCLIF  E.rod.  xxxviii.  3  He  made  redi  of  bras  dyuerse 
vessels,  caudruns,  tongis,  ..  and  resseittis  of  firis.  c  1400 
MAUNDEV.  (1839)  x.  112  Men  ban  made  a  litylle  Res 
ceyt,  besyde  a  Pylere  of  that  Chirche,  for  to  resceyve  the 
Offrynges  of  Pilgrymes.  £"1430  LYDG.  Compl.  Bl.  Knt. 
xxxiii,  The  thought  [is]  resseyt  of  woo  and  of  compleym. 
1593  XA-IHK  Chrisfs  T.  33  b,  Hauing  her  receipt  of  disges- 
tion  almost  closed  vp  with  fasting.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  L 
340  [The  heart]  contains  within  it  certaine  ventricles  and 
hollow  receits,  as  the  chiefe  lodgings  of  the  life,  and  bloud. 
1605  SHAKS.  Macb,  i.  vii.  66  Memorie  ..  Shall  be  a  Fume, 
and  the  Receit  of  Reason  A  Lymbeck  onely. 

•f  b.  esp.   A  receptacle   for  water ;    a    basin   or 
other  part  of  a  fountain  ;  a  reservoir.   Obs. 

c  1450  Plan  Charterhouse  IVaterwks.  in  A  rchseologia 
LVIil.  (1902)  303  Seint  John  receyte  undir  \>e  hegge. 
(1512  Ibid,  a  1548  HALL  C/iron.,  Hen.  I'll  I  166  The 
second  receit  of  this  fountaine  was  enuironed  with  wynged 
serpentes  all  of  golde.  1575  LANEHAM  Let.  (1871)  52 
Sundrye  fine  pipez  did  Huely  distill  continual  1  streamz 
intoo  the  receyt  of  the  Foountayn.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny 
II.  411  The  least  leuell  for  to  carry  and  command  water  vp 
hill  from  the  receit,  is  one  hundred  foot.  1625  BACON  Ess.t 
Gardens  (Arb.)  561  Fountaines  I  intend  to  be  of  two 
Natures:  The  One  that,  Sprinckleth  or  Spouteth  Water; 
The  Other  a  Faire  Receipt  of  Water.  1646  J.  GREGORY 
Notes  fy  Obs.  (1650)  114  The  dry  land  appeared  ..recom 
pensed  with  an  extuberancy  of  Hils  and  Mountaines  for 
the  Receipts  into  which  he  had  sunk  the  waters. 
t  c.  A  recess  in  a  wall.  0/>s,~l 

1560  WHITEHOHNE  Arte  Warre  (1588)  94  To  make  the 
walles  crooked,  and  full  of  tourninges,  and  of  receiptes, 

1 13.  A  place  of  reception  or  accommodation  for 
persons ;  a  place  of  refuge.  Obs. 

1390  GOWKR  Conf.  III.  118  Aries.. is  the  receipte  and  the 
huus  Of  myhty  Mars.  1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  vii.  viii.  (1554) 
172  b,  His  tonne  to  hym  [Diogenes]  was  receite  and  hous- 
holde.  1495  Act  n  Hen.  VII,  c.  5  Preamble,  The  greitest 
haven  succour  and  receite  . .  for  marchauntes  and  shippcs. 
1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch  (1895)  III.  423  His  house  was  a 
common  receite  for  all  them  that  came  from  Greece  to 
Rome,  a  1603  T.  CARTWRIGMT  Confut.  Rhem.  N.  T.  (1618) 
655  Their  Munkeries  are  Receits  uf  children  starting  from 
their  fathers.  1625  MARKHAM  Bk.  }{on.  in.  v.  §  4  His  Hou-e 
became  as  it  were  an  Hospitail  or  Receit  for  all  that  wanted. 
t  b.  A  chamber,  apartment.  Obs.  rare. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  'J\  28  In  the  inner  receipt  of  the 
Temple,  was  hearde  one  stately  stalking  vp  and  downe. 
1615  CHAPMAN  Otfyss.  iv.  413  Atrides,  and  his.  .spouse,..  In 
a  retired  receit,  together  lay. 

f!4.  Hunting.  (Cf.  10.)  A  position  taken  np 
to  await  driven  game  with  fresh  hounds ;  a  relay 
of  men  or  dogs  placed  for  this  purpose.  Obs. 

1575  TURBERV.  Venerie  244  They  use  their  greyhounds 
only  to  set  backsets  or  receyr.es  for  deare  wolfe  foxe  or  such 
like.  1580  LYLY  Euphues  (Arb.)  419  In  hunting  I  had  as 
liefe  stand  at  the  receite,  as  at  tlie  loosing.  1622  BACON 
Hen.  VII  (1876)  154  The  lords  that  were  appointed  to  circle 
the  hill,  had  some  days  before  planted  themselves,  as  at  the 
receit,  in  places  convenient.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  187/1. 

V.  f  15.  Capability  of  receiving,  accommoda 
ting,  or  containing  ;  capacity,  size.  Obs.    (Common 
in  1 7th  c.,  esp.  of  nouses  or  other  buildings.) 

'563  GOLDING  Cxsar  v.  (1565)  108  Newe  shlppes  to  be 
buylded . . ,  and  the  glde  to  be  mended,  declaring  of  what 
receite  and  fasshyon  he  wold  hatie  them  made.  1592  Nobody 
fy  Somebody  C  ij  b,  To  purchase  me  a  name,  Take  a  large 
house  of  infinite  receipt.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  5  One  only 
harbor.. of  a  conuenient  receit  for  ships,  respect  we  either 
their  number  or  burthen.  1652  COTTKRELL  Cassandra  vi. 
(1676)  567  The  Palace  which  was  of  receipt  sufficient  to  lodge 
them  all  commodiously.  1657  R.  LIGON  Barbadoes  (1673)  90 
After  much  keeling,  they  take  it.  .and  put  it  into  ladles  tha* 
are  of  greater  receipt.  1703  T.  N.  City  $•  C.  Purchaser  12 
He  that  designs  . .  the  Building,  . .  must  have  respect  to  its 
due  Situation,  Contrivance,  Receipt,  Strength  [etc.]. 
fig.  1641  FULLER  Holy  $  Prof.  St.  v.  xix.  §  n.  438  His 
popular  manner  was  of  such  receipt  that  he  had  room  to 
lodge  all  comers. 

f  b.   Mental  capacity ;  power  of  apprehension. 

ci4oo  tr.  Secreta  Secret.^  Gov.  Lordsh.  114  Many  heres  in 
J?e  brest . .  bytokyns . .  lessenynge  of  be  resceyt.  1605  BACON 
Adv.  Learn,  i.  i.  §  3  If  then  such  be  the  capacitie  and  receit 
of  the  mind  of  man  [etc.].  1607  HIERON  Wks.  I.  262  The 
heart  of  man  is  of  great  receit  and  able  to  containe  many 
things.  1628  BP.  HALL  Old  Relig.  (1686)  31  This  justice 
being  wrought  in  us  by  the  holy  Spirit  according  to  the 
modell  of  our  weak  receit. 

1 16-  Accommodation  or  space  provided.  Obs. 

1615  T.  ADAMS  Leaven  114  Do  not.  .thrust  it  into  a  narrow 
corner  in  your  conscience,  while  you  give  spatious  receat 
to  lust  and  sin.  1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  x.  49 
To  make  roome  and  receit  for  the  Sea. 

VI.  17.  attrib.)    as    receipt   duty,  form,    side, 
stamp,  tax  ;  receipt-book,  (a)  a  book  of  medical 
or  cooking  receipts  (also^/%-.);    (b}  a  book  con 
taining  receipts  for  payments  made. 

1654  WHITLOCK  Zoototnia  50  One  Remedy  shall  serve  .. 
severall  Diseases,  and  distempers..  ;  Their  *Receipt-Book 
is  as  universally  indifferent,  as  a  Church-Booke.  1797 
Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  III.  391/2  Receipt  book.  In  this  book 
a  merchant  takes  receipts  of  the  payments  he  makes.  1808 
HAN.  MORE  Calebs  II.  xlvii.  446,  I  now  found  her  grand 


is . .  a  good  tax.  1898  Engineering  Mag.  XVI.  46  Further 
below  is  the  *receipt  form  :  Rec'd  [etc.].  1800  Asiat.  Arm. 
Reg.,Proc.  Part.  41/2  The  most  prominent  article  on  the 
*receipt  side  is  that  of  the  sale  of  goods.  1879  Chambers' 
Encycl.  s.v.,  A  penny  "receipt  stamp.  1795  PITT  in  G.  Rose's 
Diaries  (1860)  I.  203  Funds  on  the  *Receipt  Tax. 

t  Receipt,  v.1  Obs.  Forms:  4-6  receit-,  7-8 
Sc.  receipt,  [a.  OF.  reedier,  var.  rfceterto  RESET  : 
cf.  prec.  and  RECEPT  z».j 


RECEIVABLE. 

1.  trans.  To  receive,  harbour  (a  person,  esp.  a 
criminal). 

c  1300  Beket  1242  That  thu  ne  suffri  no^t  that  he  beo 
Receited  in  thi  londe.  1483  Rolls  o/J'arlt.  VI.  251/1  The 
said  Water  . .  falsly  and  traiterously  receited,  herboured, 
comforted  and  ayded  the  ?ame  Sr  John.  1600  O.  E.  Repl. 
Libel  I.  viii.  207  They  would  not  haue  abetted  traytors  to 
rebel),  nor  receited  rebelles,  that  are  fled  out  of  the  realme. 
a  1670  SPALDING  Troub.  C/tas.  I  (18281  I.  3  Letters  of  inter- 
commoning  against  the  Clanchattan  . .  that  none  should  re 
ceipt,  supply  or  intertain  any  of  them,  a  1733  Shetland 
Acts  4  in  Proc.  Soc.  Ant.  Scot.  (1892)  XXVI.  196  That  none 
receipt  them  [beggar-]  in  their  houses,  nor  give  them  hospi 
tality  or  service. 

2.  To  reset  (a  thing  stolen),  rare"1. 

1714  R.  SMITH  Poems  of  Controversy  (1869)  21  Invercall 
would  not  receipt  A  thing  that's  got  by  stealth  or  cheat. 

Receipt  (r&rt),  v.*     [f.  RECEIPT  sb.  4  c.] 

1.  trans.    U.  S.  To   acknowledge   in  writing  the 
receipt  of  (a  sum  of  money,  etc.). 

1787  M.  CUTLER  in  Life,  Jrnls.  %  Corr.  (1888)  I.  376,  I  .. 
have  delivered  him  one  hundred  and  ten  dollars. .,  which  he 
has  receipted  to  me  as  received  on  the  account  of  the  Ohio 
Company.  1798  I.  ALLF.N  Hist.  Vermont  233  Forty  pri 
soners  were  returned.  ..  Major  Fay,  as  Commissary  of 
prisoners,  receipted  them.  1828-32  WEBSTER,  Receipt,,  to 
give  a  receit  for  ;  as  to  receit  goods  delivered  by  a  sheriff. 

2.  To  mark  (an  account)  as  paid. 

1844  DICKKNS  Mart.  Chuz.  xlvi,  If  you  will  have  the 
goodness  to  send  us  a  note  of  the  expense,  receipted,  we 
shall  be  happy  to  pay  it.  1876  SACNIJKKS  Lion  in  rath  vi, 
He  pays  promptly,  for  the  account  has  been  receipted  at 
the  time  of  purchase. 

3.  /;//;-.   C.  S.  To  give  a  receipt  for  (a  sum  of 
money,  etc.). 

1880  6  in  WKHSTKK.  i&gScri'lmer's  JAr.^.  Aug.  216/1  The 
supplies,  .are  there  weigbtd  or  measured  and  receipted  for. 

Hence  Receipted///,  a. 

1848  THACKERAY  /  'an.  1-air  xix.  The  destruction  of  every 
written  document  (except  receipted  tradesmen's  bills). 

Receiptable,  a.  [f.  RECEIPT  v*  +  -ABLE.] 
That  may  be  receipted  (Ogilvie  1882). 

t  Receipter.  Obs.  Forms :  4  resceitour, 
5  receytour,  5-7  receitor,  6  reyceter,  7  re- 
cefpter.  [a.  AF.  *receitonr,  var.  OF.  rtccteur 
RESETTER.  Cf.  RECEIPT  vl]  One  who  receives 
or  harbours  criminals  or  stolen  goods. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Set.  H'ks.  III.  294  pei  maken  holy  Chirche 
a  liande  of  here  synne,  and  resceitour  of  here  raveyn.  1487 
Act  s/fcft.  I  77,  c.  n  g  ii  That  such  mysdoers.  .procurators 
to  the  same  and  receyt  ours,  .bebensforth  reputed  and  juged 
as  principall  felons.  1537  in  Fronde  Jfist.  Kng,  (18581  III. 
418  An  old  man,  who  with  his  two  sons,  being  arrant  thieves, 
were  the  receitors.  1579-80  NOKTH  Plutarch  (1895)  III.  360 
Such  as  the  pyrates  and  sea  rovers  had  hidden  being  parte  of 
their  spoyles  and  bestowed  with  their  receitors.  1626  JACK- 
soNCmv/  viii.  vi.  §  4  Shee  alone,  .committed  the  robbtry  in 
taking  the  forbidden  fruit  from  off  the  tree,  her  husband  was 
the  receipter  onely. 

Recei'ptleSS,  a.  [f.  RECEIPT  j£.  4  c  +  -LESS.] 
Not  receipted. 

1873  Miss  BROUGHTON  Nancy  III.  74  Gnashing  his  teeth 
..at  his  exasperated  creditors  and  recetptless  bills. 

Receiptor  (r/^/~t(u).  [f.  RECEIPT  v.-  -t-  -OR.] 
U.  S.  A  person  who  receipts  property  attached  by 
a  sheriff;  a  bailee. 

1839  J.  STORY  Law  of  Bailments  §  125  Upon  bailments  of 
this  sort  it  may  not  be  without  use  to  consider  ..  what  are 
the  rights  and  duties  of  the  bailee,  commonly  called  the 
receiptor.  1847  in  WEBSTER.  1864  in  WHARIQX  Lau-Lex. 
(ed.  3*;  and  in  recent  Diets. 

Receive,  obs.  forms  of  RECEIPT  sb.  and  vl 

Receitor :  see  RECEIPTEB. 

Receivable  (r/V-vab'l),  a.  [Orig.  a.  AF.  re 
ceivable  ^1304),  var.  OF.  recevable\  in  later  use  f. 
RECEIVE  v.  +  -ABLE.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  received. 

1382  WYCLIF  Ecclus.  ii.  5  Men  ..  resceyuable  [L.  recepti- 
biles\  in  the  chymneof  mecnesse.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud, 
fcp.  87  There  will  remainc  a  quantity  of  water  not  receive- 
able.  1669  WOODHEAD  St.  Teresa  \.  Pref.  31  Without  con 
sidering,  .the  benefits  receivable  by  it.  1777  WKSLEY  Wks. 
(1872)  XI.  382  This  is  spoken  of  as  receivable  by  mere  faith. 
1836  Penny  Cycl.  V.  163/1  Bills  . .  receivable  or  payable. 
1865  M.  ARNOLD  Ess.  Crit.  viii.  (1875)  326  His  doctrine  was 
more  intelligible  than  Coleridge's,  more  receivable. 

b.  Of  indictments,  excuses,  evidence,  etc. 

1581  LAMBARDE  Eiren.  iv.  v.  11.588)  503  Now  let  us  . .  con 
sider  what  enditements  be  receivable  by  the  lustices  of 
Peace.  1621  Moi.LE  Canterar.  Liv.Libr.  n.  ix.  103  Afresh 
testimonie  ..  which  may  seeme  receiuable.  1662  J.  DAVIES 
tr.  Mandelslo's  Trav.  231  If  they  can  alledgeany  receivable 
excuse,  they  are  shut  up  again.  1880  LD.  BLACKBURN  in 
Laiv  Times  Rep.  XLIII.  213/2  The  general  rule  of  English 
law  is,  that  hearsay  evidence  is  not  receivable.  1884  LD. 
COLERIDGE  ibid.  L.  277/1  Does  that  make  the  husband  a 
receivable  witness  against  his  wife  ? 

c.  Of  certificates,  paper  money,  etc. :  That  is  to 
be  received  as  legal  tender. 

1790  HAMILTON  l¥k$.  (1886)  VII.  50  The  certificates  .. 
shall  also  be  receivable  in  all  payments  whatsoever  for  land. 
1856  Taifs  Mag.  XX 1 1 1. 648  Government  paper,  .receivable 
in  payment  of  taxes.  1889  Spectator  7  Dec.,  These  certifi 
cates  are  to  be  receivable  in  all  State  Treasuries  for  all  pur 
poses,  and  may  be  redeemed  whenever  the  holder  chooses. 

2.  Capable  of  receiving;  f  receptive  <?/".  Now  rare, 
c  1530  tr.  Erasmus'  Serm.  Ch.  Jesus  (1901)  n  He  formed 

[vs]  to  his  owne  lykenes  ;  that  is  to  wyte,  receyuable  of  the 
highe  Joy.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Mark  ii.  15  b,  The 
feastes  of  the  I  ewes  bee  small,  and  receiuable  but  of  fewe 
persones.  Ibid.  viii.  sob,  Crying  ofte  ..  that  his  audience 


RECEIVABILITY. 

is  not  receyuable  of  so  hi^h  misteries.  1887  MARY  BURT 
Br(nvnings  Women  198  The  susceptible,  receivable,  teach 
able  quality  in  woman  or  in  man. 

Hence  Beceivability,  Recei'vafcleness. 

1580  HOLLYBAND  Tr'eas.  Fr,  Tong,  Capacite,  capacitie  or 
receyuablenesse.  1654  WHiTLOCKzWo/Wrt  352  Exuberances 
of  Fancy,  or  Desires,  [which]  various  Reading  might  imprint 
on  such  waxy  Molds,  or  tender  Receivablenesse.  1813 
JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1830)  IV.  200  These  bills  would  make 
their  way  ..  by  their  receivability  for  customs  and  taxes. 

Receival  (i/sf-val).  Now  rare.  [f.  RECEIVE  v. 
+  -AL.]  The  act  of  receiving,  receipt,  reception. 

1637  EARL  MONM.  tr,  Mah-czzis  Romulus  fy  Tarquin  40 
Witnessing  the  receivall  of  them.  1656  —  tr.  Boccalinfs 
Advts.fr.  Parnass.  11.  xxviii.  (1674)  177  This  Edict  caused 
great  commotion,  .[and  no]  threats  were  able  to  make  those 
of  Marca  give  way  to  the  receival  thereof.  1792  A.  WILSON 
in  Poems  $  Lit.  Prose  (1876)  I.  56,  I  hope,  on  receival  of 
this,  you  will  oblige  me.  1823  SOUTHEY  Hist.  Penins.  War 
I.  152  On  the  receival  of  the  dispatches.  1871  B.  TAYLOR 
Faust  (1875)  II.  i.  iii.  30  Graceful  be  in  your  receival.  1895 
Funk's  Stand.  Diet.,  Receival).  .in  railway  use,  the  receipt 
of  a  car  by  one  road  from  another. 

t  Receivailt.  Obs.~~l  [ad.  F.  relevant,  pr.  pple. 
of  recevoir  to  RECEIVE  :  see  -ANT.]  One  who 
receives. 

1623  tr.  Favmc's  Thcat.  Hon.  ix.  vi.  394  The  Receiuant 
causing  him  to  rise,  speaketh  thus  to  him. 

Receive  (r/V-v),  v.  Forms  :  a.  4  receyf-,  4-6 
receyve,  4,  6- receive,  (?4  Imper.  receiuf) ;  4 
resceyve,  rescheyve,  4-5  resceive,  resseyve, 
5-6  reseyve;  4  receve,  4-6  reseve,  5  resceve, 
5  Sc.  resseve,  5  rescewe ;  6-7  receave,  6  6V. 
receawe  ;  7  recieve.  #.  4  (9  Ir.  dial.}  resaive, 
4-5  ressayve,  4-6  resayve,  4  (6-7  Sc.)  ressaive, 

5  resaywe ;  4  Sc.  resaiff,  4  north.,  6  Sc.  resaif,  5 
resayfe,  ressayf,  5-6  Sc.  ressaif,  6  north,  resayff, 

6  Sc.  rassaif ;  4  rescaive,  -ayve,  5  reschayfe; 
4-6  (9  Ir.  dial.}  resave,  4  Sc.  reschave,  4  (5-7  Sc. ) 
ressave,  (?6  recave)  ;  4  Sc.  resaf,  ressawe,  4,  6 
Sc.  resawe,  rasawe.     7.  4-6  recive,  4  reycive, 
reseyve,  6  recyve,  (?  5  reciffe).     Pa.  pple.  6  Sc. 
rassave.     [ad.  ONF.  rcceivre,  reccyvre  =  OF.  re- 
$oivre :— L.  recipcre  (f.  re-  RE-  +  capere  to  take) ; 
or  OF.  receveir,  recevoir:— pop.  L.  *recipere\  cf. 
CONCEIVE  and  DECEIVE.] 

The  leading  distinction  between  the  senses  of  receive  m 
Eng.  is  that  between  the  more  active  senses  included  in 
branches  I  and  1 1,  and  the  almost  passive  ones  placed  under 
III.  This  distinction,  however,  is  not  always  perfectly 
clear  in  actual  use,  and  it  is  often  difficult  or  impossible  to 
.determine  which  aspect  of  the  word  is  meant  to  be  promi 
nent  in  particular  instances.  Owing  to  the  very  extensive 
use  of  the  vb.  from  the  i4th  c.  onwards,  there  is  also  much 
overlapping  of  its  various  applications,  and  in  many  ex 
amples  it  is  uncertain  whether  a  specific  or  merely  general 
sense  is  intended. 

I.  1.  trans.  To  take  in  one's  hand,  or  into  one's 
possession  (something  held  out  or  offered  by 
another) ;  to  take  delivery  of  (a  thing)  from 
another,  either  for  oneself  or  for  a  third  party. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  7746  Nou  her  I  leue  be  kinges  glaiue, 
Yee  send  a  man  at  it  receiue.  5:1350  Will.  Paterne  1260 
panne  william.,receyued  of  bat  riche  duk  rtaly  his  swerde. 
<  1420  Chron.  Vilod.  st.  557  pe  lytulle  childus  honde  he 
streyste  for  the  bo  To  resayve  pat  tapre  wyth  be  Iy}t.  c  1470 
Golagros  fy  Gaiu.  195  This  kyth  and  this  castell,  Firth, 
forest  and  fell,.  .Ressaue  as  your  awin.  1539  BIBLE  (Great) 
Matt.  xvii.  24  They  that  vse  to  receaue  tribute-money  cam 
to  Peter.  1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  \.  ii.  40  He  would  haue 
giuen  it  you,  but  I  being  in  the  way,  Did  in  your  name 
receiue  it.  c  1620  SIR  W.  MURE  Misc.  Poems  ii.  39  Receaue, 
in  sing  that  thou  hes  won  the  field.  Ye  bow,  ye  schafts 
[etc.],  c  1738  POPE  To  Lady  F.  Shirley  10  Aw'd,  on  my 
bended  knees  I  fell,  Receiv'd  the  weapons  of  the  sky.  1819 
SHELLEY  Cyclops  41 1  He.  .Received  it,  and  at  one  draught 
drank  it  off.  1859  TENNYSON  Elaine  1196  In  one  cold 
passive  hand  Received  at  once  and  laid  aside  the  gems. 

b.  Of  God  :  To  take  (one's  soul,  spirit,  etc.)  to 
Himself.     (Perh.  partly  in  sense  2.) 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  19472  To  be  iesu  Yeild  i  mi  gast,  receiuf 
it  nu  !  1382  WYCLIF  Acts  vii.  58  Thei  stoonyden  Steuene 
. .  seyinge,  Lord  Ihe.su,  receyue  my  spirit.  1423  JAS.  I 
Kingis  Q.  cxxiii,  Ressaue  I  sail  $our  saiilis  of  my  grace. 
1594  ?  GREENE  Selimus  2180  Thou  God  of  Christians,  Re 
ceive  my  dying  soul  into  thy  hands.  1827  KEBLE  Chr.  Y.^ 
St.  Step/ten's  Day  v,  Jesu,  do  Thou  my  soul  receive. 

c.  To  reset  (stolen  goods). 

1583  STUBBES  Anat.  A  bus.  ii.  (1882)  39  If  they  would  not 
haue  receiued  our  stollen  goods,  we  woulde  neuer  haue 
stollen  them,  a  1625  FLETCHER  -Love's  Cure  v.  in,  You 
must  restore  all  stolen  goods  you  receiv'd.  1727-41  CHAM 
BERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Receiver^  Such  as  knowingly  receive  stolen 
goods  from  thieves  and  conceal  them.  1898  BESANT  Orange 
Girl  ii.  xv,  Guilty  of  receiving  stolen  goods. 

d.  To  take  from  another  by  hearing  or  listening ; 
to  attend,  listen,  or  give  heed  to. 

1388  WYCUF  Prov.  ii.  i  Mi  sone,  if  thou  resseyuest  my 
wordis,  and  hidlst  myn  heestis  anentis  thee.  1489-90 
Plunipton  Corr.  (Camden)  91,  I  have  a  dedimus  potestatem 
out  of  the  Escheker  . .  derected  to  Sir  Guy  Fayrfax,  to 
resayve  your  hothesand  myladyes.  1535  COVERDALE  Pror. 
x.  8  A  wyse  man  wil  receaue  warnynge.  1566  PAINTER  Pal. 
Pleas,  i.  (1569)  232  Madame  sith  it  pleaseth  you  to  receiue 
mine  aduise  [etc.],  1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well  \\.  \.  22  Our 
hearts  receiue  your  warnings.  1841  LANE  Arab.  Nts.  I.  80 
Receive  news,  O  fisherman.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  ix. 
§  6  (18^5)  663  A  priest  named  Huddleston  . .  received  his 
confession.  1896  W.  H.  MUTTON  Philip  Augustus  ii.  51 
He  . .  charged  the  archbishop  of  Rheims  and  others  to 
receive  the  oath  of  fealty  from  his  new  vassals. 


232 

fe.  Med.   =  RECIPE  A.  Qhsr*    (In  quot. _/#-.) 

1588  GREENE  Pt-rimedcss  Receiue  twenty  ounces  of  merrie 
conceipts,  pounded  in  the  mortar  of  a  quiet  resolution. 

2.  To  accept  (something  offered  or  presented). 

In  some  cases,  esp.  in  negative  clauses,  this  use  is  not 
clearly  distinguishable  from  sense  i. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  28794  iCott.)  Vr  lauerd.  .receues.. right 
nan  Almus  bat  o  wrang  es  tan.  13..  Ibid.  10276  (Gott.) 
Quen  bu  has  barn  tern  in  lande,  Gladly  sal  we  rescyue 
bi  offrand.  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  i.  419  [I  pray  you]  That 
3e  resaue  her  his  homage,  And  grant  is  him  his  heritage. 
1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  162  [A  man]  the 
whyche  ..  the  grace  that  fortune  hym  ye  wyth  nel  resceive. 
1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis^  v.  ii.  35  Beseik.  .That  my  fadir  wald 
eftir  this  ressave  This  sacrifice.  1561  WINJET  Cert.  Trac 
tates  i.  Wks.  (S.T.S.)  I.7Na  man.,  wald  resaue  the  office  of 
ane  pastour,  quhil  he  wes  almatst  compellit  thairto.  1601 
SHAKS.  All's  Welli.  iii.  243  But  thinke  you..  If  you  should 
tender  your  supposed  aide,  He  would  receiue  it?  1647 
Portland  Papers  VI.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  55  The  Com 
missioners  refusing  to  receave  my  Answer  sealed,  I.. read 
and  delivered  it  open  to  them.  1776  Trial  ofNundocomar 
16/1  The  books  must  be  produced,  as  we  cannot  receive 
parole  evidence  of  their  contents.  I836CALHOUN  Wks.  (1864) 
II.  472  He  who  votes  for  receiving  this  petition,  .votes  that 
Congress  is  bound  to  take  jurisdiction  of  the  question. 

fb.  To  accept  the  surrender  of  (a  person  or 
place).  Obs. 

*375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xni.  530  '  Till  gow  her  I  ;eld  me,  at 
3our  will  to  be '.  '  And  I  resaiff  the,  schir '  saide  he.  c  1470 
Gregory's  Chron.  (Camden)  120  Noo  captayne  ..  shalle 
nought  ressayvynne,  nor  suffer  to  ressayvynne  ..  the  cap 
tayne  t  her  of.  1470-85  MALOKY  Arthur  v.  xii,  Knelyng 
bifore  kynge  Arthur  [they]  requyred  hym  for  the  loue 
of  god  to  receyue  the  cyte,  is;  not  to  take  it  by  assaulte. 
tc.  To  listen  to,  or  hear,  with  acceptation.  Obs. 

1388  WYCLIF  Ps.  vi.  9  [10]  The  Lord  hath  herd  my  bi- 
sechyng ;  the  Lord  hath  resseyued  my  preier.  [Also  in 
Coverdale  and  1611.] 

3.  To  become  the  support  of  (something  super 
imposed). 

1432-50  tr.  Hidden,  (Rolls'  V.  163  The  grownde  was 
elevate  in  maner  of  a  hepe  to  receyve  Hillarius.  1736  GRAY 
Statins  i.  19  Ye  Argive  flower, . .  Receive  a  worthier  load. 
1842  TENNYSON  Mort&  d 'Arthur  164  Make  broad  thy 
shoulders  to  receive  my  weight,  And  bear  me  to  the  margin. 

b.  To  catch  (a  person  or  thing  falling  or  descend 
ing)  in  the  arms  or  otherwise. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  i.  ix,  His  four  knyghtes  re- 
ceyued  hym  and  set  hym  an  horsback.  c  1485  Digby  Myst. 
(1882)  iv.  442  Stonde  ner,  Nichodemus  !  resaue  hym  softly e  ! 
Mawdleyn,  hold  ye  his  fete  !  1594  ?  GRKENE  Selinnis  1272 
A  band  of  armed  .soldiers  Received  him  falling  on  their 
spears'  sharp  points.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  583  A  fiery 
Globe  Of  Angels  . .  on  their  plumy  Vans  receiv'd  him  soft 
From  his  uneasie  station. 

c.  To  catch  or  intercept  (a  missile,  blow,  etc.); 
to  encounter  or  stand  the  force  or  effect  of. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sh'ldane's  Comm.  56  b,  All  the  pellettes  y* 
they  shall  shoute,  I  will  receave  them  with  my  cote.  1606 
SHAKS.  Tr.  ff  Cr.  in.  iii.  122  Like  a  gate  of  steele,  Fronting 
the  Sunne,  receiues  and  renders  backe  His  figure,  and  his 
heate.  1632  J.  HAVWARD  Biondis  Eromena  in.  79  By  this 
time  had  tlie  horse  (issued  from  their  side)  received  the 
charge,  after  the  foote  were  cut  all  to  pieces.  1704  SWIFT  Bait. 
Bks.  Wks.  1751  I.  213  Paracelsus . .darted  his  Javelin  with 
a  mighty  force,  winch  the  brave  Antient  received  upon 
his  Shield.  1751  SMOLLETT  Per.  Pic.  xxxv,  The  son  in 
terposing,  received  the  first  discharge  of  her  fury.  1814 
SOUTHEY  Roderick  xxv.  489  The  Goth  objects  His  shield, 
and  on  its  rim  received  the  edge.  1855  BKEWSTER  Life  of 
Newton  I.  iii.  46  The  rays  reflected  by  the  speculum  were 
received  upon  a  plane  metallic  speculum. 

d.  To  catch  (a  sound)  by  the  sense  of  hearing. 

c  1385 CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  752  7%*!s&',Vpon  theo  sydeof  the 
walle  stood  he,  And  on  that  other  syde  stood  Tesbe,  The 
swoote  sovne  of  other  to  receyve.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V^  iv. 
Prol.  6  The  fixt  Centinels  almost  receiue  The  secret 
Whispers  of  each  others  Watch.  1773-83  HOOLE  Orl.  Fur. 
vni.  528  A  lamb,  .strays  With  tender  bleats, .  .Till  from 
afar  the  wolf  the  sound  receives. 

4.  To  permit  oneself  to  be  the  object  of  (some 
action,  etc.)  ;  to  allow  (something)  to  be  done  to, 
or  (some  quality,  etc.)  to  be  conferred  on,  oneself; 
to  submit  to,  endure. 

(21300  Cursor  M.  18714  All  bat  wald  tru  fra  hat  time, 
And  siben  wald  receiue  bnptime.  1382  WYCLIF  jfcJtn  v,  44 
How  mown  30  bileue,  that  receyuen  glorie  ech  of  other. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Pard.  T.  598  Com  forth  anon,  and  kneleth 
heere  adoun  And  mekely  receyueth  my  pardoun.  1535 
COVERDALE  Jer.  vii.  28  This  is  the  people,  that  nether 
heareth  the  voyce  of  the  Lorde  . .  ner  receaueth  his  correc 
tion.  1556  ROBINSON  tr.  Morels  Utofi.  \\.  (Arb.)  108  marg.^ 
The  religiously  disposed  person,  .ought  pacientlye  to  re 
ceaue  and  suffer  them  [griefs].  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xv. 
iii,  If  the  barke  of  an  Olive  tree  be  slit  and  cut,  it  will 
receive  the  rellice  and  smell  of  any  medicinable  spice.  1818 
T.  L.  PEACOCK  Nightmare  Abbey  i,  Family  interests  com 
pelled  Mr.  Glowry  to  receive  occasional  visits  from  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Hilary. 

b.  To  admit  (an  impression,  etc.)  by  yielding  or 
by  adaptation  of  surface.  Alsoy?^. 

^1391  CHAUCER  Astrol.  n.  §  40,  I  - .  wexed  my  label  in 
Maner  of  a  peyre  tables  to  resceyue  distyiictly  the  prikkes 
of  my  compas.  1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  iv.  xxiii,  Quhat 
place  was  left  hail  in  all  bare  bodyis  to  ressaue  ony  new 
woundis.  1592  SHAKS.  Ven.  ff  Ad.  353  His  tendrer  cheeke 
receiues  her  soft  hands  print.  1655  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos. 
in.  (1701)  88/2  They  being  eager  in  prosecution  of  their 
design,  and  he  prepared  by  want,  and  malice,  to  receive 
their  impression.  1759  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  II.  ii,  The  wax 
is  over  hardened,  it  will  not  receive  the  mark  of  her  thimble. 
1785  COWPER  Poplar  Field  4  The  winds  play  no  longer 
and  sing  in  the  leaves,  Nor  Ouse  on  his  bosom  their  image 
receives.  1898  MAXWELL  GRAY  House  of  Hid.  Treas,  in. 


RECEIVE. 

iii,  Chip's  brain.. was  more  calculated  to  retain  than  to 
receive  impressions. 

c.  To  allow  (something)  to  be   applied  to,  or 
placed  on,  oneself. 

1549  Compl.  Scot.  iv.  31  It  is  said  generelye  tyl  al  them 
that  hes  resauit  the  ^oilk  ande  the  confessione  of  crist. 
1713  ADDISON  Cato  n.  i,  Egypt  has  since  Received  his 
yoke,  and  the  whole  Nile  is  Caesar's.  1784  COWPKR  Task 
iv.  329  Earth  receives  Gladly  the  thickening  mantle. 
1788  —  Negro's  Compl.  42  By  our  blood  Jn  Afric  wasted, 
Ere  our  necks  received  the  chain.  1820  SHELLEY  (Ed.  Tyr. 
n.  i.  109  To  receive  upon  her  chaste  white  body  Dews  of 
Apotheosis.  1898  MAXWELL  GRAY  House  of  Hid.  Treas.  n. 
iii,  Barling  Harbour  received  the  crimsoning  light  on  its 
still  levels  and  held  it  faithfully. 

d.  Of  recording  instruments :  To  be  affected,  or 
operated  on,  by  (the  thing  transmitted). 

1862  Catal.  Internat.  Exhib.  II.  xiii.  12/2  The  apparatus 
. .  for  receiving  and  indicating  the  signals.  1884  Telegraphist 
June  S8/2  Chemically  prepared  paper  . .  receives  the  record 
of  signals  sent  over  the  lines. 

5.  To  take  in ;  to  admit  as  to  a  receptacle  or 
,  containing  space ;  to  allow  to  enter  or  penetrate. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  1135  [The]  erth  ..  bat  rescued  ^i  brober 
blode,  Wit  pine  it  sal  ^e  ?eild  bi  fode.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks. 
(1880)  97  Swolwls  of  pe  see  and  belle,  hat  resceyuen  al  j>at 
|>ei  may  Si.  gelden  not  a^en.  ^1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xiv. 
61  pare  es  a  vessell  of  marble  vnder  be  table  to  ressayue 
be  oel.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  243  The 
stomake  shal  be  nuet  to  resceue  more  charge  than  hit  was 
wonyt.  1541  COPLAND  GuydoJi's  Quest.  Chirurg.  G  ij  b, 
A  concauyte  wherin  is  receyued  the  ende  of  the  addicyon. 
.71548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII  73  b,  Doores  and  en- 
terynges  into  the  chambers  . .  to  receiue  light  and  aire  at 
pleasure.  1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  v.  ii.  184  The  Bason  that 
receiues  your  guilty  blood.  1615  W.  LAWSON  Country 
House~v.  Card.  (1626)  4  Some  for  this  purpose  digge  the 
soyle  of  their  Orchard  to  receiue  moisture.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  vi.  55  The  Gulf  Of  Tartarus,  which  ready  opens 
wide  His  fiery  Chaos  to  receave  thir  fall.  17x2-4  POPE 
Rape  Lock  HI.  no  From  silver  spouts  the  grateful  liquors 
glide,  While  China's  earth  receives  the  smoking  tide.  1784 
COWPER  Task  I.  562  A  kettle,  slung  Between  two  poles  .. 
Receives  the  morsel.  1814  SOUTHEY  Roderick  xxv.  351 
Let  One  grave  with  Christian  rites  receive  them  both. 

transf.  1388  WYCLIF  Ecclus.  xxxvi.  21  An  vnwise  herte 
resseyueth  false  wordis.  1533  BELLENDEN  Lhy  v.  ii,  We 
differ  nocht  be  batall  bot  ressauis  It  within  };e  bosum  of 
oure  land  is.  1780  COWPER  Progr.  Err.  431  Learning  itself, 
received  into  a  mind  By  nature  weak. 

b.  Of  a  place  or  building :  To  admit  (a  person) ; 
to  give  accommodation  or  shelter  to. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  17982  '  Helle  ',  he  seide,  '  make  be  redy 
To  receyue  iesu  hastily'.  1382  WYCLIF  Acts  iii.  21  Jhesu 
Crist,  whom  sotheli  it  bihoueth  heuene  for  to  resceyue. 
1:1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  xxii.  243  Innes  ordeyned  ..  to 
resceyve  bothe  Man  and  Hors.  c  1475  Partenay  160  Som 
receit  nye  the  wodes  lynde,  Wher  we  mow  thys  tym  re 
ceyued  to  be,  a  1625  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Knt.  of  Malta  iv.  i, 
This  cave,  fashion'd..To  be  a  den  for  beastSj alone  receives 
me.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  i.  252  Hail  Infernal  world,  and 
thou  profoundest  Hell  Receive  thy  new  Possessor.  1784 
COWPER  Task  i.  354  We  tread  the  Wilderness  . .  The  Grove 
receives  us  next.  1819  SCOTT  Leg.  Montrose  x,  motto^ 
More  doubtful  show'd  The  mansion  which  received  them 
from  the  road.  1898  MAXWELL  GRAY  House  of  Hid.  Treas. 
Prol.  ii,  It  was  a  long  time  since  the  Old  House  had  received 
a  child-guest. 

C.  To  afford  proper  room  or  space  to ;  to  hold 
or  contain  conveniently. 

c  1440  Gcnerydes  1072  All  ther  hoole  puysaunce,  Whiche 
was  so  grete.  .The  Cite  mygbt  resseyue  them  day  ne  night. 
1549  'i'.  SOME  Ded*  to  Latimers  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI 
(Arb.)  19  As  it  is  vnpossyble  that  a  litel  ryuer  should  receiue 
ye  recourse  of  ye  mayne  sea  with  in  his  brvmmes.  1585 
T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  l-'oy.  iv.  xxiii.  139  A  port 
.  .able  to  receiue  a  100.  Gallies.  x6zx  BIBLE  i  Kings  viii,  64 
The  brasen  Altar  ..  was  too  little  to  receiue  the  burnt 
offerings.  1697  DRYDKN  jfcneid  Ded.  in  Ess.  (1900)  II.  228 
The  scantiness  of  our  heroic  verse  is  not  capable  of  receiving 
more  than  one.  1856  '  STONEHENGE  '  Brit.  Rur.  Sports  474/1 
The  well  [of  a  rowing-boat].. is  long  enough  to  receive  two 
men  instead  of  one. 

6.  To  take  in  by  the  mouth ;  to  swallow.  (In 
later  examples  prob.  a  contextual  use  of  other 
senses.)  ?  Obs. 

c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Got'.  Lordsh.  77  A  mouth-full  of 
hoot  water,  ilk  morwe  twyes  ressayued.  1484  CAXTON 
Fables  of  Poge  x,  He  gaf  to  hym  the  sayd  pylles  &  badde 
hym  to  receyue  and  take  them.  1574  HELI.OWES  Guevara's 
J'am.  Ep.  (1577)  242  The  patient  that  doth  determine  to 
receiue  a  litle  Rheubarb.  1599  B.  JONSON  Every  Man  out 
of  Hum.  in.  i.  (Rtldg.)  46/2  The  Cuban  . .  whiff,  which  he 
shall  receive  or  take  in  here  at  London,  and  evaporate  at 
Uxbridge.  1608  SHAKS.  Per.  i.  ii.  69  Thou  ..  minister 'st  a 
potion  unto  me  That  thou  wouldst  tremble  to  receive  thy 
self.  1742  POPE  Dune.  iv.  583  Down  his  own  throat  he 
risk 'd  the  Grecian  gold,  Receiv'd  each  Demi-God,..  Deep  in 
his  Entrails.  1840  BROWNING  Sordeilo\.  447  If  Hes  are  true, 
The  Caliph's  wheel-work  man  of  brass  receives  A  meal. 

b.  To  participate  in,  take  (the  sacrament  or 
sacred  elements).  See  also  23. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  10199  Pe  f°'k  l*at  to  I76 
preste  went  For  to  receyue  be  sacrament,  c  1375  AY  Pains 
of  Hell  188  in  O.  E.  Misc.  216  pese  beleuid  not  ..  in  cristis 
carnacione . .  And  neuer  resayuyd  cristis  body,  c  1420  Chron. 
Vilod,  st.  468 pe  mayden  kneled  at  J?eauters3ende..&  abode 
bere  to  resaue  hurre  saueour.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems 
xxxiv.  8  Ane  preist  sweirit  be  God  verey  Quhilk  at  the 
alter  ressauit  be.  1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  HI,  I.  iv.  208  Thou 
did'st  receiue  the  Sacrament,  to  fight  In  quarrell  of  the 
House  of  Lancaster.  1686  [H.  MORE]  Brief  Disc.^  Real 
Presence  52  We  really  though  spiritually,  .eat  or  receive  the 
real  Body  and  Blood  of  Christ.  1791  BURKE  in  Hansard 
Par!.  Hist.  (1814)  XXIX.  397  The  priest,  from  whom  they 
had  received  the  sacrament,  had  not  submitted  to  the  test. 


RECEIVE. 

1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  via.  §  4  (1895)  510  The  habit  of  re 
ceiving  the  communion  in  a  sitting  posture. 

7.  To  take  into  the  mind;  to  apprehend  mentally ; 
to  understand  ;  to  learn. 

1603  SHAKS.  Meets,  for  M.  IT.  iv.  82  But  marke  me,  To  be 
receiued  plaine,  lie  speake  more  grosse.  1660  STANLEY 
Hist.Philos.  III.  I.  37  He  made  bim  presently  fit  to  receave 
his  doctrine.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vn.  179  The  Acts  of  God 
. .  to  human  ears  Cannot  without  process  of  speech  be  told, 
So  told  as  earthly  notion  can  receave.  1733  POPE  Ess. 
Man  in.  175  Thy  arts  of  building  from  the  bee  receive. 
1892  WESTCOTT  Gospel  of  Life  191  Man  is  fitted  by  his 
essential  constitution  to  receive  a  knowledge  of  God. 

II.  8.  To  admit  (a  person)  into  some  relation 
with  oneself,  esp.  to  familiar  or  social  intercourse ; 
to  treat  in  a  familiar  or  friendly  manner. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  4939,  I  receiud  J>am,  and  warnd  ham 
noght  Of  alle  thing  bai  me  be-soght.  1320-30  Horn.  Ch.  in 
Ritson  Metr.  Rant.  III.  291  Houlac  king  was  wel  hende, 
Ressaived  hem  nighen.  ^1384  CHAUCER  H.  Fame  i.  339 
Anon  as  we  han  yeu  receyued  Certenly  we  ben  cleceyuyd. 
1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  Page  viii,  Two  wymmen  . .  came  to 
a  curteyzan,  . .  whome  he  receyued  [etc.].  1568  GRAFTON 
Chron.  II.  303  The  other  prisoners  ..  went  to  see  the  king 
at  their  pleasure,  and  were  receyued  onely  vpon  their 
faythes.  1611  BIBLE  2  Cor,  xi.  16  Let  no  man  thinke  mee 
a  foole ;  if  otherwise,  yet  as  a  foole  receiue  me.  1703 
STERLE  Tend.  Hush,  i.  i,  He  is  a  Gentleman  so  Receiv'd, 
so  Courted,  and  so  Trusted.  1784  COWPER  Task  in.  8r 
A  waif,  Desirous  to  return,  and  not  received.  1885  MABEL 
COLLINS  Prettiest  Woman  H,  '  She  shall  be  received  at  my 
house  '  said  Prince  Sucha. 

b.  In  religious  use,  with  reference  to  the  accepta 
tion  of  man  by  God,  or  of  Christ  by  man. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  HandL  Synne  236  fou^e  he  to-day  fro 
hys  god  weyue,  To-morwe  hys  god  wyl  hym  receyue.  1382 
WYCLIF  John  i.  n  He  cam  in  to  his  owne  thingis,  and  hise 
receyueden  not  him.  Ibid.  xiil.  20  He  that  receyueth  me, 
receyueth  him  that  sente  me.  1535  COVERDALE  Ps.  xlviii. 
[xlix.]  15  God  shal  deliuer  my  soule  from  the  power  of  hell, 
when  he  receaueth  me.  1567  Gitde  $  Godlie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  87 
Aduert  till  Goddis  word  and  Discipline,  Ressaif  his  Sone. 
1852  TENNYSON  Wellington  281  God  accept  him,  Christ 
receive  him, 

f  c.  Astrol.  (Cf.  RECEPTION  2  a.)  Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Man  of  Lavrfs  T.  209  O  fieble  Moone,. . 
Thou  knyttest  thee  ther  thou  art  nat  receyued.  c  139*  — 
Astrol,  ii.  §  4  The  lord  of  the  assendent. .  where-as  he  is  in 
his  dignite  &  conforted  with  frendly  aspectys  of  planetes 
&  [\velj  resceued. 

9.  To  meet  (a  person)  with  signs  of  welcome  or 
salutation ;  to  pay  attention  or  respect  to  (one  who 
comes  to  a  place);   to  greet  or  acknowledge  upon 
arrival  or  entrance.     (See  also  10.) 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  15059  pe  receiues  bin  aim  folk  and 
welcums  be  hame.  c  1430  LYDG.  Min,  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  3 
Alle  of  assent.. Ther  noble  Kyng  were  glad  to  resseyve. 
1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Kng.  ccxliii.  287  The  dukes  sone  of 
Barre  with  a  fayre  meyny  resseyued  this  worthy  lady. 
1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  i.  vi.  4  b,  Ther 
came  with  him  ..  captaines  and  lanissaries  to  receiue  the 
Ambassadour.  1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  iv.  §  78  The 
city  of  London  made  great  preparations  to  receive  the 
King.  1830  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  Ixxxv,  The  great  Intel 
ligences  fair  That  range  above  our  mortal  state  ,.  Received 
and  gave  him  welcome  there.  1883  HOWELLS  in  Harper s 
Mag.  Dec.  Si/i  You  stay  here  and  receive  him,  Nettie. 
b.  To  admit  to  one's  presence,  rare. 

1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Tkevenofs  Trav.  i.  85  The  Grand 
Signior  ..  is  willing  first  to  see  what  he  hath  brought, 
before  he  receive  him  to  Audience. 

10.  To   meet,  welcome   or  greet  (a  person)  in 
a  specified  manner. 

£1330  Arth.  $  Merl.  3376  (Kolbing)  Al,  f>at  euer  wald 
}>ider  gon,  Curteyseliche  were  ressaiued  anon.  1375  BAR- 
HOUR  Bruce  ii.  163  He  resawyt  him  in  gret  daynte.  Ibid. 
in.  661  The  king  rycht  weill  resawyt  he.  c  1400  Destr. 
Troy  8311  Ho  receyuit  hym  with  Reuerence.  1480  CAXTON 
Chron.  Eng.  ccxliii.  (1482)  287  Our  kynge  with  al  his  lordes 
goodly  and  worshipfully  hym  resceyued  and  welcomed 
hym.  1516  WRIOTHESLEY  Chron.  (1875)  I.  10  The  Qneene 
of  Scottes.  .was  richly  receaved,  and  rode  thorowe  London. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane'sComm.  18  He  was  royally  received 
of  kynge  Henry  the  eight.  1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Bocca- 
lini"s  Pol.  Touchstone  (1674)  268  This  Duke  visited  .. 
Prospero  Colonna,  of  whom  he  was  received  with  all  sorts 
of  Honour.  1702  ADDISON  Dial.  Medals  Wks.  1721  I.  484 
Well  received  among  the  Praetorian  guards,  and  afterwards 
declared  their  Emperor.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vi. 
II.  101  The  lord  mayor  came  to  quell  the  tumult,  but  was 
received  with  cries  of  'No  wooden  gods'.  Ibid.  xv.  II. 
598  Mulgrave  was  received  not  ungraciously  at  Saint 
James's.  1853  ].  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk.  (1873)  II.  i.  i.  30 
Attila . .  had  received  the  Roman  ambassadors,  as  a  barbarian 
indeed,  but  as  a  king. 

b.  Mil.  To  meet  with  resistance  (an  enemy,  his 
attack,  etc.). 

I375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xm.  16  Thair  fais  resauit  thame 
weill,  I  hycht,  Withswerdis,  speris,  and  with  macys.  £14^7 
CAXTON  Jason  15  b,  [They]  broched  their  horses  with  their 
spores  and  receyuid  them,  .with  the  might  of  their  speris. 
1650  CROMWELL  Let,  4  Sept.  in  Carlyle^  The  Enemy  being 
in  a  very  good  posture  to  receive  them.  1749  FIELDING 
Tom  Jones  v.  xi,  Our  friend  received  the  enemy's  attack 
with  intrepidity.  1892  Chamb,  Jrnl.  24  Sept.  610/2  There 
was  no  time  to  get  into  square  formation  to  *  receive '  the 
charging  horsemen. 

11.  To  admit  (a  person)  to  a  place;  esp.  to  give 
accommodation  or  shelter  to ;  to  harbour. 

1390  GowERCo«/  III.  318  To  his  In,  Wher  he  whilom 
sojourned  in,  He  goth  him  straght  and  was  resceived. 
^1400  MAUNUEV.  (1839)  vi.  66  Men  resceyved  there  alle 
manere  of  Fugityfes  of  other  places,  for  here  evyl  Dedis, 
T533  BELLENDEN  Lrvy  iv.  xxiii,  It  was  betrasit  be  ane  ser- 
vand,  quhilk  ressauit  bame  at  ane  secrete  place.  1565  COOPER 

VOL.  VIII. 


Thesaurus  s.v,  Occultator,  A  place  meete  to  receyue  and 
hide  theeues  in.  1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  7K,  n.  iv.  101  Take 
heede  what  Guests  You  receiue  :  Receiue  (says  he)  no  swag 
gering  Companions.  1640-1  Kirkcndbr.  IVar-Comm.  Min. 
Bk.  (1855)  53  Nae  hostler,  heritor  or  yeoman. .shall  ressaive 
any  such  maisterless  or  idle  man.  1704  ADDISON  Italy  8  It 
..drove  out  the  Spanish  Garrison  and  receiv'd  a  French  one. 
1846  Penny  Cycl.  Supp.  II.  165/2  A  married  woman  also 
shall  not  be  liable  to  conviction  for  receiving  her  husband. 
1859  TENNYSON  Guinevere  140  O  peaceful  Sisterhood,  Re 
ceive,  and  yield  me  sanctuary. 

b.  Const,  into  or  within  (a  house,  city,  one's 
arms,  etc,). 

£1380  WYCLIF  Serin.  Sel.  Wks.  I.  22  Obir  tenauntis  of  be 
lord  shall  resceyve  me  into  bere  housis.  c  1400  MAUNDEV. 
(1839)  yi.  67  Of  tho  same  resceyved  Abraham  the  Aungeles 
in  to  his  Hous.  1526  TINDALE  John  vi.  21  Then  wolde  they 
have  receaved  hym  into  theshippe.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's 
Comw.  354  The  Senate  refused  to  make  surrender  or  to  re 
ceive  a  power  into  the  citie.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  \.  20 
Another  gate  ..  by  which  passengers  are  receiued  into  the 
City  by  night.  1713  Annisox  Cato  i.  ii,  To-morrow  should 
we  thus  express  our  friendship,  Each  might  receive  a  slave 
into  his  arms.  1805  SCOTT  Last  Minstr.  iv.  xxiv,  Either 
receive  within  thy  towers  Two  hundred  of  my  master's 
powers,  Or  [etc.].  1874  GREEN  Short_  Hist.  ix.  §  4  (1895) 
650  Titus  Gates  ..  had  been  received  into  Jesuit  houses  at 
Valladolid  and  St.  Umer. 

c.  \Yith  other  than  personal  object. 

1S45  Reg*  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  10  The  said  pryse  of 
Portingal  takin  be  the  saidis  Franchemen  may  be  ressavit 
in  this  realm.  1551  ROBINSON  tr,  M  ore's  Utop.  \\.  11895)116 
A  large  and  wyde  sea,  which,  .receaueth  in  shyppes  to- 
wardes  euery  parte  of  the  iande.  1896  W.  H.  HUTTON 
Philip  Augustus  v.  n6The  bishop  of  Limoges  did  homage 
.  .and  his  see  was  received  into  the  king's  direct  domain. 

12.  To  admit  (a  person  or  thing)  to,  into  (f  in) 
a  state,  condition,  privilege,  occupation,  etc. 

c  1366  CHAUCER  A.  B.  C.  35  Ful  ofte..  Hast  bou  to  miseri- 
corde  resceyued  me.  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  ix.  523  The 
chiftanis  in  by  can  ta  Thair  way  to  Bothwell,  for  till  be 
Resauit  in-to  gude  savite.  Ibid.  x.  127  He  resauit  him  till 
his  pes.  1382  WYCLIF  Mark  v.  37  He  resceyuede  not  ony 
man  to  sue  him,  no  but  Petre,  and  James  [etc.],  c  1400  Rule 
St.  Benet  141  This  is  be  fiirme  how  A  Nouice  sail  be  made 
&  resaiuid  to  religiun.  1535  COVERDALE  Ps.  lxxii[i],  24  Thou 
ledest  me  with  thy  councel,  and  afterwarde  receauest  me  vnto 
glory.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  vi.  314  The 
king  forgyues  him,  and  receaueshim  in  hisfauour.  a  1648  Li>. 
HERBKRT  Hen.  Vfff  (1683)  436  We.  -do  crave  to  be  received 
and  adopted  into  the  same  Laws  and  Privileges  which  your 
other  Subjects  enjoy.  i66z  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacr.  Ded., 
The  greatest  ambition  of  the  Author  of  it,  is,  to  have  it  re 
ceived  into  your  Patronage  and  Protection.  1784  JOHNSON 
in  BosT.uell,  Receive  me,  at  my  death,  to  everlasting  happi 
ness.  1864  Miss  BRADDON  Henry  Dunbar  II.  211  A  lady 
whom  she  used  to  receive  to  music  lessons. 

b.  To  admit  to  membership  of  a  society  or  class 
or  to  partnership  in  work ;  to  take  in  among  other 
persons  or  things.  Also  const,  into. 

1389  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  6  Whan  a  brother  or  a  suster 
schal  be  resceyued,  bat  bey  schul  be  swore  vpon  a  book  to 
be  brotherhede.      c  1400  Rule  St.  Benet  110/2201  Fro  time 
pal  resauyd  be,  All  salbe  sarued  in  o  degre.  1533  BELI.ENDEN 
Livy  iv.  ii,  Haue  we  nocht  ressauit  sindri  of  the  house  of 
Claudius,  .amang  be  nowmer  of  patricianis?    1549  LATIMER 
$tA  Serin,  bef.  Edw.  VI  (Arb.)   136  They  that  wyl  not  for 
the  offyce  sake  receyue  other,  regarde  more  the  flese  than 
the  flocke.     1724  WATERLAND  A  than.  Creed  vi.  Wks.  1823 
IV.  230  One  may.  .infer,  that  this  Creed  was  not  received  into 
the  Roman  Offices  so  early  as  the  year  809.      1843  Baptist 
Reporter  Jan.  48  Forty-five  persons  have  been  received  by 
immersion  into  the  church.     1894  FORSYTH  Forms  of  Service 
Ch.  Scot.  42  Your  brethren  in  office  will  receive  you  into 
the  Kirk-Session  by  giving  you  the  right  hand  of  fellowship. 

13.  To  take  or  accept  (a  person)  in  some  capacity. 
Const,  as,  for,  f  to,  ~\to  be,  or  with  simple  predicate. 

#1400-50  Alexander  3478  Alexander  ..  Resayued  to  his 
riche  quene  Rosan  his  dostir.  <  1400  Rule  St.  Benet  133 
Al  strangers  or  ghestes  arn  to  be  receyued  . .  as  god.  1513 
DOUGLAS  sEneis  xm.  vii.  79,  I  the  ressaue  . .  As  son  in  law 
and  successpur  to  me.  1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  iv.  ii,  Oure 
progenitouris  contempnit  nocht  strangearis,bot  ressauit  bame 
to  be  kingis.  1582  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  Castanheda's  Conq. 
£.  Ind.  i.  vii.  16  b,  One  of  the  Moores,  which  was  receiued 
for  Pilot.  1644  Shetland  IV itch  Trial  in.  Hibbert  Shetland 
Isl.  (1822)  602  The  Assyze  being  recavit,  sworn  and  admittit. 
1654  tr.  Scudery's  Curia  Pol.  79  He  was  chearfully  received 
Generall  to  that  victorious  Army.  1671  M;LTON  Samson 
883  Why  then  Didst  thou  at  first  receive  me  for  thy  husband? 
b.  To  admit  (a  person)  to  plead  or  give  evidence. 

1607  COWELL  Interpr.  s.v.  Resceyt,  He  in  the  reuersion 
commeth  in,  and  prayeth  to  be  receiued  to  defend  the  land, 
and  to  plead  with  the  Demandant.  1647  CLARENDON  Hist. 
Reb.  iv.  §  130  The  law  was  clear  that  less  than  two  witnesses 
ought  not  [to]  be  received  in  case  of  treason. 

14.  To  take,  accept,  regard,  hear,  etc.  (anything 
offered  or  presented,  or  to  which  attention  is  given) 
in  a  specified  manner  or  with  a  specified  expression 
of  feeling. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  163  Thessamplerie  Of  Arisippe  is 
wel  received  And  thilke  of  Diogene  is  weyved.     1422  tr. 
Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  172  He  toke  not  to  hevynesse 
the  damagis  that  hym  befell,  but  ..  ham  rescewyth  lyghtly. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  16  His  bokes  are  joyfullye 
received   and   red   of  good   and   well  learned   men.     i6oz 
SHAKS.  Ham.  ii.  ii.  129  But  how  hath  she  receiu'd  his  Loue  ? 
1605  —  Lear  ii.  ii.  155  My  Sister  may  recieue  it  much  more 
worss.      1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  iv.  §  166  This,  though 
a  known  truth  to  any  one  who  knew  anything  of  the  law, 
was  received  with  noise  and  clamour.     1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
xii.  503  Thus  they  win  Great  numbers  of  each  Nation  to 
receave  With  joy  the  tidings  brought  from  Heav'n.     1874 
GREEN  Short  Hist.  ii.  §  8.  105  The  brutal  murder  was  re 
ceived  with  a  thrill  of  horror  throughout  Christendom. 

"b.  To  take/0r,  regard  as,  etc.      (Cf.  13.) 


RECEIVE. 

I       1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xv.  502  Now  is  routhe  to  rede  how 

. .  )>e  Rode  [is]  receyued  for  f>e  worthier  ban  crystes  crosse. 

,    1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xlvi.  76  Man  may  tak  in  his  lady 

!    sic  delyt,.  .[as]  for  his  hevin  rassaif  hir  cullour  quhyt.    1596 

,    DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  ix.  259  This  he  for  a 

takne  ressaiuet  and  sygne,  that  the  end  of  his  lyfe  was  at 

hande.     1613  SHAKS.   Hen.    l/'III,  n.    i.   125  This   from  a 

dying  man  receiue  as  ci-rtaine.     1671  MILTON  Samson  473 

These  words  I  as  a  Prophecy  receive. 

15.  To  accept  as  an  authority,  rule,  or  practice; 
to  admit  the  truth  or  validity  of;  to  make  use  of. 
1382  WYCLIF  Prol.  Bible  i.  2  Holy  chirche  resceyueth  not 
siche  bookis.  —  Acts  xvi.  21  These  men..schewen  a 
custom,  the  which  it  is  not  leutiful  to  vs  for  to  receyue.  1482 
CAXTON  Trevisds  Higden  y.  xiv.  250  b,  But  he  plesyd  her  and 
other  that  had  resseyued  his  lawe  in  this  maner  [etc.].  1513 
DOUGLAS  ^Eneis  v.  x.  99  And  mychty  Rome  syne  eftir 
mony  ane  day  Sik  ois  rasavit  has.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng. 
Poesie  m.  xxii.  (Arb.)  260  This  word  egar  is  as  much  to  say 
as  to  wander  or  stray  out  of  the  way,  which  in  our  English 
is  not  receiued.  1626  BACON  Sylva  §  104  This  Computation 
of  Eight,  is  a  thing  rather  receiued,  than  any  true  Computa 
tion.  1652  NEEDHAM  tr.  Seldens  Alare  Cl.  21  This  appear's 
plain  in  the  Imperial  Law  ;  nor  do  wee  know  of  any  .Nation 
where  it  is  not  received.  1709  BERKELEY  Th,  Vision  §  131 
An  axiom  universally  received.  1790  PALEY  Hora>  Paul, 
Wks.  1825  III.  263  These  books  were  not  only  received  from 
the  beginning,  but  received  with  the  greatest  ropect.  1884 
D.  HUNTKR  tr.  Rcuss1  Hist.  Canon  xvii.  349  The  duty  of 
approving  and  receiving  Scripture. 

b.  To  give  credit  to  ;  to  believe.  Also  absoL 
1382  WYCLIF  Matt.  xi.  14  $if  50  wolen  resseyuen,  be  is  Ely 
that  is  to  cume.  1601  SHAKS.  Tivel.  N.  m.  iv.  212,  I  will 
. .  driuethe  Gentleman  (as  I  know  bis  youth  will  aptly  receive 
it)  into  a  most  hideous  opinion  [etc.].  1605  —  Macb.  i.  vii. 
74,  77  Rlacb.  Will  it  not  bereceiu'cl,  ..That  they  haue  don't  ? 
Lady.  Who  dares  receiue  it  other?  1784  COWPER  Task  v. 
855  They  . .  speak  in  ears  That  hear  not  or  receive  not  their 
report.  1868  BROWNING  Ring  $  Bk.  \\.  2055  This  stupid 
lie,  Its  liar  never  dared  propound  in  Rome,  He  gets  Arezzo 
to  receive. 

fc.  To  give  assent  to,  to  pass  (a  law).    Obs. 

1538  STAKKEY  England  \.  \.  15  Lawys. .  receyuyd  and  stab- 
lyschyd  for  the  mayntenaunce.  .of  vertue.  1647  CLAREN 
DON  Hist.  Reb.  iv.  §  138  The  greatest  invitation  tu  the  House 
of  Commons  so  irregularly  to  receive  that  bill  to  remove  the 
bishops. 

III.  16.  To  have  (a  thing)  given  or  handed  to 
oneself;  to  get  from  another  or  others.  Also  re 
ceiving  =  being  received. 

c.  1300  Cursor  M.  16470  Wit  his  penis  forth  he  lepe  he  had 
resaueid  are.  ^1330  R.  BRUNNF,  Chron.  (1810)  24  He  res 
ceyued  be  coroune,  after  his  brober  dede.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg, 
Saints  xxiv.  (Alexis)  128  Scho  suld  . .  bare-of  rasawe  gret 
med  In  hewine.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  Page  viii,  The 
seliar.  .delyuerd  the  hors  and  receyued  the  xv.  ducattes. 
1556  Aurelio  $  Isab.  11608)  C  vi,  Sins  that  I  haue  of  yowre 
bignesse  ..  so  muche  goode  resavede.  1583  Lc^.  l>p.  St. 
Androis  383  Ane  William  Symsone,  . .  Whome  fra  sclio  hes 
resavit  a  buike.  1584  HUDSON  Du  Bartas  Judith  v.  (1608) 
74  in  Sylvester's  Du  Bartas,  Come  all  to  Court,  and  there 
ye  shall  resaue  A  thousand  gaines.  1667  MILTON  P.  L,  v. 
423  The  Sun  that  light  imparts  to  all,  receives  From,  all  bis 
alimental  recompence  In  humid  exhalations.  1689  Atisw. 
Lords  <y  Commons  Sp.  34  The  very  Money  that  is  now  re 
ceiving,  was  asked  with  Two  Armies  on  Foot.  1788  GIBBON* 
Deci.  fy  F.  xlix.  V.  133  The  conquerors  of  the  VV'est  would 
receive  their  crown  from  the  successors  of  St.  Peter.  1818 
CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  111.  369  His  mother,  .residing  in  one 
of  them,  .and  receiving  rent  for  the  others.  1891  ROSEBERY 
Pitt  ix.  149  The  essential  point,  .is  to  receive  in  return  the 
services  for  which  the  payment  is  made. 

b.  To  get  ^a  letter,  etc.)  brought  to  oneself  or 
delivered  into  one's  hands. 

c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  48  pis  Epistel  res- 
sayued,  Alexander  did  after  his  consaill.  1478  W.  PASTON 
in  P.  Lett.  Ill,  237,  I  have  resevyd  of  Alwedyr  a  lettyr. 
1530  PALSGR.  680/2,  I  receyved  but  one  letter  from  my 
father  sythe  he  went  in  to  the  countraye.  1594  SHAKS. 
Rick.  ///,  y.  ii.  5  Heere  receiue  we  from  our  Father  Stanley 
Lines  of  faire  comfort.  1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  ii.  §  44 
Arundel  and  Holland  gave  another  kind  of  reception  to  the 
letters  they  received.  1798  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  IV.  208 
A  letter  is  certainly  received  here  by  an  individual  from 
Talleyrand.  1888  MRS.  H.  WARD  A'.  Elsmere  xxxvii,  Els- 
mere  received  a  characteristic  letter  from  him. 

C.  To  get  by  communication  from  another;  to 
learn,  ascertain,  etc.,  in  this  way. 

1526  TINDALE  i  Cor.  xi.  23  That  which  I  gave  vnto  you  I 
receaved  off  the  lorde.  1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  i.  i.  164 
Sometimes  from  her  eyes  I  did  receiue  faire  speechlesse 
messages.  1608  —  Per.  i.  i.  i  Young  prince  of  Tyre,  you 
have  at  large  received  The  danger  of  the  task  you  under 
take.  1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  \\.  §  10  To  enjoin  that 
no  presbyter  should  reveal  any  thing  he  should  receive  in 
confession.  1674  RAY  Collect.  Words^  A  Horn  tt'crk  at 
Whitby  139  The  process  of  making  Allom,  as  we  partly  saw, 
and  partly  received  from  the  workmen.  1748  Anson's  I'oy. 
n.  iv.  169  On  Mr.  Anson's  receiving  any  other  intelligence. 
1893  IVeekly  Notes  68/2  The  date  at  which  he  received 
notice  of  the  receiving  order. 

17.  a.  To  get  (a  person)  into  one's  custody, 
control,  vicinity,  society,  etc.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  22077  Pe  deuil  sal .  .vmbelai  hir  al  bidene, 
Al  in  his  weild  hir  to  receiue.  1382  WYCLIF  Luke  xv.  27 
Thi  brodir  is  cpmen,  and  thi  fadir  hath  slayn  a  fat  calf,  for 
hereceyuede  himsaf.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxxiv.23  The 
Feind  ressaif  me  gif  I  le.  1513  DOUGLAS  sKneis  i.  v.  81 
Romulus  sail  the  peple  ressaue  and  weild.  1596  DALRYMPLE 
tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  iv.  219  Conran  receaueng  in  mariage 
Ada,  the  sister  of  Ambrose.  1611  BIBLE  Ps.  Ixxv.  2  When 
I  shall  receiue  the  congregation,  I  will  iudge  vprightly. 

b.  To  get,  or  come  into,  possession  of  (a  town, 
country,  etc.).  rare. 

1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  739  He  . .  besieged  a  towne. ., 
which  when  he  had  receyued, . .  he  caused  all  the  inhabitants 

80 


RECEIVE. 


234 


RECEIVER. 


cruelly  to  be  put  to  death.     1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's 
Hist.  Scot,  ii.  139  Hiscountrey  and  kingdome,  quhilke.  .he 
receiuet  sair  oppressit  be  his  nychtbouris. 
c.  To  get  or  acquire  (some  feature). 
1789  Ann.  Reg.  132/2  About  ten  years  ago  she  received 
a  new  set  of  teeth.     1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  ii.  §  8.  112 
The  three  distinct  courts  .,  which  by  the  time  of  Edward 
the  First  received  distinct  judges.     1880  T.  HARDY  Wessex 
Talcs,   Fellow-Townsmen   iv.  (1896)   126  A  window-niche 
which  had  as  yet  received  no  frame. 

18.  To  have  (some  quality,  attribute,  or  property) 
given,  bestowed,  conferred  or  impressed. 

£•1320  Cast.  Love  1661  Comyth  .  .And  receyvyth  the  blys- 
full  joy  anon.  1388  WVCLIF  Acts  ix.  12  He  sy3  a  man  . . 
puttinge  to  hym  hondis,  that  he  receyue  5131.  £1400  tr. 
Secreta  Secret.^  Gw.  Lordsh.  58  Al  f>e  body  ressayues 
strynght.  1422  Ibid.,  Priv.  Priv.  243  Al  the  Erthe  rescewyth 
his  anournement  and  his  beute.  c  1450  Merlin  109  Worthier 
men  and  wise,  that  were  better  worth!  to  resceyve  that 
dignyte,  than  a  boy.  1552  ABP.  HAMILTON  Catcch.  (1884)  5 

2uhilk  hes  ressavit  the  office  of  teching.  1651  HOBBES 
e-'iath.  \\.  xxvi.  138  They  promise  obedience,  that  they 
may  receive  life.  1666  G.  HARVEY  Morb.  Angl.  xxvi.  (1672) 
62  The  place  is,  where  the  acrimonious  humours . .  receive  the 
form  of  humours.  1708  SWIFT  Sentiments  Ch.-Eng.  Alan 
Wks.  1751  IV.  76  Those  who  receive  orders  must  have  some 
Vices  to  leave  behind  them  when  they  enter  into  the  Church. 
1754  RICHARDSON  Grandison  IV.  v.  45  If  your  mind.. 
should  then  have  received  alteration.  1813  Edin.  Ret'. 
Oct.  174  Such  collections  of  stony  fragments  ,.  receive  the 
name  of  Moraines.  1883  Catholic  Diet.  s.v.  Reception,  In 
many  countries,  .bishops  receive  power  as  delegates  of  the 
Holy  See.. to  absolve  from  the  censure. 

b.    In  religious  use,  of  the  reception  of  spiritual 
influences. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  19544  pai  praid  for  bam.  .pai  suld  receue 
be  haligast.  1382  WYCI.IF  Acts  viii.  17  Thanne  thei  puttiden 
hondis  on  hem,  and  thei  receyueden  the  Hooly  Gost.  1597 
HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ivii.  §  6  We  receive  Christ  Jesus  in 
baptism  once  as  the  first  beginner.,  of  our  life. 

19.  To  be  the  object  of  (some  action) ;  to  experi 
ence  or  meet  with  '.some  treatment). 

c  1330  King  of  Tars  850  In  to  the  watur  he  con  gon,  And 
reseyvede  the  baptise.  1382  WYCLIF  Acts  x.  43  For  to  re 
ceyue  remyscioun  of  synnes  by  his  name.  1460-70  Bk. 
Quintessence  3  pe  knees . .  bat  resseyuen  a  synguler  influence 
of  t>e  sterris  of  Capricorn.  ISSSCOVEKDALE/'J.-.  xxiiifi].  5  He 
shal  receaue  the  blessinge  from  the  Lord,  and  mercy  from 
God  his  sauioure.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot. 
iv.  216  He  had  beine  vnthankful  of  al  benifiteand  gude  deid 
ressauet.  1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Olfarius'  Voy.  Ambass.  6  The 
honour  he  had  receiv'd  in  our  Court,  during  his  Exile.  1697 
DRYDEX  I7irg.  Gcorg.  iv.  704  A  Fault  which  easie  Pardon 
might  receive,  Were  Lovers  Judges.  1781  COWPER  Retirem. 
302  This  [malady]  . .  Claims  most  compassion,  and  receives 
the  least.  1859  STOPFORD  Work  <5-  Counterwork  88  The 
pleasure  of  receiving  unwonted  sympathy.  1891  Law  Times 
XCI.  2/2  The  proposal,  .deserves  more  attention  than  it  is 
likely  at  present  to  receive. 

b.  To  suffer,  undergo,  be  subjected  to  (some 
thing  hurtful  or  unpleasant). 

'375  BARBOUR  Bruce  iv.  273  Throu  hir  feill  the  ded  resauit. 
1390  GOWER  Con/.  I.  9  For  every  lond  . .  of  descse  his  part 
receyveth.  Ibid.  82  He  schal  noghi  faile  to  receive  His 
peine.  ^1450  Merlin  32  He  hadde  resceyved  deth  thourgh 
me.  1484  CAXTON  Fnbles  of  .'Ksop  n,  x,  Men  ought  to  pre 
sume  ouer  hym  by  whome  they  receyue  somme  dommage. 
1535  COVEROALE  Hos.  x.  6  Ephraim  shal  receaue  full  punish 
ment.  1570-6  LAMBARDE  Peramb.  Kent  (1826)  125  King 
Canutus  . ., after  that  he  had  received  the  woorse  in  a  fight 
in  Lincolne  shyre.  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist. 
Indies^  in.  xxvi.  200  The  Townes  and  Provinces  ..  receive 
sometimes  great  losses  by  these  Earthquakes.  1656  EARL 
MONM.  tr.  Boccalinfs  Advts.fr.  Parnass.  I.  Ixxxvii.  (1674) 
117  The  mines,  plunderings  . .,  and  other  utter  desolations 
which  she  had  received  from  the  Goths.  1745  Col.  Rcc. 
Pennsylv.  V.  4  That  the  House  might  not  receive  any  delay. 
1796  H.  HUNTER  tr.  St.-Pierre's  Stud.  Nat,  (1799)  II.  293, 
I  have  received  . .  calumny  only  as  the  reward  of  all  my 
services.  1840  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  xxxii,  Mrs.  Jarley  . . 
recounted,  word  for  word,  the  affronts  she  had  received. 
1887  LECKY  Hist.  En$.  iSMC.  (1892)  VII.  xx.  167  France., 
had  undoubtedly  received  much  real  provocation. 

c.  To  be  exposed  to  (heat,  light,  etc.). 

r  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  71  pe  mete  of  be 
mydday  resceyueth  be  hete  of  be  day.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg. 
Georg.  ii.  411  Nor  plant  it  to  receive  the  setting  Sun. 

20.  To  have  (a  blow,  wound,  mark,  etc.)  inflicted 
or  made  upon  one  or   in  some  part ;  to  get  (a 
specified  injury). 

13..  Gaw.  <$•  Gr.  Knt.  2076  pat  schulde  teche  hym  to 
tourne  to  bat  tene  place,  per  be  ruful  race  he  schulde  re- 
sayue.  1382  WYCLIF  2  Cor.  xi.  24, 1  resceyuede  of  the  Jewis 
fyue  sythis  fourty  strokis  oon  lesse.  1526  TINDALE  Rev. 
xiii.  16  He  made  all . .  to  receave  a  marke  in  their  right 
hondes.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  IV  28 b,  The  earle 
received  such  a  wound  in  his  head  that  he  departed  out  of 
this  world.  1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gnilleineau's  Fr.  Chintrg.  8b/i 
Hippocrates  reciteth  to  have  cured  a  personage  which  had 
receaved  a  shot  with  an  arrowe.  41671  LD.  FAIRFAX  Mem. 
(1699)  54  Here  I  received  a  shot  in  the  wrist  of  my  arm,  which 
made  the  bridle  fall  out  of  my  hand.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr. 
Thevenofs  Trav.  i.  162  This  Kiaya.. after  a  long  fight,  re 
ceived  a  thrust  with  a  Pike  in  the  Belly.  1759  STERNE  Tr. 
Shandy  I.  xxv,  The  wound  in  my  uncle  Toby's  groin,  which 
he  received  at  the  siege  of  Namur.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  {ed.  3) 
XL  282/1  Excision  will  be  of  use  a  considerable  time  after 
the  bite  is  received.  1860  TENNYSON  Sea-Dreams  157,  I 
stood  like  one  that  had  received  a  blow.  1898  Daily  News 
25  Feb.  3/2  One  man's  thigh  was  broken,  another  received 
a  broken  jaw. 

fb.  Of  a  ship:  To  spring  (a  leak).   Obs. 
1595  Drake's  Voy.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  25  The  Hope  received  a 
leake  and  was  forced  to  go  from  the  fleete,  to  an  iland. 

c.  To  come  in  the  way  of  and  suffer  from  (a 
missile,  gun,  etc.). 


1715-20  POPE  Iliad  v.  712  His  bended  arm  received  the 
falling  stone.  1805  DUNCAN  British  Trident  IV.  227  The 
boats  .  .  (after  having  beat  the  launch  .  .  ,  and  receiving  several 
guns  and  small  arms  from  the  frigate)  boarded.  1844 
DICKENS  Mart.  C/tnz.  Hi,  Mr.  Pecksniff  started  back  as  if 
he  had  received  the  charge  of  an  electric  battery. 

21.  To  have  (a  law,  etc.)   imposed  or  laid  on 
one  ;  to  get  as  a  charge. 

1382  WYCLIF  2  John  4  As  we  receyueden  maundement  of 

the  fadir.     1535  COVKRDALE  2  Esdras  ix.   36  We  y[  haue 

receaued  the  lawe,  perish  in  synne,  and  oure  hert  also  which 

receaued  the  lawe.     1385  JAS.  I  Ess.  Poesie  (Arb.)  17  Two 

champions  braue,  With  armies  huge  approching  to  resaue 

Thy  will.     1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI,  n.  iii.  3  Receme  the 

Sentence   of   the    Law   for   sinne.      1604   E.    G[KIMSTONK] 

D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  v.  xxv.  398  They  received  penaunce, 

yea  sometimes  very  sharpely.     1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Ref>. 

\     iv.  §  358  Four  lords  and  eight  commoners,  .  .  who  were  always 

to  receive  instructions  from  themselves.    1667  MILTON  P.  L. 

it.   240  With   what  eyes  could  we  Stand  in  his  presence 

humble,  and  receive  Strict   Laws  impos'd.     1784  COWPER 

i     Task  vi.  200  The  infant  elements  received  a  law  From  which 

!     they  swerve  not  since.     Ibid.  335  The  total  herd  [of  cattle] 

receiving  .  .  a  summons  to  be  gay.     1839  KEIGHTLEY  Hist. 

Eng.  II.  25  He  reported  the  case  and  received  directions 

;     from  the  prelate.    1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  82  No  man 

I     likes  to  receive  laws  when  they  are  first  imposed. 

IV.  Absolute  uses. 

22.  To  take,  accept,  or  get,  in  various  senses  ; 
to  be  or  become  a  recipient  ;  to  take  in,  admit,  etc. 

1382  WYCLIF  Acts  xx.  35  It  is  more  blessid  for  to  ?yue, 
more  than  for  to  receyue.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv. 
Priv.  173  The  Prynces  in  olde  tyme  ..  more  gladly  they 
yawyn  than  resceuet.  ?«i5oo  Wyt.ket  (1828)  i  He  that 
seketh  fyndeth,and  that  axeth  receyueth.  1541  R.  COPLAND 
Guydon^s  Quest.  Chirurg  D  ij  b,  Some  [bones]  are  enbossed 
for  to  entre,  and  other  haue  vacuytes  that  receyueth.  1596 
SHAKS.  Merch,  V.  m.  ii.  141,  I  come  by  note  to  giue,  and  to 
receiue.  1667  MILTON/*.  L,  ix.  109  Thou  Centring  receav'st 
from  all  those  Orbs.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  III.  391/2 
The  receipt,  .must  be  signed  by  the  person  receiving.  1817 
BYRON  Bep/>o  xxxiv,  His  heart  was  ..  Wax  to  receive,  and 
marble  to  retain.  1869  SKEAT  Langland's  P.  PI.  B.  xvn. 
177  marg.,  The  palm..  receives  from  the  fingers. 
b.  Const,  of. 

1382  WYCLIF  Mark  xii.  2  [He  sent]  a  seruaunt,  that  he 
schulde  receyue  of  the  fruyt.  —  Re?>.  xviii.  4  ^e  schulen 
not  receyue  of  the  plagis  of  it.  1526  TINDALE  John  xix.  30 
As  sone  as  lesus  had  receaved  of  the  venegre.  1535  COVER- 
DALE  Dt-ut.  xxxiii.  3  They  shall  set  them  seines  downe  at 
thy  fete,  and  receaue  of  thy  wordes.  1684  BUNYAN  Pilgr. 
ii.  4  He.  .  receive  th  of  the  smiles  and  favours  of  him  that  is 
Judge  of  all.  1833  TENNYSON  Lotos-Eaters  30  Whoso  did 
receive  of  them,  And  taste. 

23.  To  take  the  sacrament  ;  to  communicate. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane'sComm.  19  b,  Theyreceyved  under 

bothe  kyndes.  1584  FENNF.R  Def.  Ministers  (1587)  88  The 
priuate  Masse  of  the  Papistes,  where  the  Priestes  and  his 
Clearke  onely  doe  receyue.  1653  BAXTER  Ckr.  Concord  89 
Our  Objectors  will  never  prove  that  they  Received  standing. 
1686  WOOD  Life-s  Jan.  (O.H.S.)  III.  176  M'  Boys  and  Mr 
Deane  were  in  the  outer  Chapel,  but  did  not  come  in  to  re 
ceive.  1874  G.  A.  DENISON  Let.  18  Aug.  in  50  Yrs.  at  East 
Brent  (1902)  157,  I  do  not  understand  worshipping  where  I 
cannot  receive  if  I  desire  to  receive. 

24.  To  hold  receptions. 

1854  J.  S.  C.  ABBOTT  Napoleon  xxviii,  (1855)  445  He  de 
clared,  that  she  should  be  crowned  with  him,  and  that  she 
should  receive  at  his  side.  1877  World  VII.  No.  180.  4  He 
goes  into  society,  or,  what  is  still  more  agreeable  to  him,  re 
ceives  at  home. 


Received  (nV-vd),///.  a.     [f.  prec.  +  -EDi.] 

1,  Generally  adopted,  accepted,  approved  as  true 
or  good.     Chiefly  of  opinions,  customs,  etc. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parz>.  425/1  Receyvyd,  receptns,  acceptus. 
1542  RECORDE  Gr.  Aries  130  b,  Procedyngeby  no  grounded 
reason,  but  onely  by  a  receaued  fourme.  1597  MORLEV 
Introd.  Mtts.  Annot.,  I  am  loth  to  breake  a  receiued 
custome.  1652  NEEDHAM  tr.  Seldett's  Mare  Cl.  69  Very 
many  things,  .clearly  prove  it  to  have  been  a  most  received 
opinion.  17x0  STEELE  Tatler  No.  164  p  4  That  Pride  and 
Vanity  which  naturally  arise  in  the  Mind  of  a  received 
Author.  1838-9  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  IV.  iv.  i.  15  He  de 
fended  the  received  chronology.  1867  FREEMAN  Norm. 
Conq.  (1876)  I.  App.6i3  Divisions  ..  for  which  there  were  no 
received  geographical  names. 

2.  In  other  senses  of  RECEIVE  v. 

1575  PAINTER  Pal.  Pleas,  n.  xxxv.  (1890)  III.  429  The 
memorye  of  a  receyued  good  turne.  1707  NORRIS  Treat. 
Humility  viii.  345  Health,  beauty,  strength,  &c.  are  no 
reasons  why  we  should  be  proud,  as  being  received  endow 
ments.  1895  Daily  News  19  Dec.  5  The  cost  of  having  their 
received  telegrams  telephoned..  to  their  offices. 
b.  Entom.  Admitted  between  other  parts. 

1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  IV.  332  An  insect  having  a 
visible  Scutellum..  .  a.  Rejected...  b.  Received  (Receptum). 
When  it  intervenes  between  the  elytra  at  their  base. 

Hence  Becei'vedness. 

a  1691  BOYLE  (J.),  Others  will,  upon  account  of  the  re- 
ceivedness  of  the  proposed  opinion,  think  it  rather  worth  to 
be  examined,  than  acquiesced  in. 

Receiver1  (r&rvaj).  Forms:  see  RECEIVE 
and  -ER  l  (-OR)  ;  also  5  ryssavour.  [Orig.  a.  AF. 
*recezvere  or  receivour,  receyvour  =  OF.  rccevere 
(-erre,  -eire)  and  recevour  (mod.F.  receveur\ 
agent-n.  f.  receivre^  recevoir  to  RECEIVE.  In  later 
use  also  directly  f.  the  verb  +  -ER  1.] 

1.  One  who  receives,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  lxxxviii[i].  26  My  fadire  ert  JKJU, 
my  God  and  reseyuere  of  my  hele.  c  1380  WYCLIF^/.  Wks. 
III.  279  Bo|»e  be  severe  and  resceyvere  of  ordris  in  bis 
caas  schulden  be  degradid.  1472-5  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI. 
157/2  Yevers,  takers,  and  receyvers  of  Lyveres  and  Signees. 
1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  i53I)  2Q4b,  Therfore  this  ioye 
is  perfyte,  and  the  receyuer  therof  is  pcrfytly  mortifyed. 


1579  FULKE  Ref,  Rastel  727  An  other  miracle  of  an  vn- 
worthie  receiuer,  in  whose  hand  the  Sacrament  was  turned 
into  ashes.  1656  COWLEY  Pindar.  Odes  i.  xi,  In  this  thank 
less  world  the  Givers  Are  envi'ed  ev'n  by  the  Receivers. 
1705  STANHOPE  Paraphr.  II.  312  The  Condition  of  the  Re 
ceiver  is.  .a  great  deal  worse  than  if  he  had  not  received  it 
at  all.  1809  PINKNEY  Trav.  France  n  Though  they  cost 
little  to  the  giver,  [they]  are  not  the  less  valuable  to  the 
receiver.  1883  Law  Rep.  9  App.  Cases  80  If  the  Crown 
paid  income  tax  it  would  be  at  once  payer  and  receiver. 

t  b.  Hunting.  The  huntsman  who  with  his  dog 
intercepts  and  brings  down  the  hunted  deer.  Obs. 
rare  -1. 

c  1400  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxv,  And  as  of 
feutreres  if  bei  ben  sette,  be  firste  teysoure  and  ^e  resceyuour 
that  draweth  hym  doune  shull  parte  be  skynne. 

2.  One  who  receives  on  behalf  of  others  : 

a.  An  official,  officer,  or  servant  appointed  to 
receive  money  due;  a  treasurer,  collector.     Also 
general  receiver :  see  RECEIVER-GENEHAL. 

In  ordinary  use  down  to  cijoo  ;  now  chiefly  Hist.t  or  in 
reference  to  foreign  countries. 

^1330  R.  BRUNNF,  Chron.  (1810)  287  A  lord  of  grete 
honoure,  pat  was  be  tresorere,  of  Flandres  resceyuoure.  1432 
Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  396/2  Be  the  handes  of  the  Receyvour 
of  Cornewayll  for  the  tyme  beyng.  c  1500  Melusine  356 
Duryng  that  long  space  of  tym  he  asked  of  his  receyuours 
none  acomptes.  1534  Act  26  Hen.  /''///,  c.  3  §  10  All  lees 
for  stewardes,  receiuers,  bailliffes,  and  auditours.  1600  J. 
PORY  tr.  Leo's  Africa  iv.  221  Fiue  great  gates  ...  at  euery 
one  of  which  there  is  placed  a  garde  of  soldiers,  and  certaine 
receiuers  of  the  Kings  custome.  1693  LL-TTRELL  Brief  R  el. 
(1857)  III.  102  The  jury  this  day  gave  in  a  verdict  at  the 
court  of  exchequer  in  the  cause  between  the  kings  receiver 
of  Worcestershire  and  the  county  of  Bucks.  1781  GIBBON 
Decl.  «y  F.  xvii.  II.  55  Twenty-nine  provincial  receivers, 
of  whom  eighteen  were  honoured  with  the  title  of  count, 
corresponded  with  the  treasurer.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng.  xv.  III.  534  Their  receivers  were  appointed  receivers 
for  the  Crown,  and  continued  to  collect  the  revenues  of  the 
vacant  sees.  1874  DASENT  Half  a  Life  I.  72,  I  was  sorry 
to  see.  .that  the  Receiver's  house— for  Cell  was  the  Chapter 
Receiver  [at  Westminster] — was  being  pulled  down. 
fig.  1705  STANHOPE  Paraphr.  II.  304  He  hath  declared 
the  Poor  his  Receivers,  a  1711  KEN  Hymnarium  Poet. 
Wks.  1721  II.  55  Love  my  Receiver  best  can  know  The 
mighty  Debts  I  owe.  1869  SI-URCF.ON  Treas.  Dav.  Ps.  xvi. 
3  Poor  believers  are  God's  receivers,  and  have  a  warrant 
from  the  Crown  to  receive  the  revenue  of  our  offerings  in 
the  King's  name. 

b.  A  person  appointed  by  a  court  to  administer 
the  property  of  a  bankrupt,  or  property  which  is 
the  subject  of  litigation,  pending  the  suit.     In  recent 
use  also  official  receiver. 

1793  F.  VESEY  Jr.  Chancery  Repts.  I.  139  The  security 
given  by  a  receiver  here  does  not  relate  to  the  faithful 
management.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  325/1  The  cases  in 
which  a  receiver  is  appointed  are  those  in  which  there  is 
great  danger  of  property  being  wasted  or  lost.  1886  Pall 
MallG.  26  Oct.  1 1/1  The  official  receiver  is  the  outward  and 
visible  sign  of  the  new  departure  in  bankruptcy  legislation. 

c.  (See  quots.) 

1607  COWELL  Inierpr.  s.v.  Receiver •,  There  is  also  an  officer 
called  the  Reiceiuer  of  Fynes,  who  receueth  the  mony  of 
all  such  as  compound  with  the  King  . .  for  the  buying  of  any 
lands,  or  tenements  houlden  in  Capite.  1863  H.  Cox  Instit. 
i.  xi.  260  To  distinguish  between  those  petitions  which  were 
properly  within  the  cognizance  of  Parliament  and  those 
which  were  not,  certain  '  Receivers  and  Triers  '  were  ap 
pointed.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-l>k.  564  Receivers  of 
Droits  of  Admiralty,  ..  Receivers  of  Wreck,  persons  speci 
ally  charged  with  wrecked  property  for  the  benefit  of  the 
shipping  interests. 

3.  One  who  knowingly  receives  stolen  goods  or 
harbours  offenders  ;  a  resetter. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  255  pe  robbed  he  alle  held, 
as  a  resceyuour.  1532  MORE  Debell.  Salem  Wks.  996/1 
Murderers  &  theues  and  such  as  are  theues  receiuours.  1544 
BALE  Sir  J.  Oldcastle 390,  Receyuers,  defenders..,  ayders, 
and  maynteners  of  condemned  heretyques.  1655  tr.  Com. 
Hist.  Francion  n.  33  Perretta.. became  their  Receiver,  and 
concealed  the  Goods  they  stole.  1715  LEONI  Palladia's 
Archit.  (1742111.78  For  apprehending  Incendiaries,  Thieves, 
or  their  Receivers.  1828  P.  CUNNINGHAM  N.  S.  Wales  {ed  3) 
II.  194  Decided  receivers  ought  indeed  to  be  worked  in 
irons  during  the  whole  of  their  sentence.  1877  A.  B. 
EDWARDS  Up  Nile  xxi.  653  An  organised  band,  not  only  of 
robbers,  but  of  receivers,  who  lived  by  depredations. 

4.  That  which  receives ;  a  receptacle. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  v.  xxxix.  (Bodl.  MS.\  What 
is  fletingand  watry.  .turneth  into  flewmeand  \>e  resceyuoure 
J>ereof  is  )>e  lunges.  1541  R.  COPLAND  Gnydon's  Quest. 
Chirurg.  I  iv,  The  bladder . .  is  a  receyuer  of  ayguous  super- 
fluytees  of  the  kydnees.  1609  C.  BUTLER  Fern.  Mon.  v. 
(1623)  K  iij,  Having  first  parted  the  new  Combs  and  the  old 
with  a  long  knife,  take  off  the  upper  Hiue  or  Receiuer. 
1751  HARRIS  Hermes  Wks.  (1841)  131  The  ship  ..  being  so 
eminently  a  receiver  and  container  of  various  things.  1780 
New  Newgate  Col.  V,  126  The  screws  of  the  receiver  of  the 
bolt  [had  been]  forced  out  of  the  wood. 

b.  A  tank  or  reservoir ;  a  vessel  to  hold  anything. 

1538  LELAND  Itin.  III.  88  Much  Ground  therabout  is 
playne  and  low,  and  as  a  Pan  or  Receyver  of  most  parte  of 
the  Water  of  Wyleshire.  1677  PLOT  Oxfordsh.  239  Behind 
that  [are]  the  Receivers  of  water  to  supply  the  Pipes.  1725 
DE  FOE  Voy.  round  World  (1840)  280  Channels  of  the 
water,  which  might  easily  be  formed  into  proper  receivers. 
1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  136  After  the  superfluous  alkaline  ley 
had  been  drained  from  them,  they  were  arranged  on  a  grat 
ing  in  a  receiver,  a  1864  GESNER  Coal^  Petrol.^  etc.  (1865) 
147  The  receivers  are  vessels  in  which  the  crude  oil  pumped 
from  the  retort  vat  is  settled. 

C.  A  mould  to  receive  molten  metal. 

1846  GREENER  Set.  Gunnery  112  Any  person  may  case- 
harden  a  few  pounds  weight  of  stubs,  and  afterwards  melt 
them  in  a  crucible,  and  run  them  into  a  receiver. 


RECEIVER. 


235 


RECENT. 


5.  As  the  name  of  certain  parts  of  apparatus  or  ma 
chinery,  intended  to  receive  and  contain  something. 

a.  Chum.  A  vessel  for  receiving  and  condensing  the  pro 
duct  of  distillation,  b.  The  bell  glass  of  an  air-pump.  C. 
The  receptacle  for  mercury  in  a  barometer,  d.  An  air 
tight  vessel  for  receiving  and  containing  gases,  e.  Engin. 
A  chamber  to  receive  steam  and  water  alternately,  used  in 
old  forms  of  water-raising  steam-engines,  f.  (see  quots.). 

a.  1576  HAKER  Jewell  of  f/eatt/i  iv.  256  The  Retort  then 
set  into  ashes,  fi.\ing  a  large  receiuer  to  it.     1605  TIMME 
Qiiersit.  i.  v.  21  Those  saltes,   being  put  into  a  retort,., 
with  areceiver,stilleth  forth  a  volatile  salt.    1662  R.  MATHEW 
Unl.  Aich,  152  Lay  to  it  a  receiver  as  big  as  the  retort. 
1758  REID  tr.  Macquers  Chym.  I.  226  Set  the  retort  in  a 
reverberatory  furnace  :    fit  thereto  a  large  glass  receiver. 
1800  tr.   Lagrangc's  Chew,   I.  299  When  the  heat  is  very 
Strong,  it  assumes  the  form  of  an  oil,  which  falls  into  the 
water  of  the    receiver.      1899   CAGNEY   tr.  Jaksclis    Clin. 
Diagn.  vii,  i,ed.  4)  393  The  dark  brown  oily  fluid  in  the  re 
ceiver  is  freed  from  aether  by  evaporation. 

b.  1660   BOYLE  +Vezu  Exp.  Fhys.  Mech.   Proem   6  The 
Receiver,  or  Glass  to  be  empty'd,  consisting  of  one  entire 
and    uninterrupted    Globe   and   Neck   of  Glass.     Ibid.    9 
Which  we,  with  the  Glass-men,  shall  often  call  a  Receiver, 
for  its  affinity  to  the  large  Vessels  of  that  name,  used  by 
Giymists.     1705  W.  DERHAM  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  iCamden) 
317,  I  tryed  it  divers  hours  and  divers  times  in  the  Receiver, 
unexhausted  and  exhausted.      1816  J.   SMITH  Panorama 
Sc.  $  Art  II.  6  When  the  operation  of  pumping  the  air  out 
of  the  receiver  must  cease. 

attrib.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XV.  no/i  The  hole  in 
the  receiver-plate  [being]  shut  up,  the  pump  was  made  to 
exhaust  as  far  as  it  could. 

fig,  1878  T.  SINCLAIR  The  Mount  296  The  'religion  of 
humanity'  is  an  exhausted  receiver. 

C.  i68a  LOCKE  in  Boyle  Hist.  Air  (1692)  128  That  new 
fitting  my  Barometer,  here  the  Mercury  was  raised  by 
Addition  of  more  in  the  receiver. 

d.  1817  Conversat.  on  Chein.  I.  vi.  193  We  shall  intro 
duce  a  small  lighted  taper  under  this  glass  receiver.  1871 
B.  STEWART  Heat  §  134  This  generator  is  connected  with 
an  equally  strong  iron  vessel  called  the  receiver. 

6.  1702  SAVERY  Miners  Friend,  Fill  the  Vessels  called 
Receivers  with  Steam  strong  enough.  1797  Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  XVII.  745/2  The  entry  of  the  steam  into  the  receiver 
merely  allowed  the  water  to  run  out  of  it  by  a  large  valve. 
18x4  R.  STUART  Hist.  Steam  Engine  43  The  pipe  . .  is  six 
teen  feet  long,  from  the  surface  of  the  water  to  the  stage  on 
which  the  receiver.. is  placed. 

f.  1882  SENNETT  Marine  Steam  Engine  iv.  xix.  328  By 
the  term  receiver  is  to  be  understood  the  whole  of  the 
space  between  the  high-pressure  piston  and  the  back  of  the 
low-pressure  slide-valve  or  valves.  1887  Encycl.  £ri£.X\ll. 
494.  1900  J.  ROSE  Key  to  Engines  200  A  Receiver  . .  acts 
as  a  reservoir  of  steam  for  the  low  pressure  or  intermediate 
cylinder,  as  the  case  may  be. 

6.  a.  Med.  A  piece  of  flannel  in  which  a  newly- 
born  infant  is  placed. 

1688  Land.  Gaz.  22  Oct.  3  This  Deponent  opened  the 
Receivor,  and  saw  it  was  a  Son.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  ted.  3} 
XI.  781/1  The  infant  must  be  wrapped  in  a  warm  receiver. 
1896  All&ittt's  Syst.  Med.  I.  451  Linen  thread,  ligatures, 
flannel  receiver,  antiseptic  lubricant. 
b.  Surg.  A  surgical  basin. 

1767  GOOCH  Treat.  IVottnds  I.  450  Towels  and  receivers 
for  the  Viscera,  when  they  are  to  be  taken  out  of  their 
cavities.  1896  Allbnti's  Syst.  Mcd.  I.  425  In  washing  or 
syringing  a  wound  a  receiver  must  always  be  placed  to 
collect  the  water  or  lotion  that  has  touched  the  sore. 

7.  a.  A  device  or  instrument  which  receives  an 
electric  current  or  a  telegraphic  message. 

'873  J-  C.  MAXWELL  Electr.  <y  Magn,  §  213  During  this 
cycle  the  positive  receiver  has  lost  a  charge  a  Kand  gained 
a  charge  £>V.  1876  PHEECK  &  SIVEWKIGHT  Telegraphy 
1 19  The  Receiver  is  a  Morse  direct  ink  writer,  of  a  novel  and 
sensitive  character.  1894  Times  30  Apr.  3/4  The  recording 
instrument  known  as  Kelvin's  syphon  receiver. 

b.  An  apparatus  which  receives  and  reproduces 
sounds  transmitted  from  another  part  of  an  electric 
circuit ;  that  part  of  a  telephone  which  is  applied 
to  the  ear. 

1877  Nature  XVI.  403/2  The  apparatus  at  each  end.  .be 
comes  alternately  transmitter  and  receiver,  first  being  put 
to  the  mouth  to  receive  sounds,  and  then  to  the  ear  to  im 
part  them.  1889  PREECE  &  MAIER  Telcplione  vi.  49  These 
intense  vibrations  produce  powerful  induced  currents,  which 
give  rise  in  the  receiver  to  corresponding  vibrations,  and 
thus  create  a  considerable  noise. 

f  Recei'ver  -.  Obs.— *  [f.  RECEIVE  v.,  app,  on 
anal,  of  words  ending  in  -EH  *.]  A  bow  made  in 
acknowledgement  of  something  received. 

1620  SHELTON  Quix.  iv.  xiii.  II.  158,  I  kissed  the  Cross, 
and  took  up  the  Money  . .  and  we  all  together  made  our 
Receivers. 

Receiver-general.  A  chief  receiver,  esp.  of 
public  revenues.  (Also  -\  general  receiver.} 

In  Great  Britain  now  only  as  the  title  of  an  official  of  the 
Duchy  of  Lancaster.  In  some  of  the  United  States  of 
America  an  additional  title  of  the  State  Treasurer. 

1439  Rolls  of  Far  It.  V.  7/2  Delivered  bi  the  Receyvours 
General!  of  the  saide  Duchies.  1460  Ibid.  383/1  Inandofall 
our  said  Duchie  [of  Lancaster],  iher  hath  been .  .oon  general 
Receyvour.  1509-10  Act  i  ffett.  VIII,  c.  3  The  Kyng.. 
entendythe  that  divers  Revenues  &  Duetys  dewe  . .  to  hys 
Highnes  shalbe  payde  to  . .  his  generall  Receyvor.  1540 
Act  32  Hen.  VIII,  c.  46  §  31  To  make  payment  to  the 
kinges  receyvour  generall.  1607  in  COWELL  Interpr.  1630 
R.  Johnson* s  Kingd.  <y  Comimu.  167  Treasurer  of  the 
Exchequer,  instituted  in  Francis  the  first  his  time,  in  place 
of  the  Receiver  generall.  1656  Pub.  Gen.  Acts  217  The 
Receivers-General  for  this  whole  Six  Moneths  Assessment 
shall..  Receive  from  the  Receivers-General  of  the  respective 
Counties,  Cities,  and  Places,  ..  the  Sums  of  Money,  .to  be 
Taxed.  1702  Land.  Gaz.  No.  3825/3  Receiver-General  of 
the  Rights  and  Perquisites  of  the  Admiralty.  1705  Ibid. 
No.  4104/3  The  Receiver-General  for  Prizes.  1709  Ibid. 


No.  4535/3  Late  Receiver- General  for  the  County  of 
Suffolk.  1839  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  (1849-50)  VII.  xlii. 
§  16.  99  The  receivers-general  of  the  service  were  invited  to 
deposit  the  sums  they  had  drawn.  1876  BANCROFT  Hist. 
U.  S.  IV.  xiv.  413  Having  voted  to  pay  no  more  money  to 
the  royal  collector,  they  chose  a  receiver- general  of  their 
own,  and  instituted  a  system  of  provincial  taxation. 

fig .  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  vii.  iii.  P  3, 1  mean  to  make 
you  the  receiver-general  of  all  my  inmost  ruminations. 

Hence  Receiver-generalship. 

1874  Daily  Nttvs  2  June  5/5  A  Minister  of  Finance's 
patronage  comprised  receiver-generalships  [etc.]. 

Receivership  (r/srvsjjip).     [f.  RECEIVER  *.] 

1.  The  office  of  a  receiver  (in  senses  2  a  and  2  b). 
1485  Rolls  ofParlt.  VI.  361/1  The  Receyvourshipp  of  the 

Honour  of  Leycestre.  iS35  -"^  27  ffen.  VI/I,  c,  26  §  39 
The  office  of  receiuorship  uf  the  said  lordshippe  of  Bealth. 
1590  SWINBURNE  Testaments  233  Accountable  of  their 
stewardship,  receiuership,  and  their  other  offices.  1617 
in  Fortescnc  Papers  (Camden)  42  My  Recevorship  of  the 
Lycences  of  wynes.  1791  PITT  in  G.  RosSs  Diaries  11860)  I. 
112  A  letter  applying  for  the  Receivership  of  Kent.  1850 
SMBDUCV  /•'.  Fmrlegh  li,  Are  you  in  earnest  about  the 
receivership?  1885  Act  48  $  49  Viet.  c.  40  Preamble,  It  was 
ordered  that  . .  Beisley  should  be  discharged  from  the  said 
receivership,  and  that  a  fresh  receiver  .should  be  appointed. 

2.  The  condition  of   being   in  the   hands   of  a 
receiver. 

1884  Q.  Rev.  July  79  [The  railway]  had  gone  through  the 
lingering  diseases  of  receivership  and  reorganisation. 

Receiving  <j/srvirj),  vbl.  sb.     [-ING*.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  verb   RECEIVE,  in  various 
senses.     Also//.,  what  is  received. 

c  1380  WYCLII-  IVks.  (1880)  377  Criste  ..  dampned  J?e  res- 
sauyng  of  ^  lordeschip  J?e  whiche  silue^tre  toke  of  con- 
stantyne.  c  1450  LYIXJ.  &  UUKGH  decrees  1824  Of  metys  & 
drynkes  [to]  knowe dyuersite.  With  pruporciounand  tyme  of 
Receyvyng.  1472-3  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  55/1  By  Indentures 
to  be  made  of  all  such  retayndres,  receyvyngs  and  per- 
ceyvynges.  1536  Pilgr.  Perf,  (W.  de  \V.  15311  10  Vf  any 
mortall  synne  be  forgo  ten,  by  the  receyuynge  of  this  sacra 
ment  it  is  forgyuen.  1368  GRAFTON  Citron.  II.  836  He 
caused  all  his  brothers  daughters  to  be  conueyed  into  his 
palace  with  solempne  receauins.  1642  W.  MOUNTAGU  in 
BiiccUnch  MSS.  tHist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  306  The  petition 
of  the  Houses  concerning  the  receiving  of  the  Yorkshire 
petition.  1685  BAXTKR  Paraphr.  N.  T.,  Matt.  xx.  13  Thou 
shouldst  be  glad  of  thy  Brother's  receivings. 

2.  attrib.   a.  Of  the  nature  of,  pertaining  or  re 
lating  to,  receiving. 

1681  FLAVEL  Meth.  Grate  vi.  115  This  receiving  act  ..  is 
that  upon  which  both  our  righteousness  and  eternal  happi 
ness  do  depend.  1827  FARADAY  Chan.  Manip.  xv.  352 
Bladders  and  bags  . .  are  very  useful  in  many  receiving  or 
transferring  operations.  1883  Act  46  #  47  Viet.  c.  52  §  5 
(Bankruptcy  Act)  The  Court  may,. make  an  order,  in  this 
act  called  a  receiving  order,  for  the  protection  of  the  estate. 
b.  Of  places  :  Intended  or  serving  for  the  receipt 
or  reception  of  things,  persons,  etc.,  as  receiving- 
house,  -office^  -room,  -ship,  -station,  -yard. 

In  some  cases  the  sense  approaches  that  of  the/^J/.  a. 

1832  Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  v.  47  A  "receiving-house 
for  letters  and  parcels.  1830  LYTTON  P.  Clifford  viii,  As  it 
was  rather  late  in  the  day  when  Paul  made  his  first  entree 
at  Bridewell,  he  passed  that  night  in  the  *  *receiving-room '. 
1899  Allbute$_  Syst.  Med.  VIII._6i8  The  patient  walks 
into  the  receiving  room  of  the  hospital  for  a  diagnosis.  1830 
MARRY  AT  King's  Own  xl,  A  guard-ship  is  a*receiving-ship 
for  officers  and  men,  until  they  are  enabled  to  join.,  their. . 
ships.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet. ^Receiving-ship^  a  vessel 
employed  at  any  port  to  receive  supernumeraries,  or  pressed, 
or  entered  men  for  the  Royal  Navy.  1895  Daily  News 
19  Dec.  5  There  is  only  one  branch  telegraph  Receiving- 
station  besides  the  Central.  1890  '  R.  BOLDKEWOOD  '  Col. 
Reformer  (1891)  217  These  . .  animals  he  managed  . .  to  im 
pel  into  the  large  deceiving  yards. 

Receiving  (r/srvirj\  ppl.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-IXG-.]  That  receives,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

In  some  cases  not  clearly  distinct  from  prec.  2  b. 

1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V  Prol.  27  Horses  . .  Printing  their 
prowd  Hoofes  i'  th'  receiuing  Earth.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBKRT 
Trav.  149  [Persian]  women  when  they  goe  abroad,  wrap 
themselues  in  a  laree  receiuing  sheet.  1712  J.  JAMES  tr. 
Le  Blond1  s  Gardening  \q\  Water-Engines  . .  raise  it  ..  into 
receiving  Cisterns.  1804  LARWOOD  No  Gun  Boats  14  Masts 
..nicely  and  accurately  appropriated  to  the  receiving  boat. 
1840  Cottager's  Manual  22  in  Lib.  Use/.  Kn.^  Husb.  Ill, 
The  receiving  tank.. has  another  pipe  from  the  inside  with 
a  funnel.  1883  GHESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining^  Receiving 
Rods,  auxiliary  cage  guides  at  insets  and  at  pit  tops.  1897 
Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  III.  819  The  outermost  of  the  three 
layers  is  known  as . .  the  sheath  or  the  receiving  layer. 

Re-CC'lebrate,  ?'•  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To  cele 
brate  or  commemorate  again. 

1598  BARCKLEY  Felic,  Man  I.  (1631)  12  They  . .  place  him 
[a  prisoner]  in  a  house  of  some  man  that  was  lately  slaine  in 
the  warres,  as  it  were  to  re-celebrate  his  funeral.  1629 
B.  JONSON  Underwoods,  To  Edw.  Filmer,  Who.,  with  their 
chained  dance,  Recelebrates  the  joyful  Match  with  France. 

Re-ceme'iit,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  join 
together  again  with,  or  as  with,  cement ;  to  unite 
firmly  or  closely. 

1647  WARD  Simp.  Coblcr  64  They  are  . .  determined  to  re- 
cement  you  to  your  Body.  1850  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning\\\. 
1327  The  stone . .  is  detached  from  the  stick,  and  re-cemented 
with  the  front  outwards.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  23  May  659/2 
Some  anxiety,  lest  a  partial  re-opening  of  the  river  to  trade 
should  re-cement  the  waning  loyalty  of  the  Western  States. 

So  Re-cemeiita'tioii. 

1848  HERSCHEL  Ess.  (1857)  331  Rocks  constructed  by  the 
re-cementation  of  fragments  and  pulverized  matter. 

Recen,  obs.  form  of  RECKON  v. 

Recency  (rrsensi).     [f.  RECENT:  see  -ENCY. 


1   Cf.  med.L.  recentia  ;Du  Cange).]     The  state  or 
quality  of  being  recent.     (Common  in  i9th  c.) 

1612  WOOD  ALL  Surg.  Af«/#Wlcs.  (1653)  303  Such  wounds, 

|    in  their  recency. . resemble  Vlcers.    1657 TOMLJNftOli  Renons 

I     JJisfi.  41  A  peculiar  antiquity  or  recency  consists  in  several 

|    medicaments.     1751  SMOLLETT  Per.  Pic.  cvi,  She  objected 

the  recency  of  her  kinswoman's  death.     1800  COLEKIUGK 

Lett.  (1895)  330  If  I  am  not  deceived  by  the  recency  of  their 

date.     1875  MAINE  Hist.  Inst.  xiii.  398  The  comparative 

recency  of  legislative  activity  in  Germany. 

Receiise  u/se'ns),  v.     [ad.  L.  recensere  (f.  re- 
I    RZ'  +  censere  CENSE  v.~}  or  F.  recenser  (i4th  c.).] 
•    trans.  To  survey,  review,  revise  (now  spec,  a  text : 
see  RECENSION). 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gidllenieau's  Fr.  Chirurg.  52  b/2  Nether 

;    may  we  heere  onittt  to  recense  and    ^.peake  of  the  feare 

wherewith  cowardes  art:  oftentimes  taken.      1613  CAWDKKY 

!     Table  Alph.^  Recensed,  repeated,  rehearsed,  named.     1716 

I     BENTLEY  Corr.  (1842)  506  Pope  Sixtus  and  Clemens.  ,h;id  an 

'    assembly  of  learned  divines,  to  recense  and  adju-4  the  L;ttin 

Vulgate.     1902    J.    S.    PHILLIMORE    Sophocles    Introd.   78 

Alexander  Aetolus,  who  recensed   the   Dramatists  for  the 

Museum  Library. 

So  f  Rece'nseate,  to  go  over,  enumerate.    0/>*.-~l 
1657  TO.MLINSON  R ciioi^s  Disp.  296  Twenty  two. . varieties] 
j     winch  to  recenseate,  were  huperfluous. 

Recension  (rfse'njari).  [ad.  L.  recension-cm^ 
\  n.  of  action  f.  recensere  :  see  prec.  and  cf.  inod.F. 
j  recension] 

1.  An  enumeration,  survey,  review.     Now  rare. 
(Freq.  in  i?th  c.,  esp.  in  Evelyn's  works.) 

1/1638  MEUE  ll'ks,  (1672)  276  Their  number  cannot  be 
known,  because  Mos.es  does  not  make  a  recension  of  ;ill  the 
Families  or  Heads  of  families,  a  1677  BARROW  Pope's 
Suprem.  (1687)  90  In  the  recensions  of  the  Roman  lii.-.hopr>, 
sometimes  the  Apostles  are  reckoned  in,  sometimes  ex<  ImK-d, 
1819  Hoi'E  Anastasius  II.  228  Intent  upon  tempting  Provi 
dence  by  the  daily  recension  of  his  growing  riches. 
b.  A  review  (of  a  book).  rarc~^. 

1872  GEO.  ELIOT  Middlem.  xxix,  Bitterly  convinced  that 
his  old  acquaintance  Carp  had  been  the  writer  of  that 
depreciatory  recension. 

2.  The  revision  of  a  text,  esp.   in  a  careful  or 
critical  manner;    a  particular  form  or  version  of 
a  text  resulting  from  such  revision. 

1818-28  HAI.I.AM  Mid.  Ages  (1872)  I.  279  The  lJurgundian 
law,  though  earlier  than  either  of  these  in  their  rce'.-nMon.s, 
displays  a  far  more  advanced  state  of  manners.  1860 
WKSTCOTT  Inttod.  Study  Gosf.  iii.  ;ed.  51  205  The  ( iuspuls 
of  St.  Matthew  and  St.  Luke  represent  the  two  gre;iL  types 
of  recension  to  which  it  may  be  supposed  that  the  simple 
narrative  was  subjected.  1894  J.  T.  KOWI.KR  -  {dam nan, 
Pref.  8  There  are  two  recensions  of  the  text. 

b.  transf.  A  revised  or  distinct  form  of  anything. 

1835  I.  TAYLOR  Spir.  Despot,  ix.  388  We  are  the  creatures 
of  that  recension  of  Christianity  which  happens  to  be  current 
in  our  times.  1859  —  Logic  in  Tlicol.  331  There  is  no  new 
recension  of  the  worship  of  the  ancient  Church. 

Hence  Rece'nsionist,  one  who  makes  a  recen 
sion.  (In  recent  Diets.)  Also  Bece'nsor. 

1876  STURGEON  Commenting  17  The  laborious  recensor  of 
the  various  MSS. 

Re-ce-nsure,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  censure 
again.  So  Re-ce'nsure  sb.,  a  censure  in  return. 

1645  King's  Cabinet  Opened  in  Select,  fr.  Hurl.  Misc. 
(1793)  343  Out  of  fear,  that  Hamilton  might  return  to  a 
capacity  of  re-censuring  me.  1829  CAKLYLE  Misc.  (1857)  II. 
43  That  censure  of  Shakspeare  which  elicited  a  re-censure 
in  England. 

Recent  (n'sent),^.  [ad.  L.  recent-,  recens,  or 
a.  F.  recent  (i6th  c.).  App.  first  in  Sc.  use.] 

1.  Lately  done  or  made ;  that  has  lately  happened 
or  taken  place,  etc. 

1533  BELi,ENDKN^«y  i.  Prol. (S.T.S.)  8,  I  dout  nocht  hot 
the  beginnyngof  Komanis.  .sail  be  of  les  pleser  to  be  redaris 
ban  recent  historyis,  becaus  bai  will  haisty  banie  self  to  here 
pir  novellis- and  recent  dedis  done  in  our  dais.  1572  Rig. 
Privy  Council  Scot.  Ser.  i.  II.  131  The  persoun  being  apprc- 
hendit  in  the  recent  deid  salbe  deliverit  in  the  handis  of  the 
Provest  Marschell.  1574-5  Ibid.qyj  For  na  recent  crymes 
committit  be  thame.  1661  BOYLE  Style  of  Script.  (1675)  161 
Recent  translations  I  have  seen  of  it  in  French.  1748 
Attsons  Voy.  \.  v.  51  The  discovery  of  these  valuable  stones 
is  much  more  recent  than  that  of  gold.  1821  J.  Q.  ADAMS 
in  C-  Davies  Mt'tr.  Syst.  HI.  (1871)  150  The  recent  coinage 
of  dimes.. alluded  to  in  our  public  journals.  1837  LYTTON 
E.  Maltrav.  \.  viii,  The  bright  drops  of  a  recent  shower 
sparkled  upon  the  buds  of  the  lilac. 

2.  Lately  formed,  created,  originated,  or  begun; 
•f  new-born. 

(11676  WISEMAN  Chirurg.  Treat.  117  How  dangerous  it 
is  to  neglect  the  consulting  the  . .  Chirurgeon  while  the 
Disease  is  recent.  1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  i.  v.  776  We 
have  made  it  unquestionably  Evident,  that  this  Opinion,  .is 
no  Novel  or  Recent  thing,  c  1709  PRIOR  ist  Hymn  Calli* 
machns  22  She  sought  a  neighbouring  spring  To  wash  the 
recent  babe.  1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol,  n.  xxvii,  Gay 
plains  extend  where  marshes  slept  before ;  O'er  recent 
meads  th'  exulting  streamlets  fly.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F. 
xlix.  V.  147  Lorraine  and  Aries,  two  recent  and  transitory 
kingdoms.  1816  SINGER  Hist.  Cards  217  Erasmus,  .seems 
to  have  had  the  then  recent  system  of  Murner  in  his  eye. 
1899  Allbutfs  Syst.  Mcd.  VII.  502  We  found  recent  lymph 
becoming  organised. 

b.  Fresh  ;  not  yet  affected  by  decay,  decomposi 
tion,  or  loss  of  moisture. 

1632  MASSING ER  &  FIELD  Fatal  Dowry  \\.  i,  The  old 
man's  virtues  [are]  So  recent  in  him  as  the  world  may  swear 
Nought  but  a  fair  tree  could  such  fair  fruit  bear.  1759 
B.  STILLINGFLKKT  tr.  Improv.  Physic^  in  Misc.  Tracts  (1762) 
221  The  recent  root  of  the  rose-wort  is  vastly  superior  to  the 
dry  in  head-achs.  1808  BARCLAY  Muscular  Motions  477 

30-3 


BECENTITY. 

A  cursory  inspection  of  a  recent  eye  is  sufficient  at  any 
time  to  prove  the  contrary.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  903  The 
odour  [of  essential  oils]  is  seldom  as  pleasant  as  that  of  the 
recent  plant. 

c.  poet.  Lately  or  freshly  come  or  arrived  from  a 
place. 

1715-20  POPE  Iliad  xiv.  382  Shall  I  not  think  that . .  All 
heav'n  beholds  me  recent  from  thy  arms  ?  1759  GIBBON 
Autobiog.  (1896)  207  Recent  from  Paris,  I  assisted  with 
pleasure  at  the  representation  of  several  tragedies.  1820 
WIFFEN  Aonian  Hours  (ed.  2)  73  Here  Caesar,  recent  from 
barbaric  wars,  Leads  Rome  in  chains.  1864  SWINBURNE 
Atalanta  1260  Recent  from  the  roar  of  foreign  foam. 

3.  Belonging  to  a  (past)  period  of  time  compara 
tively  near  to  the  present.     (Opposed  to  ancient 
•for  antique.} 

1622  KACON  Hen.  VII^  35  Though  it  be  an  action  of  so 
recent  memorie.  1666  BOYLE  Orig.  Formes  $  Qual.  To  Rdr.f 
Upon  perusal  of  several  Scholastick  Writers,  (especially  the 
recenter).  1699  KENTLEY  Phal.  400  The  Sense  of  some 
of  them  occurs  there,  but  e.xpress'd  in  a  more  recent  way. 
1730  MARTIN  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXXVI.  453  Garangeot  . . 
who  is  one  of  the  recentest  Writers.  1829  LANDOR  I  mag. 
Conv.,  Emf.  China  $  Tsing-Ti  Wks.  1853  U-  H8/1  Tiie 
older  creation  of  the  nobility  . .  is  more  ill-constructed  and 
ill-favoured  than  the  recenter.  1876  BIRCH  Rede  Lect. 
Egypt  12  The  Egyptian  belongs  after  all  to  the  more  recent 
race  of  men. 

b.  Geol.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  present  geological 
epoch.  (Cf.  4  b.) 

1830  LYKLL  Princ.  Geol.  I.  95  Murex  cci.iutus,  fossil  at 
Asti,  is  now  only  known  recent  in  warmer  latitudes.  1833 
Ibid.  III.  60  In  the  Pliocene  we  find  an  intermixture  of 
extinct  and  recent  species  of  quadrupeds.  1877  J.  A.  ALLEN 
Amer.  Bison  457  These  remains  differ  in  no  appreciable  re 
spect.,  from  those  of  the  recent  bison  of  the  Plains. 

4.  Of  a  point  or  period  of  time  :  Not  much  earlier 
than  the  present ;  not  long  past. 

1823  Edin.  Rev.  Oct.  109  Up  to  a  very  recent  period.  1841 
ELi'HiNSTuxii  Hist.  India  I.  425  The  celebrity  of  the  Ma- 
rattas  was  reserved  for  recent  times.  1856  KANE  A  ret. 
ExpL  II.  xii,  1 20  Of  such  a  character  as  to  indicate  for  them 
a  tolerably  recent  date* 

b.  Geol.  Applied  to  the  later  portion  of  the 
Quaternary  or  Post-Pliocene  period. 

1833  LYELL  Princ.  Geol.  III.  343  During  the  newer  Pliocene 
epoch,  partly,  perhaps,  in  the  Recent. 

Recent,  obs.  form  of  RKSKNT  v. 

t  Rece*ntity.  Olsr*  [f.  RECENT  «.  +  -ITY.] 
Recency,  newness. 

1631  W.  SALTONSTALL  Pict.  Loquent.  D  iv  b,  Hee  gaynes 
most  by  the  recentity  of  freshmen,  unto  whom  he  sticks  as 
close  as  a  Horseleech. 

Recently  (rrsentli),  culv.  [f.  RECENT  a.  + 
-LY  ^.]  At  a  recent  date ;  not  long  before  or  ago ; 
lately,  newly. 

1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  ir.  ii.  iS.T.S.)  I.  133  The  commoun 
liberte  sa  recentlie  Recouerit  was  nere  loist  be  falset  and 
tressoun.  Ibid.  135  pi-;  tressoun  recentlie  ymaginate. 
(11548  HAI.I,  Citron.,  Rich.  7//(i55o)  25  Sodeinly  he  herde 
newes  that  fycr  was  spronge  out  of  the  smoke,  and  the  ware 
recently  begonne.  1611  COTGR.,  Recenteincnt^  recently, 
freshly,  newly,  lately,  a  1735  ARBUTHNOT  (J.),  Those  tubes, 
which  are  most  recently  made  of  fluids,  are  most  flexible 
and  most  ea^ly  lengthened.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  •%•  /*'.  xlix. 

V.  142  The  people  of  Hesse  and  Thuringia  were  recently 
incorporated  with  the  victors.     1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng. 
vii.   II.  221  James  did  not  pretend  to  have  been  recently 
convinced.     1864  BRVCK  Holy  Rom.  Eittp.  ix.  (1875)  151  Its 
prelates  and  nobles . .  retained  till  recently  the  style  and  title 
of  Princes  of  the  Holy  Empire. 

b.  With  pples.  or  adjs.  used  attributively. 
1794  GODWIN  Caleb  Williams  xiii,  A  recently  conceived 

;urpuse.     1848  EUCKLKY  Iliad  243  The  blood  flowed  from 
is  recently-wounded  hand.    1856  KANE  A  ret.  Expl.  I.  xxx. 
410  A  small  space  of  recently-open  water  that  was  glazed 
over  with  . .  ice.     1887  MOLONEY  Forestry  W.  Afr.  28  One 
of  the  recently-acquired  German  Protectorates, 
C.   Const,  after,  from,  rare. 

1791  BOSWELL  Johnson  an.  1752,  The  situation  in  which  he 
found  him  recently  after  his  wife's  death.  1858  HAWTHORNE 
Fr.  ff  It.  Note-bks.  I.  251  We  saw  the  Clitumnus.so  recently 
from  its  source . . ,  that  it  was  still  as  pure  as  a  child's  heart. 

Reoentment,  obs.  form  of  RESENTMENT. 

Receiitiiess  (rrsentnes).  [f.  RECENT  a.]  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  recent ;  recency. 

a  1677  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  \\.  v.  167  This  Inference 
of  the  Recentness  of  Mankind  from  the  Recentness  of  these 
Apotheoses  [etc.].  1823  LAMB  Guy  Faux  Misc.  Wks.  (1871) 
373  Men's  minds  were  still  shuddering  from  the  recentness 
of  the  escape.  1872  PROCTOR  Ess.  Astron.  xviii.  210  A  value 
founded  rather  on  their  recentness  than  on  their  specific 
importance. 

Re-ce'iitre,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  centre 
again.  Hence  Re-ce  ntririg  ^//.  a. 

1796  COLERIDGE  Ode  Departing  Year  ix,  Now  I  recentre 
my  immortal  mind  In  the  deep  sabbath  of  meek  self-content. 
1843  HOI.TZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  549  Making  the  drill  with 
a  cylindrical  lump,  so  as  to  fill  the  hole;  this  is  called  the 
re-centering  drill. 

t  Rece-pt,  sbl  Obs.  [a.  OF.  recept,  ad.  L. 
recept-um,  ur  refashioning  of  recet  RESET  sb.  under 
influence  of  the  L.  spelling  ;  in  later  use  prob. 
directly  associated  with  the  L.  form.]  =  RECEIPT  j^., 
in  various  senses.  (Chiefly  in  i6th  c.) 

1422  tr.  Secret  a  Secret. ,  Priv.  Pri-v.  246  Bestis  that  no 
recepte  haue  trembly th.  .for  the  colde.  1503  Rolls  of  'Par -It. 

VI.  524/2  Of  all  suche  receptes,  reteynders  and  perceyvyng. 
1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydon*s  Quest.  Chirurg.  G  iij,  These  two 
coniunctions  of  bones  be  called  the  recepte  of  the  hande. 
i*fl\-*Reg.  Privy  Conticil Scot.  Ser.  i.  II.  108  [At]  the  tyme 
of  thair  recept  in  the  universitie.     1576  FLEMING  Panopl, 


i: 


236 

Epist.  246  Thirst  which  requireth  moyst  recepts.  1631 
Strathbogie  Preslytery  Bk.  (1843)  5  Thomas  Murray,  .. 
summondit  for  recept  and  consulting  with  witches. 

Recept  (rrsept),  sb.'*  [ad.  L.  recept-um  (see 
RECEIPT _) ,  after  concept ',  percept ;]  A  term  suggested 
by  Romanes  to  express  a  '  compound  idea '  iormed 
by  the  repetition  of  similar  percepts. 

1888  ROMANES  Mental  Eiiol.  Man  ii.  36  In  addition,  then, 
to  the  terms  Percept  and  Concept,  1  coin  the  word  Recept. 
..A  recept  is  that  which  is  taken  again,  or  a  re-cognition  of 
things  previously  cognized.  Ibid.  37  Recepts,  then,  are 
spontaneous  associations,  formed  unintentionally  as  what 
may  be  termed  unperceivcd  abstractions.  1889  MIVART 
Orig.  Hum.  Reason  217  The  relation  between  the  highest 
recept  of  a  brute  and  the  lowest  concept  of  a  man. 

T  Itece'pt,  v.  Obs.  [var.  RECEIPT  z^.1 ;  cf.  RE 
CEPT  $b±  and  OF.  recepter.]  trans.  To  harbour, 
reset.  =  RECEIPT  v^ 

1473  Surtees  Misc.  (1888)  25  Robert  Broun  ..  receptes 
Scottes  and  othir  suspect  peple.  1542  in  Add.  MS.  32,646 
(B.  M.)  If.  197  b,  The  Names  of  certain  of  the  most  notable 
andananttraitoursreceptedinScotland.  ci6yoinG.  Hickes 
Spirit  of  Popery  (1680)  44  And  further,  That  I,  nor  they  shall 
Recept,  Supply,  or  Commune  with  forfeited  Persons.  1687 
in  Burnet  Six  Papers  54  It  is  declared  High  Treason  ..  to 
Recept,  Supply  or  Intercomon  with  declared.  .Traitors. 

t  Aece'ptable.  Obs.  [a.  obs.  F.  receptable 
(Godef.),  alteration  of  receptacle.]  A  receptacle. 

1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  256  [Naples]  being  first  the  re 
ceptable  of  Philosophic,  then  of  Muses,  and  lastly  of  the 
souldiery.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  45  But  that  his 
bones  want  sence  and  expression,  they  would  tell  you  the 
earth  is  not  worthy  his  receptable. 

Receptable,  variant  of  RECEPTIBLE  a. 

Receptacle  (r/se'ptak'l).  [ad.L.  receptaculum, 
f.  ppl.  stem  of  redpere  to  RECEIVE.  Cf.  F.  rg- 
ccptacle  (141(1  c.).] 

1.  That  which  receives  and  holds  a  thing;  some 
thing  into  which  another  thing  may  be  put ;  a  con 
taining  vessel,  place,  or  space  ;  a  repository. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Hush.  \.  497  But  clene,  Thyn  oiles  re- 
ceptaclis  thow  demene.  1537  ANDREW  tirnnvwykes  Distyll. 
Waters  B  iv/i  Ye  shal  set  a  receptacle  or  vyole  so  that  the 
pype  of  the  alembyke  hange  within  it.  1555  EDEN  Decades 
85  They  may  be  the  receptacles  of  the  water  passing  through 
the  landes.  1607  TOPSELL  Foitr-f.  Beasts  (1658)  153  In  this 
receivcth  he  his  meat,  having  no  other  receptacle  for  it. 
1675  tr.  Canidens  Hist.  Eliz.  n.  (1688)  249  He  fired  a  rich 
Receptacle  or  Store-house  of  Merchandise.  1783  COWI-KR 
Let.  to  J.  Hill  23  Nov.,  His  receptacle  of  my  scjuibs  is  the 
Public  Advertiser.  1834  LYTTON  Pompeii  in.  1,  His  belt,  or 
girdle,  contained  a  small  receptacle  for  ink.  1878  HUXLEY 
Physiogr.  117  The  river  becomes  the  common  receptacle  for 
all  the  soluble  matter  delivered  by  its  tributary  streams. 
b.  fig.  iii  rut",  to  qualities,  feelings,  etc. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  iv.  xxxv,  They  be  in  theyr 
entente  Of  couetyse  very  receptacle.  1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM 
Cosmogr.  Glassc  43  The  receptakle  of  heauenly  influence. 
1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v,  Ixvii.  §  2  The  soule  of  man  is  the 
receptacle  of  Christ's  presence,  a  1625  FLETCHER  Nice 
Valour  v.  i,  Away,  receptacle  Of  luxury  and  dishonour  ! 
1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos.  i.  2  One  would  wonder  at  the 
great  strength  lodged  in  so  small  a  Receptacle.  i7p9ATTER- 
BURY  Serin.  (1726)  II.  vii.  221  Some  of  these  Publkk  Funds 
and  Receptacles  of  Charity.  1827  LYTTON  Falklajid  \.  37, 
I  have  descended  into  the  receptacles  of  vice.  1863  GOUL- 
BURN  Pers.  Relig.  i.  iii.  (ed.  2)  26  His  glorified  humanity  is 
the  appointed  receptacle  of  Grace. 

2.  Any  place  into  which  persons  (ships,  animals, 
etc.)   are    received   or   retire,   esp.   for   shelter  or 
security  ;  f  a  room  or  apartment  in  a  building. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Chron,  Troy  n.  xxi,  From  storme  and  rayne 
them  selfe  for  to  saue  They  deuysed  other  habytacles 
Tiguryes  and  smalle  receptacles,  a  1548  HALL  C/iron., 
Ediv.  //^(isso)  35  Lest  his  neighbors  countrey  might  be  an 
harborough,  or  receptacle  of  his  foes  and  aduersaries.  1599 
HAKLUYT  Voy.  I.  127  An  Hauen  ..  which  is  a  commodious 
and  safe  receptacle  for  all  ships  directing  their  course  for 
the  same.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  Ded.,  Those  rich  lands. . 
remaine  waste  and  ouergrowne  with  bushes,  receptacles  of 
wild  beasts.  1634  SIR  T.  HEKBERT  Trav.  59  A  third 
Chamber  . .  was  a  receptacle  for  the  Queene  and  Ladies. 
1672  PKTTY  Pol.  Anat.  xii.  in  Tracts (1769)  364  Holy-wells, 
rocks  and  caves,  which  have  been  the  reputed  cells  and  re 
ceptacles  of  men  reputed  saints.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler 
No.  91  F  ii  They  entered  this  general  receptacle  [the  Hall 
of  Expectation]  with  ardour.  1809  PINKNEY  Trav.  France 
196  It  was  a  standing  receptacle  for  all  vagabonds  and 
beggars.  _i868  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  II.  viii.  224 
Now  applied  to  the  degrading  purposes  of  a  receptacle  of 
French  cavalry. 

fb.   Without  article :  Receipt,  admittance.  Obs. 

1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  BoccalinCs  Adyts.fr.  Parnass.  i. 
Ixxxix.  (1674)  119  Whosoever  durst  give  receptacle  to  so 
pernicious  a  man  in  his  Library. 

3.  spec,  in  scientific  use.     (The  L.  form  recepta- 
culuni  is  also  used  in  the  same  senses.) 

a.  Anat.  and  Bot.  An  organ  or  space  which 
receives  a  secretion,  esp.  receptacle  of  chyle  (the 
dilated  lower  portion  of  the  thoracic  duct),  of 
secretion  (in  plants). 

1543  TRAHERON  tr.  Vigo's  Chirurg.  var.  xii.  205  b/i  By 
oppilation  of  the  pores  . .  as  by  stronge  bynding  and  re- 
plecyon  of  the  receptacles.  1722  QUINCY  Physical  Diet. 
s.v.  Lacteal  Veins ^  The  Receptacle  of  the  Chyle  is  easily 
found  in  live  Bodies.  ..  The  Receptacle  receives  all  the 
second  order  of  Lacteals.  1819  Pantologia  s.v.  Recefitacu- 
lnmt  In  brute  animals  the  receptacle  of  the  chyle  is  situated 
on  the  dorsal  vertebra;  where  the  lacteals  all  meet.  1832 
LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  \.  \.  27  The  receptacles,  .in  the  leaves 
of  the  Orange  and  of  all  Myrtacea?.  .are  called,  .receptacles 
of  oil.  Ibid.,  Although  the  receptacles  of  secretion  have  no 
proper  coat,  yet  they  are  so  surrounded  by  cellular  tissue 


BECEPTIBLE. 

that  a  lining  or  wall  is  formed.  1882  VINKS  tr.  Stubs'  Bot, 
93  The  canal-like  Receptacles  for  Secretions  are  formed,  in 
many  plants,  by  cells,  ..  separating  from  one  another  and 
leaving  an  intercellular  space. 

b.  Bot.  The  common  base  which  supports  the 
floral  organs,  the  torus  or  thalamus  (Jloral  re 
ceptacle}.    Also,  the  axis  or  rachis  of  a  head,  spike, 
or  other  cluster  (receptacle  of  inflorescence}. 

Proper  receptacle^  the  apex  of  the  peduncle  or  pedicel 
supporting  a  single  flower.  Common  receptacle^  the  sup 
port  of  the  florets  in  a  composite  flower-head  ;  the  clinan- 
thium  ;  also  =  receptacle  of  inflorescence. 

'753  CHAMBERS  Cyct.  Si<pp.  s.v.  Rectptaculum,  The  disk 
of  the  receptacle  is  of  various  shapes  in  the  various  plants. 
1777  W.  CURTIS  Flora  Land.  I.  58  Receptacle  [of  Dandelion] 
naked  and  full  of  little  holes.  1830  LINDLEV  Nat.  Sjst.  Bot. 
198  Flowers  . .  collected  in  dense  heads  upon  a  common  re 
ceptacle.  1870  HOOKER  Stud.  Flora  254  Nutlets,  -attached 
by  the  edge  to  an  elevated  receptacle. 

c.  Bot.  In  Ferns,  Mosses,  Alga',  and  Fungi,  the 
support  of  the  fructification  or  reproductive  organs ; 
an  apothecium,  pycnidium,  sporophore,  etc. 

1842  in  BRANDE  Diet.  Sci,j  etc.  1852  HENSLOW  Diet.  Bot. 
Terms  s.v.,  Receptacle  . .  is  also  applied  to  various  forms 
of  support  to  the  fructification  of  cryptogamous  plants. 
1874  COOKE  Fitngi  59  There  is  manifestly  a  succession  in 
formation  and  maturity  of  the  asci  in  a  receptacle.  1881 
VINES  tr.  Sachs  Bot.  370  The  receptacle  of  Mosses  either 
terminates  the  growth  of  a  primary  axis,  ..  or  the  axis  is 
indeterminate,  and  the  receptacle  is  placed  at  the  end  of  an 
axis  of  the  second  or  third  order. 

Receptacula'eeous,  a.  Bot.  [f.  as  next  + 
-ACEOTJS.]  =  next.  ?  Obs. 

1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  i.  xii.  (1765)  30  Receptaculaceous 
Nectaria,  such  as  join  to  the  Receptacle.  1853  in  MAC- 
DONALD  Si  ALLEN  Botanist's  Word-bk. 

Receptacular  (reseptarki/Hai),  a.  [f.  L.  recep- 
tacul-unt  receptacle -t- -AK.  Cf.  F.  r£ceptaculaire^\ 

1.  Bot.  Pertaining  to  the  receptacle  of  a  rluwer. 

1847  in  WEBSTER. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of,  serving  as,  a  receptacle. 

1848  OWEN  in  Times  14  Nov.  8/7  Being  an  air-breathing 
animal,  with  long  vesicular  and  receptacular  lungs. 

f  Rece-ptance.  06s.-1  [f.  L.  recept- ^  recipere^ 
or  receptare,  after  acceptance.]  Reception. 

1681  LUTTKELL  Brief  Re  L  (1857)  I.  128  A  solemn  speech., 
which  mett  with  a  gracious  receptance  from  his  majestie. 

So  Hece'ptant  a.,  receiving.   rare~[. 

1872  RUSKIN  Munera  P.  32  The  holder  of  wealth,  in  such 
temper,  may  be  regarded  . .  as  a  money-chest  with  a  slit  in 
it,  not  only  receptant  but  suctiunal. 

t  Rece'ptary,  sb.  and  a.  Obs.  rare.    [f.  as  prec. 

+  -AUY.    In  sense  i,ad.obs.  F.  receptaire  (i6thc.).] 

1.  A  book  or  collection  of  receipts. 

1611  COTGR.,  Receptaire^  a  receptarie,  a  note  of  Phisicall 
receipts.  1656  in  BLOUNT  Glossogr. 

2.  a.  sb.  A  received  or  accepted  notion  or  belief. 
b.  adj.  Merely  received  or  accepted  as  true,  with 
out  proof. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  Pref.,  Our  sober  enquiries 
in  the  doubtfull  apperti nancies  of  Arts,  and  Receptaries  of 
Philosophy.  Ibid.  34  Baptista  Porta,  in  whose  workes, 
although  there  be  contained  many  excellent  things,  and 
verified  upon  his  own  experience,  yet  are  there  many  also 
receptary,  and  such  as  will  not  indure  the  test. 

Receptation.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  med.L.  recep- 
talio,  f.  L.  receptdre  to  receive :  cf.  acceptation] 
The  fact  of  being  received  into  a  place. 

1574  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  Ser.  i.  II.  400  Ony  crymes 
that  it  salhappin  the  saidis  transgrebsouris  ..  to  commit  the 
tyme  of  thair  returning  andreceptatioun.  1576 /^/V£  II.  550. 

t  Rece-ptative,  a.    Obs.—1     [f.  as  prec. ;   see 

-ATIVE.]     Receptive. 

1509  HAWES  Past,  Pittas,  xxiv.  ix,  Thus  comyn  wytte 
worketh  wonderly,  Upon  the  v.  gales  whyche  are  receptaty vc 
Of  every  thynge  for  to  take  inwardly. 

Recepte,  var.  recet  received  :  see  RESET  v, 

Rece^ptibi'lity.    Also  9  -ability,     [f.  next.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  receptible. 

1676  Doctrine  cf  Devils  50  There  is  one  Doctrine  of  hif, 
would  spoil  all  the  receptibility  of  the  whole  System  of 
Religion  promulgated  in  his  Gospel.  1757  tr.  HenckeFs 
Pyritologia  114  Some  inequality  in  this  receptibility.  1820 
L.  HUNT  Indicator  No.  55  (1822)  II.  20  Without  at  all 
diminishing  his  receptability  among  the  said  circles. 

t  2.   Capacity  for  receiving.   Obs.'"1 

1661  GLANVILL  Van.  Dogm.  xvi.  153  The  Peripaletick 
matter  is  a  pure  unactuated  Power,  and  this  conceited 
Vacuum  a  meer  Receptibility.  [Cf.  ibid.  The  imaginary 
Space  is  receptive  of  any  body.] 

Receptible  (r/se-ptib'l),  a.  Now  rare.  Also 
7  -able.  [ad.  late  L.  receptibilis :  see  -IBLE  and  cf. 
obs.  F.  receptible  (Godef.)-] 

1.  That  may  be  received,  receivable. 

1574  NEWTON  Health  Mag.  G,  Hoate  bread  he  vtterlie 
discommendeth  . .  because  it  is  not  (as  he  there  affirmeth) 
receptible  of  nature.  1652  GAULE  Magastroin.  60  Whether 
it  be  a  clear  and  receptable  distinction  of  magick.  1886 
C.  A.  WARD  in  Temple  Bar  Mag.  LXXV1I.  542  A  bright 
idea  is  lost  on  the  masses,  and  the  smoke  of  verbosity  is  re 
quired  to  make  it  receptible  by  their  understanding. 

2.  Capable  of  receiving.     Const,  of. 

1656  STANLEY  Hist.  P kilos,  v.  (1701)  201/1  Water,  con 
tinually  (lowing,  easily  receptable  of  any  Form.  1793  HOL- 
CHOFT  tr.  Lavaters  Phy&iog,  xxxiv.  175  All  their  organs  are 
tender,  yielding,  easily  wounded,  sensible  and  receptible. 
1894  Enianuel  Stucdenborg  v.  113  Not  a  conception  of  life 
but  only  of  the  first  and  purest  forms  receptible  of  life. 

Recepticious :  sec  RECEPTTTIOUS. 


RECEPTION. 


237 


KECESS. 


Reception  (rzse'pjsn).  Also  5  recepcion. 
[a.  F.  reception  (i  2-1 3th  c.),  or  ad.  L.  reception-em., 
n.  of  action  f,  recipere  to  RECEIVE.] 

1.  The  action  or  fact  of  receiving  or  getting. 

c  1489  CAXTON  Blanckardyii  82 The  loye  that  blanchardyn 
had  made  at  the  recepcion  of  the  present  that  she  had  sent 
vnto  hym.  1689  Col.  Rec.  Pennsyhi,  I.  256  Upon  ye  Recep 
tion  thereof,  I  informed  the  said  David  Lloyd,  and  delivered 
ittohim.  1709  BERKELEY  Th,  Vision^  128  A  Alan  Born  Blind 
wou'd  not,  at  first  reception  of  his  Sight,  think  the  things 
he  saw  were  of  the  same  Nature  with  the  Objects  of  Touch. 
1789  GIBBON  Let.  to  Let.  Sheffield  Misc.  Wks.  1814  I.  297 
Within  an  hour  after  the  reception  of  your  last,  I  drew  my 
pen  for  the  purpose  of  a  reply.  1834  HT.  MARTINEAU 
Moral  i.  5  The  prospect  of  the  wealth  which  awaits  man's 
reception. 

f  b.  pi.  Receipts,  sums  received.   Obs.  rare  ~~^. 

1514  CInirchiu.  Ace.,  Pilton  (Som.  Rec.  Soc.)  67  The 
wyche  nobyll  ys  caste  yn  ye  cownte  of  the  recepco[n]is. 

2.  a.  Astral.  The  fact  of  each  of  two  planets 
being  received  into  the  other's  house,  exaltation, 
or  other  dignity. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  67  He  loketh  the  conjunccions,  He 
loketh  the  recepcions,  His  signe,  his  house,  his  ascendent. 
1632  MASSINGER  City  Madam  n.  ii,  Venus,  .and  Mars.. in 
mutual  reception  of  each  other,  .assure  a  fortunate  com 
bination  to  Hymen.  1679  MOXON  Alath.  Diet.  128  The 
first  is  a  Reception  by  House  (which  is  the  best  and 
strongest).  The  second  is  a  Reception  by  Triplicity.  1686 
GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  i.  xv.  98. 

b.  The  action  of  receiving  (esp.  persons),  or  fact 
of  being  received,  into  a  place,  company,  state,  etc. 

1650  CROMWELL  Let.  13  Dec.  in  Carlyle,  Making  way  for 
the  reception  of  professed  Malignanls,  both  in  their  Parlia 
ment  and  Army.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  in.  205  All  hope  is 
lost  Of  my  reception  into  grace.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  x.  14 
This  happy  port  affords  our  wand'rmg  fleet,  A  month's  re 
ception.  1794  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Alyst.  Udotyho  xliv,  The 
Count  gave  orders  for  the  north  apartments  to  be  ..  pre 
pared  for  the  reception  of  Ludovico.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT 
Ronwla  xxi,  The  great  palace  . .  had  been  prepared  for  the 
reception  of  another  tenant. 

c.  The   action  of  receiving,  or  fact  of  being 
received,  in  a  formal  or  ceremonious  manner. 

1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Olearius1  I'oy,  Ainbass.  6  We  stayed 
above  six  weeks,  in  expectation  of  the  Great  Duke's  orders 
for  our  reception.  1681  PRIUEAUX  Lett.  (Camden)  99  This 
day  is  appointed  for  his  comeing  to  town,  and  great  prepa 
rations  are  makeing  for  his  reception.  1702  ADDISON  Dial. 
Medals  Wks.  1721  I.  484  His  reception  is  here  recorded  on 
a  Medal,  in  which  one  of  the  Ensigns  presents  him  his 
hand.  1841  ELPHINSTONE  Hist.  India.  II.  411  Abdullah 
Shah  was  preparing  an  entertainment  for  his  reception, 
when  he  suddenly  advanced  as  an  enemy.  1886  Blanch, 
Exam.  14  Jan.  4/7  Lord  Salisbury  has  fixed  Tuesday  next 
for  the  reception  of  a  deputation  from  the  Irish  Defence 
Union. 

d.  An  occasion  of  ceremonious  receiving;    an 
assemblage  of  persons  for  this  purpose. 

1882  M.  ARNOLD  Irish  Ess.  113  In  a  short  time  there  will 
be  held  in  Paris  a  reception,  as  it  is  called,  of. .  M.  Renan  at 
the  French  Academy. 

3.  The  action  of  receiving,  or  taking  in,  physically 
or  spatially.     Also  transf. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  425  Apuleus  rehersethe  .. 
that  same  thynge  to  haue  happede  to  hym  thro  the  recep 
cion  of  suche  venome.  1651  BAXTER  Inf.  Bapt.  319  Some 
Divines  say — That  Faith  is  Physically  a  Passive  Reception 
of  Christ  himself.  1659  PEARSON  Creed  ^y^  192  By  that 
connexion  of  his  operations,  showing  the  reception  of  his 
essence.  1837  DICKENS  Pickiv.  ii,  Ready  for  the  reception 
of  any  discoveries  worthy  of  being  noted  down.  1868 
FREEMAN  Norm.  Cony.  (1876)  II.  x.  515  Two  smaller 
towers  for  the  reception  of  the  bells  were  designed. 
b.  The  action  of  receiving  mentally. 

1850  MAURICE  Mor.  fyMet.  P kilos,  (ed.  2)  180  The  absence 
of  a  faculty  of  reception.  1867  SWINBURNE  Ess.  fy  Stud. 
(1875)  176  Culture,  sanity,  power  of  grasp  and  reception  [etc.]. 

4.  The  action  of  accepting  or  admitting;   ac 
ceptance,  admittance,  approbation. 

1660  R.  COKE  Justice  Vind.  15  If  they  had  not  been  the 
word  of  God  before  the  Church  received  them . .  their  recep 
tion  and  tradition  could  never  have  made  them  so.  1669 
CLARENDON  Ess.  Tracts  (1727)  97  A  virtuous  mind  appearing 
with  more  lustre  in  the  rejection  than  in  the  reception  of 
good  turns.  1718  ATTERBURY  Serm.  (1734)  I-  vii.  186  God 
never  intended  to  compel!,  but  only  to  persuade  us  into  a 
Reception  of  Divine  Truth.  1765  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  1. 15 
In  those  of  our  English  courts  wherein  a  reception  has  been 
allowed  to  the  civil  and  canon  laws.  1788  PRIESTLEY  Lect. 
Hist  n.  xii.  loi  If . .  I  shall  thus  contribute  to  the  more 

funeral  reception  of  the  great  outlines  of  this  system.    1867 
ROUDE  Short  Stud.,  Spinoza  (1878)  I.  351  We  refuse  to 
submit  to  the  demonstrations  by  which  it  thrusts  itself  on 
our  reception. 

f  b.  An  idea  received  or  accepted  without  evi 
dence  of  its  truth.  Obs. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  i.  vii.  26  Our  mature  and 
secondary  enquiries  are  forced  to  quit  those  receptions.  1691 
SIR  T.  P.  BLOUNT  Ess.  iii.  62  Most  Men.  .obstinately  adhere 
to  those  unexamined  Receptions. 

5.  The   action   of   receiving,   or   fact   of   being 
received,  in  a  certain  manner ;  kind  or  manner  of 
reception.     (Usually  with  qualifying  adj.) 

a.  of  persons. 

1649  CROMWELL  Let.  26  Feb.  in  Carlyle^  An  account  of 
the  kind  reception,  and  the  many  civilities  afforded  them. 
1666  PEPYS  Diary  20  May,  My  wife  much  pleased  with  the 
reception  she  had.  1702  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  3808/7  The  Im 
perial  Forces  were  in  so  good  a  Posture,  that  the  French 
would  meet  with  a  warm  Reception.  1793  BURKE  Abr. 
Eng.  Hist.  Wks.  1842  II.  537  Baldwin,  earl  of  Flanders, 
gave  him  a  very  kind  recupti -m.  1838  SCUIT  /".  M.  Perth 


|    viii,  The  discourse  turned  on  the  reception  which  they  were 
I    to  expect  from  their  Provost.     1858  FROUDK  Hist.  F.ng.  III. 
j    .\iv.    205   He   found   in  the  Netherlands  a  scarcely  more 
j    cordial  reception  than  in  France. 
b.  of  ideas,  proposals,  etc. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  in.  §  149  When  it  was  brought 
into  the  House  [the  bill]  found  a  better  reception  than  was 
expected.  1718 /'Vrf ////«/«•;- No.  17  F  4  New  Opinions  at  first 
'  meet  with  a  cold  Reception.  1745  Cot.  Rec.  Pennsylv,  V.  7 
Whatever  shall  be  laid  before  me  for  the  Welfare  of  this 
Province,  will  meet  with  a  favorable  Reception.  1803 
Edin.  Rev.  Apr.  236  They  only  have  an  interest  in  . .  pro 
curing  a  good  reception  for  his  name.  1849  MACAU  LAY 
Hist.  En^.  iii.  I.  372  His  inventions,  therefore,  found  no 
favourable  reception. 

6.  The  action  of  receiving  or  taking,  in  various 
applications  of  the  vb. 

1863  H.  Cox  Instit.  i.  viii.  123  The  parties  . .  produce 
evidence,  the  reception  of  which  is.  .regulated  by  the  rules 
of  law.  1898  BESANT  Orange  Girl  n.  xiv,  It  is  proper  to 
show  that  you  were  not  an  accomplice  of  the  removal  and 
the  reception  [of  the  stolen  goods]  in  your  house. 

f7.  Capacity  for  receiving.    Obs, 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  807  Natures  Law,  By  which  all 
Causes.  .To  the  reception  of  thir  matter  act.  1670-98  LAS- 
SELS  Voy.  Italy 'II.  167  This  Hospital.,  is  of  great  reception. 
It  maintains  two  thousand  sick  and  decrepid  in  it. 

•f  8.  A  receptacle,  a  place  of  reception.   Obs. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud,  Ep.  172  Ascending  first  into  a 
capsulary  reception  of  the  breast  bone.  1696  STANHOPE  Ch r. 
Pattern  (1711)  324  Make  me  room  in  thy  heart,  and  let  it 
be  a  clean  and  fit  reception  for  so  pure  a  guest. 

f  9.   Recovery,  recapture.    Obs."1 

1622  BACON  Hen.  Vll  44  Hee  was  right  glad  of  the 
French  Kings  reception  of  those  Townes  from  Maximilian. 

10.  Comb.t  as  'vsense  2  c)  reception  day,  room  ; 
reception  order,  an  order  authorizing  the  recep 
tion  and  detention  of  a  person  in  a  lunatic  asylum. 

1829  LYTTON  Dcvercitx  11.  v,  Such  was  the  reception-room 
of  Beau  Fielding.  1880  G.  MEREDITH  Tragic  Com.  (1881)  8 
He  was  in  her  father's  reception-room  when  she  reached  • 
home.  1890  Act  53  l/rict.  c.  5  §  4  Received  and  detained  as 
a  lunatic  ..  under  a  reception  order  made  by  the  judicial 
authority.  1896  Harpers  Mag.  Apr.  680/1  By  this  time 
Duncan  and  his  friends  were  frequenting  all  Madame  de 
Champbaron's  reception  days.  1899  Altbutt's  Syst.  Aled. 
VIII.  430  The  Reception  Order  of  a  justice  is  sufficient 
authority  to  take  the  patient  to,  and  to  receive  him  in  an 
asylum,  or  to  detain  him  there  if  he  has  already  been 
removed  on  an  Urgency  Order. 

Hence  Rece'ptionism,  Receptionist  (see  quot. 
1900). 

1867  COBB  Kiss  of  Peace  4  We  must  ..  give  this  opinion  a 
name.  Let  us  call  it  the  '  Theory  of  Reception  ',  and  its 
professors  '  Receptionists '.  1900  D.  STONE  OntL  Chr. 
Dogma  xi.  191  Receptionism  is  the  view  that  the  bread  and 
wine  remain  only  bread  and  wine  after  consecration  ;  but 
that,  together  with  them,  the  faithful  communicant  really 
receives  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ. 

Receptiticms  (rfseptrjas),  a.  Also  9  -icious. 
[ad.  L.  rcceptitiits  or  -ictus :  see  RECEIPT  and 
-ITIOUS  *.]  Roman  Law.  (See  quots.) 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Receptiti'ozts,  that  is  received,  kept, 
or  reserved  to  ones  use  from  another.  1737-41  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Goods,  Receptitious  goods  were  those  which  the 
wife  might  reserve  the  full  property  of  to  herself,  and  enjoy 
them  independently  of  her  husband.  1880  MUIRHEAD  Ulpian 
vi.  §  5  An  adventicious  dowry  always  remains  with  the 
husband,  unless  the  person  who  gave  it  have  expressly 
stipulated  that  it  shall  be  returned  to  him;  such  a  dowry  is 
called  specifically  recepticious. 

Receptive  (r/se-ptiv),  a.  [ad.  med.L.  recep- 
tivus :  see  RECEIPT  and  -IVE,  and  cf.  obs.  F. 
receptif.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of,  or  capacity  for,  receiving ; 
able  to  receive;  pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  re 
ception.    (Common  in  i  ytfi  and  igth  c. ;  in  later  use 
esp.  of  the  mind,  or  of  persons  in  respect  of  it.) 

1547  BOORDE  Brev.  Health  Pref.  4  Chierurgyons  must 
knowe  . .  what  synges  . .  be  receptyve  [printed  recentyve], 
what  signes  be  expulcive.  1594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  \.  xi.  §  3 
The  soul.. shall,  as  it  is  receptive,  be .. perfected  with  those 
supernatural  passions  of  joy,  peace,  and  delight.  1656 
BRAMHALL  Replic.  iv.  160  That  receptive  Power  . .  to  admit 
or  not  admit  such  new  Laws.  ^1677  HALE  Prim.  Orig. 
Man.  i.  iii.  89  The  Earth  and  Sun . .  ;  the  one  active,  piercing, 
. .  the  other  passive,  receptive.  1817  COLERIDGE  Bieg.  Lit. 
I.  v.  95  The  passive  sense,  or  what  the  school-men  call  the 
merely  receptive.  1836-41  BRANDE  Chcm.  (ed.  5)  210  The 
receptive  and  transmitting  powers  of  bodies  in  regard  to 
radiant  heat.  1875  WHITNEY  Life  Lang.  ii.  30  The  passive 
receptive  work  of  the  mind. 
b.  Const,  of. 

1641  'SMECTYMNUUS'  Answ.  xviii.  (1653)  74  A  heaven  that 
hath  a  broad  way  leading  thither,  and  is  receptive  of 
Drunkards.  1727  DE  ^QTzSyst.  Magic,  n.  i.  (1840)  234  The 
heart  of  man  became  receptive  of  wickedness.  1825  COLE 
RIDGE  Aids  Re/I.  (1848)  I.  (jo  We  are  to  answer  every  one 
that  inquires  a  reason,  .which  supposes  something  receptive 
of  it.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  291,  I  should  wish  the 
citizens  to  be  as  receptive  of  virtue  as  possible. 

2.  spec.    fa.  Receptive    measttres^    measures   of 
capacity.   Obs. 

1680  MORUEN  Geog.  Rect.)  Cain  (1685)  281  Receptive 
Measures  are  two-fold.  First  of  liquid  or  moist  things ; 
Secondly  of  dry  things.  1727  W.  MATHER  Yng.  Man's  Cotnp. 
197  Of  Receptive  Measure,  that  is,  Things  Measured  in 
wardly. 

to.  Receptive  spott  the  spot  in  an  oosphere  at 
which  the  male  gamete  is  admitted. 

1875  BENNETT  &  DYER  tr.  Sac/is'  Bot.  344  The  entrance 
takes  place  at  a  lighter  spot  of  the  oosphere  facing  the  neck, 
which  is  termed  the  Receptive  Spou 


Hence  Bece'ptively  adv. 

1881  W.  SPOTTISWQGDE  in  Nature  No.  624.  570  We  can 
cause  the  discharge  to  be  from  one  terminal  only,  the  other 
terminal  acting  merely  receptively. 

EiCCCptiveneSS  (r/se-ptivnes).  [f.  prec.  + 
-NESS.]  Receptivity.  (Common  in  recent  use.) 

1681  FLAVEL  Mith.  Grace  v.  104  There  is  found  in  us  a 
capacity,  aptness,  or  receptiveness,  of  this  principle  of  life. 
1701  XORRIS  Ideal  ll'orld  i.  i.  79  From  the  receptiveness  of 
first  matter  he  concludes  the  real  and  actual  existence  of  it. 
1858  GLADSTONE  Homer  II.  8  The  retentiveness  of  that 
people  equalled  its  receptiveness.  1874  BLACKIE  Self-Cult. 
85  A  young  man  ..  with  a  reverential  receptiveness  and  a 
delicate  sensibility. 

Receptivity  (rfsepti'viti).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ITY.] 
The  quality  of  being  receptive  ;  ability  or  readiness 
to  receive  or  take  in.  (Common  in  igth  c.,  esp. 
with  ref.  to  the  mind.) 

a  1619  FOTHEKBY  Atkeoin.  n.  i.  §  6  (1622)  181  Hee  cannot 
worke  any  where  beyond  the  possibilitje  or  receptiuitie  of 
his  matter.  1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  i.  iii.  ii  The  Air  being 
of  a  thin  Body  . .  is  of  an  easie  receptivity  for  all  sorts  of 
Impressions.  1798  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  XXV.  585 
His  receptivity  for  aesthetic  gratification  [is]  not  delicate. 
1837  Frascrs  Mag.  XV.  728  They  are  here  receptivities,  or 
moulds  of  matter.  1886  G.  ALLEN  Darwin  x.  175  He  had 
the  sympathetic  receptivity  of  all  truly  great  minds. 

j  Rece'ptment.  Obs.~l  [=  AF.  receptment, 
var.  recettement  RESETMEXT.]  The  act  or  practice 
of  harbouring  criminals. 

1620  J.  WILKINSON  Coroners  fy  Sheriffs  28  Men  have  used 
. .  to  outlaw  the  people  appealed  of  commandement,  force, 
aide,  and  receptment. 

Receptor  (r/se'pt^i).  Also  5-6  -our\e.  [a. 
Ol1'.  I'cceptoiir,  -eury  or  L.  receptor^  agent-n.  f.  re- 
cipere  to  RECEIVE.] 

fl.   =  RECEIPTED  i,  RESETTKK.   Obs. 

c  1440  Jacobs  WW/soOny  heretykes.  .orherereceptourys, 
defenderys,  or  fauourerys.  1472  Snrtees  Misc.  (1888)  25 
Robert  Mascald  .  .  is  a  receptour  of  suspect  persones,  1585 
FLEETWOOD in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Sen  i.  II.  297  The  searching*; 
out  of  sundrye  that  were  receptors  of  ftelons.  1609  [Hr.  W. 
BARLOW]  Answ.  Nameless  Cath.  13  The  kind  Receptors  of 
the  Fugitmes  after  the  Detection.  1660  Virginia  Slat. 
(1823!  I.  538  Against  pyrats,  their  assistors  or  abettors, ..  or 
receptors. 

2.  A  telephonic  receiver. 

1898  Westin.Gas.  17  Feb.  1/3  In  the  hospital.,  each  Roman 
Catholic  patient  has  a  receptor  connected  with  the  cathedral 
at  the  head  of  his  bed  on  Sunday. 

3.  Meet.   iSee  quot.) 

1900  Lancet  18  Aug.  528/1  The  fixation  ..  of  the  Toxin 
molecule  in  the  protoplasm  was  accomplished  by  means  of 
certain  lateral  chains  which  the  latter  possessed  and  which 
were  termed  'receptors  \ 

t  Rece'ptory,  sb.  Obs.  [ad.  late  L.  recep- 
torium,  neut.  of  receptorius  \  see  next,  and  cf.  obs. 
¥.  receptoire^\  A  receptacle. 

1533  ELVOT  Cast.  Helthc  (1541)  51  b,  The  humour?,  .. 
fylleth  and  extendeth  the  receptories  of  the  bodye,  as  the 
stomacke,  the  vaynes.  andbowclles.  1563  T.  QbUsAntidot. 
n.  68  Put  these  in  a  Glasse  styll  wyth  his  receptorye  well 
luted.  1601  HOLLAND /V/Vy  II.  222  A  paile  or  trey  made  of 
kids  or  goats  leather  for  a  receptory.  1678  Phil.  Trans. 
XII.  1053  A  Current  that  turneth  the  Liquor  into  a  Re 
ceptory,  from  whence  it  is  pumped  into  another  Pit  or  Mine. 
1727  A.  HAMILTON  New  Ace.  E.  Ind.  I.  xxiii.  282  Those 
three  Rivers  .  .  disembogue  at  one  Mouth  into  the  common 
Receptory  of  Rivers. 

t  Bece'ptory,  a.  [ad.  late  L.  reccptori-us  : 
see  RECEIPT  and  -ORY,  and  cf.  F.  receptoire  (i 6th  c.).] 
Pertaining  to  reception  ;  receptive. 

1633  T.  ADAMS  Exp.  2  Peter  i.  17  You  see,  the  form  of  the 
words  is  receptory,  He  received.  1651  BIGGS  New  Disp. 
F  170  Dam  up  the  receptory  vessels. 

I^eceptual  (r/se"ptiwal),  a.  [f.  L.  receptu-s  + 
-AL  ;  in  mod.  use  after  conceptual.} 

fl.  Capable  of  receiving  or  taking  in  other  sub 
stances.  Obs^ 

1477  NORTON  Ord.  Alch.  xxxii,  in  Ashm.  (1652)  198  And 
soe  after  the  Colour  of  that  Erth  ys  Sulphuri  and  receptuall, 
Some  men  do  say  ys  engendered  every  Mettall. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of,  pertaining  to,  a  (mental) 
recept  or  recepts.  Hence  Bece'ptually  adv. 

1888  ROMANES  Mental  Evol.  Man  ii.  41  note,  The  term 
apperception  as  used  by  some  German  psychologists  is_also 
inclusive  of  what  I  mean  by  receptual  ideation.  Ibid.  iii.  58 
The  animal  is  able  to  distinguish  receptually  between  the 
numbers  i,  2,  3,  4,  5. 

!!  Recercele"(e  (r/soJseU--).  Her.  [a.  OF.  re- 
cercelf)  -He  circular,  curled,  pa.  pple.  of  recerceler, 
f.  re-  R&-  +  cercel  a  circle.]  Of  a  cross:  Having 
the  ends  of  the  arms  curling  into  divergent  spirals. 

1766  PORNY  Heraldry  (1777)  Diet.,  Recercclee  . .  is  said  of 
a  Cross  that  circles  or  curls  at  the  ends,  very  much  resem 
bling  a  Rams  horn.  1864  BOUTELL  Her.  Hist.  $  Pop.  xv. 
(ed.  3)  218  A  chesuble  charged  with  his  cross  recercelee. 
1868  CUSSANS  Her.  (1893)  62  The  Cross  Recercele'  resembles 
a  Cross  Moline  with  its  floriations  more  expanded. 

Kecerve,  obs.  form  of  RESERVE. 

Recess  (rzse-s),  sb.  [ad.  L.  recess-us,  f.  rece- 
dere  to  RECEDE  ;  cf.  It.  recesso  (Florio).] 

•j-  L  The  act  of  retiring,  withdrawing,  or  depart 
ing  (from  or  to  a  place)  ;  withdrawal,  departure. 
Obs.  (Common  in  i6-i7th  c,,  freq.  in  phr.  access 
and  recess.'} 

1531  St.  Papers  Hen.  VIII,  IV.  576  Ye  write  unto  Us  of 
the  recesse  ande  departing  of  our  and  your  Commissioners. 
1538  CROMWELL  Let.  13  July  in  Merrmum /,£#<$•  Lett.  (1902) 


RECESS. 

II.  147  He  may  haue  free  accesse  and  recesse  from  tyme  to 
tyme.  1608  TOPSELL  Serpents  (1658)  782  They  have  easie 
accesse  and  recesse  to  and  fro  to  their  beguiling  nets.  1660 
BOYLE  New  E*p.  Phys.  Meek,  xxviii.  216  The  sudden  recess 
of  the  Air  made  the  bubbles  ..  appear  ,.  numerous.  1692 
WAGSTAFFE  Vind.  Carol,  v.  58  Not  only  Petition  the  King, 
..but  upon  his  recess  from  Whitehall,  send  him  a  Peremptory 
Petition. 

transf.  1536  in  Burnet  Hist.  Re/.,  Coll.  Records  No.  52 
Hen.  VIII,  His  Recesse  from  the  Church,  ye  profie  not 
otherwise,  than  by  the..Comon  Opinion  of  those  Parts. 

f2.  The  (or  an)  act  of  retirement  from  public 
life  or  into  privacy  ;  the  fact  of  living  retired  or  in 
a  private  manner;  a  period  of  retirement.  Obs. 

1645  EVELYN  Diary  31  Jan.,  Famous  for  the  debauched 
recesses  of  Tiberius.  1654  H.  L'ESTRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655) 
135  Long  lived  he  in  that  retirement  . .  yet  was  not  his 
re-cesse  in-glorious.  1700  DRYDEN  Fables  Ded.  163  The 
soft  recesses  of  your  hours  improve  The  three  fair  pledges 
of  your  happy  love.  1762  Ann.  Reg.  u.  2  His  indispositions 
and  other  reasons  made  him  determine  entirely  to  quit  the 
court  :  During  his  recess,  however  he  lost  nothing  of  his  .. 
respect  for  the  king. 

fb.  Without  article:  Retirement,  seclusion, 
privacy.  Obs. 

1645  EVELYN  Diary  6  May,  Faire  Parks  or  Gardens  . . 
being  onely  places  of  recesse  and  pleasure.     1709  PRIOR 
Chtoe  Hunting  16  Ev'ry  neighbouring  Grove  Sacred  to  suft 
Recess  and  gentle  Love.     1768  ll'oinan  of  Honor  II.  208,  I 
had  chosen,  .my  Aunt  Clifford's,  .there  to  remain  in  recess 
for  some  time. 

3.  The  act  of  retiring  for  a  time  from  some  occu 
pation  ;  a  period  of  cessation  from  usual  work  or 
employment. 

In  early  use  chiefly  of  Parliament,  later  also  of  schools. 

1642  SIR  E.  BERING  Sj>.  on  Relig.  x.  35  Since  the  late  Re- 
ce.sse,  some  endeavours  of  mine  have  been  reported  more 
distastive  then  before,  a  1671  Lu.  FAIRFAX  Mem.  (1699)  22 
In  this  recess  of  action,  we  had  several  treaties  about 
prisoners.  1706  Royal  Sp.  16  Feb.  in  Loud.  Caz.  No.  4202/1 
It  will  be  convenient  to  make  a  Recess  in  some  short  Time. 
1797  MRS.  A.  M.  BENNETT  Beggar  Girl  (1813)  I.  210  Every 
recess  of  the  school  they  passed  at  Mushroom  Place.  1860 
O.  W.  HOLMES  Elsie  V.  xxvi.  (1891)  394  In  the  recess,  as  it 
was  called,  or  interval  of  suspended  studies  in  the  middle  of 
the  forenoon.  x88l  GLADSTONE  in  Times  8  Oct.  6/3  We  are 
in  a  Parliamentary  recess,  but  the  leaders  of  the  Tories  do 
not  appear  to  have  h:id  any  recess  at  all. 

f  b.  Without  article :  Cessation  from  work, 
relaxation,  leisure.  Obs. 

1711  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  II.  n.  11.  ii.  159  A  Love  of 
moderate  Recess  and  Rest  from  Action.  1781  COWPEK 
Retircin.  215  His  hours  of  leisure  and  recess  employs  In 
drawing  pictures  of  forbidden  joys. 

t 4.  Delay ;  respite.  Obs.  rare. 

1622  J.  REYNOLDS  God's  Revenge  \\.  vi.  4  After  the  pro 
traction  and  recesse  of  a  yeeres  time,  Victoryna  consenteth 
to  Sypontus  to  be  his  wife.  1706  Die  FOE  Jure  Dii>.  x.  229 
The  small  Recess  the  weary  Land  obtain'd  So  little  Breath 
to  rising  Freedom  gave. 

5.  A  place  of  retirement,  a  remote  and  secluded 
spot,  a  secret  or  private  place. 

1636  G.  SANDYS  Paraphr.  Ps.  cxxxiv.  (1648)  205  Your  hands 
devoutly  raise  To  his  divine  Recesse.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  J-'. 
India  ,y  P.  199  Airy  and  cool  Choultries,  private  Recesses 
for  their  Women.  1784  R.  BAGE  Barham  Downs  II.  250  A 
woman,  .who  had  been  housekeeper  at  Lord  Winter/bottom's 
recess.  1831  LAMB  Elia.  Ser.  n.  Ellistoniana^  The  last  re 
treat,  and  recess,  of  his  every-day  waning  grandeur. 
tb.  A  dark  resource,  a  secret.  Obs.  rare. 

1646  J.  GREGORY  Notes  4-  Obs.  (1650)  6  To  cast  out  Devills 
(by  a  knowne  Recesse  of  the  blacke  Art)  through  him  that 
is  the  Prince.     1649  JKR.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exesnp.  Ad  Sect.  iv. 
52  Magnifying  the  recesses  of  his  Counsell  and  Wisdome  and 
Predestination. 

6.  The  act  of  receding,  of  going  back  or  away, 
from  a  certain  point.     (Used  chiefly  of  the  motion 
of  thingSj  and  esp.  of  water,  the  sea,  or  the  heavenly 
bodies.) 

1607  J.  NORDEN  Sitru.  Dial.  i.  19  Alwayes  at  the  waters 
recesse,  euery  man  could  finde  out  his  owns  land  by  the 
plot.  1653  GATAKER  I'ind.  Annot.  Jer.  157  The  accesse  or 
recesse  of  the  Sun  unto  and  from  several  parts  of  the  world. 
1728  PEMBERTON  Afav/0JK*f  Philos.  2oz  As  the  earth  in  its 
recess  from  the  sun  recovers  by  degrees  its  former  power. 
1756  BURKE Subl.  <y  B.  iv. xyi,  As  we  recede  from  light,  .the 
pupil  is  enlarged  by  the  retiring  of  the  iris,  in  proportion  to 
our  recess.  1818  G.  S.  FABER  Horx  Mo saicx  I.  266  It  is  at 
present  dry,  in  consequence  of  the  gradual  reces_s  of  the 
waters.  1834  MRS.  SoMERViLLECowM^.r.  Phys.  Sc.  iii.  (1849) 
19  An  alternate  recess  and  advance  of  the  apsides. 
b.  transf.  mfig.  of  immaterial  things. 

1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logtke  109  It  is  the  defect,  and  re 
cesse  of  the  opposite  facultie.  1646  EARL  MONM.  tr.  BionJis 
Civil  \Varres  vi.  60  Leaving  her  in  the  recesse  of  her 
Fortune.  1728  DeFoe  Hist.  Plag ue  (1756)  235  The  principal 
Recess  of  this  Infection . .  was  from  February  to  April.  1782 
JEFFERSON  Notes  on  Virginia  (1787)  132  The  access  of  frost 
in  the  autumn,  and  its  recess  in  the  spring,  1843  J.  MAR- 
TINEAU  Chr.  Life  xliii.  (1876)  506  Painting  the  access  and 
recess  of  his  thought. 

7.  transf.  oijig.  (from  senses  I  and  6). 

t  a.  A  dislike  or  disgust  to  a  thing.  Obs.—1 
1367  MAFLET  Gr.  Forest  26  It  becommeth  to  haue  an  ap- 
pitite  to  that  which  it  holdeth  good  and  pleasant,  and  a 
recesse  or  lothsomnesse  to  y*  which  maketh  against  it. 

f  b.  A  drawing  back  (from  a  promise).  Obs. 
1601  J.  WHEELER  Treat.  Coiitin,  96  Queene  Marie  by  the 
way  of  Recesse  . .  reuoked  this  Decree,  and  restored  the 
Hanses  to  their  former  priuiledges.  1628  FELTHAM  Resolves 
n.  xlii.  125  Some,  .admit  of  an  absolute  recesse  from  a  word 
already  passed. 

t  c.  A  departure  from  some  state  or  standard. 
Obs.     (Common  in  «7th  c.) 


238 

1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  n.  vii.  §  5  Men  ..  have  made  too 
untimely  a  departure,  and  too  remote  a  recess  from  particu 
lars.  1661  LOVELL  Hist.  A  nint.  fy  Klin.  430  Recesses  of  the 
parts  of  mans  body,  from  the  natural  state.  1692  BEVERLEY 
Disc.  Dr.  Crisp  7  Every  Sin . .  is  a  Recess  from  the  Holiness 
of  God. 

T  d.  A  falling  back ;  decline.   Obs. 

a  1635  NAUNTON  Frugm.  Reg.  (Arb.)  55  Others,,  .when  he 
was  In  the  right  course  of  recovery,  and  selling  to  modera 
tion,  would  not  suffer  a  recesse  in  him.  1659  J.  HARRINGTON 
Lawgiving  \\\.  iv.  (1700)456  This  Standard  in  a  well  founded 
Monarchy,  must  bar  recess  ;  and  in  a  well  founded  Common 
wealth  must  bar  increase. 

8.  A  retired  or  inner  place  or  part ;  one  of  the 
remotest  or  innermost  parts  or  corners  of  anything. 

1616  BULLOKAR  Eng.  Expos. ,  Recesse,  a  bye-place.  1673 
RAY  Journ.  Low  C.  224  Gentlemens  houses  ..  having  more 
in  the  recess  than  they  promise  in  the  front.  1697  URYDEN 
Virg.  Georg.  iv.  604  Within  a  Mountain's  hollow  Womb, 
there  lyes  A  large  Recess,  conceal'd  from  Human  Eyes. 
1797  MRS.  RADCLii-'FE/^rt/iViw  vi,  To  carry  torches  into  every 
recess  of  the  ruin.  1801  STRUTT  Sports  fy  Past.  Introd.  4  A 
pursuit.,  only  requisite  in  the  gloomy  recesses  of  the  cloister. 
1871  L.  STEPHEN  Piaygr.  Eur.  (1894)  iv.Sg  The  little  village 
.  .lies,  .deep  in  the  recesses  of  the  Pennine  chain. 
b.  fig.  especially  of  the  soul  or  heart. 

1688  SOUTH  Serin.  (1727)  II.  301  Sorrow,  .must  force,  and 
make  its  way  into  the  very  inmost  Corners,  and  Recesses  of 
the  Soul.  1715-20  POPE  Iliad  \.  711  The  thoughts  that  roll 
Deep  in  the  close  recesses  of  my  soul.  1814  GARY  Dantet 
Inf.  i,  1 8  The  fear,  That  in  my  heart's  recesses  deep  had 
lain.  1840  MILL  Diss.  <$•  Disc.  (1875)  I.  408  The  question 
lies,  .in  the  recesses  of  psychology. 

9.  A  receding  part  or  indentation  in  the  line  of 
some  natural  feature  or  object,  as  a  coast,  range  of 
hills,  etc. 

1697  DRYDEN  sEneidi.  228  Within  a  long  Recess  there  lies 
a  Bay.  1781  COWPEK  Truth  79  His  dwelling  a  recess  in 
some  rude  rock.  1838  Murray's  Iland-bk.  .V.  Germ.  273 
Every  projection  on  the  one  side  of  it  [a  valley]  corresponds 
with  a  bay  or  recess  on  the  other.  1846  M«CULLOCH  Ace. 
Brit.  Empire  (1854)  '•  242  The  recesses  between  the  hills 
are  mostly  filled  with  gentlemen's  seats. 

b.  spec.  A  receding  part  or  space  breaking  the 
continuity  of  a  wall;  a  niche  or  alcove. 

1774  Act  14  Geo.  ///,  c.  78  §  28  It  shall  also  be  lawful  to 
cut  perpendicular  Recesses  into  any  Party- wall.  1826  SCOTT 
IVoodst.  iii,  The  recesses  within  them  [oriel  windows]  were 
raised  a  step  or  two  from  the  wall.  1840  DICKENS  Barn. 
Rttdge  xlviii,  They  sat  down  in  one  of  the  recesses  on  the 
bridge,  to  rest.  1875  MRS.  RITCHIE  Miss  Angel  x..  90  The 
gallery  was  evidently  used  as  a  . .  sitting  room.  There  was 
a  spinnet  in  a  recess. 

c.  Any  small  depression  or  indentation ;   also 
Anat.  a  sinus  or  fold  in  an  organ  or  part. 

1839  LiNDLEY/«^r«9d?.  Bot.  i.  ii.  fed.  3)  135  Leaves,  .divided 
more  or  less  deeply  into  lobes,  which  leave  void  spaces  be 
tween  them,  which  we  call  recesses  (sinus),  1897  Syd.  Soc. 
Lex.  s.v.  Recessns,  A  recess  or  fold  between  the  duodenum 
and  jejunum.  1902  MARSHALL  Metal  Tools  49  The  cutting 
edges,  .on  either  side  of  the  pin  produce  the  required  recess 
as  the  drill  is  fed  down. 

fd.  A  cesspool.   Obs.-1 

1764  Museum  Rust.  II.  73,  I.  .have  in  my  yard,  what  you 
usually  see  in  most  farmers  yards,  two  recesses  or  pools,  as 
reservoirs  of  dung  and  water. 

10.  t  a.  ?  An  agreement  or  convention.  Obs,~l 
1516  Inv.  R.  Wardr.  (1815)  22  Efter  the  forme  and  tenor 

of  the  recesse  maid  be  ambaxiatouris  of  this  realme,  and 
procuratouris  and  commissionaris  of  Ingland  thairapoun. 

b.  Hist.  A  resolution,  decree,  or  act  of  the 
Imperial  Diet  of  Germany  or  of  the  Diet  of  the 
Hanseatic  League. 

After  med.L.  recessus  (see  Du  Cange) ;  so  F.  recez. 

1706  tr.  Dupin's  Eccl.  Hist,  ibth  C.  II.  in.  xi.  149  The 
Recess  was  published  :  It  contained  the  following  Articles. 
[note.  What  we  call  an  Act  of  Parliament  in  England  is 
called  a  Recess  in  Germany.)  1779  Hist.  Mod.  Europe  II. 
lix.  254  The  famous  Recess  of  Augsburgh,  which  is  the  basis 
of  religious  peace  in  Germany.  1882-3  SCHAI-K  Encycl. 
Relig.  Know/.  I.  638  When  the  three  colleges  [of  a  diet] 
agreed^  the  decree,  or  recess  as  it  was  called,  was  submitted 
to  the  imperial  sanction. 

f  c.  ^See  quot.)   Obs.  rare. 

1726  AYLIFFE  Parergott  275  In  the  Imperial  Chamber  the 
Praetors  have  half  a  Florin  ..  for  every  substantial  Recess, 
as  they  call  it.  Ibid.t  The  substantial  Recesses  are  the  Intro 
duction  of  the  Cause,  the  exhibiting  of  the  Libel  [etc.]. 

11.  attrib.)  as  (sense  3)  recess  time ;   (sense  9  b, 
9c)  recess  decoration ,  plate ,  shop. 

1828  Lights  #  Shades  II.  170  We  hurried  into  one  of  the 
little  recess  shops  [on  Brighton  Pier]  to  avoid  them.  1851 
RUSKIN  Stones  Ven.  \.  xxiv.  §  n  Recess  decoration  by  leaf 
mouldings.  1874  THEARLE  Naval  A  rchit.  88  The  armour 
shelf  or  recess  plate  is  a  part  of  the  longitudinal  framing  of 
the  ship.  1885  Miss  S.  O.  JEWETT  Marsh  Island  x\\t  The 
boarder  had  . .  treated  the  children  to  apples  at  recess-time. 

fRece'SS,  v.1  Ol>s.—1  [f.  L.  recess-urn,  pa. 
pple.  of  recedcre  RECEDE.]  To  recede. 

1581  DEE  Diary  (Camden)  13  Roger  Cook. .  thowght  that 
he  was  utterly  recest  from  intended  goodnes  toward  him. 

Recess  (n*se*s),  v.2    [f.  RECESS  sb.] 

1.  trans.  To  place  in  a  recess  or  in  retirement ; 
to  set  back  or  away. 

1809  MAR,  EDGEWORTH  Maticeu-uring  vii,  Behind  the  screen 
of  his  prodigious  elbow  you  will  be  comfortably  recessed 
from  curious  impertineuts.  1820  Examiner  No.  620.  132/2 
The  writ  was  then  served  in  the  expectation  of  recessing  me 
in  the  Fleet  during  the  long  vacation.  1874  T.  HARDY /oar 
fr.  Mad.  Crowd  I.  xviii.  199  His  house  stood  recessed  from 
the  road. 

b.  spec.  To  set  (part  of  a  wall  or  other  structure) 
ill  a  recess.  Also  reji. 


RECESSIONAL. 

1845  PETRIE  Eccl.  Arc/tit.  Irel.  180  The  arches,  of  which 
there  are  two,  one  recessed  within  the  other.  1853  KANE 
Grhyiell  E*p.  vi.  (1856)  44  Little  man-of-war  port-holes 
recessed  into  its  wooden  sides.  1865  MRS.  WHITNEY  Gay- 
worthy  s  ix,  The  window  recessed  itself  into  the  wall. 

2.  To  make  a  recess  or  recesses  in ;  to  cut  away, 
so  as  to  form  a  recess. 

1876  J.  ROSE  Pract.  Machinist  ix.  162  Providing  that  the 
cutter  is  not  recessed  and  does  not  cut  on  both  sides.  1882 
Bazaar  15  Feb.  174  The  inner  ..  hubs  are  recessed,  within 
them  being  placed  stout  steel  rings. 

3.  intr.  U.  S.  To  take  a  recess  or  interval. 

1893  Columbus  (Ohio)  Disp.  14  Apr.,  The  Senate  recessed 
five  minutes  yesterday  afternoon. 

Hence  Recessed  (r/se'st)  ///.  a^  set  in  a  recess; 
Rece  ssing1  vbl.  sb. 

Recessed  arch,  an  arch  set  within  another  arch.  Recessing- 
bit,  a  bit  for  enlarging  the  ends  of  screw-holes,  etc. 

1809-12  MAR.  EUGEWORTH  Ennui  x,  Lady  Geraldine  and 
Cecil  Devereux  ..  were  in  a  recessed  window.  1867  LADY 
HEUBERT  Cradle  L.  iii.  90  Underneath  this  basilica  is  a  little 
recessed  chapel.  1873  SHELLEY  Workshop  Appliances  223 
The  first  [pin-drill],  with  three  cutting  edges,,  .being  some 
times  called  a  recessing-bitt.  1874  PARKER  Goth.  A  rchit.  i. 
iv.  114  In  many  of  the  earlier  examples  the  square  profile  of 
the  recessed  Norman  arch  is  retained. 

t  Rece-ssful,  a.  Obs.—^  [f.  RECESS  sb.  + 
-FUL.]  To  which  recess  or  recourse  may  be  had. 
Also  B-ece'ssfully  adv.  (cf.  RECESS  sb.  5  b). 

1646  J.  GREGORY  Notes  <y  Obs.  33  It  was  disposed  of  in 
some  eminent  or  recessefull  place  of  the  City.  Ibid.  To 
Rdr.,  Who  recessefully  and  impertinently  pretend  to  a  Spirit 
of  Interpretation. 

Recession  (r/se'Jan),  sbj-  [ad.  L.  recession-cm 
(Vitruvius),  n.  of  action  f.  recedere  to  RECEDE.  Cf. 
mod.F.  recession^  It.  recessione  (Florio).] 

1.  The  action  of  receding  from  a  place  or  point ; 
withdrawal,  retirement. 

t  Recession  of  the  equinoxes  :  see  PRECESSION. 

a  1651  J.  SMITH  Sel.  Disc,  ix.  vi.  (1660)  419  Neither  were 
It  a  Happiness  worth  the  having,  for  a  Mind,  . .  by  a  reces 
sion  into  it  self,  to  spend  an  Eternity  in  self-converse.  1691 
RAY  Creation  \.  (1692)  185  The  Sun  . .  plying  them  always 
alike  without  any  annual  Recession  or  intermission.  1704 
J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tec/in,,  Recession  of  the  Equinoxes  is  the 
going  back  of  the  Equinoctial  Points  every  Year  about  50 
Seconds.  1789  K.  DARWIN  Bot.  Card.  I.  (17^1)  Notes  15 
Particles  mutually  recede  from  and  approach  each  other  re 
ciprocally  ;  at  the  times  of  their  recession  from  each  other 
[etc.].  1853  C.  BRONTE  Villette  xxvi,  She  seemed  to  recede. 
I  drew  nearer  :  her  recession,  still  silent,  became  swift.  1879 
PROCTOR  Pleas.  Ways  Sc.  iv.  99  The  method  shows  no  signs 
of  approach  or  recession  in  the  moon's  case. 

D.  Used  with  ref.  to  receding  or  distant  parts  of 
surfaces  or  outlines.     (See  also  RECESSOB.) 

1753  HOGARTH  Anal.  Beauty  yC\\.  101  Planes  or  fiat  surfaces 
. .  have  their  appearances  of  recession  perfected  by  the  first 
species  of  retiring  shades.  1821  CRAIG  Lect.  Drawing,  etc. 
i.  44  Those  degrees  of  light  and  dark  which  arise  from  differ 
ence  of  local  colour,  or  from  recession  in  distance.  1870 
RUSKIN'  Lect.  Art  v.  126  The  solid  forms  of  an  object,  that 
is  to  say,  the  projections  or  recessions  of  its  surface  within 
the  outline. 

c.  A  setting  or  going  back  in  time.  rare. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  317  They  must  ..  endure 
anticipation  and  recession  from  the  moveable  condition  of 
their  causes,     a  1876  M.  COLLINS  Th.  in  Garden  (1880)  II. 
290  Has  there  really  been  a  recession  of  the  seasons,  so 
that  summer  comes  later  every  year? 

2.  The  action  of  receding,  retiring,  or  departing, 
in  various  transf.  or _/?£•.  senses.     Const,  from. 

Common  in  1716  c.  (esp.  in  Jer.  Taylor's  works)  of  de 
parture  from  a  principle,  state  or  condition. 

1647  JER.  TAYLOR  Lib.  Pro6h.  viii,  152  It  is  a  plaine  reces 
sion  from  Antiquity.     1659  W.  BROUGH  Schism  524  There  is 
no  sin  nor  schism  in  our  recession  from  them,    a  1716  SOUTH 
Serin.  X.  301  (T.)  His  [Christ's]  whole  life  went  in  a  constant 
recession  from  his  own  rights.     1758  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  32 
P  13  All  this  is  a  temporary  recession  from  the  realities  of 
life  to  airy  fictions.     1859  J.  GUMMING  Ruth  iii.  41  He  may 
leave  us  . .  to  taste  the  bitterness  of  our  recession  so  far  and 
so  criminally  from  Him. 

3.  The  departure  of  a  quality  or  property  from 
that  in  which  it  exists. 

1659  PEARSON  Creed  iv.  (1839)  301  Death  is  nothing  else 
but  the  privation  or  recession  of  life.  1836  TODD  Cycl.  Anat. 
I.  801/2  The  recession  of  heat  from  the  limbs  \\as  noticed 
by  Hippocrates.  \^^Allbutt"sSyst.J\led.  VIII.  304  There 
is  little  wonder  that  in  some  cases  the  recession  of  mental 
function  is  not  on  physiological  lines. 

Recession  (rise-fan),  sb.~  [f.  RE-  5  a  + CES 
SION  :  cf.  RECEDE  z>.2]  The  action  of  ceding  back. 

1890  Century  Mag.  Jan.  475/2  A  bill  for  the  recession  [of 
the  Yosemite  Valley]  to  the  United  States. 

Recessional  (r/se-Janal),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  RE 
CESSION  S&.1  +  -AL.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Eccl.  Belonging  to  the  recession  or 
retirement  of  the  clergy  and  choir  from  the  chancel 
to  the  vestry  at   the   close   of  the   service;   esp. 
recessional  hymn,  a  hymn  sung  while  this  retire 
ment  is  taking  place. 

1867  Ch.  Opinion  13  Apr.  15  The  service  concluded  with  a 
recessional  hymn.  1882  Homilet.  Monthly  Apr.  410  The 
ritualist.,  orders  his  processional  and  recessional  movements 
with  toll  of  bell  and  thunder  of  organ. 

2.  Belonging  to  a  recess  (of  Parliament). 

1895  Westm.  Gaz.  24  Aug.  2/2  The  Government . .  con 
tinues  to  pile  up  work  for  the  Recess  and  next  Session. 
The  recessional  work  promised  by  the  Home  Secretary  [etc.]. 

B.  sb.  A  recessional  hymn. 

1867  in  Life  Jas.  Skinner  x'ni.  (1884)  253  To  crown  all,  we 
had  '  O  Paradise  ! '  as  a  recessional. 


RECESSIVE. 

Rece'SSive,  a.  [f.  L.  recess-,  ppl.  stem  of 
recedrre  to  RECEDE  +  -IVE.]  Tending  to  recede. 

1672-3  GREW  I'cget.  Roots  §  38  They  will  also  be  more 
Pliable  and  recessive  from  the  Centre.  1721  J.  CLARKE 
Moral  Evil  23  That  the  constituent  particles  of  it  should  be 
induced  with  particular  impulsive  or  recessive  forces. 

Hence  Rece'ssively  adv.,  in  a  receding  manner. 

1886  Edin.  Rev.  Oct.  494  As  she  [Greece]  passes  recessively 
from  the  grand  Attic  period  to  the  Spartan,  the  Theban,  the 
Macedonian,  and  the  Asiatic. 

Recessor.  (?  Misprint  for  recession?) 

(11637  B.  JONSON  Discov.  (1640)  112  From  the  opticks  it 
[painting] . .  tooke  shadowes,  recessor,  light,  and  heightnings. 

Recet,  -eett(e,  obs.  ff.  RESET  sb.  and  v.  Re- 
cetter,  -or,  obs.  ff.  RESETTER.  Receve,  obs.  f. 
RECEIVE.  Recewle.var.ofRECUEiL.  Reoeypte, 
Receyt(e,  Rsceytour,  Reoeyve,  obs.  ff.  RE 
CEIPT,  RECEIPTEK,  RECEIVE. 

Rech,  obs.  f.  REACH  sb.1  and  z/.1,  RICH  v. 

Rechabite  (re-kabair.  [ad.  biblical  L.  Recha- 
bita,  used  in  pi.  to  render  Heb.  O'33T  Rekabim,  f. 
the  personal  name  Rekab :  see  Jer.  xxxv.  2-19.] 
One  of  a  Jewish  family  descended  from  Jonadab, 
son  of  Rechab,  which  refused  to  drink  wine  or 
live  in  houses.  Hence  (a)  one  who  abstains  from 
intoxicating  liquors ;  now  spec,  a  member  of  the 
Independent  Order  of  Rechabites,  a  benefit  society 
founded  in  1835  >  C*)  a  dweller  in  tents. 

1382  WYCLIF  yer.  xxxv.  3  Jeconye  . .  and  alle  his  sonus, 
and  al  the  hous  of  Rechabitis.  1535  COVERDALE  ibid.,  The 
whole  housholde  off  the  Rechabites.  c  1681  (title}  The 
English  Rechabite,  or  a  Defyance  to  Bacchus  and  all  his 
Works.  £1720  PRIOR  Wandering  Pilgrim  9  A  Rechabite 
poor  Will  must  live,  And  drink  of  Adam's  ale.  1860  RUSSELL 
Diary  India  II.  xviii.  345  Cone  after  cone  of  canvas  offers 
brief  shelter  to  the  Rechabite. 

Hence  Be-chabitism,  the  practice  of  abstaining 
from  intoxicating  liquors ;  the  principles  or  prac 
tice  of  the  friendly  society  of  Rechabites. 

1870  Rechabite  $  Temperance  Mag.  Jan.  8  To  extend  the 
blessings  of  Rechabitism  throughout  ..the  land. 

t  Rechace.  Obs.  rare-1.  [zd.OV.rac/iasnom. 
of  rachat  f.  re-  RE-  +  achat  ACHATE  sb?]  The 
act  of  buying  back  or  redeeming. 

c  1460  SIR  R.  Ros  La  Belle  Dame,  etc.  324  He  bat  ones  to 
loue  dothe  his  omage,  Full  often  tyme,  der  boght  is  the 
rechace. 

Rechaee,  variant  of  RECHASE  sb.  and  v. 

t  Rechafe,  sb.  [RE-  5  a.]    A  repeated  chafing. 

1581  J.  BELL  H  addon' sAnsvv.  Osor.  307  b,  Archbyshoppes, 
and  monckes  ..  roonning  to  Rome  in  their  often  chafe  and 
rechafe,  sweating  and  turmoyling. 

Rechafe,;'.  [RE- 5 a.  Cf. RECHAUFE v.~\  trans. 
To  chafe  again. 

1583  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Deut.  Pref.  3  Although  they  haue 
been  oftentimes  chafed  and  rechafed  yet  are  they  so  starke 
and  stiffe  for  colde  that  they  have  no  force  nor  might. 

So  f  Beoha'fement.   Obs.—1 

1609  [Bp.  W.  BARLOW]  Anfiu.  Nameless  Cath.  364  They 
take  order  to  keep  put  and  cut  off  the  originall  nourishing 
inflamers,  which  minister  the  rechaffment  to  these  disloyal 
attempts. 

Rechai-n,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  chain  again. 

<zi7ti  KEN  Hymns  Evang.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  171  He 
their  malicious  Tyranny  restrain'd,  And  orders  gave  they 
shou'd  be  all  rechain'd. 

Rechange  (rilp'-ndj),  sb.  Also  5  Sc.  re- 
oheng(e,  5-6  rechaunge,  6  rechaynge.  [f.  RE- 
5  a  +  CHANGE  sb.'] 

fl.  The  RE-EXCHANGE  on  a  bill.  Obs. 

So  F.  rechange  (1680  in  Hatz.-Darm.).  See  also  RECAMBY. 

1489  Sc.  Acta  Dam.  Cone.  130/1  pe  recheng  interess 
dampnage  &  expensis  sustenit  be  be  said  reuerent  faider 
extending.. to  be  soume  of  xij<»  of  ross  noblis.  1492  in 
Arnolde  Chron.  (1502)  H  iv,  Alle  maner  costis  lossis  and 
damagis  whiche  shall  happen  top  falle  for  lac  of  payment  at 
the  daye  aforesayde  of  the  principal!  somme  aboue  sayde  be 
it  bee  exchaunge  rechaunge  or  other  wyse.  1538  in  R.  G. 
Marsden  Sel.  PI.  Crt.  Adin.  (1894)  I.  72  To  pay  change  and 
rechaunge  after  the  use  and  custum  of  merchants.  1682 
SCARLETT  Exchanges  294  By  Re-change  here  and  else-where, 
ts  meant,  the  whole  Bill  which  is  advanced  with  the  Re- 
change,  Provisions  and  Charges,  &c.  . .  and  not  the  bare  I 
Re-change  only,  which  is  the  Monyes  that  exceeds  the 
Value  of  the  first  Bill. 

1 2.  The  act  of  re-exchanging  (money  or  goods). 

1487 'Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  403/1  An  Act  against  Exchange 
and  Rechange,  without  the  Kings  License.  1503  Ibid. 
525/1  Money  in  Golde  or  Silver,  whiche.. cannot  come  to 
the  proffete  of  the  Kyngs  Realme . .  without  exchaynge  or 
rechaynge  made  in  the  Landes  beyond  the  See.  1570  DEE 
Math,  p  -ef.  *ij,  Certaine  and  generall  Rules  for  Exchaunge 
ofmoney.and  Rechaunge.  1622  U^\-tif.sAnc.La-M-Afercli. 
371  The  benefit  or  profit  of  exchange  is  never  known 
directly  but  by  the  rechange  thereof.  1623  in  Rymer 
foedera  XVIII.  146  With  sufficient  Meanes  for  the  Re- 
change  of  the  Tokens  to  be  uttered  to  the  Citizens. 

3.  The  act  of  changing  or  altering  again. 

a,I?so,{"'.afe  Hypocr.  i.  192  in  Skelion's  U'ks.  (1843)  II. 
416/1  Which  [Tread  with]  chaunge  and  rechaunge  Of 
fastmges  and  of  feestes.  a  1586  SIDNEY  Arca,lia  (1622)  232 
Neuer  the  Muses  more  tired  then  now  with  changes  & 
"nt  ^fs.  of.  his  deu'ses.  1642  SPELMAN  View  Printed 
rr'.3°  Wlth  ™  the  space  of  500  yeares . .  how  many  changes 
\printed  thinges]  and  rechanges  had  they  of  their  Gouern- 
ment.  1890  LOWELL  Inscr.  Bust  Fielding,  He.  .saw  the  ' 
Sphinx,  now  bestial,  now  divine,  In  change  and  rechange. 

Rechange  (rftj/hidj),  v.  Also  6  rechaung(e.   i 

[f.  RE-  5  a  +  CHANGE  v.,  perh.  after  F.  rechangtr.]    | 


239 

1.  To  change  or  alter  again,     a.  intr.  or  absol. 

1579  LYLY  Euphues  (Arb.)  98  Helen  of  Greece,  .chaunged 
and  rechaunged  at  hir  pleasure,  I  graunt.  1594  T.  B.  La 
Primaud.  J-'r.  Acad.  n.  155  It..addeth  thereunto  or 
diminisheth,  changeth  and  rechangeth.  1682  BUNYAN  Holy 


aii.Kcii:>  ui  luenucHi  lurnii 
us  change  and  rechange. 
b.  trans. 

1592  KYD  Sol.  ff  Pers.  i.  i.  22  Did  not  I  change  long  loue 
to  sudden  hate;  And  then  rechange  their  hatred  into  loue? 
1644  FEATLY  Roma  Kucns  7  The  whole  world  shall  be 
changed  into  a  second  chaos,  and  that  chaos  shall  be  re- 
changed  into  a  new  world,  a  1774  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Greece  I. 
170  By  this  changing  and  rechanging  the  order  of  battle, 
nothing  farther  was  done  for  that  day.  1896  Daily  News 
19  Nov.  6/5  Recusancy,  or  the  crime  of  not  being  able  to 
change,  and  even  re-change,  one's  religion  at  the  command 
of  the  Privy  Council,  figures  conspicuously. 

f2.  trans,  (and  absol.)  To  re-exchange  (goods 
or  money).  Obs. 

1551  Epw.  VI  Jrnl.  in  Lit.  Rent.  (Roxb.)  II.  406  Liberty 

was  gevin  to  the  marchauntis  to  exchaung  and  rechaung 

money   for  money.     1622   MABUF.   tr.   Alcman's   Guzman 

tfAlf.  n.  239  There  is  no  negociating  now  adayes,  but  with 

(    it  [honesty]  and  with  money  ;  changing  and  rechanging  as 

j    the  market  goes. 

Hence  Becha-ngiug  vbl.  sb. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rimuta,  a  remoouing  or  rechanging.  1612 
BREREWOOD  Lang,  tg  Relig.  47  Nothing  is  found  of  any 
rechanging  of  those  languages  from  the  Roman,  into  the 
state  wherein  now  they  are. 

Recha'nt,  v.     [f.  RE-  +  CHANT  v.,  perh.  after 

j    f.rechanter  (1288)  or  L.  recantdre:  ct.  RECANT 

z/.2]     intr.  and  trans.  To  chant  again  or  in  reply; 

to  repeat  in  chanting.     Hence  Becha'nted,  Be- 

cha-nting///.  adjs. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Dn  Bartas  n.  i.  iv.  IfanJie-crafls  31 
[  Hark,  hark,  the  cheerful!  and  re-chanting  cries  Of  old  and 
young;  singing  this  joyfull  Ditty.  1633  PRYNNE  irf  Pt. 
Histrio-m.  532  b,  Whiles  they  chaunt  and  recbaunt  this. 
1641  R.  BAILLIE  Canterb.  Self-convict.  Large  Suppl. 
Postscr.  i  To  parallel  the  Scottish  Covenanters  with  Jesuites 
is  the  old  and  oft  rechanted  son[g]  of  your  fellows. 

Recha'OS,  v.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
reduce  again  to  chaos. 

1611  J.  DAVIES  Scourge  of  Folly  \MVs.  (Grosart)  II.  53 
Shee  shall  Preserue  thy  name  till  she  re-chaos'd  go  I'o 
purging-flames.  1616  —  Sir  T,  Overbury  Ibid.  16  So  shall 
thy  stay,  when  states  re-chaosed  lie,  Make  thee  great 
Steward  to  Eternitie. 

Recharge  (nt/a-ad.*,),  sb.     Now  rare.     [f.  RE- 

+  CHARGE  sb.,  prob.  after  F.  recharge  (1433).] 

1.  A  fresh  charge  or  load.  rare. 

1611  FLORIO,  Ricarica,  a  recharge,  a  reburthen.  1727-41 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  recharge  should  never  be  so  deep 
as  the  first  charge,  lest  the  piece,  .should  burst. 

t  2.  The  act  of  accusing  in  return.   06s.—1 

1637  C.  Dow  Atis-.v.  H.  Barton  127  His  brave  retort  and 
recharge  of  sedition  upon  them. 

3.  A  renewed  or  return  charge  in  battle. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  675  That  buffetting 
representeth  the  charging  of  the  enemie,  and  the  avoiding 
of  his  recharge,  a.  1656  USSHER  Ann.  (1658)  749  Caesars 
ships  being. .ready  for  any  needs  of  service,  either  for 
charge  or  recharges,  or  to  turn  about.  1802  JAMES  Milit. 
Diet.,  Recharge,  a  renewal  of  the  charge  or  attack. 

t  b.  Jig.  A  renewed  attack  of  something.   Obs.~ l 

1620  J.  PYTER  tr.  Hist.  Astrea  l.  vil.  234  This  recharge  of 
griefe  surprized  me  so  forcibly. 

Recharge  (ntja-jd,*.),  v.  [f.  RE-  +  CHARGE 
v.,  perh.  after  F.  rtchargtr  (isth  c.).] 

1.  trans,  f  a.  To  reload  (a  vessel).     Also  refl. 
and  absol.  Obs. 

1432  Rails  ofParlt.  IV.  4I7/2  They  [ships]  have  atte  all 
tymes  be  discharged  and  recharged.  1497  Naval  Ace. 
Hen.  F// 11896)  250  The  seid  veassayle  ..  saylyng  . .  vnto 
Portesmouth  &  ther  dyscharged  then  frome  thens  to 
Southampton  &  ther  Recharged  with  the  cordage  1600 
HAKLUYT  yoy.  III.  863  They  bee  there  all  the  winter  in  the 
ports,  to  discharge  their  loding  and  recharge  backe  againe 
1615  tr.  De  Monfart's  Sum.  E.  Indies  35  The  Portugalls 
mutually  come  to  discharge  and  recharge  themselues. 
b.  To  put  a  fresh  charge  in;  to  refill,  reload. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  167  As  soon  as  the  melting-pot  is 
emptied,  it  is  immediately  re-charged.  1876  PREECE  &  SIVE- 
WRICHT  Telegraphy  21  In  recharging  the  battery  the  liquid 
drawn  off  from  the  zinc  cells  is  again  employed  in  them. 

2.  f  a.  To  charge  or  accuse  in  return.   Obs. 
'594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  in.  xi.  §  13  Whereupon  ihey  re- 

charge  vs,  as  if  in  these  things  we  gaue  the  Church  a  libertie 
which  hath  no  limits  or  bounds.  1697  G.  KEITH  2«rf  \arr 
Proc.  Turner's  Hall  33  Whereas  I  charged  T.  Elw.  with 
perverting  the  Apostles  Creed,  he  recharges  me,  and  lays 
the  whole  Ground  of  his  Charge  upon  a  Quibble. 

b.  To  make  a  new  charge  against. 

1895  Daily  News  4  Tune  2/5  The  magistrate  ..  then 
directed  that  she  should  be  re-charged  for  the  assault  on 
the  assistant  gaoler. 

c.  intr.  To  repeat  a  charge  or  accusation.   Obs  —' 
1595  DANIEL  Civ.    Wars  i.  Ixi,  Norfolke  denies   them    j 

peremptorily.     Herford  recharg'd. 

3.  To  lay  or  impose  again  as  a  charge,  rare. 
1611  COTGR.,  Reimposer,  to  reimpose,  to  recharge       1665 

WITHER  Lord's  Prayer  2  [He]  shall  have  all  his  suits  re-    I 
jected,  and  his  sins.. recharged  upon  him.     a  1734  NORTH 
Lives  (1826)  II.  in  The  unfair  traders,  and  runners,  and 
such  as  come  in  before  the  duties  are  recharged. 

4.  intr.  To  charge  (in  battle)  again  or  in  return.    I 
1598  BARRET  Thtor.  Warres  in.  i.  43  Then  recharging 

aduisedly  to  be  ready  to  come  vp.     1616  J.  LANE  Cone,    j 


Sqr.'s  T.  ix.  op  With  valient  secondes,  placd  to  recharge 
after.  1666  DRYDEN  Ann.  Mirab.  Ixvii,  They  charge, 
re-charge,  and  all  along  the  Sea  They  drive  and  squander 
the  huge  Belgian  Fleet. 

Hence  Becha'rging  vbl.  sb. 

1892  Daily  Ni~ws  3  June  7/3  The  recharging  occupies  six 
hours.  1897  R.  KEARTON  Nature  ff  Camera  358  The 
recharging  of  dark  slides. 

Recharter  (litjiutai),  sb.  [RE-  53.]  The 
renewal  of  a  charter ;  a  new  or  second  charter. 

1847  in  WERSTKR.  1853  J.  M.  LUDLOW  Hisi.  U.  S.  159  In 
1832  ..  Webster  led  the  new  Whig  party  in  support  of 
its  re-charter.  1878  F.  A.  WALKER  Honey  xx.  457  In  1832 
occurred  the  Recharter,  when  the  Urmk  directors  showed  a 
still  further  change  of  views. 

Recharter  (rftjautw),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  charter  again  ;  to  give  a  new  charter  to.  Hence 
Becha-rtering  vbl.  sb. 

1847  in  WEBSTER.  1876  BANCROFT  Hist.  U.S.  III.  vi. 
373  He  prepared  to  recharter  the  bank  of  England.  1884 
19^/1  Cent.  Dec.  1005  The  Vice-President.  .was  found  to  be 
opposed  to  the  rechartering  of  a  United  States  Bank. 

t  Rechase,  sb.  Obs.  Also  5  rechas,  -chayse, 
5,  (7)  -ohace.  [Perh.  ad.  OF.  *rachas,  nom.  of 
* 'rachat  RECHEAT  sb.]  =  RECHEAT  sb.  (but  in  later 
quots.  possibly  associated  with  RECHASE  z'.l  2  a). 

CI420  Venery  dr  Tiiety  in  Rel.  Ant.  I.  152  Than  shall 
ye  blowe  on  this  maner  a  mote,  and  aftirward  the  rechace 
upon  my  houndys  that  be  past  the  boundys.  c  nzoAntiu-s 
ofArth.  58  The  huntes  bei  halowe,  in  hurstes  and  huwes, 
And  bltiwe  rechas  ryally.  ?c  1475  Sqr.  lo-.ue  Dt-gre  772  To 
here  the  bugles  there  yblow, ..  And  sevenscore  raches  at  his 
rechase.  1634  Malory's  Arthur  n.  cxxxviii,  All  the  blasts 
that  long  to  all  manner  of  games  ;..  to  the  rechace  [Caxton 
rechate]  to  the  flight  [etc.]. 

Recha'se,  vl  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  5  rechasse, 
5-6  rechace.  [a.  F.  rechasser  (i3th  c. ;  OF.  also 
rechacier,  etc.  :  see  RE-  and  CHASE  v.] 

f  1.  trans.  To  chase  or  drive  back  (an  assailant)  ; 
to  chase  in  turn.  Obs. 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  18  After.. the  worthy  Jason  had  re- 
chaced  his  enmyes  unto  nyghe  by  the  ooste.  1523  LD  HEK- 
NERS  Froiss.  I.  cccv.  458  These  fortresses  ..  made  dyuers 
yssues  and  assautes  on  their  neighbours,  Somtyme  chasyng 
and  somtyme  rechased  agayne.  1614  SYLVESTER  Bcthulia's 
Rescue  v.  358  One-while  the  Syrians  by  the  Medes  are 
chas't  ;  Anon  the  Medes  by  Syrians  are  rechas't. 

absol.  1609  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  iv.  xlvii,  Then  these 
assaile,  then  those  rechase  again. 

fb.  To  drive  or  force  back  (a  thing).   Obs.—1 

""533  LD.  BERNERS  Gold.  Bk.  M.  Aurel.  (1546)  Q  vij, 
There  is  nothyng  that  more  rechaceth  the  balle  of  the 
thought. 

2.  fa.  Hunting.  To  chase  (a  deer)  back  into 
the  forest.  Obs. 

c  1369  CHAUCER  Dethc  Blaunche  379  Withynne  a  while 
the  herte  fouride  ys  I-halowed  and  rechased  faste  Longe 
tyme.  1678  PHILLIPS  (ed.  4),  To  Rechace,.. among  Hunts 
men  is  to  make  homewards,  to  drive  back  towards  the 
place  where  the  game  was  rouzud  or  started.  1727-41 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Kecliaciag,  The  keeping  of  running 
dogs  to  rechace  the  deer  into  the  forests. 

b.  To  drive  back  (cattle  or  sheep)  from  one 
pasture  to  another. 

1618  J.  WILKINSON  Courts  Baron  (1620)  147  If  any  tenant 
[    ..doth  vse  in  the  Summer  time  or  open  time  of  the  yeere, 
/    . -_to  bring  Cattell   from  his  other  Farme   into  his  farme 
within  this  Manor,  ..this  is  called  chasing  and  techasing. 
1720  T.  WOOD  Ins;it.  Eng.  Lain  iv.  i.  490  1  he  Homage  may 
also  Enquire. -Of  Chasing  Cattle  into  the  Manor,  and  Re- 
chasing  them.      1851  Dorset  Gloss.,  Chase  and  re-chase,  to 
drive  sheep  at  particular  times  from  one  pasture  to  another. 

t  c.  To  drive  or  course  (horses)  back  over  the 
same  ground.  Obs. 

1607  MARKHAM  Caval.  i.  (1617)  54  Albe  some  Authors  giue 
aduice  to  chase  and  rechase  your  Mares  vp  and  downe  the 
ground.  Ikid.  III.  9  The  best  mettald  Horses,  if  they  be 
chaste  and  rechaste  without,  .some  incouragement,  will  by 
degrees  growe  worse  and  worse. 

t  3.  intr.  ?  To  be  engaged  in  rechasing.   Obs.—1 

Perh.  a  transferred  use  of  23,  suggested  by  the  hunting 
sense  of  quest ;  but  the  correct  reading  may  be  theire 
chase  is. 

c  1485  Digby  Myst.  v.  723  The  queste  of  holborn  come  in 
to  this  places,  a-geyne  the  right  euer  thei  rechases. 
Hence  f  Becha'ser  ;  t  Becha'sing  vbl.  sbl 
x6«  FLORIO,  Riccacciamenti,  rechasings.     1727-41  CHAM 
BERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Rechacing,  Antiently  there  were  offices  of 
rechacers  of  the  deers  bestowed  by  the  king  oa  gentlemen, 
or  old  hunters. 

i  Recha-se,  z/.2  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  -chace. 
[var.  of  rechate  RECHEAT  v.,  after  RECHASE  sb.] 
intr.  To  recheat.  Hence  t  Becha-sing  vbl.  sb.% 

CI450  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Douce  335)  xxxiii.  If.  60  He 
sholde  rechace  with  oute  long  mote ;  for  the  mote  shold 
neuer  be  blowe  before  this  rechasyng. 

Recha-sten,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  chasten  again. 

1817  MOORE  Lalla  R.,  Proph.Khor.  n,  To  see  Those  vir 
tuous  eyes  for  ever  turn'd  on  me;  And  in  their  light  re- 
chasten'd  silently.  .Grow  pure  by  being  purely  shone  upon. 

Rechat\e  :  see  RECHEAT  sb.  and  v. 

t  Rechatl'fe,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  F.  rechauffer: 
see  next.]  trans.  To  warm  (again). 

a  1521  R.  COPLAND  Knt.  oftheSmanne  ix,  After  that  the 
good  hermit  had  done  his  possibilitie  to  susteine  and  re- 
chaufe  the  .vii.  litle  chyldren.  1579  BAKER  Guydons  Quest. 
Chirurg.  27  It  is  ordeyned  for  to  rechaufe  the  parts  next 
thereto,  as  Galen  sayth. 

i!  Rechauffe'  (wjofe).  [F.,  pa.  pple.  of  re- 
chauffer  to  warm  up  again,  f.  re-  +  {chauffer :  see 
RE- and  CHAFE  v.]  A  warmed-up  dish;  hence 


RE-CHAW. 

fig.  something  old   served  up  or  presented  again,    f 
esp.  a  rehash  of  literary  matter. 

1805  Edin.  Rev.  Apr.  133  It  is  really  waiting  time  to  con- 
fute  this  rechauffe"  of  a  theory.  1864  (?.  Rev.  July  83  A  re- 
chaiiffe  of  the  forgotten  criticisms  of  one  of  our  old  English 
deists.  1870  Miss  BROUGHTON  Red  as  Rose  I.  xiii.  272 
A  rfchauffc  of  one's  own  stale  speeches  is  not  au  appetising 
dish. 

Re-chaw,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To  chaw  again. 

1616  J.  LANE  Cont.  Sqr.'s  T.  vu.  102  Which  soddaine 
motion  so  entind  his  blood,  as  causd  him  aye  rechawe  his 
moodie  cudd. 

Rechayse,  variant  of  RECHASE  sb.  Obs. 

Rechche,  Reche,  obs.  forms  of  RECK  v. 

t  Reche,  v.  Obs.-1  [Of  obscure  origin:  cf. 
RACHE  v*]  trans.  To  tear,  rend. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  13939  He  wan  vpo  fote,  Ail-to  rechit 
his  robis  &  his  ronke  here ;  Fowle  frusshet  his  face  with  his 
felle  nailes. 

Reche,  obs.  form  of  REACH,  RETCH. 
Recheat  (rftff  t),  +  rechate,  sb.    Obs.  exc. 

arch.  Also  8  ra-.  [Prob.  ad.  OF.  *rachatt  vbl. 
sb.  from  rachatcr  RECHEAT  v.]  t  a.  The  act  of  ! 
calling  together  the  hounds  to  begin  or  continue  the 
chase  of  a  stag,  or  at  the  close  of  the  hunt.  Obs. 
rare.  b.  The  series  of  notes  sounded  on  a  horn 
for  one  or  other  of  these  purposes. 

1470-85  MALORY  A  rthur  x.  lii,  Fyrste  to  the  vncoupelynge, 
to  the  sekynge,  to  the  rechate,  to  the  flyghte.  1573  Ti  R- 
HKKV.  I'enerie  xl.  in  They  may  come  in  nearer  towardes 
their  houndes  &  blowe  a  Rechate  to  their  houndes  to  corn- 
forte  them.  i59oCocKAiNE  Treat.  Hunting  D  iv,  The  Re 
chate,  with  three  winds,  The  first,  one  long  and  fiue  short. 
The  second  one  long  and  one  short.  The  third,  one  long 
and  sixe  short.  1602  -2nd  Pt.  Return  fr.  Parnnss.  \\.  v.  853 
As  you  sounded  the  recheat  before,  so  now  you  must  sound 
the  relcefe  three  times.  1651  DAVENANT  Gondibert  u. 
x.xxvii,  Now  winde  they  a  Recheat,  the  rous'd  Dear's  knell. 
1741  Compl.  Fam.-Picce  n.  i.  292  He  that  gives  the  fat.il 
Blow,  ought  to  sound  a  Racheat,  to  assemble  together  the 
rest  of  the  Company,  as  also  the  Dogs.  1862  Luck  of 
Ladysmede  II.  343,  1  did  not  think  there  was  one  amongst 
ye  who  could  sound  a  recheat  so  like  mine  own. 

fig-  *599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado  \.  i.  242  That  I  will  haue  a 
rechate  winded  in  my  forehead,  .all  women  shall  pardon  me. 

t  Recheat,  rechate,  v.  Obs.   Also  6  rechat. 

[ad.   OF.  rachater,  racheter  to   reassemble,  rally    , 
(Godef.).]     intr.  To  blow  a  recheat.    Also  with  in.    , 

13. .  Ga-M.  <$•  Or.  Knt.  1911  Huntes  hy^ed  hem  beder,  with    [- 
hornez  ful  mony,  Ay  rechatande  ary;t  til  bay  be  renk  se^en.    i 
Ibid.  1446.    (-1400  Master  cf  Game  I.MS.  Digby  182)  xxxiii, 
He  shulde  rechate  . .  and  blowe  after  ^at  a  moote.     Ibid.     , 
xxxv,  ptn  shull  blowe  a  moot  and  rechate  and  relaye  and     | 
go  forth  ber  with  awaye  rechatyn^e  amonge.     1526  SKELTON* 
Magnyf.  2177  Yonder  is   a  horson  for  me  dotli  rechate:     i 
Adewe,  syrs,  for  I  thynke  leyst  that  I  come  to  late,     1575 
TURBERV.   Generic  xl.  114   If  they  finde  that  he  hunteth 
the  chaffed  Deare,  they  shall  rechate  in  for  the  rest  of  the 
houndes.     1602  -2nd  Pt.  Returnfr,  Parnass.  n.  v.  850  Then 
must  you  sound  3  notes,  with  3  windes,  and  recheat  . .  vpon 
the  same  with  3  windes.     1612  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  xiii.  127 
Rechating  with  his  horn,  which  then  the  hunter  cheats. 

Hence  Rechea'ting  vbl.  sb. 

c  1400  Master  of  Gams  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxiii,  pe  moot 
shulde  neuer  be  blowe  byfore  be  rechatynge. 

fReched.   Obs.—'1     (Meaning  unknown.) 

? a  1400  Morfc  Arth.  3264  The  rowelle  whas  rede  golde 
with  ryalle  stonys,  Raylide  with  reched  and  rubyes  inewe.  ' 

Recheer  [»ljt»M),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  cheer  or  encourage  again. 

1614  SYLVESTER  Bethulias  Rescue  iv.  392  Untill  . .  The 
courteous  General's  words  re-cheer  her.  a  1618  —  Job  in.  63 
Re-comfort  them  shall  Thou,  And  thus  re-cheer  them,  a  1711 
KEN  Hytnnarium  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  142  In  short  time  the 
Light  Recheers  their  Sight.  1773  J.  Ross  Fratricide  in.  545 
(MS.)  Eternal  clemency  will  hear  thy  suit,  Absolve  the  error 
and  thy  soul  recheer. 

2.  To  salute  again  with  a  cheer  or  cheers. 

1880  Standard  20  May  3  The  vessels  sail  one  by  one  out 
of  the  Sound,  cheered  and  re-cheered  by  women  and  children. 

f  Re-chelen,  v.  Obs."1  [f.  rechel-s  REKELS  : 
cf.  OE.  recelsian.']  trans.  To  smoke  with  incense. 

c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  133  Zacharie  bo  be  he  gede  in  f>e 
temple  mid  his  rechel  fat  to  rechelende  J>e  alter. 

Recheles,  var.  of  RKKELS,  incense.  Obs. 
Recheles,  -leshed(e,  -lesliche,  -lesnes(se, 

obs.  ff.  RECKLESS  a.,  RKCKLESSHEAD,  etc. 

t  Recheles-ship.  Obs.  In4-shepe,-schipe, 
5  rechelaschepe,  [f.  ME.  recheles  RECKLESS  + 
-SHIP.]  Recklessness,  carelessness. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  2559  Wyllyng,  certys,  y 
dyd  hyt  noght,  But  for  rechelesshepe  of  boght.     13..  Prick    • 
of  Love  355  in  Min.  Poems  fr.  Vernon  MS.  277  Rechele- 
schipe  is  the  thridde  [sin]— pou  takest  no  kep  what  men  be    , 
bidde.    c  1430  Freemasonry  (1840)  191  Suche  a  mon,  throve    I 
rechelaschepe,  Myjth  do  the  craft  schert  worschepe. 

t  Rechelest,  -lust.  Obs.  rare.  [OE.  reccettest, 
f.  recceleas  RECKLESS.]  Carelessness,  negligence. 

<r888  K.  ^ELFRED  Boeth.  xviii.  §  3  Hi ..  for  recceleste  for- 
leton  unwriten  ^ara  monna  Seawas.     c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.     \ 
45   purh   mannes   gemeleste  and  purh  mannes  recheleste. 
Ibid.  63  purh  uniweald  oSer  recheluste. 

Rechel-fat,  var.  of  REKEL-FAT,  censer.  Obs. 

Rechelis,  var.  REKELS,  incense.  Obs. 

11  Recherche  (r^Jgrf^),  a.  [F.,  pa.  pple.  of 
rechercher^  f.  re-  RE-  +  chercher  to  seek,  SEARCH.] 
Carefully  sought  out;  hence,  extremely  choice  or 
rare.  (Common  in  igth  c.,  esp.  of  meals,  articles 
of  food  or  drink,  and  dress.) 


240 

1722  RICHARDSON  Statues  Italy  121  This  Excuse  may  be 
thought  too  partial,  and  RechercliZ.  1776  H.  WALPOLE 
Corr.  (1857)  VI.  310  Sly  as  Montesquieu  without  being  so 
reclierclie.  1823  BYRON  Juan  xin.  xxviii,  At  Henry's  man 
sion,  then,.. Was  Juan  a  rec/u-rcte,  welcome  guest.  1838 
LONGK.  in  l.ij't:  (1891)  I.  298  A  quiet  recJiercke  dinner  at  the 
Albion.  1883  Century  Mag.  Aug.  608/1  A  tasteful  and 
rcchcrch^  stock  of  frames  and  feathers  and  ribbons. 

Reches,  obs.  form  of  RICHES. 

K/echeW  (itt$ff),v.  [RE-  j  a.]    To  chew  again. 

1609  J.  DAVIES  Holy  Rood  G  iij  b',  Nor  could  He  (as  some 
Beasts  rechew  their  meat..)  Rechew  this  Bread.  1713 
C'TESS  WINCHELSF.A  Misc.  I'oetns  292  When  . .  unmolested 
Kine  rechew  the  Cud.  1856  J.  GUMMING  Script.  Readings, 
Dent.  xiv.  228  The  animal  that  rechews  its  food  as  the  sheep. 

Kechi'ld,  v.  [RE- 5  a.]  To  become  a  child  again. 

1606  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  H.  iv.  n.  Alagtiificence  526 
When  he  (re-childing)  sought  With  childish  sport  to  still 
thy  cryes. 

E,echless(e,  -les(s)ly,  -lesness,  obs.  ff.  RECK 
LESS  a.,  RECKLESSLY,  -NESS. 

Reclioose  (ntj?rz),  v .  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
choose  again. 

1690  CHILD  Disc.  Trade  (1694)  149  All  the  twelve  to  be 
rechosen.  1795  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rer.  XVI.  524  The 
liberty  of  rechoosing  the  members  of  the.. assembly.  1885 
Xortk  Star  i  July  3/2  The  old-time  ceremony  of  re- 
choosing  a  representative. 

iteciiristen  (nkri-s'n),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  christen  anew  ;  to  rename. 

1796  LAM  B  Let.  to  Coif  ridge  10  June,  Now  it  is  rechristened 
from  a  Sonnet  to  an  Pension.  1822  T.  L.  PEACOCK  Maid 
Marian  221  He  was  rechristened  without  a  priest.  1861 
J.  G.  SHEITARD  Fall  Rome  vi.  334  It  was  deemed  advisable 
to  re-christen  the  district  with  the  old  imperial  name. 

Rechrrstianize,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To 

christianize  again  or  afresh. 

1792  Gcntl.  Mag.  LXII.  i.  147  His  assertion,  that  the 
world  wants  to  be  re-christianized.  1851  C.  WORDSWORTH 
Occas.  Serin.  Ser.  n.  25  His  more  proper  task  of  re- 
christianizing  the  multitudes  of  his  own  Italy. 

Reeht,  Sc.  form  of  RIGHT  a.  and  adv. 
Rechy,  variant  of  RF.ECHY  a. 
t  Reci'de,  v.  Obs.    Also  7  reside,     [ad.  L.  re- 
dderc,  i.  re-  RE-  +cadere  to  fall.     Cf.  INCIDE  v.-] 

1.  intr.  To  fall  back,  relapse. 

1628  FELTHAM  Resolves  11.  xcvii.  284  All  good  things,., 
without  perpetual!  vigilancie,.  .will  reside  [ed.  1677,  recide], 
and  fall  away.  1643  Plain  English  21  People  conceive  the 
Parliament  recide  from  their  principles  and  votes. 

2.  [For  residt.'."]    To  subside,  go  down. 

1634  T.JOHNSON  Pnrey's  Chirnrg.  vin.  xiii.  (1678)  205  The 
tumor ..  will  recide  without  noise,  either  by  the  pressure  of 
your  fingers,  or  [etc.1. 

Recide,  Reoidence,  obs.  ff.  RESIDE,  etc. 

t  Recidivate,  pa.  pplc.  and  v.  Obs.  rare. 
Also  6  res-,  [f.  ppl.  stem  med.L.  recidivare,  f. 
recidivus  RECIDIVE.]  a.  pa.  pple.  Fallen  back. 
b.  v.  intr.  To  fall  back,  relapse. 

1528  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  59  Y«. . 
Mayor  . .  being  residivate  into  the  saide  interdiction.  1611 
COTGR.,  Reaaarer,  to  recidiuate,  relapse,  fall  backe,  or 
againe.  a  1626  Up.  ANDREWES  Opuscula  (1629)  79  (L.) 
Thus  then  to  recidivate,  and  to  go  against  her  own  act  and 
promise  [etc.].  1677  COLES  Eng.-Lat.  Diet.,  To  Recidivate, 
recido,  rclabar. 

t  Recidivation.  Obs.  Also  5  resydyua- 
cion,  5-6  -iuation,  6  -evatyon  ;  6-7  resid-, 
recydiuation  (-acion,  etc.)'  [a.  F.  r£cidivation 
(igth  c.),  or  ad.  med.L.  recidlvation-em ^  n.  of  action 
f.  recidivare  :  see  prec.] 

1.  Relapse   into  sin,    error,   crime,  etc.  ;   back 
sliding,  apostasy.     (Very  common  in  171(1  c.) 

c  1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  1856  As  for  Resydiuacion 
ys  no  more  to  sey  But  aftyr  confession  turnyng  ayene  to 
syn.  1513  BRADSHAW  St.  Werburgc  n.  452  The  faith  of 
holy  churche  dyd  ever  there  endure  Without  recidiuacipn 
and  infection  sure.  1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Ecclns.  xxxiv. 
coinm,^  Recidivation  into  sinne  maketh  the  former  repent 
ance  frustrate.  1693  in  Hickes  &  Nelson  J.  Kettleiuell  in. 
Ixxii.  (1718)  382,  I  promise  a  great  Watchfulness  ..  against 
all  Temptations  to  any  Degrees,  or  Instances,,  .of  Recidi 
vation  till  I  am  called  to  lay  aside  my  Business  here, 

2.  A  relapse  in  a  sickness  or  disease.     (Common 
in  i6-i7th  c.) 

1513  MORE  Rich.  Iff  (1883)  34  There  is  as  phisicians  saye 
..double  the  perill  m  the  recidiuacion  that  was  in  the  first 
sicknes.  1525  St.  Papers  Hen.  VIII  (1849)  VI.  509  The 
Frenche  King  was. .sore  syke  agayne,  fallen  in  to  a  newe 
recidivation.  1610  DONNE  Pseudo-martyr  138  As  all  re- 
cidiuations  and  relapses,  are  worse  then  the  disease.  1697 
R.  PEIRCE  Bath  Mem.  i.  v.  85  Drinking  the  Waters,  to  pre 
vent  the  Return  of  his  Chollick  (for  he  had  had  some 
Threatnings  of  a  Recidivation).  1706  in  PHILLIPS. 

3.  The  fact  of  falling  again  under  an  interdict. 
1528  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  59  Uppon 

payne  of  residivation  into  y*  same  interdiction. 

Recidive  (re-sidiv),  a.  and  sb.    rare.     [ad.  L. 
recidiv-ust  f.  recidere :  see  RECIDE  and  -IVE.     In 
sense  B.  a.  ~  F.  rtcidive,  med.L.  recidiva.] 
jA.  adj.  Falling  back,  relapsing.  Obs. 

*537  CROMWELL  Let.  6  June  in  Merriman  Life  <$•  Lett. 
(1902)  II.  60  But  seing  their  cankred  recidive  hert  [etc.]. 
1659  MACALLO  Can.  Physic k  75  The  evil  humours  remaining 
after  a  Crise,  are  wont  to  make  one  recidive  or  relapsing. 

B.  sb.  -f  a.    =  RECIDIVATION  2.  Obs. 
1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxiv.  xxix.  529  It  might  soone  after 
by  relapse  fall  backe,  as  it  were,  into  a  recidive,  and  a  worse 
disease  and  more  daungerous  than  the  other. 

b.   =  RECIDIVIST. 


RECIPE. 

1854  J.  E.  DALGAIRNS  Dtvot.  Heart  of  Jesus  (ed.  2)  32  The 
feeble  penance  of  such  a  recidive  as  Anne  de  Rohan. 

f  Recidive,  v.  Ol>s~l  [ad.  med.L.  recidivare 
orF. r^cidiver^i^i^}  :  seeprec.]  =  RECIDJVATE v. 

1348  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Mark  x.  73  Ofte  tymes 
recidiuing,  and  falling  into  the  same  disease. 

Recidivism  (rftrdiviz'm).  [f.  as  next  + 
-ISM.]  The  habit  of  relapsing  into  crime. 

1886  Pall  Mall  G.  24  May  3/2  Recidivism  is  largely  repre 
sented  by  the  low  foreheads,  the  scowling  brows  and  cunning 
eyes.  1893  tr.  Ferris  Crim.  Social.  256  The  great  im 
portance  of  statistics  of  recidivism. 

Recidivist  (i/si'divist).  [ad.  mod.  F.  reci- 
divistC)  f.  ricidiveri  see  RECIDIVE  v.  and  -IST.] 
One  who  relapses ;  esp.  one  who  habitually  relapses 
into  crime. 

1880  COBBOLD  in  Land1.  Med.  Record  May  172  Of  the  82 
males,  61  were  cases  of  relapse  ;  of  the  28  women,  10  were 
recidivists.  1882  /'all  Mall  G.  16  Dec.  3  The  convicts,  .are 
to  be  transported  to  Madagascar  and  their  places  taken  by 
the  recidivists  of  France.  1895  tr.  Ferris  Crim.  Social .  255 
The  hardened  recidivists,  who  ought  to  be_considered  as 
degenerate  criminals,  or  criminals  by  profession. 

fig.  1896  Life  A.  J,  Gordon  302  The  human  heart  is,  in 
his  opinion,  an  incorrigible  recidivist. 

Recidi'vity.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ITT.]  Tend 
ency  to  relapse  (Syd.  Soc.  Lex.  1897). 

RecidivOUS  (rftr divas),  a.     [f.  L.  reddw-us 

+  -ous.]     Liable  to  fall  back  or  relapse. 

1658  PHILLIPS,  RecidivonSi  falling,  or  sliding  back  to  the 


ment  ot  agricultural  colonies  lor  reciaivous  criminals. 

tReciduity.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  L.  type  *re- 
cidu-us  (cf.  drtidmis}  +  -ITY.]  =  RECIDIVATION  2. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeau^s  Fr.  Chintrg.  19/1  Where- 
throughe  the  whole  curatione  consisteth  without  reciduitye. 

Reciet,  Recieve,  Reeiffe,  obs.  ff.  RECEIPT 
s&.,  RECEIVE. 

t  Recinct.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  as  next,  or  ad.  It. 
recinto,  ridnto  :  cf.  precinct^  Compass,  circum 
ference,  encircling  line. 

1665  J.  WEBB  Stone-Heng(\Tz$  7  He  calls  Cronets  those 
that  lie  upon  the  Pylasters  of  the  outward  Circle,  in  relation 
to  the  Form  of  a  Crown,  as  making  the  Recinct  thereof. 

t  Recinct,  ».  Obs.  rare  — \  [f.  L.  recinct-^ 
ppl.  stem  of  redngcre :  see  RE-  2  and  ClNCT.] 
trans.  To  surround,  enclose. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeau''s  Fr.  Chintrg.  3ib/i  They 
with  wett  cloutes.  .recincted  and  defended  them. 

i  Reci'iieratiou.  Obs.  rare~^.  [RE-  5  a.] 
A  second  reduction  to  ashes. 

1657-83  EVELYN  Hist.  Relig.  (1850)  I.  199  Things  visible 
are  made  invisible,  and  visible  again  by  the  art  of  fermenta 
tion,. -cribration,  and  even  recineration. 

Recipe  (re'sip*),  v.  imper.  and  sb.  [L.  recipe 
take  (2nd  sing,  imper.  of  recipere  to  RECEIVE), 
used  by  physicians  (abbreviated  R,  JJ£)  to  head 
prescriptions,  and  hence  applied  to  these  and 
similar  formulae.  So  F.  re'cipe'  (I5th  c.).] 
fA.  v.  imper.  =  'Take'.  Obs. 

c  1400  Lanfrancs  Cirurg.  81  Recipe  litargium  as  mvche 
as  |>ou  wolt.  a  1500  Harl.  MS.  5401  in  Babees  Bk.  53 
Recipe  brede  gratyd,  &  eggis.  1543  TRAHERON  Vigd's 
Chirurg.  52  b/i  Recipe  of  syrupe  de  besantiis,  of  syrupe  of 
roses,  a  1652  BLOOMFIELD  Blossoms  xiii.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  308 
Some  . .  unto  thee  shall  say,  Recipe  this,  and  that,  with 
a  thousand  things  more. 

B.  sb.  1.  Med.  A  formula  for  a  medical  pre 
scription  ;  a  prescription,  or  the  remedy  prepared 
in  accordance  with  this. 

1584  R.  PARSONS  Leicester's  Commw.  (1641)  23  Hee  died 
in  the  way  of  an  extreame  Flux,  caused  by  an  Italian 
Recipe.  1622  MABBE  tr.  Alemans  Guzman  d*Alf.  i.  31 
Hee  would  thrust  his  hand  into  his  Satchell,  ..  and  then 
would  hee  take  forth  one  of  his  recipe's.  1697  TUTCHIN 
Search  Honesty  ix,  They,  with  their  Recipes,  Corrupt  our 
Blood.  1742  BLAIR  Grave  333  Where  are  thy  recipes  and 
cordials  now?  1801  WOLCOTT  (P.  Pindar)  Tears  $  Smiles 
Wks.  1812  V.  50  To  bring  her  back  to  health  again  Of 
recipes  a  score.  1899  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  579  It 
would  be  useless  to  try  to  enumerate  all  the  ..  drugs,  and 
recipes  for  their  application,  which  have  been  tried. 

trans/,  a  1679  T.  GOODWIN  Unregen.  Alan's  Guilt,  xin. 
viii.  Wks.  1865  X.  546  Those  two  known  cordial  recipes  .. 
commonly  taken  by  most  Christians  in  their  distresses. 
1865  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  ix.  x.  (1872)  III.  151  But  Friedrich 
Wilhelm  steps  in  with  a  healing  recipe  :  *  Let  there  be  Four 
Reich' s-Feldmarschalls '. 

attrib.  1674  R.  GODFREY  fnj.  $  Al>.  Physic  Pref.,  Many 
of  those  Recipe-Medicines,  .do  more  harm  than  good.  1781 
J.  RIPLEY  Sel.  Orig.  Lett.  113  Every  author  (before.. Dr. 
Brachin)  appears  to  me  only  recipe  men,  and  smatterers  in 
farriery. 

2.  A  statement  of  the  ingredients  and  procedure 
necessary  for  the  making  or  compounding  of  some 
preparation,  esp.  of  a  dish  in  cookery  ;  a  receipt. 

1743  H.  WALPOLE  Let.  12  Oct.,  Recipes  for  pastry  ware, 
1775  R.  CHANDLER  Trav.  Asia  Miner  Ivii.  195  The  epicure 
will  not  lament  that  the  entire  recipe  has  not  reached  us. 
1846  GREENER  Set.  Gunnery  1 77  The  best  method  of  staining 
barrels  is  by  the  following  recipe ; . .  i  oz.  Muriate  Tincture 
of  Steel  [etc.].  1853  SOYER  Pantroph.  289  Two  thousand 
years  have  elapsed  since  Cato  wrote  the  recipe  for  his  some 
what  heavy  tart. 

3.  transf.    A  means   (actual   or   suggested)    for 
attaining  or  effecting  some  end. 

a  1643  SUCKLING  Let.  Wks.  (1646)  69  To  marry  is  the 
best  Recipe  for  living  honest.  1675  Art  Contentm.  x.  §  n 
(1684)  234  When  those  are  precluded,  for  all  the  rest  St. 


RECIPI  ANGLE. 

Pauls  recipe  is  a  catholicon,  'Be  careful  for  nothing'. 
1789  H.  WAI.COLE  Let.  14  Aug.,  Easy  as  I  call  this  recipe, 
you,  I  believe,  would  find  it  . .  difficult  to  execute.  1820 
SCOTT  Abbot  xxvi,  We  have  the  Plague  proposing  us  a 
visit,  the  best  of  all  recipes  for  thinning  a  land.  1876 
MOZLEY  Univ.  Serm.  \.  23  This  Corporation  has  one  recipe 
against  all  difficulties — organisation. 

Kecipiangle  (r/si-picerjg'l).  [a.  F.  rtiipiangle, 
f.  stem  of  L.  recipere :  see  RECEIVE  and  ANGLE.] 
An  instrument  formerly  used  (chiefly  in  France) 
for  measuring  and  laying  off  angles,  esp.  in  fortifi 
cation.  (See  first  qnot.) 

The  description  in  Chambers  is  based  on  the  article  in 
Trevoux  Diet.  Univ.  (1721). 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  recipiangle  ..  is  usually 
very  simple,  in  form  of  a  square  or  rather  a  bevel ;  con 
sisting  of  two  arms  or  branches  rivetted  together  and  yet    | 
moveable  like  a  sector  on  the  centre  or  rivet.     1802  JAMES    i 
Milit.  Diet.     1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1900/1. 

Recipience  (rVsi'piens).  rare.  [f.  as  next  : 
see  -ENCE.]  The  act  or  process  of  receiving. 

1882  in  OGILVIE.  1891  Harpers  Mag.  Dec.  156/2  They 
went  and  came  in  rapid  processions  of  renunciation  and 
recipience. 

Recipiency  (r/si-piensi).     [f.  RECIPIENT  :  see   i 
-ENCY.j     Receptivity ;  reception. 

1822  LAMB  Elia.  Ser.  i.  Dist.  Corresp.,  The  fine  slimes 
of  Nilus  ..whose  maternal  recipiency  is  as  necessary  as 
the  'sol  pater.1  1850  R.  I.  WILHERKORCE  Holy  Baptism 
52  Their  powers  of  recipiency  are  yet  imperfect.  1855 
BBOWKDM  CU'on  246  We  struggle,  fain  to  enlarge  Our  ! 
bounded  physical  recipiency. 

Recipieiidary  (r/si-piendari).  rare.  [f.  L. 
recipiend-)  gerundial  stem  of  recipSre  to  RECEIVE 
+  -AKY  1,  perh.  after  F.  rtcipiendaire^\ 

1.  One  about  to  be  received  into  a  society. 

1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Olcarius*  I'oy.  Atnbass.  43  Knjoyning    j 
. .  the  Bishop  of  the  Province  . .  to  examine,  not  onely  the    ' 
Recipiendaries,  but  also  the  Pastors  themselves.     1833  CAR- 
LVLE  Cf.  Cagliostro  Misc.  (1872)  V.  95  The  apt  Recipieiidary    ! 
is  rapidly  promoted  through  the  three  grades  of  Apprentice, 
Companion,  Master. 

2.  ?  A  receptacle. 

1834  BECKi'ORD  Italy  II.  76  The  old  Marialva's  delights 
are  centered  between  his  two  silver  recipiendaries. 

Recipient    (r/si-pient),  a.   and   sb.     [ad.    L. 
recipient-em,  pres.  pple.  of  recipere  to  RECEIVE  :    ' 
cf.  F.  recipient  (i6th  c.).] 

A.  adj.  That  receives  or  is  capable  of  receiving ;    > 
receptive. 

1610  HEALEY.SY.  Aug.  CitieofGod^-2  The  ponderative 
judgement  of  reason,  consisting  of  two  intellects,  the  Reci 
pient  and  the  Agent.  16514  R.  BURTHOGGE  Reason  fy  Nat. 
Spir.  130  There  mention  is  made  . .  of  the  Abyss  of  Waters 
wrought  upon,  as  the  first  Recipient  Subject.  1872  H. 
SPENCER  Princ.  Psychol,  (ed.  2)  I.  11.  iv.  220  A  difference  in 
feelings,  according  as  the  organization  is  or  is  not  highly 
recipient.  1893  SIR  R.  BALL  Story  of  Sun  253  Waves  which 
produce  the  sensation  of  heat  whenever  they  fall  on  properly 
recipient  nerves. 

B.  sb.  1.  One  who  or  that  which  receives,  in 


senses  of  the  vb. 


the  infinite  bounty  and  goodness  of  God.  tc  I730\VATERL. 


AAV.  ^5  Ami  mviMuic  aim  tamuagt  uemg,  me  universal 
recipient  of  all  forms.  1877  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  IV.  i.  xi. 
(1883)  134  The  recipient  of  the  gift  expressed  his  gratitude 


by  corresponding  presents. 

2.  a.  Chem.  A  receiver ;  a  (glass)  vessel  for 
receiving  or  holding  a  liquid.  ?  Obs. 

1558  WARDE  tr.  Alexis'  Seer.  i.  i.  (1580)  6  Powre  the 
water  out  of  the  Recipiente.  i4io  B.  JONSO.V  Alch.  n.  v, 
Take  away  the  recipient,  And  rectifie  your  menstrue,  from 
the  phlegma.  1658  R.  WHITE  tr.  Dttfyfi  Povid.  Symp. 
(1660)  78  The  mercury  in  the  limbick  will  gather  there,  and 
nothing  will  passe  into  the  recipient.  1707  Curios,  in 
Hnsb.  A>  Gara.  289  The  Moisture  . .  filtrates  it  self  to  drop 
into  the  little  Recipients.  1794  G.  ADAMS  Nat.  fy  Exp. 
Philos.  III.  xxxiv.  382  Whatever  fluid  is  to  be  weighed,  let 
it  be  put  into  the  glass  recipient. 

b.  The  receiver  of  an  air-pump.  ?  Obs. 

1672  Phil.  Trans.  VII.  5o2q  He  suspended  them  in  the 
Recipient  of  his  Engin,  and  exhausted  it  of  Air.  1709  F. 


ivci-ipicius  ure  piaueu.      1015 „, ...  ..  Jt^ 

A  cup  of  pure  water,  under  the  recipient  of  the  pneumatic 
machine,  became  a  mass  of  ice. 

3.  A  re-entrant  angle. 

1811  PIXKERTON  Peiral.  II.  306  The  remarkable  articula- 
tions.  .strengthened  by  projecting  angles  and  recipients. 

Recrpiomoitor,  a.  rare.  [f.  recipio-  as  comb, 
form  of  L.  recipSre  +  MOTOR.]  Receiving,  or  con 
nected  with  the  reception  of,  motor  impulses. 

1868  H.  SPENCER  Princ.  Psychol,  1. 1.  iii.  §  18  (1872)  49  We 
shall  be  . .  helped  by  thinking  of  the  afferent  nerves  as 
rccipio-motor  and  the  efferent  nerves  as  dirigO'Diotor. 

Reoi-procable,  a.  rare-1,   [f.  as  next  +  ABLE.] 

Capable  of  reciprocating. 

1788  T.  TAYLOR  Proclus'  Comm.  I.  Diss.  44  The  superior 
genera  and  differences  . .  among  which  no  equal  predicate 
can  be  assigned  reciprocable  with  man. 

Reciprocal  (,r/si-pr<»;al),  a.  and  sb.     Also  6-7 
-all.     [f.  L.  rccfpne-w  RECIPROQUE  +  -AL.] 
A.  adj. 
VOL.  VIII. 


241 

T"  1.  Having,  or  of  the  nature  of,  an  alternate  back 
ward  and  forward  motion.  (Said  esp.  of  tides.)  Obs. 

Used  by  Chapman  Iliad  yi\\\\.  355  to  render  Gr.  ai/soppoo;. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  400  Amid  the  reciprocall  tides  of 
the  sea,  ebbing  and  flowing  in  their  alternatiue  t  units.  1631 
MILTON  Epit.  Hobson  ii.  30  Obedient  to  the  Moon  he  spent 
his  date  In  cours  reciprocal.  1662  HOBBES  Seven  Prob. 
Wks.  1845  VII.  26  The  reciprocal  and  contrary  motions  of 
the  two  pieces  of  wood.  1726  tr.  Gregory's  Elein,  Astron, 
vi.  843  The  reciprocal  Tide  arising  from  the  four  moons  [of 
Jupiter] . .  is  various  and  uncertain. 

t  b.  Of  actions  :   Alternate,  alternating.    Obs. 

1667  HOOKE  in  Phil.  Trans.  II.  539  The  Dog  being  kept 
alive  by  the  Reciprocal  blowing  up  of  his  Lungs  with 
Hellowes,  and  they  suffered  to  subside.  1758  BORLASK  Nat, 
Hist.  Cornwall  283  The  pigeon  (whose  reciprocal  contrac 
tion  and  dilation  in  those  parts  is  well  known), 
fc.  t^ See  quot.)  Obs.~° 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Reciprocal,  in  poetry,  is 
applied  to  verses  which  run  the  same  both  backwards  and 
forwards ;  called  also  recurrents. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of,  pertaining  to,  a  return  made 
for  something;  given,  felt,  shown,  etc.,  in  return  ; 
correspondent. 

1596  DRAYTON  Legends  iv.  523  And  shew  in  how  reci 
procall  a  sort  My  thankes  did  with  his  Courtesie  agree. 
1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Goi't.  Eng.  i.  Iviii.  (1739)  107  After 
that  Royalty  sprung  up,  the  influence  thereof  upon  them 
exhaled.. a  reciprocal  interest  back  again.  1711  HAKI.KV 
in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  IV.  266  This  the  Queen  has 
done  without  any  reciprocal  obligation  or  promise  from  her 
Majesty  to  France.  1770  Jwniits  Lett,  xxxviii,  187  He  had 
a  right  to  expect  from  them  a  reciprocal  demonstration  of 
firmness.  1883  H.  DRUMMOND  Nat.  La~v  in  Spir.  H'. 
Pref.  (1884)  22  No  science  contributes  to  another  without 
receiving  a  reciprocal  benefit. 

b.  Existing  on  both  sides  ;  felt  or  shared  by 
both  parties ;  mutual.  (Cf.  4  a.) 

Reciprocal  defence^  in  Fortification,  a  form  of  flanking 
defence  (Voyle  &  Stevenson  Milit.  Diet.  1876). 

1579  LVLY  Enp/utes  (Arb.)  130  If  the  Mother  nourysh  the 
childe,  and  the  childe  sucke  the  Mother,  that  there  be  as  it 
were  a  relation  and  reciprocall  order  of  affection.  1607 
J.  NORDEN  Surv.  Dial.  \.  37,  I  know  there  is  a  kind  of 
reciprocall  bond  of  duty  each  to  the  other,  and  may  be 
broken  of  either  side.  1652  EARI,  MONM.  tr.  Bentit'oglios 
Hist.  Rclat.  66  Spain  and . .  Flanders  . .  may  be  said  to  joyn 
in  one  common  and  reciprocall  Government.  1751  JOHNSON 
Rambler  No.  166  r  7  Kindness  is  generally  reciprocal.  1785 
TRUSLER  Mod.  Times  III.  106  We  were  as  happy  as  matri 
mony,  reciprocal  affection,  and  good  circumstances  could 
render  us.  1804  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  III.  157  This 
treaty  of  general  defensive  alliance,  for  the  reciprocal  pro 
tection  of  their  respective  territories.  1879  FARRAR  St.  Paul 
(1883)  636  A  reciprocal  recognition  of  honest  convictions. 

3.  Inversely  correspondent  or  related  ;    correla 
tive,   complementary ;    f  opposed.      Now    chiefly 
Math.  (cf.  4d). 

1570  BILLINGSLEY  Euclid  xi.  xxxiv.  347  In  equall  Paral- 
lelipipedons  the  bases  are  reciprokall  to  their  altitudes. 
1632  LITHGOW  Trai>.  x.  488  With  shrew'd  Acei  bious  speech, 
you  Anathematize  My  will  Reciprocall  to  yours.  1690 
LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  \\.  xxv.  §  2  Relative  Terms  that  have 
others  answering  them  with  a  reciprocal  Intimation,  as 
Father  and  Son, .  .Cause  and  Kffect.  1852  MUI.CAHY  Princ. 
Alod.  Geom.  39  This  is  the  required  reciprocal  theorem. 
1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  xv.  103, 1  first  thought  it  [a  chamois] 
was  a  man.  . .  It  evidently  made  the  reciprocal  mistake  to 
my  own.  1861  FERREHS  Trilinear  Co-ordinates  vi.  108 
Hence,  if  the  Conic,  .be  a  parabola,  the  point  (a,  b,  c)  must 
lie  in  the  reciprocal  Conic. 

b.  Alath.  Based  upon  an  inverse  relationship. 

Reciprocal  equation^  proportion,  ratio  (see  quots.).  Re 
ciprocal  spiral,  a  spiral  in  which  the  radius  vector  varie.-. 
inversely  as  the  angle  through  which  it  is  turned. 

1823  MITCHELL  Diet.  Math,  fy  Phys.  Sci.  411  "Reciprocal 
equations  are  those  which  contain  several  pairs  of  roots, 
which  are  the  reciprocal  of  each  other.  1656  tr.  Hobbes 
Elent.  Philos.  (1839)  171  If  there  be  three  continual  pro 
portionals,  and  again,  three  other  continual  proportion^, 
which  have  the  same  middle  term,  their  extremes  will  be  in 
Reciprocal  proportion.  1709  J.  WARD  Introd.  Math.  \.  vii. 
§  2  If  More  require  Less,  or  Less  require  More  . .  then  the 
Terms  will  be  in  Reciprocal  Proportion.  1823  MITCHKU. 
Diet.  Math.  <V  Phys.  Sci.  412  Reciprocal  proportion  is 
when  the  reciprocals  of  the  two  last  terms  have  the  same 
ratio  as  the  quantities  of  the  first  terms.  I  bid.  ^Reciprocal 
ratio  is  the  ratio  of  the  reciprocals  of  two  quantities.  1743 
EMERSON  Fluxions  ii.  144  To  draw  a  Tangent  to  the  Reci 
procal  spiral.  1886  CARR  Synopsis  Math.  I.  n.  725  The 
Hyperbolic  or  Reciprocal  Spiral. 

4.  Corresponding  or  answering   to   each  other, 
as  being  either  similar  or  complementary. 

a.  of  acts,  feelings,  duties,  etc.  (Cf.  2  b.) 
1605  SHAKS.  Lear  iv.  vi.  267  Let  our  reciprocall  vowes  be 
remembred.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  ix.  405  Leauing  our 
reciprocall  loues  behind  vs,  wee  diuided  our  bodies  East 
and  West.  1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela  (1824)  I.  210  The 
highest  civilities  ..  and  reciprocal  good  wishes  all  around. 
1781  GIBBON  Decl.  <$•  F.  xix.  II.  134  After  so  many  reciprocal 
injuries,  Gallus  had  reason  to  fear  and  to  distrust.  1856 
FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  II.  vii.  138  Their  relations  were 
already  embittered  by  many  reciprocal  acts  of  hostility. 
1872  YEATS  Growth  Connn.  160  Barcelona  and  Cadiz  ..  also 
entered  into  like  alliances  for  reciprocal  privileges. 

t  b.  of  things  or  persons  sent  by  one  party  to 
another.  Obs. 

1633  PRVNNE  isi  Pt.  Histrh-m.  20  Pagans,  who  Con 
secrated  tbis  day,  ..  and  sent  reciprocall  Newyeeres-giftsto 
their  friends  vpon  it.  1641  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Biondis  Civil 
IVarres  in.  142  Reciprocall  Embassadors  ..  had  already 
accorded  all  differences  with  the  Dolphin.  1716  M.  DAVIES 
A  then.  Brit.  II.  30  Some  of  King  Henry  the  Sth's  and 
Queen  Anne  Bolen's  reciprocal  letters  were  printed.  1783 
Prt'litti.  Art.  Peace  w.  Spain  viii.  21  The  necessary  orders 


BECIPROCALITT. 

shall  be  sent  by  each  of  the  high  Contracting  parties,  with 
reciprocal  passports  for  the  Ships. 

c.  of  things  in  themselves.     Somewhat  rare. 
1661  BOYLH  Style  of  Script.  (1675)  75  The  Books  of  Scrip- 

ture  illustrate  and  expound  each  other:  Genesis  and  the 
Apocalypse  are  in  some  things  reciprocal  commentaries. 
1718  Freethinker  No.  40  P  5  Allegiance  and  Protection  an* 
reciprocal  in  a!l  Countries.  1839-48  HAILKY  Festus  xxv. 
I  312  The  world  and  man  are  just  reciprocal  Yet  contrary. 
1884  tr.  Lotze's  Metaph.  27  Each  will  continue  to  exercise 
influences  on  others  or  to  be  affected  by  their  influence. 
These  reciprocal  agencies  [utc.]. 

d.  Math,  in  reciprocal  turves,  figures,  polars  > 
quantities,  triangles,  etc.     (Cf  quots. ; 

1570  BILLINGSLEY yi«c//^vr.def.ii.  153  b,  Reciprocall  figures 
are  those,  when  the  termes  of  proportion  are  both  ante- 
cedentes  and  consequentes  in  either  figure.  1797  Encycl. 
Brit.  ied.  3)  XVI.  29/1  Reciprocal,  in  mathematics,  is 
applied  to  quantities  which  multiplied  together  produce 
unity.  1848  Solutions  Catnb.  Senate-Ho.  Problems  (iB^il 
119  This  theorem  may  also  be  proved  by  the  method  of 
Reciprocal  Polars.  1852  MULCAHV  Princ.  Mod.  Geom.  145 
The  theory  of  reciprocal  curves  on  the  sphere.  1857 
CAYLEY  in  Q.  Jrnl.  Math.  7  On  a  Theorem  relating  to 
Reciprocal  Triangles. 

f  5.  Convertible,  synonymous,  equivalent  in 
meaning  or  force.  Obs. 

1621  BURTON  Atiat.  Mel.  To  Rdr.  (1676)  26  Aristotle,  in 
his  Kthicks,  holds  . .  to  be  wise  and  happy  are  reciprocal 
termes.  1681  R.  L'ESTRANGE  Tally's  Offices  139  Make 
Profit  and  Honesty  Reciprocal.  1733  SHAW  tr.  Bacon  s 
DC  Snpiaitia,  Sphinx  (1803)  61  note,  Knowledge  and 
power  are  reciprocal. 

t  b.  Logic.    =  CONVKKTIBLE  a.  i  b.   01>s. 

1697  tr.  Burfrersdietia  his  Logic  i.  xxxi.  12-3  Terms  art- 
said  to  be  Reciprocal,  when  there  may  be  a  Conversion  <>f 
the  Predicate  into  the  Place  of  the  Subject,  and  on  the 
contrary.  1725  WATTS  Logic  n.  ii.  §  3  These  are  the  Pro 
positions  which  are  properly  convertible,  and  they  are  called 
reciprocal  Propositions.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v. 
Theorem,  Reciprocal  Theorem  is  one  whose  converse  istrm-. 

6.  Gram.  Of  pronouns  and  verbs,  or  their  signifi 
cation  :  a.  Reflexive. 

1611  FLORIO  Rules  Ital.  Tongue  in  Diet.  631  It  [si]  makes 
the  Verbe  to  which  it  is  affixed  to  be  .sometimes  directly 
Actiue  ..  and  other  times  Passiue  or  Reciprocal!.  1727 
BOVKR  Diet.  Royal\\.  s.v.,  A  Pronoun  or  a  Verb  reciprocal. 
1766  DEL  PINO  New  Span.  Gram.  27  The  two  first  serve 
for  the  Active,  Neuter,  and  Reciprocal  Verbs.  Ibid.  171 
Estarse,  reciprocal,  sigmiics  to  stav  i,-n^.  1797  F.myiL 
^?r//.<ed.  3)  VIII.  50/2'!  he  word  «#subjomed  to  a  personal 
pronoun  forms  also  the  reciprocal  pronoun.  1837  G.  PHILLIPS 
Syriac  Gram.  41  The  Demonstrative  pronouns  ..  become 
reciprocal  by  Dicing  joined  to  the  personal  pronouns.  /('it/. 
114  'I  be  ordinary  method  of  expressing  a  reciprocal  or 
reflexive  sense.  1879  LEWIS  &  SHORT  Lett.  Diet.  s.v.  AY<  i- 
frccus,  A  reciprocal  pronoun,  as  sibi,  se. 

b.   Expressing  mutual  action  or  relationship. 

[1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  abbe  de  Dangeau  de 
fines  reciprocal  verbs  to  be  those  whose  nominative  is  plural, 
and  denotes  persons  acting  mutually  on  one  another.] 
1844  LATHAM  in  Proc.  Philolog.  Soc.  I.  232  (heading)  On 
the  Reciprocal  Pronouns,  and  on  the  Reciprocal  Power  of 
the  Reflective  Verb.  Il>id.,  Too  often  the  terms  Reciprocal 
and  Reflective  have  been  made  synonymous.  1872  MORRIS 
Lng.  Accidence  150  One  another^  each  cthert  are  some 
times  called  reciprocal  pronouns. 

B.  sb.  fl.  One  who  is  sent  back,  Obs.  rare~~]. 

1616  CHAPMAN  ffower's  Hymn  Apollo  734  No  more  Vee 
must  be  made,  your  own  Recipi  ocalls  To  your  lou'd  Cittie. 

2.  A  thing  corresponding  in  some  way  to  another; 
a  return,  equivalent,  counterpart,  etc. 

1570111  Digges  CowpL  Anil-ass.  (1655)  12  Offering  to  de 
liver  unto  her  the  reciprocal  of  our  part  under  our  Great 
Seai.  1622  BACON  Hen.  I'll  ^11876)  205  After  he  had 
received  the  King  of  Castile  into  the  fraternity  of  the 
Garter,  and  for  a  reciprocal  had  his  son  the  prince  admitted 
to  the  order  of  the  Golden  Fleece.  1626  —  Sylva  §  329 
Corruption  is  a  Reciprocal!  to  Generation.  1750  CHESTEKF. 
Lett,  (1792)  III.  42  Pleasure  is  a  necessary  reciprocal ;  no 
one  feels  who  does  not  at  the  same  time  give  it.  1852 
MULCAHY  Prtnc.  Mod.  Geom.  37  By  means  of  the  theory 
of  polars,  every  Proposition,  .leads  immediately  to  another, 
called  its  reciprocal.  1885  J.  MARTINEAU  Types  F.tli.  Th, 
(1886)  II.  i.  i.  31  The  two  cognitions  are,  therefore,  inde 
pendent  reciprocals. 

f3.   Gram.  A  reflexive  verb.   Obs. 

1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps.  Ixxvi.  5  The  reciprocal  from  YTO 
przedatus  est.  1766  DEL  PINO  Neiu  Span.  Gram.  177  Verbs 
Passive,  and  the  greatest  part  of  the  Reciprocals,  require  the 
Ablative. 

4.  Math.  a.  A  function  or  expression  so  related 
to  another  that  their  product  is  unity ;  the  inverse. 

1782  HUTTON  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXI V.  33  The  reciprocal  of 
the  cosine  will  be  the  secant.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3}  XVI. 

29/1  Likewise  -  is  said  to  be  the  reciprocal  of  .r,  which  is 
again  the  reciprocal  of  -1.  1831  EREWSTER  Optics  xvii.  151 

The  radius  O  a  of  the  ellipse  will  be  what  is  called  the 
reciprocal  of  the  index  of  refraction  at  a.  1882  MlHCHlH 
Unipl.  Kinemat.  185  Their  combined  resistance  is  found 
from  the  fact  that  its  reciprocal  is  equal  to  the  sum  of  the 
reciprocals  of  their  separate  resistances. 

b.  Polar  reciprocal :  (fee  quot.  1885). 
1852  Mt'LCAHY  Princ.  Mod.  Geom.  38  The  two  figures 
are,  therefore,  properly  called  polar  reciprocals.  1885 
LEUDESDORF  Cremona's  Proj.  Geom,  240  Two  curves  . . 
such  that  each  is  the  locus  of  the  poles  of  the  tangents  of 
the  other,  and  at  the  same  time  also  the  envelope  of  the 
polars  of  the  points  of  the  other,  are  said  to  be  polar  reci 
procals  one  of  the  other  with  respect  to  the  auxiliary 
conic. 

Reciprocality  (r&iprtfkge-liti).  [f.  prec.  -t- 
-ITY.  Cf.  RECIFROCALTY.]  =  RECIPROCITY. 

31 


KECIPROCALIZE. 

1736  BAILEY  (folio)  App.  to  Pref.,  Recifrocalily,  recipro- 
calness.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  III.  xxxi.  188 
An  acknowledged  reciprocality  in  love  sanctifies  every  little 


ground-work  ot  all  these  arrangi.  _ 
Umi  xxxvi.  Wks.  1870  XII.  275  The  reciprocalities  of  love 
and  duty.  1873  tr.  Siucdenborgs  Trite  Chr.  Rcl.  591  There 
cannot  possibly  be  conjunction  without  reciprocality. 

Heei-proealize,  v.  rare-1,  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-IZE.]  trans.  To  make  reciprocal. 

i8oz-l2  BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic.  F.viii.  ill.  xv.  (1827)  II. 
401  Which  consists  of  the  effect  of  the  equity  bill  recipro- 
calized,  and  in  that  way  doubled. 

Reciprocally  (rfei-pr<*kSli),  adv.    [-LY  2.] 

fl.   Backwards  and  forwards.   Obs.  rare— '. 

1631  LITHGOW  Trav.  ix.  395  Euen  as  the  Turkes  . .  are 
tossed..,  hanging  betweene  two  high  trees,  reciprocally 
wauing  in  the  ayre. 

fb.  Alternately.   Obs.  ran- . 

1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  i.  i.  n.  viii.  39  The  Lungs,  which 
dilating  themselues  as  a  paire  of  bellowes  reciprocally  fetch 
it  [the  air]  in  and  send  it  out. 

2.   In  turn,  in  return. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xxxvli.  v.  611  As  they  ever  send  out 
their  owne  raies  by  little  and  little,  so  they  entertaine 
reciprocally  the  visuall  beames  of  our  eyes.  1654  BRAMHALI. 
Just.  Vind.  v.  (1661)  92  Churches  from  whence  . .  their 


mind.  1864  BURTON  Scot.  Abr.  II.  ii.  150  Gustavus  . .  con- 
fided .  .in  the  valour  . .  of  the  Scottish  nation  and  they  reci 
procally  in  the  gallantry,  .ofhim. 

3.  Mutually. 

1577  tr.  Bul/inger's  Df  cades  (i 592)  579  The  Apostle . .  vseth 
this  worde  aAAijAovs  which  signifieth  mutually,  one  another, 
..and  as  it  were  reciprocallie.  1642  PR.  CHARLES  in  Ellis 
Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  II.  IV.  2  naif.  Although  a  while  dissevered 
we  "may  reciprocally  understand  of  each  other's  welfare. 
1692  P,F.NTl.Ey  Boyle  Lect.  vii.  (1724)  278  The  sun,  moon,  and 
all  the  planets  do  reciprocally  gravitate  one  toward  another. 
1759  SARAH  FIELDING  C'tcis  of  Delhuyn  I.  142  A  lively 
..Capacity  rendered  them  reciprocally  agreeable  to  each 
other.  1822  SCOTT  Pirate  xxix,  The  two  sisters  ..sat 
with  their  arms  reciprocally  passed  over  each  other's 
shoulder.  1876  BANCROFT  Hist.  U.  S.  III.  iii.  7  The 
existence  of  our  kind  is  continuous,  and  its  ages  are  re 
ciprocally  dependent. 

4.  Math.  Inversely. 


(1839)  163  From  hence  the  cause  is  evident  why  two  equal 
products  have  their  efficients  reciprocally  proportional. 
1696  WHISTON  T/i.  F.art/i  iv.  (1722)  363  The  Heat  of  the 
Sun  is.  .reciprocally  as  the  Squares  of  the  Earth's  distance 
from  him.  1743  EMERSON  Flu-rious  113  The  Square  of  the 
Velocity  is  reciprocally  as  the  Weight  of  the  Body.  1823 
MITCHELL  Diet.  Math,  gf  rkys.  Sd.  412  In  botiies  of  the 
same  weight,  the  density  is  reciprocally  as  the  magnitude  ; 
viz.  the  greater  the  magnitude  the  less  is  the  density.  1853 
SIR  H.  DOUGLAS  Mtlit.  Bridges  320  Agreeably  to ;a  principle 
in  hydrodynamics,  the  velocity  of  the  current  in  different 
sections  is  reciprocally  as  those  sections. 
6.  Conversely. 

n  1628  PRESTON  JVtw  Ca-'t.  (1629!  iii.  561  You  must  vnder- 
stand  it  reciprocally,  the  battel  is  not  alwayes  to  the  strong, 
therefore  it  is  sometimes  to  the  weake.  1641  WILKINS 
Math.  Magick  i.  iv.  (1648)  21  As  the  weight  is  to  an 
equivalent  power,  so  is  the  distance  betwixt  the  weight  and 
the  center,  unto  the  distance  betwixt  the  center  and  the 
power,  and  so  reciprocally.  I7I5DESAGUL1ERS  Fires  Imfr. 
118  What  opens  the  passage  for  hot  Air  to  go  into  the 
Room,  may  shut  out  the  cold  Air,  and  so  reciprocally. 
1744  HARRIS  Three  Treat.  Wks.  (1841)  15  If  it  be  true  that 
all  art  implies  such  principle,  is  it  reciprocally  true  that 
every  such  principle  should  imply  art  ?  1881  A"<z/Krt>XXIV. 
419/1  Substances  capable  of  exerting  great  force  by  their  ; 
combination  are  those  which  can  undergo  a  great  diminution  : 
of  the  velocity  of  their  internal  motions,  and  reciprocally. 
f  b.  Convertibly,  by  way  of  equivalence.  Obs. 

1658  BRAMHALL  Consecr.  Bfs.  xi.  223  There  is  nothing 
either  in  our  forme  or  theirs  which  doth  distinctly  ana 
reciprocally  expresse  Episcopall  power  and  Authority. 

•f  Reci-procalness.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-NESS.]  Reciprocity. 

1667  Decay  Chr.  Piety  xiv.  f  3  The  reciprocalness  of  the 
injury  ought  to  allay  the  displeasure  at  it.  1731  BAILEY 
vol.  II,  Reciprocalntss,  interchangeableness. 

So  f  Beciprocalty.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1611  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.   i.  i.  i.  v,  He  knowes  not  the 
condition  of  it,  where  with  a  reciprocalltye,  pleasure  and    i 
pain  are  still  vnited. 

Reci'procant.  Math.  [ad.  L.  reciprocant-em, 
pres.  pple.  of  reciprocare  to  RECIPROCATE.]  A 
differential  invariant. 

1885  SVLVESTER  in  Amer.  Jnil.  Math.  VIII.  199  We  are 
. .  led . .  by  prosecuting  this  inquiry  to  lay  the  foundations  of 
the  theory  of  Reciprocation  or  Reciprocants. 

Hence  Beci-procantive  a.,  pertaining  to  a  reci- 
procant  (Cent.  Diet.  1891). 

Beci'procate,  a.  rare.  [ad.  L.  redprocat-us, 
pa.  pple.  of  reciprocare  :  see  next.] 

fl.  Complementary;  closely  connected.  Obs. 

1619  SIR  J.  SEMPIL  Sacrilege  Handled  28  They  are  of 
Nature,  Reciprocate ;  that  is,  the  one  cannot  be  without  the 
other.  1653  Consid.  Dissolv.  Crt.  Chancery  30  Principles . . 
so  interwoven  and  radicated  in  the  very  Being  of  Parlia 
ments,  so  inseparable  from  it,  and  so  reciprocate  to  it. 

2.   =•=  RECIPROCAL  a.  2  b. 

1833  Fraser's  Mag.  VIII.  343  The  congenial  and  recipro 
cate  stupidity  and  ignorance  of  the  majority  of  actors  and 
the  majority  in  audiences. 


242 

Reciprocate  (r/si-prfe't),  v.  [f.  L.  recipro 
cal-,  ppl.  stem  of  reciprocare  t  f.  reciproc-us  RE- 

CIPBOQUE.] 

1.  /"«/>'.  fa.  To  go  back,  return ;  to  have  a  back 
ward  direction.  Obs. 

1623  COCKERAM,  Reciprocate,  to  returne  from  whence  one 
came.  1629  JACKSON  Creed  \\.  ir.  xi.  §4  Our  thankfulness 
would  reciprocate  upon  the  fountain  from  which  they  flow.  - 
1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  $  Min,  Introd.,  The  gula,  to 
which  the  intestine  isjoyned,  which  is  single,  and  recipro 
cating  towards  the  head. 

b.  To  move  backwards  and  forwards  (now  only 
Mech?) ;  fto  go  up  and  down,  to  vary  (obs.}. 

1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  i.  iv.  §  13.  221  Whereby 
things  reciprocate  forwards  and  backwards,  as  when  a  Bow 
is  successively  Intended  and  Remitted.  1730  Phil.  Trans. 
XXXVI.  254  Always  in  a  Morning  it  reciprocated  between 
80  Deg.  and  100  Deg.  1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II. 
740  The  saw  blade  is  strained  in  a  rectangular  frame, 
which  both  reciprocates  and  descends  in  a  vertical  plane. 

c.  trans.  To  alternate  the  direction  of;  to  cause 
to  move  backwards  and  forwards. 

1653  HARVEY  A  not.  Exerc.  (1673)  46  [The  blood]  like  Etm- 
pus  reciprocating  its  motion  again  and  again,  hither  and 
hither,  a  1677  BARROW  *SVrw.  xxix.Wks.  1700!.  359  Vainly 
reciprocating  the  saw  of  endless  contention.  1875  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Mech,  1900/2  The  propeller  is  reciprocated  by  a 
horizontal  engine. 

2.  trans*  a.  To  give  and  receive  in   return   or 
mutually;  to  interchange;  fto  have  in  common. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rcciproqner,  to  reciprocate,  interchange, 
returne  one  for  another.  1643  EVELYN  Diary]  Feb.  (BaUe), 
The  waters  reciprocating  their  tides  with  the  neighbouring 
sea.  1654  H.  L'EsTRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655)  6  Affectionate 
adieus,  reciprocated  and  interchanged  between  the  King 
and  herself.  1719  J.  T.  PHILIPPS  tr.  Thirty-four  Confer.  34 
We  are  not  come  hereto  reciprocate  Questions  and  Answers 
out  of  this  or  that  System  of  borrow'd  Principles.  1837 
J.  PHILLIPS  Geology  24  The  sources  of  variation  which  are 
daily  in  action  may  not  exactly  reciprocate  their  influence. 
1866  HOWF.LLS  Venet.  Life  iii.  34  At  night  men  crowd  the 
close  little  cajffes,  where  they  reciprocate  smoke,  respiration, 
and  animal  heat. 

b.  To  return,  requite;  to  do,  feel,  etc.,  in  or 
by  way  of  return. 

1820  W,  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  I.  68,  I  verily  believe  he  re 
ciprocated  the  sentiment  with  all  his  heart.  1855  PRESCOTT 
Philip  //,  I.  i.  ii.  21  He  took  some  pains  to  reciprocate 
the  civilities  he  had  received  by  entertaining  his  hosts  in 
return. 

3.  intr.  To  make  a  return  or  interchange  with 
(another  or  others).     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1626  R.  HARRIS  HczekiatisRecov,  4  In  manners  wee  must 
reciprocate  with  men,  much  more  with  God.  a  1662  HEY- 
LIN  Land  i.  (1671)  52  She  so  far  reciprocated  with  him  in 
the  like  affection,  .that  some  assurances  past  between  them 
of  a  future  Marriage.  1781  COWPER  Charity  119  'Tis  thus 
reciprocating  each  with  each  Alternately  the  nations  learn 
and  teach. 

b.  spec.  To  make  a  return  or  exchange  of  good 
wishes. 

1779  JOHNSON  in  Boswell  12  Oct.,  Then  when  the  two 
glasses  of  water  were  brought,,  .he  said,  '  Madam,  let  us  re 
ciprocate  '.  1874  LISLE  CARR  Jud.  Gwynne  I.  viii.  258  Oh  ! 
yes,  thanks;  quite  right  again.  And  I  reciprocate  by 
hoping  that  you  have  got  over  that  horrible  fire. 

4.  a.   trans*    To   make   correspondent    or   con 
vertible  with  ;  to  convert.  ?  Obs. 


RECIPROCATION. 

fl.  Back-flowing,  Obs.  rare—1. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  in.  99  Those  that  got  to  land,  were 
pulled  backe  by  the  reciprocating  waues. 

2.  Moving  backwards  and  forwards;  characterized 
by  alternation  in  movement  or  action. 

1697  DRYDF.N  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  249  One  brawny  Smith  the 
puffing  liellows  plyes ;  And  draws,  and  blows  reciprocating 
Air.  1759  B.  MARTIN  Nat.  Hist.  Eng,  I.  26  From  Waters 
gathered  in  the  subterraneous  I'.asons  in  this  Hill,  proceeds 
this  wonderful  reciprocating  Fountain,  a  17668.  CHANDLER 
Life  David  II.  n.  9  inarg.^  The  reciprocating  motion  of  the 
buckets  of  a  well,  one  descending  as  the  other  rises,  and 
vice  versa.  1830  KATER  &  LARDNER  Mech.  xviii.  247  Re 
ciprocating  circular  motion  is  seen  in  the  pendulum  of  a 
clock.  1892  Pall  Mall  G.  2  Mar.  3/2  This  tool  is  provided 
with  a  reciprocating  plunger,  located  and  moving  within  .. 
two  coils  of  insulated  copper  wire. 

b.  Mech*  Of  machines,  etc.  :  Having  a  recipro 
cating  part  or  parts. 


739  Rectilinear,  or  reciprocating,  saw  machines.  1873  J. 
RICHARDS  Wood-working  Factories  153  For  the  lighter  class 
of  work,  .the  reciprocating  machine  is  best. 

3.  That  reciprocate(s),  in  other  senses  of  the  vb. 

1827  R.  CRAIG  in  Mem.  (1862)  93  A  false  religion  cannot 
exist  without  its  [Despotism's]  reciprocating  support.  1858 
W.  ARtiOT  Laws/r.  Heaven  for  Life  on  Earth  Ser.  n.xxiii. 
193  Sellers  and  buyers  alike  would  be  ashamed . .  to  begin,  in 
this  form,  the  reciprocating  series  of  deceit.  1864  BOWEN 
Logic  iv.  93  Reciprocating,  Convertible  or  Coextensive  Con 
cepts  are  those  which  have  precisely  the  same  Extension. 

Reciprocation  (r/sipr^k^'-Jan).  [ad.  L.  re 
ciprocation-em^  n.  of  action  f.  reciprocare  t  to 
RECIPROCATE.  Cf.  F.  reciprocation  (i6th  c.).] 

f  1.  a.  Reflexive  action ;  a  reflexive  mode  of 
expression.  Obs*  (Cf.  RECIPROCAL  a.  6.) 

1530  PALSGR.  Introd.  35  They  double  the  pronowne,  and  in 
the  thyrde  parsones  use  reciprocation,  as  Je  me  maruaille^ 
.  .il  se  marttaille.  1631  GOUGE  GotFs  Arrows  in.  §  42.  256 
The  Hebrew  word . .  intimated  both  a  reciprocation,  and  also 
a  continfiance  of  the  action. 

fb.  Backward  motion.  Obs.1—0 

1623  COCKERAM,  Reciprocation,  a  going  backe. 

2.  Motion  backwards  and  forwards.  Now  only 
Mech.  (Common  in  i;th  c.,  esp.  of  the  tides.) 


„„ .    •  --"  Soul  I.  XL  (1713)  41  mat  we  may  not  ininK  inis  ^.eciproca* 

1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  47  End  is  adequate  which  t;Qn  -nto  ^otfon  an(j  Rest  belongs  onely  to  Terrestrial 

is  euened  or  reciprocated  with  the  whole  thing.     1640  J.  particles,    a  1766  S.  CHANDLER  Life  David  II.  ii.  9  marg.. 

STOUGHTON  Def.  $  Distrib.  Divinity  \.  38  It  is  more  aptly  The  verb  is  here  applied,  .to  point  out  the  various  reciproca- 

racumMasl    tn   o     T?nl»    jir    fannn     «<    it     rf«;r»prtQ    failn    mm  r  T\ •  _i>.    f ...  _ .    :_     i  >    i ,.  i.  .].. 


STOUGHTON  Def.  fy  Distrib.  Divinity  i.  38  It  is  more  aptly 
resembled  to  a  Rule  or  Canon,  as  it  respects  faith  and 
things  to  be  beleeved,  with  which  it  is  every  way  recipro 
cated.  1788  REID  Aristotle's  Logic  v.  §  2.  in  If  the 
attribute  cannot  be  reciprocated,  it  must  be  something 
contained  in  the  definition  or  not. 

b.  intr*  To  be  correspondent  or  in  agreement 
(with  something) ;  to  be  equivalent  or  convertible. 

1683  O.  U.  Parish  Churches  No  Conventicles^  7  Logicians 
will  tell  [him],  .that  every  Definition  must  reciprocate  with 
the  Thing  defin'd.  1746  SARAH  FIELDING  Fashion  in 
David  Simple  (1747)  II.  290  Truth  and  Falshood  can  never 
reciprocate,  but  are  immutably  distinct  thro'  all  Eternity. 
1788  T.  TAYLOR  Proclus\  Comtn.  I.  Diss.  44  Risibility.. 
mutually  reciprocates  with  its  subject ;  since  every  man 
is  risible,  and  whatever  is  risible  is  man.  a  x8o6  HP.  HORSLEV 
Serin.  (1812)  I.  ix.  175  This  atonement  was  the  end  of  the 
incarnation  :  And  the  two  articles  reciprocate. 

6.  Math.  a.  trans.  To  find  the  reciprocal  to 
(a  curve). 

1861  FERRERS  Trilinear  Co-ordinates  vi.  100  The  pro 
cess  of  generating  E  from  L,  or  L  from  E,  is  called  recipro 
cating  L  or  E.  Ibid.  103  If  one  conic  be  reciprocated  with 
respect  to  another,  the  reciprocal  curve  will  be  an  ellipse, 
parabola,  or  hyperbola,  according  as  [etc.], 
b.  intr.  To  pass  into  by  reciprocation. 

1861  FERRERS  Trilinear  Co-ordinates  vi.  103  The  asymp 
totes  . .  reciprocate  into  the  points  of  contact  of  the  tangents 
drawn  to  the  reciprocal  curve  from  the  centre  of  the 
auxiliary  conic.  1885  SYLVESTER  Theory  of  Reciprocants  iii. 

Hence  Reciprocated///,  a. 

1782  COWPER  Friendship  48  'Tis  a  union  that  bespeaks 
Reciprocated  duties.  1858  W.  ARNOT  Lawsfr.  Heaven  for 
Life  on  Earth  Ser.  n.  xiv.  123  The  heart  of  the  man  Christ 
Jesus  yearns  for  the  reciprocated  love  of  saved  men. 

t  Reci'procately,  adv*  Obs.  rare*1,  [f.  RE 
CIPROCATE  a.  +  -LY  aj  Convertibly. 

1666  G.  HARVEY  Morb.  Angl.  xxvi.  (1672)^71  Whether 
there  be  any  other  sort  of  true,  perfect,  exquisite,  or  proper 
(for  those  terms  are  reciprocately  used  by  Authors)  Con 
sumptions,  besides  a  Pulmonique  Consumption  ? 

Reciprocating,///,  a*    [f.  RECIPROCATE  v.] 


_ 

BOYLE  Enq.  Notion  Nat.  306  The  I 
ciprocations,  return  to  its  Horizontal  Situation.  1843 
HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  919  The  machine  . .  makes  two 
reciprocations  for  every  revolution  of  the  shaft.  1847  T. 
MILKER  Gallery  of  Nature  (1855)  268  The  reciprocations  of 
the  spring  are  easily  observed  by  this  contrivance. 
b.  Alternate  action  or  operation,  rare. 

1656  tr.  Hobbcs"  Elem.  P kilos.  (1839)  459  Such  motion  is 
the  reciprocation  of  pressure,  sometimes  one  way,  sometimes 
the  other.  1802  PALEY  Nat.  Theol,  xi.  §  2  (1819)  170  Dis 
tending  and  contracting  their  many  thousand  vesicles,  by  a 
reciprocation  which  cannot  cease  for  a  minute.  1844  H.  STE 
PHENS  Bk.Fann\\.  306  A  few  repetitions  of  such  reciproca 
tion  would  so  fill  the  condenser  as  to  render  it  ineffective. 

fc.  Alternation;  alternate  change  or  succession ; 
vicissitude.   Obs. 

1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  909  How  delightfullis 
the  dayes  reciprocation  with  night !  1659  H.  MORE  Immort. 
Soul  I.  XL  (1713)  41  That  we  may  not  think  this  Reciproca. 
tion  into  Motion  and  Rest  belongs  onely  to  Terrestrial 


1  ne  verD  IS  nerc  JiJJJJiieu . .  lu  IKMUI  uui  me  VAIIUUB  ici.ipivi.a- 
tions  and  changes  of  David's  fortunes.  1794  in  Polwhele 
Trad.  If  Recoil.  (1826)  II.  397  A  man  who  has  been  an 
author  so  long  as  you  have  must  have  experienced  a  re 
ciprocation  of  praises  and  censures. 

f  d.  Alternate  singing  or  chanting.     Obs. —1 

1841  R.  B.  K.  Parall.  Liturgy  w.  Mass-Bk.  ii  The 
answering  of  the  people  was  the  invention  of  the  Italians, 
as  the  Reciprocations  and  Antiphonies  was  the  invention  of 
the  Greeks, 

3.  The  action  of  making  a  return,  or  doing  some 
thing  in  return ;  esp.  a  mutual  return  or  exchange 
of  acts,  feelings,  etc. 

1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  last.  in.  202  Hys  worde  is  in 
greke  allelous,  mutually,  enterchangeably,  by  turnes,  or  (if 
they  so  like  best  to  terme  it)  by  way  of  reciprocation  one  to 
an  other.  1605  TIMME  Qnersil.  i.  iv.  14  These  simple  ele 
ments,  -do  render  to  the  elements  and  beginnings  mutual 
reciprocation  of  love.  1698  NORRIS  I'ract.  Disc.  (1707)  IV. 
56  The  Union  between  Soul  and  Body.. is  only  a  mutual 
Reciprocation  of  Action  and  Passion  between  Soul  and 
Body.  1788  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  29  Sept.,  The  birthdays 
..are  made  extremely  interesting.. by  the  reciprocation  of 


colors,  but  the  little  craft  declined  a  reciprocation. 

4.  The  state  of  being  in  a  reciprocal  or  harmo 
nious  relation ;  correspondence. 

1605  L.  HUTTF.N  Aunswere  64  These  . .  differ  only  as  re- 
latiues,  whose  difference  is,  their  naturall  reciprocation. 
1677  PLOT  Oxfordsh.  288  Our  common  principle  of  the  Re 
ciprocation  of  strength  and  time.  1803  BEDDOES  Hygeia  ix. 
73  The  nice  reciprocation  in  the  contractions  and  dilatations 
in  the  several  sets,  concerned  in  every  kind  of  motion. 

fb.  Logic.  The  conversion  of  terms  or  proposi 
tions,  or  the  relation  involved  by  this.  Obs. 

1588  FFAUNCE  Lawiers  Log.  I.  xiii.  56  b,  In  distribution 
and  definition  there  is  a  most  necessary  reciprocation  or 
conversion.  1613  Bp.  ANDREWES  Serin.  (1841)  IV.  291  That 
reciprocation  I  touched  before ;  that  seeing  they  reign  by 
Him,  He  may  reign  by  them.  1677  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles 


RECIPROCATIVE. 


243 


RECITATIONIST. 


II.  iv.  249  Platos  plain  naked  mind  is  that  the  First  being 
and  One  admit  of  reciprocation,  i.e.  God  the  First  Being  is 
the  prime  Unitie. 

f  c.  Equivalence ;  meaning.  Obs. —1 
a  1661  FULLER  Worthiest  (1662)79  A-  Corrollary  about  the 
Reciprocation  of  Alumnus :  The  word  Alumnus  is  effectually 
directive  of  us . .  to  the  Nativities  of  Eminent  persons, 

d.  J\Iatht  The   process    of   converting    a   pro 
position,  quantity,  or  curve,  to  its  reciprocal. 

1852  MULCAHY  Princ.  Mod.  Geont.  37  The  process  by 
which  one  Proposition  is  thus  deduced  from  another,  is 
called  reciprocation.  1885  [see  RECIPKOCANT]. 

Reci'procative,  a.  rare.  [f.  RECIPROCATE  z>.] 
Characterized  by,  inclined  to,  reciprocation. 

1888  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly  (U.S.)  XXXIV.  in  Our  four- 
handed  cousins  apparently  credit  their  biped  kinsmen  with 
reciprocative  tendencies. 

Reciprocator  (r/si-pr^kt-'tsi).  [Agent-n.  on 
L,  types,  f.  RECIPROCATE  v.~\  One  who,  or  that 
which,  reciprocates. 

1850  Faiths  Mag.  XVII.  167/2  The  recipient  and  recipro- 
cator  of  her  deepest  feelings.  1874  SYLVESTER  in  Proc,  R, 
Instil.  VII.  184  The  numbers  denoting  the  two  were  always 
inverse  or  reciprocal  to  each  other.  ..  Hence  a  Peaucellier's 
cell  maybe  conveniently  termed  a  Reciprocator  or  Inverter. 

Reciprocatory  (r/si-prJk^tsri),  a.  [f.  as  RE 
CIPROCATE  v.  +  -OUT.]  =  RECIPROCATING  ppl.  a.  i. 

1857  SMILES  Life  Stephenson  viii.  64  The  reciprocatory 
action  being  turned  into  a  rotatory  one  by  toothed  wheels 
and  a  sun  and  planet  motion.  1882  DREDGE  Elect.  Illioni- 
nation  I.  388  A  rotatory  movement  could  be  combined  with 
the  reciprocatory  one. 

Re  ciprocita'rian.  [f.  next,  after  Trinita 
rian  etc?)  One  who  advocates  reciprocity  in  trade. 

1881  Times  16  July  13/2  The  new  reciprodtarians  or 
advocates  of  free  trade.  1891  Pall  Mall  G.  5  Feb.  1/2  The 
dictionary  has  been  ransacked  . .  for  epithets  to  fling  at  the 
reciprocitarians. 

Reciprocity  (resipr^ siti).  [ad.  F.  reciprocity 
(1729),  or  L.  type  *reciprocitat-em,  f,  reciproc-us 
RECIPROQUE.] 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  reciprocal ; 
a  state  or  relationship  in  which  there  is  mutual 
action,  influence,  giving  and  taking,  correspondence, 
etc.,  between  two  parties  or  things. 

1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  445  Any  degree  of  reci 
procity  will  prevent  the  pact  from  being  nude.  1791  PAINE 
Rigjits  of  Man  (ed.  4)  121  A  Declaration  of  Rights  is,  by 
reciprocity,  a  Declaration  of  Duties  also.  1835  I.  TAYLOR 
Spir.  Despot,  n.  75  People  and  priest  ought  to  be  connected 
by  some  sort  of  effective  reciprocity.  1867  FREEMAN  Norm, 
Conq,  (1876)  I.  App.  623  Reciprocity  of  a  certain  kind  was 
the  essence  of  the  feudal  relation. 
b.  A  reprisal.  rare~l. 

1865  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xx.  vL  (1872)  IX.  114  Touched 
by  these  horrors  of  war,  and  by  the  reciprocities  evidently 
liable  to  follow, 

2.  spec.  a.  Mutual  or  correspondent  concession 
of  advantages  or  privileges,  as  forming  a  basis  for 
the  commercial  relations  between  two  countries. 

1782  Prelim.  Art.  Peace  iu.  U.S.  (1783)  25  It  is  agreed  to 
form  the  Articles  of  the  proposed  Treaty  on  such  principles 
of  liberal  equity  and  reciprocity,  as  that  . .  a  beneficial  and 
satisfactory  intercourse  between  the  two  countries  may  be 
established.  1783  Prelim.  A  rt.  Peace  w.  France  xviii.  10  To 
agree  upon  new  arrangements  of  trade,  on  the  footing  of  re 
ciprocity  and  mutual  convenience.  1868  G.  DUFF  Pol. 
Surv.  24  The  Danish  Government  passed  two  new  ,.  laws 
granting  freedom  from  remeasurement  in  Danish  ports  to 
all  foreigners  according  reciprocity.  1880  A.  J.  WILSON 
(title)  Reciprocity,  Bimetallism  and  Land  Tenure  Reform. 

attrib.  1876  Encycl.  Brit.  IV.  766/2  The  Reciprocity 
Treaty  was  negotiated  by  the  late  Earl  of  Elgin.  1887 
MORLEY  in  Daily  News  16  May  2/5  Protectionists  and 
Reciprocity  men.  1893  Ibid.  13  Mar.  2/6  A  report  to  the 
British  Foreign  Office,  dated  Washington,  February  2,  on 
the  reciprocity  clause,  is  now  published. 

"b.  In  the  Kantian  philosophy :  Mutual  action 
and  reaction. 

1883  A.  BARRATT  Pkys.  Metempiric  232  We  can  think  of 
Things-in-themselves  . .  only  under  the  categories  of  sub 
stance,  causality  and  reciprocity. 

K,eciprock(e,  variant  of  RECIPROQUE. 

Reciproco-rnous,  «.  rare—0,  [ad.  L.  red- 
procicornis  (Laberius),  f.  reciproc-us  RECIPROQUE 
a.  +  conm  horn.]  'Having  horns  that  turn  back 
wards  and  forwards  like  those  of  a  ram*  (Ash 
1775  ;  hence  in  recent  Diets.). 

tReci'procous,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  L.  reci 
proc-us  RECIPROQUE  +  -ous.]  =  RECIPROCAL  a. 

1567  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  536  The  band  and  con 
tract  to  be  mutuall  and  reciprocous.  1731  STRYPE  Eccl. 
Ment.  I.  i.  v.  67  Letters  of  Instruction  and  Commission, 
authorizing  the  French  Ambassador  to  conclude  on  Obliga 
tion  reciprocous. 

Hence  f  Keci'procously  adv.  Obs.  ""* 
1683  E.  HOOKER  Pref.  Pordage's  Mystic  Div.  94  Reci- 
procously  ratified  by  these  Testimonies. 

f  E-eci-procy,  obs.  var.  RECIPROCITY. 

1803  Censor  i  Sept.  92  If  so,  there  is  a  reciprocy  of  affec 
tion,  and  he  need  not  use  any  words  or  ink. 

tK.eciproq.ue,  «.  and  sb.  Obs.  Also  reci- 
prock(e,  -procq(ue,  -prok(e,  recyproque.  [a. 
F.  reciproque  (14—1510-  c.),  or  ad.  L.  reciproc-us, 
app.  f.  re-  back  and  pro  forward.] 

A.  adj.  —  RECIPROCAL  a,  (Chiefly  in  senses  2  b 
and  4  a  ;  common  c  1570-1620.) 

1 1532  Du  WES  Introd.  Fr.  in  Palsgr.  1049  Suche  love  is 
nat  reciprocque  or  retorning.  1594  T.  BEDINGFIKI.D  tr. 


Mackiavelli's  Florentine  Hist.  (1595)  To  Rdr,,  Succession 
..  planteth  a  certaine  reciproke  loue  betweene  the  Prince 
and  the  people.  1603  SIR  R.  CECIL  in  Ellis  Grig.  Lett. 
Ser.  u.  III.  207  The  King  receaved  it  with  reciprocq  generall 
kindness.  1619  SIR  J.  SEMPIL  Sacrilege  Handled§q&\u\\\'g 
and  Taking  then,  are  on  both  sides,  mutuall  and  reciprock. 
B.  si,  1.  A  return  or  equivalent.  =  RECIPROCAL 
$b.  2.  Also  with  the:  The  natural  return,  the  like. 

1538  HEN.  VIII  Let.  to  Wyatt  17  May  in  IVyatfs  Wks. 
(1816)  492  We  would  be  content  upon  convenient  reciproque 
that  [etc.].  1543  SIR  W.  PAGET  in  Burnet  Hist.  Re/:  (1865) 
VI.  256  Ask  reasonably  for  the  dote,  and  make  a  reciproque 
for  the  rest.  1552  Ibid.  V.  115  The  king  is  bound  by  the 
treaty;  and  if  he  will  be  helped  by  that  treaty,  he  must  do 
the  reciproque.  i6iz  BACON  Ess.,  Love  (Arb.J  446  It  is  a 
true  rule  that  loue  is  euer  rewarded  either  with  the  re 
ciproque  or  with  an  inward  and  secret  contempt,  a  1648 
LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  VIII  (1683)  442  That  they  should  give 
King  Henry  no  Reciproke,  as  lying  at  that  distance. 

2.   A  reflexive  pronoun.  rare~l. 

1681  W.  ROBERTSON  Phraseol.  Gen.  (1693)  730  A  Relative 
is  sometimes  used  for  the  Reciproque  siti. 

Hence  f  Reciproquely  adv.    Obs. 

1558  Sc.  Acts  Mary  (1814)  505/1  To  be  ratifeitandapprevit 
and  consentit  vnto  Receproquilie  be  his  maiestie  and  my 
lord  daulphin  his  sone.  1592  G.  HARVEY  Four  Lett,,  etc. 
Sonn.  xvi,  Each  one  with  Cordiall  indulgence  forbeare  And 
Bondes  of  Love  reciproquely  enseale. 

Reci'rde,  v.  rare.    [RE- 5  a.]  To  circle  again. 

1611  FLORIO,  Recirculare,  to  recircle  or  compasse  about 
againe.  a  1.711  KEN  Hymns  Evang,  Poet.  Wks.  1721  1. 173 
His  Blood  re-circling  made  his  Pulses  beat. 

Reci'rculation.     [RE-  5 a;  cf.  prec.]    A 

renewed  or  fresh  circulation. 

1611  FLORIO,  Recirculationc,  a  recirculation.  1812  J.  J. 
HENRY  Camp.  agst.  Quebec  in  Rubbing  with  my  hands 
..soon  caused  a  recirculation  of  the  blood.  1899  Star  5 
July  3/4  Putting  the  old  stamps  into  recirculation. 

Recisiou.  (r/si'gon).  Now  rare.  [ad.  L.  reel- 
sion-em,  n.  of  action  f.  recidere  to  cut  back.  In 
early  use  also  ad.  F.  recision^  obs.  var.  rescision 
RESCISSION.]  a.  The  action  of  cutting  back  or 
pruning.  *j*  b.  The  action  of  rescinding.  Obs. 

1611  COTGR.,  Recision,  a  recision,  cancelling,  or  cutting 
off.  1656  J.  HARRINGTON  Qceana  (1658)  in  A  solemn  and 
annual  Feast  call'd  the  Sisacthia,  or  Recision.  1664  EVELYN 
Sylva  (1776)  371  If  they  present  us  their  blushing  double 
flowers  for  the  pains  of  reci.sion  and  well  pruning.  1706  tr. 
Dupin's Eccl.  Hist. \6thC.\\.  iv.  ix. 433  Unless  His  Majesty 
rather  chose  to  grant  a  Recision  of  the  Contracts.  1706  in 
PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey  ;  and  hence  in  Bailey,  Johnson,  and 
later  Diets.).  1881  SWINBURNE  Misc.  (1886)  256  The  re 
arrangement  and  recision  and  reissue  of  a  single  verse. 

Recission,  -o-ry,  erron.  ff.  RESCISSION,  -OEY. 

Recital  (r/sai-tal).  Forms :  6  recyghtall, 
6-7  recitall,  (6  resyt-,  recyt-),  6-  recital,  [f. 
RECITE  v.  +  -AL  5.] 

1.  A  rehearsal,  account,  or  description  of  some 
thing,  fact,  or  incident ;  also  (esp.  in  early  use), 
an  enumeration  or  detailed  account  of  a  number 
of  things,  facts,  etc. ;  a  relation  of'the  particulars 
or  details  <?/"  something. 

c  IS5°  J-  MARDELEY  (title}  A  short  Resytall  of  certeine 
holy  Doctours  [etc.],  1586  W.  WEBBE  Eng.  Pottrie  (Arb.) 
43  A  laciuious  disposed  personne,  whom  the  recitall  of  sins 
. .  wyll  not  stale.  1651  BAXTER  Inf.  Bapt,  300  The  Ante 
cedent  is  undeniable,  as  might  be  manifested  by  a  recital  of 
the  particular  Texts.  1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxon.  I.  no,  I  shall 
not  make  a  recital  of  it  now.  1781  COWPER  Conversat.  313 
Some  men .  .give  us  in  recitals  of  disease  A  doctor's  trouble, 
but  without  the  fees.  1838  LYTTON  Alice  n.  v,  Caroline's 
lively  recital  of  their  adventures  was  received  with  much 
interest.  1876  LOWELL  Among  my  Bks.  Ser.  n.  322  At  the 
recital  of  a  noble  action.,  they  would  suffuse  with  tears. 

b.  A  discourse,  account,  relation,  narrative. 

a  1565  J._HEYWOOD  Wit  $  Folly  (Percy  Soc.)  5  The  sotts 
pleaseure  in  this  last  aquyghtall  Cownterwayleth  his  payne, 
in  yowr  fyrst  recyghtall.  1577  tr.  Bullinger's  Decaties 
(1592)  841  Who  is  able  to  recite  all  . .  the  studies  of  the 
Church,  in  a  verie  large  discourse,  much  lesse  in  this  short 
recitall?  1602  DRYDEN  St.  Euremont's  Ess.  163  In  their 
Narrations  they  engage  us  to  follow  them  by  the  insensible 
bond  of  an  agreeable  and  natural  recital.  1732  LEDIARU 
Sethos  II.  vni.  168  This  recital  struck  our  . .  auditors  with 
astonishment,  1791  COWPER  Iliad  ix.  742  That  dread  recital 
roused  him.  i86oTvNDALLGVaf.i.  xxvii.  219, 1  cannot  finish 
this  recital  without  saying  one  word  about  my  men. 

c.  Without  article :   Narration,  rare. 

1771  MACKENZIE  Man  Feel,  xl,  Peter  came  one  morning 
into  his  master's  room  with  a  meaning  face  of  recital.  1772 
—  Man  World  n.  xi,  Those  short  letters  of  recital,  which 
I  was  obliged  to  write  to  Sir  Thomas. 

d.  An  occasion  of  narrating  or  rehearsing. 

1842  J.  WILSON  Chr.  North  II.  287  Some  old  tragic 
event  that  gathered  a  deeper  interest  from  every  recital. 

2.  spec.  The  rehearsal  or  statement  in  a  formal 
or  legal  document  of  some  fact  or  facts  closely 
connected  with  the  matter  or  purpose  of  the  docu 
ment  itself ;  the  part  containing  this  statement. 

1512  Act  4  Hen.  VIII>  c.  13  Any  recytalt  or  other  matter 
in  thys  Acte.  .notwithstandyng.  1614  SELDEN  Titles  Hon. 
354  Neither  do  the  Patents.. proue  that  by  the  Patent  they 
were  made,  but  the  recitall  do  of  the  Creation.  1687  Assur. 
Abb.  Lands  44  In  this  Bull  are  the  fullest  Recitals  of  the 
Pope's  dispensing  Power,  that  I  have  yet  met  with.  1774 
BURKE  Sp.  Amer.  Tax.  Wks.  1842  I.  156  All  you  suffer  is 
the  purging  the  statute-book  of  the  opprobrium  of  an  empty, 
absurd,  and  false  recital.  1810  BENTHAM  Packing  (1821) 
168  The  particular  recital  prefixed,  by  way  of  preamble,  to 
this  verv  clause.  1891  Law  Times  XCII.  107/1  The  titles 
and  recitals  of  both  the  [Acts]  .,  show  them  to  be  Real 
Property  Acts. 


Comb,  1834  T.  MARTIN  (title)  The  Conveyancer's  Recital- 
book. 

3.  An  (or  the)  act  of  \^  reading  or)  reciting. 
x6iz  T.  WILSON  Chr.  Diet.  s.v.  Read,  Reading  is  nothing 

else,  but  such  a  recitall  and  speaking  forth  the  letters  and 
sillibles.  1724  WATERLAND  Athan.  Creed  vi.  \Vks.  1823 
IV.  231  From  this  time  ..  I  presume,  the  Athanasian  Creed 
has  been  honoured  with  a  public  recital.  1863  Sat.  Rev. 
ii  July  58  The  recital  of  the  poems  revealed  an  entirely 
new  talent.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  121  [AJdialogue, 
combining  with  the  mere  recital  of  the  words  spoken,  the 
observations  of  the  reciter. 

b.  Music.  A  musical  (now  only  instrumental) 
performance  given  by  one  person ;  a  concert  con 
sisting  of  selections  from  one  composer.  Opera 
recital,  a  performance  of  the  music  and  words  of 
an  opera  without  appropriate  costume  or  acting. 

The  use  of  the  word  in  quots.  1840,  to  which  its  present 
currency  is  due,  is  attributed  to  Mr.  F.  Beale.  The  term 
is  now  applied  to  the  whole  performance,  not  to  the  rendering 
of  each  separate  piece. 

1811  BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.  (ed.  3),  Recital,  formerly  the 
general  name  for  any  performance  with  a  single  voice.  But 
at  present  only  applied  to  recitative.  1840  John  Bull 
31  May  i  Liszt's  Pianoforte  Recitals.  M.  Liszt  will  give  at 
Two  o'clock  on  Tuesday  morning,  June  9,  Recitals  on  the 
Pianoforte.  Ibid.  7  June  3  On  Wednesday  evening..  M. 
Liszt  will  also  give  a  recital  of  one  of  his  great  fantasias. 
1867  Musical  Times  i  June  74/1  Mr.  Walter  Macfarren 
gave  the  first  of  a  series  of  three  Pianoforte  recitals.. on 
the  iSth  ult. 

4.  A  repetition ;  a  quotation,  rare—1. 

1790  PALEY  Horx  Paul.  i.  4  If  it  should  be  objected 
that  this  was  a  mere  recital  from  the  Gospel  [etc.]. 

Hence  Reci'talist,  one  who  gives  musical  recitals. 

1889  Pall  Ma/^G.22  May  6/1  Our  'vocalists'  seem  as 
chary  as  our  '  recltalists  '  are  prodigal  of  their  talents.  1897 
Scotsman  31  Mar.  8/7  Mr.  Benda..is  not  altogether  un 
known  as  a  recitalist  in  Edinburgh. 

t  Reci'tally,  adv.  Ol>s-1  [f.  RECITE  v.  + 
-AL  +  -LY  -.]  By  \\ay  of  citation. 

a  1641  Br.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  $  Man.  (1642)  389  So  much 
Hierome,  not  recitally  delivering  other  mens  opinions,  but 
positively  putting  down  his  own. 

Hecitant  (re'sitant).  [f.  pres.  ppl.  stem  of  L. 
recitdre  to  RECITE.]  One  who  recites  or  repeats. 

1888  Ck.  7Yw«  XXVI.  472/3  In  the  private  recitation  of 
Matins  and  Evensong,  the  recitant  can  omit  the  exhortation 
and  the  absolution,  but  should  say  all  else. 

f  E,e*citate,  v.  O&s.—1  [f.  pa.  ppl.  stem  of  L. 
recitare.~\  trans.  To  recite,  deliver  in  recitative. 

1774  tr.  f  f  civet  ins'  Child  of  Nature  \\.  187  They  will  soon 
oblige  the  composers  to  substitute  notes  to  words,  and  have 
them  recitated,  or  sung,  by  the  performers  of  the  opera. 

Recitation  (resit^jan).  Also  5  recytacion. 
[ad.  L.  recitation-em,  n.  of  action  f.  recitare  to 
RECITE  ;  or  a.  F.  recitation  (14-151!!  c.).] 

1.  The  action  of  rehearsing,  detailing,  t  or  enu 
merating;  recital. 

1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  Page  v,  The  v  fable  is  of  the 
recytacion  of  somme  monstres.  1648  JENKYN  Blind  Guide 
i.  15  Though  indeed  the  recitation  of  such  cheape  and  poore 
stuffe,  be  a  sufficient  refutation  of  them  among  intelligent 
Readers.  1685  EAXTKH  Parapkr,  N.  7'.,  Matt.  i.  14,  I  re 
duce  them  to  fourteen  in  the  recitation,  for  memory-sake. 
b.  An  instance  of  this ;  an  account,  narrative. 

1641  MILTON  Ck.  Govt.  n.  Wks.  (1851)  148  Wise  and  artfull 
recitations  sweetned  with  eloquent  and  gracefull  intice- 
ments.  1654  HAMMOND  Fitndam.  xv.  §  7  The  recitations 
and  descriptions  of  God's  decreed  wrath. 

2.  The  action  of  reciting  (t  or  reading  aloud) ; 
the  repetition  of  something  got  by  heart. 

1623  COCKERAM,  Recitation,  a  rending  with  a  loude  voice. 
1659  PK ARSON'  Creed  (1839)  18  The  recitation  of  the  Creed 
at  the  first  initiation  into  the  Church  by  baptism.  1828 
WHATELY  Rket.  in  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1847)  I.  302/1  Let  all 
studied  recitation  therefore  ..  be  carefully  avoided.  1841 
BORROW  Zincali  II.  ii.  in.  60  From  the  recitation  of  this 
individual  we  wrote  down  the  . .  Deluge.  1879  GROVE 
Diet.  Mus.  I.  626  The  note  on  which  the  recitation  is  made 
in  each  Psalm  or  Canticle  tone. 
b.  An  instance  of  ibis;  an  act  of  reciting. 

1841  Lt>.xEAralr.  jV/j.  I.  15  Thus,  on  the  first  night  of  the 
thousand  and  one,  Shahrazad  commenced  her  recitations. 
1847  GROTE  Greece  n.  xxviii.  (1862)  III.  60  There  were 
recitations  and  lectures  in  a  spacious  council-room.  1858 
RUSKIN  Arrfftvs  of  Chace  (1880)  II.  264,  I  heard  your 
daughter's  recitations  in  London  last  Autumn. 

3.  U.  S.  The  repetition  of  a  prepared  lesson  or 
exercise  ;  an  examination  on  something  previously 
learned  or  explained, 

1834  W.  N.  BLAUS  Excursion  364  The  '  recitations '  men 
tioned,  are  examinations  on  the  subject  of  the  lecture  of  the 
preceding  day.  a  i88z  J.  QUINCY  Figures  of  Past  (1884)  4 
He  took  up  his  Livy  to  prepare  for  the  last  recitation  that 
he  could  hope  to  attend. 

4.  attrib.)  as  (sense  3)  rccitation-benck,  -room] 
(sense  2)  recitation-note. 

1844  EMERSON  New  E"g.  Reformers  Wks.  (Bohn)  I.  261 
Shut  up  in  schools,  and  colleges,  and  recitation-rooms  for 
ten  or  fifteen  years.  1850  HELMORE  Man.  Plain  Song  6 
This  is  set  for  G, . .  as  the  recitation-note  of  the  Priest.  1887 
Lippincotf  s  Mag.  Aug.  293  A  Freshman  . .  never  tires  of 
inscribing  his  class  numerals  on  recitation-benches. 

Hence  Becita'tionalism,  the  characteristics  of 
the  usual  style  of  recitation  ;  Becita'tionist,  one 
who  gives  recitations. 

1885  E.  C.  STEDMAN  in  Century  Mag.  Feb.  512/1  The 
youth,  who  has  heard  this  last  of  the  recitationists  deliver 
one  of  his  poems  [etc.].  1890  Pall  Mall  G.  18  Aug.  3/1 
His  delivery  was  admirable  ..  without  a  taint  of  rant  or 
recitationalism. 

31-2 


RECITATIVE. 


Recitative  (re'sitatrv),  a.land.rd.  Mus.  [ad. 
It.  recitativo  RECITATIVO;  cf.  F.  rfritatifsb. 

Johnson  (1755)  gives  the  stressing  as  re'citativet  and 
Webster  (1828)  as  reci'tative  (defending  it  in  a  note):  see 
also  quots.  1655  in  A.  i  and  1821  in  B.  i.J 

A.  adj.  i.  Of  the  nature  of,  in  the   style  of, 
recitative  (see  B). 

1645  EVELYN  Diary  June  (Venice),  W?  went  to  the  Opera 
where  Comedies  and  other  plays  are  represented  in  recita 
tive  Musiq.  1655  [J.  PHILLIPS]  Satyr  agst.  Hypoc.  (1674)  6 
Then  out  he  whines  the  rest  like  some  sad  ditty,  In  a  most 
doleful  recitative  style.  1711  ADDISON  Sj>ect.  No.  29  P  2 
The  Transition  from  an  Air  to  Recitative  Musick  being 
more  natural,  than  the  passing  from  a  Song  to  plain  and 
ordinary  Speaking.  1892  E.  REEVES  Homeward  Bound  40 
The  oratorio . .  is  a  peculiar  and  difficult  work  of  the  dramatic 
recitative  order. 

f2.   Employing  a  recitative  style.     Obs,—1 
1660  JER.  TAYLOR  Duct.  Dnbit.  in.  iv.  rule  20  §  ii  Mu 
sicians. .are  not  so  recitative,  they  do  not  sing  and  express 
the  words  so  plainly  that  they  which  hear  do  understand. 

B.  sb.  1.  A  style  of  musical  declamation,  inter 
mediate   between    singing   and   ordinary   speech, 
commonly  employed  in  the  dialogue  and  narrative 
parts  of  operas  and  oratorios. 

1656  B  LOU  NT  Glossogr.  s.y.  Ctyera,  A  Tragedy.,  performed 
by  Voyces  in  that  way,  which  the  Italians  term  Recitative. 
1685  EVELYN  Diary  27  Jan.,  His  singing  was  after  the 
Venetian  recitative,  as  masterly  as  could  be.  1706  in  PHIL 
LIPS.  1780  HARRIS  Philol.  Enq.  Wks.  (1841)  428  The  ancient 
choruses  between  the  acts  were  probably  sung,  and  perhaps 
the  rest  was  delivered  in  a  species  of  recitative.  1821 
BYRON  Juan  iv.  Ixxxvii,  To  hear  him  you'd  believe  An  ass 
was  practising  recitative.  1882  FARRAR  Early  Cltr.  II.  552 
Maimonides  carefully  preserves.. the  reason  why  the  name 
was  pronounced  in  an  almost  inaudible  recitative. 

t  b.  The  tone  or  rhythm  peculiar  to  any  lan 
guage.  Obs. 

1771  SMOLLETT  Humjh.  Cl.  13  July,  Because  every  lan 
guage  had  its  peculiar  recitative.  1791  BOSWELI,  Johnson 
xxvi.  an.  1772,  I  could  name  some  gentlemen  of  Ireland,  to 
whom  a  slight  proportion  of  the  accent  and  recitative  of 
that  country  is  an  advantage. 

2.  Words  or  passages  intended  to  be  delivered  in 
recitative. 

1716  ROWE  Let.  to  Hughes  22  Oct.  in  Sotheran's  Catal. 
No.  12.  (1899)  46  Three  or  four  Airs  with  some  little  Reci 
tative  between  is  what  the  composer  will  be  glad  of.  1727 
GAY  Begg.  Op.  Introd.,  I  have  not  made  my  Opera  through 
out  unnatural,  like  those  in  vogue  ;  for  I  have  no  Recitative. 
1845  E.  HOLMES  Mozart  171  The  libretto  ..  still  wanted 
alterations  and  abbreviations  of  the  recitative. 

3,  a.  A   part  rendered  in  recitative,  or  a  piece 
of  music  intended  for  such  a  part. 

1754  RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1781)  IV.  xii.  95  How  will 
the  dear  Harriet  bear  these  abominable  recitatives?  1762 
KAMES  Elcm.  Crit.  xviii.  (1833)  290  The  melody  of  a  reci 
tative  approaches  sometimes  to  that  of  a  song.  1874  LADY 
HERBERT  tr.  lliibner*s  Ramble  \\.  ii.  (1878)  249  The  flute 
begins  playing  a  recitative  evidently  of  great  antiquity. 
b.  A  performance  in  recitative. 

1873  TRISTRAM  Moab  ii.  28  A  capital  'fantasia'  or  Arab 
dance  and  recitative  round  our  camp  fire. 

Hence  t  Recitatively  adv.   Obs.-1 

1702  Lett,  on  Q.  Anne's  Going  to  St.  Pants  (T.),  The 
jubilee  was  sung  in  the  same  manner,  after  which  the  office 
was  performed  only  recitatively  ;  no  organs  made  use  of. 

Recitative  (re'site'tiv,  r/si-tativ),  a.z  rare. 
[f.  RECITE  v.  +  -ATIVE,  perh.  suggested  by  prec.] 
Of  the  nature  of  a  recital  or  repetition. 

1860  WESTCOTT  Introd.  Stud.  Gosp.  iii.  (ed.  5)  193  Of 
verbal  coincidences, ..one-fifth  occur  in  the  narrative,  and 
four-fifths  in  the  recitative  parts.  1896  C.  JOHNSON  in  Cal. 
Petit,  to  Pope  I.  Pref.  6  Although  in  other  respects  the 
recitative  portion  of  the  bull  is  usually  full. 

Recitative  (re=sitatrv),  v,  [f.  RECITATIVE  rt.1] 

1.  trans.  To  render  or  deliver  in  recitative. 

1806  R.  CUMBERLAND  Mem.  59  Mrs.  Gibber.. sung  or 
rather  recitatived  Rowe's  harmonious  strain.  1833  Q.  Rev. 
XLIX.  353  The  elder  verse — the  Homeric  and  Hesiodic— 
was  sung,  or.. recitatived. 

2.  intr.  To  declaim  in  recitative. 

1832  SOUTHEV  Hist.  Pcnins.  War  III.  598  Sundry. .  Lusi- 
tanian  worthies  recitatived  in  praise  of  Lord  Wellington. 

Recitati'vical,  a.  rare  -1.  [f.  RECITATIVE 
sb.  +  -ICAL.]  Of  the  nature  of  recitative. 

1701-1823  DISRAELI  Cur.  Lit.  (1866)  145/2  It  approaches 
to  the  former  by  recitativical  declamation. 

Recitativo  (re'sitatrw).    [It.,  f.  ppl.  stem  of 

recitare  to  RECITE  +  -ivo  -IVE.     Cf.  med.L.  reci 
tative  adv.  (Du  Cange).]     =  RECITATIVE  sb.  i. 

[1617  B.  JONSON  Masques  (1641)  II.  10  The  whole  Maske 
was  sung  (after  the  Italian  manner;  Stylo  Recitativo.  1678 
T.  JORDAN  Triumphs  Lond.  (Percy  Soc.)  169  The  per 
formance  of  a  song  of  three  parts,  in  stilo  recitatwo.] 

1645  EVELYN  Diary  10  Oct.,  She  presented  me  afterwards 
with  two  recitativos  of  hers,  both  words  and  musiq.  1667 
PEPYS  Diary  12  Feb.,  All  in  the  recitativo  very  fine.  1711 
ADDISON  Spect.  No.  29  F  i  There  is  nothing  that  [has]  more 
startled  our  English  Audience,  than  the  Italian  Recitativo 
at  its  first  Entrance  upon  the  Stage.  1748  RICHARDSON 
Clarissa  11811)  IV.  Hi.  351  Charming  matrimonial  recita- 
tivoes  !_  1819  T.  HOPE  Anasfasiits  (1820)  III.  xii.  323  He 
soon  discovered  in  my  recitativos  and  arias  a  mystic  sense. 
1864  ENGEL  Mus.  Anc.  Nut.  231  They  sang  in  recitativo,  as 
they  sing  in  Italy  the  ritornello. 

attrib.^  1780  Ann.  Reg.  ii.  21  He  repeated  stanzas  from 
Anpsto  in  a  pompous  recitativo  cadence,  peculiar  to  the 
natives  of  Italy.  1812  Religionism  qi  Recitativo  preaching 
call  we  this.  1813  Edin.  Rev.  XXII.  143  The  habit  of  using 
somewhat  of  recitativo  intonation. 

Re-citator.  rare-1,   [ad.  L.  recitator,  agent-n. 


244 

f.  recitare  to  RECITE  ;  cf.  F,  rccitateur^  One  -who 
recites ;  a  recitant. 

1880  J.  Ross  Hist.  Corea  x.  334  The  recitators  then  step 
before  the  incense  table. 

Recite  (nsart),  sb.  rare.  [f.  thevb.,  or  ad.F. 
rtcit.\  A  recital. 

1685  TEMPLE  £ss.,  Jfeatt&Vfks.  1731  I.  277  All  the  former 
Recites  or  Observations,  either  of  long-lived  Races  or  Per 
sons  in  any  Age  or  Country.  1886  R.  F.  BURTON  Arab. 
Nts.  (abr.  ed.)  I.  331  Small  birds  on  branches  sang  with 
melodious  recite. 

Recite  (r&ai't),  v.  Forms :  5-7  resite,  6 
resyte,  -syght,  -zyt,  6-7  resight ;  5-6  recyte,  (6 
-ceite,  Sc.  -ceat),  6-  recite,  [a.  F.  reciter  (i2th 
c.),  or  ad.  L.  recitare^  f.  re-  Ks.-  +  citare  to  CITE.] 

1.  trans.  To  repeat  or  utter   aloud   (something 
previously  composed,  heard,  or  learned  by  heart) ; 
now  spec.lo  repeat  to  an  audience  (apiece  of  verse 
or  other  composition)  from  memory  and  in  an  ap 
propriate   manner.     Also,  to  read  out   or  aloud 
(now  rare). 

1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  HI.  x.  153  The  Orysons  that  bensayd 
and  recyted  euery  day  in  the  chirches.  1530  PAI.SGR.  681/1 
He  hath  a  syngular  memorie,  he  recyted  al  our  hole  comu- 
nycacion  and  myssed  nat  a  worde.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng. 
Poesie  i.  xv.  (Arb.)  50  All  other  kinde  of  poems.,  were  onely 
recited  by  mouth,  a  1660  HAMMOND  Serin,  xxii.  (1850)  11.  481 
Moral  precepts  [young  men]  cannot  be  said  to  believe,,  .they 
now  recite  them  only,  and  shall  then  understand  them,  when 
they  come  of  age.  1709  STEELE  Taller  No.  47  PS,  I  recited 
some  Heroick  Lines  of  my  own.  1789  BURNEY  Hist.  Mns. 
IV.  18  The  dialogue  was  neither  sung  in  measure,  nor 
declaimed  without  Music,  but  recited  in  simple  musical 
tones.  1816  J.  WILSON  City  of  Plague  n.  ii.  151  Methinks 
I  hear  his  voice  while  he  recites  Some  fragment  of  a  poem. 
1884  HoRNER>/%?r¥ftC0  (ed.  2)  1 1.  xxxi.  421  Strozzi.  .endowed 
the  Church  in  1589  on  condition  of  masses  being  recited 
for  his  soul. 

fb.  To  read  out  the  name  of  (a  person);  to 
call  on  by  name.  Obs.—1 

1572  R.  H.  tr.  Latiaterus1  G hastes  (1506)  107  After  this, 
the  question  is  to  be  moved,  cache  man  there  present  being 
recited  whether  he  would  answere  unto  this  or  that  man. 
c.  To  read  out  the  charges  on  (a  shield). 

1859  THACKERAY  Virgin,  x,\xii,  'I  make1,  cries  Charley, 
reciting  the  shield,  'three  merlons  ['/morions]  on  a  field  ort 
with  an  earl's  coronet '. 

2.  To  relate,  rehearse,  narrate,  tell,  declare ;  to 
give  an  account  of;  to  describe  in  detail.     ?  Obs. 

1483  CANTON  Cato  E  vij  b,  Alle  that  thyn  eyen  seen  thou 
oughtest  not  to  recyte  ne  telle  but..kepe  hit  secrete.  1538 
STAKKEY  England  \.  iv.  128  As  touchyng  thys  poynt,  yf 
I  schold  recyte  al  that  I  know  [etc.].  1585  T.  WASHINGTON 
tr.  Nickolay's  lroy.  i.  xv,  In  his  treaty. .of  the  warres  of 
Malta,  [he]  doth  recyte  a  history  no  lesse  lamentable.  1599 
MASSINGER,  etc.  Old  Law  i.  i,  It  is  thought  fit  ..  that  they 
be  put  to  death  as  is  before  recited.  1653  H.  COGAN  tr. 
Pint os  Trav,  xix.  68  Antonio  ..  recited  unto  them  his  un 
happy  voyage.  1723  POPE  Odyss.  \.  221  Sincere,  from 
whence  began  thy  course,  recite. 

b.  Law.  To  rehearse  or  state  in  a  deed  or 
other  document  (some  fact  bearing  closely  upon 
the  matter  in  hand). 

1430-1  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  376/1  A  remembrance,  .resityng 
ye  issue  yat  is  joyned  . .  and  certefying  [etc.].  1473-4  Ibid. 
VI,  33/2  Recityng  by  the  same  among  other  that  where, 
among  certeyn  liberties  and  privileges  [etc.].  1532  Test. 
Ebor.  (Surtees)  VI.  31  Reciting  that  by  a  deed  bipartite  he 
had  enfeoffed  [etc.].  1682  [see  RECITING  ppl.  a.].  1766 
BLACKSTONB  CtffKM.  II.  xxi.  358  The  subsequent  proceedings 
are  made  up  into  a  record  or  recovery  roll,  in  which  the 
writ  and  complaint  of  the  defendant  are  first  recited.  1818 
CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  VI.  450  John  Ivy,  reciting  that  he  had 
made  a  former  will  in  the  life  of  his  wife  [etc.].  1859  C. 
BARKER  A ssoc.  Princ.  i.  13  The  preamble,  .recites  that  many 
visitations  had  been  made  in  the  200  years  preceding. 

1 3.  To  compose  ;  to  write  down.  Obs.  rare. 

1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  i.  2,  I  toke  on  me.  .to  wryte 
and  recite  the  sayd  boke,  and  bare  y°  same  compyled  into 
Ingland.  1611  BIBLE  Ecclus.  xliv.  5  Such  as  found  out 
musical  tunes,  and  recited  verses  in  writing.  1654  FULLER 
Two  Sertn,  52  Wherefore  he  [God]  reciteth  downe  metis 
Actions,  not  out  of  any  necessitie  to  helpe  himself  to  re 
member  them  ;  but  partly  out  of  State. 

4.  To  go  through  or  over  in  detail ;  to  make 
separate  mention  of  (a  number  of  things)  ;  to 
enumerate,  give  a  list  of.  Now  rare. 

«iS33  L°*  BERNERS  Huon  Ixviii.  234  Yf  and  I  sholde 
resyte  all  the  ryches  that  they  had  there,  it  shold  be  to 
longe  to  be  rehersed.  1578  T.  N.  tr.  Cony.  W.  India  200 
All  the  things  recited,  and  many  others  which  I  speake  not 
of,  are  sold  in  every  market  of  Mexico.  1613  PUKCHAS 
Pilgrimage  v.  vii.  (1614)  508  What  should  I  heere  recite 
their  Camphora,  Mirrhe,  Frankincense, ..  and  a  world  of 
others?  1641  WILKINS  Math.  Magick  i.  v.  (1648)  36  Divers 
other  naturall  problemes.. which  I  forbear  to  recite.  1695 
WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Earth  I.  (1723)  18  They  were 
Minerals  as  the  Belemnites  and  the  others  recited,  are. 
1787  J.  WESLEY  Serm.  II.  xliii.  26  In  many  cases,  by 
reciting  the  sins  of  their  neighbours,  men  indulge  their  own 
foolish.. desires.  1818-28  HALLAM  Mid.  Ages(i^i)  I.  iv. 
386  We  find  only  bishops  and  magnates  recited  as  present. 
fb.  To  mention,  speak  of  (a  single  thing).  Obs. 

1552  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  143  To  make  vpp  y"  full  of  xx1' 
wlbin  this  wyll  resytted.  1573  L.  LLOYD  Marrow  of  Hist. 
(1653)  126  What  should  I  recite  Arganthonius,  who  was 
threescore  years  before  he  came  unto  his  Kingdome  ? 
a  1645  HABINGTON  Sum.  IVorcs.  in  Worcs.  Hist.  Soc.  Proc. 
it.  321  Lendewyke.  .in  the  Charter  of  Kynges  Kenred  and 
Offa,  recyted  next  to  Evesham. 

f  5.  To  cite,  quote.   Obs. 

1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Afioph.  290  Allegeyng  and  recityng 
certain  lavves  many  yures  afore  graunted  vnto  them.  1570 


RECIVILIZE. 

FOXE  A.  <$•  M.  (1596)  78/2  After  that,  he  reciteth  the  decree 
which  he  himselfe  made  against  them.  16*1  BURTON  A  nat. 
Mel.  i.  ii.  i.  ii,  Some  few  I  will  recite  in  this  kinde  out  of 
most  approoued  Phisitians.  1653  H.  MORE  Antid.Ath,  in. 
ii.  jj  i  (1712)  89,  I  will  briefly  recite  some  few  of  those  many 


able  number  of  writers. 

t  b.  To  cite  or  mention,  to  quote  from  (a  book). 

ft  1568  ASCHAM  Scholem.  n.  (Arb.)  153  Which  booke  is  oft 

recited,  and  moch  praysed.  in  the  fragmentes  of  Nonius. 


CHALMERS  ^.ateaoma  i.  u.  v:.  302  ine  ^nromcon  c 
blane  ..  is  recited  by  Innes,  in  his  MS.  Collections. 

f  6.  intr,  (or  without  direct  object.)  To  relate, 
rehearse,  etc.  Obs.  (Cf.  sense  2.) 

1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  ALsop  in.  xiy,  He  that  gyueth 
ayde  and  help  to  his  enemy  is  cause  of  his  dethe,  as  recyteth 
this  fable.     1541  R.  COPLAND  Galyen's  Terap.  2  E  iv,  Where 
they  haue  estemed  that  it  shulde  be  superflue  to  recyte, 
they  haue  obmysed  and  left  some,     1554-9  T.  WATERTOUNE 
in  Songs  fy  Ball.  (1860)  ii  Thus  Esaye  the  prophet  pleanly 
dothe  resyght. 

t  b.  Const  of,  or  to  with  inf.   Obs. 

1485  CAXTON  Paris  $  V.  (1868)  16  Now  it  sholde  be  ouer- 
longe  to  recyte  of  the  barons,     c  1531  Hye  way  to  Spyttel 
Hous  36  in    Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  IV.  24  Of  suche  ryche  men 
recyteth  the  gospell, . .  Saying  [etc.].     1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gitille- 
jneaiis  Fr.  Chintrg.  8  b/i   Hippocrates  reciteth  to  have 
cured  a  personage  which   had   receaved   a  shot   with   an 
arrowe. 

7.  intr.  To  repeat  something  from  memory ; 
U.  S.  to  repeat  a  lesson,  or  be  examined  on  one. 

1828  WEBSTER,  Recite^  to  rehearse  a  lesson.  The  class 
will  recite  at  ii  o'clock.  1847 TENNYSON /VzW.  n.  43oThere 
One  walk'd  reciting  by  herself,  a  1882  1.  QUINCY  Figures 
of  ^Past  (1884)  14  From  each  of  these  books  we  were  re 
quired  to  recite  once  a  week. 

Recited  (rfsaHed),  ppl.  a.  [f.  RECITE  v.  + 
-ED  !.]  Repeated,  related,  mentioned,  etc. 

Also  freq.  in  i7th  c.  in  above*)  afore;  last-recited. 

1630  PRVNNE  Anti-Armht,  173  All  these  recited  Fathers., 
haue  approued.  1650  BuLWER^ftMn^wff/.  in  The  bored 
lips,  so  shamefully  worn  by  some  of  the  recited  Nations. 
a  1691  BOYLE  Hist.  Air  (1692)  194  A  part  of  the  Alpes,  less 
high  than  that  where  the  recited  observation  was  made. 
1786  BURKE  Art.  agst.  IV.  Hastings  Wks.  1842  II.  112/2 
Called  to  answer  for  the  said  recited  irregularities. 

t  Reci'tement.  Obs.  [a.  F.  incitement  (161 1 
Cotgr.)  :  see  RECITE  v.  and  -MENT.]  Recital. 

1646  SIK  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  75  These  conceits  are  of 
that  monstrosity  that  they  refute  themselves  in  their  recite- 
ments.  1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  in.  iii.  463,  I  delight  not 
in  the  Raven-Notes  that  do  befal  Recitements  at  large  of 
those  Subjects.  1766  ENTICK  London  I.  350  The  laws, 
recitements,  and  statutes  of  holy  King  Edward. 

Reciter  (rfsai-tai).  Also  6  -our,  -or.  [f.  RE 
CITE  v.  +  -ER  1.]  One  who  recites. 

i5«HuLOET,  Recitour,m3Y<rArr.  1598  FLORIO,  R ecitante, 
a  rehearser,  a  reciter,  or  reader.  1624  BURTON  A  nat,  Mel. 
n.  ii.  iv.  (ed.  2)  229  Solemne  Declamations  of  certaine 
select  yong  Gentlemen  in  Florence  (like  those  Reciters  in 
old  Rome).  1712  STKELE  Spect.  No.  521  F  4  The  others 
repeat  only  what  they  hear  from  others  ..  and  are  called 
Reciters.  1796  WASHINGTON  Let.  Writ.  1892  XIII.  215  If 
the  persons  through  whom  it  has  passed  to  the  reciter  are 
not  mistaken  in  their  details.  i8ai  SCOTT  Kenilw.  xvii, 
The  graceful  form  and  animated  countenance  of  the  young 
reciter.  1893  FORBES  MITCHELL  Remin.  Gt.  Mutiny  76  An 
excellent  vocalist  and  reciter. 

b.  Used  as  the  title  of  books  containing  passages 
for  recitation. 

>  1829  (title)  The  Universal  Reciter,  and  Cabinet  of  Comical 
ities;  an  elegant  collection  of ..  recitations.  1867  (title) 
Routledge's  Comic  Reciter. 

Reci'ting,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  1.]  The 
action  of  the  vb.  RECITE. 

"SSo  PALSGR.  261/1  Recityng  of  a  matter,  recitation.     1580 
HOLLYBAND  Treas.  /•>-.  'I'ong,  Recitt  a  reciting,  a  declara 
tion.     1660  R.  COKE  I'mver  <y  Suly.  136  In  the  reciting  of 
these  laws,  I  do  not  affirm  [etc.]. 
b.  Reciting  note  (see  quots.). 

1876  STAINER  &  BARRETT  Diet.  Mns.  Terms  s.  v.  Chant > 
The  opening  chord  of  a  chant,  and  also  the  first  chord  after 
each  double  bar,  may  be  sustained  at  will,  to  accommodate 
tiie  number  of  syllables  contained  in  each  part  of  the 
verse.  These  chords  are  called  reciting  notes.  1881  GROVE 
Diet.  Mns.  IV.  86  Recit ing-note,  a  name  sometimes  given 
to  that  important  note,  in  a  Gregorian  Tone,  on  which 
the  greater  portion  of  every  Verse  of  a  Psalm,  or  Canticle,  is 
continuously  recited. 
So  Beci'ting- ppt.  a.,  that  recites. 

1682  W.  MOUNTAGU  in  Bucclcuck  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.)  I.  338  The  warrant,  .is  not  altered  in  a  word,  only 
some . .  addition . .  inserted  in  the  reciting  part.  1858  GLAD 
STONE  Homer  III.  552  To  Homer,  a  reciting  poet,  the 
Catalogue  was  a  great  effort  of  memory. 

Recive,  obs.  form  of  RECEIVE. 

Reciviliza'tion.  [RE-  5  a.]  The  action  of 
recivilizing. 

1816  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rw.  LXXIX.  463  An  amalga 
mation,  .that  might  be  favourable  to  the  re-civilization  of  an 
important  corner  of  Africa.  1837  CARLYLI-;  Fr.  Rev.  III.  vii. 
iv,  The  Thermidor  effulgence  of  recivilisation. 

Rec'ivilize,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  civilize 
again.  Hence  Reci'vilized///.  a. 

1813  G.  EDWARDS  AJeas.  True  Pol.  25  France  and  Great 
Britain.. would  readily  reciyili/e  the  ancient  World.  1837 
CARLYLE^V.  Rev.  III.  vii.  ii,  Fair  Cabarus,.  .struggling  to 
recivilise  mankind.  1899  MACKAIL  Life  W.  Morris  I.  6  In 
the  restored  and  recivihzed  England  of  a  distant  future. 


BECK. 

Beck  (rek),  ^.1  Obs.  exc.  tact.  Forms:  6  recke, 
reake,  Sc.  rak,  rack(e,  6,  8-9  reck.  [f.  RECK  z>.] 

1.  Care,  heed,  consideration,  regard. 

1568  Jacob  ff  Esau  i.  ii.  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  II.  196  One  that 
hath  no  recke  ne  care  what  way  he  walke.  1594  CAREW 
Huarte's Exam,  ll'its  xv.  (1596)  268  The  vulgar  make  little 
reake  thereof.  1866  H.  C.  LEA  tr.  A  udefroid-le-Batard  in 
Superst.  f,  Force  i.  (1878)  63  Your  love  [is]  another's,  and  of 
mine,  You  have  nor  reck  nor  care. 

2.  Sc.  In  phr.   Whatreck'i    What  matters  it ? 
?S35  LYNDESAY  Satyre  210  Quhat  rak  of  5our  prosperitie 

Gif  ?e  want  Sensualitie  !    c  1600  MONTGOMERIE  Chtrrie  $ 
Slae  1359  Thoch  it  be  cummersom,  quhat  reck  ?  1792  BURNS 
The  Tilher  Morn  i,  When  I,  what  reck,  did  least  expect 
To  see  my  lad  sae  near  me. 
t  Reck,  sb.2  obs.  variant  of  RACK  sb2  j  d. 

1671  Pliil.  Trans.  VI.  2111  A  Reck  . .  is  a  frame  made  of 
boards  about  three  foot  and  an  half  broad,  and  six  long, 
which  turns  upon  two  iron  pegs  fastened  in  both  ends,  and 
the  whole  placed  upon  two  posts. 

Reck,  obs.  variant  of  RICK,  WREAK  sb. 
Beck  (rek),  v.     Forms :   a.  Inf.  a.  i   recan, 
recc(e)an,  2-5  recchen,  (rectheu\  kand  Pres.) 

3  rtecche,  rechche,  4-5  retche;   2-5  reche(n, 

4  reiche,  reyche.     P.  3-6  rekke(n,  4-7  reck(e, 
4-6  rek,  6-  reck,  (7  wrecke) ;  4-6  reke,  6-7 
(w)reak(e  ;  north,  and  Sc.  4-6  rak(k,  7-8  rack, 
9  Sc.  raik.     b.  Pa.  t.  a.  1-3  rohte,  3-5  rojt(e, 
4-6  roght(e,   4  roht;    3-5   rouht(e,   roujt(e, 
rowght,  4-7  rought(e,  5  rowjte,  rough,  rowth, 
6  Sc.  roucht ;  4-6  raught(e,  5  Sc.  racht.     £.  5 
recched,  retched,  -yd;  6  wreaked,  Sc.  rakit; 
7- recked,  c.  Pa.pple.  a.  4  roght,  5-6  rought(e, 
6  wrought ;  5  raught.     0.  5  reckid,  6-  recked. 
[Comm.  Teut. :  OE.  reccan  (?  rfran)  =  OS.  rokjan 
(MDu.  noftfo»),OHG.  ruoh(li)en  (MHG.  rnochen), 
ON.    r&kja   (mod.   Norw.   dial,  rokjd)  :-OTeut. 
*rokjan,  the  base  of  which  does  not  appear  in  the 
cognate  languages. 

The  reason  of  the  double  consonant  in  OE.  reccan  (for  the 
normal  recan)  is  not  clear ;  it  may  have  been  due  to  associa 
tion  with  reccan  RECCHE.  In  ME.  there  is  considerable 
variation  of  form,  arising  from  differences  both  in  vowel  and 
consonant  ;  the  typical  forms  with  short  vowel  are  recche  or 
retche,  recke  and  rack,  contrasted  with  reche  or  reke,  later 
rcak.  The  latter  is  common  in  the  i6th  c.,  but  from  about 
1600  the  usual  literary  form  has  been  reck. 

The  OE.  pa.  t.  rdhte  gives  the  usual  ME.  pret.  forms 
ro)t(e,  roughl(e,  etc. ;  the  occasional  raught  may  be  due 
to  the  influence  of  the  pa.  t.  of  REACH.  The  new  formations 
in,  -cd,  as  recched,  recked,  are  app.  not  older  than  the  isth  c.] 

From  its  earliest  appearance  in  Eng.,  reck  is 
almost  exclusively  employed  in  negative  or  in 
terrogative  clauses.  In  the  former  the  simple 
negative  may  be  replaced  by  nought,  nothing,  little, 
not  much,  etc. ;  in  the  latter  the  pron.  what  is 
most  usual.  There  are  comparatively  few  examples 
of  the  word  during  the  I7th  and  iSth  c.,  but  in  the 
I  gth  it  again  becomes  common  in  rhetorical  and 
poetic  language. 

1.  intr.  Const,  with  of:  a.  To  take  care,  heed, 
or  thought  of  some  thing  (or  person),  with  incli 
nation,  desire  or  favour  towards  it,  interest  in  it, 
or  the  like  ;  to  think  (much,  etc.)  of. 

c888  K.  ./ELFRED  Bocth.  xxv,  peah  heora  lareowas  him  i 
bonne  biodan  ba  ilcan  mettas  . .  Sonne  ne  reccaS  hi  bara 
metta.  c  1000  K.ISVK  Horn.  I.  224  He  ne  rohte  ba;s  eorolican 
reafessySSan  he  of  deaSe  aras.  c  1205  LAY.  17051  Ne  recche 
ich  noht  his  londes  his  seoluer  ne  his  goldes.  aizyo  Owl fy  . 
Night.  1404  pe  gost..lutel  rekb  of  milce  and  ore.  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  15776  '  ludas,  quilum  was  ',  he  said,  '  pat  mikel 
o  be  i  roght '.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xliii.  (Cecilia)  394  A 
murtherere.  .bat  racht  nobire  of  mensk  na  honoure.  c  1440 
CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  in.  1370  ?e  neuyr  mech  rowth 
\_T.r.  rought]  Of  no  wordly . .  plesauns.  1481  CAXTON  Reynard 
(Arb.)  48  Ye  retche  not  of  brede  of  flesshe  ne  suche  maner 
mete.  1579  SPENSER  Sheph.  Cat.  July  34  Syker,  thous  but  | 
a  laesie  loord,  And  rekes  much  of  thy  swinck  \gloss  counts  . 
much  of  thy  paynes].  1616  R.  C.  Times'  Whistle  v.  1928 
He  would  not  wrecke  Of  all  celestiall  ioyes.  1810  SCOTT 
Lady  of  L.  iv.  xix,  What  from  a  prince  can  I  demand,  Who 
neither  reck  of  state  nor  land  ?  a  1845  BARHAM  Ingol,  Leg. 
Ser.  in.  Jerry  Jarvis,  Little  recked  he  of  flowers— save 
cauliflowers.  1887  BOWEN  Virg.  Mneid  v.  400  Of  gifts  I 
reck  but  lightly. 

b.  To  take  heed  or  have  a  care  of  some  thing 
(or   person),    so   as   to   be   alarmed   or   troubled 
thereby,  or  to  modify  one's  conduct  or  purpose  on    i 
that  account. 

Beowulf  (L.)  434  Se  se^laeca  . .  weepna  ne  recceS.  afjoo 
CVNEWULF  Crist  1440  Fylgdon  me  mid  firenum;  fa.-hbe  ne  | 
rohtun.  r  1200  ORMIN  16165  Nan  mann  ne  burrfte  ofTnimm 
Ne  nimenn  g^om,  ne  rekkenn.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  4419 
So  gret  was  is  herte  bat  of  deb  he  ne  ro5te  no  bing.  c  1375 
Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xlii.  (Agatha)  154  Do  one  as  bu  has  thocht, 
for  of  bi  panys  rak  I  nocht.  c  1430  tr.  De  Imitatione  III.  v.  68 
If  troube  delyuere  be,  bou  shalt.  .not  recche  of  mennes  veyn 
wordes.  1378  T.  PROCTOR  Corf.  Gallery  Gallant  Invent., 
Pure  Consc.,  A  Conscience  pure.  .That.  .Of  slaunders  loth- 
some  reketh  not.  1579  SPENSER  Sheph.  Cal.  Oct.  29  What 
wreaked  I  of  wintrye  ages  waste.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  50 
Of  God,  or  Hell,  or  worse  He  reckd  not.  1775  SHERIDAN 
Duenna  in.  i,  Then  it  was,  old  Father  Care,  Little  reck'd  I 
of  thy  frown.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  ofL.  v.  xvi,  He . .  Received, 
but  reck'd  not  of  a  wound.  1876  BLACK  Madcap  y.  v.  47 
What  recked  she  of  the  mad  course  she  was  pursuing. 

c.  To  know,  be  aware,  or  think  of. 

1813  KVKON  Corsair  in.  v,  Ah  !  little  reck'd  that  chief  of 
womanhood— Which  frowns  ne'er  quell'd,  nor  menaces  itlb- 


245 

I  dued.  1835  LYTTON  Ricnsi  iv.  i,  If  this  last,  I  shall  have 
done  better  for  my  charge  than  I  recked  of.  1865  DICKENS 
Mut.  Fr.  M.  v,  Little  recked  Mr.  Podsuap  of  the  traps  and 
toils  besetting  his  Young  Person. 

2.  With  other  preps.  To  set  store  or  account  by  ; 
to  care  for ;  f  to  think  or  have  pity  ait ;  f  to  be 
troubled  or  distressed  at. 

With  by  and/or  the  sense  may  be  either  as  in  i  a  or  i  b. 

ciooo  Ags.  Cosf.  Mark  xii.  14  We  witon  bait,  .bu  ne  recst 
be  xnegum  menu,  c  1275  LAY.  2789  Alle  his  riche  eorles  . . 
nolde  for  ban  kinges  bode  nobing  ..  reche.  1423  JAS.  I 
Kingis  Q.  xxvii,  Was  non  that  myght,  that  on  my  peynes 
rought.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  v.  21  The  wymmen .  .were  to 
fore  the  sayd  aulter  . .  wytnoute  retchynge  ought  by  theym 
selfe.  1530  PALSCR.  681/1  He  is  the  inoste  neglygent  folowe 
that  ever  I  sawe,  he  recketh  for  nothynge.  1566  URAST 
trail.  Hicrim.  K  vi  b,  And  lende  his  cheeke  unto  the  stroke, 
nor  recke  at  wordes  of  spite.  1615  BnATHWAIT  Strappado 
(1878)  131  Ane,  we  raught  on  meanely.  ?  1788  BURNS  Song, 
Louis,  what  reck  I  by  thee,  Or  Geordie  on  his  ocean  ?  1853 
KINGSLEY  Hypatia  xxv,  [The  gods]  recked  nothing  for  the 
weal  or  woe  of  earth. 

3.  With  inf.  a.  To  care,  desire,  be  willing  or 
anxious  to  do  something. 

<Z9<x>  Laws  of  sE  I/red  Introd.  c.  40  in  Schmid  Gesctze 
(1858)  62  Leases  monnes  word  nerece  bu  nobles  losehieranne. 
a  1200  Moral  Ode  221  Neure  in  helle  hi  com,  ne  j>er  ne  come 
reche.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt.'s  T.  1377,  I  recche  nat,  ..  To 
haue  victorie  of  hem,  or  they  of  me.  c  1450  St.  Ciitlibert 
(Surtees)  6557  In  be  chapiter  twenty  and  sex  he  may  se,  to 
knawe  wha  rex.  1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  xliii.  83  Tancre  his 
neuew  . .  retched  not  for  to  see  Themperour  ne  to  speke  to 
hym.  1574  HELLOWES  Guevara's  l-'ain.  Kp.  (1577)  290  Such 
as  be  of  good  gouernment,  and  reck  not  to  follow  thysick. 
1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  n.  iv.  81  My  master  ..  little  wreakes 
to  finde  the  way  to  heauen  By  doing  deeds  of  hospitalitie. 
1873  SVHONDS  Grk.  Paelsm.  72  Old  eyes  forlorn  Scarce  reck 
the  very  sunshine  tu  behold. 

b.  To  care,  to  be  troubled,  distressed,  or  re 
luctant  ;  to  feel  aversion  or  repugnance  to,  etc. 

ci3oo  Becket  (Percy  Soc.)  405  Lute  hi  wolde  recche  to 
loose  here  ordre  so.  ,11340  HAMI'OLE  Psalter  xxi.  13  J>ai 
roght  na  mare  to  sla  me  ban  to  spill  watere.  1430-40  LVDG. 
Bochas  I.  i.  (1554)  3  Ye  retche  not  by  sin  To  slea  your  soule. 
1483  CAXTON  C/ias.  Gt.  214  The  cristen  men.. raught  not  for 
to  deye  for  be  crysten  fayth.  1610  BOYS  Expos.  Ep.  fy  Gosp. 
Wks.  (1629)  507  Schismatikes  ..  reake  not  to  be  condemned 
of  the  learned  for  ignorant ;  so  they  may  be  commended  of 
the  ignorant  for  learned. 

4.  With  dependent  clause  :  To  care,  be  troubled, 
concern    oneself,   if,   that,   though ;    how,   when, 
where  ;  whether  •  who,  what,  etc. 

f888  K.  /ELFRED  Boeth.  xviii.  §  4  £e  ne  recca55eah  hweSer 
Se  auht  to  gode  don.  £950  Lindisf.  Gasp.  Mark  iv.  38  Ne 
reces  3u  \>xt  \Rusfat'.  3ah)  we  deado  sie.  c  looo  /ELI-'RIC 
Colloy.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  89/14  Hwa;t  rece  we  hwat  we 
sprecan.  a  1122  O.  F..  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1086  Se  cyng 
..  ne  rohte  na  hu  swiSe  synlice  ba  jerefan  hit  bejeatan  of 
earme  mannon.  £1205  LAY.  18042  Ne  burfen  5e  nauere 
rehchen,  bah  ;e  sla^n  ba  wrecchen.  a  1225  Juliana  19  Cristene 
womman  icham  iwis  ;  I  ne  reche  ho  it  wile,  a  1300  Cursor 
A/,  5446  Noll  rek  i  neuer  quen  i  dei.  c  1380  WYCLIF  U'A-s. 
(1880)  44  [Let  friars]  recke  not  bat  [v.r.  bo]  bei  ben  vn- 
kunnynge  to  lerne  letteris.  a  1450 Knt.  dc la  Tonr(i868)6o 
There  be  many  women  that  rechin  neuer  what  fallithe  of  her 
counsayle.  1485  CAXTON  Chas.  Gt.  196,  I  retche  not  though 
he  be  put  to  duthe.  1532  MORE  Coiifut.  Tindale  Wks.  530/1 
As  though  he  roughte  not  whether  they  dydde  good  or  ill. 
c  1570  S'atir.  PMIIIS  Reform,  xxxvii.  69  Rek  not  . .  how 
raschelie  ravarris  raill.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  ff  Cr.  v.  vi.  26,  I 
wreake  not,  though  thou  end  my  life  to  day.  1641  MILTON 
Animadv.  i.  Wks.  (1851)  187  They  wreck  not  whether  you 
. .  know  them  or  not.  1813  SCOTT  Roltcly  I.  xi.v,  Whether 
false  the  news,  or  true,  Oswald,  I  reck  as  light  as  you.  1823 
—  Talisnt.  xii,  Sir  Kenneth  little  recked,  that  [etc.].  1845 
HIRST  Coin.  Mammoth,  etc.  15  We  recked  not  what  our 
fates  might  be. 

5.  Without  const,    (usually  ellipt.   for   one   or 
other  of  prec.  nses)  :  To  care,  heed,  mind,  etc. 

cioooSa.r.  Lecchd.  HI.  254  Hi  habbaS  burh  bat  comes 
swa  fela  swa  hi  m;est  recceao.  a  1122  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud 
MS.)  an.  1070  pa  munecas  . .  beaden  heom  gricS,  ac  hi  na 
rohten  na  bing.  c  1205  LAY.  16179 Toban  castle heo  brohten 
swa  muchel  swa  heo  rohten.  c  1320  Cost.  Love  341  They. . 
lyed  to  him  therof,  and  lytelle  rowghton.  c  1386  CHAUCER 
Nun's  Pr.  Prol.  48  If  he  wol  serve  thee,  rekke  not  a  bene. 
c  1430  Chcv.  Assigns  177  She  rawjte  hit  hym  ajeyne  &  seyde 
she  ne  rowjte.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  198/2  There  were 
many  fayr  myracles  whyche  by  neglygence . .  and  not  retch, 
yng  were  not  wryton.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Rich.  Ifl  31  b, 
In  faith,  quod  he,  I  neither  wote  ne  recke,  so  I  were 
once  hence.  <ziS9l  H.  SMITH  Win.  (1867)  II.  485  Who 
little  recks,  much  good  foregoes.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  173 
Revenge. .back  on  itself  recoiles;  Let  it ;  I  reck  not.  1746 
W.  THOMPSON  Hymn  to  May  xxx,  Who  hears  them  cry,  ne 
recks.  1791  COWPEK  Iliad  XI.  97  The  eternal  father  reck'd 
not.  1813  SCOTT  Rokeby  in.  ii,  I  reck  not.  In  a  war  to 
strive,.  .Suits  ill  my  mood. 

6.  trans.  To  heed,  regard,  care  for,  etc.  (either 
as  in  sense  I  a  or  I  b). 

c  1205  LAY.  28851  Mucchel  scome  heom  buhte  bat  wepmen 
heom  ne  rohte.  1390  GOWF.R  Con/.  III.  186  The  king  his 
oghne  astat  ne  roghte.  c  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  11.  viii.  182  If 
thei  be  not  remembrid,  thei  schulen  not  be  reckid.  1513 
DOUGLAS sEneis  xlii.  v.Si  O  haitfull  deid  ..Quhilk  gret  and 
small  doun  thringis,  and  nane  rakkis.  1591  R.WiLMor  Tancred 
*t  Gismunda  iv.  iii,  Not  that  she  recks  this  life.  1602  SHAKS. 
Ham.  i.  iii.  51  Himself.,  reaks  not  his  owne  reade.  1637 
G.  DANIEL  Genius  of  this  Isle  631  Eagles  doe  not  recke  the 
Wren's  weake  flight.  1786  BURNS  Ep.  Young  friend  xi, 
May  ye  tetter  reck  the  rede  Than  ever  did  th'  Adviser ! 
1839  KEIGHTLEY  Hist.  Eng.  I.  102  He  was  so  stern,  that  he 
recked  not  all  their  hatred.  1871  R.  ELLIS  tr.  Catullus 
xlv.  22  Septimius . .  Recks  not  Syria,  recks  not  any  Britain. 
b.  To  reckon,  consider,  think.  Now  only  Sc. 
•\  Also  const,  in. 


HECKLESS. 

.  '599  T.  tttaomJSilimmHasa  Which  kings  themselues 
in  highest  prize  do  reake.  1639  G.  DANIEL  Ecclus.  xiii.  6 
Doe  not  recke  Thy  selfe  the  wiser,  to  b'  Associate  With 
those  who  are  beyond  thee  in  E.state.  1791  LEARMONT  Poems 
114,  I  ne'er  thought .  .[she]  Coud  e'er  harbour  a  thought  o1 
distrust  Or  reck  her  .shepherd  unkind.  1892  LUMSUKN  Shctf- 
head  gi  Ye  wha  reck  our  Scottish  name  l'"it  wi'  the  warld's 
first  to  ally. 

tV-  reft.  To  trouble  or  concern  (oneself).   Obs. 

a  1250  Owl  %  A7^/^.  533  Of  none  winters  ich  me  recche. 
13. .  Guy  tt'ar-.i:  >A.)  593  Henne  forward  ne  reche  y  me  Of 
mi  liif.  c  1450  Merlin  93  Of  that  ne  recche  the  nothinge  for 
to  enquere.  1489  CAXTON  Faylcs  of  A.  i.  i.  2  Retche  the 
not  what  they  saye.  1674  RAY  A'.  C.  Words  38  Never  Rack 
you  ;  i.e.  Take  you  no  thought  or  care. 

8.  In  impersonal  use :  To  concern  or  trouble 
(one)  ;  to  interest.  (With  various  const.,  as  in 
senses  1-4  above.) 

ti  1225  Ancr.  R.  104  5if  heo  beoS  feor,  me  ne  reccheS. 
<:i29o  Bcket  449  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  119  Luyte  heom  wolde 
rechche  to  leosen  heore  ordre  so.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  1834 
Littel  roght  bam  of  his  manance.  ^1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W. 
605  Cleopatra,  Hym  roughte  nat  in  armys  for  to  sterve. 
c  1460  Toiuneley  Myst.  i.  129  Now,  therof  a  leke  what  reky* 
vs?  a  1592  GREENE  George  a  Greene  Wks.  U<tldg.)  264/1 
What  recks  it  us,  though  George-a-Greene  be  stout.  1634 
MILTON  Comus  404  Of  night,  or  loneliness  it  recks  me  not. 
1637  —  Lycidas  122  What  recks  it  them?  What  need  they? 
1869  I!LACKMORF.  LornaD.  ii,  Little  it  recked  us  and  helped 
them  less  that  they  were  our  founder's  citizens. 

b.  absol.  To  matter ;  to  be  of  importance  or 
interest. 

«  1225  Ancr.  R.  188  Je  schulen  lihtlie  iseon  hu  lutel  hit 
reccheS.  c  1374  CIIAUCEK  ISaeth.  (E.E.T.S.)  38  ferfore  what 


Craft,  or  manhod,  with  foes  what  reckes  it  which  ?  a  1600 
MONTGOMERY  Misc.  Poems  xxviii.  44  Quhat  reks  then  of  the 
reid?  Or  of  the  trees  what  reks?  a  1771  GRAY  I 'ante,  17  It 
rekes  not  That  I  advise  thee.  a  1774  FERGUSSON  On  J.  Hogg 
Wks.  (iSoo)  156  What  recks  tho'  ye  ken  mood  and  tense? 
1825  SCOTT  Talisin.  iii,  '  But  what  recks  it '.  said  stout  Sir 

r- .1- 


Xenneth. 

Hence  Re 'eking  vbl.  sb.   rare. 

1886  R.  F.  BURTON  Arab.  Nts.  (abr.  ed.)  I.  14  [He]  thanked 
him,  saying,  '  Right  is  thy  recking'. 

Reckan(d,  varr.  KALKA.N.  Reckelaes,  obs.  f. 
RECKLESS.  Recken,  -in,  obs.  ff.  RKCKON  v., 
RACK  AN.  Reckevere,  obs.  f.  RECOVKK. 

f  Reekie,  var.  rackle,  KAKYI,,  chain.  .SV.   Obs. 

c  1603  Lindesay's  (Pilscottic)  Cron.  Scot.  (1814)  190  Ane 
faire  blowing  home,  in  ane  reckle  of  gold  borne  and  tipped 
with  fyne  gold  at  both  the  endis. 

Reckless  (re'kles),  a.  Forms:  a.  i  recci-, 
recceleas,  4recchelees,  rechcheles,  4-6  retche-, 
4-7  retchless,  (7  wretch-) ;  I  recelSas,  2-6 
recheles,  (6-7  -lesse,  6  rechelles),  6-7  reach 
less;  6rache-,  riehe- ;  3  rechyles,';;  rechilesse, 
richilees.  0.  3  reckelses,  4-6  rekke-,  6-7 
reckeless  ;  4  rec(c)-,  4-6  rek-,  6-  reckless,  (y 
wreck-) ;  4-6  reke-,  6  reak,  6-7  wreak(e)less. 
north,  and  Sc.  4-6  rakless,  (4-5  -lese\  6-8 
rackless ;  4-5  rakelese.  [OE.  reccettas  (early 
reccitias)  and  r&eU'as  —  MDu.  (and  Du.)  roekeloos, 
MLG.  rokelos,  OI1G.  ruachalts  (MHG.  mochelos, 
G.  ruchlos'],  f.  OE.  * 'recce,  *nce  =  OHG.  ruacha, 
rocha  care  (see  RECK  v.)  +  -leas  -LESS. 

The  a-forms  are  very  common  from  1:1375  to  1650;  those 
with  k  are  originally  northern,  and  are  rarely  found  in 
southern  writers  before  the  second  half  of  the  i6th  c.J 

1.  Of  persons  :  Careless,  heedless,  a.  Careless 
in  respect  of  (f  one's  conduct,  reputation,  or)  the 
consequences  of  one's  actions ;  lacking  in  prudence 
or  caution. 

a.  £725  CorpnsGloss.  1646  P rzfaricator,  reccileas.  t888 
K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  v.  §  3  Du  wendest  oajtte  stiorlease  men  iSc 
recelease  wjeren  jesielie.  c  1290  S.  E}ig.  Leg.  1. 47  17  Wylde 
Men  ne  louede  he  noujt,  bat  rechelese  weren  of  bou5te.  1377 
LANGU  /'.  PI.  B.  XVIIL  2  Wolleward  and  wete-shoed  went  I 
..As  a  reccheles  [v.r.  recheles]  renke,  that  of  no  wo  reccheth. 
c  1420  Chron.  Vilod.  St.  670  Ever  after  forsothe  a  parfyt 
lever  was  he,  pe  whyche  hadde  be  a  ful  rechelesse  womon 
byfore.  1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  ccxlvi.  311  In  his  yougthe 
he  had  ben  wyld  and  recheles.  1538  STARKEY  England  i. 
iv.xijThys  intaylyng. .makyth many rechles  heyrys.  1592 
NASHE  P.  Penilesse  (ed.  2)  25  Of  him  that  is  an  idle  glutton 
at  home,  or  a  retchlesse  vnthrift  abroad.  1666  Bp.  S. 
PARKER  Free.  $  Impart.  Censure  (1667)  183  To  reform 
a  debauch'd  and  wretchlesse  child. 

/3.  c  1400  Cursor  AI,  27772  (Cott.  Galha)  He  es  rekles  in 
word  and  dede,  in  tyme  when  he  of  both  has  nede.  c  1400 
Rule  St.  Benet  6/14  pa  bat  ere  fraward  and  recles,  hede 
bairn  be  straiter.  14. .  Battle  of  Otterbourn  53  The  roo 
full  rekeless  ther  sche  runnes,  To  make  the  game  and  gle. 
1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xc.  58  [When  one]  is  rekless  in  his 
governance,.  .That  man  is  abill  to  fall  ane  gret  mischance. 
a  1585  MONTGOMERY:  Cherrie  fy  Sloe  595  They  are  bot 
rakles,  ?oung  and  rasche.  1613  R.  CAWDREY  Table  Alph., 
Recklesse,  rash,  carelesse.  a  1667  COWLEY  (J.\  Next  this 
was  drawn  the  reckless  cities  flame  When  a  strange  hell 
pour'd  down  from  heaven  there  came.  1812  H.  &  J.  SMITH 
Rej.  Addr.,  CuiBono*  ii,  Ye  reckless  dupes,  who  hither 
wend  your  way.  1829  LYTTON  Disoumed  iii,  I  became  bold, 
reckless  and  adventurous.  1879  DIXON  ly'iiuisor  II.  vi.  63 
A  rough  and  reckless  soldier,  caring  for  nothing  but  a  fight. 
fb.  Careless  in  respect  of  some  dnty  or  task  ; 
negligent,  inattentive.  06s. 

o,  4900  tr.  Bigda's  Hist.  in.  xi[ii],  (1890)  190  Ymb  ba 
Semamne  his  ecre  ru-elo  [he]  wa:s  to  s;ene  &  to  receleas. 
<ri2<x>  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  39  He..hlone5  and  slepeS  and 
sj  negeO  on  gemeleste  alsc  he  bat  is  recheles.  it  1240  Sttvilfs 


RECKLESS. 

Wardc  in  Coil.  Horn.  245  Alle  hit  [».r.  ha]  beoS  untohene 
&  rechelese  hinen,  bute  }ef  he  ham  rihte.  1387  TREVISA 
Higdtn.  (Rolls)  IV.  361  He  was  recheles  a  morwe,  and 
wolde  nou?t  come  or  he  hadde  i-ete.  c  1449  PECOCK  Rcfr. 
III.  v.  307  The!  oujten  not  be  ouer  myche  recheles  in  lesing 
her  godis.  1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  7  He  that  wyll  ..  be 
slouthefull,  recheles,  and  not  diligent.  IS73  TUSSER  Hmb. 
(1878)  21  A  retcheles  [v.r.  reachelesse)  seruant,  a  mistres 
that  scowles.  1657  K.  LIGON  Barbadocs  45  The  carelessness 
and  slothfulness  of  retchless  servants.  1681  W.  ROBERT 
SON  Phrasal.  Cm.  (1693)  1048  Reachless  or  careless. 

(3.  c  1200  ORMIN  932  5iff  bat  he  wa;re  reckelses  To  ringen 
hise  belless.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  28269  Mi  childer  als  and 
my  men^e  a  reckeles  leder  bai  fand  me.  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr. 
Consc.  5802  Whaswa  es  rekles  and  kepes  it  ille,  He  sal  be 
aresoned.  c  1373  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xviii.  (Maty  Egypt)  1281 
Repentand  hyme  . .  he  had  (bene)  bane  sa  raklase  bat  hyre 
name  nocht  had  he  speryt.  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  428/2 
Rekkeles,  netfligens,  incitrius.  1483  Ca/lt.  Angl.  299/2 
Rakles  (A.  Rakelese),  ignavitts,  uecligens,  4-  cetera,  vH 
slawe.  1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  VI,  \.  vi.  7  So  flies  the  wreak- 
lesse  shepherd  from  y>  Wolfe. 

f  c.  Having  no  care  or  consideration  for  one 
self  or  another.  Obs.  rare. 

la  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  340  To  sorowe  was  she  ful 
ententyf,  That  woful  recchelesse  caityf.  1591  SHAKS. 
Two  Gent.  \:  ii.  52  More  to  be  reueng'd  on  Lglamoure, 
Then  for  the  loue  of  reck-lesse  Siluia.  1717  RAMSAY  Elegy 
Lucky  Wood  ii,  Rackless  Death,  wha  came  unsenn  To 
Lucky  Wood. 

2.  Heedless  or  careless  0/"  something. 

a  1021  WULFSTAN  Jfont.  xlix.  (1883)  258  note,  To  hwam 
wurde  J>u  s\va  receleas  bxra  ^yfena  (oe  ic  5e  Reafj.  c  1375 
Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xvi.  (Magdalene)  290  Gyf  scho  ware  mare 
rakles  of  It,.. scho  suld  rew  it  farly  sare.  ^  1547  SURREY 
in  Tottelfs  Misc.  (Arb.)  17  Retclilesse  of  his  life,  he  gan 
both  sigbe  and  grone,  1631  Cclestina  n.  33  The  cause  of 
your  growing  carelesse  and  wretchlesse  both  of  your  body, 
soule,  and  goods.  1700  DRYDEN  Pal.  ff  Arc.  in.  1074 
Retchless  oflaws,  affects  to  rule  alone.  1791  COWPER  Of/yss. 
VI.  356  Reckless  ofher  parents'  will.  iSogWoRDSW,  Prelude 
v.  118  He  hurried  on  Reckless  of  me.  1849  GROTE  Greece 
(1862)  III.  xlii.  t;2i  This  unfortunate  man  had  become  reck 
less  of  life.  1887  R.  LODGE  ifod.  Europe  xxii.  §  16  (1897) 
517  The  king's  brothers,  .were  utterly  reckless  of  the  dangers 
to  which  their  conduct  exposed  Louis  XVI. 

trans/.  1879  GEO.  ELIOT  Then.  Sucli  ii.  41  Hedgerows 
reckless  of  utility. 

3.  Of  actions,  conduct,  things,  etc. :  Characterized 
or  distinguished  by  (f  negligent  carelessness  or) 
heedless  rashness. 

a.  1529  MORE  Dyaloge  III.  Wks.  207/1  The  good  meane 
maner  betwene  scrupulouse  superstition  and  rechlesse  negli 
gence.  1559  SACKVILLE  Induct.  Alirr.  Atag.  xlvi,  Death 
. .  With  retcheles  hande  in  grave  doth  couer  it.  1581 
MULCASTER  Positions  xxxiii.  (1887)  119  Being  full  of  excre- 
mentes  by  reason  ofther  reacheles  diet.  1633  PRYNNE  ist 
Pt.  Histrio-m,  157  Too  deare  a  price  for  so  fruitlesse,  so 
wretchlesse  a  purchase.  111640  JACKSON  Creed  K.  xxxv. 
§  6  A  retchless  temper  or  neglective  content  in  living  from 
hand  to  mouth. 

0.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  12315  O  barns  an..Brak  be  pott., 
wit  wil  or  wit  recles  dint,  c  1400  Rule  St.  Benct  69/857  Of 
slike  rekles  warkes  Sais  haly  writ  [etc.].  ^1470  HENRY 
Wallacev.  455,  I  haifftynt  men  throw  my  (our)  rakless  deid. 
1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xv.  34  Asking  wald  half  convenient 
place  ..  But  hairt  abasit,  but  toung  rekless.  1581  T. 
HOWELL  Denises  (1879)  236  A  troubled  wyt,  a  reaklesse 
hande,  a  wrathfull  hart  to  spill.  1596  DALKYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's 
Hist.  Scot.  I.  109  Rekles  negligence  in  preicheng  the  worde 
of  God.  1721  KELLY  Sc.  Proverbs  284  Rackless  Youth 
makes  rueful  Age.  1827  SCOTT  Cftron.  Canongate  Introd.  3 
He  had  lost.. all  the  reckless  play  of  raillery  which  gave 
vivacity  to  his  original  acting.  1863  FAWCETT  Pol.  Econ. 
11.  vi.  216  A  system  of  small  landed  properties,  .is  supposed 
to  encourage  a  reckless  increase  of  population. 

4.  Quasi-rtffo.  Recklessly.     Also  Comb. 

c  1430  Hymns  Virg.  62  Quod  leccherie,  '  bi  seed  richelees 
bou  schake,  And  make  no  force  of  no  mariage '.  c  1470 
HENRY  Wallace  vill.  270  Than  ane  Mawthland  rakless 
betwixt  thaim  past.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Acts  i. 
vi  b,  What  daunger  it  wer  for  vs  negligently  and  recheles  to 
execute  thomce,  whiche  we  take  in  hande.  1591  SPENSER 
M.  Hubberd  950  Through  the  forest  rechlesse  they  did  goe. 
1866  BLACKIE  Homer  ft  Iliad  I.  163  The  hurly-burly  of 
reckless-shifting  war. 

t  Re'ckless,  v.  Obs.  Also  6  Sc.  rakles.  [OE. 
rfceleasian  (=  OHG.  ruahha-,  ruachaldsdn},  f. 
rlceleas  RECKLESS  a.  In  later  use  only  Sc.,  and 
perh.  formed  anew  from  the  adj.]  trans.  To 
neglect ;  to  be  negligent  or  heedless  of  (a  thing). 
Also  refl.  and  absol. 

a  1023  WULFSTAN  Horn.  xlix.  (1883)  258  To  hwon  rece- 
leasedest  bu  bxre  gife,  be  ic  be  jeaf.  c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems 
(S.  T.  S.)  iii.  26  Rekles  nocht  jour  eirand  for  the  rane.  1567 


recklest,  I  recant. 

tRe'CkleSShead.  Obs.  Forms:  re(c)che-, 
retche-,  rekleshed(e,  -heed.  [f.  RECKLESS  a.  + 
-HEAD.  Cf.  (M)Du.  roekehosheid.'}  Recklessness. 

o.  1430-1  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  378/1  Of  recheleshed 
addyng  or  levy ng  more  or  lesse  than  nedeth.  1496  Dives  <y 
Panf.  (W.  de  W.)  n.  xx.  132/1  Yf  they  by  retcheleshede  of 
speche  or  of  dede  ben  cause  of  brekynge  of  peas. 

0.  1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  i.  vi,  For  rekleshed  she 
sawe  it  all  to  late.  1447  BOKENHAM  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  71 
This  crrour.  .Wher  in  throgh  reklesheed  thou  art  falle. 

So  f  Becklesshood,  -laik.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1300  Cursor  Af.  27772  O  suernes  cums  . .  reccles-laic  in 
mede  and  ded.  1833  COLLIER  Hist.  Eng.  Dram.  P.  II.  290 
They  are  called  Recklesshood,  Idleness,  Surfeit  [etc.]. 

Recklessly  (re'klesli),  adv.  Forms:  see 
RECKLESS  a.  [f.  RECKLESS  a.  +  -LY  a.] 


246 

1.  In  a  reckless  manner  :  f  a.  Carelessly,  negli 
gently.  Obs. 

a.  £897  K.  /ELFRED  Gregory's  Pa&t.  C.  Ivii.  439  Nis  us 
nawht  recceleaslice  to  gehiranne  Ssette  he  nemde  5a  un- 
diorestan  wyrta  [etc.],  c  1000  Ags.  Horn.  (ed.  Assmann) 
xiv.  121  Se  J?e  hit  J?onne  receleaeslice  ..  wyrceS,  he  biS 
awyrjed  into  helle.  1377  LASGL.  P.  PL  B.  XI.  125  He  may 
.  .as  a  reneyed  caityf  recchelesly  gon  aboute.  1413  Pilgr. 
Soivle  (Caxton  1483)  iv.  xxvii.  73  Thou  haste  thy  body 
rechelesly  gouerned  and  blamest  hyt  for  thy  gylt.  1496 
Dives  $  Paup.  (W.  de  W.)  n.  ii.  m/i  People  kepe  not 
theyr  vovves  ..  but  breke  them  retchelesly  or  wylfully. 
1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Luke  viii,  Because  he  so 
rechelessely  kept  the  euangelicall  treasure.  1612  DRAYTON 
Poly-olb.  x.  271  When  of  ages  past  we  look  in  books  to  read, 
We  retchlesly  discharge  our  memory  of  those. 

P.     a  1300  Cursor  M.  28279  Quare  i  was  scheperd  had    [ 
sauls  to  tepe,  to  reckelesly  i  geit  my  schepe.     1340  HAM-    | 
POLE   Pr.    Consc.    3907    Penance,  .done    Parchaunce   over    i 
reklesly  and  over  sone.     c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  iv.  227  The 
lauboreris  latt  rakleslye  went  in. 

b.  Without  regard  to  consequences,  rashly. 

^1400  Rule  St.  Benct  58/367  And  bai  wil  not  |>air  mys 
amend,  Hott  reklisly  hir  rede  refuse.  1513  DOUGLAS  Mncis 
ix.  vi.  48  Thre  of  his  seruandis,  that  fast  by  hym  lay,  Full 
raklesly  he  kyllyt.  1571  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Ps.  Ixxiii.  19 
They  rechelessly  despyse  all  daungers  as  if  they  were  out 
of  all  gonneshot.  1620  EAKLE  Microcosm.,  Drunkard 
(Arb.)  82  Nothing,  .makes  him  more  retchlesly  carelesse, 
what  becomes  of  all.  1843  BETHUNE  Sc.  Fireside  Stor.  60 
Mr.  M'Quiddit  drank  recklessly  and  deep.  1871  H. 
AIKSWOKTH  Tower  Hill  \\.  iv,  He  had  turned  a  deaf  ear  to 
their  supplications,  and  hurried  them  recklessly  to  the 
scaffold. 

t  2.  Sc.  Through  carelessness;  accidentally.  Obs. 

CI37S  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxii.  {Laurvnce)  609  Rek[l]asly  he 
let  It  fall,  and  brak  quhyt  in  pecis  smal.  ^1425  WYN- 
TOUN  Cron,  n.  Prol.  ii  Tlire  thousand  3here  ..  Neyr  for- 


;et  were  reklesly  [by  historians],     c  1470  HENKY  Wallace 
v.  158  Thus  raklesly  this  gud  knycht  [haiff]  thai  tynt. 


slaine  . .  be  ane  of  his  awin  gunis  that  brak  rackleslie  in 
hir  schutting.  1609  SKENE  Reg.  Maj.,  Crimes  159  Gif  ane 
stranger,  or  traveller  burnes  ane  other  mans  house  rakleslie, 
he  sail  be  arreisted.  a  1670  SPALDING  Troub.  Chas.  I  (1829) 
92  There  was  a  sudden  fray  among  them  occasioned  by  a 
shot  racklesly  let  go  in  the  same  house. 

Recklessness  (re-klesnes).  Forms :  see 
RECKLESS  a.  [f.  RECKLESS  a.  +  -NESS.]  The 
quality  of  being  reckless. 

a.  «975  A".  Ei/gars  Canons  in  Thorpe  Laws  (1840)  II. 
262  Ic  andette  mines  modes  moroor  . .  rcceleasnessa  Godes 
beboda.  a  1023  WULKSTAN  Horn.  vii.  (1883)  53  Onsean  )>am 
wislican  ra;de..se  wiSerra;da  deofol  saew3  receleasnesse. 
£1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  392  If  enysiche  lordeschips  be., 
take  fro  hem  by  rechelesnes  of  her  predecessouris.  c  1449 
PECOCK  Repr.  in.  xi.  344  Forto  forsake  God  in  a  lijtnes  and 
in  a  rechelesnes.  1502  ATKYNSON  tr.  De  Imitatione  III.  v. 
199  How  many  good  thinges  thou  hast  lefte  vndon  of 
rechelesnes.  1581  J.  BELL  Haddon's  Answ.  Osor.  206  b, 
Neyther  can  any  such  retchlesnes  agree  with  the  gracious 
mercifulnes  of  God.  a  1656  HALES  Geld.  Ran.  (1688)  147 
Through  the  wrechlessness  of  our  first  Parents.  1676 
MARVELL  Mr.  Smirke  Wks.  1875  IV.  15  A  retchlesness and 
mockery  ill  becoming  his  character. 

(3.  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  3909  Penance  bat  enioynt 
es  And  es  forgeten  thurgh  reklesnes.  1439  Rolls  of  Parlt. 
V.  29/2  Byrekelesnesse..of  suche  Maistres  and  Mariners. 
c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  X.  173  The  gret  trespace  that  [he], 
throw  raklesnace,  Had  gert  him  mak.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slci- 
dune's  Coinm.  37  b,  Throughe  a  certeine  negligence,  and 
racklesnes  of  suche  as  shoulde  have  redressed  it  in  tyme. 
a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia,  i.  vi.  (1891)  26  That  ouer-many  good 
fortunes  began  to  breed  a  proude  recklesnesse  in  them. 
1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xxiv,  Hardly  listening  to  them,  in 
the  pride  and  recklessness  of  his  nature.  1873  SYMONDS  Grk. 
Poets  vii.  195  Oedipus,  in  his  youthful  recklessness, .  .kills 
his  father  and  weds  his  mother. 

b.  Neglect  or  disregard  ^"something. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  173  Englisshe  men., 
woneb  hem  to.  .rechelesnesse  of  Goddes  hous.  1586  1.  B. 
La  Primnud.  Fr.  Acad.  I.  (1594)  184  For  his  retchlesnes 
of  feats  of  armes.  1587  FLEMING  Contn.  Holinshed  III. 
1999/2  For  his  owne  priuat  lucre  and  retchlesnesse  of  that 
noble  realme.  1837  HT.  MARTINEAU  Soc.  Amer.  II.  348 
A  society  where  recklessness  of  life  is  treated  with  leniency. 
1868  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  II.  ix.  348  In  their 
insular  recklessness  of  canonical  niceties. 

Re'Ckling.  Also  wreck-.  [Of  obscure  forma 
tion;  variant  dial,  forms  are  (w)rack-,  rick-,  ruck-, 
rig-,  ivreg-,  and  ritlin(g,  and  forms  without  the 
ending  also  occur,  as  lurig,  rit,  rut.']  The  smallest 
and  weakest  animal  of  a  litter;  the  youngest  or 
smallest  child  in  a  family. 

In  general  use  in  northern  and  midland  counties. 

1781  HUTTON  Tour  to  Caves  (ed.  2)  Gloss.,  Wreckhn,  the 
least  animal  in  a  brood  or  litter.  1859  TENNYSON  Vivien 
559  On  returning  found  Not  two  but  three  [babes] ;  there 
lay  the  reckling,  one  But  one  hour  old  !  1863  HOLME  LEE 
Annie  Warleigh  I.  3  John  was  Rachel's  elder  by  ten  years  ; 
he  was  the  first-born  of  his  mother,  and  she  was  her  little 

^attrib'.  1834  SIR  H.  TAYLOR  vid  Pt.  Artevelde  v.  iii,  A 
mother  dotes  upon  the  reckling  child,  More  than  the  strong. 

fBeckly,  a.  Obs.  rare-1.  [Perh.  for  Sc. 
rickly,  f.  RICKLE  rf.]  ?  Rickety,  tumble-down. 

1715  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  III.  361  The..  High 
landers,  .will  be.. left  to  make  the  best  of  their  way  to  their 
own  reckly  cells  in  the  Braes  of  Athol. 

Reckon  (re-k'n),  v.  Forms :  a.  i  -recenian, 
3-4  rekeni,  4-5  rekeny ;  3-4  rekene,  4-6  reken, 
(4  recen),  rekiu,  (4  -ine),  5-6  rekyn  ;  4  rekoun, 
5-6  rekon,  reoon(e,  6  rekan-,  Sc.  reakn-,  7 


RECKON. 

(9  dial.}  reaeon.  /3.  3  rikeni(e)n,  3-4  rikenen, 
4  rikene,  ryken(e,  5  riken  ;  9  dial,  ricken,  -on. 
7.  3  reconenn,  4-5  rekne(n,  5  -nyn;  4-5  rekk- 
en(e,  4-6  rekkiu,  (6  Sc.  -ine),  reckiu,  6  recken, 
6-  reckon.  S.  4  raken,  -ine  ;  Sc.  5  rakyn,  6  -in. 
racken,  -in,  rakkin,  7  raiku- ;  dial.  9  rackan, 
-en,  -on,  rakkon.  [OE.  (ge)recenian  (found  only 
once)  =  OFris.  rek(e)iiia,WL(j.  and  MDu.  rekenen, 
OHG.  rechenon,  -inSn  (MHG.  rechenen,  G.  rech- 
neti)  :—OTeul.*rcf:eii(i/itn,  perh.  i.*reken-  REKEN  a, 
and  ultimately  from  the  root  rek-  found  in  OE, 
reccan  RECCHE.  The  Scand.  forms,  late  ON.  reikna 
Norw.  rekna,  Sw.  riikna,  Da.  regne,  are  early  adop 
tions  from  L.G.] 

1.  trans,  fl-  To  enumerate  serially   or  sepa 
rately  ;  to  name  or  mention  one  after  another  01 
in  due  order ;  to  go  over  or  through  (a  series)  ir 
this  manner.  Obs. 

fl20oOKMlN  11217  HebiginnebbCristesskinnToreccnem 
&  to  rimenn  Att  Abraham,  &  reccnebjj  333  Dunnwarrd  fr; 
maim  to  manne.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  210  Alle  sunnen  sunder 
liche,  bi  bore  owune  nomeliche  nonien,  ne  muhte  no  mol 
rikenen.  ai-yyo  Cursor  M.  18992  He  laid  bam  niani  taken 
sere,  bat  es  na  nede  all  recken  here.  1377  LANGL.  /'.  /'/.  B.  I 
22  Nempne  hem  I  thinke,  And  rekne  hem  bi  resoun,  reherc; 
thow  hem  after.  6-1470  Golagros  <y  Gaw.  743  Now  wil 
rekkin  the  renkis  of  the  Round  Tabill.  1533  IJ.AU.  Kicl> 
I'ay  3  Thay  reknit  mony  foul  and  abhominabll  sinnis.  .th 
quhilk  mony  guyd  men.  .kneu  neuer  of  befor. 

b.  So  with  up,  rarely  over. 

13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  2  Clannesse  who-so  kyndly  covvj? 
comende,  &  rekken  vp  alle  be  resounz  bat  ho  by  ri^t  aske; 
c  1450  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  228  Pile  for  to  here  the  peopl 
complayne,  And  riken  up  the  ragmanne  of  the  hok  rowtt 
1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  336  [He]  reckonelh  vpp  b 
name  diuerse  Gentlemen,  with  whome  he  was  in  fauoui 
1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  105,  I  shall  reckon  up  onl 
such  authors  whose  records.. are  lost  and  gone.  1694  \V 
WOTTON  Ane.  tt  Mod.  Learn.  (1607)  410  France  coul 
reckon  up  Des  Cartes,  Mersennus,  Fennat,  and  Gassend 
1846  H.  W.  TOKRENS  Rein.  Milit.  Hist.  355  In  1585, 
pamphlet  was  addressed  to . .  [the]  Mayor  of  London,  reckor 
ing  over  the  advantages  of  a  marching  watch  for  the  cit; 
1884  tr.  Lolzc's_  Atetapli.  ^^^  It  would  be  mere  trifling  t 
reckon  up  reactions  of  a  third  and  fourth  order, 
f  o.  To  recount,  relate,  narrate,  tell.  Obs. 

a  1000  Cxdmon's  Exod.  525  (Gr.)  Run  bi3  serecenod,  ra; 
forS  gse5.  c  1350  Will.  Palerne  3179  Sche.  .rapli  gan  awa 
renne,  to  reken  be  sobe.  a  1375  Joseph  Arim.  76  pat  tym 
..bis  reson  bi-gon  )Jat  I  schal  now  rikenen.  111400-5 
Alexander  4124  pen  ferd  bai  furth..Euyn  to  be  heued  < 
Eumaure.asl  first  rekend.  1530  PALSGR.  684/1,  I  wyll  reke 
all  the  mater  to  hym  as  it  vas.  1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretar 
I.  (1625)  45  To  reckon  to  you  since,  how  he  came  into  ill 
country  here,  ..why  should  1  clog  myself? 

t  d.  To  repeat,  recite,  utter.   Obs.  rare. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  4931  The  renke.  .rekind  bir  wordi; 
'  Haile  Alexander '.  1533  GAU  Riclit  l-'ay  31  That  is  not 
aneucht  that  ony  reid  the  creid  or  rekin  ye  articulis  conten 
in  it  x  or  xii  timis  apone  ye  day.  1621  Glide  <y  Godlie  J 
(S.  T.  S.)  174  Sum  mumlit  Auies,  sum  raknit  [1567  crakni 
Creidis. 

t  e.  To  mention  ;  to  allege.   Obs.  rare. 

1513  DOUGLAS  Mntis  vi.  ix.  143  Quhat  suld  I  rekin  [1 
quid  memorem]  thai  peple  of  Thessaly,  That  Lapilhas  i 
hait..?  iS3>  MORE  Confut.  y/ni/«/<rWks.  352/2  Belieue  ir 
not  if  any  man  can  reken  a  place  where  euer  he  founde 
otherwyse.  1596  SPENSER  /•'.  Q.  iv.  x.  15  Cast  into  sundi 
shapes  by  wondrous  skill,  That  like  on  earth  no  whei 
I  recken  may. 

2.  To  count,  so  as  to  ascertain  the  number  c 
amount  of;  to  ascertain  or  arrive  at  (a  numbe: 
quantity,  etc.)  by  counting  or  calculating  ;  to  coir 
pute.     Also  with  out. 

Now  usually  implying  some  process  of  calculation,  as  di 
tinguished  from  the  mere  counting  of  individual  things. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  214  pe  jiscare . . make3  berinne  figures  i 
augrim,  ase  beos  rikenares  do3  bet  habbeS  muchel  uorl 
rikenen.  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  2484  Swa  may  we  a 
rekken  and  rede  An  hondreth  syns  agayne  a  gude  ded 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Shipinaris  T.  216  How  longe  tyme  wol  j 
rekene  and  caste  Youre  sommes  and  youre  bookes  and  youi 
thynges  ?  ?  a.  1400  A  rthur  410  Fowre  hundred  bowsand  A 
hunderd  and  foure  &  twenty,— Thus  herawdes  dude  hai 
rekeny.  1530  PALSGR.  684/1, 1  shall  reken  it  syxe  tymes  I 
aulgorisme,  or  you  can  caste  it  ones  by  counters.  i(x 
SHAKS.  Ham.  11.  ii.  121  O  deere  Ophelia,  I  am  ill  at  the; 
Numbers ;  I  haue  not  Art  to  reckon  my  grones.  1633  ' 
ADAMS  Exfi.  2  Peter  iii.  10.  1307  A  woman  reckons  out_hi 
nine  moneths,  and  can  guesse  neare  to  the  day  ofher  commin; 
1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav.  I.  36  They  Divine  wil 
Beans,  which  they  put  together  without  reckoning  then 
1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Brooke  Farm  iv.  46  But  I  can't  reckc 
it ;  will  you  ?— Eleven  pounds  and  sixpence,  is  it  ?  184 
LEVER  The  O'Donougkoe  xliv.  (1858)  324  Mark  . .  pointc 
straight  out  to  sea,  where  now  seven  sail  could  be  reckons 
b.  With  subordinate  clause  as  pbj. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  281  Whan  I  beginne  To  rekne  wil 
miself  withinne  How  many  yeres  ben  agon  [etc.],  c  uc 
MAUNDEV.  (1839)  xix.  213  Now  may  men  wel  rekene,  ho 
mochc  that  it  amountethe.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  2! 
He  is  now  looking  on  your  crownes.  .to  recken  if  he  hat 
his  whole  some  or  no.  1667  FLAVEL  Saint  Indeed  (1754)  4 
Antigonus  over-heard  his  soldiers  reckoning  how  man 
their  enemies  were. 

C.  To  count  or  calculate  from ;  to  calculate  c 
keep  count  of,  in  relation  to  some  starting-point  c 
base.  Also  with  over. 

1540  in  Vicary's  Anal.  (1888)  App.  xii.  239  The  same  ha 
yere  accompted  and  reconned  fromme  Michaelmas  la; 
paste.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  in.  xxxviii.  240  Death  i 
reckoned  from  the  Condemnation  of  Adam.  1774  ABIOAI 


RECKON. 

ADAMS  in  Fam.  Lett.  (1876)  24,  I  shall  reckon  over  every 
week  as  they  pass,  and  rejoice  at  every  Saturday  evening. 
1868  FjOCKYER  Elem.  Astron.  vii.  §  43  (1879)  264  Declination 
is  reckoned  N.  or  S.  of  the  plane  of  the  earth's  equator, 
f  d.  To  count  out,  to  pay.    Also  with  out*  Obs. 

c  1200  ORMIM  3540  IIlc  mann  shollde  cumenn  ham  ..  Forr 
pscr  to  reccnenn  till  J>e  King  An  peninng  for  himm  sellfenn. 
Ibid.  3561.  1713  STEELE  Guard.  No.  17  F  7  There  is  an 
honest  Man  ..  who  has  often  said  he  would  marry  her  with 
Two  Hundred  Pounds.  The  Knight  ordered  his  Man  to 
reckon  out  that  Sum. 

e.  To  count  up ;  also,  to  sum  upt  to  estimate 
the  character  of  (a  person). 

1836  MARRY  AT  Japhet  viii,  To  reckon  up  their  means— 
that  is,  to  count  the  money  which  they  may  have  in  their 
pockets.  1852  DICKENS  Bleak  Ho.  liv,  The  deceased  Mr. 
Tulkinghorn  employed  me  to  reckon  up  her  Ladyship — if 
you'll  excuse  my  making  use  of  the  term  we  commonly 
employ— and  I  reckoned  her  up,  so  far,  completely. 

3.  To  include  in  a  (or  the)  reckoning  ;  hence,  to 
place  or  class.     Const,  atnong^sf),  for,  in,  with 
preps. ;  in  adv. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  171  pe  bridde  Leo  ..  is 
nou^t  i-rekened  in  £>e  ordre  of  bisshopes.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  : 
(1839)  xyiii.  186  Also  these  YIes  of  Ynde..beth  noght 
reckned  in  the  Climates.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.(\V.  de  W.  1531) 
248  b,  Fyrst  the  matyns..is  rekened  for  one  of  the  vij.  1583 
Leg.  Bp.  St.  Androis  613  Gude  Robert  Melwene  . .  I  shuld 
not  racken  in  with  thea.  1630  R.  Johnson's  Kingd.  <$• 
Commw.  231  The  number  of  souldiers.  .amount  to  eight 
thousand,  not  reckoning  any  man  of  sort,  nor  Mariners. 

1711  ADDISON-  Sped.  No.  40  F  4  There  is  also  another  Par- 
ticular,  which  may  be  reckoned  among  the  Blemishes  ..  of 
our  English  Tragedy.     1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  II. 
230  In  this  class  we  may  reckon  the  Georgians,  Circassians, 
and  Mingrelians.     1868  HAWTHORNE^ ;//£/•.  A*0/f •/»<£$. (1879) 
I.  52  Among  other  languages  spoken  hereabouts  must  be 
reckoned  the  wild  Irish. 

b.  To  accept  or  state  as  a  total. 

1563  MAN  Musculus'  Commonpl.  273  b,  Wherein  he  recon-  | 
neth  but  two  sacramentes  only,  gjuen  by  the  Lorde  himselfe. 
1671  J.  WEBSTER  Metallogr.  vii.  115  He  reckons  four  of 
a  silver  colour,  that  hold  no  metal,  nor  yield  any  fire.  1848 
\V.  H.  BARTLETT  Egypt  to  Pal.  iii.  (1879)  52  Lepsius  reckons 
about  sixty,  including  some  very  small  ones. 

4.  t  a.  To  calculate,  work  out,  decide  the  nature 
or  value  of.   Obs.  rare. 

? ,71400  Morte  Arth.  1275  Thane  salle  we  rekkene  fulle 
rathe,  whatt  ryghte  that  he  claymes.    a,  1400-50  Alexander    , 
41  He  was  wyse  eno^e  wirdis  to  reken,  When  he  >e  heuyn    ! 
beheld,  of  ledes  opon  lyfe.     1567  Satir.  Poems  Rejonn.  viii. 
9  War  3or  richt  reknit  to  be  croun  It  my1  be  laid  with  litill 
menss. 

•j-  b.  To  estimate,  value.   Obs. 

a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Huon  H.  173,  I  wold  reken  all  the  ! 
sorow  that  I  haue  enduryd  at  no  thynge.  1601  SHAKS. 
Airs  Well  v.  iii.  90,  I  haue  seene  her  weare  it,  and  she 
reckon'd  it  At  her  Hues  rate.  1642  ROGERS  Naaman  136 
Never  harkening  what  God  will  answer  . .  but  reckoning 
her  worke  for  a  price.  1667  PEPYS  Diary  (1870)  IV.  360 
The  world  sees  it,  and  reckons  my  interest  accordingly. 

f  c.  To   take   into   consideration,  to  consider.    \ 
Obs.  rare. 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  v.  viii.  (1614)  486  If  a  man  doe 
any  thing  worth  reckoning,  presently  his  Captaine  imparteth 
this  honour  to  him.  1686  PARR  Life  Usher  94  Which 
[treatises]  being  not  set  down  in  my  Lord  Primates  own 
Words.. cannot  be  reckoned,  being  much  enlarged  by  the 
Dr.,  as  himself  confesseth. 

5.  To  consider,  judge,  or  estimate  by,  or  as  the 
result  of,  calculation.     (Const,  as  in  b.) 

'555  EDEN  Decades  351  We  sette  owre  course  east,  .. 
rekenynge  owre  selues  .XXXVL  leaques   from   the  coast  of 
Guinea.     1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  456  [This]  I  reckon  to  be 
foure  hundred  and  fifty  English  miles.     1745  P.  THOMAS    i 
jfrnl.  Ansons  Voy.  343  They  reckon  that  this  . .  Work  will 
be  finish'd  in  about  fifty  Years.     1781  COWPER  Let.  4  Oct., 
I   reckon  my  volume  will  consist  of  about  eight  thousand     ; 
lines.     1848  W.  H.  BAKTLETT  Egypt  to  Pal.  xiv.  (1879)  315     ; 
We  reckoned  the  distance  about  sixteen  miles  and  back. 

b.  To  set  down,  to  hold,  consider,  or  regard,  as 
being  of  a  specified  character,  importance  or  value,    i 
or  (rarely)  as  being  in  a  certain  condition.    Const. 
forj  as,  to  be,  or  with  appositive  complement. 

1340  Ayenb.  214  Al  |>ane  time  i^et  bou  ne  bengst  naht  a 
god,  bou  hise  sselt  rekeni  uor  na^t.     ?  a  1400  Morte  A  rth. 
2334  To  rekkene  theis  Romaynes  recreaunt  and  3oldene.     ! 
c  1450  St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  4360  pis  I  rekyn  bot  schort 
aray.    a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Huon  vii.  16,  I  reken  our  wyage    | 
to  be  a  daungerous  passage.    1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst.     ! 
Hi.  192  He  reckenetn  repentance  and  fayth  as  two  diuerse 
thinges.     1603   OWEN  Pembrokeshire  (1891)  244  This  is 
reconned  for  a  strange  and  rare  thinge.     1687  A.  LOVELL 
tr.    Thevenofs  Trav.  i.  39  They  reckon  Women  with  big 
black  Eyes,  and  red  Cheeks,  to  be  the  greatest  Beauties. 

1712  STEELE  Spect.  No.  422  P  6  Fortius  would  have  been 
reckoned  a  Wit,  if  there  had   never  been  a   Fool  in  the 
World.  1748  H.WALPOLE  Let.  18  May,  The  Princess  of  Wales 
has  got  a  confirmed  jaundice,  but  they  reckon  her  much 
better.     1764  GIBBON  Misc.  Wks.  (1814)  IV.  354,  I  reckon 
for  nothing  the  researches  of  a  Coyer.     1833  L.  RITCHIE 
Wand,  by  Loire^  n^  Here  ..  we  reckon  the  women  to  he 
among  the  prettiest  in  France,     c  1850  Arab.  Nts.  (Rtldg.) 
181  He  was  reckoned  one  of  the  richest  merchants  in  the 
city.   ^1870  YEATS  Nat.  Hist.  Coitim.  108  Quite  a  fourth  of 
the  soil  is  reckoned  as  unproductive. 

C.  With  inf.     To  regard  as  doing  something. 
1513  MORE  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  760  Yee  see  their 
youth,  of  which  I  rekon  the  onely  suretie  to  rest  in  your 
concord.     1731  ARBUTHNOT  Rules  of  Diet  in  Aliments^  etc. 
i.  249  It  is  reckoned  to  increase  milk.     1852  MRS.  STOWE    ' 
Uncle  Tom"s  C.  i.  5,  I  believe  I'm  reckoned  to  bring  in 
about  the  finest  droves  of  niggers  that  is  brought  in. 

6.  To  consider,  think,  suppose,  be  of  opinion,  etc.,    j 
that.     Also  with  omission  of  that. 


247 

i5'3  MORE  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  803  Men  wouldenot 
recon  that  hee  collide  haue  right  to  the  realme.  ISJOWRIOTHES- 
LEY  Chron.  (1875)  I.  16  Some  recken  he  killed  himselfe  with 
purgations.  1611  BIBLE  Isa.  xxxviii.  13,  I  reckoned  till 
morning,  that  as  a  Lyon  so  will  hee  breake  all  my  bones. 
1668  (II.ANVILL  Plus  Ultra  Pref.,  Whether  his  reply  be 
publique  or  not,  I  reckon  he  will  blow  the  dust  upon  me. 
1712  SWIKT  Jrnl.  to  Stella  xlviii,  I  reckon  the  queen  will  go 
to  Windsor  in  three,  .weeks.  1796  BURNEV  Afem.  Jl/cta- 
strtsio  II.  78,  I  reckon  that  I  shall  have  a  humpback.  1860 
MRS.  GASKELL  Sylvia's  Lovers  v, '  A  reckon  it's  a  bargain  ', 
said  Harry.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  443,  I  reckon, 
said  Socrates,  that  no  one.. could  accuse  me  of  idle  talking. 
b.  I reckon ,  used  parenthetically  or  finally. 
Formerly  in  literary  Eng.  use ;  still  common  in  Eng. 
dialects,  and  current  in  the  southern  States  of  America  in 
place  of  the  northern  I  guess. 

1603  SIR  R.  CKCIL  in  Harington  Nngx  Ant.  (1804)  I.  345 
He  is,  I  reckon,  no  wise  man  that  looketh  this  waye  to 
heaven.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  Wks.  1883  VII.  144, 
I  shall  have  a  good  deal  of  trouble,  I  reckon,.,  to  be  decent 
on  the  expected  occasion.  1776  FOOTE  Capuchin  i.  Wks. 
'799  II-  389  All  your  family  ..  come  over  to  be  polish'd, 
1  reckon.  1827  J.  F.  Cooi'tR  Prairie  I.  vii.  107  Neither  of 
us,  I  reckon,  has  ever  had  much  to  do  with  [etc.].  1883 
STEVKNSON  Trcas.  Isl.  iv.  xx,  You  would  just  as  soon  save 
your  lives,  I  reckon. 

f  7.  To  account,  assign,  or  attribute  to  (a  person 
or  thing).  Obs.  (In  cjuots.  only  floss,} 

1526  TINDALE  A' om.  iv.  9  We  saye  verely  how  that  fayth 
was  rekened  to  Abraham  for  rightewesnes.  1641  J.  SHUTK 
Sarah  fy  Hagar  (1649)  142  The  Ishmaehtes  ..  are  reckoned 
unto  Hagar,  not  unto  Abraham;  and  therefore  called 
Hagareans.  1688  COLLIER  Several  Disc.  (1725)  285  The 
last  Sermon  de  Sanctis  . .  is  mistakenly  reckon'd  to  this 
Father.  1719  WATERI.AND  rind.  Christ's  Div.  25  As  if  the 
Ray  were  not  to  be  reckon'd  to  the  Sun,  as  included  in  it. 

II.  intr.  t  8.  To  place  or  name  things  in  order. 
Obs.  rare. 

£•1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  312/440  Of  be  Mone,  Monen-day 
[is  named],  jif  ?e  wet  rikeni  konne.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  III. 
122  After  Virgo  to  reknen  evene  Libra  sit  in  the  nombre  of 
sevene.  c  1470  Golagros  .5-  Gam.  403  He  is  the  riallest  roy .. 
Of  all  the  rentaris  to  ryme  or  rekin  on  raw.  1535  STEWART 
Cron.  Scot.  II.  708  Mony  mo  than  I  will  heir  report,  To 
reckin  heir  becaus  the  tyme  is  schort. 

f  b.  To  speak  or  discourse  ^/"something.   Obs.~~l 
a  1400-50  Alexander  150  Slik  care  kindils  in  his  curte  .. 
bat  it  ware  tere  any  tonge  of  bar  tene  to  reken. 

t  C.  To  reckon  right :  lo  judge  correctly,  to  take 
a  correct  view  of  things.  Obs. 

c  1400  Rom.  Rose  3032  Ther  was  a  womman  eke,  that 
hight  Shame,  that,  who  can  reken  right,  Trespasse  was  hir 
fadir  name.  1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  1308,  I  traist,  gif  I  can 
reckon  richt,  Scho  schaips  to  ludge  with  him  all  nicht.  1556 
LAUDER  Tractate  63  Nothing,  at  all,— to  rekin  rycht, — • 
Different,  in-to  Goddis  sycht.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  vm.  71 
This  to  attain,  whether  Heav'n  move  or  Earth,  Imports  not, 
if  thou  reck'n  right. 

9.  To  count,  to  make  a  calculation ;  to  cast  up 
an  account  or  sum. 

To  reckon  without  one's  host '.  see  HOST  s&.~  2  b. 
a  1300  Cursor  J/.  9228  Four  thusand  yeir  and  sex  hundreth, 
Qua  reckens  right  to  tell  es  eth.  ^  1369  CHAUCER  Dcthe 
Blaunche  436  Thogh  Argus  the  noble  covnter  Sete  to  rek- 
ene..Yet  shulde  he  fayle  to  rekene  evene  The  wondres  me 
mette.  1530  PALSGR.  684/1,  I  holde  you  a  grote  you  have 
reckened  false.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  iv.  i.  241  Wee  haue 
French  Quarrels  enow,  if  you  could  tell  how  to  reckon. 
1669  STURMY  Mariners  Mag.  n.  ix.  74  The  North  Point  of 
the  Nocturnal  is  the  first  Point  you  reckon  from, ..  and  so 
reckon  forward  North  and  by  East.  1697  POTTER  Antiq. 
Greece  i.  i.  (1715)  3  Meursius  reckons  to  the  number  of  forty 
Plantations  peopled  by  Athenians. 

1 10.  To  render  or  give  an  account  (of  one's 
conduct,  etc.,  oifor  something  received).  Obs. 

12. .  Prayer  to  Our  Lady  44  in  O.  E.Misc.  193  Hwan  ich 
hier-of  rekeni  schal,  wel  sore  me  meidrede.  1340  HAM  POLE 
Pr.  Consc.  5984  Fadirs  and  modirs  sal  rekken  f>at  tyde,  Of 
^air  sons  and  bair  doghtirs  unchastide.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI. 
A.  n.  96  3e  schule  abygge  it  bothe..At  oo  3eris  ende  whan 
je  reken  schul.  1450-1530  Myrr.  our  Ladye  89  We  muste 
haue  as  they  had  and  worse  for  we  haue  receyued  more  to 
reken  for.  1575-85  ABP.  SANDYS  Serin,  xx.  345  Christ  is 
comming  in  the  cloudes,  All  fleshe  shall  rise  and  recken. 
t  b.  To  account  for,  explain.  Obs~^ 
1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  %  Selv.  153  We  can  give  no  reason 
why  a  Fool  should  rise  more  Mathematically  from  a  seat, 
than  the  wisest  man  can  fully  reckon  for, 

11.  To  go  over  or  settle  accounts  (in  lit.  or  Jig. 
sensed  with  one,  or  together. 

1297  R.  Gi.ouc.  (Rolls)  6575  Bi  be  fey  ich  owe  to  god, 
icholle  rekeni  mitte.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  425  J>is 
lord  wole  rikene  wi|>  J>es  seruauntis  fully,  c  1400  Afelayne 
1517  That  there  no  sarazene  solde  come  owte,  To  bay  had 
rekkenede  with  bat  rowte.  £1470  HENRY  Wallace  ix.  1154 
Erar  he  wald  bid  chalans  off  his  king,  Than  with  Wallace 
to  rakyn  for  sic  a  thing.  1552  Bk.  Com.  Prayer^  Com- 
munion,  Euery  Parishioner  shal  reken  with  his  Person, 
Vicare,  or  Curate.  1572  HULOET,  To  recken  together,  or 
to  come  to  rtcke\-\m%,conferre  rat  tones.  1605  SHAKS.  Macl\ 
v.  vii.  108  We  shall  not  spend  a  large  expence  of  time,  Before 
we  reckon  with  your  seuerall  loues.  1784  COWPER  Task  vi. 
606  God.  .Will  reckon  with  us  roundly  for  the  abuse.  1825 
SCOTT  Talism.  ix,  The  blame  rests  not  with  thee,  but  with 
those  with  whom. .  I  hope  to  reckon  roundly. 

b.  To  reckon  with :  to  take  into  account  or  con 
sideration  ;  to  be  prepared  for. 

1885  Manch.  Exam.  16  June  4/6  A  Ministerial  crisis. .is 
always  a  contingency  to  be  reckoned  with.  1896  W.  H. 
HUTTON  Philip  Augustus  vi.  182  It  might  seem  ..  as  if  the 
Jews  were  the  only  dissenters  with  whom  the  king  and  the 
church  had  to  reckon. 

12.  To  calculate,  design,  or  expect  to  do  some 
thing.     Now  only  dial. 


BECKONING. 

c  1550  BALE  A".  Johtin  (Camden)44TheCystean  monkes  are 
in  soche  perplexyte  That  owt  of  Englond  they  reken  all  to 
flee,  1568  GKAFTON  Chron.  II.  737'!  hey  departed  to.  .Saint 
Malo..  where  they  reckned  to  haue  taken  shippyng.  1601 
R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  fy  Commw.  (1603)  160  He  neither  de- 
feiidcth  himselfe,  nor  Jntreatethe  for  mercie,  as  reckoning 
straight  to  die.  1770  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thrale  j  July, 
I  reckon  to  go  next  week  to  Ashbourne.  1872  HARTLEY 
Yorksh.  Ditt.  Ser.  n.  44  Ov  a  Thursday  aw  reckon  to  brew. 
b.  To  look_/0r  something,  rare. 

1848  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Loss  fy  Gain  in.  v.  330  You  may 
have  more  to  bear  than  you  reckon  for,  when  you  find  your 
self  with  men  of  rude  minds  and  vulgar  manners. 

13.  Const,  of:  To  account  or  think  (much,  etc.) 
of;  to  take  account  of,  think  highly  of,  approve  of. 
Now  rare  exc.  dial. 

1594  R.  ASHLEY  tr.  Lays  le  Roy  47  Traitouis.  .were  most 
reckoned  of  in  Court.  1601  SIK  W.  CORNWALUS  Disc. 
Seneca  (1631)  40  Wee  reckon  of  Physitians  because  the  end 
of  them  is  health.  1653  H.  COUAN  tr.  Scarlet  iioivti  109 
He  is  not  much  reckoned  of  in  the  Court,  but  is  reuerenced 
in  the  sacred  Colledge.  1803  tr.  /'.  Le  tint  ft*  s  Mons.  Bottc 
IF.  208  He  reckoned  a  good  deal  of  the  pleasures  of  the 
table.  1878  Cnmb.  Gloss.  (E.  U.S.)  117. 

f  b.  To  regard  in  a  certain  light.      Obs.  rare. 

1600  W.   WATSON  Dcccuordou  (1602)  95  He  was  to  be 
reckned  of  for  an  inurious  calumniator.    1625  HP.  MOUNTAGU 
App.  C.rsar  151  So  he  was  esteemed  and  held,  .during  life, 
and  so  is  he  reckoned  of  by  his  followers  at  this  day. 
f  c.  To  reck  of,  take  heed  of.   Obs.  rare. 

1622  R.  HAWKINS  I'oy.  S.  Sta  (1847)  115  They  reckon  not 
of  a  musket  shot,  a  sword  pierceth  not  their  skinne.  1634 
Malory's  Arthur  n.  xxx,  Like  as  it  had  beene  a  man  .. 
which  reckoned  not  uf  himselfe. 

14.  To  count,  depend,  or  rely  on  or  upon. 

1632  LtTHGOW  Trav.  v.  173  No  man  could  reckon  vpon 
felicity  so  long  as  he  Hued.  1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Keji.  205 
H  is  reward  would  be  much  less  than  he  reckons  upon.  1796 
H.  HUNTER  tr.  St.- Pierre's  Stitti.  Nat.  (1799)  I.  p.  Ixx, 
I  reckon  on  the  indulgence  of  the  really  intelligent.  1836 
Backwoods  of  Canada  22,  I  was  reckoning  much  on  seeing 
the  falls-  of  Montmorenci.  1874  GKKEN  Short  Hist.  ii.  §  4.  74 
He  could  reckon  on  no  support  within  England  itself. 

15.  a.  To  number,  amount  to. 

1877  Miss  YOSGE  Cameos  Ser.  m.  xxx.  301  He  marched 
[them]  into  the  camp  before  his  own  troop,  which  did  not 
reckon  nearly  so  many. 

b.  To  count,  have  a  place  or  value. 

1879  MCCARTHY  Own  Times  II.  xxii.  159  Such  discretion 
. .  would  in  the  long  run  reckon  to  his  credit  and  his  advan 
tage.  1898  IJESANT  Orange  Girl  i.  i,  After  the  fashion  . .  of 
the  sailors,  with  whom  strength  of  arm  reckons  before  style. 

Hence  Be'ckoned ///.  a.  Also  Re-ckonablea., 
capable  of  being  reckoned,  rare. 

1658  CROMWELL  Sp.  25  Jan.  in  Carlyle^  A  thing  far  from 
reckonable  as  a  suggestion  to  any  ill  end.  1812  WOOD- 
HOUSE  Astron.  xxxviii.  (18231  756  The  difference  of  actual 
or  absolute  time,  which  depends  on  the  reckoned  time  at 
each  place  of  observation.  1859  UKIGHT  in  Times  18  Aug. 
9/6  [The  Government]  having  no  reckonable  majority  in 
the  House  of  Commons. 

Reckons-crook),  var.  RACKAN(-CBOOK). 
Reckoner  (rek'nsj).    Also  3  rikeuare,  5  rek- 
nare,  6  reck(e)ner.     [f.  RECKON  v.  +  -ER  i,] 

1.  One  who  reckons,  in  senses  of  the  verb. 

a  1225  Ancr.  K.  214  peos  rikcnares.  .bat  habbeS  muchel 
uoi  to  rikenen.  c  1440  I' romp.  Parv.  428/2  Reknare, £•<>;///«- 
tator.  1546  J.  HEYWOOD  Prov.  (1867)  16  Reckners  without 
their  host  must  recken  twyce.  1611  COTGR.,  Coinpteur^  a 
reckoner.  1745  WARBURTON  Occas.  Rejl.  n.  xiii,  Retro 
spects  with  bad  Reckoners  are  troublesome  Things.  1823 
MRS.  HEMANS  Vespers  of  Palermo  v.  ii,  We  shall  have 
Stern  reckoners  to  account  with.  1875  WHITNEY  Life 
Lang.  Ji.  20  Fingers  are  the  most  ready  and  natural  of 
aids  to  an  unready  reckoner. 

2.  An  aid  to  reckoning.    (Cf.  READY  RECKONER,) 

1827  G.  HIGGINS  Celtic  Druids  7  His  fingers  would  be  his 
first  reckoners. 

Reckoning  (re'k'nirj),  vbl.  sb.  Forms  :  see 
RECKON  v.  (also  3  recning,  5  Sf.  rek-,  raknyne, 
5-6  rekning,  rakning,  6  reckning,  -yng,  etc.). 
[f.  RECKON  v.  +  -ING  1.  Cf.  Du.  rekening,  MLG. 
rekeninge  (whence  late  ON,  reikningrt  inv.  rak- 
ning,  Da.  regning),  OIIG.  rechennnga  (MHO. 
-unge,  G.  rechnitng).] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  RECKON  ;  enumeration, 
calculation,  computation. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  1566  Reckining  cuth  jxu  nan  o  right. 
c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xii.  (Mat/iias)  266  Of  thre  hundir  [?e 
teynd  leyly,.  .cumys  be  raknyne  to  thretty.  c  i\^aPromp. 
Part'.  428/2  Reknynge,  compntacio.  1500-20  DUNBAR 
Poems  Ixxix.  6  For  rekkyning  of  my  rentis  and  roumes,  ^e 
neid  nocht  for  to  tyre  ?our  thowmes.  1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L. 
v.  ii.  498  Ber.  I  alwaies  tpoke  three  threes  for  nine.  Clow. 
O  Lord  sir,  it  were  pittie  you  should  get  your  liuing  by 
reckning  sir.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  i.  iv.  14  Without  words, 
there  is  no  possibility  of  reckoning  of  Numbers.  1869  E.  A. 
PAKKES  Praet.  Hygiene  (ed.  3)  2  The  usual  mode  of  reckon 
ing  is  to  divide  the  total  daily  supply  in  gallons  by  the  total 
population. 

b.  Manner  or  mode  of  computing  or  numbering. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxxi.  (Eugenia}  943  Be  be  reknyne 
of  rome . .  twa  hundir  ^ere  sex  &  fyfty.  1c  1540  Hye  ivey  to 
Spyttel  Hous  919  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  IV.  64  That  is  but  lytell 
used  in  this  lande, . .  For  Englysshe  men  knowe  not  of  suche 
rekeninges.  a  1727  NEWTON  Chronol.  Amended  Introd. 
(1728)  2  The  reckoning  by  Olympiads  was  not  yet  in  use. 
1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ix.  II.  475  On  the  sixteenth  of 
October,  according  to  the  English  reckoning. 

2.  An  instance  of  enumerating  or  counting,  or 
the  result  of  this ;    an  enumeration,  calculation, 
or  account.     Also  with  up. 


RECKONING. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  12713  O  J>is  reckining  na  mar  her  nu, 
iJot  o  lohn  baptist  and  o  iesu.     ^1391  CHAUCER  AstroL  n. 
§  22  Understond  wel  this  Reknyng.      c  1440  Promp*  Part'. 
428/2  Rekenynge,  or  a  counte,.  .compotns.     1561  DAUS  tr. 
Bullingcr  on  Aj>oc.  (1573)  149  Let  vs  thinke,  that  our  Lord    , 
God  kepeth  a  rekoning  of  all  the  dayes  of  our  calamitie.    I 
1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  %  Selv.  188  There  is  not  a  full  reckon-    \ 
ing  up  of  those  attributes  of  his  that  have  to  do  in  the  work.    , 
1719  DK  FOK  Crusoe  i.  xvii,  As  for  an  ?xact  Reckoning  of 
Days,  after  I  had  once  lost  it,  I  could  never  recover  it  again. 
1864  D.  G.  MITCHELL  Sev.  Stor*  284,  I  tried  to  keep  some 
reckoning  of  the  streets  through  which  I  passed. 

b.  The  process  or  result  of  (one's)  counting,  etc.    ! 
Freq.  in  phrases,  as  to  be  out  in  or  oft  to  leave  out   \ 
of,  to  lose,  one's  reckoning. 

1585  Q.  Euz.  in  Four  C.  Eng.  Lett.  (1880)  29  If  I  mad  not 
my  rekening  the  bettar  of  the  moneths.  1668  CuLPEPPER  & 
COLE  Barthol.  Anat.  i.  xiv.  34  According  to  his  reckoning,  , 
there  will  be  two  Ligaments,  not  one  only.  1699  KHSTLKY  ^ 
PhaL  Pref.  12  A  plain  argument,  that  the  Examiner  is  quite 
out  in  his  reckoning.  1719  DK  FOE  Crusoe  i.  iv,  I  should 
lose  my  reckoning  of  time.  1783  CowPBR  Let.  13  Oct.,  It  is 
ever  the  way  of  those  who  rule  the  earth  to  leave  out  of 
their  reckoning  Him  who  rules  the  universe.  1809  MALKIN 
Gil  Bins  vii.  xii.  F  i  He  was  short  in  his  reckoning  by  an 
arm  and  a  leg. 

c.  spec.  The  calculated  period  of  pregnancy. 


1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  599  A  shepherd  that  has 
attentively.,  marked  the  reckoning  of  every  ewe. 

d.  Naitt.  The  estimate  made  of  a  ship's  position 
by  calculation  from  the  log,  the  course  steered,  ob 
servation  of  the  sun,  etc.  See  also  DEAD  RECKONING. 
1669  STURMY  Mariners  Mag.  iv.  i.  13$,  [I]  tookour  Reckon- 
ing  from  Lundy,  in  the  Mouth  of  Severn.  Ibid.  139  Cur 
rents  is  a  means  of  great  mistake  in  keeping  of  a  Reckoning. 
1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Log,  Log-Board  is  a  table 
divided  into  four  or  live  columns,  whereon  are  marked  the 
reckonings  of  every  day.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine 
(1780)  s.v.  Dead-reckoning,  This  reckoning,  .is  always  to 
be  corrected,  as  often  as  any  good  observation  of  the  sun  I 
can  be  obtained.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  fief.  Mast  xxx.  108 
Having  gone  by  reckoning  over  thirteen  hundred  miles  in  [ 
seven  days. 

fig.     1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  14  Some-     ; 
times  he  comes  many  Leagues  short  of  his  Reckoning,  for 
through  loss  of  Hands  to  work  her  the  Ship  is  lost.     1884 
PAE  Eustace  91  You  have  got  out  of  your  reckoning. 

3.  A  computation  or  account  of  the  sum  owing 
by,  or  due  to,  one ;    a  statement  of  a  charge  or 
charges ;  a  bill,  esp.  at  an  inn  or  tavern,     f  Also 
without  article,  in  phr.  upon  reckoning  (<yiQ\..  1617). 

(.1386  CHAUCER  Prol.   760  After  soper  . .  Whan  that  we 
haddemaadour  rekenynges.    c  1481  Pluntpton  Corf.  (Cam- 
den)  41  Henry  Fox  bad  me  send  my  rakning  at  Ripon,  &  I 
should  be  answered  to  my  money.     1533  [see  HOST  sl>.2  2  b].    ' 
1590  Wills  <y  Inv.  N.  C.  (Surtees  1860)  198  He  owes  me  the 
rest  of  a  reckening  for  c  quarters  of  barley.     1617  MORYSON 
I  tin.  \.  165,  I  paid  each  night  foure  bolinei  for  my  bed,  and 
eating  vpon  reckoning,  I  spent  lesse  then  two  giulij  by  the 
day.     1650  FULLER  Pisgah  it.  x.  215  They  liked  the  wine, 
but  not  the  reckoning  which  was  to  be  paid  for  it.     1749 
FIELDING  Tom  Jones  vn.  xi,  Having  now  pretty  well  satis 
fied  their  Thirst,  nothing  remained  but  to  pay  the  Reckoning.     ! 
1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  iv,  He  called  for  a  reckoning  for  the 
wine.     1874  T.  TAYLOR  Leic.  Sq.  vii.  154  Reckonings  were     , 
called  and  paid. 

transf.  and  fig.     1635-56  CowLKY  Dai'ideis  iv.  584  Our     I 
watchful  Prince  by  bending  sav'd  the  Wound,  But  Death  in 
other  coyn  his  reck'ning  found.     1784  COWPER  Task  v.  278 
He  deems  a  thousand  . .  lives,  Spent  in  the  purchase  of  re 
nown  for  him,  An  easy  reckoning. 

b.  A  Dutch  reckoning',  (see  quots.). 

«  1700  [see  DUTCH  a.  4].  1724  SWIFT  Drafter's  Lett.  Wks. 
1755  V.  n.  78  A  Dutch  reckoning,  wherein  if  you  dispute  the 
unreasonableness  and  exorbitance  of  the  bill,  the  land  lord 
shall  bring  it  up  every  time  with  new  additions,  a  1814 
Forgery  n.  ii.  in  New  Brit.  Theatre  1.449  Come,  we'll  have 
a  Dutch  reckoning  to-night,  for  we  will  share  the  dust,  or 
see  them  shopp'd  [  =  put  in  prison]. 

4.  The  action  of  rendering  an  account  of  property 
etc.,  entrusted  to  one's   charge;    an   account   so 
rendered.     Chiefly  in  phrases,  as  to  give  or  yield, 
to  hear^  hold  or  make^  to  bring  or  call  to,  reckoning ; 
sometimes  also  count  and  reckoning.     Now  only 
in  legal  use. 

1340  Ayenb.  18  His  Ihordes  guodes  huer-of  him  behoue|> 
straitliche  yelde  rekeninge  and  scele.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI. 
B.  v.  427, 1  can  holde  louedayes  and  here  a  reues  rekenynge. 
1413  Pilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton  1483)  iv.  xxxiv.  83  Of  al  reuenues 
that  to  the  kynge  bylongen  in  his  Countre  the  Shirreue 
muste  yeue  rekkenynge.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  58  The 
king.. began  to  call  him  [Becket]  to  reconynges,  and  to 
burthen  him  with  paymentes.  1596  DALRYMI-LE  tr.  Leslie's 
Hist.  Scot.  x.  264  The  keiperis  of  the  Thesaurhous  . .  he 
hringis  to  compte  and  rekning.  1611  BIBLE  2  Kings  xxii.  7 
Howbeit,  there  was  no  reckoning  made  with  them,  of  the 
money  that  was  deliuered  into  their  hand.  1869  Act  32  <$•  33 
Viet.  c.  116  §  7  The  grantee  being  always  bound,  upon  pay 
ment  of  the  price,  to  hold  count  and  reckoning  with  the 
grantor  for  the  same. 

transf.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  683  As  for  the  towneof 
Calice.  .the  sayde  Monsire  de  Vawclere  promised  thereof  to 
make  him  a  good  reconyng. 

b.  The  action  of  rendering  to  another  an  account 
of  one's  self  or  one's  conduct. 

c  1450  LONELICH  Merlin  1300  (Kolbing)  Respyt  gonnen 
they  take  . .  xv  dayes  thanne  next  sewenge  Hire  forto 
bringen  to  rekenenge.  1530-1  Act  22  Hen.  I7lfl,c.  12  If 
any  man.. be  vagrant,  ana  can  gyue  no  rekenynge  ho  we 
he  dothe  lefullye  get  his  lyuynge.  1599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado 
v.  iv.  g  Being. . enforced  To  call  young  Claudio  to  a  reckon 
ing  for  it.  1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  18 


248 

A  servile  Constraint  being  much  more  resented  by  a  generous 
Soul  than  a  deep  Reckoning.  1818  SCOTT  /'.  M.  I  erth  vi, 
I  have  also  a  reckoning  to  hold  with  you. 

c.  spec,  with  ref.  to  rendering  an  account  of  one's 
life  or  conduct  to  God  at  death  or  judgement. 

a  1300  Sanmm  xxiii.  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  3  Hit  nis  no  doute 
he  sal  be  dede  to  3elde  recning  at  (>edome.  1340  Aycnb.  214 
God  will  acsi  rekeninge  ate  daye  of  dome,  c  1375  fie. 
Leg.  Saints  xxiv.  (Alexis)  133  We  sal.  .gyf  reknyne  bat  luge 
til  of  al  dedis,  gud  &  II.  1434  E.  K.  Wills  97  As  myne 
executoures  wyl  answere  at  the  laste  rekenyng.  c  1500 
Lancelot  1358  Wharof  that  god  a  raknyng  sal  craf  At  the, 
and  a  sore  Raknyng  sal  hafe.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  F,  iv.  i.  141 
If  the  Cause  be  not  good,  the  King  himselfe  hath  a  heauie 
Reckoning  to  make.  1641  HINDE  J.  Kruen  xxxiv.  108 
The  reckoning  and  account  of  a  true  Professor  and  sound 
Christian  is  not  to  seeke,  nor  to  make  at  the  houre  of  their 
death.  1784  COWPEB  Task  in.  179  He  will  judge  the  earth, 
and  call  the  fool  To  a  sharp  reckoning  that  has  lived  in  vain. 

d.  In  phr.  Day  of  reckoning.    (See  also  9.) 
1838  DICKENS  Nidi.  Nick,  xx,  There  will  be  a  day  of 

reckoning  sooner  or  later.  1861  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  (1873) 
III.  iii.  132  The  patience  of  the  country  was  well  nigh 
exhausted,  and  the  day  of  reckoning  was  at  hand. 

fe.  An  account,  statement  of  something.  Oh. 

a  1375  Joseph  Arim.  444  Whon  bat  bou  comest  a^eyn. . 

bou  miht  haue  more  redi  roume  my  rikenyng  to  here.     1543 

[T.  COTTKSFOKO]  (title)  The  Rekening  and  declaracion  of  the 

faith  and  beleif  of  Huldrik  Zwingly. 

5.  The  settlement  of  accounts  or  differences  be 
tween  parties. 

CI470  Golafros  ff  Caw.  850  Rude  reknyng  raise  thair 
renkis  betueiie.  1546  J-  HEYWOOD  Prov.  (1867)  53  Euen 
recknyng  maketh  longe  friendis, . .  For  alwaie  owne  is  owne, 
at  the  recknyngis  eend.  1776  PAINE  Com.  Sense  (1791)  62 
A  firm  bargain  and  a  right  reckoning  make  long  friends. 

6.  The  action  of  calculating  or  estimating  chances 
or  contingencies ;  (an)  anticipation,  or  expectation. 

1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  689  Makyng  sure  reconyng  to 
haue  had  theyr  pray  and  pryse.  1588  PARKE  tr.  Mcndoza's 
Hist.  China  144  It  went  not  with  Limahon  and  his  foure 
hundred  souldiers  according  as  he  did  make  reckoning. 
1686  tr.  CharJin's  Coromit.  Solyman  25  The  General  of 
the  Slaves  expected  the  Precedency  as  bis  due.  . .  However 
he  missed  of  his  reckoning.  1871  FKKKMAN  Norm.  Cony, 
(1876)  IV.  xviii.  113  Most  likely  the  reckonings  of  the  men 
of  Kent  did  not  go  so  far  afield, 
fb.  Thought,  idea.  Ot>s.~l 

1574  HELLOWKS  Gueuara's  Fatn.  Ef.  (1584)  231  After  I . . 
read  againe  your  letter,  I  fell  in  the  reckoning  that  it  was 
of  Mosen  Rubin  my  neighbour. 

f  7.  a.  Mode  of  regarding  a  matter.  06s. 

1390  GOWER  Can/.  I.  356  As  to  the  worldes  rekeninge  Ther 
schat  he  finde  no  winnynge.  1522  MOHE  De  qitat.  A'twiss. 
Wks.  79/2  With  this  reckening  shal  thei  loke  vpon  death 
muche  nerer  hande.  1596  SHAKS.  Tarn.  Shr.  IV.  i.  87  By 
this  reckning  he  is  more  shrew  than  she.  1649  MILTON 
Eikon.  ix.  86  By  this  reckning  his  consent  and  his  denials 
come  all  to  one  pass. 

ft).  To  make  reckoning- of :  to  hold  or  account 
of,  to  take  heed  of.  Obs.  (Common  c  1580-1680.) 

1581  PETTIE  tr.  Guazzo's  Civ.  Conv.  i.  (1586)  7  b,  A  man 
must  not  make  reconing  or  account  of  the   multitude  of 
people.     1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  II.  xix.  (1614)  2i7_That 
lew. .is  accounted  a  Traytor,  and  neuer  made  reckoning  of 
after.    1686  tr.  Chardifi's  Coronat.  Solyman  99  The  General 
at  that  time  made  little  reck'ning  of  what  he  said. 

t  c.  To  be,  or  come  to,  one  reckoning :  to  be  of 
the  same  value,  to  be  equivalent.  Obs. 

1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  /",  iv.  vii.  18  The  great,  or  the  mighty, 
or  the  huge  ..are  all  one  reckonings.  1674  N.  FAIRFAX 
Bulk  f;  Selv.  93  To  take  away  place,  or  to  take  away  the 
body  plac'd,  comes  all  to  a  reckoning. 

f  8.  Estimation,  consideration, distinction.  (Used 
with  adjs.,  as  good,  little,  mean,  etc.,  and  abso 
lutely.)  Obs. 

1582  STANVHURST  SEncis   n.  (Arb.)  46  Whilst  counsel 
auayled,  Then  we  were  of  reckning.    1586  A.  DAY  Eng. 
Secretary  \.  (1625)  5  A  woman  of  very  meane  reckoning. 
1598  MANWOOD  Lawes  Forest  xx.  §  10  (1615)  179/2  Such 
beasts.,  are.,  not  meete  for  any  man  of  reckoning  to  eate. 
1602  CAREW  Cornwall  6  For  Windowes,  Domes,  and  Chim- 
nies,   Moore   stone  carrieth   chiefest   reckoning.     1653   H. 
COGAN  tr.  Finto's  Trav.  xlvii.  271  He  found  that  some  fifty 
thousand  were  missing,  all  men  of  little  reckoning. 

9.  altrib.,  as  reckoning  book,  chamber,  day. 

1548  ELYOT  Rationariiis  code.r,  ..  a  reckenyng  booke. 
1613  R.  CAWDREY  TaUe  Alph.  (ed.  3),  Register,  kalender, 
a  reckoning  booke.  1647  HEXHAM  s.  v.,  A  reckoning 
chamber,  or  a  chamber  of  accounts,  een  rcecken-kainer. 
1765  JOHNSON  (ed.  2),  Reckoning  book,  a  book  in  which 
money  received  and  expended  is  set  down.  l8ia  BVRON 
Ch.  Har.  i.  Iii,  Ah  !  Spain  !  how  sad  will  be  thy  reckoning- 
day.  1851  MAYNE  REID  Scalp  Hunt.  xvii.  120,  I  may  yet 
find  a  reckoning  day  for  him. 

t  Reckonmaster.  Obs.  rare  -1.  In  6  recken-. 
[f.  RECKON  v.;  cf.  Du.  rckcnmeester,  G.  rechen- 
meister.]  A  professional  reckoner,  an  arithme 
tician. 

1570  DEE  Math.  Pref.  *ij,  The  common  Legist,  Recken- 
master,  or  Arithmeticten  ..  imagineth  lesse  partes :  and 
calleth  them  Fractions. 

Recks,  variant  of  REX,  pranks. 

Reclaim  (i/kl^-m),  sbl  Now  rare.  Forms  : 
see  CLAIM  sb.  (also  5  racleyme).  [a.  OF.  reclaim, 
sb.  from  reclaimer,  reclamer  to  RECLAIM.] 

f  1.  The  act  of  recalling  a  hawk ;  esp.  to  come  to 
reclaim,  to  return  when  called.  Obs. 

1398  TKEVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xn.  ii.  (Tollem.  MS.),  He 
wexeb  ramaiouse  ober  slowe,  and  dedeyneb  not  to  come  to 
reclayme.  1486  Rk.  St.  Alfians  Bij,  And  or  she  come  to 
the  reclame  make  her  that  she  sowre  not. 


RECLAIM. 

fb.  The  recall  or  bringing  back  of  a  person. 
61430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  77   Defye  false 

fortune,  And  al  recleymes  of  hyr  double  luyne.  1533 
BELLENDEN  tr.  Livy  i.  xii.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  70  pe  Sabinis  com- 
planit  bat  bare  rebellis  ..  war  bare  Intertenyit  but  ony  re 
clame  or  punycioun  eftir  following.  1590  SI'ENSF.K  /•'.  Q. 
in.  x.  16  The  loving  couple,  .leasure  had.. to  frame  Their 
purpost  flight,  free  from  all  mens  reclame. 

fc.  Revocation  (of  an  edict).  Obs.  rare— '. 
1604  T.  WRIGHT  Passions  v.  §  4.  234  Ester,  .procured  the 

death  of  Hamman,  and  the  reclaime  of  that  bloody  edict. 

2.  The  act  of  recalling,  or  state  of  being  recalled, 
to  right  conduct. 

In  early  examples  prob.  transf.  from  sense  I. 

a  1300  Cursor  Af.  1578  Wimmen  bai  forced  a-mang  bairn, 
Was  nan  bam  moght  bring  to  reclaim.  1494  FABYAN  Chron. 
vii.  395  He  . .  buylded  newe  the  cytie  &  castell  of  Beau 
Maryse,  and  broughte  the  vnsteadfast  Walshman  to  newe 
reclayme.  1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.)  Pref.  1 1  For  the  better  pre- 


(.673) 
tiauy 


96  Let  "him  examine  his  own  conscience,  and  imparti 
sift  all  the  manner  of  his  reclaim.  1891  J .  AITCH  ISDN  Signa 
Chrisli  vi.  225  [Christ  is]  the  real  Originator  of  societies  for 
reclaim  of  the  fallen. 

b.  The  reclamation  of  land. 

1799  J.  ROBERTSON  Agric.  Perth  421  While  the  country 
underwent  the  work  of  reclaim. 

t  3.  A  challenge,  protest.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1440  Proinp.  Parv.  425/2  Recleyme,  or  chalange,  cla. 
meuni,  vendicacio.  c  1449  PECOCK  Rcpr.  in.  xvi.  386  He 
him  silf  mai  it  lette  bi  the  reclaime..  which  he  mai  make. 

f  4.  The  act  of  claiming  back.  Obs.  rare. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  417  b,  Fridericke  maketh 
reclaime  to  hys  landes.  1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  j/ndg.  xi.  26 
Wherfore  have  you  so  long  attempted  nothing  for  reclaime  ? 

Re-clai'm,  sb.l    [RE-  5  a.]     A  fresh  claim. 

1890  Pall  Mall  (»'.  18  Aug.  2/3  The  overseers.. have. . 
exposed  a  very  large  number  of  the  electors  to  the  chance 
of  being  struck  off  on  objection,  if  re-claims  are  not  made. 

Reclaim  (r/'klf  "'m),  v.  Forms :  see  CLAIM  v. 
[ad.  OF.  reclamer,  \  reclaimer  (i  2th  c.)  :— L.  recla- 
mtlre  to  cry  out  against,  contradict,  also  to  re-echo  : 
see  RE-  and  CLAIM  v.~] 

I.  trans.  1 1-  Falconry.  To  call  back  (a  hawk 
which  has  been  let  fly).   Obs._ 

In  some  cases  not  easily  distinguished  from_sense  3. 


reclame  His  hauk.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  126  The  kyng.. 
came  into  this  gardyne  for  to  reclayme  a  sperhawke  of  his. 
1600  SURFLET  Countrie  Fanne  VII.  xliii.  872  To  reclaime  and 
bring  them  to  the  lure.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.y.,  The 
spar-hawk,  gos-hawk,  &c.  are  reclaimed  with  the  voice,  the 
falcon  only  by  shaking  the  lure. 

trans/.  <r  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  72  Morkar  re- 
cleymed  es  [F.  cst  reclame],  as  es  be  faukon  fre.  c  1386 
CHAUCER  .Manciple's  Prol.  72  Another  day  he  wole  . .  Re- 
clayme  thee,  and  brynge  thee  to  lure,  c  1460  SIR  R.  Ros 
La  Belle  Dame  634  paire  bysy  hertes  passen  to  and  fro, 
bai  be  so  wele  reclaymed  to  the  lure, 
t  b.  To  call  back  ;  to  recall.  Obs. 

1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  xii.  9  Willed  him  for  to  reclayme 
with  speed  His  scattred  people,  ere  they  all  were  slaine. 
1597  BEARD  Theatre  God's  "Jiidgem.  (1612)  223  When  ..  he 
oppressed  the  people  with  exactions,  and  was  reclaimed 
home,  a  1700  DRYDEN  (J.),  The  head-strong  horses  hurried 
Octavius  . .  along,  and  were  deaf  to  his  reclaiming  them. 
1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  partridge  is  also  said  to 
reclaim  her  young  ones,  when  she  calls  them  together  upon 
their  scattering  too  much  from  her. 

fig'     I59°  GREENE  Mourn.  Gurm.  (1616)  Biv,  Knowing 
young  wits  were  wandring,  he  began  to  reclaime  him  thus, 
t  c.  To  restrain,  check,  hold  back.  Obs. 

a  1529  SKELTON  Agst.  Gamesche  iv.  105  Auaunt,  rybawde, 
thi  tung  reclame  !  1596  DANETT  tr.  Comities  (1614)  319  Then 
the  Duke  vsed  to  reclaime  vs,  saying  ho,  one  to  one.  1633 
T.  STAFFORD  Pac.  Hit.  i.  iii.  (1810)  51  They  would  reclaime 
themselves  and  their  followers  from  committing  any  put- 
rage.  1700  PRIOR  Carmen  Sec.  292  Is  her  tow'ring  Flight 
reclaim'd  By  Seas  from  Icarus'  Downfall  nam'df 

t  d.  To  recall,  withdraw  (a  statement) ;  to  re 
voke.   Obs.  rare. 

1615  T.  ADAMS  Two  Sonncs  Wits.  (1630)  425  Let  vs  re 
claime  our  impudent  and  refractory  renegations.  1639 
DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Memorials  of  State  Wks.  (1711)  129  If 
Henry  VI...  would  ..  have  reclaimed  the  approbation,  .of 
Richard  duke  of  York.  1670  W.  SIMPSON  Hydro/.  Ess. 
76  What  I  have  said.  .1  find  no  reason  to  reclaim. 

2.  To  recall,  bring  back  (a  person  or  animal) 
from  a  wrong  course  of  action,  etc.,  to  a  proper 
state,  f  Also  const,  of. 

The  first  quot.  may  rather  belong  to  sense  3. 

1390  GOWER  Con/.  1 1 1.  277  Adam  and  Eve ..  hem  aschamed, 
Til  that  nature  hath  hem  reclamed  To  love,  f  1450  St. 
Cuthbert  ^Surtees)  2368  Cuthbert  wayued  his  hand  on  bairn, 
Fia  ryuyng  of  thak  bairn  to  reclaym.  1565  JEWEL  De/. 
Apol.  (1611)  362  Luther  . .  did  write  maruellous  vehemently 


(1807)  120  It  tnesoule  it  selte  pereciaymeu  iromioine.  1044 
P.  FLETCHER  Purple  fsl.  i.  xlix,  Being  one  soon  into  two  he 
framed  it,  And  now  made  two,  to  one  again  reclaimed  it. 
1681-6  J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Life  (1747)  III.  2  A  Man.  .may  upon 
due  Consideration  . .  reclaim  himself  to  a  very  pious  and 
virtuous  Life.  1686  BLOME  Gentl.  Recrcat.  II.  38  In  a 
little  time  this  will  Reclaim  her  of  that  Roaveing  Kytish- 
trick.  1798  FERRIAR  Illnstr.  Sterne,  etc.  vi.  165  A  young 
man,  who  was  reclaimed  from  a  very  dissolute  course  of  life. 
1841  LANE  Arab.  Nts.  I.  74  So  was  he  reclaimed  to  a  sense 
of  his  duty.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  v.  I.  654  Henrietta 
had  reclaimed  him  from  a  life  of  vice. 


RECLAIM. 

b.  To  call  back  from  wrong-doing  or  error;  to 
bring  back  to  the  right  way ;  to  reform. 

1577  NORTHBROOKE  Dicing  (1843)  77,  I  am  glad  to  heare 
this  of  you,  that  you  are  so  reclaimed.  1610  WILLET 
Hexapla  Dan.  361  Such  an  one  was  Saul,  that  would  by 
no  meanes  be  reclaymed.  a  1680  BUTLER  Kern.  (17501  I  70 
Like  the  Plagues  of /Egypt,  meant  a  Curse,  Not  to  reclaim 
us  but  to  make  us  worse.  1742-3  Johnson's  Parl.  Del:. 
(l8ii)  II.  360  We  shall  give  those,  who  have  accustomed 
themselves  to  this  liquor,  time  to  reclaim  their  appetites 
1779-81  JOHNSON  L.  P.,  Addison  (1868)  234  Addison  . .  had' 
very  diligently  endeavoured  to  reclaim  him.  1819  T  B 
JOHNSON  Shooter's  Comp.  85  [Young  dogs]  if  they  are 
suffered  to  acquire  any  had  habits  . .  will  be  with  great 
difficulty  reclaimed.  1831  Miss  FERRIER  Destiny  v,  Er 
ploying  the  industrious,,  .or  reclaiming  the  wicked. 


-      ---*--  — - -..—...    ..  .AA  .  ,.„  *v  ^j^,  2  uu  noi  also 

see  how  he  reclaimeth  himselfe,  and  accordeth  vnto  the 
common  opinion  ? 

aosol.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  791  They  hard'nd  more  by 
what  might  most  reclame, . .  at  the  sight  Took  envie. 

C.  To  win  back,  win  over  (again).     Also  with 
inf.   rare. 

1587  TURBERV.  Trag.  T.  35  No  loue  deuise,  no  iewels 
fet  from  farre,  Could  so  reclaime  this  noble  Ladies  minde 
1622  BACON  Hen.  I'll  tt  Fit  also  to  reclaime  them  to  know 
him  for  their  King,  whom  they  had  so  lately  talked  of  as 
an  Emmie.  1853  C.  BRONTE  Villette  xx,  Once  alienated, 
[1  doubt]  whether  he  were  ever  to  be  reclaimed. 

d.  To   put   right,   to    remedy,   correct,   amend 
(something  wrong,  an  error,  fault,  etc.).   rare. 

1596  BACON  Max.  ff  Uses  Com.  La-.u  Pref.,  In  deciding  of 
doubts,  and.,  in  reclaiming  vulgar  errors.  1622  —  Hen.  /'// 
17  By  his  presence . .  to  reclayme  and  rectifie  those  humours. 
1742-3  Johnson's  Parl.  Del'.  (1811)  II.  398  The  same  pro 
visions  by  which  the  vices  of  our  own  people  are  to  be 
reclaimed.  1849  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  I.  iii.  §  74.  132  In 
these  abuses,  which  we  have  a  right  to  reclaim,  will  lie 
found  a  mine  of  riches. 

3.  To  reduce  to  obedience,  tame,  subdue  (an 
animal,  esp.  a  hawk,  also  rarely  a  person). 

The  legal  term  for  reducing  animals  ferx  naturie  to 
domestication  {see  quot.  1766). 

1390  GOWF.R  Can/.  III.  366,  I  thoghte  thanne  how  love  is 
swete,  Which  hath  so  wise  men  reclamed.  (-1440  Promp. 
Parv.  425/2  Recleymyn',  or  make  tame,  domo  1486 
at.  St.Aloans,  a  iij,  The  samenight  after  thefedyng,  wake 
her  all  nyght..,  then  shee  will  be  preui  Inowgh  to  be  re 
clamed.  1530  PALSGR.  681/1  He  was  the  stoburnest  boyethat 
ever  I  sawe,  but  I  have  reclaymed  hym.  1579  LYI.Y  Euphucs 
(Arb.)  41  Ihough  the  Fawlcon  be  reclaimed  to  the  fist  she 
retyreth  to  hir  haggardnesse.  1607  MARKHAM  Caval.  n.  ix. 
102  Ihis  course  of  reclaiming  a  horse  by  gentlenesse 
I  have  found  much  to  auaile.  1632  MASSINGER  Maid  of 
Hon.  n.  n,  Camiola.  I  am  still  myself,  and  will  be  Fulrextia 
A  proud  haggard,  And  not  to  be  reclaimed  !  1737  STACK.' 
HOUSE  Hist.  ISMe  n.  i.  (1752)  I.  150/2  Such  Creatures  as  are 
immongerous,  we  have  found  out  Expedients  to  reclaim 
1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  xxv.  391  A  qualified  property 
may  subsist  in  animals  ferx  nalurx,  per  industrial:!  ho- 
imnis;  by  a  man's  reclaiming  and  making  them  tame  by 
art,  industry,  and  education.  1852  R.  F.  BURTON  Falcmiy 
in  Valley  Indus  vi.  71  Allowing  a  week  or  ten  days  for 
reclaiming  the  bird. 

tb.  To  keep  the  growth  of  (wood  or  trees) 
within  bounds.  Obs. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xvn.  xxii,  By  this  means  also  the    i 
wood  is  reclaimed  and  repressed  from  running  out  in  length 
beyond  all  measure.     1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  n.  86  Much 
labour  is  requir'd  in  Trees,  to  tame  Their  wild  disorder, 
and  in  ranks  reclaim. 

c.  To  remove  (rnde  qualities)  by  means  of  in-   ' 
struction  or  culture ;  to  bring  (savage  people)  to 

a  state  of  civilization. 

1760  GOLDSM.  Cit.  W.  Ixxv,  Savage  rusticity  is  reclaimed 
!>y  °r->'  admonition  alone'  I8+*  LINCARD  Anglo-Sax.  Ch. 
(1858)  I.  Pref.  6  By  religion  they  were  reclaimed  from 
savage  life.  1863  Reader  12  Aug.  180/1  A  fair  field,.. with 
no  aborigines  to  be  protected  or  reclaimed. 

d.  To  bring  (waste  land,  or  land  formerly  covered 
by  water)  under,  or  into  a  fit  state  for,  cultivation. 

1764  Museum  Rust.  I.  370  The  plain  reason,  why  potatoes 
are  an  excellent  crop  for  reclaiming  land.  1808  J.  WALKER 
Htst  Hebrides  I.  162  There  has  . .  been  more  wild  land  in 
Scotland,  reclaimed  by  means  of  lime,  than  by  any  other 
manure.  1874  GREEN  Sliort  Hist.  viii.  §  5.  503  A  great 
scheme  was  set  on  foot  for  reclaiming  the  Fens. 

4.  fa.  Sc.  To  make  a  claim  against  (one\  to  sue 
at  law.  Obs.  rare. 

H56  SIR  G.  HAYE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  92  Quhethir  . .  he 
may  lefully  recover  apon  him  be  were  his  thing,  gif  he  may 
reclame  him  in  jugement.  Ibid.  168  Thai  quite  clamand 
him  in  time  tocum,  to  nocht  reclame  him  of  thai  gudis. 

b.  To  claim  the  restoration  of,  to  demand  or 
take  back  (a  person  or  thing). 

In  later  use  properly  a  ne.v  formation  on  RE-  53  and 
CLAIM  v.  with  distinct  pron.  of  the  prefix  (rl) 

1530  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  9t  Hys 
Of  . .  desyred  to  have  hym  reclaymed  of  the  Maire.     1590 
SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  iii.  48  So  shall  the  Briton  blood  their    . 
crowne  agayn  reclame.    1701  Land.  Gaz.  No.  3758/7  Captain    j 
Arena,  .being  reclaimed  by  the  Imperial  Ambassador,  was    I 
set  at  Liberty.    1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  ofQual.  (18091  HI.' 
94  Reclaiming  the  bar,,  .he  threw  it  to  a  length.. judged  to 
exceed  my  cast.     1835   MARHYAT  Pacha  Many   T.  iii,  To 
mv\ L'\n°te  °f  any  Pan'cular  marks  upon  the  children  by    i 
which  they  might  be  eventually  reclaimed.   1872  SWINBURNE    j 
Ess.  t,  Stud.  (1875)  27  In  vain  he  reclaimed  for  Paris,  in  the    I 
lace  of  Versailles,  the  right  of  municipal  self-government. 
fig.    1873  BLACKMORE  Alice  Lorraine  III.  vi.  94  Thiscold    ' 
resistless  flood  calmly  reclaimed  its  ancient  channel. 

fo.  a.  To  call  repeatedly  upon.  (InCaxton  only.) 


249 

!  '}8'  CA*TO!J  My>r.  HI.  xii.  159  Thise  thre  bountees 
reclayme  alle  crysten  men.  1491  —  I'ilas  Pair.  I.  xxxvi 
<M95>  37  a/'  The  name  of  god  was  reclamed  and  named  in 
al  townes  and  cytees. 

t  b.  To  proclaim.   Obs.  rare. 

a  1529  SKELTON  Bit.  3  Fola  Wks.  1843  I.  202  If  that  I  am 
beloued  ot  dyuers  persons  whiche  reclaymeth  mee  good  and 
vertuous.     1565  Kxox  Serm.  Wks.  1864  VI.  265  Slil  to  re 
clayme  Him  to  be  our  God  ..is  the  greatest  victorie  of  faith. 
T  c.  1  o  re-echo,  return  (a  sound).  Obs.-1 
1590  GREENE  Mourn.  Car,,,.  (1616)  E  ij,  Melt  to  teares 
poure  out  thy  plaints,  let  Eccho  reclame  them. 

f6.  To  cry  out,  or  protest,  against  (a  thing  or 
person) ;  to  gainsay,  reject.  Obs. 

1634  CANNF.  h'ecess.  Separ.  (1840)  94  Your  consciences  re 
claimeth  not  the  wearing  of  such  garments  :  but  many 
thousand  both  godly  and  learned  are  otherwise  persuaded 
1650  FULLER  Piigah  n.  viii.  §  3  Herod  . .  in  stead  of  re. 
claiming  what  they  exclaimed,  imbraced  and  hug'd  their 
praises  as  proper  to  himself. 

II.  in/I-.  7.  To  exclaim,  protest.  Now  rare. 
CI440  Promp.  Parv.  425/2  Recleymyn',  or  wythe  seyn,. . 
reclame,  a  1471  FORTESCUE  Title  of  House  of  York  Wks. 
(1869)  500  Kinge  Henry.. was  annoynted  and  crouned.., 
no  man  reclaiminge.  1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasm  Par 
Hcl>.  xi.  20  She  gave  no  eare  to  nature  reclaming  and  harkin" 
to  the  contrane.  1579  FUI.KE  Confut.  Sanders  680  All  the 
Bishops.. subscribed  and  allowed  all  that  had  hene  saide 


D 

(I, 


...  :..*jv.. .  .ouLj.iti  iutu  aiiu  anuweu  .111  tnac  nail  nene  saide 
(??  no  man  reclamed.  1719  WATERLAND  Vind.  Chrisf's 
<Jni.  viii,  Scripture  reclaims;  and  the  whole  Catholic!; 
Church  reclaims  ;  and  Christian  Ears  would  not  bear  it 
1869  BROWNING  RinfffSk.  vm.  354  We  could  reclaim,—  . . 
But  no,— we'll  take  it  as  spontaneously  Confessed. 

b.  Const,  against,  ^at,  ^to. 

CI449  PECOCK  Kefr.  m.  xvii.  398  That  y.  .am  stille  in  not 
reclaymyng  ajens  the  trust  neither  a?ens  the  aifte  1554 
CIIANMER /,<•/.  to  Cromvjcll  in  Misc.  U'ri't.  (Parker  Soc.)  11 
286,  I  think  there  is  not  one  ..  that  would  once  reclaim 
against  it.  1365  KNOX  Serin.  Wks.  1864  VI.  262  Began  tocall 
lit]  in  double.  Jjicause  that  natural!  judgement,  .reclaymed 
thereto.  1604  HUBBOCKE  Oral.  Grat.  K.  James  9  Kvery 
one  acclaming  to  it,  no  man  reclaiming  at  it.  1699  UKNTLF.Y 
P'[<il.  60  The  whole  Context  in  Dionysius  reclaims  against 
this  Emendation.  1769  BLACKSTONH  Comm.  IV.  xiii.  164  In 
Northern  countries,  the  very  nature  of  the  climate  seems  to 
reclaim  against  it.  1818  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1830)  IV.  308 
He  wrote  to  reclaim  against  an  expression  of  "Mr.  Win's. 
1873  LLLATHOKNE  Gladstone's  E.vpost.  Unrav.  70  Against 
which  act.. we.. loudly  reclaim,  in  like  manner  as,  on  other 
occasions,  we  have  protested  against  like  attempts. 

c.  With  obj.  clause.  To  declare  or  say  in  protest. 
£•1449  PECOCK  Kefr.  in.  xviii.  398  If  y  therajens  reclame 

or  proteste  for  me  and  hem,  that  y  ..  wole  be  fie  1714 
EUSDEN  ToLd.  Halifax  in  Steele  Poet.  Misc.  192  Where  are 
the  Flights,  (irueCriticks  may  reclaim)  The  Heat  the  Force 
and  Fancy..  ?  1846  W.  H.  MILL  Five  Serin.  (1848)26  Will 
not  experience  bitterly  reclaim,  that  from  this  consideration 
.  .the  gloomiest  answer  only  can  follow. 

d.  Sc.  Law.    To    appeal ;    now   spec,   from   a 
judgement  of  the  Lord  Ordinary  to  the  Inner  House 
of  the  Court  of  Session. 

1578-9  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  Ser.  I.  III.  109  The  said 
decreet.  .fra  the  quhilk  the  said  Dame  Grissell  hes  reclamit. 
1666-88  DALLAS  Syst.  Stiles  (1697)  455  By  the  saids  Acts, 
their  is  a  Provision  and  Salvo  for  the  Defender  to  Reclaim 
and  make  Application  to  the  Lords  in  case  of  unjustice  of  the 
Judge.  1709  Act  Sedcrunt  9  July,  Act  anent  Interloquitors 
'" '  theOutter-house.and  Bills  reclaiming  against  them.  1752 
M'DoUALL  lust.  La-ws  Scot.  iv.  xxxvi.  II.  676  Parties  are 
presumed  to  acquiesce  to  the  judgments  of  the  ordinary 
J'SS.I,ydo  not  reclaim  to  the  lords.  1884  Law  Times 
LXXVI.  333/1  The  trustees  have  reclaimed  against  the 
recent  interlocutor  of  Lord  Fraser. 

t  8.  To  call  out,  cry  loudly.   Obs.  rare. 
.  1647  W.  BROWNE  Polexamier  iv.  iv.  297  The  voice  flyin^ 
into  aire,  I  call'd  a  long  time  to  intreat  it  to  instruct  me 
but  I  re-claim'd  in  vain,      a  1700  DRYDEN  Iliad  i.  294  One 
whisper  d  soft,  and  one  aloud  reclaim'd. 

1 9.  a.  To  draw  back  ;  to  recant.   Obs.  rare. 

159*  SPENSER  /•'.  Q.  vi.  iii.  43  Yet  would  he  not  perswaded 
be  for  ought,  Ne  from  his  currish  will  a  whit  reclame.    1604 
T.  WRIGHT  Paaiont  (1620)  310  Why  may  they  not  as  well 
reclayme  again,  as  they  did  before  1 
tb.   To  reform.   Olis. 

1625  B.  SPENSER  Vox  Civitatis  2, 1  wish  you  to  reclaime, 
repent,  beleeue.  1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela  III.  47  If  he 
was  in  earnest  to  reclaim.  1737  MRS.  GRIFFITH  Lett.  Henry 
$  Franca  (1767)  I.  242  Few  of  such  creatures  ever  reclaim 
of  themselves  ;  but. .die  without  repentance. 

Reclaimable  (n'kUi-mab'l),  a.  [f.  prec.  + 
-ABLE.]  That  may  be  reclaimed. 

a  1677  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  iv.  viii.  371  He  . .  hath 
power  to  reclaim  those  that  are  reclaimable..  ;  as  Horses 
Elephants,  Camels,  c  1720  J.  COCKBURN  Rem.  Burnef's 
Hist.  O-,m  TtmujLi  He  said,  that  he  was  young,  and  so  re- 
claimable  ;  .that  this  was  his  first  Fault.  1763  BLACKSTONE 
Com,,,.  I.  vin.  288  Any  beast  may  be  an  estray,  that  is  bv 
nature  tame  or  reclaimable.  a  1814  Masquerade  iv.  iv.  in 
New  Br,t.  Iheaire  I.  261  If  you  have  resolution  to  do  that 
1 shall  begin  to  think  you  reclaimable.  1848  W.  H.  BARTI  ETT 
Egypt  to  Pal.  vi.  (1879)145  The  valley  appeared  as  though 
it  might  be  reclaimable  by  Nile  water. 

Hence  Beclai-mableness,  Beclai'mably  adv. 

1695  J.  SAGE  Article  Wks.  1844  I.  70  Such  as  are  in  a  state 
ofreclannableness.  1882  OGILVIE,  Reclaimrbly. 

Reclaimant  (r/kte'-mant).  10bs'.  [f  RE 
CLAIM  v.  as  CLAIMANT.  Cf.  F.  riclamant  U  1800 
inLittre).]  One  who  reclaims. 

r7';  v?iR'chardson  s'v"  Kccl«i>",  The  famous  council., 
of  318  bishops,  very  unanimous  in  their  resolutions  except 
ing  a  few  reclaimants.  1735  MAGFNS  Insurances  I.  325 
Capt.  John  Hunt  s  Lawsuit  Charges,  which  the  Reclaimants 
engaged  to  satisfy.  1778  Sketches  for  Tabernacle  Frames  15 
Acting.. the  mild  Reclaimant's  Part. 


RECLAMATION. 

Reclaimed  (r/kU'-md),  ///.  a.   [f.  RECLAIM  v. 

+  -ED  '.]  Tamed,  reformed,  brought  under  cultiva 
tion,  t  protested  against. 

c  1440  I'romp.  Parv.  425/2  Recleymyd,  or  chalangyd,  re- 
clamatus.  Ibid.,  Recleymyd,  as  hawkys,  redomitus.  1481 
CAXTON/1/yrr.ii.  xvi.  io2Thegoshawkear.dsperhawk.  .that 
ben  tame  and  reclaymed  brynge  that  they  take  to  theyr  lord 
J592GREENE  Disput.  35  The  gentleman.,  found  herafterward 
a  reclaimed  woman.  ifaQSuKfLtrCmnttrie Forme vn.  viii. 
813  The  chiefe  and  principal!  furtherance,  .that  can  be  giuen 
to  trees,  either  reclaimed  or  wilde.  1686  BLOME  Genii. 
Recreat.  II.  36/2  He  that  hath  once  experienced  a  well 
Reclaimed  Sparrow-Hawk  will  hardly  be  \s  ithout  one.  1760 
G.  WHITE  Scll'orne  xxii,  What  you  mention  with  respect  to 
reclaimed  toads  raises  my  curiosity.  1840  BUEI.  farm.  Comp. 
,  47  The  crops  best  calculated  for  reclaimed  swamps  1881 
Macm.  Mag.  XLV.  40  Here  is  a  'reclaimed'  hawk:  he 
can  be.  .recovered  as  soon  as  his  owner  pleases 

Reclaimer1  (r/W-mai).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -EK1.] 
One  who  reclaims. 

1676  Rep.  French  Capers  4  Aug.  in  Marvell  Growth  Popery 
(1678)  58  That  all  Privateers  and  Reclaimers  know  it.  1721 
C.  KING  Brit.  Merch.  I.  10)  A  Suit  being  commenced  be 
tween  the  Captors  of  Prizes  on  one  part,  and  the  Reclaimers 
of  the  same  on  the  other.  1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela  III. 
143  The  whole  Country  round  you  . .  owe  great  Obligations 
to  your  fair  Reclaimer.  1861  S.MILI  s  Engineers  I.  22  The 
first  reclaimers  of  the  Fen  lands  seem  to  have  been  the  re 
ligious  recluses.  1868  Act  31  t,  32  I'icl.  c.  loo  §  52  After  a 
reclaiming  note  has  been  present,  the  reclaimer  shall  not  be 
at  liberty  to  withdraw  it. 

t  Reclaimer  -.  Obs.  rare.  [App.  ad.  AF. 
reclaimer:  see  -ER4.]  Reclamation,  reform. 

1650  H.  BROOKE  Const,-.'.  Health  230  We  ought  even  in 
our  Angers  to  give  some  manifest  of  a  desire  of  good  to  the 
Person  we  are  angry  withall,  as  of  Reclaimer,  of  his  amend 
ment  and  altering  his  Course.  1667  WATERIIOUS  Fire  Lon. 
inm  40  Obstinacy  and  opposition  to,  alid  despight  of  the 
meanes  and  motions  of  reclaimer. 


Reclaiming  (r/k-l^-mirj),  vbl.  sl>.  [-i.v;  1.] 
The  action  of  the  vb.  RECLAIM,  in  various  senses. 

£1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  IT.  1371  Hrpsifyle,  Thow  madi-I 
-hyn  rccleymyng  and  thy  lures  To  ladyis.  <- 1440  Promt 
Par-.:  425/2  Reclcymynge,  of  wyldenesse,  redamilacio.  1575 
fuRBEHV.  Faulconric  Coin.,  The  reclayming,  imping,.. and 


£1385  CHAUCER  /,.  G.  W.   ,371  fh-fsi/yle,  Thow  madixt 

thyn  rccleymyng  and  thy  lures  To  ladyis.  c  1440  Promt 
Par:'.  425/2  Reclcymynge,  of  wyldenesse,  redamilacio.  1575 

fuRBEHV.  Faukmrie  Coin.,  The  reclayming,  imping,.. and 
lleyng  both  the  fielde  and  riuer  of  the  same  Haukes.  1580 

HOLLYBAND  Treas.  Fr.  Toiif,  Criement  ..,  a  reclaming  a 
crying  againste.  ,601  v,d  Pt.  Return  fr.  Par,,ass.  II.  voi3 

Ihrough  good  reclaiming  my  faulty  hounds  found  their 
game  againe.  1641  HIM.K  j.  Briien  x.\xi.  97  For  their 
better  information  in  the  way  of  God,  and  more  efferuiall 
reclaiming  of  themselves.  1755  MAGFXS  Insurances  I.  345 
We  made  it.  .an  express  Condition  to  be  entirely  free  of  all 
Charges  of  Detention  and  Recl.iiming.  1776  G.  SEMPI.E 
BuMing  in  ll'alcr  118  'J'he  reclaiming  of  Ground.  1852 
R.  F.  BURTON  Falconry  in  Valley  Indus  iv.  44  Their  re- 
claiming  commences  with  being  broken  to  the  hood. 

b.  a/lrib.,   as   reclaiming    bill,    days,   note, 
petition  (see  RECLAIM  v.  7  d\ 

1709  Act  Sedcrunt  9  July,  Ordain  the  clerk  of  the  proces 
carefully  to  compare  reclaiming  bills  with  the  minutes.  1747 
Itnl.  27  Jan.,  Resolution  of  the  Lords  of  Council  and  Session 
anent  reclaiming  Petitions.  1765  IHd.  27  Feb.,  The  Lords 
declare,  that  no  marking  of  the  clerks,  .shall  hereafter  keep 
the  reclaiming  days  open  till  next  Session.  1831  Miss 
FERRIF.K  Destiny  xliii,  Not  a  decreet,  or  reclaiming  petition. 
1868  [see  RECLAIMER!].  1888  Law  Rep.  Ho.  Lara's  XIII. 
404  1'he  appellants  reclaimed,  and  the  respondents  took 
advantage  of  that  reclaiming  note,  to  ask  [etc.]. 

So  Reclaiming  ppl.  a.,  that  reclaims. 

1560  in  Strype,4««.A'c/C(i709)  I.  xviii.  214  They  should., 
procure  to  their  reclaiming  consciences  the  biting  worm  that 
never  dies.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mob  IX.  145  A  pathless  wilder 
ness  remains,  Vet  unsubdued  by  man's  reclaiming  hand. 
1843  CANDLISH  in  Life  (1880)  273  We  could  abstain  from 
intruding  ministers  upon  a  reclaiming  congregation. 

Reclarmless,  a.  ran  -'.  [f.  RECLAIM  sH.T- 
+  -LESS.]  That  cannot  be  reclaimed. 

1682  DRYDEN  &  LEE  Dk.  Guise  n.  i,  A  Resolution  to  pre- 
serve  his  Life,  And  look  on  Guise,  as  a  reclaimless  Rebel. 

Reclaimment  ,iJkl,j''m|ment).  rare.  [f.  RE 
CLAIM  v.  +  -MENT.]  Reclamation. 

1861  SMILES  Engineers  I.  26  These  attempts  at  reclaim- 
ment,  however,  made  comparatively  small  impression  on 
the  great  Fen  Level. 

Reclamation  (reklaW-ran).  Also  S  re 
claim-,  [a.  F.  reclamation  (1549  in  Hatz.-Darm.), 
or  ad.  L.  reclamation-cm,  n.  of  action  f.  reclamare 
to  RECLAIM.] 

1.  The  action  of  protesting ;  a  protest. 

1533  BELLENDEN  to.Lhym.  ix.  (S.T.  S.)  1.281  Nochtwith- 
standing  ony  reclamacioun  of  tribunis,  twa  strang  armyis 
belive  war  rasit.  1631  R.  BOLTON  Com/.  Affl.  Consc.  26  The 
many  secret  ^grumblings  .  ;and  stinging  reclamations  of  a 
gauled  conscience  against  its  present  guilty  courses.  1650 
BULWER  Anthropomet.  131  An  act.  .done  against  the  recla 
mation  of  the  Law  of  Nature.  1793  PAINE  in  Sparks  Lift 
f,  Writ.  Morris  (1832)  I.  417  A  reply  is  necessary,  were  it 
only  to  continue  the  reclamation.  I829LANDOK  I  mag  Conv 
Emp.  China  ff  Tsing.Ti  \\ks.  1853  II.  135/2  That  two  of 
the  perpetrators  might  be  kept  on  their  thrones,  against  the 
reclamation  of  their  subjects.  1872  PROCTOR  £ss.  Astroti. 
iv.  60  My  reclamation  was  not  well  received, 
t  b.  Sc.  An  appeal  at  law.  Obs. 

1563-4  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  Ser.  i.  I.  264  Quhilk  de- 
crete .  thai ..  sail  abide . . ,  but  ony  appellatioun,  reclamatioun 
or  agane  calling  quhatsumevir.  1579  IHd.  III.  !69  To  obey 
thair  declaration!!  and  jugement,  without  reclamatioun  ap 
pellatioun,  or  contradictioun. 

2.  The  action  of  calling  or  bringing  back  from 
wrong-doing,  reformation. 


1633  T.  ADAMS  Exp.  2  Peter  iii.  17  To  them  that  wilfully 
continue  jn  a  state  of  sin,  there  is  a  monument  of  reclama- 
tion,  the  lake  of  Sodom.  1640  Bp.  HALL  Efisc.  Ep.  Ded.  4 


RECLAME. 

The  fervent  desire  of  whose  reclamation .  .hath  put  my  pen 
upon  this  . ,  taske.  1709  Tatler  No.  71  F  5  These  out  of 
many  such  irregular  Practices,  I  write  for  his  Reclaimation. 
1849  ROBERTSON  Semi.  Ser.  iv.  xxii.  (1876)  266  It  is  meet 
that  God  should  be  glad  on  the  reclamation  of  a  sinner. 
1867  HOWELLS  ftal.  Journ.  141  There  were  altogether  some 
hundred  boys  in  the  first  stages  of  reclamation. 

b.  The  action  of  reclaiming  from  barbarism. 
1868  ROGERS  Pol.  Econ.  xviii.  (1876)  245  The  reclamation 
of  nations  . .  from  barbarous  customs,  is  gained  from  experi 
ence  as  to  the  humanising  influences  of  honest  trade. 
C.  The  making  (of  land)  fit  for  cultivation. 
1861  SMILES  Engineers  II.   156  The  reclamation  of  these 
unhealthy  wastes  became  quite  a  hobby  with  him.     1886 
Manck.  Exam,  22  Feb.  6/1  There  have  been  reclamations 
of  fresh  land  by  means  of  the  enclosure  of  commons. 
attrib.     1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  745/2  Reclawa- 
'  'ng  new  land.     1890  J.  NEWMAN 
he  Construction  or  ft 

>x<.«...».«»w» -nts-  Drainaee  Worl 

.  Revocation.   Obs. 

1577  HANMER  Anc.  Eccl.  Hist.  VH.  x.  (1636)  129  The  suffer-    i 
inn  of  reclamations,  perils,  persecutions,,  .and  sundry  tribu-     i 
lations   which    happened  ..  under    Deems.      1611    FLORIO,    j 
Richiamo,  a  reclamation,  a  reuokeing. 

f4.  An  echoing  shout.   Obs.~l 

a  1639  WOTTON  Disparity  in  Reliq.  (1651)  48  So  many 
thousand  Citizens  ..  made  within  the  reach  of  his  own  ears 
large  reclamations  in  his  praise. 

5.  The  action  of  claiming  the  return  of  something 
taken  away;  a  claim  for  something. 

1787  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  II.  114  It  was  a  silent  recla-    ' 
mat  ion  and  acknowledgment  of  fraternity,  between  two  re 
ligions  of  the  same  family.    1846  LANDOR  I  mag.  Conv.,  Penn    \ 
4-  Peterb.  Wks.  1.534/1  [Popes  never]  pardon  a  reclamation 
made  on  any  side  for  redress.     1873  BROWNING  Red  Colt. 
Nt.-cap  n.  649  They  quarrelled  ..  from  reclamation  of  her 
rights  To  wifely  independence. 

i  Reclame  (r*?klam).  [Fr.,  f.  r&lamer:  see 
RECLAIM  v,]  The  attainment  of  notoriety  by 
'  puff'  or  advertisement. 

1883  Miss  BRADDON  Gold.  Calf  III.  vi.  195  Byron  was  an 
adept  in  the  art  of  reclame.  1896  A.  BEARDSLEY  Three 
Music,  iii.  in  Savoy  Jan.  65  A  slim  gracious  boy  ..  dies  for 
reclame  and  recall. 

Reclang  (nklse-rj),  v.  [RE-,  as  in  re-echo.] 
intr.  To  clang  in  return. 

1848  LVTTON  K.  Arthur  n.  xci,  The  floors  reclang'd  with 
armour  as  he  walk'd- 

Reclasp  (rfkltt'sp),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and 
intr.  To  clasp  anew. 

1802  PALEV  Nat.  Theol.  xii.  234  When  two  laminae,  which 
have  been  separated  by  accident  or  force,  are  brought  to 
gether  again,  they  immediately  reclasp. 

Reclassifica'tion :  see  RE-  5  a. 
Reclear  (nkli« -i),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  make  clear  again. 

1605  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  ni.  in.  Law  469  He  . .  Re- 
cleers  the  Floods,  and  sends  the  frogs  away.  1670  G.  H. 
Hist.  Cardinals  i.  11.  57  Re-clearing  the  Foundations,  and 
re-establishing  the  Church.  1880  Times  16  Oct.  12/3  The 
old  forest  of  Genquoich  was  only  re-cleared  of  sheep  some 
six  years  ago. 

2.  intr.  To  become  clear  again.   rare~l. 

a  1618 SYLVESTER  Mettt.  Ma rtalityu.  Ixxxvii, Thick  streams 
reclear,  when  storms  and  stirring  cease. 

Recle-fatt,  variant  of  REKEL-FAT,  censer.  Obs. 

Recles^s,  variants  of  REKELS,  incense.  Obs. 

Recleslaike:  see  RECKLESSLAIK. 

Reclimb  (rfklai'm),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
climb  again. 

1744  ELIZA  HEYWOOD  Female Spect.  No.  8  (1748)  II.  94  A 
kind  of  precipice,  which,  when  once  leaped,  there  is  no  pos 
sibility  of  reclimbing.  1817  MOORE  Lalla  A'.,  Fire-wor 
shippers  Wks.  (1897)  260/2  He  ..  reclimb'd  the  steep  And 
gain'd  the  Shrine.  1886  HISSEY  On  Box  Sent  272  We  re- 
climbed  the  cliffs, .  .and  found  our  way  back  to  our  little  inn. 

Recli/nable,  a.  rare.  [f.  RECLINE  v.  +  -ABLE.] 
Capable  of  being  reclined. 

1894  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly  Nov.  75  His  fangs  are  always 
partially  or  wholly  erect,  and  not  in  the  true  sense  of  the 
word  reclinable. 

Recliiiailt  (i/klarnant),  a.  [a.  F.  rfrlinant,  : 
pr.  pple.  of  rtclincr  to  RECLIXE.]  Her.  Bending  i 
or  bowed.  1850  in  OGILVIE. 

Reclinate  (re'klin^t),  a.  [ad.  L.  reclinattts, 
pa.  pple.  of  recltnare  to  RECLINE.]  Bending  down 
ward  ;  esp.  Bot.  of  stems,  branches,  leaves,  etc. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.Supp.  s.v.  Leaf,  Reclinate  or  reflex 
Leaf,  one  which  has  its  summit  lower  than  its  base.    Ibid.    \ 
s.v.  Stalky  Reclinate  stalk,  that  which  stoops  towards  the    \ 
ground.    1861  BENTLET  Man.  Bot.  144  The  upper  half  of  the    ' 
leaf  may  be  bent  upon  the  lower,  so  that  the  apex  approaches 
the  base,  it  is  then  said  to  be  recllnate  or  indexed.    Ibid, 
320  In  some  plants,  .the  ovule  is  suspended  from  the  end  of 
a  long  funiculus  . .  ;  such  an  ovule  is  frequently  termed 
reclinate. 

So  Be'dinated  a.  rare. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  231/2  The  reclinatum  or 
rechnated  broad-leaved  gooseberry- bush  rises  with  a  low 
shrubby  stem  and  reclinated  somewhat  prickly  branches. 

Reclination  (reklin^'jan).  [ad.  late  L.  re- 
dination-em  (4th  c.  in  Quicherat),  n.  of  action  f. 
recltnare  to  RECLINE.  Cf.  F.  rfrlinaison  (Littre).] 

1.  The  action,  posture,  or  practice  of  reclining. 
Now  rare. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Alan  1. 19  How  hapneth  y*  inclination 
and  reclination  of  the  head.    1619  LUSHINGTON  Repetition 
Serm.  (1659)  65  It  signifies  rather  the  reclination  or  posture 
of  one  asleep,  than  the  affection  of  sleep  it  self.     1657 


250 

THORNLEY  tr.  Longus'  Dafhnis  #  Chloe  133  She  lifted  him 
up  from  the  reclination  on  his  side.  1822-34  Good's  Study 
Med.  {ed.  4)  III.  249  Rest,  reclination,  general  tonics  . .  con 
stitute  the  best  plan  of  treatment. 

b.  The  action  of  resting  or  relying  upon  one. 

1822  COLERIDGE  Lett.,  Conv.,  etc.  25  Jan.  II.  79  With  un- 
wrinkled  confidence  and  inmost  reclination. 

2.  Dialling.  The  angle  made  by  the  plane  of  the 
dial  with  a  vertical  plane  intersecting  it.  ?  Obs. 

1593  FALE  Dialling  4  The  degrees  of  the  Reclination  are 
found  out  thus.  1669  STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  vii.  vi.  n 
The  Reclination  is  the  distance  of  his  Poles  from  the  Zenith 
and  Nadir  of  your  place.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The 
reclination  is  easily  found,  by  means  of  a  ruler,  and  a  quad 
rant.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  V.  788/1  It  cannot  be  a 
gnomon,  .when  the  reclination  is  equal  to  the  co-latitude. 

f3.  The  action  of  drawing  back  ;  aversion.  Obs.—* 

1678  MRS.  BRHN  Sir  Patient  fancy  v.  i,  I  saw  with  plea 
sure,  Sir,  your  reclination  from  my  addresses. 

4.  -Surg.  An  operation  formerly  used  for  cataract 
(cf.  quots.). 

1820  TRAVERS  Dis.  Eye  in.  iii.  §  i  The  lens  may  be  depressed 
vertically  or  horizontally.  The  term  '  reclination  '  has  been 
applied  to  the  latter  method.  1825  GOOD  Study  Med.  (ed.  2) 
I  v.  229  Upon  the  ordinary  operation  of  depression  M.  Will- 
burg  seems  to  have  made  a  considerable  improvement,  ..to 
this  mode  of  operation  is  given  the  name  of  reclination.  1875 
H.  WALTON  Dis.  Eye  807  '  Reclination '  disposes  of  the 
cataract  by  tilting  it  backwards. 

t  Reclinatory.  Obs.  Also  5  reclyn-.  [ad. 
late  L.  reelinatorium  the  back  of  a  couch  (7th  c.), 
the  seat  of  a  chariot  (Vulg.),  f.  reclinare  to  RK- 
CLINE.  Cf.  OF.  reclinatoire  (Godef.).]  Something 
on  which  to  recline ;  a  couch. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  \\.  xi,  Costly  tabernacles 
Vauted  aboue  lyke  to  reclynatoryes.  1430-40  —  Bochas  \. 
xii.  (1554)  25  Fortune  in  her  reclinatorie.  1502  Ord.  Cristen 
Men  (W.  de  W.  1506)  v.  vi.  409  His  trone  and  his  reclina- 
torye.  a  1633  AUSTIN  Medit.  (1635)  48  Hi.s  Couches  (or 
Reclinatories)  were  but  meane  ones. 

b.  spec.  A  seat  for  the  use  of  a  priest  while 
hearing  confession. 

1637  POCKLINGTON  AltareChr.  24  To  the  Chancels  belong 
the  Vestry.. and  Reclinatories  for  hearing  Confessions. 
1640  R.  BAILLIE  Canterb.  Self-convict.  76  A  publik  peniten- 
tiarie,  who.  .might  in  the  Kirk  sit  in  his  reclinatorie. 

Recline  (r^kbrn),  sb.  rare.  [f.  the  vb.]  A 
recumbent  or  reclining  posture. 

1753  HOGARTH  Anal.  Beauty  xvii.  229  Holding  the  head 
erect  is  but  occasionally  right ;  a  proper  recline  of  it  may 
be  as  graceful.  '773  J-  Ross  Fratricide  v.  529  (MS.)  From 
recline  erecting  her  fine  front.  1882  CABLE  Dr.  Sei'ier  x. 
(1884)  I.  69  He  drew  partly  up  from  his  half  recline. 

t  Recli'ne,  a.  Obs.—^  [ad.  L.  reclmis  reclining, 
f.  reclinare  to  RECLINE.]  Recumbent,  reclining. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  333  Fruits  which  the  compliant 
boughs  Yeilded  them,  side-long  as  they  sat  recline  On  the 
soft  downie  Hank. 

Recline  (r/klarn),  v.  Also  5  reclyne.  [ad. 
OF.  recliner  (isth  c.  in  Godef.),  or  L.  reclinare^ 
f.  re-  RE-  +  -clindre  :  see  DECLINE  v.] 

1.  trans.  To  lay   down,    or  make  to  lie  down 
(properly  on  the  back) ;  to  cause  to  incline  (back 
wards)  ;  to  place  in  a  recumbent  or  leaning  posi 
tion  ;  to  rest  (the  head,  etc.)  in  this  way. 

Properly  distinguished  from  incline  (as  in  quot.  1578),  but 
the  distinction  is  not  always  clearly  preserved. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Huso.  iv.  142  Her  seed  yf  me  reclyne  In 
baume,  or  narde,  or  opi  daies  thre.  Ibid.  xii.  402  The 
Grekish  sheep,  .on  bored  plankis  they  reclyne.  c  1440  Gesta 
Rom.  xlvii.  204  (Harl.  MS.)  The  sonne  of  man  haj>e  not  wer 
he  may  reclyne  or  enbowe  his  hede.  1578  BANISTER  Hist. 
Man  i.  19  By  meanes  of  which  Articulation,  the  Head  is 
now  inclined,  and  now  reclined,  a  1667  COWLEY  Horace^ 
Ep.  ii.  25  With  how  much  Joy  does  he..  His  careless  Head 
on  the  fresh  Green  recline.  1682  DRYDEN  Medal  322  Our 
wild  labours  wearied  into  Rest  Reclin'd  us  on  a  rightful 
Monarch's  Breast.  1762  CHURCHILL  Night  114  The  homely 
bed,  Where  virtue,  self-appro v'd,  reclines  her  head.  1792 
Bar,  Munckauscrfs  Trav.  xxix.  133  Both  the  warring 
champions  . .  'neath  their  feet  reclined  their  weapons.  1822 
T.  TAYLOR  Apuleitts  243  She  easily  reclined  me  on  the  bed. 

reft.    1774  If.  BRYANT  My  t  hoi.  II.  182  Reclining  himself 
under  the  shade  of  an  oak.     1813  SCOTT  Rokeby  u.  ii,  Each 
huge  trunk  that.  .Reclines  him  o'er  the  darksome  tide, 
b.  In  pa.  pple.  denoting  position  or  posture. 

1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  in.  134  On  his  right  Shoulder 
his  thick  Mane  reclin'd,  Ruffles  at  speed.  1726  SWIFT 
Gulliver  in.  ii,  Their  heads  were  all  reclined  either  to  the 
right  or  the  left.  1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  302  Thus  oft,  re 
clined  at  ease,  I  lose  an  hour  At  evening.  1818  SHELLEY 
Rd>.  Islam  xii.  xviii,  Cythna  sate  reclined  Beside  me.  1841 
Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  496/1  The  branches  are  so  much  reclined 
that ..  the  flowers  will  not  be  well  seen.  1885  Mag.  Art 
Sept.  443/1  The  great  god  Pan  reclined  on  moss-covered 
stones  And  fluting  to  the  attentive  Dryads. 

fc.  To  incline  (one's  ear).  Obs.—1 

1566  PAINTER  Pal.  Pleas.  I.  113  b,  The  Lorde  which  re 
clined  his  eare  to  every  trifling  report  and  credited  the 
wordes  of  every  whistling  pickethanke. 

fd.  To  turn  (a  person)/n?/«  something.  Obs.—1 
a  1614  DONNE  BtaSamTos  (1644)  215  To  make  it  of  more 

use,  they  would  utterly  recline  and  avert  our  nature  from  it. 

fe.  ?  To  turn  aside,  divert.   Obs.—1 

1613  DAY  Festivals  viii.  (1615)  233  The  Authorise  of  a 
Father,  commanding  that  which  is  not  to  bee  done,  must 
rather  bee  reclined,  then  resisted. 

2.  intr.  Of  a  dial :  To  have  a  backward  inclina 
tion,  to  lie  away  back  from  the  vertical.    ?  Obs. 

1593  FALE  Dialling  4  If  the  plat  standeth  not  upright, 
but  maketh  an  obtuse  or  blunt  angle  with  the  Horizon,  it  is 
said  to  recline.  1668  MOXON  Mtch.  Dial.  18  It  is  not  up- 


BECLOTHE. 

right,  but  Inclines  or  Reclines. . .  If  you  find  the  Plane  Re- 
clines,  apply  the  side  AD  to  it.  1690  LEYBOURN  Curs. 
Math.  706  Suppose  a  direct  West  Plain,  should  recline  from 
the  Zenith  towards  the  Horizon  35  deg.  1797 'Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  V.  788/1  If  the  plane . .  be  made  to  incline,  or  recline, 
any  given  number  of  degrees,  the  hour-circles  of  the  sphere 
will  still  cut  the  edge  of  the  plane  [etc.]. 

3.  Of  persons  or  parts  of  the  body :  To  rest  in 
a  recumbent  or  inclined  position,  lean  or  repose 
on  or  upon  something. 

1697  DRYDEN  &neid  ix.  581  His  snowy  Neck  reclines 
upon  his  Breast.  1742  POPE  Dnnc.  iv.  20  S^  ft  on  her  lap 
her  Laureate  son  reclines.  1797  SOUTHEY  Lett.  Jouni, 
Spain  89  When  there  reclining  on  this  grassy  slope,  I  bore 
tnee,  Relic  of  my  Love  !  away.  1815  SHELLEY  Alastor  635 
Upon  an  ivied  stone  Reclined  his  languid  head.  1841  MYERS 
Cat/i.  Th.  in.  §  43.  164  It  can  matter  little  to  him  to  know 
whether  the  Jews  ate  sitting  or  reclining. 

trans/.  1807  WORDSW.  White  Doe  iv.  153  Not  forbidden 
to  recline  With  hope  upon  the  Will  divine. 

b.  Of  inanimate  things.     Const,  over,  to. 

1793  WORDSW.  Descr.  Sketches  278  The  wood-crowned  cliffs 
that  o'er  the  lake  recline.  1849  H.  MILLER  Footer.  Creat. 
x.  186  The  stream  to  which  they  [fossil  trees]  reclined,  must 
have  flowed  from  nearly  north-east  to  south-west. 

c.  Mil.  Of  one  extremity  of  an  aimy  :  To  rest 
upon  a  place,   rare. 

1850  MERIVALE  Rom.  Etnp.  (1865)  I.  vii.  283  His  rear  re 
clined  upon  the  river. 

f4.  To  incline,  have  a  tendency,  to  return  to 
a  certain  condition,  physical  or  mental.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1450  Cov.  Myst.  (Shaks.  Soc.)  141  It  wyl  turne  to  watyr 
ageyn . .  For  snow  onto  watyr  dothe  evyr  more  reclyne.  1706 
DE  FOE  Jure  Diz>ino  Introd.  5  She  still  reclines  to  the  nrst 
State  she  Loves. 

f5.  To  fall  backwards  or  down.   Obs.~l 

1764  GOLDSM.  Captivity  iii,  See  yonder  tower  just  nodding 
to  the  fall :.  .And  now  behold  the  battlements  recline. 

Reclined  (r/kbi-nd),  ppl.  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -ED1.] 
Placed  in  a  reclining  or  recumbent  position ;  charac 
terized  by  recumbency. 

1669  STURMY  Mariner  s  Mag.  vn.  xvii.  28  The  Pole  of  the 
Reclined  Plane  FLE.  1^79  J.  DUCHE  Disc.  (1790)  II.  xix. 
403  Who  is  yonder  pensive  mourner,  whose  reclined  head 
and  sad  dejected  countenance  speak  more  than  common 
anguish?  1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed._  4)  III.  384 
During  the  paroxysm,  perfect  rest  and  a  reclined  position 
will  be  always  found  necessary.  1853  MACDONALD  &  ALLAN 
Botanist* s  Word-bk.,  Reclined, ..  applied  to  leaves  which  are 
bent  backwards,  so  that  their  apex  is  lower  than  the  base. 

Rediner  (r/klai-nai).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -EB1.] 
One  who  or  that  which  reclines ;  spec*  a  reclining 
dial  or  plane. 

1668  MOXON  Mech.  Dial.  28  If  your  Plane  be  an  East  In- 
cliner,  or  a  West  Recliner.  1669  STURMY  Mariners  Mag. 
vii.  xiv.  23  Now  we  will  proceed  to  draw  the  Hour-lines  in 
a  North  Recliner.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Declining 
Recliner^ . .  is  a  dial  which  neither  stands  perpendicularly, 
nor  opposite  to  one  of  the  cardinal  points.  186^  C.  B. 
CAYLEY  in  Fortn.  Rei>.  Nov.^go  While  from  thy  lip  is  hung 
the  breath  drawn  by  the  recliner. 

Reclining  (n"kl9rnin),///.  a.  [f.  as  prec. + 
-ING  2.]  That  reclines,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

Reclining  dialt plane  (see  qupts.  1668-9,  I79?^ 

1668  MOXON  Mech.  Dial.  7  Direct  Reclining  Planes,  which 
lean  from  you.  1669  STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  vn.  xiii.  21 
Reclining . ,  Planes  have  their  Bases  or  Horizontal  Diameters 
lying  in  the  Horizontal  Diameter  of  some  Azimuth.  1726 
LEONI  tr.  AlbertVs  Arc  hit.  II.  81/1  This  Window  . .  must 
either  be  higher  than  it  is  broad,  or  else  on  the  contrary 
broader  than  it  is  high,  which  last  sort  is  called  a  reclining 
window.  1748  THOMSON  Cast,  fndol.  i.  xxxvi,  Reclining 
lovers,  in  the  lonely  dale,  Pour'd  forth  at  large  the  sweetly- 
tortur'd  heart.  1797  Encycl.  Brit,  (ed,  3)  V.  787/1  Those 
dials  ..  are  called  inclining  or  reclining  dials,  according  as 
their  planes  make  acute  or  obtuse  angles  with  the  horizon. 
1807  J.  E.  SMITH  Phys.  Bot.^  118  Reclinatns,  reclining, 
curved  towards  the  ground,  as  in  ftcus,  the  Fig. 

So  Reclrning  vbl.  sb.  attrib.  in  recliniug-board, 
=  BACK-BOARD  4  (Ogilvie  1882) ;  reclining- 
chair,  a  chair  whose  back  can  be  adjusted  to  any 
required  angle  (Knight  Diet.  Mech.  1875). 

Reclis,  variant  of  REKELS,  incense.  Obs. 

Reclivate  (re'kliv^t),  a.  Entom.  rare.  [f.  late 
L.  recliv-is  or  redlv-us  bending  backwards  +  -ATE.] 
Forming  a  double  or  sigmoid  curve. 

1825  SAY  in  Wks.  (1859)  II.  245  Spot  on  the  vertex  . .  and 
reclivate  line  on  the  hemelytra.  Ibid.  246  A  rufous,  some 
what  reclivate  line. 

fReclose,  v.1  Obs.-1  [ad.  L.  reclus-  (see  RE 
CLUSE  z».),  after  close.'}  trans.  To  shut  up,  confine. 

1382  WYCLIF  Wisd.  xvii.  15  Theraftir  if  any  of  hem  hadde 
falle  doun,  he  was  kept  in  prtsoun,  with  oute  iren,  reclosid. 

Reclose  (n~k!<?u-z),  z>.2  [RE-  5  a.J  To  close 
again,  a.  intr. 

1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydon's  Quest.  Chirurg.  M  j,  To  kepe 
the  lyppes  of  woundes  open .  .that  the  rottennes  reclose  nat 
but  come  out.  1846  LYTTON  New  Timon  {ed.  3)  203  The 
winds  leap  forth,  the  cloven  deeps  reclose.  1894  A.  WEBSTER 
Mother  $  Dan.  (1895)  19  The  broad  blue  lightnings  flamed 
the  sky ; .  .And  sudden  dark  re-closed  when  it  went  by. 
.  b.  trans. 

1661  HICKERINGILL  Jamaica  41  Arguments,  that  perswaded 
the  Spaniard  to  reclose  and  dam  up  a  rich  Silver  Vein. 
a  1711  KEN  Sion  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  402  My  broken  Heart 
Love  fill'd,  and  Love  reclos'd.  1725  PovEOtfyss.  i.  552  The 
silver  ring  she  pull'd,  the  door  reclosed.  1822  BYRON  Werner 
in.  iv,  You  reclosed  the  panel?  1885  Truth  28  May  844/1 
The  receiver  of  it  reclosed  the  envelope. 

Reclotlie  (nkl<7u"5),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
clothe  again  ;  to  provide  again  with  clothing. 


DPI 


RECLOTHING. 

1631  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  467  They  recloathing  my  ..  cold 
trembling  body.  1826  Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  n.  (1863) 
364  Not  sufficient  to  reclothe  herself  and  her  half-naked 
children.  1865  Pall  Mall  G.  4  Aug.  10/1  The  other  tramps 
had  carried  off  all  their  clothes,  and  the  workhouse  autho 
rities  had  no  choice  but  to  reclothe  them. 

trans/,  and  /tg.  1822  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  n.  TA.  on  Bks.  tf 
Reading,  A  tithe  of  that  good  leather  would  comfortably  re- 
clothe  my  shivering  folios.  1842  TENNYSON  Day-Dream, 
Sleeping  Pal.  i,  The  varying  year  with  blade  and  sheaf 
Clothes  and  re-clothes  the  happy  plains.  1872  WHITTIER 
Brew.  o/Soma  xii,  Reclothe  us  in  our  rightful  mind. 

Hence  Reclo'thing  vbl.  sb. 

1846  TRENCH  Mirac.  xxxi.  (1862)  447  The  image  of  the  re- 
clothing  of  the  bare  and  withered  fig-tree  with  leaf  and  bud. 
1887  MOLONEY  Forestry  W.  A/r.  242  Judicious  re-clothing 
with  vegetation. 

Secluce,  obs.  form  of  RECLUSE  a. 
t  Reclu'de,  v.   Obs.    [ad.  L.  recludere  to  open  ; 
later,  to  shut  up  :  see  RE-  and  CLOSE  v.] 

1.  trans.  To  open  (a  gate,  etc.). 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Hnsli.  I.  1069  Hem,  softe  enclude,  And 
towarde  nyght  her  yatis  thou  reclude.  1665  G.  HARVEY 
Disc.  Plague  xiv.  (1673)  145  The  Ingredients  . .  reclude 

Donations,  mundifie  the  blood. 

2.  To  shut  up  (a  thing  or  person)  ;  to  close. 
1576  BAKER  Jewell o/Healtk  i6p  Let  it  be  recluded  in  the 

pitte  of  a  penitent  breast.  1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  i.  21 
Neyther  doth  Os  sacrum  obscurely  reclude,  but  playne  and 
largely  open  and  discouer  the  passages.  1651  RaitifKs 
Gltost  243  The  meanes  for  the  wicked  to  their  salvation 
should  be  recluded  and  shut  up.  [a  1843  SOUTHEY  Comni.-pl. 
Bk.  (1850)  III.  401  A  King  and  Queen  recluded.] 
b.  To  shut  (a  person)  oK  from  a  thing. 

1598  in  Archpriest  Controv.  (Camden)  L  5r  You  are  not 
recluded  from  the  world  to  disquiett  the  world.  1600  W. 
WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  87  The  party. .is  recluded  from 
the  speech  of  any  body  but  the  sayd  father  for  a  certaine 
time.  1657  W.  MORICE  Coena  quasi  Kon-i?  Def.  xv.  208 
Eastern  people . .  think  it  conduceth  to  the  Majesty  of  their 
Kings  to  be  recluded  and  shut  up  from  publick  intercourse. 

3.  To  shut  out  (a  thing).   rare~{. 

1634  W.  TIRWHYT  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  I.)  359  To  small 
purpose  had  they  recluded  the  power  of  strangers. 

Hence  tBeclirded///-  a-   Obs.-1 

1597  A-  M.  tr.  Guillemeau's  Fr.  Cliirurg.  15  b/2  The  re. 
eluded  Parrates  Bille. 

t  Reclu'dent,  a.  06s.-1  [ad.  L.  redridtnt-ein, 
pr.  pple.  of  recluJSre :  see  prec.]  Of  a  muscle  : 
That  opens  (the  eye). 

1684  tr.  Bonets  Merc.  Commit,  xiv.  466/1  A  Wound  in. 
flicted  from  the  Eye-brows  downwards  hinders ..  not  the 
opening  of  the  Eyes  :  for  by  such  a  Wound  the  Fibres  of 
the  Recludent  or  Elevating  Muscle  . .  are  not  cut  asunder. 

Reclus,  obs.  form  of  RECLUSE  a. 

t  Reclusage.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  rcclusagc 
(Godef.) :  see  RECLUSE  a.  +  -AGE.]  A  hermitage, 
place  of  seclusion.  (Only  in  Caxton.) 

1480  CAXTON  Ovid's  Met.  xii.  viii,  Ulixes  bethought  hym 
. .that  Achylles  was  in  some  reclusage.  1483  —  Gold.  Leg. 
in  b/i  He  fiedde  the  world  and  entred  into  a  reclusage. 

Recluse  (n"kl«-s),  a.  and  sb.  Also  3-4  reclus, 
6  reduce,  [ad.  F.  reclus,  recluse,  pa.  pple.  of  re- 
clnre :— L.  recludere  to  shut  up,  RECLUDE.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  persons :  Shut  up,  secluded  from   j 
society,  esp.  as  a  religious  discipline. 

a.  In  predicative  use,  or  placed  after  the  sb. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  378  Nes  he  him  sulf  reclus  ioe  meidenes 
wombe?  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  81  He  lerned 
of  a  man  recluse  bat  in  Wlcanes  potte  . .  be  soules  of  dede 
men  were  tormented.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  I.  254  An  holy 
clerk  reclus,  Which  full  was  of  gostli  vertus.  c  1491  Cliast. 
Goddes  Chyld.  22  Some  tyme  thei  wylle  goo  on  pylgremage, 
somtyme  they  wyll  be  recluse.  1581  MULCASTER  Positions 
iv.  (1887)  15  As  most  beseeming  him,  which  must  Hue  among 
many  and  neuer  be  recluse,  c  16(0  BEAUM.  Sc  FL.  Philaster 
l.  i,  A  virtuous  court  :  to  which  your  great  ones  may.  .retire, 
and  live  recluse.  1662  PEPYS  Diary  24  May,  How  recluse 
the  Queene  hath  ever  been,  and  all  the  voyage  never  come 
upon  the  deck.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  4-  P.  156  The 
Women,  both  White  and  Black,  are  kept  recluse.  1751 
JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  89  F3  It.  .frequently  happens  that  the 
most  recluse  are  not  the  most  vigorous  prosecutors  of  study. 
1781  COWPER  Conversat.  801,  1  have  lived  recluse  in  rural 
shades.  1868  MASSON  Mem.  in  Gotdsm's  Wks.  (Globe)  p.  : 
xxxvii,  Young  was  dying  ;  Gray  was  recluse  and  indolent. 

b.  In  attributive  use  (usually  denoting  attach 
ment  to  seclusion  or  retirement). 

1634  HABINGTON  Castara  i.  (Arb.)  18  The  Vowes  of  recluse 
Nuns,  and  th'  An'thrits  prayer.  lyio  STEELE  TatlerNo.  139 
P  4  Falling  into  the  Error  which  recluse  Men  are  very    i 
subject  to.     1769  ROBERTSON  Chas.  V,  XL  III.  340  He  ac-    : 
quired. .the  qualities  and  passions  ofa  recluse  ecclesiastick.    I 
1865  MERIVALE  Rout.  Emp.  Ixiv.  VIII.  114  The  fashion  set    I 
by  princes  has  more  influence,  .than  the  example  of  recluse 
philosophers.     1891  E.  PEACOCK  N.  Brcntlon  1.  315,  I  care 
much  more  now  for  our  recluse  friend  than  I  did  before. 

absol.    1726  LEONI  tr.  Alderti's  Archit.   I.  85/1  To  dis 
order,  or  pollute  the  minds  of  the  Recluse.     Ibid.,  Those 
Recluse  who  to  Religion  join  the  study  of  the  liberal  Arts. 
t  c.  Shut  off,  retired  from  company,  etc.   Obs. 

1708  J.  PHILIPS  Cyder  i.  23,  I  all  the  live-long  Day  Con 
sume  in  Meditation  deep,  recluse  From  human  Converse. 
1789  Triumphs  Fortitude  I.  159,  1  resolved  to  keep  myself 
as  recluse  from  company  as  I  could  during  my  short  stay. 

2.  Of  one's  life,  condition,  etc. :  Characterized  by 
seclusion  or  close  retirement. 

c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1688)  II.  376  One  who  by  this  recluse 
passive  Condition  hath  his  share  o_f  this  hideous  Storm. 
•673  Lady's  Call.  I.  v.  §  28  Devotion  in  a  Cloister  is  as 
recluse  as  the  Votary.  1709  Tatler  No.  32  P  4  A  Lady  who 
had  writ  a  fine  Book  concerning  the  Recluse  Life.  1797 
HOLCROFT  tr.  Stalbcrgs  Trav.  (ed.  2)  II.  xl.  51  Their  mode 


251 

of  living  is  exceedingly  recluse  and  severe.  1849  GROTE 
Greece  n.  xlvi.  (1862)  IV.  109  His  private  habits  were  sober 
and  recluse.  1867  BARRY  Sir  C.  Barry  x.  329  Few  men  had 
less  of  a  recluse  character. 

3.  Of  places :  Secluded,  hidden  from  observation, 
solitary.  Now  rare. 

1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus'  Nat.  Paradox  vn.  158  You 
might  rather  wonder  how  the  news  ..  should  penetrate  my 
Ears  in  that  recluse  Mansion.  1708  Brit.  Apollo  No.  26. 
3/2  Those  Limpid  Streams  retrieve  their  Heats,  From 
Karth  s  recluse  Sulphureous  Seats.  1782  Contin.  Sterne's 
Sent.  Journ.,  Tuileries  (1784)  234  The  most  recluse  retreats 
. .  are  constantly  chosen  for  these  oblations.  1815  COBBETT 
Rur.  Rides  (1885)  II.  i,  I  never  saw  any  inhabited  places 
more  recluse  than  these.  1825-9  M"s.  SHERWOOD  Laity  of 
Manor  III.  xxii.  332  Though  it  lay  quite  as  deep  in  the 
clay  as  Stanbrook  Court,  it  was,  in  reality,  less  recluse. 

tb.  Of  things,  actions,  etc.:  Hidden,  secret, 
private.  Obs. 

1660  INGELO  Beutto.  ff  Ur.  \\.  vi.  (1682)  138  Having  made 
their  more  recluse  Mysteries  the  exercise  of  all  Unnatural 
Lust.  itmPAii.  Trans.Vlll.  6132  Of  the  Sensible  Natures 
of  Vegetables,  as  also  of  their  more  recluse  Faculties  and 
Powers.  1713  DF.RHAM  Pliys.-Tltcol.  iv.  iii.  129  These 
recluse  Parts.,  ministring  to  this  Sense  of  Hearing  1773-83 
HopLE  Orl.  Fur.  XLIM.  60  When  a  husband,  with  too 
curious  eye,  Into  his  wife's  recluser  deeds  would  pry. 
t  c.  Of  words  or  ideas :  Recondite.  Obs.  rai-e. 
1748  HARTLEY  Observ.  Man  i.  i.  39  This  is  a  mere  Suppo- 
sitlon.  and  that  of  a  very  recluse  Nature,  a  1770  AKENSIPE 
Let.  Wks.  (1867)  p.  Ixxxiv,  Systems  [is)  too  recluse  and 
subtle  a  word. 

B.  sl>.  1.  a.  A  person  shut  up  from  the  world 
for  the  purpose  of  religious  meditation ;  a  monk, 
hermit,  anchorite  or  anchoress,  spec,  one  who  re 
mains  perpetually  shut  up  in  a  cell  under  a  vow  of 
strict  seclusion,  b.  One  who  lives  a  retired  life, 
one  who  mixes  little  with  society. 

a  1225  Alter.  K.  10  fe  latere  dole  of  his  sawe  limpeS  to 
recluses.  1393  E.  E.  Wills  7,  I  bequethe  to  the  Reclus 
frere  Thomas. . xl.  s.  c  1425  St.  Christina  xxvi.  in  Anglia 
VIII.  129/25  She  dwellid  nyne  3eere  with  a  womman  re- 
clused  ..Of  |>e  whiche  recluse  I  hadde  many  thinges  bat 
I  hauc  writen.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  Mil.  xvii,  This 
lustes  was  done  to  fore  the  hermytage  where  a  recluse 
dwelled.  1574  tr.  Littleton's  Tenures  92  If  there  be  a 
recluse  that  he  may  not  because  of  his  order  go  out  of  his 
house.  1632  MASSINGEK  &  FIELD  Fatal  Dowry  in.  i,  I  will 
not  consent  to  have  you  live  Like  to  a  recluse  in  a  cloister. 
1703  MAUNDRELL  Jaunt.  Jerus.  (1732)  71  The  dayly  em 
ployment  of  tbe>e  Recluses  is  to  trim  the  lamps.  1750-1 
MRS.  DELANY  Autobiog.  f,  Corr.  (iS6i)  III.  22  He  is.. 


a  plain  young  man,  a  recluse  in  his  nature,  and  very 
ignorant  of  the  world.  1837  EMERSON  Addr.,  Amer.  Scttol. 
Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  180  There  goes  in  the  world  a  notion,  that 
the  scholar  should  be  a  recluse,  a  valetudinarian.  1874 
H.  R.  REYNOLDS  Jo/m  Haft.  iii.  §  2.  152  He  was  clothed 
with  the  rough  hairy  garment  worn  by  the  recluse  and  the 
prophet. 

traits/.  1746-7  HERVEY  Mcdit.  (1748)  II.  59  The  sprightly 
Morning,  which  awakens  other  Animals  into  Joy,  adminis 
ters  no  Pleasure  to  this  gloomy  Recluse  [the  owl). 

f  2.   What  is  shut  up ;  contents,  store.   Obs.  rare. 

c  1410  Pa/lad,  on  Il/is/i.  xil.  308  Baskettis  of  seggis  me 
may  vse,  So  they  be  thykke,  and  saue  ther  recluse,  c  1430 
LYDG.  Mitt,  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  51  Of  crosse  nor  pile  there 
is  no  recluse,  Prynle  nor  impressioun  in  all  thyseyntwarye. 

t  3.  A  place  of  seclusion.    Obs. 

1621  BRATHWAIT  Nat.  Emoassie  (1877)  88  Hast  thou..no 
Refuge  nor  no  Recluse  for  thy  hope  ?  1630  —  Ettg.  Getttlem. 
(1641)  156  Let  our  bosome  (the  recluse  of  secrets)  be  like  the 
Lions  den  in  the  Apologue.  1658  SLINGSBY  Diary  (1836) 
208  Privacy,  . .  the  only  recluse  of  safety,  . .  may  become  as 
dangerous  as  a  place  of  agency.  1773  J.  WISE  C/iurc/tes' 
Quarrel  Espoused  65  It  is  certain,  that  the  church  of  Christ 
is  the.  .sacred  recluse  and  peculiar  assilum  of  religion, 
t  b.  A  reservoir  for  water.  Obs.—1 

Cf.  med.L.  reclansa  in  the  same  sense  (Du  Cange). 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  23  b,  Heere  ebbe  the  spring. tide 
of  my  Teares,  Eyes  from  this  present,  prepare  your  selues 
to  be  recluses. 

1 4.  Reclusioii ;  retirement.  Obs.—1 

1665  WITHER  Lord's  Prayer  Preamble,  This  made  me 
desirous  to  spend  those  days  of  recluse  . .  in  what  might 
glorifie  God. 

t  ReclU'SC,  v.  Obs.    [f.  L.  reclus-,  ppl.  stem  of   | 
recludere  :  see  prec.]     trans.  To  shut  up,  seclude. 

1382  WYCLIF  Lev.  xiii.  4  The  preest  shal  recluse  hym  I 
seuen  daies.  1393  LANCL.  P.  Pi.  C.  v.  116  Til ..  religious 
out-ryders  [be]  reclused  ill  here  cloistres.  1450  Rolls  of 
Parlt.  V.  195/2  The  Priours  or  Convent  of  the  Howses  and 
places..,  in  which  eny  Nonnes  are  reclused.  1526  Pilgr. 
Per/.  (W.  d_e  W.  1531)  99  b,  Beynge  reclused  or  shut  vp  in 
a  derke  prison,  a  1631  DONNE  Annunciation  <y  Passion 
Poems  (1654)  333  She  sees,  .the  Virgin  mother  stay  Reclus'd 
at  home.  1657  TRAPP  Coinin.  Neh.  vi.  10  A  house  he  had 
in  the  Temple:  and  there  he  had  reclused  and  shut  up 
himself.  1713  C'TESS  WINCHELSEA  Misc.  Poems  95  To  ! 
Desarts  banish'd,  or  in  Cells  reclus'd. 

t  Redu'Sed,  ///.  a.1  Obs.  [f.  prec.  -t-  -ED  '.] 
Shut  up,  secluded,  retired. 

1613  DONNE  Eclogue  48  So  reclus'd  hermits  oftentimes  do 
know  More  of  heaven's  glory,  than  a  worldling  can.  1627 
E.  F.  Hist.  Edw.  II  (1680)  8  This  kind  of  reclus'd  beha 
viour  makes  him  unpleasant.  1653  A.  WILSON  Jos.  I  231 
The  faiued  and  cousening  Miracles  of  reclused  holiness. 

Hence  t  Keolrrsedness.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1653  A.  WILSON  Jas.  I  72  His  health  was  impaired, 
whicn  he  imputed  to  his  reclusednesse,  and  want  of  Air. 

t  Reclused,  ppl.  a.'*  Obs.~°    [f.  L.  redus-us,   \ 
pa.  pple.  of  recludere  to  open  +  -ED  '.]     (See  quot.)    ' 

1623  COCKERAM  n,  Opened,  reclused. 

Reclusely  (rtlclfi-sli),  adv.  Now  rare.  [f. 
RECLUSE  a.  +  -LY  -.1  In  a  recluse  manner. 


RECOCT. 

1673  R-  HEAD  Canting  A  cad.  182  If  you  jest  and  mean 
loosly,  Though  ne'r  so  reclusely.  1748  H.  WALPOLE  Let. 
3  Sept.,  From  a  melancholy  turn,  from  living  reclusely,.. 
•  he  [Gray]  never  converses  easily.  1794  \V.  TAYLOR  in 
Monthly  Rev.  XV.  22  Ida,  reclusely  brought  up  by  a  most 
worthy  man.  a  1806  H.  K.  WHITE  Cli/lon  Gr.  251  In  yon 
hamlet's  solitary  shade,  Reclusely  dwelt  the  far-famed 
Clifton  maid. 

Recluseness  (rHdw-snes).  [f.  RECLUSE  a.  + 
-XESS.]  The  state  of  being  recluse ;  reclusion. 

1654-66  EARL  ORRERY  Parthen.  (1676)  375  Why  did  he 
impose  on  himself  so  strict  a  penance  as  a  three  years 
recluseness?  1698  FKYER  Ace.  E.  India  <r  /'.  394  The 
Recluseness  of  their  Condition  issuch  [etc.].  1809  PIXKNEY 
Trav.  France  190  [A  road]  which  by  its  recluseness  and 
solitude  seemed  to  lead  us  into  the  recesses  of  the  country. 
i88_i  MASSON  De  Quincey  iv.  36  This  recluseness  was  not 
owing  to  the  extreme  necessity  of  economy. 

Rechrsery.  [f.  RECLUSE  sb.  +  -EKY.  Cf.  nun- 
nery.~\  A  residence  for  recluses. 

1881  T.  E.  BRIDGETT  Hist.  Holy  Eucharist  II.  194  The 
more  common  ankerhold  or  reclusery  was  a  small  house  of 
one  or  two  cells. 

Reclusion  (rfld«',?3n).  Also  5  reoluc-.  [ad. 
i  L.  reclusioii-eiii,  n.  of  action  f.  redudlre  ta  RECLUDE. 
I  Cf.  F.  reclusion  (i/th  c.  in  Hatz.-Darm.).] 

1.  The  action  of  shutting  up,  or  fact  of  being  shut 
up,  in  seclusion ;  a  state  of  retirement. 

i  1400  LOVE  Bonavent.  Mirr.  v.  (Brasenose  MS.)  pis 
one  benefece  of  so  longe  reclucioun  for  oure  sake.  1600  W. 
WATSON  Decacoidan  (1602)  87  Vpoll  his  first  reclusion  the 
father . .  giueth  him  a  meditation  to  study  vpon.  1670  G.  H. 
Hist.  Cardinals  in.  n.  275  Thus  Gregory  the  r^th.  was 
chosen,  after,  .two  whole  months  reclusion  of  the  Conclave. 
1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  bishop  having  harangued 
the  people  in  praise  of  the  new  recluse,,  .conducted  her  pio- 
cesslonally  to  her  reclusion.  1824  SOUTHEY  Kk.  f/C/t.  (1841) 
194  Reclusion  for  the  purpose  of  religious  meditation,  was 
the  object  of  the  earlier  religious  orders. 

b.  The  fact  of  being  shut  up  as  a  prisoner,  tsp. 
in  solitary  confinement.  (Usu.  after  F.  reclusion.) 

1872  Daily  News  13  Aug.,  A  promise  that  the  five  years' 
'  reclusion  '  shall  be  changed  to  five  years'  simple  imprison 
ment.  1886  STEVENSON  Kidnapped  290  We  could  no  doubt 
find  some  men  of  the  Covenant  who  would  swear  to  your 
reclusion. 

2.  A  place  of  religious  retreat  or  seclusion. 

1797  SOUTHEY  Lett.  Joum.  Spain  (1808)  I.  116  He  was 
obliged  to  establish  Convents  and  Reclusions,  as  they  were 
called,  in  other  parts. 

Reclusive  (r;kl«-siv),  a.     [f.  as  RECLUSE  v. 

+  -IVE.]     Marked  by  reclusion  or  retirement. 

"599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado  ly.  i.  244  You  may  conceale  her. . 
In  some  reclusiue  and  religious  life,  Out  of  all  eyes.  1661 
R.  DAVENPORT  City-Niglitiap  IV.  45  You  shall  unto  the 
Monasterie  of  Matrons,  And  spend  your  daies  reclusive. 
18500.  WINSLOW  Inner  Life  207  The  gospel  of  Jesus  is  not 
reclusive  or  selfish. 

Hence  Keclu  siveiiess. 

1895  Til.  WATTS  in  igth  Cent.  Feb.  235  Her  reclusiveness 
shut  her  in  and  away  from  many  people. 

Reclusory  (r/kl«-sari).  [ad.  med.L.  reclfiso- 
riuin  (Du  Cange),  f.  recludere  to  RECLI'DE.]  The 
cell  of  a  recluse.  (Cf.  RECLISEKY.) 

1821  BAYLEY  Tomer  Land.  129  [The  cell].,  was  inhabited 
by  a  recluse.  ..In  one  place  it  is  noticed  as  thereclusory,  or 
hermitage  of  St.  Peter. 

Reclyne,  obs.  form  of  RECLINE  v. 

Recoagula-tion.  rare  -1.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  second 
coagulation. 

1661  BOYLE  Pkys.  Ess.,  //ist.  Firmness  Wks.  1772  I.  423 
This  salt  we  speak  of,  being  . .  dissolved  in  a  convenient 
quantity  of  water,  does  upon  its  re-coagulation  so  dispose 
of  the  aqueous  particles  among  its  own  saline  ones,  that  [etc.]. 

Recoal  (nk^-1),  v.  [RE-  53.]  a.  trans.  To 
supply  with  fresh  coal.  b.  intr.  Of  a  steamship  : 
To  take  in  a  fresh  supply  of  coal. 

1884  rail  Alatl  G.  13  Nov.  5/i  The  necessity  for  frequent 
recoaling  seriously  reduces  her  speed.  1887  PROCTOR  Chance 
tf  Luck  212  My  fire,  which  in  the  meantime  must  very 
nearly  have  gone  out,  had  been  recoaled.  1895  N.  Amcr. 
Rev.  Mar.  375  Such  vessels  can  accomplish  about  6,000  miles 
without  recoaling. 

Recoa'St,  v.  trans.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  coast  again. 

1775  R.  CHANDLER  Trav.  Asia  HI.  (1825)  I.  55  We  left 
this  lively  scene  with  regret,  and  re-coasting  the  rough 
European  shore,  landed  not  far  from  the  town. 

Recoat  (rfkou-t),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  coat 
afresh  (with  paint  or  the  like). 

1876  'MARK  TWAIN'  Tom  Sawyer  iii,  She  found  the 
entire  fence,  .not  only  whitewashed  but  elaborately  coated 
and  recoated.  1882  Pall  Mafi  G.  26  June  8/1  She  will  be 
placed  in  the  vacated  dock,  .for  slight  recoating. 

Recock  (r/Vk),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  cock 
(a  firearm)  again.  Also  absol. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  I.  337/2  By  re-cocking  the  piece, 
another  discharge  may  be  made.  1851  MAYNE  REID  Rifle 
Rangers  ii.  27,  I  drew  a  pistol,  .and  fired.  . .  His  comrade, 
hearing  me  re-cock,  took  to  his  heels.  1868  Rep.  to  Govt. 
U.S.  Munitions  \Var  54  The  pulling  out  of  the  trigger- 
guard  will  then  re-cock  the  piece. 

Recoct  (rfkp-kt),  v.  [f.  L.  recoct-,  ppl.  stem  of 
recoqufre  :  see  RE-  and  COOK  v.~\  trans.  To  boil 
or  cook  a  second  time  ;  alsoyf^-.  to  vamp  or  fur 
bish  up  anew.  Hence  Keoo'oted  ///.  a. 

1562  BULLEYN  Bk.  Simplts  85  b,  Recocted  or  two  times 
sodden  whay,  is  the  best  whay.  1605  L.  HUTTEN  A  unswere 
126  Your  olde  Crambe  of  Religionis  ergo,  so  often  recocted. 
1657  TOMLINSON  Reiiou's  Disp.  542  If  it  yet  appear  too 
fluid,  recoct  it.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Bergerac's  Coin.  Hist. 
64  So  that  the  Sun  recocted  it  once  more.  1836  LANUOR 

32 -a 


RECOCTION. 

Peric.  fy  A$j>.  xlviii.  Wks.  1853  II.  373/2  He  picked  up  all 
the  arrows  that  were  shot  against  him,  recocted  all  the 
venom  of  every  point  [etc.]. 

So  Reco-ction.     (Cf.  decoction?) 

1749  Phil.  Trans.  XLVI.  185  Its  Recoction  or  Annealing 
deprives  it  of  this  Bnttleness.  1847  in  WEBSTER,  and  in 
recent  Diets. 

Recoeure,  obs.  form  of  RECOVEU  z/.1 

Reco'gitate,  v.  rare.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L. 
recogitare  to  think  over  (med.L.,  to  change  one's 
mind),  or  f.  RE-  +  COGITATE  z>.]  fa.  inlr.  To 
reconsider,  change  one's  mind.  Obs.  b.  To  think 
over  again. 

1651  C.  CARTWRIGHT  Cert.  Relig.  n.  29  He  cites  Origen 
saying,  that  Christ  did  in  those  words  recall  his  desire,  and 
as  it  were  recogitate.  1656  BLOUNT  Gtossogr.,  Rccogitate, 
to  weigh  and  consider  in  iniiide  earnestly,  to  think  and  think 
again  upon  some  thing. 

So  Becoglta'tiott  [L.  rccogitatio\.   ?  Obs, 

1615  JACKSON  Creed  iv.  viii.  §  3  So  deeply  did  the  recogi- 
tation  of  what  he  had.. heard  sink  into  this  true  patriot's 
heart.  1634  GATAKER  Triittsubst.  218  A  recogitation  or 
a  serious  consideration  and  faithfull  meditation. 

Recogn«is,  -nia,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  RECOGNIZE  z/.1 

Recognition  (rek^gni'Jan).  Also  6  -ni(s)- 
cyon.  [ad.  L,.  recognition-cm ,  n.  of  action  f, 
recognit-)  recognoscSre  to  RECOGNOSCE.  Cf.  F. 
recognition  (igth  c.).]  The  act  of  recognizing. 

f  1.  Sc.  Law.  The  resumption  of  lands  by  a  feudal 
superior  for  any  reason,  in  later  use  spec,  on  account 
of  unwarranted  alienation  by  the  vassal.  Obs. 

1473  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.Scot.  11877)  I-  47  Lettres  vndir 
the  priue  sele  for  the  recognicione  of  the  Bischop  of  Sanctan- 
dros  temporaliie.  1578  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  Ser.  i. 
II.  693  All  recognicionis,  dispositions  of  landis  falling  be 
forfaftour  or  last  air.  1597  SKENE  De  I'erb.  Sign,  s.v., 
Recognition  of  landes  is  commonly  vsed  in  the  law,  and 
practicque  of  this  reahne.  1666-88  DALLAS  Syst.  Stiles 
(1697)  25^  Whilks  Lands. .fell  and  became  in  Our^Hauds,. . 
as  Superior  and  Over-lord,  by  reason  of  Recognition.  1747 
Act  20  Gen.  //,  c.  50  §  i  The  Tenure  of  Lands  in  ..  Scot 
land,  by  Ward  Holding,  and  the  consequences  of  the  same, 
being  the  Casualties  of  Ward  Marriage  and  Recognition. 
#1765  EHSKINE  last.  Law  Scot.  11.  v.  §  10  Recognition, 
though  ranked  by  some  writers  among  the  casualties  of 
superiority,  was  indeed  a  total  forfeiture  of  the  fee. 

f2.  The  action  of  reviewing  or  revising;  revision, 
recension.  Obs. 

1568  ABP.  PARKER  Corr.  (Parker  Soc.)  338, 1  trust  by  com 
parison  of  divers  translations.-  will  appear  ..  the  circum 
spection  of  all  such  as  have  travailed  in  the  recognition. 
[i86z  Quaritch's  Catetl.  Dec.,  By  Edmund  Becke  after 
Taverncr's  recognition,  with  prologues  to  the  New  Testa* 
ment  by  William  Tindale.] 

b.  Hist.  The  form  of  inquest  by  jury  in  use  in 
England  under  the  early  Norman  kings. 

The  chief  source  for  the  use  of  the  term  is  Glanvil  De 
Legibus  Anglix  (n.  vii,  etc.),  from  which  the  earliest  quot. 
is  ultimately  derived. 

1609  SiitNE  Reg.  Maj.  58  It  rests  that  we  speik  of  divers 
recognitions.  3.  Some  recognition  is  called  of  inortanceslrie. 
i6z8  CORE  On  Litt.  158  b,  Recognition  is  a  serious  acknow 
ledgment  or  opinion  upon  such  matters  of  fact  as  the  jurors 
shall  have  in  charge.  1863  H.  Cox  Instit.  n.  iii.  346  The 
new  method  of  inquiry,  which  was  called  a  recognition  of 
assize.  1876  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  V.  xxiv.  453  The 
greatest  step  made  at  any  one  time  in  the  developement  of 
the  Jury  system  was  when  the  practice  of  recognition  was 
organised  by  the  great  Assize  of  Henry  the  Second. 

1 3.  Knowledge  or  consciousness.   Obs. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per}.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  167  b,  Euer  hauyng 
recognicyon  or  remembraunce  of  his  owne  vnworthynesse. 
1547  BOORDE  Brev.  Health  73  b,  Sensualitie,  the  whiche  can 
neuer  be  subdued  without  the  recognition  and  knowledge  of 
a  mannes  selfe. 

4.  The  action  of  acknowledging  as  true,  valid, 
or  entitled  to  consideration  ;  formal  acknowledge 
ment  as  conveying  approval  or  sanction  of  some 
thing  ;  hence,  notice  or  attention  accorded  to  a 
thing  or  person. 

1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol,  v.  xx.  §  9  A  fourth  kind  of  pub- 
lick  reading^  whereby  the  lives  of  such  saints  had,  at  the 
time  of  their  yearly  memorials,  solemn  recognition  in  the 
church  of  God.  1622  BACON  Hen.  VII  \\  He  did  not  presse  to 
haue  the  Act  penned  by  way  of  Declaration  or  Recognition 
of  right.  1766  BLACKSTONE  Coinnt.  II.  xxvi.  407  Much  mav 
be  also  collected  from  the  beveral  legislative  recognitions  uf 
copyrights.  1788  GIBBON  Dccl.  fy  F.  xlix.  V.  99  Even  this 
title  was  a  recognition  of  the  six  preceding  assemblies.  1853 
KANE  Grinnell  Exp.  xxii.  (1856)  170  He  was  told  that  his 
nephew's  claim  to  the  service  had  received  a  recognition. 
1876  MOZLEY  Univ.  Serm.  v.  in  The  Christian  recognition 
of  the  right  of  war  was  contained  in  Christianity's  original 
recognition  of  nations. 

b-  The  formal  acknowledgement  by  subjects  of 
(the  title  of)  a  sovereign  or  other  ruler  (f  csp.  of 
James  I  as  King  of  England)  ;  sp*.c.  as  the  name  of 
a  part  of  the  Coronation  ceremony  (see  quot.  1902). 

1558-9  Act  \  Eliz.  c.  3  (title)  An  Acte  of  Recognition  of 
the  Quenes  Highnes  Title  to  the  Imperyall  Crowne  of  this 
Realme.  1603  Act  i  Jas.  /,  c.  i  (title}  A  nioste  joyful!  and 
juste  Recognition  of  the  immediate  lawfull  and  undoubted 
Succession  Descent  and  Righte  of  the  Crowne.  1655  CROM 
WELL  in  Stainer  Spcecfas  (1901)  177  From  your  entering 
into  the  House  upon  the  Recognition  to  this  very  day. 
1685  Coronation  Order  of  Jas.  II  in  Wickh.im  Legi^e 
Coronation  Rcc.  11901)  293  The  Recognition.  ..The  People 
signify  their  Willingness,  and  Joy,  by  loud  and  repeated 
Acclamations  ;  crying  out,  God  save  King  James.  1702 
Lorut,  Gaz.  No.  3804/1  The  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  .. 
began  with  ihe  Recognition.  1^27-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.% 
Recognition..'^  particularly  used  in  our  law-books  fo«-  the 


252 

|    title  of  the  first  chapter  of  the  Slat.  i.  Jac.  I.     1901  EELES 
j    Etig.  Coronat.  Service  31  First  comes  the  Recognition  :  the 
Sovereign  is  presented  to  the  people  by  the  Archbishop, 
and  Is  received  as  such  by  them. 

C.  In  international  law :  (see  qtiot.  1824). 
1824  MACKINTOSH  Sp.  S.  Amer.  Wks.  1846  III.  441  The 
true  and  legitimate  sense  of  the  word  '  recognition  ^  as  a 
technical  term  of  international  law,  is  that  in  which  it 
denotes  the  explicit  acknowledgment  of  the  independence 
of  a  country  by  a  state  which  formerly  exercised  sovereignty 
over  it.  1863  F.  W.  GIUBS  Recognition  5. 

5.  The  acknowledgement  or  admission  of  a  kind 
ness,  service,  obligation,  or  merit,  or  the  expression 
of  this  in  some  way.  Now  chiefly  in  phr.  in  re 
cognition  of. 

1570  MARC.  ASCHAM  Ded.  Aschant's  Schotem.  (Arb.)  16 

Besechyng  you . .  to  accept  the  thankefull  recognition  of  me 

and  my  poore  children.      1635  F.  WHITE  Sabbath  (ed.  2)  86 

All  Christians  are  redeemed  by  Christ.. and  all  observe  the 

Lord's-day  in  recognition  of  this  gracious  benefit.      1658 

J  L;R.  TAYLOR  Let.  in  izt/i  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  A  pp.  V.  5, 

I  find  ..  nothing  but  recognitions  and  acknowledgment  of 

your  Greatest  tendernesse,  wisdome  and  affections  to  her, 

1675  TKAHERNE  Chr.  Ethics  417   The   great   part   of  our 

|    eternal  happiness  will  consist  in  a  grateful  recognition  ..  of 

!    benefits  already  received.     1880  C.  K.  MARKHAM  Peruv. 

,    Bark  279,  I  made  an  urgent  appeal  for  some  small  grant  in 

j    recognition  of  Weir's  excellent  and  faithful  services. 

T  6.  A  formal  declaration,   admission,   or   con- 
!    fession  (of  some  fact).    Obs, 

1523  FITZHERB.  Surv.  15  b,  A  recogniscyon  of  a  tenaunt 
what  he  holdeth  of  the  lorde.  1580  Aft  23  Eli~.  c.  i  §  7 
{He]  shall  uppon  his  Recognition  of  such  Submission  in 
,  open  Assises  or  Sessions . .  be  dischardged  of  all  . .  the  said 
Offences.  1631  Star  Chamber  C  uses  (Camden)  57  Sr  Arthur 
Savage  was  this  day  brought  to  the  barre  . .  to  make  hU 
recognition  uf  wrong  donne  to  my  Lord  Falkland. 

7.  The   action   or  fact  of  perceiving  that  some 
thing,  person,  etc.,  is  the  same  as  one  previously 
known  ;   the   mental  process  of  identifying  what 
has  been   known   before  ;    the  fact  of  being  thus 
known  or  identified. 

1798  WORUSW.  Tinier  it  Abbey  59  With  many  recognitions 
dim  and  faint .  .The  picture  of  the  mind  revives  again.  1833 
HT.  MARTINEAU  Loom  fy  Lugger  n.  iii.  57  One  of  them 
turned  ..and  an  immediate  recognition  took  place.  1860 
TVNDALL  Gtac.  i.  xxii.  157  The  brown  crags  seemed  to  look 
at  me  with  a  kind  of  friendly  recognition.  1866  G.  MAC- 
DONALD  Ann.  Q,  Neighb.  xiii.  (1878)  267,  I  could  not  escape 
recognition.  1878  HOLBROOK  Hyg.  Brain  25  Taking  recog 
nition  of  Sound. 

b.  The  action  or  fact  of  apprehending  a  thing 
under  a  particular  category,  or  as  having  a  certain 
character. 

1881  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  11883)  IV.  n.  vi,  249  The  recogni 
tion  that  certain  things  were  not  true  was  the  first  step.   1884 
•    tr.  Lotze's  Metapk.  164  They  would  thus  only  satjsfy  him 
,     who  could  content  himself  with  the  mere  recognition  of  a 
slate  of  things  as  unconditional  matter  of  fact. 

8.  attrib.)  as    recognition-colour,    mark(ing, 
a  colour  or  marking  on  an  animal  or  bird,  supposed 
to  serve  as  a  means  of  recognition  to  others  of  the 
same   species;    recognition-service,    a    church 
service  held  for  the  purpose  of  introducing  a  new 
pastor  to  his  congregation. 

1889  A.  R.  WALLACE  Darwinism  viii.  220  An  inspection  of 

the  figures  of  antelopes  . .  in  . .  illustrated  works  will  give  a 

j     better  idea  of  the  peculiarities  of  recognition  markings  than 

i    any  amount  of  description.     1891  —  Tropical  Nat.  367  note% 


great  use  even  to  existing  well-defined  .species.  1897  IVestn, 
Gaz.  9  Nov.  9/1  The  ttaptibt  Church . .  where  his  recognition 
service  was  held  last  night. 

Recognitive  (r/Vgnitiv),  a.  [ad.  L.  type 
*recognitiv-us :  see  prec.  and  COGNITIVE.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  recognition  ;  that  recognizes. 

1884  TRAILL_  Coleridge  ix.  165  Deeply  as  his  criticism 
penetrates,  it  is  ytt  loyally  recognitive  of  the  opacity  uf 
millstones.  1884  H.JENNINGS  Phallicisnt  Introd.  n  The 
Americans,  .wrote  and  published  in  recognitive  quarters. 

ReCOgnitor  (r/k^gnit^i).  Now  only  Hist. 
Also  6  -our.  [a.  med.L.  rccognitor  (Bracton\ 
agent-n.  f.  recognit-,  rtcogndscere  to  RECOGNOSCE.] 
A  member  of  a  jury  impanelled  on  an  assize  or 
inquest  (cf.  RECOGNITION  2  b). 

1574  tr.  Littletons  Tenures  78  The  recognitours  of  the 
assise  may  say  and  yelde  to  the  justices  their  verdite  at 
large  uppon  all  the  matter.  1628  COKE  On  Litt.  I.  253  So 
may  he  shew  the  Recognitors  in  an  Assise,  the  view  of  lands 
in  another  County.  1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  xx.  297 
In  assises  of  land,  where  also  there  is.  .merely  a  question  of 
right  stated  for  the  determination  of  the  recognitorsor  jury, 
the  tenant  makes  no  such  defence.  i&igEdJtt.  Rev.  XXXII. 
jo  Bok-Iand  was  held  by  the  oaths  of  seven  lecognitors. 
1876  FKEKMAN  Norm.  Cong.  V,  xxiv.  452  The  recognitors 
are  not  judges  but  witnesses,  witnesses  declaring  their 
verdict  fiom  their  personal  knowledge. 

Kecognitory  (r/Vgnitari),  a.  fad.  L.  type 
*)-ecognitori-u$  :  see  prec.  and  -OBY  y.J  Of  or  per 
taining  to  recognition  or  acknowledgement. 

1822  LAMB  Eliet  Ser.  i.  Dist.  Corrcsp.^  A  pun  and  its 
recugnitory  laugh  must  be  co-instantaneous.  1849  KEMBLE 
Saxons  in  Eng.  II.  n.  vii.  (1876)  329  note.  Probably  a  re- 
cognitory  rent  for  land  held  under  the  burh  or  city.  1897 
C  DIXON  (title)  Curiosities  of  Bird  Life,  an  Account  of  the 
.  .Protective  and  Recognitory  Colours,  .of  Birds. 

Recognizabi'lity.  [f.  next :  see  -ITY.]  The 
quality  of  being  rocognizabta 


RECOGNIZANCE 

•&T$Contcmp.Rev.  XXI.ioi  Starting,  .with  this  postulate, 
the  existence  and  recognisability  of  God. 

Recognizable  (re-k/gnaizab'l),  a.  [f.  RE 
COGNIZE  vj-  +  -ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  recog 
nized;  that  admits  of  recognition. 

1799  WRAXALL  Mem.  Crt.  Berlin  II.  301  So  disfigured 
her  features,  that  they  are  no  longer  recognizable.  1838 
POE  A.  G.  Pym  Wks.  1864  IV.  73  It  was  of  singular  form 
and  character,  and  easily  recognizable.  1861  THACKEKAV 
Four  Georges  \\.  (1862)  184,  1  could  at  this  very  desk  perform 
a  recognizable  likeness  of  him.  1880  GEIKIE  Phys.  G?og. 
iv.  239  In  many  springs  the  proportion  of  dissolved  gas  is  so 
small  as  to  be  hardly  recognisable. 

Recognizably  (re-k^gnaizabli),  adv.  [f.  prec. 
+  -LY  -.]  In  a  recognizable  manner,  perceptibly. 

1840  CAKLYLE  Heroes  iii.  (1858)  261  No  thought,  word  or 
act  of  man,  but  ..  works  sooner  or  later,  recognisably  or 
irrecognisably,  on  all  men  !  1875  WHITNEY  Life  Lang.  i:. 
16  There  is,  recognizably  and  traceably,  a  time  when.  .many 
uf  our  words  came  into  use, 


Recognizance  (n"kf  gnizans,  r/k^'n-),  sit. 
Forms  ;  a.  4  reconnissaunce,  4-5  reconisaunce, 
-ys(s)aunce,  5-6  -isance,  6-7  -usance,  (6  re- 
quynesaunce).  £.  5-6  recognysaC^nce,  6 
-isaunce,  -usance,  7  -issance,4~  recognizance, 
-isance.  [a.  OF.  recon(u}issancet  (reqvetwysanee), 
recogmissance,  etc.  (see  Godef.  ;  mod.F.  recon 
naissance),  f,  recon(p]i$S'anft  pres.  p.  of  reconoistre 

+  AKC£  :  see  RECOGNIZE  v.1  On  the  spelling  and 
pron.  cf.  the  note  to  COGNIZANCE.] 

1.  Law.  A  bond  or  obligation,  entered  into  and 
recorded  before  a  court  or  magistrate,  by  which 
a  person  engages  himself  to  perform  some  act  or 
observe  some  condition  (as  to  appear  when  called 
on,  to  pay  a  debt,  or  to  keep  the  peace)  ;  also, 
a  sum  of  money  pledged  as  a  surety  for  such  per 
formance  and  rendered  forfeit  by  neglect  of  it. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Shopman's  T.  330  He  was  bounden  in  a 
reconyssaunce,  To  paye  twenty  thousand  sheeld  anon. 
1436  Rolls  of  Tar  It.  IV.  499/2  Bounde  by  a  reconysaunce 
in  youre  Chauncellerye,  to  paye  to  you  at  certain  dayes  in 
the  same  recognisance  specified.  1459  Ibid,  V.  369/1  That 
every  of  the  seid  persones,  fynde  to  youre  Highnes  sufficient 
suerte,  by  reconisauns  in  youre  Chauncerie,  of  his  good 
beryng.  ^1500  in  Arnolde  Chron.  (1811)  89  Vpon  payne  of 
forfeytour  of  his  requynesaunce  to  bee  payd  .  .  to  y*  chambre 
of  London.  1561  DAUS  tr.  Bullinger  on  Afoc.  (1573)  193  b, 
They  .  .  do  binde  them  selues  to  the  Pope  and  Sea  of  Rome, 
as  it  were  by  recognisance.  1601  FuLBECKE2«<//V.  Parall. 
65  If  the  defendant  did  make  a  reconusance  vppn  statute 
marchant  such  a  daie  at  Canterburie  to  the  plaintife.  1660 
Trial  Regie.  35  And  al!  those  bound  by  Recognizance  to 
appear,  let  them  come  forth,  and  give  their  Evidence,  or  else 
to  forfeit  their  Recognizance.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones 
vnr.  xi,  He  committed  him  to  prison,  and  bound  Frank  in 
a  recognizance,  I  think  they  call  it.  179*  BURKE  On  Negro 
Code  Wks.  IX.  296  The  said  Trader  or  Factor  shall  be 
deemed  to  have  forfeited  his  recognizance.  1849  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.v.  I.  52:  Three  of  the  peers  who  were  thus  under 
recognisances  were  Roman  Catholics. 

transf.  1609  J.  DAVIES  Holy  Roode  Wks.  (Grosart)  13 
Then,  by  Recognizance  Wee'l  aye  be  bound  to  praise  Thee, 
for  our  parts.  1696  SOUIHERNE  Oroonoko  iv.  U,  An  oath  is 
a  recognisance  to  Heav'n,  Binding  us  over  in  the  courts 
above  To  plead  to  the  indictment  of  uur  crimes. 

2.  Recognition  or  acknowledgement  (of  a  person 
as  holding  a  certain  position,  of  a  fact,  duty,  right, 
service,  etc.).     Now  rare. 

14  ..  in  Tnndales  Vis.  (1843)  no  They  broght  hym  gold 
.  .  And  gaff  hym  .  .  Hooly  of  al  her  hart  for  a  reconysaunce. 
a  1450  Knt.de  la  Tour  (1868)  5  Eueri  tyme  he  awakithe, 
he  ought  to  yeve  God  reconisaunce,  .  .  that  he  is  his  Jordc, 
crtatour,  and  maker.  1538  SIARKEY  England  n.  iii.  199 
And  so  for  the  recognysance  of  thys  superyoryte,  I  wold 
that  our  reame  schold  pay  thys  Peter  pens.  1593  G.  HARVEY 
Pierce's  Super,  in.  109  Some-body  oweth  the  three-shapen 
Geryon  a  gieater  duty,  in  recognisance  of  his  often-promised 
curtesies.  1659  H.  L'£STRANGE  Alliance  Div.  Off.  212  The 
Antient  form  of  thanksgiving,  that  by  which  special  recog 
nisance  was  made  to  God  as  the  Creator.  1685  Land.  Gaz. 
No.  2009/3  In  recognisance  of  your  just  Right  and  Title. 
1787  ANNA  SEWARD  Lett.  (1811)  I.  269  His  even  affectionate 
recognizance  of  our  youthful  acquaintance.  1791  NEWTE 
Tour  Eiig.  #  Scot,  132  A  recognizance  of  the  prescriptive 
of  th 


appear  to  divide  these  gn 

each  other.    1845  A.  DUNCAN  Disc.  175  Let  us  endeavour 
j    to  honour  it  by  a  dutiful  recognizance . .  of  his  goodness. 

b.  Recognition  (of  a  person)  as  the  same,  or  as 
having  a  known  character.     Now  rare. 

c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  149  After  their  teeris  and 
pytuable  reconyssaunce  were  past . .  they  taryed  the  space  uf 
'    a  moneth  wyth  in  the  cyte.     1575-  85  ABP.  SANDYS  Scrttt. 
i    (Parker  Soc.)  68  Some  such  badge  of  recognisance.     159? 
'     HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  xlii.  §  10  They  chose  it  to  serve  as 
•    their  special  mark  of  recognizance,  and  gave  it  secretly. .a 
'    sinister  construction.    1801  tr.  Gabrit'lli'sMyst.  Husb,  I.  164 
I    Having  waved  his  helmet  in  token  of  recognizance,  he  en 
deavoured  by  signs  to  convince  them  how  much  he  regretted 
their  absence.     1831  Eraser's  Mag.^  III.  53  From  known 
faces  she  stole  away,  to  avoid  recognizance. 

3.  A  token,  badge,  emblem  ;  a  cognizance.  Now 
only  arch. 

c  1477  CAXTON  'Jason  57  b,  Fyfty  thousand  women  . .  gar- 
oissbed  with  pennons  and  recognysaunces.  1563  Foxe 
A.  9f  M.  30/2  A  girdle  . .  hauyng  vii.  keies,  wyth  VH.  scales 
hanging  there  vpon,  for  a  recognisance  or  token,  of  his 
seuenfold  power.  1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  v,  ii.  214  That  Recog 
nizance  and  pledge  of  Loue  Which  I  first  gaue  her.  1890 
/K.  PRINCE  Of  Joyous  Card  \v,  724  His  choicest  troop  of 
barons,,  harnessed  black,  With  black  recognisances. 


RECOGNIZANCE. 

f4.  a.  Cognizance:  (a) knowledge;  (6)  notice. 

c  1450  LYDG.  Secrets  235  Ther  of  to  have  Cleer  entende- 
ment,  And  of  scryptures  Just  Reconysaunce.  1716  M. 
DAVIES '/J//f?«.  Brit.  II.  245  As  for  his  being  the  Son, 
either  Begotten  or  Unbegotten,  the  Sabellian  Hypothesis 
took  no  Recognizance  of. 

t  b.  Law.   —  RECOGNITION  2  b.  Obs. 

1607  COWELL  Interpr.  s.v.,  If  any  man  be  attainted   of 
disseisin,  .by  Recognisance  of  Assize  of  nouel  disseisin,  the 
Judgement  shall  etc.   1706  in  PHILLIPS.   1727-41  CHAMBKRS 
Cycl.,  Recognizance  is  also  used,  ill  our  antient  statutes  for 
the  verdict  of  the  twelve  jurors  impanelled  upon  an  assize. 
Hence  f  Beco-gnizance  v.,  to  recognize.  Ol>s.~l 
1657  HEYLIN  Ecdesia   Vind.  n  The  submission  of  the 
Clergy,  to  the  said  King  Henry,  whom  they  had  recog- 
nizanced  for  their  supream  Head. 

Recogiiizaiit  (r/kfgnizint),  a.  [f.  RECOG 
NIZE:  cf.  COGNIZANT.]  That  recognizes,  affords 
recognition  or  acknowledgement ;  perceptive. 

1867  E.  YATES  Forlorn  Hope  iii,  His.. stately  wife  might 
have  been. .a  little  more  recognisant  of  the  girl's  charms. 
1881  G.  MACDONALD  J\Iary  MiftrstoH  II.  v.  69  He  .,  went 
through  a  series  of  bows  and  smiles  recognizant  of  favour. 

t Eecognizate,  v.  Obs.  ran—1,  [f.  RECOG 
NIZE  z/.l  +  -ATE.]  trans.  —  RECOGNIZE  z>.l 

1799  in  Spirit  Pub.  Jrnls.  III.  312  Who  could  have 
thought,  he  would . .  have  deigned  to  demand  in  full  assembly 
to  be  matriculated  and  recognizated  as  he  has  been. 

So  t  Kecognization,  recognition.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1560  in  Strype^««.  Ref.  (1709)  I.  xvii.  208  Against  the  day 
of  ordering..,  to  give  open  recognizations  to  all  men. 

Recognize  (re-kjignsiz),  z;.l  Forms:  5  Sc. 
racwnnis,  racunnys,  racognis,  (6  -eis) ;  G  re- 
cognish(e,  -yse,  -yce,  6-  recognise,  -ize.  [a. 
OF.  rectmuiss-,  recognoiss-  etc.,  stem  of  reconoistre 
(mod.F.  reconiiattre) :— L.  recogndscere  to  RECOG-  ; 
NOSCE.  The  ending  was  early  assimilated  to  that 
of  verbs  in  -ise,  -ize  :  cf.  note  to  COGNIZE.] 

fl.  trans.  Sc.  Law.   —  RECOGNOSCE  v.  4.  06s. 

1456  Burgh.  Rec.  Peebles  (1872)  117  The  balyeis  has 
racwnnis  the  wast  land  in  the  North  Gat  for  faut  of  the 
Kyngis  burroumallis.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  in.  276  His 
wncle  Schir  Ranald  may  mak  this  band.  Gyff  he  will  nocht, 
racunnys  all  his  land.  1488  Acta.  Dam.  Concil.  (1839)  103/1 
The  landis  of  brej?irtoune . .  recognist  bi  J>e  said  William  erle 
merschell  for  alienacipune  w'out  consent  of  the  owrlord. 
1609  SKENE  Reg.  Maj.  52  (Act  Robt.  Ill,  c.  2  §  3)  Provyd- 
ing  that  he  doe  his  diligence  to  repledge  his  lands,  quhilks 
are  recognised  fra  his  overlord. 

1 2.  To   look   over   again ;    to   revise,   correct,    ' 
amend.  Obs. 

'534  CUAN.MER,  etc.  fust.  C/ir.  Man.  Pref.,  We  do  moste 
humbly  submytte  it  [this  treatise]  to.. your  maiestie,  to  be 
recognised,  ouersene,  and  corrected.     1539  (title}  The  most 
sacred  Bible, . .  translated  into  English,  and  newly  recognised 
with  great  diligence,  .by  Rycharde  Taverner.      1570  FOXE 
(title)  A  Sermon  of  Christ  crucified.. .  Newly  recognlshed  by 
the  Author.      1605  Willed  Hexapla  Gen.  Printer  to  Rdr., 
The  author,  .was  absent  and  could  not  recognize  what  was 
printed.      1631  HEYLIN  St.  Geos-ge  95  Being  corrected  first 
by  Pope  Pius  Quintus,  and  after  recognised  by  Clement.     ; 
1656  —  in  Extrancns  Vapuletns  238  Not  only  to  alter  their 
opinions,,  .but  retract  and  recognize,  .what  theysaid  before.    ' 
1715  M.  DAVIES  A  that.  Brit.  I.  25  Several  times  printed..     ' 
recogniz'd  and  amended  by  Joachim  Camerarius, . .  1591 . 
t  b.  To  reconnoitre.     Also  absol.    Obs.  rare. 

1637  MONRO  Exped.  I.  9  In  quartering  either  in  village, 
field  or  Citie,  he  ought  himselfe  to  recognize  all  avenues. 
1814  SCOTT  Wav,  Ixv,  Neither,   as  he  observed,  was  he    , 
without  sentries  for  the  purpose  of  recognizing, 
t  c.  To  go  over  again,  to  expound.   Obs.— ' 

1676  TOWERSON  Decalognc  199  One  taketh  the  book  and 
readeth ;  another.. recogniseth  that  which  is  least  under 
stood,  that  is,  expoundetn  it. 

1 3.  To  acknowledge  by  admission,  confession,  or   ! 
avowal ;  to  admit  (to  oneself  or  another).  Obs. 

1531-2  Act  23  Hen.  VIII,  c.  6  §  I  Euery  obligation,  .shat 
be  sealed  with  the  seale  of  the  partie . .  that  shall  recognise 
or  knowledge  the  same.  1335  in  Lett.  Suppress,  Monast. 
(Camden)  27,  I  thought  it  expedient  for  you  to  write  unto 
his  highnes,  and  to  recognise  your  offence  and  desire  his 
pardon.  1570  MARG.  ASCIIAM  Ded.  Ascliani's  Sckc-lcin. 
(Arb.)  15  How  gladly,  .he  vsed  in  hys  lyfe  to  recognise  and 
report  your  goodnesse  toward  hym.  1633  PRYNNE  ist  Ft. 
Histria-in.  628  That  the  minde.  .might  be.. occupied  in  the 
service  of  God,  in  recognizing  his  benefits,  a  1641  Br. 
MOONTAGU  Acls^  ff  Man.  (1642)  204  In  honour  of  God,  to 
avow  his  dominion  paramount  over  all,  to  recognize  their 
hold  from  him,  their  subsisting  by  him. 

tb.  Const,  that  or  with  inf.,  expressing  the 
fact  acknowledged.  Obs.  (common  in  i6th  c.). 

1533  F-iXKY  VIII  in  St.  Papers  (1830)  I.  H.  392  Ye  duely 
recognysyng,  that  it  becomethe  youe  not . .  to  enterprise  any 
parte  of  your  saide  office.  1535  in  Lett.  Suppress.  Monast. 
(Camden)  86  For  somudie  as  your  sayd  maistershipe  .. 
counselled  me  to  recognishe  the  kynges  highnes  to  be  our 
patrone  and  flounder.  1587  HOLIXSHED  Citron,,  Ire!.  II. 
01/2  Some  adde,  that  he  gaue  awaie  his  kingdoms  to  the  I 
see  of  Rome  for  him  and  his  successors,  recognising  to  hold 
the  same  of  the  popes  in  fee.  1603  DEKKHK  &  CHETTLE 
Gr&fu  (1893)  37, 1  must  recognize  and  confesse  very  gelie- 
roushe . .  the  welsh  knight,  making  a  very  desperate  thrust  at 
my  bosome, .  .fairely  mist  my  imbroydered  lerkin. 
to.  Const. for.  Obs.-1 

155°  BALE/WOJ.V  Both  Ch.  I.  v.  Ev,  They  worshypped 
him.  vand  recognysed  him  for  theyr  mercyfull  Lorde. 

4.  fo  acknowledge  by  special  notice,  approval 
or  sanction  ;  to  treat  as  valid,  as  having  existence 
or  as  entitled  to  consideration  ;  to  take  notice  of 
(a  thing  or  person)  in  some  way.  t  Also  const,  to. 

'548-9  (Mar.)  .S*.  Com.  Prayer,Pri-vaie Baptism,  \Vhoso-    I 
euer  shal  confess  the,  o  lords  ;  lecojjnise  him  also  in  lay    , 


253 


kingdome. 


ne.     1581  SAVILK  Tacitus^  Hist,  (1598)  217  Liuing  in 
:    some  equalitie  of  alliance,  and  yet  recognizing  a  superiority. 
1703  AUUISON  Italy  21  There  are  Canons  Regular,,  .that 
will  by  no  means  allow  it  to  be  the  Body  of  the  Saint,  nor 
I    is  it  yet  recognis'd  by  the  Pope.     1771  Juntas  Lett,  Ixii. 
|    291  They  have  been  frequently  recognised  and  admitted  by 
|    parliament.     1792   Anecd.    IV.  Pitt    III,   xlii.  125   As  an 
I     Englishman . . ,1  recognize  to  the  Americans  their  supreme 
I    unalienable  right  in  their  property.     1818  JAS.  MILL  Brit. 
India  II.  v.  v.  499  The  majority  of  the  Council  however  re- 
cognised  the  suspension.     1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iii.  I. 
290  The  only  army  which  the  law  recognised  was  the  militia. 
1891  Law  Times  XCI.  225/1  A  contract  by  a  foreigner  with 
a  rebel  State  which  has  not  been  internationally  recognised. 
b.  spec,  in  U.S.  (seequot.). 

iSSSBRYCE^wtrr.  Commw.  I.  i.xiii.  187  A  recent  Speaker, 
. .  universally  condemned  because  he  had  usually '  recognized' 
(i.e.  called  on  in  debate)  his  own  friends  only. 

C.  To  admit  to  consideration,  or  to  a  status,  as 
being  something. 

1858  MILL  Liberty  ii.  (1865)  22/2  This  discipline  recognises 
a  knowledge  of  the  enemy's  case  as  beneficial  to  the  teachers. 
1874  GRZKX S/iort  Mist.  v.  §3.228  Wyclif..\vas.  .recognized 
as  first  among  the  school-men  of  his  day. 

5.  To  know  again ;  to  perceive  to  be  identical 
with  something  previously  known. 

'533  [see  RECOGNOSCE  v.  i].  1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr., 
Recognize,  to  call  or  bring  into  remembrance,  ..  to  know 
again.  1784  CGWPKK  Task  n.  454  The  better  hand  . .  aids 
the  indebted  eye  With  opera-glass  to  ..  recognise  the  slow- 
retiring  fair.  1801  MRS.  CKOFTS  Salvador  II.  228  The 
voice  of  Dermandoft  was  recognized  by  him  calling  his 
name,  1855  H.  SPENCER  Princ,  Psychol.  n.  viii.  180  We 
know  the  object  as  one  previously  perceived,  .we  recog 
nize  it.  1878  BROWNING  La  Sahiaz  159  Can  I.. sharpen 
ear  to  recognize  Sound  o'er  league  and  league  of  silence? 

b.  To  know  by  means  of  some  distinctive  fea 
ture  ;  to  identify   from  knowledge  of  appearance 
or  character. 

1725  POPE  Odyss.  \.  415  Then  first  he  recognis'd  the 
/Ethereal  guest.  a  1822  SHELLEY  Triumph  Life  283  He 
pointed  to  a  company,  Midst  whom  I  quickly  recognised  the 
heirs  Of  Cxsar's  crime.  1855  BAIN  Senses  $  Int.  n.  ii.  §  2 
(1864)  166  The  Spice  Islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago  are 
recognised  far  out  at  sea.  1876  MOZLEY  Univ.  Serin,  xiii. 
240  Without  being  able  to  express  accurately  all  we  mean 
by  love,  we  recognise  it  wh«en  we  meet  it. 

c.  To  perceive  clearly,  realize. 

1865  R.  W.  DALE  Disc.  Spec.  Occ.  (1866)  vii.  241  Linnell 
has  made  us  recognise  n  new  beauty  in  the  heather.  1879 
HARLAN  Eyesight  iii.  31  Kepler  first  recognized  the  fact  that 
the  eye  is  a  camera, 

t  6.  [Cf.  z'.-]  a.  To  know  again  or  further.  Ol>s."~l 

1563  MAN  Musculus  Commonpl.  374  b,  Wee  doe  defyne, 
that  God  is  fyrst  to  be  knowen  by  nature,  Secondly  to  be 
recognised  by  doctrine. 

f  b.  To  mark  or  distinguish  again.  0&s.~l 

1639  FULLER  Holy  War  iv.  xi.  (1647)  187  He  required  the 
Crosse  should  be  restored  to  him  again  and  vowed  to  eat  no 
bread  until  he  was  recognized  with  the  Pilgrims  badge.  j 

7.  Law,  a.  U.S.  reft,  and  intr.  To  enter  into 
a  recognizance,  b.  trans.  To  bind  over  by  a  re 
cognizance.  ?  Obs. 

1699  Col  Rec.  Pennsylv.l.  563  The  said  Edward  Robinson 
recognized  himself  in  300 /,  1763  ffist.  Pclkant  (Mass.) 
(1898)  250  Samuel  Sampson  as  principal  in  behalf  of  said 
John  recognizes  to  the  Commonwealth  in  the  sum  of  fifty 
pounds;  with  sureties.  1809  TYLER  Rtp.  I.  148  Mallery  was 
recognised  by  Justice  Seaton  to  appear  in  this  court. 

Re-cognize  (r/k^gnai-z),  v.2  rare.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  cognize  again. 

1875  LEWES  Probl.  Life  $  J//««/Ser.  i.  II.  in.  v.  193  By 
the  aid  of  Reasoning  we  are  guided  in  our  search,  and  by  it 
re-cognize  known  relations  under  somewhat  different  at 
tendant  circumstances. 

Recognized  (re-k/gnaizd),///.  a.  [f.  RECOG 
NIZE  z;.1  -f  -ED1.]  Acknowledged, admitted;  known. 

1826  DISRAELI  Viv.  Grey  in.  viii,  The  nice  etiquette,  which 
was  observed  between  recognised  states,  and  non-recognised 
stales,  was  really  excessively  amusing.  1841  W.  SPALDING 
Italy  fy  It.  1st.  I.  93  The  three  centuries  and  a  half  during 
which  classical  paganism  was  the  recognised  religion  of  the 
empire.  1867  FREEMAN  Norm.  Con,].  (1876)  I.  App.  547  The 
real  and  only  recognized  name  of  the  united  nation. 

Hence  Be'cognizedly  adv. 

1861   BERESF.   HOPE  Eng.  Cathedr.  igt/t  C.  vi.  238  An 
honest  adaptation  of  materials  recognisedly  in  use  to  pur-    | 
poses  in  which  their  real  nature  was  not  disguised.     1875 
RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  xlix.  7  The  consequences  of  recogni/edly 
vicious  conduct. 

Kecognizee.   Law.  lObs.    Also  6  -isee,  7 
reconusee.     [f.  as  RECOGNIZE  V.I  +  -EK!.]     The   • 
person  to  whom  one  is  bound  in  a  recognizance. 

1593  WEST  ist  Pt.  Symbol.  §  41  G,  When  the  moietie  of    ! 
the  Recognisours  landes  bee  delyuered  to  the  Recognisee. 
1602  FULBECKE  -znd  Pt.  Parall.  65  So  in  an  auoydance  of  a 
statute  merchant  it  is  a,  good  plea  to  saie  that  part  of  the 
land  is  purchased  by  the  reconusee.  1634  Ir.  Act  10  Chas.  /, 
Sess.  in,  c.  7  The  said  recoverers,  obligees  and  recognizees,    i 
have  been,  .without  remedy.     1706111  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey;    j 
hence  in  later  Diets.). 

Recognizer  (nrfc&naizai).  [f.  RECOGNIZE  z/.i 
+  -EB  !.]  One  who  recognizes ;  f  a  reviser. 

1608  S.  WARD  m  Ussker's  Lett.  (1686)  25  The  Recognisers 
of  Gratian  in  their  Annotations.  1711  SHAFTESB.  Charac. 
(1737)  II.  m.  i.  353,  I  find  no  warrant  for  our  being  such 
earnest  Recognizers  of  a  controverted  Title.  1851  CARLYLE 
Sterling  in.  vii,  A  Poet  after  his  sort,  or  recogniser  and 
delineator  of  the  Beautiful.  1887  BROWNING  Parleyings^ 
Ch.  Avisott,  viii,  With  form  enough  to  know  and  name  it  by 
For  any  recognizer  sure  of  ken  And  sharp  of  ear. 

Recognizing  (re-k/gnaizin),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as 
pox.  -t-  -ING  '.]  The  action  uf  the  vb. 


RECOIL. 

1611  COTGR.  ,  Reconnaissance,  a  recognizing,  ..  acknow 
ledgement.  1651  BAXTER  Inf.  Bapt.  115  The  latter  is  the 
actuall  recognizing  of  the  Covenant.  1682  BUKNKT  Rights 
Princes  v.  187  A  Recognizing  of  the  Customs  and  Liberties 
of  the  King's  Ancestors. 

Re-cognizingly,  adv.  [f.  pres.  pple.  of  RE 
COGNIZE  v\  +  -LY  ^.]  With  recognition. 

1854  CARLYLE  in  Froude  Life  Loud.  (1884)  I.  xxii.  158,  I 
know  not  if  among  all  his  '  friends  '  he  has  left  one  who  feels 
more  recognizingly  what  he  was.  .than  I. 

tRecognizon.  Obs.rare.  [var.  of  RECOGNITION, 

after  AF.  sbs.  in  -ison.]     Acknowledgement. 

1596  BACON  Max.  ff  Uses  Com.  Law  (1630)  37  The  fourth 
Institution  was  that  for  Recognizon  of  the  Kings  bounty  by 
eueryheire  succeeding  his  ancestor  in  those  Knights  seruke 
lands,  the  King  should  haue  Primer  seisin  of  the  lands. 

Recognizor.  Law.  t  Obs.  Also  6-7  -isor, 
(6  -isour),  7  reconusor.  [f.  as  RECOGNIZE  z>.1  + 
-OK.]  One  who  enters  into  a  recognizance. 

iS3i-zAct  23  Hen.  F///,c.  6  §3  Everipeison.. shall  huue 
.  .ayenste  the  said  recognisour..like  processe..&  advaun- 
tage^.  i6oz  FULBECKE  -znd Pt. Parallel  The  Shirife  returned 
an  Extent  of  the  lands  of  the  leconusor  in  thismaner.  1628 
COKE  On  Litt.  290  Neither  in  that  case  can  he  haue  aScire 
fac'  vpon  this  Statute  against  the  first  Debtor  or  Recognizor. 
1706  in  PniLLii-s  (ed.  Kersey  ;  hence  in  later  Diets.). 

t  Recognosce,  v.  Obs.  Chiefly  Sc.  Also  6 
-os(s.  [ad.L.  rtcognoscfre  \  seeRE-andCocNOSCE.] 

1.  trans.  To  recognize,  identify,  rare—'*. 

1533  BELLENDEN  tr.  Livy  v.  vi,  Two  dayis  last-re  war  gevin 
to  Ilk  man  to  recognos  \y.r.  recognis]  Iiis  awne  gere  [L.  ad 
reccgnoscauiiis  rcs\, 

2.  To  recognize  or  acknowledge. 

1555  $c-  4cts  Mary  (1814)  506  W*  tjuhat  zelcaud  affectioun 
hir  subiectis  ar  myndit  To  obserue  and  recognoss  hir  said 
spous.  1570  BUCHANAN  At/M0nif,(S.'l'.S.)  36  Refuse  not  yc 
help  send  to  ^ow  be  god  bot  recognosce  thankfulHe  his  fauour 
towardis  sow.  1644  MAXWELL  Prerog.  Chr.  Kings  21  The 
posbessour..recognosceth  or  acknowledgeth  . .  no  superiour 
but  Almightie  God.  1671  True  Nonconf.  437  That  . .  the 
Emperour  [is]  Liege-lord,  and  all  the  Princes  feudataires 
recognoscing  him. 

3.  a.  To  revise,  amend,  rare"1. 

1563  WINJET  Wks.  (S.  T.  S.)  II.  83  In  the  buke  of  iiiixxiii 
qua:st.  sum  places  explanit  or  recognoscit. 
b.  To  reconnoitre,  rare.     Also  absol. 

1637  MONRO  Pract.  Obs.  in  Exped.  \\.  202  We  must  re- 
cognosce  on  horse  or  foot,  according  to  the  exployt  we  have 
before  us.  Ibid.  204  You  are  to  recognosce  Loth  his  strength 
and  order. 

4.  Sc.  Law.    Of  a  feudal  superior  :   To  resume 
possession   of   (lands).     See  RECOGNITION   i   and 
RECOGNIZE  v.  i. 

1597  SKENE  De  Verb.  Sign,  s.  v.  Recognition,  The  superiour 
hes  entresse  and  regresse  to  the  propertie  of  the  landes,  and 
may  recognosce  the  samin.  1609  —  Reg.  Maj.  114  That 
Lord  may  not  knaw,  nor  recognosce  that  land  to  him  be  law. 
a  1765  EKSKINE  Inst.  Law  Scot.  n.  v.  §  10  The  overlord 
was  said  to  recognosce  the  lands  by  the  falling  of  the 
vassal's  escheat,  or  by  the  nonentity  of  the  heir. 

b.  intt ,  Of  lands:  To  return  to  the  superior  by 
recognition. 

1752  M^DouALL  Inst.  Laws  Scot.  n.  xi.  II.  155  If  the  vassal 
neglect  payment  of  the  feu-duty. .,  the  feu  becomes  void  by 
statute,  and  recognosces  and  returns  to  the  superior.  1754 
EKSKINE  Princ.  Sc.  Law\,  (iSorj)  155  By  the  feudal  customs 
it  was  only  the  part  aliened  which  recognosced. 

Hence  t  Recogno'scence,  recognition.   Obs."~l 

1594  LYLY  Alot/i.  Bomb.  iv.  ii,  Your  eloquence  passes  my 
recognosce  nee. 

Re-cohabita-tion.  [RE-  5  a.]  Renewed  co 
habitation. 

1858  LD.  Sr.  LEONARDS  Handy  Bk.  Prop.  Law  xii.  74  In 
case  of  re-cohabitation,  the  property  will  continue  to  be  her 
separate  estate. 

Recoil  (r^koi'l),  sb.  Forms:  6  recule,  6-7 
recoyle,  (6  requoyle),  7  recoyl,  -coile,  4,  7- 
recoil.  [f.  next ;  in  common  use  only  from  the 
latter  part  of  the  i6th  c.  Cf.  F.  recul  (i6th  c.  in 
Hatz.-Darm.).] 

1.  The  act  of  retreating,  retiring,  or  going  back. 
Now  rare. 


I.  App.  cxxix,  The  comissioners  . .  all  togeders  reculed  back 
to  Corbrigg,  after  the  recule  of  the  said  Lyonell  and  Robert. 
1577  STANYHUKST  Hist.  Irel.  80/2  Hauing  knowledge  of 
Oinore  his  recule,  he  pursued  him.  1643  TUCKNEY />«/«/<; 
of  G.  39  Especially  since  of  late  after  our  recoiles  back 
wards  towards  Egypt,  he  hath  been  about  to  leade  us  the 
second  time  in  a  more  direct  and  full  way  Canaan-ward. 
1808  SCOTT  Mann.  vi.  xxv,  Life  and  death  were  in  the 
shout,  Recoil  and  rally,  charge  and  rout. 

fig.  1686  tr.  Chardiit's  Trav.  Persia  no  The  Recoyl  of 
my  Fortune.  1716  M.  DAVIES  At  hen.  Brit.  II.  214  A  more 
retir'd  recoyle  and  recess  of  their . .  Devotionary  Calls. 

2.  The  act  of  bounding  or  springing  back,  csp. 
through  impact  or  elasticity ;  resilience. 

1613  W.  BROWNE  Brit.  Past.  \.  ii.  40  [The  river]  against  a 
mountaine  dashes,  And  in  recoile,  makes  Meadowes  stand 
ing  plashes.  1677  HALE  Contcmpl.  n.  Lord's  Pr.  201  The 
reflection  of  thine  own  Glory,  a  recoyl  of  that  Beam  that 
came  from  thy  Sun.  1831  J.  HOLLAND  Manuf.  Metal  I. 
324  It  gives  a  recoil  to  the  hammer,  and  permits  the  workman 
to  modify  or  shorten  the  stroke.  1855  H.  SPENCER  Princ. 
Psychol.  n.  xvi.  271  We  strain  a  bow  and  let  its  recoil 
propel  the  arrow.  1877  Encycl.  Brit.  VI.  17/2  The  pallet 
B  will  drive  the  wheel  back  a  little,  and  produce  what  is 
called  the  recoil. 

Jig.  1848  MILL  /W.  Ecott.  in.  xii.  §  3  The  recoil  of  prices 
uftcr  they  have  been  raised  by  a  spirit  t;f  speculation. 


RECOIL. 

b.  fig.  of  feelings ;  esp.  with  ref.  to  shrinking 
front  something. 

1643  MILTON  Divorce  i.  x.  Wks.  (1851)  47  A  powerfull  re 
luctance  and  recoile  of  nature.  1801  COLERIDGE  Ckristabel 
it.  Concl.,  A  sweet  recoil  of  love  and  pity.  1833  CHALMERS 
Constit.  Man  (1835)  I.  iv.  186  With  the  recoilof  delicacy 
and  self-respect.  1886  RUSKIN  Prxterita  I.  269  Reverent 
love  of  beauty,  and  indignant  recoil  from  ugliness. 

3.  spec.  The  rebound  or  '  kick  *  of  a  gun  or  firearm 
when  discharged. 


e      ne   or      e  requye  o        e     r. 
ontn.  New  Exp.  i.  19  The  Recoyl  [of  guns]  seems  to  de 
end  upon  the  Dilatation  and  Impulse  of  the  Powder.    1781 


pend  upon  e  aaion  an  mpuse  o  e  wer.  171 
THOMPSON  in  Phil.  Trans,  LXXI.  258  The  recoil  of  great 
guns  is  much  more  violent  after  the  second  or  third  discharge 
than  it  is  at  first.  183*  BABBAGE  Econ.  Mann/,  ii.  (ed.  3)  23 
Amongst  different  kinds  of  shot,  that  which  is  the  smallest, 
causes  the  greatest  recoil  against  the  shoulder.  1879  SLADEN 
Gunnery  17  The  velocity  of  recoil  is  generally  taken  as  the 
velocity  imparted  to  the  gun  and  carriage  by  the  discharge 
of  the  piece. 

b.  ellipt.  A  recoil-check. 

1882  Daily  News  10  Feb.  6/1  A.  .duck  gun,  mounted  ready 
for  action  in  a  punt.  It  is  fitted  with  booth's  recoil. 

4.  attrib*  or  Comb.  a.  In  names  of  devices  in 
tended  to  diminish  or  absorb  the  recoil  of  a  fire 
arm  or  piece  of  ordnance,  as  recoil-breeching,  -check, 
-plate,  -spring,  -toggle. 

1868  Rep.  to  Govt.  US.  Munitions  War  281  A  small  space 
is  left  between  the  tenon  on  the  rear  of  this  block,  and  the 
front  surface  of  the  breech-block,  .  .  to  admit  of  a  slight  rock 
ing  motion  of  the  recoil-plate.  1876  in  Smithsonian  Misc. 
Collect.  VIII.  No.  6.  30  Accessories  of  loading.  ..  Recoil- 
checks.  1881  GREENER  Gun  460  (Plate)  Greener-Field  Punt 
Gun,  with  India-rubber  Recoil-breeching.  Ibid.  531  It  is 
immaterial  to  which  end  of  the  breeching  the  '  recoil  toggle  ' 
is  affixed. 

b.  recoil  escapement,  an  ordinary  form  of 
escapement  in  clocks  and  watches,  in  which  the 
teeth  of  the  crown-  or  balance-wheel  act  on  the 
pallets  by  recoil  ;  recoil  pallet,  a  pallet  in  a  recoil 
escapement  ;  recoil  wave,  a  dicrotic  wave. 

1850  DENISON  (Sir  E.  Beckett)  Clocks  %  Watches  (Weale) 
71  The  recoil  escapement,  which  is  still  used  in  all  the  com 
mon  clocks  in  the  world,  though  it  has  long  been  abandoned 
in  all  that  make  any  pretension  to  a  great  accuracy.  1883 
Ibid.  (ed.  7)  79  Recoil  pallets—  and  dead  ones  too  —  should 
only  just  clear  the  teeth.  1884  F.  J.  BRITTKN  Watch  .y  i 
Clockm.  7  The  Recoil  Escapement  (invented  by  Dr.  Hooke 
about  1675)  is  the  one  most  generally  applied  to  the  ordinary 
run  of  dials  and  house  clocks. 


Recoil  (nkoii),^.!  Forms:  a.  4  (6*5*:.)  recuile, 
5  recuyelvl)e,  recuyll-,  6-7  recuile,  (7  recool), 
4-7  (9  Sc.)  recule.  0.  3-4,  7  recoile(n,  6-7 
recoyl(e,  (7  requoyle),  6-  recoil,  [ad.  OF.  re- 
cttler  (i2th  c.),  f.  re-  !<£-  +  <"«/  CUL,  CULE  :—  L. 
culus  the  posteriors  :  cf.  Sp.  recular^  Pg.  recttar, 
It.  riftfuiare,  med.L.  (14-1  5th  c.)  rtcul(l}are.  For 
the  change  of  u  to  oi  cf.  DEFOIL  v.,  P'oiL  v.\  FOIST 
sb.1  ;  recule  is  the  usual  form  in  the  I5~i6th  c.] 

fl.  trans.  To  beat,  drive,  or  force  back  (also 
with  back  or  aback}  ;  to  cause  to  retreat  or  retire. 

a  1225  Ancr.  K.  294  pu..;iuest  be  ueonde  inpng.  .so  b«t 
tu  ne  meiht  recoilen  him  a^anward.  £1330  Arth.  fy  Merl. 
6693  (Kolbing)  .v.  for  long  he  dede  hem  recoile  &  vnder  hors 
fete  defoile.  c  1380  Sir  Ferumb.  4585  pay  wyb-stode  hem 
al  \vy|»  streng^e,  And  reculede  hem  ^ar  an  acres  lengfc. 
c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  58  He  .  .  reculed  his  enemyes 
abacke  tyll  within  the  barreysof  the  towne.  11547  SURUEY 
jfSneid  u.  560  With  this  from  thense  I  was  recuiled  back. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  u,  xii.  19  Neither  toyle  nor  traveill 
might  her  back  recoyle.  1667  Obs.  Burn.  Loud.  33  When 
it  found  any  let  orhmderance  that  did  recoil  it  back,  it  blew 
equally  both  to  the  right  and  to  the  left.  1713  SWIFT 
Cadenus  $  Vanessa.^  The  darts  were  ..  often  blunted  and 
recoil'd. 

fig.  1628  tr.  Klathieits  Powerfull  Favorite  104  He  was 
author  of  my  Vnckles  death,  who  recoiled  his  hopes.  1645 
City  Alarum  10  Our  passionate  desire  of  an  end  recoyles 
us  from  the  end.  1650  GENTILIS  Considerations  164  How 
behove-full  would  it  be  to  recule  and  set  by  unfortunate  men 
ere  they  were  scarce  known. 

fb.  re/I.  To  draw  back,  retire.   Obs.  rare. 

c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  106  They..lepte  and  reculed 

hem  self  abake  six  passes  or  moo.     1579  TOMSON  Calvin's 

Serm.  Tim.  33/2  Whosoeuer  will  order  himselfe  according 

to  Gods  rule,  must  learne  to  recule  &  withdraw  himselfe. 

t  C.  To  take  or  carry  back.  Ob$.~*     (Cf.  3  c.) 

1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  \.  ix.  (1632)  16  Who  recoile  their 
narration  so  farre-backe,  and  stuffit  with  so  many  vaine  cir 
cumstances,  that  .  .  they  smoother  the  goodnesse  of  it. 
t  d.  To  return  or  retort  (a  thing)  tipon  one.  Obs. 

1626  W.  FENNER  Hid.  Manna  Ep.  Ded.,  I  say,  this  [argu 
ment]  may  be  recoyled  back  upon  them.  1661  GURNALL 
Chr.  in  A  rm.  in.  verse  18  xlv[i],  §  i  (1669)  404/1  She  reverseth 
the  unjust  judgement  past  upon  the  life  of  her  people,  and 
recoyls  it  upon  the  life  of  him  that  laid  the  plot. 

2.  intr.  To  retreat,  retire,  go  or  draw  back  (or 
aback]  before  an  enemy  or  opposing  force, 

Very  common  (in  form  recule}  from  ^1490-1610. 

a.  c  1380  Sir  Ferumb.  971  pe  frensche  men  |?ai  made  re 
cuile  wel  an  akers  lengbe.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  v.  xii, 
The  knyghtes..made  them  to  recuyelle  &  flee,  a  1533  LL>. 
BERNERS  Huon  ci.  335  When  Huon  sawe  them  he  sayd  to 
his  men  '  syrs,  it  is  good  that  we  recule  to  our  cyte  '.  1550 
J.  COKE  Eng.  $  Fr.  Heralds  §  70  (1877)  80  Charles,  .secretly 
reculed  home  with  suche  Hunganens  as  escaped.  1610 
HOLLAND  Camden's  Brit.  (1637)  35  The  Britans  being 
troubled  with  the  strange  forme  of  those  galiies  .  .  reculed. 


254 

1640  tr,  Verdere's  Romant  oj  Rom  I.  13  Doest  thou  not 

know  that  worthy  Knights  must  never  recuile  for  any  con- 

sideration  of  danger  whatsoever. 
0.     1511  GUYLFORDE  Pilgr.  tCamden)  59  We  were  with 

vyolence  and  rage  of  the  sayde  tempest  constreyned  to  re- 

coyle  and  turn  backwardes.    1570  LEVINS  Manip.  215/11  To 

Recoyle,  recedere.    1637  R.  HUMPHREY  tr.  St.  Ambrose  i.  n 

Skilfull  darters  who  by  recoyling  are  wont  to  gaine  the  day. 

1644  VICARS  God  in  Mount  1 18  They  were  forced  swiftly  to 
recoyle  and  flie  backe.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Columb.  v.  209  The 

French  recoiling  half  their  victory  yield.  1865  KINGSLEV 
Hereiv.  vi,  The  peasants  swarmed  like  flies  but  they  soon 
recoiled. 

trans/.  1598  DRAYTON  Heroic.  Ep.  vi.  156  At  first  our 
Troubles  easily  recul'd  But  now  growne  head-strong,  hardly 
to  be  rul'd.  1623  MILTON  f's.  cxiv.  9  Jordans  clear  streams 
recoil,  As  a  faint  host  that  hath  receiv'd  the  foil. 

b.  To  stagger  back,  from  the  effects  of  a  blow. 

aiS33  LD.  BERNERS  Huon  xvi.  42  Huon  ..  gaue  J>e  erle 
such  a  stroke  |?at  he  . .  reculyd  backe  more  than  .ii.  pases. 
c  1650  Don  Bellianis  58  Arsileos  horse  with  the  strong 
stroke  recoyled  back  three  or  four  paces.  1667  MILTON  P.L. 
vi.  194  Ten  paces  huge  He  back  recoild. 

t  3.  To  go  back  (or  backwards) ;  to  recede,  re 
tire,  retreat,  return.  Obs. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  317/1  The  shyppe  recuyeled  back 
ward  in  to  the  Water  soo  that  he  fylle  doune  in  to  the 
deppest  of  the  flood.  1489  —  Faytes  of  A.  u.  xxxv.  146  As 
a  ramme  . .  whan  he  reculeth  a  bak  for  to  hurte  with  hys 
homes.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Luke  XXL  5  Whom 
soeuer  of  theim,  this  extreme  distresse  shall  soodainly  take 
in  any  forein  countreyes . .  :  leat  not  suche  recule  into  Jewrie. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  370  It  goeth  as  it  were  reculing 
backward.  1601  DOLMAN  La  Prunaud".  Fr.  Acad.  (1618) 
III.  718  According  as  the  sunne  doth  approch  neere,  or  re 
cule  from  vs, . .  so  haue  we  the  daies  longer  or  shorter.  1651 
tr.  De-ias-Coveras'  Don  Fenise  199  They  perceived  the 
earth  to  fall  upon  them,  which  terrified  them  very  much,  not 
knowing  whetner  they  should  advance  or  recule. 

jig.  1641  in  Carte  Ormonde  (1735)  III.  36  This  gentleman 
will  acquaint  your  Lordship  how  the  affaires  stand  here, 
which  rather  recoyle  than  advance  to  his  Majestie's  service. 
1642  ROGERS  Naaman  157  Then  Self  will  most  recoile,  and 
selfe-deniall  will  most  appeare. 

•fb.  To  fall  back  or  away  (from  some  state  or 
condition),  to  degenerate.  Obs.  rare. 

1601  WEEVER  filirr.  Mart.  C  v,  Orleance  Saw  that  his 
Souldiers  courage  gan  recoile.  1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  iv.  iii.  22 
A  good  and  vertuous  Nature  may  recoyle,  In  an  Imperiale 
charge.  1611  —  Cymb.  i.  vi.  128  Be  reueng'd,  Or  she  that 
bore  you  was  no  Queene,  and  you  Recoyle  from  your  great 
Stocke. 

t  c.  To  go  back  in  memory  or  in  a  narrative. 
Obs.  rare.  (Cf.  i  c.) 

1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  i.  ii.  154  Looking  on  the  Lynes  Of 
my  Boyes  face,  me  thoughts  I  did  requoyle  Twentie  three 
yeeres.  1653  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  vn.  i.  §  34  Now  followed 
the  fatall  tragedy  of  the  Duke  of  Somerset,  and  we  must 
recoile  a  little,  to  fetch  forward  the  cause  thereof. 
t  d.  To  lie  back  or  awayyhw/.  Obsr~l 

1579  FENTON  Guicciard.  (1618)  37  A  place  betweene  the 
walls  of  the  same  towne,  and  a  ditch  which  reculeth  about 
a  thousand  paces  from  the  towne. 

f  4.  To  retire,  withdraw  oneself  to  a  place.   Obs. 

1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Mark  y.  38  The  Lorde  . . 
reculed  unto  the  water  syde  and  toke  shippe.  1590  SPENSER 
/''.  Q.  I.  x.  17  A  whyle  I  read  you  rest,  and  to  your  bowres 
recoyle.  1591  — M.  Hubberd  754  When  this  Courtly  Gentle 
man  with  toyle  Himselfe  hath  wearied,  he  doth  recoyle 
Unto  his  rest.  1627  DKAYTON  Agmcourt^c.  (1631)  13  The 
Lawyer  to  liis  chamber  doth  recule  For  he  hath  now  no 
bus'nesse  at  the  barre. 

t  b-  fi^  To  draw  back  from  an  act  or  course  of 
action,  a  promise,  etc.  Also  without  const.  Obs. 

1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  \,  v.  24  They  that  ought  wnderstande 
vertues  and  to  teche  other  . .  they  ben  they  that  recule  and 
withdrawe  fro  it.  1483 —  Cold.  Leg.  271  b/i  The  Appostle 
recuylled  not  but  . .  wente  forth  Joyeng.  c  1510  BARCLAY 
Mirr.  Gd.  Manners  (1570)  C  vj,  Submitting  him  selfe  to 
death  . .  Rather  then  to  recule  from  the  defence  of  right. 
1586  T.  B.  La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad.  i.  (1594)  57  If  I  recule 
now  and  draw  backe,  the  reputation  thereof  will  be  di 
minished,  a  1632  T.  TAYLOR  God's  Judgem.  1. 1.  xvi.  (1642) 
49  So  filthily  recoyling  from  the  Truth  . .  that  he  became  a 
setter  up  of  false  Idols.  1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  (1806)  III. 
xxxix.  294  He  again  renewed  his  consent ;  but  in  a  few  days 
he  began  anew  to  recoil. 

5.  To  start  or  spring  back  in  fear,  horror,  disgust, 
or  the  like. 

1513  DOUGLAS  /E>ieis  ix.  xiii.  38  He  full  fers.-Seand  the 
scharp  poyntis.recullis  backwart.  1577  STANYHURST  Descr. 
Irel.  5/i  A  toad  . .  indeuoring  to  haue  skipt  ouer  it,  sud- 
denlie  reculed  backe,  as  though  it  had  beene  rapt  in  the 
head.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  176  If  a  Vine  stand  neave 
vnto  it,  a  man  shall  sensibly  perceiue  the  same  to  shrinke 
away  and  recule  backward  from  it.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  u. 
759  Back  they  recoild  affraid  At  first,  and  call'd  me  Sin. 
1746  COLLINS  Passions  20  Fear. .back  recoil'd  he  knew  not 
why,  Even  at  the  sound  himself  had  made.  1865  BARING- 
GOULD  Werewolrcs  vii.  88  The  little  girls  recoiled,  and  the 
youngest  took  refuge  behind  Jeanne. 

b-  fig-  of  persons,  in  respect  of  the  mind  or 
feelings. 

1644  H.  PARKER  Jus  Pop.  47  The  ten  Tribes,  recoyling 
from  the  pressures  under  Rehoboam.  1662  Br.  HOI-KINS 
Fun.  Serm.  (1685)  64  Yet  even  he,  as  man,  recoiles  at  that 
death,  which,  as  God,  he  was  assured  to  conquer.  1792 
COWPER  On  Bill  Mortality  v,  Why  deem  we  Death  a  foe  ? 
Recoil  from  weary  life's  best  hour,  And  covet  longer  woe? 
1838  LVTTON  Alice  \.  x,  I  recoil  from  the  idea  of  marrying 
him.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  ii.  §  7.  96  The  age.. recoiled 
from  the  cool  cynicism  of  his  crimes. 
c.  fig.  of  the  mind,  heart,  etc. 

1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  v.  ii.  23  Who  then  shall  blame  His 
pester 'd  senses  to  recoyle  and  start.  1680  OTWAY  Orphan 
v.  ix,  At  each  word  that  my  Distraction  utter'd  My  heart 


RECOILING. 

recoyl'd.  1764  REID  Inquiry  v.  §  7  Something  within  me 
that  recoils  against  it.  1836  J.  GILBERT  Chr.  Atoncm.  ix. 
(1852)  262  The  mind  naturally  recoils  against  the  position. 
1871  L.  STEPHEN  Playgr.  Eur.  (1894)  ii.  68  The  imagination 
fairly  recoils  from  the  prospect  in  horror. 

6.  a.  To  rebound,  to  spring  or  fly  back  through 
force  of  impact. 

1581  SAVILE  Tacitus,  Hist.  i.  Ixxxvi,  (1591)  49  Tiber  . .  by 
the  ruines  of  it  beeing  dammed,  reculing  againe,  ouerflowed. 
1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  ix.  i.  (1614)  820  He  [the  Orenoque] 
. .  with  his  vomited  abundance  maketh  the  salt  waters  to 
recoyle.  1660  BOYLE  New  Exp.  Phys.  Meek.  i.  35  They 
must  press  upon  the  surface  of  the  Earth,  and,  as  it  were  re 
coyling  thence  [etc.J.  1784  COWPER  Task  vi.  874  He  gleans 
the  blunted  shafts  that  have  recoiled.  1811  SHELLEY  Marg. 
Nicholson,  Spec.  Horsem.  41  The  meteors  of  midnight  recoil 
from  his  figure.  1871  TYNDALL  Fragm.  Set.  (1879)  II.  v.  63 
They  [two  balls]  clash  together,  but,  by  virtue  of  their 
elasticity,  they  quickly  recoil. 

b.  Of  firearms   or   artillery :    To  spring   back 
by  the  force  of  the  discharge. 

1530  PALSGK.  681/2  Se  howe  yonder  gonne  reculeth  or  ever 
shelowse.  a  1658  CLEVELAND  Wks.  (1687)25  The  Bullet 
flying  makes  the  Gun  recoil.  1660  W.  SECKER  Nonsuch 
Prof.  141  A  peece  ill  charged  instead  of  hitting  the  mark, 
does  but  recoil  on  him  that  shoots  it.  1727-41  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.,  The  ball,  when  the  gun  had  liberty  to  recoil,  was 
always  thrown  to  the  right.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VIII. 
246/2  A  barrel  mounted  upon  a  very  straight  stock  will  recoil 
more  than  one  that  is  considerably  bent.  1876  VOYLE  & 
STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  331/1  The  shot  it  is  believed  has 
left  the  piece  before  the  gun  commences  to  recoil. 
fig.  1640  SIR  E.  DERING  Sp.  on  Relig.  14  Dec.  13  They 
have  charged  their  Canons  at  us  to  the  full,  and  never  fearing 
that  ever  they  would  recoyle  back  into  a  Parliament,  they 
have  ramm'd  a  prodigious,  ungodly  Oath  into  them. 
C.  To  spring  back  to  the  original  position. 

1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (.1834)  II.  571  Habit  ..  is  more 
tough  and  stubborn;  when  you  think  you  have  quite 
weakened  its  spring,  it  will  recoil  again  with  wonted  vigour. 

7.  To  rebound,  spring  back,  or   return,  to   the 
starting-point  or  source.     Const,  against,  to,  on, 
upon.     Chiefly  fig.  (now  with  on). 

*599  Broughtotfs  Lett.  iii.  13  They  are  like,  .arrowes  shot 
vp  against  the  Sunne,  these  reculing  to  their  hurt  that  shot 
them.  1632  SIR  T.  HAWKINS  tr.  Mat  hie  us  Unhappy  Pros* 
pcritie  i.  49  marg.^  There  is  nothing  so  deformed  as  an  in 
jury  which  reculeth  backe  against  him  who  spake  it.  1664 
POWER  Exp.  Philos.  in.  156  Klectrical  fluors  do  presently 
recoyl  by  short  straight  lines  to  their  Bodies  again.  1682 
FLAVSL^Mf*3  All  their  councels  and  cruelties  recoyl  upon 
themselves.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  xiv.  vii,  The  good 
or  evil  we  confer  on  others,  very  often . .  recoils  on  ourselves. 
1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xv.  III.  513  That  evidence 
missed  the  mark  at  which  it  was  aimed,  and  recoiled  on 
him  from  whom  it  proceeded.  1882  J.  H.  BLUNT  Ref.  Ch. 
Et\g.  II.  185  Their  treason  recoiled  on  their  own  heads. 

Hence  Recoi'led  ppl.  a. 

1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stuffe  61  By  the  honor  of  his  house, 
and  his  neuer  reculed  sword.  16x1  COTCR.,  Recule^  recoiled, 
repulsed. 

t  Recoil,  £'•-  Obs.  rare.  In  7  -coile,  -coyle. 
[ad.  It.  raccogtiere  (see  RACCOLTA)  or  F.  retueillir 
(OF.  recoiller) :  see  RECUEIL  v.  and  COIL  v.1] 
trans.  To  collect,  gather,  obtain. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  \\.  58  Fertile  soyle,  And  trees  from 
whence  all  times  they  fruit  recoyle.  /£*</.  vi.  275  A  contribu 
tion  is  granted  .and  also  recoiled.  Ibid.  vn.  329  Some  Bay, 
or  Creeke. .  Whence  Ancorage,  and  safety  ships  lecoile. 

Recoil  («korl),  v$  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  COIL  z».3] 
trans.  To  coil  again. 

1865  TVLOR  Early  Hist.  Man.  ix.  245  Uncoiling  the  string, 
and  recoiling  it  as  before. 

Recoiler  (rrkorbj).  [f.  RECOIL  z/.i  +  -ERI.] 
One  who  recoils. 

€11670  HACKET  Abp.  Williams  i.  (1692)  98  He  became  an 
humble  Suppliant  to  his  Majesty,  that  he  might  have  his 
Leave  to  return  for  Italy. -.As  if  this  recoiler  had  told  him 
no  news,  he  spake  but  little,  and  dismissed  him.  1813 
Memoir  Sir  J.  E.  Smith  (1832)  II.  351  Shall  the  Patriot 
e'er  prove  a  recoiler?  1840  BROWNING  Sordello  iv.  758 
Recoil?  That's  nought;  iPthe  recoiler  leaves  His  name  for 
me  to  fight  with,  no  one  grieves. 

Recoiling  (r^koi'lirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING!.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses. 

c  1380  Sir  Ferumb.  2771  In  J>e  reculynge  bat  bay  made  an 
hundred  of  hem  wer  sleyn.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I. 
I.  72  On  the  see  ther  is  no  reculyng  nor  fleyng,  ther  is  no 
remedy  but  to  fight.  1590  SIR  J.  SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  i8b, 
They  either  put  their  peeces  in  hazard  of  breaking,  or  els 
themselues  to  bee  ouerthrowne  with  the  reculing  of  them. 
1617  HIERON  Wks.  II.  308  That  recoyling,  which  Dauid 
prescribed  to  loab,  could  not  bee  with  the  death  of  Vriab 
only,  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  (1724)  I.  50  The  recoiling 
of  cruel  counsels  on  the  authors  of  them  never  appeared 
more  eminently.  1829  R.  STORY  Mem.  Isabella  Campbell 
xii.  474  Thoughts  of  death  seemed  to  have  lost  all  power  for 
a  season  to  excite  the  recoilings  of  nature.  \tyiAtlwnxum 
26  Nov.  737/1  After  sundry  self-searchmgs  and  recoilings. . 
she  marries  Dering. 

Recoiling  (rrkoHin),  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  '•*.]  That  recoils.  Recoiling  escapement,  pallet 
(see  RECOIL  $b.  4  b). 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  lit.  100  The  recoiling  waues  brought 
vs  backe  from  the  Shelfes.  1642  ROGERS  Naaman  14  A  re 
belling  and  recoyling  spirit  against  God.  Ibid.  558  In 
shooting  off  his  recoyling  gun.  1776  G.  SEMPLE  Building 
in  Water  150  The  remaining  Part  of  its  recoiling  Force. . 
will  be  quite  swallowed  up  in  that  Depth  of  Water.  1825 
J.  NICHOLSON  Opcrat.  Mechanic  516  The  motion  of  the 
wheel  is  hobbling  and  unequal,  by  which  this  escapement 
has  received  the  appellation  of  the  recoiling  'scapement. 
1842  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  7}  VI.  769/1  It  is  sometimes  called 
the  recoiling  bcapemuit  or  the  recoiling  pallets.  Ibid.  773/> 


HECOILMENT. 

No  rule  can  be  given  for  the  angle  which  the  recoiling  arch 
should  make  with  the  concentric  one. 

Hence  Recoi-lingly  adv.  (Webster  1847). 

Recoi'lmeilt.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  Also  7 
recuil-,  recule-.  [f.  RECOIL  z/.1  +  -MENT.] 

•)•  1.  The  act  of  removing  or  sending  away ;  dis 
missal.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1608  SIR  F.  VF.RE  Cptinn.  (1657^  46  Though  I  was  sensible 
as  became  me,  who  saw  no  cause  in  myself,  of  this  recuil- 
ment  and  disgrace.  Ibid.  67  When  notwithstanding  I  had 
discovered  . .  in  my  recuilment  his  Lordships  coldnesse  of 
affection  to  me. 

2.  The  act  of  recoiling  or  springing  back. 

1651  Fullers  AM  Kafir.  Wks.  1867  I.  118  A  man  might 
easily  perceive  the  recoilments  of  his  own  natural  and  exor 
bitant  proclivities.  1684  FELL  Life  Hammond^  in  H.'s  Wks. 
(1684)  I.  49  The  recuilment  of  serous  moisture  into  the  habit 
of  the  body  and  insertions  of  the  Nerves.  1766  G.  CASXIN<; 
Anti-Lucretius  iv.  3r4  Such  feign'd  recoilment  never  could 
exist.  1847  in  WEBSTER. 

Becoiii  (rfkoi-n),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
coin  over  again,  to  pass  again  through  the  mint. 

1685  in  is/A  Ref.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  VIII.  131  The 
remedy,  .is  to  recoyne  the  forretgn  money  to  our  standard. 
a  1717  NEWTON  Chronol.  Amended  11728)  40  Darius  the 
Mede  recoins  the  Lydian  money.  1797  F.ncycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3) 
XII.  229/1  It  may  be  found  convenient  ..  to  recoin  such 
denominations  altogether.  1879  H.  PHILLIPS  Notes  Coins  6 
These  pieces,  upon  their  arrival  at  Rome,  by  reason  of  their 
..fineness  of  quality,  were  at  once  recoined. 
fig.  1836  E.  FiTzGeHALD  Lett.  (1889!  I.  34,  I  wish  with 
you  that  people  would  . .  recoin  some  of  the  everyday  com 
pliments  into  a  simpler  form. 

Hence  Recoruing  vbl.  sb. ;  also  Recoi'ner,  one 
who  recoins  (Ogilvie  1882). 

1691  LOCKE  Ltr.uer.  Interest  Wks.  1727  II.  oo  It  will 
enforce  the  recoining  of  all  our  Money,  both  old  and  new. 

K4O  W.  DOUGLASS  Disc.  Cnrr.  Brit.  Plant.  Amer.  32  In 
•ance  their  recoinings . .  did  rise  the  Price  of  Goods.     1882 
Rep.  to  Ho.  Refr.  free.  Met.  U.S.  547  An  annual  con 
sumption  of  gold  in  England  ..  for  use  in  the  arts,  for  abra 
sion  and  for  recoining. 

Recoinage  (nkoi-ned^).  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  COIN 
AGE  ]  The  act  or  process  of  recoining  money. 

1621  BACON  Hen.  VII  216  The  Recoinage  of  Groats  and 
Halfe-groats,  now  Twelue-pences  and  Six-pences.  1707 
Land.  Gaz.  No.  4366/2  After  the  Recoinage,  each  Piece  of 
Money  is  to  receive  a  Denomination  much  above  the  . . 
Value  it  bears  at  present.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.  IV.  i.  xi. 
III.  (1869)  I.  206  Before  the  late  re-coinage  the  gold  coin 
was  a  good  deal  defaced.  1864  H.  AINSWORTH  Jo/in  Lau< 
iv.  ii,  A  diminution  of  nearly  fifty  per  cent,  on  the  money 
already  reduced  in  value  by  a  previous  recoinage. 

attrili.  1884  St.  James's  Gaz.  29  Apr.  7/2  The  dislike  of 
Mr.  Childers's  recoinage  scheme. 

t  Recolage.  Obs.  Also  4  ricol-,  ryeol-,  rigol-, 
rekelage.  [ad.  OF.  rigolage,  f.  rigoler  to  be  merry 
or  riotous.]  Wanton  or  riotous  conduct. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  49  In  riot  and  in  rigolage  [v.  rr.  ricolage, 
rekelage].  Of  all  here  lijf  spent  bai  be  stage.  1303  R.  BRUNNE 
Hnndi.  Synne  7273  pan  wyl  J>ey  . .  sytte  vp  j>are  wyb  reco. 
lage  And  ;yt  do  moche  more  outrage,  c  1375  Cursor  M. 
1952  (Fairf.)  Fie  recolage  and  thefe  as  dede. 

fRecolation.  Obsr"  [n.  of  action  f.  L.  reco- 
lare  :  see  RE-  and  COLATION.]  (See  quot.) 

'753  CHAMBERS  Cyd.  Stiff.,  Recolation,  a  method  of 
fining  the  decoctions  of  vegetables,  etc.  by  repeated  perco 
lation,  or  straining  them  several  times  successively  through 
a  linnen  or  woollen  bag. 

Recolet,  obs.  form  of  RECOLLET. 

Recoil,  obs.  Sc.  variant  of  RECUEIL. 

Recolla'te,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  collate  again. 
Hence  Becolla-ting  vbl.  sb.  (in  quot.  attrib.}. 

1853  '  L.  N.  R.'  Book  «r  its  Story  11.  ii.  (1857)  214  After  the 
Bibles  are  sewn,  they  are  again  taken  to  the  re-collating- 
room  to  be  examined.  1881  Atltenxum  12  Feb.  236/1 
The  volume  will  also  contain  a  number  of  old  Irish  frag 
ments..,  which  have  all  been  recollated  by  Dr.  Zimmer. 

So  Hecolla'tion,  the  action  of  recollating. 

»8i6  inii  Rep.  Comm.  Public  Rec.  App.  F  I,  The  many 
Omissions  discovered  on  Re-collation.  1881  Academy  19 
Feb.  139/2  The  MS.,  .has  been  missing,  .since  June  last,  so 
that  recollation  is  for  the  present  impracticable. 

Recollect  (re-k<?lekt),  sb.  [ad.  L.  recollect-us 
or  F.  ricollet  RECOLLET,  q.v.]  A  member  of  an 
Observantine  branch  of  the  Franciscan  order,  which 
originated  in  Spain  in  the  end  of  the  isth  c.,  and 
was  so  named  '  from  the  detachment  from  creatures 
and  recollection  in  God  which  the  founders  aimed 
at'  (Catholic  Diet.}. 

1631  _\VEKVER  Anc.  Funeral  Mon.  139  Many  other  re 
formations  haue  beene  from  time  to  time  of  the  Franciscans, 
as  by  the  Minims,  Recollects,  Penitentiaries,  Capuchins,  &c. 
1683  Land.  Caz.  No.  1806/4  The  Council  of  State  . .  forbid 
the  Cordeliers,  the  Recollects,  and  other  Religious,  of  the 
Order  of  St.  Francis,  to  obey  their  General,  who  is  a 
Spaniard.  1746  in  Ace.  French  Settlem.  N.  Amer.  ai 
Opposite  to  it  is  the  convent  of  the  Recollects.  1767  S. 
fATERsoN  Another  Trav.  I.  115,  I  met  with  a  pious  soul  of 
a  Recollect  in  the  barge.  1883  Catholic  Diet.  s.v.,  The 
Recollects  were  uninfected  by  Jansenism. 

D.  altrit.  and  apfos.  Belonging  to  the  order  of 
the  Recollects. 

1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  vi.  vii.  Doitay,  Some  report  this 
erected  . .  by  the  charity  of  F,nglish  Catholicks  for  recollect 
Fryers  of  the  Order  of  S.  Francis.  1710  I.ond.  Gaz. 
No.  46-0/3  The  Body,  .was  interred,  .in  the  Church  of  the 
Kecollcct  Friars.  1897  Catholic  Diet,  (ed.  5)  s.v.,  There 
appear  to  be  at  present  six  Recollect  houses  in  Great 
Britain. 

c.  tram/.  The  Cedar-bird  or  Carolina  Chatterer. 


255 

1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Syn,  Birds  II.  I.  94  At  Quebec  it  is 
called  the  Recollect  {note,  Perhaps  from  ihe  similarity  of  the 
crest  or  plumage  to  the  habit  of  this  order  of  friers]. 

Recollect  (nkple-kt),  7>.l  [Orig.  ad.  L.  re 
collect-,  ppl.  stem  of  recolligere,  f.  re-  +  colligcre^  but 
in  later  use  apprehended  as  an  Eng.  formation  from 
RE-  5  a  +  CoLLKCT  v.,  and  consequently  sometimes 
written  re-collect.  The  earlier  pron.  was  prob.  as 
in  v.~,  from  which  it  is  now  distinguished  by  the 
vowel  of  the  prefix. 

In  some  senses  the  distinction  between  this  and  v.~  is  not 
clearly  maintained,  and  the  pron.  may  vary  accordingly.] 
I.  fl.  trans.  To  collect,  gather.    Obs. 

1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  i.  Prol,  99  A  lord  sa  gentle  and 
kynd, . .  Quhilk . .  Hukis  to  recollect,  to  reid  and  se,  Hes  greit 
delite  als  euir  hed  Ptolome.  1608  SMAKS.  Per,  n.  i.  54  How 
.  .These  Fishers,  .from  their  watry  empire  recollect  All  that 
may  men  approue,  or  men  detect  \  i6z8  tr.  Afathieu's 
Povuerf  nil  Favorite  133  Neither  the  Consuls  nor  the  Praetor 
gaue  their  vote  at  all,  but  recollected  those  of  the  others. 
1645  QUARLES  Sol.  Recant,  ui.  6  There  is  a  time  to  recollect 
and  lay  Thy  treasure  up;  a  time  to  cast  away.  1670 
DUMARESQUE  in  Evelyns  Mem.  (18571  HI-  227  It  was  no 
wonder  if  planting  was  not  so  much  in  fashion  before  you 
were  pleased  to  recollect  that  art  in  a  body. 
t  b.  To  collect  again.  (Cf.  2.)  Obs. 

1607  TOPSELL  four-/.  Jlcasfs  152  The  drops  disperse  the 
scent  of  the  Hare  and  the  drye  weather  recollecteth  it 
againe.  1613  W.  UROWNE  Hrit.  Past,  i.  i,  Call  backe  thy 
spirits,  and  recollect  againe  Thy  vagrant  wits.  1693  Mem. 
Cnt.  Teckely  in.  32  To  recollect  once  again  the  Friends  he 
still  retained  in  Hungary. 

2.  To  collect,  gather,  or  bring  together  (things 
or  persons)  again. 

In  i/th  c.  examples  it  is  often  difficult  to  decide  whether 
this  or  sense  i  is  intended. 

1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  i6S  When  broken  by  the  Saracens, 
the  peeces  were  recollected.  1655  SPURSTOWE  \Vels  of  Salva 
tion  54  How  dust  scattered  and  blown  up  and  down  should  be 
recollected,  was  altogether  beyond  the  line  of  their  reason. 
1768  H.  WALPOLE  Hist.  Doubts  Pref.  9  Our  empire  was  but 
forming  itself  or  re-collecting  its  divided  members.  1800  W. 
TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  X.  6  When  Zerubbabel  ..  was 
already  returned  to  Jerusalem,  to  re-collect  its  scattered 
inhabitants.  1870  Standard  16  Nov.,  Since  the  Crimean 
war. .Russia  has  been  carefully  engaged  in  recruiting  her 
strength  and  in  re-collecting  her  resources. 

jig.  1615  DANIEL  Queers  ArccuiiaWk?,.  (1717)  224  There 
fore  let  us  recollect  our  selves,  Dispers'd  into  these  strange 
confvised  Ills.  1650  FILLER  Pisgak  n.  67  So  Reuben  could 
never  after  recollect  his  lost  credit,  to  recover  the  full 
favour  of  his  Father. 

refl.  1642  LORD  W.  ST.  LEGER  in  Listnore  Papers  Ser.  n. 
(1888)  V.  43  That.  .Army,  .now  will  aske  some  tyme  to  re 
collect  it  self  after  this  vnexpected  Discomfiture.  1671 
SALMON  Syn.  Med.  \.  xxxvii.  86  Flegm,  as  it  is  speedily 
dissipated,  so  it  as  speedily  recollects  it  self.  1770  LANG- 
HORNE  Plutarch  (1879)  I.  408/2  The  Achaean  cavalry  recol 
lecting  themselves  after  their  flight,  found  that  Philopcemen 
was  not  with  them. 

b.  intr.  To  come  together  again,  rare* 

a  1631  DONNE  Lett.,  to  Lady  Bedford  (1651)  174  Of  this 
all  though  many  parts  decay,  The  pure,  which  elemented 
them, ..  Shall  recollect,  and  in  one  all  unite.  1855  MRS. 
GATTV  Parables  Jr.  Nat.  Ser.  i.  (1869)  27  The  first  thing 
they  attempted,  when  they  had  re-collected  to  consult. 

3.  To  collect  (one's  spirits,  thoughts,  mind,  etc.). 

1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  World  v.  ii.  329  The  enemies  ..  not 
hauing  recollected  their  Spirits  to  make  it  good.  1649  I. 
AMBROSE  Media  ii.  36  When  we  call  in  all  our  thoughts  and 
affections,  and  recollect  them  together.  1705  STANHOPE 
Parapkr.  III.  361  As  oft  as  He  says  Let  us  pray;  They 
should  recollect  their  wandering  Thoughts.  1759  JOHNSON 
Rasselas  xlv[i],  He  was  timorous  and  bashful ;  but,  when 
the  talk  became  regular,  he  recollected  his  powers.  1800 
Asia/.  Ann.  Reg.,  Misc.  Tr.  12/2  Upon  recollecting  his 
spirits,  .  ."he  found  his  affairs  very  far  from  being  as  yet  in 
a  desperate  condition. 

t  b.  With  impersonal  subject.   ?  Obs. 

16x1  T.  DAVIES  Scourge  Folly  Wks.  (Grosart)  56  The 
heaucnly  charme  that  . .  recollects  the  mind  that  cares  dis 
tract.  1627  E.  F.  Hist.  Edw.  //  (1680)  16  The  injustice  of 
the  quarrel  which  might  in  time  have  recollected  his  senses. 
1703  ATTERBURY  Serm.  (1737)  IV.  112  Darkness  and  solitude 
which  recollect  the  thoughts  and  turn  the  mind  inward. 

4.  To  gather  or  summon  up  (strength,  courage, 
etc.) ;  to  rally  ;  to  recover  by  an  effort. 

1655  tr.  Com.  Hist.  Francion  v.  i  He  determined  to  keep 
his  Bed  for  that  day,  the  better  to  recollect  his  strength. 
1667  MILTON  P.L.  ix.  471  Then  soon  Fierce  hate  he  recol 
lects,  and  all  his  thoughts  Of  mischief. .  thus  excites.  1760-72 
H.  BROOKE  FoolofQual.  (1809)  I.  98  Recollecting  all  my 
force,  and  drawing  my  sword.  1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom* 
Forest _(i&o6)  III.  xxiii.  279  She  ..  re-collected  sufficient 
resolution  to  submit.  1886  STEVENSON  Dr.  Jekyll  71  Mr. 
Utterson's  nerves  ..  gave  a  jerk  that  nearly  threw  him  from 
his  balance  ;  but  he  re-collected  his  courage. 
b.  refl.  To  nerve  or  brace  (oneself), 

1652  Bp.  HALL  Invis.  World  m.  §  n  When  thou  hast  re 
collected  thyself  to  a  resolution  of  defiance  and  unweariable 
resistance,  cast  thine  eye  upon  the  deplorable  condition  of 
those  Damned  Souls. 

1 5.  To  bring  back  again  to  oiftom  some  position 
or  state;  to  withdraw  (oneself)y>w«.  Obs. 

1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  204  Daily  experience  . . 
shewes  it  [Category]  to  be  the  most  obuious  . .  way  to 
amplifie  a  ..  particular  sentence  ..  by  retracting,  or  recol 
lecting  it  to  his  generall  head  or  fountaine.  1621  DONSE 
Sernt.  xv.  150,  I  who  can  do  that,  can  also  recollect  you 
from  yr  present  desperation.  1643  MILTON  Divorce  H.  xxi. 
Wks.  (1847)  155/2  Recollecting  himself  from  an  unmeet  help 
which  was  never  meant.  1655  Theophania  32  He  recol 
lected  himself  from  that  profound  trance. 

fb.  refl.  To  bring  (oneself)  back  to  a  recon-    , 
sideration  or  better  view  of  something.   Obs. 


RECOLLECTABLE. 

1641  J.  SHUTE  Sarah  $  II  afar  (1649)  118  It  may  be  she 
had  in  part  recollected  herself,  and  did  repent  of  her  foolish 
carriage.  1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  n.  i.  118  That  Pope 
recollected  himself,  discover'd  his  errour.  1696  PHILLIPS 
(ed.  5),  To  Recollect  a  Man's  self,  to  change  a  Mans  mind 
upon  better  Consideration. 

6.  refl.  To  bring  (oneself)  back  to  a  state  of 
composure;  to  compose,  recover  (oneself^.  Also 
const,  from.  Now  rare. 

1639  FULLER  Holy  War  \\\.  xxi.v.  (1840)  170  Nor  were  his 
thoughts  ever  so  scattered  with  any  sudden  accident,  but  he 
could  instantly  recollect  himself.  1653  H.  COG  AN  tr.  Pinto's 
Trav.  viii.  23,  I  was  not  able  to  utter  a  word  ;  howbeit  at 
length  recollecting  myself  a  little,  I  signified  [etc.].  1748 
SMOLLETT  Rod.  Rand,  xxxi,  They,  .allowed  the  Spaniards 
to  recollect  themselves  from  the  terror  occasioned  by  the 
approach  of  an  English  fleet,  1798  Gcraldina  I.  124,  I  re 
collected  myself  after  a  little,  and  assumed  sufficient  com 
posure  to  finish  my  dress.  1802  MAR.  EUGKWORTH  Moral 
T.  (1816)  I.  xviii.  148  His  heart  beat  violently,  and  he.. 
stopped,  to  recollect  himself. 

absol.  1740  RICHARDSON  Pamela  (1824)  I.  200  Till  I  can 
recollect,  I  am  not  pleased  with  you. 

b.  In  pass,  without  expressed  agent,   f  Obs. 

1629  SHIRLEY  Grate/.  Scrr>.  i.  i.  The  duke  is  re-collected; 
where's  the  prince?  a  1689  MRS.  BEHN  Lucky  Mistake 
Novels  1871  II.  266  She  gave  a  great  shriek,  which  frighted 
Vernole ;  so  both  stood,  for  a  ulu'le,  staring  on  each  other, 
till  both  were  recollected.  1759  JOHNSON  Rasselas  xlii[ij, 
The  princess  was  recollected,  and  the  favourite  was  abashed, 

t  7.   To  retrace    one's  steps).   Ol>s.~* 

1698  FRYER  K.  India  $  P,  37  The  Sand  was  scalding  hut, 
which  made  me  recollect  my  steps,  and  hasten  to  the  Fort. 

Hence  Eecolle'cting  vbl.  sb.^ 

1613  DAY  Dyall(i6i^}  vii.  150  A  recollecting  and  gathering 
of  the  same  matter,  whereof  our  body  wa~s  first  composed. 
1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Perttv.  Hark  255  Besides  the  first 
gatherings .  .there  has  since  been  three  '  re-collectings  '. 

Recollect  (rekffle'kt),  t'.-  [Of  the  same  origin 
as  prec.,  but  now  distinguished  by  the  pronuncia 
tion  (see  e*.1).  In  sense  4  prob.  after  F.  rtcolliger^\ 

1.  trans.  To  call  or  bring  back  (something)  to 
i    one's  mind ;  to  recall  the  knowledge  of  (a  thing, 
person,  etc.)  ;  to  remember. 

Recollect^  when  distinguished  from  remember,  implies  a 
;  conscious  or  express  effort  of  memory  to  recall  something 
,  which  does  not  spontaneously  rise  in  the  mind. 

1559  in  Strype  Ann.  Ref.  (1709)  I.  xi.  141  To  move  her 
Majesty  that  she  would  seriously  recollect  to  memory  her 
Gracious  Sister's  zeal  unto  the  holy  see.  1647  CLARENDON 
Hist.  Ref>.  i.  §  114  The  Treasurer  quickly  recollected  the 
ground  of  his  perturbation.  1712  ADUISON^CC/.  No.  293?  7 
A  famous  Grecian  General,  whose  Name  I  cannot  at  present 
recollect.  1781  COWPER  Truth  153  Conscious  of  age,  she 
recollects  her  youth.  1868  TENNYSON  £«ttTV//Hj  35  Perchance 
We  do  but  recollect  the  dreams  that  come  Ju^t  cic  the 
waking. 

absol.  1863  DRAPER  Intell.  Devel.  Europe  (18751  II.  x. 364 
Animals  remember,  man  alone  recollects, 

b.  With  obj.  clause,  infm,,  etc. 

1776  Trial  of  Nundocomar  26/1  Do  you  recollect  being  at 
Mr.  Driver's  house  some,  time  ago?  1784  COWCER  Task  v. 
335  Recollecting  still  that  he  is  man,  We  trust  him  not  too 
far.  1835  LYTTON  Riensi  i.  v,  Recollectest  thou  not  how 
the  noble  Boniface  himself. .was  kept  in  thraldom..  ?  1860 
WARTER  Sea-board  II.  458,  I  recollect  to  have  read  some- 
:  where  of  Sir  Thos.  More,  how  [etc.]. 

c.  To  say  upon  recollecting,   nonce-use. 

1748  RICHARDSON  ClarissaVM.  247  But  come,  recollected 
i  she,  how  do  I  know  but  all  is  for  the  best . .? 

d.  intr.  To  have  a  recollection  ^/"  something. 
1837  HENDERSON  in  Proc.  Berw.  Nat.  Club  I.  No.  5.  151, 

I  recollect  of  being  shewn.. a  quagmire. 

1 2.  a.  To  reflect  with  (oneself).  Obs. 

169^  POTTER  Antiq.  Greece  n.  vi.  (1715)  257  Glaucus.. 
promis'd  to  recollect  with  himself,  and  if  he  found  anything 
due,  to  pay  it.  1675  EARL  ESSEX  Lett.  (1770*  271, 1  humbly 
beseech  your  lordship  to  recollect  with  yourself  who  should 
insinuate  any  such  matter.  1719  WATERLAND  i'ind.  Christ's 
Diz>.  xvii.  Wks.  1823  I.  n.  181  Recollect  with  yourself,  that 
he  is  sometimes  distinctly  and  personally  invocated. 

b.  refl.  To  recall  (oneself)  to  something  tempo 
rarily  forgotten. 

1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xi,  '  Well,  but  that  was  not  what 
I  wished  of  thee  just  now  ',  said  the  Prince,  recollecting 
himself. 

t  3.  To  recall  (a  thing)  to  a  person.   Obs. 

1673  Lad/s  Call.  I.  v.  §  37  When  the  apostle  recollects  to 
the  Ephesians  the  wretchedness  of  their  gentile  state.    1724 
WELTON  Chr.  Faith  <y  Pract.  364  My  chief  design  ..  has 
been  to  recollect  to  your  minds  some  instances. 
fb.  To  go  over  again.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1741  WATTS  Iniprov.  Mind  i.  vi.  §  5  The  learner  . .  should 
always  recollect  and  review  his  lectures,  read  over  some 
author,  .upon  the  same  subject. 

4.  To  concentrate  or  absorb  (the  mind,  oneself, 
etc.)  in  contemplation ;  spec,  in  mystical  religious 
use  (cf.  RECOLLECTION  a  i,  RECOLLECTED  f>pl.  a*  i). 

1671  WOODHEAD  .SV.  Teresa  i.  xxxi  v.  241, 1  took  a.  .Rosarie, 
..procuring  not  to  recollect  my  Understanding,  though,  for 
my  exteriour,  I  was  sufficiently  recollected.  Ibid.  u.  xi.  91 
Any  kind  of  vertuous  Exercise  so  recollected  them,  that 
they  were  presently  out  of  themselves.  1862  GOULBURN 
Pers.  Relig.  n.  xi.  (1870)  144  It  is  wonderfully  refreshing  thus 
to  recollect  the  mind. 

Hence  Recolle-cting  vbl.  sb.% 

1669  WOODHEAD  St.  Teresa  i.  xiv.  85  This  is  a  kind  of 
recollecting,  and  as  it  were,  a  shutting  up  of  the  powers  of 
the  soul  within  herself. 

Recolle'Ctable,  a.  rare.  [f.  prec.  +  -ABLE.] 
That  may  be  recollected. 

1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  18  July  1776  This 
adduces  to  the  mind  the  whole  chain  of  recollectable  facts 


RECOLLECTED. 

and  words  incident  to  the  subject.     1801  COLERIDGE  Lett.    I 
(1895)  357  His  deepest  and  most  recollectable delights  have 
been  in  solitude.     1891  Harper  s  Mag.  Sept.  542/1  It  was 
more  'recollectable  '  than  all  my  real  adventures. 

Recollected  (r/k^le-kted),  ppl.  a.l      [f.  RE-    ! 
COLLECT  V.1  +  -ED  !.] 

1.  (Meaning  uncertain.) 

Variously  taken  by  commentators  as  '  gathered  with  pains, 
not  spontaneous',  'picked,  refined',  'studied',  'recalled, 
repeated  ',  etc. 

1601  SHAKS.  Twel.  N.  n.  iv.  5  Light  ayres,  and  recollected 
termes  Of  these  most  briske  and  giddy-paced  limes. 

2.  Of   things:    Collected    or    brought    together 
again. 

1628  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  (1659)  I-  57°.  '  sh:l11  not  Pcr"  ' 
adventure  follow  the  Method  of  your  Lordships  recollected 
Reasons  in  my  answering  to  them.  1659  T.  PHIUPOTT  f  'ill. 
Cant.  A,  The  Roman  Eagles  . .  breaking  in  again  with  a 
recolected  and  multiplied  Strength.  1735  H.  BROOKE  Univ. 
Beauty  IV.  136  Here  rallies  last  the  recollected  blood.  1784 
CowrER  Task  iv.  305  Till  at  length  the  freezing  blast  .. 
summons  home  The  recollected  powers. 

3.  Restored  to  composure  or  confidence. 

1799  MRS.  J.  WEST  Tale  of  Times  III.  238  Whence  this 
cruel  distrust  of  your  adopted  brother  ?  returned  the  re 
collected  dissembler. 

Recollected  (re^le-k^d),  ///.  a.-  [f.  RE 
COLLECT  r'.1  (sense  6)  and  z».a] 

1.  Collected,  composed,  calm ;  also,  in  religious 
use,  given  up  to,  or  absorbed  in,  contemplation. 

a.  In  attributive  use. 

1627  E.  F.  Hist.  Ed™.  II  (1680)  129  To  see  such  a  Mon 
ster  so  monstrously  used,  no  question  pleased  the  giddy 
Multitude  ..  :  the  recollected  Judgment  that  beheld  it, — 
censur'd  it  was  at  best  too  great  and  deep  a  blemish  to  suit 
a  Queen.  1650  JF.R.  TAYLOR  Holy  Living  (1727)  239  A 
sober  fixed  and  recollected  spirit.  1707  NORRIS  Treat. 
Humility  viii.  333  A  waking  and  recollected  state  of  the 
soul.  1860  T.  T.  CARTER  Imit,  Christ  vi.  79  One  such 
essential  point  is  a  recollected  spirit,  the  constant  remem 
brance  of  the  awful  Presence  that  dwells  within  us.  1889 
Tablet  14  Dec.  954,  5,000  men  of  all  classes,  who  formed  a 
recollected  procession  to  Our  Lord  in  the  Eucharist. 

b.  In  predicative  use. 

1633  EARL  MANCH.  Al  Mondo  (1636)  45  That  death  was 
best,  which  was  well  recollected,  quietly  suffering  what  it 
could  not  possibly  prevent.  1671  WooDHRAD  St.  Teresa  I. 
xxxiv.  241  Though..  I  was  sufficiently  recollected.  1737 
WATERLAND  Eucharist  591  Some  particular  chosen  Days, 
when  a  Man  might  be  most  recollected,  and  best  prepared. 
1792  COWPER  Let.  to  Mrs.  Ccflirtenay  12  Aug.,  I  am  not 
sufficiently  recollected  to  compose  even  a  bagatelle  at 
present.  1854  FABF.R  Growth  z'«  Holiness  iii.  (1872)  44  We 
were  recollected  without  feeling  it. 

2.  Recalled  to  memory. 

1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela  III.  301,  I  would  have  stood 
up  ;  but  quite  abashed  at  my  recollected  Behaviour  before 
so  many  Witnesses,  . .  my  Feet  were  unwilling  to  support 
me.  1805  WORDSW.  Pi-elude  i.  631  If  the  song  be  loth  to 
quit  Those  recollected  hours.  1859  MASSON  Brit.  Novelists 
iii.  182  As  far  as  my  recollected  acquaintance ..  entitles  me 
to  judge.  1873  Miss  BROUGHTON  Nancy  II.  25  Looking 
down  at  me  with  a  smile  of  recollected  entertainment. 

Hence  Becolle'ctedly  adv.,  in  a  composed 
manner,  with  self-control. 

1789  P.  SMVTH  tr.  Aldrich's  Archil.  (1818)  74  Unable  to 
speak,  recollectedly,  of  their  intercourse  with  him.  1860 
S.  WILBERFORCE  Addr.  Cand.  Ordination  32  To  do  all  our 
acts  sensibly  and  recollectedly,  as  in  the  -sight  of  our  Lord. 

Recollectedliess  (rek/le-ktednes).     [-NESS.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  concentrated  or  absorbed  in 
religious  meditation. 

a  1699  BONSELL  in  W.  Hamilton  Life  n.  (1703)  in  In  such 
intentness  and  recollectedness  of  Thought,  that  we  are 
hardly  sensible  ourselves,  that  we  are  at  pur  Devotions. 
1862  GOULBURN  Pers.  Relig.  130  That  the  mind  should  ever 
and  anon  ..be  called  home  for  a  second  or  two  to  the  Presence 
of  God  . .  :  this  is  the  meaning  of  recollectedness  of  spirit. 
1891  Month  LXXIII.  36  During  the  Adorable  Sacrifice.. a 
most  profound  recollectedness  was  observed. 

2.  Collectedness  or  clearness  of  thought. 

1857  S.  WILBERFORCE  in  Life  (1881)  II.  x.  339,' I  spoke 
with  recollectedness  and  power.  1876  Miss  YONGE  Woman 
kind  xxviii.  245  How  many  negligences  have  not  also  been 
committed  in  the  flurry  which  prevents  all  recollectedness. 

3.  The  quality  of  having  been  recalled  to  memory. 
1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic.  Evid.  (1827)  I.  295  In 

every  instance  there  exists  a  point  of  time  down  to  which 
recollectedness  and  suggestedness  are  qualities  of  which  no 
man's  testimony  can  be  deprived. 

Recollection. l  (rfk^le-kjan).  [a.  F.  ^collec 
tion,  or  ad.  med.L.  recollection-em,  n.  of  action  f. 
recolligtre  RECOLLECT  v.1  Now  taken  as  f.  RE-  5  a 
+  COLLECTION.] 

1.  A  gathering  together  again. 

1598  MANWOOD  Forest  Lames  To  Rdr.,  The  residue  of 
his  paines  bestowed  on  his  said  first  collection,  and  not  set 
forth  in  his  said  recollection.  1633  EARL  MANCH.  Al  Mondo 
(1636)  93  The  incineration  and  dissipation  of  this_dust  shall 
haue  a  recollection  in  the  day  of  Resurrection.  1673 
MARVELL  Kelt.  Transf.  II.  37  He  has  diffused  his  poyson 
so  publickly.  .that  it  might  be  beyond  his  own  recollection. 
1728  BARBERY  tr.  Buruet's  St.  Dead  I.  230  We  may  ask  in 
what  Manner  this  Recollection  of  Parts  . .  from  indefinite 
distances  is  made.  1868  KINGSLEY  Hermits  127  Without 
habitual  collection  and  re-collection  of  our  own  selves  from 
time  to  time  no  great  purpose  is  carried  out. 

f  2.  A  recapitulation.  Obs. 

1649  ROBERTS  Clavis  Bi/il.  Introd.  iii.  43  Hereby  also 
you  shall  have  a  summary  Recapitulation,  or  Recollection 
of  the.  .subject-matter  of  every  book.  1650  PEARSON  Creed 
To  Rdr.,  Lastly,  by  a  recollection  of  all,  briefly  to  deliver 
the  sum  of  every  particular  truth. 


256 

Recollection  2  (rek^le  kfsn)-  [The  same  word 
as  prec.  in  special  senses  :  cf.  RECOLLECT  v.l  In 
sense  I  after  p.  recollection.] 

1.  Religious  or  serious  concentration  of  thought ; 
f  conduct  regulated  by  such  concentration. 

1642  R.  CARPENTER  Experience^  i.  viii.  26  An  excellent 
Sanctity,  and  a  spotlesse  Recollection  of  life,  in  their  Orders 
of  Religion.  1669  \VoonUF.AD  Sf.  Teresa  l.  Relat.  v.  308  An 
Internal  Recollection,  which  is  perceived  in  the  Soul.  1764 
FLETCHER  Let.  Wks.  1795  VII.  127  Recollection  is  a 
dwelling  within  ourselves;  a  being  abstracted  from  the 
creature  and  turned  towards  God.  a  1773  A.  BL'TLER  Trav. 
France  ft  Italy  (1803)  221  He  . .  performs  the  sacred  office 
with  great  recollection  and  devotion.  1869  F.  11.  A.  WIL- 
DERFORCE  Lives  Dfljiiht.  Jlission.  Japan  158  The  modesty 
of  his  exterior  was  the  sign  of  his  interior  recollection. 

2.  Composure,  calmness  of  mind,  self-possession. 
1757  BORLASE  in  Phil.  Trans.  L.  505,  I  do  not  hear  of  any 

person  in  those  parts,  who  ..  had  recollection  enough  to 
attend  to  the  motion  of  the  waters.  1788  Disinterested 
Love  II.  no  He  was  nearly  as  much  agitated  as  myself, 
but  sooner  came  to  his  recollection. 

3.  The  act  of  recalling  to  the  memory ;  the  mental 
operation  by  which  objects  or  ideas  are  revived  in 
the  mind  ;  also,  an  instance  of  this. 

Sometimes  contrasted  with  remembrance  :  see  quot.  1690. 

1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  xiii.  /  I  Upon  every 
one  of  these  Wooden  Patterns  I  use  to  write  . .  the  number 
of  Punches  to  be  Forged  of  that  Size,  lest  afterwards 
I  might  be  troubled  with  Recollections.  1690  LOCKE  Hum. 
Und.  II.  xix.  §  i  The  same  Idea,  when  it  again  recurs  with 
out  the  Operation  of  the  like  Object  on  the  external  Sensory, 
is  Remembrance ;  if  it  be  sought  after  by  the  Mind,  and  l 
with  Pain  and  Endeavour  found,  and  brought  again  in 


of  recollection  seem-;  to  depend  on  the  intensity  or  largeness 
of  the  perception. 

attrib.  1802-12  BF.NTHAM  Ration.  Jndic.  F.vid.  (1827)  II. 
247  The  principal  circumstances  on  which  the  demand  for 
recollection-time  is  apt  to  depend. 

b.  The  power  of   recalling  to  the  mind  ;   the 
sphere  or  period  over  which  such  power  extends ;    • 
the  memory. 

1732  POPE  Ep.  CMiam  47  As  the  last  image  . .  (Tho'  past 
the  recollection  of  the  thought,)  Becomes  the  stuff  of  which 
our  dream  is  wrought.  1776  Trial  of  Nnndocoinar  66/2 
Did  you  ever,  to  the  best  of  your  recollection,  see  Meer 
Hussud  Alii  before  yesterday  ?  1828  SCOTT  /•'.  M.  Perth 
xix,  The  scene  of  the  preceding  night  ran  in  his  recollection. 
1860  TVXDALL  Glac.  ii.  xx.  336  The  extraordinary  coldness 
of  the  weather  . .  is  in  the  recollection  of  everybody.  1878 
GLADSTONE  Prim.  Homer  o,\  It  is  likely  that  modern  recol-  ; 
lection  has  been  weakened  by  habitual  reliance  upon  . . 
manuscript  and  print. 

4.  A  thing  or  fact   recalled  to  the  mind ;    the 
memory  of  something. 

1781  Cowi'ER  Conversat.  515  The  recollection,  like  a  vein    \ 
of  ore,  The  farther  traced,  enrich 'd  them  still  the  more.   1815 
SCOTT  Guy  M.  I,  I  have  an  indistinct  remembrance. . ;  but  it 
is  an   imperfect  and  confused  recollection.     1856  STANLEY 
Sinai  ff  Pal.  xiv.  (1858)  473   Nor  can  the  Church  of  the 
Holy  Sepulchre  ever  cease  to  be  bound  up  with  the  recol-    | 
lections  of  the  Crusades.   1883  MAINE  Early  Lam  $  Custom 
ix.  292  A  recollection  or  a  fresh  tradition. 

5.  //.  A  message  expressing   recollection  of,  or 
a  desire  to  be  recollected  by,  another. 

1816  LADY  MOROAN  Antobiog.  (1859)  109  Our  compliments    ' 
to  Sir  Arthur  and  Clarke;  niost  particular  remembrances  to 
Mrs.  Fletcher  ..  .  Recollections  to  the  Doyles. 

ReCOlleCtive  (rekVle'ktiv),«.  [f.  RECOLLECT  ».2 

+  -IVE.     Cf.  collective.'} 

1.  Relating  to,  characterized  by,  concerned  with, 
recollection. 

1789  MME.  D'AuBLAY  Let.  27  Oct.,  A  sort  of  recollective    , 
melancholy.     1802  MRS.  E.  PARSONS  RIyst.  I'isil  III.  86 
After  a  recollective  silence  of  some  minutes.    1852  LYNCH    ; 
Lett,  to  Scattered,  etc.  (1872)  255  For  this  purpose,  we  must 
often  cast  a  recollective  glance  over  our  history. 

2.  Given  to,  distinguished   by  (the  power  of), 
occupied  with,  recollection. 

1813  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Patronage  (1833)  II.  xxii.  23  He 
possessed,  .an  uncommonly  recollective  memory.  1824  Miss 
MrrPOKD  Village  Ser.  I.  (1863)  151  Then  she  was  fanciful, 
recollective,  new.  1838  WHEWELL  in  Todhunter  Ace.  II  'rit. 
(1876)  II.  271  Live  recollective  of  us. 

Hence  Becolle'ctively  adv.,  B«colle-ctiveness. 

1820  Examiner  No.  658.  744/1  The  sullen  din  of  the 
recent  storm  still  murmurs  recollectively  in  our  ears.  1824 
Ibid.  323/2  The  pensive  recollectiveness  of  the  daughter. 

II  Recollet  (r<;kol<).  Also  8  recolet.  [F. 
ricollet  =  Sp.,  Pg.  recoleto,  It.  recolletto,  ad.  L.  re- 
collect-us :  see  RECOLLECT  v.2  4  and  cf.  RECOLLEC 
TION  -i.]  =  RECOLLECT  sb. 

1760  Ann.  Reg.  i.  227  If.,  the  Jesuits  and  the  recolets 
(in  Canada]  chuse  to  go  to  France,  passage  shall  be  granted 
them  in  his  Britannic  majesty's  ships.  1766  SMOLLETT 
Trav.  115  Here  I  found  a  young  Irish  recollet,  on  his  way 
from  Rome  to  his  own  country.  1801  CHARLOTTE  SMITH 
Lelt.Solit.  Wand.  II.  283  He.. knocked  softly  at  a  door. . 
which  was  opened  by  an  old  recollet.  1889  J.  G.  ALGER 
Euelishm.  l-'r.  A'cv>.  350  One  of  the  Irish  recollets  at  Boulay. 
b.  attrili.  and  affos.  Cf.  RECOLLECT  sb.  b. 

1695  MoTTEt'X  St.  Olon's  Morocco  13  Towards  the  main 
taining  of  a  little  Hospital,  and  two  Spanish  Recollet 
Monks.  1748  Earthquake  Pent  i.  75  That  they  call  del 
Prado . .  was  for  the  Recolet  Auguslines.  1876  Eucyd.  Brit. 
IV.  765/1  A  cathedral  was  erected  ..  at  Quebec,  on  the  site 
of  the  old  Recollet  church. 

Reco-lloeate,  v.  rare—'1.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To 
put  in  place  again.  (In  quot.  app.  rejt.) 


RECOMFORT. 

1597  A.  M.   tr.  Guillemcaus  Fr.   Chirurg.    14  b/2   The 
Crochet  or  hoocke,  which  descendinge,  elevateth  it  selfe, 
and  recollocateth  as  much  as  is  needfulle. 

Reco'lonize,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  colonize 
(a  place)  anew.  Hence  Beco-lonizing  pfl.  a. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  ii.  ii.  i.  Ark  60  Now  while 
the  World's   re-colonizing   Boat  Doth  on  the  waters  over 
Mountains  float.     1797  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  IV.  335 
After  this  devastation,  the  Persian  court,  .were  desirous  of 
recolonizing  the  town.     1849 GKOTE  Greece\\. xiii. V.  284  He 
planted  in  it  new  inhabitants,  of  Dorian  and  Messenian 
race,  recolonizing  it  under  the  name  of  Messene. 

So  Becoloniza'tion. 

1822  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  LIII.  401  The  pro 
tection  shown  by  him  to  the  re-colonization  of  Jerusalem 
under  Nehemiah.  1884  J.  T.  BENT  in  Macm.  Mag.  Oct. 
430 'i  There  were  many  projects  afloat  for  the  re-colonisation 
of  different  parts  of  Hellas. 

Recolour  (nk»-ba),  v.     [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  intr.  Of  a  thing  :  To  resume  its  colour,  rare. 
1814  BYRON  Lara  I.  xiii,  The  swarthy  blush  recolours  in 

his  cheeks,  His  lip  resumes  its  red. 

2.  trans.  To  colour  (a  thing)  anew. 

1839  ARNOLD  in  Stanley  Life  (1844)  II.  ix.  162  That  they 
must  recolour  all  their  geological  maps.  1887  D.  A.  Low 
Machine  Draw.  (1892)  3  If  it  is  necessary  to  recolour  any 
part,  let  the  first  coating  dry  before  beginning. 

fRecolt.  Obs.—1  [ad.  ¥.recoltc  =  It.  RACCOLTA, 
harvest.]  Harvest,  crop.  In  quot.  attrib. 

1788  Antiq.  in  Ann.  Keg.  jai  The  face.. has  a  calathus, 
or  recolt  basket,  on  the  top  of  its  head. 

Reoolta,  variant  of  RACCOLTA.  Obs. 
Recomand(e, -aund(e,  varr.  RECOMMAND  f.i 
Recombine  (rikflntohi),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  combine  (things)  anew. 

a  1639  T.  CAREW  Poems,  On  Marriage  of  T.  K.  #  C.  C., 
Which  [hands]  when  to-day  the  Priest  shall  recombine  [etc.]. 
1832  BABBAGE Econ.  Manuf.  xxy.  210  The  idea  of  separating 
these  letters,  and  of  recombining  them  into  other  words. 
1865  GROTE  Plato  I.  i.  54  note,  Ingredients  might  be  dis 
engaged  and  re-combined  in  countless  ways. 

atsol.  1846  GROTE  Greece  i.  xvi.  I.  543  He  left  put,  altered, 
recombined,  and  supplied  new  connecting  principles. 

2.  intr.  To  enter  into  a  fresh  combination. 

1881  FLO-.VER  in  Nature  XXIV.  436  They  cannot  recom 
bine,  and  so  give  rise  to  new  forms. 

So  Becombiiia'tioii. 

1850  GROTE  Greece  it.  Ixvii.  (1862)  VI.  45  NVas  it  a  decom 
position  and  recombination  of  elements  still  continuing? 
1873  SYMONDS  Grk.  Poets  xi.  344  A  complete  revision  and 
recombination  of  all  pre-existing  anthologies. 

Recomende,  obs.  form  of  RECOMMEND  v\ 

t  Recomfort,  sb.  Obs.  Also  5  reeoum-.  [ad. 
F.  reconfort  (isth  c.) :  see  RE-  and  COMFORT  sb.} 
Comfort,  support,  consolation. 

c  1420  LYDG.  Hist.  Thebes  n.  580  He  shall  be  relessed  of 
his  peine,  Through  recomfort  of  some  high  manage.  1474 
CAXTON  Chessc  in.  ii.  (1860)  Fj,  And  wyth  this  ought  the 
maronners.  .to  be  of  good  recomforte.  clgggABP.  PARKER 
1's.  xiii.  I2t  When  this. .came  soone  to  hart,  I  yet  therein 
recomfort  felt.  1588  N.  YONGE  Mus.  Transalp.  xxxi.  D  iv, 
He.  .so  great  a  fire  had  framed,  As  were  enough  to  burne 
mee,  Without  recomfort.  1605  CAMDEN  Run.  (1637)  403, 
I  will  . .  for  his  [the  reader's]  recomfort  end  this  part  with  a 
few.  .laughing  Epitaphes. 

Recomfort  (rfks-mfa.it),  v.  Obs.  exc.  arch. 
Forms:  see  COMFORT  K.  [ad.F.»v<wy&r/«'(iithc.): 
see  RE-  and  COMFOKT  z>.] 

1.  trans,  fa.  To  strengthen  or  inspire  with  fresh 
courage ;  to  put  heart  or  spirit  in  again.  Obs. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  IX.  97  He  ..  To  perellis  him  abawn- 
donys  ay  For  to  reconfort  his  menje.  1442  T.  BECKINGTON 
Con-.  (Rolls)  II.  1 88  By  our  commyng  and  arriveng  al  your 
cite  was  gretly  recomforted.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  17  Whan 
the  noble  Jason  felte  hym  self  so  aduironned  on  alle  sydes 
by  hys  enemyes  he  was  more  reconforted  than  tofore.  1525 
LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  xlv.  152  There  myght  well  haue 
ben  sene  good  ordre  of  batayle,  and  people  well  recomforted. 
1533  MORE  Afol.  3b,  Agaynste  all  thys  feare  this  one 
thynge  recomforted  me,  that  [etc.].  1600  FAIRFAX  Tassovl. 
i,  But  better  hopes  had  them  recomforted  That  lay  besieged 
in  the  sacred  towne.  Ibid.  ix.  xciv,  At  last  they  went  and 
to  recomfort  thought,  And  stay  their  troopes  from  flight. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  918  As  one  from  sad  dismay  Re- 
comforted. 

b.  To  soothe,  console,  or  relieve  in  distress  or 
trouble.  Const,  from,  f»/  Now  rare  (common 
(•1375-1650). 

c  1374  CiiAf  CER  Troylus  n.  1623  (1672)  Hym  with  al  hire 
wit  to  reconfort,  As  sche  best  coude,  sche  gan  him  disport. 
c  1402  LVDG.  Com  ft.  Bl.  Kut.  ii,  Hertys  hevy  for  to  re 
comforte  From  dreriheed  of  hevy  nightes  sorowe.  1470-85 
MALOFY  Arthur  vn.  xxxiv,  Syr  Gareth  recomforted  his 
moder  in  suche  wyse  that  she  recotierd  and  made  goud 
chere.  c  1530  LD.  BERNERS  Arth.  Lyt.  Bryt.  (1814)  297 
In  especyall  Florence  was  ryght  sorowful,  for  there  was 
none  y'  could  recomfort  her.  1597  HOOKF.R  Eccl.  Pol.  v. 
Ixxv.  §  3  Others,  . .  bringing  their  Ancestors  vnto  the  graue 
with  weeping  eyes,  haue  notwithstanding  meanes  wherewith 
to  be  recomforted.  1626  G.  SANDYS  Ovid's  Met.  i.  7  The 
King  of  Gods  re-comforts  their  despaire.  1647  H.  MORE 
Sonfof.'ioiiln.  i.  in.  iii,  I  grew  sick  of  the  worlds  vanity 
Ne'ought  recomfort  could  my  sunken  spright.  1822  DE 
QUINCEY  Confess.  (1853)  67  Recomforted  by  this  promise.., 
1  returned  in  a  Windsor  coach  to  London.  1890  S  EVANS 
Graal  I.  150  This  doth  recomfort  me,  that  the  Best  Knight 
g.it  blame  in  like  manner  as  I. 

fc.  rejt.  and  absol.  To  take  courage  or  heart 
again  ;  to  recover  one's  spirits.  Obs. 

<ri386  CHAUCER  Knt.'s  T.  1994  Ful  wisely  to  enhorte  The 
peple  that  they  sholde  hem  reconforte.  1475  Bk.  Nooltm 
(Roxb.)  64  The  Romayns  . .  recomforling  hem  foughten  so 


KECOMFOBTABLE. 

vigorouslie  ayenst  theire  adversaries  that  they  hadde  the 
victorie.  1525  Ln.  BKRNERS  Frofss.  II.  499  Therwith  they 
reconforted  &  toke  corage.  1625  K.  LONG  tr.  Barclay's 
Argenis  v.  x.  362  At  these  words  Hyanisbe  recomforted 
herselfe,  insomuch  as  shec  could  hardly  conceale  her  joy. 
1654  GAVTON  Plfas.  Notes  iv.  vi-vii.  204  He  recomforted 
hiinselfe,  calling  to  mind  that  the  artifice  was  all  his 
friends,  unto  which  he  had  scarce  concurred. 

2.  (Usu.  of  things) :  To  strengthen  or  invigorate 
physically ;  to  refresh.  Also  absol.  Now  rare. 

c  1430  LVDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  15  The  pome-cedre 
corageos  to  recomfort.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  u.  275  The 
womannys  mylk  recomford  him  full  swyth.  1481  CAXTON 
Myrr.  \\.  vii.  79  The  Emerawde  ..  reconforteth  alle  the 
sight  of  hym  that  beholdeth  it.  1575  TURBERV.  Venerie  21 
That  oyntment  . .  recomfortes  the  skynne  and  the  synewes 
of  dogges.  1596  UARROUGH  Meth.  Physick  in.  xxx.  (1639) 
152  You  must  be  much  diligent  . .  to  give  him  a  diet  that 
recomforteth  and  refresheth  strength.  1626  BACON  Sylva 
§  403  It  is  usuall  to  help  the  Ground  with  Muck  ;  And  like 
wise  to  Recomfort  it  sometimes  with  Muck  put  to  the  Roots. 
1814  GARY  Dante,  Inf.  i.  27  My  weary  frame  After  short 
pause  recomforted,  again  I  journey'd. 

•fb.  refl.  of  persons  (and  animals) :  To  refresh 
or  recreate  (oneself).  Obs. 

1511  GUYLFORDE  Pilgr.  (Camden)  61  We  rested  vs  and 
refresshed  vs.. and  so  recomforted  our  self  after  the  greate 
scarsnesse  that  we  hadde  susteyned.  1513  BRADSHAW  St. 
IVerburge  I.  1061  This  harte  sore  strayned  ranne  . .  To  a 
well,  with  water.. Hym  to  reconforte  and  the  more  fressher 
be.  1591  SPKNSF.R  M.  Hubberd  758  With  Loves,  and  Ladies 
gentle  sports,  The  ioy  of  youth,  himselfe  he  recomforts. 

Hence  f  Beco'mfortable  a,,  comfortable,  con 
soling  ;  f  Recomfort  a  "tion,  consolation  ;  f  Re- 
co'mforted///.  a.  (also  absol.}.  Obs. 

1581  J.  BELL  ff addon* s  Answ.  Osor.  392  A  certayn  never 
interrupted  course  of  recomfortable  refreshyng  in  Christ. 
1585  HATTON  in  Ld.  Campbell  Chancellors  (1857)  U-  xlv- 
273, 1  most  humbly  thank  your  sacred  Majesty  for  your  twj 
late  recomfortations.  a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  HI.  Wks. 
1724  II.  623  The  now  fully  recomforted  Dorus.  1607  SHAKS. 
Cor.  v.  iv.  51  Ne're  through  an  Arch  so  hurried  the  blowne 
Tide,  As  the  recomforted  through  th'gates. 

t  ReCCvmforting,  vbl.  sb.  Obs.  [f.  prec.+ 
-ING  *.]  Encouragement,  consolation. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xi.  499  Apon  this  wiss  the  nobill 
king  Gaf  all  his  men  reconforting.  14*3  JAS.  I  King-is  Q. 
clxxvi,  Gif  ?e  goddis..  Haue  schewit  tins  for  my  recon 
forting.  a  1550  O  Lusty  Flour 31  in  Dnnbars  Poems  (1893) 
327, 1  sail  my  pen  address  Sangis  to  mak  for  thy  reconforting. 
1611  COTGR.,  Refocillation,  a  refreshing,.,  recomfort  ing. 

tReco'mfortless,tf.  Obs-1  [f. RECOMFORT^. 
+  -LESS.]  Without  comfort. 

1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  vi.  24  There  all  that  night  remained 
Britomart,  Restless,  recomfortlesse. 

t  Reco'mfortnre.  Obs—*-  [f.  RECOMFORT  z». 
+  -UBE.]  Consolation,  comfort. 

1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  ///,  iv.  iv.  425  They  will  breed  Seine* 
of  themselues,  to  your  recomforture. 

t Beconima'nd,  v.l  0!>s.  Forms:  4-5  reco- 
maXnde,  4-6  recommaunds,  5  recoma(u)nd, 
recumaunde,  etc.  [ad.  F.  recommander  ( 1 2th c.), 
f.  re-  RE-  -t-  commander  to  command  or  commend : 
on  the  relationship  to  RECOMMEND  z'.1,  see  the  etym. 
notes  to  the  vbs.  COMMAND  and  COMMEND.] 

1.  =  RECOMMEND  z'.1 1. 

c  1380  Sir  Fernmb.  256  He  lifte  vp  ys  hond  &  blessed  him 
J»an  &  recomandedem  to  god  almi^te.  1490  CAXTON  How 
to  Dieg,  [I]  recommaunde  at  thys  tyme  my  spyryte  in  to 
thy  handes.  ^1533  LD.  BKRNERS  Huon  \.  160,  I  recom 
maunde  thee  to  ye  kepinge  of  our  lorde  god.  Ibid.  Ixii.  218 
Therfore,  syr,  I  recommaunde  you  to  our  lord  god. 

b.  =  RECOMMEND  z>.l  i  b. 

ci374  CHAUCER  Troylus  u.  1021  (1070)  In  ful  humble 
wyse  . .  He  gan  hym  recommaunde  unto  her  grace.  1390 
GOWER  Conf.  Prol.  29*  So  ferfonh  I  me  recomande  To  him 
which  al  me  maycomande.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)ix.  33 
pai  take  lefe  at  pe  mounkes  and  recomaundes  (Jam  specially 
to  ber  praiers. 

c.  ettipt.  To  commend  to  the  prayers  of  the 
people,   rare"1. 

1389  Eng.  Gilds  31  pe  comoun  belleman  serial . .  recomandyn 
al  Jje  brethere  soules  and  systeres  of  be  gilde  be  name,  and 
alle  crystene  soules. 

d.  =  RECOMMEND  v.  i  c. 

139°  GOWER  Conf.  III.  33  To  youre  avis,  Min  holi  fader, 
-.1  recomande  myn  astat.  c  1400  Master  of  Game  (MS. 
Bigby  182)  Prol.,  I.  .ammeauntred  to  make  this  litel  symple 
booke,  which  I  recommaunde  and  submytte  to  youre  noble 
and  wyse  correccioun.  rigoo  Melusine  191  To  these  two 
knightes  Raymondyn  &  Melusyne  had  recommanded  the 
estate  of  theire  two  sones. 

2.  refl.  and  absol.  To  commend  (oneself)  to  the 
kindly  remembrance  or  regard  of  another.     (Used 
in  letters.) 

,  a  1413  PRINCE  HENRY  Let.  in  Nat.  MSS.  I.  36, 1  recomande 
me  to  yowr  good  &  gracieux  lordship.  1425  Paston,  Lett.  I. 
21  Right  worthy  and  worshepeful  Sir,  I  recomaunde  to  yow 
preyeng  yow  to  wite  [etc.].  1455  Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  280/2 
We  recommaunde  us  unto  you. 

b.  To  speak  of  or  mention  (a  person)  to  another, 
with  a  view  to  exciting  kindly  remembrance  or 
regard.  Freq.  used  in  messages. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troyhts  i.  1000  (1056)  '  This  in  special ', 
yuod  Troilus, '  that  then  me  recomaunde  To  hir  that  to  the 
deeth  me  may  comannde  '.  c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy 
soc.)  163  Go  litel  bille  . .  And  of  hool  herte  recomaund  me, . . 
lo  alle  tho  folk  which  lyst  to  have  pite.  1470-85  MALORY 
Arthur  vf.  vui,  Accolon.  .said,  recommaunde  me  vnto  my 
lady  Quene  and  telle  her  all  shnl  be  done  that  I  haue 
promysed  her.  a  1533  Lu.  UERNERS  Hnon  cxlvi.  547  When 

VOL.  VIII. 


257 

I    he  saw  that  I  wold  depart  thence  to  come  into  this  count  re, 
;    he  humbly  prayed  me  to  recommaunde  hym  to  you. 

absol.  a  1440  Sir  Dfgrev.  877  Recumaunde,  for  God's 
I  pyne  To  my  lady  and  thinne. 

K/eCOttima'lld,  i>.-  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  com 
mand  again. 

1509  HAWKS  Past.  Picas,  xvi.  ,\ix,  She  commaunded  her 

mynstrelles  right  anone  to  play.  .She  me  recommaunded.. 

To  dauncetrue  mesures.     1622  WITHER Mistr.  I'hilar.  Wks. 

i    (1633)  731  For  as  much  as  doubt  you  make  To  re-command 

[    me  :  of  mine  own  accord  Another  Strain,  I  freely  will  afford. 

1653  J.  HALL  Paradoxes  82  So  can  wee  no  more  recommand 

:    them  then  call  back  yesterday.     1864  Reader  18  June,  The 

!    great  bravura  duet  . .  was,  of  course,  recommanded  by  an 

irresistible  encore. 

Recommence  (rfk^me*ns), ».  [ad.  F.  recom- 
\  mencer  (nth  c.)  :  see  RE-  and  COMMENCE  v.] 

1.  intr.  To  begin  again. 

1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  clxiv.  242  Thenne  recommenced  and 

began  agayn  the  playnte  and  the  clamour.      1603  HOLLAND 

i     Plutarclfs  Mor,  1140  Violence  That  never  ends,  but  aie 

i    doth  recommence,     c  1645  HOWELL/,^.  i.  xxxii.  276  If  any 

i    odd  thoughts  intervene  and  grow  upon  me,  I  check  myself, 

and  recommence.     1812  SOUTH EY  Otnniana  II.  238  Shortly 

afterwards  that  war  recommenced.      1860  TYND.U.I.  Glac.  i. 

xii.  87  The  sound,  .ceased,  but  it  soon  recommenced. 

b.  With  complement.     (See  COMMENCE  v.  3  b.) 

1778-81  JOHN-SON  L.  P.,  Swift  Wks.  III.  396  He  seems 

i    desirous  enough  of  recommencing  courtier.     1791  BENTHAM 

J     ll'ks.  (1843)  X.  266,  I  am  recommenced  wild  beast. 

2.  trans.  To  cause  to  begin  again ;  to  renew. 
1494   FARYAN  Citron,  vii.   313  The   Frenshe   Kynge  had 

recommencyd  his  warre.  1585  'I'.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholays 
Voy.  n.  xiii.  48  [He]  caused  to  be  recommenced  the  works 
of  Calcedon.     0x648  Lu.  HERBERT  Hen.    VIII  (1683)  178 
Whensoeuer  the  said  Duke  shall  re-commence  his  former 
suit.     1784  KING  Cook's  yd  Voy,  vi,  ii.  III.  210  We  . .  told 
him,  that  we  purposed  recommencing  our  voyage  about  the 
5th  of  June.     1829  SOL  THEY  Sir  T.Morc  I.  250  Well  will  it 
be   if  the  present  age  should  not   see  its   ravages  recom 
menced.     1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2}  1. 185  The  two  brothers 
recommence  their  exhortation  to  virtue. 
Hence  Recornrne'ncing//1/.  a. 
1830  J.  DOUGLAS  Truths  Rclig.  (1832)  II.  114  The  fancy 
i    of  the  recommencing  series  of  existences  is  realised. 

Recomme-ncement.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  fresh 
commencement. 

1778-81  JOHNSON   L.  P.,  Addison  Wks.   III.    64    The 
Spectator,  from  its  recommencement,  was  published  only 
three  times  a  week.     1823  LAMU  Elia  Ser.  u.  Poor  Rela- 
I     ti'0nst  The   recommencement.. of  actual    hostilities.     1885 
!     Manch.  Ki'en.  News  6  July  2/2  The  reassembling  of  Par 
liament,  and  the  recommencement  of  actual  work. 

Recomine'iicer.  [f.  RECOMMENCE  v.  +  -ETC  i.J 
i  One  who  begins  again. 

1803  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  I.  257  The  recommencers  of 
j  hostile  practises.  1854  EMERSON  Lett.  <V  Soc.Aimsi.  (1875)30 
I  He  is  a  true  re-commencer,  or  Adam  in  the  garden  again. 

Recommend  (rek^rneiid),  sb.  dial,  and  U.  S. 
\  [f.  the  vl).]  A  recommendation. 

\%g$Ilarptrs  Mag.  Feb.  351/1, 1  think  he  would  give  It  an 
autograph  recommend.  1897  R.  KIPLING  dipt.  Cour.  227 
I'm  glad  to  have  a  recommend  from  that  quarter. 

Recommend  (rek^me-ml),  v.^  Also  4-5  reco- 
mende.  [ad.  med.L.  recommenddre  (1216  in  I)u 
Cange),  f.  re-  \\&- +  commendare  to  COMMEND.  Cf. 
obs.  F.  recommender,  an  occasional  variant  of  re- 
commander  to  RECOMMAND  z*.1  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  commend  or  commit  (oneself  or  another, 
one's  soul  or  spirit)  to  God,  his  keeping,  etc.  Also 
(rarely)  without  const.  (Cf.  COMMEND  v.  i.) 

^1400  MAUNDEV.  (1830)  xvi.  177  Seyenge  his  Orysounes, 
recommendynge  him  to  his  God.  1418  in  E.E.Wills  (1882) 
30,  I  recommend  my  saule  to  almyghty  god.  1572  HCLOET 
s.v.,Torecommende  him  selfe  to  God.  x6ix  EIBLE^C^XIV. 
26  And  thence  sailed  to  Antioch,  from  whence  they  had  been 
recommended  to  the  grace  of  God.  1676  RAY  Corr.  (1848) 
124,  I  recommend  you  to  the  Divine  protection.  17x1 
ADDISON  S£ect.  No.  7^6  When  I  lay  me  down  to  Sleep,  I 
recommend  myself  to  his  Care.  1760-73  H.  BROOKE /''w/ 
ofQual.  (1809)  IV.  106,  I  recommended  my  spirit  in  a  short 
ejaculation.  1791  MRS.  RADCLLFFE  Rom.  Forest  ix,  I  silently 
recommended  myself  to  God.  1883  STEVENSON  Treas.  Isl. 
v.  xxni,  I.  .devoutly  recommended  my  spirit  to  its  Maker. 

absol.  £•1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Ayinon  xxviii.  576  He 
made  the  signe  of  the  crosse  vpon  him  and  recomended  to 
our  lorde. 

b.  (Chiefly  refl.)  To  commit  (oneself  or  an 
other)  to  a  person  (or  thing),  or  to  some  one's 
care,  prayers,  etc. 

In  some  cases  perh.  with  implication  of  sense  4  c. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  2nd  Null's  T.  544,  I  axed  this  at  hevene 
king,  To  han  respyt  . .  To  recomende  to  yow  er  that  I  go 
Thise  soules.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  vi.  63  Than  wil  thei 
take  leve  of  the  Monkes  and  recommenden  hem  to  here 
Preyeres.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Gold.  Bk.  M.  Aitrel.  xlvii. 
91  b,  My  sonne  Irecommend  to  the  Helia  thy  stepmother. 
a  1649  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Hist,  Jos.  I7  Wks.  (1711)  92  He 
. .  recommended  himself  to  the  sea  in  the  spring  time.  1713 
STEELE  Guard.  No.  17  p  8  He  led  her  to  a  relation's  house, 
to  whose  care  he  recommended  her  for  that  night.  1844 
LINGARD  Anglo-Sax.  Ch,  (1858)  I.  vii.  310  [They]  recom 
mended  themselves  to  the  prayers  of  those  who  were  dis 
tinguished  by  the  austerity  and  sanctity  of  their  lives. 

fc.  To  give  in  charge,  consign,  commit,  submit 
(a  thing)  to  a  person  or  thing.  Obs. 

.1586  C'TESS  PKMBROKR  Ps.  LXVI.  viii,  What  I  to  praiers 
|  recommended,  Was  grationsly  by  him  attended.  1590  Art. 
i  agst.  Cartivright  §  25  m  Fuller  Ch.  Hist.  ix.  vii.  §  27  After 
I  it  was  perused  by  others,  .he  recommended  the  same  to  the 
i  censures,  and  judgements  of  nioe  brethren.  1601  SHAKS. 
Tivcl.  N.  v.  i.  94  [He]  denide  me  mine  owne  purse,  Which 
j  I  had  recommended  to  his  vse,  Not  halfe  an  houre  before. 


RECOMMEND. 

fd.  To  communicate  or  report  (a  thing)  to  a 
person.     Also  without  const.,  to  mention.   Obs. 

c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXXVIM.  ii,  The  t  hinges  our 
fathers  did  to  us  commend,  The  same  are  they  I  recommend 
to  you.  1599  Warn.  Fairs  Wom.  \\.  77  IM1  leave  you,  sir, 
to  recommend  my  thanks  Unto  your  kind  respective  wife. 
1600  HOLLAND  Li~>y  xxxix,  1.  1055  Some  of  them  have 
recommended  to  po^teritie.  .that  in  tins  one  yeere  there 
dyed  three  renowned  captaines.  rt  1641  UP.  MOUNTAGU 
Acts  ^-  Mon.  (1642)  1 19  Concerning  him  so  to  come,  and  to  be 
incarnate,  two  things  are  recommended  in  this  Prophecie. 
f  e.  To  inform  (a  person).  Obs.  rare~l. 

1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  i.  Hi.  41  Signior  Montano.. recommends 
you  thus,  And  prayes  you  to  beleeue  him. 

f2.   »  RECOMMAND  v.^  2.  Obs. 

1444  Paston  Left.  I.  55  Your  sonys  and.. your  brother  arn 
heyle  and  mery,  and  recommend  hem  to  yow.  1449  Ibid.  78, 
I  recomend  me  hertily,  thankyng  yow  for  the  tydings.  1529 
MORE  Dyaloge  i.  Wks.  107- 1  As  hartelye  as  I  possible  can, 
I  recommende  me  to  you.  1572  HULOET  s.v.t  He  recom- 
mendes  him  hartely  to  thee. 

fb.  =  RECOMMAND  z'.1  2  b.  Obs. 

TS39  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Life  fy  Lett.  (1902)  II.  201 
The  same  Bernard.. desired  the  said  Christopher  to  aduer- 
tise  your  grace  thereof  and  have  hym  recommended  most 
humbly.  1773  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thralc  24  May,  Re 
commend  me  to  the  poor  dear  lady. 

t  3.   To  praise,  commend  :   a.   a  person.    Obs. 

1377  LANGL.  /'.  PI.  }',.  xv.  22*  Riche  men  he  recomendeth 
.  .That  witb-outen  wyles  leden  her  lyucs.  c  1400  Sowdone 
Bab.  919  He  recomendide  the  olde  Knightes  That  ^at  d.iye 
hade  the  victorye.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  6  Seeyng  that 
Jason  was  somoche  recommended  of  entry  man.  1523  Ln. 
HKRNKRS  FTQISS.  I.  xi.  6  b/2  The  fyrste.  .  was  a  j;ood  knyght, 
&  greatly  recommeiKh-d.  a  1703  HURKITT  On  A .  /'., 
Matt,  xxiii.  33  'I'hey  continued  in  their  own  wickedness, 
and  yet  recommended  the  saints  departed. 
t  b.  a  thing.  (Cf.  5  lO  Obs. 

1705  STANHOI'K  Paraph.  II.  278  Thi-i  glorious  Testimony 
when  Jesus  had  recommended  as  a  Truth  inspired  from 
Heaven  [etc.].  \T&Prcf.J.  KeitrsAnim.Oecon.wWhey} 
have  generally  recommended  and  extolled  those  Parts  which 
they  best  understood  themselves. 

4.  t  a.  To  commend  to  favour.    Obs.   rare~l. 

a  1601  NORTH  Plutarch  (1610)  1177  Nonius  Asprenas,  one 
of  his  greatest  friends,  was  accused  by  Cassius  Severus.  . . 
Augustus  did  not  recommend  him,  but  let  the  Senatours 
alone,  who  banished  Cassius. 

b.  To  name  or  speak  of  ^onc)  as  fit  or  worthy  to 
hold  some  position  or  employment. 

1641  Nicholas  Papers  iCamden)  48  The  King  did  many 
dayes  since  intimate  who  they  were  he  would  recommend, 
but  none  were  declared  untill  this  morning.  1784  COWPER 
Tiroc.  417  A  king,  that  would,  might  recommend  his  horse. 
1802  JAMKS  JMilit.  Diet,  s.v.,  It  is  a  regulation,  that  none 
under  the  rank  of  field  officer  in  the  regulars,  can  recom 
mend  a  person  so  circumstanced. 

c.  To  present  or  bring  forward  (a  person)  as 
worthy  of  notice,  favour,  care,  etc.     Const,  to  (a 
person,  etc. ),/#/'  (the  thing  desired). 

1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenofs  Trav.  i.  39  They  [Turks]  . . 
invocate  their  Saints,  as  being  able  to  recommend  them  to 
God.  1703  STEELE  Tender  Husb.  in.  ii,  Madam,  may  I.. 
recommend  Mr.  Gubbin.  .to  your  Ladyships  Notice?  1734 
SWIFT  Lett.  (1766)  II.  271  The  trouble  I  gave  in  recom 
mending  a  gentleman  to  your  protection.  1830  D'!SRAELI 
Chas.  /,  III.  viii.  162  [He]  had  been  earnestly  recommended 
by  the  Earl  of  Strafford  to  Charles.  1850  MRS.  JAMESON 
Leg.  Monast.  Ord.  65  Whom  the  abbess  thought  qualified 
for  orders,  she  recommended  to  the  bishop  who  ordained 
them.  1853  DEARSLY  Crini.  Process  73  If. .  the  offender  is  a 
fit  subject  to  be  recommended  for  the  royal  mercy. 

5.  To  mention  or  introduce  ^a  thing)  with  appro 
bation  or  commendation  lo  a  person,  in  order  to 
induce  acceptance  or  trial. 

1581  MUI.CASTER  Positions  xxxix.  (1887)  196,  I  must  re 
commend  vnto  them  exercise  of  the  bodie.  1647  CLARENDON 
Hist.  Reb.  n.  §  i  He  would  both  recommend  and  enjoin 
the  practice  and  use  of  both  to  that  of  his  native  kingdom. 
1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thei'enofs  Trait,  i.  96  [Biscuits]  which 
were  recommended  to  me,  as  an  excellent  thing  to  drink  a 
mornings  draught  with.  1728  VENEER  Sine.  Penit.  Pref.  7 
Tho'  I  do  not  care  to  say  much  in  order  to  recommend  my 
book.. to  such  as  are  in  the  very  gall  of  bitterness.  1781 
CowFKRJ?f/zV*Mt,  541  O  grant  a  poet  leave  to  recommend. . 
Her  slighted  works  to  your  admiring  view.  1826  DISRAELI 
Vi-!>.  Grey  v.  xv,  Let  me  recommend  you  a  little  of  this 
pike  !  1863  Sat.  Re?:  16  May  640  We  will  conclude  by 
recommending  his  work  to  our  readers. 
b.  Without  personal  const.  (Cf.  3  b.) 

1714  POPE  Epil.  Jane  Shore  34  He'd  recommend  her  as  a 
special  breeder.  1725  DE  FOE  Voy.  round  World {\ty$  355, 
1  take  the  liberty  to  recommend  that  part  of  America  as  the 
best  and  most  advantageous  part  of  the  globe.  1781  COWPER 
Retirem.  388  For  once  I  can  approve  the  patriot's  voice, 
And  make  the  course  he  recommends  my  choice.  1820 
SHELLEY  (Ed.  Tyr.  ii.  ii.  22  Allow  me  now  to  recommend 
this  dish.  1876  MOZLEV  Univ.  Serm.  x.  231  Christianity  and 
worldly  wisdom,  .both  recommending  the  same  course. 

6.  To   make    (a    person    or    thing)    acceptable. 
Also  const,  to.    (Chiefly  of  qualities,  circumstances, 
or  things.) 

1665  BOYI.E  Occas.  Reft.  vi.  vi.  (1848)  360  Roses,  .retain. . 
divers  useful  Qualities,  and  Virtues,  that,  .recommend  them 
all  the  Year.  1712  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  418  ?  3  There  is  yet 
another  Circumstance  which  recommends  a  Description 
more  than  all  the  rest.  1782  PRIESTLEY  Corrupt.  Chr.  I.  r. 
101  It  was  chiefly  a  wisli  to  recommend  their  religion  to 
others.  1832  LEWIS  Use  fy  Ab.  Pol.  Terms  in.  21  A  claim 
recommended  by  the  practice.. of  the  constitution.  1863 
COWDEN  CLARKE  Shaks.  Char.  x.  268  That  man  has  little 
enough  to  recommend  him  whom  women  dislike. 

refl.  1605  SHAKS.  Mnca.  \.  vi.  2  The  ayre  nimbly  and 
sweetly  recommends  it  selfe  Vnto  our  gentle  sences.  1651 
HOBOES  Leviafh.  n.  xxx.  185  To  recommend  themselves  to 


RECOMMEND. 


258 


RECOMMIXTURE. 


his  favour.  1758  S.  HAYWARD  Serm.  xvii,  535  A  person  of 
eminent  rank  greatly  recommends  himself  to  the  esteem  of 
his  fellow-creatures  when  he  appears  affable  and  friendly. 
1859  MILL  Liberty  i.  12  This  view  of  things,  recommending 
itself  equally  to  the  intelligence  of  thinkers  [etc.]. 

7.  To  counsel,  advise,  a.  Const,  to  a  person, 
usually  with  it  as  obj.  (cf.  5)  and  appositive  infin. 

1746  Col,  Rec.  Pennsylv.  V.  38  His  Majesty  has  order'd 
me  to  recommend  it  to  you. .to  proceed  immediately  [etc.], 
1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  xvi.  viii,  He.  .recommended  to 
her  ladyship  to  do  him  the  honour.  1818  CRUISE  DJgest 
(ed.  2)  VI.  203  She  recommended  it  to  him  to  do  justice  to 
E.  and  her  children. 

b.  Without  personal  const.     (Cf.  5  b.) 

1733  PopE//£jr.  Sat,  II.  ii.  43  Let  me  extol  a  Cat,  on  oysters 
fed,  ..  Or  ev'n  to  crack  live  Crawfish  recommend.  1818 
JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  I.  in.  iv.  606  [He]  recommended, 
what  was  probably  wise,  to  gain  Nizam  al  Mulk  by  resign 
ing  to  him  Deccan.  1829  W.  twnvtQGrartadal.  x.  85  He  re 
commended,  that  the  whole  disposition  of  the  camp  should 
be  changed. 

o.  With  personal  obj.,  and  infin. 

1856  W.  COLLINS  After  Dark,  Yellow  Mask  II.  247,  I  re 
commend  you  to  control  your  temper,  and  to  treat  me  with 
common  courtesy.  1877  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  i.  ix. 
103  He  recommended  the  guardians  to  consult  the  king. 

Recommend,  v*  rare-1.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  commend  again. 

1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  140, 1  am  constrained  ofcour- 
tesie,  to  commend,  and  recommend  the  same  L.  Oppius..to 
your  patronage  and  defence. 

Recommendable  (rek^me'ndab1!),  a,  [f. 
RECOMMEND  v.1  +  -ABLE.]  That  may  be  recom 
mended,  worthy  of  praise.  Also  const,  to. 

1477  EARL  RIVERS  (Caxton)  Dictes  19  A  Right  recom- 
mendable  thing  in  heuen  and  in  erthe  is  a  true  tunge.  x6oa 
T.  FITZHERBERT  Apol.  6  The  honorable  cours  of  lyf  he  hath 
led.  .doth  make  him  no  lesse  recpmendable  for  true  Chris 
tian  pietie  and  vertue  then  for  wisdome  and  valour.  165* 
J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus'  Nat.  Paradox  \.  12  All  the  recom- 
mendable  qualities  and  exercise  requisite  for  a  Gentlewoman 
of  such  Extraction.  ^1734  NORTH  Lives  (1826)  II.  217  The 
matchless  pattern  of  his  most  recommendable  character  and 
successes.  1768-74 TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  662  There 
is  a  work,  .recommendable  as  well  to  those  who  have,  as 
those  who  have  not  done  any  good  work  before.  1832 
CARLYLE  in  Fraser's  Mag.  V.  407  The  Wise  had  found  such 
Loyalty  still  practicable,  and  recommendable.  1888  H.  S. 
MERRIMAN  Phantom  Fut.  II.  x,  146  This  method  is  scarcely 
recommendable  to  young  men  of  impressionable  hearts. 

Hence  Recommeudabi'lity,  Recomme'ndable- 
ness,  Recomme'ndahly  adv. 

i6zx  COTGR.,  Recommendablement,  recommendably,  . . 
praise-worthily.  1660  H.  MORE  Myst.  Godl.  x.  iii.  §  4  The 
fourth  and  last  Rule  or  Measure  of  opinions  is,  The  Recoin* 
mendableness  of  our  Religion  to  those  which  are  without. 
1796  LD.  ST.  HELENS  in  Benthams  \lTks.  (1843)  X.  319 
Whether  your  quality  of  French  citizen,  instead  of  adding 
to  your  recommendability  [etc.]. 

Recommendation  (re-k^nend^-Jan).  [a. 
OF.  recommendation  (F.  recommand-}^  or  med.L. 
recommendation-em  (1270  in  Du  Cange),  n.  of 
action  f.  recommendare  to  RECOMMEND.] 

•fl.  The  action  of  recommending  oneself  to  an 
other's  remembrance;  a  message  of  this  nature.  Obs, 

1450  Paston  Lett.  I.  135  After  aldue  recomendacion,  I  re- 
comaund  me  toyow.  1478  in  Surtees  Misc.  (1888)  37  We.. 
sendes  gretyng.  .&recommendaccin  unto  whome  it  seruys. 
c  1531  Du  WES  Introd.  Fr.  in  Palsgr.  1025,  I  you  pray  to  do 
my  most  humble  recommendations  to  the  good  grace  of  the 
Kyng.  1634  Malory's  Arthur  u.  cxlv,  The  letter  ,.  said 
thus. .  I  send  to  all  Knights  arraunt  recommendation. 

attrib.  1552  HULOET  s.  v.,  Recommendation  brynger, 
salutifer. 

t  2.  The  action  of  recommending  or  committing 
to  another's  care ;  hence,  care,  protection.  Obs. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  100/2  The  fourth  [privilege]  is  the 
recomendacion  of  the  moder  of  god.  0:1533  LD.  BERNEKS 
Gold.  Bk.  M,  Aurel.  91  b,  Remembre  she  is  ..  thy  mother 
adoptife  . .  wherfore  I  leue  her  vnder  thy  recommendation. 
1557  MRS.  BASSET  Ir.More's  Treat.  Passion  M.'sWks.  1400/1 
At  hys  recommendacion  [he]  tooke  hir  from  thencefoorth  as 
hys  owne  [mother]. 

t  3.  Commendation,  favour,  repute,  esteem.  Obs. 

1474  CAXTON  C/tesse  (ed.  2)  A  ij,  It  is  a  werke  of  ryght 
special  recomendacion.  1481  —  Myrr.  \\\.  xiii.  164  They 
that  gladly  myssaye  of  peple  of  recommendacion.  1523 
LD.  BEHNEHS  Froiss,  I.  ccxxxi.  314  They.  .were,  .well  re- 
ceyued,.  .bycause  they  were  lordes  and  knightes  of  great 
recommendacion.  1585!'.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  \7oy. 
in.  xvii.  102  b,  The  Turkes  haue  aboue  all  thinges  charitie 
in  greate  recommendation. 

4.  The  action  of  recommending  a  person  or  thing 
as  worthy  or  desirable. 

1578  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  25  [He  must  proceed  by 
himself]  uncareing  langer  for  thair  recommendatioun  of  ony 
[person].  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Vay.  in.  iii.  74 
It  is  not.,  that  either  fauour  or  recommendation  shal  stand 
them  in  steed  for  the  aduancing  of  them  to  any  higher  degree. 
1651  HOBBES  Lcviath,  in.  xlii.  296  Kings  ..  may  receive 
Schoolmasters  for  their  Subjects  from  the  recommendation 
of  a  stranger.  1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  94  F  5  Buying  at  his 
Shop  upon  my  Recommendation.  1778  FOOTE  Trip  Calais 
ii.  Wks.  1799  II.  354  You  have  a  notion  that  I  should  bring 
a.. fortune  to  this  spouse  of  your  recommendation?  1841 
ELPHINSTOKE  Hist.  Ind.  II.  ix.  iii.  323  He  had  no  ..re-  j 
strictions  about  food,  except  a  recommendation  of  abstinence,  j 
as  tending  to  exalt  the  mind. 

b.  Letter  of  recommendation^  a  letter  recom 
mending  a  person  ;  in  later  use,  a  letter  of  intro 
duction.  Cf.  RECOMMENDATORY  a.  i  b.  Also^-.  ' 

1494  FABVAN  Chron.  v.  cxv.  89  He.. sent  to  hym  a  great    j 
summe  of  golde,  with  letters  of  recommendacion,  exortynge    j 


hym  [etc.].  1548  ELYOT,  Commendatitix  literx,  letters  of  re 
commendacion.  c  1645  HOWELL  Le it.  (1650)  1 1. 48  An  honest, 
ingenious  look  is  a  good  letter  of  recommendation,  of  itself. 
1662  J.  DA  VIES  tr.  Otearins'  Voy.  Aw  bass.  130  The  Duke  of 
Holstein . .  gave  him  Letters  of  Recommendation  to  the  Great 
Duke  of  Muscovy.  1725  DE  FOE  Voy.  round  World  (1840) 
31  The  Dutch  captain  would,  .give  us  a  letter  of  recom 
mendation  to  the  governor.  1810  J.  ADAMS  Wks.  (1854)  IX. 
626  His  conduct  to  our  President.. is  not,  however,  a  letter 
of  recommendation  of  his  temper,  policy,  or  discretion.  1870 
BURTON  Hist.  Scot.  VI.  Ix.  55  note,  They  complained  that 
the  ambassador  had  only  a  letter  of  recommendation  in  place 
of  a  letter  of  credit. 

c.  A  letter  or  certificate  of  recommendation. 
1643  EVELYN  Diary  May  (Bologna),  I  enquired  out  a  priest 
and  Dr.  Montalbano,  to  whom  I  brought  recom'endations 
from  Rome.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Did.,  Recommendation,  in 
a  military  sense,  a  certificate,  stating  an  individual  to  be 
properly  qualified  for  a  situation  in  the  army. 

5.  That  which  procures  a  favourable  reception  or 
acceptance, 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  i.  §  14  Upon  no  other  advan 
tage  or  recommendation,  than  of  the  Beauty,  .of  his  Person. 
1794  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Myst.  Udolpho  xii,  'That  is  no  re 
commendation  at  all ',  replied  her  aunt.  1858  FROUUE  Hist. 
Eng.  IV.  xviii.  101  His  recommendation  had  been  his  con 
nexion  with  a  powerful  native  family. 

6.  Exhortation,  advice. 

1585  EARL  LEICESTER  in  Motley  Netherl.  (1860)  I.  v.  280, 
I  would  he  were  in  Fort  Rammekyns.  .with  a  recommenda 
tion  from  me  to  Russell  to  look  well  to  him. 

Recomme-ndative,  a.  and  sl>.  rare.  ?  Obs. 
[f.  RECOMMEND  v.^  +  -ATIVE.  Cf.  OF.  recommanda- 
tt/(i$2i  inGodef.).]  a.  adj.  That  recommends. 
b.  sb.  That  which  recommends. 

x6xi  COTGR.,  Rccomwandatif>  recommendatiue,  recom 
mending.  17*7  Art  Speaking  in  Public  Introd.  (ed.  2)  15 
The  Rules  and  Laws  of  Speaking  and  Action,  the  Ornament 
and  Recommendative  of  all  Discourse. 

Recommendator.  rare  -l.  [f.  RECOMMEND 
v.1;  cf.  COMMENDATUR.]  One  who  recommends. 

1818  Quarles'  Embl.  4  Notwithstanding  that  some  of  his 
evangelical  recommendatory,  'leave  to  better  judges'  to 
pronounce  '  what  share  of  merit  is  due  to  the  poet  *. 

Recommendatory  (rek^me'ndatsri),  a.  ff. 
RECOMMEND  vl  after  COMMENDATORY  a.  Cf.  OF. 
recommandatoire  (1533  in  Godef.).] 

L  Having  the  attribute  of  recommending ;  ex 
pressing  or  conveying  a  recommendation. 

1611  COTGR.,  Recommandatoire t  commendatorie,  recom- 


There  are  sev 


mcndatorie.     1705  HEARNE  Collect.  28  July  (O.  H.S.)  I.  iS 
everal  Recommendatory  Verses  before  it.      171* 


ADDISON  Spect.  No.  458  ?  3  How  many  Men.. give  Recom 
mendatory  Characters  of  Men  whom  they  are  not  acquainted 
with..?  1796  WASHINGTON  Let.  Writ.  1892  XIII.  269  Let  me 
pray  you  therefore  to  introduce  a  section  in.  .the  address., 
recommendatory  of  the  measure.  1859  SALA  Tiy.  round 
Clock  (1861)  290  At  which  confession  the  chaplain  ..  puts 
him  down  in  the  front  rank  for  his  next  recommendatory 
report  to  the  visiting  magistrates. 

b.  Recommendatory    letter :     (see    COMMENDA 
TORY  a.  i  b,  and  cf.  RECOMMENDATION  4  b). 

1618  Demeanour  of  Sir  U7.  Raleigh  59  His  Letters  recom 
mendatory  for  his  safe  conduct  and  reception.  1683  CAVE 
Ecclesiastici,  Athanasius  153  Having  procur'd  the  Recom 
mendatory  Letters  of  George  Bishop  of  Laodicea.  1766 
GOI.DSM.  Me.  W.  xx(  My  first  care  was  to  carry  his  recom 
mendatory  letter  to  his  uncle.  iSia  D'!SRAELI  Calam.Auth. 
(1867)  61  He.. came  to  the  metropolis  with  thirty  recom 
mendatory  letters.  1885  Mane  A.  Exam.  5  Nov.  5/3  Mr. 
Spencely  has  the  advantage  of  a  letter  recommendatory 
from  Mr.  Chamberlain. 

c.  Recommendatory  prayer  :  (see  COMMENDATORY 
a.  i  c  and  RECOMMEND  z/.i  i). 

1718  Freethinker  No.  6  F  12  He  has  left  us  the  best  Re 
commendatory  Prayer  in  the  Hour  of  Death. 

2.  Of  a  quality,  feature,  etc.:  That  recommends 
its  possessor. 

1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  50  p  i  To  none  of  these  Recom 
mendatory  Advantages  was  his  Title  so  undoubted  as  that 
of  his  Beauty.  1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela  (1824)  I.  Ixxxiv. 
446  The  only  recommendatory  point  in  Mr.  H —  is,  that 
he  dresses  exceedingly  smart.  1818  BYRON  Ch.  liar.  iv. 
clxxiv.  note%  The  gentlemanly  spirit,  so  recommendatory 
either  in  an  author  or  his  productions.  1868  Morn.  Star 
2  June,  Park  horses,  ladies'  horses,  and  ponies  were  trotted 
out  to  display  their  respective  recommendatory  points. 

3.  Of  a   resolution,   appointment,   etc. :    In  the 
form  of  a  recommendation,  without  binding  force. 

1690  Col.  Rec.  Pennsylv.  I.  329  This  following  Recom- 
menditary  order  was  ordered  by  y«  board.      1798  in  Dallas 
Amer.  Law  Rep.  II.   169  If  the  resolve  of  Congress  had 
been  absolute  and  imperative,  instead  of  being  barely  recom 
mendatory.     1833  GROTE  Greece  n.  Ixxxix.  XI.   538  The 
resolution  of  the  synod  (noway  binding  upon  the  Athenian 
people,  but  merely  recommendatory). 

"f  b.  Applied  to  a  person  recommended  for 
appointment  to  a  position.  Obs."1 

1691  LuTTRELL^r/>/r/?tr/.  (1857)  II.  250  The  lord  mayor. . 
drunk  to  sir  Wm.  Ashurst,  as  a  recommendatory  sherif  for 
the  ensuing  year,  if  approv'd  by  the  common  hall. 

Recomme-nded,  ///.  a.  [f.  RECOMMEND  vl 
+  -ED1.]  Praised,  commended. 

1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  in.  xv.  168  Plato  whiche  was  a  puis- 
saunt  and  a  recommended  maistre  of  Athenes.  c  1532 
Du  WKS  Introd.  Fr.  in  Palsgr.  896  Deceased  of  noble  and  re- 
comended  memory  the  prince  Arthur.  1663  BOVLE  Usef. 
E*p,  Nat.  Philos.  \\.  v.  xvi.  267  What  if  a  recommended 
Specifick.  .seem  unable  to  produce  the  promised  Effect? 

Recommender  (rekfTme-ndai).  Also  7  -or. 
[f.  as  prec.  +  -ER  *.]  One  who  recommends. 

1579  J.  STUBDES  Gaping  Gulf  D  vij,  Some.,  do  sclaunder 


those  religious  princes  as  recommenders  to  vs  of  thys 
mariage.  i6xx  COTGR,,  Recomma-ndeur,  a  recommendor, 
commendor,  praiser.  1663  BOVLE  Usef.  Exp.  Nat.  Philos.  i. 
i.  7  That  severe  Teacher,  and  perswasive  Recommender  of  the 
strictest  Virtue,  Seneca.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811) 
I.  xxvii.  190  Is  not  this  a  plain  indication  that  even  his  own 
recommenders  think  him  a  mean  creature?  1836  KEBLE 
Serm.  viii.  Postscr.  (1848)  349  This  is  the  very  chiefest  ad 
vantage  which  the  warmest  recommenders  of  Tradition  in 
our  Church  expect  from  it.  1873  M.  ARNOLD  Lit.  $  Dogma 
(1876)  240  It  is  obvious  how  well  this  notion  of  faith  suits 
the  recommenders  of  such  doctrine. 

Recommending  (rekfTme'ndirj),  ///.  a.  [f. 
as  prec.  +  -ING  2.]  That  recommends. 

1611  COTGR.,  Recommendatif,  recommendatiue,  recom 
mending.  1693  DRYDEN  Juvenal  xvi.  (1697)  383  One  happy 
Hour  is  to  a  Souldier  better,  Than  Mother  Juno's  Recom 
mending  Letter.  1769  Junius  Lett.  xv.  67  The.  .purity  of 
your  manners. .  and  a  thousand  other  recommending  circum 
stances.  1872  GEO.  ELIOT  in  Cross  Life  (1885)  III.  172  The 
outside  is  not,  I  think,  quite  equally  recommendable  and 
recommending. 

So  Recommending'  vbl.  sl>.,  recommendation. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x.  lix,  I  send  vnto  alle  knyghtes 
trraunt  recommaundynge.  1591  PERCIVALL  Sj>.  Diet.,  En- 
tomienda,  recommending,  commendations. 

t  Recommends.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  the  vb.  For 
the  form  cf.  COMMEND  sb.  2  b.]  A  recommendation. 

1623  WEBSTER  Devil's  Law-Case  n.  i,  That  I  might  take 
my  leave,  sir.  and  withal  Entreat  from  you  a  private 
recommends  To  a  friend  in  Malta.  1665  J.  SERGEANT  Sure 
J' acting  go  The  greater  the  Recommends  of  any  Truth  is, 
the  greater  is  the  obligation  not  to  bely  our  selves  and  it. 

tRecomme-ndum.  Obs.~~Y  [irreg.  f.  RECOM 
MEND  Z/.1]  ?  Praise,  commendation. 

th 
o  my  good  fortunes, 


1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stitjfe  74  Euen  those  that  attend 
vppon  the  pitch-kettle,  will  bee  druncke  to  n 
and  recommendums. 

t  Recommiss,  -mise,  v.    Obs.   rare.     [f. 

med.L.  rccommiss-its  (1278  in  Du  Cange),  pa.  pple. 
of  recommittere  to  RECOMMIT  ;  or  f.  RE-  5  a  + 
COMMISE  z>.]  trans,  (in  pa.  pple.  only)  To  re 
commend. 

1427  Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  322/2  We  beseeche  youre  Hiegh- 
nesse..to.  .yeve  in  special  commandement  to  youre  Ambas- 
satours . .  to  have  ye  saide  Archebisshop,  and  oure  Moder 
his  Cherche  of  Canterbury  speciali  recommissed.  1454-5 
Ibid.  V.  450/2  The  Bisshop  of  Ely.  .shold  be  recommised  to 
.  .the  Pope,  for  to  be  promoted  to  th'  archiebisshopricke. 

Recommi'ssion,  v,    [RE-  53.]    trans.  To 

commission  (a  person,  ship,  etc.)  anew. 

1858  Times  24  Nov.  9/5  Paying  off  a  fleet  in  1857  and  re- 
commissioning  the  same  fleet  in  1858.  1888  Ibid.  22  Nov. 
5/1  They  will  be  recommissioned  with  the  grades  uhich 
they  held  in  the  Russian  army. 

t  Recommit,  v.1  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  med.L.  re- 
committere  to  recommend  :  cf.  RECOMMISS.]  trans, 
To  commit  or  cemmend  to  a  person,  etc. 

1521  FISHER  Senn.  agst.  Lnther  iv.  Wks.  (1876)  344  All 
the  soules  that  by  his  false  doctry ne  he  sleeth  and  murdereth, 
he  recommytteth  them  vnto  almyghtygod.  1570  FoxE^4.  # 
M.  (ed.  2}  618/1  Beseching  the  court  aforesayd,  that  they 
wyl!  receaue  fauorably  the  sayd  Wylliam  vnto  them  thus 
recommitted.  1658  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Parntas  Wars  Cyprus 
199  We  ought  not  to  recommit  the  total  of  our  Fortune . .  to 
the  uncertain  event  of  Battel. 

Recommit  (nk^mi-t),  v.2    [RE-  53.] 

1.  trans.  To  send  or  refer  (a  bill,  etc.)  back  to 
a  committee. 

1621  ELSING  Debates  Ho.  La's.  (Camden)  85  The  House  to 
debate  the  double, ..and  if  the  major  part  doubt,  yt  may 
be  recommitted.  1729  Votes  $  Proc.  Pennsylv.  Ho.  Repr. 
(1754)  III.  72  Ordered,  That  the  said  Act  be  re-committed 
for  several  Amendments.  1790  BEATSON  Nav.  $  Mil.  Mem. 
I.  37  The  House . .  agreed  to  the  address  ;  but  when  a  motion 
was  made  for  its  being  recommitted  [etc.].  1863  H.  Cox 
Instil,  i.  ix.  168  A  bill  may  be  re-committed  generally,  or  on 
amendments  proposed  on  the  consideration  of  the  report. 

b.  To  entrust  (a  person  or  thing)  again  to  a 
person. 

1783  BURKE  Sp,  E.  Ind.  Bill  Wks.  1826  IV.  in  It  is  to  re 
commit  the  government  of  India  to  the  court  of  directors. 
1870  ANDERSON  Missions  Amer.  Bd.  II.  xvii.  136  The  code 
was  then  recommitted  to  the  graduate,  with  instructions  to 
supply  certain  deficiencies. 

2.  To   commit   (a   person)   again   to   (a   court, 
prison,  etc.).     Also  without  const. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  iv.  §  312  The  House  of  Com 
mons.. caused  them  immediately  again  to  be  recommitted 
to  the  Tower.  1863  Titties  n  Feb.,  Criminals,  who  are  re 
committed,  after  having  been  convicted  of  former  offences. 

3.  To  commit  or  do  (an  action)  again. 

1647  HERRICK  Noble  Numb.,  To  Cod,  God.. Will  add  a 
power  to  keep  me  innocent ;  That  I  shall  ne're  that  trespasse 
recommit.  1677  GILPIN  Demonol.  (1867)84  The  inclinations 
that  are  begot  in  us  by  any  act  of  sin  to  recommit  it.  1795 
tr.  Mercier^s  Fragm.  Pol.  $  Hist.  II.  467  When  you  wish 
to  recommit  a  sin,  you  must  there  pay  double. 

Recommitment.    [RE-  5  a.]    A  renewed 

commitment  or  committal. 

1779  Hansard  Parl.  Hist.  (1814)  XX.  1003  The  question 
of  re-commitment,  which  the  House  has  rejected.  1817 
COLERIDGE  Biog,  Lit.  xxi,  No  re-commitment  (for  new  trial) 
of  juvenile  performances.  1861  MAY  Const.  Hist.  (1863)  I. 
iii".  146  Lord  Halifax,  .moved  the  recommitment  of  the  bill. 

Recommittal.     [RE-  5  a.]     Recommitment. 

1863  H.  Cox  Instit.  i.  ix.  168  There  may  be  several  recom 
mittals  of  the  same  bill.  1884  Contemp.  Rev.  July  86  In  the 
local  jails.  .75  per  cent,  of  the  inmates  are  constantly  enter 
ing  on  very  short  re-committals. 

t  Recommrxture.  Obs.—1  [RE-  5  a.]  A  re 
newed  commixture. 


RECOMMUNICATE 


259 


RECOMPILE. 


1652  News  fr.  Lmvc-Countr.  i  To  those  four  segregated 
forms  Whose  recommixture  now  informs. 

Recoinmirnicate,  v.  [R*>  5  a.]  To  com 
municate  anew.  Hence  Recomrnu'nicated///.  a. 

1611  FLORIO,  Racconiitnicar^,  to  recommunicate.  x?Si 
JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  97  f  9  What  additional  charms  has 
devotion  given  to*  her  recommunicated  features  ! 

t  Recbmpa-ck,  v.  06s.-1   =  RECOMPACT  z». 

1602  WARNER  ^/^.  E.ng.  xni.  Ixxviii.  (1612)  321  Heginner 
of  beginnings.. Who,  were  not  aught  of  all,  his  word  the 
world  could  recompack. 

Recompa*ct,  pa.  pple.  [See  next  and  COM 
PACT///.  6.1]  Kecorapacted,  put  together  again. 

1868  LYNCH  Rivulet  CLXVII.  iv,  Then,  like  a  broken  city 
recompact,  My  heart  shall  fortress  be  and  home  desired. 

Recompact  (r/k^mpse-kt),  v.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  join  or  fit  together  again. 

1626  DONNE  Serin,  xxi.  206  God  shall  re-compact  and  re 
compile  those  atomes  and  graines  of  dust  into  that  Body 
which  was  before.  1813  COLERIDGE  Remorse  v.  i.  170  Curse 
or.  remorse  !  Can  it  give  up  the  dead,  or  recompact  A 
mangled  body?  1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  i.  ii.  12  The  crushed 
ice  being  recompacted  into  a  solid  mass. 

Hence  Recompa'cting  vbl.  sb. 

1630  DONNE  Serin,  xiii.  129  His  dissections  are  so  many 
re-compactings,  so  many  resurrections. 

Recompanse,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RECOMPENSE  v. 

Recompa're,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  com 
pare  again.  So  Recompa'rison. 

1814  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rez:  LXXIII.  496  He  has 
re-compared  the  texts  with  the  manuscripts  whence  it  uas 
derived.  1875  Chamb.  Jrnl,  Jan.  7/1  These  instruments  arc 
returned  to  the  office,  .for  recompavison  with  standards. 

RecO'mpass,  v,  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  traits.  To 
compass  (obtain,  go  round)  again. 

?t-i6oo  Distracted  Emp.  v.  iv.  in  Bullen  O.  PL  III.  260 
At  her  deathe  had  I  recompast  it,  I  had  beene  kynge  of 
Fraunce.  1654  COKAINK  Dtatu'tt  \.  33  Having  compassed 
and  recompassed  much  ground  to  no  purpose, . .  I  laid  me 
downe  to  rest  me. 

Recoxnpe'l,  v.     [RE-.]     trans.  To  force  back. 

1624  QUARLES  Job  sec.  xi,  You'l  say,  perchance,  Wee'l 
recompell  your  word. 

Recompence,  var.  RECOMPENSE;  sb.  and  v. 

Re'COinpe  usable,  a.  rare.  Also  5  -pensi- 
ble,  6-7  -peuceable.  [f.  RECOMPENSED.  + -ABLE; 
cf.  obs.  F.  recompensable  (Godef.).]  fa.  That 
may  serve  as  a  recompense,  f  b.  Willing  to  make 
a  return.  Obs.  c.  That  may  be  recompensed. 

1454  in  E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  133  Y  can  not  assigne  no  thyng 
of  my  good  recompensible  to  his  good  brotherhede.  1576 
FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  329  Hee  promisseth  to  shewe  him- 
selfe  recompenceable  to  his  power,  though  not  with  like 
recourse  of  benefits,  yet  with  giuing  thankes.  1648  HEX- 
HAM,  Loonbaer,  rewardable,  or  recompenceable.  1875  H. 
JAMES  R.  Hudson  xii.  437  Rowland's  fancy  hovered  about 
the  idea  that  it  was  recompensable. 

Recompensation  (r/Vmpensj'jbn).  [a. OF. 
recompensacion  (i3tli  c.) :— late  L.  recompensation- 
em  (6-;th  c.),  n.  of  action  f.  recompensare  to  RE 
COMPENSE.  Cf.  COMPENSATION.] 

fl.  =  RECOMPENSE  sb.  in  various  senses.  Obs. 
(Common  in  ijth  c.) 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  iv.  pr.  iv.  101  (Camb.  MS.)  For  the 
recompensacyon  [L.  compensatio\  for  to  geten  hem  bownte 
and  prowesse  which  hat  they  han  lost,  'i  1450-4  Lett.  Marg. 
Anjou  (y  Bp.  Beckinglon  (Camden)  119  Ye  will  ordeme  and 
see  unto  the  recompensacion  of  the  same  oure  cousyn.  1494 
FABYAN  Chron.  vn.  ccxxxvi.  274  He.  .dyd  to  the  sayd  Henry 
recompensacion,  in  yeldynge  vnto  hym  y«  cytie  of  Carlell. 
1581  MAKBECK  Bk.  of  Notes  353  It  is  not  that  reward,,  -but 
is  all  one,  as  if  it  shuld  be  called  a  recomoensation.  1651 
Raleigh's  Ghost  300  The  which  remunerations  and  recom- 
pensations,  -seeing  they  are  not  ever  payed  in  this  life,,  .are 
to  be  reserved  for  the  life  to  come.  1715  M.  DA  VIES  A  then. 
Brit.  I.  Pref.  61  The  Court,  .  order'd  old  Mugnoz  to  be  kept 
close  Prisoner . .  till  he  made  full  Restitution  or  Recom- 
pensation  to  his.  .Son. 

fb.  In  phr.  In  (some,  etc.)  recompensation  of. 

c  1384  CHAUCER  H.  Fame  it.  157  In  somme  recompensacion 
Of  labour  and  deuocion  That  thou  hast  had.  1426  LVDG. 
De  Gui/.  Pilgr.  16901  In  Recompensacion  off  the  grete 
benefetys  which  thow  hast  Receyved  fior  Synnerys.  1533 
BELLENDEN  Livy  i  xxii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  128  He  was  slane  in 
recompensacion  of  |?e  grete  murdir  and  slauchter  made  be 
him  afore.  1562  Wills  <fr  Inv.  N.  C,  ^Surtees  1835)  200 
To  my  doughter  . .  xxx1  in  full  recompensacion  off  her 
childes  porcion.  a  1578  LINUESAY  (Pitscottie)  Ckron.  Scot. 
(S.T.S.)  I.  114  His  son.. in  recompensatioun  thairof  was 
maid  Earle  of  Caitnes. 

2.  Sc.  Law.  In  actions  for  debt,  a  counter-plea 
of  compensation  raised  by  a  pursuer  to  meet  the 
defender's  plea  of  compensation. 

1681  STAIR  Institutes  \.  xviii.  §  6  Compensation  is  some 
times  elided  by  recompensation,  which  doth  but  seldom 
occur,  and  hath  not  been  distinctly  determined  as  to  the 
several  cases  in  which  it  may  occur,  a  1768  ERSKINE  Inst. 
Law  Scot.  in.  iv.  §  19  A  pursuer  . .  may  if  the  defender 
should  plead  any  ground  of  compensation,  elide  his  defence 
by  pleading  recompensation  upon  that  separate  debt.  1838 
W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Serf.  1855  Scots  Law  Rep.  XVII.  \). 
739.  The  judicial  factor  in  obtaining  authority  from  the  sur 
viving  partner  was  entitled  to  plead  recompensation  against 
the  counter  claims  of  the  defenders. 

Recompense  (re-k^mpens),  sb.  Also  -pence, 
[a.  OF.  recompense  (i 3-141)1  c.  in  Hatz.-Darm.), 
f.  recompense?  to  RECOMPENSE,  The  spelling  -ence 
is  more  frequent  than  the  etymological  -cnse  (cf. 
thevb.)  until  the  igth  c.] 

1.  Reparation  or  restitution  made  to  another  for 


some  wrong  done  to  him  ;  atonement  or  satisfac 
tion  for  some  misdeed  or  offence. 

6*1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  97  Tyll  he  haue  made  full 
seethe  and  recompense  For  hurt  of  my  name  thorough  thys 
gret  offence.  1494  FABYAN  Cliron.  \\.  cxcv.  200  Fall  nat  to 
lyke  offence,  Leste  for  thy  faute  thou  make  lyke  recompence. 
1535  COVBRDALK  Prov.  vi.  31  A  thefe.  .maketh  recompence 
with  all  the  good  of  his  house.  1568C-RAFTON  Chron.  II.  36 
And  also  make  recompence  and  restitution  unto  him  for 
the  hurtes  and  harmes  that  his  Normanes  had  done.  1651 
HOIWKS  Lcviath.  in.  xxxvui.  248  Sin  cannot  be  taken  away 
by  recompence.  1697  POTTER  Antiq.  Greece  n.  xx.  (1715) 
371  This  Festival  is  said  to  have  been  first  instituted  by 
Theseus,  as  a  recompence  of  his  Ingratitude  to  her. 

2.  Compensation  (received  or  desired}  for  some 
loss  or  injury  sustained. 

1508  DUNBAR  Tua  Klariit  Wcmen  136  Thoght  his  pen 
purly  me  payis.  .His  purse  pays  richely  in  recompense  efter. 
1600  J.  POKV  tr.  Leo's  Africa  n.  51  There  is  some  recom 
pence  due  unto  me,  sithens  ten  of  my  people  haue  beene 
slaine,  and  but  eight  of  this  my  neighbours.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  n.  981  Xo  mean  recompence  it  brings  To  your  behoof, 
if  I  that  Region  lost.  1770  Junhis  Lett.  xx.\vi.  171  Have 
you  secured  no  recompense  for  such  a  waste  of  honour? 
1841  ELPHINSTONE /ftV£  I  mi.  II.  xi.  ii.  475  He  may,  perhaps, 
have  looked  to  some  recompence  for  the  temporary  sacrifice 
of  his  pride. 

b.  Compensation  for  some  defect  or  imper 
fection,  rare—*. 

1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  in,  xi.  §  15  The  signification  of 
their  Names  cannot  be  made  known.. by  any  shewing  ;  but 
in  recompence  thereof,  may  be.  .exactly  defin'd. 

3.  Return  or  repayment  for  something  given  or 
received. 

1473  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  73/1  So  that  the  thyng  soo 
graunted,  restored,  [etc.]  passed  not  from  the  Kyng  undrc 
any  of  his  Scales,  afore  the  seid  eschauiige,  salt:  or  recom 
pense.  1526  TINDALE  Luke  xiv.  12  When  thou  makest  a 
diner  or  a  supper  :  call  not  thy  frcndes.  .tast  they  bidde  the 
agayne,  and  make  the  recompence.  1601  SHAKS.  Tiuef. 
^V.  v.  i.  7  This  is  to  glue  a  dogge,  and  in  recompence  desire 
my  dogge  againe.  1667  MILTON  /*.  L.  v.  42^  The  Sun  that 
light  imparts  to  all,  receives  From  all  his  alimental  recom 
pence  In  humid  exhalations.  1783  CHUISE  Cowman  Re 
coveries  116  In  the  preceding  modes  of  barring  estates  tail 
..the  recompense  in  value.. was  a  real  and  bona  Jide  re 
compence.  1818  —  Digest  (ed.  2)  V.  432  Seven  of  the  peti- 
tions  were  by  fathers  upon  the  marriage  of  their  sons,  and 
an  equal  recompence  given. 

t  b.  In  phr.  in  recompense  of,  in  payment  of,  as 
an  equivalent  for.  Obs. 

1463  Bury  If  ills  (Camden)  15,  I  beqwethe  vnto  the  high 
awter  of  the  seid  chyrche,  in  recompense  of  my  dewtees 
to  holy  chirche  not  payed  dewly,  .\Ni-.  1542  Test.  Hbor. 
(Surtees)  VI.  157  In  full  recompence  of  certen  landes  in 
Methley.  1581  Knaresbor.  Ii  ills  (Surtees)  I.  142  To  my 
doghter.  .v,y,  in  recompence  of  her  childes  porcion. 

4.  Compensation  or  return  for  trouble,  exertion, 
services  or  merit. 

1500-20  DUNBAU  Poems  xliii.  42  Alhaill  almoist,  Thay  male 
the  coist,  With  sobir  recompens.  1590  SI'EXSEK  /''.  O.  \.  iii. 
30  His  lovely  words  her  seem'd  due  recompense  Of  all  lier 
passed  paines.  1638  R,  BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  II)  45 
This  long  continued  state  of  youth  is  no  doubt  the  re 
compence  of  her  extraordinary  vertue.  1730  FHANKLIN  Rss. 
Wks.  1840  II.  62  Renown  and  applause  have  always  been 
the  recompense  of  true  merit.  1777  ROIJERTSON  Hist.  Ainer. 
I.  i.  55  In  recompence  of  his  labours  and  perseverance,  he 
at  last  descried  that  lofty  promontory.  1853  J.  H.  NEWMAN 
Hist.  Sk.  (1873)  I.  i.  ii.  81  The  riches  which  he  amassed., 
were  a  recompense  amply  sufficient, 

5.  Retribution  for  some  injury  or  offence. 

1538  ELYOT,  Talio^  an  equall  peyrre  in  recompence  of  a 
hurte.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  i.  xix.  23b, 
If  they  would  not.  .consent  .,,  for  theyr  recompence,  all 
they  within  the  Castle  should  continue  slaues.  1611  BIBLE 
Ecclns.  xvii.  23  Afterward  he  will  rise  vp  and  reward  them, 
and  render  their  recompence  vpon  their  heads.  1653  H. 
COGAN  tr.  Pinto's  Trav.  v.  13  To  dissemble  what  she  had 
executed  against  him,  for  which  he  would  one  day  return 
her  a  recompence  according  to  her  merit.  1821  SHELLEY 
Prometh.  Unb.  i.  388  Such  is  the  tyrant's  recompense;  'tis 
just ;  He  who  is  evil  can  receive  no  good. 

Recompense  (re'l^mpens),  v.  Also  -pence, 
6  Sc.  -panse.  [ad.  O  F.  recompense?  (1322  in 
Godef.),  ad.  late  L.  recompensare  (6~7th  c.),  f.  L.  re- 
RB-  +  compensare  to  COMPENSATE.] 

1.  trans.  To  reward,  requite,  repay  (a  parson) 
for  something  done  or  given.  Const,  for,  -\of 
(the  thing  done)  and  by,  with  (the  return  made). 

1422  T.  HOSTEL  in  Ellis  Orig.Lett.  Ser.  n.  I.  96  Being  for 
his  said  service  never  yit  recompensed  ne  rewarded.  1484 
CAXTON  fables  of  sEsop  in.  i,  He  wold  thenne  haue  recom 
pensed  hym  of  the  good  whiche  he  had  done  to  hym.  1555 
EDEN  Decades  160  They  recompensed  owre  men  with  many 
rewardes.  i6oa  MARSTON  Ant,  $•  Met.  in.  Wks.  1856  I.  31 
Wee  vowe..to  recompence  any  man  that  bringeth  his  head. 
1666  DRYDKN  Ann.  Mirab.  cclxlv,  Thou  who  hast  taught 
me  to  forgive  the  ill,  And  recompense  as  friends  the  good 
misled.  1718  Freethinker  No.  87  r  2  Will  the  Student's 
Labour  recompence  him  with  large  Possessions  ?  1719  DE 
FOE  Crusoe  i.  xix,  The  first  Thing  I  did,  was  to  recompense 
my  original  Benefactor.  1841  LANE  Arab.  Nts.  I.  82  Thus 
he  who  acted  kindly  to  the  undeserving  is  recompensed  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  aider  of  TJmm  A'mir. 

ahsol.  1814  GARY  Dante,  Purg,  iv.  118  Be  his  To  recom 
pense,  who  sees  and  can  reward  thee. 

b.  To  compensate,  give  compensation  to  (a  per 
son)  for  some  loss  or  injury  sustained.  Also  rejl.^ 
and  f  const,  f^ (expense). 

1477  EARL  RIVERS  (Caxton)  DUtes  IQ  A  man  ..  ought  to 
bolue  him  self  recompensed  whan  his  aduerse  partie  required 
of  him  pardon.  1560  DAI^S  tr.  SUidanes Comiti.  224  b,  [He] 
sendeth  words  to  the  Cities,  .that  they  shoulde  recompence 


hym  for  the  injuryes  done,  a  1578  LINDESAY  {Pitscottie) 
Chron.  Scot,  (S.T.S.)  II.  18  To  recompense  him  of  his  ex- 
penssis.  .in  comming  to  Scotland.  1653  HOLCROFT  Procopius 
i.  4  If  I  be  devoured  be  it  your  part,  Sir,  to  recompence  my 
children  for  their  fathers  death.  1709  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU 
Let.  to  Anne  Wort  ley  5  Sept.,  The  kindness  of  your  last 
recompenses  me  for  the  injustice  of  your  former  letter.  1726 
SWIFT  Gulliver  i.  vi,  Out  of  his  Goods  or  Lands  the  innocent 
Person  is  quadruply  recompensed  for  the  Loss  of  his  Time. 
1803  J.  UKISTKO  Pcdestr.  Tour  II.  328  We,  therefore,  now 
recompensed  ourselves  for  the  four  banyan,  or  fasting,  days 
which  we  had  undergone. 

2.  a.  To  make  up  for,  to  make  or  give  compen 
sation  for  (some  loss}  injury,  defect,  etc.) ;  f  to 
take  the  place  of. 

1430-40  Lvnc.  Bochas  vn.  v.  (1554)  169  Nero..Lete  bylde 
an  house  ..  To  recompence  that  other  that  was  olde.  1456 
SIR  G.  HAVE  Lnzu  Arms  (S.T.S.)  135  Quhethir  harnes  lent, 
and  tynt  in  weris,  suld  be  reslorit,  and  recompensit  agayne 
to  the  lennaris  of  It.  1558  GOODMAN  HIKV  to  Obey  -2-2-2.  What- 
soeuer  you  lose  in  this  world,  .it  shall  be  here  recompenced 
with  double.  1639  FULI.KU  Holy  War  iv.  iv.  (1840)  181  The 
length  of  the  journey  will  be  recompensed  by  the  goodness 
of  the  way.  1684  Contanpl,  St.  Man  i.  vii.  (1699)  79  Another 
[ship]  may  arrive  loaden  with  such  Riches  as  may  recom 
pence  the  loss  of  the  former.  1772  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs. 
Thrale  3  Dec.,  I  found  t\\  o  letters  here,  to  recompense  my 
disappointment  at  Ashbourne.  1871  MORLEY  l-'oltain1  (1886) 
2  A  gracious,  benevolent,  and  all-powerful  being,  who  would 
one  day  redress  all  wrongs  and  recompense  all  pain. 

b.  To  make  compensation  or  atonement  for  (a 
misdeed,  wrong,  etc.). 

1450-1530  Myrr.  our  Ladye  ii  To  recompense  suche 
neglygence;  seuen  tymes  on  the  day  we  do  seruice  to  God. 
1588  A.  KING  tr.  Canisins"  Catech.  95  b,  Worthy  fruicts  of 
penance,  quhalrbe  we  recompense,  .the  faults  and  snines  of 
our  former  lyf.  1611  BIBLE  Num.  v.  8  If  the  man  haue  no 
kinsman  to  recompense  the  tiespasse  vnto,  let  the  trespasse 
be  recompensed  vnto  the  Lord.  1671  MILTON'  Stti/rsoti  746 
In  some  part  to  recompense  My  rash  but  more  unfortunate 
misdeed.  1837  BROWNING  Sirafford  iv.  iii,  We  have  done 
Less  gallantly  by  Strafibrd  :  well !  the  future  Must  recom 
pense  the  past. 

G.  To  make  a  return  or  requital  for  (something 
done  or  given'. 

1530  PALSGK.  681/1,  I  recompence  ones  servyce  or  a  good 
tourni:  doone  to  me.  c  1586  CTESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  cm.  v, 
He  doth  not  ..  recompence  Unto  us  each  offence  With  due 
revenge.  1605  VEKSTKGAN  Dec.  Intell,  v.  (1628)  129  His 
death  was  recompensed  with  the  slaughter  of  Categerne. 
1754  EDWARDS  Freed.  Will  MI.  i.  (1762)  139  It  is  our  Duty 
to  recompense  God's  Goodness,  and  render  again  according 
to  Benefits  received.  1816  SHELLEY  A  las  tor  4  Natural  piety 
to  feel  Your  love,  and  recompense  the  boon  with  mine. 

•j-  3.  To  give  as  a  recompense  or  return  ;  to  mete 
out  in  requital.  Obs. 

1473  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  73/1  Grauntes  made  by  the  Kyng, 
of  any  of  the  premisses  eschaunged,  sold  or  recompensed  by 
the  Kyng.  1526  TINDALE  Rom,  xii.  17  Recompence  to  no 
man  evyll  for  evyll.  —  2  T/iess.  i.  6  It  is  verely  a  rightewes 
thynge  with  god  to  recompence  tribulacion  to  them  tiiet 
trouble  you. 

4.  intr.  To  make  repayment,  return,  or  amends. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  201  [The  archbishop] 
spende  so  grete  goodes  in  that  solennite  that  unnethe  the 
iiij"1"  successoure  to  hym  recompen[se]de  for  the  dettes. 
1535  COVEKDAI.I-;  2  Chron.  x.xxii.  25  But  Ezechias  recom 
pensed  not  accordinge  as  was  geuen  vnto  him.  1555  W. 
WATKEMAN  Fat-die  Facions  11.  XL  256  He  that  endainageth 
any  manne  :  as  the  losse  or  hinderaunce  shaibe  valewed,  so 
muste  he  of  force  recompence.  1668  HALE  Prcf.  Rolles 
Abridgem.  a  ij,  This,  though  it.,  takes  up  longer  time  for 
their  study,  yet  it  recompencetb  with  great  advantages. 
1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Luiv  Scot.  822  The  Court  found  gener 
ally,  that  he  might  re  compense  on  any  other  debts. 

t  Recompensement.  Obs.  rare-*,  [a.  OF. 

recompensentent  (1358  in  Godef.),  f.  recompense? 
to  RECOMPENSE.]  Recompense,  return. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  v.  cxxxv.  121.  Edfryde  had  great 
summes  of  money  in  recom  pen  cement  of  his  brothers  deth. 

K,e*coiupenser.  rare.  [f.  RECOMPENSE  v.  + 
-Kit1.]  One  who  or  that  which  recompenses ;  f  also 
spec,  (.see  quot.  1589). 

1563  FOXE  A.  $  M.  56/1  A  thankful  recompenser  of  the 
benefits  receiued  at  hys  hande.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng. 
Pocsic  in.  xix.  (Arb.)  224  marg.^  Antenagoge,  or  the  Recom- 
pencer.  Ibid.,  We  have  another  manner  of  speech  much 
like  to  the  repentant.  . .  It  is  called  by  the  originall  name 
in  both  languages,  the  Recompencer.  1611  COTGR.,  Recom. 
jensenr^  a  recompencer. 

Recompensing  (re'k^mpensirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -ING  '.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  RECOMPENSE. 

1450  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  188/2  Whom  we  have  in  recom- 
pensyng  therof  made  Squier.  i53S  COVERDALE  Has.  ix.  7 
The  tyme  of  visitacion  is  come,  the  dayes  of  recompencinge 
are  at  honde.  1561  T.  NORTON  Calrins  Inst.  m.  210  They 
..that  go  about  to  appease  God  with  their  owne  recom- 
pencinges.  1625  tr.  Gensah'io's  Sp.  fngnis.  144  His  reward 
for  his  paines,  if  we  respect  mans  recompencmg,  was  [etc.]. 

So  Be-compensing1  ///.  a.t  That  recompenses. 

1676  DRYDEN  Anrengz.  \\.  \.  729  A  kind  of  recompensing 
ease.  1851  TKENCH  Poems  150  Vengeance,  and  the  recom 
pensing  years, 

t  Recompensive,  a.  Obs.  rare—*,  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -IVE;  cf.  med.L.  recompenslvus  (1327  in 
Du  Cange).]  That  lecompenses. 

1643  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Relig.  Med.  i.  §  ft  This  is  the  day 
that  must . .  reduce  those  seeming  inequalities . .  in  this  world, 
to  an  equality  and  recompensive  Justice  in  the  next. 

Recompile  (nk/mparl),  v.    [RE-  5  a.     Cf.  It. 

recompilare   (Florio),   Sp.  recopilar.]     trans.  To 
compile  again.     Hence  Recompiling  vbl.  sb. 
1611  FLOHIOI  RecoHijilafiottt')  a  recompiling.    1616  BACON 

33-3 


RECOMPILEMENT. 

Compil.  <5-  Amendm.  Laws  Wks.  1730  IV.  i  The  reducing 
and  recompiling  of  the  laws  of  England.  c  1617  —  Digest 
of  Laws  Wks.  1826  V.  357  There  was^such  a  race  ( of  wit 
and  authority,  between  the  commentaries  and  decisions  of 
the  lawyers,  and  the  edicts  of  the  emperors.  . .  Whereupon 
Justinian,  .recompiled  both.  1626  [see  RECOMPACT  v.]. 

So  Recompilement,  a  new  compilation. 

1629  BACON  Advt.  touching  Holy  WarEp.  Ded.,  Although 
..I  had  a  purpose  to  make  a  particular  digest  or  recompile- 
ment  of  the  laws..  \  yet..  I  have  laid  it  aside. 

Ilecomplai'n,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  To  com 
plain  again. 

1616  J.  LANE  Contn.  Sqrts  T.  vii.  68  Of  his  litle  virtue 
whiche  remaines  Hee  to  his  inmost  reason  recomplaines. 

Recoiuple'te,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  com 
plete  ngain.  So  Becomple'tion. 

1655  tr.  Com.  Hist.  Francion  in.  55,  I  had  no  sooner  put 
them  in  their  places,  but  the  Head  and  the  Arms  came  of 
their  own  accords,  to  recompleat  the  whole.     1865  CARLYLE 
Fredk,  Gt.  xxi.  ii.  (1872)  IX.   260  Regiment  Schenkendorf 
got,  every  year,  for  recompletion,  what  recruits  were  wanted. 
1874  DANA  Text-bk.  Geol.  (ed.  3)  33  By  successive  destruc 
tions  and  re-completions. 

Keco  mplicate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
complicate  again.  So  Recomplica'tion. 

1874  [see  RE-  5  a].  1882  H.  SPENCER  Print.  Social.,  /V. 
Inst.  242  The  complicated  processes  of  developement  are 
frequently  re-complicated  by  changes  in  the  sets  of  factors. 
1889  MIVART  in  Xature  14  Nov.  40  Simplification,  and  pos 
sible  recomplication,  of  the  germ-plasm  itself. 

Re  compose  (r/k^mp^-z),  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf. 
F.  recomposer  (1549'?  L.  recotnponere.] 

1.  trans.  To  put  together  again  ;  to  recombine ; 
to  form  again  by  composition.     Chiefly  in  anti 
thesis  to  decompose. 

1611  COTGR.,  Recomposer,  to  recompose,  to  frame  anew. 
1649  J.  H.  Mo! ion  to  Parl.  Adv.  Learn.  6  These,  .industries 
that  endeavour  to  gather  them  up,  and  . .  recompose  them. 
1663  BOYLE  Exp.  Hist.  Colours  in.  xtv.  Wks.  1772  I.  738 
We  were  able  to  produce  a  lovely  purple,  which  we  can 
destroy  or  recompose  at  pleasure.  1748  HARTLEY  Observ. 
Man  i.  iii.  337  To  take  to  Pieces,  recompose,  and  ascertain 
our  Kvidences.  1777  PRIESTLEY  Matt.  <$•  Spir.  (1782)  I. 
xvii.  200  Whatever  is  decomposed  may  be  recomposed  by 
the  being  who  first  composed  it.  1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMILTON 
Metaph.  vi.  (1859)  I-  97  The  far  greater  number  of  the 
objects  presented  to  our  observation  can  only  be  decom 
posed,  but  not  actually  recomposed. 

absol.  1861  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  (1869)  III.  v.  389  Fire  and 
water,  .can  really  destroy  nothing,  but  can  only  decompose 
and  recompose. 

b.  To  compose  again  in  writing.  rare~l. 

1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalinis  Advts.fr.  Parnass.  i, 
Ixxxiv.  '1674)  in  [They]  desire. .that  Tacitus  may  re-com 
pose  those  Books  of  his.  .which  are  lost. 

2.  To  put  together  again  in  a  new  form  or  manner ; 
to  rearrange. 

1816  -2nd  Rep.  Comm.  Public  Rec.  App.  p  5  The  old  Titles 
have  in  most  Cases  been  re-composed.  1849  M: \CAULA v  Hist. 
Eng.  vi.  II.  144  The  change  was  not  confined  to  the  officers 
alone.  The  ranks  were  completely  broken  up  and  recom 
posed.  1861  J.  PVCROFT  Ways  <$•  Words  21  He  [Simeon] 
once  told  Mr.  Cams  that  he  had  lecomposed  the  plan  of  one 
discourse  nearly  thirty  times. 

b.  absol.  To  make  new  (artistic)  compositions. 

1861  THORNBURY  Turner  (1862)  II.  326  Turner  never 
imitated  Salvator  Rosa— because  he  had  rocks  and  torrents 
of  his  own  to  go  and  copy  and  recompose  from. 

3.  To  restore  to  composure.     Also  refl. 

1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  i.  iv.  124  He  called  for  a 
minstrell,  who  by  his  harmony  might  recompose  his  dis 
united  and  troubled  spirit.  1655  '1  heophania  92  *  When  we 
had  recomposed  our  selves,  .we  sate  m  the  Cabin  descanting 
thereon.  1700  CONGREVE  Way  of  World  m.  v,  I  shall 
never  recompose  my  features  to  receive  Sir  Rowland  with 
any  GEcoDomy  of  face.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  Wks. 
1775  HI.  86  Our  spirits,  when  disordered,  are  not  to  be  re- 
composed  in  a  moment. 

4.  To  restore  to  harmony. 

1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  II.  332  A  man  who.. was  the 
most  likely  to  recompose  the  quarrels  in  the  church. 

Hence  Bscompo'sed  ///.  a.,  Recompensing 
vbl.  sb.  and  ppl.  a. 

1659  GAUDEN  Tears  Ch.  iv.  xviii.  527  The  recomposing  of 
this  Church  to  any  Ecclesiasticall  Uniformity.  1700  CON- 
GREVE  Way  of  Worlds,  i,  It.  .furnishes  with  blushes,  and  re- 
composing  airs  beyond  comparison.  1733  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
Su/'p.  s.  v.  Recomposition,  The  recomposed  body  shall  not 
be  distinguishable  by  the  senses  from  that  which  never  had 
been  separated  by  the  fire.  1862  ANSTED  Channel  fsl.  n. 
xi.  (ed.  2)  293  Boulders  formed  out  of  a  recomposed  rock. 

ReCOXUpO'Ser.  rare  -1.  [f.  prec.  +  -ER.]  One 
who  or  that  which  recomposes. 

1653  H.  MORE  Conject.  Cabbal.  33  It  meets  with  a  proper 
corrector  and  recomposer  of  its  motions. 

Becomposition  (nkpmp^zi-Jan).  [RE-  5  a.] 
The  action  or  process  of  recomposing,  in  senses  of 
the  vb. 

1690  LEYBOURN  Curs.  Math.  340  Which  is  the  Root  of  the 
Cube..  ;  which  may  be  proved  by  re-composition.  1753 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Snpp.,  Recomposition^  in  Chemistry,  the 
compounding  of  bodies  from  their  separated  parts,  or 
principles,  so  as  to  compose  the  original  whole  again.  1788 
PRIESTLEY  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXIX.  17  The  formation,  the 
decomposition,  and  recomposition  of  water.  1871  Daily 
News  Q  Feb.,  He  gives  us,  instead  of  a  mere  translation,  an 
English  recomposition.  1897  Ibid.  2  Feb.  2/1  To  omit  or 
insert  even  a  comma  . .  requires  the  re-composition  and  re 
casting  of  the  entire  line. 

So  t  Recompo'sure.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1651  CHARLETON  F.phes.  <v  Cituni.  Matrons  ;i668)  19  The 
re-composure  of  her  disordered  mind. 


260 

Recompound  (rfk^mpatrnd),  v.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  compound  again.  Hence  Recom- 
pou-nded ///.  a.,  Recompotrnding  vbl.  sb. 

1683  TBVON  Way  to  Health  536  All  their  Regiments  of 
Compounded,  Recompounded.  Decompounded  and  Surre- 
compounded  Medicines.  1816  BENTHAM  Ckrestom.  122 
Methods  of  compounding,  decompounding,  and  recom- 
pounding  the  matter.  1835-34  B-  MONTAGU  tr.  Bacons 
Wind.  Anc.  B.'s  Mor.  &  Hist.  Wks.  (Bohn)  249  Of  all 
things  in  the  universe,  man  is  the  most  compounded  and 
recompounded  body.  1843  MILL  Logic  m.  x.  §  4  Many 
substances,  though  they  can  be  analysed,  cannot  by  any 
known  artificial  means  be  recompounded.  1872  H.  SPENCER 
in  Contemp.  Rev.  June  143  The  compounding  and  re-com 
pounding  of  ultimate  homogeneous  units. 

Recompt,  obs.  variant  of  RECOUNT  v.1 

Recompute  (r/Vmpiw-t),  v.  [RE-  53.] 
trans.  To  compute  again,  recalculate. 

1767  HORSLEY  in  Phil.  Trans.  LVII.  184  To  satisfy  my 
self  more  fully  of  the  accuracy  of  my  work,  I  this  day  re 
computed  the  whole.  i8o6HuTTON  Course  Math.  (ed.  2)  I. 
p.  iv.  Re-computing  the  examples,  and  rendering  them  more 
correct  in  the  numbers,  1880  HAUGHTON  Phys.  Geog.  iv. 
198  note,  I  have  recomputed  the  areas  of  the  rain-basins  of 
the  Ganges,  .and  of  the  Brahmaputra. 

So  Becoiuputa'tion. 

1867  CHAMBERS  Astron.i.  i.  4  The  recomputation  of  all 
numerical  quantities  involving  the  Sun's  distance  as  a  unit. 

RecO'll,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  con  again. 
Hence  Reco'nning  vbl.  sb. 

1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  i.  iii.  10  As  he  that  foresees  what 
wil  become  of  a  Criminal,  re-cons  what  he  has  seen  follow 
on  the  like  Crime  before.  Ibid. ,  This  we  call  Remembrance, 
or  calling  to  mind  :  the  Latines  call  it  Reminisce ntia^  as  it 
were  a  Re-conning  of  our  former  actions. 

Reconceal,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RECONCILE  v. 

f  Re-conceit.  Obs-*-     [RE-  5 a.]     (See  quot.) 

1603  BRETON  Packet  Mad  Lett.  i.  xxviii,  Re-conceit  is  a 
kirnle  ofdizzinesse  which  worse  tormented  then  with  idlenes 
is  troubled  with  too  strong  a  madness. 

Recoiicei've,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  con 
ceive  again  or  in  a  new  way. 

1865  MASSON  Rec.  Brit.  Philos.  113  Reconceive  if  you  can 
my  cosmological  conception.  1889  Literary  World  (Boston) 
2  Feb.  39/1  Both  [books]  attempt  to  reconceive  Jesus. 

Reconcele,  variant  of  RECOUNSEL  v.,  Obs. 

Reconcentrate  (r/k^-nsentreH),  v.    [f.  RE- 

+  CONCENTRATE,  partly  (sense  a)  after  Sp.  recon- 
centrar.]  a.  trans.  To  bring  together,  concen 
trate,  now  spec,  for  military  reasons,  b.  trans. 
and  intr.  To  concentrate  again.  Also  re/I. 

1622  MAUBE  tr.  Aleman's  Guzman  d'Alf.  n.  284  The  yisiue 
be.imes  in  both,  reconcentratmg  themselues,  in  this  en 
counter,  .strucke  home  vpon  our  soules.  1877  RAYMOND 
Statist.  Mines  <$•  Mining  432  The  concentrated  ore,  with 
some  gangue  with  it,  flows  to  the  concentrators  on  the  base 
ment-floor,  where  it  is  recon  cent  rated  to  remove  all  the 
gangue.  Ibid.,  This  system  of  reconcentrating  renders 
good  concentration  easy.  1884  A.  FORBES  Chinese  Gordon 
li.  103  He  abandoned  further  attempts  on  Kintang,  and  on 
the  24th  had  reconcentrated  at  Liyang. 

So  Beconcentra'tion. 

1898  Westm.  Gaz.  6  Apr.  7/1  Starvation  of  thousands  of 
non-combatants  [in  Cuba]  through  recon  cent  rat  ion. 

t  Reconce-ntre.  Obs.  rare  — '.  [Cf.  prec.] 
trans.  To  concentrate  on  the  same  point. 

1634  SIR  T.  HAWKINS  Pol.  Observ.y  His  eyes  reconcentred 
with  his  imaginations,  manifested  in  their  wannesse  what 
anxieties  tormented  him. 

Reconce-ption.     [RE-  5  a.]     A  renewed  or 

new  conception  ;  something  reconceived. 

1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qua!.  (1809)  III.  31  A  small 
embryon  or  reconception  of  that  lately  forfeited  image,  which 
. .  had  borne  the  perfect  likeness  of  the  Creator.  1779  J. 
DUCH£  Disc.  (1790)  I.  xi.  207  Thou  hast  within  thee  a  Seed 
of  Eternal  Life,  a  Birth  of  the  Triune  God, .  .a  reconceptjon 
of  the  Light  and  Love  of  God. 

Reconce-ssion.  [RE-  5  a.]  The  action  of  con 
ceding  again. 

1777  BURKE  Corr.  (1844)  II.  149  The  minister  gave,  he  re 
tracted,  and  he  gave  again,  with  a  sure  majority  to  vote  for 
his  concession,  retraction,  or  reconcession. 

Re'COiicilabi'lity.  Also  -cilea-.  [f.  next  +• 
-ITY.]  The  fact  or  quality  of  being  reconcilable. 

1865  MASSON  Rec.  Brit.  Philos.  367  The  reconcileability  of 
Mr.  Mill's  Cogitatipnism  with  the  mind's  knowledge  of  a 
world  pre-existing  itself.  rtg+Liberal  17  Nov.  10/1  His., 
attitude  of  reconcilability  to  the  present  order  of  things. 

Reconcilable  (ie-k(?nsailab'l),  a.  Also  -eile- 
able.  [f.  RECONCILE  v.  +  -ABLE.] 

1.  Of  statements,  opinions,  facts,  etc. :  Capable 
of  being  mutually  reconciled,  or  brought  into 
agreement  or  coexistence  with  each  other. 

i6iz  SELDEN  fllitstr,  Draytoris  Poly-olb.  ix.  206  But  how 
soever  these  things  might  be  reconcileable,  I  think  clearly 
[etc.].  1705  AEBUTHNOT  Coins,  etc.  (1727)  259  The  different 
accounts  that  are  given  of  the  Numbers  of  Ships  on  both 
Sides  by  several  Authors  are  reconcileable,  by  supposing 
that  [etc.].  1781  GIBBON  Dccl.  ft  F-  xyiii.  II.  77  The  op 
posite  yet  reconcileable  vices  of  rapaciousness  and  prodi 
gality.  1818  JAS.  MILL  Brit,  fmiia  1. 11.  iv.  147  note.  When 
there  are  two  sacred  texts,  apparently  inconsistent,  both  are 
held  to  be  law,  for  both  are  pronounced  by  the  wise  to  be 
valid  and  reconcileable.  a  1873  MACREADV  Remin.  (1875)^  I. 
xiv.  227  To  render  his  [Hamlet's]  seeming  inconsistencies 
reconcilable  and  intelligible,  is  the  artist's  study. 

to.  Math.  (See  qnot.  and  IURECONCILABLK  3.) 

1873  MAXWELL  F.lcctr.  $  Magtt.  I.  19  If  two  curves  are 
such  that  one  of  them  may  be  transformed  into  the  other  by 
continuous  motion  without  at  any  time  passing  through  any 
part  of  space  for  which  the  condition  of  having  a  potential 


RECONCILE. 

is  not  fulfilled,  these  two  curves  are  called  Reconcileahle 
curves. 

2.  Capable  of  being  reconciled  with  something. 
1640  HAMMOND  Semi.  xii.  Wks.  1684  IV.  549  Before  we 

could  scarce  allow  it  reconcileable  with  his  infinite  justice. 
1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  fy  P.  in.  i.  92  The  Habits  and 
Customs  of  this  Place  are  reconcileable  with  them  in  the 
Kingdom  of  Gulconda.  1736  BUTLER  Anal.  i.  i.  Wks.  1874 
I.  33  That  we  are  to  live  hereafter,  is  just  as  reconcileable 
with  the  scheme  of  atheism.  1818  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  iv.  Ixiii. 
note,  The  account  in  Polybius  is  not  so  easily  reconcileable 
with  present  appearances  as  that  in  Livy.  1882  A.  W.  WARD 
Dickens  vii.  199  The  irony  of  Smollett  is  drier  than  was 
reconcileable  with  Dickens'  nature. 

b.  Const,  to.     Now  rare. 

1691  HARTCLIFFE  Virtues  200  Thus  to  represent  Religion, 
as  a  thing  reconcileable  to  Evil,  is  the  greatest  Scandal  to  it. 
1748  HARTLEY  Observ^.  Man  i.  ii.  158  The  Action  of  acrid 
Poisons  is  very  reconcileable  to  the  Doctrine.  1818  BENTHAM 
Ch,  Eng.  Catech.  Exam.  56  The  language  is  here  reconcile 
able  to  the  rules  of  common  sense. 

t  c.  ellipt.  without  const.  Obs.  rare. 
1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  108  But  with  more  diffi 
culty,  or  hardly  at  all  is  that  reconcilable  which  is  delivered 
by  our  Countreyman.  1719  WATERLAND  I'ituL  Christ's  Div. 
375  Are  you  well  assured  that  you  understand  whatever  is 
intelligible  or  reconcilable  ? 

3.  Of  persons,  their  natures,  etc. :    Easily  con 
ciliated  or  reconciled.     Now  rare. 

1621  T.  WILLIAMSON  tr.  Goularfs  Wise  \7ieillard  78  When 
we  see  the  minde  of  man  . .  to  abandon  hatred,  and  to  be  of 
a  peaceable  and  reconcilable  inclination,  it  is  a  signe  that  it 
is  in  an  excellent  state  of  rest  and  tranquilitie.  1641  J. 
JACKSON  True  Evang.  T.  in.  172  It  is  a  disposition  and 
temper  truly  Kuangelicall,  and  savouring  of  Christ,  to  be 
peaceable,  and  reconcileable.  0:1711  KEN  Div.  Love  Wks. 
(1838)  291  Let  thy  love,  thou  God  of  love,  make  me  peaceful 
and  reconcileable,  always  ready  to  return  good  for  evil,  to 
repay  injuries  with  kindness. 

4.  a.  Admitting  of  reconciliation.  rare~~l. 

1643  MII.TON  Divorce  n.  xvii.  Wks.  (1851)  107  Christ . .  de 
clares  that  no  accidental,  temporary,  or  reconcileable  offence 
except  fornication,  can  justifie  a  divorce. 

f  b.  Capable    of    being   made    acceptable    or 
agreeable.     Const,  to  (a  person).  Obs.  rare. 

1790  HAN.  MORE  Relig.  Fash.  World  (1791)  252  The  dark 
veil.. is  reconcileable  to  him  who.. trusts  confidently  that 
the  catastrophe  will  set  all  to  rights.  1799  WASHINGTON 
Lett.  Writ.  1893  XIV.  165,  I  do  not  think  it  will  be  a  very 
reconcilable  matter  to  Gentlemen  of  more  respectable  ages 
..to  have  a  young  man ..  placed  over  their  heads. 

Hence  Re'concilafoly  adv. 

1688  COLLIER  Several  Disc.  (1725)  197  Except  we  are 
kindly  and  reconcileably  disposed  towards  our  Neighbour. 

Ke'concilableness.  Now  rare.  [f.  prec. 
+  -NESS.]  Reconcilability. 

1654  HAMMOND  Fundam.  xvi.  §  33  Thirdly,  that  this 
[cylinder]  cannot  be  a  fit  resemblance  to  shew  the  reconcile- 
ablene.ss  of  fate  with  choice.  1685  BOYLE  (title)  Of  the 
Reconcileableness  of  Specifick  Medicines  to  the  Corpuscular 
Philosophy.  1757  EDWARDS  Orig.  Sin  iv.  iv.  (1837)  278 
Which  the  apostle  signifies  are  testimonies  to  Gods  reconcil- 
ableness  to  sinful  men.  1882  Blackw,  Mag.  July  90  There 
never  lived  a  man  that  had  less  malice  and  revenge  nor 
more  reconcilableness  and  kindness  and  generosity  in  his 
nature  than  he. 

Reconcile  (re'kpnssil),  v.  Forms :  4-6  recon- 
sile,  (5  -syle,  6  -cyle),  4-  reconcile  (also  4-5 
recounsile,  -syle,  -cile,  7  Sc.  -ceal).  [ad.  F.  rt- 
concilier  (i2th  c.)  or  L.  reconcili-are,  f.  re-  RE-  + 
conciliare  to  CONCILIATE.  See  also  KECOUNSEL  v.] 
I.  1.  trans.  To  bring  (a  person)  again  into 
friendly  relations  to  or  with  (oneself  or  another) 
after  an  estrangement. 

13. .  Propr.  Sanct.  (Vernon  MS.)  in  A  rckiv  Stud.  neu.  Spr, 
LXXXI.  315/133  pis  ilke  holi  chirche  ..  bat  god  in  his  sone 
. .  To  him-self  Reconciled,  hit  was  clene  vndefuilcd.  1382 
WVCLIF  2  Cor.  v.  19  God  was  in  Crist,  reconcilynge  to  him 
the  world.  1450-1530  Myrr.  our  Laiiyc  191  (Jure  lady  de- 
lyuer  vs  from  all  our  wyckednesses,  reconsylynge  ^vs  to  thy 
moste  pyteous  sonne.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Steidane's  Comm. 
426  b,  They . .  reconcile  hym  to  Marques  Albert.  1593  SHAKS. 
2  Hen.  VI*  iv.  viii.  72  follow  me  souldiers,  wee'l  deuise  a 
meane,  To  reconcile  you  all  vnto  the  King.  1879  DlXON 
Windsor  II.  x.  105  The  king's  desire  to  reconcile  his  cousin 
with  his  friend. 

transf.  1849  DE  QUINCEV  Mail-Coach  Wks.  1897  XIII. 
324  Battle-fields  that,  long  since,  nature  had  healed  and  re 
conciled  to  herself  with  the  sweet  oblivion  of  flowers. 

b.  refl. 

1535  COVERDALE  ToKt  viii.  4  These  thre  nighles  wil  we 
reconcyle  cure  selues  with  God.  1582  N.  LICHF.FIELD  tr. 
Castanheda's  Cong.  E.  Ind.  \.  Ixviii.  139  They  returned  to 
the  king  of  Coching,  with  whom  they  reconcyled  themselues. 
1675  H.  NEVILE  tr.  Machiavelli's  Prince  Wks.  207  The 
Ursini  reconciled  themselves  to  him,  by  the  mediation  of 
Seignor  Paulo.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  i.  i.  36 Thou  mightst.. 
reconcile  thyself  with  thine  own  heart  And  with  thy  God, 
and  with  the  offended  world. 

c.  \npass.t  without  specified  agent. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Serin.  Sel.  Wks.  I.  17  It  suffiseth  bat  (>ou 
go  out  of  ire  and  be  recounsilid  in  herte  wib  him.  1460 
CAPGRAVE  Chron.  (Rolls)  247  Ureding  that  if  the  duke  were 
reconciled  onto  the  Kyng,  it  wold  bring  him  onto  grete 
schame.  1550  COVKRDALE  Spir.  Perle  iv.  (1560)  31  God 
is  reconciled,  and  at  one  with  al  Christian  men,  through 
his  sontie.  1611  BIBLE  i  Esdras  iv.  31  If  she  tooke  any 
displeasure  at  him,  the  King  was  faine  to  flatter,  that  she 
might  be  reconciled  to  him  againe.  1715  DE  FOE  Fam. 
Instruct,  i.  i.  (1841)  I.  20  [He]  is  reconciled  to  them,  as 
though  they  had  not  sinned  against  him.  1876  Miss  BRAD- 
DON  y.  Haggard's  Dau.  I.  8  When  his  father  died,  recon 
ciled  to  his  only  son  at  the  last  [etc.]. 

transf.    a  1651  J.  SMITH  Stl.  Disc.  (iSai)  492  Light  and 


RECONCILE. 


261 


RECONCILEMENT. 


darkness,  .can  never,  .be  reconciled  one  to  the  other.  1671 
MILTON  P.R.  iv.  413  Fierce  rain  with  lightning  mixt,  water 
with  fire  In  rutne  reconcil'd.  1688  MIKGE  Gt.  Fr.  Diet.  n. 
s.v.,  He  cannot  be  reconciled  with  Tobacco  (he  cannot 
endure  it). 

fd.  To  recommend,  make  agreeable.  Obs.  rare. 
1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Rel\  i.  §  98  His  courtesy  and  affa 
bility,  .marvellously  reconciled  [him]  to  all  men.    Ibid.  §  105 
The  Treasurer's  talent  in  removing  prejudice  and  reconciling 
himself  to  wavering  and  doubtful  affections. 

2.  To  win  over  (a  person)  again  to  friendship  with 
oneself  or  another. 

1387  TREVISA  IHgden  (Rolls)  11.405  lason  reconsiledeand 
took  a5en  his  wif  Medea  v/'\\>  his  stepsone  Medus.  1494 
FABYAN  Chron.  v.  cxxvii.  108  Wherfore  by  fayre  and  easy 
meanes  he  called  home  his  sone  and  recouncUtd  hym,  and 
forgaue  all  trespace.  a  1547  SURREY  in  Tottel's  J\Iisc.  (Arb.) 
29  An  eye  . .  Frendes  to  allure,  and  foes  to  reconcile.  1592 
SHAKS.  Rom.  4-  Jut.  in.  iii.  151  Till  we  can  tinde  a  time  To 
. .  reconcile  your  Friends,  Beg  pardon  of  thy  Prince,  and 
call  thee  backe.  a  1700  DRYDBN  Iliad  i.  430  To  reconcile 
the  shooter  God,  Within  her  hollow  Sides  the  sacrifice  he 
stow'd.  1712  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  IV,  Montagu 
9-11  Dec.,  Lord  Halifax  . .  says  . .  he  . .  will  take  pains  to 
reconcile  my  F[athcr].  1813  SCOTT  Rokely  iv.  xxi,  He 
came  in  secret  to  inquire  Her  state  and  reconcile  her  sire. 
1833  TENNYSON  Lotos  Eaters  126  Let  what  is  broken  so 
remain.  The  Gods  are  hard  to  reconcile. 

b.  In  flass.,  without  specified  agent. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Melib.  F  216  Thou  shall  eschue  the  conseil- 
lyng  of  thyne  olde  enemys  that  been  reconsiled.  1494  FABYAN 
Ckron.  vi.  cxcvii.  203  Elfricus.  .fled  as  a  false  tray  tour,  and 
after  that  reconsyk-cl,  fled  the  seconde  tynie  to  the  Danys. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  39  Let  him  live  I3efore  theereconcil  d. 
1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  vn.  73  Nor  did  her  father  cease  to 
press  my  claim,  Nor  did  mine  own  now  reconciled. 

3.  To  set  (estranged  persons  or  parties)  at  one 
again  j  to  bring  back  into  concord,  to  reunite  (per 
sons  or  things)  in  harmony. 

1429  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  145  Eschew  flatery. .,  Folkes 
reconcile  that  stonde  desolate.  149$  Trevisas  Earth.  De 
P.  K.  x.  iii.  (W.  de  W.)  373  Though  theelementes  ben  neuer 
so  contrary  eueryche  to  other  yet  by  influence  of  heuen  and 
vertue  of  planetes  they  ben  reconsyled  in  theyr  dooynges 
and  broughte  to  acorde.  1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A .  i.  i.  467  Let 
it  be  mine  honour.  .That  I  haue  recondl'd  your  friends  and 
you.  1681  T.  JORDAN  London  s  Joy  8  Till  an  Invasion  make 
them  Friends  too  late,  And  Reconcile  in  Kuine.  a  1727 
NEWTON  Chronol.  Amended  ii.  (1728)  227  An  embassador 
who  reconciled  two  contending  nations.  1782  COVVPER  Lily 
•V  Rose  25  Thus  sooth'd  and  reconciled,  each  seeks  The 
fairest  British  fair.  1877  FROUDF.  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  i. 
vii.  So  Lewis  and  Henry  were  reconciled  amidst  general  satis 
faction  and  enthusiasm. 

f4.  To  bring  (a  person)  back  to,  into  peace, 
favour,  etc.  Also  rejl.  Obs. 

1382  WYCLIF  i  Esdras  iv.  31  If  she  were  wroth  to  hym,  he 
glosith,  to  the  time  that  he  be  recounsilid  in  to  grace,  c  1386 
CHAUCER  Me  lib.  F  39  Somme  of  hise  olde  enemys  reconsiled 
.  .to  his  loue  and  in  to  his  grace.  i«p&Pilgr.  Pt-rf.  (W.  de  W. 
1531)  261  For  them.,  whiche.  .be  at  discorde  &  debate,  to 
reconsyle  them  to  oeace  &  concorde.  1577-87  HOLINSHEU 
Chron.  III.  7/1  Earle  Waltcof,  who  had  . .  slaine  manic 
Normans  with  his  owne  bands,  was  reconciled  into  the 
kings  fauour.  1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  ///,  n.  i.  59,  I  desire  To 
reconcile  me  to  his  Friendly  peace. 

1 5.  To  bring  back,  restore,  or  readmit  to  the 
Church,  spec,  the  Church  of  Rome.  (In  later  use 
also  with  const  front}.  Obs. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  V.  317  pe  pope  lustinus  re-    I 
concilede  J?e  bishhoppes  £>at  Anastaciusnaddeexciled.  c  1400 
Apol.  Loll.  93  If  Jtei  mend  by  be  penaunce  of  be  kirk  [they    • 
may]  be  recounsilid.  1494  FABYAN  t'/;nj«.  vii.  (1533)  II.47b/i     ! 
The  albygensis  ..  bad  ben  effected  with  dyuers  poyntes  of 
herysy,  and    many   tymes   reconcyled    by   the   kynges   of 
Fraunce.   ?  1567  NORTON  Bull  granted  to  Harding  B  j,  The 
Pope  . .  hath    graunted    to    Doctor    Harding  . .  a    certain     j 
authoritie  . .  to  reconcile  Englishmen  to  the  bosome  of  the 
Romane  Chirch.    1607  Drewrie's  A  rraignm.  in  Harl.  Misc.     \ 
(1745)  III.  39/1  Bein^j  made  Priest  by  Authority  deriued  from 
the  Pope . .  to  reconcile,  seduce,  and  alienate  loyall  Subiects 
Harts  from  Loue  . .  and  Dutie  to  their  Soueraigne.     a  1625 
SIR  H.  FINCH  Law  (1636)  223  To  put  in  vre  any  bull,  or 
Instrument  of  absolution,  or  reconciliation  from  Rome,  or  to 
take  vpon  one.. to  absolue  or  reconcile  any  person. 

fb.  pass,  and  reft.  To  become  united  to  a 
church.  Obs. 

Perh.  sometimes  associated  with  sense  i  or  8. 

1639  DRUMM.  of  HAWTH.  Conv.  iv.  B.  Jonson  Wks.  (1711) 
224  Ben  Johnson  . .  was  12  years  a  papist ;  but  after  this  he 
was  reconciled  to  the  church  of  England.  1689  LUTTRELL 
Brief  Rel,  (1857)  I.  597  The  house  of  commons  have  thought 
fitt  to  committ  Sir  Edward  Hales  and  Obadiah  Walker  for 
high  treason  in  reconciling  themselves  to  the  church  of 
Rome.  1700  Ibid.  IV.  662  The  countesse  of  Jersey,  who 
was  a  Roman  catholick,  is  said  to  be  reconciled  to  the 
church  of  England.  1769  BLACKSTONE  CVw/w.  IV.  555  Where 
a  person  is  reconciled  to  the  see  of  Rome,  or  procures  others 
to  be  reconciled,  the  offence  amounts  to  high  Treason. 

c.  reft.   [After   It.    riconciliarsi.]     To    confess 
(oneself).  rare~~*. 

1869  BROWNING  Ring  $  Bk.  xn.  181  He  turned  to  the  con 
fessor,  crossed  And  reconciled  himself,  with  decency. 

6.  Ecd.  To  purify  (a  church,  etc.)  by  a  special 
service  after  profanation. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  P  891  (Ch.  Ch.  MS.)  If  the  chirche 
be  halewed..the  chirche  is  entredited  til  it  be  reconsiled  by 
the  bysshope.  ,1440  Jacob's  Well  130  Whanne  bou  dost 
violens  in  halwyd  place.,  banne  bou  diffoulyst  be  place,  bat 
it  nedyth  to  be  reconsyled  a}en.  1533  COVERDALE  Lev. 
xvi.  20  Whan  he  hath  made  an  ende  of  reconcylinge  the 
Sanctuary.  « 1656  Bi1.  HALL  Rein.  Wks.  (1660)  257  Upon 
the  burial  of  an  heretick  within  the  precincts  the  Church 
must  be  reconciled.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Reconci- 
tiari,  A  church  is  said  reconcUiari,  to  be  reconciled^  when 


it  is  consecrated  afresh,  after  having  been  polluted  or  pro 
faned  ;  as  by  the  possession  of  pagans,  heretics,  etc.  1884 
Catholic  Diet.  s.v.  Desecration,  If  any  of  the  cases  cited 
above _ have  occurred,  ..  the  church  or  cemetery  cannot  be 
used  till  it  has  been  purified  or  reconciled  by  the  bishop, 
fb.  To  restore  to  purity,  to  absolve  or  cleanse. 

(1430  LYUG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  102  The  sacrament 
is  justly  consecrate,  . .  Reconsilyng  us  when  we  trespas  or 
erre.  1535  COVERDALE  Ps.  l[i].  7  O  reconcile  me  with  Isope, 
and  I  shal  be  clene  ;  wash  thou  me,  and  I  shalbe  whytur 
than  snow, 

f  c.  To  expiate,  atone  for.  Ohs. 

1535  COVERDALE  i  Sam.  iii.  14  This  wickednes  of  y!  house 
of  LH  shall  not  be  reconcyled.  .with  sacrifice.  — Ecclus. 
xxvii.  21  As  for  woundes  they  niaye  be  bounde  vp  agayue, 
and  an  euell  worde  maye  be  reconcyled.  1575  Bricjf  Disc, 
Troub.  Frantkford  iSo  As  water  quencheth  burninge  fire, 
so  dothe  mercie  reconcile  synnes. 

fd.  absol.  To  make  atonement.   Obs.  rare~l. 

*539  BIBLE  (Great)  Lev.  vi.  30  And  no  synne  ofirynge  .. 
brought  into  the  tabernacle  of  witnesse  to  reconcyle  with  all 
in  the  holy  place,  shal  be  eaten. 

f  7.  To  conciliate,  recover  (a  person's  favour,  etc.) ; 
to  gain  (credit).  Ods. 

1390  GOWES  Conf.  v.  17423,  His  Sone  ..  hab  his  grace  re 
conciled  ffro  which  be  man  was  ferst  exiled.  1590  SPKNM.K 
F.  Q.  ii.  ii.  33  To  rest  themselves,  and  grace  to  reconcile. 
1609  HUME  Adwonit.  in  Ir'odrtnv  Soc.  Misc.  (1844)  585  That 
..  the  Prince's  ..  unfainzed  favour  [might  be]  reconciled. 
1665  GL  AN  VILL />£/".  I'an.  Dogm.  80  That  they  might  recon 
cile  credit  to  their  writings  upon  him. 

8.  To  bring  into  a  state  of  acquiescence  (t  with} 
or  submission  to  a  thing.  Also  refl.  and  with  inf. 

1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  <fy  Cl.  \\.  vii,  8  Hee  cries  out,  no  more  ; 
reconciles  them  to  his  entrcatie,  and  him&elfc  to  th1  drinke. 
1677  MIEGE  /•>.  Diet.  n.  s.v.,  He  could  not  reconcile  him 
self  to  do  it.  1694  LUCKE  //tan.  Und.  \\.  xxi.  (ed.  2)  §  69 
Trials  often  reconcile  us  tu  that,  which  at  a  distance  we 
looked  on  with  aversion.  1722  DE  FOE  Hist.  Plague  (1756) 
202  People  who  had  been  used  to  join  with  the  Church, 
were  reconcil'd  at  this  Time  with  the  admitting  the  Dis 
senters  to  preach  to  them.  1753  HOGARTH  Anal.  Beauty  7 
How  gradually  does  the  eye  grow  reconciled  even  to  a 
disagreeable  dress.  1838  LYTTON  Altec  i.x,  He  contrived  to 
reconcile  himself  to  the  intended  visit.  1879  FROUDE  Cse&ar 
xx,  335  Not  subdued  only,  but  reconciled  to  subjugation. 

absol.    1795  Montford  Castle  II.  155  Launcelot.  .felt  quite 
reconciled  at  not  following  our  hero, 
b.  refl.  To  settle  into  position. 

(.-1857  ADM.  MENDS  m  Life  xxii.  (1899)  310  A  cheer  on  deck 
announced  the  ship  afloat,  and  by  the  time  I  readied  the 
deck  she  was  just  reconciling  herself  between  the  bowers. 

II.  9.  To  adjust,  settle,  bring  to  agreement 
(a  controversy,  quarrel,  etc.). 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  138  The  word  this  worldes  cause 
entriketh  And  reconstleth  whan  him  liketh.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sleidane's  Comm.  37  He  wil  have  such  continual  war  re  with 
the,  as  shall  never  be  reconciled.  1617  MOKVSON  /tin.  i.  161 
There  is  no  more  hope  that  wee  should  meele  to  reconcile 
this  quarrel!.  1699  LUTTRKLL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  IV.  4^i  The 
lords  . .  reconciled  a  difference  between  the  earls  of  Peter 
borough  and  Orford  about  the  army.  1749  FIELDING  Tom 
Jones  v.  ix,  The  quarrel  was.  .reconciled.  1863  E.  V.  NEAI.E 
Anal.  Th.  <y  Nat.  117  Some  independent  principle,  through 
which  to  reconcile  the  opposition  of  subject  and  object  in 
the  individual. 

f  b.  To  smooth  over  (an  inequality).   Obs.~~l 

1712  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's  Gardening  64  Grass-plots . . 
that  serve  to  reconcile  the  Inequality  of  two  Pieces  of 
Ground. 

10.  To  make  (discordant  facts,  statements,  etc.) 
consistent,  accordant,  or  compatible  with  each  other. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sftitfattt's  Comm.  i8ob,  They,  .have  recon 
cyled  dy verse  and  weyghty  articles  of  doctryne.  1605  SHAKS. 
Alacb.  iy.  iii.  139  Such  welcome,  and  vnwelcom  things  at 
once,  'Tis  hard  to  reconcile.  1697  COLLIER  Ess.  Mor.Subj. 
u.  (1703)  145  Conscience  and  covetousness  are  never  to  be 
reconciled  :  like  fire  and  water,  they  always  destroy  each 
other.  1759  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  I.  xxii,  Two  contrary 
motions  are  introduced,  and  reconciled  which  were  thought 
to  be  at  variance  with  each  other.  1835  THIRUVALL  Greece 
I.  57  In  this  respect,  as  in  others,  they  present  two  aspects, 
which  it  is  not  easy  to  reconcile,  and  neither  of  which  can 
be  shown  to  be  absolutely  false.  1868  FREEMAN  Norm. 
Conq.  (1876)  II.  App.  530  The  only  means  of  reconciling  the 
different  accounts. 

absol.  1675  BAXTER  Cath.  Theol.  \\.  i.  88  Let  me  hear 
what  your  own  conceptions  are  of  the  matter,  if  they  tend  to 
elucidate  or  reconcile. 

11.  To  make  (SLU  action,  condition,  quality,  etc.) 
compatible  or  consistent  in  fact  or  in  one's  mind 
with  another  ;  to  regard  as  consistent  with.     Also 
const,  to. 

i6»4  BI-.  H.  K.\wEpit.Ld.  Dorset,  AsouL.That  reconciled 
the  sword  unto  the  pen,  Using  both  well.  1649  JER.  TAYLOR 
Gt.  Exemp.  \.  iv.  §  4.  46  But  God  hath  pleased  to  reconcile 
his  glory  with  our  eternal  benefit.  1769  Junius  Lett.  ix.  40 
It  was  hardly  possible  for  you  to  reconcile  your  political 
interest  with  your  duty.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  vm.  i.  p  2 
There  was  no  reconciling  such  a  frosty  reception  with  the 
glowing  portrait  ascribed  to  this  paragon.  1874  GREEN 
Short  Hist.  vii.  §  6  Every  day  made  it  harder  for  a  Catholic 
to  reconcile  Catholicism  with  loyalty  to  his  Queen. 

b.  To  make  (a  theory,  statement,  author,  etc.) 
agree  with  another  or  with  a  fact ;  to  show  to  be 
in  agreement  with.  Also  const,  to. 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  i.  xiii.  60  It  breedes  much  diffi- 
cultie,  to  reconcile  the  ancient  historic  of  the  Babylonian. . 
Empire,  with  the  kingdomes  and  Kings  in  that  Chapter. 
1662  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacr.  i.  v.  §  2  Thus  we  see.. that  it 
is  possible  to  reconcile  some  of  the  ^Egyptian  extravagant 
accounts  to  some  probability  and  consistency  with  truth. 
1719  BUTLER  Serai.  Compassion  Wks.  1874  II.  54  »ottt 
A  plain  matter  of  fact,  which  men  cannot  reconcile  with 
the  general  account  they  think  fit  to  give  of  things.  1748 


|    RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  VII.  260  It  is  impossible  ..  to 
;     reconcile  those  contents  to  the  facts  I  have  to  communicate. 
1884  tr.  Lotze's  Metaph.  201  To  show  by  what  general  line 
of  thought  my  view  of  space  might  be  reconciled  with  the 
particular  facts  of  Nature. 
C.  dlipt.  without  const. 

1656  BRAMHALL  Replic.  \.  i  Yet  there  is  one  thing  which 
I  cannot  reconcile  [etc.].     a  1658  CLEVELAND  Wks.  (1687)  182 
Who  reconcil'd  the  Covenant's  doubtful  sence.    1761  FOOTE 
Liar  ii.  Wks.  1799  I.  302  But  suppose,  Sir,  there  should  be 
an   insurmountable   objection?    O.    Wild.    Oh,   leave  the 
:     reconciling  that  to  me;  I  am  an  excellent  casuist. 
d.  To  bring  (a  thing)  to  form,  etc.    rare. 
1709  POPE  Ess.  Crit.  \.  174  Some  figures  monstrous  and 
mis-shap'd  appear,  Consider 'd   singly,  or  beheld  too  near, 
Which.  .Due  distance  reconciles  to  form  and  grace. 
12.  To  make  even  or  smooth,  or  fit  together  so 
as  to  present  a  uniform  surface. 

a  1687  [see  RECONCILED ///.  «.  b].     1793  [see  RECONCILING 
ppl.  a.  b].     c  1850  Rudim,  Navig.  (Wcatej  140  To  reconcile, 
\     to  make  one  piece  of  work  answer  fair  with  the  moulding  or 
|     shape  of  the  adjoining  piece  ;  and,  more  particularly,  in  the 
reversion  of  curves,     1875  [see  RECONCILING  i'bl.  sb.  b]. 
fill-   13.  intr.   To  become  reconciled.    Obs. 
1666   ABP.  BANCROFT  Occas.  Serin.   104   Your   Thoughts 
though  much  startled  at  first,  by  degrees  reconcile  to  it.    1683 
CROWNE  City  rolitiqnes  iv.  i,  For  shame,  reconcile,  pray 
reconcile.     1756  H.  WALPOLE  Let,  to  Mann  19  Sept.,  He. . 
abuses   Count    Bruhl    with   so   much   contempt,    that   one 
reconciles  to  him  very  fast. 

Hence  Re'concilee1,  one  who  is  reconciled  ;  Re'- 
conci  leless  a.,  that  cannot  be  reconciled. 

1876  EGAN  tr-  Heine  s  Atta  Troll, vie.  38  Be  the  mortal 
foe  of  all  such  Fierce  oppressors,  reconcileless.  1894  LI.I»YD 
Wealth  agst.  Connnw.  67  The  'reconciler'  to  enforce  the 
provisions  that  the  '  reconcileet. '  should  not  engage  in  busi 
ness  elsewhere,  extended  a  .system  of  espionage  over  them. 
Reconciled  (re'k^nsaild),  ppl.  a.  [f.  prec.  i 
-ED  J.]  Restored  to  friendship,  harmony,  etc. 

1c  1470  G.  ASHBY  Active  Policy  755  He  endith  not  wel<j 

that    vngodiy    ment,    Withoute   a   recoiiMk-d    amendment. 

a  1548   HALL  Chron.,  Hen.   I'Ifl  170  '1  he   Frenche  kyng, 

his  newe  reconsiled  frende.    1598  UALLINGTON Meth,  Trav. 

F  iij  b,  A  man  must  neuer  trust  a  reconciled  enemy,  especially 

his  King.     1677  W,  IK~BBAKI>  Xarrath'C  102  Capt.  Church 

. .  with    but    thirty    English-men,    and    twenty   reconciled 

I     Indians,  took  twenty  three  of  the  Enemy.      1732  Pui'E  £/>. 

i     Bathnrst  166  Thro'  reconcil'd  extremes  of  drought  and  rain. 

1820  SCOTT  Monast.  v,  The  look  of  a  confessor  who  resigns 

a  reconciled  penitent,  not    to  earth,  but.  to  heaven.      1860 

MOTLEY  Netherl.  viii.  I.  504  No  language  could  describe 

i     the  misery  of  the  reconciled  Provinces. 

absol.  1628  T.  SPENCER  Logick  115  If  Christs  death  re 
conciled  an  enemie,  then  his  life  will  saue  the  reconciled. 

f  b.  Made  to  run  evenly  with  each  other.   Obs. 
a  1687  PETTY  Nai\  Philos.  in  T.  H[ale]  Ace.  Ne-w  Invent. 
(1691.1 124  The  foiementioned  Incurvations  are  to  be  trimmed 
and  repaired  by  reconciled  lines. 

Reconcilement  (je-k^sailmcnt;.    [-MEXT.] 

1.  The  fact  of  reconciling  or  being  reconciled  to 
another  or  to  each  other.  Cf.  RECONCILIATION  i. 

1549  Form  Consetr.  Bps.  in  Lindsay  Vind.  Ch.  Eng.  (1734) 
p.  xxv,  Grant,  .suche  grace  that  he  male  euermore  be  ready 
to  sprede  abrod  thy  Gospell,  and  glad  tidynges  of  reconcile 
ment  to  God-  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  viii.  <  1623'  551 
!  The  Generall.  .seriously  perswaded  his  Lord  to  reconcile 
ment  with  his  vncle.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  98  Never  can 
true  reconcilement  grow  Where  wounds  of  deadly  hate 
have  pelrc'd  so  deep.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qual. 
(1809)  I.  157  [He]  was  fain  to  plead  and  sue  for  reconcile 
ment.  1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  vi.  268  Make  reconcilement 
sure  With  one  that  cannot  keep  her  mind  an  hour. 
b.  \Vith  a  and//.  An  instance  of  this. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  263  He  ought.. to  forget 
al  displeasure,  though  no  reconcilement  had  bene  made. 
IS95  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  \.  xxxiv,  A  reconcilement  made, 
although  not  meant.  1692  SOUTH  12  Semi.  (1697)  I.  418 
Hector  and  Ajax.. ended  that  combat  in  a  reconcilement. 
1761  HL-MK  Hist.  Eng.  I.  iv,  123  The  interposition  of  the 
queen,  and  other  common  friends,  brought  about  a  recon- 
|  cilement.  1831  SCOTT  Ct.  Robt.  ix,  Four  weeks  ..  marked 
by  quarrels  and  reconcilements  between  the  crusaders  and 
the  Grecians  of  the  empire. 

f2.  The  fact  of  restoring  or  reuniting  to  the 
Church,  spec,  to  the  Church  of  Rome.  Obs.  =  RE 
CONCILIATION  2. 

21567  NORTON  (title)  A  Bull  graunted  by  the  Pope  to 
Doctor  Harding  . .  ,  by  reconcilement  and  assoyling  of 
English  Papistes,  to  vndermyne  faith  and  allegeance 
to  the  Quene.  1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  266 
Such  straite  lawes  . .  for  comming  into  England  of  Semi- 
narie  priests,,  .reconcilement,  perswasions  to  the  catholike 
faith,  and  the  like. 

3.  The  act  of  settling  or  bringing  to  an  agree 
ment;  a  harmonizing  or  bringing  into  concord. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Steidancs  Comm.  92  George  Truckesse, 
!    and  Vehus  -  -  had  deuysed  a  reconcilement  touchyng  the 
'     Masse  and  Vowes.     1624  WOTTON  Arc/tit,  in  Reliq.  (1651) 
218  Two  opposite   affectations,   Uniformity    and   Variety, 
which  yet  will  very  well  suffer  a  good  reconcilement.     1649 
ROBERTS  Clavis  Bihl.  105  The  reconcilement  of  this  seem 
ing  discord.     1817  MOORE  Lalla  R.  293  The  reconcilement 
of  a  sort  of  lover's  quarrel.     1877  MKS.  OLIPHANT  Makers 
\    Flor.  iii.   74  The  arbitrary   settlement  of  her  affairs  and 
reconcilement  of  her  difficulties. 
f4.  The  act  of  appeasing.   Obs.  rare*1. 
1581  J.  BELL  H  addon's  Answ.  Osor.  453  b,  The  Sacrifice 
,    of  the  body  and  blond  of  Christ  offred  for  the  reconcilement 
of  Gods  wrath  and  displeasure. 

5.  The  fact  or  condition  of  being  (or  becoming) 
reconciled  to  or  with  a  thing. 

1805  WORDS w.  Prelude  v.  517  The  time  of  trial,  ere  we 

j    learn  to  live  In  reconcilement  with  our  stinted  powers.    1832 

Hr.  MARTINEAU  Homes  Abroad  i.  17  This  assisted  his 


RECONCILER. 


262 


RECONDITE. 


reconcilement  to  the  emigration  plan.  1876  BANCROFT  Hist, 
U.  S.  V.  i.  335  The  illusion  of  a  reconcilement  to  the  dominion 
of  Britain. 

Reconciler  (re'k^nsailw).  Also  6  -or,  -our. 
[f.  as  prec.  +  -ER1.] 

1.  One  who  reconciles.     Cf.  RECONCILIATOR. 

1586  T.  B.  La.  Printatid.  Fr.  Acad.  i.  (1594)  102  Sent 
from  heaven  to  be  a  common  reformer,  governor,  and  recon- 
cilour  of  the  whole  world.  1665  MANLEY  Grotius  Low  C. 
Warres  457  He  accepted  of  him  to  be  a  Moderator  and 
Reconciler  of  Differences  in  Religion.  1768-74  TUCKER 
Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  381  In  order  to  maintain  the  character 
I  have  assumed  in  this  volume  of  a  reconciler  between 
religion  and  reason.  1836  HGR.  SMITH  Tin  Trump.  (1876) 
265  The  reconciler  of  all  misgivings.  1884  COURTHOPE 
Addison  ix.  163  He  is  to  be  regarded  as  the  reconciler  of 
parlies,  and  founder  of  public  opinion. 
b.  spec,  applied  to  Christ. 

1563  FOXE  A.  fy  M.  1035/1  Christ,  our  only  and  sufficient 
mediatour,  reconcilor,  priest  and  sacrifice.  1616  HAVWAKO 
Sanct.  Troub.  Soul  \,  vi.  (1620)99  O  Reconciler  !  whom  wilt 
thou  reconcile  to  thy  Father  ..  ?  1690  NCRKIS  Beatitudes 
(1692)  3  Blessing  became  the  mouth  of  him,  who  was  the 
Reconciler  of  God  and  Man.  1875  LIGHTFOOT  Contm.  Col, 
(ed.  2)  180  The  conception  of  the  person  of  Christ  as  . .  the 
true  and  only  reconciler  of  heaven  and  earth. 

2.  That  which  reconciles;   -\spec.  a  reconciling 
argument  or  statement. 

1588  FRAUNCE  Lawiers  Log.  \.  ii.  7  That  which  they  call 
Medium^  a  third  argument,  is,  as  it  were,  an  Arbiter 
honorariits,  a  determiner,  a  reconciler.  1615  CROOKE  Body 
cf  Man  921  If  it  be  obiected  out  of  Galen ..  We  answers 
with  the  Reconciler ;  that  Galen  then  speaketh  of  mem 
branous  and  broade  ligaments  which  issue  from  the  bones. 
1654  FULLI-;K  (titles  A  Triple  Reconciler,  stating  the  Con 
troversies  [etc.J.  1830  LVTTON  P.  Clifford  xxvi,  The  uni 
versal  reconciler— custom.  1860  WARTER  Sea-board  II.  453 
Many  a  hard  grip  of  the  hand,  .was  a  sure  Reconciler. 

attrib,     a  1700    DKYDEN    Iliad  \.    613   The    Reconciler 
Bowl,  went  round  the  Board. 
b.  Shipbuilding.   (See  qnots.) 

1849  [see  RECONCILING///,  a.  b].  (1850  Rndim.  Navig. 
(Weale)  140  Reconciler  or  reconciling  sweep.  A  curve  which 
reconciles  the  floor  and  lower  breadth  sweeps  together,  and 
thus  the  shape  of  the  body  is  formed  below  the  breadth. 

So  Re'conciless,  a  female  reconciler. 

1865  PUSEY  Truth  Eng.  Ch.  179  Being . .  the  most  powerful 
mediatress  and  reconciless  (conciliatrix)  of  the  whole  world 
with  her  only-begotten  Son. 

Reconci'liable,^-  rare—*.  [t.'L.reconcili-are; 
cf.  CONCILIABLE  a.  and  obs.  F.  reconciliable.]  Re 
concilable.  Hence  Re  conciliabrlity. 

1856  OLMSTED  Slave  States  500  This  ruling  intellect  tries 
to  make  practicably  reconciliable  the  social  system  of  the 
State  with  the  Constitution  of  the  Confederacy,  a  1861 
CUNNINGHAM  Hist.  Theol.  (1864)  II.  xxiv.  322  Not  properly 
reconciliation,  but  rather  what  has  been  called  reconcilia- 
biliiy,  or  a  capacity  of  being  reconciled. 

t  Reconciliage.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -AGE.]  Reconciliation,  reconciling. 

1626  LD.  HERBRRT  Let.  in  Life  (1886 ^258  After  the  recon- 
ciliage  of  the  distracted  affections  of  this,  .people. 

t  H/econciliate,  sb.  Obs.  rare  —*.  In  7  -at. 
[ad.  L.  reconciliatits ,  pa.  pple.  of  reconciliare  to 
RECONCILE.]  One  who  is  reconciled. 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  vHi.  §  7.  485  But  Heauens 
were  not  so  propitious  to  these  Reconciliats,  as  so  to  hold 
them  long. 

Recoiici'liate,  v.  10bs.  rare.  [See  prec.] 
trans.  To  conciliate  again,  reconcile.  Hence  Re- 
conci'liating///.  a. 


Ladyja  ,  _-_--. 

who  is  gone  down  to  Lord  Mark  Kerr's  to  reconciliate  him. 
1791  E.  CLARKE  Sword  I.  132  Let  me  request  that  you  will 
..repair  to  your  Father's  Tent,  where  the  Princess  now  is, 
and.. endeavour  to  reconciliate  her  Affections. 

Reconciliation  (mfc£ufii|£*J3n).  [a.  ¥.  re 
conciliation  (i^th  c.  in  Littre),or  ad.  L.  reconcilia- 
tion-em,  n.  of  action  f.  reconciliare  to  RECONCILE.] 

1.  The  action  of  reconciling  persons,  or  the  result 
of  this ;  the  fact  of  being  reconciled. 

£1386  CHAUCER  Melib.  r  724  If  I  hadde  seyd  that  ye 
sholde  han  purchaced  the  pees  and  the  reconsiliacion  I  ne 
hadde  nat  muchel  mystaken  me.  1473  Rolls  of  Parlt,  VI. 
66/1  By  the  reconciliation  of  the  merchauntes  of  the  said 
Hanze.  1494  FABVAN  Ckron.  \.  xvii.  16  And  after  certayne 
message  sent  to  hym  of  reconcilyacion.  1569  Reg.  Privy 
Council  Scot.  Ser.  i.  II.  10  [They]  sail  entir  in  reconsilia- 
tioun  freindschip  and  amytie  ilkane  with  utheris.  1603 
HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  38  Nestor,  contrariwise,  intend-  \ 
ing  to  make  a  motion  as  touching  the  reconciliation  and  | 

n  Tying  of  Achilles.  1693  CONGREVE  Old  Bach.  in.  ii, 
ave  fram'd  a  Letter,  that  makes  her  sue  for  Reconcilia 
tion  first.  1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela  (i  824)  1. 67  Well,  come, 
I  will  forgive  you  for  this  time ;  and  so  kissed  me  as  a  mark 
of  reconciliation.  1841  ELPHINSTONE  Hist.  Ind.  II.  x.  i.  371 
Messages  passed  between  Shah  Jehan  and  the  emperor,  but 
with.. little  effect  in  producing  a  reconciliation.  1874  MA- 
HAFFV  Soc.  Life  Greece  viil  254  To  live  in  reconciliation 
with  political  foes. 

b.  spec,  in  religious  use,  of  God  and  man. 
iv.  Propr.  Sand.  (Vernon  MS.)  in  Archiv  neu.  Spr. 
LxXXI.  315/148  pe  goode  world,  .pat  holi  chirche  we  calle 
moun,  Is  falle  to  Reconsiliacioun.  c  1420  LYDG.  Assembly 
of  Gods  1753  For  then  came  the  Tyme  of  Reconsylyacion  of 
man  to  God.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  244  b,  One 
act  of  adoracyon  of  hym  had  ben  sufncyent  for  our  recon- 
siliacyon  to  his  eternal  I  father.  1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.)  2  Cor. 
v.  18.  1641  HINUE  y.  Brueit  xxvii.  83  Ambassadors  of 
peace,  preaching  unto  the  the  glad  tydings  of  the  Gospel!, 
by  the  word  of  reconciliation.  1884  J.  TAIT  Mind  in 


Matter _  (1892)  330  He  presents  Himself  as  at  once  the 
Reconciliation  and  the  Reconciler. 

t  c.   Restoration  to  favour.     Obs*  rare"1. 
1536  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Lifefy  Lett.  (1902)  II.  41  Two 
letteres  writen  . .  for  their  restitucion  and  reconsiliacion  to 
the  king  of  Scottes  fauour. 

2.  Reunion  of  a  person  to  a  church, 

1625  tr.  Gonsahno^s  Sp.  Inqnis.  no  Another  sort  of  sen 
tences  there  are  that  haue  a  shew  of  more  mercie,  which 
they  call  reconciliations.  1639  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Conv. 
iv.  B.  Jonson  Wks.  (1711)  224  At  his  first  communion,  in 
token  of  his  true  reconciliation,  he  drunk  out  the  full  cup  of 
wine.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Sitpp.,  Reconciliation  of  peni 
tents,  in  church  history.  1884  in  Catholic  Diet. 

3.  The  purification,  or  restoration  to  sacred  uses, 
of  a  church,  etc.,  after  desecration  or  pollution. 

1533  KELI.ENDEN  Livy  v.  (1822)  476  Eftir  the  reconsilia- 
cioun  of  the  templis,  conftderacioun  and  alliance  of  amite 
wes  made  betwix  the  Romanis  and  pepil,  namit  Ceretes. 
1554  Churchiv.  Ace.  St.  Margarets,  Westminster  (Nic\\Q\s 
1797)  14  Paid  for  iii  Capons  for  the  Bishop's  dinner  at  the 
reconciliacion  of  the  Church.  1846  MASKELL  Man.  Kit.  I. 
p.  cclvi,  At  the  laying  of  the  first  stone  of  a  church  :  at  its 
consecration  and  reconciliation.  1889  Ch.  Titles  23  Aug. 
759  Reconciliation  of  a  Font. 

4.  The  action  of  bringing  to  agreement,  concoid, 
or  harmony. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidancs  Comm.  89  b,  If  they  went  about 
the  reconciliation  of  Religion,  a  1729  J.  ROGERS  19  Serm. 
(1735)  i.  8  These  Distinctions  . .  give  us  a  clear  and  easy 
Reconciliation  of  those  seeming  Inconsistencies  of  Scripture, 
with  Respect  to  this  Affection.  1758  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  4 
P  13  The  spirit  of  charity  can  only  be  continued  by  a  recon 
ciliation  of  these  ridiculous  feuds.  1847  EMEKSON  Repr. 
Men,  iMontaigne  Wks.  (Bohn)  I.  348  The  absence  of  any 
appearance  of  reconciliation  between  the  theory  and  practice 
of  life.  1873  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  ii  Without  any  re 
conciliation  ..he  speaks  at  one  time  of  God  or  Gods,  and  at 
another  lime  of  the  good. 

Reconcmatlve(rek£msHi,ativ),rt.  rare.  [ad. 
L.  type  *reconciHativ-uS)  f.  ppl.  stem  of  reconciliare 
to  RECONCILE:  see -ATIVE.]  Reconciliatory. 

1773  J.RoSS/Vtf^r&wfev.  ioi  (MS.)  Eve's  sweet  maternity 
And  earnest  reconciliative  will.  1855  LYNCH  Lett,  to  Scat 
tered  vi,  89  On  those  who  believe,  his  [God's]  reconcUiative 
Love  exerts  Power  to  produce  moral  union  with  Him. 

Keconciliator  (rekfTnsi-lii^'tai).     [a.  L.recoti- 

ciliator,  agent-n.  f.  reconciliare  to  RECONCILE.  Cf. 
F.  reconciliateitr  (i6th  c.  in  Littre).]  A  reconciler. 

1577  tr.  Bullittgers  Decades  (1592)  662  He  that  is  an 
intercessour,  must  also  be  a  reconciliatour  or  an  attonement 
maker.  1820  Blackw.  Mag.  VII.  667  A  good  dinner  is  the 
Jacillime  princeps  of  reconciliators.  1882-3  SCHAFF  Encycl. 
Relig.  Kncnvl.  I.  73  Ammonius  Saccas,  the  pagan  eclectic, 
the  reconciliator  of  Plato  and  Aristotle. 

So  Reconciliatrix.    rare  ~°. 

i6zx  COTGK.,  CoiicHiatrice,  a  conciliatrix,  reconciliatrix. 

Reconciliatory  (rek/nsHijatari),  a.  [ad.  L. 
type  *reconcilidtorius  :  see  prec.  and  -OKY.  Cf.  F. 
reconciliatoirc  (i6thc.inLittre).]  Of  words,  actions, 
etc. :  Tending  to  reconciliation. 

1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  i.  (1625)  87  An  example  Re- 
conciliatorie,  from  one  friend  to  another.     1613-18  DANIEL 
Coll.  Hist.  Eng.  (1626)  105  Deceiuing  both  the  world,  and    . 
themselues  with  shewe  of  couenants  reconciliatory.     1657 
HEYLIN  Ecclesia  find.  345  After  the  said  Comminatioa    i 
there  are  some  certain  reconciliatorie  Psalms,  or  Prayers,     \ 
that  follow  after.     1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  V.  226    ! 
All  blessed  the  reconciliatory  scheme.     1784  J.  BROWN  Hist.     \ 
Brit.   Ch.   (1820)    I.  vi.   144   Reconciliatory   letters   passed     , 
between  them.     1865  tr.  Strauss'"  Life  fesus  I.  ii.  x.  74  His 
statements  are  sometimes  reconciliatory. 

Reconciling  (re-k^nsoilin),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RE-  j 
CONOILE  v.  +  -ING  1.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  RECON-  , 
CILE  ;  reconciliation. 

1382  WVCLIF  I  so.  Ix.   10    In   my  recounsiling  I  hadde 
reuthe  of  thee.    c  1386  CHAUCER  Melib.  p  725  The  dissension 
bigynneth  by  another  man,  and  the  reconsilyng  by-gynneth 
by  thy  self.     1535  COVERDALK  2  Mace.  xii.  46  He  thought  it     ' 
to   be   good   &   honorable   for   a  reconcylinge,   to  do   the     ' 
same  for  those  which  were  slayne.     1667  W.  MOUNT  AGO  in 
Bncclcuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  316  His  business    : 
was  to  desire  the  completing  of  your  Lordship's  reconciling    ' 
to  him,,  .he  desiring  so  much  your  reconciling. 

b.  The  action  of  smoothing  or  planing ;  removal    i 
of  roughnesses  (see  RECONCILE  v.  12). 

1875  LASLKTT  Timber  297  Kauri  Pine  is  also  employed  for  ' 
the  decks  of  yachts , .  and  does  not  require  the  reconciling  or  t 
planing  over,  which  is  frequently  found  necessary  if  other  ' 
woods  are  worked. 

Reconciling  (re-k^nsailin),  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  '• 
+  -JXG  2.]  That  reconciles. 

1594  ?GREENE  Seliuius  1545  Friend,  let  me  see  thy  letter 
once  again,  That  I  may  read  these  reconciling  lines.     1658-9 
Burton's  Diary  (1828)  IV.  204  That  is  agreed  to  be  a  very 
reconciling  motion,  and  may  heal  all  the  heats  and  differ- 
ences  about  it.     1717  POPE  Elolsa  145  Thy  eyes  diffused 
a  reconciling  ray.     1801  SOUTHEY  in  Robberds  Mem.   IV.     ! 
Taylor  (1843)  I,  378  A  man  of  gentle  and  reconciling  manners,    i 
1878  SEELEY  Stein   II.  475  The  peaceful   and   reconciling    : 
revolution  to  which  Stein  had  shown  the  way. 

b.  spec.  Applied  to  curves  or  moulds  which  ac 
commodate  lines  or  surfaces  to  each  other. 

1793  SM EATON  Edystonc  L.  §  81  By  reconciling  Curves, 
I  could  adapt  every  part  of  the  base  upon  the  rock  to  the 
regularly  turned  tapering  bod)-.  1849  WEALS  Diet.  Terms, 
Reconciler^  a  mould  sometimes  used  to  form  the  hollow  in 
the  topside,  which  ib  called  the  reconciling  mould. 

Be-concilist,  a.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -IST.]  That 
inclines  to  reconciliation. 

1898  Speaker  10  Dec.  695/2  In  bib  early  works,  .he  posed 
as  orthooox  and  recoucihbt. 


t  Keconcinnate,  v.  Obs.  rare-*,  [f.  ppl.  stem 
of  L.  reconcinnare :  see  RE-  and  CONCINNATE  v.] 
'  To  mend  or  make  fit '  (Cockeram  1623). 

ReconcO'Ct,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  concoct  again. 

1630  LENNARD  tr.  Charron's  IVisd.  I.  xiv.  (1670)  51  The 
repetition  and  action  of  ruminating,  reconcoctjng,  trying  by 
the  whetstone  of  reason. 

Reconcyle,  obs.  form  of  RECONCILE  v, 
t  Recond,  "v-    Obs.    rare.     [ad.  L.  recondere : 
see  RECONDITE  «.] 

1.  trans.  ?  To  put  off,  dispense  with. 

1464  Paston  Lett.  II.  145  As  touchyng  Rysyng,  he  hath 
his  day  TJtas  Purificatioms,  but  I  have  that  weye  that  his 
presence  is  rccondct  for  al  this  terme. 

2.  To  put  away,  to  set  apart. 

1658  tr.  Portas  Nat.  Magic  iv.  xiii.  139  Figs  ..  put  in  an 
Oven,  and  whil'st  hot  imposed  in  their  own  leaves  and 
reconded  in  a  pot.  1693 /'A/7,  Trans.  XVII.  657  A  Ferment 
.  .somewhere  reconded  out  of  the  Road  of  the  circulating 
Blood,  and  there  gradually  maturated. 

Recoiiclensa'tion.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  fresh  con 
densation. 

1860  MAURY  PJiys.  Geog.  (Low)  iv.  100  During  the  con 
version,  .of  liquids  into  vapours,  heat  is  absorbed,  which  is 
again  given  out  on  their  recondensation. 

Heconcle  use,  v-  [^E~  5  a-  Cf.  F.  recondenser 
(Godef.).]  trans,  and  intr.  To  condense  again. 

trans.  1660  BOYLE  New  Exp.  Phys.  Meek.  xxii.  176  Such 
vapors  are  even  by  a  very  little  cold  recondensed  into  Water. 
1664  POWER  Exp,  Philos.  n.  117  The  Ayr  is  recondensed 
again  into  its  natural  and  ordinary  Consistence.  1871  TYN- 
DALL  Fragnt.  Sci.  (1879)  II.  xiv.  343  Vapour,  which  rises  in 
the  air  and  is  recondensed  on  mountain  heights. 

intr.  1658  R.  WHITE  tr.  Digbys  Ptnvd.  Symf.  (1660)  77 
As  it  cools,  it  recondenseth  there  into  water.  1879  Chambers' 
Encycl.  (U.S.  repr.)  VI.  269  Removing  the  vapor  which 
would  otherwise  recondense  on  the  descent  of  the  piston. 

Recondesce-nsion.  [RE-.]  Condescension 
(sense  3)  shown  in  return  for  something. 

1679  PULLER  Moder.  Clt.  Eng.  (1843)  240  What  re-con 
descension  hath  been  made  by  them  for  all  the  indulgences 
of  his  Majesty  from  first  to  last  ? 

Recondite  (re'k^ndsit),  a.  Also  7  -dit.  [ad. 
L.  recondit-uSy  pa.  pple.  of  recondfre  to  put  away, 
hide,  f.  re-  RE-  +  condfre :  see  COKDITB  a.2  Cf.  It., 
Sp.,  Pg.  recondite^  obs.  F.  recondit  (Cotgr.). 

The  pronunciations  (nk^'ndsit,  nk^'ndit)  are  also  recog 
nized  by  some  recent  Diets.  By  Bailey  (1731)  and  Sheridan 
(1789)  the  stressing  is  given  as  recondi'te,  by  Johnson  as 
recondite.  See  also  Walker's  note,  s.v.] 

1.  Of  things  :    Removed  or  hidden  from  view ; 
kept  out  of  sight.     Now  rare. 

1649  BULWER  Pathoinyot.  n.  ii.  108  The  Eye  is  somewhat 
recondit  betweene  its  Orbite.  1684  tr.  Sonet's  Merc.  Contpit. 
xix.  848  The  more  recondite  Seeds  of  Diseases,  are  seldom 
extirpated  without  Vomitories.  1796  COLERIDGE  Lett.  I.  209 
My  recondite  eye  sits  distent  quaintly  behind  the  flush-hill, 
and  looks  as  little  as  a  tomtit's.  18x8  T.  L.  PEACOCK  Maid 
Marian  xiv,  The  husband  produced  some  recondite  flasks 
of  wine.  i8ax  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  I.  Old  Benchers  Inner 
Temple,  The  young  urchins, ..  not  being  able  to  guess  at 
its  recondite  machinery,  were  almost  tempted  to  nail  the 
wondrous  work  as  magic. 

b.  spec,  in  Bot.  and  Entom. 

1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  IV.  306  Recondite^ . .  when  the 
head  is  wholly  covered  and  sheltered  by  the  shield  of  the 
thorax.    1866  Treas.  Bot.  962/1. 
C.  Retired,  avoiding  notice. 

1881  Cassell's  Nat.  Hist.  V.  316  The  Pselaphids.  .bear 
a  certain  analogy  to  the  Paussidae,  being,  like  them  of 
recondite  habits. 

2.  Removed  from  ordinary  apprehension,  under 
standing,  or  knowledge ;  deep,  profound,  abstruse. 

a  1652  J.  SMITH  Sel.  Disc.  vi.  200  That  so  his  sublime  and 
recondite  doctrine  might  be  the  better  hid  up  therein.  1672 
Mede's  Wks.  Pref.,  In  the  more  abstruse  and  recondite 
parts  of  Knowledge.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Recondite^ 
secret,  hidden;  as  Recondite  Mysteries.  1772  MACKENZIE 
Man  M'orld  n.  ii,  The  recondite  principles  of  philosophy. 
1796  BP.  WATSON  Apol.  Bible  (ed.  2)  376  The  origin  of  arts, 
or  the  recondite  depths  of  science.  1850  MeCosH  Div.  Govt, 
n.  ii.  (1874)  191  In  some  cases  the  cause  is  obvious,  and  in 
others  more  recondite.  1875  HELPS  Soc.  Press,  xxv.  392 
This  is  all  too  recondite  for  me  and  the  examples  given  are 
almost  impossible  ones  for  me  to  imagine. 

b.  Of  learning,  investigation,  discussion,  etc. : 
Consisting  in,  relating  to,  uncommon  or  profound 
knowledge. 

1654  H.  L'ESTRANGE  Chas.  f  (1655)  4  A  king,  (for  recondite 
learning,  and  abstruse  knowledge)  so  near  a' match  to  Solo 
mon.  1665  GLANVILL  Dcf.  Van.  Dogm.  40  A  close  and 
recondite  Search  into  the  SeminaliUes  of  Plants.  1711 
FI-LLTON  Dissert.  Classics  (1718)  65  Men  of  more  recondite 
Studies  and  what  they  call  deep  learning.  1822  HAZLITT 
Tablc-t^.  Ser.  n.  t.  (1869)  7  A  dispute,  the  most  learned  and 
recondite  that  ever  took  place.  1862  H.  SPKNCEK  First 
Princ.  i.  i.  §  5  The  office  of  the  most  recondite  and  abstract 
inquiries  of  Science. 

c.  Of  writers,  sources, etc. :  Obscure,  little  known. 
1817  COLERIDGE  Biog.  Lit.  I.  iii.  65,  I  look  in  vain  for  any 

writer  who  has  conveyed  so  much  information  [as  Southey], 
from  so  many  and  such  recondite  sources.  1841  D'!SRAKLI 
Amen.  Lit,  (1867)  662  His  knowledge  ..  in  the  recondite 
literature  of  the  middle  ages.  1865  Sat.  Rev.  15  July  76/1 
The  traditional  edition  of  a  recondite  classical  author. 

3.  Of  persons :  Writing  in  an  obscure  fashion. 
1788  V.  KNOX  Winter  Even.  II.  v.  i.  109  They  afford  a 

lesson  to  the  modern  metaphysical  and  recondite  writers  not 
to  overvalue  their  works.  1817  COLERIDGE  Biog.  Lit.  xxii. 
II.  172  In  the  play  of  fancy,  Wordsworth,  to  my  feeling*, 
is  not  always  graceful,  and  sometimes  recondite. 


RECONDITELY. 

Hence  Be-conditely  adv. 

1854  GILFILLAN  Life  Blair  in  JS.'s  ll'ks.  127  We  could 
have  conceived  of  him  treating  the  subject  more  reconditely. 

t  Recondite,  v.  Obs.  rare—*,  [f.  as  prec.  Cf. 
RECOND  z>.]  trans.  To  hide,  cover  up. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  i.  32  Tendons  recondited,  and 
hidde  in  their  Muscle,  as  if  they  were  in  a  purse  imposed. 

Recoil diteuess  (re'k(todsitn6s).  [f.  RECON 
DITE  a.  -f  -NESS.]  The  quality  of  being  recondite. 

1835  CHALMERS  Nat.  Thecl.  I.  in.  i.  300  The  sense  we  have 
of  the  reconditeness  of  his  wisdom.  1876  LOWELL  Atnong' 
my  Bks,  Ser.  n.  45  In  spite  of  the  reconditeness  and  com 
plexity  of  allusion. 

t  Reco'nditory.  Obs.  [ad.  late  I,,  recondite** 
ritim  a  repository  for  documents,  relics,  etc.  (Si 6 
in  Du  Cange) ;  see  RECONDITE  a.  and  -ORY  *.]  A 
store-house,  repository,  treasury. 

1633  T,  ADAMS  Exp.  2  Peter  iii.  10  Good  workes  are  such 
a  Treasure,  fit  for  the  reconditory  of  Heaven.  1639  Ln. 
DIGBY  Lett.  cone.  Relig.  (1651)  47  In  Scripture,  .the  perfect 
reconditory  of  all  necessary  Doctrines.  1685  Phil.  Trans. 
XV.  924  The  manifold  Variety  of  exhalations  prepared  in. . 
the  vast  Magazines,  and  several!  reconditories  below. 

t  Reco-nditure.  Obs.  rare—1.  [RE-  5  a.]  A 
renewed  process  of  conserving. 

1657  TOMLINSON  Revolt's  Disp.  n.  xxix.  87  Fruits.. after 
conditure  and  Reconditure  may  be  preserved  with  a  sirup. 

Reco'ndity.  rare.  [ineg.f.RECOND(iTE)  +-ITY.] 
Reconditeness. 

1856  Titan  Mag.  Dec.  496  A  fruitful  butt  for  the  shafts  of 
the  university  wits  is  the  Examination  papers  ..  their  ridi 
culous  recondity  contrasted  with  the  often  slender  attain 
ments  of  the  students. 

Re-condo'le,  v.  [RE-.]  intr.  To  condole  in 
return.  Hence  Re-condo'ling///.  a. 

aijit  KEN  Hymns  Evang.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  159  With 
re-condoling  Love  and  melting  Eyes. 

Recoil  duct  (nk^ndwkt),  v.  [f.  L.  recondnct-^ 
ppl.  stem  of  recondticerC)  to  hire  anew,  also  to  lead 
back  :  see  RE-  2  and  CONDUCT  v.  Cf.  F.  reconduire 
(i4th  c.  in  Littre"  £«///.).]  trans.  To  lead  back. 

1611  CQTGK,tReconduire)  to  reconduct,  bring  backe.  1653 
H.  COGAN  tr.  Pinto's  Trav.  x.  31  Well,  replied  the  Maho- 
medan,  I  am  contented  to  redeem,  and  reconduct  thee  to 
Malaca.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  FoolofQnal.  (1809)  IV.  97,  I 
suffered  myself  to  be  reconducted  to  the.. palace.  1825  J. 
NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  106  The  canal,  which  re- 
conducts  the  water  from  the  course  of  discharge  to  the  river. 
1868  BROWNING  Ring  $  Bk.  n.  877  Three  successive  times, 
Had  he  to  reconduct  her  by  main-force . .  Back  to  the  husband 
and  the  house  she  fled. 

So  Becondu'ctor.  rare—1. 

1611  COTGR.,  Reconduiscur^  a  reconductor;  a  leader. 

Recoilductioil.  [a.  F.  rtconduction,  a.  L.  type 
*recondnc(idn-em7  f.  recondficere :  see  prec.]  Civil 
Law.  The  renewal  of  a  lease. 

1876  in  WILL  Wharton's  Law  Lex. 

Reconfe'r,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  obs.  F.  reconferer 
(Cotgr.).]  trans,  and  intr.  To  confer  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Reconferer,  to  reconferre,  or  talke  of  the 
matter  againe.  ai66x  FULLER  Worthies^  Kent  \\.  (1662)  67 
The  Lord  waited  Stafflesse  almost  a  day. .before  the  same 
was  reconferred  upon  him.  1871  ALABASTER  Wheel  of  Law 
180  The  new  king . .  re-conferred  all  upon  him. 

Reconfi'ne,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  reconfaier 
(Cotgr.).]  trans.  To  confine  again;  fto  define 
or  limit  the  sense  of  (a  word). 

1611  COTGR.,  Reconfiner,  to  reconfine,  or  banish  anew. 
a  1661  POLLH  Worthies,  Shropshire  lu.  (1662)  3  Confessors : — 
This  County  afforded  none,  as  the  word  is  reconfined  in  our 
Preface.  But  if  it  be  a  little  enlarged  [etc.]-  '11711  KEN 
Anodynes  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  446  My  Conscience  with  thy 
Voice  conspires,  To  reconfine  my  loose  Desires. 

Reconfirm  (rfk^nfaMtnl,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  late 
L.  reconfirmare  (6th  c.),  F.  reconfirmer  (i3th  c.).] 

1.  trans.  To  confirm,  ratify,  or  establish  anew. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rcconfermer,  to  reconfirme,  reinforce,  re- 
assure.  1644  QUARLES  Sheph.  Orac.  iv.  47  Flowing  cups 
of  wine  Shall  reconfirme  thy  brotherhood  and  mine.  1679 
GATES  Myst.  Iniq.  26  They  would  re-confirm  the  same 
Priviledge  for  Five  Years  more.  1821  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  i. 
Mockery  End,  The  scene  soon  re-confirmed  itself  in  her 
affections.  1861  WILSON  &  GEIKIE  Mem.  E.  Forbes  i.  17 
He  was  reconfirmed  in  his  rights  and  privileges. 

*(•  2,  To  confirm  again  in  courage,  or  in  an  opinion. 

1653  H.  COGAN  tr.  Pinto's  Trav.  xxiv.  89  Being  thus 
reconfirmed  by  Similaus  speeches,  and  certified  of  this  new 
course  we  were  to  take,  a  1674  CLARENDON  Li/e(iT$o)  III. 
835  And  so  being  reconfirmed.  .He  .sent  Secretary  Morrice 
. .  to  require  and  receive  the  Great  Seal. 

Hence  Re conft Titling  vbl.  sb. 

1611  COTGR.,  Restablissement,  a.  .reconfirming. 

So  Reconfirma'tiou.     [Also  in  Fr.  (^i6th  c.).] 

1611  FLORIO,  Racconfermatione,  a  reconfirmation.  1647 
JER.  TAYLOR  Lib.  Proph.  v.  89  Why  should  not  Divines  doe 
in  the  Question  of  reconfirmation  as  in  that  of  rebaptization  ? 
1897  Daily  News  6  Sept.  5/2  A  reconfirmation  of  the  vitality 
of  the  Triple  Alliance. 

Reccvnfiscate,  v.  rare"0.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F. 
reconfisquer  (Cotgr.).]  trans.  To  confiscate  again. 
So  Reconfisca'tioii. 

1611  COTGR.,  Reconfisqner,  to  reconfiscate,  or  make  a  new 
seisure  vnto  the  Princes,  or  publike,  v-ie.  1839  Times  5  Jan., 
Longing  desires  for  a  reconfiscation  of  lands  transferred 
from  defeated  rebels. 

Recongea  1,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  congeal 
again.  Hence  Kecongea'led  ///.  a. 

1832  Hand-bk.  Nat.  Philos.  II.  Thenuow.  \  Pyrom.  i.  §  i. 
4  (U.  K.  S.),  Thawed  and  recongealed  oil  of  aniseeds.  1860 


263 

TYNDALL  Glac.  i,  xx.  138  They  shone  ..  as  if  their  surfaces 
had  been  melted  and  recongealed  to  frosted  mirrors. 

So  Recongela-tion. 

1860  MAURV  Phys.  Geog.  (Low)  xv.  354  The  melting  of  the 
polar  ices,  .and  their  recongelation. 

ReCpnjoin  (rfk^nd^oi-n),  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  It. 
i  ricongiungere  (Florio).]  To  join  together  again. 

1603  FLORIO  Alontaignc  n.  xii.  (1632)  307  Alwayes  recon- 

|    joyning  and  entenningling  themselves  unto  that  Universal! 

matter.    1694  SALMON  BatesDispens.  (1713)412/2  And  being 

thus  divided  in  its  essential  Parts  it  may  be  reconjoyncd 

with  new  and  perfect  Sulphur. 

Hence  Reconjoi'ning  vbl.  sb. 

1598  FLORIO,  Ricongiungunento,  a  reconioyning  together. 

Recqnjirnction.    [RE-  5  a.]    The  action  of 

reconjoining  ;  a  fresh  conjunction. 

1598  FLORIO,  Riconginntione,  a  reconiunction.  1669  GAI.K 
Crt,  Gentiles  I.  in.  vii.  (ed.  2)  82  Among  many  [nations]  t litre 
were  reliques  of  its  [the  soul's]  reconjunction  with  the  bodir, 
which  we  cal  the  Resurrection.  1673  NEWTON  in  Rigaud 
Corr.  Sci.  Men  (1841)  II.  349  liy  trying  the  effects  of  recoil- 
joining  two  or  more,  or  all  of  those,  and  lastly,  by  separating 
them  again  to  examine  what  changes  reconjunction  had 
wrought  in  them. 

Reconnaissance  (rfk^'n&ans).  [Fr.,  f.  recon- 
nai55't  stem  of  reconnaitre  to  RECONNOITRE.  See 
also  RECONNOISSANCE.] 

1.  AHL  An  examination  or  survey  of  a  tract  of 
country,  made  with  a  view  to  ascertain  the  position 
or  strength  of  an  enemy,  or  to  discover  the  nature 
of  the  ground  or  resources  of  the  district  before 
making  an  advance.     Also  Afava/,  a  survey  of  a 
coast,  etc.  made  for  similar  purposes. 

Reconnaissance  in  force  t  an  advance  made  with  a  consider 
able  body  of  troops  to  discover  the  position  of  the  enemy. 

1810  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  De$p.  VI.  93  Whim  I  went  to 
Setuval,  it  was  a  dark  and  foggy  day,  and  the  reconnaissance 
which  I  was  able  to  make  of  the  place  was  very  imperfect. 
1860  GEN.  P.THOMPSON  Audi  Alt.  III.  cxxxviii.  112  The 
force,  .is  to  be  sent  to  make  a  reconnaissance  on  the  road  to 
Paris.     1875  CLERY  Minor  Tactics  iii.  (1877)  44  With  what 
are  usually  termed  reconnaissances  in  force  we  are  not  here 
concerned. 

attrib.    1898  Dally  News  25  June  5/4  A  small  reconnais 
sance  party  of  about  forty  men.     1899  U.  Str?:  Mag.  XIX. 
668  The  Zeiss  range-finder  is  a  good  reconnaissance-glass, 
b.  A  body  of  troops  sent  to  reconnoitre. 

1811  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  VIII.  304  The  enemy 
sent  a  reconnaissance  of  cavalry,  .consisting  of  about  fourteen 
squadrons,  .of  the  Imperial  Guard. 

2.  transf,  A  survey  of  a  district  made  for  prac 
tical  or  scientific  purposes. 

1838  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  94/2  A  reconnaissance, 
or  examination  of  the  country  between  the  two  points  to  be 
connected  by  the  line  [of  road,  canal,  etc.].  1877  RAYMOND 
Statist.  Alines  <*(•  Mining  109  Some  rapid  reconnaissances 
were  made  by  Professor  Whitney  and  his  assistants.. of  the 
most  prominent  points  of  Plumas  County. 

b.  A  survey,  inspection,  etc.,  made  in  order  to 
gain  information  of  any  kind. 

1824  DIBDIN  Libr.  Cpinp.  504  After  completing  his  recon 
naissances,  Mr.  Harding  dispatched  artists  in  all  directions. 
1883  R.  BUCHANAN  Annan  Water  xiv,  In  your  absence  I 
took  the  liberty  of  making  a  reconnaissance. 

3.  Without  article  :  Reconnoitring,  surveying. 
1887  Encycl.  Brit.  XXII.  712  If  hills  are   numerous  ..  a 

large  area  may  be  covered,  .by  reconnaissance. 

t  Reconnaitre,  v,  Obs.  rare.  [a.  F.  recoil' 
nattre:  cf.  prec.]  =-  RECONNOITRE  v. 

1800  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  I.  142  Yesterday  I  sent 
a  patrol  to  Arnee  to  reconnaitre  the  place,  meaning  to  attack 
it  this  day.  ifa-^lbid.  X.  512  It  was  necessary  to  reconnaltre 
each  of  them  very  closely  before  they  were  attacked. 

Reconne'Ct,  v.    [RE-  5  a,]    To  connect  again. 

1825  LVTTON  Falkland  i.  ii,  To   reconnect   it  with   the 
present.     1858  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  III.  273  The  alliance  .. 
would  be  a  link  reconnecting  England  with  the  Empire, 

Recoimoissance  (r/kp-nisans).  [Fr.,  older 
spelling  of  RECONNAISSANCE.  In  sense  i  by  sub- 
j  stitution  for  recognizance* 

This  form,  in  the  military  sense,  though  less  usual  than 
,  reconnaissance,  appears  earlier  than  it  in  Dictionaries,  being 
|  given  by  Webster  in  1847  with  a  reference  to  the  Fenny 
\  Cycl.  (1841,  article  on  reconnaissance  in  vol.  XIX.  329).] 

tl.   =  RECOGNIZANCE  i.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1672  MARVELI.  Rch.  Trans  ft.  r,  199  By  dying  at  the  time 
prefixed,  they  have  saved  their  Raconnoissances. 

f  2.    =  RECOGNITION'.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1734  NORTH  Exam.  i.  iii.  §  58  (1740)  159, 1  must  confess  it 
is  very  hard  to  give  a  due  Character  of,  and  I  think  nothing. 
less  than  its  pure  self,  will  be  its  just  Reconnoisance.  1779 
in  Jesse  Selwyn  #  Contemp.  (1844)  IV.  15  In  a  note  of  great 
respect  and  reconnoissance,  [I],  .wrote  as  follows. 

3.  =  RECONNAISSANCE  i. 

1813  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  X.  512  My  time  so  much 
1  occupied  by  reconnoissances.  1833  MARRYAT  P.  Simple 
\  (1863)  329  I*  was  agreed  that  if  the  boats  did  go  away,  it 
;  should  be  for  a  reconnoissance.  1834  J.  S.  MACAULAV  Field 
<  F'ortif.  228  (Ju'ading)  Military  Reconnoissance.  Ibid.  235 
I  The  reconnoissance  of  the  road  from  Truxilla  to  Merida, 
made  on  the  ist  May,  1809.  1884  Times  (weekly  ed.)  7  Mar. 
j  5/1,  I  have  just  returned  from  a  reconnoissance  . .  under 
I  Colonel  Stewart, 

b.   =  RECONNAISSANCE  i  b. 

1884  Times  (weekly  ed.)  7  Mar.  5/1  Another  reconnoissanc« 
i  which  leaves  here  to  morrow,  will  have  the  best  effect. 

4.  =  RECONNAISSANCE  2. 

1833  Edin.  Rev.  Oct.  172  The  first  chapter  is  devoted .  .To 

a  sort  of  reconnoissance  of  the  outworks  of  the  science.   1856 

KANE  Arct.    Expl.  I.  ix.  101,  I  determined  to  seek  some 

;  .high  headland  beyond  the  cape,  and  make  it  my  final  point 


RECONQUER. 

of  reconnoissance.  1877  E.  G.  SQUIF.R  Peru  258  Should  the 
reconnoissance  prove  satisfactory,  it  will  resume  an  erect 
position. 

Reconnoi'tre, .?/'.  [f.  next.]  An  act  of  recon 
noitring  ;  a  reconnaissance. 

1799  WASHINGTON  Lett.  Writ.  1893  XIV.  167  Your  Recon 
noitre  of  the  seaboard  to  St.  Mary's.. will  be  made  to  the 
Department  of  War.  1863  Ln.  LVTTON  Ring  Atnasis  II. 
232  All  his  senses  were  sentinels.  ..He  was  making  his  great 
reconnoitre.  1891  T.  HARDY  Tess  Iii,  As  she  returned  from 
a  reconnoitre  of  the  church  and  graveyard. 

Reconnoitre  (rek^hoi'tw),  v.  [a.  F.  recon 
noitre  (now  reconnaitre})  OF.  reconnoistre :— L.  re- 
fognosce're  to  look  over,  inspect :  cf.  RECOGNIZE,] 

1.  trans.    Mil.  (and   Naval}.     To  make  an  in 
spection  or  take   observations  of  (an  enemy,  his 
strength,  position,  etc.). 

1707  SIR  C.  SHOVEL  in  Tindal  Contin.  Rapin  (1745)  IV.  u. 
•27/1  note,  Colonel  Pheffercorn.. having  been  killed  the  day 
before,  as  he  went  to  reconnoitre  the  enemy.  1711  ADDISON 
Sfect.  No.  165.  1765  R.  ROGERS  Jmh,  (1769)  i,  I  embarked 
.  .to  reconnoitre  the  strength  of  the  enemy.  1828  D'!SRAF.LI 
Chas.  /,  II.  ii.  67  The  veteran  officer  ..  \vas  unfortunately 
shot  in  reconnoitring  the  enemy.  1867  LADY  I  IERRF.KT 
Cradle  L.  v.  153  The  guides  advised  a  halt,  while  they 
reconnoitred  the  force  and  dispositions  of  the  enemy. 

b.  transf.  To  make  an  inspection,  examination 
or  survey  of  (persons). 

1742  VouN'G  Nt.  Th.  n.  265  She  reconnoitres  Fancy's  airy 
band.  1755  SMOLLETT  Qitix.  (1803)  IV.  201  One  of  the 
gang,  who  was  placed  centinel  on  the  road  to  reconnoitre 
travellers  and  bring  intelligence.  1824  \\'.  IRVING  7'.  Trai1, 
II.  27  Amusing  ourselves  with  reconnoitring  this  group. 
1845  DARWIN  Voy.  Kat.  iii.  (1879)  48  The  deer  frequently, 
out  of  curiosity,  approach  to  reconnoitre  him. 

2.  J///,  To  inspect,  examine,  or  survey  (a  district 
or  tract  of  ground)  in  order  to  discover  the  presence 
or  position  of  an  enemy,  or  to  find  out  the  resources 
or  military  features  of  the  country. 

1726  CAVALLIER  Mem.  iv.  317  For  fear  of  Accidents  I  went 
to  Reconnoitre  [the]  Wood,  with  a  Peasant  of  the  Place. 
1781  SIMF.S  Milit.  Guide  {ed.  3}  n  The  Quarter-master* 
general,  ..with  an  able  engineer,  should  sufficiently  recon 
noitre  the  country.  1876  VOYLE  &  STF.VKNSON  Milit.  Diet. 
332/1  Making  a  rapid  examination  of  the  country  or  object 
he  is  ordered  to  reconnoitre.  /£/"</,  333/2  In  reconnoitring 
a  fortified  post  or  village  [etc.]. 

b.  transf.  To  survey  or  explore  (a  district,  etc.) 
in  order  to  learn  its  character,  geography,  etc. 

1754  RICHARDSON  Grand ison  (1781^  VII.  viii,  40  The 
gentlemen  are  all  rid  out.  Av  reconnoitre  the  country,  as  my 
Uncle  calls  it.  1791  W.  KARTRAM  Carolina  107  Whilst  my 
fellow  travellers  were  ..  fixing  our  camp,  I  improved  the 
opportunity,  in  reconnoitering  our  ground.  1820  \V.  IRVINC; 
Sketch  Bk,  I.  19  As  we  sailed  up  the  Mersey,  I  recon 
noitred  the  shores  with  a  telescope.  1860  MAI/RY  Phys. 
(.'Cflg:  (Low)  xx.  §  811  Some  one  . .  of  the  fleets  that  are  out 
reconnoitring  the  seas  for  us,  returns  with  additional  facts 
for  our  storehouse  of  knowledge. 

C.  transf.  To  examine,  inspect,  look  into  (a  thing 
or  matter). 

1753  HOGARTH  Ana!.  Scanty  S  The  least  motion  we  make 
to  reconnoitre  any  other  side  of  the  object.  1825  JEFFERSON 
Antobiog.  Wks.  1859  I.  76  The  Duke  of  Brunswick  . .  sent 
some  of  his  officers  to  Givet,  to  reconnoitre  the  state  of 
things  there,  and  report  them  to  him.  1850  L.  HUNT 
Aittobiog.  II.  x.  29  Matthew  ..  proceeded  towards  the 
window,  to  reconnoitre  the  state  of  the  weather. 

3.  absol.  or  intr.  To  make  a  reconnaissance. 
1712  STEELS  Spect.  No.  326  r  2,  I  shall  every  now  and 

then  have  a  saucy  Rascal  ride  by  reconnoitring  uis  I  think 
you  call  it)  under  my  windows.  1777  WATSON  Philip  II 
(1839)  213  They  perceived  a  hundred  of  the  enemy's  horse 
that  had  been  sent  before  to  reconnoitre.  1784  BELKNAP 
Tour  to  White  Mts.  (1876)  12  Here  we  sat  down  and  dined, 
while  our  pilot  went  back  to  reconnoitre.  1856  KANE  Arct. 
M.vpl.  I.  xvii.  sir  Reconnoitring  stealthily  beyond  Sylvia 
Head,  we  discovered  a  train  of  sledges. 

f4.  trans.  To  recollect,  remember,  recognize. 

1748  HARTLEY  Obsew.  Man  \.  \.  58  The  Readiness  with 
which  we  reconnoitre  Sensations  of  Feeling,  Taste,  and 
Smell,  that  have  been  often  impressed.  1768  H.  WALPOLE 
Hist.  Doubts  Pref.  3  Whether,  if  the  dead  of  past  ages 
could  revive,  they  would  he  able  to  reconnoitre  the  events 
of  their  own  times,  as  transmitted  to  us.  1787  Minor  \\.  xi. 
103  Sir  Cadwallader's  son  with  difficulty  reconnoitred 
[/r/«ta/reconomred]  me. 

Hence  Beconnortrer,  one  who  reconnoitres. 

1865  J.  SHAW  Country  School™,  ii.  (1899)  122  Some  nooks 
and  corners.. which  had  not  been  profaned  by  the  recon- 
noitertr  or  the  opera-glass.  1875  CLERY  Minor  Tactics  in. 
(1877)  45  Before  entering  a  village,  defile,  or  wood,  it  should 
be  carefully  examined  by  the  reconnoitrers  in  front. 

Beconnoi-tring,  vbl.  sb.    [f.  prec.  +  -nro*.] 

The  action  of  the  vb.  RECONNOITRE. 

1778  M.  CUTLER  in  Life,  etc.  (1888)  I.  63  The  Light-horse 
advanced  on  the  right  for  reconnoitering.  1851  GALLENGA 
Italy  247  His  attempts  against  Peschieraand  Mantua,  which 
had  no  other  object  than  mere  reconnoitering. 

attrib.  1840  W.  B.  LEIGH  (title)  Reconnoitering  Voyages 
and  Travels,  with  Adventures  in  the  New  Colonies  of  South 
Australia,  etc.  1870  Daily  ffews  i  Dec.,  The  various  skir 
mishes  had  only  a  reconnoitring  end. 

Beconnortring,  ppl.  a.   [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.] 

That  reconnoitres. 

'799  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  I.  27  They  keep  clear 
of  our  picquets,  and  are  most  probably  a  reconnoitring 
party.  1834^-47  J.  S.  MACAULAV  Field  Fortif,  (1851)  251 
The  reconnoitring  officer.  1877  Field  Excrc.  Infantry  324 
Reconnoitring  and  visiting  patrols  must  avoid  firing. 

Reconquer  (nkp-rjkw),  v.  [RE-  5  a;  cf.  F. 
reconquenr,  OF.  reconquer? e  (i2th  c.  in  Godef.).] 
trans.  To  conquer  again ;  to  recover  by  conquest. 


RECONQUERING. 

1584  HF.RLE  Let.  in  Motley  Nctherl.  (1860)  I.  iii.  76  To  I 
expulse  the  enemy  and  to  reconquer  their  towns  and  country 
lost.  1602  WARNER  Alb.  /;»£•.  Epit.  (1612)386  France  byde- 
grees  .  reconquered  there  more  than  our  former  conquests.  \ 
1611  COTGR.,  Reconquerir.  to  resulxlue,  reconquer.  1755  in 
JOHNSON  [quoting  DAVIES].  1809  PINKNF.Y  Trap.  France  8 
Can  the  Continent  be  reconquered  at  sea?  1830  LYTTON 
P.  Clifford  iv,  This  idea,  though  conquered  and  recon 
quered,  gradually  swelled  and  increased  at  his  heart.  1880 
PARKMAN  France  «,  Eng.  N.  Amer.  p.  viii,  Rome,  ranging 
the  earth  to  reconquer  abroad  what  she  had  lost  at  home. 

Hence  Reco-nquerinjf  vbl.  sb. ;  Reco-nqueror. 

1654  COKAINE  Dianea  I.  30,  I  resolved  to  intreat  the  aide 
of  his  Maiesty  for  the  reconquering  of  my  kingdome.  1864 
KINGSLEY  Rom.  ft  Teut.  53  Our  own  conquerors  and  re- 
conquerors  of  Hindostan  have  shewn  enough  that  [etc.]. 

RecO'nquest  ("-),  sb.  [RE-  5  a  ;  perh.  after 
obs.  F.  reconqueste  (ifith  c.  in  Godef.).]  The  (or  an) 
act  of  conquering  again ;  recovery  by  conquest. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VI 164  There  was  no  double  of 
the  regayning  or  reconquest.  1598  BACON  Lett,  to  Essex  cone. 
Tyrone  Wks.  1879  II.  17/1  A  full  re-conquest  of  those  parts 
of  the  country.  1668  DKYDEN  Even.  Lore  I.  i,  Look  on 
those  grave  plodding  fellows,  that  pass  by  us,  as  though 
they  were  meditating  the  re-conquest  of  Flanders.  1746 
H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  (1846)  II.  172  All  the  letters  by  last  post 
make  it  a  re-conquest.  1828-40  TYTLER  Hist.  Scot.  (1864) 
I.  48  In  the  reconquest  of  his  native  country.  li&^Manch. 
Kxam.  6  Oct.  4/7  The  present  expedition  was  not  for  the 
reconquest  of  the  Soudan. 

t  Reconquest,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RE-  +  CON 
QUEST  v. :  cf.  obs.  F.  reconquester  (1582  in  Godef.).] 
trans.  =  RECONQUER.  Also  const,  to. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  106  Sum  gracious 
persone  that  may  have  grace  and  poware,  to  reconquest  it 
and  bring  it  to  the  kynde  airis.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's 
Cointn.  417  b,  Many  excellente  parsonages  are  condemned 
in  Englande,  beinge  wholy  reconquered  to  the  Pope. 

Reoonsaille,  -sale,  varr.  RECOUNSEL  v.  Obs. 
Reco-nsecrate  ("-),  ».    [R*-  5*-    Cf.  F.   , 

reconsacrer  (i6th  c.  in  Littre  Suppl.}.]  trans.  To 
consecrate  again  or  anew. 

1611  COTGR.,  Resacrer,  to  reconsecrate,  a  1711  KEN  Sion 
Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  326  Should  we  to  God  re-consecrate 
the  mind  [etc.].  1733  NEAL  Hist.  Piirit.  II.  221  He  inter 
dicted  the  church  and  shut  up  the  doors,  till  it  should  be 
reconsecrated.  1795-1814  WORDSW.  Excurs.  iv.  009  I his 
scheme . .  would  re-consecrate  our  wells  To  good  Saint  Fillan 
and  to  fair  Saint  Anne.  1864  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Apologia  386 
Your  passions,  and  your  affections,.. must  all  be  bathed  in 
a  new  element,  and  reconsecrated  to  your  Maker. 
So  Beconsecra'tion. 

1763  BURN  Eccl.  Lain  I.  237  A  church,  once  consecrated, 
may  not  be  consecrated  again,  .unless  they  be  polluted  by 
the  shedding  of  blood  ;  and  in  that  case  the  canon  supposes 
a  reconsecration.  1847  MASKELL  Man.  Kit.  III.  p.  cxlvill, 
There  were  some  difficulties  in  deciding  whether,  if  the 
altar  was  destroyed  or  removed,  a  reconsecration  of  the 
church  would  be  required. 
Reconsele,  -seyl,  varr.  RECOUNSEL  v.  Obs. 

Reconsider  (r/kfCnsi'daa),  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf. 
F.  reconsiderer  (l6th  c.).] 

1.  trans.  To  consider  (a  matter  or  thing)  again. 

1571  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Ps.  iv.  5  Then  doo  they  consider 
and  reconsider,  whither  they  have  cast  themselves,  a  1711 
KEN  Edmund  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  80  Even  Priests  too  oft, 
who  to  consider  teach,  Themselves  scarce  re-consider  what 
they  preach.  1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  v.  vii,  She  would 
fain  have  been  left  quietly  to  re-consider  her  plans.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ix.  II.  467  If  his  majesty  would  re 
consider  the  points  in  dispute  between  the  Churches  of 
Rome  and  England.  1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  in.  xxiv, 
He  had  set  himself. .  to  reconsider  his  worn  suits  of  clothes. 

b.  To  consider  (a  decision,  etc.)  a  second  time, 
with  a  view  to  changing  or  amending  it  if  now 
disapproved  of;  to  rescind,  alter. 

1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vi.  II.  43  If  James  could  eveh 
now  be  induced  to  reconsider  his  course^  to  let  the  Houses 
reassemble,  and  to  comply  with  their  wishes,  all  might  yet 
be  well.  1881  JOWETT  Thucyd.  I.  189  The  majority  of  the 
citizens  were  anxious  to  have  an  opportunity  given  them  of 
reconsidering  their  decision. 

absol.  a  1856  CUSHING  Man.  Parl.  Pract.  §  1270  The 
motion  to  reconsider,  though  relating  to  the  same  subject 
already  considered,  is,  in  a  parliamentary  sense,  a  new  one, 
distinct  both  from  a  motion  to  rescind  the  former  vote,  and 
from  the  subject  of  it.  1865  in  Hart  Amer.  Hist.  (1901)  IV. 
466  The  House  vote  to  reconsider. 

2.  reft.  To  reflect  on  one's  conduct,  with  a  view 
to  repentance  or  amendment,  rare. 

1855  KINGSLEY  IVestw.  Hoi  v,  To  bring  him  home  again, 
and  make  him  at  least  to  reconsider  himself.  1863  — 
Water-Bab,  vi,  Did  she  . .  set  him  on  a  cold  stone  to  re 
consider  himself,  and  so  forth  ? 

So  Reconsidera'tion. 

'7*3  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Barry  12  Apr.  in  Bosivell,  I  repeat 
my  request  that  you  will  propose  the  re-consideration  of 
Mr.  Lowe's  case.  1800  Asiat.  Ann.  Reg.,  Proc.  E.  Ind. 
ffo.fo/i  He  would.. finally  make  up  his  mind  after  con 
sideration  and  reconsideration  of  the  subject,  a  1856  CUSHING 
Elem.  Law  fy  Pract.  Lefis.  Assemblies  U.  S.  §  1264  The 
inconvenience  ..  has  led  to  the  introduction  into  the  parlia 
mentary  practice.,  of  the  motion  for  reconsideration. 

Reconsi  gn,  v.  [RE- 5  a.  CLf.reconsigfier 
(Cotgr.).]  trans.  To  consign  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Reconsider,  to  reconsigne,  reassigne.  1798 
Invasion  II.  xxv.  243  From  the  moment  when  I  was  recon- 
signed  to  captivity  [etc.].  1881  Daily  Nt-ivs  8  Feb.  5/1  He 
spoke  with . .  considerate  regard  for  the  circumstances  under 
which  Davitt  has  been  reconsigned  to  prison. 

So  Reconsi'frnment. 

1852  DICKENS  Bleak  Ho.  xix,  On  pain  of  instant  reconsign- 
ment  to  her  patron  saint. 


264 

Reconaile,  obs.  f.  RECONCILE  v. 

t  Reconsolate,  v.   Obs.  rare-1.    [RE-  5  a.] 

trans.   =  RECONSOLE. 

1626  WOTTON  in  Reli<;.  (1672)  439  It  is  that  only  God  who 
can  reconsolate  us  both. 

SoBeconsola-tion.  [Cf. F .reconsolation ( 1 6th c.) . J 

1526  Pilgr.  Ferf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  299  b,  O  moost  meke 
lambe  of  god,  offred  in  sacrifyce  for  our  reconsolacyon. 

Reconsole,  v-     [K-E-  5  a-3     To  console  anew. 

In  quot.,  by  readmission  to  the  sect  of  the  Cathari.  Cf. 
Du  Cange  s.vv.  Consolamcntum,  Consolare,  Consolatio.  _ 

1832  S.  R.  MAITLAND  Facts  .$•  Docum.  384  It  is  the  faith 
of  all  the  heretics,  that  no  one  who  after  receiving  the  Con 
solamcntum  eats  meat  ..  can  be  saved,  unless  he  receives 
penance  from  them  and  is  re-consoled. 

Reconsolidate  (rfkflas^licWt),  i>.  [RE-  5  a. 
Cf.  F.  reconsolidcr  (1417  in  Godef.).]  trans,  and 
intr.  To  consolidate  anew. 

a.  trans.    1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydon's  Quest.  Chirurg.  C  j, 
To  regenerate  the  substaunce  of  the  sanguyne  membre  lost, 
and  for  to  reconsolidate  and  knyt  it  agayne.     1611  COTGR., 
Reconsolidc,   reconsolidated,  closed   vp   againe.      1654   H. 
L'ESTRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655)  74  Such  obliging.. compliance, 
as  might  re-consolidate   them  by  continuity  of  affection. 
1794  SULLIVAN  Vina  Nat.   I.  485  A  petrifying  fluid,  with 
which  a  broken  stone  will  be  reconsolidated  like  a  broken 
limb.     1876  DOUSE  Grimm's  L.  78  Various  causes  of  social 
and  political  compression,  which  reconsolidate  the  diverging 
sections  of  people. 

b.  intr.   1541  [see  RECONSOLIDATION].  1659  H.  L  ESTRANGE 
Alliance  Div.  Off.  317  The  whole  structure  . .  requireth  no 
few  daies  to  knit  and  reconsolidate. 

Recpnsolida-tion.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  renewed 
consolidation. 

1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydon's  Quest.  Chirurg.  Cj,  For  these 
causes  and  reasons  they  do  nat  reconsolydate  with  trewe 
reconsolydacyon  after  the  desolucion  of  their  seperatyng. 
1628  DONNE  Serm.  Ixxv.  762  The  re-consolidation  of  a 
scattered  conscience.  1802  PLAYFAIR  Illnstr.  Hutton.  Th. 
503  At  the  same  time  subject  to  waste  above  the  surface  of 
the  sea,  and  re-consolidation  under  it.  1864  BURTON  Scot 
Atr.  I.  i.  44  The  late  reconsolidation  of  Italy. 

Reconsti'tuent,  a.  and  sb.  [See  RE-  and 
CONSTITUENT  a.  and  sb.  Cf.  F.  nconstitnant 
(Littre).]  a.  adj.  That  builds  up  anew  ;  spec,  in 
Med.  of  a  remedy,  b.  sb.  Met/.  A  remedy  that 
builds  up  the  body  after  wasting  by  disease. 

1876  BARTHOLOW  Mat.  Med.  (1879)  121  In  the  same  group, 
however,  are  remedies  which,  while  they  are  tonic  and 
reconstituent,  do  not  enter  into  the  composition  of  the  body. 
Ibid.  94  As  a  reconstituent,  cod-liver  oil  is  a  very  useful 
remedy  in  certain  chronic  affections  of  the  brain. 

Reconstitute  (n~Vnstiti«t),  v.  [RE-  5  a. 
Cf.  F.  reconstituer  (Littre).]  To  constitute  anew. 

1812  SIR  H.  DAVY  Chcm.  Philos.  232  A  quantity  of  oxy- 
gene,  that,  added  to  the  residual  elastic  substance,  will 
reconstitute  common  air.  1868  M.  PATTISON  Academ.  Org. 
v.  183  Sir  W.  Hamilton  lived  to  see  the  history  of  Rome 
reconstituted  by  a  German  professor. 

Reconstitn-tion.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  recon 
stitution  (Littre).]  A  fresh  constitution. 

1853  MILL  Diss.  *i  Disc.,  Crate's  Greece  (1859)  II.  542 
Demanding  a  reconstitution  of  society  from  its  foundations, 
and  a  complete  renovation  of  the  human  mind.  1884  in 
Littelfs  Living  Age  CLXI.  62  On  the  re-constitution  of 
the  Abbey  as  a  collegiate  church. 

b.  In  French  criminal  procedure,  the  action  of 
going  over  the  supposed  details  of  a  crime  at  the 
place  where  it  was  committed. 

1897  Daily  Nnus  13  Dec.  5/6  The  two  prisoners ..  were 
taken  to  the  scene  of  the  murder  for  the  '  reconstitution '  of 
the  crime. 

Reconstruct  (nkp>nstr»-kt),  v.  [RE-  5  a. 
Cf.  F.  reconstruire  (1549).] 

1.  trans.  To  construct  anew. 

1768  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  II.  in.  xxxi.  492  It  seemed  no 
blameable  attempt  to  reconstruct  the  whole  afresh  from  the 
very  ground.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  i.  I.  117  He  saw 
that  it  was  necessary  to  reconstruct  the  army  of  the  Parlia 
ment.  1861  SMILES  F.ngincers  II.  31  Having  made  up  his 
mind  that  the  lighthouse  could  only  be  reconstructed  of 
wood.  1881  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  n.  i.  173  Each 
[party]  in  its  way  supposed  that  it  had  a  mission  to  re 
construct  society. 

2.  To  construct  anew  in  the  mind;  to  restore 
(something  past)  mentally. 

1862  MERIVALF.  Rom.  Emp.  (1865)  VII.  Iv.  i  It  may  not 
be  impossible,  -to  reconstruct  the  true  character  of  Tiberius. 
1862  TYNDALL  Mountaineer,  ii.  1 1  He  must  regard  the  facts, 
discern  their  connection,  and  out  of  them  reconstruct  the 
world  gone  by. 

Hence  Eeconstruc-ted///.  a. 

1865-6  H.  PHILLIPS  Amer.  Paper  Curr.  II.  97  Choice  was 
made  of  persons  to  fill  the  offices  of  the  reconstructed 
treasury  department.  1888 Encycl.  Brit.  XXII I.  781/1  The 
legislatures  of  the  reconstructed  States. 


_~wjnstruction  (nl^nstrc-kfan).  [RE-  5  a. 
Cf.  F.  reconstruction  (Littre).] 

1.  The  action  or  process  of  reconstructing. 

1791  MACKINTOSH  Vindic.  Gall.  Wks.  1846  III.  30  It  was 
theirs  to  decide,  .whether,  from  its  ruins,  fragments  were  to 
be  collected  for  the  re-construction  of  the  political  edifice. 
1848  GALLENGA  Italy  II.  iii.  7  It  was  mainly  with  these 
views  that  Manzoni  laboured  at  the  reconstruction  of  his 
country's  creed.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  xvi.  268  The  pro 
cess  of  reconstruction  of  solids  is  not  permanent. 

b.  U.  S.  Hist.  The  process  by  which  after  the 
Civil  War  the  States  which  had  seceded  were 
restored  to  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  Union. 

1865  SCHURZ  in  Hart  Amt-r.  Hist.  (1901)  IV.  454  As  to 
what  is  commonly  termed  '  reconstruction  ',  it  is . .  the  whole 


EECONTRACT. 

organism  of  southern  society  that  must  be  reconstructed. 
1880  '  E.  KIRKE  '  Garfield  34  After  the  war  was  over,  and 
reconstruction  completed,  this  same  Southern  political  hier 
archy  came  back  into  power  in  Washington. 

attrib.  1888  Encycl.  Krit.  XXIII.  781/1  The  Recon 
struction  Acts  divided  the  seceding  States  into  military 
districts. 

2.  An  instance  or  example  of  this ;  a  thing  re 
constructed. 

1705  BELSHAM  Reign  Ceo.  Ill,  II.  247  A  few  of  the 
largest  [vessels]  were  re-constructions,  having  been  first 
framed  and  sent  over  from  Great  Britain.  1798  W.  TAYLOR 
in  Monthly  Rev.  XXVI.  245  The  cloaca  maxima  is  sus 
pected  to  be  a  reconstruction  of  the  original  common  sewer 
of  Rome. 

Hence  Keconstru-ctionary  a.  (U.  S.),  of  or 
relating  to  reconstruction ;  Beconstrrrctionist 
(U.S.),  one  who  favours  reconstruction. 

1879  TOL-RGEE  Fool's  Err.  xxiv.  148  The  interest  of  the 
Southern  leading  classes  will  compel  them  to  accept  and 
carry  out  in  good  faith  your  reconstructionary  idea.  1888 
J.  C.  HARRIS  in  Harpers  Mag.  Apr.  703/2  The  Republican 
'  reconstructionists ' . .  barred  the  way. 

Reconstructive,  a.  and  sb.    [RE-  5  a.] 

A.  adj.  Relating  to,  concerned  or  occupied  with, 
reconstruction. 

1862  MERIVALE  Rom.  Emp.  (1865)  III.  xxx.  413  The  anti 
quated  forms  of  the  republic  were  incapable  of  any  recon 
structive  effort.  1880  EARLE  I'hilol.  Eng.  Tongue  (ed.  3) 
§  286  The.  .reconstructive  eye  of  modern  Philology. 

B.  sb.  That  which  reconstructs,  a  reconstituent. 
1890  Science  XV.  219/2  Oysters,  on  the  other  hand,  are 

extremely  useful  as  nerve  reconstructives. 

Hence  Beoonstru-ctiveness. 

1843  J.  CAIRNS  in  Life  (1895)  140  Tholuck.  .has.  .more 
original  reconstructiveness  in  his  Commentary  than  Stuart. 

ReCOUStrCTCtor.  [RE-  5  a.]  One  who  re 
constructs. 

1871  Daily  News  25  Sept.,  Perhaps  the  reconstructors  of 
the  statue  in  1821  were  led  away  by  these  signs  of  por 
traiture.  1882  G.  MATHESON  in  Expositor  Aug  137  He  was 
no  innovator  on  the  national  faith;  he  was  rather  the 
reconstructor  and  restorer  of  that  faith. 

Reconsu'lt,  t>.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  rtconsuntr 
(1595).]  trans,  and  intr.  To  consult  anew. 

1611  COTGR.,  Reconsulter,  to  reconsult  of,  take  new  aduise 
on.  1627  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  (1659)  I.  481  That  by  your 
gracious  Command  the  House  may  reconsult,  and  settle 
their  better  thoughts  on  some  more  worthy  their  Election. 
1632  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus'  Nat.  Paradox  XI.  279  This  long 
reply  having  given  Iphigenes  some  leisure  to.  .re-consult  his 
Judgement.  1806  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  IV.  219  His 
sources  must  all  be  reconsulted. 

So  Eeconsulta  tion. 

1624  DONNE  Derations  (ed.  2)  214  Take  me  then,  O  blessed, 
and  glorious  Trinity,  into  a  Reconsultation,  and  prescribe 
me  any  phisicke. 

Reconsyle,  obs.  form  of  RECONCILE  v. 

t  Reco'nter,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  [var.  RECOUNTEB  v., 
with  vowel  as  in  F.  remontrer :  cf.  RECONTIIE.] 
irons.  To  encounter. 

1313  DOUGLAS  /Ends  ix.  vii.  heading,  Quhow  capitane 
Volscens . .  Recontrit  Nysus and  hys  fallow.  1336  BEI.LEN DF.N 
Cron.  Scot.  (1821)  I.  46  [He]  gatherit  haisteiy  ane  army  to 
reconter  his  ennimes.  1549  Coinpl.  Scot.  xiv.  114  The  hors 
men  of  the  romans.  .met  and  recontrit  the  cartagiens. 

t  Recontinual,  a.  Obs.  rare-1.  [RE-  5  a.] 
That  continues  again. 

1735  H.  BROOKE  Univ.  Beauty  iv.  143  The  . .  Stream, 
Which  salient,  thro'  the  Heart's  contractile  Force,  Expulsive 
springs  its  recontinual  Course. 

t  Recontinuance.  Obs.    [RE-sa:  cf.next.] 

The  act  of  recontinuing ;  resumption. 

iy\aAct  yt  Hen.  VIII,  c.  31  Those  persons.,  haue.  .ben 
dmien  to  their  actions  for  the  recontinuance  and  obteynyng 
of  the  sayd  landes.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  i.  xxvi. 
(Arb.)  66  Encoraging  them  to  the  recontinuance  of  the  same 
entertainments.  «i63i  DONNE  Lett.  (1651)  25  By  the  con 
tinuance  of  my  acquaintance  with  you,  by  Letters,  you  may 
perceive  how  much  I  desire  . .  the  recontinuance  of  our 
acquaintance,  by  conversation. 

Reconti'nue,  i>.  ?  Obs.  [ad.  obs.  F.  recon- 
tinuer  (i3th  c.  in  Littre)  :  see  RE-  and  CONTINUE 
v.  In  common  use  c  1570-1640.]  trans.  To  go 
on  again  with  (an  action,  occupation,  state,  etc., 
which  has  been  discontinued). 

£1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  1112  Rescu  yondyr  knyghtes 
&  recontynu  fyght.  1536  ELYOT  Let.  to  Cromwell  in  Gav. 
(1883)  I.  p.  cxxxi,  As  for  my  first  sute,  I  shall  at  your  lord- 
shippes  better  laysour  recontynue  it,  trusting  allso  in  your 
lordshippes  favor  therein.  1570-6  LAMBARDE  t'eramt.  Kent 
(1826)  423  He  was  ..  annointed  king,  and  so  re-continued 
the  right  of  the  house  of  Yorke.  i647_  N.  BACON  Disc. 
Govt.  Eng.  i.  xlvii.  (1739)  79  He  re-continued  the  Liberty 
of  publick  Consultations.  1802  MARY  CHARLTON  tr.  La 
Fontaine's  Reprobate  I.  106  He  had  resumed  the  care  of 
his  flowers,  and  my  father  had  recontinued  his  journal. 

Hence  Keconti-nued  ///.  a. ;  Beconti  nuing 
vbl.  sb. 

1535-0  Act  27  Hen.  VIII,  c.  24  (title)  An  Acte  for  re- 
contynuyng  of  certayn  liberties.  1587  T.  HUGHES  Mtsfort. 
Arthur  \\\.  i,  Where  men  with  reconciled  mindes  Renew 
their  !oue  with  recontinued  grace. 

Recontract,  sb.  rare-1.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  fresh 
contract. 

<Ji6io  PARSONS  Leicester's  Ghost  (1641)  18  It  was  pure 
love  which  made  mee  undertake  This  haplesse  recontract 
with  thee  to  make. 

Recontra'ct,   v.     [RE-   5  a.    Cf.   F.  recon- 
tracter  (Cotgr.).]     To  contract  again,  in  senses  of 
;    that  vb. 


RECONTRACTION. 

1597  BEARD  Theatre  God's  Jiidgem.  (1612)  415  [He]  sent 
him.. a  dispensation  to  put  away  his  wife.. and  to  recon- 
tract  Anne  of  Bretaigne,  the  widow  of  Charles  the  eight 
lately  deceased.  1622  J.  REYNOLDS  God's  Revenge  \\.  ix. 
160  My  soule  hath  made  my  peace  with  God,  and  my  heart 
desires  to  recontract  it  both  with  thyselfe  and  her.  1647  N. 
BACON  Disc.  Got>t.  Eng.  i.  Sum.  Concl.  (1739)201  For  the 
sense  of  State  once  contracted  into  a  Privy  Council,  is  soon 
recontracted  into  a  Cabinet-Council,  and  last  of  all  into 
a  Favourite  or  two. 

So  Recontra'ction. 

1861  BUMSTEAD  Ven.  Dis.  (1879)  297  Continuous  dilatation 
is  likely  to'be  attended  with  untoward  symptoms  and  is 
always  followed  by  a  strong  tendency  to  recontraction. 

Recontr- :  see  RECONTER  v. 

f  Reco-ntre.  Sc.  Obs.  rare—^.  [var.  of  RE- 
COUNTKR  sb.  Cf.  RENCOXTRE.]  An  encounter. 

1570  BUCHANAN  Chamxleou  Wks.  (S.T.S.)  50  [The  Queen 
had]  to  wryte  to  hir  lieutenentis  to  mak  ye  regent  be  put 
sauf  In  Scotland,  and  so  he  wes  without  any  recontre. 

Reconvale'sce,  v.    [RE-  5  a.    Cf.  late  L. 

reconvalere  (Du  Cange).]  intr.  To  become  con 
valescent  again.  So  Reconvale  scence[cf,  med.L. 
reconvahsccntia  (1341)]  ;  Reconvalc'sceut  a. 

1767  Douglas  Trial  57  The  proof  brought  of  Lady  Jane's 
reconvalescence.  1790  BF.ATSON  Nav.  fy  Mil.  Mem.  II.  261 
They  once  more  got  to  sea,  where  the  troops  were  joined  by 
their  reconvalesced  men  from  the  isle  of  Wight.  1824  SCOTT 
St.  Ronan's  xvi,  His  reconvalescence  was  attended  with., 
debility,  it  seemed  both  of  mind  and  body.  1871  Standard 
14  Jan.,  The  glowing  patriotism  of  the  reconvalescent  sol 
diers  has  perhaps  not  abated. 

t  Reconvalidation.  Ol>s.rart-\  [RE- 5 a.] 
A  renewed  confirmation. 

15*5  Br.  J.  CLERK  Let.  to  Wohey  (MS.  Cott.  Vit.  B.  vii. 
If.  126),  The  Venetians,  who  hathe  made  stykyng  hetherto 
to  agre  withe  the  Emperor  . .  for  the  reconvalidation  off  the 
Hgge  by  them  brokyn. 

Reconvene,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  med.L.  re- 
convemre  (I3thc.),  F.  reconvenir(i^  in  Godef.).] 
trans,  and  intr.  To  convene  again. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  iv.  §  24  There  was  a  worse 
accident  than  all  these  which  fell  out.. about  the  time  of 
the  two  Houses  reconvening.  1676  HALE  Contempt,  i.  101 
He  is.. then  sent  into  the  high  Priest's  Hall ;  then  re-con 
vened  before  the  Council. 

t  Reconvent,  v.  Obs.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
reassemble.  Hence  Heconventing  vbl.  sb. 

1589  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  v.  571  He  reconuenting  armes 
therefore, ..  Died  to  his  countrie's  friends  a  friend.  1611 
FLORIO,  Reconnentione^  a  reconuenting. 

Reconvention  (rfk^nve-njan).  [a.  F.  recon 
vention  (i3th  c.  in  Littre).  Cf.  med.L.  recon- 
ventio  (i^h  c.).  See  RE-  and  CONVENTION'.] 

1 1.  An  agreement  made  in  return.   Obs. 

c  1449  PECOCK  Rej>r.  in.  xviii.  397  As  bi  boond  and  with- 
oute  eny  reconvencioun  or  couenant  of  bond  expressid  or 
priueli  understonde  forto  geue  a;en. 

2.  Laiu.  A  counter-charge ;  a  counter-action 
brought  against  the  plaintiff  by  the  defendant  in 
a  suit,  f  Also  transf.  in  general  use. 

1538  Extr.  Aberd.  Burgh  Rec.  (1844)  158  My  lord  prowest 
. .  humely  menis,  schawis,  and,  be  the  way  of  reconuentioune, 
complems[etc.].  1629  MABBE  tr.  Fonseca?s  Dev.  Contempl. 
423  Hee  vnderstood  by  sinne  in  that  place,  thesinne  of  adul- 
terie,  for  otherwise  ..the  reconuention  had  not  beene  so 
strong  and  forcible.  1633  AMES  Agst.  Cerent,  n.  303  In  vie  of 
those  grounds,  laid  by  the  Repl.  against  humane  significant 
Ceremonies,  out  of  the  second  Commandement,  the  Rej.  by 
way  of  Reconvention  faineth  two  grounds  to  the  contrary. 
1726  AYLJFPE  Parergon  83  An  Appeal  in  a  cause  of  Con- 
vention  does  not  impeach  and  hinder  the  Execution  of  a 
Sentence  in  a  Cause  of  Re-convention.  1760-5  BURN  Eccl. 
Law  (1797)  II.  137  But  in  these  cases  of  re-convention,  the 
parties  must  proceed  together  in  the  contesting  of  suit. 
1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  823  Where  an  action  is 
brought  in  Scotland  by  a  foreigner,,  .his  adversary  in  the 
suit  is  entitled,  by  reconvention,  to  sue  the  foreigner  on  a 
counter-claim.  1884  Law  Rep.  o  App.  Cases  582  A  claim  in 
reconvention  is  In  substance  nothing  else  than  a  cross  action 
brought  by  the  defendant  against  the  plaintiff. 

f3.  The  reassembling  (of  Parliament,  etc.).   Obs. 

1641  SIR  E.  BERING  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  in.  (1692)  I.  393 
My  humble  motion  therefore  is  this,  I  beseech  you  to  de 
clare,  That  upon  this  our  Reconvention,  your  Order  of  the 
8th.  of  September  is  out  of  date.  1664  EVELYN  Diary  24 
Nov.,  The  heads  of  the  speech  he  made  at  the  re-convention 
of  the  Parliament,  which  now  began  to  meet. 

Reconve'rge,  v.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  To 
converge  again. 

1847  DE  QUINCEY  Secret  Societies  Wks.  1857  VII.  289 
Armies  of  brave  men,,  .by  the  clapping  of  hands,  in  a  moment 
have  reconverged  in  battle  array. 

Reconversion  (n^nvaujsn).  [RK-  5  a.] 
Conversion  back  to  a  previous  state,  a.  Of  per 
sons,  spec,  in  religious  sense. 

1599  SANDYS  Europx  Spec.  (1632)  181  The  Popes  refusal! 
to  reblesse  the  King  upon  his  sodaine  reconversion,  a  1628 
F.  GREYIL  Sidney  (1652)  237  Those  cob-webs  of  re-conversion 
in  Queen  Maryes  dayes,  I  had  no  intent  to  meddle  with. 
1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  \\\.  Ded.,  He  could  recount  his  Re 
conversion,  after  his  foul  Offences  of  Adulterie  and  Murder. 
1778  JOHNSON  in  Boswcll  30  Mar.,  How  often  are  the 
primary  motives  of  our  greatest  actions  as  small  as  Slbbald's, 
for  his  re-conversion.  1817  COLERIDGE  Biog.  Ltt.(Bohn) 07, 1 
cannot  doubt,  that  the  difference  of  my  metaphysical  notions 
from  those  of  Unitarians  in  general  contributed  to  my  final 
re-conversion  to  the  whole  truth  in  Christ.  1867  FREEMAN 
Norm.  Conq.  (1876)  I.  App.  680  The  Danish  Chroniclers 
assert  a  repentance  and  reconversion. 
b.  Of  things. 

1783  PRIESTLEY  in   Phil.    Trans.  I. XXIII.   426  The  re- 
VOL,  VIII. 


265 

conversion  of  air  Into  water,  by  decomposing  it  in  conjunc 
tion  with  inflammable  air.  1830  LVELL  Princ.  Geol.  I.  83 
I  he  reconversion  of  the  sedimentary  into  the  crystalline  by 
subterranean  fire.  1881  ARMSTRONG  in  Nature  XXIV. 
449/1  Internal  as  well  as  external  work  may  be  reconverted 
into  heat,  but  until  the  reconversion  takes  place,  the  heat 
which  did  the  work  does  not  exist  as  heat. 

ReCO'nvert,  sb.  [RE-  5  a.J  One  converted 
a  second  time. 

1843  GLADSTONE  Glean.  (1879^  V.  34  She  has  made  (we  re 
fer  to  the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  century)  converts  and 
reconverts  by  thousands— nay,  even  by  millions. 

Reconvert  (nk^nvjvjt),  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf. 
med.L.  reconvert  ere  (Pit  Cange),  F.  reconvert})- 
(1591  in  Godef.),  It.  reconvertire  (Florio).] 

1.  trans.  To  convert  back  to  a  previous   state  : 
a.  persons,  spec,  in  religious  sense. 

1611  COTGR.,  Reconrertir,  to  reconuert.  1649  Alcoran  278 
We.  .sent  him  to  preach  to  more  then  an  hundred  thousand 
persons,  that  we  reconverted.  1670  MILTON  Hist.  Kn%.  iv. 
Wks.  (1847)  520/2  About  this  time  the  East  Saxons,  who  .. 
had  . .  renounc'd  the  Faith,  were  by  the  means  of  Oswi  thus 
reconverted.  1737  WESLEY  Wks.  (1872)  I.  50,  I  myself  having 
known  many  Papists,  .reconverted.  1849  MACAL-LAV  Hist. 
F.ng,  x.  II.  647  In  December  ambition  had  converted  him 
into  a  rebel.  In  January  disappointment  reconverted  him 
into  a  royalist.  1882  SAINTSBURV  Short  Hist.  J-'r.  Lit.  HI. 
vii,  He  soon  distinguished  himself  by  reconverting  a  con 
siderable  number  of  persons  to  the  Roman  form  of  faith. 
b.  things. 

1662  PKITV  Taxes  17  Money;  which  being  paid  to  the 
King,  is  again  reconverted  into  corn.  1762  MILLS  System 
Pract.  Husb,  I.  160  There  will  be  no  danger  of  it's  re  con 
verting  the  soil  into  a  bog.  1783  PRIESTLEY  in  Phil.  Trans. 
LXX1II,  427  The  result  was  such  as  to  afford  a  strong  pre 
sumption  that  the  air  was  re-converted  into  water.  1862 
ANSTED  Channel  Isl.  iv.  xx.  (ed.  2)  474  The  islanders  in 
Jersey  replaced  much  of  their  arable  land  by  orchards. 
These  have  since.. been  re-converted. 

2.  Logic.  To    transpose   again  the    subject  and 
predicate  of  (a  proposition).     Cf.  CONVERT  v.  4  b. 

1864  BOWES  Logic\\.  i6r  It  is  evident  that,  by  reconverting 
the_  Converse,  we  ought  to  regain  the  Convtrtend.  /bid., 
This  is  reconverted  simply  into  '  Some  men  are  mortals '. 

3.  Law.  To  change  back  again  into  something 
of  equivalent  value.     Cf.  CONVERT  v.  15. 

1884  SIR  E.  E.  KAY  in  Law  Times  Rep.  L.  56/2  It  does 
not  decide  that  if  the  court  or  a  trustee  sell  more  than  is 
necessary  there  is  any  equity  to  reconvert  the  surplus  for  the 
benefit  of  the  heir-at-law. 

Hence  Reconverted  ppl.  a. ;  Reconve'rtible 
ct.t  capable  of  being  reconverted. 

'738  WESLEY  Ps.  LXXX.  xxiii,  King  of  a  re-converted  Land. 
1886  American  XII.  251  That  these  waves  are  inconvertible 
into  heat. 

Reconvey  (rrk^nv^-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  convey  (f  or  escort)  back  to  a  pre 
vious  place  or  position  ;   to  convey  in  a  reverse 
direction.     Now  rare. 

1506  in  Mem.  Hen.  VII  (Rolls)  286  After  the  King  had 
showed  him  his  chamber  and  would  he  should  take  no 
further  pains  the  King  would  have  somewhat  recon veyed 
him.  1636  Destr.  Troy  10  Then,  that  we  should  o'ur  Sacri- 
ledge  restore  And  reconveigh  their  gods  from  Argos  shore, 
Chalcas  pers wades.  1707  Curios,  in  Hnsb.  %  Card.  77 
There  are  Vehicles  in  Plants,  to  reconvey  towards  the  Koots, 
the  Juices  that  were  mounted  up  into  the  Stem.  1766 
Phil.  Trans,  LVII.  125  The  nerves  may.. become  incapable 
of  conveying  the  commands  of  the  will,  and  yet  remain 
sufficiently  capable  of  re-conveying  sensible  perceptions. 
1846  MOULLOCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  I.  25  The  water 
that  thus  overspread  the  country  would  be  reconveyed  to 
the  sea  at  ebb  tide. 

2.  Law.  To  make  over  again   or  restore   to   a 
former  owner. 

1665  BRATHWAIT  Comment  Two  Tales  64  She  repents  her 
of  her  Gift.  Gladly  would  she  have  him  re-convey  it  to  her. 
1682  DRYDEN  Satyr  78  He  buys  the  Purchase,  with  design 
['improve  ;  And  like  some  prudent  Kinsman  reconvey  What 
the  wild  Heir  hath  vainly  thrown  away.  1734  Act  7 
Geo.  If,  c.  16  §  2  For  redisponing  or  reconveying  the  said 
Lands  and  Estate  in  any  Manner  of  Way.  1818  CRUISE 
Digest  (ed.  2)  II.  91  If  the  mortgagor  pays  the  money  bor 
rowed  on  a  certain  day,  the  mortgagee  will  reconvey  the 
lands.  1881  Act  44  ^  45  Viet.  c.  41  (Conveyancing  Act), 
Then  B.  and  C.  ..will  at  the  request  and  cost  of  A...  re- 
convey  the  premises  to  A. 

absol.  1858  LD,  ST.  LEONARDS  Handy  Bk.  Prop.  Law 
xiv.  94^  If  a  mortgagee  will  not  re-convey  upon  payment  of 
the  principal  and  interest,  and  costs,  and  the  right  to  redeem 
is  still  open,  the  mortgagor  may  . .  compel  a  redemption. 

Reconveyance.     [RE-  5  a.]     The  act  of 

reconveying  ;  spec,  in  Law,  restoration  to  a  pre 
vious  owner. 

1767  S.  PATERSON  Another  Trav,  I.  84  The  conveyance 
was  almost  as  astonishing  as  the  re-conveyance.  1768 
BLACKSTONEC/W/ZW.  1 1 1,  xx  vii.  439  As  by  set  tingaside  fraudu 
lent  deeds,  decreeing  re-conveyances,  or  directing  an  absolute 
conveyance  merely  to  stand  as  a  security.  1804  EUGENIA 
DE  ACTON  Tale  without  Title  I.  154  Soon  after  its  recon 
veyance  to  Its  owners,  Lady  Laura  was  again  very  ill.  1858 
LD.  ST.  LEONARDS  Handy  Bk.  Prop.  Law  xiv.  89  His 
prior  disposition  will.. still  remain  good,  nor  will  a  re-con 
veyance  to  him  upon  paying  off  the  money  affect  the  validity 
of  the  will. 

Reconvi'Ct,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  con 
vict  again.  Hence  Reconvi'cted  ppl.  a. 

1884  Contentp.  Rev.  July  73  note,  An  old  offender  was 
re-convicted  for  a  violent  assault  upon  a  woman.  1891  H. 
MATTHEWS  in  Law  Times  XCII.  96/2  The  earning  of 
marks.. will  extend  to  reconvicted  licence-holders  serving 
the  remanets  of  former  sentences. 

So  Recoil  vi'ctioii. 


RECORD. 

189*  Daily  News  2  Dec.  6/6  Were  it  the  rule  ..that  a 
longer  sentence  was  to  be  expected  at  each  reconviction, 
crime  would  at  once  largely  diminish. 

Reconvo'ke,  ?-.  [RE-  5  n.  Cf.  F.  rtcom-oqitcr 
(Cotgr.).]  trans.  To  convoke  again. 

1837  CAHLYLE  Fr.  Rn>.  I.  vii.  viii,  To  reconvoke  his 
Assembly  Members  by  sound  of  drum.  1873  Echo  23  Aug. 
5  The  French  Cardinals  have  requested  his  Holiness  to  re- 
convoke  the  Council  to  some  French  city. 

Recool-,  obs.  Sc.  var.  recule  RECOIL  v. 

t  RecoO'per-  Oh.  rare.  [app.  irreg.  f.  L. 
recuper-are  to  RECUPERATE.]  Recovery. 

1652-60  in  Gilbert  Contemf.  Hist.  Irel.  (1879)  I.  i.  i  All 
men  desirous  of  honor,  must  trie  theire  fortune,  in  the  re- 
cooper  therof,  but  none  escaped.  Ibid.  III.  i.  49  Either  the 
destruction  of  a  whole  nation  or  the  recooper  of  a  kingdome. 

tRecope.  Obs.-^  [app.  a.  OF.  recope  (not 
recorded  in  this  sense),  f.  recoper  (-coiiper]  to  sound 
(a  bell).]  A  hunting-note  on  the  horn. 

c  1400  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxiii,  And  after 
Jie  iiij  mote  euen  forthwith  bei  shulde  bio  we  ij  recopes,  as 
bus  :  trut,  trut,  trororororowte. 

t  Recopilation.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.Sp.  recopila- 
cion,  f.  re-  RE-  +  copilacion,  n.  of  action  f.  copilar  :— 
L.  compilare  to  COMPILE.]  =  RKCOMPILATION. 

1622  MABBE  tr.  Airman*  sGusman  dAtf.  i.  iii.  197  Besides 
these  Ordinances,  they  had  many  other.  .  .  So  that  it  might  be 
said  of  them,  that  they  were  another  new  Recopilation,  or 
gathering  together  of  those  of  Castile.  1656  in  B  LOU  NT 
Glossogr.  (citing  SRI.DEN). 

Re-CO'pper,  v.  [RE-  5  c.]  trans.  To  sheathe 
(a  vessel)  again  with  copper. 

1857  Merc.  Marine  Mag.  (1858)  V.  12  The  ship  has  to 
be  hove  down  and  re-coppered.  1897  Mission.  Herald 
(lioston)  June  219  These  repairs,  including  the  recoppering 
of  the  vessel. 

Bi6CO'py,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To  copy  again. 

1710  SHAFT  ESB.  Adv.  to  Author  \\\.  ii.  146,  I  have  a  very 
fair  Hand  ofFer'd,  which  may  save  me  the  trouble  of  re- 
copying.  a  1779  TWEDDELL  Retn.  xxxix.  (1798)  200  If  I 
have  time  to  recopy,  also,  my  remarks  upon  the  Crimea,.  . 
I  will  send  one  copy  home.  i&g$7-'oruM  (N.  V.)  Nov.  354 
Paul  Verlaine  recopied  here  his  Saturnian  poems  on  the 
paper  of  the  administration. 

Record  (re-k^.id),  st*.  Also  4-6  recorde,  5  Sc. 
racord.  [a.  OF.  record  (recort,  recor-s,  etc.),  f. 
recorder  to  RECORD.  Cf.  Sp.  recuerdo,  It.  ricordo. 
The  original  stressing  (reco'rd)  is  found  in  verse 
as  late  as  the  igth  c.] 

I.  1.  Law.  The  fact  or  attribute  of  being,  or 
of  having  been,  committed  to  writing  as  authentic 
evidence  of  a  matter  having  legal  importance,  spec. 
as  evidence  of  the  proceedings  or  verdict  of  a  court 
of  justice  ;  evidence  which  is  thus  preserved,  and 
may  be  appealed  to  in  case  of  dispute.  Chiefly 
in  phrases  \of  (common  in  I5~i6th  c.)j  t*«»  &y9 
on  or  upon  record, 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  9711  Ne  dom  agh  haf  right  na  record, 
Ar^we  ben  all  at  an  a-cord.  1423  Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  201/2 
pair  namys  also,  to  be  entred  of  record,  what  and  how  the! 
determyne.  1455  Fasten  Lett.  I.  364  As  it  apperith  pleyn- 
lye  by  accompt  made  of  the  sayd  office  of  Constabulrye,  re- 
maynyng  in  the  Kyngs  Cheker  at  Westminster  of  record. 
1523  FITZHERB.  Sitrv.  20  Whan  a  mater.  .is  past  by  verdyt 
..and  entred  in  the  kynges  recordes  there  it  resteth  of  re 
corde,  and  also  yf  a  dede  or  a  patent  be  inrolled  there  it 
remeyneth  of  recorde  in  lyke  maner.  1596  BACON  A  /ax.  <$• 
Uses  Com.  Law  (1630)  50  These  Estates  are  created  by 

ord,  by  writing,  or  by  re 


rd. 


Ibid.  81  So  that  he  for-see 
d,  first  debts  to  the  King, 
1603  SHAKS.  Meas.for  A'/,  n.  ii.  40 


that  he  pay  Debts  vpon  Record,  first  debts  to  the  King, 

then  vpon  ludgements. 

To  fine  the  faults,  whose  fine  stands  in  record.  And  let  goe 


. 

by  the  Actor,  a  1677  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  n.  x.  235 
Which  was  accordingly  done,  and  remains  of  Record  in  the 
Kxchequer.  1700  TYRRELL  Hist.  Eng.  II.  837  These 
Letters,  .remain  upon  Record  in  the  Tower  on  the  Clause 
Roll  of  this  Year.  1766  BLACKSTONF,  Cotnnt.  II.  119  All 
estates  tail  are  rendered  liable  to  be  charged  for  payment  of 
debts  due  to  the  king  by  record  of  special  contract,  1818 
CRUISE  Z?j£-«Y(ed.  2)  V.  55  The  manor,  .was  let  at  a  greater 
rent,  or  appeared  upon  record  to  be  of  a  greater  value. 
fig.  1709  HEARNE  Collect.  12  Jan.  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  163  An 
Ass  upon  Record  cried  up  for  a  man  of  ..  learning. 

b.  In  phr.  Matter  (thing,  debt,  etc.)  of  record. 
Also  debt  by  record. 

1433  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  424/1  Thay  to  abide  enacted  as 
binges  of  recorde.  1471-3  Ibid.  VI.  52/2  Any  relesse,  arbe- 
trament,  or  any  other  plee,  not  matier  of  Recorde.  1596 
BACON  Max.  %  Uses  Com.  Law  (1630)  62  This  Fine  is  called 
a  Feofment  of  Record,  because  that  it  includeth  all  that  the 
Feofment  doth.  1642  tr.  Perkins  Prof.  Bk.  x.  §  655.  283  If 
it  were  by  Matter  of  Record  it  should  be  good  without 
attornment.  1766  BLACKSTONF.  Comnt.  II.  xxx.  464  A  debt 
of  record  is  a  sum  of  money,  which  appears  to  be  due  by 
the  evidence  of  a  court  of  record.  1827  OALLAM  Const.  Hist. 
(1876)  I.  i.  15  It  then  became  a  matter  of  record,  and  could 
not  be  impeached.  1842  STEPHEN  Connn.  Laws  Eng.  II.  n. 
n.  v.  187  Another  species  of  debt  by  record  is  that  upon  ad 
judgment  ;  which  is,  where  any  sum  is  adjudged  to  be  due 
from  one  party  to  the  other,  in  an  action  in  a  court  of  record. 
C.  Court  of  record  :  a  court  whose  proceedings 
are  formally  enrolled  and  valid  as  evidence  of  fact, 
being  also  a  court  of  the  sovereign,  and  having 
authority  to  fine  or  imprison.  So  i  -Judge  of  record. 
(1419  Liber  Albus  in  Riley  Mimim.  Gildh.  (Rolls)  I.  in.  I. 
217  Si  issint  soit  qe  mesme  le  defendaunt  veigne  en  court  de 
recorde,  etc.)  1451  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  219/1  Your  Officers 
in  youre  Courtes  of  Record.  1581  LAMBARDE  Eiren.  i.  xiii. 
(1602)59  It  maketh  not  a  little.,  for  the  credit  of  the  lustices 
(of  the  Peace]  .  .  ,  that  they  are  numbred  amongst  the  ludges 
of  Record.  1607  COWFLL  Interpr,  s.v.,  Queene  Elizabeth 

34 


RECORD. 

. .  made  the  Consisjory  Court  of  the  University  of  Cam- 
br 


are  a  court  of  record  and  may  fine  and  imprison  for  con 
tempts.  1865  F.  M.  NICHOLS  Briitau  I.  136  note,  It  was 
decided  in  later  times,  that  the  county  court,  though  sitting 
by  virtue  of  the  King's  writ..,  had  not  the  powers  of  a 
court  of  record.  1888  [see  COURT  j/>.'  n]. 

+  d.    To  have  record :   to   be    entitled  to   have 

i    i      t  •__         n_j      rw.. 


OI   a   speuiuli   t_a»c,    wiraw    t'"-    "•«>-•  --   — --- 

Record.  [1865  F.  M.  NICHOLS  Britton  I.  136  note,  Ihe 
sheriff,  .is  treated  by  our  Author  as  the  King's  Justiciary, 
and  as  having  the  power  of  record  incident  to  that  oflice.] 

2.  The  fact  or  condition  of  being  preserved  as 
knowledge,  esp.  by  being  put  into  writing ;  know 
ledge  or  information  preserved  or  handed  down  in 
this  way.  Freq.  in  phrases  (t?/,)  "n  or  upon  record. 

£1386  CHAUCER  S««/».  T.  409  Syn  Ennok  was  or  Elise 
Han  freres  been,  that  fynde  I  of  record.  1390  GOWER  Conf. 
III.  166  For  this  I  fmde  ek  of  record,  Which  the  Cronique 
hath  auctorized.  1470-85  MALORY  A  rthnr  i.  ii,  By  all  record 
he  was  dede  or  euer  kynge  Vther  came.  1570-6  LAMBARDK 
Peramb.  Kent  (1826)  177,  I  finde  on  Recorde  that  the 
Priory  at  Bylsington  was  first  advaunced  by  John  Maunsell. 
1588  J.  MELLIS  Briefe  Inslr.  Fvijb,  Yee  must  haue  a 
seuerall  booke  of  record,  wherein  you  shall  record  the  copy 
of  letters  of  charge.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  %  Cr.  I.  iii.  14  Euery 
action  that  hath  gone  before,  Whereof  we  haue  Record. 
1628  WITHER  Brit.  Rcmeinb.  ^  The  glorioust  things,  That 
stand  upon  record  of  mortall  Kings.  <II72O  StfHO-lfitt. 
Quakers  (1722)  I.  Let.  to  King,  Remarkable  Cases,  which  I 
thought  worthy  to  be  kept  upon  Record,  and  not  buried  in 
Oblivion.  1815  SHELLEY  Alastor  25  In  charnels  and  on 
coffins,  where  black  death  Keeps  record  of  the  trophies  won 
from  thee.  1884  Times  2  Dec.  10  Having  beaten  the 
highest  break  on  record. 

1 3.  Attestation  or  testimony  of  a  fact ;  witness, 
evidence,  proof.  In  early  use  chiefly  in  phrases  by 
record  of,  to  take  record  (at).  Obs. 

13. .  E.  E.  Allil.  P.  A.  830  Lombe  was  taken  pere,  By  trw 
recorde  of  ayber  prophete.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xv.  85 
je.  .louten  to  bis  lordes  ..  A^eine  ^owre  reule  and  Religion, 
1  take  record  at  Ihesus.  1417  in  E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  39  5yf 
ber  be  eny  man  or  woman  bat  wil  say  bat  I  howght  hem  eny 
goud,  and  swere  vppon  a  boke  by  record  of  goud  men,  y 


notably  suspected  of  heresye,  and  sufficient  recorde  and 
witnesse  agaynste  hym.  1547  HANCOCK  in  Strype  Eccl. 
Mem.  (1721)  II.  I.  ix.  115,  I  awnswered  that  he  spake  those 
words  betwyxt  him  and  me,  but  yf  I  had  record  of  them  he 
would  not  speak  them.  1646  H.  LAWRENCE  Comm.  A  ngells 
oo  Of  which  I  could  give  you  account  enough  upon  as  good 
record  as  story  can  give  us  of  any  thing. 

f  b.    To  bear  record:  to  bear  witness.   Obs. 
Tr.  AF.  porter  record  ( Britton) :  cf.  BEAR  v.  2  c. 


266 

.  .admit  no  .luerment,  plea,  or  proofe  lo  the  contrarie.  And 
if  such  a.  Record  be  alleaged,  and  it  be  pleaded,  That  there 
is  no  such  Record,  it  shall  be  tried  only  by  it  selfe.  1765 
BLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  Introd.  69  The  judgment  itself,  and 
all  the  proceedings  previous  thereto,  are  carefully  registered 
and  preserved,  under  the  name  of  records,  in  public  reposi 
tories  set  apart  for  that  particular  purpose.  1815  Act  6 
Gco.  IIS,  c.  86  §  ii  All  the  said  Judgments  and  Verdicts 
shall  be  deemed  to  be  and  shall  become  Records  of  the  said 
Sheriff  to  all  Intents  and  Purposes  whatsoever.  1838  W. 
BELL  Diet.  Lam  Scot.  1025  It  is  then  transferred  to  the 
record  and  read  aloud  to  the  jury,  who  are  asked, '  Is  this 
your  verdict  ? ' 

b.  A  copy  of  the  material  points,  pleadings, 
and  issue  between  defendant  and  plaintiff  on  a  matter 
of  law,  constituting  the  case  to  be  decided  by  the 
court ;  hence,  a  case  so  constituted  or  presented. 

1627  POWELL  A  ttornics  Almanacks  Title-p.,  Such  as  shall 
have  occasion  to  remoue  any  Person,  Cause,  or  Record  from 
any  inferiour  Court  to  any  the  higher  Courtsat  Westminster. 
1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  317  The  record  is  a  history 
of  the  most  material  proceedings  in  the  cause,  entered  on  a 
parchment  roll,  . .  in  which  must  be  stated  the  original  writ 


He  sende  ous  hider  bothe  tuo.  1413  Pilgr.  Stnuie  iCaxton) 
I.  xii.  (1859)  9  Of  this  wyl  I  bere  hym  good  record,  that  he 
has  clerely  kepte  hys  byleue  in  to  this  last  ende.  1526  TIN- 
DALE  John  \.  34  And  I  sawe  yt,  and  have  borne  recorde, 
that  thys  ys  the  sonne  off  God.  1542-5  BRINKLOW  Lament. 
(1874)  107  All  that  reade  their  workes  maye  beare  recorde 
with  them  agaynst  your  lyes.  1611  BIBLE  [in  a  number  of 
passages,  after  earlier  versions], 

fc.  To  take  or  call  to  record :  to  call  to  witness. 
Otis.  (Cf.  CALL  v.  20  c.) 

1390  GOWER  Can/.  I.  7  That  I  take  to  record . .  The  cpmun 
vois,  which  mai  noght  lie.  1494  FABYAN  Cliron.  i.  xiv.  14 
Gonorilla.  .callynge  her  goddes  to  recorde,  sayd,  she  loued 
hym  more  than  her  owne  soule.  1526  TINDALE  Acts  xx.  26, 
I  take  you  to  recorde  this  same  daye  that  I  am  pure  from 
the  bloud  of  all  men.  1533  COVERDALE  Deut.  xxx.  19,  I  take 
[1611  call]  heauen  and  earth  this_  daye  to  recorde  ouer  you. 
1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  I.  vi.  344,  I  call  to  record  that 
same  Roman  Thrall  Who. .  Fled  through  the  desart. 

+  d.  A  witness.  Obs.  (In  later  use  only  in 
Biblical  language.) 

1526  TINDALE  Acts  v.  32  We  are  his  recordes  as  concern- 
ynge  these  thynges.  1568  Wills  «,  Inv.  N.  C.  (Surtees  1835) 
291  Recordes  hereof  thomas  Barker  . .  and  Thomas  Slogen 
w'fc  others.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  11,  i.  i.  30  Heauen  be  the 
record  to  my  speech.  1768  STERNE  Sent.  Journ.  I.  33  (/« 
the  Desobligeant)  God  is  my  record,,  .that  I  do  not  speak  it 
vauntingly. 

II.  4.  Law.  An  authentic  or  official  report  of 
the  proceedings  in  any  cause  coming  before  a  court 
of  record,  together  with  the  judgement  given  there 
on,  entered  upon  the  rolls  of  court  and  affording  in 
disputable  evidence  of  the  matter  in  question. 

The  reference  in  Cowell  (quot.  1607)  is  to  Sir  R.  Brooke 
La  Graunde  Abridgement  (1573)  11.  192. 

1455  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  341/1  Fynes,  obligacions,  reconys- 
aunces,  and  othir  recordes  upon  the  same.  1472  Ibid.  VI. 
63/1  And  therupon  Juggement  ayenst  him  yeven:  as  in  the 
Record  therof,  wherof  the  Copie  hereto  is  annexed,  more 
playnly  it  is  conteyned.  1568  GHAFTON  Chron.  II.  856  All 
attaynders.  .were  adnichilated,  and  the  recorde  of  the  same 
adjudged  to  be  defaced.  1597  SKENE  De  Verb.  Sign.  s.y. 
Recordum,  Ilk  lauchfull  court.. hes  thair  awin  recordes  in 
alt  sik  actiones  as  are . .  decided  before  them.  1607  COWELL 
lnter£r.  s.v.,  That  caveat  of  Brooke . .  that  an  act  committed 
to  writing  in  any  of  the  King's  Courts  during  the  terme 
wherein  it  is  written  is  alterable  &  no  record  ;  but  that 
terme  once  ended  and  the  said  Act  duly  enrolled,  it  is  a 
record.  1628  COKE  On  Lift.  260  The  Rolles  being  the 
Records  or  memorialls  of  the  Judges  of  the  Courts  of  Record 


g  a  party 

being  a  witness.  1824  J.  MARSHALL  Const.  Opin.  (1839) 
329  In  cases  where  a  state  is  a  party  on  the  record  the 
question  of  jurisdiction  is  decided  by  inspection.  1827 
HALLAM  Const.  Hist.  (1876)  III.  xiii.  19  No  record  war 
ever  removed  thither  [to  the  Star  chamber]  upon  assignment 
of  errors  in  an  inferior  court.  1885  KncycL  Brit.  XIX.  219/1 
Since  the  Judicature  Acts  (1873)  there  has  been  no  record 
properly  so  called,  in  civil  cases,  though  it  has  not  been  ex- 
pressly  abolished. 

c.  Phr.  To  travel  out  of  the  record  (see  quot. 
1770).  Also  trans/.,  to  go  off  the  subject.  So  to 
keep  to  the  record. 

1770  CHATHAM  Sp.  n  Dec.  \njnnius  Lett.  (1772)  I.  Pref. 
18  note,  The  court,  .are  so  far  confined  to  the  record,  that 
they  cannot  take  notice  of  any  thing  that  does  not  appear 
on  the  face  of  it;  in  the  legal  phrase,  they  cannot  travel  out 
of  the  record.  1772  Jnnius  Lett.  I.  Pref.  18  If  I  stated 
the  merits  of  my  letter  to  the  King,  I  should  imitate  Lord 
Mansfield,  and  travel  out  of  the  record.  1840  W.  L.  GARRI 
SON  in  Life  II.  430  [He]  will  speak  to  a  point  that  is 
pertinent,  and  not  travel  out  of  the  record.  1861  DICKENS 
Gt.  Expect,  xviii,  Never  mind  what  you  longed  for.  Keep 
to  the  record. 

<L  Sc.  Law.  A  minute,  subscribed  by  the 
counsel  on  both  sides  and  by  the  judge  (in  the 
Court  of  Session  by  the  Lord  Ordinary),  by  which 
the  parties  to  a  suit  mutually  agree  to  hold  certain 
pleadings  as  a  full  and  final  statement  of  the  facts 
and  pleas  on  which  their  case  rests. 

The  record  when  finally  adjusted  and  authenticated  liy 
the  Lord  Ordinary  or  the  inferior  judge  is  said  to  be  closed. 
For  details  of  the  practice,  which  dates  from  the  Act  of  1825, 
see  Bell's  Diet.  Law  Scot.  s.v. 

1825-6  Act  6  Geo.  IV,  c.  120  §  10  The  Record  so  made  up 
and  authenticated  shall  be  held  as  foreclosing  the  parties 
from  the  statement  of  any  new  averments  in  point  of  fact. 
1850  Act  13  .5-  14  Viet.  c.  36  §  2  Where  Defences  are  lodged, 
and  unless  the  Record  shall  be  closed  upon  the  Summons 
and  Defences,  the  Record  shall  be  made  by  Revisal. 

5.  An  account  of  some  fact  or  event  preserved  in 
writing  or  other  permanent  form ;  a  document, 
monument,  etc.,  on  which  such  an  account  is  in 
scribed  ;  also,  transf.  any  thing  or  person  serving 
to  indicate  or  give  evidence  of,  or  preserve  the 
memory  of,  a  fact  or  event ;  a  memorial.  Freq.  in 
//.,  a  collection  of  such  accounts,  documents,  etc. 
Also,  in  recent  use,  a  tracing  or  series  of  marks, 
made  by  a  recording  instrument. 

1611  BIBLE  Ezra  vi.  2  There  was  found  . .  a  rolle,  and 
therein  was  a  record  thus  written.  1655  H.  VAUGHAN-SV/c.1- 
Scint.,  Agreement,  I  wrote  it  down.  But  one  that  saw  And 
envyed  that  Record  [etc.].  1790  COWPER  In  Mem.  Thornton 
48  Thy  bounties  all  were  Christian,  and  I  make  This  record 
of  thee  for  the  Gospel's  sake.  1822  SHELLEY  tr.  Calderon 
H.  163  In  my  wisdom  are  the  orbs  of  Heaven  Written  as  in 
a  record.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  332/2  The  journal  stamp 
on  a  letter  is  a  record  that  it  has  passed  through  the  post- 
office.  1876  Nature  XV.  101/2  Thus  a  permanent  record  is 
made  of  every  signal  that  is  sent.  1881  I.  TAYLOR  Alphai>et 
1. 16  The  very  earliest  record  which  we  possess  of  any  actual 
event  is  the  scene  depicted  on  a  fragment  of  an  antler  [etc.]. 

transf.  1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  iv.  iv.  28  [Thou]  breefe  ab 
stract  and  record  of  tedious  dayes.  c  1600  —  Sonn.  Iv,  The 
living  record  of  your  memory.  1790  COWPER  Receipt  Mother's 
Pict.  54  The  record  fair  That  memory  keeps,  of  all  thy 
kindness  there.  1797  WORDSW.  Old  Cumbld.  Beggar  89 
The  villagers  in  him  Behold  a  record.  1842  TENNYSON 
Gardener's  Dan.  173  Shaping  faithful  record  of  the  glance 
That  graced  the  giving. 

//.  1581  SAVILE  Tacitus,  Hist.  iv.  xl.  (1591)  199  To  com 
municate  a  copie  to  the  Senate  of  the  Princes  recordes  and 
papers.  1615  BEDWELL  A  rab.  Trudg.  Talby,  This  I  trans 
lated  for  the  office  of  the  Records  in  the  Towre  well  neare 
thirtie  yeares  since.  1697  DRVDEN  Virg.  Past.  ix.  63  Why, 
Daphnis,  dost  thou  search  in  old  Records,  To  know  the 
Seasons  when  the  Stars  arise?  175!  JOHNSON  Rambler 
No.  143  P  8  That  no  records  were  so  durable  as  poems.  1781 
COWPER  Conversat.  615  Who.. Could  fetch  from  records  of 
an  earlier  age, . .  His  rich  materials.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  iv. 
i.  58  My  parchments  and  all  records  of  my  wealth.  1841 
Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  336/2  The  Victoria  Tower.. has  been 
named  as  a  likely  repository  for  the  public  records.  1875 
HELPS  Sac.  Press,  iii.  50  No  historical  records  remain  of  this 
great  transaction. 

trans/:  a  1610  PARSONS  Leicester's  Ghost  (1641)  28  Can  this 
injurious  World  so  quickly  blot  A  name  so  great  out  of 
records  of  fame.  1662  Bp.  HOPKINS  Funeral  Serm.  (1685)  13 
The  records  of  the  grave.  1759  MASON  Caractacus  Wks. 


RECORD. 

1811  II  97  That  black  hour,  (May  Memory  ever  raze  it  from 
her  records).  1843  MILL  Logic  i.  i.  §  5  Either  in  the  records 
of  our  own  experience  or  in  the  discourse  of  others. 

b.  All  account  or  reckoning  of  past  time.  rare. 

1611  BIBLE  Trans!.  Pref.  r  3  For  consenting  the  record  of 
time  in  true  supputation.  1711  POPE  Temp.  Fame  112  Who 
measured  earth . .  And  traced  the  long  records  of  lunar  years. 
C.  The  leading  facts  in  the  life  or  career  of  a 
person,  esp.  of  a  public  man  ;  the  sum  of  what  one 
has  done  or  achieved. 

App.  of  American  origin,  but  now  in  common  Eng.  use. 

1856  H.  GREELEY  Sp.,  on  Lincoln  20  Mar.  133  A  candidate 
must  have  a  slim  record  in  these  times.  1879  TOURGEE 
Fool's  Err.  xi.  49  Contending  so  hotly  over  each  other's 
records  during  and  before  the  war.  1888  Century  Mag. 
May  3  My  literary  record — so  far  as  I  had  made  a  record. 

d.  A  performance  or  occurrence  remarkable 
among,  or  going  beyond,  others  of  the  same  kind ; 
spec,  the  best  recorded  achievement  in  any  com 
petitive  sport.  Freq.  in  phr.  to  beat  or  break  the 
record:  to  surpass  all  previous  performances. 

1883  W.  WILSON  Swim.  Instructor  137  The  following  re 
cords  are  given.  1884  Longm.  Mag.  Feb.  483  This  per 
formance,  which  beat  all  previous  records  was  considered  a 
very  fine  one. 

III.  t  6.  Reputation,  repute,  account.   Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Sompn.  T.  341  Dronkenesse  is  eek  a  foul 
record  Of  any  man  and  namely  in  a  lord.  1390  GOWER 
Conf.  II.  230  Protheus  of  his  record  Which  was  an  Astrono- 
mien.  Ibid.  III.  326  Sche  was  a  womman  of  record  And  al 
is  Keyed  that  sche  seith.  1:1470  HENRY  Wallace  ix.  1133 
Off  him  he  maid  bot  lycht  record. 

f  7.  Memory,  remembrance,  recollection.  Obs. 

13..  Minor  Poems  fr.  VernonMS.  xlix.  61  Long  record 
of  pat  malice,  c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gen'.  Lordsh.  106 
It  fallys  bat  pou  chese  of  wyse  men  &  of  Skreueyns  . .  of 
sotyll  record.  1577-82  BRETON  Flourish  upon  Fancy  (1879) 
55/1  When  that  in  minde  I  feede  upon  the  freshe  recorde  of 
thee.  1601  SHAKS.  Twel.  N.  v.  i.  253  O  that  record  is  liuely 
in  my  soule. 

t  8.  Sc.  Reply ;  tale,  statement.  Obs. 

^1470  HENRY  Wallaani.  1260  Schir  Jhon  Menteth..Till 
Wallace  come,  and  maid  a  playne  record.  Ibid.  x.  1145  To 
that  langage  Cumyn  maid  na  record,  c  1475  RaufCoityar 
729  The  king  fell  in  carping,  and  tauld  his  Intent  To  mony 
gracious  Grome  he  maid  his  record. 

t9.  Accord,  reconcilement.  Obs.  rare—'. 

c  1400  Rule  St.  Benet  65/654  For  our  enmes  sal  we  pray, 
Til  a  recorde  be  redy  ay. 

flO.  A  musical  note.    Obs.  rare~l. 

1582  T.  WATSON  Centurie  of  Love  xi,  O  Goulden  bird . . 
Whose  sweete  records  and  more  then  earthly  voice.. did 
then  my  griefe  asswage. 

fll.   =RECOUDEB2.    Obs.  rare. 

?ci475  Syr.  Imue  Degre  1075  With  sytolphe  and  with 
sautry  songe  With  fydle,  recorde,  and  dowcemere.  1589 
PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Pcesie  II.  i.  (Arb.)  79  Melodious  instru 
ments,  as  Lutes,  Harpes,  Regals,  Records,  and  such  like. 

f!2.  =  RECORDER!.  Obs.   rare. 

«'55o  Vox  populi  702  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  III.  292  The 
laweare  and  the  landelorde.The  greate  reave  and  the  recorde, 
The  recorde  I  mean  is  he  That  hath  office  or  els  ffee. 

IV.  13.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  objective  and  ob 
jective  genitive,  as  record  bearer ,  bearing,  -breaking, 
keeper,  -maker,  -making. 

1540  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  2  Thess.  i.  9  b,  You, 
which  trusted  in  Christ  at  our  "recorde  bearing.  —  Erasm 
Par.  2  John  54  Thys  is  the  true  doctrine,  whiche  you  haue 
receaued  of  true  "recorde  bearours  from  the  begynnyng. 
1581  MARBECK  Bk.  of  Notes  216  Those  faithfull  christen 
men,  that  heard  and  sawe  Christ,  and  were  his  record 
bearers.  1886  Pall  Mall  C.  10  July  6/1  This  Henley 
Regatta  has  been  a  "record-breaking  one.  1715  WILLIS 
Notitia  Part.  I.  Pref.  3  Deputy  •Record  Keeper  _of  the 


.-..ig  in  familiar  style  ._    

b.  attrib.  in  senses  4  and  5,  as  record-bottle,  com 
mission,  committee,  -cross,  -office,  -room,  -stone. 

1853  KANE  Grinnell  Exp.  xxv.  (1856)  203  Planting  a  flag 
staff,  with.,  a  "record-bottle  below  it.  1811  First  Ann. 
Rep.  Rec.  Ireland  App.,  The  Statutes ..  which  have  been 
published  under  the  English  "Record  Commission.  1841 
Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  336/1  The  Record  Commission  was 
renewed  six  several  times  between  the  years  1800  and  1831. 
1801  Ann.  Rep.  Comm.  Public  Rec.  §  2  The  "Record  Com 
mittee  of  the  House  of  Commons.  1838  Miss  PARDOE 
River  <$•  Desert  II.  17  The  hand.. which  had  planted  the 
"record-cross,  and  the  tributary  wreath.  1800  First  Rep. 
Public  Rec.  18  Upon  Inquiry  into  the  "Record  Offices  of 
the  Sheriffs  [etc.].  1855  SINGLETON  Virgil  I.  141  Nor 
people's  record-offices  beheld.  1800  First  Rep.  Public 
Rec.  App.  PI.  i,  'Record  Room  for  Principal  Clerks  of 
Session.  1812  Sporting  Mag.  XXXIX.  152  Convicted  by 
the  magistrates  at  the  record-room,  Northampton.  1836 
J.  H.  NEWMAN  in  Lyra  Apost.  (1849)  53  So,  let  the  cliffs 
and  seas  of  this  fair  place  Be  named  man's  tomb  and 
splendid  "record-stone. 

C.  attrib.  in  sense  5  d,  passing  into  adj. 
1893  LYDEKKER  Horns  $  Hoofs  135  The  'record'  dimen 
sions  are.  .a  length  of  13^  in.,  with  a  girth,  .of  6J  in.     1895 
Times  2  Jan.  13/1  Record  prices  have  been  made. 
Record  (r/Vud),  »•    Also  $  Sc.  racord,  6  rec- 
cord.  [ad.  OF.  recorder  (in  most  senses  of  the  Eng. 
word)  =  Sp.  recordar,  It.  ricordare :— L.  recordare 
(classical  recordar 7),  f.  re-  RE-  +  cord-,  cor  heart : 
cf.  accord,  discord,  etc.] 

I.  f  1-  trans,  a.  To  get  by  heart,  to  commit  to 
memory,  to  go  over  in  one's  mind.  b.  To  repeat 
or  say  over  as  a  lesson,  to  recite.  Obs. 

a  1225  After.  R.  256,  &  makie  so  beo  bet  bereS  bet  word 
recorden  hit  ofte  biuoren  hire,  er  heo  go  ut.  c  1330  R.  BKUNNE 


RECORD. 

Chron.  (1810)  172  Better  him  wer..J>e  seruise  of  his  song 
recorded  £  lered.  c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  HI.  2  (51)  Lay  al 
this  mene  while  Troilus  Recordyng  his  lesson  in  this 
manere.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  37  If  ye  will  recorde  the 
lessons  and  epistles  of  lotie  by  the  space  of  ten  yere.  1542 
UDALL  Krasni.  Apoph.  250  b,  Anon  the  crowe  recorded  also 
the  other  woordes  whiche  she  had  so  often  heard.  1579 
SPENSER  Sheph.  Kal.  Apr.  30  If  hys  ditties  bene  so  trimly 
dight,  I  pray  thee,  Hobbinoll,  recorde  some  one.  a  1656 
HALES  Gold.  Rem.  \.  (1673)  142  The  Gardiner  whilst  he 

6-unes  his  Vines  and  Arbours,  may  record  some  one  of 
avid's  sonnets. 

t  c.  To  take  to  heart,  give  heed  to.   Obs,~l 
1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  250  He  tolde  him  many  a  dredful 
sawe  Bot  Jason  wolde  it  noght  recorde. 

2.  To  practise  (a  song,  tune,  etc.).     In  later  use 
only  of  birds  (cf.  3);  ffreq.  (c  1580-1620)  =  to  sing 
or  warble  (a  tune,  etc.). 

1413  Pilgr.f  Sowle  (Caxton  1483)  v.  viii.  99  When  they 
hadde  these  instrumentes  they  recorded  songes  besyly  tylle 
that  they  were,  .parfyte  ynowe  in  al  maner  musike.  1580 
LYLY  Euphnes  (Arb.)  278  Where  vnder  a  sweete  Arbour  of 
Eglentine,  be  byrdes  recording  theyr  sweete  notes  [etc.J. 
1601  DOLMAN  La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad.  (1618)  III.  760 
The  young  little  nightingales  harken  to  the  old,  and  do 
record  by  themselues  apart,  the  songs  which  they  heard. 
a  1654  SELDEN  Table-t.  (Arb.)  95  You  see  a  Bird  by  often 
whistling  to  learn  a  tune,  and  a  Month  after  record  it  to 
her  self.  1834  E.  JESSE  Glean.  Nat.  Hist.  Ser.  11.  84  This 
tune.  .1  could  distinctly  hear  it  inwardly  whistle,  or,  in  the 
language  of  bird-fanciers,  record  it. 

t  b.  To  sing  of  or  about  (something) ;  to  render 
in  song.  06$. 

1576  GASCOIGNE  Philomene  (Arb.)  iro  Then  Phylomene 
records  the  rewth  Which  craueth  iust  remorse.  1597  LYLY 
IVom.  in  Moon  in.  i.  79  Let  vs  go  walke  the  woods,  Where 
warbling  birds  recorde  our  happines.  1591  SHAKS.  Tiuo 
Gent.  v.  iv.  6  Here  can  I.  .to  the  Nightingales  complaining 
Notes  Tune  my  distresses,  and  record  my  woes. 

3.  intr.  Of  birds  (rarely  of  persons)  :  To  practise 
or  sing  a  tune  in  an  undertone ;   to  go  over  it 
quietly  or  silently.     Now  only  ttckn, 

c  1510  BARCLAY  Mirr.  Gd.  Manners  (1570)  E  vj,  Therfore 
first  recorde  thou,  as  birde  within  a  cage,  ..thy  tunes 
tempring  longe,  And  then,  .forth  with  thy  pleasaunt  songe. 
1530  PALSGR.  681/2  This  byrde  recordeth  all  redy,  she  wyll 
synge  within  a  whyle.  a  1592  H.  SMITH  Serm.  (1637)  429 
Like  a  bird  that  is  taught  to  record,  when  he  had  sung  it 
he  sang  it  again.  1619  FLETCHER  M.  Thomas  m.  iii,  Ye 
may  record  a  little,  or  ye  may  whistle,  As  time  shall 
minister  ;  but,  for  main  singing,  Pray  ye  satisfy  yourselves. 
1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  cock  thrush  is  distin 
guished  from  the  hen  in  recording,  the  first  being  more  loud 
and  frequent  in  it  than  the  second.  1773  BARRINGTON  in 
Phil.  Trans.  LXIII.  250,  I  have  known  instances  of  birds 
beginning  to  record  when  they  were  not  a  month  old.  1871 
DARWIN  Desc.  Man  1. 1.  ii.  55  The  young  males  [birds]  con 
tinue  practising,  or,  as  the  bird-catchers  say,  recording,  for 
ten  or  eleven  months. 

•fb.  To  sing  or  warble.  Obs. 

1590  LODGE  Rosalind  (Hunter.  Cl.)  27  Partlie  to  heare 
the  melodic  of  the  sweete  birdes  which  recorded.  1599  KYD 
Sp.  Trag.  n.  iv.  28  Harke,  Madame,  how  the  birds  record 
by  night.  ^  1613-6  W.  BROWNE  Brit.  Past,  n.  iv,  While  the 
nymph  did  earnestly  contest  Whether  the  birds  or  she 
recorded  best. 

II.  f4.  trans.  To  call  to  mind,  to  recall,  re 
collect,  remember.  Obs. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  4191  Treytur !  recorde 
what  pou  hast  herde  Seyde  and  sunge  yn  al  pe  werlde. 
1340  Ayenb.  142  Huanne  he  recordeb  pet  lif  of  iesu  crist 
and  his  holy  passioun.  c  1400  Rule  St.  Benct  n  pat  ye  be 
noght  for-getil,  ..And  tat  ye  recorde  wel  be  cumantemens 
of  god.  1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  Ixxxv,  Do  we  so  . .  that 
men  mowe  recorde  the  worthynesse  of  knyght  hode.  1530 
PALSGR.  68i/2fWhen  I  recorde  the  gentyll  wordes  he  hath 
had  unto  me,  it  maketh  my  herte  full  sorye  for  hym.  1599 
T.  M[OUFET]  Silkn-ormes  65  For  they  recording  what  they 
were  of  late  Dare  not  yet  mount  aboue  their  former  state. 
a  1656  HALES  Gold.  Rem.  in.  (1673)  4  Do  you  already  know 
your  duty?  it  serves  to  commemorate,  and  to  make  you 
record  it.  1789  COWPER  Annus  Mem.  34  An  era  ..  Which 
joyful  I  will  oft  record,  And  thankful,  at  my  frugal  board. 

absol.  c  1440  Jacob's  Well  181,  I  haue  seyd  my  synne  in 
herte  recordynge.  c  1460  Launfal  831  The  Kyng  recordede 
tho,  And  bad  hym  bryng  hys  lef  yn  syght. 

1 5.  To  meditate,  ponder  (something)  with  one 
self.  Obs. 

C1374  CHAL-CEK  Boeth,  \.  pr.  i.  2  (Camb.  MS.)  While  pat 
I  stille  recordede  thise  thinges  with  myself.  1583  STOCKER 
Civ.  Warrcs  Lowe  C.  n.  46  Certaine  dayes  of  deliberation 
are  gmen  to  the  prisoner  to  record  with  himselfe,  who  or 
what  his  enemies  be.  1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  \.  (1625) 
86  We  shall  record  with  our  selues,  in  what  league,  amity  or 
duty,  we  haue  before-time  stood  charged. 

1 6.  intr.  a.  To  have  mind  or  recollection  of  a 
person  or  thing.    Obs. 

i38aWYCLiF  Gen.  viii.  i  The  Lord  forsothe  recordide  of 
Noe.  —  fsa.  Ixiii.  u  He  recordide  of  the  da?es  of  the 
world.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  i.  (Percy  Soc.)  9  Recorde 
of  Saturne,  the  first  kyn£  of  Crete.  1567  Triall  Treas. 
(1850)  28  Recorde  of  Dionisius,  a  king  of  much  fame. 

f  b.  To  think  or  meditate  on  a  thing  or  person. 
Also  with  in.  Obs. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  in.  1130  (1179)  Evermore  on  this 
night  ye  recorde,  And  beth  wel  ware  ye  do  no  more  amys. 
c  1430  LYDC.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  125  Recorde  on 
Fraunce  and  Parys  the  fayre  citee.  1430-40  —  Bochas 
vni,  i.  (1558)  3  Recorde  on  Cyrus,  and  many  other  mo.  1532 
TINDALE  Expos.  Matt.  vi.  34  (£1550)  82  b,  To  kepe  the 
couenaunt  of  the  Lorde  thy  God,  and  to  recorde  thenn  daye 
and  night.  1560  BECON  New  Catech.  Wks.  I.  488  Let  not 
the  bpke  of  this  lawe  departe  out  of  thy  mouth,  but  recorde 
therein  daye  and  nyght.  41604  R-  HALL  Life  Bp.  Fishtr 
xxii.  (ed.  Baily,  1655*  206  Himselfe  praying  all  the  way,  and 
recording  upon  the  words  which  he  before  had  read. 


267 

f  7.  a.  To  remind  (one)  of  ^a  thing).   Obs.  rare  -1. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Prol.  829  Ye  wool  youre  fore  ward  and  I  it 
yow  recorde. 

fb.  refl.  To  remember.     Also  const,  of.   Obs. 

1413  Pilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton  1483)  i.  xv.  9   Ful  wel   I   me 

record,   of  this   mater   ne   touchyd    I    no   word.     1422   tr. 

Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  150  A  man  sholde  hym  recorde 

of  thynges  that  afore  hath  bene. 

III.  f  8.  trans.  To  relate  in  words ;  to  tell  or 
narrate  orally.  Also  intr.  in  to  hear  record^  to  hear 
tell  (of  a.  person).  Obs.  (in  later  use  only  as  transf. 
from  9). 

13. .  Cursor  M.  19112  (Gutt.)  Bi  his  fadir  sitt  he  sail,  Till 
he  record  haf  vs  all,  bat  he  spac  feirst  wid  prophecis.  1340 
Ayenb.  59  pet  is  pe  zenne  of  pan  bet  zuo  blibeliche  recorde^ 
hare  decles  and  hare  prowesses.  1390  GOWER  Conf,  I.  36 
In  this  wise,  as  I  recorde,  The  man  is  cause  of  alle  wo. 
a  1450  Knt.  dc  la  Tour  (i868j  52  Beting  hem  self  [and] 
recordyng  her  synne  tofore  the  pepille.  1500-20  DUNBAR 
Poems  lix.  13  Quhois  ere  wall  sclander  seruis  deid,  And  in 
my  name  all  leis  recordis.  1550  LYNDESAY  Syr.  Meldnttn 
1520  Thair  dwelt  in  Fyfe  ane  aged  Lord  That  of  this  Squyer 
hard  record.  1738  WESLEY  Hymn,  '  To  Thee,  O  l-'athcr  of 
Mankind'  ii,  Who  in  th'  Assembly  of  the  Just  Will  still 
record  thy  Praise. 

f  b.  Const,  to  or  unto  (a  person).  Obs. 
*375  BARBOVR  Bruce  \.  72  Thai  all  concordyt,  That  all 
thar  spek  suld  be  recordyt  Till  Schyr  Eduuard.  1390 
GOWER  Con/.  111.49  Somwhat  of  his  aventures,  To  thee, 
mi  Sone,  I  wol  recorde.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  x.  542  The 
Bruce  than  in  his  mynd  remorclyt  Thai  wordis  suth  that 
Wallace  had  him  recordyt.  c  1500  Melusine  102  The  erle  . . 
demanded  of  Raymondin  where  he  had  be  so  long,  and  he 
recorded  to  hym  alle  his  auenture. 

t  c.  To  declare  as  one's  verdict.  Obs. 
1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xvm.  197,  I,  Ri}twisnesse,  recorde 
thus  with  treuth,  That  her  ptyne  be  perpetuel.  1393  Ibid. 
C.  iv.  474  After  the  dede  that  ys  ydo,  the  dome  shal  recorde, 
Mercy  other  no  mercy,  a  1400  Pis  til  I  of  Susan  60  Rijtwys 
Jugement  recordet  bei  none. 

0.  To  relate  in  writ  ing;  to  narrate  or  mention  in 
a  written  account ;  to  put  or  set  down  in  writing ; 
to  put  on  record.  Also,  in  recent  use,  of  telegraphic 
and  other  instruments :  To  set  down  (a  message, 
etc.)  in  some  permanent  form. 

In  later  use  the  sense  of  setting  down  in  a  written  or 
permanent  form  becomes  the  prominent  one ;  early  ex 
amples  are  more  closely  connected  with  sense  8. 

13..  E.  E.Allit.  P.  B.  25  Me  mynez  on  one  amonge  o}>er, 
as  Ma^ew  recordez.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  ,\xxi.  (Eugenia] 
239  It  nedis  nocht  to  recorde  here  pe  dole,  c  1430  LYDG. 
Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  47  Clerkys  recorde,  by  gret 
auctoryte,  Homes  wer  yove  to  bestys  for  dyffence.  1554-9 
in  Songs  $  Ball.  (1860)  2  Yet  God  made  hyme  promys,  as 
Scrypture  dothe  reccord.  1579  E.  K.  Gloss.  Spenser's 
Sheph.  Ceil.  May  54  Which  story  is  first  recorded  of  Plu 
tarch,  in  his  booke  of  the  ceasing  of  oracles.  1601  DOLMAN 
La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad.  (1618)  III.  828  Plinie  recordeth 
many  other  wonders  concerning  these  beasts.  1662  STII.- 
LINGFL.  Orig.  Sacr.  n.  iii.  §  i  After  he  hath  recorded  those 
faults,  he  seeks  not  to  extenuate  them.  1696  WHISTON  Th. 
Earth  in.  (1722)  253  Their  Numbers  were  exactly  taken, 
and  are  as  exactly  Recorded.  1771  Junhis  Lett.  1.  259  The 
services  you  have  done  the  nation,. have  been  faithfully 
recorded.  1820  W.  IKYING  Sketch  Bk.  II.  265  The  last 
words  of  his  that  are  recorded,  are  worthy  the  greatness  of 
his  soul.  1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  n.  xxi.  343,  I  have  recorded 
certain  winter  measurements  made  on  the  Mer  de  Glace. 
'873  F.  JENKIN  Electr.  $  Magn.  xxii.  §  5  Sometimes  the 
Morse  signals  are  indicated  to  the  ear  or  eye  without  being 
recorded.  1895  [see  RECORDER  l  4]. 

fig.  1601  DANIEL  To  Ctess  Cumbld.  xvi,  This  note 
(Madam)  of  your  Worthiness  Remaines  recorded  in  so 
many  Hearts.  1647  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  \.  i.  i,  What  so 
under  eye  Doth  fall,  or  is  record  in  memorie.  17*6  POPK 
Odyss.  xvn.  580  Just  and  unjust  recording  in  their  mind. 
1781  COWPER  Truth  161  In  faithful  memory  she  records  the 
crimes,  Or  real  or  fictitious,  of  the  times. 

absol.  c  1425  WVNTOUN  Cron.  n.  Prol.  30  Wibe  Orosius 
we  wil  discorde  In  til  our  dat  qwhen  we  racorde  Befor  or 
fra  }>e  byrtht  of  God. 

rejl.  1818  SCOTT  Ivanhoe  ix,  By  this  name  the  stranger 
had  recorded  himself  in  the  books  of  the  tourney. 

b.  To  have  (a  gift,  etc.)  properly  recorded ;  to 
give  (a  verdict  or  vote). 

1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  iv.  i.  388  That  he  doe  record  a  gift 
Heere  in  the  Court  of  all  he  dies  possest  Vnto  his  sonne 
[etc.],  a  1856  GUSHING  Law  fy  Pract.  Legisl.  Assemblies 
U.S.  vi.  iii.  708  If  they  do  not  apply  until  afterwards, 
they  can  only  be  permitted  to  record  their  votes  by  leave  of 
the  house.  1884  Manch.Exatn.  10  May  5/4  There  is  only 
one  verdict  which  those  who  disapprove  of  it  can  record. 

1 1O.  To  bear  witness  to  (a  fact,  etc.)  ;  to  attest, 
confirm.  Also  absol. ,  to  testify.  Obs. 

1377  LANGLAND  P.  PI.  B.  iv.  157  Alle  ristful  recorded  f?at 
resoun  treuthe  tolde.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII. 
348  pese  were  i-sent  to  the  popes  court  for  to  have  (jese  cove- 
nauntes  recorded  by  be  popes  billes.  c  1440  Promp.  Parv. 
426/1  Recprdyn1,  or  bere  wytnesse,  testificor.  1476  in 
Surtees  Misc.  (1888)  35  Thys  wyll  we  recorde  and  bere  witte- 
nesse  be  thys  lettre  of  record  sealed  with  our  scales.  1514 
BARCLAY  Cyt.  $  Uplondyshm.  (Percy  Soc.)  p.  xlvi,  That  can 
Amintas  record  and  testify.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  171/21  To 
Recorde,  contestari.  1607  SHAKS.  Timon  iv.  ii.  4  Let  me  be 
recorded  by  the  righteous  Gods,  I  am  as  poore  as  you. 

absol.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  v.  29  To  take  red  at  Reson, 
that  recorde  sholde  By-fore  the  kyng  and  Conscience,  c  1460 
Towntley  Myst.  xii.  327  It  was  a  mery  gle,  sich  hard  I  never 
none,  I  recorde. 

tb.  To  call  to  witness.   Obs.  rare-1. 
1586  MARLOWE  isf  Pt.  Tawburl.  v.  ii,  For  all  blot  of  foul 
inchastity,  1  record  Heaven,  her  heavenly  self  is  clear. 

flV.  11.  To  pertain  or  belong  to  (one).  Obs.-1 
c  1500  Lancelot  606  Hyme  lakid  nocht  that  to  a  lord  re- 
cordith. 


RECORDED. 

Re-COrd  (rikfJud),  v.  [f.  RE-  5  a  i-  CORD  z;J] 
trans.  To  cord  again,  in  senses  of  that  vb. 

1797  Term  Rep.  VII.  182  All  that  they  had  done  was  to 
measure  the  wood  and  re-cord  a  very  small  part  of  it.  1869 
\st  Rep.  Dep.  Kf>r.  Irel.  14  The  document  sought  is  usually 
j  found  in  a  few  minutes,  and  the  piece  re-corded  and  re 
turned  to  its  place. 

Recordable  (rrtt^Mdab'l),  a.  [f.  RECORD  v. 
+  -ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  recorded,  admitting 
of  record. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  258/2  Thou  that  arte  called  to  the 
,  lyf  perdurable  ..  to  refection  not  recordable.  1815  JANE 
'  AUSTEN  Kmma  xxxviii,  Of  very  important,  very  recordable 
1  events.  1858  CARLYLE  Freak.  Gt.  ix.  xi.  II.  541  Prince 
,  Lichtenstein  , .  does  nothing  else  recordable  in  Berlin. 

Reco-rdal.   rare-1.     [-AL.]   =  RECORD  sb. 

1859  T.  S.  HENDERSON  Mem.  E.  Henderson  \.  13  Boyish 
escapades  which  are  not  worth  recordal. 

t  Reco  rclance.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  recordanct 
;  (i3th  c.)  =  It.  ricordanza  :  or  f.  RECOBD  v.  and 
-ANCE.]  Remembrance. 

1490  CAXTON  Rneydos  xvi.  61  Hauynge  noo  mynde  ne 
recordaunce  for  to  goo  conquere  the  cytees.  Ibid.  xxv.  90 
For  often  commeth  in  mynde,  to  theymof  good  rccordnunce 
[etc.].  1592  WYRLEY  Arworie  145  Recordaunce  make  with 
griefe  and  dolefulnes.  1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Verbum 
Sempiterntim  Wks.  in.  131/2  This  13ooke  againe,  againe, 
Recordance  brings. 

So  f  Reco'rdancy.   Obs.   rare~l. 

1654  CoKAINB  Diant-a  iv.  364,  I  know  tin;  Rccordancie  of 
thy  vertues  have  no  need  of  Commiserations, 

Reco-rdant,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  as  prec.  -f  -ANT.] 
Containing  a  record,  reminiscent. 

1813  in  Parr's  H'ks.  (1828)  VIII.  656  Monument  or 
memorial  recordant  of  the  virtues.,  of  man. 

Recordar,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RECORDER  a. 

Reco*rdate,  v.  rare-1,  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L.  rc- 
cordartlQ  RECORD.]  trans.  To  remember,  recollect. 

1830-2  CAKLETON  Traits  (1843)  I-  '3'  When  Rose  re- 
covered,  she  seemed  as  if  trying  to  recordate  what  had 
happened. 

Recordatiou  (rek£id/l-jwi).  [a.  OF.  recorda- 
tion  ^I4~i6th  c.),  or  ad.  L.  recorddtion-tm  (hence 
also  Sp.  recordacion,  It.  ricordazione),  n.  of  action 
f.  recordarl  to  RECORD.] 

fl.  The  faculty  of  remembering  or  recollecting. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  v.  iii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  In  the 
hyndermeste  [cell  of  the  brain  is]  recordacioun  and 
mynde.  1594'!'.  B.  La  Prwiaud.  Fr.  Acad.  n.  163  For  this 
cause  some  Philosophers  attribute  vnto  in  an  beside  memorie 
both  recordation  and  remembrance.  1666  J.  SMITH  Old 
Age  (ed.  2)  46  Another  receptacle  for  the  intelligible  species, 
which  they  call  Remimscency  or  Recordation. 

f2.  Remembrance  or  recollection  ^/"something. 

c  1450  tr.  DC  linitatione  in.  xxiv.  94  Of  be  recordacion  of 
be  manyfolde  benefetes  of  god.  1475  Bk.  Noblesse  (Roxb.) 
3  The  recordacion  of  actis  and  dedis  in  armes  of  so  many 
lamous..Kingis.  a  1^40  BARNES  ll'ks.  (1573)351/2  They 
doe. .pray  vnto  them  in  remembraunce  and  recordation  of 
the  first  fruits.  1579  FENTON  Guicciard.  (1618)  147  loyning 
to  that  new  offence  a  recordation  of  old  iniuries  done 
against  him.  1609  [Bp.  W.  BARLOW]  Answ.  Nameless  Cath. 
159  It  strooke  a.,  recordation  of  their  former  disloyaltie  into 
our  first  parents.  1657  W.  MORICE  Cocna  quasi  Kotj'ij 
Diat.  v.  244  The  recordation  thereof,  and  external  acknow 
ledgment  of  Christ  to  be  the  Redeemer  [etc.]. 

attrib.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  III.  x.  71  Let 
me  call  myself  back  to  my  recordation-subject.  Thou 
needest  not  remind  me  of  my  Rosebud. 

f  3.  An  act  of  commemorating  or  making  men 
tion  ;  a  commemorative  account.  Obs. 

1598  YONG  Diana  Pref.,  Discurring  most  of  those  townes 
and  places  in  it  with  a  pleasant  recordation  of  my  pen.  1609 
[Bp.  W.  BARLOW]  Answ.  Xameless  Cath.  69  A  short,  but 
pithy  and  worthy  recordation  of  Her  Clement  gouernment. 
1670  WALTON  Life  Donne  63  Methinks  they  be  persons  that 
seem  to  challenge  a  recordation  in  this  place. 

4.  The  action  or  process  of  recording  or  com 
mitting  to  writing. 

1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Jitdic.  Evid.  (1827)  I.  279 
Notation  :  or  say  recordation,  registration,  scription,  note 
taking.  1831  Examiner  723/2  An  accurate  recordation  or 
representation  of  the  transactions  of  an  individual.  1877 
BURROUGHS  Taxation  326  It  is  difficult  to  perceive  upon 
what  principle  recordation  is  necessary. 

attrib.  1802-1*  BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic.  Evid.  (1827) 
II.  94  Every  cause  is  recordation-worthy,  unless  in  so  far  as 
some  special  reason  can  be  shewn  to  the  contrary. 

Recprdative  (rflc/udativ),  a.  [a.  obs.  F.  re- 
cordatif  (ibihc.}  or  ad.  late  L.  recordativ-us  (once) : 
see  RECORDATE  v.  and  -IVE.]  Commemorative. 

1551  GARDINER  in  Foxe  A.  $  M.  (1563)  795/1  A  sacrifice 
recordatiue  of  that  only  sacrifice  of  the  crosse.  1607  Schol. 
Disc,  tigst.  Antichr.  \.  \.  32  There  be  Papists  that  tollerate 
Images  only  for  their  signification  and  as  they  are  recorda 
tiue.  1811-31  BENTHAM  Ess.  Lang.  Wks.  1843  VIII.  297 
Recordative  of  the  matter  of  thought.  1898  KotA  June 
646  In  the  few  sentences  recordative  of  his  teaching. 
Hence  Reco 'relatively  adv. 

1633  AMES  Agst.  Cerem.  n.  291  If  we  admitte  of  signifi- 
cantlmages,  as  religious  Ceremonies,  I  would  fain  know  how 
we  in  England  can  condemne,  those  that  worship  ..  them 
commemoratively  or  recordatively. 

t  Recordator.  Obs.-1  [a.  med.L.  recordatort 
f.  recordarl  to  RECORD.]  —  RECORDER  1. 

1691  \\OOD  At/i.  Oxon.  I.  246  Dav.  Middleton  of  Gwenock, 
Recordator  of  North- Wales. 

Recorded  Cr/k^jded),  ppl  a.  [f.  RECORD  v. 
+  -ED!.]  fa.  Tuned  or  musically  rendered.  Obs. 
b.  Put  on  record,  preserved  in  writing. 

1568  T.  HOWELL  Arb.  Anutie  (1879)  83  With  ioyes  the 

34-2 


\ 


RECORDEDLY. 

Nightingal  gan  rayse,  hir  right  recorded  song.  1603  SHAKS. 
Meas.for  M.  11.  iv.  61,  I  mow  the  voyce  of  the  recorded 
Law)  Pronounce  a  sentence.  1606  —  Macl.  v.  v.  21  To  the 
last  Syllable  of  Recorded  time.  1871  FKEEMAN  Hist.  Ess. 
Ser.  i.  L  27  An  age  of  recorded  hUtory  for  one  nation,  is  an 
age  before  recorded  history  for  another.  1877  Nature 
XVI.  446/2  The  recorded  ascents  to  the  height  of  21,000 
feet  are  extremely  few. 
Hence  Beco  rdedly  adv. 

1893  Temple  Bar  Apr.  511  Mrs.  Charles  Keinble,  an 
actress,  recordedly,  and  a  character. 

Recorder  [  (nkfrjctoj).     Also  4-5  recordour. 

[Orig.   a.    AF.    recordour ,    OF.    recordeoitr,   -ettr 

(i4th  c.)  ;  in  later  use  partly  f.  RECORD  v.  +  -KR!.] 

1.  A  certain  magistrate  or  judge  having  criminal 

and  civil  jurisdiction  in  a  city  or  borough. 

The  Recorder  was  originally  a  person  with  legal  knowledge 
appointed  by  the  mayor  and  aldermen  to  '  record '  or  keep  in 
mind  the  proceedings  of  their  courts  and  the  customs  of  the 
city,  his  oral  statement  of  these  being  taken  as  the  highest 
evidence  of  fact.  (See  Riley  Munimcnta  Gtldhallx  I.  42-3.) 
The  recorder  of  London,  to  whom  most  of  the  early  evidence 
refers,  is  still  appointed  by  the  court  of  aldermen  ;  in  other 
cities  and  boroughs  the  appointment  is  made  by  the  crown, 
the  duties  of  the  office  being  regulated  by  the  Municipal 
Corporations  Act  of  5  and  6  William  IV  and  subsequent 
enactments.  The  court  of  Quarter-Sessions  is  held  by  the 
recorder  on  dates  fixed  by  himself. 

[^1325  in  Riley  Mttnim.  Gildh.  (Rolls)  II.  i.  151  Solonc 
le  record  des  Recordours  de  la  Gilhale.  1347  Rolls  ofParlt. 
II.  186/1  Au  Mair  &  au  Recordour  &  as  Aldermannes  de 
mesme  la  Citee.  1419  Liber  A  lints  in  Riley  Mnnim,  Gildh. 
(Rolls)  I.  HI.  i.  182  Et  si  les  parties  pleident  a  jugement,  le 
jugement  serra  done  par  bouche  de  loure  Recordoure.  Ibid. 
I.  308  Sacramentum  Recordatoris.  Vous  jurrez,  qe  vous 
serrez  foialx  et  loialx  . .  a  la  citee  de  Loundres,  en  loflice  du 
Recordour.] 

1426  in  Surtees  Misc.  (1888)  8  [At  York]  Richard  Russell, 
Thomas  Bracebryg,  aldermen,  Gui  Rouclyff,  recordour. 
1463-4  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  504/2  Aldermen  or  Recorders  of 
the  same  Cite  [London],  a  1548  HALT.  ChroH.t  Hen.  VIII 
142  b,  Whatsoeuer  was  saied  by  the  Recorder,  in  his  excuse, 
was  taken  as.. a  dissimulation  or  a  mocke.  1594  SHAKS. 
Rich.  ///,  HI.  vii.  30  His  answer  was,  the  people  were  not 
vsed  To  be  spoke  to,  but  by  the  Recorder.  1607  COWKLL 
Interpr.  1630  Gahuay  Arch,  in  iof/t  Rep.  Hist.  JfSS. 
Comm.  App.  V.  476  The  Recorder  of  this  towne.. shall  have 
per  annum  tenn  poundes  sterling.  1642  CALTHROP  Liberties 
London.  23  That  the  Recorder  shall  or  may  orc-tcnus,.. 
record  and  certifie  the  Customs  being  traversed.  And  his 
certificate  shall  be  as  strong  in  the  Law  as  the  verdict  of  22 
men-  1709  STEELE  Tatter  No.  39  P  4  [He]  has,  by  Advice 
of  the  Recorder  of  Oxford,  brought  this  Action.  1765 
BLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  76  The  customs  of  London  differ 
from  all  others  in  point  of  trial :  for,  if  the  existence_of  the 
custom  be  brought  in  question,  it  shall  not  be  tried  by 
a  jury,  but  by  certificate  from  the  lord  mayor  and  aldermen 
by  the  mouth  of  their  recorder.  1850  HT.  MART1NBAU //&£ 
Peace  v.  iii.  II.  244  Boroughs  having  a  Recorder  have  sepa 
rate  Courts  of  Quarter-Sessions  of  the  peace.  1886  Encycl. 
Brit.  XX.  i6o/i  The  recorders  of  Dublin  and  Cork  are 
judges  of  the  civil  bill  courts  m  those  cities. 

transf.  1593  DONNE  To  Otess  Huntingdon  xvii,  I  but 
your  Recorder  am  in  this.  .A  ministerial  notary. 

fb.  The  chief  justice  of  an  East  Indian  settle 
ment.  Obs. 

1800  Asiatic  Ann.  Reg.,  St.  Papers  5/2  So  much  of  the 
charter. .  for  erecting  the  Courts  of  Recorder  at  Madras  and 
Bombay,  as  relates  to  the  appointment  of  Recorder. 

1 2.  A  witness.  Obs. 

^1440  Promp.  Parv.  426/1  Recordowre,  wytnesse  berer, 
testis.  1522  Knaresboronglt  Wilts  (Surtees)  I.  14  Also 
I  wyll  John  Wylkes.  .and  Richard  Roundell  to  be  recorders 
with  other  moo.  1556  Richmond  Wills  (Surtees)  87  Re 
corders  hereof,  Lawranse  Robinson,  .withe  other  mo.  1607 
COWELL  Interpr.  s.v,,  I  find  not  that  wee  in  our  Courts 
(especially  in  the  Kings  Courts)  stand  much  upon  the 
number  of  recorders  or  witnesses  for  the  strength  of  the 
tesiimonie  which  the  record  maketh. 

3.  One  who  records  or  sets  down  in  writing. 
Recorder  of  the  Great  Roll,  a  former  officer  of  the  Scottish 

Court  of  Exchequer,  also  called  Clerk  of  the  Pipe. 

1537  BIBLE;  (Matthew)  i  Kings  iv.  3  Jeosaphath  the  sonne 
of  Ahilud  the  recorder.  1640  Bp.  HALL  Episc.  n.  xix.  198 
Faiihfull  recorders  of  all  occurrences  that  befell  the  Church. 
1771  LUCKOMBE  HisL  Print.  10  He  had  got  Corsellis  into 
his  hands,  as  the  recorder  imports,  so  many  years  before. 
1830  D'IsKAELi  Chas.  /,  III.  xvii.  370  The  faithful  recorder 
of  our  once  country-customs.  1834  Act  4^5  Will.  IV^  c.  16 
(title)  An  Act  to  abolish  the  Office  of  Recorder  of  the  Great 
Roll  or  Clerk  of  the  Pipe  in  the  Exchequer  in  Scotland. 
1871  BLACKIE  Four  Phases  i.  3  A  faithful  ..  recorder  of 
what  he  heard  and  saw. 

4.  A   recording   apparatus ;   esp.  a   device  in  a 
telegraphic  instrument  for  recording    the   signals 
received.     (See  also  siphon  recorder?) 

1873  F.  JEXKIN  Electr.  $  Magn.  xxiii.  §  6  Keeping  . .  the 
glass  tube  end  of  the  recorder  within  a  very  narrow  strip 
of  paper.  1876  Nature  XV.  102/1  The  Recorder  consists 
of  a  powerful  electro-magnet  [etc.].  1895  Daily  News  29 
Jan.  6/5  The  Thompson  and  Marsden  Patent  Recorder,  .is 
a  machine  to  be  attached  to  the  indicator  posts  of  steam 
vessels  for  recording,  .every  order  as  it  is  given  by  the 
master  from  the  bridge  to  the  engineer  below. 

Reco'rder 2.  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  Forms :  5-6 
recordre,  5  Sc*  -our,  6  Sc*  -ar,  (5  recourder), 
5-  recorder,  [app.  f.  RECOUD  v.  (senses  2  and 
3)  +  -EB !.]  A  wind  instrument  of  the  flute  or 
flageolet  kind  (see  quot.  1626). 

1430-40  LYDG.  Bochasu.  xv.  (1554)  54 b,  Pan.  .Of  recorders 
fond  fyrst  the  melodies,  c  1450  HOLLAND  Hoivlat  759  The 
rote,  and  the  recordour,  . .  The  trumpe,  and  the  tafburn. 
154*  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph,  5  b,  Yf  a  manne  would  fayn 
bee  reputed  a  good  player  on  the  recordres.  1598  YONG 
Diana  475  One  of  them  plaied  on  a  Lute ;  another  on 


268 

a  Harpe  ;  another  made  a  maruellous  sweet  countertenour 
vpon  a  Recorder.  i6a6  BACON  Syh'a.  §  221  The  Figure  of 
Recorders,  and  Flutes,  and  Pipes  are  straight;  But  the 
Recorder  hath  a  less  Bore  and  a  greater ;  Above,  and  below. 
1683  TKVON  Way  to  Health  655  Flutes  or  Recorders  are 
a  brave  noble  Instrument,  being  skilfully  handled.  1719 
D'URFEY  fills  (1872)  IV.  94  All  maids  that  make  trial  of  a 
Lute  or  a  Viol, ..  If  you  like  not  this  Order,  come  try  my 
Recorder.  1773  HARRINGTON  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXIII.  250 
A  musical  instrument,  formerly  used  in  England,  called 
a  recorder.  1791  CowrEli  Iliad  X.  14  P'pes,  and  recorders, 
and  the  hum  of  war. 

t  b.  One  of  the  pipes  of  an  organ.  Also  tratisf. 
1613  Organ  Specif.  Worcester  Cathedral,  The  particulars 
of  the  great  organ . .  I  recorder  of  mettal,  a  stopt  pipe.  1650 
BULWKK  Ant/irofomet.  92  In  the  curious  Machin  of  speech, 
the  Nose  is  added  as  a  Recorder,  to  advance  the  melodious 
eccho  of  the  sound. 

t  c.  transf.  One  who  plays  a  recorder.   06s. 
1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Gt.  Eater  Kent  5  Such  are 
poets,  trumpetters,  cornets,  recorders,  pipers,  bag-pipers. 

Recorder  ship  (ificf  jdaijip).    [f.  REOOBDM 


+  -SHIP].  The  office,  or  term  of  office,  of  a  recorder. 
'553  Shrewsbury  MSS.  in  15^  Kef.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm. 


Bloody  Assizes  13  To  whose  influence,  .he  attributed  his 
dismission  from  the  Recordership.  1835  leaser's  Mag. 
XII.  64  The  fees  of  registration  and  recordership.  1884 
Law  Times  LXXVIJ.  248/1  County  Court  judges  could 
retain  their  recorderships  after  their  appointment. 

Recording  (r/k/Mdirj),  vbl.sb.    [-IKG1.]    The 

action  of  the  vb.  RECORD  in  various  senses. 

•)•  1.  Remembrance,  recollection  ;  meditation.  Obs, 

1340  Aycnb.  55  fe  blisse  bet  hi  habbeb  ine  be  recordinge. 

1382  WVCLIF   2    Tim.  i.    5    Takinge    recordinge    \glass  or 

mynde]  of  that  feith,  that  is  in  thee.     1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la 

Tour  N  iv  b,  They  whiche  kepe  them  self  fro  recordynge  of 

ony  wordes.     1519  HORMAN  \7nlg.  277  Huntyng  is  a  playn 

recordyng  of  warre.     1559  Homilies  \.  Exhort.  Holy  Script. 

B  j,  Continual  readyng  and  recordyng  of  Gods  worde. 

2.  The  practising  or  singing  of  birds. 

1530  PALSGR.  261/1  Recordyng  of  byrdes,  patois.  1611 
COTGB.,  Kcsonnance,..3.  recording,  as  of  birds.  1681  W. 
ROBERTSON  Phrased.  Gen.  (1693)  1053  The  recording  of 
birds,  iitodulatio  a-jiuin  alterna.  1773  HARRINGTON  in  Phil. 
Trans.  LXIII.  250  The  next  stage  in  the  notes  of  a  bird  is 
termed,  by  the  bird-catchers,  recording.  1852  Miss  PRATT 
Nat.  Songst.  49  This  practising  is  by  bird  fanciers  called 
recording. 

3.  The  action    of  setting  down    or    putting   on 
record.     Also  attrib. 

1662  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacr.  iv.  i.  §  i  So  certain  a  record 
ing  of  them,  as  may  be  least  liable  to  any  suspicion  of  im 
posture  or  deceit.  1684  I.  MATHER  (tith)  An  Essay  for  the 
recording  of  Illustrious  Providences.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet. 
Law  Scot.  827  This  recording  is  necessary,  in  order  that  the 
deed  may  have  the  benefit  of  the  statute.  1898  Daily  Nws 
15  Aug.  7/1  Recording  fees  are  regulated  solely  by  the 
miners  themselves. 

Recording  (r/1-frj.dirj),  ppl.  a.  [-ING  2.]  That 
records,  now  esp.  in  phr.  recording  angel. 

1761  STERNE  Tr,  Shandy  V.  viii,  The  recording  angel, 
as  he  wrote  it  down,  dropp'd  a  tear  upon  the  word. 
1781  COWPER  Cotwersat.  551  Marble  and  recording^  brass 
decay.  1781  —  Table-t.  21  When  recording  History  displays 
Feats  of  renown.  1841  LANE  Arab.  Nts.  I.  30  Every  be 
liever  is  attended  by  two  guardian  and  recording  angels.  1870 
BURTON  Hist.  Scot.  Ixv.  (1873)  VI.  2  Had  the  Romans  been 
a  recording  people  like  the  Normans  [etc.].  1873  F.  JENKIN 
Electr.  cy  Magn.  xxii.  §  7  The  electro-magnet  of  the 
recording  instrument. 

Re'cordless,  a.  [f.  RECOBD  sb.  +  -LESS.]  Hav 
ing  no  record  or  records  ;  unrecorded. 

1892  A.  E.  LEE  Hist.  Columb.  (Ohio)  I.  62  The  line  which 
separates  the  extinct  and  recordless  races  from  the  races 
known  to  history. 

Recordour,  -dre,  obs.  ff.  RECORDER  ". 

Re-cork  (rikpuk),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  (raits.  To 
cork  again  ;  to  provide  with  new  corks. 

1843  Fenny  Cycl.  XXVII.  464/1  Such  also  are  most  liable 
to  the  aggressions  of  insects,  and  must  frequently  be  re- 
corked.  1884  Graphic  23  Aug.  207/2, 1  ordered  the.  .bottles 
to  be  refilled,  recorked,  and  served  a  second  time. 

t  Recorporification.    Obs.-1     [RE-  5  a.] 

A  making  or  becoming  corporeal  again. 

1666  BOYLE  Orig.  Formes  fy  Qual.  216  This  Factitious 
Vitriol  may  not  be  barely  a  new  Production,  but  partly  a 
Recorporification. 

So  -f  Becorporify  v. ;  Becorporize  v. 

16514  SALMON  Bate's  Dispms.  (1713)490/2  The  recorporified 
Spirits  have  a  greater  Sphere  of  Activity  . .  than  the  Sub 
stances  purely  natural.  1781  Wcstnu  Mag.  IX.  74  Spirits 
re-corporised  render  the  water  colder  than  the  salts  do,  out 
of  which  they  were  drawn. 

t  Recotising,  -obi.  sb.  Her.  06s.-1  [RE- 
5  a.]  A  second  cotising. 

1586  FEBNE  Blaz.  Gentrie  ii.  69  The  Fret  is  as  it  were  a 
recotizing  of  the  feeld  :  but  in  Armes  bended  or  coti/ed,  the 
cullors  conteined  be  equally  deuided  with  the  feeld. 

Recovrch,  v.  rare—1.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  To 
couch  again,  to  retire  again  to  rest. 

a  1639  WOTTON  Poems,  civ  Psalm  vii,  Then  savage  Beasts 
creep  from  the  silent  Wood, . .  Who  when  at  Morn  they  All 
recouch  again,  [etc.]. 

Recouer(e,  -ir,  obs.  ff.  RECOVEB  sb.  and  v. 

Recouncile,  obs.  form  of  RECONCILE  v. 

t  ReCOU'nsel,  v.  Obs.  Forms  :  a.  4  recon- 
seyle,  4  (6  Sc.)  -sale,  5  -saille;  4  reooucele, 
•sole,  6  Sc.  -ael(l.  P.  4  recounseil,  5  -seille,  5-6 


RECOUNT. 

-seyll,  4-5  -sail,  6  Sc.  -saill,  -sale  ;  4-5  (6  Sc.) 
recounsel,  5  -aelle,  6  Sc.  -sell,  -cel(l.  [a.  OF. 
reconseiller,  ad.  L.  recondliare  after  conseillcr  to 
COUNSEL.  The  forms  in  Eng.  follow  those  of  the 
simple  vb.] 

1.  trans.   =  RECONCILE  v.  i  and  2. 

13..  Propr.  Sanct.  (Vernon  MS.)  in  Archiv  neu.  Spr. 
LXXXI.  308/55  Crist  forsobe  was  in  heuene  pe  goode  worldc 
Reconseyhnge  To  him-self.  138*  WYCLIF  Matt.  v.  24  Go 
first  for  to  be  recounseilid  to  thi  brother,  c  1450  Mirottr 
Salitacionn  2370  And  with  his  blode  vs  to  godde  his  fadere 
to  reconsaille.  1482  CAXTON  Trevisa's  Higden  II.  xxiii. 
98  b,  Jason  recounseylled  and  toke  ayene  his  wyfe  media. 
1533  GAU  Kicht  Vay  (S.  T.  S.)  42  We  war  inimis  with  god 
bot  now  we  ar  reconsalit  be  the  deid  of  his  sone. 

2.  Sc.   =  RECONCILE  v.  4. 

1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  Prol.  94  O  Nature  Quene,  and  O 
56  lustie  May,.  .Recounseil  me  out  of  thisgreit  affray.  1533 
BELLENDEN  Lay  I.  xi.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  63  He  kest  him  to  re 
counseil  him  agane  to  the  favoure  of  his  pepill.  1563 
WINJET  Wks.  (S.  T.  S.)  II.  4  He  apperis  we'll  to  hef  bene 
recouncelit  vnto  his  fauour. 

3.  =  RECONCILE  v .  5  and  5  b.     Also,  to  bring 
back,  or  admit  again,  to  allegiance. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  ix.  740  Thou  has  a  quhill  renyit  thi 
fay  ;  Bot  thou  reconsalit  now  mon  be.  1496  Dives  fy  Panp. 
(W.  de  W.)  vii.  xviii.  305/2  Yf  ony  curate.. recounseyll  hym 
that  wyll  not  amende  hym  . .  he  doth  symonye.  1571  Sc. 
Acts  Jas.  /"/(i8i4)  III.  72/1  Quhill  thay  haue  recounsallit 
tham  selfis  to  the  trew  Kirk  submittand  bame  selfis  to  the 
Discipline  thairof.  a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Citron.  Scot. 
(S.T.S.)  II.  76  Mr.  George  OVishart]  ansuerit  ..  he  wald  .. 
be  recounsellit  in  ony  thing  his  conscience  movet  him. 

4.  =  RECONCILE  v.  6. 

t  1450  St.  Citthbert  (Surtees)  7147  pe  new  kirke  was  re- 
counsailde  Solemply,  and  reparailde.  1496  Dives  ff  Paup. 
(W.  de  W.)  i.  Ixiv.  108/2  Yf  it  [pollution]  myght  be  prened, 
ther  sholde  noo  preeste  synge  ne  saye  noo  masse  therin,  ne 
bodye  be  buryed  tyll  it  [the  churchyard]  were  recounseylled 
ayen  by  the  bysshop.  1533  BELLENDEN  Lhy\.  xxiii,  t>at  be 
templis  of  be  goddis  (quhilkis  war  pollutit  &  violet  be 
Inemyis)  suld  be  recounseld,  renewit,  &  purifyit. 

5.  To  recover,  regain,  rare  ~*. 

c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  Pref.  2,  I  trowe  wele  bat  within 
a  lytill  tyme  oure  rigt  heritage,  .schuld  be  recounsailed  and 
putle  in  to  be  handes  of  be  right  heyers  of  Ihesu  Criste. 

Hence  f RecotvnseUer ;  Recovrnselling  vbl.sb. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xliv.  3  pe  warld  resayued  grace 
of  recouncelynge.  1388  WYCLIF  Dent.  v.  5  Y  was  recoun- 
celcre  and  mediatour  bitwixe  God  and  sou  in  that  tyme. 
—  fsa.  Ix.  10  In  my  recounselyng  Y  had  merci  on  thee.  1483 
Cath.  Angl.  301/2  A  Recounsillynge,  reconsiliacia. 

Recounsile,  -syle,  obs.  ff.  RECONCILE  v. 

t  Recon'nt,  J*.1  Obs.  [f.  RECOUNT  v.\  in 
early  use  perh.  after  OF.  raconte  (Godef.).] 
Account,  narrative,  narration. 

c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  liii.  204  And  for  the  recounte 
of  their  aduenture,  they  chased  Subyon  [etc.].  1582  T. 
WATSON  Ccnturie  of  Love  Ix,  No  Night  with  sleepe  shall 
close  mine  eyes  at  all,  Before  I  make  recount  of  such  a  debt. 
a  1635  NAUNTON  Fragin.  Rtg.  (Arb.)  34  In  recount  of  whom 
I  proceed  with  Sir  Pnilip  Sidney. 

Recount  (rfkairnt),  sb?  [RE-  5  a ;  cf.  RE 
COUNT  f.-]  A  new  count ;  a  second  or  subsequent 
enumeration  (esp.  of  votes  in  an  election). 

1884  PallMallG.  22  Nov.  7/2  In  reply  to  the  Conservative 
application  for  a  re-count.  1890  Times  21  Oct.  5/4  The 
Government  Census  Bureau  has  refused  to  make  a  recount 
of  the  population  of  New  York. 

Recount  (nkairnt),  v.1  Also  /3.  5-6  re- 
oompte,  6  -ooumpte.  [a.  ONF.  and  AF.  recon- 
tert  recunler  ( 1 2th  c.)  f.  re-  RE-  +  confer  to  COUNT. 
Cf.  also  F.  raconier.] 

1.  trans.  To  relate  or  narrate  ;  to  tell  in  detail ; 
to  give  a  full  or  detailed  account  of  (some  fact, 
event,  etc.).  Also  const,  to  (a  person). 

a.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  7  As  is  re- 
countit  be  Sanct  Gregore  the  haly  doctour.  1483  CAXTON 
G.  de  la  Tour  K  iij  b,  Gladde  to  here  telle  and  recounte  the 

foodness  of  them,  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Hiton  Ixxxiii.  262, 
am  ashamyd  to  recounte  it.  1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stujfe 
41  To  recount  ab  otio.  .howe  the  Herring  first  came  to  be  a 
fish.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  i.  1 86  He  ceased  not  to  bewaile  my 
misery,  and  to  recount  my  Tragedy.  1653  H.  COGAN  tr. 
Pinto's  Tra'ii.  ix.  28  He  recounted  unto  me,  that  he  had  in 
all  but  six  thousand  men.  1781  Miss  BURNEV  Cecilia  ix.  v, 
Mrs.  Hill  wept  for  joy  in  recounting  how  well  she  succeeded. 
1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  vn.  ii.  F  2,  I  recounted,  .all  that  had 
passed  ..without  garbling  the  facts  in  any  particular.  1858 
DORAN  Crt.  Fools  269  The  two  ..  fell  to  recounting  to  each 
other  many  a  good  story. 

p.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  45  b,  I  shal  recompte  to  yow  my 
lyf  and  all  myn  astate.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  803  Wilh 
y«  which  aunswere  John  Greene  returned,  recompting  the 
same  to  king  Richarde.  IMTOTBUV.  VtHtrit  \.  3,  I  have 
thought  good  to  recoumpte  this  historic. 

b.  (\Vith  plural  object.)    To  relate  in  order  ;  to 
enumerate  by  particulars. 

a..  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  428  b/i  Who  that  coude  re 
counte  alle  the  myracles  doon  by  hym.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS 
Huon  xxi.  60  Yf  I  sholde  recounte  all  the  aduentures,  ..  it 
sholde  be  to  longe  a  processe  to  show  it.  1584  R.  SCOT 
Discov,  Witchcr.  x.  ii.  (1886)  143  Macrobius  recounteth  five 
differences  of  images.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vn.  112  To  re 
count  Almightie  works  What  words  or  tongue  of  Seraph  can 
suffice?  1745  FIELDING  True  Patriot  Wks.  1775  IX. _ 304 
To  enumerate  all  those  vices  which  I  have  already  declined 
recounting.  1816  J.  SCOTT  Vis.  Paris  fed.  5)  267  These  are 
advantages  and  gratifications  which  it  makes  one  almost 
feverish  to  recount.  1870  M.  D.  CONWAY  Earth-.u.  Pilgr. 
viii.  1 13  Rites  and  prayers,  recounting  to  God  the  items  of 
his  magnificence. 

/3.     1561  DAUS  Ir.  Uidlinger  on  Apac.  Pref.  (1573)  3  He 


KECOUNT. 

recompteth  most  plentifully,  .all  the  dolefull  destinies  of  the 
Church.  1601  Bp.  W.  BARLOW  Defence  171  In  the  articles 
which  the  auncient  fathers  doe  recompt. 

f  2.  To  consider  or  reflect  on ;  to  debate  or 
weigh  (with  or  within  oneself).  Obs. 

1516  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  34  They  begyn  to  re 
count  with  them  selfe  what  they  haue  done.  1582  STANY- 
HURST  JEneis  i.  (Arb.)  18  This  luno  fearing,  and  old  broyls 
bluddye  recounting,  a  1619  P'OTHERBY /iMivw,  Pref.  (1622! 
18  To  perpend  and  to  recompte  within  it  selfe,  that  God 
hath  made  all  his  seuerall  Creatures,  a  1656  USSHER  Ann. 
(1658)  106  Cambyses  in  a  rage  ,.  nor  re-counting  with  him- 
self,  that  [etc.]. 

t  b.  To  go  over,  examine.   Obs.~~l 
1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  214  Saynt  Crisostom 
counseyleth  the  ofte  to  recount  thy  conscyence,  and  to  re 
member  . .  thy . .  synnes. 

f3.  To  regard,  consider,  or  account  (a  person  or 
thing)  as  possessing  a  certain  character  or  quality. 
Const.  as,for,  to  be,  or  with  simple  complement.  Obs. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  61  b,  Than  moost  of  all 
recount  thy  selfe  but  a  wretche  and  a  synner.  6-1550  R. 
BIESTON  Bayte  Fortune  A  iv  b,  Thy  wordes  as  lapes  ought 
wel  to  be  recompted.  1577  HANMKR  Ane.  Eccl.  Hist.  (1619) 
145  There  were  some  ..  recounted  for  sacrifices.  1581  J. 
BELL  If  addon's  Answ.  Osor.  330  Recomptyng  murther  to 
be  a  more  tollerable  offence.  1609  BIBLE  (Uouay)  Dan. 
Comm,,  Recounting  him  also  the  most  renowmed  of  his  time 
for  wisdom,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  11840^  II.  467  Sir 
William  Paston.  .is  justly  recounted  a  public  benefactor. 

fb.  To  reckon  or  mention  among  or  /'//  (a 
class).  Obs. 

1560  BECON  New  Catech.  v.  Wks.  I.  433 b,  So  many  as., 
desired  to  be  recompted  among  the  Christians.  1577  B. 
GOOGE  Heresbacfcs  Husb.  \\.  94  b,  Among  Nuttes,  is  also 
to  be  recounted  the  Hasel  Nuttes.  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT 
Hen.  VIII  (1683)  450  Learned  men,  in  which  number  Hugh 
Latimer..and  Nicholas  Saxton.  .are  recounted. 

t  4.  intr.  and  trans.  To  reckon,  count  ///.   Obs. 

1547  BOOKDE  Introd.  Knovjl.  i.  (1870)  124  Whan  they  haue 
recounted  to  a  hondred,  they  saye  Kans.  And  if  they  nomber 
to  a  thousand,  than  they  saye  Myle.  a  1641  Bp.  MOUNTAGU 
Acts  $  Mon.  (1642)  256  losephus,  recounting  up  his  [Herod's] 
many  wives  . .  hath  this  excuse  for  it.  1647  TRAIT  Comm. 
i  Pet.  v.q  He  will  recount  from  the  bloud  of  righteous  Abel 
. .  to  the  bloud  of  mean  Ignatius. 

Hence  Recoirnting  vbl.  sb.^ 

a  1529  SKELTON*  Cot.  Cloute  1104  But  my  recountyng  is  of 
them  that  do  amys.  1581  MULCABTBR /'tf«/i«W  iii.  (1887)  13 
If  controversie  arise,  and  be  worth  the  recounting,  the  matter 
shall  not  sleepe.  a  1610  HEALEY  Epictetus  (1636)  73  The  re 
counting  of  thy  fortunes  is  nothing  so  pleasing  unto  others. 

Recount  (r/katvnt),  v$  [1<E-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  count  or  reckon  over  again. 

1764  GOLDSM.  Trav.  52  As  some  lone  miser.  .Bends  at  hib 
treasure,  counts,  recounts  it  o'er.  1838  DICKENS  O.  Twist 
.xxvii,  Mr.  Bumble  had  re-counted  the  tea-spoons,  re-weighed 
the  sugar-tongs,  [etc.].  1877  LOWELL  Night-  IVatckcs  2  While 
the  slow  clock,  as  they  were  miser's  gold,  Counts  and  re 
counts  the  mornward  steps  of  Time. 

Hence  Recou'nting  vbl.  sl>2 

1892  Daily  NCT.VS  23  Mar.  2/1  The  vote  being  taken  first 
by  show  of  hands  and  afterwards  by  a  recounting  of  members 
standing  up. 

f  Recount,  v3    Freq.  in  Caxton  for  RECOUNTEU. 

c  1489  CAXTON  Sonncs  of  Ay  won  \.  52  There  they  recounted 
the  duke  Beues.  Ibid.  344  etc.  1490  —  Eneydos  29  b,  Thus 
rennynge  aboute  hhe  recounted  Eneas. 

Recou'iitable,  a.  rare.  [f.  RECOUNT  ».i  + 
-ABLE.]  That  may  be  recounted  ;  that  admits  of 
being  related. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  256/2  Laudes  and  praysynges  of 
the  cherubyns  and . .  not  recountable  Songes  of  the  Seraphyns. 
1855  BAGEHOT  Lit.  Stud.  (1895)  I,  123  The  dinner,  .only  re- 
countable  in  blank  verse. 

Recountal  (r^kau-ntal).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -AL.] 
The  act  of  recounting,  recital.  (Freq.  in  recent 
journalistic  use.) 

1861  J .  PYCROFT  Ways  fy  Words  270  Hear  the  poor  author's 
pathetic  recountal.  1874  J.  CAIKD  in  Gd.  Words  Nov.  792 
The  great  deeds  of  history  at  the  recountal  of  which  our 
hearts  thrill  with  involuntary  admiration. 

Recounter,  s&l  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER  V] 
One  who  relates  or  recounts. 

1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  158  Wise  counselers  and  re- 
counters  of  honestie  and  vertue.  1591  PEKCIVALL^>.  Diet., 
Relator,  a  recounter,  a  teller.  1598  FLOKIO,  Kaccontatore, 
a  reporter,  a  recounter. 

t  Recounter,  sb*  Obs.     Also  5-6  -tre,  6  Sc. 


reacuntar.     [f.  the  vb.     Cf.  RENCOUNTKII  sb.] 

1.  A  meeting,  esp.  a  hostile  one  ;  an  encounter, 

1471  Paston  Lett.  II,  422  Entendyng  fro  thence  to  goo 
foorth..to  the  recountr  of  the  said  enemyes.  1494  FABYAN 
Chron.  vii.  372  Many  a  Cristen  man  was  slayne  at  that  re- 
counter.  1545  RAYNOLD  Byrth  Mankynde  41  In  there  re- 
countre  and  metyng,  they  produce  always  bygger  and 
bygger  vaines  and  artires.  1599  HAKLUVT  Voy.  II.  i.  68  He 
departed  towards  London,  with  a  good  conduct  . .  for  feare 
of  any  recounters. 

"b.  A  blow,  stroke.  rare~l. 

a  1533  LD.  BEKSERS  Huon  cxx.  431  The  Gryffon  resyd  vp 
his  fete  and  spredde..his  wyngis,  and  gaue  Huon  suche  a 
recountre  that  the  noble  knyghte  was  stryken  to  the  erthe. 

2.  Sc.  Law.  A  counter- pledge  or  security. 

t4Z9  Sc.  Acts  Jas.  /,  c.  7  (1814)  18  [He]  sal  remayn  in  ane 
vnlaw  of  the  courte  ande  tyne  the  accioun  of  the  quhilk  f>e 
borgh  &  be  recounter  was  fundyn.  1471  Sc.  Acts  y as.  Iff 
(1814)  101  And  bar  be  excepciouns  ane  or  ma  propouit  & 
baruppone  borowis  &  Recounteris  fundin  [etc.]. 

tRecou'nter,  v.  Obs.  [f.  RE-  +  COUNTEK  vl 
prob.  after  F.  rencontrer ;  cf.  RENCOU^TLH  z;.] 


269 

1.  trans.    To   encounter   in    battle    or    combat. 
Also  absol.,  to  encounter  each  other. 

c  14*5  W'YNTOUN  Cron.  ix.  xxvii.  3224  The  awaward  . .  To 
recountir  the  first  perile,  first  than  entrit  in  the  pres.  1455 
Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  279^1  It  must  hastely  be  purveid,  that 
they  [the  king's  enemies]  mowe  ..  be  recountred  and  re 
sisted.  1485  CAXTON  Paris  $  V.  (1868)  9  [They]  recountred 
eche  other  so  vygorously  bat  they  breke  bothc  there  speres. 
IS°3  Rolls  of  Par  It,  VI.  544/2  They  were  recountred,  van- 
quesshed,  ..  overcome  and  dyvers  put  to  deth.  1533  BEL- 
LENDEN  Liry  n.  ix.  (S.T.S.)  I.  162  The  romanis  . .  with  new 
curage  recounterit  |>are  Inemyis.  a  1578  LIXDESAY  (Pits- 
cottie)  C&rvtt,  Scot.  (S.T.S.)  I.  2^4  Quiiilk  efterwart  gat 
new  speiris  and  recounterit  freischelie  againe. 

b.  To  encounter,  withstand,  resist  (a  feeling  or 
action). 

1470  AW'.  Line,  (Camden)  17  If  they  wold  have  biden,  to 
have  recountred  theirc  malice,  a  1598  ROLLOCK  Lect. Passion 
ii.  (1616)  24  This  taking  recounters  and  meetes  our  taking 
by  thedeuill,and  death.  1702  MRS.  RKUH  Fore' d  Marriage 
n.  ii,  I  must  either  resolve  never  to  provoke  His  jealousie, 
or  be  able  to  re-counter  [1671  re'ncounter]  his.  .valour. 

2.  To  encounter  or  meet  by  chance;   to   come 
upon  or  fall  in  with. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Anns  (S.  T.  S.I  227  He  passis  fra 
his  company. .and  sa  is  recounterit  be  a  knyuht  of  Fraunce. 
1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xvi.  62  With  this  rodde  fleeynge  he. . 
departed  the  troublouse  cloudes  that  he  recountred  in  hys 
waye.  1549  Cotnpl.  Scot.  Ded.  7  Ane  pure  man  of  perse, 
quha  be  chance  recountrit  kyng  darius.  1600  Cowrie  Con- 
spir.  A  2  b,  There  by  accident  [he]  affirmed  to  haue  re 
countred  a  baselike  fellow,  vnknowne  to  him. 

b.  intr.  To  meet  or  fall  in  with  one.   rare~l. 

1583  FOXE  A.  $  M.  (ed.  4)  756/1  Making  toward  the 
Turkes,  and  recountring  with  the  Tartarians. 

3.  To  meet  (a  person)  on  arrival.   rare~l. 

c  1500  Mclusiiif  348  Thu^  they  rode  thrugh  the  toun  into 
the  Castel. . .  There  were  the  six  bretheren  recountred  of 
two  noble  ladyes. 

4.  Sc.  Law.  To  oppose  (the  giving  of  a  pledge"1. 
14*9  Sc.  Acts  yas.  /,  c.  7  (1814)  18  Qiihare  twa  parti'is 

apperis  at  be  bar  and  be  tane  strek  a  borgh  aponc  a  weir  of 
law  be  tober  party  sal  haf  leif  to  be  avisit.  .quhebir  he  wil 
recounter  it  or  nocht. . .  Ande  gif  he  recounteris  be  borgh,  &. 
strenthis  it  with  resounis  [etc.]. 

5.  Sc.  *  To  turn  the  contrary  way,  to  reverse,  to 
invert ;  a  technical  term  among  tradesmen '  (Jamie- 
son  1825). 

Hence  fHecou'ntering  vbl.  sb.  Obs. 

CI477  CAXTON  Jason  §  They  mette  \vyth  no  knightes  in 
recountring  . .  but  that  they  bare  hem  out  of  their  arsonnes. 
c  1500  Mclmine  132  [In]  that  recountryng  were  many  one 
slayn  &  wounded.  1533  KELLKNDEN  Livy  \\.  x.  (S.  T.  S.)  I. 
165  But  ony  recountering  or  debate,  bai  gaif  ..  plegeis  for 
peace.  1536  —  Cron,  Scot*  ( 1821)  I.  14  Ilk  ane  of  thaine  slew 
othir  at  thair  recountering. 

t  Recou*ntermand.  Obs.-1  [KE-.]  A  re 
calling  or  revocation  of  a  decree. 

1570  FOXE  A.  $  3f.  (ed.  2)  121/2  The  generall  recounter- 
niaunde  sent  forth  by  hym,  for  the  persecution  againe  of 
the  Christians. 

Recountless  (rrkau  Titles),  a.  [f.  RECOUNT 
sb.l  +  -LESS.]  Incapable  of  being  recounted. 

1601  Song  of  Mary  in  Farr6".  /'.  Eliz.  (Parker  Soc.)  II.  424 
Sinne  with  recountlesse  shapes  afflicts  him.  c  :6so  Don 
Bellianis  68  To  whom  I  render  recountless  thanks.  1837 
R.  WILSON  Picas.  Piety  n.  27  Spring,  .evolving  in  recount- 
less  forms  The  leaves  of  many-tinted  green. 

t  Recou'iitmeut.  Ods.—1  [f.  RECOUNT  #.!  + 
-MENT.]  Relation,  recital. 

1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  iv.  iii.  141  When  ..  betwixt  vs  two, 
Teares  our  recountments  had  most  kindely  bath'd. 

Recoup  (r^kw'p),  sb.  Law.  [f.  next.]  (See 
quots.  aiufcf.  RECOUPS  b.) 

1860  Whartotis  Law  Lex.)  KtCffiij,  the  keeping  back  or 
stopping  something  which  is  due;  discount;  recompense. 
1869  [see  RECOUPMENT]. 

Recoup  (r/k«-p),  v.  Also  5,  7  recoupe.  [ad. 
F.  recQitper(\i\h.  c.)»  to  cut  back,  etc.,  f.  re-  RE-  + 
coitper  to  cut :  see  COUP  v2  and  sb$\ 

fl.  trans.  To  cut  short,  interrupt.  Obs.  rare—1. 

Cf.  Cotgrave's  rendering  of  F.  recou-frer. 

c  1430  Pilgr.  Ly/Manhode  u.  cxvi.  (1869)  118  Swich  a  fool 
. .  seith  bat  he  wot  wel  and  vnderstant  what  folk  wolden 
seve,  and  recoupeth  here  woordes,  and  holt  hem  as  fooles. 

2.  Law.  To  deduct ;   to  take  off  or  keep  back. 
Also  absol*)  to  make  a  deduction. 

1628  COKE  On  Lilt.  39  The  demandant,  .shall  recoupe  the 
third  part  of  the  profits.  1642  tr.  Perkins'  Prof.  Bk.  xi. 
§  809.  363  This  land  shall  be  extended,  and  the  common 
shall  be  recouped  and  deducted.  1672  MANLEV  Co^velfs 
Interpr.)  Recoupe, ..  to  defalke  or  discount.  As  if  a  man 
hath  ten  pounds  issuing  out  of  certain  Lands,  and  he  dis 
seises  the  Tenant  of  the  Land  in  an  Assist  brought  by  the 
Disseisee,  the  Disseisor  shall  Recoupe  the  Rent  in  the 
Damages.  1869  WATERMAN  Law  of  Set-off  $  Recoupment 
152  note,  The  defendant  might  recoup  for  the  damages 
resulting  from  the  plaintiff's  want  of  skill.  Ibid.,  The 
defendant  might  recoup  damages  for  a  breach  of  warranty 
for  the  thing  sold. 

3.  (With  double  object.)  To  recompense  (a  person) 
for  (some  loss  or  outlay)  ;   to  make  up  or  make 
good  (loss,  etc.)  to  (a  person). 

1664  in  New  England  Co.  (1896)  6  A  man  who  hath  as 
little  estate  to  recoupe  us  the  wrongs  done  us,  as  he  made 
scruple  to  doe  the  same.  1860  READE  8f/i  Connnandm.  107 
So  my  partner.. had  run  us  into  fresh  expenses,  which  M 
was  entitled  to  be  recouped.  1870  Ohsen>er  13  Nov.,  The 
amounts  returned  in  sale  of  land.. will  tend  to  recoup  the 
Metropolitan  Board  a  considerable  amount  of  their  outlay. 
b.  To  recompense,  repay  (a  person).  Also  const. 


RECOURSE. 

for  (the  loss  or  expence).     Freq.  ;•£/?.,  to  recover 
what  one  has  expended  or  lost. 

1862  M.  HOPKINS  Hawaii  94  They  made  reprisals,  in  the 
way  of  pilfering,  to  recoup  themselves  for  their  forced 
gratuities!  1863  FAWCETT  Pol.  Kcon.  x.  vii.  (1876)  627  The 
home  trader,  when  rates  increase,  will  only  be  able  partly 
to  recoup  himself  by  a  rise  in  prices. 

4.  To  make  up  for,  compensate  for,  make  good. 

1860  RCADK  %t/t  Commandm.  107,  I  offered  in  Court  tu 
recoup  these  expenses  incurred.  1880  Standard  n  Dec., 
How  to  recoup  the  loss  occasioned  to  the  State  revenue  by 
the  abolition  of  the  salt  tax. 

b.  To  yield  in  return,  make  up  (an  amount). 

1868  Sat.  Rev.  i  Aug.  151/1  Securing  to  the  shareholders 
dividends  that  in   three  or  four  years  would  recoup  their 
whole  capital.     1870  Echo  7  Nov.,  It  is  estimated  that  the 
Aggregate  cost  of  the  whole.. will  be ^150,000,  and  that  the 
amount  realised  by  the  sale  of  land,  &c.,..  will  recoup  about 
£  50,000  or  £  60,000. 

Hence  Becou'pable,  deductible;  Recou-per, 
one  who  recoups  or  keeps  back.  (In  recent  Diets.) 

1885  Law  Rep.  14  Q.  B.  D.  491  The  dead  rent  to  be  re- 
coupable  out  of  royalties  during  the  fn^t  sixteen  years. 

RecoU'pe,  sb.  rare~Q.  [f.  RECOUP  v. ;  cf.  I1'. 
recoupe  cuttings,  waste.]  (See  quots.) 

The  first  sense  is  a  mistake  based  on  Manley  (1672!. 

a.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.   Techn.  I,  Recoupe,  in  Law,  is 
a  quick  and  sharp  reply  to  a  peremptory  Demand.     [Hence 
in  BAII.KY  (1721)  and  later  Diets.] 

b.  1835  TOMLINS  Law  Dict,t  Kccot<pe,  the  keeping  back 
or  stopping  something  which  is  due. 

Recouped,  a.  Her.  rare"0,  [f.  RECOUP  v.,  or 
ad.  F.  recoup^."}  —  Coi'PED. 

c  1828  BtRRY  Encycl.  7/t'r.,  Recopyd  or  Recouped,  old 
English  terms  for  Coupcti. 

Recoil-pie,  v.  rart;—1.  [KE-  5.1]  trans.  To 
couple  again,  reunite. 

1607  HIERON  Wks.  I.  396  In  the  labt  day  their  bodies  be 
raised  out  of  the  dust  and  recoupled  to  their  soules. 

Recou'pment.  [f.  RECOUP  v.  +  -MENT.]  The 
act  of  recouping  or  recompensing ;  the  fact  of 
being  recouped  for  loss  or  expense. 

Common  in  recent  use,  esp.  with  ref.  to  schemes  of  muni 
cipal  improvement,  which  aim  at  recouping  the  community 
for  part  uf  the  expense  incurred. 

1869  WATERMAN  Law  of  Set-off  $  Recoupment  468  It  is 
evident  that  recoup  or  recoupment,  in  its  original  sense,  \vas 
a  mere  right  of  reduction  from  the  amount  of  the  plaintiff's 
recovery.     1880  Edin.  Rev.  Apr.  357  A  claim  for  the  re 
coupment  of  a  fee  of  which  he  had  not  executed  the  con 
ditions.     1888  Act  51  <y  52  I'ict.  c.  20  §  5  The  amount  paid 
towards  such  recoupment  shall  be  dealt  with  as  purchase 
money  of  the  land  under  this  Act. 

tReCOUT,  sb.  Obs.  Also  5  -owre.  [var.  of 
RECOVER  sb.  Cf.  RECURE^.]  Recovery,  support, 
help,  resource. 

.;  1330  Art/i.  fy  Mcrl.  4452  (Kolbing)  Of  bat  castel  hadde 
socour  pe  Sarrazins  &  gret  recour.  1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  \\. 
543  [Thai]  en  try  t  and  ties  troy  it  the  tour,  And  slew  the 
pupill  but  recour.  1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Lore  i.  iv.  (Skeat) 
1. 14  By  no  inaner  of  semblaunt.  .thou  lyste  not  to  haue  any 
recour.  c  1450  LONELICH  Merlin  204  Thanne  was  he  ryht 
a  sorweful  man,  For  that  non  recowre  ne  knew  he  than. 

So  f  Becou'r  v.  trans.,  to  recover.  Obs.  rare. 

(The  form  recoitred,  occas.  found  early  in  the  jyth  c.,  is 
probably  to  be  taken  as  =  recovered.) 

1596  SPENSER  F.  (^.  iv.  ix.  25  For  sometimes  Paridell  and 
I31andamour  The  better  had,  and  bet  the  others  backe ; 
Kftsoones  the  others  did  the  field  recoure  [etc.]. 

t  Recotrrage.  Obsr1  [RE- 5  a.]  Renewal  of 
courage. 

1556  J.  HEYWOOD  Spider  $  F.  Ixi.  11  The  spiders  tale  he 
did  treate,  And  what  recoorage  that  did  the  spiders  win. 

Recouraie,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RECOVERY. 

t  Recou'rbled, ///.  a.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [ad.  OF. 
raoiirbel^  rccorbcl^  pa.  pple.  of  rccorbder,  f.  rc- 
RE-  +  (oitrber  to  curve.]  Bent  back,  recurved. 

1491  CAXTON  Vitas  Pair.  (W.  de  W.  1495)  I.  Ixii.  113!), 'i 
Our  lorde  hadde  in  his  feet  and  his  hondes  holes  percyd  by 
force  of  grete  naylles  recourbled  and  blont. 

Recourcy,  fler.  :  see  RACCOUHCY. 
Recourder,  obs.  form  of  RECORDER  2. 
Recourere,  variant  of  RECOVEHER  Obs. 
t  Recou'rsary,  a.  Obs.-^    [f.  next+-ABT ».] 

Of  the  nature  of  a  recourse  or  return. 

1662  J.  CHANDLER  Van  Helmont's  Oriat.  334  Therefore 
the  thought  or  cogitation  reacheth  the  Young  , .  onely  by 
a  reciprocal  or  recoursary  action  of  government. 

Recourse  (r^ko-JMs),  sb.l  Also  4-6  recours. 
[a.  F.  recours  (i3th  c.) :— L.  recttrs-u»t,  f.  re-  RE- 
+  currl?re  to  run  :  see  COUKSE  sb.] 

fl.  A  running,  coming,  or  flowing  back,  a 
return  (in  lit.  ory^.  uses),  refiuence;  also,  oppor 
tunity  or  passage  to  return.  Obs. 

6-1386  CHAUCER  Sqr.'s  T.  67,  I  wol  nat  laryen  yow,  for  it 
is  pryme,..Vn  to  my  first e  I  wol  haue  my  recours.  1413 
Pilgr.  Sowte  (Caxton  1483)  v.  xiii.  104  These  ben  thre 
glorious  recours  of  the  sonne.  ^  1483  SKKI.TON  Death 
Ediv.  IV  16  What  ordeyned  God  to  be  terestryall,  Without 
recours  to  the  erth  of  nature?  1555  BONNER  Ncccss.  Doctr. 
C,  The  Excourse  of  hym  is  even  unto  the  belles,  and  the 
recourse  of  him  is  unto  the  state  of  God.  1591  R.  WILMOT 
Tancrcd  ff  Gisnt.  n.  i,  How  time  once  past,  may  neuer  haue 
recourse.  1644  BoLWH  Chiron.  31  The  Hand  directed  to 
wards  the  Auditours.. maintaining  its  gravity  with  a  swift 
recourse.  1668  CULFKPPER  &  COLE  Bart  hoi.  A  nat.  Man.  i. 
i.  302  The  recourse  of  the  Blood  into  the  Heart  is  hindred. 

f  b.  Freq.  in  phr.  course  and  recourse.   Obs. 

1461  Petit.  Citizens  Exeter  in  ll'cst,  Morn.  News  (1884) 
15  Aug.  8/4  To  have  course  and  recourse  with  their  boate& 


BECOURSB. 

1547  BOOEDE  Brtv.  Health  cclxxi.  gob,  Opilacion  or  stop-  . 
pynge  of  the  bloude  which  hath  not  his  true  course  nor 
recourse.  1610  HOLLAND  Camden's  Brit.  \.  71  In  their 
courses  and  recourses  [they]  observe  a  warlike  kind  of 
motion  round.  1653  GATAKER  Vind.  Annot.  Jer.  169  [He) 
delivered  the  set  time  of  the  Suns  course  and  recourse  from 
tropik  to  tropik. 

f  C.  A  coming  back  or  round  in  due  season  ; 
a  periodical  recurrence.  Obs. 

1584  R.  SCOT  Discov.  Witchcr.  viu.  i.  (1886)  125  Some 
Siloah.-whereinto  at  certeine  ordinarie  recourses  of  times 
sicke  folke  maie  plunge  themselves.  1653  MILTON  Hire 
lings  61  The  seaventh  day  is  . .  a  convenient  recourse  of 
worship  in  fit  season,  a  1677  BARROW  Serin.  VIL  Wks.  1687 
I.  92  The  constant  rising  of  the  Sun  upon  us,.. the  recourse 
of  temperate  seasons. 

t  2.  Course,  movement,  or  flow  in  some  dir< 
tion  ;  a  course,  passage,  or  path  to  or  into  some- 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  i.  met.  ii.  4  (Camb.  MS.)  Which 
,terre  in  heuene  vseth  wandrynge  recourses  [L-WgW  re- 


not  vnderstande  howe  soo  many  and  soo  great  ryuers  may 
haue  recourse  into  this  north  sea.  1620  MARKHAM  Foraa. 
H«sb.  11.  xviii.  (1668)  92  The  second  dryed  up  by  the  air 
which  hath  free  recourse  into  it.  1653  HARVEY  Anat. 
Exerc  (1673)  61  You  shall  quickly  see  the  distance  betwixt 
the  heart  and  the  ligature  emptied,  so  that  you  must  needs 
affirm  the  recourse  of  blood. 

trans/.  1566  DRANT  Horace,  Sat.  u.  vi.  H  vij  b.  Thus  1 
spende  my  dayes,  in  muche  recourse  of  care.  1576  P  LEMING 
Panofl.  Epist.  41  All  times  are  ..  replenished  with  recourse 
of  fresh  calamities. 

f  b.   The  ebb  and  flow  of  the  tide.   Obs. 

1592  BRETON  Ctcss  Pembroke*  Lone  (1879)  24't  Tnou 

makest  the  tides  to  take  their  due  recourse.     1622  CALLIS 

Stat  Sewers  (1647)  27  Not  accounted  grounds  left  or  gamed 

from  the  sea,  because  the  sea  hath  daily  her  recourse  thereon. 

fc.  A  gathering  or  collection  (of  matter).  Obs. 

1559  MORWYNG  Eaonym.  83  Aqua  vita;  simple  and  alone . . 
breaketh  an  impostume  or  recours  of  matter. 

3.  Resort  or  application  to  some  person  or 
thing  for  assistance,  help,  or  safety. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troyhisu.  1303  (1352)  To  pandarus  was 
alwey  his  recours,  And  pitousli  gan  ay  to  him  pleyne.  1529 
MORE  Dyaloge  iv.  Wks.  270/1  It  minished  the  necessity  -' 
mannes  recourse  vnto  god,  for  calling  helpe  of  his  gr 


270 


itie  of 
•ace. 


religion.  1775  FLETCHER  Last  Check  §  3  Wks.  1795  VI.  38 
A  heart-felt  ceaseless  recourse  to  the  righteousness  of  Christ. 
1871  NAPHEYS/VCT.  f>-  Cure  D is.  \.  v.  151  Our  first  recourse 
is  to  the  windows. 

b.  Freq.  in  phr.  to  have  (t  one  s  or  a)  recourse 
to :  to  apply  or  betake  oneself  to  (a  person,  etc.) 
for  help,  advice,  or  information. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Melit.  P  476  If  ye  wol  thanne  take  venge 
ance  of  youre  enemys,  ye  shul  retourne  or  haue  youre  re 
cours  to  the  luge  that  hath  the  lurisdiccion  vp-on  hem. 
1484  CAXTON  Chivalry  31  The  feble  and  lasse  haue  recours 
to  the  grete.  1502  ATKYNSON  tr.  De  Imitation*  tn.  xliii.  232 
Moyses  euer  had  a  recours  to  the  tabernacle  of  god  for 
doubtis  &  questyons.  1611  BIBLE  Transt.  Pref.  T  1 1  They  had 
recourse  at  the  last,  to  this  shift.  1650  FULLER  Pisgah  \\. 
xi  229  In  this  straight  he  hath  his  recourse  by  prayer  to 
God.  1707  Curias,  in  Hull',  /f  Gard.  22  They  who  have  a 
liking  to  that  sort  of  Compositions,  may  have  recourse  to 
Dornavius  in  his  A  mphitheatntin  Sapient!,?.  1776  GIBBON 
Ded.  $  F.  xvi.  (1869)  I.  400  If  threats  and  persuasions 
proved  ineffectual,  he  had  often  recourse  to  violence.  1863 
TYI.OR  Early  Hist.  Man.  ii.  18  Those  who  cannot  speak, 
and  must  therefore  have  recourse  to  other  means  of  com 
munication. 

f  o.  Similarly,  to  take  or  make  recourse  to.  Obs. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  263  If  eny  man  desire  to 

see  moore  of  the  story  of  kynge  Charts,  y  cownsayle  that  he 

take  recourse  to  the  wrytenges  of  Alcuinus  his  maister. 

1623  tr.  Fa-nine's  Tlieat.  Hon.  vi.  ix.  151  Pedro  the  Cruell, 

made  recourse  with  his  Treasures  to  the  English.     1637  R. 

ASHLEY  tr.  Matoezzfs  David  Persecuted  218  When  hee 

could  have  no  answer,  [he]  makes  recourse  to  the  Devil!. 

4.  The  thing,  means,  or  person  applied  or  resorted 

to  for  help,  etc. ;  t  a  supply,  relay. 

c  1440  York  Myst.  xxvii.  141  Ye  nedis  non  othir  recours  to 
craue.  \<^^  Exhort,  -unto  Praicr  Aij,  Forasmoche  as  Prayer 
is  the  verye  true  mean . .  wherby . .  we  may . .  haue  a  recourse 
and  a  refuge  for  helpe.  1612  DRAYTON  Poly-olt.  x.  47  Cluyd 
doth  quickly  call  Her  great  recourse,  to  come  and  gard  her. 
1654-66  EARL  ORRERY  Parthen.  (1676)  533,  I  have  so  many 
fresh  recourses  of  Men,  that  [etc.].  1700  DRYDEN  Sigism. 
«r  Guise.  415  Thy  little  care  to  mend  my  widow  d  nights 
Has  forc'd  me  to  recourse  of  marriage  rites.  1774  J  •  BRYANT 
Mytkol.  II.  142  This  is  their  usual  recourse,  when  they  are 
hard  pressed  by  inconsistencies.  1855  MILMAN  Lat.Chr. 
vi.  ii.  (1864)  III.  403  The  Greeks  in  despair  of  maintaining 
their  ground.. had  vainly  sought  recourse  in  craft. 

b.  Law  (chiefly  Sc.\  The  right  to  demand 
pecuniary  compensation  from  some  one  ;  esp.  the 
right  which  the  holder  of  a  bill  of  exchange  has  to 
come  back  upon  the  drawer  and  indorsers  if  the 
acceptor  fails  to  meet  it. 

1747  Sc.  Acts  Sedernnt  401  The  question  ..whether  a  bill 
of  Exchange  . .  must  be  protested  urjon  the  . .  last  day  of 
grace,  .in  order  to  afford  recourse  against  the  drawer.  1751 
M°DOUALL  La-ys  Scot.  i.  xiii.  I.  360 They  [bills]  must  be  pro- 
tested,  .otherwise  recourse  against  the  drawer  will  be  denied. 
Ibid.  368  The  correspondent  who  furnishes  the  goods  loses 
his  action  of  recourse  against  the  writer  [of  a  letter  of 
credit],  a  1768  ERSKINE  Inst.  Law  Scot.  nt.  ii.  §  34  The 


ienee  or  disponee,  unaer  uic  wan-mui^  «•  .»— 

o  recur  on  the  vender  or  cedent  for  relief,  in  case  of  evic- 

ion  or  of  defects  inferring  warrand.ee.    1879  /  WHS  12  Dec., 


Holders  of  'agency'  bills  would  have  no  recourse.     1885 
SIR  I   FRY  in  law  Kef.  29  Chanc.  Div.  264  A  property  or 
und  against  which  Russell  had  a  right  of  recourse. 
f5.  Usual  or  habitual  going  or  resorting  to  a 
.articular  place.   Obs. 

I62J  LD.  BERNERS/VOTM.  I.  ccxxix.  306  AH  their  chefe  re- 

ours  was  in  France,  for  they  called  the  realme  of  Fraunce 

heir  chambre.     1553  EDEN   Treat.  Newe  hid.  (Arb.)  25 

Whether  the  marchauntes  and  straungers  haue  their  con- 

inual  recourse  as  to  ye  burse  or  strete.     1603  KNOLLES 

Hist.  Turks  (1621)  212  It  yeelded  them  a  great  profit  by 

he  recourse  of  devout  Christians  travelling  thither      1623 

GOUGE  Serm.  Extent  God's  Provid.  §  15  T  his  withdraw- 

ne  chamber  was  next  to  his  bed-chamber.    He  had  oft 

ecourse  thither.     1658  W.  BURTON  Itin.  Anton.  70  They 

ad  their  place  of  recourse  or  rendevouz.     1705  In  W.  b. 

•erry  Hist.  CM.  Amer.Col.  C/i.(i87o)  I.  165  There  is  such 

recourse  of  the  Clergy  to  GoV  Nicholson's  Lodgings. 

t  b.  Gathering  or  concourse  (of  people)  at  a 

jarticular  time.  Obs. 

1516  Life  Bridget  in  Myrr.  our  Ladye  p.  Ivn,  In  suche 
grete  recourse  of  the  people  the  Body  was  caryed  to  the 
monastery  of  Seynt  Laurence.  1544  BALE  Chron.  Sir  J. 
Oldcastcll  39  b,  That  ye  cause  this  condemnacj-on  ..  to  be 
publyshed . .  by  youre  curates  and  paryshe  Priestes,  soche 
yme  as  they  shall  haue  most  recourse  of  people.  1599 
Warn.  Faire  H'om.  I.  448  Beside,  Recourse  of  servants  and 
of  passengers  Might  have  been  jealous  of  our  conference. 
1656  DUCHESS  NEWCASTLE  True  Relat.  Life  (1886)  285  Their 
customs  were,  .to  ride  in  their  coaches  about  the  streets  to 
see  the  concourse  and  recourse  of  people. 

fc.  The  act  of  retiring  (to  rest).   Obs.  rare—1. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  HI.  ix.  26  Her  erased  helth,  her  late 
recourse  to  rest. 

f  d.  An  occasion  of  going,  a  visit.   Obs.  rare   _ . 
1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  vm.  369  The  chiefe  Mosque  too  in 
which ..  [he]  and  I  had  three  sundry  recourses  accompanied 
with  our  Moorish  hoste. 

f6.  Opportunity  of  resorting  to  a  person  ;  access, 
admission.  Obs. 

1540-1  ELYOT  fmage  Gov.  (1556)  40  This  familiar  and  se- 
crete  recourse,  that  he  had  to  the  emperour.  1591  SHAKS. 
T-.i'O  Gent.  HI.  i.  112,  I,  but  the  doores  be  lockt,..That  no 
man  hath  recourse  to  her  by  night.  1594  —  Rich.  Ill,  in. 
v.  109  To  giue  order,  that  no  manner  person  Haue  any  time 
recourse  vnto  the  Princes. 

f  b.  A  going  backwards  and  forwards  between 
persons ;  intercourse  of  this  nature.  Obs. 

1677  W.  HUBBARD  Narrative  125  We  feared  we  should  be 
discovered  by  reason  of  the  frequent  recourse  between  them 
by  certain  Squaws  (who  have  mutual  recourse).  1719  Col. 
Rec.  Pcnnsyk:  III.  86  That  they  expected  to  have  free  re 
course  for  the  peple  amongst  the  English  Plantations. 

t  Recou  rse,  sb?-  Sc.  Obs.  [var.  RESCOURSE 
sb. ;  cf.  F.  recousse,  var.  rescausse.]  Rescue. 

1533  BKLLENDEN  Livy  in.  xx.  (S.  T.  S.)  II.  29  To  bring 
agane  the  residew  of  bare  armye  to  bare  recours.  1616 
Bartour's  Bruce  (ed.  Hart)  40  [iii.  76)  When  the  King 
theim  made  recourse,  Duke  Betyse  tooke  on  hym  the  flight. 

Recourse  (r/'koa-os),  i;.l     [f.  RECOURSE  sbl] 
fl.  intr.  To  run  back,  return  (to  a  place).  Obs. 
ciSoo  Lancelot  1798  Out  of  this  world  when  bow  sal  pas 
the  cours,  Fair  well,  I-wys!  bow  neuer  shall  Recours.    1513 
BRADSHAW  St.  Werliurge  i.  1127  The  harte  to  the  forest  re- 
coursed  certayne.     i57oFoxE.4.  ft  3t.  (ed.  2)  1152/1  The 
flame  departyng  and  recoursing  thrise  ere  the  woode  tooke 
strength,  .to  consume  him.    1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  IX.  422,  I 
recoursed  backe  in  a  Flemish  Pink  to  Stockhollem. 

t  ta.  transf.  To  recur  to  the  mind ;  to  go  back 
to  an  earlier  point.  Obs. 

1561  ABP.  PARKER  Corr.  (Parker  Soc.)  158  St  Hierome's 
rhetoric  recourseth  to  my  mind.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  Auth. 
Let.,  A  Poet  thrusteth  into  the  middest.  .and  there  recours 
ing  to  the  thinges  forepaste  [etc.]. 

t  2.  To  resort  or  flow  into.  Obs.  rare  -'. 

1576  NEWTON  Lemnie's  Complex.  (1633)  34  [Manjhath  also 
.  .externall  spirits  recoursing  into  his  body  and  minde. 

3.  Const,  to.  To  have  recourse  to,  to  fall  back 
on.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1586  J.  HOOKER  Hist.  Irel.  in  Holinshed  II.  51/1  Recours 
ing  deuoutlie  to  the  onlie  refuge  of  humane  saluation.  1605 
SYLVESTER  Du  Bctrtas  u.  iii.  in.  Laive  431  The  Court  re- 
courst  to  Lakes,  to  Springs,  and  Brooks.  1668  HALE  Pref. 
Rollers  Abridgm.  9  He  will  be  able  upon  any  occasion 
suddenly  to  find  anything  he  hath  read,  without  recoursing 
to  Tables,  or  other  Repertories.  ^1670  HACKET  Abp. 
Williams  11.  (1692)  201  These  dogmatists  dare  not  recourse 
to  Scripture.  1804  Something  Odd  II.  209  One  or  other  of 
your  personages  are  for  ever  recoursing  to  tears. 

Hence  Becoursing  ppl.  a.,  returning. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  u.  49  The  wandring  night  was  chased 
.  .bythe  recoursing  day. 

•'  Recou-rse,  v.2  .Vr.  Obs.  [var.  of  RES 
COURSE  V.]  trans.  To  rescue. 

1533  BELI.KNDEN  Livy  11.  ix.  (S,  T.  S.)  I.  161  Maniliuswas 
haistelie  recoursit  be  ane  weyng  of  latynis.  Ibid.  xxii.  221 
He  was  nocht  fer  distant . . ,  and  mycht  haue  recoursit  be 
samyn  [garrison]  gif  he  had  plesit. 

+  Recou.  rseful,  a.  Obs.—1  [f.  RECOURSE  sb.  + 
-FUL.]  Flowing  back  ;  ebbing  and  flowing. 

1612  DRAYTON  Poly-alb,  i.  279  Where  Thetis  handmaid 
still  in  that  recoursefull  deepe  With  those  rough  Gods  ol 
Sea,  continuall  reuells  keepe. 

Recou'rt,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  court  again. 

1675  COCKER  Morals  45  Philosophy  Divine,  court  and  re 
court ;  She  can.  .mount  man  above  a  Man. 

Recover  (r/ko-vai),  sb.     Also  4-6  recouer(e, 


RECOVER. 

reoovere,  5  rekouere.  See  also  RECOUR  sb. 
[Orig.  (senses  1-3)  a.  OF.  recovre  (recouire,  etc.), 
f.  recovrer  RECOVER  v.1 ;  cf.  Sp.  recobro,  It.  ri- 
covero.  In  later  use  directly  from  the  vb.] 

•fl.  Recovery,  or  means  of  recovery,  from  mis 
fortune,  trouble,  illness,  error,  etc.  Obs, 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  7107  What  ys  loue  vnto 
men  pore  [read  povere],  Almes  to  hem  ys  rfecouere.  £1330 
—  C/irmi.  (1810)  282  After  bat  day  Scotlond  may  haf  gode 
recouere.  1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  i.  i.  (Skeat)  1. 45  With 
out  recouer  endelesse  here  to  endure,  c  1450  Merlin  332 
The  grete  knowinge  and  witte  of  Merlin,  in  whom  was  all 
the  recouer.  1555  CARD.  POLE  Let.  to  Cranmer  in  Strype 
Mem.  Cranmer  (1694)  App.  212  If  I  now,  that  desire  your 
recover,  should  go  about,  -to  bryng  yowfrom  your  errour  to 
the  truth.  1631  CHETTLE  Hoffman  H  3  b,  The  Princes 
head  being  split  against  a  Rocke  Past  all  recouer. 

t  2.  a.  Recovery  (of  something  lost).  Obs. 

1471  A  rriv.  Edw.  IV  (Camden)  39  The  reentrie  and  perfect 
recover  of  the  iuste  title  and  right  of  owr  sayd  soueraygne 


liberte  was  endit  but  recovir. 

t  b.  Recovery  (of  a  debt  or  sum  due).   Obs. 
1488  in  Somerset  Medieval  Wills  (1901)  274  To  my  lord 
Dawbeney  10/1.  of  the  money  due  unto  me.  .if  he  help  to  the 
rekouere  of  the  same.   1502  in  Arnolde  Chron.  (1811)  104  Any 
other  thinge  . .  that  may  lette  . .  the  said  aturnais  or  ani  of 
them  of  the  recouer  or  recall  of  the  said  C.  H. 
f  3.  Law.   =  RECOVERY  4.  Obs. 
1447  Rolls  o/Parlt.  V.  130/2  Atte  the  tyme  of  the  pursuyt 
of  the  Writte,  wheruppon  the  recovere  especified  in  the  saide 
Petition  was  hadde.     1504-5  in  Plumftoii  Corr.  (Camden) 
195  That  all  former  recovers  and  other  tytles,  which  your 
adversaryes  hath  against  you  and  your  heires,  maybe  voyded. 
1523  FITZHERB.  Sun',  xviii.  33  The  tenant . .  cometh  nat  in 
by  the  lorde,  but  by  force  of  the  recouere. 
4.  The  act  of  bringing   or  coming  back  to  a 
former  position : 

t  a.  Mil.  (chiefly  in  phr.  at,  on,  or  to  the  re 
cover}.  A  position  of  the  fire-arm  forming  part  of 
the  manual  exercise  :  see  RECOVER  v.  1 2  a.  Obs. 

1799  Instr.  $  Kef.  Cavalry  (1813)  270  The  advanced  line 
of  skirmishers  are  to  have  their  pistols  or  carbines  at  the 
recover.  1809  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1837)  IV.  446 
Private  O —  J —  having  loaded  his  pie_ce,  had  it  on  the 
recover,  when  he  turned  round  and  saw  him.  1847  Infantry 
Man.  (1854)  112  Bring  the  firelock  to  the  recover. 

b.  In  general  use,  in  various  contexts.  Also  fig. 
1819  Metropolis  II.  45  'Oh  !  1  know  their  tricks '  (making 
a  recover)—'  that  is  to  say,  I  have  heard  of  them '.  1852 
THACKERAY  Esmond  in.  ii,  She.,  swept  a  low  curtsey, 
coming  up  to  the  recover' with  the  prettiest  little  foot  in 
the  world  pointed  out.  1888  Century  Mag.  Jan.  449/1  All 
being  done  with  a  quick  thrust  and  recover  that  does  not 
burn  one's  finger. 

Recover  (rniP'vaj),!/.1  Forms:  a.  4-jreoou-, 
recoveren,  4-7  recouere,  (4  -coure,  -eoeure, 
-covri,  5  -couyre),  4-7  recouer,  (4  -cuuer,  5 
-kouer,  6  -couir,  -couuer),  4-  recover.  (See 
also  RECOUR  v.)  P.  4  rekever,  (reck-),  -ere,  4-5 
-keuere,  5  -keuer ;  4  -keouer,  -kyuer,  5  -kiver. 
[ad.  AF.  recoverer  (Britton),  rekeverer  (1292-3), 
OF.  recov(e]rer,  -couvrer,  -coevrer,  etc.  =  Sp.  re- 
cobrar,  It.  ricoverare :— L.  recuperare  to  RECUPE 
RATE.  Cf.  COVER  i>.2] 

I.  trans. 

1.  To  get  (f  occasionally,  to  take)  back  again  into 
one's  hands  or  possession ;  to  regain  possession  of 
(something  lost  or  taken  away). 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xtx.  239  He  taujte  . .  some  to  ryde 
and  to  recoeure  [-:r.  rekeuere],  that  vnri3tfully  was  wonne 
cuoo  Destr  Troy  10360  The  troiens  with  tene  trauailed 
full  sore.. The  corse  to  Ilecouer,  &  kary  to  toune.  1484 
CAXTON  Fables  of  A  If  once  ii,  I  shalle  counceylle  the  how 
thou  shall  recouere  thy  syluer.  1530  PALSGR.  681/2  This 
thing  is  recovred  by  strength  of  hande,  but  it  was  almost 
gone.  1560  BIBLE  (Genev.)  Hos.  ii.  o,  L.wil  recouer  my 
woll  and  my  flaxe  lent,  to  couer  her  shame.  1647  LVELYN 
Diary  22  May,  My  valet,  .robb'd  me  of  cloths  and  plate  to 
the  value  of  threescore  pounds,  but  . .  I  recovered  most  of 
them.  1770  FOOTB  Lame  Lover  ill.  Wks.  1799  II.  93  >he 
recovering  my  paternal  possessions  makes  me  anxious 
inded.  1857  MAURICE  Ef.  St.  John  ix.  141  They  would 
stir  up  endless  rebellions,  in  the  hope  of  recovering  what 
they  had  lost.  1871  MORLEY  Voltaire  (1886)  5  Humanity 
had  lost  its  title-deeds,  and  he  had  recovered  them. 

b.  To  regain  (country,  territory,  etc.)  by  con 
quest  or  main  force  ;  to  win  back  (ground  lost  in 
fighting). 

c  I37S  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xx.xiii.  (George)  004  Quhen  cristine 
men  tuk  on  hande  to  recouer  be  lialy  lande.  1382  WYCLIF 
2  Mace.  ii.  23  Thei  vengeden  al  the  cuntree .  .and  rekyuerden 
the  most  famous  temple  in  al  the  world,  c  1450  Merlin 
654  Than  com  all  the  bretouns  oute  of  the  wode,  and  haue 
recouered  the felde.  1513-4  Act  5  Hen.  VIII,  c. iPruUttlt, 
The  Kyng . .  desiring  to  recover  the  Royalme  of  1  raunce  his 
very  true  patrimonye.  1560  DAUS  tr.  SleidancsComm. 
34  b  They  recovered  of  the  frenchmen  Parma  and  1'lacence. 
I678WANLEY  Wond.LU.  World\:n.<si$.  469/2 Justinian, 
recovered  Africk  from  the  Vandals  by  Belisanus.  1769 
ROBERTSON  Chas.  V,  vn.  III.  8  He  . .  gave  the  enemy  ar 
opportunity  of  recovering  . .  all  the  conquests  which  he 
had  gained.  1841  LANE  Arab.  Xts.  I.  117  Having  by  this 
means  recovered  the  kingdom.  1861  M.  PATTISON  Ass. 
(1889)  I.  35  To  annex  to  them  those  districts.. which  he 
could  recover  for  the  empire. 

o.  To    get    back,   regain   (some    non-materi; 
thing  which  may  be  spoken  of  as  lost  or  taken 
away). 


RECOVER. 

c  1384  CKAUCEK  //.  Fame  in.  168  For  tyme  y-lost. .  P>e  no 
way  may  recoverd  be.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  155  He 
wiste  wel  his  pours  was  povere,  Bot  yit  he  thoght  his  riht 
recovere.  .1420  I.YDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  1212  Furst.. 
Baptym  go  ye  to.  For  by  hym  sonnest  shull  ye  recouer 

frace.  1532  SIR  J.  RUSSEL  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n. 
.  302  To  do  your  Highnes  service,  and  to  helpe  you  to  re- 
couver  your  right,  a  1656  BP.  HALL  Rein.  Wks.  (1660)  106 
How  unquiet  are  we . .  till  we  have  recovered  his  lost  favour. 
1769  Junius  Lett.  xxxv.  167  The  affections  of  your  subjects 
may  still  be  recovered.  1791  COWPER  Yardley  Oak  48  Un 
recorded  facts  Recovering,  and  misstated  setting  right. 
1847  JAMES  Convict  i,  I  must  study  hard  to  recover  lost 
time.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  i,ed.  2)  III.  694  He  recovered  the 
meaning  of  the  several  names  and  re-translated  them. 

d.  To  find  again,  come  upon  a  second  time. 
1611  COTGR.,  Relancer  im  2ievre>  to  recouer  her,  or  put 

her  off  the  squat.  1856  'STONEHENGE'  Brit.  Sports  141/1 
In  that  direction  [he]  will  generally  succeed  in  recovering 
the  scent.  Most  hares.,  will  generally  be  easily  recovered 
by  a  cast  in  the  direction  of  their  home.  1888  Times  10  Oct. 
5/5  When  they  are  at  fault,  ..  they  will  make  their  own 
casts  and  recover  the  track. 

e.  To  reclaim  (land)^ww  the  sea. 

a  1793  ELSTOBB  Bedford  Lei<el  (1793)  274  The  Romans  . . 
being  at  the  pains  of  recovering  them  [marshes]  from  the 
sea.  1846  McCuLLocH  Ace,  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  I.  20  On 
the  south  jt  is  low,  Sunk  Island  and  some  other  considerable 
tracts  having  been  recovered  from  the  sea. 

2.  To  regain,  acquire  again,  resume,  return  to  : 
a.  a  quality,  state,  or  condition. 

? a  1366 CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  57  These  wodes  eek  recoveren 
firene,  That  drie  in  wynter  ben  tosene.  1390  GOWER  Conf. 
II.  137  He  schal  Recovere  his  ferste  astat  ayein.  1526 
Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  iob,  He  wolde  haue  fedde 
therof :  and  so  a  recouered  his  immortalite  that  he  had  lost. 
1661  BOYLE  Orig.  Formes  $  Qtial.  172  The  Lead . .  will  not  of 
it  self  recover  its  Sphaericity.  1706  LONDON  &  WISE  Retird 
Card.  \.  xiv.  182  By  putting  them  to  the  Roots  [I]  have  found 
that  the  Leaves  have  recover'd  their  Greenness.  1784 
COWPER  Task  i.  441  His  cheek  recovers  soon  its  healthful 
hue.  1820  SHELLEY  CEd.  Tyr.  \\.  \\.  30  Perhaps  I  may  re 
cover  my  lost  appetite.  1858  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  xviii.  IV. 
33  With  the  assistance  of  the  bishops  ..  they  recovered  an 
absolute  superiority. 

b.  esp.  health  or  strength. 

4:1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  1837  pen  was 
Coryneus  aschamed  . .  He  recouered  his  strengbe  for  tene. 
1390  GOWER  Conf.  1 1 1. 150  Hou  that  hir  lord  of  his  seknesse . . 
Recovere  myhte  his  hele  ayein.  1477  EARL  RIVERS  (Caxton) 
Dictes  126  A  seke  man  desireth  not  to  departe  from  his 
phisicien  till  he  hath  recouerid  his  helth.  1555  EDEN  De 
cades  53  They . .  sumewhat  recouered  theyr  strengthes  muche 
weakened  for  lacke  of  meate.  1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  ///,  i.  iii.  2 
Ther's  no  doubt  his  Maiesty  will  soone  recouer  his  accus- 
tom'd  health.  '1x691  BOYLE  Hist.  Air  (1692)  242  Sick  and 
valetudinary  persons  used  to  be  sent  thither  to  recover  their 
health.  1841  LANE  Arab.  Nts.  L  112  Had  it  not  been  for 
this,  I  had  recovered  my  strength.  1849  HELPS  Friends 
in  C.  (1851)  II.  3,  I  had  by  this  time  recovered  my  usual 
health. 

c.  a  faculty  of  body  or  mind,  or  the  use  of  this ; 
also,  to  recover  one's  feet  or  legs  (cf.  LEG  2  f). 

14..  in  Tvndale's  I'is.  (1843)  89  Thys  Paynym  knyght 
Only  of  grace  hath  recoverd  his  syght.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  1 1, 
v.  iii.  47  What  is  the  matter  . .  speak,  recouer  breath.  1596 
SPENSER  F.  Q.  vi.  viii.  17  The  Prince  to  him  full  nimbly 
stept  And  least  he  should  recover  foote  againe  [etc.J.  1617 
HIERON  /K£j.(i634)  11.243  It  was  in  his  sleepe;  but,  when  he 
awoke,  he  recouered  his  thoughts.  1667  MILTON  P.L.  iv.  357 
Satan.. at  length  faild  speech  recoverd  sad.  / bid.*.  966 To 
whom  thus  Eve,  recovering  heart,  repli'd .  1715  DE  FOE  Voy. 
round  World  (1840)  287  He  could  hardly  speak;  but,  re 
covering  his  breath,  said  [etc.].  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones 
xn.  xi,  Partridge  had  no  sooner  recovered  his  Legs,  than 
[etc.].  1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Vanderput  <$•  S.  \.  19  When 
he  recovered  his  voice,  the  pastor  turned  his  attention  [etc.]. 
1847  MARRYAT  Childr.  N.  Forest  xiv,  They  worked  another 
half-hour,  when  they  stopped  to  recover  their  wind. 

3.  a.  To  get  back,  or  find  again  (one  who  has 
been  lost  or  absent).  rare~l. 

c  1381  CHAUCER  Par/.  Foules  688  Wele  han  they  cause 
forto  gladen  ofte  Sethe  ech  of  hem  recouerede  hathe  hys 
make. 

b.  To  bring,  draw,  or  win  back  (a  person)  to 
friendship  or  willing  obedience ;  to  reconcile. 

1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  234  Trie  not  to  recouer  them, 
whome  you  would  haue  come  vnto  you  in  haste,  with 
threatning.  1582  N.  LICHEFIKLD  tr.  Castanheda's Cong.  E. 
Ind.  i.  Ixiv.  131  Although  thou  doest  loose  them,  and  all  the 
rest  of  thy  subiectes,  yet  thou  doest  recouer  me.  1604  SHAKS. 
Oth.  ii.  iii.  273  What  man,  there  are  more  wayes  to  recouer 
the  General!  againe.  a  1674  CLARENDON  Hist.  Rel>.  xvi. 
§  132  They  were  not  willing  to  despair  of  recovering  their 
general  again  to  them;  and.. sent  a  committee  to  treat  with 
lim.  1797  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  iii.  Wks.  VIII.  293  It  was 
expected,  that  he  would  have,  .endeavoured  to  recover  those 
whom  their  fears  had  led  astray.  1869  FREEMAN  Norm. 
Cong.  (1876)  III.  xi.  59  Harold's  way  of  recovering  rebels 
differed  widely  from  William's. 

c.  To  recapture,  get  hold  of  (an  escaped  per 
son)  again,  rare, 

1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  I.  vii,  [There] 
came  running  diuers  other  Turkes  to  recouer  him.  1606 
G.  W[OODCOCKE]  Lives  in  Hist.  Ivstint  K  k  iij,  The  people 
.  .recouering  Michaell  in  his  flight,  put  out  his  eyes. 

t  4.  To  get  in  place  of,  or  in  return  for,  some 
thing  else.  Obs. 

C1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  in.  132  (181)  For  every  wo  ye 
shall  recover  a  blisse.  Ibid.  iv.  378(406)  If  she  be  lost,  we 
shul  recovere  another.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  687 
If  ye  do  [refuse  it],  I  tliynk  it  wyll  be  longe  or  ye  recover 
agayne  suche  another  offre.  1525  Ibid.  II.  416  If  ye  have 
fayled  of  the  duke  of  Lancasters  doughter,  ye  maye  recover 
another,  as  great  and  as  good  as  she  is. 

5.  Law.  To  get  back  or  gain  by  judgement  in 


E 


271 

a  court  of  law ;  to  obtain  possession  of,  or  a  right 
to,  by  legal  process. 

^1380  WVCLIF.SV/.  Wks.  III.  320  ^ifM  kittide  bus  openly 
here  purses,  bei  scbulden  reckevere  it  bi  comyn  lawe.  1444 
Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  115/2  He  that  wil  sue.  .shall  have  the 
suyte  to  recovere  to  hym  self  the  oon  half  therof,  and  the 
Kyng  that  other  half.  1447  Ibid,  i  jo/i  Divers  Landes  and 
Tenementz,  late  were  recovered,  evict  and  hadde,  fro  the 
possession  of  the  Housof  the  holy  Trinite.  1516  Test.Ebor. 
(Surtees)  VI.  2  Whereas  the  Lorde  Willuthby  [etc.]. .re 
covered  all  my  manors,  landes  and  tenements  agaynst  me 
[etc.].  1542  UDAI.L  Erasm.  Apoph.  100  He  was  assured  to 
recouer  of  Midias  so  much  money  for  a  forfaicte,  1607 
COWKLL  Interpr.  s.v.  Recovery,  The  third  man  commeth 
not  :  whereupon  the  land  is  recouered  by  him  that  brought 
the  writ.  1710  PKIDEAUX  Orig.  Tithes  iv.  167  This  Law. . 
enabled  the  Clergy  to  gather  and  recover  Tithes.  1768 
BLACKSTONE  Connn.  III.  59  All  trivial  debts  ..  were  to  be 
recovered  . .  in  every  man's  own  county.  1817  W.  SELWYN 
Law  Nisi  Priits  (eel.  4)  II.  737  It  was  holden,  that  the 
plaintiff. .was  entitled  to  recover  the  value  of  the  goods. 
1891  Law  Times  Rep.  LXIII.  690/2  This  was  an  action  to 
recover  damages  for  false  imprisonment. 

b.  To  have  (a  judgement  or  verdict)  given  in 
one's  favour. 

1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  404  A  defendant,  against 
whom  judgment  is  recovered.  1798  Vttft  Ainer.  Lai\>  Rcf. 
(1809)  I.  49  Plaintiff  had  recovered  a  verdict  for  ,£230. 
f6.  To  get  or  obtain;  to  get  hold  of.  Ohs. 
1398  TRF.VISA  Earth.  De  P.  A',  xvm.  liii,  The  amptes 
gadre  grete  burthens  whych  ben  more  greter  than  ther  owne 
bod  yes  :  And  so  they  recouer  re  ward  e  of  lytylnesse  of  body 
in  y°  gretnesse  of  vertue.  (-1477  CAXTON  Jason  70  Con- 
sidering ..  the  right  hye  gladnesse  that  they  hadde  re- 
couured.  a  1533  Ln.  BERNERS  Gold.  Bk.M.  Anrel.  (1546) 
P  iij  b,  The  more  a  man  recouereth  here  renoume  among 
straungers,  the  more  he  is  persecuted  with  enuye.  1585 
T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  \.  xx.  25  b,  He  found 
meanes  to  recouer  a  barke,  intoo  the  which  he  and  his  men 
got.  1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  World  H.  (1634)  306  Having 
beheld  the  most  beautiful!  and  lively  among  them  that 
he  might  recover  them  for  his  owne  use  and  delights. 
<xi66i  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  III.  542  At  the  ebb  thereof 
you  may  easily  recover  a  pail  or  bucket  full. 

*f  b.  To  get  opportunity  for,  to  give  or  succeed 
in  giving  (another  stroke  or  blow).  Obs.  rare. 

c  1450  Merlin  342  Arthur  hym  smote  so  harde  . .  that  he 
bowed  on  his  horse  nekke,  and  gef  he  myght  haue  recovered 
a-nother  stroke  he  hadde  fallen  of  his  horse  to  the  erthe. 
Ibid.  391  Whan  Pounce  wolde  have  recovered  a-nother 
stroke  [etc.].    1677  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.  No.  i.  16  When 
you  draw  your  file  back,  to  recover  an  other  thrust.     1678 
Ibid.  No.  6.  99  The  Saw  having  run  its  length,  is  lifted 
gently  over  the  Stuff  to  recover  another  stroak  of  the  Saw. 
T<5.  To  reach  or  attain  to  (a  state).   Obs.  rare. 
1575  TURBERV.  Faulconrie  130  When  she  is  cast  off,  and 
beginneth  to  recouer  her  gate.      1576    FLEMING  Panofl. 
Epist.  Aij,  All  things  when  they  haue  recouered  perfection 
..cannot  but  then  be  most  acceptable. 
d.  To  get  (the  wind  of  one").   Obs.  exc.  arch. 
1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  HL  ii.  371  Why  do  you  go  about  to 
recouer  the  winde  of  mee?    « 1618  RALEIGH  Inv.  Shipping 
30  These  hoyes,  who  will  easily  recover  the  wind  of  any 
other  ships.     1855  KINGSLEY  Westiv.  Ho  t  xx,  She  is  a  race 
ship,  and  if  we  can  but  recover  the  wind  of  her  [etc.]. 

7.  To  get  to,  reach,  arrive  at,  gain  (some  place 
or  point).  Now  rare,  (Common  in  i6-i7th  c.) 

c  1350  Will. Palerne  2801  Go  we  on  cure  gate,  .to  recuuer 
sum  resset  |?ere  we  vs  rest  mist.  1512  W.  KNIGHT  in  Ellis 
Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  u.  I.  195  With  . .  long  tribulacion  we  re- 
covred  the  saide  Porte  of  Saincte  Sebastian.  1585  T. 
WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas's  Voy.  n.  i.  31  b,  The  sea  which 
so  furiously  casteth  against  Malee,  is  such  that  without 
great  labour  ..  she  is  not  to  be  recouered  or  surmounted. 
1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  39  At  length  having  re 
covered  the  top  of  an  hill,.,  they  there  staled,  and  presently 
encamped  themselves.  1677  W.  HUIJBARD  Narratn-e  i. 
(1865)  121  He  kept  his  Horse  till  he  recovered  the  next 
garrison  House.  1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  226  After 
labouring  at  our  oars  for  an  hour  and  an  half  more,  we 
recovered  the  buss.  x8za  SCOTT  Pirate  xxxi,  Without 
a  pocket-compass. .  I  should  never  have  recovered  the  Fair 
Isle,  for  which  we  run. 

trans  f.  16x4  RALEIGH  Hist.  World  Pref.  3  Pharaoh  slew 
the  Infants  of  Israel,  ere  they  had  recovered  their  Cradles. 

t  b.  To  make  for,  betake  oneself  to  (a  place  of 
defence).  Obs. 

c  1500  Afelusine  252  Philibert  was  thenne  descended  from 
his  hors,  . .  and  recouered  the  montayne  aboue  the  pathe. 
1600  HOLLAND  Livy  iv.  xxxix.  164  Both  armies  as  taking 
themselves  loosers,  recovered  the  mountaines  that  were  next 
unto  them.  1604  E.  GRIMSTONE  Hist.  Siege  Ostend  14  The 
Souldiers  were  forced  to  recouer  the..sande  downes. 
f  c.  To  get  back  to  or  into,  to  return  to.  Obs. 
In  some  cases  pern,  only  a  contextual  use  of  7. 
c  1430  Syr  Gener.  (Roxb.)  3824  Abel  ashamed  began  to  be, 
And  recouered  his  sadil  hastilie.  1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  vi. 
ii.  10^  Tharfra  to  return  agane  on  hycht,  And  heir  abufe 
recovir  this  airis  lycht,  That  is  difficill  werk.  1549  in  Strype 
Eccl.  Mem.  (1721)  II.  App.  DD.  104  They  turned  their 
backs  and  recovered  the  town  which  they  before  had  forti 
fied  for  al  events.  16x8  BOLTON  Florits  iv.  x.  (1636)  310 
That,  .they  should  march  back,  and  recover  the  mountaines. 
1675  NEVILE  tr.  Mac/iiavellfsLiftCastr.  CtistracantVfiis. 
248  The  Florentines  . .  recovered  the  bank,  and  ..  searched 
for  a  better  place. 

t  d.  To  journey,  travel,  cover.   Obs.~l 
a  x6ac  _ FLETCHER  Noble  Gent.  i.  i,  I  shall  recover  twenty 
miles  this  night. 

t  e.  To  remove,  transfer.   Ofo.*~l 
1719  LONDON  &  WISE  Comfit,  Card.  103  We  must  there 
fore  disburthen  its  Head,  proportionable  to  the  strength 
ind  activity  we  take  from  it  by  recovering  it  to  a  new  place, 
ind  retrenching  some  of  its  Roots. 
8.  To  get  back  for  another;  to  bring  back,  re- 


RECOVEH, 

store.  Const,  to  (or  unto,  f  rarely  into}  a  person, 
country,  etc. 

1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  Alfonce  i,  |_His  friend]  seme  for 
phisycyens  or  leches  . .  for  to  recoucre  his  helthu.  1550 
VF.RON  Godly  Sayings  (1846)  16  The  body  and  bloud  of  our 
Lorde  . .  have  recovered  unto  mankynde,  the  love  and  favour 
of  God.  1647  CLARENDON-  Hist.  Reb.  vi.  §  t>8  This  little  rest 
had  recovered  a  strange  cheerfulness  into  all  men.  1671 
MILTON  Samson  1098  So  had  the  glory  of  Prowess  been 
recover'd  To  Palestine.  1732  LAW  Serious  C.  xviti.  (td.  2) 
326  Education  should  be  consider'd. . as  theart  of  recovering 
to  man  the  use  of  his  reason.  1774  CULLEN  Lett,  to  Ld. 
Cat/tcart  (1776)  12  For  recovering  the  heat  of  the  body,  it 
has  been  proposed,  to  cover  it  all  over  with  warm  grains. 
1851  HUSSEV  Pa^al  Power  i\i,  115  The  Council  thus  pro 
posed  to  restore  the  Pope  to  his  former  condition,  by  re 
covering  to  him  all  the  patrimony  [etc.]. 

fb.  To  bring  back,  recall  (to  memory).   Obs. 

1673  MARVF.LL  AY//.  Transp.  II.  320  If  he  saw  what  you 
write,  it  would  recover  to  his  memory  his  fighting  \\ith 
beasts  at  Ephesus.  1677  MIEGE  Fr.  Diet.  n.  s.v. 

9.  To  restore  or  bring  back  (usu.  a  person)  to 
life  or  consciousness. 

c  1400  Cursor  M,  28848  (Cott.  Galba)  It  recoueis  thurgh 
grace  ogayne  al  glide  werkes  bat  with  syn  war  slayne.  1600 
SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  iv.  iii.  151  And  now  he  fainted  ..  ISriefe, 
I  recouered  him.  1607  Pcelcs  Jests  (c  1620)  14  She  fell  into 
a  counterfeit  swoone,  whom  the  Gentleman  soone  recouered. 
1675  EVELYN  Diary  22  Mar.,  Sir  William.,  was  grown 
famous  ..  for  his  recovering  a  poor  wench  that  had  ben 
hanged  for  felony.  1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss. 
(1708)  101  This  effectually  recovers  him,  and  makes  him  as 
sober  as  a  liishop.  1798  Invasion  I.  x,\iv.  179  Raising  her 
up,  he  tried  by  gentler  words  to  recover  her.  1841  J.  T. 
HEWLETT  Parish  Clerk  L  153  The  squire  suddenly  recovered 
her  by  calling  for.  .a  bucket  of  water. 

b.  To  restore  (a  person  or  animal)  to  health  or 
strength  ;  to  cure,  heal. 

1601  SHAKS.  AlVs  Well  HI.  ii.  22  Shee  hath  recouered  the 
King,  and  vndone  me.  «  1614  DONNE  Btaflai-aros  (1644)  117 
He  that  is  as  sure  that  this  Medicine  will  recover  him,  as 
that  this  Poyson  will  destroy  him  [etc.].  1681  tr.  Beloti's 
Myst.  Physick  43  Some  Persons  . .  have  had  occasion  to  use 
longer  than  ordinarily  this  Remedy  before  they  could  be 
perfectly  recovered.  1799  J.  ROBERTSON  Agric.  Perth  555 
When  this  happens  to  be  the  case,  there  is  little  hope  of 
recovering  the  horse. 

c.  Const,  f  of  or  from  (the  disease  or  disorder'. 
1389  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  5  He  sclial  haue,  of  (?e  comune 

box,  xiiij^/,  terme  of  his  lyf,  but  he  be  recouered  of  hys 
mischief.  1606  G.  W[OODCOCKE]  Lives  Emperors  in  Hist, 
h-stine  Ggiij,  Hee  fell  madde,  of  which  he  was  aftirward 
recoured.  1665  EVELYN  Diary  5  July,  I  tooke  order  for  150 
men,  who  had  ben  recovered  of  their  wounds  [etc.].  1707 
FREIND  Peterboronfs  Cond.  .$"/.  198  A  few  days  rest,  good 
Diet,  and  Encouragement,  soon  recover  the  Souldier  of  any 
fatigue.  1808  ELEANOR  SLKATH  Bristol  Heiress  II.  93 
A  person.. who  had  already  recovered  Veney  from  a  similar 
accident.  1836  MARRYAT  Japhet  Ixi,  He  ..  recovered  her 
from  an  imminent  and  painful  disease. 

d.  Const,  to  or  into  '.health,  life,  etc.). 

1594  DRAYTON  Idea  853  From  Death  to  Life,  thou  mights't 
him  yet  recover.  1654  R.  CODRISGTON  tr.  Justine  xx.  289 
The  Crotpnians  being  recovered  to  their  health,  were  no 
longer  quiet.  17*4  SWIFT  Drafter's  Lett.  Wks.  1755  V.  n. 
72  Any  more  than  a  dead  carcase  can  be  recovered  to  life 
by  a  cordial.  1747  W.  HOBSLEV  Fool  (1748)  II.  271  It  is 
what  I  always  first  prescribe  to  recover  great  Wits  into 
their  right  Senses.  1793  Minstrel  I.  210  She  hurried  back 
to  the  cottage,  where  she  found  that  Philip  had  been  re 
covered  to  sensation. 

e.  In  passive,   To  be  recovered:   to   have   got 
better,  to  be  well  again.     (Cf.  18.) 

13..  Sir  Benes  {MS.  A.)  2854  Whan  ouer-gon  was  his 
smerte  And  [he]  rekeured  was  of  is  herte  Sir  Beues  set  him 
vp.  1413  HEN.  VI  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  I.  100  And  as 
towardes  cure  bel  Uncle  of  Excestre,  whom  oure  Lord  now 
late  visitid  with  seknesse, . .  he  is  rekiveryd.  a  1440  Sir 
Eglaw.  953  Syr  Egyllamowre  was  hole  and  sounde,  And  wele 
recovryd  on  hys  wounde.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane'sCotnm. 
280  He  commeth  there  fore  to  Ulme,  whan  he  was  not  yet 
recovered.  1648  ffamiltonPapers(Camfan)  239  Mr.  Murray 
. .  fell  sick ;  whether  he  be  recovered  and  gone  or  not  your  LP 
knowes  best.  1733  SWIFT  Let.  8  Jan.,  Wks.  1841  II.  694/1 
The  friend  I  named,  who  I  was  afraid  would  die,  is  re 
covered.  1765  REID  Ir'ks.  I.  43/1, 1  hope  your  papa  is  quite 
recovered  of  his  cold.  1829  J.  JEKVLL  Corr.  (1894)  zoo  Lady 
Conyngham  has  had  a  bad  illness,  but  is  recovered. 

flO.  To  restore  (a  person  or  thing)  to  a  good  or 
proper  estate  or  condition  ;  to  set  or  make  right 
again.  Obs. 

In  quot.  c  1460  due  to  a  misreading  of  the  Fr.  original. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  \.  327  (383)  To  hide  his  desir  yn 
muwe  From  euery  wyght. .  But  he  myght  ought  recouered 
be  berby.  1388  WYCLIK  Ecclus.  \\.  6  BUeue  thou  to  God  and 
he  schal  rekeuere  thee.  c  1460  SIR  R.  Ros  La  Belle  Dante 
614  There  is  no  luge  y-sette  of  suche  trespace  by  which  of 
right  one  may  recouered  be.  xgai  LD.  BEHNERS  Froiss.  I. 
xc.  112  He  wolde  neuer  rest  tyll  he  had  so  arayed  the 
realme  of  Scotlande,  that  it  shulde  neuer  be  recouered.  1586 
LEICESTFR  Corr.  (Cainden)  217  God  doth  knowe  what.. a 
ioyfull  countreie  here  was  within  this  month  ;  God  send  her 
majestic  to  recover  it  soe  againe.  1660  BOYLE  Ntw  Ex$. 
Phys,  Meek.  xiii.  86  The  Fire  was  got  out  for  good  and 
ill,  and  past  the  possibility  of  being  recover'd  by  the  re- 
idmitted  Air.  1706  LONDON  &  WISE  Retired  Card.  I.  n. 
_i.  iio  To  recover  Trees  so  damnify'd,  we  perform  the 
bllowing  Operation.  1731  P-  SHAW  Ess.  Artif.  Philos.  126 
The  Still-Bottoms  of  Melasses  are  successfully  used  to  scald 
and  recover  musty  Casks. 

jll.  To  rescue  or  deliver  (a  person).  Obs. 

c  1430  Agincourt  186  in  Hazl.  E.  P.P.  II.  101  Of  trusewe 
wyll  beseche  the,  Vntyll  that  it  be  Sunday  noone,  And  yf  we 
may  not  recouered  be  We  will  delyuer  the  towne.  1637 
WINTHROP  New  Eng.  (1824)  I.  244  He  fell  into  the  water, 
near  the  shore,  where  it  was  not  six  feet  deep,  and  could  not 


RECOVER. 

be  recovered.  1653  H.  COG  AN  tr,  Pinto's  Trav.  xxii.  78, 
I  promised  . .  never  to  part  from  hence,  till  by  some  means 
or  other  I  have  recovered  the^e  poor  soldiers  my  com 
panions.  1686  tr.  Chardins  Trm:  Persia  152  Having 
agreed  with  my  comrade  what  ways  1  would  take  to  recover 
him  out  of  Mingrelia. 

b.  To  bring  back,  rescue,  reclaim  front  or  out 
of  a  state,  etc. 

1614  CAMDEN  Rem.  (ed.  2)  335,  I  will  onely  recouer  from 
obliuion  these  made  vpon  the  pictures  [etc.],  1635  EARL 
STRAFFORD  Lett.  (1735^  I.  473  To  recover  them  forth  of  that 
Superstition  and  Barbarism  which  hath  hitherto  been  the 
reproach  almost  of  the  English.  1692  LOCKE  Toleration  in. 
i.  Wks.  1727  II.  311  So  men  will  be  well  guarded,  or  re 
covered  from  false  Religions.  1711  ADDISON  Spcct.  No.  10 
F  i  Till  I  have  recovered  them  out  of  that  desperate  State 
of  Vice  and  Folly,  into  which  the  Age  is  fallen.  1797  Encycl. 
Brit.  (ed.  3)  XIII.  732/2  The  fathers.. say  that  the  Indians 
are  hut  just  recovered  from  a  barbarous  and  dissolute  way 
of  life.  1860  WARTER  Sea-board  1 1.  436,  I  must  recover  all 
from  their  evil  courses  by  every  means  in  my  power. 

fc.   Const,  into  or  to  (a  stale,  etcO.   Obs. 

1647  CLARENDON  /fist.  Reb.  vn.  §  172  They  sent  a  formal 
commission  of  both  Houses  to  him.. to  recover  him  to  his 
former  vigour  and  xeal  in  their  cause.  1662  H.  MOKK 
P/iifos.  Writ.  Pref.  Gen.  (1712)  17  That  which  now  deserves 
to  be  called  Cartesian  ism  for  Des-Cartes  his  so  happily  re 
covering  it  again  into  view.  1737  WIIISTON  Joseph/is,  Hist. 
vi.  iii.  §  5  Nor  could  he  expect  that  such  men  could  be 
recovered  to  sobriety. 

12.  a.  To  bring  back   (a  weapon)  to  a  certain 
position.     To  recover  arms  •  (see  quot.  1802). 

1594  I.  G.  Di  Grasses  Art  Defence  I  ij,  He  must,  .recouer 
his  owne  sworde  nimbly,  and  then  deliuer  a  thrust.  1685 
J.  S.  Art  of  ll'ar  27  Recover  your  Armes.  1796  Instr.  $ 
Reg.  Carahy  (1819)  240  When  the  rear  rank  has  parsed  the 
general  ten  yards,  officers  recover  their  swords  with  the 
commanding  officer.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Dict.t  To  Recover 
arms,  a  position  of  tbe  firelock  when  the  piece  is  held  with 
the  lock  equal  to  the  left  shoulder,  and  the  sling  to  the 
front.  1851  MAYHEW  Loud.  Labour\\\.  167  [Recover  arms]. 
1859  F.  A.  GRIFFITHS  Artil.  Man.  (1862)  153  The. .officers 
recover  and  carry  their  swords. 

absol.  1837  DICKENS  Picfav.  iv,  The  dogs  barked,  the  mob 
screamed,  the  troops  recovered. 

transf.  17:1  ADDISON  Spcct.  No.  102  7  2  [The  ladies] 
are  exercised  by  the  following  Words  of  Command,  .. 
Ground  your  Fans,  Recover  your  Fans. 

b.   To  pull  back  (a  horse)  on  its  feet  again. 

1646  EVELYN  Diary  (Milan),  Recovering  the  jade  on  all 
foure  againe,  hedesir'd  to  be  taken  down.  1857  LAWRENCE 
Guy  Lin.  xv.  132  [The  mare]  was  down  on  her  head  ;  but 
Guy  recovered  her  cleverly. 

13.  To   get   over,   get   better   from  (a  sickness, 
misfortune,  or  affliction). 

1340  Ayenb.  32  panne  com})  be  dyeuel  and  him  zayj> '  t>ou 
hit  sselt  wel  recouri  bou  art  yong  and  strang  t>ou  sselt  libbe 
long '.  14. .  Isnmbras  336  in  Utterson  Sel.  Pieces  I.  91  Ye 
shall  be  kynge  with  crowne, . .  And  recover  all  your  wo.  1550 
COVERDALE  Spir.  Perle  xii.  (1560)  130  After  the  sicke  man 
had  recouered  his  sore,  He  liued  worse  then  euer  he  did  be 
fore.  1597  J.  KING  On  Jonas  (1618)  73  Hee  should  recouer 
his  sicknesse.  1615  W.  LAWSON  Country  Hotisew.  Card. 
(1626)  15  He  will  safely  recouer  his  wound  within  seuen 
yeeres.  1699  R.  L'ESTRANGF.  Erasm.  Collog.  (1725)  152  One 
man  has  a  fancy  that  he  shall  never  recover  a  fit  of  sickness. 
1764  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Eng.  in  Lett.  (1772)  II.  34  This  fatal 


_.  1875  BRYCE  Holy 

xix.  (ed.  5)  350  The   Free  Cities  had  never  recovered  the 
famines  and  sieges  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War. 

b.  To  annul  the  effect  of  (a  slip,  stumble,  etc.). 
Also  wfig.  context. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Corr.  (1804)  IV.  227  The  accident  of  a 
broken  thigh,  snapped  by  a  sudden  jiik,  endeavouring  to 
recover  a  slip.  1768  IVoman  of  Honor  I,  198  The  point 
with  him  now  was  to  recover  so  terrible  a  stumble.  1886 
Manck.  Exam.  10  Mar.  5/7  Lord  C.  H.  cleverly  recovered 
his  faux  pas  by  offering  a  handsome  apology. 

14.  To  retrieve,  make  good,  make  up  for  (loss, 
damage,  etc.,  to  oneself). 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Man  of  Law' s  Prol.  27  For  losse  of  catel 
may  recouered  be,  But  losse  of  tyme  shendeth  vs,  quod  he. 
1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  \.  xiv.  43  Yf  she  lacke  on  one  syde  she 
recouerith  it  on  that  other.  1523  LD.  BEHNERS  Froiss.  I. 
506  They  determyned  to  go  thyder.. to  assay  if  they  coude 
recover  any  parte  of  their  domage.  Ibid.  553  To  thentent 
that  he  shulde  recover  agayne  his  losse.  1619  in  Eng,  #? 
Germ.  (Camden)  207  Sir  Albertus  Morton  (who  hath  used 
more  diligence  in  his  journey  to  recover  his  detention  in 
England  then  I  feare  may  be  for  his  health).  1682  G. 
VERNON  Life  Heylin  34  Many,  .losses,  .which  he  was  not 
able  to  recover.  1775  C.  JOHNSTON  Pilgrim  210  To  try  if 
it  was  possible  to  recover  the  loss  which  we  had  been  too 
late  to  prevent. 

15.  To   put    right,    remedy,    make   good   again 
(something  wrong,  a  fault,  etc.).     Now  rare. 

c  1384  CHAUCER  //.  Fame  i.  354  Eke  though  I  myght  dure 
ever  That  I  have  do  rekever  I  never.  1442  T,  BECKINGTON 
Corr.  (Rolls)  II.  214  This  grete  hurt,  which  xxm.  H.  wol  not 
nowe  by  many  dayes  lightly  recovere.  1536  Exhort,  to 
North  in  Furniv,  Ballads  from  MSS.  1.  306  Thes  en- 
normyties  to  Recoyor  \sic\  now  lette  vs  tayke  payne !  thynges 
amysse  to  Redresse,  we  oure  selff  must  enforce.  1635  R- 
JOHNSON  Tom  a  Lincolne  in  Thorns  Prose  Rom.  (1828)  11-75 
Thou .  .hast  broken  thy  oath  of  knighthood,  which  no  excuse 
can  recover.  1721  PERRY  Daggenh.  Breach  106  A  Breach . . 
in  two  Places  between  Grays  and  Gravesend,  (which,  by 
timely  Application,  have  been  recovered).  1811  G.  COLMAN 
Pref.  to  J.  Palmer's  Like  Master  I.  21  He  had  the  mis 
fortune  to  begin  wrong  in  the  game  of  life  :— it  is  difficult  to 
recover  blots.  1869  F.  W.  NEWMAN  Misc.  286  He  was  quickly 
overpowered  ;  yet  to  recover  the  mischief  he  had  done . .  was 
difficult. 

fb.  To  cure,  heal  (a  wound,  disease,  etc. \   Obs. 


272 

DAt.L,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Matt.  1 1  b,  A  deadly  wounde 
that  can  not  be  recouered.  1576  BAKER  "Jewell  of  Health 
47  b,  It  doth  marvelously  recover  and  helpe . .  the  byte  of  a 
mad  Dog.  16*6  MASSINGER  Rom.  Actor  11.  i,  But  grant 
that  I  by  art  could  yet  recover  Your  desperate  sickne.-s. 
1655  MOI-FET  &  BENNF.T  Health's  I uiprov.  (1746)  199  Many 
are  of  opinion,  that  Caudles,  .recover  the  Weakness  of  Loins. 
1748  Ansons  Voy.  \\.  i.  113  The  land,  and  the  refreshments 
it  produces,  very  soon  recover  most  stages  of  the  sea-scurvy. 

II,  re/I.  16.  a.  To  regain  one's  natural  position 
or  balance.     Also  transf.  andyff. 

1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  346  Er  that  thou  falle  in  such  a 
wise  That  thou  ne  myht  thiself  rekevere.  1638  J  UN  it's 
Paint.  Ancients  41  We  daily  see  . .  rppe-dauncers  . .  hand- 
somly  recover  themselves  after  a  perillous  staggering  and 
reeling.  1706  HIIILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey)  s.v.  Caticclier,  When 
a  light-flown  Hawk  in  her  Stooping,  turns  two  or  three 
times  upon  the  Wing,  to  recover  her  self  before  she  seizes  the 
Prey,  a  1715  UL-RNET  Own  Time  \\\.  (1724)  1. 582  Seeing  that 
hi;  was  losing  ground  at  Court,  he  intended  to  recover  him 
self  a  little  with  the  people.  1856  'SrONKBENGB1  Krit. 
/liiral  Sports  533/1  Many  careless  and  low  goers  are  con 
stantly  striking  their  feet  against  stones,  but.  .easily  recover 
themselves.  1895  Daily  frews  27  Sept.  5/4  There  willj>e 
ample  width  for  a  vessel  to  'recover  '  herself  when  entering 
in  severe  weather. 

b.  To  return  to  life  or  consciousness. 

1597  GF.RARPK  Herbal  \.  vii.  §  i.  8  At  the  approch  of  winter 
it  dieth,  and  recouereth  it  selfe  the  next  yeere.  1662  J. 
] ) AVIF.S  tr.  Olearins*  I'oy.  Ambass.  27  Being  stunn'd,  it  was 
half  an  hour  ere  I  recover 'd  my  self. 

c.  To  get  over  a  loss  or  misfortune ;  to  recoup 
oneself,    rare. 

£-1645  HOUFI.L  Lett.  I.  v.  xxvi,  I  shall  pay  the  wager  in 
the  place  appointed,  and  try  whether  1  can  recover  myself 
at  gioco  d'  amore.  1797  Kncycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  X.  238/1  From 
this  calamity,  great  as  it  was,  London  soon  recovered  itself. 

d.  To  get  over  fatigue  or  illness,  f  Also  const,  of. 
1745  Fortunate  Orphan  22  Where  we  remam'd  ten  Days . . 

to  recover  ourselves  of  the  Fatigues  of  the  Journey.  1856 
'.STONEHENGF.  '  Brit.  Rural  Sports  Introd.  13  The  over 
worked  lawyer.. has  only  to  bestow  an  occasional  day  upon 
any  one  of  the  various  sports  within  his  reach,  and  he 
speedily  recovers  himself. 

17.  t  a-  To  retreat,  retire  info  a  place ;  to  fall 
back  on  one  as  an  authority.  Obs. 

1606  G.  W[OODCOCKE]  Hist.  Ivstinc  n.  n  Had  they  not  so 
sodainly  recoured  themselues  againe  into  their  Cittye,  he 
had  also  bin  Lord  and  conqueror  thereof.  1650  HOWF.LL 
draft? $  Kev.  Naples  i.  68  He  recover'd  himself  with  four 
of  his  confidents  . .  into  the  next  house.  1655  FULLER  Ch. 
Jfist.  vr.  i.  268  S.  Augustine  of  Hippo,  (on  whom  these 
Monks  would  willingly  recover  themselves)  was  S.  Benet's 
-Senior  by  sixty  years. 

b.  To  withdraw  or  escape  from  or  out  of,  to 
return  /o,  a  position,  state,  or  condition.  Now  rare. 

1611  BIBLE  2  T'tin.'\\.  26  That  they  may  recouer  themselues 
out  of  the  snare  of  the  deuill.  1613  PL'RCHAS  Pilgrimage 
iv.  xii.  (1614)  407  The  adioyning  Princes  recouering  them 
selues  from  Tartarian  seruitude.  a  1660  HAMMOND  Serin. 
xxvii.  Wks.  1683  IV.  677  He  seldom  ever  recovers  himself 
to  a  sober  countenance.  1720  OZF.I.L  I'crtofs  Rom.^Rep. 
II.  vui.  20  Hannibal  . .  was  as  skilful  in  recovering  himself 
out  of  Danger,  as  in  drawing  others  into  it.  a  1763  SIIKN- 
STONE  in  DTsraeli  Cnr.  Lit.  (1866)  361/1,  I  have  been  at 
some  pains  to  recover  myself  from  A.  Philips'  misfortune  of 
mere  childishness.  1883  J.  H.  BLUNT Ref.  Ch.  Eng.  II.  297 
Ridley's  hasty  endeavour  to  recover  himself  from  the  pitfall 
into  which  he  had  been  precipitated. 

III.  intr.  or  absol. 

18.  To  regain  health  after  a  wound  or  sickness ; 
to  get  well,  or  become  healthy,  again. 

£1350  Will.  Palcrnc  3874  No  rink  J?ei  Hii}t  of-reche  re- 
cuuered  neuer  after,  'i  a  1400  jl forte  A  rth.  1572  Thare  salle 
no  silver  hym  save,  bot  Ewayne  recovere.  ^1470  HENRY 
//  'allacc  x.  785  By.  schop  Synclar  was  wesyd  with  seknas. . ; 
and  syn  throu  Goddis  grace  He  recoueryt.  a  1547  SURREY 
in  TottcVs  Misc.  (Arb.)  3  The  winters  hurt  recouers  with 
the  warm.  1596  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  fVt  iy.  v.  14  If  heebe  sickc 
with  loy,  HeeTe  recouer  without  Physicke.  1647  CLARENDON 
Hist.Reb.  vi.  §  97  Whom.. he  carried.,  to  Oxford,  where  he 
wonderfully  recovered.  17*4  DE  FOE  Mem.  Cavalier  (1840) 
26  My  poor  captain  fell  sick  . .  but  recovered.  1797  Encycl, 
Rrit.  (ed.  3)  V.  12/2  Most  of  the  young  trees  that  are  barked 
recover  and  continue  healthy.  1845  DARWIN  I'oy.  Nat.  xii. 
(1879)  268,  I  felt  very  unwell,  and  from  that  time  till  the  end 
of  October  did  not  recover.  1891  E.  PEACOCK  JV.  Brcndon  I. 
254  He  recovered  slowly,  but  suffered  little  pain. 

b.  Const,  of)  from  (the  malady  or  disease,  or 
that  which  causes  indisposition). 

1388  WYCLIF  Isa.  xxxviii.  9  Whanne  he  hadde  be  sijk,  and 
hadde  rekyuered  of  his  sikenesse.  1535  COVERDALE  2  Kings 
viii.  8  Axe  councell  at  y8  Lorde  by  him,  and  save  :  Maye  I 
recouer  from  this  sicknesse.  1597  J.  KING  On  Jonas  (1618) 
73  If  It  be  thy  destiny  to  reconer  of  such  a  sicknesse  . .  thou 
shalt  recouer.  1667  MILTON  P.L.yn.  294  Adam  by  this 
from  the  cold  sudden  damp  Recovering  [etc.].  I766GOLDSM. 
Vic.  W.  xvii,  The  man  recovered  of  the  bite,  The  dog  it  was 
that  died.^  1802  MAR.  EDGF.WORTH  Moral  T.  (1816)  I.  iv.  18 
The  dancing-master  gradually  recovered  from  his  sprain. 
1841  BORROW  Zincali  II.  ii.  JH.  60  Having  partially 
recovered  from  his  malady.  1860  MOTLEY  Netherl.  x.  II.  80 
Hohenlo  recovered  of  his  wound  before  Zutphen. 

transf.  1649  JKR.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  i.  ad  §  g  (1667)  144 
To  recover  from  a  sin  is  none  of  the  easiest  labours  that 
concern  the  sons  of  men.  1871  FKEEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876) 
IV.  xvii.  48  The  land  had  not  yet  recovered  from  the  mere 
carnage  of  the  battle. 

19.  To  regain  life,  consciousness,  or  composure. 
Also  const,  of  if  row  t  out  of. 

13..  Coer  de  L.  425  Tho  he  recouered  of  hys  swowe,  To 
hys  paleys  he  hym  drowe.  1377  LANGI..  P.  PL  IJ.  xix.  156 
Thus  cam  it  out  that  Cryst  oner-cam,  rekeuered  and  lyued. 
1538  ELVOT  Sn/>t'ruiitot  to  recouer  . .  whan  a  man  semeth  to 
be  deade.  1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  iv.  iii.  161  Many  will 
swoon  when  they  do  look  on  blond  . .  Lookc,  he  recmiers. 


RECOVERABLE. 

1648  HKVI.IX  Rt'lai.  ft  Obsew.  I.  47  Before  any  man  that 
was  not  privy  to  the  designe,  could  recover  out  of  his  amaze 
ment.  1691  tr.  /'.militinnc's  Jouni.  Naples  105  \Ve  soon 
recover'd  of  our  Fears,  when  . .  we  saw  them  kneel  down. 
1781  COUTER  Hope  375,  I  soon  recover  from  these  needless 
frights.  1810  CRABBE  Borough^  xix.  251  He  fell,  he  fainted. 
. .  As  he  recover'd,  to  his  mind  it  came  [etc.].  1877  FROUDE 
Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  i.  x.  120  The  archbishop  had  seated 
himself  to  recover  from  the  agitation  of  the  preceding  scene. 

t  2O.  To  rally,  to  return ;  to  make  one's  way, 
to  succeed  in  coming  or  passing  (again).  Const,  to, 
unto,  over,  etc.  Also  with  nf.  Obs. 

^1330  R.  BRUNNE  Ckron.  Wace  (Rolls)  13958  Syn  had  bey 
no  grace  to  stande,  Ne  myghte  relye  \Petyt  MS.  recouer], 
but  euere  fleande.  c  1330  A  rth.  .$•  Merl.  1650  (Kolbing)  pat 
he  flei^e  in  to  be  valaye  &  recouerd  [etc.],  c  1450  LONELICH 
Grail  xiii.  179  $if  Euere  1  Mowe  rekeuere  to  sarras,  I  schal 
}ow  hyghly  qwyten  Er  that  ;e  pas.  1583  FOLDING  Calvin 
on  Deitt.  v.  28  Let  vs  fight  against  ourselues  and  daily  in- 
deuor  to  recouer  vnto  God.  1596  RALEIGH  Discov.  Gviatia 
97  We  found  it  a  wearisome  way  backe . .  to  recouer  vp 
againe  to  the  head  of  the  riuer.  1639  FULLER  Holy  War 
iv.  vii,  With  much  ado  the  Christians  recovered  to  Antioch, 
having  scarce  a  third  part  of  them  left.  1668  H.  MORE  Div. 
Dial.  in.  xxxiv.  I.  535  Lapsed  Souls  . .  that  recover  into 
Sincerity  are  saved  as  we  are  saved.  1680  —  Appeal.  Apoc. 
184  If.  .she  ever  recover  unto  that  plight  again, 
f  b.  To  gain  ground  again  of  one.  Ol>s.~l 

1654  in  Bur  ton' s  Diary  (-ifa^}  1. 165  A  recoiling  man  may, 
haply,  recover  of  his  enemy ;  but  the  courage  of  an  enemy, 
.surely,  will  be  in  the  keeping  of  his  ground. 

21.  To  regain  one's  footing,  position,  or  balance ; 
f  to  get  up  again ;  also,  to  make  a  return  from, 
•\  to  get  the  better  of,  a  slip,  etc. 

1494  FADVAN  Chrm.  VI.  ccxii.  228  It  happed  one  of  the 
Kynges  cuppe  berers  to  stumble  and  to  recouer  agayne. 
1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  \.  ccviii.  249  The  lorde  of  Gom- 
megines  was  ouerthrowen,  and  coude  nat  recouer  vp  agayne. 
1745  Fortunate  Orphan  9  He  did  not  believe  it  was  possible 
to  recover  of  this  Fall.  1796  MORSE  Ainer.  Gcog.  I.  667  A 
horse's  foot  having  apparently  slipped  several  inches  and 
recovered  again.  1856  '  STONF.HENGE  '  Brit.  Rural  Sports 
533/1  The  ground  is  not  cleared  by  the  toe,  and  when  it  is 
struck  there  is  not  power  to  recover  from  the  mistake. 

b.  Fencing.  To  return  to  a  position  of  guard 
after  a  thrust. 

1705  H.  BLACKWELL  Eng.  Fencing  Master  22  Advance 
half  a  Foot,  and  make  home  your  Thrust,  and  as  you  re 
cover  beat  on  his  Foile  in  Carte.  1809  ROLAND  Fencing  26 
After  a  thrust  is  delivered,  .it  is  necessary  to  resume  your 
former  position  of  the  guard,  which  is  termed  recovering  on 
guard.  1861  Chambers'  Encycl.  s.v.  Fencing,  A  thrust  can 
be  returned  when  the  adversary  thrusts,  or  when,  baffled  in 
his  attack,  he  is  recovering  to  his  guard. 

C.  To  rise  again  after  bowing  or  curtseying. 

1711  STEELE  Spect.  No.  240  F  2  This  Person,  .made  a  pro 
found  Bow  and  fell  back,  then  recovered  with  a  soft  Air,  and 
made  a  Bow  to  the  next.  1896  A.  E.  HOUSMAN  Shropshire 
Ladxvi,  It  nods  and  curtseys  and  recovers  When  the  wind 
blows  above. 

22.  Law.  To  obtain,  by  legal  process,  possession 
or  restoration  oi  the  thing  claimed ;  to  succeed  in 
a  claim  or  suit  of  recovery. 

1412-61  in  Col.  Prof.  C/tanc.  Q.  Eliz.  (1827)  I.  Introd.  22 
Ye?  that  he  wolde  holde  with  hym  . .  wherthurgh  he  my^t 
recovere  ayenst  me,  that  he  sholde  have  the  thridde  peny 
of  his  recovering.  1515  Act  7  Hen.  VIII,  c.  4  Every 
Advowaunt  . .  shall  recover  their  damages  and  costes  . .  as 
the  playntyf  shuld  have  doo  yf  they  had  recoveryd  in  the 
said  Replevyne.  1607  COWELL  Interpr.  s.v.  Recovery,  A 
third  person  afterward  by  suite  of  lawe  recouereth  against 
me,  I  have  my  remedy.. to  recover  in  value,  that  is,  to  re 
cover  so  much  in  monyas  the  land  is  worth,  a  1610  HEALEY 
Theophrastvs  To  Rdr.,  If  the  thing  bought  bee  evicted  from 
the  buyer,  -hee  may  sue  the  Broker,  and  recover,  as  _of  the 


The  plaintiff  shall  recover  according  to  the  verdict.     i86« 
CHUMP  Banking  v.  118  The  holder  must  neither  protest  nor 
give  notice  of  dishonour,  as  he  thereby  precludes  himself 
from  recovering  against  the  acceptor. 
b.  To  make  tip  a  loss  again. 

1870  L.  OLIPIIANT  Piccadilly  95  If  I  can  carry  on  for  an 
other  fortnight,  I  have  got  information  which  makes  it 
certain  I  shall  recover  on  them. 

Recover  (nk»-vaj),  v?  Also  re-cover.  [RE- 
5  a.]  trans.  To  cover  again. 

"  c  1400  Master  oj  Game  ii.  (MS.  Digby  182)  pen  be  bei  re- 
couerede  of  her  newe  here,  bat  men  call  rjolifed,  And  hir 
homes  ben  keuered  with  a  softe  heer.  1579  TOMSON  Calvin's 
Serin,  Tim.  504/2  It  would  cost  me  too  much  money  to  set 
the  carpenters  a  worke  to  recouer  mine  house,  it  would  cost 
me  to  much  in  Slate.  i6ia  Proc.  Virginia  xi.  in  Capt,  Smith's 
Wks.  (Arb.)  154  In  3  monthes,  we.. built  some  20  houses; 
re-couered  our  Church  [etc.].  1645  FULLER  Good  Th.  in 
Bad  T.  (1841)  68  Thus  in  the  sight  of  our  soul  heaven  is 
covered,  discovered,  and  recovered.  1778  [W.  MARSHALL] 
Minutes  Agric.  13  May  1775  By  plowing  in  the  common 
way. .  the  majority  of  the  root-weeds  are  re-covered  in  a  few 
minutes.  1896  Westm.  Gaz.  4  Nov.  8/3  The  prisoner  brought 
her  the  umbrella  in  question  to  recover. 

Recoverabi'lity.  =  RECOVEKABLENESS. 

1855  BAIN  Senses  «r  Int.  11.  i.  §  12  Our  sense  of  their  agree 
ment,  and  their  persistence  and  recoverability  in  idea. 

Recoverable  (n"k»-verab'l),  a.    [f.  RECOVER 

Z).1  +  -ABLE.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  recovered  or  regained. 

ci47oG.  ASHBY  Active  Policy  684,  I  mene.  .of  wilfulnes.se 
people  to  supprise,  That  micht  otherwise  be  recouerable. 
1483  Cat/i.  Angl.  301/1  Recouerabille,  reatperaMlis.  1591 
PF.RCIVALI.  Sp.  Diet.,  ReaipfraUe,  recouerable.  1668 
II.  MORE  Dh>.  Dial.  IV.  xxxvii.  (1713)  393  They  in  a  short 
time  may  be  recoverable  to  the  obedience  of  the  See  of 
Rome.  1685  l.ond.  Gaz.  Nn.  2044/2  The  Cannon,  some 


EECOVERABLENESS. 

whereof  are  mounted,  and  others  sunk,  though  easily  re 
coverable.  1753  RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1781)  III.  xxi. 
195  As  giving  it  up  for  recoverable,  I  became  for  a  few 
moments  motionless.  1803  W.  SAUNDERS  Min.  Waters  428 
When  again  cooled,  the  smell  is  no  longer  recoverable. 
1885  Mancli.  Exam,  26  Aug.  3/2  The  publication  of  every 
recoverable  sentence  that  fell  from  hi.s  lips  or  his  pen. 
b.  Capable  of  being  legally  recovered  or  obtained. 

1500  SWINBURNF,  Treat.  Testaments  15  Legacies,  -are  all 
at  this  present  recoverable  by  like  actions,  a  1674  CLAREN 
DON  (J.  i,  They  promised  the  good  people  ease  in  the  matter 
of  protections,  by  which  the  debts  from  parliament  men  and 
their  followers  were  not  recoverable.  1736  NF.AL  Hist. 
Pitrit.  III.  494  That  there  may  be  a  fixed  maintenance 
in  every  parish  recoverable  by  the  incumbent.  1846 
MCCULLOCH  Ace.  Brit,  Empire  (1854)  II.  471  A  pecuniary 
penalty,  recoverable  on  summary  conviction  by  a  justice  of 
the  peace.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  112  That  mere 
debts  should  not  be  recoverable  by  law. 

2.  Capable  of  being  restored  to  a  sound,  healthy, 
or  normal  condition. 

1596  SPENSER  State  Irel.  Wks.  (Globe)  646/2  Having  nowe 
both  sowle  and  bodye  greatly  diseased,  yet  both  recoverable. 
1663  BOYLE  Use/.  Exp,  Nat.  rhilos.  11.  iii.  70  Tis  one  thing 
to  dispute,  Whether  all  Diseases  be  curable;  and  another, 
Whether  all  Persons  be  recoverable.  1676  /'////.  Trans.  XI. 
652  That  it  is  peculiar  to  the  Thames-water  alone,  upon 
Stinking  to  be  recoverable  or  potable  again,  1707-12 
MORTIMER  Hush.  (1721)  II.  241  The  Earth  is  to  be  opened  to 
the  bottom  to  find  its  Distemper ;  and  if  the  Root  be.  .hard, 
'tis  recoverable  by  applying  dry  Sand  and  Soot  to  it.  1774 
CULLEN  Lett,  to  Ld.  Cathcart  (1776)  4  Drowned  persons 
are  more  generally  in  a  recoverable  state  than  has  been 
imagined.  1876  Geo.  EI.IOT  Dan.  Der.  Ivi,  Her  remorse 
was  the  precious  sign  of  a  recoverable  nature. 

b.  That  may  be  amended  ;  curable. 

1616  CHAMPNEY  Voc.  B/>s.  i  Ily  how  much  more  the  error 
or  deceit  in  them,  is  more  htirtfull  and  lesse  recouerable. 
165*  GAULE  Magastrom.  240  If  you  would  know,  .whether 
the  sicknesse  or  disease  be  curable  and  recoverable.  1899 
J.  HUTCHINSON  in  Arch.  Surg.  X.  136  It  is  not  more  easily 
recoverable  without  treatment  than  is  syphilis. 

c.  Capable  of  being  retrieved  or  made  good. 
1797  MRS.  A.  M.  BENNETT  Beggar  G/r/(i8i3)  V.  158  Like 

vice  also,  the  first  lapse  was  seldom,  .recoverable.  1833 
LANDOR  I  mag.  Com'.,  Scipio,  Palytnns,  fy  Panxtius  Wks. 
1876  II.  327  Has  the  name  escaped  me!  no  matter,. .he 
would  smile  at  a  recoverable  lapse.  1848  J.  SPEDDING 
Even.  iv.  Reviewer  (1881)  II.  36  Considering  that  ..  a 
stumble  at  the  threshold  [is]  scarcely  recoverable. 

•{•  3,  Capable  of  being  retraced.  0^s.~l 

1607  SHAKS.  Timon  in.  iv.  13  A  Prodigall  course  Is  like 
the  Sunnes,  but  not  like  his  recouerable. 

Hence  Reco'verableness,  the  possibility  of  re 
covering  or  of  being  recovered. 

1609  W.  SCLATER  Thret'fold  Present.  (1610)  Bj,  Re- 
couerablenesse  in  the  elect,  instability  of  reprobates.  1663 
BOYLE  Use/.  Exp.  Nat.  Phifas.  n.  v.  xviii.  275  As  may 
appear  by  the  recoverablenesse  of  the  metal  out  of  it.  1892 
H.  DKUMMOND  Programme  Clir.  43  The  recoverableness  of 
a  man  at  his  worst. 

Recoveraiice  (r/kzrverans).  [a.  OF.  recover- 
ance,  reco(ti}vrance :  see  RECOVER  z/.1  and  -ANCE.] 

1.  Recovery  from  trouble,  misfortune,  adversity, 
etc. ;  remedy,  succour,  help.  Now  only  arch. 

tI375  Cursor  M.  25869  (Fairf.)  pi  saule  . .  sulde  drey 
endeles  penaunce  &  neuer  sulde  come  to  recoueraunce. 
1423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q,  Ixxxvii,  [They]  diuersely  happinnit  for 
to  deye;..Sum  for  dispaire,  without  recouerance.  .'1440 
York  Myst.  xxvi.  101  He  coueres  all  bat  comes  Recouer 
aunce  to  craue.  1525  LD.  BmrtU^Vvfrx.  II.  xxxiii.  96  He 
was  a  true  knyght,  by  whome  in  his  tyine  we  had  many  re- 
coueranses,  and  good  Journeys,  a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie) 
Chron.  Scot.  (S.T.  S.)  I.  121  He  persuadit  the  Earle  of 
Douglas,  .to  interprysehisrecoverence  in  sett  battell.  1886 
J.  PAYNE  tr.  Boccaccio  s  Decameron  n.  viii.  I.  210  Inasmuch 
as  some  means  was  found  for  his  recoverance. 

f  2.  The  regaining  or  recovery  of  some  thing  or 
state.  Obs. 

1440  in  Wars  Eng.  in  France  (Rolls)  II.  590  The  re- 
couverance  of  the  kingis  inheritaunce.  c  I477CAXTON  Jason 
95  b,  For  the  recouurance  of  her  helth  she  wolde  goothanke 
the  goddes  diane.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Gold.  Bk.  M, 
Aiml.  (1546)  C  vj,  The  recouerance  therof  ought  to  be 
feared,  if  a  fole  haue  the  guydyng  therof. 

Recovered  (r/kzrvaid),  ppl.  a.  [f.  RECOVER 
z>.1  -f  -ED!.]  Restored,  regained. 

1477  EARL  RIVERS  (Caxton)  Dictes  i  To  dispose  my  re- 
couerd  lyf  to  his  seruyce.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  301/1  Re- 
couerde,  recuperates.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  \.  240  By  their 
own  recover'd  strength.  1681  FLAVEL  Meth.  Grace  xvnr. 
331  And  shall  not  the  recovered  soul,  .greatly  rejoice? 
1870  DICKENS  Let.  to  IV.  Collins  in  Harpers  Mag.  (1891) 
Nov.  906/2  That  it  will  leave  you  in  a  really  recovered  state 
of  good  health. 

Recoveree  (rfkuvari-).  Now  rare  or  Obs. 
[f.  as  prec.  +  -EE  i.]  Law.  The  person  from 
whom  some  property  is  recovered  ;  spec,  the  de 
fendant  in  an  action  of  common  recovery. 

'SS*-'  Act  23  Hen.  F///,  c.  10  §  3  Enerie  persone.. 
hamnge  feoffees  recoverees  or  conisees  to  his  vse.  1594 
WKST  2nd  Pt.  Symbol.  §  136  The  Tenant  is  he,  against 
whom  the  writ  is  brought,  and  may  be  termed  the  Re- 
coueree.  1607  COWELL  Interpr.  1766  KLACKSTONE  Comm. 
II.  360  If  the  recoveree  should  ever  obtain  a  recompense 
in  lands  from  the  common  vouchee  [etc.],  1785  I'ermont 
State  Paters  (1823)  501  The  recoveree  or  recoverees  in  such 
action,  .shall .  .file  a  declaration,  .against  the  recoveror  or 
recoverors,  for  so  much  money  as  the  estate  is  made  better. 

Recoveree,  obs.  form  of  RECOVERY. 
Recoverer1  (rzlMrvarw).    Also  4  rekyuerer. 
[f.  as  prec.  +  -Eft1.] 

1.  One  who  recovers,  regains,  restores,  etc. 
1388  WYCLIF  Ecclus.   xiii.  26   Many  rekyuereris  [L.  re- 

VOL.  VIII. 


273 

citpcratore$\  ben  to  a  riche  man  disseyued.  1591  PERCIVALL 
Sp.  Diet.,  Kecobrador,  a  recouerer.  1638  MAYNK  Luc  inn 
(1664)  117  Will  you  permit  him,  .to  take  Revenge  of  his 
Recoverer?  1631  DAVKNANT  Gondihert  \\.  v.  ix,  Here  all 
Men  seem  Recov'rers  of  time  past.  1789  J.  BROWN  Sel. 
Ron.  (1807)  244  A  rcgainer  of  paradise  and  a  recoverer  of 
the  tree  of  life. 

f2.  Law.    =  RECOVEROR.   Obs, 

1515  Act  7  Hen.  /•'///,  c.  4  The  recoverers  in  all  suche 
recoveries..  may  from  hensforth  dystreyn  for  the  forseid 
rentes.  1594  WKST  znd  Pt.  Symbol.  §  136  The  demaundant 
is  he  that  bringeth  the  Writ  of  Kntre,  and  may  be  termed 
the  Recouerer.  a  1623  SIK  II.  FINCH  Laiv  (1636)  475  The 
recouerer  and  the  Rucognisee  shall  haue  a  Scire  facias. 
1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  359  Which  lands  are  now 
absolutely  vested  in  the  said  recuverer  by  judgment  of  law. 

t  Recoverer  ".  Obs.  Forms  :  4-5  recouerer, 
-co(u)verer  e,  -cuuerer^e,  -courere  ;  recove- 
rir(e.  [a.  AF.  recoverer  and  recover  ir  (OF.  re- 
wrer,  -couvrier,  etc.):  see  RECOVER  v.i  and  -EK  4.] 

1.  Recovery,  remedy,  etc.     (Cf.  RECOVERANCK.) 
Common  in  14  th  c.  ;    in  Hampolc  the  ending  is  shown 

by  rimes  to  be  -en',  in  Gower  always  -i>-(c. 

1340  HAMI-OLE  Pr.  Cunsc.  6095  Pai  sal  bat  day  fur  ever 
be  tynt  Fra  God,  \vith-outen  any  recoverere.  (71380  Sir 
]'~cri{)itb.  2471  Ac  wan  bai  seae  pat  of  bat  byng  rec-uucrcr 
non  bar  nas,  (jay  lefte  banne  hurc  moniyng.  1390  GO\VI-:K 
Cert/.  II.  335  Pallas  schop  ix-coverir  After  the  will  and  the 
desirOfhire.  c  1450.  Merlin  185  Uy  thatCa^tdl.  .hadaethc 
saisnes  all  her  recouen-r  and  all  her  socour  of  the  contrey. 

2.  Law.   =  RECOVERY  4. 

1436  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  501/2  Flee  personcll,  wherof  ye 
Jugement  of  recoverer  extendeth  to  the  somme  of  xl  li. 
1477  Ibid.  VI.  iSr/2  The  same  Recorde  of  the  same  Re 
coverer.  .thenne  and  their  toke.  .and  hatlde  awcye. 

Recovering  (r/fco'varirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RE 
COVER  7-.1  +  -JNG  *.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  in 
various  senses. 

'375  BAKBOUR  Bruce  in.  16  And  weill  ost,  at  thar  fryst 
metyng,  War  la  yd  at  erd,  but  recovery!!-;.  c  1400  Dcstr. 
Troy  vin.  heading,  Of  the  Counsell  of  the  Gix-kys  for  Re- 
coueryng  of  Elayne.  1483  CAXTON*  Gold.  Leg.  339/1,  1  haue 
herd  uf  the  and  of  the  helthcs  and  recoucrynges  that  thou 
makyst.  1543-4  y/<^  35  Hen.  I'  III,  c.  9  The  recoueriiige 
inclosinge  and  inninge  of  .  .  Wappinge  marshe.  1593  I.ML- 
LINGTON  Mcth.  Trav.  N,  So  dear  was  the  recouering  of 
Amiens,  a  1660  HAMMOND  Scrm.  xxv.  Wks.  1684  IV.  650 
The  recovering  of  the  Soul  to  the  pure  knowledge  of  God. 
1709-10  STKF.LE  Tatlcr  No.  145  F  2  He  ..  made  her  the 
most  obsequious  How  in  the  Presence  of  the  whole  Theatre 
..She  made  him  the  Recovering  or  Second  Courtesy. 

Recovering  (r/kf-vonrj),///.  a.  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -IKfl^.]  That  recovers,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1650  BAXTER  Saints  K.  (1836)  56  The  Son  of  God  comes 
with  recovering  grace.  1693  DRYDEN  Pet-sins  iii.  (1697)  446 
He.  .began  To  mend,  and  look  like  a  recov'ring  Man.  1722 
DE  FOE  Plague  (1884)  314  These  poor  recovering  Creatures. 
1810  LADY  GKANVILLE  Lett.  (1894)  I.  8  It  will  be  good  for 
him  in  his  recovering  state.  1863  I.  WILLIAMS  Baptistery 
i.  i.  (1874)  ii  The  bright  recovering  year. 

Hence  Reco'verinjfly  adv. 

1894  R.  BRIDGES  Shorter  Poems  101  From  waves  of 
rustling  wheat.  .Recoveringly  that  pass. 

Reco'verless,  a.  [f.  RECOVER  sb.  or  v.1  + 
-LESS.]  That  cannot  be  recovered  or  repaired. 

1607  COKE  Charge  at  Nc.rwich  Assizes  25  This  so  famous 
.  .monarchic  had  at  one  blowe  endured  a  recouerlesse  mine. 
1796  Mod.  Gulliver  159  The  Goodwin  law  his  bane,  Re- 
coverless  he  sinks,  and  joins  its  ooz-sunk  train. 

t  Reco'verment.  Obs.  rare—1*  [ad.  F.  re- 
couvrement  (nth  c.)  :  see  RECOVER  z/J  and  -MKNT.] 
Recovery. 

1591  SPARRY  tr.  Caftan's  Geomancic  in.  ii.  159  Coninnctio  .  . 
signifyeth  alwayes  a  recouerment  and  restitution  of  thinges 
scattered  or  lost. 


Reco'veror.   Law.    ?  Obs.     [f.  RECOVER  v. 
-OR  :  cf.  RECOVERER  i  2  and  OF.  recwreor.]     The 

demandant  who  recovers  a  judgement,  esp.  in  an 
action  of  common  recovery. 

1628  COKK  On  Lift.  104  b,  The  recoueror  should  not 
distreyne,  £c.  because  the  conusee  against  whom  the  re- 
couerie  was  had,  could  not.  1766  BLACKSTONE  (Jomnt.  II. 
360  Though  the  estate-tail  is  gone  from  the  recoveree,  yet  it 
..  will  ever  continue  to  subsist  (by  construction  of  the  law) 
in  the  recoveror,  his  heirs,  and  assigns.  1818  CRUISE  Digest 
(ed.  2)  V.  392  In  all  adversary  suits,  every  recoveror  re 
covered  a  fee  simple.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  339/1  On  his 
default  the  court  gave  judgment  .  .  that  the  demandant  or 
recoveror  should  recover  the  lands  against  the  tenant. 

Recovery  (r/lcjrvsri).  Also  5  recov(e)ree, 
Sc.  recouraie.  [a.  AF.  recovcrie^  -cry  (1302-5) 
or  OF.  recovree^  -couvree^  f.  pa.  pple.  of  recoverir  or 
recov(e]rer  \  see  RECOVER  z/.l  and  -Y.] 

I.  tl.  Possibility  or  means  of  recovering,  or  of 
being  restored  to,  a  normal  state  ;  remedy.   Obs. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Loz'e  n.  xi.  (Skeat)  1.  127  Now  I 
praie  [thee]  to  enforme  me  in  this,  or  els  I  hold  me  without 
recouerie.  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Fraiss.  I.  clxx.  208  The 
frenche  kynges  thre  sonnes.  .were  right  yong  of  age  and  of 
counsell  ;  in  them  was  but  small  recouery.  Ibid.  743  This 
domage  toucheth  us  so  nyghe  that  we  have  no  recovery, 
1573  TUSSER  Huso.  (1878)  17  To  ease  thy  sicknes  speeditie, 
er  helpe  be  past  recouerie.  1686  tr.  C/iardin's  Trav.  Persia 
roo  On  purpose  to  ruine  past  recovery  a  country  that  chiefly 
subsists  by  making  of  silk. 

2.  The  act  of  recovering  oneself  from  a  mishap, 
mistake,  fall,  etc. 

1525  LD.  BKRNF.RS  Froiss.  II.  xlv.  154  What  became  of  the 
kynge..  after  this  discomfyture,  made  he  ony  recouery,  or 
dyd  he  close  hymselfe  in  ony  of  his  townes?  1662  STIL- 
LtNGFL.  Orig.  Sacrx  n.  i.  §  i  The  conditions  on  which  fallen 
man  may  expect  a  recovery.  1734  WATERI.AND  Z><v/r.  Holy 


RECOVERY. 

Trin.  vj.  Wks.  1823  V.  233  His  mistake  had  shown  some  weak 
ness  of  judgment,  but  his  recovery  manifested  great  strength 
of  mind.  1781  COUTER  Retirem.  138  To  ..  search  the 
themes,  important  above  all,  Ourselves,  and  our  recovery 
from  our  fall.  1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  i.  xviii.  133  The  effort 
at  recovery  is  instantaneous. 

b.  The  act  of  regaining  the  natural  position  after 
curtseying.     (Cf.  RECOVER  v.  21  c.) 

1712  BUDGELL  Spcct.  No.  277  F  17  The  Curtesy  and  Re 
covery,  the  genteel  Trip,  and  the  agreeable  Jet,  as  they 
are  now  practised  in  the  Court  of  France.  1867  UUIDA 
C.  Castlcmaine  (1879)  3  And  practisi:  their  curtsey  and 
recovery  before  their  pier-glass. 

c.  Rawing*  The  act  of  returning  to  the  proper 
position  for  making  a  fresh  stroke.      (Cf.  8.) 

1856  'STONF.IIEN-GE'  Brit.  Rural  Sports  480/1  It  is  clear.. 
that  swing  is  not  necessarily  bad,  but  that  it  re-quires  great 
skill  to  combine  it  with  the  proper  recovery.  1884  Pali 
J\IaltG.  5  Apr.  3/2  They  now  row  much  longer  than  they 
did,  their  recovery  is  better. 

tJ.  Restoration  or  return  to  health  from  sickness. 

1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  ,y  Cf.  11.  iii.  188  He  is  so  plaguy  proud, 
that  the  death  tokens  of  it,  Cry  no  recouery.  1647  CLAREN 
DON*  Hist.  R,-b.  i.  §  60  Grievously  Wounded,  but  not  without 
hope  of  Recovery.  1713  STKELE  English™.  No,  55.  352  The 
Joy  of  her  Majesty's  Recovery  very  much  Contributed  to 
the  Diversion.  1781  COWPER  Tablc-t.  393  He  thought  the 
dying  hour  already  come,  And  a  complete  recovery  struck 
him  dumb.  1820  Svn.  SMITH  in  Lady  Holland  Mem.  (1855) 
H.  219  Pray  tell  me  how  you  are,  and  if  yon  arc  making 
a  good  recovery.  1876  BKISTOWE  Th.  fy  Pract.  Med.  (1878) 
609  Recovery  is  generally  rapid  under  suitable  treatment. 

b.  In  phr.  in.  on  the,  upon  (the)  recovery  :  re 
covering,  convalescent.   ?  Obs. 

1599  H.  BUITES  Dycts  dric  Dinner  L  b,  Good  in  hecticke 


feuers  :  restoreth  their  strength  that  arc  in  recouery.     1618 
emeanor  of  Sir  It'.  Raleigk  33  When  bee  was  vpon  re 


D 


jj- (.//<£.(*«(//•  t'j  i3ir  n  .  i\tut;igii  ^  *v  iicn  nee  wus  vpon  re- 
couerie,  he  dispatched  the  Land-forces.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE 
/•>><>/ ofQual.  (1809)  I.  83  The  strangers.,  had  been  treated 
with  great  humanity,  and  were  now  on  the  recovery.  1789 
COWFER  Let.  to  Lady  Hesketh  4  Feb.,  Mrs.  Unwin  is  cer 
tainly  on  the  recovery. 

II.  4.  Law.  The  fact  or  procedure  of  gaining 
possession  of  some  property  or  right  by  a  verdict 
or  judgement  of  court ;  spec,  the  process,  based  on 
a  legal  fiction,  by  which  entailed  estate  was  com 
monly  transferred  from  one  party  to  another  (also 
called  common  recovery  :  see  b). 

For  accounts  of  the  nature  of  (common)  recovery,  and  of 
the  legal  process  by  which  it  was  effected,  see  West  Syw~ 
l>clseQgrapky(i.$gi^  n.  §  1^6,  Bacon  J\Iax.  <y  Uses  pfCoin.Latu 
(1596)62-64,  Blackstone  Comm.  (1766)  II.  n.,  Cruise  Common 
Recoveries  (1783)  and  Digest  (1818)  V.4i6.  The  legal  validity 
of  this  method  of  breaking  entails  rested  mainly  on  the 
decision  of  the  judges  in  Taltarum's  case  in  1472  :  see  Ycar~ 
I'ks.  JLdiv,  11''  (1566)  an.  12,  Mich.  pi.  25  fol.  19.  Among  the 
enactments  regulating  its  use,  the  most  important  are  those 
of  7  Hen.  VIII,  c.  4,  14  Geo.  II,  c.  20,  and  3-4  Will.  /I', 
c.  74  (see  quot.  1833).  The  party  nominally  deprived  of  an 
estate  by  such  a  suit  was  said  to  suffer  a  recovery. 

1472-3  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  4/2  Loncles  and  Tenementes.. 
by  any  manere  execution  by  any  Statute  or  Recovery  ex 
tended.  1515  Act  7  Hen.  /•'///,  c.  4  Where  as  dy verse  as 
well  noble  men  as  other  the  Kynges  Subjectes  havesuflferid 
Recoveries  ayenst  them  of  dyvers  their  Maners  Lordhhippes 
Landes  &  Tenementes.  1594  WEST  snd  Pt.  Symbol,  §  136 
The  end  and  effect  of  such  recoueries,  is  to  discontinue  and 
distroy  estates  tailes,  remainders,  and  reuersions  and  barre 
the  former  owners  thereof.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  v.  i.  114 
A  great  buyer  of  Land,  with  his  Statutes,  his  Recognizances, 
his  Fines,  his  double  Vouchers,  his  Recpueries.  1668  PEPYS 
Diary  7  Feb.,  Mr.  Jackson  ..  hath  this  day  suffered  a  re 
covery  on  his  estate,  in  order  to  the  making  her  a  settle 
ment.  1741  Act  14  Geo.  //,  c.  20  §  6  And  be  it  further 
enacted  by  the  Authority  aforesaid,  That  from  and  after  the 
Commencement  of  this  Act ,  every  Recovery  already  suffered, 
or  hereafter  to  be  suffered,  shall  be  deemed  good  and  valid 
to  all  Intents  and  Purposes.  1766  BLACKSTONE  Cowin.  II. 
xxi.  362  In  all  recoveries  it  is  necessary  that  the  recoveree, 
or  tenant  to  \b&praecipe,  as  he  is  usually  called,  be  actually 
seised  of  the  freehold,  else  the  recovery  is  void.  1833  Act 
3  $  4  H-'iU.  IV,  c.  74  (title)  An  Act  for  the  Abolition  of  Fines 
and  Recoveries  and  for  the  Substitution  of  more  simple 
Modes  of  Assurance.  1861  MAINE  Anc.  Lain  vii.(i876)  289 
Those  famous  Fines  and  Recoveries  which  did  so  much  to 
undo  the  harshest  trammels  of  the  feudal  land-law. 

attrib.  1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  358  The  subsequent 
proceedings  are  made  up  into  a  record  or  recovery  roll. 

transf,  KX&J$f.  1598  SHAKS.  Merry  W.  \\.  ii.  225  If  the 
rliuell  haue  him  not  in  fee-simple,  with  fine  and  recouery 
(etc.].  1633  BP.  MALL  Hard  Texts,  O.  T.  30  A  pledge.. of 
this  covenant  of  peace,  made  between  us;  and  an  ernest 
of  the  recovery,  and  free  grant  of  this  Well.  1635  QUARLES 
Embl.  in.  xv.  182  My  Griefs  entayld  upon  my  wastfull 
breath,  Which  no  Recov'ry  can  cut  off,  but  death. 

b.  Common  (t  or  feigned}  recovery  (see  above). 
Single  recovery^  a  suit  of  recovery  in  which  a  single 
vouchee  was  called  (so  double,  treble  recovery]. 
f  True  recovery  (see  quot.  1607). 

1596  BACON  Max.  %  Uses  Com.  Law  (1630)  64  If  they 
make  a  writing,  that  one  of  them  shall ..  suffer  a  common 
Recouerie  to  the  other  [etc.],  1607  COWELL  Interpr.  s.v., 
A  true  Recouerie  is  an  actual!,  or  reall  recouerie  of  any 
thing,  or  the  value  thereof  by  Judgement.  Ibid.,  A  feigned 
recouerie  is  (as  the  Ciuilians  call  it)  qitgdam  fictio  iuri's, 
a  certaine  forme,  or  course,  set  downe  by  lawe,  to  be 
obserued  for  the  better  assuring  of  lands  or  tenements  vnto 
us.  1670  Jii.ouxT  Law  Diet,  s.v.,  This  feigned  Tenant,  if  it 
be  a  single  Recovery,  is  made  to  appear  and  vouch  the  Bag- 
bearer  of  Writs,  for  the  Custos  Breviuin,  in  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas.  1741  Act  i^Geo.  II,  c.  20  (title)  An  Act  to 
amend  the  Law  concerning  Common  Recoveries.  1818 
CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  V.  416  A  common  recovery  can  in 
general  only  be  suffered  in  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  at 
Westminster,  because  a  real  action  cannot  be  commenced  in 
any  other  court. 

35 


RECRAY. 

f  c.  A  fine,  etc.,  recovered  at  law.   Obs.  rare"1. 
1479  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  419  [To  pay  fines,  etc.]  recovered 
in  the  seide  Mains  Court,  vnto  the  seide  Maire  and  to  sm,h 
personez  as  the  htide  recovrees  bclongeth  to  of  right. 

5.  The  recovering   of  something   lost   or  taken 
away  ;  the  possibility  of  recovering  such  a  thing. 

1538  STARKEY.£«^/<Z«(?  i.  i.  24  Sufifur  not  your  tyme  vaynly 
to  pas.  wych,  wythout  recouery,  fleth  away.  1555  ELM.N 
JDccaift-s  168  Th[e].  .recouorie  of  the  kyngedome  of  Granata. 
1613  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  26  So  farre  from  endeuouring  a  re 
couery..  they  jested  at  the  lossy.  1686  tr.  Chardin's  Trav. 
Persia  130  The  Recovery  of  Six  Thousand  Pounds,  which 
I  thought  I  had  lost.  1788  GIBBON  Dec/.  $  F.  xlix.  V.  120 
After  ihe  recovery  of  Italy  and  Africa  by  the  arms  of 
Justinian.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  23  May  675  A  very  interesting 
recovery  of  the  whole  plan  of  a  Norman  conventual  church, 
b.  of  one's  health,  or  other  state. 

1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  319  That  for  the  better  recovery 
of  my  health,  I  should  returne  into  England.  1678  WANLBV 
\Vond.  Lit.  World  v.  ii.  §  82.  472/2  He  retired  for  recovery 
of  his  health.  1877  WINCHELL  Sci.  «V  Relig.  v.  io3_  '-1 'he  re 
covery  of  that  state  of  equilibrium  which  had  been  disturbed. 
C.ofa.  debt. 

1743  Col.  Rec.  Pcnnsylv.  V.  29  An  act  for  the  more  easy 
and  speedy  Recovery  of  small  Debts. 

d.  Something  regained  or  recovered.    rarc~\ 

1771  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Eng.  I.  Pref.  5  All  these  minute 
recoveries  could  be  inserted  only  to  the  exclusion  of  more 
material  facts. 

6.  The  restoration  or  bringing  back  of  a  person 
(or  thing)  to  a  healthy  or  normal  condition  or  to 
consciousness. 

1590  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  v.  i.  41  To  fetch  my  poore  dis 
tracted  husband  hence,  ..And  beare  him  home  for  his 
recouerie.  1593  —  3  lien.  I '/,  v.  v.  45  What  ?  doth  shee 
swowne?  v.se  meanes  for  her  recouerie,  1669  N.  MORTON 
New  En%.  Mem,  180  This  year  much  of  the  Wheat  is 
destroyed  with  Blasting  and  Mildew,.. but  the  Lord  hath 
sent  much  Rain  for  the  recovery  of  the  remainder.  1774 
CULLEN  Lett,  to  Ld.  Cat  heart  (1776)  6  Although  the  drowned 
persons  have  lain  for  several  hours  in  the  water,  attempts 
ought  to  be  made  for  their  recovery. 

f  b.  The  cure  ^/"an  illness,  wound,  etc.    Obs. 

1620  E.  BLOUNT  Horse  Subs,  392  In  the  recouery  of  some 
desperate  sicknes,  wound,  or  the  like.  1761  MRS.  F.  SHKKI- 
DAN  Sidney  Bidulpk  1. 14  Ordered  by  the  physicians  to  Spa 
for  the  recovery  of  a  lingering  disorder. 

7.  Restoration  or  return  to  a  higher  or  better 
state;  reclamation  (of  persons). 

1593  G.  HARVEY  New  Lett.  Wks  (Grosart)  I.  289  Were  I 
not  content,  in  some  little  hope  of  his  finall  recouery,.  .to  do 
him  a  meritorious  fauour  by  concealing  his  vtter  discredit 
[etc.].  1674  (title)  Captives  bound  in  Chains, .  .the  misery  of 
graceless  Sinners;  and  their  recovery  by  Christ.  1736  BUTLER 
Anal.  n.  Concl.  295  Indeed  neither  Reason  nor  Analogy 
would  lead  us  to  think.. that  the  Interposition  of  Christ., 
would  be  of  that  Eificacy  for  Recovery  of  the  World,  which 
Scripture  leaches  us  it  was.  1836  J.  GILBERT  Chr.  Atoncm. 
i.  24  A  modified  system,  which  shall  include  the  provision  of 
means  for  recovery  from  a  lapsed  state.  1853  J.  MARTINKAU 
Ess.  (i8yo)  II.  310  He  is  fitted  to  be  among  the  prophets  of 
recovery,  who  may  prepare  for  us  a  more  wholesome  future. 
b.  Reclamation  (of  land),  rare. 

1853  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk.  (1873)  H.  i.  iii.  121  The 
special  work  of  his  reign  was  the  recovery  of  the  soil. 

8.  The  action  of  bringing  back  (an  oar)  to  the 
original  position.     (Cf.  2  c.) 

1856  'STONEHENGE'  Brit.  Rural  Sports  481/1  Keeping 
Time,  is  the  feathering  of  the  oars,  and  their  recovery. 

f  9.  The  act  or  opportunity  of  reaching.   Obs. 

c  1540  tr.  Pol.  Verg.  Eng.  Hist.  (Camden  No.  29)  213  To 
thintent  that  his  adversarycs  showld  not  have  ready  re 
covery  of  the  shore  and  coome  a  land.  1653  H.  COGAN  tr. 
Pinto's  Trav.  318  We  were  already  past  threescore  leagues 
beyond  the  Port. .;  by  reason  whereof,  we  were  fain  to  tack 
about  for  the  recovery  of  it  fifteen  days. 

Recoyle,  obs.  form  of  RECOIL. 

Recraiand,  obs.  form  of  RECREANT. 

t  Recray,  v.  Obs.  Forms :  4  recreye.  Pa. 
pple.  recreyd,  5  recreiet  (see  also  next),  [a. 
ONF.  recreire^  recraire  =  OF.  recroire  to  yield  in 
a  trial  by  combat  =OSp.  recreer,  med.L.  recredere 
to  surrender  (oneself),  f.  re-  RE-  +  credere  to  entrust. 
See  Du  Cange,  s.v.  recredere^  and  cf.  RECREANT.] 

1.  intr.  To  yield  in  a  cowardly  manner.   rare~{. 
c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  13873  Loke  J>at  non. 

of  30*  recreye,  Ne  at  )?ys  iourne  fej'nte  ne  feye  ! 

2.  \\\pa.pple.  Tired,  worn  out. 

1340  Ayenb,  33  Efterward  comb  werihede  bet  makep  J>ane 
man  weri  and  worsi  uram  daye  to  daye  al-huet  he  is  al 
recreyd  and  defayled.  1423  tr.  Sccreta  Secret.^  Prrv.  Priv, 
165  A  man  a-foote  hungry,  thursti,  and  for  trauaille  recreiet. 

tRecrayed, ppl.  a.  Obs.  Also4recrei(3)ede, 
5  -Grayed,  [f.  prec.] 

1.  Craven,  cowardly ;  apostate;  recreant. 

<z  1330 CV«^/ 929  Recreiede  knifes,  whi  nele  yefi^te?  1362 
LANGL.  /'.  PI.  A.  in.  244  Raddest  thou  neuer  Regnm  thou 
recreijede  [z>.r.  recrayed]  meede.  c  1440  York  Alyst.  xxxviii. 
364  Fals  recrayed  knyght !  Combered  cowardis  I  you  call. 
a  1529  SKELTON  Replyc.  45  Ye  heretykes  recrayed.  a  1529 
—  Agst.  Scottes  26  He  was  a  recrayed  knyght. 

2.  Slothful,  lazy.    rare~{. 

1340  Ayenb.  195  Ase  be  hewe  recreyd  bet  late  comb  horn 
zuo  t?et  be  Ihord  is  oberhuil  euele  y-herber^ed. 

Recrayhande,  obs.  form  of  RECREANT. 

Recreance  l  (re-k^ans).  [ad.  L.  type  *re- 
creantiat  f.  recreare :  see  RECREATE  z*.1]  Recrea 
tion,  refreshment. 

c  1475  Lament,  Mary  Magd.  Ixi,  I  shuld  anone  deuoid  al 
my  greuaunce,  Kor  he  is  the  blisse  of  very  recreaunce.  1581 
N.  WOODES  Confl,  Consc.  Prol.  iv,  Our  Author  Bethought 


274 

himselfe.  to  ease  his  heart,  some  recreance  to  fynde.  1842 
TUH'ER  Prov.  Philos.  Ser.  n.  207  Sleep  is  a  recreance  to 
body.  1876  RISKIN  Fors  Clav.  Ixiii.  92  Such  recreance  as 
that  in  Mr.  Ryman  s  shop. 

Re-creance  -.    [f.  RKCREANT  a.]  =  next. 

1879  HOWELLS  L.  Aroostook  xxvi.  314  Grieving  at  this 
recreance  of  her  memory  to  her  conscience. 

Recreancy  (re-kr/iansi).  [I.  RECREANT  «.:  see 
-AXCY.]  The  quality  of  being  recreant;  mean- 
spiritedness,  apostasy,  treachery. 

1602  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  Epit.  (1612)  377  For  his  Re- 
creancie  in  a  marriage  contracted  betwixt  him  and  Williams 
daughter.  1628  COKE  On  Litt.  391  If  a  Felon  be  conuicted 
by  Uerdict,  Confession,  or  Recreancie,  he  doth  forfeit  his 
goods  and  Chattels.  1851  SIK  F.  PALGRAVE  Norm.  $  Eng. 
I.  577  Whenever  they  could,  [they]  displayed  their  incor 
rigible  recreancy.  1859  National  Rev.  Apr.  500  France,  on 
pain  of  recreancy  and  dishonour,  must  come  to  the  rescue. 

t  Recreandise.  Obs.  [a.  OF.  rccreandise,  var. 
recreant ise  (see  Godef.),  f.  recreant  RECREANT  a. : 
see  -ISK.]  Recreancy,  apostasy. 

^1400  Rom.  Rose  2107,  I  seye  nought  for  recreaundyse, 
For  I  nought  doute  of  your  servUe.  1480  CAXTON  Ovid's 
Met.  xin.  viii,  Bewaire,  that  ye  doo  no  such  recreandyse. 

Recreant  (ie*krljXzit),  a.  and  sb.  Now  poet. 
and  rhet.  Forms  :  4  recreent,  4-6  -aunt,  (4-5  -e), 
4-  recreant;  4  recrayh-,  recreyande,  4,  6  Sc. 
recryand,  5  recraiand.  [a.  OF.  recreant  adj. 
and  sb.,  (one)  who  yields  or  gives  up  his  cause, 
pros.  pple.  of  recroire :  see  RECRAY  v.  and  cf.  OSp. 
recreente.  On  the  northern  forms  with  -and*  see 
-ANT^.  The  form  CUEANT  (a.1)  was  also  current 
in  ME.  in  the  same  sense. 

The  epithet  is  alluded  to  by  Glanville,  and  mentioned  by 
Bracton,  as  a  term  of  the  greatest  opprobrium,  a  1190 
GLANVILLK  n.  vii,  Perennis  infamise  opprobrium,  illius 
infest  i  et  inverecundi  verbi  quod  in  ore  victi  turpiter  sonat 
consectivum.  a  1260  BRACTON  in.  n.  xxxiv.  §  2  Non  sul'ficit 
.  .nisi  dicat  illud  verbum  odiosum,  quod  recreantus  sit.] 
A.  adj. 

1.  Confessing  oneself  to  be  overcome  or  van 
quished  ;  surrendering,  or  giving  way,  to  an  oppo 
nent  ;  hence,  cowardly,  faint-hearted,  craven,  afraid. 

a.  In  predicative  use,  after  to  be  or  become,  to 
yield  (oneself),  to  make,  etc.   f  Also  const,  with  inf. 

13. .  Sir  Beites  (MS.  A.)  1042  Ich  me  }elde,  Recreaunt,  to 
be,  iii  bis  fulde.  c  1330  R.  LRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  9  With 
dynt  of  suerde  &  drede  he  mad  bam  recreant.  1373  BAR- 
HOUR  Bruce  vi.  258  He..sua  stonait  the  remanand,  That 
thai  war  weill  neir  recryand.  1470-85  MALOKY  Arthur  i. 
xxiii,  To  yelde  me  vnto  the  as  recreaunt  I  had  leuer  dye 
than  to  be  soo  shamed.  1525  I.D.  BERNKKS  J-'roiss.  II.  Ixxxi. 
[Ixxvii.]  242  That  it  sholde  not  be  sayd  that  the  Frensshemen 
were  recreaunt  to  have  made  that  voyage.  1579  FENTON 
Guicciard.  m.  (1599)  122  Other  peeces  of  good  ability  to 
defend  them  selues,  became  recreant,  and  yeelded.  1634 
HEV WOOD  Maidenhead  Lost  v.  Ij  b,  Yeeld  thy  selfe  recreant, 
vi  Maine,  or  thou  dy'st.  1700  DKYDEN  Pal.  <y  Arc.  n.  415 
From  out  the  bars  to  force  his  opposite,  Or  kill  or  make  him 
recreant  on  the  plain.  1781  COWTER  Anti-'J'helyfihth.  122 
He  that  does  not.  .Is  recreant,  and  unworthy  of  his  spurs. 

b.  In  attrib.  use.    (fOccas.  placed  after  the  sb.) 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  F624  Like  the  Coward  Champion 

recreant  bat  seith  creaunt  withouten  nede.  c  1400  Rowland 
<y  O.  342  Send  vnto  Rowlande..!  calle  hym  recreyande 
knyghte.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  gob,  That  I  be  poynted 
with  the  finger  a  reproche  and  cowardise  and  as  a  right 
recreant  knighte.  1513  DOUGLAS  JEneis  xi.  Prol.  119 
Becum  thow  cowart,  craudoun  recryand.  1595  SIIAKS, 
John  in.  i.  129  Hang  a  Calues-skin  on  those  recreant  limbs. 
1615  URATHWAIT  Strappado  (1878)  139  When  those  that 
MarshaM'd  them,  Could  not  with-hold  from  flight  their 
recreant  men.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  \\.  n  Then  great  Nau- 
sithous  . .  retreating  from  the  sound  of  war  The  recreant 
nation  to  fair  Scheria  led.  1753  RICHARDSON  Grandison  I. 
xxvii.  198  What  a  recreant  figure  must  he  make  even  to 
himself.  1813  BYRON  Corsair  \\.  x,  The  loud  recreant 
wretch  who  boasts  and  flies.  1878  Uosw.  SMITH  Carthage 
317  It  was  his  resolute  bearing  which  had  shamed  ..  the 
recreant  nobles  of  Rome  from  deserting  the  fast  sinking 
ship  of  the  State. 
2.  Unfaithful  to  duty ;  false,  apostate. 

a.  In  predicative  use.     Const,  to,  \from. 

1643  MILTON  Divorce  u.  iii.  Wks.  1738  1. 186  If  the  Law., 
shall  give  out  Licence,  it  foils  it  self,  and  turns  recreant 
from  Us  own  end.  1671  —  P.  R.  HI.  138  Who..Turn'd 
recreant  to  God,  ingrate  and  false.  1688  LUTTRELL  Brief 
Rel.  (1857)  !•  453  He  writt  very  severely  against  the  papists 
and  popery,  but  here  of  late  turn'd  recreant,  and  writt  as 
much  for  them  against  the  church  of  England.  1792  BURKE 
Let,  to  Sir  //.  Langrishe  Wks.  1842  I.  549  Any  man,  who 
has  not  become  recreant  and  apostate  from  his  baptism. 
1852  D.  G.  MITCHELL  Dream  Life  231  You  know  the  care 
less  and  the  vain  purposes  which  have  made  me  recreant  to 
the  better  nature. 

b.  In  attributive  use.     (Also  of  an   action  or 
condition.) 

1791-1823  DISRAELI  Cur.  Lit.  (1866)  286/2  Compelling 
the  unfortunate  Bacchanalian  to  drain  the  last  drop,  or 
expose  his  recreant  sobriety.  1838  LYTTON  Leila  iv.  v, 
That  recreant  Israelite  is  he  who  naih  stirred  up  the  Jews 
of  Cordova  and  Guadix.  1863  W.  PHILLII-S  Speeches  i.  3 
To  rebuke  the  recreant  American. 

t3.  Worn  out,  exhausted.   Obs.  rare~l. 

t  1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Aymon  iii.  109  Now  ben  the 
foure  sones  of  Aymon  recreaunte  &  almost  wery. 

B.  sb.  1.  One  who  yields  in  combat ;  a  cowardly 
or  faint-hearted  person. 

a  1400  Sir  Pen:  610  With  his  craftez  ganne  he  calle,  And 
callede  thame  recrayhandes  alle.  1576  GASCOIGNE  Steefa 
Gl.  Ep.  Ded.(Arb.)44,  1  should,  .cast  downe  mine  armoure 
and  hide  my<elfe  like  a  recreant.  1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  ///, 


RECREATE. 

iv.  viii.  28  You  are  all  Recreants  and  Dastards,  and  delight 
to  liue  in  slauerie  to  the  Nobility.  1799  SHERIDAN  Pizarro 
n.  iv,  Hold  !  recreants  !  cowards  !  What,  fear  ye  death, 
and  fear  not  shame?  1814  D'IsRAELl  Quarrels  An/ft.  (1867) 
402  The  recreant,  in  silence,  was  compiling  the  libel,  which 
his  cowardice  dared  not  publish.  1894  S.  J  WEYMAN  Undo 
the  Red  Ralv  xiv.  11897)  337  Like  the  recreant.. who.  lying 
in  the  ditch  while  tlie  battle  raged  came  out  afterwards  and 
boasted  of  his  courage. 

2.  One  who  breaks  allegiance  or  faith ;  an  apos 
tate,  deserter,  villain. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  25/17  A  recreant,  perfidus,  1589 
GREENE  Ittcnaphon  (Arb.)  68,  I  tell  thee,  recreant,  I  scorne 
thy  clownish  Arcady  with  his  inferior  comparisons.  1607 
SHAKS.  Cor.  v.  iii.  114  Thou  Must  as  a  Forraine  Recreant 
be  led  With  Manacles  through  our  streets.  1688  SHADWELL 
Sqr.  Atsatia  v,  Oh  this  most  wicked  Recieant.  1836  J. 
Gli-KERT  Chr.  A  tonem.  ix.  409  Vain  will  then  be  the  appeals 
of  the  recreant.  1869  BROWNING  Ring  tf  Bk.  Mil.  674  We 
find  Saint  Paul  No  recreant  to  this  faith  delivered  once. 
b.  transf,  A  runaway  (animal). 
1856  KANE  Arct.  E.rpl.  I.  vi.  65  It  cost  a  pull  through  ice 
and  water  of  about  eight  miles  before  they  found  the 
recreants. 

Hence  Re'creantly  adv.,  Be-creantness. 
c  1475  Fartenay  4436  A  gret  oth  [he]  made.  .That  he  wold 
be  dede  ful  recreantly  Or  discomfite  wold  this  cruell  Geant. 
1523  LD.  KERNERS  Froiss.  I.  cccxcix.  693,  I  trowe  there  was 
neuer  so  vnhappy  people,  nor  more  recreantly  maynteyned 
themselfe.  1611  FLORIO,  Recredtnza,  a  belief  changed 
from  that  it  was,  recreantnesse.  1895  Chicago  Advance 
28  Feb.  764/3  Recreantly  turning  their  backs  on  the  sacred 
doctrine  of  the  rights  of  man. 

t  Recrease,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  recrescSre 
(or  OF.  recroistre),  after  decrease,  increase]  intr. 
To  grow  or  increase  again. 

1521  STILE  Let.  to  Wolsey  in  St.  Papers  Htn.  VII I  (1834) 
II.  85  Sithe  the  writeyng  of  my  laste  letters  sent  un  to  your 
Grace,  here  he  no  newis  recresid.  1522  Ibid.  97.  1542  Lain. 
%  Piteous  Treat,  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Malh.)  1.  232  Which 
[wounds]  by  the  dyffyculte  and  length  of  the  way  recreased 
and  waxed  worsse  dayly. 

Recreate  (re-knV't)>  z*-1  [a<3-  L.  recreat-,  ppl. 
stem  of  recreare  to  restore,  refresh,  f.  re-  RE-  + 
creare  to  CREATE.  Cf.  F.  rfrrier  ( 1 4th  c.  in  Littre').] 
1.  To  restore  to  a  good  or  normal  physical  con 
dition  from  a  state  of  weakness  or  exhaustion;  to 
invest  with  fresh  vigour  or  strength ;  to  refresh, 
reinvigorate  (nature,  strength,  a  person  or  thing). 
In  later  use  only  refl.  (cf.  4  b). 

1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  444  Onto  the  tyme  reformit 
war  sic  thing  . .  And  recreat  agane  als  war  thair  strenth. 
1555  EDEN  Decades  106  Sweete  sauers  greatly  recreatynge 
and  comfortynge  nature.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  152 
Wine  recreateth  and  refresheth  the  stomack.  1624  CAPT. 
SMITH  Virginia  iv.  112  After  hee  had  recreated  and  re 
freshed  his  Companie,  he  was  sent  to  the  Riuer  Pata- 
womeake.  1664  EVELYN  Kal.  Hart.  (1729)  199  Stirring  the 
Mould  with  the  Spade,  and  (as  need  is)  recreating  it  with 
Composts. 

re/t.  1542  ELDER  Let.  to  K.  Hen.  VIII  in  Bannatyne  Misc. 
(1827)  1.  n  A  certane  lady,  namede  Scota,  which,  .come  out 
of  Egipte..to  recreatt  hir  self. .in  the  colde  ayre  of  Scot 
land.  1555  EDEN  Decades  279  When  Demetrius  had., 
rested  and  recreate  him  selfe.  1797  HOLCROFT  Stolbergs 
Trav.  led.  2)  III.  Ixxxix.  494  We  recreated  ourselves  at 
two. .springs.  1861  HUGHES  Tom  ISrmun  at  Ox/,  ii,  He 
stopped  at  the  island,  and  recreated  himself  with  a  glass  of 
beer.  1862  HELPS  £sf.,  Organ.  Daily  Life  (1875)  159  That 
each  living  being  requires  a  certain  portion bf  air  to  recreate 
itself  with. 

fb.  To  restore  to  life,  revive.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1631  WEEVER  Anc.  Funeral  Man.  122  They  had  power  to 
calme  stormes  and  tempests,,  .to  recreate  euen  the  dead. 

f  2.  To  refresh  (a  sense  or  its  organ)  by  means  of 
some  agreeable  object  or  impression.  Obs. 

1514  BARCLAY  Cyt.  f,  Uplondyshm.  (Percy  Soc.)  p.  xxxi, 
What  joye  haue  courtiers  in  tasting  or  in  smell ;  For  these 
two  wittes  in  court  be  recreate.  1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man 
vm.  104  liy  the  which  varietie  of  colours  the  weryed  eyes 
are  recreated.  1621  UURTON  Anat.  Mel.  \\.  iii.  i.  i,  You 
haue  many  pleasant  obiects,  sweet  smells,  delightsome 
tasts..&c.  to  recreat  your  senses.  1684  Contcnipl.  St.  Man 
II.  v.  (1699)  J72  The  eyes  shall  ever  be  recreated  with  the 
Light  of  the..  Bodies  of  the  Saints.  1693  EVELYN  De  la. 

gaint.  Cotnpl.  Card.  I.  144  Speckled  witli  little  red  spots 
lat  recreate  the  Sight.      1710  STEELE  Taller  No.  179  P  10 
Those  Delicacies  of  Nature  recreate  two  Senses  at  once. 

f  b.  To  refresh  or  enliven  (the  spirits,  mind,  a 
person)  by  some  sensuous  or  purely  physical  influ 
ence  ;  to  affect  agreeably  in  this  way.  Obs. 

<:iS6o  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.T.S)v.  3  May_  is  the  moneth 
maist  amene . .  To  recreat  thair  havy  hartis.  1578  LYTE 
Dodoens  n.  Ixxi.  241  The  later  writers  say  that  it  [liasill] 
.  .recreateth  the  spirites.  1580  LYLY  Evplmes  (Arb.)  395  He 
that  commeth  into  fine  gardens,  is  as  much  re-created  to 
smell  the  flower,  as  to  gather  it.  1622  J.  HAGTHORPE  Off. 
Medit.  xix.  (1817)  15  Ten  thousand  flowers  to  recreate  the 
mind.  1651  tr.  De-las-Coveras'  Don  Fenise  i  The  various 
beauties  of  the  Plants  and  Streames  could  but  very  little 
recreate  him.  1712  BLACKMOHE  Creation  \\.  59  Whose 
odoriferous  exhalations  fan  The  flame  of  life,  and  recreate 
beast  and  man.  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  80  F  3  We 
are  very  agreeably  recreated,  when  the  body,  chilled  with 
the  weather,  is  gradually  recovering  its  natural  tepidity. 

absol.  1778  SIR  J.  REYNOLDS  Disc.  viii.  (1876)  440  Variety 
.  .must  be  employed  to  recreate  and  relieve. 

3.  To  refresh  or  cheer  (a  person)  by  giving  com 
fort,  consolation  or  encouragement.  Now  rare. 

cilfjo  HENRYSON  Mor.  Fab.  ii.  (Town  f,  C.  Mouse}  xi, 
Ane  gentill  hart  is  better  recreate  With  blith  curage[/>a««. 
MS.  usage]  than  seith  to  him  ane  kow.  1502  ATKYNSON 
tr.  De  Intitatioiie  11.  xii.  194  Thou  shuldest  rather  chose 
aduersyte  than  desyre  to  be  recreate  with  many  consolacions. 


RECREATE. 

1577  tr.   Built  tiger's  Decades  (1502)  740  Hagar  the  hand- 
7_f j  _r  o i : :_„.  "     •__          _.    ji .1 


oly  Spi 

voice.  1749  LAVINGTO.M  Enthus.  Meth.  $  Papists (i-j^z)  54 
St.  Anthony  had  often  familiar  Conversations  with  God, 
recreating  him  with  extraordinary  comforts.  1834  O.i'_f. 
Univ.  Mag,  I.  46  The  habit,  .of  being  recreated  with  the 
cheers  of  an  exhilarated  multitude. 

4.  To  refresh  or  enliven  (the  mind,  the  spirits, 
a  person)  by  some  pastime,  amusement,  occupa 
tion,  agreeable  news,  etc. 

1531  ELYOT  Cot',  i.  vii,  The  mooste  noble  and  valiant 
princi-s . . ,  to  recreate  their  spirites, . .  enbraced  instrumentes 
musicall.  1584  COGAN  Haven,  Health  ii.  (1636)  19  That 
learned  Lawyer  ..  was  wont  to  recrcat  his  minde  with 
Tenis-play,  1600  Hosp.  Inc.  Fooles  95  lesting  Fooles, 
whose  intent  is  no  other,  but  to  recreal  and  make  merrie 
the  world.  1629  MAXWELL  tr.  HcrofKan  (1635)  301  Re 
creating  the  people  (as  he  thought)  with  Chariot-races, 
stage  plaies,  feasts  and  night-shewes.  1712  POPE  I,et.  to 
Gay  23  Aug.,  I  am  very  much  recreated  and  refreshed  with 
the  news  of  the  advancement.  1784  SIR  J.  REYNOLDS  Disc. 
xii.  (1884)  209  It  is.  -necessary  to  intellectual  heahh,  that  the 
mind  should  be  recreated  and  refreshed  with  a  variety  in 
our  .studies.  1825  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  11.  Snferann.  Man,  No 
busy  faces  to  recreate  the  idle  man  who  contemplates  them 
ever  passing  by.  1838  PKKSCOTT  Fcrd,  <y  Is.  (1846)  I.  viii. 
361  Some  of  their  sovereigns  . .  were  wont  to  recreate  their 
spirits  with  elegant  poetry.  1890  spectator  6  Dec.,  It  re 
creates  him  to  indulge  in  sayings  which  leave  an  impression 
of  rashness  and  scorn. 

(tbsol,  1868  SALA  Lamb's  Wks.  I.  p.  vi,  Although  he 
rarely  recreated,  he  never  failed  to  instruct. 

b,  reft.  To  refresh  (oneself)  with  some  agreeable 
occupation  or  pastime. 

JS3O  PALSGK.  681/2,  I  recreate  my  selfe  with  some 
pastyme  or  sporte.  1600  J.  POKY  tr.  Leo's  Africa,  in. 
165  Sometimes  he  recreateth  him.selfe  with  hunting,  and 
sometime  with  playing  at  chesse.  1669  CALK  Crt.  Gentiles 
i.  in.  iii,  45  God  contemplating  this  new  framed  Image.. re 
joiced  and  recreated  himself  therein.  1712  STEELE  Spcct. 
No.  4tjS  F  i  There  are  many  Illustrious  Youths,  .who  fre 
quently  recreate  themselves  by  driving  of  a  Hackney-Coach. 
1849-50  HT.  MARTINEAU  Hist.  Peace  iv.  xii.  III.  158  The 
Lord  Chancellor  was  recreating  himself,  after  a  long  stretch 
of  arduous  business,  with  a  journey  in  Scotland. 
fc.  To  enliven  or  gratify  (a  feeling).  Obs. 

1643  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Relig.  Med.  i.  §  13  The  other  At 
tribute  wherewith  I  recreate  my  devotion,  is  His  Wisdom. 
1681-6  J.  SCOTT  Ckr.  Life  (1747)  HI.  9  With  a  Design  to 
mock  and  ridicule  him,  and  recreate  his  own  inexorable 
Spleen  with  the  spiteful  Pleasure  of.. repulsing  him. 

5.  intr.  To  take  recreation. 

1587  J.  RIDER  fiibl.  Schol.  s.v.,  To  recreat,  neut.  or  be 
delighted  with,  oblector,  aajnicsco.  1606  G.  W[OOUCOCKE] 
Hist.  Ivsiine  xxxvi.  115  1'here  is  in  that  seate.  .a  continual 
shadow  to  walk  and  recreat  in.  1676  L.  ADDISON  State  of 
Jews  117  They  suppose  the  Souls  in  Purgatory  have  liberty 
to  recreate.  1874  HELPS  Sec.  Press,  xix.  (1875)  282  Let  us. . 
now  recreate,  lest  we  should  eat  and  drink  too  much  at 
dinner. 

transf.  1618  KOLTON  Plants  \.  xvi.  (1636)  46  Here  are  the 
lakes  Lucrinus  and  Avernus,  bowers  of  delight  for  the  sea 
to  recreate  in. 

f6.  trans.  To  relieve  (an  occupation,  state,  etc.) 
by  means  of  something  of  a  contrary  nature.  Obs, 

1545  ASCIIAM  Toxoph.  i.  (Arb.)  45  Ernest  studie  must  be 
recreated  with  honest  pastime.  1597  \st  Pt.  Return  fr. 
Parnass.  \\\.  \.  974,  I  have  not  onlie  recreated  thy  could 
state  with  the  warmth  of  my  bountie,  but  also  [etc.].  1621 
G.  SANDYS  Ovitfs  Met.  xv.  (1626)  304  loues  sonne.  .entered 
Heroick  Croton's  roofe;  a  welcome  Guest:  And  his  long 
trauell  recreates  with  rest.  1651-3  JER.  TAYLOR  Serm.for 
Ytardfyfy  335  A  perpetual  full  table,  not  recreated  with 
fasting,  not  made  pleasant  with  intervening  scarcity. 

Hence  Be  'created///,  a.l 

1832  HT.  MARTINEAU  Each  ty  All  iv.  47  The  recreated 
statesman  finds  in  either  case  equal  pleasure  and  repose. 
1897  Allbntfs  Syst.  Med.  III.  484  In  order  to  enable  the 
recreated  system  to  throw  off  the  burden. 

Recreate  (rzkn,^-t),  v*  Also  re-create,  [f. 
RE-  5  a  +  CREATE  v.~\  trans.  To  create  anew. 

1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay  Ep.  Ded.  **ij,  Gods  wisedome  in 
creating  thinges.  .nor  his  goodnesse  in  recreating  or  renewing 
them.  1609  I.DAVIX*  fiefr Xeoeft  Civ,  N or  was't alone  for 
his  owne  glorie  meer  That  he  did  man  create,  or  re-create. 
1679  PENN  Addr.  Prot.  n.  v.  (1692)  190  They  had  almost 
need  to  be  Re-Created  in  order  to  be  Converted.  1768-74 
TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  300  Could  Mr.  Locke  himself 
imagine  that  his  person  was  annihilated  every  night  when 
he  went  to  sleep,  and  re-created  again  when  he  awoke 
in  the  morning?  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mab  vni.  107  All 
things  are  recreated.  1868  J.  H.  BLUNT  Ref.Ch.  Eng.  I. 
63  Four  out  of  the  number  were  recreated,  under  the  name 
of  Regius  professorships. 

absol.  1860  PVSEY -/!//». /Vv»>A.  166  Man.,  can  destroy;  he 
cannot  recreate. 

b.  To  create  anew  in  imagination. 

1837  HAWTHORNE  Twice-told  7\  (1851)  II.  xix.  267  While 
gazing  at  a  figure  of  melancholy  age,  to  re-create  its  youth. 
1895  W.  M.  RAMSAY  Paul  the  Trav,  i.  §  3.  17  It  is  always 
hard  to  recreate  the  remote  past. 

Hence  Becrea'ted  ///.  a.-,  Hecrea-ting  vbl.  sb? 
and///,  a.2 

1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay  xxviii.  524  What  counsell 
wouldest  thou  giue  him  for  the  recreating  of  thee.  1631  R. 


The  blood-stained  charter..,  Which  Nature  soon,  with 
creating  hand  Will  blot  in  mercy  from  the  book  of  earth. 

Recreate  (rzkrzV't),  ///.  a.    [Cf.  prec.  and 
CREATE///,  a\     Re-created. 

1855  l&M\.v.y  Mystic,,  Spir.  Leg.  134  They ..  ,Th rough  con 
duct,  aspiration  and  intent  Thrice  recreate,  shall  rise.     1877 


275 

RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  Ixxxiv.  412  The  recreate  and  never  to  be 
dissolved  order  of  the  perfect  earth. 

Re'creatiug,  vbl.  sb.\  [f.  RECHEATE  z/.i  + 
-ING!.]  The  action  of  refreshing,  reinvigorat  ing,  etc. 

1580  LVI.Y  Kifphues  (Arb.)  303  After  long  recreating  of  hir 
selfe  in  the  country.  1663  BUTLER  Hud.  I.  i.  677  '  Twas  an 
old  way  of  recreating,  Which  learned  butchers  call  Bear- 
baiting.  1854  K  A  HER  Growth  in  Holiness  xiv.  (1872)  245 
Recreating  and  idling  are  very  different  things. 

So  Recreating1///.  «.l,  that  recreates. 

1641  MILTON  Ch.  Coi'f.  ir.  Introd.,  Wks.  (1851)  147  Some 
recreating  intermission  of  labour,  and  serious  tilings.  1695 
J.  KDWAKUS  Perfect.  Script.  223  Other  recreating  and 
pleasurable  entertainments.  1783  BUKKIC  ty.  Fo.v's  /'.'. 
India.  Bill  Wks.  1842  I.  282  Poverty,  sterility,  and  desola 
tion,  are  not  a  n  creating  prospect.  1849  C.  BKONTK  Shirley 
.\.\,  Every  night  yielded  her  recreating  rest. 

Recreation  l  ^rekr/yi-Jan).  Also  4-6  -acioun, 
-acyon,  etc.  [a.  K.  recreation  (i^th  c.  in  Littre  , 
or  ad.  L.  recreation-cm  (Pliny),  n.  of  action  f.  re- 
crcare  to  RECREATE  z^.1] 

f  1.  Refreshment  by  partaking  of  food  ;  a  refec 
tion  ;  nourishment.  Obs. 

1390  G>AYER  Con/.  III.  ioo  To  stistienen  hem  and  fede 
In  time  of  recteacion.  c  1489  CA.MON  Jttanchaniyn  145 
Blanchardyn,  Sadoyne,  and  liis  wyff.  .were  sittyng  at  the 
bord  takynge  their  recreacyon.  1538  in  Strype  fcccl.  Man. 
(1721)  I.  n.  App.  xc.  251,  I  bequest  to  the  Maister,  Wardens 
and  Felyshyp  of  the  Drapers,  v.  pounde,  for  a  recreation  or 
a  dyner.  1600  SUKTLET  Conuti'ie  l'\inne  in.  xlvi.  516  The 
tree  must  haue  some  recreation  giuen  it  in  winter,  after  his 
great  trauell  in  bringing  foorth  of  his  fruite. 

f2.  Refreshment  or  comfort  produced  by  some 
thing  affecting  the  senses  or  body.  Obs. 

1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  114  [Of  the  sun]  alle  erthly 
creatures,  .taken  after  the  natures  Here  ese  and  recreacion, 
c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  POCJUS  (Percy  Soc.)  14  Wyne  is  a  lycor  of 
grete  recreacioun.  c  1440  Gcsta  A' rv//.  h.6(Harl.  MS.)Ofte 
tymu  he  vsid  to  Hgge  ny  the  fire,  fur  to  haue  comfort  and 
recreacion  of  be  fire. 

f  b.  Comfort  or  consolation  of  the  mind  ;  that 
which  comforts  or  consoles.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1410  HoccLEVEAffltfarcfGed  138  The  habitacion  Of  the. 
holy  goost  our  recreacion  Be  in  myn  herte.  <  1440  Yvrk 
A/yst.  xlvi.  20  Vnkyndely  bei  kidde  (?em  her  kyng  for  to 
kenne,  With  careful!  comfort h  and  cold  recreacioun.  c  1475 
Lament.  Alary  j\lagd.  cxcvii,  My  comforte,  and  al  my  re- 
creactoun,  Fare  wel  my  parpetual  saluacioun. 

3.  The  action  of  recreating  (oneself  or  another'), 
or  fact  of  being  recreated,  by  some  pleasant  occu 
pation,  pastime  or  amusement. 

c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxxiv.  155  New  thinges.. to  tell 
off  for  solace  and  recreacioun  of  bairn  ^at  lykez  to  here  bam. 
1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  A  tf once  vi,  To  take  his  recreacion  he 
entryd  in  to  his  gaidyn,  i53z  MORI-;  Confitt.  Trne/a/eWks. 
558/1  Tindall  is  as  it semetn . . set  vpon  reading  of  rydles  for 
his  recreacion.  1584  COGAN  Haven  Health  ii.  (1636)  20 
Socrates,  .for  recreation,  .blushed  not  to  ride  upon  a  Reed 
among  his  little  children.  1651  HOBBP.S  Lmiath.  n.  xxiv. 
129  Forrests,  and  Chases,  either  for  his  recreation,  or  for 

Preservation  of  Woods.  1755  YOUNG  Centaur  ii.  Wks.  1757 
V.  140  Too  much  recreation  tires  as  much,  as  too  much 
business.  1791  COWPER  Iliad  XXL  56  Kleven  days,  at  his 
return,  he  gave  To  recreation  joyous  with  his  friends.  1860 
HOOK  Lives  Abfs.  I.  i.  2  He  sought  his  recreation  in  the 
study  of  Ecclesiastical  History. 

.    1853  p.   F.   M'CARTHY  Dramas  of  Cakleron  I. 


b.  An  instance  of  this ;  a  means  of  recreating 
oneself;  a  pleasurable  exercise  or  employment. 

c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  {Percy  Soc.)  82  Travaile  requyr- 
ithe  a  recreacioune.  1477  KAKI.  RIVERS  (Caxton)  Dictes  \ 
For  a  recreacion  and  a  passyng  of  tyme  I  had  delyte  and 
axed  to  rede  somme  good  historye.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON 
tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  in.  x.  86  The  Turke  hath  observed  the 
Palester  of  the  Athletes,  .for  one  of  his  accustomed  recrea 
tions.  1631  GOUGE  God^s  Arrows  in.  §  ii.  206  Such  kind 
of  recreations  as  make  men  fitter  for  warre.  1749  LAVING- 
TON  Enthus.  Meth.  ff  Papists  23  Our  love  of  Recreations 
and  Diversions  has  indeed  confessedly  exceeded  all  bounds. 
1849  MACAULAV  Hist.  Eng.  vii.  II.  169  The  chase  was  his 
favourite  recreation. 

c.  One  who  or  that  which  supplies  recreation. 
1601  SHAKS.  Twel.  N.  n.  iii.  146  If  I  do  not  gull  him  into 

an  ayword,  and  make  him  a  common  recreation  [etc.].  1863 
Sai.  Rev.  15  Aug.  224  These  Tragedies  and  other  Plays 
will  live,  .not  as  the  recreation  of  an  idle  hour  [etc.]. 

f4.  A  place  of  refreshment  or  recreation.   Obs. 

CI44O  Promp.  Parv.  426/1  Recreacyon',  or  howse  of  re- 
freschynge,  recreatoriunt.  1618  BOLTON  F  lor  us  (1636)  29 
Tiber  which  is  now  but  a  Suburbe,  and  Praeneste  but  our 
Summer-recreation. 

Recreation2  (rHo^'jan).  Also  re-creation, 
[f.  RE-  5  a  +  CREATION.]  The  action  of  creating 
again ;  a  new  creation. 

1522  World  $  Child  C  iiij  b,  Christ,  ..  That  craftly  made 
euery  creature  by  good  recreacyon.  1584  R.  SCOT  Disco?'. 
Witchcr.  v.  ii.  (1886)  74  But  to  what  end  should  one  dispute 
against  these  creations  and  recreations?  1611  BP.  HALL 
Serin,  v.  52  As  in  the  Creation  he  could  have  made  all  at 
once,  but  he  would  take  days  for  it  :  so  in  our  recreation  by 
grace.  1664  J.  WEBB  Stone- Heng  (1725)  2  Not  long  after 
the  Re-creation  of  Mankind  we  find  recorded . .  the  Tower  of 
Babylon.  1850  R.  I.  WILBKRFORCE  Holy  Baptism  42  Re 
generation  is  a  re-creation  of  man's  nature.  18730.  HENSLOW 
Evolution  xiii.  204  The  cataclysms  and  recreations  of  the 
early  geological  theorists. 

Recreational  (rekr/V1  jpnal),  a.  [f.  RECREA 
TION  1  +  -AL.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  recreation. 

1656  E.  REYNER  Rules  Govt,  Tongue  226  We  may  use  Re 
creational  speeches  sometimes,  to  instruct,  reprove  or  com- 


KECREMENT. 

fort  others,  in  a  pleasant  way.  1882  JICVONS  Aleth.  Sot. 
Rcf.  69  The  educational  and  recreational  value  of  admission 
lo  Mich  establishments. 

Recreative  (ic'kr/^itiv),  a.1  and  sb.  [f.  RE 
CREATE  vl  and  -IVK,  perh.  after  F.  rccrfatif  ( \  6th  c. 
in  Littnj).] 

A.  adj.  Tending  to  recreate  or  refresh  in  a  pka- 
sureable  manner  ;  amusing,  diverting. 

1549  Cotnpl.  Scot,  Table,  The  sext  cheptor  rehersis  ane 
monolog  recreaty  ue  of  the  actor.  1579  K.  K.  ypcnscrsShefh. 
Cal.  Gen.  Argt.  §  3  Recreative,  such  as  al  tbu.su  be,  which 
contuine  matter  of  love.  1629  Shertogenbosh  i  This  Bos 
cage  was  an  euen  and  recreatiue  place,  fruiifull  nf  \\ild 
Ueere.  1693  J.  EUWAKUS  Perfect.  Str/^/.  222  Washing  or 
bathing,  .was  a  recreative  exercise  of  the  f  cm  alt;  .sex.  1729 
SUELVOCKE  Artillery  iv.  207  The  form  then  of  the  recreative 
Sort  [of  crackers]  may  be  much  varied.  1814  M.MI-.  D'AKISI.AY 
Wanderer  III.  293  They  were  only  recreative  little  .sylphs 
amusing  themselves  witli  whipping  ant!  spurring  me  on  to 
my  own  good.  1887  Spectator  9  Apr.  4^2  His  contribution.*, 
to  the  recreative  literature  of  the  da}', 

*f  B.   absol.  as  sb.  A  recrt  alive  thing  or  pursuit. 

1615  DANIEL  Hymens  Tri.  Wks.  (1717)  t,o  For  these  are 
only  Cynthia's  Recreatives  Made  unto  Phoebus.  1620 
K.  1'i.OLNT  Horx  Sal's.  382,  I  know  few  recreatiues  that 
jiussose  vs  more,  then  the  humour  of  building. 

Hence  Re'creatively  adv.,  Re'creativeiiess  '. 

1611  CQJGs.)Rect'cat£verneHtI  recreatiuely,  with  recreatiun. 
1727  UAIMCY  vol.  II,  Recreat ivc>n;sst  recreating  quality. 

Recreative  (rfkn/'-tiv),  «.-    [f.  RE-  5  a  4- 

CHEATIVE  «.]     'I'hat  creates  anew. 

1861  J.  ( 1.  SHLITAKD  J-'all  Rome  viii.  420  In  respect  of  re 
creative  energy,  there  was  a  boundless  di fit- rein  e  belu-ten 
Asia  and  Europe.  1889  Z.n.v  Mintni  xii.  tiSgu)  50^  'J  litj 
mysterious  facts  which  lie  at  the  rout  of  the  recreative  process. 

Hence  Recrea'tiveness -. 

1820  L.  HUNT  Indicator  No.  42  ?  6  All  the  living  grace. . 
whu.li  the  re-creativcness  of  poetry  can  give  her. 

Kecreator1  (re-kr/V^-O.  [f.  KECHEATE  v.]] 
One  who,  or  that  which,  recreates. 

1884  If.  R.  HAWKIS  Musical  Mew.  x'\.  70  Music's  future 
destiny  as  a  va-t  civilizer,  recrealor,  heallh-gi\  er  [etc.]. 

Recreator-  (nkr/V''t?i).    [RE-  5  a.    Cf.  RE 

CUEATE  z^.-J     One  who  creates  again. 

1587  GOLDING  DC  Mornay  Ep.  Ded.  **ij,  We  consider 
not  the  incomparable  worke  of  our  Creator  and  Recreator, 
but  by  piecemeale.  1852  BAII.KY  Festits  xv.  (ed.  4)  177  Yea 
even  here  as  everywhere,  let  man  Worship  his  Recreator. 

t  Recreatory.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  med.L.  yc- 
creatoyiuin,  f.  recrcare  :  seeRECBEATE  v^  and  -uiiY.J 
A  source  of  comfort  or  recreation. 

n  1450  Mankind  (Brand!)  858  O  mercy,  my.,  solas  and 
synguler  recreatory,  My  predilecte  specyall. 

Kecreaunt(e,  obs.  forms  of  RECREANT. 
t  Recrede'ntial,  a.  and  sb.   Obs.    [RE-.] 

A.  adj.  Of  letters:  Serving  as  credentials  to  an 
ambassador  returning  from  a  foreign  court. 

1710  Land.  Gaz.  No.  4698/1  Count  Veto.. has  insisted  upon 
his  having  an  Audience  of  Leave,  and  Recredential  Letters 
from  the  Emperor.  1725  Ibid.  No.  6367/1  Prince  Gallic/in 
.  .having  been  recalled  and  received  bis  Recredentia]  Letters, 
is  to  have,  .his  Audience  of  Leave  of  his.  .Majesty. 

B.  sh.pl.  Recrcdential  letters. 

1654  WHITELOCKE  Jrnl.  Su>cd.  Euih.  (1772'  II.  119  To  see 
that,  .the  re-credentialls  to  \Vhitelocke,  should  be  perfected 
and  brought  to  him.  1760  Francis  Letf.  (1901)  I.  57,  I 
earnestly  hope  the  next  paqtiet  may  bring  our  Recredeimals. 

Recreent,  obs.  foim  of  RECKEANT. 
Recrei-,  Reerei^-,  variants  of  RECKAY  v.  Obs, 
Recrement    (re'kr/inent).      [a.  K.   n'crJment 
(1553   in   IIatz.-Darm.),  or  ad.  L.  rccrement-um 
refuse,  dross,  etc.,  f.  re-  RE-  2  +  cernere  to  separate. 
Cf.  EXCBEMENT1.] 

1.  The  superfluous  or  useless  portion  of  any  sub 
stance;  refuse,  dross,  scum,  off-scouring. 

1599  T.  M[OUKET]  Silkwornies  26  Now  what  are  seedes 
and  eg^es  of  wormes  or  foule  But  recrements  of  preexisting 
things.  1640  Bi'.  HALL*.SV;VAT.  Rein.  Wks.  (1660)  41  Light. . 
discovers  all  the  foulnesse  of  the  most  earthly  recrements,  it 
mixeth  with  none  of  them.  1707  SLOANE  Jamaica  I.  57  It 
was  thrown  up  by  the  wa\es  with  other  recrements  of  the 
sea.  1774  PENNANT  Tonr  Scotl.  in  1772,  165  [The  rocks) 
did  not  appear  to  me  a  lava,  or  under  any  suspicion  of 
having  been  the  recrement  of  a  Vulcano. 

/ig*  1622  BP.  HALL  Serin.  15  Sept.  Wks.  (1627)  493  Those 
other  sullen,  mopish  creatures  are  the.  .off-scouring  and  re 
crements  of  the  world.  1698  [R.  FEKGUSON]  /  'icw  Eeclcs.  72 
The  greatHest  offensive  Recrements  of  the  Mountebank's 
Stage.  1819  H.  BUSK  I'estriad  i.  748  Some  coarse  drab, 
the  recrement  of  earth  !  1882  J.  B.  STALLO  Concepts  Mod. 
Physics  292  A  recrement  of  ancient  tradition. 

2.  spec.  a.  A  waste  product  or  excretion  of  an 
animal  or  vegetable  body ;  also  Phys.t  a  fluid  which 
is  separated  from  the  blood  and  again  absorbed 
into  it,  as  the  saliva  or  bile  (opp.  to  excrement], 

1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  n.  ii.  (1630  65  That  it  [the 
venter]  might  better  recejue  the  recrements  or  excrements  of 
both  concoctions.  1660  BOYLE  New  F.xp.  Phys.  Mfch. 
Digress.  351  The  superfluous  Serosities  and  other  Recre 
ments  of  the  Blood.  1733  TULL  Horse-hoeing  f/u$b.  i.  (Dubl.) 
7  Plants,  .have  only  fine  Recrements,  which  are  thrown  off 
by  the  Leaves.  1803  PALEY  Nat.  T/u-ol.  v.  §  3  (1819)  55 
1'he  vestiges  of  animal  or  vegetable  recrements.  1822-34 
Good's  Study  Med,  <ed.  4)  I.  160  Whatever  recrement  or 
other  materials  are  co-acervated  in  any  part  of  the  intestines, 
f  b.  The  dross  or  scoria  of  metallic  substances. 

1611  COTGK.,  Chalcitet  the  recrement  of  brasse,  cleaning  to 
the  sides  of  *he  furnaces  wherein  tis  purified.  1678  ritil. 
Trans.  XII.  1051  Slag  ..  is  the  Recrement  of  Iron  1758 
J.  S.  tr.  Le  DrarisObserv.  Surg.  (1771)  Diet.,  Lithargyrutnt 
..  a  Recrement  of  Lead  thrown  off  from  Silver  refined. 

35-a 


BECREMENTAL. 


276 


RECRUIT. 


Recreiliental  (rekr/me-ntal),  a.  1  Obs.  [f. 
prec.  +  -AL.]  Of  or  belonging  to  recrements. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  i.  7  As  the  brayne  had  oft  occa 
sion,  so  it  should  neuer  want,  the  meane  of  recrementall 
purging.  1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hydtvl.  Ckytn.  121  Carrying 
away  the  recrcmental  sorde,-,  of  those  parts.  1744  AK.MSTKONG 
Preserv.  Health,  in,  254  "1'is  not  for  those  to  cultivate  a  skin 
Too  soft ;  or  teach  the  recremental  fume  Too  fast  to  crowd 
through  such  precarious  ways. 

Recreineiititious  (vekrnnentrjss),  <z.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -JTIOUS.]  Of  the  nature  of  recrement;  drossy, 
superfluous,  separable,  unessential. 

1650  BULWER  Anthropomet.  ii.  53  That  superfluous  and 
recrement itious  offspring  of  haire.  1675-6  BOVLK  E.\-p, 
Disc.  Quicksilver  \V'ks.  1772  IV.  226  Common  mercury 
.skilfully  freed  from  its  recrementitious  and  heterogeneous 
parts.  1757  A.  COOPER  Distiller  \.  xx.  (1760)  83  These  rc- 
crementitious  or  drossy  Parts  of  the  Sugar.  1827  ROBKRTS 
Voy.  Centr.  Amer.  302  The  recrementitious  earth  is  thus 
easily  separated.  1857  BKINTON  in  Todd  Cycl.  A  not.  V. 
400  2  The  importance  of  these  '  recrementitious  '  secretions, 

Recreme*ntory,  a.  rare.  [-ORY.]  =  prec. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Afed,  fed.  4)  1. 141  The  recrementory 
part,  which  descends  on  to  the  large  intestines.  Ibid.  381 
A  gas  recrementory  and  deleterious  to  life. 

Kecresceiice  (rrkre'sens).  [f.  L.  rtcresc-ere 
to  grow  anew :  cf.  EXCRESCENCE.]  The  act  of 
growing  again  ;  reproduction  of  a  part  or  member. 

1891  N~eiu  Rev.  June  533  In  lower  animals  or  plants  ..  the 
fact  of  recrescence  is  far  more  obvious, 

t  Recrew,  sb.  Obs.  In  7  recrewe,  recrue. 
[a.  F.  recrue,  ^rccreue,  reinforcement  (i6th  c.  in 
Littre),  sb.  fern.  f.  recril  pa.  pple.  Qirecroitre:  see 
RECRUIT  sb.  and  CHEW  i.]  A  body  of  soldiers  in 
tended  to  reinforce  an  army.  =  RECRUIT  sb.  I. 

1619  in  Eng.  $  Germ.  (Camden)  141  The  reinforcing  of  his 
broken  regiment  with  newe  recrewes.  1641  Sc.ActsChas.I 
(1814)  V.  390  To  enact  that  no  leavies,.  .companies,  or  re- 
crues  uf  souldiouris,  be  ..  sent  out  of  this  Kingdome. 

t  Recrew,  v.  Obs.  In  7  Sc.  recreu.  [f.prec. 
sb.]  trans.  To  reinforce. 

1637  MONKO  Expedition  n.  137  Having  recreued  his  Armie 
againe  out  of  Westfalia,  he  then  marched  on  Stoade.     1644 
Sc.  Acts  Chas.  I  (1014)  Vl.^a/i  That  bis  kingdome  may  be    j 
enabled  to . .  recreu  the  armie  sent  forth  if  neid  beis. 

Recrewte,  obs.  form  of  RECRUIT  v. 

Reereyande,  obs.  form  of  RECREANT. 

Recreye,  variant  of  RECRAY  z/.  Obs. 

t  Recribrate,  v.  Obs.  rare-1.  [RE- 5  a.  Cf. 
med.L.  retrlbrare  (1364  in  Du  Cange).]  trans. 
To  sift  again. 

c  1624  DONNE  Lett.  (1651)308,  I  have  cribrated,  and  re-  i 
cribrated,  and  post-cribrated  the  Sermon. 

Recriminate (ukri-min^t),^.  \f,recrimindt*,  \ 
ppl.  stem  of  med.L.  recriminari :  see  RE-  2  and 
CKIMIXATE  v.  Cf.  F.  rfrriminer  (i6th  c.  in  Littre).] 

1.  intr.  To  retort  an  accusation  ;  to  bring  a  charge 
or  charges  in  tuin  against  one's  accuser. 

1611  COTGR.,  Recri>ninert  to  recriminate,  retort  a  crime 
[etc.J.  1621  ELSING  Debates  Ho.  Lords  (Camden)  82  Sir  H. 
Y[elverton]  came  as  a  delinquent,  and  dyd  recriminate.  1651 
TO.MBES  in  Baxter  Inf.  Bapt.  202,  I  love  not  to  recriminate, 
for  that  were  to  scold.  1777  BUKKE  Let.  to  Sheriffs  Bristol 
Wks.  III.  161  To  criminate  and  recriminate  never  yet  was 
the  road  to  reconciliation,  in  any  difference  amongst  men. 
1812  DISRAELI  Calam.  Aut/t,  (1882)  485  Such  are  some  of 
the'  personalitie_s  with  which  Decker  recriminated.  1884 
CHURCH  Bacon  i.  26  Bacon  is  able  to  recriminate  with  effect, 
and  to  show  gross  credulity  and  looseness  of  assertion  on 
the  part  of  the  Roman  Catholic  advocate. 

b.  Const,  on,  upon  (a  person,  etc.).  ?  Obs. 

1693  TATE  in  Dryderis  Juvenal  i.  (1607)  28  How  shall 
such  Hypocrites  Reform  the  State,  On  whom  the  Brothels 
can  Recriminate  ?  1752  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  toCtcss. 
Bute  20  Oct.,  I  never  recriminate  on  the  lives  of  their  Popes 
and  Cardinals,  when  they  urge  the  character  of  Henry  the 
Eighth.  1786  Francis  the  Philanthropist  II.  72  This  cir 
cumstance  inspired  me . .  to  re-criminate  on  my  base  accuser. 

2.  trans,  a.  To  accuse  (a  person)  in  return ;  to 
make  a  counter-charge  against  (the  accuser).    Also 
const,  of.     Now  rare. 

i6zi  ELSING  Debates  Ho.  Lords  (Camden)  82  [It]  is  punish 
able  in  the  Starr  Chamber,  yf  the  defendant  dothe  recri 
minate  the  plaintiff  in  his  aunswere,  but  to  recriminate  a 
third  person  worse.  1683  Case  of  Mi.-ct  Communion  41,  I 
speak  not  this  to  excuse  our  .selves,  or  to  recriminate  them. 
1701  WHITEHEAD  Truth  Prevalent  177  Bitterly  Aspersing, 
and  odiously  Recriminating  us  in  many  things  of  a  publick 
Nature.  1819  Metropolis  II.  151  She  too  recriminated 
certain  characters  in  turn. 

t  b.  To  return  or  retort  (a  charge  or  accusation)  i 
against  ^  upon  a  person.  Obs. 

1603  FI.OKIO  Montaigne  in.  xii.  (1632)  594, 1  would  suspect  . 
recriminate,  or  retorte  the  fault  upon  you.  i6»6  In  Ellis  ' 
Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  III.  224  While  he  was  in  his  declaration,  ; 


criminated  also  upon  hirr.. 

Recrimination  (rfkrimin/^Jae),  [a.  F.  rt* 
crimination  ^1611  Cotgr.),  or  ad.  med.L.  recrimi- 
nation-tm :  cf.  CRIMINATION.] 

1.  The  action  of  bringing  a  counter-accusation 
against  a  person. 

1611  COTGR.  s.v.,  A  recrimination,  an  accusation  of  an 
accuser.  1631  Star  Chamb.  Cases  (Camden)  147  The 
Defendants  answere  that  this  Bill  is  a  bill  of  recrimination. 


offensive  terms,  or  any  kind  of  recrimination  on  their 
accusers.  1860  MOTLEY  Netherl.  iv.  I.  117  When,  after 
so  much  talking  and  tampering,  there  began  to  be  recrimi 
nation  among  the  leaguers.  1874  L.  STEPHEN  Hours  in 
Library  (1892)  1.  ix.  313  The  dispute  lasted  for  some  years, 
with  much  mutual  recrimination. 

2.  A  counter-accusation ;  an  accusation  brought 
in  turn  by  the  accused  against  the  accuser. 

1621  ELSING  Debates  Ho.  Lords  (Camden)  84  Conclusion, 
denying  his  recriminacion.  1650  Row  Hist.  Kirk  (1842) 
502  It  contained  many  recriminations  and  fowll  aspersions. 
avjzi  SHKKKIELD  (.Dk.  Buckhm.)  Wks.  (1753)  II.  101  Neither 
will  I  take  up  your  Lordships  time  with  recriminations. 
1791-1823  D'lsHAELi  Cnr.  Lit.  (1859)  II.  350  The  recrimina 
tions  of  politicians  are  the  confessions  of  great  sinners.  1850 
GKOTE  Greece  n.  Ixiv.  (1862)  V.  535  When  they  heard  the 
criminations  and  recriminations  between  the  generals  on 
one  side  and  TheramenOs  on  the  other. 

Recriminative  (tfkri'minAiv),  a.  [f.  as  RE 
CRIMINATE  v.  +  -IVE.]  —  RECKIMIXATOKY. 

i8z8  SOI-THEY  in  <?•  #**'•  XXXVIII.  234  That  [defence J 
which  rests  upon  recriminative  accusation.     1858  CARLYLE 
l-'redk.  Gt.  \.  iii.  (1872)  I.  24  Harsh  words,  mutually  re-    | 
criminative,  rising  ever  higher. 

Recri'miiiator.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -OK.]  One   ! 
who  recriminates. 

1709  Mus.  MANLEY  Secret  Klein.  (1720)  III.  27  Weak, 
short-sighted  Recriminators  !  1727  in  BAILEY,  vol.  II. 

Recriminatory  (r/kri-minatari),  a.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -ORY^.  Cf.  mod.F.  rtcriminatoire.]  In 
volving,  of  the  nature  of,  recrimination. 

1778  State  Papers  in  Ann.  Reg.  303/2  All  recriminatory 
accusations  of  subordinate  officers  against  their  commanders. 
1785  UUKKE  Sp.  Xabob  Arcot  Wks.  IV.  195  Returning  the 
prosecution  in  a  recriminatory  bill  of  pains  and  penalties. 
1844  H.  11.  \VILSON  Brit.  India  1. 1.  v.  271  The  Government 
precipitated  itself  into  a  career  of  recriminatory  and  vindic 
tive  acts. 

t  Recri  Sple,  v.  Obs,  rare™1.  In  6  recrispel. 
[RE-  5  a.J  trans.  To  crisp  or  curl  again  minutely. 

1594  CAKEW  7\isso  (1881)  80  The  winde  new  crisples  makes 
in  her  loose  haire,  Which  nature  selfe  to  wanes  recrispelled. 

Recross  (i/kr^-s),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  intr.  and  trans.  To  pass  over  again. 

intr.  c  1470  in  Hors  Shcfe  $  G.  (Caxton  1479,  Ro.\b. 
repr.)  29  A  lierte . .  yf  he  take  ouer  the  ryuer  he  crossith  ;  Yf 
he  retorne,  he  recrosseth.  1822  J.  FLINT  Lett.  Amer.  n 
There  is  a  rudder  at  each  end,  so  that  she  can  cross  and  re- 
cross,  without  putting  about.  1847  Lp.  LINDSAY  C/ir.  Art 
I.  p.  cxlvii,  Helenas  recrossed  by  himself,  many  monks 
looking  on. 

trans.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav,  i,  41  My  purpose  reaching  for 
.  .Asia,  as  his  was  to  recrosse  the  snowy  Alpes.  1719  l^E 
FOE  Crusoe  i.  vi,  By  crossing  and  recrossing  the  Line. 
1795-6  WORDS w.  Borderers  \.  3  Let  us  ..  strip  the  Scottish 
Foray  Of  their  rich  spoil,  ere  they  recross  the  Border.  1830 
J.  F.  COOPEK  Water  Witch  xiv,  His  boat  was  necessary  to 
enable  the  party  to  re-cross  the  inlet.  1891  T.  HARUY  Tess 
xlv,  Thus  absorbed  she  recrossed  the  northern  part  of  Long- 
Abh  Lane  at  right  angles. 

b.  trans.  To  pass  by  (another). 

1862  MERIVALE  Rom.  Emp.  xii.  (1871)  V.  62  The  operations 
of  industry,  which  crossand  recross  each  other  in  the  streets. 

2.  To  hinder  or  thwart  again,  rare. 

i6iz  J.  DAVIES  Muses  Satr.  (Grosart)  53  For,  when  we 
first,  to  liue  well,  goe  about,  w'are  crost  and  recrost  by  the 
Reprobate. 

3.  a.  To  overlay,  mark,  etc.  (a  surface)  with  re 
peated  crossings. 

1598  MARSTON  Pyginal.  in.  148  How  his  clothes  appeare     i 
Crost  and  recrost  with  lace.     1886  Pall  Mall  G.  18  May  2/1 
His  back  was.. crossed  and  recrossed  with  bleeding  waies. 
b.  To  lay  across  again. 

1893  Columbus  (Ohio)  Disp.  24  Aug.,  With  bright  ribbons 
crossed  and  recrossed  about  his  nimble  legs. 

Hence  Recro'ssing  vbl.  sb.  and  ppl.  a. 

1846  E.  FITZGERALD  Lett.  (1894)  I.  208  Looking  at  the  sea 
with  us  crossing  and  recrossing  ships.  1897  Daily  News 
14  Dec.  8/4  An  actor  was  never  allowed  to  turn  his  back  on 
the  audience.  Certain  '  crossings  '  and  '  re-crossings '  had  to 
be  rigidly  attended  to. 

Recrown,  v.     [RK-  5  a.]     To  crown  again.    / 

1845  LD.  CAMPBELL  Chancellors  (1857)  I-  xxi.3i3  Waynflete-' 
assisted  in  re-crowning  him.     1884  F.  D.   HUNTINGTON  in 
J.  G.  Butler  Bible  Work  N.  T.  (1884)  I.  198  To  recrown  the 
soul  and  make  it  master  of  the  flesh. 

Recruxify,  v.     [K.E-  c,  a.]     To  crucify  again. 

1618  T.  ADAMS  Bad  Leaven  Wks.  1862  II.  349  [Our  sins 
were]  the  hand  of  Jews  recrucifying  Christ.  1667  Decay 
Chr.  Piety  viii.  p  39  The  crucified  body  of  our  Saviour, 
which  we  have.. so  often  recruciried.  ^1711  KEN  Psyche  ' 
Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  183  My  sins,  which  made  incarnate 
Godhead  die,  God-man  re-crucify. 

Hence  Recru  cifier,  one  who  recrucifics. 

<xi7ii  KEN  Hyiunol/iea  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  69  Whose 
Love  would  his  Ke-crucifyer  spare. 

t  Recru'dency.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  L.  rcerud- 
escere  +  -ENCV.J  =  RECKUDESCENCY. 

1603  BACON  Let.  to  Cecil  cone.  Irel.  Wks.  1879  II.  22  If  the 
wound  be  not  ripped  up  again,  and  come  to  a  recrudency 
by  new  foreign  succours. 

Recrudesce  (nkr«de's),  v.  [ad.  L.  recrftd- 
esct-re  to  break  out  again  (of  wounds,  alsoy^.),  f. 
re-  RE-  +  criidescere  to  become  raw,  f.  criidus  raw  : 
sec  CRUDE  a.]  To  break  out  again,  lit.  andy^. 

1884  E.  GURNEY  in  Mind  j  Sin.  nS  Particular  ideas  which 
have  made  no  part  of  the  waking  life,  are  apt  to  recrudesce 
in  the  sleep-waking  state.  1897  Alllmtfs  Syst.  Med.  III. 
12  The  acute  symptoms.. subsiding  and  recrudescing  again 
and  again.  Ibid.  251  These  [boils]  slowly  develope  and  fre 
quently  recrudesce. 

Hence  Recrudescing///,  a. 


1896  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  I.  713  Recrudescing  attacks  of 
diphtheria. 

Recrudescence  (rfkr«de'sens).  [ad.  L.  type 
*recrudtscentia,  f.  recrudescere  :  see  prec.  and  -ENCE. 
Cf.  F.  recrudescence  (Littre).]  The  state  or  fact  of 
breaking  out  afresh,  a.  fig.  Of  a  quality  or  state 
of  things  (usually  one  regarded  as  bad),  a  disease, 
epidemic,  etc. 

1721  in  KAILEY.  « 1734  NORTH  Exam.  in.  viii.  §  64  (1740) 
632  The  King  required  some  Regulations  should  be  made 
for  obviating  the  Recrudescence  of  those  Ignoramus  Abuses, 
for  the  future.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  i  Aug.  138/1  The  recent 
victories  have  occasioned,  as  might  have  bten  expected,  a 
recrudescence  of  calumny  and  malignity.  1865  MiLLGw/te 
24  The  recrudescence,  .of  a  metaphysical  Paganism  in  the 
Alexandrian .  -schools.  1884  Standard  i  Aug.,  The  fears  of 
a  recrudescence  of  the  epidemic  are  now  subsiding. 
b.  Oi  a  wound  or  sore.  Also  in  fig.  context. 

1865  Pall  Mall  G.  14  Oct.  7/7  We  must  not  forget  what  a 
spirit  this  has  been,  or  how  old  and  d"_ep  was  the  wound  ut 
which  this  is  probably  the  last  recrudescence.  1877  Daily 
Neivs  25  Jan.  6/5  The  recrudescence  of  a  varicose  ulcer  in 
the  leg  keeps  him  in  bed  most  of  the  day. 

Recrudescency  (nkn/de-scnsi).  Now  rare. 
[f.  as  prec.  :  sec  -KNCY.]  =  prec. 

1651  Life  Father  Sarpi  (1676)  61  The  Disease,  which  was 
very  long,  with  divers  recrudescencies  and  prognosticks  both 
of  life  and  death.  1716  M.  DAVIES  At/ten.  Brit.  II.  333 
Distempers  ..  heighten'd  by  a  Recrudescency  of  a  Fistula. 
1868  BROWNING  Ring  fy  Bk.  i.  578  These  I  saw,  In  recm- 
descency  of  baffled  hate,  Prepared  to  wring  the  uttermost 
revenge  From  body  and  soul. 

Recrudescent  (rfkrude-sSnt),  a.  [See  RE 
CRUDESCE  and  -EKT.]  Breaking  out  agnin. 

1727  in  BAILEY  vol.  II.  1892  R.  WALLACE  in  Scott.  Leader 
12  July  7  The  recrudescent  protectionist.  1897  Allbutfs 
Syst,  Med.  II.  898  These  recrudescent  pains  gradually  dis 
appear  again. 

Ilecrue,  variant  of  RECKEW  sb.  Obs. 

Recruit  (ilkn8*t),j£.  Also  7recrute,  -cruite. 
[a.  obs.  F.  (of  Hainault)  recrute  (1592  in  Godef. 
6*<w///.)  s=  K.  recrue  (i6thc.)  sb.,  f.  recrit  pa.  pple. 
of  recroitre  to  increase  again :  see  RECKEW  sb. 
Hence  also  Du.  recruut,  G.  rekrut  (t  rekroutt 
-krute),  Da.  rekrut  (-\recryt),  Sw.  rekryt^  and  Pg. 
recmta,  It.,  Sp.  redula.  Cf.  RECRUIT  v.~\  -j, 

I.  1 1.  Mi?.  A  fresh  or  auxiliary  body  of  troops, 
added  as  a  reinforcement  to  an  army,  regiment, 
garrison,  etc.,  either  to  increase  or  to  maintain  its 
strength.  Obs. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  vi.  §  87  All  the  advantage  this 
seasonable  Recruit  brought  them,  was  to  give  their  old  Men 
so  much  Courage  as  to  keep  the  field.  1680  LUTI  RKLL  Brief 
Rel.  (1857)  I.  46  His  majestic  hath  ordered  a  recruit  of  1200 
foot  and  300  horse  to  be  sent  to  reinforce  the  garrison  of 
Tangier.  1728  MORGAN  Algiers  II.  iv.  259  His  Deputy  re 
turned  . .  with  a  Recruit  of  2000  Janizaries. 

transf.  1705  ARBUTHNOT  Coins  (1727)  244  The  Rhpdians 
attacked  a  recruit  of  vessels,  which  Antiochus  was  bringing 
from  Sicily. 

b.  //.  t  Fresh  or  auxiliary  troops ;  reinforce 
ments  (obs.) ;  the  men  composing  such  forces. 
Hence  (in  later  use)  also  in  sing.  :  One  of  a  newly- 
raised  body  of  troops ;  one  newly  or  recently  en 
listed  for  service  in  the  army. 

1653  URQUHART  Rabelais  i.  xlvij,  Great  supplies  and 
recruits  come  daily  in  to  your  enemies.  1677  G.  HICKES  in 
Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  IV.  43  My  Lord  hath  taken  care  to 
hinder  the  French  officers  from  levying  recruits  in  this 
Kingdom.  1707  ADDISON  Pres.  St.  War  Wks.  (Bohn)  IV. 
351  The  grand  alliance  have  innumerable  sources  of  recruits 
..in  Britain  and  Ireland.  17*2  DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  (1840) 
in  Advanced  to  the  dignity  ofa  footsoldier  in  a  body  of 
recruits  raised  in  the  north.  1810  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw. 
Desp.  VI.  22,  I  sent  you  a  warrant  for  ^150,  for  bounty,  for 
your  recruits.  1844  Regvl.  $  Ord,  Army  390  No  Officer 
under  the  degree  of  Field  Officer  is  competent  to  approve  of 
a  Recruit  finally  without  a  special  authority.  1876  VOYLE 
&  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  334/1  A  recruit  remains  a  recruit 
from  the  date  of  his  enlistment  until  he  has  passed  his  drill, 
which  extends  generally  to  16  weeks. 

transf  and ./?£•.  1656  HOBBES  Liberty,  Necess.  %  Chance 
(1841)  21  Those  large  recruits  of  reasons  and  authorities 
which  offer  themselves  to  serve  in  this  cause.  1791  BUKKE 
Th.  French  Affairs  Wks.  VII.  53  This  supply  of  recruits 
to  the  corps  of  the  highest  civil  ambition,  goes  on  with  a 
regular  progression.  1816  KIKBY  &  SP.  Entonwl.  (18181  II. 
xvii.  04  The  little  turf-ants.. carry  their  recruits  uncoiled. 
1848  DICKENS  Dombey  xxiv,  If  Sir  Barnet  had  the  good  fur- 
tune  to  get  hold  ofa  raw  recruit,,  .and  ensnared  him  to 
his  hospitable  villa  [etc.].  1885  Daily  Tel.  ^  Sept.  3/6  The 
gap  will  be  filled  up  by  recruits  from  our  schools  of  art. 

f2.  A  fresh  supply  or  number  of  persons  (or 
animals),  either  as  additional  to  the  previous  num 
ber,  or  to  make  up  for  a  decrease.  Obs. 

^1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1650)  II.  48  It  may  be,  with  this 
enlargment  of  dwelling,  your  Lordship  may  need  a  recruit 
of  servants.  1670  R.  MONTAGU  in  Buecleuch.  MSS,  (Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.)  I.  477  It  is  believed  this  business  will  end 
with  a  recruit  for  the  galleys.  1735  SOMLIKVILLE  Chase  iv. 
24  The  prudent  Huntsman,  .will  supply  With  annual  large 
Recruits,  his  broken  Pack.  1769  PRICE  in  Phil.  Trans. 
LIX.  106  Supposing  the  annual  recruit  from  the  country 
to  be  7000,  the  number  of  inhabitants  will  be.  .630,000. 

3.  A  fresh  or  additional  supply  of  something  :  a. 
ofa  material  thing  or  things.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1650  FULLER  Pisgah  in.  xii.  §  7  Besides  the  original  Utensils 
of  the  Temple, . .  there  were  severall  recruits . .  which  succeed 
ing  Kings  made  in  stead  of  those  instruments,  which  con 
stant  use  and  age  had  empaired.  1686  PLOT  Stajfordsh.  67 
A  constant  large  flux  of  water  for  ten  or  eleven  months 


RECRUIT. 


277 


RECRUITING. 


together  without  recruits  from  rains.  1712  E.  COOKE  Voy.  S. 
Sea.  360  Guam,  one  of  the  Marian  Islands,  where  we  hope 
to  get  a  Recruit  of  Provisions.  1801  ELIZ.  HELME  iY. 
Marg.  Cave  III.  87  Austin  carried  a  lamp  with  a  recruit 
of  oil.  1822-34  Good's  Study  Mcd.  (ed.  4)  IV.  174  Till  it 
has  lost  its  own  proper  supply  [of  blood]  and  begins  to  draw 
upon  the  corporeal  vessels  for  a  recruit. 
b.  of  money.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1662  GUKNALL  Chr.  in  Ann.  verse  17.  n.  xxx.  §  i  (1669) 
334/2  Let  us  endeavour  our  recruits  be  suitable  to  our 
expence.  1729  GAY  Polly  n.  (1772)  171,  I  was  now.  .forc'd  to 
have  recourse  to  the  highway  for  a  recruit  to  set  me  up. 
1785  G.  A.  BELLAMY  Apology  II.  77  He  was  however  to 
return  soon,  when  he  was  to  bring  me  a  recruit  of  cash. 
1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  xv,  This  recruit  to  my  finances  was 
not  a  matter  of  indifference  to  me. 

f  c.  of  health,  strength,  etc.   Obs. 

i67sTKMFLE  Let.  to Ld.  Chamberlain  Wks.  1731  II.  339, 
I  hope  You  find  good  Recruits  of  Health  in  the  Country. 
1756  H.  WALPOLE  Mem.  Geo.  //,  II.  zioTo  sacrifice  to  the 
moon  in  order  to  obtain  a  recruit  of  vigour.  1771  MRS. 
GRIFFITH  Hist.  Lady  Barton,  II.  36  My  appearing. .seemed 
to  furnish  her  with  such  a  recruit  of  strength  and  spirits. 
f  d.  of  qualities,  etc.  Obs. 

1709  POPE  Ess.  Crit.  i.  206  Whatever  nature  has  ill  worth 
denied,  She  gives  in  large  recruits  of  needful  pride. 

II.  f  4.  Mil.  Increase  or  reinforcement  (of  an 
army)  by  the  addition  or  accession  of  fresh  men. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  \.  §  87  The  endeavour  to  raise 
new  men  for  the  recruit  of  the  Army,  by  Pressing.  1670 
COTTON  Espernon  i.  in.  124  The  Duke  . .  would  now  sit  no 
longer  idle,  but  gave  immediate  order  for  the  recruit  of  his 
Troops.  1724  DE  FOE  Mem.  Cavalier  (1840)  196  Upon 
this  recruit  the  Earl  of  Newcastle,  being  above  a  thousand 
strong,  made  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax  give  ground. 
b.  With  reference  to  population,  rare. 

1637  HOWELL  Londinop.  346  By  insensible  coalition,  and 
recruit  of  people,  they  came  at  last  to  be  united.  1798 
MALTHUS  Popul.  (1817)  I.  353  The  checks  to  population., 
which  render  a  constant  recruit  of  numbers  necessary. 

5.  f  a.  Renewal  of  stores  or  supplies.  Obs. 

1650  T.  B[AVLEY]  Worcester's  Apvpk.  6  To  take  what 
Provisions  the  Countrey  would  afford,  for  his  present 
maintenance  and  recruit.  1673  R.  HADDOCK  Jrnl.  4  June 
in  Cainden  Misc.  (1881)  29  Haveing  no  shot  in  the  fleet  for 
recrute,  twas  resolved,  .to  saile  for  the  buoy  of  the  Nore. 
b.  Renewal  or  repair  of  something  worn  out. 

1691  T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent.  15  Without  ..  IKT 
having  any  Recruits  of  her  Rudder-Irons  in  all  that  time. 
Ibid.  31  [It]  appears  not  to  have  shifted  so  much  as  one 
Bolt,  or  received  any  considerable  Recruit  of  other  Iron 
work.  1845  Encycl.  Metrop.  (ed.  2)  VIII.  749/2  Some  hands 
will  wear  down  a  [stocking-]  frame  in  three  years;  others, 
however,  will  work  them  twelve  or  even  twenty  years  with 
out  serious  repairs,  or,  as  it  is  technically  called,  a  recruit. 

6.  Renewal  of  strength  or  vigour ;  restoration  to 
a  normal  state  or  condition  ;  recovery. 

a  1643  W.  CARTWRICHT  On  FletcJter's  Dram.  Poems, 
Such  pur.su tes  After  despair,  such  amorous  recruits.  1650 
NKEDHAM  Case  Coinnnu.  85  Though  a  Nation  may  have 
some  respit  and  recruit  now  and  then,  by  the  Vertue  and 
Valour  of  a  Prince,  yet  this  is  very  rare.  1705  STANHOPE 
Parapkr.  I.  16  Necessary  indeed  this  is  for  the  Recruit  of 
these  frail  and  feeble  bodies  of  ours.  1789  MME.  D'AKBLAY 
Diary  2  Feb.,  I  was  wholly  insensible  to  the  effects  of  a  race 
which,  at  any  other  time,  would  have  required  an  hour's  re 
cruit.  1822-34  Good's  Study  Mt'd.  (ed.  4)  I.  620  The  nervous 
energy,  .experiences  nothing  of  the  decomposition  or  recruit 
of  every  other  part  of  the  living  frame  around  it. 

7.  A  means  of  recruital.     Now  rare. 

1655  H.  VAUGHAN  Silex  Sdnt.  n.  Resurr.  <$•  Immort.  9 
Unbowel'd  nature  shew'd  thee  her  recruits,  And  change  of 
suits.  1678  BUTLER  Hud.  in.  i.  906  Little  quarrels  often 
prove  To  be  but  new  recruits  of  love.  1729  BUTLER  Semi. 
Compassion  Wks.  1874  II.  62  The  recruits  of  food  and  sleep 
are  the  necessary  means  of  our  preservation.  1748  HART  LI-:Y 
O6s£fzf.  Man  n.  iii.  219  The  same  active  Particles  in  Foods 
are  probably  the  Sources  and  Recruits  of  that  nervous  Powtr. 
1835  LVTTON  Rienzi  x.  ii,  A  treasury  which  did  not  require 
the  odious  recruit  of  taxes. 

8.  attrib.  andCt?///^.,  as  recruit  acquittance }  decoy  , 
horse,  officer. 

1697  LUTTRELL  Brief.  Rel,  (1857)  IV.  197  A  great  many 
recruit  horses  went  on  board  thereof  yesterday  for  Flanders. 
J753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supj>.  s.v.,  Recruit  horses  are  the 
hor.ses  brought  up  for  compleating  the  regiments  of  horse  or 
dragoons  every  year.  1844  THACKERAY  B.  Lyndon  v.  He 
found  his  calling  as  a  recruit-decoy  far  more  profitable. 
1898  Atlantic  Monthly  LXXXII.  481/2  He  senthhu  to  the 
recruiting  board  and  took  a  recruit  acquittance. 

Recruit  a^kr«-t),  v.  Also  7  recrute,  -crewte, 
-cruite.  [ad.  F.  recruler  (i7th  c.),  f.  recrute  RE 
CRUIT  sb.  Hence  also  Du.  recruteeren^  G.  rekru- 
tiereity  Da.  rekrutere,  Sw.  rekrytera,  and  Pg.  re- 
cnilar,  Sp.  redutar.  It.  reclutare.  Cf.  RECRBW  v. 

The  French  word  first  appeared  in  literary  use  in  gazettes 
published  in  Holland,  and  was  disapproved  of  by  French 
critics  in  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  c.  (see  Littre'). 

The  /  of  the  Sp.  and  It.  forms  appears  in  the  following 
early  instance  :  1652-60  in  Gilbert  Contemp.  Hist.  Irel.  (1879) 
I.  i.  45  Such  colonellsas  had  not  theire  men  extant  were  dis 
missed  to  theire  several  1  homes  to  reclute,  himself  still  in 
the  field,  .  wheare  we  leave  him  rechuinge  his  men.] 

I.  trans.  1.  Mil.  To  strengthen  or  reinforce  (an 
army,  etc.)  with  fresh  men  or  troops. 

1643  PRYNNE  Sou.  Pmver  Parl.  iv.  33  If  they  might  not 
Levy  Moneys,  to  recrute  and  maintain  their  Army.  1655 
Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  II.  353  Wee  are  sending  20  sayle 
of  shlppes  to  recrewte  them  with  2000  land  men.  a  1727 
NEWTON  Chronol.  Amended  \.  (1728)  181  It  washis custom  to 
recruit  his  army  with  conquered  people.  1788  GIBBON  Dccl. 
ff  F.  xlii.  IV.  214  Public  and  private  distress  recruited  the 
armies  of  the  state.  1880  igtk  Cent,  Apr.  707  In  the  Parlia 
mentary  papers  of  1877,  the  system  of_recruiting  our  native 
battalions  receives  considerable  attention. 


fig.  a  1735  GRANVILLE  Progr.  Beauty,  See  in  bright  array 
What  hosts  of  heavenly  lights  recruit  the  day. 

b.  To  reinforce,  to  add  to  or  keep  up  the  number 
of  (a  class  or  body  of  persons  or  things). 

1770  Junins  Lett,  xxxvi.  176  You  may  find  tt  a  very  diffi 
cult  matter  to  recruit  the  black  catalogue  of  your  friends. 
1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev,  53  You  would  have  had  a  liberal  order 
of  commons,  to  emulate  and  to  recruit  that  nobility.  1871 
EAHLE  I'kilol.  Eng.  Tongue  (1880)  §  266  They  drop  out  of 
use  and  are  not  recruited  by  fresh  members. 

t  C.  transf.  To  support,  back  up,  add  to.   Obs. 

1648  BOYLE  Seraph,  Love  vi.  (1700)  42, 1  could  recruit  that 

Question  with  pretty  store  of  others  of  the   like  nature. 

1665  —  Occas.  Rcjl,  iv.  x.  {1848)213  Having  both  applauded 

and  recruited  thuse  Commendations. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  fresh  supply  of  something; 
to  replenish.     Now  rare. 

a  1661  FULLICK  Worthies  11840)  III.  208  He  used  to  ex 
amine  the  pockets  of  such  Oxford  scholars  as  repaired  unto 
him,  and  always  recruited  them  with  necessaries,  1697 
DKYUEN  I'irg.  Georg.  u.  364  With  Greens  and  FlowVs  re 
cruit  their  empty  Hives.  1763  Mn.LsSys/cm  Pract.  Hnsb. 
IV.  341  If  the  neighbouring  vines  cannot  furnish  layers,  a 
rooted  vine  mi^t  be  brought  from  the  nursery  ;  for  it  i-,  luo 
latu  to  recruit  a  vineyard,  when  we  should  be  gathering  it's 
fruit.  1874  GKEEN  Short  Hist.  viii.  $  5.  516  The  contribu 
tions  offered  by  the  English  Catholics  did  little  to  recruit 
the  Exchequer. 

t  b.  To  rej  fair  (a  ship).  Obs.  rare. 

1691  T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent,  n  The  Plymouth's 
Rudder-Irons  began  to  be  much  eaten,  doubting  his  bcin^ 
forced  thereby  to  send  her  home  that  Winter,  from  the  in 
capacity  he  was  in,  of  getting  her  recruited  abroad. 

3.  To  replenish  the  substance  of  (a  thing)  by 
addition  of  fresh  material. 

di66i  FULLER  Worthies,  Essex  i.  (1662)  318  Poulterers 
take  them  then,  and  feed  them  with  Gravel  and  Curds,., 
and  their  flesh  thus  recruted  is  most  delicious.  1693  J. 
EDWARDS  Author,  O.  <V  A".  Test,  172  They  continually,  .re 
paired  and  recruited  it  [the  vestal  fire].  i^jCuEYNE  Eng. 
Malady  n.  viii.  §  7  (1734)  202  There  remains  nothing  but  to 
recruit  the  Solids  weakened  in  the  Struggle.  1822-34  Good '  s 
Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  III.  61  He  represents  it  [the  nervous 
fluid]  as  never  either  recruited  or  exhausted.  1878  Si  MVAI;  i 
&  TAIT  Unseen  Univ.  iv.  §  120.  132  Nature  can  beget 
nothing  till  she  is  recruited  by  the  death  of  something  else. 
b.  To  increase  or  maintain  (a  quality;  by  fresh 
influence  or  operation. 

1678  H.  VAUGHAN  Thalia.  Rediv.,  Daf/mis,  Active  fires 
their  sluggish  heat  recruit.  1719  LONDON  &  WISE  Coinpl. 
Card.  252  lloth  to  recruit  the  heat,  and  to  maintain  it  after 
wards.  1788  BURKE  Sf.  agst.  W.  Hastings  Wks.  XIII. 
320  Fur)',  rage  and  malice,  .recruiting  and  reinforcing  their 
avarice,  their  vices  are  no  longer  human.  1870  Standard 
16  Nov.,  Since  the  Crimean  war.  .Russia  has  been  carefully 
engaged  in  recruiting  her  strength.  1871  B.  STEWART  Heat 
n.  i.  §  13  If  the  temperature  of  the  liquid  be  kept  constantly 
recruited  by  some  natural  process. 

-|*C.  To  regain,  re-establish  (one's  credit).   Obs. 

1656  Artif.  Handsaw.   151  If  a  woman  once  dash  upon 
this  rock  of  reproach,  she  hardly  ever  recrutes  her  credit, 
t  d.  To  put  right,  to  make  up  for.   Obs. 

1673  WOOD  Life  14  July  ^O.H.S.)  II.  266  What  he  had 
uttered  to  my  great  disgrace,  the  vicechancellor  in  his  con 
cluding  speech  recruited  alt  againe. 

4.  To  increase  or  restore  the  vigour  or  health  of 
(a  person  or  animal) ;  to  refresh,  re-invigorate  (one's 
spirits,  etc.).     Also  occas.  with  inanimate  object. 

1676  WISEMAN  Cltirurg.  Treat.  285  He  was.  .removed. . to 
Knights-bridge,  and  there  he  daily  recruited  his  spirits. 
1697  DKYDF.N  Virg.  Georg.  in.  766  Recruited  into  Rage,  he 
grinds  his  Teeth  In  his  own  flesh.  1738  WESLEY  Ps.  civ.  iv, 
Thy  Rains  from  Heav'n  parch'd  Hills  recruit.  1753  HUME 
Ess.fy  Treat.  (1777)  1.287  Indolence,  .never  is  agreeable  but 
when  it  succeeds  to  labour,  and  recruits  the  spirits.  1842 
BARHAM  Ingol.  Leg.,  St.  Medardx\v,  When,  a  little  recruited, 
he  ruse  to  go.  1878  Bosvv.  SMITH  Carthage  238  When  his 
troops  had  been  sufficiently  recruited,  and  were  again  eager 
to  advance. 

b.  reft.  To  refresh  or  re-invigorate  (oneself). 

1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Tkevenofs  Trav.  i.  219  Being  asth- 
matick.  .he  was  forced  to  go  to  Acre,  there  to  recruit  him 
self  for  some  days.  1726-31  WALDRON  Descr.  Isle  Man 
(1865)  56  As  soon  as  he  had  recruited  himself  with  a  hearty 
swill  of  brandy,  he  began  to  relate  in  this  manner.  1856 
B.  TAYLOR  North.  Trav.  xxxv.  374,  I  sat  down. .while  our 
guide  recruited  himself  with  a  large  dish  of  thick  sour  milk. 

5.  a.  To  fill  the  place  of  (a  thing),  rare*^ 
1707-12  MORTIMER  Hnsb.  (1721)  II.  191  This  is  the  time  to 

carry  on  your  new  Poles,  to  recruit  those  that  are  decay 'd, 
and  cast  out  every  Year. 

b.  To  renew,  or  add  to,  one's  supply  of  (a  thing). 
1748  Ansons  Voy.  i.  vi.  58  As  soon  as  they  had  there 
recruited  their  wood  and  water,  they  were  to  continue 
cruizing.  1800  Asiatic  Ann.  Reg.t  Misc.  Tr.  244/1  At 
Anoopsheher  I  recruited  the  necessary  supplies  for  the 
prosecution  of  my  journey. 

6.  Mil.  (and  Atow/).  To  raise  (men) as  recruits; 
to  enlist  as  soldiers  (orsailors);  to  raise  (a  regiment, 
etc.)  in  this  way. 

1814  SCOTT  Wav.  xxxi,  Such  of  your  troop  as  were  re 
cruited  upon  Waverley- Honour.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON 
Milit.  Diet.  334/1  Officers  specially  appointed  . .  to  recruit 
men  for  the  several  regiments  and  departments  of  the  army. 
1891  PATTERSON  Illust.  Nant.  Diet,  v.  376  Receiving  Ship, 
a  man  o'  war,  unfit  for  sea  duty,  stationed  at  a  navy  yard 
for  recruiting  seamen. 

transf.  1816  KIKBY  &  SP.  Entomot.  (1818)  II.  xvii.  95 
The  ants  that  are  not  yet  recruited  pursue  their  ordinary 
occupations. 

II.  intr.  7.  a.  Mil.  To  enlist  new  soldiers;  to 
get  or  seek  for  fresh  supplies  of  men  for  the  army. 
*  1655  Clarke  Papers  (Camden)  III.  28  Collonel  Heane.. 
hath  u  commission  to  raise  a  regiement  of  horse  in  Kent,  and 


every  troope  in  England  torecruiteuptoaioo.  I7O7ADUISON 
Pres.  St.  War  Wks.  (Bohn)  IV.  351  The  French  have  only 
Switzerland,  besides  their  own  country,  to  recruit  in.  1772 
Ann.  Reg.  i.  7i*/2  That  the  Company's  officers  should  have 
liberty  to  recruit  with  beat  of  drum,  in  the  manner  practised 
by  the  regular  forces.  1856  EMERSON  li.ng.  Traits,  Race 
Wks.  {Bohnj  II.  32  If  I  wanted  a  good  troop  of  soldiers, 
,  I  should  recruit  among  the  stables. 

f  b.  To  take  fresh  stores  on  board  ship.   Obs. 

1725  DE  FOE  I'oy.  round  World  (1840)  icS  Put  in  there  to 
recruit  and  furnish   for  so  long  a  run.     Ibid.  109  At  the 
i     Ladr<mes,  we  recruited,  and  particularly  took  on  board.. 
near  two  hundred  hogs. 

t  8.  To  return  to  a  previous  number  or  condition  ; 
1  to  recover  from  diminution.  Obs. 

1646  J.  GKKGOKY  Notes  $  Obs.  (1650)  125  All  tin.-  dry  Hon.;;, 
shall  be  reunited. .and  the  whole  Generation  of  Mankinde 
recruite  againe.  1658  J.  JONI-.S  Oi'lti's  It'ii>  194  His  heart 
ishall  feed  the  bird  and  still  recruit. 

9.  To  recover  vigour  or  health  ;  to  employ  means 
|  for  recovering  from  exhaustion,  etc. 

1635-56  CowLiiY  David? is  iv.  io-'5  With  timely  Food  his 

decay 'd  Spirits  recruit.     1697  DKVDLN   I'irg.  Georg,  1.404 

,     In  Genial  Winter,  Swains  enjoy  their  Store,  Forget  their 

HfurdshipS)  and  recruit  for  more.      1800  fried.    Jrnt.   III. 

1     453  Where  the  powers  of  the  constitution   had    been    pre- 

j     viously  much  exhausted,  .and   when;  they  appealed  to  be 

•     gradually  recruiting.     1814  MMI:.  il'AitHLAY  Wanderer  \\, 

ii,  I  was  so  confoundedly  numbed,  .that  I  don't  think  1  could 

have  remembered  my  father.,  before  I  had  recruited.      1856 

KAM;  Ant.  Kxpl.  I.  ix.  99  Leaving  four  of  my  party  to 

lecruit  at  this  station.     Ihiit.  xxi.  266  The  dogs  having  now 

recruited,  he  started  light. 

1 10.  To  recover  what  one  has  expended  in 
trade.  Obs. 

1698  FRYKR  Ace.  E.  India  fy  P.  121  By  the  quickness  of 
Merchandise  passing  thorough  this  City,  they  rei_ruit  on  a 
suddain.  1727  DE  Foi-:  Eng.  Tradesman  vi.  (1732)  I.  61 
They,  .may  buy  sparingly,  and  recruit  again  as  they  M.-11  off. 

Hence  Recrurtafclert.,  capable  of  being  recruited. 

1890  Pall  Mall  G.  5  Sept.   3/3  A  large  highly-trained 

naval  reserve,  alone  chiefly  recruituble  from  our  fisherfolks. 

Recrui-tage.  rare.  [i'.  RECBTJIT  sb*  +  -AGE.] 
The  state  of  being  a  recruit. 

1890  igtk  Cent.  Nov.  843  In  the  days  of  his  recriutage. 

Recruital  fr/kn/'tal).     [f.  Rtcuuix  v.  +-AL.] 

tl.  A  new  or  fiesh  supply.   Obs. 

1648  in  Aikman  Hist.  Siof.  (1827)  IV.  x.  319  note,  Implor 
ing  them  for  a  recruilal  both  of  men  and  money. 

2.  Restoration  to  health,  etc. 

1851  W.  HANNA  Life  Chalmers  II.  55  Mr.  Chalmers  sought 
relief  and  recruital  in  an  excursion  to  Fifeshire,  1884  J. 
Y \UKKR  Apost.  Lifo  III.  107  A  time  of  recruital  and  renewal. 

Recruite,  obs.  form  of  KECUUIT. 

Recruited  (r/kr«*ted),  ///.  a.  [f.  as  piec.+ 
-ED1.]  Strengthened,  restored,  enlisted,  etc. 

1791  Cowi-EK  Iliad  xix.  278  That  we  may  bear  The 
lengthen'd  conflict,  with  recruited  might.  1855  LYNCH 
Rivulet  xLvm.  i,  That  we  may  ask  Recruited  vigour  for  the 
task  Of  living  as  we  would. 

abscl.  i88z  Athenaeum  14  Jan.  56/2  The  tricks  played 
I  by  recruiters  and  recruited  are  exposed. 

Recruiter  (r/krw'tai).     [f-  as  prec.  +  -ER  !.] 

tl.  An  additional  member  of  Parliament,  ap 
pointed  or  elected  to  bring  up  the  number.  Obs. 

1648  HtYLiN  Relat.  $  Observ.  i.  166  A  List  of  the  Names 
of  the  M embers  of  the  House  of  Commons. . .  Note,  Reader, 
that  such  as  have  this  mark  [*]..are  Recruiters;  illegally 
elected,  a  1695  WOOD  Life  ^O.  H.  S.)  I.  477  He  was  chosen 
a  recruiterfor  that  long  parliament  which  began  8  May  1661. 
[1893  S.  R.  GARDINER  Hist.  Civil  War  111.  xl.  77  Not  far 
short  of  150  new  members  had  been  chosen,  and  these  Re 
cruiters,  as  they  were  called,  counted  amongst  them  men 
like  Ireton  and  Fleetwood.] 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  recruits ;  csp.  one  who 
seeks  or  enlists  recruits. 

1760  R.  ROHERS  Jrnls.  (1883)  153  These  three  recruiters 
I  do  not  doubt  will  bring  good  men  enough  to  complete  us 
here.  1799  Ann.  Reg.  118  Tried  and  punished  ..  as  spies 
and  recruiters  for  hostile  powers.  1816  KIKBY  &  SP.  Ento- 
mol.  (1818)  II.  xvii.  95  You  may  stop  the  emigration..,  if 
you  can  arrest  the  first  recruiter.  1878  SEKLEY  Stein  III. 
393  Many  innocent  lads  too  are  seduced  by  those  recruiters. 
1890  World  13  Aug.  36/2  Recruiters  of  flagging  energies. 

Recrurthood.  rare.  [f.  RECKUIT  sb.  +  -HOOD.] 
The  slate  of  being  a  recruit. 

1884  Century  Mag.  Nov.  108/2  Old  soldiers  who  read 
this  will  remember  their  green  recruithood. 

Recruiting  (rfknShtg),  vM.  sb.   [f.  RECRUIT  v. 

-ING  !.]     The  action  of  the  vb.  RECRUIT. 


Before  this  recruiting  of  the  House  of  Commons  ^as  it  was 
thencalled).  ijj&Anson's  V'cy.  n.  vii.  211  A  business  which 
.  would  occasion  some  delay.. was  the  recruiting  of  our 
water.  1816  KIRDY  &  SP.  Entomol.  (1818)  II.  xvii.  94  When 
all  the  neuters  are  acquainted  with  the  road  to  the  new  city, 
the  recruiting  ceases.  1840  I.  H.  NEWMAN  Par.  Serin. 
(1842^  V.  xix.  315  Sleep  is  equally  the  comfort  and  recruiting 
of  rich  and  poor.  1879  J.  BUKKOUGHS  Locusts  %  H  .  Honey 
(1884)  118  The  recruiting  of  a  thunder-storm  is  often  very 
marked. 

b.  attrib.,  as  recruiting  agent,  corps,  district, 
officer; party,  sergeant,  sergtantry,  service. 

In  some  cases  coinciding  with  the  ppl.  adj. 

1858  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  III.  423  Confederates  who  had 
acted  under  them  as  'recruiting  agents  for  Lord  Exeter. 
i8oa  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.  Recruits,  The_  ^recruiting 
corps,  professedly  so  called,  and  having  place  in  the  army 
list.  Ibid.)  "Recruiting  Districts.  1706  FARQUHAR  (title) 
The  *Recruiting  Officer;  a  Comedy.  1710  Land.  Gaz. 
No.  4648/3  This  Day  arrived  the  Queen  Packet-boat,. .with 


RECRUITING. 

several  Recruiting  Officers.  1859  MAX  MULLER  Chips  (1880) 
III.  iv.  82  A  place  on  the  frontier,  where  he  had  to  act  as 
recruiting  officer.  1790  New  Newgate  Col.  V.  149  While 
he  was  In  the  army,  and  on  a  *reeruiting  party  in  York 
shire.  i849MACAULAY///.s/.  Eng.  vi.  II.  144  The  recruiting 
parties,  instead  of  beating  their  drums  for  volunteers  at 
fairs  and  markets  [etc.].  1770  BICKKRSTAFF  (title]  The 
*  Recruiting  Serjeant;  amnsical  Entertainment.  i8i4Scoir 
Wav.  Ixi,  Introducing  Waverley  to  a  recruiting-sergeant 
of  his  own  regiment.  1833  GKS.  P.THOMI-SON  Exerc.  (184^) 
II.  50  Let  us  have  no  *recruiting-serjeantry.  1772  Ann. 
Reg.  i.  7i*/2  It  would  be  utterly  destructive  of  the  *re* 
cruiting  service  for  the  army.  1822  Regnl.  $  Orders  Army 
74  Officers  on  the  Recruiting  Service. 

So  Recrui'ting1  ///.  a.,  that  recruits. 

1678  BUTLER  I  hid.  in.  i.  766  Man.,  had  his  better  half.. 
T'amend  his  natural  defects  And  perfect  his  recruiting  sex. 

Recruitment  (r/"kr/7'tment).  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-MENT,  or  acl.  K.  rcirutenient  (Littre).] 

1.  A  reinforcement. 

1824  Black™.  Mag.  XVI.  495  A  recruitment  to  the  mob 
that  was  inside  broke  in  from  the  streets.  1864  CARLYI.I-: 
i-'redk,  Gt.  xv.  \  ii.  (1872)  V I.  30  The  sicknesses  are  ceasing  ; 
the  recruitments  are  coming  in. 

2.  The   act   or   process   of  recruiting :    a.  of  a 
military  force  or  a  class  of  persons. 

1843  CARI.YLE  Past  $  Pr.  \.  v,  Do  you  expect  ..  that  your 
indispensable  Aristocracy  of  Talent  is  to  be  enlisted  straight 
way,  by  some  sort  of  recruitment  aforethought,  out  of  llie 
general  population?  1862  MEKIVALK  Rom.  Emp.  xxii. 
(1865)  III.  44  The  rapid  decrease  of  the  middle  class  of 
citizens. .rendered  the  recruitment  of  the  legions  constantly 
more  difficult.  1878  N.  Amcr.  Rev.  CXXVI.  216  The 
officer  in  charge  of  the  recruitment  of  the  army. 
b.  of  the  body  or  health. 

1862  ftlaon.  Ma>?.  Apr.  518  Sleep  ..  is  necessary  for  the 
recruitment  of  the  little  weary  frame.  1896  J.  B.  THOMSON 
Life  Jos.  Thompson  116  It  required  only  a  week  or  two., 
to  give  him  perfect  recruitment  and  re-invigoratlon. 

Recruity  (r/kr^-ti).     [f.  RECEUIT  sb.  +  -Y.]    A   \ 
humorous  diminutive  of  KECKUIT  sb.  I  b. 

1892  R.  KIPLING  Barrack-r.  Ballads,  Troopiri  iv,  Ho, 
you  poor  recruities,  but  you've  got  to  earn  your  pay. 

Recrute,  obs.  form  of  RECRUIT. 

t  Recry,  sb.  Sc.  Obs.  rare— !.  [f.RE-  +  CBYJ£.; 
cf.  recall.}  Recall,  revocation. 

1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  III.  364  The  band  Betuix  thair 
faderis.  .maid  till  stand  For  euirmoir  without  ony  recry. 

Recry,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To  cry  again. 

1630  tr.  Camdens  Hist.  Eliz.  12  Scarce  had  he  spoken  the 
word,  when  all  from  all  sides  cryed,  and  recryed,  God  saue 
Queene  Elizabeth. 

Recryand,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RECREANT. 

fRecryat,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  rare-1.  (Of  doubtful 
origin  and  meaning,  perh.  for  recryanty  ad.  obs. 
F.  recreantir :  see  RECREANT.) 

1508  D  UNBAR  Flyting  88  Suppois  thy  held  war  arir.it 
tymis  ten,  Thow  sail  recryat,  or  thy  crown  sail  cleif. 

Recrystallization  (rtkrut&kriz^Jaii).  [RE- 

5  a.]     The  process  of  crystallizing  again. 

1836-41  BRANDEC/W//.  (ed.  5)911  The  crystals  of  chrcnnate 
are.  .purified  by  recrystallization.  1881  Daily  Nnvs  7  Dec. 
5/1  A  breaking  up  and  recrystallisation  of.  .parties. 

Recrystallize  (nkrrstabiz),  v.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  crystallize  again. 

1797  WOLLASTON  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXVII.  397  In  marine 
acid  they  would  re-dissolve,  and  might  be  re-crystallized. 
1849  D.  CAMPBELL  Inorg.  Chem.  1 18  It  may  be  obtained  by 
dissolving  and  recrystallking  the  impure  salt  imported. 

fig.  1882  FKOUDB  Life  Carlyle  \.  383  What  he  took  into 
his  mind  was  dissolved  and  recrystalHsed  into  original  com 
binations  of  his  own. 

Hence  Recry stallized ///.  a. 

1878  ABKEV  P/zotegr*  (1881)  61  RecrystalHsed  silver  nitrate. 

t  Rect,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  I,,  rect-us  straight.] 
a.  Direct,  "b.  Erect,  straight.  C.  Right  (angle). 

a.  1393  LANCL.  P.  PI.  C.  iv.  336  Thus  ys  mede  and  mer- 
cede  as  two  manere  relacions,  Rect  and  indyrect.    Ibid.  357 
Man  ys  relatif  rect  yf  he  be  ryht  trewe. 

b.  1557   Tottell's  Misc.  (Arb.)  156  Running  my  race  as 
rect  vpright :  Till  teares  of  truth  appease  my  plight, 

C.  1598  SYLVESTER  DH  Bartas  n.  ii.  iv.  Columnes  200 
Th'  acute,  and  the  rect  Angles  too,  Stride  not  so  wide  as 
obtuse  Angles  doe. 

t  Rect,  V.  Obs.  rare.    Aphetic  f.  ERECT  v. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  V.  153  The  sepulcre,  whiche 
was  lefte  in  the  see,  recte  [L.  erexit]  hit  selfe  with  the  erthe, 
and  was  made  an  yle.  1638  HEYWOOD  Wise  Womati^  n.  i. 
Wks.  1874  V.  292  Mistris  Alary  on  the  Banke-side,  is  for 
reeling  a  Figure. 

Rectal  (re'ktal),  a.  Anat.  and  Med.  [f.  RECT-U.M 
+  -AL.]  Of  or  belonging  to  the  rectum.  (Common 
in  recent  use.) 

1872  F.  G.  THOMAS  Dis.  Women  ted.  3)  67  The  rectal 
touch,  uterine  probe, .  .and  other  means,  should  be  resorted 
to.  1875  H.  C.  WOOD  Therap.  (1879)  20  The  dissolving 
power  of  the  rectal  fluids  is  very  slight. 

Rectangle  (re-ktseng'l),  sb.  [ad.  late  L.  recti- 
angulum  a  right-angled  triangle  (7th  c.),  neut.  of 
rediangulus  adj.  :  see  next.  Cf.  F.  rectangle  sb.] 

1.  Geom.  A  plane  rectilinear  four-sided  figure 
having  all  its  angles  right  angles,  and  therefore  its 
opposite  sides  equal  and  parallel. 

Usually  limited  to  figures  whose  adjacent  .sides  are 
unequal,  and  so  contrasted  with  square. 

1571  DIGGES  Pantoni.  i.  Elem.  Biijb,  If  one  side  con 
taining  the  right  Angle,  be  longer  than  the  other  containing 
side,  then  is  that  figure  called  a  Rectangle.  1690  LOCKE 
Hum.  Und.  iv.  iv.  §  6  The  Mathematician  considers  the 
Truth  and  Properties  belonging  to  a  Rectangle,  or  Circle, 
only  as  they  arc  in  Idea  in  his  own  Mind.  1726  tr.  Gregory's 


278 


pa 
lin 


____  -1879)  I.  ii.  43  -    . 

rendered  as  narrow  as  desired.  1885  LBUDUDOKF  Cremona  s 
Proj.  Geom.  223  Any  parallelogram  inscribed  in  a  circle 
must  be  a  rectangle. 

trans/.     1671  HOBBES  Three  papers  Wks.  1845  VII.  438 
A  square  root  (speaking  of  quantity)  is  not  a  line,  such  as 
Euclid  defines,  without  latitude,  but  a  rectangle. 
f  b.  The  product  of  two  quantities.   Obs. 

Used  on  analogy  of  square  ;  cf.  preceding  quot. 

1674  TKAKK  Ariih.  (1696)  616  The  Rectangle  of  the 
Means  is  equal  to  that  of  the  Extreams.  1727-41  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Product,  In  lines  it  is  always  (and  sometimes  in 
numbers)  called  the  rectangle  between  the  two  lines,  multi 
plied  by  one  another.  1763  KMERSON  Mcth,  Increments  9 
The  increment  of  a  rectangle  or  product. 

f  2.  A  right  angle.  Obs.     (Cf.  RECT  a.  c.) 

1656  in  BLOUNT  Glossogr.  1703  MOXON  Mcch.  Ex  ere.  247 
A  Large  Square,  to  set  their  Walls  at  rectangles,  which  may 
also  be  done,  .by  setting  6  foot  from  the  angle  one  way,  and 
8  foot  the  other  way,  then  if  the  Diagonal  ..  be  exactly  10 
feet,  the  an-le  is  a  rectangle.  1795  HKKSCMKL  in  /'////. 
Trans.  LXXXV.  388  This  machine  consists  of  a  bottom 
frame,  and  a  bar  .  .  at  rectangles  to  it. 

f3.  A  right-angled  triangle.  Oh.  rare—1. 

1798  CANNING,  etc.  Loves  Triangles  76  in  Anti-Jacobin, 
The  sly  Rectangle's  too  licentious  love, 

t  Rectangle,  a.  Obs.  [ad.  late  L.  rectianguhts  \ 
right-angled  (Hoethius),  f.  rectits  straight  +  angulus  \ 
ANGLE.  Cf.  F.  rectangle  adj.  (1556).]  =  next.  \ 
(Used  only  with  triangle.} 

1570  I5iLi.iN(;si.KV^'wr//(f  i.  xlvii.  58  In  rectangle  triangles,    ' 
the  square  whiche  is  made  of  the  side  that  subtendeth  the 
right  angle  [etc.].     1625  N.  CARPKSTER  Geog.  Del.   \.  xii. 
(1635)  262  The  square  of  the  Hypotenuse  of  a  Rectangle 
Triangle.     1708  lirit.  Apollo  No.  34. 

Rectangled  (rc-kta-rjg'ld),  a.  Now  rare.  [f. 
RECTANGLE  sb.  -t-  -ED  2.]  Right-angled. 

1570  BILI.INGSLEY  Euclid  n.  def.  i.  60  Euery  rectangled     , 

arallelogram  me,  is  sayde  to  be  contayned  vnder  two  right 
lines  comprehending  a  right  angle.  1715  A.  DH  MOIVRE  in  ' 
Phil.  Trans.  XXIX.  339  A  rectangled  Cone  whose  Altitude  i 
is  equal  to  AR.  17980  KEY  II.T.E  ibid.  LXXXVII  I.  416  Gems  : 
derived  from  the  rectangled  octoedra.  1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMIL-  1 
TON  Mctaph.  xxxvi.  (1870)  II.  316  The  one  is  a  rectangled,  i 
and  the  other  an  equilateral,  triangle. 

Rectangular  (rekUvngi/nii),  a.    [ad.  L.  type 
*rectanguldr-is  :  see  RECTANGLE  s/>.  and  -AR.     Cf.    | 
F.  rectangtilaire  (1571).] 

1.  Shaped  like  a  rectangle  ;  having  four  sides 
and  four  right  angles. 

1624  WOTTON  Arc/lit.  19  To  resolue  vpon   Rectengular    | 
Squares,  as  a  mean  betweene  too  few,  and  too  many  Angles,     j 
1718  QUINCV  Cornel.  Disp.  33  In  Sugar,  the  same  Pyramids,     '' 
with  oblong  and  rectangular    Bases.     1727-41   CHAMBERS    t 
Cycl.  s.v.  Windmill,  A  common  windmill,  whose  sails  are 
rectangular,  and  their  length  about  five  times  their  breadth. 
1831    BRKWSTER    Optics   xi.   98    When    the   termination   is 
rectangular,  what  are  called  the  crested  fringes  of  Grimaldi    ' 
are  produced.     1861  LEWIS  Jerusalem  197  The  platform.. 
was  a  rectangular  space  surrounded  by  a  wall  of  its  own. 

Comb.  1898  F.  DAVIS  Silchester  23  Their  practice  of 
building  city  walls  rectangularwise. 

b.  Of  a  solid  body  :  Having  the  sides,  base,  or 
section  in  the  form  of  a  rectangle,  or  with  right- 
angled  corners. 

i6»4  WOTTON  Archit.  47  Bricks  moulded  in  their  ordinary- 
Rectangular  forme.  1805-17  R.  JAMESON  Charac.  A/in. 
(ed.  3)  116  The  rectangular  hexahedron  is  named  cube. 
1812-16  PLAYFAIK  Nat.  Phil.  (1819)  I.  i6iWhen  a  rectangular 
beam  is  supported  at  both  ends  [etc.].  1871  ROSCOE  Elem. 
Chem.  276  Mercuric  Chloride..  is  soluble  in  water,  crystal 
lizing  in  rectangular  octahedra. 
C.  fig.  Formal,  stiff,  rigid. 

1842  FOE  Marie  Roget  Wks.  1864  I.  236  Lawyers,  who, 
for  the  most  part,  content  themselves  with  echoing  the 
rectangular  precepts  of  the  courts. 

t  2.  Of  a  triangle  :  Right-angled.  Obs. 

1678  CUD  WORTH  Intcll.  Syst.  i.  v.  653  Nor  doth  every  one, 
who  hath  an  idea  of  a  rectangular  triangle,  presently  under 
stand  that  the  square  of  the  subtense  is  equal  to  the  squares 
of  both  the  sides. 

3.  Placed  or  lying  at  right  angles.     (Said  also  of 
the  relative  position  of  two  things.) 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  179  The  thighes  of  other 
animals  doe  stand  at  angles  with  their  spine,  and  have 
rectangular  positions  in  birds.  1675  OGILBV  Brit.  Introd. 
I.  Pijb,  The  acute  Way  on  the  Left  leads  to  Hogsdon,  and 
the  Rectangular  Way  ..  over  the  Fields  to  Old-Street. 
1812-16  PLAYFAIR  Nat.  Phil.  (1819)  II.  267  The  Sun  ..  and  I 
.  .  two  planets  referred  to  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic,  each  by 
three  rectangular  co-ordinates  .  .  parallel  to  the  three  axes. 
1869  TYNUALL  Notes  Lect.  Light  §  465  The  elasticity  of  the 
ether  is  different  in  these  two  rectangular  directions.  Ibid. 
g  479  The  function  of  the  analyzer  is  to  reduce  the  two 
rectangular  wave-systems  to  a  single  plane. 
b.  Math.  (See  quot.)  ?  Obs. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  If  a  cone,  cylinder,  etc.,  be 
perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon,  it  is  called  a 
rectangular  or  right  cone,  cylinder,  etc. 

4.  Having  parts,  lines,  etc.  at  right  angles  to  each 
other  ;    characterized   or    distinguished    by    some 
arrangement  of  this  kind. 

Rectangular  hyperbola,  a  hyperbola  having  its  asymp 
totes  perpendicular  to  one  another.  Rectangular  staff, 
a  lithotomic  staff  bent  at  right  angles. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Barometer,  Horizontal  or 
rectangular  Barometer,  .  .the  tube  whereof  is  bent,  in  form 
of  a  square.  1872  T.  BRYANT  Pract.  Surg.  Hi.  558  Bu 
chanan's  operation  with  the  rectangular  staff,  bent  three 


RECTIFICATION. 

inches  from  the  point.  1882  MINCHIN  Unipl.  Kincntat.  173 
The  curve  denoted  by  this  last  equation  is  a  rectangular 
hyperbola.  1887  W  C.  VoRDArrter.  Cit.  Alan.  n.  55  The 
surveys  are  conducted  on  a  uniform  plan,  known  as  the 
rectangular  system. 

t  b.  Of  a  windmill:  Having  rectangular  sails. 
1737-41  CHAMBERS  CycL  s.v.  Windmill,  Best  form  and 
proportion  of  rectangular  Wind-Mills. 

Rectaiigularity  (rektseggiriflre-riti).  [f.  prec. 
+  -ITY.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  rectangular, 
or  having  right  angles.  Alsoy?^.  stiffness. 

1727  in  BAILEY  vol.  II.  1804  MAR.  EUGEWORTH  Ennui 
ix,  She  sketched,  in  strong  caricature,  my  relaxed  elongation 
of  limb,  and  his  rigid  rectangularity.  1849  DANA  Geol.  iii. 


Rectangularly  (rektse-ngif/lajli),  adv.  [f.  as 
prec.  -f-  -LY  '*.]  In  a  rectangular  manner  or  direction. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pscnd.  Ep.  n.  ii.  62  At  the  /fcquator 
thereof  the  needle  will  stand  rectangularly.  1658  —  Card. 
Cyrus  i,  The..Ensigne  carried  this  figure,  not.. rectangu 
larly  entersected,  but  in  a  decussation.  1832  G.  DOWNKS 
Lett.  Cont.  Countries  I.  509  The  city  is  exceedingly  hand 
some,  and  the  streets  intersect  each  other  rectangularly. 
1880  C.  &.  F.  DARWIN  Moi-em.  /'I.  423  The  hypocotyl  bends 
in  a  few  hours  rectangularly  towards  a  bright  lateral  light. 

So  Recta  ngularness  (lioiley  vol.  II,  1727). 

Recta  iigulate,  a.  [f.  as  RECTANGUL-AR  4- 
-ATE.]  Rectangular,  right-angled.  So  Becta'ng-u 
late  v.  intr.,  to  diverge  in  a  rectangular  system. 

1852  DANA  Crust,  i.  93  Posterior  part  of  orbital  margin 
salient,  not  acute,  rectangulate.  1893  F.  ADAMS  New 
Egypt  ii  From  here  radiate,  or  rather  rectangulate,  all  the 
new  rectilineal  thoroughfares. 

t  Rectanguled,  a.  Obs.-*   =  RECTANGLED. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Rectanguled,  that  hath  right  Cor 
ners  or  Angles ;  a  term  of  Heraldry. 

Re  c  t  an  gulo1  meter,  [f.  as  RECTANGUL-AR  + 
-(O)METER.  J  An  instrument  for  testing  right  angles. 

1843  HOLTZAPI TEL  Turning  II.  880  When  the  work  and 
trial-bar,  (or  rectangulometer),  are  both  laid  down,  the 
one  side  of  the  bar  presents  a  truly  perpendicular  face. 

tRecta'ngulous.fl.  Obs.~~l  [f.  as  RECTANGUL-AR 
+  -ous.]  =  RECTANGULAR. 

1680  T.  LA\VSON  Mite  into  Trcas.  33  A  Natural  man 
through  search  may  apprehend  much  of  the  Feats  and 
Terms  of  this  Art,  their  Points,  ..  Perimeter,  Triangle, 
Rectangulous,  Obliquangulous  [etc.]. 

Rectifiable  (re'ktifaiaVl),  a.  [f.  RECTIFY  v, 
+  -ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  rectified ;  spec,  in 
Math,  (see  RECTIFY  7  b). 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  201  The  errors  of  one 
concoction  not  [being]  rectifiable  by  another.  1816  tr. 
LacroiJc's  Diff.  $  Int.  Calculus  izo  The  curve  D  F  is 
rectifiable  ;  that  is  to  say  we  can  assign  a  right  line  which 
is  equal  to  it  in  length.  1887  R.  A.  ROBERTS  Int.  Calculus 
i.  307  Charles  has  given  some  interesting  results  connecting 
circles  with  arcs  whose  difference  is  rectifiable. 

Rectification  (rektifik^'-Jan).  [a.  F.  rectifica 
tion  (i4th  c.  in  Littre),  or  ad.  late  L.  rectification-em^ 
n.  of  action  f.  rectificare  to  RECTIFY.]  The  action 
of  rectifying. 

1.  The  correction  of  error ;  a  setting  straight  or 
right;  amendment,  improvement,  correction. 

(•1460  G.  ASHBY  Dicta,  Philos.  491  The  most  grcttest 
Rectificaclon  Ys,  from  evel  thinges  to  directe  a  kinge. 
1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  n.  i.  iv.  i,  They  haue  done  more 
cures  in  this  kind  by  rectification  of  Diet,  then  all  other 
Physick.  1651  C.  CARTWRIGHT  Cert.  Relig.  i.  119  For 
though  rectification  be  not  errour,  yet  it  doth  presuppose 
Errour.  1669  WORLIDCE  Syst.  Agric.  48  niarg,.  Rectifica 
tion  of  the  Feeder,  1765  WAKBUHTON  Div.  Legat.  v.  App., 
If  his  Lordship  by  the  present  state  of  things,  includes  the 
rectification  of  them  in  a  future  state  [etc.].  1808  SYD.  SMITH 
Wks.  (1859)  I.  98/1  That  they  must  bear  this  patiently,  and 
look  to  another  world  for  its  rectification.  1882  LECKY  Eng. 
in  i8M  Cent.  (1892)  IV.  xvi.  355  A  few  slight  rectifications 
of  territory  were  at  the  same  time  made.  1891  Law  Rep. 
Weekly  Notes  58/2  Such  mistake  is  not  capable  of  rectifica 
tion  as  between  ordinary  adverse  litigants, 
fb.  Astron,  and  Astrol.  Obs. 

a  1646  J.  GREGORY  Terrestrial  Globe  in  Pastuiiia(i6y^\  286 
This  is  called  Rectification,  or  right  setting  of  the  Globe. 
1668  DRYDEN  Even.  Love  n.  i,  What  think  you .  .of  the  best 
way  of  rectification  for  a  nativity? 

2.  Chem.  The  purification  or  refinement  of  any 
substance  by  renewed  distillation  or  other  means. 

1605  TIMME  Qucrsit.  in.  184  Rectification  is  a  reiterated 


readily  t 

1712  tr.  Pome£s  Hist.  Drugs  I.  56  The  Oil  of  Sugar 
that  remains  after  Rectification.  1787  KKIR  in  Phil.  Trans. 
LXXVII.  267  The  acid  obtained  from  vitriol,,  .deprived  by 
rectification  of  its  smoking  quality.  1876  HARLEV  Mat. 
Med.  (ed.  6)  354  The  oily  liquid  separates,  which  is  purified 
by  rectification. 

trans/.  i6zi  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  n.  ii.  in.  331  To  this 
cure  of  melancholy,  .the  Rectification  of  Aire  is  necessarily 
required,  a  1677  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  iv.  ii.  298  This 
portion  of  the  lower  World  seems  to  be  the  whole  residue 
of  the  visible  Chaotical  Mass,  which  by  the  former  Rectifi 
cation  was  reduced  to  a  small  portion,  like  the  Caput  Mar- 
tuuni  after  Distillation. 

3.  Geom.  The  finding  of  a  straight  line  equal  in 
length  to  a  given  curve. 

1685  WAI.LIS  Algebra  293  The  Year  following  (1659), 
Mr.  Heurat,  lights  on  the  Rectification  of  the  same  Curve, 
which  Mr.  Nefl  had  done  before.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cyct. 


BECTIFICATIVE. 


279 


RECTIFYING. 


S.v.,  All  we  need  to  find  the  quadrature  of  the  circle  is  the 
rectification  of  its  circumference.  Ibiti.^  The  rectification 
of  curves  is  a  branch  of  the  higher  geometry.  18*3  J. 
MITCHELL  Diet.  Math.  #  1'hys.  Set.  413/2  It  is.. to. the 
doctrine  of  fluxions  that  we  owe  the  complete  rectification 
of  curve  lines,  in  finite  terms.  1892  tr.  //.  Schubert's 
Math.  Ess.  119  The  quadrature  of  the  circle  stands  and 
falls  with  the  problem  of  rectification. 

Ite'ctificative.  rare.  [ad.  ¥.  rectificatif 
(Littre) :  see  RKCTIPV  and  -IVE.]  That  rectifies. 

1869  Daily  News  14  Dec.,  The  total  and  final  amounts  of 
the  ordinary,  extraordinary,  and  '  rectificative'  Budgets. 

t  Rectificatory,  sl>.  Ol>s.  [See  next  and -OBY.] 

A  mathematical  instrument  used  in  the  construction 
of  dials. 

The  description  given  by  Sebastian  Minister  in  his 
H  orologiograpliia  (1533)  98  is  :  *  Voco  autem  rectiticatorium, 
instrumentum  triangulare  orthogonium,  formam  habens 
scaleni,  cuius  latus  breuius  basis,  medium  cathetus,  longius 
vero  hy  pot  en  usa  dicitur'.  A  figure  of  the  instrument  is 
given  on  p.  100  of  the  same  work. 

1593  FALE  Dialling  Aiij,  Some  teach  the  making  ofDialls 
by  the  helpe  of  the  Globe... Munster  useth  a  Rectificatory 
with  a  circle,  which  is  unfit  for  small  plats,  and  faileth  in 
greater,  without  great  heede. 

Rextificatory,  «.  [ad.  L.  type  *rectificato- 
rins :  see  RECTIFY  v.  and  -ORY.]  That  rectifies  ; 
corrective. 

1866  Loud.  Rev.  3  Feb.  133/2  Hypothetical  and  rectifi- 
catory  budgets  of  ordinary  and  extraordinary  expenditure. 
1886  Man<-h.  Exam.  8  Feb.  5/2  The  recdficatory  note 
which  Sir  H.  A.  has  sent  to  the  papers, 

Rectified  (re'ktifoid) ,/>//.  a.     [f.  RECTIFY  ^.] 

1.  Made  right,  corrected.     Also  (in  some  cases 
perh.  directly  transf.  from  2),  cleared  from  defects 
or  imperfections,  refined. 

Common  in  jytli  c.,  esp.  of  conscience,  reason,  will,  etc. 
1555  PHILPOT  in  Coverdale  Lett.  Mart.  (1564)  221  That 
wyth  a  cleane  spirite  and  rectifycd  body,  we  myght  serue 

fod  iustly.  i6iz  DONNE  Lett.  (1651)  233  Our  ..  Saviour 
lesse  you  with  the  testimony  of  a  rectified  conscience. 
1646  J.  HALL  llorx  Vac.  5  Those  of  more  rectified  Reasons, 
can  sustaine  bright  and  glistring  discoveries  to  beat  in  upon 
them.  1707  NORRIS  Treat,  Humility  iv.  176  A  juster  and 
more  rectiwed  sense  of  things.  1771  FLKKJMER  Checks 
Wks.  1795  II.  289  A  talent  of  living  light  and  rectified  free 
agency.  1884  H.  SPENCER  in  Contcmp.  Rev.  Feb.  158  In 
the  minds  of  most,  a.  rectified  evil  is  equivalent  to  an 
achieved  good. 

2.  Chem.  Purified  or  refined  by  renewed  distilla 
tion  ;  redistilled.     Chiefly  used  of  spirit. 

1605  TIM  ME  Qucrsit.  i.  xv.  74  This  humour  ..  doth  re 
semble  the  rectified  animal  aqnavita.  1667  BOYLE  in  Phil. 
Trans.  II  608,  I  made  the  like  Tryal  with  rectified  Oyl  of 
Turpentine.  1747  WESLEY  Prim.  Physic  (1762)  90  Three 
Ounces  of  rectified  Spirits  ofWine.  iBojT.TROilSOH  Chem. 
(ed.  3)  II.  376  A  fine  light  transparent  liquid,  known  in 
commerce  by  the  name  of  rectified  spirits.  1876  HARLEY 
Mat.  Med.  (ed.  6)  326  Rectified  Spirit  is  alcohol  containing 
16  per  cent,  by  weight,  or  n  per  cent,  by  volume  of  water, 
obtained  by  the  distillation  of  fermented  saccharine  fluids. 

3.  fa.  Straightened,  straight.    Ol>s,  rare. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemean's  Fr.  Chirnrg.   b  ij  b/i  The 
rectifyede  Lancet te,  wherewitli  we  open  an  Apostemation. 
Ibid.  16  b;:2  The  rectifyede  or  extendede  can  or  pipe. 
b.  Of  an  electric  current  :  (see  RECTIFY  7  c). 

1893  SLOANE  Stand.  Electr.  Diet.  164. 

Rectifier  (rc-ktifoiai).     [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER  1.] 

1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  rectifies. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rectificateur,  a  Rectifier.  1617  COLLINS 
Def.  ftp.  Ely  i.  i.  97  Chrysostome . . attributes  as  much  to 
him,  to  be  rector  or  rectifyer,  as  he  there  speaker,  of  the 
whole  world.  1663  BUTLER  Hud.  i.  ii.  431  He  was. .  Rectifier 
of  Wry  Law,  And  would  make  three  to  cure  one  Flaw.  1741 
WAKBURTON  Div.  Legal.  II.  639,  I  shall  examine  this  bold 
Rectifier  of  prejudices.  1882  SPURGEON  Treas.  Dav.  Ps. 
cxix.  i  They  do  not  consult  it  now  and  then  as  a  sort  of 
rectifier  of  their  wanderings,  but  they  use  it  as  a  chart  for 
their  daily  sailing. 

2.  f  a.  An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  varia 
tion  of  the  compass  (see  qnot.  1/04).   Obs. 

1669  STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  n.  vi.  68  To  know  the 
Variation  by  the  Quadrant  ..,  without  the  help  of  the  ' 
Rectifier  before  spoken  of.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I, 
Rectifier  (in  Navigation,)  is  an  instrument  consisting  of  two 
Parts,  which  are  two  Circles,  either  laid  upon,  or  let  into 
the  other,  and  so  fastned  together  in  their  Centres,  that  they 
represent  two  Compasses  [etc.]. 

ta.  A  device  for  converting  an  alternating  electric 
current  into  a  direct  or  continuous  one. 

1898  SI.OANI;  Stand.  Elect,  Diet.  (ed.  2)  App.  616.  1901 
Electrician  8  Nov.  107/2  The  working  rectifier  is  not  a 
mere  physical,  but  also  an  electro-chemical  problem. 

3.  a.  One  who  rectifies  spirit. 

1727  DE  FOE  Eng.  Tradesman  vi.  (1732)  I.  58,  I  would 
warn .  .a  distiller  or  rectifier  of  spirits  to  moderate  his  furnace. 
1731  P.  SHAW  Ess.  Artif.  Philos.  115  When  the  Rectifier 
..performs  his  part  masterly,  the  Spirit  receives  consider 
able  improvement.  1843  Penny  CycL  XXVII.  467/1  In 
England  in  1835  there  were  108  rectifiers.  1880  Act  43  <V  44 
Viet.  c.  24  §  86  Entry  must  be  made  by  a  rectifier  before  he 
begins  to  receive,  rectify,  or  compound  any  spirit. 
b.  An  apparatus  for  rectifying  spirit. 

1854  RONALDS  &  RICHARDSON  Chem.  Technol.  (ed.a)  I.  287 
The  upper  part  forming  a  heater  for  the  wash,  while  the 
lower  compartment  acts  as  a  rectifier. 

Rectify  (re-ktifsi),  v.  [ad.  F.  rectifier  (i4th  c. 
in  Littre),  ad.  late  L.  rectificare  (grd  c.),  f.  rectns 
right  +  -ficdrc  :  see  -FY.] 

I.  trans.  To  put  or  set  right,  to  remedy  (a  bad 
or  faulty  condition  or  state  of  things). 

^1400  LanfrancsCirnrg.  51  Wib  propre  eir  \y.r.  cure]  to 


rectifien  be  corrupcioun  of  J>ilke  lyme.  1526  Piigr.  Perf. 
(W.  de  W.  1531  >  1 36  b,  Thus  we  may  se  yl  payne  is  good,  for 
by  it  god  rectifyeth  synne  1615  BRATHWAIT  Strappado 
(1878)  176  For  rectifying  such  abuse  as  grow,  By  this  foule 
vice.  1651  HOBHKS  Lci'iath.  n.  xxvii.  158  He  ought  by 
meditation  of  the  Law,  to  rectifie  the  irregularity  of  his 
Passions.  1748  HAKTLKY  Ob$er?>.  Man  n.  i.  17  It  produces 
Consequences,  which  in  the  Knd  rectify  the  original  Dis 
order.  1829  FARADAY  Exp.  Res.  xliii.  255 The  boUuiu  gave 
way. .and  endeavouring  to  rectify  this. .by  means  of  >and 
[etc.].  1845  M^CULLOCH  Taxation  n.  vi.  (1852)  285  Though 
there  still  remain  some  anomalies  to  be  reclined,  this  statute 
I  has  effected  some  material  improvements. 

b.  To  put  right,  correct,  amend,  make  good 
(a  mistake,  error,  omission,  etc.). 

1659  HEYLIN  E.vamen  Hist.  I.  173.  I  must  make  a  start  to 
I    fol.  91  for  rectifying  a  mistake  of  our  Authors.     1699  BI-.NT- 
I    I.KY  Phal.  250  He  discovers  his  own  Omissions,  and  pre 
sently  rectifies  them.      1718  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to 
j    Abbe  Conti  19  May,  An  error  of  his  guide,  which,  his  short 
!    May  hindered  him  from  rectifying.      1837  DICKENS  Pickiv, 
I    vii,  The  slight  omission  was  rectified.      1858  MILL  Liberty 
1    ii.  (1865)  i2/i  Man ..  is  capable  of  rectifying  his  mistakes,  by 
discussion  and  experience. 

2.  t  a.  To  restore  (a  diseased  or  disordered  organ) 
to  a  sound  or  healthy  condition.    Obs. 

c  1400  I. an/fane's  Cirurg.  So  If  )>e  lyuere  ei|>ir  be  splene 
ben  I-grcued,. .  bou  muste  rectifien  hum.  i6aoVENNEH  I 'fa 
Recta  ii.  25  It  notably  rectifieth  the  stomacke.  1660  tr. 
Amyraldns  Treat,  cone.  Relig.  \\\.  \K.  498  To  reinfuse 
decayed  strength  in  a  moment,  and  rectifie  cripled  members 
after  long  impotence.  1694  SALMON'  Hate's  Dispcns.  (1713) 
580/2  It  rectifies  a  weak  and  disorderly  .Stomach. 

b.  To  put  or  set  (a  person  or  thing)  right,  in 
various  applications  of  the  adj. ;  to  bring  or  restore 
to  a  good  or  normal  condition ;  f  to  establish  in 
a  proper  manner. 

a  1529  SKKLTON  Col.  Cloitte  1265  To  rectyfye  and  amende 
Thynges  that  are  amys.  1549  LATIMKK  ist  Scrm,  bcf. 
Edw.  I'l  (Arb.)  31  He  doth  vs  rectify  in  the  libertie  of  the 
gospel,  in  that  therefore  let  vs  stand.  1599  B.  JONSON 
Cynthia's  Rev.  i,  Your  trauaile  is  your  only  thing  that 
rectifies,  or.. makes  yon  fit  for  action.  1640  SIR  B.  Ruu- 
YARD  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  (1680)  II.  n.  1358,  I  have  often 
thought  and  said,  that  it  must  be  some  great  extremity, 
that  would  recover  and  rectifie  this  State.  1678  Trans.  Crt. 
Spain  ii.  100  The  question  was  only  Then  of  banishing  a 
stranger;  but  Now  the  business  is  to  rectify  Spain  itself. 
1796  Ci  MARSHALL  Garden,  xx.  (1798)  376  Espaliers,  garden 
frames,  and  such  things,  rectify.  1882  LKCKV  Eng.  in 
i8//i  C'.  (1892)  IV.  xvi.  366  The  simplest  and  most  natural 
way  of  rectifying  his  position. 

reJJ.  1809  Med.  Jrnl.  XXI.  294  In  this  way  we  may  ac 
count.. for  the  manner  in  which  nature  tends  to  rectify 
herself. 

adsol.    1830   HOOD  Haunted1  House   i.  xxviii,   No  hand 
or  foot  within  the  precinct  came  To  rectify  or  ravage. 
fc.  To  restore  in  right  condition  to  something. 

1653  FILLER  Ch.  Hist,  i,  ii.  §  ii  Beholding  their  Temples 
..solemnly  continued  to  a  pious  end,  and  rectified  to  the 
Service  of  the  true  Clod. 

3.  Chem.  To  purify  or  refine  (any  substance)  by 
a   renewed  or  repeated  distillation,  or   by  some 
chemical  process;  to  raise  to  a  required  strength 
in  this  way ;  also,  to  flavour  (a  liquor)  with  some 
substance  during  rectification.     Also  absol. 

c  1450  LVDC.  Secrees  565  F  first  departyng  of  the  foure 
Ellementys,  And  afftirward  . .  Euerych  of  hem  for  to 
Recteffye.  1460-70  Bk. Quint  essence  13  Brynge  a^en  euerych 
[element]  into  5  buynge  [  =  quintessence]  ..  as  tofore,  or 
ellis  rectifie.  1594  PLAT  "Jewell-ho^  Chem.  Concl.  5  When 
you  have  divided  the  oyles  from  the  waters,  then  you  may 
rectifie  or  purify  them  in  this  manne1".  1662  R.  MATHKW 
Unl.  Alch.  155  Its  clearness  must  not  come  with  gentle  fire, 
but  with  oft  rectifying.  1681  tr.  fit-Ion's  Alyst.  Physick 
Introd.  35  Pour  over  it  of  the  best  Spirit  of  \Vine,  rectified 
with  Pot-ashes.  1731  P.  SHAW  Ess.  Artif.  Philos.  126 
These,  .refuse  parts  of  Sugar  are  fermented  with  Water..  ; 
then  distill'd  into  a  Spirit,  and  rectified  per  se  to  vulgar 
proof.  iSootr.  Lagrange's  Chem.  II.  248  If  you  rectify  the 
product  found  in  the  receiver,  you  will  obtain  prussic  acid. 
1883  Hardvjich's  Photogr.  Chem.  (ed.  Taylor)  268  To 
rectify  the  solution,  pour  it  into  the  glass  bath.. and., 
thoroughly  stir  up  with  it  four  drops  of  dilute  Nitric  acid. 

transf.  1603  DKAYTON  Bar.  li'ars  i.  xxii.  The  temper 
of  that  nobler  mouing  part,  With  such  rare  purenessc 
rectifie'd  his  blood.  1620  VENNER  t'l'a  Recta  Introd.  5  The 
Sunne,  which  rectifieth  the  aire.  a  1677  HALE  Prim.  Qrig. 
Man.  i.  ii.  45  The  assimilation  thereof  in  Animals  rectifies 
this  alimental  juice  into  Chyle,  and  then  into  Blood.  1727 
POPE  &  GAY  Further  Ace.  E.  Cwrll,  An  Affluence  of 
Animal  Spirits  rectified  and  refined  to  a  degree  of  Purity. 

4.  To  correct  or  reform  (a  person,  one's  nature, 
mind,  etc.)  from  vice  or  moral  defect. 

a  1450  Mankind  (Urandh  13  O  souerence,  I  be-seche  you, 
yowur  condycyons  to  rectyfye.  <  1460  G.  ASHBY  Dicta. 
Philos.  792  Rectifie  a  nober  if  that  ye  may, . .  And  rectifie 
youre  selfe  first  euery  day.  1548  UUALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par. 
John  xx.  iisb,  Let  them  therfore  put  awaye  earthly  afiec- 
cions  and  rectifie  theyr  myndes,  applying  the  same  to 
spirituall  and  heauenly  thynges.  1643  SIR  T.  BROWNE 
Relig.  fried,  i.  §  42  But  age  doth  not  rectifie,  but  incurvate 
our  natures,  turning  bad  dispositions  into  worse  habits. 
1667  FLAVKL  Saint ^  Indeed  Wks.  1716  II.  5/2  Grace  hath  in 
great  measure  rectifyed  the  Soul,  and  given  it  an . .  heavenly 
temper.  1714  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  571  F  9  As  a  Soul  within 
the  Soul,  to.. rectifie  its  Will,  purifie  its  Passions  [etc.]. 
1781  CRABUE  Library  141  Whatever  good  ye  boast,  that 

S>od  impart,  Inform  the  head,  and  rectify  the  heart.     1859 
EO.  ELIOT  Ji.  Bede  \\.  xvii,  You  can  neither  straighten  their 
noses,  nor  brighten  their  wit,  nor  rectify  their  dispositions. 
fb.  To  correct  (one  who  is  mistaken  or  in  error) ; 
to  set  right.    Obs. 

1586  Exam.  Henry  Barr&ive  A  iij  b,  Barroive.  Yow  shal 
not  touch  one  haire  of  my  head,  without  the  wil  of  my 
heauenly  father.  Arch.  Nay  I  will  doe  this  to  rectifie 


yow.  1616  B.  JONSON  Devil  an  Ass  n.  i,  He  do's  not  know 
me  indeed.  I  thank  you,  Ingine,  Fur  rectifying  him.  1688 
PKN-TON  Guard.  Instr.  (1897)  i  Pray,  Sir,  rectiile  me  if  I  am 
mistaken.  1711  AHDISON  Spect,  No.  93  7  4  A  Man  has  fre 
quent  Opportunities  of.  .rectifying  the  Prejudiced, 

absol.  1605  BACON  Adi1.  Learn,  i.  ii.  §  4  In  all  these  it 
[learning]  doth  rectify  more  effectually  than  it  can  pervert. 

5.  To  correct  by  removal  of  errors  or  mistakes; 
to  amend  or  improve  in  this  way. 

1494  FAHYAN  Chro't.  2,  I  wyll  presume.  .To  ioyne  suche  a 
werke  or  it  to  rectyfye.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  v.  i.  245  borne 
Oracle  Must  rectifie  our  knowledge.  1674  MARVEI.I.  Corr. 
Wks.  1872-5  II.  4^2  In  order  to  the  retracting  or  rectifying 
..the  reasons  formerly  given  by  your  House.  a  1727 
NEWTON  CJironol.  A  mended  \,  (17281  57  That  Chronology  is 
to  be  rectified,  by  shortening  the  times  which  precede  the 
death  of  Cyrus.  1777  WAISON  Philip  II  (1839)  219  He 
found  means,  however,.. in  some  measure  to  rectify  their 
opinion  of  Ins  conduct.  1830  SKIOS  Forms  Decrees  in 
Equity  396  It  was  prayed  that  the  said  minutes  may  be 
rectified.  1864  Row  EN  Logic  i.  u  And  of  subsequently 
rectifying  and  enlarging  our  Concepts. 

b.  To  correct  or  emend  >va  text),  rare. 
1730  Hist.  Litteraria  I.  450  In  order  therefore  to  rectify 
the    Text,   he   collated   anew    the   several    Editions.     1778 
Rp.  LOWTH  Tfansl.  Isaiah  Prelim.  Diss.  (ed.  12)46  Useful 
in  rectifying  as  in  explaining  the  Hebrew  text. 

f  C.  To  make  (an  action)  morally  right.    Obs. 

1700  S.  SEWALL  Mem.  in  Diary  (1879)  II.  19  note.  Tin* 
extraordinary  and  comprehensive  I!enefit  accruing  to  the 
Church  of  God,  and  to  Joseph  personally,  did  not  rectify  his 

brethmis  Sale  uf  him. 

6.  To  put  right  by  calculation  or  adjustment. 
J559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Coswogr.  C,lasse  166  This  [figure] 

semeth  to  haue  a  singuler  \>e  in  rectifying  the  longitudes  of 
places.  1669  STURM  v  Mariners  Mag.  \.  ii.  6  This  is  too 
hard  for  Practitioners  at  first  to  know  how  to  use  this 
In.strument,  to  rectifie  the  variation  of  the  Compass.  1679 
MOXON  Math.  Diet.,  To  Rectify  a  Nativity^  is  to  bring  the 
Estimate  and  supposed  time  to  the  true  and  real  time  of  a 
persons  Birth.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I.  s.v.,  Its  Use 
is  to  find  the  Variation  of  the  Compass,  to  Rectifie  the 
Course  at  Sea.  1707-12  MOKIIMKK  linsb.  (1721)  II.  253  ll 
the  Stock  be  all  knotty  or  crooked ..  rectifie  it  with  the 
fittest  posture  of  the  Graft  ynu  can.  1877  OWEN  .Mr,/. 
It'ti/cslc/s  Dt-sp.  Introd.  32  He  rectified  frontiers,  in  a 
military  sense,  with  minute  care,  so  as  to  make  both  us  and 
our  staunch  dependents  as  defensible  as  possible. 

b.  To  set  rii^ht,  adjust  (an  instrument  or  appa 
ratus"1.  Also  in  fig.  context. 

1669  STUKMY  Mariners  Mag.  \\.  vi.  67  A  most  necessary 
Instrument  to  rectifie  the  Compass.  1669  \\'OKI.IDI,I;  Syst. 
Afffic.  48  Observe  whether  it  will  Iiuld  out  or  super-abound 
at  the  end  of  one  or  two  Furrows,  and  accordingly  pro 
ceed  and  rectifie  the  Feeder  [of  the  sowing-drill],  a  1708 
BKVMKIDGK  Prh:  Th.  \.  (1730)  108  Having  rectified  the 
Balance  of  my  Judgment  according  to  the  Scripture.  1833 
HT.  MARTINEAU  Loom  $  Lugger  i.  iv.  45  She  . .  employed 
herself  next  in  rectifying  the  time-piece  by  her  own  watch. 
C.  spec.  To  adjust  (a  globe)  ior  the  solution  of 
a  problem.  Also  absol. 

a  1646  J.  GREGORY  Terrestrial  Globe  in  Postnmn  (1650)  286 
Lift  up  the  North-Pole  aboue  the  Horizon  so  manie Degrees 
as  will  answer  to  the  Latitude  of  the  Place  unto  which  you 
mean  to  rectifie.  1674  MOXON  Tutor  Astron.  \\.  (ed.  3)  84 
Rectitie  the  Glube,  (Juadrant,  Hour-Index,  and  Horizon. 
1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  To  Rectifie  the  Globe.  . . 
Bring  the  Sun's  Place  to  the  Meridian,  and  the  Hour-Index 
to  12  at  Noon.  1868  LOCKVER  Elem.  Astron.  158  When 
the  globe  has  been  rectified,  as  it  is  called,  in  this  manner, 
we  have  the  constellations  which  are  rising  on  the  eastern 
horizon,  just  appearing  above  the  eastern  part  of  the 
wooden  horizon. 

t  7.  To  make  straight,  straighten  out  (anything 
crooked,  etc.)  ;  to  bring  into  line.  Obs. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gnillemean's  Fr.  Chirnrg.  39/2  Havinge 
therlor  now  rectified  this  finder  by  this  meanes.  1600 
rVnmcK  Bnt.Rememb,  Pie 


[see  RANK  i'.1 


1628  W  i 


2  Rectifying  a  crooked  slaffe.  a  1711  KEN  Christophil 
Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  497  O  Conscience,  ..  Check  me,  and 
rectify  my  devious  Lints.  1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  252 
The  masons  proceeded  to  rectify  the  face  of  the  work, 
where  it  was  in  any  degree  wanting  thereof. 

b.   Geom,  To  equate  (a  curve)  with  a  straight 
line.     (Cf.  RKCTIFICATIOX  3.) 

1673  Vise.  BROUNCKER  in  Phil.  Trans.  VIII.  6150  It  was 
easie  . .  to  infer,  That,  if  we  can  Rectifie  the  one,  we  may 
square  the  other.  1685  WAI.LIS  Algebra  293  The  same  Curve, 
which  Mr.  Neil  land  so  many  after  him,)  had  Rectified 
before.  17*7-41  CHAMBERS  Cyel.  s.v.  Rectification,  To 
rectify  the  circle,  therefore,  is  to  square  it.  //»/«•/,, To  rectify 
the  parabola.  1866  BRANDI-:  &  Cox  Diet.  Sci.,  etc.  II.  799/1. 
C.  To  transform  (an  electric  current)  from  an 
alternating  to  a  continuous. 

1893  SLOANE  Stand.  Electr.  Diet.  164.  1901  Brit.  Med. 
Jrnl,  9  Mar.  573/2  The  current  to  he  'rectified  is  taken 
direct  from  alternator  to  commutator. 

f  8.  To  guide  or  direct  aright.   Obs.  rare. 

1603  DANIEL  Panegyric  to  AV^lxiii,  Thy  iudgement  now 
must  only  rectifie  This  frame  of  pow're  thy  glory  stands 
vpon.  1618  Br.  HALL  Right.  Mammon  Wks.  (1625)  693 
There  is  nothing  more  necessaric-.for  a  Christian  heart, 
then  to  be  rectified  in  the  menaging  of  a  prosperous  estate. 

f  9.  To  declare  right,  approve  of  (a  thing).    Obs. 

1567  DRANT  Horace,  De  Arte  Poet.  A  viij,  What  Tom, 
and  Tib  do  rectefie  What  lykes  the  carter  clowne.The  wyse 
men  take  not  in  good  parte. 

t  10.  intr.  To  become  straight.   Obs.   rare~l. 

I597  A.  M.  tr.  Gitillemeans  Fr.  Chirnrg.  39/2  If  the 
finger  groweth  croocketl,  we  must  then  cause  the  finger  to 
rectifye  and  growe  straight. 

Rectifying,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  prec.  +  -ING  *.]  The 
action  of  the  vb.  RECTIFY. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gnillemean's  Fr.  Chintrg.  39/2  The 
stretching  out  or  rectifying  of  the  same  [finger].  1634 


RECTIFYING. 

SANDERSON  Serin.  II.  292  There  it  behoveth  the  magistrate 
to  set  in  . .  for  the  rectifying  and  redressing  thereof.  1699 
BURNET  39  Art.  i.  (1700)  21  Matter,  after  it  has  pass  d 
through  the  highest  Refinings  and  Rectifyings  possible. 
a  1708  BEVERIDGE  Priv.  Til.  i.  (t73o)  52  It  is  not  the  recti 
fying  of  one  Faculty,  which  can  make  the  Whole  streight. 

So  Ba-ctifying  ///.  a.,  that  rectifies. 

1667  KLAVEL  Saint  Iniiccd  (1754)  8  Earnest  Supplications 
and  instant  1'rayer  for  heart  purifying  and  rectifying  Grace. 
1863  GLADSTONE  Finaiic.  Statcm.  292 1  n  London  a  very  large 
rectifying  house  ..  sent  out  in  1861  853,000  gallons.  1901 
Electrician  8  Nov.  107/2  The  patents  granted  in  regard  to 
the  application  of  the  rectifying  cell. 

Rectigrade  (re'ktigre'd),  a.  Zool.  [ad.  L.  type 
*recligradns,  f.  rectus  RECT  a.  +  griuius  GKADE.] 
Walking  in  a  straight  line  ;  applied  to  those  larva- 
which  walk  with  a  rectilinear  body  (Say  Gloss. 
Entom.  1825),  and  to  the  class  of  spiders  {Recti- 
%radx)  which  run  straight  forward  (Mayne  Expos. 
J.ex.  1858).  Cf.  laterigrade. 

Rextigraph.  rhotogr.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -GKAPH.] 
A  form  ot  corrected  lens. 

1890  WooDBfRY  Encycl.  Photogr.  1891  Plwtagr.  A  nn.  382 
The  Combination  '  Rectigraph  '.  IIM.  383  The  Narrow- 
an^le  '  Rectigraph1. 

t  Rectiliiie,  a.  Obs.     [ad.  late  L.  reetilineus 

(Boeth.),  f.  reclits  straight  +  linea  line  :  see  RECT  n. 
and  LINE  rf.2  Cf.  F.  rectiligne  (i4th  c.  in  Littre).] 
=  RECTILINEAR. 

1570  BILLINGSLEY  Euclid  I.  ix.  19  To  cleuide  a  rectiline 
angle  geuen,  into  two  equal!  partes.  Ibid.  vi.  def.  i.  153  Like 
rectiline  figures  are  such,  whose  angles  are  equall  [etc.]. 
1660  STANLEY  Hist.  Pitilos.  ix.  (1701)  382/1  The  most  simple 
of  all  rectiline  figures. 

Rectilineal  (rektili'nf,al),  a.  [f.  as  next:  see 
-AL  and  cf.  LINEAL.]  =  RECTILINEAR. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  203  Fishes  . .  whose  ribs 
are  rectilineal!.  (11696  SCARBUROH  Euclid  (1705)  103  The 
like  transmutation  of  all  Rectilineal  spaces  into  equal  Paral 
lelograms.  rti?74  GOLUSM.  Sim  Exf.  Philts,  (1776)  II. 
350  The  red  ray.. is  therefore  least.. bent  out  of  its  recti 
lineal  course.  1863  E.  V.  NKALE  Anal.  Th.  $  Nat.  43 
A  rectilineal  triangle,  that  is, . .  the  figure  produced  by  three 
straight  lines  mutually  intercepting  each  other. 

Hence  Bectilvnealiza'tion,  the  fact  of  being 
arranged  in  a  rectilineal  fashion. 

1893  F.  ADAMS  New  Egypt  47  The  rcctilinealKation  of 
the  streets  is  not  excessive. 

Rectilinear  (rektili-n/",a.i),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  as 
RECTILINE  +  -AH.  Cf.  LINEAR  a.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  motion,  course,  or  direction  : 
Taking  or  having  the  course  of  a  straight  line ; 
tending  always  to  the  same  point. 

1659  H.  MORE  Immort.  Soul  III.  xiii.  §  6  A  Bullet  . .  cast 
up  into  the  Air,  would  never  descend  again,  but  would 
persist  in  a  rectilinear  motion.  1696  NViusTON'  Th.  I'^arth 
l.  (1722)  i  All  Motion  is  of  it  self  rectilinear,  a  1774  GOLDSM. 
Sum.  E.rp.  P/iilos.  (1776)  II.  330  In  proportion  as  each 
succeeding  ray  has  less  force,  it  is  driven  more  out  of  its 
rectilinear  direction.  1830  KATER  &  LARDNER  Meek,  xviii. 
247  Continued  rectilinear  motion  is  observed  in  the  flowing 
of  a  river.  1889  Natun  21  Feb.  402/2  The  play  of  forces 
concerned  in  rectilinear  oscillations. 

transf.  1827  HARE  Guesses  Ser.  II.  (1866)  340  The  course 
of  time  is  markt,  not  by  the  rectilinear  flight,  but  by  the 
oscillations  and  pulsations  of  life. 

2.  Lying  in,  or  forming,  a  straight  line. 

1704  NEWTON  Optics  (1721)  109  When  I  had  caused  the 
rectilinear  sides  ..  of  the  Spectrum  of  Colours  made  by  the 
Prism  to  be  distinctly  denned.  1811  PINKERTON  Petrol.  II. 
24  The  granite  which  forms  this  vein  has  shrunk  . .  with 
some  rectilinear  fissures.  1837  WIIBWEI.L  //«'.  Induct. 
Sc.  (1857)  I.  78  The  rays  of  light  are  rectilinear.  1875 
BLAKH  Zool.  252  In  the  Conidae  the  aperture  is  narrow  and 
rectilinear,  or  nearly  so. 

trans/.  1858  J.  MARTINEAU  Stud.  Chr.  69  It  is  by  no 
means  a  rectilinear  regiment  of  incessant  priests ;  but  a 
broken,  scattered,  yet  glorious  race  of  prophets. 

3.  Of  a  figure  or  angle :  Bounded  or  formed  by 
straight  lines. 

1728  PEMBERTON  Newton's  Philvs.  137  What  lias  here 
been  said  upon  this  rectilinear  figure  [etc.].  1840  LARDNER 
Geom.  223  If  one  side  of  a  plane  rectilinear  angle  revolve 
round  its  other  side  as  an  axis,  it  will  produce  the  surface  of 
aright  circular  cone.  1863  E.  V.  NEALE  Anal.  Th.  iy  Nat. 
255  A  triangle  is  that  plane  rectilinear  figure  which  has 
three  sides. 

4.  Characterized  by  straight  lines. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Map,  Rectilinear  Maps  are 
those  wherein  both  the  meridians  and  parallels  are  repre 
sented  by  right  lines.  1827  STEUART  Planter's  G.  (1828)  410 
The  rectilinear  Gardens,  and  elaborate  Topiary  works 
handed  down  from  antiquity.  1850  PARKER  Gloss.  Arc/lit. 
(ed.  5)  239  The  same  rectilinear  arrangement  also  pervaded 
many  of  the  details.  1861  Gd.  Words  Aug.  433/1  The 
modern  city. .has  a  trim,  rectilinear. .air  about  it. 

b.  Arch.  Suggested  as  a  substitute  for  PERPEN 
DICULAR. 

1826  Brit.  Critic  II.  376  It  is  not  merely  the  vertical 
mullions  that  run  in  straight  lines,  but  the  horizontal 
transoms  also.  . .  Hence  we  would  call  this  the  '  Rectilinear 
style '.  1835  WHEWELL  A  rch.  Xo'es  Germ.  Churches  Pref. 
(1842)  21  The  term  Rectilinear,  which  has  been  suggested, 
would  not  apparently  be  an  advantageous  substitute  for 
Perpendicular  ;  for  the  mullions,  the  only  members  to  which 
the  description  applies  distinctively,  are  rectilinear  only  so 
far  as  they  are  perpendicular.  1849  E.  SHARI'E  Treat. 
Decor.  Wind.  Tracery  8,  I  propose,  then,  to  name  these 
three  styles  of  window  tracery,  Geometrical,  Curvilinear, 
and  Rectilinear. 

c.  Of  a  sawing-machine  :  Having  a  straight  (in 
place  of  a  circular)  saw. 


280 

1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  739  Rectilinear  sawing 
machines  are  for  the  most  part  derived  from  saws  used  by 
hand  for  similar  purposes. 

d.  Of  a  spectroscope  or  lens :  (see  qupts.). 

1874  tr.  LommeTs  Light  149  The  direct  vision  or  recti 
linear  spectroscope  which  instead  of  a  single  prism  contains 
a  combination  of  prisms,  so  that  there  is  no  deflection.  1890 
WOODBURY  Encycl.  Photogr,,  Rectilinear,  a  term  applied  to 
lenses  which  hrve  been  corrected  for  aberration  as  much  as 
possible,  so  that  in  photographing  architectural  subjects  the 
lines  appear  perfectly  straight  in  the  image. 
B.  sb.  1.  A  rectilinear  figure,  rare"1. 

1766  Complete  Farmer  s.v.  Sttnvyfttf  7  G  4/2  To  return 
to  triangles,  the  most  simple  and  primitive  of  all  rectilinears. 

2.  Pnetogr*  A  rectilinear  lens.     (Cf.  4  d.) 

1890  WOODBURY  Kncycl  Photogr.  405  The  rapid  recti 
linear  will-.be  found  very  useful  for  copying  purposes.  1892 
Photogr.  Ann.  II.  39  With  rapid  rectilinears  and  the  lenses 
on  the  same  principle  distortion  is  rarely  found. 

IlenceRectili'nearism,  tendency  to  straight  lines. 

1854  Rlackiu.  Mag-  LXXVI.  550  Brooks  and  rivers  leap 
and  run  in  courses  which  please  all  the  more  because  dis 
similar  from  the  rectilinearism  of  utility. 

Rectilinea-rity.      [f.  prec.  +  -ITY.]     The 

quality  of  being  rectilinear. 

1813-21  BENTHAM  Ontology*W\&.  1843  VIII.  197  Qualities 
that  are  qualities  of  the  above*  mentioned  fictitious  entities  of 
the  first  remove.  For  example,  of  motion,  rectilinearity, 
curvilinearity.  1863  LYKLL  Antiq.  Man  xiii.  (ed.  3)  233 The 
uniformity,  parallelism,,  .and.  .rectilinearity  of  the  so-called 
glacial  furrows. 

fig.  1840  GfiN.  P.  THOMPSON  E.verc.  (1842)  V.  67  The 
rectilinearity  of  the  law. 

Rectilrnearly9  adv.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -LY  2.] 

In  a  straight  line,  or  straight  lines. 

1801  YOUNG  in  Phil.  Trans.  XCII.  24  It  is  easy  to  show 
that  such  a  general  undulation  would  in  all  cases  proceed 
rectilinearly.  1874  W.  FROUDE  in  Encycl,  Brit.  (1886)  XXI. 
811/2  The  particles  ..  are  capable  of  gliding  rectilinearly 
along  a  perfectly  smooth  surface. 

t  Rectilined,  a.  Obs.  rare.   ^RECTILIXE. 

1570  lln.LiNGSLEY  Euclid  i.  3  niarg.,  Definition  of  a  recti- 
lined  an^-le.  IHtl.  i.  8  A  triangle  or  any  other  rectilined 

figure  is  then  said  to  be  set. .,  \\hen  [etc.]. 

S/ectili'iieous,  a.  rare.  —RECTILINEAR. 

i6pi  RAY  Creation  i.  (1692)  123  There  are  only  three 
rectilineous  and  ordinate  figures  which  can  serve  to  this 
purpose.  1858  MAYSE  Expos.  Lex. 

Rectilierved,  a.  Bot.  [f.  recti-,  comb,  form 
of  L.  reef-as  +  NERVED.]  (See  quot.) 

1880  GRAY  Struct.  Bot.  iii.  §  4  (ed.  6)  92  [Leaves]  may  be 
Rectinerved,  the  nerves  running  straight  from  origin  to 
apex  or  margin  of  the  leaf,  as  the  case  may  lie. 

Rectioil  je'kjan).  Grain,  rare.  [ad.  L.  ree- 
lion-em  government,  f.  regcrc  to  rule  :  see  KECTOK.] 
Syntactical  government ;  regimen. 

a  1637  B.  JONSON  Eng.  Grain.  \\.  vii,  Now  as  before  in  two 
nnicles  a  and  the,  the  whole  construction  of  the  Latins  was 
contained  ;  so  their  whole  rection  is  by  prepositions  near- 
hand  declared.  1673  O.  \\' \I.KV.R  Editc.  131  Which  is  easily 
known  by  the  rection  of  the  parts  of  his  Sentence.  1871 
KARLK  Philol,  Eng.  Tongue  xi.  513  Rection,  though  not 
necessarily  connected  with  flexion,  has  ever  been  found  as 
its  close  companion  and  ally. 

Rectisarial  (rektisle'rifil),  a.  Bot.  [t.'L.recti-, 

'    reef  its  straight  +  SERIAL.]     (See  quots.) 

1861  HKSTLKY  fiat.  141  All  the  above  varieties  of  Phyllo- 
taxis  in  which.. the  leaves  completing  the  cycles  must  be 
necessarily  directly  over  those  commencing  them,  are  called 
rectiserial.  1880  GRAY  Struct.  Bot.  iv.  §  i  (ed.  6)  126  The 
leaves  should  be  in  strict  vertical  ranks,  or,  to  use  the  term 
proposed  by  Bravais,  rectiserial. 

Rectitude  (i-e-ktiti/fd).  [a.  F.  rectitude 
(Oresme,  141!!  c.),  ad.  late  L.  rectitudOy  f.  rcct-us\ 
see  RECT  a.  and  -TUDE.] 

1.  The  quality  or  fact  of  being  straight ;  straight- 
ness.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  213  Equalite  of  complexion 
was  in  hit,.. rectitude  of  stature,  and  pulcritude  of  figure. 
1578  HANISTF.R  Hist.  Man  iv.  47  Perfect  sight  is  had  of 
nothing,  .but  the  rectitude  of  the  apple  of  the  eye.  1641  J. 
JACKSON  True  Eva.ng,  T.  IT.  153  That  which  is  straight 
shews  at  once  both  its  owne  rectitude,  and  the  crookedness  of 
the  contrary.  1685  BOYLK  F.nq.  Notion  Nat.  yi.  203  If  with 
your  Hand  you  force  it  a  little  from  its  Rectitude,  as  soon 
as  you  remove  your  Hand,  it  will  endeavour  to  regain  its 
former  straightness.  1729  SHELVOCKE  Artillery  iv.  199 
These  Slips. .will  by  their  own  natural  Spring  and  Energy 
recover  tbeir  Rectitude  when  left  at  liberty. 

Jig.  a.  1687  PETTY  Pol.  Arith.  v.  (1691)  94  And  perhaps 
[these  impediments]  are  but  the  warpjngs  of  time,  from  the 
rectitude  of  the  first  Institution. 

b.  Straight  line ;  direction  in  a  straight  line. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  i.  36  The  first  part  of  the  heele 
.  .departyng  wholly  from  the  straight  lyne,  or  rectitude  of 
Tibia.  1597  A.  M.  tr.  C,itillcmt:aiis  Fr.  Chirurg.  7/2  The 
Chirurgiane..searchinge  for  him  [the  bullet)  accordinge  to 
the  rectitude  of  the  wounde.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud. 
Ep.  179  When  the  spine  is  in  rectitude  with  the  thigh.  1758 
J.  S.  Le  Dran's  Observ.Sttrg.  (1771)  49,  I  resolved  to  make 
another  Aperture, ..  following  the  Rectitude  of  the  Fibres. 
1867  HOWELLS  Hal.  Joitm.  iii.  23  One  may  walk  long 
through  the  longitude  and  rectitude  of  many  of  her  streets. 

2.  Moral  straightness  or  uprightness;  goodness, 
integrity ;  virtue,  righteousness. 

a  1533  LD.  BK.RNF.RS  Gold.  Bk.  Af.  Aurel.  (1559")  H  h  .j  b,  By 
I  the  rectitude  of  his  Justice,  1633  PRVNNK  ist  Pt.  Histrio>m. 
vn.  iii.  593/2  The  obscene  jests  of  Stage-players  and  other 
vanities,  which  are  wont  to  soften  a  Christian  soule  from 
the  rigour  of  its  rectitude  and  uprightnesse.  1662  STILMNGFL. 
Orig.  Sacrx  in.  ii.  §  7  Goodness  ..  imports  the  necessary 
rectitude  of  the  Divine  Nature.  1711  SHAFT  ESB.  Charac. 
(1737)  II.  i,  in.  iii  55  There  is  no.  -  Rectitude,  Piety  or  Sanctity 


RECTOR 

in  a  Creature  thus  reform'd.  1771  BURKE  Lett.,  to  R. 
Skackleton  11844)  I.  254  A  man  of  singular  piety,  rectitude, 
and  virtue.  1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  v.  (1*58)  I.  459  The 
king  was  assured  of  the  rectitude  of  the  motives  on  which 
he  nad  himself  acted.  1879  FARUAR  St.  Paul  I.  269  In  the 
decision  of  momentous  questions  rectitude  of  heart  is  a  far 
surer  guarantee  of  wisdom  than  power  of  intellect. 

3.  Correctness  ol  the  (intellectual  or  artistic)  judge 
ment,  or  of  its  conclusions. 

1651  HOBBES  Lcviath.  n.  xxvii.  158  Private  Judgement  .. 
according  to  the  rectitude,  or  errour  thereof  [etc.].  1756 
BURKE  Snbl.  <$•  B.  Introd.,  A  rectitude  of  judgment  in  the 
arts,  which  may  be  called  a  good  taste.  1809  SYD.  SMITH 
Wks.  (1867)!.  182  There  is  something  extremely  contagious 
in  greatness  and  rectitude  of  thinking,  a  1871  GROTE  Eth. 
Fragw.  \.  (1876)  22  Without  the  possibility  of  any  standard 
for  distinguishing  fallacy  from  rectitude. 

4.  Correctness  of  nature,  procedure,  or  applica 
tion.     Also  with//.,  an  instance  of  this. 

1656  STANLEY  Hist.  Phihs.  v.  (1701)  183/1  The  rectitude 
of  names  is  by  a  certain  imposition  not  temerarious  or 
casual,  but  seemingly  to  follow  the  nature  of  the  things 
themselves.  1691  HARTCLIVFE  Virtues  291  That  universal 
Rectitude  of  all  the  faculties  of  the  Soul,  by  which  they 
stand  apt  and  disposed  to  their  receptive  Offices  and  Opera 
tions.  1802  PALEY  Nat.  Theol.  ix.  §  6  (18191  117  They  per 
ceive  a  result,  but  they  think  little  of  the  multitude  of  con 
currences  and  rectitudes  which  go  to  form  it. 

f5.   Aright.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1660  R.  COKE  F ttver  fy  Snbj.  190  If  any  man  by  force 
holds  the  Rectitudes  of  God  [etc.]. 

Hence  Rectitudina  rian,  one  who  practises  recti 
tude  in  conduct.  Rectitu'dinous  «.,  characterized 
by  rectitude  or  self- righteousness. 

1671  True  Nonconf.  308,  I  heartily  pray  the  Lord,  to  make 
all  of  you,  indeed,  rectitudinarians.  1897  Westm.  Gaz.  26 
Jan.  2/1  Notoriously  and  unctuously  rectitudmous. 

f  Rectline,  a.  Obs.  rare~^.    =  RECTILINE. 

1651  T.  RUDD  Euclid  155  This  Book  treateth  of  the  In- 
scription  . .  of  rectline  Figures,  how  one  right  lined  Hgure 
may  be  inscribed  within  another. 

Recto  (re-kto),  sb.  and  adv.  (Abbrev.  r°.)  [a. 
L.  recto  (sz.  folio),  abl.  tfrecttis  right.] 

A.  sl>.  In  Printing,  the  right-hand  page  of  an 
open  book ;  hence,  the  front  of  a  leaf,  as  opposed 
to  the  back  or  VERSO. 

1824  J.  JOHNSON  Typogr.  I.  217  This. .volume  commences 
on  the  recto  of  the  first  leaf.  1889  H.  H.  WHKATI.EY  H<nv 
tJ  catalogue  iii.  60  The  recto  of  the  additional  leaf  will 
range  with  the  verso  of  the  old  leaf. 

fig'  l873  HKNRY  sEneidta  I.  Pref.  77  The  verso  of  this 
agreeable  recto  of  one  leaf  of  my  library  life. 

B.  adv.  On  or  to  the  right-hand  i-ide. 

1888  Academy  16  June  405/1  The  map  is  placed  . .  at  the 
end  of  the  volume  opening  recto,  and  nor,  as  too  often,  made 
to  turn  its  back  upon  the  reader. 

Recto-,  used  as  comb,  form  of  RECTUM  in  various 
terms  of  Anat.  and  Path.,  with  the  sense  '  relating 
to  the  rectum  in  conjunction  with  some  other  part 
of  the  body ',  as  recto-coccygeal,  -colo'nic,  -ure'thral, 
-trterine,  -vagi'nal,  -ve-sical,  etc. 

1836  TODD  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  176/1  A  tense  fibrous  . .  tissue, 
called  the  *recto-coccygeal  ligament.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet. 
Meek.  Suppl.  746/2  *  Recto-cotonic  Apparatus,  instruments 
which  reach  the  rectum  and  colon.  1879  St.  George's 
Hcsp.  Rep.  IX.  273  Two  patients  were  admitted  with  'recto- 
urethral  fistula.  1857  BULLOCK  Cazeaux1  Midivif.  60 
Those  formed  by  it,  between  the  rectum  and  uterus,  are 
called  the  posterior,  or  the  *recto-uterine  ligaments.  1853 
RAMSBOTUAM  Obstetr.  Med.  37  The  commissure  connecting 
these  two  organs  is  called  the  *recto-vaginal  septum.  1836 
TouoCytV.  Anat.  I.  400/1  The.  .*recto-vesical  operation  for 

Rectocele  (re-kt&n).   Med.     [f.  RECTO- +  Gr. 

K-f}\rj  a  tumour,  rupture.]  Prolapse  of  the  recto- 
vaginal  wall ;  vaginal  proctocele. 

1859  TODD  Cycl.  Anat.  V.  708/1  Vaginal  cystocele  and 
rectocele  occur  in  a  similar  manner.  1872  T.  G.  THOMAS 
Dis.  Women  (ed.  3)  165  Rectocele,  or  recto-vaginal  hernia, 
occurs  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  by  which  the  bladder 
descends. 

Rector  (re'ktai).  Also  4, 6-8  reetour.  [a.  L. 
rector t  agent-n.  f.  regfre  to  guide,  lead  straight,  rule, 
govern.] 

f  1.  The  ruler  or  governor  of  a  country,  city,  state 
or  people.  Obs. 

1387  TRF.VISA  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  55  From  Eneas  to  bis 
Romulus  Italy  was  vnder  fiftene  rectoures.  1398  —  Bartk. 
De  P.  R.  xv.  Iv.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Eolas..was  rector  of  be 
ylondes  bat  hatte  Eole.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  V.  363 
peke  yie  was  wonte  to  have  a  rector,  .to  whom  alle  the  pro 
vince  were  stibiecte.  158*  STANYHURST  ^Eneis  HI.  (Arb.)  72 
Priamus,  thee  Troian  rector  vnhappye.  c  1611  CHAPMAN 
/Had  n.  70  The  other  sceptre-bearing  States  arose  too,  and 
obey'd  The  people's  Rector.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  in.  89  It 
was  told  me  by  the  Rector  of  Candy.  1685  H.  MORI-: 
Paralip.  Proph.  in  Quirinius  made  Caius  his  Rectour  till 
his  Recuperation  of  Armenia.  [1832  tr.  Sismond^s  Ital. 
Repiib.  xi.  245  The  judicial  power  was  still  exercised  by 
two  or  three  rectors,  aliens  to  the  state.] 

tb.  transf.  The  queen-bee  of  a  hive.  (Cf.  KING 
8  a.)  Obs.  rare. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xn.  v.  (Bodl.  MS.),  If  be 
rectoure  is  on  lyue  be  males  beb  in  one  partie  and  be  females 
in  anober  partye. 

tc.  Applied  to  God  as  the  ruler  of  the  world, 
of  mankind,  etc.    Obs.     (Common  in  iyth  c.) 

1582  STANYHURST  Ps.  iv.  in  JEneis,  etc.  (Arb.)  132  Our 
heunlye  rectoure  His  sacred  darling  special  ye  choosed.  1627 
DKAYTON  Aginconrt  civ,  This  Herault  from  the  Rector  of 
the  skies  In  Vision  warnes  tbem  not  to  vse  delayes.  1676 


RECTOR 

HALE  Contempt,  i.  229  The  great  dispenser  or  permltter  and 
rector  of  all  the  events  in  the  world.  1741  WARBURTOH  Di?1, 
Lcgat.  iv.  vi.  §  3  The  supreme  Rector  of  the  Universe. 

2.  One  who,  or  that  which,  has  or  exercises  supreme 
or  directive  control  in  any  sphere.     Now  rare. 

1482  Monk  of  Evcsham  (Arb.)  go  Suche  persons  kyngys 
and  bysshoppys  and  other  grete  men  . .  not  beyng  rectors    i 
and  faders,  but  peruersours  and  destroyers  of  her  sowlys.    ; 
1579-80  NORTH  /Jlu.'arc/tt  Flaminins  (1612)  387  Titus  was 
chosen  iudge  and  rector  of  the  games  that  were  plaici  there 
[at  Argos].     1601  B.  JONSON  Poetaster  v.  ii,  Reason  (which 
in  right  should  be  The  special  Rector  of  all  harmony).    1632 
BROME  Novella,  in.  i.  Wks.  1873  I.  137  We  seeke  to  Art, 
(Nature's  Rector)  to  restore  Us,  the  strength  we  had  before. 
1644  MILTON  A  reap.  fArb.)  51  Who  shall  be  the  rectors  of 
our  daily  rioting?      1835  I.  TAYLOR  Spir,  Dcspff.  vi.  264 
The  imperial  regenerator  and  rector  of  the  Church, 
tb.  The  leader  (of  a  choir).   Obs. 

1546  \rorks.  Chantry  Sitrv.  (Surtees^  II.  433  To  do  suche 
thinges  as  they  shalbe  commaunded  to  do  by  the  rector  of 
the  quere.  1691  WOOD  At  It.  Oxen.  (1813)  I.  106  He  was 
buried  in  the  choir  ..  under  that  very  place  where  the 
rectors  of  the  choir  sing  the  psalm. .'  Venite  exultemus1. 

3.  A  parson  or  incumbent  of  a  parish  whose  tithes 
are  not  impropriate.     (Cf.  VICAR.) 

In  recent  use  also  sometimes  applied  to  the  holders  of 
ancient  chapelries  and  perpetual  curacies,  and  in  Scotland 
and  the  United  States  to  Episcopal  clergymen  having  charge 
of  a  congregation.  Lay  rector,  a  layman  receiving  the 
rectorial  tithes,  or  in  whom  the  rectory  is  vested. 

(For  continental  examples  of  rector  in  eccl.  use  see  Du 
Cange.  In  Brittany  the  parish  priest  is  styled  recteur  in 
place  of  the  usual  curt,  the  latter  term  being  used  in  the 
sense  of  vicaire  or  curate.) 

[1225  in  Wilkins  Concit.  (1737)  I.  617/1  Quod  reel  ores 
ordinentur  et  Servian  t  ecclesiis.  1237  Ibid.,  De  residentia.. 
in  ecclesiis  a  rectoribus  facienda.  1306  Rolls  of  Parlt.  I, 
189/2  Henr'  de  Pynkence,  Rectorem  Ecclesie  de  Honyton.] 
1393  LASGL.  P.  PI.  C.  in.  184  And  ich  my-self  cyuyle  and 
symonye  my  felawe  Wollen  ryden  vp-on  rectours  and  rich 
men  deuoutours.  1556  [see  RECTORAGE].  a  1600  HOOKKR 
Eccl,  Pol.  vii.  xiii.  §  2  The  bishops.. in  the  time  of  the 
primitive  Church,  all  such  as  parsons  or  rectors  of  parishes 
are  with  us?  1620  BRENT  tr.  Sarpis  Counc.  Trent  \\.  (1676)  . 
234  The  superiour  did  recommend  the  vacant  Church,  to 
some  honest  and  worthy  man,  to  gouern  it  . .  until  a  Rector 
were  provided.  1684  EVELYN  Diary  n  May,  His  grand 
father  and  father. .,  with  himselfe,  had  now  ben  Rectors  of  ' 
this  parish  101  yeares.  1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Ag>  u;t 
Digest  6  The  Landed  Gentlemen,  the  Clergy,  and  the  Lay  . 
Rectors,  have  industriously  propagated  this  false  spirit  of 
farming.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  III.  58  Payment  of 
tithes  to  the  rector  is  a  sufficient  discharge  against  the  vicar, 
because  all  tithes  of  common  right  belong  to  the  rector. 
1866  GFO.  ELIOT  F.  Holt  (1868)  29  The  Rector  was  helped 
to  this  chain  of  reasoning  by  Harold's  remarks. 
tb.  (See  quot.)  Obs.  rare— ^. 

1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  i.  in.  90  Amongst  these  Fathers, 
there  are  some  that  confess  people  in  divers  Languages,  and 
one  of  them  in  each  Church  has  the  Title  of  Rector. 
C.  Missionary-rector :  see  MISSIONARY. 

4.  In  scholastic  use  : 

a.  The  permanent  head  or  master  of  a  university, 
college,  school,  or  religious  institution  (esp.  a  Jesuit 
college  or  seminary), 

In  Kng.  use  now  applied  only  to  the  heads  of  Exeter  and 
Lincoln  Colleges,  Oxford.  In  Scotland  common  as  the 
designation  of  the  headmasters  of  secondary  schools  or 
academies. 

1464  Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  518/1  Provost,  Felawes  and  Scolers, 
Maisterand  Felawes,  Rector,  Felawes  and  Scolers,  Presi 
dent  and  Felawes  of  any  College,  Halle,  Hospital!,   Hous 
incorporate,  or  any  other  place.     1536  Act  27  /fen.  I7l/f,     , 
c.  42  §  i  That  the  said  acte . .  be  not  hurtfull . .  unto  the  said 
Maisters  Presidentes   Rectours   Principalles  ..  within   the     . 
said  Universities.     £1570  SIR  H.  GILBERT  in  Q.  Etiz.  Acad. 
(1869)  8  There  shalbe  one  Rector  of  the  said  Achademy.     : 
1601  Imp,  Consid.  Sec.  Pt  tests  (1675)  83  He  is  Rector  of  the    ' 
English    Seminary   in    Rome.       1686  in    B.    Peirce   Hist. 
Harvard  Unh>.  (1833)  App.  67  There  shall  be  allowed  to 
the  present  Rector  of  the  College,  .the  remainder  of  the  in-     , 
come  not  disposed  underneath.     1691  Case  of  Exeter  Coll.  5     j 
The  Rector  and  Fellows  were  convinced  in  their  Consciences    j 
of  Mr.  Colmer's  guilt.     1766  T.  CLAP  Hist.  Yale  Coll.  n 
The  Trustees  chose  the  Rev.  Mr.  Abraham  Pierson.  .to  take 
the   Care   of    Instructing    and   Governing    the   Collegiate     j 
School ;  under  the  Title   and  Character  of  Rector.     1797 
Encycl.  Brit.  fed.   3)  VI.  315/2  (High  School,  Edinburgh)     • 
The  rector's  place  is  supposed  to  be  worth  not  less  than 
4oo/.  per  annum.     1837  Penny  CycL  IX,  278/1  The  Edin-    I 
burgh  Academy.,  was  founded  in   1824,  and    consists  of    ' 
a  rector  and  four  other  classical  masters. 

transf.    1607  TOPSELL   Fovr-f.    Beasts    Pref.,  The  great 
Rector  and  Chancellor  of  all  the  Academies  in  the  World     j 
Jesus   Christ,.,  the   Master  of  that  Colledge   wherein   he    j 
[Moses]  was  but  a  Servant  or  Steward. 

b.  In  the  Scottish  universities :   The  holder  of 
one  of  the  higher  offices,  the  precise  character  and 
importance  of  which  have  undergone  considerable 
changes,  esp.  in  recent  times. 

At  the  present  time,  under  the  Scottish  Universities  Acts    , 
of  1858  and  1889,  the  rector  (frequently  styled  Lord  Rector)    \ 
is  elected  by  the  matriculated  students  for  a  period  of  three 
years,  and  is  president  of  the  University  Court.     It  is  the 
practice  for  him    to  deliver  a   'rectorial  address'  to  the    , 
students  at  some  time  during  his  tenure  of  the  office.     For 
the  older  history  of  the  rectorship  (which  varied  consider-    , 
ably  in  the  four  universities)  see  especially  the  Report  of    • 
the  Universities  Commission  in  Parl.  Papers  (1831)  XII. 

[1411-12  Foundation  Charter  St.  Andrews  LTtij'z'.,  Quod 
huju^modi  delinquentes.  .per  rectorem  universitatis  vestrse 
intimentur.     1422-3  Statute  St.  Andrews  Univ.  24  Mar., 
Ut  dominus  Rector  antecederet.  .ita  nempe  ut.. Rector  sit 
episcopo  proximus,  Rectorem  prior  sequatur.]     1522  JAS.  V 
in  Rep.  St.  Andrews   Univ.  Comin.  (1837)   III.    180  The    , 
Universitie  of  Sanctandrois,  the  rector,  doctouris,  regentes,     j 
maisteris,   scolaris,  ..  makand   residence    therein.      1563-7    , 

VOL.  VIII. 


281 

BUCHANAN  Rcf.  St.  Andreu-s  Vernac.  Wks.  S.T.S.)  15  The 
rectour  most  be  . .  doctor  or  bachelar  in  the  hyear  faculteis, 
or  principal  of  ane  college,  ..  and  salbe  chosin  be  the  hayl 
graduattis  of  the  vniuersite.  .  .The  rectouris  tyme  to  be  ane 
}eir.  1640 in  Rep.  Comm.  Univ.  Scot.  (1830)  114  (Edinb.)  The 
Counsall . .have  resolved  and  ordaynit . .,  that  yeirlie  upon 
the  first  Wednesday  of  December,  lhair  sail  be  chosen  ane 
Rector.  1666-88  DALLAS  Syst.  Stiles  126  To  the  Rector 
and  Principal  of  the  University  of  Glasgow.  1830  Rep. 
Comm.  Univ.  Scot.  App.  317  (Aberdeen)  The  Rector  and 
his  Assessors,  .constitute  a  Court,  and  have  frequently  exer 
cised  control  over  the  University.  1839  J.  B.  HAY  (title) 
Inaugural  Addresses  by  Lord  Rectors  of  the  University  of 
Glasgow.  1884  GRANT  Edinb.  Univ.  II.  106  Mr.  Glad 
stone  thus  became  [in  1859]  the  first  elected  Lord  Rector 
of  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 

C.  The  acting  head,  and  president  of  the  ad 
ministrative  body,  in  most  of  the  continental  uni 
versities. 

In  most  cases  the  Rector  is  one  of  the  professors  and  is 
elected  annually.  In  France  the  title  of  Rectcnr  is  now 
given  to  the  head  of  an  Academic. 

<z  1548  HALL  C/iron.,  Hen.  rill  199  The  Rector  of  the 
Vniuersitie  called  to  counsel!  all  the  doctors  regentes  that 
were  that  tyme  at  Thnlo^e.  1611  COTHK.,  Recteur  dc  ri'ni- 
vcrsite^  the  Rector,  the  Vicechancelor.  1818  Aittnmn 
near  Rhine  332  The  Grand  Duke  of  Baden,  in  whose  terri 
tory  Heidelberg  is  comprised,  is  the  nominal  head  under 
the  title  of  Rector.  1885  HrrciusoN  tr.  Conrad's  (',,-riu. 
Unit'.  Trans!.  Note,  An  address  delivered  ..  by  ..  Dr.  D.'Jl- 
Hnger,  Professor  of  Ecclc-iastical  History  in  the  University 
of  Munich,  in  his  capacity  of  rector  for  the  year, 
f  d.  -^RECENT.  Ol>s.  rare—1. 

1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  I.  3  Maistcr  m  art,  rector  in 
theologie,  In  all  science  ane  profound  clerk  is  he. 
fe.  A  proctor  or  pro- proctor.    Obs. 

1665  J.  BUCK  in  Peacock  Stat.  Cambr.  (1841)  App.  I>.  p. 
Ix.xxiii,  The  Rector,  or  Proproctor,  who  moderates  at  these 
two  acts  hath  his  cap  garnished  with  Gold  Lace.  [1895 
RASHJMLL  Universities  II.  xii.  §  2.  370  At  Oxford  the 
Proctors  on  one  of  their  earliest  appearances  in  history  are 
styled  '  Rectors  '  instead  of  Proctors.  At  Oxford  the  title 
Rector  is  rarely  used  afterwards.  At  Cambridge  both  titles 
continued  in  use  throughout  the  medieval  period.] 

5.   Comb.,  as  Rector-like-,  ^see  RECTORIAL  a.  i). 

t  Re'Ctorage.  OAr.-1  [f.  prec.  +  -AGE.  Cf. 
obs.  F.  rectoragc  (,Godef.).]  =  RECTORY  2. 

I5S6LAUDER  Tractate  326  Fer  lesrent,  Nor  hessum  Vicare 
for  his  waige,  Or  Rector  for  his  Rectoraige. 

Rectoral  (re-ktoral).  [f.  RECTOR  +  -AL.  Cf. 
F.  sectoral  (i6th  c.).]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  rector 
or  ruler.  (Said  only  of  God.)  Cf.  RECTOKIAL. 

1658  R.  FRANCK  Xortk.  Mem.  (1821)  3  Things  thus  posited, 
under  such  a  rectoral  governance  [etc.].  1691  \V.  JANE 
Serin.  M7cstinins!er  26  Nov.  5  Besides  this  despotical  right 
of  absolute  Dominion,  there  is  a  Rectoral  right  in  God. 
1763  WHEELOCK  Serm.  30  June  (17671  13  His  rectoral  holi 
ness,  and  the  vindication  of  the  honour  of  his  laws.,  will  re 
quire  it.  1865  BCSMNELL  I'icar.  Sacr.  in.  ii.  213  When  God 
forgives  sin,  without  some  penal  satisfaction,  His  rectoral 
honour  and  character  arc  made  equivocal. 

Rectorate  (re'ktonft).  [f.  RECTOR  +  -ATE  i ; 
cf.  med.L.  rectoratus  (1382  in  Du  Cange),  F.  rcc- 
torat  (1642).]  The  office  or  position  of  a  rector; 
the  period  during  which  the  office  is  held. 

1725  tr.  Ditpins  Eccl.  Hist,  i-jtk  C.  I.  v.  198  The  second 
was  made  under  his  own  Rectorate,  the  last  of  August,  1652. 
1831  E.  BALDWIN  Ann.  Yale  Coll.  85  He  ..settled  in  the 
ministry,  at  Windham,. .  from  whence  he  was  removed,  four 
teen  years  after,  to  the  Rectorate  of  the  College.  1895 
Wcstm,  Gaz.  4  Nov.  3/1  The  Rectorate  of  the  University 
[of  Berlin]  is  an  annual  tenancy. 

attrih.  1878  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly  XIII.  263  In  his  very  in 
structive  rectorate  address . .  Herr  von  Littzow  deduces  [etc.].  , 

Rectoress  (re-lucres),     [f.  RECTOR  + -ESS,] 

tl-  A  female  ruler.    =  RECTRESS  i.  Obs. 

1599  NASHR  Lenten  Stiijffc  13  Our  virgin  rectoresse  most    j 
of  al,  hath  shoured  downe  her  bounty  vpon  them.     1603 
DRAYTON   Bar.  Wars   i.   xxxv,  A   most  perfect  Rectoress 
[1610  Rect'resse]  of  her  will,  Aboue  the  vsual  weakenes  of 
her  kind. 

2.  colloq.  The  wife  of  the  rector  of  a  parish. 

1729  W.  STUKELEY  in  Mem.  (Surtees)  I.  225,  I  think  now,    i 
my  dearest  love,  I  can  wish  you  joy  of  being  rectoress  of  All 
Hallows,  Stanford.     1844  J.  T.  HEWLETT  Parsons  fy  W.  xi, 
Raised  by  wedlock  to  the  dignity  of  rectoress.    1880  BLACK-     ' 
MORE  Mary  Ancrley  III.  xit.  181  Those  four  were  ..  Robin     , 
Cockscroft,  and  Joan  his  wife,  the  rector,  and  the  rectoress. 

Rectorial  (rekto^rial),  a.     [f.  RECTOR +  -IAL.]    , 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  nniversity  rector;  con-    ' 
nected  with  the  office  or  election  of  a  rector. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rectorial^  Rectorial!,  Rector-like;  belonging    , 
to  a  Rector,  or  Vicechancelor.     1749  Sf.  Andrews  Univ.    I 
Minutes  8  Apr.  (MS.),  Principal  Munsin  caused  put  the    , 
Rectorial  robes  on  Principal  Tuliideph,  ..  and  delivered  to 
him  the   Rectorial  books.     1830  RtP-  Comm.   Unit1.  Scot. 
App.  317  A  resolution  of  the  Rectorial  Court.  1843  Memorial 
in  Rep.  St.  Andrews  Univ.  Comnt.  (1845)  App.  xi.  2  At  the 
late  Rectorial  election.      1884  Congregationalist  Nov.  951 
Many  years  have  passed  away  since  we  listened  to  a  rectorial 
address  in  the  old  college  hall. 

2.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  rector  of  a  parish  (esp. 
rectorial  tithes} ;  held  by  a  rector. 

1769  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  IV.  Index,  Rectorial  Tithes. 
1794  HUTCHINSON  Hist.  Cnmbld.  I.  79  The  church  of  Bew- 
castle,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  is  rectorial.  1818  BESTHAM 
Ch.  of  Eng.  p.  xlyi.  In  his  stall  at  Canterbury, .  .but  still 
more  impressively  in  his  Rectorial  mansion.  1884  JESSOPP  in 
igtJt  Cent.  Jan.  119  Every  vicarage  in  England  represents 
a  spoliation  of  the  church,  whose  rectorial  tithes  had  been 
appropriated  by  a  religious  house. 

3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  raler  or  governor.     Cf. 
RECTORAL. 

1835  I.  TAYLOR  Spir.  Despot,  vii.  293  The  perpetual  recto- 


RECTTJAL 

rial  authority  [of  the  popes].  1853  WIIEWEU.  Grotitts  I.  4 
We  may  call  them  respectively  Equatorial  Rights  and 
Rectorial  Rights.  Ibid.  1 1.  425  Justice,  also,  that  is,  rectorial 
justice. 

Recto-riate.  [f.  RECTOR  +  -ATE;  cf.  vicariatc.'} 
=  RECTORATK. 

i_88i_T.  S.  KRAMPTOM  Hitnd.  Wrotham  64  The  long  and 
blighting  rectoriate  of  Peter  Alby,  the  .Savuyaid. 

Rectorship  (re-ktaijipj.     [f.  RECTOR  +  -SHU-  ] 

1.  The  office  of  ruler  or  governor;  government, 
rule.     Now  rare. 

1607  SIIAKS.  Crr.  ii.  iii.  213  Or  had  you  Tongues,  to  cry 
Against  the  Rectorship  ..f  Iudi:ciiit!i!  V  1695  HI.VI-IF.Y 
Ncdiocria  54  Let  us  take  heed.,  that  \vu  set  not  God  aside 
a-i  Rector  or  Lord,  in  it.  \Ve  must  not  advance  and  jus  itie 
his  Rectorship  so  asio  exclude  his  Lordship.  1835  I  TAY(,<>U 
Spir.  Despot,  vii.  293  Placed  under  the  cuntml  of  . .  the 
church,  and  under  a  rectorship — that  of  its  h<ad. 

2.  '1  he  oflice  of  rector  (ot  n.  parish, university,  etc.\ 
1600  \V.  WATSON  Dccacordon  (1602'  109  A  good  caueat  to 

him  to  looke  to  his  orders,  lest  otherwise  he  lo>c  l,i>  Rector 
ship.  _  1679  FRANCE  Addit.  Xarr.  }'op.  I'ht  43  Dispossess 
ing  him  ot  his  Rectorship,  he  appointed  his  Nephew  to  be 
President  in  his  stead.  1753  Scots  Mag.  XV.  64  z  Pivt  ends, 
rectorships,  chapels.  1821-30  LD.  COCKBLRN  Mem.  249  His 
friend  and  schoolfellow  ..  advised  him  to  stand  for  the 
Rectorship  [of  the  High  School,  Edinburgh].  1884  CR\XT 
/-,'(//;//'.  L '  tiiv.  I.  21 1  This  terminates  the  history  of  the  Rcctnr- 
ship  <'f  tfm  College  of  Edinburgh.  ;i^  distinguished  fnnn  the 
Reaorship  of  the  University. 

Rectory  (re'ktori).  [a.  obs.  !•'.  redone  1394 
in  Du  Cange),  or  ad.  med.L.  rcctoria  (1^63  ibid.)  : 
see  RECTOR  and  -Y  '•'•.] 

*(*  1.  An  educational  establishment  under  the  con 
trol  of  a  rector.  Obs.  rare~\ 

1536  Act  27  Hen.  /'*///,  c.  42  §  i  Emolumentes  ..  apper- 
teynyng  ..  unto  the  said  Houses,  Ho\v>es  Collegiate,  Rec 
tories,  Halles,  Hostelles  etc.  within  the  said  Universities  of 
Oxford  and  Cambridge. 

2.   A  benefice  held  by  a  rector. 

1594  WEST  2nd  Pt.  Symbol^  Chan  eerie  §  no  One  tene 
ment  ..  within  the  parish  of  C.  ..and  in  the  reciorie  and 
personage  of  C.  1613  SIM-I.MAN  Rights  Ch.  Eng.  Wks. 
(17231  I.  i  A  Rectory,  or  Parsonage,  is  a  Spiritual  Living, 
composed  of  Land,  Tythe,  and  other  Oblations  of  the 
People  [etc.].  1677  Act  29  C/ias.  If,  c.  3  §  2  The  said 
Vicars  and  Curates  shall  have  remedy  for  the  same  either 
l>y  Distress  upon  the  Rectories  Irr.propriate  or  Portions  of 
Tythes  charged  therewith.  1765  BLACKSTONF.  Comm.  \.  xi. 
•^74  When  the  clerk  so  presented  is  distinct  from  the  vicar, 
the  rectory  thus  vested  in  him  becomes  what  is  called  a 
sine-cure.  1818  CRVISF.  Digest  (ed.  2)  IV.  205  The  tenant 
for  life  demised  the  rectory,  which  consisted  of  tithes  only, 
reserving  a  rent.  1886  Law  Times  Rep.  LIII.  702/2  The 
sums  payable  to  Dr.  Cox  out  of  the  income  of  the  united 
rectory. 

b.  The  residence  appertaining  to  a  rector. 

1849  MACAVLAY  Hist.  Eng.  ii.  I.  158  The  presentees  .. 
took  possession  of  the  rectories  cultivated  the  glebe  lands, 
collected  the  tithes  [etc.].  1864  TF.MNYSON  Aylmers^  F.  38 
So  that  Rectory  and  Hall,  Bound  in  an  immemorial  in 
timacy,  Were  open  to  each  other. 

attrih.  1859  CEO.  ELIOT  A.  Bed?  xvi,  Arthur  gave  his 
horse  to  the  groom  at  the  Rectory  gate. 

•j-  3.  Rectorship  ;  administration.   Obs. 

1640  in  Rep.  Comm.  Univ.  Scot.  (1830)  114  (Edinb.)  The., 
office  of  RectorSe  sail  consist  in  the  free  and  ample  e.xerceis  of 
the  articlis  underwriter!.  1660  RI-RNEV  Kep6.  Awpoj-  (1661) 
131  Princes  receive  a  singular  Spirit  of  God  for  the  Rectory 
of  Justice.  1675  R.  BURTHOGGE  Causa  Dei  144  The  day  of 
Judgement..:  when  all  Administration,  Government,  and 
Rectory  shall  cease. 

Rectress  (re-ktres).  Also  7  rect*ress.  [See 
RECTOR,  RECTRIX,  and  -ESS.] 

f  1.  A  female  niler  or  governor.   Obs. 

1603  B.  JONSON  Sejanus  v.  vi,  Great  mother  Fortvne,.. 
Queene  of  humane  state,  Rectresse  of  Action.  1605  DRAYTON 
Man  in  Moone  301  The  mighty  rectres  of  this  globe  below. 
1656  S.  HOLLAND  Zara  (1719)  59  Great  Hcccat,  Rectress 
of  Shades,  Plashey  Grots,  and  gloomy  Glades. 

•fig.  1634  T.  JOHNSON  farcy's  Chirurg.  xxiv.  x.  (1678)  541 
For  there  [in  the  head]  the  soul  of  life,  which  is  the  rectress 
or  governess,  is  situated. 

2.  The  female  head  of  a  school  or  institution. 

a  1843  SOUTHEY  Comm.-pl.  I>k.  Ser.  n.  (1840)  30  Their 
superior  was  called  the  Prepostress,  and  they  had  Visitor- 
esses  Redresses,  and  other  dignitaries,  all  in  the  feminine 
gender.  1893  J.  FAHKV  Hist.  Kilmacduagh  419  Rectress 
of  the  convent  at  Clarinbridge. 

Kectrix  (re-ktriks).  [a.  L.  rectrix  fem.  agent-n. 
f.  regerc-.  cf.  DIRECTRIX.] 

1.  =  RECTRESS   i.    rare.      Also   Queen  Rectrix 
(see  QUEEN  2  c). 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  ix.  ^623)629  Lady  Blanch, 

Sueene  Dowager,  and  Rectrix  of  France.  1634  SIR  T. 
ERBERT  Trav.  195  Which  filthy  sinne  was  since  corrected 
by  a  Queene  Rectrix.  1716  Loyal  Mourner  65  Anna  sate 
A  pious  Rectrix  at  the  Helm  of  State.  1823  LlMGABO  Hist. 
Eng.  VI.  22  The  king.. before  his  departure  appointed  'his 
most  dear  consort  queen  Catharine,  rectrix  and  governor  of 

2.  Ornith.   in  //.  rectrices   (rektrei-sfz).     The 
strong  feathers  of  the  tail  in  birds,  by  which  their 
flight  is  directed. 

1768  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  (1776)  I.  139  Fig.  14  The  tail. 
Rectrices.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XIII.  506/1  The  tail 
consists  of  strong  feathers  (rectrices}.  1835  KIRBV  Hnb.  fy 
Inst.  Anim.  II.  xvii.  163  The  tail  feathers  of  birds,  called 
by  ornithologists,  rectrices  or  governing  feathers.  1893 
NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  247  Those  papillae  which  give  rise 
to  the  larger  feathers,  such  as  the  rectrices. 

fRectual  i^re'ktiwal).  Obs.-1  [f.  RECT-UM  + 
-AL,  on  anal,  of  actual,  etc.]  =  RECTAL. 

36 


RECTUM. 

1727  ARBUTHNOT  Petit,  Colliers.  The  Sun-beams  taken 
inwardly  render  the  humours  too  hot  and  adust,  occasion 
great  sweatings,  and  dry  up  the  rectual  moisture. 

ll  Rectum  (re'ktwir.  Anat.  and  filed,  [a.  L. 
rectum  (sc.  itttestinuni)^  neut.  of  rectos  straight.] 
The  final  section  of  the  large  intestine  (so  called 
from  its  form  in  some  animals),  extending  in  man 
from  the  sigmoid  flexure  of  the  colon  to  the  anus. 

1541  R.  COPLAND  GnydonsQue&t.  Chirwg.  H  tij  b,  Fyrste  it 
behoueth  to  begyn  at  the  ars  gut  that  is  called  longaum  or 
rectum.  1548-77  VICARY  Anat.  viii.  (1888)  66  The  syxte 
and  last  [gut]  is  called  Rectum  or  Longaon.  1676  WISE 
MAN  Chirurg.  Treat,  in.  v.  238  We  found  a  stop  about  an 
inch.. within  the  Rectum.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v., 
The  levatores  ani,  which  serve  to  raise  or  pull  back  the 
rectum.  1794-6  E.  DARWIN  Zoon.  (1801)  II.  466  Aloe  given 
internally  seems  to  act  chiefly  on  the  rectum.  1873  MIVART 
EUm.  Anat.  XL  446  The  colon  ascends  in  the  abdominal 
cavity,  passes  transversely,  and  then  descends  to  terminate 
in  ihe  rectum. 

atirib,  and  Comb.  1863-76  CURLING  Dts.  Rectum  (ed.  4) 
77  A  proper  rectum  supporter  will  help  to  lessen  the  incon 
venience.  1879  St.  George's  Hos/>.  Rep.  IX.  781  If.,  there 
are  any  remnants  of  rectum  trouble. 

11  Rectus  (re-ktws).  Anat.  PI.  recti  (re'ktai). 
[a.  L.  recttis  (sc.  muscnlus},]  The  name  of  various 
muscles,  esp,  of  the  abdomen,  thigh,  neck,  and  eye, 
so  called  from  the  straightness  of  their  fibres. 

1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex  Tec/in.  I,  Rectus  Femoris  is  a  Muscel 
of  ihe  Leg,  so  named  from  its  streight  Progress  and  Situa 
tion.  17330.  DOUGLAS  tr.  Winslow's  Anat.  (1756)  I.  168 
The  lower  extremity  of  this  Muscle . .  ends  in  a  thin  Tendon, 
..and  there  it  touches  the  Tendon  of  the  other  Rectus. 
iSji  R.  Ksox  Clo.jucfs  Anat.  274  It  arises  posteriorly 
from  a  tendon  common  to  it  with  the  internal  and  external 
recti,  and  proceeds  horizontally  towards  the  ball  of  the  eye. 
1840  FJ.  WILSON  Anat.  Vade  M.  (1851)  258  The  rectus  must 
now  be  divided  through  its  middle,  and  the  two  ends  turned 
aside,  to  bring  clearly  into  view  the  next  muscles, 

attrib.    \ty}AUbutt''s  Syst.  Med.  VII.  62  Excessive  arm- 
jerks  and  knee-jerks, . .  rectus  clonus  and  ankle-clonus. 
b.  So  rectus  muscle. 

1801  Med.  Jrnl.  V.  326  Dr.  Hosack.. maintains,  that  the 
recti  muscles  of  the  eye  contribute  much  in  lengthening  or 
shortening  the  axis  of  vision.  1840  E.  WILSON  Anat.  I'adf 
Af.  (1851)  218  To  dissect  the  rectus  muscle,  its  sheath  should 
be  opened  by  a  vertical  incision  extending,  .to  the  front  of 
the  os  pubis. 

Re'Cubate,  a.  rare~l.  [ad.  L.  recubat-ust  pa. 
pple.  oirecubare:  see  next.]  Laid  backwards. 

1790  J.  WILLIAMS  Shrore  Tuesday  (1794)  6  A  puzzling 
archipelago  of  fat,  Where  by  a  recubate  and  oblique  duct 
They  rumbling  .sunk. 

t  Recuba  tion.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  L.  recubare 
to  recline,  f.  re-  RE-  +  citbare  to  recline,  sleep  : 
see  -ATION.]  The  action  of  reclining,  recumbency. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  v.  v.  244  The  French  and 
Italian  translations  expressing  neither  position  of  session  or 
recubation,  do  onely  say  that  he  placed  himselfe  at  the  table. 

Recueil  (rakcy),  sb.  Forms:  5  recuel,  recuyle, 
recuyel(l,  5-6  recule,  6recueill,  -cuoil,  -cewle, 
Sc.  recoil,  6-7  (9)  recueil.  [a.  F.  recneil  (i4th  c.), 
f.  recueillir:  see  next.] 

1.  A  literary  compilation  or  collection.  (Now 
only  as  a  Fr.  word.) 

1474  CAXTON  (title)  Here  begynneth  the  volume  intituled 
.  .the  recuyell  of  the  historyes  of  Troye . .  by . .  Raoul  le  ffeure. 
1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vn.  ccxli.  282  Peter  Dysroye,  whiche 
made  a  recule,  or  lytle  boke  of  the  wynnynge  &  losynge 
of  Jerusalem,  a  1529  SKELTON  Sp.  Parrot  232  Thus  Parrot 
dothe  pray  you . .  To  rekyn  with  this  recule  now,  And  it  to 
remember.  1567  FKNTON  Trag.  Disc.  4  In  the  recewles  or 
commentories  of  Tuskan.  1656  Annot.  Browne's  Relig. 
,AW._Annolator  to  Rdr.  M  4,  I  made  this  recueil  meerly 
for  mine  own  entertainment.  1887  Athenaeum  i  Jan.  10/3 
M.  Paul  Verlaine  has  signed  his  name  to  one  of  the  most 
pleasing  poetical  recneits  of  the  day. 

1 2.  Reception,  welcome  ;  reset.   Obs. 

1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xviii.  66  The  grete  recuel  that  I 
haue  doon  to  the,,  .the  worshyp  that  thou  hast  had  of  me 
[etc.].  1538  St.  Papers  Hen.  VII/t  I.  583  The  high  honnour 
and  recueill  she  had  resceyued  of  the  Kinges  Majestic,  and 
his  subjectes.  1588  A.  KING  tr.  Canisins'  Catech.  140  Sic 
as  presume  to  giwe  lodging  or  recueil  to  murtherars. 

t  Recueil,  ?•>.  Obs.  Forms:  5recuyel,recuylle, 
5-6  recule,  6  recuel.  [a.  F.  recueillir^  recuillir 
(ilth  c.):— I,,  recottigere  to  collect,  gather  up,  f. 
re-  RE-  •+  collig^re :  see  CUYL,  CULL  T^.1] 

1.  trans.  To  gather  together. 

1474  CAXTON  Chesse  67  To  recuyel  and  gadre  to-gydre  the 
fruyt  of  his  laboure.  1494  FAUYAN  Chron.  \\.  xxix.  21 
Urenne  had  reculid  and  gaderyd  togyder  y"  more  parte  of 
his  Nauy.  1566  PAINTER  Pal.  Pleas.  I.  Ded.  2  All  which 
I  have  recueled  and  bound  together  in  this  volume  vnder 
the  title  of  the  Palace  of  Pleasure. 

2.  To  receive  hospitably,  entertain. 

ci477  CAXTON  Jason  63  Ye  and  all  your  companye  had 
ben  dede  for  honger..yf  I  had  not  recuyellid  you  in  this 
cyte.  1490  —  Eneydos  x.  40  In  descendynge..in  to  that 
countrey  lEneas]  was  reculed  and  i-ceyued  by  dydo. 

3.  To  receive,  catch.  rare~*. 

1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  x.  39  Alle  the  nauye  descended 
nyghe  to  the  bottom  of  the  see  whiche  wereanone  recuyelled 
by  other  wawes  &  remysed  in  a  momente  vp  on  highe. 

Hence  fRecueiling  vbl.  sb.  Obs~" 

i55*  HULOET,  Reculynge,  receptio. 

II  Recueillement  (rA<?yman).  rare.  [F.,  f. 
rec^te^llir•.  see  prec.]  =  RECOLLECTION  -  i. 

1845  THACKERAY  Picture  Gossip  Misc.  Ess.  (1885)  278 
Sabbath  repose  and  recueillement.  1886  GURNEY,  etc. 
Phantasms  of  Living  II.  224  The  majority  of  hallucina- 


282 

tions . .  occur  to  persons  who  are  r.lone— silence  and  n'cneiUc- 
tnt-nt  being  apparently  favourable  conditions. 

Recuer,  -cuire,  variants  of  KECUKE  v. 

Recuile,  -cuilment,  obs.  ff.  RECOIL  v.,  -MENT. 

It  Keculade  (wk»lad\  [F.,  f.  render  to  RE 
COIL.]  Retreat,  retirement,  sjoing  back. 

[1658  PHILLIPS  (copying  Cotgr.),  Reculaiie  (French),  a  re 
coiling,  or  goini;  back,  also  a  secret  corner.]  1883  Standard 
14  Sept.  5/6  Thi:  Fiench  Cabinet,  .are, perhaps,  too  sensitive 
as  to  what  the  papers  may  say  about  their  rccnlatic.  1891 
Catholic  News  24  Jan.  3/2  Nothing  can  show  better  the 
'  reculade  '  of  neo-ritualisin  towards  Protestantism. 

Recule,  obs.  f.  RECOIL  v.,  var.  RECUEIL  sb.  and 
v.  Oh.  Recu.lero.ent,  obs.  f.  RECOILMENT.  Re- 
cull,  obs.  f.  RECOIL  v. 

t  Recuilisance,  corrupt  form  of  RECOGNIZANCE. 

1607  MIDDLETOX  Michaelmas  Term  in.  iv,  Come  then,  and 
be  a  witnesse  to  a  Recuilisance. 

Re-cultivate,  v.    [Kf>  5  a.   Cf.  F.  recultwtr  ( 
(Cotgr.).]     trans.  To  cultivate  anew.     Also^fc. 

c  1643  HOWEI.L  Lett.  i.  v.  ii,  A  Field  that  remains  fallow 
for  a  time.. yields  a  better  Crop,  being  recultivated,     1833    ' 
S.  AUSTIN  Charact.  Goethe  II.  331  Desolate  scenes  which 
the    liveliest   imagination  were  unable   to   reactivate   and    | 
repeoplc.     1857  TuoLLOi'K  Ba>  Chester  T.  111.  iv.  61  He  had    \ 
meant,  if  possible,  to  recultivate  his  friendship  with  F.leanor. 

So  Re- cultivation. 

1857  TRGI.LOL'E  lianhcstcr  T.  III.  iv.  6r  In  his  present 
state  of  mind  any  such  re-cultivation  must  have  ended  in 
a  declaration  of  love.  1887  MOLONF.V  Forestry  llr.  Afr.  237 
The  balance  of  time  to  re-cultivation  and  fresh  harvest. 

Recuruaunde,  obs.  form  of  KECOMMAND  v± 

t  Recu'mb,  v.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  recumbere :  see 
RECUMBENT  a.]  intr.  To  lean,  recline,  rest.  In 
quots.^cr  Const,  on,  upon. 

a  1677  BARROW  Serni,  Wks,  1686  II.  69  The  King  makes 
an  overture  of  pardon  and  favour  unto  you  upon  condition, 
that  any  one  of  you  will  recumbe,  rest,  lean  upon,  or  roll 
himself  upon  the  person  of  his  Son.  a  1711  KKX  Hymnariuni 
Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  44  Saints,  in  the  most  afflictive  Hour, 
Recumb  on  thy  propitious  Power.  1761  ALLEN  No  Accept, 
with  God  by  Faith  only  23  \Vhat  shall  we  think  of  the  loud 
and  repeated  cries.. of  a  faith,  which  consists  in  lulling, 
rolling,  and  recumbing  on  Christ? 

Recumbence  (rto-mbcns).  Now  rare.  [f. 
as  next  +  -ENOE.J  =  RECUMBENCY. 

1676  HALE  Contempt,  i.  378  The  next  Expedient  is  Faiih 
and  Recumbence  upon  those  Promises  of  his.  1681  H. 
MORE  Exp.  Dan.  Pref.  100  Breaking  off  our  comfortable 
recumbence  and  dependence  upon  ihe  lovely  person  of  our 
Lord  Jesus.  «i7"  KEN  Hymnariuni  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II. 
87  The  soft,  yet  firm  Recumbence  of  a  Child.  —  Urania 
ibid.  IV,  447  Our  Dependance  on  his  gracious  Care,  Should 
to  depending  Souls  Recumbence  teach  and  Pray'r.  1827 
p.  S.  FADER  Orig.  Expiat.  Sacr.  129  The  word,  which 
inadequately  has  been  rendered  lieth,  properly  describes  the 
couching  or  recumbence  of  an  animal. 

Recumbency  (r^ctrmbensi).  [ad.  L.  type 
*recumbentia,  f.  recttmberei  see  RECUMBENT  #.] 

1.  The  state  of  lying  or  reclining ;  a  recumbent 
posture. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  in.  i.  106  The  Tricliniums, 
or  places  of  festivall  Recumbency.  1695  J.  EDWARDS 
Perfect.  Script.  138  The  head  or  upper  end  of  this  bed., 
was.  .the  chief  place  of  recumbency.  1784  COWPER  Task  i. 
82  Relaxation  of  the  languid  frame,  By  soft  recumbency  of 
outstretch'd  limbs,  i836~K.  HOWARD  A'.  Kfefer\\lvt There 
was  not  much  room  for  recumbency.  1866  A.  FLINT  Princ. 
Med.  (1880)  193  If  the  patient  be  feeble,  constant  recum 
bency  on  the  back  is  to  be  avoided. 
b.  fig.  Repose. 

*6S3  GAUDEN  Hierasp.  451  To  invite  all  errours.  .to  a  re 
cumbency  or  rest  in  their  bosome.  a  1704  LOCKE  (J.),  When 
the  mind  has  been  once  habituated  to  this  lazy  recumbency 
and  satisfaction  on  the  obvious  surface  of  things,  it  is  in 
danger  to  rest  satisfied  there. 

2.  fig.  Reliance  on  or  upon  a  person  or  thing. 
Chiefly  in  religious  use.     Now  rare. 

1646  FULLER  Wounded  Conic.  (1841)  309  The  life  and 
formality  of  faith,  which  consists  only  in  a  recumbency  on 
God  in  Christ.  1653  GAUDEN  Hierasp.  178  In  some  there 
ought  to  be  an  eminency..,  upon  whom  the  greatest  recum 
bency  of  Churches  maybe  laid.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey) 
s.v.,  He  had  a  great  Recumbency  upon  his  Promise.  1738 
WESLEY  Serin.  (1838)  I.  7  A  recumbency  upon  him  as  our 
atonement  and  our  life.  1814  T.  BELL  View  Cov.  Wks. 
$  Grace  360  He  believed  this  truth  not  at  all  as  the  devils 
do,  but  with  a  recumbency  of  heart  on  the  Son  of  God. 
b.  Without  const.  Also  //. 

1642  T.  GOODWIN  Christ  set  forth  v.  x.  197  A  Faith  of 
Recumbency,  or,  of  Comming  unto  Christ.  1667  WATER- 
HOUSE  Fire  Land.  65  His  great  arrows  are  . .  fixed  in  the 
very  hearts  of  mens  delights  and  recumbencies.  1675 
BAXTER  Cath.  Theol.  n.  XL  250  So  also  all  the  Affiance  or 
tiducial  Acts  are  excluded, ..  even  that  which  they  call 
Recumbency  being  distinct  from  Consent.  1826  R.  HALL 
Wks.  (1832)  394  It  produces  recumbency,  a  slothful  de 
pendence  upon  God  and  neglect  of  the  precautions  of 
religion  and  the  rules  of  duty. 

Recumbent  (rfk^mbent),  a.  (and  sl>.)  [acl. 
L.  recumbent-em,  pres.  pple.  of  recumbcre  to  lie 
down,  recline,  f.  re-  Rx-  +  -cumbfre  to  lie.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  persons  or  animals :  Lying  down, 
reclining,  reposing. 

1774  PENNANT  Tour  Scot/,  in  1772,  16  He  lies  in  alabaster 
recumbent  in  his  gown.  1794  CowntB  Needless  Alarm  47 
ihe  sheep  recumbent  and  the  sheep  that  grazed,  All 
huddling  into  phalanx,  stood  and  gazed.  1856  EMERSON 
£ng.  Traits,  Stonehen£e  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  129  C.  took' hold 
of  the  recumbent  statue's  marble  hands.  1876  BLAUCIF 
Songs  Relig.  $•  Life  180  Happy  the  bard  who  weaves  his 
rhyme  Recumbent  on  the  purple  thyme. 


RECUPERATION. 

b.  transf,  of  things.  Now  chiefly  in  scientific  use. 

1744  AKRNSIDE  Pleas.  Imag.  n.  277  Aloft  recumbent  o'er 
the  hanging  ridge,  The  brown  woods  wav'd.  1826  KIRRV 
&  Si1.  Entomol.  IV.  298.  1867  LA  YARD  Birds  S.  Africa 
223  The  nostrils  ..  more  or  less  covered  by  the  recumbent 
plumes.  1872  NICHOLSON  Palafont.  133  In..Pseudocrinus 
the  arms  are  recumbent  and  soldered  to  the  calyx. 
C.  fig.  of  qualities  personified. 

1742  YOUNG  AY.  Th.  iv.  645  What  smooth  emollients  in 
theology  Recumbent  Virtue's  downy  doctors  preach.  1842 
J.  WILSON  Chr.  North  (1857)  I.  259  The  spirit  of  beauty 
that  lies  recumbent  there. 

2.  Of  posture  :  Reclining,  leaning  or  lying. 

1705  ARBUTHNOT  Coins  (1727)  134  The  Roman  recumbent  or 
(more  properly)  accumbent  posture  in  eating  was  introduc'd 
after  the  first  Punic  War.  1799  SICKF.LMORE  Agnes^  <$• 
Leonora  II.  131  A  sudden  rustling  among  the  trees,  against 
one  of  which  I  stood  in  a  recumbent  posture.  1848  LYTTON 
Harold  vi.  iv,  Rising  proudly  from  her  recumbent  position. 
fB.  sb.  One  who  has  recumbency  or  reliance 
on  another.  Obs.  rare. 

1642  T.  GOODWIN  Christ  set  forth  v.  x.  196  It  is  more  pecu 
liarly  fitted  unto  a  Recumbent s  Faith.  1681  FLAVEL  Meth. 
Grace  ix.  210  'Tis  a  blessed  life  to  live  as  a  poor  recumbent, 
by  acts  of  trust  and  affiance. 

Hence  Recirmbently  aik>.t  in  a  recumbent  or 
reclining  posture. 

1839  A'cw  Monthly  Mag,  LVII.  407  Whom  I  had  passed 
recumbently  sipping  his  madeira.  1879  SVNGE  Tom  Singleton 
III.  x.  189  Dr.  lilandy's  sympathetic  drops.. must  bo  taken 
recumbently, 

t  Recumbentibns.  Obs.  Also  7  -bend-. 
[A  humorous  use  of  L.  recitmbentibus,  abl.  pi.  of 
recttmbens  :  see  RECUMBENT.  With  the  later  form 
cf.  CIRCUMBENDIBUS.]  A  knock-down  blow. 

f  1400  Laud1  Troy  Bk.  7490  He  ^aff  the  kyng  Episcropus 
Suche  a  recumbentibus,  He  smot  In-two  hot  he  helme  & 
mayle.  1546  J.  HEVWOOD  Prov.  (1867)  70  Had  you  some 
husbande,  and  snapt  at  him  thus,  I  wys  he  would  geue  you 
a  recumbentibus.  1593  HARVEY  Pierces  Snpererog.  Wks. 
II.  302  Like  the  dowty  fencer  of  Barnewell,  that  played  his 
laking-vp  with  a  Recumbentibus.  1675  C.  COTTON  Scoffer 
Scoft  Wks.  (1715)  251  A  good  whirret  Bebrix  gave  him,.. 
Which  Recumbendibus  he  got  By  being  of  an  Argonaut. 

Recuoil,  vaiiant  of  RECUEIL  sb.  Obs. 

Recuperabi'lity.  [f.  as  next  +  -ITY.]  Ability 
to  recuperate. 

1886  C.  H.  HUGHES  in  Alienist  $•  Neurologist  Vll,  463 
Impairment  so  slight  as  to  leave  the  nervous  system  in  a 
state  of  almost  physiological  recuperability.     i&QgAllbittt's 
Syst.  Med.  VI.  864  A  lesion,  .greatly  affecting  the  viability 
and  recuperability  of  the  central  mass  of  the  spinal  cord. 

t  ReCU'perable,  a.  Obs.  (>•  OK.  reenterable 
(Godef.',  or  ad.  L.  type  *recuperabilis  :  see  RE 
CUPERATE  and  -ABLE.]  Recoverable. 

14..  Woman's  Chastity  51  in  Chalmers  Eng.  Poets  I.  566 
And  hard  it  is  to  rauish  a  treasour,  Which  of  nature  is  not 
recuparable.  1531  ELVOT  Cov.  I.  xui,  If  thou . .  by  counsaile 
arte  recuperable,  Flee  thou  from  idlenesse.  1552  in  Strype 
Keel.  Mem.  (1721)  III.  n.  xviii.  392  The  hoped  for  and 
recuperable  debts.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  4/10  Recuperable, 
rccuperabilis. 

Recnrperauce.  rare.  [ad.  L.  type  *recupe- 
rantia  :  see  next  and  -ANCE.]  Recuperation. 

1887  Illnstr.  Lond.  News  22  Oct.  488  To  the  brain-worker 
and  the  hand-worker  alike  how  desirable  is  this  rest  and 
iccuperance  of  mind  and  body  ! 

Recuperate  (rrki/rpeVt),^.  [f.L.  recuptrat-, 
ppl.  stem  of  recuperare  :  see  RECOVER  v.  Cf.  It. 
recitperare,  Sp.,  Pg.  rccuperar^  F.  rccnp^rer^\ 

1 1.  trans.  To  recover  (a  thing,  material  or  im 
material).  Obs. 

1542  BOORDE  Dyetary  Pref.,  Your  grace  recuperatyng 
yourhelth.  1603  DEKKEK  is:  CHETTLE  Grissil  (Shaks._Soc.) 
42  My  opinion  is,  I  shall  never  recuperate  the  legitimate 
office  of  this  member,  my  arm.  1661  BLOUNT  Glossogr. 
(ed.  2>,  Recuperate,  to  recover,  rescue  or  get  again. 
b.  To  recover  (a  loss),  rare. 

1891  M.  COLE  Cy  Ross  101  He  had  recuperated  his  losses. 

t  2.  To  restore  (a  thing)  to  its  original  condition. 

1694  SALMON  Bates  Dispens.  (1713)  309/2  The  white  Sub 
stance  of  Gold,.. which  is  wont  to  be  called  fixed  Silver, 
recovers  its  pristine  Colour,  if  recuperated  with  Antimony. 
b.  To  restore  i^a  person)  to  health  or  vigour. 

1864  T.  NICHOLS  40  Yrs.  Amer.  Life  II.  117  Why. .are 
these  sisters  not.  .sent  to  recuperate  themselves  in  healthier 
conditions?  1872  M.  COLLINS  Two  Plunges  III.v.  123  The 
sparkling  wine  soon  recuperated  lanthe. 

3.  reft.  To  recoup  (oneself),   rare. 

1882  LECKV  Eng.  in  iBt/t  C.  IV.  xvi.  323  More  commonly 
he  paid  a  fixed  sum  to  the  clergyman,  and  recuperated  him 
self  by  a  grinding  tyranny  of  the  tenants. 

4.  intr.  To  recover  from  exhaustion,  ill-health, 
pecuniary  loss,  etc. 

1864  SALA  in  Daily  Tel.  9  Feb.,  Go  into  business;  smash ; 
recuperate.  1865  —  Diary  Amer.  I.  168  Renowned. .for 
their  urbane  hospitality  to  pilgrims.  There  we  recuperated. 
1897  Century  Mag.  May  112  In  the  hope  that  he  might 
soon  recuperate  and  return  to  duty. 

Recuperation  (r/'ki/7peri7i'j3n).  [ad.  L.  re 
cuperation-em  ,  n.  of  action  f.  recuperarc  :  see  prec. 
Cf.  F.  recuperation  (i6th  c.).] 

tl.  The  recovery  or  regaining  0/"a  thing.  Obs. 

1481  CAXTON  Godefroy  Prol.  4  For  the  recuperacion  of 
the  holy  londe  &  holy  Cyte  of  Iherusalem.  1620  E.  BLOUNT 
Hor&  Subs.  250  After  them  no  man  euer  bore  Armes  for 
Recuperation  of  that  gouernment.  1651  BIGGS  New  Disp. 
P  270  The  conservation  or  recuperation  of  health.  1685  H. 
MoRE/><*ra/j'/*.  Prpph.  in  Quirimus  made Caius  his Rectour 
till  his  Recuperation  of  Armenia. 
b.  Rom.  Law.  Legal  recovery. 


RECUPERATIVE. 

1880  MUIKHEAD  Gains  iv.  105  note,  Provisions  for  recupera 
tion  in  the  treaties  between  Rome  and  friendly  states. 

2.  Restoration  to  health,  vigour,  etc. 

1865  Standard  4  Feb.,  The  season  which  has  heretofore 
brought  to  them  rest  and  recuperation  finds  them  in  the 
trenches.  1889  Spectator  19  Oct.,  That  waking  rest  which 
is  the  recuperation  of  the  mind. 

Recuperative  (r/"ki«-perativ),  a.  (and  sb.\ 
[ad.  late  L.  recitperativus  recoverable  :  see  RK- 
CUPERATE  and  -IVE.]  A.  adj. 

*M.  Recoverable  ^Cockeram  1623).  Obs.  rare~l}. 

2.  Belonging  to,  concerned  with,  the  recovery  of 
something  lost.  ?  Obs. 

1650  R.  HOLLINGWORTH  Exerc.  Usurped  Powers  14  The 
known  law  and  practise  of  all  nations,  .with  one  vote  allow 
defensive  and  recuperative  arms,  c  1690  in  Lathbury  Non- 
jurors  (1845)  119  If  ever  He  should  recover  the  throne  in 
a  recuperative  war.  1858  DE  QUINCEY  ll^ks.  XL  Pref.  10 
Lost  and  hid  away  in  secret  chambers  of  moonshine  beyond 
the  '  recuperative  '  powers  ( Johnsonically  speaking)  of  Apol- 
lonius  himself. 

3.  Having  the  power  of  restoring  (a  person  or 
thing)  to  a  proper  state. 

1861  GLADSTONE  SJ>.  Ho.  Comm.  2  May,  The  abolition  of 
these  duties  is  not  what  is  called  recuperative.     1872  M. 
COLLINS  Pr,  Clarice  I.  vi.  92  Claret-cup,  properly  adminis 
tered,  is  almost  as  recuperative  as  salts  and  senna. 

b.  Of  or  belonging  to  recuperation  or  recovery 
of  health,  vigour,  etc. 

1860  EMERSON  Cond.  Life,  Power  Wk?.  (Bonn)  II.  333  We 
watch  in  children  with  pathetic  interest  the  degree  in  which 
they  possess  recuperative  force.  1890  G.  M.  HUMPHRY  Old 
^ffe  *54  High  breeding  in  most  animals  conduces  to  a 
marked  diminution  in  the  bodily  recuperative  capacity. 

4.  Having  the  power  of  recuperating. 

1862  TROLLOPE  N.  Amer.  II.   103  'We  are  a  recuperative 
people  ',  a  west-country  gentleman  once  said  to  me. 

B.  sb.  A  substance  which  restores  land  to  fertility. 

X883  J.  C.  BLOOMMICLD  Fisheries  Ireland  7  (Fish.  Exh, 
Publ.),  Such  refuse  of  the  cod  as  its  head  and  backbone 
turned  into  a  valuable  agricultural  recuperative. 

Hence  Recivperativeiiess. 

a  1901  F.  MYERS  Hum.  Personality  (1903)  I.  194  Can  it 
be  some  kind  of  self-suggestion  which  prevents  the  mammal 
from  crediting  himself  with  crustacean  recuperativeness  ? 

Recuperator  (rfki£'p£w|tw).  [a.  L.  recu 
perator:  see  RECUPERATE  and  -OR.] 

1.  Rom.  Law.  A  member  of  a  commission  for 
trying  certain  cases. 

1706  PHILLIPS  led.  Kersey),  Recuperator,  (among  the 
Romans)  a  Commissioner  or  Judge  appointed  by  the  Praetor 
to  examine  private  Matters  ;  a  Judge  Delegate.  [1753  in 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.\  1875  POSTE  Gains  i.  (ed.  2)  53  Re 
cuperators  are  judges  not  taken  from  the  panel.  1880 
M  u  i  R  H  EAD  (?<z/tt£  i.  §  20  The  council  consists  in  Rome  of  five  ! 
senators  ^and  five  Roman  knights  of  the  age  of  puberty;  in 
the  provinces  of  twenty  recuperators,  Roman  citizens. 

2.  Aleck.  The  regenerator  of  a  Ponsard  or  Siemens    ' 
furnace. 

1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  $  Iron.  §  638  The  Ponsard    ; 
furnace  and  recuperator,  employed  for  reheating  purposes 
in  the  rolling  mill,  has  a  gas  producer  below  the  floor  level,    i 
1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mcch.  Suppl.  746/2. 

Recu'peratory,  a.  rare.  [ad.  L.  recitpera- 
toriits :  see  RECUPERATE  and  -ORY.]  Of  or  be 
longing  to  recovery  or  to  recuperators. 

1656  ULOUNT  Glossogr.,  Recuperatory,  belonging  to  re-    ' 
covering,  or  to  Judges  delegate.     [Hence   in    Bailey  and 
later  Diets.]     1875  POSTE  Gains  iv.  (ed.  2)   630  Utrubi  was 
clearly  a  recuperatory  interdict  in  its  original  form. 

Recur  (r/k^u),  v.  Also  7  recurr(e.  [ad.  L. 
recurr-ere  to  run  back,  return,  have  recourse,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  cnrrgre  to  run.] 

fl.  intr.  To  run  or  move  back,  recede.  Obs.  rare. 

1616  lit'LLOKAR  Eng.  Expos.)  Recitrre,  to  run  baeke.  1788 
Trifler  No.  19.  254  There  is  a  point  of  depression  as  wull 
as  of  exaltation,  from  which  human  affairs  when  once  arrived, 
naturally  recur  in  a  contrary  progress. 

b.  To  return  into  or  to  a  place,  rare. 

With  first  quot.  cf.  med.L.   recurrerc   to  appeal  at  law    i 
(1369  in  Du  Cange,  s.v.  Recursus  6). 

1468  Pas  ton  Lett.   II.  326  [To  remind  him]  how  he  pro-    ' 
mUid  bi  his  feith  to  my  Lord  t'obey  his  rewle  and  brak  it, . . 
and  if  ye  recur  in  the  courte  he  shall  be  undo.     1659  WOOD 
Life  24  Oct.  (O.H.S.)  I.  286  To  winch  lodgings  A.  W.  did 
recurr  dayly,  till  he  had  satisfied  himself  with  them  [manu 
scripts].     1719  WATERLAND  /  'ind.  Christ  s  Din.  xxvii,  Nova- 
tian.  .was  intent  upon .  .showing  how  all  recurs  to  one  head 
and  fountain.     183*  [see  RECURRING///,  a.  i  b]. 
f  c.  To  resort  to  a  place.   Obs.  rare. 

1655  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos,  i.  (1701)22/1  All  the  City  grew 
very  populous,    many  recurring   thither  from  all  parts  of    j 
Attica,  for  liberty  and  security. 

2.  To  return,  go  back,  in  thought,  memory,  or 
discourse.     Usu.  const,  to  (a  subject,  time,  etc.). 

1620  T.  GRANGER  Dii>.  Logike  291  But  [the  mind]  recur- 
reth,  and  discourseth  through  the  axiomes  already  inuented, 
and  iudged.     1653  H.  MORE  Antid.  Ath.  n.  ii.  §  7  But  first 
I  shall  recur  and  give  a  touch  upon  the  nature  of  Gravity. 
1780  JEFFERSON  Cart;  Wks.  1859  I.  260,  I  retain  in  mind,    ' 
and  recur,  almost  daily,  to  your  requisitions  of  August. 
1833  HT.  MAKTINEAU  Berkeley  the  Banker  \.  viii.  163,  I    i 
know  it  is  painful  to  her  to  recur  to  that  teriible  time.    1841     ; 
CATLIN  .V.  Amer.  Ind.  xxxii.  (1844)  1 1. 1  Before  I  give  further    , 
account  of  this  downward  voyage,  however,  I  must  recur    ' 
back  for  a  few  moments,  to  the  Teton  River,  from  whence  1     ' 
started.     1855  MOTLEY  Dutch  Rep.  v.  iii.  U866)  703  It  is    ! 
necessary  to  recur  for  a  moment  to  the  Prince  of  Orange. 

3.  To  go  back,  resort,  have  recourse  to  a  thing 
(rarely  a  person),  for  assistance  or  argument. 

1S*9  WOLBSV  in  Uurnet  Hist.  A'c/.  (1679)  I.  Rec.  n.  xxii.  51 


283 

For  if  his  Grace  were  minded, .  .there  were  no  need  to  recurr 

unto  the  Pope's  Holiness  for  doing  thereof.     1646  SIR  T. 

BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  195  Scaliger  declining  this  reason  hath 

recurred  unto  another  from  the  difference  of  parts  in  both 

|    sexes.     1690  LOCKE  Hum.   Und.  n.  xvii.  §  16  If  to  avoid 

j     Succession  in  eternal  Existence,  they  recur  to  the  Punctnm 

Stans  of  the  Schools.     1785  JKFI-ERSON  Writ.  (1859)  !•  4$5 

They  have  no  occasion  to  recur  from  his  clemency  to  his 

justice.     1807  G.  CHALMERS  Caledonia  I.  i.  ii.  99  The  sad 

expedients,  to  which  a  rude  people  were  obliged  to  recur 

for  safety.    1855  Mi  L.MAN /-a/.  Chr.  vn.  iii.  (1864)  IV.  117  He 

will  recur  to  the  Blessed  Virgin  to  enlighten  him. 

b.  To  come  back  on  a  person. 

1838  W.  BKLL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  827  Recourse  is  the  ri-ht 
competent  to  an  assignee  or  disponee  ..  to  recur  on  the 
vender  or  cedent  for  relief. 

4.  Of  something  known,  an  idea,  thought,  etc.  : 
To  come  back  or  return  (-\into,  in  or)  to  one's 
thoughts,  mind  or  memory. 

a  1704  LOCKE  (J.),  The  idea,  I  have  once  had,  will  be  un 
changeably  the  same,  as  long  as  it  recurs  the  same  in  my 
memory.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  175  P  3  Sentences, 
that  may  be  ea-ily  impressed  on  the  memory,  and  taught 
by  frequent  recollection  to  recur  habitually  to  the  mind. 
1780  BECKFORD  Mem.  Painters  54  The  delicacy  of  her 
sensations  recurred  to  his  memory. 

b.  \Vithout  const.:  To  return  to  the  mind. 

1711  SHAMFSU.  Chirac.  III.  197  The  Thought  it-self  will 
of  necessity.,  the  oftner  recur.  1719  Yen;  so  Rcrcn^'c  v.  ii, 
Heav'ns  !  And  yet  a  thousand  things  recur  that  swear  it. 
1784  COWPER  Task  vi.  13  Wherever  I  have  heard  A  kindicd 
melody,  the  scene  recurs,  And  with  it  all  its  pleasures  and 
its  pains.  1806  BYRON  Childish  Recall.  28  Oft  does  my 
heart  indulge  the  rising  thought,  Which  still  recurs.  1855 
TENNYSON  Will  14  Acted  crime,  Or  seeming-genial  venial 
fault,  Recurring  and  suggesting  still ! 

c.  Of  questions,  difficulties,  etc.  :  To  come  up 
again  for  consideration ;  to  present  themselves,  or 
confront  one,  again. 

1631  W.  LYI-ORD  Serin.  (1654)  4  The  question  will  still  re- 
curre,  who  shall  judge  uf  the  right?  1732  BERKELEY  Alciphr. 
vn.  §  22  But  still,  the  question  recurs,  whether  man  be  free? 
1828  DISRAELI  Chas.  /,  I.  vi.  202  These  critical  difficulties 
were  perpetually  recurring.  1841  MYERS  Cath.  Th.  111.  §  36. 
129  The  constant,  .question  will  from  time  to  time  recur. 

d.  Of  thoughts,  statements,  etc.:  To  occur  again 
in  the  course  of  a  book,  etc. 

1697  J.  SERGEANT  Solid  Phil"s.  128  Some  few  Reflexions, 
which  1  shall  touch  on  slightly,  or  omit,  because  they  recurr 
hereafter.  1863  Sat.  AY;-.  4  July  24/2  In  every  part  of  the 
book  two  thoughts  are  continually  recurring. 

5.  Of  events,  facts,  states,  etc.  :  To  occur,  happen, 
take  place,  appear,  again.  (Common  in  I9lh  c.) 

.The  context  usually  indicates  repeated  re-occurrence. 

1673  O.  WALKER  Editc,  44  When  the  like  occasion  recurs. 
1692  —  Grk.  fy  Rout.  Hist.  166  Ordinarily  the  Solemnity 
recurred  only  every  noth  year.  1771  T.  PERCIVAL  Ess. 
(1777)  1. 157  The  vomiting  recurs  at  short  intervals.  1804-6 
SYD.  SMITH  Mor.  Philos.  (1850)  395  One  regular  set  of  voli 
tions,  constantly  recurring  at  fixt  periods.  1851  J.  PAGKT 
Lcct.  Tumours  ii.  18/1  In  some. .the  disease  has  appeared 
to  recur.  1878  JEVONS  Print.  Pol.  Econ.  120  Good  vintage 
years  on  the  continent  of  Europe . .  recur  every  ten  or  eleven 
years. 

t  b.  Of  a  malady  :  To  return  upon  one.    Ob$r~l 

1736  WodrMuCorr.(&±$  III.  248  He  was  disabled,  and 
for  some  days  since  his  trouble  was  recurred  upon  him. 

c.  Math.  Of  a  figure  or  figures  in  a  decimal 
fraction  :  To  return  or  come  again  (in  the  same 
order),  to  repeat. 

1801  [see  RECURRING///,  a.  2  a],  1823  J.  MITCHELL  Diet. 
Math.  f<f  Phys.  Set.  103/1  A  circulating  decimal,  or.. such, 
that  if  continued  far  enough  the  same  figures  will  again 
recur.  1875  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  532/1  Subtract  the  decimal 
figures  that  do  not  recur  from  the  whole  decimal. 

t  Recure,  sb.  Obs.  Forms  :  5  recur,  -cuer, 
-cuire,  -keur,  5-7  recure.  [f.  next,  perh.  on 
analogy  of  RECOVER  sb. ;  very  common  in  the  15- 
i6th  c.]  Recovery;  remedy,  succour;  cure. 

1414  BKAMPTON  Penit.  Ps.  (Percy  Soc.)  28  Whan  I  doony 
forfeture,  . .  Accepte  this,  Lord,  for  rygt  rektire.  <  1480 
HENRYSON  Test.  Cres.  335  To  thy  seiknes  sal  be  na  recure. 
'545  SURKKY  Kpit*  T.Clere  in  Camden  Rein.  (1605)  Kpit.  50 
Hopeles  of  all  recure,  Thine  Earle  halfe  dead  gaue  in  thy 
hand  his  will.  1591  LYLY  Etidytn.  in,  i,  I  haue  scene  him 
to  my  griefe,  and  sought  recure  with  despaire.  1626  T.  H. 
tr.  Canssiifs  Holy  Crt.  166  It  is  a  lamentable  thing,  to  put 
purposely  the  disease  into  despayre,  for  feare  of  recure. 

b.  In  phr.  but,  past,  or  without  recure  \  past  or 
without  hope  or  possibility  of  recovery. 

1423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q,  xcv,  The  thrid  [arrow],  of  stele,  is 
schot  without  recure.  c  1470  Golagros  fy  Gaw.  1203  It  war 
syn,  but  recure,  The  knightis  honour  suld  siniire.  ^1542 
WYATT  in  TotteFs  Misc.  (Arb.)  80  Fierce  Tigre,  fell,  hard 
rock  without  recure.  1587  CHURCHYARD  IVorth.  Wall's  (1876) 
96  An  eating  worme,  a  Cancker  past  recure.  1603  KNOLLI-S 
Hist.  Turks  (1621)  610  Whatsoever  fell  into  the  enemies 
hand,  was  lost  without  recure. 

t  Recure,  ^.  Obs.  Also  5  Sc.  recuir.  [ad.  L. 
recjirare,  f.  re-  RE-  +  curare  to  CURE  t/.l,  but  also 
in  part  repr.  RECOVER  z>.! 

The  contracted  form  of  recoz'er  is  properly  RECOUR  "'. ; 
the  use  of  recure  for  '  recover '  in  sense  4  is  prob.  due  to  the 
fact  that  senses  1-3  are  common  to  both  verbs.] 

1.  trans.  To  cure  (one)  of  or  front  a  disease, 
wound,  trouble,  etc. ;  to  restore  to  health. 

1389  in  Kng.  Gilds  (1870)  41  He  shal  ban  . .  eueri  woke  |ij 
pens  til  bat  he  be  recured.  1430-40  LYMG.  Bochas  vin.  xiii- 
(1558)7  Howe  Constantine.  .was  recured  of  his  lepre.  c  1540 
HEY  WOOD  Four  P.  P.  716  Wherefore  this  woman  to  recure 
It  was  more  harde  ye  may  be  ^ure.  1566  DKANT  Horace^ 
$>at.  i.  i.  A  v  b,  Theyle  treate  the  fyne  physition .  -thy  corps 
for  to  recure.  1594  KYD  Cornelia  iv.  ii.  143  Nor  luith  Chyron 


RECURER. 

]    powre  or  bkill  To  recure  them  of  their  ill.     1621  QUARLFS 

Argalus  fy  /'.  (1678)  32  Drink  as  thoulov'st  me,  audit  shall 

secure  thee  From  future  dangers,  or  from  past,  recure  thee. 

1628  FF.I/IHAM  Resolves  n.  lix.  170  It  [opinion]  can  cast  a  man 
j    into  speedy  diseases,  and  can  as  soon  recure  him.     1647  H. 

MORE  Song  of  Soul  n.  i.  in.  xx,  This  bow  . .  Of  cau.-,elesbe 

grief,  I  hope,  shall  thee  recur-.-. 
absol.    1557  TotteCs  Misc.  tArb.)  183  As  she  hath  beauty 

to  allure,  So  bath  she  a  hart  that  will  recure.     1590  GREKNI-; 

Never  too  late  (1600)  Q  2  b,  Thou  hast  lent  youth..  Achilles 

.sword  to  cut  and  recure. 
rejL    1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  193  He  has  free  leaue 

to  recure  himselfe. 

b.  To  bring  back  to  a  normal  state  or  condition  ; 

to  restore  after  loss,  damage,  exhaustion,  etc.    Also 

const,  to  (a  better  state). 

1382  WVCLIK  Ecclus.  ii.  6  ?if  feith  to  God  and  he  shal  re 
kure  thee  ;  and  dresse  thi  weye  and  hope  in  to  hyin.  c  1420 
Pallad.  on  Hitsb,  i.  313  So  that,  if  mysauenture  fturdo  thyn 
hous,  a  yeerortoo  [may]  recure  Hit  atte  mest.  c  1430  Lvix,. 
Rt-as.  #  Setts.  170  Her  ligne.s  to  sustene,  And  to  Recure  .. 
Ageyn  the  harmys  and  gn.-t  damage,  That  wynter  wrought. 
1590  SPENSER  /•'.  £>.  i.  i.\.  2  When  their  powres,  empayrd 
through  labor  long,  With  dew  repast  they  had  recured  well 
[etc.].  Ibid.  11.  i.  54  Through  wise  handling  and  fuire  .uovc-rn- 
aunce,  I  him  recured  to  a  better  will.  {606  J.  CARPENTER 
Solomons  Solace  \iii.  33  They  were  so  ready  to  imu'stigaK- 
that,  whereof  being  once  certified  they  did  much  marunik- 
at.,  and  could  scarcely  ease  or  mitigate,  much  lesse  salue  and 
recure.  a  1667  COWI.EY  Constantia  ,y  Pliilctm, ;  \\  ks.  1711 
III.  ii  No  Phyj-ick  can  recure  my  weaken'd  State. 

2.  To   cine  (a.  disease,  sickness,  etc.   ;  to  heal, 
make  whole  (a  wound  or  sore). 

c  1430  J,YDG.  Mi/i.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  50  My  lord  may  al 
my  sorowe  recure.  1430-40  —  Bocluts  VIM.  xxv.  (1558)  17  b, 
To  staunche  his  woundes  K:  huttes  to  recure.  1509  HAUKS 
<>«-/.  Swearers  viii,  Grace  ..  recured  my  sekenes.  1545 
I\AVNOI.I>  tiyrtk  Mankyttde  79  The  cause  knowen,  the 
dysease  inaye  the  more  readely  be  tecured.  1596  LOPGK 
marg.  Ainer.  60  Thou  hast  rubbed  ihe  gall,  but  not  recured 
>  the  wound.  1613  HEYWOOIJ  Silver  Age  in.  i,  Their  teares 
my  griefc-s  recure.  1667  MILTON  P.  /,.  xn.  393  Thy  deaths 
wound  Which  hee,  who  comes  thy  Saviour,  shall  recure. 

b.  To  remedy,  redress,  repair,  retrieve  (a  wiong, 
defect,  etc.\ 

1535  Exhort,  to  Xorth  138  in   Furniv.  Bal'.ads  f>:  J/.S'V. 

I.  308  The  englysch  commontie  ..  your  purp<j-se  will  aide, 

thes   wronges   to    Rekure.     1579  K.   K.  /',</.  to  Spenser's 

i    Shi-ph.  Cal.t  i  ^'hich  default  when  as  some  endeuoured  to 

|    salue  and  recure,  they  patched  vp  the  holts  with  pt-ces  & 

:    rags  of  other  languages.     1390  SPENSER  F.Q.  n.x.  23  Which 

blott  his  sonne  succeeding  in  his  seat, .  .Ri-ht  well  recur'd, 

and  did  away  that  blame.     1631  QTAKI.KS  Seimson  ^ledit. 

vin.  48  P'aire  language  may  recure  A  fault  of  youth,  whilst 

rougher  words  obdure. 

3.  intr.  Of  persons:  To  become  whole;  to  regain 
health  or  a  former  state. 

c  1420-30  Cotnpl.  93  in  Lydg.  Temple  ofGlas  (E.K.T.S.j 
App.  i.  60  That  I  ne  schulde..To  helthe  neuere  a-geyn 
recure,  IJut  euere  in  maledy  endure,  f  1440  Jacob" s  Well 
293  Thru1}  schryfte  he  may  rekure  a5en.  a  1510  DOUGLAS 
K.  Hart  i.  254  King  Hart  sair  woundit  was,  bot..weill  he 
traistit  that  he  suld  recure.  a  1547  SURREY  in  Tottcl'y  Misc. 
(Arb.)  32  Yet  Salomon  sayd,  the  wronged  shall  recure. 
b.  Of  a  wound:  To  heal. 

1616  J.  LANE  Cont.  Sqr.^s  T.  xi.  100  His  woundes.  .closd 
all  vp,  and  instantlie  recurd. 

4.  trans.  To  recover  (something  lost). 

c  1400  Rotrt.  Rcse  5124  For  tyme  lost,  as  men  may  see,  For 


this  he  had  sweet  life  recur'd  agayne.     1633 


mis  ne  nau  sweet  me  recur  u  agayne.  1033  *•  rLETCHKB 
Purple  Isl.  i.  Ivii,  So  hard  was  this  lost  Isle,  so  hard  to  be 
recur'd.  [1746  W.  THOMPSON  Hymn  to  May  xlili,  Full 
suddenly  the  Seeds  of  joy  recure  Elastic  spring,  and  force 


within  empight.] 

b.  To  get,  obtain,  win. 


scyence  Exorteth  me  ryght  hardely  to  wryte 


c.  To  preserve,  save.  rare~l. 

c  1430  LYDG.  Ifors,  Shefie  4-  G.  248  Thus,  bi  a  Gandre  re- 
cured  was  the  toun. 

Hence  f  Recivrable  «.,  that  may  be  cured.   Obs. 

1608  DOD  &  CLEAVER  Expos.  Prav.  xi-.\ii  15  Neither  is  it 
an  ordinary  euill  that  is  recurable,  but  a  desperate  ruine 
that  is  remedilesse. 

tReCUTeful,  a.   Obs.-1    [Cf.  next.]    Helpful. 

1606  CHAi'MAN<7^«^.  Usher  v.  Plays  1873  !•  333  Let  me  for 
euer  hide  this  staine  of  Beauty,  With  this  recureful  Maske. 

t  Recu'reless,  «•  Obs.  [f.  RECUKE  sb.  +  -LESS.] 
That  cannot  be  cured  ;  incurable.  (Freq.  c  1600.) 

1559  FERRARS  in  Mirr,  Mag.y  Cobham  xxv,  The  best  salue 
for  my  recureles  sore  Was  to  despaire  of  cure  for  euermore. 
121592  GREENE  Jos.  //',  n.  ii,  'lis  foolish  to  bewail  recure- 
less  things,  c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xvi.  302  His  speare.  .on 
the  breast  did  light . .  Impressing  a  recurelesse  wound. 

Hence  f  Recu'relessly  adv. 

1592  GREENE  Groats  W.  VVit  (1617)  24  Vntill  he  perish, 
recurelessly  wounded  by  his  own  weapons. 

t  Recu'rement.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RECUBE  v. 
+  -MENT.]  =  RECURE  sb. 

1639  G.  DANIEL  Ecchts.  xi.  34  And  they  that  Magnifie 
their  follies  done  Wax  Gray  in  Sin,  past  all  recurement  gone. 

t  Recirrer.  Obs.  rare-',  [f.  KECURE  v.  + 
-EH*.]  One  who  helps  or  aids. 

36 -a 


RECURRED. 

1382  WYCLII-  Ecclus.  xiii.  -26  To  the  riche  desceyued  nmnye 
ben  rckurerts  [v.r.  rekuuerers ;  L.  rtcup<:ratores\ ;  he  spac 
proutlli  and  thci  iuatefieden  hym. 

Recurred  (r/k^ud),  ppl.  a.  [f.  RECUK  v.  + 
-ED  !.]  Path.  That  has  reappeared. 

1897  J.  HUTCHINSON  \\\Arck.Surg.  VIII.  No.  31.  217  The 
recurred  induration  in  the  site  of  a  primary  sore.  1898  Ibid. 
IX.  No.  36.  365  The  theory  of  recurred  chancres. 

Recurrence  ^kzriens).  [See  KECUKKENT 
and  -EXCE.] 

1.  Return  (of  a  thing,  state,  event,  etc.);  renewed, 
frequent,  or  periodical  occurrence. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Kp.  in.  i.  106  Although  the 
opinion  at  present  be  reasonable  well  suppressed,  yet  from 
the.  .fuithfull  recurrence  of  error,  it  is  not  improbable,  it  may 
revive,  .againe.  1790  PALKV  Hor&  Paul.  \.  12  The  perpetual 
recurrence  of  names  of  persons  and  places.  1861  TRENCH 
Ep.  7  C  hit  re  fins  Asia.  16  The  constant  recurrence  of  this  lan 
guage  in  all  descriptions  of  our  Lord's  second  advent  is  very 
remarkable.  1877  MRS.  OLIPHANT  Makers  Fior.  vi.  172  So 
little  can  the  world  yuard  itself  as  it  grows  older  from  the 
recurrence  of  the  same  follies. 

b.  With  a  and//.,  an  instance  of  this. 

1759  JOHNSON  Idler  Xo.  72  P  4  Every  recurrence  [of  parts 
of  knowledge]  would  reinstate  them  in  their  former  place. 
1836  .Miss  MITKORU  in  L'Estrange  Life(ifyo)  III.iv.62  He 
brought  on  a  recurrence  of  an  old  inj  ury  to  the  tendon  under 
the  left  knee.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Roniola  lix,  An  indistinct 
recurrence  of  impressions  which  blended  themselves  with  her 
agitating  fears. 

e.  Reappearance  (of  some  feature). 

1864  H.  SPENCER  Prhic.  Biol.  §  83  Atavism,  which  is  the 
name  given  to  the  recurrence  of  ancestral  traits,  is  proved 
by  many  and  varied  facts. 

2.  Resort,  recourse,  reference  to  something.    Also 
without  const. 

a  1667  JKK.  TAVLOK  tOgllvie),  In  the  use  of  this,  as  of  every 
kind  of  alleviation,  I  shall  insensibly  go  on  from  a  rare  to  a 
frequent  recurrence  to  the  dangerous  preparations.  1804 
CASTLEHEAGH  in  Owen  Mrq.  H/'elUslcy's  De$p.  (1877)  262 
Such  an  alliance  will  occasion  frequent  recurrence  to  arms. 
1825  JEFFERSON  Autobiog,  Wks.  1859  I.  61  These  memo 
randa  were  on  loose  papers,  bundled  up  without  order,  and 
difficult  of  recurrence.  1845  S.  AUSTIN  RankisHist.  Ref. 
I.  153  A  permanent  imperial  council,  which  might  relieve 
him  and  the  States  from  incessant  recurrence  to  the  diets. 

3.  The  action  of  going  back  mentally  or  in  dis 
course   to  something.     Also  with  a   and  pL,  an 
instance  of  this. 

1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  173  T  6  By  the  natural  recur 
rence  of  the  mind  to  its  common  employment.  1815  JANE 
AUSTEN  Emma  xxii,  To  allow  no  time  for  insidious  appli 
cations  or  dangerous  recurrences  to  the  past.  1834  Hr. 
MAHTINEAU  The  Furrers  vii.  120  How  many  recurrences  of 
mind  had  she  to  these  articles  !  1862  C.  STRETTON  Chequered 
Life  I.  115  The  announcement  of  dinner  being  served, 
effectually  put  a  stop  to  any  recurrence  to  the  subject. 

4.  Return  or  reversion  to  a  state,  occupation,  etc. 
1812  G.  CHALMERS  Dom.  Econ,  Gt.  Brit.  477  Nothing 

more  is  wanting,  than  recurrence  to  old  habits  of  diligence. 
1855  BROWNING  Ep.  Karskisk  197  In  sedulous  recurrence  to 
his  trade  Whereby  he  earneth  him  the  daily  bread.  1862 
S.  LUCAS  Secularia  63  There  is  an  obvious. .difference  in 
the  result  of  a  recurrence  to  this  or  that  particular  status. 
b.  spec,  in  Biol.  (See  quot.) 

1862  HUXLEY  Lect.  Working  Men  113  A  word  must  he 
said  about  what  is  called  Recurrence — the  tendency  of  races 
which  have  been  developed  by  selective  breeding  from 
varieties  to  return  to  their  primitive  type. 

5.  U.S.  Rerlucnce  (of  sea-water)to  a  place. 
1893  PAKKHUKST  in  J.  Strong  New  Era  219  The  recurrence 

of  the  cold  polar  waters,  which  return  to  the  Gulf. 

Recurreucy  (r/ktrrtasi).  [f-  as  prec.  +  -ENCV.] 
1.  fa.  (See quot.)  Obs.  rare-*,    b.  U.S.  =Rfi- 

CUURENCE  5.   rare. 
1611  FLORIO,  Recorrenza,  a  recurrency  or  running  to  and 

fro.    1858  MAURV  Phys.  Geog.  Sea  vii.  §  424  A  recurrency  in 

the  deep  water  in  the  middle  of  the  Gut  that  sets  outward 

to  the  grand  ocean. 

f2.   =  RECURRENCE  i.  Obs. 

ai66z  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  II.  553  The  same  is  reported 
by  Herodotus,  . .  and  may  be  an  instance  of  the  recurrency 
of  remarkable  accidents.  1749  HARTLEY  Observ.  Man  1. 1.  i. 
73  This  will  be  over-ruled  by  the  Recurrency  of  the  Asso 
ciations.  Ibid.  II.  n.  iii.  344  The  frequent  Recurrency  of 
these  Fears  and  Anxieties  must  embitter  all  guilty  Pleasures. 

Re-current  (nki>'rent),  sb.  rare.     [Ra-.j     A 

current  flowing  in  the  opposite  direction  to  another. 

1873  A.  W.  WARD  tr.  Curtius'  Hist.  Greece  I.  n.  iii.  439 
They  found  the  same  phenomena  of  currents  and  re-currents 
as  in  their  native  sound. 

Recurrent  (r/kzrrent),  a.  and.f£.  [ad.  L.  re 
current-em,  pres.  pple.  of  recurrtre  to  RECUR.  Cf. 
F.  recurrent  (i6th  c.).]  A.  adj. 

1.  Anat.wi&Bot.  Of  a  nerve,  vein,  artery,  branch, 
etc. :  Turned  back  so  as  to  run  or  lie  in  a  direction 
opposite  to  its  former  one.  Recurrent  neruesy  the 
laryngeal  and  meningeal  branches  of  the  pneumo- 
gastric  nerve. 

1611  FLORIO,  Recorrenti  veiie,  the  veines  called  the  re- 
currant  veines.  1664  POWER  Exp.  Pkilos.  i.  68  That  plea 
sant  Experiment  by  tying  the  recurrent  Nerves  in  a  living 
Dogg.  1712  SLOANE  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXVII.  499  Two 
Docs,  which  had  their  Recurrent  Nerves  cut,  lost  their 
Barking  and  Voice.  1775  J.  JENKINSON  Brit.  Plants  Gloss., 
Recurrent^  running  backwards.  1830  LINULEY  Nat.  Syst. 
Bot.  190  The  corolla,  whose  tube  has  hve  nerves. .  dividing  at 
top  into  recurrent  branches.  1849  E.  WILSON  Anat.  l^adc 
J/.  'ed.  z)  299  The  two  recurrent  arteries  frequently  arise 
by  a  common  trunk.  1877  JORDAN  .V.  Amer.  Icktliyog.  \\.  71 
Its  numerous  rudimentary  rays  recurrent  above  and  below 
the  caudal  peduncle. 


284 

b.  Path.  Recurrent  sensibility  (see  quots.). 
1873  A.  FLINT  .Ve>v.  Syst.  ii.  82  The  sensibility  of  the 

anterior  root  is  recurrent,  being  derived  from  the  posterior 
root  through  the  periphery.  1877  M.  FOSTER  Pky^iol.  in. 
i.  343  The  phenomena  are  probably  due  to  the  fact,  that 
bundles  of  sensory  fibres  of  the  posterior  root  after  running 
a  short  distance  down  the  mixed  trunk  turn  back  and  run 
upwards  in  the  anterior  root,  and  by  this  recurrent  course 
give  rise  to  the  recurrent  sensibility. 

t  2.  a.  (See  quot.)  Obs.  rare—0. 

1656    BLOUNT   Gtossogr.^    Recurrent,  returning    hastily 

running  again  or  back  quickly,  having  recourse  to. 

f  b.  Of  verses  :  (See  quot.  and  cf.  1>.  2).   0&S~° 

After  L.  rccurrentcs  versus  (SidoniusX 

1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kerrey),  Recurrent,  or  Recurrent 
Verses,  such  Verses  as  are  read  the  same  backward  and 
forward. 

3.  Occurring  or  coming  again  (esp.  frequently  or 
periodically) ;  reappearing. 

1666  HARVEY  Morb.Angl.  xiv.  (1672)  33  Short  intermittent, 
or  swift  recurrent  pains  do  precipitate  Patients  into  Con 
sumptions.  1830  BLACKIE  JEschylus  I.  47  From  time  to 
time  In  children's  children  recurrent  appears  The  ancestral 
crime.  1860  TYNDALL  Gtac.  n.  xxvi.  368  The  bands  must 
be  due  to  some  regularly  recurrent  cause.  1893  A.  S. 
EccLKsSa'atiai  82  Six  patients  have  suffered  from  recurrent 
sciatica  after  periods  varying  from  six  months  to  four  years. 
tb.  Math.  (See  RECUBBINQ///-  a-  2  a-)  Oi>s. 

1763  EMERSON  Meth.  Increments  144  To  find  the  sum  of 
50  terms  of  the  recurrent  series . .  i  +  3  *  +  s  -l~~  +  2  *  -l3»  etc< 

c.  Of  a  crystal:  (see  quot.) 

1816  R.  JAMESON  Char.  Min.  203  Recurrent  tinstone.. 
may  be  described  as  a  rectangular  four-sided  prism, 
acuminated  on  the  extremities  with  four  planes,  which  are 
set  on  the  lateral  edges,  and  the  eight  edges  formed  by  the 
acuminating  and  lateral  planes  truncated. 

B.  sb,  1.  A  recurrent  artery  or  nerve ;  esp.  the 
right  or  left  recurrent  laryngeal  nerve. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeaiis  Fr.  Chirurg.  19/2  The 
muscles  which  are  serviceable  to  the  speach  or  voyce,  as  are 
the  recurrentes,  or  retrograding  muscles.  1615  CKOOKE 
Body  of  Man  365  When  it  cummeth  to  the  Axillary  artery. . 
it  transmitted! . .  three  braunches  from  the  inner  side . .  which 
being  reflected  toward  the  head  and  vnited  do  make  the 
ri.t;ht  Recurrent.  1741  A.  MoxxoAfiat.  Werves(ftA.  3)  53'1  ne 
Muscles  of  the  Larynx  being  in  a  good  measure  supplied 
with  Nerves  from  the  Recurrents.  1808  BARCLAY  Muscular 
Motions  254  The  course  of  the  nervous  branches  that  are 
called  recurrents.  1876  BRISTOWK  'J 'h.  <S-  Pract.  Med,  (1878) 
558  Pressure  on  the  right  recurrent, 'which  may  be  produced 
by  innominate  or  subclavian  aneurysm,  will  have  a  corre 
sponding  effect  on  the  right  vocal  cord. 

t2.  A  recurrent  verse.   Obs.   rare. 

1605  CAMUEN  Rent.,  Rhythmes  26  Beside  these  [metres], 
our  Poets  hath  their  knacks  as  young  Schollers  call  them, 
as  Ecchos. .,  Serpentine  verses,  Recurrents,  Numeralls,  &c. 
1656  BLOUNT  Glosso^r.  s.v.,  A  kind  of  verses  called  Recm- 
rents.  1706  [see  A.  2  b].  1727-41  [see  RECIPROCAL  n.  i  cj. 

Hence  Recn'rrently  adv. 

1868  BAIN  Ment.  <V  Mor.  Sc.  720  Only  what  is  Instru 
mental  in  its  production  and  in  most  cases  customarily  or 
recurrently  instrumental.  1877  *  H.  A.  PAGE  '  De  Quincey 
II.  xix.  183  This  tendency  to  real  life  ..  declaring  itself 
recurrently  and  with  great  strength. 

Recurrer  (r/k^-raa).  rare.  [f.  RECUR  v.  + 
-ER!.]  Math.  A  recurring  decimal. 

1892  Black  ff  White  14  May  623/2  It  was  a  decimal  that 
did  me  in  the  Little-Go..a  recurrer  with  complications. 

Recurring"  (r/kzrrirj),  ppl.  a.     [-ING-.] 

1.  That  recurs,  in  senses  ofthe  vb. 

ft  1711  KEN  Ifyinnariniii  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  32  Through 
out  his  annual  and  re-curring  Race,  He  never  stops,  but 
always  changes  Place.  1804-6  SYD.  SMITH  Mor.  P kilos. 
(1850)  168  Every  recurring  year  contributes  its  remedy  to 
these  infringements  on  justice  and  good  sense.  i85ij.  PAGET 
Lect.  Tumours  v.  55/2  For  one  group,  the  name  of  '  Recur 
ring  Fibroid  Tumours  '  may,  for  the  present,  suffice.  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  277  The  various  letters  in  all  their 
recurring  sizes  and  combinations. 

b.  With  prefixed  advbs.,  as  ever-t  oft-^  still-r. 

1833  TENNYSON  Sonn.tCaress'd  or chidden,  Fancy  came.. 
And  chased  away  the  still-recurring  gnat.  1850  R.  G. 
GUMMING  Hunter's  Life  S.  Africa  (1902)  98/2  The  greater 
part  of  the  forest  consisting  ofthe  ever-recurring  wait-a-bits. 
1861  M.  PATTISON  Ess,  (1889)  I.  45  The  Great  Hall,  serving 
.  .as  a  banqueting-room  for  the  oft-recurring  festivities. 

2.  spec,  a.  Math.  Recurring  curve,  a  curve  which 
returns  upon  itself.     Recurring  decimal',  see  DECI 
MAL  sb.  2.     Recurring  series  (see  quot.  1797). 

1715  tr.  Gregorys  Astron.  v.  i.  Prop.  2  II.  698  Kepler  did 
not  like  Circles  or  other  recurring  Curves  for  the  Motion 
of  Comets.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVII.  297/1  Recurring 
series,  a  series  of  which  any  term  is  formed  by  the  addition 
of  a  certain  number  of  preceding  terms,  multiplied  or  divided 
by  any  determinate  numbers  whether  positive  or  negative. 
1801  Ibid.  Suppl.  I.  483/2  Circulating  Decimals,  called  also 
recurring  or  repeating  decimals.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX. 
342/1  Some  use  may  thus  he  made  of  recurring  series  in 
various  questions  of  the  theory  of  probabilities.  1886 
PENDLKBURY  Aritk.  §_i8i  Such  a  decimal  as  -142857,  in 
which  all  digits  recur,  is  called  a  pure  recurring  decimal. 

b.  Path.  Recurr ing  litter ances>  a  form  of  aphasia, 
marked  by  the  repetition  of  certain  words  or  phrases. 

1892  TUKE  Diet.  Psych.  Med.  II.  1074/1.  1899  Allbutfs 
Syst.  Med.  VIII.  411  The  articulation  of  such  words  or 
'  recurring  utterances  ',  as  they  are  now  commonly  termed. 

So  Becu-rring1  vbl.  sb.^  a  returning. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (i8n)  VI.  347  Recurrings 
there  will  be  ;  hankerings,  that  will,  on  every,  but  remotely- 
favourable  incident.. pop  up. 

Recursant  (irk»usant),  a.  Her.  [ad.  L.  re- 
cursant-em,  pres.  pple.  of  recur  sare  to  hasten  back, 
return,  f.  recurs-,  ppl.  stem  of  rccurrSre  tu  RE- 


RECUBVE. 

(JUK.]  Of  an  eagle :  Having  the  back  towards  the 
spectator. 

c  1828  BEKRY  Encycl.  Her.  s.v.,  Recursani  ffuerture,  or  in 
verted  and  displayed,,  .is  said  of  an  eagle,  displayed  with 
the  back  towards  your  face.  Recttrsant  volant,  in  ptzU,  is 
said  of  an  eagle  as  it  were  flying  upwards,  showing  the  back. 

t  Recurse,  v.  06s.  rare—'.  [»a.L.natrf-Sn: 

see  prec.]     intr.  To  recur. 

1638  COWLEY  Love's  Riddle  n.  i,  My  father,  mother,  and 
my  brother  Recurse  unto  my  thoughts,  and  straight  plucke 
u'owne  The  resolution  I  had  built  before. 

Recursion  (n"ki>  jjsn).  Now  rare  or  Obs. 
[ad.  L.  recursion-em,  n.  of  action  f.  rccurrcre  to 
RECL'B. ]  A  backward  movement,  return. 

1616  BULLOKAK  Eng.  E.i'pus.,  Recursion,  a  running  backe. 
1660  BOYLE  AY'Tf  E.vp.  Phys.  Mech.  xxvi.  203  The  Recur 
sions  of  that  Pendulum  which  was  swinging  within  the 
Receiver.  1677  GILPIN  Dcinonol.  (1867)  237  Our  passions 
in  their  workings  do  depend  upon  the  fluctuations,  excur 
sions,  and  recursions  ofthe  blood  and  animal  spirit?.  1720-1 
Lett.fr.  ^list's  Jrnl.  (1722)  II.  33  The  present  melancholy 
Prospect  of  the  Recursion  of  the  South-Sea  Tide.  1830  T. 
TAYLOK  Argts.  Cetsus^  The  doctrine,  -that  in  long  periods 
of  time,  recursions  and  concursions  of  the  stars,  conflagra 
tions  and  deluges  take  place. 

Recurvant  (rflczrivint),  a.  Her.  [ad.  L.  re- 
curvant-itn,  prcs.  pple.  of  recurvare  to  RECL'BVE.] 
Bowed,  embowed,  recurved.  Also  of  a  serpent : 
Coiled  up,  with  the  head  raised  to  strike. 

c  1828  BERRY  Kttcyct.  Her. 

Recvirvate  (ifkv:i\et),  a.  [ad.  L.  recitrvat-us, 
pa.  pple.  of  rtcui  rare  to  RECURVE.]  Recurved. 

1776  J.  LEE/W^W.  Bot.  Explan.  Terms  382  Reciirvatitin, 
recurvate,  bent  backwards  in  the  Form  of  an  Arch,  the 
convex  Side  upwards.  1866  Treas.  Bat.  962/1  Recun'ate, 
bent,  but  not  rolled  backwards.  1869  GILLMORE  tr.  Figuier's 
Kept,  fs  Birds  Inlrod.  185  By  the  anterior  series  of  one 
barb  over-lapping  and  hooking  into  the  recurvate  formation 
of  the  barb  next  to  it. 

Recurvate  (rnciiuv«:t),  v.  Now  rare.  [See 
prec.  and  RECURVE  v.] 

1.  trans.  To  bend  (a  thing)  back.  rare. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  GuUletneai? s  Fr.  Chirurg.  34b/2  We  must 
then,  with  one  finger,  recurvate  the  end  of  the  needle.  1656 
in  BLOUNT  Glossogr. 

b.  In  fa.  pple.  Bent  backwards. 

1597  A.  M.  tr. Giiillemean  s  Fr.  Chirurg.  If.  xiij  h/2  An  other 
bullet-drawer  is  hoockishe  and  recurvated.  1666  HARVEY 
Alort.  Angl.  viiL  74  The  Nails  of  those  whose  Lungs  are 
Ulcerated,  are  recurvated  or  turn'd  back  like  the  claws  of 
wild  beasts.  1683-4  ROBINSON  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXIX.  482, 
I  had  a  View  ofthe  Ibex. .  whose  large  Horns  are  recurvated 
almost  as  far  back  as  the  Tail  1822-34  Good's  Study  Med. 
(ed.  4)  III.  266  The  spine  is  more  strongly  recurvated  than 
ever,  and  forms  an  arch  over  the  bed. 

2.  intr.  Of  a  thing  :  To  bend  back  ;  to  recurve. 
1822-34  [see///,  a.  below],    1860  MAURY  Phys.  Geog.  Sea 

(Low)  iii.  §  174  These  gales  . .  march  to  the  N.  West  until 
they  join  it  [the  Gulf  Stream],  when  they  '  recurvate ',  as  the 
phrase  is,  and  take  up  their  line  of  march  to  the  N.  East. 

Hence  Hecirrvating  ///.  a. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Mcd.  (ed.  4)  IV.  466  Wherever  the 
skin  was  scratched,  a  calcareous  fluid  oozed  from  it,  that 
soon  hardened  and  put  forth  corneous,  recurvating  ex 
crescences,  frequently  divaricating. 

Recurvation  (r?kyjv^'pjan).  Now  rare.  [ad. 
L.  type  *recurvation-ein,  n.  of  action  f.  recurvare 
to  RECURVE.]  The  fact  of  being  bent  or  curved 
back ;  a  backward  bend  or  curve. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemetuis  Fr.  Chirurg.  440/1  In  Frac 
tures,  dislocations,  recurvatione  of  loynctes.  1599  —  tr. 
Gabetkouer's  Bk.  Physicke  114/1  Rubbe  therwith  the  recur 
vatione  ofthe  backe.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pieud.  Ef.  172  By 
a  Serpentine  and  Trumpet  recurvation  it  ascendeth  againe 
into  the  neck.  1822  GOOD  Study  Med.  IV.  326  The  term 
Cyrtosis  . .  among  the  ancients  particularly  imported  recur 
vation  of  the  spine,  or  posterior  crookedness. 

Recrrrvature.  [See  RECURVATE  a.  and  -UKE.] 
A  backward  curvature ;  recurving. 

1729  SHELYOCKE  Artillery  iv.  199  Whalebone  ..  naturally 
permitting  itself  to  be  bent.. and  inclining  to  a  voluntary 
Kecurvature.  1853  BIRT  llandbk.  Storms  (1879)  58  It  is 
very  usual  to  consick-r  that  the  points  of  recurvature  aie,  to 
a  certain  extent,  stable  in  each  hemisphere. 

'  Recurve,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  recurv-us, 
f.  re-  RE-  +  curvus  CI/BVJS  n.]  Recurved. 

1702  DRAKE  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXIII.  1225  In  which  it  very 
much  resembles  Water  inclos'd  in  a  recurve  Tube. 

Recurve  (r/kpuv),  v.  [ad.  L.  recuiviire  to 
bend  (a  thing)  backwards,  f.  re-  RE-  -I-  cunare 

to  Cl'KVE.] 

1.  trans.  To  bend  (a  thing)  back  or  backwards. 

a.  In  active  use.   rare.     Also  refl. 

1623  COCKEKAM,  Recuruc,  to  bow  backe  againe,  1650 
BULWER  Antliro'poinct.  118  Unlesse  the  Larynx  at  the 
instant  of  deglutition  should  recurve  itself  upward.  1839-47 
TODU  Cycl.  Anat.  III.  202/1  Most  of  the  glow-worms,  .re 
curve  their  tails  upon  their  backs.  1890  Mature  20  Feb. 
367/2  They  l:ave  muscles  by  v.hich  they  may  be  recurved, 
so  that  these  points  may  be  directed  towards  the  throat. 

b.  \ripa.pple.  Bent  backwards. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  GnUleiueajSs  Fr.  Chirurg.  32  b/r  The 
muscles  may  lye  in  ther  right  places,  and  not  be  recurved 
this  way  or  that  waye.  1607  TOI-SELL  Fonr-f.  Beasts  (1658) 
256  From  the  bottom  to  the  middle  they  grow  straight,  but 
from  thtnce  they  are  a  little  recurved.  1748  Phil.  Trans. 
XLV.  164  On  the  Crown  of  the  Head  stands  a  shining 
black  Horn,  recurved  backward.  1835  KIRBY  Halt,  ff  /list. 
Aniin.  I.  ii.  66  Others,  as  the  Friesland-hen,  have  the 
feathers  on  their  body  recurved.  1870  Hot'KtR  Stud.  Flora 
i\i  Stigmas.. persislent,  recurved. 


RECURVED. 

2.  intr.  (Chiefly  of  a  wind  or  current) :  To  turn 
back  in  a  curve  upon  its  previous  direction. 

1:1850  Rudim.  Navig.  (VVealeJ  87  In  recurving..,  whirl 
wind  storms  will  have  a  polar  direction.  1853  BIKT  Handbk. 
Storms  (1879)  So  The  direction  of  the  cyclone  of  April  1847 
would  lead  to  the  idea  of  its  having  recurved.  1875  BflOPOKD 
Sailor s  Pocket-bk.  iv.  (ed.  2)  in  A  large  part  recurves  to 
the  Eastward,  thus  flowing  into  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Hence  Kecu'rving  vbl.  sb.  and  ///.  a. 

1853  BIRT  Handbk,  Storms  (1879)  84  The  great  liability  of 
a  commander  meeting  a  recurving  cyclone.  1875  BEDFORD 
Sailor's  Pocket-bk,  iv.  (cd.  2)  in  The  remarkable  recurving 
of  the  main  body  of  the  current  is  due  to  the  action  of  a 
polar  or  cold  water  current  flowing  from  the  S.W.  1882 
Garden  18  Mar.  189/3  A  beautiful  Orchid,  .furnished  with 
narrow  recurving  foliage. 

Recurved  (r/kz?uvd),  ///•  a,  [f.  prec.  +  -ED  *.] 
Bent  back  ;  having  a  backward  curve.  (Common 
in  igth  c.,  esp.  in  scientific  use.) 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gitillemeaii  s  Fr,  CJiimrg,  If,  xvj  b/2  The 
recurvede  Needle  for  the  sutures  of  the  face.  1607  TOPSELL 
Four-f.  Beasts '(1658)  127  Having  a  short  recurved  body,  .and 
a  short  tail.  1715  DESAGULIEKS  Fires  Impr.  107  A  recurv'd 
Canal  with  several  turnings.  1785  MARTYN  Rousseau"1*,  Bot. 
xxi.  (1794)  297  Aconite  has  two  recurved  pedunculate 
nectaries.  1839  URE  Did.  Arts  548  The  recurved  tube 
must  be  dipped . .  under  the  surface  of  the  tarry  liquid.  1870 
YEATS  Nat.  Hist.  Contm.  265  The  common  dog  is  dis 
tinguished  from  the  wolf  and  jackal  by  its  recurved  tail. 
b.  In  plant-names  :  (See  quots.) 

1820  T.  GKEEN  Universal  Herballl.  860/1  Rides  recur- 
vatitui,  Recurved  Black  Currant.  1877  S.  C.  Ferns  Brit. 
Isles  27  Lastren  Fccnisecii  (The  Recurved  Fernj. 

t  Recu'rvity.  Obs.  rare.  [See  RECURVE  a. 
and  -ITY.]  The  fact  of  being  recurved. 

1668-9  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Let.  Wks.  (Bohn)  III.  512  Whereby 
the  little  incurvitie  at  the  upper  end  of  the  upper  bill,  and 
small  recurvitie  of  the  lower  is  not  discerned. 

RecUTVO-,  used  in  Bot.  as  comb,  form  of  L. 
recurvuS)  as  recu  rvo-pa'tent,  bent  back  and 
spreading ;  recurvo-te'rnate,  bent  back  and  di 
vided  into  three  parts. 

1829  LOUDON  Encycl.  Plants  Gloss.  1104  Recurvo-patent. 
1867  J.  HOGG  Microsc.  n.  ii.  390  Recurvo-ternate  defensive 
and  aggressive  spicula. 

Recurvous  (rfltzrivas), a.  rare.  [f.  L.  recurv-us 
RECURVE  a.  +  -ous.]  Recurved,  bent  back. 

1713  DEKHAM  Phys.-Theol.  vni.  vi.  401  note,  In  others  I 
have  observed  long  recurvous  tails,  longer  than  their  whole 
bodies.  1832  G.  DOWNES  Lett.  Cont.  Countries  I.  362  These 
buffaloes  were  black,  with  recurvous  horns. 

Recus,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RECUSE. 

Recusance  (re'ki«zans,  r/ki/rzans).  [f.  as 
next :  see  -ANCE.]  =  next. 

1597  in  Antiquary  (1881)  Oct.  176/1  Being  all  most  willing 
and  ready  without  any  recusance  . .  still  to  be  partakers  of 
the  Lorde's  Supper  at  their  own  Parish  Church.  1700 
ASTRY  tr.  Saavedra-Faxardo  II.  28  By  which  generous 
Recusance  of  that  Crown  on  Earth  he  merited  many  more 
in  Heaven.  1863  BAKING-GOULD  Iceland  230  Jon  began  to 
show  signs  of  recusance.  1886  '  W.  S.  GREGG  '  Irish  Hist, 
for  Eng.  Readers  54  The  parliament  now  passed  laws  pro 
hibiting  Catholic  worship,  and  imposing  a  fine  of  one  shilling, 
payable  each  Sunday  for  recusance. 

Recusancy  (re-ki**zansi,  r/ki/?zansi).  [ad.  L. 
type  *recusantia  :  see  RECUSANT  and  -ANCY.]  The 
action  or  practice  characteristic  of  a  recusant. 

1.  Hist.  Refusal,  especially  on  the  part  of  Roman 
Catholics,  to  attend  the  services  of  the  Church  of 
England  ;  from  c  1570  to  1791  this  was  punishable 
by  a  fine,  and  involved  many  disabilities. 

c  1600  NOKDEN  Spec.  Brit.,  Corn-w.  (1728)  55  It  is  the 
bowse  of  one  Tregean,  who  for  his  and  his  wives  recusancie 
. .  his  lande  was  suspended  and  himselfe  nere  20  ycares 
imprisoned.  1618  I) ALTON  Countr.  Just.  82  Any  popish 
Recusant . .  which  is  conuicted  or  indicted  for  recusancie 
or  which  hath  not  receiued  the  Communion  twice  the 
yeare  past.  1679  EVELYN  Diary  24  Apr.,  The  Duke  of 
York,  voted  against  by  the  Commons  for  his  recusancy, 
went  over  to  Flanders.  1732  NEAL  Hist.  Purit.  I.  588. 
He  was  for  extending  the  Statute  of  Recusancy  to  them 
that  went  at  any  time  to  hear  sermons  from  their  own 
parish  church.  1827  HALLAM  Const.  Hist.  (1876)  I.  iii.  145 
These  grievous  penalties  on  recusancy,  as  the  wilful  absence 
of  catholics  from  church  came  now  to  be  denominated. 
1874  GKEEN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  3.  371  Heavy  'fines  for 
recusancy'  ..  became  a  constant  source  of  supply  to  the 
Royal  exchequer. 

fb.  \Vith  a,  an  instance  of  this.  Obs. 

1624  DONNE  Devot,  in.  Expost.,  I  cannot  say,  I  will  come 
into  thy  house.  ..  It  is  not  a  Recusancy,  for  I  would  come, 
but  it  is  an  Excommunication,  I  must  not.  1641  SMECTVM- 
NUUS  Vitid.  Ans'iU.  ii.  34  The  Jesuitish  Casuists  begun  to 
uiaw  on  the  Papists  to  a  Recusancie. 

2.  Refusal  to  obey  some  authority  or  command. 
1597  J.  KING  On  Jonas  (1618)  37  The  commission  giuen 

to  Eons,  we  haue  already  weighed :  it  folio  wet  h  that  wee 
handle  his  recusancy  and  disobedience  therein  committed. 
1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  vm.  ii.  §  46  Charging  recusancy 
herein,  as  a  sin  on  the  soul  of  the  refusers.  1816  SCOTT  Old 
t\[ort.  xi,  There  was  one  of  my  able-bodied  men  the  other 
day  who  plainly  refused  to  attend  the  wappeti-scha\v  at  my 
bidding.  Is  there  no  law  for  such  recusancy,  Colonel  Gra- 
hame?  1868  KINGLAKC  Crimea  (1877)  III.  iii.  341  This 
sudden  recusancy  at  the  French  Headquarters, 
fb.  Const.  of\  also  with  inf.  Obs.  rare. 
1563  Foxi-;  A.  <$•  J/.  1408  He  hath  ..  Justly  certified  Hugh 
Haulms,  person  of  Tynby,  for  his  wilful  recusancy  of  two 
other  personages.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  vi.  v.  False 
Miracles  §  13  It  happened  that  Abbot  Whiting  (the  last  of 
Glassenbury)  was  hanged  thereon  for  his  Recusancy  to  j 
Surrender  the  Abbey. 


285 

Recusant  (regki«i;ant,  r/kiw'zant),  sb.  and  a. 
[ad,  L.  rcifisant-eni)  pies.  pplc.  of  nciisare  to  RK- 
cuaE.  Cf.  F.  recusant  (Littrc\] 

A.  sb.  1.  Hist.  One,  especially  a  Roman  Catholic 
(Popish  recusant] ,  who  refused  to  attend  the  services 
of  the  Church  of  England. 

1552-3  Act  7  Edit?.  lS/t  c.  4  §  2  The  Certificate  of  Recu- 
sauntes  made  by  any  of  the  said  Archebyshoppes.  1583 
BABINGTON  CotunmitaHt,  iv.  (1637.1  34  ^n  niy  opinion  our  recu 
sant  es,  as  wee  call  them,  that  is,  our  refusing  papists  to  come 
to  church,  doo  greatly  offende.  1598  HAKLUVT  Voy.  I.  595 
Tiie  principall  catholique  recusants. .  were  sent  to  remaine 
at  certaine  conuenient  places.  1630  A'.  Johnson's  Kingd.  ,y 
CommW,  32  Though  all  oitr  Recusants  be  the  King  of  Eng- 
lands  subjects,  yet  too  many  of  them  be  the  King  of  Spaines 
servants.  1687  EVELYN  Diary  10  Mar.,  They  would  not 
promise  his  Majesty  their  consent  to  the  repeal  of  the  Test 
and  penal  Statutes  against  Popish  Recusants.  11734 
NORTH  £.vaw.  n.  v.  §  78  (1740)  363  To  present  all  Recu 
sants,  whereof  the  legal  Ddiniiiun  was  the  not  coining  to 
Church  for  a  Month.  1830  SCOTT  Dcntonol.  viii.  248  It 
appears  that  this  remote  county  was  full  of  Popish  recu 
sants.  1881  SHOKTHOUSE  J.  Inglcsant  (1882)  I.  ii.  46  Many 
Papists  who  had  conformed  to  the  authority  of  the  English 
Church,  .fell  away,  and  became  recusant^. 

transf.  a  1635  CORBET  Poems  (1807)  73  Imagine  now  the 
.sceanu  lyes  in  the  hall;  (Fur  at  high  noonc  we  aru  recu 
sants  all).  1640  SIK  J.  MENNKS  &  SMITH  ll'iTa  Retreat. 
§  174  Sith  our  Church  him  disciplia'd  so  sore  He  i^rank 
Recusant)  conies  to  Church  no  more. 

b.  Applied  to  other  religious  dissentients. 

1777  WATSON  Philip  //  (1793)  II.  xvm.  370  By  which  the 
recusants  were  banished  from  the  Netherlands.  1861  STAN- 
LKV  East.  Ch.  iv.  (1869)  143  It  is  imposbiMe  at  this  distance 
of  time,  .to  judge  how  far  the  recusants  were  influenced  by 
an  attachment  to  the  positive  doctrine  of  Arius.  1891  S. 
MOSTYN  Curatica  121  Five  of  the  recusants  took  away 
their  hassocks,  .and  worshipped  with  us  no  more. 

2.  One  who  refuses  to  submit  to  some  authority, 
comply  with  some  regulation  or  request,  etc. 

1616  BULLOKAR  Eng.  Expos.,  Recusant,  he  that  refuseth 
to  doe  anything.  1621  FLETCHER  U'ild^Gcose  Chase  n.  i. 
Since  ye  are  so  angry,  And  hold  your  Sister  such  a  strong 
Recusant  [etc.],  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  n.  iv.  §  14  This 
Law  did  not  presently  find  an  universall  Obedience  in  all 
the  Land.  And  the  \Vonder  is  not  great,  if  at  the  fir>.t 
making  thereof  it  met  with  many  Recusants.  1805  WORDSW. 
Prelude  in.  67^  All  studded  round  ..  With  loyal  students 
faithful  to  their  books,  Half  and  half  idk-rs,  hardy  recu 
sants,  And  honest  dunces.  1848  W.  H.  KELLY  tr.  L.  Blanc's 
Hist.  Ten  Y.  I.  521  Some  refused  compliance  with  the 
tariff.  The  recusants  were  adjudged  to  be  in  the  wrong. 
1867  FKEEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  I.  A  pp.  762  Dealing 
with  the  dominions  of  the  recusant  as  being  a  forfeited  lief. 
b.  Const,  against,  of*  *t*  to. 

1599  H.  BUTTKS  Dyets  Drie  Dinner  To  Country-men 
Rdrs.,  They  are  true  Catholiques  in  matter  of  Dyet :  no 
Recusants  of  any  thing  that  is  mans  meate.  1638  FK.-VILY 
Transitbst.  7  They  are  no  lesse  Recusants  to  your  authority, 
then  to  our  lawes.  a  1661  HOLYIMY  (J.),  All  that  are  recu 
sants  of  holy  rites.  1850  GROTK  Greece  n.  Iv.  (1862)  V.  23 
All  being  recusants  of  the  recent  peace.  1879  L'ontcinp. 
Rev.  Oct.  293  All  ill-conditioned  recusants  against  the 
decrees  of  the  local  senate  should  be  mulcted  in  heavy 
damages. 

B.  adj.  1.  Refusing  to  attend  the  parish  church  ; 
dissenting. 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  x.  i.  §  54.  892  Catesby  like 
wise  tooke  in  Ambrose  Rookewood  and  John  Grant  two 
Recusant  Gentlemen.  1647  CLAUENUOX  Hist.  Rc&.  iv,  §  254 
The  Major  part,  albeit  the  llishops  and  all  the  Recusant 
Lords  were  driven  from  thence,  still  opposed  them.  1852 
THACKERAY  Esmond  n.  xiii,  Do  you  know  that  your  recu 
sant  Bishops  wanted  to  consecrate  him  Bishop  of  South 
ampton?  1870  BUKTON  Hist.  Scot.  Ixvi.  (1873)  VI.  56  In 
one  instance,  where  they  had  failed  to  bring  a  recusant 
clergyman  to  reason,  he  rates  them  in  this  petulant  manner. 

2.  Refusing  to  acknowledge  authority  or  to  do 
something  commanded  or  desired. 

1659  MILTON  Civ.  Power  Wks.  1738  I.  554  The  earnest 
expression  of  God's  Displeasure  on  those  Recusant  Jews. 
1828  Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  in.  (1863)  47  Master  Sims 
tried  his  best  coaxing  and  his  best  double  X  on  the 
recusant  players.  1847  GROTE  Greece  n.  xxxiii.  (1862)  III. 
195  The  subjugation  of  the  recusant  Medes. 
b.  In  predicative  use.  rare. 

1820  SCOTT  Abbot  xix,  Frieze-jacket  wants  to  dance  with 
staimnel-waistcoat,  but  she  is  coy  and  recusant.  1850 
GROTE  Greece  n.  Iv.  (1862)  V.  2  Though  the  peace  was 
sworn,  ..  the  most  powerful  members  of  the  Spartan  con- 
federacy  remained  all  recusant. 

3.  Making  a  recusation. 

1726  AYLIFFE  Parergon  453  If  the  Party  Recusant  has  any 
Cause  himself  depending  with  the  Judge,  in  the  Judges 
private  Capacity. 

Recusation  (reku/2<?i'jon).  Now  rare.  [a.  F. 
recusation  ( 1 332  in  Gotlef.  Conip.\  or  ad.  L.  reeftsa- 
tioti-eni)  n.  of  action  f.  reciisdre  to  RECUSE.]  Civil 
and  Canon  Law.  The  interposition  of  an  objection 
or  appeal ;  esp.  an  appeal  grounded  on  the  judge's 
relationship  or  personal  enmity  to  one  of  the  parties. 

6' 1529  in  Fiddes  IVolsey  it.  (1726)  172  Yf  this  exception 
shuld  be  admyttedassufTycyent  cawse  of  recusation.  c  1555 
HAKi'SFiULi)  Divorce  Hen.  VIII  tCamden)  181  The  legates 
declared,  .that  no  such  recusation.. could  or  might  by  them 
be  admitted,  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  VIII  (1683)  488 
After  the  Protestants  had  sent  him  their  Recusation  of  the 
Council,  He  made  a  publick  Protestation  against  it.  1726 
AYLIFKE  Parergon  451  Now  this  Recusation  obtains  wht-n 
a  Judge  has  either  before  the  Suit  coinmenc'd,  or  on  the 
Cause  itself  render'd  himself  suspected  to  the  Parties  in 
Judgment  on  some  Account  or  other.  175*  CARTE  Hist. 
Eng.  III.  88  That  this  might  be  done  without  any  recusa- 
tion  or  appeal,  the  Pope  delegated  all  his  authority  to 


RED. 

Wolsey.  _  1853  LADY  DUFK  GOKDUN   ir.  Kankc's  Fcrd.  .y 
J/fl-t/;//.  i.\.  82  He  opposed  a  formal  recusation  to  the  rccc» 

of  Frankfurt. 

tReCU'Sative,  <*.  Obs.  rarc~l.  [ad.  late  I.. 
recusativ-us  prohibitory  :  see  RKCUSI-;  and  -IVE.] 
That  tends  to  refuse  or  prohibit. 

1660  JLK.  TAYLOK  Duct.  Dubit.  iv.  i.  Rule  i  §  3  The  au 
of  the  will,  .is  acquisitive  and  effective,  or  recusative  and 
destructive,  otherwise  thun  it  Is  in  any  other  faculties. 

t  ReCU'Satpr,  a.  and  sit.  Sc.  /.aw.  Obs.  rare. 
[f.  as  next :  cf.  declarator,  interlocutor ',  etc.]  a. 
adj.  =next.  b.  sb.  An  exception  taken  to  a  judge 
as  incompetent  to  try  a  case. 

1561  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  17^  Adhcrand  tu  my 
recusatouris  or  declinatouris.  1609  SKLNE  Keg'.  J/i*/.  nj 
He  sould  not  be  hard  afterward,  ti.i  prupune  any  cM.cptiuii 
dudiniUour,  or  recusatour  against  the  Judge. 

t  ReCU'Satory,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  type 
*recu$atori-U$  \  see  next  and  -ORY.]  Of  or  be- 
longing  to  recusing  ;  containing  a  recusation. 

1529  HEN*.  VIII  in  Burnet  His!.  Ktf.  I.  (1679)  Kec.  it. 
xxviii.  78  The  Queen.. did  piutu>t  at  the  .said  day,  putting 
in  Libels  Recusatories  of  the  Judges.  1726  AYI.IFFE/^ZW- 
gon  352  A  recusatory  Libel  or  Allegation  ouyht  to  be  offer'd 
before  the  Judge  recus'd,  if  he  be  present  in  Cuurt. 

ReCUSe  (r/"ki/7v),  v.  Now  rare.  Also  5  Sc. 
i  ecus.  [ad.  K.  r&itser  (i3th  c.  in  Little),  ad.  L. 
recusare  to  refuse,  make  an  objection,  f.  re-  RE-  + 
causa  CAUSE.] 

1 1.  To  refuse  (a  thing  offered).   Obs.  rare*1* 

1387  TKKVISA  Higden  (Rolli)  VIII.  165  \Vydumarua.. 
sente  a  greet  deel  of  the  tre.iour  to  kyng  Richani.  And 
he  recu^ed  it  [?'./'.  refu^ede;  L.  recnsa,vit\  and  acide  |?:it 
he  scluildc  hau«  al  by  ^e  ri^t  of  his  lordadiippe. 

2.  To  reject,  renounce  (a  person,  his  authority, 
etc.)  J  to  object  to  (a  judge)  as  prejudiced. 

1387  TREVISA  Hidden  (Rolfs)  VIII.  189  Kyng  lohn  re- 
cusede  \i-.r.  refu>ed]  and  wolde  in  no  \M^e  fonge  Stevene 
of  Langtoun  archebisshop  of  Caunterbury,  ^ut  was  con 
fer  med  by  |)e  pope,  c  1421  Lett.  Marg.  Anjou  $  Bp. 
Kcckington  ^amdeii)  28  He  therfur  hem  utterly  recuseth, 
and  herto  lie  fully  him  submitted].  1563  FOXK  A.  «y  M. 
721/2  And  [I]  also  doo.. refuse,  recuse,  and  declyne  you  my 
^iyde  Lorde,and  your  taid  Collcagcs,  and  your  iuri>diction 
vpon  causes  aforcsayde.  1598  FI.OKIO,  Kicusan;  to  refuse, 
to  renounce,  to  recuse.  1638  LD.  DIGDY,  etc.  Lett.  cone. 
Keliff.  ii.  11(151)  8  Their  humility,  .will  not  let  them  be 
troubled  when  they  are  rccused  as  judges.  1726  AVLIFFJ; 
Parergon  74  Unless  he  recus'd  him  as  a  suspected  Judge, 
be  ought  to  remain  under  his  Jurisdiction.  1812  C.  UUTLEK 
in  Aloan  Butler's  Lii'es Saints  (1836)  I.  p.  xxviii,  According 
to  Thomas  of  Kempis  (and  what  Catholic  recuses  his 
authority?!.  1897  Eng.  Hist.  Rev.  Oct.  634  The  defendant 
would  be  able  to  'recu^e'  judges  against  whom  a  specific 
charge  of  presumable  partiality  could  be  made. 
tb.  To  reject  (an  appeal).  Obs.  rare. 

1529  HEX.  VIII  in  Burnet  Hist.  Ref.  I.  (167^)  Rec.  n. 
xxviii.  78  Yet  she.. [laid]  in  her  Appeal,  which  also  by  the 
said  judges  was  likewise  recused. 

t  c.  To  refuse  to  submit  to  (a  decree).    Obs. 

1721  STKYPE  Eccl.  Mem.  I.  i.  ,\iii.  107  The  Queen  mi-lit  at 
any  time  recuse  and  appeal  from  whatsoever  decree  or 
sentence  hhe  will. 

f  3.  To  refuse  to  do  something.  Obs. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  273  The  qwene.  .Vasthi 
recusenge  to  comme  to  hyin  was  despi^ede.  1438  Sc.  Acts 
Jas.  II  (1814)  32  Geyff  be  schirra  recus  to  do  his  offyce,  or 
be  neclygent.  1521  6V.  Papers  Hen.  VIII  (i8soj  I.  24 
ThEmperours  Ambassadors  ..  do  nowe  recu>e  to  treate 
junctly  wyth  the  French  Ambassadors.  1542  Ibid.  (1849) 
IX.  154  The  Turke  . .  hath  recusid  to  inprest  soche  monye 
ai  he  promissid  to  the  French  King. 

Recussioii  (r/k^Jan).  rare.  [ad.  L.  type  *;v- 
cussion-emt  n.  of  action  f.  recutitre  to  strike  back.] 
The  action  of  striking  by  return  or  recoil. 

1854  Tail's  Mag.  XXI.  674  Wearied  by  an  incessant 
strain  of  anxiety  and  labour  for  more  than  a  month,  and 
fahocked  by  the  recursion  of  peace. 

Recut  (rfkzrt),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  cut  again. 

1664  EVELYN  Syh-a,  (1776)  46  Some  repeat  the  cutting., 
the  second  year,  and.  .recut  them  at  half  a  foot  from  the 
surface,  1862  Proc.  Oxf.  Archit.  Soc.  143  The  inscription 
. .  not  having  been  altered  and  recut,  as  had  been  suggested. 
1897  S.  L.  HINDE  Congo  Arabs  51  They  cut  and_  re-cut  the 
ikin  from  the  root  of  the  nose  upwards  to  the  hair. 

Becuyel(le^,  Recuylle,  obs.  ff.  KECOJL  v. ; 
varr.  RECUEIL  sb.  and  v.  Recydivation,  obs.  f. 
RECIDIVATION.  Recyt(e,  obs.  ff.  RECEIPT  sb., 
RECITJS  v.  Recyve,  obs.  f.  RECEIVE  v. 

Red  (red\  a.  and  sb.  Forms:  i  r6ad,  2-6 
read(e,  3  rsed(en,  3-6  rede,  reed(e,  4-6 
redd(e,  (comp.  4  raddore,  5  -ur),  4-8  £c.  reid, 
(6  rid\  2-  red.  [Comm.  Teut. :  OE.  n  W  ^ 
OFris. ' radt  OS.  (M.Du.,  MLG.)  rod  (Du.,  LG. 
rood],  OHG.,  MHG.  rot  (mod.G.  roth,  roi\  ON. 
raudr  (Sw.(  Da.  rod),  Goth,  raufs :— OTent. 
*rait8o-x  :— pre-Teut.  *roudho-st  from  the  o  grade 
of  the  ablaut  series  *rettdh-,  roudh-^  rudh-,  widely 
represented  in  the  cognate  languages.  Of  the 
same  grade  as  the  Teut.  forms  are  L.  rfifits,  Olr. 
ruacKK},  Lith.  rauda-s\  the  other  grades  are 
represented  by  Gr.  fptvQtty  to  redden,  OE. 
ON.  rjodr  red,  ruddy,  and  L.  rttber,  Gr. 
OS1.  rttdrjl,  Skr.  rudhird-  red. 

The  original  long  vowel  is  retained  in  the  surname  variously 
written  kead(et  Rede,  /?ft'<f  and  Reid.  The  shortening  iu 
the  adj.  is  parallel  to  tha  cases  of  bread ^  deadt  lead  ab.J 


s 
h 


BED. 

A.  adj.  I. 

1.  Having,  or  characterized  by,  the  colour  which 
appears  at  the  lower  or  least  refracted  end  of  the 
visible  spectrum,  and  is  familiar  in  nature  as  that 
of  blood,  fire,  various  flowers  (as  the  poppy  and 
rose)  and  ripe  fruits  (whence  the  frequent  similes 
red  as  blood^Jit'c^  a  rose,  cherry,  etc.). 

The  precise  shades  of  colour  to  which  the  name  of  red  is 
applied  vary  from  bright  scarlet  or  crimson  to  reddish  yellow 
or  brown  (the  latter  esp.  of  the  hair  of  certain  animals). 
The  numerous  varieties  are  distinguished,  when  necessary, 
by  prefixed  nouns  or  adjectives,  as  blood-^  brick-,  cherry-^ 
fire*)  J?a»ie-,  Jh-s/t-,  robin-,  rose-red;  darkt  dullt  light, 
lively  red',  fiery^  foxy  red;  broivn-^  orange-,  yellow-red; 
brownish^  yellowish  red,  etc.  For  examples  of  these,  see 
the  first  element. 

^700  Epinal  Gloss.  404  Flavum  i>el  fnlfmn,  read.  £725 
Corpus  Gloss.  1758  Riil'cr,  read.  c888  K.  &LFKEU  Bocth. 
xxxii.  §  3  /E^er  ^e  Invite  gimmas  je  reade.  4:897  —  Gre- 

ory  s  Past.  C.  ,\v.  94  On  setnons  8<cm  helium  [sceoldon 

angian]  reade  apla.  a  xooo  Riddles  xxvii.  15  (Gr.)  Se 
reada  telg.  c  1175  Lamb.  Horn.  83  Alse  be  sunne  scine5 
fwrh  J>e  glesne  ehburl.  .  .  5if  |>et  gles  is  red  ho  schineS  red. 
c  1205  LAY.  15940  pe  oder  is  milcwhit  ..  be  oSer  rsed  alse 
blod.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  2786  Tueye  grete  dragons  out 
of  }>is  stones  come,  pe  on  was  red,  ^e  ober  wyt.  1377  LANGL. 
P.  PI.  B.  u.  12  Hir  fyngres  were  fretted  with  golde  wyre 
And  there-on  red  [v.r.  rede]  rubyes  as  red  as  any  glede. 
0400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  v.  57  In  some  place  thereof  is  the 
Gravelle  reede:  and  therefore  Men  clepen  it  the  Rede 
See.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  129  We  wryte  vn  to 
this  tyme  the  capitalle  letters  with  a  redde  color.  (11500 
Flower  fy  Leaf  3$  Leves  new.  .Some  very  rede,  and  some  a 
glad  light  grene.  1523  FITZHEKB.  Husb.  §  49  The  pockes 
appere  vppon  the  skyn,  and  are  lyke  reed  pymples.  a  1585 
MONTGOMERIE  Cherrie  fy  Slae  229  The  starnis  ..  flew  sa 
thick  befoir  my  ein.  Sum  reid,  sum  yellow,  blew,  and  grein. 
1631  CiiETTLt:  Hoffmann  H  ij  b,  The  red  lines  Mixt  with  a 
deadly  blacke  will  tell  the  world  She  died  by  violence.  1683 
RAY  Corr.  (1848)  172  A  sort  of  trefoil,  with  .  .  bright  purple 
or  red  flowers.  1726-46  THOMSON  Winter  1060  The  red 
marks  Of  superstition's  scourge.  1794  COWPER  Needless 
Alarm  19  Nor  yet  the  hawthorn  bore  her  berries  red.  1836- 
41  BRANDS  Chem.  (ed.  5}  257  The  former  [sparks]  are  bril 
liant).  .the  latter  usually  of  a  paler  or  redder  hue.  i88z  (i. 
MACUONALU  Castle  Warlock  xxviii,  The  red  wall,  mottled 
and  clouded  with  its  lichens. 


g 
h 


b.  Of  lire,  flame,  lightning,  etc.  (lit.  and 
and  of  objects  lit  up  by  these. 

In  early  use  chiefly  as  a  conventional  epithet. 

a  900  CvNEWL'LF  Crist  809  Blac  rasetteS  recen  reada  le^. 
a  1000  C  sedition!  $  Gen.  44  (Gr.)  j$eondfolen  fyre  &  faercyle, 
rece  &  reade  lege.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  356  Fur  is  hot  &  read. 
c  1320  Cast.  Lwe  719  pe  castel  lihteb  al  abouten,  And  is 
raddore  ben  euere  eny  rose  schal  ;  pat  tranche))  as  hit  barnde 
al.  ci374  CHACCER  Troylus  m.  1633  Also  seur  as  red  is 
euery  fir.  a  1400-50  Alexander  4176  pan  fell  bar  fra  be 
firmament  as  it  ware  fell  sparkis  Ropand  doun  o  rede  fire. 
c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vii.  428  Quhat  euir  he  be,  reskewis 
off  that  kyn  Fra  the  rede  fyr,  him  sellf  sail  pass  tharin. 
1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  i.  xvi,  (S.T.S.)  I.  88  His  hede  apperit 
(as  It  war  blesand)  in  ane  rede  low.  1593  SHAKS.  Liter. 
1353  Two  red  fires  in  both  their  faces  blazed.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  i.  175  The  Thunder,  Wing'd  with  red  Lightning. 
1727-46  THOMSON  Summer  1148  The  inconquerable  light 
ning  ..  Ragged  and  fierce  or  in  red  whirling  balls.  1819 
SHELLEY  Cydops  •$•]%  He  strewed  Upon  the  ground  beside 
the  red  firelight  His  couch.  1855  KINGSLEY  ll'estw.  Hoi 
xxviii,  The  hills  were  red  with  bonfires  in  every  village. 

fig-  1655  tr.  Com.  Hist.  Francion  iv.  25  My  rage  doth 
kindle  as  red  against  htm  as  ever. 

c.  Of  the  sky  or  sun,  esp.  at  dawn  or  sunset; 
hence  of  dawn,  the  east,  etc. 

£950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt.  xvL  2  Smolt  biS;  read  is  .. 
heofon.  ciiza  O.  E.  Chron,  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1117  On  ^a;re 
nihte  .  .  waes  seo  heofon  swySe  read  gesewen.  a  1400-50 
Alexander  20  He  recouerd  ..  be  regions  all  clene  And  all 
rial  me  &  be  riches  into  \>e  rede  est.  c  1440  York  Myst.  xvL 
7  The  rakke  of  the  rede  sky.  1565  COOPER  Tliesanrus  s.  v. 
Rubesco,  Aurora  rubescebat,  the  morning  waxed  redde. 
1592  SHAKS.  Veti.  fy  Ad.  453  Like  a  red  morne  that  euer  yet 
betokend  Wracke  to  the  sea  man,  tempest  to  the  field.  1726- 
46  THOMSON  IVintcr  jzi  Hence  at  eve,  Steamd  eager  from  the 
red  horison  round  [etc.].  1808  SCOTT  Mann.  iv.  Introd.  55 
When  red  hath  set  the  beamlesssun.  1815  SHELLEY  Alastor 
137  When  red  morn  Made  paler  the  pale  moon.  1844  H. 
STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  I.  292  When  the  sun  rises  red,  wind 
and  rain  may  be  expected  during  the  day. 

d.  Of  the  cheeks  (or  complexion)  and  lips  (as  a 
natural  healthy  colour)  ;  hence  also  of  persons. 

a  1225  Leg.  Kath.  1432  Mit  se  swi5e  lufsume  leores  .  .  se 
rudie  &  se  reade,  13..  Caw.  4-  Gr.  Knt.  1205  Wythchynne 
&  cheke  ful  swete,  Bobe  quit  &  red  in-blande.  c  1386  CH  AUCKK 
Prol.  153  Hir  mouth  [was]  ful  snial  and  ther  to  softe  and 
reed.  —Sir  Thomas  15  Hise  lippes  rede  as  rose,  c  1420 
Anturs  of  Art/i.  161,  I  was  reddere  in  rode  ban  rose  in 
be  rayne.  1530  PALSGR.  3-22/1  Redde  as  ones  lyppes  or  their 
chekes,  .  .  vermeil.  1601  SHAKS.  Tivel.  N.  i.  v.  a66  Two 
lippes  indifferent  red.  1687  A.  LovELLtr.  Thevenofs  Trav. 
i,  39  Women  with  big  black  Eyes,  and  red  Cheeks,  a  1720 
SWIFT  Phyllis  14  She  .  .  practised  how  to  place  her  Head 
And  bit  her  Lips  to  make  them  red.  1798  COLI;RIDGE  Anc. 
Mar.  i.  ix,  The  bride  hath  paced  into  the  hall,  Red  as  a 
rose  as  is  she.  1824  HYKON  Juan  xvi.  cxxi,  A  red  lip  with 
two  rows  of  pearls  beneath.  1894  G.  MEREDITH  Lord  Or- 
mont  iii,  His  cheeks  are  as  red  as  yours  now  you're  blushing. 

transf.  x86a  BAGEHOT  Lit.  Stud.  (1879)  I.  246  Pope,  .had 
not  the  large  red  health  that  uncivilised  women  admire. 

e.  Of  the  hair  ;of  men  and  animals)  or  beard. 
1500-20   [Implied   in    RED-HAIRED].      1538   ELYOT   Addit  , 

Aenobarhsts,..^.  Roman,  so  callyd  bycause  he  had  a  berde 
as  red  as  braise.  1593  NASUE  Four  Lett.  Confut.  Wks. 
(Grosart]  1  1,  220  [He  had]  a  iolly  long  red  peake,  .  .  [  which  J 
he  cherisht  continually  without  cutting,  a  1625  FLETCHER 
Love's  Cure  n.  i,  Thuu  art  a  proper  man,  if  thy  beard  were 
redder.  17*7  URAULEY  Fam.  Diet.  s.  v.  Harf,  The  Coats 
and  Colours  of  this  noble  Beast  .  .  are  usually  of  three  several 


286 

sorts,  viz.  Brown,  Red  and  Fallow.  1797  PINCKAKO  Notes 
W.  Ind.  xxix.  (1816)  II.  241  The  hair,..  from  being  slightly 
tinged  with  yellow,  assumes..  tliat  particular  hue,  which  is, 
more  commonly  than  correctly,  termed  red.  1808  SCOTT 
Mann.  vi.  Introd.  19  While  wildly  loose  their  red  locks  fly. 
1819  WARDEN  United  States  I.  245  A  tail  about  a  foot  long, 
and  covered  with  red  hair.  1855  KIXI.SLEY  Westw.Hol  ii, 
A  boat  rowed  by  one  with  a  red  beard. 

f.  Of  soil,  earth,  etc.     Cf.  RED  LAND. 

1623  CAPT.  SMITH  Wks.  (Arb.)  626  The  mold  is  of  dtuers 
colours..  ;  the  red  which  resembleth  clay  is  the  worst.  Ibid*) 
The  hardest  kinde  of  it  lies  vnder  the  red  ground.  1657  W. 
RAND  tr.  Gasscndis  Life  Peiresc  11.  124  Vapours  drawn 
up  out  of  red  earth  aloft  into  the  Air.  1706  LONDON 
&  WISE  RetirdGard.  I.  371  Above  a  quarter  of  Kitchin- 
Garden  Karth  well  sifted,  more  than  of  Red  Mould.  1762 
MILLS  Prac*.  Ilitsb.  I.  53  The  common  opinion,  that  all  hot 
grounds  are  red  or  brown  .  .Is.  .exploded  by  Columella.  1834 
SCHOOLCKAFT  Rxfed.  299  Little  mounds  of  red  earth  fre 
quently  appeared  above  the  grass.  1891  Q.  Noughts  <$• 
Crosses  217  The  thin  red  soil  of  the  ridge. 

g.  Combined  with  other  colours  ia  the  same 
object,   sometimes  forming  compound  adjectives, 
as  red-and-blue,  red-and-wkitet  etc.     (Cf.  17  f-) 

C  1320  Sir  Tristr.  2404  pe  king  a  welp  he  broujt  .  .  He  was 
rede,  grene  &.  blewe.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Citron.  (1810)  174 
pe  sailes  .  .  som  were  blak  &  bio,  Som  were  rede  &  grene. 
6^1470  HKNRY  Wallace  vn.  93  A  wand  of  colour  reid  and 
reyne.  1596  SHAKS.  Taut.  Shr.  in.  ii.  69  A  kersey  boot- 
ose  ..  gartred  with  a  red  and  blew  list.  1857  LAWRENCE 
Guy  Li-\  xii.  no  Strong  red  and  white  spaniels.  1891  T. 
HARDY  7Vs.s  xxxix,  He  observed,  .a  red-aiid-blue  placard. 

2.  As  an  epithet  (chiefly  /<v/.)  of  blood. 

c  1205  LAY.  30412  Urnen  pa  bruckes  of  reden  blodes.  1297 
R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  1124  Al  |>e  er}>e  aboute  stod  as  in  flode  .  . 
al  of  rede  blode.  <  1386  CHAI'CKR  St/r.'s  T.  415  The  rede 
blood  Ran  endelong  the  tree  ther  she  stood,  c  1470  Golagros 
.y  Gaw,  306  Thai  brochit  blonkis  to  thair  sidis  brist  of  rede 
blude.  1562  J.  HKYUOOU  Pro-'.  3-  Epigr.  (1867)  135  The 
red  blond  may  run  downe  in  thy  necke.  1593  SHAKS.  Liter. 
1437  To  Simois  reedie  bankes  the  red  bloud  ran.  a  1755 
Kdomo1  Gordon  xix.  in  Child  Ballads  III.  434'!  Clear,  clear 
was  hir  yellow  hair,  Whereon  the  reid  bluid  dreips  !  1805 
SCOTT  Last  Minsir.  \.  .\.\i,  I  have.  .  Seen  through  red  blood 
the  war-horse  dashing. 

b.  In  pregnant  uses,  implying  superior  quality 
or  value. 

1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  I7,  n.  i.  7_  Let  vs  make  incision  for  your 
loue,  To  proue  whose  blood  is  reddest,  his  or  mine.  1824 
SCOTT  Redgauntlet  ch.  xi,  His  blood  was  too  red  to  be  spared 
when  that  sort  of  paint  was  in  request.  1852  DICKKNS 
JHeak  Ho.  xxviii,  Inasmuch  as  very  red  blood  of  the  su- 
perior  quality,  like  inferior  blood  unlawfully  shed,  will  cry 
aloud. 

3.  As   a  conventional   (chiefly  poet.}  epithet   of 
gold.     Now  only  arch. 

This  use  is  aUo  found  in  other  Teut.  languages.  For  red 
goldi\\  mod.  technical  use  see  19  and  GOLD  $b.  5. 

a  1000  Cxdmoifs  Gen.  2404  (Gr.)  Hi>i£es&won  ofer  since 
salo  hlifian,  reced  ofer  readum  golde.  c  XOOO/ELFRIC  Horn. 
I.  64  He  ..  5a  grenan  gyrda  Jebletsode  and  hi  wurdon  to 
readum  golde  awende.  c  1122  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.) 
an.  1070  pet  fotspure.  .wees  call  of  read  golde.  c  1205  LAY. 
23309  He  sende  .  .  swiSe  gode  horsses  seoluer  and  red  gold. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  4763  pof  bai  had  siluer  and  gold  red  pai 
moght  noght  find  to  bi  bam  bred,  c  1400  Desir.  Troy  1742 
We  ha  ue  riches  full  rife,  red  gold  fyn.  1535  STEWART  Cron. 
Scot.  II.  98  Sex  thousand  jeirlie  ..  Into  tribute  of  fynest 
gold  so  reid.  1818  SCOTT'  Br.  Lamm,  ii,  From  the  red  gold 
keep  thy  finger. 

b.  Golden,  made  of  gold.  Now  only  thieves' 
slang,  f  Red  ones  i  gold  coins. 

J375  HARBOUR  Bruce  xm,  463  Sevin  hundreth  paris  of 
spuris  rede  War  tane  of  knychtis  that  war  dede.  1377 
LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xv.  501  Now  is  routhe  to  rede  how  be  red 
noble  Is  reuerenced  or  be  Rode,  [a  1400  Isumbras  295,  I 
salle  the  gyffe  tene  thowsund  pownde  of  tlorence  that  bene 
rede  and  rownde.J  1568  T.  HOWELL  Poems  (Grosart)  i.  91 
Besides  all  this,  ich  shall  not  mis  of  red  ones  to  haue  store. 
a  i6zg  FLETCHER  Mad  Lover  v.  iv,  There's  a  red  rogue  to 
buy  thee  handkerchiefs.  1879  Macm.  Mag.  Oct.  502/2,  I 
touched  for  a  red  toy  (gold  watch)  and  red  tackle  (gold 
chain).  1896  A.  MOKRISON  Child  of  the  Jago  61  Sich  a  nice 
watch,—  a  red  'un  an'  all. 

o.  U.  S.  As  an  epithet  of  the  cent  (formerly 
made  of  copper),  usually  in  negative  expressions. 

1852  BRISTED  Up^er  Ten  Thou,  vi,  144  It  was  a  great 
catch  for  Miss  Lewispn,  without  a  red  cent  of  her  own.  1889 
Sir  Ch.  Danvers  xxix,  I  don't  care  a  red  cent  what  you  say. 

4.  Of  cloth,  clothing,  etc.  :  Dyed  with  red. 
Red  hat  (of  cardinals)  :  see  HAT  sb.  3,  and  i8a  below. 
ciooo  /ELI-RIC  Horn.  II.  252  Hi  .  .  hine  unscryddon  bam 

readan  waefelse.  c  1290  S,  En%.  Leg.  I.  302/92  With  rede 
palles  huy  weren  i-heoled  be  faireste  bat  mitten  beo.  13.  . 
Gaiv.  fyGr.  Knt.  2036  Vpon  bat  ryol  red  clobe  bat  rlche  was 
to  schewe.  1382  WYCLII--  Isa.  Ixiii.  2  Why  thanne  red  is  thi 
clothing?  1411  K.  E.  Wills  19  A  pallette  couerte  with 
reede  velwette.  Ibid.t  A  reed  bedde  of  worsteyd.  1470-85 
MALORY  Arthur  x.  lix,  Thenne.  .came  a  ryche  vessel  hylled 
ouer  with  reed  sylke.  1568  GKAKTON  Chron.  II.  633  The 
Erie  of  Warwike,  whose  seruitures  were  apparailed  in  red 
Cotes.  1617  MORVSON  I  tin.  u.  177  A  valiant  Gentleman, 
marked  by  a  red  cap  he  wore.  (11654  SEI.DHN  Table-t. 
(Arb.)  77  All  that  wear  Red  Ribbons  in  their  Hats,  a  1729 
SWIFT  Macer  4  Twas  all  th'  Ambition  his  great  Soul  could 
feel  To  wear  red  Stockings.  1782  COWPER  Gitym  75  Then 
over  all  .  .  His  long  red  cloak  .  .  He  manfully  did  throw.  1868 
MARRIOTT  Vest.  C/ir.  p.  xviii,  The  red  shirt  of  Garibaldi's 
troops.  1895  F.  ANSTKY^j/r<r<v  Lancet  i.  7  A.  .revolutionary 
poet,  .in  a  flannel  shirt  and  no  tie—  or  else  a  red  one. 
b.  Redjlag,  as  a  sign  of  battle,  etc. 
1602  DKKKKR  Satirom.  Wks.  1873  I.  233  What,  dost  sum 
mon  a  parlie,  my  little  Drumsticke?  tis  too  late  :  thou  seest 
my  red  flag  is  hung  out.  1666  Land.  GHZ.  No.  91/4  That  the 
Red  Flag  was  out,  both  Fleets  insight  of  each  other,  expect 
ing  every  hour  fit  weather  to  Engage.  1727-41  CHAMBERS 


RED. 

CycL  s.v.  Flag,  The  red  flag  is  a  signal  of  defiance  and 
battle.  1891  HULME  Heraldry  (1897)  271  Others  were  deck 
ing  their  houses  with  red  flags,  the  symbols  of  revolution  and 
bloodshed,  a  1895  LD.  C.  K.  FACET  Autobiog.  (1896)  iy.  98 
[He  came)  to  tell  me  that  the  [Russian]  forts  were  in  sight, 
and  a  red  flag  flying.  'Odds  bones  ! '  said  I,  'don't  they 
mean  to  give  any  quarter,  then?' 

5.  Of  persons:   Having  red  hair;  f  of  a  red  or 
ruddy  complexion. 

c  1000  /ELFRIC  Gen.  xxv.  25  Se  be  seror  com  se  was  read 
and  eall  ruh  and  his  nama  waes  ^enemned  Esau,  c  1290  S. 
Eng.  Leg,  I.  76/206  Willam  be  rede  king  bat  after  willam 
bastard  cam.  Ibid.  319/686  Ho-so  hath  of  fuyre  mest  he  is 
sinal  and  red  Obur  he  is  blac  with  cripse  here.  1422  tr. 
.Secreta  .Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  229  Tho  that  bene  rede  men, 
bene.  .trechurus,  and  full  of  queyntise,  i-likenyd  to  Foxis. 
1460  CAPGRAVE  Chron.  (Rolls)  130  William  the  Rt-de  was 
crouned  in  the  ^ere  of  oure  Lord  m.lxxxvi.  1565  COOI-ER 
Thesaurus,  Rufus,  somewhat  redde  ;  one  that  hath  a  redde 
head.  1598  FLOKIO,  Rossa,  red,  a  red-woman.  1612  DAVIES 
Why  Ireland,  etc.  (1747)  188  Richard  Bourk  Earl  of  Ulster 
(commonly  called  the  Redde-earl).  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat. 
Hist.  (1776,1  II.  232  In  all  regions,  the  children  are  born  fair 
or  at  least  red.  1808  SCOTT  Alarm,  vi.  iv,  From  Red  De 
Clare,  stout  Gloster's  Earl.  1849  Erasers  Mag.  XXXIX. 
490  Laudations  of  such  persons  as  Hugh  O'Neill  and  the 
Red  O'Donnell  and  others. 

b.  Of  animals:    Having  red  or  reddish  hair; 
tawny,  chestnut,  or  bay. 

1382  WYCLIF  Num.  xix,  2  A  reede  kowe  of  hool  age  in  the 
which  no  spot  be.  —  Zech.  i.  8  Loo  !  a  man  styinge  vp  a 
rede  hors ;  . .  and  after  hym  horsis  dyuerse,  rede,  and  white, 
c  1420  Pallad.  on  Hush,  iv.  913  A  staloun  asse..al  blaak  Or 
moushered  or  reed.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  359  Some 
of  theim  causenge  redde  swyne  thro  wycchecrafte  [etc.]- 
c  1450  M.  E.  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  203  Tak  hony  . .  &  grece 
of  a  red  barow.  Ibid.  207  Tempre  wyb  my  Ik  of  a  red  cow. 
1535  COVEKDALE  Zech.  vi.  2  In  the  first  charet  were  reade 
horse,  in  the  seconde  charet  were  blacke  horse.  1651  BAR- 
KI:K  Art  of  Angling  (1820)  7  The  wooll  of  a  red  Heyfer 
makes  a  good  body.  1855  KJNGSLEY  Westrw.  Ho!  vii,  The 
red  cattle  lowed  to  each  other.  1882  Miss  BRADDON  Mt. 
Royal  III.  i.  16  Master  had  the  red  setter  with  him  this 
morning,  when  he  went  for  his  stroll.  1892  R.  KIPLING 
Barrack-r.  Ballatis,  East  §  West  78  The  red  mare  played 
with  the  snaflle-bars. 

c.  Of  certain  peoples,  esp.  the  North  American 
Indians  :  Having  (or  regarded  as  having)  a  reddish 
skin.     See  also  RED  MAN,  RED  SKIN. 

The  correctness  of  the  epithet  as  applied  to  the  North 
American  Indians  has  been  denied  by  some  writers. 

1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay  ii.  21  Hee  maketh  some  folkes 
whyte,  some  blacke,  some  read,  and  some  Tawny  ;  and 
yet  is  hee  but  one  selfesame  Sunne.  1765  in  S.  P.  Hildreth 
Pioneer  History  (1848)  79  We,  red  people,  are  a  very  jealous 
people.  1808  PIKE  Sources  Mississ.  \\.  (1810)  122,  I  was 
obliged  to  convince  my  red  brethren  that,  if  I  protected 
them,  I  would  not  suffer  them  to  plunder  my  men  with  im 
punity.  1836  W.  \V\VSG  Astoria  II.  8  In  the  evening  the  red 
warriors  entertained  their  white  friends  with  dances  and 
songs.  1889  I.  TAYLOR  Orig.  Aryans  iv.  198  The  half- 
castes  between  Europeans  and  Maoris  are  unmistakeably 
red  without  any  tendency  to  yellow. 

6.  ^"earing   red   clothing   (uniform,    livery)    or 
armour.     Now  rare. 

a  1400  Sir  Pcrc.  50  Wolde  he  none  forsake,  The  rede 
knyghte  ne  the  blake.  5:1470  HENRY  Wallace  ix.  87  The 
Rede  Reffayr  thai  call  him  [cf.  106  His  cot  armour  is. .ay 
off  reide].  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  vn.  xvi,  The  reed 
knyghte  of  the  reed  laundes.  1841  THACKERAY  Chron.  Drum 
u.  xii,  He  had  fought  the  red  English,  he  said,  In  many  a 
battle  of  Spain.  1886  [see  red  soldier  in  19]. 

7.  Of  the  face,   or  of  persons  in  respect  of  it : 
Temporarily    suffused   with    blood,   esp.   as    the 
result  of  some  sudden  feeling  or  emotion ;  flushed 
or  blushing  with  (anger,  shame,  etc.). 

c  1205  LAY.  29597  For  fan  ilke  dede  heo  habbe?  neb  rede. 
c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  i.  811  (867)  He  was  hit,  and  wax  al 
red  for  shame,  c  1386  —  Can.  YCOJII.  Prol.  4-  T.  542  For 
shame  of  hym  my  chekes  wexen  rede,  c  1450  HOLLAND 
Hwlat  816  The  dene  rurale  worthit  reid,  Stawe  for  schame 
of  the  steid.  1450-80  tr.  Secreta  Secret.  38  His  visage 
wexith  reed. .,  and  the  teeres  fallen  in  his  eyerie  whan  thou 
blamyst  him.  1592  SHAKS.  ren.ffAd.  35  She  red,  and  hot, 
as  coles  of  glowing  fier,  He  red  for  shame.  1611  —  U'int. 
T.  iv.  iv.  54  Addresse  yourselfe  toentertainethem  sprightly, 
And  let's  be  red  with  mirth.  1653  MILTON  Ps.  vi.  22  Mine 
enemies  shall,  .then  grow  red  with  shame.  1855  KINGSLEY 
Wcstw.Ho!  ii,  The  churchwardens.,  bustled  themselves  hot, 
and  red,  and  frantic.  1866  G.  MACDONALD  Ann.  Q.  Ncighb. 
xiv.  (1878)  295  Tom's  face  was  as  red  with  delight,  as  his 
sister's  had  been  with  anger. 

transf.     1820   L.   HUNT   Indicator   No.   14  fl8«)  I,  112 
Millions  of  times  did  the  sense  of  the  impotence  of  his  wish 
run  up  in  red  hurry  to  his  cheeks. 
b.  Exceptionally  high  in  colour. 

1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.^  Priv.  Priv.  229  Tho  that  haue 
the  face  somewhate  ruddy.. Tho  that  have  the  chekys  al 
reede  as  thay  were  dronken.  1483  CAXTON  G.  tie  la  Tour 
Lij  b,  He.. was  reed  as  a  cok  and  had  a  good  lyuynge 
colour.  1577  HAKRISON  England  in  Holinshed  I.  85/2 
Tyll  they  be  read  as  cockes.  and  litle  wyser  then  their 
combes.  1689  HICKERINGILL  Ceremony-Monger  Concl.  iii. 
Wks.  1716  II.  472  The  Lazy  Fat  Prebend  and  Ceremony- 
Monger.,  is  as  Red  in  the  Gills  as  a  Turkey-cock,  or  his 
Scar  let- hood. 

8.  Stained  or  covered  with  blood.     Used  absol^ 
and  const,  with  (for  of}  blood,  gore,  etc. 

[rtizas  Ancr.  R.  402  ^e  hit  schulen  makien  of  reades 
monnes  blode ;  bet  is  Jesu  Crist  i-readed  mid  his  pwune 
blode  oc-e  rode.]  a  1300  Cursor  M.  20075  Mi  fete,  mi  hend, 
o  blod  er  red.  1375  BAKHOUK  Hrnce  n.  361  The  gres  woux 
off  the  blud  all  rede,  c  1450  Mironr  Saluacionn  1616  Y° 
stretes  of  Jerusalem  with  thnire  blode  made  he  rede,  c  1500 
Mclusim  352  The  grounde  was  there  soone  dyed  rede  with 
grute  effusyon  of  blood.  1601  SHAKS.  JuL  C,  ill.  i.  109 


BED. 

Waning  our  red  Weapons  o're  our  heads,  Let's  all  cry 
Peace,  Freedome,  and  Liberty.  1738  GRAY  Proper  tins  in. 
46  Sad  Philippi,  red  with  Roman  Gore.  1796  SCOTT  ll'ill. 
<y  Helen  211  The  scourge  is  red,  the  spur  drops  blood. 
1808  —  Alarm,  vi.  xxxiv,  To  tell  red  Flodden's  dismal  tale. 
1855  KINGSLFY  //•V.r/ic.  Ifo  I  ix,  The  Fort  del  Oro  was  a  red 
shamble.  1893  F.  ADAMS  New  F.gypt  17  The  Ptolemies 
quenched  more  than  one  savage  insurrection  with  red  hand-;. 

fig.  1813  COLERIDGE  Sibyl.  Leaves,  Night  Scene  65, 
1  swore  to  her  that  were  she  red  with  guilt,  I  would  ex 
change  my  unblenched  state  with  hers. 

transf.  1816  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  in.  xxviii,  Rider  and  horse 
— friend,  foe — in  one  red  burial  blent.  18940.  MEREDHII 
Lord  Ormont  xxv,  The  dull  red  facts  [of  the  duel]  had  to 
be  disengaged  from  his  manner  of  speech. 

b.  Shedding  blood. 

1806  G.  GALLOWAY  Poems  2?  Adieu  to  New  Year's  din 
and  quarrel,  Base  chat,  red  blows.  1882  G.  MACDONALD 
Ciistle  Warlock  xxix,  It  cam  o'  blind-guiltiness — for  'at  he 
had  liftit  the  reid  han'  again'  his  neibour. 

c.  Of  meat:  Full  of,  coloured  with,  blood. 
1837  M.  DONOVAN  Dom.  Econ.   II.    109  The  cow-calf  is 

whiter  veal:  but  the  bull-calf,  although  redder,  is  better 
meat.  1898  P.  MANSON  Trop.  Diseases  xxi.  337  Avoid  alto 
gether  red  meat. 

d.  Consisting  of  blood. 

1816  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  in.  xvii,  How  that  red  rain  hath 
made  the  harvest  grow. 

9.  Marked  or  characterized  by  blood  or  fire,  or 
by  violence  suggestive  of  these.     (In  later  quots. 
with  implication  of  b.) 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  1142  It  [the  sword]  was  rede  deb 
icluped  &  mid  ri?te.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt.'s  T.  889  Ye 
shal  be  deed  by  myghty  Mars  the  rede.  1631  CHETTI.E 
Hoffman  i.  C  iv,  Till  red  reuenge  in  robes  of  fire,  and 
madding  misclnefe  runne  and  raue.  Ibid.  Hiij,  The  heate 
Of  our  sad  torment,  and  red  sufferings.  1667  MiLTON /*..£, 
it.  174  What  if. .from  above  Should  intermitted  vengeance 
Arme  again  His  red  right  hand  to  plague  us  ?  1729  SAVAGE 
Wanderer  iv,  Red  Massacres  thro'  their  Republic  fly.  1781 
Cowi'ER  Truth  278  Justice.  .Drops  the  red  vengeance  from 
his  willing  hand.  1812  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  i.  xxxvtii,  Red  Battle 
stamps  his  foot  and  nations  feel  the  shock.  1850  TENNYSON 
/«  Mem.  cxxvii,  Tho'  thrice  again  The  red  fool-fury  of  the 
Seine  Should  pile  her  barricades  with  dead. 

transf.     1851   MAYNE   REID  Scalp  Hunt.  xvii.   115  You 
have  heard  the  stories  of  the  mountain  men  in  all  their  red 
exaggeration.    1859  JEPHSON  Brittany  y.\\.  265  Happy  news 
to  the  Bretons  !  and  red  maledictions  to  the  French  ! 
b.  Anarchistic,  revolutionary. 

Referring  originally  to  the  colour  of  th'e  party  badge-,  but 
now  frequently  associated  with  prec. 

[1849  TaiCs  Mag.  XVI.  402/2  Germany  Itself  is  red  with 
Socialism  and  a  desire  for  Republicanism.]  1864  Spectator 
16  Apr.  443/2  England  is  not  Red . .  but  she  does  sympathise 
heartily  with  Garibaldi's  immediate  ends.  1883  Pall  Mall 
G.  2  Feb.  i/2  The  Dynamitards  have  not  secured  the  return 
of  a  single  deputy  even  for  the  'reddest'  constituency  in 
France. 

10.  Heated  to  redness  ;  red-hot,  glowing. 

a  1225  A  ncr.  R.  356  Ne  kumeS  non  into  Parais  bute  buruh 
bisse  leitinde  sweorde,  bet  was  hot  &  read,  c  1375  Sc.  Leg. 
Saints  xix.  (Christopher)  550  pane  gert  be  kinge  ane  helme 
tak  &  in  ^e  fyre  It  red  al  mak.  c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  U'. 
Prol.  235  Twoo  firy  dartes  as  the  gledes  rede.  1430-40 
LYDG.  Jipchas  ix.  xxxii.  (1558)  33  b,  As  I  haue  tplde,  in  coles 
rede  His  hande  he  brent  for  loue  of  his  cite.  1500-20 
DUNBAR  Poems  xxvi.  87  They;  wer  full  strenge  of  counte 
nance,  Lyk  turkass  birnand  reid.  1605  SHAKS.  Lear  HI.  vi. 
16  To  haue  a  thousand  with  red  burning  spits  Come  hizzing 
in  vpon  'em.  1684  J.  PETER  Siege  Vienna  108  Bellows  for 
Red  Bullets.  1741  tr.  Cramer's  Assaying  20  Filings  of 
Iron  ..  being  presently  made  red  in  the  Crucible.  1784 
COWPER  Task  iv.  289  A  waking  dream  of  houses,  towers.  . . 
expressed  In  the  red  cinders.  1868  JOYNSON  Mdals  117 
Scales  that  fall  from  the  red  iron  hammered  at  the  black 
smith's  anvil. 

11.  Of  the  eyes  :  (a)  Naturally  of  a  red  colour. 
(/')  Bloodshot,     (c)  Inflamed,  esp.  with  weeping. 

13. .  Caw.  fy  Gr.  Knt.  304  Runischly  his  rede  y^en  he  reled 
aboute.  c  1550  LLOYD  Treas.  Health  H  v  b,  To  haue  his 
mouth  open  with  reed  eyes.  1601  SHAKS.  Jul.  C.  in.  ii.  120 
Poore  soule,  his  eyes  are  red  as  fire  with  weeping.  1607 
TOPSELL  Fmtr-f.  Beasts  (16581460  The  eies  of  a  Lyon  are  red, 
fiery,  and  hollow.  1676  WISEMAN  Chirnrg.  Treat.  313  In 
the  beginning  the  Eyes  look  red.  1729  SAVAGE  Wanderer 
11,  Death  in  her  Hand,  and  Frenzy  in  her  Eye  !  Her  Kye 
all  red,  and  sunk!  1788  COWPKR  Death  Bull/inch  i,  Ye 
Nymphs  if  e'er  your  eyes  were  red  With  tears.  1813  SCOTT 
Rokeby  in.  vi,  The  snake  . .  Watches  with  red  and  glistening 
eye.  1823  BYRON  Juan  vin.  cxix,  Their  bloodshot  eyes  afl 
red  with  strife.  1855  KINGSLKY  ll'estw.  Ho  I  xx,  Amyas 
was  pacing  the  deck,,  .his  eyes  red  with  rage  and  weeping. 
II,  In  combinations. 

12.  With  substantives,  forming  attributive  com 
pounds  as  red-brick  ^floor),  red-leather  (\.^\\\^}^\Q, 

1835  WILLIS  Pencilling*  I.  xi.  83  We  obeyed  the  call  of 
our  ^red-bonnet  guide.  1841  LEVER  C.  O'Malley  iii.  19  It's 
a  "red-breeches  day,  Master  Charles.  #1847  ELIZA  COOK 
Rhymes  by  Roadside  iv,  The  child  upon  the  *red-brick 
floor.  1888  LockwootTs  Diet.  Terms  280  Red  Brick  Dust, 
used  for  parting  Sand.  13. .  Gaw.  $  Gr.  Knt.  1817  Ho  rajt 
hym  a  riche  rynk  of  *red  golde  werkez.  1550  LYNDESAY  Sqr. 
Meldnon  8  Hir  hair  was  like  the  reid  gold  wyre.  1767 
COWPER  Let.  to  J.  Hill  14  May,  I  was  once  the  happy- 
owner  of  a_*red-leather  trunk.  igpsSiiAKS.  I'cn.tfAd.  no 
Leading  him  prisoner  in  a  *red-rose  cbaine.  c  1610  Women 
Saints  151  Being  rinsed  in  her  pwne  red  rose  bloud,  1837 
THACKERAY  Ra-venswing\,  The  little  *red-silk  cottage  piano. 
1870  MORRIS  Earthly  Par.  iv.  52  The  "red-throat  jay 
screamed  not  for  nought.  1754  BARTLET  Gentl.  Farriery 
(ed.  2)  243  Apply  . .  a  poultice  with  *red  wine  lees. 

b.  In  specific  names  or  designations,  chiefly  of 
animals,  birds,  and  trees,  as  red-bar  parrot^  red- 
bead  snake,  etc.  (see  quots.)  ;  red-bead  tree,  a 
leguminous  timber-tree,  Ormosia  dasycarpa  (also 


287 

called  bead-tree  and  necklace-tree} >  having  red  bend- 
like  seeds ;  red-bead  vine,  the  coral-bead  plant, 
Ahrns  precatorius  (see  CORAL  sb^  9)  ;  red-bean 
tree,  a  species  of  Erythrina  (cf.  coral-bean} ;  red- 
ink  plant,  the  Virginian  pokeweed,  Phytolacca 
dccandra.  See  also  RED-COAT,  -TOP,  -WING. 

1811  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  VIII.  it.  510  *Red-Bnr  Parrot. 
Psittacns  signatus.  ..It  is  said  to  be  a  native  of  Bra/il. 
iSoz/^/W.  III.  n.  5o2*RedBe;id  Snake.  Coluber  Guttat us. 
..A  native  of  Carolina.  1756  P.  BROWNE  Jamaica?^  The 
"Rud-Head  Tree.  The  seeds  are  pretty  large,  and  well 
marked  with  a  proportioned  black  spot.  Ibid.  297  ""'Red- 
Bead  Vine.  The  seeds  are  of  a  very  beautiful  scarlet  colour 
with  a  black  spot  on  one  side.  Ibid.  288  The  Coral  or  ~Red 
Bean  Tree.  The  seeds  of  this  tree  are  of  a  beautiful  red 
colour.  1820  RAFINKSQI:E  in  Smithson.  Coll.  XIII.  (1877) 
ix.  i.  28  *Red-belly  Shiner,  Ln.ri/us  Krythrogastcr.  1897 
Westm.  Gaz.  12  May  10/1  Chang  is  a  "red-button  mandarin. 
1840  Ht.KY.vwGardcncr's  Lib.  II.  \1bGraphiphora  Festiv a, 
Primrose  Moth.  .,  *Red  Clay  Moth.  1848  BARTLKTT  Diet. 
Amer.  357  *Rcd  Dog  Money,  a  term  applied,  in  the  State 
of  New  York,  to  certain  bank-notes  which  have  on  their 
back  a  large  red  stamp.  1703  DAMHER  I'oy.  (1729)  III.  4^0 
*Red-dye  Bark.  Because  it's  used  in  dying  that  Colour. 
1764  EDWARDS  Gleanings  II.  in.  346  Index,  The  *Red-heart 
Cherry.  1866  Treat.  Bot.  885/2  Its  dark  purplish  berries., 
contain  a  purplish-red  juice  somewhat  resembling  red  ink, 
and  hence  it  is  sometimes  called  the  *Red-ink  Plant.  1880 

0.  S.  WILSON  Lan-x  Brit.  Lepidopt.   266  Orthosia  lota, 
Linn.  The  *Red  Line  Quaker.     1840  HKRKMAN  Gardener^- 
Lib.  II.  165  Orgya  Antigua,  Common  Vapourer  Moth.  .. 
*Red  Spot  Tussock,     c  1830  Clone,  Farm  Rep,  n  in  J,il>. 
Lfscf.  Know!.,  Hitsb.   Ill,  The  '"red-straw-lammas  is  the 
kind  [of  wheat]  that  is  always  .sown  upon  this  farm.     1802 
SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  III.  i.  242  *Rcd-Throat  Lizard.     Lacerta 
I)  u  liar  is. 

13.  Prefixed  to  the  names  of  other  colours,  form 
ing  compound  adjs.  or  sbs.,  asred-hrffivn,  -fallow, 
-gold)  -orange^  etc. 

1824  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  XII.  i.  174  Edged  with  red. .and 
tipped  with  a  small  border  of  *red-ash.  1676  COTTON 
Angler  n.  vii,  The  hair. .turns  to  a  *red  brown.  1785 
BURNS  F-,p.  Simpson  x,  Her  moors  red-brown  wi'  heather 
bells.  1884  Chamb.  Jrnl.  3  May  273/1  The  rich  red-brown 
canvas  of  a  gliding  wherry.  c  1400  Master  of  Game  (MS. 
Digby  182)  xiv,  f>e  best  hewe  is  "red  falewe  with  a  blacke 
mosel.  1896  MARY  BEAUMONT  Joan  Set  on  112  The  diadem 
of  her  hair  shining  *red-gold  in  the  light.  1879  ROOD 
Chromatics  45  All  the  *red-orange  hues  are  represented. 
1828  DUSLOP  in  Mem.  R.  Aitron.  Soc.  III.  267  A  very 
singular  star  ..  of  an  uncommon  *red  purple  colour.  1675 
Lond.  Gaz.  No.  990^4  One  'Red  Roan'd  Horse,  having 
Pitch-brands  on  both  sides  of  his  Shoulders.  Ibid.  No.  1020/4 
A  light  Red-roan  Gelding.  1850  MRS.  BROWNING  Swan's 
Nest  v,  The  steed  shall  be  red-roan.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON 
tr.  Nicholay's  I'oy.  in.  xii.  93  b,  A  high  topped  cappe,  died 
of  *redde  scarlet,  c  1350  Ipomadon  2398  Efte  come  another 
stede.  .that  was  *  rede-sore,  a  1618  SYLVESTER  Wood-Marts 
Bear  xlv,  *  Red-white  hils,  and  while-red  plaines.  a  1578 
LINDKSAY  (Pitscottie)  Hist.  Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  258  He  bad 
nothing  on  his  heid  bot  syde  *reicl  fallow  hair.  1608  Svu- 
VESTKR  Die  Bartas  u.  iv.  iv.  Decay  101  As  the  fresh  red- 
yellow  Apple  dangles  (In  Autumn)  on  the  Tree. 

14.  Forming   parasynthetic    adjectives,   as    red- 
armed^  -blooded,  -cloaked,  etc. 

a.  In  general   use.     (See   also   RED-BEARDEP, 

-CHEEKED,  -COATED,  -EYED,  -HANDED,  -HEADED, 
-HEELED,  -NOSED,  etC.) 

1776  MicKi.F,  tr.  Camocns'  Lnsiad  139  The  awful  blade 
Of  *red-arm'd  Justice.  1802  A  fat.  Jrnl.  VIII.  370  These 
organs  are  the  same  in  the  white  as  in  the  'red-blooded 
animals.  1840  (.'itviers  Anim.  Kingd.  388  The  Annelides, 
..or  Red-blooded  Worms,  constitute  the  first  [class],  1852 
M.  ARNOLD  Lines  Kensington  Gard.^  Those  black-crowned, 
*red-boled  pine-trees.  1847  EMKRSON  Poems  (1857)  12  Little 
thinks  in  the  field  yon  *red-cloaked  clown  Of  thee.  1763 
Brit.  Mag.  IV.  547  The  *red-clock'd  stocking  trims  the 
brawny  leg.  1561  HOLLYBUSH  Horn.  Apoth.  6  Then  waxeth 
hys  skin  *rede  colored  also.  1719  LONDON  &  WISE  Compl. 
Gar<Pner  67  It's  pretty  red  colour'd.  1800  HERSCHEL  in 
Phil.  Trans.  XC.  513  Red-coloured  or  red-making  rays.  1570 
J.  PHILLIP  Friendly  Lamm  in  Farr  .9.  P.  Eliz.  (Parker  Soc.) 
II.  526  Some  wish  the  *redcombde  bird  might  crow.  1833 
TENNVSON  Poems  104  Lest  the  redcombed  dragon  slumber. 
1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  \.  Hi,  He  turned  into  a  *red-curtained 
tavern.  1657  W.  RAND  tr.  Gassendi's  Life  Peiresc  II.  152 
My  name  1  have  from  my  *red-feathered  coat.  1890  HARRI 
SON  &  VERRALL  Ancient  Athens-^. Ixxv,  The  rape.. appears 
on  upwards  of  twenty-five  *red-figured  vases.  1870  MORRIS 
Earthly  Par.  I.  i.  313  Seeing.. The  *red-finned  fishes  o'er 
the  gravel  play.  1697  CONGREVE  Mourn.  Bride  iv.  vii, 
What  mean  those  swollen  and  *red-fleck'd  eyes?  1838 
MARY  HO\VITT  Birds  <y  Flowers,  Ivy-busk  iv,  The  'red- 
gemmed  holly.  1594  MARLOWE  &  NASHE  Dido  iv.  v, 
A  silver  stream,  Where  thou  shall  see  the  *red-gill'd  fishes 
leap.  1803  SOUTHEY  Eclogues  i  A  Merman's  Funeral  15 
One  of  the  *red-gown'd  worthies  of  the  city.  1894  FROUDE 
Erasmus  86  A  *red-hatted  lackey  of  the  Holy  See.  1603 
HEYWOOD  Wont,  killed  \\.  iii,  The  *red-Ieaved  table  of  my 
heart.  1882  G.  MACDONALD  Castle  Warlock  xxix,  The  eye 
brows  over  his  *red-lidded  blue  eyes.  1819  KHATS  Fancy  13 
Autumn's  *red-lipped  fruitage  too.  1611  SHAKS.  H'int.  T. 
n.  ii.  34  Let  my  tongue,  .neuer  to  my  *red-look'd  Anger  bee 
The  Trumpet  any  more.  1849  ALISON  Hist.  Europe 
(ed.  2)  VIII.  xlix.  §  23.  26  The  *red-plumed  dragoons  of 
Floyd.  1653  H.  MORE  Antid.  Ath.  (1662)  73  The  *red- 
puggered  attire  of  the  Turkey.  1855  TENNYSON  Aland  \.  i. 

1,  The  *red-ribbed  ledges  drip  with  a  silent  horror  of  blood. 
1857  THORNBURV  Songs  Cav.  $•  Ronndh.  184  Through  the 
silent,  *red-roofed  town.     1790  BURNS  Tarn  o'  Shantcr  135 
Five  tomahawks  wi1  blude  *red-rnsted.  1611  COTGU.,  Ra$ont 
a  delicate  *red-skaled  fish.     1647  H.  MORE  Song  o/Souliu. 
HI.  xliii,  Red-scaled  Dragons  with  deep  burning  light  In 
their  hollow  eye-pits.     1535  in  Weaver  Wells  ll''ills  (1890) 
208  A  *red  scoryd  cow.     1848  THOREAU  Maine  W.  (18941  90 
A    *red-shirted  or  green-jacketed    mountaineer.     185*   M. 
ARNOLD  Etupedocles  n,  The  *red-snooded  Phrygian  girls. 


RED. 

1880  O.  MEREDITH  Tragic  Com.  (1881)  299  An  immediate 
death-dealer  who  stood  against  *red-streaked  bca\  i.-n>.  r  1612 
W.  STRACHEV  Hist.  Trai-aile  (1849)  63  A  kind  of  arsenick 
stone,  like..  *red  tempered  oyntments  of  earth.  1844 
THACKKRAY  Little  Trar,  iii,  Little  old-fashioned,  dumpy, 
whitewashed,  'red-tiled  bouses.  1721  AMUKKST  Terry  }<it. 
No.  46  (1754)  246  A  kick.,  from  a  "red-topi  shoe.  1859 
HAWTHORNE/f<zr£./Vzwu(i878)  I..\ii.  n-SThe  'red-trousered 
French  soldiers.  1859  COKNWAU.IS  AV?t'  li  \>rld  I.  165  'J  he 
clarion  note  was  sounded  from  some  *red-\valtled  throat. 

b.  In  the  distinctive  names  of  species  or  varie 
ties  of  birds,  fishes,  moths,  etc.     (See  also  KKD- 

BACKEI),  -BELLIED,  -BILLED,  -BHEASTED,  etc.) 

1781  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  I.  i.  300  ''Red-banded 
Parrot.  ..  On  the  forehead,  from  one  eye  to  the  other,  is  a 
band  of  red.  ..  Inhabits  St.  Domingo,  1758  G.  KDWARHS 
Glean.  Nat.  Hist.  I.  58  The  *Red-beaked  Toucan.  1857 
LIVINGSTONE  Trav.  613  He  put  bis  arm  into  the  hole,  and 
brought  out  a  Tockus  or  red-beaked  hornbill  \Toccxscry~ 
thforhyncus\  1705  Pi-vnvnn  in  1  'hil.  T>a>ts.  XXIV.  1953 
The  *red  Beam'd  Jamaica  Muscle.  ..  The  dead  sheik  are 
white  and  shining,  the  others  have  red  beams,  which  shoot 
from  the  hinge  and  are  broader  at  the  edges.  1880  O.  S. 
WILSON  Larvir  Brit.  Lepidopt.  30  Sesia  myoplformis^  I'.ot  k. 
The  ^Retl-belted  Clearwing.  Sesia  cnliiiforii,is,  Linn.  The 
Large  Red-belted  Clearwing.  1705  PETIVKR  in  Phil.  Txitts. 
XXIV.  1952  The  'red-blotted  Carolina  Crab.  1752  J.  HM  i, 
Hist.  Anim.  27  The  great  '  red-bodied  Spicier,  with  the  white 
cross.  1840  HEREMAN  Gardener s  Lib.  II.  168  Negaihile 
Ligniseca.  Carpenter  Dee. ..  Red-bodied  Bee.  — Red  Car 
penter  liee.  1837  GoL'l.D  Birds  Europe  IV.  PI.  299  *Red- 
cliL-sted  Dotterel.  ..  Ckwadrhis Pyrrhothorax.  i8io\\*iL- 
SON  Amer.  Ornith,  II.  103  'Red-Cockaded  Woodpecker, 
Picus  Qiternlns.  1837  GOULD  Birds  Europe  II.  PI.  52 
^Red-Collared  Goatsucker..  .L'apriwulgns  rnjicollis.  1785 
LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  III.  n.  544  "Red-Crested 
Duck.  1824  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  XII.  n.  iSS  Red-crested 
Pochard  (I'nligula  rufina}.  1894  NK\VTON  Diet.  Birds  736 
The  White-eyed  orCastaneous  Duck,.. and  the  Rtd-crested 
Duck.  Nyroca  rnjina.  1776  P.  DKOVVNK  Illitstr,  Zool,  30 
'Red-Crowned  Harbet.  1812  SiiAwGVw.  Zool.  VIII.  n.  523 
Red-crowned  Parrot,  Psittacus galeatus.  Ibid.  IX.  u.  446 
Red-Crowned  Finch  \,Fringilla  rnticapilla).  1781  LATHAM 
Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  I.  i.  123  'Red-eared  owl,  Strix  Asio 
(Linn.).  iS^oCuvit'f'sAttiin.  Kingd.  57  Red-eared  Monkey 
(C'.  crythrotis}.  . .  r'rom  Fernando  Po.  1848  GOULD  Birds 
Australia  III.  PL  79  Estrelda  ocitlea  . .  Red-cared  Finch. 
i8o3SHAwGV«.  Zool.  IV.  n.4i3*Red-FinnedSparu&  Spams 
Erythroptcnis.  ..  Native  of  Japan.  1882  DAY  fishes  Gt. 
Brit,  II.  210  Red -tinned  herrings  are  known  as  wine-drinkers 
in  Scotland.  1781  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  I.  i.  308 
*Red-fronted  Parrot.  ..  Inhabits  Brasil.  1815  SHAW  (,cn. 
Zcol.  IX.  i.  31  Red-fronted  Barbel  (Bncco  ri(Jifyons)  1817 
//>/(/.  X.  I.  91  Red-Fronted  Swallow.  Hrrioido  rnjifrcns. 
1590  SHAKS.  I\Iids.  N.  iv.  i.  12  Kill  me  a  "red  hipt  bumble- 
Bee.  1812  SHAW  Ci'tt.  Zool.  VIII.  n.  466  *Red-Hooded 
Parrakeet,  Psittacns  capita! its.  1809  Ibid.  VII.  i.  229 
*  Red-Horned  Owl,  Strix  Asio.  1713  PETIVER  Aqnat. 
Anim.  Amb.  3/1  *Red  Knobbed  Trumpet  [shell].  1729  in 
Dampier's  Voy.  (ed.  3)  III.  415  The  'Red-listed  Pearch  .. 
has  large  stiver  Scales  with  a  scarlet  Gloss.  1752  J.  HILL///J/. 
Anim.  133  The  "red-mouthed  IJuccinum,  with  the  clavicle 
erect,  1787  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  Suppl.  66  *Red- 
naped  Parrakeet.  1812  SnAw6V«.  Zool.  VIII.  n.  543  Red- 
Naped  Parrot,  Psittacns  muhalis.  1831  WILSON,  etc. 
Amer.  Ornith.  IV.  245  *Red-Shafted  Woodpecker.  Colaptes 
Ale.vicanits.  1888  [see  FUCKER  J/'.4].  1812  SHAW  Gen.  Zool. 
VIII.  n.  4Qo*Red-Sided  1'arrot.  Psittacns  lateraiis.  1860 
GOSSE  Brit.  Sea-Anemont-s  igSThe'Red-specked  Pimplet, 
Banodes  Ballii.  1752  J.  HILL  Hist.  Anim.  127  The  black, 
* red-streaked,  and  spotted  Nerite.  1898  MORRIS  .-/  nstral 
Engl.  385/1  Red  streaked  Spider,  or  Black-and-red  Spider, 
an  Australasian  spider  (Latrodcctns  scelio\.  1884-5  A'/:rr- 
side  Kat.  //M/.(i888)  II.  \^Caloptennsfcmnr-r>tbrnm,\\^ 
*Red-thighed  Locust,  is  found  throughout  North  America. 
1880  O.  S.  WILSON  Lar^'g  Brit.  Lepidopt.  39  Sesia  formici- 
formis^  Esp.  The  *Red-tipped  Clearwing.  1812  SHAW 
Gen.  Zool.  VIII.  n.  418  *Red-Topped  Parrakeet.  Psittacns 
I'erticalis.  1776  P.  BROWNE  Hlustr.  Zool.  10  *Red- Vented 
Cockatoo.  Ibid.  78  Red-vented  Warbler.  1812  SHAW  Gen. 
Zool.  VIII.  n.  481  Red-vented  Cockatoo,  Psittacns  Philip- 
pinarum.  1877  Nature  XVI.  218/1  Three  Red-vented 
Terrapins  (Clemmys  mbrwcntris).  ?  1711  PETIVER  Catal. 
Gazophyll.  Dec.  x.  n/i  '^Red-Waved,  thread-girdled  Heart 
Cockle. 
c.  In  names  of  plants. 

See  also  Cooke  Handbk.  Fungi  (1871)  for  red-cracked, 
•juiced,  etc.,  in  names  of  fungi. 

1634  JOHNSON  Merc.  Botan.  55  Spurre-flowred  Orchis,  or 
"Red-banded  Orchis.  1611  COTGR.,  Rosmarin  sauvagt, 
(the  *red-branched)  wild  Rosemarie.  1707  MORTIMER  Hnsb. 
(1721)  I.  127  They  have  also  a  *red-ear'd  bearded  Wheat. 

1762  MILLS  Pract.  Ifnsb.  I.  362  Their  white  kind  of  red 
ear'd  wheat  has  a  white  ear  and  a  red  grain.    1703  DAMPIF.R 
Voy.  (1729)  III.  446  *Red-edg'd  flouring  Cane.    1868  DARWIN 
Anim.  fy  PI.  I.  x.  335  The  *red-fleshed  orange. .fails  to_re- 
produce  itself.     1777  LIGHTFOOT  Flora  Scot.  I.  262  Briar- 
Rose,  ''red  -  flower 'd  Dogs-Rose,  or  Hep-Tree.     1832  Plant- 
t'HggS  mLil'.  Usef.  A'««y/.,  Hitsb.  Ill,  Red-flowered  Bucks- 
eye-tree,   Pavia  rubra.      1866  Treat.  Bot.  853 '2  P[aria\ 
rnbra,   often   called    Red-flowercd    Horse-chestnut.     1846 
MRS.  LOUDON  Brit.  Wild  Floivers  135  The  "Red-Fruited 
Bramble.     Ibid.  143  The  Red-Fruited  Dwarf  Rose.     1825 
J.  NEAL  Bro.  Jonathan  III.42olhe*red-hearted,or  upland 
beech.    1597  GERARDE  Herbal  84  "Red  leafed  Cow  Wheate. 
1819  WARDEN  United  States  II.  522  Andromeda,  red  leaved. 

1763  MILLS  Pract.  Hitsb.  III.  183  The  *red  rooted  potatoes 
have  purplish  flowers.     1766  Complete  Farmer  s.v.  Turnip 
The  red  rooted   turnip   was  formerly   more  cultivated   in 
England  than  at  present.    1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.  s.v. 
H'all-Moss,  The  *red-stalked,   transparent,    grassy-leaved 
Bryum.     1764  Museum  Rust.  III.  321   Five  coomb  of  seed 
red-stalked  wheat.     1866  SOWERBY  Eng.  Bot.  V.  69  Filago 
Apiculata.  ..  *Red-tipped   Cudweed.     1763  MILLS  Pract. 
iiitsb.  III.  151  The  *red  or  purple  topped,  and  the  large 
green  topped  turnips.     1805  R.  W,  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric. 
II.  640  The  red-topped  [turnip].,  is  apt  soon  to  become 
stringy.     1832  Plant  ing  iq  in  Lib.  Use/.  Knowl.,  Hnsb.  Ill, 
*Red  twigged  Lime  tree,  Tilia  Europ.  corallina.      Ibid. 
105  "  Red-veined  Ash-tree,  Fra.rinns  rubicitnda.    1878  HOGG 


RED. 

&  JOHN-SON  Wild  Ft.  Gt.  Krit.  X.  PI.  797  Rnmex  Sangni- 
tins,  Red- veined  Dock.  184:  LOUDON  Encycl.  Trees  * 
Shrubs  174  Rliammis  F.iythoxylon  . .  The  "red-wooded 
Buckthorn. 

15.  a.  With  pa.  pples.,  as  red-clad,  -dabbled,  -dyed, 
-lined,  -/it/en.  -painted,-plmved,  -written.  Also  rcti- 
•i'et  shod}. 

1871  J.  MILLER  Songs  Italy  (1878)  36  The  "red-clad  fishers 
row  .ind  creep  Below  the  crags.  1857  THORNHURV  Songs 
Cat'.  $  Rcntndh.  4  Remember  Kdge-hill  and  tlie  *  red-dabbled 
mire.  1632  MASSINGER  8:  FIELD  Fatal  Dowry  iv.  iv,  I,  in 
your  case,  put  on  a  scarlet  robe  Of  ""red-died  cruelty.  1849 
D.J.  BROWNE  Amer.  Poultry  Yd.  (1855)  242  Opening  his 
'red-lined  throat  to  its  utmost  extent.  1839  POE  Fall  House 
eftftktrVfks.  1864  I.  301  Travellers  ..  Through  the  'red- 
litten  windows  see  Vast  forms.  1891  G.  F.  X.  GRIFFITH  tr. 
Ftuartft  Christ  I.  259  The  red-litten  peaks,  a  1843  SOUTHKY 
Comm.-pl.  Jit.  (1849)  II.  566  The  Red-painted  Hatchet  of 
War.  1884  TENNYSON  Karly  Springs  The  Heavenly  Power 
..domes  the  'red-plmv'd  hills  With  loving  blue.  1785 
BURNS  Ep.  Simpson  xi.  Still  pressing  onward  'red-wat  shod 
1820  Black™.  Mag.  July  384/2 The  hand  of  her  kindred  has 
been  red-wat  in  the  heart's  blude  o' my  name.  1871  HROUN- 
ING  Balanstion  1701  To  read  'red-written  up  ant!  d  nvn  The 


world  fete.]. 


objective,  as  red-making. 

1729  SAVAGE  Wanderer  I,  There  lies.. the  ripening  Dia 
mond's  Ray,  And  thence  'red-branching  Coral's  rent  away. 
1625  li.  IONSON  Staple  of  N.  iv.  iv,  Throw  away  Her  boun 
- 


( 


1625  B.  JONSON  St, 

ties,  asthey  were  "red-burning  coal's.  1816  WARDEN  Deser. 
Columbia  166  Maple  ('red  lloweringl.  Acerrnt'riim.  1864 
SOWF.RBY  Eng.  Hot.  II.  129  Spergnlaria  Rnlira.  . .  Red- 
flowering  Field  Spurrey.  1889  MAIDEN  Usef.  Native 
riauts  471  This  rugged-barked  variety  (Victorian  Ironbark) 
must  not  be  confused  with  the  Red-flowering  Ironbark 
(/•-'.  Sideroxylon\  of  New  South  Wales.  1855  MORRIS  in 
Mackail  Life  (1899)  I.  50  Under  the  "red-gleaming  moon 
light.  1697  CONGKEVE  Mourn.  Bride  n.  x,  And  wrench 
the  Bolt  'red-hissing  from  the  Hand  Of  him  that  thunders. 
1715-20  POPE  Iliad  xiv.  482  The  bolt,  red-hissing  from 
above.  1704  NEWTON  Optics  (ed.  3)  168  The  homogeneal 
Light  and  Rays  which  appear  red,  or  rather  make  objects 
appear  so,  I  call  Rubrific  or  Red-making.  1797  Hi;cn  1.11  \M 
in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXVII.  359  If  \Vfi  be  changed  to 
a  red-making  beam  [etc.].  1729  SAVAGE  ll'anderer\,  The 
native  Strawberry 'red-ripening  grows.  1823  MKS.  HUMANS 
Vespers  of  Palermo  II.  iv,  The  partial  glare  Of  the  'red- 
streaming  lava.  1729  SAVAGE  \Vanderer  v,  He  rolls  'red- 
swelling,  tearful  Eyes  around. 
III.  In  special  applications. 

16.  As  a  distinctive  epithet  of  things  in  which 
the  colour  forms  a  natural  or  obvious  mark  of 
kind  or  class. 

ciooo  ^ELFRIC  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wulcker  149/8  Ceraunie, 
reade  winberige.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  4678  Depe  selers  . .  he 
fild  wit  wines,  quite  and  red.  1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Lore 
Prol.  (Skeat)  1.  15  Some  . .  painten  with  colours  riche  ..  as 
with  red  inke.  c  1450  M.  E.  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  190  Closed 
Hrybynne  be  ere  wyb  red  wax.  Ibid.  227  pen  se)>  hem  wel 
in  red  eysel.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  301/2  Rede  grapes,  clh;-. 
1523  FITZHERB.  Hnsl>.  §  142  Parchmente,  reedwax,  pommes. 
bokes.  _i6i7  MORVSON  Itin.  I.  143  The  white  and  red 


^  r -830 

URE  Diet.  Arts  184  The  finest  kind  of  marl  and  red  bricks, 
called  cutting  bricks.  1849  HERSCHF.I.  Otifl.  Astron.  S.  851 
Many  of  the  red  stars  are  variable.  1851  CARPENTER  Man. 
1'hys.  (ed.  2!  311  The  blood  of  Invertebrated  animals,  from 
which  the  red  corpuscles  are  almost  or  altogether  absent. 

b.  Applied  to  various  diseases  marked  by  evacua 
tion  of  blood  or  cutaneous  eruptions. 

a  1400-50  Stockk,  Med.  MS.  152  For  be  reed  flyx.  1417 
Durham  Ace.  Kolh  (Surtees)  318  De  quibus  [agnis]  in 
morina  Ixij,  in  quodam  morbo  voc.le  redeyll.  1447  [see 
FLUX  :l>.  i].  1493  Festivall  (W.  de  W.  1515}  114  b,  Cryst  .. 
heled  Martha  her  systerof  the  reed  fluxe.  1561  HOLLYRUSH 
Hom.  Apotli.  6  If  y8  waking  come  of  y°  rede  colera,  then 
waxeth  hys  skin  rede  colored  also.  1563  [see  LEPRV].  1606 
SHAKS.  Tr.  ff  Cr.li.  i.  20  A  red  Murren  o'  thy  lades  tricks. 
1610  —  Temp.  i.  ii.  364  The  red-plague  rid  you  For  learning 
me  your  language.  1664  Metli.  Cnem.  Philos.  Kf  Physici- 
242  'i'hese  are  the  signs  of  the  red  Lepry.  1845  YOUATT 
^"".f  (1858)  368  In  red  mange  the  whole  integument  is  in  a 
state  of  acute  inflammation.  1878  Times  26  Dec.,  'Soldier 
disease  or  red  disease'  are  names  given  to  any  affection  in 
swine  accompanied  by  general  or  patchy  redness  of  the  skin. 

c.  Red  bogs,  one  of  the  chief  classes  of  bogs  in 
Ireland  (see  quot.  1846). 

1685  W.  KING  in  Phil.  Trans.  XV.  955  Every  red  Bog 
has  about  it  a  deep  marshy  sloughy  ground,  which  they 
call  the  bounds  of  the  Bog.  1737  Dublin  Sac.  Weekly 
Obs.  No.  19  (1739)  I.  122  The  Crop  I  mean  is  Hops ;  and 
the  Bogs  in  which  I  have  reared  them  with  most  Success, 
the  worst  and  most  useless  of  all  others — the  red  Bogs. 
1846  M'Ci-LLocH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  I.  347  The 
colour  of  the  matter  of  which  they  are  composed  is,  for 
the  most  part,  reddish,  whence  they  are  usually  called  red 
bogs.  Exclusive  of  the  red  or  flat  bogs  [etc.]. 

d.  Red  squadron,  one  of  the  three  squadrons 
into  which  the  Royal  Navy  was  formerly  divided. 

1702  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  3835/3  Sir  John  Munden,  Rear- 
Admiral  of  the  Red-Squadron.  1769  FALCONER  Diet. 
Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Fleet,  The  ships  of  the  red  squadron  wear 
an  ensign,  whose  union  is  displayed  on  a  red  field.  1802 
Naval  Citron.  VIII.  223  note.  The  English  do  not  wear  the 
red  flag  at  the  main.  ..The  distinguishing  flag  of  the  red 
squadron  has  ever  been  the  Union  or  flag  of  the  Lord  High 
Admiral.  1891  HCLMF.  Heraldry  (1897)  262  Until  1864, 
Great  Britain  had  admirals,  and  vice  and  rear-admirals,  of 
the  red,  white,  and  blue  squadrons. 

17.   Used   more   or   less   descriptively   and   dis- 


288 

1   tinctively  with  the  general  or  generic  names    of 
animals,  birds,  fishes,  plants,  and  minerals. 

3j.  Animal 5,3$  red  lot,  cat,  kangaroo,lcinitr,i}iole , 
rat,  slug,  snail  (see  quots.) ;  red  adder,  U.  S.,  the 
copperhead  snake ;  red  ant,  any  ant  of  this  colour, 
esp.  (a)  a  common  small  British  ant,  Formica  vor 
A/yrmica]  ntbra ;  (i)  the  hill-  or  horse-ant,  f.  rnfa; 
(c)  the  American  house-ant,  Monsmorium  phara- 
onis;  (if)  (see  quot.  1872)  ;  fred  antelope,  (a) 
the  steen-bok  ;  (/>)  the  nagor  or  Senegal  antelope  ; 
rud  ant-fly  (see  ANT-FLY);  red  bat,  i'.S..  a 
common  American  bat ;  red  bear-oat,  the  panda 
or  \vah  (Cent.  Diet.  1891)  ;  red  buck,  a  South 
African  antelope  ;  red  bug,  U.S.,  (a}  the  cotton- 
stainer,  Dysderctis  snttirellits ;  (/>")  one  of  several  red 
harvest-ticks ;  red  crab,  U.  S.,  an  edible  crab  of 
the  Pacific  coast ;  red  fox,  (a}  the  common  Euro 
pean  fox,  I'ulpes  vulgaris ;  (i)  the  common  North 
American  fox,  r.  fulrns  ;  (c)  the  kit-fox  of  N. 
America ;  red  hare,  a  variety  of  the  common 
American  hare ;  red  louse,  the  harvest  bug,  or 
harvest  mite  (Cent.  Diet.");  red  lynx,  the  bay  lynx. 
Felis  ntfa ;  red  maggot  see  MAGGOT)  ;  red 
monkey,  the  patas  of  Western  Africa;  red  mouse, 
the  harvest  mouse ;  f  red  orang,  the  orang 
outang  ;  t  red  snake,  a  Virginian  species  of  snake 
(?  the  red  adder) ;  red  squirrel,  the  chickaree ; 
red  tiger,  the  cougar  (Cent.  Diet.}  ;  red  viper, 
(«)  a  species  of  British  viper ;  (/>')  U.  S.,  the  red 
adder  or  copperhead ;  red  wolf,  (a)  a  South 
American  wolf,  Cam's  jitliatiis ;  (b)  a  North 
American  variety  of  the  common  wolf.  Also  RED 
JIEER,  KEII  SPIDER,  RED  WORM.  (For  red  admiral, 
arches,  carpet,  etc.,  see  19.) 

1859  BARTLETT  Diet.  Av-cr.  s.v.  Copperhead,  It  has  various 
other  popular  names,  as  Copper-belly,  Red  Viper.  Red 
adder.  1667  KING  in  /'/;//.  Trans.  11.426  If  you  put  Black 
Ants  into  a  Bank  of  the  *Red  [ants],  the  Black  . .  will  not 
meddle  with  the  Red,  but  . .  run  away.  1747  GOI-I.D  Ace. 
Eng.Ants  n  The  Red  Ants  are  to  be  met  with  under  broad 
Stones  or  other  Rubbish.  1816  KIRRV  &  Sr.  Entomol.  II, 
xvii.  07,  I  found  the  inhabitants  of  a  nest  of  the  red  ant 
(Myrntica  rutra)  very  busily  employed.  1872  WOOD  lii- 
s.-fts  at  Home  340  The  Red  Ant  (1-ormica  sanguined)  is 
worthy  of  some  notice,  because  it  is  one  of  the  slave-making 
species.  1781  PENNANT  Hist.  Qiiadnip.  I.  76  "Red  Ante 
lope.  1790  BEWICK  Hist.  Qiiadnip.  80  The  Steen-Bok  or 
Red  Antelope  of  Mr.  Pennant.  1797  Encycl.  Krit.  (ed.  3) 

IV.  146/2  The  nagor,  or  red  antelope,.,  inhabits  Senegal  and 
the  Cape.     1812  WILSON  Amer.   Ornith.  VI.  pi.  50  *Red 
Bat.      1884-5   Rircrsiitc   Nat.    Hist.    (rS88l    V.    167    The 
Alalapha  nffveborafensis,  or  Red  Bat,  is  perhaps  the  most 
common  of  the  eastern  American  bats.     1836  I'enny  Cycl. 

V.  261/1  A  smaller  species  of  hot,  called  from  its  colour  the 
'red-hot,  is  occasionally  found  in  the  stomach  [of  the  horse].    • 
1883  J.  MACKENZIE  Day-da-vn  in  Dark  /'laces  97,  I  beheld 
the  gnu  and  the  /ebra,  the  *red-buck,  the  spring  buck,  and 

. .  the  lech  we,  or  water-buck.  1781  PENNANT  Hist.  Qnadrup. 
II.  564  Wild  *Red  Cat.  1887  RATHIH-N  in  Goode  Fisheries 
U.S.  II.  657  The  common  crab  (Cancer  magister) ;  the  "red 
crab  (Cancer  prodnctvs) ;  the  rock  crab  [etc.].  l8i6WARDF.N 
Descr.  Columbia  159  The  grey  and  the  *red  fox  frequent 
this  region.  1875  COPE  in  Smithson.  Coll.  XIII.  i  ili  62 
Our  red  fox  (Vvlpes  fulvHS)  is  nearly  related  to  the  Euro 
pean  fox  (/'.  -'nlgaris).  1879  GOOFJF.  Ibid.  XXIII.  iv.  19 
I.epus  Amcricanns,  var.  II'as/i!iiftaxfi.-''Red  Hare.— 
West  of  Rocky  Mountains  from  Columbia  River  into  British 
Columbia.  1877  Nature  XV.  410/1  A  *Red  Kangaroo 
(Macropus  rn/us),  born  in  the  Gardens.  1848  CRAIGS.V.  Red, 
'  Red  lemur,  the  quadruinanous  animal,  Lemur  rnl>ra  1875 
Corr.  in  Smithuin.  Coll.  XIII.  I.  iii.  65  The  »red  lynx  and 
raccoon  are  examples . . ,  and  several  species  of  wood-warblers 
1781  PENNANT  Hist.  Quadrnf.  II.  487  'Red  Mole. .  7W/« 
rulira  Americana.  1840  Cm'ier's  Anim.  Kingii.  80  The 
Red  Mole  of  America.. is  more  likely  the  Scalaps  cnna- 
densts.  1790  BEWICK  Ifist.  Qnadnip.  403  The  Patas 
or  *Red  Monkey.  1848  CRAIG  s.v.  Red,  Red  or  Patas 
monkey,  the  Cercopithccns  niter  of  Geoffroy  and  Siaiin 
ruh-a  of  Linnxus.  c  1475  Pict.  I'ac.  in  Wr.-Wulcker  760/12 
Hie  nenidaa,  a  'redmowse.  1774  G.  WHITF,  Helliame  Ix, 
As  my  neighbour  was  housing  a  rick  he  observed  that  his 
dogs  devoured  all  the  little  red  mice  that  they  could  catch, 
but  rejected  the  common  mice.  1840  Cnvicr's  Anim, 
Ktngd.  55  The  Pongo  . .  is  known  only  to  occur  in 
Borneo  where  the  *Red  Ourang  has  not  been  ascertained 
to  exist.  1781  PENNANT  Hist.  Qnadrup.  II.  452  «Red 
Rat,  Mns  Rutiliis.  ..  Inhabits  Sibiria,  from  the  Oby 
eastward  to  Kamtschatka.  1783  BAUBIT  I'crmes  -m  ' 
ftma.i-  Rnfus.  ..  The  'Red  Slug.  1839  Penny  Cycl. 
XIII.  486/2  Anon  rtifns.  Red  Slug.  Ikid.,  The  supposed 
virtues  of  a  decoction,  .of  Red  Slugs  in  disorders  of  the 
chest.  14..  Stockk.  Me,/.  J/.S'.  in  Anglia  XVIII.  207 
Late  gadrean  hep  of  «red[e]  snayl[is]  pat'crepyn  aboute  in 
reyn  and  haylys.  c  1450  HI.  /-.'.  Mcd.  /«•.  (Heinrich)  200 
1  ak  (>e  water  of  be  rede  sneyl.  1752  J.  HIM.  fiist.  Anim.  • 
87  Limax  sidmiftis. . .  The  naked  red  Snail.  1688  CLAYTON- 
in  Phil.  Trans.  XVIII.  134  There  is  another  sort  of  deadly 
Snake,  called  the  "Red  Snake.  1819  WARDEN  United  States 
I.  230  The  *Rcd  Squirrel,  not  so  large  as  the  Grey,  has  its 
name  from  a  reddish  stripe  which  runs  along  the  back  1847 
AUDUBOH&  BACHMAH  Vtvif.Qnud.lf, A.  1. 129  Providence 
has  placed  much  food  ..  within  reach  of  the  Red-Squirrel  • 
during  winter.  i8z8  The  Crypt  III.  9  A  serpent,  known  to  | 
the  gamekeepers  of  Dorsetshire  under  the  name  of  the  "Red  I 
Viper,,  .considered  to  be  more  poisonous  than  the  common  ! 
viper,  but  is  fortunately  very  rare.  1859  [see  red  adder 
above].  1840  Cn-'iers  Anim.  Kingd.  91  The  *Red  Wolf. . 
From  the  marshes  of  South  America.  1876  GOODF  in  ' 
Smitluoti.  Coll.  XIII.  vi.  69  Red  Wolf. 

b.  Birds,  as  red  btitcher-bird,  creeper,  dunlin,    \ 


RED. 

\   heron,  humming-bird,  criole,  pheasant,  sandpiper, 
i    sheldrake,  shrike,  sparrow,  wheat-ear  (see  quots.) ; 
red-chatterer,   the   Surinam   red-bird,    Ampelix 
carnifex;  red  cook,  the  grouse ;  f  red  coot-foot. 
=  red  phalarope;  red  curassow,  the  red  Peruvian 
I    hen,  Crax  rubra ;  f  red  curlew,  the  scarlet  ibis  ; 
;    red  duck,  the  castaneous  or  white-eyed  duck ;  red 
I    falcon,  f  (a)  an  East  Indian  falcon,  also  called  red 
!    Indian  falcon ;  f  (&)  the  female  peregrine  falcon 
when  a  year  old  ;  (c)  the  merlin  ;  red  fink,  the  red 
grenadier  grosbeak,  Ploceus  oryx  ;  red  flammant, 
flamingo,  the  common   flamingo,  Phrenicopterus 
niber ;  red  godwit,  the  bar-tailed  or  black-tailed 
godwit,  Limosa  rufa  or  ivgocephala  ;  red  goose, 
j    U.S.,  the  snow-goose  (Cent. Diet.  1891);  red  gros 
beak,  the  cardinal  grosbeak  or  Virginia  nightingale ; 
:    red  grouse  (see  GROUSE  i  b) ;  red  hawk,  (a)  a 
yearling  hawk  ;  (/<)   the   merlin  ;  red  hoop,  the 
bullfinch;  red  jungle-fowl   (see   JUNGLE   3b): 
red  kite,  the  common  kite ;  red  knot,  the  sander- 
ling  and  knot  in  summer  plumage;  red  lark,  ?(a) 
|    the   meadow  or  water  pipit;    (ij   the   American 
tit-lark ;   red   linnet,    (a)    the    common    linnet ; 
(/')   the  lesser   redpoll;    (r)    the   goldfinch;    red 
'    lobefoot,  the  red   phnlarope ;   red  macaw,   the 
,    red-and-blue  macaw ;  red  martin,  U.  S.,  the  red 
godwit  (Cent.  Dirt.};  red  owl,  Strix  asio;  red 
partridge,  the  red-legged  partridge ;  red  phala 
rope.  the  grey  phalarope  in  summer  plumage  ;  led 
ptarmigan,  the  grouse;   red  rail,  the  Virginia 
rail  (Cent.  Diet.)  ;  red  robin,  (<z)  the  redbreast ; 
(/>)  =  next ;  red  tanager,  the  scarlet  tanager ;  red 
thrush,  (a}  the  redwing,  Tnrdus  iliacus ;  (b)  the 
American  red-breasted   thrush;    red  tiercel,  the 
male   peregrine   falcon  when  a  year   old.      Also 
RED-BIRD,  RED-GAME.     (For  red-back,  -bill,  etc., 
see  18  b,  and  main  words.) 

1743  EDWARDS  Nat.  Hist.  Birds  I.  n.  54  The  Crested  "  Red 
or  Russit  Butcher-Bird.     1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds 
II.  i.  97  'Red  ChfattererJ.     1817  SHAW  Gen   Zool.  X    it. 
425  Red  Chatterer,  with  a  band  through  the  eyes  and  the 
tips  of  the  quills  and  tail-feathers  black.    1776  PENNANT  Brit. 
Zool.  (ed.  4)  I.  229  'Red  Cock.    1828  FLEMING  Brit  Anim. 
100 LMpes  hypcrl'orens.  'Red  Coot-foot.  1782  LATHAM  Gin. 
Synopsis  Birds  I.n.  721  "Red  Creeper,  Trochtlus  coccinens. 
..Supposed  to  be  found  in  Mexico.     1802  BINGLEV  Anim 
Biog.  (1813)   II.  142  The  Red  Creeper.     This   diminutive 
inhabitant  of  New  Spain  ..  I  mention  merely  for  the  pur- 
pose  of  describing  its  nest.     1819  SHAW  Gen  Zooi  XL  i. 169 
The  'Red  Curassow  is  the  size  of  a  turkey.     1754  CATESBY 
Nat.  Hist.  Carolina  I.  84  The  'Red  Curlew      1769  BAN 
CROFT  Guiana  172  The  Curlew  of  Guiana  is  the  Indian 
or  Red  Curlew  of  Ray.     1785  PENNANT  Arct.  Zool   II   s?6 
Lapmark,  'Red,  and  Garganey  Duck.     1817  T.  FORSTER 
Nat.  Hist.  SvMthwtribe  (ed.  6)  95  Anas  Nyroca,  Casta 
neous  duck.  .Red  duck.    1824  SHAW  Gen  Zool.'X.ll    1.96 
"Red  Dunlin  (Pt-lidna  Snl<ar\-i(ata  I..  Dunlin  with  the  beak 
longer  than  the  head,    a  1672  WILLUGHBY  Ornith.  (tf-jf-.) 
PI.  9  Fitlco  rttber  Indicits.  .The  'Red  Indian  Falcon     1678 
RAY  Willnghbys  O rnith.  81  The  Red  Falcon.    1887  SMITH 
Birds  69  (E.D.D.)  The  female  when  a  yearling  was  termed 
a  '  Red  Falcon  '.     1890  WATSON  Nature  ff  Woodcraft  viii. 
The  Keeper's  'red  falcon'  is  the  beautiful  Merlin.     1867 
LAYAUD  Birds  S.  Africa  185  *Red  Fink  of  Colonists.  .  .The 
'Red  Caff  re  Fink',  though  not  an  uncommon  bird,  is  certainly 
a  very  local  one.     1785  PENNANT  Arct.  Zool.  II.  504  'Red 
Flammant.     1785  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  V.  299  PI.  93 
'Red  Flamingo.    1824  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  XII.  i.  186  Red 
Flamingo  with  the  quills  black.    1766  PENNANT  Brit  Zool. 
(1768)  II.  353  The  'red  godwit  is  superior  in  size  to  the 
common  kind.     1824  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  XII.  i.  78  The  Red 
Godwit  is  found  in  various  parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  North 
America:  in  England  it  is  found  throughout  the  year      1885 
SWAINSON  Prov.  Names  Birds  199  Black-Tailed  Godwit 
Also  called  Red  godwit  (Ireland).     1731  ALBIN  Nut.  Hist. 
Birds  55  pi.  57  The  'Red  Grosbeak,  or  V  irginia  Nightingale. 
..Some  call  it  the  Virginia  Nightingale,  and  in  Virginia,  &c. 
they  call  it  the  Red-bird,  but  more  properly  the  Red  Gros 
beak.     1776  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  (ed.  4)  I.  Index  229  'Red 
Grous.    1794  HUTCHINSON  Hist.  Cnml'td.  1. 17/2  Moor  Game 
or  Red  Grous.     1843  VARREI.L  Brit.  Birds  II.  321  Some 
authors  have  called  our  Red  Grouse,  the  Red  Grous  Ptar 
migan,  the    Red   Ptarmigan,  and   the    Brown   Ptarmigan. 
1849  M.  ARNOLD  Resignation  70  The  red-grouse,  springing 
at  our  sound.     1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxn.  7,  I  do  lyk  ane 
*reid  halk  schout.     1828  SIR  J .  S.  SF.BRIGHT  Hawking  32 
The  young  hawks  of  the  year  are  called  red  hawks,  from  the 
colour  of  their  plumage.    1890  WATSON  Nature  <y  //  oodcraft 
13  The  great  grouse  poachers  of  the  Moors  are  the  beautiful 
little  Merlins    ..The  'red  hawk'  is  plucky  beyond  its  size 
and  strength,  and  will  pulldown  a  partridge.    1678  RAY  Wti- 
liitrhbys  Ornith.  283  The  greater  speckled  or  'red  Heron  of 
Aldrovand.   1802  MONTAGU  Ornith.  Diet.  (1831)  59  Bullfinch. 
. .  'Red-hoop.     1743  EDWARDS  Nat.  Hist.  Birds  1. 1. 32  The 
Long.tail'd  'Red  Humming- Bird.   1840  MACGILLIVRAY ///*/. 
Brit.   Birds   III.    265   Mili'ns   rfgalis;    The  'Red    Kite. 
1893  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  491  In  some  districts  this  [the 
black  kite]  is  much  commoner  than  the  red  kite.    1824  SHAW 
Gen.  Zool.  XI  1. 1.  90  'Red  Knot  (Calidris  Islanditirt.    1776 
PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  (ed.  4)  I.  303  "Red  Lark.    This  species 
is  equal  in  size  to  the  common  lark.     1817  T.  FORSTKR  Nat. 
Hist.  SwattmMbt   (ed.  6)   77  Alanda  Riibra,   Redlark. 
1738  ALBIN  Kat.  Hist.  Birds  III.  68 The  'Red  Linnet,  Cock 
and  Hen.    1831  RENNIE  Montagu's  Ornith.  Diet.  298  A  male 
of  three  years  old  is  distinguished  in  the  spring,  by  the  name 
of  the  Red  Linnet.     1893  [see  LINNET  i].     1819  CAPT.  Ross 
Voy.  Distent.  App.  n.  lix.  I.oHpes  Hypcrboreas  ('Red  Lobe- 
foot),  commonly  named  Red  Phalarope.     1703  'Red  macaw 
[see  MACAW].     1831  WILSON,  etc.  Amer.  Ornith.  IV.  ?S8 
Were  one  to  compare  . .  the  red  macaw  with  the  ground 


BED. 

parrot  of  New  Holland.  1781  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds 
1. 11.431  "Red  Oriole.  ..Size  of  our  Blackbird.  1785  PENNANT 
Arct.  Zool.  II.  234  *Red  Owl.  1811  WILSON  Amer. 
Ornith.  V.  84  The  Red  Owl  is  eight  inches  and  a  half  long. 
1894  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  678  Now  the  '  Red  Owl  '  and  the 
'  Mottled  Owl '  of  the  older  American  ornithologists  are 
known  to  be  one  species.  1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds 
II.  n.  767  Greek  Partridge  or  Great  "Red  Partridge.  1840 
Cuvier's  Anim.  Kingd.  229  The  Red  Partridge  (Tetrao 
ntfus,  Lin.)  and  five  or  six  others  ..  are  peculiar  to  the 
eastern  hemisphere.  1776  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  (ed.  4)  II. 
414  "Red  Phalarope.  1831  RENNIE  Montagu's  Ornith.  Diet. 
366  To  these  varieties  Temminck  has  added  the  Red  Phala 
rope.  1894  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  712  In  summer,  .the  whole 
of  the  lower  parts  are  bright  bay,  . .  and  hence  it  has  in  this 
condition  been  called  the  Red  Phalarope.  1752  J.  HILL 
Hist.  Anim.  486  The  "red  Pheasant,  1819  SHAW  Gen.  Zool. 
XI.  n.  294  The  "Red  Ptarmigan  is  in  length  fifteen  inches 
and  a  half.  2843  [see  red  grouse  above],  1776  PENNANT 
Brit.  Zool.  (ed.  4)  II.  394  "Red  Sandpiper.  Tringa  Icclan- 
dica.  Birds  of  this  species  have  appeared  in  great  flocks 
on  the  coast  of  Essex.  1781  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds 
I.  I.  192  "Red  Shrike  . .  its  body  is  of  a  bright  red  colour. 
Inhabits  Surinam.  1783  Ibid.  III.  271  This  [crimson-headed 
finch]  inhabits  the  thick  woods  about  the  Volga  and  Samara, 
where  it  is  called  the  "Red  Sparrow.  Ibid.  217  "Red 
Tfanager].  Tanagra  R libra.  ..  Inhabits  Canada.  1827 
AUDUBON  in  Journals  (1893)  1.245  ine  powers  of .  .the  "Red 
Thrush.  1843  fbid.  516  The  delightful  song  of  the  Red 
Thrush.  1885  SWAINSON  Prov.  Names  Birds  4  Red  thrush 
(Midlands).  1743  EDWARDS  Nat.  Hist.  Birds  I.  I.  31  The 
"Red  or  Russit-Colour'd  Wheat  Ear.  1817  SHAW  Gen. 
Zool.  X.  II.  569  Red  VVheatearlKiVi/fora  rufa).  ..  Taken  at 
Gibraltar  and  near  Bologna. 

C.  Fishes,  etc.,  as  red  dory,  lamprey,  mackerel, 
scallop,  sea-nettle ;  red  bandfish,  the  red  ribband 
fish  or  red  snakefish,  Cepola  rubescens  (cf.  BAND 
J-*.1  Ill) ;   red  bass,   (a)   U.  S.  the  red  drum  or 
red-fish,  Scisna  ocellata  ;  (If)  an  Australian  fish  (see 
quot.  1898)  ;  red  bream  (see  quot.) ;  red  char, 
the  case-char  before  spawning  (formerly  regarded  as 
a  distinct  species) ;   red  cod,  (a)  the  rock-cod ;    j 
(6)    a   New   Zealand    gadoid    fish,   Pseudophycis 
bacchus;  (c)  (see  quot.  1836);  red  crab,  (a)  the 
sea  cray-fish ;    (b)  an  American   crab  (see   quot. 
1884);  red  cusk,  a  Californian  fish  (see  quot.); 
red  dace,  (a)  the  roach;    (K)   U.S.  the  red-fin;    ! 
red  drum,  =  red bass;  red  garrupa  (see  quot.)  ; 
red   gilthead,  the  sea  bream ;   red  grouper,   a 
Mexican  fish,  Epinephalus  mono  ;  red  gurnard  or 
gurnet,   (a)  a  species  of  gurnard,  the  rocket  or 
rochet,  Trig  la  cuculus;  (6)  =  next;  red  gurnet- 
perch,  an  Australian  fish  (see  quot.) ;  red  lump, 
the  cock-paddle  ;  red  mullet,  a  surmullet ;  red 
paidle,  Sc.  =  red  lump ;  red  perch,  (a)  the  rose-    i 
fish,    Sebastes    marinus;    (K)   a   Tasmanian    and    j 
Australian  fish  (see  quot.   1898);    red  ribband 
fish,    =  red  bandfish  ;  red  rook-cod,   (a)  one  of 
several    Australian    fishes    (see    quot.);     (!>}    the    j 
orange    rock-fish    of    N.    America;    red   rock- 
crab  (see  quot.) ;  red  rock-fish,  (a)  a  Bermudan    j 
fish  (see  quot.) ;    (&)  one  of  several  fishes  of  the 
Pacific   coast   of  N.   America    belonging   to   the    I 
genus  Sebastodes  or  Sebastichthys ;   red  scieeua, 
=  red  bass ;  red  snakefish,  =  red  bandfish  ;  red 
snapper,  a  voracious  fish  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
Lutjanus  Blackfordii  or  •vivanus ;   red  sole,  the 
little  sole,  Solea  lutea ;  red  surmullet,  the  plain 
red  mullet,  Mulliis  barbatus;  red  trout,  the  lake 
trout ;  red  tubs,  the  sapphirine  gurnard,   Trigla 
hirundo ;  red  wrasse,  the  female  wrasse,  Labrus 
mixlus.     Also  RED-FISH,  RED-HORSE.     (For  red-   \ 
belly, -fai, -mouth, -sides;  red-fender,  -ribbon,  etc., 
see  18  b  and  19.) 

1828  FLEMING  Brit.  Anim.  104  "Red  Band-fish.  1861 
COUCH  Brit.  Fishes  II.  263  The  Red  Bandfish  is  common 
in  the  Medjterranean.  1880-84  DAY  Fishes  Gt.  Brit.  I.  214 
Red  band-fish  or  red  snake-fish,  owing  to  its  colour,  appear-  '• 
ance,  and  movements.  1884  GOODE  Nat.  Hist.  Aquat.  \ 
Anim.  372  In  the  Carolinas,  Florida,  and  the  Gulf,  we  meet 
with  the  names  '  Bass  '  and  its  variations,  '  Spotted  Bass ', 
^  Red  Bass  '  [etc.].  1898  MORRIS  A  ustral  Bug.  383/2  Red 
Bass,  a  fish  of  Moreton  Bay,  l\lesoprion  superbus,  family 
Percirix.  Ibid.,  "AW  Bream,  name  given  to  the  Schnapper 
when  one  year  old.  1674  RAY  Fresh™.  Fish  100  "Red 
Charre  [see  CHAR  «5."].  1769  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  III.  258 
The  two  others  [specimens]  were  inscribed,  the  Red  Charr, 
the  Sliver  or  Gilt  Charr.  1880-84  DAY  Fishes  Gt.  Brit.  II. 
*S?.lf?*  case  charrjwhen  exhibiting  the  bright  crimson  belly 
which  it  assumes  before  spawning, .  .is  called  the  red  charr 
a  1705  RAY  Synopsis  Pise.  (1713)  i«j  A  "Red-Cod  or  Rock- 
Cod.  1758  BORLASE  Nat.  Hist.  Cornwall  268  The  Tamlin 
Cod,  Red  or  Rock-Cod,  about  two  feet  long.  «836  YARRFLL 
Brit.  Fislics  II.  148  On  the  coast  of  Durham  and  North, 
umberlunil,  and  at  the  Isle  of  Man,  the  Cod  acquire  a  dark 
red  or  reddish  brown  colour  ;  and  are  called  Red  Cod.  1674 
RAY  Cntat.  fishes  105  Long  Oyster,  Sea-gar.  "Red  Crab. 
1834  GOODE  Nat.  /list.  Aguat.  Anim.  771  The  Red  Crab 
—Cancer  froductus  . .  is  found  along  the  entire  Pacific 
coast  of  the  United  States.  Ibid.  244  A  single  species  is 
known  in  California,  the  so-called  "Red-Cusk,  Brosino. 
{5H"C"  '"arginatus.  1880-84  DAY  Fishes  Gt.  Brit.  II.  176 
[  I  he  roach  is]  sometimes  termed  "red-dace  from  the  colour 
of  its  fins.  1884  [see  red-fin  mi%\)}.  1803  SHAW  Gen.  Zool. 
IV.  it.  292  "Red  Dory,  Zeus  Aper.  1884  GOODE  Nat.  Hist. 
Aguat.  Anim.  362  The  "Red  Drum  of  our  coast  Scixna 
"?••"**•  l893  OutiaffV.S.)  XXII.  94/2  About  the  first  I 
of  May  the  large  red-drum.. commence  to  enter  tha  inlets. 
1884  GOODE  Nat.  Hist.  Aquat.  Anim.  264  "Red  Garrupa 
VOL.  VIII. 


289 

{.Sebastichthys  caurinus}. .  .This  species  is  known  as  '  Gar 
rupa  ',  '  Rock-fish  ',  and  '  Rock-cod  '.  1776  PENNANT  Brit. 
Zool.  (ed.  4)  III.  212  'Red  Gilt-Head.  1880-84  L>AY  Fishes 
Gt.  Brit.  I.  37  Pagelltts  centrodontus, . .  Common  sea  bream, 
sharp-toothed  sea  bream.  Red  gilthead.  1884  GOODE 
Nat.  Hist.  Aqnat.  Anim.  410  The  "Red  Grouper  is  ex 
tremely  abundant  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  company  with 
the  red  snapper,  a  1672  WII.I.UGHUY  Icthyogr.,  'Red  Gur 
nard  [see  GURNARD  i].  1776  PENNANT  Brit. Zool.  (ed.4)  III. 
243  The  spines  are  longer  and  slenderer  in  those  of  the 
red  gurnard.  1884  GOODE  Nat.  Hist.  Aauat.  Anim.  256 
A  single  specimen  of  the  Red  Gurnard  of  Europe,  Trigla 


coides,  a  fish  of  a  closely  allied  genus  of  the  same  family. . . 
In  Victoria  it  is  called  the  "Red  Gurnec-ptrch.  1804  SHAW 
Gen.  Z^'ol.  V.  11.  261  *Red  Lamprey,  with  brownish  back. 
1873  F.  T.  BUCKLAND  Fain.  Hist.  Brit.  Fishes  x.  174  Our 
fishermen  consider  them  to  be  different  species  and  call  them 
the  *Red  lump  and  the  Blue  lump.  1803  SHAW  Gen.  Zool. 
IV.  2  "Red  Mackrel,  silvery  beneath,  with  small  scales. 
1762  Ann.  Keg.  i.  149  Brills,  pipers,  dories,  and  *red  mullet. 
1809  SHAwZtw/.  Lect.  II.  67  One  of  tlie  principal  species  is 
the  red  Mullet  or  the  Surmulk-t.  1840  Cn-,>u-r's  Anim. 
Kingd.  294  There  are  two  species,  both  of  which  are  Euro 
pean,  the  Striped  Red  Mullet,  M.  suimuletus,  ..and  the 
Plain  Red  Mullet,  M.  barbatus.  1862  COUCH  Brit.  Fishes 
I.  217  The  Red  Mullet  appears  to  be  most  common  in  the 
Mediterranean.  1885  {see  goat-fish  s.v.  GOAI  4  b].  1880-84 
"DtiX  Fishes  Gt.  Brit.  I.  181  Cock,  and  hen-paidle  or  'red- and 
blue-paidle,  according  to  sex.  1819  WARDEN  United  States  I. 
431  The  following  fishes  are  found  in  the  Lakes  Champlain 
[etc.],  ."red-perch,  white-perch.  1884  GOOUE  Nat.  Hist. 
Aquat.  Anim.  260  Tne  Rose-fish, .is  also  known  as  'Red 
Perch'.  1898  MORRIS  Austral  Eng.  385/1  Red  Perch, 
name  given  in  Tasmania  to  the  fish  A  nthias  rasor.  . . 
In  Australia,  it  is  Anthias  longinianns.  1863  COVLH  Brit. 
Fishes  II.  262  "Red  Ribband  fish.  1883  RAMSAY  Food 
Fishes  N.  S.  Wales  15  The  '"Red  Rock-Cod  '—Sebastes 
pcrcoides&n&Scorpana  cardmalis,  crnenta,  and  bynoensis — 
are  rock-  and  ground-fish,  and  readily  take  the  hook.  1884 
GOODE  Nut.  Hist.  Aquat.  Anun.  265  Orange  Rock-Fish 
(Sebastichthys  pinniger)  . .  is  usually  called  simply  '  Red 
Rock-Cod  '  or  '  Red  Rock-fish  '.  a  1884  in  Goode  ibid.  778 
The  "Red  Rock  Crab — Echxdnoceros  sctinianus.  1876 
GOODE  \nSmithson.  Coll.  XIII.  v.  57  Trisotropis gitttatus. 
..With  some  doubt  I  refer  to  this  species  the  'Red  Ruck- 
fish  of  the  Bermuda  market.  1884  in  Goode  Nat.  Hist. 
Aquat.  Anim.  265  Red  Rock-fish  (Sebastichthys  ritver). 
..This  species  is  usually  the  'Red  Rock-fish'  far  ex 
cellence.  Ibid.  266  Red  Rock-fish  of  Alaska  \Scbastichthys 
pioriger).  1777  PENNANT  Jirit.  Zool.  ed.  4)  IV.  86  'Red 
Scallop.  1803  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  IV.  II.  541  "Red  Sciana, 
with  connected  dorsal  fins,  spiny  head,  and  a  very  long 
spine  on  the  anterior  gill-cover.  1611  COTGR.,  Posterol, 
the  "red  sea-Nettle ;  an  ouglie,  and  imperfect  sea-fish. 
1822  COUCH  in  Trans.  Linn.  Sac.  (18231  XIV.  76  "Red 
Snakefish.  Cepola  rubescens.  1840  CuviersA  niin.  Kingd. 
303  One  species.. is  occasionally  found  on  the  south  coast 
of  England,  where  it  is  known  as  the.. Red  Snake-fish. 
1879  GOODE  in  Smithsox.  Coll.  XXI II.  iv.  47  *Red  Snapper. 
— West  Indian  Fauna  and  north  to  Savannah  Bank.  1884  — 
Nat.  Hist.  Aquat.  Anim.  395  In  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  the  Red 
Snapper  is  exceedingly  abundant.  1880-84  DAY  Fishes  Gt. 
Brit.\l.<L$Solmlutca,..l:U.l\tso\t:  "Rid  sole.  1769  PEN 
NANT  Brit.  Zool.  III.  227  "Red  Surmullet.  1880-84  DAY 
Fishes  Gt.  Brit.  I.  23  The  al[ullus}  batbatus  is  known  as 
the  red  surmullet.  1884  GOODE  Nat.  Hist.  Aquat.  Anim. 
488  The  Lake  Trout  has  other  appellatives . . '  Tyrant  of  the 
Lake  ', '  Laker ', '  "Red  Trout '.  1880-84  DAY  Fishes  Gt.  Brit. 
1.6i  Trigla  hirundo,.  .tub-fish,  or  tubbot:  sea  crows  :  "red 
tubs  :  smooth  sides.  1836  YAKRELL  Bnt.  Fishes  I.  286  The 
"Red  Wrasse  is  a  well-marked  species,  first  described  by 
Ascanius.  1880-84  DAY  Fishes  Gt.  Brit.  I.  258  Labrus 
mixtus. .  Female — red  wrasse. 

d.  Plants,  as  red  asphodel,  blite,  bramble,  briar, 
cabbage  (cole),  carrot,  catchjly,  cinqttefoil,  colewort, 
crab-tree,  cranesbill,  eye-bright,  feather-moss,  fen 
nel,  helleborine, henbane,  hickory,  oat,  onion,  passe- 
fiower,  potato,  sedge,  sparry,  stonecrop ;  red  algse, 
the  alga;  or  seaweeds  constituting  the  class  floridex 
or  Rhodospermex  ;  rhodosperms  ;  fred  archangel, 
=  red  dead-nettle ;  red  ash,  (a)  a  North  American 
ash,  Fraxinus  pubescens  ;  (b)  a  hard-wooded  Aus 
tralian  tree,  Alphitonia  excelsa ;  (c)  the  silky  oak 
of  Australia,  Orites  excelsa ;  red  bartsia,  the 
common  bartsia,  B.  odontites ;  red  batata,  a 
species  of  Spanish  or  sweet  potato ;  red  bay, 
U.  S.  a  lauraceous  tree,  Persea  cai-olinensis ,  of 
the  South-Eastern  States ;  red  bear-berry,  the 
common  bear-berry;  red  beech,  (a)  an  American 
species  of  beech,  fag  us  ferruginca  ;  (l>)  an  Aus 
tralian  tree,  Tarrietia  trifoliata ;  red  beefwood, 
a  Jamaica  shrub,  Ardisia  coriacea  (Cent.  Diet. 
1891)  ;  red  beet,  behen  (see  the  sbs.) ;  red  bil 
berry,  =  red  whortleberry  •  red  bind,  -bine  (see 
BIND  sli.  2  b) ;  red  birch,  an  American  species  of 
birch,  Betula  nigra  ;  red  bird's-eye,  (a]  Lychnis 
diurna;  (b)  Herb  Robert  (Britten  &  Holl.  1886); 
red  box,  a  name  given  to  two  Australian  species 
of  eucalyptus  (see  quots.),  and  to  the  myrtaceous 
tree,  Tristania  conferta  ;  red  broom-rape,  a  species 
of  broom-rape,  Orobanche  ntbra ;  red  bryony, 
=  BRYONY  I ;  red  buckeye,  the  small  buckeye, 
ALscuhts  pavia,  of  the  Southern  United  States,  with 
red  flowers  ;  fred  camomile  (see  CAMOMILE  I  b)  ; 
red  campion  (see  CAMPION  -)  ;  red  cherry,  a  wild 
cherry, Primus pennsylvanica,  of  N.America;  red 
chiekweed,  U.S.  =  red  pimpernel ;  red  clover 


RED. 

(see  CLOVER  i  b) ;  f  red  corn-rose,  the  red  poppy ; 
*t°  red  cow-basil,  =  red  valerian  ;  red  cypress,  a 
large  coniferous  timber-tree,  Taxodium  distichium, 
of  the  Atlantic  States  {Cent.  Diet.);  red  darnel, 
the  common  rye-grass ;  red  dead-nettle,  Lamium 
purpureum  (see  DEAD-NETTLE;  ;  red  dock,  f  (a) 
a  species  of  dock,   Rutnex  sanguineits;    (b]    the 
withered  stalks  of  the  common  dock  ;  red  elder, 
the  guelder-rose;  red  elm,  the  American  slippery 
elm ;  red  els,  a  South  African  tree,  L'niionia  ca- 
pensis ;  red  fir,   (a)   (see  quot.)  ;   (/<)  a  fir  ot  the 
Pacific  coast  of  America,  Abies  nobiiis  or  A.  mag- 
nifica ;  (c)  the  Oregon  pine,  Psciidotsnga  i  oitglasii 
or   taxijolia;    fred  fitchvling),   cock's-hcad    or 
hen's-bill,    Onobrychis   saliva ;    red   gooseberry, 
t  •,«)  (see  GoosEiiEitHY  2) ;   \t}  a  red  variety  of  the 
common  gooseberry;  red  goosefoot,  Chenopodium 
rubrum  ;  -\  red  greening,  a  kind  ol  apple ;  red 
guayava  (see  Gl'AVA  I)  ;  red  haw,  an  American 
species   of  haw,  tmtn'giis  coccinea ;    red  heath, 
the  common  heath  or  heather,  L'alliina  nilgaris ; 
red  hemp-nettle,  Galcopsis  laJanum  ;  red  horse- 
chestnut,  (a)  a  variety  of  horse-chestnut  wi'.h  red 
flowers ;    (b)   the   red-flowered   buckeye,  jKsculus 
pavia;  red  iron-bark,  anamegiven  toseverals]  ecits 
of  Australian  eucalyptus  (see  quots.) ;  red  jasmine 
or  jessamine  (see  JASMINE  I  b)  ;    red  larch,  a 
variety  of  the  American  larch  ;  red  lily,  t  (a   'i  the 
red  gladiole  ;  (b~,  an  American  lily,  Liliitm  phila- 
delphicmn  ;  (c)  (see  quot.  1879) ;  fred  loosestrife 
(sieLuosisTiUFE  i  b);  tred  lysimachus,  =  prec. ; 
red  mahogany,  an  Australian  species    of  euca 
lyptus    (see  quot.);    red    mangrove  (see   MAN- 
GHOVE)  ;   red   maple,   a  species  of  maple,  Acer 
rubrum,  with  crimson  flowers  ;  f  red  mathes  (see 
MAYTHE)  ;  red  mint  (see  quots.) ;  red  mulberry, 
an  American  species  of  mulberry,  A/o;v«  nilna ;  red 
mulga,  an  Australian  species  of  Acacia,  A.  cypero- 
pliylla ;   red  myrtle,   an   Australian    myrtaceous 
tree,  Eugenia  myrtifolia;  red  nightshade,  -\  'a) 
the  winter-cherry,  7 hysalis  Alkekengi;  (If)  poke- 
weed  (Mayne  1858);  red  oak,  a  North  American 
oak,  Qtiei'ctis  nibra  and  Q.falcata ;  red  osier  (see 
quots.  J;  "f  red  paper-moss,  a  red  seaweed;  red 
pepper,  capsicum  ;   red  pimpernel,  the  scarlet 
pimpernel,  Anagallis  aniensis  ;   red  pine,  (a)  a 
North  American  pine,  Pinus  rcsinosa,  also  called 
Norway  pine  ;    (l>)  a  tall  evergreen  tree  of  New 
Zealand, Dacrydium  citpressiniiiii,  also  called  riniu 
( Treas.  Hot.) ;  (c)  an  Australian  tree,  I-rencla  £nJ- 
licheri;  red  plum,  a  wild  plum  of  N.  America  i_see 
quots.) ;  red  poppy  (see  POPPY)  ;  red  puccoon, 
the  blood-root  of  N.  America ;   red  raspberry, 
(a)  the  common  variety  of  Kubus  itieetts ;  (6)  a  wild 
American  species  o(J\iil<its(I\  .strigosus);  f  red  ray, 
?  rye-grass ;  red  sallow,  Salix  rubra ;  red  sandal 
tree  or  wood,  (a)  red  sanders  wood  ;  (b   another 
East  Indian  \.Kz,Adenantherapavonina;  red  sand- 
wort,  red  spurry ;  f  red  satyrion,  some  species  of 
orchis  ;  red  sauch,  =  red  sallow ;  t  red  saxifrage, 
dropvvort,  Spiriea  filipendida ;  f  red  seaweed  or 
wrack,  a  red  alga  ;  red  sorrel,  (a)  a  \Vest  Indian 
name  for  the  tropical  plant  Hibiscus  saidariffa,  also 
called  Indian  sorrel;  (b)  sheep-sorrel ;  t  red  spert, 
=  red  withy;  red  spruce,  a  North  American  spruce, 
Ficca  rubra  (a  variety  of  /".  nigra'} ;  f  red  sumach, 
the  Sicilian  or  Venetian  sumach ;  red  valerian, 
spur-valerian,  Ccntranthus  ntber ;  red  whortle 
berry  (see  COW-BERKY)  ;  •)•  red  whorts,   =  prec., 
also  Spanish  red  whorl,  the  strawberry-tree,  Arbu 
tus  unedo;  fed  willow  herb,  the  red  lysima- 
chia  or   loosestrife  ;   f  red  withy,  =  red  salloiv. 
(For  red  berry,  lac,  morocco,  rot,  etc.,  see  19.) 

1852  HARVEY  in  Smithson.  Coll.  V.  n.  i  Rhodospermeas  or 
•Red  Alga.  1876  GOODE  Ibid.  XIII.  v.  60  On  the  coast  of 
Maine,  the  bright-red  variety  of  the  Cod.  .is  found  only  on 
bottoms  covered  with  Red  Alga;.  1548  TURNER  Names 
Herbcs  (E.  D.  S.)  39  Galeopsis  after  my  iudgemente  is  the 
herbe,  which  is  called  in  englishe  "red  Archaungt-1.  1634 
JOHNSON  Merc.  Bot.  46  Larriimn  ntbrvr/i.  . .  Red  Arch- 
angell,  small  dead  Nettle.  1777  LIGHTI-OOT  Flora  Scot.  I. 
309  Lamiuin pnrpitreitm.  Red  Archangel,  or  Dead-Netlle. 
1816  WARDEN  Descr.  Columbia  167  "Red  Ash  . .  Fraxinus 
tomcntosa.  1846-50  A.  WOOD  Class-bk.  Bot.  464  The  red  ash 
is  abundant  in  Penn.,  and  the  southern  parts  of  N.  England. 
. .  Leaves  of  about  7  leaflets,  which  become  reddish  under 
neath.  1889  MAIDEN  L'sef.  Native  rlnnis  373  Alphitonia, 
excelsa.  ..  Variously  called  'Mountain  Ash  ,  'Red  Ash', 
'  Leather-jacket ',  and  '  Coopers'  Woud '.  Ibid.  581  Orites 
excelsa.  . .  '  Red  Ash ',  'Silky  Oak.'  1597  GEKARDE  Herbal 
87  "Red  Asphodill.  1846  MKS.  LOUDON  Brit.  Wild  Ft. 
252  The  *Red  Bartsia.  1857  Miss  PRATT  Flwer.  ft. 
IV.  104  Red  Hartsia..is  a  very  common  plant  in  corn-fields, 
or  on  dry  banks.  1729  in  Daiitpicr's  I'oy.  (ed.  3)  III.  444 
"Red  Battata's.  These  are  red  throughout,  and  tinge  the 
Hands  blue,  and  a  Knife  black.  1884  Health  Exhib.  Catal. 
159/1  Farinaceous  Roots  and  Fruits. — Red  IJatata,  Fruits  of 
Chayota.  1765  in  W.  Stork  Ace.  E.  Florida  (1766)  79  Oak, 
ash,  'red  bay,  spice-tree,  papaw-tree,  and  pine.  1766  J. 

37 


RED. 

BARTRAM  Jrnl.  ibid.  69  That  which  is  called  hammocky 
land  is  generally  full  of  large  evergreen  and  water-oaks, 
mixed  with  red-bay  and  magnolia.  1838  LOUDON  Arbo 
retum  III.  xciii.  1299  Laurus  Carolinensis.  ..The  Carolina 
Laurel,  or  Red  Bay.  1846  MRS.  LOUDON  Brit.  Wild  Fl.  232 
The  'Red  Bear-Berry.  1819  WARDEN  United  States  1. 183 
*Red  beech,  Fagusferritginea.  1839  URR  Diet.  Arts  1053 
White  birch  and  red  beech  afford  per  pound  ..  4  ounces  of 
charcoal.  1846-50  A.  WOOD  Class-bk.  Bot.  496  The  Red 
Beech  is  now  regarded  only  as  a  variety,  with  the  wood 
softer  . .  and  perhaps  a  slight  difference  In  foliage.  1889 
MAIDEN  Use/.  Native  Plants  604  Tam'etin  tr:/oUata.  . . 
'Red  Beech'  of  Johnstone  River  (Queensland).  It  is  not 
unlike  common  Red  Cedar  in  appearance,  but  it  is  harder 
than  that  wood.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  iv.  v.  ,550  The  Common 
*redde  Beete  is  muclie  lyke  vnto  the  white,  in  leaues,  stalkes, 


or  Whortle-bush.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II. 
744  There  is  only  one  species  of  this  plant  in  cultivation, 
but  which  has  several  varieties,  as  the  'red-bind,  the  green- 
bind,  the  white-hind.  1816  WARUKN  Dcscr.  Columbia.  167 
*Red  Birch.  . .  Betuta  rubra.  1846-50  A.  WOOD  Class-bk. 
Rot.  498  Red  Birch.  ..Trunk  covered  with  a  reddish  or 
chocolate-coloured  bark.  1578  LVTE  Dodoens\.  ii.  547  The 
great  *red  Bleete  is  much  iyke  the  other,  sailing  tnat  his 
stalkes  be  very  red.  Ibid.,  The  small  red  Blite  hath  stalkes 
red  as  blood.  1653  CULPKPPKR  Eng.  Phys.  Enlarged  11656) 


'  Red  Box  'of  South  Eastern  Australia.  /0zlr£6o8  Tristnnia 
con/crta.  ..In  Northern  New  South  Wales  it  has  the  follow 
ing  names  :  — '  White  Box  ',  '  Red  Box  ', '  Brush  Box  '  [etc.]. 
c  1450  M.  E.  Mt'd.  Bk.  (Heinrichi  203  Tak  hony,  may  hotter 
. .  humluk  &  *Red  brembel.  Ibid.  218  pe  cioppe  of  be  Rede 
bremble.  Ibid.  177  Cropi>es  of  (>e  rede  cool,  croppes  of  be 
'rede  brere.  1857  Miss  PRATT  Flower.  PL  IV.  78  *Red 
Broom-rape.  ..  This  plant  ..  is  parasitic  upon  the  common 
Thyme.  1863  HOGG  &  JOHNSON  Wild  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  II. 
PI.  273  Bryoniii  ttioica,  "Red  bryony.  Its  most  common 
names  Red-berried  Bryony  and  Wild  Vine  scarcely  need 
any  explanation.  1860  DARLINGTON  Amer.  Wee  is,  etc.  83 
**E.  Pavia.  *Red  Buckeye.  1881  Encycl.  Brif.  (ed.  9)  XII. 
206/2  Darwin  has  observed  that  .-ft".  Pavia  L.,  the  Red  Buck 
eye  of  North  America,  exhibits  a  special  tendency  . .  to  be 
double-blossomed.  1611  COTGR,  L'hoit  cabu  rouge,  *Red 
Cabbage  Cole.  1731  ARBUTHNOT  Aliments  iii.  (1735)  63 
Red  Cabbage  is  reckon'd  a  Medicine  in  Consumptions  and 
Spittings  of  Blood.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II. 
682  This  mixed  kind  ..  possesses  the  hardness  of  the  red 
cabbage.  1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Camomilh',  *Red  Camomill, 
red  Maithe,  ..Adonis  red  flower.  1710  SALMON  Eng.  Herbal 
i.  i/i  It  is  called,  .in  English  Adonis  flower,  Red  Camomil, 
Red  Mail  lies.  1578  LYTE  Do>tocnsv.-x.\x.v\\\.6oiStit/>Jiilinus 
nigcr,  *Red  Carrot... The  red  Carrot  is  lyke  to  the  aforesaid 
[yellow  carrot]  in  the  cuttes  of  his  leaves.  1777  LIGHTFOOT 
Flora  Scot.  239  Lychnis  viscaria,  ..  *Red  Catchfly.  _  1717 
Petiveriana  in.  12  i  'Red-Cherry.  A  large  Tree  in  the 
Woods,  not  much  unlike  the  Cornel-berry.  1846-50  A.  WOOD 
Ct<iss-bk.  Bot.  240  Wild  Red  Cherry.  ..  A  small  tree, 
common  in  woods  and  thickets  in  the  Northern  States, 
1845-5°  MRS.  LINCOLN  Led.  Bot.  App.  73/1  Anagallis 
at-i'i'itsis,  *red  chick-weed,  scarlet  pimpernel.  1578  LYTE 
Dodotns  i.  Ivi.  82  The  *redde  Cinquefoyle  also,  is  some 
what  like  to  the  others,  especially  like  the  great  yellow 
kinde.  1:725  Erfurt  Gloss.  253  Ctilt(h)a,  *rede  clabre.  [See 
also  CLOVER  i  b.]  1764  Mus-.-itm  Rust.  I.  no  note,  A  chalky 
soil,  on  which  the  common  red  clover  will  not  thrive  near  so 
well.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  556  Trifolium 
fratenst)  field  trefoil  or  red  clover.  Ibid.  557,  I  suspect 
that  tiie  true  cow-clover.,  has  been  confounded  with  the 
perennial  variety  of  red  clover.  c  1450  M.  E.  bled.  Bit. 
(Heinrich)  67  Take  a  *rede  cowle  leef,  and  anoynte  hit  wyj> 
}>e  whit  of  an  eye.  [See  also  red  briar  above.]  1578  LYTE 
Dodoens  v.  vi.  554  The  first  kind  of  the  red  Cole  is  called  of 
..  Plinie  in  Latine  Brassica  Citmana.  Ibid.  552  The  De 
scription  of  the  *redde  Colewurtes.  The  first  kinde  of  red 
Colewurtes,  hath.. red  greene  leaues,  with  reddish  ribbes. 
1611  COTGR.,  Chon  rouge,  the  bitter  red  Cole  ;  or  the  garden 
red  Colewort.  1527  *Red  corn-rose  [see  CORN-ROSE].  1562 
TURNER  Herbal  n.  77  Thys  kynde  [of  poppy]  is  called  in 
English  Cornroseor  redcornrose,  1597  GERARDK  Herbal ^i 
It  is  also  called.. in  English  red  Valerian,  and  *red  Cowe 
Basil  1.  Ibid.  1276  Mains  syluestrts  rube  us.  The  great 
Wilding,  or  *red  Crab  tree.  1634  JOHNSON  Merc.  Bot.  38 
Geranium  /t;ewatod£St..*Red  or  bloody  Cranes-bill.  1597 
GERARDE  Herbal  71  *Red  Darnell  is  likewise  an  unprofit 
able  corne  or  grasse.  1634  JOHNSON  Merc.  Bot.  48  Lo- 
lium  riibrum,  ..  Red  Darnell,  great  Darnell  grasse.  1776 
WITHERING  Botany  I.  66  Red  Darnel.  The  Spike  without 
awns.  1859  Miss  PKATT  Brit.  Grasses  127  Common  Rye- 
grass,  Red  Darnel,  or  Beardless  Darnel.  1846  MRS.  LOUDON 
Brit.  Wild  Fl.  268  The  *Red  Dead  Nettle.  1857  Miss 
PRATT  Flower.  PI.  IV.  186  Red  Dead-nettle.  . .  This  plant 
is  readily  known  by  the  reddish  purple  tint  of  its  floral 
leaves,  c  1000  Sax.  Leechd.  II.  122  pa  fealwan  doccan,  nses 
^a  "readan.  14..  r*oc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  591/37  Lafiacia  [the 
reded  jkke].  Ibid.  600/28  Paradella,  the  rede  dokke.  c  1450 
M.  E.  .Wed.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  87  Take  be  rede  dokke  rootes. 
1653  CULPEPPER  Eng.  Phys.  Enlarged  (1656)  87  The  red 
Dock  which  is  commonly  called  Blood  wort.  1880  JEI-TERIES 
Gt.  Estate  60  Bird-fowlers  . .  take  two  large  bunches  of 
docks,  '  red  docks  '  they  c  ill  them.  1819  WARDEN  United 
States  I.  42:)  *Red  Elder,  . .  I'ibernitm  o/>ulus.  Ibid. 
190  "Red  Elm,  Ulmus  rubra.  1878  Encycl.  Brit.  VIII. 
152/1  The  bark  of  Ulmus  fulva, .  .the  Slippery  or  Red  Elm 
of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  1880  S.  Africa  ied.  3) 
135  *Red  Els  .  .resembles  red  birch;  is  used  for  farm  and 
waggon  building  purposes,  c  1710  PETIVEK  Oz/rt/.  Ray  s  Eng. 
Herb.  §  4  PI.  36  *  Red  Eye-bright.  1766  Museum  Rust.  VI. 
199  Red  Eye-bright .  .has.  .purple  flowers  growing  in  spikes. 
1860  HOGG  Gardener's  Year-bit.  12,  July  3.  ..  Red  Eye- 
bright  fl.  17640.  EDWARDS  Gleanings  1 1.  in.  Index  346  The 

*.•*>,  I      I-"....!,....  T -I'l.  -L.-     T»_  .1         T- 


290 

'Oi>oj3/)vxi's  *Red-fi t  ch  or  Cocks-head . .  rarifies  and  attenuates. 
1653  CULPEPPHR  Eng.  Phys.  Enlarged  (1656)  71  Cocks-Head, 
*Red  Fitchling,  or  Medick  Fetch.  1857  Miss  PKATT 
FLnvcr.  PI.  IV.  275  *Rcd  Goosefoot  ..  is  quite  a  frequent 
plant  of  salt  marshes.  1664  EVELYN  Kal.  Hort.  (1729)  217 
Apples  ..  Pear-apple,  Quince-apple,  *Red-greening  nbb'd, 
Bloody  Pippin  [etc.].  1716  PttivtrioHa  in.  3/1  *Red 
Guayava.  1717  Ibid.  12/1  *Red  Haw.  Of  an  agreeable 
Taste,  and  iuur  times  as  big  as  ours  in  Europe.  1851 
SCHOOLCKAFT  30  \'rs.  w,  Indian  Tribes  374  We  noticed 
yesterday  the  red  haw.  1863  WlBE  New  Forest  285  The 
three  heaths  which  grow  in  the  New  Forest,  .are  respectively 
known  as  the  bell,  black,  and  *r,ed  heaths.  1869  SOWEUBY 
Eng.  Bot.  IX.  128  CephfUatttkero.  rnbra,  "Red  Helleborine. 
1846  Mils.  LOUDON  Brit,  tt'ild  Fl.  267  'Ihe  *Red  Hemp 
Nettle.  1-1450  J/.  E.  Msd.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  231  Leues  of 
mandrake  croppes  of  ^e  'rede  hennebane.  1717  Petiveriana. 
in.  n/i  *Red  Hiccoiy,  the  Heart  being  very  red,  firm  and 
durable.  1819  WAKLH-.N  United  States  II.  271  note,  The 
land  is  good,  and  there  is  abundance  of  fine  tall  red  hickery 
trees.  1882  Garden  9  Sept.  228/2  The  *Red  Horse  Ches- 
nut  . .  is  one  uf  the  most  handsome  flowering  trees  that 


.      . 

Thebes  Prol.,  To  ward 
M.  E.   Med.   Bk. 


'red   Feather-moss. 

night  eate  some  *Fenell  rede.  <  1450  M.  E.  Med.  Bk. 
(Heinrich)  9;  Take  of  rewe,  verueyne,  ..  red  fenel  [etc.]. 
1848  tr.  Hefnuitttr**  Trav.  Ceylon  498  The  *rcd  fir  or 
Picea  Morinda.  1671  SALMON  Syn.  Mcd.  in.  xxii.  414 


.  .Common  '  Ironhark'.  It  is  occasiunally  known  as  '  lj.lack 
Ironbark  ', and  from  Sydney  to  the  Blue  Mountains  as*  Red 
Ironbark  ',  or  '  Red-flowering  Ironbark  '.  Ilnd.  500  Euca 
lyptus  paniculate.  .  .Occasionally  called  'Blood  wood'.  It 
is  the'  Red  Iron  I  ark  '  of  the  New  South  Wales  coastal  dis 
tricts.  T."]zf)\\\D ampier1  s  I  'oy.  (ed.  3)111.452  *Red  Josamire 
At  the  top  grow  many  red  t  lowers  somewhat  cut  like  the 
Honeysuckle.  1819  WARDEN  United  States  I.  297  *Red 
Larch.  ..  Larix  American.i.  1833  Penny  CycL  I.  33/1 
Abies  micro>.  arpa,  the  Red  Larch  Fir-  1578  Lv  1 1-;  Dodoens 
li.  xliii.  201  There  be  three  kindes  of  redde  or  purple  Lillies, 
whereof  the  first  is  the  small  and  common  *redde  Lillie,  the 
seco  id  is  grent.  1847  AUDUBON,  etc.  Qiiadrnp.  N.  America 
I.  343  It. .  feeds  on  t lie  meadow-garlic,  .and  red  lily  (Liliunt 
Pliilaiclphicuin\  1879  BARON  F.GGERS  Flora  St.  Croix 
109  Amaryllis  eqitestris  (Red  Lily).  1578  LYTE  Dodoens 
I.  li.  75  In  Englishe,  the  first  [is  called]  "red  Lysniiachus,  or 
Wythie  herbe,  or  Louse  stryfe.  1889  MAIDKN  L'se/.  Natire 
Plants  y£>  Eucalyptus  rcsinifeta. .  .The  '  'Red  '  or  '  Forest 
Mahogany  '  of  the  neiglibourhood  of  Sydney.  1816  WAKDKN 
£>tscr.  Columbia  193  Scarlet-flowering,  *red,  or  swamp- 
maple.  1846-50  A.  WOOD  Class-i>/<;.  Bot.  212  The  red  maple 
is  a  common  tenant  of  low  woods  and  swamps  throughout 
the  Atlantic  States,  c  1450  M.  E.  tiled.  Bk.  (Heinrich)7oTak 
*rede  myntes  &  rewe.  1548  TUKNKU  Xames  Herbes  (E.D.S.) 
74  Many  learned  men  contayne  the  red  Mynt  that  groweth  by 
water  sydes,  and  is  called  of  some  horse  Mynt,vnder  sisym- 
brio.  c  1710  PETIVER  Cat.  Ray's  Eng.  Herb.  §  4  PI.  31  Red 
Mint.  1846  MRS.  LOUDON  Brit.  Wild  Fl.  263  Tlie  Narrow- 
Leaved  Red  Mint.  1717  Fetiveriana,  ill.  12/1  Common 
*red  Mulberry.  Is  very  sweet  and  one  of  our  earliest 
Fruit,  next  the  Strawberry.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XII. 
371/1  The  rubra,  or  red  Virginia  mulberry-tree,  grows 
30  feet  high.  1846-50  A.  WOOD  Class-l'k.  Bot.  509  Morus 
rtibra.  Red  Mulberry.  1896  BALDWIN  SPKNCER  Home  Exp. 
Centr.  Austr.  i.  16  We  crossed  a  narrow  belt  of  country 
characterized  by  tlie  growtli  along  the  creek  sides  of  *red 
mulga.  1889  MAIDEN  Use/.  Native  Plants  531  Eugenia 
myrtifolia.  ..  '  Brush  Cherry  '  or  '  Native  Myrtle  '.  Called 
'  *Red  Myrtle '  in  Southern  New  South  Wales.  1597 
GKRARDK  Herbal  271  The  red  winter  Cherrie  is  called  ..  in 
English  *red  Nightshade,  Winter  Cherries  and  Alkakengie. 
1736  AINSWORTH  Lat.-Etig.  Diet.,  Halicacahns, .  .red  night 
shade.  1717  Peth'eriana  in.  n/i  *Red  Oak.  Is  a  porous 
Wood.  iSzo  T.  GREEN  Univ.  Herbal  II.  857/2  Qucrcus 
r ubra,  Red  Oak-tree.  N.  Amer. — Varieties,  Champion, 
Scarlet,  and  Mountain  Red  Oak.  1846-50  A.  WOOD  Ctass- 
I'k.  Bot.  494  The  red  oak  is  the  most  common  species  in  the 
Northern  States  and  in  Canada.  1852  MORFIT  Tanning  $ 
Cwrrciflt£(l853)  98  Qucrcus  Falcata. — This  oak,  known  . .  in 
the  Carolinas  and  Georgia  by  that  of  red  oak.  i685  PLOT 
Staffordsh.  204  A  sort  of  'red  Oate  sowne  thereabout.  1768 
MILLS  Pract.  Hush.  I.  409  Red  Oats  are  much  cultivated  in 
Derbyshire  [etc.],  c  1450  M.  E.  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  97  Take 
*red  oynenons,  as  many  as  wolle  suffise  to  make  a  plasture. 
c  1500  Bk.  Mayd  Emlyn  308  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  IV.  93  A  reed 
onyon  wolde  she  kepe,  To  make  her  eyes  wepe.  1830  LOUDON 
Hort.  Brit.  394  Sali.r..  rubra,  *red  Osier.  1846  50  A.  WOOD 
Class-lik.  Bot.  2,6  Contus  Sericea,  Red  O^ier.  1760  G. 
EDWARDS  Gleanings  II.  in.  Index  346  The  *red  Paper-Moss. 
1597  GERARDE  Herbal  308  Of  bastard  Anemones  or  Pasque 
flowers  ..  a.  Pulsatilla  rubra,  *Red  Pas^e  flower.  1591 
PEKCIVALL  Sp.  Diet.,  Axi,  *red  pepper.  Piper  rubeum. 
1623  CAPT.  SMITH  Wks.  (Arb.)  629  There  is  another  fruit. . 
of  the  same  or  better  operation  than  the  red  Pepper,  and 
thence  borroweth  the  name.  1792  MAR.  RIDDELL  I'oy. 
Madeira  87  A  variety  of  the  capsicum  or  red  pepper  bushes 
are  found  here.  1887  Moi.osicy  Forestry  W.  Afr.  393  Cap 
sicums,  Chillies,  Red  Pepper,  &c.  '•Capsicum  annnitm.  L.). 
1611  COTGR.,  A/orgeline  waste,  *Red  Pimpernell.  1819 
WARDEN  UiiitedStates  I.  178  *Red  or  Norway  pine,  Pittas 
rtibra.  1824  LOUDON  Encycl.  Gard.  (ed.  2)  §  7046  The  pitch  or 
red  Canadian  pine.,  is  an  American  tree,  introduced  in  1756. 
1839  URB  Diet.  Arts  1053  Red  pine  yields  per  pound  . .  3$ 


States  I.  428  *Red  plum,  Prunus  sytvestris.  1846-50  A. 
WOOD  Class-bk.  Bot.  241  Prunns  Americana,  Red  Plum, 
Yellow  Plum.  1819  WARDKN  United  States  I.  429  *Red 
potatoe. . ,  Convolvulus  batatas.  1821  SCHOOLCRAFT  Travels 
208  In  clambering  among  the  rocks  along  the  river  [S.  Louis], 
I  found  the  *red  raspberry  ripe.  1578  LYTK  Dodoens  iv.  xlv. 
504  Phoenix...  This  herbe  is  called,  .in  EngHshe  Wall  Barley 
or  Way  Bennet ;  it  may  be  called  *Red-Ray  or  Darnell. 
ciooo  Sa.r.  Leechd.  III.  58  gemm  (m  saluian  leaf..& 
*reades  scales  leaf.  1798  [see  red  sauch  below].  1876 
HAKLKV  Mat.  Med.  (ed.  6)  646  *Red-Sandal  tree  is  a  native 
of  Ceylon  and  the  southern  parts  of  India.  1889  MAIDEN 
Use/.  Native  Plants  369  Adenanthera  pai>onina,  ..  The 
'  Barricarrl '  (of  India).  '  Red  Sandal-wood  '.  1845-50  MRS. 
LINCOLN  Lect.  Bot.  App.  172/2  Spergnla  rnbra,  "red  sand- 
wort.  1578  LYTK  Dodjcns  n.  Iviii.  225  Satyrinm  eiythro- 
nium,  *Redde  Satyrion.  1798  R.  DOUGLAS  Agric.  Surv. 
Roxb.  iao(Jam.)  A  species  of  willow,  known  by  the  name  of 
*red  saugh  or  sailow,  is  esteemed  next  in  value  to  ash,  oak, 


RED. 

and  elm,  and  brings  is.  6d.  or  is.  8d.  [per  foot).  1578  LYTB 
Doduens  I.  xxviii.  41  Som  cal  this  herb  in  latin  Saxijra^a 
ritbea  . .  in  English  t'ilipendula,  Uropwurte,  and  *Redce 
Saxifrage.  1760  G.  EDWARDS  GaNUHXg*  I.  n.  211 The  *Red 
Sea-wntLk  or  Weed,,  .curiously  dotted  or  granulated, and  of 
a  beautiful  carmine  colour,  c  xooo  Sax.  Lcechtl.  II.  102 
Nim  ni^ontyne  sna:de  eolonan..&  endlefan  *readts  secies. 
1798  NKMMCH  1'olygl.  Lex.  v.  867  *Red  Sorrel.  Hibiscus 
Sabdariffa.  1578  *Red  speit  [see  reti-ivllhy  below].  1797 
J^ncycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XIV.  762/1  The  fitins  Catiattrjisis 
..  includes  three  varieties,  the  white  ..  ,  the  *red  New 
foundland  spruce,  and  the  black.  1820  T.  GREEN  Utiiv. 
Herbal  II.  858/2  Finns  iiifra,  Black  Spruce  Fir-tree. 
N.  America. — Red  Spruce  seems  not  to  be  different  from 
this.  1634  JOHNSON  Merc.  Bot.  71  Chick-weede  Spurry, 
*Red  Spurry.  1777  LIGHTFOOT  1'fara  Scot.  I.  235  *Red 
Stonecrop.  1597  CERARDE  Herbal  1293  Of  *red  Sumach.. 
Cotinus  Coriariits  Pliny.  Ibid.  551  *Red  Valerian  hath 
beene  so  called  of  the  likenesse  of  the  flowres  and  spoked 
rundles  with  Valerian.  1865  SOWEKBY  Eng.  Bot.  IV.  234 
Red  Valerian.  1777  LIGHTFOOT  1'lora  Scot.  I.  202  I'acci- 
muni  vitis  idza,.  .*Red  Whorlle- Berries.  1857  Miss  PKATT 
Hewer.  PI.  III.  354  Red  Whortleberry,  Cowberry.  ..  This 
is  a  low,  somewhat  straggling  shrub.  1578  LYTE  llodoens  VI. 
xi.  670  /  'acinia  nigrn,  lilack  Whortes,  /  acinia  rubra,  'Red 
Whortes.  1653  CULI-EPPER  Eng.  f'tiys.  Enlarged  (1656)  33 
The  Red  w  hurts  are  more  binding,  and  stop  ..  spitting  of 
blood.  1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Hot.  App.  324  Red  whorts, 
Spanish,  Arbutus.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  i.  li.  72  The 
second  [lysimachion]  is  the  *red  willow  herbe  with  Coddes. 
Ibid.  VI.  Ixvii.  744  That  whiche  hath  the  reddish  barke,  is 
called.. in  English,  *Red  Withy,  and  the  Letter  sort  therof 
is  called  Red  sperte.  x6n  COTGR,  Osier,  the  Ozier,  red 
Withie. 

e.  Minerals,  etc.,  as  red  blende,  carnelian,  clay, 
feldspar,  jasfer,  marble,  porphyry,  sulphur ;  red 
antimony  (ore),  =  KEKMEXITE  ;  red  arsenic  (see 
ARSENIC  rf.l  I  b) ;  red  bole  (see  BOLE  2)  ;  red 
chalk,  (a)  reddle,  ruddle  ;  (/')  Geol.  a  bed  of  chalk 
of  a  red  colour,  occurring  in  Norfolk  and  else 
where;  red  cobalt  (t  also  red  cobalt-ochre  and 
ere),  cobalt-bloom,  erythrite ;  red  copper  ore, 
native  red  oxide  of  copper,  CLTKITE  ;  red  coral 
(see  CORAL)  ;  red  crag,  Geol.  a  deposit  of  shelly 
sand,  the  upper  part  of  the  crag  of  Suffolk  ; 
red  haematite  (see  H.MIATITK)  ;  red  iron  (ore), 
a  variety  of  specular  iion  (see  quots.)  ;  red  iron 
froth  (see  quot.) ;  red  ironstone,  a  specular  iron 
ore;  red  iron  vitriol,  native  ferroso-ferric  sul 
phate;  red  lead  ore,  native  chtomate  of  lead, 
CHOCOITE;  red  manganese  (ore), native  carbonate 
of  manganese,  dialogue;  red  marl  (see  MARL); 
•f  red  mercury,  ? cinnabar  ;  fred  mun die,  =  next ; 
red  orpiment,  realgar,  red  sulphuret  of  arsenic ; 
led  phosphorus,  amorphous  phosphorus;  red 
prussiate,  ferricyanide  of  potassium  ;  red  schorl, 
titanite,  a  species  of  titanium  ore ;  red  silver 
(see  SILVER  ORE)  ;  red  tourmaline,  rubellite ; 
red  vitriol,  sulphate  of  cobalt,  also  called  Bieberite 
and  colalt-'ciilriol;  red  zinc  (ore),  zincite,  manga- 
nesian  oxide  of  zinc.  See  also  RED  LEAD,  OCHRK^ 

(Red  is  also  frequent  as  the  distinctive  epithet  of  those 
muriates,  oxides,  precipitates,  sublimates,  sulphates,  etc.  of 
metals,  which  are  of  this  colour.) 

1807  AIKIN  Diet.  Clifin.  tf  Mia.  I.  77/1  *Red  antimony 
has  sometimes  been  confounded  with  the  red  silky  oxyd  of 
copper.  1816  R.  JAMESON  Syst.  Mitt,  (ed.  2)  III.  483  Red 
Antimony-Ore.  T  his  species  is  divided  into  two  subspecies, 
viz.  Common  Red  Antimony-ore,  and  Tinder-ore.  1565 
COOPER  'J'hesaiints,  Sandariti  ha,  a  bright  redde  colour  vsed 
of  peinters. .  :  some  call  it  »redde  Arsenike.  1748  J.  HILL 
Hist.  Fossils  405  The  Authors  who  have  made  the  dis 
tinctions  between  red  Arsenic,  .and  Sandarach.  1839  UKE 
Diet.  Arts  54  The  improper  name  of  yellow  and  red 
arsenic,  or  oipiment  and  realgar.  1792  Phil.  Trans. 
LXXXII.  30  Hoffman  discovered  that  *red  blende  and 
feldspat  were  luminous  [etc.].  1748  I.  HILL  Hist.  S'i<ss:7s  g 
The  *Red  Boles.  IHd.  12  Heavy,  friable,  red  Mole,  call'd 
Seal'd  Earth  of  Livonia.  Ibid.  450*  The  *red  Carnelian. 
1875  lire's  Viet.  Arts  I.  732  The  colour  of  red  carnelian  of 
Cambray  varies  from  the  palest  flesh-colour  to  the  deepest 
blood-red.  1538  ELYOT  Kitbriia,  *red  chalke,  or  ruddle 
wherwith  shepe  are  marked.  1648  HEXHAM,  Koode  aerde, 
Red  earth  or  Red  chaulke.  1748  J.  HILL  Hist.  1-ossils  62 
Indurated  Clayey  Ochre,  called  Rid  Chalk.  1837  DANA 
A/in.  382  Under  this  spec-its  [specular  iron]  must  also^be 
included .  .reddle  or  red  uhalk,  the  common  drawing  material. 
1875  DAW  SON  Dawn  of  Life  viii.  222  The  'red  chalk'  of 
Antrim  and  that  of  Speeton,  contain  arenaceous  Foramim- 
fera  and  silicious  casts  of  their  shells.  1387  TKEVISA  1/igiicn 
(Rolls)  II.  17  pere  is  also  white  cley  and  'reed  [cley].  1875 
DAWSON  Damn  of  Life  viii.  222  Red  clay.. a  sort  of  ash, 
composed  of  silica,  alumina  and  iron  oxide.  1796  KIKWAN 
Elein.  Min.  (ed.  2)  II.  278  [Cobalt]  mineralized  by  the 
arsenical  acid.  'Red  Cobalt  ore.  1807  AIKIN  Diet.  Client, 
t,  Min.  I.  305/2  Red  Cobalt.  Of  this  there  are  two  varieties. 
1816  R.  JAMESON  Syst.  Min.  (ed.  2)  1 1 1. 510  Red  Cobalt-Ochre. 
This  species  contains  three  subspecies,  viz.  Karthy  . .  , 
Radiated..,  and  Slaggy  Red  Cobalt-ochre.  179*  HuTCHlM- 
SON  Hist.  CumiM.  1.  51/1  *Rcd  Copper  Ore.  1836  T. 
THOMSON  Mineral.,  GeoL,  etc.  I.  598  This  mineral  [black 
oxide  of  copper]  is  found  in  most  of  the  Cornish  mines 
where  copper  pyrites  or  red  copper  ore  occurs.  eiyi$Laml 
Cokaync  70  Of  grene  laspe  and  *red  corale.  1752  J.  Hi  LI. 
Hist.  Anim.  97  The  large  Biota  of  the  red  Coral.  1878 
HUXLEY  P/iysiogr.  xv.  249  It  is  termed  a  cup  coral  to 
distinguish  it  from  other  kinds  of  coral, as  red  coral.  1851 
RICHARDSON  Geol.  (1855)  358  The  "red  crag  is  a  shelly  sand 


granite  is  made  up  of  "red  feldspar,  quartz,  and  a  little  mica. 
1796  KIRWAN  E/tnt.  Mm.  (ed.  2)  II.  169  'Red  Haematites. 


RED. 

1836  T.  THOMSON  Mineral.^  Geo!.,  etc.  I.  435  Red  hematite 
{Rothglaskopf)  is  found  in  masses,  stalactites  and  kidney- 
form  nails.     1868  JOYNSON  .Metals  \.  2  'Red  hematite',  a 
'peroxide  of  iron  ',  a  valuable  iron,  containing  as  much  as 
69^  per  cent,  of  ore.     1836  T.  THOMSON  Mineral., ,Gfo/.,etc. 
I.  435  Compact  "red  iron  ore  occurs  massive  or  in  pseudo- 
morphous  cubic  crystals.     1837  DANA  /!//«.  382  The  varieties 
of  a  sub-metallic  or  non-metallic  lustre,  were  included  under 
the  name  of  red  haematite,  fibrous  red   iron,  ..and  when 
[consisting]  of  slightly  coherent  scales,  scaly  red  iron,  or 
*red  iron  Iroth.     1796  KIRWAN  Kletti.  tMin,  (ed.  2)  II.  171 
Compact  *Red  Iron  Stone.     1807  AIKIN  Diet.  CAet/t.  fy  Min. 
I.  584/2  Red  Iron-^tone.  .Of  this  there  are  four  subspecies, 

1837  DANA  Mitt.  180  Botryogen.. Native  *Red  Iron  Vitriol 
of  Fahlun.      1748  J.   HILL  Hiit.  Fossils    584   The   'Red 
Jaspers.     Ibid.    585    Ilrighl,    red    Jasper,    variegated    with 
white.     1843  POKTI.OCK  Geol.  525  The  rucks  are  traversed 
by  strings  and   nodules   of  red  jasper.      1877   \V.   JONKS 
Finger-ring  268  A  bronze  ring,  .set  with  red  jasper.      1816 
JAMKSON  AHn.  led.  2)  III.  4io*Red  Lead-Ore, or  Chromate 
of  Lead,     1836  T.  THOMSON  Mineral.,  C/ct?/.,  etc.  I.  561  Red 
lead  ore.     Tin's  mineral  was  first   found    in    the    mines  of 
Beresof  .in  Siberia.     1816  JAMESON  Syst.  Min.  (ed.  2)  III. 
334  *Red  Mangan«e-On.     1868  WATTS  Diet.  CAe/u.  V.  78 
Red   Manganese,  or  Diallogite.     1656  W.  D.  tr.  Comcniiis 
Gate  Lat.  Unl.  §  87  Alabaster,  the  whitest  marble,  and  the 
*red  marble  (porphyrites)  are  cut  out  of  the  quarrie.      1839 
URE  Diet.  Arts'&at  The  red  marble  of  Verona  Is  of  a  red 
rather  inclining  to  yellower  hyacinth.      VG&^AftthodCfaitt. 
Phil,  <f-  Physick  245  Sublime  the  *red  Mercury  from  the 
Alume.   I748J.  HILL///J/.  Fossils  406,  I  have  lately  received 
a  very  fine  specimen  of  it  [red  orpiment]  from  the  tin  mines 
of  Cornwall,  under  the  name  of  *red  Mundick,  everything 
that  is  bright  and  sparkling  being  called  there  by  that  name. 
Ibid.  405  *Red  Orpimenl  has  been  a  name  usually  given  by 
the  more  judicious  to  Sandarach, .  .and  by  the  vulgar  to  red 
Arsenic.     1837  DANA  Min.  432  It  [light  red  silver  ore]  is  an 
Important  Ore  of  Silver.    Red  Orpiment,  which  it  sometimes 
resembles,  differs  from  it  in  having  a  yellow  streak.     1865 
Chambers'  Encycl.t-.v.  Phosphorus  *\{e,& .phosphorus.,  occurs 
as  a  deep  red  amorphous  powder,  which  is  perfectly  devoid  of 
odour.     1845  DARWIN   Voy.  Nat.  xv.  (1890)  345,  I  at  first 
thought  it  was  owing  to  dust  blown  from  the  surrounding 
mountains  of  *red   porphyry.     1853   W.   GREGORY   Inorg. 
Cheni.  (ed.  2)212  Ferricyanide  of  potassium  (*red  prussiate). 
1862  MILLER  Elein.  Chem.  (ed.  2)  in.  685  The  red  prussiate 
burns  with  scintillation  when  introduced  into  the  flame  of 
a  candle.     1800  tr.  Lagranges  Chew.  I.  395  To  conclude 
that  the*red  schorl  is  a  peculiar  metal,  united  by  nature 
to  the  state  of  oxide.      1807  AIKIN  Diet.  Ch;m.  <$•  Min.  II. 
435/1  Titanite.  .Red  Schorl,  of  the  older  mineralogists.  Ibid. 
\.  93/2  The  substances   by   which    it   [realgar]   is   usually 
accompanied  are  native  arsenic,  *red  silver,  and  galena.    1836 
T.  THOMSON  Mineral.,  Geol.,  etc.  I.  650  Dark  and  light  red 
silver  were  considered  by  Werner  as  two  subspecies.     1748 
J.  HILL  Hist.  Fossils  402  *Red  Sulphur.     1836  T.  THOMSON 
Mineral.^  Geol.,  etc.  I.  371  The  following  table  exhibits  the 
most  recent  and  exact  analyses  of  the  green  and  *red  tour 
malins,  that  have  hitherto  been  made.    i85i  C.  W.  KiNG^w/1. 
Gems  (1866)  25  The  Red  Tourmaline  or  Rubellite  which  is 
as  electric   as  amber  itself.     1836  T.  THOMSON  Mineral., 
Geol.)  etc.  I.  536  Dlsulphate  of  Cobalt.    *Red  vitriol.    This 
mineral  occurs  m   the  rubbish  of  old  mines  at   Bieber... 
Colour  flesh-red  and  rose-red.     Ibid.  541  *Red  Zinc.     Man- 
ganesLm  oxide  of  zinc.     This  mineral  has  hitherto  been 
found  only  in  Sussex  county,  New  Jersey.  ..  It  was  first 
noticed,  described,  and  analyzed  by  I  )r.  Bruce.    1868  WATTS 
Diet.  Chem.  V.  79  Red  Zinc-ore,  or  Zincite.     Oxide  of  Zinc 
containing  Manganese. 

f.  Combined  with  other  colours  :  (see  quots.). 

1678  RAY  Willughbys  Ornith.  114  The  red  and  blue 
Parrot  of  Aldrovandus.  IbU.,  The  red  and  white  Parrot 
of  Aldrovandus.  1752  J.  HILL  Hist.  Anim.  27  The  red 
and  yellow  Spider.  Ibid.  86  The  large  American  red  and 
black  Ant.  1760  G.  EoWARMGVAm&^fl  .Vat.  hist.  II.  109 
The  Red  and  Black  Manakin.  Pipra  aureola.  1781  LATHAM 
Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  \.  \.  201  Red  and  yellow  Maccaw. 
1812  SHAW  Gen.  Zoo/.  VIII.  n.  498  Red  and  green  Amazon 
[parrot].  1893  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  528  The  Red-and-blue 
Macaw,  A.  macao,  which  is  even  larger  and  more 
gorgeously  clothed. 

18.  Prefixed  to  the  name  of  a  part  (or  some  dis 
tinctive  feature)  used  to  denote  the  whole : 

a.  of  persons,  as  red-beard,  one  with  a  red  beard, 
?a  constable  or  watchman  {obs.}\   red-breeches 
(see  quot.)  ;    red-clout,  a    red-coat    (twnce-wd}  ; 
red-cowl,  =  REDCAP  i  b ;  red  gown,  a  student  of 
St.  Andrews   University   {nonce-use} ;    red-hat,  a 
cardinal;  red-jacket,  an  attendant  wearing  a  red 
jacket  (cf.  RED-COAT  i  b)  ;  red-neck  (see  quot.)  ; 
red-shirt,  a  revolutionary,  an  anarchist. 

1607  DEKKER  &  WEBSTER  Nortkw.  Hoe  in.  i.  D.'sWks. 
1873  III.  39  White  haires  may  fall  into  the  company  of 
drabs  as  well  as  *red  beardes  into  the  society  of  knaues. 
1862  in  Post  Soldiers  Lett.  \\.  xxxii.  90  As  soon  as  the  rebs 
saw  our  *red  breeches  (the  Zouaves)  coming  through  the 
woods  they  skedaddled.  1893  CROCKETT  Men  of  Moss  Hags 
xxv.  192  His  Majesty's  *red-clouts.  1816  Scon'  Antiq.  ix, 
If  you  had  challenged  the  existence  of  *RedcowI  in  the 
Castle  of  Glenstirym.  1828  MOIR  Mansie  Waitck  vii,  Red- 
cowl,  redcowl,  come  if  ye  daur.  1773  FERGUSSON  IVks. 
(1800)  156  Say,  ye  *red  gowns  !.  .Gin  e  er  thir  days  ha'e  had 
their  peer.  1598  BP.  HALL  Sat.  \.\\\.  74  The*red  Hat  that 
tries  the  lucklesse  mayne,  For  welthy  Thames  to  change 
his  lowly  Rhene.  1884  TENXYSON  Becket  Ji.  ii.  The  King 
hath  bought  half  the  College  of  Redhats.  1848  THACKERAY 
Bk.  Snobs  ix,  The  *red-jackets  who  hold  gentlemen's  horses 
in  St.  James  Street.  Ibia.  x,  Slapper's  long-tailed,  .mare 
in  the  custody  of  a  red-jacket.  1900  IVestiti.  Gaz.  25  Apr. 
2/3  '  "Red-neck"  used  to  be  applied  to  Roman  Catholics  in 
Lancashire  as  a  term  of  opprobrium.  1889  GTNTKR  That 
Frenchman  !  xi,  The  *  red-shirts  of  Messieurs  Rochefort  and 
Fleurens  are  uttering  their  cries  of  rage  at  law  and  order. 

b.  spec.,  forming   the   names    of  certain   birds, 
fishes,  plants,   etc.,   as   red-back,   {a}    U.S.    the 
American  dunlin  or  red-backed  sandpiper,  Tringa 
americana ;  {6)  the  wax-bill  (?  error  for  red  beak}  ', 


291 

red-beak,  the  South  African  mouse-bird  (Funk's 
Stand,  Diet.}  ;  red-belly,  (a}  a  species  of  lake- 
trout  ;  (b)  the  Welsh  char ;  (c)  U.  S.  the  red- 
bellied  perch  or  sunfish,  the  red  grouper,  the  red- 
fender,  etc.  ;  red-bill,  Austral,  (a)  the  oyster- 
catcher ;  (b}  the  swamp-hen  ;  U)  a  small  bird  of 
the  genus  Kstrelda ;  red-face,  a  species  of  love 
bird  \Funtfs  Stand.  Diet.}  ;  red-fin,  (a)  a  British 
fresh-water  fish  \7  obs.}  ;  (6)  I *.  S.  the  shiner  and 
various  other  American  fishes  ;  red-foot,  an  Ameri 
can  bird  ;  red-gullet,  (a}  the  Australian  red-throat ; 
(b}  the  red-mouth  or  grunt  {Cent.  Diet.};  red- 
knee,  the  red-kneed  dottrel,  Etythrogonys  cinctus, 
a  species  of  Australian  plovers ;  red-knees,  the 
smai tweed,  or  water  pepper;  red-mouth,  a  grunt 
or  pig-fish  {Hxmulon}\  t  red-neb,  Sc.  a  kind  of 
potato  ;  red-neck,  a  species  of  brachelytrous  beetle 
(see  quot.);  red-root,  U.S.  (a)  New'  Jersey  tea, 
Ceanothits  americanus  ;  (l> -:  the  bluod-ioot,  San- 
guinaria  canadcnsis  (Webster  1847) ;  (c}  the 
stone-weed,  Lithospermum  anwise  ;  (d]  a  plant  of 
the  blood-wort  family,  Lacnanthes  tinctoria  ;  paint- 
root  ;  red-sides,  U.  S.  the  red  dace  or  red-fin  (Cent. 
Diet}  ;  red  throat, ' a}  =  redmouth  ;  (b}  an  Austra 
lian  singing  bird,  Pyrrholxnnts  brunncus  i  Morris)  ; 
red- underwing,  a  species  of  moth,  Gz  ocalannp(a\ 
red-wame,  Sc.  the  char. 

1813  WILSON  Awcr.  Ornith.  VII.  2^  This  bird.,  [is] 
known  in  Kngland  by  the  name  of  the  Dunlin;  and  in 
the  United  States,  along  the  >hores  of  New  Jersey,  by  that 
of  the  *Red  back.  [Cf.  Newton  Diet.  Birds  (1894)  770.] 
1851  MAYHEW  Land.  Labour  II.  72  In  St.  Helena  birds, 
known  also  as  wax-bills  and  red-backs,  there  is  a  trade  to 
the  same  extent.  1792  Statist.  Ace.  Scotl.^  Sutherland  1 1 1. 
579  Loch-Barley  affords,  in  great  abundance,  a  species  of 
trouts  called  *Red  Bellies.  1836  VARRKLI.  Brit,  fis/u's  II. 
71  The  Welsh  Charr  is  the  Torgoch  or  Red-belly  of  Wales. 
1877  JORDAN  in  Smithson.  Coll.  XIII.  ix,  20  note,  A  fine 
species  called  Red-belly,  Black-ears,  Black-tail  Sun-fish  [etc.]. 
1802  HARRINGTON  Hist.  N.  S.  U'.  ix.  345  Taking  uphisgun  to 
fireattwo*red-bills.  1828?.  CUNNINGHAM  A*..V.  /JWi-,j(ed.  3) 
II.  18  A  long-legged  wader,  named  here  a  red-bill.  1848 
GOULD  Birds  Australia  III.  PI.  82  Estrelda  temporalis, 
Red-eyebrowed  Finch...  Red-Bill  of  the  colonists.  1794 
HUTCHINSON  Hist.  Cnfiibld.  I.  96  Fishes.  Grey  trout,  . .  the 
"redfin,  minnow,  loach.  1831  WILSON,  etc.  Aiucr.  Ornith. 
IV.  271,  I  saw  one  of  them  secure  a  number  of  red-fins,  by 
wading  briskly  through  the  water,  and  striking  at  them  with 
his  bill.  1884  GOODE  Nat.  Hist.  Aquat.  Anim.  617  The 
'Shiner',  'Red-fin'  or  'Red  Dace'  abounds  in  all  streams 
from  New  England  to  Kansas  and  Alabama.  1819  WAKDKX 
United  States  II.  528  The  hatchet-bill,  or  "red  foot.  1848 
GOULD  Birds  Australia  VI.  PI.  21  Over  what  extent  of 
country  the  Banded  "Red-knee  may  range  is  yet  to  he 
determined.  1597  GKKAKDK  llttbal  Stippl.  to  Table,  *Red- 
knees  is  Hydropiper.  1729  in  Dumpier  s  I'oy.  (ed.  3)  III. 
415  The  'Red-Mouth.  His  Back  and  Gill-fins  Scarlet,  the  rest 
edged  with  white.  1884  GOODE  N<it.  Hist.  Aquat.  Anim. 
398  The  Grunts  or  Pig-Fishes  . .  are  distinguished  by  the 
brilliant  red  color  of  the  inside  of  the  mouth  and  throat,  from 
which  they  have  sometimes  been  called  Red  Mouths,  or 
Flannel  Months.  1798  R.  DOUGLAS  Agiic.  Surv.  Ko.vb.  97 
Various  other  potatoes.,  of  all  of  which,  next  to  the  common 
white,  the  one  in  greatest  esteem  is  the  "red-neb.  1872 
WOOD  Insects  at  Home  81  'I  he  present  species  is  one  of  the 
few  Brachelytra  that  has  a  popular  name.  It  is  called  the 
*Red-Neck,  on  account  of  the  bright-red  colour  of  the  thorax. 
1788  M.  CUTLER  in  f.i/t,  etc.  (1888)  II.  285  Another  plant, 
the  characters  of  which  I  much  wish  to  know,  is  called,  at 
Fort  Harmar,  *Red  Root.  1838  LoUDON  Arboretum  II. 
xxxv.  539  The  Ceanothns,  or  Ked  Root.  1860  EMERSON 
Com!.  Lifit  Wealth  Wks.  (Bonn)  II.  357  He.  .wakes  up  from 
his  idiot  dream  of  chickweed  and  red-root.  1840  Cuvicrs 
Anim.  Kingd.  296  Hsentulon  has.  .the lower  iaw compressed, 
opening  very  wide  and  of  a  bright  red.  Hence  they  are 
called  '  *  Red-throats '  in  the  West  Indian  Islands.  1720 
ALHIN  Nat.  Hist.  Insects  Descr.  facing  PI.  80  It  [the 
moth]  is  commonly  called  the  *red  under  Wing.  1832 
Planting  72  in  L,ib.  Uscf.  Knoiul.,  Hnsb.  Ill,  Noctua 
mtpta,  red  underwing.  1843  WESTWOOD  Brit.  Mot/is  I. 
247  Catocala  nnpta  (the  red  underwing).  1793 
Ace.  Scotl.  VIII.  504  This  lake  abounds  with  ch; 
monly  called  *red  wames. 

19.  \\ith  miscellaneous  sbs.,  as  red  admiral  (see 
quots.  and  ADMIRAL  6)  ;  red  arches,  a  British 
moth  (see  quots.),  also  called  the  rosy  footman  ; 
red  ash,  U.  S.  a.  coal  producing  a  red  ash  (also 
attrib.}  ;  red  beds,  Geol.  a  series  of  \V.  American 
strata,  of  the  Jurassic  and  Triassic  period ;  red- 
berry,  (a}  some  American  plant ;  (b}  (see  quot. 
1898)  ;  red  body,  in  fishes,  an  aggregation  of  capil 
laries  on  the  inside  of  the  swimming-bladder  ;  red 
bottle-brush,  an  Australian  myrtaceous  plant, 
Callistemon  lanceolatus ;  red  box,  a  box  (covered 
with  red  leather)  used  by  ministers  of  state  for 
holding  official  documents;  red  brass  (see quot.)  ; 
red  carpet,  a  species  of  moth,  Coremia  munitata  ; 
red  charcoal  (see  quot.);  red  cock,  a  euphemism 
for  fire  maliciously  raised ;  Ked  Crescent,  the 
Turkish  ambulance  society  answering  to  the  RED 
CROSS;  red  daddy  (see  quot.);  read  deal  (see 
quot.  and  DEAL  sb$  2) ;  red  dog,  U.  S.  {a}  a  bank 
note  formerly  in  circulation  (cf.  12  b);  {b}  a  low 
grade  of  flour  ;  red  drops,  =  red  lavender ;  f  red 
earth,  ruddle ;  red  ebony  (see  quot.v  ;  red  ensign 
(see  ENSIGN  5) ;  red  eten,  Sc.  [see  ETEN]  a  mon- 


Statist. 
iarr  com- 


RED. 

j  ster,  a  snrly  person ;  red  feather,  a  species  of 
moth  (see  quot.);  red  fender,  U.S.  the  red- 
bellied  terrapin  ;  red  fire,  a  pyrotechnic  effect,  or 
the  mixture  ignited  to  produce  it  (see  quot.  1869)  ; 
red  fly,  an  artificial  fly  used  in  angling  (see  quot. 
1 787) ;  red  fog,  (a)  a  sea-haze  due  to  the  presence 
of  sand  or  dust  in  the  air ;  (/>)  Dialog,  (see  FOG 
sli.'-  4);  red  friar,  a  Templar;  1  red  fustian, 
Cant,  red  wine  ;  red  gold  (see  quot.  and  Gni.it  W'.l 
5) ;  red  hackle  (see  HACKLK  sb.'t  4) ;  red  harts 
horn,  —  red  lavender  ;  red  hay,  dial,  mow-burnt 
hay  (?  Obs  ]  ;  f  red  hide  (?) ;  red  judge  (see 
quot.);  red  lac,  a  species  of  sumach  (A'/uts  sitc- 
cedanea,  also  called  red  lac  sumach},  from  the 
fruit  ot  which  Japan  wax  is  obtained  ;  red  lamp, 
a  lamp  having  red  glass,  used  as  a  doctor's  sign  ; 
red  lane,  colloq.  the  throat;  red  lavender  (see 
quot.);  fred  leather,  some  kind  of  cosmetic; 
red  liquor,  a  mordant  used  in  calico-printing 
(see  quot.  1839);  re<^  magnetism  (see  quot.); 
f  red  mason,  a  bricklayer  ;  red  mass  [alter  F. 
messe  rouge],  a  mass  (usually  one  of  the  Holy 
Ghost)  at  which  led  vestments  are  worn  by  the 
priest  (see  also  quot.  1896  and  cf.  Little  s.  v.  Alesse 
2)  ;  red  measures,  Alining  (see  quot.)  ;  red 
metal,  a  name  given  to  various  alloys  of  copper 
having  a  reddish  colour ;  redmilk,  a  species  of 
mushn.om  ;  fred  morocco,  the  pheasant's  eye, 
Adonis  aittninnalis',  red  oil,  olcic  acid  ;  red  pal 
mer,  an  artificial  fly  (see  quot.  and  I'ALMEK  sb. l 
2  b)  ;  f  red  pill  (see  quot.) ;  f  red  potter,  a  maker 
of  red  ware  ;  red  precipitate,  red  oxide  of  mercury, 
prepared  by  solution  (and  repeated  distillation) 
with  nitric  acid  ;  red  ribbon,  f  (a)  the  crimson 
ribbon  worn  by  Knights  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath, 
hence,  membership  of  this  Order,  or  the  Order 
itself;  (J>;.  the  band-fish  {Ccnl.  Diet.  1891);  red 
rise,  I.'.  S.  (see  quot. ) ;  f  red  roan  (see  quot.  and 
cf.  rcd-ro-tu]  ;  red  robin,  (a)  —  KCST  (in  grain)  ; 
(£)  the  red  campion  ;  red  rod,  (".  S.  (sec  quot.)  ; 
red  rot.  the  sun-dew,  JJrosera  rotundifolia  ;  red 
row  dial,  (see  quot.  and  cf.  red  roan"  ;  t  red 
ruddock  (see  RUDDOCK)  ;  red  rust,  =  RUST  (in 
grain) ;  red  scale,  a  scale-insect,  Aonidia  aurantii, 
infesting  orange-trees  ;  -f-  red  scall  (see  quot.)  ; 
red  seed,  a  small  crustacean  on  which  mackerel 
feed ;  red  softening,  a  variety  of  acute  softening 
of  the  brain,  marked  by  extravasation  of  blood  in 
the  tissue ;  red  soldier,  (a)  a  pig  affected  by 
swine  fever  or  other  disease  accompanied  with 
redness  of  the  skin;  the  disease  itself;  (i>)  a  icd- 
coated  soldier ;  red  spinner,  a  fly  used  in  angling 
(see  quot.  1858);  red  spirit(s  (see  quots.) ;  t  red 
spot,  a  pimple  or  efflorescence  of  the  skin  ;  fred 
sprat,  a  smoked  sprat ;  red  stock,  a  kind  of  red 
brick  (see  STOCK)  ;  red-stone,  a  stone  of  a  red 
colour  (also  attrib.) ;  f  ruddle  ;  red  stuff,  an  iron 
oxide,  as  crocus  or  rouge,  used  in  grinding  or 
polishing;  red  twig,  red  root  (Ccanot/nts^ ;  red 
varnish  (see  quot.) ;  red  wind,  f  (<?)  a  wind  which 
causes  the  leaves  of  trees  to  shrivel  and  turn  red  ; 
(/')  (see  quot.  1857)  ;  red  withe,  a  tropical 
American  vine,  Coml»-etitmjacquini(7~reas.  Bot. 
1866)  ;  tred  wort  (see  quot.  1495). 

1840 Citvicr's  Anim.  Kitigd.  606  This  subgenus  [I'ancssa] 
comprises  some  of  the  most  beautiful  of  our  British  butter 
flies,  such  as.. the  *Red  Admir.-i!.  1872  WOOD  Insects  at 
Home  399  The  splendid,  and  fortunately  common,  insect, 
the  Red  Admiral  (1'ancssa  Atalti)it<i).  1843  WESTWOOD 
Jirit.  Moths  I.  93  Miltoclirysta  minia'a  (the  *red  arches). 
1861  Mounts  Urit.  Alollis  I.  47  Red-arches  (Calligtnia 
miniatii\.  1874  RAYMOND  Statist.  Alines  ff  Jlfini'if  507  To 
make  this.. land  available  for  the  production  of  coal,  th 
upper  or  *red-ash  veins  having  been  worked  out.  1888 
Kncycl.  ISrit.  XXIII.  797/2  This  group  is  succeeded  by 
the  series  of  deep-red  sandy  gypsiferons  strata,  the  '  *Red 
Beds'  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  geologists.  1819  WARDEN 
United S/a/es  III.  136  The  undergrowth  consists  of  hazel, 
arrow  wood,  *red-berry,  crab-apple,  wild  pea-vine,  and 
rushes.  1898  MORRIS  A  astral  Eng.  383/2  RtlUtrrj,  [the] 
name  given  to  Australian  plants  of  the  genus  Rl^agodia 
bearing  spikes  or  panicles  of  red  berries.  1836  YARHKLL 
Brit.  Fishes  I.  38  The  air.,  found  in  these  bladders  ..  is 
believed  to  be  secreted  by  the  inner  lining  membrane,  and 
in  some  instances  by  a  *red  body.  1896  KIRKALDV  & 
POU.ARD  tr.  Boas'  Zool.  375  The  vessels,  .often  form  close 
circumscribed  retia  mirabilia,  projecting  as  *  red  bodies '  on 
the  inner  side  of  the  bladder.  1889  MAIUEN  Ustf.  Native 
Plants  389  **Red  Bottle-brush'.  (The  flowers  of  some 
species  of  Callistemon  are  like  bottle-brushes  in  shape.) 
<ri840  THACKERAY  Misc.  III.  154  Solemn  'red-box  and 
tape  men.  1863  CARLYI.E  Fredk.  Gt.  XXL  v.  VI.  558  Lee 
lodges  in  such  and  such  a  Hostelry  ;  bring  us  his  Red- 
Box  for  a  thirty  hours,  a  1883  E.  FITZGERALD  Miscellanies 
(1900)  201  It  is  good  for  a  Counsellor  to  be  attended  on  his 
travels  with  a  Red  Box.  Ibiit.,  A  Red  Box  is  as  it  were 
a  Star  Chamber  in  small.  1839  URF.  Diet.  Arts  165  "Red 
brass,  the  Tombak  of  some,. -consists  of  more  copper  and 
less  zinc  than  go  to  the  composition  of  brass,  being  from  aj 
to  8  or  10  of  the  former  to  i  of  the  latter.  1889  GROVES  & 
THORP  Client.  Technol.  I.  in  Wood  imperfectly  charred, 
so  as  to  leave  in  the  product  the  maximum  quantity  of  com- 

37-2 


RED. 

bustible  matter  per  volume,  is  called  *red  charcoal.  1815  SCOTT 
Guy  jV/.  iii,  We'll  see  if  the  *red  cock  craw  not  in  his  bonnie 
barn  yard  ae  morning  before day-dawing.  1897  UK. HAM  With. 
Turk.  Army  Thessaly  iii.  24  Of  the  two  medical  services 
the  *Red  Crescent  was  excellent.  x86p  Hardivicke's  Set. 
Gossip  i  Jan.  23  The  insect  referred  to  in  your  last  number 
under  the  title  of  **Red  Daddy',.. is  probably  PaHorpa. 
communist  ..  commonly  called  the  *  Scorpion-fly '.  1766 
Compl.  Farmer  s.v.  Pine,  The  Scotch-pine,  .is  the  tree  that 
affords  the  *red  or  yellow  deal.  1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning 
I.  zoiThe  roots  of  some  of  the  red  deals,  .abound  in  turpen 
tine.  1859  BAKTLF.TT  Diet.  Amer.  357  The  community 
stigmatized  them,  .as  *red  dogs.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I. 
545  Take  ruddle  or  *red-earth  tempered  wel  with  the  lees 
or  grounds  of  oile.  1706  Lowi.  Gaz.  No.  4202/3  Red-Earth, 
lower 'd  104^.  per  C.  1875  Ure's  Diet.  Arts.  II.  T&Grenada 
Coats  or  Grenadillo.  This  wood,  imported  from  the  West 
Indies,  is  called  *red  ebony  by  the  trench  cabinet-makers. 
1610  J.  MELVILL  Antobiog.  (\Vodro\vSoc.)  160 The  Guisians, 
and  the  rest  of  these  monstruus  "Read-eattins  in  France, 
quha  celebrat  that  bludie  drunken  feast  of  Bartholomew  in 
Paris.  1821  Kdinb.  Mag.  «y  Lit.  Misc.  Apr.  351/2  Sic  red- 
aitens,  whase  moolie  geir  is  atween  them  an'  their  wits. 
1872  J.  G.  WOOD  Insects  at  Home  522  The  *Red  Feather 
(Tisc/ieria  complanella)  so  called  from  its  colour  and  the 
feathery  character  of  its  wings.  ..  The  name  Red  Feather 
is  almost  a  literal  translation  of  Stephen's  name  rufif>en- 
nella.  1884  in  Goode  Nat.  Hist.  Aquat.  Anim.  154  The 
1  Red-bellied  Terrapin  ',  Pseudemys  rugosa  .is  also  known 
under  the  names  'Potter',  ''Red-fender',  and  'Slider'. 
1820  Q.  Jrnl.  Set.,  Lit.  ff  Arts  IX.  411  The  beautiful  *red- 
fire  which  is  now  so  frequently  used  at  the  theatres,  is 
composed  of  the  following  ingredients.  1869  Pall  Mall  G. 
13  Oct.  ii  This  red-fire  ..  is  made  of  nitrate  of  strontia, 
calomel,  chlorate  of  potash,  and  sulphate  of  copper.  1651 
BARKER  Art  of  Angling  9  A  light  F  lie  for  darknesse,  the 
*red  FHe  in  me.Jio,  and  a  dark  File  for  lightnesse.  1787 
BEST  Angling  (ed.  2)  no  The  Red-fly  comes  on  about  the 
middle  of  February  ..  it's  wings  are  made  artificially  of 
a  dark  drake's  feather,  the  body  of  the  red  part  of  squirrel's 
fur,  with  the  red  hackle  of  a  cock.  1860  MAURY  Phys. 
Geog.  Sea  (Low)  vi.  §  322  Seamen  tell  us  of  '*red  fogs' 
which  they  sometimes  encounter.  1879  Encycl.  Brit.  X. 
266/1  The  dust  or  sand  ..  may  descend  again  ..  in  the 
form  of  *  red-fog  ','  sea-dust ',  or  '  sirocco-dust '.  1609  SKENE 
Reg.  Maj.)  Burrow  Lawes  140  b,  Na  templair  t*Reid 
Freir..)  sail  intromet  with  any  merchandise,  .perteining  to 
the  Glide.  1762  HP.  FORBKS  Jrnl.  (1886)  178  Dornock  of  old 
was  a  Monastry  of  Red  Friars.  (11700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant. 
Cyt'iy,*AW-_/«.v^Vm,Clarret  or  red  Port-Wine.  1834  II .  AINS- 
WOKTH  Rookwood  i.  vlii,  Famous  wine  this,  .better  than  all 
your  red  fustian.  1800 tr.  La#ranges  Chem.  II.  141  Jewel 
lers  gold,  and  that  used  for  plate  and  coins,  is  allayed  with 
this  metal  [copper].  When  this  mixture  is  made  in  the 
arts,  the  workmen  call  it  *Red  Gold.  1651  *Red  hackle 
[see  red palmer\.  1799  G.  SMITH  Laboratory  II.  302  Red- 
hackle.  Body,  red  silk  and  gold  twist  [etc.].  1845  *Red 
hart-horn  [see  red  lavender}.  1796  West  Devonsh.  Gloss.) 
*Redhayt  mow-burnt  hay  ;  indKtinction  to'green  hay \ or 
hay  which  has  taken  a  moderate  heat,  and  to*  vinny  hay  ',  or 
that  which  is  mouldy.  1710  WHITWORTH  Ace.  /?«w/tf(i758) 
83  The  English  export  chiefly  hemp..*red-hides  and  caviar; 
the  two  last  to  Leghorne.  1865  Pall  Mail  G.  8  Aug.  10/1 
The  '  ""Red  Judges  ',  as  the  criminal  class  call  her  Majesty's 
judges.  1829  LoUDON  Encycl.  Plan's  226  Rhus  sitccedaneat 
*red  Lac.  1838  DICKENS  O.  Twist  xlv,  I  saw  her  look 
towards  his  [a  surgeon's]  infernal  *red  lamp.  1894  CONAN 
DOYLE  {title}^  Round  the  Red  Lamp.  1831  Lincoln  Herald 
15  July,  Delicious  !— O  ! — Down  the  "red  lane  it  goes.  1870 
Routledge's  Ev.  Boys  Ann.  Mar.  165  The  tarts  e'er  this  have 
gone  down  the  red  lane  !  1845  COOLKY  Cycl.  Pract.  Re 
ceipts  752/1  Tincture  of  Lavender  (Compound).  Syn.  Laven 
der  Drops,  . .  *Red  Lavender,  Red  Lavender  Drops,  Red 
Hartshorn.  1650  BULWER  Anthropomet.  156  Now  they  have 
too  little  colour,  then  Spanish-paper,  *Red  Leather  or  other 
Cosmeticall  Rubriques  must  be  had.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts 
1056  *Red  Liquor^  is  a  crude  acetate  of  alumina. .prepared 
from  pyrolignous  acid.  1844  E.  A.  ¥\WE.\.L  Applied  Chem. 
I.  280  Red  liquor  is  much  more  extensively  employed  as  a 
mordant  than  any  other  preparation  of  alumina.  1893 
SLOANE  Electr.  Diet.  345  A  two-fluid  theory  of  mag 
netism  has  been  evolved.  . .  It  assumes  north  fluid  or  '  *red 
magnetism' and  a  south- fluid  or  'blue  magnetism1.  1703 
MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  237  The  *Red  Mason,  which  is  the 
Hewer  of  Brick.  Ibid.,  The  Red  Mason  (or  Bricklayer). 
1889  PATER  G.  de  Latour  (1896)  171  The  daily  University 
*red  mass,  . .  said  to-day  according  to  the  proper  course  of 
the  season.  1896  Westni.  Gaz.  23  Oct.  1/2  The  *  red  *  mass 
..by  which  for  some  years  it  has  been  customary  at  the 
ancient  Sardinian  Chapel  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  to  mark 
the  opening  of  term  at  the  Law  Courts.  1883  GRESLEY 
Gloss.  Coal-Mining- zoo  * Ked  Measures.  Generally  refers  to 
the  strata  of  Permian  or  Triassic  age.  1882  Garden  2  Sept. 
207/3  We  have  the  "Redmilk  with  its  flaming  juice,  as  safe 
as  bread.  1777  W.  CURTIS  Flora  Londin.  1.  PI.  106  The 
Pheasant's  eye  . .  is  one  of  those  plants  which  are  annually 
cried  about  our  streets  under  the  name  of  *red  Morocco. 
1863  RICHARDSON  &  WATTS  Chem.  Technol.  I.  in.  688  *Red 
Oil  or  Oleic  Soap.  Campbell  Morfit  has  patented  a  process 
for  preparing  Soap  with  red  oil  and  Carbonate  of  Soda. 
1651  BARKER  Art  of  Angling  (ifao)  6  A  *red  Palmer  ribbed 
with  gold,  and  a  red  hackle  mixed  with  orenge  cruel.  1884 
St.  'James's  GHZ.  21  June  6/1  Take,  for  instance,  the  *red 
palmer '.  Originally  meant  to  represent  the '  woolly  bear  '  (a 
caterpillar  at  least  two  inches  long,)  the  fly,  as  now  tied, rarely 
exceeds  three  quarters  of  an  inch.  1802  Med.  Jrnl.  VIII. 
128  'Red  Pills  (i.e.  any  pills  rolled  in  bole  armenic,  or  ver- 
million\  1756  Gentl.  Mag.  XXVI.  89  A  fire  broke  out  at 
the  kiln-house  of  Mr.  Lemans,*red-potter,  at  Lambeth,  1754 
BARTLET  Gentl.  Farriery  (ed.  2)  280  Some  make  their 
scalding  mixture  milder,  using  *red  precipitate  instead  of 
the  sublimate.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  IV.  474/2  These 
crystals  ..  moderately  calcined,  assume  a  sparkling  red 
colour  ;  and  are  used  in  medicine  as  an  escharotic,  under 
the  name  of  red  precipitate.  1883  Ibid.  (ed.  9)  XVI. 
33/1  The  oxide  is  gradually  formed  as  a  red  powdery 
solid.  This  solid  has  long  been  known  as  'red  precipi 
tate'.  1725  J.  Wu*wxiQHTinPffrttom£AfSS,(Hl*t,  MSS. 
Comm.)  VI.  i  The  new  institution  of  Knights  of  the  Bath 
fills  the  town  with  an  expectation  of  *red  ribbons.  1732 
LORD  TYRAWLY  in  Buccleuck  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.) 


292 

I.  382  If  any  vacancies  should  happen  in  the  Red  Ribbon. 
1800  Asiat.  Ann.  Reg.,  Char.  58/2  The  present  vacant  Red 
Ribbon  has  been  offered  to  him.  i%8&  Encycl.  Brit.  XXIII. 
203/1  These  freshets,  laden  with  the  rich  red  loam  of  the 
plains,  usually  reach  the  lower  inhabited  sections  of  the 
State  [of  Texas]  in  periods  of  drought,  and  are  termed 
*  *-pd  rises'.  1762  MILLS /V<z<:/.  Husk.  I.  429  Barley  is  ripe 
v/hen  the  *red  roan,  as  farmers  call  It,  meaning  a  reddish 
colour,  Is  gone  from  off  the  ear.  1851-63  *Red  robin  [see 
RED  RAG  a],  1882  Devonsh.  Plant  Names*  Red  Robin, 
Lychnis  diurna.  1891  Q.  Noughts  <V  Crosses  88  My  feet 
trod  on  bluebells  and  red-robins.  1845-50  MRS.  LINCOLN 
Lect.  Bot.  App.  94/1  Cornus  sericca,  red  osier,  *red  rod. 
*597  GKRAKDE  Herbal  in.  civ.  1366  [Ros  soiis}  is  called  in 
English  Sunne  cleaw.  In  the  North  parts  *Red  rot,  bicause 
it  rotteth  sheepe.  1664  R.  TURNEU  Brit.  Physician  274 
It  is  called.  .Sundew,  Lust  wort,  Moor-grass,  and  of  some 
Red-rot.  1787  W.  MARSHALL  Norfolk  (1795)  11-  Gloss., 
When  the  grains  of  ripening  barley  are  streaked  with 
red,  the  crop  is  said  to  be  in  the  "red-row,  1879  Cumbld. 
Gloss.)  Reed  row.  When  barley  approaches  to  ripeness 
the  grains  are  streaked  with  red,  and  are  then  said  to 
be  in  the  reed  row.  1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric, 
(ed.  4)  II.  407  In  the  year  1831,  wheat  crops  were  extensively 
infested  with  a  parasitical  fungus,  popularly  termed  the 
*Red  Rust.  1893  Daily  News  23  May  5/2  The  **red 
scale',  so  harmful  to  orange  and  lemon  trees.  1578  LVTE 
Dodocns  v.  i.  657  Very  excellent  to  annoynt  the  head 
against  Alopecies,  which  some  call  the  *redde  scall  or  fall 
ing  away  of  the  heare.  1884  Goo  UK  Nat.  Hist.  Aquat. 
Anim.  291  The  various  invertebrate  animals  preyed  upon  by 
Mackerel  are  known  to  the  fishermen  by  such  names  as 
'shrimp',  '"red-seed1,  and  'Cayenne1.  1884-5  Riverside 
Nat.  Hist.  (1888)  111.  193  The  so-called  red-seed  exercises 
a  deleterious  effect  on  the  flesh  of  the  fish.  1854  JONES 
&  SIEV.  Pat  hoi.  Anat.  253  With  regard  to  the  locality  of 
*red  or  inflammatory  softening.  1858  AITKEN  Pract.  Med. 
499  More  partial  or  local  forms  of  this  affection  [cerebritis], 
to  which  the  name  of  'red  softening1,  or  'acute  ramol- 
Hssement',  has  been  applied.  1878  Times  26  Dec.,  All 
pigs  not '  *red  soldiers  '  will  be  adjudged  innocent  of  typhoid. 
1886  STEVENSON  Kidnapped  xvii,  He  supposed  it  was 
some  of  the  red  soldiers  coming  from  Fort  William  into 
Appin.  1799  G.  SMITH  Laboratory  II.  306  *Red  Spinner  j 
begins  with  July.  1858  KINGSLEY  J\Jisc.t  Chalk-stream 
Stud.  (1859)  I-  *&9  [The  caperer]  may.  .do  duty,  .for  the  red 
spinner  or  perfect  form  of  the  Marchbrown  ephemera.  1807 
AIKIN  Dict.Chem.ff  Min.  II.  287/2  It  is  occasionally  used 
for  colouring  spirits,  as,  for  example,  the  *red  spirit  used  for 
thermometers.  1844  E.  A.  PA  KNELL  Applied  Chem.  I.  287 
Such  solutions,  which  are  known  among  dyers  by  the  name 
of  red  spirits  or  simply  spirits,  may  be  obtained  by  dissolving 
metallic  tin,  in  a  granulated  or '  feathered  '  state,  in  one  of  the 
following  liquids.  14..  Nom.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  707/28  Hec 
papula,  a  *redspott.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  125  The  root 
of  Onochiles  brought  into  a  liniment  cureth  the  lentils  or  red 
spots,  yea  and  the  infection  of  the  leprosie.  11618  SYLVESTER 
Tobacco  Battered  429  Bacon-flitches,  *Red-Sprats,  red- 
Herings,  and  like  Chimny-wretches.  1823  P.  NICHOLSON 
Pract.  Build,  344  *Red  Stocks  ..  owe  their  colour  to  the 
nature  of  the  clay  of  which  they  are  made.  1839  URE  Diet. 
Arts  184  Place  bricks,  gray  and  red  stocks,  ..  and  cutting 
bricks.  1598  FLORIO,  Rubrica^  vermillion,  red  oaker,  red- 
leade,  *red  stone,  or  ruddl.  1712  J.  MORTON  Nat.  Hist. 
Northampt.  41  The  common  Kealy,  or  Red-stone  Land. 
1796  KIRWAN  Elan.  Min.  (ed.  2)  I.  328  Redstone  of  Rawen- 
stein— Its  colour,  by  reflected  light,  is  rose  red.  1848  RICK- 
MAN  Styles  Archit.  Eng.  (ed.  5)  App.  p.  xvii,  The  walls  being 
mostly  built  with  rough  red-stone  rag.  1850  HOLTZAITFEL 
Turning  III.  1088  *Red  Stuff,  a  n;ime  applied  by  watch 
makers  to  some  kinds  of  crocus,  or  the  oxide  of  iron.  1884 
F.  J.  BRITTEN  Watch  $  Clockm.  220  Red  stuff  is  prepared 
of  various  degrees  of  fineness.  1816  WARDEN  Descr.  Co 
lumbia  196  American  *red  twig,  or  Carolina  spiraea.  1893 
SLOANE  Elcctr.  Diet.  559  s.v.  Varnish,  *Red  Varnish. 
A  solution  of  sealing  wax  in  oo  per  cent,  alcohol.  1575-85 
ABP.  SANDYS  Serm.  88  As  the  goodliest  trees  in  a  garden 
are  soonest  blasted  with  *red  windes.  1706  LONDON  &  Wisi-: 
Retired  Card.  I.  23  The  North-East  Winds,  which  are  red 
Winds  that  blast  the  Leaves  upon  your  Peach-Trees.  1857 
N.  $  Q.  Ser.  u.  IV.  114  There  is  no  sojourner  in  the 
Mediterranean. .,  who  has  not  seen  the  red  wind.  ..It  blows 
from  the  deserts  of  Africa,  and  derives  its  name  from  the 
particles  of  red  sand  with  which  it  is  charged,  a  1400 
Stockh.  Medical  MS.  i.  265  in  Anglia  XVIII.  302  pe  crop  of 
be  *reed  worte  do  ber-to.  c  1450  Jlf.  E.  Med.Bk.  (Heinnch) 
232  Tak  of  redewortes,  of  fette  malxves  [etc.].  1495  Trei'isa's 
Barth.  DeP.  R.  xvii.  Ixxiii.  (W.  de  W.)  647  Elutropia  hlghte 
Solsequium,  also  the  red  worte,  and  many  calle  it  Cicorea. 

b.  With  adjs.  (and  derived  sbs.),  as  red-blind, 
colour-blind  in  respect  of  red  (so  red-blindness}  \ 
t  red  fire-hot,  =  RED-HOT  ;  red-green-blindness 
(cf.  red-blind  and  GREEN-BLIND)  ;  red-hearted 
(see  quot.) ;  red-mad,  =  RED-WOOD  a. ;  red-ripe, 
fully  ripe,  as  indicated  by  the  red  colour  (alsoyf^. 
as  sb.}.  Also  redward  a.  and  adv.,  towards  the 
red  end  of  the  spectrum. 


examining  him  with  the  spectrum,  we  find  that  he  sees  no 
light  at  all  at  the  extreme  limit  of  our  red.     1876  BERNSTEIN 


Red-fire-hot.  1888  Times  (weekly  ed.)  14  Sept.  3/1  Colour 
blindness  . .  is  either  *red-green-blindness  or  blue-yellow- 
blindness  or  total  colour-blindness.  1832  Planting  91  in 
Lib.  Use/.  Kuowl.t  Hitsb.  Ill,  *Red-hearted.~\  discolora 
tion  of  the  central  point  or  heart-wood  of  a  tree.  1877 
Holderness  Gloss.  K.V.,  He'll  be  *red-mad  ti  buy  that  pony. 
1893  STEVENSON  Catriona  74  She's,  .red-mad  about.. pro 
scribed  names,  and  King  James.  1822  GOOD  Study  Med. 
III.  213  He  could  perceive  cherries  on  cherry-trees,  but 
only  distinguish  them  even  when  *red-ripe,  from  the  sur 
rounding  leaves  by  their  size  and  shape.  1868  BROWN- 
ING  Ring  ff  Bk.  i.  1396  Human  at  the  red-ripe  of  the  heart. 
1889  LOCKVER  in  Proc,  R.  Soc.  10  Jan.  185  Some  of  the 
bright  lines  observed  are  described  as  being  to  the  *redward 


BED. 

side  of  dark  lines.  1903  AGNES  M.  CLERKE  Probl,  Astro 
physics  224  All  showed  a  much  smaller  displacement  red- 
ward  than  the  dark  lines. 

B.  sbl  1.  Red  colour  (dye,  stain,  etc.);  redness. 

Also,  esp.  in  modern  use,  with  many  defining  terms  pre 
fixed,  as  Adrianople,  alizarin,  Ju-rry^Jlesht  indigo  t  Tur 
key^  etc.  (cf.  A.  i). 

c  1205  LAV.  24651  Heo  wolden  of  ane  heowen  heore  claSes 
habben.  Sum  hafden  whit,  sum  hafden  rasd,  sum  hafden  god 
grene.  c  1250  Gen.  ff  Ex.  640  De  rede  wid-innen  toknet  on 
wreche  Sat  sa!  get  wurden  sent,  a  1300  Cursor  M,  3366  Wit 
mantel  clad  o  bouen  o  rede.  13..  Caw.  <fr  Cr.  Knt.  952 
Riche  red  on  bat  on  [lady]  rayled  ay  quere.  c  1400  Destr. 
Troy  3988  Hir  lippes  were  louely  littid  with  rede.  1480 
CAXTON  Descr.  Brit.  5  Men  dytn  ther  with  fyn  reed,  the 
redenes  ther  of  is  wonder  fayr  and  stable.  1509  HAWES 
Past.  Picas,  xxxv.  (Percy  Soc.)  179  In  a  banner  square,  All 
of  read e  was  wrytten  Discomfort.  1571  GOLDING  Calvin  on 
Ps.  ii.  9  He  consumeth  them  to  nothing  with  the  onely  red 
of  his  lippes.  1592  SHAKS.  I'en.  fy  Ad.  901  [The  boar's] 
f rot  hie  mouth  bepainted  all  with  red.  1629  MILTON  Nativity 
230  The  Sun  in  bed,  Curtain'd  with  cloudy  red.  111683 
OLDHAM  Wks.  (1685)  15  A  deed,  for  which  the  day  deserves 
its  red  Far  more  than  for  a  paltry  Saint,  that  died,  a  1711 
KKN  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  311  With  such  rare 
Mixture  of  pure  Red  and  White.  1798  COLERIDGE  Anc. 
Mar.  iv.  xi,  The  charmed  water  burnt  alway  A  still  and 
awful  red.  1808  SCOTT  Marm.  i.  Introd.  15  No  longer 
Autumn's  glowing  red  Upon  our  Forest  hills  is  shed.  1813 
—  Rokeby  v.  xxxi,  Distinguished  by  the  paly  red  The  lamps 
in  dim  reflection  shed.  1864  BOWEN  Logic  i.  8  Though  the 
red  or  the  white  of  this  object  is  not  the  identical  red  or 
white  of  that  object. 

b.  The  red  colour  in  roulette  or  rouge-et-noir. 
1849  THACKERAY  Pcndennis  xxxvii,  A  confounded  run  on 

the  red  had  finished  him.  1868  YATES  Rock  Ahead  in.  v, 
I've  won  a  little  on  the  red  and  black  here  and  there. 

c.  The  red  ball  in  billiards. 

1866  in  Roberts  Billiards  (1869)  346  Bennett,  .in  the  next 
stroke  fluked  the  red,  the  '  run  '  closing  for  n. 

d.  To  shoot  or  sport  the  red  :  (see  quot.  1897). 
1849  D.  T.  BROWNE  Amer.  Poultry  Yd.  (1855)  163  A  safer 

rule  may  be  fixed  at  the  season  called  'shooting  the  red  '. 
1897  K.  B.  B.  DE  LA  BERF.  New  Poultry  Guide  n.  56  Turkeys 
require  considerable  attention  . .  until  they  '  sport  the  red  ', 
as  it  is  termed,  i.e.,  develop  the  red  colouring  to  the  face 
and  wattles. 

2.  a.  Stuff,  cloth,  or  the  like,  of  a  red  colour 
(usually  as  the  material  of  a  dress). 

£1380  WYCLIF  M-'&s.  (1880)  475  He  ..  made  hym  &  his 
cardenals  ride  in  reed  on  hye  ors.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Prol. 
294  Twenty  bookes  clad  in  blak  or  reed.  1523  in  Turner 
Sfl.  Rec.  *Qxf,  (1880)  44  For  ij  yards  of  Red  for  Crosses, 
price  the  yarde  xij '.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  u.  ix.  27  There 
sate,  y-cladin  red  Downe  to  the  ground,  a  comely  personage. 
b.  Ruddle  (now  dial.} ;  f  rouge. 

I398TREVISA  tr.  Barth.  De  P.  K.  xvi.  Ixxx,  Offit  gendreth 
seemliche  colour  and  faire,  as  revvli,  reed  [C  ax  ton  rtdy],  and 
stibium.  1538  ELYOT,  Rubricates,  coloured  with  redde  or 
ruddelyd,  as  shepe  are.  1558  WARDE  tr.  Alexis*  Seer.  iv. 
75  Another  kinde  of  redde  verye  good  for  the  face.  1700 
CONCREVE  Way  of  World  HI.  i,  Lady.  Fetch  me  the 
Red— The  Red,  do  you  hear,  Sweet-Heart?  ..  Peg.  The 
red  Ratifia  does  your  Ladyship  mean..  ?  Lady,. .  Paint, 
dost  thou  understand  that?  1:1720  DUCHESS  OF  MONTAGU 
in  Bncclettck  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  367,  I  made 
myself  as  French  as  I  could..,  but  they  wear  such  loads 
of  red,  and  powder,  that  it  is  impossible  for  me  to  come 
up  to  that.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Red  in  cosmetics,  a 
fucus  or  paint  wherewith  the  ladies  enliven  their  cheeks  and 
lips.  1869  Lonsdale  Gloss.,  Red,  ruddle  for  marking  sheep. 

3.  t  a.  Gold.  Cbs.  rare. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troy  fits  in.  1335  (1384)  They  shul  for-go 
J?e  white  and  eke  J>e  rede.  1390  GOWF.R  Con/.  II.  88  To  the 
rede  and  to  the  whyte  This  Ston  hath  pouer  to  profile.  1677 
W.  HUGHES  Man  of  Sin  \\.  x.  187  The  most  Gracious  See 
(saith  he)  rejecteth  none  where  White  or  Red  (Silver  or  Gold) 
makes  Intercession. 
b.  Red  wine. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Pard.  T.  108  Whan  man  so  drynketn  of 

the  whyte  and  rede.     \'jv$  Rambling  Fitddlc-Cup$  n  Came 

in  with  a  Friend  for  a  whet  of  good  Red.     1721  RAMSAY  To 

R.  H.  B.  iii,  If  ram'd  wi'  red,  they  rant  and  rair,   Like 

j     mirthfu'  men.     1842  TENNYSON  Will  Waterproof '82  Kopint 

I    of  white  or  red  Had  ever  half  the  power. 

4.  =  Red  Squadron  (cf.  A.  16  d). 

1690  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  2541/3  A  second  Rate,  and  Rear- 
Admiral  of  the  Red.  1707  CHAMBERLAYNF,  State  Gt.  Brit. 
HI.  600  Rear-Admiral  of  the  Red.  1805  Admiralty  Notice 
in  NavalChrcn.yW.  430  His  Majesty  having  been  pleased 
to  order  the  rank  of  Admirals  of  the  Red  to  be  restored  to 
His  Majesty's  Navy.  1833  Penny  Cycl.  I.  126/2  Admirals 
of  the  Red  bear  their  flag  at  the  main-top-gallant-mast-head. 

5.  //.  (rarely  sing,  with  a.) 

a.  Shades  or  tints  of  red. 

1633  BP.  HALL  Occas.  Medit.  (1851)  59,  I  do  not  like  these 
reds,  and  blues,  and  yellows,  amongst  these  plain  stalks  and 
ears.  1635-56  COWLEY  Davideis  \.  87  No  dawning  Morn 
does  her  kind  Reds  display.  1812  SIR  H.  DAVY  C/iein.  Philos. 
243  It  does  not  destroy  even  reds  and  yellows  whenfixed  by 
mordants.  1884  Times  (weekly  ed.)  19  Sept.  5/2  The  bodies 
and  bars  of  the  carts  were . .  painted  in  blues  and  reds. 

b.  Red  kinds  or  varieties  of  cloth,  wine,  wheat, 
etc. ;  red  cattle,  ants,  herrings,  etc. 

1566  A.  EDWARDS  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1599)  !•  357  Vour 
London  reds  are  not  to  be  sent  hither.  1641  FRENCH  Distill. 
Pref.  (1651)  *iiijb,  They.. have  brought  a  great  Odium  upon 
it  by.,  vending  their  whites,  and  reds.  1868  Chambers" 
Encycl.  s.v.  Wtne^  The  Italian  wines  are  very  numerous. 
The  best  reds  are  Lambrusco,  Barbera,  etc.  1881  Daily 
News  23  Aug.  3/6  There  were  a  few  parcels  of  new  wheat 
shown. . .  Reds  realized  555.  to  583.,  and  fine  whites  up  to  6os. 
per  quarter.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Col.  Re/onner  (1891) 
121  He's  got  a  real  turn  for  the  roans  and  reds, 
t  C.  The  menses.  Obs. 

'563  HYLL  Art  Garden.  (1593)  69  Cnmmine  seeds  ..  doth 
stay  the  much  bleeding  at  the  nose,  and  womens  excesse  of 


BED. 

the  Reddes.     1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  268  Herb  Robert 
..and  Hyociathis.  .do  stay  the  fiux  of  redsor  whites     1664 
R.  TURNER  Brit.  Physician  189  [copying  Gerarde], 
•(•d.  Red  cheeks,  nonce-use. 

1616  J.  LANE  Contn.  Sqr.'s  T.  x.  212  Canace,  whose  bothe 
reddes  paeld  deadlie  teene. 

6.  a.  //.  Red  men ;  North  American  Indians. 

1804  C.  B.  BROWN  tr.  Volncys  View  Soil  U.S.  351  A 
body,  .capable  of  defending  itself  both  against  whites  and 
reds,  the  savage  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  land  jobber  on 
the  other.  1889  Boston  (Mass.)  jrttl.  ii  May  1/7  A  fight 
occurred  between  Indians  and  cowboys  near  that  post,  and 
.  .three  of  the  reds  were  killed. 
l>.  A  radical,  republican,  or  anarchist. 

1864  TENNYSON  Ay  liner's  F.  251  The  next  day  came  a 
neighbour.  Blues  and  reds  They  talk'd  of.  1882  Spectator 
2  Dec.  1535  They  fret  as  if  they  were  Reds  under  a  Caesar. 
1892  MRS.  H.  WARD  David  Grieve  II.  349  My  father  was 
a  Red — an  Anarchist. 

f  Red  sl>*,  variant  of  READ  sl>.1  Obs. 

1782  A.  MONRO  Coiiipar.  Attat.  (ed.  3)  40  From  this  it 
passes  into  the  fourth  [stomach], ..or  the  red,  which  is  the 
name  it  commonly  has  because  of  its  colour. 

t  Bed,  v.  Obs.  [OE.  nSadian,  f.  ri!ad  RED  a. 
Cf.  O11G.  rdtSn  (MHO.  roten),  f.  rot  red.] 

1.  intr.    a.  To  be  red.     b.  To  become  or  grow 
red ;  to  blush.   =  REDDEN  v.  2  and  2  b. 

C975  Kusfiw.  Gosp.  Matt.  xvi.  3  To-dajge  bib  hreanis, 
reada|>  Cordon  unrotlice  be  heofun.  c  1000  Sax.  Leeckd.  I. 
330  Nim..hwitne  xppel  be  bonne  ^yt  ne  readixe.  a  13x0 
in  Wright  Lyric  P.  IX.  34  Eyther  cheke  [is]  Whit  y-noh  ant 
rode  on  eke  ase  rosen  when  hit  redes.  1390  GOWER  Conf. 
II.  7  For  oght  that  is  befalle  Mai  noman  do  my  chekes  rede. 
1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  168  Muche  sholde  oure 
ciystyn  Prynces  reede  and  be  ashamyd. 

2.  trans.  To  make  red.   =  REDDEN  v.  I. 

a  1*25  Ancr.  R.  356  And  nes  Godes  rode  buruh  bis 
deorewurSe  blode  iruded  &  ireaded.  Ibid.  402  Jesu  Crist 
ireaded  mid  his  owune  blode  o&e  rode.  1570  FOXE  A.  ff  M. 
(ed.  2)  695/1  He  did  redde  and  dyed  them  with  their  own 
bloud.  1611  COTGR.,  Ayttets,  little  rods,  or  twigs,  wherin 
herrings  are  threaded,  and  layed  on  hurdles  to  be  redded. 
1676  MOXON  Print  Lett.  12  By  Redding  or  Blacking  the 
Backside  of  your  Paper,  a  1703  BURKITT  On  N.  T.,  i  John 
iii.  13  The  prosecutor  goes  about  with  Cain's  club  in  his 
hand,  redded  with  blood.  1736  AINSWORTH  Lat.  Diet.  s.v. 
Rnbi.tus,  Bread  redded  in  the  oven,  and  scorched. 

Ked.var.  RADa.2;  obs.  f.  (pa.  t.,  etc.)  of  READ  p., 
var.  REDD,  obs.  f.  REDE  si.  and  v.,  REED  st. 

-red,  suffix,  representing  OE.  rxden  condition, 
which  was  freely  used  as  a  second  element  in 
combs.  In  ME.  the  full  form  -r&den,  -ralen, 
-raden  was  by  the  general  dropping  of  final  -» 
reduced  to  -rede,  and  this  was  subsequently  short 
ened  to  -red.  (In  some  cases  the  -ide  was  con 
fused  with  the  synonymous  -Aede.)  In  Sc.,  by  an 
early  metathesis  of  n,  the  suffix  assumed  the  form 
-rend  (-ranJ),  later  -rent  (-rant). 

Of  the  numerous  words  thus  formed  in  OE.  (see 
Bosw. -Toller,  s.  v.)  only  a  few  were  retained  in 
ME.,  as  brother-,  fer-,  folk-,  frend-,  love-,  man-, 
sibrede(ii,  -red},  repr.  OE.  br6Sor-,  gefir-,  folc-, 
frtond-,  hif-,  man(n)-,  sibrxden.  In  addition  to 
these,  ME.  had  a  few  forms  not  recorded  in  OE., 
vsfelawrede,  nejeburret/e,  and  the  surviving  repre 
sentatives  of  the  class,  GOSSIPKED,  HATKED  and 
KINDRED.  (Consiiired,  used  by  Scott,  is  a  hybrid 
and  app.  an  individual  formation.) 

fRedabsolvo,  v.  Obs.  rare-",  [ad.  L.  type 
*redabsolvfre :  see  RE-  and  ABSOLVE.]  '  To  dis 
charge  or  dispatch  '  (Cockeram  1623). 

t  Reda'Ct, pa.pple.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  redact-us,  pa. 
pple.  of  rediglre  :  see  next.] 

1.  Brought  together  in  a  written  form. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  255  The  grete  Pompems 
was  the  firste  whiche  willede  to  haue  redacte  the  lawes  in 
to  bokes.  Ibid.  VII.  309  Whiche  descripcion  [of  England) 
was  redacte  into  oon  volume. 

2.  Brought  or  reduced  into  (in),  to  a  state,  con 
dition,  etc.,  or  under  one's  power. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  5!  Ynglonde  was  redacte  iiij. 
tymes  into  servitute.  1502  in  Arnolde  Chron.  (1811)  163 
So  the[y]  be  redacte  vnder  the  pour  of  the  Soudane.  1513 
Ballad  in  Brctdsltaitj's  St.  Werbitrge  202  Thy  bretherne 
were..  With  diuersofthy  kynne .. Redact  in  the  catholique 
papall.  1539  in  Froude  Hist.  Eng.  (18581  III.  419  Wales  is 
redact  to  that  state  that  one  thief  taketh  another,  and  one 
cow  keepeth  another.  1560  ROLLAND  Crt.  yenits  iv.  528  Sa 
at  all  time  I  bruik  my  priuilage,  That  it  be  not  redact 
vnto  thirlage. 

b.  Of  material  things :  Reduced  to  or  into 
ashes,  dust,  etc. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  119  Whiche  apples  y-taken 
be  redacte  vn  to  esches.  1545  JOYE  Exfi.  Dan.  iv.  D.  iij, 
Then  was  y«  test  or  potsherd,  the  brasse,  gold  &  sylver  re 
dacte  into  duste.  1558  WAKDE  tr.  Alexis"  Seer.  1.11568)  29  b, 
Take  drie  Camomill  redact  into  powder. 

Redact  (r/da:-kt),  v.  Also  fa.  t.  5  redact, 
[f.  L.  reJact-,  ppl.  stem  of  redigSre  to  bring  back, 
collect,  reduce,  etc.,  f.  re(d)-  RE-  +  agire  to  drive, 
etc. :  see  ACT  v.  The  form  redact  for  the  pa.  t. 
(cf.  prec.)  is  frequent  in  the  later  version  of  Hig 
den.  In  its  mod.  use,  the  verb  has  been  reintro- 
duced  in  the  igth  c.  (after  REDACTION);  Ash  (1775) 
and  Todd  (1818)  mark  it  as  '  not  used  '.] 

T  1.  trans.  To  bring  (matter  of  reasoning  or  dis- 


293 

course)  into  or  to  a  certain  form ;  to  put  together 
in  writing.  Obs. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  251  Aristotille  redacte  hit 
[logic]  in  an  arie.  Ibid,  253  The  Romanes  didde  redresse 
and  redacte  tlie-e  lawes  of  Salon  \_sic}  in  to  x,  tables,  c  1550 
LLOYD  Treas.  Health  Yvjb,  The  aphursim  ,  of  Hippo 
crates  redacted  vnto  a  certayne  order.  ij&/  A.  M.  tr. 
Guitlcmeans  I-r,  Chirnrg.  *nij  b,  They  have  redacted  them 
together,  because  they  might  the  easyer  be  vnderstoode. 
1639  DRUM  MONO  Conv.  iv.  B.  Jonson  Wks.  (1711)225  lien 
Johnson  .  .cursed  Petrarch  for  redacting  verses  into  sonnets, 
t  b.  To  bring  or  insert  (a  thing)  into  a  scheme 
or  body.  Obs.  rare. 

1570  FOXE  A,  $  .-I/,  (ed.  2)  451/1  Although  this  law  is  not 
redacted  into  y;  body  of  the  law,  yet.  .it  is  not  abrogated. 

t  C.  To  reduce  (a  subject)  to  a  person's  under 
standing.   Obs.  rare. 

1657  TOMLINSON  Renous  Disp.  To  Rdr.  i  b,  Here  the 
whole  Pharmaceutical  Art  is  denuded,  and  redacted  to  the 
clear  intelligence  of  the  meanest  capacity. 

f  2.  To  bring  together  into  one  body.   Obs. 

*43a~5°  tr.  Hidden  (Rolls)  I.  209  After  that  Romulus  re 
dacte  alle  the  cites  in  to  oon.  Ibid,  II.  273  Augustus,, 
redacte  in  to  oon  monarchy  the  realmes  of  alle  the  worlde. 
1550  VERON  Godly  Sayings  (1846)  50  Those  thinges  whiche 
can  be  redacted  into  some  one  thynge  of  manye. 

T  3.  To  reduce  (a  person  or  thing  tot  into  a  cer 
tain  state,  condition,  or  action.  Also  rarely  with 
inf.  Obs.  (Common  in  I7th  c.,  esp.  Sc.) 
_  1542  BECOK  News  out  of  Heaven.  Wks.  1564  I.  13  Ye  see 
into  how  miserable  a  ca-;e  ye  are  redacted  and  fallen  by  the 
sin  of  Adam.  1582-8  Hist.  Jas.  V£  (1804)  90  In  respect  of 
the  greatt  desolatioun  that  the  commonweill  was  redactit 
into.  1637  MONKO  Exped.  \.  3  The  liaron  of  Fowles,  being 
..a  litle  prodigall  in  his  spending,  redacted  his  e>tate  to 
a  weeke  point.  1678  Trans,  Crt.  Spain  u.  121  They  will 
be  ever  redacted  to  shift  for  that  where  of  they  shall  stand 
in  need.  1731  Plain  Reas.  rresbyt.  Dissent.  115  Poor 
people  are  squeezed  and  redacted  to  most  pinching  straits, 
thro'  gentlemen's  racking  their  rents. 

f  b.  To  reduce  (a  material  thing)  to  a  certain 
form.  Obs.  rare. 

1634  UP.  HALL  Character  of  Man  (1635)  26  Metalls  where, 
by  they  might  make  use  of  those  plants,  and  redact  them  to 
any  forme  or  instruments  of  work,  were  yet.,  to  seek. 

4.  In  modern  use :  a.  To  draw  up,  irame  (a 
statement,  decree,  etc.X 

1837  CARLYI.E  Fr.  Rev.  I.  v.  ii,  The  oath  is  redacted  ; 
pronounced  aloud  by  President  IJailly.  1843  —  Cromwell 
(1871)  I.  101  The  House  of  Commons  ..  was  busy  redacting 
a  'Protestation'.  1860  VV.  G.  CLARK  in  I'ac,  Tour.  46  A 
council  of  ministers  was  held  in  the  palace..  ;  they  were 
engaged  in  redacting  the  two  proclamations. 

b.  To  put  (matter)  into  proper  literary  form  ; 
to  work  up,  arrange,  or  edit. 

1851  CARLYLE  Sterling  m.  v,  Sterling,  .redacts  it  in  a 
Tunes  leader.  1884  Times  i  Nov.  9  Their  observations 
are  recorded,  tabulated,  digested,  and  redacted  in  every 
possible  way. 

Hence  Redacted///,  a. 

1676  COI.ES,  Redacted^  forced  back.      1898  G.  B.  GRAY  in 
Expositor  May  347  The  present  redacted  text  of  Genesis. 
II  Redacteur  (mlaktt/r).     [F.]  =  REDACTOR. 
1804  Edin.  Rev.  IV.  2  These  materials  ..  left  nothing  to 
the  rettactexr,  but  the  occasional  labour  of  selection,  arrange* 
merit,  and  compression.      1844  J.  W.  CKOKKR  Ess.  Fr.  /\ev. 
vii.  (1857)  47**  The  careful  rtdactenr.  .exercised  some  degree 
of  judgment  in  correcting  these  unseemly  blunders. 
Hence  BecTa  cteursliip. 

1820  Blackw.  Mag.  VI.  619  In  your  two  or  three  busy 
days  of  redacteurship. 

Redaction  (rfdge-kfan).  [In  sense  i,  ad.  late  L. 
redaction-em  (Boeth.),  n.  of  action  f.  redigere  (see 
REDACTS.),  or  f.  redact-^  ppl.  stem  Qircdig$rc\  in 
sense  2,  a.  F.  redaction  (1690).] 

tl.  The  action  of  driving  back,  resistance,  re 
action.  Obs.  rare. 

1621  S.  WARD  Life  of  Faith  71  [Faith]  takes  away  all 
reluctation  and  redaction,  infuseth  a  plyable  wilHngnesse. 
a  1659  BP.  BROWNRIG  Serin.  (1674)  I.  xxx.  385  There  is  a  re 
daction  and  repercussion  in  resistance. 

2.  The  action  or  process  of  preparing  for  publica 
tion  ;    reduction   to   literary   form  ;    revision,   re 
arrangement. 

1803  \V.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  I.  448  His  redaction  is 
neater,  his  range  of  study  more  comprehensive  [etc.].  1835 
ARNOLD  in  Stanley/,//^  (1858^  I.  vii.  357  Patches  put  to 
gether  from  various  quarters  without  any  redaction.  1883 
A.  ROBERTS  O.  T.  Rmis.  ii.  43  The  Pentateuch  must  have 
been  subjected  to  many  redactions  before  receiving  its  final 
shape. 

b.  The  result  of  such  a  process;  a  new  edition. 

1810  Edin..  Rev.  XVI.  480  A  sort  of  redaction,  or  new 
edition,  of  the  subsisting  statutes.  1860  ADLEH  Eauricfs 
Prow.  Poetry  xi.  221  The  great  poem  of  the  Nibelungen  is 
a  redaction  of  several  detached  songs  and  poems.. more 
ancient  than  itself. 

3.  The  action  of  bringing  or  putting  into  a  defi 
nite  form. 

1867  Q.  Rev.  Oct.  441  About  200  A.D.  the  redaction  of  the 
whole  unwritten  law  into  a  code,  .was  completed. 

Hence  Reda  ctional  a.,  of  or  belonging  to  re 
daction  ;  of  the  nature  of  redaction. 

1891  DRIVER  Introd.  Lit.  O.  T.  19  Making  such  slight 
redactional  adjustments  as  the  unity  of  his  work  required. 

Redactor  (.rfdce-kt/j).  [a.  L.  type  *redactor, 
agent-n.  f.  redigere  to  REDACT.  Cf.  REDACTEUR.] 
One  who  redacts;  an  editor. 

1831  CARLYLE  Misc.  (1857)  H-  299  The  first  German  re 
dactor  of  this  Fable.  1877  DAVIDSON  Canon  Bible  19  The 


REDARGUE. 

idea  naturally  arises  that  he  was  the  final  redactor  of  the 
Pentateuch. 

Hence  Redacto'rial  a.,  of  or  belonging  to  a 
redactor;  editorial. 

1865  An-w.  Standard  6  June,  To  assume  the  redactorial 
charge  of  a  new  Republican  daily  paper.  1897  E.rpcsitor 
Sept,  167  The  redactorial  insertions  of  the  later  Judaism. 

t  Xtedamancy.  Obs.  rare  — l.  [t,  L.  rcdamare 
to  love  in  return,  f.  re{d)-  RE-  +  aware  to  love: 
see  -ANCY.]  The  action  of  loving  in  return. 

1656  BI.OUNT  Gli'ssogr,  (citing  Montague  Missive Consol.\ 

t  Redania  tion.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [See  prec. 
and  -ATION.J  =  prec. 

1658  in  PHILLIPS.  1678  J.  J[ONES]  Brit.  Church  571 
'Where  Christ  is  not  exemplified,  in  three  conformities;  in 
his  death,  in  his  life,  in  his  redamation. 

t Reda-mbulate,  v.  Obs.  rare-0,  [f.  ppl. 
stem  of  L.  redainbtilare  :  see  HE-  and  AMBULATE.] 
intr.  '  To  walk  back1  (Cockeram  1623). 

Redamna'tion.  rare~l.  [RE- 5  a.]  Renewed 
damnation. 

a  1652  UROME  Queen  $  Cone.  n.  viii,  Until  the  world  be 
vindicated  from  Theredamnation  such  an  error  threatens. 


(r/darn).  Also  8  reden(t,  redant  (and 
erron.  redans,  -ens),  [a.  K.  redan  (1677)  for 
redcnt  (a  double  notching  or  lagging,  as  in  the 
teeth  of  a  saw'  (Cotgr.),  f.  re-  RE-  +  "dent  tooth.] 

1.  Fortif.  A  simple  form  of  field-work,  having 
two  facts  which  foim  a  salient  angle. 

1689  [see  b].  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  Redent,  In 
Fortification  [etc.].  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey1,  Redan  or 
Rfdent.  1727-41  CHAMBKRS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Redens  are  fre 
quently  used  in  the  fortifying  of  walls,  where  it  is  not 
necessary  to  be  at  the  expen>e  of  building  bastions.  1762 
STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  VI.  xxi,  A  number  of  small  piquets 
driven  into  the  ground  at  the  several  angles  and  redans. 
1776  in  Sparks  Corr.  Amcr.  Rti>.  (1853)  I.  159  It  was  ..  my 
intention  to  throw  up  a  great  number  of  large  fleches  or 
redans  at  certain  distances,  one  behind  another.  1828  J.  M. 
&FBARMAN  Brit.  Gunner  (ed.  2'  213  The  distances  of  the 
redans  from  each  other  should  not  exceed  120  yards,  in 
order  that  the  fire  from  the  faces  of  one  redan  may  defend 
the  saliants  of  the  next.  1864  BURTON  Scot  Abr.  I.  v.  294 
The  long  ranges  of  bastions  and  redans  which  covered 
miles  of  land  under ..  Vaul -an. 

trans/.     1878  T.  HARDY  Ret.  h'atire  i.  vi,  Not  on  the  level 
ground,  but  on  a  salient  corner  or  redan  of  earth,  at  the 
junction  of  two  converging  bank  fences. 
b.  attrib. 

1689  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2478/2  Having  view'd  the  Ground, 
[he]  staked  out  a  Redent  Work  with  Redoubts.  1834  47 
J.  S.  MACAU-LAY  Field  Fort  if.  (1851)  31  To  reduce  the 
number  of  points  of  attack  in  a  continued  redan  line,  the 
salient  of  the  large  redan  may  be  placed  more  in  advance. 

2.  (See  quut.) 

1848  CRAIG,  Redan ,  a  projection  in  a  wall  on  uneven 
ground  to  render  it  level.  [Hence  in  Ogilvie  (1850),  and 
later  Diets., but  it  is  doubtful  whether  this  sense  of  the  Fr. 
WOrd  has  ever  been  adopted  in  Eng.J 

Redar(e,  obs.  forms  of  READER. 

fRedarguate,  v.  Obs.  rare~°.  [irreg.  f.  L. 
redargnZre  ;  see  next.]  *  To  reprove  '  (Cockeram 
1623).  So  f  Redar  gnat  ion,  =  REDARGUTIOX. 

c  1485  Digby  Myst.  \\.  47  To  persue  all  tho  that  do  repro- 
bacion  A-gayns  owur  lawes  by  ony  redarguacion.  1721 
BAILEY,  Redargttation^  a  disproving  or  confuting. 

Redargue  (reda'jgi«),  v.  Now  Sc.  [ad.  F. 
redarguer  (i4th  c.  in  Littre),  or  L.  redargucre 
to  disprove,  etc.,  f.  re(d)-  RE-  +  argutre  to  ARGUE.] 

•f  1.  trans.  To  blame,  reprove  (a  person  or 
persons,  an  action,  etc.).  Also  const,  of ,  for,  Obs. 

c  1400  Apol.  Loll.  6  Poule  a^enstod  him  in  }>e  face,  £ 
redargued  him,  for  he  was  reprouable.  1547  BOORDE  Brcv. 
Health  Ixviii.  19  b,  A  power  of  the  soule  the  whiche  doth 
reluct  agaynst  vyces  and  synne,  and  redargueth  or  repre- 
hendeth  synne.  a  1578  LINDESAY  iPitscottie)  Chron.  Scot. 
(S.T.S.)  I.  33  Quhen  he  had  pansit  in  this  maner  wp  and 
doun  and  ressonit  [-JAV.  /,  redarguit]  himself  for  his  slouth- 
f ulness.  1648  LIGHTI-OOT  Horse  Hebr.  (1684)  II.  604  The 
Holy  Spirit,  .could  not  but  reprove  and  redargue  the  world 
of  Sin.  1677  GALE  Crt,  Gentiles  II.  111.  136  Basil.. severely 
redargues  Origen's  allegoric  mode  of  Theologising. 

2.  To  confute  (a  person;  by  argument.     (In  later 
use  only  Sc. ;  cf.  next.) 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Set.  Wks.  I.  79  Rekke  we  not  of  argu- 
mentis  fjat  sophist  is  maken,  (?at  we  ben  redargued 
grantynge  }>at  we  den  yen.  163*  B.  JONSON  Magn.  Lady 
HI.  iv,  Sir,  I'll  redargue  you  IJy  disputation.  1671  [R. 
MAC\VARD]  True  Nonconf.  3  It  is  your  part,  by  this  your 
conference  more  solidly  to  redargue  him.  1704  EARL  OF 
CROMARTY  in  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4037/5  That  we  may  redargue 
one  another  with  Kindness  and  Civility.  1877  BLACKIE 
Wise  Men  327  All  these  Love's  vouchers  stand,  beyond  the 
craft  Of  sophist  to  redargue. 

3.  To  refute   or  disprove    (an  argument,   state 
ment,  etc.     Since  c  1700  only  Sc.,  chiefly  Law.) 

16*7  HAKEWILL  Apol.  HI.  §  4  (1635)  310  Nathaniel  Car 
penter  thus  fully  redargues  that  forgerie.  1641  J.  JACKSON 
True  F.vang.  T.  \.  68  The  error  which  this  point  is  profit 
able  to  confute  and  redargue  is  twofold.  1679  Prot.  Con~ 
formist  3  It  has  been  so  fully  and  clearly  redargued,  that  I 
need  not  meddle  with  it.  1751  M^DOUALL  Inst.  Laws  Scot. 
I.  359  The  presumption  lies. .that  he  has  the  drawer's 
effects,  which  he  must  redargue  by  the  letter  of  advice. 
1771  SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl.  Introd.  p.  vi,  The  objections  you 
mention,  I  humbly  conceive  are  such  as  may  be  redargued, 
if  not  entirely  removed.  1847  HAMILTON  Let.  to  De 
Morgan  4,  I  may  . .  redargue  your  claim  and  statements, 
as  the  result  of  a  mistake.  1885  Law  Rt-p.  10  App.  Cases 
383  note,  This  fact  afforded  a  degree  of  real  evidence  which 
no  parole  testimony  could  redargue. 


REDARGUING. 

•j-b.  To  argue  (a  case)  in  opposition  to  another 
person.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1633  W.  AMES  Saint's  Sfcrtr.  (1652)  8  When  Job's  three 
Friends  had  spent  much  time  in  arguing  and  redarguing 
the  case  with  Job,  Elihu.  .speaketh  after  this  manner. 

4.  absol.  or  intr.  To  reprove  or  refute  ;  to  employ 
argument  for  the  purpose  of  refuting. 

1641  J.  JACKSON  True  F.vang.  T.  \.  55  Men  love  truth 
when  it  shines,  but  not  when  it  redargues.  1644  BUI.WKII 
Chirol.  170  The  bowing  downe  of  the  Fore-Finger  for 
a  checke  of  silence,  and  to  redargue,  is  an  action  often  found 
in  the  Hands  of  men. 

Hence  Reda  rguing  vbl.  sb. 

1627-77  FELTHAM  Rrsolres  n.  xii.  184  It  was  the  redargu 
ing  of  his  misguided  friends,  .that  moved  him.  1656  STAN 
LEY  Hist.  Philos.  iv.  (1701)  147/1  A  great  lover  of  Contention, 
and  therefore  called  EAe'yfu'o?  from  redarguing. 

Redargution  (reda.igi/7  Jan).  Now  rare.  [a. 
OF.  rcdargucion^  -tion  (i2th  c.  in  Godef.),  ad.  L. 
redar£ntidn-em>  f.  redargiu-re :  see  prec.J 

1 1.  Reproof,  reprehension  (of  a  person,  an  ac 
tion,  etc.).  Obs,  (Common  in  jyth  c.) 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  435/2  He  sheweth  hymself  worthy 
of  redargucion  or  rebuke.  1533  MOKE  Apol.  160  b,  The 
open  reprofe  and  redartjucyon  therof  may  not  ..  well  by- 
come  those  that  are  no  more  spyrytuall  than  I.  1593  BELL 
Motivrs  cone.  Rom.  Faith  (1605)  129  The  whole  scripture., 
is  profitable  todoctnn,  to  redargution,  to  correction,  a  1630 
Br.  HOI-KINS  Strut.  Lev.  xix.  17  Wks.  1809  IV.  489  To  ex 
pose  the  vice  that  we  reprove  ..  keeping  still  within  the 
bounds  of  a  sober  and  friendly  redargution. 
fb.  An  instance  of  this.  Obs.  rare. 

1610  WILI.ET  Hexapla  Dan.  157  There  is  first  a  redargu 
tion  and  reprehension  of  the  king.  1620  BKKNT  tr.  Sar/>i's 
Counc.  Trent  VITI.  (16761  675  To  make  an  excuse  to  Lorain, 
saying  that  his  redargutions  were  not  meant  of  his  Excel 
lency  . .  but  of  the  Divines  of  the  Sorbone. 

2.  Confutation  (of  a  person);  refutation,  disproof 
(of  a  statement,  etc.).  Now  rare. 

i5«9  MORE  Dyaloge  i.  Wks.  149/2  Thei  coulde  not  endure 
yl  redargucion  that  should  sometime  fall  to  their  part  in 
dispysicions.  1597  J.  KING  On  Jonas  (1618)  544  Therefore 
they  must  be  vanquished,  .both  by  written  demonstrations, 
and  by  vnwrilten  redargutions.  1640  Consid.  Ch.  Eng.  9  It 
is  a  matter  Volumes  have  beene  compiled  of,  and  therefore 
cannot  receive  a  briefe  ledargution.  1697  C.  LESLIE  Snaka 
in  Grass  (ed.  a)  46  Which  Plea  leads  us  Naturally  and 
Necessarily  Into  this  sort  of  Redargution.  1882  GOUGH  & 
COWEI.L  Siirvii-darshanti-sanigraJtabb  As  if  then  we  had 
thrown  their  best  wrestler,  the  redargution  of  the  rest  of 
their  categories  may  be  anticipated. 

t  Redargutive,  a.   Obs.  rare.     [ad.  L.  type 

*  redargittlvits  :  see  REDARGUE  and  -IVE.]    =next. 
1609   R.    BARNERD   Faithf.  Sheph.   60  The    first  [use]  is 

Redargutiue,  when  the  doctrine  is  vsed  to  confute  and  ouer- 
throw  an  error  or  heresie.     1623  in  COCKERAK. 
t  Beda'rgutory,  a.   Obs.  rare.     [ad.  L.  type 

*  redargutorius :  see  KEDAHGUE  and  -ORY.]     Per 
taining  to  refutation  or  reproof. 

1634  T.  CARF,\V  Cesium  Brit.  Wks.  (1824)  154  My  privi 
leges  are  an  ubiquitary, . .  interrogatory,  redargutory  im 
munity  over  all  tb.e  privy  lodgings.  1650  Let,  Cens.  <y 
Redargntion  Lieut. -Col.  Lilburne  i  This  censorious,  re 
dargutory  address  of  mine. 

Reda-rt,  v.  [1<E-]  trans.  To  dart  (a  thing) 
back  in  return.  Hence  Reda'rtad  ///.  a. 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  ix.  iv.  (1614)  842  They  some- 
times  are  said  to  catch  an  arrow  with  the  hand,  and  redart 
it  at  the  shooter.  1640  [R.  BKATHWAIT]  Tivo  Lancashire 
Lovers  63  Let  but  one  line  redart  one  small  beameling  of 
love,  a  1711  KEN  Anodynes  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  449 
Soon  as  a  bearded  Dart  I  feel,  Redarted  Pray'r  the  Wound 
shall  heal. 

Redawii,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  To  dawn 
again.  Hence  Kedawning ///.  a. 

1837  DE  QUINCEY  Revolt  Tartars  Wks.  1854  IV.  175 
Peace  and  prosperity  ..  re-dawned  upon  the  tribes.  1896 
O.  Rev.  Oct.  334  This  faint  gleam  of  redawning  freedom 
died  away. 

Red-back:  see  RED  a.  i8b. 

Red-backed,  a.  Having  a  red  back;  chiefly 
of  birds,  esp.  the  red-backed  butcher-bird  or  shrike 
(Lam'its  collitrio^n  and  the  red-backed  sandpiper 
(  Tringa  americana}. 

1768  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  I.  163  The  Red  backt  Butcher 
Bird  [1776  Shrike]..  .The  upper  part  of  the  back  and  coverts 
of  the  wingsareofa  bright  ferruginous  color.  1802  BINGLKY 
Anim.  Biog.  (1813)  The  mode  in  which  a  Red-backed 
Pelecan  ..  stowed  its  food  into  its  pouch.  1813  WILSON 
Amer.  Ornith.  VII.  25  Red-backed  Sandpiper,  Trin^a 
Alpina.  1819  WARDEN  United  States  II.  411  The  rattle 
snake,,  .red-backed  snake.  1822  LATHAM  Gen.  Hist.  Birds 
VI.  286  The  Red-backed  Lark.  1839  AUDUDON  Ornith. 
Biog.  V.  335  Red-Backed  Woodpecker.  1840  Penny  Cycl. 
XVIII.  263/2  One  species  ..  is  known  by  the  names  Varie 
gated  Sole,  Red-backed  Flounder,  etc.  {Monnchirus  lingua- 
tulus),  1894  NEWTOS  Diet.  Birds  845  Much  smaller  than 
this  is  the  Red-backed  Shrike, ..the  best-known  species  in 
Great  Britain,  where  it  is  a  summer  visitor. 

b.  Of  books  :  Backed  with,  bound  in,  red. 

1866  HOWELLS  Venet.  Life  xvi.  246  We  forestieri  of  the 
red-backed  books. 

Red-banded  :  see  RED  a.  i4b,  i4c. 

Red  bark.     A  variety  of  Cinchona-bark. 

1782  W.  SAUNDERS  Superior  Efficacy  of  Red  Peruvian 
Bark  fed.  2)  7  The  diversity  both  in  size  and  colour  of  the 
Red  Bark  from  the  common  Peruvian  Bark.  1837  Penny 
Cycl.  VII.  173/2  Red  bark  has  been  known  for  130  years, 
but  was  not  much  used  in  Europe  till  1779.  1880  C.  R. 
MARKHAM  Peruv.  Bark  41  The  species  yielding 'red  bark', 
the  richest  and  most  important  of  all  the  Chinchona. 


294 

atirif.  igSi  R.  SPKUCE  (title)  Report  on  the  Expedition 
to  procure  Seeds  and  Plants  of  the  Cinchona  Succirubra,  or 
Red  Bark  Tree.  1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Perm'.  Bark  218 
Now  the  '  red  bnrk  '  grounds  are  confined  to  the  ravine  of 
the  river  Chasuan,  and  its  tributaries.  Ibid.  305  The  dry 
season  in  the  '  red  bark  '  region. 

Red-bead  snake,  tree,  vine  :  see  RED  a.  12  b. 
Bed-bearded,  a.     Having  a  red  beard. 

1576  NKWTON  Leinnies  Complex.  (1633)  207  That  red- 
bearded  men  are  sehlome  of  any  good  disposition.  1611 
L  BARRY  Ram  A  lley  K  ij  b,  Fetch  me  a  red-bearded  sargeant. 
1751  H.  WAI. POLE  Lett.  (1846)  II.  403  He  is  . .  red-bearded, 
and  not  comely.  1843  CAKI.YLK  Past  <$•  Pr.  IV.  iv,  Thor  red- 
bearded,  with  his  blue  sun-eyes. 

Red-bellied,  a.     Having  a  red  belly. 

Frequent  in  the  names  of  American  birds  and  fishes. 

1743  G.  EDWARDS  *\at.  Hist.  Birds  I.  22  The  Red-belly'd 
Blue. Bird.  178*  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  I.  11.  485 
Red-bellied  Curucni,  Trogoii  Cnritcni.  1808  WILSON  Aiticr. 
Ornith.  I.  43  Red-bellied  black-capt  nuthatch,  Sittti  varia. 
Ibid.  114  Red-bellied  woodpecker,  Picas  Carolines.  1819 
WARDEN  United  States  II.  411  The.  .red-bellied  land  snake. 
1847  AL'DUBON  &  HACHMAN  V'iiiip.  Quadritp.  N.  Atitcr.  I. 
202  Red-bellied  Squirrel.  1876  GOODE  in  Siiiithson.  Coil. 
XIII.  vt.  60  Red-bellied  terrapin  (rsctfdeiiiy*  rttgosa}. 

Red-belly  :  see  RED  a.  18  b. 

Red-berried,  a. 

1.  Bearing  red  berries. 

1739  MILLKR  Card.  Diet.  II.  s.v.  Casia,  Red-berried  Shrub- 
casia.  1819  WARDEN'  United  Stiitt's  II.  242  «<>/*•,  Mountain 
maple,  red-berried  elder,  and  witch  hazle.  1865  SOWKRBY 
Jf.ng.  Bat.  IV.  36  Red-berried  Jiryony.  1891  T.  HARDV 
'J 'ess  (1903)  32/2  '1'he  tall  red-berried  hedges. 

2.  Resembling  red  berries. 

1881  IMacin.  Mag.  XLIV.  345  The  child  with  ripe  red- 
berriod  lips. 

Red-bill:  see  RED  a.  i8b. 

Bed-billed,  a.    Ornith.  Having  a  red  bill. 

1729  in  Diuiificr's  I'oy.  (ed.  3!  III.  408  'I  he  Red-bill'd  Star 
ling.  1781  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  I.I.  355  Red  billed 
Hornbill.  Ibid.  390  Red-hiiled  Jay.  1814  WILSON  Awer. 
Ornith.  Index,  Red-billed  Rail.  1864-5  J-  G.  WOOD  Homes 
without  II .  xi.  (1868)  200  Our  first  example  of  the  African 
Weavers  is  the  Red-billed  Weaver  IJird.  1884-5  Riverside 
Nat.  Hist.  (1888)  IV.  106  Of  this  very  remarkable  form  only 
one  species,  the  red-billed  curlew.. is  known. 

Be'd-bird.  A  name  given  to  various  small 
American  birds  with  red  plumage,  esp.  the  summer 
tanager (Piraiigairslira},  scarlet  tanager  (P.  rubra) , 
Baltimore  oriole,  and  cardinal  grosbeak. 

1670  D.  DKNTON  Dtscr.  New  York  (18451  5  There  is  also 
the  red  Kird,  with  divers  sorts  of  singing  birds.  '723 
BLACKMORE  Alfred  vu.  224  When  on  Indian  Plains  a 
Rattle-Snake  Perches  a  Red-Bird  in  a  shady  Hrake.  1783 
LATHAM  Cen.  Synopsis  Birds  II.  I.  27  At  Hudson's  Bay  it 
[the  red-breasted  thrush]  is  known  by  the  name  of  Red 
bird.  1856  BRYANT  Murdered  Trail,  ii,  The  red-bird 
warbled,  as  he  wrought  His  hanging  nest  o'erhead.  1885 
LADY  BRASSEY  The  Trades  423  The  red-birds,  or  'Cardinal 
gros-beaks'-.are  a  kind  of  Virginian  nightingale. 

Red-blind(ness)  :  see  RED  a.  19  b. 

Red-blooded:  seeRi:n<z.  14  a. 

Bed  book,  red-book.     A  book  bound  in  red. 

1.  As  the  name  of  individual  books  of  an  official 
character,  or  otherwise  important. 

Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  a  miscellaneous  volume,  con 
taining  copies  of  charters,  statutes,  surveys,  etc.,  originally 
compiled  in  the  131(1  century,  and  recently  printed  (Rolls 
Series,  1896)  ;  see  also  quot.  1820.  Red  Book  of  Hergest, 
a  Welsh  manuscript  of  the  14-15111  c.  (now  the  property  of 
Jesus  College,  Oxford),  containing  the  tales  known  as  the 
Mabinogion  and  other  pieces  in  prose  and  verse. 

1479  Bristol  Rec.  in  Eiig.  Gilds  (1870)  419  All  the  chauntry 
preestis  whos  composicions  are  enrolled  in  the  rede  boke. 
1574  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  352  A 
certifycatt  sent  downe  from  London  to  this  cytye  as  the 
same  appearith  in  the  redd  booke.  1699  Br.  W.  NICOLSON 
Enf.  Hist.  Library  in.  iii.  (1714)  213  There  is  also,  in  the 
keeping  of  the  King's  Remembrancer,  an  antient  Miscellany 
of  several  notable  Treatises;  which  Volume  is  commonly 


the  Exchequer  at  Dublin.  1715-6  in  Catal.  MSS.  Walu 
in  B.M.  (1903)  408  Since  I  perceived  Jesus  College  had  an 
undoubted  right  to  the  Red  Book  of  Hergest.  1800  in  Kef. 
on  Ossian  (1805)  App.  278  He  remembers  that  his  father  had 
a  book  which  was  called  the  Red  Book,,  .which,  .contained 
a  good  deal  of  the  history  of  the  Highland  Clans.  1820 
Trans.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  XIII.  in.  181  An  antient  book 
of  record,  called  the  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  which  is 
preserved  in  the  office  of  the  chief  remembrancer  of  that 
court  in  Ireland.  1896  H.  HALL  Red Bk.  Excliequer(V.o\\f> 
I.  Pref.  i  The  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer  belongs  to  the 
class  of  Entry  Books  usually  termed  Precedent  Books,  but 
more  correctly  Registers,  or  Books  of  Remembrance. 

t  b.  A  book  containing  the  names  of  all  per 
sons  holding  office  under  the  State  or  receiving 
pensions  from  it.  Obs. 

1800  Asiatic  Ann.  Reg.,  Proc.  E.  Ind.  Ho.  93/1  The  pro. 
pnetors  of  India  Stock  would  soon  have  a  Red-book  of 
their  own,  which  would  rise  with  the  Red-book  of  England 
1810  (title)  The  Extraordinary  Red  Book  :  An  Account  of  all 
Places,  Pensions,  Sinecures,  Grants,  &c.  The  Expenditure 
of  the  Civil  List,  the  Finances  and  Debt  of  Great  Britain. 

f2.  (See  quot.)   Obs.  rare— °. 

1688  MIEGE  Gt.  Fr.  Diet.  n.  s.v.  Kid,  A  Witche's  red  Book, 
a  Catalogue  of  such  as  have  sealed  to  the  Devil  with  their 
own  bloud,  la  rouge  listc. 

3.  A  popular  name  for  the  '  Royal  Kalendar,  or 
Complete..  Annual  Register' (published from  1767 
to  1893) ;  also,  the  title  of  a  similar  work  of  later 
date  (see  quot.  1847). 


REDCAP. 

1788  Observer  No.  98  p  6  He  measures  his  devoirs  with  an 
exactitude  that  bespeaks  him  a  correct  interpreter  of  The 
Red  Book.  *8i4  MOOKE  Poems,  Epigram,  We've  lost  the 
Court-Guide,  Ma'am, but  here's  the  Red  Book.  i8z|HAZLiTT 
Liber  Attioris  55  Is  the  name  on  the  frank  :  see  if  you  can 
decypher  it  by  a  Red-book.  1830  GEN.  P.  THOMPSON  Exerc. 
(1842)  1.278  Dukes,  earls,  viscounts,  and  so  on  to  any  extent 
down  the  ladder  of  honour  in  the  Red  Book.  1847  C'^) 
Webster's  Royal  Red  Book;  or  Court  and  Fashionable 
Register:  comprising,  .an  alphabetical  list  of  the  nobility 
and  gentry,  with  their  town  and  country  residences,  etc.  etc. 
1888  RIDER  HAGGARD  Air.  Meesott's  /*Y//xtv,  He.. seized 
a  Red  Book,  in  which  he  discovered  that  Lord  Holmhurst's 
..  London  house  was  in  Hanover  Square. 

Redbreast. 

1.  The  robin  (see  also  Robin  redbreast^. 

c  1401  LYDG.  Flower  Courtesy  58  The  sely  wrenne,  the  tit- 
mose  also,  The  Htel  redbrest.  c  1440  Promp.  Pa rv.  426/2 
Redbreste,  byrde,  rubellus.  1530  PAI.SGR.  261/2  Reed 
breest  a  byrde,  rovgegorge.  1604  DKAYTON  Oivle  87  Covering 
with  Mosse  the  deads  unclosed  eye,  The  little  Red-bie^t 
teacheth  Charitie.  1647  WARD  Simp,  Cobicr  74  Should 
I  heare.  .a  Horse  whistle  like  a  Red-breast,  it  would  scare 
me.  1708  PRIOR  Turtle  iff  Sparrow  18  Ye  pious  Redbreasts, 
deck  his  Hearse.  1750  GKAY  Elegy  IIQ  The  Redbreast 
loves  to  build  and  warble  there.  1847  LYTTON  Lucretia 
MSS)  300  The  spray  of  the  willow  trembles  with  the  wing 
of  ihe  redbreast.  1894  NKWTON  Diet,  Birds  771  Kven  those 
Redbreasts  whi<jh  stay  in  Britain  during  the  winter  are  sub 
ject  to  a  migratory  movement. 

aitrib.  and  Comb.  1576  GASCOIGNE  Philomene  (Arb.)  no 
As  the  red  breast  byrds,  Whome  prettie  Merlynes  hold.  1596 
SHAKS.  i  Hen.  1¥,  in.  i.  265  "J  is  the  next  way  to  turne  Taylor, 
or  be  Redbrest  teacher.  1783  WOLCOTT  (P.  Pindar)  Odes  to 
K.  A  .' *  i.  29  M  ay  some  good  Christian  Bard . .  Turn  Redbreast 
kind,  and  with  the  sweetest  song  Bewail  our  hapless  fate 
with  watry  eye!  1876  T.  HARDY  Etlulberta  (1890)  115 
Bright  auburn,  several  shades  nearer  to  redbreast-red  than 
was  Ethelberta's  hair. 

b.  Applied  to  other  red-breasted  birds,  esp.  U.S. 
to  the  migratory  thrush  (also  called  robin). 

1775  CLAYTON  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXVI.  105  Of  small  birds 
there  are  several  sorts  ;  the  red  breast,  speckled  on  the  back 
like  a  partridge  [etc.].  1828-32  in  WEBSTER. 

2.  transf.  (See  quots.) 

1862  DICKENS  Lett.  18  Apr.  (1880)  II.  178  The  Bow  Street 
runners.. had  no  other  uniform  than  a  blue  dress-coat,  brass 
buttons,  .and  a  bright  red  cloth  waistcoat.  The  waistcoat 
was  indispensible,  and  the  slang  name  for  them  was  'red 
breasts'  in  consequence.  1899  London  Letter  10  Nov.  701  2 
The  '  Redbreasts',  or  New  South  Wales  Lancers,  who  have 
been  at  Aldershot  for  a  year. 

Red-breasted,  a.  H  aving  a  red  breast. 
Chiefly  Ornith.  In  quot.  16097^. 

Red-breasted  duck,  the  white-eyed  duck.    R.  finch,  = 

T.  grosbeak.  R.  godwit,  the  bar-tailed  godwit,  Liniosa 
ruja.  R.  goosander,  =  r.  merganser.  R.  goose,  Anser 
or  Bernicla  rujicotlis.  R.  grosbeak,  the  rose-breasted 
grosbeak.  R.  merganser,  Mergus  scrrator.  R.  rail, 
(«)  the  king-rail,  Rallus  elegans',  (&)  the  Virginia  rail.  R. 
sandpiper,  the  knot  in  summer  plumage.  R.  snipe,  the 
dowitcher,  Alacrorhamphns  griseus.  R.  thrush,  the 
American  robin  or  red-breast. 

1609  B.  JONSON  Case  is  Altered  v.  i,  O  [my]  fair-feather'd, 
my  red-breasted  birds,  Come  fly  with  me.  1678  RAY 
Willughby's  Ornith.  194  The  red-breasted  Indian  Black 
bird  ,  perchance  the  J  acapu  of  Marggrave.  1729  in  Dauipier's 
Voy.  (ed.  3)  III.  406  The  Red-bieasted  Parrot.  Ibid.  409 
The  Red-breasted  Woodpecker.  1750  G.  EDWARDS  Nat. 
Hist.  Birds\\\.  138  Red-breasted  Godwlt.  1776  PKNNANT 
Brit.  Zool.  (ed.  4)  II.  PI.  93  Red  bieasted  Goosander.  Red 
breasted  Merganser.  Ibid.  467  Retl-breasted  Shoveler. 
1785  —  Arct.Zool.  II.  335  Red-breasted  Thrush.  Ibid.-$y> 
Red-breasted  Grosbeak.  Ibid.  372  Red-breasted  Finch. 
Ibid.  571  Red  breasted  Goose.  1802  MONTAGU  Ornith. 
Diet.  (1831)  580  The  red  breasted  snipe  is  a  variety  of  this 
species  [yarwhipj.  1813  WILSON  Amer.  Ornith.  VII.  43 
Red-breasted  Sandpiper,  Tringa  mfa.  1817  T.  FORSTER 
Aaf.  Hist.  Swalloivtribe  (ed.  6)  95  Anas  Ayroca, .,  Red- 
breasted  duck.  1835  AuDt'iJON  Ornith.  Biog.  III.  27  The 
Great  Red- Bieasted  Kail,  or  Fresh- Water  Marsh  Hen. 
1886  C.  TAYLOR  in  Ibis  No.  15.  380  The  Red-breasted 
Goose,  Bernicla  rnjicollis.  is  not  now  found  in  Upper  Egypt. 

Re'd-bud.  a.  A  tree  belonging  to  one  or  other 
ol  the  American  species  of  Cetris,tsp.  Cents  cana- 
densis\  the  Judas  tree.  fb.  (See  quot.  1798.)  Obs. 

1717  Petivcriana  \\\.  11/2  Red -bud.  Bears  a  purple 
Blossom.  1732  Gentl.  Alag.  II.  670  No  verdant  leaves  the 
lovely  Red-liud  grace.  1798  NEMNICH  Lex.  Polygl.  v.  867/1 
Redbud,  Andromeda  racemosa.  Caroline  Red  bud,  Andro- 
meda  nitida.  1816  BUACKENRIDGE  in  Views  Louisiana 
(ed.  2)  202  The  red-bud,  the  tree  which  blooms  earliest  in 
our  woods,,  .appears  in  a  few  places.  1868  Re£.  U.S.  Com 
missioners  (1^69)  201  European  red-bud  (Cercis  siliqnas- 
truiii).  1883  Century  Mag.  July  379/1  The  pink  tassels  of 
the  redbud  lit  up  the  dark  mass  of  foliage. 

Re  dcap,  red-cap,  red  cap. 

1.  Applied  to  one  who  wears  a  red  cap. 

1550  Acts  Privy  Council  (1891)  III.  6  Captaine  Redde 
Cappe,  one  of  the  rebelles  of  the  last  yere.  1602  DEKKER 
Satiromastix  Liv,  Runne  Rtd-cap,  ware  homes  there. 
a  1687  COTTON  Poet.  \yks.  (1765)  99  Her  Grace  Finds  me 
among  a  Crew  of  mad-caps,  tineas,  at  one  Mother  Red- 
Cap's.  1795  WOLCOTT  (P.  Pindar)  Whs.  (1812)  III.  118 
Since  Impudence,  assuming  Freedom's  form  Near  Mother 
Redcap  brews  the  dangerous  storm.  1841  LEVER  C.  O'Mnlley 
xxxvii.  205  Now  pu-h  along  old  red-cap.  1883  STEVENSON 
Treas.  Isl.  xxv,  '1  here  were  the  two  watchmen,  sure  enough  : 
red-cap  on  his  back,  as  stiff  as  a  handspike. 

b.  spec,  as  the  name  of  a  sprite  or  goblin. 

a  1802  LEYDEN  Lord  Son/is  Ixi.  in  Minstr.  Bord.  II. 
348  But  Redcap  sly  unseen  was  by,  And  the  ropes  would 
neither  twist  nor  twine.  1802  SCOTT  ibid.  335  Redcap  i* 
a  popular  appellation  of  that  class  of  spirits  which  haunt  old 
castles.  1886  Rochdale  Gloss.,  Redcap,  that  which  induces 
a  person  to  run  away  from  his  work.  The  people  say  such 
a  une  '  has  seen  Redcap  '. 


RED-CAPPED. 


295 


REDD. 


t  2.  A  red-hat,  a  cardinal.  Obs.  rare. 

1539  St.  Papers*  For.  $  Domestic  Hen.  /'///,  XIV.  i.  68 
']  hat  divorce  should  lead  to  the  utter  fall  of  the  said  Red 
Cap.. and  after  much  misery  the  land  should  by  another 
Red  Cap  be  reconciled.  1609  [Bp.W.  UARI.OU  J  Ans^i:  Name 
less  Catk.  236  A  silly  frumpe  of  a  White-liverd  R«d-cap. 

3.  f  &•  Some  kind  of  shell.   Obs.  rare~^. 

?i7ii  PETIVER  Cafal.  GazofihylL  Dec.  ii  2  Red-Cap,  [or] 
Spoon-egg. . .  Each  of  these  Valves  resembles  a  Tea-Spoon  ; 
and  both  shut,  a  small  Egg. 

b.  The  goldfinch. 

1785  Gentl.  .I/rfi,'.  I-V.  it.  534/2  Many  birds,  .seem  to  have 
particular  names  in  thes^  parts  [Yorkshire].  Woodpeckers 
.  .[are  called]  pickatrees,  [and]  gold-finches,  red-caps.  [1795 
COWPER  Pairing  Time  37  My  dear  Dick  Redcap,  what 
say  you  ?]  1827  CLARE  Sheph.  Cat.  6  The  red-cap,  hanging 
over  head,  In  cage  of  wire.  1842  TKSNYSON*  Gardener's  J). 
g\  The  redcap  whistled;  and  the  nightingale  Sang  loud. 
1864-89  in  dial,  glossaries  (Yks.,  Line.,  Shropsh.,  ctc.J. 

c.  The  red  field-poppy. 

1846  MRS.  Lou  DOS  />>//.  Wild  Ft.  25  The  farmers  call  it 
Red-weed,  Rtd  Cap,  Corn  Rose. 

Red-capped,          Wearing  a  red  cap;  capped    i 
with  ied.     Chiefly  Ornith. 

1848  GOULD  Birds  Australia  VI.  PI.  17  The  Red-capped 
Dottrel  is  universally  dispersed  over  every  part  of  the  sea 
shores  of  Australia  that   I    have  \  i.sitt-d.      1865  —  Handbk.     \ 
Birds  Atistr.    I.    280  Red-capped   Robin  of  the  Colonists. 
1877  Nature  XV.  ^6i/j  A  Red-capped  Parrot  {Pionvpsitta    \ 
pi  leaf  a)  from  Brazil.     1880  OUIDA  Moths  I.  64  Sailors  in 
dark  blue  jerseys,  and  red  capped. 

Red  cedar,     a.  An  American  evergreen  tree,    ! 
Jitnipcrus  virginianu$t  the  wood  of  which  is  exten-    : 
sivelynsed  for  pencils,    b.  The  loon-tree  or  Moul-   | 
mem  cedar,  Cedrdatoona.  C.  An  Australian  timber- 
tree,  Plindersia  anstralis. 

1717  Petiveriana  HI.  11/2  Red  Cedar.  An  Evergreen,  • 
its  Wood  sweet,  very  durable.  1832  Planting  1-2-2  in  /.//'.  j 
Use/.  Kiunvl.)  Hitsb.  Ill,  The  red  cedar,  .attains  to  the  ' 
size  of  a  timber  tree  in  deep  sandy  loam  soils.  1843  HOLT-  [ 
ZAPFFKL  Turning  I.  80  The  wood  of  yitnipcrns  virginiiiiia  ' 
is  called  Red  or  Pencil  Cedar.  In  New  South  Wales  the  j 
term. .  red  cedar  [is  applied]  to  that  of  Fiindcrsia  australis, 
as  well  as  to  the  wood  of  the  Toon-tree,  or  Cedrela.  Toona. 
1889  MAIDEN  Use/.  Native  Plants  400  Ccdrcla  Tcona.  ..  , 
The  'Cedar',  or  'Red  Cedar*  (a  universal  appellation  in  ' 
Australia). 

attrib.     1825  Field's  Geoff.  IV.  S.   Wales  App.  502    Red    I 
cedar  tree.     Cedrela  toona. 

Red-Cheeked,  a.  Having  red  cheeks.  Also 
trans/.,  esp.  of  apples. 

1606  Sir  G.  Goosecappe  i.  i.  in  Bullen  O.  PL  III.  5  Here's    | 
a  red  cheeckt  apple  to  take  him  up  with.     1611  UAKKSTED 
Hiren  11876)  100  The  red-<_heek't  morning  opens  now  her 
gate.     1664   EVELYN   Pomona   26    Red-cheek'd   and    Red-     ! 
strak'd  Mu>ts  of  several  kinds.    1715  RAMSAY  Gentle  Sliej>h.    ' 
n.  iv.  Song  xi,  Red-cheek 'd  ye  compleatly  ripe  appear.     1764 
G.  EDWARDS  Glean.  Nat.  Hist.  in.  258  The  Red-cheeked 
Wood-pecker.     1786   I'UKNS  Halloween  xxi,   She  gies  the 
Herd  a  pickle  nits  An'  twa  red  cheeket  apples. 

Redco,  variant  of  KEIXXJLL  Obs. 
Re'dcoat,  red-coat,  red  coat. 

1.  One  who  wears  a  red  coat ;  sj>cc.  a.  A  soldier 
of  the  British  army. 

In  the  Civil  War  commonly  applied  to  the  Parliamentary 
troops  or  some  regiments  of  them,  though  each  side  had 
red-coated  soldiers. 

1520  Song  Lady  Bessy  (Percy  Soc.)  74  Sir  William  Stand- 
ley. .Ten  thowsand  read  coates  that  had  hee.      1644  VICAR 
God  in  Mount  200  Colonell  Hollis  his  regiment  of  Red- 
coats. .did  most  gallant  service.      1660   Trial  Regie.   192, 
I    do   not   charge   you   that  you   commanded   those    Hal-     ] 
bertiers,  but  those  Red-coats;  you  were  all  in  Red.     I7a$     \ 
B.  HIGGONS  Rent.  Burnct  \\.  Hist.  Wks.  1736  II.  114  They    ' 
..violently  drove  the  Orthodox  Ministers  from  their  Livings,    [ 
by  the  Help  of  their  ruffianly  Red-coats.     1775  SHEKIDAN     j 
St.  Patr.   Day  \.  ii,  Egad,  he'll  make  the  redcoats  keep     ; 
their  distance.     1810  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  VII.  69 
It  would  be  still  necessary  to  keep  your  picquets,  etc.  upon 
the  river,  and  some  red  coats  in  Chamusca.     1862  Sat.  j\ev.     \ 
8  Feb.  141/2  The  police  constable  would  immediately  make    ' 
his  appearance  on  the  scene  ;  and  if  his  efforts  were  fruit- 
less,  the  red-coats  would  come  too. 

b.   An  attendant  wearing  a  red  coat. 

1848  THACKERAY  Bk.  Snobs  xxxiv,  The  red-coats  wish  to 
be  iiriareian,  so  as  to  hold  all  the  gentlemen's  horses. 

2.  Bot.  A  small  Brazilian  tree  {Erythrochitoit}. 
i856  Treas.  Bot.  962/1. 

3.  attrib.  in  s-ense  '  red-coated  ',  as  redcoat  butty, 
guard;  also  red-coat  mite  (see  quot.  1867). 

1773  Gentl.  Mag.  XUII.  572  The  field  with  red-coat 
bullies  glowVl,  Who  cut  each  other's  throats.  1843  CARI.VLE 
Past  ^  Pr.  iv.  iii,  One  sees. .'  United  Services  '  quite  other 
than  the  redcoat  one.  1867  Nat.  Encycl.  I.  TOO  Troinbi- 
(fiiite,  or  garden  mites,  as  T.  ho/osericeum,  or  'red-coat' 
mite.  1895  Daily  News  25  June  3/3  His  Highness  ..  in 
spected  the  Redcoat  guard  of  honour. 

Red-coated,  a.  a.  \\earing  a  red  coat  or 
red  coats,  b.  Coated  with  red. 

i66a  Rump  i.  298  Now  we  must  desert  thee,  ..  And  the 
Red-coated  Saints  domineer.  1719  D'TjRFEV  Pills  V.  86 
A  Red-coated  Face  Frights  a  Searjeant  at  Mace.  1823 
MOORK  Fables  49  Woe  to  the  Monarch,  who  depends  Too 
much  on  his  red-coated  friends.  1844  THACKERAY  Little 
Trav.  in,  A  man  of  peace  has  no  right  to  be  dazzled  by 
that  red-coated  glory. 

t  Redcoll.  Obs.  Forms  :  5  radcolle,  6  redco, 
-cole,  7  -col.  [Of  obscure  formation,  perh.  based 
on  radik,  obs.  var.  of  RADISH.]  Horse-radish. 

1483  Catk.  Angl.  298/1  Radcolle,  raf>hnnns,  1548  TURNER 
Names  Herbes  (E.  D.  S.)  78  Thys  kynde  [of  thlaspi] 
groweth  in  Morpeth  in  Northumberland  and  there  it  is 
called  Redco.  156*  —  Herbal  u.  (1568)  35  In  Freseland, 


some  make  a  sauce  of  redco  for  sodden  meat. 
Herbal  n.  vii.  §  2.  187  Horse  Radish.,  is  called  in  the  north 
part  of  England  red-cole.  1673  Wedfterbunfs  I  'ot~.  18 
(Jam.)  Raphanus  ruxticamts,  red-col. 

Red-collared,  -coloured,  -combed,  -crest 
ed  :  gee  RED  a.  14  a,  14!). 
Red  cross,  red-cross. 

1.  A  cross  of  a  red  colour  ;  esp,  a.  as  the  national 
emblem  of  England  ;  St.  George's  Cross. 

(71430  Agincoitrt  89  in  Hazl.  /;.  J'.  P.  II.  96  On  euery 
panes  a  crosse  rede,  ..  Saynt  Georges  stremers  ^predc  oner 
liede,     a  1578  LINDKSAY  tPitscotlie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)     | 
II.  29  The  Scottis.  .war  all  faine  ..  to  tak  on  the  reid  crose 
and  to  be  sworne  as  natiue  subiectis  of  the  kin,^  of  Ingland.     , 
1601  J.  WHEKLEH  Treat.  Comm.  30  Wearing  the  red  Crosse     j 
or  Cognizance  of  England.      1652  EVELYN*  Diary  6  Mar., 
Heraulds  carrying  the  armc-s  of  the  State  las  tluy  cal'd  it', 
namely,  the    red    crosse    and    Ireland.       1805    SCOTT    Last 
Minstr.    i.    vi,    To  see    St.    George's  red  cross  streaming. 
1838  HAL-BURTON  Clockm.  Ser.  n.  i,  On  fresh    or  on  salt    ; 
Water,,  .down  comes  the  red  cross  and  up  go  the  stars. 

b.  as  the  mark  made  on  the  doors  of  infected 
houses  during  the  London  plagues   of  the    jyth 
century. 

1636  Direct.  Cure  Plague  H  2  b,  That  euery  house  visited 
be  marked  with  a  Red  Crosse  of  a  foot  long,  in  the  middle 
of  the  doore.      1654  Wm  i  LOCK  Zootomia  529  A  Door,., 
and  a  red  Crosse  on  tt  would.. effectually  bring  a  licentious    { 
Gallant  out  of  conceit  with  a  lirothell-house.     1664  Kiu.l-     i 
GREW  Parsjtis  H't'ddiiig  jv.  iii,  Let  UN  not  forget  ourselves    I 
in  our  grief;  I  am  not  ambitious  of  a  Red  Cross  upon  the     ; 
door.     1665  Orders  Ld.  Mayor  <y  Aldermen  City  Load.  \\. 
2  [as  in  quut.  16^6  above]. 

c.  as  the   badge   of  an  ambulance   service   (sec 
2  c) ;  the  Geneva  cross  (^ee  GENEVA-'. 

1863  Resolutions,  etc.  Con/.  Geneva  §  8  They  shall  wear 
round  the  arm. .a  white  band  with  a  red  cross  upi.>n  it. 
1891  HL'LMK  f/eraldry  11897)  269  The  doctors,  nurses,  and 
assistants  have  a  white  armlet  with  the  red  cross,  the  sabred 
badge  that  proclaims  their  errand  of  mercy. 

2.  transf.  fa.  An  English  ship.  Obs.—1 

1622  CAPT.  SMITH  Neiv-Eng.  Trials  Wks.  (Arb.)  262  More  j 
afraid.. then  the  smallest  red  crosse  [that]  crosses  the  seas  ! 
would  be.  .of  any  French  Piccaroun  [etc.]. 

b.  The  Christian  side  in  the  Crusades, 

1801  SCOTT  Fire-King  xxvi,  The  Red-cross  wax'd  faint,  j 
and  the  Crescent  came  on.  //'///.  xxxvii,  How  the  .Red-cross  I 
it  conquer 'd,  the  Crescent  it  fell. 

c.  An  ambulance  or  hospital  service  organized    ! 
in  accordance  with  the  Geneva  convention  of  1864, 
and  distinguished  by  a  cross  (see  I  c)  ;  a  person 
attached  to  an  ambulance  or  hospital  of  this  kind. 

1877  W.  E.  FORSTER  in  Reid  Life  (1888)  II.  iv.  169,  I  went  ! 

down  with  Russian  Red  Crosses  in  the  Austrian  steamer.  ! 

1897  C.  BIGIIAM  tt'itk  Turkish  Army  in  '1  hessaly  xiv.  121  , 

Detachments  of  the  Red  Cross,  who  worked  efficiently  and  ! 
generously  throughout. 

3.  attrib.  a.  (sense  i)  as  red  cross  ensign,  Jlag,  ' 
knight,  power,  rank,  shield. 

1889  DOYLK  Micah  Clarke  23  He.  .had  fought  under  the     ! 
*red  cross  ensign  against  Frenchman,  Don,  Dutchman,  and     j 
Moor.     1820  Soul  HEY  Portr.  B/>.  liebcr,  All  seas  have  -seen     j 
thy  *red-cross  flag   In  war  triumphantly  display'd.     1590 
SI'ENSKR  F.  Q.  i.  vi.  38  The  *Redcrosse  knight  was  slain     J 
with  Paynim  knife.     1833  TENNYSON  Lady  of  Shalptt  in.  i, 
A  red-cross  knight  for  ever  kneel'd  To  a  lady  in  his  shield.     ' 
1811  SCOTT  Don  Roderick  \\\.  ii,  Till  ..  their  own  -sea  hath     I 
whelm'd  yon  *red-cross  powers.     1777  T.  W  ASTON  Poems    ' 
64  When  Arthur  rang'd  his  *red-cross  ranks  On  conscious 
Camlan's  crimson'd   banks.     1811  SCOTT  Don  Roderick  n, 
Ivi,  Fast  as  they   land   the  red-cross  ranks  unite.     1814  — • 
Ld.  of  Isles  vi.  xxix,  Alone,  De  Argentine  Yet  bears  on  high 
his  "red-cross  shield. 

b.  (sense  i  c  or  2  c)  as  Red  Cross  Association, 
hospital,  man,  Society. 

1873  C._A.  GORDON  Lessens  Hygiene  Introd.,  Societies 
and  individuals  connected  with  the  Red  Cross  Associations. 
1876  W.  E.  FORSTER  in  Reid  Life  (1888)  II.  iii.  124  The 
steamer  was  crowded  with  Russians,  but  many  of  them 
really  Red  Cross  men,  an  ambulance  from  Ka?an.  1878 
Tent plt>  Bar  Mag:  LIV.  525  Women,  .who  left  their  ..homes 
to  work  almost  day  and  night  in  the  rough  barracks  of  the 
Red  Cross  hospitals. 

So  Bed-crossed  a. 

1643  QUARLKS  Emblems  v.  xiil,  Tell  me,  my  wishing  soul, 
didst  ever  trie  How  fast  the  wings  of  red-crost  faith  can  flie? 

Red-crowned  :  see  RED  a.  14  b. 

Red  currant,  a.  Thefruitofthe.AY/wr«£;"«/« 
(see  CURRANT,  sense  2)  or  the  shrub  itself,  b. 
(See  quot.  1 898.) 

1629  [see  CURRANT  2].  1661  RABISHA  Cookery  37  To  make 
a  Made-dish  of  Apples  and  Red  Currans.  1753  CUAMMH 
Cycl.  $nf>p.  s.v.  Crosstttaria,  The  common  red  currant,., 
the  great  fruited  red  currant.  1797  L'ticycl.  firit.  (ed.  3) 
XVI.  231/1  All  these  sorts  are  varieties  of  one  species,  ribes 
rubritHt,  or  common  red  currant.  1865  SOWERBY  Eng.  Bot. 
IV.  42  In  France  the  Red  Currant  seems  to  have  been 
known  long  before  the  Gooseberry.  1898  MORRIS  Austral 
f"-n£>  384/1  Red  Currant,  another  name  for  the  Native 
Currant  of  Tasmania,  Coprosma  nitida. 

C.  attrib.)  as  red  currant  cream,  jelly,  tree, 
ivaler^  wine. 

1661  RABISHA  Cookery  30  To  make  Red  Currans  Cream. 
1769  MRS.  RAFFALD  Eng,  House~kf>r.  (1778)  211  To  make 
Red  Currant  Jelly.  Ibid.  323  To  make  Red  Currant  Wine. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  231/1  Rubrum,  common 
red-currant  tree,  &c.,  hath  a  shrubby  stem.  1898  Allbntt's 
Syst.  Med.  V.  122  Tamarind  or  red-currant  water  may  be 
given.  1899  Ibid.  VI.  148  Frequent  haemoptysis  with  red- 
currant  jel.y  expectoration. 

Redd  (red),  j£.l  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  5-6,  9 
red,  9  redd  jiorth.  rid),  [f.  REDD  v.'2-} 


1.  The  act  of  clearing  away,  removing,   setting 
in  order,  etc.  ;  also  the  result  of  this,  a  clearance, 
riddance,  arrangement. 

For  other  dialect  uses,  see  the  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

c  1470  HENKY  IValiate  vm,  1076  ISefor  the  ^ttt,  qubar  it 
was  brynt  on  breid,  A  red  thai  maid.  1496  Sc.  T)eas.  AiC. 
15  Oct.,  Giffm  to  Holland  Robysone,  for  the  red  of  the 
Inglismen  to  the  see.  c  1557  MK  R.  M  AH  LAND  in  Pinkerton 
A  nc.  Sc.  /'tw// ,1(1786)  I.  282,  I  trow  that  sic  sal!  mak  ane  red 
Of  all  thair  paks  this  yeir.  1846  JAS.  WILSON  Let.  in  Life 
vii.  (1859)  236  They  seem  to  be  giving  every  thing  a 
thorough  redd. 

2.  That   which   is,    or   is   to   be,    cleared   away; 
rubbish,  refuse. 

1527-8  Burgh  Kcc.  Edinb.  (1869)  233  Till  cans  the  waist 
land  of  the  townis..to  be  fillit  vp  with  red.  1560  St.  dies 
Charters  (1859)  p.  ,\lv,  For  bering  of  the  red  and  htaincs 
thairof  away,  £,  n  i=.f.  1867  in  Kanisay  Kcmiii.  iii.  (cd.  18) 
60,  I  just  fan1  a  doo  in  the  redd  o'  my  plate,  a  1894  in  Xoi  th- 
untbld.  Gloss,  s.v.,  Some  qiiarrymen  were  clearing  the  redd 
from  the  bank  top  of  a  quarry. 

attrib.  1883  G  RES  LEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  200  Redd  Biiif, 
a  spoil  heap  on  the  surface.  1887  J'.  M  XEII.I,  IlLm-aii  L- 
104  Downhill ..  swept  the  redd-box,  full  of  unwieldy  blocks 
fur  thu  building. 

Redd,  sb.~  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Also  7  Sc. 
raid,  9  read(d,  red,  rid.  [Of  obscure  origin : 
separately  or  in  combs.  i,see  PAIADOCK  ^^.^  3  , 
the  word  also  appears  as  reed,  ride,  ;<?</,  rend, 
riidd  and  rude,  the  mutual  relationship  of  which 
is  far  from  clear.] 

1.  The  spawn  of  fish  and  frogs ;  also  attrib.  in 
redd-time,  spawn  ing -time. 

1648  Al'i'yd.  R<g.  (Jam.),  For  kciping  of  the  fischings  in 
raid  tynie  fra  all  maner  of  nettis, .  .and  all  uthir  instrumentis. 
1805  ANDKEW  SCOTT  '1  iva  Frogs  1'oems  (1808)  48  Wow, 
friend]  to  meet  you  here  I'm  glad,  Wham  I've  ne'er  set  n 
sin1  time  o1  redd.  1894  Northitmbld.  Gloss.  s.v.,  The  fish 
were  lying  on  their  rini  in  the  .sticam. 

2.  The  nest  made  by  a  hah,  esp.  a  salmon,  in 
which  to  ?pawiii 

1844  Zoologist  II.  505  Shedding  its  spawn  on  the  'redds' 
or  spawning-ground.  1880  Times  21  l)ec.  64  Ituring  the 
winter  months,  when  the  fish  are  ..  engaged  in  preparing 
the  bfcds  or  '  redds  '  for  the  reception  of  the  o\a. 

Redd  (red),///,  a.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Also 
red.  [f.  KKDD  r.~] 

1.  Sc.   In  predicative  use,  in  the  legal  phr.  void 
and  redd  (common  in  i6th  c.)  :  Cleared  ;  left  clear 
for  a  new  occupant. 

J54S  Keg.  Prhy  Council  Scot.  I.  4  The  Sheriff  ..  sail 
remuilT  fuith  of  the  said  abbay..,  and  leifi"  the  i-amyn  void 
and  red.  1581  N,  Bi  K\K  Dispiit,  in  Catk.  Tract,  iS.T.Sj 
170  [They  compel  them]  to  deluge  and  leue  the  grounde 
voyd  and  red  to  thanie  selt'is.  1817  SCOTT  Let.  to  W.  Laid- 
Iti'.v  5  Apr.  in  Lockhar!^  Of  free  will  he  leaves  my  premises 
void  and  redd  at  Whitsunday. 

2.  Jn    attributive    use;     Put    in    order;     clean  ; 
cleaned  or  tidied  up.     Also  ill-  or  well-redd  (/'/). 

For  other  dialect  uses,  see  the  Kng.  Dial.  Diet. 

1765  A.  IMCKSON  Trent.  Agric.  (ed.  2)  124  A  strong-made 
Scots  plough,  with  a  well  redd  beam.  Ibid.  240  The  plough 
that.. makes  the  best  work,  is  the  one  that  makes  a  redd  fur 
below.  1838  A.  KODGEK  Ptnms  293  A  wtel  redd-up  housie, 
a  snug  elbow  chair.  1854  MRS.  GASKELL  North  .y  .V.  xxxvj, 
Mrs.  Boucher  was  sitting  in  a  rocking-chair  on  the  other 
side  of  the  ill-redd  up  fireplace. 

Redd  (red),  v.L  Vbs.  exc.  Sc.  Forms  :  i  hred- 
dan,  2-3  redden(n),  5-6  redde  ;  -SV.  5-7,  9  red, 
redd.  /'<?,  /.  3  rcadde,  4,  7  Sc.  redde,  9  Si'. 
red.  Pa.  pple.  4,  6  red,  6-7  redde.  [OK.  hryld- 
an  (also  ahrejddan  AREDDB)  =  OFris.  hredda, 
MDu.  (and  Du.)  redden  (hence  Da.  redde,  Sw. 
riidda],  OHG.  (and  G<)  retten  to  save,  deliver, 
etc.  tJ-O Tent.  *hradjan  of  doubtful  relationship. 
In  later  use,  and  esp.  in  sense  2,  the  word  can 
hardly  be  distinguished  from  REDO  z>.-j 

1 1.  trans.  To  save,  deliver,  rescue,  free  (a 
person).  Const. _/>w«,  out  of.  Obs. 

a  goo  CYNEWULK  Crist  274  We  . .  sculon  erm^u  dreojan, 
but  an  }m  usic-.hreddan  wille.  i  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  19 
Ure  lotierd  ihesu  crist.. redde  hem  ut  of  eche  sicnesse. 
c  1275  LAY.  20155  His  hors  ..  rtadde  hine  fram  deaj^e. 
c  1330  Florice  fy  Bl.  785  The  children  ther  with  fiam  dethe 
he  redde.  1584  J.  MKLVILL  Avtobiog.,  etc.  (1842)  180  Your 
tender  King,  and  sweit  native  countrey,  to  be  redde  from 
the  abbusars  and  misiewlares  of  the  *-am.  1:1635  SIR  W. 
MLRE  Ps.  cxliv.  u  O,  red  and  save  me  from  their  hand, 
Whose  mouths  doe  lyes  relate. 

b.  To  save  from  burning ;  to  put  out  (fire). 

So  mod.  G.  den  brand  or  dasfencr  retten. 

1375  HARBOUR  Bntce  iv.  132  The  fyre  our  all  the  castell 
spred,  Thar  mycht  ro  fors  of  men  it  red.  Ibid.  xix.  677 
Quhen  the  man  Saw  his  mantill  ly  byrnand  than,  Till  red  it 
ran  he  hast  el  y.  1871  W.  ALEXANDER  Johnny  Gtiib  xvii.  124 
He  comes,  .like  a  man  gyaun  to  redd  fire. 

2.  To  make  (one)  tree  or  clear  ^/"something;  to 
rid  (oneself  or  another)  of.  Also  in  phr.  to  be  or 
get  redii  of. 

14. .  in  /W.  Rel.  fr  L.  Poems  (1866)  100  For  to  redde  me 
of  this  payne  They  haue  no  power  for  to  helpe  me.  1450 
Burgh  Rec.  Edbib.  (iS6t))  12  It  sail  be  lefull  to  thame  to  red 
their  handis  of  it..betwix  this  and  Candilmes.  1570  Satir. 
Poems  Reform,  x.  50  We  naif  him  taine  out  of  that  wickit 
lyfe,  And  red  him  of  all  miserie  and  stryfe.  a  1578  LINDE- 
SAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  iVtf/.(S.T.S.)  I.  108  Bequhat  moyane 
sail  I  red  me  of  this  mischeif.  1768  Ross  Htlenore  45 
(Jam.),  Hut  to  get  red,  the  lad  contrives  a  sham,  To  send  her 
back  for  something.  1879  G.  MACDONALD  Sir  Gibbie  vi, 
Gitn  he  red  himsel'  o'  a'  'at  was  left,  it  was  sma'  won'er. 


BEDD. 

+  3.  a.  refl.  To  clear  (oneself)  in  money-matters. 
b.  To  take  away,  remove  (cf.  REDD  v.'2-  4).  Obs. 

1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1570)  49  He  that  still  borowes 
shall  scant  him  quite  or  redde.  Ibid.  (1874)  II,  117  Bytter 
Pryson  doth  deth  clene  quyte  and  red.  By  it  all  fetters  and 
Chaynes  lowsyd  be. 

Redd  (red),  w.2  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Forms  : 
5-  red,  6-  redd,  (7,  9  redde),  8  rade.  Pa.  t.  and 
pa.  pple.  7-  redd,  9  red ;  also  5  reddyt,  6  reddit. 
[=  MLG.  and  Du.  redden,  in  the  same  senses, 
but  the  origin  and  relationship  of  the  forms  is  not 
clear.  It  is  possible  that  they  are  independent 
developments  from  ME.  reden  and  the  equivalent 
LG.  r2dent  reiden  (see  REDE  z>.2),  in  Eng.  by  assi 
milation  of  the  vowel  of  the  pres.  and  inf.  to  that  of  the 
pa.  t.  and  pa.  pple.  (cf.  KEP^.).  Most  of  the  senses 
of  the  word  are  also  represented  under  RID  v.~\ 

1.  trans.  To  clear  (a  space,  the  way,  etc.). 
(•1425  WYNTOUN  Crott.  v.  xii.  1180  Thare  he  begowth  to 

red  a  grownd  Quhare  that  he  thowcht  a  kyrk  to  fownd. 
t:  1470  HENRY  Wallace  x.  404  All  hym  about  was  reddyt 
a  gret  rowrn.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  x.  vii.  30  With  swerdis 
dynt  behuffis  ws,. .  Throw  amyddis  our  enneinysred  our  way. 
0:1578  LISDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.T.S.)  I.  314, 
I  sail  pase  and  put  }one  theiffis  of  the  ground,  and  red  the 
gaitt  into  }our  grace.  1822  SCOTT  Nigel  iv,  It  wad  have 
red  the  gate  for  my  ain  little  bill.  1880  Antrim  $  Down 
Gloss.)  Red  the  road !  clear  the  way  ! 

b.  To  clear   or  clean  out    (something   that   is 
stopped  up). 

1497  Sc.  Treas.  Ace.  14  May,  Item,  for  ane  cabil  tow  to 
stede  the  well  of  Dunbar  quhen  it  was  red.  1541  Records 
of  Elgin  (New  Spald.  Club)  1.66  That  all  channellis  and 
wenneltis  be  red  be  the  ownaris.  121795  Robin  Hood  $ 
Beggar  Ixxx.  in  Child  Ballads  III.  163/2  Or  any  one  of 
them  could  red  their  eyne,  Or  yet  a  glimmering  could  see. 
1813  W.  HKATTIE  Poems  21  (Jam.),  Now  and  then,  to  red 
her  head,  She  takes  a  pickle  snuff.  1881  GKEGOR  Folk-lore 
ix.  51  A  bunch  of  stars.,  to  redd  the  tobacco  pipes. 

2.  To  disentangle.     Also  in  fig.  context. 

1513  UIUJGLAS  ^Kftt'is  v.  i.  28  Commandis  he  every  feir, 
Do  red  thair  takiljis,  and  stand  hard  by  thair  geir.  1725 
RAMSAY  Gentle  Skeph.  i.  i,  Ye.  .have  sae  kind  Redd  up  my 
ravel'd  doubts,  and  clear'd  my  mind.  1782  [D.  GRAHAM] 
Hist,  Bnckhaven.  5  1'hey  can  neither  bait  a  hook  nor  rade 
a  line.  1876  Mid-Yorksh.  Gloss.,  Red,  to  unloose,  or  un 
ravel;  to  unriddle.  1895  P.  H.  HUNTER  J.  Invjick  iii.  32 
It  was  a  raivelled  hasp  he  had  to  redd. 

absol.  1737  RAMSAY  Sc.  Prow.  (1750)  26  Fools  revle,  and 
wise  men  redd.  1768  Ross  Helenore  n.  86  Among  us  a' 
a  ravell'd  hesp  ye've  made,  Sae  now,  put  too  your  hand,  an 
help  to  red. 

b.  To  arrange,  put  right  (business  of  any  kind)  ; 
to  clear  up  (one's  affairs). 

1500  20  DUNBAR  Poems  \x.  44  His  erandis  for  to  ryne  and 
red.  1824  SCOTT  Redgauntlet  let.  ix,  Nor  do  I  know  if 
his  affairs  are  yet  well  redd. 

c.  To  redd  the  marches :  to  fix  the  boundaries 
exactly.      Also  _/?,§". 

1596  [see  REDDING  vbl.  sb?  i).  1683  in  Shields  Faithful 
Contending  (1780)  70  Mr.  Gillespie,  and  many  others,  have 
redd  marches  so  well,  that  they  have  left  nothing  for  us  to 
do.  1835  T.  ROSE  Rambles  163  (Northumbld.  Gloss.),  In 
this  neighbourhood — between  Keilder  and  Larriston — the 
precise  boundaries  of  each  kingdom  are  '  ill  to  red  '. 

3.  To  put  in  order,  make  tidy,  by  clearing  away 
whatever  is  in  disorder  or  is  unnecessary. 

a  1568  Sym  fy  his  Bntder  (Barm.  MS.)  31  Thus  quhen 
thai  had  reddit  thair  ragis,  To  Rome  they  war  inspyrit. 
1582-8  Hist.  Jas.  VI  (1804)  236  The  Regent  ..  causit 
mason  is  to  begin  to  redd  the  bruisit  wallis,  and  to  repaiie 
the  foirwork.  1637  RUTHERFORD  Z,^/.(i86z)  I.  323  Waiting 
on  till,  .the  great  hall  be  redd  for  the  meeting  of  that  joyful 
couple.  1786  Jiar'st  Rig  cxxxix,  The  stalwart  Chelsea  man 
(Whase  now  ta'en  in  to  redd  the  barn).  1829  BltOCKKTT 
N.  C.  Words,  Red,  to  put  in  order,  to  clear.  1847  H.  S. 
RIDDELL  Poems  16  To  redd  the  house  and  sweep  the  floor. 
b.  To  comb,  arrange  (the  hair). 

1715  RAMSAY  Chris? s  Kirk  Gr.  n.  v,  Some  redd  their 
hair,  some  set  their  bands.  1879  Miss  JACKSON  Skropsh, 
Word-bk.)  Red,..\.Q  comb  out  the  hair. 

4.  To  remove  (persons  or  things)  from  a  place ; 
to  clear  away. 

1546  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  50  Apoun  xv  dayis 
warnyng  that  scho  may  red  hir  geir  furth  of  the  samin. 
1569  Iln'd.  675  To  remove,  devoid,  and  red  thame  selffis,  thair 
servandis  and  propir  gudis.  .furth  of  the  said  College.  1826 
J.  WILSON  Noct.  Ambr.  (1856)  III.  349  The  shielings  that 
we  used  to  come  upon,  .have  '  been  a1  red  awa  !' 

6.  To  part  or  separate  (combatants). 

15. .  Peebles  to  Play  xv,  For  dust  that  day  Mycht  na  man 
se  ane  styme  To  red  thame.  1593  Sc.  Acts  Jas.  VI,  e.  35 
Hurt  slayne  or  mutilat  in  redding  and  putting  *indre  parties 
meitand  in  armes.  1725  RAMSAY  GentleSkepk,  iv.  i,  A  stout 
battle.  Mause  endeavours  to  redd  them.  1814  SCOTT  ll-'av. 
Ixvi,  To  fetch  the  Chevalier  to  redd  Mr.  Wauverley  and 
Vich  Ian  Vohr.  i83o~3CARLETON  Traits  Irish  Peas.  (1843) 
I.  63  We  endeavoured  all  in  our  power  to  red  them. 

absol.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  667  Cum  on  !  God 
schaw  the  richt  !  Now  is  moir  tyme  quhen  no  man  is  to 
red.  1573  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xli.  75  Allace  !  what  sail 
cum  of  the  rest  Except  repentance  rin  and  red? 

b.  To  settle,  decide  (a  plea),  put  an  end  to  (a 
quarrel,  fray,  etc.1). 

c  1575  Raid  of  Reidswire  xi,  Up  rose  the  laird  to  red  the 
cumber,  Which  would  not  be  for  all  his  boast.  1629  SIR  W. 
MURE  True  Crucifix  140  God.. Sent  jn  the  flesh  his  Christ 
the  plea  to  redde.  1681  COLVIL  Whigs  Supplic.  (1751)  55 
When  they  the  fray  intend  to  redd.  1768  Roes  Hetcnnrt 
n.  78  Come  here,  and  red  this  threap,  for  ye  can  tell  The 
very  truth.  1814  SCOTT  IVav.  liv,  To  stick  him  under  the 
other  gentleman's  arm  while  he  was  redding  the  fray. 


296 

6.  a.  With  tip.  To  put  in  order ;  to  make  neat 
or  trim. 

Also,  to  clear  up  by  discussion  or  explanation,  to  criticize 
sharply,  assail  with  invective,  etc.  (see  Eng.  Dial,  Diet.). 

1718  RAMSAY  Christ's  Kirk  Gr.  in.  vii,  Right  well  red  up 
and  jimp  she  was.  1768  Ross  Helenore  in,  121  Anither 
forward  unto  Bony-Ha',  To  tell  that  there  things  be  red  up 
an'  bra'.  1820  SCOTT  Abbot  x.*\\,  Doctor  Lundin  failed  not 
to  be  a  confused  sloven,  and  his.  .housekeeper,  whose  life, 
as  she  said,  was  spent  in  'redding  him  up'  [etc.].  1854 
MRS.  GASKKLL  North  .y  S.  xxxvii,  To  do  something  that 
she  suggested  towards  redding  up  the  slatternly  room.  1864 
ELIZ.  A.  MURRAY  E.  Norman  I.  160,  I  left  her  and  Kristy 
redding  up  their  hair,  and  making  themselves  grand.  1887 
P.  M'NEILL  Blau'carie  09  The  other  pair  on  having  the 
wall-face  redd  up  fell  to  '  holing  *  once  more. 

b.  \\  ith  out :  To  bring  out  from  disorder,  to 
comb  out,  etc. 

1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  xxii,  T  canna  see  how  you.. can  redd 
out  the  business  ye're  come  down  about.  1881  Leicestersh. 
Gloss,  s.v.,  As  I  was  reddin'  out  my  hair.  1893  STEVENSON 
Catriona  193  If  his  story  was  properly  redd  out  [etc.]. 

Redd  e,  varr.  RAD  a.-  Obs.t  obs.  pa.  t.  and  pa. 
pple.  HEAD  v.,  obs.  ff.  RED  a.,  REDE  sb.\  Sc.  varr. 
REDE  v.1  Reddar,  obs.  Sc,  f.  REDDER  sbl 

t  Redde,  v.  Obs.  rare  ~l.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
trans.  To  strike. 

a  1330  Otncl  535  Roulond..vp  wij?  ^e  brond,  ..  £  in  J>e 
heued  he  f>oute  to  redde  Otuwel,  bote  110051  he  ne  spedde. 

Red  deer.  a.  A  species  of  deer,  Cervus  claphiis, 
so  named  from  its  reddish -brown  colour,  widely 
distributed  in  Europe,  Western  Asia,  and  Northern 
Africa,  and  still  existing  in  a  wild  state  in  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland  and  some  other  parts  of 
Great  Britain,  b.  The  Virginia  deer,  Cariacus 
virginianns,  the  common  deer  of  N.  America.  C. 
The  Caspian  or  Persian  deer,  Cervus  maral. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x.  Ixi,  He  chaced  at  the  reed 
deer.  1485  Rolls  ofParlt.  VI.  373/1  A  Reed  Dere  called 
an  Hert.  1546  Plumpt^n  Corr,  tCamden)  251  Or  any  red 
deare  be  fact,  it  will  be  July,  as  far  as  my  experience  serves. 
1620  VENNER  I'ia  Recta  iii.  55  Some  doe  suppo>e  Venison 
of  Fallow- Deere  to  be  of  a  middle  nature  betweene  the  flesh 
of  Red-Deere  and  of  Weathers.  1655  MOUFET  &  BENNET 
Health" s  lnij>rov.  '1746)  156  They  are  good  roasted,  sodden, 
or  baked  as  Red  Deer.  1710  CuAMBERLAYNB  St.  Gt.  Brit. 
335  Woods  which  were  once  well  stock'd  with  Red  and 
Fallow  Deer.  17890. VJnnF.Sclborne\\, The  red-deer, which 
toward  the  beginning  of  this  century  amounted  to  about  five 
hundred  head.  1819  WARDEN  United  States  III.  172  Of 
deer  there  are  three  kinds — i.  The  common  red  deer  [etc.], 
1837  HOWITT  Kur.  Life  i.  in.  (1862)  27  The  herds  of  red- 
deer  trooping  away  from  the  sounds  of  wheels  in  the  silent 
park.  1884-5  Riverside  Nat.  Hist.  (1888)  V.  202  The  Stag, 
or  Red  deer,  attains  a  length  of  seven  feet.  Ibid,  293  For 
fleetness  and  agility  the  red  deer  is  unexcelled. 

attrib.  1625  B.  JONSON  Staple  ofN.  v.  ii,  Where  Is  your 
venison  now?  Your  red-deer  pies ?  1693  Lend,  Gaz. 
No.  2903/4  A  Red-Deer-Horn-Hafted  Knife.  1815  SCOTT 
Guy  AI.  xxxix,  A  bit  of  red-deer  venison.  1895  CORNISH  Wild 
Rngland  120  Every  year  the  largest  red-deer  stags  are 
caught  and  removed  to  Windsor  Park. 

Reddely,  variant  of  REDLY  adv.  Obs. 
Redden  (re-d'n),  v.    [f.  RED  a.  +  -EN  5.] 

1.  trans.  To  make  red,  to  impart  a  red  colour  to 
(a  substance  or  thing). 

1611  COTGR.,  Saurir  les  harencs,  to  redden  Herrings.  1697 
DRYDEN  I'irg-.  Gcorg.  in.  741  Scarcely  the  Knife  was  redden d 
with  his  Gore.  —  sEneid  vn.  703  Refulgent  Arms  appear, 
Red'ning  the  Skies.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  xm.  219  The  blazing 
altars  redden  all  the  shore.  1800  tr.  Lagrange's  Chem.  1. 
132  This  gas  ..  reddens  blue  vegetable  colours.  1837  M. 
DONOVAN  Dam.  Econ.  II.  235  It  may  be  mixed  with  . .  salt 
petre  to  redden  the  meat.  1855  TENNYSON  Afaud\.  xix.  vi, 
This  was  what  had  redden'd  her  cheek  When  I  bow'd  to 
her  on  the  moor.  1871  B.  TAYLOR  Faust  (1875)  II.  ir.  iii. 
129  All  have  fallen. .,  Reddening  with  their  blood  the  water. 

2.  intr.  To  grow  or  become  red,  to  assume  a  red 
appearance. 

1700  CONGRHVE  Way  of  World  II.  iii,  I  have  seen  the 
warm  confession  reddening  on  your  cheeks.  1710  POPE 
Windsor  }< or.  394  For  me  the  balm  shall  bleed,..  J'he  coral 
redden.  1791  COWFER  Iliad  xxi.  27  The  waters  as  they  ran, 
redden'd  with  blood.  1827  KEBLE  Chr.  1'.,  Burial  Dead 
ii,  Bright  leaves,  reddening  ere  they  fall.  1847  TENNYSON 
Princ.  iv.  367  This  anger  reddens  in  the  heavens. 

b.  To   become  red  (in  the  face)  with  shame, 
rage,  etc.  ;  to  flush,  blush. 

a  1648  Ln.  HERBERT  A  ntoblog.  (1886)  38  When  occasion  of 
dfTence  was  given  him,  I  have  seen  him  redden  in  the  face. 
1701  W.  WOTTON  Hist.  Rome  450  He  would  redden  with 
Rage.  1781  COWPER  Anti-Thelyphth.  204  Reddening  with 
a  just  and  generous  pride.  1834  HT.  MARTINEAU  Farrers 
ii.  32  There  was  no  more  to  be  said;  but  Jane  reddened  all 
over.  1866  GEO.  ELIOT  F.  Holt  (1868)  62  She  reddened., 
and  said,. .'  I  have  a  great  admiration  for  Byron  '. 

c.  To  grow  ruddy  with  health. 

1807  CRABBE  Par.  Reg.  in.  554  Here  cloth'd  and  fed,  no 
sooner  he  began  To  round  and  redden,  than  away  he  ran. 

il  Beddendo  (rede-ndo).  Sc.  Law.  [L.,  (abl. 
of  REDDENDUM),  the  first  word  of  the  clause  red 
dendo  inde  annuatim,  etc.] 

1.  The  clause  in  a  charter  which  specifies  the 
duty  to  be  paid  to  the  superior. 

1693  STAIR  Instit.  u.  iii._§  29  Infeftments  upon  Apprysing 
or  Adjudication  ..do  require  Charters  to  be  granted  by  the 
Superiors  of  the  Appryzed  Lands  ..  their  Reddendo  is 
ordinarly  general  [etc.],  a  17^68  ERSKINE  Instit.  Law  Scot. 
11.  iii.  §  24  The  next  clause  in  a  charter  is  the  Reddendo. 
1788  RUSSELL  Theory  Conveyancing  131  It  is  therefore 
necessary  to  mention  it  in  the  reddendo in  a  proper  manner. 


REDDING. 

1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  145  The  original  charter 
contains  the  following  clauses.. 4.  The  rcddendo,  which  ex 
presses  the  duty  in  money  or  services  to  be  paid  by  the 
vassal  to  the  superior  [etc.]. 

attrib.  1830  G.  J.  BELL  Print.  Law  Scot.  (ed.  2)  §  762  The 
Reddendo  clause  expresses  the  regular  return  to  be  made  by 
the  vassal  of  services  [etc.]. 

2.  The  service  rendered,  the  sum  of  money,  etc. 
paid  by  a  vassal  to  his  superior. 

1674  SIR  G.  MACKENZIE  Instit.  Law  Scot.  96  The  fourth 
Clause  is  that  which  expresses  what  the  Vassal  is  to  pay  to 
the  Superiour,  and  this  duty  is  called  the  Reddendo.  1603 
STAIR  Instit.  u.  iii.  §  15  If  it  be  a  Charters  se,  bearing,  to  be 
holden  from  the  Disponer  of  the  King,  and  expressing  the 
Tcnendas  and  Reddendo.  1774  in  A.  McKay  Hist.  AY/- 
inarnock  (1864)  App.  iii.  305  The  reddendo  of  this  feu-right 
is  £7  Scots  yearly.  1860  COSMO  INNES  Scot,  in  Mid.  Ages 
v.  167  The  reddendo  for  the  toft  and  six  acres,  twelve  pence. 
Kieddendum  (reile'ndpm).  Law.  [L.,neut. 
sing,  of  reddendus,  gerundive  of  reddere  to  give  in 
return,  RENDER.]  A  reserving  clause  in  a  deed 
(see  quots.  1607  and  1766). 

1607  COWELL  Interpr.,  Rfddenditm  is  vsed  many  times 
substantiuely  for  the  clause  in  a  lease,  &c.  Whereby  the  rent 
is  reserued  to  the  leasour.  1744  JACOB  Law  Diet.  S.V., 
Where  special  Days  are  limited  in  the  Rtddenditjn,  the 
Rent  must  be  computed  from  those  Days,  and  not  according 
to  the  habenttnw.  1766  BLACKSTONE  Coitnti.  II.  XX.  299 
Next  follow  the  terms  or  stipulations,  if  any,  upon  which 
the  grant  is  made  :  ttie  first  of  which  is  the  redriendum  or 
reservation,  whereby  the  grantor  doth  create  or  reserve  some 
new  tiling  to  himself  out  of  what  he  had  before  granted. 

1862  E.  WASHBURN  Ainer.  Law  l\?al  Prop.  II.  in.  v.  645 
If  any  thing  is  to  be  reserved  out  of  the  property  granted, 
it  is  usually  done  by  the  clause  of  reiidetidum. 

Reddened  (re-d'nd),  ///.  a.  [f.  REDDEN  v.  + 
-ED  1.]  Made  red,  heated  to  redness,  inflamed,  etc. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rubesie,  redned,  made  red.     1765  Universal 

Mag.  XXXVII.  84,  i  It  separates  the.. ingredients  fiom  the 

|    reddened  steel.     1799-1805  S.  TUKSEK  J/ist.  Anglo-Sax. 

(1836)  I.  Hi.  iii.  167  Biers  with  the  dead  and  reddened  men. 

1863  Sat.  Rev.  4  July  22  Reasons  for  discontent  in  the  shape 
of  fifty  years  and  a  reddened  nose.    1899  AllhM's  Syst. 
Med.  VIII.  461  Extensive  areas  of  reddened  skin. 

Reddening  (re-d'nirj),  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -ING  2.]  Becoming,  growing,  or  turning  red. 

1701  ADDISON  To  Ld.  Halifax  114  The  poor  inhabitant 
beholds  in  vain  The  red'ning  Orange  and  the  swelling  grain. 
1726  I'orE  Odyss.  xvn,  517  The  redning  dawn  reveals  the 
hostile  fields  Horrid  with  bristly  spears.  1801  SOUTHEV 
Tkalaba  II.  xiii,  Anon  a  deeper  rage  Inflamed  her  redden 
ing  eye.  1894  S.  J.  WEVMAN  Under  Red  Robe  ii.  (1897)  49 
The  trees  stood  up  black  against  the  reddening  sky. 

Redder  (re-dai),  s6.1  Sc.  and  north.  Also  6 
Sc.  reddar.  [f.  REDD  v.2  +  -EK  1.] 

1.  One  who  tries  to  separate  combatants  or  to 
make  peace  in  a  quarrel.     Redder*  s  lick  =  redding- 
slroke  (see  quot.  1802  and  REDDING  vbl.  sb.-  2>. 

1453  in  i4//;  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  III.  9  That 
nouther  of  thaim  sal  tak  part  with  thaire  awyn  men  hot  be 
euynly  reddaris  and  stanchearis  of  euill  and  debatis.  1579- 
80  Keg.  PrivyCoimcilScot.StT.  I.  III.  268  The  said  provest 
.  .interponit  himself  as  reddar  betuix  thesaidispartiis.  1637 
MONRO  E.\-ped.  n.  70  The  maker  of  a  quarrell  . .  drawing  a 
sworde,  when  he  knowes  of  twentie  Farters,  or  Redders. 
a  1676  GUTHRY  Mem.  (1748)  261  They.. were  an  hour  upon 
the  place  before  any  redders  came ;  so  that  they  had  leisure 
enough  to  have  fought,  if  they  had  been  willing.  1774 
MACLAURIN  Crim.  Loses  54  The  defunct,  interposed  as  a 
redder  between  them,  did  casually  receive  the  wound 
libelled.  1801  SIBBALD  Citron.  S.  P.  Gloss,  s.v.  Red,  Hence 
Redding  blow  or  Reader's  part,  viz.,  a  blow  or  hatred  from 
both  parties.  1810  SCOTT  Ablot  vii,  He  may  come  by  the 
redder 's  lick,  and  that  is  ever  the  worst  of  the  battle.  1848 
in  EVANS  Leicesttrsh.  Gloss. 

2.  One  who  clears  up,  puts  in  order,  etc.     Also 
redder-tip. 

1890  Daily  News  7  Nov.  5/1  The  agreeable  objects  which 
salute  the  eye  of  the  '  redder  up '.  1894  Northnmbld.  Gloss., 
Redder,  a  shiftman  at  a  colliery  employed  in  reddin. 

tRe-dder,  sb*  Obs.  rare-0,  [f.  RED  v.  + 
-ER '.]  One  who  reddens  or  makes  red. 

1611  COTGR.,  Saiirisseur,  a  redder  of  Herrings. 

t  Re'dder,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
Of  cattle  :  To  be  in  heat.  Hence  reddring-time. 

1577  B.  GOOGE  Hcresbatk's  Hnsb.  in.  128  b,  Aristotle 
woulde  haue  him  all  the  rtddring  time  to  goe  in  pasture 
witli  the  Kine.  Ibid.  127*  The  Cowe  should  when  she  is 
reddring,  haue  but  short  pasture. 

Reddere,  variant  of  REDDOUR  Obs. 

tRe-ddinesa.  Obs.  rare-0,  [f.  REDDY  a.  + 
-NESS.]  Redness,  ruddiness. 

l6nFLORio,/?0£;V0/xrY/a,rednesse,reddinesse,rubicondity. 

Residing,  s/'.1  Also  3,  5  redyng(e,  6  red- 
inge.  [f.  RED  a.  +  -ING  3.] 

1.  Red  ochre,  ruddle.     Now  only  dial. 

[1293-3  in  T.  Bond  Corfc  Castk  (1883)  108  Colours  called 
'redyng1  and  'rugeplum'  were  brought  from  Salisbury  for 
ornamenting  the  walls  of  the  chamber.]  c  1440  Promp. 
Para.  427/1  Redynge,  colowre,  nMciilnm,  rubralitra, 
1598  FLORIO,  SinSpio. .  red  leade,  ruddle,  red  okre,  or  redding. 
1729  Seasonable  Remarks  Tratie  98  The  Goods  which  they 
take  from  these  Dominions  are  Coals, .  .Clay,  Redding  [etc.]. 
1778  Eng.  Gazetteer(f!&.  2)  S.V.  Chew  Magna,"£\\M  red  bolus, 
called  Redding,  which  is  used  for  the  marking  of  sheep.  1878 
T.  HARDY  Ret.  Native  I.  ii,  A  reddleman— a  person  whose 
vocation  it  was  to  supply  farmers  with  redding  for  their  sheep. 
b.  U.  S.  A  compound  used  to  redden  the  hearth 
and  sides  of  a  fireplace. 

1867  MRS.  WHITNEY  L.  Goldthwaile  vii.  ^149  The  brick 
hearth  and  jambs  aglow  with  fresh  '  redding  '. 


REDDING. 

2.  A  kind  of  apple ;  the  ruddock,   rare. 

1611  CoTGR.tKwt'eajf,  Poinine  de  r0w,the  Ruddocke,  Red 
ding,  Summer  Goulding.  1898  SLOSSON  Dumb  Foxglwe  55 
The  little  Denisen  reddings,  all  crimson  and  shining  outside. 

f  R,e*dding,  s/>.2,  var.  READING  $l>.  Ohs. 

(The  source  of  Cotgrave's  F.  redins  is  obscure.) 
x6n  COTGR.,  Redin$)  redding  clothes. 

Re'dding,  vbl.  s/>.1  [f.  RED  v.  +  -ING  *.]  The 
action  of  making  red. 

1572  Liidloiu  Churchw.  Ace,  (Camden)  149  Payd  for  xvj  li. 
of  rede  lede  for  the  redinge  of  the  churche.  1632  SHERWOOD, 
A  redding,  growing  or  making  red,  ritbrication, 

Redding  (re-dig),  vbl.  sb*    [f.  REDD  7».2] 

1.  The  action  of  separating  combatants,  or  of  ar 
ranging,  tidying,  clearing  up,  etc.  Also  redding-up. 

1496  Sc.  Treas.  Ace.  15  Oct.,  Item,  for  redding  of  the 
werkhous  in  the  Castel  to  hous  the  artailjery,  xijtY.  1529 
LYNDESAV  Compl.  353  Euerilk  lord  did  stryue  for  stait, 
That  all  the  realme  mycht  mak  no  reddyng.  1596  in  J. 
Melvill  Antolnpfr.i  etc.  (1842)  381  With  whome  the  King 
enterit  in  actioun  for  redding  of  merches.  1812  CHALMERS 
Let,  in  Life  (1851)  I.  293  My  aunt.. has  been,  .exercising 
her  peculiar  talent  for  redding-up,  1899  F.  T.  BI'LLEN  Log" 
of 'Sea-waif 212  In  order  that  the  bulk  of  the  'redding-up' 
may  be  done  before  crossing  the  line. 

2.  Comb.  a.  redding-blow  or  -stroke,  a  blow 
received  by  a  person  trying  to  separate  combatants. 

a  1649  in  Wodrow  Soc,  Sel,  Biog;  (1845)  I.  384, 1  hope  Jesus 
Christ  shall  give  death  the  redding  stroke.  1737  RAMSAY 
Sc.  Prov.  (1750)  45  He  that  meddles  with  toolies  comes  in 
for  the  redding  streak.  1802  [see  REDDER  sb.1  i].  1815 
SCOTT  Guy  M.  xxvii.  note,  The  redding  straik  . .  is  proverbi 
ally  said  to  be  the  most  dangerous  blow  a  man  can  receive. 
b.  redding-comb,  an  ordinary  hair-comb. 

1821  SCOTT  Pirate  xv,  Ye  might  as  weel  give  it  a  ritt  with 
the  teeth  of  a  redding  kame.  1829  BROCKETT  N.  C.  Words, 
Redding-cotnb,  a  comb  for  the  hair.  1876-  in  dial,  glossaries 
(Yks.,  Lanes.,  Chesh.,  Shropsh.,  Antrim). 

Reddish,  (re-dij),  a.  Also  4  redische.  [f. 
RED  a.  +  -isH1.] 

1.  Somewhat  red,  red-tinted. 

1398  TRFVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  vr.  xxii.  (Tollem.  MS.), 
Some  [wine]   is  reed  or  redische,  and    is   more   hote   ban 
ober.     Ibid.  XVH.  vi,  The  Aloe  |jat  is  calde  Epaticum..is 
broune  redische  as  be  lyuoure.    1545  RAYNOLD  Byrtk  A/an^     \ 
kynde  18  The  lytel  small  vaynes  which  ye  se  reddisshe     ' 
in  a  mans  eye.     1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gnillemean"  s  Fr.  Chirurg. 
21  b/i  Then  is  the  swellinge  reddishe  of  colour,  or  purple- 
coloured.     1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Lf  Blanc's  Trav,  192  They     . 
delight  much  to  parget  their  bodies  with  a  reddish  earth.     ' 
1712  ADDISOM  Sped.  No.  281  F  5  This  Pericardium,  .contains     i 
in  it  a  thin  reddish  Liquor.    1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist,  (1776)    j 
IV.  330  The  two  former  are  of  a  brown  dusky  colour,  but     i 
this  of  a  beautiful  reddish.     1836  MACGILLIVRAY  tr.  Hum-    ' 
bold? s  Trav,  x.  122  A  reddish  vapour  rose  in  the  evening. 
1886  RL-SKIN  Pr&terita  I.  407  A  reddish  and  rather  vacant 
face. 

b.  In  names  of  animals  and  plants. 

1777  LIGHTFOOT  Flora  Scot,  II.  846  Lichen  rubescens, 
Reddish  Ground  Liverwort.  1785  PENNANT  Arct.Zool.  II. 
447  Reddish  Egret.  1809  SHAW  Zool.  Lect.  I.  ii.  37  The 
species  which  makes  the  nearest  approach  to  the  human 
figure,  is  the  chesnut-coloured  or  reddish  Oran  Otnn.  1835 
AUDUBON  Ornitk.  Biog.  III.  411  The  Reddish  Egret  is  a 
constant  resident  on  the  Florida  Keys.  1869  SOWERBY  Eng+ 
Bot,  IX.  31  Polygonum  Rufcscens,.  .Reddish  Pondweed. 

2.  Comb.  a.  Qualifying  adjs.  and  sbs.  of  colour; 
esp.  reddish-brow '«,  -yellow. 

Reddish-grey  bat^  Natterer's  bat  (see  quot.  1837). 

1659  HOWELL  Vocab.  n,  A  reddish  bay  [horse],  Ralncano. 
1685  W.  KING  in  Phil.  Trans.  XV.  953  The  reddish  black 
colour  of  the  turf,     a  1728  WOODWARD  Hist.  Fossils  I.  226 
Internally  the  Colour  is  a  reddish  brown.     1739  C.  LABELYK 
Short  Ace.  Piers  Westm.  Bridge  53  A  dirty  reddish  yellow. 
1831  BREWSTER  (?///<rs  xiv.  115  Of  adull  reddish-white  colour.     ] 
1837  T.  BELL  Brit.  Quadrup.  42  Vespertilio  Nattereri.     \ 
This  species,  to  which  I  have  applied  the  English  name  of    j 
Reddish-grey   Bat   from   its    prevailing    colour,    was    first     j 
described  by  Kuhl,  and  named  by  him  after.  .Dr.  Natterer.     ' 
1849  D.  CAMPBELL  Inorg.  C/tem.  76  Its  vapour  is  reddish- 
green.    1879  ROOD  Chromatics  xi.  168  The  resultant  tint 
would  always  have  been  a  reddish-grey. 

b.  Parasynthetic,  as  reddish-bellied,  -coloured^ 
-haired,  -headed,  and  similative,  as  reddish-looking* 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gnillemeaifs  Fr.  Chirurg,  34/1  The  matter 
whyte,  or  reddishe  coloured,  and  without  stincke.  1653  R. 
SANDERS  Physiogn.  157  The  persons  are  white-breasted, 
reddish-hair'd.  1678  RAY  IVillnghby's  Ornitk.  369  Our 
smaller  reddish-headed  Duck.  1752  J.  HILL  Hist.  Anim. 
480  The  gray-breasted  and  reddish-bellied  Charadrius. 
1807  T.  THOMSON  Chem.  (ed.  3)  II.  394  A  reddish-coloured 
acrid  solution.  1876  Clin.  Soc.  Trans.  IX.  76  Discharging 
about  8  ozs.  of  offensive  reddish-looking  fluid. 

Hence  Be-ddishness. 

1663  BOYLE  Exp.  Hist.  Colours  n.  Exp.  xiii,  Whether  or 
no  this  White  mixture.,  would  not  let  go  its  Arsenick,.  .and 
return  to  the  Reddishness  of  Copper.  1881  C.  A.  YOUNG 
Sitn  306  We  should  doubtless  believe  this  reddishness  the 
natural  color  of  the  glowing,  naked  carbons. 

Reddish,  obs.  form  of  RADISH. 

t  Xteddi'tion.  Obs.  [a.  F.  reddition  or  ad.  L.  j 
reddition-em,  n.  of  action  f.  reddSre  to  give  back,  ; 
to  RENDER.  See  also  RENDITION.] 

1.  Restoration  of  something  taken  or  received ; 
also,  surrender  of  a  thing,  a  town,  army,  etc. 

1449  Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  167/1  As  sone  as  that  office  [comes] 
to  your  hand.. by  deth,  cession, ..  reddicion  or  surrendre. 
'593,  HELL  Motives  cone.  Romish  Faith  (1605)  31  So  as  the 
reddition  be  of  that,  which  is  equivalent  and  not  otherwise 
due.  1641  PRYXXE  Antip.  310  The  Bishops  [were]  appre 
hended  and  compelled  to  a  reddition  of  their  possessions. 
1643  —  Sov.  Power  Parlt.  iv.  167  [To  be  taken]  if  warlike 
necessitie  require  it.  yet  with  a  pact  of  reddition.  1679 

VOL.  VIII. 


297 

EVERARD  Prof.  Princes  Europe  26  In  examining  what  hath 
befallen  it..,  since  that  fatal  Reddition  [of  Rochelle].  1753 
CARTE  Hist.  Kng,  IV.  39  They  had  frequently  for  some 
years  past  solicited.. the  reddition  of  those  towns  which 
were  held  as  a  pledge.  1774  PENNANT  Tour  Scotl.  67  The 
shameful  reddition  of  the  Scotch  army.  1794  Hist,  in  Ann. 
Rtg-  39  The  same  motives  that  operated  the  reddition  of  the 
one  effected  the  surrender  of  the  other. 

b.  Law  (see  quot.  1607). 

1535  tr.  Littleton's  Nat.  Brev.  (1544)  128  A  man  that 
hath  recouered  by  nssise  of  mort  dauncestour.  .or  by  red 
dy  cyon  or  by  any  maner  enquest.  1607  COWELL  Interpr.^ 
Reddicion,  .is  a  iudiciall  confession,  and  acknowledgement, 
that  the  land  or  thing  in  demaund  belongeth  to  the  de- 
maundant,  or  at  the  least,  not  to  himselfe.  1642  tr.  Perkins' 
Prof.  Bk.  v.  164  Against  whom  the  hcire  of  the  di.sseisor  doth 
recover  by  reddition,  or  by  default  in  a  writ  of  entry. 

c.  Retaliation,  retort,  rare, 

1656  HOBBES  Six-  Lessons  55  Whatsoever  is  added  of  con 
tumely,  either  directly,  or  scommatically,  is  want  of  Charity, 
and  uncivil ;  unless  it  be  done  by  way  of  Reddition  from 
him  that  is  first  provoked  to  it. 

2.  The  application  of  a  comparison,  or  the  clause 


a :x6o3  T.  CARTWRIGHT  Confut.  Rhem.  A".  T.  (1618)  350  The 
similitude  that  the  Apostle  useth  in  the  verse  next  "before, 
whereof  this  is  the  reddition  or  part  that  answereth  unto  it 
1678  GALE  Crf.  Gentiles  III.  80  We  know  that  nl  Parables 
consiste  of  two  parts,  the  proposition  and  Reddition  or 
moral,  a  1714  M.  HENRY  //  ks.  (1835)  II.  356  He  does  not 
come  to  the  reddition  of  the  comparison  till  ver.  27.  1786 
A.  GIB  Sacr.  Contempt.  \\.  ii.  87  It  is  evidently  but.. one 
half  of  a  sentence  in  one  side  of  a  comparison.  And  the 
other  side  of  it,  or  what  is  called  the  reddition,  is  not  to  be 
found  in  the  verse  next  following. 

3.  Rendering,  translation. 

f  1609  [Br.  W.  BARLOW]  Answt  Nameless  Cath.  317  Which 
is  the  naturall  Interpretation  in  the  sense,  though  not  the 
grammatical  reddition  of  the  words,  a  1685  KNATC»BI;LL 
Annot.N,  Test.  (1693)  159  In  most  Interpreters  you  have  in 
this  place.. a  deficiency  in  the  reddition  of  the  sense. 

t  Re'dditive,  a.  and  sb.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  rcd- 
ditivus  :  see  prec.  and  -IVE.] 

A.  adj.    That   answers    to   something   already 
said ;  corresponding,  correlative. 

1614  T.  ADAMS  Fatal  Banquet  iv.  Wks.  1861  I.  216  This 
sad  sequel  is,  if  not  a  relative,  yet  a  redditive  demonstration 
of  their  misery.  1657  J.  SERGEANT  Schism  DispatcKt  296 
The  redditive  part  of  the  testimony.  1659  O.  WALKER 
Oratory  20  Conjunctions,  Discretive,  Redditive,  Con 
ditional.  [1721  in  BAILEY,  and  hence  in  later  Diets.] 

B.  sb.   Cram.  A   word  which  answers   to  one 
already  used  ;  a  correlative. 

1590  STOCK  WOOD  Rules  Constr.  2  The  word  that  asketh 
a  question,  and  the  word  that  answereth  vnto  the  same 
question,  the  which  they  call  the  interrogatiue  and  his 
redditiue.  a  1658  MEDE  Wks.  (1672)  767  The  causal 
Quoniam^  and  the  redditive  thereto  Idea.  1668  WILKINS 
Real  Char,  in.  iv.  312  The  former  being  Comparative 
General,  the  other  the  Redditive  of  it. 

Reddle  (re-d'l),  sb.  [var.  RUDDLE:  cf.  also 
RADDLE.]  Red  ochre,  ruddle. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl,,  Reddle,  Ruddle,  or  Red  oker. 
1748  J.  HILL  Hist.  Fossils  47  This  is  the  substance 
commonly  called  in  English  Reddle,  and  is  the  Rubrica 
fabrilis.  iSosR.  W.  DlCKSON /Vac/,  Agric.  II.  1147  Smear 
ing  the  fore-bows  of  the  rams  with  reddle,  ochre,  or  some 
similar  substance  that  has  the  property  of  marking.  1879 
RUTLEY  Stud.  Rocks  x.  155  Hematite  also  occurs  in  a 
granular  state,  sometimes  earthy  as  reddle. 

Hence  Be'ddle  v.  trans.,  to  paint  or  wash 
over  with  reddle. 

1796  G.  M.  WOODWARD  Eccentric  Excursions  vii.  (1796) 
81  The  floor  is  reddled,  the  walls  white-washed.  1854  Miss 
BAKKR  Northawpt.  Gloss,  s.v.  Plough  Monday,  A  number 
of  boys  with  their  faces  blacked  and  reddled. 

Re'ddleman.     [f.  prec.]   =RADDLEMAN. 

[a  1661  (see  RADDLEMAN}.]  1878  T.  HARDY  Ret.  Native  \. 
ii,  The  traveller  with  the  cart  was  a  reddleman — a  person 
whose  vocation  it  was  to  supply  farmers  with  redding  for 
their  sheep. 

Reddon,  obs.  pi.  pa.  t.  READ  v. 

t  Reddour.  Obst  Forms:  4-5 reddure, -our, 
(4  -owr,  5-ur,  Sc.  -cure),  4  redd(e)re;  5  redur, 
(-yur\  Se.  -cure;  5  riddour.  See  also  RAD- 
DOURa.  [a.  ONF.  reddur,  redor,  niditrt  etc.  (mod.F. 
raidettr,  roidettr),  f.  redde^  rede,  etc.  (mod.F. 
raidey  roide}  :— L.  rigida  RIGID.]  Severity,  strict 
ness,  rigour  ;  also,  harshness,  harsh  treatment. 

1340  HAM  POLE  Pr.  Consc.  5357  pat  day. .Sal  noght  be 
shewed  but  ryghtwysnes,  Wyth  gret  reddour  til  synful. 
1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  313  He  baled  nevere 
contenaunce, noher  reddereof  his  Tpa\x$\.]\i. de animi rigore}. 
£•1430  LYDG.  Rliti.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  57  To  do  reddour 
alwey  without  grace  or  mercy,  c  1470  HARDING  Chron* 
xcvn.  ix,  That  they  put  nought  reddour  ne  punissyon.. 
On  trespassours  that  dyd  violence. 

Reddour,  variant  of  RADDOUB  1.  Sc.  Obs. 

Redd  ring  :  see  REDDER  v. 

Reddsman  (re-dzman).  Sc.  [f.  REDD  sbl  + 
-s-  +  MAN.]  Mining.  A  man  employed  in  clear 
ing  away  rubbish  from  the  workings  of  a  mine. 

1808  in  JAMIESON.  1883  GRESLEY  Glass.  Coal-mining  200, 
1887  P.  M'NEILI.  Dlau'carie  59  Down  came  another  cage, 
out  of  which  stepped  the  manager  accompanied  by  the  chief 
oncost  or  reddsman. 

Reddur(e,  variants  of  REDDOUR  Obs. 
Reddure,  variant  of  RADDOURI.    Sc.  Obs. 


REDE. 

Reddy  (re'di),  a.  Now  rare.  Also  4-6  redy. 
[f.  rede  RED  a.  +  -Y.]  f  a.  Red,  ruddy.  Obs.  b. 
(With  names  of  colours.)  Reddish. 

a.  c  1374  CHAUCER  Roeth.  ii.  met.  iii.  39  (Addit.  MS.)  Whan 
J>e  wode  wexeb  redy  [v,r.  rody]  of  rosene  fioures.     a  1400-50 
Alexander  3369  pe  ferd  was  a  granate,  goulesalthire  fynest, 
Is  naue  so  redy,  as  I  rede,  of  all  be  richestanes.     1483  Cath. 
Angl.  10 3/1   A  redi  dok,  lappadum  acntuni.     1557  '{  HFY- 
WOOD  in  TottelTs  Misc.  (Arb.i  163  Her  rosiall  colour  comes 
and  goes  ..  More  redier  to  then  dolh  the  rose.      1579  I'oore 
Knights  Palace  G,  My  reddy  blood  this  terror  did  expell, . . 
which  in  my  cheekes  was  plaste.      1605  TIMMK  Quertit  11.  v. 

I  130  The  saphinc  and  reddy  colour  of  those  that  are  ripe. 
;  a  1661  FLLLKR  iu  Spurgeon  Treas.  Dai:  J's.  xxv.  7,  I  will  not 
i  conclude  that  David  was  of  a  wanton  constitution  because 
!  of  a  reddy  complexion. 

b.  1888  Pall  Matt  G.  17  May  2/2  Thin  sheet  iron,  painted 
a  reddy  brown.    Ibid.  4  Aug.  5/1  A  powder  which  imparts 
to  the  hair  a  'bronze  reddy  gold  '. 

Reddyly,  obs.  form  of  READILY. 
Reddynn,  obs.  pa.  pple.  of  READ  v. 
Rede  (r"i),  shl     Now  arch,  or  poet,  and  dial. 
Forms:  i-3rsed,  3reeed,  rteid,  (reaS  1,3-6, 9 read, 
3~7  (9  *^0  reade,  3  (4-6  Sc.)  reid,  (5  Sc.  -e), 
3-7  reed,  (5-7  -e),  2-7  (8  Sc.)t  9  rede;  1-5  (6 
!    Sc.)  red,  5  redde,  7  Sc.  redd,  2-3  (7  Sc.)  rad, 
j    3-4  rade.     [Common  Tcut.  :  OK.  rxd  masc.  = 
OFris.  red,  OS.  r^(MDu.  rat,  rad-t  Du.  raad\ 
OIIG.   rat  (G.  rath)  rat),   ON.   rdS  neut.   (Sw. 
rad,   Da.  raad)  :-OTeut.  *r&db-z  (?and  *r£#ffm)9 
I    f.  the  stem  of  the  vb.  *rKdim  to  READ  or  REDE. 

The  word  is  very  frequent  in  OE.  and  early  ME.,  and 
i  remained  in  literary  use  till  the  beginning  of  the  i;th  c. 
.  After  that  date  it  is  rarely  found  until  revived  in  archaic 
i  and  poetic  diction  in  the  i9th  c.] 

1.  Counsel  or  advice  given  by  one  person  to 
another. 

Beffivulf  y&a  (Z.)  Ne  meahton  we  gelxran.  .rices  hyrde 
rsed  fenixne  ban  he  ne  grette  gold  weard  bone,  c  1000 
/ELFRIC  Exod.  xviii,  19  Ac  gehyr  mine  word  and  minne 
rsed.  ("1175  Lamb.  How.  63  pe  luste  nulleft  be^ne  red 
wisliche  he  seal  wur'Sen  ded.  c  1205  LAY.  5293  peos  eorles 
comen  to  Rome . .  axeden  heom  rxddes.  a  1300  Cursor  M. 
15139  A  rede  i  sal  yow  giue,  And  herkens  all  to  me.  13. . 
i  K.  Alis.  6165  He. .so  longe  criede  and  bade,  That  him  com 
j  from  heven,  rade,  How  he  scholde  heom  distroye.  1375 
j  BAHBOUB  Bruce  n.  122  Tak  him  as  off  thine  awyne  lieid,  As 
I  had  gevyn  thar-to  na  reid.  1:1412  HOCCLEVE  De  Keg, 
Princ,  411  My  rede  in  happe  yit  the  profile  may.  1509 
BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1570)  17  The  reade  and  aduisement, 
Of  wise  men,  . .  Helpeth  thine  owne,  be  thou  neuer  so 
prudent.  1550  CROWLEY  Last  Trump.  942  If  thou  be  calde 
a  counseller,  And  many  men  do  seke  thy  read.  1607  J. 
CARPENTER  Plaine  Mans  Plough  84  Refusing  all  vaine 
babling  and  unprofitable  reeds  of  fools.  1632  HOLLAND 
Cyntpsedia  185  If  according  to  your  rede,  1  had  bin  a 
hoarder  of  gold.  1786  BURNS  Ep.  Young  Friend  xi,  May 
you  better  reck  the  rede,  Than  ever  did  th'  Adviser  !  1814 
SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  in.  iii,  Is  this  thy  rede?  1876  MORRIS 
Sigurd  iv.  371  That  he  hearken  the  council  of  night  and  the 
rede  that  to-morrow  saith. 

Proz'.  a  1235  ROGER  OF  WENDOVER  Chron.  (E.  H.  S.)  II. 
18  [Unus  ex  illis  cujus  arbitrium  omnes  exspectabant,  prae- 
cipitanter  patria  lingua  clixit,]  Schort  red,  god  red  ;  slea  ye 
the  bischop.  a  1250  Prov.  JElfred  336  in  O.  E.  Misc.  122 
Hit  is  ifurn  isej'd  ^at  cold  red  is  quene  red.  1599  PORTER 
Angry  tt7om.Abing<i.  (Percy  Soc.)  82, 1  could  haue  said  to 
you,  syr,  Take  heede  is  a  good  reede. 

t  b.  In  phr.  by  (after*  through,  with}  one's  rede ; 
also  to  do  byontfs  rede,  to  accept  one's  advice.  Obs. 
c  H2z  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1043  Be  JXES  cynges 
lasfe  &  raeda.  Jbid.  an.  noo  Be  ^xre  ra;de  be  him  abutan 
w^ran.  a  1225  Leg.  Kath,  6  Constentin  ferde  ^urh  be  burh- 
menne  rea5  into  Fronclonde.  01300  Cursor  M.  2200  Lik 
til  his  fader  bat  was  ded  A  wygur  was  mad  wit  his  red. 
13. .  Guy  IVaiiv,  (A.)  1238  Leue  sone,.  ,|?ou  do  bi  bi  faders 
rede.  ^1412  HOCCLEVE  De  Reg.  Princ.  1119  Sone,  by  my 
rede  thow  shalt  do  so.  c  1420  Chron.  Vilod,  st.  562  So  bey 
dedon  trewelyche  after  his  redde.  1554  Inter  I.  Youth  A  ij  b, 
And  yet  syr  do  by  my  rede.  1587  M.  GROVE  Pelops  $ 
Hipp.  (1878)  73  Leaue  of  I  pray  you  by  my  reade. 

t  C.  To  give  to  rede :  to  give  by  way  of  counsel 
or  advice.  Obs. 

13..  Cursor  M.  10791  (Gott.)  Ne  had  he  neuer  gyuen  to 
rede,  bat  iesu  crist  war  don  to  dede,  c  1400  Destr.  Troy 
12002  The  grekys.  .gyfibn  to  red,  Ilion  toouerturne.  c  1430 
Syr  Try  am.  634  Moche  warre  began  to  sprede  Yn  hur  lande 
.  .Therfore  sche  ys  gevyn  to  rede,  To  take  a  lorde. 
2.  Counsel,  decision,  or  resolve  taken  by  one  or 
more  persons ;  a  plan,  design,  or  scheme  devised 
or  adopted. 

c  1000  ^ELFRIC  Vet.  Test.  2  (Gr.)  Se  rad  waes  aefre  on  his 
raedfsstum  gejjance,  ^>a;t  he  wircan  wolde  J>a  wundorlican 
xesceafta.  c  1050  in  Thorpe  Di/>l,  Angl.  Sax,  (1865)  322  Ic 
pa  feng  on  minne  axenne  red.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls) 
11198  An  vewe  wilde  htnen  a  li^t  red  her  of  nome.  ^1330 
Art  ft.  fy  MerZ.  2048  (Kolbing)  Bi  compun  dome,  bi  coniuun 
rade,  Vterpendragon  coroun  nam  &  king  of  Inglond  bicam. 
ci38(5CHAUCER  Doctors  T.  146  Whan  (?at  assented  was  this 
cursed  reed,  Glad  was  this  luge.  £1425  Seven  Sag.  (P.)  226 
Sone  aftir  that  scho  was  dede,  Hys  fadir  hadde  anothir 
rede,  c  1440  York  Afyst.  iv.  44  Lov>-ng  be  ay  to  suche 
a  lord, ..[who]  mayd  vs  after  his  owen  read.  1870  MORRIS 
Earthly  Par.  III.  iv.  316  Therefore  swift  rede  I  take  with 
all  things  here. 

f  b.  To  take  to  rede :  to  adopt  as  one's  decision 
or  plan ;  to  decide,  resolve.  Also  with  dative 
(red.)  pronoun.  Obs. 

(-893  K.  /ELFRED  Oros.  iv.  v.  §  2  Hanno..him  to  rsede 
xenom  ^aet  he  hie  ealle  to  gereordum  to  him  gehele.  ci»os 
LAY.  440  Seoben  he  nom  to  rede,  .bat  he  an  wriht  makede. 
Ibid.  20210  Heonomen  heom  to  raedenbat  a^aein  heowolden 
riden.  a  1300  Cursor  Af.  4032  pir  brewer  tuain  ^am  tok  to 

38 


REDE. 

red  To  dele  bair  landes  bam  bi-tuixs.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE 
Chron.  (1810)  52  po  childre  tok  to  rede,  to  com  vnto  bis 
lond.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  214  Gedeon.  .tok  him  to  rede, 
And  sende  in  al  the  lond  aboute. 

tc.  To  take  rede:  to  take  counsel,  resolve, 
decide.  Obs. 

c  1330  A  rth.  <$•  Merl.  286  (Kolbing)  fpai]  tok  rede  bi  tvixen 
hem  to,  pe  to  childer  ouer  be  se  bring,  c  1375  Sc.  Leg. 
Saints  xxi.  (Clement')  636  Clement  wysly  tuk  rede,  bat  he 
wald  nocht  next  petir  be.  £1400  Destr.  Troy&gg6  Palamy- 
don.. All  his  Renkes  had  arayet,  as  he  rede  toke. 

1 3.  A  scheme,  plan,   or   method  for   attaining 
some  end  ;  a  principle  or  course  of  action,  mode 
of  procedure.  Obs. 
For  the  obs.  Sc.  phr.  ivillofrede,  see  WILL  a. 

Beowulf '1376  (2.)  Nu  is  se  raid  selang  eft  aet  be  anum. 
c  893  K.  ALFRED  Oros.  iv.  x.  §  8  Scipia . .  Romanum  to  rasde 
^elaerde,  baet  hie  foren  mid  scipum  on  Hannibales  land, 
t  1205  LAY.  30576  Ofte  he  hine  biSohte  what  he  don  mahte 
and  blbohten  him  enne  rad.  a  1150  Gen.  $  Ex.  309  Ic  wene 
I  can  a  red,  3at  hem  sal  bringen  iwel  sped,  a  1300  Cursor 
M.  14254  Leif  lauerd,  sco  said,  qn.it  rede  ?  Mi  brober  nu  es 
fra  me  ded.  1382  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  I.  252,  I  leeve  this 
beo  ur  best  red,  To  thenke  on  this  warnyng  and  be  ware. 
c  1420  Sir  Amadace  (Camden)  xxii,  Take  the  tille  a  bet  tin* 
rede,  c  1470  HENRYSON  Mor,  Fab.  \\.  Town  $  C.  Mouse 
xx,  So  desolate  and  will  of  ane  gude  reid.  1549-62  STERN- 
HOLD  &  H.  /Js.  cxix.  100  To  keepe  thy  lawes,  I  held  it  aye 
best  reede. 

•fr  b.  To  be  to  rede:  to  be  an  advisable  or  possible 
course  of  action  (for  one).  Obs. 

971  Blickl.  Horn.  205  Hie  befrinon  &  beahsodan  hwaet 
htm  bzs  to  rxde  buhte.  a  1100  Moral  Ode  go  Hwat  seal  us 
to  rede,  c  1205  LAY.  13527  Wha^t  ma^e  we  nu  to  rade 
[c  1275  Wat  his  vs  nou  to  reade],  whaa  seal  us  nu  raeden. 
c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  864  Brutus  ..  nyste 
what  was  best  to  red.  c  1350  Will.  Palerne  903,  I  not  in 
be  world  what  is  me  to  rede.  Ibid.  3885  He  ..  seide  after 
anon  *  Alas  !  what  to  rede  ! ' 

t  O.  With  no  or  no  other ;  no  (or  no  other) 
plan,  device,  or  way  to  act,«/.  in  order  to  help  or 
save  oneself.  Obs, 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  9121  Alas  alas  of  engelond  ne  can 
ich  nanne  red.  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  i.  568  Quharfor  syne  he 
tholyt  ded  ;  Than  he  couth  set  tharfor  na  rede,  c  1400 
Kom.  Rose  3859,  I  was  astoned,  and  knew  no  rede,  But 
fledde  awey  for  verrey  drede.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  v.  588 
The  mady n  than  wyst  off  no  othyr  rede,  Bot . .  purchest  had 
king  Eduardis  protectioune.  a  1542  WYATT  Poet.  Wks. 
(i86i>  69  For  in  despair  there  is  no  rede, 

f  d.  Occurrence,  event,  hap,  lot.  Obs. 

c  1205  LAY.  3910  SeoSden  her  com  a  strong  rad  bat 
Riwald  kinge  iwer3  dea5.  Ibid.  8164  pe  o<5er  wolde  him 
habben  dad ;  hit  buhte  him  swiSe  haerd  r;td.  c  1420  Sir 
Amadace  (Camden)  xvi,  Thus  carefulle  is  my  rede,  a  1425 
Cursor  M.  14295  (Trin.)  My  brober  lazer  bi  frendisdeed  And 
bat  is  to  me  acplde  reed,  c  1440  SirGffWtktr66i  [He]  halp 
holy  chirche  with  his  myght,  Thus  cawght  he  better  rede. 

t  4.  What  is  advisable,  advantageous  or  profit 
able  for  one;  aid,  help,  succour;  remedy.  Obs. 

805-31  Charter  in  O.  E.  Texts  444  He  brytme  swse  higum 
maest  red  sie.  a  «ooo  Boeth.  Metr.  ii.  12  [Hi]  me  ba  be- 
rypton  raedes  &  frofre.  c  1000  >£LFRIC  Saints'  Lives  xii. 
122  Bi5  nu  micel  rasd  b_am  be  his  sylfes  rec5.  ^1175  Lamb. 
Horn.  63  Gif  us  to  dei  ure  deies  bred  Lauerd  god  al  ure 
red.  c  1315  SHOREHAM  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  ii.  32  And  syf  be  lyues 
[  =  living]  mylse  and  grace  pe  dede  red  and  reste.  c  1375 
Cursor  .M.  8376  (Fairf.)  Peraunter  ber  wil  rise  strife  botje  do 
rede  in  5- jure  life,  c  1420  Sir  Amadace  (.Camden)  xxxv, 
Lord,  I  aske  the  rede,  Hastely  that  I  were  dede.  c  1485 
Dighy  <J/>r/.{i882)  in.  1793  Blyssyd  mavdleyn,  be  hyr  rede  ! 
f  b.  To  take  rede  to :  to  seek  help  for.  Obs.-*- 

a  1225  Leg.  Kath.  1379  pe  deore  Drihtin  areaw  us,  &  toe 
read  to  ure  aide  dusischipes. 

t  5.  The  faculty  of  deliberation,  or  the  exercise 
of  this  ;  judgement,  prudence,  reason.  Obs. 

rtooo  CVNEWULF  Elene  553  (Gr.)  Is  eow  rsedes  bearf  on 
meoelstede,  modes  snyttro.  a  isoo  AforalOdet  (Trin.  Coll. 
MS.)  peih  i  bie  a  winter  eald,  to^ung  ich  am  on  rade.  a  1250 
Owl  4-  Night.  682  Never  nis  wit  so  kene,  So  wane  red  him 
is  ayene.  1399  LANGL.  Rich.  Redeles  m.  125  Ho  is  riall  of 
his  ray. .light  reede  him  ffolwith.  a  1650  Mtrwtgfa  Furniv. 
Percy  Folio  I.  424  A  doughtye  man  he  was  of  deed,  &  right 
wise  he  was  of  reede. 

Comb,  a  1250  Owl  fy  Night.  694  Jif  bat  he  forleost  his  wit, 
bonne  is  his  redpurs  al  toslit, 

f  6.  The  act  of  taking  counsel  together,  or  of 
assembling  for  this  purpose  ;  a  council.  Obs. 

Beowulf  172  (Z.)  Moniz  oft  Xesaet  rice  to  rune,  rad  eah- 
tedon.  nooo  ^LFRIC  Saints  Lives  xix.  201  pa  WEES  se 
acitofel  mid  absalone  on  raede,  and  rsedde  him  [etc.],  c  1000 
—  Horn.  II.  242  H'e  sona  code  to  5asra  ludeiscra  ra^de  [etc.]. 
£•1205  LAY.  374  Alle  be  weren  at  bisse  reade  biluuede  beos 
runen.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  4550  pe  barunnage  mikel  ferli 
thoght  bat  suilk  to  king  red  was  broght.  ^1330  R.  BRUNNE 
ChroH.  (1810)  48  pe  ciergie  &  be  baronage  samned  at  a 
reade.  £1375  Cursor  M.  7901  (Fairf.)  Shortly  wib-out  mare 
rede  bai  sulde  [him  take]  and  bringe  to  dede. 

7.  Tale,  narrative,  story;  fa  saying,  proverb. 
(Cf.  READ  v.  14.) 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxiii.  (Seven  Sleepers]  362  Wes  nane 
bat  euire  hard  tel  of  ony  of  bame  in  red  na  spel.  1579 
SPENSER  Sheph.  Cal.  July  n  This  reede  is  ryfc,  that  often- 
time,  great  clymbers  fall  vnsoft.  1665  BRATHWAIT  Comment 
Two  Tales  82  Read  your  Rede  to  me  then  boldly,  you  shall 
find  me  an  honest  old  woman.  1808  SCOTT  Mann.  vi. 
L'Envpy,  A  final  note,  .to  bid  the  gentles  speed  Who  long 
have  listened  to  my  rede.  1868  BROWNING  Ring  <J-  Bk.  x. 
227  All's  a  clear  rede,  and  no  more  riddle  now. 
fb.  Speech.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1596  SPENSER  F.  O.  iv.  x.  34  Concord  she  cleeped  was  m 
common  reed,  Mother  of  blessed  Peace. 
c.  Interpretation. 

1871  BROWNING  Pr.  Hohenst.  n  Sphynx  in  wise  old  age, 
Grown .  .jealous  for  her  riddle's  proper  rede. 


298 

tRede,  sl>.2  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  reede.  [Of 
obscure  origin.]  A  small  trench  or  furrow. 

c  14*0  Pallad.  on  Husb.  iv.  219  Sperage  is  sowe . .  In  redes 
[L.fossulis]  smale,  ymaad  by  lyne,  in  wete  And  fat  lond. 
Ibid.  xn.  73  Maak  redes  [L.  snlcos}  in  the  bord,  and  ther 
bistowe  Hem  in  the  coppe. 

tRede,j£-3  Sc-  Obs.   rare—1.     Sound. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vin.  1191  The  cler  rede  amang  the 
rochis  rang,  Throuch  greyn  branchis  quhar  byrdis.  .sang. 

Rede,  var.  obs.  Sc.  REID. 

Rede  (nd),  z/.1  Now  arch,  or  poet,  and  dial. 
Forms:  Infin.  \  reedan,  -en,  2  readan,  3  reden, 
4  redyn ;  (and  Pres.)  3-6  (9  Sc.)  read,  (3, 6-7  -e), 
4-6  reed,  (5,  7  -e),  4,  5-6  Sc.  reid,  5  reyd,  3-7 
(8  Sc.)  9  rede ;  4*6,  8-9  Sc.  red,  4,  8-9  .5V.  redd, 
(9  Sc.  -e),  5  Sc.,  6  rid ;  S«£/.  2-3  rade  ;  3  sing. 
Prcs.  Indie,  i  reet,  4  ret.  Pa.  t.  I  reord,  i,  3 
rsedde,  3-4  radde,  3-5  redde,  4-5  redd,  4-6 
red,  6  reade.  Pa.  pple.  i  sereed,  4  rad,  5  rade, 
8  Sc.  red,  9  Sc.  rede.  [The  same  word  as  READ 
j  v.t  the  common  ME.  spelling  being  usually  retained 
to  distinguish  the  archaic  from  the  current  senses 
of  the  word.  In  dial,  the  vowel  of  the  infin.  and 
pres.  is  sometimes  shortened  (red^redd)  on  analogy 
of  the  pa.  t.  and  pa.  pple. :  cf.  REDD  z*.2] 

I.  f  1.  trans.  To  have  or  exercise  control  over ; 
to  rule,  govern,  guide.   Obs. 

Beoivnl/ 2o&  (Z.)  pone  ma5Him..be  3u  mid  rihte  redan 
sceoldest.  c888  K.  ^KLFREO  Boeth.  xxxv.  §  3  He  riht  &  ra^t 
eallum  gesceaftum,swa  swa  good  stiora  anum  scipe.  aiooo 
Daniel  8  (Gr.)  pat  WEES  modij  cyn,  benden  hie  by  rice 
raeden  nioston.  c  1205  LAY.  16956  He  makede  her  reuen 
ban  uolke  to  reden.  c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg,  I.  179/26  To  be  al 
mi  truste  was  ml  lond  to  wissi  and  rede,  c  1325  Chron.  Eng. 
499  in  RUson  Metr.  Rom.  II.  291  Hou  he  myhte  him  wise 
and  rede,  Ant  ys  lond  ariht  lede.  c  1375  Cursor  M.  5292 
(Fairf.)  pe  lorde-hede  of  al  bis  lande,  to  wisse  and  rede 
I  haue  in  hande. 

f  b.  To  bring,  deliver ;  reft,  to  direct  (oneself) 
to  a  place.  Also  absol.  to  arrive.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1000  Rect.  Sing.  Pers.  c.  4  §  i  He  sceal  a;lcre  wucan 
erian  .i.  a;cer  and  raedan  sylf  o";ct  sa;d  on  hlafordes  berne. 
1-1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  IV ace  (Rolls)  14088  Arthur  dide 
his  flete  eft  dight,  To  Romeneye  bey  redde  bem  right. 
Ibid.  15892  His  wey  he  tok..ful  fuste  he  spedde,  pat  til 
Oxenforde  algate  he  redde. 

f2.  Of  God,  Christ,  etc. :  To  take  care  or  charge 
of  (one)  ;  to  guide,  guard,  or  protect.  Obs. 

a  1200  Moral  Ode  158  (Trin.  Coll.  MS.)  On  be  daie  and  on 
be  dome  us  helpe  crist  and  rade.  c  1250  Orison  Our  Lady 
39  in  O.  £.  Misc.  160  Ichbidde  hire  to  me  bi-seo,  And  helpe 
me  and  rede,  a  1300  Cursor  M.  8397,  I  .sa'i  noght  yon,  sa 
godd  me  rede,  For  nan  vpbraid  ne  for  na  nede.  c  1384 
CHAUCER//.  Fame\\,  559  Also  wis  god  rede  me  Butothinge 
y  wil  warne  the.  r  1450  HOLLAND  Howlat  463  The  gud 
king  gaif  the  gaist  to  God  for  to  reid.  c  1470  Golagros  <$• 
Caw.  809  Gif  I  de  doughtely,  the  les  is  my  dere,  Thoght 
he  war  Sampsone  himself,  sa  me  Criste  reid  ! 
tb.  To  save,  deliver.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  906  pou  sal  be  slan  wit  duble  dedd, 
Herd  it  es  be  for  to  redd  [other  KISS,  dede  :  rede],  c  1374 
CHAUCER  Anel.  #  Arc.  340  But  me  to  rede  out  of  this 
drede  or  guye  Ne  may  my  wit,  so  weyke  Is  hit,  not  streehe. 

f3.  To  decree,  appoint.  Obs. 

(1205  LAV.  18100  Swa  be  is  nu  irsed,  ber  on  bu  art  ded. 
(71225  Juliana,  62  pu..  reddest  him  [David]  to  rixlen  in 
sawmueles  riche.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  17  Right 
in  be  mornyng  [n  aldermost  ncde  Com  be  kynges  sonnes 
tuo,  als  Crist  wild  it  rede.  1362  LANGL.  P.  Pi.  A.  v.  180 
pei  coube  not  . .  acorde  to-gedere,  Til  Robyn  be  Ropere 
weore  Rad  forte  a-ryse,  And  nempned  for  a  noumpere. 

II.  f4.  intr.  To  take  counsel  together  or  with 
another,  to  deliberate.     Also  of  one  person :  To 
take  counselor  others.  Obs. 

£•893  K.  >£LFRED  Oros.  i.  xiv.  §  i  pa  redon  hi  him  be- 
tweonum,  cwsedon  bast  hie  to  ra5e  wolde  fultumlease  beon 
[etc.].  «9OO  tr.  Bxdas  Hist.  i.  xi.  [xiv.]  (1890)  50  pa 
fcesomnedon  hi  gemot  &  beahtedon  &  rseddon,  hwxt  him 
to  donne  waere.  ciooo  ^LFHIC  Saints'  Lives  v.  323  Wi5 
bone  rscdde  chromatius,  and  be  his  rxde  [etc.],  c  112.3. 
O.  E.  Chron,  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1010  Man  bonne  raeden  scolde 
hu  man  bisne  eard  werian  sceolde.  ^1131  Ibid.  1131  Crist 
raede  for  ba  wrecce  munecas  of  Burch.  <:  1205  LAY.  32128 
paer  heo  gunnen  raede,  ber  heo  gunnen  rune.  1494  FABYAN 
Chron.  vi.  cxcix.  206  The  kynge.. called  his  counsayl  to 
rede  what  were  best  to  be  done. 

\  6.  trans.  To  agree  upon,  resolve,  decide,  after 
consultation  or  deliberation.  Obs. 

c  looo  ./ELFRIC  Horn.  1. 162  Diet  folc  raedde  be  him,  bset  hi 
woldon  hine.  .ahebban  to  cyninge.  £1205  LAY.  25002  Nu  50 
habbeoS  iherd . .  what  Romanisce  men  redeS  heom  bi-twenen. 
Ibid.  26221  [They]  radden  heom  bitwenen  enne  castel  to 
areren.  c  1250  Gen.  fy  Ex.  2861  He  redden  samen  he  sulden 
gon  wid  wise  men  to  pharaon.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  4060 
pei  ech  of  vs  sete  al  day  be  best  red  to  rede  [etc.],  1559 
Mirr.  Mag.tM0ivbray's  Banishment  xxi,  The  king  through 
counsayle  of  the  Lordes  thought  good  To  banysh  bothe, 
whiche  iudgement  strayt  was  rad. 

IH.  6.  trans.  To  advise  or  counsel  (a  person). 
With  various  constructions:  fa.  Simple  (dative 
or)  accusative.  Also  const,  of.  Obs. 

a,  900  CYNEWULF  Elene  1023  (Gr.)  On  bam  stedewange 
fcirwan  Codes  tempel,  swa  hire  gasia  weard  reord  of 


roderum.  f«7S  Lamb.  Horn.  115"  Wise  men  him  scule 
readan.  c  1205  LAY.  7427  He  wes  cniht  swi3e  rash  to  raden 
ane  kinge.  1297  R.  GLOUC,  (Rolls)  7422  An  stounde  he  gan 
abide  &  is  knittes  rede.  5:1350  Will.  Palerne  1301  Ri;t  as 
william  wold  pat  wisly  him  radde.  <i  1400-50  Alexander 
5194  Latt  se  bi  witt  in  bis  werke  &  wysely  me  rede,  a  1450 
MVRC  7  Whenne  bey  scholde  be  pepul  rede  In  to  synne  bey 


BEDE. 

do  hem  lede.  a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  (1622)  224  Thou 
heardst  euen  now  a  young  man  sneb  me  sore,  Because  I  red 
him,  as  I  would  my  spnne.  1615  BRATHWAIT  Strappado 
(1878)  133  Be  stately  Billy  (and  I  doe  thee  rede). 

refl.  c  1385  CHAUCER  /.  G.  IV.  2217  A  riadnet  I  can  mine 
selue  In  this  case  nat  rede. 

t  b.  Double    accusative    (or    ace.   and    dat.) ; 
sometimes  with  cognate  object.   Obs. 

c  1105  LAY.  11403  pe  king  heom  hauede  [it]  IsaEid,  &  baed 
heom  raeden  him  raed.  Ibid.  24783  Wha  hit  be  durre  raeden 
J>at  bu  swa  reh  aert  iwurSen.  a  1330  Otnel  326  Cristes  cors 
vppon  his  heued,  pat  me  radde  such  a  red.  c  1330  R. 
BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  28sTowite  whatije  me  rede,  I  set  bis 
parlement.  a  1400-50  Alexander  244  A  riall  roune  bou  me 
redis,  a  reson  of  blis.  c  1450  Merlin  80  He  shall  not  rede  yow 
nc-thynge  but  for  youre  profile. 

T"  C.  Accusative  (or  dative)  with  objective  clause, 
introduced  by  that>  what,  where,  etc.  Obs. 

c  1200  ORMIN  18336  Forrbi  raede  ice  ^uu .  .patt  gure  nan  ne 
dwelle  nohht.  c  1205  LAY.  6681  Heo  him  redden  wher  his 
lich  mihte  bezst  leggen.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  3450  At  pray  to 
godd  ai  was  sco  prest  To  rede  hir  quat  bat  hir  was  best. 
1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  3502  parfor  I  rede  ilk  man,  . .  pat 
he  use  ba  ten  thinges  sere,  aiqao-y*  Alexander i$>$>  I  anely 
3ow  rede,  pat  be  end  of  joure  eldirs  enterely  je  be-hald. 

d.  Accusative  and  infinitive  with  to. 

a  1225  Juliana  40  Ich  redde  nerrun  . .  to  bihefden  pawel 

ant  don  peter  on  rode,    c  1290  Beket  916  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I. 

132  To  queme  be  kinge  we  redez  be,  hov-so  it  euere  gon. 

1361  LANGL.  /-".  /*/.  A.  iv.  97  Penne  summe  Radde  Reson  to 

haue  reube  of  bat  schrewe.     c  1450  Merlin  25, 1  rede  you  to 

fie  out  of  the  londe  for  drede  of  the  kynges  peple.      1530 

TINDALE  Pract.  Prelates  Wks.  (1573)  376/1,  I  rede  them  to 

break  their  bondes,  and  to  follow  right  by  the  playne  and 

open  way.     a  1592  GREENE  Jos.  7K,  i.  iii,  I  rid  thee  to 

I    view  the  picture  still.     1786  Harst  Rig  xxiii,  The  next  rig 

j    redds  them  to  take  care  To  cut  their  fur.     1876  FARRAR 

i    Marlb.  Serttt.  tv.  36  If  any  one  of  you  is  in  the  habit  of 

using  oaths,  I  rede  his  sleeping  conscience  to  beware  of  their 

guilt  and  folly. 

e.  Ace.  and  inf.  without  tot  in  later  use  (with 
thee  or  you  as  object)  passing  into  next. 

c  1290  S.   Eng.  Leg.  I.  386/338  pe  Quiene  . .  radde  hire 

to  hire  louerd  go.     c  1300  Harrow.  Hell  64  Ich  him  rede 

speke  na   more,     c  1386  CHAUCER  Doctor's  T.  285  Ther- 

!    fore  I  rede  yow  this  conseil  take,    a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour 

j    (1868)  14    Y   rede  you   he  curteys  and  humble   to   gret 

•    and  smale.     1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  \\,  22  Madame,  I  red 

Sou  get  a  less  ane.    1598  R.  BERNARD  tr.  Terence,  Eunuch 

n.  ii,  In  troth  I  read  you  stay.     1786  Har'st  Rig  ci,  The 

master,  .redds  them  mind  their  wark  indeed.    1818  SCOTT 

Hrt.  Midi,   xxxii,  I   redd   thee  keep  hand  off  her.     1870 

MORRIS  Earthly  Par.  1.  i.  248  Therefore,  my  son,  I  rede 

thee  stay  at  home. 

f.  Accusative,  with  imperative  clause  (following 
or  preceding). 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  783  Of  it  gee  ette,  sua  red  i  ^ow,  1377 
LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  I.  173  For-bi  I  rede  gow  riche,  haueth 
reuthe  of  be  pouere.  c  1425  Seven  Sag.  (P.)  1163  Let  hym 
lyve,  I  wylle  the  rede.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x.  xxii, 
Beware,  I  rede  the,  of  treason,  a  1601  NORTH  Plutarch 
(N.),  Dispatch,  I  read  you,  for  your  enterprize  is  betrayed. 
1785  BURNS  Death  $  Dr.  Hornbook  ix,  I  red  ye  weel,  tak 
care  o'  skaith.  1853  READE  Chr.  Johnstone  210  Put  them 
off  your  hands,  I  rede  ye. 

-fg.   \Vith  ace.  and  to  prep.  Obs.  rare. 


c  1400  Destr.  Troy  5129  And  rede  hym  to  redurs,  bat  rixles 
to  shame  ! 

f  7.  To  advise  (a  thing) ;  to  give  as  advice  or 
counsel.  Obs. 

CI205  LAY.  875  5if  ge  hit  nede$  ?e  beod  mine  riche  men. 
CI230  Halt  Mciti.  26  Ober  is  bet  godd  hat,  &  ober  is  ^t  he 
reat  [v.  r.  reades].  c  1300  Cursor  M.  8352  O  mi  kingrike 
quat  redes  bou?  13..  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  C.  406  [They]  par- 
formed  alle  be  penaunce  bat  be  prynce  radde.  1390  GOWER 
Con/.  I.  44  This  wolde  I  rede,  1'hat  every  man  ensample 
take  [etc.],  c  1450  Merlin  81  The  kynge.  .tokc  Vlfin  in  coun- 
seile  and  asked  hym  what  he  redde  in  this  mater,  c  1560 
A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.T.S.)  xxxiv.  5  Thairfoir  I  reid  remeid, 
To  leife  and  lat  it  be.  a  1650  Robin  Hood's  Death  5  m 
Furniv.  Percy  Folio  \.  52  'That  I  reade  not'  said  will 
Scarllett. 

fb.  With  clause  as  object.  Obs. 

c  1205  LAY.  414  Assaracus  hit  redde . .  bat  bat  Troynisce  folc 


,ii.  534  Tharfor  I  rede,  all  preualy  We  send  a  voman  hym 
to  spy.  c  1450  Merlin  115,  I  rede  that  thou  go  and  serue 
hym.  1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.  ion  Pease,  man,  pease  1  I 
rede,  we  sease.  1591  SPENSER  M.  Hubberd  114  Now  read 
.  .What  course  ye  weene  is  best  for  us  to  take. 
•(•C.  "With  infinitive  as  object.  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  19358  pai  ..  badd  bam  fie  als  bai  wald 
ded,  To  neuen  iesus  namar  bai  red.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE 
Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  1199  Wheber  bey  redden  hym  for  to 
slo,  Ober  quytly  let  hym  go.  a  1400-50  Alexander  2601 
'  pare  I  rede ',  quod  be  kyng,  '  our  bakis  neuir  to  turne '. 
c  1450  Merlin  91  [The  king]  asked  theire  counseile.  And  the 
barons  redden  to  be  avenged  vpon  hem. 

1 8.  intr.  To  give  advice.   Obs. 

a  1000  Byrhtnoth  18  (Gr.)  ByrhtnoS  . .  rad  and  raedde, 
rincum  tathte,  hu  hi  sceoldon  standan.  c  1290  Beket  865  m 
S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  131  pe  bischop  Robert  of  lincolne  radde  wel 
bare-to.  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  1677  Bodily  ded,  Ogayns 
j?e  whilk  no  man  may  help  ne  red.  c  1425  Seven  Sag.  (P.) 
1253  Forsoth  I  can  no  rede  nowe  :  Leve  fadir,  how  reddyst 
thow  ?  c  1450  Merlin  80  Than  seide  the  kynge  to  Merlyn, 
'And  how  rede  ye  of  this  thinge?'  1591  GREENE  Maiden's 
Dreame  xvi,  For  wars  or  peace  right  wisely  could  he  rede, 
t  b.  Used  at  the  end  of  a  sentence,  or  paren 
thetically.  Obs. 

t  1230  Hali  Meid.   26  Hwa  se  hit   me!   underneomen, 


REDE. 

underneome,  ich  reade.  c  1320  R.  BRUNNE  Medit,  177  By 
J>ese  vertues  folue  hym,  y  rede.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PL  B.  xi. 
378  '  For-bi  I  rede  ',  quod  reson,  '  rewle  bi  tonge  bettere '. 
c  1460  Towneley  Myst.  xiii.  467  Go  we  theder,  I  rede,  and 
ryn  on  oure  feete.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  xi.  vi.  167  Be  war 
with  thame  for  till  debait,  I  reid.  c  1530  H.  RHODES  Bk. 
Nurture  in  Babees  Bk.  (1868)  81  Or  thou  be  olde,  beware, 
I  rid,  least  thou  doe  get  a  fall.  1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's 
Mor.  38  His  counsel!  take,  I  reede,  and  then  [etc.]. 
t  c.  In  clauses  introduced  by  as  or  so.  Obs. 

c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  44/335  pov  ne  misht  me  neuere  paye 
wel  bote  bov  do  ase  ich  rede.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls) 
VI.  339  pe  Norbhombres  hadde  i-doo  awey  here  kyng  Os- 
brucus,  as  be  devel  hem  radde.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PL  C.  xx. 
106  '  He  seide  soth  ',  quab  be  Samaritan,  '  and  so  ich  rede  be 
also  '.  14x2-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  iv.  xxxiv,  It  shall  not  be 
As  Anthenor  hath  rade  in  no  degree. 

t  9.  trans.  To  teach  or  give  (one)  a  knowledge 
^/"(something).  Obs.  rare^1. 

13..  Guy  Wanu.  (A.)  170  Gii  a  forster  fader  hadde  pat 
him  lerd  &  him  radde  Of  wodes  &  riuer  &  ober  game. 

10.  Sc.  To  think,  imagine,  guess.    =  READ  v.  I. 
1768  [see  READ  v.  i  a].     1790  SHIRREFS  Poems  86  He's  ane, 

I  red,  that  ye  can  eithly  spare.  1806  JAMIESON  Pop.  Ballads 
I.  237  And  this  black  hour  be  past,  I  rede  ye'll  rue  it  sair. 

11.  To  interpret,  explain.    =RKADV.  2. 

1725  RAMSAY  Gentle  Shepk.  in.  H,  Nor  come  I  to  redd 
fortunes  for  reward.  1728  —  Robt.%  Ricky  fy  Sandy  34  Ah  ! 
now  my  dream  its  red.  a  1810  TANNAHILL  Poems  (1846)  19 
O,  dool  and  wae,  my  dream's  been  rede  right  soon  !  1831 
CARLYLE  Sari.  Res.  \.  viii,  The  secret  of  Man's  being  is  still 
..a  riddle  that  he  cannot  rede.  1837  —  Fr.  Rev.  v.  iii. 
(1872)  III.  185  Rede  us  this  riddle,  O  Collot  1 

12.  To  relate,  tell.   -  READ  v.  14. 

1840  BARHAM  Ingol,  Leg.  Ser.  i.  Witches1  Frolic  i,  I'll  rede 
ye  a  lay  of  Grammerye.  Ibid.,  Lay  St.  Nicholas  xli,  Now 
rede  me  aright  the  most  wonderful  sight,  Thou  Palmer  gray, 
that  thine  eyes  have  seen. 

Rede  (rid),z».2  Obs.exs,  dial.  Forms:  I  (se)- 
r&dau,  redan,  4,  6,  9  rede,  6  Sc.  reyd,  8-9  reed, 
9  read.  [OE.  r&dan  (rare)  =  MDu.  and  MLG. 
redettj  reiden  (Du.  reedcri]  to  make  ready,  set  in 
order,  etc.  (hence  Da.  rede,  Sw.  redd}.  OE.  had 
&\$ogerxdan  (rare)  =  MDu.  ghcrSden,  QN.greilSa 
to  GBAITH.  The  base  is  that  of  the  adj.  READY.] 

1.  trans.  To  put  in  order ;  to  comb  (the  hair) ; 
to  clear  (a  way) ;  to  clean  up  or  out ;  etc.  (see 
REDD  v.2). 

[a  900  tr.  Bzda?s  Hist.  in.  vii.  [ix.  ]  (1890)  180  Heo  bwoh  & 
hyre  feax  geracdde.]  944  in  Earle  Laua  Charters,  etc.  179 
On  fealuwes  lea  bser  eelfric  biscep  redan  het  to  bsere  ealdan 
die.  C133O  Arth.  <$•  Merl.  7896  (Kolbing)  J?ai.  .large  roume 
about  hem  redde.  c  1440  York  Myst.  xii.  124  He  saide, 
'sonne  I  sail  sende  by-fore  Myne  Aungell  to  rede  be  thy 
way'.  1470  Extr.  Aberdeen  Reg.  (1844)  I.  30  To  devoyde 
and  rede  a  certaine  lande  and  Tenement.. to  oure  louyt 
Agnes  Lilburne.  1507  Ibid.  76  Evere  fyrhouse . .  sale  furnis 
and  sende  ane  sufficient  work  seruand  . .  to  help  to  rede  the 
common  loche.  1513  DOUGLAS  Mneis  vii.  xii.  86  Buskis 
wythdrawis  ..  To  reyd  thalr  renk,  and  rovmis  thaim  the 
way.  1791  Cottingham  Incl.  Act  28  Ditches  to  be  well 
and  effectually  reeded,  scoured  and  cleansed.  1823  AINSLIK 
Land  of  Burns  271  I'll  rede  room  for  thee,  Jock.  1876 
IVhitby  Gloss.  s,v,t  Rede  thy  hair  menseful. 

t  b.  absol,  (also  with  dat.}  To  clear  a  way 
(for  oneself).  Obs.  rare, 

c  1330  Arth.  <V  Merl.  3334  (KSlbing)  po  he  was  opon  his 
stede,  Wibswerd  began  about  rede.  Ibid.  8277  Ich[=eachJ 
dede  his  launce  go..&  redden  hem  wib  mijt  fin. 

2.  spec.  (See  quots.) 


Hence  Re'ding  vbl.  sb.  in  reding-comb. 
1894  HALL  CAINE  Manxman  \\\.  xii.  170  Take  the  redyng 
comb  and  lash  your  hair  out,  it's  all  through-others. 

Rede,  var.  RAD  a.2  Obs.t  obs.  f.  READ  s£>.1  and 
».,  RED  a.j  REED  sb. 

Redeamer,  obs.  form  of  REDEEMER. 

Red-eared  :  see  RED  a.  14  b,  140. 

Redeba'te,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  rtdtbattre 
(Cotgr.).]  trans.  To  debate  (a  subject)  again. 
Hence  Bedeba  ting  vbl.  sb. 

1611  COTGR.,  Redebatre,  to  redebatethe  matter  ;  to  cauill, 
or  brabble  about  it  againe.  1880  BURTON  Reign  Q.  Anne 
II.  xii.  261  To  have  that  point  settled  by  redebating  and  re- 
voting  the  settlement  of  the  throne.  1896  Daily  News 
7  Oct.  5/i  The  re-debating  of  Parliamentary  questions. 

Redeci'de,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  decide  again. 
So  Reeled  sion. 


.  __i  principlt 
in  more  modern  decisions. 

Rede'Ck,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  a.  To  array 
again,  b.  To  furnish  with  a  new  deck. 

1771  MRS.  GRIFFITH  Hist.  Lady  Barton  I.  125  Think  what 
it  will  be,  when  summer  shall  redeck  it  in  its  leafy  pride.  1897 
Westm.  Gaz.  20  July  4/1  The  Temple  landing-stage  . .  has 
cost  about  ;£  1,000  to  be  re-decked. 

Redecla're,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  redtdarer 
(Cotgr.).]  To  declare  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rcdeclarer,  to  redeclare,  to  reexpresse,  1876 
S.  MILLER  in  T.  Smith  Mem.  (1883)  130  He  came  to  re- 
declare  this  truth.  1883  Daily  News  n  Oct.  2/7  All  mine 
hot-blast  pigs  were  redeclared,  at  655.  to  623.  6d. 

Rede'COrate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  redtcorer 
(Cotgr.).]  trans.  To  decorate  again.  Hence  Ke- 
de'corated///.  a. 


299 

z6iz  COTGR.,  Redecorer,  to  redecorate,  or  bedecke  againe. 
1835  LYTTON  Rienzi  iv.  i,  The  redecorated,  refurnished,  and 
smiling  shops.  1861  Times  29  Aug.,  All  the  . .  wide  and 
lofty  rooms  had  been  redecorated. 

So  Kedecora  tion. 

1857  W.  COLLINS  Dead  Secret  (1861)  48  To  survey  the 
neglected  north  rooms,  with  a  view  to  their  redecoration. 
x88i  Athcnxum  30  Apr.  599/3  The  projects  for  the  re- 
decoration  of  the  dome  of  St.  Paul's. 

Rede'dicate,  v.  (Also  as/a.//&.)  [RE- 5  a.] 

trans.  To  dedicate  anew. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rcdcdier,  to  rededicate,  to  consecrate  or 
hallow  anew.  1703  HEARNK  in  Plummer  Elizab.  Oxford 
(O.H.S.)  108  After  'twas  quite  finished,  'twas  rededicated  to 
the  same  Saint  as  before.  1839-48  BAILEY  Feshis  x.  105 
All  being  shall  be  rebegolten,  alt  Worship  rededicate.  1839- 
5z  Ibid,  xxvii.  457  Canst  thou.  .reconsecrate  the  heart,  Re- 
dedicate  the  temple?  1872  STURGEON  Treas.  Dai\  Ps.  Ivi. 
12  Those  who.. have  re-dedicated  themselves  unto  the  Lord. 

So  Redcdica-tion. ;   Recle'clicatory  a. 

1883  Harper's  Mag.  May  895/2  A  rededication  of  the 
Egyptian  obelisk  to  its  ancient  deity.  1896  Daily  News 
11  Ju'y  3'6  There  was  a  re-dedication  service  at  the  church. 
1896  Chicago  Advance  24  Sept.  418  The  re-dedicatory  ser 
vices  will  be  held  Oct.  4. 

t  Hedee*m,  sb.  Sc.  Obs.  we-1.  In  5  radera. 
[f.  the  vb.J  The  act  of  redeeming  ;  redemption. 

£1470  HENRY  Wallace  x.  1005  The  Roman  buikis  at  than 
was  in  Scotland,  He  gart  be  brocht  ..  And,  but  radem,  thai 
brynt  thaim  thar  ilkan. 

Redeem  (r/iU-m),  v.  Forms:  5  Sc.  raderne, 
radeym,  5-6  redeme,  (5  redem),  6  Sc.  redeime, 
6-7  redeeme,  7-  redeem.  [ad.  F.  rfdimer 
(i5th  c.  in  Godef.),  or  L.  redimere  to  buy  back,  etc., 
f.  re(d}-  RE-  +  entire  to  buy.  The  popular  OF. 
form  raembre  is  represented  in  ME.  by  RAIM  v. 

The  vowel  of  the  second  syllable  in  redeem  and  exeme  fin 
place  of  *  re  dime  and  *exime)  may  have  originated  in  the 
pa.  t.,  after  L.  redemit,  cxemit^  and  its  retention  would  be 
favoured  by  the  existence  of  redemption  and  exempt.] 

1.  trans.  To  buy  back  (a   thing   formerly  pos 
sessed)  ;  to   make  payment  for  (a  thing  held   or 
claimed  by  another). 

c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  n.  v.  365  Off  Egipte  al  be  tenendreia 
He  redemyt  bairn  agayn,  And  maid  bairn  to  the  kynge 
demayn.  1535  COVERDALE  Lev.  xxv.  25  Then  shall  he  rt> 
deme  that  his  brother  solde.  1596  DALKYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's 
Hist.  Scot.  vi.  339  Thair  was  the  peace  maid,  and  with  a 
smal  soume  redeimet  the  hail  lies.  1665  BOYLE Occas. I\c/L 
iv.  xvii.  (1848)  268  That  precious  Time,  which  no  sum.. can 
either  purchase  or  redeem.  1710  PRIDEACX  Orig.  Tithes  ii. 
80  The  Firstling  of  the  Ass  which  was  to  be  redeemed  with 
a  Lamb.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  828  A  clause, 
whereby  the  granter.  .may,  on  payment  of  a  certain  sum, 
redeem  the  lands  or  subjects  conveyed. 

absol.  1651  HOBEIES  Leviath.  in.  xli.  262  He  that  re- 
deemeth,  hath  no  title  to  the  thing  redeemed,  before  the 
Redemption.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  828  Rights  of 
reversion.. must  be  exercised  within  forty  years  from  the 
time  at  which  the  proprietor  is  allowed  to  redeem. 

b.  To  regain,  recover  (an  immaterial  thing). 
1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  I53i)  n  b,  Who  may  redeme 

grace  or  recouer  it  whan  he  hath  lost  it  ?  1596  SHAKS. 
i  Hen.  IVt  v.  iv.  48  Thou  hast  redeem'd  thy  lost  opinion. 
1646  J.  HALL  Horx  Vac.  82  He  would  redeeme  (if  possible) 
his  health  with  the  losse  of  halfe  his  Learning.  1697  DRYDEN 
Virg.  Georg.  in.  365  Then,  to  redeem  his  Honour  at  a  Blow, 
He  moves  his  Camp.  1865  TROLLOPE  Helton  Est.  xviii.  206 
If  this  friend,  .had  since  redeemed,  or  in  part  redeemed,  her 
position  by  a  second  marriage. 

c.  To  regain  or  recover  by  force.     (Cf.  4.) 

1666  DRYDEN  Ann.  Mirab.  clxvil,  1'he  toils  of  war  we 
must  endure  And  from  the  injurious  Dutch  redeem  the  seas. 
1742  GRAY  Properties  ii.  54  Redeem  what  Crassus  lost,  and 
vindicate  his  name.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  v.  vii,  The 
Gael,  of  plain  and  river  heir,  Shall  with  strong  hand  redeem 
his  share. 

2.  a.  To  free  (mortgaged  property),  to  recover 
(a  person  or  thing  put  in  pledge),  by  payment  of 
the  amount  due,  or  by  fulfilling  some  obligation. 

1-1470  HENRY  Wallace  vi.  86  Thow  sail  loss  a  gage 
Quhilk  neuir  in  erd  sail  be  redemyt  agayne.  1538  ELYOT, 
Repignero,  to  quite  or  redeme  a  pledge  or  gage.  1568 
GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  856  He  redemed  the  Marques  Dorcet, 
and  Sir  John  Bourchier  whome  he  hadde  left  as  pledges  at 
Paris  for  money  there  before  borowed.  1600  J.  POKY  tr. 
Leo's  Africa  vi.  266  They  are  constrained  to  lay  their 
sonnes  to  gage,  and  then  goe  rob  and  rifie  trauellers  to  re 
deeme  them  againe.  1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  159  They 
will  allow  the  mortgagor  at  any  reasonable  time  to  re-call  or 
redeem  his  estate.  1791  J.  NICHOLS  in  Bosivell's  Johnson 
an.  1784,  Dr.  Johnson  collected  a  sum  of  money  to  redeem 
Ins  friend's  clothes,  which  in  two  days  after  were  pawned 
again.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  vi.  xxvii,  To  him  thy  woes, 
thy  wishes,  bring.  He  will  redeem  his  signet  ring.  1861 
M.  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  L  42  The  Crown  jewels  had  been 
pledged.  .  .Edward  was  not  in  a  condition  to  redeem  them. 

absol.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  IV.  387  On  a  bill  by  a 
mortgagee,  to  redeem  or  foreclose. 

fig-  XS97  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IV^  \\.  Hi,  8  My  Honor  is  at 
pawne,  And  but  my  going,  nothing  can  redeeme  it. 

b.  To  buy  off,  compound  for  (a  charge  or 
obligation)  by  payment  or  some  other  way. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  v.  Ixxvi.  55  It  was  answered  that  they 
hadde  redemed  the  sayde  Trybute  with  the  Pryce  of  theyr 
bloode.  1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  298  To  the  ende 
they  should  redeeme  this  voyage  with  money.  1606  G. 
W[OODCOCKE]  Hist.  Ivstine  xxxvui.  119  Now  that  there  was 
no  remedy  to  redeem  their  slauery  but  by  resistance.  1818 
CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  II.  59  A  judgement  against  a  pur 
chaser  of  an  equity  of  redemption,  or  to  redeem  incum- 
brances,  &c.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India  III.  50^  A 
guarantee  fund,  which  . .  should  be  sufficient  at  the  end  of 
that  term  to  redeem  the  annuity  at  the  rate  proposed. 


REDEEM. 

transf.  1633  FORD  *Tis  Pity  in.  vi,  Is  there  no  way  left 
to  redeem  my  miseries? 

c.  To  fulfil,  perform  (a  pledge,  promise,  etc.). 
1840  MACAULAY  Ess.,  Clire  (1887)  559  Clive  redeemed  bis 
pledge.  He.  .effected  one  of  the  most,  .difficult  and  salutary 
reforms.  1847  JAMES  Convict  viii,  I  call  upon  you  to  redeem 
that  promise.  1861  M.  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  38  Some 
consciousness  of  not  having  redeemed  their  engagements. 

3.  To   ransom,    liberate,    free    (a   person)    from 
bondage,  captivity,  or  punishment;  to  save  (one's 
life)  by  paying  a  ransom. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Roll.-;)  IV.  61  Hanibal  offrede  to  the 
Romanes  that  thei  scholde  redeme  the  Romanes  in  cap- 
tiuite.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxxviii.  37  The  weirisgon, 
. .  1  he  ransoun  maid,  the  presoneris  redemit.  1590  SHAKS. 
Com.  Err.  \.  \.  8  Wanting  gilders  to  redeeme  their  hues. 
Ibid.  iv.  iv.  86,  I  sent  you  Monie  to  redeeme  you,  By 
Dromio  heere.  1639  MASSINGKR  Unnat.  Combat  v.  ii,  The 
Turkish  empire  offer'd  for  his  ransom  Should  not  redeem 
his  life,  ai-ju  KEN  Preparatives  Poet.  \Vks.  1721  IV.  101 
The  Christians,  Slaves  to  Pagans  sold,  Whom  he  redeem'd 
with  Gold.  1785  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  I.  477  In  order  to 
justify  ourselves  for  undertaking  to  redeem  you,  without 
orders.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tom's  C.  xix.  201  His 
mistress  is  going  to  send  down  money  to  redeem  him. 

refl.  1641  BAKER  Chron.  (1653)  120  One  Abraham,  found 
a  Delinquent,  redeems  himself  for  seven  hundred  Marks. 
1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  301  He  had  been  a 
slave  9  years,  then  redeemed  himself.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist, 
ing.  v.  I.  657  He  was  therefore  suffered  to  redeem  himself 
by  giving  a  bond  for  forty  thousand  pounds. 

b.  Const,  from,  ottf  of,  to.  Also  with  adverbs  of 
place,  ns  hence-,  thence,  home. 

1508  FISHER  U'ks.  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  228  In  his  tresour  hous 
is  ryches  innumerable,  wherwith  ..  he  may  redeme  all  the 
worlde  from  the  pryson  and  captyuyte  of  the  deuyll. 
150  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  /F,  i.  iii.  86  Shall  our  Coffers  then, 
Be  emptied,  to  redeeme  a  Traitor  home?  1611  BIBLE 
Dent.  vii.  8  The  Lord  ..  redeemed  you  out  of  the  house  of 
bondmen,  from  the  hand  of  Pharaoh.  x686HoRNECK  C  rue  if. 
Jesus  xvii.  471  He  that  redeems  a  slave  out  of  Turkish 
captivity  [etc.].  1856  OLMSTED  Slave  States  282  It  was,  for 
a  long  time,  generally  expected.. that  the  State  would  thus 
he  redeemed  to  freedom. 

4.  To  rescue,  save,  deliver,     f  Also  with  out. 
ci47O  HENRY  Wallace  ix.  231  Wallace,  that  has  rademyt 

Scotland.  1590  SPENSER  F.Q.  i.  viii.  heading,  Faire  virgin, 
to  redeeme  her  deare,  Brings  Arthure  to  the  fight.  1591 
JAS.  VI  Lepanto  Chorus  Venetis,  Their  netts  were  sett 
about,  But  yet  our  dearest  Father  in  Heauen,  He  hath 
redeemd  vs  out.  1683  WOOD  Life  n  Apr.  (O.  H.  S.)  Ill,  42 
The  rout . .  laid  wait  for  Charlet's  comming  out  of  the  Castle. 
He  therefore  sends  a  letter  to  the  vice-chancellor  to  redeem 
him.  1700  DRYDEN  Ovid's  Met,  xii.  325  He  thrusts  aside 
The  crowd  of  centaurs  and  redeems  the  bride.  1871 
BROWNING  Balaust,  903  The  man  was  like  some  merchant 
who,  in  storm,  Throws  the  freight  over  to  redeem  the  ship. 

rej?.  1607  SHAKS.  Timon  iv.  iii.  507  How  faine  would 
I  haue  hated  all  mankinde,  And  thou  redeem'st  thy  selfe. 

absol.  £1470  HENRY  Wallace  n.  183  Bot  thow  rademe,  na 
Hffthai  ordand  me.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  it.  v.  8S  Leuied 
an  Army,  weening  to  redeeme,  And  haue  install'd  me  in  the 
Diademe.  i6zz  BIBLE  Isa.  \.  2  Is  my  hande  shortened  at 
all,  that  it  cannot  redeeme? 
b.  Const,  from,  out  of,  to. 

1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  ni.i.  181  Let  me  redeeme  my  brothers 
both  from  death.  1591  SPENSER  M.  Hubberd  1331  Arise, 
and  doo  thy  selfe  redeeme  from  shame.  1611  BIBLE  Ps.  xxv. 
22  Redeeme  Israel,  O  God,  out  of  all  his  Troubles.  1665 
MANLEY  Grotins'  Low  C.  Warres  156  When  nothing  now 
could  be  looked  for  by  Antwerp  but  extremity,  behold  it 
redeemed  from  that,  by  the  Conquerours  Clemency.  1697 
DRYDEN  JEneid  vi.  493  Redeem  from  this  Reproach  rny 
wand'ring  Ghost.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  <5-  F.  1.  V.  225  They 
redeemed  themselves  with  prayers  and  promises  from  their 
hands.  1819  SHELLEY  Julian  332  My  creed  should  have 
redeemed  me  from  repenting.  1843  E.  MIALL  in  Nonconf. 
III.  209  We  trust  we  have  said  enough  to  redeem  the 
voluntary  principle  from  contempt. 

C.  To  reclaim  (land).     Also  const,  from. 

1711  PERRY  Daggenh.  Breach  n  Those  Levels  which  are 
of  large  extent,  and  not  easy  to  be  redeemed  when  a  Breach 
is  made.  1820  BYRON  Mar.  Fal.  n.  ii.  112  Where  palaces 
have  sprung  On  banks  redeem'd  from  the  rude  ocean's  ooze. 
1830  LYKI.L  Princ.  Geol.  \.  138  We  find  evidence  that  con 
siderable  spaces  were  redeemed  from  the  original  ocean  and 
converted  into  dry  land  after  the  chalk  was  formed. 

5.  To  free  from  a  charge  or  claim. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  \\.  ccvi.  217  He. .redeemed  the  scole 
of  Saxons,  fre  of  all  former  trybute.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  178 
The  clergy  in  the  old  provinces  did  not  pay  the  capitation  ; 
but  they  had  redeemed  themselves  at  the  expence  of  about 
24  millions.  zS?!  FRF.EMAN  Norm.  Cony.  (1876)  IV.  xviii. 
210  It  would  almost  seem  as  if  a  yearly  tribute  of  thirty 
pounds.. redeemed  the  borough  from  all  claims. 

6.  Of  God  or  Christ :  To  deliver  from  sin  and 
its  consequences. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixx.  25  Thow,  that  on  rude  ws 
ransomit  and  redemit.  1558  GOODMAN  How  to  Obey  233 
Subiecte  your  selues  whollye  to  God  :  for  he  hath  redemed 
you.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  in.  xli.  262  Our  Saviour.,  was 
not  King  of  those  that  he  Redeemed,  before  hee  suffered 
death.  17x5  DE  FOE  Fam.  Instruct,  i.  i.  (1841)  I.  20  God 
manifested  in  the  flesh,  sent  from  heaven  to  redeem  a  lost 
world.  1781  COWPER  Truth  279  A  soul  redeemed  demands 
a  life  of  praise.  z827  POLLOK  Course  T,  x,  The  others,  who 
refused  to  be  redeemed,— They  stand  unsanctified. 
b.  Const,  from,  to,  ttnto. 

c  1460  Hymn  Virgin.  6  in  Pol.  Rel.  fy  L.  Poems  (1866)  81 
The  hevynly  kyng  enteryd  thy  close  virgynall,  Man  to 
redeme  from  dedely  synne.  1530  PALSGR.  682/1  Christ 
redemed  us  by  his  passyon  from  our  gostly  enemy.  1557 
N.T.  (Genev.)  Rev .  v.  9  Thou  wast  killed,  and  hast  redemed 
vs  to  God  by  thy  bloude.  1567  Gude  %  Godlie  B.  (S.  T.  S.) 
78  Christ  als  discendit  to  the  hell,  And  vs  redemit  from  that 
paine.  1731  LAW  Serious  C,  x.  (ed.  2)  141  To  redeem  Souls 

38 -a 


REDEEMABILITY. 

unto  God,  to  fill  Heaven  with  Saints.     1754  C.  WESLEY 
Hymns  (ed.  3)  xxxii,  A  slave  redeem'd  from  death,  and  sin. 

f  7.  To  obtain  by  purchase,  to  buy.  Obs. 

c  1520  BARCLAY  "Jugurth  xvii.  25  b,  This  Jusurth  redemed 
of  Calphurnius  but  onely  delayng  and  defennge  of  the 
warre.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  125  The  tyme 
woulde  come,  wherin  they  would  wyshe  to  have  redemed 
his  frendshyp  derely.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  7W&  (1621)  693 
The  Emperourmust  in  many  things  yeeld  to  the  requests  of 
the  French  king,  and  redeeme  his  good  will.  1643  FULLER 
Good  Th.  in  Bad  T.  (1841)  38  But  aged  folk  will  find  it 
harder  and  dearer  to  redeem  this  the  last  volume  than  if 
they  had  been  chapmen  for  all  three  at  the  first. 
•fb.  To  go  in  exchange  for.  Obs. 

1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  /"/,  n.  v.  108  Would  some  part  of  my 
young  yeeres  Might  but  redeeme  the  passage  of  your  Age. 
1602  MARSTON  Ant.  $  Mel.\.  Wks.  1856  I.  66  Oh  !  that  my 
life.  .Would  but  redeeme  one  minute  of  his  breath  1 

8.  To  save  (time)  from  being  lost. 

After  the  N.  T.  passages  Efh.  v.  16  and  Col.  iv.  5,  m  which 
the  Vulgate  has  tempns  redvncntes^  rendering  cfayopa£6- 

/Ati'lH   T()!'   KCUjJOl  . 

1526  TINDALE  Col.  iv.  5  Walke  wysely  to  them  that  are 
with  out,  and  redeme  the  tyme.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IVt  i. 
ii.  241  Redeeming  time,  when  men  thinke  least  I  will.  1742 
YOUNG  Nt,  Th.  n.  75  Redeem  we  time?— Its  loss  we  dearly 
buy.  1781  COWPER  Retirement  561  Not  to  redeem  his  time, 
but  his  estate.  1880  J.  F.  CLARKE  Self-Culture  iii.  (1889) 
78  He  worked,  not  by  faith,  but  by  sight, . .  with  inde 
fatigable  energy,  redeeming  the  time. 

9.  Of  persons  :  To  make  amends  or  atonement 
for,  to  compensate  (an  error,  fault,  etc.). 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf,  (W.  de  W.  1531)  14  b,  Syth  man  may  by 
almesdede  redeme  all  his  synnes.  1553  EDEM  Treat.  N&ve 
Ind.  (Arb.)  18  Yf  any  man  wound  another  ..  he  redemeth 
thoffence.  1630  LORD  Banians  Introd.,  The  President,  was 
urgent  with  me,  to  redeeme  their  omissions.  1667  MIMON 
P.  L.  in.  214  Which  of  ye  will  be  mortal  to  redeem  Mans 
mortal  crime. .  ?  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  n.  (1724)  I.  257 
They  will  labour  to  redeem  all  that  is  pass'd  by  turning . . 
violently  against  them.  1790  GIBBON  Misc.  Wks.  (1814)  III. 
414  The  naked  heir  might  often  complain,  that  his  father's 
sins  had  been  redeemed  at  too  high  a  price.  1867  FREEMAN 
Norm.  Conq.  (1876)  I.  App.  765  Snorro  makes  him  redeem 
former  misdeeds  by  saving  Cnut  when  in  great  danger. 

fb.  To  make  up  to  oneself  for   (some  wrong 
sustained) ;  to  repay.   Obs.  rare"~l. 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  m.  ii.  132,  I  will  redeeme  all  this 
on  Percies  head. 

C.  To  make  good  (a  loss),  rare. 

1629  MILTON  Nativity  153  The  Babe.  .That  on  the  bitter 
cross  Must  redeem  our  loss.  1818  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India 
II.  v.  v.  528  The  English  were  eager  to  redeem  by  a  victory 
the  loss  of  Trincomalee. 

10.  Of  qualities,  actions,  etc. :  To  make  up  for, 
compensate   for,   counterbalance  (some  defect   or 
fault). 

a  1586  SIDNEY  (J.),  Extremely  faulty;  and  yet  having  no 

food  thins  to  redeem  these.  1592  Nobody  <$•  Somev.  in 
impson  Sch.  Shaks.  (1878)  314  The  wrongs  that  you  have 
scene  In  me,  my  future  vertues  shall  redeeme.  a  1628  SIR 
J.  BEAUMONT  Bosiuorth  F.  178  Then  doubled  haste  redeems 
his  former  pause.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.  xlviii.  V.  27  His 
want  of  virtue  was  not  redeemed  by  any  superior  talents. 
a.i&z6  GIFFORD  Ford's  Plays  (1827)  I.  Introd.  15  There  is 
nothing  to  redeem  the  absurdity  of  the  plot.  1874  GREEN 
Short  Hist.  ii.  §  6.  87  His  bravery  had  redeemed  much  of 
his  earlier  ill-fame. 

b.  To  save  (a  person  or  thing)  from  some 
defect  or  blot.  Also  without  const. 

1601  SHAKS.  AlCs  Well  iv.  iii.  306  He  hath  out-villam'd 
villanie  so  farre,  that  the  raritie  redeemes  him.  1781  COWPER 
Table  Talk  664  A  spark,  Sufficient  to  redeem  the  modern 
race  From  total  night  and  absolute  disgrace.  1833  LYTTON 
Godolphin  xxxvjii,  His  ambition  made  Augustus  odious  J 
his  occasional  forgetfulness  of  ambition  alone  redeems  him. 
1842  TENNYSON  Morte  d'Arth.  279  Perhaps  some  modern 
touches  here  and  there  Redeem'd  it  from  the  charge  of 
nothingness.  1849  RUSKIN  Stones  Ven.  (1874)  I.  xxix.  334 
A  blank  ceiling  is  not  to  be  redeemed  by  a  decorated 
ventilator. 

11.  f  a.  To  restore  or  bring  into  a  condition  or 
state.     Also  intr.  To  return  to  a  state.  Obs. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  x.  1054  For  Goddis  saik  radeym 
anys  to  grace,  And  tak  the  croun.  1613  MIDDLETON 
(title}  The  Triumphs  of  Truth. .  .Directed,  Written,  and  re 
deem'd  into  Forme,  from  the  ignorance  of  some  former  times. 
1688  NORRIS  Theory  Love  203  As  to  the  redeeming  us  into 
the  ability  of  closing  with  what  is  discern'd  best. 
b.  To  restore,  set  right  again,  fare. 

*575  GASCOIGNE  Flowers  Wks.  28  Hee  wyll  redeeme  our 
deadly  drowping  state.  1814  SCOTT  Rokeby  i.  xix,  With  his 
barb'd  horse.  .Stout  Cromwell  has  redeem'd  the  day. 

1 12.  To  gain,  reach  (a  place).  Obs.  rare—1. 

1648  HERRICK  Hcsper.,  Oberon's  Palace^  By  many  a  crosse- 
Track  they  redeem  a  bank  of  inosse  Spungie  and  swelling. 

Redeemabrlity.  rare.  [f.  next  +  -JTY.] 
Capability  of  being  redeemed. 

1882  in  OGILVIE.  1888  GOSCHEN  Sp.  Ho.  Comm.  5  July, 
The  Act  regulating  the  redeemabih'ty,  if  he  might  use  the 
word,  of  these  stocks. 

Redeemable  (r/drmab'l),  a.  and  sb.  [f. 
REDEEM  v.  +  -ABLE.]  A.  adj.  Capable  of  being 
redeemed,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb. 

1611  COTCR.,  Rachetable,  redeemable;  ransomable;  re- 
couerable  for  money,  c  1642  Contra-Rej>licant'ls  Comf>l.  16 
Nations,  .are  not  congregable,  nor  consultable,  nor  redeem 
able  from,  confusion  (pardon  the  hardnesse  of  words).  1768- 
74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  216  To  say,  that  we  are  not 
yet  actually  redeemed,  but  only  made  redeemable.  1850 
HAWTHORNE  Scarlet  L.  Introd.  (1852)  36  His  forfeited 
powers  may  be  redeemable.  1892  Sat.  Rev.  26  Mar.  349/2 
Its  defeat  will  be  honourable  and  redeemable. 


300 

ta.  spec.  Of  property  sold  or  mortgaged,  bonds, 
stock,  annuities,  etc. :  Capable  or  admitting  of 
being  repurchased  or  bought  in  again. 

1646  Z.  BOVD  in  Zion^s  Flowers  (1855)  App.  31/1  The  said 
Laird  wodset  sold  and  disponed  to  us  ..  the  lands  of  the 
barronie  ..  under  reversion  alwayes  redeemable  from  us. 
1681  STAIR  Inst.  Law  Scot.  n.  iii.  §  22  (ed.  2)  205  Redeem 
able  Rights  are  not  so  secure,  because  they  may  be  evacuat 
by  order  of  Redemption.  1723  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  6199/1  The 
Royal  Demesnes  which  have  been  alienated  shall  be  re 
deemable  by  the  Crown.  1825  HONE  Every-day  Bk.  I.  165 
The  debt  which  the  nation  had  incurred. .,  whether  redeem 
able  or  irredeemable.  1868-9  BROWNING  Ring  $  Bk.  vin. 
1805  The  very  pearls  that . .  Pietro  pawned . .  Redeemable  by 
somebody.  1882  Globe  24  July  8/3  The  same  is  hereby 

j    created  to  the  amount  of  ,£600,000  as  a  redeemable  stock. 
fig.     1868  M.  PATTISON  Actuiem.  Org.  App.  341  A  brilliant 

j    lecture-list   is   a  paper  issue  which  may,  or  may  not,   be 
redeemable  at  par. 

B.  sb.pl.  Redeemable  property,stocks,annuities, 
etc.  Now  rare. 


applied  themselves  to  take  in  the  remainder  of  the  Annuities 
and  Redeemables.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cyc?.,  Redeemable*. 
are  lands,  funds,  &c.  sold  with  a  reservation  of  the  equity  of 


redemption.  1882  Standard  3  Nov.  6/3  For  Perpetual 
Threes  they  ranged  from  20  c.  to  23  c. ;  for  Redeemables, 
from  22  c.  to  240. 


Hence  Redee'mableness,  capability  of  being 
redeemed;  Redee'mably  adv.t  so  as  to  be  re 
deemable. 

1727  BAILEY  vol.  II,  Redeemableness.  [Hence  in  JOHN 
SON  and  later  Diets.]  1827  in  Law  Times  Rep.  (N.  S.)  L. 
708/2  Real  security  for  payment . .  heritably,  but  redeemably 
always  in  terms  of  the  said  bond.  1892  BRUCE  Apologetics 
j  i.  i.  6  Christianity  has  faith  in  the  redeemableness  of  human 

Redeemed  (r/df-md),  ///.  a.  [f.  REDEEM  v.  + 
j  -ED!.]  Delivered,  atoned  for,  etc.  Also  absol. 

1535  COVERDALE  Isa.  xxxv.  9  The  redemed  of  the  Lorde 

!    shal  conuerte,  and  come  to  Sion  with  thankesgeuinge.    1604 

1    SHAKS.  Oth.  n.  iii.  350  All  Scales,  and  Simbols  of  redeemed 

sins.     1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  43  Where  with  mee  All  my 

redeemd  may  dwell  in  joy  and  bliss.      1753   C.    WESLEY 

Hymns  for  Watch- Night  ix,  We  ..  singing  remove,  With 

•  all  the  redeem'd  to  the  Sion  above.     1816  J.  SCOTT  Vis. 

\    Paris  (ed.  5)  p.  Ixiv,  The  i-hout  of  a  redeemed  and  rejoicing 

i    people.     1832  LYTTON  Eugene  A.  v.  viii,  The  greater  villain 

had  escaped,  the  more  generous  and  redeemed  one  fallen. 

Redeemer  (i/d/'mw).  Also  6  redeamer, 
redemer,  -ar,  Sc.  redemour,  redimar.  [f.  RE 
DEEM  v.  +  -ER!.] 

1.  One  who  redeems,  in  religious  sense  ;  God  or 
Christ  regarded  as  saving   man   from   sin  or  its 
effects.    (Cf.  REDEMPTOR.) 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  201  A  man  ..havynge 

•  woundes  in  his  body  lyke  to  the  woundes  of  Criste,  seyenge 
that  he  was  redemer  of  man.     1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  ix.  2 
My  King,  my  Lord,  and  my  Redeemer  sweit.     1540  CROM 
WELL  in  Merriman  Life  <y  Lett.  (1902)  II.  278,  I  pray  the 
eternall  Redemer  to  preserue  you  all  in  long  lyfte.     1594 
SHAKS.  Rich.  ///,  n.  i.  123  The  precious  Image  of  our  deere 
Redeemer.      1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  61   Mans   Friend,  his 
Mediator,  his  design'd  Both  Ranttom  and  Redeemer  volun- 
tarie.     1712  ADDISON  Spcct.   No.  273  p  9  The  whole  God 
head  . .  under  the  Three-fold   Distinction   of  a  Creator,  a 
Redeemer  and  a  Comforter  !      1794   PALEY  Evid.   m.  iv. 
(1817)  309  The  Redeemer  and  the  destined  Judge  of  the 

I    human  race.     1807  Catholic  Diet.  (ed.  5)  776/1  The  older 
j    heresies  directly  impugned  the  Person  of  the  Redeemer. 

2.  One  who  redeems,  in  other  senses  of  the  vb. 
155*  HULOET,  Borower  or  redtamer  of  his  gage,  repig- 

nerator.     1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  v.  20  He  would  algates 
;    with  Pyrochles  fight,  And  his  redeemer  chaleng'd  for  his 
foe.    1605  VERSTEOAN  Dec.  Intell.  iv.  01  The  redeemer  of 
the  remainder  of  the  captiue  Troyans  that  were  in  Greece. 
1672  Life  <fr  Death  y.  Alleine  vi.  60  He  was  a  careful  re 
deemer  of  his  time,    a  1720  SHEFFIELD  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  Wks. 
\    (ed.  2)  I.  340  Rome,  .riots  in  the  Blood  of  her  Redeemers. 
f3.  [tr.  L.  redemptor.}     A  contractor.  Obs. 
«i6io  HEALEY  Theophrastus  To  Rdr.,  These  Redeemers 
(so  teanned)  were  such  as  did  hire  scaffolds  or  stages,  in- 
1    stantly  to  be  made.    Ibid.  (i6j6)  47  He  sendeth  them  ..  for 
1    the  redeemers  of  the  Theaters. 

Hence  Ked.ee -meress,  a  female  redeemer;  Be- 
dee-mership,  the  office  of  a  redeemer. 

1612  R.  SHELDON  Serw.St.  Martin  sap  A  Sauiour  of  their 
I  Sauiours  and  Sauiouresses  :  a  Redeemer  of  their  Redeemer- 
|  esses.  1880  L.  WALLACE  Ben-Hitr  501  Could  any  one  then 
!  deny  the  Redeemership  of  the  Christ  ? 

Redeeming  (r/drmin),  vbl.  sb.  [-ING  i.]  The 

action  of  the  vb.  REDEEM,  in  various  senses. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vi.  195  Quhar  gret  dulle  Is,  bot 
rademyng  agayne,  Newyn  off  it  is  bot  ekyng  off  payne. 
1535  COVERDALE  Ruth  iv.  7  This  was  an  olde  custome  in 
Israel  concernvnge  the  redemynge  &  chaunginge.  1575 
Gal-way  Arch,  in  lot/i  Reg.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  425 
For  redeming  and  ramsoning  of  the  Hies  of  Aren  which  . . 
[are]  in  mortgadge  and  other  wyse  in  pledge,  1604  K. 
GRIMSTONE  Hist.  Siege  Ostend  187  They  parled  about  the 
redeeming  of  prisoners.  1643  MILTON  Divorce  Pref.,  That 
tends  to  the  redeeming  and  restoring  of  none  but  such  as 
are  the  object  of  compassion. 

Redee'ming,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  ^.] 
That  redeems,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb.  Com 
monly  used  with  feature ,  quality,  etc. 

1754  WESLEY  Hymns  fed.  3)  xlv,  I  shall  live  to  prove.. The 
length  and  breadth.  .Of  thy  redeeming  love.  1827  POLLOK 
Course  T.  v.  738  Redeeming  features  in  the  face  of  Time. 
1836  MARKYAT  Japhet  xxxi,  The  major,  with  all  his  faults, 
had  redeeming  qualities.  1862  STANLEY  Jewish  Ch.  (1877) 
I.  xiii.  261  The  disorder  of  their  times  sets  forth  the  more 
clearly  the  one  redeeming  element  of  trust. 


KEDELIVER. 

Redeeniless  (r/drmles),o.  rare.  [f.  asprec. 
+  -LESS.]  Incapable  of  being  redeemed,  irrecover 
able;  admitting  of  no  redemption. 

1631  CHETTLE  Hoffman  \.  K,  [We]  will  change  his  pleasures 
into  wretched  And  redeemelesse  misery.  i63z  QUARLES 
Div.  Fancies  in.  No.  52  Dragd  to  the  redeemlesse  layle. 
i8iz  H.  &  J.  SMITH  /?</.  Attdr.,  Archit.  Atoms  48  He  is 
doom'd  to  toss  In  legal  shipwreck  and  redeemless  loss. 

Redefi'ne,  z>.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  define  again. 

1872  MINTO  fciig.  Prose  Lit.  Introd.  14  One  of  the  ancient 
terms  U  might  be  well  to  revive  and  redefine.  1881  RUSSELL 
h'aigs  v.  97  A  jury,  -to  re-define  the  marches. 

So  Redefinition. 

1865  MASSON  Rec.  Brit.  P kilos.  106  The  whole  tenor  of 
his  labours  was  towards  an  assertion,  purification,  and  re 
definition  of  Transcendentalism. 

t  Re'deful,  a.  Obs.  Forms  :  see  REDE  j£,l ; 
also  3  redesful,  restful,  [f.  REDE  sb*  +  -FUL.] 
\Vise,  prudent,  full  of  counsel. 

c  1205  LAY.  129  Hey  [he]  wes  and  rlche ;  &  he  wes  redesful. 
Ibid.  3008  pa  ansuierde  [she]  mid  raetfulle  worden.  Ibid. 
6537  He  wes..radful  and  rihtwis.  c 1320  Cast.  Love  612 
Wonderful  God,  and  of  miht,  And  redeful,  aud  Fader  ariht 
Of  al  be  world 

Kedefy,  obs.  form  of  RE-EDIFY  v. 

Rede  ify,  z>.     [RE-  53.]     To  deify  again. 

1839-48  BAILEY  Fcstus  iv.  31  Till  the  soul  shall  be  By 
grace  redeified. 

Redeime,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REDEEM  v. 

Redel(e,  obs.  forms  of  RIDDLE,  van.  RIDEL. 

Re  dele  SS  (rrdles),  a.  Obs.  exc.  arch.  Forms : 
i  reed-,  3  redleas ;  3  redliese ;  3-6  red-,  4-5 
redeles,  (4  redelees,  -lis,  rydelles) ;  5  reed-, 
6  red-,  rydlesse ;  5  red-,  9  redeless.  [OE. 
rxdttas  =  OFris.  rfdtds,  MDu.  raedloos  (Du.  rade- 
loos  ,  OHG.  ratelds  (G.  ratios}^  ON.  rdQ/auss  (Sw. 
radios,  Da.  raadfys):  see  REDE  sb.1  and  -LESS.] 
Devoid  or  destitute  of  counsel ;  esp*  of  persons, 
having  no  resource  in  a  difficulty  or  emergency, 
not  knowing  what  to  do. 

rt  1000  Daniel  177  (Gr.)  Gleaw  ne  waes  gumrices  weardj 
re<5e  &  raedleas.  c  1122  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1009 
Waes  ba  swilc  hit  call  rsdleas  \vsere.  c  1250  Gen.  <y  Ex. 
3754  '  Nai,  for  gode  ',  quad  moyses, '  It  is  a  song  wikke  and 
redles'.  a  1300  Cursor  /!/.  15695  O  bam  redles  him  reud 
sare.  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  1197  penne  wern  bo  rowtes 
redeles  in  bo  ryche  wones.  1399  LANGL.  Rich.  Redeles  1. 1 
Now,  Richard  the  redeles,  reweth  on  3ou-self.  c  1450 
HOLLAND  Howlat  968  Fra  rule,  ressoun  and  richt  redless 
I  ran.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  v.  cxxviii.  no  This  woman, 
beynge  reedlesse, . .  went  vnto  hyni.  1536  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett. 
Ser.  n.  II.  79,  I  am  sokerles  and  as  a  redles  createwr  bot 
only  fro  the  gret  tr[ust  I]  have  in  the  Kyngs  grace.  [1883 
GREEN  Conq.  Eng.  vii.  339  The  opponents  of  Eadward.. 
dreaded  that  . .  he  would  be  .  .what  they  afterward^  called 
yEthelred, — a  king  '  redeless '  or  uncounselled.] 

absol.  12..  Prayer  to  Onr  Lady  27  in  O.  E.  Misc.  193 
Rede  be  redliese  bat  is  wiS-ute  rede.  13..  E.  E,  Allit.  /'. 
C.  502  Rwe  on  bo  redles  bat  remen  for  synne. 

Redeli(che,  varr.  REDELY  adv.  Obs. 
Redeliver  tr/d/li-vw),  v.    [RE-.] 

1.  trans.  To  give  back,  return,  restore : 

a.  a  thing. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vii.  341  All  rollys..were  delyueryd 
vnto  the  sayde  lohn  Mansell,  the  whiche  he  there  sealyd 
and  redelyuered  them  vnto  the  chamberleyne.  IS^TAVER- 
NER  Card.  Wysed.  i.  31  The  money  shulde  nat  be  re 
delyuered  to  the  one  without  the  other.  1593  Nobody  <$• 
Someb.  in  Simpson  Sch.  Shaks.  (1878)  I.  311  Will  you  be 
King  againe  ?  If  they  agree,  lie  redeliver  all  my  royaltie. 
1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  125  The  Gentleman  when  the 
storme  was  past,  re-deliuered  her  her  Jewels.  1693  CON- 
GREVE  Old  Bach.  in.  vii,  Go,  and  force  him  to  redeliver  you 
the  note.  1788  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  II.  438  They  will 
re-deliver  it  and  disavow  their  officer  who  accepted  it.  1868 
Act  31  .5-  32  Viet.  c.  101  §  142  Deeds,  .shall  be  registered  . . 
and  thereafter  re-delivered  to  the  parties  with  certificates  of 
due  registration. 

b.  a  person  kept  in  custody  as  a  hostage,  etc. 
1494  FABYAN  Chron.  VIT.  408  He.. redelyuered  vnto  hym 

all  suche  hostages  &  pledges  as  his  brother  Alphons  had 
before  tyme  of  hym  receyued.  1580  Reg,  Privy  Council 
Scot.  Ser.  i.  III.  318  Quhilk  Robert,  being  deliverit.. to  him, 
wes  alsua  immediatlie-.redeliuerit  agane  be  him  to  Eliza 
beth  Hay.  1620-6  QUAKLES  Feast  for  IVormes  vn,  God  .. 
bespoke  the  whale,  To  redeliuer  lonah  to  his  hand.  _  a  1648 
LD.  HERBKKT  Hen.  VIII  (1683)  416  He.  .should  desist  from 
Hostility. .and  redeliver  their  Children. 

2.  To  make  or  set  free  again. 

1601  CHESTER   Love's  Mart,  cxxiv,   ludith  ..that  rede- 
Huered   the  strong  besieged  Citie  of  Bethulia.      1623  BP. 
HALL  Contempt.*  O.   T.  xix.  i,  His  mercy.. both  in  fore 
warning,  and  redelivering  Ahab. 

3.  To  deliver  (a  message,  etc.)  again, 

1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  I.  301  The  ready  damsel  rede- 
livered  his  instructions  to  the  world  in  her  moments  of 
possession.  1865  SEELEY  Eccc  Homo  iii.  21  The  Jewish 
statesman  was  the  prophet,  and  his  business  was  to  redeliver 
to  each  successive  generation,  a  proclamation  [etc.]. 

f  4.  To  repeat,  report.  Obs.  rare  ~1. 

1602  SHAKS.  Hum.  v.  ii.  186  Osr.  Shall  I  redeliuer  you 
e'en  so?   Ham.    To  this  effect  Sir. 

Hence  Redeli'vering  vbl.  sb. 

1633  T-  STAFFORD  Pac,  Hib.  i.  xii.  (1810)  139  About  the 
redelivering  thereof  to  Her  Majesties  use. 

So  f  Redeli'verage,  discharge ;  Bedeli'ver- 
ance,  f  00  redelivery ;  {b}  a  fresh  deliverance ; 
Bedeli  verer,  one  who  delivers  again. 

1612  COTTA  Disc.  Dan%.  Pract.  Phys.  i.  iii.  is  Ncuer 
eating  nor  hauing..redehuerage  at  the  posternes,  but  en- 
sensiblie.  1535  Act  27  Hen.  l^/ff,  c.  7  §  5  If  any  of  the  said 


BEDELIVEBY. 

fosters,  .do  deny  the  redeliveraunce  of  all  suchcattel.  1847 
MRS.  A.  KERR  tr.  Ranks' s  Hist.  Servia  340  He  had  effected 
the  re-deliverance  of  the  nation.  1816  HAZLITT/W.^TW.  (1819) 
91  No  weathercock  deliverers  and  redeliverers  of  mankind. 

Redelivery  (rfdHrvori).  [RE-.]  The  action 
of  giving  back  again,  restitution  ;  restoration ; 
also,  the  action  of  setting  free  again,  liberation. 

1494  FABYAN  Citron,  in.  501  To  ayde  and  assyst,  euery 
man  after  his  power,  for  ye  redelyuerey  of  their  pry  nee 
agayne.  1530  RASTELL  Bk.  Pnrgat.  HI.  xiii,  Payment  or 
redelyvere  of  the  goodes  is  a  satisfaccypn.  1577  FENTON 
Gold.  Epist.  72  lacob  prayed  fortheredeliuerieof  Beniamin. 
1628  COKE  On  Litt.  161  A  Repleuin  which  is  a  redeliuery 
of  the  distresse  by  the  Sherife.  1668  CLARENDON  Vindic. 
Tracts  (1727)  80  They  answer'd,  that  they  had.  .sent  Orders 
for  the  Re-delivery  of  it.  1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  ix. 
147  A  re-delivery  of  the  pledge,  or  thing  taken  in  distress, 
to  the  owner.  1831  Act  3-3-4  Will.  /K,  c.  120  §  14  The 
expiration  of  such  notice  and  the  re-delivery  of  such  licence. 
1875  POSTE  Gains  in.  Comm.  (ed.  2)  423  There  is  usually  a 
delivery  and  a  redelivery. 

Redell,  variant  of  RIDEL  Obs. 

Redels,  obs.  form  of  RIDDLE  j^.1 

t  Redely,  ctdv.  Obs.  Forms :  3  reade-,  4 
redeliche,  -lyche,  redeli,  4-6  redely.  Comp.  5 
redelyer.  [App.  a  van  of  REDLY  adv.-,  but 
metrical  examples  freq.  indicate  that  the  con 
necting  e  was  pronounced.  The  various  senses 
are  not  easily  distinguished,  and  in  some  cases 
(see  sense  4)  the  form  is  perh.  written  for  redily 
READILY  (cf.  also  REDILY).] 

1.  Clearly,  plainly,  distinctly. 

0.1*2$  Ancr.  R.  344  Al  he  wule  a  domesdai  reden  ful 
readeliche  [v.r.  witterliche]  uorte  bicleopien  be  mide. 
ft  1300  Cursor  M.  25852  Qua  Jxit  dees  in  dedli  sin  sal  duell 
in  bale, . .  And  sua  we  rind  ful  redeli.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  1 1 . 
139,  I  serial  thee  redely  Devise  hou  men  therinne  stonde. 
c  1400  Beryn  3116,  I  am  wiser  then  yee  ween,  For  there  nys 
noon  of  sewe  woot  redely  what  I  mean,  1470-85  MALORY 
Artkur  vn.  xxxiv,  Whan  she  sawe  syr  Gareth  redely  in  the 
vysage  she.  .fell  doun  in  a  swoune. 

2.  Certainly,  assuredly. 

c  1350  IVill.  Palerne  461  Redeli  bi  resoun  berfore  hem 
rette  :  mai  mi  sorwe.  c  1384  CHAUCER  //.  Fame  i.  130 
Wei  wyste  I  Hyt  was  of  Venus  redely  The  temple,  c  1394 
P.  PI.  Crede  811  On  his  fader  ri^t  hand  redeliche  he  sitte>. 
£1440  Gesta  Rom.  Ixx.  324  (Harl.  MS.)  'We  ben  redy', 
quop  thei, '  to  do  this  deede  redely '. 

3.  Carefully,  attentively. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  93  This  knyht  behield  hir  redely. 
c  1400  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxv,  pet  do  drawe 
hem  nere  hym  as  redely  and  warely  as  bei  may. 

4.  ?  Readily,  quickly. 

c  1380  Sir  Ferumb.  270  Euere  su^be  y  haue  me  raid  redely 
to  J?y  seruyse.  c  1400  Song  Roland  102  Redely  the  right 
ere  he  pullid  from  the  hed.  1443  Paston.  Lett.  I.  48,  I 
sopose  that  I  xal  redelyer  have  tydyngys  from  yow  herr  dan 
I  xulde  have  ther.  c  1489  CAXTON  Sonttes  of  Aymon  ii.  64 
She  felle  doun  all  in  a  swoune,  and  Rtynawde  tokc  her 
vppejedely.  1550  MARBECK  (title)  A  Concordance,  that  is 
to  saie  a  Worke  wherein  . .  ye  maie  redely  finde  any  worde 
conteigned  in  the  Whole  Bible. 

f  Redelyng,  app.  a  var.  of  radelyng  RATLIN. 

1466  Mctnn.8r  Househ.  Exp.  (Roxb.)  347  Paid  to  Thomas 
Fuller,  for  xvij.  Ii.  of  redelynge  yerne,  xij.rtf. . .  Paid  for  the 
lynenge  of  the  toppe  armynge  and  for  the  toppe  maste  xx(t. 

Redem,  obs.  form  of  REDEEM  v. 
Redema-nd,  sb.   rare-*.     [RK-.]    The  act  of 
redemanding,  *  a  demanding  back  again  '. 
1828-31  in  WEBSTER. 

Redemand  (nd/ma-nd),^.  [RE-.  Cf.  F.  re- 
demander  (i2th  c.).] 

1.  trans,  a.  To  demand  the  return  of  (a  thing). 
1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  18  That  the  expences  are  . . 

also  redemaunded  and  taken  away.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist. 
Turks^  (1621)  1223  Which  places  hee  had  oftentimes  by  as 
just  right  redemanded,  as  they  were  by  unjust  forces 
usurped.  1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalint's  Advts.  fr. 
Partiass.  I.  H.  (1674)  66  [He]  re-demanded  the  moneys 
which  he  had  given  him.  1711  W.  KING  tr.  Naiides  Ref. 
Politics  iv.  140  He  is  always  wavering,.. relinquishes  what 
he  sought,  then  redemands  what  he  relinquished.  1818 
COLE  BROOKE  Obligations  98  If  payment  be  made  before-hand, 
..it  cannot  be  redemanded  and  recovered.  1861  THORN- 
BURY  Turner  (1862)  I.  309  He  declares  that  Turner  after, 
wards  re-demanded  it,  and  charged  two  guineas  for  the  loan. 
b.  To  demand  again. 

1849  LYTTON/f.  Arthur  if.  cxxi,  Once  more  forsake  the 
throng  Call  childhood  back,  and  redemand  the  song.  1883 
J.  PARKER  Apost.  Life  II.  332  All  the  wondrous  works  of 
Jesus  Christ  were  redemanded  by  Nature. 

2.  To  ask  or  inquire  again. 

a  1572  KNOX  Hist.  Ref.  Wks.  1846  I.  176  The  Cardinall 
askyne,  *  Who  calles  ?  '  he  answeris,  '  My  name  is  Leslye  '. 
He  re-demandis, '  Is  that  Normond?1  1613  SIR  E.  SACK- 
VILLE  in  Guard.  No  133  F  3,  I  redemanded  if  he  would 
request  his  life. 

Hence  Eedema'nded  ///.  a.,  Redema'nding 

vbl.  sb. 

1611  COTGR.,  Repetition^ ..a  redemanding.  2859  LOWELL 
Biglow  P.  Ser.  i.  Introd.  (1866)  21  Rewards  ..  More  solid 
than  the  redemanded  praise  With  which  the  world  be- 
ribbons  later  days. 

So  Redema*ndable  <;.,  that  may  be  redemanded 
(Webster  1828-32). 

Redeme,  obs.  form  of  REDEEM  v. 

Redemer,  obs.  form  of  REDEEMER. 

Redenii'se,  sb.  [RE-.]  Law.  The  retransfer 
of  land  to  one  who  has  demised  it. 

1797  Encycl*  Brit.  (ed.  3)  V.  748/2  Dtmis*  an 


301 

denote  a  conveyance  where  there  are  mutual  leases  made 
from  one  to  another  of  the  same  land,  or  something  out  of 
it.  1828-33  in  WEBSTER. 

So  Bedemi-se  v,t  to  demise  (land)  back  again. 

1818-32  in  WEBSTER  (citing  Encyc.}. 

Redemo'lisli,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  redtmolir 
(Cotgr.).]  trans.  To  demolish  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rcdemolir^  to  redemolish,  resubuert,  ouer- 
throw  again  e.  1736  Ln.  HERVKY  Mem.  I.  140  Bragging 
that  their  industry  had  re-demolished  Dunkirk. 

tRede'mp,  v.  O&s-1     [f.  next.]     To  redeem. 

1527  \V.  KNIGHT  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  r.  I.  281  The 
kyng  hath  sayde  that  in  case  Philip  be  taken  by  ennymyse 
his  Highnesse  will  redempe  hym  and  pay  his  rawnesome. 

t  Rede'inpt,  pa.  pple.  and  ///.  a.  Obs.  rare. 
[ad.  L.  redempt-us,  pa.  pple.  of  rcdimere  to  RE 
DEEM.]  Redeemed. 

a  1450  Mankind  798  (Brandl)  Aryse,  my  precyose  redempt 
sone  ;  ^e  be  to  me  full  dcre.  c  1500  Everyman  548,  I  cum 
with  Knowlege  for  my  redemcyon  Redempt  with  herte  and 
full  of  contrycyon. 

So  -j-  Rede  'nipt  v.  Obs.  rare~°. 

1623  COCKERAM,  2\.edeinpied)  redeemed. 

Redempteur,  obs.  variant  of  REDEMPIOR. 

Rede'ruptible,  a.  [ad.  L.  type  *redempti- 
bilis  :  see  REDEMPT  and  -IBLE.]  Redeemable. 

1882  in  Ocn,\  IE. 

Rede*mptine.  [f.  REDEMPT-OB  +  -INK.]  Re- 
demptoristine. 

1889  Cath.  Household  29  June  7/2  Miss  D. . .  was  received 
into  the  Order  <jf  the  Redemptincs. 

Redemption  (r/de-mPfan).  Also  4-6  -cio^u)n, 
-cyo(u)n,  etc.,  5-6  redemcion,  6-7  redemtion. 
[a.  F.  redemption  (i2th  c.  in  Littre),  or  ad.  L.  re 
demption-em  ^  n.  of  action  f.  redimfre  to  REDEEM.] 

1.  Deliverance  from  sin  and  its  consequences  by 
the  atonement  of  Jesus  Christ. 

a,  1340  HAMFOLE  Psalter  xx.  i  Swa  J?at  we  be  parcenel  in 
his  redempcioun.  1340  —  Pr.  Co  use.  7251  '  Ffor  in  hell ',  he 
says,  ' es  na  redempcyoune'.  c  1380  WYCLIF^W.  lk'ks.  II. 
161  God  3af  his  sone  to  make  it  free,  for  noon  o^er  redemp 
cioun  was  ynowj}  for  mannis  synne.  1426  A  v  DELAY  Poems 
55  In  tyme  of  his  passcion,  Here  fore  our  redemcion,  His 
blesful  blod  he  bled.  1509  FISHER  Funeral  Serin.  C'tess 
Richmond  Wks.  (1876)  307  Byleuynge  that  he.,  came  in  to 
this  worlde  for  the  redempcyon  of  synners.  1593  SHAKS. 
Rich,  //,  in.  ii.  129  Oh  Villains,  Vipers,  damn'd  without 
redemption.  1603  —  Aleas.  for  M.  v.  i.  29  You  bid  me 
seeke  redemption  of  the  diuell.  1667  MILTON/'.  L.  xn.  408 
Proclaming  Life  to  all  who  shall  believe  In  his  redemption. 
1777  BLAIR  Semi.  (1810)  I.  v.  83  This  was  the  hour  in  which 
Christ  . .  accomplished  our  eternal  redemption.  1845  S. 
AUSTIN  Ranke's  Hist.  Kef.  III.  191  The  doctrine  of  original 
sin,  on  which  the  whole  scheme  of  redemption  rests.  1884 
J.  TAIT  Mind  in  Matter  (1892)  228  Miracles  and  prophecy 
. .  bore  directly  or  indirectly  on  one  point,  —redemption. 
b.  Year  of  Redemption  «=  ANXO  DOMINI. 

1513  MORE  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  756  The  .ix.  day  of 
Aprill,  the  _year  of  our  redemption  .1463.  1599  SHAKS. 
HctL.  yt  i.  ii.  60  Who  died  within  the  yeere  of  our  Redemp 
tion,  Foure  hundred  twentiesix.  1835 W.  IwiSQCoW.  Spain 
i,  Such  was  the  state  of  Spain  when,  in  the  year  of  Redemp 
tion  701,  Witiza  was  elected  to  the  Gothic  throne. 

2.  The  action  of  freeing  a  prisoner,  captive,  or 
slave  by  payment ;  ransom. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  iv.  80  (108)  Ye  haue  now  kaught  & 
fetered  in  preson  Troians  y-nowe,  and  yf  youre  wilfe  be, 
My  chyld  with  on  may  haue  redempcion.  1432-50  tr. 
Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  21  Pirrus.  -sende  to  Rome  his  prisoners 
withowte  eny  redempcion.  1460  CAPCRAVE  Chron.  (Rolls) 
269  That  thei  schuld  gader  a  certeyn  summe  for  her  lordis 
redempcion.  1560  DAUS  tr.  SUidane's  Comm.  219  b,  They 
shoulde  bee  slayne  withoute  redemption,  whensoever  they 
were  found.  1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  i.  iii.  138  Of  being  taken  by 
the  Insolent  Foe,  And  sold  to  slauery.  Of  my  redemption 
thence.  1671  MILTON  Samson  1482  For  his  redemption  all 
my  Patrimony,  If  need  be,  I  am  ready  to  forgo.  1709 
STEELE  Tatler  No.  105  p  2  Which  purchased  his  Redemp 
tion  out  of  the  Hands  of  the  Bailiffs,  1783  JEFFERSON 
Corr.  Wks.  1859  1.477  Mr-  Adams.. and  myself  have  agreed 
to  authorize  the  bearer  hereof. .  to  treat  for  your  redemption. 
1855  MILMAN  Lat.  Chr.  in.  v.  (1864)  II.  47  The  redemption 
of  captives — that  is  the  repurchase  of  slaves  in  order  to 
restore  them  to  freedom — is  esteemed  an  act  of  piety. 

b.  Jewish  Law.  The  ceremony  of  redeeming 
the  eldest  son  by  an  offering  (Numb,  xviii.  15). 

14..  in  Tundale's  l^'ts.  (1843)  132  Lyke  as  the  custom  of  the 
law  was  Sche  mekely  made  hys  redempcion.  1892  ZANGWILL 
Chlldr.  Ghetto  I,  83  The  ceremony  of  the  Redemption  of 
her  grandson. 

3.  The  action  of  freeing,  delivering,  or  restoring 
in  some  way.     Without  or  past  redemption:  with 
out  or  beyond  the  possibility  of  deliverance,  re 
covery,  or  restoration. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  VIH.  1261  The  flour  of  France, 
withoutyn  redempcioun,  Throuch  that  foull  deid.was  brocht 
to  confusioun.  1650  H.  BROOKE  Consent.  Health  175, 1  shall 
for  the  redemption  of  such  as  are  deceived  by  it  [etc.].  1769 
BURKE  Late  State  Nation  Wks.  II.  95  The  great  ground 
work  of  his  plan  for  the  national  redemption.  1818  BYRON 
Ch.  Har.  iv.  cxlv,  Rome  and  her  Ruin  [are]  past  Redemp 
tion's  skill.  1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Rudge  xxxii,  Though  our 
contract  is  at  an  end,  and  broken  past  all  redemption.  1851 
GALLENGA  Italy  441  The  battle  of  Custoza  ..  might  have 
marked  the  day  of  redemption  for  Italy. 

b.  Improving  (of  time)  ;  reclaiming  (of  land). 
1755  YOUNG  Centaur  ii.   Wks.   1757   IV.    147    Have  you 

never  heard,  my  good  Ladies,  of  the  redemption  of  time? 
i86z  D.  WILSON  Prch.  Matt  ii.  37  Spots  mapped  off  fur 
redemption  from  river  or  lake. 

c.  That  which  redeems ;  a  redeeming  feature. 
1860   FOHSTER  Gr,  Remonstr,   72  The  improvement  in 


REDEMPTIONIST. 

literary  studies  and  pursuits  which  was  one  of  the  redemp 
tions  of  his  reign.  1863  COWDEN  CLAKKK  Shaks.  Char.  v. 
128  Roderigo  has  so  much  of  redemption  in  him,  that  we 
commiserate  his  weakness. 

4.  The  action  of  redeeming  oneself  from  punish 
ment  ;  way  or   means  of  doing  this  ;   atonement 
made  for  a  crime  or  offence. 

JS53  DK.  NOKTHUMBLD.  in  Four  C.  Eng,  Lett.  (1880)  22 
Alas,  my  lord  is  my  cry  me  so  heynous  as  noe  redemcion 
but  my  blood  can  washe  awaye  the  spottes  thereof?  1603 
SHAKS.  Mcas.forM.  it.  iv.  113  Lawful  I  inercie  Is  nothing 
kin  to  fowle  redemption.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng. 
i.  xxxix.  (1739)  59  If  the  circumstances  favoured  the  Delin 
quent,  lie  was  admitted  to  redemption  of  Life  or  Member, 
by  Fine.  1800  Asiatic  Ann.  Reg,,  Misc.  Tr.  3^5/1  If  he  be 
able  to  purchase  the  redemption  of  his  crime,  that  redemp 
tion  shall  be  facilitated.  1873  UROWNING  Red  Cott.  Nt.-cap 
in.  301  Vanity  Was  ended  ;  its  redemption  must  begin— 
And,  certain,  would  continue. 

tb.  A  recompense.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1625  HACON  £ss-,  Envy  (Arb.)  512  They  . .  thinke  other 
Mens  Harmes  a  Redemption  of  their  owne  Sufferings. 

5.  The  fact  of  obtaining  a  privileged  status,  or 
admission  to  a  society,  by  means  of  purchase. 

c  1500  in  Arnolde  CJiron.  (1811)89  That  noo  man  com  in  to 
bee  made  free  of  this  Citee  by  redempcion  wythout  he  bee 
borne  under  the  dominacion  of  our  Soueraigne  Lorde  the 
Kyng.  1606  in  Vicary's  Anat.  (1888)  App.  iii.  162  It  is 
ordered  that  [he]  . .  shalbe  made  free  of  this  Cittye  by 
Redempcion  in  the  Companie  of  barborsurgeons.  1884 
Times  28  June  6  It  is  only  possible  to  become  a  member  of 
a  Livery  Company  by  patrimony,  by  apprenticeship,  or  by 
redemption,  which  last  means  by  purchase  or  gift. 

6.  The  action  of  clearing  off  a  recurring  liability 
or  charge  by  payment  of  a  single  sum. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vi.  ccvi.  218  Canntus  . .  redemed  the 
scole  of  Saxons,  fre  of  all  former  trybute  graunted..  ; 
whiche  redempcyon  of  trybute..  was  called  Rome  Scot. 
1523  Chnrchw.  Ace.  St.  Giles' t  Reading  19  Paid  to  Thomas 
Burard  for  redemption  of  the  new  rents  vij1'.  1844  H.  H. 
WILSON  Brit.  India  III.  500  Whatever  the  amount  might 
be,  at  the  period  fixed  by  Parliament  for  the  redemption  of 
the  annuity,  it  should  be  applied  in  or  towards  that  redemp 
tion.  1867  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cany.  (1876)  I.  App.  751  Florence 
describes  his  alms  and  his  redemption  of  the  tolls  by  which 
pilgi'ims  were  troubled. 

7.  The  action  of  redeeming  or  buying  back  from 
another,  in   various   applications.     Eqiiity  of  re 
demption',  see  EQUITY  5  b. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII  109  b,  The  tributes  and 
other  paimentes,  whiche  he  should  paie  to  the  kyng  of 
Englande,  for  redempcion  of  Tornay.  1563-4  Reg.  Privy 
Council  Scot.  I.  262  [He]  grantis  the  i-aidis  landis  - .  to  be 
lauchfullie  rcdemit.  .and  oblissis  him  to  warrand  the  said 
redemptioun.  1611  BIBLE  Lev.  xxv.  24  In  all  the  land  of 
your  possession,  ye  shall  grant  a  redemption  for  the  land. 
1697  POTTER  Antiq.  Greece  in.  xi.  (1715)  100  Whence  it 
appears,  that  Redemption  of  the  Dead  was  practis'd  in 
those  Days.  1734  Act  7  Gco.  //,  c.  20  (title)  An  Act  for  the 
more  easy  Redemption  and  Foreclosure  of  Mortgages.  1752 
FIELDING  Amelia  Wks.  1775  X.  zo  The  first  thing,  after 
redemption  of  the  coat.. was  to  supply  himself  with  snuff. 
1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  829  The  order  of  redemption 
is  prescribed  by  the  clause  of  redemption  in  the  redeemable 
right.  1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  xxxiv,  This  crude  young 
gentleman,  who  apparently  supposed  that  redemption  was 
a  satisfaction  to  pawnbrokers. 

8.  attrib.,  as  redemption  fee,  money,  work. 

1535  COVEKUALE  Num.  iii.  49  Then  toke  Moses  y*  redemp 
cion  money.  1828-40  TYTLER  Hist.  Scot.  (1864)  I.  145 
Levying  from  the  towns  and  monasteries,  .large  sums  of 
redemption  money.  1859  G.  BUSH  On.  Sivedenborg 's  Doctr. 
(1875)  42  The  sum  total  of  these  conquests  constituted  his 
redemption-work.  1897  MARY  KINGSLEV  W.  Africa  498 
Without  claiming  the  redemption  fees  as  they  become  due. 

Hence  Rede'mptionaJ  a.,  of  or  belonging  to 
redemption. 

1840  DE  QUINCEY  Essettes  Wks.  1859  X.  261  There  might 
still  have  remained  the  great  redemptional  and  mediatorial 
functions  for  Christ.  1854  Tuifs  Mag.  XXI.  174  Not  only 
is  all  religion  redemptional  in  its  principal  interests. . ,  but  it 
is  the  only  redemptional  attribute. 

t  Rede'mptionary.  Obs.  rare"1,  [f.  prec. 
+  -ARY.]  One  who  enters  a  society  by  purchase 
(cf.  REDEMPTION  5). 

1589  PECKHAM  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  III.  176  None,  .are  to  be 
admitted  in  the  seid  society,  but  as  Redemptionaries,  which 
will  be  very  chargeable. 

Redemptioner  (r/de'mPfsnaj).    [-ER  *.] 

1.  U.S.  An  emigrant  who  received  his  passage 
to   America   on   the   condition   that   his   services 
there   should  be   disposed   of  by   the   master   or 
owners  of  the  vessel,  until  the  passage-money  and 
other  expenses  were  repaid  out  of  his  earnings. 

1775  Rimttgton's  New  York  Gazett.  30  Mar.  4/2  To  be  dis 
posed  of,  for  a  term  of  years,  a  number  of  Servants  and 
Redemptioners,  just  arrived  from  England.  1796  W.  PRIEST 
Trow.  (1802)  145  The  law  respecting  the  redemptioners  are 
very  severe  :  they  were  formed  for  the  English  convicts 
before  the  revolution.  1805  JEFFERSON  Writ*  (1830)  IV.  38 
With  respect  to  the  German  redemptioners,  you  know  I  can 
do  nothing.  1864  SALA  in  Daily  Tel.  29  Sept.,  Passengers 
to  the  States  may  be  brought  out,  not  as  free  emigrants,  but 
as  'redemptioners ',  owing  their  passage-money  to  the  com 
pany,  who  are  to  have  a  lien  on  their  earnings  until  this 
debt  is  discharged. 

2.  One  who  clears  off  a  charge  by  redemption. 
1897  Board  Agric.  Leaflet  No.  39  No  fee  is  payable  by 

a  redemptioner  for  such  information. 

Recle'mptionist .  [f.  as  prec.  +  -IST.]  f  a. 
A  redeemer.  Obs.  b.  —  RANSOMER  2  a. 

1647  SALTMARSH  Sf>ark.  Glory  162  The  generall  Redemp- 
tiomst.  1866  Chambers'  Eitcycl.^  Rcdetnptionist,vi\t  of  the 


REDEMPTIONLESS. 

names  of  an  order  of  monks  devoted  to  the  redemption  of 
Christian  captives  from  slavery. 

Rede'inptioiiless,  a,     [f.  as  prec.  +  -LESS.] 

Incapable  of  redemption. 

1866  Daily  Nt'ivs  12  Feb.  6/3  The  persons  who  have  been 
foremost  in  proclaiming  the  redemptionless  character  of  the 
Jamaica  labourers  are  principally  those  who  have  had  little 
intercourse  or  practical  acquaintance  with  them. 

Redemptive  (nde-mPtiv),  a.  [ad,  L.  type 
*redtmptlv-u$  :  see  REDEMPT  and  -IVE.]  Tending 
to  redeem,  redeeming. 

1647  M.  HUDSON  Di^>.  Right  G<n<t.  Introd.  7  Redemptive 
Divine  Right  is  that  which  is  grounded  upon  the  will  of 
God  concerning  the  manifestation  of  his  mercy  in  the  pre 
servation  of  Man-kind.  1825  COLERIDGE  Aids  Refl.  (1848) 
I.  250  The  Redemptive  Act,  as  the  transcendant  cause  of 
salvation.  1883  H.  DRUMMOND  Nat.  Law  in  Spir.  IV. 
xii.  (1884)  414  These  silent  and  patient  processes  ..  are  the 
early  stages  in  the  redemptive  work. 

Redemptor  ^n"de'mPt^i).  Now  rare.  Also 
5  -ure,  5-6  -our,  6  Sc.  -eur.  [a.  or  ad.  F.  n.f- 
detnptettr(Q¥.  redemptor^  Godef.),  orL.  redernptor, 
agent-n.  f.  redimere  to  REDEEM.] 

fl.   =  REDEEMER  i.  Obs, 

[1377  LANGL.  P.  PL  B.  XL  201  And  after  his  resurreccioun 
Redentptor  was  his  name.]  c  1400  26  Pol.  Poems  (E.  E.  T  S.) 
140/589,  I  wote  ryght  well  that  myn  redemptour  Lyueth 
yet.  1483  CAXTON  Cato  Diij,  Hit  was  a  moche  precious 
yefte  whyche  our  redemptour  gaue  to  us.  c  i*[io  BARCLAY 
Mirr.  Gd.  Manners  (1570)  Dv,  That  is  a  speciall  grace  of 
our  dere  redemptour.  1512  Helyas  in  Thorns  Prose  Rout. 
(1828)  III.  38  The  savyour  and  redemptor  Jesu  Chryst. 
1600  J.  HAMILTON  Facile  Tract,  in  Cath.  Tract.  (S.T.S.) 
223  For  the  loue  ye  aucht  to  the  honor  of  your  redempteur. 
1634  T.  Norton's  tr.Calvin*s  Inst.  Table  Script.  Quot.,  The 
Redemptor  shall  come  to  Sion. 

2.  A  redeemer,  in  other  senses  of  the  word.  rare. 

1880  L.  WALLACE  Ben-Hnr  v.  xi.  347  And . .  now,  O  redemp. 
tor  of  the  flesh  of  swine,  let  us  on.  1896  Speaker  18  July 
53/2  Its  redeemability  converts  the  redemptors  into  rent- 
chargers. 

Redemptorist  (rrde-mnorist).  [ad.  F.  re- 
demptoriste :  see  prec.  and  -1ST.] 

1.  A  member  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Congrega 
tion   of  the   Most   Holy   Redeemer,    founded   at 
Naples  in   1732   by  St.   Alphonsus   Liguori,   and 
devoted  chiefly  to  work  among  the  poor. 

1842  in  BRANDE  Diet.  Sci.,ztc.  1863  SALA  Capt.  Dangerous 
III.  ix.  287,  I  did  as  the  good  Redemptorist  bade  me.  1897 
Catkolic  Diet.  (ed.  5)  654/2  In  his  third  edition  Ballerini 
replies  to  the  charges  of  laxity  which  the  Redemptorists 
made  against  him. 

2.  attrib.  or  as  adj.  Belonging  to  the  Order  of 
the  Redeemer. 

1863  SALA  Capt.  Dangerous  III.  ix.  283  The  Blessed  Old 
Man  that  was  a  Redemptorist  Father  appeared.  1876 
TREVELYAN  Macaulay  (1880)  I.  73  A  religious  house  of  the 
Redemptorist  Order. 

Hence  Redemptori'stine,  a  member  of  a  recluse 
and  contemplative  order  of  nuns,  associated  with 
the  Redemptorists  (see  quot.). 

1884  Catholic  Diet.  711/1  The  nuns  ..,  commonly  called 
Redemptoristines,  form  the  Order  of  the  Most  Holy  Re- 
deemer,  as  distinguished  from  the  Congregation  of  mis- 


rare. 

ORY.] 


Redemptory   (r/'de'mPtori'),    a.     Now 
[ad.  L.  type  *rcdemp£orius ;  see  REDEMPT  and  - 
Of  or  pertaining  to  redemption  ;  redemptive. 

1598  CHAI'MAN  Iliad  i.  94  Till  to  her  loved  sire  The  black- 
ey'd  damsell  be  resign'd  ;  no  redemtorie  hire  Tooke  for  her 
freedome.  1602  T.  FITZHERBERT  Apol.  61  That  redemptory 
&  absolut  sacrifice,  which  was  to  be  offred  but  once.  1675 
BROOKS  Golden  Key  Wks.  1867  V.  255  Aiiroof  signifies  a 
redemptory  price,  a  valuable  rate.  1886  H.  JAMES  Bos- 
tonians  III.  in.  xxxvii.  126  A  woman  could  live  on  per 
sistently,  clinging  to  a  great,  vivifying,  redemptory  idea. 

Redemptour,  obs.  form  of  REDEMPTOR. 

Rede  nip  trice,  rare.  [ad.  L.  redemptricem^ 
-trix^  fern,  of  redemptor.~\  A  female  redeemer. 

1755  T.  H.  CHOKER  Orl.  Fur.  iv.  xlii,  Well  he  knows,  She 
had  been  solely  his  redemptrice  [It.  redentrice\  kind. 

Redempture,  obs.  f.  REDEMPTOR.  Redem- 
tion,  obs.  f.  REDEMPTION.  Redemyte,  var. 
REDIMITE  a.  and  v,  Obs.  Reden,  obs.  f.  READ 
v.,  REDAN,  REDE  z>J,  obs.  pa.  pple,  RIDE  v. 

Re-de'iiigrate,  v.  [RE-  53.]  To  blacken 
or  darken  again. 

1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos.  i.  74  If  you  super-add  a  few 
drops  of  oyl  of  Tartar  . :  it  re-denigrates  it  again.  1721 
BAILEY,  Rcdcnigrate^  to  recover  in  Blackness. 

Redens,  Redent,  obs.  forms  of  REDAN. 

t  Rede'nted, ///.  a.  Obs.  rare-1.  [£  redent 
(see  REDAN)  +  -ED  2.]  Formed  like  the  teeth  of 
a  saw  ;  dented,  indented. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.  s.v.  Redens^  The  parapet  of 
the  corridor  also  is  frequently  redented,  or  carried  on  in  the 
way  of  redens. 

RedepO'Sit,  sb.    [RE-  5  a.]    A  new  depositing. 

1875  -jtkRep.  Dep.  Kpr.  Irel.  6  This  duty,  involving  much 
detail  of  arrangement,  separation,  and  redeposit. 

RedepO'sit,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  deposit  again. 

1856  MRS.  GOKE  Life's  Lessons  I.  vii.  112  After  . .  he  had 
re-deposited  the  poor  cripple  on  her  couch.  1862  ANSTKU 
Channel  I  si.  n.  xi.  (ed.  2)  292  The  water  ..  had  slowly  re- 
deposited  lime.  1889  G.  FINDLAY  Eng.  Railway  8  The  Bill 
was  re-deposited  in  the  ensuing  session  of  Parliament. 

So  Re  deposition. 

1863  LYALL  Antiq.  Man  49  Changes  . .  brought  about  by 


302 

the  deposition,  removal,  and  redeposition  of  gravel,  sand, 
and  fine  sediment. 

t  Re'der .  06s.  rare.  [f.  REDE  z*.1  +  -EH  1 ;  cf. 
OFris.  redir,  OHG.  r&tiri  (MHO.  r&txre,  G. 
ratcr).~\  An  adviser,  counsellor. 

\ypAyenb.  184  Acloke. .  uram  kueade  rederes,  andneakse 
no  red  at  foles.  1534  WHITINTON  Tullyes  Offices  i.  (1540)  i 
Thou  . .  must  needs  habounde  in  preceptes  and  rules  of 
phylosophye..for  the  synguler  authentic  of  thy  reder. 

Reder(e,  obs.  forms  of  KEADEK. 

Rederiva'tion.  rare—1.  [RE- 5  a.]  A  second 
derivation,  f  drawing  or  leading  off. 

a  1631  DONNE  Serni.  cxxi.  V.  138  In  each  of  these  three 
there  is  a  Rederivation  into  three  Branches. 

Itedescend  vrfd/se'nd),  v.  [RE-  53.  Cf.  F. 
ralescendre  (i3th  c.).]  To  descend  again  : 

a.  intr.  (Cf.  DESCEND  1-9.) 

1597  MIDDLETON  Wisti.  Solomon  vi.  i  Forthwith  the  voice 
of  God  did  redescend.  1650  HOWELL  Lett.  u.  liii.  67  O  let 
them  redescend,  and  still  My  soul  with  holy  raptures  fill. 
1766  Compl.  Farmer  s.v.  Safi,  Through  these  it  re-descends 
to  the  root,  and  thence  to  the  earth  again.  1821  SHEU.EV 
Promcth.  Und.  m.  i.  24  That  fatal  child  ..Who  waits  ,.  To 
redescend  and  trample  out  the  spark.  1868  LOCKYER  Guillc- 
min's  Heavens  (ed.  3)  459  The  sea.. by  degrees  re-descends 
to  its  point  of  departure. 

b.  trans.  (Cf.  DESCENU  n.) 

1819  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XLVI1.  398  He  was 
obliged  to  re-descend  the  pulpit.  1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMILTON 
Mttafh.  xx.\v.  (1859)  '!•  295  Having  reached  the  pinnacle 
of  generalisation,  we  may  redescend  the  ladder. 

Hence  Eedesoe'nding///.  a. 

1883  STEVENSON  Treas.  1st.  m.  xiv,  Only  the  rustle  of  the 
redescending  birds.. disturbed  the  languor  of  the  afternoon. 

So  Redesce  nt,  a  fresh  descent. 

1836-9  TODD  Cycl.  A nat.  II.  755/1  Such  pressure  will  be 
sufficient  to  prevent  a  re-descent. 

Redescri'be,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  describe  again. 

1871  BROWSING  /V.  Hohcnst.  302,  I  can  redescribe . .  where 
some  segment  silver-true  Stays  clear.  1897  Allbutt's  Syst. 
Mcd.  IV.  28  Urochrome  first  described  by  Dr.  Thudichum 
in  1864  and  recently,  .redescribed  by  Dr.  A.  E.  Garrod. 

So  Bedescri  ptioii. 

1884  GOODE  Nat.  Hist.  Aqitat.  Anitit.  337  The  numerous 
redescriptions  to  which  almost  all  widely  distributed  forms 
have  been  subjected. 

Redesful,  variant  of  REDEFUL  a.  Obs. 
Redesrgn,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  design  again. 

1891  MORRIS  in  Mackail  Life  (1899)  II.  262  The  t  does  not 
look  well  :  I  shall  have  to  re-design  it.  1895  Westnt.  Gaz. 
1 8  Feb.  2/3  We  want  our  stamps  re-designed. 

Redesi're,  v.  [RE-.]  To  desire  or  request 
again  ;  to  desire  the  return  of  (a  thing). 

1599  B.  JONSON  Ev,  Alan  out  of^  Hum,  in.  ii,  Therefore, 
good  father,  these  are  . .  to  re-desire  you,  that  [etc.].  1614 
LODGE  Seneca,  Epist.  167  There  is  nothing  the  losse  whereof 
is  more  easie  to  be  supported  then  of  that  which,  being  lost, 
cannot  be  redesired. 

Redesman(r/~'dzma?n).  Obs.etC.arch.  Forms: 
1-3  rtedes-,  3  reades-,  reaties-,  4  (9)  redes-. 
[OE.  rsidesmann,  f.  rxd  RKDE  ji.l  +  MAN  ;  cf.  Du. 
raadsman,  G.  ratsmann,  ON.  riiSsmaSr."]  Coun 
sellor,  adviser,  f  steward. 

1039  in  Earle  Land  Charters,  etc.  (1888)  298  /Et  steorran 
be  j?a  waes  bses  kinges  radesmann.  <  1122  O.  E.  Chron. 
(Laud  MS.)  an.  1039  His  rasdes  menn  hit  sySSon  strange 
forguldon.  a  1225  Leg.  Katk,  573  5e  schulen  beon  mine 
readesmen  [r.r.  rea3esmen]  in  all  mine  dearne  runes.  1258 
Prod.  Hen.  Ill  (1868)  21  This  wes  idon  xtforen  vre  isworene 
redesmen.  ciyaCast.Love  1225  Nas  bis  a  good  redes-mon 
pat  vs  so  deore  for-buggen  con  1  1892  BROOKE  Early  £ng. 
Lit.  II.  68  Bishop  Daniel,  .was  his  most  trusted  redesman. 

Redespatch  :  see  REDISPATCH. 

RedeteTinine,  v .  [RE- 5  a.]  To  determine 
again. 

1611  COTGK.,  Rnffpoinctcr,  . .  to  redetermine,  redecree. 
Ibid.,  Redelibercr,  to  redeliberate,  redetermine  of.  1828 
HERSCHELI.  in  Mem.  R.  Astron.  Sac.  III.  197  [A  star]  as 
since  observed,  and  the  place  &c.  redetermined.  1862 
DRAPER  Intell.  Devcl.  Europe  iv.  (1864)  1.91  To  redetermine 
their  boundaries  after  the  subsidence  of  the  flood. 

So  Bedetermina-tion,  a  fresh  determination. 

1867  G.  F.  CHAMBERS  Astron.  I.  i.  3  The  importance  of  a 
re-determination  was  thus  rendered  more  and  more  obvious. 
1881  AtkllUtvm  21  May  691/3  He  proposes  to  undertake  a 
redetermination  of  the  constant  of  aberration. 

t  Redevable,  a.  (and  st>.}  Obs.  Forms :  6 
redueable,  7  reduable,  redewable;  7  reciv- 
able,  6-8  redevable.  [ad.  F.  redevable  (ijth  c. 
in  Littre),  f.  redevoir  (see  RE-  and  DEVOIR)  -t- 
-ABLE.  Some  of  the  forms  are  influenced  by  DUES.] 
Beholden,  indebted.  Also  as  sb.,  a  debtor. 

1502  Ord.  Crysten  Men  (W.  de  W.  1506)  IV.  xiii.  R  vij  b, 
Whan,  .the  dettour  hath  not  of  Justyce  excusacyon  that  he 
shoide  not . .  paye,  than  such  redeuable  is  contynually  in  the 
state  of  dedely  synne.  1627  W.  D.  tr.  .1  uiiiguicr's  Lisnnrfer 
13,  I  thanke  God  and  your  good  helpe,  unto  whom  I  am 
redueable  for  my  life.  1647  BOYLE  Let.  to  Hartlib  8  May, 
Wks.  1772  I.  p.  xl,  To  the  former. .  I  am  also  redevable  for 
a  very  handsome  complimental  letter.  1711  Fingall  JI/SS. 
in  lo/A  Kef.  Hist.  MSS.  Comin.  App.  V.  152  The  King 
would  have  been  redevable  unto  their  prowess. 

Redevelop.    [RE-  5  a.]     To  develop  again. 

1882  H.  SPENCER  Princ.  Social.,  Pol.  hist.  553  There  sur 
vived  in  them,  or  were  re-developed  in  them,  the  family- 
organization,  rights,  and  obligations.  1889  Anthonys 
Photogr.  Bull.  II.  82  Bleach  it  with  mercury,  ..  wash  and 
redevelops  with  hydroquinone. 

Hence  Bedeve'loped  //>/.  a.,  Bedeve  loper,  Be- 
deve'lopment. 


RED  FISH. 

1875  SPON  Workshop  Rec.  Ser.  i.  265/1  Removing  the 
bromine  .  .  by  means  of  redevelopment.  1879  Cassell's  Techn. 
Educ.  III.  143  In  ordinary  cases  one  application  of  the  re- 
developer  will  be  sufficient.  1882  H.  SI'ENCER  Princ.  Social., 
Pol.  Inst.  576  The  re-developement  of  military  organization 
in  modern  times.  1890  Anthony's  Photogr.  Bull.  III.  341 
The  redeveloped  bromide  print. 

Redevo'te,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  devote  anew. 

a  1711  KEN  Hymnarinm  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  68  To  thee 
I  re-devote  my  Heart. 

Redewable,  variant  of  REDEVABLE  a.  Obs. 

t  Re'dewise,  a.  Obs.  rare-  J.  [f.  REDE  jiM  + 
WISE  a.]  Wise  in  counsel. 

a  1225  St.  Marher.  13  Ruffines  of  helle,  the  rehest  ant 
the  redewisest  of  alle  theo  in  helle. 

Red-eye. 

1.  A  European  fish,  the  rudd,  Leuciscus  erylhr- 
tphthalmus. 

a  1672  WILLUGHBY  Icthyogr.  (1686)  Tab.  v.  10  Red  eye, 
Belgis,  i.e.  ocitlus  Coccineus.  a  1704  RAY  Synopsis  Pise. 
(r7r3)  ri6  Rootaitg..'Y\\z  Red-Eye.  1740  R.  BROOKES  Art 
pj  Angling  55  The  Red-Eye  .  .  is  very  much  like  a  Bream, 
but  thicker.  1836  YARRELL  Brit.  Fishes  1.  412  To  this  second 
division  [Cyprinid*e]  belong  four  British  species,  the  largest 
of  which,  the  Rudd  or  Red-eye,  is  a  very  common  fish  in 
Europe.  1884  Cltamb.  Jrttl.  $  May  273/2  The  rudd,  or 
red-eye,  a  beautiful  active  fish,  is  very  abundant. 

2.  The  name  of  several  American  fishes,  as  (a) 
the  rock-bass,  (/>)  the  red-fish,  (c)  the  green  or 
blue-spotted  sunfish. 

1820  RAFINESQUE  in  Smithson.  Coll.  (187^)  XIII.  rx.  i.  22 
Red-Eye,  Aplocentrns.  187^  JORDAN  Ibid.,  The  name  '  Red- 
Eye  '  in  the  region  which  this  fish  is  supposed  to  inhabit  is 
chiefly  applied  to  the  Rock-Bass  (Awbloplites  ntpcstris). 
1884-5  Kirn-side  Nat.  Hist.  (1888)  III.  131  More  closely 
allied  to  American  Cyprinidee  are  the  roach,..  the  red-eye 
(Scardini:ts^. 

b.  Used  attributively. 

1820  RAFINESQUE  in  Smithson.  Coll.  (1877)  XIII.  ix.  i.  20 
Red-Eye  Sunfish,  Icthelis  Erythrops. 

3.  U.S.  The  red-eyed  vireo  (Cent.  Diet.  1891). 

4.  U.S.  slang.  Coarse  fiery  whisky. 

a.  1859  in  Bartlett  Diet.  Amer.  358,  I  promised  the  over 
seer  .  .  a  demijohn  of  red-eye  if  all  went  straight. 

Red-eyed,  a. 

1.  Having  the  iris  of  a  red  colour.     Also  transf. 
1646  CRASHAW  Steps  to  Temple  80  Bid  the  golden  god,  the 

sun,  .  .  Put  all  his  red-eyed  rubies  on.  1653  R.  SANDERS 
I'hysiogn.  158  They  are  reddish-  or  red-eyd,  which  signifies 
their  malice.  1752  J.  HILL  Hist.  Anim.  525  The  red-eyed 
Lepus,  with  a  very  short  tail.  1838  DICKENS  O.  Twist  xv, 
At  his  feet  sat  a  white-coated,  red-eyed  dog. 

2.  In  the  specific  names  of  certain  birds  :  Having 
red  eyes,  or  eyes  surrounded  by  a  red  ring. 

1752  J.  HILL  Hist.  Anim.  370  The  red-eyed  Parrot.  1754 
CATESBY  Carolina  I.  54  The  red  ey'd  Fly-catcher.  Alusci- 
eapa  olh'acea.  The  iris  of  the  eyes  are  red.  1783  LATHAM 
Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  II.  l.  211  Red-eyed  Bunting.  Round 
the  eyes  naked,  and  of  a  rose-colour.  1831  SWAINSON  J-'artna 
Bar.  Amer.  II.  233  Vireo  olivaceus.  .,  Red-eyed  Greenlet. 
1831  WILSON,  etc.  Amer.  Ornith.  II.  270  Their  manners 
very  much  resemble  those  of  the  red-eyed,  or  towhe  bunting. 
1834  AUDUBON  Ornith.  Biof.  II.  287  The  Red-eyed  Fly. 
catcher  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  whole  of  our  forests.  1883 
Century  Mag.  Sept.  683/1  The  nest  of  the  red-eyed  vireo  is 
one  of  the  most  artfully  placed  in  the  wood. 

3.  Having  the  eyelids  reddened  by  tears,  want 
of  sleep,  or  the  like.     Also  transf. 

1865  DICKENS  Shit.  Fr.  iv.  xv,  It  was  as  heavy  on  him  in 
his  scanty  sleep,  as  in  his  red-eyed  waking  hours.  1894 
FENN  Real  Gold  227  No  sleep  came  to  the  restless_  lads  ; 
and  the  next  morning  found  them  red-eyed  and  feverish. 

t  Rede-?ive.  Obs.  rare.  [OE.  rxd^ifa,^  -gyfa 
=  OFris.  redgeva,  -ieva,  OS.  r&dgebo,  OHG.  r&t- 
gebo,  -kepo  (MHG.  -gcbe),  ON.  nifgjafi;  i.  rsd 
REDE  st>.^  +  -gifa  i.  gifan  to  GIVE.]  One  who  gives 
rede  or  counsel  ;  a  counsellor,  adviser. 

1006  Laws  of  Ethelred  VI.  heading,  Bis  sindon  ba  jeraed- 
nessa  be  Engla  raedjifan  gecuran  and  secwadan.  truoo 

0.  E.  Chron.  (MS.  F.)  an.  1051  Stigand,  |>e  was  bes  cinges 
rzd  jifa  &  his  hand  prest.     1:1205  LAY.  11615  Cleope  nu  to 
rjede  bine  rad-jiuen  wise.     Ibid.  24888  per  men  gunnen 
rune,  his  red^euen  wise. 

Red-faced,  a.   Having  a  red  face.   Also  transf. 

1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch.  (1595)  369  He  was  somewhat 
giuen  to  be  redfaced.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  in.  ii.  34  For 
Bardolph,  hee  is  white-liuer'd,  and  red-fac'd.  1712-13  J. 
TILLARD  in  Hearne  Collect.  (O.H.S.)  IV.  8r  Y«  most  red- 
faced  Topers  in  either  university.  1727  BOYER  Diet.  Royal 

1,  Rougeaud,..3.  red-faced  or  ruddy  complexion'd  Man  or 
Woman.    1829  B.  HALL  Travels  I.  349  A  village  of  birch- 
bark  wigwams,  thinly  inhabited  by  a  dirty  set  of  red-faced 
inhabitants.     1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  v.  114  But  red-faced 
war  has  rods  of  steel  and  fire.     1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Feruv. 
Bark  197  The  red-faced  man  whom  I  had  met  on  the  road 
to  Sandia. 

b.  In  names  of  birds,  etc. 

1784  PENNANT  Ant.  Zool.  II.  584  Red-faced  Corvorant. 
iSifi  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  IX.  n.  448  Red-faced  Finch  (Frin- 
gilla  a/ra).  1817  Ibid.  X.  II.  340  The  Red-faced  Flycatcher 
is  found  in  Siberia.  1882  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  App.  798  Red- 
faced  Saki  (Brachyitrus  rubicundus). 

Red-fin,  -finned  :  see  RED  a.  14  a,  14  b,  18  b. 
Red  fish,  re-d-fisli. 

1.  A  male  salmon  in  the  spawning  season,  when 
it  assumes  a  red  colour.  Also  Comb. 

14..  Ordo  "Justiciarie  in  Sc.  Acts  Par!.  (1814)  App.  iv.  343 
All  reid  fische  slaeris  in  forbodin  tyme.  1457  Sc.  Acts 
7as.  II,  c.  33  (1814)  51  Anentis  rede  fische  it  is  ordanyt 


.       ,     . 

[etc.].     1585   Reg.    Privy  Council  Scot.   Ser.    I.    III.    739 
[They]  sail  desist  and  ceis  .  .  fra  slaying  of  ony  reid  and 


.  . 
blak  fische.    1836  YARRBLL  Brit.  Fishes  II.  10  The  body 


RED-FOOTED. 

partakes  of  the  golden  orange  tinge,  and  the  Salmon  in  this 
state  is  called  a  red-fish.  The  females  are  dark  in  colour, 
and  are  as  commonly  called  black-fish.  1870  PI-:XNELL  Mod. 
Pract.  Angler  146  '  Foul  fish  '  before  spawning  are,  if  males, 
termed  '  red  fish  '. 

b.  The  salmon,  in  contrast  to  (  white'  fish. 
1851   MAYHEW  Lond.  Labour  I.  62/2  The  fish  sent  to 
London  is  known   to   Billingsgate   salesmen  as  '  red  '  and 
'  white  '  fish.     The  red  fish  is  confined  to  salmon. 

2.  a.  The  red  gurnard,  Trigla  cuculus. 

x6ix  COTGR.,  RoMgette*  the  Red-fish  ;  verie  like  a  Gurnard, 
and  by  some  held  to  be  the  same.  1611  FLORIO,  Grincio, . . 
a  Gournet,  a  Rochet  or  red  fish.  1743  Phil.  Trans.  XLI  I. 
612  There  are ..  Sharks,  Holly-butts,  Red-fish,  Trout.  1862 
COUCH  Brit.  Fishes  II.  19  Red-Fish.  Soldier.  Red  Gurnard. 
b.  The  name  of  various  American  fishes,  esp. 
the  blue-backed  salmon  (Oncorhyncus  nerka]^  the 
red  perch  or  rose-fish,  and  the  red-drum. 

1876  GOODE  in  Sniithson.  Coll.  XIII.  vi.  14  Tclcocephali 
acanthopteri., red-fish,  rock  cod  [etc.].  Ibid.  62  Red  fish  or 
spotted  bass  {Sdasnops  oiellatus).  1877  JORDAN  Ibid.  ix. 
32  note,  Anomal  Fall  fish,  Rittilus  Anomahts..  Vulgar 
names  :  Chub,  Redfish,  Falllish.  1882  —  in  Goode  Nat. 
Hist.  Aqitat.  Anim.A,-]-]  This  species  [O ncorhynchus nerka\ 
is  known  as  the  *  Red-fish '  to  the  English  speaking  in 
habitants  of  Alaska  and  Kamtchatka.  1884-5  Riverside 
Nat.  Hist.  (1888)  III.  249  The  S\ebastes\  marimis  is 
variously  known  as  the  rose-fish,  red-fish,  red-perch,  Nor 
way  haddock  [etc.]. 

3.  *fa.  Fish  cured  in  a  certain  way  (see  cjuot).  Obs. 
1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Fish,  Red  Fish  is  some  fresh 

fish  broiled  on  the  gridiron,  then  fried  in  oil  of  olives,  and 
barrelled  up  with  a  proper  liquor,  as  new  olive-oil,  vinegar, 
salt,  pepper,  cloves,  and  laurel  leaves,  or  other  herbs. 
b.  (See  quot.  1883.) 

1865  DAY  fishes  Malabar  237  A  delicious  condiment 
known  under  the  name  of  '  Red-fish  '.  1883  SIMMONDS  Use/. 
Anim.,  Red  Fish, . .  a  delicious  condiment  prepared  in  the 
Straits  Settlements  with  Engraulis  comtne'rsonianns^  salted, 
with  vinegar,  spices  and  powdered  red  rice. 

Red-flowered,  -flowering:  see  RED  a.  140, 
15  b.  Redfol,  -ful,  varr.  REDEFUL  a.  Obs. 

Red-footed,  a.  Having  red  feet.  Chiefly 
Ornith.,  esp.  in  red-footed  falcon  ^  the  orange-legged 
hobby  (Falco  ntfipes  or  vespertinus). 

1785  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  III.  n.  572  Red-Footed 
P[enguinJ.  1831  WILSON,  etc.  Amer.  Ornith.  IV.  358  Red- 
footed  tern.  Sterna  hirnndo.  1837  GOULD  Birds  Europe  I. 
PI.  23  Red-footed  Falcon .. Falco  ritjipes. ..Our  bird  is  the 
Orange-legged  Hobby  and  Ingrian  Falcon  of  Dr.  Latham. 
1843  YARRELL  Brit.  Birds  I.  44  The  Red-footed  Falcon  is  a 
species  of  small  size.  1872  WOOD  Insects  at  Home  162  We . . 
take  for  our  first  example  of  these  Beetles  the  Red-footed 
Weevil  (Bruchus  rufimanus). 

Red-fronted  :  see  RED  a.  14  b. 

Red  game.  The  red  grouse,  Lagopus  scoticus 
(see  GKOUSE).  ?  Obs. 

1674  RAY  Coll.  WordSt  Eng.  Birds  85  The  Redgame : 
Grygallns  minor.  1676  —  Willughby's  Ornith.  n.  128  The 
Gor-cock  or  Moor-cock,  or  Red-game.  1761  Act  2  Geo.  ///, 
c.  19  §  i  No  Person  . .  shall  . .  take,  kill  . .  buy  [etc.],  . .  any 
grouse,  commonly  called  Red  Game,  between  the  first  Day 
of  December  and  the  twenty-fifth  Day  of  July,  in  any  Year. 
1797  Kncycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVIII.  398/2  The  scoticmt  red 
game,  or  moor-fowl  is  peculiar  to  the  British  islands.  1819 
SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  XI.  n.  294. 

Redgeling,  variant  of  RIDGELING  Obs. 

t  Red-gown  d,  -gowm.  Ofis.  Forms :  5  red 
gownd,  o  reed  gounde,  7  red  gowm,  9  gown. 
[App.  f.  RED  a.  +  GOUND  sb.t  but  perh.  an  altera 
tion,  by  popular  etym.,  of  RADEGOUND.]  =  next. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  426/2  Red-gownd,  sekenesse  of  yonge 
thyldryne,  scrophulns.  1530  PALSGR.  261/2  Reed  gounde 
sicknesse  of  chyldren.  1657  C.  BECK  Univ.  Char.  K  iij  b, 
Red  gum  or  red  gowm  a  sickness  in  Children.  1678  LITTLE 
TON  Lat.  Diet.,  Strophuhist  Red-gowm,  a  sickness  of  young 
children.  1812-20  THOMPSON  Cutlers  Nosol.  Meth.  (ed.  3) 
321  Strophulus  intertinctus,  the  red  gum  or  gown,  occurs 
chiefly  within,  .the  two  first  months  after  birth. 

Red  gum,  red-gum1.  [Alteration  of  prec., 
after  GUM  sb.-  4,] 

1.  A  papular  eruption  or  rash  (Strophuhts  inter- 
tincttts)  incident  to  young  children,  esp.  during 
dentition,  consisting  of  red  pimples  and  patches 
irregularly  disposed  on  the  skin.     Rank  red  gum , 
a  virulent  form  of  this  (Strophulus  confertus). 

'597  GERARDE  //<?r£a/2i8The  leaues stamped  and  strained 
into  milke..helpeth  the  red  gumme  and  frets  in  children. 
1598  SYLVESTER  Dn  Bart  as  n.  i.  nr.  Furies  531  Their  heads 
are  hid  wthskalls;  Their  Limbs  with  Red-gums  and  with 
bloudy  bals  Of  Menstruall  humour.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny 
II.  127  A  proper  liniment  ..  to  annoint  young  children  that 
haue  the  red  gum  and  be  all  broken  out.  1698  FRYER  Ace, 
E.  India  fy  P.  378  Red  Gum,  which  besets  our  Children  in 
Europe,  is  pernicious  to  Old  Age  here.  1749  Phil.  Trans. 
XLVI.  234  There  appeared  an  Eruption  all  over  his  Skin, 
which  was  at  first  taken  by  the  Nurse  for  the  Red-Gum. 
1796  JANE  AUSTEN  Sense  $  Sens,  xxxvii,  The  child,  .was  all 
over  pimples.  . .  '  Lord  !  my  dear ',  says  I,  *  it  is  nothing  in 
the  world  but  the  red-gum  '.  18*2-34  Good's  Study  Med. 
(ed.  4)  I.  36  A  rash  appears  on  the  skin,  usually  the  red- 
gum.  1899  Allbntt's  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  586  Lichen strophu- 
losus  or  stropknhtS)  'red  gum',  4  ..ee thing  rash',  usually 
regarded  as  a  sweat  rash. 

2.  A  form  of  rust  in  grain.     Also  attrib. 

1807  VANCOUVER  Agric.  Devon  (1813)  147  The  burnt,  red- 
gum,  or  cockle-eared,  are  diseases  little,  indeed  almost 
wholly  unknown.  1851  J.  M.  WILSON  Rural  Cycl.  s.v.  Rust, 
The  red-gum  variety  occurs  only  on  the  ear,  and  appears 
like  gummy  exudations. 

Red  gum,  red-gum  2. 

1.  A  reddish  resinous  substance  exuded  from  the 


303 

bark  of  various  tropical  or  semi-tropical  trees  and 
shrubs,  esp.  that  obtained  from  various  Australian 
species  of  Kucnlyptus. 

1738  STIBBS  Voy.  Gambia  267,  I  shall  now  describe  the 
Pau  de  Sangue,  or  Blood-wood,  so  called  from  a  red  gum 
which  issues  from  it.  1788  J.  WHITE  Ifoy.  N.  S.  lf<iUs 
(1790)  178  At  the  heart  they  are  full  of  veins,  through  which 
an  amazing  quantity  of  an  astringent  red  gum  issues.  1865 
TKNISON- WOODS  Dhcav.  $  Expl.  Australia  I.  42  The  usual 
red  gum  was  observed  oozing  out  from  the  bark..  .This gum 
is  a  species  of  Kino. 

2.  A  tree  of  one  or  other  of  the  Australian  species 
of  Eucalyptus  yielding  a  red  gum  ;  also,  the  wood 
of  these  trees. 

1821  MART  in  Field  Ceog,  Mem.  N.  S.  Wales  316,  I  found 
also  the  red.. and  blue  gum.  1846  HAYDON  5  Yrs.  Aus 
tralia  Felix  33  Red  gum,  a  wood  which  has  of  late  years 
been  exported  to  England  in  great  quantities  ;  it  has  all  the 
properties  of  mahogany.  1870  TUCKKK  The  Mute,  etc.  85 
Then  the  dark  savage  'neath  the  red  gum's  shade  Told  oVr 
his  deeds.  1889  MAIDEN  Useful  Native  Plants  429  Eu 
calyptus  amygdalina,  . .  This  Eucalypt  has  even  more 
vernacular  names  than  botanical  synonyms.  ..  In  Victoria  it 
is  one  of  the  '  Red  Gums  '. 

3.  atlrib.,  as  red-gum  pitcher ^  free,  wood. 

1790  J.  WHITE  Voy.  N,  S.  ll'aks  App.  231  The  Red  Gum 
Tree,  Eucalyptus  Resini/cra.  1843  HOLIZAPFHJL  Turning 
I.  86  1'here  is  . .  a  variety  of  a  redder  tint  called  red  Gum- 
wood  1868  CARLKTON  Attstr.  Nights  14  While  she,  the 
younger,  went  to  fill  Her  red-gum  pitcher  at  the  rill. 

Red-haired,  a.  [See  RED  a.  i  e.]  Having 
red  or  reddish  hair.  (Chiefly  of  persons.) 

xsjoo-zo  DUNHAR  Poems  xxxii.  16  He  wes  ane  lusty  reid 
haird  [v.r.  rid-harit]  lowry.  1530  PALSGR.  322/1  Reed  beared, 
ron.t,  rouse.  1607  CHAPMAN  Hussy  d'Ainhois  \\\.  i,  Worse 
than  the  poison  of  a  red-hair'd  man.  1715  HEARNE  tW/ce'/. 
(O.  H.  S.)  V.  129  The  famous  Dr  Hammond  was  a  red-hair'd 
Man.  1777  LIGHTFOOT  Flora  Scot.  II.  1002  Red-haired 
Byssus.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xviii,  Is  my  future  friend  red- 
haired?  1889  I.  TAYLOR  Or  iff.  Aryans  ii.  no  The  tall,  red- 
haired  bracliycephalic  Irishman  and  Scot. 

absol.  1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  iv.  viii,  It  is  observed,  that  the 
Red-haired  of  both  Sexes  are  more  libidinous  and  mis 
chievous  than  the  rest. 

transf.  a  1704  T.  BROWN  Wks.  (1720)  III.  187  The  red- 
hair'd  Chariotteer  of  the  Day,  meaning  the  Sun.  1813 
W.  S.  WALKKR  Giistaints  I'asa  in.  101  1'ut  see  !  the  red- 
haired  sun  to  ocean  bends. 

Bed  hand,  red-hand,  a.  and  sb. 

A.  adj.    1.  Sc.  (orig.  Law].   =  REDHANDED  i. 
(Common  in  i6th  c.) 

1432  Sc.  Acts  Jas.  I,  c.  2  Gif  he  may  be  ouretakyn  he 
salbe  put  in  sikkir  festmes  quhil  be  law  be  done  on  hym  .. 
Ande  be  it  red  hand  it  salbe  done  w'in  bat  sonne.  1535 
STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  III.  274  That  samin  carle  . .  Come  the 
thrid  nycht,..To  steill  the  irnes,  and  wes  tane  reid  hand. 
1580-81  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  Ser.  i.  III.  346  The  said 
justice  and  warden  sail  tak  na  mannis  tennent  or  servand 
for  executing  of  justice  upoun  him,  except  he  he  tane  reid- 
hand.  1678  SIR  G.  MACKENZIE  Crim.  Law  136  If  he  be  not 
taken  red-hand  the  sheriff  cannot  proceed  against  him. 
1700  in  Hector  Jitdic.  Recs.  Renfrewsh,  (18761  188  Taken 
red  hand  with  soume  small  goods  a  little  from  the  house. 
1768  ERSKINE  Inst.  Laiu  Scot.  n.  iv.  §  4  The  case  where  the 
murderer  is  seized  red-hand  or  in  the  act.  1881  MKS.  WAL- 
FORD  Dick  Netherby  vii,  We'll  tak1  the  hoos  i'  the  flank,  an' 
catch  the  twa  o'  them  reid-hand. 

2.   =  RED-HANDED  i  c. 

1894  CROCKETT  Raiders  (ed.  3)  381,  I  was  known  for  a 
gypsy  and  a  red-hand  follower  of  the  chief  persecutor. 

B.  sb.   1.  In  phr.  with  [the]  red  hand  =  A.  i. 
(Orig.  St.  only,  and  now  rare.)     Also  f  without 
red  hand,  without  clear  evidence  of  guilt. 

1577-8  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  Ser.  i.  IL  666  The  said 
Alexander  Winsister  wes  not  takin  with  reidhand.  1597 
SKENE  De  Verb.  Sign.  s.v.Schireff,  Gif  he  beis  apprehended 
with  reid  hand  Justice  sail  be  done  within  that  Sunne.  And 
gif  he  be  taken  and  apprehended  without  read  hand,  Hee 
salbe  put  in  prison.  1609  —  Reg.  Ma/.,  Quoniam  Attach. 
c.  39  §  2  Gif  he  is  takin  with  reid  or  hait  hand  of  slauchter. 
1878  LEA  Superst.  fy  Force  (ed.  3)  23  note,  A  murderer  was 
allowed  to  rebut  with  his  single  oath  all  testimony  as  to  his 
guilt,  unless  he  chanced  to  be  caught  with  the  red  hand. 

2,  Her.  (See  quot.  1863,  and  cf.  BLOODY  a.  2  b.) 

1856  N.  ff  Q.  2nd  Ser.  I.  226/2  The  Red  Hand  of  Ulster. 
1863  CHAMBERS  Bk.  of  Days  22  May,  I.  670/2  From  the 
connexion  of  the  first  baronets  with  Ulster,  they  were 
allowed  to  place  in  their  armorial  coat  the  open  red  hand 
heretofore  borne  by  the  forfeited  O'Neils,  the  noted  Lamh 
derg  Eirint  or  red  hand  of  Ulster. 

Red-handed,  a. 

1.  In  the  very  act  of  crime,  having  the  evidences 
of  guilt  still  upon  the  person,  esp.  in  phr.  to  take, 
or  be  taken,  redhanded. 

App.  first  in  Scott :  the  older  Sc.  phrase  was  REDHAND. 

1819  SCOTT  Iz'anhoe  xxv,  I  did  but  tie  one  fellow,  who  was 
taken  redhanded  and  in  the  fact,  to  the  horns  of  a  wild  stag. 
1857  G.  LAWRENCE  Guy  Liv.  iv,  The  fact  of  the  property 
being  found  in  our  possession  constituted  a  Jlagrans 
delictutn — we  were  caught  '  red-handed  '.  1893  EARL 
DUNMORE  Pamirs  I.  306  A  notorious  thief  was  caught  red- 
handed  in  the  act  of  breaking  open  a  lock. 

b.  Fresh  from  the  commission   of  murder   or 
homicide ;  having  the  hands  red  with  blood. 

1861  Reynolds  Newsp.  24  Nov.,  Call  a  drum-head  court- 
martial,  and  hang  the  murderer  red-handed  !  1885  MABEL 
PEACOCK  in  Academy  10  Oct.  230/3  When  Abel  in  thine 
arms  lay  dead,  And  Cain  red-handed  turned  and  fled. 

fig.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage  175  While  Hamilcar  was 
returning  redhanded  from  his  desperate  victory. 

c.  That  sheds  or  has  shed  blood  ;  bloody,  san 
guinary,  violent. 

1879  TOURGEE  Foots  Err.  (1883)  16  He  had  hitherto  been . . 


BED  HEELED. 

1    a  red-handed  slayer  of  men  !    1894  CUOCKETT  Raiders  (ed.  3^ 
j    38  The  evil  gypsies  of  the  hill— red-handed  men. 

2.  Having  red  hands,  a.  As  the  distinctive  epithet 
of  certain  monkeys. 

1828  STARK  Kletn.  Nat,  Hist.  I,  53  717.  ntfimanus^.  .The 
Red-handed  Howler.     Fur  black  ;   hands  red.     1882  Proc. 
Zool,  Soc.  App.  789  Red-handed  Tamarin. 
b.  Applied  to  a  species  of  orchis. 
1805  DUNCUMB  Agric.  Hereford  172  The  northern  parts  of 
the  county  produce  the  following  :  . .  Orchis  conopsia,  Red- 
handed  Orchis. 

Re'd-lieacl,  re  cllieacl. 

1.  attrib.   Having  a  red  head  or  hair. 

1664  WOOD  Life  26  Jan.  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  4  Read  the  red-bed 
boy.  1738  AI.BIN  .\'af.  Hist,  ttirds  III.  61  The  Red  Head 
Sparrow.  1892  in  Cozens- Hardy  Broad Nrf.  11893*  4^  Po 
chard,  male  sometimes  called  Redhead  Drake. 

2.  One  who  has  a  red  head. 

a  1843  SOL-THEY  Conim.-pL  Bk.  (1849)  II-  444  There  is  the 
sect  of  Nakhoodi.  .who  surpass  seventy  times  all  the  impiety 
of  the  Redheads  (the  Persians).  1893  KUHLEH  tn  Harrow* 
Parlt.  Rt'tig.  I.  366  You  see  man  divided  into  groups  of 
blackheads  (the  race  of  Ham)  and  redheads  i  Adam). 

b.  A  name  given  to  various  birds,  esp.  the 
American  pochard  and  red-headed  woodpecker. 

1814  WU.SON  Amer.  Ornith.  VIII.  no  The  Red-head  is 
twenty  inches  in  length.  1831  AUDUBON  Ornith,  l>iog.  1.  145 
As  soon  as  the  Red-heads  have  begun  to  visit  a  Cherry  or 
Apply  tree,  a  pole  is  placed  along  the  trunk  of  the  tree. 
1858  LEWIS  in  Youatt  Dog  (N.  Y.)  iii.  8g  The  Chesapeake 
bay  and  its  tributaries,  where  the  canvass-back  and  red 
heads  resort  in  such  numerous  quantities  every  fall.  1863 
WISE  New  Forest  312  Pochard,  .known  along  the  const  as 
the  '  redhead  '  and  '  ker  '.  1898  MORRIS  Austral  fcng.  146  i 
In  New  South  Wales  SE\gintha\  tcmporalis  is  known  as 
the  Red-head. 

3.  Bot.  Bastard  ipecacuanha.    ?  Obs. 

1798  NEMSICH  Folygl.  Lex.  v.  867  Redhead,  Asclepias 
currasavica. 

Reel-headed,  a. 

1.  »  RED-HAIRED.     Also  fig. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus^  Ruler  crine,  a  redde  headed 
felowe.  1580  HARVEY  JFX-s.  (Gro.sartj  I.  69  No  such  Orators 
againe,  as  red-headded  Angelles.  1632  MASSINCER  &  IMKLD 
Fatal  Dmvry  iv.  i.  He  has  made  me  smell  for  all  the  world 
like  a  llax,  or  a  red-headed  woman's  chamber.  1736  AINS- 
WORTH  Lat.  Diet.  s.  v.  Red,  Red  haired,  or  red  headed, 
mtfus,  nt/is  capillis.  1863  KINGS  LEV  HercTu.  iii,  Here  is 
a  pretty  coil  about  a  red-headed  brute  of  a  Pict  !  1894 
Outing  (U.  S.)  XXIV.  123/2  His  motto  is  :  '  A  red-headed 
man  never  squeals'. 

2.  Having  a  red  head.     a.  In  names  of  birds,  as 
red-headed  mncao,  parrot^  starling,  etc. 

Red-headed  duck,  the  red-crested  duck,  Nyroca.  or 
Fitligula  rnjina\  also--r.  widgeon.  R.  lark,  a  South 
African  bird  of  the  family  Alandidz?  (see  quot.' ;  tR.  linnet, 
the  common  linnet,  and  lesser  redpoll.  R.  pochard- 
r.  -widgeon.  R.  smew,  the  female  of  the  smew,  Mergtts 
albellus.  R.  •widgeon,  the  pochard,  Fttligula  ferina. 
R,  "woodpecker,  an  American  woodpecker,  Melanerpes 
erytk  rocephalus. 

1678  RAY  Wittughby's  Ornith.  364  The  great  *red-headed 
Duck.  1814  WILSON  Amer.  Ornith.  VIII.  no  Red-headed 
duck.  Anas  ferina.  1838  AUDUBON  Ornith.  Biog.  IV.  198 
The  Red-headed  Duck  reaches  the  Middle  and  Southern 
States  by  passing  overland  or  following  our  great  streams. 
1867  LAYARD  Birds  S,  Afr.  212  Alegatophonns  cinercus.  .. 
The  *red-headed  lark  is  common  throughout  the  colony. 
1674  RAY  CataL  Eng.  Birds  88  The  greater  "red-headed 
Linnet..  .The  lesser  red-headed  Linnet.  175*  J.  HILL///S/, 
Anhn.  360  The  *red-headed  Macao.  Ibid,  370  The  *  red 
headed  Parrot.  1802  BINGLEY  Aniin.  fiiog.  (1813)  1 1. 77  The 
Guinea  or  little  Red-headed  Parrot.  1824  SHAW  Gen.  Zool. 
XII.  n.  193  *Red-headed  Pochard.  (Fnligulaferhia)  1768 
PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  II.  439  ^Redheaded  smew.  The  head  is 
slightlycrested,  and  of  a  rust  color.  17*9  in  Danipier^s  Voy. 
(ed.  3!  III.  408  The  "Red-headed  Starling.  1678  RAY 
Willnghbys  Ornith.  367  The  Poker,  or  Pochard,  or  great 
*red-headed  Wigeon.  1828  STARK  Elem.  Nat.  Hist.  I.  321 
Red-Headed  Widgeon.  Head  and  neck  bright  red.  1754 
CATESBY Carolina,  etc.  I.  20 The  *Red-headed  Wood-pecker. 
The  whole  head  and  neck  are  of  a  deep  red.  1831  AUDUBON 
Ornith.  Biog.  I.  144  The  Red-headed  Woodpecker  is  found 
in  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  1850  LYELL  znd  Visit 
U.S.  II.  269  The  loud  tapping  of  the  large  red-headed 
woodpecker,  so  common  a  sound  in  the  American  forests. 
b.  In  names  of  animals  and  plants. 

1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  VIII.  172  The  small  red 
headed  earth  worm.  1777  LIGHTFOOT  Flora  Scot.  II.  717 
Red-headed  Bryum.  1802  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  III.  i.  236  Red 
headed  Lizard.  1845  WESTWOOD  Moths  207  Microsetia 
ruficapitella  (the  red-headed  pigmy). 

Red  heat,  red-heat.  The  state  or  condition 
of  being  red-hot ;  the  degree  of  heat  present  when 
a  substance  is  red-hot. 

1686  VI.QI  Staffordsh.  161  It  is  so  brittle  it  would  crack  in 
the  red-heat.  1807  T.  THOMSON  Chem.  (ed.  3)  II.  209  He 
dried  a  quantity  of  crystallized  carbonate  of  soda  in  a  red 
heat.  1831  BREWSTER  Nat.  Magic  xiii.  (1883)  319  This 
vapour,  being  consumed  without  flame,  keeps  the  wick  at 
its  red-heat.  1886  A.  WINCHF.LL  //  'alks  Geol  Field  134  They 
could  only  be  separated  by  bringing  the  residue  to  a  red-heat. 

fig.  1808  WATTS-DUNTON  Aylwin  (IQOO)  45/2,  I  awoke  in 
about  an  hour  with  red-heat  at  my  brain. 

Bed-heeled,  a. 

1.  Of  shoes,  etc. :  Having  red  heels. 

1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  67  P  i,  I  gave  Mr.  Dldapper 
a  private  Reprimand  for  wearing  red-heel'd  Shoes.  1725 
RAMSAY  Gentle  Sheph.  iv.  ii,  I  come  hame  strutting  in  my 
red-heel'd  shoon.  1801  MRS.  ROBINSON  Sylphid  III.  66 
(Jod.i,  His  redheeled  pumps  for  a  pair  of  squaretoed  boots. 
[1899  H.G.  GRAHAM  Soc.  Life  Scot.  (ed.  2)  19  Young  men. . 
displaying  their  new  fashions,  their  red  stockings  and  red- 
heeled  shoes.] 


BED   HERRING. 

2.  Wearing  shoes  with  red  heels.     Also  transf. 

1840  THACKERAY  Paris  Sk.-bk,  (1867)  295  Ancient  French 
Tragedy,  red-heeled,  patched,  and  bepenwigged,  lies  in  the 
grave.  1894  Du  MAURIER  Trilby  II.  206  Lords  and  ladles 
guy — red-heeled,  patched,  powdered. 

So  Bedbee  lery.  nonce-wd. 

1818  Blackiv.  ftfag;  III.  532  Whence,  like  a  rascal's  visage 
in  the  pillory,  Stares,  fringed  and  flounced  with  flannel,  the 
redheelery. 

Red  herring.     [Cf.  HERRING  i  b.] 

1.  collect.  Herring  to  which  a  red  colour  is  im 
parted  in  the  process  of  curing  them  by  smoke. 

c  1420  Liber  Cocorum  (1862)  54  Cover  by  white  heryng.. 
J»en  cover  red  heryngandset  abufe.  1466  Mann,  fy  Houselt. 
Exp.  (Roxb. )  207  Paid . .  for  j.  cade  of  rode  herynge  vs.  1577 
B.  GOOGE  Hcresbacfis  Hitsb.  i.  (1586)  12  Here  is  a  good 
handsome  rooffe  . .  well  stored  with  redde  Hearing,  Bacon, 
and  Martilmas  beefe.  1633  HART  Diet  of  Diseased  \.  x\i.  91 
Some  are  salted,  and  afterwards  hung  up  and  dried  :  and 
then  wee  call  them  Red-hering. 

b.  A  single  herring  cured  in  this  way. 

1495  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  /'Y/(i896)  162,  ccc  Redde  Heryngs 
— in1.  1561  in  Child-Marriages  (1897)  70  Stockfishe,  red 
heringes  and  such  marchaundrie  wares.  1620  VENNER  I'ia 
Recta  iv.  77  Red  Herrings  and  Sprats  giue  a  very  bad  and 
adusted  nourishment.  1686  N.  Cox  Genii.  Recreat,  v.  (ed.  3) 
65  The  trailing  or  dragging  of  a  dead  Cat,  or  Fox,  (and  in 
case  of  necessity  a  Red-Herring)  three  or  four  miles  . .  and 
then  laying  the  Dogs  on  the  scent.  1714  MAN0BVn.LB.Fa£. 
Bees  (1725)  I.  263  Red-herrings,  pickled-sturgeon,  ..  and 
every  thing  that  was  proper  to  make  their  liquor  go  down 
with  pleasure,  a  1818  M.G.  LEWIS  Jrnl.  }¥.  fnd.  (1834)  106 
The  slaves  also  receive  ..  a  regular  weekly  allowance  of 
red  herrings  and  salt  meat,  which  serves  to  relish  their  vege 
table  diet.  1885  ANSTF.Y  Tinted  Venus  87  A  display  of 
joints,  cauliflowers,  and  red  herrings. 

c.  slang.  A  soldier. 

1853  i"  Mc'tseh.  lV0rds  (1854)  75/2  A  soldier  [is  called] 
a  swaddy,  a  lobster,  a  red  herring. 

2.  In  phrases,  or  allusively :  a.  Neither  fish,  (nor) 
fleshy  nor  good  red  herring,  etc. :  (see  FISH  sbl  4  c) . 

154*  [see  FISH  sb.1  4  c].  1605  BRETON  I  pray  you  be  not 
Angrie  To  Rdr.,  They  that  are  neither  of  both,  but  be 
twixt  both,  neither  Fish  nor  Flesh,  but  plaine  Red- 
Hearing.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  fy  P.  123  To  me  it 
seems,  .neither  Fish  nor  Flesh,  nor  good  Red  Herring. 
1711  ADDISON  Spcct.  No  165  P  6  A  Letter  that  was  neither 
Fish,  Flesh,  nor  good  Red-Herring.  1850  SMKDLEV  F. 
Fairleigh  Hii,  A  brat  that's  neither  fish,  flesh,  nor  fowl,  nor 
good  red  herring. 

b.  To  draw  a  red  herring  across  the  track  (cf. 
quot.  1686  in  i  b) :  to  attempt  to  divert  attention 
from  the  real  question ;  hence  red-herring,  a  subject 
intended  to  have  this  effect. 

1892  Spectator  12  Mar.  360/2  These  red-herrings  drawn 
across  the  path.  1900  IVestm.  Gaz,  2  Feb.  2/1  Not  to  be 
put  off  the  main  line  of  attack  by  the  red-herrings  of  an 
unreformed  War  Office. 

3-  atlrib.,  as  red- her  ring  col),  house,  sort. 

'594  Esee  COB  s£.1  8].  1598  HAUGHTON  Englishmen  for 
my  Money  (1616)  B  2  b,  [I]  looke  like  nothing  but  Red- 
Herring  Cobbes,  and  Stock-Fish.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s.v.  Herring,  Such  as  are  kept  to  make  red  herrings  ..  are 
hanged  up  in  the  herring-hangs,  or  red-herring  houses.  1833 
MARRVAT  /'.  Simple  xxvii,  He  has  his  wife  on  board,  who 
is  a  red-herring  sort  of  a  lady,  and  very  troublesome  to  boot. 

Redhibition  (redhibrjan).  Civil  Law.  [a.  F. 
ridhihition  (i6th  c.),  or  ad.  L.  rcdhibition-em,  n.  of 
action  f.  redhibere  to  take  back  or  give  back,  f.  red- 
RE-  +  /ia6ere  to  have.]  (See  quot.  1727-41.) 

The  nature  of  the  evidence  leaves  it  doubtful  whether  the 
word  has  ever  been  actually  in  English  use ;  the  entry  in 
Chambers  is  translated  from  the  Did.  de  Trevoux  (1721). 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr,  (copying  Cptgr.),  Redhibition^  re 
stitution  of  a  thing  to  him  that  sold  it ;  the  causing  of  one 
by  Law  to  take  that  again,  which  he  sold.  1727-41  CHAM 
BERS  Cycl.,  R exhibition,  in  the  civil  law,  an  action  allowed 
a  buyer,  whereby  to  annul  the  sale  of  some  moveable,  . . 
upon  the  buyer's  finding  it  damaged,  or  that  there  was  some 
personal  cheat,  etc.  1852-6  in  BOUVIER  Law  Diet.  17,  S. 
[Hence  in  Worcester  and  later  Diets.] 

Redhibitory  (redhrbitari),  a.  Civil  Law. 
[ad.  F.  redhibitoire  (i4th  c.  in  Hatz.-Darm.),  or 
late  L.  redhibitori-us :  see  prec.  and  -OBY.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  redhibition. 

Chambers  copies  the  Diet,  de  Tr&v<ntx\  see  prec. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Redhibition,  If  a  horse  was 
sold  that  had  the  glanders,  were  broken-winded,  or 
foundered,  it  was  a  redhibitory  case.  1851  BURRILL  Law 
Diet,  Redhibitory  action.  Ibid.,  Redhibitory  defect.  [Hence 
in  Worcester  and  later  Diets.] 

Red  horse,  red-horse.   V.  S. 

1.  a.  An  American  fish  of  the  genus  Moxostoma 
(esp.  M.  macrolepidota\     b.  The  red-fish,  Scisena 
ocellata. 

1796  MORSE  Amer.  Gcog.  I.  663  Catfish,  buffaloe-fish,  red 
horse,  eels  [etc.].  1818  RAFINESQUE  in  Smithson.  Coll.  (1877) 
XIII.  ix.  i.  13  Catostomns  Erythrurns.  .Red  Horse.  1877 
JORDAN  Ibid.  32  The  coloration  [of  the  black-tail  fallfish]  is 
that  of  a  young  4  Red-Horse '.  1884  GOODE  Nat.  Hist, 
Aquat.  Anhn.  372  The  'Red  Fish'  and  'Red  Horse'  of 
Florida  and  the  Gulf  States.  Ibid.  614  The  common  *  Red 
Horse '  or  '  Mullet '  abounds  in  most  streams  westward  and 
southward  of  New  York. 

2.  A  nickname  given  to  natives  of  Kentucky. 
1835  HOFFMAN  Winter  in  West  I.  210  The  spokesman  was 

evidently  a  'red-horse'  from  Kentucky.  1835-40  HALI* 
BURTON  C70r£»Mx862)  318  These  last  have  all  nicknames. 
There's  the  hoosiers  of  I  ndiana, .  .the  red  horses  of  Kentucky. 

Red-hot,  a.  (and  sb.\ 

(Now  usually  written  with  hyphen,  rarely  redhot\  in 
predicative  use  still  occas.  red  hot.) 


6 


304 

1.  Heated  to  redness. 

CI375.SV.  Leg.  Saints  xlv.  (Christina)  242  He  ane  oyne 
gert  be  mad  red  het.  c  1460  Play  Sacram.  682  To  make 
an  ovyn  as  redd  hott  as  euer  yt  can  be  made  w>  fere.  1593 
SHAKS.  John  iv.  i.  61  The  Iron  of  it  selfe,  though  heate  red 
hot  [etc.].  1665  MANLF.Y  Grotins,  Low  C.  Warns  707  To 

irevent  fire,  which  they  greatly  fear'd  from  the  Red  hot 

Juliets  shot  into  it.  1756-7  tr.  Keysler's  Trav.  (1760)  III. 
-5  Stones  . .  glowing  hot,  and  when  broken  exactly  re 
sembling  red-hot  iron.  1819  SHELLEY  Cyclops  384  He.  .placed 
upon  the  fire  A  brazen  pot  to  boil,  and  made  red  hot  The 
points  of  spits.  1878  }3.v\\.Vi  Physiogr.  189  This  crack  then 
serves  for  the  passage  of  steam  and  other  vapours,  with 
showers  of  red-hot  ashes. 

b.  absol.  as  sl>.  Red-hot  metal.     Alsp_/%-. 

1832  BABBAGE.£av/.  Manuf.  ii.  (ed.  3)  21  It  is  usual  to  set 
the  engine  at  work  a  short  time  before  the  red-hot  is  ready 
to  be  removed  from  the  furnace  tothe  rollers.  iMsCARLYLE 
Fredle.  Gt.  xxi.  v.  VI.  545  A  stratum  of  red-hot  kindling  in 
Xiethen  too. 

Z.Jig.  a.  Of  persons:  Highly  inflamed  or  excited  ; 
fiery ;  violently  enthusiastic,  extreme  (in  some  view 
or  principle).  Also  ns  sl>.  (quot.  1835). 

1608  MIDDLF-TO-J  Fan:.  Love  ill.  iii,  I  shall  expect  my 
wife  anon,  red-hot  with  zeal.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp,  iv.  i. 
I7r,  I  told  you  Sir,  they  were  red-hot  with  drinking^.  1758 
WESLEY  U  ts.  (1872)  II.  464  A  red-hot  Predestinarian, 
talking  of  God's  '  blowing  whole  worlds  to  hell '.  1835  C'. 
BKOXTE  in  Mrs.  Gaskell  Life  viii.  1 1858)  107  The  opposition 
is  divided,  Red-hots,  and  Lnke-warms.  1845  COL.  HAWKKK. 
Diary  (1893)  II.  255  It  has  . .  ridded  Keyhaven  of  a  redhot 
young  gunner.  1870  DICKENS  E.  Drood  viii,  Edwin's  cool 
ness,  so  far  from  being  infectious,  makes  him  red-hot. 

b.  Of  things,  actions,  etc. :  Burning,  scorching, 
urgent,  violent,  furious,  etc. 

1647  WARD  Simp.  Cobler  (1843)  38,  I  will.. leave  the  red- 
hot  question  to  them  that  dare  handle  it.  c  1790  WOLCOTT 
(P.  Pindar)  I.oiisiad  v.  Wks.  1812  I.  236  Then  quick  he 
aim'd,  of  red-hot  anger  full,  His  nails  of  vengeance.  1852 
MOTLEY  Corr.  (1889)  I.  v,  142  Some  singeing,  scorching, 
red-hot  review.  1863  CARLYLF.  Frtdk.  Gt.  xvm.  xiii.  (1872) 


ed-hot  flirtation  with  some.. country  beauty. 
c.  Very  warm  (as  the  favourite  for  a  race). 

1882  Daily  Tel.  30  Jan.,  The  first-named  won  three  races . . 
and  was  each  time  a  '  red  hot '  favourite. 

3.  Red-hot  poker,  the  flame-flower  (Tritoma}, 

1897  M'estm.  Gaz.  22  Nov.  2/1  Red  Hot  Poker. 

Redi,  obs.  form  of  READY  a. 

I!  Redia  ;rrdia).  PI.  redise  (rrdif).  [mod.L., 
f.  Redi,  the  name  of  nn  Italian  naturalist?)  Zool. 
An  asexual  stage  in  some  trematodes,  as  the  liver- 
fluke  (DistomuiH  hepaticum),  hatched  from  eggs 
formed  within  the  sporocyst,  and  in  turn  developing 
into  a  cercaria. 

1877  HUXLEY  Aaat.  Inv.  Atiim.  iv.  203  The  Redia,  as 
this  form  is  called,  has  a  mouth  and  a  simple  caeca!  intes 
tine,  but  no  other  organs.  1882  A.  P.  THOMAS  in  Proc.  R. 
Mcd.  Soc.  14  Nov.  15  These  assume  the  forms  of  rediae,  or 
nurse  forms  more  highly  organised  than  the  simple  sporo- 
cysts. 

Redich,  obs.  form  of  RADISH. 

Reclicta'te,  v-  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  dictate 
again.  So  Redicta'tion. 

a  1631  DONNE  .SV;-/;/.  Ixxxix.  IV.  r42  Whether. .the  books 
of  the  Law.. were  re-inspired  and  redictated  again  by  the 
Holy  Ghost  to  Esdras.  _  1890  Pall  Mall  G.  2  July  2/2  The 
typesetter  setting  up  his  '  copy '  direct  from  the  phono 
graph's  redictation. 

Redicule,  obs.  form  of  RIDICULE. 

Re'dient,  a.  rare~".     [f.  L.  redlrt  to  return, 
j    after  ambient,  transient.']     Returning. 

1656    BLOUNT  Glossogr.,   Redient,   returning,   coming  or    \ 
going  back;  the  Redient  moon  ..  the  new  moon.    1828-32 
WEBSTER  cites  E.  H.  SMITH.     Hence  in  recent  Diets. 

II Bedif  (redi'f).    [Turkish,  a.  Arab,  i si,  redif 

one  who  follows,  a  second.]    The  reserve  of  the   ' 
Turkish  military  force ;    a  soldier  belonging  to 
the  reserve. 

1879  FiFE-CooKSON  A  rrnies  of  Balkans  i.  r_6  About  twelve 
battalions  ..  inferior  in  quality,  owing  to  being  principally 
composed  of  redifs.  1889  Daily  News  12  Nov.  5/4  The 
Turkish  Government  is  also  perplexed  by  the  recent  mutiny 
of  four  battalions  of  redifs  (reserves)  who  have  already  been 
sent  home. 

Redify(e,  obs.  forms  of  RE-EDIFY  v. 

I  Redige,  i>.  Obs.  rare—1,  [ad.  F.  rtdiger 
(1455  in  Godef.),  or  L.  redigtre:  see  REDACT  z>.] 
trans.  To  reduce,  translate. 

1550  Kaknder  of  Slieph;  N  v,  Of  ye  which  I  wil  declare 
as  I  haue  found  written  in  ye  latin  tong,  1  will  redige  it 
to  our  English  maternal. 

Redige'St,  v.    [RE-  5  a.    Cf.  obs.  F.  rtcKgtrtr 

(Cotgr.).]     trans.  To  digest  again.     Chiefly  fig. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rcdigercr,  to  redisgest,  redigest.  1836  F. 
MAHONEY  Rel.  Father  front,  Songs  Hor.  I.  (1859)  374  To 
redigest.  .whatever  might  have  been  crude  and  unmatured 
in  his  juvenile  lucubrations.  1865  MASSON  Rec.  Brit. 
Philos.  281  Kant  ate  up  all  Hume  and  redigested  him. 

So  Redifre'stioii. 

1817  KEATS  Let.  22  Nov.,  The  redigestion  of  our  most 
ethereal  musings  upon  earth. 

Redilis,  obs.  form  of  RIDDLE  sb\ 

t Re'dily, adv.  Obs.  Forms:  4redilie,-lyehe, 
4-5  redyly,  redili(che,  5  -lieh,  (?  rydilioti),  4-6 
redily.  Camp.  4  redilokar,  redylyer.  [f.  REDY 
a.  +  -i.r  2 ;  but  in  many  cases  app.  written  for 


REDINTEGRATE. 

REDELY.]  a.  Wisely,  discreetly,  prudently,  b. 
Precisely,  certainly,  assuredly. 

a  1300  Cursor  Af.  6297  Als  i  sal  tel  yowredili  For-ber  mar 
in  |?is  stori.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  105  If  any  man 
wille  witen,  &  se  of  hir  storie,  At  Westmynster  written  er  |>ei 
redilie.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  iv.  153  Bote  Rediliche  \y,r. 
redelyche]  Reson  bou  Rydest  not  heonnes.  1387  TREVISA 
Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  47  ^e  helde  forj>  gpure  purpose  rediliche 
\_v.r.  redyly,  L.  cantc]  mow.  1413  Pilgr.  Simile  (Caxton)  I. 
xxvii.  (1859)  31  Ther  nys  no  pylgrym  that  gpth  so  redyly 
but  that  oftymes  he  mote  foruoyen.  c  1449  PECOCK  Repr. 
i.  xx.  129  The  first  premisse  is  redili  trewe. 

Redily,  obs.  form  of  READILY  adv. 

Redimar,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REDEEMER. 

Redimi'iiish,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  di 
minish  anew. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rededuirc,  to  rededuct,  rediminish.  a  1743 
SAVAGE  Animalcule  ix,  In  Britain,  Halifax  it  rose ;  (By 
Halifax,  bloom'd  Congreve's  strains) ;  And  now  it  redi- 
mimsh'o  glows.  To  glide  through  godlike  Rutland's  veins. 

t  Redimite,  a.  Sf.  Ol'S.  In  6  redomyt,  re- 
dem-,  redymyte.  [ad.  L.  redimlt-vs,  pa.  pple. 
of  redimire :  see  next.]  AVreathed  or  crowned ; 
adorned,  ornate,  beautiful. 

1500-20  DI'NBAR  Poems  xlvi.  77  Hir  goldin  tressit  hairis 
redomyt.  1513  DOUGLAS  /Etieis  vi.  xi.  60  The  blomyt  lillyis 
quhyte,  And  vthir  fragrant  blosumys  redemyte.  Ibid.  XII. 
Prol.  128  Hevinly  lylleis..schew  thar  creislis  redymyte. 

t  Redimite,  v.  Obs.  rare.  In  6  redymite, 
redemyte.  [f.  L.  redimit-,  ppl.  stem  of  redimire 
to  bind,  crown,  wreathe.]  trans.  To  bind,  crown. 

1592  R.  D.  Hyflncrotomachia  53  The  head  of  which  image 
was  redymited  with  an  azure  Diademe.  1599  LINCHF.  Fount. 
Anc.  Fict.  F  ij,  Wreaths  and  garlands,  with  which  his 
temples  were  girt  and  redemyted. 

t  Re'diiiess.  Obs.  Also  4  redy-,  reedy-,  [f. 
REDY  a.  +  -NESS.]  a.  Wisdom,  discretion,  pru 
dence,  b.  Certainty,  certain  knowledge. 

1382  WVCLIF  Judith  xi.  6  Forsothe  the  redynesse  [L. 
industrial  of  thin  inwit  is  told  to  alle  folkis.  1387  TREVISA 
Higden  (Rolls)  V.  245  Hit  byfalle|>  to  ?oure  redynesse  and 
wisdom  [L.  Jrndetitiz]  to  conspire  a^enst  be  tyraunt,  c  1400 
Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxv,  It  were  good  redi- 
nesse  to  loke  if  bei  myght  se  ony  deere.  c  1400  Bcryn  yt)\ 
Met  I  nevir  creature  that  me  coude  wissh  or  say  Reedynes 
of  my  ffadir,  dede  othir  a  lyue. 

Redines,  obs.  form  of  READINESS. 

Reding,  vbl.  sb. :  see  REDE  V? 

t  Reding-king.  Obs.  rare. 

Of  obscure  origin  and  meaning.  The  suggestion  that  it 
stands  for  riding-khig  (though  favoured  by  the  reading  of 
one  MS.),  and  that  this  had  the  same  sense  as  RADKNIGHT, 
involves  obvious  difficulties. 

1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  v.  166  A  ribibor,  a  ratoner,  a  rakere 
of  chepe,  A  ropere,  a  redyng-kyng.  1393  Ibid.  C.  III.  112 
Bette  pe  budele  of  banneburies  sokne,  Reynauld  the  reue 
and  redyngkynges  menye. 

RedingOte(re-dirjgout).  [a.F.  redingote(\Ti.<£}, 
corruption  of  Eng.  riding-coat] 

a.  (In  France.)  A  double-breasted  outer  coat  for 
men,  with  long  plain  skirts  not  cut  away  in  the 
front,  b.  A  similar  garment  worn  by  women, 
sometimes  cut  away  in  front. 

1833  Court  Mag.  VI.  p.  xviii/2  Silks  are  the  only  materials 
for  promenade  robes  and  redingotes.  1880  Cassell's  Mag. 
June  441  The  Directoire  redingote  is  not  as  yet  common  in 
England.  1883  Ibid.  Oct.  698/1  One  of  the  useful  redingotes 
which,  .will  be  found  suitable  as  an  additional  wrap. 

attrib.  1888  Daily  Nfms  14  June  5/8  Redingote  gowns 
are  also  in  great  favour. 

t  Redi'ntegral,  a.  Obs.  rare  -1.    [f.  as  next : 

see  INTEGRAL.]     Tending  to  redintegration. 

1651  BIGGS  New  Disf.  r  288  The  ferment  [of  the  stomach] 
is  redintegral  and  redivivous. 

Redintegrate  (redrntffcwt),  pa.  pple.  1  Obs. 
[ad.  L.  redmtegratiis,  pa.  pple.  of  redintegrare: 
see  next.]  Restored  to  a  perfect  state,  renewed. 

1501  in  Lett.  Rich.  Ill  f,  Hen.  VII  (Rolls)  I.  rS4  The 
said  amitie  and  confederacion  [shall]  be  redintegrate  aftre 
the  maner  and  fourme..  in  tyme  passed.  1564  in  Froude 
Hist.  Eng.  (1863)  VIII.  460  [He  recommended  her  to  allow] 
the  trafic  with  the  low  countries  to  be  redintegrate.  1622 
BACON  Hen.  VII,  40  The  Kingdome  of  France  . .  being 
redintegrate  in  those  principall  members,  which  anciently 
had  beene  portions  of  the  Crowne  of  France.  1655  JER. 
TAYLOR  Uniim  Neccss.  v.  iv.  f  35  That  every  wound  may 
have  its  balsam,  and  every  broken  bone  be  bound  up  and 
redintegrate.  1819  H.  BUSK  Yestriad  v.  653  With  strength 
redintegrate  the  stage  he  cross 'd. 

Redintegrate  (redl-BUfcwt) ,  v.  [f.  ppl.  stem 
of  L.  redintegrare  to  make  whole  again,  restore, 
renew,  f.  red-  RE-  +  integrare  to  INTEGRATE.] 

1.  trans.  To  restore  to  a  state  of  wholeness,  com 
pleteness  or  unity ;  to  renew,  re-establish,  in  a  united 
or  perfect  state. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls!  III.  255  Sone  after  that  lustini- 
anus  redintegrate  [L.  redintegravit}  thelawes  of  the  digeste. 
1632  B.  JONSON  Magn.  Lady  iv.  iii,  Redintegrate  the  fame 
first  of  your  house,  Restore  your  ladyship's  quiet.  1678 
CUDWORTH  Intcll.  Syst.  814  The  diemoniack  body,  being 
divided,  is  quickly  redintegrated  by  coalescence,  as  air  or 
water,  a  1734  NORTH  F.xam.  I.  i.  §  4  (1740)  16  To  redinte 
grate  the  Honour  and  Credit  of  that  exploded  Faction. 
1811  Citron,  in  Ann.  Keg.  578  To  restore  or  redintegrate  the 
ancient  representation  of  the  commons.  1862  t.  HALL 
Hindu  Philos.  Syst.  64  Often  as  the  universe  has  been  red 
integrated,  the  Veda  has  as  often  been  produced. 

nl'Sol.  1647  WARD  Simp.  Collier  66  In  Breaches  integrant, 
'tween  Principalls  of  States,  Due  Justice  may  suppresse, 
but  Love  redintegrates. 


REDINTEGRATED. 

b.  Const,  to  (a  person),  into  (a  state1,  rare. 

1680  J.  AUBREY  in  Lett.  Eminent  Persons  (1813)  III.  611 
Here  his  Majesty's  favours  were  redintegrated  to  him     1724 
.  R.  WELTON  C/tr.  fail  A  ff  Pi-act.   12  The  grave  shall  sur 
render  our  crumbled  ashes,  redintegrated  into  a  more  perfect 
vivacity. 

f2.  To  re-establish  (a  person)  in  a  place.  Also 
refl.  Obs.  rare. 

1630  WOTTON  in  Relit/.  (1685)  452  The  King  of  Sweden 
hath  landed  . .  with  intention  . .  to  redintegrate  his  near 
Kinsman  in  Meckleburge.  1649  CROMWELL  Let,  14  Nov.  in 
Carlyle,  Inchiquin.  .did  strongly,endeavour  to  redintegrate 
himself  there,  but  without  success. 

b.  To  re-establish  (a  person)  in  (\into]  a  posi 
tion,  condition,  etc.     Chiefly  pass.     Now  rare. 

1611  E.  MISSELDEN  free  Trade  (ed.  2)  115  They  and  We 
..may  be  redintegrated,  renewed,  and  revnited,  in  vnfaignecl 
Amitie.  1643  Ansni.  Ld.  Digty's  Afiol.  5  That  you  may  be 
firmly  redintegrated  in  that  esteem  with  your  Countrey. 
1698  Christ  Exalted  50  And  so  the  Rebuker  here  . .  would 
redintegrate  the  said  -Mr.  Williams  into  the  good  esteem  of 
those  [etc.].  1860  THACKERAY  Lo-jcl\\,  I.  .had  to  pay  the. . 
taxes.. before  I  could  be  redintegrated  in  my  own  property. 

t  C.  With  other  than  personal  obj.   Obs.  rare—1. 
1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  \\.  in.  194  That  he  should  as 
much  as  possible  redintegrate  into  the  favour  of  his  Majesty 
.  .the  opinion  the  Chigi  had  lost  in  France. 

t  d.  Without  const. :  To  restore  to  the  previous 
state  or  position.  Obs. 
1645  WITHER  Vox  Padf.  108  Such  an  one,  if  we  redinte- 

frate,  When  of  his  penitence  good  proofes  appeare.     1679 
•  GOODMAN  Peait.  l'ardoned\.  iv.  (1713)  MI  It  was  too  late 
to  think  of  redintegrating  himself  by  taking  up  and  changing 
his  course,    a  1734  NORTH  Lives  (1826)  I.  14  He  was  in  the 
same  advanced  post  at  the  bar,  fully  redintegrated  as  before. 

3.  intr.  f  a.  To  regain  favour  or  friendship  with 
one.  Obs.  b.  To  become  united  again. 

1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  n.  in.  182  The  Knight  had 
intelligence  of  all,  and  made  all  imaginable  submission  to 
redmtigrate  with  Cardinal  Flavb.  1788  SIR  W.  JONES  in 
Ld.  Teignmouth  Life  (1807)  400.  1  lament  the  sad  effects  of 
party,  or  rather  faction,  in  your  Maidstone  Society,  but  hope 
(to  use  a  word  of  Dr.  Johnson  >  that  it  will  redintegrate. 

Hence  Kedrntegrated  ///.  a. 

1666  BOYLE  New  Frigor.  Exp.  Wks.  1772  III.  148  The 
redintegrated  sal  armoniac.  1715  CHEYNE  Philos.  Princ. 
Relig.  11.  114  His  regenerated,  redintegrated  and  restablished 
tstate.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Medal,  Redintegrated 
Medals  are  those  wherein  we  find  the  letters  Rest,  which 
shew  that  they  have  been  restored  by  the  emperors.  1870 
HUXLEV  Lay  Serin,  xii.  (1874)  261  The  redintegrated  limb. 

Redintegration  (redintfgr/'-Jsn).  [ad.  L. 
redintegration-em,  n.  of  action  f.  redintegrare  to 
REDINTEGRATE.  Cf.  AF.  redintegration  (1397, 
mod.F.  ricttntigratiori)^ 

1.  The  action  of  redintegrating ;  restoration,  re- 
establishment,  reconstruction,  renewal. 

a.  of  conditions,  qualities,  results  of  action,  etc 
1501  in  Lett.  Rich.  Ill  $  Hen,  VII  (Rolls)  I.  j5S  The 

redmtegracion  of  the  said  peax.  1583  STUBBES  Anat.  A  bus. 
i.  (1877).  90  They  conclude  that  whordome  is  a  badge  of  loue, 
.  .a  redintegration  of  loue,  and  an  ensigne  of  vertue,  rather 
meritorious  than  damnable.  1617  Bp.  ASDREWES  96  Strut., 
HolyGhost  x.(i629)  709  The  redintegration  of  the  favour  of 
God.  1666  J.  SMITH  Old  Age  (1676)  239  It  cannot  return  to 
the  Fountain,  for  a  redintegration  of  its  life  and  spirit.  1757 
MRS.  GRIFFITH  Lett.  Henry  It,  Frances  (1767)  I.  175  The 
redintegration  of  our  affections  ..  is  to  be  considered  more 
as  an  alliance  than  as  a  conquest.  1855  THACKERAY  New. 
comes  xxiv,  A  redintegration  of  love  began  to  take  place 
between  the  Colonel  and  his  relatives  in  Park  Lane. 

b.  of  material  things.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1666  J  SMITH  OldAge(ij^)  46 That  wonderful  redintegra 
tion  ol  the  sight  and  teeth  of  the  old  minister,  a  1677  HAI  E 
Prim.  Orig  Man.  ».  ix.  217  In  the  Redintegration  of  the 
World  after  these  Destructions  there  is  also  a  Re-production 
of  Mankind. 

2.  spec.  a.  Chem.  The  restoration  of  any  body 
or  matter  to  its  former  state.    1  Obs. 

1471  RIPLEY  Camf.  Alcli.  IX.  xi.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  176  By 
naturall  conspysacyon  Of  thyngs  dysseveryd,  a  dew  redyn- 
tegracyon.  1666  BOYLE  Orig.  Formes  If  Qtial.  252  It  were 
not  impossible  to  make  an  adaequate  Redintegration  of  a 
Chymically  Analiz'd  Body.  1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hydro!. 
Chym.  55  A  redintegration  of  the  glyssent  ferments  of  the 
blood.  1758  REmtr.  Macquer's  Chym.  1. 102  Such  redinte 
grations  are  the  only  means  we  have  of  satisfying  ourselves 
that  we  know  all  the  principles  which  constitute  a  body. 
1802  JAMES  Mint.  Diet,  s.v.,  The  redintegration  of  nitre 
from  damaged  gunpowder. 

b.  Math.  (See  quot.) 

1801  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  Supp.  II.  395/2  Redintegration, 
is  the  taking  or  rinding  the  integral  or  fluent  again  from  the 
fluxion. 

c.  Psychol.  (See  quot.) 

1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Metafh.  xxxi.  ([870)  II.  238  The 
law  of  Redintegration  or  Totality.  ..  This  law  may  be  thus 
enounced,- Those  thoughts  suggest  each  other  which  had 
previously  constituted  parts  of  the  same  entire  or  total  act 
of  cognition. 

t  3.  The  restoration  of  a  person  to  a  previous 
condition.  Obs. 


a  perfect  Redintegration  into  the  King's  Favour.  1651 
SPARKK  Prim.  Devot.  (1663)  278  Shall  I  (at  length)  redinte 
gration  have?  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Redintegration,  in 
the  civil  law,  the  act  of  restoring  a  person  to  the  enjoyment 
of  a  thing  whereof  he  had  been  illegally  dispossessed. 

t4.  Reconciliation.  Obs.  rare. 

1663  COWLEY  Cutter  Caiman  St.  H.  v,  We'll  drink  up  a 
VOL.  VIII. 


305 

whole  Vessel  there  to  Redintegration.  1667  J.  CORBET  Disc. 
Relig.  Eng.  41  A  looking  back  to  former  discords  marrs  the 
most  hopeful  Redintegration. 

Redi-ntegrative, ,a.  rare-1,    [f.  as  prec.  + 

-IVE.J     Tending  to  redintegrate. 

1839-52  BAILEY  Festus  xx.  358  Next  comes  the  truth 
divine,  Redintegrative. 

Bedi'lltegrator.  rare-',  [f.  as  prec.  +  -OB.] 
That  which  redintegrates. 

1858  LOWELL  tl-'ts.  (1890)  V.  9  The  last  trial  of  the  virtues 
of  the  Patent  Redimegrator  [«.  compromise]  . .  has  ended 
like  all  the  rest. 

t  Bedintegre,  v.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  L.  reti- 
integr-are  to  REDINTEGRATE.]  To  redintegrate. 

1501  in  Lett.  Rich.  Ill  f,  Hen.  VII  (Rolls)  I.  156  They 
in  noo  wise  redintegre  nor  renewe..the  treatie. 

Bedi-p,  t'.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  (also  absol.)  To 
'  dip  again  ;  spec,  to  rcbaptize.  Hence  Kedi'pping 
-c'bl.  sb. 

1660  FULLER  Mi.rt  Contempt.  (1841)  134,  I  am  utterly 
against  the  rebaptizing  of  Christians,  but  1  am  for  the  re- 
|  dipping  of  ships.  1712  Act  10  Anne  in  Land.  Gaz.  No. 
5031/6  In  Case  any  Chandler,  .shall,  .encrease  the  Weight 
of  such  Candles.. by  re. dipping  the  same.  1736  CHAXDL'I -u 
Hist,  Persic.  329  One  Felix  was  drowned  at  Zurich,  upon  the 
sentence  pronounced  by  Zuinglius,  . .'  He  that  re-dips,  let 
j  him  be  drowned  '. 

Redirect,  a.  [RE- 5  a.]  U.S.  Law.  The  term 
applied  to  the  further  examination  of  a  witness  by 
the  party  calling  him,  after  cross-examination  by  the 
opposing  party.  1891  in  Cent.  Diet. 

Bedire'Ct,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  direct 
anew;  to  send  in  a  new  direction. 

1873  W.  M.  WILLIAMS  Sci.  in  Short  Chapt.  (1882)  225  It  is 
the  industry  and  skill  of  our  workmen . .  that  has . .  redirected 
for  human  advantage  the  buried  energies  of  ancient  sun 
beams.  1884  Law  Times  LXXV1I.  339/2,  I  must  content 
myself  by  simply  redirecting  attention  to  the  second  query. 
b.  esp.  To  direct  (a  letter)  to  a  fresh  address. 

1844  Regul.  f;  Ord.  Armyizi  Their  Letters  are  not  liable 
to  Postage  if  re-directed.  1874  TROLLOPE  Lady  Anna  xli. 
318  The  note  was  delivered.. at  his  old  abode,  and  was  re 
directed  from  Wyndham  Street  late  on  Monday  evening. 

So  Redirection.     Also  altrib, 

1865  TROI.LOPE  Belton  Est.  xvii.  202  He  would  give  special 

orders  as  to  the  re-direction  of  his  own  letters  from  the 

,    post-office.     1892  Sin  J.  FF.RGUSSON  Sp.  Ho.  Com,,:.  25  Feb.,    ! 

j    It  is.  .in  contemplation  to  abolish  the  redirection  charges  on    \ 
letters  generally. 

Redisbu  rse,  v.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
pay  back  again.  So  Redisbvrrsemeiit. 

1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  iii.  27  Then  backe  againe  His 
borrowed  waters  forst  to  redisbourse,  He  sends  the  sea  his 
owne  with  double  gaine.  1655  tr.  Com.  Hist.  Francion  x. 
19  He  demanded  of  him  Letters  of  Change,,  .and  gave  him 
others . .  for  the  re-disbursement  of  the  money  which  he  was 
to  borrow. 

Bedischa-rge,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  dis 
charge  or  disburden  again. 

1603  DANIEL  Philotas  1319  Poor  Ceballinus  not  a  moment 
stayes  To  redischarge  himselfe  of  such  a  weight. 

Rediscount,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  dis 
count  again.  So  Redi-scount  sb. 

1866  CRUMP  Banking:  ix.  193  Giving  great  facilities  by 
credit  and  discounts;  which  latter  were  immediately  re-dis 
counted.  1802  fall  Malt  C.  2  Feb.  7/2  A  liability  on  re- 
discounts  and  foreign  bills  negotiated.  1896  N.  Amer.  Rev. 
CLXIII.  750  A  central  bank  of  issue  and  re-discount. 

BediSCO'Ver,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  dis 
cover  again. 

1752  T._  SALMON  Univ.  Trav.  I.  Introd.  4  The  Continent 
of  America  was  rediscovered  about  250  Years  ago.  1837 
WHEWELL  Hist.  Induct.  Sc.  I.  229  Tycho  Brache  redis 
covered  the  same  lunar  inequality.  .1858  KINGSLEY  Misc. 
(i8s_9)  I.  153  Excellencies  the  world  will  in  some  saner  mood 
rediscover.  1883  Century  Slag.  July  417/1  He  has  been 
re-discovered  and  eulogized  afresh. 

Hence  Redisco'verer. 

1895  Proc.  \i,th  Conv.  Amir.  Instruct.  Dea/io$  The  re- 
discoverer  and  popularizer  of  the  intuitive  method. 

Bedisco'very.    [RE-  53;  cf.  prec.]   The  act 

of  discovering  again ;  a  renewed  discovery. 

1862  M.  HOPKINS  Hawaii  82  The . .  re-discovery  of  the 
islands  thirty  years  afterwards.  1878  NEWCOMB  Pop. 
A  stron.  III.  iii.  324  Its  rediscovery  became  a  difficult  problem. 

BedisciTSS,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]     To  discuss  again. 

1804-6  SVD.  SMITH  Mor.  Philos.  (1850)  165  This  is  the 
question  that  has  been  discussed  and  re-discussed  from  time 
immemorial.  1874  SULLY  Sensat.  %  Intuit.  2  Spencer  has 
recently  rediscussed  the  phenomena  of  consciousness. 

So  Rediscvrssion. 

1805  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  III.  202  A  right  of  sending 
back  to  the  commons  for  rediscussion  any  unwelcome  law. 
1878  NEWCOMB  Pop.  Astron.  539  Rediscussion  of  the  obser 
vations  of  the  transit  of  Venus. 

Reclish,  obs.  form  of  RADISH. 

t  Redishing  knife.  Obs.  rare-1.  A  knife  (see 
quot.)  used  by  comb-  and  card-makers. 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  111.  383/1  The  second  [tool]  is 
termed  a  Redishing  Knife;  it  is  a  Knife  with  a  long  Blade, 
and  sharp  pointed  like  a  Scotch  Bibby,  with  a  little  bending 
in  the  back  towards  the  point. 

Redispa'tch,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  dis 
patch  again. 

1620  BRENT  tr.  SarpFs  Council  Trent  vil.  (1629)  660 
Ventimiglia,  redispatched  by  the  Pope ;  returned  to  Trent 
the  nine  and  twentieth  of  January.  1780  EARL  MALMES- 
BURY  Diaries  <$•  Corr.  I.  300,  I.  .certainty  shall  redespatch 
my  messenger  before  the  Empress's  departure. 


REDISTILLATION. 
Bedispe-rse.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  disperse  ajjain. 

_  1621  BRAIHWAIT  Nat.  Emliassie,  etc.  232  Thy  dark'nessc 
is  displayd.  Which  can  by  no  meanes  re-disperse  her  shade. 
BedispO'ne,  v.     [I<E-  5  a.]     To  dispone  arain. 

1734  [see  RSCONVEY  I'.  2). 

RedispO'Se.  |1<E-  j  a.]  trans.  To  dispose 
again.  A1.-.O  with  of. 

1733  A.  BAXTER  £<ia.  Nat.  Soul  I.  ^39  Spirit  hath  no 
parts ;  and  therefore  it  stands  in  need  of  no  reparation,  or 
redisposing  its  parts.  1859  COKXWALI.IS  .\>rc  H'orld  I.  62 
The  very  land  that  had  only  just  been  sold,  was  being 
re-disposed  of  at  a  considerable  advance. 

So  Redisposi-tioii. 

1866  LOWE  .Sf.  Reform  Bill  31  May,  I  deny  that  a  case  is 
made  out  for  this  redisposition.  1867  LD.  HOUOHTOS  in 
Ess.  Rcfin-m  in.  63  Under  any  redisposition  of  the  con 
stituent  body. 

Redispu'te,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]    To  dispute  again. 

1641  SIR  E.  DERING  in  Rusbw.  Hist.  Coll.  in.  (1692)  I. 
392  Your  late  Order  and  Declaration.. are  mucii  debated 
and  disputed  abroad ;  perhaps  it  may  be  a  gooil  occasion 
for  us  to  Re-dispute  them  hero.  1650  H.  Dhcoliiminium 
25  Nor  must  I .  .re-dispute  what  our  Supreme  Power  doth. 

Redissei'Se,  •'.  Law.  [RE-  pa,  jirob.  after 
an  AF.  *mtisseisir :  cf.  next.]  /rans.  To  disseise 
(a  person)  a  second  time. 

1628  COKE  On  Lift.  154  b,  If  the  recouery  in  the  Assise 
were  against  two  Disseisors.  and  one  of  them  redisseise  him 
againe,  he  shall  baue  a  Rcdisseisin  against  him,  1700 
TYRRELL  Hist.  Eng.  II.  1106  Dis-eisors  that  have  redisseis'd 
ihose  who  have  recovered  Seisin,  .from  them. 

RedlSSeisin  (rfdiss«~-zin).  J.aw.  [a.  AF.  re- 
disscisine  (Britton) :  see  RE-  and  DISSEISIN.]  Re 
peated  disseisin  (see  quot.  1607). 

.  '535  tr.  Littleton's  Nat.  lire:'.  (1544)  127 b,  Where  a  man 
is  disseised.  ..and  after  yl  is  disseysed  by  the  same  dissey- 
sour,  he  shall  have  this  wryt  of  Redysseyson  agaynsle  him. 
1607  COWELL  inlcrfr.,  Kidisseisin  is  a  disseisin  made  by 
him,  that  once  before  was  found,  and  adiiidged  to  haue 
disseised  the  same  man  of  his  lands,  or  tenements.  For  the 
which  there  lyeth  a  speciall  writ,  called  a  writ  of  re- 
disseisin.  1670  in  rhorni.r  (1721)  I.  428  The  Judgment  in 
the  Re-disseisin  is  also  Revers'd.  1768  BI.ACKSTONE  Comm. 
III.x.  188.  1865  NICHOLS  ISritton  II.  233  Where  the  plaintiff 
is  tenant  of  the  tenement  which  he  lost,  .by  his  own  intru 
sion,  or  by  redisseisin. 

Bedissei'SOr.  Law.  [a.  AF.  redisseisour 
(Britton)  :  see  RE-  nnd  DISSEISOR.]  One  who  dis 
seises  another  a  second  time. 

1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Gmt.  Eng.  i.  l.vix.  (1739)  183  Re- 
disseisors  and  Postdisseisors  found  upon  verdict  before  the 
Sheriff,  Coroners,  and  Knights,  shall  be  imprisoned.  1768 
BI.ACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  x.  188  If  he  recover  therein,  the 
re-disseisor  shall  be  imprisoned.  1865  NICHOLS  Jlrittonl\. 
354  Neither  does  it  [essoin]  lie . .  in  the  persons  of  disseisors 
or  redisseisors. 

Redi'ssoluble,  a.  [RE-  5  a.]  That  may  be 
redissolved. 

1796  KIRWAN  Elem.  Min.  (ed.  2)  II.  285  The  solutions  are 
precipitable  by  and  re-dissoluble  by  Blue  Volalkali,  mild  or 
caustic.  1835-6  TODD  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  go  i  These  pre 
cipitates  are..redissoluble  in  excess  of  liquid  albumen. 

BedissollTtion.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  second  or 
renewed  dissolution. 

1790  KEIR  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXX.  379,  I  observed . .  a  solu 
tion  of  part  of  the  iron,  a  redissolution  of  the  precipitated 
silver.  1875  DARWIN  Insect.  Plants  x.  243  After  the 
protoplasm  in  a  tentacle  has  been  aggregated,  its  redissolu 
tion  always  begins  in  the  lower  part. 

Bedissolvable,  a.    [RE-  5  a.]    Redissoluble. 

1790  CRAWFORD  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXX.  413  A  slight 
white  precipitate  not  re-dissolvable  in  a  large  quantity  of 
water.  1801  CHENEVIX  ibid.  XCI.  197  note,  If  all  is  re- 
dissolvable,  [he]  concludes  there  is  no  silica  or  alumina. 

RedissO'lve,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and  intr. 
To  dissolve  again. 

a.  trans.     1605  SYLVESTER  Quadrains  xvii,   Hee  . .  re- 
dissolves  them  with  that  breath  of  His.     1666  BOYLE  Orig. 
Formes  $  Qual.  n.  vii.  357  By  reduction  of  it  into  a  Body,  re- 
dissolving  it  again  [etc.].    1771  T.  PERCIVAL  Ess.  1. 163  Acids, 
he  says,  destroy  its  blackness  by  redissolving  the   ferru- 
gineous  particles.     1815  W.  PHILLIPS  Outl.Min.  tt  Geol.fy 
These  two  earths  were  re-dissolved  by  a  final  analysis  into 
silex.     1845  DARWIN  I'oy.  Nat.  ii.  (1879)  29  As  the  light 
wreaths  of  cloud  passed  over  the  ridge,.. they  were  imme 
diately  redissolved. 

b.  intr.     1790  WEDGWOOD  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXX.  312 
The  precipitate  . .  re-dissolves  in  marine  acid  as  easily  as 
that  made  by  water.      18*54  J-  SCOFFERN  in  Orr's  Circ.  Sc., 
Chem.  86  The  oxide  of  silver  re-dissolves.     1897  Allbutt's 
Syst.  Med.  IV.  299  The  deposit  will  redissolve  on  cooling. 

Hence  Redisso'lving  vbl.  sb. 

1888  H.  W.  PARKER  Sfir.  Beauty  (1891)  156  Re-dissolvings 
..just  sufficient  to  liquefy  the  smaller  crystals. 

Rediste'lld,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  distend  again. 

1684  R.  WALLER  Nat.  Exper.  65  The  Lungs.. were  so 
shrunk  up  together  for  want  of  the  air  :  but  by  blowing 
with  a  Straw.. they  were  redistended. 

Redisti'l,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  distil  again. 

1666  BOYLE  Orig.  Formes  %  Qual.  392  To  redistill  the 
same  portion  of  Water.  1758  REID  tr.  Macquer's  Chym. 
I.  108  If  they  be  redistilled,  they  recover  their  former 
tenuity.  1800  tr.  Lagrange's  Chem.  II.  397  Crell  re 
commends  re-distilling  it  from  off  more  of  the  sebate.  1877 
HUXLEY  &  MARTIN  Elem.  Biol.  10  Redistil  this  after 
saturation  with  potassic  carbonate. 

Redistilla'tion.  [RE-  5  a.]  The  action  of 
redistilling ;  renewed  distillation. 

1823  J.  BADCOCK  Dom.  Amusem.  21  By  more  care  and 
re-distillation  [it]  may  be  increased  to  six  times.  1873 
RALFE  Phys.  Chem.  49  The  different  beakers  are  in  turn 
submitted  to  redistillation. 

39 


REDISTRIBUTE. 

Redistri'bute,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  redis- 
tribner  (Cotgr.).]  trans.  To  distribute  anew. 

1611  Corat^KetwMhtfr\  to  redistribute,  or  deale  backe 
againe.  1836  T.  HOOK  G.  Gurney  (L.),  This  was  settled  by 
redistributing  the  tickets.  1846  GKOTE  Greece  II.  yi.  II. 
503  He  redistributed  the  whole  territory  belonging  to 
Sparta.  1863  FAWCF.TT  Pol.  Econ.  III.  viii.  406  The  precious 
metals  which  are  thus  poured  into  England  she  again  re 
distributes. 

Redistribution.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  fresh  dis 
tribution,  esp.  of  Parliamentary  seats. 

1837  SYD.  SMITH  Let.  to  A rchd.  Singleton  Wks.  1859  II. 
281/1  The  Commissioners  hail  already  carried  the  principle 
of  re-distribution  as  far  as  they  thought  that  it  could  . .  be 
carried.  1866  Ch.  Times  6  Jan.  i/i  He  does  not  ask  for  the 
ballot,  nor  for  a  redistribution  of  seats.  1882  H.  SPENCER 
Princ.  Social.,  Pol.  Inst.  576  A  redistribution  of  military 
obligations. 

Redistri'butive,  a.  [RE-  5  a.]  Of  or  be 
longing  to  redistribution  (of  seats). 

1883  in  Pall  MallG.  8  Sept.  12/1  The  Government  may 
try  and  compromise  matters  by  promising  a  RedUtributive 
Bill  immediately. 

So  Bedistri-butory  a. 

1884  St.  James's  Gas.  20  Oct.  4/2  The.. meetings,  .were 
allowed  to  pass  without  any  redistributory  interruptions. 

Redi-Strict,  v.  U.S.    [RE- 5  a.]    trans.  To 

divide  or  apportion  anew  into  districts. 

1850  in  Hist,  Pel'iam^  Afass.  (1898)  198  Voted,  .acommittee 
to  redistrict  the  town.  1888  BRYCE  Amer.  Conuniv.  I.  i. 
xiii.  165  note,  When  Massachusetts  was  being  re-districted. 

t  Redi'tion.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  redition-em^ 
n.  of  action  f.  rcdire  to  go  or  come  back,  f.  re(d)~ 
RE-  +  ire  to  go.]  The  action  of  going  or  coming 
back;  return. 

1595  CHAPMAN  Oritfs  Banquet  Sence  E  2,  Because  shee 
[echo]  weaker  is  In  that  reduion,  then  when  first  shee  fled. 
1615  —  Odyss,  vi.  486  Address  suit  to  my  mother,  that  her 
mean  May  make  the  day  of  your  redition  seen.  1656  in 
BLOUNT  Glossogr. 

Redition,  obs.  form  of  REDDITION. 

t  Iteditliary.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  med.L.  redi- 
tudrius  (Y)\\  Cange),  f.  reditus  revenue,  vbl.  sb.  f. 
redire:  see  prec.  Cf.  obs.  F.  redituaire  (1565  in 
Godef.).]  (See  quot.  1656.) 

1607  R.  QAREW]  tr.  Estiennts  World  of  Wonders  I.  xx. 
168  Both  hlacke  and  white  Friers,  both  Mendicants  and 
Redituaries  (if  I  may  vsurpe  this  goodly  Latin  word 
Redituarij),  1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.  (copying  Cotgr.),  Ke- 
dituarics,  an  order  of  Franciscan  t  riers,  which  have  Lands 
and  Revenues;  therein  differing  from  the  Mendicants  or 
begging  Friers,  who  are  to  possess  nothing. 

Redivable,  variant  of  REDEVABLE  a.  Obs. 

Recli've,  v.     [RE-  5  a  ]     intr.  To  dive  again. 

1864  DASEST  Jest  <$•  Earnc$t(i%-j-$)  I.  22  Strange  sea-birds 
flock  about  us,  and  dive  and  redive  in  the  waves.  1879 
JEHFERIES  Wild  Life  in  S.  Co.  382  At  other  times  this 
bird  will  dive  and  redive,  and  double  about  in  the  water. 

Redivi'de,  V,  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  rediviser.] 
To  divide  again.  Hence  Redivi'ding  vhl.  sb. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  1360  By  the  rneanes 
whereof,  that  which  is  composed  and  mixed  is  redivided, 
and  separate  againe.  1611  FLORIO,  Ridiuisionc,  a  re- 
deuiding.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  Ixi.  (1739)  120 
The  King  re-divided  the  Land  into  four  Circuits.  1846 
GROTE  Greece  \\.  vi.  II.  522  Aristotle  clearly  did  not  believe 
that  Lycurgus  had  redivided  the  soil.  1866  FELTON^MC. 
ff  Mod.  Gr.  II.  ii.  v.  349  The  Empire  was  redivided,  and 
territorially  reorganized. 

Redivi'sion.     [RE-  5  a.]     Renewed  division. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  GuillemeauSf  Fr.  Chirurg.  57/1  Re- 
divisione  of  the  first  kinde  of  Ligament,  a  1631  DONNE  in 
Select.  (1840)  45  The  schools  have  made  so  many  divisions, 
and  sub-divisions,  and  re-divisions,  and  post-divisions  of 
ignorance.  1846  GROTE  Greece  n.  vL  II.  522  Plato.. never 
hints  . .  that  an  entire  subsequent  redivision  had  been  re 
sorted  to  by  Lycurgus.  1869  S.  LUCAS  SeculaHa  400  A 
series  of  divisions  and  re-divisions  and  exchanges. 

t  Redivival,  ft.  Obs~l  [f.  L.  redimv-us  (see 
next)  -t-  -AL.]  Of  renewed  vitality. 

a  1734  NORTH  Lives  (1826)  III.  274  In  this  manner  some 
lives  nave  become  redivival. 

Redivive  (re-divaiv),  a.  rare.  [ad.  L.  rcdi- 
vivus  that  lives  again,  f.  re(dy  RE-  +  vlvus  living, 
alive.]  Revived,  come  to  life  again. 

1685  H.  MORE  Paralip.  Prophet.  xliiL  371  This  Beast 
redivive  was  not  the  eighth  King  and  seventh  Head.  1829 
Examiner  371/1  The  part.. of  the  'black  priest'  is  the 
staple  mystery... It  is  RadclifTe  redivive. 

t  Re'divive,  v.  Obs-1  [f.  prec.]  trans.  To 
restore  to  life.  So  Re'divived  ppl.  a. 

1634  G.  CRYMES  in  Ford's  Wks.  (Rtldg.)  p.  vi,  Perkin  is 
rediviv'd  by  thy  strong  hand,  And  crown'd  a  king  of  new. 
a  1656  Bi'.  HALL.  Revelation  Unrcvealed  §  n  Beware  of  all 
either  new  divised  or  redivived  errors  of  opinion.  1809  A. 
Kxox  in  Jebb's  Corr.  (1834)  I.  527  Hannah  More'snew  book, 
Coelebs,  an  odd  sort  of  redivived  religious  courtship. 

t  Redivivous,  a.  Obs.  [f,  L,  redivlv-us  + 
-OU3.J  Liable  to  revive  ;  reappearing. 

1651  BIGGS  New  Disp.  F  288  The  ferment  is  redintegral 
and  redivivous.  1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  in.  vli.  114  A 
sort  of  these  Theeves  are  now  redivivous. 

Red-knee(s) :  see  RED  a.  18  b. 

Red  laud.    [RED  a.  i  f.] 

1.  Sc.  Ploughed  land ;  fallow;  arable  land. 

a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (1814)  499  It 
was  ane  fauch  card  and  Rid  land  quhair  they  moved  for 
the  tyme.  a  1800  Elfin  Knight  xi.  in  Child  Ballads  I.  16  '2 
Ye'll  get  an  acre  o  gude  red-land.  .And  ye  maun  aer  it  wi 
your  horn.  1805  FORSYTH  Beauties  Scotl.  II.  67  Lands 


306 

under  summer  fallow  in  this  county  [Roxburgh)  correspond 
correctly  . .  with  the  common  Scottish  appellation  of  red 
land,  a  1848  KERR  Maggie  o'  the  Moss  (1891)  84  We  will 
never  try  to  slim  Red-land  or  lea, 

2.  Sandy  or  clayey  soil  of  a  reddish  colour. 

1713  J.  MORTON  Nat.  Hist.  Norihampt.  40  Red-Land  is  a 
Term  much  us'd  by  the  Husbandmen  here,  and  in  Neigh 
bour  Counties. .  .They  always  apply  it  to  a  Sandy  Soil  of 
a  Reddish  Hue,  interspersed,  .with  Pieces  of  Sand-Stone 
of  the  same  Colour.  1813  YOUNG  Agric.  Oxford s/t.  3  This 
county  contains  three  distinctions  of  soil  . .  i.  The  red-land 
of  the  northern  district ;  which,  in  fertility,  much  exceeds 
that  of  any  other  portion  of  equal  extent.  1856  [see  LAMD 
sb.  2].  1857  OLMSTED  Jo-urn.  Texas  67  This  tract  is  known 
as  the  Red  Lands  of  Eastern  Texas. 

attrib.  1712  J.  MORTON  Nat.  Jfist.  Northampt.  41  In 
most  of  the  Red-land  Soil,  .there  is  more  Sand  than  Earth. 
Ibid.  48  In  all  Red-land  Fields  . .  we  may  see  ..  many  Iron- 
colour'd  Stones.  1813  YOUNG  Agric.  O.rfordsh.  4  The  Red- 
land  District. 

H>ed  lattice.  Obs,  exc.  arch.  A  lattice  painted 
red  as  the  mark  of  an  alehouse  or  inn ;  hence  transf. 
an  alehouse,  tavern,  inn. 

1575-97  [see  LATTICE  i  b].  i6ia  BRETON  Wits  Private 
Wealth  (1879)  n/2  The  world  goes  hard  with  pride,  when 
a  Lady  lyes  at  a  red  Lattice.  163.,  1689  [see  LATTICE  i  b]. 
a  1704  T.  BROWN  Wks.  (1708)  111.  n.  107  Drinking  burnt 
Brandy. .at  the  next  Red  Lattice. 

attrib.  1598  SMAKS.  Merry  W.  u.  n.  28  Your  Cat-a- 
Mountaine-lookes,  your  red-lattice  phrases.  1827  HOK. 
SMITH  Tor  Hill  (1838)  II.  191,  I  will  not  be  letted  by  any 
such  red-lattice  swaggerer. 

Bed  lead,  red-lead.    [See  LEAD  sb.\  2.] 

1.  A  red  oxide  of  lead,  largely  used  as  a  pigment. 

c*4<p  M.E.Med.Bk.  (Heinrichi  202  Tak  ceruse.. Redled 
..Htarge  [etc.].  1466  Mann.  <y  Househ.  E*p.  (Roxb.)  349, 
ij.H.  of  rede  lede..viijf^.  1507  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treat.  Scot. 
(1902)  IV.  90  Item,  payit  to  Pieris,  the  payntour,  for  .. 
caddes,  verneis,  Rede  lede,.,gold  fulze  [etc.]  xxxijj.  viij. 
1578  LYTE  Dodofns  n.  viii.  157  Of  the  colour  of  Red-lead, 
or  lyke  to  the  colour  of  the  Orenge  pill.  1611  PEACHAM 
Genii.  Exerc.  17  To  draw  with  drie  colours,  you  may  make 
long  pastils,  which  you  shall  doe  by  grinding  red  lead,  or 
any  other  colour  with  strong  wort.  1675  A.  BROWNE  App. 
Ars  Pict.  7  A  Temperature  of  White  Carmine  and  a  little 
Red  Lead.  1744  BERKELEY  Sin's  %  196  Mr.  Hales  attributes 
this  effect  to  air  enclosed  in  the  red  lead.  1800  tr.  La- 
grange's  Chem.  I.  388  The  nitric  acid  produces  no  change  in 
the  nature  of  the  red  lead.  1868  JOYNSON  Metals  122 
Paint  containing  red-lead  must  be  carefully  eschewed. 

b.  attrib.  and  Contb.t  as  red-lead  cask^  colour  y 
i&a&r  (1885),  0V?//,  -\pett  (  =  pencil }^ pencil,  putty. 

1670  PETTUS  Fodinse  Regales  xxv.  37  At  the  Red  Lead 
Mill.  Il't'd.,  Several  sets  ot  Coopers  Tools  . .  necessary  for 
making  Red  Lead  Cask.  1678  RAY  Willnghbys  Ortiith. 
364  The  Eyes  are  red  like  the  Hill,  or  rather  of  a  red-lead 
colour.  1684  T.  GODDARD  Plato's  Demon  12,  I  perceive 
indeed  that  your  red  Lead  Pen  hath  examin'd  it  very  strictly. 
1766  CompL  Farmer  s.v.  Simeying  7  I  2/1  We  would 
commend  for  expedition  a  red-lead  pen,  whereby  you  may 
mark  out  every  angle  neatly.  1807  AIKIN  Diet.  Cheat,  fy 
Mitt.  I.  587/2  What  are  vulgarly  called  Red-lead  pencils 
are  composed  of  thin  slips  of  the  finer  kinds  of  reddle  in 
closed  in  a  wooden  case.  1891  PATTERSON  Illnst.  Nauf. 
Diet.  i.  146  Red  Lead  Putty,  a  mixture  of  white  lead  and 
red  lead  used  for  various  purposes. 

f2.  Red  lead  of  Siberia,  red  lead-ore  (see  RED 
rye).  Obs. 

1816  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  fy  Art  II.  411  Chromium 
was  discovered  by  Vauquelin,  in  analyzing  a  beautiful 
mineral  called  red  lead  of  Siberia. 

Hence  Bed-lead  v.  trans. ,  to  paint  with  red  lead ; 
Bed-leader,  a  workman  in  the  shipbuilding  in 
dustry  who  scrapes  iron  plates  and  paints  them 
with  red  lead. 

i88a  Standardly  Oct.  2/3  A  non-union  man  was  employed 
as  red  leader.  1890  Daily  News  30  Sept.  3/2  The  work  of 
chipping,  scraping,  and  red-leading  her  iron  work  Is  being 
proceeded  with. 

Redleas,  variant  of  REDELESS  a.   Obs. 

Red-leaved :  see  RED  a.  14  a,  14  c. 

Red-legged,  a.     Having  red  legs. 
a.  In  the  specific  names  of  birds  (and  animals), 
as  red-legged  crane,  duck,  heron,  parroqztet,  thrush, 
turtle^  wallaby,  etc. 

Red-legged  chough  or  crow,  the  Cornish  chough.  R. 
falcon,  the  red-footed  falcon  (Falco  ntftpes}.  R.  gtill,the 
black-headed  gull  (Lams  ridibundns).  R.  horseman, 
the  redshank  (Totanns  calidris}.  R.  kittiwake,  Rissa 
Irevirostris.  R.  mew  =  r.  gull.  R.  partridge,  the  French 
partridge  (Caccabis  rufa) ;  alsoyf^.  a  cardinal  (quot.  1813). 
R.  plover,  U.S.  the  turnstone  (Cent.  Diet.  1891).  R. 
sandpiper,  (a)  the  redshank;  (b)  the  purple  sandpiper. 

•&q*Cuvier'sAni>n.Kingd.  208  European  or*Red-Iegged 
Chough,  a  1705  ^ta  Synopsis  Avittrtt  (1713)  193  The  "red- 
legged  Crane.  1776  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  (ed.  4)  1. 196  *Red 
legged  Crow.  The  legs  and  bill  are  of  a  bright  orange,  in 
clining  to  red.  1875  MC!LWRAITH  Guide  Wigtownshire  139 
These  precipices  are  frequented  by  the  red-legged  crow. 
1729  in  Dampier's  Voy.  (ed.  3)  III.  403  The  *red-legg'd 
Duck.  The  feet  of  these  when  roasted  dye  both  Hands  and 
Linnen  red.  1836  EYTON  Rare  Brit.  Birds  5  *Red-legged 
Falcon.  1785  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  III.  n.  381 
*Red-legged  Gull,  Larus  cinerarius.  1802  MONTAGU 
Ornitk.  Did.  (1831)  291  The  Red-legged  Gull  of  authors  is 
only  this  bird  before  it  is  arrived  at  maturity.  1753  CHAM 
BERS  Cycl,t  Supp.j  /i/j..by  some  confounded  very  erro 
neously  with  the  haematopus,  or  *red-legged  heron.  1678 
RAY  Willughby's  Ornith.  299  We  take  this  to  be  the  bird 
the  French  call  Chevalier  aux  pieds  rouges,  the  *red-leg'd 
Horseman.  1734  ALBIN  Nat.  Hist.  Bird*  II.  63  The 
Totanns  or  Red-leg'd  Horseman.  1891  Within  an  hour 
of  London  xiii.  256  The  redshank,  pool-snipe,.. red-leg, 
red-legged  horseman.  1752  J.  HILL  Hist.  Anim.  372  The 
*red-legged  Parroquet.  . .  This  species  is  a  native  of  many 


RED  LETTER. 

places  both  in  the  East  and  West  Indies.      1611  COTCR., 


Aldrov.  1756-7  tr.  Kcysh'r  s  Trav.  (1760)  III.  20  Red-legged 
partridges  are  natives  of  Numidia.  1813  Exn>ttiner-$i  May 
344/2  Did  you  ever  see  one  of  us  red-legged  partridges 
before?  1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVII.  437/1  They  are  most 
determined  runners,  and  few  birds  are  more  calculated  to 
injure  the  behaviour  of  a  well-bred  pointer  or  setter  than  the 
Red-legged  Partridge.  1824  SHAW  Zool.  XII.  I.  135  *Red- 
legged  Sandpiper  (lotamts  calidris).  1831  RENNIE  Mon 
tagu's  Ornith.  Diet.  412  Little  difference  seems  to  exist 
between  this  [the  redshank]  and  the  red-legged  sandpiper 
{T.  Eewickii,  Montagu)  which  is  doubtless  a  variety  of  this 
species.  1754  CATESBY  Nat.  Hist.  Carolina  (ed.  2)  I.  30 
The  *red-leg'd  Thrush,  Titrdits  viscii'orus pluittbeus,  1729 
in  Dumpier  s  Voy.  (ed.  3)  III.  409  The  *Red-legg'd  Turtle. 
1808  MORRIS  Austral  Eng,  494/2  *Red-legged  W[allaby], 
M\acrop:ts\  ivilcoxi. 

b.  Of  persons  :  Wearing  red  stockings. 
1835  WILLIS  Pencilling*  I.  xv.  in  The  motley  troop  of 
cardinals  and  red-legged  servitors  passed  out. 

Re'd-legs,  red-leg. 

1.  Ornith.  A  name  given  to  various  birds  with 
red  legs ;  esp.  the  redshank  (  To/anus  calidris'),  the 
purple  sandpiper  (Tringa  maritime?),  the  red- 
legged  partridge  (Caccabis  rnfa),  and  (.U.S.}  the 
turnstone  (Slrefsi/as  interpres). 

1802  MONTAGU  Ornith.  Diet.  (1831)  392  Two  [purple  sand 
pipers]  were  shot  there. ..  and  were  called  by  the  fishermen 


3/1  The  red-legged  partridge  is  not  a  native  of  this  country. 
..In  1826  the  red-legs  were  reported  'now  plentiful  in 
Suffolk '.  1891  [see  red-legfed  horseman  in  prec.]. 

2.  (See  quot.  and  cf.  REDSHANK  i  a.) 

1887  N.  D.  DAVIS  Cavaliers  ff  Roundheads  of  Barbados  83 
note.  The  descendants  of  the  old  clansmen  form  a  peculiar 
people  at  the  present  time,  in  Barbados,  where  they  are 
known  as  Red  Legs. 

3.  The  plant  bistort  (folygomtm  bistortd). 

1820  Q.  y>nl.  Sci.  Lit.  £  Arts  IX.  422  The  juices  of  some 
plants  contain  nitrate  of  potash ;  among  others,  I  have 
detected  it  in  the  polygonnm  bistorta,  called  in  English 
'red-legs'.  1866  '1'reas.  Bot.  962/2. 

Redles'e,  obs.  variants  of  REDELESS  a.  Obs. 
Bed  letter. 

1.  (Chiefly  pl.~)  A  letter  made  with  red  ink,  or 
with  some  red  pigment,  esp.  as  used  in  ecclesiastical 
calendars    to    indicate    saints'   days    and    church 
festivals.     Also  in  Jig.  context. 

14. .  A.  B.  C.  Pmm  13  in  Pol.  Rel.  *  /,.  Poems  (1866)  244 
Red  letter  in  parchemyn  Makyth  a  chyld . .  Lettrys  to  loke 
&  se.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydas  xxii.  83  We  wryte  yet  in  oure 
kalenders  the  hyghe  festes  wyth  rede  lettres  of  coloure  of 
purpre.  1570  FOXE  A.  ft  M.  (ed.  2)  695/1,  I  did  but  onely 
colour  them  with  red  letters.  And  thus  for  matter  of  my 
Calendare  enough.  1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI,  iv.  ii.  97  He's 
a  Booke  in  his  pocket  with  red  Letters  in't.  Cade.  Nay  then 
he  is  a  coniurer.  1658  H.  PLUMPTKE  in  nth  Rep.  Hist.  MSS. 
Connn.  App.  V.  6  Enter  it  into  your  Calendar  with  red  letters, 
that  when  it  comes,  it  may  be  celebrated.  1679  V.  ALSOP 
Melins  Inquirendum  17  If  this  were  the  Character  of 
Primitive  Saintship,  the  Apostle  Paul  must  not  have  worn 
a  Red  Letter  in  our  Enquirer's  Calendar.  1879  SPI'RGEON 
Serin.  XXV.  411  The  hour  which  sovereign  grace  has 
marked  with  a  red  letter  in  the  calendar  of  love  I 

fb.  transf.  The  Roman  Catholic  Church,  as 
being  prominently  given  to  the  observation  of 
saints'  days  and  festivals.  Obs. 

1679  OATES  Karr.  Popish  Plot  Ded.  a  ij,  He  that  was 
caught  and  executed.,  was  of  the  same  Red-Letter,  and  had 
Masses  sung  for  him  after  his  death,  c  1688  in  Hardwick 
Trad.  Lane.  (1872)  269  The  fountain  is  called  Saint  Ellen's 
Well,  to  which  place  the  vulgar  neighbouring  people  of  the 
Red  letter  do  much  resort. 

c.  As  the  name  of  a  moth. 

1845  WESTWOOD  Moths  II.  180  Depressaria  ocellana  (the 
red  letter). 

2.  attrib.,  as   red-letter  almanac,  mark,  name ; 
t  red-letter  man,  a  Roman  Catholic  (cf.  I  b). 

1677  MARVELL  Season.  Argiim.  Wks.  1776  II.  570  A  red 
letter  man,  if  of  any  religion,  a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant. 
Crew,  Red-letter-man,  a  Roman-catholic.  1816  COLERIDCR 
Lay  Sertn.  (Bohn)  315  These  are  red-letter  names  even  in 
the  almanacs  of  worldly  wisdom.  1843  (title)  The  Red 
Letter  Almanack.  1878  N.  Amer.  Ret:  CXXVI.  81  My 
desire,  .gained  me  some  red-letter  marks  at  the  war-office. 

b.  Bed-letter  day,  a  saint's  day  or  church 
festival  indicated  in  the  calendar  by  red  letters; 
hence,  any  memorable,  fortunate,  or  specially  happy 
day.  (So  red-letter  night.} 

1776  BEAND  Pop.  Antio.  (1777)  Pref.  8  The  Calendar  was 
crowded  with  Red-Letter  Days,  nominally,  .consecrated  to 
Saints.  1781  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  x.  vi, '  To-day  is  a  red- 
letter  day,  so  that's  the  reason  of  it '.  'A  red-letter  day  ?' 
1811  COLERIDGE  Lett.  II.  566  To  sit  at  the  same  table  with 
Grattan,  who  would  not  think  it  a  memorable  honour,  a  red 
letter  day  in  the  almanac  of  his  life  ?  1887  T.  A.  TROLLOPE 
What  I  remember  I.  xvii.  354,  I  used  to  dine  and  pass  the 
evening  with  Dr.  Jeune ;  and  these  were  my  red-letter  days. 
1894  D.  C.  MURRAY  Making  of  Novelist  6  My  red-letter 
nights  were  when  he  came  over  to  my  native  town. 

Hence  Bed-lettered  a.  (and  pa.  pfle.),  distin 
guished  by,  marked  with,  red  letters.  Also  Bed- 
letter  v.  to  mark  in  this  way.  rare. 

1707  J.  STEVENS  Quaiedo's  Com.  Wks.  (1709)  327  Why 
should  we  make  red  letter'd  Saints?  1784  COWPER  Let.  21 
June,  It  is  reasonable  to  suppose,  that  in  the  next  year's 
almanack  we  shall  find  the  name  of  Handel  among  the  red- 


REELING. 

lettered  worthies.  1832  SOUTHEY  in  Q.  Rev.  XLVIII.  281 
The  bonfires  of  persecution  and  St.  Bartholomew's  red- 
lettered  day.  1868  BROWNING  Ringfy  Bk.  m.  640  Assuredly 
it  shall  be  salve  to  mine  [ear]  When  this  great  news  red- 
letters  him,  the  rogue  !  1898  Daily  News  n  Oct.  8/1  The 
efficiency  of  the  action  being  evidenced  by  a  red-lettered 
shutter. 

Redliche,  variant  of  READLICHE  06s. 

tBe'dling.  Obs.  rare-1.  [f.  RED  a.  +  -LING  1.] 
=  REDSHANK  2. 

1653  MOUPET  &  BHNNET  Health's  Impr.  109  Redlings  or 
Water  Redschancks  feed  as  Water-railes  do  and  be  of  the 
like  nourishment. 

t  Re'dly,  a.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [app.  f.  RED  a.  4- 
-LY 1,  but  perh.  a  misprint  for  redy]  Red,  reddish. 

1482  Bk.  St.  Allans,  Her.  A  iij  b,  The  .vi.  stone  is  calde  a 
Rudy  a  (1486  ruby  or]  redly  stone,  gowlys  it  is  calde  in 
armys. 

Re'dly,  advl    [f.  RED  a.  +  -LY  2.]     In  a  red 

manner,  with  a  red  appearance  or  colour. 

1611  COTCR.,  Kaugtmeat,  redly.  1814  BYRON  Lara  11.  xiv, 
Blood  is  mingled  with  the  dashing  stream,  Which  runs  all 
redly  till  the  morning  beam.  1843  BORROW  Bible  in  Spain 
(ed.  2)  III.  xvii.  333  The  blaze  was  redly  reflected  in  the 
waters  of  the  strait.  1883  STEVENSON  Trcas.  1st.  I.  iv,  A 
full  moon  peered  redly  through  the  upper  edges  of  the  fog. 

t  Re'dly,  aJv.z  Obs.  Forms :  I  reedlioe,  3 
readliehe,  4  redlych,  comp.  reedloker ;  4  redli, 
4-5  reddely,  4-6  redly,  (6  readly).  [OK.  rxdlice, 
f.  ritdltc  adj.  :  see  REDE  sb^  and  -LY  ^  and  cf.  ON. 
rdtSliga.  See  also  REDELY  and  REDILY.]  Prudently, 
carefully,  distinctly,  clearly,  correctly,  certainly. 

c8yj  K.  yEt-FRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xviii.  131  Daet  he 
meahte  5st  folc  5y  wislicor  &  Sy  nedlicor  Izran.  c  1000  in 
Assmann  Homilies  etc.  (1889)  xviii.  195  Deofol  ..  hine  oft 
ra:dlice  mid  ma;ni5-fealdum  costningum  costnode.  a  1250 
Owl  ff  Night.  1279  Nuthu  mijt  wite  readliche,  That  eavere 
thu  spekest  gidehche.  c  i«o  Will,  Palerne  2i43_t"e  real 
emperour  of  rome  banne  redli  him  thonked.  1387  TKEVISA 
Higden  (Rolls)  I.  145  pe  men  of  bat  lond  beebrediloker  [v.r. 
reedloker]  i-cleped  Gothy  ban  Gogi.  c  1415  WYNTOUN  Cran. 
ii.  vi.  499  For  redly  wilys  in  women  Sonnar  apperis  ban  in 
men.  1448  Paston  Lett.  I.  74  As  he  stombled,  on  of  Har- 
courts  men  smot  hym  in  the  bak  with  a  knyfe  ;  men  wotte 
not  ho  hyt  was  reddely.  1513  DOUGLAS  JEneis  vi.  iii.  79 
He  prentit  baith  his  futsteppis  in  the  erd,  Behaldand  redly 
quhat  singnis  thai  schaw. 

Redly,  -lyd,  varr.  of  RADLY,  RIDLED  Obs. 
f  Redlys.  Obs.  rare.    [Repr.  OE.  rdadlpc  :  see 
LASCH.]     Some  kind  of  red  leather. 

1408  Mem.  Ripon  (Surtees)  III.  139  In  iiij  correis  quae 
vocantur  redlys,..pro  praedictis  cathedris  cooperiendis. 

Red-making:  see  RED  a.  155. 
Red  man.     Also  red-man, 
f  1.  Alchemy.  1  Red  sulphide  of  mercury.  Obs. 
1610  B.  JONSON  Alch.  ii.  iii,  Your  red  man,  and  your 
white  woman,  with  all  your  broths,  your  menstrues  [etc.]. 

2.  [See  RED  a.  5  c.]  A  (or  the)  North  American 
Indian ;  a  redskin. 

1744  VAUDREUIL  in  Pres.  Stale  Louisiana  37  The  English 
.  .aimed  at  nothing  so  much  as  the  Destruction  of  the  red 
Men.  1794  S.  WILLIAMS  Vermont  187  The  Indian  or  the  Red 
Man  seems  to  have  been  the  most  ancient,  or  the  original 
man  of  America.  1804  C.  B.  BROWN  tr.  Volimys  View  Soil 
U.  S.  187  The  fancied  superiority  of  the  red  men  has  been 
exploded  ever  since  the  settlement  of  emigrants  from 
Europe  along  the  frontiers.  1858  LONGF.  M.  Statuiis/i 
vii.  42  Ready  to  be  let  loose,  and  destroy  his  brother  the 
red  man.  1878  N.  Amer.  Rev.  CXXVII.  477  A  few  scat 
tered  tribes  of  red-men. 

3.  U.S.  "£hes,<fime\-fa\\,f{olocentrusascensi(mis. 
1891  in  Cent.  Diet. 

t  Redmod,  a.  06s.  rare-1,  [f.  red  RAD  a.l  + 
mod  MOOD.]  Hasty,  rash. 

c  1175  Lamb.  Horn.  105  Wre55e  haf5  wununge  on  bes 
dusian  bosme,  bet  is  benne  f?e  mon  bi5  to  redmod. 

Red-mouth :  see  RED  a.  18  b. 

Rednase,  -nes,  Sc.  varr.  RADNESS  Obs. 

Red-liecked,  a.  Having  a  red  neck;  used 
spec,  in  names  of  birds  (and  animals). 

Red-necked  avocet,  the  Australian  avocet,  Rccun'i- 
rostra  rubricollis.  R.  bernacle,  the  red-breasted  goose, 
Bcrniclarujicollis.  R.coot-foot=r.fhatari>pe.  R.  dab- 
chick  =  r.  grebe.  R.  footman,  a  British  moth.  R.  fran- 
colin,  a  South  African  francolin,  /•'.  rubricollis.  R.  goat 
sucker  =  r.  night-jar.  R.  grebe,  Podiceps  rubricollis  or 
griseigenti,  R.  kangaroo^ r.  wallaby.  R.  lobe-foot  — 
r.phalarope.  R.  night-jar,  Ca6riinit/gus  ruJicoMs.  R. 
partridge  =  r.  francolin.  R.  phalarope,  Phalaropus  or 
Lobipes  hyperboreus.  R.  pheasant  =  r.  francolin.  R. 
(purre)  sandpiper  (see  quot.  1802).  R.  wallaby, 
Macropiis  ruficollis. 

1874  J.  E.  HAKTING  in  Ibis  July  259  The  "Red-necked 
Avocet,  which  is  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  of  the  four 
known  species,  chiefly  inhabits  Australia.  1831  WILSON,  etc. 
Amer.  Ornith.  IV.  348  *Red-necked  Bernacles.  1896  MORKIS 
&  TEGETMEIER  .Vests  Brit.  Birds  III.  65  'Red-Necked 
Coot-Foot.  1817  T.  FORSTER  Nat.  Hist.  Swallowtribe 
(ed.  2)  89  'Rednecked  dobchick.  1845  WESTWOOD  Moths  I. 
99  Gnopkria  rubricollis  (the  *red-necked  Footman).  1819 
SHAW  Zool.  XI.  ii.  35  *Red-necked  Francolin.  i86a  HAN 
COCK  m  Ibis  39  Notice  on  the  occurrence  of  the  *Red-necked 
Goat  sucker  (Caprimulgns  ruficollis)  in  England.  1785 
PENNANT  Arct.  Zool.  (1792)  II.  499  *Red-necked  Grebe, 
Colymbus  Parolis.  1889  APLIN  Birds  Oxfordsh.  180  The 
Red-necked  Grebe  is  an  occasional  winter  visitor.  1893 
NEWTON  Diet.  Rirds  382  The  larger  Red-necked  Grebe, 
P.  griseigena,  . .  a  native  of  the  sub-arctic  parts  of  both 
Europe  and  America.  1841  WATERHOUSE  Nat.  Hist, 
jlfamm.  I.  125  The  'Red-necked  Kangaroo  was  discovered 
by  MM.  Peron  and  Lesueur.  1840  Cuvicr's  Anim.  Kittgd. 
246  The  'Red-necked  Lobefoot.  1896  MOKKIS  &TfcGEiM£iEK 


307 

Nests  Brit.  Birds  1.128  The  *Red-necked  Night-jar  has  only 
once  been  recorded  as  occurring  in  Great  Britain  ;  it  breeds 
in  the  South  of  Europe.  1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds 
II.  n.  771  *Red-necked  Partridge.  1817  T.  FORSTER  Nat. 
Hist.  Swallowtrite  (ed.  6)  88  *Red-necked  phalarope. 
1882  NEWTON  YarreU's  Birds  III.  315  The  Red-necked 
Phalarope  is  at  once  distinguished  from  the  Grey  Phala 
rope..  by  its  smaller  size,  with  a  longer  and  more  slender 
beak  [etc.].  1867  LA  YARD  Birds  S.  A/r.  268  The  '"red 
necked  pheasant'  is  only  found  in  wooded  districts.  1783 
LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  III.  i.  183  'Red-necked  Purre 
Sandpiper.  1802  MONTAGU  Ornit/i.  Diet.  (1831)  408  Red 
necked  sandpiper.  The  young  of  the  Dunlin.  1894-3 
LVDEKKER  Royal  Nat.  Hist.  Ill,  241  One  of  the  largest 
species  is  the  "red-necked  wallaby. 

Redness  (re-dnes).  [f.  RED  a.  +  -NESS.]  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  red  ;  red  colour. 

£900  tr.  BxdasHist.  iv.  xxi.  [xix.]  (1890)  322  Mid  \>y  me 
nu.  .of  swiran  for5hlifa5  seo  readnis  [L.  rubor\  £  bryne  \KES 
swiles  &  wserces.  971  Blickl.  Horn.  7  Seo  readues  |>a:re 
rosan  li.veb  on  be.  £1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  i.  pr.  i.  3  (Camb. 
MS.),  Shewynge  by  rednesse  [L.  rutore]  hyr  shame  they 
passeden  sorwfully  the  thresshfold.  c  1430  Pilfr.  LyfiMan- 
liocte  iv.  lix.  (1865)  204  Whyt  milk  it  bicometh  whan  it  is 
soden,  and  be  rednesse  goth  al  awey.  1485  CAXTON  St. 
Wcncfr.o,  A  lytil  redenes  in  maner  of  a  threde  wente  aboute 
the  neck.  1344  PIIAER  Regiin.  Lyfe  (15531  Ii  iv,  A  desease 
called^Gutta  rosacea,  or  copper  face,  in  Englishe,  ..is  an 
excessiue  rednesse  aboute  the  nose.  1613  CKOOKE  Body  of 
Man  72  Where  blood  abuundeth.  .a  rosie  rednesse  mingleth 
it  selfe  with  the  white.  1661  LOVKLL  Hist.  Anitn.  fy  Min. 
220  Towards  winter  they  wax  kipper,,  .and  loose  both  their 
rednesse  and  taste,  a.  1756  MKS.  HEYVVOOU  New  Present 
(1771)25  Fresh  fish  in  general  may  be  judged  by  the  redness 
of  their  gills,  a  1822  SHELLEY  Chns.  /,  i.  118  We  see  the 
redness  o_f  the  torches  Inflame  the  night.  1855  LONGF. 
ffiaw.  xxii.  212  The  evening  sun  descending  Set  the  clouds 
on  fire  with  redness. 

Red  nettle. 

1.  fa.  A  variety  of  the  stinging  nettle.  Obs.  b. 
The  red  dead-nettle. 

_  c  xooo  Sax.  Leechd.  III.  52  Seo  reade  netele  6e  f?urh  sern 
inwyxo.  a  1400  MS.  Shane  282  in  Alphita  (Anec.  Oxon.) 
193  Urtica  greca,  rouge  urteie,  reed  netel.  14..  Stockh. 
Med.  MS.  in  Angtia  XVIII.  302  pe  crop  of  (?e  reed  nettyle 
forset  bou  11031.  c  1450  M.  E.  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  75  Take 
gromylle,  . .  be  rede  netelle,  violet  [etc.].  1530  PALSGR.  261/2 
Reed  nttty\\)0rticgriachc.  1561  HOLLYBUSH  Horn.  Apoth.  3 
Take  sedes  of  red  nettels,  and  braye  them  to  pouder  in  a 
morter.  1611  COTGK.,  Ortie  griesche^  the  small  stinging  red 
Nettle.  Ortie  rouge,  the  red  Nettle.  1877  HULMR  Fain. 
Wild  Fltnvers  I.  63  The  upper  leaves  of  the  red  nettle  are 
sometimes  densely  clothed  with  silky  hairs. 

f2.  (See  quot.)   Obs.  rare^. 

1611  COTGR.,  Cut  de  chczal,  a  small  and  ouglie  fish,  ,. 
called,  the  red  Nettle. 

Red-nose. 

1.  a.  attrib.  Red-nosed,     b.  One  who  has  a  red 
nose,  a  toper. 

1589  NASHE  Anat.  Absurd.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  34  Our  new 
found  songs  . . ,  which  euery  rednose  Fidler  hath  at  his 
Fingers  end.  [1591  —  Prognost.  ibid.  II.  162  The  ancient 
order  of  the  redde  noses.]  1636  W.  DURHAM  in  Ann.  Dit- 
brensia  (1877)  10  Their  red-nose  pimple-faced  deitie.  1638 
BRATHWAn£(irnabees  Jrnl.  in.  (1818)  137  Down  the  staires 
..To  a  knot  of  brave  boyes  fell  I,  All  red-noses,  no  dye 
deeper.  1798  NEMNICH  Polyg.  Le.r.,  Nat.  Hist.  v.  867  Red 
nose  kidneys;  a  sort  of  potatoes. 

2.  A  name  locally  given  to  various  species  of 
molluscs. 

1864  GOSSE  in  Gd.  Words  191  The  fishermen  ..  use  them 
for  bait,  applying  to  them  the  . .  expressive  soubriquet  of 
Red-noses  [Note.  Saxicava  rugosa].  Ibid.  353  The  cottagers 
about  Paignton  well  know  the  '  red-noses ',  as  they  call  the 
great  cockles  [Note.  Cardium  rusticttm], 

Red-nosed,  a.  Having  a  red  nose.  Also 
transf.  in  names  of  birds,  etc. 

1607  SHARPHAM  The  Fleire  n.  D,  Shall  we  haue  red-nos'd 
Corporals  here?  1666  PEPVS  Diary  (1879)  III.  467  A  long 
red-nosed  silly  jade.  1781  WOLCOTT  (P.  Pindar)  Odes  to 
R.  A.'s  vi.  16  Old  red-nos'd  Wilson's  art.  1805  R.  W.  DICK- 
SON  Fract.Agric.  II.  602  Red-nosed  kidney  [potato].  1821 
LATHAM  Gen.  Hist.  Birds  I.  201  Red-Nosed  Falcon.  ..  In 
habits  Senegal.  1840  DICKENS  OldC.  S/w^xlv'i^he  doctor 
was  a  red-nosed  gentleman.  1861  H.  KINGSLEV  Ravenshoe 
xlviii,  Here's  the  rid-nosed  oysther  of  Carlingford. 

Re-do*,  v.     Also  redo.     [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  do  over  again  or  afresh. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeaits  Fr.  Chirnrg.  15/2  Redoinge 
the  same  soe  often  as  the  greatnes  of  the  wounde  shall 
require.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  262  Prodigality  and  luxurie 
are  no  new  crimes,  and . .  we  do  but  re-do  old  vices.  1680  J. 
AUBREY  in  Lett.  Eminent  Persons  (1813)  III.  555  'Tis  pitty 
it  is  not  re-donne.  1837  C.  LOFFT Self-formation  1. 131  This 
we  must  do,  and  redo,  and  as  nearly  as  we  can  overdo.  1892 
Daily  News  2  Aug.  6/1  The  boots  must  either  be  redone,  or 
he  would  not  pay. 

b.  To  redecorate  (a  room"). 

1864  TROLLOPK  Canyon  forgive  her '?  ii,  I'll  go  halves  with 
you  in  the  expense  of  redoing  it.  1895  Blackw.  Mag.  Feb. 
36/2  My  father  redid  the  interior  of  the  East  room. 

c.  To  do  up  again. 

1845  Economy  48  It  is  to  be  patched .  .and  re-done  up. 

•f  2.  To  do  back  or  in  return.   Obs,~^ 

1650  LOCKYER  Olive-Leafe  73  What  evil  men  dc»e  to  good 
shall  be  re-done  to  them,  done  back  again  upon  them. 

Red  ochre.  A  variety  of  OCHRE,  commonly 
used  for  colouring  with  ;  reddle  or  ruddle. 

1572  Ckurchw.  Ace.  St.  Dunstan's,  Canterb.  (MS.),  Payed 
for  red  oker  iij^.     1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  417  This  floure 
of  salt  Is.  .commonly  coloured  with  redocre.    1681  CHETHAM    I 
Angler's  Vade-m.  iv.  §  7  (zyoot  35  Some  ingenious  Anglers 
.  .use  to  shave  Riddle  or  red  Oker  into  the  Moss  they  keep    j 
their  Worms  in.     1725  Phil.  Trans.  XXXIII.  395  About    i 
Winford.  .it  turns  to  Ruddle,  or  Red-Okre,  used  chiefly  for    \ 


KEDONATE. 

marking  of  Sheep.  1774  GOLUSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  II.  240 
They  use  many  methods  to  darken  their  skins  by  art,  paintin  L; 
them  with  red  ochre  [etc.].  1836-7  DICKENS  Sk.  Bo~  (1850) 
69/2  The  company  are  now  promenading  outside  in  all  the 
dignity  of  wigs,  spangles,  red-ochre,  and  whitening.  1884 
W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  $  Iron  iii.  34  The  soft  and  more 
earthy  varieties  [of  red  haematite]  constitute  red  ochre. 

attrib.  1609  DEKKER  Lnnth.  $•  Candlc-lt.  viii,  No  Red- 
oaker  man  caries  a  face  of  a  more  filthy  complexion.  1623-4 
MIDDLETON  &  ROWLEY  Span.  Gipsy  11.  i,  No  red-ochre  rascals 
umbered  with  soot  and  bacon  as  the  English  gipsies  are. 

Hence  Red-ochre  v.    Also  Red-ochreing  vbl.  sb. 

1884  BARING-GOULD  Mckalah  x,  The  roof  was  tiled  and 
looked  very  red,  as  though  red  ochrcd  every  morning.  1899 
Strand  Mag.  Mar.  278/1  A  little  staining  and  red-ochreing. 

Redolence  (re-d^lcns).  [a.  OF.  redolence 
(Godef.),  f.  redolent1,  see  -ENCE.] 

1.  Sweet  smell,  fragrance,  perfume.     Also/£. 

c  1420  LYDG.  Assembly  ofGcds  1611  The  wordys  of  Doc- 
tryne  yaue  gret  redolence,  In  swetness  of  sauour,  to  her 
dysciples  all.  c  1530  Remedy  Love  213  Breathyng  an  Aro- 
matike  redolence  Surmountyng  Olibane.  c  iym  Pride  <V 
Lowl.  (1841)  _8  So  paynted  and  so  coloured  ..  Nas  Floras 
land  ..  Ne  with  such  verdure,  and  such  redolence.  .11691 
BOYLE  (J.),  We  have  all  the  redolence  of  the  perfumes  we 
burn  upon  his  altar;,.  1791  HUDDMSFORD  Salmag.^  Illus. 
Fancy  15  Whose  undulating  folds  dispense  Cassia's  am 
brosial  redolence.  1845  Blackiv.  Mag.  LVIII.  750  Was  not 
this  feeling  an  echo,  a  redolence,  of  the  happy,  lively  sensa 
tions  [etc.].  1897  Oir.  Herald  (N.\.)  13  Oct.  764/2  Migrat 
ing  into  groves  of  redolence  and  perpetual  fruitage, 

f2.  Smell,  stench.   Obs.  rare—1. 
.1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stufe  5S  Al  these  hue  graunted,  to  bee 
ndde  of  his  filthy  redolence. 

So  f  Re'dolency.   Obs.     [See  -ENCY.] 

1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  in.  vii.  (1611)  116  Flowers  for 
beauty,  varietie  of  colour,  and  pleasant  redolencie.  1658 
EVELYN  /•>.  Card.  (1675)  89  The  flit",  so  much  frequent 
their  flowers  and  leaves,  which  attract  them  with  their 
redolcncy  and  juyce.  [Copied  by  Mortimer  ffus&.  (1721)  II. 
268,  whence  in  Johnson  and  later  Diets.] 

Redolent  (re'dolcnt),  a.  [a.  OF.  redolent  or 
L.  redolent-em,  pr.  pple.  of  redolere^  f.  re(d}-  RE-  + 
olere  to  emit  a  smell.  Cf.  OLENT  a,~\ 

1.  Having  or  diffusing  a  pleasant  odour ;  sweet- 
smelling,  fragrant,  odorous.     Now  rare. 

c  1400  Beryn  2765  This  gardeyn  is  evir  green,  &  ful  of  in  aye 
flowers  ..  the  wich  been  so  redolent,  &  sentyn  so  aboute. 
M32-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  485  The  body,  .was  founde 
redolente  and  incorrupte  by  ij.  yere  after  his  dethe.  1528 
PAYNEI,  Sale-rue's  R<-gim,  Hb,  Fragrant  and  redolent  wyne 
conforteth  moste.  1600  FAIRFAX  Tasso  x.  Ixi,  A  lothsome 
lake  of  brimstone,  pitch  and  lime,  Oregoes  that  land,  earst 
sweet  and  redolent.  1634  H.  R.  Salernc's Rcgim.  66  A  toast 
wet  in  redolent  Wine  is  good  to  eate.  1828-30  TENNYSON 
in  Life  (1897)  I.  64  Every  flower  and  every  fruit  the  redolent 
breath  Of  the  warm  seawind  ripeneth. 

transf.  1509  HAWKS  Past.  Pleas,  xxxvin.  (Percy  Soc.)  198 
Her  redolente  wordes  of  swete  influence  Degouted  vapoure 
moc*t  aromatyke. 

tb.  In  fig.  context.   Ofa. 

14. .  LYDG.  Commend.  Our  Lady  39  Fructif  olyve,of  foyles 
faire  and  thikke,  And  redolent  cedre. .  Remembre  on  sinners. 
1513  BFADSHAW^"/.  Werburgei.  1815  A  redolent  floure  all 
vertue  to  augment.  1542  BECON'  Christmas  Banquet  \. 
Wks.  1564  I.  iSb,  The  most  odiferous,  redolent,  and  swete 
smelly ng  floures  of  the  holy  Scriptures.  1629  R.  BRUCE 
Let.  m  Wodrow  Life  (1843)  J38  To  pour  in  after  this  his 
redolent  balm  on  the  bleeding  wounds  of  a  festered  con 
science.  1643  U DALL  Serm.  in  Shuts  s  Sermons  (1645)  8  The 
substance  of  this  Text,  and.  .the  pretious  fragrant  redolent 
oyntment  in  it. 

2.  Of  smell,  odour,  etc. :  Pleasant,  sweet,  fragrant. 
ci45o  LYDG.  &  BURGH  Secrees  2371  Lyk  a  gardeyn  of 

Redolent  savour.  1568  T.  HOWELL  Arb.  Antitie  (1879)  19 
The  Violets  trim.  .Doe  not  alwayes.  .florishe  gay,  with  smell 
most  redolent.  1629  MAXWELL  tr.  Hf radian  (1635  *  297  AH 
manner  of  redolent  Odors.  1653  C.  B.  STAPYLTON  Herodian 
6  Leaving  behind  a  redolent  perfume. 

3.  Odorous  or  smelling  of  or  with  something ; 
full  of  the  scent  or  smell  of.     Also^. 

1700  DRYDEN  Ovid^s  Met.  xv.  109  While  Kine  to  Pails 
distended  Udders  bring,  And  Bees  their  Hony  redolent  of 
Spring.  1742  GRAY  Eton  ii,  The  gales . .  seem  . . ,  redolent  of 
joy  and  youth,  To  breathe  a  second  spring.  1821  LAMB 
Elia  Ser.  i.  My  Relations,  The  odour  of  those  tender 
vegetables  comes  back  upon  my  sense,  redolent  of  soothing 
recollections.  1871  ALABASTER  Wheel  of  Lou*  125  The 
Grand  Being  entered  his  magnificent  palace,  redolent  with 
fragrant  perfumes. 

b.  fig.  Strongly  suggestive  or  reminiscent  of,  or 
impregnated  witht  some  quality,  feeling,  etc. 

1828  E.  IRVING  Last  Days  369  Their  craft  . .  all  redolent 
with  Popish  superstition.  1837-9  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  II.  ii. 
v.  226  It  is  a  strain  redolent  of  a  bridegroom's  joy.  1856 
EMERSON  Eng.  Traits,  Unh-ersities^V1-,.  (Bohn)  II.  90  On 
every  side  Oxford  is  redolent  of  age  and  authority.  1876 
HOLLAND  Sev.  Oaks  xxiii.  328  The  lawyer's  hands  were  as 
pale,,  .and  his  lips  as  redolent  of  scorn. 

t  Redoling,  ///.  a.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  L.  re- 
dol-tre  (see  prec.)  -f  -ING  2.]  Redolent. 

c  1450  Mirour  Saluacioim  556  Above  both  rose  and  lyllye 
candent  and  redoling. 

Redomyt,  variant  of  REDIMITE  a.  Sc.   Obs. 

t  Redonable,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  Rz-  +  DON- 
ABLE  a,]  That  may  be  given  back. 

1641  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Biondis  Civil  Warrcs  II.  69  Artil 
lery,  munition,  or  victualls,  prisoners  of  quality,  or  other 
wise  redonable,  doe  properly  belong  to  them. 

t  Redonate,  v,  Obs.  rare  -°.  [f.  L.  redonat-, 
redonare  :  see  RE-  and  DONATE  v.]  (See  quot.) 

1656  B  LOU  NT  Glossogr.t  Redonate^  to  give  again  a  thing 
that  is  taken. 

39-2 


RETJONATION. 

t  Bedona'tion.  Obs.  rare-1.  [See prec. and 
-ATION.]  The  action  of  giving  back. 

1633  COCKERAM,  Rfdonation,  a  gluing  backe  of  a  thing. 
1648  LIGHTFOOT  Hai-x  Hebraicx  (1684)  II.  561  We  have  .. 
heard  of  the  Holy  Ghost's  departure,  . .  but  of  his  return 
and  redonation  of  him,  we  have  not  yet  heard. 

H.edond(e,  obs.  form  of  REDOUND. 

II  Bedondilla  (ra30nch"-lra).  [Sp.,  dim.  f.  re- 
donda  fern,  of  redondo  round.]  In  Spanish  poetry, 
a  stanza  of  riming  verse ;  spec,  a  stanza  of  four 
trochaic  lines  consisting  of  six  or  eight  syllables,  in 
which  the  first  line  rimes  with  the  fourth,  and  the 
second  with  the  third. 

1837  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  I.  ii.  §  41.  163  The  favourite 
metre  in  lyric  songs  ami  romances  was  the  redondilla.  1868 
GEO.  ELIOT  Sp.  Gipsy  in.  257,  I  am  a  thing  of  rhythm  and 
redondillas. 

Be-doo'in,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]     To  doom  again. 

1738  A.  HILL  Wks.  (1753)  I.  286  If  preferring  the  peace  of 
poor  England  to  your  Lordship's,  I  should  even  wish  you 
redoom'd  to  her  helm ..  the  wish  would  deserve  pardon. 

Redor,  variant  of  REDVORE  Obs. 

Redorse,  Redos,  obs.  variants  of  REREDOS. 

Redoub(e,  redoubbe,  varr.  REDUB  v.  Obs. 

t  Bedou-ble,  *&•  Obs.-1  [Cf.  next  and  obs.  F. 
redouble  ^Godef.).]  Repetition,  anadiplosis. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesic  in.  xix.  (Arb.)  210  Ye  haue 
another  sort  of  repetition  when  with  the  worde  by  which 
j'ou  finish  your  verse,  ye  beginne  the  next  verse.  ..The 
Greeks  call  this  figure  Anadiplosis,  I  call  him  the  Redouble 
as  the  originall  beares. 

Redouble  i.rfd»-b'l),w.l  Also  6-7  redub(b)le. 
[a.  F.  redoubler  (f.  re-  RE-  +  doubler  to  DOUBLE)  = 
Sp.  redoblar,  Pg.  reiiobrar.  It.  raddoppiare.~\ 

1.  trans.  To  double  (a  tiling) ;  to  make  twice  as 
great  or  as  much. 

'  CI477  CAXTON  Jason  i8b,  I  haue  yet  good  wil  that  to- 
morne  I  shal  redouble  that,  c  1489  —  Bla.ncha.nlyn  xlii.  1 59 
These  tydynges  dyde  redouble  her  ioye  ouer  mesure.  1555 
EUEN  Decades  249  By  this  meanes  are  the  customes  re- 
doubeled.  1594  SOUTHWELL  M.  Magti.  Fnti.  Tears  (1823) 
73  Thy  losse  hath  redoubled  the  torment  of  my  owne 
[grief].  1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  ,Mor.  219  The  feare 
which  she  hath  lest  her  little  one  should  take  harme  re- 
doubleth  her  courage.  1698  S.  CLARKE  Script.  Jnst.  iv.  18 
When  God  justified  Jo!),  ..he  return'd  and  redoubled  all  his 
Temporal  Blessings  to  him  again.  1748  Alisons  Voy.  n.  vi. 
192  This  made  our  people  redouble  their  efforts.  1797-1809 
COLERIDGE  Three  Grams  345  There  was  a  hurry  in  her 
looks,  Her  struggles  she  redoubled.  1868  FREEMAN  Norm. 
Conq.  (1876)  II.  x.  520  The  King's  alms  and  prayers  and 
fastings  are  redoubled. 

b.  intr.  To  be  doubled ;  to  become  twice  as 
great  or  as  much.  Also,  to  become  doubly  strong 
in  some  respect. 

1490  CAXTON  Etuydosyam.  90  Redoublen  her  sorowes  and 
her  trystesses  enforce  more  vpon  her.  1530  PALSGR.  682/1 
Whan  I  thynke  upon  his  dethe  my  sorowes  redouble,  a.  1627 
HAYWABD  Four  Y.  F.liz.  (Camdenl  62  The  Englishe  ..  re- 
dublinge  in  courage  upon  the  importance  of  their  danger, . . 
drave  the  French  agame  home  to  the  towne.  1666  HARVEY 
Morli.  Angl.  xxxi.  (1672)  94  The  heat  of  the  body  reflecting 
at  the  fingers  ends,  redoubles,  and  is  more  intense  than  in 
any  other  part.  17:5  POPE  Iliad  I.  296  Nor  yet  the  rage 
his  boiling  breast  forsook,  Which  thus  redoubling  on  Atrides 
broke.  1831  JF.KYLL  Corr.  (1894)  281  The  morning  papers 
redouble  in  fury.  1855  MACAULAV  Hist.  Eng.  xvii.  IV.  46 
The  clamour  redoubled  when  it  was  known  that  the  convert 
. .  had  accepted  the  Deanery  of  Saint  Paul's, 
t  c.  To  be  (so  many  times)  greater  than.  Obs. 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  vn.  xxii.  §  5.  338  The  Armie  of 
this  enemie  is  reported  to  redouble  thirty  times  his. 

t  2.  trans,  a.  To  repay  doubly,  b.  To  cause  to 
be  repeated.  Obs.  rare. 

1531  ELYOT  Gov.  n.  xii,  Thus  my  kyndenesse  hathe  he 
well  acquyted,  or  (as  I  mought  saye)  redoubled,  delivering 
me  from  the  death.  Ibid.  in.  xxi,  Often  tymes  the  omittynge 
of  correction  redoubleth  a  trespace. 

3.  To  repeat ;  to  do,  say,  etc.,  a  second  time. 

1581  J.  BELL  H 'addon's  Ansiv.  Osor.  344  b,  Of  the  great- 
nesse  of  Sinne  . .  hath  bene  spoken  so  much  already  that  it 
is  needelesse  now  to  redouble  the  same  agayne.  i6z6  T.  H. 
tr.  Caussin's  Holy  Crt.  ^  i  There  is  not  a  visitant . .  that  will 
not  roame  from  house  to  house,  .and  redouble  iourney  after 
journey heerevpon.  i64SMiLTON  Tetrach.  Wks.  (1847)  180/1 
(Gen.  i.  27)  He  . .  said  also  in  the  same  verse,  '  in  the  image 
of  God  created  he  him ',  and  redoubled  it.  1845  STODDART 
Gram,  in  Encycl.  Mttrop.  I.  91/1  It  is  sufficient ..  that  the 
negative  conception  should  be  once  expressed  in  a  simple 
sentence  ;  but  we  generally  find  it  redoubled  in  old  English. 
b.  esp.  To  repeat  (a  blow,  etc.). 

1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  II,  I.  iii.  90  Let  thy  blowes  doubly  re 
doubled,  Fall Hkeamazing thunder.  issSGRENEwEY Tacitus, 
Ann.  vi.  viii.  (1622)  134  He  . .  being  carried  away  with  his 
horse,  was  not  able  to  redouble  his  stroke.  1646  EARL 
MONM.  n.Biond{sdvilWarres\-\.  40  e,  He  was.,  wounded 
in  the  side  by  one  who  was  come  thither  to  kill  him,  and 
who  did  not  redouble  his  thrust. 

f  c.  absol.  To  repeat  a  thrust  or  stroke  in  fencing. 

1640  tr.  Verdere's  Rotnant  of  Rani.  in.  220  He  ran  him 
with  his  sword  into  the  thigh,  and  instantly  redoubling  on 
his  helmet,  he  overturned  him.  1692  SIR  W.  HOPE  Fencing- 
Master  98  When  you  Redouble  or  give  in  another  Thrust. 

1 4.  trans.  To  repeat  (a  sound)  ;  to  return,  re 
produce,  re-echo.  Obs. 

a  1541  WYATT  in  Tat/el's  Misc.  (Arb.)  75  To  me  they  do 
redubble  still  of  stormy  sighes  the  voyce.  1596  SPENSER 
Prothalamion  in  So  ended  she;  and  all  the  rest  around 
To  her  redoubled  that  her  undersong.  1655  MILTON  Sonn. 
Mass.  Piedmont,  Their  moans  The  Vales  redoubl'd  to  the 
Hills,  and  they  To  Heav'n.  1679  DRYDEN  Limbcrham  III. 
i,  Hollow  mountain!!  my  groans  redouble. 


308 

b.  intr.  To  re-echo,  resound. 

1725  POPE  Odyss.  vi.  136  Loud  shrieks  the  virgin  train, 
And  the  loud  shriek  redoubles  from  the  main.  1781  COWPLR 
Truth  240  Peal  upon  peal  redoubling  all  around.  1817 
SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  vn.  xi,  A  stunning  clang  of  massive 
bolts  redoubling  Beneath  the  deep. 

5.  trans.  To  duplicate  by  reflection. 

1827  MONTGOMERY  Pelican  1st.  i.  n  The  sun  Sole  in  the 
firmament,  but  in  the  deep  Redoubled.  1869  RUSKIN  Q.  of 
Air  §  18  As  you  may  trace  new  forms  and  softer  colours  m 
a  hillside,  redoubled  by  a  lake. 

1 6.  To  pass  or  sail  round,  to  double.  Obs.—1 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  v.  i.  §  4.  155  The  huge  enorme 
tract  of  ground  beyond  Caledonia,  .was  first  redoubled  with 
the  Romane  fleet  by  lulius  Agricola. 

Redouble  (ndzrb'l),  v.-  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
and  intr.  To  double  again. 

1530  PALSGR.  682/1  It  is  a  sporte  to  se  an  hare  doubyll 
and  redoubyll.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Pocsie  n.  x[i].(Arb.) 
zoo  The  maker  will  double  or  redouble  his  rime  or  concords, 
and  set  his  distances  farre  or  nigh.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist. 
Turks  (1638)  283  Doubling  and  redoubling  the  praises  of 
the  king.  1771  LtlCKOHBB  Hist.  Print.  403  As  the  volume 
that  is  doubled  or  re-doubled  is  imposed  in  the  whole  Chase. 

t  Redou'ble,  v.*  06s.  Also  6  -dub(b)le, 
-doble.  [a.  obs.  F.  redoubler,  -dobler  (I5th  c.), 
app.  an  erroneous  form  of  redouber  to  REDUB.] 
trans.  To  put  right,  amend,  redress. 

c  1555  HAKPSI-TELD  Divorce  Hen.  VII I  (Camden)  55  They 
would  fain  reduble  and  redress  this  error.  1571  DK.  NORFOLK 
in  i4<A  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  IV.  574  Manye  men 
have  runne  astraie  who  . .  have  afterwardes,  with  good  ser 
vice,  redobled  ther  former  follies.  1596  Foxe's  A.  <$•  A!. 
1001/2  No  man  shall  by  colour  of  dutie  omitted  by  their 
curates,  deteine  their  tithes,  and  so  redouble  [1570  redubbe] 
one  wrong  with  another. 

Redoubled  (rfdtrb'ld,  r/ifc-b'ld),  ///.  a.  [f. 
REDOUBLE  vl  (and  z>.2)  +  -ED-.] 

1.  Increased  to  double  ;  repeated. 

(11542  WYATT  in  TotteTs  Misc.  (Arb.)  59  Who  geueth 
willingly,  Redoubled  thankes  aye  doth  deserue.  1590  Sri-.x- 
SER  F.  Q.  it.  ii.  23  He  ..  with  redoubled  bufies  them  backe 
did  put.  1591  —  Tears  Muses  22  Th'  hollow  hills  from 
which  their  silver  voyces  Were  wont  redoubled  Echoes  to 
rebound.  1631  QUARLES  Div.  /Vtmr,  Sawson  sec.  viii, 
His  quicke  redoubled  paces  make  His  stay  amends.  1671 
MILTON  Sawson  923  Where  my  redonbl'd  love  and  care 
..  May  ever  tend  about  thee.  1711  W.  KING  tr.  Natt&'s 
Rcf.  Politics  iii.  105  The  king  persisted  in  his  resolution 
which  was  followed  by  the  redoubled  complaints  of  his 
people.  1776  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.  xii.  I.  330  The  angry  and 
selfish  passions  of  the  soldiers  ..  soon  broke  out  with  re 
doubled  violence.  1869  J.  MARTINEAU  Ess.  II.  228  The 
memory  will .  .require  redoubled  precautions  against  mistake. 
b.  Music.  Increased  by  an  octave. 

1811  HUSBY  Diet.  Mm.  (ed.  3)  s.v.,  The  thirteenth  com 
posed  of  a  sixth  and  octave  is  a  redoubled  sixth ;  and  the 
fifteenth  containing  two  octaves  is  a  redoubled  octave. 

2.  Doubled,  or  folded,  back  or  again. 

1601  DENT  Pathw.  Heaven  (1831)  37  These  doubled  and 
redoubled  ruffs  which  are  now  in  common  use.  c  1825 
BKDDOES  Poents,  Kisses  115  Soft  as  a  snow-tuft  in  the  dew- 
less  cup  Of  a  redoubled  rose.  1827-8  STEUART  Planter's  G. 
(ed.  2)  248  Taking  care,  by  redoubled  folds  of  mat,  to  secure 
the  bark  against,  damage. 

Redou'blement.  [a.  ¥ ^ redoublement  (i6th 
c.)i  or  f.  REDOUBLE  v^  +  -MEXT.] 

1.  =  REDOUBLING  vbl.  sb*  i . 

1611  COTGR.,  Redotible^  a  redoublement ;  ..  a  redoubling. 
1768  Woman  of  Honor  III.  256  To  that  circumstance  it  was 
so  plain,  my  owing  her  redoublement  of  attention  to  me,  that 
I  never  [etc.}.  1867  MILL  in  Even,  Star  10  Way,  This  bill 
.  .will  have  the  unrivalled  feat  of  making  a  redoublement  of 
agitation  both  inevitable  and  indispensable. 

f2.  Med.  An  increase  in  severity;  a  paroxysm. 
Obs.  (Cf.  REDOUBLING  vbl.  sb.  3.) 

1740  tr.  De  Monhy's  Fort.  Country-Maid  (1741)  II.  304  A 
frightful  Crisis,  which  at  first  was  thought  to  be  a  Redouble 
ment  of  the  Fever.  1753  N.  TORRIANO  Gangr.  Sore  Throat 
93  Any  Diminution  in  the  Redoublements  of  the  Fever. 

transf.  1878  FR.  A.  KEMBLE  R^ec.  Girlhood  I.  viii.  215, 
I  fell  into  a  redoublement  of  weeping. 

Redou'bler.    [f.  REDOUBLE  z>.i  or  2  +  -ER  *.] 

1.  One  who  redoubles.  rare~°. 
i6zi  COTGR.,  Redoubleur,  a  redoubler. 

2.  A  machine  for  redoubling  yam. 

1884  M°LAREN  Spinning  241  It  is  only  necessary  to  put 
from  six  to  twelve  turns  per  yard  Into  the  yarn.  The  best 
frame  for  doing^  this  is  Messrs.  Boyd's  redoubler. 

Redoubling  (r#Ltrb'lirj,  ri&rbttfj),  vbl.  sb.    ff. 
REDOUBLE  vl  (and  w.2)  +  -ING  ].] 
1.  The  action  of  REDOUBLE  v.  in  various  senses. 

1580  HOLLYBAND  Treas.  Fr.  Tong,  Redoublement^  a  re 
doubling.  1610  J.  MORE  in  Bnccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.)  I.  87  By  the  redoubling  of  her  griefs  on  all  hands. 
a  1665  J.  GOODWIN  Filled  iv.  the  Spirit  (1867)  in  The  re 
doubling  of  the  negative  particle  . .  fortifying  the  negation. 
1681  [see  ANADIPLOSIS].  1748  HARTLEY  Observ,  Man  i.  iv. 
458  The  Progress,  Windings,  and  endless  Redoublings  of 
Self-love.  1893  Daily  News  3  Feb.  5/4  The  next  re-doubling 
of  the  present  number  of  his  co-religionists. 
b.  techn.  in  spinning  (see  quot.). 

1884  MCL,AREN  Spinning  239  There  is  a  second  form  of 
twisting  called  re-doubling,  which  is  chiefly  used  for  carpet 
yarn.  It  is  for  twisting  two  or  more  threads  together  that 
have  already  been  each  made  into  two-fold. 

t2.  A  paroxysm.   Obs.     (Cf.  REDOUBLEMENT  2.) 

1747  tr.  Astntc's  Fwers  265  A  pestilential  fever,  particu 
larly  of  the  malignant  and  continued  kind  with  redoublings. 
fig-  I75^  NUGENT  Montesquieu? sSpir.  Laws  xm.  xvii,  A 
new  distemper  has  spread  itself  over  Europe,  infecting  our 
princes.  ..  It  has  its  redoublings,  and  of  necessity  becomes 
contagious. 


REDOUBTABLE. 

Redou-bling,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prcc.  +  -ING  2.] 
Doubling,  increasing  ;  re-echoing,  resounding. 

1631  LITHGOW  Trav.  viii.  349  Wars  . .  the  issue  whereof, 
bul  retorted  to  the  Duke  a  redoubling  disaduantage.  1717 
POPE  Iliad  xii.  298  Redoubling  clamours  thunder  in  the 
skies.  1762-9  FALCONER  Shifror.  i.  799  Redoubling  cords 
the  lofty  canvas  guide.  Ibid.  II.  73  One  in  redoubling 
mazes  wheels  along.  1817  SCOTT  Harold  v.  xii,  Redoubling 
echoes  roll'd  about.  1822  GOOD  Study  Med.  II.  26  The 
dicrotic,  coturnising,  and  inciduous  [pulses],  proposed.. as 
mere  subvarieties  of  the  rebounding,  or  redoubling. 

Redoubt  (rfdau-t),  s6.  Also  7,  9  redout(e. 
[ad.  F.  redonle,  t  redote,  ridotte  (first  recorded  in 
1616),  ad.  It.  ridotto  (=  Sp.  reducto,  Pg.  reduclo, 
reduto,  F.  riduit :  see  REDUIT)  :— med.L.  reductus 
a  secret  place,  a  refuge,  f.  L.  reductus  retired,  pa. 
pple.  of  reducire  to  REDUCE. 

The  I  in  Eng.  is  intrusive,  on  analogy  of  REDOUBT  v.] 

1.  Fortif.  f  a.  A  small  work  made  in  a  bastion 
or  ravelin  of  a  permanent  fortification,  or  (detached 
redoubt)  at  some  distance  beyond  the  glacis,  but 
within  musket-shot  from  the  covert-way.  06s.    b. 
A  species  of  out-work  or  field-work,  usually  of 
a  square  or  polygonal  shape,  and  with  little  or  no 
means  of  flanking  defence. 

a  r6o8  SIR  F.  VERB  Comm.  (1657)  4  Because  there  were 
upon  it  certain  small  redoubts  held  by  the  cneraie,  we  took 
along  with  us  two  small  field-pieces.  1623  B.  JONSON  Staple 
of  N.  iv,  When  my  muster-master. -tells  you  of  redoubts, 
of  cats,  and  cortines.  1673  SIR  J.  MOORE  Mod.  FortiJ. 
95  Plain  Redoubts,  are  either  small  or  great;  the  small 
are  fit  for  Court  of  Guards  in  the  Trenches.  1704  J. 
HARRIS  Lex.  Teclm.  I.  s.  v.,  In  Marshy  Grounds,  these  Re 
doubts  are  often  made  of  Mason's  Work  for  the  Security 
of  the  Neighbourhood.  1794  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Myst.  Udolpho 
xxxiii,  They  were  fired  from  that  redoubt  yonder,  and  rare 
execution  they  did.  1834-47  J.  S.  MACAULAY  Field  Fortif. 
(1851)  13  The  defects  of  a  circular  redoubt  are,  that  it  is 
difficult  to  apply  to  irregular  sites,  and  that  it  distributes  its 
fire  equally  on  every  part  whether  required  or  not. 
b.  Jig.  and  in  fig.  context. 

1629  B.  JONSON  in  Sir  J.  Beaumont  Bosworth  F.,  etc  aj  b, 
Yet,  who  dares  offer  a  redoubt  to  reare  ?  To  cut  a  Dike?  or 
sticke  a  Stake  vp,  here,  Before  this  worke?  1663  BUTLER 
Hud.  i.  i.  326  [The  rats]  till  th'  were  stormed  and  beaten  out 
Ne'er  left  the  fortified  Redoubt.  1711  SWIFT  Sid  Hamet  51 
A  magical  Redoubt  To  keep  mischievous  Spirits  out.  1781 
COWPER  Conversat.  689  They . .  Enlarge  and  fortify  the  dread 
redoubt,  Deeply  resolved  to  shut  a  Saviour  out.  1841 
EMERSON  Lect.  on  Times  Wks.  (Bonn)  II.  249  This  great 
fact  of  Conservatism,  entrenched  in  its  immense  redoubts. 

2.  Fortif.   =  REDUIT. 

iSoj  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Redoubt,,  .a  place  more  particu 
larly  intrenched  and  separated  from  the  rest  by  a  ditch. 
1841  Penny  Cyd.  XIX.  348/2  Any  works  constructed  within 
others,  in  order  to  prolong  their  defence,  or  to  afford  a  re 
treat  for  the  troops  who  occupy  them,  are  also  called  re 
doubts. 

3.  A  public  assembly-hall  in  Germany  used  for 
gambling  and  entertainments ;  also  transf.  an  as 
sembly  held  there,  esp.  a  masked  ball. 

1818  Autumn  'far  Rhine  500  The  Redoubt  is  a  large 
handsome  building,  the  ground-floor  open  with  a  colonnade 
in  front.  1858  CARLYLE  Fretlk.  Gt.  vi.  iii.  (1872)  II.  150  The 
two  Kings,  after  dinner,  went  in  domino  to  the  redoubt 
(ridotto,  what  we  now  call  rout  or  evening  party). 

f  Redoubt,///,  a.   Obs.    [f.  next.]    Redoubted. 

1417  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  I.  54  Our  righte  redoubt 
and  righte  soveraiyne  liege  Lord.  1502  Ord.  Crysten  Men 
(W.  de  W.  1 506)  v.  iii.  M  M  ij  b,  How  moche  is  this  horryble 
thynge  cruell  and  redouble  as  to  offende  god  and  his  com- 
maundementes  to  trespasse. 

Redoubt  (ritiau-t),  v.  Now  rhet.  Also  4-7 
redoute,  5-6  redowt, (4 -e).  [ad.  F.  redouter,  f  re- 
doubter  (nth  c.),  f.  re-  RE-  +  douter  to  DOUBT. 
Cf.  obs.  It.  ridottare.]  trans.  To  dread,  fear,  stand 
in  awe  or  apprehension  of:  a.  a  person,  nation, 
etc.  (Chiefly  in  pa.  pple) 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  u.  pr.  vii.  45  (Camb.  MS.),  Yitwas 
.  .Roome  wel  waxen  and  gretly  redowted  of  the  parthes  [L. 
Parthis  . .  forinidolosa}.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Lam  Arms 
(S.T.S.)  2  Charles  the  Sext.  .the  quhilk  is  lufit  and  redoubtit 
our  all  the  warld.  c  1500  Jlfetusine  200  Regnald . .  made  so 
grete  appertyse  of  armes  that  alle  his  enemyes  redoubted 
hym.  1590  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Autom'e  947,  I  conquer'd 
Rome,  that  Nations  so  redoubt.  (11648  LD.  HERBERT 
Hen.  K///(i683)  2  He  seem'd  to  hold  that  strong  temper  of 
Authority,  which  made  him  esteem'd  and  redoubted  boih  at 
home  and  abroad.  1728  MORGAN  Algiers  II.  i.  212  Algiers 
formidable  and  redoubted  as  it  renders  itself  to  many  of  the 
Coasts  of  Europe  measures  barely  one  League  about.  1866 
£dia.  Rev.  Oct.  363  The  Sawflies  are  those  most  to  be 
redoubted  by  the  English  farmer. 
b.  a  thing  or  event. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  I.  pr.  iii.  5  (Camb.  MS.)  Sholde  I 
thanne  redowte  my  blame.  1491  CAXTON  Vitas  Pair.  (W. 
de  W.  1495)  i.  xlviii.  92/2  They  had  seen  his  lugements, 
whyche  ben  moche  to  be  fered  and  redoubted.  1523  LD. 
BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  cclxxv.  412  Whiche  thynges  they  sayd 
ought  greatly  to  be  redoubted  and  consydered.  £1586 


:nemies.  1782  ELPHINSTON  Martial  i.  Ixx.  61  Yet,  bold 
approach;  thou  canst  redoubt  no  pride.  1889  J.J.  THOMAS 
fr'roudacity  198  Whiteness  of  skin  was  both  redoubted  and 
tremblingly  crouched  to  by  negroes. 

Redoubtable  (r/duu-tab'l),  a.  (and  tt.)  Now 
rhet.  Also  4  redowt-,  4-6  redout-,  [a.  F. 
redoutable,  \  redoubt-  (12-1 3th  c.) :  see  prec.] 

1.  To  be  feared  or  dreaded ;  formidable,     t  Also. 


REDOUBTABLENESS. 


309 


REDOWA. 


of  persons :  To  be  reverenced  or  revered,  com 
manding  respect,  a.  In  predicative  use. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  iv.  pr.  v.  102  (Camb,  MS.)  No  wyse 
man  hath  leuere  ben  exiled,  poore  and  nedy,  and  namelcs, 
than  for  to  . .  flowren  of  Rychesses,  and  be  redowtable  by 
honour  [L.  honorc  revere  nans}.  1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  \.  viii, 
For  the  evyll  was  helle  maad . .  \vhiche  is  horryble  stynking 
and  redoubtable.  1530  PALSGR.  383  He  was  wont  to  be 
so  redoubtable  to  them.  1638  R.  BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett. 
(vol.  III.)  108  In  such  equipage  hee  would  be  more  ridiculous 
than  redoubtable.  1685  Gracians  Courtier's  Orac.  53  l!y 
one  word  he  rendred  himself  more  redoubtable,  than  by  all 
his  power.  1787  BURNS  Death  Sir  J.  ff.  Blair  vi,  Revers  d 
[is]  that  spear,  redoubtable  in  war.  1816  KIKBY  &  Sr. 
Entomol.  xxiii.  (1818)  II.  358  A  spider-wasp  ..  whose  sting 
is  redoubtable.  1889  Spectator  14  -Sept.,  As  a  fighting  race, 
they  will  always  be  redoubtable. 

b.  In  attributive  use.      (Chiefly  of  persons,  and 
now  freq.  in  humorous  or  ironical  application. ) 

1421  SIR  H.  LUTTRELL  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  I.  84 
Redoutabel  and  souverame  Lord .  1484  CAXTON  Chivalry  4 
He  thought  of  the  ryght  redoubtable  sentence  of  our  lord. 
1550  BALE  Eng.  Votaries  (tltle-p.),  Dedicated  to  our  most  re 
doubtable  soveraigne  kynge  Edward  the  syxte.  1621  MOLLE 
Caiuerar.  Liv,  Libr.  v.  xiv.  377  Ridiculous  redoubtable 
rellicks  which  the  ancient  Pagans  were  wont  to  carrie.  1657 
CROMWELL  Sp.  23  Jan.  in  Car/yle,  That  you  marry  this  re 
doubtable  couple  together— Righteousness  and  Peace.  1716 
POPE  Let.  to  Earl  of  Burlington  Wks.  iSS6  X.  205  The 
enterprising  Mr.  Lintot,  the  redoubtable  rival  of  Mr.  Tonson. 
1825  J.  NEAL  Bro.  Jonathan  II.  163  A  little  to  their  left 
was  a  female. .,  a  redoubtable  speaker  of  the  society.  1877 
MRS.  OLIPHANT  Makers  Flor.  xi.  270  They  fell  on  the  re 
doubtable  Swiss,  then  'the  finest  infantry  in  the  world  '. 

2.  sb.  A  formidable  person. 

1844  BROWNING  Colombo's  Birthday  m,  Had  you  sought 
the  lady's  court . .  Faced  the  redoubtables  composing  it  [etc.]. 

Hence  Bedou'btableness. 

1672  PENN  Sfir.  Truth  Vind.fy  Behold  then  theredoubt- 
ableness  of  this  Adversary. 

Redoubted  (tfdau'ted),///.  a,  [f.  REDOUBT  v. 
+  -ED  l.]  Feared  or  dreaded ;  reverenced,  re 
spected  ;  noted,  distinguished. 

Very  common  in  i$-ijth  c.  in  addressing  sovereigns. 

1417  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  I.  55  Unto  there  soveraigne 
and  redoubted  liege  Lord.  1464  A'  oils  of  Par  It.  V.  527/2 
Oure  right  redoubted  Fader  of  noble  memorie.  1509  HAWES 
Past,  Picas,  xi.  (Percy  Soc.)  42  How  redoubted  Hercules 
by  puyssaunce  Fought  with  an  ydre.  1547  in  Vicary*  s  Anat* 
(1888)  App.  iii.  131  Our  late  most  redowtyd  souereygn  lorde, 
Kinge  Henrye  the  viijt(j.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxi.  xli.  416 
Can  it  be  thought  then,  that . .  I  fell  by  chance  and  at  un- 
wares  upon  this  drad  and  redoubted  enemie  ?  1774  WARTON 
Hist.  Eng.  Poetry  Diss.  i.  14  Arthur  having  killed  this  re 
doubted  Knight.  1815  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  v.  xxix,  Nor 
better  was  their  lot  who  fled,  And  met . .  The  Douglas's  re 
doubted  spear!  1861  THACKERAY  Four  Georges  iv.  (1862) 
204  The  prime  minister  himself,  the  redoubted  William  Pitt. 

Redoil'btillg,  vbl.  sb.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
•ING*.]  Respect,  reverence;  apprehension. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt.'s  T.  1192  With  soutil  pencel  was  de- 
peynted  this  storie  In  redoutynge  of  Mars  and  of  his  glorie. 
1611  FLORID,  Ridottanzat  a  redoubling  or  fearing. 

Redound  (l/dcm'nd),  sb.    rare.     [f.  the  vb.] 

1.  Reverberation,  echo ;  a  resounding  cry. 

a  1665  CODRINGTON  O.  Curtius  in.  (1670)  55  The  redound 
of  the  Hills  and  the  Rocks,  which  doubled  every  voice  of 
theirs.  1825  G.  MC€ANN_  Right  Private  Judgem.  239 
Against  whomsoever  we  direct  our  clamours,  our  last  re 
dound  is  against  heaven. 

2.  The  fact  of  redounding  or  resulting. 

1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  n.  28  We  give  you  welcome :  not 
without  redound  Of  use  and  glory  to  yourselves  ye  come. 

Redound  (rzdau'nd),  v.  Forms:  a.  4-6  re- 
dund(e,  5-6  Sc.  redond(e ;  4-6  redounde,  6 
redownd,  6-  redound.  0.  5  Sc.  radouu,  6  re- 
doun,  6,  7  redown(e.  [ad.  F.  rtdonder  (i2th  c.) 
^  Sp.,  Pg.  redututar,  It.  ridondare :— L.  redimddre^ 
f.  re(d}-  RE-  +  undare  to  surge,  f.  unda  a  wave. 

In  the  obsolete  uses  the  precise  sense  is  not  always  clear  \ 
in  4  and  5  there  is  probably  some  confusion  with  REBOUND  v.\ 
I.  intr.  f  1.  Of  water,  waves,  etc, :  To  swell  or 
surge  up,  to  overflow.  Obs. 

1382  WYCLIF  Esther  xi.  10  A  litle  welle  wex  in  to  the 
moste  flod,  and  in  to  manye  watris  redundede.  138*  — 
Ecel.  i.  7  Alle  flodis  entren  in  to  the  se,  and  the  se  redoundith 
not.  1596  SPENSER  Hymn  Ifeav,  Lore  165  Their  streames 
yet  never  staunch,  But  stil  do  flow,  and  freshly  stil  redound. 
1684  T.  BURNET  Th.  Earth^  i.  121  These  must  have  subter 
raneous  out-lets. . :  otherwise  they  would  redound  and  over 
flow  the  brims  of  their  vessel.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  iv.  578 
Round  the  descending  nymph  the  waves  redounding  roar. 

fb.  Of  other  liquids,  esp.  of  moisture  in  the 
body  :  To  overflow,  superabound.   Obs. 

1568  SKEVNE  The  /W  (1860)  37  Purge  a  1  superflew  flewme 
as  may  redunde  in  all  naturall  partis.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q. 
iv.  x.  i  For  every  dram  of  hony  therein  found  A  pound  of 
gall  doth  over  it  redound.  1596  BARROUGH  Met  ft.  Physick 
m.  Hv.  (1639)  187  We  say,  that  menstruis  do  redound  and 
overflow  in  women,  when  [etc.],  1684  tr.  Bonet\s  Mere. 
Compit.  x.  362  The  Mercury.. may  more  easily  mix  it  self 
with  the  Phlegm  redounding  in  the  Body. 

fc.  transf.  To  be  in  excess  or  superfluous.   Obs. 
1599    B.  JONSOM   Cynthia's  Rev.    v,   ii,    It   is  a  strange 

outrecuidance :  your  humour  too  much  redoundeth.  1631 
JORUEN  Nat.  Bathes  ii.  (1669)  9  If  any  of  these  proper 
ties  be  wanting,  or  any  redound,  it  is  mixed  [etc.].  1653 
ASKWELL  Fides  Afost.  17  Some  old  Latine  Copies  of 
the  Creed  ..  wherein  (In)  redounds  by  the  like  Hebrew 
Pleonasme.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  v.  438  What  redounds, 
transpires  Through  Spirit^  with  ease. 

1 2.  To  be  plentiful,  abound.  Obs. 

1382  WvcLit  J^cclus,  .\lvii.  30   Ful  manye  redoundedcti 


the  synnes  of  hem  gretli.  1413  Pilgr.  Sosvle  (Caxton)  i.  xv. 
(1859)  J5  But  this  were  soth  grete  peryl  most  redounde,  Al 
mortal  folk  with  meschyef  to  confounde.  1528  LYNDESAV 
Drcnie  840,  I  maruell  gretlie.  .That  Ryches  suld  nocht  in 
this  realme  redound.  1581  T.  HOWELL  Denises  (1879)  223 
Who  are  brought  downe,  by  thy  most  forvvarde  frownes, 
Still  subiect  Hue,  and  trouble  them  redownes. 

t  3.  To  abound  in  (a  thing) ;  to  overflow  or  be 
filled  with  (a  thing  or  quality).  Obs. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  373/2  Thenne  hyr  body  was  put 
in  a  monumente  whyche  after  was  founden  to  redounde  in 
oyle.  1582  STANYHURST  &ncis  i.  (Arb.)  37  Theare  stud  vp 
/Eneas,  with  glittring  bcautye  redowning.  1591  SPKNSEK 
Virgins  Gnat  189  A  pleasant  bowre  ..  To  rest  their  limbs 
with  wearines  redounding.  1656  [?  J.  SERGEANT]  tr.  T. 
White's  Peripat.  lust.  421  When  the  Earth  redounded  with 
well-digested_moisture.  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (j&qti  III. 
241  Rauitis  himself  doth  not  so  much  redound  in  dichotomies 
as  they  do. 

t  "b.  To  be  redundant  in  some  respect.    Obs. 

1612  BRIHSLEY  Pos.  Parts  (ed.  2)  53  Those  words  which 
redound,  or  which  haue  mure  in  declining  than  Nounes  haue 
commonly.  1650  HULWER  Anthropomet.  viii.  (1653)  162 
They  which  oncly  fall  short  or  redound  in  number  [of  parts 
of  the  body]  . .  live  many  years, 

f  4.  To  flow,  come,  or  go  back ;  to  return  (to 
a  place  or  person)  ;  to  come  again.  Obs. 

1382  WYCLIF  2  Citron,  xix.  6  What  euer  }e  shul  demyn,  in 
to  }ou  it  schal  redoundyn.  1456  Snt  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms 
(S.  T.  S.)  12  As  to  the  see  agaynu  passis  all  wateris,  sa  ..  all 
sciencis  in  this  warld  redounclis  agayne  to  haly  scripture, 
c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  x.  413  Sum  wytt  agayn  to  Wallace- 
can  radoun;  In  hys  awn  mynd  so  rewilyt  him  resoun.  1526 
Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  181  b,  Lyke  as  all  flodes  com- 
meth  out  of  ytt  see,  and  in  to  y9  see  they  redounde  agayue. 
1596  SPENSER  Hymn  Hear.  Beauty  75  So  those  likewise 
doe  by  degrees  redound  And  ribe  more  faire. 

t  b.  To  rebound  after  impact,  to  recoil,  spring 
back.  Obs. 

c  1500  Melitsinc  175  Hys  swerd  redounded  vpon  hys  hers 
nek  by  suche  myght  that  nygh  he  cutte  his  throtte  of.  1545 
ASCHAM  Toxofk,  \\.  (Arb.)  159  For  the  wynd  whych  com- 
meth  in  dede  against  you,  redoundeth  bake  agayne  at  the 
wal.  a  1625  FLETCHER  Nice  Valour  iv.  i,  I  never  yet  took 
box  o'  til'  eare,  But  it  redounded. 

f  o.  To  pass,  make  way,  penetrate.   Obs,  rare. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ix.xxi.  17  Thair  pleasant  sang,  .. 
Nor  5ett  thair  joy  did  to  my  heart  redoun.  c  1560  A.  SCOTT 
Poems  (S.T.  S.)  xiv.  7  J>e  bewty  of  my  lady  stoundis  Out- 
throucht  my  breist,  vnto  my  hairt  redoundis. 

f  5.  To  resound,  reverberate,  re-echo,  a.  Of 
sounds.  Obs. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  i.  xvi,  He  cam  in  so  fiersly  that 
the  strokes  redounded  ageyne  fro  the  woode  and  the  water. 
1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  150  Whan  y'  swete  songes 
and  hy nines  of  ya  chirchc  redounded  to  his  cares.  1550 
LYHDESAY  Sqr.  Meldntm  740  Quhilk  on  the  Sey  maid  sic 
ane  sound,  That  in  the  Air  it  did  redound.  1631  LITHGOW 
Trav.  viir.  343  What  else  redounds  But  sighes  and  sobs? 
fb.  Of  places.  Obs. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  10183  The  skrew,  for  }>e  skrykyng  & 
skremyng  of  folke,  Redoundet  with  dyn  drede  for  to  here. 
1491  CAXTON  Vitas  Pair.  (W.  de  W.  1495)  116  The  devyll 
apperyd  to  hym.  .makynge  a  crye  soo  merveylous,  that  alle 
the  place  redounded.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xxxvi. 
vi,  My  ryght  lusty  and  stormy  blast,  That  made  the  walles 
therof  to  redounde.  1573  TWYNE  sEneid  xi.  H  h  iij,  All 
the  bankes  about  with  cvacklinge  noyse  agayn  redound. 

6.  To  result  in,  have  the  effect  of,  contributing  or 
turning  to  some  advantage  or  disadvantage  for  a 
person  or  thing,     f  Also  const,  into. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  215  The  passiones  of  the 
body  redunde  in  to  the  perturbacion  of  the  sawle.  1481 
CAXTON  Myrr.  in.  xiii.  L  6,  They  retche  not  for  to  lerne, 
sauf  that  whiche  they  knoweshal  redounde  to  their  singular 
prouffyt.  1547  J.  HARRISON  Exhort.  Scottes  Fvnj,  It  hath 
redounded  to  no  lesse  discomfiture  of  our  nacion,  then  of  the 
Frenchemen.  1587  FLEMING  Contn.  Holinshed  III.  1346/2 
Falling  to  an  other  matter,  for  that  this  redounded  to  his 
owne  confusion.  1644  MILTON  £#«<:.  Wks.  1738  1. 140  Which 
could  not  but  mightily  redound  to  the  good  of  the  Nation. 
1718  Free-thinker  No.  So  F  3  This  Objection  . .  redounds 
only  to  the  Damage  of  the  Student.  1813  H.  &  J.  SMITH 
Horace  in  Lond.  \  If  the  granting  it  redound  to  my  advan 
tage.  1860  Lu.  BROUGHAM  Brit.  Const.  Ded.,  Redounding 
to  the  security  of  the  Crown. 

b.  To  turn  to  one's  honour,  disgrace,  etc. 

1474  Rolls  of  Par  It.  VI.  103/2  For  als  moche  as  the  seid 
rescuse  redondez  . .  to  the  reproche  of  his  seid  Chaunceller. 
1502  ATKYNSON  tr.  De  Imttatione  \.  xix.  167  Those  thynges 
that  shulde  redounde  to  the  honour  of  god.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sleidane's  Comm.  30  b,  Arfyrming  that  it  would  redounde 
to  the  perpetuall  shame  of  Germany.  1635  BARRIFFE  Mil. 
Discipl.  Ixx.  (1643)  188  The  benefit  redounds  to  the  Reputa 
tion  and  Honour  of  our  Countrey.  1711  BUDGELL  Spect. 
No.  161  p  3  Something  redounding  more  to  their  Honour 
than  a  Coat  of  Arms.  11845  BARHAM  Ingol.  Leg.  Ser.  in. 
Blaspk,  Warning,  I  think  it  redounds  to  their  praise.  1879 
SEGUIN  Black  For.  v.  77  A  tale,  .remarkable  among  German 
legends  for  redounding  to  the  credit  of  the  clergy. 
fC.  To  bring  credit  or  honour  to  something. 

1681  LUTTRELL  Brief  R  el,  (1857)  I-  I04  An  action  highly 
redounding  to  the  English  valour. 

7.  a.  Of  advantage,  damage,  praise,  etc. :   To 
result,  attach,  accrue  /0,  unto  (a.  person). 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xlvi.  63  The  thank  redoundis  to 
him  in  every  place.  1542  UDALL  Erasnt.  Afioph.  212  He 
enterpreted . . ,  that  to  hym  thereby  had  redounded  more  good 
then  eiulll.  1608  WILLET  Hexapla  Exod.  334  The  sinnes  of 
the  wicked  fathers  doe  not  redound  to  the  children.  1704 
SWIFT  7*.  7"«£ix,The  clear  gain  redounding  to  the  Common 
wealth.  1794  GODWIN  Cal.  Williams  99  The  mischief  that 
redounded  to  an  unfortunate  patron  from  the  transactions  of 
that  day.  1861  TRENCH  Ef>.  ^  Ch.  Asia  13  Benefits  which 
redound  to  us  through  the  sacrifice  of  the  death  of  Christ. 


fb.  Of  revenue,  wealth,  etc. :  To  come  or  fall 
to  a  person,  etc.  Obs. 

1587  HARRISON  England  n.  v.  (1877)  i.  114  They  are  of 
custome  punished  by  a  fine,  that  redoundeth  vnto  his  cofers. 
1600  J.  PORY  tr.  Leo's  Africa  in.  162  A  new  gonernour  ouer 
euery  citie,  vnto  whom  all  the  tributes  and  reuenueb  of  the 
same  place  redound.  1655  FULLER  Hist.  Cambr.  144  At 
this  day  much  emolument  redowneth  to  the  antient  Colledges 
in  each  University,  .by  the  passing  of  this  Act. 

8.  Of  honour  or  disgrace,   advantage,  etc. :  To 
recoil  or  come  back,  to  fall,  -upon  a  person. 

1589  NASHK  Anat.  Absurd.    B  iv,  The    mfamie  of  their 
ignorance  did   redound   onelie  upon    themselves.     1606  G. 
W[OODCOCKE]  Hist,  l-'stinc  i.  2  Wisely  casting  the  incon- 
uenience  that  might  redound  hereby  \pon  binibelfe.     1692 
BKVERLEY  Disc.  Dr.  Crisp  g  Christ  taking  us  as  his  Mem 
bers,  whatever  unworthiness  we  have,  must  redound  upon 
him.     1818  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  I.  n.  x.  430  The  portion 
of  that  flattering   sentiment,  which   would   redound   upon 
themselves.     1852  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Scope  Univ.  Educ.  254 
The  blessings.. are  so  great,  while  they  are  close  to  it  and 
redound  back  upon  it  and  encircle  it. 

f  b.  To  cast  oppi  obrium,  to  reflect  unfavourably. 
upon  one.  Obs.  rare"-1. 

1581  SAVILE  Taciins,  Hist,  iv.  xiv.  (1591)  203  Many  skornc- 
full  and  reprochfull  speeches  redounding  [L.  jacercntur] 
vpon  the  whole  Senate. 

9.  To  proceed,  issue,  arise  from  or  out  of  some 
thing.    V  Obs. 

1590  SPENSER  /'.  Q.  \.  vi.  30  Trew  sacred  lore,  which  from 
her  sweet  lips  did  redound.    1596  —  State  Irel.  Wks.  I  Globe) 
617/2  The   pleasure    which  would  redounde  out  of  theyr 
history.     1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  i.  i.  §  3  The  anxietie  of 
spirit  which  redoundeth  from  knowledge.     1700  ASTRY  tr. 
Saavedra-Faxardo   I.    233   The   Prince's    Reputation    re 
dounds  from  that  of  the  State.     1796  MORSE  After,  Gteg.  I. 
70  The  benefits  which  might  redound  from  its  success. 

f  10.  To  result,  turn  out.   Obs.   rare. 

1586  A.  DAY  £ng.  Secretary  i.  (1625)  89  The  ill  conceit  of 
your  L.  should  redound  to  be  of  all  others  most  gneuous. 
1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Pocsic  ii.  xl[i],  iArb.)  123  Vpon  the 
transposition  I  found  this  to  redound. 

II.  trans,  f  11,  To  reflect  (honour,  blame,  etc.) 
in,  to,  upon  a  person.  Obs. 

ci477  CAXTON  Jason  88,  I  may  not  requyre  Jason  of  louc, 
for  that  shokle  redounde  in  me  grete  blame,  1485  —  C/ias. 
Gt.  34  Whyche  moche  redounded  to  hym  grete  honour  & 
vyctorye.  1595  T.  EDWARDS  Cephalits  fy  Procris  (1878)  43 
lems  valued  past  their  worth,  Kedoune  small  honor  to  their 
bringer  forth.  1712  STEELE  Spect.  No.  486  F  i  For  fear 
they  should  redound  Dishonour  upon  the  Innocent, 
t  b.  To  reckon  to  one's  dishonour.  Obs.~l 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vn.  568  All  men  shall  redounde  this 
dede  to  my  dyshonour  and  shame. 

1 12.  Sc.  To  return,  refund  (money) ;   to  make 
good  (expenses).   Obs., 

1574  Sc.  Acts  Jas.  VI  (1814)  III.  90  The  takaris  to  re 
dound  all  proffeittis  that  thay  haue  takin  vp  of  thay  landis 
agane  to  the  king.  (11578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottiei  Chron. 
Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)  1. 155  Promissand  to  them  to  cause  the  King 
of  France  his  master  to  redound  to  them  the  costis. 
*t*b.  To  give  or  render  in  return.  Obs.  rare. 

1597  BEARD  Theatre  God's  Judgeni.  (1612)  323  The  love 
that  parents  beare  their  children  is  greater  than  that  which 
children  redound  to  their  parents.  163*  LITHGOW  Trav.  v. 
182,  I  redounded  thankes  for  my  imbraced  courtesies. 

1 13.  To  add,  yield,  cause  to  accrue.     Also  refl. 
1612  R,  SHELDON  Serin.  St.  Martin's  n  He.. vouchsafed 

by  a  great  miracle  to  stop,  and  conteine  the  glory  of  his 
soule,  from  communicating,  or  redounding  it  selfe,  to  his 
body.  1690  CHILD  Disc.  Trade  (1694)  S3  It  would  redound 
some  hundreds  of  thousands  of  pounds  per  annum  to  the 
publick  advantage. 

Hence Bedou'nded///.<z. ;  Eedou-nding  vbl.sb. 
and///,  a. 

15*3  LD.  BERNERS />»/«.  I.cxcv.  232  Y°  watchmen,  .herde 
clerely  the  redoundyng  of  the  nauerryse.  1541  R.  COPLAND 
Ga/ytn's  Terap.  G  gj,  It  is  nat  the  redoundyng  of  blode  yl 
indicateth  the  phlebotomye.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  iii.  8 
Redounding  teares  did  choke  th  end  of  her  plaint.  1631 
LITHGOW  Trav,  n.  75  After  my  redounded  thankes,  they  .. 
returned,  a  1679  HODBES  Rhet.  (1840)  532  Bragging  of  no 
proof,  is  when  that  which  is  brought  is  too  much,  called 
redounding.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  889  So  wide  they  stood, 
and  like  a  Furnace  mouth  Cast  forth  redounding  smoak. 

t  Redou-ndance.   Obs.-1    [f.  prec.  +-ANCE  ; 

cf.  redundance.]     A  redounding  influence. 

1638  FEATLY  Strict.  Lyndom.  H.  81  How  can  a  Prayer 
whereof  never  a  syllable  is  understood  . .  cause  . .  a  better 
redoundance  from  the  soule  to  the  body,  by  a  vehement 
affection. 

So  f  Redou'ndancy,  redundance,    rare  -*. 

16*3  COCKERAM,  Redoundancie,  superfluitie. 

Redoure,  Sc.  var.  RADDOUR1,  REDDOUR.  Obs. 

Redotrt.  a-  Her.  rare.     (See  quot.) 

ci8*8  BERRY  Encycl.  Her.  II.  s.v.  Redout,  The  cross 
potent,  rebated,  is,  by  some  writers,  called  a  Cross  Redout, 
from  its  resemblance  to  a  bulwark,  or  fortification. 

Redout(e,  obs.  forms  of  REDOUBT  sb.  and  v. 

||  Redowa  (re-d^va).  Also  redowak.  [a.  F. 
or  Ger.  rcdowa^  ad.  Boh.  reydovdk,  f.  reydovati  to 
turn  or  whirl  round.]  A  slow  waltz,  of  Bohemian 
origin,  resembling  the  mazurka ;  also,  music  adapted 
for  such  a  dance. 

1860  WORCESTER  (citing  DWIGHT),  J?ft&w«.  i86a  E.  PAUER 
Programme  8  Mar.,  Redowak,  Bohemian  dance  in  3/4  or 
3/8  time.  1881  GROVE  Diet.  Mus.  s.v..  The  ordinary  Redowa 
fs  written  in  3-4  time.  The  dance  is  something  like  a 
Mazurka  with  the  rhythm  less  strongly  marked. 

Redown(d,  -downe,  obs.  ff.  REDOUND  v. 
Redowt,  obs.  form  of  REDOUBT  v. 


REDPOLL. 


310 


REDRESS. 


Re'dpoll l,  -pole.     [f.  RED  a.  +  pole  POLL.] 

1.  A  name  given  to  several  species  of  the  family 
Fringillidx  characterized  by  bright  red  feathers  on 
the  crest,  a.  The  greater  redpoll,  the  male  of  the 
common  LINNET  in  summer  plumage,  b.  The 
lesser  or  common  redpoll,  a  common  British  cage- 
bird,  Linola  rufescens  or  jUgiothus  linaria.  O. 
The  mealy  or  stone  redpoll,  .-Kgiothus  canesccns, 
a  somewhat  rare  winter  visitant  to  the  British 
Islands.  Also,  the  allied  American  species  (/£. 
exilipes}. 

1738  ALBIN  Nat.  Hist.  Birds  III.  70  The  Red  Pole  is  a 
very  small,  but  an  exceeding  pretty  feathered  Bird.  1772 
HARRINGTON  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXII.  312  There  is  another 
bird,  . .  called  a  redpoll,  which  is  taken  in  numbers  during 
the  Michaelmas  and  March  flights  by  the  London  bird- 
catchers,  1811  WILSON  Atner.  Ornith.  IV.  42  Lesser  Red- 
Poll.  1831  RENNIE  Montagus  Ornitll.  Diet.  298,  I  [Bech- 
stein]  hope  to  shew. .that  our  common  Linnet,  the  greater 
Redpole,  and.. the  Mountain  Linnet,  are  one  and  the  same 
species.  1839  AUDUBON  Ornith.  niog.  V.  88  On  two 
occasions  I  have  seen  the  Mealy  Redpoll  associated  with 
the  American  Siskin.  1882  H.  LANSDELL  Throitgk  Siberia. 
I.  202  Flocks  of  redpoles  and  shore-larks,  bramblings  and 
wagtails.  1894  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  773  The  geographical 
rangeof  the  Lesser  Redpoll  is  apparently  limited  to  Western 
Europe..  .On  the  other  hand,  the  Mealy  Redpoll,  .is  much 
more  widely  distributed. 

attrib.  1831  WILSON,  etc.  Amer.  Ornitk.  IV.  112  We  .. 
can  perceive  scarcely  anyresemblance,. to  a  similar  state  of 
the  red-poll  finch.  1882  J.  HARDY  \nProc.  Benv.  Xaf.  Club 
IX.  No.  3.  561  The  Redpole  Linnet  arrives  with  them. 

2.  Yellow  red-poll,  an  American  warbler,  Den- 
drxca  paltnarum  \  the  palm-warbler.  Also  attrib. 

1764  G.  EDWARDS  Clean.  Nat.  /fist.  II.  in.  295  The  Yellow 
Red-pole.  1811  WILSON  Amer.  Ornitk.  IV.  19  Yellow  Red- 
Poll  Warbler,  Sylvia  Petechea.  Ibid.,  Length  of  the  Yellow 
Red-poll  five  inches,  extent  eight. 

So  Bed-polled  a.,  red -headed. 

1787  WOLCOTT  ( P.  Pindar)  Instr.  Celebr.  Laureat  42  Large 
red-poll'd,  blowzy,  hard,  two-handed  jades. 

Re'dpoll-,  -polled.  //.  Red-haired  polled 
cattle.  Also  attrib. 

1893  Westm.  Gaz.  29  Mar.  7/2  [The  celebrated,  .herd  of 
Red-Polled  cattle.]  The  Duke  of  York  is  getting  together  a 
large  and  choice  herd  of  Red-Polls.  1896  Daily  Jvtrzeu  8  Dec. 
5/1  The  breed  cup  for  red-polleds.  1898  RIDER  HAGGARD  in 
Loiigin.  Mag.  Oct.  508  Red-polls  have  many  advantages. 
Ibid.,  Pedigree  animals  of  the  Norfolk  red-poll  breed. 

Redpurs  :  see  REDE  sbl  5. 

Redraft  (ndra-ft),  so.  Also  7  -draught.  [RE- 
5  a.  Cf.  next.] 

1.  A  bill  of  re-exchange.     (Cf.  REDRAW  v.2  i.) 
1682  SCARLETT  Exchanges  144  The  Payment  of  the  Re- 
draught  from  the  place  where  the  Bill  was  to  be  paid.    1826 
G.  J.  BELL  Comm.  Law  Scot.  in.  i.  ii.  (1870)  I.  430  This  re 
draft  is  to  be  made  directly  on  the  place  of  the  onginal  draft. 

2.  A  second  or  new  draft. 

1847  in  WEBSTER.  1890  Times  28  Nov.  7/1  The  part  of 
the  Bill  which  dealt  with  the  congested  districts  was  very 
little  more  than  a  redraft  of  the  original  measure. 

Redraft  (ndra-ft),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
draft  again  (a  writing  or  document). 

1798  I.  ALLEN  Hist.  Vermont  183  Colonel  Allen. .gave  it 
to  the  late  Roger  Sherman,,  .praying  him  to  redraft  it,  and 
propose  it  as  his  own.  1847  WEBSTER,  Redraft,  to  draw  or 
draft  anew.  1884  Manch.  Exam.  29  Mar.  5/2  The  bill,  .is 
likely  to  be  entirely  redrafted. 

Red  rag,  red-rag. 

1.  slang.     The  tongue. 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crem,  Red-rag,  a  Tongue.  1783 
GROSE  Diet.  Vulgar  T.  s-v.,  Shut  your  potatoe  trap,  and 

five  your  redrag  a  holiday.   1820  COMBE  Syntax,  Consul,  iv, 
f  your  red  rag  did  not  show  it,  By  your  queer  fancies  I 
should  know  it.     1876  W.  S.  GILBERT  Dan'l  Drucc  i,  Stop 
that  cursed  red  rag  of  yours,  will  you. 

2.  A  variety  of  rust  in  grain. 

1831  J.  M.  WILSON  Rural  Cycl.  s.v.  Rust,  The  rust,  the 
red-rag,  and  the  red-robin  varieties  [of  mildew]  make  the 
plants  look  as  if  they  were  dusted  with  a  rustiness  of  some 
colour  from  yellow  to  brown.  1863  N.  Brit.  Rev.  May  375 
The  leaf  and  chaff  of  the  cereals  are  subject  to  a  disease 
called  rust,  red-rag  or  red-robin  ( Uredo  Rubigo}. 

3.  (From  the  phr.  like  a  red  rag  to  a  bull.}     A 
source  of  extreme  provocation  or  annoyance ;  some 
thing  which  excites  violent  indignation. 

1885  C.  MARVIN  Russians  at  Gates  of  Herat  98  These 
opinions  cannot  but  be  so  many  red  rags  to  English  Russo- 
phobists.  1887  SAINTSBURY  Hist.  Elizab.  Lit.  v.  (1890)  167 
Shakesperian  clowns  are  believed  to  be  red  rags  to  some 
experienced  playwrights. 

Hence  Red-ra'ffg-ish  a.,  of  the  nature  of  a  red  rag. 

1887  in  Chicago  Advance  30  June,  Prohibition  sounds  a 
little  harsh,  ana  is  red-raggish  to  many. 

Red  rattle,  red-rattle.  [See RATTLE  sb^  .v] 

Lonse-wort,    Pedicularis    sylvatica   or  palustris. 
t  Also  called  red  rattle-grass. 

1578  LVTE  Dodoens  iv.  Ivi.  517  Redde  Rattel  is  taken  of 
the  Physitions  in  these  dayes.  1597  GERAKDE  Herbal  n. 
ccccxxi.  913  Red  Rattle.,  hath  very  small,  rent,  or  lagged 
leaues,  of  a  browne  redde  colour.  It  is  called . .  in  English 
Rattle  Grass,  red  Rattle  grasse,  and  Lousewoort.  1653 
CULPEPPEK  Eng.  Physic.  Enlarged  (1656)  312  The  common 
Kcd  Rattle,  hath  sundry  reddish  hollow  stalks  . .  rising 
from  the  Root,  c  1710  PETIVER  Catal.  Ray's  Eng.  Herb 
§  4  PI.  36  Tall  Red  Rattle.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  II. 
131  All  over  it  [grow]  rushes,  red  rattle,  marsh-marygold, 
&C.  1846  MRS.  LOUDON  Brit.  Wild  f-'l.  251  The  Pasture 
Louse- Wort,  or  Dwarf  Red  Rattle.  Ibid.  252  The  Marsh 
Louse-wort,  or  Tall  Red.Rattle.  1883  Gd.  Words  XXIV. 
574/1  The  golden  bog-asphodel, ..the  rosy  red-rattle. 


t  Redraw,  Z'.1  06s.  rare  ~*.  [f.  RE-  +  DRAW  v., 
after  F.  retraire."\  trans.  To  draw  back,  reclaim 
(a  person)  to  (something). 

1480  CAXTON  Ovid's  Met.  xm.  xvi,  I.. and  hys  parents 
dide  what  we  myghte  to  redrawe  hym  to  hys  fyrst  nature. 

Redraw  («dr§-),  v.*    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  intr.  To  draw  a  fresh  bill  of  exchange  to  cover 
a  former  one. 

a  1692  POLLEXFEN  Disc.  Trade  (1697)  13  Their  corre 
spondents  to  reimburse  themselves,  Redraw  on  them,  or  on 
their  Agents  in  other  places.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  IV.  N.  n. 
ii.  (1869)  I.  309  The  well-known  shift  of  drawing  and  re 
drawing.  1847-  'n  WEBSTER  and  later  Diets. 

2.  trans.  To  draw  or  take  out  again. 

1805  [see  redrawn  below].     1825  Act  6  Geo.  If,  c.  50  §  26 
:    To  try  any  issue  with  the  same  jury.,  without  their  names 
!    being  returned  to  the  box  and  redrawn.    1898  Westm.  Gaz. 
22  Oct.  3/1  Four  torpedo-boat  destroyers  . .  have  been  in 
structed  to  redraw  their  returned  stores. 

3.  To  draw  (a  picture,  etc.)  again.     Also _/?£•. 
1830  H.  COLERIDGE  Grk.  Poets  (1834)  291  That  remorseless 

iteration,  with  which  the  battles,  .of  the  Iliad  have.. been 
redrawn  and  recoloured.  1894  BARING-GOULD  Deserts  S. 
France  I.  171  The  sketcher  was  dissatisfied  with  the  position 
in  which  he  had  drawn  the  legs,  and  he  re-drew  them. 

Hence  Redrawer  ;  Redrawing  vbl.  sb. ;  Re 
drawn///,  a. 

1682  SCARLETT  Exchanges  55  In  the  Redrawing  of  a  Bill, 
the  Redrawer  is  looked  upon,  as  the  absolute  and  first 
Drawer.  1790  BCKKK  /•>.  Re-.:  Wks.  V.  428  It  is  as  little 
worth  remarking  any  farther  upon  all  their  drawing  and 
re-drawing.  1805  SUUTHKY  J/W0C  n.  xvi,  Breath  and  blood 
Followed  the  re-drawn  shaft.  1858  HOMANS  Cycl.  Com 
merce  176/2  The  law  does  not  require  an  actual  re-drawing. 
1889  Pall  Mall  G.  19  Jan.  3/3  Each  redrawing  [of  a 
portrait)  takes  us  a  step .  .'further  from  the  probable  fact. 

Redress  (r/dre-s),  sb.  Also  4-7  redresse,  5-6 
Sc.  redres.  [a.  AF.  redresse,  -dresce  (i4th  c.),  f. 
redresser  to  REDRESS.] 

1.  Reparation  of,  satisfaction  or  compensation  for, 
a  wrong  sustained  or  the  loss  resulting  from  this. 

'375  BARUOUR  Bruce  xix.  198  The  King  send  oft  till  ask 
redress,  Bot  nocht  thar-of  redress  ther  wes.  c  1400  Destr. 
Troy  2051  Redresse  for  pe  dethe  of  his  dere  fader.  1456 
SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  190  He  salbe  for  hir  part 
herd  in  iugement,  and  have  redress  and  reformacioun  of 
lawe  for  hir.  1567  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  578  To  seik 
redres  be  the  ordinar  magistrattis.  1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen,  IV, 
n.  i.  118  But  for  these  foolish  Officers,  I  beseech  you,  I  may 
haue  redresse  against  them.  1654  BRAMHALI.  j/nst  Vind. 
iv.  (1661)  75  If  the  Archbishop  failed  to  do  justice,  the  last 
complaint  must  be  to  the  King  to  give  order  for  redress. 
1741  BUTLER  Serm.  Ho.  Lords  Wks.  1874  II.  266  Whilst 
redress  is  delayed, .  .wrong  subsists.  1784  COWPER  Task  vi. 
822  God.. would  else.. endure  Dishonour,  and  be  wronged 
without  redress.  1819  SHELLEY  Ccnci  m.  i.  194  Think  not 
But  that  there  is  redress  where  there  is  wrong,  So  we  be  bold 
enough  to  seize  it.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  119  He 
who  gives  credit,  and  is  cheated,  will  have  no  redress. 

fb.  Possibility  or  means  of  redress;  appeal 
against  a  decision.  Obs.  rare. 

1467  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  408  Thereof  notice  to  be  made 
to  the  Bailies,  . .  [and]  they  to  reforme  w*  out  accion  or  re 
dresse  suche  maters.  1771  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Eng.  II.  406  The 
king  was  empowered  to  issue  a  proclamation  to  destroy  the 
lives,  or  take  away  the  properties,  of  any  of  his  subjects ; 
and  the  only  redress  was  to  himself  in  council. 

f2.  Remedy  for,  or  relief  from,  some  trouble; 
assistance,  aid,  help.  Obs. 

c  '374  CHAUCER  Compl.  Mars  162  The  grounde  and  cause 
of  almy  peyn . .  I  wol  reherse  ;  not  for  to  haue  redresse.  But 
to  declare  my  grounde  of  heuynesse.  1523  LD.  BERNEKS 
Froiss.  I.  xviii.  2r  They  trusted  than  to  fynde  some  redresse 
for  themselfe  and  for  their  horses,  c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE 
Ps.  Lxxvn.  i,  To  nightly  anguish  thrall,  From  thee  I  sought 
redresse.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  iv.  4r  He  ..  ranne  to  his 
redresse.  a  1619  FOTHERHY  Atheoni.  n.  vi.  §4  (1622)  255 
There  is  no  sicknesse,  but  it  hath  his  redresse.  1671  MILTON 
Samson  619  My  griefs  ..finding  no  redress,  ferment  and 
rage.  1759  GOLDSM.  Bee  No.  3  F  2  He  who  best  knows  how 
to  conceal  his  necessity  and  desires  is  the  most  likely  person 
to  find  redress. 

t  b.  Correction,  amendment,  or  reformation  of 
something  wrong.  Obs. 

1526  SKELTON  Maguyf.  2443  Full  many  thynges  there  be 
that  lacketh  redresse.  1393  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  n.  xliii,  So 
that  there  were  some  orderly  redresse  In  those  disorders. 
a  1656  BP.  HALL  Rein.  Wks.  (1660)  121  Too  long  have  we 
driven  off  the  applying  of  our  redress.  1764  Museum  R:tst. 
Ili  286  The  pernicious  effects,  to  farmers,  of  this  abomin 
able  practice,  are  notorious,  and  cry  aloud  for  redress. 

fc.  In  phr.  beyond,  pas!,  without  redress :  beyond 
the  possibility  of  remedy,  aid,  or  amendment.  Obs. 

1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  II,  n.  iii.  I7i  Things  past  redresse,  are 


The  sick  Man  just  expiring  for  want  of  a  speedy  Redress  by 
. .  proper  Remedies, 
t  b.  One  who,  or  that  which,  affords  redress. 

c  1530  Crt.  of  Lave  sgi  They  seid:  Venus,  redresse  of  all 
division,  Goddes  eterne  [etc.].  1596  SPENSER  State  Ircl. 
Wks.  (Globe)  650/1  Is  not  the  swoord  the  most  violent  re 
dress  that  may  be  used  for  any  evill  ?  1697  DRYDEN  ^Eneid 
I.  838  Fair  majesty,  the  refuge  and  redress  Of  those  whom 
fate  pursues  and  wants  oppress. 

4.  Const,  of.  The  act  of  redressing;  correction 
or  amendment  of  a  thing,  state,  etc. 

1538  STARKEY  England  it.  i.  156  To  theyr  cure  schal  be 
commyttyd  the  redresse  of  many  grete  dyseasys  in  thys 
polytyke  body.  1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warns  n.  i.  30  For 
the  redresse  of  many  casualties  chancing  in  the  night.  1643 
.  Ord.  Parlt.  refill.  Print,  in  Milton's  A  reap.  ( Arb.)  26  The 
bill  in  preparation,  for  redresse  of  the  said  disorders.  1709 


And  were  immediately  smothered  without  redress.  1764 
GOLDSM.  Hist.  Eng.  in  Lett.  (1772)  II.  189  Damaged  their 
transports  beyond  redress. 

1 3.  a.  \Yith  a  and//.  A  means  or  way  of  redress  ; 
an  act  or  arrangement  whereby  a  person  or  thing  is 
redressed ;  an  amendment,  improvement.  Obs. 

1472-5  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  163/1  That  the  Lordes  . .  have 
full  auctorite,  to  discusse  and  set  theryn  a  redresse  after 
their  discretions.  1544  Supplic.  to  Hen.  VI 1 1  (E.E.T.S.)  57 
Grant  . .  that  he  wyll  ernestly  go  a  boute  to  se  a  redresse 
a  monge  them.  1547  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  77  Re- 
dressis  suld  be  maid  of  all  dampnaiges.  1579  LYLV  Eupkues 
(Arb.)  150  So  the  father  . .  causeth  a  redresse  and  amende- 
ment  in  his  childe.  1645  MILTON  Tetrach.  Wks.  (1851)  194 
(Deut  xxiv.  1,2),  The  guiltles  therfore  were  not  depriv'd  thir 
needful  redresses.  1728  R.  MORRIS  Ess.  Anc.  Archit.  33 


ng  ^ _ 

1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  iii.  §  5.  138  The  great  principle 
that  redress  of  wrongs  precedes  a  grant  to  the  Crown. 

Redress  (r/dre-s),  z/.l  Also  4  redresee,  4-7 
redresse,  5-6  Sc.  redres,  (5  ra-\  [ad.  F.  re- 
dresser,  OF",  redreder,  -drechier,  etc.  =  Sp.  rederefar, 
It.  ridirizzare :  see  RE-  and  DRESS  v.] 

1 1.  trans.  To  set  (a  person  or  thing)  upright 
again ;  to  raise  again  to  an  erect  position.  Also 
fig.  to  set  up  again,  restore,  re-establish.  Obs. 

c  1374  CHAUCEK  Boeth.  iv.  pr.  ii.  89  (Camb.  MS.\  As  thise 
leches  ben  wont  to  hopyn  of  sike  folk,  whan  they  aperceyuen 
bat  nature  is  redressed  [L.  erectz]  and  withstondith  to  the 
maledie.  1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  cxcviii.  289  Incontinent  he 
redressyd  and  reysed  on  heygthe  his  baner  alle  blody. 
c  1500  Mclusine  290  [They]  supposed  wel  to  haue  redressed 
tliadmyrall  vpon  his  hors  but  it  was  for  nought,  For  he  was 
deed.  1383  STOCKER  Civ.  Warres  Lmve  C.  iv.  31  The 
Catholique  Romishe  Religion  shall  bee  redressed  . .  in  the 
Cities  and  places  . .  where  it  is  banished.  1643  PRYNNE 
Popish  R.  Favourite  46  He  caused  the  Image  of  the  Crosse 
to  be  redressed,  and  that  men  should  not  foule  it  under  their 
feete.  1669  WORLIDGE  Syst.  Agric.  (1681)  107  Cut  through 
all  the  Collateral  Roots,  till,  .you  can  inforce  him  upon  one 
side,  so  as  to  come,  .at  the  Tap-Root ;  cut  that  off,  redress 
your  Tree,  and  so  let  it  stand.  [Copied  in  Mortimer's 
Hnsb.  (1721)  II.  69,  and  other  works.]  1711  SHAFTESB. 
Charac.  (1737)  III.  133  Some  ambitious  Architect  ..  being 
calPd  perhaps  to  prop  a  Roof,  redress  a  leaning  Wall  [etc.], 
f  b.  rcfl.  To  raise  (oneself)  again ;  to  reassume 
an  upright  posture.  Obs. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  n.  920  (969)  Right  as  floures  . . 
stoupen  in  hire  stalk  lowe,  Redressen  hem  a-yen  be  sonne 
bryght.  c  1450  Merlin  328  As  soone  as  the  spere  was  spente 
the  kynge  Boors  redressed  hym  in  his  sadell.  1727-41 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.  Redressing^  Trees  and  other  plants 
have  a  natural  faculty  of  redressing  themselves,  when,  by 
any  external  cause,  they  are  forced  out  of  the  perpendicular, 
t  C.  intr.  To  rise,  become  erect.  Obs. 

1480  CAXTON  Ovid's  Met.  xm.  xv,  Thou  oughtest  not  to 
despyse  me,  Galathee,  thoughe  my  heere  redresse  a  lytyl  & 
brustle.    1584  HUDSON  /?«  Bartas'  Judith  ii.  in  Sylvesters 
Dn  Bartas  (1621)  700  Yet  like  the  valiant  Palme  they  did 
sustaine  Their  peisant  weight,  redressing  vp  againe. 

t  2.  To  set  np,  erect,  build.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  clxxix.  264  The  other  that  were 
nyghe  the  corner,  .redressyd  a  castel  of  tree  moche  hye. 

fb.   ? To  spread  out.  Obs.  rare—'. 

c  1450  LONELICH  Grail  xli.  276  Thanne  Josephes  bothe 
Schirte  and  water  gan  blesse,  And  Anon  God  gan  it  for  to 
Redresse,  and  wax  moche  largere  hem  vntylle. 

f3.  To  put  right  again,  repair,  mend  (a  house 
or  wall).  Obs. 

1480  CAXTON  Citron.  Eng.  Ixv,  How  the  kyng  Aurilambros 
let  amend  and  redresse  the  hous  of  Amlesbury.  c  1540 
tr.  Pol.  t'erg.  Eng.  Hist.  (Camden)  I.  47  Disposinge  himselfe 
to  the  beutifienge  of  the  cittee  of  London,  [he]  redressed  the 
walles, . .  beinge  ruinus  throughe  yeares,  strengtheninge  the 
same  with  divers  turrets. 

+  4.  Jig.  To  bring  back  (a  person)  to  the  right 
coarse ;  to  correct  or  direct  aright.  Obs. 

c  1366  CHAUCER  A.  B.C.  129  Redresse  me  mooder  and  me 
chastise.  (1400  Rom.  Rose  3423,  I  wole  swere  for  evermo 
To  be  redressid  at  youre  likyng,  If  I  trespasse  in  ony  thyng. 
c  1430  Syr  Gener.  (Roxb.)  358  An  Emperoure  . .  Whom  no 
mannes  counsel  might  redres.  1573  L.  LLOYD  Marrow  of 
Hist.  (1653)  263  Anger  out  not  to  be  in  any  Prince,  .toward 
his  equal,  for  he  might  be  redressed  with  power.  1615 
BRATHWAIT  Strappado  (1878)  174  You  ..  Would  see  your 
Towne  . .  By  selfe-same  censures  to  be  soone  redrest.  1689 
POPPLE  tr.  Locke's  \st  Let.  Toleration  L.'s  Wks.  1727  IL 
235  In  teaching,  instructing,  and  redressing  the  Erroneous 
by  Reason. 

fb.  Hunting.  To  bring  back  (the  hounds  or 
deer)  to  the  proper  course.   Obs. 

(1400  Master  of  Game  Prol.  (MS.  Digby  182),  He  hath 
ynogh  at  done ..  to  loke  wherafter  he  hunteth . .  and  redresse 
and  bryng  his  houndes  into  right  whann  thei  haue  envoised 
or  fallen  in  to  rascall.  1659  HOWELL  Vocab.  in,  To  redresse 
the  deer,  or  putt  her  off  her  changes ;.. redresser  le  cerf. 
1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  To  redress  a  Stag;  (a  Term  in 
Hunting)  to  put  him  off  his  changes. 

fc.  To  direct  or  amend  (one's  acts  or  ways).  Obs. 
1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  158  To  the  Offyce  of 

Prudencia  appendyth  the  dedis  of  all  othyr  vertues  redresse. 
1560  BIBLE  (Genev.)  Ps.  cxix.  9  Wherewith  shal  a  yong  man 
redresse  his  waie  ?  —  Jur.  vii.  7  If  you  amend  and  redresse 
your  waies  and  your  workes.  [Hence  in  i6-i7th  c.  writers, 
down  to  c  1635,] 

1 5.  To  direct  or  address  (a  thing)  to  a  destina 
tion  or  in  a  specified  course.  Obs.  Also  refl. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  r  965  Preyeres  is  for  to  seyn  a 
pilous  wyl  of  herte  that  redresscth  it  in  god.  1390  GOWER 
Con/.  III.  177  So  were  it  good  to  taken  hiede  That  ferst  a 
king  his  oghne  dede  Betwen  the  vertu  and  the  vice  Re- 


REDRESS. 

dresce.  c  1440  Gesta  Rom.  Hi.  230  (Harl.  MS.),  This  hope 
owithe  to  be  Redressid  vnto  god.  1461  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V. 
484/1  That  the  same  Duches  have  . .  such  Writtes  and 
Warantes  . .,  directed  or  redressed  to  the  seid  Custumers. 
•\  b.  intr.  and  rejl.  To  address  oneself  to  a  per 
son  or  place.  Obs.  rare. 

(•1460  Play  Sacrant,  607  All  manar  off  men  yl  haue  any 

syknes  To  master  brentberecly  loke  y'  yow  redresse.    a  1598 

ROLLOCK  Passion  vi.  (1616)  58  A  man  that  redresses  himselfe 

to  a  kingdome,  would  euer  take  delite  to  speake  of  it. 

fc.  To  guide  or  lead  (a  person)  to  oneself.   Obs. 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  113  b,  She  dide  do  make  fires  and  a 
light,  .for  to  redresse  lason  and  Argos  to  herward. 

T  6.  To  put  (things)  in  order ;  to  arrange.  Obs. 

1413  Pilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton  1483)  iv.  v.  60  Lete  the  luge- 
ment  be  yeuen  as  ryght  wylle  rewarden  and  soo  may  fynal 
pees  be  redressyd  bitwene  bothe  paries.  1432-50  tr.  Higden 
(Rolls)  III.  253  The  Romanes  didde  redresse  and  redacte 
these  lawes  of  Salon  in  to  x  tables,  c  1500  For  to  scti<e  a. 
Lorei'in  Babees  Bk.  371  Thenne  the  kerver  shall  goo  unto  the 
cuppebord,  and  redresse  and  ordeyn  wafers  in  to  towayles. 
risoo  Doctr.  Gd.  Servaunts  (Percy  Soc.)  6  Erly  in  the 
mornynge  se  ye  ryse,  Your  werke  and  laboure  to  redresse. 
c  1585  R.  BROWNE  Ansu>.  Cartwright  15  They  redresse  and 
order  matters  by  money,  Brybes,  Fees,  Ciuill  penal tyes. 

fb.  To  bring  back  to  the  proper  order ;  to  shift 
to  the  proper  place.  Obs.  rare. 

r  1500  Melusine  193  The  two  bretheren  ..  went  fro  bataill 
to  batayll  and  there  as  fawte  was  of  ordynaunce,  they  re 
dressed  theire  peple  to  it.  1588  J.  MELLIS  Briefe  Instr.  Gj, 
If  any  parcell  were  put  by  error  in  any  other  parcell  there 
as  it  should  not  bee,  and  that  you  would  redresse  it  vnto  the 
proper  place  there  it  ought  to  be  set. 

•f  c.  To  make  conformable  to  something.   Obs. 

1538  STARKEY  England  11.  ii.  182  Thys  conseyl  schold  euer 
be  occasyon  to  redresse  the  affect ys  of  the  prynce  to  the 
ordur  of  the  law. 

f  7.  To  restore  or  bring  back  (a  thing  or  person) 
to  a  proper  state ;  to  put  right,  or  in  good  order, 
again  ;  to  mend,  repair.  Obs. 

c  1386  CHAL-CER  Frankl.  T.  709  Another  Trreban  mayden 
.  .ffor  oon  of  Macidonye  hadde  hire  oppressed  She  with  hire 
deeth  hir  maydenhede  redressed.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret. ^ 
Priv.  Priv.  241  Goynge  afor  mette  dryuth  away  the  veil  to- 
siteis,  redressith  the  body.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  206/2 
In  lystris  was  a  contracte  which  he  losed  and  redressid. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  v.  36  Sad  Aesculapius  far  apart  Em- 
pnsond  was . .  For  that  Hyppolytus  rent  corse  he  did  redresse. 
1630  WADSWORTH  Pilgr.  n.  7  The  ship  redrest  as  well  as 
time  and  place  could  afford,  we  still  made  forward. 

f  b.  To  put  (a  matter,  or  state  of  things)  right 
again;  to  reform,  amend,  improve.  Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Clerk's  T.  375  Whan  that  the  cas  required 
it,  The  commune  profit  koude  she  redresse.  1477  EARL 
RIVERS  (Caxton)  Dictes  20  Alle  thynges  may  be  redresshed 
and  reformed,  saue  euil  dedis.  c  1540  tr.  Pol.  Verg.  Eng. 
Hist.  (Camden)  I.  135  The  estate  of  relligion  and  orders  of 
priesthoode  were  newlie  sifted  and  redressed.  1560  DAI^S 
tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  182  b,  That  they  redresse  and  pourge 
their  churches.  1648  MILTON  Ps.  Ixxxii.  26  Rise  God,  judge 
thou  the  earth  in  might,  This  wicked  earth  redress.  1716 
POPE  Iliad  vi.  91  Now  had . .  frighted  Troy  within  her  Walls 
retir'd  ;  Had  not  sage  Helenus  her  State  redrest.  1764 
GOLDSM.  Trav.  176  E'en  here  content  can  spread  a  charm, 
Redress  the  clime,  and  all  its  rage  disarm. 
C.  To  correct,  emend,  rare. 

1710  SIIAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  I.  HI.  ii.  325  Nor  am  I  out 
of  my  own  Possession,  whilst  there  is  a  Person  left  within  J 
who  has  Power  to  dispute  the  Appearances,  and  redress  the 
Imagination.  1796  HAMILTON  in  Washington's  Writ.  (1892) 
XIII.  190  note,  You  mentioned  to  me  your  wish,  that  I 
should  redress  a  certain  paper,  which  you  had  prepared. 
1868  M.  PATTISON/JOH&W.  Org.  iv.  73  The  material  estimate 
of  worth  should  be  redressed  by  a  moral  standard. 
d.  To  adjust  again.  (Chiefly  with  balance?} 

1847  EMERSON  Poems  (1857)  21 3  [Hel  sees  aloft  the  red  right 
arm  Redress  the  eternal  scales.  1849  MACAULAV  Hist.  Eng. 
\.  I.  44  Unless  the  balance  had  been  redressed  by  a  great 
transfer  of  power  from  the  crown  to  the  parliament.  1874 
GREEN  Sftort  Hist.  iv.  §  5. 197  At  an  earlier  time  the  personal 
greatness  of  Edward  might  have  redressed  the  balance. 

•f-  8.  To  restore  (a  person)  to  happiness  or  pros 
perity  ;  to  save,  deliver_/>ww  misery,  death,  etc.  Obs. 

a  1425  Cursor  M.  22737  (Trin.)  Whenne  he  coom  furst  vs 
to  redresse  He  coom  al  wi|?  mekenesse.  14..  Hymn  Virg. 
25  in  Pol.  Rel.  $  L.  Poems  (iB66)  82  Redres  mans sowle  from 
alle  mysery.  1483  CAXTON  G,  de  la  ToitrG  v^,  Saint  Eustace 
. .  lost  goodes  and  children  for  the  space  of  xiii  yere  and  then 
god  redressed  hym  ageyne.  1535  Goodly  Prytner  (1834)  132 
Wash  me  O  Lord,  in  his  blood,,  .redress  me  in  his  resurrec 
tion,  rt  1550  in  Dunbar's  IVks.  (S.T.S.)  324  The  hevynnis 
King  is  cled  in  our  nature,  Ws  fro  the  deth  with  ransoun 
for  to  redress.  1583  GOI.DING  Calvin  on  Deitt.  cxc.  1183  So 
as  hee  may  . .  not  onely  forgiue  vs  all  our  sinnes, . .  but  also 
rid  vs  cleane  of  them,  and  redresse  vs. 

9.  To  set  (a  person)  right,  by  obtaining,  or  (more 
rarely)  giving,  satisfaction  or  compensation  for  the 
wrong  or  loss  sustained. 

£1430  Chev.  Assigns  204  Go  brynge  hym  to  his  fader 
courte..  .Ry^te  by  ^e  mydday  to  redresse  his  moder.  1574 
Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  II.  368  That  thai  suld  redres  all 
Scottismen  ofTendit  be  thame.  1650  HOWKLL  Giraffes  Rev. 
Naples  i.  109  They  came . .  to  be  redressed  by  him  for  divers 
grievances.  1700  DRYDEN  Pal.  fy  Arc.  i.  59  'Tis  thine,  O 
King,  the  afflicted  to  redress.  1753  FOOTE  Englishm.  in 
Paris  n.  Wks.  1799  I.  55,  I  indeed  nave  wrong'd,  but  will 
redress  you.  1797  Monthly  AI<ig.  111.491  If  our  gracious 
sovereign  does  not  order  us  to  be  redressed  in  fifty-four 
hours,  such  steps  will  be  taken,  as  will  astonish  our  dear 
countrymen.  1820  BYRON  Mar.  Eal.  i.  ii.  339  You  . .  will 
redress  Him,  whom  the  laws  of  discipline  and  Venice  Permit 
not  to  protect  himself.  1863  S.  L.  J.  Life  in  South  I.  xix. 
375  How  am  I  to  be  redressed  for  the  loss  of  my  property? 

rejl.  1860  L.  HARCOURT  Diaries  G.  Rose  I.  168  The  time 
had.  .arrived  for  the  people  to  redress  themselves. 


311 

10.  To  remedy  or  remove  (trouble  or  distress  of 
any  kind). 

ci374  CHAUCER  Compl.  Mars  192  Who  may  me  helpe, 
who  may  my  harm  redresse.  c  1375  Canticuw  de  Creatione 
953  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1878)  136  God  shel  come  . . 
And  shel  redressen  mannes  nede  In  ri^t  and  in  leute.  c  1410 
HOCCLEVE  Mother  ofGsdj,*  Swich  an  advocatrice  who  can 
dyvyne..our  grieves  tu  redresse.  £1500  Lancelot  1359  For 
thyne  estnt  is  gewyne  to  Redress  Thar  ned.  1579  LYI.V 
Eitphues  (Arb.)  106,  I  can  neither  remember  our  miseries 
without  griefe,  nor  redresse  our  mishaps  without  grones. 
1617  FLETCHER  Valent.  n.  iii,  Their  duty  And  ready  service 
shall  redress  their  needs.  1714  Spect.  No.  6n  f  2,  I  flatter 
my  self,  you  will.. if  possible,  redress  a  Misfortune  my  self 
and  several  others  of  my  Sex  lie  under.  i764GoLDSM.  Traz>. 
214  Every  want  that  stimulates  the  breast  Becomes  a  source 
of  pleasure  when  redrest.  1870  EMERSON  Sec.  <$•  So/it., 
Eloquence  Wks.  (Bohn)  III.  25  There  is  no  calamity  which 
right  words  will  not  begin  to  redress. 

b.  To  cure,  heal,  relieve  (a  disease,  wound,  etc.). 
Also  in  fig.  context. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  xn.  xii,  Syr  Tristram  now  be 
we  mette  for  or  we  departe  we  wille  redresse  our  old  sores. 
a  1529  SKELTON  Ktwwl.^  acquaint.,  etc.  8  Allectuary  ar- 
rectyd  to  rtdres  These  feuerous  axys,  the  dedely  wo  and 
payne  [etc.],  a  154*  WVATT  in  Totters  Misc.  (Arb.)  45  The 
frosty  snowes  may  not  redresse  my  heat.  1601  DANIEL  Civ. 
Warrvii.  Ixxii,  Or,  whether  'tis  not  time  we  should  have 
rest  And  this  confusion,  and  our  wounds  redrest.  1633  BP. 
HALL  Hard  Texts,  N.  T.  383  Which  may  be  to  thee  instead 
of  ..eyesalve  to  redresse  thy  blindnesse.  a  1687  VILLIERS 
(Dk.  Uuckhm.)  Poems  (1775)  143  Such  carbuncles  ..  As  no 
Hungarian  water  can  redress.  1784  COWTER  Task  vi.  521 
The  frenzy  of  the  brain  may  be  redressed  By  medicine  well 
applied.  1835-6  TODD  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  160/2  This  is  a  species 
of  fracture . .  which  can . .  be  readily  redressed. 

fc.  To  remove,  take  away  (a  disability).   06s. 
1560  DAUS  Sleidafifs  Comnt.  290  To  pardon  his  fault,  to 

redresse  the  outlawery  dew  for  his  offence. 

fd.  To  put  away,  get  over  (sorrow).  Obs. 

1583  GREEN  Mamillia  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  240  Mamilia  had 
by  the  space  of  a  weeke.. something  redressed  her  sorrow. 

11.  To  set  right,  repair,  rectify  (something  suffered 
or  complained  of)  :    a.  a  wrong. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troy  I  us  in.  959  (ioo8>  per- with  mene 
I  fynally  the  peyne,  . .  Fully  to  slen  and  euery  wrong  re 
dresse.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  158  To  hym 
longyth  nedes  to  Esplete,  . .  wronges  to  redresse.  c  1470 
HENRY  Wallace  vi.  224  It  slakis  ire  off  wrang  thai  suld 
radres.  1551  CROWLEV  Pleas.  $  rain  308,  I  woulde  se  all 
theyr  wrongis  redreste.  1660  WALLER  To  the  King  on  his 
return  62  Armies  and  fleets.. Owned  their  great  Sovereign, 
and  redressed  his  wrong.  1749  SMOLLETT  Regicide  \\\.  viii, 
The  sword  of  Athol  Was  never  drawn  but  to  redress  the 
wrongs  His  country  suffer'd.  1784  COWPF.R  Task  iv.  795 
A  heart  To  feel,  and  courage  to  redress  her  wrongs.  1862 
SHIRLEY  (J.  Skelton)  Nitgse  Crit.  x.  444  The  wrong  indeed 
was  redressed,  as  far  as  redress  was  possible. 

absol.  1601  SHAKS.  Jid.  C.  n.  i.  47  Speake,  strike,  re 
dresse.  Brutus,  thou  sleep's! :  awake. 

b.  damage,  injury,  etc. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  4917  [To]  redresse  vs  the  domage,  \>a.t 
he  don  has.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  V/,  n.  v.  126  Those  bitter 
Injuries.. I  doubt  not,  but  with  Honor  to  redresse.  1628 
DIGBY  Voy.  Medit.  (1868)  16  He  hoped  the  King  of  England 
would  redresse  some  injuries  done  to  subiectes  of  this  state 
by  some  of  his.  1863  KINGI.AKE  Crimea  (1876)  I.  xiii.  209 
It  rested  with  Austria  to  prevent  or  redress  the  threatened 
outrage.  1878  P'CESS  ALICE  Mem.  (1884)  367  The  Opposition 
seems  to  me  . .  to  have  done  her  a  greater  harm  than  can 
ever  be  redressed. 

c.  a  grievance  or  complaint. 

1597  SHAKS.  a  Hen.  IV>  iv.  i.  170  This  containes  our 
generall  Grieuances  :  Each  several  Article  herein  redress'd 
[etc.].  1713  STEELE  Englishm.  No.  8.  52,  [I]  bring  a  Com 
plaint  before  you,  which  it  is  your  Province  to  redress.  1761 
HUME  Hist.  Eng.  II.  xxxvi,  293  Some  persons  ..  believed 
that  it  would  be  safer  to  prevent  than  to  redress  grievances. 
1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romola  xxi,  At  present  it  was  not  under 
stood  that  he  had  redressed  any  grievances. 

12.  To  correct,  amend,  reform  or  do  away  with 
(a  bad  or  faulty  state  of  things,  now  esp.  an  abuse). 

c  1386  CHAUCER  \Vife"s  Prol.  696  They  wolde  han  writen 
of  men  more  wikkednesse  Than  all  the  mark  of  Adam  may 
redresse.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  268  To  redresce  At  horn 
the  grete  unnhtwisnesse.  1449  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  149/2  To 
redresse  the  defaultes  of  the  said  maire  and  constables.  1538 
STARKEY  England  i.  Hi.  71  The  general  fautys  and  mys- 
ordurys..,  wych  by  commyn  counseyle  and  gud  pollycy  may 
be  redressyd.  1577  tr.  Bullinger's  Decades  (1592)  130  Our 
detestable  cursings.,  which  very  few  magistrates,  .go  about 
to  redresse.  1634  H.  R.  Salerne's  Regim.  33  For  such 
Wines  redresse  and  amend  the  coldnssse  of  Complexion. 
1675  MARVELL  Let.  to  Mayor  of  Hull  Wks.  1872-5  I.  258 
The  Atheism,  Profanenesse,  and  Impiety  among  the  people 
were  one  point  to  be  redressed.  1712  ADDISON  Sped.  No. 
446  r  4  That  the  Lewdness  of  our  Theatre  should  be  . .  so 
well  exposed,  and  so  little  redressed.  1781  COWPER  Table  T. 
632  Ever  anxious  to  redress  The  abuses  of  her  sacred 
charge.  1835  I.  TAYLOR  Sfir.  Despot.  \\,  77  Spiritual 
despotism  is  necessarily  redressed  or  excluded  when  theology 
is  reformed.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  v.  §  5.  254  In  a 
vigorous  campaign  he  pacified  Ireland  while  redressing  the 
abuses  of  its  government 

fb.  To  settle  (discord  or  debate).   Obst 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  191  ;if  |>ere  fil  ony  dis 
cord  bytwene  the  tweyn,  be  bridde  scbulde  redresse  it.  1389 
in  Eng .  Gilds  (1870)  4  [If]  eny  debat  chaunselich  falle . . ,  ^e 
same  maistres  and  breperen  shul  do  her  diligence  trewly  to 
redresse  it. 

fc.  To  repair  the  want  of.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1765  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  437  The  consent  of  the  mother 
or  guardians,  if  unreasonably  withheld,  might  be  redressed 
and  supplied  by  the  judge. 

T"  13.  To  repair  (an  action) ;  to  atone  for  (a  mis 
deed  or  offence).  Obs, 


REDBESSOR. 

ci3«5  Know  Thyself '56  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  131  Who-so 
greueb  hym  is  worpi  to  go  To  helle  fuyr  but  he  hit  redres. 
1390  COWER  Con/1  I.  241,  I  am  al  rt-dy  to  redresce  The  gilt 
of  which  I  me  confesse,  c  1400  Rom.  Rose  3302  And  eke 
thee  caste,  If  that  thou  maist,  to  gete  thee  defence  For  to 
redresse  tlii  first  offence.  1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixii. 
§  18  Vnlawful  vsurpation  a  penitent  affection  must  redresse. 

•f*  14.  Sc,  a.  To  restore,  give  back.   Obs.  rare. 

*533  BEI.LENDEN  Livy  \\.  ii.  (S.  T  S  )  I.  134  Gif  be  gudis 
of  tarquinis  war  nocht  redressit  [L.  reddita},  1536  —  Cron. 
Scot.  (.1821)  II.  328  The  nobillis  of  Ingland.  .causit  all  the 
saidis  guddis  to  be  redressit. 

tb.  To  make  good  (a  bill).  Obs. 

1565  hee  REDRESSING  -vbl.  sb.*\,  1573  R?g.  Privy  Council 
Scot.  II.  307  He  wilbe  compellit  to  answer  and  redresse  the 
said  bill.  ' 

f!5.  ? To  win  or  take  by  force.   Obs.  rare~~^. 

1592  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  vn.  xxxvi.  153  The  Cleonjfian 
Lyons  spoyles  for  her  1  would  redresse.  I  would  the 
Lernan  Hydras  heads  with  sword  and  fire  suppress. 

Hence  Redre-ssed///.  a.1,  Redre-ssing///.  a. 

1845-6  DE  QUINCEY  Shelley  Wks.  1857  VI.  3  note,  The 
boyish  period  in  which  these  redressing  corrections  occurred 
to  me.  1893  SLOANE  Stand.  Electr.  Diet.  164  Current, 
Rectified. . .  Synonym — Redressed  Current. 

Redress  (r/"dre-s),  v*  Also  re-dress.  [RE- 
5  a.]  To  dress  again,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1739  G.  OGLE  Gualtherus  <$•  Griselda  88  Griselda  may 
redress  her,  or  retire.  1834  Eraser's  Mag.  IX.  609  Yet  was 
Chaucer  to  him  a  poet  whom  he  might  re-dress  with  advan 
tage.  1847  SIXGER  H'ayland  Smith  p.  xxxix,  The  maidens, 
not  beins  able  to  re-dress  themselves,  utter  loud  cries  of 
terror.  1859  Six  Yrs.  Trav.  Russia  II.  v.  67  It  appears 
that  the  Russians  re-dress  all  furs  that  they  import.  1897 
MARY  KINGSLEY  \V.  Africa  560  But  I  . .  shut  up  the  doors 
and  windows,  .while  I  am  dressing,  or  rather  redressing. 

Hence  Redre'ssed///.  a.- 

1873  City  Press  6  Apr.,  The  Engineers  had  reported  that 
this  street  could  be  repaved  with  re-dressed  stone. 

Redress  able  (mire-sab'!),  a.  [f.  REDRESS  t'.l] 
That  may  be  redressed  ;  admitting  of  redress. 

1688  Pr.  of  Orange's  Dtclar,,  ivitk  Aniwadr,  14  Are  they 
not  Redressablc  by  a  Parliament?  1803  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann. 
Re~!.  I.  398  It  would  be  well.. if  these  societies  occupied 
themselves  more  with  specific  and  redressablc  grievances. 

Redressal  (n"dre-sal).  [f.  as  prec. +  -AL.]  = 
REDRESS  sb. 

1867  Pall  Mall  C.  24  June  i  The  redressal  of  the  balance 
of  representation.  1884  Contemp.  Rci\  May  689  All  hope  of 
the  redressal  of  her  grievances  had  become  extinct. 

KedrOBSOr  (rfdre-sai).  [f.  as  prec.  •*• -EK  i.  Cf. 
F.  redresseur  (i6th  c.).]  One  who  redresses  or 
rectifies  (esp.  a  wrong).  Also  =  REDRK.SSOK  (Syd. 
Soc.  Lex.  1897). 

ci43o  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhode  in.  xxxiv.  (1869)  154  Of  re- 
dressere  ne  of  vndertakere  thei  taken  no  keepe.  1540 
PALSGRAVE  tr.  Fullonius1  Acolastus  \\\.  iii,  That  same  moste 
beste  redresser  or  reformer  is  God,  whose  hande  gouerneth 
..all  thynges.  1565  JEWEL  Def.Apol.  vi.  742  For  feare  lest 
they  feele  him  once  a  redresser,  and  reuenger  of  his  owne 
cause.  1612  SHELTON  Quix,  i.  iv.  xxv,  The  famous  Don 
Quixote  of  the  Mancha,  the  righter  of  wrongs,  the  redresser 
of  injuries.  1799  HAN.  MORE  Fern.  Educ.  ted.  41  I.  27  The 
fighter  of  the  duel  no  longer  pretends  to  be  a  glorious 
redresser  of  the  wrongs  of  strangers.  1851  ROBERTSON 
Serin.  Ser.  i.  xvii.  (1866)  258  The  redressers  of  the  poor 
man's  wrongs.  1871  B.  TAYLOR  J-'uust  (187$)  II.  iv.  iii.  266, 
I  also  in  my  time  must  meet  the  sure  Redresser. 

Redressing  (mire-sin),^/,  sbl  [f.  REDRESS 
£>.*]  The  action  of  REDRESS  v.1  in  various  senses. 

'1449  PKCOCK  Repr.  i.  xvi.  86  It  nedith  forto  haue  a  re 
dressing  of  it  into  accordaunce  with  lawe  of  kinde.  1526  Pilgr. 
Per/1  (W.  de  W.  1531)  169  b,  For  redressynge  and  releuynge 
of  mannes  necessytees.  1565^^-.  Privy  Council  Sect.  I.  404 
For  redressing  of  the  saidis  bilHs  and  expenssis.  1634 
SANDERSON  Sernt.  II.  292  It  behoveth  the  magistrate  to  set 
in.. for  the  rectifying  and  redressing  thereof.  1693  Lond. 
Gaz.  No.  2843/2  To  take  care  about  Redressing  of  the 
Mint.  I7ii-xa  SWIFT  Let. on  Eng.  Tongue  Wks.  1755  II.  i. 
183  A  grievance,  the  redressing  of  which  is  to  be  your  own 
work.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist,  (1862)  I.  183  Every  want 
thus  becomes  a  means  of  pleasure,  in  the  redressing.  1884 
Manch.  E.vant.  10  Dec.  5/2  A  straight  way  to  the  redressing 
ofgrievances. 

Redressing  (r/dre'sirj),  vbl.  sbt~  [f.  REDRESS 
f.2]  The  action  or  result  of  dressing  again. 

1889  JACOBS  Aesop  I.  156  The  majority  are  a  redressing  of 
the  ordinary  ./Esop. 

Redre'Ssive,  a-  rare—*,  [f.  REDRESS  v,^  + 
-IVE.]  Seeking  to  redress,  bringing  redress. 

1726-46  THOMSON  Winter  360  The  generous  band,  Who, 
touch'd  with  human  woe,  redressive  search'd  Into  the 
horrors  of  the  gloomy  jail. 

Redre*ssless,  a.   rare~°.     [f.  REDRESS  sb.  + 
-LESS.]     Without  redress,  or  the  possibility  of  this. 
1611  COTGR.,  Irremediable,  remedilesse,  redreslesse. 

Redre'ssment.  [f.  REDRESS  v±  +  -MENT, 
perh.  after  F.  redressement  (i2th  c.).]  The  act  of 
redressing;  redress. 

1643  HUNTON  Treat.  Monarchy  i.  ii.  n  It  must  be  yeelded 
to. .  without  repeale  or  redressement  by  any  created  power. 
1644  —  Vind.  Treat.  Monarchy  it.  8  If  they  come  with 
pretence  of  Authority,  there  may  be  seeking  redressement 
above  from  Authority.  1822  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1830)  IV. 
353  The  redressment  of  mental  vagaries  would  be  an  enter 
prise  more  than  Quixotic,  1897  Syd.  Soc.  Lex.,  Redress- 
ntent,  reduction  of  a  dislocation,  or  correction  of  a  de 
formity. 

Redre'ssor.  [f.  REDRESS  z>.i  +  -OBI.]  One 
who,  or  that  which,  redresses ;  spec,  in  Surg.  (see 
quot.  1884). 

1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mtch.  Suppl.  746/2  Redressor  (Sur- 


RE-DKILL. 

gical),  a  replacing  instrument,  e.  g.  the  uterine  redressor. 
1894  Daily  News  n  Dec.  4/7  The  Power  which  has  long 
been  the  redressor  of  Christian  grievances  against  the 
Turk. 

Re-dri'll,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To  drill  again. 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.,  It  is  observed,  page  2,  of 
General  Rules  and  Regulations,  that  every  soldier,  on  his 
return  from  long  absence,  must  be  re-drilled  before  he  is 
permitted  to  act  in  the  ranks  of  his  company.  1822  Rcgwl. 
ff  Ord.  Army  (1844)  90  Soldiers,  on  returning  from  Fur 
lough,  are  to  be  re-drilled  until  reported  fit  to  rejoin  their 
Troops  or  Companies. 

Redri've,  v,     [RE-.]    To  drive  back  (again). 

1594  WILLOBV  La  Avisa  xl.  8  Penelope  With  nil  her 
wordes  could  not  redryue  Her  sutors.  a  1700  DRVDEN,  etc. 
Ovid's  Amours  n.  x.  (1724)  285  As  to  and  fro  the  doubtful 
Galliot  rides,  Here  driven  by  Winds,  and  there  redriven  by 
Tydes.  1847  WEBSTER  cites  SOUTHEV. 

Redross,  obs.  variant  of  REKEDOS. 

Red-rot:  see  RED  a.  19. 

Red-rumped,  a.  Ornith.  Having  a  red  rump. 

1752  J.  HILL  Hist.  Anint.  367  The  red-rumped  Parrot.. 
is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  Parrot-kind.  1776  P.  BROWN 
Illustr.  Zool.  70  The  Red-rumped  wax-billed  Finch.  1782 
LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  I.  n.  420  Red-rumped  Oriole. 
Oriolus  hxniorrheus.  1815  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  IX.  I.  194 
Red-Rumped  Woodpecker  (Picus  capensis].  Ibid.  405 
Red-Rumped  Bunting  (Emfariza  qitadri:otor}.  1817  T. 
FORSTER  Nat.  Hist.  Swallowtribc  (ed.  6)  75  Fringilla 
ATontititn,  twite,  or  Redrumped  linnet.  1894  Xorthumbld. 
Gloss. t  Red-ruinpcd  thnisht  the  missel  thrush. 

Redruthite  (rc-dr//]>9it).  [f.  Rcdnith^  the 
name  of  a  town  in  Cornwall  +  -ITE  J.]  A  native 
sulphide  of  copper  ;  copper  glance,  chalcocite. 

1849  J.  NICOI.  Manual  Mineral.  473.  1873  FOWNKS 
Ckent.  399  Cuprous  Sulphide  occurs  native  as  copper-glance 
or  redruthite. 

Red  Sanders.  Also  7  saunder,  8-9  saun- 
ders.  [See  SANDERS.]  Red  sandal  wood  or  ruby- 
wood  ;  the  wood  of  an  East  Indian  tree,  Ptero- 
carpus  santalinus,  used  in  dyeing,  and  formerly 
employed  in  medicine  as  an  astringent  and  tonic, 

1553  EDEN  Treat.  Neive  Ind.  (Arb.)  23  There  are  also  in 
this  lland  many  woddes  that  bringe  foorth  redde  sanders. 
1568  TURNER  Herbal  in.  67  Rede  senders  hinder  the  flow- 
inge  of  humores  to  the  partes  of  the  bodye,  and  strengthen 
the  gummes  and  stomach.  1647  LILLY  Chr.  Astrol.  x.  68 
The  Hearbs..are  such  as  come  neare  to  a  rednesse..Horo- 
hound,  Hemlock,  red  Sanders.  1698  SLOASF,  in  Phil.  Trans. 
XX.  73  Of  Red  Saunder,  of  Lignum  Aloes,  each  half  an 
Ounce.  1736  BAILEY  Househ.  Diet.  206  If  you  would  have 
the  comfits  red  infuse  some  red  Saunders  in  the  water. 
1838  T.  THOMSON  Chem,  Org.  Bodies  410  Red  sanders  is  the 
name  given  in  this  country  to  the  wood  of  \\\^  pterocarpns 
santalinns,  a  large  tree  which  grows  upon  the  Coromandel 
coast  and  other  parts  of  India,  especially  Ceylon.  1868  \V. 
RITCHIE  Script,  Test.  agst.  Into*.  Wine  viii.  196  Tincture 
of  red  Sanders  or  cudbear  were  extensively  used. 

attrib.  1807  AIKIN  Diet.  Ckein.  %  Min.  II.  287/1  Red 
Saunders  Wood.. is  also  brought  from  the  East  Indies. 
1872  OLIVER  Elem.  Bot.  \\.  165  Red  Sanders-wood,,  .a 
reddish-brown  dye,  used  for  woollen  cloths. 

t  Red-sear,  v.  Obs.  Also  8  -seer.  [app.  f. 
red-share  RED-SHIRE  a.,  with  assimilation  of  the 
second  element  to  SEAII  v.]  (See  quots.) 

1677  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.  i.  8  If  it  be  too  hot  it  will  Red- 
sear,  that  is  break  or  crack  under  the  Hammer  while  it  is 
working  between  Hot  and  Cold.  Ibid.  13  Spanish  Iron 
would  be  as  good  as  Swedish  Iron  were  it  not  subject  to 
Red-sear  (as  Work-men  phrase  it)  that  is  to  crack  betwixt 
hot  and  cold.  [Hence  in  Holme  Armoury  (1688),  Harris 
Lex.  Techn.  II.  (1710^,  Chambers  Cycl,  (1727-41),  etc.] 

So  Bed-sear  a.  rare.     —RED-SHORT  a. 

1798  NEMNICH  Polygl.  Lex.  v.  867  Red-short  or  Red- 
sear  iron.  Malleable  when  cold,  but  brittle  when  red-hot. 
1876  VOVLE  Milit.  Diet.  334/2  Red-sear  Iront  a  defect 
in  iron  which  causes  it  to  become  brittle  when  heated,  and 
to  break  when  forged. 

Re  d-sliank  s,  re'dshaiik. 

1.  One  who  has  red  legs  ;  spec.  a.  (chiefly  in  //.) 
One  of  the  Celtic  inhabitants  of  the  Scottish  High 
lands  and  of  Ireland.  Now  only  Hist. 

The  name  was  app.  given  in  allusion  to  the  colour  of  the 
bare  legs  reddened  by  exposure,  and  not  for  the  reason 
assigned  in  quot.  1818. 

1541  ELDER  Let.  to  Hen.  VIII  in  BannatyneMisc.  (1827) 
I.  10  The  Yrische  lordes  of  Scotland,  commonly  callit  the 
Reddshanckes,  and  by  historiographouris  Pictis.  Ibid.  13 
Wherfore  they  call  ws  in  Scotland  Reddshankes, .  .goynge 
alwaie-i  bair  leggide  and  bair  footide  [etc.].  1547  HOORDK 
Introd.  Knoivl.  iii.  (1870)  132  The  other  parte  of  Irland  is 
called  the  wilde  Irysh  ;  and  the  Redshankes  be  among  them. 
1596  SPENSER  State  Irel.  Wks.  (Globe)  658/2  The  O-Neale< 
are  neerelye  allyed..to  the  Earle  of  Argile,  from  whom 
they  use  to  have  all  theyr  succours  of  those  Scotts  and  Redd 
shankes.  1611  L.  BARRY  Ram  Alley  D  ij  b,  I  will  rather 
wed  a  most  perfidious  Redshanke.  1648  MILTON  Off  sen: 
Art.  Peace  Wks.  (1851)  580  By  thir  actions  we  might  rather 
judg  them  to  be  a  generation  of  High-land  Theevs  and  Red 
shanks.  1681  COL  vi  L  Whigs'  Snpplic.  n.  (1741)  137  That 
Red-shank  sullen,  Once  challenged  for  stealling  Beef.  1771 
SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl.  18  July,  Let.  i,  The  mountaineers  of 
Wales,  and  the  redshanks  of  Ireland.  1818  JAMIESON  in 
Bart's  Lett.  N.  Scotl.  I.  74  note,  In  the  Lowlands  of  Scot 
land,  the  rough-footed  Highlanders  were  called  red-shanks, 
from  the  colour  of  the  red-deer  hair.  1893  STEVENSON  Cat- 
riona  182  There  might  be  knives  again;  these  red-shanks 
are  unco  grudgeful. 
b.  (See  quot.) 

^1846  New  Monthly  Mag:.  Feb.  181  '  Yer  dinner's  ready, 
sir ',  screamed  a  red-shank  from  the  house.  [Ibid.  180  note, 
A  term  applied  in  Connaught  to  ladies,  who  consider  stock 
ings  a  superfluity.] 


312 

c.  A  red-stockinged  person  ;  a  cardinal. 
1824  BYRON  Def.  Trans/.  11.  ii.  6  What  have  we  here  ?  A 
cardinal  or  two.. How  the  old  red-shanks  scamper  ! 

2.   Ornith.  A  wading  bird  (Tetanus  calidris)  of 
the  snipe  family  (Sco!opacidse\  so  called  from  the 
1   colour  of  its  legs.     See  also  RED-LEGS  I. 

To  run  (etc.)  like  a  redshank  (quot.  1804)  is  a  common 
1  phrase  in  north-western  dialects. 

1525  L? Estrange  Housch.-bk.  in  Archaeologia  XXV.  487 
i     Item  vj  plovers  . .  iiij  redshancks.      1549  Cow//.  Scot.  vi.  39 
The  redeschank  cryit  my  fut  my  fut.     1570  LEVINS  Manip. 
24/36  Readshanke,  hxmocoj>edit$.     1620  VENNER  Via  Recta 
iii.  64  The  Puet,  the  Red-shanke,  ..  are  . .  to  be  reiected,  as 
vnwholsome.  1623  C  APT.  SMITH  Wks.  (Arb.)  II.  629  The  gray 
and  greene  Plouer,  some  wilde  Ducks  and  Malards,  Coots 
and  Red-Shankes.     a  1682  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Tracts  108  [The 
description]  seems  more  agreeable  unto  some  kind  of  Red 
shank.     1768  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  II.  368  Redshank  ;  this 
species  i*  found  on  most  of  our  shores;  in  the  winter  time 
it  conceals  itself  in  the  gutters  ;    and  is  generally  found 
single,  or  at  most  in  pairs.      1804  MAR.  EDGE  WORTH  F.nnni 
vi,  He'll  run  like  a  red-shank  with  the  news  to  the  castle. 
1843  VARRF.I.L  Brit.  Birds  II,  525  Redshanks  are  not  un 
common  in  Cornwall,  Devonshire,  and  Dorsetshire.      1894 
|    NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  774  The  body  of  the  Redshank  is 
:    almost  as  bi^  as  a  Snipe's,  but  its  longer  neck,  wings  anil 
!    legs  make  it  appear  a  much  larger  bird. 
b.  (See  quot.  1894.) 

1776  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  (ed.  4)  1 1.  377  Spotted  Redshank. 
.  .Insize  it  is  equal  to  the  greenshank.     1843  VARKKLL  Brit* 
Birds  II.    523    As   the   white    spots  on    the   wings  ..  are 
permanent   in  this   bird  at   all   ages  and  seasons,   I   have 
preferred  calling  it  the  Spotted  Redshank.      1863  Spring 
.5-  Summer  in  Lapland  349  The  dusky  redshank  . .  seems  a 
stranger  here,  but  breeds  further  up  in  the  valley  of  the 
Munio.      1894  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  775  The  name  Red 
shank,  prefixed  by  some  epithet  as  Black,  Dusky,  or  Spotted 
I    has  also  been  applied  to  a  larger  but   allied  species— the 
Totamtsfnsius  of  ornithologists, 
t  c.   Cant.  A  duck  or  drake.   Obs. 
1567  HARMAN  Caveat  83  A  quakinge  chete  or  a  red  shanke, 
a  drake  or  ducke.     1725  AVry  Cant.  Diet.  Song  18  On  Red 
shanks,  and  Tibs  thou  shalt  ev'ry  Day  dine. 

3.  a.  A  name  given  to  various  species  of  Poly- 
\  gonum.  esp.  P.  persicaria  t  the  spotted  persicaria. 

1674-91  RAY  N.  C.  Words  57  Redshanks  ;  Arsmart.    1798 
NEMNICH  Polygl.   Lex.   v.   867  Red   Shanks,  Polygonnm 
\    persicaria.     1869-  in  northern  dial,  glossaries, 

b.  Herb  Robert,  Geranium  Robertianum. 

1757  LISLE  Obs.  Huso.  -545  E.  D.  S.).  1828  CARR  Craven 
Gloss.  II.  78. 

c.  Sc.   vSee  quot.) 

1810  J.  ROBKRTSON  Agrfc.  Sun1,  Kiticard.  376  (Jam.) 
I  Should  dock-weeds  be  allowed  to  remain  till  they  begin  to 
1  ripen  (then  called  red-shanks)  they  are  not  so  easily  pulled. 

4.  (See  quots.) 

1805  YOUNG  Annals  Agric.  XLIII.  628  (E.  D.  D.)  The 
wheat  began  to  change  colour,  or  get  into  what  is  called  the 
red  shank  preparative  to  ripening.  1891  Sheffield  Gloss. 
Suppl.  s.v.,  When  the  straw  is  in  the  red-shank  wheat  is 
said  to  be  nearly  ripe. 

5.  at/rib.,  as   (sense    T}    red-shank   rebel \   red 
shank  gambet  «  sense  2  ;  red-shank  gull,  the 
black-headedgullFZarwj  ridibundus\  f  red-shank 
pea,  a  variety  of  field-pea. 

c  1650  SIR  H.  SPOTTISWOODE  in  Maidment  Spottutvoodc 
Misc.  (1844-5)  L  T79  In  bloud  he  made  The  red-shank  re- 
bells  wade.  1707  MORTIMER  llusb.  (1721)  I.  138  They 
reckon  the  Henley  grey  and  the  red-shank  Pease  ate  the 
best  for  never  broke-up  Ground.  1840  Cwiers  Anitu. 
Kingd.  246  A  fourth  [species]  ..,  the  Redshank  Gambet, 
is  very  abundant  in  Britain.  1885  SWAINSON  Fro®.  Names 
/>;-//.  Bjrds  209  From  the  bright  vermilion  of  its  feet  and 
legs  it  is  called  Red-shank  gull  (Ireland), 

t  Ke'dship.  Sir.  Obs.  [ad.  obs.  Du.  reedschap 
(Kilian),  f.  reedcn  to  set  in  order,  fit  out  :  see 
REDE  #.-]  Equipment,  tackle.  Also  attrib. 


the  Lamb  and  hir  redschip. 

Re'dshire,  -share,  a.  Metatt.  t  Obs.  [ad. 
Sw.  rodskor;  see  next,  and  cf.  RED-SEAR;  also  the 
forms  cold-share ^-shire  under  COLD-SHORT.  In  first 
quot.  associated  with  SHARE  j£.]  Red-short. 

1665  D.  DUDLEY  Mcttalum  Mortis  (1854)  30  The  Iron 
thereof  made  is  very  Redshare,  which  is  that  if  a  workman 
should  Draw  or  Forge  out  a  Share  mould  fit  for  a  Plough 
in  that  red  heat,  it  would  crack  and  not  be  fit  for  the  use  of 
the  Husbandsmans  Plough  or  Share.  1674  J.  STURDIE  in 
Phil.  Trans.  XVII.  696  Some  makes  Coldshire-Iron,  that 
is,  such  as  is  brittle,  when  it  is  Cold  ;  another  sort  makes 
Redshire,  that  is,  such  as  is  apt  to  break  if  it  be  hammered 
when  it  is  of  a  dark  red  Heat.  1794  S.  WILLIAMS  Vermont 
(1809)  II.  361  It  does  not  answer  so  good  a  purpose ;  though 
it  is  neither  coldshire,  nor  redshire. 

Re*d-short,  a.  Metall.  [ad.  Sw.  rodskbrt  (sc. 
jern  iron)  neut.  of  rodskor,  f.  rod  red  +  skbr  brittle  : 
cf.  COLD-SHORT  and  see  prec.]  Of  iron :  Brittle 
while  in  a  red-hot  condition,  owing  to  excess  of 
sulphur  in  the  metal.  Cf.  HOT-SHORT. 

1730,  1773  [see  COLD-SHORT].  1795  PEARSON  in  Phil. 
Trans.  LXXXV.  342  There  is  another  variety  called  red 
short,  which  is  malleable  when  cold,  but  brittle  when  ignited . 
18*4  Mechanic's  Mag.  No.  52.  383  Notwithstanding  the 
superior  quality  of  this  iron,  the  bars  made  from  it  were,  .so 
completely  red-short,  as  to  drop  asunder.  1868  JOYNSON 
Metals  13  The  ore  also  being  free  from  phosphoric  acid,  the 
iron  was  generally  red-short.  1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD 
Steel  ff  Iron  x.  208  Antimony,  .produces  when  present  in 
small  quantities  in  malleable  iron,  a  metal  which  is  both 
cold-short  and  red-short. 


REDSTART. 

Hence  Bed- shortness,  the  quality  or  state  of 
being  red -short. 

1868  Jovssos  Metals  14  \Vhere  much  sulphur  is  present 
in  the  ore,  it  produces  in  the  iron  the  quality  known  as  '  red- 
shortness  *.  1874  J.  A.  PHILLIPS  Eletn.  Metallurgy  (1887) 
323  The  exact  cause  of  red -shortness  in  welded  iron  is  not 
always  very  clear. 

Red-shouldered,  a.  Ornith.  Having  the 
shoulder  or  bend  of  the  wing  red,  esp.  the  red- 
shouldered  buzzard,  falcon,  or  haivk  of  N.  America 
{Biiteo  lineatus). 

1785  PENNANT  Arctic  Zool.    II.    206  Red    Shouldered 
Ffalcon].     1790  WHITE  I'oy.  N.S.  Wales  App.  263  The  Red 
Shouldered  Paroquet  ..Psittacns  Discolor.     1792  PENNANT 
Arctic  Zool.  (ed.  2)  II.   143  Red-Shouldered  Heron.      1800 
;    SHAW  Gen.   Zool.    VII.    IT.    421    Red-Shouldered   Oriole. 
j    Oriohti  ph&niceus.  duWlL8OM^40w.0twz*M.VI.  86  Red- 
Shouldered  Hawk.i/rrt/o>_£i.w</i'«,r...TheRed.Shouldered 
Hawk  is  nineteen  inches  in  length.     1884  Harper's  Mag. 
Mar.  622/1  The  red-shouldered  hawk  is  a  handsome  bird. 

Re'dskiu.  Also  red-skin.  [See  RED  a.  5  c.] 
A  North  American  Indian. 

1699  S.  SMITH  in  H.  E.  Smith  Colonial  Days  (1900)  49  Ye 

.    firste  Meetinge  House  was  solid  mayde  to  withstande  ye 

,    wicked  onsaults  of  ye  Red  Skins.     1823  E.  JAMES  Lotijfs 

\    Exfied.  I.  160  The  whites  will  not  harm  the  red-skins  when 

j    they  have  them  thus  in  their  power.     1851  DIXON  Jir.  Pcnn 

i    xxiii.  (1872)  205  A  strong  believer  in  the  native  virtues  of 

the  Redskins,  when  these  savages  were  treated  well.      1890 

Tt't^es  27  Dec.  3/2  After  dark  the  whole  band,  .renewed  the 

1    attack,  Kicking  Bear  himself  leading  the  redskins. 

attrib.  1699  S.  SMITH  in  H.  E.  Smith  Colonial  Days 
,  (1000)  49  My  Honoured  Father  was  as  Active  as  ye  Red- 
1  skin  Men  and  sinewy.  1871  LUBBOCK  in  Jrnl.  Anthrop. 
\  Inst.  (1872)  I.  3  Though  the  Redskin  family  is  constituted 
[  in  a  manner  very  unlike  ours  [etc.].  1883  Athenaeum 
j  20  Jan.  Si/i  A  picture  of  redskin  life. 

Red  snow. 

1.  Snow  reddened  by  a  kind  of  alga  (Protococcus 
irivalis)  common  in  Arctic  and  Alpine  regions. 

1678  Phil.  Trans.  XIII.  976  On  St.  Josephs  day,  upon  the 
Mountains  call'd  Le  Langhe,  there  fell.. a  great  quantity  of 

i  red,  or  if  you  please  of  bloody  Snow.  1820  BAUER  ibid. 
CX.  165  The  fungi,  which  constitute  the  colouring  matter 
of  the  red  snow,  discovered  in  Baffin's  Bay..  1818.  1866 
Chambers*  Encycl.  s.v.,  It  is  not  impossible  that  animal  as 
well  as  vegetable  life  may  exist  in  red  snow,  and  that  real 

!     animalcules  may  have  been  observed. 

2.  transf.  The  alga  which  gives  a  red  colouring 
to  snow. 

1825  CARMICHAEI.  in  Apf>.  Parry's  Jrnl.  znd  ]roy.  429  On 
'     the  whole,  I  should  think,  .that  you  may  safely  arrange  the 

Red  Snow  among  the  Paltnellx.  1845  DARWIN  Voy.  Nat. 
I  xv.  (1890)  345  On  several  patches  of  the  snow  I  found  the 
Frotococcns  nivalzs,  or  red  snow.  1861  H.  MACMILLAN 
Footn.  fr.  Pa^e  Nature  145  Red  snow  ..  has  been  dis 
covered  spreading  over  decayed  leaves  and  mosses  on  the 
borders  of  small  lakes. 

3.  attrib. ^  as  red-snow  shower  \  red-snow  alga 
or  plant  e=  sense  2. 

1826  in  Loudon  Encycl,  Plants  928  The  most  remarkable 
red-snow  shower  was  that  which  fell. .[in]  March  1823,.  .in 
Tuscany.    Ilnd.^  The  Lepraria  Kermesina,  which  ..  is  con 
sidered  only  a  particular  state  of  the  red-snow  plant  itself. 
1866  Chambers  Encycl.  s.v.,  The  red  snow  plant  consists,  in 
its  mature  state,  of  brilliant  globules  like  fine  garnets,  seated 
on,  but  not  immersed  in,  a  gelatinous  mass.     1869  SPENCER 
Princ.  Psychol.  (1872)  I.  in.  ii.  295  Of  those  classed  with  the 
vegetal  kingdom,  may  be  instanced  the.. red  snow  alga. 

Red  spider.  A  small  red  spider-like  mite 
(Tetranychus  or  Accents  tc/aritts)  infesting  plants, 
especially  in  hothouses.  (See  also  quot.  1824.) 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  in.  xxv.  Table,  Of  the 
Tatnct  or  small  red  Spider.  1793  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  (ed.  2) 
V,  58  Destroying  the  Red  Spider  and  other  noxious  in 
sects.  1816  KIRBV  &  SP.  Entomol.  (1843)  I.  161  The  red- 
spider  (Erythrxus  telarius}  spinning  its  web  over  the  under 
surface  of  the  leaves  draws  out  their  juices  with  its  rostrum. 
1824,  LOUDON  Encycl.  Gardening  (ed.  2)  §  2271  The  red 
spider  is  the  A  cartes  telarius,  and  the  same  name  is  also 
applied  by  gardeners  to  the  scarlet  acarus  (A .  holo$ericeus\ 
the  only  two  British  species  of  the  genus  which  infest  plants. 
1871  H.  MACMILLAN  True  Vine  v.  232  In  this  country,  the 
greatest  pest  of  the  vinery  is  the  little  red  spider,  whose 
movements  over  the  leaves  and  fruit  are  exceedingly 
nimble. 

Red-Spotted,  ft.     Marked  with  red  spots. 

1713  PETIVER  Aqnat.  Anim.  Amb.  i/i  Cancer  ntber . . 
Red  spotted  Crab.  1782  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds 
I.  n.  736  Red  spotted  Creeper,  Certkia  cruentata  (Linn,). 
. .  Its  native  place  is  Bengal.  1802  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  III.  n. 
496  Red-Spotted  snake.  Coluber  Coccineus, ..  Black  snake, 
with  yellow  back  spotted  with  red.  1883  Century  Mag. 
Dec.  163/2  That  beautiful  inhabitant  of  fresh  water,  the 
red-spotted  trout. 

Redstart  (re'dstait).  Ornith.  [f.  RED  a.  + 
START  (ME.  stert^  OE.  steort]  tail :  cf.  RED-TAIL  i. 
Parallel  forms  are  Du.  roodstaartje,  Flem.  -steertje 
(t  -stcertken),  Da.  and  Sw.  rodstjert^  G.  rotsterz] 

1.  A  common  European  singing-bird  {Ruticilla 
ph&nicum5\  so  named  from  its  red  tail,  which  it 
has  a  habit  of  moving  quickly  from  side  to  side. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  33/41  Redstarte,  ruticitta.  1632 
SHERWOOD,  The  Redstert,  or  Redtaile,  rossignol  de  muraille, 
nibienne,  1657  TOMLINSON  Renou's  Disf>.  To  Rdr.  c  2 
Who  can  determine  what  becomes  of  Cranes,  Cuckoes, . . 
Red-starts,  that  some  are  seen  onely  in  Summer,  some  in 
Winter?  1678  PHILLIPS  (ed.  4),  Redstert  (Rubicilla),  a 
certain  Bird  so  called  from  its  red  tail.  1774  G.  WHITE 
Selborne  Ix,  The  song  of  the  redstart  is  superior,  though 
somewhat  like  that  of  the  whitethroat.  1829  E.JESSE  Jrnh 
Naturalist  204  We  have  no  bird  more  assiduous  in  atten 
tions  to  their  young  than  the  red-start,  1840  Culver's 


RED-STREAK. 

Anim.  Kingd*  190  The  White-fronted  Redstart . .  is  a  com 
mon  summer  visitant  in  many  parts  of  Britain.  1884  JEF- 
FERIES  in  Ckaiitb.  JrnL  i  Mar.  131/1  A  brightly  coloured 
bird,  the  redstart,  appears  suddenly  in  spring. 

b.  Black  redstart,  a  related   species,  Ruticilla 
tityS)  occurring  in  southern  England  and  common 
on  the  European  continent. 

1836  EVTON  Rarer  Brit,  Birds  7  Black  Redstart.  Ficcdnla 
Titltys.  This  Redstart  inhabits  chiefly  the  warmer  parts  of 
Europe.  1894  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  776  The  males  of  the 
Black  Redstart  seem  to  be  more  than  one  year  in  acquiring 
their  full  plumage. 

c.  attrib.  with  warbler  (=  prec.  senses). 

1817  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  X.  n.  670  Redstart  Warbler.  (Sylvia 
Pk&nicurits.)  Ibid.  673  Grey  Redstart  Warbler.  (Sylvia 
Gibraltar  ie>i  sis. ) 

2.  An  American  fly-catching  warbler,  Setophaga 
rutidlla)  outwardly  resembling  the  common  Euro 
pean  redstart  but  generically  distinct  from  it. 

1796  MORSE  A tner.  Geog.  I.  211  Red  Start,  Ruticilla. 
Americana,  1808  WILSON  Amer.  Ornith.  I.  105  The 
American  Redstart  builds  frequently  in  low  bushes.  i8ia 
Ibid.  V.  119  The  Redstart  extends  very  generally  over  the 
United  States.  1831  AUDUBON  Ornith.  Biog.  I.  202  The 
insect  secured,  the  lovely  Redstart  reascends,  perches,  and 
sings  a  different  note.  1894  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  777  The 
American  Redstart. .,  belonging  to  the  purely  New- World 
Family  MniottUidee,  and  to  a  genus  which  contains  about 
a  dozen  species. 

f3.  (See  quot.)   06s. 

1738  ALBIN  Nat.  Hist.  Birds  III.  52  This  Bird  was 
brought  from  Bengali  in  the  year  1734,  without  any  Name 
being  affixt  to  it ;  . .  I  shall  beg  leave  to  call  it  by  the  Name 
of  the  Bengali  Redstart. 

Re'd-streak,    Also  7  -strake. 

1.  A  red-streaked  apple  formerly  highly  esteemed 
for  making  cider. 

1664  EVELYN  jPMWMM  i.  6  Thus  the  famous  Red-strake 
of  Hereford-shire  is  a  pure  Wilding,  and  within  the  memory 
of  some  now  living  sirnamed  the  Scudamores  Crab.  1676 
WORLIDGE  Cyder  (1691)  209  Above  all  Cider-fruit,  the 
Redstreak  hath  obtain'd  the  preference.  1708  J.  PHILIPS 
Cyder  i.  32  Let  every  Tree  in  every  Garden  own  The  Red- 
Streak  as  supream.  1750  SHENSTONE  Rural  Elegance  31 
Is  not  the  red-streak's  future  juice  The  source  of  your 
delight?  1807  VANCOUVER  Agric.  Devon  (1813)  238  The 
species  called  the  red-streak,  is  mostly  preferred;  but  of 
late  years,  these  orchards  have  been  much  subject  to  a 
blight.  1875  F.  J.  SCUDAMOKE  Day  Dreams  16  We  began 
to  pass  through  apple-orchards,  in  which  the  'redstreak' 
nourished  in  its  native  soil. 

b.   The  cider  made  from  this.     (Cf.  3.) 

1671  Phil.  Trans.  VI.  2129,  I  have  had  as  good  Red- 
strake  as  ever  I  drank  in  any  place.  1709  E.  SMITH  Poem 
J.  Philips  64  Redstreak  he  quaffs  beneath  the  Chianti  Vine, 
Gives  Tuscan  yearly  for  thy  Scud'more's  Wine.  1778  Eng. 
Gazetteer  (ed.  2)  s.v.  South-Hants^  That  noble  rough  cyder 
which  is  generally  preferred  to  the  soft  sickly  Hereford 
red  streak. 

2.  transf.  A  girl  with  red  cheeks. 

1771  SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl.  26  June,  Then  turning  to 
Liddy,  he  added — '  What  say  you,  my  pretty  Redstreak  ? ' 
1776  R.  GRAVES  Euphrosyne  (1776)  VI.  219  The  rural  la^s 
with  ruddy  cheeks,  The  Redstreak  we  may  name. 

3.  attrib.,  as  red-streak  apple,  cider,  face. 

1664  EVELYN  Pomona  25  So  does  the  Red-strake-Cider  of 
the  Vale  excell  any  other  Cider  of  the  forcible  soil.  Ibid. 
27  M.  Philips  . .  shewed  me  a  very  fair  large  Red-strake 
apple.  1712  W.  ROGERS  lroy.  (1718)  12,  I  gave  him  a  dozen 
bottles  of  Red-Streak  Cyder.  1712  ARBUTHNOT  John  Bull 
i.  xii,  That  redstreak  country  face.  1797  Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  XVI.  721/1  Those  most  esteemed  for  cyder  are., 
the  redstreak  apple,  the  whitsour  [etc.]. 

Hence  f  Bed-streaked  a.,  made  from  red-streaks. 

For  other  uses  of  the  comb.,  see  RED  a.  14  a,  14  b. 

1664  EVELYN  Pomona  26  Red-cheek'd  and  Red-strak'd 
Musts  of  several  kinds.  ~  Ibid.%  A  richer  Red-strak'd-cider 
of  a.  .fulvous  or  ruddy  colour. 

Bed-tail  (re-dt^l). 

L   =  REDSTART  i  (and  i  b). 

1552  ELYOT,  Ruticilla,  a  little  birde  called  a  red  tayle. 
1611  COTGR.,  Rubicnne,  the  Red-taile,  or  Starke ;  a  small 
bird.  1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  $  Klin.  Introd.,  Bunting, 
redtaile.  1736  AISSWORTH  Lat.  Diet.  s.v.  Red,  A  red  tail, 
Phoenicnrus.  1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  II.  n.  425 
Red  Tail.  Motacilla  erithacns.  A  Trifle  bigger  than  the 
Redstart.  1802  MONTAGU  Ornith.  Diet.  (r83i)  412  Red- 
start.. . Provincial.  — Redtail.  Brantail.  Firetail.  1869-  in 
dial,  glossaries  (NTorthumbld.,  Lonsd.,  E.  Anglia,  Som.). 
1896  MORRIS  &  TF.GKTMEIER  Nests  Brit.  Birds  II.  66  Black 
Redstart.— Black  Red-Tail. 

b.   U.  S.  The  red-tailed  buzzard  (Buteo  borealis). 

1812  WILSON  Amer.  Ornith.  VI.  75  Early  next  morning 
the  unfortunate  Red-tail  was  found  a  prisoner. 

2.  f  a.  The  nidd.   Obs.     b.  A  name  of  several 
American  fishes  (see  quots.). 

1740  R.   BROOKES  Art  of  Angling  Index,  The    Rud  or 

Ci 

V    _  

tail,  Shiner.  Ibid.  37  ««<?,Vulgar  names  [of  Red-tail  Sucker] : 
Red-horse,  Red-tail,  Horse-fish  [etc.). 

3.  attrib.,  as  red-tail  hawk,  lizard, parrot,  sticker, 
warbler. 

1802  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  III.  i.  244  Red-tail  Lizard.  Lacerla 
Cruenta.  1817  Hid.  X.  n.  674  Red-Tail  Warbler  (Sylvia 
Eritkracits°\.  1820  RAFINESQUE  in  Stnithson.  Coll.  (1877) 
XIII.  ix.  37  Red-tail  Sucker,  Catostomus  Erythrurus.  1894 
Outing  (U.S.)  XXIII.  4o6/r  The  red-tail  hawk  has  his  story 
of  a  cold  wintry  day.  1897  MAKY  KINGSLEY  IV.  Africa  58 
The  wearer's  hair  aglow  with  red-tail  parrots'  feathers. 

Bed-tailed,  a.     Having  a  red  tail. 

Red'tailed  buzzard  or  ha-vk,  a  common  North  American 
hawk  ;  the  uppei^side  of  the  tail  is  red  in  the  adult  bird. 

VOL. 


313 

1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well  iv.  v.  7  That  red-tail'd  humble 
Bee  I  speake  of.  1611  COTGR.,  Rossi,..*  small  red-tayld 
lake-fish.  1771  PENNANT  SynopsisQitadrnp.  133  Red-tailed 
Monkey:  ..  rump  and  half  the  tail  deep  orange-colored, 
almost  red.  1785  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  fiirds  III.  u.  259 
Red-Tailed  Gallinule.  . .  This  species  inhabits  Ceylon. 
1807-8  \V.  IRVING  Salmag.  (1824)  335  The  chattering  of  the 
red-tailed  parrot.  1812  WILSOM  A»ier.  Ornith.  VI.^s  The 


Hawk.  1857  DUFFERIN  Lett.  High  Lat.  rgg  Pirouetting 
on  the  deck  below  with  a  red-tailed  demon. 

Bed-tape,  red  tape. 

a.  Tape  of  a  red  colour  such  as  is  commonly 
used  in  securing  legal  and  official  documents. 
Hence  b.  Excessive  formality  or  attention  to  rou 
tine;  rigid  or  mechanical  adherence  to  rules  and 
regulations. 

1696-1715  Maryland  Laws  IV.  (1723!  n  The  Map  . .  upon 
the  Backside  thereof  sealed  with  his  Excellency's  Seal  at 
Arms  on  a  Red  Cross  with  Red  Tape.  1814  SCOTT  H'a-j. 
Ixxi,  Drawing  from  his  pocket  a  budget  of  papers,  and  un 
tying  the  red  tape.  1839-40  W.  IRVING  ll'o/ferfs  R.  (1855) 
274  His  brain  was  little  better  than  red  tape  and  parchment. 
1869  LONGF.  in  Life  (1891)  III.  141  All  the  morning  at  the 
custom-house,  plagued  with  red  tape.  1873  SPENCER  Stud. 
Sociol.\'\\.  170  After  ceaseless  ridicule  of  red-tape,  the  petition 
is  for  more  red-tape. 

aitrii.ani  Comb.  1838  LYTTOK  Alice  HI.  i,  The  men  of 
more  dazzling  genius  began  to  sneer  at  the  red-tape  minister 
as  a  mere  official  manager  of  details.  1840  CAKI.VM-:  Heroes 
(1858)  353  Keep  your  red-tape  clerks,  your  influentialities, 
your  important  businesses.  1863  P.  HARRY  Jljckyard  /.',  on. 
144  Those  who  framed  the  red-tape  code  were  not  men  of 
business.  1897  Dublin  Rev.  Oct.  304  The  regions  of  red- 
tape-tied  officialism. 

Hence  Bed-taped  a.,  tied  with  red  tape  ;  affected 
with  the  spirit  of  red-tape.  Ked-ta-pedom,  the 
sphere  or  spirit  of  red-tape.  Bed-ta'per  -—  KKD- 
TAPIST.  Bed-ta'pery  =  REI>-T.U>ISM.  Bed-ta'pi- 
fied  a.,  characterized  by  red-tape. 

1833  MARRYAT  Olla  Podr.  vii,  Documents,  numbered, 
scheduled,  and  "red-taped.  1890  Nature  29  May  106/2  The 
unimpressionable  mind  of  the  red-taped  official.  1850 
Times  31  Aug.  4/4  Mr.  Carlyle  has,  we  know,  denounced 
*red-tapedom  in  all  its  forms.  1845  DISRAELI  •Sj'£/V(i863)  33 
Calling  at  clubs,  closeted  with  *red-tapers.  1893  Ch.  Times 
20  Oct.  1065/1  The  clergyman  who  refuses.. is  a  miserable 
red-taper.  1831  Frascrs Mag.  III.  654  These  were  thereat 
heroes  of  the  *red-tapery.  1884  Nonconf.  tf  Indep.  14  Feb. 
153/1  [To]  lessen  the  rates  and  provide  an  antidote  to  red- 
tapery  in  education.  1895  Longm.  Mag.  Aug.  386,  I  had 
not.. exaggerated  the. . *redtapefied  way  in  which  things 
were  done. 

Bed-ta'pish,  «.  [f.  prec.  +  -isu.]  Charac 
terized  or  infected  by  red-tapism. 

1850  CARLYLE  Latter-d.  rampk.  iii.  (1872)  94  One  Intel 
lect  still  really  human,  and  not  redtapish.  1855  Eraser's 
Mag.  LI.  635  Close  bodies  tend  to  become  narrow  and  red. 
tapish. 

Bed-ta'pism.  Also  -tapeism.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ISM.]  The  spirit  or  system  of  red-tape. 

1853  (title}  Red-tapeism ;  its  cause,  by  one  behind  the 
scenes.  1858  J.  B.  NORTON  Topics  79  There  appears  to 
have  prevailed  the  usual  red-tapeism  and  circumlocution. 
1882  M.  WILLIAMS  Leaves  Life  (1890)  II.  296  Was  there 
ever  a  greater  piece  of  red-tapism  than  the  letter  which  has 
been  read  from  the  Home  Office? 

Bed-ta'pist.  Also  -tapeist.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-1ST.]  One  who  adheres  strictly  or  mechanically 
to  official  rontine. 

1842  R.  FORD  in  Knapp  Life  Borrovj  (1899)  II.  App.  i.  315 
Red-tapists  hatched  in  the  hotbeds  of  jobbery.  i8s6DoRAN 
Knights  fy  Days  xxii.  374  There  is  a  good  deal  of  the  red- 
tapist  in  our  moralist  after  all.  1884  J'ortn.  Rev.  June  817 
The  official  red-tapeists  who  seek  to  carry  minutes,  memo 
randa,  and  returns  into  every  department  of  life. 
Eed-throated,c.  Ornith.  Ilavingaredthroat. 
1743  G.  EDWARDS  Nat.  Hist.  Birds  I.  I.  38  Red-throated 
Huming  Bird.  1752  J.  HILL  Hist.  Anim.  365  The  red- 
throated  Parrot ',  this  is  an  extreamely  beautiful  species  ;  it 
is  of  the  size  of  a  large  pigeon.  1781  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis 
Birds  I.  I.  97  Red-throated  Falcon. . .  Inhabits  Cayenne,  and 
other  parts  of  South  America.  1809  SHAW  Zool.  /-rc/.  I.  v.  187 
One  of  the  most  common,  as  well  as  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
of  all  the  Humming-birds  is  the  Trochiltts  Column's  or  red- 
throated  Humming-bird.  1896  MORRIS  &  TEGETMKIER 
Nests  Brit.  Birds  I.  152  The  only  claim  of  the  Red- 
throated  Pipit  to  be  considered  as  a  British  bird  [etc.]. 

b.  esf.  Bed-throated  diver,  •)•  ducker,  or  loon 
(see  quots.  and  DIVER  2  a). 

1747  G.  EDWARDS  Nat.  Hist.  Birds  I.  II.  97  Red-throated 
Ducker  or  Loon.  1768  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  11.415  The  Red 
throated  Diver.  1840  Cuvier'sAnim.  Kingd.  253  The  Red- 
throated  Loon .  .[is]  still  smaller  and  much  commoner.  1843 
VIXRKLI.  Brit.  Birds  1 1 1.  337  The  Red-throated  Diver  is  the 
smallest  species  of  the  genus,  as  well  as  the  most  common. 
1893  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  152  The  common  species  of 
Cotyntbits  is  C.  septentrionalis,  known  as  the  Red-throated 
Diver  from  an  elongated  patch  of  dark  bay  colour  which 
distinguishes  the  throat  of  the  adult  in  summer-dress. 

Be'd-top. 

1.  attrib.  Having  a  red  top ;  red-topped. 

n8oo  T.  GIBBS  Catal.  Seeds,  Red-top  Turnip.  1840  J. 
BUEL  Farmer's  Companion  331/1  Red-top  grass.  1884 
E.  P.  ROE  in  Harper's  Mag.  July  247/1  They  began  with 
red-top  clover. 

2.  U.  S.  A  kind  of  bent-grass,  Agrostis  vulgaris 
(also  called  '  English  grass '  and  '  herd's  grass '), 
highly   valued    for    pasture.      False   red-top    (see    j 


REDUCE. 

'   latest  quots.).      Tall  red-top,  a  tall  reddish  grass, 
Triodia  citprea. 

1819  WARDEN  I'nitcd States  II.  8The  grassesare  :  While 
clover,  white  top  and  red  top.  1829  I.OUDON  Kncyct. 
Plants  65  Tricuspis...1'\\K  grass  is  called  Red-top  in  the 
Southern  States  of  N.  America.  1840  J.  BUF.L  Fanner's 
Companion  228  Red-top,  the  herds-grass  of  the  middle  and 
southern  States.. is  indigenous,  perennial,  and  valuable  for 
hay  and  pasture.  1846-50  A.  WOOD  Class-Ik.  Rot.  613 
Tricitspis  seslerioides.  False  Red-top.  Ibid.  614  }Joa 
serotina.  Meadow  Red-top.  1860  DARLINGTON  Amer. 
ll'eeds,  etc.  382  Poa  serolina,  Late  I'oa.  Fo\vl  Meadow 
Grass.  False  Red-top. 
3.  A  variety  of  turnip. 

c  1830  Clone.  Farm  Rep.  6  in  Lib.  L'sef.  Kit.,  IIusl,.  Ill, 
About  one-third  of  the  whole  crop  consists  of  Swedish  turnip^ 
.  .the  remainder  of  the  white  Norfolk  and  the  red-tops. 

Red-topped  :  see  RED  a.  14  a,  b,  c. 

Reduable,  variant  of  REDEVADLE  a.  Ol>s. 

tBedu'b,  sl>.  Obs.  rare~l .  Jn6redoube.  [I. 
the  vb.,  or  ad.  F.  radon!)  (i6th  c.  in  Godcf. 
Co»ipl.}.~]  Remedy,  improvement. 

1549  Einv.  VI  in  Strype  Reel.  Mem.  (1721)  H.  i.  xxv.  zii 
[  I  lie  King]  thought  good  . .  straightly  to  charge  and  com 
mand  him  that  . .  he  should  have  an  earnest  and  special 
regard  to  the  redoube  of  these  things. 

t  Bedu'b,  f.  Obs.  Also  Oredubb^e,  -doub(e, 
-do(u  bbe.  [ad.  AF.  redubber(  13111  c.,  hence  also 
AL.  redtibbare},  f.  re-  RE-  +  diibbcr  Dun  i1.1  Cf. 
F.  radouber  (ijtli  c.).  See  also  REDOUBLE  v.''< 

The  word  is  very  frequent  in  i6th  c.  English,  e-p.  in  state 
papers  and  other  official  documents.] 

1.  trans.  To  repair  or  restore  (a  damaged  thing). 

1522  SI,  Papers  Hen.  }'III  (1830)  I.  113  Many  of  your 
shippes  were  disgarnysshed  of  their  mastes,  cables,  ankers, 
and  other  takelyng,  in  such  wise  that  fe«-e  or  none  of  theyin 
can  be  sufficiently  redubbed  or  furnisshed  to  do  any  service 
on  the  see  for  this  yere.  1536  Ibid.  470  That  our  honour, 
touched  by  this  your  assemblee  and  insurrection,  may., 
again  be  redubbed,  to  the  knowleage  of  the  world. 

53.  To  put  right,  remedy,  improve  (a  bad  state 
of  things). 

1528  GARDINER  in  Pocock  Kec.  Kef  I.  109  If  every  one  of 
their  college  had  with  such  good  heart  regarded  that 
calamity  ..it  had  been  much  less  and  sooner  redubbed. 
a  1547  SURREY  sKncid  iv.  444  If  desteny  . .  would  have  per 
mitted  me  After  my  wil  my  sorrow  to  redoub.  is62CiiA].ONi:R 
in  Froude  Hist.  1-^ng.  (1863!  VII.  v.  a,^note,  I  told  him  that 
the  state  of  things  was  easely  so  redubbed,  as  he  should  hauu 
cause.,  to  be  of  another  opinion. 

3.  To  make  up  for,  amend,  correct  (a  mistake, 
fault,  etc.). 

1537  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Life  q  Lett.  (1902)  II.  no 
Redubbe  yt  my  lord  in  the  Just  punyshment  of  his  Trnytours 
Carkas.  1542  in  Lett.  ,y  1'ap.  Hen.  F///,XVII.  592  A  »  isu 
grave  man,  to  retlubbe  the  lightness  of  your  late  Govtrnonr. 
1548  UDALL  Erasin.  Par.  LjiAe  Pref.  5  b,  This  imperfeccion 
I  haue  to  my  lille  power  so  laboured  to  redoub. 

4.  To  remedy,  redress  (something  suffered). 

1547  Epw.  VI  Injnnet.  §  18  No  man  sball  ..  redubne 
and  requite  one  \vronge  with  another,  or  be  his  awnc  judge. 
?S53  Act  i  Mary  Sess.  2  c.  i  §  2  Unlesse  so  great  ail 
iniustice  . .  be  redubbed,  . .  plagues  and  strokes  are  like  to 
increase.  1568  GRAFTON  Ciirtm.  II.  1353  A  dishonor  where 
with  this  realm  shall  be  blotted,  vntyll  God  shall  giue  power 
to  redubbe  it  with  some  like  requitall  to  the  French. 

b.  To  requite  (a  person)  with  something.  Also 
with  double  obj.  rare. 

1557-8  PHAER  sEneid  VI.  Rj,  O  gods  redubbe  them 
vengeance  iust.  1565  JEWEL  Def.  Apol.  (1611)  459  Yet 
hitherto  we  haue  not  redubbed  you  with  any  one  Lie. 

5.  To  make  up,  restore  (money  expended). 

1536  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Life  <y  Lett.  (1902)  II.  48 
Sucne  a  revenue. .as  maye..in  time  of  peax  bothe  redubbe 
that  which  shalbe  in  warre  expended  [etc.]. 

Hence  t  Eedu'bbing  "M.  sb.   Obs. 


.rtely  tende  to  a  redobbinge  of  that  they  have  done.  1555 
..  PROCTOR  Hist.  lYyat's  Kelell.  41  What  was  to  be  done 
:or  the  redubbinge  of  that  vnhappie  chaunce  ? 

Redu'bber.  Obs.  exc.  Hist,  Also  -our,  -or. 
[ad.  AF.  redubbour,  redobeour  (Britton),  agent-n. 
f.  redubber  to  REDUB.  App.  never  actually  cur 
rent  as  an  Eng.  word.]  (See  quots.) 

[1284  Act  12  Edw.  I  (Stat.  Wallie)  c.  4  IJe  Redobatoribus 
[v.r.  Redubatoribus]  pannorum  furatoruin,  eos  in  novam 
formam  redigentibus  et  veterem  mutantibus.  1292  BRITTON 
I.  xxx.  §  3  De  redubbours  achalauntz  a  escient  dras  emblez, 
et  les  attirent  en  autre  fourme.J 

1616  BULLOKAR  Eng.  Kxpos.,Redobbour,  he  that  wittengly 
buieth  stollen  cloth,  and  turneth  it  into  some  other  fashion. 
1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Redulbours,  are  those  that  buy 
cloth,  which  they  know  to  be  stoln,  and  turn  it  into  some 
other  form  or  fashion.  1704  J  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I, 
RediMor.  1823  CRABB  Technol.  Diet.,  Rednl-ter.  1865 
NICHOLS  Britton  I.  83  note,  It  is  forbidden  that  any 
redubber  of  clothes,  .shall  dwell  elsewhere  than  in  cities  or 
boroughs. 

Redubble,  obs.  form  of  REDOUBLE  v. 

t  Bedtrce,  sb.   Ods.—1  [f.  next.]     Reduction. 

1549  EDW.  VI  in  Foxe  A.  f,  M.  (1563)  692/1  That  from 
hencefourth  ye  haue  an  earnest  &  special  regard  to  the 
reduce  of  these  things. 

Beduce  (rWl5"*),».  Also  5  reduyse,  5-7  re- 
duse.  [ad.  L.  redficere  to  bring  back,  restore, 
replace,  f.  re-  RE-  +  duclre  to  lead,  bring.  Cf.  F. 
require  (I4th  c.,  Oresme)  and  ^reducer  (ijth  c.), 


Sp.  reducir,  It.  ridnrre.'] 
The  original  sense  of  the  word, '  to  bring  back  ',  h: 


ias  now 
40 


REDUCE  ABLE. 

the  hiear  poweris, . .  aye  and  quhill  the  samyn  be  reducit  be 
sufficient  ordour.  1574  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  Ser.  I.  II. 
^92  Their  infeftment  salbe  reduceit  and  decernit  null.  1609 
SKENE  Reg.  Maj.  127  (Form  of  Traces  xxxvi.  §  2)  Naludge 
may  reduce  his  awne  decreit,  except  the  Lords  of  session. 
1646  BP.  MAXWELL  Burd.  Issach.  in  Phenix  (1708)  1 1.  303  N  o 
Judgment  pass'd  there  can  be  rectify'd  or  reduc'd  by  any 
Judicatory  . .  but  by  themselves.  1742  Acts  of  Sederunt 


vices,  decrees,  and  rights.  1863  Glasgow  Herald^  Mar.,  His 
first  thought  was  to  have  the  marriage  settlement  reduced. 

absol.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  831  The  creditors 
of  an  apparent  heir  may  also  pursue  a  reduction,  .without 
previously  adjudging  the  right  to  reduce. 

24.  Mil.  a.  To  break  up,  disband  (an  army  or 
regiment).  ?  Obs. 

1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey)  s.v.  Reform,  In  Military  Affairs, 
to  Reform  is  to  reduce  a  Body  of  Men,  either  disbanding 
the  Whole,.. or  only  breaking  a  Part.  1746  H.  Fox  in 
Buccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  M5S.  Comm.)  I.  409  The  Regiments 
..should  be  marched  into  their  own  counties  before  reduced, 
. .  the  other  three  Regiments  not  immediately  to  be  dis 
banded.  1802  JAMES  iMilit.  Diet.  s.v.,  When  a  regiment  is 
reduced,  the  officers  are  generally  put  upon  half-pay. 

b.  To  break  up  (a  square,  etc.)  and  restore  the 
component  parts  to  line  or  column. 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet. 
IV.  25.  To  bring  or  draw  together.   Also  rcjl. 

In  later  use  only  as  implying  diminution  of  bulk. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  in.  pr.  viii.  63  (Camb.  MS.),  Of  alle 
whyche  forseyde  thinges  I  may  reducen  [L.  redigere\  this 
shortly  in  somme.  1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  n.  xv.  100  Yf  he 
mete  ony  beste  that  wold  doo  hym  harme  he  reduyseth  hym 
self  as  rounde  as  a  bowle.  £1532  Du  WES  Introd.  Fr.  in 
Palsgr.  040  To  reduce  narowly,  courier.  1600  E.  BLOUNT 


scattered  through  Attica,  before  Theseus  Reduc'd  the  People 
within  the  Walls  of  a  City.  1777  WATSON  Philip  II,  II.  I.  48 
He.  .reduced  the  water  into  a  canal  large  enough  to  receive 
some  small  boats.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  $•  F.  xlviii.  V.  2  The 
Roman  name.. is  reduced  to  a  narrow  corner  of  Europe. 
1807  SYD.  SMITH  Plymley's  Lett,  ii,  Reduce  this  declamation 
to  a  point,  and  let  us  know  what  you  mean.  1834  DICKENS 
Sk.  ISaz,  Horatio  Sparkins,  The  unfortunate  Tom  reduced 
himself  into  the  least  possible  space. 

26.   To  bring  down,  diminish  to  a  smaller  num 
ber,  amount,  extent,  etc.,  or  to  a  single  thing. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleid<ine'sComm,T,\\  b,  When  thys.  .seined 
over  long,  Clement  the  sixt  reduced  [L.  retiegit}  the  same 
unto  fifty  yeres.  1627  MAY  Lucan  Vll.  M  viij  b,  To  what 
small  number  is  mankind  reduc'd.  1662  STILLINGFL,  Orig. 
Sacrx  11.  vi.  §  4  But  Aquinas  doth  better  reduce  the  two 
former  to  one.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  I.  790  Thus  incorporeal 
Spirits  to  smallest  forms  Reduc'd  thir  shapes  immense. 
1678  BUTLER  Hud.  in.  iii.  330  All  dangers  are  reduc'd  to 
Famine.  1762  Ann,  Reg.  I.  147/1  What  remained,  .were 
further  reduced  to  half-price.  1781  COWPER  Conversat.  403 
Recovering.. The  faculties  that  seemed  reduced  to  nought. 
1827  SCOTT  Napoleon  Introd.,  Wks.  1870  IX.  218  Danton  and 
Robespierre,  reduced  to  a  Duumvirate  might  have  divided 
the  power  betwixt  them.  1853  SOYER  Pnntroph.  271  Wine, 
reduced  to  two-thirds  by  boiling,  was  added.  1871  DAVIES 
Metric  System  in.  187  He  fiilds_  by  experience  that  these 
[two]  may  with  increased  convenience  be  reduced  to  one. 
b.  To  lower,  diminish,  lessen. 

1787  BENTHAM  Def.  Usury  vii.  69  No  law  can  reduce  the 
rate  of  interest  below  the  lowest  ordinary  market  rate,  at 
the  time  when  the  law  was  made.  1833  I.  TAYLOR  Fanat. 
vi.  169  Every  attempt  to  reduce  the  plain  import  of  certain 
passages  in  the  Gospels.  1856  KANE  A  ret.  Expl.  I.  x.  114 
Step  by  step ..  we  went  on  reducing  our  sledging  outfit .  1878 
HUXLEY  Physiogr.  42  If  a  current  of  warm  and  moist  air 
meet  a  colder  current  its  temperature  is  reduced. 
o.  intr.  To  become  lessened  or  limited. 
i8u  L.  M.  HAWKINS C'tess  qGcrlr.  II.  368  Miss  Mendax 
has  now  lived,  for  a  long  time,  on  a  biscuit  per  diem..  .She 
certainly  does  not  reduce  on  it.  1885  PallMallG.  25  June 
4/2  Diseased  he  was,  and  of  a  harsh  Northern  strain,  but 
all  the  carping  reduces  at  last  to  this.  1895  J.  R.  HAKKIS 
in  Expositor  Nov.  352  They  reduce  to  two  classes. 

t  Redu'ceable,  a..  Obs.  [f.  prec.  •*•  -ABLE. 
Cf.  OK.  reduisablc  (Godef.).]  =  REDUCIBLE. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  4/7  Reduceable,  reditcibilis.  1638 
R.  BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  II.)  160  Those  ..  whic'i 
serve  for  use,  and  are  reduceable  to  action,  a  1661  FULLER 
Worthies,  Carnarvonsh.  IV.  (1662)  3t  There  is  an  Island 
called  Berdsey  justly  reduceable  to  this  County.  1736 
BUTLER  Anal.  II.  iv.  188  A  great  Part  of  the  natural  Be 
haviour  of  living  Agents,  is  reduceable  to  general  Laws. 
1778  SIR  J.  REYNOLDS  Disc.  viii.  Wks.  1797  I.  178  To  con 
sider  every  excellence  as  reduceable  to  principles. 

Hence  t  Bedu'cealjleness.   Obs. 

1680  Disc.  Tangier  in  Harl.  Misc.  (1745)  V.  527  The  Re- 
duceableness  and  Extirpation.,  of  the  Piracy  of  Sallee. 

Reduced  (r«li«-st),  ppl.  a.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -ED  1.] 

fl.  Brought  back.  lit.  and  Jig.  Obs. 

1699  HOWF.  Redeemer's  Domin.  Invis.  World  Wks.  1724 

II.  70  That  he  mi^ht  have  these  Keys  to  open  the  Heavenly 
Hades  to  reduc'd  Apostates  [etc.].    1721  STRYPE  Eccl.  Mem. 

III.  II.  XVL  376  Providing  for  the  public  credit  of  this  your 
reduced  daughter. 

fb.   Of  a  leaf:  Indented  at  the  outer  end.    Obs. 

1676  GREW  Anal.  Flowers  App.  §  n  The  Top  is  . .  either 
Produced,  that  is,  Poynted,  or  at  least,  Roundish, ..or  else 
Reduced,  as  in  Woodsorrel. 

2.  a.  Mil.  Of  officers  :  Discharged  from  active 
service  and  put  on  half-pay.  ?  Obs. 

a  1631  DONNE  Elegies  xvii.  4  To.. brave  Reformed  or  re 
duced  captaine.  1716  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  5488/5  Who.. enjoy 
the  Benefit  of  half  Pay.. as  reduced  Officers.  1792  BURKE 
fres.  St.  Ajff.  Wks.  VII.  105  A  theatrical,  vapouring,  re 
duced  captain  of  cavalry.  1817  Parl.  Deb.  1073  Reduced 


316 

officers  of  his  Majesty's  land  forces.    Jl'id.  1074  The  reduced    I 
adjutants  of  the  Local  Militia. 

b.  Of  persons,  their  circumstances,  etc.  :  Im 
poverished. 

1629  FORD  Lover's  Mel.  Dram.  Pers.,  Rhetias,  (a  reduced 
Courtier)  Servant  to  Eroclea.  1807  tr.  Gaelic's  Trail.  II.  73 
Reduced  clergymen,  schoolmasters  and  mechanics.  1851 
MAYHEW  Loud.  Lal'our  (1864)  I.  331/2,  I  dare  say  he  was 
some  poor  musicianer,  or  singer,  or  a  reduced  gentleman. 
1886  RUSKIN  Prxterita  I.  408  Retired  to  the  rural  districts 
in  reduced  circumstances. 
o.  Weakened,  impaired. 

1689  BOYLE  Z.rt.  22  Aug.,  Wks.  1772  I.  p.  cxxviii,  You  will 
not  rind  me  more  backward  than  formerly  to  serve  you 
faithfully  in  my  reduced  capacity.  1797  BURKE  Afairs 
Jrel.  Wks.  IX.  453  In  the  reduced  state  of  body,  and  in  the 
dejected  state  of  mind,  in  which  I  find  myself.  1818  JAS. 
MILL  Brit.  India  II.  iv.  iv.  152  note,  The  English  leaders 
appear  to  have  had  no  conception  of  the  extremely  reduced 
state  of  the  French. 

d.  Subdued,  subjugated. 

1732  BERKELEY  Alciflir.  vi.  §  22  The  Phoenicians,  Assy 
rians,  and  Chaldeans  were  each  a  conquered  and  reduced 

f  3.  Brought  to  a  state  of  gravity  and  composure. 
O/'S.  (In  Fuller  only.) 

1642  FULLER  Holy  %  Prof.  St.  iv.  iv.  257  The  heat  of  his 
youth  was  tamed  in  his  reduced  age.  Ibid.  xnl.  304  Yet 
in  her  reduced  thoughts  she  makes  all  the  sport  she  hath 
seen  earnest  to  her  self.  111661—  II 'ortliies  (1840)  I.  119 
The  grave,  sage,  and  reduced  Scottish-men  in  this  age. 

4.  Brought  into  another  form.  a.  Logic.  Of  a 
proposition:  (see  REDUCE  v.  18).  fb.  Of  charts: 
(see  first  quot.).  Obs.  c.  Of  brick- or  stone-work : 
(see  REDUCE  v.  16  b).  d.  deduced  eye,  a  diagram 
matic  eye  employed  to  simplify  the  treatment  of 
various  optical  problems  (Cent.  Diet.  1891 ;  Syd. 
Sac.  Lex.  1897). 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cyd.  s.v.  Chart,  Reduced  Chart  . .  is 
that  wherein  the  meridians  are  represented  by  right  lines 
converging  towards  the  poles;  and  the  parallels  by  right 
lines  parallel  to  one  another,  but  unequal. .  .Another  kind  of 
reduced  charts  has  been  invented,  wherein  the  meridians 
are  parallel,  but  the  degrees  thereof  unequal ;  these  are 
called  Mercator's  Charts.  Ibid.  s.v.  Reduction  of  preposi 
tions,  To  a  reduction,  therefore,  there  are  two  propositions 


thick?  1833  LOUDON  F.ncycl.  Archil,  g  88  One  rod,  eighty- 
two  feet  of  reduced  stone-work  (the  stone  walls  are  reduced 
to  one  and  a  half  brick  in  thickness). 

5.  Of  metals  and  chemical  substances  :  (see  RE 
DUCE  v.  17  b, c). 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XI.  474/1  To  prevent  this  cal 
cination  of  the  reduced  metal  a  larger  quantity  of  charcoal 
is  used.  1839  URE  Did.  Arts  685  The  reduced  iron  would 
be  apt  to  remain  scattered  in  little  globules.  1849  NOAD 
Electricity  (ed.  3)  60  A  zig-zag  black  line  of  reduced  mercury. 
1900  Allbutt's  Syst.  filed.  V.  630  It  is  changed  into  reduced 
haemoglobin. 

b.  Reduced  indigo  (see  quot.   1862).     Reduced 
iron,  a  fine  iron  powder,  obtained  by  treating  ferric 
oxide  with  hydrogen. 

1862  MILLER  Elcm.  Chcm.  m.  (ed.  2)  617  When  blue  indigo 
is  treated  with  deoxidising  agents,  ..  a  yellow  solution  is 
formed,  containing  reduced  indigo,  a  compound  in  which 
one  equivalent  more  of  hydrogen  is  present  than  in  blue 
indigo.  1863  W.  AITKEN  1'ract.  Med.  (1866)  II.  62  The  re 
duced  iron — \hzferrittn  rcductum  of  the  British  Pharma 
copoeia  —is  also  a  remedy  which  does  not  possess  the  astrin 
gent  properties  of  the  other  preparations. 

c.  Broken  into  fine  particles. 

1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Praci.Afiic.il.  622  In  this  way  the 
crop  is  rendered  clean,  and  the  fine  reduced  mold  well  laid 
up  to  the  stems  of  the  plants. 

6.  Diminished  in  number,  quantity,  amount,  or  size. 
1762  Ami.  Reg:  i.  147/2  To  direct  that  no  fish  be  sold  at 

reduced  price  on  the  day  of  their  arrival.  1809  R.  LANGFORD 
Introd.  Trade  57  At  the  reduced  rate  of  3  per  Cent,  per 
annum.  1820  W.  JAY  Prayers  204  Yet  are  they  all  diminished 
by  another  irreparable  loss  ;  and  the  reduced  remainder  [etc.]. 
c  1860  H.  STUART  Seaman's  Catech.  14  Load  the  gun  with 
a  reduced  charge.  1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Peruv.  Bark  48 
I . .  reproduced  some  of  his  plates  on  a  reduced  scale. 

t  Redu'cement.  Obs.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -MEKT. 
Cf.  It.  ridttcimento,  Sp.  reducintiento^\ 

1.  The  act  of  bringing  back  to  a  previous  state 
(or  position),  esp.  to  right  belief  or  conduct. 

1592  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  Vll.  iii.  156  Erickmon  ..  of  her 
loue  and  witts  did  wish  reducement  all  in  vayne.  1604 
N.  D.  [PARSONS)  yd  Ft.  Three  Corners.  Eng.  471  What 
labour  and  charity  was  vsed  towards  them,  for  their  instruc 
tion  and  reducement.  1635  BARRIFFE  Mil.  Discip.  ix.  (1643) 
34  Face  to  your  Leader,  a  word  of  Reducement.  1668 
HOWE  Bless.  Righteous  (1825)  26  He  manages  in  order  to 
the  reducement  of  lost  Sinners. 
b.  Const,  to  a  specified  state. 

1649  I!LITHE  Eng.  Improv.  (running  title]  Englands  Im 
provement  :  or,  a  Reducement  of  Land  to  pristine  Fertility. 
1691  WooD/lM.  Oxon.  (1813)  I.  618  That  he. .plotted  the 
reducement  of  the  R.  religion  to  its  ancient  vigour. 

2.  Reduction  to  (tinlo}  or  into  a  specified  quality, 
state,  form,  etc. 

1609  SIR  R.  BOYLE  in  Lisinore  Papers  Ser.  II.  (1887)  1. 142 
They  maie.  .become  instruments  in  reducement  of  that  part 
of  the  kingdome  to  civillety  and  obedience.     1649  MILTON 
j    _£*£0«.ix.Wks.  (1851)401  A  universal  distemper.and  reduce 
ment  of  law  to  arbitrary  power,     a  1670  RUST  Disc.  Truth 
•    (1682)  192  The  reducement  of  a  general  principle  into  a 
particular  action. 

b.  The  act  of  bringing  one  thing  into  another. 
1641  MILTON  Ch.  Gffvt.  I.  vi.  Wks.  (1851)  130  That  ancient 


REDUCIBLE. 

Prelaty  which  you  say  was  first  constituted  for  the  reduce- 
ment  of  quiet  and  unanimity  into  the  Church. 

3.  Assignment  to  a  particular  kind  or  class ;  de 
duction,  inference. 

1624  R.  B.  in  F.  White  Repl.  Fisher  App.  71  The  Errors 
were  Fundamental!,  reductiue,  by  a  Reducement,  if  they 
which  embraced  them,  did  pertinaciously  adhere  to  them, 
hauing  sufficient  meanes  to  be  better  enformed.  a  1750 
A.  HILL  Wks.  (1753)  II.  228  You  are  a  species  in  a  single 
pen,  and  are  not  to  be  judg'd  by  any  of  the  bold  re_duce- 
ments  of  a  criticism,  drawn  from  other  writers'  practice. 

4.  Conquest,  subjugation,  reduction  (of  a  town  or 
country). 

1617  MORYSON  Itin.  n.  270  For  a  future  absolute  reduce 
ment  of  this  Countrey.  1650  CROMWELL  Let.  20  June  in 
Carlyle,  When  we  lay  before  Bristol.,  we  considered,  .of 
what  importance  the  reducement  thereof  would  be  to  the 
good  of  the  commonwealth.  1692  WAGSTAFFE  Vind.  Carol. 
i.  22  They  had  no  sooner  gotten  an  Army  and  Mo-iey  to 
gether,  .for  the  reducement  of  Ireland  [etc.]. 

5.  Reduction,  diminution  ;  abatement. 

1619  Hist.  Patient  Grisel  (Percy  Spc.)  40  After  a  little 
reducement  of  his  passion.  1646  SIR  T.  FAIRFAX  in  H.  Cary 
Mem.  Gt.  Civ.  War  (1842)  I.  77  The  committee  of  North 
ampton  have  applied  to  me  for  the  reducement  of  the  forces 
of  that  garrison.  1661  SIR  T.  CULFEPPER  Atat.^  Usury 
(1670)  22  Usury  had  its  first  reducement  from  ten  to  eight  per 
Cent.  1736  CARTE  Ormonde  II.  367  The  King  had  deferred 
the  reducement  of  the  establishment  of  that  kingdom. 

6.  Decline,  decay,  rare"1. 

1667  WATERHOUSE  Fire  Lond.  35  The  Translations  of 
Empires,  the  advance  and  reducement  of  families, . .  all 
these  are  circumacted  by  God. 

Reduceild.  Arith.  Obs.  [zA.'L.reducend-uni, 
neut.  gerundive  of  reducere  to  REDUCE.]  A  number 
which  is  given  to  be  reduced. 

1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1696)  152  The  Number  given  to  be 
reduced  is  called  the  Reducend. 

Reducent  (n"di«-sent),  a.  (and  sb.)  [ad.  L. 
rcdiicent-em,  pr.  pple.  of  reducere  to  REDUCE.] 

A.  adj.  1.  JSot.&n&Zool.  Of  a  vein,  channel,  etc.: 
That  carries  something  back  from  a  certain  part. 
(Opp.  to  adducent ;  cf.  abducent.) 

1805  tr.  Willdetumfs  Botany  v.  236  The  reducent  vessels 
only  appear,  when  the  plant  is  cut  at  the  top,  and  put  inverted 
in  the  liquid.  1848  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  (ed.  4)  II.  n.  iv. 
173  Both  the  adducent  and  reducent  channels  of  the  sap. 

2.  Med.  Lowering. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  III.  444  A  reducent 
treatment,  .cannot  be  laid  down  as  the  proper  plan  to  be 
pursued  in  general.  Itid.  IV.  92  Copious  venesections, 
purgatives  and  a  reducent  diet.. will  often  indeed  be  found 
highly  beneficial. 

B.  sb.  That  which  reduces.        1847  in  WEBSTER. 
Reducer  (r«li/?s3i).     [f.  REDUCE  v.  +  -EK  i.] 

1.  One  who  reduces,  in  various  senses. 

c  1530  WYER  C.  Hyst.  of  Troye  A  b,  Excuse  thy  reducer 
[=  translator]  blamyng  his  ygnoraunce.  1533  BELLENDEN 
Livy  n.  xv.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  187  pocht  he  was  . .  reducear  [v.r. 
redussar]  of  t>ame  to  be  ciete.  a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia 
(1622)  120  The  reducer  of  them  into  order.  1611  SPEED 
Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  IX.  xxi.  (1623)  1046  The  first  reducer  of  the 
University  of  Cambridge  from  rudenesse  and  barbarity,  vnto 
good  literature  and  learning.  1868  G.  MACDONALD  A'.  Fal 
coner  I.  243  We  shall  have  more  compilers  and  reducers,., 
and  fewer  inventors.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  If 
Mining  286  Reducers  cannot  now  buy  directly  of  the  miner. 

2.  That  which  reduces. 

spec,  i  a.  Arith.  A  multiplier  used  to  reduce  an  amount 
to  another  denomination.  Ots.  b.  A  reducing  coupling 
(Knight  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  1884).  0.  Photogr.  A  reducing 
agent,  d.  A  reducing  valve. 

1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1696)  152  The  several  Denominations 
are  Reducers.  1878  ABNEY  Photogr.  (1881)  298  Plain  pyro- 
gallic  acid  is  a  much  less  energetic  reducer  than  alkaline 
pyrogallate.  1894  St.  James's  Gaz.  r7  Feb.  6/2  It  was  a 
great  reducer  of  crime.  1899  H-'cstm.  Gaz.  29  June  2/1  1  he 
reducers  for  regulating  the  air-pressure  in  the  cylinders. 

attrib.  1884  M^LAREN  Spinning  128  It  is  necessary  to 
have  a  great  many  reducer  and  roving  spindles. 

Reducibi'lity.  [f.  next  +  -iTV.]  The  fact  or 
quality  of  being  reducible. 

1676  COLLINS  in  Rigaud  Coir.  Sci.  Men  (1841)  II.  10  The 
reducibility  of  Davenant's  problem  to  infinite  series.  1842 
PARNELL  Chem.  Anal.  (1845)  89  The  easy  reducibility  of  its 
compounds  to  the  metallic  state.  1889  Lancet  18  May 
1002/1  The  complete  reducibility  of  the  tumour. 

Reducible  (r«i«-sib'l),  a.  [ad.  L.  type  *re- 
dftcibilis :  see  REDUCE  v.  and  -IBLE.]  That  may 
be  reduced  ;  capable  or  admitting  of  reduction. 

fl.  a.  Of  persons:  That  maybe  brought  back 
to  right  conduct ;  reclaimable.  Obs.  rare. 

(11450  Mankind  821  (Brandl),  '  Nolo  mortem  peccatoris  , 
inquis,  yff  he  wyll  [be]  reducyble. 

b.  Of  things  :  That  may  be  restored  to  a  former 
(t  state  or)  position,  rare.     (Now  only  Surg.\ 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  in.  vi.  117  Once  omitted 
or  perverted  ..  it  is  not  reducible  by  any  other  whatsoever. 
1655  MRQ.  WORCESTER  Cent.  Inv.  §  13  Without  blowing  the 
Decks  up,  or  destroying  them  from  being  reducible.  1878 
T.  BRYANT  Pract.  Surg.  I.  646  When  a  hernia  comes  down 
into  a  sac  and  goes  up  again,  it  is  called  reducible. 

2.  That  may  be  referred  or  assigned  to  some  other 
thing,  to  some  class  or  specified  number  of  classes. 

1529  MORE  Dyaloge  I.  Wks.  r7o/r  Some  . .  rule  of  oure 
liuing,  whiche  is  also  depending  vppon  faith  &  reducible 
therto.  1577  HARRISON  England  in.  xiv.  (1878)  11.  97  Uur 
yeare  is  counted  after  the  course  of  the  sunne,  and  although 
the  church  hath  some  vse  of  that  of  the  moone..yet  it  is 
reducible  to  that  of  the  sunne.  1639  FULLER  Holy  H  ar  \. 
x.  246  These  millions  of  miracles  are  reducible  to  one  of 
these  foure  ranks.  1698  W.  CHILCOT  Evil  Thoughts  \. 


BEDUCIBLENESS. 

(1851)  57  Every  thought.. unsuitable.. to  his  glorious  attri 
butes,  is  reducible  to  this  first  kind  of  evil  thoughts.  1791 
HAMILTON  Berthollet's  Dyeing  \.  i.  i.  i.  25  Facts  which  are 
not  reducible  to  any  theory.  1806-7  J-  BERESFORD  Jlfiscries 
Hunt,  Life  (1826)  I.  Introd.,  Such  items  of  anguish  only  as 
may  be  reducible  to  that  specific  class  of  '  miseries  '. 

t  b.  That  may  be  referred  to  a.  place  or  person. 
1655  FULLER  Hist.  Camb.  (1840)  45  Brought  up  in  Cam 
bridge,  but  not  reducible,  with  probability,  to  any  College 
now  in  being.  1661  BOYLE  Style  of  Serif  t.  (1675)  169  Wise 
men . .  will  not  easily  lose  good  thoughts  or  good  expressions, 
because  they  are  not  reducible  to  them. 

3.  That  may  be  brought  to  (f  or  into)  some  more 
definite  state,  arrangement,  or  principle. 

1631  G.  W.  tr.  Cmvers  Inst.  184  It  is  necessary  that  the 
thing  sold  be  certain  or  reducible  to  certainty.  1668  HALE 
Prcf.  Rollc's  Abridgm.  bij,The  Common-Law  is  reducible 
into  a  competent  method,  as  to  the  general  Heads  thereof. 
1710  STEELE  Taller  No.  234  r  9  Our  English  Tongue  . .  is 
the  most  determinate  in  its  construction,  and  reducible  to 
the  fewest  Rules.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  I.  4  Into 
some  or  all  of  these  principles,  all  bodies  are  reducible  by 
art,  as  well  as  nature.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  III.  377 
There  is  no  title  in  the  English  law  reducible  to  a  more 
technical  system  than  the  title  of  descent  in  fee  simple. 

4.  That  may  be  brought,  altered  or  converted  to 
or  into  another  (esp.  a  simpler)  form. 

£1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1655)  II.  69  In  the  new  World., 
there  is  no  root,  flower,  fruit  or  pulse  but  is  reducible  to 
a  potable  jiquor.  1666  BOVLE  Orig.  Formes  %  Qual.  339 
A  salt  easily  reducible  ..  into  Chrystalline  Grains.  1699 
BENTLEY  Phal.  465  Thus  reducible  to  Trochaics.  1754 
LEWIS  in  Phil.  Trans.  XLVIII.  640  All  are  reducible.. into 
powder.  1777  PRIESTLKY  P/iilos.  A'ctess.  182  Complex 
reasoning  is  all  reducible  to  acts  of  simple  judgment.  1838-9 
HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  (1847)  I.  23  The  words.. seem  reducible, 
with  a  little  emendation,  to  short  verses.  1881  MIVART 
Cat  253  Nervous  tissue  is  reducible  into  water. 
b.  Without  const,  (see  REDUCE  v.  16,  17). 

1674  JEAKE  Arit/i.  (1696)  299  Square  Surdes  ..  not  thus 
reducible  ..  are  to  be  joyned  together  with  the  sii;ii..+. 
1841  PARNELL  Chun.  Anal.  (1845)263  Metals  whose  com 
pounds  are  reducible  with  soda  on  charcoal  in  the  reducing 
flame.  1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  $  Iron  vi.  93  These 
silicates  (which  are  only  reducible  with  difficulty). 

f5.  That  may  be  brought  to  a  belief,  ^^nder  a 
standard.  Obs.  rare. 

1639  FULLER  Holy  War  IV.  ii.  170  Now  it  seemeth  the 
Tartars  are  reducible  with  most  facility  to  our  religion. 
1760-72  H.  BKOOKE  Fool  of  Qual.  (1809)  IV.  78  There  is  no 
.  .virtue,  that  is  not  reducible  under  the  standard  of. .  Love. 

6.  Sc.  Law.  Ofadeed, contract,  decree,etc.:  That 
may  be  annulled  by  a  court. 

1754  ERSKINE  Princ.  Sc.  Law  (1809)  jo8  No  deed, 
granted  with  consent  of  the  interdicters,  is  reducible.  1838 
W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  832  All  deeds  executed  by  a 
minor.. are  reducible  on  the  head  of  minority  and  lesion. 
1888  LD.  WATSON  in  Law  Times  Kef.  LIX.  4/2  To  deter 
mine  whether  the  marriage  contract  is  reducible. 

7.  That  may  be  lessened  in  number  or  amount. 
1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela  IV.  370  The  number  of  the  old 

ones  will  be  always  reducible . .  in  a  greater  Proportion,  than 
the  new  ones  will  increase.  1852  MILL  Pol.  Econ.  in.  .xviii. 
(ed.  3)  §  8.  365  These  two  influencing  circumstances  are 
in  reality  reducible  to  one. 

Hence  Kedu'cibleness  ;  Bedu-cibly  adv. 

1666  BOYLE  Orig.  Formes  %  Qual.  201  The  thing  itself  is 
made  plausible  by  the  reduciblenesse  of  ice  back  again  into 
Water.  1680  —  Scefl.  Cliem.  in.  Wks.  1772  I.  538  Its 
reducibleness,  according  to  Helmont,  into  alcali  and  water. 
1854  C.  FORSTER  AtoHitm.  Assyria  (1859)  I  The  consequent 
reducibleness  of  all  the  postdiluvian  dialects  to  the  one 
primeval  language.  1882  OGILVIE,  Reducibly. 

Reclucine  (rfdi;?sain).  Ckem.  Also  -in.  [f. 
REDUCE  v.  +-INE  5.]  An  alkaloid  found  in  small 
quantities  in  urine. 

1878  KINCZETT  A  mm.  Chem.  229  The  filtrate  ..  was  then 
found  to  contain  kreatinine  and  the  new  body  reducine. 
1899  CAGNEY  tr.  Jaksclt's  Clia.  Diagn.  vii.  (ed.  4)  370  Certain 
basic  substances  have  recently  been  isolated  from  urine  by 
precipitation^  with  phosphoric  acid..,  such  as  urochrome, 
urotheobromin,  omichol  and  reducin. 

Reducing  (r/di«-sirj),  vbl.  sb.     [-IKC  l.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  REDUCE  in  various  senses ; 
reduction. 

!  1488  CAXTON  RyallBk.  (Colophon),  Whyche  translacon  or 
reducyng.  .was  achyeved  fynysshed  and  accomplysshed  the 
xiu  day  of  Septembre.  1591  PERCIVALL  Sp.  Diet..  Re- 
duzimiento,  bringing  backe,  reducing.  1646  MASSCY  in  H. 
Gary  Mem.  Gt.  Civ.  War  (1842)  I.  90,  I  made  an  humble 
request . .  on  behalf  of . .  my  brigade,  upon  a  report  made  unto 
me  of  some  command  for  the  reducing  of  them.  1683 
CAVE  Ecclesiastic!,  Athanasiits  53  They  had  done  it  in 
order  to  the  reducing  and  reclaiming  of  him.  1720  Lond. 
Gaz.  No.  5813/1  To  facilitate  the  reducing  of  Palermo.  1790 
BEATSON  Nav.  f,  Mil.  Mem.  I.  106  Although  the  reducing 
of  the  Havannah  was  strongly  recommended  by  his  Majesty's 
instructions,  yet . .  success  could  not  now  be  looked  for.  1863 
DANA  Man.  Geol.  558  The  reducing  of  the  level  of  the  rivers. 
b.  Const,  to,  into. 

1489  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  434/2  For  the  reducyng  of  the 
said  monastery  into  the  old  auncyen  order.  1532  CROMWELL 
in  Merriman  Life  #  Lett.  (1902)  I.  349  For  the  reducing  of 
the  same  his  vntrew  purpose  to  effecte.  1596  SPENSER 
State  Irel.  Wks.  (Globe)  646/1  The  reducing  of  such  a  greate 
people  to  Christianitye.  1607  T.  ROGERS  39  Art.  Ded.  T  2 
uiarf.,  Praiers  . .  for  the  reducing  of  true  religion  into  the 
realme.  1645  MILTON  Colast.  Wks.  (1851)  358  The  reducing 
of  a  minde  to  this  or  that  fitnes.  1711  Fingall  MSS.  in 
io//i  Kef.  Hist.  JlfSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  197  Thereduceingof 
them  to  mendicancy  and  hard  shifts  of  hveing. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  reducing  action,  enter 
prise  ;  reducing  box  (see  quot.)  ;  reducing  com- 
passes,  compasses  adapted  for  copying  figures  on 


317 

a  smaller  scale ;  reducing  coupling  or  piece,  a 
pipe-coupling  with  ends  of  different  diameters,  used 
in  joining  pipes  of  different  sizes ;  reducing  scale 
(see  quot.) ;  reducing  valve,  a  valve  serving  to 
reduce  the  pressure  in  a  steam-engine ;  reducing 
works,  a  place  at  which  metallic  ore  is  reduced. 

Also  reducing  furnace,  press,  square,  tee  (see  Knight 
Diet.  Aleck.).  In  reducing-  action,  effect,  power,  etc.,  the 
vbl.  sb.  can  hardly  be  distinguished  from  the  ppl.  adj. 

1889  Anthonys  Photogr.  Bull.  II.  151  This  'reducing 
action  may  produce  a  sub-oxide,  sub-chloride,  etc.  1894 
Labour  Commission  Gloss.,  * Reducing  bo.res^  the  machines 
in  which  the  operation  before  roving  is  performed  by  female 
labour.  1823-5  FOSBHOKE  Encycl.Antiq.  ix.  (1843)  294/1  A 
pair  of  ^reducing  compasses,  which  have,  like  ours,  four 
points,  forming  two  angles,  ..  one  large,  the  other  small. 
1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  $  Mining  185  The  final  re 
sults  of  several  mining  and  ^reducing  enterprises,  .are  very 
discouraging.  1901  Feildetfs  Mag.  IV.  432/1  There  would 
be  a  good  many  special  pieces  used,  such  as.,  iz-in.  to  g-in. 
*reducing  pieces,  besides  many  bends.  1701  MOXOM  Math. 
Iitstr.  17  *  Reducing  Scale, . .  a  thin  broad  piece  of  Box 
with  several  different  Scales  of  equal  Parts,  and  Lines  to 
turn  Chains  and  Links  into  Acres  and  Roods,  by  Inspection. 
1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  746/2  ^Reducing  Valve. 
1889  Nature  24  Oct.  631  The  pressure  ..  is  controlled  by 
means  of  a  reducing-valve.  1859  Jrnl.  Geog.  See.  XXX.  48 
Several  owners  of  smelting  and  ""reducing  works.  1877 
RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  $•  Mining  281  As  yet  there  are  no 
reducing-works  on  the  spot. 

Redu-cing,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  -t-  -IXG  -.]  That 
reduces,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1741  tr.  Cramer's  Assaying  42  Borax,  .is  classed,  though 
improperly,  among  reducing  Bodies,  that  Is,  among  those 
which  restore  Metals,  howsoever  destroyed,  to  their  metallick 
Form.  Ibid.  185  Melting  Metals  and  Ores  together  with 
saline  and  reducing  Fluxes.  1805-17  R.  JAMESON  Char. 
Mm.  (ed.  3)  299  Reducing  Agents,  .either  abstract  oxygen 
from  the  mineral,  or  protect  it  from  the  action  of  that  gas. 
1836  T.  THOMSON  Mineral. ,  Geol.,  etc.  I.  599  In  the  reducing 
flame  it  [disulphuret  of  copper]  becomes  covered  with  a  coat 
and  does  not  melt.  1897  Alibutt's  Syst.  Med.  II.  77  The 
reducing  remedies,  .have  been  strongly  recommended. 

t  Redu'Ct,  sb.  Obs.  Also  7  -duck.  [f.  as  next, 
or  ad.  med.L.  reductiis  a  retired  place,  retreat.] 
a,.  Arith.  A  number  or  quantity  which  has  been  re 
duced,  b.  (See  quot.)  c.  —  REDUIT.  d.  (See  quot.) 

a.  1579  DIGGES  Stratiot.  23  Yee  shal  multiply.. the  De 
nominator  of  the  Reduct  into  the   Numerator  of  the  last 
Fragment  to  be  reduced. 

b.  1678-96  PHILLIPS,  Rcduck,  a  Chymical  term,  signifying 
a  Powder  by  which  calcined  Metals  and  Minerals  are  dis 
solved,  and  return  again  to  their  Metalline  Regulus.     1706 
—  (ed.  Kersey \  Reduct.     1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cyr/.,  Reduct, 
or  Redux  i  among  chemists,  is  a  powder  [etc.]. 

C.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tec/in.  I,  Reduct,  a  Military 
term,  signifying  an  advantageous  piece  of  Ground,  en 
trenched  and  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  Place,  to  retire 
to  in  case  of  surprize.  [Hence  in  Chambers  (1727-41)  and 
later  Diets.] 

d.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Reduct,  in  building,  a  quirk, 
or  little  place,  taken  out  of  a  larger,  to  make  it  more  uniform 
and  regular ;  or  for  some  other  convenience,  as  for  a  little 
cabinet  aside  of  a  chimney,  for  alcoves,  etc.  [Hence  in 
Crabb,  Gwilt,  Craig,  and  later  Diets. ;  but  in  Chambers 
merely  translated  from  the  article  rfduit  in  the  Diet,  de 
Trevoux  (1721).] 

t  Redu'Ct,  pa.  pple.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  reditct-us^ 
pa.  pple.  of  reducere  to  REDUCE  :  cf.  next.] 

1.  Brought  into  or  to  a  certain  form,  state,  etc.  \ 
reduced  to  order. 

1398  TREVISA,  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xix.  cxvi.  (1495)  920  Al 
pertyculer  thynges  the  whyche  eche  is  perfite  in  himself  ben 
perfighte  whan  they  be  reducte  in  to  one.  <ri535  in  Ellis 
Orig.  Lett,  Ser,  in.  III.  14  Nowe  ye  may  boldely  affirme 
that  Wales  is  reduct  to  that  state  that  oone  thief  taketh  an 
other,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Edw.  IV  220  All  the  kynges 
host  there  beyng  assembled  and  reduct  into  one  company. 
1640-1  LD.  J.  DIGBY  Sp.  in  Ho.  Com.  9  Feb.  17,  I  meane 
Episcopacy  so  orderedj  reduct  and  limit  ted  as.  .it  may  be  by 
.  .sollid  boundaryes. 

2.  Brought  back  (into  a  place). 

1545  JOVE  Exp.  Dan.  ix.  Tviijb,  He  prayed  for  the  re 
mission  of  their  sinnes  and  to  be  reducte  into  theyr  land. 
1635  HEYWOOD  Hicrarch,  vi.  Dial.  348  Menippus  ..  Dy'de 
from  amongst  us,  without  taking  leave  And  is  again  reduct. 

t  Redirct,  v.  Obs.  ff.  ppl.  stem  of  L.  reducere : 
cf,  prec.  and  REDUCE  v.] 

1.  trans.  To  bring  into,  to  or  from  a  state  or  form. 
1558  WARDE  tr.  Alexis'  Seer.  i.  (1562)  6b,  To  resolue  and 

reducte  gold  into  a  potable  licoure.  1624  T.  SCOTT  Belg. 
Souldier  24  Their  resolutions  to  reduct  the  gouernment  to 
electiue  Suffrages.  1639  G.  DANIEL  Eccliis.  xxiii.  59  The 
Man  of  Scorne  and  of  a  bitter  Tongue  Will  never. .  Be  from 
his  Sin  reducted.  1816  LAMB  in  Final  Mem.  vi.  247,  I  fear 
lest  it  should  be  discovered  by.  .clear  redacting  to  letters  no 
better  than  nonsense. 

2.  To  lead  back,  lead  to  a  place. 

c  1580  MUNDAV  View  Sundry  Examples  (Shaks.  Soc. 
1851}  86  Hee.  .was  led  to  the  place  where  he  committed  this 
murderous  offence,. .was  reducted  back,  and.  .wasexecuted. 
163*  LITHGOW  Trail,  x.  428,  I  was  neuer  before  reducted  to 
such  a  floting  Laborinth. 

3.  To  deduct  (a  sum). 

1599  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man  out  of  Hum,  iv.  y,  Master 
Snip,  pray  let  me  reduct  some  two  or  three  shillings  for 
points  and  ribands.  1615  JACKSON  Creed  iv.  vii.  §  15  If  we 
compare  the  several  growth  of  steadfast  faith  and  hypocrisy, 
they  much  resemble  the  order  ..of  laying  or  reducting  sums 
in  accounts.  1738  (G.  SMITH]  Curious  Rel.  \\.  213  But 
this  Capital  was  paid  again,  . .  it  being  reducted  out  of  the 
three  millions  of  Crowns. 

Reductibility,     [ad.  F.  reductibility  or  f.  as 

prec. +  -IBLE,  -ITY.J     Keducibility  (Ogilvie  1882). 


REDUCTION. 

Reduction  (rfdirkjan).  Also  5-6  reducciou, 
-cyon.  [a.  F.  reduction  (13-141!!  c.),  or  ad.  I,. 
reduction-em,  n.  of  action  f.  rednctre  to  REDUCE.] 

I.  f  1.  The  action  of  bringing  (back)  to  or  from 
a  state,  condition,  belief,  etc.    Obs. 

1483  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  241/2  Desyryng.  .the  peas,  .of  this 
Lande,  and  the  reduccion  of  the  same  to  the  auncien  honour 
able  estate  and  prosperite.     1557  in  Burnet  Hist.  Ref.  (1681) 
II.  Records  n.  n.  No.  34   For  reduction  of  your  Majesty's 
Realm  of  Ireland  to  the  Unity  of  the  Church.     1609  BIBLE 
(Douay)  Haggail.  comm.,  Reduction  of  soules  from  sinne, 
and  amending  of  il  maners.     1651  HOUSES  Leviath.  in.  xli. 
;     263  God  having  determined  his  sacrifice,  for  the  reduction 
I    of  his  elect  to  their  former  covenanted  obedience.      1677 
j    GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  HI.  98  The  reduction  of  the  soul  from  its 
:     night-day  to  the  true  Light  of  Being. 

tb.  Without  const. :  Reclamation.   Obs. 

1620  tr.  Augustine's  Confess.  Ep.  Ded.  *4  Whose  iuy  was 
I     no  lessein  the  reduction  of  sinners,  then  it  would  haue  been, 
in  their  preseruation. 

t  C.  MetalL   (See  quot.)    Obs.   rare. 

1741   tr._  Cramer's  Assaying  186    Metals  destroyed,  and 
changed  into  Scoria  or  Ashes,  are,  by  their  Union  with  the 
same  matter,  again  restored  to  their  metallick  Form.     This 
I    Operation  is  called  Reduction. 

1 2.  The  action  of  bringing  back  'a  person,  thing, 
1    institution,  etc.)   to  a  place  previously  occupied; 
restoration.     Also  const,  to,  from,  out  of.    Obs. 

a  1548  HALL  Ckron.,  Hen.  VIII 144  b,  To . .  entreate  with 
I    the    nobles   of  the   Countrey   for    the  reduccion  of  kyng 
i    Cristierne,  to  his  realme,  Croune,  and  dignitie.     1557  KNOX 
!    Set.  ll'rit.  (1845)  184  After  their  reduction,  their  lives  did 
nothing  amend.     1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  vin.  i.  §  22  In  the 
Convocation .  .there  were  found  but  six  which  opposed  the 
Reduction  of  Popery.    1668-84  OWKN  Exp.  Hcbr.  (1790)  IV. 
430  The  reduction  of  Christ  from  the  dead  by  '  the  God  of 
peace'.     1741  WAKBURTON  Div.  Legat.  II.  322  The  whole 
History  of  their  Reduction  out  of  E.^ypt. 

fb.  Sc,  The  action  of  bringing  back  (money)  to 
the  mint  again.  (Cf.  REDUCE  v.  3.)  Obs.  rare. 

1581-2  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  463  For  inbringin- 
and  reductioun  of  quhilk  money  thair  wes  nominal  and  ap- 
pointit  William  Napier  and  Thomas  Aitchesoun.  .to  ressave 
all  the  said  cunyie. 

3.  Surg.  The  restoration  of  a  dislocated  part  to 
its  normal  position  ;  the  action  of  reducing  a  dis 
placement,  etc. 

[1612  \VooDALLSurg-.  Mate  Wks.  (1653)  87  The  reduction 
of  parts  disjointed  and  dislocated  to  union.]  1656  RIUGI.EV 
Pract,  Physick  161  Tliat  which  is  longwaies  is  soonest 
cured,  for  there  needs  no  reduction.  1727-41  CHAMHLKS 
Cycl.,  Reduction,  in  surgery,  denotes  an  operation  whereby 
a  dislocated,  luxated,  or  fractured  bone,  is  restored  to  its 
former  place.  1879  St.  George's  Hosp.  Rep.  IX.  288  Reduc 
tion  of  displacement  could  not  be  effected  till  i  inch  of 
lower  fragment  was  cut  off. 

II.  4.  Conquest  or  subjugation  of  a  place,  esp. 
a  town  or  fortress. 

c  1500  Melusine  369  After  the  reducyon  of  the  Fortres. 
1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Tra->.  (1677)  276  Babylon  thus  taken, 
it  gave  the  Turk  the  easier  reduction  of  Diarbec.  1756-7 
tr.  Keysltr's  Trav.  (1760)  I.  204  The  famous  reduction,  as 
it  was  called,  was  carried  so  far,  that  all  the  fundamental 
laws. .were  entirely  subverted  and  destroyed.  1776  GIBBON 
Did,  ff  F.  xiii.  (1782)  I.  442  The  reduction  of  Egypt  was 
immediately  followed  by  the  Persian  war,  1838  THIRI.WAI.L 
Greece  III.  407  Thus  the  reduction  of  Syracuse  would  lead 
.  ,to  the  subjugation  of  Greece.  1877  BROCKETT  Cross  fy  Cr. 
49  The  first  exploit  which  Basil's  successor,  .attempted,  was 
the  reduction  of  Kazan. 

b.  The  action  of  reducing  into  possession  (see 
REDUCE  v.  19  d).  Also  without  const. 

1647  TRAPP  Comm.  i  Cor,  iii.  22  All  are  yours)  Though  not 
in  possession,  yet  in  use,  or  by  way  of  reduction,  as  we  say. 
1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVIII.  453/2  It  is  still  doubtful  whether 
the  assignment  by  a  husband  of  his  wife's  immediate  choses 
in  action  is  a  reduction  into  possession. 

C.  [ad.  Sp.  reduction.]  A  settlement  or  colony 
of  South  American  Indians  converted  and  governed 
by  the  Jesuits. 

_  1712  W.  ROGERS  Voy.  (1718)  89  This  is  the  way  of  living 
in  those  cantons,  which  the  missionaries  call  Reductions; 
because,  if  you'll  believe  them,  they  have  reduced  them  to 
Christianity  by  their  preaching.  1822  SOUTHEY  in  Q.  Rez\ 
XXVI.  286  The  number  of  converted  Indians  ..  amounted 
to  about  120,000  in  thirty  Reductions.  1881  Encycl.  Brit. 
XIII.  649/1  Governing  and  civilizing  the  natives  of  Brazil 
and  Paraguay  in  the  missions  and  '  reductions'. 

6.  Sc.Law.  The  action  of  reducing  a  deed,  decree, 
etc.  (See  REDUCE  v.  23.) 

Reduction  reductive '.  see  REDUCTIVE  a.  2  (quot.  1838). 
Reduction-improbation'.  see  13  below. 

1546  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  37  Tuiching  the  reduc 
tioun  of  the  infeftmeutis,  chartour  or  chartouris  of  talye. 
1578-9  Ibid.  III.  91  The  mater  dependand  under  reductioun 
befoir  his  Hienes  and  the  saidis  Lordis  of  Secreit  Counsale. 
1630  Acts  of  Sederunt  (1790)  43  The  forming  and  directing 
of  Summonds  of  reductioune  of  Retours,  1706  Act  6  Anne, 
c.  ii  Art.  19  All  reviews  reductions  or  suspensions  of  the 
sentences  in  maritime  cases,  a.  1768  ERSKINE  Inst.  Law 
Scot.  iv.  j  §  24  (1773)  647  Simple  reductions,  where  impro- 
bation  is  not  also  libelled,  are  now  seldom  made  use  of.  1838 
W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  833  The  effect  of  a  decree  of  re 
duction  is,  that  the  deed  thereby  reduced  ceases  to  be  of 
any  effect  against  the  party  who  has  obtained  it. 

6.  a.  Arith.  (a)  The  process  of  changing  an 
amount  from  one  denomination  to  another.  As~ 
j  sending  r.,  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  denomination ; 
descending  r.,  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  (Phillips 
1706".  (b}  The  process  of  bringing  down  a  frac 
tion  to  its  lowest  terms. 

1543  RECORDS  Gr,  Aries  (1575)  192  Reduction  is,  by  whiche 


REDUCEABLE. 

the  hiear  poweris,.  .aye  and  quliill  the  samyn  be  reducit  be    | 
sufficient  ordour.      1574  Reg.  Priz<y  Council  Scot.  Ser.  i,  II.    j 
592  Their  infeftment  salbe  reduceit  and  decernit  null.     1609 
SKENE^T.  Maj.  127  (Form  of  Proccs  xxxvi.  §  2)  Naludge 
.nay  reduce  his  awne  decreit,  except  the  Lords  of  Boston. 
1646  BP.  MAXWELL  Bttrd,  Issach.  m Pfottix (lydft  II.  303  No 
Judgment  pass'd  there  can  be  rectify'd  or  reduc'd  by  any 

udicatory  . .  but  by  themselves.  1742  Acts  of  Sederunt 
(1700)  372  [The]  arbitrers,  who  pronounced  the  decreet  now 
reduced.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  829  The  object  of 
this  class  of  actions.. is  to  reduce  and  set  aside  deeds,  ser 
vices,  decrees,  and  rights,  i96$Glasgow Herald *$  Mar.,  His 
first  thought  was  to  have  the  marriage  settlement  reduced. 

absol.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  831  The  creditors 
of  an  apparent  heir  may  also  pursue  a  reduction,  .without 
previously  adjudging  the  right  to  reduce. 

24.  Mil.  a.  To  break  up,  disband  (an  army  or 
regiment).  ?  Obs. 

1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey)  s.v.  Reform,  In  Military  Affairs, 
to  Reform  is  to  reduce  a  Body  of  Men,  either  disbanding 
the  Whole,.. or  only  breaking  a  Part.  1746  H.  Fox  in 
Bucdeuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm,)  I.  409  The  Regiments 
..should  be  marched  into  their  own  counties  before  reduced, 
..  the  other  three  Regiments  not  immediately  to  be  dis 
banded.  i8oa  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.,  When  a  regiment  is 
reduced,  the  officers  are  generally  put  upon  half-pay. 

b.  To  break  up  (a  square,  etc.)  and  restore  the 
component  parts  to  line  or  column. 

i8oz  JAMES  Milit.  Diet. 
IV.  25.  To  bring  or  draw  together.   Also  refl. 

In  later  use  only  as  implying  diminution  of  bulk. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  in.  pr.  viii.  63  (Camb.  MS.),  Of  alle 
whyche  forseyde  thinges  I  may  reducen  [L.  redigere\  this 
shortly  in  somme.  1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  n.  xv.  100  Yf  he 
mete  ony  beste  that  wold  doo  hym  harme  he  reduyseth  hym 
self  as  rounde  as  a  bowle.  c  1532  Du  WES  Introd.  Fr.  in 
Palsgr.  940  To  reduce  narowly,  coarter.  1600  E.  BLOUNT 
tr.  Conestaggio^  4  Portugall  was  then  obscure,  vntilled,  poore, 
and  reduced  into  straight  limits.  1655  STANLEY ^Hist. 
Philos.  m.  (1701)  74/2  This  was  one  of  those  small  Villages 
scattered  through  Attica,  before  Theseus  Reduc'd  the  People 
within  the  Walls  of  a  City.  1777  WATSON  Philip  //,  n.  1.48 
He.  .reduced  the  water  into  a  canal  large  enough  to  receive 
some  small  boats.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.  xlviii.  V.  2  The 
Roman  name.. is  reduced  to  a  narrow  corner  of  Europe. 
1807  SY».  SMITH  Plymley's  Lett,  ii,  Reduce  this  declamation 
to  a  point,  and  let  us  know  what  you  mean.  1834  DICKENS 
Sk.  lioz,  Horatio  Sparkins,  The  unfortunate  Tom  reduced 
himself  into  the  least  possible  space. 

26.  To  bring  down,  diminish  to  a  smaller  num 
ber,  amount,  extent,  etc.,  or  to  a  single  thing. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane^s  Comm.  341  b,  When  thys .  .semed 
over  long,  Clement  the  sixt  reduced  [L.  redegit\  the  same 
unto  fifty  yeres.  1627  MAY  Luc  an  vn.  M  viij  b,  To  what 
small  number  is  mankind  reduc'd.  1662  STILLINGFU  Orig. 
Sacra:  ii.  vi.  §  4  But  Aquinas  doth  better  reduce  the  two 
former  to  one.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  \,  70,0  Thus  incorporeal 
Spirits  to  smallest  forms  Reduc'd  thir  shapes  immense. 
1678  BUTLER  Hud.  m.  iii.  330  All  dangers  are  reduc'd  to 
Famine.  1763  Ann.  Reg.  i.  147/1  What  remained,  .were 
further  reduced  to  half-price.  1781  COWPER  Conversat.  403 
Recovering.  .The  faculties  that  seemed  reduced  to  nought. 
1827  SCOTT  Napoleon  Introd.,  Wks.  1870  IX.  218  Danton  and 
Robespierre,  reduced  to  a  Duumvirate  might  have  divided 
the  power  betwixt  them.  1853  SOYER  Pantroph.  271  Wine, 
reduced  to  two-thirds  by  boiling,  was  added.  1871  DAVIES 
Metric  System  m.  187  He  finds  by  experience  that  these 
[two]  may  with  increased  convenience  be  reduced  to  one. 

b.  To  lower,  diminish,  lessen. 

1787  BESTHAM  Def.  Usury  vii.  69  No  law  can  reduce  the 
rate  of  interest  below  the  lowest  ordinary  market  rate,  at 
the  time  when  the  law  was  made.  1833  I.  TAYLOR  Fanat. 
vi.  169  Every  attempt  to  reduce  the  plain  import  of  certain 
passages  in  the  Gospels.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  I.  x.  114 
Step  by  step.,  we  went  on  reducing  our  sledging  outfit.  1878 
HUXLEY  Physiogr.  42  If  a  current  of  warm  and  moist  air 
meet  a  colder  current  its  temperature  is  reduced. 

c.  intr.  To  become  lessened  or  limited. 

x8ix  L.  M.  HAWKINS  Ctess  tfGcrlr.  II.  368  Miss  Mendax 
has  now  lived,  for  a  long  time,  on  a  biscuit  far  diem..  .She 
certainly  does  not  reduce  on  it.  1885  Pall  Mall  G.  25  June 
4/2  Diseased  he  was,  and  of  a  harsh  Northern  strain,  but 
all  the  carping  reduces  at  last  to  this.  1895  J.  R.  HARRIS 
in  Expositor  Nov.  352  They  reduce  to  two  classes. 

f  RedtL'Ceable,  a.  Obs.  [f.  prec.  -*-  -ABLK. 
Cf.  OK.  reduisablc  (Godef.).]  =  REDUCIBLE. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  4/7  Reduceable,  reditcibilis.  1638 
R.  BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  II.)  160  Those  . .  whic'i 
serve  for  use,  and  are  reduceable  to  action,  a  1661  FULLER 
Worthies,  Carnarronsh.  iv.  (1662)  31  There  is  an  Island 
called  Berdsey  justly  reduceable  to  this  County.  1736 
BUTLER  Anal.  n.  iv.  188  A  great  Part  of  the  natural  Be 
haviour  of  living  Agents,  is  reduceable  to  general  Laws. 
1778  SIR  J.  REYNOLDS  Disc.  viii.  Wks.  1797  I.  178  To  con 
sider  every  excellence  as  reduceable  to  principles. 

Hence  f  Redtvceableness.  Obs. 

1680  Disc.  Tangier  in  Harl.  Misc.  (1745)  V.  527  The  Re- 
duceableness  and  Extirpation . .  of  the  Piracy  of  Sallee. 

Reduced  (rAH«-st),  ppl.  a.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -ED  1.] 

fl.  Brought  back.  /*'/.  and/^v   Obs. 

1699  HOWE  Redeemers  Domin.  foots.  World  Wks.  1724 

II.  70  That  he  might  have  these  Keys  to  open  the  Heavenly 
Hades  to  reduc'd  Apostates  [etc.].    1721  STKYPE  Eccl.  Mem. 

III.  n.  xvi.  376  Providing  for  the  public  credit  of  this  your 
reduced  daughter. 

fb.   Of  a  leaf:  Indented  at  the  outer  end.    Obs. 

1676  GREW  Ana-t.  Flowers  App.  §  n  The  Top  is  . .  either 
Produced,  that  is,  Poynted,  or  at  least,  Roundish,.. or  else 
Reduced,  as  in  Woodsorrel. 

2.  a.  Mil.  Of  officers  :  Discharged  from  active 
service  and  put  on  half-pay.  ?  Obs. 

a  1631  DONNE  Elegies  xvii.  4  To. .brave  Reformed  or  re- 
duced  captaine.  1716  Land.  Gaz.  No.  5488/5  Who.  .enjoy 
the  Benefit  of  half  Pay. .as  reduced  Officers.  1792  BURKE 
Pres.  St.  Aff.  Wks.  VII.  105  A  theatrical,  vapouring,  re 
duced  captain  of  cavalry.  1817  Parl.  Deb.  1073  Reduced 


316 

officers  of  his  Majesty's  land  forces.    IMd.  1074  The  reduced 
adjutants  of  the  Local  Militia. 

b.  Of  persons,   their  circumstances,  etc.  :    Im 
poverished. 

1629  FORD  Lover's  Mel.  Dram.  Pers.,  Rhetias,  (a  reduced 
Courtier)  Servant  to  Eroclea.  1807  tr.  Gaelic's  Trav.  II.  73 
Reduced  clergymen,  schoolmasters  and  mechanics.  1851 
MAYHEW  Land.  Labour  (1864)  I.  331/2,  I  dare  say  he  was 
some  poor  musicianer,  or  singer,  or  a  reduced  gentleman. 
1886  RUSKIN  Prxterita  I.  408  Retired  to  the  rural  districts 
in  reduced  circumstances. 

c.  Weakened,  impaired. 

1689  BOYLE  Let.  22  Aug.,  Wks.  1772  I.  p.  cxxviii,  You  will 
not  find  me  more  backward  than  formerly  to  serve  you 
faithfully  in  my  reduced  capacity.  1797  BURKE  Affairs 
Irel.  Wks.  IX.  453  In  the  reduced  state  of  body,  and  in  the 
dejected  stale  of  mind,  in  which  I  find  myself.  1818  JAS. 
MILL  Brit.  India  II.  iv.  iv.  152  note,  The  English  leaders 
appear  to  have  had  no  conception  of  the  extremely  reduced 
state  of  the  French. 

d.  Subdued,  subjugated. 

1732  BERKELEY  A  Iciplir.  vi.  §22  The  Phoenicians,  Assy 
rians,  and  Chaldeans  were  each  a  conquered  and  reduced 
people. 

t  3.  Brought  to  a  state  of  gravity  and  composure. 
Obs.  (In  Fuller  only.) 

1642  FULLER  Holy  fr  Prof.  St.  iv.  iv.  257  The  heat  of  his 
youth  was  tamed  in  his  reduced  age.  Ibid.  xiii.  304  Yet 
in  her  reduced  thoughts  she  makes  all  the  sport  she  hath 
seen  earnest  to  her  self,  a  1661 —  Worthies  (1840)  I.  119 
The  grave,  sage,  and  reduced  Scottish-men  in  this  age. 

4.  Brought  into  another  form.     a.  Logic.  Of  a 
proposition :  (see  RKDUCE  v.  18).    f  b.  Of  charts  : 
(see  first  quot.).  Obs.     c.  Of  brick- or  stone-work : 
(see  REDUCE  v.  i6b).     d.  Keduced  eye,  a  diagram 
matic  eye  employed  to  simplify  the  treatment  of 
various  optical  problems  (Cent.  Diet.  1891  ;  Syd. 
Soc.  Lex.  1897). 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Chart,  Reduced  Chart  ..  is 
that  wherein  the  meridians  are  represented  by  right  lines 
converging  towards  the  poles;  and  the  parallels  by  right 
lines  parallel  to  one  another,  but  unequal. .  .Another  kind  of 
reduced  charts  has  been  invented,  wherein  the  meridians 
are  parallel,  but  the  degrees  thereof  unequal ;  these  are 
called  Mercator's  Charts.  Ibid.  s.v.  Reduction  of  proposi 
tions.  To  a  reduction,  therefore,  there  are  two  propositions 
required,  the  reduced,  and  the  reducing.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON 
Oferat.  Mechanic  558  What  is  the  quantity  of  reduced 
brick-work  in  a  wall  containing  4540  superficial  feet,  2  bricks 
thick?  1833  LOUDON  Encycl.  Archil.  §  88  One  rod,  eighty- 
two  feet  of  reduced  stone-work  (the  stone  walls  are  reduced 
to  one  and  a  half  brick  in  thickness). 

5.  Of  metals  and  chemical  substances  :  (see  RE 
DUCE  v.  17  b,  c). 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XI.  474/1  To  prevent  this  cal 
cination  of  the  reduced  metal  a  larger  quantity  of  charcoal 
is  used.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  685  The  reduced  iron  would 
be  apt  to  remain  scattered  in  little  globules.  1849  NOAD 
Electricity  (ed.  3)  60  A  zig-zag  black  line  of  reduced  mercury. 
1900  Alltutfs  Sjst.  Med.  V.  630  It  is  changed  into  reduced 
haemoglobin. 

b.  Keduced  indigo  (see  quot.   1862).     Reduced 
iron,  a  fine  iron  powder,  obtained  by  treating  ferric 
oxide  with  hydrogen. 

1862  MILLER  Elein.  Chcin.  m.  (ed.  2)  617  When  blue  indigo 
is  treated  with  deoxidising  agents,  . .  a  yellow  solution  is 
formed,  containing  reduced  indigo,  a  compound  in  which 
one  equivalent  more  of  hydrogen  is  present  than  in  blue 
indigo.  1863  W.  AITKEN  Pract.  Med.  (1866)  II.  62  The  re 
duced  iron — the  ferriim  reduction  of  the  British  Pharma 
copoeia  —is  also  a  remedy  which  does  not  possess  the  astrin 
gent  properties  of  the  other  preparations. 

c.  Broken  into  fine  particles. 

1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agnc.  II.  622  In  this  way  the 
crop  is  rendered  clean,  and  the  fine  reduced  mold  well  laid 
up  to  the  stems  of  the  plants. 

6.  Diminished  in  number,  quantity,  amount,  or  size. 
1762  Anri.  Reg.  i.  147/2  To  direct  that  no  fish  be  sold  at 

reduced  price  on  the  day  of  their  arrival.  1809  R.  LANGFORD 
Introd.  Trade  57  At  the  reduced  rate  of  3  per  Cent,  per 
annum.  1820  W.  JAY  Prayers  204  Yet  are  they  all  diminished 
by  another  irreparable  loss ;  and  the  reduced  remainder  [etc.]. 
c  1860  H.  STUART  Scattmn's  Catech.  14  Load  the  gun  with 
a  reduced  charge.  1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Peruv.  Bark  48 
I  ..reproduced  some  of  his  plates  on  a  reduced  scale. 

t  Redu'cement.  Obs.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -MENT. 
Cf.  It.  riducimenlo,  Sp.  reducimiento.] 

1.  The  act  of  bringing  back  to  a  previous  state 
(or  position),  esp.  to  right  belief  or  conduct. 

1592  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  vn.  iii.  156  Erickmon  ..  of  her 
loue  and  witts  did  wish  reducement  all  in  vayne.  1604 
N.  D.  [PARSONS]  yd  Pt.  Three  Comers.  Eng.  47;  What 
labour  and  charity  was  vsed  towards  them,  for  their  instruc 
tion  and  reducement.  1635  BARRIFFE  Mil.  Discip.  ix.  (1643) 
34  Face  to  your  Leader,  a  word  of  Reducement.  1668 
HOWE  Bless.  Righteous  (1825)  26  He  manages  in  order  to 
the  reducement  of  lost  Sinners. 
b.  Const,  to  a  specified  state. 

1649  BLITHE  Eng.  Improv.  (running  title)  Englands  Im 
provement  :  or,  a  Reducement  of  Land  to  pristine  Fertility. 
1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxon.  (1813)  I.  618  That  he.. plotted  the 
reducement  of  the  R.  religion  to  its  ancient  vigour. 

2.  Reduction  to  (unto)  or  into  a  specified  quality, 
state,  form,  etc. 

1609  SIR  R.  BOYLE  in  Lismort  Papers  Ser.  it.  (1887)  1. 142 
They  maie.  .become  instruments  in  reducement  of  that  part 
of  the  kingdome  to  civillety  and  obedience.  1649  MILTON 
Eikon. ix.  Wks.  (18^1)401  A  universal  distemper,and  reduce 
ment  of  law  to  arbitrary  power,  a  1670  RUST  Disc.  Truth. 
(1682)  192  The  reducement  of  a  general  principle  into  a 
particular  action. 

b.  The  act  of  bringing  one  thing  into  another. 

1641  MILTON  Ch.  Gffvt.  I.  vi.  Wks.  (1851)  130  That  ancient 


REDUCIBLE. 

Prelaty  which  you  say  was  first  constituted  for  the  reduce 
ment  of  quiet  and  unanimity  into  the  Church. 

3.  Assignment  to  a  particular  kind  or  class ;  de 
duction,  inference. 

1624  R.  B.  in  F.  White  Repl.  Fisher  App.  71  The  Errors 
were  Fundamental!,  reductive,  by  a  Reducement,  if  they 
which  embraced  them,  did  pertinaciously  adhere  to  them, 
hauing  sufficient  meanes  to  be  better  enformed.  a  1750 
A.  HILL  Wks.  (1753)  II.  228  You  are  a  species  in  a  single 
pen,  and  are  not  to  be  judg'd  by  any  of  the  bold  reduce- 
ments  of  a  criticism,  drawn  from  other  writers'  practice. 

4.  Conquest,  subjugation,  reduction  (of  a  town  or 
country). 

1617  MORYSON  Itin.  n.  270  For  a  future  absolute  reduce 
ment  of  this  Countrey.  1650  CROMWELL  Let.  20  June  in 
Carlyle,  When  we  lay  before  Bristol.. we  considered,  .of 
what  importance  the  reducement  thereof  would  be  to  the 
good  of  the  commonwealth.  1692  WACSTAFFE  Vind.  Carol. 
\.  22  They  had  no  sooner  gotten  an  Army  and  Mcney  to 
gether,  .for  the  reducement  of  Ireland  [etc.]. 

5.  Reduction,  diminution  ;  abatement. 

1619  Hist.  Patient  Crisel  (Percy  Spc.)  40  After  a  little 
reducement  of  his  passion.  1646  SIR  T.  FAIRFAX  in  H.  Gary 
Mem.  Gt.  Civ,  War  (1842)  I.  77  The  committee  of  North 
ampton  have  applied  to  me  for  the  reducement  of  the  forces 
of  that  garrison.  1661  SIR  T.  CULPEPPER  Atat.  Usury 
(1670)  22  Usury  had  its  first  reducement  from  ten  to  eight  per 
Cent.  1736  CARTE  Ormonde  II.  367  The  King  had  deferred 
the  reducement  of  the  establishment  of  that  kingdom. 

6.  Decline,  decay.  rare~~l. 

1667  WATERHOUSE  Fire  Land.  35  The  Translations  of 
Empires,  the  advance  and  reducement  of  families, . .  all 
these  are  circumacted  by  God. 

I  Keducend.  Arith.  Obs.  ft&.L.rediittnd-um, 

neut.  gerundive  of  reducere  to  REDUCE.]  A  number 
which  is  given  to  be  reduced. 

1674  JEAKE  Arilh.  (1696)  152  The  Number  given  to  be 
reduced  is  called  the  Reducend. 

Reducent  (r;"di«'sent),  a.  (and  sb.)  [ad.  L. 
rcdftcent-em,  pr.  pple.  of  reducere  to  REDUCE.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Bot.vn&Zool.  Of avein,channel,etc.: 
That  carries  something  back  from  a  certain  part. 
(Opp.  to  adducent ;  cf.  abducent?) 

1805  tr.  Willdenmifs  Botany  v.  236  The  reducent  vessels 
only  appear,  when  the  plant  is  cut  at  the  top,  and  put  inverted 
in  the  liquid.  1848  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  (ed.  4)  II.  n.  iv. 
173  Both  the  adducent  and  reducent  channels  of  the  sap. 

2.  Med.  Lowering. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  III.  444  A  reducent 
treatment,  .cannot  be  laid  down  as  the  proper  plan  to  be 
pursued  in  general.  Ibid.  IV.  92  Copious  venesections, 
purgatives  and  a  reducent  diet.. will  often  indeed  be  found 
highly  beneficial. 

B.  sb.  That  which  reduces.        1847  in  WEBSTER. 
Reducer  (r/diw-saj).     [f.  REDUCE  v.  +  -EB  i.] 

1.  One  who  reduces,  in  various  senses. 

c  1530  WYER  C.  Hyst.  of  Troye  A  b,  Excuse  thy  reducer 
[-translator]  blamyng  his  ygnoraunce.  1533  BELLENDEN 
Liiy  ll.  xv.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  187  pocht  he  was  . .  reducear  [v.r. 
redussar]  of  bame  to  be  ciete.  a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia 
(1622)  120  The  reducer  of  them  into  order.  1611  SPEED 
Hiit.  Gt.  Brit.  IX.  xxi.  (1623)  1046  The  first  reducer  of  the 
University  of  Cambridge  from  rudenesse  and  barbarity,  vnto 
good  literature  and  learning.  1868  G.  MACDONALD  A'.  Fal 
coner  I.  243  We  shall  have  more  compilers  and  reducers,., 
and  fewer  inventors.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  $ 
Mining  286  Reducers  cannot  now  buy  directly  of  the  miner. 

2.  That  which  reduces. 

spec.  t  a.  Arith.  A  multiplier  used  to  reduce  an  amount 
to  another  denomination.  Obs.  b.  A  reducing  coupling 
(Knight  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  1884).  c.  Pliotogr.  A  reducing 
agent,  d.  A  reducing  valve. 


pyrogallate.  1894  St.  James's  Gaz.  17  Feb.  6/2  It  was  a 
great  reducer  of  crime.  1899  Wcstm.  Gaz.  29  June  2/1  The 
reducers  for  regulating  the  air-pressure  in  the  cylinders. 

attrib.  1884  M^LARKN  Spinning  128  It  is  necessary  to 
have  a  great  many  reducer  and  roving  spindles. 

Reducibi'lity.  [f.  next  +  -ITY.]  The  fact  or 
quality  of  being  reducible. 

1676  COLLINS  in  Rigaud  Corr.  Sci.  Men  (1841)  II.  10  The 
reducibility  of  Davenant's  problem  to  infinite  series.  1842 
PARNELL  Chem.  Anal.  (1845)  89  The  easy  reducibility  of  its 
compounds  to  the  metallic  state.  1889  Lancet  18  May 
1002/1  The  complete  reducibility  of  the  tumour. 

Reducible  (rfdiz^sib'l),  a.  [ad.  L.  type  *re- 
ducibilis :  see  REDUCE  v.  and  -IBLE.]  That  may 
be  reduced  ;  capable  or  admitting  of  reduction. 

fl.  a.  Of  persons:  That  may  be  brought  back 
to  right  conduct ;  reclaimable.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1450  Mankind  821  (Brandl), '  Nolo  mortem  peccatoris ', 
inqitis,  yff  he  wyll  [be]  reducyble. 

b.  Of  things  :  That  may  be  restored  to  a  former 
(t  state  or)  position,  rare.  (Now  only  Surg.\ 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  m.  vi.  117  Once  omitted 
or  perverted  ..  it  is  not  reducible  by  any  other  whatsoever. 
1655  MRQ.  WORCESTER  Cent.  Iiw.  §  13  Without  blowing  the 
Decks  up,  or  destroying  them  from  being  reducible.  1878 
T.  BRYANT  Pract.  Surf.  I.  646  When  a  hernia  comes  down 
into  a  sac  and  goes  up  again,  it  is  called  reducible. 

2.  That  may  be  referred  or  assigned  to  some  other 
thing,  to  some  class  or  specified  number  of  classes. 

1529  MORE  Dyaloge  \.  Wks.  170/1  Some  . .  rule  of  oure 
liuing,  whiche  is  also  depending  vppon  faith  &  reducible 
therto.  1577  HARRISON  England  in.  xiv.  (1878)  II.  97  Our 
yeare  is  counted  after  the  course  of  the  sunne,  and  although 
the  church  hath  some  vse  of  that  of  the  moone . .  yet  it  is 
reducible  to  that  of  the  sunne.  1639  FULLER  Holy  War  v. 
x.  246  These  millions  of  miracles  are  reducible  to  one  of 
these  foure  ranks.  1698  W.  CHILCOT  Evil  Thoughts  v. 


BEDUCIBLENESS. 

(1851)  57  Every  thought.. unsuitable.. to  his  glorious  attri 
butes,  is  reducible  to  this  first  kind  of  evil  thoughts.  1791 
HAMILTON  Berthollefs  Dyeing  I.  i.  i.  i.  25  Facts  which  are 
not  reducible  to  any  theory.  1806-7  J-  BERESFORD  Miseries 
Hum.  Life  (1826)  I.  Introd.,  Such  items  of  anguish  only  as 
may  be  reducible  to  that  specific  class  of  '  miseries  '. 

t  b.  That  may  be  referred  to  a  place  or  person. 
1655  FULLER  Hist.  Camb.  (1840)  45  Brought  up  in  Cam 
bridge,  but  not  reducible,  with  probability,  to  any  College 
now  in  being.  1661  BOYLE  Style  of  Script.  (1675)  169  Wise 
men. .will  not  easily  lose  good  thoughts  or  good  expressions, 
because  they  are  not  reducible  to  them. 

3.  That  may  be  brought  to  (f  or  into}  some  more 
definite  state,  arrangement,  or  principle. 

1651  G.  W.  tr.  Cowers  Inst.  184  It  is  necessary  that  the 
thing  sold  be  certain  or  reducible  to  certainty.  1668  HALE 
Pref.  Rollc's  Abridgm.  b  ij,  The  Common-Law  is  reducible 
into  a  competent  method,  as  to  the  general  Heads  thereof. 
1710  STEELE  Taller  No.  234  r  9  Our  English  Tongue  . .  is 
the  most  determinate  in  its  construction,  and  reducible  to 
the  fewest  Rules.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  I.  4  Into 
some  or  all  of  these  principles,  all  bodies  are  reducible  by 
art,  as  well  as  nature.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  III.  377 
There  is  no  title  in  the  English  law  reducible  to  a  more 
technical  system  than  the  title  of  descent  in  fee  simple. 

4.  That  may  be  brought,  altered  or  converted  to 
or  into  another  (esp.  a  simpler)  form. 

£1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1655)  II.  69  In  the  new  World., 
there  is  no  root,  flower,  fruit  or  pulse  but  is  reducible  to 
a  potable  jiquor.  1666  BOYLE  Orig.  Formes  ff  Qual.  339 
A  salt  easily  reducible  . .  into  Chrystalline  Grains.  1699 
BENTLEY  Phal.  465  Thus  reducible  to  Trochaics  1754 
LEWIS  in  Phil.  Trans.  XLVIII.  640  All  are  reducible.. into 
powder.  1777  PRIESTLEY  Philos.  Nccess.  182  Complex 
reasoning  is  all  reducible  to  acts  of  simple  judgment.  1838-9 
HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  (1847)  I.  23  The  words.,  seem  reducible, 
with  a  little  emendation,  to  short  verses.  1881  MIVART 
Cat  253  Nervous  tissue  is  reducible  into  water. 

b.  Without  const,  (see  REDUCE  v.  16,  17). 

1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1696)  299  Square  Surdes  ..  not  thus 
reducible  ..  are  to  be  joyned  together  with  the  sign..+. 
1842  PARNELL  Chem.  Anal.  (1845)  263  Metals  whose  com 
pounds  are  reducible  with  soda  on  charcoal  in  the  reducing 
flame.  1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  f,  Iran  vi.  93  These 
silicates  (which  are  only  reducible  with  difficulty). 

f5.  That  may  be  brought  to  a  belief,  under  a 
standard.  Obs.  rare. 

1639  FULLER  Holy  War  iv.  ii.  170  Now  it  seemeth  the 
Tartars  are  reducible  with  most  facility  to  our  religion 
1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  o/Qual.  (1809)  IV.  78  There  is  no 
.  .virtue,  that  is  not  reducible  under  the  standard  of. .  Love. 

6.  Sc.  Law.  Of  a  deed,  contract,  decree,etc. :  That 
may  be  annulled  by  a  court. 

1754  ERSKINE  Princ.  Sc.  Lam  (1809)  108  No  deed, 
granted  with  consent  of  the  interdicters,  is  reducible  1838 
W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  832  All  deeds  executed  by  a 
minor.. are  reducible  on  the  head  of  minority  and  lesion. 
1888  LD.  WATSON  in  Law  Times  Rep.  LIX.  4/2  To  deter 
mine  whether  the  marriage  contract  is  reducible. 

7.  That  may  be  lessened  in  number  or  amount. 
1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela  IV.  370  The  number  of  the  old 

ones  will  be  always  reducible . .  in  a  greater  Proportion,  than 
the  new  ones  will  increase.  1852  MILL  Pol.  Econ.  in.  xviii. 
(ed.  3)  §  8.  365  These  two  influencing  circumstances  are 
in  reality  reducible  to  one. 

Hence  Redu'cibleness ;  Bedu-cibly  adv. 

1666  BOYLE  Orig.  Formes  $•  Qnnl.  201  The  thing  itself  is 
made  plausible  by  the  reduciblenesse  of  ice  back  again  into 
Water.  1680  —  Scefl.  Chem.  in.  Wks.  1772  I.  538  Its 
reducibleness,  according  to  Helmont,  into  alcali  and  water. 
1854  C.  FORSTER  Monum.  Assyria  (1859)  i  The  consequent 
reducibleness  of  all  the  postdiluvian  dialects  to  the  one 
primeval  language.  1882  OGILVIE,  Reducibly. 

Rednciue  (rfdizJ-ssin).  Chem.  Also  -in.  [f. 
REDUCE  v.  +-INE5.]  An  alkaloid  found  in  small 
quantities  in  urine. 

1878  KINGZETT  Anita.  Chem.  229  The  filtrate  ..  was  then 
found  to  contain  kreatinine  and  the  new  body  reducine. 
1899  CAGNEY  tr.  Jaksch's  Clin.  Diagn.  vii.  (ed.  4)  370  Certain 
basic  substances  have  recently  been  isolated  from  urine  by 
precipitation  with  phosphoric  acid..,  such  as  urochrome, 
urotheobromin,  omichol  and  reducin. 

Reducing  (r;"di;7-sirj),  vbl.  sb.     [-ING  1.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  REDUCE  in  various  senses ; 
reduction. 

't  1488  CAXTON  RyallEk.  (Colophon),  Whyche  translacon  or 
reducyng.  .was  achyeved  fynysshed  and  accomplysshed  the 
xin  day  of  Septembre.  1591  PERCIVALL  Sj>.  Diet..  Rc- 
ftuzimiento,  bringing  backe,  reducing.  1646  MASSEY  in  H. 
Gary  Mem.  Gt.  Civ.  War  (1842)  I.  90,  I  made  an  humble 
request . .  on  behalf  of. .  my  brigade,  upon  a  report  made  unto 
me  of  some  command  for  the  reducing  of  them.  1683 
CAVE  Ecclcsiastici,  Athanasius  53  They  had  done  it  in 
order  to  the  reducing  and  reclaiming  of  him.  1720  Land. 
Gaz,  No.  5813/1  To  facilitate  the  reducing  of  Palermo.  1790 
BEATSON  Nav.  <$•  Mil.  Mem.  I.  106  Although  the  reducing 
of  the  Havannah  was  strongly  recommended  by  his  Majesty's 
instructions,  yet . .  success  could  not  now  be  looked  for.  1863 
DANA  Man.  Gcol.  558  The  reducing  of  the  level  of  the  rivers. 
b.  Const,  to,  into. 

•ufo  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  434/2  For  the  reducyng  of  the 
said  monastery  into  the  old  auncyen  order.  1532  CROMWI  LL 
in  Merriman  Life  t,  Lett.  (1902)  I.  349  For  the  reducing  of 
the  same  his  vntrew  purpose  to  effecte.  1596  SPENSER 
State  Irel.  Wks.  (Globe)  646/1  The  reducing  of  such  a  greate 
people  to  Chnstianitye.  1607  T.  ROGERS  39  Art.  Ded.  !•  2 
marg.,  Praiers  . .  for  the  reducing  of  true  religion  into  the 
realme.  1645  MILTON  Colast.  Wks.  (1851)  358  The  reducing 
of  a  mmde  to  this  or  that  fitnes.  1711  Fhigall  MSS.  in 
lotA  Ref.  Hist.  MSS.  Co,,,,.,.  App.  V.  197  The  reduceing  of 
them  to  mendicancy  and  hard  shifts  of  liveing. 

2.  at/rib,  and  Comb.,  as  reducing  action,  enter 
prise;  reducing  box  (see  quot.)  ;  reducing  com- 
passes,  compasses  adapted  for  copying  figures  on 


317 

'   a  smaller  scale  ;  reducing  coupling  or  piece,  a 

pipe-coupling  with  ends  of  different  diameters,  used 
in  joining  pipes  of  different  sizes;  reducing  scale 
(see  quot.) ;  reducing  valve,  a  valve  serving  to 
reduce  the  pressure  in  a  steam-engine ;  reducing 
works,  a  place  at  which  metallic  ore  is  reduced. 


Also  reducing  furnace,  press,  square,  tee   (see    Knight  

lift.  Mich.).     In  reducing  action,  effect,  power,  etc.,  the    i    able  estate  and  prosperite.     1557  in  Burnet  Hist.  Ref.  (1681) 

Kl      tk     *..*.*   1. Jl--l._    J'    .:_ •    1         1    r  .1  i  ..        '  TI      13  *.,~*~...l,-   ..      ..     TVT~      _.      T7__      .      1         .'  f 


D,  ... ^  „.  ^™™,,  ,w 

vbl.  sb.  can  hardly  be  distinguished' from  the  ppl.  adj. 

1889  Anthony's  Photogr.  Bull.  II.  151  This  'reducing 
action  may  produce  a  sub-oxide,  sub-chloride,  etc.  1894 
Labour  Commission  Gloss.,  f Reducing  ko.rcs,  the  machines 
in  which  the  operation  before  roving  is  performed  by  female 
labour.  1823-5  FOSBROKE  Encycl.Antiq.  ix.  (1843)  294/1  A 
pair  of  'reducing  compasses,  which  have,  like  ours,  four 
points,  forming  two  angles,  ..one  large,  the  other  small. 
1877  RAYMOND  Stati.  ' 


REDUCTION. 

Reduction  (rfdc-kjan).    Also  5-6  reduccion, 

-cyon.     [a.  K.  reduction  (13-1 4th  c.),  or  ad.  L! 

reduction-em,  n.  of  action  f.  rediicere  to  REDUCE.] 

I.  t 1.  The  action  of  bringing  (back)  to  of  from 

a  state,  condition,  belief,  etc.   Obs. 

1483  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V  I.  241/2  Desyryng . .  the  peas . .  of  this 
Lande,  and  the  reduccion  of  the  same  to  the  auncien  honour- 


'reducing  pieces,  besides  many  bends.  1701  MOXON  M'alh. 
/user.  17  * Reducing  Scale,  ..a  thin  broad  piece  of  Box 
with  several  different  Scales  of  equal  Parts,  and  Lines  to 

*-.!-•_-- ,   T  •    ,       •    .       >  ,   r,         .'. 


pressure  . .  is  controlled  by 
means  of  a  reducing-valve.  1859  Jrnl.  Gecg.  Sac.  XXX.  48 
Several  owners  of  smelling  and  'reducing  works.  1877 
RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  ft  Mining  2^,1  As  yet  there  are  no 
reducing-works  on  the  spot. 

Redu'cing,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -IXG  -.]  That 
reduces,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1741  tr.  Cramer s  Assaying  42  Borax,  .is  classed,  though 
improperly,  among  reducing  Bodies,  that  is,  among  those 
which  restore  Metals,  howsoever  destroyed,  to  their  metallick 
Form.  Ibid.  185  Melting  Metals  and  Ores  together  with 
saline  and  reducing  Fluxes.  1805-17  R.  JAMESON  Char. 
Min.  (ed.  3)299  Reducing  Agents.. either  abstract  oxygen 
from  the  mineral,  or  protect  it  from  the  action  of  that  gas. 
1836  T.  THOMSON  Mineral.,  Ceo/.,  etc.  I.  599  In  the  reducing 
flame  it  [disulphuret  of  copper]  becomes  covered  with  a  coat 
and  does  not  melt.  1897  Allbutfs  Syst,  Med.  II.  77  The 
reducing  remedies,  .have  been  strongly  recommended. 

t  Redirct,  sb.  Obs.  Also  7  -duck.  [f.  as  next, 
or  ad.  med.L.  reductus  a  retired  place,  retreat.] 
a.  Arith.  A  number  or  quantity  which  has  been  re 
duced,  b.  (See  quot.)  c.  =  !\EDUIT.  d.  (Seequot.) 

a.  1579  DICGES  Stratiot.  23  Yee  shal  multiply,  .the  De 
nominator  of  the  Reduct  into  the  Numerator  of  the  last 
Fragment  to  be  reduced. 

b.  1678-96  PHILLIPS,  Rfiiuek,  a  Chymical  term,  signifying 
a  Powder  by  which  calcined  Metals  and  Minerals  are  dis 
solved,  and  return  again  to  their  Metalline  Regulus.     1706 
—  (ed.  Kersey),  A* educt.     1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Redact, 
or  Redux,  among  chemists,  is  a  powder  [etc.]. 

C.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Teclin.  I,  Reduct,  a  Military 
term,  signifying  an  advantageous  piece  of  Ground,  en 
trenched  and  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  Place,  to  retire 
to  in  case  of  surprize.  [Hence  in  Chambers  (1727-41)  and 
later  Diets.] 

d.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Reduct,  in  building,  a  quirk, 
or  little  place,  taken  out  of  a  larger,  to  make  it  more  uniform 
and_  regular;  or  for  some  other  convenience,  as  for  a  little 
cabinet  aside  of  a  chimney,  for  alcoves,  etc.  [Hence  in 
Crabb,  Gwilt,  Craig,  and  later  Diets.  ;  but  in  Chambers 
merely  translated  from  the  article  reduit  in  the  Diet,  lie 
Trtvoux  (1721).] 

t  Redu'Ct,  pa.  pple.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  reduct-us, 
pa.  pple.  of  rediicere  to  REDUCE  :  cf.  next.] 

1.  Brought  into  or  to  a  certain  form,  state,  etc. ; 
reduced  to  order. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xix.  cxvi.  (1495)  920  Al 
pertyculer  thynges  the  whyche  eche  is  perfite  in  himself  ben 
perfighte  whan  they  be  reducte  in  to  one.  1:1535  in  Ellis 
Otig.  Lett.  Ser.  in.  III.  14  Nowe  ye  may  boldely  affirme 
that  Wales  is  reduct  to  that  state  that  oone  thief  taketh  an 
other,  a  1548  HALL  Citron.,  Edw.  IV  220  All  the  kynges 
host  there  beyng  assembled  and  reduct  into  one  company. 
1640-1  LD.  J.  DIGBY  Sf.  in  Ho.  Coin.  9  Feb.  17,  I  meane 
Episcopacy  so  ordered,  reduct  and  Hmitted  as.  .it  may  be  by 
..sollid  boundaryes. 

2.  Brought  back  (into  a  place). 

"545  JOYE  Exp.  Dan.  ix.  Tviijb,  He  prayed  for  the  re 
mission  of  their  sinnes  and  to  be  reducte  into  theyr  land. 
1635  HEYWOOD  Hierarch.  vi.  Dial.  348  Menippus  ..  Dy'de 
from  amongst  us,  without  taking  leave  And  is  again  reduct. 

t  Redu'ct,  z>.  Obs.  ff.  ppl.  stem  of  L.  rediicere: 
cf.  prec.  and  REDUCE  v.~\ 

1.  trans.  To  bring  into,  to  or  from  a  state  or  form. 
1558  WARDE  tr.  Alexis'  Seer.  i.  (1562)  6b,  To  resolue  and 

reducte  gold  into  a  potable  licoure.  1624  T.  SCOTT  Belg. 
Souldier  24  Their  resolutions  to  reduct  the  gouernment  to 
electiue  Suffrages.  1639  G.  DANIEL  Eeclns.  xxiii.  59  The 
Man  of  Scorne  and  of  a  bitter  Tongue  Will  never..  Be  from 
his  Sin  reducted.  1816  LAMB  in  Final  Mem.  vi.  247,  I  fear 
lest  it  should  be  discovered  by.  .clear  reducting  to  letters  no 
better  than  nonsense. 

2.  To  lead  back,  lead  to  a  place. 

cisSo  MUNDAY  Vie^u  Sundry  Examples  (Shaks.  Soc. 
1851)  86  Hee.  .was  led  to  the  place  where  he  committed  this 
murderous  offence, . .  was  reducted  back,  and . .  was  executed. 
1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  428,  I  was  neuer  before  reducted  to 
such  a  floting  Laborinth. 

3.  To  deduct  (a  sum). 

1599  B.  JONSON  E-v.  Man  out  of  Hum.  IV.  y,  Master 
Snip,  pray  let  me  reduct  some  two  or  three  shillings  for 
points  and  ribands.  1615  JACKSON  Creed  IV.  vii.  §  15  If  we 
compare  the  several  growth  of  steadfast  faith  and  hypocrisy, 
they  much  resemble  the  order.. of  laying  or  reducting  sums 
in  accounts.  1738  [G.  SMITH]  Curious  Ret.  II.  213  But 
this  Capital  was  paid  again,  . .  it  being  reducted  out  of  the 
three  millions  of  Crowns. 

Reductibility,     [ad.  F.  riductiMiti,  or  f.  as 

prec.  +  -IBLE,  -ITV.J    Reducibility  (Ogilvie  1882). 


II.  Records  II.  n.  No.  34  For  reduction  of  your  Majesty's 
Realm  of  Ireland  to  the  Unity  of  the  Church.  1609  BIBLE 
(Douay)  Haggai  i.  comm.,  Reduction  of  soules  from  sinne, 
and  amending  of  il  mailers.  1651  HOBIIES  Leviath.  in.  xli. 
263  God  having  determined  his  sacrifice,  fur  the  reduction 
of  his  elect  to  their  former  covenanted  obedience.  1677 
GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  in.  98  The  reduction  of  the  soul  from  its 
night. day  to  the  true  Light  of  Being. 

tb.  Without  const. :  Reclamation.    Obs. 
1620  tr.  Augustine's  Confess.  Ep.  Ded.  '4  Whose  ioy  was 
no  lesse  in  the  reduction  of  sinners,  then  it  would  haue  been, 
in  their  prescription. 

t  c.  Metall.   (See  quot.)   Obs.  rare. 
1741  tr.  Cramer's  Assaying  186   Metals  destroyed,  and 
changed  into  Scoria  or  Ashes,  are,  by  their  Union  with  the 
same  matter,  again  restored  to  their  metallick  Form.     This 
Operation  is  called  Reduction. 

t  2.  The  action  of  bringing  back  .'a  person,  thing, 
institution,  etc.)  to  a  place  previously  occupied ; 
restoration.  Also  const,  to,  from,  out  of.  Obs. 

<xi548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VI 11  144 b,  To..entreate  with 
the  nobles  of  the  Countrey  for  the  reduccion  of  kyng 
Cristierne,  to  his  realme,  Croune,  and  dignitie.  1557  Kxox 
Sel.  Writ.  (1845)  '84  After  their  reduction,  their  lives  did 
nothing  amend.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  VIM.  i.  §  22  In  the 
Convocation,  .there  were  found  but  six  which  opposed  the 
Reduction  of  Popery.  1668-84  OWEN  .£.r/./A-fo-.  (1790.1  IV. 
430  The  reduction  of  Christ  fiom  the  dead  by 'the  God  of 
peace'.  1741  WARUURTON  Div.  Legal.  II.  322  The  whole 
History  of  their  Reduction  out  of  E.^ypt. 

tb.  Sf.  The  action  of  bringing  back  (money)  to 
the  mint  again.  (Cf.  REDUCE  v.  3.)  Obs.  rare. 

1581-2  Reg.  l'ri-jy  Council  Scot.  III.  463  For  iiibringin^ 
and  reductioun  of  quhilk  money  thair  \\-es  nominal  and  ap- 
pointit  William  Napier  and  Thomas  Aitchesoun.  .toressave 
all  the  said  cunyie. 

3.  Surg.  The  restoration  of  a  dislocated  part  to 
its  normal  position ;  the  action  of  reducing  a  dis 
placement,  etc. 

[1612  WOODALL  Surg.  Mate  Wks.  (1653)  87  The  reduction 
of  parts  disjoynted  and  dislocated  to  union.]  1656  KIDGLLY 
Pract.  Physick  i6r  That  which  is  longwaies  is  soonest 
cured,  for  there  needs  no  reduction.  1727-41  CHAVI  \  KS 
Cycl.,  Reduction,  in  surgery,  denotes  an  operation  whereby 
a  dislocated,  luxated,  or  fractured  bone,  is  restored  to  its 
former  place.  1879  St.  George's  Hosf.  J!ff.  IX.  288  Reduc 
tion  of  displacement  could  not  be  effected  till  i  inch  of 
lower  fragment  was  cut  off. 

II.  4.  Conquest  or  subjugation  of  a  place,  esp. 
a  town  or  fortress. 

c  1500  Melusine  369  After  the  reducyon  of  the  Fortres. 
1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  276  Babylon  thus  taken, 
it  gave  the  Turk  the  easier  reduction  of  Diarbec.  1756-7 
tr.  Keysler's  Trav.  (1760)  I.  204  The  famous  reduction,  as 
it  was  called,  was  carried  so  far,  that  all  the  fundamental 
laws. .were  entirely  subverted  and  destroyed.  1776  GIBBON 
Dccl.  fr  F.  xiii.  (1782)  I.  442  The  reduction  of  Egypt  was 
immediately  followed  by  the  Persian  war.  1838  Tuna.wAU. 
Greece  III.  407  Thus  the  reduction  of  Syracuse  would  lead 
..to  the  subjugation  of  Greece.  1877  IJROCKH.TT  C>'oss$Cr. 
49  The  first  exploit  which  Basil's  successor,  .attempted,  was 
the  reduction  of  Kazan. 

b.  The  action  of  reducing  into  possession  (see 
REDUCE  v.  igd).  Also  without  const. 

1647  TRAPP  Comm.  i  Cor.  iii.  22  All  are  yours'}  Though  not 
in  possession,  yet  in  use,  or  by  way  of  reduction,  as  we  say. 
1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVIII.  453/2  It  is  still  doubtful  whether 
the  assignment  by  a  husband  of  his  wife's  immediate  choses 
in  action  is  a  reduction  into  possession. 

o.  [ad.  Sp.  reduction.]  A  settlement  or  colony 
of  South  American  Indians  converted  and  governed 
by  the  Jesuits. 

1712  W.  ROGERS  Voy.  (1718)  8p  This  is  the  way  of  living 
in  those  cantons,  which  the  missionaries  call  Reductions; 
because,  if  you'll  believe  them,  they  have  reduced  them  to 
Christianity  by  their  preaching.  1822  SOUTHEY  in  Q.  Rei'. 
XXVI.  286  The  number  of  converted  Indians  . .  amounted 
to  about  120,000  in  thirty  Reductions.  1881  Encycl.  Brit. 
XIII.  649/1  Governing  and  civilizing  the  natives  of  Brazil 
and  Paraguay  in  the  missions  and  '  reductions'. 

6.  Sc.  Law.  The  action  of  reducing  a  deed,  decree, 
etc.  (See  REDUCE  v.  23.) 

Reduction  reductive:  see  REDUCTIVE  a.  2  (quot.  1838). 
Reduction-itnprobation  :  see  13  below. 

1546  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  37  Tuiching  the  reduc 
tioun  of  the  infeftmentis,  chartour  or  chartouris  of  talye. 
1578-9  Ibid.  III.  91  The  mater  dependand  under  reductioun 
befoir  his  Hienes  and  the  saidis  Lordis  of  Secreit  Counsale. 
1630  Acts  of  Sedentnt  (1790)  43  The  forming  and  directing 
of  Summonds  of  reductioune  of  Retours.  ijoGAct  6  Anne, 
c.  ii  Art.  19  All  reviews  reductions  or  suspensions  of  the 
sentences  in  maritime  cases,  a  1768  ERSKINE  Inst.  Law 
Scot.  IV.  i  §  24  (1773)  647  Simple  reductions,  where  impro- 
bation  is  not  also  libelled,  are  now  seldom  made  use  of.  1838 
W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  833  The  effect  of  a  decree  of  re 
duction  is,  that  the  deed  thereby  reduced  ceases  to  be  of 
any  effect  against  the  party  who  has  obtained  it. 

6.  a.  Arith,  (a)  The  process  of  changing  an 
amount  from  one  denomination  to  another.  As 
cending  r.,  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  denomination ; 
descending  r.,  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  (Phillips 
1706'.  (b)  The  process  of  bringing  down  a  frac 
tion  to  its  lowest  terms. 
1542  RLXORDK  t7r.  Artes  (1575)  192  Reduction  is,  by  whiche 


REDUCTION. 

all  summes  of  grosse  denomination  may  bee  turned  into 
summes  of  more  subtile  denomination  ;  And  contrary  wayes. 
1594  BLVNDEVIL  Exerc.  i.  xxvii.  (1636)  75  The  Division  is  to 
be  done  either  by  Reduction  into  the  smallest  Fractions,  or 
without  Reduction.  1674  jEAKE^r/'M.  (1696)  152  Reduction 
of  Fractions  declareth  the  proportion  of  one  number  to 
another,  or  of  broken  parts  to  broken  parts.  1682  SCARLETT 
Exchanges  17  Of  the  Reduction  of  Exchanges.  1727-41 
CHAMBERS  Cycl,  s.v.,  To  expedite  the  practice,  several  com- 
:ndious  ways  of  reduction  have  been  invented.  1798 
UTTON  Course  Math.  (1806)  I.  74  This  operation  is  the 


vr, 


as  the  reduction  of  common  fractions.     1859  BARN.  SMITH 
Arith.  $  Algebra  (ed.  6)  96  ^Reduction  is_  the  method  of 
expressing  numbers  of  a  superior  denomination  in  units  of  a 
lower  denomination,  and  conversely. 
b.  Alg.  (See  quots.  1702-4.) 

1702  RALI-HSOX  Math.  Diet.,  Reduction  of  Equations  (in 
Algebra)  Is  the  reducing  them  into  a  fit  and  proper  Order 


318 

11.  Diminution,  lessening,  cutting  down. 

a  1676  HALE  (J.),  Some  will  have  these  years  to  be  but 
months ;  yet  that  reduction  will  not  serve.  1730-4  WATER- 
LAND  Serif/.  Vind.  Postscr.,  Wks.  1823  VI.  186  Let  him 
therefore  first  make  the  proper  reduction  in  the  account,  and 
then  see  what  it  amounts  to.  1769  BURKE  Late  St.  Nat. 
Wks.  II.  46  Not  one  shilling  towards  the  reduction  of  our 
debt.  1796  C.  MARSHALL  Garden,  xii.  (1813)  178  If  they 
[lilacs]  need  much  reduction  let  them  be  cut  down  as  soon 
. .  as  they  have  got  off  flower.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vin. 
S  6.  526  The  general  opinion  was  in  favour  of  a  reduction 
of  the  power  and  wealth  of  the  Church. 

b.  The  action  or  process  of  making  a  copy  on 
a  smaller  scale ;  also,  a  copy  of  this  kind. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  great  use  of  the  propor 
tional  compasses  is  in  the  reduction  of  figures,  &c.,  whence 


he  known  Quantities  from  the  unknown  [etc.].  1743  EMER 
SON  Fluxions  36. 

C.  Aslron.  (a)  (See  quot.  1704.)  ?  Obs.     (6)  The 
correction  of  observations  by  allowance  for  modify-    | 
ing  circumstances,  as  parallax,  refraction,  etc. 

1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  Reduction,  in  Astronomy, 
is  the  difference  between  the  Argument  of  Inclination  and 
the  Eccentrical  Longitude.  1812  WOODHOUSE  Astron.x.  73 
The  reduction  of  a  star's  place  seen  from  the  surface,  to  the 
center.  1833  HERSCHEL.//^™;:.  v.  (1858)  215  The  complete 
reduction  . .  of  an  astronomical  observation,  consists  in  ap 
plying.,  five  distinct  and  independent  corrections. 

d.  Geom.  The  process  of  reducing  (a  curve,  etc.) 
to  a  straight  line. 

1798  HUTTOS  Course  Math.  (1807)  II.  63  The  high  roads 
. .  hardly  ever  lie  in  a  right  line  between  the  stations ;  which 
must  cause  endless  reductions,  and  require  great  trouble  to 
make  it  a  right  line. 

7.  Logic.  The  process  of  reducing  a  syllogism 
(t  or  proposition)  to  another,  esp.  to  a  simpler  or 
clearer,  form  ;  spec,  by  expressing  it  in  one  of  the 
moods  of  the  first  figure  {direct  or  ostensive,  re- 
duclioii).  Also,  the  process  of  establishing  the 
validity  of  a  syllogism  by  showing  that  the  con 
tradictory  of  its  conclusion  is  inconsistent  with  its 
premisses  (indirect  or  apagogical  reduction). 

1551  T.  WILSON  Logike  (1567)  27  b,  _To  make  a  thing 
otherwise  then  it  was  before,  to  reduce  it,  or  to  bring  it  to 
more  plaine  understanding,  in  the  shape  and  forme  of  the 
first  figure,  is  called  reduction.  1697  [see  OSTENSIVE  a.  i]. 
1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Reduction  oj 'propositions  is  _used 
in  a  more  general  sense,  for  any  expression  of  one  proposition, 
by  another  proposition  equivalent  thereto.  Ibid.,  Reduction 
of  syllogisms  is  a  regular  changing  or  transforming  of  an 
imperfect  syllogism  into  a  perfect  one.  1827  WHATELY  Elem. 
Logic  II.  ill.  §  6  in  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  I.  211  In  these 
ways  (which  are  called  Ostensive  Reduction..)  all  the  im 
perfect  Moods  may  be  reduced  to  the  four  perfect  ones. 
1891  [see  DIRECTS.  4  c].  1896  [see  INDIRECT  a.  2  b]. 
\  8.  The  action  of  reducing  to  a  standard  or  class. 
1597  BROUGHTON  (title)  Daniel'  his  Chaldie  Visions  ..  ex 
pounded.,  by  reduction  of  heathen  most  famous  stories  vnto 
the  exact  proprietie  of  his  wordes. 
9.  Conversion  into  or  to  a  certain  state,  form,  etc. 
1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn.  I.  v.  §  4  Another  Errour..is  the 
over-early  and  peremptorie  reduction  of  knowledge  into 
Arts  and  Methodes.  16*6  JACKSON  Creed  viri.  xviii.  §  i 
God.. did  prevent  the  reduction  of  that  possibility  ..  into 
act.  1656  HRAMHALI.  Replic.  vi.  263  If  it  had  been  only  the 
reduction  of  these  new  mysteries  into  the  form  of  a  Creed, 
that  did  offend  us.  1830  ROBERTSON  Serin.  Ser.  in.  vii. 
(1853)  95  The  reduction  of  society  to  that  state  in  which  the 
monster  injustice  has  been  perpetrated. 

b.  Keduction  to  the  absurd  or  to  absurdity,  a 
method  of  proving  the  falsity  of  a  premiss,  prin 
ciple,  etc.,  by  showing  that  the  conclusion  or  con 
sequence  is  absurd ;  also  loosely,  the  pushing  of 
anything  to  an  absurd  extreme.  (More  freq.  used 
in  the  Latin  form  reductio  ad  absurdum^) 

1856  Miss  YONGE  Daisy  Chain  n.  xv.  506  [The  Doctor] 
had  a  courteous  clever  process  of  the  reduction  to  the 
absurd,  which  seldom  failed  to  tell.  1863  MILL  Exam. 
Hamilton  369  There  is  no  such  thing  as  a  reduction  to 
absurdity  if  this  is  not  one.  1892  Pall  Mall  G.  26  May  1/2 
Such  reductions  to  absurdity  of  the  universal  eight  hours 
day  are.. less  necessary  now. 

1O.  The  action  or  process  of  reducing  (a  substance) 
to  another  (usually  a  simpler)  form,  esp.  by  some 
chemical  process. 

1666  J.  SMITH  Old  Age  186  Glandules  in  the  body  of  man 
.  .that  serve  either  to  Excretion,  to  Reduction,  or  to  Nutri 
tion.  1^27-41  CHAMBERS  Cyc/.  s.v.,  The  reductionof  metals 
into  their  first  matter,  or  principles.  1796  KIRWAN  Elem. 
Min.  (ed.  2)  II.  504  As  appears  both  by  precipitation  and 
reduction.  1851  CARPENTER  Man.  Phys.  (ed.  2)  266  The 
action  of  the  Stomach  is  restricted,  in  the  higher  animals,  to 
the  reduction  of  the  food  by  the  solvent  powers  of  the 
gastric  juice.  1862  MILLER  Elem.  Cliem.  in.  (ed.  2)  61  Pro 
cesses  of  reduction  are  less  completely  under  the  control  of 
the  chemist  than  those  of  oxidation.  1884  W.  H.  GREEN 
WOOD  Steel  t,  Iron  vi.  92  The  chemical  reactions,  .are  very 
simple,  involving  only  the  reduction  of  ferric  oxide. 
b.  The  conversion  of  ore  into  metal ;  smelting. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XI.  453/2  The  reduction  of  iron- 
ore  . .  requires  a  violent  and  long-continued  heat.  1839  URE 
Diet.  Arts  710  The  reduction  of  a  portion  of  the  roasted  ore 
is  begun  at  the  same  time.  1890  W.  J.  GORDON  Foundry  98 
Just  below  the  top,  where  reduction  takes  place  by  the 
contact  with  the  carbonic  oxide,  the  fire  is  a  dull  red. 


of  the  reduction.  1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  xxx,  The 
little  faces  beside  her,  almost  exact  reductions  of  her  own. 

12.  Mil.  Degradation  to  a  lower  rank. 

1806  PIKE  Sources  Mississ.  (iSiol  78,  I  examined  into  the 
conduct  of  my  sergeant,  and  found  that  he  was  guilty  and 
punished  him  by  reduction,  &c. 

TtS.attrit.  and  Comb.,  as  reduction  product,  etc.; 
reduction  compasses,  reducing  compasses;  re- 
duction-improbation  Sc .  Law,  a. form  of  rescissory 
action,  in  which  it  is  suggested  that  the  deed,  or 
other  document  in  question,  is  not  genuine;  re 
duction-works,  (a)  works  for  the  reduction  of 
metallic  ore;  (b)  (see  quot.  1894). 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mcch.  1903/1  *  Reduction-compasses, 
proportional  dividers  or  whole-and-half  dividers,  a  1768 
ERSKINE  lust.  Law  Scot.  iv.  i.  §  19  (1773)  644  The  most 


./ill  be  held  as  false  and  forged.  1868  Act  31  f,  32  Viet.  c. 
ico  §  17  It  shall  not  he  necessary  to  obtain  the  concurrence 
of  Her  Majesty's  Advocate  to  any  summons  of  reduction- 
improbation.  1891  Anthony's  Pliotogr.  Bull.  IV.  159  A 
silver  chloride  *reduction  product.  1872  RAYMOND  Statist. 
Mines  <$•  Mining  26  During  one  month  when  all  the  're 
duction  works  were  producing.  1894  GOULD  Diet.  Mcd. 
etc.,  Reduction  ivorks,  a  cremating  establishment  for  dis 
posing  of  the  filth  and  refuse  matter  of  a  city. 

Hence  Bedu'ctional  a.,  characterized  by  reduc 
tion;  Bedu-ctionist,  one  who  favours  reduction 
(in  the  number  of  licensed  houses). 

1674  ]E\KF.AritA.  (1696)  49  Reductional  Operation  ended, 
Probation  follows.  1816-30  BENTHAM  Offic.  Apt.  Maxim' 
ized,  Extract  Const.  Code  (1830)  45  Each  bidding  will  be 
either  reductional,  or  emptional,  or  compound.  1893  A".  />'. 
Daily  Mail  5  Oct.  2/1  Neither  progressive  prohibitionists 
nor  moderate  reductionists  could  afford  to  fight  without  each 
other's  help. 

Reductive  (r«1»-ktiv),  a.  and  sb.     Now  raw. 
[f.  as  REDUCT  v.  +  -IVE.     Cf.  F.  r^ductif(i^\h  c.).] 
A.   adj.    1.    That  leads  or  brings  back.     Also 
with  of. 

1655  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  i.  (1701)  11/2  The  Zoroastrian 
Oracles  mention  reductive  Angels,  which  reduce  Souls  to 
them,  drawing  them  from  several  things.  1677  GALE  Crt. 
Gentiles  IV.  389  God  is  . .  of  those  things  that  ascend  up  to 
him  the  way  and  reductive  manuduction.  1821  LAMB  Elia. 
Ser.  i.  Old  Benchers  Inner  T.,  Her  prettiest  blushing  curtsy 
..reductive  of  juvenescent  emotion  ! 
2.  That  reduces,  or  serves  to  reduce,  in  various 
senses  of  the  vb. ;  connected  with,  of  the  nature  of, 
reduction.  Also  with  of. 

1633  H.  GELLIBRAND  in  T.James  Voy,  R  2  b,  [The  moon's] 
Reductive  Scruples.  1651  JER.  TAYLOR  Holy  Dying  iv.  §  6 
Repentance .  .productive  of  fixed  Resolutions  of  holy  Living, 
and  reductive  of  these  to  act  1674  jEAKE/lr/M.  (1696)  156 
i  So  such  kind  of  Reductive  Questions  become  transient. 
1694  SALMON  Bate's  Dispens.  (1715)  326/2  They  can  neve^ 
be  separated  without  some  reductive  Salt.  1741  tr.  Cramer  s 
Assaying  51  Artificers  compose  a  gjreat  many  Fluxes  with 
i  the  above-mentioned  Salts  and  with  the  reductive  ones. 
1822-34  Goods  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  II.  295  The  important 
question  before  us,  under  what  circumstances  it  may  be 
expedient  to  employ  a  palliative  plan,  and  under  what 
a  cooling  and  reductive  ?  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot. 
834  An  action  of  reduction  reductive  is  an  action  in  which  a 
decree  of  reduction,  which  has  been  erroneously  or  im 
properly  obtained,  is  sought  to  be  reduced.  1898  Westm. 
Gaz.  29  Nov.  6/3  The  Imperial  Government  do  not  expect 
to  be  recouped  one  penny  on  the  reductive  move. 

1 3.  That  may  be  referred  to  or  derived  from 
something  else ;  reducible.  Obs. 

1660  JER.  TAYLOR  Duct.  Dutit.  in.  iii.  rule  6  §  32  The 
church  makes  laws  either  by  her  declarative  and  direct 
power,  or  by  a  reductive  and  indirect  power.  1662  GURNALL 
Chr.  in  Arm.  verse  19.  viii.  (1679)  502/1  His  Commission 
is  to  make  known  the  Gospel ;  to  deliver  that . .  which  is 
not  reductive  to  this,  is  besides  his  instruction.  1691  W. 
NICHOLLS  Ans^u.  Naked  Gospel  59  There  is  a  guilt  con 
tracted  from  this  reductive  Heresy  as  well  as  from  the  other, 
t  B.  absol.  as  sb.  That  which  tends  to  reduce. 
a  1676  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  n.  ix.  215  There  needed 
no  other  Reductive  of  the  Numbers  of  Men  to  an  Equability, 
than  the  Wars  that  have  happened  in  the  World.  1681 
CHETHAM  Anglo's  Vade-m.  xxxviii.  §  14  (1689)  249  All 
sorts  of  Creatures  whatever  have  their  Reductives  and 
Corrections,  else  would  the  World  be  over-stocked. 

Redu'Ctively,  adv.  Now  rare.  [f.  prec.  + 
-LY  2.]  By  reduction  ;  by  consequence  or  inference, 
indirectly.  (Common  in  1 7th  c.) 

1631   J.    BURGES  A  nsw.   Rejoined  Pref.    37   Ceremonies 

called  Sacred  are  of  two  sorts,  Properly  so  called,  or  Reduc- 

i    lively.     1661  BOYLI-:  Style  of  Script,  (1675)  129  Insinuating, 


REDUNDANT. 

that  all  the  laws  that  regulate  man's  duty  are  virtually 
or  reductively  comprised  there.  1702  Eng.  Theophrastus 
298  Tho'  they  are  not  matter  of  conscience,  simply  and 
apart,  they  are  so  reductively,  with  a  regard  to  other 
considerations.  1817  J.  BROWN  Gospel  Truth  Stated  (1831) 
141  There  is  not  a  conditional  promise  in  the  Bible  but  what 
is  reductively  absolute.  1853  WHEWELL  Grotius  I.  n  Some 
things  are  said  to  be  according  to  Natural  Law,  which  are 
not  so  properly,  but,  as  the  schools  love  to  speak,  reductively. 

E/eclucto'rial,  a.  rare.  [f.  as  REDUCT  v.  + 
-OKIAL.]  =  REDUCTIVE  a. 

1788  T.  TAYLOR  Proclus  (1792)  II.  409  Every  reductorial 
cause . .  in  the  gods  differs  both  from  a  cathartic  or  purifying 
cause,  and  from  convertive  genera.  1816  —  in  Pamphleteer 
VIII.  478  Intellect  is  of  a  reductorial  or  convertive  nature. 

Redueable,  variant  of  REDEVABLE  a.  Obs. 
I!  Reduit  (redwf).  Fortif.  Also  7  reduite.  [F. 
riduit :— L.  reductus :  see  REDUCT  sb.  c,  and  cf. 
REDOUBT  sb.~\  A  keep  or  stronghold  into  which  a 
garrison  may  retire  when  the  outworks  are  taken, 
and  so  prolong  the  defence  of  the  place. 

1604  E.  GRIMSTONE  Hist.  Siege  Ostend  215  A  Elockehouse 
or  reduite  inuironed  with  the  Sea.  [1619  GILL  Logon.  A  ngl. 
(1621)  29  Redvite,  nupera  vox  est  a  reduco,  munimentum 
pro  tempore  aut  occasione  factum.]  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed. 
Kersey)  s.v.,  In  Fortification,  Keduit  or  Reduct  [etc.]. 
1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.,  Reduits  are  sometimes  used 
for  the  purpose  of  securing  different  posts  in  a  town  inde 
pendent  of  its  citadel.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.t346/i  Thus 
were  formed  good  defensive  posts,  to  each  of  which  the  mill 
served  as  a  reduit  or  keep.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON 
Milit.  Diet.  (ed.  3)  334/2  Blockhouses  form  the  most  suitable 
rednits  for  fieldworks. 

t  Redu-lcerate,  v.  Obs.—"    [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L. 
redulcerare :  see  RE-  and  ULCERATE.]     (See  quot.) 
1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Redulcerate,  to  begin  to  make 
sore  again,  to  renew  a  wound. 

t  Redu'ncate,  a.  Obs.  rare—*,  [f.  L.  re- 
ditnctis,  after  ADUNCATE  (q.v.).]  Of  horns  :  Bent 
or  cui ved  backwards. 

1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Aiiim.  $  Klin.  Introd.,  Some  have 

robust  [horns]  for  butting,,  .some  aduncate,  others  reduncate. 

Redundance   (rfd»'ndans).      [ad.  L.  redun- 

dantia :   see  REDUNDANT  and  -ANCE,  and  cf.  F. 

ridondance  (i4th  c.).]   =  REDUNDANCY. 

1620  T.  GRANGER  Dm  Logike  227*  Redundance,  or  ampli 
fication,  is,  when  either  the  same  argument  is  repeated,  or 
else  some  others  are  added  to  the  principall  parts.  1621 
BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  I.  ii.  n.  iv,  When  there  is  a  manifest 
redundance  of  bad  humors  and  melancholy  blood.  1681 
FLAVEL  Meth.  Grace  ii.  42  If  he  gives  even  to  redundance 
unto  his  enemies,  a  1763  SHENSTONE  Elegies  xvi.  27  Loose 
flow'd  the  soft  redundance  of  her  hair.  1788  REID  A  ristolle's 
Log.  vi.  §  2.  144  A  redundance  rather  than  a  defect  of  first 
principles.  1876  T.  PARKER  Paracl.  i.  v-47  Such  redundance 
of  power  as  will  carry  him  through  all  his  engagements 
with  the  most  perfect  ease. 

Redundancy  (r*d»'ndansi).  [See  prec.  and 
-ANCY.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  redundant ; 
superabundance,  superfluity.  Also  with  a  and//., 
an  instance  or  case  of  this. 

1601-2  FULBECKE  1st  Ft.  Parall.  74  There  is  in  them  me 
thinketh  great  redundancie  of  wordes,  which  might  wel  be 
spared.  1678  CUDWORTH  Intel/.  Syst.  i.  iv.  |  20.  375  A  Love 
of  Redundancy  and  Overflowing  Fulness,  delighting  to 
communicate  it  self.  1706  WALSH  Let.  to  Pope  20  July, 
The  redundancy  of  Wit  . .  is  not  what  ever  pleases  the  best 
judges.  1765  Museum  Rust.  IV.  14  Such  trees  as  run  into 
wood,  whose  redundancy  must  be  moderated  before  they 
will  throw  out  any  bearing  branches.  1821  BYRON  Juan  iv. 
cxvii,  I'm  sensible  redundancy  is  wrong,  But  could  not  for 
the  muse  of  me  put  less  in't.  1875  HELPS  Soc.  Press,  xiv. 
207,  I  can  perceive  defects  and  redundancies  in  his  way  of 
treating  them. 

b.  A  redundant  thing  or  part. 

1631  GOUGE  God's  A  rrmvs  Hi.  §  9.  201  This  particle  («)  is 
an  usuall  redundancy  in  the  Hebrew  tongue.  1651  N. 
BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  n.  xxvi.  (1739)  114  As  touching  the 
Pontifical  Benediction,  himself  took  that  but  as  a  redund 
ancy.  1770  FOOTE  Lame  Lover  i.  Wks.  1709  II.  61  A  leg  ! 
a  redundancy  !  a  mere  nothing  at  all.  1816  T.  L.  PEACOCK 
Headlong  Hall  \\\,  The  remaining  one  wallows  in  all  the 
redundancies  of  luxury.  1875  GLADSTONE  C/rax.  VI.  xxxn. 
160  There  is  no  redundancy  that  can  be  safely  parted  with. 

c.  That  which  is  redundant ;  the  surplus. 

1733  CIIEVNE  Eng.  Malady  n.  vii.  §  2  (1734)  186  That 
Function  ..  throwing  off  the  Redundancy  and  Feculence. 
1795  J.  SULLIVAN  Hist.  Maine  35  Here  a  fall  of  water  .. 
empties  the  redundancy  of  Damariscota  Ponds  into  the 
channel.  1832  HT.  MAKTINEAU  Homes  Abroad  ii.  25  It  is 
not  the  whole  of  the  people..  .It  is  only  the  redundancy  that 
we  have  to  take  care  of. 

Redundant  (r/cl»-ndant),  a.  and  sb.    [ad.  L.  re 
dundant-em,  pple.  of  redundare  to  REDOUND.] 
A.  adj.  1.  Superabundant,  superfluous,  excessive. 

1604  R.  CAWDREY  Table  Alpli.,  Redundant,  ouerflowing, 
or  abounding  too  much.  1642  FULLER  Holy  f;  Prof.  St.  in. 
xv.  190  An  Heteroclite  in  Nature,  with  some  member  de 
fective  or  redundant.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  i.  129 
When  the  latent  Vice  is  cur  d  by  Fire,  Redundant  Humours 
thro'  the  pores  expire.  1763  EMERSON  Meth.  Incrcm.  23  1  o 
expunge  any  redundant  factor,  put  in  its  stead  any  other 
factor  which  is  equivalent  to  it.  1794  S.  WILLIAMS  Hat. 
Vermont  97  The  beavers  always  leave  sluices  or  passages 
near  the  middle  for  the  redundant  waters  to  pass  off.  1855 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xix.  IV.  320  Devising  new  schemes 
for  the  employment  of  redundant  capital.  1869  E.  A. 
ABBOTT  S/iaiks.  Gram.  96  A  somewhat  different  case  of  the 
redundant  object.  1879  T.  BRYANT  Pract.  Surf.  II.  5  The 
redundant  mass  is  to  be  dissected  off. 

b.  Characterized  by  superfluity  or  excess  in  some 
respect;  having  some  additional  or  superfluous 
part,  element,  or  feature.  Also  const,  in. 


KEDUNDANTLY. 

1645  FULLER  Good  Th.  in  Bad  T.  (1841)  25  It  grieved  me 
at  the  first  to  see  our  translation  defective  ;  but  it  offended 
me  afterwards,  to  see  the  other  redundant.  1655  —  Ck, 
Hist.  n.  i.  §  5  This. .will  make  our  Belief  to  demurre  to  the 
Truth  of  his  so  frequent  Miracles,  being  so  Redundant  in 
working  them  on  Triviall  Occasions.  1674  JEAKE  Arith. 
(1696)  169  Improper  Fractions  are  redundant.  1725  WATTS 
Logic  in.  ii.  §  6  All  these  four  kinds  of  syllogisms,  .may  be 
called  redundant,  because  they  have  more  than  three  pro 
positions.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  88  F  15  Milton  fre 
quently  uses.,  the  hypermetrical  or  redundant  line  of  eleven 
syllables.  1830  MACKINTOSH  Progr.  Eth.  Philos.  Wks.  1846 
1. 148  The  naturally  copious  and  flowing  style  of  the  author 
is  generally  redundant.  1856  MACREADY  in  FourC.  Eng. 
Lett.  (1880)  513  You  make  inquiry  of  me  whether  it  is  true 
that,  in  my  youth,  my  action  was  redundant,  and  that  I  took 
extraordinary  pains  to  chasten  it? 

c.  spec,  in  redundant  chord,  hyperbola,  interval, 
noun :  (see  quots.). 

1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Redundant  Nouns,  (in  Gram 
mar)  are  those  that  have  a  Number  or  particular  Case  more 
than  is  usual.  1710  J.  HARRIS  Lex,  Techn.  II,  Redundant 
Hyperbola  is  one  so  called,  because  it  exceeds  the  Conical 
Sections,  in  the  Number  of  its  Hyperbolical  Legs  ;  being  a 
Triple  Hyperbola  with  six  Hyperbolical  Legs,  1753  CHAM 
BERS  Cycl.  Supp.,  Redundant  interval,  in  music,  is  used  for 
an  interval  exceeding  the  truth  by  a  comma.  Some  apply 
redundant  to  an  interval  exceeding  a  diatonic  interval  by  a 
semitone  minor ;  but  this  is  more  usually  called  a  superfluous 
interval.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  36/1  What  the 
French  call  itne  accord  supcrflue,  which  we  have  translated 
a  redundant  chord.  1866  CAYLEY  Math.  Papers  (1892)  V. 
360  In  the  former  case,  the  asymptotes  are  all  real,  and  we 
have  the  redundant  hyperbola. 

2.  Abounding  to  excess  or  fulness ;  plentiful, 
copious,  exuberant :  a.  of  material  things. 

In  mod.  examples  only  after  Milton's  use. 

1671  MILTON  Samson  568  These  redundant  locks  Robus 
tious  to  no  purpose  clustring  down.  1730  ARBUTHNOT 
A  liments  iv.  83  N  otwithstanding  the  redundant  Oil  in  Fishes, 
they  do  not  increase  Fat  so  much  as  Flesh.  i75sDoDDRiDGE 
in  Palmer  Bk.  of  Praise  (1862)  286  Thy  hand  in  autumn 
richly  pours  Through  all  our  coasts  redundant  stores.  1789 
E.  DARWIN  Bot.  Card.  n.  i.  201  Redundant  folds  of  glossy 
silk  surround  Her  slender  waist,  and  trail  upon  the  ground. 
1814  WORDSW.  Laodameia  59  Redundant  are  thy  locks. 
1848  MRS.  JAMESON  Sacr.  $  Leg.  Art(i8$o)  49  Rubens  gives 
us  strong  well-built  youths  with  redundant  yellow  hair. 
b.  of  immaterial  things,  qualities,  etc. 

1695  J.  EDWARDS  Perfect,  Script.  3  Where  words  are  few, 
but  the  sense  is  full  and  redundant.  1784  COWPER  Task  i. 
226  With  foliage  of  such  dark  redundant  growth.  1833 
KANE  Grinnell  Exp.  viii.  (1856)  57  The  materials  thus 


petition,  marked  by  the  redundant  earnestness  and  sustained 
intensity,  which  were  his  characteristics, 

c.  Characterized  by  copiousness,  fullness,  or 
abundance.  Also  const,  of,  with. 

a  1653  G.  DANIEL  Vpon  Reading,  etc.  24  Y«  Copious  East 
Ransack'd,  &  ioyn'd  to  y«  Redundant  West.  1755  YOUNG 
Centaur  iv.  Wks.  1757  IV.  203  Thou  Father  of  all  mercies  ! 
of  mercy  redundant,  inexhaustible,  source  !  1814  SOUTHF.Y 
Ode  during  War  iv.  Amer.  xii,  Queen  of  the  Seas  !  enlarge 
thyself;  Redundant  as  thou  art  of  life  and  power.  1853 
MARSDEN  Early  Purit.  243  Henry  Smith  had  preached  at 
St.  Clement  Danes  in  rich  redundant  periods.  1876  BLACKIE 
Songs  Relig.  fy  Life  233  Growth  the  fairest  and  the  sweetest 
In  the  green  redundant  bower. 

t3.  a.  ?  In  swelling  waves,  wave-like.    Obs. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  503  His  circling  Spires,  that  on  the 
grass  Floted  redundant.  1716  POPK04>W,  xviu.  342  Down 
from  the  swelling  loins,  the  vest  unbound  Floats  in  bright 
waves  redundant  o'er  the  ground. 

t  b.  Swelling  up ;  overflowing.   Obs. 

1719  YOUNG  Busiris  iv.  1,  Redundant  Nile,  Broke  from  its 
channel,  overswells  the  pass.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat. 
(1834)  II. _3o  Nor  will  it  be  incongruous  to  represent  Him 
..  riding  in  whirlwinds,  upheaving  redundant  seas. 

f  4.  Redounding,  resulting.   Obs*  rare  ~L. 

1654  tr.  Scudery's  Curia  Pol.  154  With  glory  or  dishonour 
redundant  to  my  self  in  those  mighty  undertakings. 

t  B.  sb.  Something  redundant ;  spec,  a  redundant 
noun  or  chord  (see  i  c).  Alsoy?^-.  Obs. 

1612  BRINSLEY  Pos.  Parts  (1669)  106  Heteroclits  called 
Redundants.  1640  FULLER  Joseph's  Coat  174  Let  us  not 
willingly  bee  Heteroclites  from  his  will;  either  Defectmes, 
to  doe  too  little,  or  Redundants,  to  doe  too  much.  1650  — 
Pisgah  n.  x.  217  The  Giants  bred  in  Philistia.  .being  Hete 
roclites,  redundants  from  the  rules  of  nature.  1797  Encycl. 
Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  36/2  The  third  redundant  consists  of  two 
tones  and  a  semi-tone. 

Hence  Redtrndantly  adv. 

1680  DALCARNO  Dea/fy  Dumb  Man's  Tutor  17  The  one  is 
still  running  the  same  round, .  .hearing  the  same  words  re 
dundantly.  1717  BERKELEY  Jrnl.  Tour  in  Italy  27  Jan., 
Facade  of  the  Jesuits'  church  ornamented  but  not  redun 
dantly.  1755  in  JOHNSON  and  later  Diets.  1783  MASON  tr. 
DM  Fresnoy's  A  rt  Paint.  768  Yet  more  than  these  to  medita 
tion's  eyes,  Great  Nature's  self  redundantly  supplies. 

t  Redunda'tion.  Oh~l  [zc\.  L.  redundatio , 
n.  of  action  f.  reditnddre  to  REDOUND.]  Overflow. 

a  1659  UP.  BROWNRIG  Scrm.  (1674)  II.  x.  122  Repentance, . 
rises  in  the  heart,  then  by  a  natural  flux,  and  redundation, 
shews  it  self  in  the  body. 

Redunde,  obs.  form  of  REDOUND. 

Reduplicate  (rfdi/rplikrt),  a.  and  st>.  [ad. 
late  L.  reduplicat-us :  see  RE-  and  DUPLICATE  a.t 
and  cf.  next.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Doubled,  repeated. 

1647  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  n,  ii.  n.  xxxvi,  Lesse  active, 
lesse  reduplicate,  lesse  free.  1822-34  Good's  Study  Med. 
(ed.  4)  IV.  48  It  exhibits  the  two  following  varieties :.  .Re 
duplicate  menstruation.  1827  Hoon  Mids.  Fairies  Ixii,  By 
silver  trouts  upbringing  from  green  sheen,  And  winking 


319 

stars  reduplicate  at  night,  Spare  us.  1679  KHOHY  Princ. 
Med.  57  Very  often  the  sounds  are  more  or  less  doubled  or 
repeated  and  are  called  reduplicate  sounds. 

b.   Gram.  Reduplicated ;  connected  with  or  in 
volving  reduplication. 

1841  LATHAM  Eng.  Lang.  xyi.  276  In  the  present  English 
there  is  no  Perfect  or  Reduplicate  form.  1844  Proc.  Philol. 
Sac.  I.  265  Buttmann  conjectures  it  to  be  nothing  more  than 
a  mutilation  of  the  reduplicate  prefix  of  the  perfect.  1880 
EAKLE  Philol.  Eng:  Tongue  (ed.  3)  §  285  The  German  ging 
..indicates  a  reduplicate  form  which  was  lost  in  English. 

2.  Bot.  Valvate,  with  the  edges  reflexed. 

1856  HENSLOW  Diet.  Bot.  Terms.  1870  BKSTLF.Y  Man. 
Bot.  (ed.  2)  211  When  the  margins  are  turned  outwards 
under  the  same  circumstances,  the  aestivation  is  reduplicate, 

B.  sb.  A  double  (one),  a  duplicate. 
_  1657  GAULK  Sapicntia  Justificata  73  Therefore  then  (the    i 
illative  is  a  reduplicate,  and  concludes  so  much  the  stronger) 
etc.     1803  G.  S.  FABER  Cabiri  II.  275  note,  It  is  manifest, 
that  both  these  stories  are  in  substance  the  same,  for  the 
second  is  merely  the  reduplicate  of  the  first.     1816  —  Orig. 
Pagan  Idol.  11.238  Which  number  [14]  is  the  mere  redupli 
cate  of  seven. 

Reduplicate  (rfdiw'plik^t),  v.  [f.  ppl.  stem 
of  med.L.  reduplicare^  f.  re-  RE-  +  duplictire  to 
DUPLICATE  :  cf.  prec.] 

1.  trans.  To  make  double  ;  to  repeat,  redouble. 
1570  LEVINS  Manip.  42/13  To  Reduplicate,  reditplicare. 

a  1657  R.  LOVEDAY  Lett.  (1663)  256,  I  think  it  will  prove  no 
unwelcom  Office  to  you,  to  reduplicate  the  old  token.  1660 
JER.  TAYLOR  Duct.  Dubit.  in.  i.  rule  i  §  20  When  the  pre 
ceptive  or  prohibitive  clauses  are  reduplicated.  1717  L. 
HoVfVL 2)tstdgriiu  (ed.  3)  79  He  reduplicates  his  consolatory 
Grace.  1812  G.  CHALMERS  Dom.  Econ.  Gt.  Brit.  428  The 
Irish  people,  .augmented  their  gains,  and  reduplicated  their 
capital.  1850  B.  TAYLOR  Eldorado  I.  iv.  23  The  firmament 
..reduplicating  its  hues  on  the  glassy  sea.  1878  H.  C.  LEA 
Superst.  fy  force,  IVager  of  Law  (ed.  3)  27  The  plan  of 
reduplicating  oaths  on  different  altars  was  an  established 
practice  among  the  Anglo-Saxons. 

b.  Gram.  To  repeat  (a  letter  or  syllable) ;  to 
form  (a  tense)  by  reduplication. 

1832  LEE  Hebr.  Gram.  (ed.  2)  vii.  105  Those  [nouns]  which 
are  augmented,  ..reduplicating,  or  not,  at  the  same  time, 
any  of  their  letters  or  syllables.     1860  FARRAR  Fain.  Speech    \ 
iii.  (1873)  88  In  the  perfect  the  second  letter  is  often  redupli-    ' 
cated,  as  in  Rabab.     1894   HENRY  Comp,  Gram.  Eng.  <5-    j 
Germ.  307  Hence  the  perfects  of  type  G  were  clearly  re-    j 
duplicated  in  Pregermanic. 

2.  intr.  To  become  double  or  doubled,    rare. 
1866  London  Rev.  6  Jan.  6/2  The  people.. went  on  re 
duplicating  with  a  fecundity  which  [etc.]. 

Redn'plicated,  ///.  a.    [f.  prec.  +  -ED  i.] 

1.  Doubled,  repeated. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeaus  Fr.  Chirurg.  2  b/i  The  re 
duplicated  semicircle.  1658  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Partitas 
Wars  Cyprus  166  The  Pope  ..  sent  reduplicated  Briefs  to 
Don  John,  to  make  him  speedily  depart.  1860  O.  W. 
HOLMES  Prof.  Breakf.-t.  iv.  (Paterson)  84  Like  the  redu 
plicated  echo  of  a  cry  among  the.  .hills  ! 

b.  Gram.  (See  REDUPLICATE  v.  i  b.) 

1832  LEE  Hebr.  Gram.  (ed.  2)  vii.  107  Of  reduplicated 
words.  Ibid,  viii.  139  The  second  class  of  reduplicated 
nouns.  1874  SAYCE  Compar.  Philol.  iv.  149  Other  forms, 
such  as  the  reduplicated  perfect  or  the  optative.  1882 
MONRO  Gram.  Homeric  Dial.  42  These  forms  may  be  either 
connected  with  the  Perfect  . .  or  with  the  Reduplicated 
Aorist.  1888  KING  &  COOKSON  Sound  <$-  Inflection^  etc.  417 
The  vowel  of  the  reduplicated  syllable. 

f2.  Folded  double.   Obs.  rare-'*-. 

1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhouers  Bk.  Physicke  36/2  Applye  this 
water  with  reduplicatede  clothes,  or  with  a  Sponge. 

Redu'plicating,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.] 
That  reduplicates ;  causing,  or  connected  with,  re 
duplication. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Reduplication,  The  usual 
reduplicating  words  are  quatenus,  as,  so  far  as  [etc.].  1814 
SOUTHEV  Roderick  xvm,  The  thundering  shout,  Rolling 
among  reduplicating  rocks.  1883  A.  S.  HARDY  But  yet  a 
Woman  254  Windows  whose  reduplicating  mirrors  were 
arranged  to  catch  the  eye  of  the  loiterer. 

Reduplication  (i/diwplik^-Jan).  [ad.  late  L. 
reduplication- em  :  see  REDUPLICATE  v.  and  -ATION, 
and  cf.  F.  reduplication  (1520).] 

1 1.  The  action  of  doubling  or  folding.  O&s.—1 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.   Poesic   in.  xix.   (Arb.)   210  The 

Greekes  name  this  figure  Sytnplochc,  the  Latins  Comple.ri<\ 

perchaunce  for  that  he  seemes  to  hold  in  and  to  wrap  vp 

the  verses  by  reduplication,  so  as  nothing  can  fall  out. 

b.  A  double  or  fold.  rare.    Cf.  REDUPLICATURE. 

1698  TYSON  in  Phil.  Trans.  XX.  115  A  Reduplication  of 
the  Skin  inwards,  which  forms  a  Bag.  1881  MIVART  Cat 
296  The  cartilage  of  the  pinna  is  large  and  complexly- 
shaped,  with  a  reduplication  in  front, 

2,  The  action  of  making  or  becoming  double  or 
two-fold;  repetition;  also,  an  instance  of  this,  a 
double  or  counterpart. 

1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  Ad  Sect.  ix.  §  2  When  Jesus 
by  reduplication  of  his  desire,  fortifying  it  with  a  Command 
[etc.].  1659  H.  MORE  Immort.  Soul  i.  ii.  Ax.  9  To  both 
these  may  be  apply' d  the  terines  of  Reduplication  and  Satura 
tion  :  The  former,  when  Essence  or  Substance  is  but  once 
redoubled  into  it  self,  or  into  another.  x8ia  G.  CHALMERS 
Dom.  Econ.  Gt.  Brit.  475  We  have  seen  the  reduplications 
of  populousness,  in  both  our  Isles,  1841  L.  HUNT  .Seer 
(1864)  86  A  crowd  is  but  the  reduplication  of  ourselves. 
1876  BRISTOWE  Th.  $  Pract.  Med.  (1878)  509  There  is 
frequently  a  tendency,,  .either  to  disregard  the  true  second 
sound,  or  to  look  upon  it  as  a  mere  reduplication. 

b.  Repetition  of  a  word  (or  phrase).  fAlso 
spec,  (see  quot.  1656). 

a  1619  FOTHERBV  Atheont.  Pref.  (1622)  A  viij  b,  Marke  ! 
heere  againe,  how  the  Prophet  resumeth  his  first  admiration,  ; 


REDUPLICATIVE. 

by  a  Poeticall  Epanalepsis  or  reduplication.  1656  T.LOLNT 
Glossogr.,  Reduplication.. is  a  figure  in  Rhetoric,  when  the 
same  word  that  ends  one  part  of  a  verse  or  sentence,  is  re 
peated  in  that  which  follows,  a  1680  CHARNOCK  Attrib. 
6^(1834)  II.  685  Intimating  the  greatness  of  their  sins  by 
the  reduplication  of  the  word.  1729  Port:  Dune.  in.  266 
notC)  Which  reduplication  of  the  word  gives  a  much 
stronger  emphasis  to  Violante's  concern.  1860  PC  KEY  Min, 
Proph.  537/2  What  meaneth  that  reduplication,  'and  He 
shall  rule  on  His  Throne  ',  but  that  [etc.], 

c.  Path.  (See  quot.  and  cf.  REDOCBLEMENT  2.) 

1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  Reduplication.,  .applied  to  the 
paroxysms  of  ague  of  a  double  type. 

f  3.  The  repetition  of  a  term  with  a  limiting  or 
defining  force;  hence,  the  addition  of  some  limiting 
term  to  one  already  used,  or  the  sense  of  a  term 
as  thus  limited.  Obs. 

1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  279  Euery  good  thing  Is 
to  be  desired,  »as  it  is  good,  niarg.,  VThis  is  called  re 
duplication,  or  the  redoubling  of  a  termc.  1656  JEANES 
Fuln.  Christ  149  Vet  the  word  considered,  as  Christ,  as 
incarnate,  as  subsisting  in  two  natures,  may  under  this 
reduplication  be  said  to  be  after  the  manhood,  and  to 
depend  upon  it.  1678  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  III.  101  God 
doth  not  deliver  up  men  to  judicial  hardnesse  simply  as 
hardnesse,  under  that  reduplication.  1727-41  CMAMUFRS 
Cycl.  s.v.,  Reduplication,  in  logic,  is  a  kind  of  condition 
expressed  in  a  proposition,  indicating  or  assigning  the 
manner  wherein  the  predicate  is  attributed  to  the  subject. 

4.  Gram.  Repetition  of  a  syllable  or  letter,  csp. 
in  the  case  of  verbal  forms  (chiefly  the  perfect  tense) 
in  Greek  and  other  Indo-European  languages. 

Attic  reduplication^  the  form  exemplified  in  Gr.  CLKY/IOO. 
from  ctKOiJtu,  vjyayov  from  aym. 

.'774  J-  BRYANT  Mythol.  I.  36  They  seem  to  have  some 
times  used  this  term  with  a  reduplication  :  for  we  read  of  a 
city  in  Canaan  called  Sansanah.  1832  LEE  Jlebr.  Gram. 
(ed.  2)  vii.  112  These  are  nouns  which  are  thought  to  have 
an  intensitive  signification,  without  presenting  any  redupli 
cation  either  in  the  vowels  or  consonants.  t&$g  Penny  Cycl, 
XIII.  314/1  The  third  conjugation.. is  characterized  by  the 
reduplication  of  the  first  letter  of  the  verb  with  a  short 
vowel.  1869  FARRAR  Fam.  .Speech  ii.  (1873)  74  It  also  re 
tained  the  reduplication  of  the  perfect. 

attrib.  1894  LINDSAY  Latin  Lang.  viii.  §  39.  494,  £  being 
the  usual  Reduplication-vowel.  Ibid.  §  43.  503  The  older 
writers  used  *?in  the  Reduplication-syllable. 

b.  A  word-form  produced  by  repetition  of  a 
syllable. 

i86z  I).  WILSON  Prtft.  Man  iv.  (1865)  65  They  are 
traceable  in  many  reduplications,  and  influence  the  choice 
of  vowel-sounds  in  a  large  class  of  words.  1868  GLADSTONE 
Jui>.  Mundi  x\i\.  (1869)  489  Tartaros  is  taken  to  be  the 
reduplication  of  the  '  tar  *  in  '  tarik  \ 

f5.  Exact  reproduction.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1794  MATHIAS  Purs.  Lit.  (1798)  157  The  uniform  and 
constant  reduplication  of  the  old  spelling  of  every  word  in 
Mr.  Ireland's  new  Volume  by  Shakspeare. 

t  6.  The  action  of  doubling  a  second  time. 

1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1696)24  Reduplication,  .or  Multipli 
cation  by  4  is  to  double  the  Duplication. 

Reduplicative  (i/diw'plik^tiv),  a.  and  sh.    [f. 

L.  redupiicat-j  ppl.  stem  of  reduphcare+  -IVE.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  the  nature  of,  pertaining  or  re 
lating  to,  expressing  or  implying,  reduplication  of 
terms.  (See  prec.  3.)  Now  rare. 

1605  Ansiv.  Supposed Disc&v.R out.  Doctr.  48  Our  Priests, 
neither  vnder  that  reduplicatiue  formalitie  (as  Priests)  nor 
otherwise  maintaine  by  our  religion  any  position  or  practise 
seditious.  1657  J.  SERGEANT  Schism  Dispaclit  260  That 
'as  such'  depends  upon  Dr.  H's  invention;  no  such  re 
duplicative  expression  being  found  in  the  testimony.  1674 
HICKMAN  Hist,  Quinquart.  Ep.  (ed.  2)  aij  b,  Not  knowing. . 
that,  in  such  kind  of  Syllogisms,  the  Reduplicative  particle 
ought  alway  to  be  put  to  the  major  term  of  the  Syllogism. 
1710  tr.  Werenfels's  Disc.  Logont.  25  Whether  the  word  As 
be  reduplicative  or  specificative.  1864  HOWEN  Logic  v. 
147  The  second  sort  of  Restriction  is  called  Reduplicative, 
as  it  consists  in  a  repetition  of  the  restricted  Term. 

b.  Of  propositions  :  Having  a  limiting  repetition 
of  the  subject  expressed. 

1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.   Techn.   I,  Reduplicative  Proposi 
tions,  are  such  wherein  the  Subject  is  repeated  :  Thus,  Men, 
as  Men,  are  Rational ;  Kings,  as  Kings,  are  subject  to  none 
but  God.     1725  WATTS  Logic  \\.   ii.    §   6  Some   logicians 
refer  reduplicative  propositions  to  this  place.     1788  REID 
Aristotle's  Logic  iv.  §  7. 100  The  first  class  comprehends  the 
syllogism  into  which  any  reduplicative  proposition  enters, 
f  2.  Capable  of  repetition.  Obs.  (In  H.  More  only.) 
1647  H.  MORE  Philos.  Poems  231  Like  quantity  it  self  out 
stretched  right  Devoid  of  all  reduplicative  might.      Ibid. 
Interpr.  Gen.  433  That  is  reduplicative,  which  is  not  onely 
in  this  point,  but  also  in  another.      1668  —  Div.  Dial.  I. 
xxv.  100  Whence  again  it  is  a  sign  that  it  has  an  Extension 
of  its  own,  reduplicative  into  it  self. 
f3.  Of  pronouns:  (see  quot.).   Obs.   rare-1. 
1668  WILKINS  Real  Char.  in.  ii.  305  The  Modifications  of 
Pronouns . .  are  of  two  kinds,  i  Possessive. . .  2  Reduplicative, 
denoting  a  particular  Emphasis,  whereby  a  word  is  raised 
and  intended  in  its  signification ;  as  I  my  self. 
4.  Formed  by  reduplication. 

"833  Canibr.  Philol.  Museum  II.  378  Of  these  [conjuga 
tions]  the  first  six  or  reduplicative,  exist  as  such  only  in 
Gothic.     1873  EARLE  Philol.  Eng.  Tongue  (ed.  2)  §  286  The 
earliest  extant  forms  are  not  reduplicative. 
6.   Bot.     -REDUPLICATED.  2. 

1866  Treas.  Bot.     1876  Encycl.  Brit.  IV.  130/2  Diagram 

to   illustrate   reduplicative    or    reduplicate    jestivation,   in 

which  the  parts  of  the  whorl  are  slightly  turned  outwards. 

B,  sb.  fl.  A  reduplicative  particle  (see  A.  i). 

1569  J.  SANFORD  tr.  Agrippa's  Van.  Artes  viii.  22  b,  Of 

Reduplicatiues,  of  Exclusiues.  ..and  other  intollerahle  and 

vaine  wordes  which  are  writen  in  the  little  Logicals. 


REDUPLICATIVELY. 

2.  A  reduplicating  verb. 

1833  Cambr.  Philol.  Museum  II.  378  Comparing  with  the 
Gothic  reduplicatives  above  given,  the  following  Anglo- 
Saxon  verbs. 

Hence  Bedu-plicatively  adv.     (Cf.  A.  i  above.) 

1652  URQUHART  Jewel  Wks.  (1834)  293  As  they  suppone 
for  things  reduplicatively  as  things  in  the  first  apprehension 
of  the  minde  by  them  signified.  1678  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles 
III.  31  'As'  here  must  not.  .be  taken  reduplicatively  but 
only  specificatively.  1840  G.  S.  FABER  Prim.  Doctr.  Regen. 
26  Throughout  his  Treatise,  identifying  Conversion  with 
Regeneration,  he  reduplicatively  expresses  himselC 

Redu'plicatory  ,  a.  rare  ~~^.  [f.  as  REDUPLI 
CATE  v.  +  -ORY.]  Rcpetitional. 

1780  M.  MADAN  Thelyphthora  II.  242  Another  instance 
of  the  reduplicatory  emphasis  in  the  Hebrew  language. 

Recluplicature  (r/di/rplik^tim).    [f.  as  prec. 

+  -URE.  Cf.  DUPLICATURE.]  =  REDUPLICATION  I  b. 
1836-9  TODD  CycL  Anat.  II.  587/2  The  reduplicature  of 
the  lining  membrane.  1884  S  EDO  WICK  &  HEATHCOTE  tr. 
Claus*  Zool.  I.  416  A.  .laterally  compressed  bivalve  shell, 
formed  by  a  reduplicature  of  the  skin. 

Redur(e,  varr.  RADDOUR,  REDDOUR  Obs. 

Reduviid  (redi;rvi|id),  a.  and  sb.  Also  re- 
duvid.  [f.  mod.L.  Reduvi-us  (see  def.)  -i-  -ID.] 
a.  adj.  Belonging  to  the  Reditviidse,  a  family  of 
predaceous  bugs,  of  which  Reduvius  is  the  typical 
genus,  b.  sb.  An  insect  of  this  family.  So  Be- 
du'vioid,  a.  and  sb. 

1891  in  Cent.  Diet.  1900  Ibis  April  245  The  stomachs 
contain  diptera,  reduviid  bugs,  and  occasionally  chemform 
spiders  and  wasps. 

II  Redux  (rrdwks),  a.  Path.  [L.,  f.  redilcere  to 
bring  back,  REDUCE.]  Of  crepitation  or  other 
physical  signs  :  Indicating  the  return  of  an  organ 
to  a  healthy  state. 

1898  Attbutfs  Syst-  Med.  V.  99  The  'redux'  crepitation 
is  sometimes  indistinguishable  from  that  of  pulmonary 
haemorrhage.  Ibid,  360  Friction  sound,  indicative  of  re 
stored  contact  between  the  pleural  surfaces,  redux  friction  as 
it  is  usually  called. 

Red-vented:  see  RED  a.  14  b. 

1"  Redvore,  app.  a  variant  of  RADEVORE  Obs. 

The  precise  sense  is  not  clear  ;  but  the  general  import  of 
the  passage  seems  to  make  the  current  explanation  of 
radevore  doubtful. 

c  1425  WYN  TOUN  Cron.  \.  v.  256  (Royal  MS.)  Scho  begowth 
on  hand  to  taWewyng  thatneyyr  than  before  Wes  oysyd  be 
cavale  na  reduore  [v.rr.  reduoir,  redor,  rhetourj. 


ware  ]  .  Sc  .    [See  WARE  sb,]    A  kind  of 
seaweed,  Laminaria  digitata  ;  common  tangle. 

1806  P.  NEILL  Tour  Orkney  ff  Shet.  29  On  deep  shores.  . 
great  quantities  of  red-  ware  or  sea-girdles  (F.  digitat  votary 
collected   with  long  hooks  at  low  water.     1808   FORSYTH 
Beauties  Scott.  V.  155  In  Loch  Erriboll.  .red-ware,  or  sea 
weed  is  produced  in  such  quantity  as  to  afford  yearly  ten 
or  twelve  tons  of  Kelp. 

b.  attrib.,  as  red-  ware  cod  or  codling,  a  small 
brownish  cod  found  among  seaweed;  red-ware 
fishick,  the  rockling  or  whistle-fish. 

1707  SIBBALD  Fife  52  Osellits  varius  vel  striatus  Shon- 
fcldii,  the  Red  ware  Codling.  1805  G.  BARRY  Orkney  Isl. 
289  The  Wrasse.,  is  very  often  found  in  company  with  what 
we  call  the  red-ware  cod.  Ibid.  292  The  Whistle  Fish 
(gadns  mustela..)  or,  as  it  is  here  named,  the  red-ware 
fishick,  is  a  species  very  often  found  under  the  stones  among 
the  sea-weed. 

Red  ware  ".  A  coarse  kind  of  tmglazed  pottery. 
Also  attrib.  as  red-ware  potter  ;  pottery. 

[1797  Encycl.  Brit.  {ed.  3)  XVII.  810/1  The  coarse  yellow, 
red,  black,  and  mottled  wares.]  1832  G.  R.  PORTER  Porcelain 
•V  G7.  41  The  oxide  of  iron,  when  present  in  any  sensible 
degree,  renders  the  clay  unfit  for  all  purposes,  except  that 
of  forming  the  common  red  ware.  1852  Hist.  Co.  Oxford 
856  Leafield  has  been  noted  for  some  time  for  its  red-ware 
pottery.  1885  Census  Instruct.  88  Red  Ware  Potter. 

Red-water.     Also  red  water,  redwater. 

1.  a.  A  disease  in  cattle  and  sheep,  now  recog 
nized  as  of  malarial  affinities,  and  characterized  by 
the  presence  of  free  haemoglobin  in  the  urine. 

1594  O.  B.  Quest.  Profit.  Concern.  12  b,  Their  cattell  should 
rot  and  die  of  the  murrion  or  read-water.  1644  QCAHLES 
Sheph.  Orac.  i,  In  those  past  daies  our  Shepheards  knew 
not  what  Red-water  meant.  1707  MORTIMER  Hush.  (1721) 
I.  245  The  Rot,  Red-water,  and  most  of  the  Distempers 
that  Sheep  are  subject  to.  1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes 
Agric.  29  Aug.  an.  1774,  Yesterday  one  of  the  Lancashire 
cows  died  of  the  red-water.  1834  YOUATT  Cattle  161  It  is 
said  that  the  young  Galloway  cattle  are  more  exposed  than 
others  to  Redwater.  1879  ATCIIERLKY  Boerland  -zyj  Some  of 
the  oxen  showed  symptoms  of  red  water. 
b.  (See  quot.) 

1807  Trans.  Highl.  Soc.  III.  428  Redwater  ,  .  consists  in  an 
inflammation  of  the  skin,  that  raises  it  into  blisters,  which 
contain  a  thin,  reddish,  and  watery  fluid. 

t2.   (See  quot.)  Obs.  rare-1. 

1712  J.  MORTON  Nat.  Hist.  Northampt.  273,  1  now  proceed 
to  the  Acidula;,  or  the  Medicinal  Springs...  A  Spring  of 
this  Kind  is  here  commonly  known  by  the  Name  of  the  Red- 
Well,  or  the  Red-  Water,  the  Iron  Water. 

3.  The  poisonous  red  juice  of  the  sassy-tree  of 
West  Africa  {Erythrop-klfBUm  guineense},  hence 
called  red-water  tree. 

1830  LONDON  Hortus  Brit.  168  ErytJirophleum  .  .  Red 
Water  Tree.  1878  H.  C.  LEA  Superst.  fy  Force  (ed.  3)  222 
Throughout  a  wide  region  of  Western  Africa,  one  of  the  mo^f 
popular  forms  of  ordeal  is  that  of  the  red  water,  or  '  sassy- 
bark  '.  1887  MOLONEY  Forestry  IV.  Afr.  338  Mancone  of  the 
Portuguese,  Bourane,  Red-water  Tree,  Ordeal  Bark,  &c. 


320 
Red  weed,  red-weed. 

1.  An  American  plant  or  plants.     Now  .applied  to 
a  species  of  Phytolacca  (Treas.  Bot.  1866). 

1624  CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  170  Here  is  also  frequently 
growing  a  certaine  tall  Plant,  whose  stalke  being  all  ouer 
couered  with  a  red  rinde,  is  thereupon  termed  the  red  weed. 
1667  Phil.  Trans.  II.  796  There  grows  a  Berry  (by  report) 
both  in  the  Bermudas  and  New  England,  call'd  the  Summer- 
Island-Redweed,  which  Berry  is  as  red  as  the  Trick le-Peare. 

2.  The  corn  poppy  {Papaver  rhccas). 

1641  BEST  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  35  The  most  usuall  and 
best  way  for  ty thinge  of  hey  is . .  to  make  use  of  reade-weedes 
for  wikes.  a  1722  LISLE  Husb.  (1757)  II.  285  Poppy  or  red- 
weed  seldom  grows  in  the  deep  and  wet  lands  of  Hants. 
1788  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  VI.  113  A  county  like  this,  overrun 
with  red  weeds.  1846  MRS.  LOUDON  Brit.  Wild  Fl.  25  The 
farmers  call  it  Red-weed,  Red-cap,  and  Corn  Rose.  1881- 
in  dial,  glossaries  (E.  Anglia,  Berks,  Hants,  Wilts,  Devon, 
etc.).  1899  RIDER  HAGGARD  Fanner's  Year  13  Jan,,  That 
part  of  the  field  produced  more  poppies  than  anything  else — 
red  weed  \ve  call  it. 

3.  a.  Herb  Robert,     b.  Knot-grass. 

1877  Hardujickes  Sci.  Gossip  Jan.  39  Geranium  Rolerti- 
anutn. — The  cottagers  on  Delamere  Forest  call  this  *  Rub- 
wort  'and  'Red  weed'.  i88z  Devon  Plant  frames,  Red  weed, 
Polygonum  avicnlare.  '  Redweed  and  Assmart  usually 
occur  together  ',  said  a  farmer. 

Red  wheat.  A  variety  of  the  common  wheat, 
of  a  reddish  colour. 

1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  34  Red  wheate  hath  a  flat  eare,. . 
and  is  the  greatteste  corne.  1578  LYTK  Dodocns  iv.  i.  453 
The  first  kinde,  whiche  of  Columella  is  iudged  the  best,.. is 
called  Robus>  and  of  Plinie  Triticum:  in  English  Red 
Wheat.  1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  //',  v.  i.  17  Shall  we  sowc  the 
head-land  with  Wheate?  S/ial.  With  red  Wheate  Dauy.  1611 
CUTGR.,  Rousset, , .  also,  red  wheat,  Duck-lull  wheat,  Nor- 
mandie  wheat.  1712  J.  MORTON  Xat.  Hist.  Norttiampt.  476 
Triticitm  sfiica  and  gram's  rubentilms,.  .red  Wheat,  [called] 
in  some  places  Kentish  Wheat;  here  red  lemmas.  Its 
Stalk,  Ear,  and  Grain  are  all  of  them  red.  1762  }\\\.i&Syst. 
Pract.  Hitsb.  I.  361  The  red-wheat,  and  the  Poland  bearded 
wheat.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk,  Farm  II.  349  Most  of  the 
red  wheats  belong  to  this  class  of  grain.  1868  Chambers' 
Encycl.  s.v.  H'Jteat,  Red  wheats  are  therefore  preferred  for 
comparatively  poor  soils. 

He-Awing,  red-wing. 

1.  Ornith.    a.    A   common    variety    of    thrush 
(Turdus  iliactts\  characterized  by  its  red  wings. 

1657  W.  RAND  tr.  Gassendis  Life  Peircsc  in.  157  He  under 
took  among  other  things  to  send. .a  pair  of  Phwnicoptcri^ 
or  Red-wings,  birds  so-called.  1674  RAY  Catal,  Eng. 
Birds  86  The  Thrush-kind. .  .The  Redwing  or  Swine-pipe: 
Turdus  lliacns.  1753  J.  HILL  Hist.  Anim.  494  The  orange- 
grey  Turdus,  with  a  white  breast,  the  Redwing ;  this  is 
smaller  than  the  common  thrush.  1771  G.  WHITE  Selbome 
xlv,  Redwings  are  some  of  the  first  birds  that  suffer  with 
us  in  severe  weather.  1802  MONTAGU  Omith.  Diet.  (1831) 
414  The  Redwing  is  a  migrative  species,  coming  to  us  in 
great  flocks  about  the  latter  end  of  September.  1863  BARING- 
GOULD  Iceland  332  A  coppice  of  birch,  among  which  darted 
the  redwing  and  white  wagtail. 

b.  The  red-winged  blackbird  {Agelwts  phtcuiceus} 
of  North  America. 

1831  AUDUBON  Ornit/t.  Biog.  I.  348  As  soon  as  spring 
makes  its  appearance,  almost  all  the  Redwings  leave  the 
Southern  States.  1859  THOREAU  Autumn  (1894)  68,  I  see,. 
no  red-wings  for  a  long  time. 

c.  The  red-winged  francolin  of  South  Africa. 
1893  NEWTON  Diet,  Birds  292  No  fewer  than  ten  [species 

are],  .found  within  the  limits  of  the  Cape  Colony,  Franco- 
linns  levaillanti)  the  '  Redwing1  of  English  settlers,  being 
especially  numerous.  [Cf.  quot.  1867  in  3.] 

2.  transf.  A  small  sailing-boat  with  red  sails. 
1897  Westm.  Gaz.  19  Aug.  7/1  Every  kind  of  craft  is  likely 

to  find  representation,  from  the  big  racers  to  the  little  red 
wings  with  their  rosy  sails, 

3.  attrib.j  as  red-wing  blackbird^  fieldfare,  par 
tridge^  thrush. 

1767  G.  WHITE  Selborne  x,  The  martins  and  red-wing 
fieldfares  were  flying  in  sight  together.  1828  FLEMING  Brit. 
Anim.  65  Turdus  iliacus.  Redwing  Thrush.  iS+oCifvier's 
Anim,  Kingd.  185  The  Redwing  Thrush.,  is  a  common 
winter  visitant  in  Britain.  1867  LAYARD  Birds  S.  Afr.  270 
Francolinus  Levaillantii.  . ,  Red-wing-Partridge  of  Colo 
nists.  1883  Century  Mag.  Sept.  653/1  Among  the  most 
common  birds  are  the  meadow-lark..,  the  red-wing  black 
bird  [etc.]. 

Red-winged,  a.   Having  red  wings.    Also^. 

1712  KLACKMORE  Creation  v.  247  The  red-wing'd  Fire 
must  to  the  Moon  arise.  1752  J.  HILL  Hist.  Anim.  54  The 
red-winged  Cantharus,  with  a  red  thorax.  1781  LATHAM 
Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  I.  i.  246  Little  Red-winged  Parakeet. 
1831  WILSON,  etc.  Amer.  Ornith.  I.  Contents  p.  vii,  Red- 
winged  Wax  wing.  1898  Westm.  Gaz.  6  Sept.  8/2  Millions 
of  red-winged  ants. 

b.  Red-winged  blackbird ^  icterus,  oriole,  starling, 
or  troopial'.  The  American  marsh  blackbird,  Age- 
IK-US  phceniceus  (formerly  called  Icterus  pha'niceus}. 

1754  CATESBV  Nat.  Hist.  Carol,  (ed.  2)  I.  13  The  red  wing'd 
Starling.  1768  PENNANT  Arct.  Zool.  I.  300 The  Red-winged 
Orioles  build  their  nests  in  bushes.  1803  MITCHILL  in  Med. 
Repository  ^Q^}  122  Redwing'd  blackbird.  1831  WILSON,  etc. 
Amer.  Ornith.  IV.  49  The  bill  is.  .formed  exactly  like  that 
of  the  red-winged  troopial.  1839  AUUUBON  Ornith.  Biog. 
V.  3  Their  habits  are  similar  to  those  of  the  Red-winged 
Icterus.  1864-5  WOOD  Homes  without  H,  537  One  of  the 
most  variable  of  birds  in  its  nesting  is  the  well  known  Red- 
winged  Starling  of  North  America.  1893  NEWTON  Diet. 
Birds  530  Maize-bird,  a  local  name  for  Agel&ns phccniceus, 
often  called  the  Red-winged  Blackbird. 

Re'dwood,  sb.     Also  red  wood,  red-wood. 

1.  \Yood  of  a  red  colour,  obtained  from  many 
different  trees,  chiefly  of  tropical  regions ;  formerly 
applied  esp.  to  such  as  were  used  for  dyeing. 


BEE. 

1634  Copy  Court  Roll  (IVakc/ield),  One  milne  . .  used  for 
the  grinding  of  red  wood.  1640  Jrnl.  Ho.  Comm.  II.  33 
The  sole  importing  of  the  Red-wood.  1686  Land.  Gaz.  No. 
2186/1,  150  thousand  pounds  of  Red  Wood.  172*  Ibid. 
No.  6040/7  Red  Wood  or  Guinea  Wood  the  Hundred 
Weight, ..one  Pound  ten  Shilling*.  1725  SLOANE  Jamaica. 

II.  185  Red-wood.    This  is  very  red,  more  porous,  lax,  and 
lighter  than  any  of  the  foregoing  woods.     1812  J.   SMYTH 
Pract.  of  Customs  (1821)  285  Cam  Wood,  a  fine  red  wood  of 
Africa  and  of  the  Brazils,  principally  used  in  turnery..  .Cam 
Wood  and  Red  Wood  are  considered  in  London  as  one  and 
the  same  article.     1857  R.  TOMES  Amer.  in  Japan  vi.  135 
The  jamana.  .is  very  like  the  red-wood  of  Brazil  and  Mexico. 
1887  MOLONEY  Forestry  W.  Afr.  139  Redwood  comes  chiefly 
from  Old  Calabar,  gives  a  stronger  colour  than  barwood, 
and  is  worth  a  little  more. 

b.  Sc.  (See  quot.) 

1825  JAMIESON,  Red-Wood,  the  name  given  to  the  reddish, 
or  dark -coloured,  and  more  incorruptible,  wood  found  in  the 
heart  of  trees. 

2.  A  name  given  to  various  trees  having  a  red 
wood,  esp.  a.  tall  Californian  timber-tree,  Sequoia 
scmpervirens. 

1716  Petiveriana\\\.  4/1  Red  Wood  [of  Barbadoes].  I7<j6 
P.  BKOWNE  Jamaica  278  Red-wood  or  Iron-wood.  This  is 
a  small  but  beautiful  tree.  1819  WARDEN  United  States 

III.  97  In  the  lower  parts  are  found  oak,  elm,  ..  red-wood, 
sumach.     1850  B.  TAYLOR  Eldorado  I.  vii.  47  A  few  miles 
west  of  the  Pueblo  there  is  a  large  forest  of  redwood,  or 
Californian  cypress.    1883  Harper's  Mag.  Jan.  210/2  When 
the   glade  began    to   narrow   into  a  canon   the  redwoods 
appeared — magnificent    specimens   . .  rising    straight    two 
hundred  feet. 

3.  attrib.,  as  redwood  bark,  fir,  lumber,  tree,  etc. 
1745  P.  THOMAS  Jrnl.  Ansotis  Voy.  168  There  are  several 

others  [trees]  among  which  is  one  we  call'd  the  Red-Wood- 
Tree,  or  Iron-Wood,  from  its  great  solidity.  1825  J.  NICHOL 
SON  Opcrat.  Mechanic  84  The  arms  are  of  redwood  fir, 
6  inches  square.  1883  Harper's  Mag.  July  815/2  Extensive 
yards  of  the  attractive  redwood  lumber.  1885  B.  HARTE 
Maruja\\,  A  quaint  stockade,  .thatched  with  redwood  bark. 

Bed-wood,  -wud,  a.  Sc.  [See  \Yooi >  a.] 
Stark  mad,  completely  mad ;  furious,  distracted. 

ci56o  A.  SCOTT  Foetus  (S.T.S.)  ii.  102  Than  to  Dalkeith 
thai  maid  thame  boun,  Reidwod  of  this  reproche.  a  1585 
MON-I GOMF.RU-.C/terrie  !,Slae 934  Will  ran  reid-wood almaist. 
1719  RAMSAY  ?nd  Aiiflu.  Hamilton  i,  Gin  ony  higher  up  ye 
drive  her,  She'll  rin  red-wood.  1786  BURNS  Cry  ff  Prayer 
xvi,  Now  she's  like  to  rin  retl-wud  About  her  whisky.  1882 
J.  WALKER  Jaunt  to  Avid  Reekie,  etc.  46  The  Carle.. 
Rowtes  and  roars  like  ane  redwud. 

Bed  worm,  red-worm. 

1.  A  variety  of  earth-worm  much  used  as  bait  in 
rod-fishing. 

a  1450  Fysshyage  TO.  Angle  (1883)  30  He  hath  but  one 
manere  of  bayte  &  that  is  a  red  worme,  which  is  moost 
cheyf  for  all  manere  of  fysshe.  1613  DENNYS  Secrets 
Angling  II.  D  i  b,  The  Pearch,  the  Tench,  and  Eele,  doe 
rather  bite  At  great  red  wormes,  in  Field  or  Garden  bred. 
1740  R.  BROOKES  Art  of  Angling  12  The  Brandling,  Gilt- 
Tail  and  Red-Worm,  are  all  to  be  found  in  old  Dunghills. 
1856  STONEHENGE  Brit.  Sports  236/2  The  Red-Worm  is 
about  the  same  size  a-s  the  brandling. 

2.  A  worm  or  grub  attacking  grain. 

1764  Museum  Rust.  III.  171  My  wheat.. was  cut  off,  last 
May,  by  a  little  insect  called  the  red-worm.  1780  YOUNG 
Tour  in  Irel.  i.  6  Soot  he  buys  at  Dublin  for  sowing  over 
the  wheat  in  April  to  kill  the  red  worm.  1792  Trans.  Sac. 
Arts  X.  59  Materially  injured  by  the  wire  or  red  worm. 

t  Be'dy,  a.  Otis.  [f.  REDE  rf.i  +  -T  :  cf.  G.  rdtig, 
Da.  and  Sw.  r&dig,  ON.  rdSugr.]  AVise,  prudent. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  11699  Ouj,  he  sede,  redi  folk  &  wel 
iwar  is  bis,  &  more  conne  of  bataile  ban  hii  coube  biuore. 
1387  TRKVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  205  Here  moder  Gambara, 
bat  was  ful  redy  and  wise  [L.  prudenlissima\.  Ibid.  III. 
181  pe  kyng-.byhiste  hem  jifles  bat  Jaf  be  redieste  answere 
[L.  prudentms  respondent!}.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret., 
Pn'ti.  Priii.  254  Who-so  hath  the  face  straght..he  is  wyse 
and  redy  in  his  dedys.  c  1450  LONELICH  Merlin  1560  (Kol- 
bing),  He  was  so  wis,  so  redy  and  so  bold. 

Redy,  obs.  form  of  READY,  RKDDT,  REEDT. 

Re-dye  (rfdsi-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  dye 
again.  Hence  Be-dye'ing  vl>l.  sb. 

«6ii  COTGR.,  Retaindre,  to  put  into  a  new  colour,  to  re- 
die,  or  die  againe.  Ibid.,  Keteintnre,  a  re-dying,  a  second 
or  new  dying.  1851  MAYIU:\V  Lond.  Labour  II.  70  When 
canaries  are  '  a  bad  colour  '  or  have  grown  a  paler  yellow 
from  age,  they  are  re-dyed. 

Redyfy,  obs.  f.  RE-EDIFY  v.  Redyl-,  obs.  f. 
RIDDLE  v.  Redyli,  -ly,  obs.  ff.  READILY  ;  varr. 
REDILY  Obs.  Redymite,  -yte,  varr.  REDIMITE 
v.  0/is.  Redyn,  obs.  inf.  REDE  z/.l,  obs.  pa.  pple. 
RIDE  v.  Redyness,  variant  of  REDINESS  Ofa. 

tBee,  .rf'.1  Obs.  Also  6  rhe.  [Of  obscure 
origin.]  A  stream,  channel,  river. 


connexion  with  Flem.  reie  and  rni  (in  Kilian  reye,  ruye)  in 
the  same  sense  seems  possible. 

1422  Will  ofKyt  (Somerset  Ho.\  Quodquid  tenementum 
.  .abuttet  erga  le  Hye  Ree.  1455  in  Willis  &  Clark  Ctattbr. 
(1886)  I.  212  [From  Mylnstrete  to  the  water  called]  '  le  Ree  . 
1502  ARNOLDE  Chron.  (1811)  252  Mary  ouer  the  ree  in 
Southwerke,  a  priorye  of  Chanons.  1587  HARRISON  England 
in  Uolinshed  I.  46/1  Euen  to  this  dale  in  Essex  I  haue  oft 
obserued,  that  when  the  lower  grounds  by  rage  of  water 
haue  beene  ouerflowen,the  people  beholding  the  same,  haue 
said ;  All  is  on  a  Rhe,  as  if  they  should  haue  said  ;  All  is 
now  a  riucr.  (11669  SOMNER  Rom.  Ports  Kent  (1693)  69 
By  Gilford  to  (what  in  all  likelyhood  ows  it's  name  to  that 
Ree  or  channel)  Rye.  [1724  BAILEY  (ed.  2),  Ree,  as  all  is 
mi  a  Ree  ..  all  is  on  a  River,  or  overflowed  with  Water. 
Essex.] 


BEE. 

Ree  (r/),  $!>•*     [Variant  of  REEVE  sb?     It  is 

not  clear  which  is  the  more  original  form.]  The 
female  of  the  ruff. 

15  ..  Inthron.  Abp.  Nevill  in  MS,  Bodl.  Rolls  8  Of  the 
foules  called  Rees  cc  dosen.  1750  POCOCKE  Trav.  through 
F-ng.  (Camden)  I.  67  Among  the  game  they  have  the  ruffs 
and  rees,  the  former  cocks,  the  latter  hens.  1768  Ann,  Reg. 
1. 171  The  bill  of  fare  at  the  king  of  Denmark's  tahle  was  as 
follows  :.  .Leveret,  Ruffs  and  Rees,  Wheat  ears  [etc.].  1801 
H.  SKRINF  Rivers  Gt.  Brit.  28  Those  rare  and  delicate  birds, 
the  Ruff  and  Ree  are  found  here.  1819  H.  BUSK  Banquet 
in.  316  Point  out  the  speckled  pairs  of  ruffs  and  rees. 

R,66  (""),  J^'3  •$*"•  [Of  obscure  origin :  the 
form  reeve  also  occurs  locally.] 

1.  A  walled  enclosure  for  sheep,  cattle,  or  swine. 
(See  also  sheep-ree») 

1824  MACTAGGART  Gallovid.  EncycL  406  Ree  is  often  con- 
founded  with  hught,  but  a  sheep-ree  and  a  sheep-bught  are 
different.  1875  W.  MC!LWRAITH  Guide  Wigtownshire  62 
It  seems  as  if  the  stones  of  this  old  castle  had  been  gathered 
together  to  form  rees  for  sheep.  1894  CROCKETT  Raiders 
(ed.  3)  238  A  great  swine  that  lies,  .in  the  filth  of  the  ree. 

2.  A  yard  where  coal  is  stored  for  sale. 

1880  in  JAMIESON.  1902  Scotsman  2  Oct.,  The  person  in 
charge  of  the  ree  admitted  using  the  weight. 

Ree  (r*~),  #.  Se.  [Of  unknown  origin.]  Excited, 
esp.  with  drink ;  elevated  ;  crazy,  delirious. 

1788  R.  GALLOWAY  Poems  23  (Jam.)  Until  their  noddle 
twin  them  ree  And  kiss  the  causey.  1790  A.  WILSON  -2nd 
Ep.  Clark  Poet.  Wks.  (1846)  99,  I.  .Read  and  leugh,.  .Till 
my  pow  grew  haflins  ree.  1828  MOIR  Mansie  ll'auch  xv, 
Tammie. .  was  a  whit  ree  with  the  good  cheer.  1886 'II. 
HALIBURTON  '  Horace  in  Homespun  (1900)  144  Here's  Willie 
wi'a  warlike  ee,.  .Dave  amorous  daft,  an1  Roger  ree. 

Ree  (r;~),  rye  (rai),  v.  dial.  Also  7,  9  ray. 
[Of  obscure  origin :  the  various  forms  indicate  a 
ME.  reje{n}t  but  their  relationship  to  the  synony 
mous  REEVE  v.2  and  rew  or  rue  (Devonshire)  is  not 
clear.]  trans.  To  clean  or  sift  (winnowed  grain, 
peas,  etc.),  spec,  by  giving  a  circular  motion  to  the 
contents  of  the  sieve,  so  that  the  chaff,  etc.  collects 
in  the  centre. 

a.  1400-1  [see  REEING  -vbl.  so.  i].  1523  FITZHERB.  Hnsb. 
§  36  Whan  thou  haste  thresshed  thy  pees,  and  beanes,  after 
they  be  wynowed, .  .let  theym  be  well  reed  with  syues.  1615 
MARKHAM  Ens*.  House™,  n,  vii.  (1668)  171  After  it  is  well 
rubbed,  and  winnowed,  you  shall  ree  it  over  in  a  fine  sieve. 
Ibid.)  After  the  malt  is  ree'd,  you  shall  sack  it  up.  1669 
WORLIDGE  Syst.  Agric.  (1681)  330  To  Ree,  or  Ray\  to 
handle  Corn  in  a  Sieve,  so  as  the  chaffy  or  lighter  part 
gather  to  one  place,  1824  MACTAGGART  Gallovid.  Encyd. 
406  To  ree  grain  is  to  whirl  it  through  a  riddle,  so  that  the 
tares  in  it  may  be  seen.  1828-  in  northern  dial,  glossaries 
(Northumbld.,  Cumbld.,  Lonsd.,  Yks.,  ShefT,,  LeicA  1875 
W.  DICKINSON  Cumbriana  231  Fwok  ree's  a  lock  wheat  in 
a  seive,  if  they  hev't,  And  that  was  their  deetin'  machine. 

0.  1641  l'>EST  Farm,  libs.  (Surtees)  103  A  sieve  to  rye  the 
corne  with  ;  we  make  the  miller  sitte  on  his  knees  and 
rye  it.  1744-50  W.  ELLIS  Mod.  Hush.  VI.  in.  64  (E.  D.  S.) 
This  practice  of  rying,  or  cleaning  better  than  ordinary. 
1788  W.  MARSHALL  Yorksh.  II.  Gloss.,  To  Rie\  to  turn 
corn  in  a  sieve ;  bringing  the  *  capes '  into  an  eddy.  1854 
ANNE  E.  BAKER  Northampt.  Gloss.  s.v.  Keet  A  labourer  who 
works  it  expertly  is  said  to  'rye  it  up  well '. 


1669  [see  a  above].     1813  T.  DAVIS  Agric.  Wilts.  266 
Corn  well  dressed  and  cleaned. 


y.     1669  [see  a.  above].     181 

Corn  well  arrayed,  or  rayed,    i  

1893  Wilts'  Gloss.t  Ray,  or  Array,  to  dress  and  clean  corn. 

Ree  (n),  int.  Now  rare.  A  call  to  horses, 
usually  a  command  to  turn  to  the  right. 

Hence  the  dial,  phrase  neither  heck  nor  rec,(togo)  neither 
to  the  left  nor  right;  (to  be)  intractable  or  obstinate. 

1548  J.  Bow  $  Mast  Parson  164  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  IV.  16 
Have  a  gayne,  bald  before,  hayght,  ree,  who  !  1599  MIDDLE- 
TON  Micro-cyn.  Wks.  (Bullen)  VIII.  121  Whipstaff  in  his 
hand,  Who  with  a  hey  and  ree  the  beasts  command,  c  1603 
HEYWOOD  &  ROWLEY  Fortune  by  Land  n.  i.  H.'s  Wks. 
1874  VI.  384  Come  He  go  teach  ye  hayte  and  ree,  gee  and 
wnoe,and  which  is  to  which  hand.  1832  MRS.  BRAY  Descr. 
Tamar  fy  Tavy  (1836)  I.  ii.  24  He  soon  found  that  some  or 
other  of  the  crook  horses  invariably  crossed  him  on  the 
road . .  owing  to  two  words  of  the  driver,  namely £^  and  ree. 

Ree,  sing,  of  rees  =  REIS  (Pg.  money).  Ree, 
obs.  form  of  RYE  '2.  Reean,  obs.  form  of  RE  AN. 
Reeaum,  obs.  form  of  REALM. 

II  Reebok  (rtT-bpk).  Also  8  -bock,  9  rheebok, 
rhebuck.  [Du.  reebok  ROEBUCK.]  A  small  South 
African  antelope,  Pelea  capreola>  with  sharp  horns. 

I77S  MASSON  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXVI.  270,  I  spent  a  whole 
day  in  search  of  plants,  and  hunting  a  sort  of  antelope 
called  Ree  Bock.  1790  BEWICK  Hist.  Quadrup.  77  The 
Ree-Bok  is  a  gregarious  animal.  1834  PRINGLE  Afr.  Sk.  22 
Along  the  grassy  meads  Where  the  skipping  reebok  feeds. 
1834  Penny  Cycl.  1 1.  80/2  The  rheeboks  live  in  small  families 
of  five  or  six  individuals.  1881  SELOUS  Wanderings  S, 
Afr.  2,  I.. had  managed  to  bag  one  bushbuck  ram.. and 
eight  gray  and  red  rhebucks. 


haustibly  re-ebullient. 

Reech,  smoke  :  see  REEK  sbl  and  vl 

Reecliily :  see  REECHY. 

Re-e'ch.0,  sb.  [f.  next,  or  f.  RE-  +  ECHO  sb.] 
An  echo  ;  also,  a  second  or  repeated  echo. 

1613-16  W.  BROWNE  Brit.  Past.  i.  iv.  75  The  hills  and 
vallies  here  and  there  resound  With  re-ecchoes  of  the  deepe- 
mouth'd  hound.  1828-33  WEBSTER,  Re-echo,  the  echo  of  an 
echo.  1862  Rep.  Ecclesiol.  Soc.  20  He  was  glad  to  hear 
Mr.  Digby  Wyatt's  re-echo  of  the  President's  aspirations. 
^S.J-  A-  BEET  New  Lift  in  Christ  u.  x.  79  The  re-echo 
of  this  voice  in  our  own  spirit^ 

VOL.  VIII. 


321 

Re-e'ch.0,  v.    [f.  RE-  +  ECHO  z/.] 

1.  intr.  To  echo  (again),  resound  : 

a.  of  a  sound,  noise,  or  cry. 
XJQOSPENBBR/'.O.II.  i.  38  A  deadly  shrieke.. That  through 

the  wood  re-echoed  againe.  1735  POPE  Odyss.  x.  472  Sobs  of 
joy  re-echoed  through  the  bower.  1740  PITT  sKneid  xi.  641 
A  thousand  notes  re-echoing  thro*  the  wood.  1801  SOUTHEV 
Thalaba  xi.  xix,  The  thunder  of  the  avalanche  Re-echoes 
far  behind.  1865  F.  BOYI.I:  Dyaks  of  Borneo  51  The  crash 
of  some  giant  branch,  .re-echoes  widely  for  the  moment. 

b.  oi  places.      Const,  to,  with. 

a  1599  SPENSKR  F.  Q.  vn.  vi.  52  All  the  woods  and  dales. . 
Did  ring  againe,  and  loud  re-echo  to  the  skie.  1712-14 
POPE  Rape  Lock\.  86  With  starling  tears  each  eye  o'erflows, 
And  the  high  dome  re-echoes  to  his  nose.  1786  tr.  Bedford's 
Krt/Atf/fr  (1883)64  The  city  re-echoed  with  shouts  of  joy,  and 
flourishing  of  trumpets.  1851  I.ONGI-.  Gold.  Leg.  \.  DeviCs 
Bridge^  The  rocks  re-echoed  with  peals  of  laughter. 

2.  trans,  a.  To  echo  back;  to  return  va  sound;, 
reverberate,  multiply  by  repetilion. 

1595  CHAPMAN  Ovid's  Bang.  Sence  E  2  [Echo]  the  selfe 
same  way  shee  came  doth  make  retrcate,  And  so  effects  the 
sounde  reecchoed.  1656  H.  MOKE  Rnthus.  Tri.  (1712)  32 
Thunder,  whose  sound  is  so  great  and  terrible,  because  it  is 
re-eccboed  from  the  arched  roof  of  Heaven.  1757  OKAY 
Bard  ^  Severn  shall  reecho  with  affright  The  shrieks  of 
death.  1784  COWI-KR  Task  i.  343  The  consecrated  roof  Re 
echoing  pious  anthems  !  1814  SCOTT  M'av.  xlvi,  The  High 
landers  set  up  a  tremendous  yell,  which  was  re-echoed  by 
the  heights  behind  them. 

Jig.  1847  LONGF.  />.  n.  v.  5  The  streets  still  re-echo  the 
names  of  the  trees  of  the  forest.  1863  HAWTHORNE  Our  Old 
Home  I.  247  The  many  peaks  in  which  the  structure  ascends, 
and.. the  pinnacles  which,  as  it  were,  repeat  and  re-echo 
them  into  the  sky. 

b.  To  repeat  like  an  echo. 


tion.   1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  i.  I.  85  Those  acclamations 

were  reechoed  by  the  voice  of  the  capital  and  of  the  nation. 
1875  T.  HILL  True  Ord.  Stud.  130  Those  who  still  re-echo 
Ricardo  and  Malthus. 

Hence  Re-e'choed///.  a. ;  Re-e'choing  vbL  sb. 
and  ppl.  a. 

1611  FLORIO,  RibombO)  a  hollow  re-ecchoyng.  1668  II. 
MORE  Div.  Dial.  v.  xxxviii.  (1713)  516  There  was  a  re 
echoing  noise  round  about  the  Heavens.  1678  CUDWOKTII 
Intcll.  Syst.  i.  iii.  §  37.  160  Ravished  with  the  Re-ecchoing 
of  its  own  Harmony.  1801  SOUTHEY  Thalabft\.  xxvi,  When 
the  long  re-echoing  ceased.  1810  —  Kehasna  i,  iti,  Rising 
over  all. .  Is  heard  the  echoed  and  re-echoed  name. 

Reecliy  (rrtji),  a.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  5 
rechy,  6  rechie.  [f.  reech  REEK  sb^  +  -Y  *.] 
Smoky;  squalid,  dirty;  rancid. 

c  1460  J.  RUSSELI.  Bk.  Nurture  359  Raw,resty,  and  rechy 
[meats],  ar  comberous  vndefied.  1599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado 
in.  iti.  143  Like  Pharaoes  souldiours  in  the  rechie  painting. 
1607  —  Cor.  n.  i.  225  The  Kitchin  Malkin  pinnes  Her  richest 
Lock  ram  'bout  her  reechie  necke.  i66oBLOUNT^^cf^/4i 
His  face  and  hands  made  of  a  reechy  complexion  by  the 
help  of  the  Walnut-tree  leaves.  1879  Miss  JACKSON  Shroj>sh. 
Word-bk.  s.v.,  A  grimy,  reechy  lookin'  thing.  Ibid.,  That 
butter's  nasty  reechy  stuff. 

Hence  Ree  duly  adv.  rare~~^. 

1618  D.  BELCHIER  Hans  Beer-fiat  D  j  b,  Bad  him  goe  And 
wash  his  face,  he  lookt  so  reechilie,  Like  Bacon  hanging  on 
the  Chimnies  roofe. 

Reed  (wd),  sbl  Forms:  i  hr6od,  (h)r€ad, 
2-5  reod,  (3  rode,  rseode),  3-6  rede,  (4  riede, 
6  ride),  4-5  red,  (4  rued,  rehed,  5-6  reid),  4-7 
reede,  6-  reed.  [Common  W.  Germ. :  OE.  hr&d 
=  OFris.  (Ji)reid,  OS.  hriad-,  OLG.  ried  (MLG. 
riet,  mod.LG.  r&i,  r$t\  MDu.  ried-t  riet,  Du. 
»id/)fOIIG.  (li}riot  (MHG.,  mod.G.  rief]  :-OTeut. 
*hreu<tom,  not  traceable  in  the  cognate  languages. 

An  early  form  of  the  word  is  preserved  in  the  place-name 
Hreutford  or  Hrcudford  '  id  est  vadum  harundinis '  in 
Baeda's-ZTcc/.  Hist.  iv.  xvi.] 

I.  1.  One  of  the  tall  straight  stalks  or  stems 
formed  by  plants  of  the  genera  Phragmites  and 
Arundo  (see  4  and  5) ;  f  also,  a  cane. 

^7«S  Corpus  Gloss.  1007  Harundot  canna,  hreod.  cggo 
Lindisf.  Gosp.  Luke  yii.  24  Forhuon  foerdon  sie  on  woestern, 
^esea  hread . .  from  wind  ^ecerred  ?  c  xooo  ^ELFRIC  Horn.  1 1. 
252  [Hi]  for  cyne-gyrde  him  hreod  forgeafon.  c  1160  Nation 
Gosp.  Matt.xxvii.3o[Hi]  namen  reod  asndbeoton  hysheafod. 
4:1265  Voc.  Names  PL  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  556/42  Arundo, 
rosel,  reod.  13. .  K.Alis.  6433  A  reod  they  putteth  in  heore 
mouth  And  they  spwketh  by  the  reod.  c  1400  MAUNDEV. 
(Roxb.)  xxi.  05  Beside  bat  logh  growez  redez  of  a  wonderfull 
lenth.  . .  Of  (>ir  redez  J?ai  make  bare  houses.  1484  CAXTON 
Fables  of  Aisop  iv.  xx,  A  reed  whiche  was  at  his  foote 
bowed  hym  self  as  moche  as  the  wynd  wold.  1590  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  in.  vii.  6  A  little  cottage,  built  of  stickes  and  reeds  In 
homely  wize.  i6i7MoRYSos  I  tin.  1.213  This  Hand  yeeldeth 
Canes  or  Reedes  of  sugar.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  n.  26  By  a 
Creek:  Where  winds  with  Reeds,  and  Osiers  whisp'nng 
play_.  1756  NUGENT  Gr.  Tour,  Italy  III.  304  The  common  } 
habitations.. are  mostly  huts  made  of  reeds.  1797  Encycl. 
Brit.  (ed.  3)  VII.  255  The  reeds  [for  a  fire-ship]  are  made  up 
in  small  bundles  of  about  a  foot  in  circumference.  1815 
J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  $  Art  I.  215  Reeds  are  used  instead 
of  laths  In  some  parts  of  the  country.  1877  BRYANT  Odyss. 
v-  557  He,  meanwhile,  Withdrawing  from  the  brink,  lay  , 
down  among  The  reeds. 

b.  Jig.  and  in  fig.  context. 

c  1450  tr.  De  Imttatione  n.  vii.  47  Truste  not  ner  leene    i 
not  upon  a  windy  rede.  1562  A.  BERNHER  Ep.  Ded.  Latimer's 
Sertn.  A  iv  b,  He  was  contented  rather  to  be  cast  into  the 
Tower. .then  to  be  found  a  wauering  reede.     x6ix  BIBLE 
Isa.  xxxvl  6  Loe,  thou  trustest  in  the  staffe  of  this  broken    , 
reede,  on  Egypt.     1637  Penit.  Con/,  vii.  152  Penitents  are    i 


HEED. 

taught  more  to  rely  upon  that  reed  and  arm  of  flesh.  1810 
SCOTT  Leuiy  of  L.  v.  xi,  I  only  meant  To  show  the  reed  on 
which  you  leant.  1821  BYKON  Sardanap.  v.  i.  135  The  last 
frail  reed  of  our  belea^uer'd  hopes.  1893  Baitys  Mag.  ( >ct. 
271/1  The  reeds  on  which  they  depended  \\erc  Ravensbury 
and  Self  Sacrifice. 

2.  collect.  Kecds  (as  plants) ;  a  growth  or  bed  of 
reeds. 

a  800  Erfurt  Gloss.  290  Caredum,  hreod.  a  900  tr.  Bzdas. 
Hist.  in.  xvii.  [xxiii.]  (1890)  230  In  \>&m  cleofun  . .  waere 
upyrnende  grownes  hreodcs  &  rixa.  c  1205  LAY.  21.170 
Hundes  in  }>an  reode  imd  reouSe  bine  imetc5.  Ibid.  21741 
pat  is  a  seolcuS  mere.. mid  fenne  &  mid  rseode.  13..  A'. 
Alis.  5064  The  water  was  ful  of  longe  reede.  1481  CAXTON 
Godfrey  xxix.  63  A  ftwe  of  them  that  withdrewe  them  in 
to  the  mareys  and  hydde  them  in  the  reed.  1560  MII'.I.F. 
(Genev.)  Job  xl.  21  [16]  Lyeth  he  vnder  the  shady  trees  in 
the  couert  of  the  rede  and  fennes?  1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch 
(1595)  469  He.  .couered  him  with  a  great  de:ile  of  reede  and 
bent.  1865  KIXGSLEY  I/err;*.',  xxxi,  'J'he  mora-s  to  right  and 
left,  which  had  been  a  minute  before  deep  rcid, 

b.  Reeds  employed  for  firing  or  thatching,  or 
used  as  lath  for  plastering  upon. 

1494  FAHVAN  Chron.  vn.  368  They  fyryd  the  gates,  and 

after  forced  the  fyre  with  rede  and  drye  wood.     1556-7  in 

Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  II.  455  Y'1  reede  over  the 

cloyster  and  y-  gystes  of  the  same.     1568  GKAFTON  Chrpn. 

II.  277  He.  .set  the  houses  like  streetts,  and  couered  tticm 

with  Uufcdc  and  Hropmc.     1596  DAI.RYMI-LE  tr.  Leslie  s  His!. 

.Scot.  I.  10  Thay  Reid  for  wod  use.. to  thair  fyre.     1669  K. 

.      BvLAND  mSt.  Papers,  Dow.  151,  I  have  fetdu-d  a  boat-liiad 

!     of  reed  from  Ham  Creek.      1703  T.  N.  City  fy  C,  Pnrth,ist-r 

\    260  They  Thatch  with  Reed  instead  of  Straw. . .  Reed  is  sold 

by  the  Thousand,  viz.  A  Thousand  iiandfuls. 

c.  trans/.  Wheat-straw  prepared  for  thatching. 

1415-16  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  Surtees)  612  Item  in  tectura 
straminea  vocat.  rede  erupt.  1523  FII/HI.KP,  Hush.  §  27  All 
the  wheate-strawe  that  they  pourpose  to  make  thacke  of, 
they..cutte  of  the  eares,  and  bynde  it  in  sheues,  and  call  it 
rede.  1669  WOKMLJGK  Sysi.  Agric.  (1681)  329  Kccd,  is  .. 
Straw  bound  up  for  thatching,  by  some  called  Helm.  1797 
J-'.ncycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  36/3  Rccd,  a  term  used  ill  the 
west  of  England  for  the  straw  ustjd  by  thatchers,  which  is 
wheat  straw  finely  comlied.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract. 
Agric.  I.  74  The  Somersetshire-reed  ;  which  is  nothing  mon.- 
tlian  tlie  strongest  wheat-straw  which  can  be  met  with  [etc.]. 
1848  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Sot:  IX.  ir.  465  A  large  proportion  of 
l'ie  wheat-Straw  is  made  into  reed  fur  thatching. 

3.  Without  article,  as  a  malcri:;!.    t  Also  ///  reed, 
as  or  like  a  reed. 

a  1240  Lofsong  in  Cott.  Hont.   207  Ich  bide  be  ..  bi   be 
Jjornene  crununge,  bi  ?ie  kine^erde  of  rude.     1388  \\"M  i.n 
i     2  AY;/i'S  xviii.  21  Whether  thouhopist  in  a  staf  of  rehcd  and 
1    broken,  Egipt.     1535  COVKRDALE  2  Kings  xviii.  21   Uebolde 
puttest  thou  thy  trust  in  this  broken  static  of  reed,  in  Kgipte? 
!     1604  E.  G[RIMSTONF;]  D'Acosta^s  Hist.  Indies  iv.  xvi.  257  It 
I     is  a  graine,  as  he  sales,  that  growes  in  reede,  and  cover^  it 
i    selfe  with  a  leafe.     1667  MII.H.N  /'./..  vi.  519  I'.irtinrentive 
reed  Provide,  pernicious  with  one  touch  to  lire.    1866  LIVING 
STONE  Last  Jrnls.  (1873)  I.  vi.  158  A  flake  of  reed  is  often 
used  in  surgical  operations  by  the  natives. 

4.  With  the,  as  the  distinctive  name  of  the  class  of 
plants  forming  the  genera  Phragmites  and  Arundo^ 
having  a  firm  stem  and  growing  in  water  or  marshy 
ground;  esp.  the  common  species  Phragmites  com- 
munis,  abundant  in  Britain  and  on  the  Continent ; 
f  also,  the  sugar-cane. 

1382  WYCLIF  fsa.  xix.  6  The  reed  and  the  resshe  shal 
welewen.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vn.  321  Up  stood  the  cornie 

|     Reed   Embattell'd  in  her  field.     1672  W.  HUGHES  Amer. 

\  Phys.  29  Of  the  Juyce  of  this  Reed  or  Cane  is  made  Sugar. 
1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  \\.  57/2  The  Reed  is  between  an 
Herb  and  a  Tree.  1785  MARTYN  Rousseau's  Bot.  xiii.  1 1794) 
142  The  woollynessof  the  flowers  in  the  Reed  will  shew  you 
this  genus  as  soon  as  it  unfolds  its  panicle.  1850  TENNYSON 
In  Mem.  ciii,  We  glided  winding  under  ranks  Of  iris,  and 
the  golden  reed. 

5.  With    distinctive    epithets,    denoting   various 
species  of  reeds,  or  plants  resembling  these. 

Aromatic  reed  (see  CALAMUS  2).  Dutch  reed^Dutch 
rush  (see  DUTCH  A.  3  c).  Great  reed,  a  reed  of  the  genus 
Arundo,  esp.  A.  donax.  Indian  reed,  canna.  Small 
reed,  a  grass  of  the  genus  Calamagrostis  (or  Deyeuxia}. 
Also  bur,  canary,  faper,  sea,  trumpet^  water,  wood  reed: 
see  these  sbs. 

1597  GERABDE  Herbal  i.  v.  6  Wilde  Reede. .,  called  also 
Calamogrostis,  is  far-lesser  [16^3  bigger]  than  Couch  grasse, 
or  Dogs  grasse.  Ibid.  xxvi.  36  Harundojlorida  :  in  English 
the  Flowring  Reede.  1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Cafanie,  Calatne 
arowat,  the  sweet  Arabian  reed,  or  cane,  tearmed  Calannts 
ot/oratus,  or  the  Aromaticall  reed.  1613  DENNIS  .Secrets 
Angling  I.  B  2,  Shutes  as  are. .In  shape  and  beautie  like 
j  the  Belgicke  Reed.  1640  PARKINSON  Herbal  1629  Cannx 
\  Indies..  Indian  Reede  staves.  1733  MILLEK  Card.  Diet. 
(ed.  2)  s.v.  Cannacorus,  The  Indian  Reed.  1739  Ibid.  II.  s.v. 
Arundo^  The  species. .are  the  common  Reed,  the  large 
manured  Reed, ..the  variegated  Reed,  the  Bambu  Cane,.. 
and  Dark  red  reed.  1743  JAMES  filed.  Diet, ,Ar  undo  Donax, 
.  .the  Great  Reed.  Ibid.tCalannis  odoratus,  Aromatic  Reed. 
1797  EncycL  Brit.  (ed.  3)  II.  384/1  The  debax,  or  manured 
reed,  is  a  native  of  warm  countries.  1842  R.  PAKNELL 
Grasses  Scot.  37  Calatnagrostis  stricta.  Small  Close  Reed. 
1859  Miss  PRATT  Brit.  Grasses  $•  Sedges  67-8  Calawagrostis 
lanceolata.  Purple- Flowered  Small-reed.  Calamagrostis 
stricta.  Narrow  Small-reed. 

IT.  6.  a.  A  reed  used  as  a  dart  or  arrow;  hence 
poet,  an  arrow. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xvm.  30  Aue,  rabby\  quod  that 
ribaud,and  threw  redes  [v.r.  reodes]  at  hym.  1387  TKEVISA 
Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  77  pe  childe  losed  and  schette,  and 
hitte  |>e  charbuncle  stoon  \vij>  a  reed,  a  1709  PRIOR  To  a 
Lady  31  With  cruel  Skill  the  backward  Reed  He  sent,  and, 
as  he  fled,  he  slew.  1791  COWPFR  Iliad  iv.  146  Whizz'd  the 
bowstring,  and  the  reed  Leap'd  off.  1813  SCOTT  Trierm. 
ii.  x,  The  frantic  steed  rush'd  up  the  dell,  As  whistles  from 
the  bow  the  reed.  1830  TENNYSON  Poet  13  The  viewless 

41 


REED. 

arrows  of  his  thoughts. .  Like  Indian  reeds  blown  from  his 
silver  tongue. 

b.  In  .Biblical  use  (rendering  L.  calamus  and 
arundo,  Or.  tcdkapos,  Heb.  n;p  qdneh] :  A  reed 
employed  as  a  measuring-rod ;  hence,  a  Jewish 
measure  of  length  (also  called  EzekieVs  reed}, 
equal  to  six  cubits. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  vl.  ( Thomas)  201  Thomas  . .  tuk  a 
lange  red  in  his  hand  as  man  of  craft  bat  vare  cunnand. 
1388  WVCLIF   Ezek.  xlii.   16  He  mat  ..  with  the  relied  of 
mesure  bi  cumpas  fyue  hundrid  rehedis.     —  Rev.  xxi.  15    [ 
And  he..hadde  a  golden  mesure  ofaretd.  [Also m Tyndale, 
Coverdale,  etc.]     1611  BIBLE  Ezek.  xlii.  16  He  measured  the    | 
East  side  with  the  measuring  reede,  tiue  hundreth  reedes.    j 
1858  LONCF.  M.  Standish  iv.  9  Over  its  turrets  uplifted 
Glimmered  the  golden  reed  of  the  angel  who  measured  the 
city.     1863  W.  L.  BE  VAN  in  W.  Smith  Diet.  Bible  II  1. 1 736/2     '• 
With  the  exception  of  the  notice  that  the  reed  equals  six 
cubits  (Ezek.  xl.  5),  we  have  no  intimation  that  the  measures 
were  combined  in  anything  like  a  scale. 
f  C.  //.  Papyrus.  Ol>$.  rare  -*1. 

1551  ROBINSON  tr.  Mores  Utof>.  n.  vi.  (1895)  219  Where  as 
before  they  wrote  onelye  in  skynnes,  in  barkes  of  tryes,  and 
in  rides,  now  they  liaue  attempted  to  make  paper  and  to 
imprint  letters. 

7.  A  reed  made  into  a  rustic  musical  pipe.  Also 
applied  to  the  hollow  stems  of  other  plants  used 
for  the  same  purpose,  esp.  oaten  reed. 

c  1384  CHAUCER  //,  Fame  in.  131  That  craftely  begunne  to 
pipe  Kothe  in  doucet  and  in  riede.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  II, 
162  He  the  ferste..Was  which  the  melodic  fond  Of  Riedes, 
..With  double  pipes  forto  pipe.  1530  PALSGR.  261/1  Rede 
to  pi  aye  or  pype  with,  anche.  1634  MILTON  Comns  345 
Might  we  but  hear  The.. sound  of  pastoral  reed  with  oaten 
stops.  1697  DRYDEN  I'irg.  Past.  v.  2  Since  my  Voice  can 
match  your  tuneful  Reed.  1805  SCOTT  Last  Minstr.  iv.  i, 
As  if  thy  waves.  .Had  only  heard  the  shepherd's  reed,  Nor 
started  at  the  bugle-horn.  1878  B.  TAYLOR  Deukalion  \.  \. 
18  To  the  musical  reeds  and  the  glasses. .,  farewell. 

b.  ftg.  as  the  symbol  of  rustic  or  pastoral  poetry. 

1582  STANYHURST  sEnet's  i.  (Arb.)  i,  I  that  in  old  season 


Mailie  viii,  Come,  join  the  melancholious  croon  O'  Robin's 
reed  !  1821  CLARK  I' ill.  Minstr.  I.  105  Sweetest  of  subjects 
are  ye  for  my  reed.  1867  WH IT-TIER  Tent  on  Beach  86 
Making  his  rustic  reed  of  song  A  weapon  in  the  war  with 
wrong. 

8.  A  part  of  various  musical  instruments. 
a.  In  the  oboe  and  bassoon :  A  part  of  the  mouth 
piece,  consisting  of  two  slightly  concave  wedge- 
shaped  pieces  of  reed  or  cane  fixed  face  to  face  on 
the  end  of  a  metal  tube,  and  producing  a  musical 
sound  by  vibration  when  the  instrument  is  blown 
into.  Also,  a  similar  device  fixed  in  the  chanter  of 
a  bagpipe.  (Now  freq.  called  a  double  reed  in 
distinction  to  c.) 

1530  PALSGR.  261/2  Rede  of  a  weyght  the  instrument, 
anche.  1727  BOYER  Diet.  Royal  I,  Anche, .  .the  Reed  of  a 
Hoboy,  or  some  other  Wind-instrument  of  Musick.  1727- 
41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Bagpipe,  The  third  [pipe]  has  a  reed, 
and  is  played  on  by  compressing  the  bag  under  the  arm. 
Ibid.)  Hautboy  or  Hoboy ,  a  sort  of  musical  instrument  of  the 
wind  kind,  with  a  reed  to  blow  or  play  it  withal.  1797 
Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VIII.  342/1  _It  [the  oboe]  spreads  and 
widens  towards  the  bottom,  and  is  sounded  through  a  reed. 
1835  Penny  Cycl.  IV.  10/1  It  [the  bassoon]  consists  of.,  a 
brass  craned  neck  in  which  the  reed  is  inserted.  1879  W.  H. 
STONE  in  Grove  Diet.  A/its.  I.  123/2  The  chaunter  reed  is.. 
made  of  two  approximated  edges  of  cane  tied  together,  and 
is  thus  essentially  a  double  reed,  like  that  of  the  oboe  or 
bassoon. 

b.  (a)  In  the  organ :  A  small  metal  tube  fixed 
at  the  lower  end  of  a  pipe,  having  a  longitudinal 
opening  covered  or  closed  by  a  metal  tongue,  which 
is  made  to  vibrate  by  the  air  entering  the  tube. 
Free  reed  (see  quot.  1855  and  cf.  note  to  c).  (If)  In 
a  bagpipe  drone  :  A  piece  of  hollow  reed,  closed 
at  one  end  by  a  joint,  and  having  a  tongue  made 
on  one  side  by  splitting  from  a  cross-cut  near  the 
joint  backwards  in  the  direction  of  the  open  end. 

I7a7-4i  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Organ^  A  reed-pipe  consists 
of  a  foot . , ,  which  carries  the  wind  into  the  shallot,  or  reed . . , 
which  is  a  hollow  demi-cylinder  [etc.].  1853  HOPKINS  Organ 
xviii.  93  The  reed  is  a  small  cylindrical  tube  of  brass.  . .  In 
the  front  of  the  reed,  an  opening  is  left,  running  lengthways,  I 
presenting  an  appearance  as  though  a  portion  of  the  reed 
had  been  cut  away,  at  which  the  wind  enters.  Ibid.  95  A 
third  kind  of  reed  is  used  on  the  continent,  called  the  free- 
reed.  In  this  variety,  .the  tongue,.. instead  of  striking  on 
the  edges  of  the  reed,  is  impelled  into  the  opening  by  the 
wind.  1879  W.  H.  STONE  in  Grove  Diet.  Mus.  I.  123/2  The 
drone  reeds,  .somewhat  resemble  the  reed  in  organ  pipes, 
the  loose  flap  of  cane  replacing  the  tongue,  the  uncut  part 
the  tube  or  reed  proper. 

c.  (a)  A  metal  tongue  used  to  produce  sound  by 
vibration,  esp.  that  used  in  an  organ-pipe ;  (£)  a 
slip  of  cane  used  for  the  same  purpose,  as  in  the 
clarinet.  (Sometimes  called  single  reed,  in  distinc 
tion  to  a.) 

Beating  or  striking  reed,  one  which  strikes  against  Us 
seat ;  in  the  organ,  against  the  edges  of  the  opening  in  the 
tube.  Free  reed,  one  which  produces  sound  by  vibration 
only,  esp.  one  which  vibrates  in  the  opening  of  a  tube 
without  touching  the  edges,  as  in  instruments  of  the  reed- 
organ  type. 

1811  BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.  (ed.  3),  Reed,,  .the  name  given  by 
organ-builders  to  a  kind  of  tongue,  consisting  of  a  thin 
narrow  plate  of  brass  [etc.]'  1837  Penny  Cycl.  VII.  234/2 
Clarinet,  a  musical  instrument  made  of  wood,  . .  having  a 


322 

fixed  mouth-piece  containing  a  reed.  1867  TYNDALL  Sound 
v.  193  The  metal  reed  commonly  employed  in  organ-pipes. 
1879  W.  H.  STONE  in  Grove  Diet.  Mus.  I.  361/1  The 
clarinet  consists  essentially  of  a  mouth-piece  furnished  with 
a  single  beating  reed  [etc.].  1889  U.  J.  BLAIKLKY  in  Proc. 
Mas.  Assoc.  152  The  reed  of  a  Dobell's  fog-horn  ..  is  as 
truly  a  reed  in  its  action  as  the  most  delicate  reed  of  the 
clarinet. 

d.  A  reed-instrument. 

1879  W.  H.  STONE  in  Grove  Diet.  Mus.  I.  151/2  Some  of 
the  older  forms,  .possess  a  contrivance  which  does  not  exist 
at  the  present  day  on  any  reed.  Ibid.  153/2  The  curious 
dialogue. .between  strings  and  reeds. 

9.  f  a.   A  piece  of  reed  on  which  yarn  is  wound  ; 
a  bobbin,  spool.  06s.  rare. 

1530  PALSGR.  261/2  Rede  to  wynde  yarne  on  or  suche 
lyke,  tuyau.  1721  RAMSAY  Elegy  f'atie  Birnie  Prol.  note, 
The  pirn,  or  little  hollow  reed  which  holds  the  yarn  in  the 
shuttle. 

b.  Mining.  A  tube  containing  the  powder-train 
for  igniting  the  charge  in  blasting. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1903/2. 

10.  A   weaver's    instrument    for    separating    the 
threads   of  the  warp   and    beating  up   the  weft, 
formerly  made  of  thin  strips  of  reed  or  cane,  but 
now  of  metal  wires,  fastened  by  the  ends  into  two 
parallel  bars  of  wood,     ply  reed:  see  FLY  sb.%  8. 

1611  COTCR.,  Lartte, . .  the  reed,  or  slay  of  a  weuers  loome. 
1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  m.  107/2  Reed^.. like  the  Barrs  of 
a  Grate  through  which  the  Warp  or  Yarn  runs.  1714  />. 
Bk.  of  Rates  i38  The  Combs,  Reeds,  and  other  Parts  of  the 
Loom.  1789  E,  DARWIN  Bot.  Card.  \\.  (1791)  56  Quick 
beat  the  reeds,  the  pedals  fall  and  rise.  1825  NICHOLSON 
Ofcrat.  Meek.  412  The  reed,  .has  one  or  two  threads  of  the 
warp  passed  between  each  of  its  wires,  which  wires  are 
termed  dents.  1894  Labour  Commission  Gloss,  s.v.,  Reeds 
are  reckoned  by  the  number  of  interstices  per  inch,  thus, 
a  64  reed  has  64  interstices  to  the  inch. 

b.  A  make  of  cloth,  as  distinguished  by  the 
number  of  threads  which  go  to  an  inch  of  the  reed. 

1881  Munch,  dnard.  18  Jan.,  Printing  cloth  of  all  kinds  is 
also  very  steady,  especially  72  reeds.  1888  Daily  News 
27  Aug.  7/2  Printers  of  medium  reeds  have  been  in  better 
request. 

11  A  comb  used  in  the  making  of  tapestry  for 
pressing  down  the  threads  of  the  weft,  so  as  to 
produce  a  close  surface. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Tapestry,  The  reed  or  comb 
is . .  of  wood,  eight  or  nine  inches  lon.£,  and  an  inch  thick  at 
the  back.  Ibid.^  The  silk  or  wool  being  placed,  he  heats  it 
with  his  reed  or  comb.  1842  Penny  Cycl.  XXIV.  46/1  The 
thread  of  woof  or  shoot  thus  inserted  is  finally  driven  close 
up.. by  means  of  a  reed  or  comb  formed  of  box-wood  or 
ivory. 

12.  One  of  a  set  of  small  semicylindrical  mould 
ings,  resembling  a  number  of  reeds  laid  beside  each 
other.     (Cf.  REEDING  vbL  sb.  2.) 

1745  POCOCKE  Dcscr.  East  II.  n.  in.  x,  169  The  lower 
part  filled  with  cablins  of  reeds,  is  of  one  stone,  and  the 
upper  part  of  another.  1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build. 
161  When  a  piece  of  wood  is  formed  into  two  or  more  semi- 
cylinders,  touching  each  other,  the  semi-cylinders  are  called 
Reeds.  1842  GWILT  Archil.  §  2129  A  repetition  of  equal 
semicylindrical  mouldings,  springing  from  a  plane  or  cylin 
drical  surface,  is  called  reeds. 

13.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  Simple  attrib.,  as  reed- 
bank  ^  blade,  bush,  case,  fence,  ground,  land,  marsh, 
pent  pit,  plot,  seed,  sheaf,  spire,  stem,  top,  whisper, 
etc.;  (sense  8)  reed  action,  instrument,  register; 
(sense  10)  as  reed-motion,  -split.     Also  similative, 
as  reed-green  ;  reed-like  adj. 

1889  D.  J.  BLAIKLKY  \\\Proc.Mus.  Assoc,  152  The  manner 
of  *reed  action  has  been  the  subject  of  much  mathematical 
investigation.  1589  RIDER  Kibl.Scholast.,  A  *reede  banke, 
or  place  where  reeds  growe,  arnndineiuw,  cannetitnt.  1827 
CLARE  Sheph.  Cal.  147  Lapping  up  love-knot  plaits.  .With 
broad  green  *reed-blades.  1894  MEREDITH  Ld.  Ormont 
xxv,  The  bordering  flags  amid  the  reed-blades  dipped  and 
streamed.  1535  COVERDALE  l$a.  ix.  18  As  it  were  out  of 
a  fyere  in  a  wod  or  a  *redehush.  1886  R.  F.  BURTON 
Arab.  Nts,  (abr.  ed.)  I.  115,  I  ..  took  the  *reed-case  and 
reed;  and  wrote.  1807  CRABBE  Par.  Reg.  i,  148  The 
*reed-fence  rises  round  some  fav'rite  spot.  1894  Daily 
News  28  Apr.  6/4  There  is  a  considerable  demand  for  a  soft 
tint  of  *reed-green.  1629  Drayner  Conf.  (1647)  B  j,  If  the 
water  be  drayned,  and  the  cold  moisture  removed  from  the 
root  of  *Reed-ground.  1867  TYNDALL  Sound  v.  105  The 
most  perfect  of  *reed  instruments  is  the  organ  01  voice. 
1876  tr.  Blaserna's  Sound  i.  20  The  clarionet,  the  oboe  and 
all  the  trumpet  class,  are  reed  instruments.  1769  -SV. 
James's  Chron.  io-n  Aug.  2/2  Several  Parcels  of  *Reed- 
land,  lying  before,  .the  March  Walls.  1605  SYLVKSTER  Du 
Bart  as  \\.  iii.  i.  Vocation  358  With  *Reed-Hke  Lance,  and 
with  a  Blunted  blade.  1829  LOUDON  Encycl.  Plants  58 
Reed-like  Canary-grass.  1766  J.  BARTRAM  yrnl.  7  Jan.  in 
W.  Stork  Ace.  E.  Florida  26  Being  generally  good  *reed- 
marsh  and  some  cypress-swamps.  1877  A.  B.  EDWARDS  Up 
Nile  iii.  63  Scrawling  upon  it  in  rude  Arabic  characters 
with  a  *reed-pen  of  his  own  making,  c  1440  Promp,  Parv, 
426/1  *Reed  pytte,  or  fenne,  cannetum,  arundinetunr. 
1611  COTGR.,  Caneliere,  a  *Reed-plot ;  a  ground  thats  full, 
or  set  full,  of  reeds.  1852  SEIDKL  Organ  20  Even  m  the 
course  of  the  sixteenth  century  some  of  the  *reed -registers 
were  invented.  1830  J.  D.  HOY  in  London  Mag.  Nat.  Hist. 
III.  329  Their  food  is  not  entirely  the  *reed  seed.  1810  in 
W.  Marshall  Rev,  Rep.  Agric.,  N.  Sam.  II.  515  note,  The 
sheaves  thus  prepared  are  called  *  reed -sheaves.  1874  T. 
HARDY  Par  fr.  Mad.  Cr<nvd  xxxvii,  You  can  bring  up  some 
reed-sheaves  to  me,  one  by  one.  1585  HIGINS  tr.  Junitts' 
Notnencl.  117  Antndimtm  ocnli,  Tel Inilbi, .  ,*Reede  spier. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1903/1  Two  threads  of  yarn  pass 
between  each  of  the  *reed-splits  or  dents.  1843  Zoologist 
I.  97  Shell-snails  ..  covering  the  lower  part  of  the  *reed- 
stems.  1830  TENNYSON  Dying  Swan  10  Ever  the  weary 


REED. 

wind  went  on,  And  took  the  *reed-tops  as  it  went,  a  1835 
MRS.  HEMANS  Elysium,  Low  *reed-whispers,  making  sweet 
reply. 

b.  Objective  or  objective  genitive,  as  reed-cutter ; 
-drawers-maker'^  reed-burning, -drawing, -making, 
-rustling. 

1591  PEHCIVALL  Sp.  Diet.,  Bntscar,  to  heate  a  ships  side 
with  *reede  burning.  1829  in  Loudon  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  II. 
222  The  *reed-cutters  having  even  then  commenced  their 
operations.  1891  T.  HAKDY  Tess  xliii,  Noted  *reed-drawers 
were  they  too.  Ibid.,  *Reed-drawing  is  fearful  hard  work. 
ifepCmftrft  Marriage  Licences  (MS.),  Peter  Beiseu  of  All 
Saints',  Canterbury,  *reedmaker.  1885  Census  Instruct.  43 
Reed  Maker.  1854  MRS.  GASKELL  North  <y  JT.  xii,  I  shall 
be  glad  to  procure  her  admission  to  print-works,  or  ''reed- 
making.  1884  BLAKELEE  Jndustr.  Cycl.  342/1  tnarg..  Reed- 
making  Machine.  1797  SOUTH  EvCVwiw.^J/.  Bk.  (1851)  IV. 45 
The  *reed-rustling  breeze. 

c.  Instrumental,  as   reed-bordered ',  -clad,  -com 
pact  ed,  -crowned,  -grown,  -roofed. 

1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOU  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  192  A  *reed- 
bordered  lagoon.  1850  R.G.  CUMMING  Hunter's  Life  S.AJr. 
(1002)  63/2  The  *reed-clad  margin  of  the  western  branch  of 
the  stream.  1777  POTTER  j3£sc/iylnst  Prom.  Bd.  36  Hoarse 
sounds  the  *reed-compacted  pipe,  a  1608  SYLVESTER  Hymn 
to  St.  Leifts  181  This  River  makes  the  *Reed  crown'd  banks 
to  kiss,  By  th'  arched  favour  of  a  Bridge.  1744  MASON 
ft  IM  sag  us  32  His  reed-crown'd  locks  shall  shake,  a  1835 
MRS.  HEMANS  Last  Constantine  iv,  The  shore  Of  the  reed- 
crown'd  Eurotas.  1887  Westm.  Rev.  June  338  These  semi- 
stagnant,  *reed-grown  meres,  c  1820  S.  ROGERS  Italy  (1839) 
167  A  *reed-roofed  cabin  by  a  river-side. 

14.  Special  combs.,  as  reed-babbler,  the  reed- 
warbler;  reed  back,  the  wooden  bars  of  a  weaving- 
reed  ;  t  reed-beere,  a  reed-bed;  reed  bent-grass, 
small  reed,  Calamagrostis ;  reed-buck,  the  rietbok, 
or  other  antelope  frequenting  reeds;  reed  canary- 
grass,  canary-reed,  Phalaris  arundinacea\  reed 
fescue ,  slender  wheat-grass,  Festitea  sylvatica  ; 
reed-flush  (see  quot.) ;  reed-machine,  a  machine 
for  making  weaving-reeds  ;  reed  meadow-grass, 
a  tall  coarse  grass,  Poa  or  Glyceria  aqnatica  ;  reed 
moth,  a  European  moth,  Macrogaster  arundinis\ 
reed-organ,  a  musical  instrument  of  the  organ 
type  in  which  the  sounds  are  produced  by  means 
of  reeds ;  reed-pheasant,  the  bearded  titmouse ; 
reed-plane,  a  reeding-plane  (Knight  1875) ;  reed- 
press,  a  press  for  straw  which  is  to  be  made  into 
reed;  reed-rand(or  -rond), reed-roll  (seequots.); 
treed  sedge,  ? reeds;  reed-stop,  an  organ-stop 
composed  of  reed-pipes ;  reed-thrush  =  REED- 
WARBLER  b ;  reed-tree  (see  CALAMODENDRON)  ; 
reed  voice,  a  reedy  or  squeaking  voice ;  t  reed- 
yard,  a  sceptre  of  reed.  Also  REED-BED,  -BIRD,  etc. 

1840  Cuvier's  Anint.  Kingd.  151  The  Sedge  Babbler.. is 
also  a  common  summer  visitant  in  Britain,  more  generally 
distributed  than  the  *Reed  Babbler  (Sylvia  arundinacea). 
1895  *Reed  back  [see  reed-machine  below).  1585  HIGINS 
J  twins'  Nomencl.  388/1  Arnndinetntn^  ..  a  place  where 
reedes  grow :  a  *reedebeere.  1822-34  Coed's  Study  Med. 
(ed.  4)  1.  179  Horses  feed  with  avidity  and  thrive  to  fatness 
on  the  agrostis  aruudinacea^  or  *reed  bent-grass.  1860 
DARLINGTON  Anter.  H'ef</s,etc.  376  Calamagrostis.  Reed 
Bent-Grass.  1834  Penny  Cycl.  II.  79/2  The  reitbok  ..  or 
*reedbuck,  so  called  from  its  habit  of  frequenting  the  reedy 
banks  and  beds  of  dry  water-courses.  1893  SELOUS  Trav. 
.S.  E.  Africa  160  A  r»ed-buck,  with  a  fine  head,  jumped  out 
of  the  long  grass.  1759  B.  STILLINGFL.  Misc.  Tracts  (1791) 
182  The  *reed  canary  grass  serves  for  thatching  houses. 
1860  DARLINGTON  After.  Weeds,  etc.  ^ooP.arundinacea.. 
Reed-like  Phalaris.  Reed  Canary  Grass.  1859  Miss  PRATT 
Brit.  Grasses  <y  Sedges  103  *Reed  Fescue, . .  its  stem  is  from 
2-4  feet  high . .  the  leaves  are  long,  and  of  somewhat  yellowish 
green.  1876  Kncycl.  Brit.  IV.  490/2  Reeds  are  generally 
struck  on  the  panel  in  the  direction  of  the  grain,  and  laid  in 
on  the  panel  across  it,  or  along  the  ends;  this^  is  termed 
*reed-flush.  1895  R.  MAUD8M  C&feM  Weaving  vt.  106  The 
•reed  machine  is  furnished  with  the  parts  of  the  machine 
termed  the  reed  back,  composed  of  two  strips  of  wood  each 
for  the  top  and  bottom.  1842  R.  PARNELL  Grasses  Scot.  101 
Poa  aqnatica.  *Reed  Meadow-Grass.  1858  SIMMONDS 
Diet.  Trade  s.v.  Melodeont  Seraphine,  harmoneon,  *reed- 
organ,  &c.  are  names  for  essentially  the  same  instrument. 
1879  A.  J.HiPKiNsin  Grove  Did. Mus.  1. 667  Of  late  the  name 
Reed-Organ  has  been  used  to  express  both  the  harmonium 
and  the  American  organ.  1831  RENNIK  Montagu's  Ornith. 
Diet.  26  Bearded  Tit.— *Reed  Pheasant.  1848  Zoologist 
VI.  2186  The  bearded  titmouse  is  the  '  reed  pheasant  'i  and 
indeed  with  its  long  graduated  tail  it  is  not  unlike  a  minia 
ture  pheasant.  1891  T.  HARDY  Tess  xliiJ,  There  had  already 
been  placed  in  the  *reed-press.  .as  many  sheaves  of  wheat  as 
would  be  sufficient  for  the  women  to  draw  from  during  the 
day.  1840  SPURDENS  Suppl.  Forty  s.v.  Rand,  A  *reed- 
rand,  on  our  rivers  and  broads  is  a  margin  overgrown  with 
reeds.  1865  KINGSLKY  Heme.  Prel.,  Long  lines  of  reed- 
rond,  emerald  in  spring,  a  1825  FORBY  Voc.  E.  Attglia, 
*Keed-rollt  a  thicket  of  reeds  on  the  borders  or  shallow 
parts  of  a  river.  1x1490  BOTONER  /tin.  (Nasmith,  1778)  288 
Shevys  de  *reede  segge.  1727  BOYER  Diet.  Royal  II, 
*Reed-stop  of  an  Organ,  amhe  Morgue.  1811  BUSBY 
Diet.  Mns.  (ed.  3)  s.v.  Reed,  Those  stops  of  an  organ  which 
consist  of  pipes  so  furnished  are  called  Reed  Stops.  ^1871 
HILES  Diet.  Mus.  7*.,  Hautboy-clarion^  a  2  ft.  reed  stop  in  an 
organ.  1871-4  NEWTON  YarrelCs Brit.  Birds  I.  365  There 
seems  no  reason  to  doubt  their  having  been  specimens  of  the 
Great  Reed- Warbler  or  *  Reed-Thrush,  to  use  its  oldest 
English  name.  1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  K  111.  iv.6;  lie.  .speake 
betweene  the  change  of  man  and  boy.  With  a  *reede  voyce, 
a  1240  IVohnnge  in  Cott.  Horn.  281  SiSen  ;ette  buffetet  and 
to  dunet  i  be  heaued  wi3  be  *red  gerde. 

Reed  (r/'d),  s/>.2  Alining:  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
a.  The  split  or  fracture  in  a  coal  seam  at  right 


HEED. 

angles  to  the  bedding  ;  the  cleat, 
between  strata. 


b.  The  parting 


1839  URK  Diet.  Arts  062  The  lamellz  (reed  of  the  coal) 
are  always  parallel  to  the  bed  or  plane  on  which  the  coal 
rests,  fbid.  974  It  is  often  divided  and  intersected,  with  its 
concomitant  strata,  by  what  are  named  partings,  backs, 
cutters,  reeds,  or  ends.  1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coat-mining. 

Reed  («d),  v.    [f.  REED  j&i] 

1.  trans.  To  thatch  with  reed.     Chiefly  pass,  (cf. 
REEDED///,  a.  2.) 

^1440  Promp.  Pan1.  426/2  Redyn1  howsys,  arundino^ 
calamo.  1538  LELANU  /tin.  (1768)  III.  125  The  Abbay 
Chirch  and  Paroch  Chirch  [being]  then  be  chaunce  readid 
or  thatch  id.  1573  TUSSER  Hitsb.  (1878)  in  Where  houses 
be  reeded . .  now  pare  off  the  mosse. 

2.  To  make  (straw)  into  reed.  (See  REED  s&J-  2  c.) 
1817-18  COBBETT  Resid.  17.  S.  (1822)  339  If  this  straw  be 

reeded,  as  they  do  it  in  the  counties  of  Dorset  and  Devon, 
it  will  last  thirty  years.  Ibid.  341  Only  think  of  the  expense 
of  drawing  or  of  reeding  straw  in  England  ! 

3.  To  fashion  into,  or  decorate  with,  reeds;   to 
furnish  with  a  reed-moulding.    (See  REED  sbl  12.) 

1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  161  When  a  piece  cf 
wood  is  formed  into  two  or  more  semi-cylinders,  touching 
each  other,  .the  piece  of  wood  is  said  to  be  reeded.  1848 
B.  WEHB  Cant.  Ecclesiol.  42  Two  of  the  pillars  are  reeded  . . 
in  opposite  directions.  1890  Athenaeum  9  Aug.  199/1  The 
chalice.. has  a  mullet-shaped  base,  reeded  vertically. 

Reed,  van  READ  sd.1;  obs.  f.  READ  v.,  RED  a., 
REDE  j<M  and  v. ;  obs.  var.  ROOD. 

t  Ree'dal,  a.  and  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  REED  J//.1 
+  -AL.]  a.  adj.  Of  the  nature  of  a  reed.  b.  sb. 
A  device  of  this  kind. 

1728  NORTH  Mem.  Music  (1846)  26,  I  guess  It  was  voiced 
either  by  the  lipps,  as  a  cornett,  or  else  by  some  reedall. 
Ibid.  37  The  tibia  were  pipes  that  sounded  by  a  reedall 
device  like  those  affixed  to  bagpipes. 

Reed-bed.  [REED  jA>]  A  bed  or  growth 
of  reeds.  (Common  in  recent  use.) 

c  1000  >£LFRIC  Exod.  ii.  3  Heo  . .  asette  hyne  on  anum 
hreodbedde  be  )?aes  flodes  ofre.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  302/1 
Rede  bede,  arundinetum,  cannetum.  1732  AINSWORTH 
Lat.  Diet.  I.  s.v.  Keed,  A  reed  bed,  bank,  or  plot,  antndin- 
etum.  1843  Zoologist  I.  97  The  reed-beds  on  the  banks  of 
the  Thames.  1897  E.CoMVBKAS&//u/.Ca/ff£ru&vM.  5  The 
Great  Copper  butterfly.. no  longer  brightens  the  reed-beds. 

Reed:bird.    [REED  sb.*\ 

1.  A  bird  which  frequents  reeds.  rare~l. 

1648  HE.XHAM,  Een  riet-inecsct  a  Reede-bird  like  a  Tit 
mouse. 

2.  spec.    a.    A   North    American    singing-bird, 
Dolichonyx    oryzivonts ;    the    bobolink   or   rice- 
bunting.     Also  attrib. 

1795  W.  PRIEST  Trav.  U.  S.  (1802)  90  A  wonderful  variety 
of  small  birds,  among  which,  the  reed  bird,  or  American 
ortolan,  justly  holds  the  first  place.  1810  WILSON  Amer. 
Ornith.  II.  48  Rice  Bunting,  Emberiza  oryzivora.  ..This  is 
the  Boblink  of  the  eastern  and  northern  states,  and  the  Rice 
and  Reed-bird  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  southern  states. 
1893  LELAND  Mem.  I.  55  The  reed-bird,  which  is  quite  as 
good  as  the  ortolan  of  Italy.  Ibid.  57  Then  we  all  had  reed- 
bird  suppers  or  lunches. 

b.  (a}  The  reed-warbler  ;  (b}  the  sedge-warbler. 

1848  Zoologist  VI.  2186  The  sedge  warbler  is  the  'reed- 
bird  '.  1871-4  NEWTON  Yarrell"s  Brit.  Birds  I.  370  Its  par 
tiality  for  reeds.. makefs]  the  names  of  Reed-bird  or  Reed- 
Wren,  by  which  it  is  commonly  known,  sufficiently  applic 
able. 

Reed-bunting.  [REED  ^.l]  The  reed- 
sparrow  (Ernberiza  schanielus\ 

1785  PENNANT  Arct.  Zool.  II.  368  Reed  B[unting].  1840 
Cui'ier's  Anim.  Kingd.  198  The  Reed  Bunting. .hasablack 
head  and  gorget,  and  white  ring  round  the  neck.  1871 
DARWIN  Desc.  Man  it.  xiii.  II.  95  In  the  spring  the  feathers 
on  the  head  of  the  male  reed-bunting.. acquire  a  fine  black 
colour. 

Reede,  obs.  f.  READ  v.,  RED  a.,  REDE  sb.^  and  v. 
Reeded  (rrded),  ///.  a.  [f.  REED  v.  and  sby\ 

1.  Overgrown  with  reeds. 

1876  GROSART  Introd.  A.  Wilsons  Poems  I.  p.  x!i,  He 
journeyed— gun  in  hand— in  forest,  brushwood,  reeded 
swamp.  1891  E.  R.  PsHNBLL  Jlrttun  Pleas.  65  The  campers 
pitch  their  tents  on  the  reeded  islands. 

2.  Thatched  with  reed. 

1819  H.  BUSK  Vestriadv.  263 Grassy  fences. .That glitter 
ing  hang  the  reeded  eaves  beneath.  1848  LYTTON  Harold 
\.  iv,  Blunt,  cone-headed  turrets. .rose  often  from  the  low, 
thatched  and  reeded  roofs. 

3.  Ornamented  with  reed -moulding. 

1833  J.  HOLLAND  Manuf.  Metal  II.  80  When  the  [sword] 
blade.. is  required  to  have  a  reeded  back  or  some  similar 
sort  of  ornament.  1858  Ecclesiologist  XIX.  165  Circular 
shafts,  with  reeded  caps.  1889  PATER  G.  de  I.atonr  (1896) 
79  Frames  of  reeded  ebony  or  jewelled  filigree. 

4.  Furnished  with  musical  reeds. 

^  c  1865  Wylde*s  Circ.  Sc.  I.  284/1  The  usual  mode  of  form 
ing  reeded  and  tongued  instruments. 

Reedel,  obs.  foim  of  RIDDLE  sb.^ 

Reeden  (nM'n),  a.  Now  rare.  Also  6-7 
readen.  [f.  REED  sbJ-  +  -EN  *.] 

1.  Made  or  consisting  of  reed  ;  reed-like. 

1382  WVCLIF  2  Kings  xviii.  21  Whether  hopist  thou  in  the 
reeden  [L.  amndinco\  staf  and  broken.  1586  BRIGHT 
Melanch.  Pref.,  Philosophic.. is  but  a  readen  staffe  to  beaie 
up  so  heauy  a  burthen.  I^GERARDE//*-?-^/  i.  iii.  4  Along 
slender  recden  stalke,  1611  CORYAT  Crudities  262  The 
women  of  Venice . .  put  on  a  readen  hat,  without  any  crowns 
at  all.  1697  DRVDEN  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  385  Thro'  reeden 
Pipes  convey  the  Golden  Flood.  1817  Sporting  Mag.  L.  25 
The  thresher  in  his  shirt  and  reeden  fillet. 

f2.  -REEDY  i.  Cbs.rare-*. 


323 

1387  TREVISA  Higdcn  (Rolls)  VII.  487  Whanne  ^ey  were 
annexes  i-passed  a  reden  marys. 

Reader  (n'daj).  Also  5  redare,  6  reider. 
[f.  REED  v.  and  sb.1  +  -Eli1.] 

1.  One  who  thatches  with  reeds,  a  thatcher.  ?  Obs. 
c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  426/2  Redare,  of  howsys,  calamator, 

arundinarins,cannarius.  1552  HULOET,  Reider  of  houses 
or  thacker,  ftrundinarius.  1610  in  Eng,  Hist.  Rev.  (1898) 
XIII.  524  Thatcher,  Reeder,  or  Flecker  viirt'. 

2.  A  thatched  frame  used  to  protect  blocks  or 
tiles  of  china-clay  from  rain. 

1880  Sfons*  Ent yd.  Manuf.  I.  637  The  blocks  [of  china- 
clay]  are  then  collected,  and  piled  a \\ayin  sheds,  under  a 
number  of  thatched  gates  or  '  reeders '. 

Heed-grass.    [REED  sb?\ 

1.  A  name  given  to  various  reed-like  grasses,  as 
the  bur-reed,  bent,  reed  bent-grass,  etc. 

1578  L\iv.fDodot-ns  iv.  Iv.  515  Rede  grasse  hath  long  narrow 
leaues  . .  with  a  sharpe  crest  or  backe,  raysed  vp.  1585 
HIUINS  tr.  Junius*  XomencL  120  Butotmnn^.  .  reedgra.»L-, 
or  oxbane.  1611  COTUR.,  Roseau  dcs  estangs,  reed-grassc-, 
the  llurre  Reed.  1743  JAMES  Mctt.  Diet.  s.v.  Arundo,  The 
Grainen  Antndinaetuni)  Reed  Grass,  enumerated  amongst 
the  Reeds  by  Dale,  agrees  in  Virtues  wilh  the  common 
Reed.  1777  LICIITFOOT  Fl.  Scot.  I.  107  Arundo  artn<iriat 
Sea  Reed  Grass.  1813  H.  DAVIKS  Welsli  Botanol.  I.  12 
Arundo  colo?'atat  Canary  Reed-gras*. 

2.  The  name  of  various  American  grasses. 

Salt  reed-grass,  a  tall  stout  grass  (Sfartina  fiolystachya} 
of  the  Atlantic  coast.  Small  reed-grass^  a  species  of  Cala- 
magrostis.  Sweet Gt  wood reed-er ass,  the  tall  sweet-scented 
grasses  Cinna  aruitdinaceet  or  C'.  pemiula. 

1756  P.  BROWNK  Jamaica,  341  The  Mountain  Reed-Grass. 
I  found  this  curious  little  plant  at  Cold  Spring.  1846-50 
A.  WOOD  Clas$-bk.  Bat.  6ui  Caiamagrostis  canadensis, 
Reed  Grass,  Blue-joint. 

t  Re-edificate,  pa.ppk.  Obs.  rare-1.  [See 
RE-EDIFY  and  EDIFICATE.J  Rebuilt. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  1 1.  79  That  cite  [Chester],  somme 
tyme  destroyede  by  men  of  Northumbrelonde,  but  reedificate 
by  Elfleda,  lady  of  the  marches. 

Re-edifica-tion.  [a.  OF.  reedification  (i4th 
c.)  or  med.L.  rcxdijication-cm,  n.  of  action  f.  re- 
xdifieare  to  RE-EDIFY.]  The  action  of  rebuilding 
or  the  state  of  being  rebuilt.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

M73  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  ^4/2  The  reparations  and  reedifi- 
cations  of  the  houses,  .within  the  Tonne.  1538  LELAND 
I  tin.  (1768)  III.  125  The  Toun  was  compellid  to  lielp  to  the 
Reedification  of  it.  1597  BKARD  Theatre  God*s  "Jvdgem. 
(1612)  534 That  rich  and  renowned  Citie.  .after  her  reedifica 
tion  to  be  debased  into  so  low.. an  estate.  1651  HOUBES 
Lcviath.  HI.  xxxiii.  202  1'he  re-edification  of  the  walls  and 
houses  of  Jerusalem.  1726  DART  \titlc-p.}  The  History.. of 
the  Cathedral  Church  of  Canterbury, .  .Containing,  An  Ac 
count  of  its  First  Establishment,  Building,  Re-edifications 
[etc.].  1796  JEFI-KKSON  Writ.  (1859)  IV.  134,  I  have  begun 
the  demolition  of  my  house,  and  hope  to  get  through  its  re- 
edification  in  the  course  of  the  summer.  1815  WRAXALL 
Hist.  Mem.  I,  68  Its  re-edification,  .and  improvement  in 
every  sense,  occupied  his  capacious  mind. 

Re-e'difier.  [RE-  5  a  ;  or  f.  next  +  -EB  T.] 
One  who  rebuilds,  a  rebuilder.  Now  rare. 

1538  LELAND  I  tin.  (1769)  IV.  8  He  thmketh  that  the  Vaulx 
were  Reedifiers  of  it.  1579  FENTON  Guicciard.  (1618)  24  An 
old  opinion.  .thatCharlemaine  was  the  reedifier  of  their  ci  tie. 
1675  SHERBURNE  Sphere  Manilivs  66  [Philippi]  afterwards 
renamed  from  Philip.. its  Reedifier.  1767  S.  PATERSOM 
Another  Trav.  I.  425  Re-edifiers  of  fallen  temples  !  and 
quickeners  of  dead  laurels  !  1833-4  DE  QUINCEY  Cxsars 
Wks.  1862  IX.  35  She  looked  up  to  him.. as  the  re-edifier 
of  her  husband's  honours. 

Re-edify  (r^e-difai),  v.  Forms  :  see  EDIFY. 
Also  0.  5-6  redifye,  6redyfy,  6-7  redefy.  [ad, 
OF.  reedifier  (and  redifier}  =  Sp.,  Pg.  recdi/icar, 
It.  riedificare :— late  L.  resedificare  to  rebuild,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  setiificdre  to  EDIFY.] 

1.  trans.  To  rebuild  (a  house,  or  other  building, 
a  wall,  city,  street,  etc.). 

1420-22   LVDG.    Thebes  ir.  (Laud    MS.)   If.   26    pis  olde 
Neemie  Gat  hym  licence  to  reedifie  The  walles  newe  of 
lerusalem.     1483  Rclls  of  Parlt.  VI.  313/2  Your  Besccher 
.  .myght  not  be  suflYed  to  reedifie  and  make  ageyn  the  said 
two  Forges.     1513  BRAUSHAW  St.   \\~erknrge  \\.  641   This    ' 
noble   duchesse  . .  Reedified    Chestre   and  fortified   it   full 
ryght.     1594  WEST  2nd  Pt.  Symbol.^  Chancerie  §  85  They    ! 
yet  doe  deny  and  refuse.. to  repaire  and  reedify  the  said    i 
tenements  and  premisses.    1631  WEEVER  ^;/r.  Funeral M on.     ! 
267  The  Langleys.  .did  either  found  or  reedifie  this  Church.    , 
1688  EVELYN  Diary  23  Aug. ,  Northampton,  having  ben  lately    I 
burnt  and  re-edified.     1722  DE  FOE  Plague  (1756)  109  To 
beautify  the  City,  and  re-edify  the  Buildings.  1775  CHANDLER    ' 
Trav.  Asia  M,  (1825)  I.  241  Hadrian  is  said  tohave  reedified 
and  named  it  Hadnanopolis.     1818  MILLS  Hist,  Crusades    . 
(1822)  I.  i.  4  The  impious  and  vain  attempt  of  the  Emperor 
Julian  to  re-edify  the  walls  of  the  holy  city.     1894  BARING- 
GOULD  Deserts  S.  France  II.  103  Men  began  everywhere 
to  erect  churches,  and  re-edify  those  that  were  ruinous. 

absol.  1608  TOPSELL  Serpents  (1658)  706  If  it  happen  at  t 
any  time  that  a  house  be  burned,  ..when  the  people  come  to  : 
re-edifie,  they  can  very  hardly  displant  their  number. 

ft.    1431-50  tr.  Higden.  \Rolls)  III.  173  This  Cambises 
wolde  not  suffre  the  temple  to  be  redifiede  in  his  tyme. 
c  1475  r art t- nay  3700  Which  church  he  shall  welle  redyfy^.    j 
1545  JOYE  Exp.  Dan.  vi.  L  v,  For  y*  walls  of  Jerusalem  &    I 
temple  to  be  redified.    1568  GKAFTON  Chron.  II.  755  Edmond    > 
Shaw . .  of  his  awne  costs  redefied  Cripplegate. 
fb.  To  rebuild  (a  ship).   Obs.  rare"1. 

1570-6  LAMBARDE  Peramb.  Kent  (1826)  315  All  these  ships 
Queen  Elizabeth  hath  either  wholy  built  upon  the  stockes, 
or  newly  reedified  upon  the  olde  moaldes. 

2.  Jig.  To  rebuild,  restore,  re-establish. 

1540-1  ELYOT  Image  Gov.  43  This  publike  weale,  which 
beyng  subuerted,. .  I  haue  reedified.  1593  DANIEL  Contpl, 


REEDLING. 

/?<Wrtw<;«rfWks.  (1717)  62  Thy  favourable  Lines  Re-edified 
the  Wreck  of  my  Decays.  1603  DHAYTON  Bar.  Wars  i.  xxtii, 
Re-edify'd  king  Arthur's  ancient  Boord.  a  1652  BROME 
New  Acad.  iv.  ii.  Wks.  1873  H-  79  The  least  syllable  of 
your  fair  testimony,  is  able  to  re-edifie  the  ruines  of  a 
decayed  commendation.  1822  HA/I. ITT  Tabh-t.  Ser.  ii.  xiv. 
(1869)  289  My  public  and  private  hopes  have  been  left  a 
ruin, . .  I  would  wish  them  to  be  re-edified. 

3.  transf.   To  build  up  again  physically. 

1897  AllbiitCs  Syst.  Med.  III.  479  As  the  gastratgia  sub- 
,  sides  the  patient  must  be  re-edified  in  the  usual  way. 

Hence  Re-e'difled,  ppl.  a. 

1600  J.  PORY  tr.  Leo's  Africa  in.  197  The  inhabitants  of 
I  this  reedified  towne  are  Moores.  1633  "''•  HALL  Hard 
i  Texts,  O.  T.  562  There  shall  be  holy  service  performed  to 
:  my  name,  in  the  re-tdified  Temple. 

Re-edifying  f^e-dii^in^  vbl.  sb.  [f.  prec. 
+  -IXG1.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  RE-EDIFY  in 
various  senses. 

1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  vii.  27  For  the  reedefyeng  of  this 

|    holy  werke.     1534  Act  26  Hen.  I'l/I,  c.  8  (titles  An  act  for 

I    reediliying  of  voide  groundes  in  the  citie  of  Norwich.     1579 

W.  WILKINSON  Confut.  Earn.  Love  26  The  redyfiyng  of  the 

:     Church  by  Christ  is  prophecitd.     1615  G.  SANDYS    Trav. 

•     ii  Vpon  the  reedifying  of  Corinth  it  [Delos]  was  held  by  the 

Athenians.        1668  Lond.   Gaz.    No.    245/1    Great  care    is 

j     taken  for  the  speedy  re-edifying  of  the  late  ruined  Palace 

I    here.     1747  CARTE  Hist.  Eng,  I.  329  He  readily  swallowed 

I    all  pretences  of  dreams  for  the  re-edifying  of  monasteries. 

'     1851    D.    WILSON    Preh.    Ann.    (1863)    II.    iv.    i.    194    The 

|    re-edifying  of  churches  and  monasteries  on  a  larger,  .scale. 

Reediness  (rrdinOs).     [f.  REEDY  a.  +  -XES.S.] 

The  state  or  quality  of  being  reedy,  in   various 

senses  of  the  adj. 

1869  SIR  E.  REKD  ShipbuihL  \\iii.  3-^7  To  try. .  the  quality 

of  the  iron  and  to  develope  indications  of  any  retdmess,  or 

I     looseness  of  structure  it   may  possess.     1888  Sci.   Awer. 

30  June  402/3  The  Liszt  organ ..  possesses  great  freedom 

from  reediness  in  sound.     1899   ll'estm.  Gaz.  16  May  2/1 

There  is  a  harshness,  a  reediness  about  it,  and  sometimes  an 

i    absence  of  modulation. 

t  Reeding,  sb.  Obs.  .Scequot.  and  READING^.) 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  ^48/2  Reedings.  .[i^]  House- 
1  wives  Cloth  made  of  Hemp  or  Flax. 

Reeding  (rrdirj),  vbl.  sb.     [f.  REED  v .  -f  -ING  1.] 

1.  '1  he  action  of  the  verb  in  various  stnses. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv,  427/1  Rcdynge,  of  howsys.  Arnndin- 
acio.  1710  HILMAN  Tnsser  Redir.  No.  5.  5  Reeding  is  no 
where  so  well  done  as  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk.. .[  It]  will 
bear  a  better  Slope  than  any  other  Thatch.  \9R$Harper*$ 
Afaff.  July  256/1  Reeding  and  harnessing  are  subsidiary  pro 
cesses  in  putting  the  warp  in  prcper  shape  on  the  loom. 

2.  a.  A  small  semicylindrical  moulding  (cf.  REED 
sb.l  12);  ornamentation  of  this  form. 

1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  <*(•  Art  I.  173  Several  bends 

1    placed  together,  or  sunk  in  a  flat  face,  are  called  reeding-;. 

1854  F.  REINNEL  Carpenters'  (.'ompan,  50  When  reeding  is 

|    introduced  on  flat  surfaces,  there  should  always  be  an  odd 

number.     1862  RAWLINSON  Anc.    Mon.   I.  it.  vi.   362  The 

plaster  of  which  they  are  composed  is  formed  into  sets  of 

half  pillars  or  readings. 

b.  The  milling  on  the  edge  of  coins.     (Knight 
Diet.  Meek.  1875.) 

3.  Comb,  reeding-plane,  a  plane  used  for  mak 
ing  reeds  in  wood. 

1825  JAMII  SON  Snppl.  1829  ELMES  Metrop.  Improv.  22 
Wood  scored  by  a  carpenter's  reeding  plane. 

t  Ree'dish,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  REED  sb.^  + 
-ISH1.]  Of  the  nature  of  a  reed. 

1628  GAULE  Pract.  The.  (1629)  233  His  Hand  mildly  swayes 
the  Reedish  Scepter.  1652  —  Magastrom.  108  What  reedish, 
nay  strawy,  suppositors  doe  they  stand  upon  ? 

Re-e  dit,  v.  Also  9  -edite.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  edit  again.  Hence  Re-e'diting  vbl.  sb. 

1797  Monthly  Mag.  III.  91  Some  progress  will  be  made  in 
re-editing  a  German  edition  of  a  forgotten  classic.  1807 
SOLTHEY^/CC.  Eng.  Poets  I.  p.  vii,  When  Dr.  Aikin  began  to 
re-cdite  Johnson's  collection  [of  the  poets].  1865  M.  ARNOLD 
Ess.  Crit.  ii.  42  A  book  like  the  history  of  the  French 
Academy  . .  which  M.  Charles  Livet  has  lately  re-edited. 
1898  Daily  Kews  23  Sept.  4/6  The  re-editing  of  liturgical 
forms  upon  simpler  and  more  Scriptural  lines. 

Re-edi'tion,  sb.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  second  edition  ; 
a  re-editing. 

1655  FILLER  Wounded Consc.t  etc.  (1867)  278  Gerard  him 
self,  .must  have  been  forced  to  a  re-edition  of  his  Herbal. 
1716  M.DAViES^Mi'w.  Brit.  111.1.30  Before  this  re-edition 
of  Quintilian  appear'd,  1876  FCRNIVALL  in  Thynne's  Em 
blems  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  p.  v.  note,  This  re-edition  is  more  than 
four  times  the  size  of  our  ist  edition.  1881  E.  FITZGERALD 
Lett.  (1889)  I.  464  To  re-edit  his  Works,  which  did  not  want 
any  such  re-edition. 

tRe-edrtion,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans. 
To  issue  again.  Hence  f  Re-edi'tioniug  vbl.  sb. 

1716  M.  DAVIES  A  then.  Brit.  II.  To  Rdr.  44  Mr.  Beomet's 
History  of  the  Primitive  usage  of  Forms  of  Prayers,  re- 
edition'd  at  Cambridge,  1707.  Ibid.  III.  i.  30  'Tis impossible 
to  imagine  any  necessity  there  was  of  re-editioning  of  it. 

Reedle,  obs.  form  of  RIDDLE  sbl- 

Ree'dless,  a.  rare~l.  [f.  REED  sb.1  +  -LESS.] 
Destitute  of  reeds. 

1628  MAY  I'irg.  Georg.  iv.  134  Youths,  that  tomb'd  before 
their  parents  were  ;  Whom  foule  Cocytus'  reedlesse  bankes 
enclose. 

Reedles(se,  vnrr.  REDELESS  a.  Obs. 
Reedling  (rrdlirj).     [f.  REED  j/M  +  -LING.] 
1.  The    bearded   titmouse,  Panurus   biarmiais. 

Also  called  bearded  reedling. 

1840  CtfZ'it'r"s  .  \nitn.  Kincd.  198  There  is  only  one  known 
species,  the  Bearded  Reedling..,  extensively  diffused  over 
Europe  and  Asia,  and  not  rare  in  some  parts  of  Britain. 

41-2 


REED-MACE. 

1871-4  NEWTON  Yarrelfs  Bri!.  Birds  I.  522  Reedling,  used 
for  it  by  several  authors,  would  certainly  be  preferable  to 
Titmouse,  had  not  some  of  the  aquatic  warblers  been  also  so 
called.  1896  Daily  News  28  Nov.  3/6  Bearded  tit,  reedling 
or  reed  pheasant. 

2.  A  reed-bed. 

1830  J.  D.  HOY  in  Loudon  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  III.  329  The 
very  young  shell-snails  of  different  kinds  which  are  numerous 
in  the  bottom  of  the  reedlings. 

Reedloker,  compar.  REDLY  adv?  Obs. 

Reed-mace.  [REED  sbJ]  a.  An  aquatic 
plant,  Typha  latifolia,  common  on  the  margins 
of  ponds  and  lakes,  having  long  ensiform  leaves 
and  tall  stems,  the  latter  terminated  by  dense 
cylindrical  spikes  of  small  brownish  flowers  (Also 
called  cafs-tail  or  cat-tail,  and  bulrush.}  b.  The 
smaller  species,  Typha  angitstifolia. 

The  two  species  are  sometimes  distinguished  as  greater 
(or  l>road-lcai'cd\  and  lesser  reed-mace. 

1548  TURNER  Names  llerbes  lE.  D.  S.)  79  Typha  groweth 
in  fennes  and  water  sydes  among  the  reedes. . .  It  is  called  in 
englishe  cattes  tayle,  or  a  Reedmace.  1562  —  Herbal  ll. 
i ,90,  It  maye  be.. called  rode  mace,  because  boyes  vse  it 
in  theyr  handes  in  the  stede  of  a  mace.  1578  LYTF.  Dadoens 
iv.  liii.  513  Turner  calleth  it  in  Englishe,  Keede  Mace,  and  , 
Cattes  tayle.  1668  WILKIXS  Real  Char.  II.  iv.  §  3.  73.  1691 
RAY  Creation  I.  (1692)  100  The  number  of  seeds  produced 
at  once  in  some  one  Plant,  as  for  example  Rued-mace.  .may 
amount  to  a  Million.  1777  FORSTER  Voy.  round  World  I.  j 
217  The  seams  between  them  are  caulked  with  the  downy 
or  woolly  substance  of  the  reed-mace.  1785  MARTYN 
Romseatfs  Hot.  xxviii.  431  The  greater,  or  broad-leaved 
Cat's-tail,  otherwise  called  Reed-mace.  1817  J.  BRADBURY 
Trai'.  Amcr.  116  There  was  a  considerable  quantity  of  the 
down  of  reedmace,  (  Typha  palustris).  1842  W.  R.  WADE 
Journey  N.  Zealand  (Morris),  The  raupo,  the  reed-mace 
of  New  Zealand,  alw_ays  grows  in  swampy  ground.  1884 
JI:|-FEIUES  RedDeerix.  176  By  the  shore  nourishes  the  tall 
reud-mace  (so  rarely  distinguished  from  the  lesser  bulrush). 

Reed-pipe.    [KEED  W-.i] 

f  1.  A  reed-pen.   Obs.  rare  —1. 

(11300  E.  E.  1'salter  xliv.  2  Mi  tunge  rede-pipe  [L. 
calamus]  mot.  .be  Writer  of  swiftli  writande. 

2.  A  musical  pipe  made  of  reed. 

1648  HEXHAM,  Een  riel-pijfe,  a  Reede-pipe.  1801  STRUTT 
Sports  ff  Past.  in.  v.  177,  I  saw  three  itinerant  musicians. . 
One  of  them  turned  the  winch  of  an  organ..,  another  blew 
a  reed-pipe.  1885  tr.  Schurer's  Hist.  Je-i<.  People  I.  272 
Reed-pipes  were  introduced  into  the  choir  on  the  high 
festivals. 

3.  An  organ-pipe  fitted  with  a  reed. 

1727-41  CHAMBKRS  Cycl.  s.v.Urgan,  The  degree  of  acute- 


324 

nest  of  the  reed  wren  for  it.  1862  ANSTED  Channel  1st.  n. 
ix.  (ed.  2)  207,  I  have  put  the  reed  wren  as  doubtful  for 
Guernsey. 

Reedy  («"di),  a.  Also  4  reeddy,  6  redy.  [f. 
REED  sb.i  +  -Y  1.] 

1.  Abounding  with,  full  of,  reeds  ;  characterized 
by  the  presence  of  reeds. 

1382  WYCLIF  Wisd.  iii.  7  As  sparcles  in  reeddy  places  [L. 
in  arundineto}  thei  shuln  renne  hider  and  thider.  1398 
TREVISA  Bartk.  DC  P.  R.  XVHI.  xc.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Some  [frogs] 
bej>  icleped  calamite  for  |>ei  wone  among  reede . .  &  in  reedy 


in  the  organ  will  "admit  of.  1881  BKOADHOUSE  Mus. 
Acoustics  172  The  reed  pipes  of  organs  and  the  vibrators  of 
harmoniums  produce  their  tones  in  the  same  way. 

Reed-sparrow.    [REED  s/>.i] 
a.  A  common  British,  bird,  Emberiza  schcmiclus, 
frequenting    reedy  places.     Also    called    REED- 
BUNTING,    b.  The  sedge-warbler. 

The  two  were  formerly  sometimes  distinguished  as  (a) 
greater  and  (b)  lesser  reed-sparrow.  The  former  is  not  a 
song-bird  (cf.  quot.  1802). 

14. .  Nom.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  702  Hie  palustris,  a  rede- 
sparowe.  1658  ROWLAND  tr.  Moufet's  Theat.  Ins.  1088 
Larks,  Gnat-snappers,  Reed-sparrows,  and  many  other 
birds, ..do  feed  on  the  Worms  of  trees  and  herbs.  1676 
WILLUGHBY  Ornith.  \\,  99  The  lesser  Reed-sparrow.  Ibid., 
The  greater  Reed-sparrow.  1752  J.  HILL  Hist.  Anim.  501 
The  Reed-sparrow.  The  Fringilla,  with  a  black  head, 
brown  at  the  sides  and  with  a  white  ring.  1769  G.  WHITE 
Sclborne  xxiv,  The  person  that  shot  it  says  that  it  sung  so 
like  a  reed-sparrow  that  he  took  it  for  one.  1802  MONTAGU 
Ornith.  Diet.  (1831)  416  There  can  be  no  doubt.. that  the 
nest,  as  well  as  the  song  of  the  sedge  bird,  have  been  taken 
.  .for  those  of  the  Reed  Sparrow.  1884  Public  Of  in.  5  Sept. 
299/1  Here  a  reed-sparrow,  deep-nested  and  brown,  and 
there  a  snipe  darting  away. 

Re-6'ducate, v.  [REm  5  a-]  trans.  To  educate 
again. 

1808  MRS.  C.  KEMBLE  Day  after  Wedding  7  Then  you 
must  re-educate  her.  1836  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Discuss. 
(1852)  322  These  tutors,  educated  in  the  older  system,  were 
unable  or  unwilling  to  re-educate  themselves  for  teachers  of 
the  new.  1899  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VI.  899  Gymnastics 
are  also  of  advantage  in  re-educating  the  nerve  centres. 

So  Re-ecUica'tion. 

1888  Voice  (N.Y.)  2  Feb.,  A.. Theological  Seminary  for 
their  re-education.  1899  Allbulfs  Syst.  Med.  VII.  578  The 
re-education  of  the  sense  of  hearing. 

Reed-warbler.    [REED^.']    a.  A  common 

British  sylvioid  bird,  Acrocephalus  streperus,  fre 
quenting  reed-beds,  b.  A  related  species,  A. 
arundinaceus  (also  called  reed-thrush  and  great 
reed-warbler'),  occasionally  seen  in  Britain. 

1802  MONTAGU  Ornith.  Diet.  (1831)  418  In  Wiltshire  and 
Somersetshire,  where  the  sedge  warbler  is  found  in  abund 
ance..,  not  a  single  Reed  Warbler  is  to  be  found.  1843 
H.  DOUBLEDAY  in  Zoologist  I.  13  A  single  reed-warbler  was 
shot  at  a  pond  close  by  the  town  [Epping]  in  1835.  1884 
t'ublic  Of  in.  5  Sept.  299/1  The  birds  essentially  of  the  mere 
are  the  sedge  warbler,  the  reed  warbler  [etc.]. 

Reed-wren.  [KEED  sb.l~\  The  reed-warbler  ; 
also  a  name  of  various  allied  North  American  birds. 

1783  LIGHTFOOT  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXV.  12  As  we  have 
already  a  bird,  called  in  English  the  Willow-wren;  ours, 
being  nearly  of  the  same  size  and  shape,  as  well  as  the  same 
genus,  may,  from  its  haunts,  not  improperly  be  denominated 
the  Reed-wren.  1787  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  Suppl. 
184  Reed  Wren.  Size  of  the  Willow  Wren.  1803  MONTAGU 
Qrnith,  Diet,  (1831)  27  Others  have  undoubtedly  taken  the 


ran.  1658  T.  WALL  Chartict.  Enemies  Ch,  30  Some  perillous 
beast,  which  out  of  the  cover  of  their  reedy  thickets,  attends 
the  opportunity  of  their  desired  prey.  1727-46  THOMSON 
Summer  482  The  adjoining  brook.. Now  scarcely  moving 
through  a  reedy  pool.  1840  THIRLWALL  Greece  Iv.  VII.  103 
On  the  reedy  margin  of  the  lake  stood  here  and  there  some 
monuments.  1869  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  III.  xiv. 
357  The  Derwent  itself,  a  reedy  and  somewhat  sluggish 
stream. 

2.  Made  or  consisting  of  reed  or  reeds  ;  reeden. 
^1763  SHENSTONE  Elegies  x.  31  How  must  Velino  shake 

his  reedy  crest  1  1794  SOUTHEY  Poems  Slave  Trcuie  iv.  The 
o'erwearied  slave.  .Rests  on  his  reedy  couch.  1853  FULTON 
Fain.  Lett,  xxvii.  (1865)  247  A  shepherd,  who  charmed  his 
weary  hours,  .by  playing  rustic  airs  upon  his  reedy  pipe. 

3.  Resembling  a  reed  or  reeds  in  some  respect : 

a.  Weak  like  a  reed. 

1628  FELTHAM  Resolves  11.  xix.  61  She  rests  full,  in  her 
owne  approuement,  without  the  weak  Worlds  reedy  under 
propping.  1832  Examiner  721/2  He  is  reedy— he  wants 
strength  of  character. 

b.  <  )f  straw  or  grass :  Stiff  or  coarse  like  reeds. 
1778  [W.   MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  5  Apr.  an.  1777 

Notwithstanding  it  was  weedy,  and  the  barley-straw  reedy, 
they  have  eaten  it  up  very  clean.  1863  FR.  A.  KEMBLE 
Resid.  Georgia  50  A  small  bank  of  mud  and  sand,  covered 
with  reedy  coarse  grass.  1883  F.  M.  PEARD  Coutrad.  viii, 
She  had  pulled  a  root  of  reedy  grass  from  the  sand. 
C.  Having  the  form  or  texture  of  a  reed. 

1807  CRABBE  Par.  Reg.  I.  140  The  leek  with  crown  globose 
and  reedy  stem.  1830  LYTTON  /'.  Clifford  xxxi,  A  horse  ..of 
the  lengthy,  reedy,  lank,  yet  muscular  race.  1834  DE 
QUINCEY  in  Tait's  ftlag.  I.  707  Carriages  of  our  present 
light  and  reedy  (almost,  one  might  say,  corky)  construction. 
1842  LOUISA  S.  COSTELLO  Pilgr.  Auvergttel.  29 The  groups 
of  reedy  pillars  which  support  the  body  of  the  church. 

d.  Of  iron  bars  or  plates :  Having  the  character 
of  being  formed  of  small  rods  imperfectly  united. 

1869  [implied  in  REEDINESS]. 

f  4.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  reed  (as  being 
derived  from  the  sugar-cane).  Ol>s.~l 

1658  ROWLAND  tr.  Moufct's  Theat.  Ins.  912  Do  not  use 
sugar  that  is  earthly,  reedy,  and  so  full  of  dregs. 

5.  Having  a  tone  resembling  that  produced  by 
a  musical  reed. 

1811  BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.  (ed.  3)  s.v.  Reed,  A  kind  of  tongue 
.  .which. .  produces  a  reedy  thickness  of  tone.  1823  MOOHE 
Mem.  (1853)  IV-  79  Ronzi,  notwithstanding  her  thin  reedy 
voice,  [is]  very  charming.  1866  A.  MACDONALD  Ann.  Q. 
Neighb.  ii,  A  good  many  tones  were  rough,  .and  reedy. 

Comb.    1823  CRABB  Technol.  Diet..  Reedy-toned,  an  epithet 
for  any  voice  which . .  partakes  of  the  tone  of  the  reed. 
b.  Having  a  reedy  voice. 

1855  DICKKNS  Dorrit  l.  xxxi,  A  poor  little  reedy  piping  old 
gentleman,  like  a  worn-out  bird. 

Reedyness,  variant  of  REDINESS  Obs. 

Reef  (r/~f),  s&.1  Forms :  4,  8  riff,  6  ryft,  refe, 
7-  reef.  PI.  8  reeves,  8-  reefs.  [ME.  riff,  refe  = 
Du.  reef,  rif,  LG.  reef,  reff,  G.  reff(riff,  reef},  Sw. 
ref,  Norw.  riv.  Da.  rev,  red  :  the  ultimate  source  is 
ON.  ^^in  the  same  sense  (formally  identical  with 
rif  rib,  and  peril,  only  a  transferred  use  of  that 
word  :  cf.  next),  but  the  precise  manner  in  which 
the  word  passed  into  the  other  tongues  is  obscure. 
F.  ris  (i2th  c.,  Wace)  is  app.  a  pi.  form,  for  *rifs.~\ 

1.  Naut.  One  of  the  horizontal  portions  of  a  sail 
which  may  be  successively  rolled  or  folded  up  in 
order  to  diminish  the  extent  of  canvas  exposed  to 
the  wind ;  they  are  usually  three  or  four  in  number, 
and  situated  at  the  top  of  square  sails  and  at  the 
bottom  of  fore-and-aft  sails.     Freq.  in  phr.  to  take 
in  a  reef(a.\so  in  fig.  context). 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  341  The  wynd  was  good,  the  See 
was  plein,  Hem  nedeth  noght  a  Riff  to  slake,  c  1515  Cocke 
Lorell's  B.  12  Some  y«  longe  bote  dyde  launce . .  Mayne 
corse  toke  in  a  refe  byforce.  a  1547  SURREY  in  Tottcll's 
Alisc.  (Arb.)  28  And  so  wisely,  when  lucky  gale  of  winde 
All  thy  puft  sailes  shall  fil,  loke  well  about :  Take  in  a  ryft. 
1684  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  1933/4  Her  Main-Sail  a  Lug  Sail  with 
four  Reefs  at  the  bottom,  and  her  Fore-Sail  three  aloft. 
1711  W.  SUTHERLAND  Shipbuild.  Assist.  115  Reeves  to  take 
up  part  of  the  Sail  as  the  Wind  rises.  1762  FALCONER 
Sttipwr.  II.  158  The  folding  reefs,  in  plaits  inroll'd,  they  lay. 
1807  CRABBE  Par.  Reg.  I.  328  When  tempests  plough  the 
deep  We  take  a  reef,  and  to  the  rocking  sleep.  1862  Lond, 
Rev.  16  Aug.  139  When  the  morning  breaks  we  [yachtsmen] 
are  beating  into  Weymouth  with  two  reefs  down. 

transf.  1885  Spectator  30  May  715/1  He  is  wasting  away, 
and  is  obliged  to  take  in  reefs  in  his  waistcoat. 

2.  t  8"  The  act  of  reefing.   Obs.  rare  ~~°. 

1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn,  I.  s.v.,  This  contracting  or 
taking  up  the  Sail,  they  call  a  Reef  or  Reefing  the  Sail. 
b.  A  mode  of  reefing. 

1829  MARRYAT  F.  Mildmay  v,  We  tried  a  Spanish  reef, 
that  is,  let  the  yards  come  down  on  the  cap. 

3.  attrib.  and  Comb.,   as  reef-cringle,  -caring; 


REEF. 

1  reef-band  (see  quot.  1762);  reef-bank  —  reef- 
\  point ;  reef-jig,  -jigger,  a  tackle  sometimes  used 
to  pull  the  reef-band  taut  before  tying  the  points 
(Cent.  Diet.  1891) ;  reef-knot,  (a)  a  knot  made 
in  tying  the  reef-points  ;  (/>*)  a  certain  form  of  knot 
used  for  this  and  other  purposes ;  hence  reef-knot 
v.  trans.,  to  tie  with  a  reef-knot ;  reef-line  (see 
quot.  1769);  reef-pendant  (see  quot.);  reef- 
point,  one  of  a  set  of  short  ropes  fixed  in  a  line 
along  a  reef-band  to  secure  the  sail  when  reefed ; 
reef-tackle  (see  quot.  1769);  also  attrib. 

1762  FALCONER  Shipwr.  n.  153  note,  The  *reef-band  is  a 
long  piece  of  canvas  sewed  across  the  sail,  for  strengthening 
it  in  the  place  where  the  reef-holes  are  made,  c  1860  H. 
STUART  Seaman*s  Catech.  45  The  reef  bands  and  bellybands 
stretch  from  leech  to  leech,  for  strengthening  the  sail.  1841 
R.  H.  DANA  Seaman's  Man.  29  Having  the  head  and  first 
*reef  cringles,  .out.  Ibid.,  Fasten  the  head  and  *reefearings 
to  their  cringles.  1888  E.  J.  MATHER  Nor'ard  of  Dogger 
162  The  fourth  hand  and  myself  were  getting  the  reef- 
earings  adrift.  1823  CRABB  Technol.  Diet.,  *Ree/-hanks, 
short  pieces  of  small  line  sewed  at  certain  distances  on  the 
reefs  of  boom-sails.  1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seaman's  Man.  40 
This  is  sometimes  called  a  *Reef-knot.  1859  All  Year 
Round  No.  17.  400  The  faces  of  the  men,  as  they  lay 
along  the  yard,  tying  the  reef  knots.  1886  J.  M.  CAULFEILD 
Seamanship  Notes  2  Take  your  boat's  grapnel,  and  *reef- 
knot  it  round  boat.  1762  FALCONER  Shipivr.  II.  156  The 
*reef-lines  next. .Thro  eye-lid-holes  and  roband-legs  are 
reev'd.  1769  —  Diet.  Marine  (1789)  H  h  iv,  The  courses 
of  large  ships  are  either  reefed  with  points  or  small  cords, 
which  are  thence  called  reef-lines.  . .  The  line  is  passed 
spirally  through  the  eyelet-holes  of  the  reef,  and  over  the 
head  of  the  sail  alternately,  and  ..  strained,  .tight.  1882 
NARES  Seamanship  (ed.  6)  124  In  reefing,  the  end  of  the 
becket  is  passed  under  the  reef  line.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's 
}l'~ord-bk.,  *Rcef  pendant,  a  rope.. with  a  tackle  attached 
to  its  end  to  bowse  the  after-leech  down  to  the  boom.  1805 
SOUTHEY  Aladoc  in  W.  iv,  The  *reef-points  rattled  on  the 
shivering  sail.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  Be/.  Mast  iv.  8,  I  was  of 
some  service  on  a  yard,  and  could  knot  my  reef-point  as  well 
as  anybody.  1750  BLANCKLEY  Nav,  Expos.  129  Reefing  . . 
is  done  with  the  "Reef  Tackle  Pendants,  Tyes,  and  Falls. 
1769  FALCONER  Shipivr.  n.  150  note,  Reef-tackles  are  ropes 
employed  to  facilitate  the  operation  of  reefing,  by  confining 
the  extremities  of  the  reef  close  up  to  the  yard.  1840  R.  H. 
DANA  Be/.  Mast  v.  10  We  had  got.  -the  topsail  reef-tackles 
hauled  out.  ci86o  H.  STUART  Seaman's  Catech.  23  Reeve 
it  through  the  reeftackle  block. 

Reef  (nT),st>?  Forms:  6riffe, 6-8 riff,8- reef. 
[=  Du.  rif  (in  Kilian  also  riffe),  MLG.  rif,  ref, 
G.  riff,  Sw.  ref,  Norw.  riv,  Da.  rev  (rif),  ultimately 
from  ON.  rif  in  the  same  sense  (prob.  a  transferred 
use  of  rif  rib  :  cf.  prec.).  The  immediate  source  of 
the  Eng.  word  is  prob.  Du.  or  LG.] 

1.  A  narrow  ridge  or  chain  of  rocks,  shingle, 
or  sand,  lying  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  water. 
•)•  Formerly  also  reef  of  rocks. 

See  also  CORAL  REEF,  barrier-reef  s.v.  BARRIER  si.  5, 
fringing-ree/  s.v.  FRINGING  ///.  a. 

1584  NORMAN  Safegard  of  Saylers  n  The  rifle  lyes 
alongst  betweene  Bombergen  and  the  holmes  west.  Hid.  15 
From  the  northwest  corner  of  Burckum,  doth  lie  a  riff  of 
sand.  1693  r/iil.  Trans.  XIX.  35  The  Riff  or  Ridge., 
descending  a  little  towards  the  Eastward.  1742  [RICHARD 
SON]  TaurCt.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  I.  207  Though  Portland  stands 
a  League  from  the  main  Land  of  Britain,  yet  it  is  almost 
join'd  by  a  prodigious  Riff  of  Beach,  that  is  to  say,  of  small 
Stones  cast  up  by  the  Sea.  1748  A nsan' s  Voy.  II.  iv.  157 
There  is  also  a  reef  of  rocks  running  off  the  eastern  point  of 
the  Island.  1813  BAKEWELL  Inlrod.  Geol.  (1815)  88  Islands 
and  reefs  of  coral  rocks  are  raised  from  vast  depths  in  the 
course  of  a  few  years.  1864  TENNYSON  En.  Ard.  585  The 
league-long  roller  thundering  on  the  reef.  1868  Miss 
BRADDON  Dead  Sea  l;r.  I.  i.  2  Leaving  it  far  away  across 
a  level  waste  of  reef  and  sand.  1883  SIR  A.  HOBHOUSE  in 
Law  Rep.  9  App.  Cases  177  A  reef  of  shingle  which  extends 
to  the  right  bank  of  the  river. 

fig,  1875  LONGF.  Masque  Pandora  iv,  To  the  reefs  of 
doom  he  drifts  1  1896  Daily  Neivs  4  Nov.  7/1  On  this  reef 
the  hypothesis,  -is  shattered. 

trans/.  1877  BARING-GOULD  Myst,  Suffering  93  The  black 
ness  which  was  falling  reef  on  reef,  over  mind  and  soul. 

2.  Gold-mining  (orig.  Austral^),    a.  A  lode  or 
vein  of  auriferous  quartz. 

1858  McCoMBlE  Hist.  Victoria  xiv.  213  A  party. .dis 
covered  gold  in  the  quartz  reefs  of  the  Pyrenees.  1873  C. 
ROBINSON  N.  S.  Wales  38  Mining  and  engineering  skill, 
and . .  powerful  machinery  are  brought  to  bear  on  such  reefs. 
b.  The  bed-rock. 

1869  R.  B.  SMYTH  Gold  Fields  Victoria  Gloss.  s.v.,  The 
term  is  applied  to  the  up-turned  edges  of  the  palajozoic 
rocks.  The  reef  is  composed  of  slate,  sandstone,  or  mud- 
stone.  The  bed-rock  anywhere  is  usually  called  the  reef. 

3.  Short  for  reef-sponge  (see  4). 

1883  Fisheries  Exhib.  Catal.  (ed.  4)  160  The  principal 
varieties  [of  sponges],  in  the  order  of  their  value,  are  known 
as  sheep-wool,  white  reef,,  .dark  reef. 

4.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  (sense  i)  reef-channel, 
-ground,  -mass,  -region,  -rock,  etc. ;  reef-building 
adj. ;  (sense  2  a)  reef-matter,  share;  reef-bass,  an 
American  fish;  reef-builder,  a  coral  insect  which 
builds  reefs;  reef-drive  (see  quot.)  ;  reef-eel,  an 
Australian   murxnoid  eel,  as  Mursma   tessellata 
(Funk's    Stand.   Diet.    1895);    reef-goose,    the 
common  N.  American  wild  goose,  Bernicla  cana- 
densis  (Cent.  Diet.  1891);  reef-heron,  an  Aus 
tralian   heron   of  the  genus  Demiegretta,  as  D. 

jugularis  or  D.  sacra  (Funk);    reef-oyster,   an 
oyster  growing   on,  or   forming,  reefs ;   a  coarse 


I 


REEF. 

oyster  ( Cent.  Diet. ) ;  reef-sponge ,  a  kind  of  sponge 
obtained  in  the  West  Indies ;  reef-trout,  an  Ameri 
can  species  of  lake-trout ;  reef-wash  (see  quot.). 

1884  GOODE  Nat.  Hist.  Aquat.  Anim.  372  In  the  Caro- 
linas,  Florida,  and  the  Gulf,  we  meet  with  the  names 
'Bass',  and  its  variations,  'Spotted  Bass',  'Red  Bass', 
'Sea  Bass',  '*Reef  Bass',  and  'Channel  Bass'.  1877 
HUXLEY  Anat.  Ini>.  Anim.  167  Even  within  the  coral- 
zone,  the  distribution  of  the  *reef-builders  appears  to  be 
singularly  capricious.  1861  J.  R.  GREENE  Man.  Anim, 
Kingd.)  Ccelent.  193  External  conditions  which  seem  favour 
able  ..  to  the  growth  of  *reef-building  Corals.  1850 
DANA  Geol.  ii.  40  The  reef  of  New  Holland  has  been 
instanced  as  affording  an  example  of  one  of  the  larger 
*reef-channels.  1869  R.  B.  SMYTH  Gold  Fields  Victoria 
Gloss.  619  *Reef-drive— A  drive  cut  or  constructed  entirely 
through  the  bed  rock,,  .or  along  the  face  of  the  reef,  or  partly 
in  the  reef.  1850  DANA  Geol.  ii.  40  The  *reef-grounds 
being  in  some  parts  twenty-five  miles  wide.  1876  PACK 
Adv.  Text-bk.  Geol.  iii.  68  The  *reef-mass  formed  by  their 
aggregate  labours.  1896  African  Critic  24  Oct.  546/2  The 
mine  shows  over  two  and  a-half  feet  of  *reef  matter.  1872 
DANA  Corals  ii.  129  The  cruiser  in  untried  *reef- regions. 
1820  KKATS  Hyperion  n.  306  Sullen  waves  In  the  half- 
glutted  hollows  of  *reef-rocks.  1890  *  R.  BOI.DRFWOOD  ' 
Miner  s  Right  (1899)  52/1  An  agency  for  the  purchase  of 
*reef  shares.  1883  W.  S.  KENT  Fisheries  Bakmnas  45 
(Fish.  Exh.  Publ.)  The  *reef  or  glove  sponge, ..technically 
known  as  Spongia  officinalis^  var.  tnbniifcra.  1885  LADY 
BRASSEY  The  Trades  311  There  were  little  black  balls  of 
reef-sponges.  1884  GOODE  Nat.  Hist.  Aquat,  Anint.  488 
About  Grand  Traverse  Bay,  Lake  Michigan,  two  varieties 
[of  lake  trout]  are  also  recognised,  one  being  ..  known  as 
4  *Reef  Trout '.  1869  R.  B.  SMYTH  Gold  Fields  Victoria 
Gloss.  620  *Reef-wasn—  A  deposit  of  .washdirt  spread  over 
an  expanse  of  flat  or  undulating  reef  (i,  e.,  bed-rock),  or 
lodged  in  a  hollow  in  the  reef. 

Reef,  j£.3,  modernized  form  of  REAP,  mantle. 

1841  SIR  H.  TAYLOR  Etiivin  i.  viii,  This  shaveling's  meagre 
face,  With  his  mass-hackle  arid  his  reef  and  stole. 

Reef,  northern  Sc.  form  of  ROOF. 

Beef  (rff),  v.i  [f.  REEF  sb.l ;  cf.  Du.  rcven,  Da. 
reue,  rebe,  Sw.  refva,  Icel.  rifa^\ 

1.  trans.  To  reduce  the  extent  of  (a  sail)  by  taking 
in  or  rolling  up  a  part  and  securing  it. 

1667  DAVENANT  &  DRYDEN  Tempest  i.  i,  Up  aloft  Lads. 
Come,  reef  both  Top-sails.  1687  B.  RANDOLPH  Archipelago 
103  We  hoised  our  main-saile,  with  which  and  our  foie-saile 
(both  reeft)  we  stood  in.  1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  n.  i,  We 
reeft  the  Fore-sail  and  set  him.  1762  FALCONER  Shifwr.  n. 
141  Again  to  reef  the  main-sail  they  repair.  1862  Catal. 
Internal.  Exhib.  II.  xn.  6/1  By  this  invention,  the  topsails 
can  be  reefed  and  unreefed  from  the  deck,  without  sending 
any  one  aloft.  1888  Encyd.  Brit.  XXIV.  599/2  Mills 
are  exposed  to  great  danger  if  the  sails  are  not  reefed  or 
furled  in  high  winds. 

absol.  1762  FALCONER  Ship-Mr,  n.  12  At  ev'ry  hatchway, 
'Reef!*  they  call  again.  1816  'Quiz'  Grand  Master 
Pref.  3  He  might  have  call'd  them  out  to  reef.  1862  Catal. 
Internat.  Exfiih.  II.xii.  6/2  Fitted,  .with  reef  lines,  &c.,  in 
the  topsail,  to  reef  in  the  old  plan  if  required  for  purposes  of 
exercise. 

b.  transf.  To  draw  up  or  gather  in,  after  the 
manner  of  reefing. 

1836  E.  HOWARD  R.  Reefer  xxx,  The  clues  of  my  hammock 
were  not  reefed.  1887  J.  ASIIBY  STERRY  Lazy  Minstrel 
(1892)  68  Dear  little  damsels . .  Face  the  salt  spray,  reef  their 
petticoats  pluckily. 

2.  a.  To  shorten  (a  topmast)  by  lowering,  or 
(a  bowsprit)  by  sliding  inboard.     Also  intr.  (see 
quot.  1875). 

1704  [see  REEFED///,  a.  i].  1745  P.  THOMAS  Jrnl.  Ansoris 
Voy.  138  We  found  our  own  Main-top-mast  sprung,.,  where 
upon  we  reefd  it  twenty  Inches,  that  is  we  lower'd  it  so 
much  and  secured  it  there.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-bk. 
565  The  lower  piece  is  cut  off,  and  a  new  fid-hole  cut,  by 
which  the  mast  is  reefed  or  shortened.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet. 
Mech.  1904/1  The  bowsprit  of  a  cutter  or  that  of  a  ship-of- 
war.  .is_said  to  reef  when  it  is  run-in  or  shortened  by 
sliding  in-board.  1883  Harper's  Mag.  Aug.  449/2  The 
bowsprit  and  topmast  can  be  reefed  or  housed. 

b.  To  alter  (a  paddle)  by  moving  the  float-boards 
nearer  to  the  centre  of  the  wheel,  in  order  to  diminish 
the  dip  when  the  vessel  is  deep. 

1838  BARLOW  in  Tredgold  Steam  Eng.  (ed.  Woolhouse) 
App.  61  This  serious  loss  of  speed  in  a  laden  vessel,  .would 
be  more  effectually  saved  by  reefing  the  paddles.  1858 
MURRAY  Marine  Eng.  xii.  143  When  the  wheels  are  too 
deeply  immersed,  they  may  sometimes  be  '  reefed '  by  dis 
connecting  the  boards,  and  securing  them  near  the  centre. 

3.  intr.  (See  quot.) 

1889  Atlantic  Monthly  July  115/1  When  the  driver  moves 
the  bit  to  and  fro  in  his  mouth,  the  effect  is  to  enliven  and 
stimulate  the  horse...  If  this  motion  be  performed  with  an 
exaggerated  movement  of  the  arm,  it  is  called  reefing. 

Reef,  v.2  [f.  REEF  sb%]  intr.  To  work  at  a 
(mining)  reef. 

1861  [see  QUARTZ  sb.  3  b].  1890  (R.  BOLDREWOOD' /I//Hi-r'.r 
Right  (1899)  21/2  Patiently  sinking,  driving,  sluicing,  or 
reefing  as  the  case  might  be. 

Reefe,  obs.  form  of  RIFF,  midriff. 
Reefed  (nft),  ///.  a.     [f.  REEF  v.l  +  -ED  1.] 

1.  Of  masts :  Shortened. 

_  1704  J.HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I.s.v.  Reef,  WhenaTop-Mast 
is  Sprung, . .  they  cut  off  the  lower  piece  that  was  near  broken 
off,  and  setting  the  other  part,  now  much  shorter,  in  the 
Step  again,  they  call  it  a  Reeft  Top-Mast. 

2.  Of  sails  :  Having  a  reef  or  reefs  taken  in. 
1748  Anson's  Voy.  i.  vii.  73  We  were  obliged,  .to  continue 

under  a  reefed  mizen  till  eleven  at  night.  1814  SCOTT  Ld. 
of  Isles  i.  xxi,  The  helm . .  Gave  the  reefd  sail  to  meet  the 
wind.  1863  S.  R.  GRAVES  Yachting  Cruise  84  We  took  in 
the  trysail,  and  ran  under  reefed  square  sail  and  foresail. 


325 

b.  With  single-,  double-,  etc. 

1803  Karal  Chron.  XXIII.  398  Treble-reefed  main-top 
sail.  1836  MAKRYAT  Alidsh.  Easy  xxvi,  Another  ten 
minutes,  and  then  they  were  under  double-reefed  topsails, 
1857  in  Merc.  Marine  J/tff.  (1858)  V.  i  Under  double-reefed 
top-sails,  courses,  jib,  and  single- reefed  main-try-sail. 

Reefer *  (vi -tea),      [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER  l.] 

1.  One  who  reefs ;  spec,  a  slang  name  given  to 
midshipmen  '  because  they  have  to  attend  in  the  tops 
during  the  operation  of  taking  in  reefs  *  (Smyth). 

1829  MAKRYAT  F.  Mildmay  ii,  I.. was  saluted  by  the 
females  with  the  appellation  of  '  royal  reefer '  (midshipman'1 . 
1840  K.  H.  DANA  Bcf.  Mast  xxix.  104  A  lad.  .who  went  by 
the  name  of  the  '  reefer  ',  having  been  a  midshipman  in  an 
Kast  India  Company's  ship.  1888  Harper's  Mttff.  July  166 
The  steerage  or  gun-room  was,  .the  home  of  darling  reefers. 

2.  A  reefing  jacket. 

1883  Tailoring  II 'or Id  20  Oct.  1/2  The  forms  of  garments 
known  as  Reefers  and  Lounges.  1894  R.  H.  DAVIS  in 
i  Harper s  Mag.  JM ay  891/1  A  tall,  handsome  woman.. with 
'  her  hands  in  the  pockets  of  her  reefer. 

attrib.^  1885  rail  Mall  G.  13  Mar.  jo'aThe  man.. was 
I  dressed  in  a  reefer  jacket  and  light-coloured  trousers. 

Bee'fer  2.     [f.  RKEP  ^.2  or  &•.-'  +  -EK  l.] 

1.  Austral.  One  who  works  on  a  gold-reef. 

1890  '  R.  UOLDREWOOD*  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  285  He  was 
not  a  miner,  a  speculator,  a  reefer,  nor  an  engine-driver. 

2.  U.S.  A  reef-oyster  (Cent.  Diet.  i8yi). 
Reeffe,  obs.  form  of  REKVE  sb.^ 

f  Re-efformation.  Obs.  rare^.  [R?>  5.1.] 
Renewal  of  form,  re-formation. 

1626  DONNE  Serin,  xxi.  206  The  resurrection  from  this  fall 
is  by  Re-efformation. 

Reefing-  (rf'firj),  -vbl.  sb.  Naut.  [f.  REEF  z>.i  + 
-ING  *.]  The  action  of  RKKF  z/.l 

1750  BLANCKLEY  Nav.  Expos,  129  This  contracting  or 
taking  up  the  Sail  they  call  Reefing.  1758  J.  BLAKE  i'lan 
Mar.  Syst.  7  Exercising  those  who  are  received  into  the 
service  . .  in  handing  and  reefing  of  sails.  1829  MARRVAT 
/'".  Mildinay  viii,  Many  a  sail  is  split  by  bad  reefing.  1862 
Ctital.  Internat.  Exhib.  II.  xn.  6/1  The  old  defective  and 
dangerous  method  of  reeling  by  the  men  going  aloft  and 
out  on  the  yards. 

b.  atirib.)  as  reefing  breeze >  point,  topsail  \  reef- 
ing-jacket,  a  particular  form  of  close-fitting  jacket 
made  of  stout  heavy  cloth. 

1897  Onting-(U.S.)  XXX.  362/2  The  race  was  sailed  with 

a  "reefing  breeze.     i88z   OGILVIE,    *Reefmg-jacket.     1894 

1    Idler  Sept.  220  A  reformed  world,   in  which   every  man 

I    should.,  sit  down  in  a  reefing  jacket  to  a  dinner  of  pork  and 

i    beans.    1856  '  STONEHENGE  '  Brit.  Rural  Sports  461,  i  Tying 

I    round   the   boom   a   corresponding    line   of    the   '  *reefmg 

points',.. hanging  on  the  lower  part  of  the  mainsail.     1878 

A.   H.  MAKKHAM   Gt.   Frozen   Sett   i.   3   Both    ships  were 

fitted  with,  .patent  *reefing  and  furling  topsails. 

Reefort,  8c.  variant  of  RAIFOKT.  Obs. 

Ree'fous,  a.  rare-1,     [f.  REEF  sb.-]     Reefy. 

1859  R.  F.  BURTON  in  Lady  Burton  Life  (1893)  I.  272  An 
occasional  glimpse  through  its  green  veil  showed  a  reefous 
surface,  flecked  with  white  froth. 


Reef 


II.  625  It  has  brought  down  a  lot  of  loose  material  to 
a  reefy  coast. 

Reeing,  rying,  vbl.  sb.  Also  5  rey(i)ng, 
9  reean,  rieing,  rayen.  [f.  REE  v.  +  -ING  i.] 

1.  The  action  of  reeing  corn  ;  hence  reeing-sieve, 
-machine. 

a.  1400-1  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  603  In  j  ridella  et 
j  reyingsife  empt.  \\$.  \]d.  1485-6  Ibid.  649,  i  Reyng  syff, 
\\\d.  x6ao  MARKHAM  Fareiv.  Husb.  (1625)  1:5  With  small 
reeing  siues  to  dresse  it  from  the  Come,  and  so  preserue 
the  dust.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  283  Reeing- 
machines  have  been  invented  for  cleansing  corn.  1878 
Cumbld.  Gloss.,  Ree,  to  riddle  corn  in  a  '  ree-an  sieve '. 

0-  '744-fio  W.  ELLIS  Mod.  Husbandm.  VI.  in.  64  (E.D.S.) 
A  brass  or  iron  wire  round  hand-sieve,  which  we  call  a 
rying-sieve.  1879  Miss  JACKSON  Shropsh.  Word-bk.%  Ric* 
ing-sieve,  same  as  Blind-sieve. 

y.  1863;  W.  BARNES  Dorset  Gloss.,  Rnyen-zieve..^  a  sieve, 
used  chiefly  in  cleansing  clover. 

f2.  Such  a  quantity  as  can  be  reed  at  once.  Obs. 

1641  BKST  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  104  A  bushell  of  pease, 
and  a  bushell  of  rye,  into  which  we  putte  a  ryinge,  or  two, 
or  three,  of  barley. 

Ke-eja-culate,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To 

ejaculate  or  emit  again. 

ayji\  KEN  Hymnarinm  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  113  A  Love 
which  Love  celestial  may  With  re-ejaculated  Love  repay. 

Re-eje'Ctiou.  [RE-  5  a.]  Ejection  again  or 
a  second  time. 

1831  T.  HOPE  Ess.  Origin  Man  II.  185  The  separation  of 
those  substances  fit  for  absorption  and  nutrition,  from  those 
only  fit  for  re-ejection.  1881  JUDD  lrolcanoes  iv.  69  By 
constant  re-ejection  these  [fragments]  were  gradually  re 
duced  in  size. 

Reek  (r/k),  s&.1  Forms:  a.  i  re"c,  3-7  reke, 
4rek,  rike,4&.,  5  reyk,  4-6  Sc,  reik,  6-7  reeke, 
7  reake,  7, 9  Sc.  reak,  (8  wreak),  9  north,  dial,  rik, 
rick,  5-  reek.  &.  4-5  (9  dial.}  reech,  4-5  reche, 
5  rich.  [Comm.  Tcut. :  OE.  r£c  =  OFris.  rek,  reekt 
OS.  rdk  (MDu.  rooct  Du.  rook\  OHG.  rouh  (MHO. 
rouch,  G.  rauch\  ON.  reykr  (Sw.  rokt  Da.  riig)  :— 
OTeut.  *rauki-st  from  a  stem  reu&~,  roitk-  (cf.  REEK 
z*.1),  app.  not  found  outside  of  Teutonic.  As  the 
word  has  chiefly  survived  in  northern  use  the 
palatalized  form  reech  is  comparatively  rare.] 


Reeft,  obs.  f.  RIFT  sb.;  obs.  pn.  pple.  of  REAVE  v. 

'    efv  (n-fi),  a.     [f.  REEF  j<M]     Full  of  reefs. 

1847  in  WKBSTKK.     1893  SIR  H.  HOJVORTH  Glacial  Night- 


REEK, 

1.  Smoke  from  burning  matter.    (Still  the  general 
word  in  Sc.  and  north,  dial. ;  in  standard  Eng.  only 
in  literary  use,  and  chiefly  applied  to  dense  or 
unctuous  smoke.) 

a.   (7825  Vcsp.  Psalter  xvii[i].  9  Asia;?  rec  in  eorre  his. 

a  1000  Casdmons  Gen.  325  (Gr.j  [Hi]  boIiaS.  .brand  8:  bradc 

hgas,  swilce  cac  J>a  biteran  recas.      a  1300  Cursor  M.  3105 

It   brend,   be   reke    raght    vp    euen.     1340    HAMPOLE  Pr. 

\    Consc.  9431  pair  throtes  sal  ay  be  filled.. Of  lowe  and  reke. 

1373   BARBOUR  Bruce  iv.   130  The  fyre  out  syne  in  blasis 

!    brast,   And  the  reik   rais  riclit    vounder   fast.      c  1400  tr. 

Sccrcta   Secret.,    Gov.    Lordsh.    81    With    sandell     confyt 

ennoynt  his  body,  reekyd  with  reek  of  ensens.     1466  Paston 

Lett.  II.  268  To  the  glaser  for  takyn  owte  of  ii.  panysof  the 

wyndows.  -for  to  late  owte  the  reke  of  the  torches.     ?  1531 

;     FKITH  Answ,  Rochester  Wks.  56/2,  I  shall  offer  vnto  thee 

fat   sacrifices   with   the    reke    of   wethers.       a  1572    KNOX 

Hist.  Ref.  Wks.  1846  I.  42  For  the  reik  of  Master  Patrik 

Hammyltoun  lies  infected  as  many  as  it  blew  upoun.      1598 

|    SHAKS.  Merry  W.  m.  iii.  86  As  hatefull  to  me  as  the  reeke 

:    of  a  Lime-kill.      1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Praise  Clean 

\    Linen  Wks.  n.  169/1  The  suddes  vnto  the  Sea  I  may  com- 

I    pare,  The   Reake   or  smocke,   the   wind.     1664    H.   MORI-: 

,    Myst.  Iniq.  vii,  21  The  diffused  reek  of  the  things  sacrificed. 

|     1703  T.  N.  City  fy  C,  Purchaser  47  The  Reck  which  as- 

|    cends  out  on  the  top  of  the   Kiln.     1725  RAMSAY  Gentle 

S/ieph.  v.   ii.  Prol.,  The  rising  sun  shines  niotty  throw  the 

!    reek.     1821  SCOTT  Pirate  xi,  The  reek  that's  rising  out  of 

.     yon  lums.      1864  BASEST  Jest  fy  Earnest  (1873)  I.  43  The 

;    miner  makes  a  little  explosion. .,  which  fills  the  air.  .with  a 

sulphurous  reek.      1895  CROCKETT  Men  of  Moss-Hags  xli. 

292  The  whole  interior  was  full  of  the  smoor  of  reek. 

j3.    13. .  E.  A".  Allit.  P.  B.  1009  Suche  a  robun  of  a  reche 

J    ros  fro  be  blake,  Askez  vpe  in  J?e  ayre  &  vstllez  ber  flowen. 

a  1425  Cursor  M.  3105  (Trin.t,  Hit  brent;   reche  roos  vp 

ful  euen.     1879  WACGH  Chimney  Corner  251   There's  bin 

nought  nobbut  reech  (smoke)  an'  rain  sin  I  coom. 

b.  In  comparisons,  with  reference  to  the  light 
ness  or  other  qualities  of  smoke. 

£825  \'e$p.  Psalter  xxxvi[i].  20  Aspringende  swe  swe  rec. 
ciooo  Ags.  Ps.  (Th.)  Ixvii.  2  Rece  hi  gelicast  ricene 
geteoriaft.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  26994  Quat  es  mans  Hjf  but 
fam.  And  a  rek  bat  mai  noght  last,  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints 
xxxii.  (Justin)  442  He  had  na  lan.yare  mycht  to  byde  bot  fled 
as  reke  &  can  hym  hyde.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  \.  xii.  138 
Thus  has  he  said  ;  and. .  Vanist  away,  as  the  reik  in  the  air. 
1858  M.  PORTEOUS  '  Soitttr  Johnny'  8  liut  sic  pretension  I, 
like  reek  will  puff  aside. 

c.  fig.  in  various  applications. 

a  1300  Cursor  I\I.  2744  pe  word  es  wers  ban  man  mai 
neuen  ;  ]>e  reke  [  Trin.  MS.  reech]  es  raght  vn-to  be  heuen. 
c  1440  York  Myst.  xxvi.  34  Thurgh  his  romour  in  bis  reme 
Hath  raysede  mekill  reke.  1529  LYNUKSAY  Compl.  367 
Than  rais  ane  reik,  or  euer  I  wyste,  The  quhilk  gart  all 
thare  bandis  bryste. 

d.  transf.  A  house,  as  having  a  fire  burning  in 
it  (cf.  5  and  HEABTii1  2). 

1626  Act.  31  in  Barry  Orkney  App.  ix.  (1805)  469  What 
ever  persone  shall  slay  the  earn  or  eagle  shall  have..8d. 
from  every  reik  within  the  parochine.  1823  HIBBKRT  Dcscr. 
Shetl.  Isl.  321  To  feed  these  birds  a  lien  was  demanded 
from  every  house  J  or  (as  it  is  called)  from  every  reek. 

2.  Vapour  or  steam  arising  from,  or  given  off  by, 
something  in  a  moist  or  heated  state,  as  wet  or 
marshy  ground  (hence  also  Sc.3  fog  or  mist),  wet 
clothes,  boiling  water,  etc. 

c  1400  tr.  Sfcreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  79\Vhenn  ^eerthe 
ys  clene  with-oute  roche,  and  wilh-oute  reke,  be  water  of 
£at  stede  ys  light,  c  1400  Sege  Jcrits.  790  pe  wedes 
dropeden  doun,  d[r]yed  jerne,  Rich  rises  hem  fro.  1607 
SHAKS.  Cor.  in.  iii.  121  Curs,  whose  breath  I  hate,  As  reeke 
a'th  rotten  Fennes.  1685  BOYLE  Salubr.  Air  22  He  found 
the  Reeks  ascending  from  them  into  the  Air.  .make  him  as 
it  were  Asthmatical.  1696  BP.  PATRICK  Comm.  E.ioJ.  iv. 
(1697)  63  He  added  these  words.. I  am  a  reek  from  a  pot. 
1843  BORROW  Bible  in  Spain  II.  viii.  149  They  lay  im 
mersed  in  the  tepid  waters,  .overhung  with  steam  and  reek. 
1879  BROWNING  Ned  Bratts  17  Like  threshers,  one  and  all, 
Of  a  reek  with  laying  down  the  law  in  a  furnace. 

Jig.  1681  J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Life  iv.  (1684)  287  Melancholy. . 
overwhelms  the  Fancy  with  black  Reeks  and  Vapours. 
1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  v.  iii,  That  eternal  honour  which  should 
live  Sun-like,  above  the  reek  of  mortal  fame.  1856  BoKBR 
Pocms(i&$-]}  II.  96  My  heart  boils  sometimes,  and  the  reek 
is  death  To  such  as  stir  it. 

b.  spec.  The  vapour  given  off  by  hops  in  drying. 
1846  J.  BAXTER  Lil'r.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  I.  401  The 

instantaneous  abstraction  of  the  '  reek  ',  which  maintains  the 
best  colour  [in  the  hops].  1881  WHITEHEAD  Hops  64  A 
current  of  air,  heated  by  the  fire  below,  is  passed  perpetually 
thro'  the  green  hops  in  the  upper  floor,  and  their  '  reek '  is 
carried  quickly  off. 

c.  Haziness,  indistinctness,   rare. 

1876  R.  F.  BURTON  Gorilla  L.  II.  201  The  most  delicate 
sharpness  and  purity  of  outline  took  the  place  of  meridian 
reek  and  blur. 

3.  An  exhalation ;  a  fume  emanating  from  some 
body  or  substance ;    in  mod.  use,   a  strong  and 
disagreeable  fume  or  smell. 

1659  H.  MORE  Immort.  Soul  in.  ii.  §  7  That  our  Substance 
is  in  a  manner  lost,  and  nothing  but  a  tenuious  reek  re 
mains.  1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  ft  Selv.  182  It  shall  be  or 
may  be  alwayes  body,,  .sending  forth  and  taking  in  of 
steams  and  reeks,  even  all  along.  1685  BOYLE  Enq.  Notion 
Xat.  320  The  closeness  of  the  Place,  or  the  over  charging  of 
the  Air  with  the  fuliginous  Reeks  of  Mens  Bodies.  1871 
DIXON  T<nvfr  IV.  xxxi.  330  A  reek  of  gin  and  powder 
filled  the  chamber.  1886  All  Year  Round  4  Sept.  103 
From  the  engine-room  hatch  there  came  up  a  reek  of  oil. 
fig*  1870  LOWELL  Among  my  Bks.  Ser.  i.  (1873)  49  Nor 
does  Dryden's  lewdness  leave  such  a  reek  in  the  mind  as  the 
filthy  cynicism  of  Swift. 

"b.  Impure,  fetid  atmosphere. 

1873  DIXON  Two  Queens  II.  xi.  vii.  260  Amid  the  reek 
and  squalor  of  a  Spanish  hamlet.  1891  £.  Gossc  Gossip  in 


REEK. 

Library  iv.  52  The  sweet,  pure  meadows  lie  just  outside  the 
reek  of  Southwark. 

4.  Applied  to  fine  dust  or  snow  in  motion,  having 
the  appearance  of  smoke  or  steam. 

1854  DICKENS  Hard  T.  n.  xi,  The  reek  of  her  own  tread 
in  the  thick  dust  that  felt  like  velvet.  1894  BLACKMOKE 
Perlycross  270  The  shattered  roof  yawning  to  the  reek  of 
the  snow-slides. 

5.  atlrib.  and  Comb.,  as  f  reek-fowl  or  -hen,  an 
ancient  Scottish  tax  of  a  hen  paid  annually  by  each 
householder  on  an  estate  ;  reek  penny,  north,  a 
tax  paid  to  the  clergy  by  each  house  in  the  parish ; 
t  reek-poultry,  =  reek-fowl. 

1502  Sc.  Acts  Jos.  VI  (1814)  III.  6°7  Togidder  w'  the 
haill  teynd  wictuall  ..  *reikfowlis  custumes  and  vtneris 
dewties  quhatsumeuir.  1567  Sc.  Acts  Mary  (1814)  II.  556 
Duodecem  lie  *reik  hennis.  1795  Statist.  Ace.  Scotl.  XV. 
451  The  cotters  and  sub-tenants  pay.  .a  reek  hen,  and  one 
day's  shearing  in  harvest.  1871  W.  ALEXANDER  Johnny 
CM  xix.  (1873)  114  It  had  been  the  practice,  .to  bind  every 
tenant  to  pay  yearly  to  the  laird  a  'reek  hen  .  "55 
Memorandum  Sherburn  Hospital,  Dishofton  No.  4  (MS.), 
De  *Rekepeni  v  sol.  1351-2  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (burtees) 
552,  xiijs.  iiijd.  de  Rekepenys  parochiarum  de  Jarowe  et 
Wermouthe.  1735  Visitation  of  Chollcrton  in  Hodgson 
Northumbld,  County  Hist.  (1897)  IV.  270  All  tithes  and 
Easter  offerings  (except  reek  penny  and  communicants1. 
1831  HODGSON  NorthumbU.  n.  II.  356  ut>lr,1'he  [Christmas] 
offering  here  [Bedlington]  for  communicants  ..  is  three- 
halfpence  each ;  each  family  also  pays  one  penny,  under 
the  name  of  smoke  or  reck  penny.  1585  Charter  (Jam.), 
Decem  capones . .  cum  lie  -  reik  pultreis  solitis.  c  1592  Registr. 
Arcroath  iBann.  Club)  II.  App.  p.  xxxvii,  With  the  reik 
pultreis  vseit  and  wount. 

t  Reek,  sb?  Obs.  Forms :  6  reke,  reek(e, 
reake,  7  reike,  riek.  [Of  obscure  origin:  perh. 
an  alteration  of  RKIT.] 

1.  collect.  Water-plants,  seaweed. 

1555  EDEN  Decades  55  Amonge  the  reke  or  weedes  of  the 
maryshes,  they  espyed  a  multitude  of  wylde  bores.  1567 
GOLUING  Ovid's  .Met.  xiv.  (1593)  324  First  trees  shall  grow 
.  .in  the  sea,  and  reeke  shall  thrive  On  tops  of  Miles.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  445  Sea-weeds  or  Reike,  rushes  and  reeds 
growing  vpon  the  washes  and  meers. 

2.  With  //.  A  water-plant,  a  seaweed. 

1566  DRANT  Horace,  Sat.  n.  iv.  G  viij  b,  The  bore  is  yll  in 
Laurente  soyle,  that  feedes  on  reakes  and  reeds.  1591 
PERCIVALL  Sp.  Diet.,  A  Iga  marina,  reeks  or  sea  weede. 

Reek,  obs.  form  of  RICK  sb. 

Reek  ^k),  v\  Forms:  3-6  reke,  5-7  Sc. 
reik,  6  rik-,  6-7  reake,  reeke,  6-8  reak,  (8 
wreak),  7,  9  dial,  reech,  6-  reek.  [Comm.  Teut. : 
OE.  riocan  (north,  r&a  :  see  also  sense  5)  =  OFris. 
riaka,  reka,  OLG.  riecan  (MDu.  and  Du.  ricken ; 
also  MDu.  rfiken,  Du.  ruiketf),  OHG.  riohhan 
(G.  riecheii),  ON.  rjilka  (Sw.  r'oka,  Da.  ryge)  :— 
OTeut.  *riukan  (see  REEK  sl>.1).  G.  riechei^  and 
Du.  rieken,  ruikeii  now  mean  only  '  to  smell ',  the 
orig.  sense  being  expressed  by  the  new  formations 
rauchen  and  rooken.] 

1.  intr.  To  emit  smoke  :  a.  of  something  burning, 
ciooo  Ags.  Ps.  (Th.)  ciii.  [civ.]  30  gif  he  mid  his  mihte 

muntas  hrineS,  hi  ful  ricene  reocaS  sona.  1300  E.  E.  Psalter 
cxliii[i).  5  Laverd  . .  Negh  hilles,  and  reke  bai  salle.  1483 
Cath.  Angl.  302/2  To  Reke,  fitmare.  1513  DOUGLAS 
JEneis  it.  xi.  34  Thair  followis  a  streme  of  fire, . .  Quhill  all 
enveron  rekit  like  brintstane.  1585  JAS.  I  Ess.  Poesic 
(Arb.)  72  Earth  dois  tremble,  mountains  reikis,  afraid.  1617 
SIR  W.  MURE  Misc.  Poems  xxi.  78  With  Iberian  fyres  the 
Alpes  doe  reik.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  Imiia  4-  P.  124  The 
only  Structure  standing  in  the  Town,  it.  .was  then  reaking 
in  its  Ashes.  1830  SCOTT  Dcmonol.  x.  368  Not  long  after 
the  civil  war,  the  embers  of  which  were  still  reeking.  1846 
KEBLE  Lyra  Innoc.  (1873)  149  While  temples  crash,  and 
towers  in  ashes  reek. 

b.  of  a  building,  chimney,  etc.     Also  transf. 

Also  common  in  dial,  use  of  a  chimney  which  '  smokes ', 
t.  e,  sends  out  smoke  into  the  room  or  house. 

c  1420  Avo-.v,  Arth.  xv,  Alle  wroth  wex  that  sqwyne, . .  As 
kylne  other  kechine.  Thus  rudely  he  rekes.  c  1500  Felon 
Seine  ofRokeby  ix,  The  kilne  began  to  reeke.  1572  Satir. 
Poems  Reform,  xxxvi.  115  In  the  craft  expert,  And  berby 

taris  jour  kitchingis  daylie  reik.  1579  SPENSER  Sheph.  Cal. 
ept.  117  Fewe  chymneis  reeking  you  shall  espye.  1625 
LISLE  Du  Bartas,  Noe  132  And  shall  I  never  see  my 
country  chimnies  reake?  1795  MACNEILL  Will  ft  Jean  xxl, 
White  the  wa's,  wi'  roof  new  theeckit,.  .Lown  'mang  trees 
and  braes  it  reekit.  1820  SCOTT  Abbot  xxxiv,  Observing 
that  the  chimney  of  the  kitchen  had  reeked  that  whole  day 
in  a  manner  which  contradicted  the  supposition  [of  famine]. 

2.  To  emit  hot  vapour  or  steam  ;  to  smoke  with 
heat ;  to  exhale  vapour  (or  fog).    Now  chiefly  dial. 

a.  of  hot  liquids,  food,  etc.,  and  of  moist  things 
under  the  influence  of  heat,  or  when  warmer  than 
the  atmosphere. 

c  1000  So*.  Leechd.  II.  18  Wei  on  wjEtere ;  Izt  reocan  on  pa 
eaym  bonne  hit  hat  sie.  1538  LELAND  Itin.  (1768)  II.  66  The 
Water  of  the  Baynes.  .rikith  like  asething  Potte  continually. 


burnt  sack.  1658  tr.  Porta's  .Vat.  Magic  v.  iii.  168  When 
the  fume.. is  exhaled  from  them,  that  they  have  left  reak 
ing,  make  a  powder  of  them.  1724  RAMSAY  Tea-t.  Misc. 
Ded.  vi,  The  tea's  fill'd  reeking  round.  1742  Land,  n, 
Country  Brew.  I.  (ed.  4)  3  In  the  Warmth  of  Well  Waters, 
that  are  often  seen  to  wreak  in  the  cold  Seasons.  ^1796 
MORSE  Anter.  Geog.  I.  133  The  most  severe  cold._.  is  so 
piercing  in  February  and  March,  that . .  the  sea  reeks  like  an 
oven.  1889  N.-W.  Line.  Gloss,  (ed.  2)  s.v.,  When  fog  arises 
the  land  is  said  to  reek. 


326 

ta.  of  persons  and  animals  in  a  heated  and  per 
spiring  state. 

CI430  LVDC.  Mitt.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  114  He  ran  in 
a  fyrryd  gowen,  he  cast  of  alle  hys  clothys,  alle  his  body 
gan  rekc.  1530  PALSGR.  684/1  I  reke,  as  a  horse  dothe  that 
is  laboured,  ytjtmt.  a  1599  SPENSER  F.  Q.  vii.  vn.  40  His 
browes  with  sweat  did  reek  and  steem.  1611  SHAKS.  Cymb. 
I  ii  2  The  Violence  of  Action  hath  made  you  reek  as  a 
Sacrifice.  1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  84 
His  Phiz  is  everlastingly  reaking  with  Sweat  and  Grease. 
1790  BURNS  Tarn  a'  Shunter  148  Theyreel'd,  they  set,  they 
cross'd,  they  cleekit,  Till  ilka  carlin  swat  and  reekit.  1853 
MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tom's  C.  vi.  35  Sam  appeared,  .with 
Haley's  horse  by  his  side,  reeking  wilh  sweat. 

transf.  1616  R.  C.  Times  Whistle  I.  433  Six  dayes  in  the 
weeke  Are  not  sufficient,  but  the  seventh  must  reeke  With 
sweat  of  their  vngodly  labour,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies 
(1840)  III.  319  It  is  ill  for  a  soul  to  go  reeking  with  anger 
out  of  this  world. 

C.  of  blood  freshly  shed,  or  of  things  smeared 
with  this.  (Also  of  the  air,  etc.)  Const,  with,  f  in. 

1593  SHAKS.  Liter.  1377  The  red  bloud  reek'd  to  shew  the 
Painter's  strife.  1601  —  Jul.  C.  in.  i.  158  Now,  whil'st 
your  purpled  hands  do  reeke  and  smoake,  Fulfill  your 
pleasure,  a  1674  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  XI.  §  252  Whilst 
these  perfidious  wretches  had  their  bands  still  reeking  in 
the  precious  blood  of  their  sovereign.  1733  POPE  Ess.  Man 
ill.  265  Altars  grew  marble  then,  and  reek'd  with  gore. 
1783  G.  A.  BELLAMY  Apology  (ed.  3)  II.  74  Plunging  the 
same  weapon,  which  was  reeking  with  the  blood  of  her 
favourite  boy,  into  her  own  bosom.  1805  SCOTT  Last 
Mimtr.  i.  xxx,  Till  gallant  Ccssford's  heart-blood  dear 
Reek'd  on  dark  Elliot's  Border  spear,  a  1892  TENNYSON 
Bandit's  Death  v,  For  he  reek'd  with  the  blood  of  Piero. 

3.  To  emit  an  unwholesome  or  disagreeable  vapour 
or  fume ;  hence,  to  smell  strongly  and  unpleasantly; 
to  stink.  Chiefly  const,  of,  with. 

1710  SWIFT  Jrnl.  to  Stella,  v,  I  was  forced  to  go  to  a  blind 
chop-house,,  .and  then  go  reeking  from  thence  to  the  First 
Minister  of  State.  1753  FOOTE  Taste  I.  i,  Two  Domitians 
reaking  from  the  Dunghill.  1798  COLERIDGE  Anc.  Mar.  iv. 
viii,  The  cold  sweat  melted  from  their  limbs,  Nor  rot  nor 
reek  did  they.  1838  DICKENS  AYr/*.  Nick,  xvi,  The  small 
apartments  reek  with  the  breath  of  deputations  and  dele- 
Kates.  1881  W.  H.  MALLOCK  KOIII.  ig/A  Cent.  I.  140  She 
literally  reeked  of  garlic.  1888  A.  K.  GREEN  Behind  Closed 
Doors  vii,  I  found  a  broken  phial  reeking  with  the  smell  of 
bitter  almonds. 
b.  transf.  or  Jig. 

1679  OWEN  Christol.  xvii.  (1851)  I.  223  God  will  not  take  us 
into  heaven  . .  with  our  heads  and  hearts  reeking  with  the 
thoughts  and  affections  of  earthly  things.  1772  FLETCHER 
Logica  Genev.  92  Do  you  not  plunge  it  in  muddy  Stygian 
waters  till  it.  .reeks  with  poisonous  error?  1846  J.  BAXTER 
Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  I.  p.  xxx,  Reeking  from  the  filthy 
communion  of  crime.  1879  FARRAR  St.  Paul  (1883)  435  The 
vicinity  of  the  great  Temple  at  Ephesus  reeked  with  the 
congregated  pollutions  of  Asia. 

t  4.  Of  smoke,  vapour,  perfume,  etc. :  To  be 
emitted  or  exhaled  ;  to  rise,  emanate.  Oil. 

c  1333  Metr.  Hoin.  97  For  rekeles  rekes  upward  evin,  And 
menskis  him  that  wonis  in  hevin.  c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W. 
2612  Hypermnestrti,  Thencence  out  of  the  fire  reketh  sole. 
1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  in.  viii.  131  The  blak  laithly  smuke 
that  oft  did  rise..rekand  as  the  pyk.  1543  UDALL  Erasm. 
Apofih.  96  Perfume  beeyng  poured  vpon  the  hedde,  reketh 
out  into  the  aier.  1563  WINJET  tr.  Vincent.  Lirin.  Wks. 
(S.T.S.)  II.  64  Thai  knaw  thair  stink  to  na  man  almaist.  .to 
be  plesand,  gif  it  stewit  and  reikit  out  naikit  and  plane. 
c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  cxxx,  In  some  perfumes  is  there  more 
delight  Then  in  the  breath  that  from  my  Mistres  reekes. 

fig>  J553  '!'•  WILSON  Rhet.  79  If  you  come  to  him  in  a 
hotte  sommers  day,  you  shal  se  his  honestye  in  such  sort  to 

reeke  [etc.].  1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  iv.  iii.  140,  I  heard  your 
guilty  Rimes, ..  Saw  sighes  reeke  from  you.  1599 —  Hen.  V, 
iv.  iii.  toi  The  Sun  shall  greet  them,  And  draw  their  honors 
reeking  vp  to  Heauen. 

b.  Of  snow :  To  whirl   in  fine  particles  like 

smoke  or  vapour. 

1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss,  s.v.,  '  It  reeks  and  blaws ',  that 

is,  the  snow  is  driven  with  such  violence  as  to  resemble 

smoke.     1837  R.  MUUIE  Spring  266  The  snow  s_till  darkens 

the  air,  and  reeks  along  the  curling  wreaths,  as  if  each  were 

a  furnace. 

5.  trans.  To  expose  to  smoke ;  to  dry  or  taint 
with  smoke ;   to  fumigate.     Also  lechn.,  to  coat 
(moulds  for  steel)  with  soot. 

The  OE.  trans,  recan  is  distinct  from  the  intr.  rcocan. 

a  1000  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wulcker  244/36  Fitmarat,  reohte. 
c  1000  Sax.  Lcechd.  I.  346  pees  ylcan  drinces  smyc  heora 
eaftan  onfon  &  mid  ^am  bropc  recen.  c  1430  Tivo  Cookery- 
bks.  29  pen  reke  hem  on  be  colys  tyl  pey  ben  tendyr. 
1500-20  DUNIJAR  Poems  xxxiv.  57  Ane  browstar  swoir  the 
malt  wes  ill,  Bath  reid  and  reikit  on  the  kill.  1611  COTGR., 
Sore,  reeked,  made  red  or  sorrell,  as  a  Herring  by  the 
smoake.  1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  ff  Min.  220  The  sides 
may  be  pickled,  and  the  chine  broiled  or  fried.  Some  reech 
them.  [1864  COCKAYNE  Sax.  Leechd.  I.  347  Let  them  re 
ceive  with  their  eyes  the  smoke.. and  reek  them  with  the 
broth.]  1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  PI  Iron  xviii.  423 
Emitting  large  quantities  of  unconsumed  carbon,  which  is 
deposited  upon  the  surface  of  the  moulds.  After  the  halves 
are  so  coated  or  reeked,  they  are  fitted  together. 

fir.  1868  BUSHNELL  Strut.  Living  Subj.  188  They  are 
reeking  themselves  in  all  kinds  of  disorder  bodily  and  mental. 

6.  To  emit  (smoke,  steam,  etc.).     Chieflyy%; 
1598  R.   HAYDOCKE  tr.  Lomazzo  n.   11  Alexander  the 

Great . .  was  scene  to  reake  forth  from  his  bodie  fier  and 
light.  1602  MAKSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  v.  ii,  Swart  Pieros 
lips  reake  steame  of  wine.  1641  MILTON  Reform,  i.  Wks. 
1851  III.  10  Our  Ministers,  ..like  a  seething  pot  set  to  coole, 
sensibly  exhale  and  reake  out  the  greatest  part  of  that 
zeale.  1867  MACGREGOR  Voy.  Alone  (1868)  68  A  great 
human  sink  reeking  out  crime,  disease,  and  disloyalty  on 
the  whole  nation. 

7.  To  cause  (a  place)  to  smell  of  blood. 


KEEKING. 

1880  L.  WALLACE  Ben-flur  viii.  v.  503  The  slaughter  of 
Iambs  in  offering  reeked  the  fore-courts  of  the  Temple. 

Hence  Reeked  (r*kt,  Sc.  rj'-kit),///.  a.,  smoked. 

1785-6  BURNS  Address  to  Deil  xvii,  Wi'  reekit  duds,  an* 
reestit  gizz.  1792  —  Kellyburn  Braes  x,  A  reekit  wee 
deevil  looks  over  the  wa'.  1832  J.  COLE  Scarborough  Guide 
109  A  delicious  relish  for  the  breakfast  table, ..called  Reek'd 
Haddocks. 

Reek,!'.2  Sc.  AlsoSreick.  [Of  obscure  origin : 
connexion  with  reek  REACH  v.  or  REKE  v.  is  not 
clear.]  trans,  (and  intr.}  To  fit  or  rig  out  (false 
v/ith/ortA).  Hence  Ree-king  vbl.  sb.'l 

Sometimes  used  without  the  adv. :  see  the  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

1590  JAS.  VI  in  R.  Brace's  Life  (1843)  20  The  reeking  out 
of  three  or  four  ships  to  meet  me  here  and  convey  me  home. 
1591  R.  BRUCE  Serm.  (1843)  296  His  great  army  quhilk 
was  so  long  in  reeking  forth.  1676  Row  Contn.  Blairs 
Autobiog.  (1848)  509  The  King  could  not  get  his  navy  so 
soon  reeked  out,  1715  Wodrovj  Corr.  (1843)  II.  _ii3  Some 
were  taken  by  some  passage-boats  that  were  reicked  out 
[equipped]  by  way  of  privateers  from  Leith  harbour.  1798 
D.  CRAWFORD  1'oems  20  Had  I  but  siller  I  cou'd  spare, 
To  reek  me  out  and  pay  my  lare.  a  1800  in  Maidment's 
N.  Cy.  Garland  (1824)  50  Dinna  ye  mind  ..  How  we  a' 
reek'd  out,  an'  a'  to  Sbirramuir  ? 

Keek,  v.3  Now  dial.  Also  7  reeke.  [app. 
f.  reek,  var.  RICK  s6.~)  trans.  To  pile  up. 

1693  BROWN  LOW  Entries  145  Ad  fodiendum  scindendum 
(Anglice  hew),  .cumulandum  (Anglice  reeke).  1780  YOUNG 
Tour  Irel.  \.  262  Women  3''.  and  4J.  a  day  in  reeking  corn. 
1886  S.-W.  Line.  Gloss.  s.v.,  The  snow  was  that  reek'd  up. 

fReek,  v.*  0/>s.  rare-".     (See  quot.) 

1674-91  RAY  N.  C.  Words  s.v.,  His  sickness  will  reek  him, 
that  is  so  wast  him  as  to  kill  him. 

Keek,  Sc.  variant  of  REACH  v?~ 

Reekes,  variant  of  REAKS  Obs. 

Reekes-doller,  obs.  form  of  RIX-DOLLAR. 

Reeking  (ri-kirj),  vbl.  sb.T-  [f.  REEK  z>.l  + 
-ING'.]  The  action  of  REEK  v.1  Also  concr., 
smoke,  vapour. 

1483  Cath.  Angl.  302/2  A  Rekynge,  fumositas.  1558 
PHAER  SEneid  II.  E  iij,  Mixt  wilh  dust  &  smoke  thick 
streames  of  reekings  rise.  1604  R.  CAWDREY  Table  Alfh., 


1856  A  great  Hay-rick ..,  after  some  Reaking  and  Fermenta 
tion  took  fire.  1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  fy  Iron  Index 
531/1  Reeking  of  ingot-moulds. 

Reeking,  vbl.  sb.- :  see  REEK  v.2 

Reeking  (""kin),  ///.  a.  [f.  REEK  v.i  +  -ING  2.] 

1.  That  emits  smoke.     A  reeking  liouse,  an  in 
habited  house.  Sc. 

£950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt.  xii.  20  Recende  vel  smecende 
[flax].  1483  Cath.  Angl.  302/2  Rekynge,  fumalis.  1779 
DOUGAI.  GRAHAM  Writ.  (1883)  II.  228  A  reeking  house 
and  a  rocking  cradle.  1837  R.  NICOLL  Poems  (1842)  77 
Where  the  shepherd's  reeking  cot  Peeps  from  the  broomy 
glen.  1894  CROCKETT  Raiders  (ed.  3)  170  Not  one  reeking 
house  or  any  place  where  kindly  folk  dwelt. 

2.  That  emits  vapour  or  steam. 

c  1000  ^ELFHIC  Saints'  Lives  vii.  20  Agnes,  .  bsera  maSma 
ne  rohte  be  ma  be  reocendes  meoxes.  c  1400  tr.  Secreta. 
Secret.,  Gov,  Lordsh.  79  Salt  water,  and  bitter,  and  rekand, 
ar  euyl.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  97  Breathing  forth  vapors 
out  of  reeking  rockes.  1781  COWPER  Anli-Thelyphth.  93 
From  many  a  steaming  lake  and  reeking  bog.  1821  LAMB 
Elia  Ser.  i.  Praise  Chimney-Sweepers,  Indiscriminate 
pieces  of  those  reeking  sausages.  1888  Miss  BRADDON 
Fatal  Three  i.  v,  A  reeking  heap  of  stable  manure. 

fig.  1784  COWPER  Task  in.  503  The  impatient  fervour 
which  it  first  conceives  Within  its  reeking  bosom. 

b.  of  dead  or  mangled   bodies  or  their  parts 
while  still  warm. 

a  1000  Judith  3i4(Gr.),Cirdoncynerofe,. .  wzlscel  oninnan, 
reoccnde  hrsw.  1700  DRYDEN  Ovid's  Met,  xn.  211  The 
reeking  Entrails  on  the  Fire  they  threw.  1735  SOMERVILLE 
Chase  in.  214  The  Jest  of  Clowns,  his  reeking  Carcase 
hangs.  i8ai  SHELLEY  Hellas  434  Where'er.  .The  obscene 
birds  the  reeking  remnants  cast  Of  these  dead  limbs.  1864 
BURTON  Scot  Abr.  I.  i.  30  A  feudal  lord,  .would. .warm  his 
feet  in  their  recking  vitals. 

c.  of  blood  and  wounds  freshly  shed  or  made, 
or  of  things  smeared  with  warm  blood. 

1573  TWYNE  jKneid  xn.  (1584)  Tvj,  Their  foule  black 
reaking  blood,  with  channel  large  doth  fall  to  ground.  1605 
SHAKS  Macb.  i.  ii.  39  Except  they  meant  to  bathe  in  reeking 
Wounds.  1695  Lu.  PRESTON  Boeth.  iv.  186  They. .  stain  their 
Swords  in  their  own  reeking  Gore.  1720  Pol'E  Iliad  xvii. 
415  A  sanguine  torrent  steeps  ihe  reeking  ground,  a  1839 
PRAED  Poems  (1864)  II.  352  From  out  the  reeking  wound. 
1877  L.  MORRIS  Epic  of  Hades  \.  19  With  the  reeking  blade 
Wet  with  the  heart's  blood  of  my  child  I  smote. 

d.  of  persons  or  animals  in  a  heated  state. 

1605  SHAKS.  Lear  11.  iv.  30  Came  there  a  reeking  Poste, 
Stew'd  in  his  haste.  1735  SOMERVILLE  Chase  i.  181  lumul- 
tuous  soon  they  plunge  into  the  Stream,  Ihere  lave  their 
reeking  Sides.  1782  COWPER  Gilpin  122  Bowing  down  His 
reeking  head  full  low.  1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Rudge  n, 
Holding  the  light  to  his  panting  and  reeking  beast. 

3.  That  rises  as  vapour  or  steam. 

ciooo  /ELFRIC  Saints'  Lives  xviii.  57  Butan  ren-scurum  & 
reocendum  deawe.  c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  cxxxv.  111, 
In  flaky  mists,  the  reaking  vapors  rise.  1650  W.  D.  tr. 
Comenius'  Gate  Lett.  Unl.  §  48  Reaking  steam  drawn  out 
of  moist  places.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  viii.  256  In  Balmie 
Sweat,  which  with  his  Beames  the  Sun  Soon  dud,  and  on 
the  reaking  moisture  fed.  1899  RODWAY  Guiana  Wilds  33 
The  great  drawback  was  the  reeking  moisture. 

fig.  1007  SHAKS.  Timon  HI.  vi.  103  [Timon]  washes  it  off 
and  sprinkles  in  your  faces  Your  reeking  viltany. 

4.  Sending  out,  full  of,  unwholesome  or  unpleasant 
fumes  or  smells. 


KEEKINGLY. 

183*  LYTTON  Eugene  A.  t.  x,  Washing  the  walls  of  the 
reeking  town.  1850  KINGSLF.Y  Alt.  Locke  i,  Poor  wretches 
who  sit  stifled  in  reeking  garrets  and  workrooms.  1871 
FARRAR  Witn.  Hist.  iii.  122  God.. purged  the  pestilence 
from  the  reeking  atmosphere  with  fire  and  storm. 

5.  Com/'.,  as  reeking  hot,  red. 

1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  103  Whom  reeking  hole,  with  heart 
yet  panting,  they  greedily  devoured.  1668  CULPEI-PER  & 
COLE  Bartliol.  Anut.  359  It  comes  reaking  hot  as  it  were 
from  the  fire.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  n.  xiv,  But  can  I 
clasp  it  reeking  red  ? 

Hence  Bee'king-ly  adv. 

16* z  COTGR.,  Futneusetnent,  smoakily,  fumingly,  reekingly. 

Reeks,  variant  of  REAKS  Ofa. 

Reek-staffold,  -staval :  see  RICK  $t>. 

Reeky  (rfki),  a.  Forms:  5,  6  Sc.  reky,  6  Sc. 
reikie,  6-9  Sc.  reekie,  7  reaky,  7-  reeky,  [f. 
REEK  s?>.1  +  -Y  *.  See  also  REECHY.] 

1.  a.  That  emits  vapour;  steamy;  full  of  rank 
moisture. 

£1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  79  Waters  ^at 
spryngyn  yn  stony  lond  and  ys  reky  Abundandly,  er  heuy 
&  noyant.  1641  BEST  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  15  A  meanes. . 
to  keepe  them  reeky  and  moyst  till  such  time  as  they  can 
bee  gotten  peel'd.  1808  SCOTT  Martn.  v.  Introd.  131  Her 
wavering  lamp  I'd  rather  trim.  .Than  gaze  abroad  on  reeky 
fen,  And  make  of  mi-its  invading  men.  1861  LYTTON  & 
KANE  Tannhauser  n  Their  lips,  Spurning  the  reeky  pas 
ture,  yearn  for  draughts  Of  rock-rebounding  rills. 
b.  Emitting  smoke,  smoky. 

1604  JAS.  I  CounterbL  to  Tobacco  (Arb.)  no  You  must 
haue  a  reekie  cole  brought  you.. to  kindle  your  Tobacco 
with,  a  1849  H.  COLERIDGE  Ess.  (1851)  1.  276  The  dens 
and  caverns,  .where  daylight  never  entered,  and  the  reeky 
tapers  are  never  extinguished. 

2.  Consisting  of  or  resembling  smoke. 

1513  DOUGLAS  ^Eneis  xi.  v.  14  The  hevynnis  hye  dyd 
walxm  dyrk,  Involuyt  with  the  reky  stewis  myrk.  '1x578 
LINDESAY  iPitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (1814)  479  He  saw  ane 
gritt  mistie  and  reikie  cloud  ryse  and  move  fordwardis  till 
itcamaboue  Dunpenderlaw.  1892  LD.  LYTTON  KingPoppy 
Prol.  614  Above  his  sallow  couch  a  reeky  cloud  Its  poison- 
dropping  canopy  suspends. 

fig,  1629  Z.  HOVD  Last  Battell  511  All  the  joys  which 
are  heere,  are  but  reekie  pleasures,  purchased  with  teares, 
wher  with  the  eyes  of  men  are  made  bleared. 

3.  Full  of  smoke. 

1576  NEWTON  Lemnie's  Complex.  (1633)  226  As  bright 
and  handsome  things  in  a  reaky  house  that  are  besmeared, 
dusked  and  smoaked.  1718  tJp.  NICOLSON  in  Ellis  Orig. 
Lett.  Ser.  n.  IV.  318  The  wretches  lie  in  reeky  sod-hovels. 
1827  CARLYLE  in  Froude  Life  I.  380  Thus  we  pass  our  days 
..far  from  all  the  uproars.. of  the  reeky  town.  1859  JEpH- 
SON  Brittany  vi.  69  As  my  eyes  became  accustomed  to  the 
reeky  atmosphere. 

b.  Blackened  with  smoke;  f  black  as  with  smoke. 

11585  POLWART  Flyting  iv.  Montgomerie  539  Bot,  reikie 
rooks  and  ravens,  or  3ee  ryue  him,  Desist,  delay  his  death, 
whill  I  descriue  him,  1859  R.  ¥.  HURTON  in  Jrnl.  Geog.  Soc. 
XXIX.  46  A  long  upper  room,  with  reeky  rafters. 

Reel  (»1),  J/'.1  Forms:  i  hr€ol,  re"ol,  5-6 
rele,  (5  real,  re(y)lle,  6  reill,  8  reil),  5-7  reele, 
7-  reel.  [OE.  hrtolt  not  represented  in  the  cognate 
languages :  cf.  REEL  z;.l 

Both  sense  and  form  are  against  connexion  with  ON. 
hrxll,  weaver's  slay,  which  has  been  suggested.  Gaelic 
ruidhil  is  from  Eng.] 

1.  A  rotatory  instrument  on  which  thread  is  wound 
after  it  is  spun,  or  silk  as  it  is  drawn  from  the 
cocoons,  and  from  which  it  may  again  be  easily 
wound  off  upon  bobbins  or  spools. 

^The  reel  now  commonly  used  is  an  open  framework,  con 
sisting  of  a  horizontal  axis  with  radiating  arms  at  each  end, 
which  carry  bars  extending  parallel  to  the  axis,  so  that  the 
whole  has  a  cylindrical  form.  The  circumference  of  the 
reel  is  in  some  cases  made  of  such  dimensions  that  in  a 
given  number  of  revolutions  it  takes  up  a  certain  length  of 
thread,  forming  a  skein  or  hank.  The  older  reels  used  in 
connexion  with  the  spindle  or  spinning-wheel  were  of 
simpler  forms  (cf.  quot.  1727-41'. 

£1050  Suppl.  /Elfric*s  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wulcker  187/19 
Alibrum,  hreol.  anoo  Gerefa  in  Anglia  IX.  263  Spinle, 
reol,  ^earnwindan.  c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  5939  Sche  halpe 
him  wel  with  Real  Si  Rok.  14..  Voe.  in  Wr.-Wfilcker 
564/32  Appendium,  a  yernwynder,  or  a  reel,  c  1440  Frontp. 
Parv.  428/2  Reel,  womannys  ynstrument,  alabrum.  1530 
PALSGR.  261/2  Rele  for  yarne,  deuidover.  1560  ROLLANII 
Crt.  Venus  n.  693  Ilk  ane  [had]  in  hand  ane  Reill. .To  reill 
thair  hankis  so  small  of  reid  gold  wyir.  ifitt  COTGR., 
Guindre^  a  reele,  or  wheele  to  wind  silke  on.  1697  DRYDEN 
Virg,  Georg.  iv.  493  The  Sisters  turn  the  Wheel,  Empty  the 
woolly  Rack,  and  fill  the  Reel.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s.v.,  Those  most  in  use  are,  i°,  A  little  reel,  held  in  the 
hand,  consisting  of  three  pieces  of  wood  ; . .  2°,  The  common 
reel,  or  windlace,  which  turns  upon  a  pivot,  .whereon  the 
skain  to  be  reeled  is  put.  1766  FRANKLIN  Lett.  Wks.  1887 

III.  458  The  reels  are  to  screw  on  the  edge  of  the  table, 
when  you  would  wind  silk  or  thread.      1825  T.  NICHOLSON 
Operat.  Mechanic  387  These  reels  are  of  a  sufficient  breadth 
to  wind  off  about  50  cops.. at  the  same  time,    1839  URE 
Diet.  Arts  1 114  The  arm.  .is  capable  of  being  bent  inwards, 
. .  so  as  to  permit  the  hanks,  when  finished,  to  be  taken  off, 
as  in  every  common  reel.     1894  CasselC s  New  Tech*,  Educ. 

IV.  369  The  reel  is  now  almost  always  driven  by  power,  the 
driving  gear  being  a  friction  pulley  on  a  cross  shaft. 

Phr.  c  1460  Towneley  Myst.  in.  298  Ther  is  garn  on 
the  reyll  other,  my  dame. 

b.  A  similar  framework  on  which  other  materials 
are  wound  at  some  stage  in  the  process  of  manu 
facture,  as  the  separate  spun-yarns  in  rope-making, 
paper  as  it  comes  from  the  machine  (hence  also, 
the  continuous  roll  of  paper  thus  produced,  as  used 
in  web-printing),  etc. 


327 

1797.  Encyc?.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  483/2  The  first  spinner 
takes  it  off  the  whirl  hook,  joins  it  to  his  own,  that  it  may 
follow  it  on  the  reel,  and  begins  a  new  yarn.  1825  J. 
NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  369  The  paper.. is  passed 
between  a  series  of  similar  cylinders,  and  finally  delivered 
to  a  reel,  and  wound  off  in  a  coil.  Ibid.  370  The  frame  in 
being  forced  towards  the  reel  of  paper  presses  the  arms  down. 
1890  W.  J.  GORDON  Foundry  198  Forty-three  years  ago 
Applegath  proposed  to  print  from  the  reel. 

c.  An  upright  revolving  frame  used  in  wire 
drawing. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  347  The  wire  to  be 
drawn  is  placed  upon  a  reel.,  which  turns  upon  a  vertical 
pin.  ^  1833  J.  HOLLAND  Manuf.  Metal\\.  338  As  soon  as  the 
wire  is  entirely  drawn  oflfthe  reel,  .and  has  passed  through 
the  plate  [etc.]. 

2.  An  apparatus  (of  varying  form  and  dimensions) 
capable  of  easy  revolution,  by  which  a  cord,  line, 
etc.,  may  be  wound  up  and  unwound  as  required. 

17*7-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Log-line,  a  little  cord,  .wound 
round  a  reel,  fixed  for  that  purpose  in  the  gallery  of  the  ship. 
1765  Museum  Rust.  IV.  310  That  mine  might  stand  with  all 
possible  exactness,  each  man  had  a  garden-line  and  reel. 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  s.v.  Log,  The  reel, ..about 
which  the  log-line  is  wound.  1867  SMYIH  Sailors  Word- 
bk.  566  The  log-reel  for  the  log-line,  deep-sea  reel  (which 
contains  the  deep-sea  line), .  .£c.  '  .She  went  10  knots  off  the 
reel  '—i.e.  by  the  log-line.  1884  BI.AKF.LEE  Industr.  Cycl. 
123  Cheap  Garden  Reel. 

b.  A  device  of  this  kind  attached  to  the  butt  of 
a  fishing-rod,  on  which  the  line  is  wound  up. 

The  usual  type  consists  of  two  circular  metal  plates,  so 
joined  by  a  few  small  rods  as  to  form  a  cylindrical  case 
with  open  sides,  and  having  a  central  barrel  on  which  the 
line  is  wound. 

1726  Gentleman  Angler  3  He  must  have  a  Landing-Hook, 
Reels  for  his  Silk  Lines  letc.J.  1740  R.  BROOKES  Art  of 
Angling <)  Your  Line  must  be  of  Silk . . ;  there  mu^t  likewise 
be  a  Reel  to  wind  it  upon.  1833  J.  RENNIK  Alph.  Angling 
55  The  ..  angler  is  provided  with  a  long  line  wound  on 
a  reel.  1861  H.  KINGSI.KY  Ravenshoe  III.  201  The  old 
gentleman  began  to  wind  up  his  reel,  and  then  the  lad., 
lifted  the  fish.  1892  NIVEN  Brit.  Angler's  Lex.  190  Reels 
are  made  in  several  designs,  such  as  plain,  check,  revolving 
plate,  multipliers  [etc.], 

c.  Off  the  reel,  without   stopping,   in   an   un 
interrupted  course  or  succession. 

1866  DICKENS  Let.  20  Feb.,  [The  story]  seems  to  me  to  be 
so  constituted  as  to  require  to  be  read  'off  the  reel '.     1880 
SALA  in  Illustr.  Land.  News  25  Dec.  619  Can  you  always    , 
say  pusillanimity  right   off  the   reel  ?      1884  St.  James's 
Gaz.  13  June  4/1  He  won  five  races  off  the  reel. 

3.  A  small  cylinder,  usually  of  wood,  with  a  rim 
or  wider  part  at  each  end,  on  which  thread  is 
commonly  wound  to  be  convenient  for  ordinary 
use ;  a  quantity  of  thread  made  up  in  this  way. 

1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  264  Weaving  nets., Or  twining 
silken  threads  round  ivory  reels.  1814  SCOTT  M'av.  Ixv,  He 
looked  not  unlike  that  ingenious  puzzle  called  a  reel  in 
a  bottle.  1840  HOOD  Kilmansegg,  Death  xi,  Her  golden 
scissors,  and  thread  and  reels.  1866  GEO.  ELIOT  /-.  Holt 
v,  Dispersing  on  the  floor  reels,  thimble,  muslin-work  [etc.]. 

b.  A  small  cylinder  on  which  any  flexible  sub-    , 
stance  is  wound,  as  the  coil  of  wire  in  a  magneto-    i 
electric  machine,  the  strip  of  paper  in  a  recording 
telegraph,  etc. 

1839  G.  BIRD  Nat.  Philos.  270  Winding  on  a  wooden  reel, 
about  three  inches  in  length,  with  a  hollow  axis,  about  sixty 
feet  of  insulated  copper  wire. 

4.  a.  A  rotatory  apparatus  facilitating  or  causing 
motion  of  the  material  in  the  processes  of  dyeing 
cloth  or  tarring  yarn. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  421  [The  'long  reel'  is  described.]    • 
The  continuous  motion  of  the  series  of  pieces  of  goods.,     j 
which  are  made  to  travel  by  the  incessant  rotations  of  the    ' 
reel.     Ibid.  1072  In  tarring  the  yarn,  it  is  found  favourable    i 
.  .to  allow  it  to  pass  around  or  under  a  reel  or  roller  in  the 
bottom  of  the  kettle.     1694  Casse IPs  New  Techn.  Educ.  IV. 
24  This  [band]  is  supported  and  drawn  continuously  through    ' 
the  liquor  by  means  of  a  reel  or  winch  placed  above,  and 
driven  by  power. 

b.  In  milling,  the  drum  on  which  the  bolting-    ' 
cloth  is  fastened. 

1845  Encycl.  Metrop.  (ed.  2)  VIII.  366/2  The  bolting-mill 
consists  of  a  reel  fitted  to  an  axle  which  revolves  with  great 
rapidity;    the  reel  is  covered  with  cloth.. in  the  inside  of    , 
which  the  flour  to  be  prepared  is  placed. 

c.  A  revolving  frame,  having  radiating  arms  with    : 
pans  attached,  in  which  bread  is  placed  for  baking.    ' 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1005/2  The  reel  has  a  horizontal 
axis,  which  is  rotated  by  gearing  on  the  outside.  To  each 
arm  of  the  reel . .  is  a  pendulous  shelf  or  bread-pan. 

d.  In  a   reaping-machine,  an   arrangement   of  , 
radial  arms  with  horizontal  bars  at  their  extremi 
ties,  which  by  its  rotation  presses  the  grain  towards 
the  knives. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1890/2  The  machine. .had  a  reel 
with  twelve  vanes  to  press  the  grain  toward  the  cutters. 

t5.  A  humming  or  buzzing  noise,  like  that  of  a 
reel  in  motion.  Ohs.  rare~*.  (Possibly  connected 
with  KEEL  sh*  3  ;  but  cf.  REEL  z>.2 4.) 

1747  R.  MAXWELL  Bee  Master  (1750)  35  By  this  time  also,  I 
the  Drones  will  begin  to  make  their  Appearance,  and  your  t 
Hive  will  be  making  a  Reel,  as  we  call  it,  once  every  Day.  ! 

6.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  reel-arm,  -clutch,  tine,  ' 
-maker,  measure,  -plate,  protector,  -seat,  -shaft, 
swift ;  reel-winding  adj. ;  reel  oven  (see  qnot. 
and  4  c  above) ;  reel-printing  (see  quot.  and  i  b) ; 
f  reel-staff,  ?a  hank  or  skein;  reel-tenter,  one 
who  attends  upon  a  silk-reel. 


REEL. 

Also  in  many  other  combs,  relating  to  fishing-reels,  as 
reel-band,  -bedt  -brake,  -check,  -click,  -keeper,  etc. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1005/2  The  pans,  instead  of 
being  pendulous,  are  placed  above  the  """reel-arms.  1877 
RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  fy  Mining  224  For  throwing  the 
'reel-clutches  in  and  out  of  gear.  1867  Ront  ledge's  jlandbk. 
Fishing  12  *Reel  Lines  are  mostly  made  of  si'lk  and  horse 
hair.  1885  CUMMINS  Fishing  Tackle  Catai.  50  The  best 
reel  lines  will  soon  rot  if  wound  wet  on  the  reel  and 
left  in  that  condition.  14..  Nominate  in  Wr.-Wiilcker 
686/37  Hie  citaciarius,  a  "relmaker.  1776  ADAM  SMITH 
W.  N.  I.  x.  n.  I.  150  Artificers  subservient  to  them,  wheel- 
makers,  reel-makers,  &c.  1884  BI.AKEI.KE  Industr.  Cycl. 
451  The  *Reel  Measure.  A  reel  for  measuring  land  is  made 
i  as  follows.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1905/2  * 'Reel  oven,  a 
baker's  oven  in  which  the  bread-pans  are  swung  on  the 
horizontal  arms  of  a  rotating  reel.  1893  Outing  (U.  S.) 
XXII.  122/2  Let  the  ^reel-plate,  .be  on  the  extreme  end  of 
the  butt.  1890  W.  J.  GORDON  Foundry  198  Printing  from 
continuous  pajier  is  known  as'  web-printing1,  'roll-printing', 
or  '  "reel-printing  '.  1876  PHEECK&  SIVFWRIGHT  Telegraphy 
260  This  '*reel '  protector,  .was  adopted  for  a  considerable 
time  in  both  the  needle  and  Morse  instruments.  1883 
Century  Mag.  July  37^/1  Adjusting  a  light,  German-silver 
click  reel,  .to  the  *reel-seat  at  the  extreme  butt  of  the  rod, 
1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  fy  Mining  224  The  crank 
shaft  is  8  inches  in  diameter,  the  'reel-shaft  10  inches. 
1653  Public  Gen.  Acts  183  All  yarns  called  Worstead-yarns 
shall  be. .reeled  on  a  Reel  of  a  full  yard  about,  every  *Reel- 
staff  containing  Forty  thrids.  1891  Textile  Industries  12 
J.>ec.  61/2  The  end  of  the  frame,  .carries  two  standards— 
the  hack  one  supporting  the  *reel  swift.  1839  UKK  Di<t. 
Arts  1114  Announcing  to  the  *reel-tenter  that  a  measured 
length  of  silk  lias  been  wound  upon  her  reel.  1866  Chambers' 
J'.ncycl.,  *  Reel-winding  machine,  a  beautiful  contrivance, 
now  used  by  the  manufacturers  of  sewing-thread. 

Keel  (nl),  sb*  Also  6  Sc.  reill.  [f.  KEEL  z/.l ; 
but  sense  3  may  have  some  other  origin.] 

1.  A  whirl  or  whirling  movement ;  an  act  of 
reeling  ;  a  roll  or  stagger.  Alsoy^f. 

1572  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxxi.  93  Kortoun,  with  a  Reiil, 
Hes  wrocht  thame  ane  vnabill  charr,. .  With  turnin  uf  hir 
(JuheiM.     c  1585  MoNTGOMERie  Misc.  Poems  iii.  29  Quhen 
with  a  quhisk  sho  quhirlis  about  hir  quheill,  Rude  is  that 
rattill  running  with   a  reill.     1642  SIR  T.  BROWNE  A't'iig. 
Med.  i.  §  3  Those  unstable  judgements,  .cannot  consist  in 
the   narrow  point  or  centre  of  justice  without  a  reele  or 
stagger  to  the  circumference.      1679  ALSOP  Melius  /«</.  n. 
v.  295  They  ran   from   Superstition  to  Prophaneness;   the 
common  reel  of  those  who,  to  avoid  one  extreme,  run  into 
the  opposite.     1851  HAWTHORN*:  Ho.  Scv.  Gables  xvi,  To 
steady  herself  from  the  reel  and  vibration  which  a  fleeted 
her  more  immediate  sphere.     1878  BROWNING  Potts  Croisic 
clvii,  The  drunken  reel  Of  vice  and  lolly  round  him. 

fb.  //.  Revels,  revelry.  Oks.  rare. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  \.  iv.  9  The  king  doth  wake  to  night 
and  takes  his  rouse,  Keeps  wassels  and  the  swaggering 
vpspring  reeles.  1606  —  Ant.  $  Cl.  \\.\\\.  100  Drinke  thou  : 
encrea.se  the  Reeles. 

t  2.  Sc.  A  rapid  careless  delivery.    Ol>s.  rare"*, 

1573  Satir.  Poems  Reform*  xlii.   5^6    Sic  Preichouris. . 
That  thlnkis  thame  selns  dischargit  weill,  Quhen  they  haue 
run  ouir  with  ane  reill  Thair  sairles  Sermone. 

3.  Sc.  A  noise,  tumult,  disturbance;  a  crash, peal. 

The  vb.  reel  to  rattle,  etc.,  is  also  found  in  mod.  Sc. 

1573  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xli.  101  He  said  thair  suld  not 
mis  ane  reill  That  suld  the  cheifest  wnlkin  vp.  1724 
RAMSAY  Vision  iii,  To  rare  with  rackless  reil.  1813 
PICKF.N  Poems  II.  135  He  pou'd  at  the  bell,  an  it  gae  sic 
a  reel.  1871  WADUELL  Ps.  xxix.  7  marg.y  Atween  bleezes 
o'  light  comes  a  reel  o'  thunner. 

Reel  (»1),  sb$  Also  6  reill.  [Perh.  the  same 
word  as  prec.  Gaelic  righil,ruithil, etc., commonly 
given  as  the  source,  is  prob.  from  Lowland  Sc.] 

1.  A  lively  dance,  chiefly  associated  with  Scotland, 
usually  danced  by  two  couples  facing  each  other, 
and  describing  a  series  of  figures  of  eight,     f  Also 
reel-dance  (in  qnot.^/fe:). 

Virginia  reel,  an  American  country-dance  supposed  to  be 
derived  from  the  English  Sir  Roger  da  Cover  ley. 

a  1585  MONTGOMERIE  Flyting  i\.\  Pohvart  511  Li  till  tent 
to  their  time  the  toone  leit  them  take,  Bot  ay  rammeist  red 
wood,  and  raveld  in  their  reeles.  1591  /ftriWf  fr.  Scot, 
(Roxb.)  B  j  b,  They. .  tooke  handes  . .  and  daunced  this  reill 
or  short  daunce.  1701  R.  CURRIK  in  Coll.  Dying  Testim. 
(1806)  61  Though  He  seem  to  linger,  yet  He  is  upon  His 
journey  coming,  and  there  will  be  a  reel-dance  ere  long. 
1790 BURNS  Tamo1  Shanter  117  Hornpipes, jigs, strathspeys, 
and  reels,  Put  life  and  mettle  in  their  heels.  1806  SURR 
Winter  in.  Lend.  (ed.  3!  II.  207  The  jolly  duchess,  .became 
the  patroness  of  reels,  a  lively  species  of  dancing.  1827 
PRAED  Poems  (1865)  II.  214,  I  danced  one  day  an  Irish  reel. 
1864  LOWELL  Lincoln  Pr.  Wks.  1890  V.  198  There  were., 
persons  who  seemed  to  think  this  as  simple  a  thing  to  do  as 
to  lead  off  a  Virginia  reel. 

b.  transf.  (perh.  sometimes  associated  with  J/'.*). 

1768  Ross  Helenore  69  (Jam.)  In  mony  a  reel  they 
scamper'd  here  and  there,  Whiles  on  the  yerd,  and  whiles  up 
in  the  air.  1798  COLERIDGE  Ane.  Mar.  \\.  xi,  About,  about, 
in  reel  and  rout  The  death-fires  danced  at  night.  1850 
KINGSLEV  Alt.  Locke  xi,  I  used  to  lie.. and  watch  the  flies 
dancing  reels  between  me  and  the  ceiling. 

2.  The  music  for  such  a  dance  (see  quot.  i8n). 
1591  N  ewes  fr.  Scot.  (Roxb.)  B  j  b,  Geilles  Duncane  did  goe 

before  them,  playing  this  reill  or  daunce  upon  a  small 
Trumpe.  181 1  BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.  (ed.  3\  Reel,  a  lively  Scotch 
dance,  generally  written  in  common-time  of  four  crotchets 
in  a  bar,  but  sometimes  in  jig  time  of  six  quavers. 

Keel  ("1),  vl  Forms:  5  relyn,  5-6  rele, 
reyll,  6  reyle,  Sc.  reill,  6-7  reele,  7-  reel.  [Of 
uncertain  origin  :  possibly  related  to  REEL  sb^- 
Early  examples  are  chiefly  northern  or  Sc.] 

1.  intr.  To  whirl  round  or  about ;  to  go  with 
a  whirling  motion;  -f  to  wheel  suddenly. 


REEL. 

13..  E.  E.  AUit.  P.  C.  147  [The  ship]  reled  on  round 
vpon  be  rcqe  y^es.  Ibid.  270  He  glydes  in  by  be  giles.. 
Relande  in  by  a  rop,  a  rode  bat  hym  I>o3t.  c  1400  Laud 
Troy  Bk.  12671  Hedes  reled  aboute  ouer-al,  As  men  playe 
at  the  fote-bal.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxvii.  75  The 
sowtaris  horss  scart  with  the  rattill,  And  round  about  cowd 
reill.  1594  DRAYTON  Idea  710  Thus  the  World  doth,  and 
evermore  shall  Reele,  1813  SCOTT  Trierm.  in.  xxi,  Zarah's 
sands  in  pillars  reeling  Join  the  measure  that  we  tread. 
1820  SHELLEY  Witch  Atl.  xxviii,  She  saw  the  constellations 
reel  and  dance  Like  fireflies. 

t  b.  Of  a  drinking  cup  :  To  go  round,  circu 
late.  Obs~l  (Cf.  REEL-POT.) 

c  1460  Tawneley  Myst.  xii.  270,  i  pastor.  I  drynk  for  my 
parte.  2  pastor.  Abyde,  lett  [the]  cop  reyll. 

2.  Of  the  eyes  :  To  whirl,  with  dizziness  or  excite 
ment. 

1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  in.  Pro!.  35  Few  knawis  all  thir 
coistis  sa  fer  hence;  To  pike  them  wp  perchance  }our  eene 
suld  reill.  1737  RAMSAY  Sc,  Prm\  (1750)  121  Ye  never  saw 
green  cheese  but  your  e'en  reel'd.  1768  [see  REELING 
PPL  a.  i\.  1835  LYTTON  Ricnzi  \.  iv,  His  eyes  began  to  wink 
and  reel  beneath  the  glare  of  the  tossing  torches. 

b.  Of  the  mind,  head,  etc. :  To  be  in  a  whirl,  to 
be  or  become  giddy  or  confused. 

a  1796  BURNS  O  leave  novels  6  Your  fine  Tom  Jones  and 
Grandisons,  They  make  your  youthful  fancies  reel.  1810 
SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  v.  xvi,  For,  while  the  dagger  gleanVd  on 
high,  Reel'd  soul  and  sense,  reel'd  brain  and  eye.  1855 
TENNYSON  Maud  n.  iv.  iv,  When  all  my  spirit  reels  At  the 
shouts.  1881  BF.SANT  &  RICE  Chapl.  of  Fleet  I.  261  My 
head  reels,  doctor. 

c.  To  have,  or  seem  to  have,  a  rapid  quivering 
motion. 

1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  vn.  336  All  the  rich  to-come  Reels, 
as  the  golden  Autumn  woodland  reels  Athwart  the  smoke 
of  burning  weeds.  1856  BRYANT  Damsel  of  Peru  iv,  The 
silent  hills  and  forest-tops  seem  reeling  in  the  heat. 

f3.  To  rush,  dash,  or  prance  about  in  a  rude  or 
violent  manner;  to  run  riot,  behave  in  a  reckless 
or  riotous  fashion.  Obs. 

13. .  Gaw.  $  Gr.  Knt.  2246  Here  ar  no  renkes  vs  to  rydde, 
rele  as  vus  likez.  1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  xn.  513  Sum  of  the 
horss,  that  stekit  wer,  Ruschit  and  relit  richt  Iroydly].  14.. 
Sir  Benes  (MS.  M.)  510  There  myght  men  se  mekyll  on- 
hele  Whan  that  Beues  be-gan  to  rele.  c  1460  Toivneley 
Myst.  xiii.  274  Now  were  tyme  for  to  reyll.  a  1510  DOUGLAS 
AT,  Hart  i.  227  So  Bewte  with  hir  wangarde  gane  to  reill, 
The  greitest  of  thair  ost  scho  can  ourryd.  1513  —  sKneis 
iv.  vi.  42  Sic  vise  as  quhen  thir  nunis  of  Bacchus  Ruschis 
and  relis  our  bankis,  brayis,  and  bus.  1570  Satir,  Poems 
Reform,  xviii  39  Lat  neuer  f>ai  Ruffians  within  ^our  rpwmis 
reill.  1715  RAMSAY  Chrises  Kirk  Gr.  n.  xvii,  His  wife  did 
reel,  And  rampage  in  her  choler.  1791  LEARMOXT  Poems  23 
Wi'  rude  Mars  To  reel,  and  get  themselves  made  lame. 

transf.  1570  Satir.  Poems^  Reform,  xvii.  34  Quhat  vice 
rais  vp,  reuolue  into  ;our  minds;  Quhat  sin,  quhat  shame 
in  hir  last  dayis  did  reiL 

4.  Of  an  army,  rank,  line  of  battle,  etc. :    To 
waver,  become  unsteady,  give  way. 

'375  BARBOUR  Bruce  vm.  328  The  king ..  saw  thame 
reland  to  and  fra.  a  1572  Ksox  Hist.  Ref.  Wks.  1846  I. 
212  Whill  that  everie  man  laubouns  to  draw  from  the  north, 
whense  the  danger  appeired,  thei  begyne  to  reyll.  1613 
SHAKS.  Hen.  VIII,  iv.  i.  79  Great  belly'd  women.. would 
shake  the  prease,  And  make  'em  reele  before  'em.  1648 
MILTON  Ps.  Ixxxiii.  51  Giddy  and  restless  let  them  reel 
Like  stubble  from  the  wind.  1814  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  vi. 
xxix,  De  Argentine.. Renews  the  ranks  where  they  have 
reel'd,  And  still  makes  good  the  line. 

b.  Of  persons  (or  animals)  :  To  sway  or  stagger 
as  the  result  of  a  blow  or  encounter.  Often  with 
back)  backward. 

t  a  1400  Morte  Art  A.  2795  The  renke  relys  abowte  and 
rusches  to  be  erthe.  c  1460  Tvwneley  Myst.  xii.  122,  I  shall 
the  hytt  on  thl  pate,  lo,  shall  thou  reyll.  1470-85  MALORY 
Arthur  vn.  xvii,  Eyther  gafe  other  suche  buffets,  .that 
they  relyd  bacward.  c  1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  ofAymon  viii. 
196  He  made  bothe  the  man  and  the  horse  to  rele  sore. 
a  1548  HALL  Chron. ^  Hen.  y/H  49  When  they  saw  the 
Almayne  rele  and  staggar,  then  they  let  fall  the  rayle 
betwene  them.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  ii.  v.  6  So  sore  a  buff  to 
him  it  lent,  That  made  him  reele.  16..  Robin  Hood  <y 
Tinker  xxxi.  in  Child  Ballads  III.  142/2  The  Tinker  laid 
him  on  so  fast  That  he  made  Robin  reel.  1809  MALKIN  Gil 
Bias  vi.  i.  P  15  [He]  reeled  two  steps  backward,  just  as  if 
some  one  had  given  him  a  blow  in  the  bread-basket.  1855 
TESNYSON  Lt.  Brigade  35  Cossack  and  Russian  Reel'd 
from  the  sabre-stroke  Shattered  and  sunder "d. 

fig.  111862  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  (1873)  III.  ii.  69  He  reeled 
under  the  double  shock;  a  slow  fever  wasted  his  strength. 
1887  BOWEN  I'irg,  /Eneid  vi.  857  When  Rome  reels  with 
the  shock  of  the  wild  invaders  alarm. 

fc.  To  waver  (in  an  argument).   Ot>s.~l 

1529  MOKE  Snppl.  Soulys  Wks.  331/2  Yet  said  he  therwith 
one  thyng  or  twayn,  that  could  not  stand  therwith:  and 
therby  may  ye  see  that  he  began  to  reele. 

5.  Of  persons  (or  animals) :  To  sway  unsteadily 
from  side  to  side,  as  if  about  to  fall ;    to  swing 
about  with  the  whole  body  in  trying  to  walk  or 
stand,  as  the  result  of  intoxication,  faintness,  etc. 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  8  The  dronkardes  that  went  relyng 
on  all  sydes  in  the  feldes.  1530  PALSGR.  684/1  It  is  a  goodly 
syght  to  se  you  rele  on  this  facyon  lyke  a  dronken  man. 
1582  BATMAN  Trevisas  Barth.  De  P.  R.  vn,  Ixix.  nsb,  It 
maketh  the  hound  to  reyle  and  stagger,  as  hee  were  dronken. 
1596  DRAYTON  Legends  iv.  276  With  faintness  she  began  to 
reele.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  75  A  common  souldier.  .rising 
from  among  the  dead  bodies,  and  reeling  with  his  wounds. 
1687  T.  HROWN  Saints  in  Uproar  Wks.  1730  I.  80  How 
many  gallons  have  you  guzzled  for  your  morning's  draught, 
that  you  reel  and  stagger  so?  1728  POPE  Dune.  in.  337  Till 
Isis'  Elders  reel,  their  pupils'  sport.  1813  SCOTT  Trierm.  n. 
x,  Reeling  from  the  desperate  race,  He  stood,  exhausted, 
still.  1843  LYTTON  Last  £ar.  i.  iv,  Now  reeling, — now 


328 

falling,  he  still  dragged  on  his  limbs.  1863  KINCSLEY 
Herew.  ii,  He  saw  the  huge  carcass  bend,  reel,  roll  over 
slowly  to  one  side,  dead. 

b.  transf.  of  parts  of  the  body,  etc. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  viii.  20  Whiles  yet  his  feeble  feet 
for  faintnesse  reeld.     1818  SHELLEY  Rw.  Islam  x.  viii,  His 
footsteps  reel  On  the  fresh  blood.    1858  KINCSLEY  foetus  62 
Knees  which  reel  as  marches  quicken. 
C.  fig.  in  various  applications. 

1654  WHITLOCK  Zootomia  162  They  are.. swelled  with 
pride,,  .and  even  reeling  with  Sedition.  1726  BOLINGBROKE 
Study  /fist.  viii.  Wks.  1754  II.  448  [France]  went  on  indeed, 
but  she  staggered  and  reeled  under  the  burden  of  the  war. 
1858  O.  W.  HOLMES  Aut.  Brcakf.-t.  vii.  61  We  are  hustled 
into  maturity  reeling  with  our  passions  and  imaginations. 

6.  Of  things:  To  shake,  rock,  or  swing  violently ; 
to  totter,  tremble  ;  f  to  become  unsteady. 

1495  [see  REELING  vbl.  sb.1],  a  1591  H.  SMITH  Six  Sertn. 
(1594)  89  The  water  vnder  him  tossing,  the  ship  about  him 
reeling.  1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  \\.  i.  121,  I  will  make  my  very 
house  reele  to  night.  1648  MARKHAM  Houseiu,  Card.  in. 
x,  Stakes  rot  and  reel,  Rain  and  Weather  eat  your  hives 
and  covers.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav,  335  The 
vessel  reeling  quite  down  on  one  side.. was  immediately 
filled  with  water.  £17*0  Ship  in  a  Storm  x,  The  faithless 
Flood  forsook  her  Keel,.  .Stun'd  she  forgot  awhile  to  reel 
1791  Cow  PER  Iliad  i.  651  All  around  The  Sov'reign's  .. 
head  his  curls  Ambrosial  shook,  and  the  huge  mountain 
reeled.  1814  GARY  Dante,  Inf.  xxxi.  97  By  violent  earth 
quake  rock'd  Ne'er  shook  a  tower,  so  reeling  to  its  base, 
As  Ephialtes.  1864  TKNNVSON  Voyage  15  So  quick  the 
run,  We  felt  the  good  ship  shake  and  reel.  1869  PHILLIPS 
Vesuv.  ii.  12  Making  the  whole  country  reel  and  totter. 

transf.  1818  BYHON  Ch.  Har.  iv.  Ixiii,  An  earthquake 
reel'd  nnheededly  away  !  None  felt  stern  Nature  rocking 
at  his  feet. 

b.  fig.  of  kingdoms  or  institutions,    f  Also  const. 
from  (a  state  or  condition). 

fis-  IS77~8?  HOLISSHF.D  Chron.  I.  140/1  The  klngdome  of 
Bruaine  began  now  to  reele  from  their  owne  estate,  and 
leane  to  an  alteration.  1628  FORD  Lover's  Mel.  i.  ii,  When 
commonwealths  totter  and  reel  from  that  nobility  and 
ancient  virtue  which  renowns  the  great.  1663  BUTLER  Hud. 
i.  i.  271  To  stand  fast  As  long  as  Monarchy  should  last ; 
But  when  the  state  should  hap  to  reel  [etc.].  1868  STANLEY 
IVestni.  Abb.  iv.  341  When  Church  and  State  were  reeling 
to  their  foundations. 

c.  To  fall  or  roll  hurriedly,    rare. 

1593  DRAYTON  Eclog.  viii.  36  From  whose  high  top  the 
high  soon'st  downward  reele.  1818  BYRON  Juan  i.  cxxiv. 
The  showering  grapes  In  Bacchanal  profusion  reel  to  earth, 
Purple  and  gushing. 

7.  To  walk  with  the  body  swinging  violently  from 
side  to  side ;  to  make  one's  way  in  a  swaying  or 
staggering  manner,  esp.  under  the  effects  of  intoxica 
tion.     Also  in  fig.  context. 

1607  MIDDLETON  Five  Gallants  in.  iii,  Take  him  when  he 
reels  from  a  tavern  late.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  291  Drunk 
ards  reeling  along  the  shore.  1726-31  WALDKON  Descr. 
Isle  of  Man  (1865)  22  Being  unable  to  reel  any  further,  he 
lay  down  at  the  door.  1761  CHURCHILL  Night  Poems  1767 
I.  74  Reel  in  a  drunkard,  and  reel  out  a  saint.  1819 
SHELLEY  Peter  Bell  yd  HI.  vii,  Those  patriots  ..  Who 
gorge,  before  they  reel  to  bed.  1821  —  Prometh.  Unb.  n. 
iv.  22  Each  one  reels  Under  the  load  towards  the  pit  of 
death.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  v.  I.  633  Permitting 
them  to  sleep  on  watch,  to  reel  drunk  about  the  streets, 

transf.  159*  SHAKS.  Rom.  fy  Jitl.  n.  iii.  3  Darknesse  like 
a  drunkard  reeles  From  forth  dales  path,  c  1600  —  Sonn. 
vii,  When  from  high-most  pich..Like  feeble  age  he  reeleth 
from  the  d;iy.  a  1704  T.  BROWN  Praise  Drunkenness  Wks. 
1730  I.  32  Epicurus  whose  drunken  atoms  reel'd  into  order. 

fig'  1650  FULLER  Pisgah  iv.  vii.  138  Shunning  open 
profaneness,  they  reeled  into  spirituall  pride,  a  1661  — 
Worthies  (1840)  III.  432  This  age,  wherein  so  many  have 
reeled  into  damnable  errors,  a  1679  W.  OUTRAM  Sentt. 
(1682)  53  Christianity,  .now  is  reel'd  to  the  other  extreme. 
b.  To  move,  fly,  or  dash,  rapidly  and  unsteadily. 

1727-46  THOMSON  Summer  183  All  th' extinguish'd  stars, 
would  loosening  reel  Wide  from  their  spheres.  z86p  HOL 
LAND  Miss  Gilbert  iv.  73  He. .watched  the  little  gig  as  it 
reeled  off  toward  the  mill  at  the  highest  speed.  1878 
BROWNING  Poets  Croisic  ii,  Redly  up  and  out  and  off  they 
reeled  Like  disconcerted  imps,  those  thousand  sparks. 

8.  trans.  To   cause  to  roll,  whirl,   or  stagger ; 
to  impel  violently.     Now  rare. 

13..  Caw.  $  Gr.  Knt.  304  Runischly  his  rede  yaen  he 
reled  aboute.  1513  DOUGLAS  Mneis  n.  vii.  130  With  the 
preis  we  war  relet  of  that  steid.  ijjoo  SPENSER  F.Q.  \.  v.  35 
Sisyphus  an  huge  round  stone  did  reele  Against  an  hill. 
1595  BARNFIELD  Cynthia  v,  In  his  hand  was  placed  For 
tunes  wheele :  The  which  he  often  turn'd,  and  oft  did  reele. 
1613  J.  DAVIES  Muse's  Teares  B  2  b,  Our  Hopes,  Which 
now  this  Blast  doth  reele,  and  backward  beare  !  1800 
MOORE  Anacreon  ii.  12  Our  feel  shall  catch  the  elastic 
bound,  And  reel  us  through  the  dance's  round. 
b.  refl.  To  throw  (oneself)  with  a  stagger. 

1890  CLARK  RUSSELL  Ocean  Trag.  I.  ix.  191  He.. swung, 
or  rather  reeled,  himself  into  [a  chair]. 

9.  To  reel  through  or  along  (a  street),   rare"-1. 
1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  %  Cl.  i.  iv.  20  To  sit  And  keepe  the 

turne  of  Tipling  with  a  Slaue,  To  reele  the  streets  at  noone. 

Keel  («1),  z>.2  Forms :  4  rely,  reole,  4-5  rele, 
(5  relyn),  6  reele,  Sc.  reill,  7-  reel.  [f.  REEL  sb^\ 

1.  trans.  To  wind  (thread,  silk,  etc.)  on  a  reel. 
Also  absol.)  To  perform,  or  be  engaged  in,  this 
kind  of  work. 

1393  LANGL.  P.  PL  C.  x.  81  Bof>e  to  karde  and  to  kembe. . 
To  rube  and  to  rely  [v.rr.  rele,  reole].  14..  Voc.  in  Wr.- 
Wiilcker  586/31  Girgillo  [to  rele].  c  1440  Promp.  Parv. 
429/1  Relyn,  wythe  a  reele,  alabriso.  1:1462  Wright's 
Chaste  Wife  349  Thowe  schalt  rubbe,  rele,  and  spynne, 
And  bou  wolt  eny  mete  wynne.  1548  THOMAS  Ital. 
Diet,  (1567),  Innaspare,  to  reele,  as  they  reele  silke  or 
thread.  1560  HOLLAND  Crt.  Venus  n.  694  Ilk  ane  in  hand 


REELED. 

ane  Reill.  .To  reill  thair  hankis  so  small  of  reid  gold  wyir. 
1629  MASSINGER  Picture  iv.  ii,  You  should  reel  well  What 
he  spins,  if  you  give  your  mind  to  it.  Ibid.  v.  i,  The  other 
too  reels  well  For  his  time.  1641  R.  BAILLIK  Lett.  $•  Jrnls. 
(1841)  I.  334  Proclamations  were  read  dischargeing  to  sell 
any  yarne  but  reeled  in  such  a  fashion.  1732  Ace.  Work- 
hoitses  138  That  fit  persons  be  appointed  to  reel  the  work. 
1789  Gentl.  Mag.  Suppl.  1200/2  He  invented  a  machine  to 
spin  and  reel  Cotton  at  one  operation.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON 
Operat.  Mechanic  387  If  the  yarn  has  to  be  packed  for  the 
market,  it  is  reeled  upon  a  frame.  1886  Mag.  of  Art  Dec. 
46/1  The  silk  used  was  .  .  the  same  as  that  reeled  at  the 
present  time  by  the  Indians,  Chinese,  and  Japanese. 

b.  Angling,  To  wind  (the  line)  on  the  reel. 
Also  with  up,  and  absol. 

1854  L.  LLOYD  Scandin.  Adv.  I.  194  The  line..  is  reeled 
around  the  two  pins  in  the  handle.     1873  G.  C.  DAVIES 
Mount.  4-  Mere  ri.  10  We  reel  up  and  see"k  the  shelter  of 
the  wood.     1883  Century  Mag.  July  381/2  Then  he  reeled 
slowly,  keeping  the  minnow  near  the  surface.    1884  BRAITH- 
WAITE  Salmonidx  Westmld.  v.  21  The  angler  reels  up  his 
line  as  quickly  as  possible. 

C.  To  fill  (a  spool)  with  thread. 
1774  KEITH  Farmers  Ha'  vii,  The  auld  gudewife  the 
pirney  reels  Wi1  tenty  hand. 

2.  To  take  offby  reeling. 

1530  PALSCR.  684/1  Rele  this  skayne  of  the  blades  and 
than  come  dyne.  1756  Gentl.  Mag.  XXVI.  138  The  sixth 
book  describes  the  manner  of  reeling  off  the  silk  from  the 
pod.  1789  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  (ed.  2)  II.  164,  I  reeled  off 
every  single  thread.  1880  C.  M.  MASON  Forty  Shires  94 
The  silk  is  called  raw  after  it  has  been  reeled  off  the 
cocoons.  1884  BLAKELEE  Indnstr.  CycL  123  Twine  wound 
upon  this  may  be  reeled  off  at  pleasure. 

b.  transf.  To  rattle^  (a  story,  song,  etc.)  with 
out  pause  or  effort. 

1837  MARRYAT  Dog-fiend  ix,  Well  reeled  off,  Billy.  1885 
Pall  Mall  Budget  19  June  31/1  General  Butler..  can  reel 
off  nautical  stories  by  the  yard.  1890  MCCARTHY  French 
Revol.  I.  118  He  reeled  off  a  world  of  insipid  verses. 

3.  To  draw  ouf,  as  with  a  reel;  to  draw  through 
(something),  or  cause  to  move,  by  means  of  a  reel. 

1855  BROWNING  Childe  Roland  xxiv,  That  harrow  fit  to  reel 
Men's  bodies  out  like  silk.     1868  JOYNSON  Metals  105  Wire 
is  reeled  through  the  zinc,  into  which  it  is  forced  to  dip 
by  a  fork  or  other  contrivance.     1891    Textile  Industries 
12  Dec.  69  Reel  the  stuff  well  in  the  solution. 

b.  Angling.  To  draw  in  (a  fish,  etc.)  by  reeling 
up  the  line.  Also  in  fig.  context. 

1881  Confess.  Frivolous  Girl  181  Once  hook  him  and  you 
are  all  right.  ..You  can  reel  him  in  then  at  your  pleasure. 
1883  Century  Mag.  July  379/2  The  Professor..  soon  reeled 
the  bass  within  a  few  feet.  1894  Onttng  (U.S.)  XXIV. 
228/2  The  minnow  is  reeled  nearly  to  the  tip  of  the  rod. 

4.  intr.  To  make  a  noise  like  that  of  a  icel  when 
in  motion. 

1747  [see  REELING  vbL  sb?  2].  1899  Longm.  Mag.  Dec.  154 
The  grasshopper  warblers  which  were  reeling  from  many 
a  '  tangled  watercourse  '  a  fortnight  ago  are  now  silent. 

Keel  (nl),  z>.3  [f.  REEL  sl>.3]  intr.  and  trans. 
To  dance  a  reel. 

1768  Ross  Helenore  i.  21  The  summer  cauls  were  dancing 
here  an'  there,  An1  clouds  of  midges  reeling  in  the  air.  1790 
BURNS  Tarn  o  Shanter  147  The  dancers  quick  and  quicker 
flew  ;  They  reel'd,  they  .set,  they  cross'd,  they  cleekit.  1833 
MARRYAT  P.  Simple  xxxv,  Troubridge  opened  the  ball.., 
making  them  reel  'Tom  Collins',  whether  or  no.  1843 
NICHOLSON  Hist.  -V  Tradit.  Tales  241  Loud  laughed  Old 
Nick  and  danced  and  reeled. 


Reelable  (rflab'l),  a.    [f.  REEL  Z/.S 
That  can  be  reeled  or  wound  on  a  reel. 

1887  KncycL  Brit,  XXII.  60/1  At  least  six  species  of 
Bombyx..form  reelable  cocoons.     Ibid.  60/2  The  reelable 
fibre  is  as  a  rule  thickest..  at  the  middle  portion. 

Ree'1-bird.     [f.  KEEL  sb.^\     (See  quot.) 

1888  NEWTON  in  Kmycl.  Brit.  XXIV.  367/1  In  those  parts 
of  England  where  it  [the  grasshopper  lark  or  warbler]  was 
formerly  most  abundant  it  was  known  as  the  Reeler  or 
Reel-bird. 

Re-ele'Ct,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  elect 
again. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  181  Those  Senators,  .whom  he 
had  either  chosen  or  re-elected  in  his  Censorship.  1681 
LUTTRELL  J?r/*//?*/.  (1857)  I.  127  One  Mr.  Broom  being 
some  time  since  chosen,  but  not  qualified,,  .he  was  this  day 
..reelected.  1769  Juntas  Lett.  xix.  (1771)  103  [He]  was  ex 
pelled,  re-elected,  and  admitted  to  take  his  seat  in  the  same 
parliament.  1844  THtBX.WAU.GrWH  Ixv.  VIII.  361  Pliilo- 
pccmen  was  re-elected  for  the  following  year.  1863  H.  Cox 
Instit.  i.  viii.  128  A  member  expelled  may,  upon  the  issue  of 
a  new  writ,  be  re-elected  by  his  former  constituents. 

Hence  Re-electabrlity. 

1898  B.  GREGORY  Side  Lights  421  The  re-electability  of 
the  best  known  Wesleyan  Methodist  minister. 

Ke-ele'ctiou.  [RE-  5  a;  cf.  RE-ELECT  v.] 
The  action  of  re-electing  ;  a  fresh  election  ;  the  fact 
of  being  re-elected. 

a  1745  SWIFT  (J.),  Several  acts  have  been  made  and 
rendered  ineffectual  by  leaving  the  power  of  re-election 
open.  1756  H.  WALPOLE  Lett,  to  Mann  29  Nov.,  The 
Parliament  meets  on  Thursday,  but  will  adjourn  for  about 
ten  days  for  the  re-elections.  1824  BYRON  Juan  xvi.  xcv, 
Safe  conduct  through  the  rocks  of  re-elections.  1884  Law 
Times  8  Mar.  3  The  Examiners  above  named  are  re-eligible, 
and  intend  to  offer  themselves  for  re-election. 

Reeled  (r/ld),  ///.  a.  [f.  REEL  v?\  Wound 
on  a  reel. 

1776-7  Act  ijGeo.  ///,c.  ii  §  14  The  reeler.  .of  such  false 
or  short  reeled  yarn.  1831  G.  R.  PoSTEE  .SW*  Manuf.  152 
To  obtain  one  pound  of  reeled  silk,  requires  12  pounds  of 
cocoons.  1851  L.  D.  B.  GORDON  in  Art  Jrnl.  Illustr. 
Catal.  p.  ii  **/i  Samples  of  the  cocoons,  and  of  the  reeled 
or  raw  silk  of  these  countries. 


REELER. 

Beeler  (n~b.i).    [f.  REEL  V.S  +  -ERI.] 

1.  One  who  reels  or  winds  yarn,  cord,  etc.,  upon 
a  reel ;  also,  one  who  employs  such  workers. 

1598  FLOKIO,  Innaspatore,  a  reeler  or  winder  of  yarne. 
i6u  COTGR.  s.v.  Garde,  Faire  la  garde,  to  make  fast;  (a 
phrase  vsed  by  reelers,  or  winders  of  yarne).  1776-7  [see 
KEELED  ///.  a.].  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Ofierat.  Mechanic  39=5 
The  slubs  which  may  have  been  left  in  the  silk  by  the  negli 
gence  of  the  foreign  reeler.  1844  G.  DODD  Textile  Manuf, 
vi.  175  When  the  winder  or  reeler  lias  purchased  the  cocoons 
[etc.].  1891  Textile  Industries  12  Dec.  61/1  However  care- 
less  the  reeler  may  be,  the  reel  is  stopped  instantly. 
b.  (See  quot.) 

1893  L.  KELLERN  Soldiers  at  Sea  50  Told  off  as  Reelers, 
to  haul  in  the  reel,  which  tests  the  ship's  rate  of  progress. 

C.  The  grasshopper-warbler,  Locustella  nxvia. 

1871-4  NEWTON  Yarrelfs  Brit.  Birds  I.  385  In  the  more 
marshy  parts  of  England  . .  this  bird  has  long  been  known 
as  the  '  Reeler ' — from  the  resemblance  of  Us  song  to  the  noise 
of  the  reel  used . .  by  the  hand-spinners  of  wool. 

d.   Cant  (after  peeler],  A  policeman. 

1879  Macm.  Mag,  Oct.  502/1  A  reeler  came  to  the  cell 
and  cross-kiddled  (questioned)  me. 

f2.  An  instrument  for  reeling.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1598  FI.ORIO,  Indenenatoio,  a  reeler  or  reeling  sticke. 
1629  MASSINGKR  Picture  \.  i,  Ubaldo.  I  have  not  spittle 
enough  to  wet  my  fingers  When  I  draw  my  flax  from  my 
distaff.  Ricardo.  Nor  I,  strength  To  raise  my  hand  to  the 
top  of  my  reeler. 

Re-e*levate(  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  elevate  again. 

a  1834  COLERIDGE  cited  by  WORCESTER  (1846).  1873  J. 
GEIKLE  Gt.  Ice  Age  xxii.  290  Then,  finally,  the  land  was  re- 
elevated  to  its  present  level.  1895  Minutes  gthA'at.  Connc. 
Congreg.  Ch.  (U.S.)  242  To  re-elevate  the  standard  of  scholar 
ship  which  has  been  so  unfortunately,  .lowered. 

So  Be-eleva-tion.     (Chiefly  Geol.) 

1817  J.  SCOTT  Paris  Revis.  (ed.  4)  395  Resting  its  re- 
elevation  on  the  foundation  of  popular  choice.  1868  LYELL 
Princ.  Geot.  n.  xxxi,  (ed.  10)  II.  187  It  seems  impossible  to 
explain  the  position  of  this  buried  hut,  without  imagining, 
first  a  subsidence.. then  a  re-elevation.  1876  PACK  Adv. 
Text-bk.  Geol.  xiv.  258  The  frequent  subsidences  and  re- 
elevations. 

Reel  foot.  Sc.  [?f.  REEL  rf.'J  A  club-foot. 
So  Reel-footed  a. 

1867  H.  SCOTT  Fasti  Eccl.  Scotic.  n.  586  A  reel  foot  marred 
his  personal  appearance.  1887  SERVICE  Dr.  Dnguid  I.  xxiii. 
155  James  being  reel-fitted.  1902  Brit,  filed,  jrnl.  19  July 
209  A  child  . .  is  '  reel-footed  '  if  there  is  a  club-foot. 

Re-eligibrlity.  [f.  next  +  -ITY.]  Eligibility 
for  re-election  to  tne  same  office. 

^1787  HAMILTON  Federalist  No.  72  With  a  positive  dura 
tion  [of  the  presidency].  .1  connect  the  circumstance  of  re- 
eligibility.  1788  JEFFERSON  Let.  7  Feb.,  There  is  another 
strong  feature  in  the  new  constitution,  which  I.. strongly 
dislike.  That  is,  the  perpetual  re-eligibility  of  the  President. 
1888  BRYCE^wen  Connitw.  n.  xli.  II.  103  The  governor.. is 
elected  directly,  not.  .by  a  college  of  electors. .. Some  States 
limit  his  re-eligibility. 

Re-e-ligible,  a.  [RE-  5  a.]  Capable  of  being 
re-elected  to  the  same  office. 

1802  Ann.  Kef.  644  The  president  is  to  exercise  his  func 
tions  for  ten  years,  and  to  be  indefinitely  reeligible.  1843 
Penny  Cycl.  XXVI.  26/2  The  person  so  appointed  to  vacate 
is  not  re-eligible  for  the  ensuing  year.  1884  Law  Times 
8  Mar.  3  The  Examiners  above-named  are  re-eligible. 

Reeling  (rf-lirj),  vbl.  rf.i  [f.  REEL  z/.i  +  -INQI.] 
The  action  of  staggering,  etc. 

'375  BAHBOUE  Bruce  xin.  265  The  king  Robert  be  thair 
relyng  Saw  thai  war  neir  discomfyting.  1405  7'revisa's 
Bart/i.  De  P.  Ji.  (W.  de  W.)v.  xx.  126  The  pasiyons  of  the 
teeth  ben  dyuers.  .brekynge,  and  brusynge.  .,  relynge  and 
wagtging]  and  fallynge.  a  1500  Peebles  to  Plity  ii,  For  reil- 
ing  thair  inn  ht  na  man  rest,  Forganay  andforglew.  121591 
H.  SMITH  Six  Serin.  (1594)  89  As  if  he  should  say,  neither 
the  winds  blowing.. nor  the  ships  reeling,  .should,  .waken 
him  from  his  sleepe.  1607-12  BACON  Ess.,  Counsel  (Arb.)  312 
They  will..be  full  of  inconstancye,.  .like  the  reeling  of  a 
drunken  Man.  1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  fuif.  329  Singing  and 
dancing  and  drinking  and  reeling  were  usual  concomitants 
of  all  the  Pagan  Holy-days.  1736  E.  ERSKiNEiVrw.  Wks. 
1871  II.  406  The  Avenger  of  thy  blood  will  take  care  of  thee 
in  public  reelings.  1781  COWPER  Convcrsat.  862  Though 
such  continual  zigzags  in  a  book,  Such  drunken  reelings, 
have  an  awkward  look.  1899  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VII.  69 
[A  gait]  in  which  there  is  unsteadiness,  titubation,  and  reel 
ing  like  a  drunken  man. 

Comb.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  v.  i.  279  Trinculo  is  reeling 
ripe:  where  should  they  Finde  this  grand  Liquor  that  hath 
gilded  'em  ?  1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  f)iss.  (1708)  100 
When  he's  reeling  drunk  ashore,  he  takes  it  for  granted  to 
be  a  Storm  abroad. 

Reeling  (rr-lirj) ,  vbl.  sb?-  [f.  REEL  z>.2  +  -ING  '.] 

1.  The  action  of  winding  on  a  reel. 

1589  RIDEH  Bibl.  Schol.,  A  Reeling,  alabratio.  1603 
DKKKER  Grissil  v.  i,  Janiculo,  leave  your  fish-catching, 
and  you  your  reeling.  1653  Public  Gen.  Acts  179  Abuses 
..in  the  Reeling  of  the  Yarns.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s.  v.  Keel,  The  reel  used  . .  in  the  reeling  or  winding  of 
silks.  1789  Trans.  Sac.  ArtsVll.  143  It  was . . afterwards 
reeled  off  from  those  bobbins,  and  in  the  reeling  passed 
through  warm  water.  1803  \V.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  I.  432 
The  purchases  lof  silk]  are  made  about  the  end  of  August 
when  the  reelings  terminate.  1884  M^LAREN  Spinning •(«!.  2) 
235  The  processes  of  twisting,  reeling,  and  scouring. 

b.  altrili.  and  Comb.,  as  reeling  apparatus, 
arrangement,  establishment,  machine,  slick. 

1598  FLORIO,  Indeiienatoio.  a  reeler  or  reeling  sticke.  1835 
UKE  Pliilas.  Mann/.  265  The  reeling  apparatus  used  in 
France.  1853  —  Diet.  Arts  (ed.  4)  II.  616  The  cocoons  are 
prepared  at  the  reeling  establishment  into  raw  silk.  Ibid., 
The  reeling  machines  in  the  Tyrol.  1887  Encycl.  Brit. 
XXII.  61/2  A  sectional  view  of  the  reeling  apparatus  and 
arrangements.. is  shown  in  fig.  12. 

VOL.  VIII. 


329 

2.   The  production  cf  a  humming  sound. 

1747  R.  MAXWELL  Bee-Master  (1750)  35  This  reeling  is 
occasioned,  by  a  great  many  of  the  Bees  flying,  and  making 
a  confused  Motion  and  Noise  in  the.. Hive.  1899  Longm. 
Mag.  Dec.  152  It  was  more  sustained  than  the  longest  reel 
ing  of  the  grasshopper  warbler  that  I  have  heard. 

Reeling  (rHirj),///.  a.    [f.  KEEL  t/.i+  -IXG  -.] 

1.  That  reels,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1577  Ho  UNSHED  Chron.  I.  69/1  Honorius,  perceiuing  the 
reeling  state  of  the  empire,  determined  foorthwith  to  re- 
couer  it.  1602  MARSTON  Ant.  $  Mel.  i.  Wks.  1856  I.  17 
With  that  he  totterd  from  the  reeling  decke,  And  duwne  he 
sunke.  1649  JKR.  TAYLOR  Gt.  ExettTf.  m.  Ad  §  16.  177  With 
troubled  spirits  and  a  reeling  faith.  1697  DKYDKN  b'irg. 
Past.  v.  46  Daphnis  did  Rites  to  Bacchus  first  ordain  ;  And 
holy  Revels  for  his  reeling  Train.  1768  Ross  Helewre  i.  55 
Ihe  man.. in  his  fury,  an'  in  his  reeling  eyn,  Thinks  that 
the  ane  he  wanted  she  had  been.  1781  COWPER  Expost. 
306  War  lays  a  burden  on  the  reeling  state.  1849  LONGF. 
Building  the  Ship  242  The  stress  and  the  strain  Of  the  wind 
and  the  reeling  main. 

2.  Characterized  by  reeling  ;  causing  to  reel. 
1614  MAKKIIAM  CYti'a/  Hush.  iv.  x.  (1668)  99  If  your  Goats 

be  troubled  with  the  Staggers  or  Reeling  Evil.  1875  MAN 
NING  Alission  //.  Ghost  n,  54  That  sort  of  gross  reeling  in 
toxication  by  which  men.. shame  themselves  in  the  streets. 
1896  Ir'i'stm.  Gaz.  27  Feb.  i/i  The  Liberal  Party  suffered  a 
reeling  blow  yesterday. 

Hence  Ree-liug-ly  adv. 

1621  LADY  M.  WROTH  Urania  481  Suddenly,  and  reelingly 
he  ran  with  his  last  fury  vpon  him.  1657  J.  SERGEANT 
Sc/iisw  Di$pach*t  62  Is  this  a  sober  discourse,  which  falls 
feelingly  to  the  ground  of  it  self,  when  none  puahts  it? 

t  Reel-pot.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  REEL  v.1]  One 
who  makes  the  (drinking)  pot  go  round. 

1604  T.  M.  Black  Bk.  in  Middletoti's  irks.  (Hullen)  VIII. 
28  There  I  heard,  .how  many  perjurds  [were]  in  France,  and 
how  many  reel-pots  ia  Germany. 

I!  Reem  (nm).  [a.  Heb.  c*n  re\'m  (also  en 
rcym  in  Job  xxxix.  9-10),  rendered  in  the  Vulgate 
by  rhinoceros  and  unicornis,  and  by  \VyeIif  and 
later  Eng.  versions,  unicorn.]  The  Hebrew  name 
of  an  animal  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament,  now 
identified  with  the  wild  ox. 

1719  YOUNG  Par.  yob  Wks.  1757  I.  215  Will  the  tall 
Reem,  which  knows  no  Lord  but  Me,  Low  at  the  crib,  and 
ask  an  alms  of  thee  V  [1845  K.ITTO  Cycl.  Bibl.  Lit.  s.v.,  From 
the  fact  that  the  ree'm  is  classed  in  scripture  with  Lulls  or 
bullocks.. it  has  been  concluded  that  he  was  of  the  bovine 
species,  and  probably  the  buffalo  or  wild  ox.  1886  W. 
HOUGHTON  in  Academy  24  Apr.  292  The  identification  of 
the  Hebrew  rcein  with  the  wild  ox  {Bos  priniigenitts)  is  one 
of  the  most  certain  of  all  Bible  animal  names.] 

Reem,  obs.  f,  REALM,  REAM;  var.  REME  z>.,  to 
cry,  shout ;  obs.  f.  RIME,  -hoarfrost. 

Re-embark  (n'embauk),  v.  Also  7-8  reim-. 
[RE-  5  a.  Cf.  K.  rembarquer  (1549))  It.  rimbarcare 
(Florio),  Sp.  reembarcarl\ 

1.  trans.  To  put  (a  person  or  thing)  on  board 
ship  again.     Also  f  const,  into. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rtfrt&ttryttfrj  to  reimbarke,  to  put  into  a  ship 
againe.  1654  H.  L'ESTRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655)  18  The  Ad- 
mirall  re-imbarques  all  and.. plies  for  the  Southward  Cape. 
1687  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenofs  Trav.  n.  171  Goods,. which.. he 
was  necessitated  to  reimbark.  1702  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  3850/3 
They  were  reimbarking  the  Troops  on  board  the  Ships. 
1758  Ann,  Reg.  i.  101/1  They  were. .hoisted  into  the  ship, 
and.  .re-imbarked  into  the  boats.  1836  MACGILLIVKAY  tr. 
Humboldt's  Tran.  xviii.  250  The  boat  having  been  got  up, 
they  re-embarked  their  instruments  and  provisions. 
m  re/7.  1622  CAPT.  SMITH  IMs.  I.  257  Reimbarking  myselfe 
in  a  Bark  of  60  Tuns. 

Jig.  1647  WARD  Simp.  Cobler(\$>A,-$\  So  It  may  re-imbarque 
themselves  and  you  all  into  a  deadly  relapse  of  scorne  and 
calamity. 

2.  intr.  To  go  on  board  ship  again.  Also  const,  in. 
1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  n.  v.  35  We  had 

made  our  accompt  to  reembarke  and  depart.  1747  CARTE 
Hist.  K)ig.  1.^288  The  Danes  still  re-imbarking  when  they 
found  opposition  in  any  place,  and  landing  in  some  other. 
1777  ROBERTSON  Hist.  Antcr.  II.  v.  23  He  ..  issued  orders 
that  the  army  should  be  in  readiness  next  day  to  reimbark 
for  Cuba.  1856  KANE  Arct.  E.\-pl.  II.  xxviii.  279,  I  called 
my  officers  together  . .  and  prepared  to  re-embark.  1878 
GLADSTONE  Prim.  Homer  xi.  131  After  re-embarking,  he 
exasperates  the  monster  with  his  pungent  addresses. 
fig.  a\i\\  K.F.N  Edmund  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  159  His 
Soul,  which  while  he  slept  at  Anchor  lay,  Began  to  reim 
bark.  i8xa  Examiner  24  Aug.  542/2  In  such  a  cause  his 
very  selhshness  is  a  security  for  his  not  re-embarking. 

trans/.  1751  SMOLLETT  Per.  Pic.  ci,  He  re-embarked  in  his 
hackney-coach. 

Hence  Ke-emba'rking  vbl.  sh. 

1611  FLORID,  Rimbarcantento,  a  re-imbarking.  1790  UEAT- 
SON  Nav.  fy  Mil.  Mem.  I.  321  Brigadiers  Graham  and 
O'Farrel.. agreed  to  the  reimbarking  uf  the  troops. 

Re-embarka'tion.  Also  S  reim-.  [RE-  5  a.] 
The  action  of  re-embarking. 

1716  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  5470/2  They  knew  nothing  of  the  Re- 
imbarkation.  1757  SMOLLKTT ///W.  Eng.  xviii.  §  5  After  the 
re-embarkation  of  the  troops.  1790  BKATSON  Nav.  fy  MIL 
Mem.  I.  323  They  unanimously  declared  themselves  for  the 
reimbarkation.  1847  GROTE  Greece  \\.  xxxvi.  IV.  471  They 
repulsed  the  Athenians  from  the  sea-shore  and  secured  a 
safe  re-embarkation. 

So  Re-emba'rkment.     [Cf.  F.  rembarqitemcnt.*\ 
1758  Ann.  Reg.  i.  66 'i  The  smaller  [squadron].. was  de 
signed,  .to  favour  the  landing  and  reimbarkment. 

Re-emba'ttle,  z>.     In  7  reim-.    [RE-  5  a.] 

trans.   To  draw  up  again  in  battle  array. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  794  They.. at  the  sight  Tookenvie, 
and  aspiring  to  his  highth,  Stood  reimbattell'd  fieice. 


REEN. 

Re-embe'llish,  v.  Also  7  re-im-.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  embellish  ane\v.  Hence  Re-embe-llish- 
ing  vbl.  sb. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rimbdlirc,  to  re-imbellibh.  Ibid.,  Rahbclli- 
mcntO)  a  rebeautifying,  a  re-embellishing.  1655  tr.  Com. 
Hist.  1'rancion  \\.  43  Ceruse  and  Vermillion  were  not  cap 
able  to  re-imbeilUh  my  face. 

t  Re-embo'dy,  v.    Also  7, 9  reim-.    [RE-  5  a.] 

To  embody  again,     a.  trans. 

i8oz  JAMES  Milit.  Diet,  s.v.,  The  militia  is  disbanded, 
and  partially  reimbodied  for  28  days  in  every  year  during 
peace,  i86a  MERIVAI.K  Rom.  Emp,  Ivii.  (1865)  VII.  121  It 
became  necessary  to  re-embody  the  praetorian  and  the  urban 
guards.  1873  in  li.  Stewart  C^onserv.  Force  vii.  173,  I  pro 
pose,  .now  to  reembody  my  views  in  a  more  popular  form. 
fb.  intr.  for  reji.  ;See  KMBUUY  5  b.)  Obs. 

a  1691  1?OYLE  (J.),  Quicksilver  broken  into  little  globes, 
the  parts  brought  to  touch  immediately  reimbcdy. 

Re-embo  SOUL,  v-  Also  7  reim-.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  embosom  again. 

^1641  HEYLIN  Hist.  F.pisc.  n.  (1657)  3^9  Some.. had  been 
Reconciled  and  reimbosomed  with  the  Church.  1656  — 
Sun-.  France  56  [Henry  IV.  of  France]  once  more  re-em- 
bosom'd  himself  into  the  Roman  Synagogue.  1878  BROWN 
ING  La  Stiisiaz  129  Treasure  oft  was  disembosomed. ..Dis 
embosomed,  re-embosomed. 

Re-embra'ce,  v.  Also  7  re-im-,  reim-.  [KE- 
5  a.  Cf.  I1",  rcmbrasser,  f  re  nib  racier.]  trans,  and 
intr.  To  embrace  again,  in  lit.  andyf^.  senses. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rimbracciare.  to  imbrace  againo,  to  re-im- 
brace.  1633  PKYNNE  ist  Pt.  Histrio-m.  57  Why  should  you 
re-embrace,  .the  things,  which  you  haue  thus  abiured  ?  1655 
tr.  Com.  /{ist.  Francion  ix.  4  His  Daughter  and  her  Sweet 
heart  coming  to  re-imbrace  each  other,  a  1711  KEN  Prewar- 
atims  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  48  When  their  Souls  they  re- 
embrace.  1742  YOUNG  .V/.  Th.  v.  1044  He  takes  his  Leave, 
To  re-embrace  in  Extasies,  at  Eve.  1855  BROWNING  In  a 
Year  i,  Bitterly  we  re-embrace,  Single  still.  1858  CARLYLE 
Fredk.  Gt.  VMI.  iii.  (1872)  III.  13  His  Majesty,  who  wept 
like  a  paternal  bear,  on  reembraung  Wilhelmina. 

So  Be-embra'ce  sb.t  a  renewed  embrace  ;  Be- 
embra'cement. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rabbracciamenti,  re-imbracements.  1868 
BROWNING  Ring8fBk.x\.  2316  If,  fighting  quietly,  the  jaws 
enjoy  One  re-embrace  in  mid  back-bone. 

Re-embroi'l,  v.   [RE-  5  a.]    To  embroil  again. 
1718  BLACKMORE  Alfred*.  (1723)  363  I.e^t  this  audacious 
1  n  be.  .Disturb  the  Throne  and  re-embroil  the  State. 

Re-embur8e,-ment,  obs.  ft  REIMBURSE, -MEKT. 

Reeme,  obs.  f.  REALM,  REAM  sb.'\  RIME'. 

Re-eme'rge,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]    To  emerge  again. 

1775  CHANDLER  Trav.  Asia  Jlf.  (1825)  I.  94  It  will  gradu 
ally  re-emerge,  and  become  dry  and  green  as  before.  1837 
CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  III.  n.  iii,  A  question  emerges,,  .is  put 
off,  submerged  ;  but  always  recmerges  bigger  than  before. 
1879  M.  ARNOLD  Mixed  Ess.,  Falkland  227  But  is  it  meant, 
..  that  after  all,  political  liberty  re-emerged  in  England,  .'i 

So  Be-eiue-rg-ence ;  Be-eme'rgent  a. ;  Be- 
eme  rsion. 

1801  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  365  Flashes  of  lightning,  that 
seemed  almost  to  alternate  with  the  flash-like  re-emersions 
of  the  waning  moon.  1837  CAKLYLI-:  Fr,  Rer.  III.  n.  iii,  By 
its  frequent  reemergence  and  by  its  rapid  enlargement  of 
bulk, . ,  this  question  [etc.].  1865  (  II-:IKIK  Seen.  $  Gtol.  Scot  I. 
ix.  248  Since  its  first  re-emergence  it  ha^  doubtless  been  often 
sunk  and  raised  anew.  1895  Forum  (N.  V.)  Apr.  254  Cases 
of  fallen  and  still  fitfully  re-emergent  nobility. 

Reeming*  (rrmirj),  vbl.  sb.  Also  reaming. 
[See  REAM  v?>\  (See  quot.  1846.)  Also  Comb., 
as  ree  m  ing-beet le  i  -iron. 

1750  BI.ANCKLEY  Nav.  Expos.  130  Reeming Irons,  are  used 
by  the  Caulkers  for  opening  the  Seams  of  the  Planks  of 
Ships  on  the  Stocks  before  caulked.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Hunt. 
Dict.t  Reemittg,  in  shipbuilding,  opening  the  seams  of  the 
planks  with  iron  wedges,  called  reeming-irons,  in  order  that 
the  oakum  used  in  caulking  may  be  more  readily  admitted. 
1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  566  Rceming- beetle,  a 
caulker's  largest  mallet.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Aleck.  1905/2 
The  tool  is  a  rceming-iron  struck  by  a  reeming-beetle. 

Re-emi'ssion.  [Ru-  5  a  :  cf.  next.]  A  second 
or  subsequent  emission  ;  a  re-issue. 

1740  W.  DOUGLASS  Disc,  Curr.  Brit.  Plant.  Amer.  10  In 
the  following  Years  no  more  new  Emissions,  but  some  Re- 
emissions  of  the  remainder.  1801  YOUNG  in  Phil.  Trans. 
XCII.  46  Its  remaining  many  months  as  if  in  a  latent  state, 
and  its  subsequent  re-emission  by  the  action  of  heat. 

Re-emit,  ^.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  emit  again; 
esp.  U.  «V.,to  reissue  (bills, bank-notes, etc.).  Hence 
Be-emi-tting  vbl.  sb.  (in  quot.  attrib.). 

1740  W.  DOUGLASS  Disc,  Cnrr.  Brit.  Plant.  Amer.  10  The 
Province.. have  since  A.  1702  emitted  and  re-emitted  Bills 
of  public  Credit.  Ibid.  17  The  three  Upper  Counties  .. 
emitted  30,000 /.  which  have  generally  been  continued  out 
by  re-emitting  Acts  from  Time  to  Time.  1759  FRANKLIN 
Ess.  Wks.  1840  III.  203  The  trustees  of  the  loan  office  might 
reemit  the  same  sums.  1884  American  VIII.  311  The  notes 
are  not  held,  when  redeemed,  but  re-emitted. 

Re-employ,  v.  [RE-  5  a,]  trans.  To  employ 
again ;  to  take  back  into  employment.  So  Be- 
employment. 

1611  COTGR.,  Remployer^  to  reim  ploy.  1883  STEVENSON 
Silverado  Sq,  147  Begging  me  to  re-employ  him  again. 
1893  Columbus  (Ohio)  Disp.  7  Aug.,  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
relief  will  come,  in  the  way  of  re-employment,  before  cold 
weather  sets  in. 

Reen  (r/h).  Also  reene,  rheen.  A  variant 
(and  more  phonetic)  spelling  of  the  south-western 
RHINE,  a  ditch. 

1829  J.  L.  KNACP  Jrnl.  A'af.  142  A  pale  blue  shrew,  .has 
been  seen  about  the  margin  of  our  reenes,  and  the  deep 
marsh  ditches.  1864  G.  F.  BERKELEY  Life  .5-  Recoil.  I,  241 

42 


HE-ENABLE. 

The  wide  deep  reens  or  ditches  that  intersect  these  marshy 
meadows.  1867  Macw.  Mag.  June  164  It  is  intersected., 
by  several  large  dykes,  called  in  the  language  of  the  country 
'  rhines'  or  'rheens1. 

Reen,  var.  REAN;  obs.  f.  REIN(DEER). 

Re-ena  ble,  v.    Also  6-7  re-in-.     [RE-  5  a.] 

•^  1.  trans.  To  rehabilitate,  restore.  Obs. 

1586  T.  B.  La  Primaud.  Fr.Acad.  i.  (1594)  600  The  re- 
inabling  of  such  as  before  were  not  capable  of  offices  or 
dignities.  1611  SPKED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xiv.  §  7.  612  They 
were  also  forbidden,  .to  reenable  the  late  King  against  the 
authoritle  of  this  Parliament.  1629  DONNK  Serin.  V.  440 
When  God  hath  thus  created  a  new  heart,  that  is,  Re- 
enabled  me  by  his  Ordinance. 

2.  To  make  able  again. 

1633  T.  ADAMS  E.\p.  2  Peter  iii.  18  Thus  are  we  re-enabled 
to  pay  him  the  debt  of  glory.  1834  Good's  Study  Mcd. 
(ed.  4)  II.  616  To  require,  .many  months  before  the  patient 
was  re-enabled  to  take  his  station  in  society. 

So  f  Re-ena'blement.   Obs. 

1648  W.  MOUNTAGUE  Devout  Ess.  i.  Ep.  Ded.  A  4  b,  The 
propitiating  of  Almighty  God,  towards  Your  reinablement 
to  afford  them  all.. succors. 

Re-ena  ct,  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  enact  (a  law,  etc.)  again.     Hence 
Re-ena'cting  vbl.  sb. 

41676  HALK  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  iv.  viiL  (1677)  369  That 
Precept  ..  was  no  other  than  the  re-enacting  of  that  old 
Commandment.  1705  ARBI^THNOT  Coins,  etc.  (1727!  259  The 
Construction  of  Ships  was  forbidden  to  Senators,  by  a  law 
made  by  Claudius,  Tribune  of  the  people, .  .and  re-enacted 
by  the  Julian  Law  of  Concussions,  1832  BABBAGE  Econ. 
Mannf.  xxxiii.  (1835)  363  note.  In  1825  an  attempt  to  re- 
enact  some  of  the  most  objectionable  was  made.  1865  H. 
PHILLIPS  Amer.  Paper  Citrr,  II.  38  All  the  regulations  of 
the  prior  resolution .  .were  herein  re-enacted. 

2.  To  act  or  perform  again ;  to  reproduce. 

1854  J.  S.  C.  ABBOTT  Napoleon  (1855)  I.  v.  89  Napoleon 
had  no  desire  to  see  the  Reign  of  Terror  re-enacted  in  the 
cities  of  Italy.  1856  'STONEHKNGK*  Brit,  Rural  Sfioris 
464  'i  My  yachting  friends  need  never  expect  to  see  her 
with  her  present  rig  re-enacting  the  America. 

So  Re-ena'ction,  Re-ena'ctment. 

1803  Hist.  Europe  in  Ann.  Reg.  (1804)  14/2  Lord  Limerick 
positively  asserted  that  the  re-enactment  of  those  bills  was 
absolutely  necessary  for  the  tranquility  of  the  country.  1855 
H.  CLARKE  Diet.,  Reenactirm.  1860  FORSTER  Gr.  Kemon- 
str.  2  The  Petition  ..was  but  the  affirmation  and  re-enact 
ment  of  the  precedents  of  the  three  foregoing  centuries. 

Re-eiia*inour,  v.  [RE-  5  a.J  trans.  To  in 
flame  again  with  love.  In  pass. 

a  1711  KEN  Anodynes  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  417  Love  saw 
me  cool,  I  by  his  Rod  Shall  re-enamour'd  be  of  God. 

Re-eiichai-n,  v.  Also  7-8  re-in-.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  enchain  again. 

1611  COTGR  ,  Renchainer,  to  reinchaine,  to  chain,  or  bind 
in  chaines,  againe.  1718  Free-thinker  No.  90  p  7  He  be 
comes  an  easy  Captive  to  the  first  Person,  who  shall  en 
deavour  to  re-inchain  him.  1837  R.  WILSON  Pleas.  Piety 
iv.  93  Ham's  haughty  King  collects  his  armed  hosts  To  re- 
enchain  the  ransomed  of  the  Lord. 

t  Re-encliaTge,  v.  Obs.  rare-1.  [RE-  5  a.] 
?  To  charge  again. 

1600  HOLLAND  Livy  vm.  xxxix.  310  The  Dictator  ..  cried 
unto  the  Colonels  ..  to  reencharge  and  renew  the  medley 
againe  with  him. 

t  Re-encloi'ster,  v>  Obs.  In  7  re-in-.   [RK- 

5  a.]     trans.  To  shut  up  again  in  a  cloister. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  vi.  286  Bidding  farewell  to  the 
Church  of  St.  Saluatore,  and  being  re-incloystred  againe. 

Re-enCOTL'nter,  sb.  Also  6-7  rein-,  re-in-. 
[f.  RE-  +  ENCOUNTER  sb. ;  cf.  RENCONTRE  sb.,  KEN- 
COUNTER  sb.}  f  a.  A  meeting,  encounter,  esp.  a 
hostile  one.  Obs.  b.  A  renewed  meeting. 

15*5  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  xxix.  34/1   Without  any 
busynesse  or  reencounter  we  came  to  the  captall.      1577-87 
HOUNSHKD  Chron.  I.  85/2  The  Saxons  had  the  victorie  in 
that  reincounter,     1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  443  So 
many  pleasant   speeches   and   lively   reencounters.       1611     ' 
FLORIO,  Rancontro,  a  reincounter,  a  meeting  againe.      1666    | 
S.  PARKER  Free  &  Impart.  Censure  (1667)  32  After  many 


isposition.       1794  G__ 

Cal.  Williams  77  Mr.  Falkland's  servants,  hearing  the 
bustle  of  the  re-encounter  [etc.]. 

Re-encoirnter,  v.  Also  6-7  re-in-.  [f.RE-  + 

ENCOUNTER  v. ;  cf,  RENCONTRE  v.,  RENCOUNTER  z-.] 
f  a.  To  encounter,  esp.  in  a  hostile  manner.  Ohst 
b.  To  encounter  or  meet  again. 

1523  La  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  ccxiv.  267  They. .robbed  all 
that  countrey,  for  there  was  none  that  reencountred  them. 
1577-87  HOLINSHHD  Chron.  I.  164/2  Bicause  the  Danes., 
were  reencountred.  .so  often  as  they  did  encounter  [etc.). 
1600  Cowrie  Conspir.  C  2,  His  owne  seruants..hauing  put 
his  maiestie  in  safetie,  re-encountred  the  sayd  Earle  and  his 
seruantes.  1611  FLORIO,  Rancontraret  to  reincounter  or 
meete  againe.  ^1630  RISDON  Svrv.  Devon  §  65  (1810)  63 
Both  armies  met  again,  and  re-encountered.  1639  FULLER 
Holy  War  \\.  x.  (1840)  63  The  Pagans,  little  suspecting  to 
be  reencountered,  gave  themselves  over  to  mirth  and  jollity. 

t  Re-encou'ntry.  Obs-1  =  RE-ENCOUNTER sl>. 

1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  266  For  I  thinke  verely  that 
your  aduersarie  king  Phillip  will  meete  with  you  to  fi#ht, 
and  ye  shall  find  many  straight  passages  and  reencountries. 

Re-encourage,  v.  In  6-7  rein-.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  encourage  again. 

1598  FLORIO,  Rinfrancaret  to  reincourage.  1670  MILTON 
Hist.  Eng.  iv.  138  The  Abbot  Austin..,  reincourag'd  by  the 
exhortations  of  Gregory . . ,  came  safe  to  the  I  le  of  Tanet. 

So  Be -encou  rag* me nt. 

a  1766  J.  BROWNE  Willie  $  Old  Wernock  329  But  O,  (my 


330 

Wernock)  how  am  I  to  thee  Obligen,  for  thy  keene  re- 
encouragements. 

Re-endear,  •'•  In  6-7  re-in-.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 

To  endear  again.    So  Re-endea-rment. 

1626  BP.  HALL  Contempt.,  O.  T.  xx.  xii,  As  a  man.. puts 
himself  into  some  deserving  action,  whereby  he  may  hope 
to  re-indeare  him  selfe.  1654  H.  L'ESTRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655) 
212  Resolued  he  was  no  opportunity  should  escape  him 
which  might  promove  hisre-endeerment  with  them. 

Re-endow,  v.  Also  8  re-in-.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  endow  again. 

1607  HIERON  ll'ks.  I.  390  How  much  is  vented  away  by 
such  meanes,  by  which,  .many  an  impouerished  and  spoiled 
church  [might  be]  re-endowed.  1761  London  ^  Em'irons 
IV.  102  The  hospitals  ..  being  built,  and  re-indowed  at  the 
public  expence.  1869  Spectator  ?.$  July  861/1  Concessions 
which  re-endow  the  Free  Church  with  an  extra  half-million. 

So  Re-endowment.     Also  attrib. 

1869  Spectator  24  July  861/1  Re-endowment  even  with 
half  a  million  is  re-endowment.  1884  M  finch,  ll'eekly 
Times  ii  Oct.  4/6  A  re-endowment  of  the  Protestant  de 
nomination.  1897  Daily  News  10  Mar.  9/4  In  aid  of  the 
Re-endowment  Fund  of  Guy's  Hospital. 

Reene,  var.  HE  AX,  KEEN;  obs.  f.  REIN. 
Re-e'nergize,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To 

energize  anew,  impart  fresh  energy  to. 

1803  ANNA  SEWARO  Lett.  11811)  VI.  108  You,  my  friend, 
have.. affectionate  interests,  which  combine  to  reenergize 
your  mind.  1887  Chicago  Advance  5  May  274  The  true 
way  to  re-energize  the  languishing  institution. 

Re-enfeO  ff,  v.  Also  7  rein-,  re-in-.  [RE- 
5  a;  cf.  REFEOFF  vj]  trans.  To  enfeoff  anew;  to 
enfeoff  in  return  (the  original  feoffor). 

1540  in  Eng,  Gilds  (1870^  256  Who,  soe  being  seised,  shall 
re-en  feofle  the  said  seaven  who  shall  survive.  1628  COKK 
On  Lift.  208  b,  If  the  Condition  be,  That  the  Feoffee  shall 
re-infeolTe  the  Feoffor  [etc.].  1642  tr.  Perkins'  Prof.  />'/•. 
iii.  §  241.  107  If  my  Feoffee  in  Fee  of  one  Acre  of  Land,  doe 
reinfeoffmee  of  the  same  acre  Letc.).  1765  Act  5  Gco.  ///, 
c.  26  Preamble,  With  power  also  to  the  surviving  trustees . . 
to  re-enfeoff  other  trustees  to  the  same  uses.  1865  NICHOLS 
Brit  ton  II.  209  note,  It  was  not  uncommon  fora  layman  to 
enfeoff  a  church  on  condition  of  being  reenfeoffed  to  hold 
of  the  church. 

So  Be-eufeo'ffment. 

1661  J.  STRPHENS  Procurations  55  So  warranty  is  ex 
tinguished  by  Re-in  feoffment  or  Descent  of  Land  to  the 
same  pi_-r>oii  that  had  the  Warranty.  1870  Eng.  Gilds 
256  iiiarg.)  When  only  seven  feoffees  remain  living,  a  re- 
enfeoffment,  to  fourteen,  shall  be  made. 

Re-enflame,  variant  of  RKINFLAMR. 
Re-enfo  rce,  sb.  =  REINFORCE  sb. 

1886  American  XII.  141  The  gun  is  a  small  one, . .  com 
posed  of  two  concentric  cylinders,  the  inside  one  being  of 
steel,  the  outside  or  reenforce  of  cast  iron. 

Re-enfcvrce,  v.  [f.  RE-  +  ENFORCE  v.\  cf.  RE 
INFORCE  and  RENFORCE.  Now  rare  in  English, 
but  common  in  American  use.] 

1.  trans.  To  strengthen,  give  fresh  or  additional 
strength  to. 

£1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXXXVI.  v,  Thou,  Jehova,  .. 
With  strength  my  weaknesse  re-enforce.  1625  K.  LONG  tr. 
Barclay  s  Argenisv.  x.  364  He  was  with  these  and  the  like 
speeches  re-enforcing  his  anger,  a  1630  S.  PACK  Broken 
Heart  (1637)  177  To  magnifie  him,  and  to  reenforce  his 
Petition,  he  calleth  him  Deum  salutis.  a  1711  KEN 
Hymnariitm  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  49  Thou  to  thyself  dost 
Glory  raise,  By  re-enforcing  our  Decays.  1883  Harpers 
Mag.  Nov.  886/2  The  sonority  of  this  reservoir  is  expected 
materially  to  re-enforce  the  volume  of  tone.  1888  STEVEN 
SON  Gentlemen  in  Fiction^  The  opinions..,  though  ..  re- 
enforced  with  excellent  images,  are  not  peculiar,  .to  Hamlet. 
b.  refl.  To  strengthen  or  encourage  (oneselfj 
afresh,  rare. 

1589  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1812)  V.  588  Who  after  one  battle 
were  never  able  to  reenforce  themselves  against  him.  1599 
B.  JOSSON  Cynthia's  Re-.',  in.  iii,  And  then,  if  she  shi.ll 
coily  recoil,  and  signify  your  repulse,  you  are  to  reenforce 
yourself  with  (etc.]. 

2.  Mil.  To  strengthen  with  additional  forces  (for 
supplies) ;  to  support  by  fresh  numbers. 

1596  DANETT  tr.  Comities  (1614)  24  Then  vsed  we  to  re- 
enforce  them  with  new  supplies.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage 
iv.  ii.  295  The  Magi  ..  himselfe  re-enforcing  his  power,  and 
bidding  battelL.was  taken  altue.  1693  Mem.  Cut.  Teckely 
iv.  62  They  thought  only  upon  reposing  themselves,  and  re- 
enforcing  their  Army  by  detachments  out  of  the  neigh 
bouring  Garrisons. 

trans/.  1885  J.  L.  ALLEN  in  Harper's  Mag.  Apr.  709/2 
With  my  house  re-enforced  by  a  housekeeper,.,  there  would 
be  nothing  more  to  desire.  1896  Paterson  Mag.  VI.  305/1 
The  pioneers  have  been  re-enforced. 

f  b.  To  collect  again  ;  to  reassemble.   Obs. 

1594  KVD  Cornelia  Argt.,  His  purpose  was  to  have  re- 
enforc'd  a  newe  Armie.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  iv.  vL  36 
The  French  haue  re-enforc'd  their  scatter'd  men. 

3.  To   strengthen   (any   part   of  an    object)   by 
additional  support. 

1883  Harpers  Mag.  Nov.  887/1  The  re-entrant  angles.. 
are  re-enforced.. with.. pilasters.  1897  Outing- (\J.S.\  XXX. 
278/2  It  goes  to  the  brazing  furnace,  where  the  joints  are 
re-enforced  and  solidified. 

f  4.  intr*  To  renew  one's  efforts;  to  insist.   Obs. 

1624  P.P.  MOUNTAGU  Gngg  3  Though  he  fall  off  to-day,  hee 
will  re-enforce  to-morrow,  though  he  faile  to-day,  he  will 
assay  to-morrow.  1642  JER.  TAYLOR  Episc.  (1647)  325  This 
account  we  have  from  S.  Cyprian,  and  he  reenforces  againe 
upon  the  same  charge  m  his  Epistle. 

Hence  Ke-enfo  rceable  a.,  capable  of  being  re- 
enforced  {Funffs  Stand.  Diet.  1895);  Re-enfo'rcer, 
one  who  re-enforces  ;  Xte-enfo'rcing1  vbl.  sb. 

x6n  FLORIO,  A" ajffbrzainento,  are-enforcing.    1884  Century 


KE-ENJOYMENT. 

Mag.  Mar.  929/1  Writers  who  are  more  properly  feeders  and 
rccnforcers  of  life  itself. 

Re -enf or -cement.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -MENT:  cf. 
REINFORCEMENT  and  RENFORCEMENT.]  The  act  of 
re-enforcing,  or  the  state  of  being  re-enforced  ;  that 
which  re-enforces  ;  a  fresh  supply. 

1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd,  $  Commiv.  (1603)  139  Populous, 
because  of  reenforce  men  ts  after  checks  or  ouerthrows.  1621 
UP.  MOUNTAGU  Diatribas  41  Without  a  generall  re-enforce 
ment  from  authority.  1681  GLANVILL  Sadditcismus  n.  126 
Having  resolved  upon  this  Reenforcement,  I  writ  again  to 
my  Honoured  Friend.  1775  P.  SCHUVLER  in  Sparks  Corr. 
Amer.  Rev.  (1853)  I-  ?8  That  a  reenforcement  may  be 
speedily  sent  into  Canada.  1853  KANE  Grinnell  Exp.  xiv. 
(1856)  411  We  devoured  eagerly  the  seal,  of  which,  by  good 
fortune,  we  had  several  re- enforcements.  1882  Rep.  to  Ho. 
Repr.  Prec.  Met.  U.  S.  472  The  natural  head  of  water  needs 
the  re-enforcement  of  pumping  apparatus  to  enable  it  to 
reach  the  highest  point  of  the  mine. 

Re-eiifra'iichise,  v.  Also  7  re-in-.  [RE- 
5  a.J  trans.  To  enfranchise  vt  set  free)  again.  So 
Re -enfranchisement. 

1611  FLORIO,  Raffrancare,  to  re -enfranchise  or  set  at 
liliertie.  1660  INGELO  Bentiv.  <$-  Ur.  n.  (1682)  147  A  price 
paid  down  for  the  re-infranchising  of  inslav'd  Men.  1888 
G.  W.  CABLE  in  Libr.  Mag.  (U.  S.)  May  i6The  slow  doling 
out  of  re-enfranchisement  to  the  best  intelligence  of  Southern 
white  society. 

Re-enga'ge,  v.  Also  7  rein-,  re-in-.  [RE- 
5  a.  Cf.  ¥.  rtffl£Ugw(l<5thc.).]  To  engage  again. 
Hence  Re-enga'ging  vbl.  sb.  a.  trans. 

1611  COTGR.,  R engager t  to  reingage.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON 
Operat.  Mechanic  20  The  disengaging  and  reengaging  of 
the  moving  parts.  1828  SOUTHF.Y  On  a  Picture,  etc.  xiv, 
If  then  the  power  to  thee  were  given  In  that  cold  form  its 
life  to  re-engage.  1870  Act  33  4-  34  Viet.  c.  67  §  8  Any  sol 
dier  who  being  m  army  service  has  commenced  the  twelfth 
year  from  his  first  enlistment ..  may.  .be  reengaged. 
b.  intr* 

1678  BUTLER  Hud.  in.  iii.  182  It  put  him  in  so  fierce  a 
Rage  He  once  resolv'd  to  re-ingage.  1864  CARLYLE  Fredk. 
Gt.  xvn.  i.  (1872)  VII.  3  Briihl  has  ever  since  rather  held 
back  ;  would  not  reengage  at  all.  1876  VOVLE  £  STEVEN 
SON  Milit.  Diet.  335/1  Soldiers  who  have  declined  to  re 
engage  abroad,  and  have  been  sent  home  at  the  public  ex 
pense,  will  not  be  permitted  to  re-engage  in  this  country. 

So  Re-eng-a-gemeiit. 

1731  IJAILEY  Vol.  II.  (ed.  2),  Re-ingagement,  an  engaging 
again,  1828  Lights  $•  Shades  II.  286  He  stayed  to  see 
Madame  Vestris  commence  her  re-engagement.  1870  Act 
33  *f  34  Viet.  c.  67  §  8  Re-engagement  of  soldiers. 

Re-eiige'llder,  v.  In  6-8  rein-,  re-in-.  [R.K- 
5  a.  Ci.  K,  rengcndrer  (i3th  c.).]  To  engender 
again.  Hence  Re-enge'ndermg///.  a. 

1545  RAYNOLD  Byrth  Mankynde  3  Y*  thynne  or  super 
ficial  skyn,  skale  it,  or  fall  it  of,  neuer  so  often,  yet  in  the 
place  of  it  is  reingendryd  nue.  1611  COTGR.,  Rengendrer,\Q 
reingender.  1641  MILTON  A nimtidv.  iv.  Wks.  1851  111.219 
As  if  a  man  should  taxe  the  renovating  and  re-ingendring 
Spirit  of  God  with  innovation.  1751  tr.  Rousseau  sDiscoitrse 
35  What  star  may  be  inhabited,  what  insects  reingender 
themselves  in  an  extraordinary  manner. .? 

So  Re-eiig'e-iiclerer. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rengendrcnr,  a  reingendrer. 

Re-e'ngine,  v.    [f.  RE-  5  a  +  ENGINE  ».  4.] 

trans.  To  furnish  (a  ship)  with  new  engines. 

1888  Daily  News  9  Nov.  3/7  The  Admiralty  have  decided 
to  re-engine  those  ships  [etc.].  1889  Standard  9  Mar., 
Certain  ships  required  to  be  re-engined. 

t  Re-engOTge,  v .  Obs.  Also  7  rein-.  [RE-.] 
refl.  Of  water :  To  pour  back  info,  in  a  place. 

1610  HOLLAND  Camdetfs  Brit.  i.  2<_8  When  the  sea  re- 
tngorgeth  it  selfe  backe  againe  into  the  sea.    1632  LITHGOW 
Trav.  x.  466  My  head  hanging  downeward,  and  the  water 
rcingorging  it  selfe  in  my  throat  with  a  strugling  force. 

Re-engraft :  see  REINGBAFT. 

Re-engra've,  v.  [RJE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  en 
grave  again.  Hence  Re-engra'ved ///.  a. 

a  1711  KEN  Hytnnariuin  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  99  They  joy 
to  see  God's  Image  re-engrav'd.  1776  DA  COSTA  Elem. 
Conchol.  ii.  35  He  had  them  re-engraved  ;  and  therefore 
many  shells  appear  twice  in  his  work.  1806  W.  TAYLOR  in 
Monthly  Mag.  XXII.  133  Doppelmayer  had  a  fac-simile  of 
this  chart  re-engraved.  1889  Pall  Mall  G.  i  Feb.  2/1  The 
re-engraved  plates  are  nine  in  number. 

Re-enjoi'n,  v.     Also   7   rein-.      [RE-  5  a.] 

trans.  To  enjoin  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rejoindre,  to  reinioyne,  reordaine  vnto,  re- 
impose  vpon.     1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (i8u)  V.  36,  I 
besought    Miss  Lloyd  to  re-enjoin   secrecy  to  every  one. 
1892  Current  Hist.  (U.  S.)  Aug.  134  Re-enjoining  the  duty 
of  loyalty  to  the  Republican  Government  in  France. 

Re-enjoy",  z*.  Also  7  rein-.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans. 
To  enjoy  again. 

1605  EARL  STIRLING  Alexandr.  Trag.  i.  Chor.,  Those  that 
th'earth  chargde  . .  Theyr  ashie  lodgings  leaue,  To  re-en- 
ioy  the  light,  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  VIII  (1683)  159 
That  Charles,  Duke  of  Bourbon  should  re-injoy  his  former 
estate.  1670  COTTON  Espernon  11.  v.  241  To  the  end  they 
might  re-enjoy  the  licence  of  War.  a  1711  KEN  Hymns 
Evang.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  53  'Tis  Heav'n  to  me  to  re- 
enjoy  my  Dear.  1751  ELIZA  HEYWOOD  Betsy  Thoughtless 
II.  221,  1  am  preparing  to  return  to  my  country-seat,  where 
I  hope  to  re-enjoy,  .tranquility. 

So  Re-enjoyment. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rejottisstwce,  a  reinioyment,  repossession,  re- 
inioying.  1631  QUARI.FS  Div.  Poems,  Samson  Medit.  xx, 
Whose  sweet  enjoyment .  .leaves  a  thirst  Of  reenjoyment, 
greater  than  the  first.  1668  FRANCO  Truth  Springing  46 
The  re-injoyment  of  those  infinite  Delights  the  Soul  lost. 
1815  MRS.  PILKINGTON  CelcMty  III.  148  The  result  was,'a 
re-enjoyment  of  illicit  pleasures. 


RE-ENKINDLE. 


331 


REEFER. 


Re-enki'ndle,  v.    Also  7  re-in-.    [RE-  5  a.] 

trans,  and  intr.  To  kindle  again,  //"/.  andyi^. 

1650  JiiR.  TAYLOR  Holy  Living  i.  §  2  F  4.  20  Renew  and 
re-inkindle  your  purpose  by  short  ejaculations.  1651  — 
Serm.  for  Year  \.  xii.  156  They  went  out,  never  to  be  re- 
enkindled,  a  1711  KEN  A  nodyncs  Poet.  Wks.  1721  111.394 
Love  re-enkindled  in  my  frozen  Soul.  1713  [see  RADIAL  a. 
i].  1879  L.  SHEPHERD  tr.  Giteranger's  Liturg.  Year  I.  195 
The  piety  of  her  children  was  re-enkindled. 

Re-enla'rge,  f .  Also  7  rein-.  [!<E-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  enlarge,  set  at  large,  again. 

1611  FLORIO,  Ringrandirc,..iQ  re-enlarge.  1631  QUAKLES 
Div.  Poems,  Samson  vi,  When  time,..Jiy  hl->  benignant 
power,  had  reinlarg'd  Their  captive  senses.  1823  BESTHAM 
Not  Paul  376  Peter  imprisoned,  enlarged,  recommitted, 
examined,  and  reenlarged. 

Re-enlighten,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To 

enlighten  again. 

1691  E.  TAYLOR  tr.  Behmens  Divine  Essence  xviii.  275  Re- 
enlightening  the  Soul. 

Re-eilli  st,  v.  Also  rein-.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr. 
and  trans.  To  enlist  again. 

1828-32  in  WEBSTER.  1837  rennyCycl.  IX.  443/1  At  the 
end  of  his  time  of  service  a  seaman  may  re-enlist  for  a  like 
period.  1850  R.  G.  GUMMING  Hunters  Life  S.  Afr.  (1902) 
109/1  He  declared  himself,  .penitent,,  .and,  expressing  a 
wish  again  to  join  the  service,  I  re-enlisted  him.  1869  Pall 
Mall  G.  7  Jan.  1/2  Many  men.. take  the  bounty  with  no 
other  intention  than  that  of  deserting  in  order  to  re-enlist. 

So  Re-eiili  stmeiit. 

1847  in  WEBSTER.  1866  Pall  < Mall  G.  3  Jan.,  This  draw, 
back  would  be  greatly  lessened  if  we  could  secure  re-enlist- 
ments  in  greater  numbers. 

Re-enliven,  T.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To  inspire 
with  new  life  or  vigour. 

a  1660  HAMMOND  Wte$.  (1684)  IV.  660  To  clear  up  as  much 
as  we  can,  and  re-inliven  this  light  within  us.  1681  II' hole 
Duty  Nations  31  When  the  times,  .of  Re-enlivening  all 
things  shall  come,  a  1711  KF.N  Psyche  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV. 
293  May  Love,  they  cry'd,  Lord,  re-enliven'd  be.  1809-10 
COLERIDGE  Friend  (1865)  145  Does  not  war  create  or  re- 
enliven  numerous  branches  of  industry  as  well  as  peace  ? 

Re-enrol  1,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  tram.  To  enrol 
again.  So  Re-enrolment. 

1889  Voice  (N.  Y.)  8  Aug.,  The  third  and  final  day  of  the 
Republican  re-enrollment.  1893  Daily  Neivs  zj  Dec.  5/5 
Dr.  Jameson.. is  re-enrolling  many  of  the  men  to  form  a 
permanent  police  force. 

Re-eiisliri  lie,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  en 
shrine  again. 

a  1711  KEN  Preparatives  Poet.  Wks.  1721 IV.  48  God-man 
his  Angels  will  enjoy  n,  Saints  hallow'd  Dust  to  re-enshrine. 
1815  J.  C.  HOBHOUSE  Substance  Lett.  (1816)  I.  104  Relics., 
to  be  re-adjusted  and  re-enshrined  by  a  second  St.  Louis. 

Re-ensla've,  v.  Also  7  rein-,  re-in-.  [RE- 
5  a.]  trans.  To  enslave  again.  Hence  Re-eu- 
sla'ving  vbl.  sb. 

1657  HAWKE  Killing  is  M.  12  The  Army  presaging  what 
dangerous,  .consequences  might  ensue  to  the  reinslaving 
of  the  people.  1691  BEVKRLEY  Mem.  Kingd.  Christ  3  It 
would  DC  wholly  impossible  to  Re-inslave  these  Nations. 
1807  HAZLITT  Pol.  Ess.  (1819)  406  If  this  increase  would  be 
an  evil.,  the  re-enslaving  the  country  would  be  a  good.  1856 
OLMSTED  Slave  States  95  A  man  who  had  been  free,  but. . 
was  reenslaved. 

So  Re-ensla-vemeiit. 

i36z  in  Cent.  Diet.  1883  Content}.  Rev.  Nov.  686  The  whites 
would  undoubtedly  disfranchise  the  blacks  if  they  could . . 
but  none  assuredly  would  ever  again  consent  to  their  re- 
enslavement. 

Re-ensphe're,  v.  Also  7  re-insphear.  [RE- 
5  a.]  trans.  To  ensphere  again. 

1684   T.    HOCKIN  GoiFs   Decrees   152   He   could   not   re- 
ensphere  himself  into  the  same  happy  condition  he  did  lose,     j 
Ibui.  277  The  fain  angels  could  not  be  re-insphear'd  into 
their  primitive  blessed  condition. 

Re-ensta-mp,  v.  Also  8  rein-.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  enstamp  or  imprint  again. 

a  1703  BURKITT  On  N.  T.t  Romans  viii.  39  Will  he  leave 
them  after  his  image  is  engraven,  and  reinstamped  upon 
them?  (-1750  J.  NELSON  Jrnl.  f  1836)  191  He  doth  actually 
destroy  the  works  of  the  devil,  and  re-enstamp  the  image  of 
God  in  their  souls.  1776  Jos.  NEILL  23  Serm.  257. 

t  Re-e'iiter,  sb.  Obs.    [RE- 5  a.]   =RE-ENTKY. 

1574  tr.  Littletons  Tenures  74  Yelding  to  tbe  lessoure. . 
a  certeme  rent,  and  for  defaut  of  paiment  a  reenter.      1639 
Records  of  Dedham  (Mass.)  (1892)  III.  58  In  case  y»  pay-    ] 
ment  be  not  yearly  made.. it  shall  be  lawfull  for  ye  said 
Town  to  make  a  Reenter  vpon  ye  premises. 

Re-enter  (rfic-ntail  v.  [RE-  5  a  +  ENTER  v. 
Cf.  F.  rentrer  (i2th  c.).] 

1.  intr.  To  enter  again.     Const,  t;';/,  into,  upon. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  129/1, 1  shal  reentre  nakyd  asayn 
in  to  therthe.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vi.  clxxxix.  191""  He 
waned  vpon  the  Danys  that  then  were  reentrede  into 
Northumberlande.  1515  BARCLAY  Egloges  i.  (1570)  A  iij 
2  When  the  good  is  gone.  .Seldome  the  better  re-entreth 
m  the  place.  1551  ROBINSON  tr.  A  fore's  Utop.  n.  (1895) 
283  The  other,  at  theyre  retourne  home,  agayn  reentre 
euery  one  into  his  own  place.  1618  ROWLANDS  Sacred 
Me»i.  35,  I  doe  commaund  and  charge  that  forth  thou 
come,  And  neuer  to  reenter  any  more.  1651  HOBBES 
Leviath.  n.  xxix.  174  There  is  no  possibility  for  the 
Soveraignty  to  re-enter.  1726  POPE  Odyss.  xxi.  246  Re- 
enter  then,  not  all  at  once.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat. 
Mechanic  499  An  air  was  then  performed  by  bells ;  after 
which  the  two  figures  reentered.  1861  tr.  Montalemberfs 
Monks  of  West  I.  354  He  descended.. to  re-enter  into  a 
rustic  solitude.  1870  Act  33  $  34  Viet.  c.  67  §  5  When  any 
such  soldier  is  directed  to  re-enter  upon  army  service. 

-  b.  Law.  To  enter  again  upon  possession  of  lands 
or  tenements. 


1461  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  485/1  In  the  same  halfendele  to 
reentre,  and  it  in  their  first  state  to  hold.  1485  Ibid.  VI. 
321/2  The  forsaid  Blaunch  and  her  said  Feoffes  to  reenter 
into  the  said  Ten[emen]ts.  1503-4  Act  19  Hen.  VII,  c.  29 
Schedule^  It  shalbe  lefull  to  the  seid  Abbas.. to  reentre  into 
the  seid  grounde.  1607  COWELL  Interpr.  s.v.  Reentry,  If 
I  doe  condition  with  the  Leasee,  that  for  nonpayment  of 
the  rent  at  the  day  it  shalbe  lawful  for  me  to  reenter.  1622 
CALLIS  Stat.  Sewers  (1647)  45  If  A.  or  his  heirs  pay  to  B. 
Ten  pounds  within  a  certain  day,  that  they  might  re-enter. 
1818  CKUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  I.  396  The  feoffee  will  re-enter, 
or  bring  an  action  to  recontinue  the  possession.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Kng.  \\.  I.  179  The  royalist  nobility  and 
gentry  reentered  on  their  confiscated  estates. 

c.  In  stage-directions.     (Cf.  ENTER  v.  i  b.) 

1693  CONG  R  EVE  Old  Batchelour  v.  i,  Enter  Sharper, . .  Re- 
enter  Sharper. 

2.  trans.  To  enter  (a  place,  etc.)  again. 

1442  T.  BECKINGTOM  Corr.  (Rolls)  II.  246  The  Lord  Usak 
..re-entred  the  said  cite  by  the  same  ladder.  1494  FABYAN 
Chron.  vi.  cxcviii.  205  In  whiche  season  he  made  great 
prouysion  to  reenter  the  lande  of  Englande.  1570  FoXE 
A.  <$•  M.  (ed.  2)  255/2  He  was  content  that  Thurstinus should 
reenter  hys  realme.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  n.  397  Those  bright 
confines,  whence. .  we  may  chance  Re-enter  Heav'n.  a  1711 
KEN  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  220  Once  more  we  to 
re-enter  Bliss  will  try.  1778  Miss  BVRNEY  Evclina(\wi)  II. 
xxxi,  195,  I  re-entered  the  drawing-room.  1830  LYTTON 
P.  Clifford xxv,  Mauleverer  slowly  re-entered  Ins  carriage. 
1898  Allbittt's  Syst.  Hied.  V.  in  The  air  re-enters  the 
minute  bronchi  and  air-vesicles. 

f  b.  To  enter  again  into  possession  of  (a  thing)  ; 
to  regain  (possession).  Obs.  rare. 

1590  SOUTH  WELL  J/.  Magd.  I-'uncral  Tearcs(\f,^  115  Hee 
should  after  death  re-enter  possession  of  that  inheritance 
which  Adam  lost.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  KerseyJ,  To  Re-enter^ 
to  enter  upon,  or  take  Possession  of  again. 

f3.  Sc.  To  lodge  (a  person)  again  in  a  pi  ice. 

1566  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  454,  I  am  content,  .that 
my  saidis  freindis  tak  and  reentir  and  put  me  within  the 
castelHs.  1574  Ibid.  II.  379,  I  sail  re-enter  agane  the  said 
Roger  in  presoun  quhen  1  sail  be  requirit. 

4.  To  enter  again  in  a  book  or  register. 

1839  Act  2  ff  3  Viet.  c.  ii  §  4  The  Senior  Master  shall 
forthwith  re-enter  the  same  [judgment]  in  like  Manner  as 
the  same  was  originally  entered.  1885  Law  Times  LXXIX. 
25/1  Another  [notice]  must  be  given  before  the  plaintiff  can 
re-enter  the  cause  for  trial. 

5.  tcchn.  a.  In  hand  calico-printing :  To  apply 
(the  secondary  colours),  to  ground  in. 

1839  [see  the  vbl.  sb.  below]. 

b.  In  engraving:  To  cut  (imperfect  or  worn  lines) 
deeper  in  the  plate. 

1854  FAIRHOLT  Diet.  Terms  Art  s.v.,  [The]  line  is  re- 
entred  with  a  sharp  graver,  and  cut  to  the  proper  depth. 

Hence  Re-3'ntering  vbl.  sb. 

1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  309  The  very,  .reentring  into 
the  presence  of  things  will  instantly  suggest  unto  us.. how 
to  order  and  place  every  figure.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  216 
The  grounding  in  or  re-entering  (rentrage)  of  the  other 
colours  is  the  next  process. 

Re-e'ntering,  ppl.  a.    [f.  prec.  +  -ING  2.] 

1.  Re-entering  angle  y  an  angle  pointing  inward. 
1696  PHILLIPS  (ed.  5)  s.v.  Angle,  Re-entring  Angle,  is  that 

which  re-enters  into  the  body  of  the  place.  1723  CHAM 
BERS  tr.  Le  Clerks  Treat.  Arch  it.  I.  95  The  Inner  or  Re- 
entering  Angles.  1805-17  R.  JAMESON  Char.  Klin.  (ed.  3) 
175  Salient,  and  never  re-entering  angles.  1877  HUXLEY  & 
MARTIN  Elem.  Biol.  43  The  branches  spring  from  the  re- 
entering  angle  between  the  stem  and  the  leaf. 

b.  So  re-entering  betid ^  linet  order,  placc^  ivall. 
1830  E.  S.  N.  CAMPBELL  Mil.  Diet.  182  The  object  of  the 
Re-entering  Places  of  Arms  is  to  flank  the  branches  of  the 
covered  way.  1841  rennyCycl.  XIX.  346/1  To  break  the 
lines  of  parapet  near  the  gorges,  so  as  to  form  re-entering 
bends.  1873  TRISTRAM  Moab  v.  74  Each  of  the  flanking 
or  re-entering  walls  extending  in  an  obtuse  angle  from 
it.  1876  VOVI.E&  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  335/1  Re-entering 
order  of  battle.  1885  W.  C.  COUPLAND  Spir.  Goethe1  s  Faust 
vi.  208  The  industrialism  of  the  present  is  only  a  point  in  a 
re-entering  historic  line. 

2.  Returning  into  a  place. 

1850  GROTE  Greece  \\.  Ixvi.  (1862)  VI.  9  The  re-entering 
exiles  from  Peiraeus,  and  the  Horsemen.. blended  again 
together  into  one  harmonious  . ,  democracy. 

Re-entertarn,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  entertain 
again ;  to  readmit.  So  Re-entertai'nment. 

i6n  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xi.  §  4.  555  Peirs  of 
Gaueston.. whose  reentertainement  the  dying  King  had  so 
seriously  forbidden,  a  1680  CHARNOCK  Attrib.  (7^(1834)  I. 
191  Till  the  true  sense  of  God  be  reentertained  in  the  soil 
where  it  ought  to  grow. 

Re-enthrall,  v.    Also  7  rsin-.     [RE-  5  a.] 

trans.  To  enthrall  again. 

1622  DONNE  Sentf.  cxix.  V.  107  Neither  is  this.. to  re- 
enthrall  you  to  a  necessity  of  communicating  all  your  sins. 
1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  vi.  241  lerusalem  was  reinthralled 
and  seazed  vpon  by  Saladine.  1644  HEYLIN  Stumbling- 
block  Tracts  (1681)  651  That.. we  should  not  re-inthral  our 
selves  to  the  lusts  of  men. 

Re-enthro-iie,  v-  [R-E-  5  a ;  cf.  REINTHKONE.] 
/rafts.  To  enthrone  again. 

1654  tr.  Scudcry*$  Curia  Pol.  117,  I  am  at  last.,  ready- 
to  invest  and  re -enthrone  John  King  of  Hungary.  (11711 
KEN  Hymns  Festiv.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  368  When  Jesus 
re-enthron'd  on  high,  His  Spirit  sent  —  Preparatives  ibid. 
IV.  72  My  Mind,  which  now  I  re-enthrone. 

So  Be-entliro-nement  (\Vebster  1847);  f  Be- 
enthro-nize  i<.  =  REINTHRONIZE. 

1620-55  I  JONES  Stone-Hcng  43  Vortigern  was  re-en- 
thronis'd. 

Re-enti'ce,  *'•  In  6  rain-.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  entice  again. 


1589  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.\:  xxvi,  And  reintise  the  Club- 
God  Dys,  And  all  his  diuellsto  daunt. 

Re-entoiT,  v.     [Rfc-5  a.]     To  entoil  again. 

1606  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  \\,  iv.  n.  Trophies  777  What 
fran tick  fury  art  thou  rnov'd  with-all.  .(By  powr-full  Charms) 
to  re-entoyl  my  Cares? 

Re-6'ntrance.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  renewed  or 
repeated  entrance. 

1594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  iv.  ix.  §  2  Their  whole  religion  in 
time  will  have  reentrance.  1597  Ibid.  v.  xxii.  §  4  The  first 
step  of  their  re-entrance  into  Life.  1661  GLANYILL  Van, 
Dogm.  32  That  the  pores  of  the  brain.. are  more  easily 
opened  to  the  spirits  which  demand  re-entrance.  1775 
ROMANS  Florida  App.  62  It  being  too  dark  to  attempt  a 
r'j-entrance  of  the  reef,  I  was  forced  to  heave  the  vessel  too. 

1883  H.  DRU.MMONU  Nat.  Law  in  Spir.  li'r.  (ed.  2)  168  The 
successful  re-entrance  of  importunate  desires. 

Re-e'iitraiit,  a-  (and  sb.}.    [f.  RE-  +  ENTRANT. 

Cf.  I1',  rentrant.]    =  RE-ENTERING///,  a.  i  and  i  b. 

1781  J.  T.  DILLON  Trav.  Spain ^.dz  He  could  find  nothing 

which  seemed  to  confirm  the  opinion  relating  to  the  salient 

|    and  reentrant  angles.     1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic 

'    588  When  the  faces  form  a  re-entrant  angle,  common  dove- 

|     tailing   is  preferable.     1876  TAIT  Rec.  Adv.  Phys.   Sc.  v. 

(ed.  2)  108  Any  re-entrant  line  whatever  may  be  supposed  to 

be  traced.     1883  Harper's  Mag.  Nov.  887/1  The  re-entrant 

'    angles  of  the  splay. 

b.  sb.  A  re-entrant  angle  in  a  fortification. 
1900  '  LINESMAN  '  IVords  by  J-Cyetbitness  iii.  (1902)  41  A.. 
crackle  of  musketry  from  the  occupants  of  the  re-entrant. 
Re-entry  (rJ|e*ntri).  [RE-  5  a.    Cf.  F.  rentr&I\ 

1.  Law.  The  act  of  re-entering  upon  possession 
of  lands,  tenements,  etc.,  previously  granted  or  let 
to  another. 

1461  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  485/1  With  lyke  clause  of  reentre 
reserved.  1473  Ibid.  VI.  70/1  Though  he  wold  entre  into 
the  seid  maners,.  .yet  anon  thtruppon  reentre  is  made  ayen 
uppon  hym.  1540  Act  ^2  I  fen,  I  III,  c.  17  The  leassor  .. 
to  liaue  no  action  reentre  or  other  remedy  for  nonpayment 
of  the  same.  1581  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select,  Rec.  Oxford 
(1880)  414  Wth  a  clause  of  re-entrie  for  none  payment  of  the 
rente..,  and  also  a  re-en  trye  for  not  doinge  reparations.  1611 
HARRY  Rain  Allt'y  H,  Although  thou  boughtst  the  heyre, 
Yet  hath  the  slaue  made  a  re-entry.  1644  QUAKLES  Shcph. 
Orac.  xi,  They  plead  fjr  want  of  dressing  Our  Garden's 
forfeited,  and  they  are  pressing  Hard  for  reentry.  1766  in 
Burrow  Rep.  (1776)  IV. 1936  No  Re-entry  shall  in  such  Case 
be  given,  unless  the  Demand  be  precisely  and  strialy 
followed.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  IV.  113  No  right  of 
entry  or  re-entry  can  be  assigned.  1876  DICHY  Real  Prop. 
x.  §  i.  381  A  lease  usually  contains  a  proviso  for  re-entry  by 
the  lessor  in  the  event  of  the  breach  of  any  of  the  co\enant.s 
entered  into  by  the  lessee, 
tb.  Resumption  <2/",  return  tot  a  right  or  station. 

1471  Arriv.  Kdw.  II'  (Camden)  39  The  reentrie  and 
perfecte  recover  of  the  iuste  title  and  right  of  owr  sayd 
soveraygne  Lord  Kynge  Kdward  the  Fowrthe,  to  his  realme 
and  crowne  of  England.  1586  T.  B.  La  Priinand.  Fr. 
A  cad.  i.  (1589)  374  Convicted  for  conspiring  the  reentrie  of 
Tarquinius  race  unto  the  Kingdome  of  Rome. 

2.  The  act  of  re-entering  or  coming  back  into  a 
place,  etc. ;  a  second  or  new  entry. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vn.  636  To  haue  his  counceyll  for 
mateis  concernyng  tlieyr  charge  as  reentre  into  this  lande 
&  other.  1601  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars\\\.  xxxi,  Every  Port  And 
Shore  close-shut  debarres  their  reentry.  1603  HOLLAND 
Plutat'c/i's  Hlor.  922  Those  of  Phi  la  had  made  a  reentrie 
into  the  citie,  and  chased  out  the  tyrants,  a  1653  GoL'ct 
Coiiun.  Hebr.  iii.  (1655)  8  To  return  tosinne.  .is  to  make  way 
for  the  Devils  re-entry,  a  1680  CHARNOCK  Attrib.  Cod 
(1834)  II.  127  Will  [he]  lose  the  glory.. by  suffering  his 
foiled  adversary  to  make  a  re-entry?  1821  ScHOOLCRAFT 
Trav.  98  We.,  effected  the  crossing  and  re-entry  of  the  lake. 

1884  'CAVENDISH  '  Whist{z&.  14)  5  A  player  cutting  into  one 
table,  whilst  belonging  to  another,  loses  his  right  of  re-entry 
into  that  latter. 

b.  Card  of  re-entry ',  in  whist,  a  card  which  by 
winning  a  trick  gives  the  lead  to  a  player  at  an 
advanced  stage  of  the  hand. 

1884  '  CAVENDISH  '  Whist  (ed.  14)  127  Plain  suits  should  be 
led  like  trumps,  .if  all  the  trumps  are  out,  and  the  leader  or 
his  partner  has  certain  cards  of  re-entry  in  other  suits. 

f  3.  Sc.  The  act  of  putting  (a  person)  back  in 
a  place.  Obs.  rare  "*. 

1566  Keg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  454  For  re-entre  of  the 
said  Erie  . .  in  ward. 

4.  The  act  of  setting  down  or  recording  again  ;  the 
fact  of  being  so  set  down  ;  the  entry  thus  made. 

1839  Act  2  <$•  3  Viet.  c.  ii  §  4  Such  officer  shall  be 
entitled  for  any  such  Re-entry  to  the  Sum  of  One  Shilling. 

1885  Law  Times  Rep.  LII.  574/2  The  re-entry  was  erro 
neous,  and  ought  to  be  struck  out.     1887  ^t/i  Rep.  Dcp. 
Kpr.  Records  628  A  memorandum  . .  of  the  judgment,  &c., 
was  to  be  left  for  the  purpose  of  re-entry  in  the  book. 

Re-enu-nciate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
enunciate  again.  So  Re-enuncia'tion. 

1881  [see  RK-  5 a].  1888  Chicago  Advance  20  Dec.  8^2 
The  New  Testament  does  not  re-enunciate  and  re-enact  the 
old  law.  1895  A.  J.  BAI.FOUR  in  Daily  News  9  Sept.  5/1 
A  mere  re-enunciation  of  rny  belief. 

t  Re-enve'rset  &•  Obs.  [ad.  F.  reiwerser  to 
REN  VERSE.]  trans.  To  reverse. 

1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  11.  xii.  (1632)  322  Plato  saith,  that 
..the  Starres,  and  the  Sunne  do  some  times  re-enverse  the 
motion  we  perceive  in  them.  1610  DONSK  Pscitdj-tnartyr 
x.  274  Bridgewater,  which  cals  himselfe  Aquipontanus,  oner- 
turning  and  re-enuersing  his  name  with  his  conscience. 

Reepe,  obs.  form  of  REAP. 

Beeper,  reaper  (rf-pai).  Anglo-Indian,  [ad. 
Mahratti  rip  (Yule).]  (See  quots.) 

*734  in  J.  H.  Wheeler  Madras  in  Olden  Tinif  (1862)  III. 
148  Paid  tht  Banksall  Merchants  for  the  house  poles, 
country  reapers,  &c.  necessary  for  house  building.  1858 


RE-EPITOMIZE. 

SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Reefers,  laths,  or  longitudinal 
sections  of  the  palmyra  palm,  used  for  building  purposes  in 
the  East ;  the  trunk  of  the  tree  is  split  into  8  for  reepers,and 
these  are  dressed  with  an  adze.  1886  YULE  K:  BURNELL 
Anglo-lnd.  Gloss.,  Reaper.  The  small  laths,  laid  across  the 
rafters  of  a  sloping  roof  to  bear  the  tiles,  are  so  called  in 
Anglo-Indian  house- building. 

Re-epi  tomize,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
present  again  in  smaller  compass. 

1655  FULLER  Wounded  Cause.,  Anthcologia  (1867)  277 
A  small  scantling  of  some  three  acres,  which,  .re-epitomized 
the  delicacies  of  all  the  rest. 

Be-equi'p,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  equip 
again.  So  Re-equi  pmeiit. 

1804  I,AR\VOOD  .V0  Gun  Boats  12  Re-equipping  Line-of- 
Battlc  Ships.  Ibid.  17  The  process  of  re-equipment  being 
thus  obvious.  1823  SOUTH  MY  Petti  us,  War  I.  743  The' 
government  had  already  begun  to  take  measures  for  re- 
equipping  them.  1889  f  'vice  (N.  Y.)  24  Oct.,  To  get  educa 
tion  and  re-equipment  for  Christian  Work. 

Ree-raw  (rrrp'),  a.  (and  sb.}.  [Anglo-Irish, 
prob.  of  echoic  origin.]  Rough,  riotous,  noisy. 

1842  S.  LOVER  Handy  Andy  xxxvii,  The  joining  of  many 
voices  in  a  '  ree-raw '  chorus  indicated  that  a  carouse  was 
going  forward  within.  1863  LE  FASU  House  fy  Church" 
yard  (ed.  2)  II.  44  There  was  something  cynical  in  his  ree- 
raw  independence.  1864  ANSTER  tr,  Fausttts  pt.  II.  i.  (1887) 
48  A  wild,  ree-raw,  self-willed  tumultuous  throng. 
b.  sb.  A  drinking-bout ;  a  noisy  romp. 

1854  DICKKNS  in  Househ.  Wds.  VIII.  75/2  For  the  one 
word  drunk, . .  I  find . .  on  the  ran-tan,  on  the  re-raw,  groggy. 
1867  KENNEDY  Banks  Boro  xxxi,  Wouldn't  the  little  boys 
. .  have  a  fine  ree-raw  at  prison  bars  at  play  time  ! 

tBeere.  Obs.  rare.  Also4rere.  [Of  obscure 
origin,  perh.  related  to  ROAR  ?'.,  but  cf.  also  REAR 
sb.  1]  Noise,  shouting;  a  shout. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  \Vace  (Rolls)  10207  Alle  ]te  ernes 
.  .Schul  crie  £  ^elle,  &  make  rere.  1567  GOLDING  Ovid's 
A/ft.  xiir.  (1593)  320  These  words  were  spoke  with  such 
a  rcere  as  verie  well  became  An  angrie  Giant.  1571  — 
Cah-in  on  Ps.  xvii.  t  Hypocrites  make  stout  bragges,  and 
lift  up  their  voyce  with  lowd  reere,  in  token  of  affiance. 

Be-erC'Ct,  ?p.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  erect 
again,  ///.  andyi^.  Hence  Re-ere'cting  vbl.  sb. 

1598  DRAYTON  Heroic.  Ep.  (1605)  89  Bring  marble  mines  to 
re-erect  those  walls.  1631  HEYLIN  St.  George  220  Temples 
demolished . .  in  the  time  of  Diocletian  :  and  reerected  by . . 
Maximinianus,  1679  FRANCE  Addit.  Narr.  Pop.  Plot  30 
This  re-erecting  of  Abbies  by  Q.  Mary,  a  1711  KF.  •  Pre* 
parath'cs  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  r4  Conscience,  thy  Throne 
I'll  re-erect.  1835  in  Willis&  Clark  Cambridge  (\Wb}  I.  3?j 
To  re-erect  or  restore  on  some  other  site,  the  Old  Gateway. 
1882-3  SCHAFF  Encycl.  Relig.  Kno-ul.  III.  2172  He  rc- 
crected  the  Court  of  High  Commission  in  1664. 

So  Be-ere'ction. 

1653   FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  vi.  vi.  359  She  was  legally  em-     , 
powred  for  the  re-erection  of  these  Convents.     1861  SMILES    \ 
Engineers  II.  28  He  also  had  regard  to  durability  as  an 
important  point  in  its  re-erection. 

Reermouse,  variant  of  REARMOUSE. 

Reer-supper,  variant  of  RERE-SUPPER  Obs. 

Rees,  variant  of  REIS  (Pg.  money),  RESE. 

Be-esca'pe,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  escape  again. 

1727  BROOME  Poems  120  Lest  hid  in  Shades,  Thro'  the 
dusk  Air  he  re-escape  to  Troy.  1902  Daily  Chron.  15  Aug. 
3/6  After  sundry  depredations  he  was  recaptured,  only  to 
re-escape. 

t  Beescate,  v.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [ad.  It.  ris- 
cattare,  Sp.  rescatar :— pop.L.  *re-ex-captdre.'\  trans. 
To  redeem,  ransom. 

c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  v.  xxxii.  (1650)  I.  168  The  great 
honour  you  have  acquir'd  by  your  gallant  comportment  in 
Algier  in  reescatmg  so  many  English  slaves. 

Beese,  reeze («z),z>.l  Obs.zw.diaL  ^Back- 
formation  from  REESED.]  intr.  To  become  rancid.  ; 

1784  TWAMLEY  Dairying  712  Butter,  .will  reeze  or  get  of 
a  tallowy  nature  ;  fat  Bacon  will  reeze  so  far  as  the  fat 
melts.  1886  Rochd.  Gloss.,  Reese,  to  grow  rancid,  as  bacon. 

t  Beese,  reeze,  V.*  Obs.  [Of  obscure  origin  : 
cf.  REEST  v?\  trans.  To  burn,  scorch,  smoke. 

1618  T.  ADAMS  Heaven  made  sure  Wks.  (1629)  902  For 
a  while  they  bee  reezed  in  Purgatory.  1633  —  Exp.  2  Peter 
ii.  4  His  priests,  .were  reesed  or  smoked  with  the  incense 
offered  to  the  idol.  1698  M.  LISTER  Jo-urn.  Paris  (1699)  147 
It  is  little  less  than  Quicklime,  and  burns  and  reeses  all  it 
touches. 

Reese,  var.  RESE  sb.  and  v.  ;  dial.  var.  ROOSE  v. 

Reesed,  reezed  (rfzd),///.  a.  Also  5  resside, 
6  re(e)z*d,  7  reised ;  8  reased,  9  reazed.  [Later 
form  of  REST  a. ;  cf.  REASTY.]  Rancid. 

1486  Bk.  St.  Albany  C  vij,  Upon  that  powdre  do  a  litill 
larde  that  is  resside.  1598  Be.  HALL  Sat.  iv.  ii.  36  Once  a 
weeke,  perhaps,  for  nouelty,  ReezM  bacon  soords  shall  feast 
his  familie.  1598  MARSTON  Sco.  Villanie  i.  in.  183  What 
Academick  starued  Satyrist  Would  gnaw  rez'd  Bacon  ?  1607 
MAKKHAM  Caval.  vn.  (1617)  56  Their  insjdes  are. .in  colour 

It i:i II -f  .-    J-> 1 *"•      „  f. --  •  Tl I 


uti^uii,  cvci  Bun^n  me  jjiui  uuivu.       */*/  UKAUL.I-.Y  rutn.  j_/ri.i. 

s.v.  Garget,  Put  in  a  little  reased  bacon  and  boil  them  alto 
gether.  1883  Almondbnry  Gloss^Reezcdor  Reazed^ term 
applied  to  rancid  bacon. 

Reeshle  :  see  REESLE. 

Beesk  (r/"sk).  Sc.  Forms  :  5  reysk,  6  resk,  9 
reisk,  reisque,  reesk.  [a.  Gael,  riasg  'a  moor, 
fen,  or  marsh;  coarse  mountain-grass'.] 

1.  A  piece  of  moorish  or  mossy  ground  producing 
coarse  worthless  grass  or  rushes  ;  unproductive 
soil  or  land  of  this  description. 

1466  Reg.  Arbroath  (Bann.  Club)  TL  152  The  march  is  of 
Gwtheryn.  .passand  cist  the  Greyn  Rey.sk  to  Laithan  Den. 


332 

1540  in  sM  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Connu.  609/1  The . .  merchis . . 
hegynnand  at  the  west  in  the  myddis  of  the  resk  betuix  the 
. .  landis.  1804  TARRAS  Poems  Gloss.  156  Reesk,  ground  full 
of  rough-rooted  weeds,  something  like  rushes.  1813  G. 
ROBERTSON  Agric.  Kincardinesh.  317  The  greater  part 
of  the  original  soil.. is  either  a  moss.. or  it  is,  what  in 
this  and  in  the  adjacent  county  of  Aberdeen,  is  provincially 
called  Reisque,  or  Reisk. 

2.  Coarse  grass  growing  on  moorish  ground. 

1794  Statist,  Ace.  Scott.  XII.  576  Large  tracks  of  ground 
producing  a  coarse  kind  of  grass,  called  by  the  country 
people  reesk.  i8ia  D.  SOUTER  Agric.  Banff sh.  App.  59  If 
a  field  be  cold  and  canker'd,  or  overgrown  with  reesk,  year 
old  fauch  will  agree  best. 

Hence  Ree'sky  a.,  producing  reesk. 

1804  TARRAS  Poems  7  Aft  we've  seen  them  fain,  Dink  owre 
the  bent  to  the  reiskie  den. 

Reesle  (rrs'l),  reeshle  (rrj'l),  sb.  Sc.  Also 
reestle.  [Of  onomatopoeic  origin.]  A  loud  clatter ; 
a  rattling  blow. 

«i774  KF.RGUSSON  Tron  Kirk  Bell  Poems  (1845)  44  I'd 
bring  ye  wi1  a  reesle  down,  a  iSio'J'ANNAHiLL  Conte  haute 
Poems  (1846)  145  I'll  lend  you  a  reestle  wi'  this,  owre  your 
back.  1880  JAS.  E.  WATT  Poet.  Sketches  52  A  reeshle  like 
thunder  was  heard  at  the  door. 

Bee-sle,   ree  shle,  v.   Sc.     Also  reessil, 

reishle,  etc.     [Cf.  prec.] 

1.  intr.  To  make  a  loud  clattering  noise. 

1819  TKNNANT  Papistry Stomfd  {T%yj}  44  Doors  reessil'd 
up,  and  made  a  blatter,  1826  D.  ANDERSON  J'ocwsgz  Gar'd 
..their  shin-banes  reeshle  i'  their  hose.  1895  CROCKETT 
Jfen  of  Moss-hags  31  That  blind  and  unkindly  wind  reestling 
and  soughing  about  the  house. 

2.  trans.  To  beat  with  rattling  blows. 

1853  WATSON  Poems  91  (E.  D.  L\),  Whan  Scotlan'  had 
reissl't  the  rascals  [etc.].  1887  SERVICE  Life  Dr.  Dugnid 
v.  31  He  reishled  the  main  author  o'  tliae  tricks  weel. 

Reeso(u)n,  obs.  forms  of  REASON  s&.1 

Ke-espOU^e,  v.   [RE-  5  a.]    To  espouse  again. 

a  1618  SYLVESTER  Elegie  to  Marg.  ll'yts  80  Metkerk  had 
her  Mother  re-espous'd.  1652  UKNLOWKS  Theoph.  xnr.  Ixxvi, 
The  Corps  but  falls  to  be  refm'd  And  re-espous'd  unto  the 
Glorifi'd  high  Minde. 

Hence  Re-espoirsal. 

1817  G.  S.  FABER  Eight  Dissert.  (1845)  I.  357  note,  The 
repudiation,  long  desolation,  and  ultimate  recspousal,  of  the 
Lovitical  Church,  are  described  at  large  in  Isaiah  liv.  1-14. 
1827  —  Sacr.  Cal,  Prophecy  (1844)  III.  299  The  set  time  of 
the  Reespousal  of  Judah. 

Reest  (rfst),  sb.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms :  I 
reost,  7,  9  reest,  9  reist,  riest,  reost,  reece  ; 
6-7  (9)  rest.  Also  iwcest  \VKEST.  [OE.  reost ^ 
of  obscure  origin  :  cf,  G.  rist  ploughshare  (Grimm), 
S\v.  rist  (MSw.  rist-iern}  coulter. 

G.  rist  may  be  for  riest,  repr.  an  OHG.  *rtost '.  cf.  OHO. 
riasfra,  riostar,  riestcr,  rister,  etc.  (mod.G.  dial,  riester, 
rister}  ploughshare,  plough-handle,  the  stem  of  which  agrees 
with  the  OE.  form.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  whether  Sw.  rist 
can  be  separated  from  ON.  ristiil  ploughshare  (mod.Norw. 
ristel  coulter,  also  Gael,  risteal  a  kind  of  plough  used  in  the 
Hebrides),  which  may  rather  be  a  derivative  of  rfsta,  to  cut, 
than  an  adaptation  of  the  OHG.  word.  The  Du.  or  Flem. 
equivalent  of  the  latter  is  given  by  Kilian  as  ryster,  reyster, 
with  the  meaning  'plough-staff'.] 

t  a.  The  share-beam  of  a  plough.  Obs.  b.  A 
mould-board,  c.  A  piece  of  wood  or  iron  fixed 
beneath  the  mould-board. 

_  c  725  Corpus  Gloss.  656  Dent  ali tti  sules  reost.  a  1000  Gloss. 
in  \Vr.-Wiilcker  219/2  Dentals,  s.  est  aratri  pars  pritna  in 
qua  nomer  inducitur  quasi  (fens,  sule-reost,  net  broc.  ?  14 . . 
MS.  Lansdmvne  560  fol.  47  b,  Restis,  a  rest  of  a  plow.  1523 
KITZHERB.  Hush.  §  3  The  rest  is  a  lyttell  pece  of  woode, 
pynned  fast  ypon  the  nether  ende  of  the  stylt,  and  to  the 
sharebeame  in  the  ferther  ende.  1616  SURFL.  &  MARKH. 
Cowttry Farmtv,  vi.  532  The  spindles,  the  rest,.. the  plow- 
foot,  the  culture,  and  the  share.  1688  R.  HOI.MK  Armoury 
In*  333/2  The  Reest,  is  the  Boards  on  the  side  of  the  Plow 
that  turns  over  the  Furrow.  1886  Chesh.  Gloss.,  Reest,  the 
mould-board  of  a  plough.  1887  Kentish  Gloss.)  Chef,  the 
part  of  a  plough  on  which  the  share  is  placed,  and  to  which 
the  reece  is  fixed. 

attrib.  1894  NortJmmbld.  Gloss.,  Reesf-,  reast-cloct, . .  a 
thin  piece  of  iron  fastened  under  the  lower  edge  of  the 
mowdy-boord  (mould -board)  of  a  plough. 

Reest  (r/'st),  v.l  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  7  reast, 
7,  9  reist.  [Of  obscure  origin:  cf.  REST  a.  and 
REESED.]  intr.  Of  bacon,  etc.:  To  become  rancid. 
Hence  Ree'sted  a,,  rancid. 

c  1440  Proiitp.  Part>.  431/1  Reestyn',  as  flesche,  ranceo. 
»53°  PALSGR.  688/2,  I  reest,  I  waxe  of  yll  taste,  as  bacon 
dpthe.  1616  SURFL.  &  MARKH.  Country  Farme  i.  xxiv.  107 
The  scalding  of  Hogges  keepeth  the  flesh  whitest,,  .neither 
is  the  Bacon  so  apt  to  reast  as  the  other.  1634  W.  WOOD 
New  Eng.  Prosp.  (1865)  39  This  kind  of  fish. .  is  so  fat,  that 
it  can  scarce  be  saved  against  winter  without  reisting.  1869 
Londsdalc  Gfass.,  Reested,  rancid,  spoiled,  as  bacon  from 
being  badly  kept.  1894  Northumbld.  Gloss.,  Reest,  to  be- 
come  rancid.  Reested  or  reesty  bacon — rancid  bacon. 

Reest  (rfst),  z>.2  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Also  6,  9 
reist.  [Of  obscure  origin  :  cf.  REESE  v.z  and  Da. 
riste  to  grill  or  broil,  f.  ON.  rist  gridiron.] 

1.  trans.  To  dry  or  cure  (herring,  bacon,  etc.) 
by  means  of  heat  or  smoke. 

1508  DUNBAR  Fiytingity  Thow  purehippit,  vgly  averill,.. 
Reistit  and  crynit  as  hangit  man  on  hill,  a  1590  MONT- 
COMERIE  Sontt.  xxv,  Rau  rid  herring  reistit  in  the  reik.  1692 
Sc.  Presbyt.  Eloq.  (1738)  138  Take  them  up  by  the  Heels, 
reest  them  in  the  Chimney  of  Hell,  and  dry  them  like  IJervy 
Haddocks.  1816  SCOTT  HI.  Divarf'\\,  Let  us  cut  up  bushes 
and  briers,. .set  fire  to  them,  and  smoke  that  auld  devil's 
dam  as  if  she  were  to  be  reested  for  bacon.  1832-53  W. 
CROSS  in  WIiistlc-Binkie  Sen  in.  16  But  ne'er  say  a  herring 
is  dry  until  it  be  reestit  and  reekit. 


RE-ESTABLISHMENT. 

2.  intr.  To  become  smoke-dried. 

1725  RAMSAY  Gentle  Sheph,  11.  i,  A  large  ham  han^s  reest- 
ing  in  the  neuk.  1829  SCOTT  GuyAI.  xxvi.  «/?/*•,  The  salmon 
is  usually  dried  by  hanging  it  up,  after  being  split  and 
rubbed  with  salt,  in  the  smoke  of  the  turf  fire. .,  where  it 
is  said  to  reist,  that  preparation  being  so  termed. 

Reest  (rrst),  zv*  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Also 
reist.  [Prob.  a  var.  of  REST  v.,  or  identical  with 
reest,  aphetic  form  of  Sc.arreest,  to  ARREST.  The 
1  precise  relationship  to  RESTIVE  a.  is  not  clear.] 
intr.  Of  horses  :  To  stop  suddenly  and  refuse  to 
proceed.  Hence  Ree*sting  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1786  BURNS  To  Auld  Marc  xiv,  In  cart  or  car  thou  never 
reestet.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  xv,  Our  powny  reists  a  bit, 
and  it's  dooms  sweer  to  the  road.  Ibid,  xxiv,  The  butcher's 
reisting  powny.  1826  J.  WILSON  Koct.  Ambr.  Wks.  1855  I. 
;  250  Like  horses  that  never  reest.  1895  CROCKETT  Men  oj 
Moss-hags  xxvi.  197  Reesting  and  terror  among  horses  are 
mostly  but  over-sharpness  in  hearing. 

fig.  1890  SERVICE  Notandnms  xix.  124,  I  was  like  to  reist 
and  to  sten  at  the  doctor's  orders. 

Reest,  obs.  form  of  REST. 
Re-establish  (r/iestrc-blij),  v.    [RE-  5  a.   See 
!    also  RESTABLISH.]     trans.  To  establish  again. 

1.  To  establish  (a  person  or  thing)   again  in  a 
former   place,   position,    or   state ;   to    restore    to 
a  previous  place  or  position.     Also  const,  among. 

1483  CAXTON60W. /.<£-.  (1493)  268  b/i  Thus  was  the  precious 
tree  of  the  crosse  reestablyshid  in  his  place.  1586  WILKES 
in  Motley  Netherl.  x.  (1860)  II.  99,  I  had  not  much  to  do. . 
to  re-establish  in  her  Majesty.. a  singular  good  opinion  of 
you.  1606  G.  W[OODCOCKE]  Hist.  Ivstine  xyi.  67  He  could 
now  deliuer  them.. and  re-establish  them  in  their  former 
peace,  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  K///(i683)  87  He  pur- 
pos'd  to  re-establish  Henry  d'Albret  in  the  Kingdom  of 
Navarre.  1728  ELIZA  HEYWOOD  tr.  Mine,  de  Gomez's  Belle 
A.  (1732)  II.  215  A  Nation  on  whose  Throne  his  Ancestors 
had  sat  for  a  long  Series  of  Ages,  would  not  fail  to  protect 
and  re-establish  him.  1838  LYTTON  Alice  i.  ix,  He  has  been 
kind  to  me,  and  re-established  me  among  my  flock,  1858 
FROCDE  Hist.  Eng.  IV,  311  He  expected  that. .he  could  re 
establish  the  English  party  in  a  decisive  superiority. 
b.  To  fix  or  set  up  again,  rare. 

1669  J.  ROSE  Eng.  Vineyard  (1675)  35  Re-establish  your 
props,  and  with  your  foot  tread  the  earth  close  to  the  roots. 
1827  STEUART  Planter's  G.  (1828)  24  The  same  writer., 
mentions,  that  it  was  a  common  practice  to  reestablish  large 
Trees,  .that  had  been  blown  down.  1847  GROTE  Greece  11. 
xxxiv.  (1862)  III.  233  The  bridge  was  re-established. 

2.  To   set   up   again   in   a   status   or   condition 
1    similar  to  the  former  one;  to  restore. 

1559  Fabyan"s  Chron.  II.  571  In  the  foresaied  parliament 
j    also  was  the  booke  of  seruice.  .reestablished.     1579  FENTON 
J    Gnicciard.  it.  77  The  better  to  reestablish  their  gouernment, 
:    they  had  in  their  parliament.. instituted  a  kind  of  pellicle. 
1631  WEEVER  A  tic.  funeral  Mon.  137  One  hundred  and 
sixe  Abbeyes  of  this  Order  were  built  and  reestablished. 
1676  TOWERSON  Decalogue  161  The  g^reat  design  of  the 
gospel  was  to  re-establish  natural  worship.    1705  ARBUTHNOT 
Coins,  etc.  (1727)  257  Theodosia.  .was.  .afterward  re-esta 
blished  and  possessed  by  the  Genoese,  under  the  name  of 
,    Cafa.     1769  GOLDSM,  Hist.  Rome  (1786)  I.  62  Some  young 
men.,  undertook  to  re-establish  monarchy.     1863  BRIGHT 
!    Sp.)  Atner.  26  Mar.  (1876)  127  He  had  a  fair  chance  of  re- 
1    establishing  his  business.     1866  CRL'MP  Banking  ix.  193 
America  was.  .re-establishing  a  metallic  currency. 

3.  To  restore  (one's  health  or  strength)  to  the 
usual  state  ;  to  set  (ill-health)  right  again.    Usually 
in  pass,  (falso  with  person  as  subj.). 

1697  [see  tne  vM>  sh  below].    1709  STEELE  Tatlcr  No.  7 

f  18  His  Health  being  so  well  re-established  by  the  Baths. 

1735-6  BERKELEY  Let.  to  Johnson  12  Mar.  in  Eraser  Life 

vn.  245  My  ill-health,  which  is  now  pretty  well  re-established. 

1766  J.  WILKES  Let.  3  May,  I  thank  my  dearest  daughter 

for  her  obliging  solicitude  about  my  health.    I  am  now  quite 

re-established,     c  1850  Arab.  Nts.  (Rtldg.)  268  The  jeweller 

i     .  .felt  his  strength  re-established,     a.  1859  MACAULAY  Hist. 

Eng.  xxv.  V.  288  With  health  so  far  re-established  that  he 

was  able  to  take  exercise  on  horseback. 

b.  To  restore  to  a  proper  condition. 

i8ia  G.  CHALMERS  Dom.  Econ.  Gt.  Brit.  144  To  see  her.. 

reestablish  her  financial  affairs,  in  so  short  a  period,  after  the 

conclusion  of  war.     1822  DE  QUINCEY  Confess.  61  About 

fifteen  shillings  I  had  employed  in  re-establishing,  .my  dress. 

4.  To  reassure.  rare~l. 

1722  DE  FOE  Plague  (1754)  212  These  things  re-establish'd 
the  Minds  of  the  People  very  much. 

Hence  Re-esta-blishable  a.\  Be-esta'blisher; 
Be-esta'blishing-  vbl.  sb. 

1599  SANDYS  Europe  Spec.  (1632)  162  The  soveraigne  re- 
storers  of  vertue,  and  re-establishers  of  an  happy  world. 
1611  COTGR.,  Restablissahle,  reestablishable.  1611  SPEED 
Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  vi.  xlvi.  §  o.  260/2  He  addressed  himselfe 
with  his  Armie  to  the  reestablishing  of  the  Hands  subjection. 
1697  DRYDEN  I'irgil^  Life  *z  b,  The  wholesomness  of  the 
Air.  .contributed.,  to  the  re-establishing  of  his  Health. 

Re-esta'blishment.  [f.  as  prec.  -f-  -MENT.] 
The  act  of  re-establishing;  the  fact  or  condition 
of  being  re-established ;  restoration  to  a  previous 
position  or  state. 

1586  T.  B.  La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad.  \.  (1594)  302  Their 
creation  after  the  image  of  God,.,  and.,  their  reestablishment 
into  the  same  image.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  in.  xliii.  331 
The  re-establishment  of  the  Kingdome  of  God  in  Christ. 
a  1679  W.  OWTRAM  Sertn.  (1682)  43  The  reestablishment  of 
the  nation  upon  its  antient  laws.  1751  SMOLLETT  Per.  Pic. 
Ixxxi,  I  repaired  to  Bath  for  the  re-establishment  of  my 

,    health.     1788  GIBBON  Dec/.  $•  F.  Ixx.  VI.  575  All  persons 

i  should  assemble.. to  provide  for  the  re-establishment  of  the 
good  estate.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  Pref.,  The  re-esta 
blishment  of  successive  tyrannies  in  France.  1884  BLACK 

I     Jud.  S/ta&s.  v,  The  re-establishment  of  the  Catholic  faith. 

I        t  b.   Restoration  to  health.   Obs. 


RE-ESTATE. 

1753  N.  TORRIA*O  Gartgr.  Sore  Throat  101  His  Recovery 
must  be  slower,  and. .it  must  take  up  more  Time  for  his 
entire  Re-establishment.  1783  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thralt: 
8  July,  I  am  . .  willing  ..  to  persuade  myself  that  a  short 
succession  of  trifles  may  contribute  to  my  re-establishment. 

t  Be-esta-te,  v.  0/>s.  [RE-  5  n.]  trans.  To 
reinstate,  re-establish.  (Very  common  in  i  yth  c.) 

1611  STEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  vn.  xxxi.  g  3.  348  They  agaitie 
sought  to  reestate  themselues  in  so  glorious  a  possession. 
1630  R.  Johnson's  Kingd.  tr  Column-.  362  The  old  Duke 
was  re-estated  with  both  their  consents,  a  1662  HEVIJN 
Larnt  (1668)  468  A  day.. on  which  the  Bishop  of  Lincoln 
was  re-estated  with  such  Triumph.  1681  WALLIS  Two 
St'ritr.  i.  (1682)  26  Had  there  not  been  a  Degeneration . .  there 
had  been  no  need  of  a  Regeneration,  to  reestate  us  in  it. 

Ree'sted,  ///.  a.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  [f.  REEST 
f-'  +  'ED1.]  Dried  by  heat  or  smoke. 

1549  D.  ML'NRO  in  Hume  Brown  Scot.  bef.  1700  (1893)  263 
The  said  Stewart  receives  thir  dewties  in  meill  and  reistit 
mutton,  wyld  foullis  reistit  and  selchis.  1681  COLVII,  IVhigs 
.Y«////e.  (1751)  19  His  hands  were  hued  like  reistcd  hams. 
1785  HUKNS  Atiar.  to  Z?t7/xvii,  Wi'  reekit  duds,  an*  reestit 
gizz.  1818  SCOTT  />>.  Lamm,  xxvi,  Such  boiling  of  reested 
hams.  1894  ffort/uiiiMii.  Gloss.,  Keestcd,  salted,  dried,  and 
roasted  ;  applied  to  fish,  particularly  to  herrings. 

Reested,  rancid :  see  REEST  v.1 
Bee-sty,  a.  Sc.    [f.  REEST  t;.3  +  -Y.]   Inclined 
to  reest  or  stop ;  given  to  reesting. 


when  it  stands  fast,  and  will  not  move  for  the  whip.  1895 
CKOCKKTT  jlfett  of  Moss-hags  iv,  Gay  Garland  was  aye  a 
reesty  beast. 

Reesty,  Reesy,  varr.  REASTY,  REASY,  rancid. 

Reet,  dial,  variant  of  RIGHT,  ROOT. 

Reeuel,  obs.  form  of  REVEL  sb. 

Be-eva'porate,  t>,  [RE-  5  a.]  To  evaporate 
again.  So  Be-evapora'tion. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  297  The  solution,  .[must  be]  re-eva 
porated  and  re-crystallized.  1862  ANSTED  Channel  fsl.  iv. 
xx.  (ed.  2)  470  The  rain-fall,  part  of  which  is  immediately 
re-evaporated.  Ibid.,  When  the  necessary  deductions  are 
made  for  re-evaporation.  1878  TIIUESTON  Growth  Steam- 
£ng.  107  The  condensation  and  reevaporation  of  steam. 

Reeve  (nv),  rf.l  Now  chiefly  Hist.  Forms : 
i  Si-,  ssroefa,  sergfa,  rgfa,  2  irefe,  3  ref-,  5,  7 
refe,  6  reeffe,  Sc.  reif;  2-8  (9)  reve,  4  reyv'e,  5 
rive,  6-7  reave,  4,  6-  reeve.  [OE. gerefa,  earlier 
ffndfa,  of  uncertain  etym. ;  app.  not  in  any  way 
related  to  the  continental  forms  cited  under  GRAF, 
GKAVJS  sb.'-'>  and  sb*  Old  Northumbrian  had  also 
the  form  grd-fa  whence  GRIEVE  sb.] 

1.  Hist.  An  Old  English  official  of  high    rank 
having  a  local  jurisdiction  under  the  king ;  the  chief 
magistrate  of  a  town  or  district,     f  Also,  in  OE., 
applied  to  prefects,  governors,  etc.,  of  Roman  and 
Jewish  times. 

On  the  position  of  the  ffrefa  in  OE.  times  see  Kemble 
Saxons  in  England  (ifyS)  II.  v.  151-181 ;  and  cf.  the  articles 
on  BOROUGH-REKVE,  PORTREEVE,  and  SHERIFF.  Modern 
writers  have  sometimes  used  the  OE.  form  of  the  word. 

«7<x>  Kfinal  Gloss.  197  Censures,  jiroefan.  Ibid.  223 
Cominaitariensis,  jiroefa.  803  Charter  in  O.  E.  Texts  442 
AMMO  se  serefa  to  eastoreje.  ^850  O.  E.  Martyrol. 
25  Dec.  4  pa  net  se  ?;erefa  hie  belucan  in  carcerne.  a  900 
tr.  llxdn'sHist.  n.  xiii.  [xvi.J(i89o)  144  pa  ajrest  toDrihtnes 
Keleafan  [he]  jecerde  Lindcylene  ceastre  jerefan  [L.  prz- 
/fcfum]..mid  his  heorode.  cirxxiAgs.  Gosp.  Mark  xv.  43 
pa  com  iosep  se  aeSela  jerefa  of  abarimathia.  c  1175  Lamb, 
/fi'in.  115  [The  king]  seal  so3feste  men  setten  him  to  irefen. 
cizos  LAY.  15597  pa  wes  inne  Kair-MerSin  a  reue  be  hehte 
Eli.  a  1225  Juliana  8  He  bi-jet  et  te  keiser,  (rat  he  ;ettede 
him  reue  to  beonne.  c  1300  Havelok  1627  Wile  ich  speke 
with  non  ober  reue,  But  with  be,  bat  iustise  are.  a  1577 
SIR  T.  SMITH  Comniw.  Eiig.  (1609)  69  The  sherife  (which  is  ' 
asmuch  to  say  as  the  Reeue  or  Baily  of  the  shire\  1593 
NORDF.N  Spec.  Brit.,  trsex  i.  7  The  Saxons  called  him 
Scyregcrcfa,  the  Reeve  of  the  Shire.  1710  PRIDEAUX  Orif. 
Tithes  iv.  199,  I  Athelstan.  .do  command  all  my  Reves  in 
my  Kingdom  [etc.].  1839  KEIGHTLEY  Hist.  Jinf.  I.  24 
When  the  reeve  of  the  next  town  attempted  to  make  them 
prisoners,  they  slew  him,  and  escaped  to  their  vessels.  1867 
FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  I.  v.  318  Hugh,  a  Frenchman,  : 
was  now  the  royal  reeve  in  Exeter.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist. 
i.  §  6.  55  The  royal  reeves,  officers  despatched  to  levy  the 
royal  revenues  and  administer  the  royal  justice. 
b.  High  reeve  (OE.  heah^erefa). 

The  precise  nature  of  the  rank  or  office  denoted  by  this 
title  is  uncertain  :  see  Kemble  (as  above)  156-7. 

?C900  Wergilds  c.  2  §  4  in  Thorpe  Laws  I.  186  Holdes  & 
cymnges  heah-gerefan  [gSd]  .iiii.  busend  brymsa.  ^950 
Lnuhsf.  Gosp.  Hark  xiii.  9  Befora  undercyningum  vet 
hehseroifum  [L.  frzsides]  &  cyningum  jie  biSon  stondende. 
£1002  O.  E.  Citron.  (Parker  MS.)  an.  1001  Dser  wear5 
./Ebelweard  cinges  heah^erefa  ofsle^en  . .  and  Leofwine 
cinges  heahjerefa.  a  1225  Juliana  8  Maximian  hehest  in 
rome,  bat  is  heh  reue.  1848  KEMDLE  Saxons  in  Eng.  n.  v. 
(1876)  II.  157  These  high-reeves  were  therefore  probably 
military  officers  of  /ESelred.  1872  E.  W.  ROBERTSON  Hist. 
Ess,  177  Amongst  the  Northumbrians,  the  place  of  the 
Ealderman  seems  to  have  been  filled  by  the  High-Reeve. 

2.  f  a.  A  bailiff,  steward,  or  overseer  ;  a  minor 
officer  appointed  by  a  landowner  to  superintend 
his  estates,  tenants,  or  workmen.  Obs.  (Cf.  GRIEVE.) 
b.  A  local  official  of  minor  rank  ;  an  overseer  of 
a  parish,  a  churchwarden,  or  the  like.     (See  also 
church-,  fen-,  field-reeve?) 

a  1300  Beket  49  Gilbert  and  his  felawes . .  Prisoun  breke. . . 
The  reve  amorwe  that  hem  scholde  to  here  labour  lede, 
Nuste  he  tho  he  miste  hem  what  him  was  to  rede,  a  1300 


333 

I'fl.r  ff  Wolf  26  in  Ha/1.  E.  P.  P.  I.  5S  For  lie  com  in 
\vithouten  leue  Bothcn  of  liaiward  and  of  reue  iyya  Aycnh. 
37  pe  ontrewe  rcuen,  prouos,  and  bedeles  and  seruons  bat 
steleb  be  amendes  and  wybdra^eb  be  rentes  of  hire  Ihordes. 
1362  LANGL.  /'.  /V.  A.  ir.  78  Rondulf  be  Reue  of  Rntelondes 
sokene.  1377  Ibid.  IJ.  v.  427,  I  can  holde  louedayes,  and 
here  a  reues  rekenynge.  f  1380  WVCI.JF  U'ks.  (1880)  195 
Oure  prestis  ben  so  bysye  aboute  worldly  occupacioun  bat 
bei  semen  betiere  bailyuesor  reues  ban  gostly  prestis  of  ihesti 
crist.  1419  Liber  Albus  (Rolls)  I.  14  Hoc  nomcn  '  reve  ' 
Saxonice  sonat  'villicum'  vcl  'baUivum ',  qui  saspius  in  ore 
populi  nominatur.  c  1440  Promp.  Pan:  43i/~  Reve,  lordys 
serwawnte,/;r/ar#wj.  1511-12  Act  3  Hen.  I'll/,  c.  2^  §  9 
The  said  accomptauntes . .  that  is  to  saye,  Feodaries  Bailliffes 
Reves  Heywardes  and  Redelles.  1574  tr.  Littli-lorfs  Tenures 
17  b,  Hee  may  surrender  hys  landes  unto  the  Uayliffe  or  to 
the  Reeve.  1603  OWEN  Pembrokeshire  (1892)  191  The 
Landlord  by  his  baillifie  or  reave  vseth  to  arrest  so  much  of 
the  tenantes  goods  vpon  the  land  as  ys  found  of  decaye. 
1686  PLOT  Staffordsh.  434  'J'o  tl]is  Hobby-horse  dance  tliere 
also  belong'd  a  pot,  which  was  kept  by  turnes,  by  4  or  5  of 
the  cheif  of  the  Town,  whom  they  cat  I'd  Reeves.  1710  J. 
HAKRIS  Le.v.  Tec /in.  II,  Reeve  of  a  Church  is  the  Guardian 
of  it ;  or  the  Church-Warden.  1765  BLACKSTONE  CVwrw.  I. 
xi.  377  Neither  can  he  be  chosen  to  any  temporal  office  ;  as 
bailiff,  reeve,  constable,  or  the  like.  1791  in  i  =;///  Rep. 
Commissioners  Woods,  Forests,  etc.  (1793)  40  The  Cattle  of 
the  Commoners  are  marked  by  the  Reeves  of  the  respective 
Parishes.  1871  Daily  News  21  Sept.,  The  reeve  of  Leyton 
..reported  encroachments  in  Wanstead  Flats. 

c.  A  foreman  or  overseer  in  a  coal-mine. 

1863  Kdin.  Rev.  Apr.  417  The  Reeve  went  on  a  few  yards 
in  advance  of  the  party— his  unlighted  Davy-lamp  in  one 
hand.  1879  Miss  JACKSON  S/twpsh,  }\7o>d-bk.,  Reeve,  the 
underground  overlooker  of  the  pits. 

d.  In  Canada,  the  president  of  a  village-   or 
town-council. 

1890  T>\\.KRProBl.  Greater  Brit.  I.  i.  ii.  iisThe  council  of 
every  village  or  township  [in  Canada]  consists  of  one  reeve 
and  four  councillors,  and  the  county  council  consists  of  the 
reeves  and  deputy-reeves  of  the  townships  and  villages 
within  the  county. 

3.  attrib.  (in  obs.  or  arch,  terms),  as  reeve-ham, 
-land,  -mead,  -pole  (see  quot  1813),  -roll,  -sheaf. 

969  Charter  in  Kirch  Carful.  Saxon,  (1893)  III.  532  We 
writad"  him  ..  .vi.  a:cras  m;cde  on  ba  gcrefii..i:de,  c  1000 
Gloss,  in  Wright  Vocab.  (1873)  II.  45  In  tribnlano  territorio, 
on  bairn  sundor  gereflande.  1235-52  Rentalia  Glaston. 
(Som.  Rec.  Soc.)  34  Pro  iiijor  acris  que  vocantur  Reflond 
iij  sol.  Ibid.  93  Et  debet  qualibet  die  in  autumpno.  .unum 
revesef.  Ibid.  118  Et  [prepositusj  habebit  j  pratum  quod 
appellatur  Refmede.  Ibid.  140  [Prepositus]  debet  habere 
ij  hammes  pratl.  .que  vocantur  Refhammes.  1393  LANGL. 
/'.  n.  C.  xxn.  465  With  spiritus  intcllcctus  thei  toke  be 
reeue-rolles.  1778  Eng.  Gazetteer '(ed.  2)  s.v.  Taunton,  The 
tenures  here  are  copyhold-lands,  over-lands,  and  reve-lands. 
1813  Guide  to  Watering  Places  459  The  landlord  of  the 
Portland  Arms  usually  has  it  in  his  power  to  shew  the 
Reevepole,  or  Saxon  mode  of  keeping  accounts.  1897 
MAITLAXD  Domesday  fy  Beyond  169  Besides  this  he  seems 
to  have  '  reveland  '  which  belongs  to  him  as  sheriff. 

Reeve  (nv),  $b$  [Of  obscure  origin :  the 
form  REE  sb.'2-  is  found  earlier,  but  is  less  frequent.] 
The  female  of  the  RUFF  (Tringa  pttgtiax). 

ibnAUhorp  MS.  in  Simpkinson  Waskingtons  (1860)  App. 
12  Ruff  and  reeve  3  dozen.  Ibid.  15  For  20  dozen  and  5 
ruffs  and  reeves.  1648  HERRICK  Hesper.,  Panegyr.  Sir  L. 
PtJttotrtm.  The  phesant,.. reeve,  ruffe,  raile.  1678  RAY 
Willttghby's  Ornitk.  302  The  Ruff,  whose  Female  is  called 
a  Reeve.  1768  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  II.  364  The  Reeves, 
or  females  are  said  never  to  change  their  colors.  1831 
RENNIE  Montagues  Ornith.  Diet.  445  When  the  Reeves 
begin  to  lay,  both  those  and  the  Ruffs  are  least  shy,  and., 
easily  caught.  1871  Athenaeum  3  June  689/2  The  ruff  and 
the  reeve,  now  reduced  to  only  a  few  pairs  in  a  single 
locality,  must  also  soon  be  lost  if  not  protected  by  the  law. 

Reeve  (r/v),  sb.%  [Of  obscure  origin  :  the  two 
senses  may  represent  different  words.] 

1.  A  string  or  rope  (of  onions).     Now  only  dial. 
1678  SAMPSON  in  Phil.   Trans.  XII.  1001  All  distended 

with  Liquor,  and  ty'd,  like  a  Reeve  of  Onions  altogether. 
1854-96  in  dial,  glossaries  (Northampt.,  Leic.,  Warw.). 

2.  A  long  narrow  strip.  ?  Obs. 

1725  DUDLEY  in  Phil.    Trans.  XXXIII.  258  Both  the    ' 
Finbacks  and  Humpbacks  are  shaped  in  Reeves  longitudinal 
from  Head  to  Tail  on  their  Bellies  and  their  Sides,  so  far  as    ! 
their  Fins.     1770  FRANKLIN  Lett.  Wks.  1840  VI.  335  The 
edges  of  two  sheets  are  laid  down  so  as  to  lap  or  cover  each 
other  an  inch,  and  a  slip  of  the  same  copper,  about  three 
inches  and  a  half  broad,  called  the  reeve,  is  introduced 
between  them. 

Reeve  (rfv),  ^.1     Chiefly  Naut.     Also  J-  rieve,    I 

8  reif.    Pa.  t.  and  pa.pple.  rove  and  reeved ;  also 

9  pa.  pple.  roven.     [Of  obscure  origin  ;   usually 
referred  to  Du.  reven,  but  this  means '  to  reef.   The 
earlier  form  of  the  pa.  t.  and  pa.  pple.  is  reeved.] 

1.  trans.  To  pass  (a  rope)  through  a  hole,  ring, 
or  block.  Also  const,  through. 

1627  [see  REEVING  vbl.  sb.].     1658  PHILLIPS,  To  Reeve,  a 
Term  in  Navigation,  and   spoken   of  ropes,   signifieth  as 
much  as  to  put  in  or  to  put  through.     1667  SIR  H.  MAIN-    • 
WAVRING  Sea-Mans  Diet.  Si  When  we  would  express  that    | 
the  Tack  is  put  through  the  Ches-trees,  we  say  it  is  reeved    ! 
through.    1743  BULKELEY&  CUMMINS  Voy.  S.Seas  i4Reev'd    ' 
the  Top  Ropes,  and  lower'd  the  Yard.      1748  Anton's  Voy.    \ 
i.  x.  104  We  exerted  ourselves,  .to  reeve  new  lanyards,  and    I 
to  mend  our  sails.    1794  NELSON  Mar.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845) 
I.  379  Purchases  will  be  rove  to  drag  the  guns.     1803  Phil. 
Trans.  XCI1I.  322  With  great  difficulty. .  I  got  small  lines    j 
rove  through  four  of  the  ports  on  the  starboard  side.     1825 
WATKRTON  Wand.  S.  Amer.  in.  iv,  264  One  end  of  the  new 
rope.. was  reeved  through  the   chain   of  the   shark-hook.    ; 
1898  F.  T.  BULLEN  Cruise  Cachalot  321  All  hands  were  kept 
busily  employed  preparing  for  stormy  weather— reeving  new 
running-gear. 


RE-EXAMINABLE. 

f  b.  transf.  To  thrust  or  pass  (a  rod,  etc.)  through 
any  aperture  or  opening. 

1681  R.  KNOX  li/st.  Ceylon  i,  vii.  28  Then  they.  .tale 
them  [fi^li]  out.  And  rieve  a  Rattan  thro  their  plK.  1706 
K.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  54  With  'the  Reinn*. 

i  leifd  through  both  Hands,  he  streight  hawls  them  aft  like 
Main-Sheets.  1867  F.  \'R\w.\?>  Angling  viii.  (1880)  259  The 
tackle  is  not  reeved  through  the  gill.  1869  SIR  K.  RF.E  D 
Shipbnild,  v.  So  One  of  the  angle-irons  at  each  transverse 

:  frame  is  reeved  through  a  score  just  above  the  upper  edge 
of  the  side  bar. 

c.  intr.  Of  a  rope:  To  pass  through  a  block,  etc. 
1860  Merc.  Marine  Afag,\ll.  113  The..  "lines  are  to  reeve 

!  through  a.  .block.  1882  NARES.SV<Twa«s/i/yJ{ed.  6)  9  Chocks 
of  wood,  .for  the  fore-topmast  .stays  to  reeve  through. 

2.  trans.  To  place  int  on,  or  round,  to  fix  to, 
something  by  reeving. 

1667  Sm  H.  MAINWAVRING  Sea-Man's  Di<t.  81  Instead  of 
putting  a  rope  through  a  block,  we  say.  Reeve  it  in  that 

!  block  (as  the  Halliards  arc  reeved  in  the  Knights  and  Ram- 
beads).  1752  SMEATON  in  /'////.  Trans.  XIA'II.  49^  From 
this  construction  arises  a  new  niL-thod  of  reeving  the  line 

1     upon  the  sMeves,     //'/V/.,  The  last  line,  .being  reeved  round 

.  those  till  it  comes  at  the  opposite  side.  1821  SCOTT  Pirate 
xxii,  He  would  willingly  reeve  a  rope  to  the  yard-arm  for 

I     the  benefit  of  an  unfortunate  buccanier.     1833  MARRY  AT  /'. 

;    Simple^  (1863)  100  Double  breechings  were  ruve  on  the  guns. 

3.  To  fit  (a  block)  with  a  rope  by  reeving;  to 
attach  in  this  way  ;  to  tic. 

1639  R.  GIBSON-  in  Harper's  Mag.  (1883)  Mar.  597/2  The 
block  was  reeved  at  the  mainyard  to  have  ducked  her.  1793 
SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  143  Those  blocks  being  reeved  and 
brought  together.  Ibid.  Kxpl.  PI.  18  The  greater  sheaves 
are  reeved  as  far  as  can  be  on  them.  1807  VANCOUVKR 
Agric.  Devon  130  A  hook,  reeved  at  one  end  of  the  tackle- 
rope,  takes  the  middle  band.  1850  SCOKKSIJV  Cheevtrs 
II  lialcin.  Ad-',  iii.  37  They  proceeded  to  reeve  the  huge 
blocks  that  are  always  made  fast..  to  the  fore  and  main 
!  masthead.  1895  CKOCKKTT  Men  of  l\!o$s-ha%s  li.  365  Nigh 
halfway  up  the  steep  bank  stood  our  little  Margaret,  loosely 
reeved  to  a  sunken  slob. 

b.  Of  a  rope:  To  pass  through  (a  block). 

1775  FAI.CK  Day's  Diving  I'esscl^  Above  and  below  were 
eyes  on  each  side,  through  which  went  the  rope  that  reeved 
the  block. 

c.  transf.  Of  a  ship  :  To  thread  (shoals  or  ice- 
!    pack). 

1860  Merc.  Marine  Mng.  VII.   122  After  a  day  of  hair 
breadth  escapes,   literally   reeving  the  shoals,   by  conning 
from   the  mast-head   and  jib-boom,   the   fair   channel  UM-, 
,    reached.     1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  566  Reeving  in 
polar  voyaging,  following  up  serpentine  channels  in  the  ice, 
till  the  vessel  reaches  open  water,  or  reeves  the  pack, 
Hence  Reeved  (r/vd).///.  a. 

1775  FALCK  Day's  Diving  I'essel  51  Reeve  them  at  an 
equal  distance,  ..tie  the  reeved  parts  together  with  a  rope- 
yarn, 

Reeve  (nv\  v.'2  Now  only  dial.  [Of  obscure 
origin.]  =  REE  v.  Hence  Ree'ving  vbl.  sb.- 
(also  in  comb,  reeving-  sieve), 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  74/1  Reeving,  is  to  sift  the 
Corn,  to  cleanse  it  from  small  seeds.  Ibid.  331/1  The 
Reeving  Sieve  is  to  cleanse  Corn  at  the  time  of  Winnowing 
from  the  dreggs  of  Chaff.  1820  WH.BRAHAM  Chesh.  Gloss. 
(ed.  2),  Reeve,  to  separate  corn  that  has  been  winnowed  from 
the  small  seeds  which  are  among  it  ;  this  is  done  with  what 
they  call  the  reeving  sieve.  1880  JK  Cornw.  Gloss.,  Keeve, 
to  separate  by  means  of  a  sieve  [etc.].  1886  ELWORTHY 
W.  Sot/t.  ll'ord-bk.,  Reive.  //>/<£,  Reiving-zieve. 

Reeve  («~v),  v^  dial.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
intr.  To  twine,  twist,  wind  or  unwind. 

18  ' 

thy 

flannel-leaves.  1876  S.  C.  J.  ISGHAM  White  Cross  <y  Dove 
of  Pearls  xliii.  281  How  difficult  it  was.  .to  keep  the  threads 
from  twitching  and  the  silk  from  reeving.  1890  Glouccstcrsh. 
Gloss.,  R  ewe,..  to  twist  round,  unwind. 

Ree'ver.  rare-1.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  A 
wooden  instrument  for  collecting  the  crushed 
apples  from  the  cider-mill. 

1833  LOUDOS  Encycl,  An  hit,  §  1314  The  Reever..to  push 
it  [apple-pulp]  up  together  for  removal  when  ground. 

Ree'veshlp.  Forms:  i  serSfscipe,  3  ref- 
schipe,  7  reeveship.  [f.  gerJfa  REEVE  sh.^  + 
-SHIP.]  The  office  of  a  reeve. 

c  looo  ^ELFRIC  Horn.  II.  94  Ne  heora  nan  gerefscipe  o5Se 
mangunge  ne  drife,  for5an  5e  hi  sind  jecorene  of  woruld- 
mannum  to  Codes  teolungum.  a  1225  Leg.  Kath.  u 
Maxence  steorede  be  refschipe  in  Rome,  a  1225  Juliana  9 
Se  rlche  refschipe  to  rihten  and  to  readen.  1631  Charter 
in  Bingham  Rep.  V.  340  A  grant  by  Charles  1..  of.  .the 
reeveship  of  Greetham  and  the  bailiwick  of  Greet  ham. 

Reeving1  («"pvirj),  vbl.  sb±  [f.  REEVE  vl  + 
-ING  1.]  The  action  of  passing  a  rope  through 
a  block,  etc.  ;  the  manner  in  which  this  is  done. 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  v.  23  Reeuing  is.. 
drawing  a  rope  thorow  a  hlocke  or  oylet  to  runne  vp  and 
down.  1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  Expl.  PI.  18  The 
principle  whereon  the  reeving  is  performed.  1844  H.  STE 
PHENS  Bk.  of  Farm  II.  321  The  reeving  of  the  pulleys  and 
chains  will  be  more  clearly  seen  in  the  perspective  views. 
1892  KIPLING  Life's  Handicap  182  The  reeving  and  un- 
reeving  of  the  bed-tapes. 

attrib.  c  1860  H.  STUART  Seaman's  Catech.  24  They  are 
usually  rove  with  a  reeving  line. 

Reeving,  vbl.  sb.-  :  see  REEVE  v2 
Reewe,  obs.  form  of  RUE  v. 
Re-ex'alt,  v.  [KE-S  n.]  trans.  To  exnlt  again. 
1670  MILTON  Hist.  Eng.  v.  Wks.  1851  V.  192  Ethelred  like 
in  fortune  to  the  former  Kthelred,  was  re-exalted  to  his  Seat. 

Re-exa*minable,  a.    [RE-  5  a.]    Capable  of 

being  re-examined. 


1821  CLARE  yill.  M'mstr.  I.  114  Medicinal  betony,  By 
y    wood-side    railings,    reeves    With    antique    mullein's 


RE-EXAMINATE 

1847  WEBSTER  cites  SIORY.  1893  iV/<v  (X.  Y.)  20  Apr, 
That  conclusion  is  not  re-examinable  here. 

t  Re-examinate,  pa.  ppu.    Sc.    Obs.    [RE 

5  a  :  cf.  next.]     Re-examined. 

'573  Keg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  II.  213  My  Lord  Regentis 
Grace.  .ordanitDavid  Nicholl  and  Johnne  Barclay witnessis, 
sworne  and  examinat  of  befoir.  .to  be  re-examinat. 

Re-examiua'tion.     [RE-  5  a.]    A  second  or  j 
further  examination. 

1604  BACON  Apol.  Wks.  1879  I.  440  Afterwards  upon  a  re- 
examination  of  some  that  charged  him,  ..I  went  instantly 


natural  religion. 

Re-exa-mine,  v.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To  examine 
again  ;  spec,  in  legal  use,  of  a  counsel,  to  examine 
(a  witness)  again,  after  cross-examination  by  the 
opposing  counsel. 

X594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pal.  Pref.  vi.  §  5  Spend  the  time  in  re- 
examining  more  duly  your  cause.  1605  BACON  Ally.  Learn. 
ii.  To  King  §  12  As  most  of  the  usages,  .were  derived  from 
more  obscure  times,  it  is  the  more  requisite  they  be  re- 
examined,  a  1639  WOTTOS  in  Reiiij.  (1651)  463  The  false 
Accusers  ..  might  be  re-examined  likewise  about  _their 
Uncle.  1737  WATERLAND  Eucharist  i.  Wks.  1843  IV.  477 
A  learned  and  considerate  writer,  who  very  lately  has  re- 
examined  the  chronology  of  that  Epistle.  1776  G.  SEMPLE 
Building  in  It-'ater  66  If  you  turn  back  and  re-examine 
the  Borings.  1827  LYTTON  Folk  land  1, 6,  I  am  not  unwilling 
to  re-examine  the  past.  iSc^A/llmtt's.^st.  Meii.  V.  513  For 
a  year  thereafter  she  must  be  re-examined. 

Re-e-xcavate,  i:  [HE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  ex 
cavate  again.  So  Be-excava'tion. 

1851  LYELL  Elem.  Geol.  x.  119  Thus  the  original  valleys 
might  have  been  re-excavated.  IbU.  120  The  filling  up  and 
re-excavation  of  the  valleys.  1873  J.  C.EIKIE  Gt.  Ice  Age 
xxiv.  317  Rivers.. re-excavated  the  gravels  that  were  laid 
down  during  the  previous  period. 

Re-excha-nge,  sb.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  Comm.  (See  quots.  and  cf.  RECHANGE  so.  I.) 

1707  JUSTICE  Treat.  Monies  3  The  Re-Exchange  is  the 
like  Sum  of  Money,  payable  by  the  Drawer  of  a  Bill  which 
is  return'd  protected;  for  the  Exchange  of  the  Sum,  con- 


the  payment  was  to  be  made,  on  the  person  who  furnished 
the  first.  1809  K.  LAXGI-ORD  Introd.  Trade  22  Re-exchange 
means  the  damages  incurred  by  non-acceptance  and  non 
payment,  and  they  consist  of  protest  charges  on  the  amount 


1  by 

which  it  was  payable. 

2.  A  second  or  fresh  exchange. 

1836  OLMSTED  Slope  States  566, 1  asked  the  landlord  what 
1  should  do  to  effect  a  reexchange. 

So  Be-excha-ng'8  v.  tram.,  to  exchange  again. 

1873  RoutlcagSs  Young  Gentlin.  Mag.  Dec.  117/2  Oppor 
tunity  to  re-exchange  the  cards. 

Re-exci'te,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  excite 
again.  Hence  Re-exerted ///.  a. 

1804-6  SYD.  SMITH  Mor.  Philos.  (1850)  269  New. .fields  of 
knowledge,  which  have  re-excited  those  faculties,  .and  im 
proved  them  by  exercise.  1816  KIRBY  &  Sp.  Entoinol.  xxvn. 


re-excited  energy  that  restore  the  system  to  a  balance  of 
health.  1868  Chambers'!  Encycl.  X.  221/1  (Wine)  Before 
it  [fermentation]  is  quite  finished,  the  whole  liquid  mass  is 
stirred  up  so  as  to  re-excite  the  process.  1899  Atlbittt  s 
Syst.  Med.  VIII.  4^3  In  this  way  eruptions  are  repeatedly 
re-excited. 

So  Be-excita'tion. 

1880  Eraser's  Mag.  May  664  The  partial  re-excitation  of 
some  faded  current  of  parental  instinct. 

Re-e'xecute,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  exe 
cute  again.  So  Be-execirtion. 

1858  Lo.  ST.  LEONARDS  Hamiy-Bk.  Prop.  La-.u  xvii.  128 
Generally  speaking,  it  will  not  now  he  necessary  to  re- 
execute  your  will.  Ibid,  xviii.  139,  I  will  presently  explain 
to  you  the  object  of  a  re-execution  of  your  will.  1884  La'M 
Times  Rep.  L.  630/1  The  work  . .  was  not  executed  .  .  in  a 
workmanlike  manner,  and  .  .  he  had  been  compelled  to  take 
it  out  and  re-execute  it 

Re-e-xercise,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  exer 
cise  again. 

1657  HAWKE  Killing  is  Murder  12  To  make  way  for  the 
readmitting  of  the  then  King,  to  the  reexercismg  that 
power  which  had  produced  such  bloody  and  fatal  effects. 

Re-exeTt,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  exert  again. 

1782  SMEATON  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXII.  346  The  operation 
of  half  the  mechanic  power  is  .  .  only  locked  up  and  sus 
pended,  and  capable  of  being  re-exerted. 

Re-exhale,  v.    [RK-  5  aO    To  exhale  agaln- 

a  1676  HALE  Print.  Orig.  Man.  in.  iv.  (1677)  267  Grass, 
which  is  . .  most  visited  with  the  Dew  of  Heaven,  and  re- 
exhaled  again.  1733  TI'LL  Horse-hoeing Husb.  xi.  138  Most 
of  the  Dew  that  falls  on  it  is  re-exhal'd  from  untill  d  Land. 

Re-exhatTSt,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  exhaust  again. 

,11711  KEN  Hymnarinm  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  113  Give  me 
a  Love  which  thou  wilt  re-exhaust. 


334 

Ke-exM-'bit,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]   To  exhibit  again.    ' 

„  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  VIII  (1683)  528  So  the  Book 
was  re-exhibited  to  the  Emperor.  1654  H.  L  ESTRANGE 
L'luu  I  (1655)  129  At  Guildhall,  where  the  resplendent 
shew  was  iterated  and  re-exhibited.  1836  LYTTON  Athens 
(1837)  II  518  That  a  chorus  should  be  granted  to  any  poet 
who  chose  to  re-exhibit  his  dramas.  1857  DUFFERIN  Lett. 
High  Lat.  (ed.  3)  23  After  a  few  minutes,  each  in  turn  re-  | 
exhibited  itself  with  monotonous  punctuality. 

So  Be-exhibi-tion. 

1816  BENTHAM  Chrestom.  Wks.  1843  VIII.  15  Supplying 
the  deficiency  by  repetitions  and  re-exhibitions  made  for 
this  express  purpose. 

Re-exi'st,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    intr.  To  exist  again. 

1841  EMERSON  Misc.  (1855)  173  That  they  may  re-exist 
and  reappear  in  the  finer  world  of  rational  souls.  1853 
(',.  S.  FABKR  Rfiwal+a  It  plainly  will  reexist,  should  that 
last  Head  be  restored  to  political  power. 

So  Be-exi-stence  ;  Be-exi-stent  a. 

1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  fnia.  291  Understanding  tlie  revived 
or  re-existent  beast  of  the  persecuting  Empire  under  Julian 
the  Apostate.  1806  G.  S.  FABER  Diss.  Prophecies  (i&ij)  II. 
207  The  existence,  the  non-existence,  and  the  re-existence, 
of  the  Roman  beast.  1847  F.  W.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Hebrew 
Monarchy  305  A  doctrine  of  future  personal  re-existence. 

Re-expa'iid,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and  intr. 
To  expand  again.  Hence  Re-expa-nding  vbl.  sb. 

1660  BOYLE  Nna  Exp.  Pliys.  Mali.  ii.  40  The  Box  they 
are  inclos'd  in  would  as  much  resist  their  re-expanding  of 
themselves.  1873  DAHWIN  in  Life  f,-  Lett.  (1887)  III.  323 
One  was  taken  out  and  placed  in  cold  water,  and  it  rt- 
e.vpanded.  1884  Atheiueum  16  Aug.  215/2  Nitrogen  com 
pressed,,  .refrigerated,.. and  then  re-expanded,  falls  down  in 
snow-like  flakes. 

So  Be-expa-nsion. 

1873  DARWIN  in  Life  ff  Lett.  (1887)  III.  323  Not  the  least 
power  of  re-expansion.  1898  AlUnitfs  Syst.  fled.  V.  386 
Followed  by  slight  re-expansion  of  lung. 

t  Re-expe'ct,  v.  Obs.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  late  L. 
re-expectare  (Yulg.).]  trans.  To  expect  again. 

1620  BRKNT  tr.  Snrpi's  Coune.  Trent  VI.  577  Hee  sendeth, 
and  countermancleth,  expecteth,  and  reexpecteth. 

Re-expe'1,  v.     [KB-  5  a.]     To  expel  again. 

1864  in  WEBSTER.  1899  Daily  A'ws  j+  Jan.  5/4  On  the 
expiration  of  the  sentence  he  will  be  re-expelled. 

Re:expe-rience,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To 

experience  again. 

1789  MRS.  PIOZZI  Jonrn.  France  I.  12,  I  was  pleased  to 
.  .re-experience  that  particular  sensation.  1831  T.  Hol'E 
Ess.  Origin  Man  \.  ga  No  portion  of  lime  appears.. again 
able  to  be  recallable,  so  as  to  be  re-experienced. 

So  Be-expe'rience  s6.,  a  renewed  experience. 

1848  G.  J.  MACKENZIE  ) 'cars  Ministry  95  \Ve  wish  the 
re-experience  of  his  favour. 

Ite-e'xport,  sb.  Comm.     [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  A  commodity  re-exported.     Also   (chiefly  in 
//.),  the  amount  ((^something)  re-exported. 

1761  Dcscr.  ,V.  Carolina  48  The  Re-exports  of  imported 
Commodities  and  Manufactures.  1828-3*  WEBSTER,  Re 
export,  any  commodity  re-exporled.  1874  RAYMOND  Statist. 
Mines  <$-  Mrniti^s24  Tabular  statement  of  imports, exports, 
and  re-exports  of  gold  and  silver  coin  and  bullion. 

2.  =  RE-EXPOKTATION. 

1792  A.  YOUNG  Trav.  France  494  Where  they  see  naviga 
tion,  re-export,  commercial  profit,  and  a  great  circulation. 
1841  W.  SFALDIXG  Italy  ff  It.  Isl.  III.  389  For  re-export 
to  other  parts  of  the  Mediterranean.  1885  Manch.  Exam. 
8  Apr.  5  '5  The  statistics  of  the  re-export  of  raw  cotton  for 
the  three  years  show  a  steady  increase. 

Re-expo'rt,  v.  Comm.  [R.E-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
export  (imported  goods)  again. 

1690  CHILD  Disc.  Trade  ix.  162  Commodities  to  be  further 
Manufactured  here,  or  re-Exported.  1719  W.  WOOD  Surr. 
Trade  276  Whereof  a  very  small  value  is  Re-exported  to 
Foreign  Countries.  1769  BURKE  Late  St.  Nation  Wks.  II. 
71  Such  an  immense  quantity  of  goods  exported  and  re- 
exported.  1861  GOSCHEN  For.  Exch.  16  If  they  are  re- 
exported  to  America,  .they  would  again  affect  the  exchanges 
in  the  contrary  direction. 

Re-exporta-tion.  [RE-  5  a.]  The  exporta 
tion  of  imported  goods. 

1729  Seasonable  Remarks  Trade  98  Their  great  Wealth 
arises  from  the  Re-exportation  of  the  Growth  of  other 
Countries.  1761  Descr.  S.  Carolina  49  The  Re-exportation 
of  British  Commodities  and  Manufactures  from  our  Northern 
Colonies.  1804  Edin.  Rev.  IX.  114  The  reexportation  of 
this  superfluous  specie.  1876  BANCROFT  Hist.  U.S.  III.  xi. 
452  Rice  might  be  warehoused  in  England  for  re-exportation. 

Re-expoiriul,  v-  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  ex 
pound  again. 

1867  BUSHNELI.  Mar.  Uses  Dark  Th.  249  The  topic  is  in 
the  hospitals  and  the  courts  expounded  and  re-expounded. 
1888  Centen.  Confer.  Missions  (U.  S.)  II.  61  The  principle 
[of  marriage]  was  re-expounded  by  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ. 

Re-expre'SS,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  ex 
press  again.  Hence  Re-expre'ssing///.  a. 

1649  J.  ECLISTON  tr.  Behmens  Epistles  vi.  (1886)  66  A 
former  of  the  re-expressing  or  re-spirating  will.  1858  A. 
LINCOLN  in  Voice  (N.  \.)  (1890)  20  Nov.,  1  was  glad  to  ex 
press  my  gratitude  at  Quincy,  and  I  re-express  it  here.  1889 
Spectator  13  Apr.,  [A]  desire  to  see  the  Ornaments  Rubric 
re-expressed  in  a  more  comprehensive  spirit. 

So  Be-expre-ssion. 

1832  AUSTIN  Jurispr.  (1879)  II.  1057  A  re-expression  and 
arrangement  of  statute  law. 

Re-expulsion.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  second  ex 
pulsion. 

1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  n.  v.  S  47  The  next  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  endeavoured  the  re-expulsion  of  the  Priests. 

t  Re-CXStru  Ct,  pa.  fplc.  O6s.-1  [RE-  5  a.] 
Rebuilt. 

1594  CHAPMAN  Shadow  cfXight  E,  Thy  glorious  temple 


REFASTEN 

. .  shall  now  againe,  Be  reexstruct,  and  this  Ephesia  be  Thy 
countries  happie  name. 

Re-exte-nd,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  extend  again. 

1611  COTCR.,  Rtstendre,  to  reextend,  or  to  reinlarge.  1882 
SPENCER  Print.  Social.,  Pol.  Instil.  750  When,  as  at  home, 
an  extended  franchise,  very  soon  re-extended,  vastly  aug 
ments  the  mass  of  those  who  [etc.]. 

t  Re-exte'nt.  Law.  Obs.  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  EX 
TENT  sb.  2.]  (See  quot.) 

1607  COWELL  Interpr.,  Reextent,  is  a  second  extent  made 
vpon  lands,  or  tenements,  vpon  complaint  made,  that  the 
former  extent  was  partially  performed.  [Hence  in  Phillips 
(ed.  Kersey  1706)  and  in  later  Diets.] 

Reeze,  variant  of  REESE,  ROOSE  v. 

Reezed,  rancid  :  see  REESED. 

Reezy,  variant  of  REASY,  rancid. 

Ref,  obs.  Sc.  variant  of  REIF,  plunder(ing). 

t  Refa'bric,  v.  Obs.-1  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  reconstruct.  In  Refa'bricking  vbl.  sb. 

1632  J.  HAYWARDtr.  Inondts  £>0///r«rt  158  Their  departure 
was  deferred  for  no  other  cause,  than  for  the  refabricking  [It. 
ri/abricare\  of  its  ruines. 

Refaccimento,  variant  of  RIFACIMENTO. 
Refa-ce,  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To    put   a  new   face  or  surface  on  (a 
building,  stone,  etc.). 

1852  C.  BRONTE  in  Mrs.  Gaskell  Life  (1857)  II.  xi.  225  On 
Friday  I.,  visited  the  churchyard  and  stone.  It  must  be  re- 
faced  and  relettered.  1886  WILLIS  &  CLAKK  Cambrian  II. 
155  The  tower  had  been  repaired,  refaced,  and  strengthened. 

2.  (See  FACE  z>.  15.) 

1887  Pall  Mall  G.  5  Oct.  5  'r  Of  late  years  there  has  been 
a  tremendous  deterioration  in  Chinese  tea...  No  doubt  spent 
leaves  have  been  refaced  in  quantities. 

Hence  Refa'cing  vbl.  sb. 

1883  Pall  Mall  G.  29  Sept.  3/1  The  great  refacing  of  the 
Schools  quad.  1898  J.  T.  FOWLER  Dnrh.  Cath.  26  Modern 
1  restorations '  and  refacings. 

Refacimento,  variant  of  RIFACIMENTO. 

t  Refaction.  Obs.  [a.  F.  refaction  (i 7th  c.)  : 
see  RE-  and  FACTION.]  Recompense,  satisfaction. 

1640  HOWF.LL  Dodona!s  Gr.  174  The  Soveraign  Minister 
..was  commanded  to  require  refaction  and  satisfaction 
against  the  Informers.  1656  FIHETT  For.  Ambass.  248  That 
the  King  . .  hath  commanded  him  to  demand  refaction  and 
satisfaction  of  your  Majesty  against  the  said  Marquis.  1755 
MAOENS  Insurances  I.  257  For  Refaction  and  to  make  good 
the  loss  and  damage  suffered . .  in  the  said  Cargo  of  Wheat. 

Refa'll,  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  intr.  To  fall  a  second  time. 

1620  SHELTON  Don  Quix.  iv.  x.  II.  137  Stumbling  here, 
falling  there,  getting  up  again  on  the  other  side,  and  re- 
falling  on  this.  1632  J.  HAYWARD  ir.  Bitntdfs  Eromexa  173 
For  one  of  a  perfect  sight  to  fall  and  refall  so  foulely  . .  is 
a  thing  altogether  prodigious. 

2.  To  fall  back  or  again  into  a  state. 

1570  FOXE  A.  ff  M.  (ed.  2)  617/1  He  had  decreed  to  pro- 
cede  to  the  degradation  ..of  the  sayd  William  Saulrie,  as 
refallen  into  heresie.  1647  FULLEK  Wounded  Cause,  viii.  53, 
1 ..  have  often  re-fallen  into  the  same  offence.  1658!.  WEBB 
Cleopatra  vm.  I.  4  She  was  againe  re-fallen  into  that  cap 
tivity  from  whence  they  thought  her  entirely  delivered. 

So  Befa'll  sb.,  a  repeated  fall. 

1727  BRADLEY  l-'am.  Diet.  s.v.  Distillation  of  Oil,  Fulling 
back  into  the  Vessel,  they  are  dissolved  again,  and  at  last, 
by  continual  Thickening  and  Refalls,  are  wasted  and  come 
to  nothing. 

Re-fa-llow,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  fallow 
(land)  again. 

1812  SINCLAIR  Syst.  Has!'.  Seal.  I.  174  He  laid  on,  (when 
the  land  came  to  be  re-fallowed1,  20  or  25  bolls  more. 

Ke-fa'n,  v.     [RE- 5 a.]     trans.  To  fan  again. 

a  1618  SYLVESTER  Maiden's  Blush  308  They,  .almost  staid 
withall  His  Brethren's  rage ;  till  Ruth-lesse  Issachar  Re-fand 
the  fire.  £1620  Z.  BOYD  Zion's  Flowers  (1855)  98  His 
dev'lish  thoughts  did  still  refanne  the  fire. 

Refar,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REAVER. 

Refar(re,  obs.  forms  of  REFER. 

Refa-Shion,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  refacoimer 
(i6thc.).]  trans.  To  fashion  anew. 

1803  W.  TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mem.  (1843)  I.  459,  I  llavc= 
l>e<nm  to  modernize — no,  to  refashion — Drayton's  battle  of 
Azlncour.  1816  —  in  Monthly  Rev.  LXXXI.  47'  'l'l>«y  •• 
liave  been  much  nationalized  and  refashioned  in  the  trans 
plantation.  aiSSo  GEO.  ELIOT  A.  ISede  xvii,  I  might  re. 
fashion  life  and  character  entirely  after  my  own  liking. 

Hence  Refashioning  vbl.  sit. 

1799  W.  TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mem.  (1843)  1. 277  Milton  and 
Klopstock,  poets  too  good  to  undergo  a  refashioning.     1890 
Atlunmtm  I  Nov.  583/2  The  genuine  Chaucer  poems  in  the 
same  MS.  have  not  been  subjected  to  any  such  wholesale 
refashioning. 

So  Befa'shioner. 

1800  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  VIII.  597  Fro'"  »»» 
period  the  balance  of  erudition  and  talents  began  to  IOCS 
toward  the  side  of  the  reformers  or  refashioners.     a  1861 
MRS.  BROWNING  Lett.  K.  H.  Home  (1877)  I.  xxi.  108  ihe 
refashioners  stand,  .too  far  from  Chaucer's  side. 

Refa-shionment.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -MENT,  after 
It.  RIFACIMENTO.]  The  action  of  refashioning; 
also  concr.,  something  refashioned. 

1830  W.  TAYLOR  Hist.  Surv.  Germ.  Poetry  II.  3  These 
epic  poems  are  mere  S%vabian  refashionments  (rtfaaiiiento 
is  the  Italian  word  which  I  attempt  to  recoin..)  of  pre 
existing  Lombard  story-books  1831  Eraser's  Mag.  IV.  542 
Danish  and  Icelandic  versions  and  refashionments  ..  exist. 
1862  BORKOW  Hales  II.  305  A  re-fashionment  of  the  work 
of  Richard  Parry. 

Refa-Sten,  v.  [RE-  5a.]  trans.  To  fasten 
again.  Hence  Kefa'stening  vbl.  sb. 


RE-FATHER. 

1598  FI.ORIO,  Risaldatnra,  a  resoldring,  a  refastning. 
a  1831  SCOTT  (Webster  1864),  It  was  so  negligently  re- 
fastened.  1897  BARING-GOULD  Bladys  i>f  the  SU-wponcy 
xviii,  Bladys  hastily  re-fastened  the  case. 

Re-fa'ther,  v.  nonce-wd.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  make  (one)  again  a  father. 

1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  vi.  113  At  the  happy  word  'he 
lives  '  My  father  stoop'd,  re-father 'd  o'er  my  wounds. 

Refa'VOUr,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  favour  again. 

1631  LITHGOW  Tram,  ix.  423  Vpon  the  seauenth  day  the 
winds  refauouring  vs,  wee  safely  arriued  at  London. 

Refe,  obs.  f.  REAVE  v.,  REEF  rf.i,  REEVE  si.1 ; 
Sc.  var.  REIP,  plunder(ing) ;  obs.  pa.  t.  RIVE  v. 

t  Refe'Ct,  pa.  pple.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  refecttts,  pa. 
pple.  Qireficlre  :  see  next.]  Refreshed,  restored. 

<TI374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  iv.  pr.  vi.  in  (Camb.  MS.),  Tak 
thanne  this  drawht ;  and  whan  bow  art  we!  refresshed  and 
refect  [L,  refectns],  thow  shal  be  moore  stydefast  to  stye  in 
to  heyere  questyouns.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Laiv  Arms 
(S.  T.  S.)  53  Quhen  he  was  wele  refect,  he  j'assit  in  Affrik,  to 
mak  were  on  Hanyball. 

Refect  (rtfe-kt),  v.  Also  5  Sc.  refeek.  [Grig, 
f.  L.  refect-,  ppl.  stem  oireficSre  to  remake,  restore, 
renew,  etc.,  f.  re-  RE-  +faclrt  to  make :  in  later 
use  a  back-formation  from  REFECTION. 

The  word  app.  fell  out  of  use  before  1 700  and  was  revived  in 
the  igth  c.,  but  has  always  been  rare  and  is  now  somewhat 
rhetorical.] 

trans.  To  refresh,  esp.  with  food  or  drink  ;  to 
restore  after  fatigue.  Now  usually  reft. 

CI470  HENRY  Wallace  ill.  9  Fyscheis  in  flnde  refeckit 
rialye  Till  mannys  fude.  1570  LEVINS  Manij>.  47/47  To 
Refect,  rtficerc.  1614  LODGE  Seneca,  Epist.  259  So  like 
wise  ought  we  sometimes  to  recreate  our  spirit,  and  refect 
the  same  with  some  delights.  1646  SIR  T.  BKOWNE  1'semt. 
£p.  IV.  vii.  196  A  man  in  the  morning  is  lighter  in  the  scale, 
..and  is  also  lighter  unto  himselfe,  because  he  is  refected. 
Ibid.  v.  vi.  241  After  which  they  commonly  retired  to  bed, 
and  refected  themselves  with  repast.  1813  'I'.  liusBY  Lucre- 
tins  I.  Diss.  p.  iii,  The  world  itself  is  refected  and  nourished 
by  a  perpetual  accession  of  these  corpuscles.  1822  T.  L. 
PEACOCK  Maid  Marian  iii,  The  knight  and  the  friar,  .pro 
ceeded  to  refect  themselves  after  their  ride.  1859  SALA 
Tw.  round  Clock  <i86i)  195,  I  remember  once  refecting 
myself  at  a  public  dinner. 

b.  intr.  (for  rtfl.)  To  take  a  refection. 
1886  SALA  in  Illus'.r.  Lotni.  A'ews  27  Mar.  312/1  While 
you  are  refecting  in  the  saloon. 

Refection  (rffe-kfsn),  s!>.  Forms  :  5  refeo- 
cioun(,e,  reffecio  X>n,  refectioun  (-tyou),  5-6 
refeooion  (-eyon),  4-  refection,  (6  -el.  [a.  F. 
refection  (i2th  c.  in  Littr^),  ad.  L.  refection-em,  n. 
of  action  f.  refidre :  see  prec.] 

1.  Recreation  or  refreshment  received  through 
some  spiritual  or  intellectual  influence.  (Freq. 
transf.  from  2  or  3.) 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  lix.  8  Moab,  (at  is,  ill  men,  that 
tourments  me,  are  potte,  fjat  is  refection  of  my  hope.  1413 
Pilgr.  Smult  (Caxton  1483)  v.  iii.  94  The  vision  of  the  good 
lord,  that  is  al  their  ioye,  theyr  reste,  and  their  refection. 
'45°-'53°  Myrr.  our  Ladye  87  He  . .  hathe  ordeyned  vs  to 
haue  hymselfe  to  our  endeles  refeccyon  in  blysse.  1509 
HAWES  Past.  Ph-as.  XI.  (Percy  Soc.)  37  To  the  artyke  eres 
swete  and  dylycious  The  golden  rethoryke  is  good  refeccion. 
1581  MARBECK  Bit.  a/ Notes  109  The  comfort  of  Gods  spirite 


(ed.  3)  170  It  is  the  true  and  sohd  Refection  of  the  holy 
Mind.  1858  NEAI.E  Bernard  de  M.  (1864)  30  O  sacred, 
sweet  refection. 

ta.  Refreshment  or  relief  due  to  some  sensuous 
or  physical  cause.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1450  80  tr.  Sccreta  Secret.  24  Whan  the  spirit  hath  take 
refeccioun  in  good  odoures.  1567  MAPLET  Gr.  Forest  20 
There  is  no  greater  refection  to  the  eies  than  the  sight  of  this. 
1576  FLEMING  Fanofl.  Efist.  40  At  night  I  cast  vp  much 
choler,  after  the  election  whereof,  I  felt  such  a  refection 
[etc.].  1715  POPE  Oilyss.  vi.  261  Since  this  worn  frame  refec 
tion  knew,  What  scenes  have  I  survey'd  of  dreadful  view? 

2.  The  action  of  refreshing  or  partaking  of  re 
freshment  :  the  fact  of  being  refreshed,  or  of  refresh 
ing  oneself,  with  food  or  drink  after  hunger  or 
fatigue.  Also,  an  instance  or  case  of  this. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  ix.  xxxi.  (Bpdl.  MS.),  Ester 
dale  is  a  tyme..of  ioiful  refeccion  and  fedinge.  r  1450  tr. 
De  Imitatione  I.  xviii.  20  For  gret  swetnes  of  contemplacion 
som  tyme  was  foryeten  be  necessite  of  bodely  refeccion. 
1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  M  iv.  She  . .  toke  only  for  her 
refection  brede  and  water.  1579  FULKE  Heskins1  Part.  109 
Melchizedech  . .  for  refection  as  well  of  him,  as  of  his  war. 
riours,  brought  forth  breade  and  wine.  1615  CROOKE  Body 
of  Man  121  From  these  veines  come  those  sodaine  refections 
of  the  spirits  by  sweete  and  strong  Wine,  Broths,  and 


335 

(:8i6)  II.  276  When  he  was  armed,  she  prayed  him  for  to 
take  his  refection. 

Comb.  1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  n.  xxxvii.  158  Yf  they 
may  knowe  that  theyre  aduersaryes  be  not  upon  theyre 
warde  or  that  they  be  at  theyre  refeccyon  taking. 

c.  Entertainment  with  food  and  drink  ;  the  right 
of  demanding,  or  duty  of  supplying,  such  entertain 
ment.  Now  only  Hist. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  240  They  deserued  a  better  reward 
than  one  dales  refection  and  victuals.  1635  QUAKLICS  Embl. 
v.  vi.  5  Without  thy  presence  Earth  gives  no  refection, 


17*0  POPE  //iWxxiv.^54  Now  the  peaceful  hours  of  sacred 
night  Demand  refection,  and  to  rest  invite.  1820  SCOTT 
Monast.  xvi,  Sorrow  it  were  . .  if  we  were  now  either  to 
advance  or  retard  the  hour  of  refection.  1873  R.  F.  BURTON 
Zanzibar  I.  150  The  cocoa-nut,  manioc,  and  broiled  fish, 
offered  by  squatting  negresses  for  their  refection. 

fb.  In  phr.  to  take  ones}  refection.  Obs. 
c  1440  Cast.  Perscv.  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  1828  In  abstinens  lede  \>i 
lyf  I  take  but  skylful  refeccyon.  1483  CAXTOX  G.  de  la  Tour 
D  viij  b,  After  they  had  taken  their  refection  and  wel 
dronken.  1568  GKAFTON  Chron.  II.  823  He  was  so  diseased 
in  hisstomacke  that  skant  he  could  take  eyther  refection  or 
rest.  1600  HAKIA'YT  lfoy.  (.1810)  III.  375  They  would  rather 
haue  perished  with  hunger  and  thirst,  then  haue  taken  their 
refection  at  any  mans  hand  but  mine.  1634  Malory's  Arthur 


more.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Refection  is  also  used, 
in  antient  authors,  for  a  duty  or  service  incumbent  on  any 
person  to  provide  meals,  for  ecclesiastics,  or  even  for  princes. 
1875  MAINE  Hist,  hist,  vi.  161  This  *  right  of  refection  '  and 
liability  to  it  are  among  the  most  distinctive  features  of 
ancient  Irish  custom. 

3.  An  occasion  of  partaking  of  food  ;  a  meal. 
1432-50  tr.  Hidden  \Rolls)  VI.  43  Herynge  that  Cristcn 
men  usede  diversites  of  meytes  at  oon  refeccion.  1542 
liooRDE  Dye tary  xii.  (1870)  265  Eatynge  of  moche  butter  at 
one  refection  is  not  commendable.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  I.  04 
After  this  refection  we  went  the  rest  of  our  iourney  through 
pleasant  fields.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  ix.  iv.  §  2  At  a 
publick  refection  of  those  Ministers  together,  .the  next  time 
of  their  meeting  was  appointed.  1856  FUOUDE  Hist.  En*. 
x.  (1858)  II.  435  One  of  the  brethren,  at  every  refection,  was 
to  read  aloud  a  chapter  of  the  Old  ur  New  Testament. 

b.  A  portion  of  food  or  drink  ;  a  meal  or  repast, 
esp.  a  slight  one. 

1482  Monk  of  Eve  sham  (Arb.)  27  With  a  ful  litil  refeccion 
ther  of  he  brake  his  faste.  1531  ELVOT  Gw.  m.  xxi,  A  man 
;.  shall  in  the  mornyng  ..  with  a  litle  refection,  ..  haue  his 
inuencion  quicker,  his  iugement  perfecter,  his  tonge  rediar. 
1542  BOORDE  Dyetary  ix.  11870)  252  The  last  refeccyon  or 
meaie  wyll  let  the  dygestyon  of  the  fyrste.  1625  K..  Lox<; 
tr.  Barclay's  Argenis  n.  xx.  130  With  these  words,  the 
Herald  was  led  aside  to  take  a  short  refection.  1664  H.  MORE 
Myst.  brig,  xviii.  69  Birds,  .that  ever  smel  outa  comfortable 
refection  from  the  fall  of  every  such  Carcass.  1727-41 
CHAMBERS  Cyc/.,  Refection^  among  monks  and  ecclesiastics, 
a  spare  meal  or  repast,  just  sufficing  for  the  support  of  life. 
1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  VIII.  xvi.  88  Though  our 
little  refection  was  just  brought  in.  1856  MRS.  CARI.YLE 
Lett.  II.  295  A  miserable  refection  of  weak  tea  and  tough 
toast.  1870  DISRAELI  Lot  hair  1,  The  cheerful  fire,  tne 
judicious  refection  on  a  side  table. 

fc.   A  particular  form  of  food  or  refreshment. 
1502  Ord.  Crysten  Men  i.  iii.  (W.  de  W.  1506)  C  iiij  b,  In 
tastynge  this  fyrst  refeccion  of  salte.     1625  USSHER  Ansiu. 
Jesuit  54  The  sonnes  which  he  begat.. he  nourisheth  with 
a  peculiar  refection  and  food,  and  meat  and  drink. 
4.  f  &•  Resetting  of  a  dislocation.   Obs.  rare. 
1646  T.  WHITAKER  Uzziah  40  Tit!  ..  it  ..  gangrene,  and 
then  after  far  greater  pain,  no  hope  of  cure  but  by  refection. 

b.  Repair,  restoration,  rare. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr,t  Refection^ . .  a  repairing  or  mending 
a  thing  that  is  worn  and  decayed.  1684  tr.  ftotitt's  Merc. 
Comfit,  xvm.  659  When  Patients  stand  in  need  of  refection 
of  their  strength.  1845-56  BOUVIER  Law  Dict.t  Refection^ 
reparation,  reestablishment  of  a  building. 

6.  attrib.t  as  Refection  Sunday  t  the  fourth  Sunday 
in  Lent,  Refreshment  Sunday. 
1872  SHIPLEY  Gloss.  Eccl.  Terms. 
t  Refe'Ction,  v.    Obs.     Also  refeccion,  etc. 
[ad.  ¥.  rtfectionner  (i5th  c.  in  Godef.),  f.  refec 
tion  :  see  prec.]     traits.  To  refresh,  furnish  with  a 
refection. 

a  1450  A'ttt.  de  la.  Tour  (1868)  97  In  the  whiche  arke  was 
manna  where  with  the  children  of  israel  were  refeccioned. 
1502  Ord.  Crysten  Men  i.  iv.  i\V.  de  W.  1506)  D  i j  b,  The 
baptem  refeccyoneth  the  soule  and  kepeth  it.. from  deth. 
1550  VERON  Godly  Sayings  1,1846)  62  Thou  art  so  refectyoned, 
that  thou  canste  not  lacke,  whereof  to  be  refectioned.  1629 
WADSWORTH  Pilgr.  iii.  n  After  they  had  been  well  refec 
tioned  by  the  Rector,  thay  tooke  their  leaue. 

Refe'ctiouary,  a.  rare~l.  [f.  REFECTIUX 
sb.  -t-  -ARY  !.]  Ot  or  belonging  to  refection. 

1823  GALT  Entail  \\\t  As  the  critics  hold  it  indelicate  to 
describe  the  details  of  any  refectionary  supply,  however 
elegantj  we  must  not  presume  to  enumerate  the  series  and 
succession  of  Scottish  fare. 

Refe'ctioner.  [f.  REFECTION^.  +  -KB*.]  In 
a  monastery  or  convent,  the  person  having  charge 
of  the  refectory  and  supplies  of  food. 

1820  SCOTT  Monast.  xv,  Two  most  important  officers  of 
the  Convent, the  Kitchenerand  Refectioner.  i886At/ie»&n//i 
13  Mar.  361/3  The  documents  . .  include  . .  two  accounts  of 
the  infirmarer  and  one  of  the  refectioner. 

Refective  (rtfe*ktiv),  a.  and  sb.  ?  Obs.     [f.  as    j 
REFECT  v.  4-  -IVE.    Cf.  obs.  F.  refectif^  -ire  (isth  c.    i 
in  Godef.).]    a.  adj.  Refreshing,  restoring,  nourish 
ing,     b.  sb.  A  medicine  that  restores  the  strength. 

a.  1611    FLOKIO,   Refettiuo,  refectuie,   refreshing.     1657 
W.  MORICE  Coena  quasi  Koici)  Def.  xv.  229,  I  may  [then] 
..beleeve  the  Supper  of  the  Lords  may  be  alimental  and 
refective  to  the  soul,  by  seeing,  as  well  as  by  partaking. 
1665    HARVEY   Advice  agst.   Plague   25   Repeat    the   said 
sudorifick,  and  thereupon  the  Refective  Cordial. 

b.  1667  L.  STUCLEY  Gospel  Glass  xxxii.  (1670)  334  Cordials, 
and  sweet  refectives,  after  all  our  wearisome  labours.     1706 
PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Refectii'es^  medicines  that  refresh  and 
renew  strength.     [Hence  in  BAILEY  and  later  Diets.] 

II  Refectoire.  Obs.  rare-1.  [K.,  ad.  L.  re- 
fectorhim  :  see  RKFKCTORY  .sAJ  Refectory. 

1667  PEPYS  Diary  23  Jan.,  I  was  in  the  refectoire,  where 
every  man  his  napkin,  knife  [etc.]. 

Refectora'rian.  rare.  [See  next  and  -AN.] 
=  REFECTIONER. 


REFEL. 

1886  Atkenxum  3  July  14/1  The  refectorat ian  by  virtue  of 
his  office  held  certain  estates  in  Winchester.  1892  KIICHIN 
Contpotits  Rolls  St.  Swithitris  Priory  Introd.  32  The  Re- 
fectorarian.. received  all  the  eatables,  etc. 

Refe'Ctorary.  rare~l.  [ad.  med.L.  refetto- 
1  rari'its  (Du  Cange) :  ?ee  REFECTORY  sb.  and  -ARY*.] 
I  =  REFECTIONER. 

1844  S.  R.  MAITLAND  Dark  Ages  409  While  he  was  re- 
fectorary. .  he  made  himselfas  annoying  as  he  dared. 

Refe'Ctorer.  rare.  [See  prec.  and  -ER*.] 
,  =  REFECTIONER. 

1794  W.  TINDAL  Hist.  Eresham  109  As  often  as  our  pota 
tion  shall  be  made  after  noon  ..  the  refectorer  shall  be 
allowed  two  measures  of  ale  from  the  cellar.  1892  KIRK 
Abingdon  Ace.  p.  ,\Ii,  There  is  only  one  account  of  the 
Refectorer,  and  that  is  very  brief. 

Refectorial  j/tekto-'rial),  a.  [f.  as  next  + 
-AL.]  Of  or  belonging  to  refection. 

1843  Blackm.  Mag.  LIV.  255  Merrily  the  beards  wagg'd 
round  the  refectorial  board.  1872  Daily  Xeu<s  3  Aug.,  The 
Abbots'  lodging-house  was  for  the  day  devoted  . .  to  refec 
torial  purposes. 

Refecto'rian.  [f.  med.L.  refectori-um  ;sce 
next)  +  -AN.]  =  REFKCTIOXEB. 

1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc  s  Trav,  376  At  St.  Croix,  the 

Refectorian   of  the    Dominicans  was    beaten    dead.       1679 

Trials  oftt'hite  %  Other  Jesuits  57,  I  was  a  servant  there. 

..A  Refectorian, a  Butler.     1869  Echo  16  Feb.,  I  had  given 

I     directions  to  the  refectorian.  .because  she  was  so  difficult  to 

i     please  in  her  food. 

Refectory    (rtfe-klori),   sb.     Also    6-7    -orie. 

i    [ad.  med.L.  refectorium   (Du  Cange),  f.  refic2re  : 

.    see  REFKCT  v.  and  -CRY  *.     Cf.  F.  refectoire  and 

REFKECTORE.]     A  room  for  refreshment ;   esp.  in 

,    religious  houses  and  colleges,  the  hall  or  chamber 

in  which  the  meals  take  place. 

(The  stressing  re'fcctory  was  at  one  time  somewhat 
prevalent :  see  Walker's  note.) 

1483  CAXION  Gold.  Leg-.  241/2  There  cam  two  yong  men 

of  y"  same  habile  ft  forme  whiche  entrid  in  to  y8  refectory 

or  fraitour.  _  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (\V.  de  W.  1531)  65  Sertiynge 

|     at  meet  &  In  other  places,  redynge  in  ye  refectory,  or  in 

thechapyter  hotis  at  collation.     1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.)  Mark 

:     xiv.  14  The  Maister  saith  Where  is  my  refectorie,  where  I 

I     may  eate  the  Pa-che..?     1617  MORYSON  /tin.  i.  95  Their 

I     refectory  or  place  where  the  Monkes  eat,  is  faire  and  large. 

1687  DKYDKN  Hind  $•  P.  in.  530  He.  .cells,  and  refectories 

did  prepare,  And  large  provisions  laid  of  winter  fare.     1756 

t     NUGENT  Gr.  Tour,  France  IV.  71  In  the  refectories  where 

the   soldiers   eat,   most   of  the   famous  battles    and   sieges 

..are  painted  on  the  walls.     1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFK  Italian 

I    yi,  She  passed  through  the  refectory  where  the  nuns  had 

just  ^returned    from   vespers.      1820    SCOTT   Abbot   xii,   A 

i     spacious  chamber,  which  had  once  been  the  refectory  of  the 

I     convent.     1879  SIR  G.  SCOTT  Lect.  Archit.  I.  296  Round 

;     this  cloister  you  still  trace  the  plan  of  the  refectory. 

transf.     1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  xiv,  To  tell  of  the 
food  that  was  eaten  in  that  green  refectory. 
b.  attrib.)  as  refectory- belt ',  man. 
1772  NUGENT  tr.  Hist.  Friar  Gerund  I.  544  An  old  lay 
brother.. who  had  been  refectory  man  above  forty  years. 
1850  S.  DOHELL  Roman  v.  Poet.  Wks.  (1875)  72  Soft  excite- 
1     ments  of  refectory-bell. 

tRefe'ctory,  a.    Obs~*     [ad.  L.   refectories 
(4th  c.)  :  see  REFECT  v.  and  -ORY  -.]     Refreshing. 
1691-8  NORRIS  Pratt.  Disc.  (1711)  III.  123  This  is  that 
Divine  Consolation. .,  that  Refectory  Grace. 

t  Refe'ctuary.  Obs.  [Cf.  med.L.  refictuari-ns 
refectioner.]  =-  KEKI:CTOIIY. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rfft-ctoiter,  a  Refectuarie,  or  Fratrie  ;  the 
roome  wherein    Friers   eat   together.     1658   PHILLIPS,    Re 
fectory  or  Refectuary.     1694  MOTTEUX  Rabt'tais\,v.  (1737) 
18  He  led  us  into  a.  .Refectuary,  or  Fratrie-room. 
Refeel,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To  feel  ngain. 
1757  MRS.  GRIFFITH  Lett.  Henry  $  Frances  (1767)  II.  102 
The  heart-rending  fears,  which  Providence,  .decreed  should 
never  he  re-felt.     1847  Stftttaorufs1  Colonial  Mag.  July  360 
The  effect  she  then  produced  upon  his  senses  was  refelt  in 
pristine  force. 

Refeet,  variant  of  REFETE  Obs. 

Refeff,  obs.  form  of  REFEOFF  v. 

Refei'gll,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To  feign  again. 

1652  GAULE  Magastrom.  xxvi,  A  certain  playing  upon 
allegories,  which  idle  men.. do  feign  and  refeigne,  &.c. 

t  Refe'l,  v.  Obs.  Also  6  refelle,  6-7  refell. 
[ad.  L.  refellere  to  disprove,  refute,  f.  re-  RE-  + 
fallere  to  deceive,  etc. :  the  sense  of  the  compound 
is  unusual.  Senses  2  and  3  are  purely  English  appli 
cations  of  the  word.] 

1.  trans.  To  refute,  confute,  disprove  (an  argu 
ment,  opinion,  error,  etc.)  ;  to  prove  to  be  false  or 
untenable.  (Very  common  in  the  1 6-171*1  c.) 

1530  PALSGR.  682/1,  I  can  nat  refell  your  argument,  it  is  so 
evydent.  a  1540  BARNES  Wks.  (1573)  207/2  Was  not  this 
a  charitable  argument  to  refell  myne  aunswere  with  ?  1578 
BANISTER  Hist.  Man  VIM.  98  It  is  most  certainly  otherwise, 
and  his  opinion  therein  easely  refelled.  1630  PRVNNE^W//- 
Annin.T]  Such  of  those  Tenets  which  haue  beene  constantly 
oppugned,  refelled,  disclaimed.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  xi. 
viii.  §  60  He  took  occasion  to  refell  that  slander,  which  some 
cast  on  Lecture-Preachers.  1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  i.  ix. 
33  Who  can  refell  this  with  any  better  Argument  than  a 
Smile?  1713  HENTLEY  Rem.  Disc.  Freethink.  n.  §  47.  259 
Not  to  coin  Articles,  but  to  explain  them,  and  refell  the 
adversaries  objections,  a  1734  NORTH  Exam.  i.  ii.  §  80(1740) 
72  It  was  the  Case  of  a  Peer,. .else  the  Pietence  had  been 
refelled  upon  the  Opening. 

b.  To  refute  or  confute  (a  person). 

?5S3  BALE  Gardiner's  De  y'era  Ol>ed.  Fviij  b,  To  refelle 
him  y'  calleih  him  selfe  chief  untruly.  1583  SrVBBEsAnat. 
Abus.  ii.  (1882'  72  Neither,  .able  to..explane  the  scriptures, 


REFELLER. 

nor  yet  to  refell  and  conuince  the  aduersarie.  1610  WILLET 
Hcxa6la  Daniel  268  Junius  may  be  retailed  by  his  own 
chronicle.  1657  REEVE  Gad's  Plea  21  He  is  refelled,  and  he 
hath  instantly  done  with  anger  and  argument.  169*  SOUTH 
12  Serin.  (1717)  V.  480  Why  then  did  not  those  profound 
Rabbles,  .baffle  and  refel  these  Babblers. .  ? 
C.  alisol. 

1598  GRENEWEY  Tacitus,  Ann.  in.  xiv.  (1622)  85  Tiberius 
himselfe.  .asked  him  many  questions;  not  gluing  liberty  to 
refell  or  replie.  1654  GATAKER  Disc.  Apol.  83  The  manner 
of  them  both  is  rather  to  rail  and  revile,  then  by  arguing 
and  reasoning  to  refel  and  refute.  1697  tr.  Bttrgtrsdiciui 
Logic  \\.  xviii.  85  Places  from  like  and  unlike  are  of  no  great 
Use  to  prove  or  refel. 

d.  To  cast  doubt  upon,  deny.  rare—'. 

c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad  ix.  36  As  thou  then  didst  refell  My 
valour  first  of  all  the  hoast. 

2.  To  reject ;  to  refuse  to  accept,  admit,  or  give 
heed  to  (a  request,  a  thing  offered,  etc.). 

a  1548  HALLC/I«K.,//W.  /K28  This  my  lowly  requeste 
..(which*  I  thynke  your  clemencie  will  not  reiect  nor  refell). 
1583  FULKE  Offence  xv.  398  The  other  signification  of  im 
posing  handes  is  gone,  which  Mayster  Whitgift  defendeth, 
and  the  popular  election  is  brought  in,  which  he  refelleth. 
1598  DRAYTON  Heroic.  P.p.  iv.  21,  I  once  deternun'd,  still  to 
haue  been  mute,  Onely  by  Silence  to  refell  thy  Sute.  1603 
KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  599  Your  offered  favours  ..  I 
deserve  not ;  neither  is  my  present  estate  and  desert  towards 
you  such,  as  that  I  dare  or  ought  to  refell  the  same. 

3.  To   repel,  repulse,  force   or  drive   back,  re 
press  :  a.  a  person. 

«  1548  HALL  Chron.,  1 1  en.  V  56  b,  He  determined  as  he 
might  to  refell  and  withstande  the  comen  enemies  of  the 
realme.  1556  J.  HEYWOOU  Spider  ft  F.  Ix.  95  They  either 
had  miserable  oner  throw  In  rebelling,  or  streight  after 
refelled.  1621  K.  JONSON  Cifsies Mefaui.\\'ks.  (Rtldg.) 626/1 
Friends,  not  to  refel  ye,  Or  any  way  quell  ye  [etc.].  c  1650 
Robin  Hood  tr  Tanner's  Dan.  xxii.  in  Child  Ballads  I. 
1 10  '2  The  tanners  bold  they  fought  right  well, . .  But  Robin 
did  them  both  refell. 

b.  an  attempt,  undertaking,  danger,  etc. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  V  22  b,  Not  one  of  them  would 
take  hede  how  to  resist  and  refell  the  present  ieopardye 
which  was  commyng  out  of  England.  Ibid.,  Edw.  IV  192 
All  enterprises  afterward  against  hym  attempted  had  either 
evill  successe,  or  were  sone  refelled.  1573  Satir.  Poems 
Reform,  xli.  51  Sic  foly  faill  not  to  refell.  1584  HUDSON 
DII  Bartas'  Judith  vi.  102  One  while  her  feare  refeld  her 
first  entent.  1652  BENLOWES  Thcoph.  ix.  xlii,  liinde  up 
what's  loose,  what's  rash  new-mould,  refell  what's  ill. 

c.  To  clear  (the  mind)  (/something.  rare"1. 
1575  Appius  ff   Virginia  A  j  b,  Refel    your  minde  of 

mourning  plaints,  deare  mother  rest  your  minde. 

Hence  f  Befe'ller,  one  who  refels  or  refutes. 

1651  GAULE  Magastrom.  Ep.  Ded.,  A  teacher  of  truth,  ..a 
refeller  of  falshood. 

t  Refe'lling,  vbl.  s!>.  Obs.  [f.  prec.  +  -ING  1.] 
The  action  of  the  vb.  REFEL. 

ci53o  L.  Cox  RItet.  (1899)  71  The  confutacyon  is  the 
soylynge  and  refellynge  of  other  mennes  sayenges  agaynste 
our  purpose.  1581  N.  BURNE  Dispitt.  in  Cath.  Tract, 

(S.  T.  S.)  154  Nocht  villing  to  spend  tyme  in  farder  refelling 
f  ..•__      _*._  u___ f~> v  z> :i.i  _  .  .  u:..  _.,r.,ii:..— 


ng  and  Kefellmg 

t  RefeO'ff,  v.  Olis.  In  5  refeff(e,  5-6  refeoffe. 
[ad.  AF.  rtfeffer  (1304  in  Godef.) :  see  RE-  and 
FEOFF  v.~\  trans.  To  feoff  (one)  again,  to  re-enfeoff. 

£1410  Aniurso/Arth.  685,  I  shall  refeff  him  in  felde,  in 
forestes  so  faire.  £1450  Merlin  479  The  kynge  Arthur 
refeffed  hym  a-gein  in  his  londe  that  he  hadde  be-fore.  1461 
Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  492/2  To  refeffe  the  seid  persone.  1531 
Dial,  on  Laws  Eng.  n.  vii.  (1638)  71  The  feoffour . .  is  driven 
to  cause  him  to  refeoffe  him  againe. 

So  fBefeo-ffment.  Obs. 

1441  in  W.  P.  Baildon  Stl.  PI.  Ctiane.  (r896)  132  To 
refeoffe  hem  accordyng  to  thentent  of  the  first  feoffement. 
1580  EGERTON  in  Ld.  Campbell  Chancellors  (1857)  II.  xlvii. 
312  You  have  all  but  the  dede  of  refeffment  layed  together. 

t  RefeT,  sb.  Sc.  Obs.     [f.  next.] 

1.  A  matter  referred  for  consideration. 

1637-50  Row  Hist.  Kirk  (Wodrow  Soc.)  59  [The]  Modera 
tor,  .naveing  been  absent  fra  the  last  Assemblie,  and  so  not 
acquaint  with  the  referres,  did  choose  assessors  to  assist 
him.  1671  Rcc.  Presbyt.  Inverness  (S.  H.  S.)  14  Ye  minister 
..being  inquired  of  the  refer  of  John  M'Intosh  [etc.]. 

2.  A  reference  in  a  book.    rare"1. 

1697  DALLAS  Stiles  I.  Ded.,  Your  Lordship  will  find,  that 
by  Referrs  from  one  place  to  another,  it  is  of  Large  Extent. 

Refer  (rJK'i),  v.  Also  4-6  refere,  4,  6-7 
referre,  7-8  referr,  5  reffer,  6  refar-.  [ad.  OF. 
referer  (i4th  c.,  Oresme;  mod.F.  reftrer),  or  L. 
referre,  i.  re-  RE-  +  ferre  to  bear,  carry,  etc.  Cf. 
Sp.  and  Pg.  referir,  It.  referire^ 
I.  Transitive  senses. 

•fl.  To  bring  back,  reduce  again.  Obs.  rare"1. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  in.  pr.  xi.  78  (Camb.  MS.),  Either 
alle  thinges  ben  referred  and  browht  to  nowht  [L.  ad 
nihilum  referuntur],  and  floteryn  with  owte  gouernour,  .. 
or  elles  [etc.]. 

t  b.  To  convey  or  give  back,  to  restore.   Obs. 

a  1547  SURREY  in  Tottel's  Misc.  (Arb.)  222  And  when  thys 
carcas  here  to  earth  shalbe  refarde,  I  do  bequeth  my  weried 
ghost  to  serue  her  aflerwarde.  1629  QUARLES  A  rgalns  fy 
Parth.  H.  (1677)  83  One  while  his  tired  fancy  does  refer 
His  thoughts  to  silence. 

fc.  To  reproduce,  represent,  refigure.  Obs.  rare. 
1700  DRYUEN  Ovid's  Met.  xv.  550  His  tail  in  circles  toss'd 
Refers  the  limbs  his  backward  father  lost.  1727  POPE,  etc. 
Art  of  Sinking*.  93  The  figures  must  be  so  turned,  as.  .to 
refer  exactly  the  mold,  in  which  they  were  formed,  in  all 
its  inequalities, .  .and  distortions. 

2.  To    trace    (back),   assign,   attribute,    impute 


336 

(something)  to  a  person  or  thing  as  the  ultimate 
cause,  origin,  (author,)  or  source. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  v.  pr.  iii.  123  (Camb.  MS.),  Thanne 
folweth  it  that  owre  vices  ben  referred  to  the  makere  of  alle 
good,  c  1450  tr.  De  Imitations  i.  xv.  17  He  ascriueb  to  no 
man  eny  good  jjinge,  but  holy  referrib  all  bynges  to  god,  of 
whom  bei  proceden  originaly.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vi. 
clxxvi.  173  They  . .  hadde  nat  therfore  gyuen  due  thanke 
vnto  God,  but  referred  it  to  theyr  owne  strengthes  and 
vertue.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  VV.  1531)  40  Rest  not  to 
moche  therto,  but  referre  all  to  the  gyuer.  1596  DALRY.MPLE 
tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  I.  70  To.  .Gathel  thay  refer  our  hail 
stock,  and  him  to  be  author  of  our  hail  natione.  1611 
BIBLE  Ecclus.  Prol.  marg.,  Some  referre  this  Prologue  to 
Athanasius,  because  it  is  found  in  his  Synopsis.  1646  SIR  T. 
BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  366  While  we  referre  it  unto  the  Moon, 
we  give  some  satisfaction  for  the  Ocean,  but  no  generall 
salve  for  Creeks,  and  Seas  which  know  no  fioud.  1841 
Miss  MITFORD  in  L'Estrange  Life  (1870)  III.  viii.  129  It  \ 
seems  impossible  to  refer  all  these  well-attested  stories  to  , 
imposition.  1871  BLACKIE  Four  Phases^  i.  9  The  God  to 
whom  he  habitually  referred  his  highest  inspirations. 

3.  To  assign  to  a  thing,  or  class  of  things,  as    i 
being  properly  included  or  comprehended  in  this ; 
to  regard  as  naturally  belonging,   pertaining,  or 
having  relation  to ;  to  attach  or  attribute  to. 

£1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  in.  pr.  ii.  52  (Camb.  MS.),  Certes,    \ 
now  am  I  redy  to  referren  the  goodes  of  the  body  to  thise 
forsevde  thinjres  abouen.  c  1450  tr.  De  Imitation!  in.  xxxi.x. 

vlyi     .  _    _ «• ,.    L; L~:   t 


nature]  ys  the  ground  and  end  of  the  other,  to  the  wych 
hyt  musteuer  be  referryd.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  I.  xviii. 
24  Their  nature  and  verities  are  to  be  referred  vnto  Dogs 
grasse.  1641  WILKINS  Math.  Magic  i.  i.  (1648)  2  To  the 
second  [study]  may  be  referred  all  that  Knowledge  which 
concerns  the  Frame  of  this  great  Universe.  1697  tr. 
Burgersdicius'  Logic  \.  xxii.  91  Those  which,  .are  said  to  be 
of  the  Opposites,  or  in  any  other  manner  are  referred  to  them. 
1812-16  PLAVFAIH  Nat.  Phil.  (1819)  II.  267  Let  S  be  the  Sun 
and  P  and  P'  two  planets  referred  to  the  plane  of  the 
ecliptic.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  32  You  went  wrong 
when  you  referred  all  legislation  to  a  part  of  virtue,  and  to 
an  inferior  part. 

f  b.  To  put  into,  place  at/tons,  a  certain  class. 

1577  HANMER  Anc.  Eccl.  Hist.  vin.  xiv.  (1619)  152  Con- 

stantius.  .was  first  referred  of  them  into  the  number  of  the 

gods.      1633  P.  FLETCHER  Elisa.  xliii,  He  lives  in  heaven, 

among  the  saints  referred. 

c.  To  assign  to  a  particular  place  or  date. 
111604  HANMER  Citron.  Ircl.  (1633)  85  Stanihurst  in  his 

description  of  Ireland,  referreth  it  to  the  yeere  155.  1788 
PRIESTLEY  Lect.  Hist.\\.  xvii.  148  A  person  thus  prepared 
will  be  able  to  refer  any  particular  history  he  takes  up  to 
its  proper  place  in  universal  history.  1828  AUERCROMBIE 
Dis.  Brain  in  An  obscure  affection,  referred  chiefly  to  the 
stomach.  1*63  LYELL  Antiq.  Man  26  In  a  few  of  the  most 
modern  lake-dwellings  .  .  (which  the  antiquaries  refer  to  the 
sixth  century). 

d.  Used  with  advbs.,  as  here  {\hither),  there. 
1605  CAMDEN  Rein.  34  Hither  also  may  be  referred  that 

[name]  of  Claudius  Rutilus.  1655  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  I. 
1.  12  Hither  we  must  likewise  referre  what  is  cited  under 

' 


Eye  pl 

1830  LISDLEY  Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  49  Adoxa,.  .which  is  always 
referred  here,  appears  to  me  far  more  anomalous  than 
Parnassia. 

f  e.  To  give  or  bear  (trust)  to  one.   Oif. 

1594  WEST  ?nd  Pi.  Symbol.,  Chanccrie  §  85  Your  said 
orator  then  referring  especiall  trust  and  confidence  to  the 
said  J.  T.  and  A.  L. 

1  4.  To  bring  into  relation  to  a  thing  or  person  ; 
to  order  with  reference  to.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1460  FORTESCUE  Abs.  $  Lim.  Mon.  viii.  (1885)  127  Wher- 
fore  all  that  he  dothe  owith  to  be  referred  to  his  kyngdome. 
1538  STARKEY  England  I.  i.  21  To  thys  euery  man  ought  to 
referre  al  hys  actys,  thoughtys  and  dedys. 
t  b.  To  apply  (a  word)  to  a  thing.  Obs. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  v.  (Percy  Soc.)  24  The  Latyn 
worde  whyche  that  is  referred  Unto  a  thynge  whych  is 
subtancyall,  For  a  nowne  substantyve  is  wel  averred.  1553 
T.  WILSON  Rliet.  93  When  a  woorde  hath  a  proper  significa 
tion  of  the  owne,  &  beyng  referred  to  an  other  thy_ng.  hath 
an  other  meanyng,  the  Grecians  call  it  Metonymia.  1664 
H.  MORE  Myst.  Iniq.  v.  13  EiSwAof  is  to  be  referred  also  to 
those  things  that  are  not  carved  Images. 

5.  refl.  To   betake,    commit,  commend,  entrust 
(oneself)  to  some  person  or  thing  for  assistance, 
advice,  etc.,  or  in  a  spirit  of  submission,  acquies 
cence,  or  confidence.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

(1450  HOLLAND  Howlat  581  Tharfor  I  end  heir,  Refferis 
me  to  harraldis,  to  tell  ;ow  the  hale.  1500-20  DUNUAK 
Poems  Ivii.  24,  [I]  with  ane  humill  cheir  and  face,  Referris  me 
to  the  Kyngis  grace.  1555  CRANMER  Let.  to  Queen  Mary 
in  Misc.  Writ.  (Parker  Soc.)  II.  453,  1  refer  me  to  the  judg 
ment  of  all  indifferent  hearers.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr. 
Nicholas's  Voy.  III.  viii.  82  b,  As  for  my  part  I  referre  me  too 
that  which  it  may  be,  and  will  not  otherwise  assure  it  to  bee 
true.  1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T,  in.  ii.  116,  I  doe  referre  me  to 
the  Oracle  :  Apollo  be  my  ludge.  1642  FULLER  Holy  ty 
Prof.  St.  II.  xvii.  115  He  makes  not  advantage  of  his 
chapmans  ignorance,  chiefly  if  referring  himself  to  his 
honesty.  1729  BUTLER  Serin.  Love  God  i.  Wks.  1874  II. 
179  The  conclusion  of  the  whole  would  be,  that  we  should 
refer  ourselves  implicitly  to  him.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa 
(1811)  VI.  48,  1  refer  myself  to  your  generosity.  1824  SCOTT 
Redganntlet  let.  xi,  1  refer  mysell  to  God's  pleasure,  and 
not  to  yours. 

6.  To  commit,  submit,  hand  over  (a  question, 
|   cause,   or   matter)   to    some   special   or   ultimate 

authority  for  consideration,  decision,  execution,  etc. 
Also  rarely  without  const. 


REFER. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Lam  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  19  Thare  he 
referrit  the  fontayne  of  humanitee  to  the  will  of  the  fader,  as 
him  lykit  best  for  mannis  hele.  1535  COVERDALE  2  Mace.  xi. 
36  As  concernynge  the  thinges  which  he  referred  vnto  the 
kynge,  sende  hither  some  with  spede.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sleidtine's  Comnt.  6  Referryng  the  whole  matter  to  the 
judgement  of  the  same.  1590  NASHE  Pref.  Greenes  Mena- 
plion  (Arb.)  14,  I  had  rather  referre  it  as  a  disputatiue  plea 
by  diuines,  than  set  it  downe  as  a  determinate  position. 
1614  SIR  R.  DUDLEY  in  Fortescue  Papers  (Camden)  8  Re 
ferring  the  recompence  to  his  gratiousnes.  1687  A.  LOVELL 
tr.  The-L'enot's  Trav.  i.  248  When  they  fall  out . . ,  they  refer 
their  controversie  to  the  next  man  they  meet,  who  makes 
them  good  friends  again.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  i.  510  To 
heav'n  alone  Refer  the  Choice  to  fill  the  vacant  Throne. 
1769  ROBERTSON  Chas.  V,  vii.  III.  30  The  King  referred  the 
matter  to  the  council.  1822  SHELLEY  tr.  Calderon  i.  255 
And  thus  to  me.. You  may  refer  the  merits  of  the  case. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  44  Socrates  proposes  at  last  to 
refer  the  question  to  some  older  person. 

absol.  1853  W'HARTON  Pennsyjv.  Digest  113  An  attorney's 
agreement  to  refer  binds  his  client. 

b.  Sc.  Law.  To  submit  the  fact  at  issue  in  a 
legal  action  (as  the  existence  of  a  debt)  to  the  oath 
of  the  defendant.     Also  absol.  (quot.  1681). 

^^Si  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  II.  254  [The  amount 
owing]  wes  referrit.. to  the  said  Petiris  aith.  1681  STAIR 
Instit.  IV.  xliv.  §  14  Where  in  any  Affair,  a  Party  who  Re 
ferrs  to  Oath,  pitches  upon  Particulars  sufficient  to  Infer  the 
Conclusion.  1753  McDoUALL  Inst.  Laws  Scot.  II.  iv. 
xxxii.  655  In  an  action  where.. the  pursuer  refers  his  libel 
or  declaration  to  the  defender's  path.  1797  Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  IX.  724/1  Crimes  cannot,  like  debts,  be  referred  to  the 
defender's  oath.  1853  Act  16  I'ict.  c.  20  §  5  It  shall  not  be 
competent,  .to  refer  the  cause  or  any  part  of  it  to  his  oath, 
f  C.  To  commit  (a  person)  to  trial  or  prison.  Obs. 

1645  WHITELOCKE  Memorials  26  Aug.,  Lieutenant-colonel 
Lilburne  was  committed  by  order  of  the  house,  and  referred 
to  a  legal  trial.  1723  Acct.  TryalPyrates  34  The  Prisoner 
pleaded  Force,  and  an  affidavit  made  by  his  Captain  appear 
ing  to  the  same  purpose,  he  was  referred  to  Marshalsea. 

1 7.  To  defer,  postpone,  put  off  (something)  to, 
unto,  till,  until  another  time  or  season.  Obs. 

1573  PHILIP  MORE  Almanack  $  Prognost.  Bj,  Hillarie 
Tearme,  beginneth  thexxiij  of  Januarie,  if  it  be  notSundaye, 
which  then  is  referred  untill  the  next  day  after.  1586  T.  B. 
La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad.  I.  (1594)  6  They  had  not  the 
patience  to  refer  the  rest  of  that  matter  unto  the  afternoone. 
1642  FULLER  Holy  $  Prof.  St.  v.  xvi,  422  Some  advised  to 
referre  it  to  another  time.  1670  COTTON  Espernon  in.  xn. 
645  The  Duke  . .  referr'd  it  till  the  next  morning.  1751 
ELIZA  HEYWOOD  Betsy  Thoughtless  IV.  38  She  would  refer 
what  she  had  farther  to  say  on  these  subjects,  'till  another 
opportunity. 

fb.  Without  const.  =  DEFER  v.1  t.  Also,  to 
vote  for  postponement.  Obs. 

1611  BEAUM.  &  FL.  King  H  no  K.  in.  ii,  The  first  is  no 
madder  of  fighting  than  I  ;  so  that  that's  referred  :  the 
place  where  it  must  be  ended  is  four  days'  journey  off. 
1640  LAUD  Wks.  (1853)  III.  290  It  came  to  voting  in  that 
House,  the  first  article  was  denied  by  eighteen,  and  re 
ferred  by  eight.  1734  tr.  Kollin's  Anc.  Hist.  xix.  ii.  (1827) 
VIII.  100  One  of  the  five  magistrates  who  refused  to  refer 
the  debate. 

c.  To  reserve  (a  subject,  etc.)  for  later  treat 
ment.     Also  const,  to  and  with  inf.     Now  rare. 

1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Cosmogr.  Glasse  43,  I  will  speake 
nothing  of  the  Water  (but  referre  it  until  we  intreat  of 
Navigation).  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  V'oy.  n. 
vii.  37  b,  I  doe  referre  the  description  of  thesayde  He..,  for 
that  it  appertayneth  vntoo  the  seconde  tome.  1617  MORY- 
SON  I  tin.  i.  287,  I  will  referre  the  change  of  the  value  of 
Coynes  in  the  Low-Countries,  to  the  proper  place,  1660 
BARROW  Euclid  Explic.  Signs,  Other  Abbreviations.. the 
Reader  will  without  trouble  understand  of  himself ;  saving 
some  few,  which,  being  of  less  general  use,  we  refer  to  be 
explained  in  their  places.  1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  I.  viii,  My 
Account  of  this  Voyage  must  be  referred  to  the  Second  Part 
of  my  Travels.  1815  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  xii.  (18181  I. 
404  A  description  of  these,  however,  which  will  require  a 
detailed  survey,  I  must  refer  to  another  letter. 

•)•  d.  To  remit  the  treatment  of  (a  word,  subject, 
etc.)  to  another  word  or  section  of  a  work.  Obs. 

1611  COTGR.  Errata,  Ceincture  dc  diieil  (vnder  Ceincture) 
referred  vnto  Dueil,  where  it  was  forgotten,  a  1661  FULLER 
Worthies  (1840)  II.  265  What  remaineth  concerning  mastiffs 
is  referred  to  the  same  topic  in  Somersetshire. 

t  e.  To  carry  or  bring  forward  (a  sum).  Obs.-1 

1588  J.  MELLIS  Briefe  Inslr.  Fj,  The  rest  [  =  balance] 
you  shall  referre  and  rescribe  it  in  another  leafe  of  the 
Leager. 

8.  To  send  or  direct  (one)  to  a  person,  a  book  or 
its  author  for  information. 

1601  in  Moryson  Itiu.  n.  (1617)  152  Wee  beseech  your 
Lordships  giue  vs  leaue  to  referre  you  for  your  information 
in  that  point  to  the  lournall  which  herewithall  we  send. 
1696  WHISTON  Tk.  Earth  n.  (1722)  143,  I  must  refer  my 
Reader  to  my  Short  View  of  the  Chronology.  1712  HEARNE 
Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)  III.  381,  I  refer'd  him  to  the  Decem 
Scriptores.  1766  GOLDSM.  Vie.  (F.  xi,  My  wife.. referred 
her  to  all  the  neighbours  for  a  character.  1838  DICKENS 
O.  Twist  xxxiii,  The  ostler.. after  hearing  all  he  had  to  say 
again,  referred  him  to  the  landlord.  1875  JOWETT  Plato 
(ed.  2)  I.  352,  I  will  refer  you  to  a  witness  who  is  worthy  of 

absol.  1737  WATERLAND  Eucharist  413  For  the  avoiding 
of  prolixity,  I  choose  rather  to  refer,  than  to  repeat. 

b.  To  direct  (one)  to  a  fact,  event,  or  thing,  by 
drawing  attention  to  it  or  pointing  it  out. 

1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  I.  v.  9  These  weyward  Sisters  saluted 
me,  and  referr'd  me  to  the  comming  on  of  time,  a  1715  BUR- 
NKT  (J.),  Those  causes  the  divine  historian  refers  us  to, 
and  not  to  any  productions  out  of  nothing.  1864  1>.  I.. 
M  ITCIIKLL  .SV;'.  Star.  271,  I  wrote  De  Courcy  that  very  clay, 
referring  him  to  the  paragraph  1  had  read. 


REFERABLE. 

f  c.  To  refer  any  one  (for  an  account)  to  some 
book.   Obs.  rare~l, 

1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  36,  I  referre  the  description 
of  their  [the  Banians']  Religion  to  a  Booke  late  written  by 
Master  Lord  a  Preacher  to  the  Merchants  in  Surat. 

9.  To  relate,  recount,  report,  record.     Now  rare. 

1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  733  King  Edward  aunswered 
that.. he  woulde  referre  and  report  the  truth  to  him. 
1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  I.  81/2  In  that  meane  time  he 
builded  a  strong  castlej..  which  some  referre  to  be  builded 
in  his  second  returne  into  Wales.  1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt. 
Exemp.  i.  Ad  Sect.  ii.  §  8  So  it  happened,  .as she  related  to 
her  Cousin  Elizabeth,  and  so  it  happened  not  to  be  as  she 
referred  to  her  husband  Joseph,  a  18*5  Prince  Robert  x. 
in  Child  Ballads  II.  286/2  With  sichm  and  sabbin  and 
wringing  his  hands,  No  message  he  could  refer.  1851 
MRS.  BROWNING  Casa  Guidi  Wind,  i.  136  So  keep  your 
stone.. To  cover  up  your  grave-place  and  refer  The  proper 
titles ! 

1 10.  To  hand  over,  give,  transfer.  Also  reft.  Obs* 

ci6n  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xxiv.  in  Juno  did  receive  Her 
entry  with  a  cup  of  gold,  in  which  she  drank  to  her,,  .and 
the  cup  did  to  her  hand  refer,  16x1  SHAKS.  Cymb.  \.  \.  6 
His  daughter,  and  the  heire  of's  kingdome.  .hath  referr'd 
her  selfe  Vnto  a  poore  but  worthy  Gentleman.  1705  in 
Picton  L'pool  Munic.  Kcc.  (1886)  II.  83  It  is  orderM  in 
Councell  that  to  encourage  a  horse  race  to  be  run  at  y1 
Waterside,  tenne  guineas  be  referr'd  to  Mr.  May'  for  one  year. 
II.  Intransitive  senses. 

•\  11.  To  return,  recur  to  some  person  or  thing. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylusi.  210(266)  Astouchyng  bis  tnatere, 
For  I  it  gan,  I  wil  ber-to  refere.  c  1430  LVUG.  Min.  Poems 
(Percy  Soc.)  78  To  I'hebus  my  wittes  gan  refere,  And  oa 
this  wise  he  sayde  to  me  [etc.]. 

12.  To  have  reference  or  relation  to  a  thing ;  esp. 
to  have  allusion,  to  apply,  to. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Can,  Yeom.  Prol.  <$•  T,  530  To  go  to  the 
conclusioun  That  refereth  to  thy  confusioun.  1530  PALSCR. 
322/1  Refairyng  one  to  another,  reiatif,  1647  CRASHAW 
Poems  149  Awake,  my  glory,  soul,  if  such  thou  be,  And  that 
fair  word  at  all  refer  to  thee.  1678  MOXON  Meek.  Excrc. 
No.  6.  107, 1  marked  some  Terms  in  Joynery  with  superiour 
Letters  . .  intending  at  the  latter  end  of  these  Exercises  to 
have  explained  the  Terms  those  Letters  referr'd  to.  1718 
ATTERBURY  Strm.  (1734)  I.  vii.  196  Breaking  of  Bread  :  A 
Phrase,  which  in  the  Acts  manifestly  referrs  to  the  Eucha 
rist.  1791  BURKED//.  Whigs  Wks.  VI.  134  All  such  institu 
tions  . .  must  originate  from  their  Crown,  and  in  all  their 
proceedings  must  refer  to  it.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  ir.  xxi. 
345  My  measurements  refer  to  the  ice  at  and  near  the  sur 
face.  1891  E.  PEACOCK  A7".  Brendan  I.  314  His  words 
referred  to  Mildred  only. 

t  b.  To  have  relationship  to  one.   Obs.~~* 

1640  BP.  REYNOLDS  Passions  xxxi,  [This  is]  the  reason  why 
this  difference  between  men  nearly  referring  each  to  other 
should  work  a  greater  anger  between  them. 

t  0.  To  matter,  be  of  consequence  to  a  thing. 

1677  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  iv.  437  Either  because  he  con 
ceives  it  no  way  refers  to  the  whole,  if  small  tilings  are 
neglected;  or,  if  he  thinkes  it  doth  refer,  yet.. he  ne- 
glectes  it. 

d.  To  make  reference  or  allusion,  to  give  a 
reference,  direct  the  attention,  to  something. 

1691  T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent,  p.  Ix,  Any  other  Engine 
..than  this  I  have  referred  to.  1725  POPE  Wks.  Shaks.  I. 
Pref.  p.  xxii,  Some  suspected  passages . .  are  degraded  to  the 
bottom  of  the  page  ;  with  an  Asterisk  referring  to  the  places 
of  their  insertion.  1828  MACAULAY  Hallams  Const.  Hist. 
Wks.  1898  VII.  317  With  all  deference  to  the  eminent 
writers  to  whom  we  have  referred,  we  may  venture  to  say 
[etc.].  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  ix.  61,  I  at  length  found 
myself  on  the  pe.ik  referred  to.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2) 
I.  422  He  refers  to  passages  of  his  personal  history. 

f  13.  To  suggest,  or  leave,  to  a  person  to  do 
something.   Obs.  rare. 
1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  iv.  xxxiii.  156 

Ordinances,  which  I  passe  with  silence,  referring  vnto  the 
reader,  to  see  that  which  Plutarch  hath  written.  1586 
J.  HOOKER  Hist.  It-el,  in  Holinshed\\.  162/2  The  lord  iustice 
sent  his  letters.. to  the  earle  of  Desmond,  for  his  repaire 
vnto  him,,  .referring  vnto  him  to  come  either  to  Cashell 
or  to  Limerike.  1645  WHITELOCKE  Memorials  t  Aug.,  The 
house  referred  to  the  committee  of  the  army  to  audit  their 
arrears. 

14.  To  have  recourse,  make  application,  to  a 
thing ;  to  turn  or  appeal  to  for  some  purpose. 

1595  DANIEL  OV.  Wars  11.  xxxiii,  Doe  but  referre  to  time, 
and  to  small  time;  And  infinite  occasions  you  shall  finde. 
1813  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1838)  XL  51  He  is  to  re 
fer  to  and  obey  all  orders  of  the  army  referrible  to  the  mode 
of  treating  the  Spanish  Colonel.  1849  DICKENS  Dav.  Copp. 
xvi, '  Mother  will  be  expecting  me,'  he  said,  referring  to  a. . 
watch  in  his  pocket. 

Hence  Befe-rring  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a* 

1573  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  II.  165  Notwithstanding 
the  referring  interpretation^  and  declaratioun  foirsaid.  1611 
COTGR.,  R envoy,,  .a  referring  from  one  vnto  another.  1628 
T.  SPENCER  Logick  168  The  predication  it  selfe  is  no  more, 
but^  an  absolute  referring  of  a  thing  signified,  vnto  the 
subiect.  1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Print.  392  The  Contents. . 
are  generally  set  in  Italic..;  with  the  referring  figures 
justified  to  the  ends  of  the  respective  lines. 

Referable  (re-ferab'l),  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -ABLE  : 
cf.  inferable,  preferable,  and  see  also  REPERBABLB 
and  REFEBIUBLE.]  Capable  of  being  referred  or 
assigned  to,  f  unto  (some  person  or  thing) ;  assign 
able,  ascribable. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  345  All  parts  of  time  are 
alike  unto  him,  unto  whom  none  are  referable.  1720  WEL- 
TON  Suffer.  Son  of  God  I.  vii.  137  The  Names.,  are  not 
possibly  Referable  to  those  they  are  generally  given  to. 
1823  H.  J.  BROOKE  Introd.  Crystallogr.  147  It  is  probable 
.  .that  there  is  not  any  mineral  whose  crystals  are  strictly 
referableto  this  class  of  octahedrons.  1879  PROCTOR  Pleas. 
VOL.  VIII. 


337 

Ways  Sc.  ii.  28  All  the  phenomena  of  weather  are  directly 
referable  to  the  sun  as  their  governing  cause. 

.Referee  (refer*-),  sb.  Also  7  referree.  [f. 
REFER  v.  -f -EE1.] 

1 1.  One  appointed  by  Parliament  to  examine 
and  report  on  applications  for  monopolies  or  letters 
patent.  Obs. 

1621  in  Crt.  fy  Times  Jas.  I  (1848)  II.  235  The  Lords  and 
Commons  met  in  the  afternoon,  to  consult  what  punishment 
to  inflict  upon  monopolists,  and  the  referees,  who  are  in 
chiefest  fault.  1640  Resol.  Ho.  Comm.  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll. 
in.  (1692)  I.  53  That  the  Patent  for  the  Monopoly  of 
Tobacco  be  forthwith  brought  into  this  House;  And  that 
the  Referrees,  to  whom  the  Legality  of  this  Patent  was  re 
ferred,  attend  the  said  Committee  at  the  same  time.  1663 
in  Milton's  Wks.  (1738)  I.  p.  Ixxxv,  We  have  received  your 
Letter.,  together  with  .several  Petitions,  ..  all  which  we 
likewise  transmitted  to  the  Lords  Referees. 

b.  One  to  whom  the  management  or  super 
intendence  of  something  is  entrusted. 

1705  in  Ilrewster  Life  Newton  (1854)  II.  App.  xv,  To  refer 
the  care  and  management  of  the  said  impression  to  the  said 
.  ._Sr.  Is.  Newton  [etc.];.. the  said  referees  . .  have  treated 
with  the  said  Mr.  Aunsham  Churchill  for  printing  the  saim>. 
1845  Act  7  #  8  Viet.  c.  84  §  2  The  Term  '  Official  Referees' 
to  mean  the  Persons  appointed  in  pursuance  of  this  Act  to 
be  Official  Referees  of  Metropolitan  Buildings. 

C.  A  member  of  certain  committees  and  courts 
appointed  by  the  House  of  Commons  to  deal  with 
private  bills. 

For  details  see  Bon  ham- Carter's  edition  of  May's  Parl. 
Practice  11893)  m-  7*6-8.  Since  1868  the  only  Court  of 
Referees  has  been  one  for  deciding  questions  as  to  the  IOCMS 
standi  of  petitioners  ;  the  office  of  Referee  on  Private  Bills 
ceased  in  1902. 

1865  Private  Bills  April  54  Referees  on  Private   Bills. 

1867  I  I'M.  April  35  Bills  Referred  to  the  Court  of  Referees. 
1876  in  Bonham-Carter  May's  Parl.  Practice  (1893)  in.  728 
That  it  be  an  instruction  to  committees  on  private  bills  that 
referees  appointed  to  Mich  committees  may  take  part  in  all 
the  proceedings  thereof,  but  without  the  power  of  voting, 

2.  Law.  A  person  to  whom  (either  alone  or  with 
others)   a  dispute  between  parties  is  referred  by 
mutual  consent ;  an  arbitrator. 

1690  CHILD  Disc.  Trade  vi.  121  While  we  choose  our 
Judges  our  selves , .  they  can  be  no  more  too  arbitrary  than 
too  much  can  be  given  to  Referees,  when  both  parlies  desire 
an  end  of  their  Differences.  1713  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  481 
P  7  As  the  case  now  stands,  if  you  will  have  my  Opinion,  I 
think  they  ought  to  bring  it  to  Referees.  1781  H,  WAL- 
POLE  Lett.  (1902)  60  He  offers  to  compromise,  and  has 
desired  me  to  be  a  Referee  [to  a  will],  and  Moz/i  has  named 
Mr.  Morrice  for  the  other.  1841  W.  SPALDING  Italy  $  //. 
Isl.  III.  375  A  Conciliatore,  who  U  a  sort  of  judicial  arbiter 
or  referee,  chosen  from  among  the  resident  landholders. 
b.  spec.  (See  quots.) 

*733  [?WORSLEV]  Observ.  Const.  Middle  Temple  (1896) 
184  The  Referees  are  not  properly  officers  of  the  Society 
but  are  two  Barristers  appointed  by  Cha:  Cox  Escjr.  by 
deed  bearing  date  30  Septr.  1637  [etc.].  1828-32  WEIJ- 
STKK  s.v.,  In  New  England,  a  referee  differs  from  an  arbi 
trator  in  being  appointed  by  the  court  to  decide  in  a  cause 
which  is  depending  before  that  court.  An  arbitrator  is 
chosen  by  parties  to  decide  a  cause  between  them. 

3.  One  to  whom  any  matter  or  question  in  dispute 
is  referred  for  decision  ;  an  umpire. 

1670  COTTON  Espcrnon  \.  iv.  162  Neither  did  his  Majesty 
altogether  ..  trust  to  the  Referree  he  had  in  publick 
honoured  with  that  Office.  1710  STKKLE7rt//t'?-No.  169  IP  .j 
The  good  Offices  of  an  Advocate,  a  Referee,  a  Companion, 
a  Mediator,  and  a  Friend.  1798  W.  HUTTOM  Autobiog.  37, 
I  considered  myself  overcharged.  We  agreed  to  leave  it  to 
reference.  The  referees  appeared  warm  in  his  favour.  1844 
DISRAELI  Conwgsby  \.  v,  Clear-sighted,  unprejudiced, 
sagacious;,  .he  was  the  universal  referee.  1878  BROWNING 
La.  Satsiaz  277  Were  we  two  the  earth's  sole  tenants,  with 
no  third  for  referee,  How  should  I  distinguish? 

trans/.  1853  LYNCH  in  Lett,  to  Scattered  (1872)  349  They 
sought  to  the  Referee  ;  they  searched  the  Old  Scriptures. 

1868  M.  PATTISON  Academ.  Org.  v.  162  These  institutions 
have  become  the  referees  to  whose  verdict  every  product  of 
mind  must  be  unconditionally  submitted. 

b.  In  games  or  sports. 

ci86o  Rules  of  the  Ring^  in  Boxiana  76  That  a  referee 
shall  be  chosen  by  the  umpires,  .to  whom  all  disputes  shall 
be  referred.  4toJ&mfltf**J&  Rules  Billiards,  etc.  2  In 
all  games  for  stakes  an  umpire  or  referee  should  be  appointed. 
1889  Sportsman  10  Apr.  7/1  Britton  claimed  the  fight  on 
a  foul,  but  the  referee  disallowed  the  claim. 

Comb.  1895  Daily  News  ^  Feb.  5/4  An  abolition  of  the 
brutal  practice  of  referee-baiting. 

Referee  (refer/"-),  v.  [f.  prec.]  trans.  To 
preside  over  (a  match)  as  umpire.  Also  intr. 
Hence  Referee-ing  vbl.  sb. 

1889  Sportsman  10  Apr.  7/1  Those  fights  that  I  want  to 
referee,  I  will  referee.  1894  Ir'estm.  Caz.  29  Sept.  7/1 
Regret  was  expressed  that  more  players  of  renown  did  not 
lend  their  aid  in  refereetng.  1893  Ibid,  22  Mar.  6/3  When 
next  he  referees  at  Sunderland  an  organised  attack  will  be 
made  upon  him. 

Reference  (re'ferens),  sb.  [f.  REFER  v.  + 
-ENCE  ;  cf.  conference j  deference,  inference^  etc.  and 
mod.F.  reference.] 

1.  The  act  or  expedient  of  referring  or  submitting 
a  matter,  esp.  a  dispute  or  controversy,  to  some 
person  or  authority  for  consideration,  decision,  or 
settlement  (in  legal  use  spec,  to  the  Masters  in 
Oidinary  of  the  Court  of  Chancery). 

1589  PUTTENHAM  F.Hg.  Pofsie  HI.  xix.  (Arb.)  234  Epitropisi 
or  the  Figure  of  Reference.  This  manner  of  speech  is  vsed 
when  .  .  hauing  said  inough  already,  we  referre  the  rest  to 
their  consideration.  1609  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  vm.  Iv,  We 


REFERENCE. 

will  our  selfe  tale  time  to  heare  Your  Cause  at  large: 
wherein  we  wil  you  haue  No  other  reference,  but  repaire  to 
vs.  1642  FULLER  Holy  fy  Prof.  .SV.  v.  xiii.  408  References 
and  compositions  he  hates  as  bad  as  an  hangman  hates  a 
pardon.  1678  WYCHERLEY  Plain  Dealer  in.  i,  Art  thou  a 
solicitor  in  chancery,  and  ofFer  a  reference?  1745  De  Foe's 
Eng.  Tradesman  xxxix.  (1841)  II.  119  When  two  tradesmen 
of  this  pacific  temper  meet,  a  reference  never  fails  to  put  an 
end  to  all  disputes  between  them.  1834  Penny  Cycl.  II.  251/1 
If  the  arbitrator  refuses  or  ceases  to  act,  the  reference  is 
at  an  end.  1836  Ibid,  VI.  484/1  It  would  be  impossible  to 
specify  every  head  of  reference  to  the  Masters.  1863  H.  Cox 
Instit,  i.  yii.  71  In  some  instances  the  peerage  has  been 
allowed  without  reference  to  the  House  of  Lords. 
b.  spec,  in  Sc.  Law.  (See  RKFKU  v.  6  b.) 

1752  MCDOUALL  Inst.  Laws  Scot,  iv.  xxxii.  II.  655  This 
reference  to  the  deferrors  oath  will  not  be  allowed  if  it  is 
done  invidiously  or  fraudulently.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3) 
IX.  714/1  The  reference  is  a  virtual  contract  between  the 
litigants.  1853  Act  16  Viet.  c.  20  §  5  The  adducing  of  any 
party  as  a  witness,  .shall  not  have  the  effect  of  a  reference 
to  the  oath  of  the  party  so  adduced. 

C.   The  authority  or  standard  referred  to.    rare. 

1599  MASSINCER,  etc.  Old  Law  v,  i,  Whom,  for  his  manifest 
virtues,  we  make  such  judge  and  censor  of  youth,  and  the 
absolute  reference  of  life  and  manners.  1861  GOLDW. 
SMITH  Lect.  Mod.  Hist.  ii.  69  Universal  expediency  and  the 
fitness  of  things  are  ultimate  and  distant  references,  if  they 
arc  not  altogether  beyond  the  range  of  our  vision. 

f  2.  Assignment.   Obs~l 

1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  i.  iii.  238,  I  craue  fit  disposition  for  my 
\\  ife,  Due  reference  of  Plact.-,  and  Exhibition. 

3.  Relation,  relationship,  respect,  rtgard  to  fome 
thing  or  person. 

1593  G.  HARVEY  Pierce  s  Super,  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  108  In 
every  enterprise.  .[Resolution]  hath  . .  a  regard  to  u otth,  a 
respect  to  assurance,  and  a  reference  to  the  end.   1600  SHAKS. 
A.\'.L.  i.iii.  129  What  will  you  be  call'd?     Cet.  Something 
that  hath  a  reference  to  my  state,   a  1641  HP.  MOUNT  AGU/4c/,s 
#r  Mon.  (1642)456  Man  in  this  consideration  stands  in  a  two 
fold  respect  and  reference  to  God,  publick  and  private,  a  1704 
T.  BKOWN  Sat,  Anticnts  Wks.  i/.jo  I.  14  Satnra  is  an  Adjec 
tive,  which  has  Reference  to  a  Substantive  understood.     1736 
UUILER  Anal.  ii.  v.  Wks.  1874  I.  223  Tiie  world  is  a .  .system, 
whose  parts  have  a  mutual  reference  to  each  other.     1821 
SCOIT  Kenilw.  xviii,  A  strange  smile,  which  yet  bore  a  greater 
reference  to  the  human  character.    1850  McCosH  Div.  Govt. 
i.  ii.  (1874)  39  All  things  sublunary  have  a  reference  more  or 
less  direct  to  man. 

b.  In  or  with  reference  to,  with  respect  or  regard 
to  ;  f  with  a  view  to,  according  to. 

1594  HOOKKR  Eccl.  IJol.   \.  viii.   §  6  The  knowledge  of 
that   which   man   is   in    reference  unto  himself,  and  other 
tilings   in   relation    unto   man.      1662   GERIUER   Princ.    35 
Neither  are  the  Vessels  of  Silver  but  in  reference  to  the 
Neatness   which   ought    to    be   observed    in   all   Cooker j*. 
1662  STII.LINGI-L.  Orig.  Sacrx  I.  vi.  §  9  The  contradictions 
in  reference  to  the  /Egyptian   History  between   Manetho, 
Herodotus  [etc.].     1700  MAIDWELL  in  Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)  I. 
311  The  scholars,  in  reference  to  his  thoughts,  are  not  to 
exceed  the  number  of  60.     1704  SWIFT  T,  Tub  ix,  If  we  take 
this  Definition  of  Happiness,  and  examine  it  with  Reference 
to  the  Senses,  it  will  be  acknowledged  wonderfully  adapt. 
1840  LARDNER  Geom,  289  The  same  notation  as  was  used  to 
express  the  properties  of  the  ellipse  in  reference  to  its  axes. 
1894  H.  DRUM.MOND  Ascent  Man  266  All  existing  lives  must, 
with  reference  to  thdr  environment,  be  the  best  possible 
lives. 

c.  Without  reference  to,  without  regard  to,  with 
out  consideration  of  or  for. 

1846  LANDOR  Imag.  Conversat, ,  Southey  fy  Parson  ii.  Wks. 
I.  74/2,  I  will  tell  you  what  is  applicable  on  all  occasions., 
without  reference  to  weak  or  common  minds.  1877  Lasseirs 
Tcchn,  Editc.  III.  373/1  By  these  means  the  whole  of  the 
area  treated  as  a  plane  surface — that  is,  without  reference  to 
its  differences  of  level — will  be  mapped. 

4.  An  allusion  or  directing  of  attention  to  some 
thing  or  person. 

1615  CAWDREY  Table  A ////.,  Reference^  a  pointing  at,  or 
alluding  to.  1754  RICHARDSON  Grandison  VI.  xxxi.  203  By 
his  eye  (taking  the  reference,  as  I  may  call  it.  of  hers)  turned 
as  often  towards  me.  1784  COWPER  Ep.  J.  Hill  13  Were  I 
called  to  prove  the  assertion  true,  One  proof  should  serve— a 
reference  to  you.  1818  CRUISE  /?/ftM/(ed.2)III.  171  Without 
a  reference  to  any  word  in  the  writ  which  connected  the 
person  with  the  tenure.  1865  TROLLOPE  Bclton  Est.  xxiii. 
271  No  reference  had  been  made  to  the  former  conversation. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  387  The  later  dialogues  of 
Plato  contain  many  references  to  contemporary  philosophy. 
b.  Without  article. 

1835  SCOTT  Talism.  xxviii,  The  shield  of  the  Marquis 
bore,  in  reference  to  his  title,  a  serrated  and  rocky  mountain. 
1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  &  It.  Note-bks.  II.  21  Demonstrating 
it.  .by  reference  to  the  points  which  he  criticised.  1891  H. 
MATTHEWS  in  Law  Times  XCII.  96/1,  I  briefly  summarise 
them,  so  that  reference  to  previous  circulars  on  the  subject 
may  not  be  necessary. 

5.  A  direction  to  a  book,  passage,  etc.,  where 
certain  information  may  be  found ;   an  indication 
of  the  author,  work,  page,  etc.,  to  be  looked  at  or 
consulted.     Also  without  article. 

i6ia  BRINSLEV  Lud.  Lit.  xiii.  (1627)  iSS  If  they  had  but 
only  bookes  of  References,  it  would  be  exceeding  profitable. 
1716  M.  D*viEsAt/ieti.  Brit.  III.  192  Not  one  Reader  in  a 
hundred  takes  the  pains  to  turn  backwards  and  forwards,  as 
such  appendicular  References  require.  1727-41  CHAMBERS 
CycL  s.v.,  References  are  also  used  in  books,  where  things 
being  but  imperfectly  handled,  the  reader  is  directed  to 
some  other  part  or  place  where  they  are  more  amply 
explained.  1779-81  JOHNSON  L.  P.,  Feitton,  Illustrations 
drawn  from  a  book  so  easily  consulted,  should  be  made  by 
reference  rather  than  transcription.  1864  MAX  MUI.LER 
Chips  (1880)  III.  vi.  137  He  does  not  load  his  pages  with 
references  and  learned  notes.  1873  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III. 
4  By  numerous  references  from  one  part  of  the  work  to 
another. 

43 


REFERENCE. 

b.  A  mark  or  sign  referring  the  reader  to  another 
part  of  a  page  or  book  (esp.  from  the  text  to  a  note) , 
or  serving  to  indicate  the  part  of  a  figure  or  diagram 
referred  to. 

1678  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  No.  6. 107,  I  have,  .left  out  the 
Superiour  Letters  ..  and  instead  of  those  References  give 
you  this  Alphabetical  Table  of  Terms.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed. 
Kersey).  1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Print.  257  References  are 
all  such  Marks  and  Signs  as  are  used  in  matter  which  has 
either  side  or  bottom  Notes.  [1806  O.  GREGORY  Treat. 
Mech.  1 1 .  163  The  same  letters  of  reference  being  put  to  the 
corresponding  parts  in  these  figures.]  1862  Catal.  Internat. 
Exhib.  II.  xiii.  18/2  References— A.  Cylinder.  B.  Stern  [etc.]. 

6.  The  act  of  referring  one  person  to  another  for 
information  or  an  explanation  ;  hence,  a  person  to 
whom  one  is  (or  may  be)  referred  for  this  purpose. 

1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  li,  I  request  . .  that  you  will  refer  Mr. 
Bertram  to  me  for  the  reason.  You  will  naturally  wish  to 
know  what  is  to  be  the  issue  of  such  a  reference.  1865 
DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  i.  ii.  Like  the  advertising  people,  I  don't 
ask  you  to  trust  me,  without  offering  a  respectable  reference. 
Mortimer  there  is  my  reference,  and  knows  all  about  it.  1884 
Law  Times  Rep.  L.  121/1  P.  was  not  called  upon  by  the 
auctioneer  for  any  references  as  to  his  alleged  agency. 

7.  Bookt  etc.  of  reference^  one  intended  to  be,  or 
suitable  for  being,  referred  to  or  consulted.     For 
reference^  for  the  purpose  of  consulting  or  being 
consulted. 

1836  Penny  Cycl.  V.  455/1  Dictionaries  and  lexicons  m 
all  languages,  with  more  than  8000  books  of  reference. 
1845  STOCQUELER  Hamibk.  Brit.  India  (1854)  172  The 
advantages  of  a  library  of  reference  and  a  circulating  library. 
1859  E.  EDWARDS  Ment.  Libraries  II.  634  What  are  in  a 
special  sense  termed  books  of  reference  such  as  Collections, 
Encyclopaedias,  Lexicons,  Dictionaries,  etc.  1890  *  R. 
BOLDREWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  137  [They  have]  got  an 
album,  for  reference,  at  all  the  chief  police  stations. 

8.  atfrib.,    as    reference    bible,    book,    catalogue , 
library,  mark,  room. 

1856  .V.  ff  Q.  ist  Ser.  Index,  Reference  marks.  1858  in  E. 
Edwards  Mem.  Libraries  (1859)  II.  707  The  large  hall  for 
the  reference  Library.  1860  G.  M.  [F.  W.  Robinson]  Grand 
mother  's  Money  vi.  vl,  A  little  reference-bible  on  the 
dressing-table.  1885  Athcnxum  14  Mar.  346/2  The  new 
volume  of  Mr.  Whitaker's  '  Reference  Catalogue  '. 

Reference  (re'ferens),  v.     [f.  prec.] 

f  1.  trans.  To  refer,  assign  to  a  thing.  Obs.  rare. 

1621  W.  SCLATER  Tythes  (1623)  93  Where  the  dutie  _is 
Religious,  and  the  injunction  meerely  referenced  to  pietie. 
ifaj  —  Exp.  2  Thcss.  (1629)  20  Particular  proceedings, 
referenced  as  well  to  good  as  bad. 

2.  To  provide  with  references ;  to  give  a  reference 
to  (a  passage) ;  to  find  by  reference. 

1891  N.  %  Q.  yth  Ser.  XII.  303/2  This  loose  method  of 
indexing  adds  greatly  to  the  labour  of  referencing  a  passage. 
1894  Daily  News  28  Feb.  6/2  The  passages  illustrating  the 
use  of  words . .  have . .  been  duly  referenced. 

3.  intr.  To  make  out  a  return  of  the  number  of 
people  to  be  displaced  by  proposed  railway  exten 
sion.     Also  trans,  to  schedule  (property)  for  this 
purpose. 

1884  CasselFs  Mag.  Apr.  288/2  The  united  cost  for.  .sur 
veys,  referencing,  printing,  fees,  parliamentary  agents,  and 
so  on.  1891  Daily  News  31  Oct.  3/8  To  acquire  certain 
important  properties,  which  are  now  being  referenced,  for 
the  purpose  of  greatly  enlarging. .Victoria  Station. 

Hence  Be'ferencer. 

1884  Casselfs  Mag.  Apr.  287/1  The  solicitors.. send  out 
men  called  '  referencers '  to  ascertain  the  names  of  all  the 
owners,  lessees^  and  occupiers  of  the  property  within  the 
limits  of  deviation. 

Referenda-rial,  a.  rare"1.  [Cf.  next  and 
-AL.]  To  which  matters  are  referred  for  decision* 

18^  Penny  Cycl.  XVIII.  325/2  The  referendarial  tribunals, 
which  had  jurisdiction  without  appeal. 

Referendary  (refere-ndari),  sb.  [ad.  med.L. 
referenddrius :  see  REPEBENDUM  and -ART1.  Cf. 
F.  rtftrendaire  (14-1 5th  c.).] 

1.  One  to  whom  a  matter  in  dispute  is  referred 
for  decision  ;  a  referee.     Now  rare. 

1546  St.  Papers  Hen.  VlII^  XI.  23  In  this  matier  Mons'. 
Skepperus  was  referendary  between  us  and  them,  and  wery 
of  us  both.  1625  BACON  Ess.%  Suitors  (Arb.)  45  Let  him 
chuse  well  his  Referendaries,  for  else  he  may  be  led  by  the 
Nose.  1865  Fortn.  Rev.  15  May  123  Just  at  the  moment 
when  a  great  referendary  and  umpire  in  many  European 
questions  is  likely  to  be  needed. 

b.  An  adviser  or  assessor  to  a  commission. 

1876  Times  17  May,  We  find  the  native  section  of  the 
Supreme  Council  charged  with  the  audit  of  the  accounts  of 
Egypt.  It  is  true  that  the  members  of  this  section  are  to  be 
assisted  by  six  referendaries. 

2.  spec.  a.  A  title  given  at  various  times  to  cer 
tain  officials  in  the  papal,  imperial,  and  some  royal 
courts,  charged  with  the  duty  of  examining  and 
reporting  on  petitions,  requests,  use  of  the  seal,  and 
similar  matters. 

On  the  older  uses  of  the  title,  see  Du  Cange  s.v.  Refer' 
tndarii,  and  cf.  Littre'  s.v.  Referendairc. 

1528  in  Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  (1721)  I.  App.  xxiii.  58  Which 
words  being  spoken,  .in  the  presence  of  Simonetta,  oon  of 
the  referendaries  [etc.].  1587  HARMAR  tr.  Beza  426  The 
princes  of  this  world,  who  haue  their  Referendaries,  or 
masters  of  Request.  1656  B  LOU  NT  Glpssogr.^  Referendaries, 
Officers.. who  made  relation  of  Petitions  or  Requests,  ex 
hibited  to  the  Emperors.  ..The  like  Officers  are  under  the 
Pope,  as  also  under  the  Masters  of  Requests  in  France. 
1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  i.  in.  85  These  thirteen  Prelates 
are  called  Referendaries,  or  Remembrancers  of  the  one  and 
the  other  Court.  1699  LUTTBELL  Brief  Rel.  (1817)  IV.  535 


338 

On  the  ist  instant  the  crown  referendary  of  Great  Poland 
was  elected  speaker  of  the  diet.  1704  Collect.  Voy.  (Churchill) 
III.  123/1  Then  are  the  [Spanish]  Officers  call'd  the  Chan 
cellor,  Secretaries,  Referendaries.  1801  A.  RANKEN  Hist. 
France  I.  I.  iii.  261  The  referendary  was  the  keeper  of  the 
king's  seal.  1848  W.  H.  KELLY  tr.  L.  Blanc's  Hisl.  Ten  Y. 
I.  45  The  grand  referendary  accompanied  the  marshal  to  the 
coach.  1866  Chaml'trs'  Encycl.  VIII.  s.v..  The  office  of 
Great  Referendary  to  the  monarchy  of  France  merged 
eventually  in  that  of  Chancellor. 

fb.  Applied  to  the  prolocutor  in  the  Lower 
House  of  Convocation.  Obs. 

1553  in  Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  (1721)  III.  I.  iv.  43  The  Reverend 
Fathers. .had. .enjoined  them  to  meet  together  and. .con 
clude  upon  the  Choice  of  a  Referendary,  which  they  com- 
monlycalled  a  Prolocutor.  1709  STHVPE/!»«.  Re/.  I.  xxvu. 
281  The  Bishop  of  London.. bad  the  Inferior  Clergy  depart 
and  chuse  them  a  Prolocutor  or  Referendary. 

c.  An  official  attached  to  the  Patriarch  of  Con 
stantinople.  (See  Du  Cange,  s.v.  Ckartophylax.) 

1716  M.  DAYIES  Athen.  Brit.  II.  278  Another  Orthodox 
Greek  Poet,  Chartpphylax  or  Referendary  of  the  great 
Church  of  Constantinople. 

f  3.  One  who,  or  that  which,  furnishes  news  or 
information  ;  a  reporter.  Obs. 

1581  ML-LCASTER  Positions  Ep.  Bed.  (1887)  5  Other  mens 
report,  .will  proue  a  referendane,  and  certiiie  your  highnesse 
how  they  finde  me  appointed.  1614  DONSF.  Let.  in  Gosse 
Life  (1899)  II.  48  Sir,  when  these  places  afford  anything 
worth  your  knowledge,  I  shall  he  your  referendary,  a  1636 
FITZ-GEFFRAY  Helil'ransp.  (1881)  178  A  Glorious  Angel  is 
the  Refeiendarie  Who  first  these  things  unto  men  doth  carry. 

f  4.  An  appendix  or  epilogue  referring  to  what 
has  gone  lief  ore.  Obs.  rare~\ 

1581  FLEMING  Sell,  of  Skill  208  A  Referendarie  to  the 
Premisses. 

Hence  Befere-ndaryship.    rare—1. 

1620  I3KENT  tr.  Sarpis  Counc.  Trent  (1676)  617  He  spake 
of.  .Benefices  conferred  upon  some  of  the  kinsmen  of  some 
Prelates,  and  a  Referendarieship  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Portugal  Ambassador. 

Refere'ndary ,  a.  [ad.  L.  type  *rcfmndari-us  : 
see  prec.  and  -ABY  1.] 

1 1.  Containing  references  or  documents  referred 
to.  Obs.  rare—'1. 

1716  M.  DAYIES  A  then.  Brit.  II.  191  Baronius's  Referendary 
Appendixes  to  most  of  his  tedious  Annals. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  a  referendum. 

1894  Westin.  Gaz.  2  Sept.  2/1  In  the  period  1469-1524  the 
city  of  Berne  took  no  fewer  than  sixty  Referendary  votes. 

II  Referendum  (refere-ndym).  [L.,  gerund  or 
neut.  gerundive  of  referre  to  REFER.] 

1.  The  practice  or  principle  (chiefly  associated 
with  the  Swiss  constitution)  of  submitting  a  question 
at  issue  to  the  whole  body  of  voters. 

1882  Daily  Ne^vs  30  May  7/2  An  immense  number  of  sig 
natures,,  has  been  obtained  to  the  requisition  for  a  refer- 
endum,  or  appeal  to  the  people  against  the  . .  vaccination 
law  passed  by  the  Federal  Council  or  Chamber.  1885 
Manch.  Exam.  2  Mar.  5/4  It  is  quite  open  to  discussion 
whether  the  referendum  is  really  an  advantage  to  the  Swiss. 
1895  Edin.  Rez1.  July  265  When  would  Catholic  emancipa 
tion  have  become  law  had  the  Referendum  been  part  of  the 
British  Constitution  ? 

2.  A  note  from  a  diplomatic  agent  to  his  govern 
ment,  requesting  instructions  on  a  particular  matter 
(Cent.  Diet.  1891). 

Referent  (re-ferent),  sb.  and  a.  rare.  [ad.  L. 
referent-em,  pres.  pple.  of  referre  to  REFER.] 

1.  One  who  is  referred  to  or  consulted. 

1844  J.  CAIBNS  Let.  in  Life  ix.  (1895)  205,  I  have  indeed 
lost  a  friend  and  theological  referent  of  the  highest  order. 

2.  Gram.    a.  sb.  A  word  referring  to  another. 
b.  adj.  Referring,  containing  a  reference. 

1899  R.  C.  TEMPLE  Univ.  Grant.  35  This  relation  may  be 
expressed ..  by  the  addition  of  referent  words  expressing  it, 
or  referents.  A  referent  word  may  express  the  inter-relation 
of  connected  sentences  by  conjoining  them  [etc.]. . .  Referents 
are  therefore  conjunctors  or  substitutes. 

Referential  (refere'njal),  a.  [f.  REFERENCE, 
on  anal,  of  inferential,  etc.]  Having  reference  (to 
something) ;  belonging  to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  (a) 
reference ;  containing  a  reference  or  references,  etc. 

1660  WATERHOUSE  Arms  H  Arm.  21  There  are  also 
Families  whose  bearings  are  referential  to  their  names,  and 
have  a  kind  of  consanguinity  with  them,  a  1750  A.  HILL 
Wks.  II.  1 57  To  compleat  your  picture.,  by  strong  referential 
propfs  of  a  superiority  [etc.].  1775  SHERIDAN  Rivals  11.  i, 
This  we  call  the  oath  referential,  or  sentimental  swearing. 
1806  Monthly  Mag.  XXI.  133  The  referential  mark  ..  re 
ferring  to  the  note  annexed.  1884  SIR  E.  E.  KAY  in  Law 
Times  Rep.  LII.  88/2  These  are  referential  words,  and 
referential  words  always  receive  a  liberal  construction. 

Hence  Befere  ntially  adv.  (Ogilvie  Suppl.  1855). 

Re'ferently,  adv.  rare.  [f.  as  REFERENT  + 
•LY  2.]  In  reference  or  relation  to  something. 

1650  B.  DiscoUiminium  39  All  other  things,  .were  so  sub 
servient  to  that,  that  they  stand  and  fall  referently  to  that 
great  worke.  1799  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  1. 285  Consider  it 
referently  to  non-existence,  and  what  a  manifold  and  majestic 
Thing  does  it  not  become  ? 

•|  Re'ferisni.  Obs.  rare~^.  [f.  REFERS.  + 
-ISM.]  A  report  made  by  a  referee  (sense  l). 

1621  in  Crt.  <r  Times  fas.  I  (1848)  II.  241  This  day  Sir 
Henry  Yelverton  is  to  be  heard  in  parliament  about  some 
of  his  referisms. 

t  Refe'rment.  Obs.    [f.  REFER  v.  +  -MENT.] 
1.  The  act  of  referring,  a  reference,  to  a  place  or 
passage  in  a  book. 


BEFETE. 

a  1558  SIR  R.  BROOKE  La  Graunde  Abridgni.  (1586)  Tab. 
Titles  2nd  pt.,  Where  in  these  Tables  after  the  titles  is  a 
referrement  by  Vide  unto  other  titles,  there  the  matters.. are 
under  the  Title  whereunto  that  referrement  is  made.  1620-55 
I.  JONES  Stone-Heng(iT2$  53  The  same  Referment  in  like 
Manner  he  makes  for  the  Ornaments  of  the  Peripteros. 

2.  Reference  to  something  else,  to  the  care  or 
decision  of  another,  etc. 

1603  OWEN  Pembrokeshire  i.  (1892)  154  By  the  saied 
referrement  to  the  Customes  of  Northwales.  1617  HIERON 
Wks.  II.  391  This  referment  of  our  selues  in  our  prayers  to 
the  Lord,  ..our  Saviour  taught  twowayes.  1636  STRAFFORD 
Lett.  (1739)  II.  14,  I .  .approve  of  your  Referment  of  Causes 
to  be  ended  by  Consent. 

Re-ferme'nt,  v.    [RE- 5  a.]   To  ferment  again. 

1712  BLACKMORE  Creation\\.  (1786)  194  Th' admitted  nitre 
agitates  the  flood,  Revives  its  fire,  and  referments  the  blood. 

t  Refe'rrable,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  REFER  v.  + 
-ABLE.]  Referable,  referrible. 

a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Westmld.  III.  (1662)  140  Anne 
Clyfford.  .because  having  her  greatest  Residence  and  Estate 
in  the  North,  is  properly  referrable  to  this  County.  1676 
TOWERSON  Decalogue  532  Those  motions,  .are  aptly  enough 
referrable . .  to  those  several  commandments. 

t Refe'rrance.  Sc.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f. REFERS. 
4-  -ANCE.]  Reference. 

1583  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  581  Quhilk  submis- 
sioun  and  referrance.  .being  acceptit  be  his  majestic  [etc.]. 

Referred  (nTs-ad),  ///.  a.  [f.  REFER  v.  +  -ED1.] 
Path.  Proceeding  from  some  other  part  or  organ. 

1899  AUbutfs  Syst.  Med.  VI.  746  Marked  superficial 
tenderness  of  the  referred  visceral  type.  Ibid.  VIII.  84  The 
pain  in  the  head  differs,  .from  the  referred  pain  set  up  in 
different  parts  of  the  body  by  disorders  of  the  viscera. 

Referree,  obs.  form  of  KEFEREE  sb. 

t  Refe  rreiit.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  REFER  v.  + 
-ENT.]  A  relative,  or  word  indicating  a  relation. 

1635  Gram.  IVarre  D6b,  In  what  manner  the  referred, 
and  the  referrent,  agreed  with  the  Antecedent. 

Referrer1(r/'f3T3J).  [f.  REFER  ». +  -ER!.]  One 
who  refers ;  esp.  in  Sc.  La-M  (see  REFER  v.  6  b). 

1683  STAIR  Instil,  iv.  xliv.  §  13  Oaths  of  verity  referred  to 
1  parties  are  sometimes  by  them  deferred  back  to  the  referrer. 
1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  371  It  appears  even  to  be 
doubtful  whether  the  deposition  of  the  bankrupt  on  reference 
to  his  oath.,  will  be  admitted  as  good  evidence  in  favour  of 
the  referrer. 

t  B/efe'rrer  2.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  REFER  K.  + 
-ER4.]  Reference. 

i65oKLDERFiELD  7>M«xxv.  198  The  latter  [law] mentions 
the  remanding  or  dismissing  suits  of  Dismes  back  from  the 
secular  Judge. .;  And  for  the  two  former  which  might  be 
answered  to  create  that  referrer  [etc.]. 

Referrible  (rffa-nb'l),  a.  [f.  REFER  v.  +  -IBLE  : 
cf.  REFEKKABLE.]  =  REFERABLE. 

1596  BELL  Sutv.  Popery  in.  ix.  381  No  sin,  no,  not  the 
least  of  al  is  referrible  to  God.  1659  H.  MORE  Immort.  Soul 
i.  vi.  Ax.  19  Acknowledging  . .  the  Secondary  to  be  referrible 
also  to  the  Primary  or  Centrall  Substance  by  way  of  causal 
relation.  1795  BURKE  Let.  to  IV.  Smith  Wks.  IX.  494  To 
this  the  merit  or  demerit  of  every  measure  (with  me)  is 
referrible.  1846  J.  BAXTER  Lil-r.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  II. 
139  The  staggering  is  principally  referrible  to  the  hind 
quarters.  1891  M.  DODS  Gasp.  Jahn  xv.  (1892)  I.  834  A 
stainless  life  is . .  referrible  to  no  freak  of  nature. 

Hence  Befe-rribleness. 

1865  MOZLF.Y  Mirac.  vi.  114  The  question  ..  of  the  referr- 
ibleness  of  miracles  to  an  unknown  law. 

Referring,  -M.  sb.  and  ///.  a. :  see  REFER  v. 

t  Referse,  -<•'•  Obs.-1  [ad.  L.  referdre,  f.  re- 
RE-  +  fan-ire  to  FAROE.]  trans.  To  stuff,  cram. 

1580  T.  M.  To  Rdr.  xiv.  in  Baret's  Alv,  Avj/2  So  Barret 
..Hath  left  behind.. This  Hiue  of  his,  referst  with  honie 
1  meates. 

t  Refert,  fa.  pple.  Obs.  rare-1,  fad.  L.  re- 
!  fertus,  pa.  pple.  of  refsrcire :  see  prec.J  Stuffed, 
crammed,  filled.  So  also  t  Befe'rted. 

1642  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  n.  iii.  II.  xxiv,  But  tell  me 
then  how  is  their  quantity  If  every  part  with  each  part  is 
refert?  1657  Physical  Diet.,  Keferted,  replenished,  well 
furnished. 

Refe'tch,  v.  [RE-.]  trans.  To  bring  back  ; 
f  to  bring  to  life  again.  Hence  Refe'tching  vbl.  sb. 

1623  J.  REYNOLDS  God's  Rcvengem.  xii.  96  The  Providence 
and  Justice  of  God,  doth  now  againe  refetch  bloudy  Petro 
to  act  another  part  upon  the  Stage  and  Theatre  of  this 
History.  Ibid.  Hist.  xiii.  134  Shee  faints  twice  in  a  chayce 
betwixt  their  armes,  and  all  the  cold  water  they  threw  in 
her  face,  could  very  hardly  refetch  her.  1624  T.  SCOTT 
Volivx  Anglix  Aj,  Incite  and  stirrevp  your  Royall  resolu- 
i  tions,  for  the  refetching  and  reconquering  therof. 

t  Refe'te,  refe't,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  re- 
fett,  6  reuet.  [a.  OF.  *refet,  var.  refail  sb.  (cf. 
next),  which  however  is  app.  not  recorded  in  this 
sense.]  Nourishment,  food,  spec,  that  of  fishes; 
the  contents  of  a  fish's  stomach. 


&  pike  withe  his  reffett.  c  1490  Promp.  Par-j.  427/1  (MS.  K), 
Refet  of  fisshe  [Pynson  reuet],  refectio,  refectura.  a  1500 
Piers  of  Fnllham  82  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  II.  5  Eteth  of  the 
fysche  and  be  not  so  lykerows,  . .  ffor  thogh  the  bottomles 
belyes  be  not  ffyllyd  with  such  refete,  Yet  the  saver  of  sauze 
may  make  yt  good  mete. 

t  Refe'te,  refe't,  pa.  pple.  Obs.  Also  5  re- 
feet,  [a.  OF.  refet  (=  L.  ref edits],  var.  refail, 
pa.  pple.  of  rcfaire,  f.  re-  RE-  + fairs  to  make.] 

1.  Refreshed  with  food.     Alsoyf^. 

13..  E.E.Allit.  P.  C.  ropayar  happen  also  >at  hungeres 


REFETE. 

after  ry^t,  For  J>ay  schal  frely  be  refete  ful  of  alle  gode. 
c  1374  CHAUCER  Bocth.  iv.  pr.  vi.  143  (Addit.  MS.),  Whan 
J>ou  art  wel  refresshed  and  refet  [L.  refectits]  J>ou  shalt  ben 
more  stedfast  to  stye  in  to  heyere  questiouns.  c  1440  Protnp. 
Parv.  427/1  Refetyd  [Pynson  reueted],  or  refeet,  rcfectus. 

2.  Nourished,  fed,  fattened. 

c  1380  Sir  Femmb.  1736  Of  grete  hertes  refet  at  al  y  asky 
of  }ow  an  hundred.  1496  Bk.  St.  Albans^  Fishing  I  ij,  The 
dace  is  a  gentyll  fysshe  to  take  &  yf  it  be  well  refet  then  is 
it  good  meete.  1602  CARKW  Cornwall  28  They  are  refettest 
(that  is  fattest)  at  their  first  comming  from  tiie  Sea. 

t  Refe't  e,  v.  Obs.  Also6reuet.    [f.  as  prec.] 

1.  trans.  To  refect,  refresh. 

13.  .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  88  As  fode  hit  con  me  fay  re  refete. 
c  1375  -Vc.  Leg,  Saints  xlvi.  (Anastas)  294  pat  scho  suld  duel 
but  drink  or  mete,  or  ellis  ocht  mycht  hir  refete.  1382 
WYCLI  F^Ir/j  xxviii.  2  Forsoth  a  fyer  kyndlid,  the!  refet  iden, 
or  refreischiden,  vs  alle.  c  1400  Sc.  Trojan  II  'ar  (Horstm.) 
n.  1766  Quhene  J?at  ^ai  ware  baire  Sumquhat  refettyd,  bai 
gane  faire  To  seike  J?are  lord.  <  1440  [see  prec.  i]. 

2.  To  nourish,  feed,  fatten,    rare  ~x. 

1432  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Pri-v.  Prw.  245  Vse  in  this  tymes 
hole  mettys..as  chykenys  well  refeted. 

3.  intr.  To  recover,  recuperate,    rare—1. 

c  1480  HENRYSON  Orph.  $  Eur.  365  Were  scho  at  hame  m 
hir  contree  of  Trace,  Scho  wald  refete  \Bann.  MS.  rewert] 
full  sone  in  fax  and  face, 

Hence  ~\  Refe'ting  vbl.  sb. 

c  1400  Sc.  Trojan  H'ar  t  Horstm.)  IT.  1445  And  syne  pat 
refectiouns  seire  Thame  prayed  he  for  his  refetyne. 

Reff(e,  obs.  form  of  KEIF,  plundering). 

Reffayr,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RKAVEH. 

Reffrein,  Reffreshe,  Reffus,  obs.  ff.  RE 
FRAIN,  REFRESH,  RKFI'SE. 

t  Refi-bulate,  v.  Ob$.-°  [f.  L.  refibitlare  : 
see  FIBULA.]  '  To  unbuckle'  (Cockeram  1623). 

f  Reficiate,  v.  Obs.-0  [Irreg.  f.  L.  refic-ere  + 
-ATE.]  trans.  To  restore,  refresh. 

1657  Physical  Diet.)  Reficiates,  amends,  comforts. 

Refi'ght,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To  fight  ngain. 

1827  Gcntl.  Mag,  XCVII.  11.42/1  Every  battle  is  refought 
by  the  historian  with  minute  exactness.  1862  MARG.  GOOD 
MAN  Exper.  Eng.  Sist.  Mercy  86  If  we  could  each  of  us 
refight  our  battles,  doubtless  our  tactics  would  be  different. 

t  Refigura'tion.  Obs.  rare—1.  [RE-  5  a  :  cf. 
next.]  Reproduction,  representation. 

c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  LXXVIII.  xii,  In  token  of  the  table 
refyguracion,  Of  the  brotherhede  of  Christes  supper  & 
maundie  Afore  his  death. 

Refig'ure  (rffr^iiii),  v.  [ad.  obs.  F.  refigurer 
or  latel^  refigitrare  (Vulgate;.] 

1.  trans.  To  figure  again  ;  to  represent  anew. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  v.  473  Refigurynge  here  shape, 
here  womanhede,  Wi|?-inne  his  herte.  ^1470  HARDING 
Chron,  xxxm.  iv,  Histriumphes  all..  Well  wrought  about,  in 
ymagerie  and  scripture,  Full  royally  wrought  for  to  refigure. 
c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  vi,  Ten  times  thy  selfe  were  happier 
then  thou  art.  If  ten  of  thine  ten  times  refigur'd  thee.  1642 
MILTON  Apol.  Sntcct.  ii.  Wks.  1851  III.  285  The  child  doth 
not  more  expresly  refigure  the  visage  of  his  Father,  then 
that  book  resembles  the  stile  of  the  Remonstrant.  1776 
DA  COSTA  Elem.  Conchol.  viii.  171  Plancus  describes  and 
figures  some  very  minute  Nautili.  ..  Gualtieri  refigures 
three  species  of  them.  1867  LoNGF.tr.  Dante,  lnferno\\\i. 


.  ,  . 

35  When  the  fog  is  vanishing  away,  Little  by  little  doth  the 
sight  refigure  Whate'er  the  mist,  .conceals. 

2.  spec.  To  restore  (a  metallic  speculum)  to  the 
original  parabolic  figure. 

1888  Encycl.  Brit.  XXIII.  146/1  If  such  a  mirror  Is  much 
exposed,,  .frequent  repolishing  will  be  necessary.  This  in 
volves  refiguring,  which  is  the  most  delicate  and  costly 
process  of  all. 

Refill  (r/Tvl),  sb.  [RE-  5  a  :  cf.  next.]  That 
which  serves  to  refill  anything  ;  a  fresh  fill  for 
a  memorandum  or  pencil  case,  etc. 

1886  Athenziim  25  Dec.  847/1  (Aiirt.)  The  Student's 
Writing  Tablets..  Refills  for  size  No.  i.  itSSAJ-i't.,  Pencil 
.  .with  Box  of  Eight  Patent  Black  Copying  Ink  Refills. 

Refill,  v.  Also  8-9  refll.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
and  intr.  To  fill  again. 

a.  trans.     1687  in  Magd.  Coll.  ff  Jas.  II  (0.  H.  S.)  96  To 
have  all  the  places  of  the  College  refilled,  .with..  Priests. 
^1745  BROOME  Anacreon,  Ode  1,  See!    how  the  mimic 
clusters  roll,  As  ready  to  refll  the  bowl.     1816  BYRON  Ck. 
liar.  in.  Ixxxii,  Dungeons  and  thrones,  which  the  same  hour 
refill'd.    1830  LYTTON  P.  Clifford  ix,  The  watchman  was 
pood-natured  enough  to  assist  him  in  re-filling  the  barrow. 
1863  Saf.  Rev.  22  Aug.  245  To  re-fill  the  places  where  the 
foremost  assailants  of  the  breach  had  been  struck  down. 

b.  intr.    1744  WARRICK  in  Phil.  Trans.  XLIII.  15  Hence, 
to  the  latter  End  of  October,  she  [a  dropsical  patient]  re 
filled  incredibly.     1897  A  lib  ntt's  Sj'sl.  filed.  IV.  451  If  they 
[the  cysts]  refill,  they  should  be  laid  open. 

Refi  nage.  rare—1,  [f.  REFINE  v.  +  -AGE. 
Cf.  F.  raffinage.]  The  right  of  refining  (metals). 

1842  Blackm.  Mag.  LI.  56/2  The  regent  gave  his  bank  the 
monopoly  of  tobacco,  and  the  sole  refinage  of  the  gold  and 
silver. 

Refi  lid,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To  find  again. 

1611  G.  SANDYS  Oviits  JIM.  in.  (1632)  88  Seuen  Autumns 
past,  he,  in  the  eighth  the  same  Rcfinding,  said  [etc.].  1624 
QUARLES  Start's  Ehgies  iv.  17  ./Egypt,  that  once  did  feel 
heauen's  scourge,  .  .  would  now  refinde  it.  1830  LYTTON  /'. 
Clifford  'viii,  Tomlinson.  .was  glad  to  re-find  a  person  who 
had  known  him  in  his  beaux  jours.  1878  HOOKER  &  BALL 
MOMOCO  42  Maw  refound  the  plant  in  1869. 

t  Refi'ne,  a.  (and  sf>.)  Obs.  [Related  to  next. 
Cf.  Sp.  refino  refined,  and  obs.  >'.  refin  fine  wool 
or  cloth.]  Refined.  Also  absol.  as  sb.,  fine  metal. 

.11635  CORBET  Poems  (1807)  92  Thine  own  rich  studies, 
and  deep  Harriots  mine,  In  which  there  is  no  dross,  but  all 


339 

refine.  1646  S.  BOI.TON  Arraignm.  Err.  47  The  under 
standing  it  is  the  purest,  spirituallest  and  refinest  part. 
a  1656  HALES  Gold.  Rem.  (i6S8)  50  The  thing  which  in  an 
especial  refine  dialect  of  the  new  Christian  language,  signi 
fies  nothing  but  morality  and  civility.  1704  Lond.  Gaz. 
No.  3986/4,  5  Yards  and  a  half  of  superfine  Woman's  ttlack, 
12  Yards  and  a  half  of  refine  Rlack,  both  Spanish. 

Refine  (r/fai-n),  v.  [f.  RK-  -f  FINE  z/.s ;  cf. 
Sp.  refinart  and  F.  raffiner,  It.  raffinare  (see 
AFFIXE  #.)•] 

1.  trans.  To  purify  or  separate  (metals)  from 
dross,  alloy,  or  other  extraneous  matter;  in  iron- 
working,  to  convert  grey  pig-iron  into  white  or 
plate  metal  by  partial  decarburization. 

1582  STANVHURST  sEneis  i.  (Arb.)  37  Touch  stoane  brazed 


much  quicke-silver  as  is  necessarie  to  refine  their  gold  and 
silver.  1674  RAY  Coll.  Words  117  All  lead  oar  dig'd  in 
England  hath  a  proportion  of  silver  mixt  with  it,  but  some 
so  little,  that  it  will  not  quit  cost  to  refine  it.  1727-41 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Refining  ^  There  are  two  ways  of  re 
fining  silver;  the  one  with  lead,  the  other  with  saltpetre. 
1796  MORSE  Anicr.  Geog.  I.  591  Furnaces  for  running  this 
ore  into  pigs,  .and  forges  to  refine  pig-iron  into  bars.  1839 
URE  Diet.  Arts  324  The  operation  of  refining  copper  is 
delicate.  Ibid.  1124  The  teller  silver  is  refined  in  quantities 
of  160  or  170  marcs.  1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  3-  Iron 
xiii.  246  The  loss  is  greater  in  refining  hot-blast  than  it  is 
with  cold-blast  pig-iron. 

b.  Jig.  and  in  fig.  context. 

1596  SPENSER  Hymn  Beauty  47  It  more  faire..it  makes, 
And  the  grosse  matter  of  this  earthly  myne  Which  clothcth 
it  thereafter  doth  refyne.  1720  WKLTON  Suffer.  Son  of  God 

I.  xi.  294  When  Thou  refinest  all  the  Dross,  all  that  is  base 
and  Earthly  in  me  by  the  Fire  of  Thy  Love.     1754  CoWPER 
Kp.  Lloyd  89  Nor  needs  [he]  his  genuine  ore  refine;  vl'is 
ready  polished  from  the  mine,    1827  KKBLK  Chr.  Y.  23  Sund. 
Trin.,  The  world's  rude  furnace  must  thy  blood  refine.     1871 
BROWNING  Pr.Hohenst.  1321  The  special  gold,  whate'er  the 
form  it  take,  Head-work  or  heart-work,  fined  and  thrice- 
refined  I'  the  crucible  of  life. 

2.  To  free  from  impurities  ;  to  purify  or  cleanse 
(in  general  sense). 

1601  CHESTER  Louie's  Mart.)  K.  Arthur  (1878)  61  Our 
vnpure  Sinne  by  him  being  full  refind.  1628  DICBY  Voy. 
fth'dit.  (1868)  40  Because  the  windes  can  not  refine  the  aire. 
1667  MILTON  A  L.  xn,  548  To.. raise  From  the  conflagrant 
moss,  purg'd  and  refin'd,  New  Heav'ns,  new  Earth.  1709 
WATTS  Hymn,  'And  must  this  Body  die"1  ii,  Corruption. 
Earth  and  Worms  Shall  but  refine  this  Flesh.  1781  COWI-ER 
Progr.  Err.  344  To  purge  and  skim  away  the  filth  of  vice, 
That  so  refined  it  might  the  more  entice. 

b.  spec.  To  purify  or  clarify  (a  substance  or 
product)  by  means  of  some  special  process;  to 
make  purer  or  of  a  finer  quality ;  esp,  to  subject 
(raw  sugar)  to  the  processes  of  clarifying,  con 
densing,  and  crystallizing. 

1613  I'URCHAS  Pilgrimage  v.  xii.  (1614)  507  The  raw  Lac 
is  of  a  darke  red  colour,  but  being  refined,  they  make  it  of 
all  colours.  1630  R.  Johnson's  Kingd.  <$•  Comtmv.  371 
Selling  their  Sugars  unex  traded  from  the  Cane  to  the 
Venetians,  and  buying  it  againe  from  them  after  it  is 
refined.  167$  BUNYAN  Pilgr.  \.  59  Now  the  Table  was 
furnished  with  fat  things,  and  with  Wine  that  was  well 
refined.  1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  83  Tho' 
the  Extraction  be  very  gross,  it's  so  well  refm'd,  that  it  does 
not,  in  the  least,  smell  of  the  Kettle.  1799  G.  SMITH 
Laboratory  I.  8  The  nitre  is  thoroughly  refined,  1836-41 
BRANDE  Chew,  (ed.  5)  1076  It  cannot  be  doubted  that  much 
improvement  may  be  made  in  refining  sugar,  by  the  aid  of 
chemistry,  so  as  to  produce  a  larger  quantity  of  refined 
from  raw  sugar. 

absot.  1883  Century  Mag.  July  332/2  The  United  [Com 
pany]  stores  and  transports  [oil] ;  the  Standard  buys,  refines, 
sells,  and  exports. 

f3.  a.  To  clear  (the  spirits,  mind,  etc.)  from 
dullness ;  to  make  clearer  or  more  subtle.  Obs. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Foesie  I.  iii.  (Arb.)  23  They  came 
by  instinct  diuine,  and  by  deepe  meditation,  and  much 
abstinence  (the  same  assubtiling  and  refining  their  spirits) 
to  be  made  apt  to  receaue  visions.  IS91  SYLVESTER  Dn 
Bartas  i.  i.  5  Thou  glorious  Guide.. Lift  up  my  Soule,  my 
drowsie  Spirits  refine.  1690  School  of  Politicks  i  With 
sober  Liquour  to  refine  my  Head,  a  1704  T.  BROWN  Praise 
Drunkenness  Wks.  1730  I.  35  Wine. .refines  the  judgment 
of  the  doctors,  and  makes  their  opinions  most  canonical. 
1738  ELIZA  HEYWOOD  tr.  Aftne.  de  Gomez's  Belle  A.  (1732) 

II.  107  A  Relaxation  of  Thought  is  certainly  a  help  to  the 
refining  it. 

T"b.  To  free  or  cleanse  from  moral  imperfection ; 
to  raise  to  a  higher  spiritual  state.  Obs. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  63  Tri'd  in  sharp  tribulation,  and 
refin  d  By  Faith  and  faithful  works.  1672  DRYDEN  -2nd  Pt. 
Cony.  Granada  iv.  iii,  Blessed  souls  are  there  refined,  and . . 
prepared  for  light.  1711  ADDISON  Sped*  No.  257  F  8  What 
Actions  can  express  the  entire  Purity  of  Thought  which 
refines  and  sanctifies  a  virtuous  Man? 

4.  To  free  from  imperfections  or  defects;  to  bring 
to  a  more  perfect  or  purer  state. 

c  1670  HOBBES  Dial.  Com.  Laius  (1840)  5  The  law  of 
England . .  hath  been  fined  and  refined  by  an  infinite  number 
of  grave  and  learned  men.  4x1703  E.  CHAMBERLAVNE  Pres. 
St.  Eng.  in.  iv.  (1707)  287  King  James  the  Fifth  refined  the 
Order  of  St.  Andrew  in  Scotland.  1717  J-  KEILL  Anini. 
Oecon.  Pref.  19  The  whole  Practice  of  Physick  by  the  In 
vention  of  many  useful  Remedies  . .  is  so  much  refined  that 
[etc.].  1813  SHELLEY  O.  Mal>  vm.  139  Lending  their  power 
to  pleasure  and  to  pain,  Yet  raising,  sharpening,  and  re 
fining  each.  1889  PATER  G.  de  Latoitr  (1896)  7  Cheerful 
daylight,  refined,  but  hardly  dimmed  at  all,  by  painted  glass. 
b.  To  polish  or  improve  (a  language,  compo 
sition,  etc.) ;  to  make  more  elegant  or  cultured. 


REFINED. 

1617  MORYSON  Itin,  iv.  v.  i.  (igo-j'i  438  The  English  tounge 
..hath  beene  in  late  ages  excellently  refyned  and  made 
perfitt  for  ready  and  breefe  deliuery  both  in  prose  and  verse. 
1634  Malory's  Arthur  title-p.,  The  Most  Ancient  and 
Valiant  History  of  the  Renowned  Prince  Arthur.. newly 
refined.  1674  PLAYFORD  Skill  Mas.  i.  xi.  56  Of  late  our 
Language  is  much  refined,  and  so  is  our  MuMck.  1750 
JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  37  f  8  They  may  as  well  refine  the 
speech  as  the  sentiments  of  their  personages.  1841  LANE 
Arab.  Nts.  I.  75  He  took  the  trouble  of  refining  the  lan 
guage  of  a  copy  of  them  which  he  possessed. 

5.  To  free  from  rudeness,  coarseness,  or  vulgarity  ; 
to  imbue  with  culture  or  polish,  delicate  feelings  or 
instincts,  etc. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vin.  589  Love  refines  The  thoughts, 
and  heart  enlarges,  a  1703  E.  CHAMUKHLAVNE  Prcs.  St. 
Eiig.  in.  iii.  (1707)  272  The  Britains  or  Welch,  more  lately 
refin'd,  did  not  take  Surnames  till  of  late  Years.  1781 
COWPEK  Charity  98  Ingenious  Art.. Steps  forth  to  fashion 
and  refine  the  race.  1781  —  Retirem,  240  Love.  .Refines 
his  speech,  and  fashions  his  address.  1838  LYTTON'  Alice  i. 
iii,  He  had  sought  less  to  curb,  than  to  refine  and  elevate 
her  imagination.  1848  L,  HUNT  Jar  Honey  iii.  32  When 
reproached  for  carrying  off  paintings,  .from  Sicily,  he  said 
he  did  it  to  refine  the  minds  of  his  countrymen. 

ahsol.  1781  COWPER  Charity  332  All  iruih  is  precious,.. 
And  what  dilates  the  powers  must  needs  refine. 

6.  \Yith  const,  a.  To  bring  into,  raise  tot  a  cer 
tain  state  by  purifying  or  subtilizing. 

1647  N-  BACON  Disc.  Gfl~'t.  Eng.  i.  xxxviii.  (1739)  57  Time 
and  experience  refined  this  way  of  trial  into  a  more  ex 
cellent  condition.  1864  SKKAT  Uhland*s  Poems  270  Dante, 
who  could  earthly  passion  To  celestial  love  refine.  1877 
E.  R.  CONDKR  Has.  Faith  ii.  68  To  refine  this  discussion 
into  the  wire-drawing  of  verbal  controversy. 
b.  To  purify  or  cleanse  from  something. 

1633  FORD  Broken  Heart  n.  iii,  What  heaven  Refines 
mortality  from  dross  of  earth  [etc.].  1713  BLACKMORE  Crnx- 
tion  in.  (ed.  2)  135  liy  the  driving  Wind  The  Air  from  noxious 
Vapours  is  refin'd.  1754  SHERLOCK  Disc,  (1759)  I,  i.  30 
Its  Worship  is  refined  from  the  Errors  and  Idolatries  of 
Superstition.  18x0  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  it.  xxti,  A  human 
tear  From  passion's  dross  refined  and  clear. 
C.  To  clear  away^  or  out  of,  by  refining. 

1857  IJycKLE  Civiliz.  I.  ix.  588  This  was  a  simple  alterna 
tive  ;  which  might  indeed  be  kept  out  of  sight,  but  could 
not  be  refined  away.  1893  FORBES-MITCHELL  Remin.  Gt. 
Rlutiny  3  A  class  of  writers,  .who  would  if  it  were  possible, 
refine  even  God  Himself  out  of  creation. 

7.  intr.  To  become  pure ;  to  grow  clear  or  free 
from  impurities. 

1604  K.  GfRiMSTONii]  D'Acostas  Hist.  Indies  iv.  xiv.  250 
The  Emeralds  grow  in  stones.. and  they  scenic  by  little  and 
little  to  thicken  and  refine.  1690  NOKUIS  Beatitudes  (1694) 
I.  54  They  presently  began  to  behave  themselves  more 
orderly;  and  seemed,  like  Gold,  to  refine  upon  the  Trial  of 
the  Furnace.  1713  AUDISON  Cato  i.  vi,  The  pure  stream.. 
Works  it  self  clear,  and  as  it  runs,  refines.  1734  WAITS 
Reliq.  Juv.  xxviii.  (1789)  86  Let  it  lie  and  refine  from  all 
the  dregs  of  sin  and  sensual  impurities!  1809  BYRON  fianh 
<5-  Rev.  496  That  head,,  .though  the  thickening^  dross  will 
scarce  refine,  Augments  its  ore,  and  is  itself  a  mine. 

8.  To  improve  in  polish,  elegance,  or  delicacy. 

c  1620  FLETCHER  £  MASSINGER  False  One  in.  ii,  Did  you 
live  at  court,  as  I  do,  gallants,  You  would  refine,  and  learn 
an  apter  language.  1709  POPE  Ess.  Crit.  421  Let  a  Lord 
once  own  the  happy  lines,  How  the  wit  brightens  !  how  the 
style  refines  !  1762  GOLDSM.  Cit.  W.  Ixxv,  In  proportion  as 
society  refines,  new  books  must  ever  become  more  necessary. 
1821  CLARE  Vill.  Minstr.  I.  31  As  his  years  increas'd  his 
taste  refin'd. 

9.  To  employ  or  affect  a  subtlety  of  thought  or 
language. 

1713  SWIFT  GK&«WJ$  Pa««ja,Thjs  tempts  Free-thinkers 
to  refine,  And  bring  in  doubt  their  pow'rs  divine.  1774 
GOLDSM.  Retal.  35  Who,  too  deep  for  his  hearers,  still  went 
on  refining,  And  thought  of  convincing,  while  they  thought 
of  dining.  1875  JOWKTT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  316  Suppose  the 
objector  to  refine  still  further,  and  to  draw  the  nice  dis 
tinction  [etc.]. 

b.  Const,  on  or  upon  a  subject,  etc. 

1669  R.  MONTAGU  in  Bncclcuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.) 
I.  449  The  politicians  here,  that  refine  upon  everything. 
1837  HT.  MARTINEAU  Soc.  Anier.  III.  291  The  company 
who  sit  at  the  feet  of  the  pastor  while  he  refines  upon 
abstractions.  1883  Contemp.  Rev.  Aug._i63  To  creep  out 
of  a  difficulty,  .by  refining  upon  words  in  defiance  of  the 
intention. 

10.  To  improve  on  or  upon  something,  by  intro 
ducing  refinements. 

x66a  EVELYN  Chalcogr.  50  Canferri,  and . .  Barlacchi  graved 
divers  things  :.. which  afterwards  Sebastian  Serli  refining 
upon  composed  the  better  part  of  that  excellent  book  of  his. 
1719  YOUNG  Revenge  i.  i,  Not  only  die,  IJut  plunge  the 
dagger  in  my  heart  myself?  This  is  refining  on  calamity. 
1765  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  xviii.  590  Our  laws  have  con 
siderably  refined  and  improved  upon  the  invention.  1815 
JANE  AUSTEN  Emma  ix,  You  must  not  refine  too  much 
upon  this  charade. 

Hence  Kefi'nable  a.t  that  may  be  refined. 

1607  HIERON  Wks.  I.  238  To  purifie  that  which  is  refine- 
able  as  gold  and  siluer. 

Refined  (rtfai-nd),///.  a.     [f.  prec.  +  -ml.] 

1.  Purified  ;  freed  from  impurities  or  extraneous 
matter,  a.  In  general  use.  raff. 

1596  SPENSER  Hymn  Love  193  It  all  sordid  basenesse  doth 
expell,  And  the  refyned  mynd  doth  newly  fashion  [etc.]. 

b.  Of  metals.  Now  spec,  with  iron  (or  metal} 
and  tin. 

1595  SHAKS.  John  iv.  ii.  11  To  gilde  refined  Gold,  to  paint 
the  Lilly. .  Is  wastefull,  and  ridiculous  excesse.  16x1  BIBLE 
i  Chron.  xxix.  4  Seuen  thousand  talents  of  refined  siluer. 
1843  HOLTZAPHIKL  Turning  I.  186  [The  iron]  is.  .cast  into 
a  plate  about  four  inches  tnick,  which  is  purer,  finer  in  the 
grain  than  pig-metal,  and  also  much  harder  and  whiter;  it 

43-2 


REFINEDLY. 

is  then  called  refined  metal.  1855  J.  R.  L[KIFCHILD]  Corn 
wall  Mines  209  Refined  tin,  though  not  equal  in  quality  to 
grain  tin,  is  made  from  selected  ores.  ..It  is  used  by  most  of 
the  tin-plate  manufacturers.  1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel 
ff  Iron  xiii.  245  The  plate  of  fine  metal,  refined  iron,  plate 
metal,  or  simply  metal,  as  the  product  of  the  refinery  is 
variously  called. 

C.  Of  sugar,  salt,  etc.  Also  ellipt. 
1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Sugar t  Sugar-candy  ..  is 
better  made  of  earthed  sugar,  than  refined  sugar.  1791 
NEWTE  Tour  Eng.  %  Scot.  108  By  an  Act  passed  in  1786, 
refined  English  Rock-salt  is  allowed  to  be  imported  into 
Scotland.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1207  Six  tons  of  refined 
sugar  can  be  turned  out  daily  in  a  three-pan  house.  1895 
Daily  News  8  Apr.  3/7  Sugar. —  ..  Foreign  refined  market 
remains  steady. 

2.  Characterized  or  distinguished  by  the  posses 
sion  of  refinement  in  manners,  action,  or  feeling. 

1586  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  \.  i.  164  A  refined  trauailer  of  Spaine, 
A  man  with  all  the  worlds  new  fashion  planted.  1638  R. 
BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  III.)  101  The  most  refined 
Frenchman  that  ever  ranne  afoote.  1663  GEKBIER  Counsel  7 
In  this  refined  Age,  which  abounds  in  Books.  1713  STEELE 
Englishm.  No.  21.  135  It  repeats  only  such  things  as  are 
proper  for  a  refined  Ear.  1781  CowpiiK  Table  T.  511 
Modern  taste  Is  so  refined  and  delicate  and  chaste.  1835 
MARRYAT  Jac.  Faithf.  xiii,  The  more  refined  the  society 
may  be— the  more  civilized  its  parts— the  greater  is  the 
mutual  dependence.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage  404  The 
refined  soul  and  Hellenic  sympathies  of  the  general. 

Comb.  1835  WILLIS  Pencillings  I.  iv.  31  There  is  a  deli 
cate,  refined-looking  little  marchioness  here. 

b.  Free   from,   or   devoid   of,   rude,   gross,   or 
vulgar  elements. 

1650  FULLER  Pisgah  tv.  n.  21  [Dromedaries  are]  of  as 
much  more  refined  service  above  Camells,  as  Hacknies  are 
above  Packhorses.  1659  Gcntl.  Calling  (1696)  12  That 
Advantage,  .of  an  ingenuous  and  refined  Education.  1781 
COWPEK  Hope  500  The  gross  idolatry  blind  heathens  teach 
Was  too  refined  for  them,  beyond  their  reach.  1804-6  SYD. 
SMITH  Mar.  Philos.  (1850)  313,  I  am  not  speaking  of  the 
highest-refined  London  grief,— the  grief  of  civilisation  and 
softness;  but  the  grief  of  a  savage  and  a  child.  1856 
EMKKSON  En%.  Traits,  Wealth^  The  proudest  result  of  this 
creation  [wealth]  has  been  the  great  and  refined  forces  it  has 
put  at  the  disposal  of  the  private  citizen. 

c.  Of  language,  speech,  etc.:  Cultivated,  polished, 
elegant. 

1611  BIBLE  TransL  Prcf,  f  2  Certaine  [men].,  could  not  be 
brought  for  a  long  time  to  giue  way  to  good  Letters  and 
refined  speech.  1673  Remarqnes  Humours  T<nvn  6  The 
fountain  of  the  refinedst  conversation.  1708  SWIFT  U'ks. 
(1841)  II.  185  It  is  to  be  understood  that  this  refined  way  of 
speaking  was  introduced  by  Mr.  Locke.  1763  J.  BROWN 
Poetry  <$•  Afus.  xii.  209  Certain  Greeks,  .brought  a  refined 
and  enervate  Species  of  Music  to  Rome.  1866  GEO.  ELIOT 
/'".  Holt  (1868)  23  She  spoke  with  a  refined  accent. 

3.  f  a-  Having  or  affecting  a  subtlety  of  mind  or 
judgement.   Obs. 

1574  HELLOWES  Guevara's  Fain.  Ep.  (1577''  133  There  be 
men.. so  ouer  sharpe  or  refined,  that.. they  holde  it  for  an 
office  to  diuine  thoughts.  1594  NASHE  Terrors  of  Night 
Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  243  Complement-mungers  they  are,  who 
would  faine  be  counted  the  Court's  Gloriosos,  and  the 
refined  judges  of  wit.  1681  TEMPLE  Mem.  in.  Wks. 
1731  L  345  The  refined  Courtiers,  who  observe  Counte 
nances  and  Motions,  had  no  Opinion  of  it.  17x4  SWIFT 
Pres.  St.  Aff.  Wks.  1751  IV.  266  Others  were  yet  more 
refined;  and  thought  it  neither  wise  nor  safe  wholly  to 
extinguish  all  Opposition  from  the  other  side. 

b.  Raised  to  a  high  degree  of  subtlety,  nicety, 
or  precision. 

1668  DAVENANT  Mans  the  Master  in.  i,  This  reasoning 
does  appear  too  much  refin'd.  1726  LEONI  tr,  AlhertTs 
Arc/tit.  III.  i  The  Mathematician  considers  the  nature  and 
forms  of  things. .absolutely  distinct  from  all  kind  of  matter: 
whereas.. it  will  be  necessary  for  me  to  consider  them  in 
a  way  less  refined.  1769  ROBERTSON  Chan,  y,  x.  III.  232 
Maurice  employed  artifices  still  more  refined  to  conceal  his 
machinations.  i8ia  R.  HALL  ll'ks.  (1833)  I.  292  Nothing 
subtle  or  refined  should  enter  into  the  views  of  a  Christian 
missionary.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  5}  Both  instruments 
are  but  refined  modifications  of  our  familiar  experiment. 

Refinedly  (rtfai-nedli),  adv.  [f.  prec. +-LY2.] 
In  a  refined  manner;  with  refinement,  nicety,  pre 
cision,  etc. 

c  1679  MUI.GRAVE  Ess.  Sat.  135  Will  any  dog  Refinedly 
leave  his  bitches  and  his  bones  To  turn  a  wheel?  1740  tr. 
De  Mouhy"s  Fort.  Country-Maid  (1741)  II.  134  Always 
complaisant,  always  refinedly  polite.  1819  MOORE  Mem. 
(1853)  II.  276  Too  vulgar  a  subject,  .for  the  refined  readers, 
and  too  refinedly  executed  for  the  vulgar  ones.  1866  CAR- 
LYLE  Remin.  (1881)  II.  290,  I  noticed  only  how  refinedly 
beautiful  she  was. 


340 


improv'd  the  manners  run.  1816  J.  SCOTT  Vi 
(ed.  5)  300  The  refinement  of  nitre,  from  its  rough 
the  nitre  bed,  to  the  packing  of  the  pure  salt  in  cas 


Kefi.  nedness.  ?  Obs. 

Refinement. 


[f.  as  prec.  +  - 


1612  HEVWOOD  Apol.  Actors  \.  27  The  sages ..  of  Grecia 
— who,  for  the  refinednesse  of  their  language,  were  in  such 
reputation  through  the  world.  1687  BURNET  5Y.r  Papers 
23  Our  Flattery  has  come  short  of  the  Refinedness  of  the 
Romans.  1711  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  HI.  Misc.  v.  ii. 
291  To  laugh  as  agreeably,  and  with  as  much  Refinedness. 

Refinement  (rffai-nment).  [f.  REFINED.  Cf. 
F.  raffinement  (Cotgr.),  It.  raffinamento^\ 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  refining ;  the  result  of 
refining,  or  the  state  of  being  refined. 

1611  COTGR.,  Raffinage^  the  refinement,  or  quintescence  of. 
1659  H.  MOKE  hnmort.  Soul  in.  i,  The  Soul  of  Man  is 
capable  of  very  high  refinements,  even  to  a  condition  purely 
Angelical.  1688  BOYLE  Final  Causes  Nat.  Things  it.  85 
The  renovation  and  refinement  of  the  present  world  by  the 
last  fire.  1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  108  r  7  Religion  which 
does  not  only  promise  the  entire  Refinement  of  the  Mind, 
but  the  glorifying  of  the  Body.  1764  GOLDSM.  Trav.  229 
For,  as  refinement  stops,  from  sire  to  son  Unalter'd,  un- 


1816  J.    SCOTT    Vis.    Paris 
ugh  slate  in 

,  packing  of  te  pure  sat   n  casks.    1861 

W.  FAIRBAIRN  Iron  99  The  surface  of  iron  thus  exposed 
undergoes  refinement. 

tb.  A  refining  influence.  Obs.  rare"1. 
1712  HUGHES  Sped.  No.  525  f6  If  Love  be  any  Refine 
ment,  Conjugal  Love  must  be  certainly  so  in  a  much  higher 
Degree. 

2.  Fineness  of  feeling,  taste,  or  thought  ;  elegance 
of  manners  ;  culture,  polish. 

1710  SWIFT  Jrnl.  to  Stella  v,  I  must  tell  you  a  great  piece 
of  refinement  of  Harley.  1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  359  That 
sensibility  of  pain  with  which  Refinement  is  endued.  1816 
J.  SCOTT  I'is.  Pun's  (ed.  5)  170  Louis  le  Grand  encouraged 
every  thing  that  shed  refinement  over  the  world.  1843 
PRESCOTT  Mexico  (1850)  I.  393  It  is  too  much  to  ask  of  any 
man..  to  be  in  advance  of  the  refinement  of  his  age.  1874 
GREEN  Short  Hist.  iii.  §  5.  139  There  was  a  certain  refinement 
in  Henry's  temper  which  won  him  affection. 

b.  An  instance  of  this  ;  a  particular  feature, 
custom,  or  thing  indicating  refined  manners,  feel 
ings,  or  taste. 

1708  SWIFT  Sacram.  Test  Wks.  1751  IV.  166  We  of  Ire 
land  are  not  yet  come  up  to  other  Folks  Refinements,  for  we 
Generally  love  and  esteem  our  clergy.  1714  —  Pres.  St. 
Ajf.  ibid.  282  Affecting  German  Modes  and  Refinements  in 
Dress  or  Behaviour.  1794  S.  WILLIAMS  Hist.  Vermont  151 
Not  until  the  refinements  of  society  have  taken  place.  1820 
W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  I.  6  The  refinements  of  highly 
cultivated  society.  1833-6  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk.  11873* 
II.  i.  i.  39  Timouv..  had  the  command  of  every  refine 
ment  not  only  of  luxury,  but  of  gluttony. 

3.  The  act  or  practice  of   refining   in  thought, 
reasoning,  or  discourse  ;  an  instance  of  this. 

1712  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  303  P  13  It  is  the  Poet's  Refine 
ment  upon  this  Thought  which  I  most  admire.  1714  SWIFT 
Pres.  St.  Aff.  Wks.  1751  VI.  259  Opportunities  of  shewing 
their  skill  in  Mystery  and  Refinement.  1754  KDWARDS 
Freed.  Ir'illiv.  xiii.  (1762)  279  There  is  no  high  Degree  of 
Refinement  and  abstruse  speculation,  in  determining,  that 
a  Thing  is  not  before  it  is.  1823  ROSCOK  tr.  SisnwndFs 
Lit,  Eur.  (1846)  II.  184  He  abandoned  himself  to  that 
refinement  and  false  wit,  which  ihe  Spaniards  mistook  for 
the  language  of  passion. 

b.  A  piece  of  subtle  reasoning  ;  a  subtlety. 

1708  SWIFT  Ch.  Eng.  Man  Wks.  1751  IV.  71  [To]  draw  in 
fresh  Proselytes  by  some  further  Innovations  or  Refine 
ments.  1769  J  unites  Lett,  xy,  (1788)  92  The  people  of  this 
country  are  neither  to  be  intimidated  by  violent  measures, 
nor  deceived  by  refinements.  1822  HAZLITT  Tuble-t.  Ser.  n. 
xvi.  (18691  327  Sound  conclusions  come  with  practical  know 
ledge,  rather  than  with  speculative  refinements.  1875  K. 
WHITE  Life  in  Christ  \\\.  xxi.  (1878)  302  No  even  colour 
able  escape  from  this  criticism  seems  possible  except  by 
refinements  unintelligible  to  the  common  people. 

4.  An  instance  of  improvement  or  advance  to 
wards  something  more  refined  or  perfect  ;  the  state 
or  thing  thus  arrived  at  or  obtained. 

1710  SWIFT  Tatler  No.  230  P  6  The  Breaks  at  the  End  of 
almost  every  Sentence;  of  which  I  know  not  the  Use,  only 
that  it  is  a  Refinement.  1733  LAW  Serious  C.  xviii.  (ed.  2) 
333  For  Emulation,  .is  nothing  else  but  a  refinement  upon 
envy.  1841  ELIMIINSTONE  Hist.  Ind.  II.  595  All  the  refine 
ments  of  his  artful  policy.  1851  PENROSK  Princ.  Athenian 
Arch,  (title-p.),  The  optical  refinements  exhibited  in  the  con 
struction  of  the  ancient  buildings,  1871  FREEMAN  Norm. 
Conq.  (1876)  IV.  xviii.  156  A  countermine  was  a  refinement 
beyond  their  skill. 

b.  The  most  refined  form  ^"something. 

1880  Chr.  World  No.  1195.  138  It  would  be  the  refine 
ment  of  exquisite  cruelty. 

Refiner  (rtfai-nw).     [f.  REFINE  v.  +  -ER!.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  refines  or  purifies  sub 
stances;  spec,  one  who  makes  a  business  of  refin 
ing  (metal,  sugar,  etc.). 

1598  BARRET  Thcor.  Warrcs  v.  iii.  133  Two  or  three 
Refiners  of  powder.  1611  BIBLE  Mai.  in.  2  He  is  like 
a  refiners  fire,  and  like  fullers  sope.  1648  BOYLE  Seraph, 
Love  v.  (1700)  38  'Tis  not  the  custom  of  Refiners  to  snatch 
the  belov'd  Metal  out  of  the  Fire,  .till  it  have  stood  its  due 
time.  1720  STRYPE  S  tow's  Surv.  v.  xv.  II.  244  The  former 
Refiners  of  Sugar  added  thereunto  corrupt  Mixtures  to 
their  own  private  Gain.  1832  HT.  MARTINEAU  Hill  fy 
Valley  iv.  61  They  saw  the  refiners  take  it  by  turns  to  run 
out  their  moulds  of  metal.  1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade, 
Refiner"  s-$?ut!epS)  the  refuse  filings  or  dust  collected  from 
the  workshops  of  silver-smiths  and  jewellers  to  be  re- 
smelted.  1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  \.  vii,  The  enriched 
water  in  which  they  wash  them  is  bought  for  the  refiners. 

Jig.  1629  W.  SIMONS  Proc.  Virginia  in.  in  Copt.  Smith's 
Wks.  (1819)  I.  169  The  worst  was  our  guilded  refiners  with 
their  golden  promises  made  all  men  their  slaues  in  hope  of 
recompences. 

b.  An  apparatus  for  refining. 

i6a4_  CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  in.  vii.  68  We  spent  some 
time  in  refyning,  having,  .a  refyner  fitted  for  that  purpose. 

2.  One  who,  or   that  which,  imparts   elegance, 
polish,  or  culture;  a  remover  of  rudeness,  gross- 
ness,  or  vulgarity. 

1605  CAMDEN  Rent.  28,  1  may  be  charged  by  the  minion 
refiners  of  English  [etc.].  1625  tr.  Decameron  title,  The 
Modell  of  Wit,..  by  the  Renowned  John  Boccacio,  the  first 
Refiner  of  Italian  prose.  1633  WOTTON  Let.  in  Relig.  (1685) 
463  War  it  self  is  a  greater  refiner  of  spirits  in  little  time. 
1715  M.  DAVIES  X//««.  Brit.  I.  30  The  two  first  Refiners 
of  the  English  Tongue.  1794  G.  ADAMS  Nat.  fy  Exp. 
P  kilos.  II.  xxi.  421  A  destroyer,  a  consumer,  and  refiner  of 
grossness,  1801  HAN.  MORE  Wks,  I.  26  Hail,  Conversation 
..Refiner  of  the  social  plan!  1855  LEWES  Goethe  I.  229 
There  can  be  no  sweeter,  tenderer  refiners  in  the  world  than 
German  ladies.  1873  SYMOSDS  Grk.  Poets  v.  145  The 
three  refiners  of  language. 

3.  One  who  refines  in  speculation  or  reasoning. 
1586  PUCKERING  in  Plea  Sacram.  Test  82  The  Writings 


BEFIT. 

of  godly  and  learned  Men,  neither  answered  nor  answerable 
by  these  new-fangled  Refiners.  1654  JER,  TAYLOR  Real 
Pres.  A  4  The  zeal  of  prevailing  in  it  hath  so  blinded  the 
refiners  of  it  in  this  age,  that  they  still  urge  these  miracles 
forproof.  c  1685  TEMPLK /!."«.,  Poetry  Wks.i73i  I.  248  There 
are  no  where.. so  many  Reasoners  upon  Government,  so 
many  Refiners  in  Politicks.  1754  EDWARDS  Freed.  Will 
n.  vii.  (1762*  64,  I  wish  such  Refiners  would  thoroughly 
consider  whether  they  distinctly  know  their  own  Meaning. 

Refinery  (r/fernari).     [f.  REFINE  v.  +  -EEY.] 

1.  A  place,  building,  or  establishment,  where 
refining  (of  sugar,  oil,  metal,  etc.)  is  carried  on. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Sugar ^  In  a  refinery  there 
are  usually  two  coppers,  the  one  serving  to  clarify,  the 
other  to  boi!  the  clarified  liquor.  1758  REID  tr.  Macquer's 
Ckym.  I,  389  The  large  refineries  of  Gold  and  Silver  by  the 
means  of  Lead  furnish  a  great  quantity  of  this  material. 
1804  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  II.  327  American  and  other 
settlers  would  have  had.. their  refineries  in  every  i>land. 
1841  W.  SPALDING  Italy  $  It.  Isl.  II.  165  The  capital  had  silk- 
works  of  all  kinds, . .  to  these  it  added  soap-works,  refineries, 
chemical-works,  lace-works. 

b.  A  furnace  for  the  conversion  of  cast  into  malle 
able  iron. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  334  The  method  of 
releasing  the  pig-iron  of  its  carbon,  or  of  converting  it  into 
what  is  called  wrought  or  malleable  iron  is,  by  placing  it  in 
an  open  furnace,  termed  a  refinery.  1884  C.  G.  W.  LOCK 
Workshop  Receipts  Ser.  in.  250/2  When  grey  pig-iron  is 
used  for  making  malleable  iron,  it  must  first  be  converted 
into  white  iron  by  the  '  whitening'  process  in  a  'refinery'. 

attrib.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  712  One  of  the  numerous 
refinery  furnaces.  Ibid.%  D  is  the  refinery  hearth. 

f2.  Refinements;  a  refinement.   Obs.  rare. 

1746  W.  HORSLFY  Fool  (1748)  I.  272  Painted  it  over  with 
silly  Glosses  and  Refinery.  Ibid.  291  That  play  in  Circum 
locutions  and  Refineries. 

Refi'nger,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  finger  again. 

1873  BROWNING  Red  Cott,  Nt.-cap  it.  748  Lucie,  much 
solaced,  I  re-finger  you,  The  medium  article. 

Refining  (rffwuii)),  vbl.  sb.     [-ING!.] 

1.  The  nction  of  the  vb.  KKFINE  in  various  senses. 
1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D*Acosta?s  Hist.  Indies  iv.  iii.  210 

That  [metal]  which  remaines  of  the  refining  of  gold  and 
silver.  1672  DRYDEN  Def.  Epil,  Conq.  Granada  Ess.  (Ker) 
I.  170  A  turning  English  into  French,  rather  than  a  refining 
of  English  by  French.  1712  tr.  Pomefs  Hist.  Drugs  I.  57 
The  next  thing  lo  be  consider'd  is  the  Refining  of  Sugar. 
1797  I'.ncycl.  Brit.  fed.  3)  XVI.  37/2  The  vessel  in  which 
the  refining  is  performed  is  flat  and  shallow.  1863  TRE- 
VF.LYAN  Compct.  Wallah  (1866)  56  The  opium  goes  through 
a  series  of  processes  which  may  generally  be  described  by 
the  epithet  'refining'.  1881  RAYMOND  Mining  Gloss.  s.v., 
The  refining  of 'base  bullion  '  (silver-lead)  produces  nearly 
pure  lead  and  silver. 

b.  With  a  and//.  An  instance  of  this. 
a  1652  J.  SMITH  Sel.  Disc.  iv.  75  After  many  refmings, 
macerations,  and  maturations.  1686  HORNECK  Cruet/. 
Jestts  v.  75  Men. .are  strangely  tickled  with  new  things, 
which  are  often  called  refinings,  or  improvements  of  old 
truths,  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  m.  (1724)  I.  407  This 
was  such  a  refining  in  a  point  of  honour.  1754  EDWARDS 
Freed.  Wili  n.  vii.  (1762)  64  This  seems  to  be  a  Refining 
only  of  some  particular  Writers,  and  newly  invented. 

2.  attrib,)    as    refining    basin,  forge,  furnace, 
hearth,  house,  mould, process ',  room,  etc. 

In  many  cases  hardly  distinct  from  the/^/.  a. 

a  1658  CLEVELAND  Poems  (1687)  i  The  Still  of  his  refining 
Mold  Minting  the  Garden  into  Gold.  1674  RAY  Coll.  Words 
j  14  These  bars  they  bring  to  the  refining  Furnace.  _  1727-41 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Sugar,  As  soon  as  the  earth  is  on  the 
sugar,  all  the  windows  of  the  refining-room  are  shut.  1731 
P.  SHAW£H.  Artif.  Philos.  126  The  Washings,  .and  Waste 
of  a  Sugar- Baker's  Refining  House.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts 
608  The  gold  produced  by  the  refining  process  with  lead,  is 
free  from  copper  and  lead.  Ibid.  712  The  German  refining 
forge.  1855  J.  R.  L[K\fcmLD]C0rM(>attMines2ii  Plunging 
billets  of  green  wood  into  the  melted  tin  in  the  refining 
basin . 

Refrning, ///.«.  [f.  REFINE  v.  -f  -ING  ^.]  That 

refines.     (See  also  prec.  2.) 

1676  MARVELL  Mr.  Smirke  I,  Some  of  the  Bishops  were  so 
ignorant  and  gross,  but  others  so  speculative,  acute  and 
refining  in  their  conceptions.  1736  HERVEY  Mem.  (1848)  I.  40 
Like  many  other  refining  historians,  I  attribute  that  to 
prudence  which  was  only  owing  to  accident.  1774  BURKE 
Sf.  Ainer.  Tax.  Wks.  1842  I.  175/1  Whether  [sufficiently) 
to  serve  a  refining  speculatist,.  .1  know  not,  1875  Ures 
Diet.  Arts  I.  943  In  washing,  the  metal  and  refining  fluxes 
are  projected  together  into  the  crucible.  1885  Atheweum 
27  June  828/2  Where  the  refining  power  of  a  genuine  master 
would  begin  to  display  itself. 

Hence  Refi-ningly  adv. 

1822  Examiner  10/2  The  general  eye  would  be  refiningly 
familiarised  to  the  relish  and  knowledge  of  Art. 

Refi't,  sb.  [RE-  5  a.]  An  act  or  instance  of 
refitting  (esp.  of  a  ship) ;  a  fresh  fitting-out. 

1799  NELSON  12  Sept.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  IV.  n  The 
Seahorse,  whose  state  requires  docking  and  a  thorough 
re-fit.  1833  MARRYAT  P.  Simple  (1863)  387  Your  vessel  is 
strained  to  pieces,.. no  orders  for  a  refit.  1870  ANDERSON 
Missions  Amer.  Bd.  II.  xvi.  123  A  large  number  of  whaling 
vessels  resorted  to  Lahaine  for  their  annual  refit, 

Refit  («Trt),  v.     [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  Naut.  a.  trans.  To  fit  out  (a  ship,  fleet,  etc.) 
again  ;  to  restore  to  a  serviceable  condition  by 
renewals  and  repairs.  Also  'reft.,  and  const,  with. 

1666  PEPYS  Diary  4  July,  Ships,  when  they  are  a  little 
shattered,  must.. refit  themselves  the  best  they  can.  1697 
DRYDEN  /Eneid  \.  777  Permit  our  Ships  a  Shelter  on  your 
Shoars,  Refitted  from  your  Woods  with  Planks  and  Oars. 
1725  POPE  Qdyss.  xiv.  422  Ulysses  on  the  coast  of  Crete 
Staid  but  a  season  to  refit  his  fleet.  1790  BEATSON  Nat>.  ty 
Mil.  Mem.  I.  64  They  met  with  a  violent  storm,  and  put 
into  Port  Louis  to  refit  their  ships.  1853  KANE  Grinnell 


EEFITMENT. 

•/T.i"/.  xxxvi.  (1856)  324  To  prepare  for  our  closing  struggle 
with  the  ice-fields,  .it  was  determined  to  refit  the  Rescue. 

b.   intr.  To  get  refitted  ;   to  have   renewals  or 
repairs  executed. 

1669  H.  SALESBURV  in  Sf.  Papers,  Dam,  175  The  Portland 
has  come  in  to  refit,  having  lost  her  masts.  1703-4  Loud. 
Gaz.  No.  3880/1  The  Captains  of  Our  Ships  of  War,  which 
are  come  into  Port  to  Clean  and  Refit.  1833  MAKRVAT 
P.  Simple  (1863!  no  We  anchored  in  Gibraltar  Bay,  and 
the  ship  was  stripped  to  refit.  1854  H.  MILLER  Sch.  <$• 
Sehm.  (1858)  5  The  enemy  drifted  to  leeward  to  refit. 

2.  a.  trans.  To  fit,  arrange,  or  set  in  order,  again  ; 
to  fit  out  afresh  in  some  respect.     Also  with  up. 

1676  MAKVF.LL^/r.  S;/«V&r  Wks.  1875  III.  62  When  it  shall 
come  out  new  vamped  and  refitted,  it  will  be  a  question.  ., 
whether  it  be  the  same  sermon.  1716  M.  DAVIF.S  Athen, 
Brit.  II.  223  Those  harmless  Doctrines  have  been,  .refitted 
up  again  by  a  still  later  set  of  Modern  Montanists.  1783 
Mrss  BURNKY  Cecilia  vn.  ix,  That  all  expedition  might  be 
used  in  refitting  the  other  chaise  for  their  reception.  1812 
BYRON  Ch.  Ifar.  it.  vi,  Can  all  sage,  saint,  or  sophist  ever 
writ  People  this  lonely  tower,  this  tenement  refit? 
b.  intr.  To  renew  supplies  or  equipment. 

1802  H.  MARTIN  Helen  ofGlcnross  1  1  1.  261,  I  want  to  go 
and  refit  at  Cheltenham  ;  and  thence  I  shall  vagabondize 
somewhere  or  other.  1841  ELPHISSTOSF;  Hist.  Ind.  II.  405 
The  exhausted  condition  of  the  army.,  compelled  Aurangzib 
..to  halt  and  refit  at  Cabul. 

3.  trans.  To  fit  (a  person)  again  for  something. 
1792  MME.  D'ARBLAV  Diary  Jan.  (1842)  V.  vn.  278  An  old 

attendance  I  was  so  little  refitted  for  renewing. 

Kefi'tment.     [f.  prec.  +  -MENT.]     The  act  of 

refitting  ;  a  refit. 

1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  62  Sometimes 
his  Captain,  .repairs  to  him  for  a  refitment.  1748  Anson"s 
Voy.  nr.  vii.  366  The  Viceroy  of  Canton's  warrant  for  the 
refitment  of  the  Centurion.  1799  MOORE  Mem.  (1853)  I.  90 
Indeed,  I  want  a  total  refitment;  my  best  black  coat..  is 
quite  shabby.  1832  SOUTHEV  Penins.  War  III.  199  His 
troops,  .were  equally  in  need  of  rest  and  of  refitment.  1863 
Marn.  Star  28  Aug.,  She  will  immediately  commence  her 
refitments  to  enable  her  to  take  in  a  new  cable. 

Refi'ttiug,  -vbl.  sb.  [f.  REFITS.  +  -ING!.]  The 
action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses. 

1695  WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Earth  m.  i.  (1723)  163  He 
will  not  allow..  that  there  was  so  great  care  taken  in  the 
re-fitting  of  it  up  again  at  the  Deluge.  1748  Alisons  Voy. 
H,  iv.  159  The  thorough  refitting  of  the  Anna  Pink.  .was.. 
impossible.  1838  THIRL  WALL  Greece  III.  xx.  153  These 
commissioners,  .applied  themselves  to  the  refitting  of  the 
ships  engaged  in  the  last  action.  1886  WILLIS  &  CLARK 
Cambridge  I.  59  The  Church  was  also  undergoing  repairs 
and  refittings. 

attrib,  1894  Times  24  Aug.  9/4  The  port  now  boasts  of 
a  large  refitting  basin. 

Refi'X,  z*.1  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  fix  again  ;  to 
establish  anew. 

1611  FLORIO,  Riffiggere^  to  refix,  to  fix  againe.  (11711 
KEN  Hymns  Evang.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  174  They  both 
believe,  yet  Doubts  were  intermix'd,  Till  fresh  Illumina 
tions  Faith  refix'd.  1769  FALCONER  Marine  Diet.  (1780) 
S.V.  Jigger^  To  jam  the  latter  to  the  windlass,  and  prevent 
it  from  running  out  till  the  jigger  is  refixed.  1816  BYRON 
Siege  Cor.  v,  A  hundred  years  have  roll'd  away  Since  he 
refix'd  the  Moslem's  sway.  1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  I.  vii. 
iii,  One  individual  picks  his  [cockade]  up  again;,  .attempts 
to  refix  it.  1870  E.  PEACOCK  Ralph  Skirl.  I.  7  It  had  not 
refixed  life  on  its  old  basis. 

t  Refrx,  2-a  Obs.  rare-*,  [ad.  L.  refix-,  ppl. 
stem  of  reflgtre  :  see  RE-  2  d  and  Fix  v~!\  trans. 
To  abrogate,  annul  (a  law). 

^  1621  Rp.  MOUNTAGU  Diatribx  50  This  is  enough  to  proue 
in  the  iudgement  of  those  that  made  the  Law,  it  was  held 
a  thing  of  common  right,  and  ought  to  be  receiued  as  Law, 
vntill  as  good  authoritie  did  refixe  it. 

Befixa'tion.  [RE-  5  a  :  cf.  REFIX  Z*.1]  A 
renewed  fixing. 

1899  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VII.  572  The  daily  passive 
movements  which  will  be  necessary  to  prevent  refixation. 

Hefize,  obs.  form  of  REFUSE  so. 

t  Reflac,  revelaik.  Obs,  Forms:  1-2  r£af- 
l&c,  2  refloc,  3  reeflac,  raflak,  reflac,  4  reue- 
laic(k,  -laike,  5  Sc.  reyflake,  revelayk.  [OE. 
rtafldc,  f.  reaf  REIF  +  -lac  -LOCK  (cf.  wedlock}^ 
Rapine,  robbery,  reavery. 


888  K.  ALFRED  Roeth.  xxvi.  §  2  ^Ic  bit  )>ges  rea6aces  be 
him  on  jenumen  bi5.  riooo  /ELKRIC  Horn.  II.  102  pa 
ielmessan  l>e  of  reafiace  beo5  ^esealde.  c  1154(7.  E.  Chron. 
(Laud  MS.)  an.  1135,  On  J>is  kinges  time  wes  al  unfriS  & 
yfel  &  neflac.  c  izoo  Triu.  Coll.  Horn.  79  $if  he  imfele  man 
.  .te3  him  to  unwrenches  to  stele  o3er  refloc  oSer  swikedom. 
a  1225  Ancr.  R.  208  Etholden  o5res  hure,  ouer  his  rihte 
terme,  nis  hit  strong  reflac?  4-1250  Gen,  fy  Ex.  436  Deft 
and  reflac  Shugte  him  no  same,  a  1300  Cursor  M.  27825 
pe  first  sin  es  o  couaitise..O  bis  cums  blindnes  and  tresun, 
Reuelaic,  theft,  extorsiun.  14..  in  Sc.  Acts  Parl.  (1844) 
I.  381  Of  soyt  to  be  mayd  of  reyflake  and  ubir  cry  mis. 
Alsua  na  man  aw  to  be  herd  of  revelayk  na  of  haymesokyn. 

t  Reflarr,  sb.  Obs.  Also  4,  6  -flayr.  [prob. 
a.  OF.  or  AF.  *reflairt  f.  re-  RE-  +Jlair  FLAIR  l.] 
Odour,  scent,  redolence. 

13..  E,  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  46  5if  hit  was  semly  on  to  sene, 
A  fayr  reflayr  ?et  fro  hit  flot.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.) 
xviii.  84  J>e  water  ^crofT  has  a  swete  sauour  and  reflaire, 
«  15^9  SKELTON  P.  Sfiarowe  524  To  make  a  fumigation, 
Swete  of  reflayr  And  redolent  of  ayre. 

t  Reflai'r,  z'.  Obs.  Forms  :  5-6  reflar-,  6 
-flayre,  -fleyre,  -flere.  [Cf.  prec.  and  ^.Jiaircr 
to  smell.] 

1.  intr.  To  arise  or  issue  ;  to  distil. 

(•1440  York  My  st.  xli.  367  The  odour  of  thy  goodnes 
reflars  to  vs  all.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xiv.  (Percy  Soc.) 


341 

!  53  Morall  Gou-er,  whose  sentencious  dewe  Adowne  re- 
flayretli  with  fay  re  golden  bemes. 

2.  trans.  To  emit,  send  forth,  give  out,  shed. 

1509  HAWKS  Past.  Pleas,  xi.  (Percy  Soc.)  42  O  clere  foun- 
tayne  replete  wyth  swetenes,  Refierynge  out  the  dulcet 
delicacy  Of  iiii.  ryvers.  Ibid.  xx.  96  Habundant  teres  tbeyr 
hertes  do  refieyre. 

Hence  t  Beflai-ring1///.  a.t  redolent.   Obs. 

1523  SKELTON  Garl.  Laurel  977  My  mayden  Isabel!,  Re- 
Baring  rosabell,  The  flagrant  camamell. 

Refia'me,  v.  [RE-.]  t&-  To  reflect  light. 
Obs.  b.  To  hurst  into  flame  again  ;  to  rekindle. 

1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  n.  xxxi.  125  In  the  mone  is  a  body 
polysshyd  ..  whiche  reflaumbeth  and  rendrith  lyght  and 
cjerenes  whan  the  rayes  of  the  sonne  smytetli  therin.  1875 
TENNYSON  Q.  Maiy  \.  v,  Stamp  out  the  fire,  or  this  Will 
smoulder  and  re-flame. 

Reflect  (r/fle-kt),  sb.  Now  rare.  [f.  the  vb.] 
=  REFLECTION,  in  various  senses,  lit.  and  fig. 
(Chiefly  in  ij-th  c.  use.) 

1596  LODGE  Marg,  Aincr.  15  As  the  rainbow  which.. 
Lives  by  the  sunnes  reflect  and  opposition.  1613  MARK. 
HAM  Picas.  Princes  ii.  (1635)  4  Their  colour  will  be  so 
dnrke  that  they  will  give  no  reflect  into  the  water,  a  1653 
G.  DANIEL  I<iytt\.  58  Perhaps  I  have  To  my  owne  Private, 
had  reflects  as  grave  On  my  Condition.  1687  WINSTANM.Y 
Lives  Eng.  Poets  91  This  tart  reflect  so  wrought  upon  the 
Queen,  that  she  gave  strict  order,  .for  the  present  payment 
of  the  hundred  pounds.  1727-41  [see  REFLEX  &h.  i  b].  1829 
CAKLVLE  German  Playivr.  Misc.  (1840)  II.  63  Aiming  ap 
parently  at  some  Classic  model,  or  at  least  at  some  French 
reflect  of  such  a  model. 

t  Reflect,  a.  Obs.  [f.  the  vb.,  on  analogy  of 
ppl.  forms  in  -r/.]  Reflex,  reflected. 

1645  USSHER  Body  Div.  (1647)  200  It  is  the  reflect  act  of 
faith  that  justifieth.  a  1660  HAMMOND  Serin,  xx.  Wks.  1684 
IV._6io  When  looking  in  the  glass,  he  sees  all  far  more 

§lorious  in  that  reflect  beam,  than  it  is  in  the  direct.     i66z 
IR  A.  MKRVYNtS/.  Irish  AJf.  12  Our  spirits  on  both  sides 
exercised  not  so  much  the  reflect  Act.  .as  the  direct  Act. 

Reflect  (r/fle-kt),^.     [a.  OF.  reflect er  (i4thc.t 
Oresme)   or  L.  reflect ?ret  f.   re-  RE-  +  fccicre  to 
bend  (cf.  deflect ',  inflect}^  whence  also  It.  rijlcttcre, 
Sp.  refleclir,  F.  rtfltchir^ 
I.  Transitive  senses. 

1.  To  turn  or  direct  in  a  certain  course,  to  divert; 
to  turn  away  or  aside,  to  deflect. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy\\.  xi.  (15551,  ]>y arches  stronge 
Jiis  course  for  to  reflect e  Through  condite  pipes.. Hy  cer- 
tayne  means  artifyciall.  ci4So  tr.  DC  Iittitatione  \\\.  lix. 
139  Nature  reflect^  [L.  rejleciit}  all  bynge  to  himself,  &  for 
himself  he  striue)*  &  arguib.  1540  ELYOT  linage  Gov. 
(1556)  34  k,  No  kynde  of  affection,  .moughte  reflect  hym 
from  the  sharpe  execution  of  his  lawes.  1613  PURCIIAS 
Pilgrimage  (1614)  13  Dazled  with  this  greater  light  [the 
sun]  I  would  reflect  mine  eyes  to  that  reflexion  of  this  light 
in  the  sober,  siluer  countenance  of  the..Moone.  1796 
MORSE  Amcr.  Gcog.  I.  61,  I  conceive  that,  when  easterly 
and  westerly  winds  meet  with  unequal  force,  one  of  them 
may  be  reflected  northward.  1827  HOOD  M^ids.  Fairies 
liv,  Jt  raised  my  bile  To  see  him  so  reflect  their  grief  aside. 

2.  To  bend,  turn,  or  fold  back ;  to  give  a  back 
ward   bend   or   curve  to   (a  thing)  ;   to   recurve ; 
tto  bend  (the  legs).     (Chiefly  in  pa.pple.,  denot 
ing  the  position  of  parts.) 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  \.  13  The  neither  iawe  is 
Orbicular.. the  vtmost  cndes  wherof  are  ascendently  re 
flected.  1609  W.  M.  Man  in  Moone,  Parasite  E  iij  b, 
He  fleareth  not  in  your  face  for  nothing,  nor  reflects  his 
legges  without  some  surmised  reason.  1646  SIR  T.  KKOWNE 
Pseud.  P.p.  342  The  coccyx  sometime  more  reflected  to  give 
the  easier  delivery.  1693  Phil.  Trans.  XVII.  762  The 
Flowers  come  out  in  Clusters,  are  monopetalose,  with  five 
Latinise  or  Incisures,  all  reflected.  1768  PKNNANT  Brit. 
Zool.  1 1. 353  The  bill  is.,  not  quite  strait,  but  all  ttle  reflected 
upwards.  1776-96  WITHERING  Brit.  Plants  (ed.  3)  I.  297 
Anthers  strap-shaped,  upright,  reflected  at  the  top.  1846 
BRITTAN  tr.  Malgaignc's  Man.  Oper.  Surg.  195  The  hori 
zontal  incision  being  made,  convert  it  into  aT  oy  a  vertical 
incision.. and  reflect  the  two  flaps.  1869  H.  USSHER  in 
Eng.  Meek.  3  Dec.  271^2  From  the  under  surface  of  the 
eyelid  a  thin  membrane  is  reflected  on  the  ball. 

fig,  1608  TOPSELL  Serpents  (1658)  691  A  deadly  antipathy 
reflecting  themselves  upon  themselves.  1650  BULWER 
Anthrogomet.  60  Whence  the  spirits  streined  and  reflected, 
rise  again. 

1"  "•  fiS'  To  bring  back  from  anger  or  estrange 
ment  ;  to  appease.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad  ix.  180  Such  rites  beseeme  Am 
bassadors  :  and  Nestor  vrged  these,  That  their  most 
honours  might  reflect  enrag'd /Eacides.  Ibid.  xxi.  353  And 
prayd  her,  that  her  sonne  Might  be  reflected. 

f3.  To  turn  (back),  cast  (the  eye  or  thought)  on 
or  npon  something.  Obs. 

1607  in  Harington  Niigse  Ant.  (ed.  Park  1804)  II,  166 
When  I  reflect  rny  thought  and  eye  upon  that  I  have 
formerly  written.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  ix.  vii.  §  22  Let 
me  minde  the  Reader  to  reflect  his  eye  on  our  Quotations. 
(11677  BARROW  Serin.  Wks.  1716  I.  127  If  we  reflect  our 
thoughts  on  the  first  ages  of  Christianity. 

4.  To  throw  or  cast  back  again  ;  to  cause  to 
return  or  rebound. 

1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  iv.  iv.  758  Reflect  I  not  on  thy 
Basenesse  Court-Contempt?  1613  WITHER  Abuses  Stript^ 
Envy  Juvenilia  (1633)  25  The  shafts  are  aim'd  at  me,  but  I 
reject  them,  And  on  the  shooters  may  perhaps  reflect  them. 
1656  tr.  Hobbes1  Elem.  Philos.  \\\.  (1839)  274  A  body  falling 
upon  the  superficies  of  another  body  and  being  reflected 
from  it.  1722  WOLLASTON  Rclig.  Nat.  vi.  132  It  is  that 
violence,  of  which  he  is  the  author,  reflected  back  upon 
himself.  1799  J.  WOOD  Princ.  Mech.  \\.  g  206.  121  Each 
body  will  therefore  be  reflected  with  a  velocity  equal  to 
that  which  it  had  before  impact.  1833  Proc.  Royal  Soc.  III. 


REFLECT. 

ajo  {A  function]  by  which  an  impression  made  upon  the 
extremities  of  certain  nerves  is  conveyed  to  those  two 
portions  of  the  nervous  system,  and  reflected  along  other 
nerves  to  parts  different  from  those  which  received  the 
impression.  1855  BAIN  Senses  $  Int.  i.  ii.  g  18  When  an 
action  takes  place  on  this  inner  surface,.. there  is  reflected 
a  stimulus  to  the  muscle  that  closes  the  [eye]  lids. 

transf.  1656  tr.  Hobbes'  Elcm.  Phi  fas.  (1839)  274  If  two 
strait  lines  drawn  from  the  same  point  fall  upon  another 
strait  line,  the  lines  reflected  from  them,  if  they  be  drawn 
out  the  other  way,  will  meet  in  an  angle  equal  to  the  angle 
of  the  incident  lines. 

b.  spec.  Of  bodies  or  surfaces  (cf.  next)  :  Tocast 
or  send  back  (heat,  cold,  or  sound)  after  impact. 

1718  PRIOR  Salomon  n.  636  The  vocal  triumphs  bound 
Against  the  hills  :  the  hills  reflect  the  sound.  1774  GOLDSM. 
Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  I.  351  The  land  ..  receives  a  greater 
quantity  of  heat,  and  reflects  it  more  strongly.  1794  J. 
MUTTON  Philos.  Light,  etc.  138  To  suppose  that  cold  may 
lie  irradiated  like  light,  and  be  reflected  and  concentrated 
as  well  as  heat.  1822  JMISON  Sc.  <y  Art  I.  230  Buildings 
constructed  of  certain  shapes.. have  this  property  of  re 
flecting  sounds  in  a  remarkable  manner.  1878  HUXLKY 
Physiogr.  53  A  cloud  ..  reflects  or  throws  back  upon  the 
earth  the  heat. 

5.  Of  bodies  or  surfaces,  esp,  such  as  arc  smooth 
or  polished;  To  turn,  throw,  or  cast  back  (beams, 
rays,  or  light).     Also  in  fig.  context. 

'573  !'•  MORE  Alman.  «$•  Prfgnost.  D  vj  b,  Whether  the 
sayd  beamcs  [the  sun's]  be  extended  unto  the  Earth,  or  re 
flected  backwardes  again,  do  forshew  tempest  of  \\indes 
comming.  c  i586CiF.ss  PKMBROKE  Ps.  cxxi.  iv,  No  sunne 
shall  hurt  thee  With  beanies  too  violently  right  reflected. 
1602  MARRTON  Ant.  $  Mel.  i.  Wks.  1856  I.  61  Marry  but 
shine,  and  ile  reflect  your  bennies.  1622  DRAYTON  Poly-olb, 
xxii.  134  As  when  you  see  the  sunbeams  in  a  glass,  'Jhat.. 
on  the  earth  reflects  the  very  same.  1664  I'OWF.R  J-~,xp. 
Philos.  i.  43  The  Crystal  Sands,  .refracting  and  reflecting 
the  Suns  rays,  seem  here  and  there  of  Rainbow-colours, 
1692  BI-NII.KY  Boyle  I.ect,  viii.  259  The  Light  of  the  Moon 
reflected  from  fro/en  Snow.  1781  COWPKR  Charity  398  As 
diamonds,  stripp'd  of  their  opaque  disguise,  Reflect  the 
noonday  glory  of  the  skies.  1831  JJitKwsTER  Optics  Introd. 
2  When  light  falls  upon  any  body  whatever,  part  of  it  is  re 
flected  or  driven  hack.  1875  DRYCE  Holy  R  out.  Ewp.  (ed.  5) 
I'ref.,  The  great  events  uf  1866  nntl  1870  reflect  back  so 
much  light  upon  the  previous  history  of  Germany. 

absoL  1730  A.  GORDON  M.aflci*s  Atiiphith.  351  The  red. . 
and  yellow  Coverings  of  the  Theatre  reflected  back  on 
the  Assembly  of  Spectators,,  .undulating  the  whole  with 
their  Colours.  1869  TYNDALL  in  }'~ort)t.  Re~>,  i  t'eb.  244 
It  [a  cloud]  is  absolutely  incompetent  to  reflect  upwards  or 
downwards. 

b.  To  emit,  give  out  (a  light),  as  the  result  of 
reflection. 

1719  DK  FOE  Crusoe  \.  xii,  The  Walls  reflected  a  hundred 
thousand  Lights  to  .me  from  my  two  Candles.  1727-46 
THOMSON  Swrtrttfr"  170  The  briny  deep,  ..  Restless,  reflects 
a  floating  gleam. 

6.  Of  mirrors  or  other  polished  surfaces  :  To  give 
back  or  exhibit  an  image  of  (a  person  or  thing)  j 
to  mirror.     Also  absol. 

1592  SHAKS.  /-V«.  $  Ad.  1130  Two  glasses  where  herself 
herself  beheld  A  thousand  times,  and  now  no  more  reflect. 
1713  ADHISON  Cato  i.  vi,  The  floating  mirrour  shines,  Re 
flects  each  flow'r  that  on  the  border  grows.  1765  GOLDSM. 


Alastor  501  The  rivulet . .  Reflecting  every  herb  and  drooping 
bud  That  overhung  its  quietness.  1836  LANDOK  Peric.  fy 
AsJ>.  Wks.  1846  II.  386  A  shallow  water  may  reflect  the  sun 
as  perfectly  as  a  deeper.  1864  BOWEN  Logic  i  It  is  like  a 
mirror  reflecting  the  objects  that  are  held  up  before  it. 

b.  fig.  and   in  fig.   context.     To  reproduce    or 
exhibit  after  the  fashion  of  a  mirror. 

a  1771  GRAY  Dante  63  When  I  beheld  My  Sons,  and  in 
four  Faces  saw  my  own  Despair  reflected.  1784  COWPER 
Tiroc.  92  If  all  we  find  possessing  earth,  sea,  air.  Reflect 
his  attributes  who  placed  them  there.  i8ai  SHELLEY 
ProJiieth.  Ifnf'.u.iv.  84  And  mothers,  gazing,  drank  the  love 
men  see  Reflected  in  their  race.  1858  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng. 
III.  xvii.  498  The  law.,  reflects  the  plain  sentiments  of  the 
better  order  of  average  men.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  viii. 
§  i.  455  This  balanced  attitude  of  the  Crown  reflected  faith 
fully  enough  the  balanced  attitude  of  the  nation. 
7.  Of  persons  :  To  throw  or  cast  (blame,  dis 
honour,  etc.)  on  or  ttpon  a  person  or  thing,  rare. 

1670  BAXTER  Cure  Ch.  Div.  Addit.  Direct.  Pastors  §  14 
When  you  reprove  those  weak  Christians.. reflect  not  any 
disgrace  upon  piety  itself.  1700  CONGREVE  Way  of  World 
n.  iii,  Do  you  reflect  that  guilt  upon  me,  which  should  He 
buried  in  your  bosom  ?  1809  E.  CHRISTIAN  in  Blackstonc's 
Comm.  II.  160  If  it  were  not  presumptuous  to  reflect  a 
censure  upon  a  doctrine . .  sanctioned  by  illustrious  names. 
b.  Of  actions,  circumstances,  etc. :  To  cast  or 
bring  (dishonour,  credit,  etc.)  on  or  upon  a  person 
or  thing. 

1675  R.  BURTHOGGE  Causa  Dei  45  All  the  Aggravations 
Reflected  on  the  faulty  Action  by  this  Transcendent  Object. 
1769  ROBERTSON  Chas.  V,  vi.  Wks.  1813  VI.  103  Of  all  the 
transactions  in  the  emperor's  life,  this,  .reflects  the  gre_atest 
dishonour  on  his  reputation.  1834  PRINGLE  Afr.  Sk.  xi.  351 
The  attention  given  to  education  in  this  district  ..  reflects 
the  highest  credit  on  the  inhabitants.  1884  Manch.  Exam. 
7  May  5^4  The  contest  ..reflects  more  credit  upon  the 
intrepidity  than  upon  the  wisdom  of  the  belligerents. 

II.  Intransitive  senses. 

f  8.  Of  beams  or  rays  of  light :  To  return,  turn 
back,  after  striking  or  falling  upon  a  surface.  Obs. 
1530  PALSGR.  682/2,  I  reflecte,  as  the  sonne  beames  do 
that  strike  upwards  from  the  grounde  agayne.  Je  rcjlccte. 
Je  reuerbere.  I  can  nat  abyde  here,  the  sonne  beames 
reflecte  so  sore.  1624  QUARLES  S ion's  Sonn.  v.  i  From 
Thee  Reflect  those  rayes,  that  haue  enlightned  mee.  1625 


REFLECT. 

N.  CARPENTER  Geog.  Del.  \.  ix.  (1635)  205  The  Sunne  darts 
forth  his  Rayes  at  right  Angles,  which  reflect  backe  vpon 
themselues.  1687  A.  LOVKLL  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav.  i.  260 
Sore  Eyes  are.. caused  by  the  burning  heat  of  the  Sun, 
which  reflects  from  the  Ground  upon  the  Eyes.  1703  MOXON 
Afeck.  Exerc.  346  When  the  Sun  Shines  upon  the  Gla-;s  at 
Nodus,  its  Beames  shall  reflect  upon  the  Hour  of  the  Day. 
t  b.  To  shine,  cast  a  light.  Obs. 
1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  I.  ii.  226  Lord  Saturnine,  whose 
Vertues  will  I  hope,  Reflect  on  Rome  as  Tytans  Rayes  on 
earth.  1590  GREENE  Never  too  late  (1600)  G,  When  the 

B'ister  of  your  beauty  surpassing  them  both  [Venus  and 
iana],  reflected  like  the  pride  of  Phcebus  on  my  face,  I 
perceiued  it  was  my  good  Mistresse.     1653  BINNING  Serm, 
Wks.  (1735)  ii  It  is  that  Love  of  God,  reflecting  upon  our 
Souls,  that  carries  the  Soul  upward  to  him. 
c.  To  appear  imaged  or  mirrored. 
1819  KEATS  Lamia  \.  380  A  silver  lamp  whose  phosphor 

fl)\v  Reflected  in  the  slabbed  step-i  below.  1821  CLARE 
'ill.  Minstr.  I.  208  Brooks  curl  o'er  their  sandy  bed;  On 
whose  tide  the  clouds  reflect. 

1 9.  To  deviate,  to  go  to  or  come  away  from 
a  place.  Obs.  rare. 

1547  BOORDE  Brev.  Health  §  236  This  impediment  doth 
come  of  the  corruption  of  humours  reflectynge  more  to  a 
pertyculer  place  then  tovnyversall  places.  1593  R.  BARNES 
PartkenophU.  Madr.  xxiv.  in  Arb.  Garner  V.  405  Then  from 
her  sphere  did  Venus  down  reflect,  Lest  Mars  by  chance  her 
beauty  should  affect. 

flO.  To  return;  to  turn,  come,  or  go  back.  Obs. 

1608  T.  MORTON  Preanib,  Encounter  i  To  throw  dust 
against  the  wind,  which  will  reflect  and  returne  with  greater 
violence  upon  his  own  face.  1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  IVorld  \. 
(1634)  41  Where  the  River  of  Euphrates  reflccteth  from  the 
Desart  of  Palmirena.  Ibid.  n.  217  At  Etham  he  rested  but 
one  night,  and  then  he  reflected  back  from  the  entrance 
thereof  and  marched  away  directly  to  the  South.  1654  tr. 
Sci(dery"s  Curia  Pol.  127  These  Cogitations  reflected  on 
me  with  shame  to  my  selfe.  1692  BENTLEY  Boyle  Led.  vn. 
25  Inanimate  (inactive  Matter  moves  always  in  a  streight 
Line,  and  never  reflects  in  an  Angle,  nor  bends  in  a  Circle . . , 
unless  [etc.].  1717  J.  KEILL  A  aim.  Oecon.  (1738)  118  They 
must  necessarily  hit  one  against  another,  and  being  elastic, 
reflect  from  one  another. 

fb.  To  bend  or  be  bent  back.  Obs. 

1756  P.  BKOWNE  Jamaica  352  The  leaves  stand  in  the 
same  manner,  reflecting  a  little  backwards  from  the  direction 
of  the  foot-stalks.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VIII.  465/2 
A  Chain  affixed  thereto,  reflecting  over  the  back. 

fll.  To  cast  a  look  or  glance  upon  a  thing;  to 
have  a  bearing  upon,  etc.  Obs. 

1613  FLETCHER,  etc.  Captain  iv.  v,  Let  thine  eyes  Reflect 
upon  thy  soul,  and  there  behold  How  loathed  black  it  is. 
1653  R.  SANDERS  Physiogn.  36  The  hands  are  big,  and  of 
a  pale  colour,  reflecting  somewhat  on  the  Ethiopian.  1657 
HAWKE  Killing  is  M.  46  That  it  reflected  not  so  much  upon 
his  own  good,  as  the  welfare  of  the  Commonwealth,  that  he 
should  be  safe.  1662  H.  MORE  Philos.  Writ.  Pref.  Gen. 
(1712)  17  Which  latter  in  all  likelihood  was  a  glance  at  the 
third  day's  work.  But  the  former  part,  that  affirms  the 
ground  eternal,  reflects  upon  the  first. 

•\  b.  To  bestow  attention  or  regard  upon  a  per 
son  or  thing ;  to  set  a  value  on.  Obs.  rare. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cymh.  i.  vi.  24  He  is  one  of  the  Noblest  note. 
..Reflect  vpon  him  accordingly,  as  you  value  your  trust. 
a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  III.  213  He  became  a 
favorite  to  the  duke  of  Florence,  who  highly  reflected  on 
his  abilities. 

12.  To  turn  one's  thoughts  (back)  <?;/,  to  fix  the 
mind  or  attention  on  or  upon  a  subject  j  to  ponder, 
meditate  0«;  f  think  of  (quot.  1751). 

1605  B.  JONSON  Volpone  ii.  i,  Would  I  reflect  on  the 
price?  Why,  the  whole  world  is  but.  .as  a  private  purse  to 
the  purchase  of  it.  1652  NEEDHAM  tr.  S&dttfl  Mare  C. 
500  That  I  may  reflect  a  little  upon  the  point  of  sea 
Dominion.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenofs  Trav.  i.  134 
Having  reflected  a  little  on  the  Danger  which  we  had 
escaped,  we  viewed  the  second  Pyramide.  1726  BUTLER 
Sefttt.  Hum.  Nat.  i.  Wks.  1874  II.  9  We  are  plainly  consti 
tuted  such  sort  of  creatures  as  to  reflect  upon  our  own 
nature.  1751  Female  Foundling  II.  10,  I  would  for  ever 
blot  out  of  my  Memory,  and  reflect  of  nothing  for  the 
future  but  my  Obligations  to  you.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac. 
i.  xxii.  155,  I  paused  here  for  a  moment,  and  reflected  on  the 
work  before  me.  1879  LUBBOCK  Addr,  Pol.  fy  Educ.  viii. 
147  It  is  a  melancholy  subject  to  reflect  on. 

b.  With   objective  clause  introduced   by  that% 
what,  how,  etc. 

1703  MAUNDRELL  Journ.  Jerus.  (1732)  14, 1  have  sometimes 
reflected  for  what  reason  the  Turks  should  [etc.].    1709  MRS. 
MANLEY  Seer.  Mem.  (1736)  2, 1  sat  down  in  an  Easy  Chair  to 
reflect  what  I  had  best  to  da    1777  SIR  W.  JONES  Ess.  Poetry 
E.  Nat.  in  Poems,  etc.  178  They  do  not  reflect  that  every 
nation  has  a  set  of  images,  and  expressions,  peculiar  to  itself. 
a  1854  H.  REED  Lect.  Eng.  Hist.  i.  (1856)  n  Reflect  how 
often  our  sense  of  truth  is  impaired  or  impeded.    1894  HALL 
CAINE  Manxman  v.  xxi,  He  reflected  that  he  had  no  right 
to  do  this. 

c.  Without  const. :  To  employ  reflection. 

1704  XORRIS  Ideal  World  \\.  iii.  121  There  is  but  here  and 
there  a  man  that   reflects.. and  carefully  observes  what's 
doing  in  his  own  mind.      1715  DE  KOE  Fam,  Instruct,  i.  i. 
(1841)  I.  7  Reflect,  argue,  and  know  both  yourself,  and  Him 
that  made  you.      1772  PRIESTLEY  Inst.  Relig.  (1782)  I.  124 
It  is  necessary,  .that  we  think  and  reflect  before  we  act. 
1825  COLERIDGE  Aids  Rejl.  (1831)  3  The  noblest  object  of 
reflection  is  the  mind  itself,  by  which   we   reflect.      1841 
JAMES  firiganiixx\t  I  wish  you  to  pause,  reflect,  and  judge 
before  you  decide. 

13.  To  cast  a  slight  or  imputation,  reproach  or 
blame,   on   or  tipon  a  person  or  thing ;   to  pass 
a  censure  on.     Also  without  const,  (quot.  (21718). 

1631  MASSINGER  Emperor  East  iv.  v,  In  this  you  reflect 
Upon  my  empress?  1644  CROMWELL  Sp.  9  Dec.  in  Carlyle, 
1  am  far  from  reflecting  on  any.  1  know  lite  wwrth  of 


342 

commanders.  1676  DRVDEN  Aitrengz.  ni.  i,  But  since  my 
Honour  you  so  far  suspect,  'Tis  just  I  should  on  your 
Designs  reflect,  a  1718  PENN  ^/ajrzwj  Wks.  1726  I.  833  Re- 
1  fleet  without  Malice  but  never  without  Need.  1756  C. 
LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  II.  6r,  I  would  not  be  thought  to  re 
flect  upon  this  very  eminent  physician's  practice.  1794  in 
Bloomfield  Amer.  Law  Rep.  21  Divers  Expressions  re 
flecting  on  the  Authority  of  the  Court,  1849  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng,  vi.  II.  115  The  clergy  were  strictly  charged  not 
to  reflect  on  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  in  their  discourses. 

14.  Of  actions,  circumstances,  etc.  :  To  cast  or 
bring  reproach  or  discredit  on  a  person  or  thing. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  I.  §  200  Not  the  less  pleased  to 
find,  that  the  Prejudice  of  that  whole  Transaction  reflected 
solely  upon  the  Arch  Bishop.  1654  URAMHALL  Just  l-'ind. 
ii.  (1661)  7  These  were  but  personal  heats,  which  reflected 
not  upon  the  publick  body  of  the  Church.  1691  NORRIS 
Pract.  Disc.  167  We  are  generally  more  impatient  of  what 
reflects  upon  our  Intellectuals,  than  of  what  reflects  upon 
our  Morals.  1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  39  f  13  111  Language, 
and  brutal  Manners,  reflected  only  on  those  who  were 
guilty  of  'em.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  xvn.  vi,  Mrs. 
Miller . .  related  everything  concerning  that  fact,  suppressing 
only  those  circumstances  which  would  have  most  reflected 
on  her  daughter.  1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  viii,  1  cannot 
endure  to  see  our  townsman  beaten  and  rifled.  ..It  reflects 
upon  the  Fair  Town.  1878  13os\y.  SMITH  Carthage  329 
A  series  of  terrible  atrocities,  .which  reflects  seriously  on 
the  state  in  whose  service  the  worst  offenders  were. 
b.  To  cast  a  certain  light  or  character  on. 

1856  FROCDE  Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  I.  v.  399  His  conduct, 
though  creditable  to  his  ingenuity,  reflects  less  pleasantly 
on  his  character. 

Hence  tRefle'ctant,areflectingsubstance.  Obs.~l 

1706  FRAZER  Disc.  Second  Sight,  Ess.  Witchcr*  (1820)  171 
Any  lucid,  smooth  and  solid  reflectant. 

Reflected  (rtfle'ktdd),  «w/.  o,    [f.  REFLECT  v.~\ 

1.  Bent,  folded,  or  turned  back  ;  recurved. 

1611  SPEED  flist.  Gt.  Brit.  vi.  xxiii.  227  His  haire  for 
more  ornament  long  hee  wore  in  reflected  curies  vpon  his 
shoulders.  1861  HULME  tr.  Moquin-Tandon  \\.  in.  ii.  84 
A  thick  peristome,  terminating  in  an  abrupt  or  reflected 
margin. 

2.  Turned,  cast,  or  thrown  back  ;  sent  in  a  re 
verse  direction  ;  coming  indirectly.     In  later  use 
chiefly  transf.  from  b. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Scl.  Wks,  II.  299  pe  first  5*151  is  even  sj;t,  as 

id 


fnuas,  in.  (1039)  275  It  two  strait  lines,  which  fall  upon 
another  strait  line,  be  parallel,  their  reflected  lines  shall  be 
also  parallel.  1773  Life  N.  Fr<nvde  116  You  can  feel  no 
Anxiety.. but  what  must  assail  my  Bosom,  with  reflected 
Force.  1826  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  n.  Wedding^  On  these  occa 
sions  I  am  sure  to  be  in  good-humour  for  a  week  or  twa 
after,  and  enjoy  a  reflected  honey-moon.  1840  Penny  Cycl. 
XVI.  153/1  The  motions  that  result  from  the  reflected 
influence  evince  design.  1873  M«LAKEN  Serm.  Ser.  II.  ii.  30 
The  prayer  that  prevails  is  a  reflected  promise. 
b.  esp.  of  light,  colour,  or  heat. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  in.  723  That  Globe  whose  hither  side 
With  light  from  hence,  though  but  reflected,  shines.  1704 
J.  HARKIS  Lex.  Tcchn.  I,  Reflected  Ray,  or  Ray  of  Re- 
flection,  is  that  whereby  the  Reflection  is  made  upon  the 
Surface  of  a  reflecting  Body.  1746-7  HERVEY  Mcdit.  (1818) 
142  Beautified,  .with  colourings  of  reflected  crimson.  1794 
J.  HUTTON  Philos.  Light)  etc.  109  Another  term  for  that 
which  has  been  called  obscure  or  reflected  heat.  1827 
POLLOK  Course  T.  x,  In  native  and  reflected  blaze  of  bright 
Celestial  equipage.  1869  TYNDALL  in  Fortn.  Rev.  i  Feb. 
237  The  blue  light  of  the  sky  is  all  reflected  light, 
tc.  Of  dialling:  (see  quot.).  Obs.  rare* °. 

1710  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tcchn.  II,  Refected  Dialling  is  the 
Art  of  describing . .  all  the  Furniture  of  Dials  on  sucn  Places 
as  the  Suns  direct  Rays  can  never  come  to  directly,  but 
only  by  the  help  of  some  reflecting  Surface. 
fd.  Gram.  =  REFLEXIVE  5. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  I'erd,  [A  verb  is  called]  re- 
fleeted,  where  the  action  returns  upon  the  agent. 

3.  Mirrored,  imaged  on  some  surface. 

1784  COWFER  Task  i.  702  A  lucid  mirror,  in  which  Nature 
sees  All  her  reflected  features.  1818  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam 
i.  xxii,  That  strange  boat.. did  sway  Amid  reflected  stars 
that  in  the  waters  lay.  1886  SHELDON  tr.  Flaubert's  Sa- 
lanunbd  12  The  reflected  torch  flames  quivered  to  the  very 
bottom. 

Hence  Befle-ctedly  Oitv.,  Refle'ctedness. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Mirror,  The  object  A  radiates 
renectedly,  in  the  same  manner  as  it  would  do  directly. 
1863  S.  WILBERFORCE  Ess.  (1874)  I.  323  He  had  neither 
the  theological  learning  nor  the  calm  sagacious  reflectedness 
necessary  for  working  out.  .such  tangled  threads. 

tRefle'ctent,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  L.  re- 
flectent-em^  pres.  pple.  of  re/lecture  to  REFLECT.] 
That  reflects,  reflecting. 

1644  DIGBY  Nat.  Bodies  xiii.  (1658)  134  Refraction  at  the 
entrance  into  the  reflectent  body  is  towards  the  perpen 
dicular. 

Reflecter  (rffle-ktai).  [f.  REFLECT  v.  +  -ERI. 
Cf.  REFLECTOR.] 

1.  One  who  makes  or  casts  reflections  on  another. 
1686  SHERLOCK  J'afist  not  jVisref.  2  The  Reflecter  craftily 

insinuates  that  we  grant  all  his  Misrepresentations. .to  be 
ignorant,  childish,  or  wilful  Mistakes.  1704  SWIFT  Tale  T, 
Apol.,  For  the  greater  part,  the  Reflecter  is  intirely  mis 
taken.  1726  —  Gulliver  iv.  xii,  The  Tribes  of  Answerers, 
Considerers . . ,  Observers,  Reflecters.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clar 
issa  I.  xlii,  I  was  a  reflecter  again . .  Such  venom  in  words  ! 

2.  A  lamp  provided  with  a  reflector.  rare~l. 
1782  Centl.  Mag.  LI  I.  588  The  miserable  lanthorns  and 

candles,  .have  given  place,  .to  1200  revcrbcres  (or  reflecters) 
made  of  polished  tin. 

Reflectibi'lity.  rare  -'.  [See  next  +  -ITY.] 
Capacity  for  being  icllected. 


REFLECTION. 

1705  C.  PCSSHALL  Mech.  Macrocosm  256  And  therefore 
they  have  all  the  same  Degree  of  Renectibility. 

Refle'ctible,  a.  [f.  REFLECT  v,  +  -IDLE.] 
That  may  be  reflected. 

1828-32  WEBSTER  cites  GREGORY. 

Reflecting  (r/fle-ktirj),  v6l.  si.  [{.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  1.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses. 

1530  PALSGR.  261/2  Reflectyng,  reflection,  renerberation. 
1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Han  i.  35  This  maner  of  the  ioynt 
serueth  to  the  bowyng,  and  reflectyng  of  the  foote.  1594 
CHAPMAN  Shadow  Night  D  iv,  As  when  the  sunncbeams.. 
dance  vpon  a  wall,  that  is  the  subiect  of  his  [the  sun's]  faire 
reflectings.  1666-7  PEPVS  Diary  14  Feb.,  My  Lord  Bellassis 
would  not  take  notice  of  their  reflecting  on  him.  1711  Brit. 
Afollo  III.  No.  156.  2/1  The  Earth's  reflecting  of  the  Sun's 
Light.  1712  ADDISON  Spcct.  No.  418  F  5  We  are  delighted 
with  the  reflecting  upon  Dangers  that  are  past. 

attrib.  1826  HENRY  Elein.  Clitm.  I.  477  In  general  the 
reflecting  power  was  found.. to  be  proportionate  to  the 
degree  of  polish. 

Reflecting  (r/nVktirj),  ///.  a.     [-ING  2.] 

1.  That  reflects,  or  casts  back,  light  or  images  of 
things,     f  Reflecting  glass  >  a  mirror. 

1591  Troub.  Raigne  K.  John  (1611)  59  The  murtherers 
That  rob  me  of  your  faire  reflecting  view,  1592  KYD  Sol.  $ 
Pers.  I.  ill.  130,  I  am  now  captiuated  with  the  reflecting  eye 
Of  that  admirable  comet  Perseda.  1601  SIR  \V.  CORNWALLIS 
Ess.  n.  xlv.  (1631)  258  The  truest  reflecting  glasses,  are 
those  that  present  particular  mens  lives.  1734  WATTS 
Reliq.  Jicv.  Pref.  (1789)  8  When  a  reflecting  glass  shews  the 
deformities  of  a  face  so  plain  as  to  point  to  the  person  [etc.]. 
1823  J.  BADCOCK  Don.  Amusem.  51  The  two  reflectors,  .or 
as  we  term  them — 'reflecting  surfaces'.  1841-4  EMERSON 
Ess.,  Friendship  Wks.  (Bohn)  J.  92  It  never  troubles  the 
sun  that  some  of  his  rays  fall  wide,  .and  only  a  small  part 
on  the  reflecting  planet. 

b.  Provided  or  fitted  with  some  arrangement  or 
apparatus  serving  to  reflect  light  or  images;  esp. 
reflecting  telescope. 

1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  Reflecting  or  Reflexive 
Dyals,  are  made  by  a  little  piece  of  Looking-Glass-Plate, 
duly  placed,  which  reflects  the  Sun's  Rays  to  the  top  of 
a  Ceiling,  &c.  where  the  Dyal  is  drawn.  Ibid.,  Reflecting 
Telescope.  172*  POPE  Let.  to  R.  Digby  10  Oct.,  Have  ye 
not  Reflecting  Telescopes  whereby  ye  may  innocently  mag 
nify  her  Spots  and  Blemishes  ?  1772  in  PJcton  L*pool  Munic. 
Rec.  (1886)  II.  242  The  reflecting  lights  fixed  up  at  the 
Light-houses  for  this  Port.  1802  Brookes'  Gazetteer  (ed.  12) 
s.v.  Port  Patrick^  The.  .quays,  .with  a  reflecting  light 
house.  1831  BREWSTER  Optics  v.  51  The  two  constitute 
a  reflecting  microscope.  1842  BRANDS  Diet,  Sci.,  etc.  s.v. 
Telescope,  In  reflecting  telescopes  the  speculum  or  mirror 
performs  the  office  of  the  object  glass  in  those  of  the  re- 
fracting  kind.  1849  SIR  F.  B.  HEAD  Stokers  $  Pokers  x. 
(1851)  96  Lighted  by  four  large  reflecting  lamps. 

2.  Casting  reflections  on  a  person  or  thing.     (In 
common  use  from  c  1690  to  1715.) 

1687  A.  FARMER  in  Magd.  Coll.  £  Jas.  If  (O.  H.  S.)  74 
Certificates,  the  most  reflecting   contents  of  which  they 
disown.    (111715  BURNET  Own  'J hue  vn.  (1734)  II.  412  The 
Lower  House ..  brought  up  injuriousand  reflecting  Addresses 
to  the  Upper  House.    1768  BLACKSTONE  Conim.  III.  125 
Neither,  .are  any  reflecting  words  made  use  of  in  legal  pro 
ceedings,  and  pertinent  to  the  cause  in  hand,  a  sufficient 
cause  of  action  for  slander. 

3.  Having  or  exercising  reflection  or  thought  j 
characterized  by  reflection. 

1711  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  II.  Ii.  n.  i.  119  Every 
reasoning  or  reflecting  Creature.  1712  BLACKMORK  Creation 
i.  (ed.  2)  6  To  pursue  That  End . .  Demands  a  Conscious,  Wise, 
Reflecting  Cause.  1823  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  n.  Poor  Relations, 
With  a  reflecting  sort  of  congratulation,  he  will  inquire  the 
price  of  your  furniture.  1849  MAC  ALL  AY  Hist.  Eng.  iv.  I. 
478  Grave  and  reflecting  men.. augured  from  such  begin 
nings  the  approach  of  evil  times. 

Hence  Refle-ctingly  adv. 

1688  BOYLE  in  U'ks.  (1772)  I.  Life,  p.  cxxvi,  Sometimes 
naming  him  [the  true  author]  as  it  were  incidentally,  and 
peradventure  reflectingly.     1701  XORRIS  Ideal  World  i.  i. 
21  He  may  not  indeed  think  of  it  reflectingly  and  distinctly. 
1838  New  Monthly  Mag.  LIU.  541  Well  and  reflectingly 
hath  Wordsworth  told  us  that  the  simplest  flower  [etc.]. 

Reflection,  reflexion  (r/rle-kjsn).  Also 
5-6  refleccio(u)n,  C  reflyxyon}reflextion.  [a. 
K.  inflexion  (i4th  c.),  or  ad.  late  L.  reflexion-em 
(med.L.  also  reflection-em):  see  REFLECT  v.  and 
FLEXION. 

The  etymological  spelling  with  x  is  the  earliest,  and  is 
still  common  in  scientific  use,  perh.  through  its  connexion 
with  reflex ;  in  the  general  senses  the  influence  of  the  verb 
has  made  the  form  with  ct  the  prevailing  one.] 

fl.  ?  A  reflexive  influence  on  the  mind.  Ol>s.~l 

c  1384  CHAUCER  H.  Fame  i.  22  As  yf  folkys  complexions 
Make  hem  dreme  of  reflexions. 

2.  The  action,  on  the  part  of  surfaces,  of  throw 
ing  back  light  or  heat  (rays,  beams,  etc.)  falling 
upon  them  ;  the  fact  or  phenomenon  of  light  and 
heat  being  thrown  back  in  this  way. 

Angle  of  reflection,  the  angle  which  the  reflected  ray 
makes  with  a  perpendicular  to  the  surface  (for  with  the 
surface  itself). 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Sor.'s  T.  222  It  myghte  we]  be  Naturclly 
by  composicions  Of  Anglis  and  of  slye  reflexions.  1412-20 
LvuG.C/frow.  Troy  i.  Hi.  (1555)  Bvi/2  Whan  Phebus  beanies.. 
cause  the  eyer  by  reflection  To  be  full  hoote.  1481  CANTON 
Myrr.  n.  xxxi.  125  Of  the  reflexion  y«  myrrour  smyteth  on 
the  walle  and  shyneth  theron  as  longe  as  the  rayes  of  the 
sonne  endure  in  the  glasse.  1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Cosmfgr. 
Classe  42  The  lower  region . .  is  thorowe  the  reflextion  of  the 
Sonne  beames  rebounding  from  th'  earth  also  made  hoote. 
1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  i.  viii.  (1614)  43  The  reflection  or 
refraction  of  the  Sunne-beatnes  in  a  waterie  cloud.  1660 
K.  Coiifc  yitttue  I  ;W.  10,  I  therefore  probably  conclude, 


EEFLECTION. 

that  the  heat  in  summer  is  caused  from  the  reflexion  of  the 
sun.  1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  in.  iii,  Twenty  Lamps,  .which, 
from  tfie  Reflection  of  the  Adamant,  cast  a  strong  Light 
into  every  Part.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Sitpp.  s.v.,  Rays  of 
light  being  supposed.. to  be  reflected  by  a  given  curve,  so 
as  to  make  the  angle  of  reflexion  equal  to  the  angle  of 
incidence.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  349/2  Heat  being 
capable  of  reflection,  like  light,  the  rays  of  the  sun  may  be 
collected  by  a  concave  speculum  in  its  principal  focus. 
1869  TYSDALL  in  Fortn.  Rev.  i  Feb.  240  When  a  luminous 
beam  impinges  at  the  proper  angle  on  a  plane  glass  surface 
it  i.s  polarized  by  reflexion. 

fig.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $  Cf.  in.  iii.  99  Man.. Cannot  make 
boast  to  haue  that  which  he  hath;  Nor  feeles  not  what  he 
owes,  but  by  reflection.  1651  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng. 
n.  xv.  (1739)  79  They  are  like  the  Sun  gone  down,  and  must 
rule  by  reflection,  as  the  Moon  in  the  night. 

b.  The  result  of  such  reflecting  of  light;  reflected 
light  or  heat. 

'555  EDEN  Decades  246  The  raynebowe  is  a  reflection  of 
the  beames  of  the  soonne  in  the  vapoure  of  a  clowde.  1601 
SIR  W.  CORNWALLIS  Ess.  n.  xxix.  (1631)  33  Rather  choosing 
to  be  a  glimmering  reflexion,  then  a  true  and  reall  light. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  in.  428  That  side  which  from  the  wall 
of  Heav'n..som  small  reflection  gaines  Of  glimmering  air. 
1727-46  THOMSON  Summer  439  In  vain  the  sight)  dejected 
to  the  ground,  Stoops  for  relief;  thence  hot-ascending 
steams  And  keen  reflection  pain.  1796  MORSE  Atner.  Geog, 
II.  312  Almost  blind  and  with  their  skin  terribly  burnt  by 
the  reflection  of  the  snow. 

fig'  '598  BARCKLEY  Ft  lie,  Man  (1631)  686  If  we  examine 
our  coldness  in  our  love  to  God;  wee  shall  perceive  the 
reflexion  of  it  to  our  neighbour  to  bee  frozen.  1611  SHAKS. 
Cynib.  i.  ii.  33  Shee's  a  good  signe,  but  I  haue  scene  small 
reflection  of  her  wit.  1686  tr.  Chardin's  Coronal.  Solyman 
64  The  Lustre  of  Gold  cast  such  a  powerful  reflection  upon 
his  Lordly  senses. 

3.  The  action  of  a  mirror  or  other  polished  sur 
face  in  exhibiting  or  reproducing  the  image  of  an 
object ;  the  fact  or  phenomenon  of  an  image  being 
produced  in  this  way. 

c  1430  LYDG.  Reas.  fy  Sens.  5757  This  welle  most  royall 
Was  y-pavyd  with  cristall,  Shewyng  by  refleccioun  Al  the 
estris  enviroun.  1601  SHAKS.  Jnl.  C,  i.  ii.  53  The  eye  sees 
not  it  selfe  but  by  reflection,  Uy  some  other  things.  1653 
H.  MORE  Antid.  Atk.  in.  xvi,  Reflexion  makes  the  images 
more  dim  then  direct  sight.  1777  SIR  W.  JONES  Ess.  Poetry 
E.  Nat.  in  Poems,  etc.  186  Both  drew  their  images  from 
nature  herself,  without  catching  them  only  by  reflection. 
1809-10  COLERIDGE  Friend  (1865)  26  Occasioning  us  at  first 
to  mistake  images  of  reflection  for  substances.  1831  BREW- 
STER  Nat.  Magic  ii.  (1833)  34  The  image  was  as  distinct 
and  perfect  as  if  it  had  been  formed  by  reflexion  from 
a  piece  of  mirror  glass.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  xv.  101  In 
its  blue  depths  each  ice  mass  doubled  itself  by  reflection. 

b.  An  image  or  counterpart  thus  produced. 
1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay  v.  57  It  was  of  necessitie,  that 

this^  vnderstanding  of  God  should  yeeld  a  reflexion  backe 
again  to  it  self,  as  a  face  doth  in  a  Lookingglasse.  1692 
DRYDEN  Eleonora  137  As  the  sun  in  water  we  can  bear, 
Yet  not  the  sun,  but  his  reflection  there.  1839  Athenseunt 
26  Jan.,  An  apparatus,  .to  receive  a  reflection  of  the  scene 
without.  1870  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Gram.  Assent  u.  vi.  188  The 
mind  is  like  a  double  mirror,  in  which  reflexions  of  self 
within  self  multiply  themselves  till  they  are  undistinguish- 
able.  1877  BLACK  Green  Past,  it  (1878)  ii  There  was  not 
a  breath  of  wind  to  break  the  reflections  of  the  trees  on  the 
glassy  surface. 

fig.  i8«  SHELLEY  Epipsych.  118  A  tender  Reflection  of 
the  eternal  Moon  of  Love,  a  1854  H.  REED  Lect.  Eng. 
Hist.  (1855)  346  Poetry  is  a  glorified  reflection  of  life  and 
nature.  i88a  FARRAR  Early  Ckr.  II.  29  We  might  perhaps 
see  in  this  fact  a  reflexion  of  the  unbending  character  of  the 
writer. 

c.  The  fact   of   colour  being  thrown  by  one 
thing  upon  another ;  a  colour,  hue,  or  tint  received 
in  this  way  ;  also  Zool.  a  colour  varying  in  different 
lights,  an  iridescence. 

1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  World  n.  (1634)  219  This  Sea  was  so 
called  from  a  reflection  of  rednesse.  .from  the  banks,  clifts 
and  sands  of  many  Hands.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients 
285  Goe  to  then,  Painter,  confound  red  roses  with  good 
store  of  lillies,  and  what  reflexion  the  aire  taketh  of  them, 
let  that  be  the  colour  of  her  face.  1805  A.  KNOX  Rent. 
(1844)  I.  16  The  purple  and  gold.. seems  clearly  an  un 
conscious  reflection  of  that  yet  unrisen  sun.  1840  Penny 
Cycl.  XVIII.  64/1  Feathers,  .golden-green,  with  grey  edges, 
and  all  are  glossed  with  brilliant  metallic  reflections.  1874 
Ibis  July  (1886)  258  The  greater  wing-coverts,  .with  greenish 
black  reflections,  but  without  any  white. 

4.  The   action   of  bending,   turning,  or  folding 
back  ;  recurvation.     Alsoyf^1. 

'553  BRENDE  Q.  Curtius  167  Croked  Erymanthus  with 
hys  many  turnynges  and  reflexions   is  consumed   by  the 
inhabitours  with  wateryng  their  grounde.     1587  GOLDING 
De  Mornay  v.  62  This  Vnderstanding,  by  a  certeine  Re 
flexion  of  it  selfe  vpon  it  selfe,  hath  begotten  vs  a  second 
person.      1610   GUILLIM   Heraldry   n.   iv.   44   A   Bunched 
Line   is   that   which   is  carried  with   round   reflections  or 
bowings  vp  and  downe,  making  diuers  hollow  Crookes  or    i 
Fun-owes-^   a  1667  J ER.  TAYLOR  Apol.  Liturgy  Pref.  §8  The    ! 
first  reflexions  of  a  crooked  tree  are  not  to  straightness,  but    I 
to  a  contrary  incurvation.     1692  BENTLEY  Boyle  Lect.  vii.  25    I 
Inanimate  unactlye  Matter  moves  always  in  a  streight  Line,    ] 
nor  ever  reflects  in  an  Angle,  nor  bends  in  a  Circle  (which    \ 
is  a  continual    Reflexion),   unless   [etc.].      1758   I.   LYONS 
Fluxions  vii.  §  191. 142  If  a  curve  instead  of  being  continued 
beyond  the  ordinate  is  reflected  from  it,.. that  ordinate  is 
said  to  pass  through  a  point  of  Reflection  or  Cusp.     1870 
ROLLESTON  Anim.  Life  47  [The]  umbilicus  is  partly  con 
cealed  by  the  reflection  over  it  of  the  peristome. 

t  b.  The  action  of  bringing  back  from  a  state 
of  anger  or  estrangement.      Obs.  rare  -1. 

1598  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xviu.  404  Mightie  suppliance,  By 
all  their  graue  men  hath  bene  made,  gifts,  honors,  all  pro- 
posde  For  his  reflection. 


343 

•f  C.   The   action   of  turning   back    from   some 
point ;  return,  retrogression.     Obs.  rare. 

1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  i.  ii.  25  As  whence  the  Sunne  gins  his 
reflection,  Shipwrecking  Stormes,  and  direful!  Thunders 
[break].  i66a  J.  BARGRAVE  Pope  Alex.  VII  (1867)  123 
Ashes  of  the  Mount  Vesuvius,  near  Naples,  which  was 
4^  times  the  poynt  of  my  reflection, — I  facing  about  for 
England  from  the  topp,  or  crater,,  .of  that  mountain. 
fd.  Astron.  (See  quots.)  Obs.  rare- °. 

1704  ].  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  Rffle.rion  of  the  Moon,  is 
(according  to  BulUaldus)  her  3d  inequality  of  Motion  :  this 


5.  The  action  of  throwing  back,  or  fact  of 
thrown  or  driven  back,  after  impact.     (Said   of 
material  objects,  sound,  etc.,  and _/%>•.) 

1642  FULLER  Holy  $  Prof.  St.  in.  iii.  157  It  sheweth  more 
wit  but  no  lesse  vanity  to  commend  ones  self  not  in  a  strait 
line  but  by  reflection.  1656  tr.  Hobbcs"  Rlem.  Philos.  in. 
(1839)  274  In  this  place.. let  it  be  supposed  that  the  angle  of 
incidence  is  equal  to  the  angle  of  reflection.  1662  HOBUES 
Seven  Prob.  Wks.  1845  VII.  21  The  air  comes  out  again 
with  the  same  violence  by  reflection.  1703  KELSKV  Serin. 
149  It  is  but  like  the  rebounding  of  a  Ball  betwixt  the 
Hardness  of  two  Walls,  where  the  Reflection  is  continued 
till  the  Force  be  spent.  1799  J.  WOOD  Princ.  JMcch.  vi. 
130  The  velocity  of  the  body  after  reflection  is  equal  to  it's 
velocity  before  incidence.  1831  BHEUSTER  Xat.  Magic 
ix.  (1833)  221  Many  remarkable  phenomena  in  the  natural 
world  are  produced  by  the  reflexion  and  concentration  of 
sound.  1884  A.  DANIELL  Princ.  Physics  xiv.  413  Reflexion 
of  sound  is  familiarly  illustrated  by  the  Echo. 

b.  Phys.  The  action,  on  the  part  of  a  nerve- 
centre,  of  returning  an  impression  received ;  reflex 
action. 

1836  SIR  J.  PAGET  in  Mem.  v.  (1901)  93  He  is  certainly  a 
sharp  fellow,  but  I  should  think  rather  monomaniac  on  the 
reflections.  1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVI.  153/1  In  all  these  cases 
sensation  coexists  with  the  reflection  of  the  impression 
through  the  motor  nerves. 

6.  Animadversion,  blame,  censure,  reproof. 

1651  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  II.  xiv.  (1739)  78  As  their 
work  is  full  of  reflection,  so  formerly  they  had  met  with 
many  sad  influences  for  their  labour.  1693  DRYDEN  Juvenal 
Ded.  (1697)  47  For  in  English,  to  say  Satire,  is  to  mean 
Reflection,  as  we  use  that  Word  in  the  worst  scnce.  1707 
HEARNE  Collect.  23  Dec.  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  82  The  Duke  \v:is 
oppos'd  by  y6  Dr...not  without  some  sharpness  and  Re 
flection.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  I.  vi,  If  I  have  de 
served  reflection,  let  me  not  be  spared.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt. 
ftlidl.  ii,  Robertson  uttered  not  a  word  of  reflection  on  his 
companion  for  the  consequences  of  his  obstinacy. 

b.  A  remark  or  statement  reflecting,  or  casting 
some  imputation,  on  a  person. 

1647  CLARF.NDON  Hist.  Reb.  iv.  §  49  AH  those  sharp  Re 
flexions  which  could  be  made  upon  the  King  himself. 
1658-9  in  Burton's  Diary  (1828)  III.  238  It  is  a  reflexion 
upon  the  whole  House.  I  am  sorry  to  hear  that  said.  1675 
R.  BURTHOGGE  Caitsa  Dei  ii,  I  abhor  Reflections  and 
Hard  Words,  as  neither  Philosophical,  nor  Civil,  nor 
Christian.  1718  PRIOR  Solomon  in.  459  May  no  reflection 
shed  Its  poisonous  venom  on  the  royal  dead.  1788  PRIEST 
LEY  Lect.  Hist.  iv.  xx.  161  The  Baeotians  were  Plutarch's 
countrymen  and  he  could  not  bear  that  any  reflection,  though 
ever  so  just,  should  be  cast  upon  them.  1839  HALLAM 
Hist.  Lit.  in.  v.  §  43  He  cannot  restrain  himself  from  re 
flections  on  kings  and  priests  when  he  is  most  contending 
for  them.  1870  MAX  MULLER  Sc.  Rclig.  (1873)  395  Had  his 
personal  reflections  concerned  myself  alone. 

C.  An  imputation  ;  a  fact  or  procedure  casting 
an  imputation  or  discredit  on  one. 

1663  GERBIER  Counsel  5  An  ill  built  Palace  leaves  a  per 
petual  reflection  of  Ignorance  on  the  Builder.  1673  GREW 
Anat.  Roots  Ep.  Ded.,  To  insist  hereon  too  much,  might  be 
a  reflection  upon  Your  Judgments.  1711  ADDISON  Spcct. 
No.  189  F  7  It  is  one  of  the  greatest  Reflections  upon 
Human  Nature  that  Paternal  Instinct  should  be  a  stronger 
Motive  to  Love  than  Filial  Gratitude. 

f7.  Reference,  relation,  connexion.  Obs. 

1628  T.  SPENCER  Logick  20  Those  10,  things,  are  pro 
pounded,  not  as  meere  and  simple  beings  :  but,  in  respect  of 
that  reflection,  or  relation  which  ariseth  out  of  them,  vnto 


our  ynderstanding.  Ibid.  191  They  haue  no  reflexion,  or 
relation  to  any  thing  before  man.  1664  MAKVELL  Corr. 
Wks.  1875  II.  177  That  His  and  Your  present  prosperity 
may  have  as  strong  a  sympathy  and  reflexion. 

8.  The  action  of  turning  (back)  or  fixing  the 
thoughts  on  some  subject;  meditation,  deep  or 
serious  consideration. 

a  1674  CLARENDON  Surv.  Leviath.  (1676)  20  We  shall  with 
less  reflexion  pass  over  his  fourth  Chapter.  1704  NORRIS 
Ideal  World  n.  iii.  122  By  reflection  we  come  to  know  the 
true  state  of  human  nature.  1726  BUTLER  Serm.  Hum. 
Nat.  !i.  Wks.  1874  II.  28  Our  real  nature  leads  us  to  be 
influenced  in  some  degree  by  reflection  and  conscience. 
1771  Junius  Lett.  lix.  (1788)  319  Upon  reflection,  his  conduct 
accounts  naturally  for  itself.  1785  PALEY  Mor.  P kilos. 
i.  vii.  37  Mankind  act  more  from  habit  than  reflection. 
1837  LANDOR  Pent  am.  \Vks.  1846  II.  309  It  is  only  the 
hour  of  reflection  that  is  at  last  the  hour  of  sedateness 
and  improvement.  1869  TYSDALL  Notes^  Lect.  Light  §  373 
A  moment's  reflection  will  make  it  plain  [etc.].  1873  M. 
ARNOLD  Lit.  fy  Dogma  (1876)  43  note,  Surely  it  must  on 
reflexion  appear  that  this  is  by  no  means  so. 

f  b.  Recollection  or  remembrance  of  a  thing. 
Also  without  const.   Obs. 

1655-87  H.  MORE  App.  Antid.  (1712)  193  This  torture 
arising. .out  of  reflexion  of  what  it  has  suffered.  1694 
CONGREVE  Double  Dealer  ii.  vii,  Though  it  made  you 
a  little  uneasy  for  the  present,  yet  the  reflection  of  it  must 
needs  be  entertaining,  a  1704  T.  BROWN  Eng.  Satire  Wks. 
1730  I.  25  Making  them  [vices]  as  bitter  in  the  Reflection  as 
..they  might  be  supposed  pleasant  in  the  Enjoyment. 


REFLECTIVE. 

C.  Philos.  The  mode,  operation,  or  faculty  by 
which  the  mind  has  knowledge  of  itself  and  its 
operations,  or  by  which  it  deals  with  the  ideas 
received  from  sensation  and  perception. 

1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  11.  i.  §  4  By  Reflection  then,.. 
I  would  be  understood  to  mean,  that  notice  which  the 
Mind  takes  of  its  own  Operations,  and  the  manner  of  them. 
1692  NOKKIS  Refl.  Locke's  Ess.  Hum.  Und.  61  Ideas  cf 
Reflection  are  but  a  Secondary  sort  of  Ideas  [etc.].  1797- 
1803  FOSTER  in  Life  .y  Corr.  (1846)  I.  177  A  knowledge  uf 
sensation  more  than  of  reflexion.  1847  LEWES  Hist.  Philos. 
(1867)  I.  98  Was  there  nothing  to  guide  man  but  the  reports 
of  his  senses?  Democritus  said  there  was  Reflection.  1853 
ABP.  THOMSON  Laws  Th.  §  48  Reflection  i.s  ascertainment  of 
points  of  resemblance  and  points  of  difference. 

9.  A  thought  or  idea  occurring  to,  or  occupying, 
the  mind. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Rel.  I.  §  25  These  reflections  were 
so  terrible  to  him  that  they  robbed  him  of  all  peace  and 
quiet  of  mind.  1671  R.  MONTAGU  in  Buccleuch  MSS.  (Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.)  I.  510  See  whether  upon  second  refk-ctiuns 
the  King  will  say  anything  to  me.  1716  LADY  M.  \V. 
MONTAGU  Let.  to  Ctess  Bristol  22  Aug..  These  reflection-; 
draw  after  them  others  that  are  too  melancholy.  1791 
COWPER  Retired  Cat^  108  Then  stepped  the  poet  into  bed, 
With  this  reflection  in  his  head.  1833  N.  ARNOTT  Physics 
(ed.  5}  II.  84  The  reflection  will  naturally  occur  here  [etc.J. 

1866  CRUMP  Banking  \\.  207  A  fact  suggesting  rather  a 
singular  reflection. 

b.  A  thought  expressed  in  words;  a  remark 
made  after  reflection  on  a  subject. 

1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps.  Pref.  3  Beside  his  many  inci 
dental  reflexions  on  this  Hook  of  Psalms,  a  1704  T.  BROWN 
Eng.  Satire  Wks.  1730  I.  25  The  reflections  are  beautiful, 
founded  upon  true  learning  and  give  a  just  reputation  to 
their  author.  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  31  p  3  When  an 
account  was  brought  him  of  his  son's  death,  he  received  it 
only  with  this  reflection, '  I  knew  that  my  son  was  mortal '. 
1819  SHELLEY  Peter  Hell  \rd  \.  xii.  Odd  collections  Of 
saws  and  proverbs,  and  reflections  Old  parsons  make  in 
burying-grounds.  1839  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  n.  vii.  §  36  The 
reflections  arc  usually  of  a  moral  cast. 

10.  attrib.  and  Comb^  as  reflection-coiner,  time. 
1711   SHAFTESB.   Charac.   (1737)   III.  95   The  celebrated 

wits. .,  casual  discoursers,  reflection-coiners,  meditation- 
founders  [etc.].  1889  Anthony's  Photogr.  Bull.  II.  285  In 
my  case  the  reflection  time  is  over. 

Hence  Refle'ctioual  a.,  due  to  reflection  ;  Be- 
fle'ctioning-,  the  action  of  reflecting ;  Refle'ction- 
ist,  one  who  theorizes  on  the  subject  of  reflection  ; 
Refle  ctionless  adv.,  without  a  reflection. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  VI.  3  But  reflectioning 
apart,  thou  seest,  Jack,  that  her  plot  is  beginning  to  work. 
1861  RUSKIN  Arrmvs  of  Ckace  (1880)  I.  300  Whenever 
I  have  seen  a  rainbow  over  water. . it  has  stood  on  it 
reflectionless.  1862  F.  HAI  L  Refut.  Hindu  Philos.  Syst. 
63  The  bondage  of  the  soul,  consisting  in  its  connexion 
with  misery,  which  is  reflexional,  is  unreal.  Ibid.  243  Such 
as  say  thus,  the  reflexionists  [etc.].  1878  S.  H.  HODGSON 
Philos.  Reflection  n.  v.  I,  226  Idealist  (or  rather  Re- 
flectionlstj  in  philosophy. 

Reflective  (r/lle-ktiv),  a.  and  sb.     [f.  REFLECT 
v.  +  -IVE.     Cf.  REFLEXIVE,  and  mod.F.  rtjlettif^ 
A.  adj.  That  reflects,  in  various  senses. 

1.  a.  That  gives  back  an  image  or  reflection  of 
an  object ;  that  mirrors  or  reproduces. 

1627  FELTHAM  Resolves  n.  Ixxix.  226  Domitian's  reflectiue 
Galleries,  cotild  not  guard  him  from  the  skarfed  arme.  1718 
PRIOR  Solomon  m.  795  In  the  reflective  stream  the  sighing 
bride,  Viewing  her  charms  impair'd,  abash  d  shall  hide  Her 
pensive  head.  1791  E.  DARWIN  Bot.  Gard.  i.  156  Each 
bright  stream. .,  Reflective  fountain,  and  tumultuous  tide. 

1867  ELLACOMBE   in    Trans.   Exeter  Dioc.   Archit.    Sec. 
Ser.  n.  I.  105  All  the  panels  are  filled  with  plate  glass,  the 
reflective  power  of  which  is  greatly  admired.     1886  RUSKIN 
Pryterita  I.  vi.  175  The  polished  floor.. as  reflective  as 
a  mahogany  table. 

fig.  1848  GILFILLAN  in  Tait's  RIag.  XV.  511  A  man's 
times  are  reflective  of  the  man,  as  well  as  a  man  of  the 
times. 

b.  That  throws  back  something  striking  or  falling 
upon  the  surface;  esp.  that  reflects  light. 

1742  tr.  Algarotti  on  'Newton's  Theory f  II.  205  Where 
the  attractive  Force  is  greatest,  the  reflective  and  repulsive 
is  greatest  also.  1867  G.  I1'.  CHAMBERS  Astron.  81  When 
viewed  by  the  naked  eye  the  Moon  presents  a  mottled 
appearance ;  this  arises  from  our  satellite  being  unequally 
reflective.  1871  tr.  Sc/ttifoti's  Sfectr.  Anal,  xviii.  64  The 
reflective  substance  of  a  prism. 

c.  Gram.  =  REFLEXIVE  5. 

1843  Penny  Cycl.  XXVI.  253/1  The  so-called  Reflective 
verb  is  in  form  either  a  transitive  verb,  .or  a  passive  verb. 

2.  Of  light:    Produced  by  reflection,  reflected, 
borrowed. 

1666  DRYDEN  Ann.  Mirab.  ccliii,  His  beams  he  to  his 
royal  brother  lent,  And  so  shone  still  in  his  reflective  light. 
1773  J.  Ross  Fratricide  iv.  357  (MS.),  Now  their  broad 
blades  encount'ring  in  mid  air  Shot  through  the  darkness 
a  reflective  light.  1867  BAILEY  Univ.  Hymn  6  Moon,  whose 

leam   Reflective,    types  the  God-light,  wherewith  shines 

"an's  soul. 
b.  Reflex,  reciprocal. 

1839  I.  TAYLOR  Anc.  Chr.  I.  386  Could  such  things  happen 
without  producing  a  reflective  effect  on  the  religious  senti 
ments  and  manners  of  the  men  most  nearly  concerned? 

f  3.  That  makes  or  contains  reflections  or  censures 
on  or  upon  a  person.  Obs. 

1668  PEPYS  Diary  13  Sept.,  Little  [is]  said  reflective  on 
me,  though  W.  Pen  and  J.  Minnes  do  mean  me  in  one  or 
two  places.  1677  GII.PIN  Demonol.  (1867)  334  At  such  times 
men  are  too  apt  to  entertain  cruel  thoughts  of  God,  and 
sadly  reflective  upon  His  mercy  or  justice. 


gl< 
M 


REFLECTIVELY. 

4.  Of  mental  faculties :  Of  or  pertaining  to  reflec 
tion  (on  what  is  presented  to  the  mind). 

1678  NORRIS  Misc.  (169^)  276  The  Soul,  whose  reflective 
Faculty  will  not  fail  to  give  her  information.  1718  PRIOK 
Solomon.  \.  739  Forc'd  by  reflective  reason,  I  confess.  That 
human  science  is  uncertain  guess.  1858  O.  W.  HOLMES 
Ant.  Breakf.-t.  vi.  50  The  Poet  says,  that  rapidly  growing 
towns  are  most  unfavourable  to  the  imaginative  and  re 
flective  faculties. 

b.  Given  to,  commonly  exercising,  thought  or 
reflection ;  meditative,  thoughtful. 

1820  Blackw.  Mtig.  VI.  6S3  The  very  model  of  an  accom 
plished,  reflective,  and  affectionate  English  matron.  1833 
COLERIDGE  Tal-lc-t.  23  Oct.,  Elegy  is  the  form  of  poetry 
natural  to  the  reflective  mind.  1870  DICKENS  K.  Drood 
iii,  Until  her  face,  which  has  been  comically  reflective, 
brightens. 

c.  Proceeding  from,  due  to,  reflection. 

1863  E.  V.  NEALE  Anal.  Th.  %  Nat.  vi.  71  The  first  half 
of  such  a  judgment  as  *  the  bridge  is  of  iron,  therefore  it  is 
strong ',  is  only  reflective. 

B.  sb.  fl.  A  mirror.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1720  MRS,  MANLEY  Secret  Mem.  II.  251  If  any  one  were 
but  for  ten  Years  forbid  that  View,  and  then  to  have  the 
Reflective  brought,,  .they  would  bu..at  a  loss  to  know 
their  own  outward  Form. 

2.  //.  The  organs  or  faculties  of  reflection. 

1895  Funk's  Statut.  Diet. 

Refle'Ctively,  adv.     [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.  ] 

1.  After  reflection  or  consideration  ;  deliberately. 

1774  WRAXALL  Tour  North.  Europe  (1776)  260  Our  Eng 
lish  papers,  which  are  reflectively  and  on  principle  the 
avowed  vehicles  of  falshood  over  all  Europe.  1875  WHIT 
NEY  Life  Lang.  ii.  16  A  peculiar  red.,  was,  reflectively  and 
artificially,  called  by  its  inventor  magenta. 

2.  In  a  reflective  or  thoughtful  manner ;  thought 
fully,  meditatively. 

1825  HONE  Evcry-day  Bk.  I.  810  They.. go  homewards, 
reflectively.  1865  E.  C.  CLAYTON  (Mrs.  Needham)  Cruel 
Fortune  I.  244  '  It  does  seem  like  it,  to  be  sure,  when  one 
comes  to  think  it  over',  observed  Jessop,  reflectively.  1887 
Spectator  2  Apr.  458/2  Any  one  who  looks  back  on  it 
reflectively,  and  remembers  rather  than  reads. 

3.  By  way  of  reflection  (from  one  thing  to  another); 
indirectly,  in  consequence. 

1855  Miss  COBBE  Intuit.  Mar.  70  It  cannot  be  because 
the  happiness  of  our  brethren  will  reflectively  produce  our 
own.  a  1876  HT.  MARTINEAU  Aittobiogr.  (1877)  I.  n.  101 
We  had.  .a  great  reverence  for  Mrs.  Ltarbauld  and,  re 
flectively,  for  Dr.  Alkin,  her  brother. 

Befle-ctiveness.    [f.  as  prec.  + -NESS.]    The 

state  or  quality  of  being  reflective. 

1857  LEVER  Fortunes  of  Gtencore  viii.  (1873)  52  A  charming 
union  of  reflectiveness  with  repartee.  1873  SYMONDS  Grk. 
Poets  \.  31  Music  attains  independence,  .only  in  an  age  of 
intellectual  reflectiveness. 

So  Reflect!' vity. 

1881  MRS.  LYNN  LINTOM  My  Love  II.  iii.  55  The  value  of 
the  image  is  its  comprehensiveness,,  .the  facetted  quality  of 
its  reflectivity. 

t  Refle*ctly,  adv.  Obsr*  [f.  REFLECT  a.  -t- 
-LY  2.]  In  a  reflected  manner  ;  by  reflection. 

1635  SWAN  Spec.  M.  (1670)  293  The  Optick  Masters  con 
fess  and  prove,  that  the  forms  of  the  Stars  are  compre 
hended  of  the  sight  reflectly,  and  not  rightly. 

Reflecto'iiieter.  [See  -OMETKR.]  An  instru 
ment  for  measuring  the  extent  to  which  a  substance 
reflects  light. 

1895  Times  14  Jan.  4/6  Among  new.. methods  introduced 
by  recent  discoveries  were  the  use  of  the  reflectometer. 

Reflector  (r/fle-kt£i).  [f.  REFLECT  v.  +-OBa. 
Cf.  RKFLKCTKK  and  mod.F.  reflecteur.] 

•j- 1.  One  who  reflects  or  meditates.   Obs.  rare. 

1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Rffl.  Disc.  Occ.  Medit.  (1848)  53  In 
that  which  we  suppose  our  Reflector  now  considering. 

•j*  2.  One  who  casts  reflections  ;  a  censor,  critic. 

i688inSomers  Tracts (17 4$)  }-3°i  Had  he  been  a  Foreigner, 
as  our  Reflector  terms  him,  it  might  have  looked  like  an 
intended  Conquest.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  Ixxxvii. 
(1768)  711.327  Mighty  generous,  I  said, ..in  such  insolent 
reflectors. 

3.  A  reflecting  telescope,  microscope,  etc. 

1767  MICHELL  in  Phil.  Trans.  LVII.  261  To  obtain  such 
a  pencil,  we  must  not  make  use  of  a  refracting  telescope., 
of  less  than  15  inches,  nor  a  reflector  of  less  than  nearly  two 
feet  aperture.  1794  G.  ADAMS  Nat.  fy  Ex/>.  Pkilos.  I.  xxii. 
471  No  reflector  was  heard  of  for  near  half  a  century  after 
[Newton's].  1837  GORING  &  PRITCHAKD  Microgr.  15  [Re 
flecting  Engiscope.]  A  clasp  of  diaphragms  to  be  applied  to 
the  tube  of  reflectors  itself.  1868  LOCKYER  Gitillemin's 
Heavens  (ed.  3)  485  Telescopes,  both  refractors  and  re 
flectors,  are  eagerly  sought  after. 

4.  A  body  or  surface  which  reflects  (rays  of)  light, 
heat,  sound,  etc. 

1800  HENRY  E/>it.  Chew.  (1808)  30  Metals,  therefore,  are 
much  better  reflectors  [of  heat]  than  glass.  1863  J.  G. 
M  UK  PHY  Conint.)  Gen.  \.  16-19  The  full-orbed  reflector  of 
the  solar  beams,  as  she  is  during  the  night.  1879  ROOD 
Chromatics  12  Asa  general  thing  polished  metallic  surfaces 
are  the  best  reflectors  of  light. 

b.  spec.  A  specially  prepared  surface  of  metal 
or  glass  (usually  of  a  curved  or  concave  form),  for 
the  purpose  of  reflecting  rays  of  light  or  heat  in 
a  required  direction. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  X.  54/2  The  effect  of  these 
[lamp-lights]  may  be  increased  by  placing  them,  .before 
properly  disposed  glass  or  metal  reflectors.  1801  Ibid. 
Suppl.  II.  395/2  Reflector  for  a  lighthouse  is  composed  of 
a  number  of  square  plane  glass  mirrors.  1826  K.IKBY  &  SP. 
Kntomol.  \.  IV.  519  Cause  a  Ian  thorn  to  be  made  with 
a  concave  back,  and  furnished  with  a  reflector,  c  1860 


344 

FARADAY  Forces  Arat.t  Electric  Light  153  At  Teignmouth, 
some  of  the  revolving  lights  have  ten  lamps  and  reflectors. 

5.  A  polished  surface  exhibiting  images  of  objects; 
also  spec,  (see  quot.  1894). 

1831  BKEWSTER  Nat.  Magic  vi.  (1833)  147  Where  or  what 
the  reflector  could  be  which  exhibited  this  image,  I  cannot 
conceive.  1839  G.  BIRD  Nat.  Philos.  300  The  images  of  the 
objects  placed  between  the  reflectors  are  seen  most  beauti 
fully  arranged  when  the  latter  form  an  angle,  which  is  an 
even  aliquot  part  of  a  circle.  1894  Westnt.  Gaz.  23  Apr.  3/1 
Sometimes  ..  the  sharper. .has  recourse  to  .. 'reflectors'. 
These  are  exceedingly  well-made  little  instruments,  .used  to 
'  reflect ' . .  the  cards  held  by  the  players. 
jig.  1837  HT.  MARTINEAU  Sec.  Amir,  III.  32  The  children 
are  such  faithful  reflectors  of  this  spirit  as  to  leave  no  doubt 
of  its  existence,  even  amidst  the  nicest  operations  of  cant. 
b.  spec.  The  speculum  of  a  reflecting  telescope. 

1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  fy  Art  I.  492  [Gregorian 
Telescope.J  At  the  bottom  of  the  tube.. is  placed  the  large 
concave  reflector.  1871  ROSCOE  Elem.  Chew.  185  An  alloy 
of  33  parts  of  tin  to  67  of  copper.. is  known  as  speculum- 
metal  and  employed  for  the  reflectors  of  telescopes. 

6.  That  which  reflects,  in  other  senses. 

1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVI.  153/1  They. .lose  themselves  in  its 
central  grey  matter — the  recipient  and  reflector  of  the  im 
pressions  which  they  convey. 

Reflecto'rially,  adv.  rare,  [f.  as  next  +  -AL 
+ -LY^.]  Reflexly,  by  reflex  action. 

1876  BKISTOWE  Th.  <y  Pract.  Med.  (1878)  759  Peristaltic 
movements,  for  the  most  part  reflectorially  excited  from  the 
mucous  surface. 

Refle'Ctory,  a.  rare*0,  [f.  REFLECT  if.  + 
-OBY.]  Capable  of  being  reflected!  (Cent.  Diet.'}. 

Refle  dge,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  fledge 
again.  Hence  Refle'dging  vbl.  sb. 

1829  SOUTH EY  Pilgr.  Cotnpost^lia  \\.  xxi,  In  flew  the 
feathers,.  .And  the  Cock  and  the  Hen  in  a  trice  were 
refledged.  1850  BROWNING  Easter  Day  xxiv.  Scared  if  the 
South  llrmament  With  North-fire  did  its  wings  refledge  1 
1889  PATER  G.  de  Lat0ur(ity&)  63  The  flush  and  re-fledging 
of  the  black  earth  itself  in  that  fervent  springtide. 

Reflee,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     intr.  To  Bee  again. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  ii.  iv.  Colwnnes  672  Yet 
thence,  re-fled,  it  [astronomy]  doth  th'  Arabians  try. 

II  Reflet  (wflg).  [F.,  earlier  refits,  ad.  It.  ri- 
Jlesso  reflection,  REFLEX  sb. :  the  modern  spelling 
has  app.  been  influenced  by  L.  reflectere.]  Colour 
due  to  reflection,  lustre,  iridescence ;  spec,  a  metallic 
lustre  on  pottery. 

1862  H.  MARRY  AT  Year  in  Sweden  II.  258  Black  wool, 
with  a  silvery  '  reflet ',  or  iron  gray.  1888  A  ihenaeum  6  Oct. 
454/1  The  pottery.. errs  in  the  extreme  of  coppery  tints  and 
too  emphatic  reflets  of  the  metallic  sort. 

attrib.  1886  S.  G.  W.  HKNJAMIN  Persia  fy  the  Persians 
287  The  reflet  tiles  in  which  a  copper  tint  is  prominent  may 
be  considered  as  generally  coming  from  Nathenz. 

Reflex  (rrfieks,  r/fie'ks),  sb.  [ad.  late  L.  re- 
fax-its  t  a  bending  back,  recess,  return,  f.  ppl.  stem 
of  refiectcre  to  REFLECT.  Cf.  Sp.  rejlejo  (-faxo)> 
It.  riflesso^ 

1.  Reflection  of  light  (or  heat)  ;  reflected  light ; 
light  or  colour  resulting  from  reflection. 

App.  not  In  common  use  from  ci66o  to  1840. 

1508  DUNBAR  Gold.  Targe  33  Hew  is  bathit  war  in  secund 
bemys  Throu  the  reflex  of  Phebus  visage  brycht.  1594 
BLUNDEVIL  Exerc.  m.  n.  iii.  (1636)  377  The  lowest  Region 
is  hot  by  the  reflexe  of  the  Sunne,  whose  beames  first 
I  striking  the  earth,  do  rebound  back  againe  to  that  Region. 
1615  W.  LAW  SON  Country  Honsew.  GVm/.  (1626)  3  Quinches 
.  .will  not  like  in  our  cold  parts,  vnlesse  they  be  helped  with 
some  reflex  of  Sunne.  1621  QUARLES  Argalus  <$•  P.  Wks. 
(Grosart)  III.  261  Shall  every  day,  wherein  the  earth  does 
lack  The  Sun's  reflex,  b'  expcll'd  the  Almanack?  017x1 
KEN  Hymns  Festiv.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  222  Who  taught 
her  Love  to  Heav'n  the  readiest  way  On  his  Reflex  of 
Fontal  Godhead's  Ray.  1843  CARLYLE  Past  fy  Pr.  n.  ii. 
The  illimitable  Ocean,  tinting  all  things  with  its  eterna 


•gin  ot  tne  lens  exhibiting  a  brilliant  y« 

trans/,  and  Jig.  1602  FULBECKE  ind  Pt.  Par  all.  74  If 
God  doe  still  vouchsafe  the  Moone-diaU  of  this  darksome 
life,  with  the  reflexe  of  his  intellectuall  illumined  influence. 
1647  CLARENDON  Contempt.  Ps.  Tracts  (1727)  437  We  shall 
have  always  some  such  rays  of  comfort  from  the  reflex  of 
that  beautiful  prospect.  1862  MERIVALE  Row.  Emp.  (1865) 
V.  xl.  8  The  fame  of  ancient  Hellas  was  mainly  a  reflex 
from  the  preeminent  glory  of  Athens.  1866  FENTON  Anc.  <y 
Mod.  Gr.  II.  v.  358  The  transient  reflex  of  ancient  pros 
perity. .sank  in  the  long  night  of  slavery. 

b.  spec,  in  Art  and  Arch.  The  light  reflected, 
or  supposed  to  be  reflected,  from  a  surface  in  light 
to  one  in  shade. 

1695  in  Dryden  tr.  Dufresnoy  Obs.  p  200  The  fineness 
of  stuffs  or  garments  which  is  not  to  be  discern'd  but  by  the 
Colours,  the  Reflexes,  and  more  especially  by  the  Lights  and 
Shadows.  1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cyr/.,A'£/7£-r,^<y7^,m  paint 
ing,  is  understood  of  those  place-;  in  a  picture  which  are  sup- 
.  posed  to  be  illuminated  by  a  light  reflected  from  some  other 
body  represented  in  the  same  piece.  1784  J.  BARRY  in 
Lect.  Paint,  v.  (1848)  182  Masses  of  light,  half-lights,  darks 
and  half-darks,  and  reflexes.  1807  OFIE  ibid.  iii.  296 
Gradations  of  middle  tint,  local  colour,  and  reflexes.  1842 
GVSII.T  Arc/tit.  §  2484  The  varieties  of  reflexes  are  almost 
infinite. 

2.  The  reflection  or  image  of  an  object,  as  seen 
in  a  mirror  or  surface  acting  as  such. 

1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  146  Black  shining 
Marble.. so  bright  and  jetty,  as  we  could  easily  view  our 
reflex,  no  steel  mirror  comparing  with  it.  1663  Aron-bhnn. 
12  Spots  in  the  Sun  and  Moon  are  better  discovered  by 
observing  them  in  their  Reflexes  and  Images  in  the  Water. 
1803  WOKUSW.  Prelude  I.  450  To  cut  across  the  reflex  of  a 


REFLEX. 

star  That.. gleamed  Upon  the  glassy  plain.    1830  TENNYSON 
Poems  124  So  their  wan  limbs  no  more  might  come  between 
The  moon  and  the  moon's  reflex  in  the  night. 
fig-     i643  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Relig.  Med.  \.  §  13  We  behold 
Him  but  asquint,  upon  reflex  or  shadow. 

\).Jig.  An  image,  reproduction ;  something  which 
reproduces  certain  essential  features  or  qualities  of 
another  thing.  (The  usual  sense  in  current  use.) 

1683  KENNETT  tr.  Erastn.  on  Folly  5  My  Visage,  the  exact 
reflex  of  my  Soul.  1816-17  COLEKIDGE  Lay  Scrtii.  (liuhn) 
416  As  the  motley  reflexes  of  my  experience  move  in  long 
procession.. before  me.  1847  DISRAELI  Tancred  vi.  viii,  It 
was  the  race  that  produced  these  inimitable  forms,  the 
idealised  reflex  of  their  own  peculiar  organisation.  1878 
LECKY  ting,  in  i8//iC.  I.ii.  180  It  may  even  very  materially 
contribute  to  make  legislation  a  reflex  of  the  popular  will. 

1 3.  The  act  of  bending  or  turning  the  inind  (back) 
upon  a  subject ;  reflection.  Obs. 

1594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  I.  iv.  §  3  It  seemeth  therefore 
that  there  was  no  other  way  for  angels  to  sin,  but  by  reflex 
of  their  understand  ing  upon  themselves.  1643  SIR  T. 
BROWNE  Relig.  Med.  \.  §  7  A  serious  reflex  upon  my  own 
unwprthiness  did  make  me  backward  from  challenging  this 
prerogative  of  my  Soul.  1658  T.  WALL  Chaiact.  Enemies 
Ch.  46  Pride  was  first  begot  in  Heaven  by  the  reflex  of  an 
Angels  understanding  upon  his  own  excellency. 

f  b.  A  reflection ;  a  remark  made  after  con 
sideration.  Obs. 

(11641  BP.  MOUNT AGU  Acts  ty  Man.  (1642)  377  Saint 
Jerom's  Reflexe  upon  a  passage  of  TertulHan's  examined. 
1660  HOWELL  (title)  The  Parly  of  Beasts,.. with  Reflexes 
upon  the  present  State  of  most  Countries  in  Christendome. 

f4.  A  glance  or  side  look  (lit.  andyT^.) ;  indirect 
reference  or  allusion.  U6s. 

1630  BRATHWAIT  Eng.  G<  tit  lew.  (1641)  15,  I  have  not  a  little 
wondered,  .how  any  man,  having  reflex,  by  the  eye  of  his 
Soule,  to  his  first  fall,  should  glory  in  these,  .rags  of  shame. 
1646  J.  GREGORY  Notes  %  Vbs.  (1650)  96  The  praecepts  in  the 
Law. .are  still  set  downe  with  a  reflex  upon  the  Heathen 
Rites.  1650  ELDERFIELD  Tythes  148  Sometimes  in  direct 
assertion,  oftner  by  glance  and  occasionall  reflexe,  but  by 
supposition  constantly  ever. 

-f-  5.  Return,  rebound ;  indirect  action  or  opera 
tion.  Obs. 

a  1613  OVERBURY  A  Wife,  etc.  (1638)  45  Whence  in  .their 
face,  the  Faire  no  pleasure  have,  But  by  reflex  of  what 
thence  other  take.  -1626  LAUD  Scrm.  v.  Wks.  1847  *•  '31 
Some  directly  concern  God,  and  some  only  by  reflex.  1683 
D.  A.  Art  Converse  44  Let  us  abstain  from  railery  least  it 
return  by  reflex  upon  our  selves. 

6.  Phys.  A  reflex  action. 

1877  LEWES  Phys.  Basis  Mind  461  The  sensations  ol 
contact  and  temperature  will  excite  reflexes.  ityQ^AHbittt's 
Syst.  Med.  VI.  905  In  the  early  stages  of  the  disease  the 
reflexes  are  increased. 

Reflex  (n-fleks,  r/fle-ks),  a.  [ad.  I,,  refax-ust 
pa.  pple.  of  rejlectere  to  REFLECT.  *  Cf.  F.  rtflexe 
(i6th  c.),  Sp.  rejlejo  (-faxo),  It.  rifasso.] 

1.  Bent  or  turned  back ;  recurved. 

1658  ROWLAND  Aton/efs  Tkeat.  Ins.  957  They  couple 
sometime  with  their  tails  averse,  sometimes  reflex.  175* 
J.  HILL  Hist.  Anini.  64  A  number  of  white,  reflex  hairs. 
1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Sitpp.  s.y.  Leaf,  Rcclinate  or  reflex 
Leaf,  one  which  has  its  summit  lower  than  its  base.  1791 
COWPER  Iliad  in.  418  At  the  disk,  with  blunted  point 
Reflex,  bis  ineffectual  weapon  stay'd.  1869  DUNKIN  Midn* 
Sky  15  The  reflex  zenith-tube. 

Comb.  1825  Greenhouse  Comp.  II.  25  M[alva}  tridacty- 
loidt's,  reflex  -flowered  Mallow,. .a  shrub  introduced  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1791. 

-fb.  Of  motion :  Reversed  or  changed  after  impact. 

1704  NORRIS  Ideal  World  \\.  in,  We  say  a  motion  is., 
reflex  when  there  is  a  change  of  its  determination  upon  t.he 
rencontre  of  another  body  which  it  cannot  move  or  displace. 

2.  Of  light,  rays,  etc. :  Reflected. 

1681  FLAVEL  Right.  Man's  Kef.  256  Our  love  to  God  is 
but  the  reflex  beam  of  his  love  to  us.  c  1705  BERKELEY 
Commonpl.  Bk.  Wks.  1871  IV.  465  No  more  than  a  de 
formed  person  ought  to  cavil  to  behold  himself  by  the  reflex 
light  of  a  mirror.  1772  MASON  Eng.  Garden  i.  23  Whose 
mighty  mind, ..mirror  like,  Receiv'd,  and  to  mankind  with 
ray  reflex  The  sov'reign  Planter's  primal  work  display'd. 
1881  SHORT-HOUSE  7-  Inglesant  (1882)  II.  152  A  reflex  light, 
ethereal  and  wonderful,  coining  from  the  sky  behind  him. 

fig>  "847  EMERSON  Repr.  JA'«,  Montaigne  Wks.  (Bohn) 
L  349  The  last  class  must  needs  have  a  reflex  or  parasite 
faith. 

b.  Reflected,  as  in  a  mirror,  rare"1. 
1678  CUDWOKTH  Intel?.  Syst.  i.  v.  638  A  kind  of  Notional 
World,  which  hath  some  Reflex  Image,  and  correspondent 
Ray,.. to  whatsoever  is  in  the  true  and  real  world  of  being. 

3.  Of  acts  of  thought:  Directed  or  turned  back 
upon  the  mind  itself  or  its  operations.     Chiefly  in 
reflex  act. 

1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  \.  in.  §  9  The  Soul.. can  pro 
duce  the  same  effects  by  reflex  acts  of  the  understanding. 
#1676  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  \.  i.  (1677)  24  Which  I  call 
the  reflex  act  of  the  Soul,  or  the  turning  of  the  intellectual 
eye  inward  upon  its  own  actions.  1704  NORKIS  Ideal  World 
n.  iii.  120,  I  conceive  that  then  thought  is  said  to  be.  .reflex, 
when  the  same  act  of  thought  terminates  upon  itself,  or 
is  its  own  object.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  129 
There  is  a  reflex  act,  whereby  the  mind  turns  inward  upon 
herself  to  observe  what  ideas  arise  in  her  view,  1850 
M'C'osH  Div.  Govt.  (1852)  312  The  delightful  sensationst  of 
moral  approbation  which  rise  up  on  the  reflex  contemplation 
of  such  affection.  1870  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Grain.  Assent  n.  vi. 
158  An  act  of  consciousness,  .is  a  reflex  act  with  its  own 
object,  viz,  the  act  of  knowledge  itself. 

b.  Derived  from,  consisting  in,  the  conversion  of 
the  mind  or  thought  upon  itself. 

a  1652  J.  SMITH  Set.  Disc.  iv.  82  This  reflex  knowledge 
whereby  we  know  what  it  is  to  know.  1665  GLANVILL 
Scepsis  Sti,  i.  14  A  pure  intellectual  eye  may  have  a  sight 


REFLEX. 

of  it  in  reflex  discoveries.  1736  BUTLER  Ana!.  Diss.  ii.  311 
It  does  not  appear,  that  Brutes  have  the  least  reflex  Sense 
of  Actions  as  distinguished  from  Events.  1850  McCosn 
Div.  Govt.  in.  i.  (1874)  331  When  the  reflex  moral  faculty,  or 
the  conscience,  surveys  virtuous  action,  it  proclaims  it  good. 

4.  Coming  by  way  of  return  or  reflection. 

1822  HAZLITT  Tal'le-t.  Ser.  n.  xviii.  (1869)  376  It  is  the  im- 
mediate  pursuit,  not  the  remote  or  reflex  consequence  that 
gives  wings  to  the  passion.  1833  CHALMERS  Const.  Man 
(1834)  I.  ii.  100  The  secondary  or  reflex  gratification  which 
there  is  in  the  consciousness  of  benevolence.  1866  DK. 
ARGYLL  Reign  Law  i.  (ed.  4)  12  That  knowledge  has  a  reflex 
influence  on  our  knowledge  of  ourselves. 

6.  Phys.  a.  Reflex  action,  involuntary  action  of 
a  muscle,  gland,  or  other  organ,  caused  by  the  ex 
citation  of  a  sensory  nerve  being  transmitted  to 
a  nerve-centre,  and  thence  '  reflected '  along  an 
efferent  nerve  to  the  organ  in  question. 

1833  Proc.  Royal  Sac.  III.  210  He  [Dr.  M.  Hall]  dis 
tinguishes  muscular  actions  into  three  kinds: .  .thirdly,  those 
resulting  from  the  reflex  action  above  described  [see  REFLECT 
v.  4).  1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVI. 153/1  In  decapitated  animals  (in 
which  the  reflex  actions  are  more  remarkable  than  under 
any  other  circumstances).  1851  CARPENTER  Man.  Phys. 
(ed.  2)  518  From  the  best  judgment  we  can  form  of  the 
actions  of  the  Star-fish,.,  we  may  fairly  regard  the  greater 
number  of  them  as  simply  reflex.  187*  DARWIN  Emotions 
i.  35  Coughing  and  sneezing  are  familiar  instances  of  reflex 
actions. 

b.  Of  the  nature  of,  characterized  by,  or  con 
nected  with,  such  action. 

1833  M.  HALL  in  Proc.  Royal  Soc.  III.  210  On  the  Reflex 
Function  of  the  Medulla  Oblongata  and  Spinalis.  1840 
Penny  Cycl.  XVI.  151/2  When  the  spinal  chord  remains,  its 
passage  may  be  indicated  by  the  phenomena  of  reflex  motion. 
1878  FOSTER  Phys.  n.  i.  §  2.  208  The  ganglion  in  fact  acted 
as  a  reflex  centre.  _  1899  Allbutt's  Syst.  Meet.  VII.  618  The 
natural  and  imperious  reflex  cough  being  diminished.. by 
the  depth  of  coma. 

6.   Gram.  Reflexive. 

1873  EARLE  Pliilol.  Eng.  Tongue  (ed.  2)  §  469  The  accu 
sative  pronoun  of  all  the  persons  performed  for  a  long  period 
the  double  office  of  a  direct  and  a  reflex  pronoun. 

Reflex  (r/fle-ks),  v.  [f.  L.  reflex-,  ppl.  stem 
of  rejlectfre  to  REFLECT.] 

1.  trans.  To  bend,  fold  back,  recurve ;    =  RE-   | 
FLEOT  v.  1.     Chiefly  Her.  and  But.,  and  only  in  pa. 
pple.  (cf.  REFLEXED  ffl.  a.  4). 

1571  BOSSEWELL  A  rmorie  n.  48  The  fielde  is  verte,  twoo 
Apes  . .  combattante,  with  tayles  reflexed.  1610  GUILLIM 


reflexed  back  again  into  his  mouth.  1760  J.  LEE  Introd. 
Sot.  ii.  xvii.  (1765)  107  The  Stigma  bipartite  and  acute,  with 
the  lower  Lacinia  reflexed.  1771  Antiq.  Sarisli.  182  A 
monster  lying  at  his  feet,  with  his  head  reflext  on  his  tail. 
1881  MRS.  LANKESTER  WildFl.  125  The  petals  are  reflexed, 
and  turn  over.  1868  CUSSANS  Her.  209  note,  Their  tails 
passing  between  their  legs,  and  reflexed  over  their  backs. 
1875  DARWIN  Inscctiv.  PI.  iv.  71  With  the  outer  tentacles 
slightly  reflexed. 

f  2.  To  reflect  (light,  vision,  etc.).  Obs. 

c  1380  [see  REFLEXED^//.  a.  i].  a  1586  Satir.  Poems  Re 
form,  xxxvii.  22  Ay  moir  brycht  and  burning  is  be  beymis 
Off  Phebus  face,  bat  fastast  ar  reflexit.  1594  R.  ASHLEY  tr. 
Lays  le  Roy  4  The  Sun  beames  reflexed  doe  heate.  1658 
tr.  Porta's  Nat.  Mafic  vin.  230  The  Cockatrice  . .  giveth 
venimous  wounds  with  the  beams  of  his  eyes  :  which  being 
reflexed  upon  himself, .  .kill  the  Author  of  them. 

t  b.  To  throw,  cast  (beams)  on  a  place.   Obs. 

1586  MARLOWE  ist  Ft.  Tamburl.  in.  i,  For  neither  rain 
can  fall  upon  the  earth,  Nor  sun  reflex  his  virtuous  beams 
thereon.  1391  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  v.  iv.  87  May  neuer 
glorious  Sunne  reflex  his  beames  Vpon  the  Countrey  where 
you  make  abode. 

t  3.  To  reflect,  mirror,  image  (an  object).  Obs. 

1633  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Eniertainm.  Cliarles'Wks.  (1856) 
228  When  Iber's  streams  reflex'd  thy  glorious  face  !  1657 
W.  RAND  tr.  Gassendi's  Life  Peiresc  \\.  96  Contemplate  the 
Image  being  reflexed  by  the  Retina  and  restored. 

f  4.  intr.  Of  heat :  To  strike  upon  a  thing,  and 
be  reflected.  Obs.~l 

1632  LLTHGOW  Trail .  vi.  202  What  with . .  the  great  heate 
reflexing  vpon  the  sand,  and  from  the  sand  to  our  faces,  we    ; 
were  miserably  turmoiled. 

t  5.  To  reflect,  meditate,  etc.,  on  a  subject.  Obs. 

1631  R.  H.  Arraignm.  Whole  Creature  iv.  22  To  drive  j 
this  naile  further  to  the  very  head  :  reflexing  more  fully  on  ; 
the  Prodigals  huskes. 

t  Reflexcye.  Obs.  rare-1,  [app.  f. REFLEX  sb. 
or  a.  +  -CY,  but  perhaps  a  misprint.]  Reflection. 

1589  Almond  for  Parrat  16  The  very  reflexcye  of  my 
fury,  shall  make  thee  driue  thy  father  to  the  gallows,  for 
begetting  thee. 

Reflexed  (rffle-kst),  ///.  a.     [f.  REFLEX  v.] 

1.  Of  light,  etc. :  Reflected,  thrown  back ;  due  to, 
or  caused  by,  reflection. 

<ri38o  WYCLIF  Set.  \Vks.  II.  299  pe  bridde  sijt  is  reflexid 
whan  it  come(>  bi  dyvers  meenes,  and  bei  ben  on  divers 
kyndis,  as  be  moone  is  seen  ajens  ni}t.  1595  J.  KING  Queens 
DaySerm.  in  Jonas  (1618,1 690  Our  loue  to  other,  .comming  ! 
as  broken  and  reflexed  beames  from  our  loue  to  God.  1615 
JACKSON  Creed  iv.  in.  viii.  §  5  Any  reflexed  splendour  from 
the  favourable  aspect  of  earthly  majesty.  1661  BARGRAVE 
Pope  Alex.  I'll  (1867)  134  This  glass. .will  render  the  re- 
flexed  species  of  the  outward  object  full  and  large. 

t  2.  Directed  backwards.    Cf.  REFLEX  a.  3.  Obs. 

1656  in  Clarendon  Hist.  Reo.  xv.  §  113  When  we  take 
a^  reflexed  [1704  reflex]  view  of  our  past  actions.  1659 
Gentl.  Calling  (1696)  102  Cheating  has  usually  a  reflexed 
efficacy,  and  deceives  none  more  than  those  that  use 
it.  a  1676  HALF.  Prim.  Orif.  Man.  i.  i.  (1677)  20  By  con- 

VOL.  VIII. 


345 

sidering  the  reflexed  acts  of  our  Understanding,  whereby 
we  know  many  acts  of  our  own  minds  and  Soul. 

t  3.   =  REFLEX  0.4.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1667  Decay  Clir.  Piety  v.  f  ii  This  secondary  and  reflext 
apologie  for  Christs  law. 

4.  Turned,  bent,  or  folded  back.    Cf.  REFLEX  v.  i. 

1733  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  (ed.  2)  s.v.  Cassia,  Barbadoes 
Cassia,  with  a  reflex'd  Cup,  and  pointed  leaves.  1818  KIRBY 
&  Sr.  Entomol.  xxi.  (ed.  2)  II.  238  The  reflexed  head  simu 
lating  a  tail  curled  over  its  back.  1854  HOOKER  Himal. 
Jrnls.  II.  xx.  77  Inflated  reflexed  bracts,  that  conceal  the 
flowers.  i88a  Garden  7  Oct.  312/2  A  very  handsome  and 
full  reflexed  flower. 

Comb.  ijnLiGHTFOO-r  Flora  Scot.  II.  755  Reflex'd-leav'J 
Hypnum. 

b.  (See  quot.) 

1836  RAFINESO.UE  Anter.  Nations  I.  ii.  66  The  Resupinate 
or  Reflexed  Group  [of  American  languages] :  where  the 
roots  or  nouns  substantive  are  reversed,  following  the  ad 
jectives  or  epithetes,  which  are  prefixed. 

Reflexibrlity.  [f.  next  +  -ITY.  Cf.  F.  ri- 
jlexibililiS ( I4th  c.,  Oresme ;  but  in  mod.  use  adopted 
from  English).]  Capability  of  being  reflected. 

1673  NEWTON  in  Rigaud  Corr.  Sci.  Men  (1841)  II.  351 
Whence  it  is  that  the  same  rays  exhibit  the  same  colours, 
when  separated  by  any  other  means  ;  as  by  their  different 
reflexibility.  1728  PEMBERTON  A'ewton's  Philas.  370  The 
sun's  light  differs  in  reflexibility,  those  rays  being  most  re- 
flexible,  which  are  most  refrangible.  1797  BROUGHAM  in 
Phil.  Trans.  LXXXVII.  375  It  is  evident,  that  neither  re- 
flexibility  nor  refrangibility  will  account  for  either  sort  of 
rings.  1808  HERSCHEL  il'id.  XCIX.  267  In  consequence  of 
the  different  reflexibility  of  the  differently  coloured  rays. 

Reflexible   (rffle-lcstb'l),  a.     [f.   KEKLEX  v. 
Hence  V.  nMexibleJ}     Capable  of  being  reflected. 
1706  W.  JONES  Syn.  Palmar.  Matlteseas  301  The  Light  of 


1821  IMISON  Sc.  ft-  Art  I.  229  The  waves  of  sound  being 
thus  reflexible,  nearly  in  the  same  manner  as  the  rays  of 
light. 

So  Befle-xile  a.  nonce-wd. 

1797  BROUGHAM  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXVII.  384  The  rays 
which  are  most  flexible.. are  most  refrangile,  reflexile,  and 
flexile. 

t  Refle-xing,  ///.  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  REFLEX  v. 
+  -ING!.]  That  reflects,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

1606  J.  RAYNOLDS  Dolantey's  Prim.  (1880)  62  The  hot  re- 
flexing  rayes  Of  bright  Apollo.  1632  LITIIGOW  Trav.  x.  488 
This  reflexing  heart.. Can  by  experience  conster  well,  your 
Churches  Sire  and  Dame. 

Reflexion,  -al,  -ist :  see  REFLECTION. 

t  Refle'xious,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,   [f.  REFLEX  ji. 

+  -lous.]     Of  the  nature  of  a  reflection. 

1680  J.  AUBREY  in  Lett.  Eminent  Persons  (1813)  II.  255 
But  shee  needed  neither  borrowed  shades,  nor  reflexious 
lights,  to  set  her  off. 

t  Refle-xity.  Obs.    [f.  as  REFLEX  a.  +  -ITY.] 

1.  Shining,  reflection,    rare—1. 

c  1485  Digty  Myst.  (1882)  in.  441  Hey],  oryent,  as  be  sonne 
In  his  reflexite  ! 

2.  Reflexibility.  nonce-use. 

1797  BROUGHAM  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXVII.  361,  I  now 
tried  _to  measure  the  different  degrees  of  reflexity,  &c.  of 
the  different  rays. 

Reflexive  (rffle'ksiv),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  L.  type 
*rejlexivus :  see  REFLEX  v.  and  -IVE.  Cf.  F.  r4- 
fiexif,  -ive  (Cotgr.  1611),  Sp.  reflexive,  It.  ri- 
Jiessivo,  and  see  also  REFLECTIVE.]  A.  adj. 

1.  a.  Capable  of  turning  or  bending  back.  rare. 

1588  J.  READ  tr.  Arcxus"  Compend.  Mel/i.  60  b,  Who 
would  not  feare  the  force,  the  pearcing  and  power  reflexiue 
of  Quicksiluer.  1884  A.  DANIELL  Princ.  Physics  xiv.  413 
The  reflexive  power  of  flame  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of 
tracing-paper. 

•)•  b.  Capable  of  reflecting  light.   Obs.  rare. 

1676  BOYLE  mPliil.  Trans.  XI.  787, 1  found  the  Confining 
surface  very  strongly  reflexive. 

fc.  Reflected  gaslight).  Obs.  rare-1. 

1676  HALE  Contemfl.  n.  2pr  Though  the  Glory  of  thy 
Essence,  cannot  receive  any  increase  by  this  reflection,  yet 
thou  art  pleased  everlastingly  to  perpetuate  this  thy  re 
flexive  Glory. 

t  2.  Of  mental  operations :  Turned  or  directed 
back  upon  the  mind  itself.  Obs. 

1640  BP.  REYNOLDS  Passions  xxviii.  295  In  those  two 
Offices  of  Reason,  the  Transient  and  Reflexive  act,  that 
whereby  we  looke  Outward  on  others;  or  Inward  on  our 
selves.  1656  JEANES  Mixt.  Schol.  Div.  42  Then  the  mind 
in  it  s  reflexive  workings  can  proceed  in  inftnitum.  a  1708 
BEVERIDGE  Priv.  Th.  i.  (1730)  i  Being  not  capable  of  a  re 
flexive  act,  they  know  it  not. 

t  b.  Capable  of,  inclined  to,  or  characterized  by, 
reflection  or  serious  thought ;  reflective.  Obs. 

1653  H.  MORE  Antid.  Alh.  n.  v.  (1712)  53  Man,  in  whom 
there  is  a  principle  of  more  fine  and  reflexive  Reason.  1655- 
87  —  App.  Antid.  (1712)  193  This  must  be  in  a  knowing, 
passive,  and  reflexive  Subject.  1684  T.  BURNET  Th.  Earth 
I.  287  To  the  attentive  and  reflexive,  to  those  that  are  un- 
prejudic'd.  1752  School  of  Man  (1753)  37  Their  sensitive 
soul  bears  such  marks  of  a  reflexive  intelligence. 

1 3.  Reciprocal,  correspondent.   Obs. 

c  1643  Contra-Replicanfs  Complaint  18  There  is  likewise 
a  neare  consanguinity,  and  reflexive  benevolence  of  aspects 
between  Lawes  and  Princes.     1681  FLAVEL  Right.  Man's    \ 
Rtf.  178  Nor.  .are  our  thoughts  as  Gods  in  respect  of  re-    I 
flextve  comprehension. 

t4.  Reflecting  on  a  person.  Obs.  rare—1. 

a  1716  SOUTH  Serm.  (1744)  X.  174,  I  would  fain  know  what 
man . .  there  is  that  does  not  resent  an  ugly  reflexive  word. 

5.  Gram.  Of  pronouns,  verbs,  and  their  significa- 


REFLOTJRISH. 

tion  :  Characterized  by,  or  denoting,  a  reflex  action 
on  the  subject  of  the  clause  or  sentence. 

1837  G.  PHILLIPS  Syriac  Grant.  114  The  ordinary  method 
of.  expressing  a  reciprocal  or  reflexive  sense.  1861  MAX 
MULLER  Sc.  Lang,  viii.  299  The  mere  addition  of  certain 
letters,  which  give  to  every  verb  a  negative,  or  causative,  or 
reflexive,  or  reciprocal  meaning.  1867  J.  HADLEY  Ess.  xi. 
205  A  shortened  form  of  the  reflexive  pronoun. 

6.  Of  a  reflex  character. 

1871  FARRAR  \Vitn.  Hist.  iv.  138  He  reduced  religion  to  a 
reflexive  ceremony  of  empty  proprieties.  1888  J.  T.  GULICK 
in  Linn.  See.  Jrnl.  XX.  200/2  Reflexive  Selection  is  the 
exclusive  generation  of  those  better  fitted  to  the  relations  in 
which  the  members  of  the  same  species  stand  to  each  other. 
B.  sb.  f  1-  An  object  reflecting  light.  Obs.-1 

ifi86  GOAD  Ci'lest.  Bodies  L  ix.  27  That  there  may  be  found 
as  much  variety  in  them  as  in  other  Reflexives,  i.e.  Plain, 
Convex  or  Concave  Glasses. 

2.  A  reflexive  verb  or  pronoun. 

1866  Trans.  Phil.  Sac.  88  We  are  still  capable  of  forming 
a  double  set  of  reflexives.  1867  J.  HADLKY  Ess.  xi.  209  The 
reflexive  which  serves  to  express  the  passive  is  a  causal 
reflexive. 

Refle'xively,  aJv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LV  2.]  In  a 
reflexive  or  reflecting  manner,  by  way  of  reflect  ion 
(in  various  senses). 

1674  Govt.  Tongue  223  Not  only  directly,  .but  reflexively 
also,  in  respect  of  what  may  rebound  to  our  selves.  1678 
CUDWORTH  Intel/.  Syst.  I.  v.  636  Reflexively  examining 
himself  whether  he  have  a  phantasm,  or  sensible  idea,  be 
longing  to  every  word,  or  no.  a  1716  SOUTH  Tiveli'e  Serm. 
(1717)  VI.  105  Ay,  but  he  spoke  slightly  and  reflexively  of 
such  a  Lady.  1858  CASWALL  Poems  192  Thyself  by  nurture, 
meditation,  grace,  Reflexively  reveal'd.  1867  C.  J.  SMITH 
Syn.  $•  Antonyms,  Al'eyancc,"Y\\e  term  has  been  transferred 
reflexively  from  the  person  waiting  to  the  thing  waited  for. 

Refie'xiveness.    [f.  as  prec.  + -NESS.]    The 

state  or  quality  of  being  reflexive. 

1667  H.  MORE  Dai.  Dial.  I.  n.  234  There  not  being  that 
Reflexiveness.  .in  Brutes  in  their  suffering  as  in  rational 
Creatures.  1881  WKSTCOTT  &  HORT  Grk.  N.  T.  II.  App. 
144  The  reflexiveness  is  .so  direct  that  a  refusal  to  admit  the 
rough  breathing  introduces  language  completely  at  variance 
with  all  Clreek  usage. 

So  Beflexi'vity. 

1653  H.  MORE  Antid.  Ath.  in.  xvi.  137  Ready  from  every 
part  to  be  reflected  if  the  clouds  had  any  such  reflexivity  in 
them.  1891  MRS.  H.  WARD  tr.  Amiel's  Jrnl.  32  Less  re- 
flexivityand  more  plasticity,  .would  raise  the  style  ofVinet. 

Refle'xly,  adv.  [f.  REFLEX  a.  +  -LV  -.]  In  a 
reflex  manner.  (Common  in  recent  use.) 

1839  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  IV.  iii.  §  20  No  body  can  act  re- 
flexly  on  itself.  1873  H.  C.  WOOD  T/icraf.  1879!  235  Con 
traction  of  the  pupil  before  dilatation  . .  is  probably  caused 
reflexly  by  irritant  action  of  the  atropia. 

Reflexo'genous,  a.  Path.  [f.  REFLEX  a. : 
see  -0.]  Producing  reflex  action.  So  Beflexo- 
fre  nic  a.  (Cent.  Diet.  1891.) 

1899  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VI.  521  Certain  bone  surfaces 
are  similarly  very  dependably  '  reflexogenons '. 

t Refle'XUre.  Obs.  rare—1.  [See  REFLEX^. 
and  FLEXURE.]  A  bend  or  fold. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  vni.  100  The  thinne  Membran 
.  .made  in  reflexures,  should  nourish  the  substaunce  of  the 
brayne. 


tRefli'rt,  v.  Obs.rare~\  In  7  reflurt.  [RE-.] 
trans.  To  toss  back  again. 

1652  News  fr.  Low-Coitntr.  n  If  carping  Momes  shall 
flurt  in  Podex's  face  A  Flout, .  .Podex,  with  a  full  Breath, 
reflurts  it  back. 

t  Refloa't,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  obs.  F.  reflot : 
see  RE-  2  a  and  FLOAT  sb.  2.]  A  flowing  back ; 
reflux,  ebb  (of  the  tide). 

T594  [see  FLOAT  so.  2].  1626  BACON  Sylva  §907  The  Maine 
Float  and  Refloat  of  the  Sea.. which  is.. Part  of  the  Di 
urnal  Motion. 

So  f  Refloa't  z/.l  intr. ,  to  flow  back,  ebb.  Obs.~  ° 

1632  SHERWOOD,  To  reflote,  remoter, 

Refloat  (nfi>-t),  v?  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
float,  set  afloat,  again.  Hence  Refloating  vbl.  sb. ; 
also  Befloata'tion. 

1871  Daily  News  14  Tan.,  The  necessary  operations  for 
the  refloating  of  the  French  war  vessel.  1883  Manch. 
Exam.  24  Oct.  7/1  The  company  undertook  to  refloat,  at 
their  own  expense,  any  vessel  that  went  ashore  in  the  canal. 
1892  Pall  Mall  G.  22  Nov.  2/1  The  refloating  of  all  the 
colonial  loans.  ..By  such  a  refloatation  there  would  be  a 
saving  of  about  one  per  cent. 

Refloenge,  obs.  form  of  REFLOWING  vbl.  sb. 

Refloo,  obs.  form  of  REFLOW  v. 

t  ReflO're,  v.  Sf.  Obs.  rare—1.  In  6  refloir. 
[f.  RE-  5  a  +  -flore,  as  in  deflore  DEFLOWER.]  trans. 
To  cause  to  flourish  again  ;  =REFLOWER  v.  i. 

1560  ROLLAND  Crt.  yenus  i.  295  With  superabundant 
Mirth,  melodic,  thow  dois  my  hart  refloir. 

Reflore'SCeuce.  [RE-  5  a ;  or  f.  L.  reflore- 
sc2re  to  flower  again  +  -ENCE.]  A  blossoming 
again,  a  second  florescence. 

1721  in  BAILEY.  #1792  HORNE  Disc.  xvi.  Wks.  1809  IV. 
302  By  the  reflorescence  of  that  mortal  part  which  he  drew 
from  the  stem  of  Jesse.  1880  SWINBURNE  Stud.  Shaks.  17 
A  famous.. example  of  this  reflorescence. 

So  Befiore'scent  a. 

1897  Dublin  Rev.  Oct.  398  The  classic  forms  so  exu. 
berantly  reflorescent  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

Reflonrish  (ri&rrif),».  [f.  RE-  $a.  +  FLOURISH 
v.,  orig.  after  L.  reflorescere.]  intr.  To  flourish 
anew.  Chiefly  Jig.  (Common  in  I7th  c.) 

a  1340  HA.MPOLE  Psalter  xxvii,  10  And  inyfleysse  reflorist 

44 


REFLOURISHING. 

[L.  rtgornit],  1544  LELAND  AT.  Y.  Gift  in  Itin.  (1768)  I. 
p.  xxiii,  The  old  Glory  of  your  renowmid  Britaine  [shall 
be  seen]  to  reflorisch  thorough  the  Worlde.  1558  PHAER 
SEneid  Gen.  Sum.  a  ij  b,  A  land  where  their  Kyngdome 
should  reflorishe.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  83  Cypresse  :  a 
tree  designated  to  the  dead  ;  in  that  once  being  cut  it  neuer 
reflourisheth.  1675  PLUME  Life  Hacket  in  Cent.  Serm. 
p.  i,  Afterwards,  when  Christian  religion  reflourished,  the 
Christian  Church  resumed  these  studies  again.  1776  R. 
CHANDLER  Trav.  Greece  (1825)  II.  135  He  saw  the  city^  re- 
flourishing  under  the  auspices  of  the  emperor  Hadrian. 
"853  G.  JOHNSTON  Nat.  Hist.  E.  Bord.  I.  229  The  love  of 
flowers . .  reflourishes . .  in  the  autumn  of  our  age. 

fb.  Const,  with  inf.  (after  the  Vulgate).  Obs. 

1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.)  Phil.  iv.  10,  I  rejoyced  in  our  Lord 
excedingly,  that  once  at  the  length  you  have  reflorished  to 
care  for  me  [L.  rejloruistis  pro  me  scntire],  1613  DAY 
Dyall  x.  (1614)  266  Little  have  they  Reflourished  to  care 
for  them,  to  use  a  phrase  of  theirs. 

Hence  Reflowrishing  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1621  H.  FAKLEV  St.  Paul's  title-p.,  All  such  as  beare  good 
will  to  the  refiourishing  estate  of  the  said  Chvrch.  1627 
HAKEWILL  A  Pol.  (1630)  230  Their  resurrection,  and  re- 
floureshing  againe.  1657  \V.  RAND  tr.  Gassendi"s  Life 
Peiresc  ii.  238  The  reflourishing  Glory  of  that  most  ex 
cellent  and  Beneficent  King  Renatus.  1728  EARBERV  tr. 
Burnefs  St.  Dead  II.  108  The  Wicked  are  no  Objects  of 
Hope  nor  of  Reflourishing.  1775  S.  J.  PRATT  Liberal  Opin. 
xciv.  (1783)  III.  191  The  reflourishing  fortunes  of  the  bene 
volent  Blewitt. 

So  Beflou'rishment.   rare~l. 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  ix.  §  95.  535/2  The  Welsh 
seeing  these  round  proceedings  in  England,  the  peace  and 
reflonshment  whereof  they  feared,  labored  for  reconciliation. 

Reflow,  sb.  [RE-  2  a.]  A  reflux,  refluence, 
ebb  of  the  tide. 

1610  HOLLAND  Cnwdt'ns  Brit.  T.  37  By  the  reflow  or  ebbe 
of  the  Ocean.  1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L,  §  197  This 
matter. .would  in  time  block  up  the  Humber,  was  it  not  for 
the  powerful  re-flow  of  that  river's  tide.  1832  DE  LA  BECHE 
Geol.  Man.  (ed.  2)  131  A  quick  flow  or  reflow  of  the  water. 
1860  MAURY  Phys.  Geog.  Sea  §  136  (Low)  47  The  grand  equa 
torial  flow  and  reflow  which  is  performed  by  the  waters  of 
all  the  great  oceans. 

Reflow,  v.^  Now  rare.  [RE-  2  a,  orig.  after 
L.  rcflncre^\  intr.  To  flow  back  ;  esp.  of  the  tide, 
to  ebb.  Freq.  in  \far.Jlow  and  reflow. 

1387  [see  REFLOWING  vbl.  sb.\.  1432-50  tr.  tfigden  (Rolls) 
I.  57  The  see  Pontike  reflowethe  not  as  other  sees.  Ibid.  425 
A  lytelle  welle  in  the  costes  of  Ruthlande, ,  .whiche  dothe 
not  floo  and  refloo  in  the  maner  of  a  see.  1535  STEWART 
Cron.  Scot.  I.  373  Syne  as  the  flude  begouth  for  till  reflow 
[etc.].  1555  EDEN  Decades  119  They  see  the  seas  by  increase 
and  decrease  to  flowe  and  reflowe.  1589  FLEMISH  Virg. 
Georg.  iv.  71  At  creekes  reflowing  past  the  which  the  water 
cannot  go.  1776  BURROW  Rep.  IV.  2163  It  is  said  that  the 
king  has  a  right,  as  high  as  the  sea  flows  and  reflows.  1810 
CRABBE  Borough  i.  216  The  billows,  .strike  with  furious 
force,  And  then  re-flowing,  take  their  grating  course.  1852 
H  umber  Conserv.  Act  2038  So  far  as  the  tide  flows  or 
reflows. 

b.  fig.  and  in  fig.  context. 

1609  J.  DAVIES  Holy  Roode  Ded.,  Those  [pleasures}  will 
runne  to  Helles  impure,  While  these  to  Eden  faire  refiow 
againe.  1677  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  iv.  15  As  al  Creatures 
flow  and  reflow  to  God,  as  the  Ocean  or  plenitude  of  al 
Being.  1721  R.  KEITH  tr.  T.  A  Kempist  Solil.  Soul  x\\.  197 
My  Affection  floweth  and  refloweth  here  and  there  and 
every  where.  1818  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  iv.  xcii,  An  universal 
deluge,  which . .  ebbs  but  to  reflow  ! 

Reflow,  v.%   rare.    [RE-  5  a.]     To  flow  again. 

1817  BYRON  Mazeppa  xiv,  Life  reassumed  its  lingering 
hold..,  My  blood  reflow'd,  though  thick  and  chill,  a  1823 
CRABBE  Woman  i,  She.. bids  the  spring  of  hope  re-flow 
That  languished  in  the  fainting  heart. 

Reflow er,  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1 1.  trans.  To  cause  to  flower  or  flourish  again. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  ir.  ii.  i.  Ark  66  As  the 
Sommer  sweet-distilling  drops.  .Re-greens  the  Greens,  and 
doth  the  Flowrs  re-flowr  [F.  refleurir\.  1606  Ibid.  iv.  n. 
Magnificence  805  Her  sight  re-flowres  thr  Arabian  Wilder 
ness,  a  1649  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Poems  Wks.  (1711)  39  To 
make  peace  prosper,  justice  to  reflow'r. 

2.  intr.  To  flower  again  (Ogilvie  Suppl.  1855). 

Reflowing,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  REFLOW  V.1  +  -JN&1.] 
The  action  of  the  vb. ;  refluence. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  369  The  floenge..of  the 
see  |>er  as  at  oon  tyme  and  refloenge  to  gedre.  1555  EDEN 
Decades  58  Whiche  rowghnes  or  reflowinge,  the  Spanyardes 
caule  Resacca.  1613-16  W.  BROWNE  Brit.  Past.  i.  v,  Our 
teares  should  make  the  flood,  not  her  reflowing.  1654  EARL 
MONM.  tr.  Bentivoglio' $  IVarrs  Flanders  224  The  flowing 
and  reflowing  of  the  Tide  will  oppose  them.  1813  J.  C. 
HOBHOUSE  Journey  (ed.  2)  454  The  change  which  . .  took 
place  in  the  flowing  and  reflowing  of  the  stream. 

So  Reflowing  ///.  a. 

1609  HOLLAND  Amm.  Marcell.  196  With  a  returne  of  the 
current  and  reflowing  waves  it  dasheth  upon  the  temple  of 
Apollo  Sminthius.  1896  Daily  News  29  Feb.  5/5  Coming 
up.,  on  the  crest  of  the  re-flowing  tide. 

Refluction,  variant  of  REFLUXION  Obs. 

Refluctua-tion.  rare~°.  [RE- 2  a.]  A  flowing 
back  (Webster  1828-32). 

t  Reflue,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  reflufre  :  see 
REFLUENT  and  REFLOW  7;.1]  intr.  To  flow  back. 

'545  RAYNOLD  Byrth  Mankynde  30  This  skynny  flappes 
close  the  passage  and  defende,  that  nothynge  canne  re 
bound,  ne  reflue  backe  agayne.  Ibid,  44  Sum  part  therof 
reflueth,  and  is  reuerted  to  the  womans  brestes,  ther  to 
becum  mylke. 

Refluence   (re-flwens).     [See  REFLUENT  and 
EN'CE.]     A  flowing  back  ;  a  reflux. 
£1593  MARLOWE  Jew  of  Malta  in.  iv,  The  wastfull  sea, 
Whose  billowes . .  Shall  ouerflow  it  with  their  refluence.    1615 


346 

CROOKE  Body  of  Man  167  To  hinder  the  refluence  or 
returne  of  the.  .vnprofitable  humors.  1621  LODGE.  Summary 
of  Du  Bartas  106  In  the  sea,  betwixt  Norway,  and  Scot 
land,  there  is  clerely  obserued  a  flow  and  refluence.  1817 
SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  xn.  ix,  Like  the  refluence  of  a  mighty- 
wave  Sucked  into  the  loud  sea.  1861  MRS.  BROWNING 
Psyche  $  Pan  4  The  gentle  river,  .cast  up  Psyche,  with  a 
refluence  brave,  Upon  the  flowery  bank. 

transf.  and  jig.  a  159*  GREENE  Jos,  IVt  iv.  in,  One 
hornpipe  further,  a  refluence  back,  and  two  doubles  for- 
ward.  1842  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  Ixxiv.  §  78  The  refluence 
of  its  legions  over  the  Rhine  and  the  Pyrenees.,  prostrated 
the  financial  affairs  of  the  Empire. 

So  t  Re-fluency.   06s.  rare. 

1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man.  400  By. .what  affluencies  and 
refluencies  this  perpetuity  is  accomplished.  1648  W.  MOUN- 
TAGUE  Devout  Ess.  i.  vi.  §  2.  58  How  all  things  sublunary 
move,  -in  an  interchangeable  flowing  and  refluencie. 

Refluent  (re'flwe'nt),  a.  [ad.  L.  refluent-em, 
pres.  pple.  of  rejlttere  to  flow  back,  f.  re-  RE-  2  a  + 
flucre  to  flow.] 

1.  Flowing  back,  reflowing : 

a.  of  the  sea,  waves,  rivers,  etc. 

1712  BLACKMORE  Creation  in.  139  Do  not  the  Rivers.. to 
the  Hills  convey  the  Refluent  Wave. .  ?  1725  POPE  Odyss. 
v.  549  Then  backward  sweep  The  refluent  tides,  and  plunge 
him  in  the  deep.  1791  COWPER  Iliad  xn.  30  All  those 
[rivers]  with  refluent  course  Apollo  drove  Nine  days  against 
the  rampart.  1812  BRACKENRIDGK  Vieivs  Louisiana  (1814) 
37  In  lower  Louisiana,  there  are  a  great  number  of  lakes 
from  the  refluent  waters  of  the  Mississippi.  1873  T.  W. 
HiGGixsoN  Oldport  Days  ii.  36  All  night  the  phosphorescent 
water,  .washes  with  long,  refluent  waves  along  their  sides. 

transf,  1842  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  Ixxxiv.  §  i  The  once 
triumphant  Peninsular  hosts,  refluent  through  the  passes  of 
the  Pyrenees.  1856  R.  A.  VACGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  II.  78 
To  give  him  a  hold  against  any  refluent  doubt  that  might 
threaten  to  sweep  him  back. 

b.  of  blood,  the  spirits,  life,  etc. 

1699  GARTH  Dispens.  91,  I  show'd  of  old,  how  vital 
Currents  glide,  And  the  Meanders  of  their  refluent  Tide. 
1714  Spring  in  Steele  Poet.  Misc.  109  When  to  his  Heart  the 
refluent  Spirits  came.  1789  E.  DARWIN  Bot.  Card.  11.  (1791) 
77  Slow-ebbing  life  with  refluent  crimson  breaks  O'er  their 
wan  lips.  1816  SOUTHEY  Lay  of  Laureate  Ixix,  I  felt  the 
refluent  blood  forsake  my  face.  1872  GEO.  ELIOT  Middlem. 
xxxii,  Too  languid  to  sting,  he  had  the  more  venom  refluent 
in  his  blood. 

c.  Phys.  of  blood  or  other  fluids. 

1704  RAY  Creation  \\.  (ed.  4)  319  To  discharge  the  refluent 
Blood  into  the  next  adjacent  Trunk.  1822-34  Good"  s  Study 
Mcd,  (ed.  4)  IV.  347  The  ammoniacal  salt  of  the  refluent 
urine.  1898  Allinitfs  Syst.  Med.  V.  924  The  heading  back 
will,  .fill  the  ventricle  still  more  with  refluent  aortic  blood. 

2.  Characterized  by  refluence,  esp.  tidal. 

1741  MONRO  Anat.  Nerves  (ed.  3)  21  This.  .Reflux  it  was 
. .,  which  gave  Rise  to  another  Division  of  the  Nerves  into 
arterious  or  efiluent,  and  venous  or  refluent.  1798  Anti- 
Jacobin  No.  28  Wherever  man  is  found,  or  refluent  oceans 
roll.  1864  TENNYSON  Boddicea  28  A  phantom  colony 
smoulder'd  on  the  refluent  estuary. 

f3.  Directed  backwards.  Obs.  rare"~l. 

1741  SHENSTONK  Judgm.  Hercules^  424  If  o'er  their  lives 
a  refluent  glance  they  cast,  Their's  is  the  present  who  can 
praise  the  past. 

t  Re'fluous,  ft.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  L.  reflu-us  re 
fluent  +  -ous.]  Refluent ;  recurring. 

1628  SIR  W.  MURE  Spirit.  Hymn  274  That  Day  shall  rest 
Heauen's  rolling  spheares,  Earth's  refluous  tumults.  1650 
FULLER  PisgaJt  n.  62  Seeing  the  stream  of  Jordan,  .was  not 
supplied  with  any  reciprocall  or  refluous  tide  out  of  the 
Dead  Sea. 

Reflurt :  see  REFLIBT  v.  Obs. 
Reflux   (rfflpks).      [f.   RE-  2  a  +  FLUX:   cf. 
F.  reflztx  (i6th  c.),  Sp.  reflujo  {-fltixo\  It.  riflusso] 

1.  A  flowing  back,  return,  refluence :  a.  of  the  sea 
(esp.  in  phr.jfcx  and  reflux)  >  rivers,  water,  air,  etc. 

£1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  194  Man  hath  of 
erthe  slowthe  and  hevynesse,  Flux  and  reflux  by  watir  made 
unstable.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  43  Hereunto  addeth 
Aristotle . .  that  no  liuing  creature  dieth  but  in  the  reflux  and 
ebbe  of  the  sea.  1686  PLOT  Staffordsh.  56  Which  in  some 
measure  may  cause  the  flux  and  reflux  of  the  green  Sea. 
1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  xv,  The  great  draught  and  reflux  of 
the.,  river.  1761  Ann.  Reg.  i.  95  Fluxes  and  refluxes  of  the 
sea.. continued  till  six  o'clock  next  morning.  1804  C.  B. 
BROWN  tr.  Volney's  View  Soil  U.S.  67,  I  cannot  determine 
how  far  eastward  the  Delaware  then  extended  the  reflux  of 
its  waters.  1830  LYELL  Princ.  Geol.  I.  117  The  heat  and 
cold  which  surround  the  globe  are  in  a  state  of  constant  and 
universal  flux  and  reflux.  _  1869  E.  A.  PARKES  Pract. 
Hygiene  (ed.  3)  no  Ill-contrived  sewers  permitting  a  large 
reflux  of  air  into  the  houses. 

b.  in  transf.  andyf^.  uses. 

163*  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  Biondts  Eromena  129  The  refluxes 
of  so  unjust  a  fortune  in  a  Princesse  of  so  great  merit.  1670 
R.  COKE  Disc.  Trade  69  After  all  this  flux  and  re-flux  of 
vexation  and  charge  to  the  certain  undoing  of  one  or  both 
parties.  1711  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  I.  271  The  alterations 
which  happen  in  manners,  and  the  flux  and  reflux  of  polite 
ness,  wit,  and  art.  1800  COLQUHOUN  Comtn.  Thames  Introd. 
25  The  flux  and  reflux  of  Commercial  Property,  .on  the 
Thames.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vn,  II.  189  A  violent 
and  rapid  reflux  of  public  feeling. 

c.  Phys.  of  the  blood. 

1653  HARVEY  Anat.  Rxerc.  I.  xiii.  (1673)  81  [The  blood] 
comes,  .into  the  ear  of  the  heart  in  so  great  abundance,  with 
so  great  flux,  and  reflux  [etc.].  1707  FLOYER  Physic.  Pulse- 
tvatch  15  The  Circulation  of  our  Blood,  whose  reflux  to  the 
Heart  is  promoted  by . ,  Respiration.  1834  J.  FORBES  Laen- 
nec's  Dis.  Chest  (ed.  4)  5  n  The  reflux  of  blood  into  the  jugular 
veins  from  coughing  or  a  prolonged  expiration.  1899  All- 
buffs  Syst.  Med.  VI.  40  The  intra-ventricular  pressure  be 
comes  lowered  from  reflux  through  the  valve. 

2.  attrih.  and  Comb.,  as  reflux  current,  theory ', 


REFOREST. 

tide ;  reflux  catheter,  a  double-channel  catheter, 
in  which  the  liquid  passes  by  one  duct  and  returns 
by  the  other  (Knight  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  1884) ; 
reflux  trap,  a  trap  in  a  drain  or  sewer  to  prevent 
a  back  current  of  foul  air. 

1852  WIGGINS  Embanking  51  This  is  to  sustain  anycurrent 
that  may  take  place  at  the  reflux  tide.  1892  Daily  News  30 
Dec.  3/4  As  far  as  practical,  the  up  current  of  air  (when 
existing)  is  prevented  by  reflux  traps.  1898  Allbutfs  Syst. 
Med.  V.  975  The  current  impelled  by  the  right  ventricle., 
is  met  by  the  reflux  current  from  the  left  ventricle.  1899 
Ibid.  VI.  234  The  reflux  theory  seems  at  present  the  more 
probable  for  most  cases. 

t  Refhvxioii.  Obs.  Also  refluction.  [ad. 
med.L.  refluxion-emt  n.  of  action  f.  refluifre:  see 

REFLUENT.]   =  REFLUX. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gniltemeaiis  Fr.  Chimrg.  4  b/i  The  re- 
fluxione  of  badd  humors  vnto  the  wounded  parte.  1635 
SWAN  Spec.  M.  vi.  §  2  (1643)  202  The  next  ..  question  pro- 
pounded,  was  concerning  the  fluxion  and  refluxion  of  the  sea. 
1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  iv.  xvii.  259  Are  they  more  daring 
at  the  ebullition  of  the  blood,  or  at  the  circular  refluxion? 

Refly,  v.     [RE-.]     intr.  To  fly  back  or  again. 

1611  FLORIO,  Riuolare^  toflie  againe,  torefly.  a  1711  KEN 
Hymns  Kvang.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  142  Thus  spake  the 
Seraph,  and  to  Bliss  reflew.  —  Hymns  Festiv.  ibid.  351 
Gabriel.. to  Heav'n  reflown,  Attended  at  the  Throne.  1866 
CRICHTON  Nat.  Ramble  Orcades  63  Many  individuals  were 
flying  and  reflying  from  and  to  the  spot. 

R/efo'cillate,  z>.  Now  rare.  [ad.  late  L.  re- 
fodllare  to  warm  into  life  again,  revive  :  see  RE-  5  a 
and  FOCILLATE.]  trans.  To  revive,  refresh,  re 
animate,  comfort  (a  person,  the  spirits,  senses,  etc.). 

1611  CORYAT  Crudities  93  The  first  view  thereof  did  euen 
refocillate  my  spirits  and  tickle  my  senses  with  inward  joy. 
1680  AUBREY  Lives  (1898)  II.  Prynne  174  About  every  3 
houres  his  man  was  to  bring  him  a  roll  and  a  pott  of  ale  to 
refocillate  his  wasted  Spirits.  1694  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  v. 
(1737)  230  In  Arbors,  some  themselves  refocillate.  1760 
STKKNE  Tr.  Shandy  III.  xxxviii,  The  nose  was  comforted, 
nourish'd,  plump'd  up,  refresh'd,  refocillated,  and  set  a 
growing  for  ever. 

Hence  f  Hefo 'dilating///,  a.     Obs. 

1697  R.  PEIRCK  Bath  Mem.  n.  ii.  279  These  Disorders., 
were  greatly  increased,  .so  that  she  was  not  fit  for  any,  but  re- 
focillating  Means  (to  palliate  the  most  urging  Symptomes). 

Refocilla'tion.  Now  rare.  [ad.  med.  or 
mod.  L.  refocillCitidn-em^.  of  action  f.  refocillare  \ 
see  prec.  +  -ATION.]  The  action  of  the  verb ;  re 
freshment,  reanimation,  re invig oration. 

1576  FOXE  A.  fy  M.  (ed.  3)  1615/1  What  paynes.  .would 
not  nee  willyngly  haue  suffered,  to  haue  had  some  refocilla- 
tion  and  tyme  of  refreshyng?  i6ao  DONNE  Serm.  xlii.  414 
He.. kindly  performed  all  offices  of  ease  and  refocillation 
to  these  way-faring  strangers.  1656  E.  REYNER^W/W  Govt. 
Tongue  225  For  recreation  of  the  rmnde,  and  refocillation  of 
the  spirits.  1814  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  II.  621,  I  need  for 
myself  solace  and  refocillation  of  animal  spirits.  1871 
JACOX  Asp.  Authors  A.  3  Refocillation  is  a  favourite  resource 
—whatever  the  word  may  be— with  authors  not  a  few. 
fb.  A  means  of  refreshment  Obs.  rare—1. 

1608  MIDDLETON  Mad  lVorld\\\.  ii,  Some  precious  cordial, 
some  costly  refocillation. 

Refb'CUS,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  focus  again. 

c  1865  J.  WYLDE  in  C'irc.  Sc.  I.  149/2  Having.. refocussed 
the  lenses,  the  brass  cap . .  should  be  put  on.  1895  N.  A  mer. 
Rev.  Feb.  173  A  pulpit,  .capable  of  re-focusing  religion. 

Itefo'ld,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  fold  again. 
Hence  Refolding  vbl.  sb. 

1594  DANIEL  Cleopatra  Wks.  (1717)  293  And  having  ended, 
with  a  Sigh  refuldsThy  Letter  up.  1611  FLORIO,  Riditplic- 
are,  to  redouble'  or  refold.  Ibid.)  Ripiego^  a  refolding  vp 
againe.  1852  $WTBfSf0ltg9>t  Sfi.  Tour  (1893)  327  Having 
mastered  its  contents,  the  captain  refolded  and  replaced  it 
where  he  found  it.  1892  ZAEHNSDORF  Bind.  Books  (1892)  7 
Refolding  would  in  such  a  case  be  most  detrimental.  1899 
Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  344  She  will  refold  and  rearrange 
all  clothing  and  bedding  in  the  store-room. 

Hefo'iit.  rare.  [ad.  F.  refonte :  see  FONT  sl>.2 
and  cf.  REFOUNT.]  A  recast,  recasting. 

1833  New  Monthly  Mag.  XXXVII.  47  The  impending  re- 
font  of  the  political  structure  of  Germany.  1833  S.  AUSTIN 
Charac  t.  Goethe  iii.  220  The  fragment  of  the  Achilleis,  or 
his  refont  of  Reinecke  Fnchs. 

Refoorme,  obs.  form  of  REFORM  v. 
RefbO't,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To  put  a  new 

foot  in  (a  boot  or  stocking). 

1851  MAYHEW  Land.  Labour  II.  6/2  Stocking-legs  for  the 
supply  of 'jobbing  worsted',  and  for  re-footing.  Ibid.  34/1 
The  back  and  the  remainder  of  the  front  having  been  used  for 
refooting  boots.  1880  Plain  Hints  Needlework  116  It  is  in 
this  last  meaning  probably  that  this  word  [sc.  stilt]  is  used 
in  Lincolnshire  to  describe  the  re-footing  a  stocking. 

t  Reforce,  v.  Obs.  [ad,  OF.  ref order ^  reforcer, 
f.  re-  RE-  +  forcer :  see  FORCE  v.] 

1.  trans.  To  reinforce,  strengthen,  make  stronger, 
c  1489  CAXTOM  Blanchardyn  113  He  byganne  to  reforce 

his  callynge,  cryinge  wyth  a  hyghe  voyce.  c  1500  Melusine 
175  Thus  bygan  ayen  the  batayll  to  be  reforced.  1546  R*'£' 
Privy ^  Council  Scot.  I.  54  He  sail  send  men  of  experience  for 
reforsing  of  strenthis  and  biggein  of  the  samyn. 

2.  intr.  To  become  stronger,  be  reinforced. 

c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  no  Nothyng  coude  playse 
\  nor  brynge  hym  tyll  his  hertys  ease,  But  euer  more  reforced 
j  and  redoubled  his  sorowe.  c  1500  Melusine  290  There  re- 
i  forced  the  batayll. 

Refb'rest,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  cover 
again  with  forest;  to  reafforest.  Also  absol. 

1881  (?.  Rev.  July  56  Large  tracts  of  land  are  being  re 
forested.  1882  Nature  XXV.  527  Attention  is  called  to  the 
necessity  of  re-foresting. 


REFORESTATION. 

So  Beforesta-tion ;  Beforestiza'tion  (Ogilvie 
1882);  Befo-restize  v.  (Webster  1897). 

1887  MOLONY  Forestry  W.  Afr.  90  How  different  would  it 
have  been  had  there  been  some  system  of  conservancy  or  re 
forestation. 

RefOTfeit,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  forfeit  again. 

1667  Decay  Chr.  Piety  v.  r  12  Those  who  by  a  new  set  of 
impossible  commands  should,  .reforfeit  themselves  again. 

Refo'rge,  -'.  [RE-  5  a.  In  early  use  prob.  ad. 
OF.  reforgier  (isth  c. ;  mod.F.  reforger).] 

1.  trans.  To  forge  (metal  or  articles  of  metal) 
over  again. 

1426  LYDG.  DC  Gull.  Pilgr.  16048  Take  ageyn  ther  olde 
Armure.  .Wych  they  ha  broke,  and  lost  in  veyn  ;  Lat  hem 
reforge  hem  newe  ageyn.  1813  Metrical  Remarks  42  To 
reforge  the  fetters  they  had  broke.  1846  HOLTZAPEFEL 
Turning  II.  536  Continually  re-forging  the  blade,  to  the 
manifest  deterioration  of  the  steel. 

2.  To  refabricate,  fashion  afresh. 

1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Afofh.  144  b,  Thou  dooest  disguyse 
and  reforge  thyn  owneself  into  a  woman.  1614  SYLVESTER 
Bcthiilia's  Rescue  iv.  242  There,  did  no  drunken  Groom., 
against  Heav'n  blasphemous  Oathes  re-forge.  1899  Daily 
News  20  Apr.  3/2  Whether  they  should  retain  this  Act.  .or 
whether  they  should  throw  it  aside  and  leave  the  necessity 
of  re-forging  it  at  some  future  time. 

Hence  Befo-rgrer,  one  who  forges  anew.  rare. 

1548  UDALL  Erasm.  Par.  Luke  xxiv.  187  Christe  beeyng 
a  newe  reforger  of  the  olde  lawe. 

Reform  (iftp-im),  sb.  [f.  next,  or  ad.  F.  ri- 
forme  (1640)  =Sp.  reform  a,  It.  riforina.'] 

1.  The  amendment,  or  altering  for  the  better,  of 
some  faulty  state  of  things,  esp.  of  a  corrupt  or 
oppressive  political   institution   or   practice ;    the 
removal  of  some  abuse  or  wrong. 

1663  BUTLER  Hud.  i.  ii.  538  No  Sow-gelder.  .but  cry'd 
Reform  !  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Reform,  Reforming, 
Reformation.  1730-6  BAILEY  (folio),  Reform,  . .  a  reestab- 
lishment  or  revival  of  a  former  neglected  discipline ;  also 
a  correction  of  reigning  abuses.  1786  HAN.  MORE  Florio 
Dramas,  etc.  (1827)  181  He  said  when  any  change  was 
brewing,  Reform  was  a  fine  name  for  ruin.  1820  SHELLEY 
O^d.  Tyr.  i.  113  Bceotia,  choose  reform  or  civil  war  !  1844 
H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India  II.  118  His  unwilling  consent. . 
rendered  him  still  more  than  ever  hostile  to  all  projects  of 
reform.  1874  MICKLETHWAITE  Mod.  Par.  Churches  80 
Reform  was  needed,  and  not  total  abolition. 

b.  A  particular  instance  of  such  amendment; 
a  change  for  the  better. 

1781  COWPER  Conversat.  804  Great  changes . .  have  occurred, 
And  blest  reforms,  that  I  have  never  heard.  1795  BURKE 
Regie.  Peace  iv.  Wks.  IX.  58  This  new  constitution  of 
theirs,  which  had  been  announced  as  a  great  reform.  1855 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xii.  III.  209  To  reduce  those  endow 
ments. .would  have  been  a  reform  worthy  of  a  good  prince 
and  of  a  good  parliament.  1883  Lam  Times  20  Oct.  4oS/r 
The  public  and  the  Profession  were  alike  urgent  in  calling 
for  sweeping  reforms. 

2.  Amendment  of  conduct ;  reformation  of  per 
sons  or  character. 

1784  COWPER  Task  n.  321  What  vice  has  it  subdued? 
whose  heart  reclaimed  By  rigour,  or  whom  laughed  into 
reform?  Ibid.  v.  6r8  Remorse  begets  reform.  1843  Penny 
Cycl.  XXV.  155/2  Institutions  auxiliary  to  those  for  Punish 
ment  (Houses  of  Reform). 

3.  Improvement  or  rectifying  of  something  faulty 
or  inexact. 

1856  EMERSON  Eng.  Traits,  Wealth,  Roger  Bacon  ex- 
plained  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  [and]  the  consequent 
necessity  of  the  reform  of  the  calendar. 

4.  a.  A  religious  order  created  by  the  reduction 
of  another  to  stricter  observances,  rare. 

Copied  by  Chambers  from  the  Diet,  de  Trteoux  (1721). 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  In  this  sense  the  order  of 
St.  Bernard  is  said  to  be  only  a  reform  of  that  of  St. 
Benedict.  1869  Cltambers'  Encycl.  s.v.  Rccollet.  A  reform 
of  the  Cistercian  order  of  nuns  in  Spain  was  called  by  the 
same  name. 

f  b.  A  reformed  person.   Obs.  rare. 

1756  AMORY  Buncle  (1770)  I.  118,  I  became  a  thorough 
reform  from  that  hour. 

f5.  Alii.  A  discharge  or  dismissal.  Olis.rare~l. 

1698  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  IV.  416  Another  reform 
of  25  men  more  will  be  made  out  of  each  troop  of  guards, 
which  will  reduce  them  to  150  each  troop. 

6.  attrib.,as  Reform  League,  Parliament,  party, 
school;  Reform  Act  or  Bill,  an  act  or  bill  to 
amend  the  system  of  parliamentary  representation, 
especially  those  brought  in  and  passed  in  1831-2. 

1831  (title)  A  Chart  exhibiting  a  list  of  the  Names  of  the 
Majority  and  Minority,  on  the  Second  Reading  of  the 
English  Reform  Bill.  1832  F.  N.  ROGERS  (title)  Parlia 
mentary  Reform  Act,  2  Will.  4.  c.  45.  With  notes.  1851 
BORROW  Lavcngro  c,  I  think  of  the  two,  the  liberal  or 
reform  party  were  the  most  inveterate.  1859  BAKTLETT 
Diet.  Amer.  359  Reform  School.  1862  C.  KNIGHT  Pop. 
Hist.  Eng.  VI11.  xvii.  310  The  dreaded  Reform  Parliament 
was  to  assemble  at  the  end  of  January,  1833.  1866  BRIGHT 
Sp.,  Reform  27  Aug.  (1876)  377,  1  am  not  afraid  of  the 
principles  of  the  Reform  League. 

Reform  (rff^um),  v.l  Also  4  refoorme, 
reffourme,  4-7  refourme.  [ad.  OF.  reformer 
(i2th  c. ;  mod.F.  reformer),  or  L.  reformare,  I. 
re-  RE-  +  formare  to  form ;  hence  also  Sp.  refor 
mer,  It.  riformare. 

For  early  examples  of  the  purely  literal  sense  '  to  form 
again ',  see  v."] 

1 1.  trans.  To  renew,  restore,  re-establish  (peace). 

c  1340  HAMPOLE  Prose  Tr.  3  This  name  Ihesu . .  wastys 
discorde,  reformes  pese.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VII. 
103  Pees  was  reformed  in  bis  manere  [L.  pax  refortnata 


347 

at\.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  r8z/i  In  theyr  solempnytees 
pees  was  reformed  bytwene  the  lombardes  and  the  emperour 
of  Rome.  1556  Chron.  G>.  Friars  (Camden)  16  That  pesse 
shulde  be  reformyd  be-twene  Vngland  and  France. 

1 2.  To  convert,  bring  back,  or  restore  (a  thing 
or  person)  to  the  original  form  or  state,  or  to  a 
previous  condition.  Obs. 

£1340  HAMPOLE  Prose  Tr.  14  Whene  be  myghtes  of  be 
saule  er  refourmede  by  grace  to  be  dignyte  and  be  slate  of 
be  firste  condicione.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  v.  (John)  136 
Sancte  lohne.  .tuk  vpe  be  pecis  small,  and.  .be  his  prayere 
bar  fut-hate  reformyt  bam  to  be  fyrste  state.  1390  GOWEK 
Conf.  I.  144  His  mannes  forme  a5ein  he  tok,  And  was  re 
formed  to  the  regne  In  which  that  he  was  wont  to  rcgne 
CI43°  LYDO.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  206  Suche  as  be 
pensyffmake  hem  glad  and  murye,  Distrauhte  in  thouhte 
rcfourme  hem  to  resoun.  1:1485  Difby  Myst.  (1882)  v.  rzo 
What  reformyth  the  sovle  to  his  first  light?  Ibid.  127 
Baptem.  .reformyth  the  soule..to  the  glorious  lykenesse  of 
god  eternall.  1579  TOMSON  Calvin's  Serin.  Tim.  815/2  It 
is  true  nowe  that  God  is  reuealed  to  vs  when  he  reformeth 
vs  to  his  image. 

fb.  Without  const.  To  restore  (a  person)   to 
a  normal  state  of  mind,  or  to  consciousness.   Obs. 

1382  WYCLIF  i  Sam.  xvi.  23  Dauid  took  an  harp,  and 
smoot  with  hys  hoond,  and  Saul  was  refourmyd  [L.  rrfocil- 
la/iatitr),  and  li?ter  he  hadde.  —  Judith  xiii.  30  [xiv.  7] 
After  forsothe  that,  the  spirit  taken  a?een,  he  is  reformed 
(L.  recrt-atiis],  he  fel  doun  to  hir  feet,  and  honourede  hir. 

f3.  To  restore  (a  building)  after  destruction, 
decay,  or  damage  ;  to  rebuild,  repair.  Obs. 

c  '375  Sc-  LcX-  Saints  xxii.  (Laurence)  582  Lumbardis  had 
brynt  it  in  were. ..pane  gat  he  men  of  craft  to  wyrk  &  to 
reforme  bis  haly  kyrk.  1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  in.  (1520) 
23  b/2  He  refourmed  the  temple  of  God  better  and  encreased 
thecyteeof  Jherusalem.  a  1578  LiNDESAY(Pitscottie)  Chron. 
Scot,  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  57  The  castell-.was  reformit  againe  new 
better  nor  it  was  befoir.  1606  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xiv. 
Ixxxvii,  Reforming  first  their  thrise-reard  wall.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  IX.  rot  Seat  worthier  of  Gods,  as  built  With  second 
thoughts,  reforming  what  was  old  ! 

4.  To  convert  into  another  and  better  form  ; 
to  amend  or  improve  by  some  change  of  form, 
arrangement,  or  composition  ;  to  free  from  pre 
vious  faults  or  imperfections,  f  Also  const,  unto, 
into.  Now  rare. 

13. .  Gaw.  If  Gr.  Knt.  378  pen  carppez  to  syr  Gawan  be 
kny}t  in  be  grene,  '  Refourme  we  oure  fur-uardcs.  er  we 
fyrre  passe  '.^  1382  WYCLIK  Phil.  iii.  2r  Oure  Lord  Jhesu 
Crist,  the  which  schal  refoorme  the  body  of  oure  mekenesse. 
ci4so  HOLLAND  Hmulat  77  His  halynace  Throw  prayer 
may  purchace  To  reforme  my  foule  face.  1495  Act  rr 
Hen.  Vll,  c.  24  §  i  Panells.. shall  herafter  be  refourmed  by 
additions  and  taking  oute  of  names  of  persones  by  dis- 
crecion  of  the  same  Justices.  1565  JEWEL  Kef  I.  Harding 
(r6n)  315  The  Water  of  Baptisme  by  the  working  of  the 
holy  Ghost,  is  reformed  vnto  a  Diuine  power.  1589  GREENE 
Mcnnjthon  (Arb.)  70  Those  eyes,  faire  eyes,  too  faire  to  be 
descnbde,  Were  those  that  earst  the  Chaos  did  reforme 
1615  W.  LAWSON  Orch.  (f  Card.  xi.  (1623)  34  Neither  let 
any  man  euer  so  much  as  thinke,..it  is  vnprobable.  .to 
reforme  any  tree.  1634  W.  TIRWHYT  tr.  Jialzuc's  Lett. 
(vol.  I)  208  He  would  needes  reforme  all  the  fortifications  of 
those  strong  places  we  passed  by ;  he  trode  on  no  earth  at 


Numa,  who  added  two  more  months.  1769  SIR  W.  JONES 
Palace  Fortune  Poems  (1777)  23  Describ'd  the  seasons,  and 
reform'd  the  year.  17915  H.  HUNTER  tr.  St.-Pierre's  Stud. 
Nat.  (1799)  II.  26  Persons  who  have  been  disfigured.. have 
it  in  their  power  to  reform  their  looks.  1853  I.  H.  NEWMAN 
Hist.  Sk.  (1873)  II-  I-  «•  95  He  patronised  learning  and 
poetry,  and  he  reformed  the  calendar. 

absol.    1340   Ay  cub.    8r    pis    uayrhede  . .  reformeb   and 
agraybeb  and  him  yelt  his  rygte  pryente. 

t  b.  To  correct,  emend  (a  book,  writing,  chart, 
etc.)  ;  to  recast,  improve  by  revision  and  altera 
tion.  Obs. 


1498  in  Archxol.  Jrnl.  XLIII.  169  P'..for  mendyng  and 
reformyngan  Article  of  our  ordinances  viijii.  1528  in  /  'icary's 
Anat.  (1888)  App.  xiv.  249  To  peruse,  oversee,  examyne 
Refourme,  &  correcte  suche  Bookes  and  ordynaunces. 
1568  N  ORTH  Guevara's  Dial.  Pr.  (ed.  2)  title-p.,  Now  newly 
revised  and  corrected. .,  refourmed  of  faultes  escaped  in  the 
first  edition.  1611  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  n.  ii.  in.  320, 1  would 
..Correct  those  errors  in  Navigation,  reforme  Cosmo- 
graphicall  Charles,  and  rectifie  longitudes.  1631  WEFVER 
Anc.  Funeral  Man.  489  Geffery  Chaucer,  whose  life  is 
written  at  large,  by  Thomas  Speght,  (who  by  old  copies 
reformed  his  workes).  1705  BxamCottKt.  8  Sept.  (O.  H.  S  ) 
1.  42  The  original  Author  of  the  Private  Devotions  w<* 
Dr.  Hicks,  .reform'd.  c  1779  R.  CUMBERLAND  in  Lett.  Lit. 
Men  (Camden)  4r2,  I  have  reformed  the  passages  you 
pointed  out  and ..  written  a  Prologue. 

c.  Law.  To  revise  and  amend  a  judgement 
(ol>s.)  •  to  allow  an  instrument  to  be  corrected  or 
construed  according  to  the  original  intention,  when 
an  error  has  been  committed  in  it. 


c  1670  HOBBES  Dial.  Com.  Laws  (1681) 63  Erroneous  Judg- 
1  by  the  High  Court  of  Parlia 


ments  are  only  to  be  reform'd  ' 


with  the  true  Agreement  of  the  Parties,  although  the  Party 
seeking  to  reform  it  himself  drew  the  Instrument. 

6.  To  make  a  change  for  the  better  in  (an 
arrangement,  state  of  things,  practice  or  proceed 
ing,  institution,  etc.)  ;  to  amend  or  improve  by 
removal  of  faults  or  abuses. 

1432  Rolls  of  Parlt.   IV.   4o5A   To  have   ye   saidc   first 


REFORM. 

Statute  of  newe  refourmed.  1494  FABYAN  Chron,  II.  1, 
Callynge  a  counsayl  he  refourmed  many  thynges  for  the 
weale  of  hys  realme.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidanc's  Comm.  i8ob 
Howe  the  state  of  the  weale  publike,  as  well  ciuile,  as  eccle- 
siasticall  maye  or  ought  to  be  reformed  [L.  etncndari]. 
1594  HOOKER  EccL  Pol.  iv.  viii.  §  4  There  hath  arisen  a 
sect  in  England,  which.. seeketh  to  reform  even  the  French 
reformation.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  n.  xxx.  177  To  due  no 
more  than  reforme  the  Common-wealth.  1727  GAY  Fables 
\.  xiv,  A  Monkey  to  reform  the  times,  Resolv'd  to  visit 
foreign  climes.  1788  GIBBON  Dccl.  %  F.  xlix.  V.  155  After 
a  long  series  of  scandal,  the  apostolic  see  was  reformed  and 
exalted  by  the  austerity  and  zeal  of  Gregory  VII.  1845 
S.  AUSTIN  Rankc's  Hist.  R,-f.  I.  121  He  was  bound  by  the 
concessions  he  made  in  1489  to  reform  the  administration  of 
justice.  1867  SMILES  Huguenots  Eng.  i.  (1880)  2  There 
were  many  eminent  churchmen  who  sought  to  reform  it 
[the  Church]  from  within. 

absol.  1480  Bury  U'ills  (Camden)  63  And  the  seid  priotir 
of  the  same  monasterie  to  refourme  and  to  make  a  direccion 
therof.  1643  DENHAM  Coopers  H.  116  May  no  such  storm 
Fall  on  our  Times,  where  ruine  must  reform.  1849  MACAU- 
LAY  Hist.  Eng.  i.  (1890)  I.  49  A  body  of  members  anxious  to 
preserve,  and  a  body  eager  to  reform. 

f  b.  ironically.   To  alter  to  a  worse  state.  Obs. 
1649   C.  WALKER   Rclat.    q   Obscrv.   n.   35    For,  in    the 
interim,   they  garrisoned   Black    Fryars  and   S.  Pauls,  re 
forming  it,  from  the  Church  of  God,  to  a  den  of  thieves,  &c. 
c.  To  take  away,   remove  entirely,   by  (or  by 
way  of)  reformation. 

1660  SOUTH  Scrm.  A/att.  xiii.  52  In  those  Days,  when 
the  Revenues  of  the  Church  were  not  wholly  reformed 
from  it.  1694  ATTERBURY  Scrjn.  i  Peter  iv.  8  (1726)  I.  78 
Our  Adversaries,  .who  cry'd  us  down,  as  Men  that  were 
Reforming  away  Good  Works.  1897  LABOUCHERE  in  Daily 
.  Acu-s  17  Mar.  3/7  His  idea  of  reform  was  to  reform  the 
Armenians  off  the  face  of  the  globe. 

6.  To  put  a  stop  or  end  to  (an  abuse,  disorder, 
i    malpractice,    etc.)    by   enforcing    or    introducing 
a  better  procedure  or  conduct ;  f  to  amend  (a  fault 
committed). 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  136  Wherof  full  many  a  gret  debat 
Reformed  is  to  good  astat.  1399  LANGL.  Rich,  Redelcs 
Prol.  21  If  reson  nc  had  reffuurmed  the  m  yssecheff  and  the 
mysserule.  c  1430  Stans  Pucr  tut  Mcnsant  89  (Lamb.  MS.*, 
A  rodde  reforme^  al  her  necligence.  1530  PALSGR.  682/2  If 
I  have  done  any  thynge  amysse,  I  wyll  reforme  it.  1545 
BHINKLOW  Compl.  6  Such  abuses  as  are  to  be  reformed  in 
the  realme.  1596  SPENSER  f\  Q.  v.  ii.  28  Sir  Artegall  undid 
the  evill  fashion,  And  wicked  customes  of  that  Bridge  re 
fourmed.  1619  SIR  R.  NAVNTON  in  Foriescuc  Papers 
(Camden)  96  The  best  remedies  they  can  for  reforming  what 
they  find  faultie.  1687  1'.  BROWN  Saints  in  L'proar  Wks. 
'73°  !•  83,  I  am  resolved,  .to  reform  these  disorders.  1715 
DE  FOE  Fatn.  Instruct.  I.  iii.  (1841)  I.  63  We  are  resolved 
to  reform  several  practices,  .in  their  behaviour.  1802  MAR. 
EDGEWORTH  Moral  T.  i,  He  could  reform  every  abuse. 

fb.  (Chiefly  Sc.)  To  repair,  redress  va  wrong, 
loss,  damage,  etc.),  to  make  up,  make  good.  Obs. 
1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  £aw<rfrwj  (S.T.  SO  185  To  reforme  all 
harmes  and  scathis  that  suld  be  done  throu  his  men.  1461 
Paston  Lett,  II.  15  Seyng  they  have  had  gret  wrong, 
besechyng  my  Lorde  that  it  myght  be  reformed.  1535 
STEWART  Cron.  Scot,  I.  459  Beseikand  him.  .to  reforme  the 
greit  dampnage  and  cry  me  Tha  had  sustenit.  1549  Compl. 
Scot.  ix.  77  Ther  eftir  thai  reformit  the  distructione  of  the 
tempil.  1609  SKENE  Reg.  Maj.,  Forme  of  Proces  126  b,  Vntill 
..he  be  summoned,,  .and  his  expenses  payed  and  reformed 
to  him. 

c.  To  correct,  put  right  (an  error  or  mistake). 
'542-3  Act  34  $  35  Hen.  VI1I%  c.  27  §  113  Al  errours  in 
plees  personal!  shalbe  reformed  by  billes,  to  be  sued  before 
thesaied  presidente.  1571  DIGGES  Pantom.  in.  xi.  Rivb, 
But  if  ye  finde  any  discrepance  or  variaunce  betweene  them, 
ye  shall  by  the  ayde  of  some  skilfull  Artificer  refourme  it  in 
the  lesser.  1784  COWPER  Tiroc.  445  Young  heads  are  giddy, 
..And  make  mistakes  for  manhood  to  reform. 

•f-d.  To  remove  (a  fault  or  blemish)  by  some 
treatment.  Obs.  rare. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng,  Poesic  iii.  xxiv.  (Arb.)  293  Euery 
man  may . .  reforme  by  arte,  the  faultes  and  imperfections 
that  nature  hath  wrought  in  them.  1675  HOBBES  Odyssey 
(1677)  290  Then  we  bare  your  body  to  the  fleet,  And  there 
the  blemishes  thereof  reform  With  water  fair  and  warm. 

7.  To  bring,  lead,  or  force  (a  person)  to  abandon 
a  wrong  or  evil  course  of  life,  conduct,  etc.,  and 
adopt  a  right  one ;  to  bring  about  a  thorough 
amendment  in  (a  person,  his  conduct,  etc.). 

i\\'$Pilgr.Sofiv2e  (Caxton)  n.  Hi.  (1859)  54  Sathan.. myght 
not  be  refourmyd  by  cause  of  his  vnchangeabylyte.  1494 
FABYAN  Chron.  v.  lxx.\iii.6i,  ii.  holy  Byshoppes.  .came  into 
Brytaygne  to  refourme  the  Kynge,  and  al  other  that  erryd 
from  the  ways  of  trouth.  1535  COVERDALE  Prov,  v.  23  Be 
cause  he  wolde  not  be  refounned,  he  shal  dye.  1575-85 
ABP.  SANDYS  Serm.  60  Those  wilful  cubbes,  which  neither 
by  teaching  nor  by  example  will  be  reformed  must  feele  the 
smart  of  the  rod.  1631  GOUGE  God's  Arrows  i.  §  46.  81 
What  usurer,  what  deceiver  is  reformed  by  this  Plague  ? 
1680  BURNET  Rochester  (1692)  61  A  man  is  never  thoroughly 
reformed  till  a  new  principle  governs  his  thoughts.  1715 
DE  FOE  Fam.  Instruct.  \.  iv.  (1841)  I.  8^  Will  you  call  my 
father's  desire  to  reform  your  life,  a  putting  hard  upon  you  ? 
1796  H.  HUNTER  tr.  St.-Pierre's  Stud.  Nat.  (1799)  III.  540 
As  we  must  not  go  to  ruin  the  men  whom  we  wish  to  reform. 
1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  i.  \.  74  You  give  out  that  you  have  half 
reformed  me.  1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4) 
I.  p.  xxxi,  Far  be  it  from  us  to  discourage  any  effort  made 
to  reform  juvenile  offenders.  1871  RUSKIN  Fors  Clew.  ix.  6, 
I  have  not  the  slightest  intention,  -of  setting  myself  to  mend 
or  reform  people. 

b.  Const,  from,  f^/",  fV0,  \unto. 
1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv,  204  He  rebukid  the 
forsayden  breenys  and  bourkeyns.  .and  ham  to  Pees  re 
formed.  cx45o  HOLLAND  Howlat  875  To  reforme  the 
Howlat,  of  faltis  full  fell.  1477  EARL  RIVERS  (Caxton) 
Dictes  16  To  reforme  the  cuyi  disposed  vnto  goodnesse. 

44-2 


RE-FORM. 

1697  POTTER  Antiq.  Greece  in.  xi.  (1715)  99  The  Grecians 
were  much  reform'd  from  the  Inhumanity,  .of  their  own 
Ancestors.  1714  SWIFT  Pres.  St.  Ajf.  Wks.  1755  II.  i.  214 
The  house  of  Hanover, .is  the  nearest  branch  of  our  regal 
line  reformed  from  popery.  1858  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  x.  I. 
(1872)  III.  204  Lieutenant  Buddenbrock . . is  now  reformed 
from  those  practices. 

f  c.  To  reprove,  punish,  chastise  (a  person)  for 
some  fault.   Obs. 

1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  SEsop  n.  Pref.,  By  cause  they 
were  not  customed  to  be  refourmed  ne  chastysed,  whan  ony 
of  them  was  corrected  and  punysshed,  they  were  gretely 
troubled.  i53sCovERDALE  Jonah  (heading),  lonas  is  angrie, 
and  complayneth  of  God  which  refourmeth  him.  1577 
HARRISON  England  n.  iv.  (1877)  i.  103  At  these  meetings 
also  . .  roges,  and  runnagates,  are  often  reformed  for  their 
excesses.  1596  SIJENSER  F.  Q.  v.  i.  21  He  .,  The  lady  to 
alight  did  eft  require,  Whilest  he  reformed  that  uncivill  fo. 
d.  reft,  (also  with  heart,  life,  etc.  as  obj.)  To 
improve  one's  own  conduct,  character,  etc. 

1512  Act  4  Hen.  VIII^  c.  19  Preamble^  The  seid  Frensche 
Kyng..the  Decree  of  the  enterdiccion  dispysyng  will  not 
therby  reforme  hunselfe.  1535  COVERDALE  2  Esdrasxw.  34 
Yf  so  be  that  ye  wil  subdue  youre  owne  vnderstandinge, 
and  refourme  youre  hert  [etc.].  1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  /K,  y. 
v.  72  And  as  we  heare  you  do  reforme  your  selues,  We  will 
according  to  your  strength,  and  qualities,  Giue  you  aduance- 
ment.  1727  DE  FOE  Syst.  Magic  \.  \.  (1840)  14  How  justly 
might  they  bid  him  hold  his  tongue,  and  go  and  reform  his 
lift;,  before  he  pretended  to  instruct  them. 

trans/.  1552  LATIMER  Serni.  fy  Rein.  (Parker  Soc.)  182 
The  wind  and  waters  obeyed  him,  and  reformed  themselves 
according  to  his  word. 

t  8.  To  instruct,  inform  (a  person).  Obs.  rare. 

1535  COVKRDALE  Isa.  xl.  12  Who  hath  refourmed  [1611 
directed]  the  myndeof  the  Lorde?  Or  who  is  of  his  councel 
to  teach  him?  1560  BKCON  AVw  CatecJi.  it.  Wks.  1564  I. 
312  The  Prophete  Esaye  also  sayeth,  who  hath  refourmed 
the  Spiryte  of  the  Lorde  V 

f9.  a.  Hawking.  (See  quot.)  Obs.  rare"1. 

1486  Bk.  St.  A  Ibans  A  vj  b,  Sum  tyme  yowre  hawke 
countenansis  as  she  piked  hir,  and  yet  she  proynith  not,  and 
then  ye  most  say  she  Reformith  hir  federis  and  not  piketh 
hir  federis. 

f  b.  To  cut  down  or  back  to  a  desired  length  ; 
to  trim,  prune.   Obs. 

1574  R.  SCOT  Hop  Card.  (1578)  17  You  must  pyle  them  vp 
immediately  after  they  are  cut,  sharped,  reformed  in  length 
and  smoothed.  1615  W.  LAWSON  Country  Houseiv.  Gard. 
(1626)  35  Snub  his  top. .with  a  sharpe  knife,  and  take  him 
cleane  away,  and  so  you  may  vse  any  Cyon  you  would 
reforme.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  625  We  must  be  ris'n  And 
at  our  pleasant  labour,  to  reform  Yon  flourie  Arbors.  1697 
DRYUEN  Virg.  Georg.  \\.  605  Shall  we  doubt  ..  To  sow,  to 
set,  and  to  reform  their  growth  ? 

fc.  To  bring  into  a  better  state,  to  improve. 

1607  NORDEN  Surv.  Dial.  v.  237  This  peece  of  ground  . . 
hath  had  much  labour  and  great  cost  bestowed  on  it,  and 
the  ground  little  or  nothing  the  more  reformed. 

1 10.  Mil.  [After  F.  reformer.]  To  form  into 
a  new  regiment  or  company ;  to  break  up,  par 
tially  or  completely,  for  this  purpose  ;  hence  also, 
to  disband,  dismiss  from  the  service.  Obs. 

1604  E.  GRIMSTONE  Hist.  Siege  Ostend  188  He  hath 
caszicred  and  dismissed  aboue  600  men,  as  well  Commanders 
and  Sargeants,  as  commissaries  and  Treasurers,  . .  hee  hath 
also  reformed  the  common  souldiers.  1629  WADSWORTH 
Pilgr.  vil.  71  His  regiment  being  reformed  into  one  com 
pany,  was  giuen  to  Captaine  Rhisby.  1664  PEPYS  Diary 
31  Oct.,  If  you  must  reform  two  of  them,  be  sure  let  him 
command  the  troop  that  is  left.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey) 
s.v.,  In  Military  Affairs,  to  Reform,  is  to  reduce  a  Body  of 
Men,  either  disbanding  the  Whole,  and  putting  the  Officers 
and  Soldiers  into  other  Bodies,  or  only  breaking  a  Part,  and 
retaining  the  rest.  1768  STERNE  Sent.  "Joum.  II.  51  (Le 
Patissicr)  At  the  conclusion  of  the  last  peace,  his  regiment 
being  reformed,.. he  found  himself,  .without  a  livre. 

11.  intr.  (for  reft?)  To  abandon  wrong-doing  or 
error  ;  to  free  oneself  from  misconduct  or  fault. 

1582  N.  LICHEFIELU  tr.  Castanheda^s  Com].  E.  Ind.  i.  xxi. 
5.1  The  Catuall  did  reforme,  and  make  himselfe  friendes  with 
him.  1643  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Rclig.  Med.  i.  §  3  We  have 
reformed  from  them, not  against  them.  1680  H.  MoRKslflocaS. 
Apoc.  356  How  necessary  it  Is  to  reform  from  the  Roman 
impurities.  1736  BUTLER  Anal.  i.  iii.  47  Those  who  have 
gone  on  for  some  time  in  the  ways  of  Vice,  and  have  after 
wards  reformed.  1769  Junius  Lett.  xiv.  61  It  is  possible 
the  young  man  may,  in  time,  grow  wiser  and  reform.  1865 
PUSEV  Truth  Eng.  Ch.  80  If.. the  Church  of  England  re 
formed  by  herself  [etc.].  1867  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cony.  (1876) 
I.  App.  637  He  reformed  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  Ealdorman. 

Re-form,  reform  (nf^um),  z>.2  Also  4  re 
fourme,  5  Sc.  reform.  [Orig.  identical  with  prec., 
but  in  later  use  a  new  formation  from  RE-  5  a  and 
FORM  v.  Cf.  F,  reformer.'}  trans,  and  intr.  To 
form  a  second  time,  form  over  again. 

trans,  a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  iv.  7  J?e  light  of  his  grace 
J?at  refourmes  in  vs  his  ymage.  1590  GOWER  Conf.  I.  273 
And  riht  so  in  the  same  forme  In  fleissh  and  blod  he  schal 
reforme . .  the  qwike  and  dede.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  it.  vi. 
484  Til  wyttyr  bairn  for  hir  pete  How  mankynde  mycht 
refurmyt  be.  1594  KYD  Cornelia  n.  360  The  formes  of  things 
doe  neuer  die,  Because  the  matter  that  remaines  Reformes 
another  thing  thereby.  1656  STANLEY  Hist.Philos.  v.  (1701) 
181/1  When  the  Soul  by  cogitation  reforming  these  things, 
which  are  conceived  in  Opinion  by  Memory  and  Sense  [etc.]. 
1695  WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Earth  \\.  (1723)  105  Its  prime 
Errand  was  to  Re-form  and  New-mold  the  Earth.  1798 
LANDOR  Gebir\\.  128  She  had  words  to  speak,  She  form'd 
them  and  reform'd  them.  1821  BYRON  Juan  \\\.  lix,  Our 
little  selves  re-form'd  in  finer  clay.  1875  lire's  Diet.  Arts 
(ed-7)  II.  924  The  formation  goes  on  continuously,  so  that,  .a 
fresh  deposit,  .is  re-formed  in  about  twenty  years. 

intr.  1899  CAGNEY  tr.  "Jaksch's  Clin.  Diagn.  v.  (ed.  4)  158 
This  precipitate  re-formed  on  the  further  addition  of  the  dye. 


348 

b.  Mil.  (See  FORM  v.  8.) 

trans.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  «.v.,  When  a  line  of 
several  battalions  hath  passed  another.. it  may  be  reformed 
in  the  following  manner.  1835  LYTTON  Rienzi  \\.  iii,  Order 
was  again  restored,  and  the  line  reformed.  1859  F.  A. 
GRIFFITHS  Artil.  Man.  (1862)  13  Unfix  Swords.  Re-form 
Company. 

intr.  1847  Infantry  Man.  (1854)97  No  advanced  guard. ., 
after  carrying  a  post,  should  . .  be  permitted  to  advance 
without  reforming.  1854  J.  S.  C.  ABBOTT  Napoleon  (1855) 
II.  xx.  311  At  that  well  known  ..  voice,  the  flying  troops 
immediately  re-formed. 

Keformable  (r/f^jmab'l),  a.    [f.  REFORM  «.* 
-i- -ABLE  :  cf.    F.   rtformable  (i6th   c.   in   Godef.    ' 
CV?/////.).]     Capable  of  being  reformed ;  admitting 
or  susceptible  of  reformation. 

1483  in  Enf.  Gilds  (1870)  337  Provided  allway  . .  that  hit 
be  reformabyll  and  corrigabill  by  the  Mayre.  1533  CRAN.MER 
Let.  to  lieu.  VIII  in  Misc.  Writ.  (Parker  Soc.)  II.  271, 
I  find  them  as  conformable  and  refonnable  as  any  number 
with  whom  I  have  communed.  1563  ABP.  PARKER  in  Ellis 
Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  it.  II.  271  Other  disorders  refonnable  by 
ecclesiasticall  lawes.  1647  HAMMOND  Power  of  Keys  iv.  76 
To  make  the  Christ ian^pflender  by  that  meanes  ashamed 
and  reformable.  1711  G.  HICKES  Two  Treat.  Chr.  Priesth. 
(1847)  '•  J63  The  reformable  mat-administration  of  church 
censures,  i&yt  Eraser's  Mag.  VI.  486  The  boy  was  criminal, 
but  in  my  judgment  reformable. 

Hence  f  Befo-rmableness.  rare"1. 

a  1591  R.  GREENHAM  Wks.  (1599)  32  Little  children, 
whether  in  teachablenes  to  good,  or  reformablenes  from 
sinne. 

t  Reformade.  Obs.  [ad.  next :  see  -ADK  3.] 
=  REFORMADO  i. 

c  1645  T.  TULLY  Siege  of  Carlisle  (1840)  8  With  him  came 
some  white  coats,  and  about  200  of  reformades.  1661  Sir  A . 
Hosieries  Last  Will  $  Test.  3  Our  baffled  Reformades, 
and  desperate  Decoys  of  our  late  disbanded  Army.  1696 
tr.  Du  Mont's  Voy.  Levant  xiv.  176  A  sort  of  Officers  that 
never  go  to  War,  almost  like  our  Reformades.  1733  NEAL 
Hist.  Purit.  II.  525  David  Hyde,  one  of  the  Reformades, 
first  drew  his  sword  in  Palace  yard. 

attrib.    £164$  T.  TULLY  Siege  of  Carlisle  (1840)  26  The 

partye,  consisting  of  42,  all  reformade  officers.    1685  CROWNE 

SirC.  Nice  i.  8  They.,  march  in  Publick  with  their  Baggage, 

..and  a  whole  train  of  Reformade  sinners. 

b.   To  ride  reformades,  to  serve  as  volunteers. 

1682  BUN  VAN  Holy  War  104  There  were  also  some  from  the 
Court  that  rode  Reformades,  for  the  love  that  they  had  to 
the  King  Shaddai. 

So  f  Reformader.    Obs.     (In  quot.  attrib?) 

c  164*  in  Glover's  Hist.  Derby  (1829)  i.  App.  71  Two 
hundred  and  forty  of  the  Lord  Brooke's  reformader  troupe, 
which  behaved  themselves  all  very  gallantly. 

Reformado  (refi>im^''cb).     [a.  Sp.  reformado 
(=  Pg.  reformado.  It.  riformoto,  F.  rt*fortttt*):  ad.    j 
L.  reforniatiiS)  pa.  pple,  of  reformare  to  REFORM.]    '• 

L  Mil*  a.  An  officer  left  without  a  command  ! 
(owing  to  the  *  reforming '  or  disbanding  of  his  | 
company)  but  retaining  his  rank  and  seniority,  and  | 
receiving  full  or  half  pay ;  a  *  reformed '  officer.  ' 
b.  A  volunteer  serving  in  the  army  (or  navy) 
without  a  commission,  but  with  the  rank  of  an  I 
officer.  Now  only  Hist. 

1598  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man  in  Hum.  in.  v,  Into  thejikenesse  ! 
of  some  of  these  Reformado's  had  he  moulded  himselfe  so 
perfectly.  1640  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  in.  (1692)  I.  68  That 
the  Earl  of  Crauford's  Troop,  and  those  other  Officers  in  the 
Army  that  go  under  the  name  of  Reformadoes,  are  an  un 
necessary  Charge.  1647  SvRiGGvAngliaRfdi-z'.  in.  ii.  (1854) 
143  The  castle  was  manned  with  700  men,  divers  of  them 
reformadoes.  1660  PEPYS  Diary  i  Oct.,  Mr.  Mansell.apoor 
Reformado  of  the  Charleses,  came  to  see  me.  1724  DE  FOB 
Mem.  Cavalier  (1840)  85  There  was  about  thirty  officers, 
who,  having  no  soldiers,  ..  served  as  reformadoes  with  the 
regiment.  1755  CARTE  Hist.  Eng.  IV.  311  Moving  his 
majesty  that  the  loyal  Scotch  officers,  formed  into  a  company 
of  reformadoes. .,  might  be  cashiered.  1814  SCOTT  Wa^>. 
xliv,  Jinker.  .had  been  reduced,  with  several  others,  by  the 
advice  of  the  Baron  of  Bradwardine,  to  the  situation  of 
what  he  called  reformed  officers,  or  reformadoes.  1891 
GARDINER  Hist.  Civil  War  III.  liii.  177  The  Reformadoes 
were  at  last  to  be  actually  ejected  from  London. 

trans/.  f  1643  TRAPP  Comm.  Gen.  xiv.  16  Kings  cared  not 

for  souldiers  (no  more  did  the  King  of  Sodomefor  Abraham, 

and    his    Reformadoes),     a.  1679  T.    GOODWIN   Christ   the 

|    Mediator  v.  xviii.  Wks.  1863  V.  331  The  devil  again  put  out 

of  trade,  and  made  a  reformado. 

2.  One  who  is  (or  has)  reformed  in  some  respect ; 
also,  one  who  favours  reform  ;  a  reformer. 

a  1633  WEEVER  (T.),  This  was  one  of  Celestin  the  pope's  ! 
caveats  for  his  new  reformadoes.  1642  View  Print.  Book  \ 
int.  Observa.f.  22,  I  promise  him  upon  that  to  turn  Re 
formado.  1654  WHITLOCK  Zootomia  502  Now  see  the 
Rocks  our  false  Rtfurmado  splits  on.  a  1734  NORTH 
Exam.  n.  iv.  §  146  (1740)  310,  I  promise  hereafter  to  be  a 
Reformado,  or  no  Writer  at  all.  vfijGentl.  Mag.  LVII.ii. 
1053/1  Never  surely  did  any  Turkish  or  Algerine  reformado 
slash  his  subject  of  conversion  with  a  spirit  so  zealous. 
18*3  BYRON  Juan  x.  xiii,  Even  shumme;  Sou  they..  Would 
scarcely  join  again  the  'reformadoes',  Whom  he  forsook  to 
fill  the  laureate's  sty.  1857  filpskiu.  Mag.  LXXXI.  394 
Have  I  not  set  fast  brothers  by  the  ears  . .  And  sometimes 
roused  the  refprmado's  zeal  ? 

3.  a.  attrib .,  as  reformado  officer,  saint ',  Scoi,  sect, 
soldier y  etc. 

1644  Ordinance  26  Mar.  in  Husband  Coll.  Pub.  Ord.  Ho. 
Parlt.  (1646)  446  The  condition  of  Reformadoe  Officers. 
1664  BUTLER  Hud.  n.  ii.  116,  I  grant  You  are  a  Reformado 
Saint.  Ibid.  648  She  . .  o'er  her  shoulder  Chasti/'d  the 
Reformado  Soldier,  a  1680  —  Rem.  (1759)  II.  128  Three 
Reformado  Sects  joined  in  one. .will  not  serve  to  maintain 
one  Pedant.  1724  OR  FOE  Mem.  Cavalier  (1840)  85  My 
reformado  Scots  having  observed  that  the  town  port  letc.]. 


BEFORMATION. 

b.  Used  after  a  sb.,  as  captain,  gentleman^  knight 
reformado. 

1609  B.  JONSON  SiL  Wont.  v.  ii,  His  Knights  reformados 
are  wound  vp  as  high,  and  insolent,  as  euer  they  were.  1617 
MORYSON  I  tin.  n.  1 66  Wee  tooke  thirteene  prisoners,  among 
whom  was  a  Captaine  Reformado  (as  they  terme  them,  for 
honour  of  antiquitie).  1691  Proc.  agst.  French  in  SeUct.fr. 
Harl.  Misc.  (1793)  475  Himself  leading  his  own  guard  of 
gentlemen  reformadoes. 

f  Refb'rmalist.  Obs,  rare~~l.  [irreg.  f.  RE 
FORM  sb.,  perh.  an  error  for  REFORMATIST  :  cf.  next.] 
A  reformer. 

z6zx  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.Brit.  ix.  xv.  §  44.  636/2  By  instigation 
of  the  discontented  reformalists. 

t  Refo'rmalizincr., ///•  #.  Obs.  rare— l.  [Perh. 
nn  error  for  reformattzing  :  cf.  prec.]  Seeking  or 
pretending  to  reform. 

1614  W.  LOE  Serin.  Bliss  of  Br.  Beauty  25  (T.),  Christ's 
doctrine  [is]  pure,  correcting  all  the  impure  glosses  of  the 
reformalizing  Pharisees. 

Reformation  (reff'im^l*Jan).  Also  6  refour- 
mation.  [ad.  L.  reformation-em,  n.  of  action  f. 
reformdre  to  REFORM:  cf.  F.  reformation  (i3th  c. 
in  Godef.  Compl.}^\ 

fl.  Restoration  (of  peace).     Cf.  REFORM  v.1  i. 

6*1440  Gesta  Rom.  i.  xlvii.  196  (Harl.  MS.),  Wher  so  euer 
he  knewe  j>at  eny  discorde  or  vnrest  was  Regnynge,  he 
labovrid  to  make  Reformacion  of  pes.  1568  GRAFTON 
Chron.  II.  156  The  Legate,  .laboured  so  to  the  king,  that  a 
reformation  of  peace  was  spoken  of. 

2.  Improvement  in  form  or  quality;   alteration 
to  a  better  form  ;  correction  or  removal  of  defects 
or  errors;  f  reparation,  rebuilding. 

(1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  it.  i.  108  Off  Babilon  bathe  towire 
and  town  Scho  made  glide  reformation.  1468  Paston  Lett. 
II.  314  Maister  John  Smyth,  that,  .was  none  holsom  coun- 
celler  yn  the  reformacion  ot  tbe  last  testament.  1528  in 
yicary'tAttat.(l$89)AKh  xiv. 249  [To]  examine,  Refourme, 
&  correcte  . .  alle  suche  of  the  saide  Actes  and  Ordynaunce 
As  vppon  the  examinacion  and  Reformacion  of  theym  they 
bhalle  thynke  to  be  good  and  Resonable.  c  1543  in  Parke 
DOM.  Arckit.  (1859)  III.  79  To  make  . .  a  new  halle  . .  and 
reformacon  honourable  for  the  quenes  loggyng.  Ibid., 
With  reformation  of  your  conduyts  there.  1594  BLUNDEVIL 
Ex  ere.  HI.  i.  xvi.  (1636)  311  Unlesse  the  Kalenders  be  re 
formed,  .(for  the  Roman  reformation  is  not  so  exactly  true 
as  it  might  be).  z6oo  ROWLANDS  Lett.  Humours  Blood  xii. 
18  Fine  Phillip  comes  vnto  the  Barbers  shopp,  Wheer's 
nittie  lockes  must  suffer  reformation.  i663GERBiER  Counsel 
d  3,  All  such  as  the  very  aspects  of  number  of  Brick- 
buildings,  since  the  reformation  of  a  Gotis  rellck  building, 
hath  manifested  to  have  been  the  main  cause.  1776  ADAM 
SMITH  JK.JV.  i.  v.  1.49  Even  before  the  late  reformation  of  the 
gold  coin  of  Great  Britain.  1829  SIMONS  &  STUART^/. 
Cases  Ckanc.  I.  218  Whether  a  Court  of  Equity  will  refuse  to 
reform  an  I  nstrument . .  because  it  happened  to  be  drawn  by 
the  Party  seeking  that  reformation.  1855  BREWSTER  Newton 

II.  xxiii.  311  When  the  public  attention  was  called  to  the 
reformation  of  the  Kalendar. 

tb.  Improvement  in  health.  Obs.  rare- -1. 
1772  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thrale  19  Oct.,  This  is  to  be 
my  home  long  enough  to  receive  a  letter,  which  will,  I  hope, 
tell  me  that  you  are  busy  in  reformation. 

3.  Improvement  of  (or  in)  an  existing  state  of 
things,  institution,  practice,  etc. ;  a  radical  change 
for  the   better  effected  in  political,   religious,  or 
social  affairs. 

c  z46o  FORTESCUE  Aos.  <$•  Lint.  Man.  xv.  (1885)  148  How 
also  >e  lawes  mey  be  amendet  in  suche  thynges  as  thay 
neden  reformacion  in.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII  60, 
I  will  do  for  a  reformacion  of  this  matter  as  muche  as 
a  priest  may  do.  1588  BURGHLEY  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i. 

III.  28  Yf  I  fynde  not  a  due  and  spedye  reformation  of 
all  disorders  among  you.     166*  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Olearius  Voy. 
Ambass,  3  In  consequence  of  the  Reformation  of  Religion, 
both  lost  the  Authority  they  had  in  this  City.    1713  BERKELEY 
Guardian  No.  62  F  10  The  reformation  of  the  church  and 
that  of  learning  began  together.     178*  COWPER  Flatting 
Mill  14  Alas  for  the  poet  I  who  dares  undertake  To  urge 
reformation  of  national  ill.     1833  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  ii. 
1 1.  65  If  they  [bands]  are  slowly  and  cautiously  unbent,  it  is 
Reformation;  if  suddenly  removed,,  .it  is  Revolution.    1856 
FROUDE  Hist.  En%.  (1858)  I.  ii.  99  Wolsey  talked  of  reforma 
tion,  but  delayed  its  coming. 

b.  spec,  (with  capital).  The  great  religious  move 
ment  of  the  i6th  century,  having  for  its  object  the 
reform  of  the  doctrines  and  practices  of  the  Church 
of  Rome,  and  ending  in  the  establishment  of  the 
various  Reformed  or  Protestant  Churches  of  central 
and  north-western  Europe. 

1563  WINJET  lifts.  (S.T.  S.)  I.  67  We  ar  satribulit  be  }ow. . 
for  nocht  assenting  generalie  to  gour  praetendit  reformatioun. 
1588  FREGEVILLE  Reformed  Politicke  44  To  the  end  to  ship 
the  Clergy  in  the  League,  they  wer  perswaded,  that  within 
six  moneths  the  Reformation  should  be  vtterly  extinguished. 
1657  TRAPP  Comm.  Ps.  cl.  4  That  grave  and  simple  Psalmodie 
..(so  much  used  of  old,  and  by  this  blessed  Reformation 
restored  to  the  Church).  1685  LVELYN  Diary  22  Dec.,  The 
first  Popish  Nuncio  that  had  ben  in  England  since  the 
Reformation,  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  I.  10  Some  few  . . 
did  lean  so  grosly  to  Popery,  that  the  heat  and  violence  of 
the  Reformation  became  the  main  subject  of  their  sermons. 
1772  T.WARTON  Sir  T.  Pope  133  The  liberal  Pontiff  did  not 
consider. .,  that  he  was  undermining  the  papal  interest,  and 
bringing  on  the  Reformation,  a  1862  BUCKLE  Misc.  Wks. 
(1872)  I.  85  The  English  Reformation  ..  during  the  early 
period  of  its  progress,,  .did  not  produce  a  single  man  of 
genius. 

t  c.  A  reformed  order  (of  friarsX  Obs.  rare-1. 

1706  tr.  Duf>in*s  Reel.  Hist.  i6/A  C.  II.  iy.  xi.  449  These 
{friars]  also  being  divided  yet  farther  into  different  Reform 
ations,  Leo  X.  commanded  them  all  to  be  reduced  under  the 
single  Title  of  Reformed. 


RE-FORMATION. 


349 


REFORMING. 


f4.  Reparation,  redress.  Obs.  Cf.  REFORM  v 

1442  Rolls  of  Par  It.  V.  65/2  To  have  reformation  made 
to  the  Kynges  poeple,  of  ceriein  Injuries  and  Wronger  done 
to  hem.  1583  Wills  $  Jnr.  Dur/i,  (Surtees)  82, 1  do  humble 
craue  theme,  that  they  will  sc  my  said  wlffe  and  children 
maynteaned  in  lawe,  for  reformation  of  this  crewell  murder, 
committed  vpon  me. 

5.  The  action  of  reforming  (one's  own  or 
another's)  conduct  or  morals ;  improvement  or 
amendment  in  this  respect ;  correction,  /louse  of 
reformation,  a  reformatory. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xi.  xxxi.  (Percy  Soc.)  45  Their 
fruitfull  problemes  for  reformacion,  To  make  us  lerne  to  ly  ve 
directly.  1542  BOORDE  Dyctary  xxxvii.  (1870)  299  Excepte 
it  be  for  reprehensyon  or  gentyll  reformacypn.  1588  SHAKS. 
L.  L.  L.  v.  ii.  879,  I  shal  finde  you  emptie  of  that  fault, 
Right  ioyfull  of  your  reformation,  a  1628  PRESTON  Breastpl. 
Lave  (1631)  192  If  there  he  no  reformation  in  their  lives,  if 
a  man  deny  not  himselfe  in  his  beloved  sinne  [etc.].  1678 
BUNYAN  Pilgr.  Prog,  (1900)  127  My  trouble  came  tumbling 
upon  me  again,  and  that  over  the  neck  of  all  my  Reforma 
tions.  1715  DE  FOE  Fam.  Instruct.  \.  i.  (1841)  I.  23  Earnest 
endeavours  after  reformation  and  amendment.  1780  BEN- 
THAM  Princ,  Legisl.  xvii.  §  15  The  punishment  most  sub 
servient  to  reformation.  1843  Penny  Cyd.  XXV.  137/2 
Institutions  in  England  auxiliary  to  those  for  punishment, 
or  Houses  of  Reformation.  1885  H.  Co-awM  Family  Ajffair 
ix,  The  work  of  reformation  is  child's  play  to  that  of  making 
your  friends  believe  you  have  reformed. 

f  6.   Control,  direction,  authority.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1523  Act  14  <$•  15  Hen.  VIII,  c.  2  All  maner  of  personnes 
beyng  Alyens  . .  occupieng  any  mistery  or  handy  craft  . . 
shalbe  under  the  Serene  and  Reformacion  of  the  Wardens 
and  the  Felowshyppes  of  handy  craftes. 

fb.  Inphr.  Under  (or  saving) your  reformation'. 
subject  to  your  amendment  or  correction.  Obs. 

1558  Ln.  WENTWORTH  in  Arb.  Garner  IV.  194  Under  your 
Majesty's  Reformation  ..  I  am  of  opinion  there  would  be 
enow.  1616  COKE  in  Buccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.) 
I.  173,  I  shall  be  able.,  to  make  the  case  (saving  your 
Majesty's  reformation)  without  all  question.  1617  MORYSON 
I  tin.  n.  189  Wee  thinke  it  (vnder  your  Lordships  reforma 
tion)  very  expedient,  that  in  euery  of  them,  Cittadels  were 
raised. 

f  7.  A  disbanding,  dismissal  (of  troops)  ;  the 
removal  of  an  officer  from  the  active  list.  Obs. 

1668  Land.  Gaz.  No.  282/2  His  Most  Christian  Majesty 
having  resolved  upon  the  discharge  and  reformation  of  the 
greatest  part  of  his  forces.  1670  [see  REFORMED///,  a.  4]. 

8.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  reformation  act,  -cut, 
-monger,  principles  ^statute*,  reformation-  bitten,  adj. 

1661  J.  GUTHRIE  (title)  The  great  Danger  of  backsliding 
and  defection  from  Covenanted  Reformation-principles. 
1681  OTWAY  Soldier's  Fort.  iv.  i,  That  grave  hypocritical 
Beard,  of  the  Reformation-cut.  1723  DK.  WHARTON  in  True 
Briton  No.  45.  II.  396  That  many  of  these  pretended  Re 
formation-mongers,  have  proved  themselves  as  bad  Chris 
tians,  as  their  Ancestors  were  Subjects.  1848  KINGSLEY 
Saint"  s  Trag.  v.  i,  A  kindly  youth  and  a  godly,  but  reforma 
tion-bitten,  like  the  rest.  1856  SIR  W.  HARCOURT  in  Westm, 
Gaz.  4  July  2/3  The  great  Reformation  Act  of  Elizabeth. 
Ibid.,  The  Reformation  statutes  by  which  the  doctrines  and 
practice  of  the  Church  of  England  were  established  by  law. 

Re-formation  (rtffum^-Jan).  [Orig.  the  same 
word  as  prec. ;  in  later  use  f.  RE-  5  a  +  FORMATION 
(cf.  RE-FORM  z>.).]  The  action  of  forming  again  j 
a  second  or  new  formation. 

c  1-^25  WYNTOUN  Cron,  n.  vi.  520  (MS.  Cott.),  Til  con 
clusion  Off  bis  reformacion  [of  mankind]  pis  Owide  maid 
bis  ilka  wersse.  1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydon's  Quest.  Chirurg. 
B  iv  b,  One  is  very  regeneracion,  whiche  is  very  reformacion 
of  the  membre  in  the  same  selfe  substaunce,  forme  [etc.]. 
1695  WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Eartk  vi.  265  There  were  the 
same  Measures  taken .  .in  this  Re-Formation  of  it,  that  were 
when  'twas  first  built.  1761  Ann..  Reg.  n.  38/1  The  first 
formation  of  the  earth  at  the  creation,  the  reformation  after 
the  deluge.  1831  BREWSTER  Nat.  Magic  iv.  (1833)  93  The 
re-formation  of  distorted  pictures  by  reflection  from  cylin 
drical  and  conical  mirrors.  1875  CROLL  Climate  $  T.  xxu, 
361  The  materials  composing  our  stratified  beds  may  have 
passed  through  many  cycles  of  destruction  and  re-formation. 

Reformational  (ref^im^-Janal),  a.  [f.  RE 
FORMATION  +  -AL.]  Belonging  to,  concerned  with, 
the  Reformation  or  with  reform. 

1861  BP.  EWING  in  Ross  Mem.  xxi.(i877)  329  Theologies, 
Reformational  and  Roman,  have  heretofore  obscured  the 
light.  1884  Manch.  Exam.  20  Oct.  3/6  The  black  g_own.. 
is  reformational,  and  it  stands  in  the  way  of  making  an 
4  altar  *  the  great  centre  of  worship. 

So  Reforma  tionary  a. 

iSa?  CARLYLE  Germ.  Rom.  III.  219  My  feeble  attempt,  in 
regard  to  this  Reformationary  advocate  [etc.]. 

t  Refo'rmatist.  Obs.  [f.  L.  reformat-^  ppl. 
stem  of  reformdre  to  REFORM,  +  -IST.]  A  reformer. 

1620  BRENT  tr.  Sarpts  Counc.  Trent  v.  (1676)  395  The 
king  [Francis  II],  by  his  Edict,  pardoned  all  the  reformatists, 
until  they  returned  to  the  Church.  1653  ASHWELI,  Fides 
Apost.  216  The  Power  and  cleerenesse  of  this  Truth,  .may 
serve  to  stop  the  violence  of  some  zealous  Reformatists. 

Reformative  (rflpumativ),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-IVE.]  Inclined  to  reform ;  that  tends  to,  or  makes 


for,  reform ;  reformatory. 
>593  Tell-TroMs  N.  Y.  Gift  (18 


1593  Tell-TroWs  N.  Y.  Gift  (1876)  37  Fy,  fy,  sweet  hart, 
..will  strike  so  deepely  into  a  reformative  conscience,  as 
there  shall  not  neede  out  vpon  thee.  1641  Short  I'iciv 
Prcl.  Ch.  Eng.  10  Whither  their  Courts  bee  reformative  or 
deformative._  _  1883  M.  DAVITT  in  Contcmp.  Rev.  Aug.  173 
Under  conditions  that  would  lessen  the  evils  just  referred 
to,  separate  confinement  might  become  a  reformative  kind 
of  punishment. 

Hence  XLefo'rmatively  adv. ,  Befo'rmativenes*. 

1824  MCCULLOCH  Highlands  Scot.  IV.  161  There  is  an 
Organ  of  Reformativeness.  1874  BUSHSELL  Forgiven.  $ 


\    Law  ii.  124  A  law  that  undertakes  the  training  of  men., 
reformatively  out  of  ways  of  self-indulgence. 

Re-fo-rmative  (r/-)>  «•  [HE-  5  a.]  Having 
the  power  of  forming  again. 

1847  WEDSTER  cites  Goon.  1900  Q.  Rev.  July  49  Earth  is 
the  most  potent  disinfectant  known  :..it  is  resolvent  and  re 
formative  as  well. 

t  Refor mator .  Obs.  [a.  L.  reforniator,  agent-n. 
f.  reformare  to  REFOBSI;  cf.  F.  rtformateur  (i4th 
c.).]  A  reformer. 

1538  EI.YOT  /?/t'^.,A**^r/«fi/('r,areformatour.  1632  Contin. 
j  Forraine  Avisoes  No.  18.  14  Apr.  13  iStf.),  The  Reformators 
i  came  to  Schoole,  and  caused  the  Swedes  . .  to  bee  whipt  in 
their  presence.  1657  HEYLIN  Kcclesia  I  'ind.  24  Such  points 
|  of  Controversie,  as  were  in  difference  between  the  Reforma- 
i  tors  of  the  Church  of  England,  and  the  Church  of  Rome. 

Reformatory  (rtijfjm&uri),  a.  and  sb.    [f.  L. 

ppl.  stem  reformat-  +  -OKY.] 

A.  adj.  Having  a  desire  or  tendency  to  reform 
(a  person  or  thing) ;  designed  for  reforming. 

1589  NASHE  Pref.  Greene's  Menaphon  (Arb.)  14  The  vp- 
start  discipline  of  our  reformatorie  Churchmen.  1709  STKYPE 
Ann.  Ref.  I.  xvii.  209  Much  was  done  not  long  after 
according  to  this  Reformatory  Platform.  1791  BENTHAM 
fanopt.  n.  Postscr.  189  The  business  of  reformatory  in 
struction  may  be  transferred  to  the  Chapel.  1831  MACKIN 
TOSH  Sp.  Ho.  Comm.  4  July,  Wks.  1046  III.  535  Such 
objections,  .would  exclude  most  important  questions,  and, 
certainly,  all  reformatory  measures.  1851  MARY  CARPENTER 
(title}  Reformatory  Schools  for  the  Children  of  the  Perishing 
and  Dangerous  Classes,  and  for  Juvenile  Offenders.  1884 
Manclt.  Exam.  21  Aug.  4/7  The  object  of  the  discipline . .  is 
not  so  much  retributive  as  reformatory. 

B.  sb.  An  institution  to  which  juvenile  incorri- 
gibles  or  offenders  against  the  law  are  sent  with 
a  view  to  their  reformation.     Also  attrib. 

1837  Edin,  Rev.  LXIV.  353  They  recommend  a  general 
Reformatory  for  England  and  Wales.  1843  Penny  Cycl. 
XXV.  154/2  With  the  establishment  of  the  Parkhurst  Re 
formatory,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  the  commencement  of  a 
systematic  improvement,  .has  been  made.  1885  Em  yd. 
Brit.  XIX.  764/1  The  average  reformatory  population  [in 
the  United  States]  is  about  15,000. 

Reformed  (r/fpumd),  ///.  a.  and  sb.  [f. 
REFORM  v.1  +  -ED!.]  A.  ///.  a. 

1.  a.  Of  religion,  churches,  etc. :  Brought  to 
a  better  or  purer  state  by  the  removal  of  errors  or 
abuses,  esp.  those  imputed  to  the  Church  of  Rome. 
Also  transf.  of  persons,  times,  etc. 

The  name  of  Reformed  Cnurch(es)  sometimes  includes  all 
the  Protestant  churches,  and  sometimes  is  specifically  re 
stricted  to  the  Calvinistic  bodies  as  contrasted  with  the 
Lutheran.  The  adj.  also  forms  part  of  the  specific  names 
of  various  churches  and  religious  bodies  in  different 
countries. 

1563  FOXE  A.  ft  M.  To  Persecutors,  In  Countries  . .  and 
Churches  reformed,  your  errours  and  superstitious  vanities 
bee  so  blotted  out  [etc.].  IHd.  i  In  these  reformed  dayes. 
1588  FREGEVILLE  Reformed  Politicks  Ded.  Aij,  So  it  is 
that  the  Reformed  Princes  haue  bene  sclandered  by  the 
Pope.  Ibid.  73  The  Reformed  Church  be^an  by  poore  men. 
1646  EVELYN  Diary  (Geneva!,  The  French  Protestants  would 


EARLE  Psalter  Gt.  Bible  Introd.  63  The  original  hymns  of 
the  Lutheran  worship  constituted  a  feature  which  dis 
tinguished  it  from  that  of  the  Calvinistic  or  '  Reformed  * 
branch  of  the  continental  Protestants. 

b.  In  general  use, 

1605  BACON  Adz:  Learn,  ir.  xx.  §  9  The  reformed  school 
of  the  Epicureans. 

c.  Of  parliament,  spec,  of  that  which  met  after 
the  Reform  Act  of  1832. 

1822  COBBETT  Weekly  Reg.  2  Feb.  290  We  forbear  to 
speculate  on  the  manner  in  which  a  Reformed  Parliament 
would  be  engaged  at  a  crisis  like  this.  i86a  C.  KNIGHT 
Pop.  Hist.  Eng.  VIII.  xviii.  324  The  first  session  of  the 
Reformed  Parliament.  1873  EDITH  THOMPSON  Hist.  Eng. 
xliii.  234  The  Reformed  Parliament,  the  object  of  great  hopes 
and  greater  fears,  met  January  29, 1833. 

2.  fa.  Improved  in  manners;  cultivated.  Obs."1 
1574   HELLO\VES  Guenara*s  Fam.  Ep.    (1577)  J8i    Very 

noble  and  refourmed  [Sp.  enrnendado}  knight,  by  the  words 
of  your  letter,  I  understood  [etc.]. 

b.  Improved  in  character,  conduct  or  morals. 
1579  LYLY  Enphnes  (Arb.)   53   Then   doubtlesse  women 

either  do  or  should  loue  those  best  whose  vertue  is  best,  not 
measuring  the  deformed  man,  with  the  reformed  minde. 
i59»  GRKKNE  Disput.  11  lacke  Rhoades  is  now  a  reformed 
man,,  .he  is  growneacorrecterof  vice.  1715  DE  FOE  Fam. 
Instruct,  i.  iv.  (1841)  I.  85  So  at  last  we  may  be  a  sober 
family,  a  reformed  family.  1837  HT.  MARTINEAU  Sec.  Amer. 
III.  199  When  I  asked  how  reformed  offenders  were  to  put 
their  reformation  in  practice. 

c.  Reduced  to  stricter  observance. 

1706  [see  REFORMATION  3  c].  1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romola 
xliii,  First  came  a  white  stream  of  reformed  Benedictines. 

3.  Altered   in   form   or   content ;    esp,   put   into 
a  better  form,  corrected,  amended. 

1584  PARSONS  Leycfster"s  Comtnw.  (1641)  148  Hecousened 
most  notably  her  Majesty,  by  shewing  her  a  reformed  Copie 
of  the  said  letter,  for  the  letter  it  selfe.  1727-41  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Calendar^  Reformedtor  Corrected Catmdar^  that 
which,  .determines  the  equinox,  .by  astronomical  computa 
tion,  according  to  the  Rudolphine  tables. 

f  4.  Mil.  Of  officers :  Left  without  a  command 
(see  REFOKH  ?.i  10  and  REFORMADO  i  a).  Obs. 


Church,  the  Calvinist  Church,  the  Church  of  England,  &c. 
1771  T.  WARTON  Sir  T.  Pope  150  The  English  reformed 


clergy,  who.. had  fled  into  Germany,  now  returned  in  great 
numbers.      1841    Penny   Cycl.  XIX.   355/1    Many  c 
followers  of  the  Reformed  doctrines  suffered  death. 


i629\VADSwoRTH  Pilgr.  vii.  71  Those  that  continued  tooke 
their  pay  of  reformed  Captaines.  1670  R.  MONTAGU  in 
Buccleuck  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  468  The  late  re 
formation  amongst  all  the  reformed  officers.  1715  Land. 
Gaz.  No.  5323/3  Robert  Rich,  a  Reformed  Lieutenant  in.. 
Major  General  Rook's  late  Regiment  of  Foot.  1758 
SMOLLETT  Hist.  Eng.  (1800)  II.  281  With  respect  to  the  re 
formed  officers  he  declared  he  had  given  orders  for  their 
being  immediately  paid.  1814  [see  REFOBMADD  i]. 

t  B.  sb.  a.  as  //.  Adherents  of  the  Reformed 
religion  ;  Protestants,  b.  sing.  A  Protestant,  rare. 

1588  FBEGEVILLE  Reformed  Politickc  Ded.  A  ij  b,  The 
fidelitie  of  the  Reformed,  and  the  conspiracies  of  the  League. 
1620  IJittNT  tr.  Sarpfs  Counc.  Trent  v.  (1676)  391  The 
Kings  death  in  Fiance,  which  the  reformed  did  ascribe  to 
miracle,  increased  their  courage,  1655  (litle\  A  Collection 
or  Narrative.  .Concerning  the.  .Massacres,  Muithers,  and 
other  Cruelties,  committed  on  many  thousands  of  Reformed, 
or  Protestants  dwelling  in  the  Vallies  of  Piedmont.  1741 
S.  A.  LAVAL  Hist.  Reform.  IV.  vm.  1122  That  Child  was 
born  a  Reformed,  and  bad  been  educated  in  that  Religion. 
1772  T.  WAKIOS  Sir  T.  Pope  50  Mary,  .persecuted  the 
reformed  with  the  most  barbarous  severities 

Hence  Refcrrmedly,  adv.   rare—1. 

1653  MILTON  Hirelings  (1659)  57  Yet  a  late  hot  Quzrist 
for  tithes.  ,  would  send  us  back,  very  reformedly  indeed,  to 
learn  reformation  ofTyndarus  and  RebufTus. 

Reformer  a  (r/1'^umaj).    [f.  as  prec.  +  -Eit  *.] 

1.  One  who  reforms  another,  rare. 

1526  Pilgr.  Pcrf.  (W.  de  W.  153!)  88,  I  sholde  accompte 
it  amonge  my  great  lukers  and  vauntagus  ..  to  be  reproued 
or  correcte  of  my  reformer  or  mender.  1570  DKK  Math. 
Pref.  b  iiij,  That  any.  .Sober  Student  .  .  will  .  .  become  a 
Reasonable  Reformer  of  three  Sortes  of  people,  about  these 
Influential!  operations,  greatly  erring  from  the  truth. 

transf.  1869  LOWICLL  Under  the  Willows  348  God's 
passionless  reformers,  influences,  That  purify  and  heal  and 
are  not  seen. 

2.  One   who  reforms,  or  effects  a  reform  in,  a 
state  of  things,  practice,  etc. 

1548  ELYOT  Dicf,t  Reformatory  a  reformer,  he  that  bryng- 
eth  to  a  new  or  better  facion.  1553  M.  WOOD  (Hale)  tr. 
Gardner's  True  Olvd.'Xo  Kdr.  liiij,  God  hath  appointed 
them  .  .  to  be  priuate  persons,  and  not  refonriners  of  common 
causes.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Xiiholay's  I'oy.  iv.  xxxiii. 
155  Solon  beyng.  .chosen  for  the  general  reformer  of  their 
lawes.  1660  R.  COKE  Justice  I-'  ind.  16  These  are  the  glorious 
Reformers  of  our  Church  and  State.  1767  GOOCH  Treat. 
W'onnds  I.  447  note  Ambroise  Pare  was  a  great  Reformer  of 
Surgery.  1788  GIBBON  Dccl.  fy  J1-  1-  V.  222  The  elders  of  the 
city,  .affected  to  despise  the  presumption  of.  .  the  reformer  of 
his  country.  1846  McCt'LLocH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  II. 
409  The  plan,  .advocated  by  the  early  reformers  of  prison  dis 
cipline.  1853  MAURICE  Proph.  «y  Kings  xxii.  381  Have  we 
yet  to  learn  that  a  great  teacher  or  reformer  .  .  does  that 
which  swords  cannot  do..? 

3.  spec.  a.  One  of  the  leaders  in  the  reformation 
of  religion  in  the  i6th  century. 

1561  WINJET  Cert.  Tract,  i.  Wks.  (S.  T.  S./  I.  12  Sum  for 
saying  only  to  our  mid  reformearis.  .hes  libertie  to  bruke 
the  kirk  rent  is.  1563  Ibid.  I.  83  Of  the  ceremonies  among  the 
new  reformaris.  1616  CHAMPNF.Y  Vac.  Bps.  29  The  question 
between  the  Cathohke  Roman  Church,  and  the  pretended 
Reformers.  1714  SWIFT  Pres.  St.  Aff.  Wks.  1751  IV.  284,  I 
think  Luther  and  Calvin  seem  to  have  differed  as  much  as 
any  two  among  the  Reformers.  1796  T.  GKEF.N  Diary  Lover 
of  Lit.  (1810)  14,  I  should  have  conducted  myself  just  as  he 
did,  towards  the  pope  and  the  reformers.  1839  KEIGHTLEY 
Hist.  Eng.  II.  28  Fourteen  Dutch  reformers,  \vhohadtaken 
refuge  in  England.  1880  SWINBURNE  Stud.  SJtaA's.  304  The 
struggle  of  episcopalian  with  Calvinistic  reformers. 

b.  An  advocate  or  supporter  of  political  or 
parliamentary  reform  ;  esp,  one  who  took  part  in 
the  reform  movement  of  1831-2. 

Radical  reformer',  see  RADICAL  a.  3  c. 

1785  PITT  Sp.  18  Apr.  in  Hansard/>rtr/.  Hist.  (1815)  XXV. 
435/1  Such  a  House  of  Commons  it  was  the  wish  of  every 
reformer  now  to  establish.  1817  COBBETT  Weekly  Rtg. 
8  Feb.  169/1  How  do  you  trace  that  riot  to  the  Reformers? 
1831  DISRAELI  Let.  22  Feb.,  I  am  still  a  Reformer,  but  shall 
destroy  the  foreign  policy  of  the  Grey  faction.  1868  Daily 
JVeu's  8  Nov.,  In  Birmingham,  of  all  places,  he  cannot  be 
required  to  stand  on  his  defence  as  a  Reformer. 

4.  A  reviser,  corrector,  improver,  rare. 

x6£<5  EARL  MONM.  tr.  BoccalinCs  Advts.fr.  Parnass.  i. 
xxviii.  (1674)  30  Apollo,  .received  the  Poem,  and.  .gave  it  to 
the  Reformer  [It.  censore]  of  the  Library,  .that  it  might  be 
revewed.  1837  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  i.  viii.  §  7  notet  This 
reformer  of  boiardo  (Domenichi]  did  not  alter  the  text 
nearly  so  much  as  llerni. 

Hence  Befo  rmeress,  a  female  reformer. 

16x1  COTGR.,  Emerufatricct  she  that  correcteth  ..  [or]  re- 
formeth..;  a  correctresse,  reformeresse.  01843  SOUTHEY 
Doctor  ccx\\\.  (1848)  575  Holy  Colette  of  portentous  sanctity, 
the  Reformeress  of  the  Poor  Clares.  1849  SARA  COLERIDGE 
Mem.  Sr  Lett.  II.  234  Substantially  the  reformeresses  must 
be  in  the  right* 

t  Reformer  2,  -ier.  Obs.  rare,    [irreg.  f.  RE 

FORM  Z/.1  10   +  -ER,  -IER.]    =  REFORMADO1. 

1644  SIR  W.  MURE  Let.  in  Wks.  (S.T.S.)  Introd.  p.  xvi, 
For  the  most  part  they  are  reformer  officers  under  the  com 
mandment  of  the  Earle  of  Craufurd  and  Mackay.  1645 
LITHGOW  Siege  Newcastle  (1820)  25  Lieutenant  Colonell 
Henderson,  a  Reformier. 

Re-farmer.  [RE-  53;  cf.  RE-FORM  z/.j  One 
who  forms  again. 

1839-5*  BAILEY  Fcstus  xxviii.  475  The  Former  and  Re- 
Former  of  the  world. 


Reforming  (rfl^-amig),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  REFORM 
z*.1]  The  action  of  the  vh.  in  various  senses. 

a  1400  HYLTON  Scalet  Perf.  n.  iv.  He  delaiede  J^e  ful 
reformynge  of  mannyssonle  vnto  l>e  laste  ende.  1560  DACS 
tr.  Sle,idane"s  Coittin.  81  b,  For  the  debating  of  contro 
versies,  and  refourming  of  vices.  1598  STOW  Sun1.  134  He 
gaue  towardes  the  reforming  of  that  church  fiuc  hundred 


REFORMING. 

markes.  a  1660  HAMMOND  Serin,  (1851)  it.  540  A  reforming 
of  every  thing  which  was  either  formally  or  indirectly  con 
tained  in  their  ignorance.  1743-4  MRS.  DELANV  Aittobiog. 
#  Corr.  (1861)  II.  283,  I  wish  you  had  the  reforming  of  the 
family  you  are  in.  175*  J.  LOUTHIAN  Form  of  Process  (ed.  2) 
p.  iii,  I  have  been  prevailed  upon..  to  undertake  the  re 
forming  of  the  former  Edition. 


Reforming 


-ING  2.]     That  reforms. 
1641   MILTON  ; 


.  a.     [f.  as  prec.  + 


___, j  Ch.  Govt.  i.  vi.  Wks.  1851  III.  124  The 

expected  reforming  grace  that  God  hath  bid  us  hope  for. 
1692  E.  WALKER  tr.  Epictctns'Mor.  xvi,  'Tis  better  he  were 
hanged,  than  thou  should'st  share  A  moment's  Grief  by  thy 
reforming  Care.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eug.  i.  L  64  Eliza 
beth  - .  put  herself  at  the  head  of  the  reforming  party.  1878 
SEELEY  Stein  II.  166  We  must  retrace  our  steps,  and  examine 
his  reforming  legislation. 

Hence  Refo'rmingly  adv.  rare~l. 

1649  ROBERTS  Clavis  Bibl.  346  It  would  better  have  be 
come  lob  to  have  submitted  himselfe  reformingly  and 
humbly  to  his  hand. 

Reformist  (itftomlst).   [f.  REFORM  v.1  +  -IST.] 
1.  a.  One  who  advocates  reform  in  the  Church ; 
a  Reformer.     (Common  in  iyth  c.) 

1589  G.  HARVEY  Pierces  Super,  n.  Addit.  Ff,  The  for 
ward  Zeale  of  dowtie  Martin  Seniour, .  .and  some  other 
bragge  Reformistes.  1608  H.  CLAI-HAM  Erroitr  Left  Hand 
36  He  differs  much  from  the  most  of  our  Reformistes  heere 
at  home.  1693  J.  EDWARDS  Author.  O.  fy  -V.  Test.  310 
Among  the  reformists  you  will  see  this  more  plainly  attested. 

1791  MME.  D1  ARBLAV  Diary  3  Aug.,  The  Winton  inhabitants 
.  .ran  up  a  slight  wall  before  it  [the  altar],  and  deceived  the 
Reformists.     1826  W.  E.  ANDREWS  Crit.  Rev.  Fo.vs  Bk. 
Mart.  II.  312  Their  judges  were  cold  and  calculating  re 
formists.     1850  Elder's  House  97  So  you  see  that  all  the 
Reformists  have  not  given  up  the  doctrine  of  confession. 

attrib.  1590  GREENWOOD  Confer.  Pref.  A  ij,  Considering  the 
reformist  Preachers  are  now  become  the  BB's.  trustie  actors. 
i88a  Macm.Mag.  XLV  449  Mrs.  Ashley,  .was  put  into  the 
Tower,  apparently  on  suspicion  of  Reformist  sympathies. 

b.  An  advocate  or  supporter  of  political  reform. 
(Common  c  1792  to  1830.) 

1641  News  from  Hell,  etc.  in  Harl.Misc.  (Main.)  IV._393 
The  subtle  practices  of  some  parliamentary  reformists. 

1792  WIKDHAM  Speeches  Parl.  (1812)  I.  App.  C.  155  Yet 
these  [the  Jacobins]  are  the  men  whom  our  Reformists  are 
known  to  correspond  with.     1817  BENTHAM  Parl.  Reform 
Catcch.  (1818)  104  By  a  radical  reformist,  the  Householder 
plan  could  not  be  refused  to  any  Electoral  District.      1830 
LADY  GRANVILLE  Lett.  (1894)  II.  62,  I  have  been  to  see  the 
Staffords,  violent  reformists.    1893  Columbus  (Ohio)  Disp. 
10  July,  The  general  policy  of  the  party  has  been  enough  to 
break  the  strength  of  the  so-called  Reformists. 

attrib.  a  1849  FOR  Marginalia  Wks.  1864  III.  523  The 
modern  reformist  Philosophy  . .  and  the  late  reformist 
Legislation. 

f2.  A  member  of  a  reformed  religious  order. 

1611  COTGR.,  R cformezt  reformists,  an  Order  of  Franciscan 
Fryers.  1706  PHILLIES  (ed.  Kersey),  Reformists^  Monks, 
whose  Discipline^  or  Rules  have  been  reformed. 

t  RefO'rmitor.  Obs.  rare-1,  [irreg.  f.  RE 
FORM  v.l,  perh.  for  REFORMATOR.]  A  reformer. 

1537  in  Lett.  Suppress.  Monast.  (Camden)  157  Abusys.. 
clokyde  and  coloryde  by  the  reformitors  (so  namede)  of 
evere  religion. 

So  t  Refo'rmity,  Protestantism.   Obs.  rare~~*. 

1606  WARNER/! /A  Eng.xv. xcviii.Yet  whatsoeuer  Papistrie 
exacted,  payed  yet,  His  scrupulous  Reformitie,  will  nought 
therof  remit. 

t  Refo'rmling.  nonce-wd.  [irreg.  f.  REFORM 
v.l  +  -LING.]  An  amended  pamphlet. 

1662-3  J-  B[[RKENHEAD]  Assembly-Man  To  Rdr.,  A  copy 
of  that  Reformling  had  crept  to  the  Press. 

Refo'rnuilate,  v.  [RE-  53.]  tram.  To 
formulate  anew.  So  Reformula'tion. 

1882  A cademy  1 4  Jan.  29/1  As  Luther'sdoctrineof  justifica 
tion  by  faith  reformulated  Gospel  truth  for  the  Reforma 
tion  era.  1896  M-'estm.  Gaz.  17  June  4/1  A  reformulation 
of  the  indictments  against  society. 

Refortifica'tion.  [Cf.  next.]  The  action  of 
fortifying  again  ;  a  new  fortification. 

1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warres  v.  ii.  128  What  order  is  there 
to  be  taken  m  such  refortlfications?  1878  A.  FORBES  in 
Daily  News  15  Aug.  5/7  The  reduction  of  the  size  of  the 
city  by  the  Venetians,  and  its  refortification  on  a  more  con 
tracted  circumference. 

RefoTtify,  v.  [RE-  5  a  ;  cf.  F.  refortifier 
(i^thc.  Godef.).]  trans.  To  fortify  again.  Hence 
RefoTtifying  vbl,  sb. 

1598  BARRET  Theor.  IVarresv.  ii.  128  More  commonly  old 
Castels.  .be  repaired  and  refortified.  i6n  FLORIO,  Rinfor- 
zamcnto,.  .a  refortifying.  1641  EVELYN  Diary  6  Aug.,  This 
was  our  continual  duty  till  the  Castle  was  re-fortified.  1692 
Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2801/2  Above  6000  are  summoned  in  with 
Shovels  and  Pickaxes,  .to  re-fortifie  the  Town  of  Old-Man- 
hcim.  1778  Eng.  Gazetteer  (ed.  2)  s.v.  //rtnwVA,  This  town 
. .  has  since  been  ordered  to  be  refortified.  1807  G.  CHALMERS 
Caledonia  1. 1.  iv.  182  He  reoccupied  and  refortified  such  of 
those  posts  as  promoted  his  vengeful  designs.  1896  W.  H. 
HUTTON  Philip  Augustus  iii.  76  The  island  taken,  Philip 
refortified  it  and  rebuilt,  .the  bridge. 
Jig.  1889  SHRINK  Mem.  Thring  140,  I  am  repeating  a 
judgment  formed  long  ago,  and  often  refortified. 

t  Refo'ssion.  Obs.  rare- -l.  [f.  Rz-  +  FOSSION, 
after  L.  refodfre.]  A  digging  up  again. 

c  1625  BP.  HALL_  AY.  Paul's  Combat  i.  Wks.  1808  V.  372 
Hence  are.  .refossion  of  graves,  torturing  of  the  surviving, 
worse  than  many  deaths. 

Refound  (nfau-nd),  z>.l  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  FOUND 
z;.2;  cf.  OF.  refonder  (i2th  c.).]  trans.  To  found 
(a  town,  etc.)  again  ;  to  re-establish.  Alsoy?^-. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxxviij.  28  The  grit  victour  agane 
is  rissin  on  hicht  ..;  our  fayth  is  now  refoundit.  1641  W. 


350 

CARTWRIGHT  Lady-Errant  \.  ii,  Her  service  haih  Preserv'd 
tlit;  Kingdom,  and  refounded  Cyprus.  1702-3  ATTERBURY 
Let.  Misc.  Wks.  1739  I.  159  The  other  bill  is  to  enable  the 
Queen  to  re-found  the  Savoy.  1761  London  fy  Environs 
IV.  296  This  hospital  was.. suppressed  by  Henry  V  and  re- 
founded  by  Edward  IV.  1869  GOLDW.  SMITH  Lect,  Mod. 
Hist.  iv.  16  This  Colony  did  not ..  require  to  be  refounded. 
1879  FARRAR  St.  Paul  I.  505  Cassander  had  re-founded  it, 
and  changed  its  name  from  Therma  to  Thessalonica. 

Hence  Refoirnding  vbl.  sb. 

1754  POCOCKE  Trap.  (Camden)  II.  112  The  first  foundation 
of  the  church  by  Wilfrid,  and  the  refounding  by  K.  H.  8th. 
1893  MALLESON  (title)  The  Refounding  of  the  German 
Km  pi  re. 

Refonnd  (nfcnrnd),  v.2  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  FOUND  z>.3 ; 
cf.  F.  refondre  (i2th  c.).]  trans.  To  cast  (objects 
of  metal)  again  ;  to  recast. 

a  i649DRUMM.OF  HAWTH.  Jas.  Ill,  Wks.  (1711)  60  Why  .. 
when  these  old  medalls  were  defaced  . .  he  might  not  re- 
found  them,  ..  he  thought  no  sufficient  reason  could  be 
given.  1781  WARTON//M/.  Kiddington  8  Perhaps  they  are 
all  antient  bells  refounded.  1863  CAHLYI.E  Freak,  Gt.  xxt. 
ii,  (1872)  IX.  265  All  our  Cannon,  .needed  to  be  refounded. 

t  Refo'uiid,  v$  Sc.  Obs,  [var.  of  REFUND 
7/.1 ;  cf.  confound,  infound.] 

1.  trans.  To  refund,  restore. 

1546  Reg,  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  41  The  saidis  Eirle  and 
Lord  . .  oblissis  thame  . .  to  refound  and  deliver  the  samin 
agane  to  the  persone  fra  quhame  the  samin  hapins  to  be 
taikin.  1572-3  Ibid.  II.  186  For  warrandice  to  the  said 
Archibald  ..and  refounding  to  him  of  the  pryces  thairof 
acclamit  be  him.  1632  LITHGOW  Trar.  x.  476  Thy  money 
and  Patents  shall  be  refounded. 

b.  To  make  good,  repair,  redress. 

a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  42 
Cause  all  enormities  and  crymes  committet..to  be  refoundit 
and  randerit  witht  in  3our  boundis.  Ibid.  82  To  refound  the 
skaythtis  and  iniurieis  done  be  thame  of  befoir. 

2.  To  cast  the  blame  of  (something)  on  or  upon 
a  person  or  thing. 

a  1653  BINNING  Serin.  (1845)  438  They  do  not  refound  jt 
upon  God,  Who  is  righteous  in  all  His  ways,  but  retort  it 
upon  themselves,  c  1680  MACWARDCd*fc/u£  (1723)  144  The 
want  whereof  is  to  be  refounded  on  this  court  stratagem. 
Ibid.  147  The  marring  of  that  unity.. is  to  be  refounded 
upon  that  intimacy. 

Befoimda-tion.  [RE-  5  a ;  cf.  REFOUND  z;.i] 
The  action  of  founding  again ;  a  new  foundation. 

a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Lanes,  n.  (1662)  120  This 
Colledge  hath  passed  many  Dissolutions  and  refoundations. 
1864  J.  RAINE  He.vhain  (Surtees)  I.  Pref.  148  There  is  some 
valuable  information. -about  the  refoundation  of  their  house. 
iSooGASQUET  &  BISHOP  Edw.  VI  f<  Bk.  Com.  Prayer  (i&<)\) 

5  On  the  refoundation  of  the  monastic  cathedrals. 

Refounder  (nfau-ndaj).  [f.  REFOUND  v.1  + 
-ER  !.]  One  who  refounds. 

I5z8  in  Lett.  Suppress.  Moitast.  (Camden)  2  Alen  Niger, 
summe  tyme  erele  of  Richemound,  and  our  secounde  re- 
founder.  178*  PENNANT  Jonni.  Chest,  to  Lond.  57  This 
Enysan..\vas  the  true  re-founder  [of  Stone  Priory].  18x4 
SOUTHF.Y  Dk.  ofCh.  (1841)  408  That  Church,  and  the  Queen, 
its  refounder,  are  clear  of  persecution,  as  regards  the 
Romanists.  1865  MASSON  Rcc.  Brit.  Philos.  95  He  was  .. 
the  refounder  of  Transcendentalism  in  modern  Europe. 

t Refou-ndiment.  Sc.  Obs.  ran-1.  [Cf. 
REFOUND  v.3]  The  act  of  refunding ;  reparation. 

1555  Sc.  Acts  Mary  (1814)  497/2  Vnder  the  pane  of  re- 
foundiment  of  the  dampnage  and  skaith  to  the  parteis. 

Refcnrndress.  rare-1,  [f.  REFOUND  z;.1; 
see  -ESS.]  A  female  refounder. 

1655  FULLER  Ck.  Hist.  in.  ix.  §  23  Nor  let  not  our  Virgin 
Queen  be  forgotten,  as  in  effect  Refoundresse  of  this  from 
the  third  year  of  her  reign. 

Refonnt  (rffau-nt).  [ad.  F.  refonte  REFONT.] 
A  recasting. 

1831  AUSTIN  Jurispr.  (1879)  II.  1081  Though  the  refount 
of  form,  now  recommended,  would  not  touch  necessarily  the 
substance  or  effect. 

Refourme,  obs.  form  of  REFORM  v. 

Refows,  -foys,  obs.  forms  of  REFUSE  a. 

Refract  (rtfrarkt),  pa.  pple.  rare.  [ad.  L. 
refract-ns,  i.  refringcre  :  see  next.]  Refracted. 

1625  GILL  Sacr.  Philos.  Pref.,  If  the  eye  bee  not  able  to 
behold  the  beames  of  the  Sunne, .  -yet  it  joyes  to  see  that 
shining  lampe  when  his  beames  are  refract,  or  as  it  were 
broken  off.  1880  SWINUURNE  Songs  o/Sfring-t.,  Birthday 
Ode  38  With  moonlight-coloured  gold  And  rays  refract  from 
the  oldworld  heaven  of  time. 

Refract  (rrfrwkt),  v.  [f.  L.  refract-,  ppl. 
stem  of  refringcre  t  f.  re-  RE-  +frang?re  to  break. 
Cf.  F.  f^pvtftr  (1743).] 

L  Physics.  Of  substances :  To  break  the  course 
of  (light,  etc.)  and  turn  (it)  out  of  the  direct  line  ; 
esp.  to  deflect  at  a  certain  angle  at  the  point  of 
passage  from  one  medium  into  another  of  different 
density. 

1612  SELDEN  Pref.  Dray  ton's  Poly-olb.  (1876)  I.  p.  xliv,  By 
..rash  collecting  (as  it  were,)  from  visual  beams  refracted 
through  another  s  eye.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  345 
Some  reflected,  others  refracted  beget  that  semicircular 
variety  we  generally  call  the  Rainebow,  1668  CULI-EPPEH 

6  COLE  BarthoL  Anat.  m.  viii.  148  The  glasste  Humor 
may  give  a  passage  to  the  Species  to  the  Retina,  and  may 
refract  them  from  Perpendiculars.     1728  PEMBERTON  New- 
fan's  Philos.  375  All  transparent  bodies  refract  part  of  the 
light  incident  upon  them,  and  reflect  another  part.     1794  J. 
HUTTON  Philos.^  Light^  etc.  218  The  powers  in  bodies  for 
variously  reflecting,  absorbing,  transmitting,  and  refracting 
light,     1800   HENRY  Epit.   Cheat.  (1808)  31  Caloric  is  re 
fracted,  also,  according  to  the  same  law  that  regulates  the 
refraction  of  light.     1872   HUXLKY  Physiol.  ix.   225  Glass 
refracts  light  more  strongly  than  water  does. 


REFRACTED. 

absol.  1678  HOBOES  Decant,  x.  Wks.  1845  VII.  172  It  will 
follow  that  all  transparent  bodies  that  equally  refract  are 
equally  hard  ;  which  I  think  is  not  true. 

transf.  andyff.  1656  tr.  Hobbes'  Elem.  Philos.  (1839)  381 
The  sine  of  the  angle  refracted  in  one  inclination  is  to  the 
sine  of  the  angle  refracted  in  another  inclination  [etc.]. 
1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev,  Wks.  V.  125  These  metaphysick  rights 
..,  like  rays  of  light,  .,  are,  by  the  laws  of  nature,  refracted 
from  their  straight  line.  1869  LECKY  Europ.Mor.  v.  II.  355 
No  other  body  of  men  have  ever  exhibited  a  more  single- 
minded  and  unworldly  zeal,  refracted  by  no  personal  interests. 
b.  To  produce  by  refraction,  rare. 

1728-46  THOMSON  Spring  202  Meantime,  refracted  from 
yon  eastern  cloud  . .  the  grand  ethereal  bow  Shoots  up 
immense.  1762-9  FALCONER  Shijrwr.  n.  277  His  languid 
fires.  .Refract  along  the  dusk  a  crimson  blaze. 

f2.  trans.  To  throw  back;  to  reflect,  return.  Obs. 

1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  i.  ii.  n.  v.  109  The  Turkes  weare 
great  Tulipantes.  .to  refract  the  Sun  beams.  1658  ROWLAND 
tr.  MoufeCs  Theat.  Ins.  Ep.  Ded.,  The  air.  .beating  against 
the  rough-cast  walls  of  the  hollow  place,  and  refracted, 
makes  a  sound.  1694  WESTMACOTT  Script,  Herb,  j  [Algum 
wood]  was  most  precious, . .  fit  to  refract  sounds. 

1 3.  To  break  up  ;  to  impair.  Obs.  rare. 

1647  HAMMOND  Power  of  Keys  Pref.  A  4  The  several  excel 
lencies  of  the  other  three ..  may ..  be  found  at  least,  as  in 
mixture,  refracted  and  compounded  in  this  fourth,  n  1676 
HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  iv.  iii.  (1677)  318  Those  common 
Notions  which  yet  remain  in  the  Humane  Nature,  though 
refracted  and  abated  by  the  Fall  of  Man. 

b.   Chem.  To  analyse  (nitre)  in  order  to  discover 
the  percentage  of  impurities  (cf.  REFRACTION  6). 

1842  PARNELL  Chem.  Anal.  (1845)  478  The  most  usual 
method  of  refracting  nitre  consists  in  determining,  i°,  the 
amount  of  water  lost  by  exposure  to  a  moderate  heat ;  2°, 
the  amount  of  insoluble  matter  [etc.]. 

Hence  Befra'ctable  a.t  refrangible.    rare~*. 

1676  H.  MORE  Remarks  :oo  For  as  bodies  are  only 
tangible,  so  they  are  only  reflexible  and  refractable. 

t  Refra'ctarily,  adv.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  as  next 
+  -LY  2.]  =  REFRACTORILY. 

1623  COCKERAM  ii,  Obstinately,  Refractarily.     1654  H. 
L'ESTRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655)  62,  I  cannot  but  totally  acquit 
King  Charles  of  blame  in  proscribing  such  as  refractarily 
offended. 

t  Refra'ctariuess.  Obs.  [f.  REFRACTARY  a. 
+  -NESS.]  =  REFRACTORINESS. 

1624  DONNE  Devot.  (ed.  2)  80  Take  from  me,  O  Lord,  her 
peruersenesse,  her   wilfulnesse,    her   refractarinesse.      1636 
CHAS.  I  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  m.  (1692)  I.  320  May  not  the 

]     Kings . .  by  Law  compel  the  doing  thereof  in  case  of  Refusal 
•    or  Refractariness?     1693  LOCKE  Editc.  85  She  had.. by  her 
1    unprevailing  Blows  only  confirmed  her  refractariness. 
t  Refracta'rious,  a.  Obs.  rare~l.     -  next. 
1614  JACKSON  Creed  in.  xiii.  §  10  The  life  of  the  world 
censured  to  death  for  an  hereticke,  or  refractarious  Scis- 
matique. 

t  Refra*ctary(  a.  and  sb.    Obs.    [ad.  L.  re- 
fractari-iis  (Seneca)  obstinate,  stubborn  :  see  RE 
FRACT  v.  and  -ARY1,  and  cf.  F.  rgfractaire  (l6th  c.). 
In  the  Earl  of  Stirling's  Domesday  (1614)  x.  xlii.  the 
stressing  is  re'fractary :  cf.  the  note  to  REFRACTORY.] 

A.  adj.  =  REFRACTORY.     (Common  in  ijrth  c.) 
1604  R.  CAWDREY  Table  Alph.^  Refractarie^  wilfull  in 

opinion,  obstinate.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimages,  xix.  (1614) 
215  The  woman  which  renderetn  not  her  husband  his  due,  is 
rebellious  and  refractarie.  1660  MARVELL  Corr.  Wks.  1875 
II.  41,  I  am  sorry  to  heare  that  Mr.  Wilson  has  been  so 
refractary.  1694  FALLE  Jersey  v.  171  And  in  case  the  said 
Minister  continues  refractary,  the  Dean . .  shall  proceed  even 
to  Deprivation, 

B.  sb.  A  refractory  person. 

1599  B.  JONSON  Cynthia**  Rev.  v.  ii,  Render  not  your 
selfe  a  refractarie,  on  the  sudden.  1657  TRAP?  Comm.  Job 
vii.  12  God  looked  not  upon  him  as  he  doth  upon  these 
refractaries,  who  to  their  impatience  adde  impenitence. 

Refracted  (r/Trse-kted),  ppL  a.  [f.  REFRACT 
v.  +  -ED1.] 

1.  Of  light,  etc. :  Bent  aside,  deflected.  Also 
transf.  of  things  connected  with,  or  produced  by, 
refraction. 

1638-48  G.  DANIEL  Eclog  iii.  352  Homeward  wend, 
Whilst  the  refracted  West  some  Lights  yet  lend.  1678 
VAUGHAN  Thalia  Redii'.t  Pious  Th.  212  Whose  fires  by 
refracted  chance  Burnish  some  neighbour  rock.  1691  NORRIS 
Pract.  Disc,  244  We  look  upon  Truth,  -by  a  refracted  Ray, 


Paints  the  gay  Clouds.  1789  E.  DARWIN  Bot.  Card.  n. 
(1791)  133  O'er  heavens  wide  arch  refracted  Justres  flow. 
1831  BREWSTER  Optics  iii.  22  The  ray  HR  is  called  the 
incident  ray,  and  R  b  the  refracted  ray.  1871  B.  TAYLOR 
Faust  (1875)  II.  I.  i-  7  Life  is  not  light  but  the  refracted 
color. 

fig'  ><5$4  H.  L'ESTRANGE  Chas.  7(1655)  146  The  informa 
tion  being  somewhat  lame,  as  being  taken  upon  refracted 
and  second  hand  report.  1856  R.  A.  VAUCHAN  Mystics 
(1860)  II.  230  According  to  Swedenborg,  all  the  mythology 
and  the  symbolisms  of  ancient  times  were  so  many  refracted 
or  fragmentary  correspondences. 


ticks,  is  tne  Angle  contamea  oeiween  me  renwtsu  *^**y  *»iu 
the  Perpendicular.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XIII.  234/1 
Before  this  time  Kepler  had  published  a  New  Table  of 
refracted  Angles. 

t2.  Driven  back,  repelled.  Obst  rare-1. 

1635  SWAN  Spec.  M.  v.  §  2  (1643)  »fi9  tT.he  wlndl  w.ith  a 
refracted  and  disjoynted  force . .  is  driven  hither  and  thither. 

f3.  Broken  down,  diminished.  Obs.  rare- -l. 

1639  FULLER  Holy  War  \\,  xxxv.  (1840)96  If  they  [mer 
cenary  soldiers]  be  not  entertained  in  too  great  numbers, 
but  in  such  refracted  degrees,  that  the  natives  may  still  have 
the  predominancy. 


REFRACTEDLY. 

Hence  B«fra*ctedly  adv.,  Refra'ctedness. 

1667  SPRAT  Hist.  R.  Sac,  216  Experiments  of  the  Trans- 
parency,  and  Refractedness  of  Flames.  1854  KINGSLEY 
Alexandria  67  Even  if  he  sees  a  truth,  he  can  only  see  it 
refractedly. 

fRefra'Cter.  O&s.  [f.  REFRACT  v.  +  -ERI.] 
=  REFRACTOR  3  b. 

1761  HIRST  in  Phil.  Trans.  LI  I.  397  A  4  feet  refracter,  of 
Mr.  Dollond's  new  construction.  1763  SHORT  ibid.  LI  1 1. 
341  He  used  an  18  foot  refracter. 

Refractile  (nfne-ktil,  -tail),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  4- 
-ILE.]  Capable  of  producing  refraction.  Hence 
Refracti'lity. 


cartilage.     1880  Nature  XXI.  411  A  well-defined  highly 
refractile  fibrous  network. 
Refracting  (rrfne-ktirj),///.  a.     [-ING2] 

1.  Causing  refraction  ;  refractive. 

1704  NEWTON  Optics  (1721)4  Def.  iv,  The  Perpendicular  to 
the  reflecting  or  refracting  Surface  at  the  Point  of  Incidence. 
1743  EMKRSON  Fluxions  282  To  find  the  Motion  of  a  Ray 
of  Light  passing  into  a  refracting  Medium.  i837GoKiNt;£ 
PRITCHARD  Microgr.  182  Trie  rays,  .should  traverse  both  the 
refracting  surfaces  without  any  obliquity.  1831  NICHOL 
Archit.  Heav.  (ed.  9)  115  The  magnitude  of  its  reflecting 
disc,  or  refracting  lens.  1898  Allbtitt's  Syst.  Med.  V.  886 
The  fibres,  .present  a  few  refracting  granules. 

b.  Provided  with  some  apparatus  or  arrange 
ment  for  refracting  light ;  esp.  refracting  telescope^ 
a  telescope  in  which  the  rays  of  light  are  con 
verged  to  a  focus  by  an  object  glass. 

1764  HORNSBY  in  Phil.  Trans.  LIV.  145  An  excellent 
refracting  telescope  of  12  feet  focus.  1823  J.  BADCOCK  Dow. 
Amusem.  119  Expose  it. .to  the  light  of  a  refracting  lamp. 
1870  Daily  News  8  Oct.,  A  magnificent  refracting  telescope, 
with  an  object-glass  of  25  inches  diameter.  1896  ORFORIJ 
Mod.  Optical  Instr.  95  In  the  refracting  stereoscope  the 
rays  of  light  ..  are  always  bent  towards  the  thicker  part  of 
the  lens. 

C.  Refracting  angle,  the  angle  between  two 
faces  of  a  prism  or  lens. 

1796  H.  BROUGHAM  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXVI.  262  An 
hollow  prism  made  of  fine  plate-glass,  ..its  refracting  angle 
being  55  '•  1890  WooDBi'RV  Encycl.  Photogr.  394  A 
divergence  from  the  axis  will  take  place,  becoming  more 
and  more  marked  as  the  refracting  angles  become  greater 
towards  the  edge  of  the  lens. 

2.  Undergoing  refraction,  rare'"1. 

1718  ROWE  tr.  Lucan  iv.  119  Unvary'd  by  the  Light's  re- 
fracting   Beam   She   stoop'd  to  drink  from  Ocean's  briny    ' 
Stream. 

3.  That  resists  fire;   =  REFRACTORY  A.  4. 

1894  R.  S.  Burn's  Steam  Engine  User  145  The  interior, 
especially  of  the  furnace   proper,  . .  and    the   combustion     : 
chamber   being  lined   with   'refracting'    bricks,   generally     ; 
termed  fire-bricks. 

Refraction    (r/Trse-kfan).      [ad.   late   L.   re-    ! 
fraction-em  (Boethius),  n.  of  action  f.  refringfrei 
see  REFRACT  v.  and  cf.  F.  refraction  (i6th  c.).] 

1 1.  a.  The  action  of  breaking  open  or  breaking  ' 
up.  Obs.  rare. 

1578  BANISTKR  Hist.  Man\\\.§\  This  bloud  by  styrring. .     ' 
is  made  thinne,  and  together  with  the  ayre  mixed,  which  thus, 
by  the  same  refraction,  and  beatyng  together,  is  prepared. 
i6n  FLORIO,  Refrattionc,  a  bursting  or  refraction.      1661 
BLOUNT  Glossogr.  (ed.  2),  Refraction,  a  breaking  open, 
fb.  Rebound,  recoil.  Obs.  rare. 

1653  HARVEY  Anat.  Exerc.  n.  (1673)  ^35  The  blood  being  ! 
forcM  against  the  hand,  did  by  its  reverberation  and  re-  . 
fraction,  fly  back  four  or  five  foot.  1661  BLOUNT  Glossogr.  , 
(ed.  2),  Refraction,.. a.  rebound. 

2.  The  fact  or  phenomenon  of  a  ray  of  light,    j 
heat,  (f  the  sight,)  etc.,  being  diverted  or  deflected 
from  its  previous  course  in  passing  obliquely  out    | 
of  one  medium  into  another  of  different  density,    '. 
or  in  traversing  a  medium  not  of  uniform  density. 

Angle  of  refraction,  the  angle  between  the  refracted  ray 
and   the   perpendicular   to   the    surface   of  the  refracting 
medium  at  the  point  of  incidence  (for  that  between  the  re-    \ 
fracted  ray  and  a  continuation  of  the  incident  ray),     t  Axis     \ 
of  refraction,  the  perpendicular  to  the  surface  of  the  refract-     i 
ing  medium  at  the  point  of  incidence.     Double  refraction*     • 
the  fact  of  a  ray  of  light  being  split  up  by  certain  minerals     '. 
into  two  divergent,  unequally  refracted  rays.     Index  of  re-     , 
fraction  :  (see  ISDEX  sb.  93). 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  1295  The  rainbow  is..     I 
distinguished  by  sundry  colours,  by  the  refraction  of  our    ! 
eie-sight  against  a  cloud.     1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep. 
347  The  colours  are  made  by  refraction  of  light,  and  the 
shadows  that  limit  that  light.     1677  GREW  Anat.  Fruifsiv. 
§  6  By  Refraction,  Objects  of  all  Sizes  are  represented  on  the 
Walls  of  the  Eye.     1706  W.  JONES  Syn.  Palmar.  Matheseos 
301  The  Refraction  out  of  a  Rarer  Medium  into  a  Denser 
is  made  towards  the  Perpendicular.      1797  Encycl.  Brit. 
led,  3)  XIII.  279/2  The  phenomena  of  refraction  are  ex 
plained   by   an  attractive   power   in   the  medium  through    [ 
which  light  passes.     1831  BREWSTER  Optics  xvii.  144  The 
refraction  of  the  two  pencils  is  called  double  refraction  and    ! 
the  bodies  which  produce    it  are  called  doubly  refractive 
bodies,    c  1860  FARADAY  Forces  Nat.,  Electric  Light  177,  I 
can  employ  the  principle  of  refraction  to  bend  and  direct 
the  rays  of  light.     1880  LE  CONTE  Sight  32  All  refraction  is 
accompanied  by  dispersion. 

fig.    1614  SELDEN  Titles  Hon.  Pref.  C  4,  I  ..  euer  ..  vsd 
that  Medium  only,  which  would  not  at  all,  or  least,  deceiue 
by  Refraction.      1873  SPENCER  Stud.  Social,  i.  12  To  make 
allowance  for  the  refraction  due  to  the  historic  medium. 
b.  With  a  and  //.     An  instance  of  this. 

1619  J.  BAINBRIDGK  Descr.  Late  Comet  10  A  second  re- 
fraction  of  the  Sunne  beames.      1660   BOYLE   N&v  Exp.     I 
Phys.  Mech.  xviii.   136  The  various  refractions  that  may 


351 

i  happen  in  the  Air.  1743  EMERSON  Fluxions  284  The  Sum 
of  all  the  Refractions  will  be  equal  to  the  single  Refraction 
[etc.].  1796  KIKWAN  Elem.  Min.  (ed.  2)  I.  241  It  causes  n 
double  refraction.  1867  J.  HOGG  Micro sc.  i.  i.  2  A  table  of 
the  refractions  which  light  experiences  under  different 
angles  of  incidence  in  passing  from  air  into  glass. 

fig.  1827  HARE  Guesses  Ser.  i.  (1873)  2  When  among  the 
manifold  refractions  of  Knowledge,  Wisdom  is  almost  lost 
sight  of.  1860  EMERSON  Cond.  Life,  Illusions,  Even  the 
prose  of  the  streets  is  full  of  refractions. 

T  C.  pi.  Refracted  beams.  Alsoy?^.  Obs.  rare. 
1648  BOYLE  Seraph.  Love  xxv.  (1700)  152  Variety,  .such  as 
we  may  see  in  the  diversify'd  refractions  of  the  same 
sparkling  Diamond.  1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinarch.,  Hen.  IV, 
ccclxxxvii,  Now. .the  Refractions  of  his  Spirit  Gild  Onlythe 
Hemme  of  Life. 

3.  a.  Astron.  The  deflection   of  the   beams   or 
light  from  heavenly  bodies  when  not  in  the  zenith, 
due  to  the  refracting  power   of  the   atmosphere, 
which  increases  their  apparent  elevation. 

Spec,  called  atmospheric  and  astronomical  refraction, 

1603  HEYOON  Jud.  Astral.  137  There  lieth  a  deceipt  or 
fallacie  in  the  refraction  of  beams,  which  cheifly  happeneth 
about  the  Horizon,  where  the  aire  is  alwaies  thickest.  1669 
STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  11.  118  The  Refraction  of  the  Sun, 
Moon  and  Stars,  causeth  them  to  appear  higher  above  the 
Horizon  than  they  are.  1715  tr.  Gregory's  Astron.  (1726)  I. 
279  The  uncertain  Refractions  will  render  the  Operation 
doubtful ;  and  besides,  then  the  Sun  ascends  and  descendstoo 
obliquely  [etc.].  i8iz  WOODHOUSE  Astron.  x.  74  Refraction, 
by  which  astar,  to  appearance,  is  elevated  above  its  true  place. 
1868  LOCKYER  GuillemitCs  Heavens  (ed.  3)  186  The  Sun, 
actually  already  below  the  horizon,  is  raised  up  by  refraction, 
and  remains  visible  to  us. 

fig.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  xcii,  Such  refraction  of 
events  As  often  rises  ere  they  rise. 

b.  The  effect  of  the  atmosphere  in  making 
terrestrial  objects  appear  higher  than  they  are. 

Spec,  called  terrestrial  refraction  ;  see  also  quot.  1831. 

1698  KEILL  Exam.  Th.  Earth  (1734)  173  He  seems  to 
allow  too  much,  both  for  refraction  and  errors  in  the  Obser 
vations.  1831  BKEWSTER  Optics  in.  xxxi.  255  Great  local 
heats  or  local  colds  will  produce  great  changes  of  refractive 
power,  and  give  rise  to  optical  phenomena  of  a  very  interest 
ing  kind.  Such  phenomena  have  received  the  name  of 
unusual  refraction.  1853  KANE  Grinnell  Exp.  x.  (1856)  69 
My  sketches  of  the  coast,  .show  what  strange  diversities  of 
outline  may  be  induced  by  refraction. 

4.  The  action  of  a  medium  in  refracting  light; 
refractive  power  or  effect.     Alsoy^. 

1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos.  \.  34  Which  is  helped  and 
advantaged  also  by  the  refraction  of  the  water  wherein  they 
swim.  1796  H.  HUNTER  tr.  St. -Pierre's  Stud.  Nat.  (1799) 
III.  27  Allowing  one  degree  for  the  refraction  of  the  Atmo 
sphere  in  winter.  1849  KINGSLKY  Afisc.  (1860)  II.246Adeep 
pool  ..paved  with  sandstone  slabs  and  boulders,  distorted 
by  the  changing  refractions  of  the  eddies.  1870  LOWELL 
Among  my  Bks.  Ser.  i.  (1873)  279  The  willful  refraction  of 
a  clear  mind,  twisting  awry  whatever  enters  it. 

f  5.  A  reduction  on  a  charge  or  bill.   Obs. 

1727-41  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  I  will  deduct  or  make  you  a 
refraction  of  301-.  charged  inadvertently  in  my  bill.  1782 
Gentl.  Mag.  LII.  364  Mr.  K.  mentioned  the  refraction 
which  the  Company  had  on  their  side  of  their  bargains  with 
Government,  as  very  advantageous. 

6.  The  process   of  ascertaining   the   percentage 
of  impurities  contained  in  a  sample  of  nitre ;  the 
sum  of  the  impurities  as  thus  ascertained. 

1842  PARNELL  Client.  Anal.  (1845)  478  The  total  amount  of 
these  impurities  in  100  parts  ofa  sample  of  nitre  is  technically 
termed  the  '  refraction '  of  that  sample.  1876  VOYLE  & 
STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  335/1  Government,  .generally  pur 
chases  saltpetre  at  5  per  cent,  refraction. 

7.  attrio.,  as  refraction  error,  -index ;  also  re 
fraction-circle,  one  of  two  or  more  graduated 
circles  attached  to  a  refracting  telescope  in  order 
to  adjust  its  direction. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1909/2  The  refraction-circle  of 
the  Washington  Observatory.  1879^7.  George' sHosp.  Rep. 
IX.  489  The  pulsation  was  more  marked  in  the  eye  with  in 
ferior  sight.  There  was  absolutely  no  refraction  error. 
1889  Anthony's  Photogr.  Bull.  II.  167  The  relation  between 
the  refraction-index  and  the  dispersion. 

Hence  Refractional  a.  ;  Refra'ctionist,  one 
skilled  in  the  application  of  the  laws  of  refraction, 
esp.  for  the  correction  of  visual  defects. 

1871  HUTTON  Ess.  II.  84  He  rejected  '  refractional '  theo 
ries  of  light  with  scorn.  1899  Daily  Neivs  23  Feb.  5/1  An 
exhibition  organized.,  in  the  interest  of  the  refract  ionist. 

t  Refra'Ctious,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  REFRACT  v. 
+  -lous:  cf.  FRACTIOUS.]  =  REFRACTIVE  i. 

#1691  BOYLE  Hist.  Air  xx.  (1692)  192  The  Difference 
betwixt  clear  Weather  and  misty  refractions  Weather. ..  I 
have  seen  the  Land  elevated  by  reason  of  the  refractious  Air. 

Refractive  (rrfrse-ktiv),  a.  [ad.  late  L.  re- 
fractiv-us  (Priscian),  or  f.  REFRACT  v.  -I--IVE.  Cf. 
F.  rffrtutif)  -ive  (1752).] 

1.  That  refracts  light,  etc. ;  possessed  of,  char 
acterized  by,  the  power  of  refracting. 

1673  FLAMSTEED  in  Rigaud  Corr.  Set.  Men  (1841)  II.  168 
The  refractive  air  reaches  some  height  above  our  heads. 
a  1691  BOYLE  Hist.  Air  (1692)  190  The  air.  .was  filled  with 
vapours  and  exhalations,  that  made  it  much  more  refractive 
than  formerly.  1754  DOLI.OND  in  Phil.  Trans.  XLVIII. 
552  Rays,  which,  by  the  refractive  quality  of  the  glass,  are 
made  to  converge.  1854  J.  SCOFFERN  in  Orr's  Circ.  Sc., 
Chcm.  75  Tourmaline  is  a  doubly  refractive  substance.  1872 
PROCTOR  Ess.  Astron.  vi.  84  Its  outline  should  be  distorted 
if  the  planet  has  a  refractive  atmosphere. 

b.  Refractive  power,  the  power  which  a  trans 
parent  body  has  of  refracting  the  light  passing 
through  it. 


REFRACTORINESS. 

1709  BERKELEY  Th.  I'ision  §  34  By  the  refractive  power  of 
the  crystalline.  1769  WALKS  in  Phil.  Trans.  LX.  131  The 
very  great  refractive  power  of  the  air  in  these  parts.  1831 
BKEWSTKH  Optics\.  iii.  22  The  power  by  which  bodies  produce 
this  effect  is  called  their  refractive  power,  and  bodies  that 
produce  it  in  different  degrees  are  said  to  have  different  re 
fractive  powers.  1874.  tr.  Lomwefs  Light  60  In  this  way 
every  transparent  substance  has  its  own  refractive  power. 

C.  Refractive  index,  index  of  refraction.  (See 
INDEX  sh.  pa.) 

1839  G.  BIRD  Nat.  Philos.  394  The  refractive  indices  of 
the  different  refracting  structures  of  the  eye.  1873  W.  LEES 
Acoustics  \\.  iii.  52  In  the  passage  [of  light]  from  one 
medium  to  another  ofa  different  refractive  index. 

2.  a.  Due  to,  caused  by,  refraction. 

1717  BERKELEY  Jrnl.  Tour  Italy  19  Sept.,  Wks.  1871  IV. 
589  The  refractive  curve  in  an  atmosphere  of  ilifk-rent 
density.  i&jgCasseirs  Tcchn.  I-'.dac.  IV,  -\\-\'i  '1  hi tt  de 
fects — spherical  aberration,  chromatic  aberration,  and  re 
fractive  aberration.  1881  CLARK  RTSSKLL  Ocean  Free- 
Lance  \.  \.  234  Little  blobs  of  hazy  film  trembled  upon  the 
white  refractive  line  about  the  dark  waters  of  the  hori/on. 

b.  Refrangible. 

1890  Anthony's  Photogr.  Bull.  III.  417  Thereby  it  has 
been  shown  that  the  gelatine  absorbs  the  most  refract  ive 
rays  most  energetically. 

3.  Relating  to  refraction. 

1727  THOMSON  To  Man.  Newton  124  Ev'n  now  the  setting 
sun  and  shifting  clouds,,  .declare  How  just,  how  beauteous, 
the  refractive  law. 

4.  Refractory,  rare. 

1709  J.  NI.MMO  Narr.  (S.  H.  S.)  19  Kinstirie  seemd  not 
verie  refractive  if  Park  desired  him  to  take  the  burthin  of 
all  thes  off  my  hand.  1845  (implied  in  REPRACTIVENESS]. 

Hence  Refra'ctiveness,  Refractrvity. 

1843  J.  CAIRNS  Let.  in  Life  vii.  (1895)  140  Is  there  not  too 
much  refractiveness  in  his  exegetical  atmosphere..?  1845 
JANE  ROBINSON  Whitehall  xiv,  He  was  detained  ..ap 
parently  with  the  intention  of  subduing  the  refractiveness 
of  his  nature.  1889  Philos.  Mag.  Ser.  v.  XXV  II  I.  400  The 
ren-activity  of  a  .substance  is  the  difference  between  the 
index  of  refraction  of  the  substance  and  unity, 

Refracto'iueter.  [f.as  REFRACTS/.  +  -OMETER.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  indices  of  refrac 
tion  of  various  substances. 

1876  Catal.  Sci.  App.  S.  Kens.  133.  1883  Nature  15  Mar. 
4_73/i  On  a  refractometer  for  measuring  the  indices  of  refrac 
tion  and  the  dispersion  of  solid  bodies. 

Refractor  (rflfrse'kt/i).    [f.  REFRACT  v.  +  -OR.] 

fl.  A  refractory  person.   Obs.rare"^. 

1638  LAUD  Wks.  (1853)  V.  206,  I  have  received  an  answer 
not  much  in  effect  differing  from  this  petition,  from  two  or 
three  refractors  in  different  parts. 

f2.  That  which  breaks  or  repels.  Obs.  rare  ~'. 

1682  GREW  Exp.  Luctat.  Menstrunws  /r.  Bodies  i.  §  13 
For  which  reason . .  the  best  Correctors,  or  Refractors  of  the 
force  of  Colocynthis,  are  some  kinds  of  Alkalies. 

3.  A  medium  which  refracts  light ;  a  refracting 
lens. 

1836-41  BRANDE  Chem.  (ed.  5)  191  The  ultimate  direction 
of  a  refracted  ray  of  light  is  influenced  by  the  relative 
position  of  the  surface  of  the  refractor.  ci86o  FARADAY 
Forces  Nat.,  Electric  Light  190  As  yet  no  attempt  has  been 
made  to  construct  special.. refractors  for  it. 

b.  A  refracting  telescope.     Cf.  REFRACTER. 

1769  Phil.  Trans.  LIX.  308  The  situation  of  the  telescopes, 
the  reflector  being  within  the  observatory,  and  the  two  re 
fractors,  .without  it,  favoured  this  purpose.  1794  G.  ADAMS 
Nat.  $  Exp.  Philos.  II.  xxii.  471  [Newton's  telescopes]  in 
power  were  compared  to  a  six  feet  refractor.  1891  Anthony's 
Photogr,  Bull.  IV.  369  A  reflector  can  always  be  mounted 
at  far  less  cost  than  a  refractor  of  equal  aperture. 

Refractorily  (nfne-ktorili),  adv.  [f.  RE 
FRACTORY  a.  +  -LY-.]  In  a  refractory  manner. 

c  1646  True  Relat.  in  Glover  s  Hist.  Derby  (1829)  I.  App. 
62  She  still  refractorily  and  willfully  said,  that  shee  would 
not  give  them  one  p_enny.  1657  Penit.  Con/,  viii.  273  If  any 
person.. behaved  himself  refractorily  to  the  decrees  of  the 
Council.  1736  NEAL  Hist.  Pitrit.  III.  464  He  behaved  very 
refractorily  towards  the  Visitors.  1825  HONE  Eiiery-day 
Bk.  I.  1168  One  keeper  of  a.. stall,  .refractorily  persisted. 

Refractoriness  (rrfne-ktarines).  [f.  RE 
FRACTORY  a.  +  -NESS.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  refractory. 

1.  Of  persons :    Obstinacy,   perversity ;   stubborn 
disobedience   or   resistance   to  some  authority  or 
control.     (Common  in  1710  and  iSth  c.) 

121642  SIR  W.  MONSON  Naval  Tracts  \\.  (1704)  295/1 
Those  that  repine  at  Princes  Actions  out  of  Stubbornness, 
or  Refractoriness.  1686  HORNECK  Cnteif.  Jesus  xvii.  497 
Your  refractoriness  to  reformation  and  amendment  makes 
you  unworthy.  1752  CARTE  Hist.  Eng.  III.  677  They  now 
showed  their  disaffection  as  well  as  refractoriness  in  refusing 
to  give  thanks.  1807  Edin.  Rw.  X.  96  He  was.. abused 
for  his  refractoriness  in  this  particular.  1659  HAWTHORNE 
Marb.  Faun  \\.  (1878)  25  Donatello's  refractoriness,  .had 
evidently  cost  him  something. 

fig.  1658  A.  Fox  Wurtd  Snrg.  i.  viii.  33  If  Wounds  in 
the  dressing  be  abused.,  what  can  be  expected,  but  Natures 
unwillingness  and  refractoriness  ..  ? 

b.  Power  of  resistance  to  some  influence. 

1805  FOSTER  Ess.  i.  iv.  (1806)  I.  62  Unless  you  had  brought 
into  the  world  some  extraordinary  refractoriness  to  the  in 
fluence  of  evil.  1886  E.  R.  LANK  ESTER  Advancent.  Sc. 
(1890)  148  A  state  of  refractoriness  to  the  poison  of  rabies. 

2.  Of  things :  Resistance  to  treatment  or  mani 
pulation,  esp.  to  the  action  of  heat. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  299  Its  refractoriness  allows  of  a 
harder  glaze  being  applied  to  the  ware  formed  from  it. 
1870  Academy  12  Feb.  122  The  vigour  and  skill  with  which 
they  coped  with  its  [granite's]  refractoriness.  1893  SIR  R. 
BALL  Story  of  Sun  289  The  two  conditions  of  refractoriness 
and  low  atomic  weight. 


KEFRACTORIOUS. 


t  Refracto'rious,  a. 
=  REFRACTORY. 


Obs.    [f.  next  +  -ous.] 


1555  RIDLKY  in  Foxe  A.  fy  M.  (1563)  1360/2  Because  he 
was  verye  refractorious,  I  said  to  him  [etc.].  1608  TOPSELL 
Serpents  (1658)  639  Rebellious  persons,  refractorious, 
obstinate,  and  such  as  will  not  be  ruled.  1613  T.  GODWIN 
Rom.  Antiq.  (1658)  252  Punishments  used  ..  towards  re 
fractorious  and  disobedient  soldiers. 

Refractory  (rtfhe'ktari),  a.  and  sb.  Also  7 
-urie.  [var.  REFRACTARY,  on  anal,  of  adjs.  in  -ORY  2. 

'  It  is  now  accented  on  the  first  syllable,  but  by  Shake 
speare  on  the  second  '  Johnson  (1755) :  cf.  mod.  dial,  re'fer- 
totyt  re'fatoryt  and  see  the  note  to  REFRACTARY.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Stubborn,  obstinate,  perverse;  un 
manageable,  rebellious,  a.  of  persons. 

1613  R.  CAWDREY  Table  Alph.  (ed.  3),  Refractorie,  Stub- 
borne,  which  will  not  bend.  1646  UP.  MAXWELL  Burd. 
Issachi  io  If  He  be  obstinately  refractorie,  He  is  not  worthy 
to  hold  His  Crowne.  1699  BCRNET  39  Art.  xxxiii.  (1700) 
368  There  is  no  other  way  of  proceeding  but  by  cutting  off 
those  who  are  so  refractory.  1719  DE  FOE  Cntsoe  n.  ii, 
They  wire  a  parcel  of  refractory,  ungovernable  villains. 
1769  Jutting  Lett.  i.  (1788)  34  The  most  refractory  of  the 
colonies  were  still  disposed  to  proceed  by  . .  constitutional 
methods.  18x8  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  V.  iv.  436  The 
honour  of  his  government  was  concerned  in  chastising  a  re 
fractory  dependant.  1859  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk*  (1873) 
III.  v.  iii.  455  The  old  Roman  law  ..  gave  to  the  father  the 
power  even  of  life  and  death  over  his  refractory  offspring. 

absol.  1685  BAXTER  Paraphr.  N.  'J\,  Matt.  x.  ii  More 
worthy,  (or  less  unworthy)  than  the  refractory.  1772  JOHN- 
SON  in  Boswcll  (Argt.  for  Hastie),  The  refractory  must  be 
subdued  by  harsher  methods.  1847  PKESCOTT  Peru  (1850) 
II.  343  The  refractory  were  ejected. .from  their  offices. 
b.  of  character,  disposition,  actions,  etc. 

1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  fy  Cr.  \\.  ii.  182  To  curbe  those  raging 
appetites  that  are  Most  disobedient  and  refracturie.  a  1653 
HINNING  Serin.  (1845)  558  There  are  different  tempers  of 
mind  among  men,  some  more  smooth  and  pliable,  others 
more  refractory  and  froward.  1720  WELTON*  Suffer.  Son  of 
God\.  viL  130  All  those  Refractory  Dispositions  that  were 
Opposites  to  the  Love,  and  to  the  Law  of  God.  1748 
Ansons  Voy.  11.  iii.  148  A  Midshipman,  .had  appeared  the 
foremost  in  all  the  refractory  proceedings  of  the  crew.  1777 
WATSON/*/!//!/*//,  xiv.  (1839)  3i3_Thefactious  and  refractory 
spirit  of  the  Walloons  and  Flemings.  1836  J.  GILBERT  Chr. 
Atonem.  ix.  (1852)  278  The  thoughts  and  feelings  may  have 
still  their  refractory  range. 

f  2.  a.  Strongly  opposed,  not  amenable,  refusing 
compliance,  to  something.  Obs.  (freq.  in  lyth  c.) 

1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  n.  299  The  Citizens  of  Mounster.. 
were  now  growne  most  refractory  to  all  due  obedience. 
1671  SHADWELL  Humourists  in,  I  can  no  longer  be  re 
fractory  to  your  honourable  Desires.  1723  Pres.  St.  Russia 
I.  Pref.  2  A  People  formerly .  .so  refractory  to  all  Culture. 

fb.  Undesirous  tf/" something.  Obs.  rare~l. 
c  1610  SIR  J.  MGLVIL  Mem.  U735)  *74  He  seemed  some 
what  refractory  of  accepting  the  Government. 

3.  Med.  Of  wounds,  diseases,  and  the  like :  Obsti 
nate,  not  yielding  to  treatment. 

1663  BOYLE  Usef.  E.\-p.  Nat.  Phtlos.  n.  v.  xix.  290  Stub 
born  Diseases  that  had  been  found  refractory  to  all  ordinary 
Remedies.  1836-9  TODD  Cycl.  Anat.  II.  515/2  The  wound 
was  at  first  refractory. 

b.  Able  to  offer  resistance  to  a  disease;  not 
susceptible  to  morbid  agencies. 

1884  Science  III.  744/1  A  dog.. being  rendered  refractory 
to  rabies  by  hypodermic  inoculation.  1897  Allbittfs  Syst. 
Med.  II.  591  It  is  conceivable  that  with  a  weak  virus  in  a 
strongly '  refractory  '  individual,  the  appearance  of  erysipelas 
might  be  delayed. 

4.  Resisting  the  action  of  heat ;  difficult  to  fuse 
(or  to  work  in  any  way). 

1738  REID  tr.  Macquer's  Chym.  I.  359  All  Iron  ores  in 
general  are  refractory,  and  less  fusible  than  any  other. 
"777  PRIESTLEY  On  Air  III.  21  The  earth  of  tin  is  the  most 
refractory,  little  differing  ..  from  flint,  the  most  refractory 
of  all  the  earths.  1833  N.  ARNOTT  Physics  (ed.  5)  II.  151 
His  blow-pipe  fed  with  mixed  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  whose 
flame  is  capable  of  melting  the  most  refractory  substances. 
1871  H.  STEWART  Heat  (ed.  2)  §  109  The  most  refractory 
substances,  such  as  carbon,  can  be  made  to  appear  as  gases. 
fig.t  1836  EMERSON  Nature  .Idealism  Wks.  (Bonn)  II.  161 
To  him  [the  poetj  the  refractory  world  is  ductile  and  flexible. 
1857  IJUCKLE  Civiliz.  I.  iii.  140  Where  the  products  of  the 
external  world  have  been  refractory  [etc.]. 
B.  sb.  f  1.  A  refractory  person.  Obs. 

1627  ABP.  ABBOT  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  (1659)  I-  442  My 
Reply  was,  By  what  then  doth  he  coerce  those  Refractories  ? 
1633  T.  ADAMS  Exp.  2  Peter  ii.  5  Like  a  bladder,  which  the 
peevish  refractory  puts  under  his  arm. 

2.  A  piece  of  refractory  ware  employed  in  the 
process  of  glazing  pottery. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arls  1019  Occasionally  also  a  very  fusible 
composition  is  thrown  upon  the  inner  surface  of  the  muffle, 
and  5  or  6  pieces  called  refractories  are  set  in  the  middle  of 
it.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1910/1. 

t  Refra'cture,  sb.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  REFRACT 
v.  +  -TJKE.]  Refractory  opposition  or  action. 

1659  GAUDEN  Tears  Ch.  iv.  xx.  562  More  veniall  and  ex 
cusable  may  those  verball  reluctancies,  reserves,  and  re- 
fractures,  .seem. 

Ke-fra'cture,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  frac 
ture  (a  bone)  again. 

1876  Clin.  Soc.  Trans,  IX.  161  Mr.  Maunder  proposed  to 
try  and  re-fracture  the  thigh.  1898  Daily  AVnw  22  July  5/7 
He  unfortunately  re-fractured  the  left  bone. 

RefrsBne,  obs.  form  of  REFRAIN  v. 

tK»efragable,rt.  Obs.~*  [  =  o\)$.Y.refragabIet 
It.  refragabile^  med.L.  rtfragabilis  :  see  IRREFRAG 
ABLE  a.~\  That  may  be  refuted  or  gainsaid. 

1611  FI.ORIO,  Refragabilt,  refragable,  that  may  be  re 
pugned  or  gaine-stood.  17*1-  in  BAILEY  and  later  Diets. 


352 

Hence  t  Refragrafcility,  t  Befrag-ableness. 

1721-31  in  BAILEY.    [Hence  in  some  mod.  Diets.] 

f  Refragate,  v.  Obs.  [f.  L.  refragat-,  ppl. 
stem  of  rejragari  to  resist,  withstand.]  intr.  To 
j  oppose,  controvert,  gainsay. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  (1613)  119  Stoutly  they  refragate 

and  withstand,  that  the  Firmament  is  not  his  handy-worke. 

1623  COCKERAM,  Refragate>  to  gainesay.      1661  GLANVILL 

I'an.  Dognt.  179  If  upon  further  enquiry,  any  were  found  to 

i    refragate,  they  were  to  be  discharg'd  by  a  distinction. 

t  Refragatory,  a.  Obs.  rare~\     [f.  as  prec, 

+  -ORY  2.]     Disposed  to  controvert  or  refute. 

1716  M.  DAVIES  Athen.  Brit.  II.  To  Rdr.  45  As  to  the 
severer  sort  of  the  High-Church  Aristarchi,  I  shall  not  be 
very  Refragatory. 

Refraiohe,  obs.  form  of  REFRESH  v. 

t  Refraidour.  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  refraydeur. 
[a.  ONF.  *refreidure,  var.  OF.  refroidure :  see  RE- 
FROIDOUR  and  REFREID  z;.]  Cooling,  coolness. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  250  b/i  He  was  cold  of  the  fyrst 
refraydeur  whiche  is  desyre  of  heuenly  glorye  ..  which 
within  hym  posseded  therefraidour  of  paradis. 

Refrain  (r/fr^'-n),  $bl    Forms :  4  refreyne, 

5  refreyn,  6  refreine,  (7  reffrein) ;  6  refraynt, 

7-  refrain,  (8  -e).    [a.  OF.  refreiny  refrain  =  Prov. 

refranhy  Cat.  refrd,  Sp.  refran,  Pg.  refraot  in  the 

same  sense,  ultimately  f.  pop.  L.  *refrang?re  (OF. 

refraindre)  to  break  back,  break  again.     See  also 

REFREIT.]   A  phrase  or  verse  recurring  at  intervals, 

,    esp.  at  the  end  of  each  stanza  of  a  poem  or  song ; 

;   a  burden,  chorus.     Also  transf. 

App.  not  in  very  common  use  before  the  igth  century. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  n.  1522  (1571)  But  euere  more  alias 

I    was  his  refreyn.     c  1430  LVDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  128 

l     Remembre  sothely  that  I  the  refreyn  tooke,  Of.  .my  maister 

!    Chaucier,  chief  poete  of  Bretayne.      1530   PALSGR.  261/2 

j    Refraynt  of  a  balade,  refraynt.     1580  HOLLYBAND  Treas. 

i    Fr.  Tonf,  Envoy,  the  refreine  of  a  Ballade,  that  is,  the  foot 

|    of  a  song.     1603  HOLLAND  Plutarcfcs  Mor.  1271  In  all  the 

j    actions  of  Alexander,  a  man  may  use  this  for  a  reffrein  or 

!    faburden,  All   Philosophically.     1778   BP.   LOWTH   Transl. 

\    Isaiah  Notes  xl.  191  Dancing  and  throwing  in  alternately 

the  refrain  or  burthen  of  the  song.      179$  MASON  Ch.  Mus. 

213   To  confine    the    Organist   to  a  slightly  ornamented 

Refraine,  or  Ritornello  at  the  end  of  each  Stave  or  Stanza. 

1835  WILLIS  /lfe/am'f   36   When  another  sang  the  strain, 

j     I  mingled  in  the  old  refrain.  x86oAi>LKR/V0z'./V^.xviii.^o8 

!    The  song  was  divided  into  several  stanzas,  each  of  which 

I    terminated  in  a  refrain.     1877  BLACK  Green  Past.  xiv.  (1878) 

j    1 14  These  old  phrases  and  chance  refrains  seeme,d  to  suggest 

l    themselves  quite  naturally. 

tRefrai'n,  sb.'*>  Obs.  rare-*.  In  6  refrane. 
[f.  REFRAIN  z;.]  Restraint. 

c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  iv.  86  The  denkest  sounest 
doun,  The  farest  but  refrane,  The  gayest  grittest  loun. 

Refrain  (r/fr^-n),  v.  Forms:  4-5  refreyne(n, 
5  -nyn),  5-6  refreyn,  (5  Sc.  ra-),  6-7  refrein(e  ; 
4,  6  refreigne,  (4  Sc.  refrene),  4-6  refrene,  (7 
refrsme);  4-6  refrayn(e,  5-6  refrane,  5-7  re 
fraine,  6-  refrain,  [ad.  OF.  refrener  (i2th  c. ; 
mod.F.  refiner] :  ad.  L.  refrfnare  to  bridle,  f.  re- 
RE-  +frenuni)fraenum  bridle.] 

I.  trans.  +L  To  restrain,  hold  back,  check 
(a  person  or  thing).  Obs. 

£-1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  278  pat  meyntenours  of  false 


hurt  themselves  or  me,  refrain.  1645  M.  CASAUBON  Orig. 
Temp.  Ei'ils  42  What  then,  .would  they  do,  if  God  did  use 
no  such  means,  no  such  examples  to  refrain  them  ? 

b.  refl.  To  restrain,  put  restraint  upon  (oneself)  ; 
to  repress  any  manifestation  of  emotion,  impatience, 
etc.  Now  arch. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  317, 1  am  suche  oon  by 
kynde,  but  I  refreyne  [v.  r.  refreigne]  me  by  vertue.  c  1400 
Bcryn.  2745  Wherfor  refreyne  the,  And  blowe  but  fair  & 
sofft.  1535  COVERDALE  Gen.  xiv.  i  Then  coude  not  loseph 
refrayne  him  self  before  all  them  that  stode  aboute  him. 
a  1861  CLOUGH  Poems  on  Life  fy  Duty,  In  a  London  Square 
n,  Andthou,  O  human  heart  of  mine,  Be  still,  refrain  thyself 
and  wait.  1895  Weshn.  Gaz.  4  Oct.  1/2  For  the  first  six 
months. .the  Party,  .refrained  themselves  and  kept  low. 

fC.  (In  lit.  sense.)  To  rein  back,  rein  in  (ahorse). 
ci43o  SyrGcner.  (Roxb.)  6387  He  ..  Refreyned  his  hors, 
and  come  hem  too.  Ibid.  6431  Gentil  knight,  refreyn  youre 
stede.  1515  BARCLAY  Kgloges  iv.  (1570)  C  iij  b/i  But  if  this 
same  colte  be  broken  at  the  last,  His  sitter  ruleth  and  him 
refrayneth  fast. 

f  d.  Astrol.  in  pass.  Of  a  planet :  To  receive 
a  check  and  become  retrograde  before  attaining 
conjunction  with  another.  Obs. 

f  1598  G.  C.  Math.  Phisicke  E  iv  b,  Venus  seeking  the  con- 
junction  of  Saturn  by  retrfogradation]  is  refrayned.     [1606    ' 
FAGK  Sfec.  SEgrot.  E  iv,  Sometimes  by  accidents. .  their 
friendship  and  familiaritie  is  refrained.] 

T  6.  Sc.  To  hold,  contain.  Obs.  ra)'e"~~l. 
1542  Inv.  R.  \Vardr.  (1815)  72  Item  twa  doubill  planttis 
I?  read  plattis]  to  refrane  heit  waiter  in  maner  ofschoufer. 

2.  To  hold  back,  restrain  (a  person  or  thing) 
from  something,  esp.  some  act  or  course  of  action, 
f  Also  const,  of.  Now  rare. 


REFRAIN. 

.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xvi.  (Magd.}  230  Scho.  .presyt  hyre 
in  mony  wyse  bame  to  refrenje  fra  sik  seruice  of  ydolis. 
£1400  Destr.  Troy  11305  Eneas.  .Refraynit  Amphimacus  of 
his  frike  wille.  1450-80  tr.  Secreta  Secret.  5  God  comfort 
the.. and  refrayne  the  from  flesshely  and  bestly  desires. 
1494  FABVAN  Chron.  vn.  ccxxiii.  249  In  auoydynge  wherof. . 
he  lytell  &  lytell  refrayned  theym  of  theyr  outrage.  1535 
COVERDALE  Ps.  cxviii.  [cxix.J  101,  I  refrayne  my  fete  from 
euery  euell  waye.  1551  ROBINSON  tr.  More's  Utop.  n.  (1895) 
222  They..cowlde  not  for  all  that  be  refreyned  from  mys- 
doynge.  1601  NIXON  Eliza's  Mem.  cxxxi.  in  Farr  S.  P. 
Eliz.  (1845)  II.  556  To  make  us  of  true  light  participate, 
Whereby  our  steps  from  darknes  are  refrain'd.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.\i.  360  Nor  from  the  Holie  One  of  Heav'n  Refrein'd 
[he]  his  tongue  blasphemous.  1883  TENNYSON  Charge  Heavy 
Brig.  Epil.  14  Trade  [might]  refrain  the  Powers  From  war. 
absol.  c  1400  ROM.  Rose  4956  But  Eelde  gan  ageyn  re- 
streyne  From  sich  foly,  and  refreyne. 

t  b.  refl.  To  restrain  (oneself  )from  some  action, 
etc.  Obs.  (cf.  9). 

a  1400-50  Alexander  4638  If  ge  refreyne  £ow  J>ar-fra.  .;ow 
writhis  with  ?our  wele.  1450-80  tr.  Secreta  Secret.  22 
He  that  wille  . .  refrayne  him  from  ouirmoche  etyng  and 
drynkyng.  1535  COVERDALE  Acts  v.  38  And  now  1  saye 
vnto  you :  refrayne  youre  selues  from  these  men,  and  let 
them  go.  1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin"s  Inst,  I.  3  She  doth  not 
for  onely  feare  of  punishment  refraine  her  self  from  sinning. 
1581  RICH  Farew.  vm.  A  a  iij,  Thei  haue  not  bin  able  to  re 
fraine  themselues,  from  prosecuting  their  follie  to  the  ende. 

fc.  Const,  with  inf.  ex  that.  Obs. 
c  1450  St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  7782  pe  enmys  to  wende  him 
refreynd.  c  1500  Three  Kings  Sons  192  Assone  as.. he 
knewe  it  was  Le  Surnome,  he  coude  not  refrayne  him  to 
kisse  him.  1535  COVERDALE  Acts  xiv.  50  They  scarse  re 
frayned  the  people,  that  they  dyd  not  sacrifice  vnto  them. 
c  1570  Pride  fy  Lowl.  (1841)  12  111  can  I  take  at  thy  hand 
such  despit,  And  that  to  dooe  thee  force  I  mee  refrayn. 

1 3.  To  restrain,  curb,  check,  stay  (an  action,  pro 
ceeding,  feeling,  quality,  etc.).  Obs. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxviii.  (Margaret)  8  Vertu  It  is 
blud  to  restrense,  &  flux  of  wame  refrenje.  £1380  WYCLIF 
Wks,  (1880)  278  J?at  J>e  grete  blasphemye  of  goddis  name  . . 
be  refreyned  bi  drede  of  peynes.  c  1450  St.  Cuthbert 
(Surtees)  1592  He  was  euer  mare  in  his  office  Bysy  to  re- 
freyn  vice.  1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  F  iv,  By  curtosye 
and  by  swete  langage  ou^ht  the  good  wymmen  to  refreyne 
the  yre  and  wrathe  of  their  lord.  1538  STAKKEY  England 
I.  iv.  120  Yf  we  coude  fynd  a  way  to  tempur  and  refrayne 
thayr  malyce.  1561  HOLLYBUSH  How.  Apoth.  15  b,  The 
same  refrayneth  the  breaking  up  of  the  stomake.  1585  T. 
WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas  Voy.  iv.  xxxi.  153  b,  To  the  in 
tent  to  refraine  superfluity  and  dayntinesse.  1637  R.  ASH 
LEY  tr.Malvezzfs  David  Persecuted  227  It  is  not  altogether 
impossible  to  refraine  nature  a  long  time.  *683TRvoN  Way 
to  Health  107  [When]  the  continual  use  hath  made  this 
weak  Quality  strong,  then  it  oft-times  proves . .  a  difficulty  to 
Refrain  it. 

fb.  To  withhold  or  keep  backyhw*  another. 
1503  HAWES  Exantp,  Virt.  vii.  1,  And  I  dyd  my  power 
from  nym  refrayne  All  his  labour  were  lost  in  vayne.  a  1586 
SIDNEY  Arcadia  (1622)  37  A  strange  nicenesse  were  it  in 
mee  to  refraine  that  from  the  eares  of  a  person  representing 
so  much  worthines. 

4.  To  put  a  restraint  or  check  upon  (one's  own 
desires,  feelings,  actions,  etc.). 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  756,  I  schal  ..  my  rankor  refrayne 
for  by  reken  wordez,  1382  WYCLIF  Ja$.  i.  26  If  ony  man 
gessith  him  silf  for  to  be  religious,  not  refreynynge  his  tunge, 
.  .the  religioun  of  him  is  veyn.  1413  Pilgr.  Soivle  (Caxton 
1483)  iv.  xx.  67  We  haue  no  myght  oure  sorowe  to  refreyne. 
1483  CAXTON  Cato  B  v  b,  Thou  oughtest  to  refrayne  thyn 
yre.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Cotnin.  64  Certainly  ye 
ought  to.. refraine  your  prodigalitie  and  riot.  1584  COGAN 
Haven  Health  Ep.  Ded.  F  3  A  great  punishment  it  is  for  a 
man  to  refraine  his  appetite.  1647  LILLY  Chr.  Astrol.  n.  312 
She  refraines  and  restraines  her  Concupiscence  very  much, 
and  casts  off  her  Suitors.  1678  MARVELL  Reh.  Transp.  i. 
85  That  even  then  Mr.  Bayes  alone  should  not  be  able  to 
refrain  his  Malignity.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  \,  100  Neptune 
aton'd,  his  wrath  shall  now  refrain.  1773-83  HOOLE  Orl. 
Fur.  xii.  258  Say— whither  would  ye  go  ?— your  course  re 
frain,  1846  KINGSLEY  Misc.  (1859)  II.  348,  I. .meddled  in 
matters  too  high  for  me,  instead  of  refraining  my  soul,  and 
keeping  it  low.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  498  When  we 
heard  that,  we  were  ashamed,  and  refrained  our  tears. 
b.  To  confine,  keep  within  bounds.  rare~l. 
1814  GARY  Dante>  Paradise  xxu.  49  My  brethren,  who 
their  steps  refrain'd  Within  the  cloisters. 
1 5.  To  keep  from  (an  action), desist  from,  give  up. 
'593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  /'*/,  n.  ii.  no  Scarse  I  can  refraine 
The  execution  of  my  big-swolne  heart  Vpon  that  Clifford. 
1606  G.  W[OODCOCKE]  Hist.  Ivstine  xii.  55  One  of  the  wise 
men  gaue  him  aduice  to  refrain  his  cumming  there,  for  it 
was  the  fatal  place  of  his  death.  1676  MARVELL  Gen.Councils 
Wks.  1875  IV.  154  Whereas  if  men  could  have  refrain'd 
this  cunning,  .governing  of  Christianity  [etc].  1725  POPE 
Odyss.  iv.  907  Must  my  servant  train  Th1  allotted  labours  of 
the  day  refrain . .  ? 

f  b.  Const,  with  gerund  or  vbl.  sb.  Obs.  (cf.  9  b). 
1561  T.  HOBY  tr.  Castiglione's  Courtyer  \.  (1577)  D  iv, 
They  come  so  to  purpose,  that  hee  can  not  refraine  telling 
them.  x6xi  BIIILE  Jot>xx\\.  9  The  princes  refrained  talking, 
and  laid  their  hand  on  their  mouth.  1620  VENNER  Via 
Recta  (1650)  5  Those  that  have  tender  bodies  shall  do  well 
to  refraine  travelling  abroad  in  such  a  disordered  change  of 
the  aire.  1678  OTWAY  Friendship  in  F.  \\.  13  A  spark  can 
no  more  refrain  running  into  love  after  a  Bottle  [etc.].  1725 
DE  FOE  yoy.  round  World  (rt+o)  276  We  could  not  refrain 
smilingat  oneanother.  1745  ELIZA  I\V.\\\'QQQ  Female  Sfecf. 
No.  14  (1748)  III.  104  Impossible  was  it  for  her  to  refrain 
being  merry  at  the  first  part  of  this  intelligence.  1791  MRS. 
RADCUFFX  Rom.  Forest  v,  She  resolved,  however,  to  refrain 
for  some  time  walking  in  the  forest. 

fc.  To  keep  back  (laughter  or  tears).   Obs.  rare. 
1638  MAYNE /,»£/#«  (1664)  16, 1  could  not  refraine  laughter, 
when  he  proceeded,  and  said  [etc.].      i7ig  DE  FOK  Crusoe 
II.  vi,  This,  .man  could  not  refrain  tears. 


REFRAINATION. 

f  6.  To  abstain  from  (a  habit  or  practice) ;  to  give 
up,  avoid,  eschew.  Ofis. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidune's  Couim.  28  That  his  adversaries 
may  refraine  theyr  wonted  rayling.  1567  Gude  >,  Godlie 
B.  iS.T.S.)  16  Als  oft  as  we  repent,  and  sm  refraine.  1606 
G.  W[OODCOCKE]  Hist.  Ivstine  xii.  55  He  began  anew  his 
feastings  and  ryot,  which  of  some  long  time  he  had  re- 
frayned.  1658  WkoU  Duty  Man  viii.  §  15  Which  would 
certainly  kill  thee  if  thou  didst  not  for  some  little  time  re- 
frain  immoderate  drinking.  1738  tr.  Guazzo's  A  rt  Conversa 
tion  42  We  ought  to  refrain  Conversation  with  such  sort  of 
Persons.  1751  ELIZA  HEYWOOD  Betsy  Thoughtless  II.  267 
Having  been  advised . .  to  refrain  the  use  of  any  of  these 
liquors,  on  account  of  some  disorder. 

f  b.  To  abstain  from  using  or  partaking  of 
(some  article  of  food  or  drink).  Obs. 

1568  HYLL  Card.,  Yearly  Conjecf.  v,  Sharpe  meates  refraine 
in  this  moneth.     1580  LVLY  Eufktics  (Arb.)  447  They  re 
fraine   wine,   bicause   they  fear  to  take   too   much.     1641 
HAKF.K  Citron.  (1670)  401/1  She  would  sit  silently,  refrain  her 
meat,  and  not  admit  of  any  conference.     1691  TRYON  \Visd. 
Dictates  21  Refrain  all  salt  sharp  Foods,  as  Cheese,  Flesh. 
t  c.  To  keep  the  hands  off  (something).   Obs.—1 
1600  TOURNEUR    Transf.  Metam.  liv,  Thou  monstrous 
fiend  (quoth  he)  thy  pray  refrain. 
f7.  To  avoid, shun,  eschew  (one's  company).  Obs. 
'547-64  BAULDWIN  Mor.  Philos.  \.  (Palfr.)  54  A  king  ought 
to  refraine   the  company  of  vicious  persons.      1579   LYLV 
Euphues  (Arb.)  145  Not  disdayriing   their  cockemates  or 
refraining  their  company.      1629  WADSWORTH  Pilgr.  vi.  53 
Father   Boniface ..  gaue  order  to  his  tutor  to  refraine  my 
company.     1697  SIR  T.  P.  BLOUNT  Ess.  148,  I  refrain  no 
man's  company  because  his  opinion  comes  not  up  to  mine. 
1716  Bp.  WILSON  in  Keble  Life  (1863)  I.  xi.  371  [He  at 
once  excommunicates   the   offender]  that   the   Society   of 
Christians  may  utterly  refrain  his  company. 

t  b.  To  avoid,  keep  or  stay  away  from  (a  place); 
also,  to  go  away  from,  to  leave.  Obs. 

1577  HANMER  Anc.  Ecclts.  Hist.  (1619)  290  Such  as  re 
frained  the  Churches  and  publike  assembly.  1605  Play  itf 
Stuck?  in  Simpson  Sch.  Shaks.  (1878)  I.  229  It  is  most 
certain  there  are  many  sick  And  therefore  good  my  Lord  re 
frain  the  place.  1621  LADY  M.  WROTH  Urania  8,  I  must 
my  Lord  (said  she)  intreate  you  to  refraine  this  place. 
a  1723  Robin  Hood  $  Little  John  xxxviii.  in  Child  Ballads 
III.  136/2  Then  all  the  whole  train  the  grove  did  refrain, 
And  unto  their  caves  they  did  go.  1748  JOHNSON  fan. 
Hum.  Wishes  149  Should  tempting  Novelty  thy  cell  refrain. 

t  c.  To  avoid  or  shun  (danger).  Obs.  rare  -1. 
<- 1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.T.S.)  xxxii.  23  To  refrane  that 
denser  plane,  Fie  alwayis  frome  be  snair. 
II.  inlr.  8.  To  abstain,  forbear. 
c  1400  Deslr.  Troy  2957  [pou]  might  faire  haue  refraynit 
with  hi  fre  wille.  c  1430  LVUG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  69 
Over  salt  mete  doth  grete  opprcssioun  To  fieble  stomakes, 
whan  they  can  nat  refreyne.  1349  COVEEDALE,  etc.  Erasm. 
Par.  Rout.  Prol.  24,  I  may  of  myne  owne  strength  refraine 
that  I  do  mine  enemy  no  hurte.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleifiaitt's 
Coinm.  306,  I  wylt  refrayne  and  wil  aske  him  but  this 
question  only.  1605  SHAKS.  Klacb.  11.  iii.  122  Who  could 
refraine,  That  had  a  heart  to  loue. .  ?  1648  MILTON  Sonti.  to 
C.  Skinner,  Heav'n.. disapproves  that  care,  though  wise  in 
show.  That. .when  God  sends  a  cheerful  hour,  refrains. 
1715  DE  FOE  Fam.  Instruct,  i.  viii.  (1841)  I.  148,  I  am  per 
suaded  had  you  been  there,  you  could  not  have  refrained. 
1780  COWPER  Progr.  Err.  456  Let  the  wretch  refrain,  Nor 
touch  the  page  he  cannot  but  profane.  1807  CKABBE  Par. 
Reg.  II.  18  T'ill  age,  refrain  not— but  if  old,  refrain.  1875 
GLADSTONE  Glean.  VI.  xx.  154,  I  might,  I  believe,  add  other 
instances,  .but  it  is  needless  and  I  gladly  refrain. 

transf.  1522  SKELTON  Why  not  to  Court  36  But  whan  age 
seeth  that  rage  Dothe  aswage  and  refrayne.  i88S  WINTER 
Shaks.  Eng.  ii.  (1893)  21  Fog  has  refrained,  though  it  is 
understood  to  be  lurking  in  the  Irish  Sea. 
t  b.  Const,  with  to  and  inf.  Obs. 
I5S4-9  Songs  f,  Ball.  Philip  i,  Mary  (1860)  9  To  synge 
the  truthe,  why  shulde  I  refrayne  ?  1361  DAUS  tr.  Bullinger 
on  Apoc.  Pref.  (1573)  5  Lawrence  Ualla.  .could  not  refrayne 
to  enveygh  against  the  Popish  clergie.  1633  G.  HERHEUT 
Temple,  Providence  v,  He  that  to  praise  and  laud  thee  doth 
refrain.  1671  MILTON  Samson  1565,  I  refrain,  too  suddenly 
To  utter  what  will  come  at  last  too  soon.  1718  ROWE  tr. 
Lucan  v.  284  Why  did  your  wary  Oracles  refrain  To  tell 
what  Kings,  what  Heroes  must  be  slain  ? 
9.  To  abstain,  keep  oneself,  from  some  act  or 
feeling,  fusing  or  partaking  of  something,  inter 
ference  with  a  person,  etc. 

1538  STARKEV  England  II.  ii.  191  Thys  schold  cause  the 
attorneys  and  prokturys  to  refrayne  from  theyr  crafty  in- 
uentyonys.  1571}  LYLY  Euphues  (Arb.)  no  Learne  of 
Romulus  to  refraine  [158 1  abstaine]  from  wine.  1604  SHAKS. 
Ofn.  iv.  i.  99  (Qq.)  He,  when  he  heares  of  her,  can  not  refraine 
From  the  excesse  of  Laughter.  1611  BIBLE  Acts  v.  38 
And  now  I  say  vnto  you,  refraine  from  these  men,  and  let 
them  alone.  1679  DRYDEN  Trail.  <$•  Cress.  Pref.,  Consider 
the  wretchedness  of  his  Condition .  .and  refrain  from  pitty  if 
you  can.  1711  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  106  r  3  Some  of  them 
could  not  refrain  from  Tears  at  the  Sight  of  their  old  Master. 
1777  \ixnmPkilit  !l.  vil.  (1839)  123  That  their  preachers 
should  refrain  from  all  invectives  against  the  established 
church.  1819  SHELLEY  Julian  498, 1  refrain  From  that  sweet 
sleep  which  medicines  all  pain.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2) 
V.  304  A  man  should  refrain  from  excess  either  of  laughter  or 
tears. 

b.  Const./rom  with  gerund  or  vbl.  sb.  (cf.  5  b). 
1528  ROY  Rede  me  (Arb.  30)  Howe  shall  we  from  hevy 
wepynge_refrayne  ?    1579  LYLV  Euphues  (Arb.)  152  Refraine 
1620  tr.   Boccaccio's   Decam.    98    Refraine 


from   d 

from  weeping  and 


serve  attentively  what  I   shall  say. 


his  advantage  to  an  extremity. 

t  Refraina-tion.  Astral.  Obs.     [var.  of  RE 
FRENATION,  after  prec.]    =  REFRENATION  a. 
1598    F.    WITHER   tr.    Dariofs    Judgem.   Slams   H  b, 
VOL.  VIII. 


353 

Prohibition  or  let  is  done  by  retrogradation  or  going  back 
ward..:  and  this  let  is  properly  called  a  Refreynation,  or 
houlding  backe.  1679  MOXON  Math.  Diet.,  Refraination, 
'Tis  a  kind  of  weakmng  to  a  Planet  which  is  called  so  by 
Astrologers  when  a  Planet  going  to  an  Aspect  with  another, 
before  they  come  up  to  it  becomes  Retrograde,  and  thereby 
is  as  it  were  pluckt  back.  1704  ELAND  Tutor  to  Astral.  58 
Refraination  is,  when  a  Planet  is  applying  to  another, 
either  by  Conjunction  or  Aspect,  and  before  he  comes  to 
Conjunction  he  becomes  retrograde. 

t  Refrained,  ///.  a.  Obs.  rare.  [app.  from 
REFRAIN  v.  +  -ED  1,  but  perh.  an  error  for  refrayed 
REFUEID.]  Of  a  hawk  :  ?  Affected  with  a  cold. 

1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  C  vij,  Whan  ye  se  your  hawke 
nesynge  &  casting  water  thorugh  her  noesthrilles  on  her 
nares  :  then  dowteles  she  ii  Refraned.  Ibid.,  A  medecyne 
forhawkis  that  bene  Refreyned.  [Hence  in  later  works.] 

Refrai  iier.  rare—1,  [f.  REFRAIN  v.  +  -ER  i.] 
One  who  restrains. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VII  56  These  .ii.  persons  were 
euer  cohibetors  and  refreiners  of  the  kinges  wilfull  skope. 

t  Refrarning,  vbl.  sl>.i  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RE 
FRAIN  sb.1]  Singing  of  a  refrain  ;  caroling. 

t  a  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  749  Noon.-couthe  make  in 
song  sich  refreynynge,  It  sat  hir  wondir  wel  to  synge. 

Refraining  (r/W-nin),  vbl.  sb.*  [f.  REFIJAIN 
v.  +  -Ufa 1.]  The  action  or  fact  of  restraining, 
abstaining,  etc. 

(TI340  HAMPOLE  Prase  Tr.  20  In  fastynge,  wakeynge, 
and  in  refreynynge  of  thi  flesshly  lustis.  1398  TKEMS\ 
Earth.  De  P.  R.  xvili.  viii.  (Bod!.  MS.),  pe  asse  ..  is  [led] 
heder  and  bedre..bi  refreynynge  of  be  bernacle.  1526 
Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  45  They  profyte  moche  in  y« 
refreynynge  or  leuynge  of  vnlawfull  pleasures.  1611  COTCR., 
Refrenation,  a  refraining.  1857  SUSANNA  WINKWOKIH 
tr.  Life  Tauler  56  All  her  works  and  refrainings  will  give 
her  no  content.  1873  WHITNEY  Life  Lang.  xv.  312  The 
refraining  from  pushing  conclusions  beyond  what  the 
evidences  warrant. 

Refrainment  (n"ft,?'-nment).  rare.  [f.  as 
prec.  + -MENT.]  Refraining,  abstinence. 

1711  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  III.  vi.  vi.  386  Forbearance 
and  Indurance,  or  what  we  may  otherwise  call  Refraiimient 
and  Support.  1884  MRS.  F.  E.  PIRKIS  J.  Wynne  II.  vii. 
91  Her  night's  rest  and  refrainment  having  evidently 
sharpened  the  edge  of  her  appetite  for  pretty  things. 

Refraite,  variant  of  REFREIT  Obs. 

Reframe  (rflrv'-m),  v.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To 
frame,  fashion  anew.  Hence  Refra'ming  vbl.  sb. 

1590  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Antonie  I.  99  So  long  thy  loue  with 
such  things  nourished  Reframes,  reformes  it  selfe.  1598 
BARRET  Theor.  U'arres  VI.  i.  183  The  ready  refraining  of 
them  [maniples]  againe  into  their  grand  square.  1627 
HAKEWILL  Apol.  (1630)  274  It  was.  .unframed  and  reframtd 
m  the  Grand  Signiours  presence  by  the  maker,  a  1711 
KEN  Christophil  Poet.  Wks.  172!  I.  498  My  Jesus,  who 
dost  Souls  reframe,  To  a  true  God-like  Height.  1768-74 
TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  285,  I  shall  be  content  with  it,., 
without  regarding  whether  he  had  made  it  up  of  the  same 
materials  as  the  former,  reframed,  or  of  fresh  stuff.  1839-52 
BAILEY  Festus  xx.  354  All  things  reframed  themselves 
before  mine  eyes.  1884  Law  Times  LXXVI.  294/1  The 
promoters  ..  would  be  more  likely  to  meet  with  general 
support.. if  they  would  reframe  their  Bills. 

f  Refrana'tion,  irreg.  var.  of  REFRAINATION 
or  REFRENATION.  Obs.  Chiefly  Astral. 

1583  T._  HETH  Cotifut.  Astral.  Disc.  B  vij  b,  Although 
they  bee  in  application,  yet  is  the  same  ..  preuented  by  re- 
franation,  afore  they  come  to  the  full  conjunction.  1597 
A.  M.tr.  Guillfmeaii's  I-'r.  Chirurg.  49/1  The  refranatione 
or  bridlinge  of  this  furiouse  humoure.  1658  PHILLIPS, 
Refranation,  is,  when  a  Planet  is  Applying  to  another,  . . 
and  before  he  comes  joyned,  he  becomes' retrograde.  1819 
J.  WILSON  Diet.  Astrol.  220  Refranation  is  the  most  certain 
symptom  of  a  breach  between  the  parties. 

Refrane,  obs.  form  of  REFRAIN  v.  (and  sb2). 

Refrangent  (rflne-ndj&t),  a.  rare.  [f.  pres. 
pple.  of  L.  *refrangSre  (for  refringcre) :  see  RE 
FRACT  z>.]  Refracting  ;  breaking  up  again. 

1880  SWINBURNE  Songs  ofSpring-t.,  Card.  Cymoaact  304 
The  beam..refrangent  again  from  the  wave.  1883  STERN- 
BERG  Bacteria  269  The  anthrax  bacillus ..  develops  re- 
frangent,  endogenous  spores. 

RefrangibHity.    [f.  next  +  -ITT.] 
1.  The  property  of  being  refrangible ;  the  degree 
to  which  this  property  is  present. 

1673  NEWTON  in  Phil.  Trans.  VIII.  6090  The  Sun's  light 
consists  of  rays  differing  by  indefinite  degrees  of  Refrangi- 
bOity.  1706  W.  JONES  Syn.  Palmar.  Mathesos  302  Homo- 
geneal  Rays  (or  those  of  like  Refrangibility).  1717  J. 
KEILL  Anita.  Oecon.  (1738)  147  Rays  of  Light,  of  different 
Refrangibilities.  1808  Phil.  Trans.  XCIX.  268  Th 


REFRENATION. 

Hence  Refra-ng-ibleness. 

1731  in  BAILEY  vol.  II,  and  hence  in  some  mod.  Diets 

t  Refra-ngile,  a.    Obs.     [f.  the  vbl.  stem  *re- 


frang-  (see  prec.)  +  -iLE.]     Liable  to  be  refracted 


„ rcglt 

2.  Refracting  power,    rare  ~1. 
1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1860)  I.  xxi.  140  Glasses  of   I 
different  refrangibilities. 

Refrangible  (rrfrcc-ndjib'l),  a.     [ad.  L.  type 
*refrangibilis  i.  *refrangtre  (for  refringSre) :   see   ,' 
REFRACT  v.]  Capable  of  being  refracted ;  admitting 
of,  susceptible  to,  refraction. 

1673  NEWTON  in  Phil.    Trans.  VIII.  6090,  I  call  that    i 
Light   homogeneal,   similar,    or   uniform,   whose   rays  are    ,' 
equally  refrangible.    1706  W.  JONES  Svn.  Palmar.  Muthesos    j 
301    The    Light   of  the   Sun   consists   of   Rays    that    are    ! 
differently..  Refrangible.    ^JTO Monthly  A'«/.  XLII.  507  All    . 
the  different  images  of  the  object  produced  by  the  differently 
refrangible  rays.     1822  IMISON  Sc.  <r  Art  II.  33  The  in 
visible  rays  of  heat  being  more  refrangible  than  those  of    I 
light.     1851  NICIIOI.  Archil.  Hear.  (ed.  9)218  The  red  or 
least  refrangible  end  of  the  spectrum. 


flexile.     [Cf.  iiu.jn. 

t  Refrau-ght,  v.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RE- 5  a  + 
FRAUGHT  v.}  trans.  To  freight  again.  So  f  Be- 
frau-g-ht/<r.  pple.,  reladcn. 

l6ia  Proc.  Virginia  in  Capt.  Smith's  H  ks.  (Arb.)  12^ 
Capture  Newport  vndertook  to  fraught  the  Pinnace  with 
j  corne,  in  going  and  returning  in  his  discoverie,  and  to  re- 
fraught  htr  again  from  Werawocomoco.  1765  E.  THOMPSON 
Meretridaii  26  Entpmb'd  sev'n  years,  and  lo !  she  rose 
again  !  Refraught  with  goods. 

Refrayed:  see  REFREID/Z.  pple. 

Refrayn.e,  -fraynt,  obs.  forms  of  REFRAIN  v. 

t  Refrayne,  v.  Ois.  [f.  RE- +  PRAY.NE  v., 
i  perh.  after  require]  trans.  To  question  or  examine. 

c  M*S  Seven  Sag.  (P.)  22  He  toke  thaym,  and  refreynde 
alle,  Whilk  of  thaym  he  myght  take.  1:1450  LONELIOI 
Merlin  ^1188  (KiJlbing),  The  jugge  gan  hire  refreyne  And 
axede  hire  [etc.].  1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.  250^,  But  fiendly 
I  wyll  refrayne  you  ferlher,  or  we  flyt,  Whtre'to  were  most 
metely  my  coiage  to  knyt. 

Refrech,  obs.  form  of  REFRESH  v. 

t  Refre'Ctore.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  mcd.L.  re- 
freclorhtm  for  refectorium :  cf.  OF.  refrcitur, 
i  refretor,  etc.  and  see  FHATEBJ/;.!]  =  RKFKCTORY. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  183  Also  he  did  write  in  the 
belle  in  the  ffrater  or  refrectore  [etc.]. 

Refreeze  (nli»-z),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and 
intr.  To  freeze  again. 

a.  trans.  1794  J.  WILLIAMS  in  A  Cabinet,  etc.  p.  vii,  He 
can  . .  thaw  coagulation,  and   refree/e    the   billows.      1860 
TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  xi.  77  The  surface  of  the  snow  had  been 
partially  melted  by  the  sun  and  then  refrozen. 

b.  intr.    1853  KANE  G''i'"iell  K.vf.  j.li.  (1856)  377  The 
surface   thaw.. is  protected   from    re-free/ing  by  the   very 
snow  through  which  it  has  descended.     1875  CKOLL  (.  limate 
•V  T.  App.  vi.  554  The  water.. refreezes  the  moment  it  is  re 
lieved  fruin  pressure. 

t  Refreid,  v.  vand  pa.  pple,)  Ol>s.  rare.    In  4-5 

refreyd(e,   refrayed ;    refre(i',t,   refrcyt.       [a". 

j    ONF.  refreider  (-ier,  -ir)  to  cool,  to  make  or  be- 

'    come  cold  ;  see  also  REFROIIJ  v.  and  KEFRAIUOL'IS.] 

1.  trans.  To  cool,   make    cold,    chill.     Also    in 
fa.  pple.,  affected  with  a  cold. 

With  the  second  quot.  £1410  cf.  OF.  4che\al  qui  estoit 
refroidie1  (1456-7  in  Godef.  VI.  727/3). 

<TI374  CHAUCER  Rosenunind  21  My  love  may  not  refreyd 
be  nor  afounde  ;  I  brcnne  ay  in  an  amorous  plesaunce. 
£1386  —  Pars.  T.  f  267  If  he  were  al  refreyded  by  siknesse 
or  by  malerice  of  sorcerie  or  colde  drynkes.  t  1410  Muster 
of  Game  v.  (MS.  Digby  182),  And  for  cause  |  at  be  sowe 
shall  be  refreted  [v.  r.  refreited;  F.  rt-frt>idees\  be  boore 
goth  not  frome  hir.  Ibid,  xii,  Houndes  somtyme  belli 
refrayed,  as  horse,  whan  bai  haue  renne  to  longe  and  com- 
meth  huote  in  some  water. 

2.  intr.  To  become  or  grow  cold. 

£1374  CHAUCER  Tnylvs  II.  1294  (1343)  Troylus..  [did] 
writen  to  hire  of  his  sorwes  sore.  Fro  day  to  day  he  leet  it 
notrefreyde.  Ibid.  v.  507  God  wot  refreyden  may  bis  hote 
fare,  Er  Calkas  sende  Troylus  Cryscyde. 

Hence  fBefrei'ding  vbl.  sb.,  cooling.  Obs. 

1382  WYCLIF  2  Mace.  iv.  46  So  Tholome  wente  to  the  kyng, 
sett  in  sum  porche,  as  for  grace  of  refreytyng  [L.  re- 
frigerandi},  or  colyng. 

Refreigne,  -frein(e,obs.£f.  R.EFRAiNz/.(and^.). 

Refreische,  -ss(c)h,  obs.  ff.  REFRKSU  v. 

t  Refreit,  refret.  Obs.  Forms  :  5  refroit(e, 
refreyt,  (reffreyt,  refreyd),  5-6  refraite,  6  re- 
frayte ;  5-7  refret,  (5  refrect,  6  refrete).  [a. 
OF.  re/rait,  refret,  etc. :— L.  refract-um,  pa.  pple. 
of  refringlre  (or  *refrangfre,  OF.  rtfraiiidre)  to 
refract.  Cf.  REFRAIN  si.1]  A  refrain  or  burden. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  in.  i.  (Skeat)  1.  156  For  euer 
sobbynges  and  complaintes  be  redy  refrete  in  his  inedita- 
cions.  c  1420  Chron.  Vilod.  ^103  pis  was  be  refret  of  bat 
caroulle,  y  wene.  1443  LYUG.  in  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  211 
Ofthersong  therefreit  was  of  pees.  1-1500  MEDWALL  Nature 
516 (Brandl), These. ii.  folk  harp  both  on  refrayte.  1532  MORE 
Confut.  Tindale  Wks.  686/2,  I  shal  yet  ones  agayn  . .  fal  to 
my  rude  refraite,  &  sing  him  mine  olde  song.  1585  HIGINS 
tr.  Juntas'  Nomencl.  It  Versus  intercalaris . .,  Re/rein  de 
ballade,  a  verse  often  interlaced  :  the  foote,  refret,  or  burden 
of  the  dittie.  1623  tr.  Favine's  Theat.  Hon.  ll.  xiii.  222 
Taking  the  Refret  or  burthen  of  the  Song.  1727-41  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.,  Ritornello  or  Refret,  in  music,  the  burden  of  a  song. 

Refreit,  variant  of  REFBEID  v. 

t  Refrenate,  v.  Obs.  rare—1.  [ad.  L.  re- 
frenat-,  ppl.  stem  of  refrenare  to  REFRAIN.]  trans. 
To  check,  restrain. 

1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhouer's  Bk.  Physicke  130/1  It  [a  drug] 
violently  refrenateth  the  laske,  although  it  hath  bin  of  a 
longe  continuance. 

t  Refrenation.  Obs.  [ad.L.re/renatwii-em,a. 
of  action  f.  refrenare ;  see  REFRAIN  v.  and  -ATION.] 
1.  The  action  of  refraining  or  restraining. 

c  1450  tr.  De  Imitatione  in.  xii.  80  It  is  expedient  amonge 

/• : ._     *       i.     ...    i-         oi-  .      .    .° 


A  man  may  weill  alter  his  Inclinatioun.  1652  STAUKE 
Prim.  Devc-t.  (1663)  187  The  fast  of  refrenation,  we  all 
much  stand  in  need  of. 

45 


RE-FRENZY. 

2.  Astro!.  The  prevention  of  a  conjunction  by  the 
retrogression  of  one  of  the  planets.  See  also  RE- 
FRAINATION  and  REFRANATION. 

1598  G.  C.  Math.  Phisicke  E  ij  b,  Also  in  aspects  these 
things  ought  to  be  considered;  that  is  to  say.  i.  Reception. 
2.  Collection  .  .  .7.  Refrenation.  Ibid.  E  iv  b,  Refrenation 
[is]  when  an  Inferiour  planet  seeketh  the  £  [conjunction]  or 
aspect  of  another  [and]  before  he  bee  joyned  becometh 
Retrograde.  1647  LILLY  Chr.  Astral,  xix.  m  There's 
another  manner  of  Prohibition  ;  by  somemoreproperlycalled 
Refrenation.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Rrfrcnation... 
The  Word  [is]  us'd  among  Astrologers,  when  a  Planet 
applying  to  another,  by  Conjunction,  or  Aspect,  before  it 
draws  near  becomes  retrograde.  [Hence  in  BAILEY  (1721) 
and  later  Diets.] 

Refrene,  -frenje,  obs.  forms  of  REFRAIN  v. 

Re-fre'nzy,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  throw 
again  into  a  frenzy. 

1796  ANNA  SKWARD  Lett.  (1811)  IV.  275  What  a  wonderful 
performance  is  Mr.  Burke's  late  attempt  to  re-frenzy  the 
nation  ! 

Refresh  ("Tre-f),  sb.  Now  colloq.  [f.  next  : 
cf.  Sp.  refresco,  It.  rinfresco."} 

tl.  The  act  of  refreshing  ;  refreshment;  renewal 
of  supplies.  Obs. 

1592  DANIEL  Delia  Poems  (1717)  414  Like  the  Morning 
Dew,  Whose  short  Refresh  upon  the  tender  Green,  Chears 
for  a  Time.  1615  —  Hymen's  Tri.  ibid.  133  Render  sweet 
Refresh  Unto  his  weary  Senses,  whilst  he  rests.  1648  GAGE 
West  Ind.  xvii.  114  The  Indians  helped  one  another  to  un 
load  and  load  the  mule  that  came  of  refresh. 

2.  colloq.  A  refreshment  (esp.  of  liquor)  taken  by 
a  person  ;  a  refresher. 

1884  Telegraphist  Jan.  27/2  A  man  may  be  compared  to 
a  battery  when  he  gets  a  '  refresh  '. 

Refresh  (rffre-J),  v.  Forms:  a.  4  refressch, 
-freeh,  -free,  4-6  refreseh(e,  refressh(e,  5  re- 
ffreshe,  6  refreshe,  4-  refresh.  /3.  4  refreische, 
-freissh,  6  refraiehe.  [a.  OF.  refrescher,  -ier, 
refraischcr  (i2th  c.  ;  cf.  Sp.  refrescar,  med.L.  re- 
fresrdre,  It.  rinfrescare)  or  refreschir,  {.  re-  RE-  + 
fresche  FRESH  a.  Cf.  also  OF.  rafresckir,  ra- 
fmischir  (i2th  c.  ;  mod.F.  rafmiclrir).~\ 

1.  trans.  Of  physical   agents  (esp.  water)  :   To 
impart  freshness  to  (a  place  or  thing,  the  air,  etc.) 
by  means  of  cooling  or  wetting.     (Sometimes  with 
suggestion  of  next.) 

14..  Circumcision  in  Timdale's  Vis.  (1843)  92  Hit  is  the 
well  with  iiij  stremes.  .That  thorow  the  world  refrescheth 
all  reemis.  1535  COVERDALE  Ecclus,  xliii.  22  Whan  a  dew 
commeth  vpon  the  heate,  it  shalbe  refreszshed  agayne. 
1583  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Niclwlay's  Voy.  in.  i.  69  b,  The 
snow..serueth  in  whotte  weather  to  refreshe.  .his  drinke. 
1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  373  In  this  Countrey 
it  never  rains,  snows,  or  thunders,  nor  anything  that  may 
refresh  it.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Ceorg.  I.  388  Moisture  then 
abounds,  and  Pearly  Rains  Descend  in  silence  to  refresh 
the  Plains.  1756-7  tr.  Kcysler's  Trav.  (1760)  III.  368  The 
neighbourhood  of  the  mountains  constantly  refreshes  this 
city  in  the  heats  of  summer  with  a  cool  evening  breeze. 
1824  li'Ni.ss  BUNSEN  in  Hare  Life  (1879)  I.  vii.  239  In  the 
evening  the  atmosphere  is  never  sufficiently  refreshed  to  be 
enjoyable  till  about  a  quarter  after  dark. 

absol.  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  tr.  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies 
11.  xi.  107  In  some  ports  and  havens,  the  salt  water  doth 
refresh.  1611  BIBLE  Ecclus.  xliii.  22  A  dew  comming  after 
heate,  refresheth. 

t  b.  fig.  To  cool  (desire).   Obs.  rare. 

1588^  A.  KING  tr.  Canisiits'  Catech.  Deuot  Prayers  17  b, 
Refraiehe  thairfor,  o  lord,  my  concupiscence  with  the  vatter 
of  thy  grace. 

2.  To  make  (one)  feel  fresher  than  before  ;  to 
impart  fresh  vigour  to  (a  person,  the  spirits  or 
mind,  the  eyes,  etc.)  when  fatigued  or  exhausted  ; 
to  reanimate,  reinvigorate  physically,  mentally,  or 
spiritually  ;  to  provide  with  refreshment. 

Said  of  food,  drink,  rest,  sleep,  etc.,  or  of  persons  providing 
or  bestowing  these;  also  freq.  in  passive  without  specified 
agent. 

r  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  iv.  pr.  vi.  in  (Camb.  MS.),  Tak 
thanne  this  drawht,  and  whan  J?ou  art  wel  refresshed  and 
refect  [etc.].  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xtil.  614  The  erll  Patrik 
..gert  with  met  and  drink  alsua  Refresche  thame  weill. 
1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xv.  Ivii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  fere 
be|j  fayre  feeldes..to  refressche  and  comfort  y^en  bat  bej> 
wery  in  studye.  c  1440  Partonope  6061  Her  beaute  shall  so 
me  refresch.  1508  FISHER  7  Penit.  Fs.  cxlii.  Wks.  (1876) 
239  Beddes  to  refresshe  theyr  wery  lymmes.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sleidane's  Comm.  148  Whiche  thinge  refresheth  their  spirites 
to  thinke  vpon.  c  1595  CAPT.  WVATT  R.  Dudley's  Voy.  W. 
Ind.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  5  Our  Generall.  .refreshed  his  men,  and 
withall  renued  his  store  of  victual!.  1634  MASSINGKR 


a  renue  s  sore  o  vcua.  134  ASSINGKR  ery 
Woman  ill.  v,  This  air  will  much  refresh  you.  1671  MILTON 
P.  fi^  IV.  591  Ambrosial  drink,  That  soon  refresh'd  him 
wearied.  1717  S.  SEWALL  Diary  23  Sept.,  I  was  greatly 
refreshed  by  reading  ..  Psal.  66.  1747  CHF.STERF.  Lett. 
27  Mar.,  The  mixed  companies  of  men  and  women  of 
fashion..  unbend  and  refresh  the  mind.  1784  COWPER  Task 
III.  19,  I  feel  myself  at  large,  Courageous,  and  refreshed  for 
future  toil.  1835  LYTTON  Rienzi  I.  i,  The  rest  will  refresh 
you.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  ii.  20  We  rose  with  the  sun, 
refreshed  and  strong.  1873  J.  P.  Hopps  I'rinc.  Relig.  i. 
(1878)  7  A  beautiful  picture  which  thrills  the  heart  and 
refreshes  the  eye. 

absol.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  i.  viii.  8  b, 
Another  frute.  .giuing  a  water  as  it  were  sugred  and  serue 
greatly  to  refresh  and  digest.  1849  THACKFRAY  Pendennis 
xli,  Those  [writings]  that,  .are  pleasant  at  the  first  draught, 
when  they  refresh  and  sparkle. 

b.  reft,  (of  persons):  To  make  (oneself  )  fresher, 
by  partaking  of  food  or  drink,  by  resting,  f  or  by 
taking  the  air. 


t  O.  To  relieve  of,  to  set  free  or  clear  of. 
^•1385  CHAL-CF.R  L.  G.  W.  1081  Dido,  Refrescbed 


354 

CI37S  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxv.  (Julian}  292  J>at  mornyng 
lulyane  was  gane  to  |?e  feld  hym  to  refres.  c  1400  MAUNDEV. 
(Roxb.)  xiv.  62  pare  he  refreschez  him  and  puruays  him  of 
vitailes.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vi.  cxcviii.  205  Wherfore  y° 
Danys.  .spoyled  both  those  townes,  and  there  refresshed 
theym.  1555  EDEN  Decades  53  With  the  vytayles,  .they 
refresshed  theym  selues.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  i.  24  There 
sate  a  knight.  .Himselfe  refreshing  with  the  liquid  cold, 
After  his  travell  long.  1655  Clarke  Papers  (Camden)  III. 
20  The  next  day.. his  HSghnesse  refresht  himselfe  with  the 
aire  in  Hyde  Parke.  1754  FIELDING  Voy.  Lisbon  Wks.  1882 
VII.  66  That  my  wife  and  her  company  might  refresh  them 
selves  with  the  flowers  and  fruits  with  which  her  garden 
abounded.  i8z8  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xxxiii,  That  they 
might  have  the  interval  of  Saturday  to  rest,  refresh  them 
selves,  and  prepare  for  the  combat.  1876  J.  SAUNDERS  Lion 
in  Path  x,  Is  there  any  quiet  inn  near,  where  one  might 
rest  and  refresh  oneself? 

_  trans/.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  n.  ii.  37  Labour  shall  refresh 
it  selfe  with  hope  To  do  your  Grace  incessant  seruices. 

Obs. 

:de  muste 

he  been  of  his  distresse.  1399  LANGU  Rich.  Rcdeles  Prol.  32 
This  made  me . .  to  meuve  him  cf  mysserewle  his  mynde  to 
reflresshe.  1546  LANGLEY  tr.  Pol.  I' erg.  De  Invent,  m.  vi. 
71  By  reason  b1  the!  wer  refreshed  of  their  extreme 
colde  by  fyre  &  such  houses  as  they  had  deuised.  1760 
Impostors  Detected  in.  viii.  II.  80  A  sound  sleep.. perfectly 
refreshed  me  of  the  fatigues  of  the  foregoing  night. 

3.  To  freshen  up  (the  memory),  to  make  clear 
or  distinct  again.  Also  with  personal  obj.  (cf. 
REFRESHER  2  and  3). 

1542  UOORDE  Dyetary  viii.  (1870)  244  Moderate  slepe.. 
doth  acuate,  quycken,  &  refressheth  the  memory.  1665 
DRYDEN  Ind.  Enip.  \.  ii,  But  you,  I  see,  Take  care  still  to 
refresh  your  memory.  1705  ADDISOX  Italy  Pref.,  For  before 
I  enter'd  on  my  Voyage  I  took  care  to  refresh  my  Memory 
among  the  Classic  Authors.  1789  M.ME.  D'ARBLAY  Diary 
•26  Aug.,  I  did  not  refresh  his  memory  with  the  severities  he 
practised  in  that  marine  education.  1825  LAMB  .£'//«  Ser.  ii. 
The  Convalescent,  He  was  to  be  seen  trudging  about  upon 
this  man's  errand. .,  jogging  this  witness,  refreshing  that 
solicitor.  1867  TROLLOPE  Chron.  Barset  Ixx.  III.  270, 
I  have  had  some  trouble  to  refresh  my  memory  as  to  all  the 
particulars. 

f  b.  To  renew,  revive.   Obs.  rare. 

1628  DONNE  Serin.  John  xiv.  26,  Wks.  1839  I.  545  When 
he  refreshed  many  errors  formerly  condemned,  concerning 
the  Holy  Ghost.  1692  DRYDEN  St.  Euremont's  £ss.  3 
They  have  refreshed  their  Alliance  with  the  Gods  by  the 
Fabulous  Nativity  of  Romulus. 

f4.  To  restore,  renovate  (a  building).   Obs.  rare. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxii.  (Laurence)  531  A  prest.. 
thocht  he  wald  a  kyrk  refresch, .  .^e  quhilk  sic  ned  had  of 
mending,  J>at  it  was  nere  |>e  done-cummyng.  1538  LEI.AND 
I  tin.  (1768)  I.  7  There  be  very  fair  Lodgyns  in  the  Castel. 
And  as  I  hard  Catarme  of  Spaine  did  great  Costs  in  late 
tyme  of  refresching  of  it.  a  1548  HALL  Chron. ,  Hen.  V  45  b, 
The  Kyng.. repaired  the  walles,  fortefied  the  bulwarkes, 
refresshed  the  rampiers. 

5.  To  restore  to,  or  keep  at,  a  certain  level  or 
condition   by  furnishing  (^  or   procuring)  a   fresh 
supply  of  something. 

c  1450  J/.  E.  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  78  Let  hit  lye  J?reo 
dayes..&  on  be  bridde  day,  $ef  hit  be  nede,  refresshe  hit 
wyj?  newe.  1495  Trevisa's  Barth.  De  P.  A*,  xm.  xiv.  (W. 
de  W.)  448  To  renewe  and  refresshe  pondes  fresshe  water  is 
ladde  and  brought  by  gutters,  conduytes  and  pipes.  1569 
SIR  J.  HAWKINS  Voy.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  So  We  determined  there 
to  refresh  our  water,  and  so.. to  take  the  Sea.  1604  E. 
G[RIMSTONE]  tr.  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  n.  x.  105  A  small 
fire  continued,  heats  more,  then  a  greater  that  lastes  but 
little,  especially  if  there  be  any  thing  to  refresh  it.  1876 
PREECE  &  SIVEWRIGHT  Telegraphy  19  Batteries  such  as 
those  described,  .will  remain  in  constant  action  fora  month. 
..At  the  expiration  of  a  month  it  becomes  necessary  to 
refresh  them.  1895  SCULLY  Kafir  Stories  26  They  went 
Into  the  hut,  and  they  refreshed  the  fire. 

t  b.  To  furnish  with  fresh  supplies.  Also  with 
out  const.  Obs. 

1458  Paston  Lett.  I.  427,  I  have  desirid  hym  to  move  the 
Counsell  for  refreshing  of  the  toun  of  Yermowth  with  stuff 
of  ordnance  and  gonnes  and  gonne  powdre.  1555  EDEN 
Decades  i  To  the  intente  there  to  refreshe  his  shyppes  with 
freshe  water  and  fuell.  1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warres  n.  L 
16  Let  him  prouide  to  be  first  refreshed  with  victuals.  1634 
SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  6  Sierra  Leoon,  a  place  in  Afrique, 
..famous  for  refreshing  that  aduenturous  Captaine  Sir 
Francis  Drake.  1756  COLLINS  Peerage  {ed.  3)  II,  n.  625 
They.. refreshed  the  garrison,  .with  victuals  and  money. 

t  c.  To  furnish  with  reinforcements.  Also  const. 
of.  Obs. 

c  1470  Golagros  $•  Gaw.  196,  I  may  refresch  yow  with  folk, 
to  feght  gif  you  nedis,  With  thretty  thousand  tald.  cigoo 
Melusine  121  Syn  the  paynemyes  have  refresshed  themself 
twyes  of  new  folke.  1557  in  Burnet  Hist.  Ref.  (1681)  II. 
Records  n.  320  They  return  again  to  fetch  more,  always 
to  refresh  their  camp  with  fresh  souldiers,  in  the  lieu  of  such 
as  be  perished. 

6.  To  restore  (a  thing)  to  a  fresh  or  bright  con 
dition  ;  to  brighten  or  glean  up ;  to  give  a  fresh  or 
new  appearance  to.   ?  Obs. 

CI400  Destr.  Troy  9215  He..Asket  water  at  his  weghes, 
wesshed  hym  anone,  Refresshing  his  face  for  facyng  of 
teres.  c  1402  LYDG.  Compl.  Bt.  Knt.  103  This  welle.. 
wolde.. evermore  refresslie  the  visage  Of  hem  that  were  in 
any  werinesse.  1587  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III.  932/2  The 
conduit  was  newlie  painted,  and  all  the  armes  and  angels 
refreshed.  1599  BARNFIELD  in  Pass.  Pilgr.  176  As  vaded 
gloss  no  rubbing  will  refresh,.  .So  beauty  blemish'd  once's 
for  ever  lost.  1647  N-  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  \.  xliii.  (1739) 
69,  I  have  endeavoured  to  refresh  the  Image  of  the  Saxon 
Commonwealth,  the  more  curious  lineaments  being  now 
disfigured  by  time.  1697  DRYDKN  sEneid  viii.  580  The  rest 
refresh  the  scaly  Snakes,  that  fold  The  Shield  of  Pallas,  and 
renew  their  Gold.  1739  CIDBER  Apol.  xiv.  361  He  would 


REFRESHFULLY. 

order  two  or  three  Suits  to  be  made,  or  refresh'd,  for  Actors 

of  moderate  Consequence.     1818  SCOTT  Hrt.   Midi,  xliii, 

The  old  hat  looked  smarter; . .  the  lace  had  been  refreshed. 

b.  To  make  (a  surface)  fresh,  esp.  by  cutting. 

1658  EVELYN  Fr.  Card,  (1675)  66  Nor  can  the  graffe  joyn 
to  its  trunk,  unless  the  rind  be  refreshed,  and  cut  to  the 
quick  with  the  knife.  1846  BRITTAN  tr.  Malgaigne's  Oper. 
Snrg.  336  We  shall  say  nothing  of  refreshing  the  edges  by 
means  of  a  blister.  1880  MACCORMAC  Antisept.  Snrg.  208 
The  distal  and  proximate  ends  of  the  gut  were  now 
1  refreshed  ',  and  the  margins  accurately  united  with  sutures. 

7.  intr.  (for  refl.)  To  refresh  oneself  (cf.  2  b) ;  to 
take  refreshment  in  some  way ;  now  spec,  to  partake 
of  some  refreshing  liquor. 

1650  CROMWELL  Let.  30  July  in  Carlyle,  In  the  morning. . 
we  resolved  to  draw  back  to  our  quarters  at  Musselburgh, 
there  to  refresh  and  revictual.  1706  FARQUHAR  Recruiting 
Officer  i.  i,  Tell  her  I  shall  only  refresh  a  little,  and  wait 
upon  her.  1777  EARL  OF  CHATHAM  Sp.  2  Dec.  in  Hansard's 
Parl.  Hist.  (1814)  XIX.  476  Not  men  sufficient  to  man 
the  works,  while  those  fatigued  with  service  and  watch 
ing  go  to  refresh,  eat,  or  sleep.  1856  OLMSTED  Slave  States 
612  Working  this  way  for  three  weeks,  and  then  refresh 
ing  for  about  one.  1895  Cornh.  Mag.  Oct.  396  Young 
men.. danced  and  perspired  and  refreshed. 
b.  To  lay  in  fresh  supplies. 

1685  R.  BURTON  Eng.  Emp.  Amer.  i.  5  One  of  the  Canary 
Islands,  where  having  refresht,  after  many  days,  they 
encountered  the  Sea.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  n.  iv.  157  It  was 
not  the  most  eligible  place  for  a  ship  to  refresh  at.  1853 
KANE  Grinnell  Exp.  xli.  (1856)  411  It  had  been  determined 
. .  that  we  should  refresh  at  Whale  Fish  Islands. 

Hence  Kefre'shed///.  a. 

1646  Mem.  Occurrences  D  ij,  His  daily  refreshed  memory. 
1701  NORRIS  Ideal  World  i.  iii.  175  After  this  little  de 
votional  interlude  my  refreshed  reader  may  accompany  me 
with  new  vigour.  1812  L.  HUNT  in  Examiner  14  Sept. 
587/2  The  numbers  and  the  refreshed  vigour  which  Bona 
parte  will  be  able  to  pour  into  Spain.  1871  RUSKIN  Fors 
Clav.  xi,  They  came  out  in  a  highly  refreshed  state. 

Refreshen  (TI-,  r/fre  J'n),  v.  [RE-  53.]  trans. 
To  make  fresh  again ;  to  restore  to  freshness. 

1782  SIR  J.  REYNOLDS  Notes  Mason's  tr.  Dufresnoy 
xxviii,  In  order  to  keep  the  mind  in  repair,  it  is  necessary  to 
replace  and  refreshen  those  impressions  of  nature  which  are 
continually  wearing  away.  1801  Lusignan  III.  52  He. .felt 
the  breath  of  Heaven  descend  to  refreshen  his  feverish 
brain.  1882  Fraser's  Mag.  XXVI.  203  You  may  refreshen 
your  eyes  and  quicken  your  thoughts. 

Hence  Refre-shened,  Kefre-shening///.  adjs. 

1790  A.  WILSON  Poems  fy  Lit.  Prose  (ityb)  II.  204  Exulting 
with  refreshened  glee.  1829  LANDOR  /mag.  C0t;v.%  Perm  <\ 
Ld.  Peterborough,  The  refreshening  sweetness  of  well- 
ripened  society.  1865  Pall  Mall  G.  13  July  11/2  The  list 
of  refreshened  pictures  is  given  in  the  appendix. 

Refre'Shener.  [f.  prec.]  That  which  re 
freshens  ;  an  article  of  refreshment. 

1833  T.  HOOK  Parson's  Dan.  ii.  viii,  Miss  Jarman  .. 
turned  her  head,  .towards  Miss  Budd,  whenever  she  wanted 
a  refreshener  [of  the  memory].  1888  '  L.  SCOTT'  Tuscan 
Stud.  ii.  vii.  264  [Medlars]  are  the  favourite  refresheners 
until  the  water  melon  takes  their  place. 

Refresher  (.nfie-Jai).    [f.  REFRESH  v.  +  -ER  ij 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  refreshes. 

t  1420  LYDG.  Commend.  Our  Lady  45  Paradyse  of  ple- 
saunce,.  .refressher  of  our  food.  1581  T.  ROGERS  St.  Aug. 
Praiers  ix.  (1597)  45  Come  thou  hope  of  the  poore,  and 
refresher  of  them  which  be  ready  to  faint.  1678  OTWAY 
Friendship  in  F.  n.  16  Tho1  Love  like  Wine  be  a  good 
refresher,  yet  'tis  much  more  dangerous  to  be  too  busie 
withall.  1727-46  THOMSON  Summer  1257  The  kind  re- 
fresher  of  the  summer-heats.  1845  W.  SEWELL  Hawkstone 
(1846)  II.  281  Miss  Mabel  Brook,  who  had  been  permitted 
to  come  in  as  a  refresher  in  the  evening. 
b.  A  refreshment;  colloq.  a  drink. 

iSzz  COBBETT  Weekly  Reg.  30  Mar.  795/1  When  the  press 
has  taken  a  refresher,  let  it  burst  forth  again  in  new  peals 
of  praise,  a  1841  T.  HOOK  in  Casquet  of  Lit.  (1896)  I.  313/2 
A  few  friends  at  dinner  and  some  refreshers  in  the  evening 
had  prevented  Harding  from  saying  a  word.  1861  FLOR. 
NIGHTINGALE  Nursing  (ed.  2)  53  Taking  a  piece  of  bread 
instead  of  a  cup  of  tea  or  coffee  as  a  refresher. 

2.  A  reminder. 

1837  DICKENS  Pickiv.  xxxi,  His  memory  had  received  a 
very  disagreeable  refresher  on  the  subject  of  Mrs.  Bardell's 
action.  1856  J.  W.  CROKER  in  C.  Papers  4  Dec.  (1884)  I.  5, 
I  don't  think  that  this  noble  ambition  had  recurred  to  my 
memory,  .up  to  the  receipt  of  your  refresher  of  yesterday. 

3.  In  legal  use :  a.  An  extra  fee  paid  to  counsel 
in  prolonged  or  frequently  adjourned  cases.     Also 
off  rib.     b.   (^ee  quot.) 

a.  1850  in  OGILVIE.     1881  Times  19  Feb.  10/3  It  is  there 
fore  recommended  that  daily  refreshers  should  be  abolished, 
as  being  one  of  the  principal  causes  of  the  undue  lengthen 
ing  of  trials.     1892  Pali  Mall  G.  28  Oct.  7/1  A  master  in 
chambers,  who  had  disallowed   the  '  refresher '  fees  of  his 
learned  leader. 

b.  1833  DE  QUINCF.Y  Autobiog.  Sk.  ii.  Wks.  I.  72  Every 
fortnight  or  so  I  took  care  that  he  should  receive  a  're 
fresher  ',    as    lawyers    call    it, — a    new    and    revised   brief 
memorialising  my  pretensions. 

Refreshful  (r/ire-Jful),  a.  [f.  REFRESH  v.  + 
-FUL.]  Full  of  refreshment,  refreshing. 

a  1676  Bp.  GUTHRIE  Mem.  (1702)  73  These  Emergents  were 
very  refreshful  to  the  Covenanters.  1727-46  THOMSON 
Summer  364  They  spread  their  breathing  harvest  to  the 
Sun,  That  throws  refreshful  round  a  rural  smell,  a  1790 
WARTON  Ode  to  Evening  v,  Pleas'd  with  the  cool,  the  calm, 
refreshful  hour.  1885  MEREDITH  Diana  xxii,  It  was  re 
freshful  to  look  abroad  after  his  desperate  impulse. 

Hence  Befre-shfully  adv. 

1818  KEATS  Endym.  \.  898  Refreshfully  There  came  upon 
my  face,  in  plenteous  shower,  Dewdrops.  1885  MEREDITH 
Diana  xxxv,  We  are  brought  refreshfully  to  acknowledge 
that  the  world  is  right. 


REFRESHING. 


355 


REFRIGERATE. 


g 
h 


Refreshing  (r/Tre-Jirj),  vbl.  sb.    [f.  REFRESH  v. 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses ;  also,  an 
instance  of  this  ;  refreshment  given  or  received. 

1382  WYCLIF  Acts  iii.  19  Whanne  the  tymes  of  kelynge, 
or  refreischinge  [L.  refrigerium} . .  schulen  come,  c  1400 
Melayne  1207  Othere  refreschynge  noghte  many  hade  Bot 
blody  water  of  a  slade.  c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy 
Soc.)  217  Quyk  lusty  sprynges..Do  gret  refresshyng  and 
coumfort  to  the  sihte.  1482  Monk  of  Evesham  (Aib.)  93 
Y  haue  euermore  had  yn  al  my  peynys  a  swyfte  rcfreschyng 
and  releuyng  of  helpe.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  J-'roi'ss.  I.  ccxxy. 
297  Than  euery  man  drewe  to  his  logynge  and  toke  their 
ease,  and  refresshing  of  suche  as  they  had.  1561  T.  HOBY 
tr.  Castiglione's  Courtyer  1. 1  iij,  The  tunablenes  of  musicke 
is  a  very  great  refreshing  of.  .griefs.  1604  E.  G[KIMSTONE] 
tr.  D'Acasta's  Hist.  Indies  H.  x.  104  The  nights  being  cold 
and  moist,  give  a  refreshing.  17x656  Br.  HALL  Rein.  Wks, 
(1660)  35,  I  [had]  a  comfortable  refreshing  of  sufficient  sleep. 
1671  MILTON  Samson  665  Some  sourse  of  consolation  from 
above;  Secret  refreshings,  that  repair  his  strength,  And 
fainting  spirits  uphold.  1719  LONDON  &  WISE  Cotnpl. 
Card.  27  The  refreshings  and  helps  they  are  to  receive  by 
Rain,  or  Dew.  1845  MRS.  S.  C.  HALL  Whiteboy  v,  Such 
improvements  need  perpetual  refreshing,  and,  above  all, 
Patience.  1897  Westtn,  Gaz.  15  Apr.  2/3  At  what  point., 
could  it  be  said  that  the  refreshing  leaves  off  and  the 
poisoning  begins? 

t  2.  Fresh  supplies  of  food.  Also//.,  and  const, 
^(meat,  etc.).  Obs. 

1480  CAXTON  Chron.   Eng.  ccxxviii.  236   For  defaute  of 
vytaylles  and  of  refresshynge  they  eten  hors,  houndes,  cattes 
and  myse.     1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholays  Voy.  \.  xi. 
13  b,  The  refreshings  of  flesh,  bread  and  fruites  which  he 

;aue  vs.  1586  T.  8,£a  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad.  (1589)  194  As 
ie  passed  with  his  armie  by  the  countrey  of  the  Thasians, 
they  sent  him  certaine  refreshing  of  floure,  and  of  daintie 
cates.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  13  The  good  water  and 
refreshing  here  obtained.  1650  S.  CLARKE  Eccl.  Hist.  I. 
(1654)  182  Giving  them  corn,  wine,  flesh,  fish,  cheese,  and 
many  other  refreshings.  1725  DE  FOE  Voy.  round  World 
(1840)  185  The  English  at  St.  Helena  are  enriched  by  the 
refreshing  which  the  East  India  ships  find  that  meet  there. 

Refre'shing,///.  a.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.] 

1.  That  refreshes :  a.  physically., 

c  1580  SIDNEY  Ps.  xui.  i,  As  the  chafed  hart  which  braieth 
Seeking  some  refreshing  brooke.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  iv.  i. 
79  Upon  my  flowres  [thou]  Diffusest  hony  drops,  refreshing 
showres.  1693  COXGKEVE  in  Drydens  Juvenal  xi.  (1697) 
297  Let  us  repose,  While  round  our  Heads  refreshing  Oint 
ment  flows.  1730  FIELDING  Rape  -upon  Rape  i.  vii,  I'll 
take  but  one  refreshing  turn,  and  come  back  to  the  tavern 
to  thee.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFK  Italian  i,  The  air  rose  from 
the  bay  with  most  balmy  and  refreshing  coolness.  1871  L. 
STEPHEN  Playgr.  Eur.  (1894)  v.  132  My  thoughts  turned  to 
a  refreshing  cup  of  tea  and  a  bed. 

b.  mentally  or  spiritually.     Freq.  in  igth  c.  in 
phr.  it  is  (quite,  etc.)  refreshing. 

1697  S.  SEWALL  Diary  28  Jan.,  These  thoughts  were  very 
refreshing  to  me,  1723  in  SewalFs  Lett.-Bk.  (1886)  I.  14  It 
was  exceedingly  refreshing  to  me  to  hear  from  an  ancient 
Acquaintance  and  so  worthy  a  Friend  as  your  Self.  1774 
J.  ADAMS  in  Fain.  Lett.  (1876)  10  This  is  very  refreshing 
news.  1823  BVRON  Juan  vm.  xc,  One  good  action  in  the 
midst  of  crimes  Is  'quite  refreshing1,  in  the  affected  phrase 
Of  these  ambrosial,  Pharisaic  times.  1867  Lowm.J?0ttCMM 
Pr.  Wks.  1890  II.  235  There  is  always  a  refreshing  hearti 
ness  in  his  growl. 

2.  Used  for  freshening  a  thing. 

1856  KANE  A  ret.  E.vpL  I.  xv.  169  The  decks  are  cleaned, 
..the  refreshing  beef-nets  examined. 

3.  Of  a  fee  :  (see  REFRESHER  3  a). 

1775  SHERIDAN  Rfoals  Pro!.,  We  did  amend  our  plea, 
Hence  your  new  brief,  and  this  refreshing  fee. 

Hence  Refre'shingly  adv. 

1817  KEATS  Calidore  16  To  see  it.  .Dip  so  refreshingly  its 
wings  and  breast  'Gainst  the  smooth  surface.  1886  F.  M. 
CRAWFORD  Tale  Lonely  Parish  vi,  She  had  made  the 
acquaintance  of  a  refreshingly  young  scholar. 

Refre  shiiigness.     [f-  Prec-  +  -NESS.]    The 

quality  of  being  refreshing. 

1658  DURHAM  £>/.  Revelation  vii.  34  His  countenance  is 
as  the  Sun  shining  in  his  strength  for  the  refreshingnesse  of 
it.  1683  PORDAGE  Mystic  Div.  120  Coldness,  Refreshing- 
ness  [of  water].  1825  Klacku*.  ftlag.  XVII.  224  The  most 
engaging  elegance  and  sparkling  refresh ingn ess  of  style. 

Refreshment  (r/Tre-Jment).  [a.  OF.  refrescke- 
ment  (-fresshe-,-fraiscke-j  etc.),  f.  refrescher  to  RE 
FRESH  +  -MENT.  Cf.  mod.F.  rafraichissement^\ 

1.  The  act  of  refreshing,  or  fact  of  being  refreshed, 
in  a  mental  or  spiritual  respect. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  \\.  xiii.  (Skeat)  1.  122  Sithen 
mercie  and  pite. .might  neuer  been  shewed  [unto]  refreshe- 
ment  of  helpe,  and  of  comforte.  1549  COVERDALE,  etc. 
Erasm.  Par.  Rev.  xxi.  35  The  eternal  springynge  floode  of 
refreshment  vntosaluacion.  1651  CROMWELL  Let.  24  Mar.  in 
Carlyley  With  singleness  of  heart  to  His  glory,  and  the 
refreshment  of  His  people.  1675  TKAHERNE  C/ir.  Ethics 
248  All  the  misery  that  is  lodged  in  infinite  despair  has 
comfort  and  refreshment  answerable  to  it  in  infinite  hope. 
1717  S.  SEWALL  Diary  18  Nov.,  Mr.  Baxter  came  in  and 
Pray'd  with  us  to  my  great  Refreshment.  1796  JANE 
AUSTEN  Pride  <$•  Prej.  xviii,  She  danced  next  with  an 
officer,  and  had  the  refreshment  of  talking  of  Wickham. 
1873  HOLLAND  A.  Bonnie,  viii,  I  most  devoutly  trust  we  are 
going  to  have  a  season  of  refreshment, 

2.  The  act  of  refreshing,  or  fact  of  being  refreshed, 
physically,  by  means  of  food,  drink,  rest,  coolness, 
etc. ;  f  recreation.    Also,  that  which  refreshes  in  this 
way;   the  means  of  restoring  strength  or  vigour, 
mental  or  physical.  Freq.  in  par.&Atttf  refreshment. 

1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  cxl.  209  This  refresshement  was  not 
only  in  the  n.en,  but  alle  theyr  horses  were  anon  so  stronge, 


so  fresshe  [etc.].  16*4  CAIT.  SMITH  Virginia  v.  182  Hee 
recouered  about  foure  spoonefuls  uf  raine  water  to  his  vn- 
speakeable  refreshment.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  237  When 
we  need  Refreshment,  whether  food,  or  talk  between,  Food 
of  the  mind.  1703  MAUNDRKLL  Journ.  Jerus.  (1707)  67 
Having  taken  a  little  refreshment,  we  went  to  the  Latin 
Convent.  1784  COWPER  Task  \.  390  The  sedentary  stretch 
their  lazy  length  When  custom  bids,  but  no  refreshment 
find.  1849  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xv,  May  I  offer  you  any 
refreshment . .  ?  1856  SIR  B.  BRODIE  PsychoL  Inq.  I.  iv.  142 
The  absence  of  its  natural  refreshment  would  powerfully 
affect  the  nervous  system.  1873  YEATS  Techn.  Hist. 
Cotnm.  125  All  these  establishments  for  shelter  and  refresh 
ment  early  attracted  the  attention  of  governments. 

f  b.   Quarters  of  refreshment :  (sec  QUARTER  sb. 
IP).  Obs. 

1678  Land.  Gaz.  No.  1318/4  On  the  side  of  Catalonia  the 
Kings  Troops  are  all  in  quarters  of  refreshment.  1702  Il'id. 
No.  3810/7  His  Forces  were  in  Quarters  of  Refreshment  in 
some  Towns.  1812  Examiner  31  Aug.  549/2  His  Majesty 
has  sent  the  army  into  quarters  of  refreshment. 

t  C.  Sunday  of  Refreshment :   (see  quot.  and  7). 

So  called  because  the  Gospel  for  the  day  is  from  John  vi. 

1710  WHEATLY  I>k.  Coin.  Prayer  v.  §  12  (1720)  225  The 
fourth  [Sunday  in  Lent]  is  with  us  generally  called  Midlent 
Sunday  ;  tho'  Bishop  Sparrow,  and  some  others,  term  it, 
Dominica  Refectionis,  the  Sunday  of  Refreshment. 

3.   With  a  and  pi.    a.  In  general  sense. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  m.  vii.  (Skeat)  1.  31  The  grete 
bounties  &  worthy  refreshements  that  she..ofte  hath  me 
rekened.  1611  COTGR.,  Frescades,  refreshments,  or  things 
refreshing.  1651  HOHIIES  Leviath,  \\.  xxix.  173  The  small 
refreshments  of  such  things  as  coole  for  a  time.  1696 
STANHOPE  Chr.Pattcrn  (1711)  38  The  inward  refreshements 
and  unspeakable  consolations  of  the  Blessed  Spirit.  1747 
WESLEY  Charac.  Methodist  ro  His  Business  and  Refresh 
ments,  as  well  as  his  Prayers,  all  serve  to  this  great  Knd. 
1829  Good's  Study  Meet.  (ed.  3)  IV.  473  The  kneading- 
friction,  or  shampooing,  .which  has  of  late  become  a  fashion 
able  refreshment  in  the  watering-places  of  our  own  country. 
1888  BUKGON  Lives  12  Cd.  Men  II.  v.  68  Such  matters  were 
evidently  a  favourite  refreshment  of  his  spirit. 

b.  Applied  to  food  and  drink.     Now  only  //. 
of  a  light  repast,  and  often  spec,  of  drink. 

1665  G.  HAVERS  P.  della.  Valleys  Trav.  E.  India  109 
A  Present  of  Sugar  Canes  and  other  refreshments  to  eat. 
1729  LAW  Serious  C.  ix.  125  To  make  their  use  of  liquors 
a  matter  of  conscience,  and  allow  of  no  refreshments  but 
such  as  are  consistent  with  the  strictest  rules  of  Christian 
Sobriety.  1780  Act  21  Geo.  iff,  c.  49  S  2  The  common 
and  usual  Prices  at  which  the  like  Refreshments  are  com 
monly  sold.  1829  LYTTON  Disowned  II.  5  Have  you  had 
any  refreshments,  Mamma..  ?  1829  LANDOR  I  mag.  Conv.t 
Odysseus,  etc.,  While  the  goats  are  being  milked,  and  such 
other  refreshments  are  preparing  for  us  as  the  place  affords. 

f4. //.  Fresh  supplies  of  men  or  provisions.  Obs. 

1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  clxxiv.  258  To  them  cam  newe  ayde 
&  grete  refresshementes  of  men  and  vytaylle.  1585  T. 
WASHINGTON  tr.  Nickolay's  Voy.  i.  xvii.  19  Fiue  and  twentie 
Muttons,  and  certain  other  refreshments.  1706  Lond.  Gaz. 
No.  4197/3  They  had  [taken]  one  within  the  Streights,  laden 
with  Refreshments.  1772-84  Cook's  I'oy.  (1799)31  Several 
of  the  chiefs  came  on  board  bringing  with  them  hogs,  and 
other  refreshments.  1803  NELSON  6  Oct.  in  Nicolas  Disp. 
(18451  V.  225  The  Boats  employed  in  bringing  the  necessary 
refreshments  to  the  Garrison. 

"I*  5.  Place  of  refreshment^  a  place  for  vessels  to 
renew  supplies  at.  Obs. 

1772  Ann.  Reg.  i.  5/1  It  was  supposed  that  it  would  have 
been  an  useful  station  and  place  of  refreshment  ..  for  the 
French  East  India  ships.  1800  Asiatic  Ann.  Reg.,  Hist. 
Ind.  20/1  A  place  of  refreshment  for  the  fleets  on  their 
passage  from  India  to  Europe. 

6.  The  action  of  refreshing  the  memory, 

1873  FORSTER  Life  Dickens  II.  320  Notwithstanding  the 
refreshment  of  his  memory  by  this  letter. 

7.  attrib,,  as  refreshment  car,  house,  room,  stall , 
etc.;  refreshment  Sunday,  the  fourth  Sunday  in 
Lent,  refection  Sunday  (cf.  2  c). 

1841  HAMPSON  Medii  Aevi  Cat.  II.  94  Dominica  Refic- 
tionis,  Refreshment  Sunday,  the  fourth  in  Lent.  1849 
THACKERAY  Pendennis  xxvi,  The  refreshment-room  . .  was 
a  room  set  apart  for  the  purposes  of  supper.  1855  HAW 
THORNE  Eng.  Note-Ms.  (1870)  I.  357, 1  bought  a  bun  of  a  little 
hunchbacked  man,  who  kept  a  refreshment-stall.  1860  Act 
23  Viet.  c.  27  (titled.  An  Act  . .  for  regulating  the  licensing 
of  Refreshment  Houses.  1886  Rncycl.  Brit.  XX.  247/1 
Refreshment  cars  are  also  attached  to  trains. 

Refret,  refrain  :  see  REFREIT. 

Refrete,  Refreyd,  -t,  varr.  REFREID  v.  Obs. 

Refreynation,  var.  REFRAINATION  Obs. 

Refreyn(e,  obs.  ff.  REFRAIN  $bl  and  v. 

t  Re  fricate,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L. 
refricdre  to  rub  open  again,  f.  re-  RE-  +fricare  to 
rub.]  trans.  To  open  up  again,  renew  (a  wound 
or  grief) ;  to  stimulate  (the  memory)  afresh. 

1570  FOXE  A.  <$•  M.  (ed.  2)  2121/1  They,  .began  to  refricate 
and  rippe  vp  the  old  sore.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxvr. 
xviii.  597  Euery  man  began  afresh  to  refricate  and  renue 
the  former  greefe.  1657  HAWKE  Killing  is  M.  29  To  refri- 
cate  your  memories,  The  first  Question  was  whether  his 
Highness  was  a  Tyrant  or  no? 

t  Refrica'tion.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  prec.  on  L. 
types :  cf.  FKICATION.]  The  action  of  rubbing 
open  or  rubbing  up  again.  Alsoyf^". 

1590  BARROUGH  Meth.  Physick  in.  xiv.  (1639)  123  The 
eating  of  sharp  things.. causeth  a  certaine  refrication  and 
rubbing  open  again  of  the  scarre.  1633  Be.  HALL  Hard 
Texts,  A'.  T.  337  In  these  legall  sacrifices  there  is  a  con- 
timiall  refrication  of  the  memory  of  those  sinnes. 

I  Refri'Ction.  Obs.  [RE- 5  a.]  Renewed  friction. 

1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  216  By  friction  and  refriclion 
the  seede  is  called  out  of  the  like  parts. 


Refrigerant  (r/Tri-d^erant},  a.  and  sb.  [a.  F. 
refrigerant  (i6lh  c.),  or  ad.  L.  refrigerant-em^ 
pr.  pple.  of  refrigerare  \  see  REFKIGEKATE  z;.] 

A.  adj.    1.  Of  medicinal  agents  or  appliances : 
Cooling  the  body  or  part ;  allaying  heat  or  fever. 
Also  with  property ^  etc. 

1599  A,  M.  tr.  Gabelhomr* s  Bk.  Physicke  324/2  And  if  you 
applye  theron  a  refrigerante  Playster  cut  then  therin  a  hole. 
1626  BACON  Syfoa  g  961  There  be  divers  Sorts  of  Bracelets 
fit  to  Comfort  the  Spirits  :  And  they  be  of  three  I  mentions  : 
Refrigerant,  Corroborant,  and  Aperient.  1686  GOAD  Celest. 
Bodies  in.  i.  392  "Tis  known  to  have  a  greater  Virtue,  as 
the  Endive  and  Succory,  to  be  refrigerant.  1765  (JAI.K  in 
Phil.  Trans.  LV.  203  Kvery  morning,,  a  portion  of  the 
refrigerant  powder  is  given.  1804  Med.  Jrnt.  XII.  406,  I. . 
stnt  a  cathartic  with  a  refrigerant  lotion.  1861  I'KNILEY 
Man.  Bot.  510  They  generally  possess  refrigerant  properties. 
1875  H.  C.  WOOD  Therap,  (1879)  193  In  fevers,  Innoiiade 
often  affords  a  very  refreshing  and  useful  rtfiigevanl  drink, 
fb.  Refreshing,  otherwise  than  by  cooling.  Obs. 

i6a6  BACON  Syfoa  g  788  Wherein  you  must  beware  of  Dry 
Heat,  and  resort  to  Things  that  arc  Kefnge'rant  with  an 
inward  Warmth  and  Vertue  of  Cherishing. 

2.  In  general  use  :   Cooling,  producing  coolness. 
1766  G.  CANNING  Anti- Lucre ttns  v.  339  In  the  recess  of 

some  refrigerant  cave.  1830  W.  PHILLIPS  Mt.  Sinai  i.  383 
'I  he  rays  Fall  mild,  refrigerant. 

B.  sb.    1.  a.  A  medicinal   agent   or  appliance 
employed  to  reduce  abnormal  heat,  as  in  inflamma 
tion  or  fever  ;  a  cooling  medicine. 

1676  WISEMAN-  Snrg.  Treat,  v.  ix.  277  If  the  tumour  be 
large,  feel  pappy  and  increase,  notwithstanding  your  appli 
cation  of  refrigerants,  you  may  suspect  [etc.],  a.  1763 
SHENSTONE  Economy  \.  168  In  what  lonely  vale  Of  balmy 
Ried'cine's  various  field  aspires  The  blest  refrigerant?  1822 
Goop  Study  Aled.  II.  519  The  injury  produced  ..by  an  in 
judicious  use  of  evacuants  and  refrigerants.  1880  GARROD 
&  BAXTER  Mat.  Med.  38  In  a  dilute  form,  [it  is]  a  re 
frigerant,  tonic,  and  astringent. 

b.  transf.  or  in  general  use  :  A  means  of  cooling; 
esp.  a  cooling  or  refreshing  drink. 

1826  SOUTHEV  I'ind.  Eccl,  Angl.  323  We  read  of  Saints 
who  resorted  to  such  refrigerants  as  the  ice  bath  and  the 
bed  of  snow.  1841  LEVER  C.  O'Mallcy  xxx,  Discussing  by 
way  of  refrigerant  our  eighth  tumbler  of  whisky-punch. 
1869  O.  W.  HOLMES  Cinders  ft:  As/ics  in  Old  I'oi.  of  Life 
(1891)  245  The  saline  refrigerant  struck  a  colder  chill  to  my 
despondent  heart. 

C.  Jig.  of  immaterial  things. 

1783  BLAIR  Lcct.  xxxii.  II.  191  This  almost  never  fails  to 

frove  a  refrigerant  to  passion.     1829  SOUTHEV  Sir  T.  M^ore 
I.  397  It  is  a  consideration,  .Sir  Poet,  which  may  serve  as  a 
refrigerant  for  their  ardour. 

f  2.  In  distillation,  a  cooling  vessel  or  apparatus 
at  the  head  of  a  still ;  a  refrigerator,  refrigeratory. 
1696  In  PHILLIPS  (ed.  5).  1727  BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet.  s.v. 
Distilling^  The  Parts  of  the  Matters  distill'd  are  raised  up 
in  the  Form  of  Vapours, ..  and  being  sometimes  help'd  by  a 
Refrigerant  or  Cooler,  fall  Drop  by  Drop  into  the  Recipient. 

3.  A  freezing  agent ;  anything  which  reduces  the 
temperature  below  freezing  point. 

1885  Sci.  American  9  May  291/3  Some  experiments  re 
cently  made. .appear  to  show  that  liquid  oxygen  is  one  of 
the  best  of  refrigerants. 

Refrigerate,  ppl  a.  Now  rare.  [ad.  L. 
refrTgerdtus,  pa.  pple.  of  refrigerarc ;  see  next.] 
Made  or  kept  cold,  cooled.  *|"Also  const,  front. 

£1420  Pallad.  on  Hitsb.  vii.  62  Nowe  benes..Made  clene, 
and  sette  up  wel  refrigerate,  From  grobbes  save  wol  kepe 
up  thaire  estate.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  io8b/i  He  was 
colde  and  refrigerat  fro  all  concupyscence  of  the  flesshe. 
a  1548  HALL  Cnron.,  Hen.  VII  16 b,  Their  fury  was  as- 
swaged  and  refrigerate.  1647  A.  Ross  My  stag.  Poet,  iii. 
(1675)  62  When  the  stomacbical  nerves  are  too  much  re 
frigerate.  1896  U'estm.  Gaz.  15  Dec.  3/1  Antiquity  has 
become  doubly  refrigerate. 

Refrigerate  (rAfdg&rt),  v.    [ad.  L.  rcfrig- 

£/•<?/-, ppl.  stem  of  refrigerare^i.  re-  RE-  +frigerare  : 
see  FBIGERATE  v.  Cf.  F.  rtifrigtrer  (i6th  c.).] 

1.  trans.  To  cause  to  become  cold,  to  cool :  a. 
the  body  or  its  parts,  or  heat  in  these. 

1534  MORE  Comf.  agst.  Trib.  11.  Wks.  1179/1  Ys  shadow 
of  hys  holy  shoulders,  which  are  brode  &  large,  sufficient  to 
refrigerate  &  refreshe  the  man  in  that  heate.  1545  RAY- 
KOLD  Byrth  Mankynde  82  These  medycynes  do  refrigerate 
and  coole  the  vehement  heate  wont  to  be  in  apostumes. 
1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  24  Where  he  saith..that  the 
Braine  was  made  onely  to  refrigerate  or  coole  the  heart. 
1668  H.  MOKE  Div.  Dial.  i.  481  The_gentle  fresh  morning 
Air.  .refrigerating  my  bloud  and  spirits.  1797  J.  DOWNING 
Disord.  Horned  Cattle  69  This  medicine. .refrigerates  the 
heat  of  the  blood.  1833  Cycl.  Pract.  Med.  I.  247  Not  .. 
with  the  view  of  refrigerating  the  surface,  but  of  suddenly 
cutting  short  the  disease. 

absol.  i6ia  WOODALL  Surg.  Mate  Wks.  (1653)  75  Cam- 
phora  ..  refrigerateth  and  calefieth.  1658  ROWLAND  tr. 
Movfefs  Theat.  Ins.  icoo  They  do  refrigerate  and  bind,., 
and  help  the  weakness  of  the  stomach. 

b.  the  air,  earth,  or  other  things. 
1637  SALTOSSTALL  Eitsclnits  Constaniinc  139  The  ayre, 
which  from  on  high  descends  downe  to  refrigerate  and  coole 
the  world,  a  1691  DOYLE  Hist.  Air  (1692)  164  He  was  able 
to  find.,  that  part  of  the  beer  or  the  wine  that  was  next  to 
the  sides  of  the  bottle  to  be  refrigerated.  1777  G.  FORSTER 
Voy,  round  World  II.  493  The  air  was  refrigerated  by  the 
abundance  of  snow  on  the  mountains.  1854  TVNDALL 
Fragin.  Set.  (1879)  I.  xi.  342  Hence  [the  blade  of  grass] 
becomes  more  and  more  refrigerated. 

absol.  1626  BACON  Sylva,  §  308  The  great  Erizes  which 
the  motion  of  the  Air  in  great  Circles,  .produceth,  which  do 
refrigerate.  1671  R.  BOHUN  Wind  177  All  Winds. .doe 
actually  refrigerate,  and  oftentimes  so  mtensly,  that  they 
prove  the  fittest  instruments  for  the  Congelation  of  Liquids. 

45-2 


REFRIGERATED. 

c.  To  expose  to  extreme  cold  for  the  purpose 
of  freezing  or  preserving. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mccfi.  1165/2  The  vessels  to  be  re 
frigerated  are  sustained  on  a  carriage. 

2.  intr.  To  grow  cold. 

1563  T.  GALE  Antido:.  ii.  17  Takynge  it  from  the  fyre 
when  as  it  begynne  to  refrigerate  and  waxe  cohie.  1603 
SIR  C.  HEYDON  Juit.  Astral,  xii.  314  He  receiveth  the 
Sunnes  beames  but  weakely,  and  therefore  can  not  heat  by 
them,  but  rather  refrigerate.  1794  SULLIVAN  I'iew  A'at.  II. 
142  The  lavas,  .either  overflow  the  land  above  the  sea,  and 
refrigerate  there,  or.  .they  refrigerate  again  within  the  vol 
cano*.  1864  LOWELL  Fireside  Trap.  149,  1  w'"  make  a  fire, 
and  leave  them  to  refrigerate  as  much  longer  as  they  please. 

Hence  Kefri'gerated ///.  a.,  cooled,  frozen. 

1666  BOYLE  Orig.  Formes  f;  Qual.  173  We  lately  dis- 
cours'd  touching  heated  and  refrigerated  water.  1836  MAC- 
CILLIVRAY  tr.  HumboUt'i  Tra-u.  x.xiv.  347  The  great  heats 
are  occasionally  tempered  by  strata  of  refrigerated  air.  1884 
Pall  Mall  G.  26  July  5/2  The  trade  in  refrigerated  meat. 

Refrigerating  (rf&rdrfWtin),  vbl.  sb.  [f. 
prec.  +  -I.N-G!.]  The  action  of  thevb.  REFRIGERATE. 

1684  R.  WALLER  Nat.  Exper.  72  It  was  cooled  first,  lest. . 
upon  the  first  Refrigerating  it  should  Contract.  1877 
Patents  Atrhlgni.  1819-66,  15  The  first  part  of  this  inven 
tion  relates  to  the  refrigerating  of  beverages.  1898  IVestm. 
Caz.  30  Mar.  10/3  An  illustrated  monthly  dealing  with  ice, 
ice-making,  refrigerating,  cold  storage,  and  all  the  allied 
industries  that  employ  forced  cold. 

Refri-gerating,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  -t-  -ING  2.] 
That  refrigerates ;  producing,  pertaining  to,  con 
nected  with,  natural  or  artificial  refrigeration. 

1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Tra-\  47  A  coole  and  refrigerating 
sleeping-place.  1650  Bl'LVv'tR  Aiithropomet.  (1653)  316  Re 
frigerating  repercussive  medicaments,  which  dnue  back 
ward  the  matter  to  the  profundity.  1676  WORLIDGE  Cyder 
(1691)  143  A  cool  refrigerating  spring-water.  1799  Aled. 
Jrnl.  II.  149  The  situation.. suggested  to  me  an  idea  that 
refrigerating,  and  also  sedative  remedies,  might  be  used 
externally  with  advantage.  1833  N.  ARNOTT  Physics  (ed.  5) 
II.  108  The  brine  is  at  first  a  refrigerating  mixture,  which 
cools  still  more  the  pavement  and  the  neighbouring  ice. 
1881  Xntiire  18  Aug.  364  These  differences  being  due.. to 
the  refrigerating  power  of  snow. 

Refrigeration  (nlridser^-Jan).  Also  5  re- 
frygeracion,  6  -cyon.  [ad.  L.  refrJgerCition-em^ 
n.  of  action  f.  refrlgcrdre  to  REFRIGERATE.  Cf.  K. 
refrigeration  (i6th  c.  in  Littre).] 

1.  The  action  of  refrigerating,  cooling,  or  freezing ; 
the  process  of  becoming  cold, 

1471  RIPLEV  Coinp.  Alch.  vm.  iii.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  171  So 
hyt  rejoysyth  wyth  refrygeracion  I  the  tell.  1555  EDEN 
Decades  263  Suche  thynges.. are  hyndered  by  refrigeration 
or  coulde.  1646  SmT.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  59  Irons  heated 
in  the  fire,  .contract  a  veracity  in  their  refrigeration.  1684 
BOYLE  Porousn,  Anim.  fy  Solid  Bod.  vi.  104  These  thin 
flaws,  which  upon  the  slow  refrigeration  of  the  Stones., 
might  lock  up  the  tinging  Particles.  1748  Anson's  Voy. 
ii.  v.  185  That  refreshment  and  pleasing  refrigeration  of  the 
air,  which  is  sometimes  produced  in  other  climates  by  rains. 
1847  T.  MILNKR  Gallery  Nature  (1855)  296  The  vapours 
cannot  become  visible  by  refrigeration.  1871  TYNDALL 
Fragm.  Set.  (1879)  I.  ii.  60  By  nocturnal  refrigeration,  the 
aqueous  vapour  of  the  air  is  condensed. 

b.  Geol.  The  gradual  cooling  of  the  earth  from 
natural  causes. 

1794  SULLIVAN  View  Nat.  I.  71  That  the  successive  cooling 
or  refrigeration  of  the  earth  is  a  groundless  notion.  1841 
TRIMMKR  Pracl.  Geol.  469  The  secular  refrigeration  of  the 
heated  interior  of  our  planet.  1873  tr.  Schmidt* s  Desc.  fy 
Darwinism  ii  We  may.. infer  that,  at  a  definite  epoch  of 
refrigeration,  Hfe  appeared  in  a  natural  manner. 

c.  The  freezing  of  provisions  for  the  purpose  of 
preserving  them. 

1881  Marine  Engineer  i  Jan.  225  The  refrigeration  of 
provisions  for  transhipment  either  as  a  cargo  for  sale  in 
Kngland,  or  simply  as  provisions  in  our  large  passenger 
liners,  becomes  daily  of  more  importance. 

2.  Reduction  of  heat  in  the  body  (now  only  Med^)\ 
f  cooling  and  refreshing  of  the  blood  or  spirits. 

1502  Ord.  Crysten  Men  (\V.  de  W.  1506)  i.  iv.  D  ij,  The 
water  gyueth  refrygeracyon,  The  baptym  taketh  &  coleth 
the  inclynacyon.  1607  TOPSELL  Fonr-f,  Beasts  (1658)  100 
By  smelling,  they  prevent  the  air  that  should  come  unto 
them  for  refrigeration.  1635  PERSON  Varieties  \.  35, 1  could 
allow  for  fishes  a  kind  of  respiration  called  refrigeration. 
1681  CHETHAM  Anglers  Vade-m.  xxxviii.  §  n  (1689)  247 
Though  they  receive  some  refrigeration  by  their  Guills, 
yet  that  refrigeration  is  not  so  continual,  as  when  it  is  by 
breathing.  1833  Cycl.  Pract.  Med.  I.  246/1  Refrigeration, 
to  a  certain  extent,  must  of  necessity  result  immediately 
from  immersion  in  the  cold  bath.  1876  BRISTOWE  Th.  fy 
Pract.  Med.  (1878)  229  Actual  refrigeration,  and  bleeding. 

transf.  1606  J.  CARPENTER  Solomons  Solace  ii.  8  We 
hoped  for  some  consolatory  refrigeration  and  ease. 

Refvigerative  'nTri'dserativ),  a. andj^.  [prob. 
ad.  med.L.  *rsfrigeratlvus  :  see  REFRIGERATE  v. 
and  -IVE,  and  cf.  F.  rtfrigfratif  (itfh.  c.,  Oresme).] 

A.  adj.  Tending  to  cool,  refrigerant. 

1558-66  WARDE  tr.  Alexis  Seer.  \\\.  i.  49  It  [a  plaster]  is 
repercussiue,  refrige ratine  and  desiccatiue.  1601  HOLLAND 
Pliny  II.  24  All  Lectuces  are  by  nature  refrigeratiue,  and 
do  coole  the  body.  1665  J.  WEBB  Stone-Hen^  (1725)  82 
Lead  hath  naturally  commixt  with  it  a  certain  Mineral.. of 
such  a  refrigerative  Quality,  as  in  a  very  short  Time  it  will 
consume  even  the  Metal  it  self.  1727  BRADLEY  Fant.  Diet. 
s.v.  Cookoo  bread.  This  Plant  is  refrigerative  like  Sorrel. 
1852  Patents  Abridgm.  1819-66  (1877)  16  Improvements  in 
machinery  applicable  to  the  manufacture  of  ice  and  to  re 
frigerative  purposes  generally. 

B.  sb.  A  cooling  medicine.    rare~Q. 

1706  in  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey).  1727-41  in  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
and  in  later  Diets* 


356 

Hence  Befrrgerativeness. 

1731  in  BAILKY  vol.  II.  ied.  2). 

Refrigerator  (rtfri-dser^tw).  [f.  REFRIGE- 
BATB  v,  +  -OK.  Cf.  obs.  F.  refrigeratcur  (Cotgr.).] 

1.  That  which  refrigerates  or  cools.     In  later  use 
transf.  from  2. 

i6n  COTGR.,  Refrigerateitr^  refrigeratorrrefresher,  cooler. 
1862  RAWLINSON  Anc.  Mon.,  Assyria  ii.  I.  267  Trees,  those 
great  refrigerators.  1876  I'ortn.  AY?'.  Mar.  347  An  enormous 
natural  refrigerator  in  the  shape  of  the  Rosegg  glacier. 

transf.  and_/%;  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  vn.  x.  r  4  A  re 
flection.,  so  virtuous  acted  as  a  refrigerator  on  my  spirits. 
1852  DICKENS  Bleak  Ho.  xl,  He  moves  among  the  company, 
a  magnificent  refrigerator. 

2.  An  apparatus,  vessel,  or  chamber  for  producing 
or  maintaining  a  low  degree  of  temperature. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  commoner  specific  applica 
tions  of  the  term  :  a.  A  chamber  or  vat  for  cooling  worts  in 
a  brewery,  b.  Any  vessel,  chamber,  or  apparatus  in  which 
the  contents  are  preserved  by  maintaining  a  temperature 
near,  at,  or  below  freezing  point,  esp.  in  the  cold  storage  of 
food.  c.  An  ice-making  machine.  CL~  REFRIGERATORY 5&  i. 
e.  That  part  of  a  surface-condenser  in  which  the  steam 
evaporated  from  salt-water  is  condensed  into  fresh  water  to 
supply  the  boilers  of  marine  engines,  f.  (Incorrectly  applied 
to)  an  arrangement  whereby  the  feed-water  is  warmed  on 
its  way  to  the  boiler  of  a  marine  engine  by  a  current  of  hot 
waste  brine  pumped  from  the  boiler. 

1824  Specif,  Maudslay  fy  Field's  Patent  No.  5021.  3  Pass 
ing  the  not  brine  and  the  supply  water  for  the  boiler  through 
a  system  of  tubes  or  vessels  of  extended  surface  called  a 
refrigerator.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1183  [The  vapour]  may 
be  conducted  to  a  worm  or  refrigerator,  to  be  cooled  in  the 
ordinary  way.  1861  WVNTER  Soc.  Bees  192  Every  man  who 
possesses  a  refrigerator  has  the  power  of  arresting  for  a  time 
the  natural  decay  of  animal  and  vegetable  substances.  1881 
Marine  Engineer  i  Jan.  226  We  think  the  time  is  not  far 
distant  when  all  Australian  and  Eastern  liners  will  be  fitted 
throughout  with  refrigerators. 

b.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  refrigerator  beef,  car. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1911/1  'Refrigerator-car.  (Rail 
way.)  1881  Chicago  Times  4  June,  American  refrigerator 
beef  sold  at  London  and  Liverpool  to-day  at  s£d.  1883 
GOODE  Fish.  Indust.  U.S.A.  9  (Fish.  Exh.  Publ.),  Re 
frigerator  cars  carry  unfrozen  fish  from  sea  and  lake  inland. 

Refrigeratory  (r/Tri-d^eratsri),  sb.  [See  next 
and  -DRY1.  Cf.  obs.  F.  refrigeratoire  (Cotgr.).] 

1.  A  vessel  at  the  head  of  a  still  filled  with  cold 
water  through  which  the  worm  passes,  for  con 
densing  alcoholic  and  other  vapours  ;  any  vessel  or 
apparatus  employed  for  a  similar  purpose. 

1605  TIMME  Quersit,  in.  186  Thy  vessel!,  .must  be  such  as 
the  chymicall  distillars  do  use;,  .furnished  with  their  re 
frigeratories  (as  they  terme  them).  1641  FRENCH  Distill.  \. 
(1651)  34  The  liquor,  .must  be  distilled  in  an  Alembick  with 
a  refrigeratory  or  Copper  Stil  with  a  worm.  1727  BRADLEY 
Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Distillation  ofoil>  When  the  cold  Water  in 
the  Tub  grows  hot,  you  must  let  it  out  thro'  the  Canal  of 
the  Refrigeratory,  and  put  fresh  in  the  room  of  it.  1782 
WITHERING  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXII.  328,  ist,  By  water,  is 
always  meant  water  distilled  in  glass  vessels, or  by  means  of 
a  large  tin  refrigeratory.  1821  URE  Diet.  Cheat,  s.v.  La 
boratory,  Instead  of  using  a  refrigeratory  or  receiver,  the 
spirit  is  made  to  pass  through  a  spiral  pipe  called  a  worm. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Much.  2456/1  The  refrigeratory  consists 
of  three  compartments. 

attrib.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1179  The  alcohol.. will  pro 
ceed  onwards  into  the  refrigeratory  tube, 

2.  Any  medium,  appliance,  vessel  or  chamber  by 
or  in  which  the  process  of  cooling  or  freezing  is 
effected. 

1653  R.  G.  tr.  Bacon's  Hist.  Winds  17  Enquire  concerning 
. .  Artificiall  windes,  as  Bellowes,  Refrigeratories,  or  Coolers 
in  Parlours.  1664  EVELYN  Sylva  (1679)  28  The  leaves  of 
Oaks  abundantly  congested  on  Snow,  preserves  it  as  well 
for  wine,  as  a  deep  pit,  or  the  most  artificial  Refrigeratory. 
1707  MORTIMER  Hitsb.  (1721)  II.  352  It  will  be  a  delicate, 
palatable,  rich  Wine,,  .and  hi  a  Refrigeratory  very  durable. 
1849  Blackw.  Mag:  LXV.  411  Vast  refrigeratories  are  pro 
vided  at  both  the  poles.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1165/1 
If  now  the  end  containing  the  compound  be  plunged  in  a 
refrigeratory  and  the  other  in  water  [etc.]. 

Refrigeratory  (r/Trrdseratsri),  a.  [ad.  L. 
refrigeratori-us  :  see  REFRIGERATE  v.  and  -ORY  2.] 
Tending  to  cool  or  make  cold  ;  cooling. 

1721  in  BAILEY.  1744  BERKELEY  Siris  §  120  This  grateful 
acid  spirit . .  is  . .  highly  refrigeratory,  diuretic,  sudorific. 
1798  in  Spirit  Pub.  Jrnls.  (1799)  II.  150  Close  to  the  stream 
I  was  showed  this  lady's  bower ;  it  is  umbrageous  and  re 
frigeratory.  1839  Blackw.  Mag.  XLVI.  42  Trinity  term.. 
replaces  these  delicacies  with  the  more  refrigeratory  victual 
of  cold  boiled  lamb  and  salad.  1889  Pall  Mall  G.  23  May 
4/3  The  pumping  of  cold  air  for  refrigeratory  purposes. 

t  Refrige-rium.  Obs.  [a.  late  L.  refrigerium 
a  cooling,  mitigation.  Cf.  next.] 

1.  A  respite  granted  to  the  souls  of  the  damned ; 
also  transf.  hymns  or  prayers  for  such  a  respite. 

("1645  HOWELL  Lett.  in.  xxxvi.  (1650)  I.  164  To  sing 
Dirges  and  Refrigeriums  for  the  soul  of  the  deceased  Duke. 
1651  —  tr.  Girajffi's  Rw.  Naples  \\.  26  Raising  up  their 
beads  and  voices.. with  requiems  and  refrigeriums  to  his 
soul.  1667  SOUTH  Scrm.  Prcv.  x.  9  (1697)  II.  12  Some  of 
the  Ancients,  .have  talked  much  of  Annual  Refrigeriums, 
Respites,  or  Intervals  of  Punishment  to  the  Damned. 

2.  A  place  of  cooling,  rare—'1. 

a  1670  HACKET  in  Plume  Life  (1865)  182  Heaven  is  so 
large,  and  spacious,  that  it  is  fit  to  admit  divers  quartering^ 
and  mansions  in  it,  the  archangel's  throne,  .[and]  the  re 
frigerium  of  the  faithful  before  His  Ascension. 

t  Refri'gery.  Obs.  [ad.  late  L.  refrigeri-um 
(see  prec.),  or  a. OF.  refrigcrie  (Godef.).]  Cooling, 
refreshing,  comfort,  consolation. 

e  1450  Mirour  Saluaeioun  3053  If  the  aungels  presence  to 


BEFUGE. 

the  chiklre  in  the  fire  refrigery  made.  1483  CAXTON  Gold. 
Leg.  263/2  To  this  deserte  place  gyue  the  refrygery  and 
comfort  of  thy  grace.  1535  JOVE  Apol.  TituiaU  (Arb.)  41 
Luke  remembreth  thys  perfeccion. -callyng  yt  the  tyme  of 
refrigery  and  confort.  1565  JEWEL  Def.  Apol.  (1611)  512 
Yee  haue  stepped  from  the  place  of  Spiritual  refrigery, 
into  the  frying  pan  of  Schismes  &  Heresies. 

Kefrined,  erron.  form  of  REFRAINED  Obs. 

t  Befri'Uge,  v.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  refringlre :  see 
REFRACT  ».] 

1.  trans.  To  infringe  (one's  liberties).   rare~'. 
1530  PALSGR.  683/1,  I  am  nat  aboute  nor  never  was  to  re- 

frynge  your  lybertyes. 

2.  To  refract  (light)-     Alscyff. 

c  1610  SIR  C.  HEYDON  Astral.  Disc.  (1650)  11  We  are  first 
to  agree  how  deep  or  thick  this  cloudy  Region  of  the  air 
that  refringeth  the  Sunbeams  may  be.  1675  BAXTER  Catk. 
Tluol.  i.  11.  95  Vapors.,  by  which  the  light  of  divine  immu 
table  verity,  seemeth  to  us  to  be  refringed,  and  to  waver, 
b.  To  knock  or  drive  back.  rare~\ 

1692  NORRIS  Curs.  Rffl.  24  How  can  they  do  it  in  such 
troops  and  numbers  without  justling,  refringing,  and  invert 
ing  one  another  ? 

Kefriiigency  (rffrrnd3ensi).  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ENCY.]  =REFRACTIVITT. 

1882  in  OGILVIE.  1885  GOODALE  Physiol.  Bat.  (1892)  211 
Minute  granules  which  have  a  high  degree  of  refringency. 

Refringent  (rftri-ndjent),  a.  [ad.  pres.  pple. 
of  L.  rtfringere  to  REFHACT.]  =  REFRACTIVE. 

1778  1'hil.  Trans.  LXVI1I.  541  Considering..,  that  the 
changes  of  refringent  power  and  of  density  are  two  co-effects 
of  very  different  nature.  1863  ATKINSON  tr.  Ganofs  Physics 
vn.  iii.  §  432  According  as  the  refracted  ray  approaches,  or 
deviates  from  the  normal,  the  second  medium  is  said  to  be 
more  or  less  refringent  or  refracting  than  the  first.  1898  P. 
MANSON  Trap.  Diseases  xxxvii.  587  The  spores.. are  twice 
the  size  of  tricophyton  spores,  and  remarkably  refringent. 

t  Refriscative,  a.  Obs.  rare~*.  [f.  med.L. 
rej "fiscal- ,  ppl.  stem  of  rejriscare  to  REFRESH  + 
-IVE.J  That  refreshes,  refreshing. 

1582  HESTER  Seer.  Phiorav.  il.  xi.  91  You  shall  purge  hym 
with  apperatiue  thynges,  and  refnscatiue  that  purge  the 
bloud. 

t  Refroi'd,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  ref raider, 
-ier,  -ir,  f.  re-  RE-  +  froid  cold.  Cf.  REFREID  v.\ 
trans.  To  cool. 

c  1450  Merlin  500  Nevew,  be  not  so  wroth,  refroide  youre 
maltalente.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  i8b,  For  to_ hyde  her 
wil  and  to  refroide  and  cole  her  a  litil.  .she  left  him. 

So  t  Befroi-dour  [OF.  rejroidure~\,  coolness. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  250  b/i  He  had  within  forth  thre 
refroydours  or  coldes . .  By  whiche  he  assuaged  by  coldenes 
all  the  fyre  withonte  furth. 

t  Refro'nt,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  supply 
with  a  new  front ;  to  renew  the  front  of. 

1855  HAWTHORNE  Bug.  Notc-bks.  (1879)  I.  326,  I  should 
take  it  to  have  been  at  least  refionted  since  Johnson's  time. 
1895  DOYLE  Stark  KInaro  Lett.  iv.  68  My  linen  had  gone 
to  Belfast  to  be  refronted  and  rectified. 

Refnrstrate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  frus 
trate  again. 

1662  HICKERINGILL  Jamaica  56  Being  so  often  refrus- 
trated  in  their  reattempts. 

Refrygeracion,  -cyon,  obs.  ff.  REFRIGERATION. 

t  Heft,  si.1  &•  Obs.  rare.  [Alteration  of  REIF, 
after  the  pa.  pple.  of  REAVE  v.l,  or  on  analogy  of 
theft.]  Robbery. 

1456  Sm  G.  HAVE  Lam  Anns  (S.T.S.)  132  Suppos  that 

tide  war  nouthir  tane  be  violence,  fors,  na  reft.     1552  ABI>. 

AMILTON  Catcch.  (1884)  10  Resettaris  of  theft  and  reft. 

Reft,  sb?  rare.  [Alteration  of  RIFT,  after  the 
pa.  pple.  of  REAVE  v;*,  or  on  analogy  of  cleft.]  A 
rift,  fissure. 

1811  PINKERTOS  Petral.  I.  495  It.  .had  most  probably 
dropped  into  a  reft,  afterwards  filled  by  stalactitic  matter. 
1851  ANGUS  Serin,  viii.  (1862)  156  The  mountain  has  been 
shivered.. ;  and  spiritual  churches.. have  come  out  of  the 
enormous  reft. 

Reft,  ///.  a.1  [See  REAVE  v.1]  Robbed,  bereft 
of  something. 

1847  LYTTON  Lucretia  (1853)  257  Through  all  this  the  reft 
tigress  mourned  her  stolen  whelp. 

Reft,  ppl.  a.2     [See  REAVE  z>.2]     Split,  cleft. 

1763  Museum  Kiist.  I.  Ixxx.  336  If. .it  should  not  be  con 
venient  to  the  farmer  to  get  these  wicker  hurdles,  but  he 
should  be  obliged  to  take  up  with  those  made  of  reft  stuff 
in  form  of  a  gate  [etc.]. 

Refter,  obs.  form  of  RAFTER  sb.l 

I  Befu.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  OF.  refit,  refui:- 
L.  rcfugium  REFUGE  sb]  Refuge. 

1340  Aycnb.  138  He  is  hire  refu  and  ham  ssel  souy. 

Refu.ce,  obs.  form  of  REFUSE  sb.  and  v. 

Refu  el  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  supply 
again  with  fuel. 

1811  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  II.  567  The  necessity  of  ever 
re-fuelling  the  moral  feelings  of  the  people. 

Refuge  (re-fiwdg),  sb.  Also  5  reffuge.  [a.  F. 
refuge  (i2th  c.),  ad.  L.  refugium,  f.  re-  RE-  back 
4  fugere  to  flee.  See  also  REFU  and  REFUTE  rf.i] 

1.  Shelter  or  protection  from  danger  or  trouble ; 
succour  sought  by,  or  rendered  to,  a  person,  f  To 
do  refuge,  to  give  refuge  or  aid  to  one. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Ktit.'s  T.  862  Yeue  vs  neither  mercy  ne 
refuge  But  sle  me  first.  1416  LYDG.  De  Guil.  Pilgr.  448 
The  grcte  Reffuyt  and  Reffuge  that  thow  dost  to  alle 
synful  men.  1494  FAHYAN  Chrtm.  v.  cvii.  81  The  .ii.  sones 
of  Mordred  were  constrayned  of  pure  force  to  seche  stronge 
holdes  for  theyr  refuge.  1313  BKADSHAW  St.  Wcrbnrge 


il1 


KEFUGE. 

i.  1095  To  the  prophet  Hely  a  rauen  dyd  refuge,  Brought 
hym  his  sustenaunce  and  saued  his  lyue.  1582  STANYHURST 
JKncis  I.  (Arb.)  39  Of  the[e]  request  I  refuge,  with  meeke 
submission  humbfed.  1667  MILTON/'.  L.  xi.  673  So  violence 
Proceeded  ..  Through  all  the  Plain,  and  refuge  none  was 
found.  1755  WARBURTON  Sernt.  Luke  xiii.  1-2  Wks.  1788 
V.  297  The  hapless  Unbeliever,  .hath  no  where  to  fly  for 
refuge  from  his  terrors.  1784  COWPER  Task  \.  238  The 
dweller  in  that  still  retreat  Dearly  obtains  the  refuge  it 
affords.  1807  SIR  R.  WILSON  Jrnl.  18  June  in  Life  (1862) 
II.  viii.  286  All  patriotism  and  honour  has  in  Prussia  sought 
refuge  among  the  women.  1878  BROWNING  La  Saisiaz 
429  Is  he  sad  1  there's  ready  refuge. 

b.  Of  refuge,  adapted  or  intended  for  shelter  or 
protection,  as  in  city  (see  CITY  I  f),  country ',  har- 
bo W) place, port)  (^weapon,}  of  refuge  \  also  house 
of  refuge t  an  institution  for  sheltering  the  home 
less  or  destitute. 

c  1430  LYDG.  Bochas  n.  xxviti.  61/1  This  Asylum .  .Was  a 
place  of  refuge  and  socours.  1482  CAXTON  Trcvisa's  Higdcn 
I.  xv.  29  Sychem . .  was  a  Cyte  of  refuge  and  of  socoure.  1540 
BIBLE  (Cranmer)  Josh.  xx.  2  Appoynte  out  from  among  you 
cyties  of  refuge.  1560  DAustr.  Slddane1  s  Comni.  49  b,  The 
rest. .shall  be  banisshed  to  have  no  place  of  refuge.  1590  SIR 
J.  SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  sb,  Swords.,  have  been  in  all 
ages.. the  last  weapon  of  refuge  both  for  horsemen,  and 


of 


a£ca..iuc    lasi    wciipun   UI     muKB    uulll     lur    DOtBdOGQi   an 

footmen.     1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  50/2  The  cities  c 
refuge  were  required  to  be  well  supplied  with  water  and 
necessary  provisions.     1838  ARNOLD  Hist.  Rome  I.  7  He 


0  Yict.  c.  117  §  31  Provided  that  such  House  of  Refuge, 

chool,  or  Institution  is  certified  as  a  Reformatory  School 
under  this  Act.  1867  SMILES  Hitifuctwts  Eng.  Pref.  (1880) 
S  The  geographical  position  of  Britain  has,  from  the  earliest 
times,  rendered  it  a  country  of  refuge. 

C.  To  take  refuge,  to  seek  safety  or  shelter  in 
(or  at)  a  place ;  also  transf.  (const.  iii),  to  betake 
oneself,  have  recourse,  to  (something)  as  a  means 
of  escape,  consolation,  etc. 

1764  BURN  Poor  Laws  228  The  Portuguese  have  a  notion 
of  honour,  that  if  a  murderer  takes  refuge  in  their  house, 
they  are  bound  to  protect  him.  1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom. 
Forest^  iv,  We  must  take  refuge  in  Switzerland,  I  think. 
1841  ELPHINSTONE  Hist.  hid.  II.  397  The  king.. was  borne 
down  by  the  superior  force  of  his  enemies,  and  was  con- 
strained  to  take  refuge  in  his  capital.  1874  GREEN  Slwrt 
Hist.  iii.  §  7.  147  A  thunderstorm  once  forced  the  King, .to 
take  refuge  at  the  palace  of  the  Bishop  of  Durham. 

trans/.  1708  ATTF.RBURY  Serin,  vi.  (1726)  II.  202  These 
Persons,  .take  Refuge  in  Reflections  on  the.  .Goodness  of 
God.  1788  MME.  LJ'ARBLAY Diary  18  Feb.,  I. .would  have 
taken  refuge  in  some  other  topic  :  but  he  seemed  bent  upon 
pursuing  his  own.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tom's  C.  xviii. 
175  Dinah  perfectly  scorned  logic  and  reason  in  every  shape, 
and  always  took  refuge  in  intuitive  certainty.  1877  MRS. 
FORRESTER  Migiion  I.  113  Capt.  Carlyle  goes  to  his  own 
room,,  .and  takes  refuge  in  a  cigar. 

2.  One  who,  or  that  which,  serves  to  give  shelter, 
protection,  aid,  comfort,  etc. 

ci43o  LVDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  205  Reste  and 
refuge  to  folk  disconsolat,  Fadir  of  pite  and  consolacioun, 
Blissid  Leonard  !  1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  \.  xiii.  39  He  that 
is  the  very  reffuge  of  alle  creatures.  1555  EDEN  Decodes  85 
The  byshoppe  of  Burges  beinge  the  chiefe  refuge  of  this 
nauigation.  1607  SHAKS.  Timon  in.  iii.  ii  Must  I  be  his 
last  Refuge?  a  1660  HAMMOND  Serin,  xxiii.  Wks.  1684  IV. 
635  In  the  midst  of  his  Ship  wrack,  when  there  be  planks 
and  refuges  enough  about  him.  1784  COWPER  Task  iv. 
396  Sleep  seems  their  only  refuge :  for,  alas  !  Where  penury 
is  felt  the  thought  is  chained.  iSai  SHELLEV  Promcth. 
Unb.  I.  311  Howl,  Spirits  of  the  living  and  the  dead,  Your 
refuge,  your  defence  lies  fallen  and  vanquished,  c  1886 
KIPLING  Departm.  Ditties,  etc.  (1899)  101,  I  go  back  To 
Rome  and  leisure..  .Or  books — the  refuge  of  the  destitute. 

3.  A  place  of  safety  or  security ;  a  shelter,  asylum, 
stronghold.     Also  inyff.  context. 

14. .  in  Titntiale's  Vis.  (1843)  136  And  lyke  a  dowve  fle  to 
his  refuge.  i53jCovEKDAi.E  i  Mace.  x.  i4<Jnelyat  Bethsura 
remayned  certayne  of  the  lewes..,  for  Bethsura  was  their 
refuge,  a  1548  HALL  Cliron.,  /fen.  VI  131  Thei  had  no 
certain  refuge  nor  place  to  resorte  to.  1598  GRENEWEY 
Tacitus,  Ann.  iv.  xi.  (1622)  106  With  small  bloudshedof  the 
barbarians,  by  reason  of  their  refuges  at  hand.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  n.  168  This  Hell  then  seem'd  A  refuge  from 
those  wounds.  1784  COWPER  Task  vi.  310  Drawn  from  his 
refuge  in  some  lonely  elm.  .ventures  forth..  The  squirrel. 
1814-15  SHELLEY  Words^uortk  9  Thou  hast  like  to  a  rock- 
built  refuge  stood  Above  the  blind  and  battling  multitude. 
1860  TYNDALL  Glac. ;.  xv.  103  [The  chamois]  (few  with  the 
speed  of  the  wind  to  its  refuge  in  the  mountains. 
b.  (See  quot.) 

1891  H.  MATTHEWS  in  Law  Times  XCII.  96/2  Female 
convicts  . .  are  in  certain  cases  released  to  refuges  nine 
months  before  the  ordinary  time  for  release  on  licence. 

C.  A  portion  of  the  roadway  marked  off  at  busy 
crossings,  for  securing  the  safety  of  foot  passengers. 

1881  GRANT  WHITE  England  xiv.  320  The  contrivance 
called  a  '  refuge  '  which  is  placed  at  intervals  more  or  less 
convenient  in  the  roadway  of  the  street.  1896  Daily  News 
ii  Sept.  4  The  erection  of  a  large  refuge,  which  would 
separate  the  two  lines  of  traffic. 

4.  f  a.  A  way  or  means  of  obtaining  shelter  or 
safety ;  a  resource  ;  recourse  to  a  practice.  Obs. 

15^9  MORE  Dyaloge  i.  Wks.  16^/1  He.. hath  a  sure  and 
vndoubtable  refuge . .  to  brynge  him  out  of  all  perplexite,  in 
that  God  hath  commaunded  him  in  all  such  doutes  to 
byleue  his  churche.  1541  R.  COPLAND  Galyen's  Terap. 
Gj,  We  must  somtyme  come  and  haue  refuge  to  the 
sendyng  of  blode.  1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  v.  iii.  n  Their  latest 
refuge  Was  to  send  him.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  313 
These  shifts  and  by-ways,  .are  meer  refuges  to  shelter  our 
mftrmitie.  1670  CLARENDON  Lift  (1760)  I.  v.  177  The  king 
then,  as  the  last  Refuge,  calls  for  the  English  Mastiffs. 
1734  tr.  Rcllirii  Anc.  Hist.  (1827)  II.  II.  ii.  12  A  general.. 


357 

has  no  other  refuge  left,  than  continually  to  raise  the  ex 
pectation  of  his  allies  by  some  fresh  exploits. 

t  b.    7o  have  or  make  one's  refuge :  to  betake 
oneself  for  refuge  to  a  person  or  place.   Obs. 

i579  TOMSON  Cahirfs  Serm.  Tim.  248/1  To  the  end  we 
may  haue  our  refuge  to  his  mercie.  a.  1648  LD.  HERBERT 
Hen.  /'///i  1683)  439  The  offenders  making  theirrefugefrom 
one  lordship  marcher  to  another,  were  continued  without 
punishment  and  correction. 

c.  A  plea,  pretext,  excuse,  or  answer,  in  which 
one  takes  refuge. 

1549  in  Uurnet  Hist.  Ref.  (1681)  II.  Records  1. 177  His  re 
fuge  was  only,  That  they  would  fain  learn  how  they  might 
honestly  answer  the  French.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  /'/,  v.  IV. 
69  She  and  the  Dolphin  haue  bin  iugling,  I  did  imagine 
what  would  be  her  refuge.  1699  HENTLKY  Fhal.  Pref.  19 
The  Starters  of  this  Calumny. .betook  themselves  to  tins 
Refuge,  That  [etc.].  1724  WATERLAND  Farther  lrind. 
Chris?  sDiv.  ii.  §  15  The  boasted  pretence.. ,  the  last  refuge  , 
both  of  Socinians  and  Arians,  is  entirely  routed  and  baffled.  ; 
1775  JOHNSON  in  Roswell  7  Apr.,  Patriotism  is  the  last 
refuge  _of  a  scoundrel.  1891  Daily  Neivs  24  Nov.  4/7  As 
patriotism  Is  sometimes  the  last  refuge  of  a  scoundrel,  so 
economy.,  is  the  last  refuge  of  a  Reactionary. 

5.  attrib.)  as  refuge  house  >  /tut,  place,  tower \ 
refuge  hole  (see  quot.  1883). 

c  1586  C'TF.SS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXXI.  ii,  Lord,.  .B^  my  rock, 
my  refuge  tower.  1813  SCOTT  Rokeby  vi.  vi.  I've  sought 
for  refuge-place  in  vain.  1856  KANE  A  ret.  Ex  pi.  II.  xviii. 
187  This  little  refuge-hut,  .was  I  he  means  of  saving  the  lives 
of  these  four  men.  1869  J.  KER  Scrm.  (1874)  359  To  mnke 
the  death  of  Christ  a  mere  refuge-house  for  pardons.  1883 
GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining,  Refuge  Hole,  a  place  formed 
in  the  side  of  an  underground  plane  or  horse  road,  .in  which 
men  can  take  refuge  during  the  passing  of  a  train,  or  when 
firing  shots. 

Refuge  (re'fiwd^),  v.     Now  rare.     [f.  the  sb., 
or   ad.  I1'.  refitgiert  -\refuger  (i5th  c.), usually  refl.    : 
se  rtfugier,  to  take  refuge.] 

1.  trans.  To  afford  a  refuge,  asylum,  or  retreat  to 
(a  person) ;  to  shelter,  protect.    Also  occas.  in  pass., 
to  be  refuged^  to  have  taken  refuge. 

1594  O.  B.  Quest.  Profit.   Concern.  13  b,  A  strong  couert    ! 
and  sanctuane  ..to  refuge  the   wronged.     1613   SHERLEY 
Trav.   Persia  ^  Hairing  promise  of  the  Turke   that  he 
should  be  detained  in  Corassan  where  he  was  refuged.    1681 
TEMPLE  Mem.  in.  Wks.  1731   1.358  Prince  William,  .[has] 
been  refuged  and  supported  by  that  Crown  against. .the 
Emperor.     1720  MRS.  MANLEY  Power  of  Lore  vn.  (1741) 
359  Castruchio  . .  promised  to  receive   and   refuge  her  at 
a  fair  House  he  had  at  Tivoli.      1779  G.  KEATE  Sketches 
Jr.  Nat.  II.  145  They  found  all  the  people  on  board,  re-    ; 
fuged  [1790  retired]  in  different  places  beneath  the  deck. 
1818  SHELLEY  Eugan.  Hills  205  So  shall  be  The  city  that 
did  refuge  thee.     1867  J.  B.   ROSE  tr.   VirgiCs  Aeneid  22    I 
Thou  who  alone  hast  refuged  our  distress. 

transf.  1593  SHAKS.  Rick.  //,  v.  v.  26  Like  silly  Beggars,    i 
Who  sitting  in  the  Stockes,  refuge  their  shame  That  many 
haue,  and  others  must  sit  there. 

fb.  refi.  To  take  refuge  ;  to  flee  for  refuge  to 
a  place.  Obs. 

1618  T.  ADAMS  Serin.  gSensualitie  is  the  voluptuous  man's 
mountaine,  there  he  refugeth  himselfe  against  all  reproofes. 
1643  T.  COLEMAN  Serin,  in  Kerr  Covenants  (1895)  173  The 
ministers  of  the  Lord  that  have  refuged  themselves  to  this 
little  Sanctuary.  1709  MRS.  MANLKY  Secret  Mem.  (1720) 
III.  240  He  was  expell'd  the  Empire,  and  refuged  himself 
in  the  Persian  Court.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811) 
II.  304,  I  have  refuged  myself  in  his  family. 

2.  intr.  To  take  refuge ;  to  seek  shelter  or  pro 
tection.    Also_/%". 

1638-48  G.  DANIEL  Eclog.  v.  302  And  now,  the  King  Is 

flcas'd  to  refuge  there.     1709  MRS.  MANLEY  Secret  Mem.  4, 
was  reported  to  have  refug'd  among  the  Villagers.      1720 
— Power  of  Love  \.  (1741)  116  He. .refuged  in  the  Great 
ness   of  his  Courage.     1790   MRS.   A.    M.    JOHNSON   Mon- 
month  I.  47  She  had  heard   that  pirates  refuged  formerly 
in  the  Hebrides.    1805  SOUTHEY  Madoc  in  Azt.  xxvii,  Upon 
the  heights  Eastward,  how  few  have  refuged  !      1899  RIDER 
HAGGARD  in  Longm.   Mag.  Oct.  535  They  move  m  short 
dipping  flights,  refuging  in  every  convenient  tree, 
t  b.  To  flee  for  refuge.    Obs.  rare. 

1656  FINETT  For.  Ambass.  in  The  Duke  de  Soubise  re 
fuged  hether  from  France  upon  miscarriage  of  some  under 
takings  of  his  there. 

Hence  Ke-fuged///.  a.  rare. 

1725  tr.  Dupin's  Eccl.  Hist.  i-jth.  C.  I.  n.  iii.  39  If  the 
refug'd  Person  is  guilty,  he  shall  agree  to  make  proper 
Satisfaction  for  him. 

Refuge,  obs.  (or  dial.)  var.  of  REFUSE  sb.  and  v. 

Refugee  (refiwd^f-),  sb.  Also  7-8  refugie. 
[ad.  F.  refugie^  pa.  pple.  virtfugier :  see  REFUGE  z>. 


The  Anglicized  form  in  -ee  appears  almost  as  early    , 
as  that  in  -iet  and  soon  became  the  standard  one.]     ] 

1.  a.  One  who,  owing  to  religious  persecution  or    ' 
political  troubles,  seeks  refuge  in  a  foreign  country ;    ; 
orig.  applied  to  the  French  Huguenots  who  came 
to  England  after  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes  in  1685. 

a.  1685  BURNET  Tracts  (1689)  I.  27  Zurich  demanded  the 
Estates  of  the  refugies.  1691  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2679/1  The 
Troops  in  the  Town  behaved  themselves  very  well,  and 
particularly  the  French  Refugies.  1709  STEEI.E  Tatler 
No.  13  F  2  That  all  the  French  Refugies  in  those  Dominions 
are  to  be  naturalized. 

0.  1687  EVELYN  Diary  12  June,  The  poore  and  religious 
refugees  who  escaped  out  of  France  in  the  cruel  persecution. 
1696  PRIOR  Secretary  8  The  long-winded  cant  of  a  dull 
refugee.  1707  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4^34/4  There  was  also  an 
humble  Address  from  the  French  Refugees  in  the  Kingdom 
of  Ireland.  1783  AVrv  York  during  A  tncr.  Rev.  (1861)  141 
A  very  considerable  embarkation  of  Refugees  took  place 
last  week  bound  for  Nova  Scotia  and  Canada.  *797 


REFULGENT. 

Encycl.  Brit,  (ed.  3)  XVI.  51/1  Since  the  revolt  of  the 
British  colonies  in  America,  we  have  frequently  heard  of 
American  refugees.  1814  MACKINTOSH  Rn>.  Lives  Milton's 
Nephews  Wks.  1846  II.  503  Some  of  those  ingenious  and 
excellent  Protestant  refugees,  whose  writings  contributed  to 
excite  all  Europe  against  Louis  XIV.  a  1842  ARNOLD  Later 
Hist.  Rome.  (1846)  I.  v.  203  Attending  the  lectures  of  Philo, 
then  a  refugee  from  Athens.  1879  Fn-»CooK.soN  Armies 
of  Balkans  i.  5  A  large  number  of  refugees  from  the  Tunja 
Valley  had  already  arrived. 

b.  A  runaway ;  a  fugitive  from  justice,  etc.  rare. 

1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  QnaL  (1809)  III.  108,  I  held 
myself  as  the  refugee  Jonas,  whose  crimes  brought  perdition 
on  all  in  the  vessel.  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mart,  vi,  With  a 
promise  on  Morton's  part  that  he  would  call  the  refugee 
when  it  was  time  for  him  to  pursue  his  journey. 

*t  C.  tratisf.  of  migratory  birds.      Obs.  rare"1. 

1764  HARMF.R  Obsen:  x.  xiv.  413  Among  other  refugees  of 
that  time  Maillet  elsewhere  expressly  mentions  quails. 

2.  U.  S.  A  name  given,  esp.  in  New  York  State, 
to  parties  of  marauders  in  the  American  revolu 
tionary  war  who  claimed  British  protection;   — 
COWBOY  2.   Obs.  exc.  Jlist. 

1780  ANDKK  (title}  Cow-Chace,  in  Three  Canto*  published 
on  Occasion  of  the  Rebel  General  Wayne's  attack  of  the 
Refugees  Block-House  on  Hudson's  River.  1781  J.  ADAMS 
in  l-'unt.  Lett.  (1876)  403,  I  expect  all  the  rancor  of  the 
refugees  will  be  poured  out  upon  Cornwallis  for  it.  1821  F. 
Cooi'ER  Spy  vii,  The  more  cunning  refugees  dispersed  in 
small  bands;  ..  the  dispersion  of  a  troop  of  Cow-boys  was 
only  the  extension  of  an  evil. 

3.  a.  Used  appositively,  as  refugee  hitor,  etc. 
1721  R.  NEWTON  Unit:  ]-~.duc.  181  Grooms,  and  footmen, 

and  nurses,  and  refugee  tutors.  1791  Gorv.  MORRIS  in 
Sparks  Life  <f-  Writ.  (1832)  II.  143  The  aristocrats  are  gone 
and  going  in  great  numbers  to  join  the  refugee  princes. 
1833  HT.  MARTIHEAU  I'anderpttt  <V  .S".  iv,  63  <  >ui  refugee 
divines  preach  to  more  purpose.  1858  (.'. \KI.VI.I-:  l-'redk.  Gt. 
ix.  xi.  (1872)  III.  188  Stanislaus  has  abundance  of  useless 
refugee  Polish  Magnates  about  him. 

b.  attrib.  Characteristic  of  a  refugee. 
iSssMACAfLAY  Hist.  Eng.  xx.   IV.  407  "Animated  by  the 
true  refugee  hatred  of  the  country  which  had  cast  him  out. 

IlenceRefug-ee'z;.,  to  take  refuge;  Betug-ee  isiu, 
the  condition  of  a  refugee ;  Refugee-ship,  the 
personality  of  a  refugee,  (nonfe-iuds.} 

1750  CARTE  Hist.  Rug.  II.  373  Whether  the  report  was 
raised  by  the  Knglish  rebels  refugee 'd  at  Paris  fete.].  1784 
in  Sputhey  /,//£  Andrew  l>ell  (1844)  I.  293  All  will  go  on 
admirably  with  your  refugee.ship.  1876  Gi:o.  KI.IOT  Dan. 
Do-,  in.  xxii,  A  Pole,  or  a  Czech,  or  something  of  that 
fermenting  sort,  in  a  state  of  political  refugeeism. 

tB.efn.gy.  Obs.  rare—1.  [ad.  L.  refugium\ 
see  REFUGE  sb.~\  A  place  of  reluge. 

I535  COVERDALE  i  Mace.  xi.  41  To  dryue  them  out  which 
were  in  the  castell  at  lerusalem  and  in  the  other  refugies. 

Refuis(s,  obs.  Sc.  forms  of  REFUSE  v. 

Refuissall,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REFUSAL. 

Refulgence  (r/T»pldgens).  [ad.  L.  refttlgen- 
tia  :  see  REFULGENT  and  -ENCE.]  The  quality  of 
being  refulgent ;  splendour,  brightness,  radiance. 

1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  194  The  refulgences  of  those 
Carbuncles.  1693  KNATCHBULL  tr.  Annot.  A'.  Test.  259 
The  refulgence  of  the  eternal  light.  1774  WRAXALL  Tour 
North.  Europe  (1776)  169  A  bar  of  ore,  the  heat  and  reful 
gence  of  which  were  almost  insupportable  to  me  at  ten  feet 
distance.  1825  SCOTT  Talistn,  ii,  The  calm,  clear,  blue  re 
fulgence  of  a  winter's  lake.  1847  L.  HCNT^/<-«,  Women  fy 
B.  I.  xiv.  269  All  this  bloom  and  rosy  refulgence,  which  are 
phrases  of  the  poets. 

Refulgency  (nTc-ld.^ensi).  ?  Obs.  [See  prec. 
and  -EXCY.]  ~  REFULGENCE. 

1616  CHAPMAN  Homer's  Hymn  1'enns  95  Glue  me  the 
refulgencie  Of  most  renown'd  and  rich  posteritie.  c  1645 
HOWELL  Lett,  (1650)  II.  li.  60  Her  sight  is  presently  dazled 
and  disgregated  with  the  refulgency  and  coruscations  thereof. 
1741-2  STACKHOUSE  Hist.  Bible  iv.  ii.  (1752)  I.  461/1  [Moses] 
was  oblig'd  then  to  keep  at  a  more  awful  Distance  from 
the  tremendous  Throne  of  God,  and  not  come  within  the 
Circle  of  its  refulgency.  1796  T.  SCOTT  Comm.  Daniel  x> 
To  behold,  wiih  our  bodily  eyes,  the  refulgency  of  his  per 
sonal  and  mediatorial  excellences. 

Refulgent  (rlfo-ldgfat),  a.    [ad.  L.  re/at- 

gent-erri9pTes.  pple.  ^irefulgere^  f.  re-  RE-  +fulgere 
to  shine.]  Shining  with,  or  reflecting,  a  brilliant 
light;  radiant,  resplendent,  gleaming. 

1509  [see  b].  1598  J.  DICKENSON  Greene  inConc.  (1878)  127 
Haires  of  a  goldlike  hewe  ;  (not  purest  gould  so  refulgent). 
1635  QUARLES  EmbL  iv.  ii.  194  Enrich  mine  eyes  with  thy 
refulgent  ray.  1661  GLANVILI,  Van.  Dogtn.  238  The  most 
refulgent  colours  are  the  result  of  light  and  shadows.  1717 
POPE  Iliad -XA.  204  In  blazing  heaps,  the  grove's  old  honours 
fall,  And  one  refulgent  ruin  levels  all.  1788  WESLEY  Wks. 
(1872)  VI.  292  There  will  be  no  clouds  or  fogs;  but  one 
bright,  refulgent  day.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Colutnb.  iv.  474 
Freedom.. here  shall  rise,  Light  her  new  torch  in  my  re 
fulgent  skies.  1864  TENNYSON  Experiments^  Milton  13 
Some  refulgent  sunset  of  India, 
b.  transf.  or  Jig. 

1509  HAWES  Fast.  Pleas,  xi.  (Percy  Soc.)  45  These  poetes 
. .  Devoyde  our  rudenes  wyth  grete  fyry  lemes ;  Theyr 
centencious  verses  are  refulgent.  1624  QUARLES  2)iv. 
Poems,  Sion's  Elegies  (1717)  385  Sion,  the  glory  of  whose 
refulgent  Fame  Gave  earnest  of  an  everlasting  name.  1821 
SHELLEY  Adonais  v,  Others  more  sublime.. Have  sunk, 
extinct  in  their  refulgent  prime.  1840  DICKENS  Barn. 
Rudge  xxyii,  Bestowing  upon  the  locksmith  a  most  re 
fulgent  smile,  he  left  them. 

t  c.  As  a  term  of  compliment  applied  to  a  lady. 

1602  MARSTON  Ant.  fy  Mel.  n.  Wks.  1856  I.  25  Bright  and 
refulgent  ladie,  daine  your  care.  1656  S.  HOLLAND  Znret 
(17191  83  Who  wait  upon  the  high-born,  illustrious,  and  re 
fulgent  -Maulkina. 


KEFULGENTLY. 

Hence  Befu'lgently  adv. ;  Befu'lgrentness. 
1626  T.  H.  tr.  Canssin's  Holy  Crt.  204  This  lewell  . .  re. 
fulgently  shining  with  the  rayes  of  a  constant  equality  of 


.  . 

132  Thrice  in  dire  thunders  she  refunds  the  tide.  1765 
Antiq.  in  Ann.  Reg.  181/1  The  waves  play,  absorbed  in 
each  other  and  again  refunded.  [1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  i, 
Two  lawyers,  whose  wetted  garments,  .would  refund  a  con 
siderable  part  of  the  water  they  had  collected.] 
b.  To  give  back,  restore.  Also  ahsol. 


Phil.  Trans.  XXI.  217  These.  .being  Vegetable  Substances, 
when  refunded  back  again  into  the  Earth,  serve  for  the 
formation  of  other  like  Bodies.  1856  DOVE  Logic  Chr. 
Faith  v.  i.  §  2.  215  An  animal  nature  which  ..  is  compelled 
to  refund  its  constituent  matter  to  the  planet  .  .  on  which 
it  grew. 

fc.  Philos.  To  put  back  into  something  ante 
cedent.  Obs. 

1696  J.  SERJEANT  Meth.  Science  222  They  cannot  .  .  with 
out  making  use  of  Principles,  refund  Effects  into  their 
Proper  Causes,  ityj  —  Solid  Philos.  452  So  that  all  the 
Certainty  of  Authority  is  to  be  refunded  into  Intrinsecal 
Arguments.  [1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Metaph.  iv.  (1877)  I. 
77  The  intellectual  necessity  of  refunding  effects  into  their 
causes.) 

2.  To  make  return  or  restitution  of  (a  sum  re 
ceived  or  taken)  ;  to  hand  back,  repay,  restore. 

'553  Reg-  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  146  To  refund,  content, 
and  pay  to  ane  honorable  man.  .the  sowme  of  va  lib.  1661 
PEPVS  Diary  20  Oct.,  I  am  to  refund  to..  Lord  Peter 
borough  what  he  had  given  us  six  months  ago.  1674  tr. 
Schcjffers  Lapland  xxv.  116  The  maid's  Father  is  sen 
tenced  to  refund  either  the  entire  sum,  or  half  of  it,  as  the 


brightness,  splendor. 

Refund  (rffo-nd),  sb.     [f.  next.]     Repayment. 

1866  Morn.  Star  6  Mar.  6/3  He  instituted  this  suit  to 
obtain  a  refund  of  the  sum.  1884  Harper's  Afty.June  42/1 
That  claims  for  drawback  or  refund  be  paid  upon  due  proof  ; 

°iiefund  (rtfirnd),  w.l  [ad.  OF.  refunder  (re- 
fonder)  or  L.  refundlre,  i.  re-  RE-  +fund!re  to 
pour  :  see  FOUND  z».3] 

1.  trans.  To  pour  back,  pour  in  or  out  again  (lit. 
andyTj-.).  Now  rare  or  C%. 

1386  Almanak  for  Year  8  pe  verltl  or  (>e  influens  )rat  it 
hace  or  receyves  of  |>e  hyer  planetys. . it  refundes  and  puttys 
til  \K  erthe  by  his  bemys.  c  1450  tr.  J)e  Imitation*  11.  x.  S3 


Line  may  as  easily  perswaae  tne  imrsiy  <-;u  ui  i«j  I«UMU 
water  she  has  suckt  into  her  veins.     1725  POPE  Odyssey  x 


,       . 

man  refunding  his  treasures,  express  it  thus.  1784  COWPER 
Task  ni.  799  Some  private  purse  Supplies  his  need  with 
a  usurious  loan,  To  be  refunded  duly.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON 
lint,  India  I.  441  They,  .refunded  to  the  peasantry  of  the 
country  the  money  which  had  been  extorted  from  them. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  134  A  thief,  whether  he  steals 
much  or  little,  must  refund  twice  the  amount. 

3.  To  reimburse,  repay  (a  person). 

1736  SWIFT  Let.  to  Bp.  Hort  12  May,  The  printer  has  a 
demand..  to  be  fully  refunded,  both  for  his  disgraces,  his 
losses,  and  the  apparent  danger  of  his  life.  1862  J.  M. 
LUDLOW  Hist.  U.  S.  204  A  proposal  to  refund  him  out  of 
the  Treasury  was  now  made  in  Congress.  1855  Daily  News 
30  Oct.  6/7  If  you  are  out  of  pocket  by  this  business,  [1] 
shall  be  glad  to  contribute  towards  refunding  you. 

4.  absol.  To  make  repayment. 

1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  vin.  iu.  §  43  As  none  were  Losers 
employed  in  that  service,  .  .  so  we  finde  few  refunding  back  to 
charitable  uses.  1706  MRS.  CESTLIVRE  Basset-Table  v, 
I  believe  you  are  the  first  Gamester  that  ever  refunded. 
1755  SMOLLETT  Qnix.  (1803)  IV.  60  He  not  only  refuses  to 
refund,  but  also  denies  that  I  ever  lent  him  the  ten  crowns. 
1841  MACAULAY  Ess.)  Hastings  (1850)  606  The  majority.. 
voted.,  that  Hastings  had  corruptly  received  between  thirty 
and  forty  thousand  pounds  ;  and  that  he  ought  to  be  com 
pelled  to  refund. 

Hence  Refirnded  ///.  a.  ;  Refvrnding  vbl.  J^.1 
Also  Befu'nder  \  one  who  refunds. 

1691  T.  BROWN  Reas.  New  Converts  taking  OatJis  3  A 
City  Usurer  turn'd  into  a  Refunder  of  his  ill-gotten  Estate. 
1825  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  it.  Barbara  S  —  ,  Ravenscroft..in 
silence  took  back  the  refunded  treasure.  1843-56  UOUVIER 
Law  Diet.  (ed.  6)  s.v.  Refund,  On  a  deficiency  of  assets, 
executors  ..  are  entitled  to  have  refunded  to  them  legacies 
which  they  may  have  paid  .  .  ;  they  are  generally  authorized 
to  require  a  refunding  bond. 

Refu'nd  (n-)>  z/.2  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  fund 
again  or  anew.  Hence  Refwnding  vbl.  s&.'~  ;  also 
Refirnder  -. 

1860  in  WORCESTER.  1896  Columbus  (Ohio)  Disp.  22  Apr. 
4/2  When  the  bonds  are  sold  and  the  floating  indebtedness 
is  refunded,  .let  us  join  in  well-wishing  to  the  refunders. 
1900  Westm.  Gaz.  23  Apr.  8/1  The  disbursements  of  the 
Treasury  in  connexion  with  the  re-funding  of  bonds. 

Refundmeut  (r/Tzrndment).  [f.  REFUND  vl 
+  -MENT.]  The  act  of  refunding. 

1826  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  u.  Pop.  Fallacies  ii,  The  denunciators 
have  been  fain  to  postpone  the  prophecy  of  refundment  to  a 
late  posterity.  1896  IVestm.  Gaz.  18  Feb.  5/1  The  guarantees 
..for  the  refundment  of  such  a  loan. 

Refurbish  (nf£>MbiJ),^.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
furbish  anew  ;  to  repolish,  do  up  ngain. 


358 

i6n  COTGR.,  Refourbir,  to  refurbish,  repojUh.  1824 
LANDOR  I  mag.  Conv.^  Abbt  Delille  $  LandorWks.  1853  I. 
100/1  It  requires  a  better  poet  to  refurbish  a  trite  thought 
than  to  exhibit  an  original.  1874  GLADSTONE  Ritualism  in 
Contemp.  Rw.  Oct.  674  She  has  refurbished  and  paraded 
anew  every  rusty  tool. 

Hence  Befirrbished  ///.  a.;  Refirrbishing 
vbl.  sb. ;  also  Befrrrbisliment. 

1866  GEO.  ELIOT  F.  Holt  xlii,  It  was  a  charming  little 
room  in  its  refurbished  condition.  1879  Daily  News  31  Dec. 
5/2  The  refurbishing  of  an  old  and  faded  political  celebrity. 
1885  Sat.  Rev.  5  Dec.  732  The  figures  which  are  in  process 
of  refurbishment  at  Madame  Tussaud's. 

Refurnish.  (nfiJuniJ),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]    trans. 

To  furnish  anew,  in  various  senses. 

1531  ELYOT  Gov.  I.  xxiv,  [Henry  VII]  refurnisshed  his 
dominions,  and  repayred  his  manours.  1598  BARRET  Thwr. 
ll'arrcs  iv.  ?ii.  109  If  any  men. .be  hurt  or  slaine,..how  are 
these  rankes  to  be  refurnished,  a  1676  HALE  Prim.  Orig, 
Man.n.  vii.  (1677)  187  The  Brutes  and  Birds,  .might  easily 
refurnish  the  same  Continent  after  the  subsiding  of  the 
Flood.  1829  LVTTON  Disowned  xxv,  You  will  refurnish  the 
house,  I  suppose  ?  1849  STOVEL  Caartc's  Necess.  Introd.  48 
The  Reformed  church  of  England  was  never  adapted  to 
overthrow,  however  u  might  modify  and  refurnish,  the 
fabric  of  superstition. 

Hence  Kefu'rnished///.  a.  ;  Reftrrnisliment. 

1835  LYTTON  Riettzi  iv.  i,  The  redecorated,  refurnished, 
and  smiling  shops.  1880  L,  WALLACE  tien-Hur  via.  i,  The 
refurnishment  was  in  a  style  richer  than  before. 

Refus,  obs.  form  of  REFUSE  sb.  and  v. 
Refusable  (r/fi/F-zab*!),  a.   Now  rare.   [f.  RE 
FUSE  v.  +  -ABLE,  or  ad.  obs.  ¥.  rcfusahlc^\ 

1.  That  may  be  rejected  or  refused  (when  offered). 
1570   LEVINS   Manip.   4/8  Refusable,   recitsabilis.      1611 

COTGR,,  Rejcctablc,  reiectable,  refusable.  1659  H.  THORN- 
DIKE  \Vks.  (1846)  II.  512  No  act  of  theirs  . .  is  refusable  by 
the  Church.  1698  NORRIS  Pract.  Disc.  IV.  138  Since  those 
Sufferings  were  absolutely  refusable  as  not  being  the  very 
same  which  the  Law  demanded. 

t  b.  Deserving  of  rejection.  Obs. 
1658  A.  Fox  tr.  U  'iirtz  Surg.  in.  xvii.  271  If  a  patient  hath 
bled  nere  so  much,  they  will  phlebotomize  him  further, 
which  is  an  ill  and  refusable  way.  1666  BP,  S.  PARKER  Free 
Censure  (1667)  143  The  Sensation  of  , .  displeasing  Objects, 
which  makes  their  Existence  full  of  nothing  but  Sadness 
and  Misery,  and  utterly  refusable. 

2.  That  may  be  refused  (when  asked  for). 

1652  WARREN  Unbelievers  (1654)  17  Payment  was  refusable. 
1668  MAKVELL  Corr.  Wks.  1875  II.  258  My  Lord,  .did  wisti 
[etc.]. ..  Which,  all  circumstances  considered,  seeming  not 
refusable,  my  Lord  liellasis  writ  this  letter,  1818  BENTHAM 
C/L.  Eng.)  Cateck.  Exam.  404  An  indulgence  refusable,  and 
not  to  be  granted  but  upon  conditions. 

fRefusado.  Obs.  rare~°.  [app.  a.Pg.  refusado, 
pa.  pple.  of  refusar  to  REFUSE.]  (See  quots.) 

1598  FIXJRIO,  Refusati)  the  coursest  veluets  that  be,  called 
refusados.  /£&.,  Setanino^  a  kind  of  thin  veluet  called  re- 
fusados.  Ibid.t  VelutinOi  fine,  slender,  course,  refusado 
veluet. 

Refusal  (rffiw-zil),  Also  5  refusatte,  5-7 
refusall,  -fusel(l,  7  Sc.  refuissall.  [f.  REFUSE  v. 

+  -AL  4.] 

1.  The  act  of  refusing ;  a  denial  or  rejection  of 
something  demanded  or  offered. 

1474  Rolls  of  Par  It.  VI.  118/2  Any  of  the  said  Commys- 
sioners  or  Collectours  provyng  the  same  refusell.  1523  Act 
14  <$•  15  Hen.  F///,  c.  2  The  same  estranger..  to  whom  such 
refusel  shalbe  matie.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidane's  Comm. 
107  b,  Where  the  reasons  of  theyr  refusall  may  be  beard. 
1607  NORDEN  Sietv.  Dial.  i.  35  It  were  very  foolishness  in  a 
Tenant,  for  wilfull  refusall  thereof,  to  indanger  the  same. 
1671  MILTON  Samson  1330  Do  they  not  seek  occasion  of  new 

^uarrelsjOn  my  refusal,  to  distress  me  more..?  i776GiBBON 
Jed.  ff  F,  xiv.  I.  404  It  was  impossible  long  to  refuse  so 
natural  a  request.,  without  maintaining  his  refusal  by  arms. 
1847-9  HELPS  Friends  in  C.  (1851)  I.  15  Accepting  only  for 
the  fear  of  giving  offence  by  refusal.  1875  JOWETT  Plato 
(ed.  2)  V.  448  If  he  refuse,  he  shall  be  liable  to  be  convicted 
by  law  of  refusal  to  serve. 

b.  spec,  in  the  game  of  e"carte",  the  action  of  the 
dealer  in  refusing  to  allow  a  discard.     Hence  re 
fusal  hand,  a  hand  on  which  the  dealer  should  re 
fuse  to  allow  a  discard. 

1877  Encycl.  Brit.  VII.  621/1  Proposal,  acceptance,  or  re 
fusal  made  cannot  be  retracted.  1878  '  CAVENDISH  '  Ecarte" 
53  The  cases  are  few  in  which,  with  a  refusal,  he  will  only 
make  three  or  four  tricks.  Ibid.  58  His  hand  should  be 
stronger  than  those  given  in  the  refusal  hands. 

c.  Of  a  horse:  (see  REFUSE  v.  3  c). 

1856  *STONEHENGE'  Brit.  Rural  Sports  383  A  refusal  is 
never  desirable,  as  the  horse  .  .  is  apt  to  repeat  it.  1857 
LAWRENCE  Guy  Liv.  xiv.  131  The  mare  was  so  savage  and 
sulky  still  that  a  refusal  seemed  a  certainty. 

d.  Absolute  resistance  of  a  pile  to  further  driving; 
the  point  at  which  this  takes  place. 

1847  CRESY  Encycl.  Civ.  Engin.  (1856)  1070  The  refusal  of 
a  pile  to  advance  does  not  always  insure  it  having  arrived 
at  a  proper  bed.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1911/2  The 
refusal  of  a  pile  intended  to  support  13$  tons  may  be  taken 
at  10  blows  of  a  ram  of  1,350  pounds  [etc.]. 

t2.  a.  Repudiation  (of  a  wife),  divorce,  b. 
Abandonment  (of  a  party).  Obs.  rare. 

1531  Dial.  Laivs  Eng.  I.  xxvi.  F  vij,  Mosyes  suffred  a  byll 
of  refusell  to  the  lues.  _  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  845  Many 
others,  leuyng  king  Richarde,  turned  and  came  to  the  part 
of  the  Erie  of  Richmonde.  ..Which  refusal!  of  king  Richardes 
parte  [etc.]. 

3.  The  chance  of  refusing  some  thing,  office,  or 
the  like  before  it  is  offered  to  others ;  the  privilege 
or  right  of  having  it  placed  at  one's  disposal  for 
acceptance ;  esp.  in  phr.  to  have  the  refusal  of. 


REFUSE. 

1571  Reg>  Privy  Council  Scot.  II.  80  His  Presentatkmn — 
togidder  with  the  refusall  of  the  kirk  abone-writtin.  1613 
PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  v.  xvii.  (1614)  546  If  any  of  his 
subjects  hath  any  precious  stone  of  value,  and  make  not  him 
the  offer  of  it,  it  is  death  to  him  ;  he  must  haue  the  refusall 
of  all.  1640  Boston  (U.  S.)  Kec.  (1877)  II.  54  Chrystopher 
Stanley  is  promised  the  refusall  of  six  acres  of  upland,  .yf  it 
be  there  to  be  sould.  1708  SWIFT  Sacravi.  Test  Wks.  1755 
II.  i.  126  When  employments  go  a  begging  for  want  of 
bands,  they  shall  be  sure  to  have  the  refusal.  1812  SINCLAIR 
Syst.  Hush.  Scot.  i.  Add.  17  The  stock  kept  upon  turnips  or 
clover,  have  the  refusal  of  water  at  all  times  when  soiling. 
1887  Times  (weekly  ed.)  14  Oct.  15/1  They  had  the  first 
refusal  of  any  concessions  he  might  obtain. 

4.  That  which  has  been  refused  or  rejected. 

1746  H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  (1846)  II.  166  Ireland  is  to  be 
offered  to  Lord  Harrington,  or  the  Presidentship  ;  and  the 
Duke  of  Dorset,  now  president,  is  to  have  the  other's  refusal. 
1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  II.  102  And  next,  with  her 
pride,  to  take  her  sister's  refusals,  as  she  once  phrased  it. 

t  Refusaut,  a.  Obs.  rare"1,  [a.  F.  refusant, 
pres.  pple.  of  refuser,  or  f.  REFUSE  v.  +  -ANT1.] 
Refusing  to  take  an  oath,  recusant. 

1577  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  389 
Some  of  the  Aldermen  and  Burgesses  refusants  [are  required] 
to  make  their  repaier  hither  to  declare  what  lawfull  causes 
they  may  have  to  the  contrarye. 

t  Refu/se,  si).1  Ot>s.  Also  4  refous,  4-5  (7) 
refua,  5  reffus(e,  6  refuce,  Sc.  refuis(e.  [a.  OF. 

refits )  f.  refuser  to  REFUSE.] 

1.  =  REFUSAL  I.     (Common  in  i5-i6lhc.) 
1390  GOWER  Conf,    III.  298  Thei   made  hem  naked    ai 

thei  scholde, .  .Amonges  hem  was  no  refus.  1:1420  LYDG. 
Assembly  of  Gods  848  Refuse  of  Rychesse  £  Worldly 
Veynglory.  1477  EARL  RIVERS  (Caxton)  Dictes  (1877)  53 
The  reffuses  of  a  nygard  ben  bettir  than  the  largesces  of  a 
prodygall  waster.  1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  cci. 
[cxcvii.]  heading^  Of  the  refuce  of  them  of  Acquytayne 
made  to  the  Duke  of  Lancastre.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II. 
513  As  of  the  refuse  made  vnto  my  Lorde  of  Gloucester, 
of  openyng  the  tower  to  him,.,  he  aunswereth  [etc.].  1600 
FAIRFAX  Tasso  xn.  xiii,  Readie  with  a  proud  refuse  Argantes 
was  his  proffred  aid  to  scorne.  a  1639  Si  OTTISWOOD  Hist. 
Ch.  Scot.  v.  (1677)  280  His  refuse  would  have  made  a  great 
Commotion. 

b.  Of  refuse  (OF.  de  refits},  not  worth  hunting. 
So  without  refuse  (OK.  sans  refits],  that  ought  to 
be  hunted. 

c  1330  R.  ERL-NNE  Chron.  (1810)  115  SiJ>en  wan  l?ei  Inglond 
..&  now  er  Jnse  bot  mansbond,  rascaile  of  refous.  c  1410 
Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxiv,  If  a  man  se  a  wylde 
boore  be  whiche  seme  hym  gret  ynogh,  as  men  seye  of  be 
herte  chaseable  of  x.,  he  shall  saye  a  wylde  boore  of  pe 
thred  yere,  bat  is  withoute  refuse. 

2.  =  REFUSAL  3. 

1753  SMOLLETT  Cut.  Fathom  (1784)  92/2  A  certain  lady  of 
quality  bespoke  the  refuse  of  the  jewel. 

Refuse  (re'fiws),  a.  and  sb2  Forms  :  4  refus, 
reffuys,  5,  7  refuce,  6  refuee,  refows,  6-7 
refluse,  (6  refflze),  6-7  (9)  refuge,  4-  refuse. 
[app.  an  irregular  adoption  of  OF.  refuse  (  = 
mod.  F.  refttst})  pa.  pple.  of  refuser  to  REFUSE.] 

A.  adj.  f  1.  Refused  or  rejected.   Const,  of  (  = 
by).    Obs.  rare. 

£1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  \.  514  (570)  My  langwysshynge, 
That  am  refus  of  euery  creature.  1508  DUNBAR  Flyting 
105  Forworthln  fule,  of  all  the  warld  reffuse. 

2.  Rejected  or  thrown  aside  as  worthless  or  of 
little  value  ;  discarded,  useless ;  f  odd  (money). 

[1425  in  Kennett  Par.  Ant.  (1818)  II.  250  De  lana  refuse 
vendita.  .hoc  anno.]  1464  Rolls  of  Farlt.  V.  567/2  All  the 
refuse  Homes.. to  sell.  1503-4  C/mrchw.  Ace.,  Croscotnbe 
(Som.  Rec.  Soc.)  26  More  over  in  the  box  of  refows  money 
resteth.  .xi-y.  iiijrf.  1530  PALSGR.  261/2  Refuse  woll,  layne 
refusee.  1611  BIBLE  i  Sam.  xv.  9  Euery  thing  that  was 
vile,  and  refuse,  that  they  destroyed  vtterly.  1638  EARL  OF 
CORK  Diary  in  Lismore  Papers  Ser.  T.  (1886)  V.  52,  I  sould 
7  tonnes  of  refuge  steele.  1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps.  xxxi.  12 
As  that  refuse  potsheard,  cast  out  as  good  for  nothing.  1754 
HAWKINS  Reft.  Card-playing  19  Seizing  on  a  Heap  of 
Refuse  Cards  that  lay  by  him,  began  playing  them  away. 
1827-35  WILLIS  Parrhasius  6  A  dog  Crunching  beneath  the 
stall  a  refuse  bone.  1869  E.  A.  PARKES  Pract.  Hygiene 
(ed.  3)  25  Certain  trades  pour  their  refuse  water  into  rivers. 

trans/.     1770    LANGHORNE  Plutarch  (:8?9)   I.   98/1    He 
ordered  the  Milesians  to  bury  him  in  a  certain  refuse  and 
neglected  place.     1879  CHR.  ROSSETTI  Seek  fy  F.  59  A  refuse 
burial  in  heat  and  frost  and  without  lamentation. 
b.  of  persons,   rare. 

1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch  (1656)  207  The  refuse  and 
scattered  People  of  the  overthrowne  Army  his  Father  had 
lost  before.  1600  J.  PORY  tr.  Leo's  Africa  in.  156  Another 
kinde  of  reffuse  people  of  one  family  and  disposition  with 
the  former.  1820  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  i.  Two  Races  Alent  As 
distasteful  as  Priam's  refuse  sons. 

B.  sb.  1.  That  which  is  cast  aside  as  worthless ; 
rubbish   or   worthless    matter   of  any  kind;    the 
rejected  or  rubbishy  part  of  anything. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  375/1  Owte  caste,  or  refuse,  or  coralyce 
of  come.  Ibid.  427/2  Refuce,  or  owt  caste,  what  so  euer 
hyt  be,  caducum^  furgamentum.  1455  Rolls  of  Parlt. 
V.  325/1  No  Silke..but  of  ye  wurst  refuse  that  they  mowe 
have.  1547  Act  i  Ediv.  y/t  c.  3.  §  2  Giving  the  same  slaue 
..such  reffuse  of  meate  as  he  shall  thinke  meete.  1597 
BACON  Coulers  Good  #  Evill  Ess.  (Arb.)  141  Many  kindes 
[of  things]  haue  much  refuse  which  counteruale  that  which 
they  haue  excellent.  1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Oleariiis'  Voy. 
Ambass.  223  The  best  WoIIen  Tapistry  in  the  whole  Coun- 
trey,  whereof  there  is  brought  into  Europe  but  the  refuse. 
1709  STANHOPE  Paraphr.  IV.  513  In  themselves  they  are  no 
better  than  Chaff  and  Refuse.  1755  MAGENS  Insurances  I. 
257  The  Company  alledged.. that  there  generally  was  some 
Refuse  among  a  whole  Cargo  of  Hemp.  1832  BABRACJE 
Econ.  Alaniij.  xxxii.  319  Light  almost  solar  lias  been  extracted 


REFUSE. 

from  the  refuse  of  fish.  1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Friend  \.  iii, 
Slipping  over  the  stones  and  refuse  on  the  shore. 

transf.  1569  E.  HAKE  Newes  out  ofPowles  Churchyards 
(1579)  F  ij.  Was  euer  scene,  .such  monstrous  kinde  of  men. 
Such  vomite,  reffize,  Dunghill  drosse?  1599  PORTER  Angry 
Worn.  Abingdon  (Percy  Soc.)  80  Why,  thou  whorson  refuge 
of  a  tayler  [etc.].  1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  109  f  5  The 
Refuse  of  a  Heart  long  before  given  away  to  a  Coxcomb. 
1749  SMOLLETT  Gil  Bias  (1797)  III.  87  Miserable  authors 
whose  works  are  the  refuse  of  libraries  and  players. 

b.  The  worthless  or  outcast  portion  0/some  class 
of  persons;  the  scum,  offscourings,  dregs,  etc. 

1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  145  But  the  greater  part 
void  of  judgement,  and  the  reftice  of  the  people  in  simple 
attire,  ran  roguing  abroad.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot's 
Trav.  i.  23  These.. are  the  refuse  of  the  tribute  Children. 
'  1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  99  F  8  [This]  has  given  Occasion 
to  the  very  Refuse  of  Mankind.,  to  set  up  for  Men  of 
Honour.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mab  iv.  181  The  refuse  of 
society,  the  dre^s  Of  all  that  is  most  vile.  1858  NORTON 
Topics  118  Jones,  1'rown,  and  Robinson,  the 'refuse  ',  remain 
with  the  regiment  to  he  slaughtered  by  their  sepoys. 

C.  The  leavings  <?/"(  =  what  is  left  by)  something. 
1665  MANLEY  Grot  fits'1  Low  C.  Warrcs  101  He  had  with 
him,  something  more  than  Eight  Hundred  Horse,  and  Six 
Thousand  Foot,  the  Refuse  and  Remains  of  the  French 
Troubles  and  Tumults.  1704  SWIFT  Batt.  Bks.  Misc.  (1711) 
260  Some  Carcass  half  devour'd,  the  Refuse  of  gorg'd  Wolves 
or  ominous  Ravens,  a  t8oo  COWI-KR  Heroism  70  Vet  man . . 
Gleans  up  the  refuse  of  the  general  spoil. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  refuse  eater ;  heap,  matter ; 
refuse  consumer  or  destructor, a  furnace  in  which 
refuse  of  various  kinds  is  burned ;  refuse  sifter, 
one  who  is  employed  in  separating  the  more  useful 
parts  of  refuse  from  the  utterly  worthless. 

1848  DICKENS  Dombey  xv,  The  miserable  waste  ground, 
where  the  refuse-matter  had  been  heaped  of  yore.  1863 
LYELL  Antiq.  Man  22  The  contents  of  the  Danish  refuse- 
heaps.  1884  J.  SHARMAN  Hist.  Swearing  \.  i  The  bone- 
sellers  and  refuse-sifters  of.  .Clare  Market.  1889  J.  JACOBS 
Fables  of  sEsop  I.  66  The  refuse-eater  and  the  offal-eater 
Belauding  each  other.  1895  Daily  News  3  Aug.  3/3  The 
burning,  fiery  furnace.,  was  simply  a  refuse  consumer.  1895 
Pall  Mull  G.  26  Jan.  8/1  That  most  essential  sanitary 
apparatus,  a  refuse  destructor. 

Refuse  (r/Tu?z),z>.  Forms:  4  (5-6  Sc.}  refus, 
(4  refusy,  5  refusen,  -yn),  4-6  reffus(s)-,  5-6 
refuce,  Sc.  refoys-,  (6  refuge),  6-7  Se.  refuis(s)-, 
4-  refuse,  [ad.  F.  refuser  (i2th  c.  =  Pg.  refusar, 
Sp.  rehusar^  obs.  It.  rifusare} :— pop.L.  *reffisare, 
f.  reff<sum)\>3.,\>y\e.Qirefundere:  see  REFUND  v*] 
I.  fl.  a.  To  disclaim,  disown,  decline  to  coun 
tenance  (an  act).  Obs.~~l 

13. .  Coer  de  L.  4669  Cursyd  be  he  that  thy  werk  alowe  !. . 
Thou  hast  done  us  gret  schame  :  Thou  wer  wurthy  to  have 
blame  ;  Al  swylke  werkes  I  refuse. 

t  b.  To  avoid,  keep  clear  of  or  free  from  (sin, 
vice,  etc.).   Obs. 

1357  Lay  Folks  Catech.  58  The  seuen  vertues  that  ilk 
man  sal  use,  And.. the  seuen  dedely  sinnes  that  man  sal 
refuse.  1590  GOWER  Conf.  III.  164  If  a  Prince  wolde  him 
reule..This  vice  sholde  be  refused,  Wherof  the  Princes  ben 
assoted.  15*6  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  3  What  we 
shold  ensewe  &  folowe,  and  what  we  sholde  refuse  &  for- 
sake.  1534  MORE  Conif.  agst.  Trib.  n.  Wks.  1207/2  Geue 
the  Emperor  those  thinges  that  are  his,  refusing  al  extorsion 
and  bribery  beside.  1587  Induct.  Mirr.  Mag.  viii,  Examples 
there,  for  all  estates  you  find,.  .The  gentleman  vngentlenes 
refuse.  1691  HARTCLIFFE  Virtues  399  By  his  being  well 
directed  in  his  Morals,  to  refuse  evil  and  to  do  good. 

2.  To  decline  to  take  or  accept  (something  offered 
or  presented) ;  to  reject  the  offer  of  (a  thing). 

13..  K.Alis.  396  Theofalcegod  dude  al  his  wille..;  Theo 
game  refuse  scheo  n'olde.  ^1330  R.  BRUNNE  C/*r<7«.  (1810) 
103  porgh  conseileof  som  of  hise,  refused  [F.re/Hsa]  he  bat 
present.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xiv.  142  Ich  seih.  .how  ^at 
men  inede  token,  and  mercy  refuseden.  4*1425  WYNTOUN 
Cron.  n.  v.  338  Bot  he  refoysitt  J>at  curtassy,  For  pe  worschep 

wycht  waldeve 


1513  DOUGLAS  a&ntU  iv.  iii.  34  Quhat  wickit 
:ver  Refuse  sic  proffer..?  1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  If. 
\.\.  2ii  No  Woman  had  it,  but  a  ciuill  Doctor,  Which  did 


refuse  three  thousand  Ducates  of  me.  1671  MILTON  P.  R. 
n.  329  Meats  by  the  Law  unclean,  .young  Daniel  could 
refuse.  1710  SWIFT  Jrnl.  to  Stella  let.  v,  Lord  Halifax 
began  a  health  to  me  to-day;,  .which  I  refused.  1755 
COLMAN  &  THORNTON  Connoisseur  No.  60  p  4  A  leads  a 
strong  Club,  which  B  refuses.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist. 
(1776)  VII.  82  Four  days  after  they  refuse  all  vegetable 
food.  1820  SHELLEY  in  Lady  Shelley  Memorials  (1859)  J38 
It  was  refused  at  Drury  Lane,  .on  a  plea  of  the  story  being 
too  horrible.  1847  MRS.  A.  KERR  tr.  Rankers  Hist.  Servia 
242  Rather  let  the  duty  be  undertaken  by  those  who  refuse 
foreign  assistance. 

b.  To  reject  (a  thing  or  person)  in  making  a 
choice  or  selection.  -\  Also  const,  from.  Some 
what  rare. 

15*6  TINDALE  Matt.  xxi.  42  The  same  stone  which  the 
bylders  refused,  is  set  in  the  princypall  parte  of  the  corner. 
1556  LAUDER  Tractate  508, 1  haue  maid  knawin . .  How  that 
?e  suld  Elect.. 3our  Iugis..And  quhome  je  aucht  for  to 
refuse  Frome  that  gret  office.  1611  BIBLE  /sa.  vii.  15  That 
hee  may  know  to  refuse  the  euill,  and  choose  the  good. 
1633  HERBERT  Priest  to  Temple  iv.  They  say  it  is  an  ill 
Mason  that  refuseth  any  stone.  1715  WATTS  Logic  \\.  i,  By 
this  means  they  [poets  and  oratorsj  will  better  judge  what  to 
chuse  and  what  to  refuse. 

3.  To  decline  to  accept  or  submit  to  (a  command, 
rule, instruction, etc.)  or  to  undergo  (pain  or  penalty). 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xu.  205  Nane  payn  sail  refusit  be 
Till  we  haue  maid  our  cuntre  fre.  £1386  CHAUCER  Clerk1 s 
T.  72  Accepteth  thanne  ofvs  the  trewe  entente  That  neuere 

Sit  refuseden  thyn  heeste.     c  1400  Cursor  AI.  28678  (Colt, 
alba),  pis   man..e*   in  will  to  sin   nomare,  And   refuses 
penance  neuer  ^e  lese.     1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  M sop  v. 


359 

xvi,  He  that  refTuseth  the  good  doctryne  of  hi*  fader,  yf 
euyl  nappe  cometh  to  hym  it  is  but  ryght.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sleidane'sComm.  112  [They]  graunted  out  proces  against 
certen,..  whose  judgement,  unles  they  surceased  they  would 
refuse,  a  1618  RALEIGH  Sceptick  in  Rent.  (1651)  15  This 
creature  chuseth  his  food,  refuseth  the  whip,  fawneth  on  his 
Master.  1667  MILTON  Pt  L,  vi.  41  To  subdue  By  force, 
who  reason  for  thir  Law  refuse.  1784  COWPER  Task  v.  874 
Yet  thus  we  dote,  refusing  while  we  can  Instruction.  1856 
'STONEHENGK'  Brit.  Rural  Sports  363/1  The  orders  to  ride 
behind . .  could  scarcely  be  refused  by  the  jockey. 

b.  transf*  of  things,  in  various  contextual  senses. 
1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  x,  40  Her  membres  refuseden  the 

swete  reste  of  slepe.  1684  tr.  lionet's  Merc.  Compit.  xviu. 
643  A  young  Man  had  been  ill  of  an  Ulcer  in  his  Chin  for  3 
years,  which  refused  all  Medicines.  1726  LEONI  ir.Albertis 
Arc/tit.  I.  75/2  We  must.,  have  such  a  depth,  in,  .the  Haven, 
as  will  not  refuse  Ships  of  burthen,  though  ever  so  deep 
laden.  1794  Rigging  $  Seamanship  II.  325  Clubhauling  is 
practised  when  it  is  expected  that  a  ship  will  refuse  slays 
upon  a^  lee  shore.  1873  SCON  Workshop  Rec.  Ser.  i.  152/1 
The  acid. .causes  the  stone  to  refuse  the  printing  ink  except 
where  touched  by  the  chalk, 

c.  Of  a  horse :  To  stop  short  at  (a  hedge,  water, 
etc.)  instead  of  leaping.     ',Cf.  13  b.)     Also  tramf. 

1840  DE  QUINCEY  Style  iii.  Wks.  1862  X.  227  We  shall 
endeavour  to  bring  up  our  reader  to  the  fence  . .  Hut  as  we 
have  reason  to  fear  that  he  will  'refuse'  it  [etc.].  1881 
Encycl.  Brit.  XII.  197/2  However  bold  the  horse  may  be, 
he  will  soon  refuse  water  if  his  rider  be  perpetually  in  two 
minds  when  approaching  a  brook. 

4.  f  a.  To  reject  (a  person) ;  to  decline  to  admit 
to  a  certain  position,  or  to  some  relationship  with 
oneself.  Obs. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  180  Every  jugge  was  refused 
Which  was  noght  frend  to  comun  riht.  c  1400  Dcstr.  Troy 
12978  pai  meuit  vnto  messan  with  f>ere  men  hole ;  All 
refusit  horn  the  folke  of  be  fyne  plase.  a  1548  HALL 
CJtron.,  Hen.  /'"/// 219  b,  She  them  utterly  refused  for  her 
servauntes.  1611  BiULEActs  vii.  35  This  Moses  whum  they 
refused,  saying,  Who  made  thee  a  ruler  and  a  lud-e?  1671 
MILTON/*.  A',  iv.  496  [Thou]  wouldst  be  thought  my  God, 
And  storm'st  refus'd.  1683  Songs  Lond.  rrenticcs  (Percy 
Soc.)  79,  I  for  my  part  will  utterly  refuse  thee. 

b.  To  reject,  decline  to  have,  as  a  (f  lover, 
paramour)  wife  or  (now  usually)  husband. 

C1375  $c*  Leg.  Saints  xxxi.  {Eugenia}  358  Quhen  scho 
schaw  [—saw]  scho  wes  sa  refusit,  scho  can  sorou  ma. 
c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  xvii.  179  Alle  the  Womnien  there., 
forsake  no  man.  And  thei  seyn,  thei  synnen,  3if  thei  refusen 
ony  man.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  A  If  once  xi,  A  yonge  man 
..was  .so  moche  esprysed  of  her  lone  that  by  cause  she 
reffused  hym  he  deyde  for  her  loue.  1600  E.  RLOUNT  tr. 
Conestaggio  266  Bicause  she  had  refused  so  many  great 
Kings  and  Princes  in  former  times.  1722  DE  Fot:  Rctig. 
Courts/i.  i.  i.  (1840)  10,  I  dare  say  she  won't  refuse  him. 
1773  GOLDSM.  Stoops  to  Cony,  v,  You  know  I  can't  refuse 
her  till  I'm  of  age,  father.  1866  G.  MACDONALD  Ann.  Q. 
Neighb.  i.  (1878)  5,  I  had  been  refused  a  few  months  before, 
f  c.  To  decline  to  meet  (an  opponent).  Obs.  rare. 

a  1513  FABYAN  Chron.  (1811)  II.  538  Syr  Wyllyam  Darell 
refusyd  his  appellant,  or  they  had  ronne  tlieyr  full  coursys. 
1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  fy  Cl.  in.  yii.  40  No  disgrace  Shall  fall  you 
for  refusing  him  at  Sea,  Being  prepared  for  Land. 

t  d.  Venery.  To  reject  (a  stag)  as  not  proper 
for  the  chase.  Obs.  rare~l. 

The  Fr.  text  has  il  ria  point  de  refnz  (cf.  REFUSE  sbl  i  b). 

£•1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxiv,  He  shall 
saye  ^at  it  is  an  nert  J>at  farne  yer  was  of  x. ;  bat  shuld  not 
be  refused. 

II.  f  5.  To  renounce :  a.  To  resign,  give  up 
(something  valued  or  attractive).  Obs. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg,  Saints  iii.  (Andrew}  920  Manis  falowschipe 
haf  I  refoysit  euir-mare  halely.  c  1430  LYDG.  Alin.  Poems 
(Percy  Soc.)  120  Ther  was  a  kyng.  .Refused  his  corowne 
and  gan  to  advertise  [etc.].  1472-3  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  54/1 
The  Tenauntes  of  your  said  Supphauntes  have  refused  their 
tenures,  and  the  said  maner  lefte  waste.  1500-20  DUNBAR 
/*0ems  xxx.  5  Reffuss  the  warld,  for  thow  mon  be  a  freir. 
1568  GRAI-TON  Chron.  II.  308  warg.,'l'he  king  here  agreetb 
to  refuse  the  name  of  the  French  king,  and  no  more  to  call 
himselfe  by  that  name.  1684  BUNYAN  Pilgr.  n.  Introd. 
A  2  b,  Yea  tell  them,  .how  they  still  Refuse  this  World,  to 
do  their  Father's  will. 

fb.  To  decline  to  bear  (a  name).   Obs. 

1393  LANGLAND  P.  PL  C.  iv.  369  pat  is  no}t  reisonable  ne 
rect  to  refusy  my  syres  sorname.  1592  SHAKS.  Rom.  «$•  Jul. 
n.  ii.  34  Denie  thy  Father  and  refuse  thy  name.  165*  C.  B. 
STAPYLTON  Herodian  36  Yea  to  such  drunken  dotage  he  was 
growne,  He  now  refused  flat  his  Fathers  Name. 

f  C.  To  abandon,  forsake,  give  over  (a  practice, 
way  of  life,  action,  etc.).  Obs. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xix.  365  Thanne  alkyn  crystene  saue 
comune  wommen,  Repenteden  &  refused  synne.  1432-50 
tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  339  losue  ..  renewede  circumcision, 
refusede  [L.  intermissatn\  by  xl»'  yere.  Ibid.  V.  407  They 
myjhle  not  refuse  [L.  reniinciare]  theire  olde  rites.  1509 
BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1874!  I.  165  This  day  begyn  thy 
lewde  lyfe  to  refuse.  1589  R.  ROBINSON  Gold.  Mirr.  (1851) 
10  The  traueller,  his  jorney  doth  refuse. 

f  d.  To  abandon,  leave,  depart  from  (a  place). 

c  1350  Leg.  Holy  Rood  iv.  125  pan  cristen  men  £at  place 
refused,  None  of  bam  efter  beder  vsed.  1568  GRAFTON 
Chron.  II.  15  In  the  ende  King  William  was  faine  to  refuse 
the  fielde,  and  gat  at  that  tyme  none  aduauntage  of  his., 
sonne.  a  \fooFlodden  F.  iii.  (1664)  23  First  of  all  refuse  this 
place  And  down  to  yonder  Valleys  draw  The  walls. 

f  6.  To  renounce  (God  or  Christ) ;  to  cast  off  (a 
person"! ;  to  divorce  (a  wife).  Obs. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  So  Whan  he  for  lust  his  god  re 
fuseth,  And  tok  him  to  the  dieules  craft.  1432-50  tr- 
Higden  (Rolls)  III.  389  He  hade  refusede  [L.  repudiate.} 
Olimpias  the  moder  off  kynge  Alexander,  for  cause  of 
adowtery.  1531  Dial.  Laws  Eng.  i.  xxvi.  Fvij,  Thoughe 
suche  a  byll  of  refusell  was  lawful),  so  that  they  that 


REPUSE. 

refused  theyr  wyves  therby  shulde  be  without  payne  in 
the  lawe.  1562  Child  Marriages  191  Now  in  her  old  age 
she  wold  not  hurt  her  soule,  and  refuge  Christ,  .in  speakinge 
any  thinge  apon  her  othe  but  the  truthe.  1566  STERNHOLU 
&  H.  Fs.  389  Refuse  me  not  that  am  vniust.  1599  SHAKS. 
Much  Ado  iv.  i.  186  Refuse  me,  hate  me,  torture  me  to 
death. 

t  b.  In  (God]  refuse  me,  as  an  oath.  Obs. 
1612  WEBSTER  White  Devil  i.  i,  God  refuse  me.  c  1626 
Dick  of  Devon  n.  i.  in  Bullen  O.  /'/.  II.  27  They  should 
have  found,  .another  manner  of  noise  than  dam  me  and 
refuse  me.  1640  tr.  I'cnhrfs  Komant  of  Rom.  II.  84  Gud 
refuse  me,  said  Amides,  if  ev<_r  I  conn:  nec'r  it. 

t  c.  transf.  Of  things  :  To  decline,  or  cease,  to 


nCIUMKi       1500—  ZO    l^UNUAK  J  OClilS   XXXVI.  D    LM 

thy  self  it  vsjs,  Gif  it  be  nocht  the  it  refusit  1582  SIANV- 
HURST  SEneis  in.  (Arb.)  88  Thee  winds  and  soonbcams  vs, 
poore  souls  weerye,  refused,  a  1590  MUM GOMI.KIL:  J//.*1. 
Poems  x.  36  Vhat  better  ar  they  nor  a  heist,  Fra  tym  that 
reson  thame  rcfuisis? 

t  d.  To  let  go,  dismiss.   Ols.  rare~~l. 

c  1440  York  I\Iyst,  xxxiii.  315  Now  I  recordc  wele  be  right, 
ge  will  no  rabere  refuse  hym,  To  he  be  dreuen  to  his  dede 
and  denied  to  dye. 

f  7.  To  put  or  drive  away,  get  rid  of.   Obs.  rare. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  V.  53  So  bat  ?if  he  knewe  eny 
bat  kepte  of  here  owne  catel  for  to  lyve  by,  he  refused  hem 
pat  \read  and]  wolde  nou?!  have  hem  in  his  loore.  1426 
LYDG.  De  Gttil.  Pilgr.  4534  Thus  my  smerte  yerde  I  vse, 
Alle  synnes  to  refuse,  And  do  with-al  correccioun.  r  1450 
St.  Cnthbert  (.Surtees)  7586  \Valchcre  began  forto  moyse 
how  he  bat  menge  mogbt  refoyse,  And  forto  bryng  in 
monkys  agayne.  1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  K  v  b,  They 
whiche  were  worthy  to  be  blamed  were  refused  and  separed 
oute  of  the  felaushipe  of  the  other. 

f8.  To  deny  (a  charge  or  allegation).  Obs.  rare. 

1390  (iovvKR  ^onf.  I.  76  Thei  of  the  stiggestioun  Necouthen 
noght  a  word  refuse.  ?f  147^5  Sqr.  lo-we  Dcgre  400  Thou 
may  not  thyselfe  excuse  ;  This  dede  thou  shall  no  wise  re 
fuse.  1752  MACCOLI.  in  Scots  Mag.  (1753)  Sept.  449/2  The 
deponent  refusing  his  having  seen  him.  1753  in  Stewart's 
Tiial  App.  139  This  letter  was  ..  shown  this  day  to  Allan 
Stewart  his  son,  who  refuses  it  to  be  his  hand-writing. 

III.  9.  \Vith  inf.  To  decline  positively,  to 
express  or  show  a  determination  not  lo  do  some 
thing.  Also  transf,  of  things. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  43  Bot  otherwise,  if  thou  refuse  To 
love,  thou  miht  so  per  cas  Den  ydel,  c  1450  Los  K  LI  CM 
Grail  Iii.  791  Thanne  myht  he  Refnsen  ..  with  ?ow  to 
fyhten  In  bntaylle.  1477  Rolls  of  Pa)  It.  VI.  187/2  If.. the 
Pleyntif  or  Pleyntifs,  or  their  attourney,  refusen  to  be  sworn 
in  four  me  aforeseid.  1560  I)AL'S  tr.  Slcidants  Connn.  6  He 
..will  not  refuse  to  stande  in  judgement  herein  of  the  uni 
versities  of  Germany  and  Paris.  1591  Si  ENSKK  M.  Hubberd 
21  Seeing  kindly  sleep  refuse  to  doe  His  office.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  n.  451  Wherefore  do  I  assume  The.se 
Royalties,  and  not  refuse  to  Reign  . .?  17x9  YOUNG  Busiris 
in.  i,  My  trembling  limbs  Refuse  to  bear  their  weight.  1780 
CpwrER  Progr.  Err.  498  If  stubborn  Greek  refuse  to  be  his 
friend,  Hebrew  or  Syriac  shall  be  forced  to  bend.  1874 
GREEN  Short  Hist.  viii.  §  3.  483  Eliot  refused  to  move  from 
his  constitutional  ground. 

b.  Const,  with  gerund,    rare. 

?753  L.  M.  Accomplished^  Woman  II.  252  One  of  the 
principal  actors,  .refused  going  upon  the  stage.  1766  Bur 
rows'  Reports  It.  1152  The  Officer  of  the  inferior  Court  can 
not  refuse  paying  obedience  to  the  Writ. 

10.  To  decline  to  give  or  grant ;  to  deny  (some 
thing  asked)  to  a  person  (or  thing). 

1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  i.  xvii.  19  b,  [To] 
obtaine  of  the  great  Lord  that  which  by  his  lieuetenaunt  was 
refused.  1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  v.  i.  33  If  you  refuse  your  ayde 
. .  yet  do  not  Vpbraid  's  with  our  distresse.  1734  tr.  Rollings 
Anc.  Hist.  (1827)  II.  n.  1 86  He  could  not  refuse  his  tears  to 
the  unhappy  fate  of  Carthage.  1821  SHELLEV  Helios  587 
The  Georgians  Refuse  their  living  tribute.  1859  TKNNYSON 
Enid  448  When  I.. Refused  her  to  him,  then  his  pride 
awoke. 

t  b.  reft.  To  abstain  from  giving  (oneself)  over, 
to  refrain  from  yielding,  to  (something).  Obs. 

1753  CHESTERF.  Lett.  (1792)  IV.  ccxcviii.  12, 1  have  refused 
myself  to  every  thing  that  my  own  experience  did  not 
justify  and  confirm.  1788  GIBBON  Ded.  4  f.  Ixiy.  VI.  288 
Nor  can  I  refuse  myself  to  those  events  which.,  will  interest 
a  philosophic  mind.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  vn.  i.  P  n  She 
would  fancy  she  had  her  death  to  answer  for,  had  she 
refused  herself  to  any  of  her  whims. 

c.  Mil.  To  decline  to  oppose  (troops)  to  the 
enemy  ;  to  withdraw  or  move  back  from  the  regular 
alignment. 

m6/fft*r.  ff  R^'  Cavalry  (1813)  176  The  echellons  on 
one  flank  will  be  refused,  and  on  the  other  they  will  advance 
.  .to envelope  the  enemy.  i8oa  JAMES  Ahlit.  Diet,  s.v.,  The 
French  during  the  whole  of  the  action  . .  refused  their  right 
wing.  1875  KINGLAKE  Crimea  V.  vt.  92  If  the  disposers  of 
ordnance,  .should  desire. .to  refuse  their  right,  they  might 
bend  off  that  part  of  their  artillery  line  along  the  crest. 

11.  With  double  ace.:  To  decline  to  give,  deny 
(something)  to  (a  person,  or  thing). 

1621  ELSING  Debates  Ho.  Lords  (Camden)  53  That  John 
Birde..[was  arrested]  by  John  GUlett..and  refused  baylle. 
1746  H.  WALPOI.E  Let.  17  Jan  ,  On  their  refusing  him  en 
trance,  he  burst  open  the  door  with  his  foot.  1781  Miss 
BURNEV  Cecilia  vi.  x,  I  feel  already  that  I  can  refuse  you 
nothing.  1817  SHELLEY  Otho  16  Such  pride  as  from  im 
petuous  love  may  spring,  That  will  not  be  refused  itsoffering. 
1891  Lain  Times  XC.  462/1  Where  the  court  refuses  a 
parent  the  custody  of  his  child. 

b.  With  personal  object  (or  subject)  only. 

1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  418  These  ask  with  painful  shyness, 
and  refused  Because  deserving,  silently  retire.  1818  SHELLEY 
Rev.  Islam  n.  xxvii,  Soon  I  could  not  have  refused  her. 


RE-FUSE. 

1865  TROLLOPR  Btlton  Est.  x.  no  If  refused  once,  he  might 
probably  ask  again. 

1 12.  To  refuse  (one)  leave  to  do  something ;  to 
prohibit  or  keep  back_/)w«  something.  Obs. 

1617  MORYSOM  Itin,  I.  171  The  Guard  refused  me  as  a 
foot-man  to  passe  into  the  Citie.  1657  in  Burtons^  Diary 
(1828)  II.  308  They  refused  the  magistrates  of  Edinburgh 
from  the  sacrament,  for  three  years.  1688  Exped.  J  r. 

Orange  in  Select.  Harl.  Misc.  (1793)  471  Sir  William  W- 

who  had  been  at  Ford  with  the  prince,  to  see  Sir  William 
C— ,  were  both  refused  to  be  seen  of  him. 

IV.  13.  intr.  To  make  refusal ;  to  decline  ac 
ceptance  or  compliance ;  to  withhold  permission  ; 
spec,  in  ecarte  (see  REFUSAL  I  b). 

13. .  Gaiv.  ftf  Gr.  Knt.  1772  Nede  hym  bi-houed,  OJ?er  lach 
l>er  Mr  luf,  oj>er  lodly  re-fuse.  1535  CoVBBDALR  i  Sam. 
xxviii.  23  But  he  refused,  and  sayde,  I  wil  not  eate.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  SU'idanc's  Comm.  130  b,  He  not  refusyng,  toke  his 
offer  in  very  good  part  also.  1611  SHAKS.  IVint.  T.  n.  in. 
137  If  thou  refuse,  And  wilt  encounter  with  my  Wrath, 
say  so.  1668  SEDLEY  Mulb.  Card.  i.  iv,  Sister,  tho1  Laws 
of  Decency  refuse,  We  shining  Swords,  and  glitt'ring 
Armour  use.  1717  PRIOR  Alum  i.  160  Before  they're  ask'd, 
can  maids  refuse?  1780  COWI-ER  Progr.  Err.  25  Free  in 
his  will  to  choose  or  to  refuse,  Man  may  improve  the  crisis, 
or  abuse.  1877  Encycl.  Brit.  VII.  620/1  (Ecart£}>  The 
dealer  may  either  accept  or  refuse.  . .  If  the  dealer  refuses 
the  hand  is  played  without  discarding. 
b.  Of  a  horse:  (see  3  c  above). 

1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  if.  clxviii.  190/2  The  first  course 
they  fay  led  for  their  horses  refused  at  ye  cope.  1857  G.  LAW 
RENCE  Guy  Liv.  ix,  The  Axeine  swerves,  and  refuses  at 
rather  an  easy  fence. 

C.  Of  a  pile:  To  resist  further  driving. 

1879  Sir  R.  BALL  in  Casselfs  Tcchn.  Educ.  V.  276  When 
the  pile  'refuses',  as  it  is  technically  termed.,  it. -is  capable 
of  supporting  the  buildings. 

Re-fuse,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]   To  fuse  or  melt  again. 

1875  l/re's  Diet.  Arts  (ed.  7)  I.  943  If  the  fusion  has  been 
properly  made,  the  slag  will  not  require .  .to  be  re-fused. 

Refirsed,  ppl.  a.  [f.  REFUSE  v.  +  -ED  i.]  Re 
jected,  cast  off;  declined;  denied. 

1560  A.  L.  tr.  Cal'-ine's  Foure  Serm.  Songe  Ezech.  (1574) 
i,  He  was  a  wicked  and  refused  man.  1606  Wily  Beguiled 
H  iijb,  My  father  got  me  of  a  refus'd  Ha^ge.  1790  Acts 
Sederunt  Index  91  The  Ordinary,  shall  write  on  the  back 
of  a  refused  bill  of  suspension,  his  special  reasons  for  so 
doing.  1883  L.  Z.  JONCAS  Fisheries  Canada  19  (Fish.  Exh. 
Pub!.)  The  merchantable,  the  inferior,  and  the 'refused1,  that 
is,  the  heavy  salted  and  broken  fish. 

b.  Mil.  (See  REFUSE  v.  loc.) 

1796  Instr.  <$•  Reg.  Cavalry  (1813)  156  The  rear  of  the 
column  which  was  destined  to  become  the  refused  flank  of 
the  new  line.  1888  Times  8  Oct.  7/2  They  opened  fire  on 
the  enemy's  two  guns  on  his  right,  and  a  refused  flank  on  his 
left. 

Refusel(lf  obs.  forms  of  REFUSAL. 

Refuser  (r/fiw'zai).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER*.]  One 
who  refuses  ;  esp.  a  recusant  (common  in  I7th  c.). 

1474  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  118/2  And  over  that  the  same 
refuser  [is]  to  make  fyne  and  raunson  to  your  Highnes. 
1550  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  106  The  disobeans  and 
refusaris  of  the  said  mony.  1567  Ibid.  535  The  refusaris 
and  contravenaris  to  be  secludit  fra  the  bosum  of  the  Kirk. 
1610  DONNE  Pseudo-martyr  246  Drawing  scandall  vpon  the 
whole  cause,  and  afflictions  vpon  euery  particular  Refuser. 
1687  JAS.  II  in  Magd.  Coll.  fy  Jos.  If  (O.H.S.)  211  All  the 
Bishops  in  England  should  not  excuse  a  refuser.  1754 
RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1766)  V.  18  The  requester  of  a 
favour . .  perhaps  shews  as  much  self  in  the  application  as  the 
refuser  does  in  the  deniaj.  1864  RAINE  Priory  Hexkam 
(Surtees)  I.  Pref.  i.  p.  xxiii,  The  modesty  of  the  refuser  only 
whetted  the  eagerness  of  the  offerers. 
b.  Of  a  horse :  (see  REFUSE  v.  3  c). 

1886  Sat.  Rev.  6  Mar.  327/1  That  he  [a  horse]  should 
become  a  confirmed  refuser  at  water. 


360 

l8n  PINKERTON  Petrol.  II.  460  This  tumefaction  usually 
accompanies  a  refusion,  in  our  fires,  of  solid  glasses  and 
volcanic  enamels.  1863  COWDEN  CLARKE  Sliaks.  C/iar.  xii. 
308  Leonato  is  a  re-fusion  of  old  Capulet,  but  without  his 
fus.siness  and  dollying. 

Refutabi'lity.  rare-1.  [f.  next  +  -ITY.] 
Capability  of  being  refuted. 

"654  WHITLOCK  Zootomia  141  The  Heietick  (guilty  and 
con.sciencious  to  himselfe  of  Refutability)  taketh  place  first. 

Refutable  (rfn«-tab'l,  re-n«tab'l),  a.  [ad.  late 
L.  refntahiliS)  f.  r$#/<Jr*toRltPCTH,  Cf.  ¥  .refutable.] 
That  may  be  (f  rejected,)  refuted,  or  disproved. 

1560  ROLLAND  Crt.  Venus  m.  175,  I  think  part  of  thame 
refutabill  Of  the  assyls,  and  vtheris  acceptabill  Into  thair 
steid.  1600  F.  WALKER  Sp.  Mandmille  26  b,  Your  proofe 
and  information  is  not  refutable.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE 
Pseud.  Ep.  181  That  the  heart  of  man  is  seated  in  the  left 
side,  is  an  asseveration  which  strictly  taken,  is  refutable  by 
inspection.  1771  Junius  Lett.  liv.  (1788)  301  He  alters  the 
text,  and  creates  a  refutable  doctrine  of  his  own.  1802 
Edin.  Rev.  I.  22  Itrefutes  the  very  refutable  positions  of  Mr. 
Godwin,  1871  Echo  13  Apr.  2  It  is  not  in  the  abstract ;  but 
only  in  the  concrete  that  it  is  refutable. 

Hence  Reftrtably  adv. 

1806  W.  TAYLORIM  Anii.Rw.  IV.  724  Speaking  intelligibly, 
and  therefore  refutably,  concerning  the  phenomena  of 
animal  life. 

Refutal  (r/fi/Vtal).  [f.  REFUTE  v.  +  -AL.]  Re 
futation. 

1603  VKRSTEGAN  Dec.  Intcll.  iv.  (1628)  102  What  refutall  is 
this,  when  it  can  bee  prooued  that  they  so  were%  1736  in 
BAILEY.  1816  O'MEARA  in  Century  Mag.  (1900)  Feb.  626/2 
Such  a  work  carries  with  it  its  own  refutal.  1885  National 
Baptist  XXI.  No.  13.  i  A  living  refutal  of  the  lie  that  a  good 
soldier  must  needs  be  depraved. 

Refutation  (ren«t^"|an).  [ad.  L.  refuta 
tion-em,  n.  of  action  f.  refutare  to  REFUTE.  Cf. 
F.  refutation.] 

1.  The  action  of  refuting  or  disproving  a  state 
ment,  charge,  etc. ;  confutation. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.^  Hen.  VIII  itf  It  was  answered  by 
another  boke  called  the  Refutation  or  Ouercommyng  of  the 
apollogie  of  the  conuencion  of  Madrill.  i6a8  T.  SPENCER 
Logick  233  Thereby  we  know  how  to  apply  an  Answer  for 
the  refutation,  and  disproofe  of  such  a  proposition.  1692 
BENTLEY  Boyle  Lect.  iv.  1 19  An  effectual  refutation  of  his  own 
Principles.  1769  Junius  Lett,  xxxiv.  (1788)  168  A  charge 
which  called  immediately  for  the  clearest  refutation.  179* 
Anecd.  \V.  Pitt  II.  xxix.  129  The  idea. .does  not  deserve 
a  serious  refutation,  1865  TYLOR  Early  Hist.  Alan,  ii.  14 
The  deaf  and  dumb  man  is  the  living  refutation  of  the  pro 
position.  1877  NORTHCOTE  Rom.  Catacombs  i.  !.  8  This 
might  be  allowed  to  stand  as  a  peremptory  refutation  of  the 
theory  in  question. 

Comb.  1819  SHELLEY  Julian  194  You  might  Make  such  a 
system  refutation-tight,  As  far  as  words  go. 

t  2.  Military  repulse  of  a  person.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslies  Hist.  Scot.  v.  267  Achai . .  is 
present  with  speid,  with  ane  armie  often  thousand  Scotis. . 
to  the  supplie  uf  Hung,  and  refutatioune  of  Athelstane. 

Refutative,  <?.  rare,  f  f.  ppl.  stem  of  L.  refit- 
tare  to  REFUTE  +  -IVE.]  That  tends  to  refute ; 
belonging  to  refutation. 

1652  URQUHART  Jewel  Wks.  (1834)  292  Proleptically  with 
the  refutative  schemes  of  anticipation  and  subjection. 
1837  Frasers  Mag.  XV.  303  Strepslades  is  delighted  with 
his  complexion,  which  is  both  '  negative  and  refutative ', 
with  the  true  Attic  stamp. 

So  Refutatory  a.  [cf.  med.L.  refutatori-uS)  F. 
rtfutatoire].  (Webster  1847.) 

t  Refute,  sb.l*  Obs.  Forms :  4  refuit,  4-6  re- 
fuyt(e,  (5  reffuyt),  4-6  refut(e.  [a.  OF.  refuite, 
f.  refuir,  f.  re-  RE-  +futr  to  flee  :  cf.  REFUGE  sb.] 

1.   = 


Refusing  (rffi»-zin)  ,vU  sb.     [f.  REFUSE  v.  +          ^/^^V;  ***[!].  3  Be  to  ™  in-to  God  de- 
-INGl.J       I  he  action  of  the  vb.  m  various  Senses.  fendour,  &  in-to  J>e  hous  of  refut,  bat  Jwu  mak  me  sauf. 


('1330  R,  BRONNE  Chron.  (1810)  216  At  his  dome  suld  it  be, 
withoute  refusyng.  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  427/2  Refusynge, 
re/utacio,  recusacio.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Huon  xxiv.  70 
They  shalderely  by  the  remsynge  of  theyr  answere.  1611 
^OTGR.tRefudiemfnt,A  refusing.  1660  JER.  TAYLOR  Duct. 
Duoit.  n.  ii.  rule  2  §  4  Single  life,  and  abstinence  from  certain 
meats,  and  refusing  of  blood.  1705  STANHOPE  Paraphr. 
II.  348  What  forced  Constructions  do  we  put  upon  every 
Indignity,  that  it  may  not  pass  for  a  final  Refusing  ? 

Ref  irsing,  ///.  «.     [-ING  *.]     That  refuses. 

1583  BABINGTON  Commandm.  iv.(i637)  34  Our  recusantes, 
as  wee  call  them,  that  is,  our  refusing  papists  to  come  to 
church.  1627  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  (1659)  I.  445  After  his 
going, . .  the  refusing  Londoners  were  pursued  more  fervently 
then  before.  1723  Pres.  State  Russia  II.  264  The  King  of 
Sweden. .  returned  a  refusing  Answer. 

Hence  Reftrsingly  adv. 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason.  35  Why  haue  ye  than  answerd  him 
so  coldly  and  refusingly?  1659  TORRIANO  A~rifusot  re- 
fusingly. 

tRefu'Sion.  Obs.  rare.  [a.F.  rJ/usian  (i6th  c. 
in  Littre),  ad.  late  L.  refftsion-ernt  n.  of  action  f. 
refundere  to  REFUND  z>.!] 

1.  The  action  of  pouring  back;   re-infusion  (of 
the  soul). 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Refusion,  a  pouring  back  again. 
1741  WABBURTON  Dtv.  Legat.  II.  it.  App.  46  He  owns., 
that  neither  Gataker  in  his  notes,  or  Casaubon,  had  any 
Notion  that  the  Doctrine  of  Refusion  was  here  alluded  to. 

2.  The  action  of  refunding  (money). 

1726  AYLIFFE  Parergon  351  A  Person  thus  amending  his 
Libel,  .i^  oblig'd  to  a  Refusion  of  such  Expences. 

Re-fusion  (rffiw-.^an).  Also  refusion.  [f. 
RE-  5  a  +  FUSION.]  A  renewed  or  repeated  fusion  ; 
the  result  of  this,  a  recast.  Also_/f,f. 


c  1400  Rom.  Rose  5840  Thou  shalt  be  bounde.  And  fast 
loken  in  a  tour,  Withoute  refuyt  or  socour.  c  1420  in  Lydg. 
De  Guil,  Pilgr.  16696  The  grete  Reffuyt  and  Reffugc  that 
thow  dost  to  alle  synful  men.  1494  FAHVAN  Chron.  Prol.  3, 1 
nyll  presume  wythout  other  refute,  To  ioyne  suche  a  worke. 
1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  275  Justice  and  law. .to 
execute  To  puir  and  riche,  without  ony  refute. 

2.  =  REFUGE  sb.  2. 

a  1325  Prose  Psalter  xxx[i].  4  For  J>ou  art  mystreng|>eand 
my  refut.  1382  WYCLIF  Ps.  Uxxix.  [xc.]  i  Lord,  refut  thou 
art  maad  to  vs.  c  1450  Merlin  622  A  kynge  that  ought  to  be 
refute  and  counfort  to  alle  the  hoste.  1509  HAWES  Conv. 
Swearers  13  Yet  I  to  you  am  chefe  refuyte  and  boote. 

3.  =  REFUGE  sb.  3. 

1 1374  CHAUCER  Troylus\\\.  965  (1014)  Alias  J>athe..Shuld 
haue  his  refuyt  in  so  digne  a  place.     1432-50  tr.  Higden    \ 
(Rolls)  II.  279  To  be  a  refute  of  gilty  men  fleenge  to  hit.    I 
c  1450  St.  Cuthbert  {Surtees)  5541  At  tynemouth'  his  refuyt 
he  make,  To  kepe  him  fra  skathe. 

t  Refute,  J*.a  Obs.     [f.  the  vb.]     Refutation. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  312  We  finde  no  con 
current  determination  of  ages  past,  and  a  positive  and 
undeniable  refute  of  these  present.  1657  j.  SERGEANT 
Schism  Dispach't  i  Schism  Dispatcht,.  .containing. .a  re 
fute  of  Dr.  Hammonds  Defence  of  his  first  three  Chapters. 

Refute  (r/fiw't),  v.  [ad.  L.  refutare  to  repel, 
repress,  rebut :  see  RE-  and  CONFUTE  v.  Cf.  F. 
rtytter  (a  1549  in  Godef.).] 

fl.  trans.  To  refuse,  reject  (a  thing  or  person). 
Obs.  rare. 

1513  BRADSHAW  St.  Werbnrge  \.  1535  Her  royall  dyademe 
and  shynynge  coronall  Was  fyrst  refuted  for  loue  of  our 
sauyoure. 

2.  To  prove  (a  ]>erson)  to  be  in  error,  to  confute. 

>545  J°VE  Exf.  Dan.  Argt.  5  b,  Which  reiecteth  and  re- 


REGAIN. 

futeth  the  icwes  and  vs  castinge  away  god  and  his  gospel 
as  thei  did.  1579  FENTON  Guicciard.  in.  (1599)  i?6  He 
refuted  the  Admirall,  who.  .assayed  to  qualifie  indirectly 
the  wills  of  the  councell.  1641  HINDE  j.  Brnen  xxii.  68 
Who  might  also  have  received  their  answer  and  beene 
evidently  refuted  to  their  faces,  if  they  had  but  observed 
his  ordinary  practices.  1692  WASHINGTON  tr.  Milton's  Def. 
Pop.  M.'s  Wks.  1738  I.  544  That  you,  my  Countrymen, 
refute  this  adversary  of  yours  yourselves.  1768  tr.  Rollins 
Anc.  Hist.  ted.  5)  I.  p.  xlix,  In  his  second  [book],  wherein 
he  refutes  his  brother  Quintus. 

refl.  1869  Daily  Neu-s  14  Dec.,  But  Mr.  M.  is  good 
enough,  for  all  practical  purposes,  to  refute  himself. 

3.  To  disprove,  overthrow  by  argument,  prove  to 
be  false :  a.  a  statement,  opinion,  etc. 

1597  HOOKER  F.ccl.  Pol.  y.  Ixxx.  §  7  It  is  some  greife  to 
spende  thus  much  labour  in  refuting  a  thing  that  hath  so 
little  grounde  to  vpholde  it.  1664  POWER  £jgfi,  P kilos,  i. 
39  An  errour  so  gross  and  palpable,  that  it  needs  not  the 
Microscope  to  refute  it.  1710  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let. 
to  Bp.  Burnet  20  July,  They  bring  them  a  thousand  fal 
lacious  arguments,  which  their  excessive  ignorance  hinders 
them  from  refuting.  1780  COWPER  Table-t.  104,  I  grant  the 
sarcasm  is  too  severe,  And  we  can  readily  refute  it  here. 
1838  LYTTON  Alice  n.  vii,  Unconsciously  his  whole  practice 
began  to  refute  his  theories.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  ied.  2)  I. 
194  They  can  refute  any  proposition  whether  true  or  false. 
b.  an  imputation,  accusation,  etc. 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xxiv.  §  231  Which  imputation 
in  sundry  languages  he  refuted  in  Print.  1725  POPE  Odyss. 
vin.  270  Well  thygen'rous  tongue  With  decent  pride  refutes 
a  public  wrong.  1784  COWPER  Task  u.  824  Let  the  arraigned 
Stand  up  unconscious,  and  refute  the  charge.  1838  THIRL- 
WALL  Hist.  Greece  V.  375  The  plan  which  he  has  suggested 
..is  the  surest  way  to  refute  such  calumnies.  1875  MANNING 
Mission  H.  G/iostx.  277  Would  you  not  seek  everywhere  for 
proofs  to  refute  the  accusation? 

4.  absol.  To  demonstrate  error. 

1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  vn.  1343  Instead  of  racking  fancy,  to 
refute,  Reform  thy  manners,  and  the  truth  enjoy.  1805 
Med.  jfrnl.  XIV.  174  Those,  whose  only  object  is  to  cavil 
where  they  cannot  refute. 

Hence  Befirted///.  a.,  Reftrting  vbl.  sb. 

c  1555  HARPSFIELD  Divorce  Hen.  ¥111  (Camclen)  239  In 
the  refuting  of  which  impure  and  unchaste  proviso..  I  trust 
the  reader  will  bear  with  me.  1638  R.  BAKKR  tr.  Balzac's 
Lett.  (vol.  II.)  33  Such  of  their  objections,  that  seeme  worth 
the  refuting.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  L  viii.  30 
He  often,  .seems  to  confirme  the  refuted  accounts  of  Anti 
quity.  1780  COWPER  Progr.  Err.  550  His  still  refuted 
quirks  he  still  repeats.  1818  in  Lady  Morgan  Autobiog.  241 
Commonplaces,  repeated  a  hundred  times  over  with  a  re- 
futed  tone. 

Refuter  (r/fi/7'ta.i).  [f.  prec.  +  -B*.]  One 
who  refutes. 

1620  Bi>.  HALL  Hon.  Mar.  Clergy  m.  ii,  No  lesse  vaine  is 
my  refuter,  that  spends  many  waste  words  [etc.].  1645 
MILTON  Colast.  Wks.  1851  IV.  345,  I  was  still  waiting, 
when  these  light  arm'd  refuters  would  have  don  pelting  at 
thir  three  lines.  1710  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  III.  i.  ii. 
ii  Some  living  Antagonist,  who.  .pretends  to.. refute  the 
Refuter  upon  every  Article  he  has  advanc'd.  1890  C.  U.  R. 
COOKE  4  Yrs.  in  Parlt.  60  An  easy  and  effective  exposure 
of  them  brings  to  the  refuter  some  momentary  credit. 

Refyn(e,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  pple.  oi  RIVE. 

Reg,  obs.  form  of  rig  RIDGE  sb.>  RIG  v. 

Regain  (r/g^-n,  r*-),  v.  [ad.  F.  regagner 
(earlier  spelling  regaigner) :  see  RE-  and  GAIN  v.~\ 

1.  trans.  To  gain  or  get  anew  ;  to  recover  posses 
sion  of  (something).  Also  absol. 

<f  1548  HALL  C/tron.,  Hen.  VIII  260  b,  One  dale  thone 
parte  lost,  and  the  other  gained,  and  likewise  the  losers 
regained.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  645  Is  not  Normandy, 
which  is  father  gat,  regayned  and  conquered  agayne,  by  the 
insolencie  of  him?  1631  GOUGE  God's  Arrmus  m.  $  43.  260 
Obtaining  or  re-gaining  any  publique,  or  private  blessings. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  665  Least  total  darkness  should  by 
Night  regaine  Her  old  possession.  1710  LADY  M.  W. 
MONTAGU  Let.  to  \V.  Montagu  25  Apr.,  Could  I  deceive 
one  minute,  I  should  never  regain  my  own  good  opinion. 
1838  LYTTON  Leila  iv.  iv,  Regaining  thee  once  more,  a  new 
and  a  soft  existence  opens  upon  my  eyes.  1875  JOWETT 
Plato  (ed.  2)  1. 13,  I  began  by  degrees  to  regain  confidence. 
fb.  To  reclaim  (land).  Obs.  rare— ^. 

1652  BLITHE  Eng.  Improv.  Inipr.  (ed.  3)  title-p.,  The 
Drainage  of  Fen  Lands,  Regaining  Sea  Lands,  &c. 

t2.  To  win  back,  recover,  for  another.  Obs.  rare, 

1590  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Antonie  1077  When  I  regainde 
him  his  rebellious  Realme.  1599  H.  BUTTES  Dyets  Drie 
Dinner  Bvj,  Constrained  to  implore  the  ayde  of  Mithn- 
date.  .in  regaining  to  them  the  Castle  of  health. 

f  b.  To  win  or  bring  back  to  a  state  or  condition. 


to  be  expected..,  to  regain  England  to  Obedience. 

f  3,  With  inf.  To  succeed  in  coming  again.  Obs. 

1644  MILTON  Educ.  Wks.  1851  IV.  381  By  regaining  to 
know  God  aright,  and  out  of  that  knowledge  to  love  him. 

4.  To  get  back  to,  succeed  in  reaching  (a  place) 
again  ;  to  rejoin  (a  person). 

1634  MILTON  Comus  274  Extreme  shift  How  to  regain  my 
sever'd  company  Compell'd  me  to  awake  the  courteous 
Echo.  1725  POPE  Otiyss.  I.  409  Let  me  now  regain  the 
Reithrian  port.  1775  R.  CHANDLER  Trav.  Greece  (1825)  II. 
209,  I  made  my  egress..,  glad  to  revisit  day  and  regain  a 
purer  atmosphere,  a  1859  L.  HUNT  Glove  ty  Lions  iv,  The 
leap  was  quick,  return  was  quick,  he  has  regain'd  his  place. 
1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  41  The  cloud  descends,  and  regain 
ing  the  lower  and  warmer  regions,  returns  to  its  original 
state. 

b.  To  recover  (one's  feet). 

1814  SIR  R.WILSON  A  utoliog.  in  Z(/fc  (1862)  I.ii-oo,  I  was 
up  and  down  several  times;  but  my  dear  little  mare.. 
always  regained  her  feet. 


REGAINABLE. 

Hence  Regarned  ///.  a.,  Regal-rung  vlil.  sb. 
and///,  a.  Also  Regai'nable  a.,  Beg-ai'iier. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VI 134,  I  thought  here,  to  omit 
and  ouerpasse  the  regainyng  and  conquest  of  the  strong 
toune  of  Harflew.  1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  in.  ii.  in.  iv, 
With  a  regaining  retrait,  a  gentle  reluctancy.  1666  BOYLE 
Orig.  Formes  fy  Qual.  203  The  Form.. was  reproduc'd  by 
God,  upon  the  regain'd  Disposition  of  the  Matter  to  receive 
it.  1682  BUNYAN  (title)  The  Holy  War.  .for  the  Regaining 
of  the  Metropolis  of  the  World,  a  1787  J.  BROWN  Set.  Rem. 
(1807)  244  To  behold  him  a  regainer  of  paradise.  1869 
RUSKIN  Q.  of  Air  §  153  Your  liberty  of  choice  has  simply 
destroyed,  .so  much  life  and  strength,  never  regainable. 

Regarument.  [f.  prec.  +  -JIENT.]  The  action 
of  regaining. 

1642  Declar.  Lords  <$•  Comm.  4  July  3  The  regainment  of 
the  ancient ..  Rights.  1646  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Biondis  Civil 
Warres  vi.  30  Being  advertised,  .of  the  regainment  of  the 
Kingdome.  1871  Daily  News  22  Sept.,  Our  actual  occa 
sional  rallies  and  temporary  regainment  of  ground. 

Regal  (rf-gal),  a.  and  sl>.1  Also  4-5  regalle, 
(5  -ale),  5-7  regall.  [a.  OF.  regal,  -ale,  or  L. 
regalis,  f.  reg-,  rex  king :  see  -AL.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  or  belonging  to  a  king ;  royal. 

<ri374  CHAUCER  Boetli.  i.  pr.  iv.  9  (Camb.  MS.),  The  iustice 
Regal  [L.  regia]  hadde  whilom  denied  hem  bothe  to  gon  in 
to  exil.  1431-50  tr.  Higiien  (Rolls)  II.  323  In  the  regalle 
cite  of  Saba.  1503  HAWES  Examp.  Virt.  vn.  xlii,  That 
sheweth  his  dygnyte  to  be  regall.  c  1510  Gesta  Rom.  Add. 
Stor.  v.  (1879)  438  [They)  brought  hym.  with  grete  reuer- 
ence  and  worshyp  vnto  his  regal  sete.  1591  SPENSER  M. 
Hitbberd  mi  The  Ape  thus  seized  of  the  Regall  throne 
[etc.].  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  739  When  they  see  all  Regal 
Power  Giv'n  me  to  quell  thir  pride.  1735  BOLINGBROKE  On 
Parties  8  They,  who  could  never  brook  a  Regal,  will  have 
the  Merit  of  saving  their  Country  from  the  Danger  of  a 
Ministerial  Tyranny.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  Sf  F.  liii.  V.  505 
The  regal  title  was  assumed  by  the  most  ambitious  chiefs. 
1825  JEFFERSON  Autolwg.  Wks.  1859  I.  36  Our  legislation, 
under  the  regal  government,  had  many  very  vicious  points. 
1876  HUMPHREYS  Coin-coll.  Man.  xxvi.  403  The  Macedonian 
series  includes  the  earliest  regal  coin  known. 

f  b.  Regal  fishes  :  (see  quots.).  Obs.  rare. 

'562-3  Act  5  Elh.  c.  5  §  5  Such  fyshes  as  be  knowen  and 
vsed  to  be  called  Regal  fyshes,  whereunto  her  maiestie.. 
shal  haue  right.     1670  BLOUNT  Law  Diet.  (1691)  Regal 
Fishes. .Are  Whales,  and  Sturgeons;  some  add  Porpusses. 
f2.  a.  Regal  water:  (see  quot.).  Obs.rare~^. 
Cf.  F.  eatt  regale,  a  mixture  of  hydrochloric  and  azotic 
acid,  used  for  dissolving  gold  and  platinum  (Littre*). 

1576  BAKER  Je-Mell  of  Health  102  This  then  is  named  the 
regall  water,  or  water  of  a  kyng,  which  separateth  Golde. 

fb.  Ruling,  governing.  Obs.  rare. 
1653  R-  SANDERS  Physiogn.  240  The  brain  and  heart  are 
the  two  regal  and  principal  parts  of  man.  1656  STANLEV 
Hist.  Philos.  v.  (1701)  198/1  Thus  Plato  in  Philebo  avers  by 
Jove  is  understood  a  Regal  Soul,  meaning  the  principal 
part  of  the  World  which  Governs  the  other. 

3.  Befitting,  or  resembling,  a  king;  kingly ;  hence, 
splendid,  magnificent,  stately,  etc. 

1799  WORDSW.  Danish  Boy  iii,  A  regal  vest  of  fur  he 
wears,  In  colour  like  a  raven's  wing.  1816  SHELLEV  Alastor 
619  A  rare  and  regal  prey  He  hath  prepared,  prowling 
around  the  world.  1858  LYTTON  What  will  He  do  i.  xiv, 
Then  they  emerged  into  the  noble  garden,  with  its  regal 
trees.  1862  STANLEY  yew,  Ck.  (1877)  I.  xv.  290  Every  one 
of  them  was  like  a  prince  ;  and  not  the  least  regal  was  the 
sole  survivor  Gideon. 

trans/.  1825  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  n.  Convalescent,  If  there  be 
a  regal  solitude,  it  is  a  sick  bed.  1859  SMILES  Self-Help 
xii.  319  Beethoven's  admiration  for  Cherubini  was  regal. 

t  B.  sb.  1.  Royalty,  sovereignty,  royal  authority. 
c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  71  Nien  monethes  beforn 
kept  Harald  be  regalle.  £1350  Will.  Palerne  282  Al  be 
regal  of  rome  to  rijtleche  y  weld.  1455  Rolls  ofParlt.  V. 
300/2  The  drede  wheryn  here  tofore  they  have  been  , .  of 
youre  myghty  regale  and  of  your  said  lond.  1460  Pol. 
Poems  in  Arckatologia  (1842)  XXIX.  338  To  remeve  his 
heuynesse  Whiche  to  his  regalle  is  no  byng  conservyng. 

t  b.  Sc.  A  regality.   Obs.  rare. 

1440  Sc.  Acts  Jas.  77(1814)  II.  33/1  Lordis  of  Regaliteis 
within  thare  Kegalis.  Ande  alsua  the  kingis  ba^eis  of  his 
Regalis.  [Hence  in  Skene  Reg.  Maj.  (1609)  163.) 

f  c.  A  royal  right  or  privilege.  Cf.  REGALE 
sbl-  2.  Obs. 

a  1540  BARNES  Wks.  (1573)  201/2  But  how  commeth  S. 
Peter  by  these  regalles..  1  All  the  worlde  knoweth,  that 
regalia  belongeth  to  lunges.  1641  PRYNNE^«/I>.  116  marg., 
Peter  was  acquainted  with  his  nets  but  not  with  Regals. 
1797  W.JOHNSTON  Beckmann's  Invent.  II.  324  When  and 
where  originated  the  term  jits  grutix,  under  which  this 
regal  is  known  by  jurists? 

t  2.  A  prince,  ruler.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  2128  Ariadni,  We  be  duchessis 
bothe  I  &  je  And  sekerede  to  the  regalys  of  Athenys  And 
bothe  hereafter  likly  to  ben  quenys.  c  1395  Plowman's 
Tale  i.  202  '  All-holyest '  they  clepen  hir  heed,  That  of  hir 
rule  is  regall. 

3.  fa.   The  regal  of  France.  :  (see  quots.).  Obs. 

la  1400  Morte  Art/i.  4208  With  rynges  and  relikkes,  and 
)>e  regale  of  ffraunce,  That  was  ffowndene  one  syr  ffrolle, 
whene  he  was  feye  levyde.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm. 
160  Thomas  of  Canturbury  . .  was  shryned  in  siluer,  and 
hanged  rounde  about  with  costly  Jewelles  of  Gold  and 

Jrecious  stones. ..And  amonges  others,  there  was  one  riche 
ewell,  called  the  Regal  of  Fraunce.  1656  BLOUNTc7fosio.fr. 
s.v.,  A  Jewel  or  Ring  of  great  value,  which  a  King  of  France 
offered  at  St.  Thomas  shrine  at  Canterbury,  called  the  Regal 
of  France,  which  Henry  the  Eighth,  upon  the  dissolution, 
took  thence,  and  wore  on  his  own  finger. 

trans/.  1631  BRATHWAIT  Whimzies,  Traveller  92  Styling 
. .  Paris  the  regall  of  France ;  Venice  the  eye  of  Italy. 

t  b.  The  regal  of  Scotland,  the  Coronation  Chair. 
£1470  HARDING  Chron.  CLXII.  vi,  The  recall  there  of 

VOL.  VIII. 


361 

Scotlande  then  he  brought,  And  sent  it  forth  to  West- 
mynster  for  ay. 

t  c.  (See  quot. ;  perh.  =  3  a.)  Obs. 
1483  Rutland  Papers  (Camden)  18  [Coronation  of  Henry 
VII.]  The  said  Cardinall  shall  blesse  the  ring  with  a  ruby, 
called  the  regall,  for  the  King,  to  be  sett  on  the  iiij'h  fynger 
of  the  right  hand. 

t  d.  The  chalice  used  for  the  communion  at  the 
coronation  of  British  sovereigns.  Obs. 

1603  Cerent.  Caron.  Jas.  I  (1685)  3,  i.  The  Regal.  2.  The 
Paten.  1626  in  Chr.  \Vordsw.  Coron.  C/ias.  f,  Inti  od.  (1892) 

E.^lii,  Regale,  the  chalice  of  Saphire  and  gold  carried  by  the 
lishop  of  London.      1662  SIR  E.  WALKER  Ace.   Coron. 
Ctias.  II  (1820)  92  The  Bishop  of  London  (haueing  in  the 
interim  placed  the  Regall  vpon  the  Altar). 

f  4.  Some  kind  of  precious  stone.  Obs.—1 

c  1430  LVDG.  Alin.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  223  Wythe  stones 
and  perles  ryally  pyghte,  Regalles,  rubies,  saffyres  blewe. 

1 5.  pi.   =  REGALIA,  i  2.  Obs. 

^1485  in  Wickham  Legg  Coron.  Rec.  (1901)  237  The  said 
chain berlayn  shall  take  for  the  king  all  the  Regalis  aforesaid, 
and  peace  by  peace  deliuer  them  to  the  Abbot  of  west- 
minster.  1533  Coron.  Q.  Anne  in  Arb.  Garner  II.  50  The 
Abbot  of  Westminster  with  his  rygals  came  into  the  Hall 
iitpontificalibus.  1556  Cliron.  Gr.  Friars  (Camden)  4  Thys 
yere  kynge  Edward  toke  . .  the  cheffe  regalles  in  Scot- 
lond,  his  crowne  and  hys  cepter,  and  browte  it  to  Wc-t- 
myster.  1603-4  in  A.  Taylor  Chry  of  Regality  (1820)  311 
The  oibe,  the  scepter,  the  armill,  And  suche  other  regalis  as 
hee  hath  in  his  custodye. 

Regal  (irgal),  sbt  Also  6reygalle,reyggal, 
regol,  6-7  rigoll,  -ole,  7  rigalle,  6-9  regall, 
(6  -alle).  [a.  F.  regale  (i6th  c.,  in  Rabelais  re- 
giialle),  of  obscure  origin,  perh.  f.  n'gal  REGAL  a. : 
cf.  It.  regale  (i'lorio).] 

1.  Chiefly//.  A  small  portable  organ  formerly 
in  use,  having  one,  or  sometimes  two,  sets  of  reed- 
pipes  played  with  keys  by  the  right  hand,  while 
a  small  bellows  was  worked  by  the  left  hand. 
Now  chiefly  Hist,  (common  c  1550-1625). 

c  1550  L.  WAGER  Life  Marie  Magti.  735  Infict.  Can  ye  not 
play  on  the  virginals?  Mary.  Yes.  .that  I  can,  and  also  on 
the  regals.  1556  in  Rimbault  Hist.  Organ  (1855)  39  Payd 


Regals,  Records  and  such  like.  1598  FLORIO,  Kcg-ali,  a 
musicall  instrument  called  rigoles.  1626  UACON  Sylvti  §  172 
In  Regals  (where  they  have  a  pipe  they  call  the  Nightingale 
pipe  which  containeth  water).  1767  in  Rimbault  Hist. 
Organ  (1855)  39  note,  [Bernard  Gates  received  a  salary  of 
j£s6,  as]  tuner  of  the  regalis  [in  the  Royal  Chapel.  The 
same  gentleman,  in  1770,  is  styled  '  tuner  of  the  organs ']. 
1776  HAWKINS  Hist.  Music  IV.  iv.  viii.  503  note,  Raphael 
has  painted  her  singing,  with  a  regal  in  her  hands.  1801 
STRUTT  Sports  $  1'ast.  in.  v.  201  Assisted  by  the  music  of 
the  regals  and  the  bagpipes.  1899  DK  MORGAN  in  Mackail 
W.  Morris  I.  223,  I  recollect  his  playing  on  a  regal. 

Comb.  1770  in  Arc/iacohgia  (1775)  III.  32  Our  kings  had 
a  regall-maker  amongst  their  musical  establishment. 

2.  One  of  certain  reed-stops  (esp.  the  vox  humana) 
in  organs.  In  quot.  attrib. 

1799  YOUNG  in  Phil.  Traits.  XC.  141  His  reasoning  has 
fully  shown  the  analogy  between  the  voice  and  the  voi-v 
hitmaine&'nd.  regal  organ-pipes. 

Re-gal,  ^.3  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms  :  5  regyll, 
6-7  regal(l,  7  reigle,  9  dial,  riggle.  [Of  obscure 
origin :  cf.  RAGGLE  sb.]  A  groove,  a  slot. 

1458  Church™.  Ace.,  Yatton  (Som.  Rec.  Soc.)  101  It.  to 
make  a  regyll  abowte  the  batylmente  xv*.  1577  HARRISON 
England  n.  xi.  (1877)  I.  227  The  engine,  .dooth  ride  vp  and 
downe  in  a  slot,  rabet,  or  regall.  1602  CAREW  Cornwall 
104  b,  In  one  of  the  corners  next  the  sea  standeth  a  flood 
gate  to  bee  drawne  vp  and  let  downe  through  reigles  in  the 
side  postes.  1608  WILLET  Hexapla.  Exod.  605  In  the  sides 
of  the  boord  shal  be  two  regals  or  incisians  wherby  they 
shal  one  be  ipyned  to  another.  1886  ELWORTHY  W.  Som. 
Word-tk.,  Riggle,  a  groove  cut  round  some  article. . .  The 
groove  on  a  pulley  is  a  riggle. 

Regald,  obs.  form  of  RIGGALD. 

II  Regale  (rfg^'-U,  F.  regal),  rf.l  [a.  F.  re-gale 
(ad.  L.  regalia},  or  L.  regale,  neut.  sing,  of  regalis 
REGAL  a.  See  also  REGALIA  J.] 

1.  Eccl.  Hist.  The  right,  on  the  part  of  the 
kings  of  France,  of  enjoying  the  revenues  of  vacant 
bishoprics  and  abbacies,  and  of  presenting  to  bene 
fices  dependent  on  these. 

'The  enjoyment  of  the  fruits  of  the  see  is  called  the 
temporal  regale;  that  of  presenting  the  benefices,  the 
spiritual  regale.'.  Chambers  Cycl.  (1727-38),  copying  the 
Dict.de  Trcvoux. 

1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Regale,  In  Normandie  when  diuers 
Lords  are  at  suit  for  the  Patronage  of  a  vacant  Benefice,  the 
King,  by  this  right  of  Regale,  enioyes  the  profits  of  it  vntill 
the  suit  be  ended,  or  they  agreed.  1682  Neil's  fr,  France 
16,  I  know  your  Curiosity  in  this  affair  of  the  Regale  makes  \ 
you  more  than  ordinary  concerned  to  know  the  true  Slate  of 
it.  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  III.  (1724)  I.  595  The  Pope . . 
found  also  fault  with  many  of  the  proceedings  in  France, 
with  relation  to  the  Regale.  1839  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  iv. 
ii.§2  Louis  XIV.. extended  in  1673  the  ancient  prerogative, 
called  the  regale,_  by  which  the  king  enjoyed  the  revenues 
of  vacant  bishoprics,  to  all  the  kingdom. 

1 2.  A  privilege  or  prerogative  of  royalty.   Ol>s. 

More  frequently  used  in//. ;  see  REGALIA'  i. 

1714  NICOLSON  Eng.  Hist.  Litr.  n.  iv.  (ed.  2)  117  We  must 
(in  this  place)  so  understand  the  Author,  as  if  he  had  not  any 
Design  to  state  the  extent  of  the  Regale.  1797  W.  JOHNSTON 
tr.  Beckmanns  Invent.  III.  20  The  State. .availed  itself  of 
that  regale  called  by  Leyser  regale  falsae  monetae,  and  re 
turned  the  capital  in  money  of  an  inferior  value. 


REGALE. 

t  3.   Chem,  (See  quot.)  0&s.-° 


_  .   -     ..  ..  <!ga/e 

(now  n'gal  masc.),  ad.  It.  regalo  REGALO.] 

1.  A  choice  repast,  feast,  or  banquet ;  •(•  an  enter 
tainment  or  fete. 

1670  R.  MONTAGU  in  Bucclench  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.) 
I.  483  My  Lord  Duke  will  not  be  able  to  get  away  yet. ., 
all  the  regales  that  are  intended  for  him  not  being  yet  at  an 
end.  1691  J.  WILSON  Belphegor  in.  i,  I  beseech  ye  Gentle- 
men,..  I  hope  you'll  take  share  of  a  short  Regale.  1726-31 
WALDRON  Descr.  Isle  of  Man  (1865)  70  A  little  valley . .  was 
the  place  they  made  choice  on  for  their  rendezvous  and 
regale.  1784  COWPER  Tiroc.  834  Their  breath  a  sample  of 
jast  night's  regale.  1849  C.  BRONTE  Shirley  xv,  This  sort  of 
impromptu  regale,  it  was  Shirley's  delight  to  oiler  any 
chance  guests. 
b.  Const.  0/~(the  dainties  provided). 

1796  STEDMAN  Surinam  (1813)  II.  xvii.  22  Another  negro 
also  brought  me  a  regale  of  groe-groe  or  cabbage  tree  worms. 
1835  W.  IRVING  Tottr  1'rairies  xxii,  Totiish  served  up  to  us 
his  promised  regale  of  buffalo  soup  and  buffalo  beef. 
C.  traiisf.  or  Jig. 

1684  Contempt.  St.  Man  \\.  vi.  (1699)  188  The  Damned. . 
would  take  it  for  a  great  Regale,  to  have  a  Dungbil  for 
their  Bed,  instead  of  the  burning  Coals  of  that  Eternal  Fire. 
1728  MORGAN  Algiers  I.  iv.  98  The  Camels  are  to  them 
the  very  Nerves  of  War  and  the  Regales  of  Peace.  1773 
MME.  D'ARBLAY  Early  Diary  (1889)  I.  192,  I  venture  at  no 
further  opinion  than  that  to  me  the  bight  was  a  great  regale. 
1842  W.  IRVING  in  Lije  (1866)  III.  225  This  pageant  . .  is  a 
resale  of  which  we  never  get  tired. 

2.  A  choice  article  of  food  or  form  of  refresh 
ment  ;  a  dainty. 

1673  RAY  Jmirn.  Low  C.  37  The  Indian  Betle  which  is 
very  stomachical  and  a  great  Regale  at  visits.  1725  l'v>i- 
laud  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  VI.  140  This  regale  is  com 
posed  of  an  ordinary  broth  well  stuffed  with  bread.  1791 
Gtntl.Mag.  LXI.  n.  720,  I  may  therefore  hope. .to  see  the 
tables  adorned  with  the  regale  of  Devonshire  cream.  1845 
BROWNING  Englishman  in  Italy  92  The  snails  Tempted 
out  by  this  first  rainy  weather, — Yuur  best  of  regales. 

3.  Regalement,  refreshment. 

1753  School  of  Man  101  The  whole  skill  of  Cookery  is  em- 
ployed  in  food  the  most  delicate  for  its  regale.  1820  LAMB 
Elia  Ser.  i.  Christ's  Hosp.,  Viands  uf  higher  regale  than 
those  cates  which  the  ravens  ministered  to  the  Tishbite. 
1841  DTsKAELi  Amen.  Lit.  (1867)  262  That  volume  probably 
reposes  for  the  regale  of  the  next  century. 

f  4.  A  complimentary  present.  Obs.  rare. 

1728  MORGAN  Algiers  II.  iv.  275  Don  Juan  wrote  to  the 
Spanish  Governor  of  Bujeya,  that  among  the  Presents  and 
Regales  he  was  to  send  him  and  his  Companions,  auain>t 
Christmas,  he  should  not  forget  a  But  filled  with  Swords. 
1744  H.  WALPOLE  7,r«.  (1846)  II.  2,  I  had  been  threatened 
with  a  regale  of  hams  and  Florence  wine. 

Re-gale,  sb.  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  GALE  v.*}  A  new 
arrangement  or  division  of  a  mining  gale. 

1884  Law  Times  Rep.  LI.  76/2  They  made  a  similar 
application  for  a  re-gale  of  the  Union  Gale. 

Regale  (r/gtTi-l),  ^.  [aJ.  F.  nfgaler  (Cotgr.), 
It.  regalare,  Sp.  and  Pg.  rcgalar:  see  REGALO. 

Mabbe  (1622)  in  his  translation  of  Aleman's  Guzman 
(C.-ll/arache  I.  230  and  242,  uses  the  Sp.  infinitive  rcgalar.\ 

1.  trans.  To  entertain  or  feast  (a  person,  etc.)  in 
a  choice  manner.     Also  ironical  (quot.  1822). 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  To  Regale,.. la  Feast  or  entertain 
with  rarities.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav.  i.  34 
When  they  would  regale  any  Friend  that  comes  to  see  them, 
they  cause  a  Dish  of  Coffee  to  be  brought  to  him.  1713 
STEELE  Guard.  No.  6^3  Sir  Harry  has  for  ever  a  year's 
income,  to  extend  his  charity,  serve  his  pleasures,  or  regale 
his  friends.  1774  GOLUSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  VIII.  102  It 
will,  .plunder  them  of  their  honey-bag,  with  which  it  flies 
triumphantly  loaded  to  its  nest  to  regale  its  young.  1822 
COBBETT  Weekly  Reg.  29  June  795/1  Those  beans  and 
other  ..  wholesome  materials  with  which  the  honest  con- 
tractors  used  to  regale  us.  1837  W.  IRVING  Capt.  Bonnez'ilte 
II.  42  Regaling  each  other  in  the  best  style  their  respective 
camps  afforded.  1848  DICKENS  Dombey  viii,  She  was  regaled 
with  rice. 

b.  Of  things  :  To  furnish  (one)  with  a  choice 
feast  or  refreshment. 

a  1721  PRIOR  Wand.  Pilgr.  12  Adam's  Ale,  Pure  Element 
no  Life  can  give,  Or  mortal  Soul  regale.  1727  GAY  I-abUs 
I.  xvii,  The  thefts  of  night  regal 'd  the  day.  1853  J-  H- 
NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk.  (1873)  II.  I.  i.  39  The  food  which  re 
galed  the  old  Scythians  in  the  heroic  age  of  Greece. 

2.  To   gratify  or   delight  (the  mind)   by  some 
pleasing  influence  or  occupation  ;  to  entertain  (a 
person)    in    a    highly   agreeable   manner.      Also 
ironical  (quot.  1856). 

1671  WOODHEAD  St.  Teresa  i.  x.  56  If  in  these  reflections, 
the  party  be  possessed  and  seized  with  any  love  of  God,  the 
Soul  is  all  regaled.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  89  T  4  The 
art  of  regaling  his  mind  with  those  airy  gratifications  [of 
fancy].  1785  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  16  Dec.,  These  fancies, 
however,  only  regaled  me  while  I  continued  a  quiet  spectator. 
1856  KANE  A  ret.  Expl.  II.  ix.  95  Then  the  few  tired  out 
workers  are  regaled  by  the  groans  and  tossings  of  the  sick. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  1 1.  77  Until  he  has  delivered  up 
the  speech  with  which  Lysias  has  regaled  him. 
b.  To  affect  with  a  pleasurable  sensation. 

1703  J.  PHILLIPS  Splendid  Shilling  19,  I .  .with  a  warming 
Puff  Regale  chill'd  Fingers,  a  1763  SHENSTONE  Elegies  x. 
23  The  peach's  vernal  bud  regal  d  his  eye.  1784  COWPER 
Task  III.  621  The  sight  is  pleased,  The  scent  regaled.  1850 
H.  ROGERS  Ess.  (1874)  II.  ii.  119  The  eye  and  the  ear,  and 
all  the  senses,  are  regaled  amidst  woodland  scenery  on  a  fine 
spring  day. 

3.  To  gratify,  please,  delight,  by  a  gift,  defer 
ence,  etc.  rare. 

46 


REGALEMENT. 

1671  tr.  Frejits*  Voy.  Mauritania.  17  Whom  I  regaled 
with  some  small  present,,  .and  afterwards  caused  them  to  be 
rowed  to  land.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler^o.  17.2  F  13  The 
sycophant . .  regales  his  [a  patron's]  reigning  vanity. 

4.  refi.  To  entertain  or  recreate  (oneself)  with 
food,  drink,  or  amusement. 

[1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  To  Regale,  to  make  as  much 
account,  and  take  as  great  a  care  of  ones  self,  as  if  one  were 
a  King.]  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  viii,  I  repos'd  my  self  here 
a  Week,  to  rest  and  regale  my  self  after  my  long  Journey. 
1771  J.  ADAMS  Diary  8  June,  I  must  make  a  pool  .  .for  the 
cool  spring  water.. that  the  cattle  and  hogs  and  ducks  may 
regale  themselves  here.  1827  Perils  ff  Captivity^  (Con 
stable's  Misc  )2I9  Our  masters  regaled  themselves  with  the 
raw  fat  of  the  goat.  1869  LECKY  Europ.  Mor.  1. 298  Hehoga- 
balus  and  Galerius  are  reported  . .  to  have  regaled  them 
selves  with  the  sight  of  criminals  torn  by  wild  beasts. 

5.  inlr.  To  feast ;  const,  on,  upon,  with.     • 

1678  in  A.  Duncan  Mariner  sChron.  (1810)  1 1 1. 150, 1  killed 
a  peacock.  ..We  regaled  upon  it,  and  ate  it  as  if  it  had  been 
the  most  delicious  morsel  we  had  yet  met  with.  1749  FIELD 
ING  Tom  Jones  VIM.  viii,  While  Tom  Jones.,  was  regaling  in 
the  parlour.  Ibid.  x.  iv,  To  resale  with,  .dainties.  1783 


Hist.  57  Some  browsing  on  the  juicy  trees,.. and  others  re. 
galing  on  the  fresh  roots  of  huge  mimosas. 

transf.  1814  JANE  AUSTEN  Mansfield  Park  n,  Mrs. 
Norris..thus  regaled  in  the  credit  of  being  foremost  to 
welcome  her. 

Regalement  (r/g^-lment).  [f.  prec.  +  -MEXT  ; 
cf.  It.  regalamcnlo,  Sp.  -mienlo.'] 

1.  The  act  of  regaling.refieshment,  entertainment. 
1708  J.   PHILIPS  Cyder  n.   73  The  Muses  still  require 

Humid  regalement.  1799  MRS.  J.  WEST  Tale  o/ Times  I. 
68  The  long  oaken  tables . .  which  used  to  administer  to  the 
regalement  of  his  tenants  at  Christmas.  1852  lilac/flu.  Mag. 
LXXII.  231  With  no  other  regalement  for  the  ear  than  the 
hoarse  braying  of  the  beaters. 

2.  A  means  of  regaling  ;  a  dainty. 

1818  SOUTHEY  Lilt.  (1856)  III.  89  Sweet  butter,  caudle, 
and  other  such  regalements. 

Rega'ler.  [f.  REGALE  v.  +  -ER  i.]  One  who 
or  that  which  regales  (Ogilvie,  1882). 

II  Regalia  *  (r/gi^lia).  Also  7-8  regalia's. 
[L.,  pi.  of  regale  REGALE  jtf.l] 

1.  Rights  appertaining  to  a  king;  royal  powers 
or  privileges. 

a.  a  1540  BARNES  Wks.  (1573)  201  All  the  worlJe  knoweth, 
that  regalia,  belongetll  to  kinges,  and  to  like  power  of 
kynges.  1656  BLOLNT  Glossogr.,  Regalia,  the  Rights  of  a 
King,  which  the  Civilians  say  are  six,  "viz.  i.  Power  of 
Judicature  [etc.].  1691  T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent.  65 
The  administration  of  the  Banks  of  Rivers  is  a  part  of  the 
Regalia.  1754  ERSKINE  Princ.  Sc.  Law  (1809)  180  There 
are  certain  rights  naturally  consequent  on  property,  which 
are  deemed  to  be  reserved  by  the  crown,  as  regalia,  unless 
they  be  specially  conveyed.  1797  W.  JOHNSTON  tr.  Keck- 
mann'sln.'ent.  II.  323  [The  floating  of  wood  seems]  to  have 
been  considered  among  regalia.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law 
Scat.  840  There  are  also  certain  regalia  connected  with  the 
right  of  land.  1885  Encycl.  Brit.  XIX.  672/1. 

/3.  1644  HOWELL  Twelve  Treat.  (1661)  253  There  are  six 
Jura  Regalia,  six  Regal  Rights..  .Among  these  Regalia's, 
we  find  that  Arming . .  is  among  the  chiefest.  1702  Reflect. 
Case  W.  Penn.  6  Levying  Men  and  Money,  Calling  As- 
semblies,.  .and  all  the  other  Regalia's  of  Government, 
fb.  EcclJIist.  (SeeREGALE^l  l.)J?Ar.  rare*]. 

gn 

Coi 

that  had  ever  been  free  ? 
f  e.  (See  quot.  and  cf.  REGALITY  1  5  b.)  Obsr° 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Regalia,  of  the  church,  are 
those  rights  and  priviledges  which  cathedrals,  etc.  enjoy  by 
grants,  and  other  concessions  of  kings. 

2.  The   emblems    or    insignia    of    royalty;   the 
crown,  sceptre,  and  other  distinctive  ornaments  of 
a  king  or  queen  which  are  used  at  coronations. 

1616  D'EwES  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  l.  III.  216  Upon  a 
table  placed  on  the  left  hand  of  the  Estate,  were  the  regalia 
laied.  1661  EVELYN  Diary  23  Apr.,  The  Deane  and 
Prebendaries  brought  all  the  regalia,  and  deliver'd  them  to 
severall  Noblemen  to  beare  before  the  King.  1700  ASTKY 
tr.  Saavedra-Faxardo  I.  173  Ezekiel  commanded  King 
Zedekiah  to  lay  down  his  Crown  and  other  Regalia.  1756 
NUGENT  Gr.  Tour,  Germany  II.  31  As  soon  as  the  day  and 
place  of  the  coronation  is  settled,  the  magistrates,  .send 
their  deputies  with  the  regalia  or  coronation  ornaments 
committed  to  their  care.  1818  J.  W.  CROKER  in  C.  Papers 
9  Jan.  (1884),  I  have  gotten  the  warrant  for  searching  for 
the  old  regalia  of  the  Scottish  Crown.  1855  MILMAN  Lat. 
Chr.  ix.  ii.  (1864)  V.  215  If  he  had  the  majority  of  voices 
and  the  possession  of  the  regalia,  on  the  other  hand  must  be 
taken  into  account  the  illegality  of  his  coronation. 

trans/.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  ix.  1686  The  Mighty  Poten 
tate,  to  whom  belong  These  rich  Regalia  pompously  dis- 
play'd.  1811  Ora  fr  Juliet  II.  no  A  coach  and  six,  a  re- 
gaha  of  jewels,.. sideboards  of  plate,  a  1861  MRS.  BROWNING 
De  Profundis  xx,  The  sharp  regalia  are  for  Thee. 

3.  The  decorations  or  insignia  of  an  order. 
Noted  as  an  improper  use  in  Edmondson's  Compl.  Body 

of  Heraldry  (1780)  II.  Gloss. 

1676  Land.  Gaz.  No.  ii43/iThe  Regalia  of  the  Mayoralty 
were  delivered  into  the  hands  of  the  new  Lord  Mayor.  1788 
Geutl.  Mag.  LVIII.  i.  83/1  [He]  was  escorted  to  the  grave 
by  upwards  of  200  Free-masons,  dressed  in  all  their  regalia. 
1880  Daily  Tel.  27  Sept.,  A  large  number  of  Orangemen, 
dressed  in  regalia,,  .were  present. 

Regalia2  (rfg^'-lia).  [a.  Sp.  regalia  royal 
privilege  (see  REGALY).]  A  Cuban  or  other  large 
cigar  of  superior  quality. 

1841  S.  WARD  in  Life  Longfellow  (1891)  I.  386,  I  rejoice 


362 

that  Allston  should  have  enjoyed  the  'regalias'.  1851 
MAVNE  REID  Scalf-Hunt.  ii.  19  We  commenced  smoking 
regalias  and  drinking  madeira.  1874  M.  COLLINS  Trans- 
m'ifr.  III.  vii.  117  My  chief  conversation  that  evening  had 
been  puff  after  puff  of  the  regalia. 

Regalia,  obs.  variant  of  regalia  REGALO. 

Regalian  (r/'g^-lianl,  a.  [ad.  F.  rigalien 
(1690)  :  see  REGAL  a.  and  -IAN.]  Pertaining  to 
a  sovereign,  regal. 

1818  HALLAM  Mid.  Ages  iii.  i.  (1841)  I-  235  He  defined  the 
regalian  rights,  as  they  were  called,  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
exclude  the  cities  and  private  proprietors  from  coining 
money.  1881  ROGERS  Agric.  ft  Prices  IV.  31  All  those  re 
galian  rights  which  belonged  to  the  county  Palatine. 

Regalio,  obs.  variant  of  REGALO. 

Regalism  (rf-galiz'm).  [f.  REGAL  a.  +  -ISM.] 
The  doctrine  or  practice  of  the  supremacy  of  the 
sovereign  in  ecclesiastical  matters. 

1869  MANNING,  Petri  Privileg.  (1871)  n.  53  Gallicanism 
is  also  the  last  form  of  Regal  ism  yet  lingering  in  the  Church. 
1890  Dublin  Rev.  Apr.  245  The  clergy  who  had  submitted 
to  the  regalism  of  Henry  and  the  Protestantism  of  Edward. 

Regalist  (rrgalist).  [a.  F.  regaliste  (i6th  c.): 
see  prec.  and  -IST.]  t  a.  A  royal  partisan.  Obs. 

1591  COSINCSBY  Jrnl.  Siege  Kmien  in  Camden  Misc.  I. 


REGALO. 

be  regalyteys  fulfillis  no?t  )>is  act  It  sail  be  leyfful  to  the 
kyngis  schirraye  to  fulfill  it.  1540  Charters  Kdinb.  (1871) 
212  Inhabitaris  of  the  north  syde  of  the  brig  of  Leith 
whilkis  duellis  in  the  regalite  of  Halyrudehous.  1565  Reg. 
Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  368  Baillie  of  the  regalitie  of  Pettin- 
weme.  c  1680  DALLAS  Stiles  (1697)  580  The  Tennants  and 


th 


Guisians,    that  they  should   kill   those    of  the   reformed 
Religion. 

b.  A  supporter  of  regalism. 

1894  Tablet  7  July  35  The  principles  and  practice  of 
..ie  Regalists  have  been  revived  with  increased  virulence. 

Regality1  (r/gse-liti).  Also  5-6  -ite,  -yte,  6 
-itye,  -itee,  6-7  -itie ;  5,  6  Sc.  rigalitie.  [a. 
AF.  (and  OF.)  regalite  (Langtoft,  etc.),  or  ad. 
med.L.  regalitat-em  :  see  REGAL  a.  and  -ITY.] 

1.  Royalty,  sovereignty,  kingship,  sovereign  rule 
or  jurisdiction. 

1422  tr.  Sccreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  199  He  foryaue 
manasses  his  orribill  Synnes,  and  hym  agayn  brojt  into 
lerusalem,  and  the  regalite  hym  yaue.  c  1485  Digby  Myst. 
(1882)  iv.  36  Nobyll  prelates  and  princes  of  Regalyte.  c  1540 
tr.  Pol.  Vcrg.  Eng.  Hist.  (Camden  No.  36)  177  Adelredus. . 
was  bolde  to  take  on  him  the  charge  of  regalitie.  1590 
SPENSER  F.  Q.  II.  i.  57  Wheu  raging  Passion  with  fierce 
tyranny  Robs  Reason  of  her  dew  regalitie.  1631  WEEVER 
Anc.  Funeral  Man.  217  Stephen  died,  and  Henry., 
succeeded  him  in  the  Regalitie.  1678  MARVELL  Growth 
Popery  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  249  We  have  the  same  right,  .in 
our  propriety  that  the  prince  hath  in  his  regality,  a  1734 
NORTH  Exam.  in.  vi.  §  15  (1740)  434  He  never,  .differed 
with  his  parliament,  but.  .complied  so  far,  as,  consistent  I 
with  his  entire  Regality,  he  might  do.  1814  SournEy  I 
Roderick  in.  170  Now  from  its  state  Of  proud  regality  de 
based  and  fallen.  1878  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  xix.  III.  331 
Things  which  touch  the  king,  his  crown,  regality,  or  realm. 
fig.  a  1861  G.  MASSEY  Wedded  Loi-e  Wks.  (1861)  219  Thou 
hast  put  a  queenlier  presence  on  With  thy  regality  of 
Womanhood ! 

fb.  Royal  dignity  or  demeanour.    Obs.  rare  ~l. 

1582  STANYHURST  /Eneis  I.  (Arb.)  34  Such  was  Dido 
ioying,  so  she  with  regalitye  passed  With  Princely  presence 
the  wurcking  coompanye  cheering. 

f  c.  Rule  or  sovereignty  of  a  place.   Obs.  rare  — l. 

1626  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  (1659)  1-  353  There  needs  no 
Argument  ..  but  one,  The  Regality  of  our  narrow  seas,  the 
Antient  Inheritance  of  our  Princes  lost  or  impeached. 

2.  f  &•  Local  rights  or  jurisdiction  properly  ap 
pertaining  to  the  king.   Obs.  rare  ~l. 

1414  Rolls  o/Parlt.  IV.  58/1  The  Priour  and  Chanons  of 
Barnewell..hav  cleymed,  and  ?it  cleymen,  the  regalite  and 
the  frehold  of  the  Kynges  Lordshippe  and  Townshipe  of 
Chestreton. 

b.  Sc.  Territorial  jurisdiction  of  a  royal  nature 
granted  by  the  king.  Now  only  Hist,  (abolished 
by  Act  20  Geo.  II,  c.  43). 

Lord  of  regality,  the  person  to  whom  such  jurisdiction 
was  granted.  Burgh  of  regality,  one  having  a  lord  of  re 
gality  for  its  superior.  Court  of  regality,  the  court  held 
by  a  lord  of  regality.  Also  bailie,  clerk,  etc.,  of  regality. 

1436  Sc.  Acts  Jas.  /(i8;4)  II.  23/2  Vndir  |>e  payn  to  be 
lordis  of  Regalite  doing  in  be  contrary  of  tynsall  of  Re- 
galiteis.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  I.  127  This  nobill 
King  hes  gevin  till  him  than  ..  tha  landis  fne,  Euir  till  be 
haldm  in  regalitie.  1569  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  II.  33 
The  said  Abbay  of  Halieruidhous  hes  had,  thir  mony  and 
diverse  yeris  bipast,  fre  Regalitie  within  all  the  townis. 
Ci68o  DALLAS  Stiffs  (1697)  579  To  hold  and  affix  Courts  of 
Regality  within  the  said!  Burgh.  Ibid.  581  The  said  Burgh 
of  Regality,  and  Heretable  Offices  of  Regality,  Bailliary 
and  Justiciary.  1746-7  Act  20  Geo.  //,  c.  43  §  i  All  Here- 
table  Jurisdictions  of  Justiciary,  and  all  Regalities  and 
Heretable  Baillieries  ..  within  ..  Scotland,  belonging  unto 
..any  Subject  or  Subjects, .  .shall  be.  .abrogated,  taken 
away,  and  totally  dissolved  and  extinguished.  1799  J. 
ROBERTSON  Agric.  Pertk  2  Methven  had  the  regality  of  its 
own  estate.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  840  The  civil 
jurisdiction  of  a  lord  of  regality  was  equal  to  that  of  the 
sheriff;  but  his  criminal  jurisdiction  was  much  more  ex 
tensive. 

f  c.  Land  or  territory  subject  to  such  jurisdic 
tion.  Obs. 

JS4S  R££'  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  6  All  Sheriffis  Stewartis 
Bailies  alswele  Regalitie  as  Ryalte.  Ibid.  371  Fensabill 
personis  alsweill  dwelland  to  burgh  as  to  land,  within 
Regalitie  as  Rialtie.  1681  Act  Secitr.  Prot.  Rel.  (Scotl.) 
in  Land.  Can.  No.  1649/3  All  Magistrates,  Deans  of  Gild, 
Counsellors  and  Clerks  of  Burroughs  Royal  and  Regality. 

3.  Sc.  A  particular  territory  or  area  subject  to 
a  lord  of  regality. 

1438  Si:  Acts  yas.  II  (1814)  II.  32/>  C-eyff  the  offisans  of 


Regalities, .  .to  put  in  Execution  all  Laws.,  now  in  Force.., 
against  such  Persons.  1799  J.  ROBERTSON  Agric.  Perth  2 
The  duke  of  Athol  had  the  same  authority  in  Athol  as  a 
separate  regality.  1820  SCOTT  Monast.  xiii,  The  cultivators 
of  each  barony  or  regality,  temporal  or  spiritual,  in  Scot 
land,  are  obliged  to  bring  their  corn  [etc.]. 

b.  Regality  of  JJex/iam,  a  district  in  Northum 
berland  over  which  the  Bishops  of  Hexham,  Lin- 
disfarne,  and  Durham,  and  the  Archbishop  of 
York,  successively  for  centuries  exercised  a  quasi- 
royal  jurisdiction. 

For  historical  details  see  Hinds  Hist.  Northumberland 
(1896)  III.  20  ff.  Cf.  also  REGALY  i  b. 

ISIS  in  Hinds  Hist.  A'i>rt/iuiiit.(i8g6)  III.  46  As  touching 
all  your  causes  withynne  your  regallity  of  Hexham,  there 
halh  bene  of  late  some  business.  1608  Ibid.  104  Ther  are 
noe  parkes  or  game  within  the  regalitie  of  Hexham.  1703 
in  Wright  Hist.  Hexham  (1823)  I.  ii.  28  note.  Within  the 
said  regality  and  manor  of  Hexham  aforesaid  there  is  a 
custom  [etc.].  1823  WRIGHT  Ibid.  i.  v.  54  The  Fenwicks. . 
afterwards  purchased  the  regality  or  manor  of  Hexham 
from  the  crown.  1865  RAINE  Priory  of  Hexham  (Surtees) 
II.  Pref.  i.  xxv,  The  registers  at  York  contain  many  docu 
ments  relating  to  the  Archbishop's  regality  of  Hexham  and 
his  officers. 

t  e.  //.  The  bounds  or  limits  of  a  royalty. 
1666  Ormonde  MSS.  in  \oth  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm. 
App   V.  7  Persons.. within  the  Regalities  and  liberties  of 
Tipperary.   Ibid.,  The  Seneschall  and  Chancellor  of  the  said 
Regalityes  and  Libertyes. 

4.  A  country  or  district  subject  to  royal  authority, 
a  kingdom  ;  a  monarchical  state. 

1486  in  Surtees  Misc.  (1888)  54  Most  reverend,  rightwose 
regent  of  this  rigalitie.  1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602) 
316  Territories,  seigniories,  regalities  and  dominions.  1827 
G.  S.  FABER  Sacr.  Cal.  Prophecy  (1844)  III.  106  They  are 
seven  regalities  or  seven  forms  of  supreme  government. 
1864  BURTON  Scot  Abr.  I.  v.  260  Over  Europe  there  were 
inexhaustible  varieties  of  palatinates,  margravates,  regalities, 
and  the  like,  enjoying  their  own  separate  privileges. 

5.  A  right  or  privilege  pertaining  or  appropriate 
to  a  king.     Chiefly//. 

1523  Li>.  BERNERS  l-'roiss.  I.  ccxii.  258  The  ^honours, 
regalities,  obeisaunce,  homages  . .  and  souerainties,  that 
apperteyneth..to  the  crowne  of  Fraunce.  1598  Nobody  % 
Someb.  in  Simpson  Sch.  Shaits.  (1878)  1.  335  Before  lie  be 
halfe  a  king,  and  contrould  In  any  regality,  lie  hazard  all. 
1640  Prerog.  Parlt.  Eng.  in  Select,  fr.  Harl.  Misc.  (1793) 
241  A  prince  that  suffereth  himself  to  be  besieged,  forsaketh 
one  of  the  greatest  regalities  belonging  to  a  monarchy. 
1671  F.  PHILLIPS  Keg.  Necess.  273  If  a  restless  Spirit  of 
opposition  to  the  Kings  Rights  or  Regalities  shall  not 
permit  an  acquiescence.  1765  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  (ed.  2) 
108  Proprietary  governments,  granted  put  by  the  crown  to 
individuals,,  .with  all  the  inferior  regalities.  i86a  S.  LUCAS 
Secnlaria  261  The  Crown  abdicated  its  regalities  in  favour 
of  a  Proprietary,  yet  claimed  to  bind  him  by  its  fiscal  regu 
lations. 

t  b.  pi.   =  REGALIA  lie.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1641  Bp.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  f,  Mon.  (1642)  73  Coming  short 
of  the  enlarged  Regalities  of  the  Church.  1761  HUME  Hist, 
kng.  II.  xxxv.  281  The  regalities  of  the  see,  which  included 
the  jurisdiction  of  a  court  palatine,  were  given  by  the  king 
to  Northumberland. 

t  6.  pi.  =  REGALIA1  2.  Obs.  rare-1. 
1531  ELYOT  Gov.  n.ii.  (R.),  For  what  purpose  was  it  ordeyned, 
that  Christen  kynges.  .shulde  in  an  open  and  stately  place, 
before  al  theyr  subiectes,  receiue  their  crown  and  other 
regalities. 

7.  attrib.  (sense  2  or  3),  as  regality  books,  court, 
land,  etc. 

1752  in  J.  Louthian  Form  of  Process  (ed.  2)  278  At  the 
Time,  when  the  Suits  were  carried  on  against  them,  before 
the  Regality-court.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  IX.  650/1 
Such  regality  lands  as  happened  to  fall  to  the  crown  by 
forfeiture.  Ibid.  650/2  A  regality-jurisdiction,  called  the 
Principality.  1876  GRANT  Burgh  Sch.  Scotl.  n.  n.  112  An 
obligation . .  registered  in  the  regality  books  of  Dunfermlme. 

t  Rega'lity  2.  Obs.  rare-1,  [irreg.  f.  REGALE 
v.  +  -ITY.]  Regalement,  entertainment. 

1672  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  695/3  The  King  closed  all  with  a 
regality  of  the  season,  and  an  exercise  of  his  own  Regiment. 

Re'galize,  »•  rare.     [f.  REGAL  a.  +  -IZE.] 

f  1.   Chcm.  To  convert  into  '  regal  water '.   Obs. 

1694  SALMON  Bate's  Dispens.  (1713)  498A  Its  Mechanical 
use  is  for  Refiners,  who  Regalize  their  Aqua  fortis  there 
with,  to  make  it  able  to  dissolve  Gold. 

2.  To  make  regal  or  royal. 

1873  BROWNING  RedCott.  Nt.-cap  i.  745, 1  'rust  Clairvaux 
thus  renovated,  regalized ..  Answers  that  question. 

Regally  (rrgali),  adv.  [f.  REGAL  a.  +  -LY  2.] 
In  a  regal  manner. 

1436  Libel  Eng.  Policy  in  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  196  To 
saile  and  rowe..So  regaliche  aboute  the  Enghsshe  yle. 
1611  COTGR.,  Regalement,  regally,  kingly,  royally.  1670 
MILTON  Hiit.  Eng.  v.  212  Alfred. .was  buried  regally  at 
Winchester.  1852  MRS.  JAMESON  Leg.  Madonna  (1857)  2 
Both  figures  are  regally  attired.  1890  H.  G.  DAKYNS 
Xcnophon's  Wks.  I.  p.  Ixxxvii,  Regally  the  sun-god  smilec 
upon  his  going. 

II  Regalo  (rega'lo).  Now  rare.  Also  7-8  re- 
galio,  regalia,  [ad.  It.  (also  Sp.  and  Pg.)  rtgalo 
a  present,  gift,  etc.,  the  sb.  related  to  regalare  to 
REGALE;  the  etym.  of  the  stem  is  obscure  (see 


REGALTY. 

Diez  and  Korting).  The  erroneous  form  regalio  is 
common  in  the  second  half  of  the  1 7th  century : 
regalia  is  less  usual.]  A  present,  esp.  of  choice 
food  or  drink  ;  a  choice  or  elegant  repast  or  enter 
tainment,  etc.  (see  REGALE  sb.-). 

a.  1622  MABBE  tr.  Alcman's  Guzman  d'Alf.  I.  24  Sending 
their  servants  laden  with  baskets  of  regalo's,  and  delicate 
choice  Dainties.     1654  JER.  TAYLOR  Real Prcs.  159  It  was 
a  present  for  a  Prince,. .a  Regalo  fit  for  so  great  a  person. 
1668  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  324/1   She  was.. presented  from  the 
Pope  with  a  Regalo  of  all  sorts  of  Fowl,  Fruits,  Wines,  and 
other  Delicacies.     1758  H.  WALPOLE  Let.  to  Mann  8  July, 
I  congratulate  you  on  your  regalo  from  the  Northumber- 
lands.     1847  DISRAELI   Tancrcd  IV.  xi,  I  will  not  demand 
more  than  a  third  of  the  profits,  leaving  it  to  your  own 
liberality  to  make  me  any  regalo  in  addition. 

fig.  1671  WOODHEAD  St.  Teresa  I.  xi.  54,  I .  .durst  never 
advisedly  desire  any  regalos,  or  spiritual  delights  at  his 
hands.  1749  LAVINGTON  Enthus.  Meth.  fy  Papists  n.  (1754) 
57  God  for  many  Years  did  hide  himself  from  her,  with 
drawing  the  Regalo's  and  Joys  of  his  Presence. 

ft.  1652  BENLOWES  Theopk.  iv.  xciv,  How  mid'st  regalios 
of  Loves  Banquet  I  Dissolve  in  sweets  Extremitie.  1697 
Phil.  Trans.  XIX.  143  A  small  round  nut,,  .some  eat  them, 
and  account  them  as  great  a  Regalio  as  Pistaches.  1727 
A.  HAMILTON  Neiu  Ace.  E.  Ind.  I.  xxi.  249  Candied  and 
preserved  Fruits  are  their  Regalio  in  all  Seasons,  a  1734 
NORTH  Lives  (1826)  II.  473  A  jewel  of  fifteen  purses  was  to 
be  the  vizier's  regalio. 

fig.  1667  DRYDEN  Sir  Martin  Mar-all  Prol.  2  Fools.. 
Are  yet  the  great  regalios  of  a  play.  1686  W.  DE  BRITAIN'S 
//«///._  Prud.  xi.  53,  I  am  not  much  delighted  with  the 
Regalio's  or  Gaiety  of  the  World. 

y.  £1640  [SHIRLEY]  Capt.  Underwit  I.  in  Bullen  O.  PI. 
(1883)  II.  330  There's  a  Ball  to  night  in  the  Strand..  .1  ha' 
bespoke  regalias  there,  too.  1685  COTTON  tr.  Montaigne 
xxx.  (1869)  172  After  having  a  long  time  treated  their 
prisoners  very  well,  and  given  them  all  the  regalia's  they 
can  think  of.  1721  D'URFEY  Two  Queens  Hren!ford  I.  (D.), 
The  Town  shall  have  its  regalia  :  the  Coffee-house  gapers, 
I'm  resolv'd,  shan't  want  their  Diversion. 

t  Re'galty.  Obs.  Forms :  4  regaute,  4-5 
regalte,  (4  -tee),  6-7  regaltie,  (7  -tye),  7-8  re- 
galty.  [Prob.  a.  AF.  *rega!ti!.  regaute :  see  RE 
GAL  a.  and  -TY  and  cf.  ROYALTY.]  =  REGALITY!. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  15  Egbriht  of  alle  be  lond 
had  be  regaute.  Ibid.  5;  To  coroune  Kyng  Edward,  Als 
he  bat  had  gode  right  vnto  be  regalte.  1388  WYCLIF  Wisd. 
vi.  22  If  36  kyngis  of  the  puple,  deliten  in  seetis,  and  kyngis 
?erdis,  ether  regaltees.  c  1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  n. 
726  pat  hye  degre,  Grettest  of  all,  I  mene  be  regalte.  1588 
ALLEN  Admonit.  34Queene  Maacha..  was  deposed  from  her 
regaltie  by  her  owne  sonne.  1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  % 
Commiu.  (1603)  20  The  kingdome  is  deuided  into  many 
Regalties  and  principalities,  as  Burgundie,  Britaine,  Aniou 
and  Normandie.  1614  SKI.DEN  Titles  Hon.  206  To  speake 
here  of  particular  Dukedomes  their  rights,  Regalties  and 
such  like  were  from  our  purpose.  i']o$Lond,Gaz.No  3950/4 
With  all  the  several  Regalties,  Free- Fisheries,  &c.  " 

t  Re'galy.  Obs.  Forms :  4-5  regalye,  4-6  -ly, 
-lie ;  5  regall(i)e,  5-6  regally,  (5  -ye,  6  -ey),  6 
rigalie.  [a.  AF.  regaly,  regalie  =  It.  and  Sp. 
regalia  :  see  REGAL  a.  and  -Y  !.] 

1.  Royalty,  royal   prerogative,   kingship;   king 
dom.     (Very  common  c  1380-1500.) 

c  1368  CHAUCER  Compl.  Pile  65  Your  contraire,  Crueltee, 
Allyed  is  ageynst  your  regalye.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  Wks. 
II.  88  Here  Crist  shewide  his  regaly,  and  tau?te  how  lordis 
shulde  chastise  symonye.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  III. 
399  Too  egles..that  signifiede  ij.  regalies,  of  Asia  and  of 
Europe.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  VI.  cli.  138  After  he  had., 
depryuyd  Sygebert,  theyr  Kynge,  from  his  auctorite,  & 
regally.  1513  BRADSHAW  St.  Werburge  i.  407  Ercombert 
.xxx.  yere  reynynge  in  his  regaly  Had  a  noble  progeny. 
1558  G.  CAVENDISH  Poems  (1825)  II.  46  Farewell  the  pieus- 
sant  prynce,  flower  of  all  regally. 

b.  =  REGALITY!  3  b. 

1467-8  Rolls  Parlt.  V.  633  In  Regalie,  and  Court  of  the 
Archbishop  of  York  in  Hexhamshire.  1515  in  Hinds  Hist. 
Northumb.  (1896)  III.  47  Th'  enhabitauntesof  yo'regalieof 
Hexham.  c  1530  in  Raine  /V/wj///ejr/ia;«  (Surtees) 1.  p.cviii, 
The  rigalie  of  Hexham,  belonging  my  lord  archebusshop 
his  grace  of  York. 

2.  //.  =  REGALIA!  2. 

ci43o  LYDG.  Mia.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  128  Erthely  princes, 
reigneng  in  theyr  glorye,  Withe  theyre  sceptres  and  theyr 
regalyes.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vii.  399  The  castell,  in  the 
whiche  were  founde  y  regalies  of  bcotlande;  that  is  to 
meane  ye  crowne  w'  the  sceptre  &  cloth  of  astate. 

Regante,  error  for  regaute  REGALTY. 

Regard  (rfga-jd),  sb.  Also  4,  7-8  reguard, 
5-7  regarde,  7  regaurd,  5-6  Sc.  regaird.  [a.  F. 
regard  (OF.  also  regart,  regars,  and  regiiart, 
reguard:  cf.  REWARD  sb.),  vbl.  sb.  to  regarder 
REGARD  v.  Hence  also  med.L.  regardum  (see 
Da  Cange).] 

I.  1.  Aspect,  appearance  (obs.)  ;  look  (of  per 
sons)  ;  habit  or  manner  of  looking  ;  air. 

c  1380  Sir  Feriimb.  1297  J>e  erld  of  montdisdier,  bat  was  be 
fairest  knijt  of  regard  of  alle  be  dobbeper.  1483  CAXTON 
Gold.  Leg.  416  b/2  He  was  gracious  and  curtoys  in  maners 
and  playsant  in  regarde.  1484  —  Chivalry  6  He  hadde  a 
regard  or  countenaunce  of  moche  hooly  lyf.  1576  GASCOIGNE 
Stcele  Gl.  (Arb.)  56  Wherein  I  see  a  Sampsons  grim  regarde 
Disgraced  yet  with  Alexanders  bearde.  1604  E.  G[RI.MS- 
TONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  n.  xxxvii.  309  They.. have 
so  lively  and  pleasing  a  regard,  as  the  Painter  cannot  ex- 
ceede  it  with  Ins  pencill  and  colours.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L. 
iv.  877  To  whom  with  stern  regard  thus  Gabriel  spake. 
1858 1  M.  ARNOLD  Merope  740  The  prince  at  start  seem'd  sad, 
but  his  regard  Clear'd  with  blithe  travel  and  the  morning  air. 

2.  A  look,  glance,  or  gaze. 

c  M77  CAXTON  Jason  19  Yn  these  regardes  and  in  these 


363 

I  semblances  they  passid  the  soupper.  1483  —  Gold.  Leg. 
\  201/2  Deuyls  and  wicked  spirites  went  out  of  the  bodyes'of 
creatures  by  his  symple  regarde  and  syghte.  1592  R.  I). 
liypncrotomachia  75  b,  Her  regards  were  wanton,  las 
civious,  and  (inconstant  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $  Cr.  III.  iii.  255 
He ..  bites  his  lip  with  a  politique  regard.  1725  PorE  Odyss. 
IV.  201  Such  quick  regards  his  sparkling  eyes  bestow.  1791 
MRS.  RADCLIPFE  Rom.  Forest  i,  From  these  objects  she 
turned  her  regard  upon  Monsieur  and  Madame  La  Motte. 
1815  SHELLEY  A  lastor  488  When  his  regard  Was  raised  by 
intense  pensiveness.  1859  HAWTHORNE  Mart.  Faun  xxiii, 
Miriam,  with  a  long  regard  from  the  threshold,  bade  fare 
well  to  this  doves'  nest. 

fb.  Prospect,  view.   Obs.  rare. 

£1500   Melusine   313   The   which   chambre    had   regarde 
toward  the  gardyns.     1599  B.  JONSON  Cynthia's  Rev.  II.  i, 
You  are  now  within  regard  of  the  presence, 
t  c.  An  object  of  sight.   Obs.  rare. 
1586  WHETSTONE  (title}  The  English  Myrror,  a  Regard 
j    wherein   al    Estates  may  behold  the  Conquests  of   Envy. 
1604  SHAKS.  Olh.  n.  i.  40  To  throw-out  our  eyes  for  braue 
Othello,  Euen  till  we  make  the  Maine,  and  th'  Eriall  blew, 
An  indistinct  regard. 

fd.  The  position  of  two  geomantic  figures  in 
relation  to  each  other.     (Cf.  ASPKCT  4.)   Obs. 

1591  SPARRY  tr.  Catlan's  Geomancie  III.  xvii.  187  The 
regard  of  opposition  in  the  fygure  formed,  is,  when  the 
fyrst  doth  beholde  the  7[th]. 

3.  The  official  inspection  of  a  forest  in  order  to 
discover  whether  any  trespasses  have  been  com 
mitted  in  it ;  the  right  of  such  inspection,  or  the 
office  of  one  appointed  to  make  it.  Obs.  exc.  Hist. 
[?  01184  in  Hoveden  Chron.  (Rolls)  II.  243  Ha:c  stint 
videnda  in  regardis  Forestae.  Ibid.,  Essarta  post  tiltimum 
regardum  facta.  1217  Carta  dc  Forcsta  in  Slat.  Realm 
(1810)  I.  20  Reguardores  nostri  eant  per  Forestas  ad  faci 
endum  Reguardum  sicut  fieri  consuevit.  1278  Rolls  of 
Parlt.  \.  9/2  E  si  unt  la  chartre  meyme  le  Roi  Henry,  .ke 
les  acquite  de  Reguard  de  Foresters  e  de  Verders.] 

1502  ARNOLDS  Chron.  79  b/2  For  Inquisicion  and  Regarde. 
.  .Our  raungers  shall  goo  by  our  forest  too  make  regarde  as 
they  were  wont  to  doo  the  tyme  of  the  furst  coronacion  of 
the  forsaid  kyng  herry  our  graundsir.  1598  MAN-WOOD 
Laives  Forest  xvi.  §  9.  96!),  Mastives  are  not  to  be  Expedi- 
tated,  but  onely  where  the  Regard  is  to  be  made,  and  that 
is  in  Forrestes  and  not  in  Chases.  1615  Ibid.  (ed.  2)  xxi.  §  3. 
194  The  King  hath  the  regard  of  all  the  woods  and  wast 
grounds  and  other  lands  which  are  afforested.  1670  BLOL-NT 
Law  Diet.  (1691)  s.v.  [and  in  various  later  Diets.].  1768 
BLACKSTONE  Conun.  III.  72  The  court  of  regard,  or  survey 
of  dojjs,  is  to  be  holden  every  third  year  for  the  lawing  or 
expeditation  of  mastiffs.  1868  STUBBS  Hoveden  (Rolls)  I. 
Pref.  76  As  a  sort  of  Appendix  to  this  work  are  given  . . 
the  Articles  of  Regard  and  Assize  of  the  Forest. 

b.  The  district  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
official  regarders. 

'594  CROMI'TON  Jurisd.  193  It  appeareth . .  that  within  the 
regard  of  any  Forest,  no  man  may  buyld  either  houses  or 
barcaryes.  1598  MAN-WOOD  Lames  Forest  vii.  §  4.  40  b,  All 
such  woods  and  landes,  as  are  parcell  of  the  Forrest,  the 
same  is  within  the  regard.  i66j-8Act  19  fy  20  Chas.  II, 
c.  8  §  ii  All  Lands  and  Grounds  lying  within  the  Perambu 
lation  and  Reguard  of  the  said  Forrest  [of  Dean].  1837 
HOWITT  Rur.  Life  v.  i.  (1862)  356  The  forests  were  . . 
systematically  divided  into  walks,  or  keepings,  wards  or 
regards,  over  which  was  a  properly  subordinate  succession 
of  officers.  1873  Q-  Ke-u.  CXXXV.  153  The  'regards'  or 
limits  of  the  '  foresta  regis  '  are  indicated  by  a  circle  running 
from  point  to  point. 

4.  f  a.  Reference  to  a  person  or  thing.  Chiefly 
in  phr.  to  have  (a)  regard  to.  Ots. 

1559  Br.  SCOT  in  Strype  Ann.  Kef.  (1709)  I.  ii.  App.  x.  446 
Neyther  dothe  the  preste  take  the  bread  in  bis  handes, 
neyther  yet  hathe  any  regard  or  respect  to  the  bread.  1561 
T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst.  III.  262  We  see  howe  this  accept 
ing  hath  not  regarde  to  the  righteousnesse  of  man.  1649 
EARL  MONM.  tr.  Senewlt's  Use  Passions  (1671)  23  The 
passions  of  the  concupiscible  appetite  have  a  regard  to  good 
and  to  evil,  as  absent,  or  as  present,  a  1677  BARROW  Serm. 
Wks.  1716  III.  i  We  may  be  said  to  do  that  in  another 
person  s  name,  which  we  do  with  any  kind  of  reference  or 
regard  to  him. 

b.  Respect,  point,  particular. 

1602  FULBECKE  ist  Pt.  Parall.  57, 1  must  therefore  request 
you  to  stretch  your  sinewes  in  this  regarde.  <zi6l7  BAYNE 
OnEph.  (1658)  87  The  Gospel  of  salvation  may  bee  called 
a  Mystery  in  three  regards.  1726  LEONI  tr.  Albcrtis 
Arc/tit.  I.  4/2  If  it  is  of  Service  in  a  publick  Regard,  I  can- 


tongue  has  its  own  way  in  this  regard. 

f<5.  ?  Intention,  design,  purpose.  Obs.  rare. 
1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  K,  i.  i.  22  The  King  is  full  of  grace,  and 
faire  regard.     1601  -  J,,l.  C.  III.  i.  224  Our  Reasons  are  so 
lull  of  good  regard.  That  were  you,  Antony,  the  sonne  of 
Cicsar,  You  should  be  satisfied. 

II.  f  5.  Repute,  account,  or  estimation,  in  which 
anything  is  held.  Obs. 


— ,-.„_,  ,  .  .„.!,    j,,,    ufum    ui    uwvi       *35J    VJKIMALIJK   i,lCfro  S 

Offices  III.  (1556)  154  b,  So  greatly  was  an  othe  had  in 
regard,  at  those  dayes.  1591  SI'ENSER  M.  Hubbcrd  60 
Thus  manie  yeares  I  now  have  spent.. In  meane  regard. 
1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $  Cr.  in.  iii.  128  What  things  there  are 
Most  abiect  in  regard,  and  deare  in  vse.  What  things 
againe  most  deere  in  the  esteeme,  And  poore  in  worth.  1632 
LITHGOW  Trav.  v.  1 80  These  commanders  haue  euer  best 
prospered,  which  haue  . .  had  in  singular  regard,  Military 
Arts  and  Souldiers. 

t  b.   Of. .  regard,  of  (small,  great,  etc.)  account, 
estimation,  importance,  or  value.     (Also  Sc.  with 
out  of.)  Obs. 
1556  LAUDER  Tractate  316  Thocht  thay  ryde  on  mulls  or 


REGARD. 

|  hors,  Itt  is  bot  small  regarde  or  fors.  1591  SPENSER  M. 
HiMerd  685  A  noble  Gentleman  of  high  regard  1597 

:  BEARD  Theatre  God's  Judgcin.  (1612)  465  A  thousand  men 
of  base  regard.  1622  SIR  K.  HAWKINS  Voy.  S.  Sea  (1847) 
215  In  lights,  all  receipts  which  add  courage  and  spirit,  are 
of  great  regard,  to  be  allowed  and  used.  1670  WALTON 
Lives  III.  252  [This]  is  a  Point  in  my  Opinion  of  great 
regard.  1742  SHENSTONE  Scliooltnistress  21  Whilome  a  twig 
of  small  regard  to  see.  1785  BURKS  Jolly  Beggars  7th  Air, 
I  am  a  bard  of  no  regard  Wi'  gentlefolks,  an'  a'  that. 

t  c.  /«  (one's)  regard,  in  one's  opinion,  estima 
tion,  or  judgement.  Obs.  rare. 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  iv.  iii.  57  Sicke  in  the  Worlds  re 
gard,  wretched,  and  low.  1604  —  Ham.  iv.  vii.  76  (Q.  2) 
That  one, . .  in  my  regard,  Of  the  vmvorthiest  siedge. 

6.  Observant  attention  or  heed  bestowed  upon 
or  given  to  a  matter ;  f  consideration  of  a  question 

j    or  problem,  doubt.     Also//,  (cf.  sense  2). 

1456  SIR  G.  HAYE  Lain  Anns  (S.T.S.)  192  Touchand  the 
quhilk  debate  thare  is  grete  regarde  and  avis.  1469  1'aston 
Lett.  II.  369,  I  cannot  understand  what  regard  my  Lords 
concell  takyth  to  my  Lords  letter.  1523  Ln.  BERNEKS  Froiss. 
I.  ccxii.  261  By  the  aduise  and  regarde  of  the  frenchc  kyng. 
and  of  his  Counsaile.  1589  NASHE  Martins  Months  /'ii'ntfe 
To  Rdr.,  This  man,  like  a  madde  dogge  runneth  at  euerie 
man  without  regarde.  1601  DOLMAN  La  I'rimaiid.  Fr. 
Acad.  (1618)  III.  833  If  he  see.  .an  Horse  come  neere  vnto 
him,  he  neuer  taketh  regard  who  rides  him.  1625-8  tr. 
Camdcn's  Hist.  Eliz.  in.  (1688)  280  Beseeching  him  that 
these  my.. Lamentations  may  now  at  length  find  Regard 
with  you.  1764  REID  Inquiry  vi.  §  3  They  no  sooner  appear, 
than  quick  as  lightening  the  thing  signified  succeeds,  and  en 
grosses  all  our  regard.  1818  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  v. 
viii.  661  The  conduct  pursued  by  the  Governor-General  is 
the  next  object  of  regard.  1881  WESTCOTT  &  HOKT  Grk. 
-V.  7".  Introd.  §  10  There  is  no  special  concentration  of  re 
gard  upon  the  language. 

Comb.  1632  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  Biondi's  F.roinena  13  Find 
ing  in  her  at  first  sight  regard-worthy  objects,  hee  thought 
well  of  her. 

//.  1586  WHETSTONE  Eng.  Myrror  Ded.,  The  reach  of 
my  duetie  . .  simply  laboreth  to  publish  these  regards,  that 
common  faults  may  be  amended.  1665  J.  SPENCER  Prodigies 
ii.  §  3  (ed.  2)  75  We  shall  accordingly  observe  Omens  . .  to 
command  the  most  solemn  regards  of  Persons,  whose  Imagi 
nation  is  more  busie  and  active  then  their  Reason.  1758  S. 
HAYWARD  Serm.  xvii.  536  Creatures,  .so  much  beneath  his 
regards.  1770  LANGHORNE  Plutarch  (1879)  '•  220/2  Socrates 
was  the  only  one  whose  regards  were  fixed  upon  the  mind. 
1820  W.  JAY  Prayers  322  We  ..  implore  thy  favorable  re 
gards  to  the  privileged  country  in  which  we  live. 

t  b.  Attention,  care,  or  interest  directed  to  some 
end.  Chiefly  in  phr.  to  have  or  take  regard  to  (a 
thing) ;  also  const,  that.  Obs. 

1542-3  Act  34  f,-  35  Hen.  I'll  I,  c.  27  §  70  Which  two  con 
stables,  .shall  haue  especial  regarde  to  the  conseruacion  of 
the  kiriges  peace.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas's  I  'oy. 
n.^viii.  41  They  haue  a  regarde  that  in  the  plague  time  no 
shippe  . .  do  enter  into  their  port.  1631  WEEVBR  Anc. 
Funeral  Man.  To  Rdr.,  Out  of  the  respect  I  bore  to 
venerable  Antiquity,  and  the  due  regard  to  continue  the 
remembrance  of  the  defunct  to  future  posteritie.  1699 
BENTLEY  Phalaris  407  It  were  no  difficult  contrivance,  if 
the  Publick  had  any  regard  to  it,  to  make  the  English 
Tongue  immutable. 

c.  Care  in  doing  something ;  close  attention  to 
some  principle  or  method. 

1575  F.  WITHER  tr.  Indaquie's  Ckirom.  in.  N  vij  b,  They 
shall  receive  hurt  by  them,  without  great  regarde  be  had. 
1576  GASCOIGNE  Stale  Gl.  (Arb.)  65  A  souldiour  cannot 
haue  Too  great  regarde,  whereon  his  knife  should  cut.  1727 
BOYER  Diet.  Royal  II.  s.v.,  So  great  Regard  [F.  circon- 
spection\  there  was  amongst  the  Ancients  in  making  of  War. 
1748  J.  MASON  Elocution  31  So  much  for  Pauses,  Emphasis, 
and  Cadence :  A  careful  Regard  to  all  which  is  the  first 
Rule  for  attaining  a  right  Pronunciation. 

7.  f  a.   To  take  or  have  regard  to  or  of,  to  give 
protective  attention   or  heed  to,  to   take  care   of 
(a  person,  one's  life,  etc.).  Obs. 

1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  ccvi.  99  b/2  Theydesyred  his 
noblenes  to  take  some  regarde  to  them.  1535  COVERDALE 
F.zek.  xxxiv.  8  Seynge  that  my  shepherdes  take  no  regarde 
off  my  shepe.  1553  GRIMALDE  Cicero's  Offices  in.  (1556) 
145  b,  The  man  must  haue  regarde  to  his  owne  life,  and 
helth.  1573  L.  LLOYD  Marrow  of  Hist.  (1653)  185  Was  not 
.  .Alexander  warned  by  a  vision  to  take  more  regard  to  his 
life  then  he  did?  i6n  BIBLE  Tooit  iii.  15  Command  some 
regard  to  be  had  of  me,  and  pitie  taken  of  me.  1671  MILTON 
/*.  K.  II.  315  Of  thee  these  forty  days  none  hath  regard, 
Forty  and  more  deserted  here  indeed.  1747  WESLEY  Prim. 
Physic  (1762)  51,  I  earnestly  advise  every  one  who  has  any 
regard  to  his  health  to  try  this. 

t  b.  The  task  of  taking  care  of;  (in)  the  care  or 
charge  ofs.  person.  Obs.  rare. 

1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot,  I.  106  inarg., 
Preistes  haueng  the  regarde  of  the  saules.  1611  TOURNEUR 
At/i.  Trag.  ii.  vi,  Left  I  not  My  worthy  Father  i'  the  kind 
regard  Of  a  most  louing  Uncle  ? 

o.  Care  or  concern  for  something. 

1836  J.  GILBERT  Chr.  Alonein.  ix.  (1852)  285  It  was  a  free 
regard  for  our  happiness  which  we  are  called  to  contem 
plate.  1871  FREEMAN  Norjn.  Cong.  (1876)  IV.  xviii.  152 
Kven  regard  for  the  safety  of  the  hostages  did  not  move 
men  who  had  made  up  their  minds  not  to  yield. 

8.  Attention,  heed,  or  consideration,  given  to  a 
thing  or  person,  as  having  an  effect  or  influence  on 
one's  actions  or  conduct ;  respect  or  deference  paid 
to,  or  entertained  for,  some  authority,  principle, 
etc.     Orig.  in  phr.  to  have  (-J*  make  or  take)  regard 
to ;   in  later  use  .also  const,  of,  for.     f  Formerly 
sometimes  in//. 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  20  My  herte  jugeth  that  ye  shall 
haue  grete  regard  unto  my  good  wil.  1512  in  Ellis  Orig. 
Lett.  Ser.  II.  I.  195  When  I  remembre  the  small  regarde 

46-2 


REGARD. 


364 


almaist  at  regaird.  IS»-*  Act  3  Hen.  VIII,  c.  3  Preamble, 
Archers  with  litell  nombre  and  puyssaunce  in  regarde 
have  done  many  notable  actes.  154°-!  ELYOT  Image  Gov. 
104  Howe  meruailousely  did  a  few  Romames  in  regarde.. 
defende  this  little  territory. 

f  c.  As  to  regard  of,  after  the  fashion  of.   Otis. 

c  1500  Doctr.  Gd.  Servaunts  g  As  to  regarde  of  the  fete  of 
an  harte,  They  sholde  ever  theyr  mayster  socoure. 

13.  In  regard  of  or  to,  with  regard  to,  f  as  to  "ie 


that  dyvers  made  unto  the  saide  leityr.    IS42UDALL  Erasm.    \ 

Apopk.  231  Thei  tooke  no  regarde  vnto  his  woordes,  but 

persisted  in  their  querele  &  noyse  makyng.     1560  DAUS  tr. 

Sleidane's  Comm.  6  b,  (He]   had  to  little  regarde  to  the 

Byshop  of  Rome  his  authoritie.    1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks 

(1638)  53  Without  regard  that  he  had  but  the  other  day 

worne  vpon  his  head  the  imperiall  crowne.     1667  MILTON 

P.  L.  xn.  16  Fearing  the  Deitie,  With  some  regard  to  what 

is  just  and  right.    1744  BERKELEY  Sins  §  182  A  religious          __._„._ 

regard  was  paid  to  fire.    1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  679  Dis-    ,  j  gs  in  respect  of,  with  respect  or  reference  to. 

claiming  all  regard  For  mercy  and  the  common  ngh  A         CAXTON  Jason  35  The  more  parte  of  men  haue  no 

man       _   Tine.   242  Where   no   regard   of  ordnances   is  ,,.,..__ 

shown.     1827  SOUTHEY  Penins.   iVar  II.  288  Due  regard 

was  paid   to   the  feelings  . .  of  the  people.     1875  JOWETT 

Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  31  A  divine  lawgiver  must  surely  have  had 

regard  to  all  the  different  kinds  of  virtue. 

pi.  1693  J.  EDWARDS  Perfect.  Script.  Ded.,  I, now  attempt 
to  express  my  infinite  regards  and  veneration  of  l  our 
Grace's  transcendent  undertakings.  1738  WESLEY  Ps.  cm. 
So  much  his  boundless  Love  transcends  The  small 


Regards  that  we  can  pay. 

b.  Without  regard  (\ofo-c)  to,  without  (t  taking 
heed  or  thought,  of  or)  giving  consideration  or 
weight  to  a  thing ;  without  reference  to. 

1564  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  298  Without  regaird  of 
the  propinctie  of  bluid.     1632  LITHGOW   Trav.  n.  68  He 
extorted  the  most  part  of  my  money,  .without  any  regard 
of  conscience.     1727  SWIFT  Circumcis.  E.  Curll  Wks.  1755 
III.  i.   163  The  heaping  together  a  superfluity  of  wealth     : 
without  the  least  regard  of  applying  it  to  its  proper  uses.     ! 
1736  BUTLER  Anal.  I.  iii.  Wks.  1874  I.  48  A  disposition  to    l 
produce  the  greatest,  .happiness,  without  regard  to  persons 
behaviour.     1837  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  I.  vii.  348  Those  political 
writers  who  judge  events  without  regard  to  that  intellectual 
development  of  which  they  are  but  a  part. 

9.  A  thing  or  circumstance  looked  to,  or  taken 
into  account,  in  determining  action  ;  a  considera 
tion,  a  motive. 

'579  TOMSON  Calvin's  Serm.  Tim,  188/2  Therfore  must  we 
haue  an  other  regard  to  cause  vs  to  come  nigh  to  God,  to  , 
wit,  our  Lord  lesus  Christ.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  130  | 
Their  king  was  alwaies  chosen  by  the  voices  of  the  people  : 
wherein  they  had  these  regards;  that  hee  were  aged,  milde, 
and  childlesse.  1633  Bp.  HALL  Hard  Texts,  N._  T.  24 
This  conjunction  of  Grace  in  the  Soule  doth  more  indeare 
my  Mother  and  Kinsmen  unto  me  than  all  earthly  and 
bodily  regards  whatsoever.  1708  SWIFT  Predict.  1708  Wks. 
1755  II.  I.  155  My  fortune  hath  placed  me  above  the  little 
regard  of  writing  for  a  few  pence.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev. 
Wks.  V.  350  Those  higher  and  more  large  regards  by  which 
alone  men  come  to  be  affected.  1844-7  EMERSON  Ess., 
Love  Wks.  (Bohn)  I.  71  A  benevolence  which  shall  lose  all 
particular  regards  in  its  general  light. 

f  b.  A  looking  to  another  in  order  to  direct 
one's  actions  or  conduct.  Obs.  rare. 

1726  BUTLER  Serm.  Hum.  Nat.  ii.  Wks.  1874  II.  34  Throw 
off  all  regards  to  others,  and  we  should  be  quite  indifferent 
to  infamy  and  to  honour.  1732  LAW  Serious  C.  xi.  (ed.  2) 
163  That  it  will  be  made  too  anxious_a  state,  by  thus  intro 
ducing  a  regard  to  God  in  all  our  actions. 

10.  Esteem,  affection,  kindly  feeling. 

1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  n.  iv.  60  A  Son,  that  well  deserues 
The  honor,  and  regard  of  such  a  father.  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
I.  653  A  generation,  whom  his  choice  regard  Should  favour 
equal  to  the  Sons  of  Heaven.  1712  STEELE  Sfect.  No.  304 
p  2, 1  have  no  Reason  to  fancy  my  Mistress  has  any  Regard 
for  me.  1777  SHERIDAN  Sch.  Scand.  m.  i,  I  have  heard 
enough  to  convince  me  that  he  is  unworthy  my  regard. 
1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xxxiii,  He  resolved  to  trust  in  the 
warm  regard  of  Simon.. and  the  friendship  of  the  Provost. 
1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  i.  xxvii.  219  There  is  no  guide  of  my 
acquaintance  for  whom  I  have  a  stronger  regard. 

t  b.   A  token  or  evidence  of  esteem  or  affection. 

1747  Col  Rec.  Pennsyl-o.  V.  151  They  were  pleased  with 
the  Regards  shown  to  them.     1829  LANDOR  Imag.  Conv., 
Barrow  $  Newton,  Think  how  gratifying.. are  the  regards 
and  attentions  of  such  wise  and  worthy  men  as  you. 
o.  //.  in  epistolary  expressions  of  good-will. 

'775  J-  ADAMS  in  Fain.  Lett. ^(1876)  103  My  regards  . .  to 
my  relations  and  yours.  1796  in  Carus  Life  Simeon  (1847) 
vi.  133  We  all  join  in  most  affectionate  and  respectful 
regards  to  you.  1835  MRS.  CARLYLE/.««.  1.29  With  kindest 
regards  to  every  one  of  you. 

t 11.  A  payment  by  way  of  acknowledgement. 
Obs.  rare.  (So  med.L.  regardum,  F.  regard.} 

c  1381-90  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  II.  411  The 
Towne  doth  receaue .  .an  anuall  regard  for  the  same. 
III.  In  prepositional  phrases. 

12.  In  regard  of,  in  comparison  with.  Now 
arch,  t  So  also  in  regard  to,  at  regard  of,  (as)  to 
or  unto  (the)  regard  of  or  to.  06s. 

1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  8114  Bot  se  we  noght  how 
schorl  a  day  es  here  To  regard  of  a  hundreth  yhere  7  Ibid. 
8998  Alle  bir  blysses..War  als  noght,  als  to  regard  to  be 
biys  of  heven.  £1381  CHAUCER  Part.  Faults  58  Thanne 
shewede  he  hym  the  litel  erthe  that  here  is  At  regard  of  the 
heuenys  quantite.  1413  Pilgr.  Sawle  (Caxton)  n.  xlvi.  (1859) 
1  "yre  is  but  thyng  depeynted  in  regard  of 


<  1477  CA 

erite  ne  loyaulte  as  to  the  regard  of  loue.  1312  Helyas  in 
Thorns  Prose  Rom.  (1827)  III.  101  As  to  the  regarde  of  my 
londe  and  duchi  of  lioulion,  I  give  it  freely  to  this  vahaunt 
knight.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  I.  i.  77  In  regard  of  Causes 
now  in  hand.  1680  BOYLE  Sceft.  Client,  iv.  219  There  are 
divers  sorts  of  compound  Bodies,  even  in  regard  of  all  or 
some  of  their  Ingredients.  1713  BERKELEY  Hylas  f,  Phil. 
i.  Wks.  1871  I.  266,  I  speak  with  regard  to  sensible  things 
only.  1747  GOULD  Eng.  Ants  37  There  does  not  seem  to 
any  considerable  Variation  in  regard  of  the  Eggs.  1792 


reguru  ui   ucucu.      *3*j  uu,    uc.i*.*c.i*o  A-IV   u.  \.~~~i   --   J- 

The  companyons  were  but  a  fewe  in  regarde  to  the  French 
men.    <ri530  —  Arth.  Lyt.  Bryt.  92  The  valure  of  al  other 


.       i530  .         .          . 

knyghtes  wer  as  nothing  to  the  regard  of  his  noblesse.  1596 
SPENSER  F.  Q.  vi.  xi.  14  At  last  when  all  the  rest  them  offred 
were,.  .They  all  refused  in  regard  of  her.  16307?.  Johnsons 
Kingd.  f,  Commw.  247  He  spendeth  but  little  in  the  warres, 
in  regard  of  that,  that.,  the  KingofSpainedisburseth.  1755 
WASHINGTON  Lett.  Writ.  1889  I.  195  Sensible  how  confined 
their  punishments  are,  in  regard  to  what  they  ought  to  be. 
1868  MORRIS  Earthly  Par.  (1870)  I.  i.  311  In  regard  of 
mine,  a  little  thing  His  kingdom  was. 

f  b.  At  or  in  regard,  in  comparison,  compara 
tively.   Obs. 
c  1475  Rauf  Coiljear  652  Thay  countit  not  the  Coil?ear 


Monthly  Rev.  May  VIII.  77  In  regard  to  the  matter,. .he  | 
had,  no  doubt,  been  misled.  1842  GKOYE  Corr.  Phys.  Forces 
(14  The  world  was  believed  fixed  until . .  it  was  found  to  change 
Its  place  with  regard  to  them.  1869  GOULBURN  Purs.  Holi 
ness  viii.  66  Of  the  affinity  between  God  and  Man,  in  regard 
of  man's  wants  and  God's  fulness. 

b.  In  one's  regard,  with  regard,  respect,  or 
reference  to  one. 

1634  W.TIRVVHYT  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  I.)  340,  I  shall  in 
mine  own  regard  bee  very  glad.  '686  F.  SPENCE  tr.  barillas 
Ho.  Media's  174  Nothing  more  was  there  to  do  than  two 
things  in  his  regard.  1740  tr.  DC  Moulds  Fort.  Country- 
Maid  (1741)  I.  37,  I  was  very  sensible  of  her  Coldness,  or 
rather  her  Envy,  in  my  Regard.  1821  BYRON  Let.  to  Murray 
24  Sept.,  My  feelings  are  like  the  dead,  who. .feel  nothing 
. .  that  is  said  or  done  in  their  regard.  1863  F.  OAKELEY 
Hist.  Notes  94  If  God  have  any  other  will  in  our  regard. 

1 14.  In  regard  of,  for  the  regard  of,  for  the  sake 
of;  on  account  of,  by  reason  of.  Obs. 

1376  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  147  A  great  multitude,  who 
for  the  regard  of  their  health,  . .  have  recourse  to  these 
quarters,  a  1604  HANMER  Chron.  Irel.  (1633)  127  It  would 
please  them  (some  in  regard  of  neighbourhood,  othersome  I 
in  regard  of  naturall  affection  unto  their  natiue  soile).  1662 
STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacrx  II.  vi.  5  I  A  matter  of  very  difficult 
tryall,  in  regard  of  the  goodness  ..  of  God  so  frequently 
interposing  between  the  prediction  and  the  event. 

to.  In  regard  of  01  to,  out  of  consideration  for. 

'593  SHAKS.  Rich.  If,  I.  iii.  216,  I  thanke  my  Liege,  that 
in  regard  of  me  He  shortens  foure  yeares  of  my  sonnes  exile. 
111677  BARROW  Serin.  Wks.  1716  III.  152  What  hath 
occurred . .  to  my  meditation,  I  must  at  present,  in  regard 
to  your  patience,  omit,  a  1713  ELLWOOD  Autopif>f.(if65) 
39  Although  they  were  somewhat  unwilling  to  yield  to  it, 
in  regard  of  me,  yet  my  Importunity  prevailed.  1724  SWIFT 
Reas.  agst.  Exam.  Drugs,  In  regard  of  our  common  In 
terest  . .  we  presume  to  lay  the  following  Reasons  before  the 
Publick,  against  the  said  Bill. 

f!5.  In  regard,  since,  because,  inasmuch  as, 
considering  that.  Obs. 

1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  v.  iv.  124  In  regard  King  Henry 
giues  consent, . .  To  ease  your  Countrie  of  distressefull  Warre. 
1664  J.  WEBB  Stone-Heng  (1725)  16  They  could  not  belong 
to  any  of  the  circular  Courses  ;  in  regard  they  are  raised  so 
clearly  without  the. .Circle.  1723  CHAMBF.RS  tr.  Le  Clare's 
Arc/tit.  I.  8  The  Roman  Order  is  usually  call'd  the  Com 
posite,  in  regard  its  Capital  is  composed  of  the.. other 
Orders.  1821  SCOTT  Pirate  xxviii,  I  cannot  say  that  I  ever 
saw  an  adder,  in  regard  there  are  none  in  these  parts, 
f  b.  With  that.  Obs. 

1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  83  On  Saturdayes  they  feast,  in 
regard  that  it  was  the  old  Sabboth.  1693  WOODWARD  Nat. 
Hist.  Earth  iv.  (1723)  204  In  regard  that.. the  mineral  and 
metallick  Matter.. was  different  in  different  Parts  of  it, 
1719-20  J.  HUGHES  in  J.  Duncombe  Lett.  (1773)  I.  271  This 
is  the  more  generous  . .  in  regard  that  1  have  given  up  this 
play  to  the  importunity  of  my  friends. 

Regard  (tfga-jd),  v.  Also  6  reguard,  re- 
garde,  6-7  Se,  regaird.  [ad.  F.  regarder,  f«- 
gtiarder(Q¥.  also  rewarder:  see  REWABD  v.~),  f. 
re-  RE-  +  garder  to  GUARD  v."\ 

1.  trans.  1.  To  look  at,  gaze  upon,  observe. 
1323  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  cxci.  227  Howbeit  to  regarde 

hit  the  fortresse  was  impregnable,  yet  he  wanne  hit  by 
scalynge.  1339  TONSTALL  Serm.  Palm  Sund.  (1823)  91  We 
that  haue  vsed  our  eyes  all  the  yere  in  regardyng  worldly 
pleasures.  1599  SHAKS.  Muck  Ado  v.  iv.  22  Your  neece 
regards  me  with,  an  eye  of  fauour.  a  1677  BARROW  Serin. 
(1683)  II.  vi.  91  Who  doth  attently  regard  a  locust  or  a  cater- 

Eillar  ?     1713  YOUNG  Last  Day  in.  106  Th'  almighty  judge 
ends  foreward  from  his  throne,  These  scars  to  mark,  and 
then  regards  his  own.     1813  SHELLEY  O.  Mob  vi.  216  Thou 
Regards!  them  all  with  an   impartial  eye.     1878  H.  M. 
STANLEY  Dark  Cont.  II.  xiii.  367  He. .drove  his  axe  into 
the  tree  with  a  vigour  which  was  delightful  to  regard. 
+  b.  Of  places,  etc. :  To  look  or  face  toward. 
1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas's  Voy.  II.  ii.  32  b,  This 
He  ..  regardeth   towards  y°   west   y«  cape   Malee.      1643 
'    EVELYN  Diary  June  (Venice),  One  of  the  sides  is  yet  much 
more  Roman-like  than  the  other  which  reguards  the  Sea.  1693 
Mem.  Cnt.  Teckely  iv.  61  The  Right  Wjng  attacked  those, 
who  regarded  the  Camp  of  the  Imperialists.     1730  Phil. 
Trans.  XLVI.  346,  I  hastened  to  the  other  Front  (of  the 
house],  which  regards  the  NE. 

2.  To  take  notice  of,  bestow  attention  or  notice 
upon ;  to  take  or  show  an  interest  in ;  to  give  heed 
to  ;  f  to  look  after,  take  care  of. 

c  1430  LYDG.  Mia.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  104  Many  I  found 
earnyng  of  pence,  But  none  at  all  once  regarded  mee. 
?  a  1500  Chester  PI.  xiii.  27  Other  sheep  I  haue,.  .they  be 
not  of  this  flocke,  yet  will  I  them  regarde.  1526  TINDALE 
Heb.  viii.  9  They  continued  nott  in  my  testament,  and  I 
regarded  them  not  sayth  the  lorde.  1592  SHAKS.  Ven.  !, 
Ad.  377  Then  loue's  deep  groans,  I  neuer  shall  regard, 


REGARD. 

Because  Adonis  heart  hath  made  mine  hard.  1548-9  (Mar.) 
Bk.  Com.  Prayer,  Puol.  Baptism,  Regarde  we  beseche  thee, 
the  supplicacions  of  thy  congregacion.  1648  MILTON  Ps. 
Ixxxii.  9  Regard  the  weak  and  fatherless.  1671  —  Samson 
1157  Presume  not  on  thy  God,  what  e're  he  be,  Thee  he  re 
gards  not.  1738  WESLEY  Ps.  v.  i,  'Till  thou  regard  my 
ceaseless  Cries.  1834  DISRAELI  Rcvol.  Epick  n.  .xxiv,  As 
the  shells  upon  the  silent  shore,  That  none  regardeth. 

t  3.  To  look  to,  have  a  care  of  or  for  (oneself, 
one's  own  interest,  health,  etc.).  Obs. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  v.  cxvii.  92  Thou  well  knowest  our 
owne  [part]  is  moost  to  be  regardyd.  1509  HAWES  fast. 
Pleas.  XLV.  (Percy  Soc.)  219  Set  not  your  mynde  upon 
worldly  wealth,  But  evermore  regarde  your  soules  health. 
1560  DAUStr.  Slcidane'sComm.  27  Admonisheth  al  men  that 
regarde  theyr  salvation,  to  beware  of  that  Bishoppes  kyn- 
dom.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  40  It  is  my  ..  desire, 
that  you  regard  your  owne  health.  1671  MILTON  Samson 
1333  Regard  thyself,  this  will  offend  them  highly. 
b.  To  look  to,  consider,  take  into  account. 
1591  SHAKS.  Tvio  Gent.  in.  i.  256  As  thou  lou'st  Siluia.. 
Regard  thy  danger,  and  along  with  me.  1615  W.  LAWSON 
Country  Housew.  Gard.  (1626)  50  It  is  good  for  some  pur 
poses  to  regard  the  age  of  your  fruit  trees.  1628-9  DIGBY 
Voy.Medit.  (Camdenjgr  For  thesoundinges.  .the  depths  and 
the  substance  of  the  ground  that  you  bring  yp  are  to  be 
regarded.  1642  FULLER  Holy  $  Prof.  St.  in.  vii.  168  Beauty 
remains  behind  as  the  last  to  be  regarded. 

t4.  To  take  notice  of  (a  thing),  as  being  of 
special  value,  excellence,  or  merit;  to  value  or 
set  store  by.  Obs. 

1509  FISHER  Funeral  Serm,  Ctess  KicAmmdVfks.  (1876) 
291  Tryfelous  thynges  that  were  lytell  to  be  regarded  she 
wolde  let  passe  by.  1533  COVERDALE  i  Kings  x.  21  All 
kynge  Salomons  drynkynge  vessels  were  of  golde,  . .  for 
syluer  was  not  regarded  in  Salomons  tyme.  1582  STANY- 
HCRST  SEneis  n.  (Arb.)  46  Then  we  were  of  reckning ;  our 
feats  weareduelyeregarded.  1604  E.  G[RlMSTONE].D'^aw/a  s 
Hist.  Indies  I.  xxii.  72  Origene,  who  so  much  regardes  the 
writings  of  Plato.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  80  It  did 
grieve  him  to  see  how  little  the  rare  workes  of  Protogenes 
were  regarded,  a  1656  HALES  Gold.  Rent.  I.  (1673)  241  But, 
for  that  superfluous  stuff  of  the  world,  he  wills  us  not  to 
regard  that. 

b.  To  hold  (a  person)  in  great  (f  respect  or) 
esteem ;  to  have  a  regard  for  (one). 

1513  MORE  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  785  They  were 
before  greatly  esteemed  among  the  people,  but  after  that, 
neuer  none  of  these  two  were  regarded,  a  1548  HALL 
Chron.,  Hen.  VI 1 1 105  b,  For  refusyng  of  this  office  therle  of 
Northumberland  was  not  regarded  of  his  owne  tenauntes. 
1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  lix.  (1739)  115  Thus  the 
English  Bishops  that  formerly  did  but  regard  Rome,  now 

five  their  Estates,  Bodies  and  Souls  unto  her  service.  1675 
AXTER  Cath.  Tlieol.  n.  xi.  ii.  226  Why  do  you  and  all  men 
regard  or  reward  a  loving  thankful  obedient  child. .  ?  1702 
STEELE  Funeral  i.  (1724)  25,  1  have  in  vain  done  all  I  can 
to  make  her  regard  me.  1775  SHERIDAN  Duenna  i.  i,  She 
does  not  regard  you  enough.  1848  THACKERAY  Van.  fair 
xxiii,  I  regard  him  so  much— for  you  know  we  have  been 
like  brothers— that  1  hope.. the  quarrel  may  be  settled.  _ 

5.  To  heed,  or  take  into  account,  in  regulating 
one's  actions  or  conduct. 

1512  Aft  4  Hen.  VIII,  c.  2  Preamble,  The  persons  so 
offendyng  litell  regarde  the  punysshment  therof  by  . .  the 
Comen  lawe.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanc's  Comm.  4  b,  Regard 
ing  the  authoritie  of  no  man.  Ibid.  34  We  ought  not  to 
regard  such  inconveniences.  1611  BIBLE  Ecclus.  x.  19  They 
that  regard  not  the  Law  are  a  dishonourable  seed.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  i.\.  787  Eve  Intent  now  wholly  on  her  taste, 
naught  else  Regarded.  1713  STEELE  En^lishm.  No.  55. 356 
They  regard  not  speaking  Truth,  but  making  their  b  ortunes. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  109  The  perfect  citizen  is  he 
who  regards  not  only  the  laws  but  the  precepts  of  the 
legislator. 

b.  To  have  respect  for  or  dread  of  (a  person). 
1526  TINDALE  Luke  xviii.  2  There  was  a  ludge  in  a  cer- 

taine  cite,  w  hich  feared  not  god  nether  regarded  man.  1549 
LATIMER  tnd  Serm.  off.  Edw.  VI  (Arb.)  73  Regarde  no 
person,  feare  no  man.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  i.  in.  Oc 
Here's  Beauford,  that  regards  not  God  nor  King.  1868 
FREEMAN  Korm.  Cong.  (1876)  II.  viii.  210  Tyrants  who 
neither  fear  God  nor  regard  man. 

c.  To  pay  heed  or  attention  to  (one  speaking  or 
something  said). 

1535  COVEKDALE  Zech.  i.  4  They  wolde  not  heare,  ner 
regarde  me,  saieth  the  Lorde.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  LII. 
97  Hee  talk'd  very  wisely,  but  I  regarded  him  not.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  XII.  174  The  lawless  Tyrant,  who  denies  lo 
know  thir  God,  or  message  to  regard,  a  1715  BURNET  OVHt 
Time  n.  (1724)  I.  213  The  Earl,  .said,  he  knew  Sharp  too  well 
to  regard  any  thing  that  came  from  him.  1728  T.  SHERIDAN 
tr.  Persius  bed.,  Having  so  faithfully  regarded  the  last 
Advice,  which  I  gave  you. 

d.  To  show  consideration  for  (a  thing  or  person). 
1513  MORE  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  769  Which  Sane- 

tuary  good  men  as  me  thinketh  might  without  sinne,  som- 
what  lesse  regard  then  they  do.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.m.  427 
Should  I  of  these  the  liberty  regard..?  1788  GIBBON 
Decl  *  F.  1.  V.  229  Without  regarding  the  sanctity  of  days 
or  months,  to  pursue  the  unbelieving  nations  of  the  earth. 
1865  TENNYSON  Love  than  thy  land  24  Gentle  words  are 
always  gain  ;  Regard  the  weakness  of  thy  peers.  1871 
FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  IV.  xvu.  13  We  may  be  led 
to  think  that  the  rights  of  England  were.,  strictly  regarded. 

6.  To  consider,  look  on,  as  being  something. 
Also  occas.  with  other  constructions.  (Now  the 
most  usual  sense.) 

1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  v.  vi.  144  Let  him  be  regarded  As  the 
most  Noble  Coarse,  that  euer  Herald  Did  follow  to  his 
Vrne.  a  1719  ADDISON  (Ogilvie),  They  are  not  only  regarde< 
as  authors,  but  as  partisans.  1781  COWPER  Prog.  J-.rr.  148 
If  he  the  tinkling  harpsichord  regards  As  inoffensive,  what 
offence  in  cards?  1836  J.  GILBERT  Chr.  Atonem.  vu.  (1852) 
194  Whatever  constitutes  atonement,  therefore,  must.. be 
regarded  a  safe  . .  remedy.  1853  F.  W.  NEWMAN  Odes  of 


REGARDABLE. 

Horace  7  Dr.  Leonard  Schmitz  regards  it  to  indicate  the 
looseness  of  popular  opinion.  1856  FKOUDE  Hist.  Eng. 
(1858)  I.  ii.  120  The  interests  of  the  nation.. entitled  him  to 
regard  his  position  under  another  aspect.  1877  —  Short 
Stud.  (1883)  IV.  i.  iii.  39  He  regarded  his  submission  as  the 
end  of  the  dispute. 

b.  To  look  upon  with  some  feeling. 

1615  SIR  W.  MURE  Misc.  Poems  ~x\v.  17  That  hyer  Powares 
be  w»  feir  regairdit.  1784  COWPER  Tiroc.  156  The  stamp  of 
artless  piety.. The  youth..  Regards  with  scorn.  1833  HT. 
MARTINEAU  Manck.  Strike  v.  62  The  shortest  way  to  a  good 
issue  was  to  regard  the  claims  of  the  people  with  respect. 
1884  Manck.  Exam.  22  May  5/2  A  war  which  the  great 
majority  of  the  nation  regarded  with  unaffected  dislike. 

7.  To  concern,  have  relation  or  respect  to. 

1603  B.  JONSON  Scjanus  v.  v,  Business  of  high  nature 
with  your  lordship,  ..  and  which  regards  you  much.  1709 
STEELE  Tatler  No.  72  p  i,  I  have  few  Notices  but  such 
as  regard  Follies  and  Vices.  1739  HUME  Hunt.  Nat. 
(1874)  I.  Introd.  307  Morals  and  criticism  regard  our  tastes 
and  sentiments.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  iv.  iv.  47  The  deed  is 
done,  And  what  may  follow  now  regards  not  me.  1865 
CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xvm.  v.  (1872)  VII.  176  If  these  things 
regarded  only  myself,  I  could  stand  it  with  composure. 

b.  \T\pres.pple.  Concerning,  relating  to. 

1793  SM EATON  Edystone  L.  §  307  Every  thing,  regarding 
the  light,  operated  in  a  proper  manner.  1897  W,  J.  TUCKER 
£.  Europe  194,  I  have  an  advantageous  offer  to  make  him 
regarding  the  cattle. 

c.  As  regards^  so  far  as  relates  to. 

1824  SOUTHEY  Bk.  efCk.  (1841)  408  That  Church,  and  the 

Queen,  its  refounder,  are  clear  of  persecution,  as  regards 

the  Romanists.     1885  Law  Times  Rep,  LII.  651/1  He  was 

in  a  thoroughly  sound  condition  as  regards  intellect. 

II.  8.  absol.  or  intr.  a.  To  look,  gaze.  rare. 

1533  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  ccxxxvii.  338  Then  the  prince 
of  Wales  opened  his  Eyen  and  regarded  towarde  heuen. 
1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  iv.  363  We  with  blind  surmise  Re 
garding,  while  she  read. 

b.  To  pay  attention,  give  heed;  to  bestow 
attention  on  a  thing. 

1611  BIBLE  Prov.  \.  24, 1  haue  stretched  out  my  hand,  and 
no  man  regarded.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  44  Now  reignes 
Full  Orb'd  the  Moon  ..  ;  in  vain,  If  none  regard.  1747 
WESLEY  Prim.  Physic  (1762)  118  Regard  not  tho'  it  prick 
or  shoot  for  a  time.  1784  COWPER  Task  vi.  1019  In  vain  the 
poet  sings,  and  the  world  hears,  If  He  regard  not.  1855 
DE  MORGAN  in  Graves  Life  Hamilton  (1889)  III.  502  Airy, 
regarding  thereon,  found  out  a  more  simple  mode. 

t  9.  a.  To  consider.  Also  with  dep.  clause.   Obs. 

J523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  (1812)  I.  716  It  behoveth  us  to 
regarde  wisely,  and  to  take  counsayle  in  this  mater,    a  1533 
—  Hnon.  Ixxxii.  255  Therfore,  sir,  regarde  well  in  what  place 
ye  wyll  haue  one  of  your  peeres  iugyd. 
t  b.  To  look  to ;  to  refer  to.  Obs. 

1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  Ixxxiv.  96/2  Refrayne  your 
euyll  wyll  and  moderate  your  courage  and  regarde  to 
reason,  a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  (1613)  269  The  under  ones 
..cannot,  by  nature,  regard  to  any  preservation  but  of 
themselves.  1659  H.  L'ESTRANGE  Alliance  Di^>.  Off.  249 
To  this  custome  the  Angel  in  the  Revelation  is  thought  to 
regard. 

tlO.  Const,  with  inf.  a.  To  endeavour,  seek, 
or  plan.  Obs.  rare""1. 

a  '533  LD.  BERNERS  Gold.  Bk.  M.  Aitrel.  (1536-7)  H  j  b, 
They  that  be  yll,  regarde  to  distroy  the  good, 
t  b.  To  take  heed  or  care.  Obs. 

1542  UDALL  Erasm,  Apoph.  333  Thei  neither  regarded  to 
sette  hym  to  schoole,  nor  . .  to  paie  his  schoolemaisters 
duetie.  1577  B.  GOOGE  Heresbaclis  Hush.  i.  (1586)  41  b,  In 
reapyng,  you  must  regarde  to  goe  with  the  wynde.  1643 
J.  EATON  Honey-c.  Free  Justif.  202  Little  remembering  and 


i 


lesse  regarding  to  lay  the  blame  where  it  is.     1673  S.  C.Art 
of  Complaisance  17  They  who  play  at  Tennis  ..  regard  not 
onely  to  toss  back  the  ball  dextrously,  but  also  [etc.]. 
fc.  To  be  inclined  or  desirous.   Obs.  rare~*. 

1550  BALE  Image  Both  Ch.  in.  xviii.  B  bb  iij  b,  Neyther 
regarde  they  to  kneele  anye  more  downe  and  to  kisse  their 
pontificall  rings. 

t  d.  To  be  concerned,  to  reck.  Obs.  rare. 

1557  NORTH  Gueuara's  Diall  Pr.  23  For  covetous  parsons 
lytle  regard  to  shorten  their  life,  so  that  they  may  augment 
their  ryches.  c  1600  Constance  of  Cleveland  in  Child  Ballads 
(1857)  IV.  229  The  Knight  nothing  regarded  To  see  the 
Lady  scoffed. 

f  11.  Const,  with  that.  a.  To  see  to  it;  to  take 
care.  Obs.  rare  —1. 

c  1550  R.  BIESTON  Bayte  Fortune  Biv,  But  yet  he  must 
regarde, . .  That  all  his  goodes  be  got  by  way  of  rightousnes. 
1 1>.  To  consider,  take  into  account.   Obs. 

1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  i.  (1625)  A2b,  Regarding 
that  by  a  reuiew  of  the  same,  it  hath  now  receiued  some 
shape,   and  proportion.     1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  m.  i.  70 
Neither  regarding  that  she  is  my  childe,  Nor  fearing  me. 
t  o.  To  appreciate,  to  think  it  well.   Obs.~~^ 

1621  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Diatribx  385  Those  ..  will  not  much 
admire,  nor  yet  greatly  regard,  that  a  Patron  of  Sacriledge 
for  Lay -Vsurperii,  should  become  a  Practiser  for  Lay-elders. 

12.  To  look,  appear,  rare  ~l. 

1819  SHKLLEY  Prometk.  Unb.  iv.  213  The  hills  and  woods 
..  Regard  like  shapes  in  an  enchanter  s  glass. 

Hence  Rega'rded  ///.  a. 

1586  WHETSTONE  Eng.  Myrror  Ded.,  It  then  followeth, 
most  regarded  Queene,  that  the  reach  of  my  duetie  [etc.], 
1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  ii.  i.  10  The  best  regarded  Virgins 
of  our  Clime  Haue  lou'd  it  to. 

Re-gard :  see  REGUARD  v. 

Rega*rdable, a.  lObs.  [{.REGARDS.  +  -ABLE, 
or  a.  F.  regardable  (i4th  c.).]  Worthy  of  being 
regarded,  noticeable.  (Common  in  I7th  c.) 

1591  SPENSER  Mniopot.  Ded.,  Nor  for  name  or  kindreds 
sake  by  you  vouchsafed,  being  also  regardable.  1602 
C.A.REW  Cornwall  144  Generally,  it  is  more  regardable  for 
profit,  then  commendable  for  pleasure.  1656  [?  J.  SER- 


365 

GEANT]  tr.  T.  White's  Pcripat,  lust.  261  Seeing  these  objects 
to  be  unworthy  and  not  regardable.  1704  NORRIS  Ideal 
l¥orld  M,  vi.  321  These  mean  and  ignoble  essences,,  .the 
less  regardable  pieces  of  his  workmanship.  1785  Hist,  York 
II.  293  A  circumstance  not  regardable  by  any  but  a  true 
antiquary. 

t  K.ega'1'dage.  Obs.  rare—1.  [?  f.  REGUARO  v, 
+  -AGE.]  ?  An  allowance  for  providing  fresh 
guards  for  robes. 

1684  E.  CHAMBERLAYNE  Pres.  St.  Eng.  \\.  (ed.  15)  272  Note 
that  out  of  the  Sergeants  afore-mentioned,  the  King  by 
Writ  usually  calls  some  to  be  of  his  Council  at  Law,  allow 
ing  each  one  wadnge,  feodage,  vcsturage  and  regardage. 

Regar dance  :  sec  NON-KEGAKDANCE. 

t  Rega'rdancy.  Obs.  rare.  [.See  next  and 
-ANCY.]  The  fact  of  being  regardant. 

1628  COKE  On  Lift.  124  b,  The  law  doth  favor  the  villein 
in  this  issue  ..  for  otherwise  he  ought  to  answer  to  the 
special!  matter,  viz.  to  the  regardant. y.  1771  ri  Howell  State 
Trials  (1814)  XX.  42  Regardancy  necessarily  implies  pre 
scription. 

Regardant  (r/gaudant),  a.  and  sb.  Also  6 
(9)  -aunt,  -and.  [a.  K.  regardant^  pres.  pple.  of 
regarder  to  REGARD.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Laiv  (now  only  Hist.}  Attached  to 
a  manor;  only  in  villein  regardant  (f  also  const,  to}. 

[1316  Year  Bk.  p  Edw.  //,  Trin.  294  Le  manoir  de  H. . .  a 
quel  manoir  cestvileynest  regardant.  1356 /<W.  zgEdw.  II f, 
Trin.  (1561)  41  b,  Villeyns  regardants  al  maneres  sont  de 
droyt  al  seignour  de  prendre  lc/  a  sa  volunte,] 

1443-50  in  Baildon  Set.  Cas.  Chanc.  (1896)  135  He  and  his 
auncestres..haue  been  seised  of  the  said  John  IJys^hip  and 
of  his  auncestres  as  villeyns  regardantz  to  the  said  Maner 
fro  the  tyme  that  no  mynde  is.  1531  Dial,  on  Laws  Eng, 
I.  xx.  33  b,  But  he  hathe  nother  ryghte  to  the  aduowsons 
appendaunt  if  any  be,  nor  to  the  vylltyns  regardant,  a  1577 
SIR  T.  SMITH  Commw.  Eng:  n.  viii.  (1584)  108  These  were 
not  bond  to  the  person  but  to  the  manner  or  place,.. and  in 
our  lawe  are  called  villaines  regardantes.  1628  COKE  On 
Litt.  ii.  ii.  §  189.  123  b,  And  there  is  no  diuersitie  herein 
whether  he  be  a  villeine  regardant,  or  in  grosse  although 
some  haue  said  the  contrarie.  1766  BLACKSTONB  Comm.  II. 
vi.  93  These  villeins,  belonging  principally  to  lords  of 
manors,  were  either  villeins  regardant,  that  is,  annexed  to 
the  manor  or  land  ;  or  else  they  were  in  gross.  1818 
HALLAM  Afid.  Ages  viii.  (1868)  569  The  statute  de  donUmust 
have  operated  very  injuriously  to  prevent  the  enfranchise 
ment  of  villeins  regardant.  189*  ViNOGRADOFp  Villainage 
in  Eng.  \.  \.  48  Most  modern  writers  on  the  subject  have 
laid  stress  upon  a  difference  between  villains  rfgardant 
and  villains  in  gross,  said  to  be  found  in  law  books. 

fb.  transf.  Bound  or  subject  to  something.  Obs. 

1651  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  n.  xxxvii.  167  Whereas  for 
merly  Bishops  were  regardant  both  to  the  Crown  and  Presby 
tery,  . .  now  they  are  made  the  birth  of  the  King's  own  breath. 

2.  Her.  Looking  backward. 

c  1500  Sc.  Poem  Heraldry  130  in  Q.  Eliz.  Acad,,  etc.  98 
First,  a  Honne  [statant];  on-vthir,  lyone  rampand  ;  ..  the 
viij  dormand  ;  the  ix  regardand  is.  1562  LEIGH  A  rtnorie  83 
He  beareth  Azure  .ij.  Lyons  passaunt  regardant,  Or.  Ibid. 
83  b,  Some  haue  thought,  that  these  Lyons  be  regardaunt, 
whereof  by  proofe,  you  see  the  contrarye.  1594  KYD 
Cornelia  v.  207  Passant  regardant  softly  they  [two  lions] 
re  tyre.  1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  in.  xxvi.  184  Hee  beareth 
or,  a  Lion  Rampand,  Regardant  Sable, ..This  action  doth 
manifest  an  inward  and  degenerate  perturbation  of  the 
mind.  1864  BOUTELL  Her.  Hist.  $  Pop.  x.  (ed.  3)  58  The 
Lion  Passant  Reguardant.. looks  back  to  the  Sinister.  Ibid. 
xxxii.  474  Two  griffins  reguardant  sa.,  crowned  or. 

transf.  a  1502  in  Arnolde  Citron.  (1811)  239  Frumenty  and 
venyson,  syngnet  rosted,  graunt  luce  in  sarris,  roo  roested 
regardaunt,  feusaunt  roosted  [etc.]. 

3.  Observant,  watchful,  contemplative. 

1588  KYD  Househ.  Phil.  Wks.  (1901)  242,  I  might  shew 
myselfe  mindful  and  regardant.  1630  B.  JONSON  W*rw/«« 
iv.  iv,  You  might  have  known  that  by  my  looks,  and 
language,  Had  you  been  or  regardant,  or  observant.  1814 
SOUTHEY  Roderick  xi,  The  heroic  Prince  (who  passing  now 
..the  dangerous  track,  Turns  thither  his  regardant  eye). 
1834  —  Doctor  (1848)  i/i  The  look  which  accompanied  the 
words  was  rather  cogitative  than  regardant. 

t  b.  Full  of  regard  or  consideration.   Obs. 

1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Goiit.  Eng.  i.  Ivii.  (1739)  105  Towards 
his  Lay-Subjects  he  was  more  regardant  for  the  settling  of 
Laws,  and  executing  of  Justice. 

4.  ?  Looking  towards  each  other,  rare"1. 

1856  J.  C.  ROBINSON  Catal.  Sonlages  Collection  133  An 
unfinished  relievo  of  two  regardant  portraits  of  a  lady  and 
gentleman  exists  at  the  back  of  the  slab. 

B.J£.  fl-  A  beholder,  spectator.  Obs.  (So  also 
F.  regardant?} 

1596  Z.  J.  tr.  Lavardirfs  Hist,  Scanderbeg  8  An  incredible 
kind  of  care  intermingled  with  griefe  did  assaile  the  hearts 
of  the  regardants.  1602  MUNDAY  Palmer  in  of  Eng.  xii,  To 
the  no  small  pleasure  of  the  Emperor  and  his  nobility  as 
also  the  regardants. 

2.  A  villein  regardant,  a  serf.  ?  Obs. 

1795  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  iv.  Wks.  IX.  72  The  Helots  of 
Laconia,  the  Regardants  to  the  Manor  in  Russia  and  in 
Poland,  even  the  Negroes  in  the  West  Indies,  know  nothing 
of. .  so  penetrating,  so  heart-breaking  a  slavery. 

Regarder  (rfgfrjdai).  Also  6  -or.  [f.  RE 
GARD  v.  +  -ER  l,  in  early  use  after  AF.  regardourt 
med.  L.  reg(u)ardor  and  regardator^ 

1.  An  officer  charged  with  the  supervision  of  a 
forest.  Now  only  local  and  Hist. 

[1217  (see  REGARD  sb.  3).  ?  1278  in  Stat.  Realm  (1810)  I. 
244/2  Licitum  ^est  ei..habere.  .tot  porcos  quot  boscus  per 
visum  forestariorum  £  viridariorum  Regardatorum  agis- 
tatorum  &  aliorum  proborum  hominum  possit  pati  [etc.], 
1312  Rolls  of  Par  It.  I.  283/1  Que  les  Forestiers.  .presentent 
meismes  les  trespas  as  precheins  Swanimotz  devaunt  Fores- 
tiers,  Verdiers,  Regardours,  Agistours,  &  autres  Ministres 
de  meismes  les  Forestes.] 


REGARDLESS. 

1502  ARNOLDE  Chron.  (1811)  210  Noo  forestir..make  any 
gaderyng,  but  be  the  sight  and  othe  of  xij.  regarders 
whan  they  make  regard.  1523  FITZHERB.  Surv.  28  b,  The 
kepars,  regarders,  goysters,  and  other  offycers  of  suche 
forest  and  chases.  1594  CROMPTON  Jnrisd.  169  If  a  man 
be  indited  of  Trespasse  done  in  the  forrest  before  verdors, 
regardors,  ngistors,  and  other  Ministers  of  the  Forrest  [etc.]. 
1615  MANWOOD  Laiucs  Forest  (ed.  2)  xxi.  §  3.  193!),  It 
seemeth  that  at  that  time  [Hen.  II]  no  man  was  called  to 
the  place  of  a  Regarder  but  he  that  was  a  Knight.  1667-8 
Act  iq  if  20  Chas.  //,  c.  8  §  5  New  Elections  shall  be  made 
..of  all  Verderors,  Reguarders  and  other  Officers  of  and  for 
the  Governing  of  the  said  Forrest  [of  Dean].  \iqfrSporting 
Alag.  VIII.  164  Mr.  Renshaw,  one  of  the  regarders  of  the 
New  Forest.  1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVI.  175/1  The  verderers 
and  regarders  are  chosen  by  the  freeholders  of  Hampshire. 
//*/(/.  The  regarders.. attend  the  marking  of  all  trees  to  be 
felled,  value  the  timber  for  sale  [etc.].  1865  Morn.  Star 
13  Apr.,  The  Crown  has  neglected  to  appoint  a  warden, 
forester,  regarder,  and  verderer  of  the  said  [lipping]  forest. 
x8Sz  Spectator  18  Feb.  227/1  If  you  extinguish  the  re 
garder,  you  extinguish  with  it  the  regard, 

2.   One  who  or  that  which  regards;  fa  spectator. 

1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  Ixii.  [Ixv.]  209  Al  theyr  feats 
were  nobly  accomplysshed,  to  the  grete  pleasure  of  all  the 
lordes  and  ladyes  and  other  regarders.  i$42  RECORDE  Gr. 
Artcs  Pref.  a  ij  b,  Where  so  fewe  regarders  of  learnynge  are, 
howe  greately  they  are  to  bee  esttmed  that  dooth  fauour 
and  further  it.  1598  FLORIO,  Rigitardatore>.  -a  regarder. 
1630  LKNNARD  tr.  Chevrronfs  Wisd.  i.  Hii.  (1670)  190  Where 
thtre  is  neither  Judge  nor  Controller,  nor  regarder.  1682 
.SOUTHERNK  Loyal  Brother  \.  i,  Thou  kind  regarder  of  my 
Fame.  1804  COLLINS  Scripscrap  97  Old  Reynard  kept  a 
Larder,  Of  neighbours'  wants  a  kind  regarder. 

Regardful  (r/gaudful),  a.    [f.  REGARD^.] 

1.  Heedful,  attentive,  observant. 

a  1586  SIDNF.Y  Arcadia  n.  (1622)  103  The  sexe  of  woman- 
kinde..is  most  bound  to  haue  regardfull  eye  to  mens 
Judgements.  1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  vi.  i.  (1611)  251  For 
the  better  instruction  of  the  regardfull  reader.  1657  BAXTER 
Call  to  Unconverted  Wks.  (18461  168  You  will  hear  such  a 
message  with  more  awakened  regardful  hearts.  1715  Port 
Hind  i.  287  With  regardful  ear  "i'is  jusi(  O  goddess  !  I  thy 
dictates  hear.  1827  HOOD  M  ids.  Fairies  xlii,  The  dear  curl 
on  a  regardful  brow.  1849  RISKIS  Scv.  Lamps  v.  §  22.  158 
The  difference,  when  the  touches  are  rude  and  few,  between 
those  of  a  careless  and  those  uf  a  regardful  mind. 
b.  Const,  of,  "\to. 

1611  STEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  vn.  xxviii.  (1623)  369  A  great 
number.,  who  were  more  intentiue  and  regardfull  to  the 
Feast,  than  to  any  defence.  1653  GATAKKK  I'ind,  Annot. 
Jer.  14  They  ar  more  regardful  of  their  worldly  gain,  .then 
they  ar  of  a  good  conscience.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa 
(i8m  HI-  xlvi.  267  A  libertine  in  his  riper  years,  hardly 
regardful  of  appearances,  c  1850  NLAI.K  Hymns  East.  Ch. 
(1866)  109  Regardful  of  that  day.  1876  FARRAK  Marlb. 
Serin,  i.  7  A  life  regardful  of  duty  is  crowned  with  an 
object,  directed  by  a  purpose. 

2,  Respectful ;  indicative  of  regard  or  esteem. 
1607  Schol,  Disc,  agst,  Antichr.  i.  i.  27  The  very  name  it 

selfe  of  an  Idoll  ought  to  be  left,  and  euery  regardfull 
remembrance  of  him.  1651  JKR.  TAYLOR  Holy  Dying  iv. 
§  8  To  use  all. .persons  upon  whom  his  name  is  called.,  with 
a  regardful  and  separate  manner  of  usage.  1707  NORRIS 
Treat.  Humility  vi.  228  Much  more  should  we  his  poor 
petitioners  on  earth,  put  up  our  humble  supplications  to 
him  with  the  most  regardful  concern.  1821  SCOTT  Kenil-w. 
iii,  The  drawer  says— '  Coming,  friend ',  without  anymore 
reverence  or  regardful  addition.  1872  BlACKlB  LaysHighl. 
69  Was  it  a  lady  fair,  .to  whom  Her  lord,  with  proud,  re 
gardful  grief,  Upreared  this  stately  tomb? 

t  3.   Worthy  of  regard  or  attention.   Obs. 

1621  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Diatribx  219  Their  authority  in  the 
Church  is  so  awfull,  and  so  regardfull,  that  it  will  much 
preiudice  your  Negatiue  against  their  Affirmatiue.  1650 
GENTILIS  Considerations  89  Taking  away  honorable  and 
regardfull  subjects,  whose  valour  and  worth  are  the  Sanc 
tuary  to  which  wronged  subjects  flye. 

Rega-rdfully,^.  [f.prec.  +-LYS.]  Atten 
tively,  respectfully. 

1607  SHAKS.  Timott  iv.  iii.  81  Is  this  th'  Athenian  Minion, 
whom  the  world  Voic'd  so  regardfully?  1647  CLARENDON 
Hist.  Rcb.  vn.  §  144  He  thought  himself  not  regardfully 
enough  used.  1685  BAXTEK  1  \iraphr.  N.  T.  Mark  iv.  23 
Let  him.. see  that  he  hear  God's  word  regardfully.  1821 
Examiner  12/2  Fixing  public  attention  most  regardfully 
upon  the  loftiest  of  its  objects. 

So  Begfa-rdfalness. 

1571  GOLDINC  Calvin  on  Ps.  x.  4  The  beginning  of  wel- 
dooing  in  all  a  man's  whole  lyfe  is  regard fulnesse.  1611 
W.  SCLATER  Key  (1629)  112  That  reuerent  esteeme,  and 
regard  fulnesse  m  vsing,  as  is  due  to  such  ordinances,  a  1864 
J.  D.  BURNS  Memoir  $  Remains  (1869)  290  With  strong  and 
unwearied  regardfulness  for  me. 

Rega-rding,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  REGARD  v.  +  -ING  i.J 
The  action  of  the  vb. ;  f  distinction. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  157  b,  With  lytell  re- 
cardyng  of  our  duty.  16x1  COTGR.,  Regardentcnt,  a.. 
Fegarding.  c  1680  Roxb.  Ball.  (1891)  VII.  468  He  told  her 
that  he  would  marry  with  she,  for  he  was  a  Man  of  re 
garding.  188$  Athenxittn  10  Sept.  368/2  The  contem 
plative  regarding  of  modern  life. 

t  Rega-rdively,  ado.  Obs.  rare-1,  [irreg.f. 
REGARD  v.]  Attentively. 

1602  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xm.  Ixxviii.  324  Thy  vnderstand- 
ing  Minde.  .casts  and  conceiues  the  Sum :  And  all  th  afore 
said  Vnities,  regardiuely,  obserues. 

Regardless  (ngaudles),  a.     [f.  REGARD  j£.j 
1.   Heedless,  indifferent,  careless,  without  regard 
of.     f  Also  const,  at,  for,  to. 

1591  SPENSER  Muiopot.  384  He  likest  is  to  fall  into  mis- 
chaunce,  That  is  regardles  of  his  governaunce.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  in.  408  Regardless  of  the  Bliss  wherein  hee  sat. 
1725  MANDEVILLE  Ess*  Charity  in  Fab.  Bees,  etc.  I.  305  Re 
probate  parents  that  take  ill  courses  and  are  regardless  to 
(1723  ofj  their  children.  1743  BOLKELEY  &  CUMMINS  I'oy.  S. 


BEGABDLESSLY. 

Seas  Pref,  16  Indolent  and  regardless  for  the  Preservation 
of  the  People.  1756  TOLDERVY  Hist.  2  Orphans  IV.  153 
Would.. the  soldier  be  regardless  at  the  thundering  of 
cannon?  1784  Cow  PER  Task  n.  775  Regardless  of  her 
charge,  She  needs  herself  correction.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT 
Romola  xix,  A  man  who  had  been  openly  regardless  of 
religious  rites. 

b.  Without  const.     (Chiefly  in  attrib.  use.) 

i6joi  YARINGTON  Two  Lament.  Trag.  Fijb,  Grim  im 
perious  death,  Reguardlesse  instrument  of  cruell  fate,  c  169$ 
J.  MILLER  Descr.Neiv  \ '0^(1843)  7 The  most  part  ignorant 
and  conceited,  fickle  and  regardless.  1718  POPE  Iliad  xvr. 
659  What  thoughts,  regardless  chief!  thy  breast  employ? 
1784  COWPER  Task  v.  350  You  the  regardless  author  of  its 
woes.  1868  WHITTIER  Among  the  Hills  Prel.  78  Treading 
the  May-flowers  with  regardless  feet. 

2.  Unregarded,  slighted  ;  unworthy  of  regard. 

<ii59i  H.  SMITH  IV ks.  (1867)  I.  153  A  precious  head-tire, 
which  all  day  is  worn,.,  but  at  night  that  riches  is  laid  aside, 
and  the  head  muffled  with  some  regardless  tire.  1611  SPEED 
Thcat,  Gt.  Brit.  (1614)  107/2  From  a  princely  castle  [it]  is 
become  no  better  then  a  regardlesse  cottage.  1697  CON- 
GREVE  Mourn.  Bride  n.  ix,  Zara. .  Is  a  regardless  suppliant, 
now,  to  Osmyn.  1714  H.  GROVE  Spect.  No.  626  r  7  They 
dazzle  every  one  but  the  Possessor:  To  him  that  is  accus 
tomed  to  them  they  are  cheap  and  regardless  Things.  1853 
G.  JOHNSTON  Nat.  Hist.  E.  Bord.  I.  154  Producing  a  very 
pleasing  and  picturesque  effect  with  materials,  which, 
separately  viewed,  are  uf  a  mean  and  regardless  character. 

Rega-rdlessly,  adv.    [f.  prec. +-IIT  ».]    In 

a  regardless  manner. 

1601  WEEVER  Mirr.  Mart.  E  iij,  With  watrie  lockes  about 
her  shoulders  spred  Regardlessely.     1676  TOWERSON  Deca- 
logue  143  His  Name  [is] . .  not  either  slightly  or  regardlesly    ; 
to  be  mentioned.     1814  SOUTHKY  Roderick  xxi,  Time  was 
when  in  our  fathers'  ways  we  walk'd  Regardlessly  alike. 

Kega'rdlessness.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.] 
Heedlessness,  carelessness. 

1611  \V.  SCLATER  Key  (1629)  280  Regardlesnesse  of  choyse 
in  marriage.     1681  FLAVEL  M.cth.  Grace  Ep.  Ded.  14  Such 
is  the  supineness  and  inexcusable  regardlessness  of  most 
men.     a  1732  T.  BOSTON  Crook  in  Lot  (1805)  6r  With  a  holy 
contempt  and  regardlessnessof  the  hardships.   i8z3SouTHEY 
Pcnins.  War\,  422  It  was  ..shocking  to  humanity  to  behold    ' 
their  sufferings,  and  the  cruel  regardlessness  of  their  com-    j 
rades.     1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  105  This  exclusive    j 
love  of  freedom  and  regardlessness  of  everything  else. 

t  Rega'rdship.  Obs.  rare"1. 
Consideration,  carefulness. 

1494  FABYAS  Chroit.  vn.  644  This  Lewis  ..  wolde  goo 
more  lyker  a  yoman.  .than  lyke  aprynce:  y9  which  was  for 
no  regardshyp  nor  sparynge  of  good. 

Rega'rment,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  clothe  anew. 

1814  GARY  Dante,  Par.  xiv.  39  Our  shape,  regarmented 
with  glorious  weeds  Of  saintly  flesh. 

Hega'riiisli  (r£"-)»  zr.  [In  early  use  ad.  F.  re' 
garmss-)  rcgarnir\  later  f.  RE-  5  a  +  GARNISH  z'.] 
Irans.  To  garnish  afresh. 

1480  CAXTON  Oviefs  Met.  xiv,  viii,  Ulixes  dyde  do  repayre 
&  regarnysshe  hys  shyppes.  1611  COTGR.,  Rcgarnir^  to 
regarnish,  to  new  furnish,  a  1680  CHARNOCK  Attrih.  God 
(1834)  II.  382  Not  regarnishing  an  earthly,  but  providing  a 
richer  palace.  1901  CLIVE  HOLLAND  Mousinc  67  The  surface 
of  the  earth  regarnished  with  jewels  of  flowers. 

Rega'tlier,  v.    [RE-  5  a ;  cf.  RECOLLECT  v.^  2.] 

1.  a.  trans.  To  collect  or  bring  together  again. 
1589  GREENE  Menaphon  (Arb.)  66  At  length  regathering 

his  spirits.. he  strained  foorth  this  dittie.  1598  BARRET 
Theor.  IVarres  v.  i.  140  Having  regathered  his  disordered 
troupes.  1676  OTWAY  Don  Carlos  m.  i,  I'll  regather  yet 
my  strength.  1838-40  [see  the  vbl.  sb.  below].  1868  SILL, 
Poems,  Hermitage  xv.  As  the  image  of  God  Is  broken  and 
re-gathered  in  the  soul. 

refl.  1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warres  v.  ii.  144  Time  to 
regather  themselues  into  order  againe. 

1>.  intr.  To  meet  or  come  together  again. 

1855  [see  the  ppl.  a.  below].     1890  Pall  Mall  G.  16  Aug. 
7/1  When  the  House  of  Commons,  .regathered  yesterday 
afternoon. 

2.  trans.  To  gather  (a  garment)  again. 

1856  Miss  YOSGE  Daisy  Chain  xviii,   Margaret,  .was., 
re-gathering  a  poor  child's  frock.     1875  Plain  Needlework 
20  The  child  can  probably  sew  the  gathers  in. .instead  of 
having  to  regather  the  whole. 

Hence  Rega'thering  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1838  DE  QUINCEY  Lamb  Wks,  1858  IX.  112  The  regather- 
ing  and  restoration  of  the  total  word  from  its  scattered  parts. 
1840  POE  William  Wilson  Wks.  1864  I.  421  An  indistinct 
regathering  of  feeble  pleasures  and  phantasmagoric  pain. 
1855  LYNCH  Rivulet  xxxn.  i,  'Twas  hard  the  unbroken  dark 
to  bear,  But  harder  still  re-gathering  night. 

Regatta  (ngarta).  Also  7  regatto,  7-8  re- 
gate,  8  regata.  [It.  (Venetian)  regatta  (and  re- 
gata}  'a  strife  or  contention  or  struggling  for  the 
maistrie '  (Florio)  :  hence  also  F.  rtgatel\ 

1.  The  name  given  at  Venice  to  certain  boat-races 
held  on  the  Grand  Canal. 

1652  S.  S.  Secretaries  Studie  265  The  rarest  [show]  that 
ever  I  saw,  was  a  costly  and  ostentatious  triumph,  called  a 
RegattOi  presented  on  the  Grand-Canal.  1677  GovL  Venice 
315  Regales,  are  the  Courses  or  Combats  of  their  Boats 
upon  the  Grand  Canal  fora  Prize,  not  unlike  the  Carrousels. 
1754  DRUMMOND  Trow.  84  Though  I  stayed  in  this  city 
[Venice]  longer  than  I  could  have  wished,  I  was  extremely 
well  entertained  with  the  sight  of  a  regatta.  1866  HOWHLLS 
Venct.  Life  (1883)  II.  xvu.  65  The  picturesque  and  exciting 
pastime  of  the  regatta. 

2.  A  boat-  or  yacht-race,  or  (usually)  an  organ 
ized  series  of  such  races,  forming  a  more  or  loss 
prominent  sporting  and  social  event. 

The  first  English  regatta  was  held  on  the  Thames  on  tha 
23rd  of  June  1775;  see  the  Annual  Register  for  that  year, 
pp.  133  and  216. 


366 

1775  Public  Advertiser  24  May  2/2  The  Regatta  will  ke<  p 
at  home  many  of  our  Nobility  and  wealthy  Commoners. 
'775  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thrale  21  June,  I  am  glad  that 
you  are  to  be  at  the  regatta.  1775  Newcastle  Courant 
16  Sept.,  Monday,  the  keelmen,  the  great  watermen  on  this 
river,  were  much  engaged  in  a  Regatta.  1843  E-  FlTZ* 
GERALD  Lett.  (1889)  I.  117  Regattas  at  Lowestoft,  and  at 
Woodbridge.  1856  'STONEHENGE  '  Brit.  Rural  Sports  469/2 
Sailing  regattas  are  held  in  many  of  our  rivers  and  lakes, 
but  chiefly  at  Cowes,  Kingstown,  and  other  seaport  towns. 
1887  Miss  HRADDON  Like  fy  Unlike  xix,  He  took  her  to 
race-meetings,  and  cricket  grounds,  and  regattas. 

attrib.  1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  xxxix,  They  pene 
trated  toCowesfor  the  race-balls  and  regatta-gaieties  there. 
1887  J.  ASHBY-STF.RRY  Lazy  Minstrel  11892)  204  Regatta- 
time's  pleasant,  Thrice  pleasant  is  Henley  in  laughing  July  ! 

Hence  Bega'tting-  vbl.  sb.  (nonce-wtf.} 

1843  THACKERAY  7rwA.SVfe.-At.  x,  We  had  talked  of  hunting, 
racing,  regstting,  and  all  other  sports. 

Regau'ge,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  gauge 
anew.  Also  Re-gau'ffe  sb. 

1812  J.  SMYTH  Pract.  Customs  (1821)  413  Re-gauged 
Ullage  Contents.  [See  also  RE-  5  a.]  1891  Imperial  Tariff 
269  On  a  warrant  for  the  re-gauge  or  re-test  of  Wine.,  j  the 
officer  is  to  allow  the  regnuge  or  re-test  thereof. 

Regaute,  variant  of  REC.ALTY  Obs. 

Rege,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RAGE  sb.  and  v. 

t  Regea'l,  v.  Obs.~l  [ad.  L.  regelare  \  see 
RE-  2  d  and  GEAL  v.~\  infr.  To  thaw,  melt. 

a  1658  CLEVELAND  Gen.  Poems  (1677)  10,  I  feel  thou  art 
consenting  ripe  By  that  soft  gripe,  And  those  regealing 
Crystal  Spheres. 


Regency  (rrdgensi).  [ad.  med.L.  regentia 
(1418  in  Du  Cange),  or  f.  REGENT:  see  -ENCY. 
Cf.  F.  rfgence.] 

1.  The  position  or  office  of  ruler ;  exercise  of  rule 
or  authority ;  government,  dominion,  control. 

a.  on  the  part  of  persons.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 
c  1485  Digby  Myst.  (1882)  HI.  212  Heyll,  reytyus  rewlar  In 
bi  regensy  !  1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ii.  §  3  The  scepter 
of  Christs  regencie  euen  in  the  kingdom  of  heauen.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  128  She.. had  the  prerogatiue  of  the 
regencie  ouer  the  greatest  kingdome.  1651  N.  BACON  Disc. 
Gout.  Eng.  ii.  xxxiv.  (1739)  157  Custom  in  Government., 
made  her  Regency  at  last  taste  somewhat  stale  and  spiritless. 
ITU  FixfallllfSS.  in  lot/i  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App. 
V.  ii  4  Mankind  might  wish  to  be  under  the  regency  of  such 
a  monarch.  1760-73  H.  BROOKE  Foot  of  Qnal.  (1809)  III. 
116,  I  had  made  a  vow.  .to  forsake  her  and  the  country  the 
very  day  after  her  regency  [as  Queen  of  the  May]. 

tx  transf.  oryf^.  of  things. 

1635  VALENTINE  Fours  Sea-Serin.  24  This  Planet  hath  a 
regencie,  and  dominion  over  moist  bodies.  1681  FLAVEL 
Met/i.  Grace  xxvii.  457  The  deposing  of  corruption  from  its 
regency  and  dominion  in  the  soul.  1840  Fraser's  Mag. 
XXII.  457  His  passions,.. spurning  the  regency  of  judg 
ment,  exercised.. undivided  sway.  1x1890  AUSTIN  PHELI-S 
My  Note-Book  (1891)  vii.  169  Conscience  claims  regency  in, 
everything  that  a  man  should  aim  to  do  or  to  be. 

2.  The  office  and  jurisdiction  of  a  regent  or  vice 
gerent;   government  by  a  regent   or   by  a   body 
exercising  similar  authority. 

1429-30  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  416/1  It  was  advised  and 
thoght.  that  as  toward  the  Regencie  of  France  occupied 
theire  by  my  Lorde  of  Bedford,  that  anoon..that  name  and 
Office  shuld  cesse.  c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  cxxxvn.  iii,  For 
constable  then  was  he  Of  Englande  hole  to  haue  the  regency. 
c  1600  DRAYTON  Miseries  Q.  Margaret  xxvi,  York  then, 
which  had  the  regency  in  France,  They  force  the  King 
ignobly  to  displace.  1660  R.  COKB/Vttwr  fy  SubJ.  101  How 
came  .,  Mary  de  Medici  wife  of  Henry  the  Fourth  ..  to 
manage  the  Regencie  of  France . .?  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
5.v.  Regent,  Some  have  urged  that  women  being  incapable 
of  succeeding  to  that  crown,  were  incapable  of  the  regency ; 
but  custom  has  declared  in  their  favour.  1791  BURKE  Corr. 
(1844)  III.  255  The  rebels  say  they  will  declare  a  regency  if 
the  king  refuses  to  accept,  1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xxxv, 
He  transferred  the  regency  which  he  had  so  foully  acquired, 
to  his  son  Murdoch.  1878  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  (1896)  III. 
xviii.  169  The  king's  illness  placed  the  queen  and  the  duke 
of  York  in  direct  rivalry  fur  the  regency. 


Regelate  (nd^-l^-t),^.  [f.RE-sa  +  ppl.  stem 
of  L.  gelare  to  freeze  :  perh.  after  Y.rege/er  (1461).] 
intr.  (and  rcfl.)  To  freeze  together  again. 

1860  TVSDALL  Glac.  H.  xxiv.  358  The  confused  fragments 
regelated  to  a  compact  continuous  mass.  1863  Sat.  Rev. 
i  Aug.  148  The  ice  fragments  round  him  had  regelated  so 
as  to  form  a  solid  case. 

Jig,  1874  RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  xliii.  158  It..  regelated  itself 
Into  a  somewhat  compact  essay  on  glaciers. 

Regelatioil  (r/dgel^-Jan).  [See  prec.  and 
GELATION.]  The  action  of  freezing  together  again  ; 
spec,  the  fusion  of  two  pieces  of  ice,  having  moist 
surfaces,  at  a  temperature  above  freezing-point. 

1857  TYNDALL  &  HIXLEY  in  Phil.  Trans.  CXLVII.  329 
On  the  Regelation  of  Ice,  and  its  application  to  Glacial 
Phenomena.  1871  B.  STEWART  Heat  §  100  Provided  the 
surfaces  be  smooth,  when  they  are  brought  into  the  slightest 
contact  regelation  ensues. 

attrib.  1897  Edin.  Rev.  July  45  The  viscous  and  rege 
lation  theories  only  account  for  the  moulding  of  the  glacier 
to  its  trough. 

Regement,  obs.  form  of  REGIMENT. 

t  Re'geiice.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  F.  rtgence  :  see 
next  and  -ENCE.]  =next, 

c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  LIX.  ii,  She  was  able,  by  wytte  and 
sapience,  The  realme  to  rule,  and  haue  therof  regence.  Ibid. 
LXII,  ii,  He  had.  .A  lyon.scb.ere  in  felde,  with  good  regence. 
1669  GALE  Crt.  Gtntiies  i.  n.  ii.  2  The  regence  or  presidence 
of  the  Moon..  over  the  Air.  1678  BUTLER  Hud.  in.  ii.  275 
Some  .  .  That  swore  lo  any  human  regence  Oaths  of  supre 
macy  and  allegiance. 


BEGENEB. 

1        b.  personified.   =  REGENT  sb.  2. 

1814  BYHON  Diary  iB  Feb.,  The  avowal  and  republication 
of  two  stanzas  on  Princess  Charlotte's  weeping  at  Regency's 
speech  to  Lauderdale  in  1812. 

3.  f  a.  The  governing  body  of  certain  (chiefly 
,    European)  towns  and  Mohammedan  states.  Obs, 

1706  Lontf,  Gaz,  No.  4239/1  Deputies  from  the  neighbour 
ing  Regencies  [in  Germany].  iy$8  Anton's  Voy.  in.  ix.  389 
When  these  prisoners  got  to  Canton,  the  Regency  sent  for 
them.  1769  Lloyd's  Ei-en,  Post  22-5  Sept.  295/1  The 
]  Regency  of  Venice  have  sent  orders  that  no  more  bodies 
shall  be  dug  out  of  the  ground.  1796  WASHINGTON  Lett. 
Writ.  1892  XIII.  240  The  purport  of  your  private  letter., 
(that  part  of  it  I  mean  which  relates  to  the  Frigate  for  the 
Regency  of  Algiers)  has  surprised  me  exceedingly. 

b.  A  body  of  men  appointed  to  carry  on  the 
'    government  during  the  absence,  minority,  or  in 
capacity  of  the  sovereign  or  hereditary  ruler ;   a 
Government  so  constituted. 

1721  BAILEY,  Regency^  the  Government  or  Governours  of 
a  Kingdom  during  the  Minority  or  absence  of  a  Prince. 
1750  H.  WALPOLE  Lett,  to  Mann  (1834)  II.  321  We  expect 
some  chagrin  on  the  new  Regency  at  the  head  of  which  is 
to  be  the  Duke.  1788  in  Dk.  Buckingham  Court  ty  Cabinets 
Geo.  Ill  (1859)  II-  *&  The  Opposition,  .are  exceedingly  em 
barrassed,  even  supposing  the  Regent,  or  Regency,  to  ven 
ture  on  the  change  of  Ministry.  1845  S.  AUSTIN  Kanke's 
Hist.  Rcf.  II.  45  It  made  no  difference  whether  the  States 
supported  the  Regency  or  not.  1852  HAWTHORNE  Stories 
fr.  Hist,  fy  Biog.  ix.  72  A  number  of.. statesmen,  who  were 
called  a  regency. 

fc.  A  council  or  meeting  of  the  members  of 
a  regency.  Obs.~l 

1748  H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  (1846)  II.  242  There  was  a  great 
Regency  kept  in  town. 

d.  Albany  regency,  a  group  of  politicians  who 
controlled  the  Democratic  party  in  the  state  of 
New  York  from  c  1820  to  1850. 

1888  A.  JOHNSTON  in  Winsor  Hist.  Amer.  VII.  v.  283  The 
methods  of  the  'Albany  Regency1,  whose  members,  .made 
it  their  rule  never  to  desert  a  party  friend  or  forgive  dis 
obedience  or  breach  of  party  discipline. 

4.  A  district  under  the  control  of  a  regent  or 
regency  (3  a). 

1667  MILTON  P.  L,  v.  748  Regions  they  pass'd,  the  mightie 
Regencies  of  Seraphim  and  Potentates  and  Thrones.  1780 
Ann.  Reg.  5  The  territory  appertaining  to  the  regency  of 
Burghausen.  18:7  RAFFLES  Hist.  Java  iii.  I.  142  The 
rice  fields  of  a  regency  are  divided  among  the  whole  of 
the  population.  18*38  Sparks'  Biogr.  IX.  Eaton  vii.  245 
The  Bashaw  gave  permission  to  the  American  agent  to  leave 
the  Regency. 

5.  The  period  during  which  a  regent  governs ; 
spec,  the  periods  in   French  and  English  history 
during  which  Philip,  Duke  of  Orleans  (1715-23), 
and  George,  Prince  of  Wales  (the  Prince  Regent, 
i8io-2o\  acted  as  regents. 

1717  BOYER  Diet.  Royal  I.  s.  v.  Reistre^  The  German 
Horse  that  came  into  France  during  the  Regency  of  Queen 
Catherine  of  Medicis.  1841  Ptnity  Cycl.  XIX.  358/2  It  was 
during  the  English  regency  that  the  power  of  Napoleon  was 
broken,  and  peace  was  restored  to  Europe.  1869  LECKV 
Europ.  Mor.  II.  v.  326  The  moral  tone  ..  was  ..  lower, 
probably,  than  in  France  under  the  Regency,  or  in  England 
under  the  Restoration. 

6.  The  office  or  function  of  a  university  regent. 
1639  in  Spalding  Trout'.  Chas.  /  (1850)  I.  233  nofe,  In  re- 

gaird  of  the  vacancie  of  the  place  of  regencie  of  the  thrid 
classe.   a  1670  SPALDING  Ibid.  (1851)  II.  74  Mr.  AlexrScrogie 


obliged  to  leave  that  College  after  he  has  completed  eighteen 
years  from  his  Regency  m  Arts.  1841  PEACOCK  Stat.  Cambr. 
ii  Every  master  of  arts,  .was  sworn  to  continue  his  regency 
for  five  years.  1895  RASHDALL  Univ.  Mid.  Ages  xii.  II. 
475  The  privilege  of  studying  Theology  after  Regency  in 
Arts. 

b.  (See  quot.)    rare~l.  [After  F.  regence.] 

1839  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  iv.  i.  §  5  The  Jesuits  write  and 
speak  Latin  well  . .  owing  to  their  keeping  regencies  (an 
usual  phrase  for  academical  exercises)  from  their  early  youth. 

7.  aft  rib.  and  Comb.,  as  regency  act,  bill,  cap,  post. 

1705-6  LUTTRELL  Brief ^ReL  (1875)  VI.  5  The  committee, 
to  whom  the  regency  bill  is  committed.  1743  H.  WALPOLE 
Let.  14  Apr.,  The  Earl  of  Bath  and  Mr.  Pelham,  neither 
of  them  in  regency-posts,  are  to  be  of  the  number.  1867 
C.  GREY  Early  Years  Prince  Consort  351  The  Regency 
Bill.,  will  to-day  be  read  for  a  third  time  in  the  House  of 
Lords.  1887  LECKY  Eng.  in  i8t/t  C.  V.  145  Whig  ladies 
appeared  in  society  with  caps  that  were  known  as  '  regency 
caps '  and  with  ribands  indicating  their  politics, 

Kegend,  obs.  variant  of  REGENT. 

t  Rege'nder,  v.  Obs.  [f.  RE- 5 a  + GENDERS, 
after  L.  regentrare;  see  next.]  trans.  To  beget 
again ;  to  make  or  create  afresh  ;  to  form  anew. 
(Cf.  RE-ENGENDER.)  Hence  Rege-ndered///.  a.t 
Rege*ndering  vbl.  sb.  and  ppl.  a. 

^1400  Laufrancs  Cirurg.  38  If  bat  a  leche  wolde  bUie 
him..toregendre  fleisch  in  a  wounde.  Ibid.  211  Mundifi- 
catiuis.  .wil>  regendring  \>\\\<g&  &  drijng  bingis.  1532  MORE 
Confut.  Timiale  Wks.  431/1  Enabling  the  new  regendred 
creature  to  inheritaunce  of  heauen.  1533  —  Apol.  54  ^The 
regendrynge  of  the  soule  by  fayth.  1582  STANYHURST  Sk.  neis 
ii.  (Arb.)  59  With  toonge  three  forcked  furth  spirts  fyre 
freshlye  regendred.  1597  LowECA/rwr^.  H.  i.  (1634)  39  The 
continuall  inspiration,  .for  their  refreshing,  as  also  for  the 
regendring  of  the  spirit  Animall. 

tRege'ueiv.  Obs.  [ad.OF.«spm«w(Mthc.! 

mod.F.  rfyjntrer)  or  L.  regenerate :  see  RE-  and 


REGENERACY. 

c  1400  Lanfranc^s  Cirurg.  38  Aftirward  we  schulen  dense 
J>e  quytture,  &  aftir  fc>at  regenere  fleisch.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE 
Law  Anns  (S.  T.  S.)  295  With  haly  unctioune  annoyntit, 
and  regenerit  be  new  generacioune.  <  1500  Melusine  140 
The  feyth  of  Jeshu  Cryste,  of  the  whiche  he  vs  alle  hath 
regenered  and  saued. 

Regeneracy  (r/d^e-nerasi).  [f.  REGENEK-ATE 
///.  a.  +  -ACY.]  The  state  of  being  regenerate. 

1626  HUIT  (title)  Anatomy  of  Conscience  ;  or,  the  Sum  of 
Paul's  Regeneracy.  a  1660  HAMMOND  Serin.  Wks.  1683  IV. 
686  Though  Saul  were.. called  from  the  depth  of  sin  to  re 
generacy  and  salvation.  1755  AMORY  Mem.  (1769)  I.  105  A 
religion  of  regeneracy  and  holy  spiritual  life.  1853  I--VNCH 
Onward  in  Lett,  to  Scattered  340  The  things  they  have 
just  left  behind,  which  in  their  first  regeneracy  are  like 
those  '  ileshpots  of  Egypt '. 

Rege'nerant,  a.  rare  -1.  [See  next  and  -ANT.] 
Regenerating. 

1855  BAILEY  Spir.  Leg.  in  Mystic^  etc.  (ed.  2)  66  Of  talis- 
manic  and  regenerant  force. 

Regenerate  (r/d^e-neVt),///.  a.  and  sb.  [ad. 
L.  rcgemrat-us,  pa.  pple.  of  regenerare  :  see  next.] 
A.  ///.  a.  fl.  Re-born;  brought  again  into  exist 
ence  ;  formed  anew.  Obs. 

1471  RIPLEY  Comp.  Alch.  v.  viii.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  150 
Guydo..seyth  by  rottyng  dycth  the  compound  corporal!, 
And  then  ..  Uprysyth  agayne  Regenerat,  Sympill,  and 
Spyrytuall.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  II,  \.  iii.  70  The  earthy 
author  of  my  blood,  Whose  youthfull  spirit  in  me  regenerate, 
Doth  with  a  two-fold  rigor  lift  mee  vp.  1593  G.  HARVEY 
Pierre's  Super.  58  A  canker. .  neuer  perfectly  healeth,  vnlesse 
the  rootes  and  all  be  vtterly  extirped  ;  and  the  fleshe  regene 
rate.  1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  794  For  our 
flesh  shalbe  regenerate  by  incorruptiun,  as  our  soule  is  by 
faith. 

2.  In  religious  use  :  Spiritually  re-born. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  221  b,  Excepte  a  man  be 
regenerate  &  borne  agayne  of  water  &  the  holy  goost.  1561 
T.  NORTON  Catviris  Inst.  11.  84  Which  excuse  belongeth 
only  to  the  regenerate,  which  do  with  the  chief  part  of  their 
soule  tend  vnto  good.  1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  n.  xxv.  §  20 
By  the  Holy  Ghost  are  the  elect  regenerate  in  spirit.  1667 
MILTON  /'.  L.  xi.  5  Grace.. had  remov'd  The  ston'ie  from 
thir  hearts,  and  made  new  flesh  Regenerate  grow  instead. 
1746  HERVEY  Medit.  (1818)  03  An  innumerable  race  of  re 
generate  children.  1873  MANNING  Mission  H.  Ghost  ii.  35 
We  are  born  again,  we  are  regenerate,  we  are  sons  of  God. 
1883  J.  W.  REYNOLDS  Supcrnat.  in  Nature  24  The  remark 
able  betterment  which  is  wrought  in  those  who  are  called 
'  regenerate '. 

b.  Restored  to  a  better  state,  reformed. 

1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  \.  viii.  (1739)  16  It  had 
been  a  wonder  if  Episcopacy,  .should  by  transplanting  be 
come  regenerate  into  their  original  condition  of  meekness 
and  humility.  1860  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  V.  459  Organs  still 
pealed  through  the  aisles  in  notes  unsuited  to  a  regenerate 
worship. 

c.  Of  nations  :   Restored  or  raised  again  from 
a  sunk  or  base  condition. 

1811  SCOTT  Don  Roderick  in.  xiv,  O  who  shall  grudge 
him  Albuera's  bays,  Who  brought  a  race  regenerate  to  the 
field.  1865  FREEMAN  Hist.  Ess.  Ser.  i.  (1871)  vi.  130  The 
righteous  and  generous  sympathy  which  we  all  feel  towards 
regenerate  Italy. 

t  3.  Degenerate,  renegade.  Obs.  rare. 

1596  Edward  III,  i.  i,  Regenerate  traitor,  viper  to  the 
place   Where   thou  wast   foster'd.     1607  TOPSELL  Foitr-f, 
Beasts  (1658)  360  So  forth  went  this  regenerate  English 
Moor,  more  like  a  mad  man  then  an  advised  champion,  to 
kill  this  lion. 

t  B.  sb.  A  regenerate  person.  Obs. 
a  1569  KiNGESMYLLCww/:  Afflict.  (1585)  C  vij,  The  blessed 
posteritie  of  the  blessed  Abraham,  and  true  regenerates  of 
God  by  our  Saviour  Christ.  1652  Bp.  HALL  Invis.  World 
in.  §  5  Casting  undue  fears  into  the  tender  hearts  of  weak 
regenerates. 

Regenerate  (r&ge*n£r*lt)I  v.  [ad.  ppl.  stem 
of  L.  regenerare :  see  RE-  and  GENERATE  v.t  and 
cf.  F.  rfghifrer  (nth  c.).] 

1.  trans.  In  religious  use  :  To  cause  to  be  born 
again  in  a  spiritual  sense;   to  invest  with  a  new 
and  higher  spiritual  nature.    Also  refl. 

a  1557  MRS.  M.  BASSET  tr.  More's  Treat.  Passion  M.'s 
Wks.  1378/2  These  I  meane  whom  he  hath  by  his  whole 
some  sacramentes  &  faith  regenerated  &  renewed.  1587 
GOLUING  De  Mornay  xxxi.  (1617)  503  But  yet  hath  he 
circumcised  our  hearts  by  regenerating  vs.  1679  PENN 
Addr.  Prot.  n.  112  The  Family  of  the  Faithful,  regenerated 
and  redeemed  from  the  Earth.  1740  WATERLAND  Regenera 
tion  Wks.  1823  VI.  352  No  man  regenerates  himself  at  all. 
i788GiBBON*Z>cc/.  «$•/*.  Iviii.  VI.  267  She  was  regenerated  and 
crowned  in  St  Sophia,  under  the  more  orthodox  appellation 
of  Anne.  1850  ROBERTSON  Serm.  Ser.  in.  iv.  {1872]  48  Man 
need  not  be  regenerated  in  order  to  possess  the  power  of 
reasoning.  1885  FINLAYSON  Biol.  Relig.  86  Perhapshe  thinks 
that  infants  dying  in  infancy  are  regenerated  in  the  article 
of  death. 

b.  To  reform  completely ;  to  effect  a  thorough 
moral  change  in  (a  person  or  state  of  things,  etc.). 

1849  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  III.  xiv.  §  45. 179  Your  brothers 
. .  desire  to  be  regenerated,  and  to  become  men.      1863  W. 
PHILLIPS  Speeches  iii.  54  The  church  has  to  be  regenerated. 
1891  Spectator  23  May,  Where  the  West  rules  Mussulmans, 
it '  regenerates  '  their  social  system. 

O.  To  convert  into  something  better,   rare. 

1850  W.  COLLINS  Antonina  iv,  Pagan  images  regenerated 
into  portraits  of  saints. 

2.  Path.  To  reproduce,  form  afresh  (some  part 
of  the  body).     Chiefly  in  pass. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gitillemeait>&  Fr.  Chirurg.   33/2  Round 
aboute  the  vlceration  is  regenerated  a  tender  and  viscouse 
flesh.     1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Psend.  Ep.  127  That  the  limbs 
of  Hyppolitus  were  set  together,  not  regenerated  by  ./Escula- 
pius,  is  the  utmost  assertion  of  Poetry.     1678  CUDWORTH 


367 

Intcll.  Syst.  i.  Hi.  167  Which  regenerates  and  repairs  Veins 
consumed  or  cut  off.  1784  M.  BAILLIE  Wks,  (1825)  I.  193, 
I  found  many  old  scars  where  the  Rete  Mucosum  was  re 
generated.  1813  J.  THOMSON  Lect.  Injlam.  471  The  dark- 
coloured  fungous  mass  ..  on  being  removed  is  quickly  re 
generated.  1897  Trans.  A  mcr.  Pediatric  Soc.  IX.  89  The 
exsected  rib  had  been  regenerated. 

3.  To   reproduce,   re-create  ;   to  form   or   bring 
into  existence  again. 

1608  TOPSELL  Serpents  (1658)  728  Out  of  the  ashes  of  a 
Toad  burnt,  not  only  one,  but  many  Toads  have  been 
regenerated  the  year  following.  1712  BLACKMORE  Creation 
n.  (ed.  2)  65  [The  sun]  Through  all  the  Soil  a  genial  Ferment 
spreads,  Regenerates  the  Plants.  1731  Paaxs-mwr  Aliments 
iv.  ii.  §  39  (1735)  109  The  Salts,  of  which  the  Acid  was  com- 
pos'd,  will  be  regenerated.  1816  J.  SCOTT  I'is.  Part's  (ed.  5) 
284  The  soil  in  which  nitre  is  produced  or  regenerated, 
b.  With  immaterial  object. 

1612  DAVIFS  Why  Ireland,  etc.  (1787)  156  Yet  could  not 
the  King's  grace  regenerate  obedience  in  that  degenerate 
house.  1790  BURKE  /•>.  Rev.  29  In  both  ca*es  they  re 
generated  the  deficient  part  of  the  old  constitution  through 
the  parts  which  were  not  impaired.  1837  HT.  MAUTINEAU 
Soc.  Ainer.  III.  185  The  great  point  to  "be  gained  with  the 
criminal  is  to  regenerate  self-respect.  1869  CLAKIDGE  Cold 
Water-cure  77  Mankind  may  still  turn  back,  and  regenerate 
health. 

4.  To  reconstitute  on  a  higher  plane  ;  to  place 
on  a  new  basis.    Also  re/?. 

1789  COXE  Tra-u.  Switz.  (1801)  I.  Introd.  39  To  regenerate 
Switzerland  is  not  to  disturb  it.  1791  PAINE  Rights  of  Man 
(ed.  4)  58  The  country  lias  never  yet  regenerated  itself  and 
is  therefore  without  a  constitution.  1864  RAINI:  Priory  of 
Hexham  (Surtees)  I.  Pref.  i.  63  When  his  nephew  Thomas  1  1 
wished  to  regenerate  Hexham,  1891  Pall  Mail  G.  5  May 
2/1  Is  capital  required  to  'regenerate1,  as  you  term  it,  the 
non-paying  mines'/ 

5.  intr,  a.  To  form  again.     Chiefly  Path. 

1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydori's  Quest.  Chirurg.  Cj,  I  saye 
fyrste  that  all  sanguyne  membres  may  regenerate  and  knyt 
by  very  regeneracion  and  consolidacion.  1691  RAY  Creation 
i.  (1692)  89  Metals  and  Minerals.  .shoot,  ferment,  and  as  it 
were  vegetate  and  regenerate,  1755  BKADV  in  /'////.  Trans. 
XLIX.  249  We  have  not  tried,  if  it  does  not  regenerate,  when 
cut,  like  polypes.  1822  GOOD  Study  Med.  I.  464  When 
extracted  imperfectly  it  la  polypus]  is  very  apt  to  regenerate, 
1899  AlUmtfs  Syst.  Med.  VII.  79  Before  regenerating  they 
must  be  destroyed. 

b.  To  reform,  become  regenerate. 

1786  tr.  Swedenhorg  s  Chr.  Relig.  510  The  fellowship  or 
communion  called  the  church  .  .  gains  admission  into  every 
one  when  he  is  regenerating.  1835  I.  TAYLOR  ^"//r.  Despot. 
in*  105  No  corporation  regenerates  by  spontaneous  energy  : 
it  must  be  brought  back  to  duty..  by  a  hand  from  without, 

Regenerated  (i/daje-ngr^ted),///.  «.    [f.  prec. 

+  -ED*.]     Re-born,  re-formed,  etc. 

1594  T.  B.  La,  Primand.  Fr.  Acad.  11.  203  Hee  .  ,  loueth 
them  also  as  regenerated  and  newe  creatures  in  lesus 
Christ  his  Sonne.  1758  REID  tr.  Macquers  Chym.  I.  125 
The  other  name,  Regenerated  Tartar,  which  is  also  given  it. 
1.776  CBUIKSHANK  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXV.  182,  1  supposed 
the  regenerated  nerves  might  now  be  performing  their 
offices.  1806  R.  FELLOW  i£S  tr.  Miltotis  -2nd  Defence  228 
At  present  he  makes  his  appearance  as  a  regenerated  book 
seller  at  the  Hague.  1839  AIuRcmsONiSY/ttr.  Syst.  i.  xxxviii. 
526  Moulds  of  regenerated  red  Sandstone.  1877  FKOUDE 
Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  i.  x.  109  His  personal  religion  was  not 
the  religion  of  a  regenerated  heart. 

Rege-nerateness.    rare-0. 
generation.     173*  in  BAILEY  vol.  II. 

Regenerating  ( 
That  regenerates. 

1681  FLAVEL  Meth.  Grace  xxxi.  532  The  principal  internal 
cause  of  spiritual  life  is  the  regenerating  spirit  of  Christ. 
1707  Curios,  in  Husb.  fy  Card.  339  We  may  conclude  them 
to  be  the  first  Principles  of  the  regenerating  Plant.  1776 
Phil.  Trans.  LXXXV.  183  The  regenerating  nerve..  con 
verting  the  whole  of  the  surrounding  extravasated  blood  into 
its  own  substance.  1836-9  TODD  Cycl.  Anat.  II.  45/2  The 
star-fish  affords  an  example  of  great  regenerating  power. 
1861  GOLDW.  SMITH  Lect.  Mod.  Hist.  i.  22  Men,  who.. 
have  left  a  great  and  regenerating  example  to  mankind. 

b.  techn.  =  REGENERATIVE  2. 

1841  GROVE  Corr,  Pliys.  Forces  (1874)  65  Under  the  term 
'regenerating-engine  '  various  ingenious  combinations  have 
lately  been  suggested.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet,  Mech.  1911/2 
Regenerating  furnace. 


[-NESS.]       Re 
,///.^  [-INGS.] 


Regeneration  (rrd.^ener^-Jan).  Also  4-6 
-acion,  etc.  [ad.  L.  regeneration-em  >  n.  of  action 
f.  regenerare  to  REGENERATE  :  see  -ATION.  Cf.  F. 
rtgtntration  (i2th  c.).] 

1.  The  action  of  regenerating;  the  process  or  fact 
of  being  regenerated  ;  re-creation,  re-formation,  etc. 

13..  Propr.  Sonet.  (Vernon  MS.)  in  Archiv  neu.  Spr. 
LXXXI.  103/49  I"  be  Regeneracion  good  Of  alle  men  to 
flesch  and  blood.  1382  WYCLIF  Matt.  xix.  28  In  regenera- 
cioun,  or  gendrynge  a}ein,  whenne  inannes  sone  shall  sitte 
in  the  sete  of  his  mageste.  1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst. 
i.  24  After  the  generall  flood,  there  was  as  it  were  a  new 
regeneration  of  the  world.  1694  SALMON  Bates  Dispens. 
(1713)  317/1  This  is  made  a  Regeneration  of  Nitre.  1707 
Curios,  in  Hnsb.  fy  Card.  324  The  Miracle  of  the  Re 
generation,  or  even  of  the  Resurrection  of  Plants  from  their 
Ashes.  1785  WILKINS  tr.  Bhagvat  vi.  50  But  such  a  re 
generation  into  this  life  is  the  most  difficult  to  attain.  1860 
WAKTER  Sea-board  II.  206  The  throes  the  grave  has  to 
undergo  before  the  regeneration  in  the  resurrection.  1882-3 
SCHAFF  Encycl.  Relig.  Knowl.  II.  1690/2  [The  olive-tree 
has]  almost  inexhaustible  power  of  regeneration. 

b.  fig.  Revival;   renascence,  re-constitution  on 
a  higher  level. 

1617  HAKEWILL  Af<oL  (1630)  255  Together  with  the  re 
generation  of  other  kindes  of  learning  Poetrie  likewise  grew 
in  request.  1792  A.  YOUNG  Trav.  France  119  What  they 


RE  GENERATRESS. 

call  the  regeneration  of  the  kingdom,  a  favourite  term,  to 
which  they  affix  no  precise  idea.  1835  LYTTON  Rienzi  i. 
viii,  All  great  regenerations  are  the  universal  movement  of 
the  mass.  1847  MRS.  A.  KERR  tr.  Rankers  Hist.  Serbia 
217  The  military  regeneration  of  the  Turkish  Kmpire. 

2.  In  religious  use  :  The  process  or  fact  of  being 
born  again  in  a  spiritual  sense ;  the  state  resulting 
from  this. 

£1420  LVDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  2101  That  we  may  haue 
a  place,  Accordyng  to  oure  regeneracion,  With  heuynly 
spyrytes.  1513  BRADSHAW  St.  tt'erburge  i.  2936  By  the 
seconde  byrthe..At  fonte  of  baptym  we  haue  regeneracyuii. 
1597  HUOKKR  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  1.  §  i  They  haue  the  seede  uf 
their  regeneration  by  the  ministerie  of  the  Church.  1607 
ROWLANDS  Guy  ll'anv.  72  Nature's  corruption  I  tio  strut- 
to  leave,  A  new  regeneration  to  receive.  1701  NORKIS  Iiiial 
World  \.  v.  284  Considering  that  our  Regeneration  implies 
only  the  restoration  of  our  nature,  a  1805  I'.U.KY  Scrm.  \\\. 
(1810)  116,  I  am  not  unwilling  to  admit .  .that,  when  this 
Spirit  is  given,  there  is  a  new  birth,  a  regeneration.  1883 
FROUDE  Short  Stud.  IV.  HI.  263  Spiritual  reqehorati.  :i 
begins  naturally  among  the  poor  and  the  humble. 
b.  (See  quot.) 

App.  based  on  a  wrong  punctuation  of  Matt.  xix.  28. 

1651  HOIJHES  Leviath.  in.  xlii,  263  And  therefore  it  is, 
that  the  time  of  his  preaching  is  often  by  himself  called 
the  Regeneration. 

3.  Path.   The  formation  of  new  animal  tissue; 
the  reproduction  of  lost  parts  or  organs. 

1541  K.  COPLAND  Guydons  Quest.  Chirurg.  B  ivb,  In  as- 
moche  as  they  haue.  .regeneracyon  as  the  membres,  they  lie 
called  membres.  l6iaWoODALL  Surg.  Mate  Wks.  (1653)  89 
The  medicaments  incarnative,  or  for  regeneration  of  the 
flesh.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  127  Spermaticall 
parts.. will  not  admit  a  Regeneration.  1776  CRUIKSHANK 
in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXV.  183  The  regeneration  of  the 
nerves  which  took  place  in  the  first  dog.  1836-9  TOUD 
Cycl.  Anat.  II.  45/2  We  arc  not  aware  that  the  process  of 
regeneration  in  these  animals  has  been  carefully  traced. 
1872  HUXLEY  Physiol.  i.  18  The  local  death  of  some  tissues 
is  followed  by  their  regeneration. 

Regenerative  (rAl^e-ncivtiv),  a.  (and  j£.)- 
[ad.  F.  r£g$n£rctfift  -ivc  (i4th  c.),  or  med.L.  re~ 
generations  :  see  REGENERATE  v.  and  -IVE.] 

1.  Tending  to  or  characterized  by  regeneration. 
(Common  in  recent  use  in  fig.  senses.) 

c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg.  38  If  bat  a  leche  wolde  besie 
him  wijj  a  medicyn  regeneratijf  to  re^cndre  flei.sch  in  a 
wounde.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  257  The  stren^hte 
regeneratiue  jiffen  to  waters.  1624  F.  WHITE  Rep/.  Fisher 
428  To  alter  the  property  of  naturall  water,  and  to  giue 
regeneratiue  force  and  vertue  to  it.  171652  BROME  City 
li'it  \.  i,  1  pray  you  what  is  Lady  Luxury':1  a  woman 
regenerative?  1839-52  BAILEY  l''estus  545  Idolatry  Wor 
shipped  God  meanly,..  Not  as  man's  gieat  Regenerative 
Lord.  1871  BLACKIE  Four  Phases  i.  26  The  great  re 
generative  work  which  he  undertook. 

tb.  j/>.  An  application  to  regenerate  flesh.  Oh.~~l 

c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg.  38  pe  quytture  sclial  be  clensid 
or  bou  leie  ony  regeneratijf  to  holow;  woundis. 

2.  fifeck.  Constructed  on,  or  employing  the  prin 
ciple  of  the  REGENERATOR  (sense  2). 

1861  FAIRBAIRN  Iron  66  The  prospective  advantages  of 
these  regenerative  stoves  are  greater  economy.. and  the 
higher  temperature  attainable  by  the  blast.  1864  PERCY 
Metallurgy,  Iron  fy  Steel  428  Mr.  Siemens,  the  inventor 
of  the  so-called  regenerative  furnaces.  1890  Athen&mn 
19  July  101/1  The  application  of  the  regenerative  system  to 
the  firing  of  gas  retorts. 

Hence  Rege'neratively  adv. 

1882  in  OGILVIE.  1892  WHITNEY  Max  M  filler  64  Some 
changes  result  more  regeneratively  than  others. 


Regenerator  (r/dge'nertf'tw).  [f.  REGENE 
RATE  v.  +  -OB.  Cf.  F.  rfgtntrateur  (i4th  c.).] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  regenerates. 

1740  \VA.-n?.RL\XQ  Regeneration  Wks,  1823  VI,  352  He  is  not 
his  own  regenerator,  or  parent,  at  all,  in  his  new  birth.  1844 
Mem.  Babylonian  P*cess  II.  205  She  expected  a  regenerator 
of  the  world,  or  second  Messias.  1861  MAY  Const.  Hist. 
viii.  (1863)  II.  10  He  at  once  became  the  regenerator  and 
leader  of  the  Tory  party. 

2.  J\Iech.  A  fuel-saving  device  attached  to  a  fur 
nace,  consisting  of  layers  of  fire-brick  which,  be 
coming  heated  by  the  hot  air  and  gases  from  the 
furnace,  impart  the  heat  to  an  incoming  current  of 
cold  air  or  combustible  gas  acting  alternately  with 
the  outgoing  current.     Also  attrib. 

1835  J.  MALAM  in  Lend.  Jrnl.  Arts  #  Sc.  (1836)  VIII.  144 
A  front  elevation  of  three  retorts,  with  their  '  regenerators  ' 
and  conducting  pipes.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  .5- 
Mining  335  Using  the  Siemens  producer  and  regenerators 
if  necessary.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  748/2  Regene 
rator  Furnace.  1897  Daily  News  22  Sept.  6/7  The  Re 
generator  system  of  gas  burning. 

b.  transf.  in  Elcctr.  (See  quot.) 

1873  MAXWELL  Electr.  fy  Magn.  (1881)  I.  299  This  con 
ductor,  by  which  the  carrier  is  enabled  to  be  connected  to 
earth  without  a  spark,  answers  to  the  contrivance  called  a 
Regenerator  in  heat-engines.  We  shall  therefore  call  it  a 
Regenerator. 

Regeneratory  (r/tl^e'neratsri),  a.  [f,  as  RE 
GENERATE  vt  +  -OKY  2.]  Of  the  nature  of  regenera 
tion  ;  regenerative. 

1803  G.  S.  FABER  Cabiri  II.  351  Mr.  Maurice  Imagines, 
that  these  regeneratory  sacrifices  shewed  the  deep  and 
unanimous  conviction  of  the  pagan  world,  that  man  had 
fallen.  1831  W.  H.  MILL  Christa  Sangitd  Pref.  17  Those 
proselytes  who  by  a  regeneratory  initiation  were  introduced 
to  all  the  privileges  of  Abraham's  children. 

Rege-ueratress.   rare-1.    [-ESS:  cf.  next.] 
A  female  regenerator. 
1894  Dublin  Rev.  Oct.  307  The  regeneratress  of  France 


REGENERATRIX. 

Rege'ueratrix.  [See  REGEN  EBATOR  and 
GENERATRIX.]  A  female  regenerator. 

1871  M.  COLLINS  Mrq.  <y  Merck.  II.  v.  125  Miss  Pinnoclc 
regarded  herself  as  fit  to  be  the  regeneratrix  of  the  world. 
1890  Pall  Mall  G.  8  Nov.  2/1  Ireland. .should. .aim  at  be 
coming  a  great  spiritual  force,  and  the  regeneratrix,  in  the 
religious  sense,  of  the  British  Empire. 

Re  ge'liesis.  [RE-  5  a.]  The  state,  fact,  or 
process,  of  reproducing  or  being  reproduced. 

1831  CARLYLE  Sart.  Res.  i.  v,  Not  Mankind  only,  but  all 
that  Mankind  does  or  beholds,  is  in  continual  growth, 
re-genesis  and  self-perfecting  vitality.  1858  SPENCER _£ss. 
I.  19  In  Christian  art  we  may  trace  a  parallel  re-genesis. 

Regent  (rrdgent),  sb.     [Subst.  use  of  next.] 

1.  a.  That  which  rules,  governs,  or  has  supre 
macy;  a  ruling  power  or  principle.     Now  rare. 

ci4«  HOCCLEVE  De  Reg.  Princ.  3827  Whan  resoun  is 
regent  Of  man,  ban  regnejj  no  delicacie.  1526  SKELTON 
Magnyf.  38  Lyberte  may  somtyme  be  to  large,  But  yf  reason 
be  regent  and  ruler  of  your  barge.  1601  DOLMAN  La 
Primand.  Fr.  Acad.(i6i8)  III.  771  The  nioone .  .beeing  as 
the  regient  of  the  seas  and  waters.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vu. 
371  First  in  his  East  the  glorious  Lamp  was  seen,  Regent  of 
Day,  1762-9  FALCONER  Shipwr.  \.  554  Thou  moon,  fair 
regent  of  the  night !  1781  Cowt'ER  Retirement  724  Flowers 
by  that  name  promiscuously  we  call,  Hut  one,  the  rose,  the 
regent  of  them  all.  1805  FOSTKR  Ess.  iv.  v.  II.  197  If 
Christianity  ought  really,  .to  be  the  supreme  regent  of  all 
moral  feelings. 

b.  One  who  rules  or  governs  ;  a  ruler,  governor, 
director.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  ccl.  169  The  duchesse  hauyng 
full  power  of  hir  lord  as  Regent  and  lady  of  his  londes. 
1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  in.  iii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  252  Valerius  publi- 
cola  on  f?e  thrid  day  eftir  bat  he  was  made  regent,  was  chosin 
consul.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Pocsie  in.  xvi.  (Arb.)  188 
Klizabeth  regent  of  the  great  Brittaine  lie,  Honour  of  all 
regents  and  of  Queenes.  1649  MILTON  Eikon.  xviii.  Wks. 
1851  III.  471  As  farr  as  Reason,  Honour,  Conscience,  and 
the  Queen  who  was  his  Regent  in  all  these,  would  give  him 
leave.  1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  i.  in.  84  This  Pene- 
tentiary  has  a  Prelat  under  him,  that  is  call'd  the  Regent  of 
the  Penitentiary  office.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  H.  42  Assist  him, 
Jove  1  thou  regent  of  the  skies  !  1847  I^ONGF.  Ev.  I.  ii.  37 
Regent  of  flocks  was  he  when  the  shepherd  slept. 

2.  a.  One  who  is  invested  with  royal  authority  by, 
or  on  behalf  of,  another ;   esp.  one  appointed  to 
administer  a  kingdom  during  the  minority,  absence, 
or  incapacity  of  the  sovereign. 

1425  Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  277/1  [That  power  be  given  to]  my 
Lord  ye  Regent  of  France . .  to  recey  ve  and  take  ye  said  de 
bate  into  ye  Kyngs  hand,  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  5  b,  I  ..con- 
stytute  the[e]  Regent  and  gouernour  of  my  royaume.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  Sleidane'sConnn.  101  The  Lady  Mary,  .came  into 
Flaunders,  whom  the  Emperour  made  Regent  of  all  the 
base  countreis.  1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  J7/,  r.  i.  66  Cosin  of 
Yorke,  We  heere  discharge  your  Grace  from  being  Regent 
I'th  parts  of  France.  1610  WILLET  Daniel  211  Alexanders 
4.  captaines  were  at  the  first  regents  under  Alexander. 
a  1648  Lu.  HK.KUERT  Hen.  VIII  (1649)  193  When  Madame 
Louise  the  Regent  had  declared  [etc.J.  1759  ROBERTSON 
Hist.  Scot.  vi.  Wks.  1813  I.  440  A  king,  they  told  him,  had 
often  reason  to  fear,  seldom  to  love,  a  regent.  1811  Edin. 
Rev.  XVIII.  76  It  has  been  said,  that  the  name  and  office 
of  Regent  are  unknown  to  our  Law  and  Constitution.  1878 
STUBUS  Const.  Hist,  xviii.  III.  89  He  accepted  Henry  as 
his  son-in-law,  regent  and  heir  of  France. 

b.  The  name  given  to  the  municipal  authorities 
of  some  continental  cities  (pbs.\  and  to  the  native 
chiefs  in  Java. 

1724  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  6291/1  A  Vessel  which  the  Regents 
of  Berne  have  caused  to  be  built.  1795  THUNBERG  Travels 
(ed.  2)  II.  309  The  Regent  in  the  island  of  Madura  is  stiled 
.  .a  free  prince  or  regent.  1817  RAFFLES  Hist.  Java'\\.  I.  79 
Governors  of  provinces,  called  by  the  Dutch  Regents ,..&VQ 
ranked  among  the  chief  nobility  of  the  country. 

3.  In  the  Universities  : 

a.  At  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  a  Master  of  Arts 
ruling  or  presiding  over  disputations  in  the  Schools, 
a  duty  originally  discharged  for  one,  and  afterwards 
for  five,  years  after  graduation  ;  hence,  in  later  use, 
a  Master  of  not  more  than  five  years   standing. 
Now  only  Hist. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  213  Thabbot  and  cha- 
nons  of  Oseney  with  regentes  of  the  univen»ite.  1494 
FABYAS  Chron.  vu.  330  The  regentis  and  masters  of  that 
vnyuersytie,  were  lastly  compellyd . .  to  aske  of  hy m  forgy ue- 
nes.  1504  Will  of  Archer  (Somerset  Ho. ),  To  euery  Regente 
et  non  Regente  being  at  my  burying  vjd  &  jd.  1574  M. 
STOKYS  in  Peacock  Stat.  Cambr.  (1841)  App.  A.  p.  xi,  The 
Father,  .shall  dispute  with  the  old  Hachi lour,  and  after  hym 
two  Regents.  1604  TOOKER  Fabriqne  of  Church  120  Con 
gregations  of  the  Masters  or  convocation  of  Regents,  and 
not  Regents,  is  a  needlesse  thing.  1681  Lond.  Gaz,  No. 
1656/2  When  their  Majesties  were  come  into  the  Schools, 
they  found  the  Regent-walk  crouded  on  both  sides  with 
Regents,  non-Regents,  and  Batchelors  of  Divinity.  1797 
Cambr.  Univ.  Caletuiar  147  The  Senate  is  divided  into  two 
bodies  or  houses,  ist.  Those  who  have  not  been  A.M.  five 
years,  and  are  called  Regents.  1841  PEACOCK  Stat.  Cambr. 
1 5  note,  The  house  of  regents  was  composed  of  those  masters 
or  doctors  who  were  actually  regent,  or  engaged  in  teaching 
or  reading  lectures  in  the  university,  without  reference  to 
standing.  1895  RASHDALL  Univ.  Mid.  Ages  App.  xxxiii. 
II.  791  Probably  by  an  oversight  on  the  part  of  the  framers 
of  the  Act  of  1854,  the  ancient  Congregation  of  Regents  [at 
Oxford]  was  left  in  existence  for  certain  purposes. 

b.  In  the  Scottish  universities,  one  of  several 
instructors  forming  part  of  the  teaching  staff  of 
a  college,  who  undertook  the  tuition  of  a  certain 
number  of  students  from  the  time  of  their  entrance 
to  the  end  of  the  course.     Now  only  Hist. 

[1414  Acta  Facult.  Artiuttt  (St.  Andrews)  25  Mar.,  Quod 


368 

determinantes  admitterentur  per  decanum  Facultatis  et 
regentes  qui  habeant  considerare  eorum  sufficientlam.]  1522 
Us.  V  Let.  in  Rep.  Univ.  Comm^  St.  Andrews  (1837)  180 
The  Universite  of  Sanctandrois,  the  rector,  doclouris,  re 
gentes,. .makand  residence  therm.  1563-7  BUCHANAN  Re* 
form.  St.  Andros  Wks.  (S.  T.  S.)  8  The  regent  sal  writ 
thayme  in  hys  rol,  and  assigne  thayme  place  in  hys  classe 
diuidit  in  decurits.  1641  Sc.  Acts  Chas.  I  (1870)  V.  581/2 
pe  principall  professoures  regentes  and  remanent  maisteres 
and  memberesof  the  samen  colledge.  1708  J.  CHAMBERLAYNE 
St.  Gt.  Brit.  n.  ill.  x.  (1710)  469  In  Philosophy  there  are 
Four  Regents  or  Professors ;  they  teach  Philosophy  and 
Greek.  Every  Regent  has  his  Class,  which  Classes  are  di 
vided  according  to  the  Years  that  the  Students  have  been 
entied  in  the  University.  1771  SMOLLETT  Humph.  Ci. 
3  Sept.,  The  students  are . ,  taught  in  public  schools  or  classes, 
each  science  by  its  particular  professor  or  regent.  1867 
MASSON  Edinb.  Sk.  40  The  four  general  or  circulating  pro 
fessors  were  the  essential  complement  of  the  Arts  Faculty. 
They  were  called  '  regents  ',  by  way  of  distinction. 

c.  In  France,  the  title  usually  given  to  those 
who  taught  the  more  elementary  classes  ;  an  in 
structor  in  arts  or  science.     (See  quot.  1727-38.) 

1611  COTGR.,  Regent,,  .a  Regent,  Reader,  Teacher,  Mode 
rator  of  a  forme  in  a  Colledge.  1653  URQUHAKT  Rabelais 
it,  v.  29  It  was  told  him  by  one  of  his  Teachers  (there  called 
Regents,)  that  the  paine  of  the  eyes  was  the  most  hurtful 
thing  of  any  to  the  sight.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v., 
Regent  is  generally  restrained  to  the  lower  classes,  as  regent 
of  rhetoric,  regent  of  logic,  £c.,  those  of  philosophy  are 
rather  called  professors.  i863l)nAPER/«/c//.  Devel.  Europe 
xviii.  (1864)  II.  126  In  Montpellier,  he  was  for  long  one  of 
the  regents  of  the  faculty  of  medicine.  1875  M.  PATTISOM 
Casaubon  89  The  regents  in  medicine  and  law  had  a  salary 
secured  by  patent. 

d.  U.  S.  (a)  A  member  of  the  governing  board 
of  a  State  University   (and    of  the  Smithsonian 
Institute,  Washington).     (6)  At  Harvard,  an  officer 
having  supervision  of  the  students'  conduct. 

(a)  « 1817  T.  DWIGIIT  Trav.  AVw  Eng.,  etc.  (1821)  II.  485 
This  seminary.. is  under  the  superintendence  of  a  Board, 
styled  the  Regents  of  the  University  of  Columbia.     1843-56 
BOUVIER  Zaw />/£/,  (ed.  6)s.v.,  In  New  York,  .the  board  who 
have  the  superintendence  of  all  the  colleges,  academies  and 
schools,  are  called  the  regents  of  the  University  of  the  state 
of  New  York.     1877  (title)  A  Memorial  to  the  Regents  of 
the  University  of  the  State  of  Iowa. 

(b)  1888   A.  P.  PEABODY  Hat-card  Reminisc.    199  The 
students  who  were  not  present  at   evening  prayers  were 
obliged,  .to  register  their  names  with  the  regent. 

f  4.  The  head  master  of  a  school.   Obs. 

1583  STUBBKS  Anat.  A  bits.  \\.  (1882)  20  Except  one  be  able 
to  giue  the  regent  or  prouost  of  the  house  a  peece  of  mony 
..he  comes  not  there,  I  warrant  him.  171652  BROME  Ntnv 
Acad.  iv.  ii,  By  your  leave,  Sir,  Are  you  the  Regent  of  this 
Academy?  1718  ADDISON  Chr.  Rclig,  v.  viii,  Origen  was 
appointed  Regent  of  the  Catachetic  school  in  Alexandria. 
1796  H.  HUNTER  tx.St.'PierrdsStud,  Nat.  (1799)  I.  391 
Those  infamous  punishments,  which  produce  a  disgraceful 
effect,  at  once,  on  the  morals  of  both  scholars  and  regents, 

5.  attrib.  a.  Begent  bird  or  oriole,  an  Austra 
lian  bird,  Sericuhts  melinits,  named  in  compliment 
to  the  Prince  Regent,  afterwards  George  IV. 

1825  FIELD  Geog.  N.  S.  Wales  App.  503  Regent  bird  or 
King  honey-sucker,  Sericuhis  ckrysocephalus.  1840  Cnviers 
Anitn.  Kingd.  189  The  Regent  Oriole  of  authors  (Sericnlus 
regens,  Lesson),  the  plumage  of  which  is  fine  silky  black. 
1847  LEICHHARDT  Jrnl.  v.  161  Mr.  Gilbert  observed  the 
female  of  the  Regent-bird. 

b.  Regent  (congregation  or)  house,  the 
upper  of  the  two  houses  into  which  the  Senate  of 
Cambridge  University  was  formerly  divided ;  Re 
gent  walk,  the  former  name  of  certain  walks  or 
alleys  in  Christ's  and  Queens*  Colleges  and  at  the 
Schools,  Cambridge. 

1895  RASHDALL  Vniv.  Mid.  Ages  xii.  II.  365  note,  Even 
in  the  Fifteenth  Century  Register  . .  we  hud  that  in  a 
*Regent  Congregation  the  graces  are  'pronounced '..by  a 
Proctor.  1573  G.  HARVEY  Letter-bit,  (Camden)  18,  I  have 
not  yit  bene  so  courst  and  galled  in  our  own  House  as  I  am 
like  hereafter  to  be  pincht  and  nipt  in  the  *Regent  Hous. 
1641  MILTON  Reform.  \\.  Wks.  1851  III.  67  They  come 
furnish't  with  no  more  experience  then  they  learnt,  .at  the 
Colledge  audit,  or  the  regent  house.  1681  Land.  Gas.  No. 
1656/3  Then  their  Majesties  went  up  to  the  Regent-House, 
and  by  their  particular  Command,  Mr.  Montague,  .was 
Admitted,  and  Created  Doctor  of  Divinity.  xd&QuARLics 
Embl.  H.  iv.  77  To  follow  Natures  too  affected  Fashion, 
Or  travel!  in  the  *Regent  walk  of  Passion.  1681  [see 
3  a  above].  1719  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  II. 
213  At  dinner  and  supper  In  Summer  they  met  upon  y* 
Regent  Walk,  and  there  waited  till  they  knew  what  Seniors 
would  come  down.  1886  Ibid.  II.  54  The  gate-house  and 
the  central  alley  [at  Queens'  College],  called  'Regent-walk  ', 
were  flagged.  Ibid,  215  This  doorway  was  exactly  opposite 
to  the  Great  Gate,  and  the  walk  leading  to  it  from  the  gate 
is  'the  Regent  Walk'. 

Regent  (n-dgent),  a.  [a.  F.  regent  (i4th  c.) 
or  L.  regent-em^  pres.  pple.  of  regcre  to  rule.] 

1.  In  special  senses  (usu.  placed  after  the  sb.). 
a.  Holding  the  position  of  a  University  regent. 
Now  only  Hist. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  213  J?e  abbot  and  be 
chanouns  of  Osenay  and  maisters  regentes  [L.  tnagistri 
regentes}  of  Oxenforde.  a  1548  HALL  Citron.,  Hen.  VI II 
199  The  Rector  of  the  Uniuersitie  called  to  counsell  all  the 
Doctors  regentes".. to  shew  their  myndes  on  this  question. 
1570  FOXE  A.  ff  M.  (ed.  2)  1384/1  Angry  with  the  vnmanerly 
multitude  that  would  giue  no  rowme  vnto  the  Doctours, 
Bachelers,  Maisters,  &  other  graduates  and  regent  masters. 
1682  Land.  Gaz.  No.  1720/8  First,  One  of  the  Esquire 
IJeadles,  then  the  Regent-Masters,  afterwards  the  Non- 
Regents,  and  Officers.  1895  RASHDALL  Univ.  Mid.  Ages 
xii.  II.  364  The  'Decree  and  Statute'  is  issued  'by  the 
authority  of  the  Chancellor  and  Masters  Regent.' 


REGEST. 

b.  Acting  as,  having  the  position  of,  regent  of 
a  country,  esp.  Queen  regent ;  f  ruling  as  sovereign. 

1555  EDEN  Decades  215  The  lady  Regente  moother  vnto 
the  frenche  kynge.  a  1578  LINDESAY  iPitscottie)  Chron. 
Scot.  (S.T.S.)  I.  10  Than  schaw  }ow  him  how  queine  regent 
Reft  frome  the  Duik  the  authentic,  c  1645  HOWELL  Lett. 
I.  xviii.  (1650)  30  She  was  made  Queen  Regent  of  France 
during  the  Kings  Minority.  1690  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2533/1 
Next  the  Princes  who  are  not  Regents  or  Soveraigns,  the 
Princes  Regents,  the  Heralds.  1703  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4161/2 
His  Imperial  Majesty.. intends,  .to  receive  the  Homage  of 
the  States  of  Austria,  as  being  the  Regent  Arch-Duke. 
1727-38  CHAMHERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  In  France,  the  queen  mother 
has  the  regency  of  the  kingdom,  under  the  title  of  queen 
regent,  while  the  king  is  a  minor.  1765  BLACKSTONE  Cotntn. 
I.  iv.  212  The  queen  regent,  regnant,  or  sovereign,  is  she 
who  holds  the  crown  in  her  own  right.  1841  Q.  Rev.  LXVII. 
316  Though  himself  a  Protestant,  he  had  in  early  life  warmly 
defended  Mary  of  Guise,  the  Queen  Regent. 

2.  Ruling,  governing,  controlling.    Now  rare. 

1613  M.  RIDLEY  Alagn.  Bodies  i  The  great  regent  Glohes 
of  Saturne,  Mais,  Jupiter,  the  Sunne  and  the  Earth.  1680 
BAXTER  Ans-.v,  Stillingjl.  8,  I  entreat  you  to  tell  me  more 
plainly,  which  is  the  constitutive  Regent  part  of  a  National 
Church?  1762-9  FALCONER  S/ti^wr.  n.  184  The  regent  helm 
her  motion  still  commands.  1844  MRS.  BROWNING  Drama 
of  Exile  Poems  1850  I.  71  This  regent  and  sublime 
Humanity,  Though  fallen,  exceeds  you. 

Regent  (rrdgC-nt),^.  Now  rare.  [f.REGENTrf.] 

1.  a.  trans.  To  superintend  or  teach  (a  college, 
class,  etc.),  as  a  regent. 

1623  tr.  Favine's  Theat.  Hon.  n.  xiii.  248  All  these  Vni- 
uersities  are  Regented  by  Professors  of  singular  Pietie, 
and  exquisite  Learning.  1713  M.  DAVIES  Athcn.  Brit.  I. 
Pref.  36  The  Colleges . .  are  regented  by  the  Secular  Clergy. 
1882  M.  PATTISON  in  Jrnl.  Rduc.  i  Mar.  70  Graduates 
engaged  in  instructing  or  regenting  the  boys. 
b.  intr.  To  act  as  a  University  regent. 

1631  inCraufurd  Hist.  Univ.  Edin.  (1808)  119  Mr.  William 
King,  (after  he  had  regented  in  the  colledge  23  years), 
was  called  to  the  ministry  at  Crammond.  1846  Life  J. 
Gnthrie  142  He  regented  in  the  University  of  St.  Andrews 
and  there  taught  as  Professor  of  Philosophy. 

2.  To  control  (a  person)  as  a  regent. 

a  1797  H.  WALPOLE  Mem.  Ceo.  II  (1847)  I.  99  Even  the 
black  Princes  widow,  .was  passed  over  and  her  son  regented 
by  his  Uncles. 

Hence  Re'genting  vbl.  sb.  and  ///.  a. 

a  1693  Urqnhart's  Rabelais  III.  xviii.  147  The  well-payed 
Incomes  of  Regenting  Doctors.  1884  Edin.  Rev.  Apr.  427 
The  comparative  economy  of  the  plan  of  regenting. 

Re  gental,  a.  rare~\  [f.  REGENT  sb.  +  -AL.] 
Of  or  pertaining  .to  a  regent. 

1883  BESANT  All  in  Garden  Fair  I.  xiv,  If  the  supper  had 
been  of  royal  or  regental  character,  he  could  not  have 
assumed  a  more  courtly  air. 

Re'geiitess.     [-ESS.]    A  female  regent. 

1611  COTGR.,  Regente,  the  Regentesse,  or  Protectresse  of  a 
Kingdome.  1830  W.  TAYLOK  Hist.  Sitrv.  Germ.  Poetry 
III.  318  A  characteristic  scene  is  that.^. between  the  Re- 

;entess   and    Macchiavel.     1877  Tinsley's  Mag.  XX.   147 

'cnetrating  to  the  cabinet  of  the  rcgentess. 

t  Re'geiltry.  Sc.  Obs.  [t.  REGENT  rf.  +  -BY.] 
The  office  or  function  of  a  regent,  regency. 

1558  A.  Acts  Mary  (iSi4l  II.  504/2  To  desyre  our  soue- 
rane  ladie.  .To  mak  ane  commissioun  of  regentrie.  .vnto  hir 
derrest  moder.  1579  Reg.  Privy  Council  Siot.  III.  244  The 
saidis  place  and  charge  of  regentrie  within  the  said  college. 

Re'gentshlp.  [f.  REGENT  sb.  +  -SHIP.]  The 
office  or  position  of  a  regent. 

1579  FENTON  Gnicciard.  n.  (1509)  93  The  gouernement  of 
a  little  sonne  whom  she  had  left,  to  which  Regentship 
aspired.. the  Marquise  of  Saluce.  1593  SIIAKS.  2  Ileti.  /•'/, 


ge 
P 


regentship. 

Rege'rminate  ("•),  v.  [RK-  5  a.]  To  ger 
minate  again.  Hence  KegeTminating///.  a. 

1623  COCKERAM,  Regerminate,  to  spring  againc.  1656 
BLOUNT  Glossvgr.,  Regerminate,  to  burgen  a;.;ain,  to  spring 
anew,  to  grow  a  fresh.  1753  SMOLLETT  Cnt.  Fathom  (1784) 
100/1  Even  amidst  the  rank  productions  of  vice,  they 
regerminate  to  a  sort  of  imperfect  vegetation.  1794  T. 
TAYLOR  1'ausaaias  III.  54  This  tree  regerminates  per 
petually.  1826  GOOD  Bk.  Nature  I.  187  This  organ  will 
regerminate  and  the  whole  plant  be  renewed.  1881  W. 
SIEMENS  in  Nature  No.  624.  568  The  resulting  seeds  are 
not  at  any  rate  devoid  of  regerminating  power. 

So  Kegeriuiua  tiou. 

1646  J.  GREGORY  Notts  ft  Ots.  xxvi.  124  The  Jewes 
commonly  expresse  Resurrection  by  Regermination,  or  grow 
ing  up  again  like  a  Plant.  1658  in  PHILLIPS.  1731  in 
BAILEY  vol.  II.  1819  G.  S.  FABER  Dispensations  (1823)  II. 
104  He  expresses  an  assured  hope,  that  the  time  of  his  reno 
vation  or  regermination  would  come.  1849  Fraser's  Mag. 
XL.  188  The  paschal  eggs,  symbol  of  vital  essence  and 
regermination,  are  rolled  upon  the  turf. 

tKege-st,  rf.1  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  REGEST  v. 
2.]  The  act  of  casting  back,  retort. 

1609  T.  MORTON  Answ.  Higgons  24  Being  twise  conuicted 
in  himselfe,  both  by  the  friuolousnesse  of  his  reasons,  and 
also  by  the  regest  of  their  owne  like  contradictions. 

t  Rege'St,  ^.2  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  late  L.  regesta 
(pi.)  a  list,  register,  f.  regerere :  see  next,  and  cf. 
F.  regeste."\  A  register. 

1670  MILTON  Hist.  Eng.  III.  123  Others  of  later  time  have 
sought  to  assert  him  by  old  legends  and  Cathedrall  regests. 
Ibid.  134  Teudric  King  of  Glamorgan,  whom  the  regest  of 
Landaff  recounts  to  have  bin  alwaies  victorious  in  fight, 

t  Rege'St,  v.  Obs.  [f.  L.  regest-,  ppl.  stem  of 
regerere,  f.  re-  RE-  +  gerlhre  to  bear,  carry,  etc.] 


REGESTARY. 

1.  trans.  To  register. 

1520  Churchw,  Ace.  St.  Giles,  Reading  (ed.  Nash)  9  Paidd 
to  Wilim  Edmunds  for  makyng  and  regestyng  of  the  last 
accompte  iij"  liy*.  1535  W.  WATREMAN  Fanile  Facions  i. 
v.  62  The!  also  declare  vnto  them,  the  stories  of  men  of  olde 
tyme,  regested  in  their  holy  Scripture. 

2.  To  cast  back,  return,  retort. 

1614  JACKSON  Creed  m.  v.  §  2  Vnto  the  obiected  dreadful! 
consequences  of  their  decrees, . .  they  would  regest  disobedi 
ence  to  the  Church.  1641  Answ.  I'ind.  Smcctymmuts  102, 
I  have. .indeed  anticipated  all  those  thred-bare  objections 
which  are  here  againe  regested  to  the  weary  Reader.  1657 
W.  MORICE  Coena  quasi  Koii-Jj  xv.  228,  I  shall  regest,  that 
to  what  end  shall  they  look  on,  if  they  can  look  for  no 
fruit  or  good  effect  thereby? 

t  Regestary.  Obs.  rare  -'.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-AKY:  cf.  KECISTRAKY.]  =next. 

1523  SKELTOX  Garl.  Laurel  522  Lo,  hither  commyth  a 
goodly  maystres,  Occupacyon,  Famys  regestary. 

t  Regester.  Obs.  Also  6  -our.  [f.  ns  prec. 
+  -Kill,  or  var.  of  REGISTER  rf.2]  One  who 
registers ;  a  registrar. 

1555  W.  WATRKMAN  Fartile  Facions  n.  xi.  248  When  the 
batteile  is  done,  all  tlte  armie  is  presented  to  the  Regestour, 
..that  it  maye  bee  knowen  who  is  slain.  1597  Child- 
Marriages  161  The  Serchers,  sealers  &  Regesters  of  all 
Tanned  lether.  -in  the  county  of  the  citie  of  Chester. 

Regestery,  obs.  variant  of  REGISTERY. 

t  Rege'Stion.  Obs.  rare.  [See  REGEST  v.  and 
-ION.]  Retort,  reply. 

1565  CAI.FHILL  Answ.  Treat.  Crossc  (1846)  6b  But  because 
..we  are  only  burdened  with  the  name  of  Fathers  give  us 
leave  sometime  to  use  a  Regestion.  1620  T.  GRANGER  Div. 
Logike  125  Our  Sauiour  Christ  answereth  to  the  Pharisees 
question  by  regestion.  a  1640  JACKSON  Creed  x.  xxiii.  §  5 
The  manner  of  the  regestion  seems  to  imply,  that  they  had 
now  begun  to  be  sorry  that  they  had  so  far  believed  on  him. 

t  Regesture.  Obs.  rare~l.  [Alteration  of 
REGISTER  sb.,  as  if  f.  REGEST  v.  +  -URE.]  Register. 

1598  T.  BASTARD  Chrestoleros  (1880)  61  After  the  brauer 
sorte  haue  cast  them  off,  Like  fashions  counting  booke,  or 
regesture. 

Regestyr,  obs.  form  of  REGISTER. 

Reget  (rfge't),  v.  rare.  [RE-  5  a  ]  trans.  To 
obtain  again,  get  back. 

1604  DANIEL  Civ.  li'nrs  vi.  Ix.vi,  And  then  desire  in  Gas- 
coign  to  re-get  The  glory  lost  . .  Advantaged  the  Duke. 
1611  J.  DAVID  To  tt'onlty  Person  Wks.  (Grosart)  II. 
52/2  Tovy,  although  the  mother  of  vs  all  Regetts  thee  in 
her  womb  [etc.].  1654  KARL  MONM.  tr.  Bentivoglio's  \Varrs 
Flanders  161  All  the  Provinces  would  revolt ;  which 
when  they  should  once  be  lost,  they  would  not  be  so  easily 
regotten. 

1  Bege't.  Obs.  (Of  obscure  origin  and  meaning.) 

13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  1064  pe  almysty  was  her  mynyster 
mete,  pe  lombe  be  saker-fyse  t>er  to  reget. 

Regge,  obs.  form  of  rig,  RIDGE  sb. 
t  Re'gian.  Obs.     [f.  L.  regi-us  royal  +  -AN.] 
An  upholder  of  regal  authority ;  a  royalist. 

1653  A.  WILSON  Jas,  I  202  Then  they  strive  to  make  a 
Division  of  Regians  and   Republicans.     1655  FULLER  Cti. 
Hist.  n.  iii.  §  38  This  is  alleadged  and  urged  by  our  Kegians,     ' 
to  prove  the    Kings   Paramount  Power  in  Ecclesiasticis. 
31670  HACKET  A/if.  Williams  I.  (1692)  39  Art.  Wils[on].. 
favours  all  Republicans,  and  never  speaks  well  of  Regians, 
(it  is  his  own  distinctions)  if  he  can  possibly  avoid  it. 

t  Regibbe,  v.  Obs.  -'  [ad.  OF.  regiber  (mod. 
F.  regimber)  •  see  note  to  JIB  z/.2]  fntr.  To  kick. 

am$A:tcr.R.  138  AI  so  sone  so (>et  flesh  haueji al  hiswil, 
hit  regibbecS  anon,  ase  uet  keif  &  idel. 

t  Re'gible,  <z.  Obs.  rare-1.     \»A.'i,rsgibiKs, 

f.  regere  to  rule  :  see  -IBLE.]     Governable. 

1609  HOLLAND  Amm.  Mtircell.  xvi.  xii.  69  (If  occasion 
reqvure)  the  same  [boldness]  ought  to  be  regible,  advised, 
and  considerate.  1656  in  Bi.ouNT6Yrow,f>-.  1721  in  HAILEV. 

Hence  f  Re'gfibleness.          1731  BAILEY  vol.  II. 

Regicidal  (re-dgissidal),  a.  [f.  REGICIDE  + 
-AL.]  Pertaining  to,  characterized  by,  inclined  to, 
regicide. 

a  1779  WARBURTON  Wks.  X.  136  (R.I,  One  might  suspect 
this  regicidal  collection  to  be  the  spiritual  breathings  of  an 
enlightened  Methodist.  1813  GRATTAN  Parl.  Deb.  11  May, 
This  oath  abjured  the  regicidal  power  attributed  to  the 
Pope.  1834  DISRAELI  Rev.  Epick  n.  xxiv.  127  The  regicidal 
steel  that  shall  redeem  A  nation's  sorrow  with  a  tyrant's 
blood,  1883  GOLIJW.  SMITH  in  Ward  Eng.  Poets  II.  381 
Marvel!,  far  less  compromised  and  by  no  means  regicidal, 
remained  in  public  life. 

t  Regicidation.  nonce-wd.   =  REGICIDE  2. 

1661  K.  W.  Con/.  Charac.,  To  Rdr.  (1860)  n  Tyrannical! 
usurpation  and  murderous  regicidation  spoiled  the  markets 
of  their  swelling  honour. 

Regicide  J  (re-d^issid).  [f.  L.  rcgi-,  stem  of 
rex  king  +  -ciDE  I  :  cf.  F.  regicide  (i6th  c.).] 

1.  One  who  kills  a  king,  esp.  his  own  king;  one 
who  commits  the  crime  of  regicide. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  IV  14  b,  Our  posterite  shal  be 
reproved  as  children  of  Homecides,  ye  of  Regicides  & 
prince  quellers.  1607-13  [see  REGNICIDE].  1651  HOBBES 
Gout,  ff  Sac.  xiv.  §  20.  229  Of  which  sort  are  Traytors,  Regi 
cides,  and  such  as  take  up  armes  against  the  City.  1600 
DRVDKN  Don  Sebastian  iv.  iii,  That  I  miss'd  [your  life] 
Was  the  propitious  errour  of  my  fate,  Not  of  my  Soul,  my 
Soul's  a  Regicide. 

2.  spec.  a.  Eng.  Hist.  One  of  those  who  took 
part  in  the  trial  and  execution  of  Charles  I. 

1654  EVELYN  Diary  27  Aug.,  He  who  publish'd  those  bold 
sermons  of.,  the  Jewes  crucifying  Christ,  applied  to  the 
wicked  regicides.     1660  Ibid,  n  Oct.,  The  Regicides  who 
sat  on  the  life  of  our  late  King,  were  brought  to  tryal  in  the 
Old  Bailey.     1679  in  Somers  Tracts  I.  51  When  there  are 

VOL.   VIII. 


369 

still  so  many  of  the  old  Regicides  not  only  alive,  but  in 
Vogue  and  Authority,  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  ir.  (1724) 
I.  162  The  Regicides  were  at  that  time  odious  beyond  all 
expression.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  I.  374  Where  by  the 
statute  12  Cha.  II.  all  the  lands,  tenements,  and  heredita 
ments  of  the  regicides  were  forfeited  to  the  Crown.  1874 
GREEN  Short  Hist.  ix.  §  2.  605  In  the  punishment  of  the 
Regicides  indeed,  a  Presbyterian  might  well  be  as  zealous 
as  a  cavalier. 

b.  Fr.  Hist.  One  of  those  Revolutionists  con 
cerned  in  the  execution  of  Louis  XVI. 

1796  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  i.  (1892)  21  The  Regicides  were 
the  first  to  declare  war.  We  are  the  first  to  sue  for  peace. 
1809  SVD.  SMITH  Wks.  (1859)  '•  i^/1  The  regicides  of 
France  were  poor  theatrical  imitators.  1848  W.  H.  KKLLY 
tr.  Le  Blanc's  Hist.  Ten  Y.  II.  508  The  king  had  granted 
a  pardon  to  Meunierwhohad  been  condemned  by  the  Court 
of  Peers  as  a  regicide. 

3.  attrib.  passing  into  adj. 

1:1645  HOWELI.  Lett.  i.  xviii.  (1650)  30  The  Regicide  villain 
was  apprehended.  1790  BUKKE  l-'r.  Rev.  108  A  groupe  of 
regicide  and  sacrilegious  slaughter.  1796 —  Regie.  Peace  \. 
(1892)  25  The  Regicide  Directory,  .charge  us  with  eluding 
pur  declarations.  1804  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  II.  244 
The  Cordeliers  were  the  regicide  portion  of  the  Jacobins. 
1839  MARRYAT  Pliant.  Ship  viii,  The  murder  of  his  regicide 
ambassador. 

Regicide2  (re'd^isaid).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -CIDE  2.] 
The  killing  or  murder  of  a  king. 

1603  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  ix.  li.  232  That  doth  Rebellion,  Re- 
gecide,  and  breach  of  Othes  allow.  1644  ^IR  r-.  DEKING  / 'rop. 
Sacr.  _  b  iv,  The  first  Regicide,  .was  that  of  the  Kmperour 
Mauritius.  1683  EVELYN  Diary  12  Feb.,  The  late  Rebells 
usurpation  and  regicide.  1725  POPE  Oi/yss.  i.  48  Did  fate, 
or  we,  when  great  Atrides  died,  Urge  the  bold  traitor  to 
the  regicide?  1796  BURKE  Kegic.  Peace  i.  (1892)  8  The 
Republick  of  Regicide. .has  actually  conquered  the  finest 
parts  of  Europe.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  xviii,  A  ci'ime  only 
inferior  to  sacrilege,  or  regicide.  1884  SYMONHS  Shaks. 
/Vfr/t'tr.  xy.  662  Marlowe.,  shows  Edward  smothered,  sparing 
only  one  incident  of  that  unnatural  regicide. 

Re-gicidism.  [f.  prec.  +  -ISM.]  The  prac 
tice  or  principle  of  regicide. 

1660  R.  COKE  Justice  I'ind.  Ep.  Ded.  10  Sacriledge, 
Regicidism  and  Murder.  1676  Doctrine  of  Devils  77  Any 
Crime,  Villany,  or  Piacle  whatever,  Murther, ..  Regicidism 
[etc.].  1795  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rc-.<.  XVI.  522  The 
stimulus  required  is — Regicidism.  1800  ANNA  SI:\VARD  Lett. 
(1811)  V.  570  Our  great  and  truly  religious  poet,  Milton, 
published  in  defence  of  regicidism. 

Regient,  obs.  form  of  REGENT  sb. 

t  Regi-fieal,  a.  Obs.  rare-",  [f.  L.  rcgific-iis 
+  -AL.]  '  Royal,  princely,  pompous,  sumptuous ' 
(Blount  Glossogr.  1656). 

Regifuge  (re'dsifiSdg).  Rom.  Hist.  [ad.  L. 
regifugium,  f.  regi-,  rex  king  +  fuga  flight.] 
The  flight  or  expulsion  of  the  kings  from  Rome. 

L.  rtgl/ughan  occurs  only  as  the  name  of  the  festival  (on 
24  Feb.)  commemorative  of  the  expulsion. 

1654  VILVAIN  Epit.  Ess.  il.  xxviii,  Tarquins  expulsion  or 
Regi-fuge.  1x1727  NEWTON  Chronol.  Amended  i.  (1728)  49 
The  old  Records  of  the  Latines  were  burnt  by  the  Gauls,  an 
hundred  and  twenty  years  after  the  Regifuge.  i77<jSwiNTON 
in  1'hil.  Trans.  LXI.  88  They  prevailed  at  Rome,  .till  after 
the  regifuge.  1847  GKOTE  Greece  il.  xxxi.  IV.  206  At  the 
epoch  of  Kleisthenes,  which  by  a  remarkable  coincidence  is 
the  same  as  that  of  the  regifuge  at  Rome. 

Regild  (rfgi'ld),  v.  [RE-  53.]  trans.  To 
gild  again.  Alsoyig-. 

1583  STUBBES  Anat.  Abus.  i.  To  Rdr.  (1879)  p.  xii,  With 
their  swoords,  daggers,  and  rapiers  guilte  and  reguilte. 
1841  F.  E.  FACET  .?.  Atttholiu's  3  He  neither  regilt  the 
weathercock,  nor  raised  the  height  of  his  own  pew.  1857 
DUFFERIN  Lett.  High  Lat.  (ed.  3)  10  Destined  to  regild  his 
spurs  in  future  years  on  the  soil  of  Spain. 

II  Regime,  regime  (r^srm).  [F.,  ad.  L.  re 
gimen  REGIMEN.] 

1.  =  REGIMEN  2. 

1776  EARL  CARLISLE  Let.  13  Sept.  in  Jesse  Selwyn  $ 
Contemp.  (1844)  III.  157  Regime  is  better  than  physic. 

2.  A  manner,  method,  or  system  of  rule  or  govern 
ment;  a  system  or  institution  having  widespread 
influence  or  prevalence. 

1791  [see  b].  1805  Edin.  Rev.  VI.  471  The  short  sentence 
about  the  regime  of  the  Roman  provinces  affords  two 
instances  of  inadvertence.  1833  CHALMERS  Const.  Jtfan  i. 
vi.  (1834)  I.  250  These  first  and  second  principles  of  natural 
justice,  whatever  violence  may  have  been  done  to  them  at 
the  overthrow  of  a  former  regime  [etc.].  1848  MILL  Pol. 
Econ.  m.  xvi.  §  i  Under  the  regime  of  competition,  things 
are  . .  exchanged  for  each  other  at  such  values  [etc.].  1898 
BODLEY  France^  I.  Introd.  32  Under  previous  parliamentary 
regimes  this  evil  was  not  patent. 

b.  spec,  in  phr.  the  ancient,  or  old,  regime  (tr. 
F.  Tancien  regime),  the  system  of  government  in 
France  before  the  Revolution  of  J  789.  Also  transf., 
the  old  system  or  style  of  things. 

1793  Gouv.  MORRIS  in  Sparks  Life  f,  Writ.  (1832)  II.  193 
Some  are  for  absolute  monarchy,  some  for  the  ancient 
regime.  1808  SIR  J.  MOORE  in  Jas.  Moore  Narr.  Campaign 
(1809)  76  They  have  acted  with  all  the  imbecility  of  an  old 
established  weak  government  of  the  old  regime.  1823 
JEFFERSON  Autobiog.  Wks.  1859  '•  I04  The  Aristocracy  was 
cemented  by  a  common  principle,  of  preserving  the  ancient 
regime, or  whatever  should  be  nearest  to  it.  1884  Harpers 
Mag.  Mar.  554/2  The  habits  of  the  last  century  in  respect 
to  decorum  were  just  receding. . .  The  old  rfgiwe  was  dying. 

Regimen  (re'djimen).     Also  5  Sc.  regemen. 

Si.  L.  regimen,  f.  regcre  to  rule,  direct,  etc.     Cf. 
F.  regimen  (i4th  c.l] 

1.  The  net  of  governing ;  government,  rule. 
1458  SIR  G.  HAYE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  66  Quhare  thare 


REGIMENT. 

is_na  hede,  regemen  na  ordinaunce,  thare  resoun  naturalc 
failis.  1535  STFWART  Cvon.  Scot.  I.  52  P.aith  sword  and 
sceptour,  regimen  and  croun.  1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Rrb. 
n.  §  128  The  General  himself,  and  the  Martial  affairs,  were 
subject  to  this  Regimen  and  Discipline  as  wull  as  the  Civil. 
1678  CumvonTH  IfiU'll.  Syst.  i.  iv.  491  Others  commonly 
assign  him  the  Regimen  of  Separate  Souls  after  Death. 
1765  ULACKSTONE  Conun.  I.  25  In  the  inns  of  court  all  sorts 
of  regimen  and  academical  superintendnnce..are  found  im 
practicable.  1827  HALLAM  Const.  Hist.  I.  i.  2  The  forms 
and  principles  of  political  regimen  in  these  different  nations 
became  more  divergent  from  each  other.  1875  TENNYSON 
Q.  Mary  in.  i,  Sir,  no  woman's  regimen  Can  save  us. 

b.  A  particular  form  or  kind  of  government ; 
a  regime ;  a  prevailing  system. 

0:1734  NORTH  Livcs^  (1826)  III.  362  Gentlemen's  sons  in 
the  college,  under  the  influence  of  sui_h  a  regimen,  will  lit  ex 
posed  to  the  mischiefs  of  idleness,  expense,  and  debau<;heiy. 
1792  A.  YOUNG  7Vrt7'.  France^  529  Under  the  regimen  of 
land-taxes,  all  foreigners  residing  in  a  kingdom  absolutely 

i  escape  taxation.  1837  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  i.  vii.  §  45  Nothing 
is  so  apt  to  follow  as  sedition  from  a  popular  regimen.  1860 

•  MILL  Rcpr.  Govt.  (1865)  19/1  What  sort  of  human  beings 
can  be  formed  under  such  a  regimen? 

f  c.  The  aggregate  of  those  under  some  govern 
ment  ;  a  class  or  kind.   Obs.  rare. 

[1660  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  ix.  (1701)  347/2  The  Soul  of 
Pythagoras,  being  of  the  Regimine  of  Apollo,  (whether  as  a 

l  Follower,  or  some  other  way  more  near  to  himi.]  1709 
S  i  KI:I.K  TaHcr  No.  68  f  2, 1  have  also  a  long  I.Ut  of  Pei  soi  s 
of  Condition,  who  are  certainly  of  the  same  Regimen  with 

1    these  liandim. 

2.  Afed.  The  regulation  of  such  matters  as  have 
an   influence  on  the  preservation  or  restoration  of 
health  ;    a  particular  course  of  diet,  exercise,   or 
mode  of  living,  prescribed  or  adopted  for  this  end  ; 

.    f  a  course  of  treatment  employed  for  the  cure  of 
'   a  wound.     Cf.  REGIMENT  5. 

c  1400  LatifranSs  Ch-urg.  60   In  anober  maner  regimen 

i    Vndirstonde   bat    be   man..schal  not  be   lete  blood  in  be 

I     bigynnynge  [etc.].     //>tti.  289  pou  schalt  kepe  him  wib  good 

regimen,  &  he  schal  vse  no  metis  ne  drinkis  |>at  engendrith 

|    scharp  blood  &  greet.     1646  G.  DANIEL  ll'A-s.  (Grosart)  I. 

41    Things  ..  Very  behoofull  to  the   Regimen  Of  health. 

1693  tr.  HlancariCs  Phys.  Diet.  (ed.  2\  Regimen,  a  Word 

us'd  in  Physick,  about  ordering  Diet,  and  the  like.     1707 

I-'LOYKR  Physic.  Pulsc-ll'atch  197  If  thereby  the  Pulse  be 

1    alter'd  to  more  frequency,  we  use  a  cool  Regimen.     1764 

RI:ID  Inquiry  i.  §  3  Would  he  not  hope  for  his  cure  from 

physic  and  good  regimen?    1830  SCOTT  Demonol,  i.  iu  His 

physician  received  a  grateful  letter  from  him  acknowledging 

the  success  of  his  regimen.     1899  Allbutt"s  Syst.  Me<1.  VI, 

425  A  strict  regimen,  .being  at  the  same  time  observed. 

b.  transf.  andy^. 

1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  89  ?  7  Active  employment,  .is 
generally  a  necessary  part  of  this  intellectual  regimen.  1777 
SHERIDAN  Sch.  Scand.  in.  iii,  There's  Sir  Harry  diets  him 
self  for  gaming,  and  is  now  under  a  hazard  regimen.  1862 
BURTON  Bk.  Hunter  97  '  A  course  of  reading  '  as  it  is  some 
times  called,  is  a  course  of  regimen  for  dwarfing  the  mind. 

3.  Gram.    The    government    of   one   word    by 
another  ;  the  relation  which  one  word  in  a  sentence 
has  to  another  depending  on  it. 

1600  HOLLAND  Liry  2nd  Index  s.v.  ff-S,  You  must  in  this 
manner  of  speech  understand  Jtrillia  for  the  regimen  of  the 
Genitive  case.  1668  WILKINS  Real  (.'har.  iv.  448  The  Regi 
men  of  words  doth  concern  their  government  of  others. 
1751  HARRIS  Hermes  Wks.  (1841)  103  Hence,  .arises  the 
grammatical  regimen  of  the  verb  by  its  nominative,  and  of 
the  accusative  by  its  verb.  1824  L.  MURRAY  Eng.  Gram. 
(ed.  5)  I.  328  The  following  sentences,  which  give  the  passive 
voice  the  regimen  of  an  active  verb,  are  very  irregular. 
1872  F.  HALL  False  Fhilol.  84  The  grammarians  posit  the 
absence  of  regimen  as  one  of  the  differential  features  of  a 
conjunction. 

t4.  Alch.  (See  quot.)   0!>s.rare-°. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycln  Regimen,  in  chymistry  and 
alchymy,  is  the  method  of  ordering  and  conducting  any 
thing,  that  it  may  answer  it's  intention.  Thus,  regimen  of 
fire,  is  the  manner  of  making  and  ordering  lire,  and  the 
degrees  thereof.  [From  Diet,  dt  Trfaoitx  s.v.  Rfgitne,] 

Hence  Regi'menal  a.    =  REGIMINAL. 

1866  FLINT  Princ.  Med.  (1880)  215  The  correctness  of  this 
view  of  the  regimenal  management  of  the  disease.  1874 
BUCKNILL&TUKE  Man.  Psych.  Med.  (ed.  3)  687  The  treat 
ment  is  medicinal  and  regimenal. 

t  Regimence.  Obs.  rare.  [Alteration  of  next, 
after  sbs.  in  -ENCE.]  =  REGIMENT  i. 

CI47O  HARDING  Chron.  Proem  v,  Vnto  your  sapience 
I  wyll  remember  a  notabily_tee  Of  your  elders  rule  and 
regymence.  Ibid.  xcvm.  xhi,  Full  greate  intelligence  Of 
all  good  rule  and  noble  regimence. 

Regiment  (re-dement),  sb.  Also  5-6  rege- 
ment.  [ad.  late  L.  regimentum,  f.  as  prec. :  see 
-MENT,  and  cf.  F.  regiment  (1314).] 

1.  Rule  or  government  over  a  person,  people,  or 
country  ;  esp,  royal  or  magisterial  authority.  Now 
rare  (very  common  c  1550-1680). 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  233  Pile  is  the  foundement  Of  every 
kinges  regiment,  If  it  be  medled  with  justice,  a  1502  Charter 
London  cxi.  in  Arnolde  Chron.  (1811)  43  Hens  forth  y*  he 
be  vnder  the  regement  and  gouernaunce  of  the  Mayr  and 
Aldirmen.  c  1557  ABP.  PARKER  fs .  xcii,  But  thou . .  as  Lord 
and  president  For  ever  standst  unmoveable  and  wyse  in 
regiment  1576  FLEMING  Patwpl.  Epist.  33  What  place  is 
there  in  all  the  world,  not  subject  to  the  regiment  and 
power  of  this  citie?  a  1617  BAYNE  On  Eph.  (1658)  153  The 
King  hath  a  more  intimate. .regiment  over  his  Queen  than 
over  any  other  subject.  1698  [R.  FERGUSON]  Vteiu^Eccles. 
100  Without  which  there  could  be  no  Superiority,  nor 
Subordination  and  consequently  no  Regiment  in  the  World. 
1826  E.  IRVINC  Babylon  II.  vii.  177  He  tried,  by  all  human 
wisdom,  to  gain  security  and  steadfastness  to  Ins  regiment. 

47 


BEGIMENT. 

1831  AUSTIN*  Jurispr.  vi.  (1879)  I.  261  The  powers  of  eccle 
siastical  regiment  which  none  but  the  church  should  wield, 
tb.   Manner,  method,  or  system   of  ruling  or 
governing ;  a  form  of  polity,  a  regime.   Obs. 

1474  in  Tighe  &  Davies  Windsor  (i&&)  I.  400  The  Statutes 
for  the  Order  and  Regiment  to  be  hadde,  used,  and  con- 
lynued  in  the  Corporation.  1535  COYKKDALE  Bible  Ded. 
f  6  In  all  godly  regimentes  of  olde  tyme  the  kynge  and 
temporall  iudge  was  obeyed  of  euery  man.  1576  FLEMING 
r.anopl,  Epist.  197  You  account  tyrannicall  regiment,  an 
execrable  regiment.  1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  n.  ii.  §  13 
History  Civill,  in  respect  of  the  Habitations,  Regiments, 
and  Manners  of  the  people,  a  1676  HALE  Prim*  Orig. 
Man.  (1677)  6  The  knowledge  of  History,  of  Humane  Laws, 
.  .of  Political  and  Oeconomical  regiments. 

2.  t  a.  The  office  or  function  of  a  ruler.  Obs. 
(Common  (-1550-1610,  chiefly  with  verbs  of  receiv 
ing,  accepting,  etc.,  and  their  opposites.) 

1390  GOWKR  Conf.  I.  218  Whan  this  king  was  passed  thus, 
This  false  tunged  Perseus  The  regiment  hath  underfonge. 
1494  FABVAN  Chron.  vi.  clviii.  147  He  obteynyd  the  regy- 
mcnt  and  gouernaunce  of  ttie  abouesayde  Kynge.  « 1572 
KNOX  Hist.  Ref.  Wks.  1846  I.  431  Ane  man..maist  un 
worthy  of  ony  regiment  in  ane  weilt  rewlit  commun-wealth. 
1591  Troub.  Raigne  K.  John  \\.  (1611)  86  To  seeke  a  meane 
To  dispossesse  John  of  his  regiment.  1596  SI-ENSER  F.  Q. 
n.  x.  30  When  he  had  resignd  his  regiment.  1630  B. 
Jossox  New  Inn  n.  ii,  A  rare  stateswoman  !  I  admire  her 
bearing  In  her  new  regiment, 

tb.  The  time  or  period  during  which  one  rules; 
a  reign.  Obs. 

1566  CECIL  in  Strype  Ann.  Ref.  (1709)  I.  xlvii.  481  Other 
wise  her  Regiment  will  prove  very  troublesome  and  unquiet. 
1582  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  473  Lai  t  lie,  in  the  regi 
ment  of  umquhile  James,  sumtyme  Krll  of  Mortoun.  1609 
HOLLAND  Amni.  Mnrcell.  203  During  his  regiment  there 
was  hardly  any  man.. could  have  remedie  were  it  never  so 
just  and  reasonable.  1630  "PKYwmAnti-Arniin.  85  During 
all  the  time  of  his  exile  for  Religion  in  Queene  Maries 
bloody  Regiment. 

f  3.  Government  or  control  over  oneself,  one's 
feelings  or  actions.  Obs. 

c  1412  HOCCLEVE  De  Reg.  Princ.  2052  Of  Gyles  of  regy- 
nient  Of  princes,  plotmel  thynke  I  to  translate.  1483 
CAXTO>)  Cato  2  b,  This  is  a  singuler  book  and  may  well  be 
callyd  the  regyment  or  gouernaunce  of  the  body  and  sowle, 
1605  BACON  Adv.  Leant,  ii.  xxi.  §  6  For  it  concerneth  the 
Regiment  &  gouernment  of  euery  man,  over  himself,  &  not 
ouer  others.  1679  PENS  Addr.  Prof.  n.  219  Speculations 
that  have  no  influence  upon  holy  Living,  or  tendency  to  the 
Regiment  of  our  Passions. 

fb.  Control  or  influence  exercised  by  one  thing 
over  another,  or  over  a  person.  Obs, 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  115  Whom  this  planete  under- 
fongeth  To  stonde  upon  his  regiment,  He  schal  be  meke 
and  paclent.  1528  PAYS  ELL  Salernc's  Rcgim.  Ciij,  The 
membres  or  places  of  mans  body,  in  whiche  is  the  regiment, 
that  is,  the  digestion  of  meates  and  humours.  1591  SYL 
VESTER  Du  Bartas  \.  ii,  95  Not,  that  at  all  times,  one 
same  Element  In  one  same  Body  hath  the  Regiment.  1635 
SWAN  Spec.  RI.  (1670)  179  Sith  this  lunar  regiment  is 
pertinent  to  most  seas.  1674  GREW  Nat.  ATixtitre  ii.  §  6 
Yet  doth  not  this  vast  Diversity  take  away  the  Regiment 
and  Subordination  of  Principles. 

f  c.  Gram,    =  REGIMEN  3.  Obs.  rare  ""*. 

1591  PERCIVALL  Sp.  Diet.  E  iv,  Regiment  is,  when  any 
part  of  speech  requireth  or  gouerneth  in  construction,  any 
case  or  moode  to  be  set  before  him  or  after  him. 

t  4.  The  ruling  or  governing  of  a  person,  people 
or  place.  Obs. 

a  15*9  SKELTON  Sp.  Parrot  431  For  o  ower  regente  the 
regimente  he  hathe.  1555  EDEN  Decades  22  Leauinge  the 
hole  regiment  of  the  Hand  with  his  brother  the  Lieue- 
tenaunte.  1610  J.  DOVE  Advt.  Seminaries  49  Saints  de 
parted  have  the  regiment  of  whole  Provinces.  1652  NEED- 
HAM  tr,  Selden's  Mare  Cl.  Auth.  Pref.,  The  consent  of  men 
and  gods.. would  have  the  regiment  of  Sea  and  Land  bee 
in  thy  power.  1702  C.  MATHER  Magn,  Chr.  iv.  vii.  (1852) 
136  Could  we  see  the  unseen  regiment  of  the  world.. what 
an  awe  would  it  strike  us  with ! 

tb.  The  management,  guidance,  or  control  of 
a  thing  or  affair.  Obs.  rare.  Cf.  REGIMEX  4. 

1477  NORTON  Ord.  Alch.  vi.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  101  Now 
lerne  the  Regiment  of  your  Fiers.  1651  N,  BACON  Disc. 
Govt.  Eng.  n.  v.  (1739)  26  The  greatest  Lords  thought  the 
Regiment  of  Sea-affairs  worthy  of  the  best  of  their  Rank. 
1741  BETTERTOS  Eng.  Stage  vi.  82  We  shall  proceed  to  the 
Regiment  and  proper  Motions  of  the  Head. 

f5.  Med.  Rule  of  diet  or  mode  of  living.  =  REGI 
MEN  2.  Obs.  (Common  in  phr.  Regiment  of  health?} 

1525  LD.  BRRNERS  tr.  Froiss.  II.  clxxxix.  [clxxxv.]  577  If 
they  had  ordred  hym  in  his  youthe,  and  so  contynued  by  a 
reasonable  regement,.  .this  syckenesse  had  nat  fallen  to 
hym  nowe.  1582  HESTER  Seer.  Pftiorav.  i.  xxiii.  26  Let 


Closet  Opened^  According  to  that  old  Saw  in  the  Regiment 
of  Health,  Incipe  cunt  Liqitido,  etc.  1768  FOOTE  Devil  on 
2  Sticks  in.  (1778)  46  What  signifies  a  palliative  regiment, 
with  such  a  rotten  constitution. 

t  6.  A  rule,  regulation,  ordinance.   Obs. 

1546  BALE  Eng.  Votaries  i.  (1560)  13  b,  After  he  had  fur 
nished  it  with  new  regiments  and  lawes.  rt  1548  HALL 
Chron.,  Rich.  Ill  42  The  metrician  coulde  not  obseruynge 
the  regimentes  of  metre  ende  the  seconde  verse  in  Bore. 
a  1617  BAVNE  On  Coloss.  (1634)  349  The  worke  is  double, 
internall  or  externall :  regiments,  or  direction. 
tb.  Naut.  (See  quots.)  Obs. 

1574  BOURNE  Regiment  for  Sea.  Pref.  (1577)  A  iij  b,  A  Table 
of  Declination  calculated  for  fowre  yeres,  ..which  the  See- 
men  doo  call  a  Regiment.  1594  J.  DAVIS  Seaman's  Seer. 
(1607)  18  You  must  also  by  your  Regiment  or  other  tables, 
search  to  know  the  declination  of  that  body  which  you 
obserue. 


370 

I      f  7.  A  place  or  country  under  a  particular  rule; 
,    a  kingdom,  province,  domain,  district.   Obs. 

1390  GOWF.R  Conf.  III.  127  The  ferste  regiment  Toward 
1     the   part   of  Orient ..  Governed   is   of  Signes   thre.      1590 

•  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  IK.  59  An  auncient  booke..That  of  this 
lands  first  conquest  did  devize,  And  old  division  into  Regi 
ments.     1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  \.  113  So  much  for  the  prin- 
cipall  nations  of  this  countrey.  As  for  the  States,  Tetrarchies, 
and  regiments,  there  be  in  all  195.    1635  PAGITT  Chfistianogr. 
ii.  vi.  (1636)  39  That  Councell  divided  the  Regiment  of  the 
Church  into  foure    Patriarchall  Sees.     1662  in   Buccleuch 
AfSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  540  A  company  of  foot  raised 
or  to  be  raised  in  Long-acre  or  thereabouts  in  the  Regiment 
of  Westminster  and  the  Liberty  thereof. 

transf.  1602  L.  LLOYD  Confer.  Lnives  i  The  elements  are 
commaunded  to  staie  within  their  owne  regiments,  without 
trespassing  one  of  another.  1623  WEBSTER  Duchess  Malfi 
Ded.,  Men  who  never  saw  the  sea,  yet  desire  to  behold  that 
regiment  of  waters.  1625  JACKSON  Creed  v.  iii.  14  Specula- 
'  tiue  notions  are  seated  in  the  head  or  vtmost  confines  of 
the  soules  regiment. 

8.  Mil.  A  considerable  body  of  troops,  more  or 
less  permanently  organized  under  the  command  of 
a  superior  officer,  and  forming  a  definite  unit  of  an 
army  or  military  force  ;  since  the  I7th  c.  the  specific 
name  of  the  largest  permanent  unit  of  the  cavalry, 
infantry,  and  foot-guards  of  the  British  Army. 
Regiment  of  the  line  :  (see  LINE  sb.-  21  b). 

Tiie  precise  application  of  the  term  in  the  British  Army 

'     was  considerably  altered  by  the  changes  made  in  1881,  when 

the  old  numbered  infantry  regiments  (see  quot.  1876)  were 

converted  into  battalions  of  the  new  Territorial  Regiments 

finally  formed  in  that  year. 

1579  DIGGF.S  Stratioticos  in.    vii.   96   If  his  Regiment 

•  amount  to  the  number  of  a  fine  or  sixe  thousands  [etc.]. 
1590  SIR  J.  SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  6  It  was  verie  meete 
and  convenient  that  all  that  whole  regiment  should  bee 
reduced  into  bands  of  150.  soldiers  to  an  Ensigne.     1598 
UARRET  Thcor.  ll'arres  Gloss.  252  Regiment^ a  Dutch  word, 
is  a   number  of  sundry  companies  vnder  the  charge  of  a 
Colonel).      1603   KNOLLES  Hist.   Turks  (1621)  67  To  that 
purpose  was  every  mans  regiment  appointed  what  place  to 
assaile.     1630  R.  Johnson* s  Kingd.  fy  Commit'.  147  These 
companies,  .are  now  againe  of  late  yeares  dissolved,  and  in 
their   place   the    Regiments   now    entertained,  are   five   in 
number.     1665  MANLEY  Grotius'  Low  C.  M'arres  834  The 
hope  of  the  Venetian  \Varr  being  deferred,.. the  Spanish 
Regiments  came  thence  into  the  Netherlands.     1710  STEELE 
Tatlcr  No.  100  f  4  As  idle  People  use  to  gather  about  a 
Regiment,  that  are  exercising  their  Arms.     1775  SHERIDAN 
Rivals  i.  ii,  He   is   at   present    with   his   regiment.     1853 
STOCQUELBB  Afilit.  Encycl.   230/1   The  ordinary  strength 

1     of  a  regiment  of  infantry  of  a  single  battalion  is  750.     1876 

\    VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  51/1  The  109  regiments 

of  the  line  include   12   Highland  regiments,   and  the  first 

twenty-five  have  2  battalions  each.      1881  (title)  Report  of 

Committee  on  the  Formation  of  Territorial  Regiments  as 

i    proposed  by  Colonel  Stanley's  Committee. 

b.    transf.   and  fig.   in   various   contexts ;    esp. 
\    a  large  array  or  number  (of  anything). 

1605  SYLVESTER  Dtt  Bartas  n.  i.  in.  Furies  484  The  fell 

fourth    Regiment,   is   outward  Tumours.     £1645    HOWELL 

\    Lett.  (1650)  II.  37,  I  find  as  high  examples  of  vertue  in 

i    women  as  in  men:    I  could  produce  heer  a  whole  regiment 

I    of  them.      1712  DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  (1840)  27  You  look  as  if 

'    you  belonged  to  the  ragged  regiment.      1768-74   TUCKER 

Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  236  If  they  find  you  invulnerable  in  front, 

they  will  detach  a  regiment  of  secret  motives  to  take  you  in 

rear.      1849  MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett.  II.  84  A  cat.. to  eat  the 

regiments   of  mice.      1860  All   }'ear  Round  No.  70.  475 

Regiments  of  old  vellum-bound  books. 

t  c.  A  number  of  individuals  formed  into  a  body 
or  group  ;  a  class  or  kind.  Obs. 

1610  H.EM.v.vSt.Aug.CitieofGodx.  ix.Comm.  354  Proclus 
diuides  the  diuels  into  flue  regiments  rather  then  fine  kinds, 
distinguishing  them  by  their  functions.  1634  W.  WOOD 
New  Eng.  Prosp.  (1865)  30  Although  an  Eagle  be  counted 
King  of  that  feathered  regiment,  yet  is  there  a  certaine 
blacke  Hawke  that  beats  him.  1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Bocca- 
lints  Advts.fr.  Parnass.  i.  xlvii.  (1674)  63  [He]  was  forced 
to  send.. for  a  new  Regiment  of  Dogs,  to  bring  his  Sheep 
to  better  obedience. 

f  9.  //.  Regimentals.   Obs.  rare  —1. 
1759  H.  WALPOLE  Z,<tf/.,  toG. Montagu  19 July (1846)  III. 
464  The  regiments,  too,  are  very  becoming,  scarlet  faced 
with  black,  buff  waistcoats,  and  gold  buttons. 

10.  attrib.  and  Comb.t  as  (sense  8)  regiment 
commander t  piece,  sword. 

i684j.  PETER  Siege  Vienna  jog  Regiment  Pieces  of  Prince 
Rupert's  Invention.      1722  DE    FOE  Col.   Jack  (1840)   115 
They  stood  upon  their  defence  having  the  regiment  swords 
on.     1886  Pall  Mall  G.  8  Oct.  2/1  An  appeal  to  Russia  to 
send  us.  .brigade  and  regiment  commanders. 
Regiment  (re-dsiment),  v.     [f.  prec.] 
1.  trans*  Mil.  To  form  into  a  regiment  or  regi 
ments.     (Chiefly  impassive.}     Also  transf. 

1617  COLLINS  Def.  Bp.  Ely  546  Diuers  kinds  of  fishes  are 
ranked  and  regimented  vnder  the  conduct  of  some  one  fish. 
1689  G.  WALKER  Siege  Derry  41  Of  7500  Men  Regimented 
we  had  now  alive  but  about  4300.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  n.  vi. 
196  There  were  two  hundred  horse. ,,  properly  trained  and 
regimented,  a  1797  H.  WALPOLE  Mem.  Geo.  Ill  (1845)  I. 
x.  144  A  plan  for  regimenting  twenty-five  thousand  papists  in 
Ireland  for  the  same  service,  1827  SCOTT  Napoleon  Ixxiv. 
Wks.  1870  XV.  79  A  great  part  of  the  inhabitants  were 
regimented  and  embodied.  1898  igt/i  Cent.  Feb.  223  The 
rebel  force,  regimented  and  armed  throughout  the  country, 
was  estimated  at  close  upon  three  hundred  thousand  men. 

refi.  1788  Hist,  in  Ann.  Reg.  200*  The  peasants  arming 
and  regimenting  themselves  in  considerable  numbers. 

absol.  1845  CARI.YLE  Cromwell  (1871)  I.  177  The  new 
General  is  full  of  business,  regimenting,  discharging,  en 
listing. 

b.  To  form  (persons,  now  esp.  workers)  into 
a  definitely  organized  body  or  group. 


REGIMENTED. 

1718  Free-thinker  No.  50  (1733)  239  He  lives  in  a  de 
generate  Age,  and  in  a  Nation  regimented  into  Factions. 
1731  FIELDING  Letter-writers  in.  vii,  Why,  the  rogues  are 
incorporated,  they  are  regimented.  1847  GKOTE  Greece  II. 
xxxi.  IV.  175  They  continued  to  be  a  separate  fraternity, 
and  would  not  submit  to  be  regimented  anew  under  an 
altered  category  and  denomination.  1878  Fraser's  Mag. 
XVIII.  194  They  must  be  'regimented1  under  captains  of 
industry  who  will  compel  them  to  their  task. 

c.  To  bring  or  put  (things)  into  some  definite 
order  or  system  ;  to  organize,  systematize, 

1698  [R.  FERGUSON]  I'few  Eccles.  Pref.,  Yet  being  other 
wise  Regimented  and  Marshal'd  into  sentences.  1866  CAR 
I.YLE  in  Morning  .Star  4  Apr.  5/5  Very  many  things  could 
be  regimented  and  organised  into  the  mute  system  of  educa 
tion  that  Goethe  evidently  adumbrates  there.  1873  A.  L. 
PERRY  Elent.  Pol.  Econ.  {ed.  S)  535  The.  .folly  of  law-makers, 
who.  .have  struggled  to  regiment  all  industry. 

2.  To  assign  to  a  regiment  or  group. 

1774  KAMES  Sketches  n.  ix.  (1807)  II.  261  In  Switzerland 
..every  male  who  can  bear  arms  is  regimented,  and  sub 
jected  to  military  discipline.  1856  FROL'DE  Hist.  Etig. 
I.  i.  13  Every  man  was  regimented  somewhere ;.  .the  re 
strictions  both  on  masters  and  servants  were,  .severe. 

Regimental  (red^ime-ntal),  a.  and  sb.  [f. 
REGIMENT  sb.  +  -AL.] 

A.  adj.  Of  or  belonging   to,   associated   with, 
a  regiment,  or  with  some  particular  regiment. 

1702  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  3843/4  He  is  5  foot  9  inches,  in  his 
Regimental  Clothes.  1753  CHAMBKRS  Cycl.  Sufip,,  Apf>. 
S.v.  Hospital^  Regimental  hospitals  are  of  the  greatest  im 
portance.  1776  J.  ADAMS  Wks.  (1854)  IX.  406  It  is  right,  I 
believe,  to  make  the  rule  of  promotion  among  captains  and 
subalterns  regimental  only.  1829  Regnl.  $  Ord.  A^nny 
(1844)  10  The  Regimental,  or  Second,  Standard,  or  Guidon, 
is  to  be  of  the  Colour  of  the  Facing  of  the  Regiment.  1880 
GEN.  ADYE  in  igth  Cent.  April  703  With  only  seven  officers 
in  a  regiment,  a  system  of  pure  regimental  rise  by  single 
battalions  cannot  well  be  applied. 

fig.  1845  J.  SALNDERS  Pict.  Eng.  Life  8  Chaucer  had  not 
much  relish  for  the  regimental  school  of  rhythm.  1848 
CLOUCH  Amours  de  Voy.  \.  no  With  metallic  beliefs  and 
regimental  devotions. 

B.  s/>.     1.  pi.  The  dress  proper  to  or  character 
istic  of  any  particular  regiment ;  military  uniform. 

1742  Lend,  Mag.  610  The  Gold  Lace  on  their  Regimentals. 
1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  W.  xxxi,  He.,  entered,  handsomely 
dressed  in  his  regimentals.  1812  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  \\.  Notes 
159  Regimentals  are  the  best  travelling  dress.  1863  Sat. 
Rei>.  19  Sept.  375  When  he.  .was  no  nearer  Empire  than  a 
tame  eagle  and  some  sham  regimentals  could  carry  him. 

fig,     1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  vi.  ix,  The  pale  livery  of 
death  succeeds  the  red  regimentals  in  which  love  had  before 
drest  her  cheeks.     1833  LYTTON  Eugene  A.  ix,  Miss  Nelly 
blushes  when  he  speaks,  scarlet  is  love's  regimentals. 
b.  transf.  Prison  clothes. 

1838  DICKENS  O.  Twist  xviii,  Stating  that  his  'time1  was 
only  out  an  hour  before;  and  that  ..  having  worn  the 
regimentals  for  six  weeks  past  [etc.], 

f  2.  A  military  or  regimental  uniform.   Obs.  rare. 

a  1794  COLMAN  Man  of  Business  ii.  (D.>,  If  they  had  been 
ruled  by  me,  they  would  have  put  you  into  the  guards.  You 
would  have  made  a  sweet  figure  in  a  regimental.  1795 
ANDERSON  Brit.  Emb.  China  7  The  regimental  consisting 
of  a  very  coarse  bluejacket,  with  a  vest  and  breeches  of  the 
same  colour. 

Hence  Beglme-ntalism ;  Re'gimentality ; 
Regime-ntallert  , /, .  a, 

1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  190  Gypsiety  and 
regimentality  can  never  be  turned  into  one  another.  1789 
Poetry  in  Ann.  Keg.  156  Theregimental'd  and  the  trowser'd 
trains,  a  1896  LADY  BURTON  in  Wilkins  Rom.  Lady  Burton 
(1897)  I.  x.  364  Peppering  their  conversation  with  an  occa 
sional  Hindustani  word, ..and  plentiful  regimentalisms. 

Regiineiitally  (red^ime-ntali),  adv.    [-LY  2.] 

1.  According  to  regiment ;  by  regiments. 

17x3  Lomi.  C,az.  No.  5086/3  The  rest  of  the  Out-Pen 
sioners  are  to  appear  at  the  said  Hospital  Regimentally  on 
such  Days  as  will  he  advertised.  1799  Instr.  $•  Keg. 
Ca0aby'j&l$  278  The  trumpet  flourish,  in  drawing  swords, 
is  used  regimentally  on  their  own  ground.  1834  NAPIER 
Pcnins.  Warm.  ii.  (Rtldg.)  II.  300  All  things  reguisite  for 
the  subsistence . .  of  troops  should  be  organised  regimentally. 
1885  Manch.  Exam.  14  Apr.  4/7  The  Government  intended 
to  call  out  the  reserves  regimentally. 

2.  In  point  of  regimental  rank. 

1864  Realm  18  May  6  The  close  of  the  occupation  of 
France  found  him  still  only,  regimentally,  a  major  in  the  43rd. 

Regimentary  (redgime'ntari),  sb.  and  a.     [f. 

REGIMENT  sb.  +-ABY  *  :  cf.  mod.F.  rtgimentaire] 

fA.  sb.  The  title  of  a  Polish  military  officer.  Obs. 

1733  BUDGELL  Bee  IV.  295  The  Regimentary  of  the  Crown 
will  enter  into  Saxony  with  an  Army  of  60,000  Men.     1774 
Ann.  Reg.  18  The  regimentary  Krazewski,  who  commanded 
in  Great  Poland,  opposed  these  encroachments. 
B.  adj.  Regimental. 

1869  Daily  News  30  Mar.,  I  followed  in  the  wake  of  a 
regimentary  fragment  through  the  streets  to  the  Priory 
station.  1901  N.  Amer.  Rfv.  Feb.  216  With  an  implacable 
regularity,  with  a  regimentary  rigidity. 

Re  giineiita'tioii.  U-  K.EGIMEXT  v.  +  -ATION.] 
The  action  or  process  of  regimenting  or  organizing. 
(Common  in  recent  use,  esp.  with  ref.  to  workers 
or  industries.) 

1882  SPENCER  Princ.  Social,  v.  xviii.  §553  The  process  of 
militant  organization  is  a  process  of  regimentation,  which., 
affects  the  whole  community.  1890  BOOTH  Darkest  Eng. 
35  The  regimentation  of  industrial  workers  who  have  not 
got  regular  work  is  not  so  very  difficult. 

Regimented  (re-alimented),  ///.  a.  [f.  REGI 
MENT  v.  +  -ED^.]  Formed  into  regiments  or 
organized  groups. 

1701  UK  FdvAfetXt  Mourners  14  A  Regimented  Few  we  had 


REGIMINAL. 

indeed,  Who  serv'd  for  neither  Pride  nor  Fame,  but  Bread. 
1781  COWPER  Truth  422  His  books  well  trimmed . .  Like  regi 
mented  coxcombs  rank  and  file.  1829  SOUTH EY-SiV  T.More 
II.  327  They  became  objects  of  jealousy  to  the  whole  regi 
mented  forces  of  the  Romish  Church.  1849  GROTK  Greece 
ii.  liv.  (1862)  IV.  529  The  superiority  of  disciplined  and 
regimented  force  over  disorderly  numbers. 

Regiminal  (rfdji'minSl),  a.  Med.  [f.  REGI- 
MEN%  on  L.  types,  as  criminal:  cf.  REGIMENAL.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  regimen. 

1832  J.  THOMSON  Life  Cullen  I.  179  To  employ.. all  the    j 
means,  medicinal,  dietetic,  and  regiminal,  which  may  asM>t 
in  restoring  the  diseased  economy.     1867  \V.  Fox  Dyspepsia    \ 
iv.  101  Treatment,  .may  be  conveniently  divided  into  regi-    j 
minal  and  dietetic,  and  medicinal. 

Reginal    (rAlgai-nall,   a.      [ad.    med.L.    regi-    \ 
mil-is,  f.  rcgina  queen  +  -AL  ;  cf.  obs,  K.  reginal   , 
(Godef.).]   a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  queen  ;  queenly, 
queenlike.     b.  Taking  the  side  of  the  queen. 

1568  in  Hay  Fleming  Mary  Q.  of  Scots  (1897)  512  To  gif 
over  our  authoritie  and  powar  reginall.     1824  MOORE  Mem. 
(1853)  IV.  261  Dined  at  Denman's,  the  party  a  most  Reginal 
one;.. Talked  of  the  Regency  Question.     1845  CAMI-BELL    i 
Chancellors  (18^7)  II.  xxxviii.   150  It  raised   the  question    i 
whether,  by  a  disparaging  alliance,  the  reginal  precedence    [ 
was  not  lost.     1898  BESANT  Changeling  xvii,  With  reginal    i 
gesture,  tall  and  commanding. 

tRegrne.  O&s.-1     [ad.  L.  rextna.']     Queen. 

Evidently  used  only  for  the  sake  of  rhyme. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixxxv.  6  Haile,  sterne  superne  ! 
Haile,  in  eterne,. .  Angelicall  regyne  ! 

tRegrnist.  Obs~l  [f.  L.  rcgina  +  -IST  ;  cf. 
QUEEKIST.]  A  partisan  of  a  queen. 

1646  LUCK  Rich.  Ill,  i.  12  Those  of  the  blood  Royall  (with 
whom  the  ancient  Barons  sided)  and  the  Reginists. 

Region  (n-dsan).  Also  4-5  -youn(e,  5 
-yowne,  4-6  -ioun(e,  -yon,  etc.  [a.  AF.  rcgiun 
(mod.F.  rtgiott),  ad.  L.  region-em  direction,  line, 
boundary,  quarter,  district,  etc.,  f.  regSre  to  direct. 
The  earliest  English  uses  show  association  with 
regcre  in  the  sense  of  '  to  rule '.] 

1.  fa.  A  realm  or  kingdom.  Obs.  b.  A  large 
tract  of  land  ;  a  country ;  a  more  or  less  defined 
portion  of  the  earth's  surface,  now  esp.  as  dis 
tinguished  by  certain  natural  features,  climatic 
conditions,  a  special  fauna  or  flora,  or  the  like. 

Wyclif,  Tindale,  and  the  Genevan  version  (1557)  have 
regions  in  place  of/Sf&f  in  John  iv.  35,  after  rcg iones  of  tht 


Vulgate.    Similarly  tree  of  the  region  in  Wyclif,  Jer.  xii.  20. 

'ilerlyn ..of  * 

. .       .  .     iHe  be  laii 

CHAUCER  L.  G.   W*   1445  Hypsipylt,  If..  That  them  this 


1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  282  Merlyn..of  him  has 
said,  pat  J>re  regions,  in  his  bandons,  salle  be  laid.     £1385 


famous  tresor  mightest  winne,  And  bryngyn  it  myn  regioun 
with-inne.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  59  The  grete  see  is 
namede  in  diuerse  maners  for  diuerse  regiones,  yles,  cites, 
and  peple  that  hit  compassethe.  1485  CAXTON  Chas.  Gi.  i. 
12  There  was  a  kyng.  .which,  whan  he  departed  fro  Troye 
came  in  to  the  regyon  of  fraunce.  ^1533  LD.  BERNERS 
Huon  Ixxxii.  255  In  what  place  of  your  regyon  thynke  you 
that  ye  ought  too  iuge  of  the  peeres  of  Fraunce  ?  1542 
UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  n.  188  Whiche  Lybia  is  a  region  or 
coste  of  the  countree  of  Afrike,  boundyng  vpon  Aegypte. 
1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  iv.  vi.  101  All  the  Regions  Do  smilingly 
Reuolt,  and  who  resists  Are  mock'd  for  valiant  Ignorance. 
1625  N.  CARPENTER  Geog.  Del.  ir.  i.  (1635)  5  Nauigatours 
haue  discouered  few  or  no  Regions  wanting  inhabitants. 
1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  67  Embassies  from  Regions  far  re 
mote  In  various  habits  on  the  Appian  road.  1726-46  THOM 
SON  Winter  414  Amongst  those  hilly  regions,  where  embrac'd 
In  peaceful  vales  the  happy  Grisons  dwell  !  1814  SCOTT 
Ld.  of  Isles  in.  xvii,  But  late  you  said  No  steps  these  desert 
regions  tread  !  1857  SCLATER  in  Jrnl.  Proc.  Lintt.  Soc., 
Zaol.  1.1858)  II.  143  South  America  is  the  most  peculiar  of 
all  the  primary  regions  in  the  globe  as  to  its  ornithology. 
1870  YEATS  Mi/.  Hist.  Contm.  i  The  inhabitants  of  any  one 
region  may,  by  exchange,  become  possessed  of  the  abund 
ance  and  variety  of  all  other  regions. 

C.  \Vithoutarticle:  Land,  territory.  rare~*1. 

1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  415  That  length  of  Region, 
and  large  Tract  of  Ground. 

d.  An  area,  space,  or  place,  of  more  or  less 
definite  extent  or  character. 

1726  LEONI  AlbertPs  Archit.  I.  2/1  The  Region,  .shall  be 
the  whole  large  open  Place  in  which  we  are  to  build,  and  of 
which  the  Seat  or  Platform  shall  be  only  a  Part.  1838 
DICKENS  Nick.  Nick,  xvi,  Within  the  precincts  of  the  ancient 
city  of  Westminster,  is  a  narrow  and  dirty  region.  1871 
MRS.  EDWARDS  Ought  we  to  visit  her?  III.  viii.  131  The 
ginger-beer  stalls  and  Aunt  Sallies  of  the  back  regions. 

f  2.  The  rule  or  government  of  a  kingdom.  Obs. 

c  1400  Apol.  Loll.  86  ftey  reyse  not  a  king  to  regioun,  J>ey 
schal  not  }eue  reynto  men.  £1470  HARDING  Chron.  CLXXVI. 
ix,  He  prayed  thelordesat  parlyement  Hissonne  to  admytte 
into  the  regyon,  Syth  he  vnable  was  to  the  regyment. 

3.  A  separate  part  or  division  of  the  world  or 
universe,  as  the  air,  heaven,  etc. 

1340  Ayenb.  268  J>e  zuete  smel  ine  hare  regyon  [sc.  heaven] 
2110  zuete  ys  (jet  alle  manyre  zuete  smelles  ouercomK  c  1384 
CHAUCER//.  Fame  11.421  For  in  this  Region  [the  air]  certeyn 
Duelleth  many  a  Citezeyn.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  73  Bulles 
of  fyre  so  grete  that  they  enflamed  alle  the  regyon  of  the 
ayer.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  f-*/,v.  iii.  n  Ye  Familiar  Spirits, 
that  are  cull'd  Out  of  the  powerfull  Regions  vnder  earth. 
1602  —  Ham.  n.  ii.  509  Anon  the  dreadfull  Thunder  Doth 
rend  the  Region.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  m.  349  Heav'n  rung 
With  Jubilee,  and  loud  Hosannas  filPdTh*  eternal  Regions. 
1726-46  THOMSON  Winter  116  In  what  far-distant  region  of 
the  sky,  Hush'd  in  deep  silence,  sleep  ye  when  'tis  calm  ? 
1820  SHELLEY  Liberty  x,  As  light  may  pierce  the  clouds 
when  they  dissever  In  the  calm  regions  of  the  orient  day  1 
1866  G.  M_ACDONALD^««.  Q.  Neighb.  xxix.  (1878)  497  We 
know  nothing  of  the  region  Deyond  the  grave  ! 

t>.  fig-  A  place,  state  or  condition,  having  a  cer- 


371 

tain  character  or  subject  to  certain  influences;  the 
sphere  or  realm  ^something. 

1526  TINDALE  Alatt.  iv.  16  To  them  which  sate  in  the 
region  and  shadowe  of  deeth.  1548-9  (Mar.)  Bk.  Com, 
Prayer^  Burial  of  Dead,  That  he  escaping  the.  .paynes  of 
eternal!  derkenes  May  euer  dwel  in  the  region  of  lighte. 
1601  UANIKL  To  C'tcss  Citmbld.  ii,  With  how  free  an  eye 
doth  he  looke  downe  Vpon  these  lower  regions  of  turmoyle. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  \.  65  Darkness  visible  Serv'd  only 
to  discover  sights  of  woe,  Regions  of  sorrow.  1751  JOHNSON* 
Rambler  No.  83  ?  2  Barbarians,  by  whom  every  region  of 
science  is  equally  laid  waste.  1843  MIALL  Nonconf.  III.  i 
We  have  passed  beyond  the  region  of  early  perils.  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  234  He  has  followed  philosophy 
into  the  region  of  mythology. 

4.  a.   One  of  the  successive  portions  into  which 
the    air    or    atmosphere    is    theoretically    divided 
according  to  height  (see  cjuot.  1704).     Also  simi 
larly  of  the  sea  according  to  depth. 

1563  W.  KITLKK  Mfieors  (1640)  7  Some  part  of  it  being 
caryed  up  into  the  highest  Region,  by  the  iiery  heat  is  set 
on  fire.  Ibid,  n  Generated  m  the  highest  region  of  the 
ayre.  1626  KACON  Sylva.  §  81  Raines  [are  condensed]  by 
the  Cold  of  that,  which  they  call  the  Middle  Region  of  the 
Aire.  1671  HOYI.K  Temp.  Submarine  Regions  Hi.  8  To 
jiihtifie  my  ascribing  of  this  Coldnesse  to  the  second,  or  lower 
Region  of  the  Sea,  I  shall  now  subjoin  some  Relations.  1704 
J.  HAKKIS  Lc.v.  Tcchn.  I.  s.v.,  Regions  of  the  Air,  are  dis 
tinguished  into  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower.  1843  KrsKirf 
Mod,  Paint.  I.  ji.  in.  ii.  §  2.  196,  I  shall  therefore  consider 
the  sky  as  divided  into  three  regions  :  the  upper  region,  or 
region  of  the  cirrus  [etc.].  1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  I.  xxvii.  203 
The  wind  was  high  in  the  upper  regions. 
fig.  1598  SMAKS.  Merry  ii'.  in.  ii,  74  He  is  of  too  high  a 
Region,  he  knows  too  much. 

fb.   =  CLIMATE  i.  Oh.  rare. 

1551  RECORDS  Cast.  KnoivL  (1556)  91,  I  meane  by  a 
Region  that  whiche  the  Grekes  do  call  a  Climate;.. the 
climates  may  well  be  accompted  48  betwene  the  twoo  polare 

circles. 

5.  An  administrative  division  of  a  city  or  district. 
*593  I'|'-SON  Gm't.  Christ's  Ch.  282  Every  l.ishop  had  his 

region  or  Diocese  besides  his  Citie.  a  1600  HOOKER  £ccl. 
Pol,  vii.  viii.  §7  The  Roman  governor.. gave  charge  that 
Macedonia  should  be  divided  into  four  regions  or  diocesses. 
1781  GIBBON  Decl.  fy  /•'.  xvii.  II.  21  He  divided  Constanti 
nople  into  fourteen  regions  or  quarters.  1841  \V.  SPAI.DING 
Italy  c^-  //.  1st.  I.  319  No  new  nomenclature  seems  to  have 
been  introduced,  each  province  being  merely  called  a 
Region..  .The  following  were  the  Augustan  Regions.  1854 
CDL.  WISEMAN  Fabiola  (1855)  80  One  of  the  seven  regions 
into  which  Pope  Cajus.  .had  divided  the  city. 

6.  A  part  or  division  of  the  body  or  its  parts  : 
a.  spec,  in  Anat.  and  Med. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  DC  P.  R.  vn.  liii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Ofte 
such  a  passion  and  yuel  is  ycured  by  bloode  letting  and  by 
medicyns..and  namelich  vppon  be  regioun  of  be  lyuoure. 
157?  LANGHAM  Card.  Health  (1633)  133  Applyed  to  the 
region  of  the  milt,  it  doth  soften  it.  1626  BACON  Syfca.  §  65 
To  draw  away  the  Reliques  of  the  Humours,  that  may  hatie 
descended  to  the  Lower  Regions  of  the  Body.  1707  FLOVKK 
Physic.  Pulse-Watch  350  The  celiac  Branches  of  the  Artery 
..send  Branches  to  all  the  Viscera  in  the  middle  Region. 
1835 -6  TODD  Cycl.  Anat,  I.  2/2  The  outline  of  the  anterior 
wall  or  proper  abdominal  region  constitutes  an  oval.  1881 
MIVART  Cat  60  The  skull  is  said  to  be  divided  into  certain 
regions. 

b.  in  general  use. 

1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  iv.  i.  84  The  Gybes,  and  notable  Scornes 
That  dwell  in  euery  Region  of  his  face.  1605  —  Lear  I.  i. 
147  Let  it  fall  rather,  though  the  fork  invade  The  region  of 
my  heart.  1839  DE  QI/INCEY  in  Tail's  Mag.  Jan.  9/1  The 
mouth,  and  the  region  of  the  mouth . .  were  about  thestrongest 
feature  in  Wordsworth's  face.  1892  HAKDV  Test  Ii.  (ed.  5), 
A  sudden  rebellious  sense  of  injustice  caused  the  region  of 
her  eyes  to  swell  with  the  rush  of  hot  tears. 

7.  A  space  occupied  by  a  thing. 

1664  POWER  Ex£.  Philos.  i.  35  Oyle  (which  floated  on  the 
Vineger  in  a  distinct  Region  by  it  selfj.  1876  TAIT  Rec. 
Adv.  Phys.  Sc.  xiii.  (ed.  2)  334  We  indicate  on  the  diagram 
the  region  within  which  our  given  quantity  of  water  can 
exist  partly  as  vapour  and  partly  as  liquid.  1882  MINCUIN 
Unipl.  Kinemat.  194  Let  DEF ..  be  a  contour  enclosing 
any  portion  of  a  moving  fluid.  We  may  speak  of  the  whole 
of  this  space  as  a  region. 

8.  attrib.,  as  region  cloud,  kite,  planting^  whisper, 
c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn,  xxxiii,The  region  cloude  hath  mask'd 

him  from  me  now.  i6oa  —  Ham.  \\.  ii.  607,  I  should  haue 
fatted  all  the  Region  Kites  With  this  Slaues  Offal,  a  1821 
KEATS  Hyperion  1.^349  Ere  half  this  region-whisper  had 
come  down,  Hyperion  arose.  1832  Planting  44  in  Lib. 
Use/.  A"«.,  Husb.  Ill,  The  forest  trees  to  be  planted  should 
be  selected  according  to  the  above  principles.  In  practice 
this  may  be  termed  region  planting. 

Regional  (n-dganal),  a.  [ad.  late  L.  region- 
(j/'t's:  see  prec.  and  -AL,  and  cf.  mod.F.  regional ^ 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  connected  with,  a  particular 
region  or  district. 

1654  HAMMOND  Answ.  Animadv.  Ignat.  vi.  159  The 
Apostles.,  planting  a  Church  in  a  chief  Citie,  and  extending 
the  Faith  to  the  Region  about  h,..annext  the  Regional- 
Church  to  the  City-Church.  1675  EVELYN  7'crra  (1720}  ii 
Especially  if. .  we  could  skill  to  modify  also  the  Air,  about 
them,  and  make  the  Remedy  as  well  regional  as  topical. 
1861  Times  10  July,  He  asked  how  he  meant  to  deal  with 
Tuscany, ..  where  the  regional  system  was  still  kept  up  in 
aH  its  integrity.  1882  GEIKIE  in  Nature  7  Dec.  122  It  is 
evident  that  an  enormous  area  of  regional  metamorphism 
extends  across  Scandinavia.  1888  Times  23  June  5/5  The 
regional  shows  held  in  the  different  departments  of  France. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  special  part  of  the  body. 

1861  O.  W.  HOLMES  Med.  Ess.  Wks.  1801  IX.  224  It  is 
curious  that  the  Japanese  should  have  anticipated  Europe 
in  a  kind  of  rude  regional  anatomy.  1899  Allbutfs  Syst. 
Med,  VII.  271  The  regional  diagnosis  of  cerebral  disease  is, 
in  some  instances,  comparatively  easy. 


BEGISTER. 

Hence  Be  gionally  adv. 

1879  PARKER  in  Trans.  Linn.  Sac.  (1882)  II.  166  Region 
ally,  these  walls  answer  to  the  orbitosphenoids  and  alisphe- 
noids  of  the  higher  Vertebrata. 

Regionalism  (rFdssnaliz'm).  [f.  prec.  + 
-ISM.]  Tendency  to,  or  practice  of,  regional 
systems  or  methods ;  localism  on  a  regional  basis. 

1881  Blanch.  Guard.  4  Feb.,  That  unfortunate  '  regional 
ism  '  of  Italy  which  has  been  described  by. .recent  writer^ 
in  the  country.  1887  Edin.  Kcv.  Jan.  107  The  spirit  of 
local  individualism,— in  politics  somewhat  inharmoniously 
dubbed  'regionalism1. 

So  Re'ufionalist,  one  inclined  to  regionalism ; 
Regional!  stic  a. 

1898  Contcmf.  Rev.  Sept.  325  As  Catalonian  T.eagues, 
Rationalistic  propagandas.  .,and  Press  protests  testify.  1900 
Daily  Kxprcss  IL>  July  1/7  The  rfi;ionalists  of  Catalonia 
are  preparing  a  violent  campaign  against  bull-fights. 

Regionary  (irdjanari1,  a.  and  sl>.  [ad.  late 
L.  regionari-tts  (Quicherat  and  Du  Cange) :  see 
KEUION  and  -AKY  1.] 

A.  adj.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  region.  Kc^ionary 
bii/iop  vsee  quots.  15-27  -3^  and  1869  . 

1657-83  EVKLVN  Hist.  Relit;.  (1850)  I.  104  They  attributed 
their  successes  ..  to  the  topical  and  regionary  deities. 


what  are  called  by  bt.  Austin  the  rcgionary  councils.     1865 
MACLKAK  Afost.  Med.  Europe  viii.  113  He  was  consecrated 
regionary  bi>bop,  without  any  particular  diocese,  but  with 
a  -uiieia!  jurisdiction  over  all  whom  he  might  win  over. 
b.  Regionary  deacon^  etc.  (see  quots.). 
1727-38  CHA.MEKHS  Cy-:l.  s.v.,  At  Rome  there  were antiently 
seven  regionary  deacons,  who  presided  over  a  kind  of  hos 
pitals,  and  looked  to  the  d^trilmtion  of  alms.     There  were 


B.  s/i.  An  account  or  description  of  the  regions 
of  Home. 

1818  J.  C.  HOBHOUSE  Hist.  Illustr.  (ed.  2)  54  Panvinius 
dedicated  his  description  of  Rome,  which  he  added  to  the 
old  regionaries,  to  the  Emperor  Ferdinand,  in  1558. 

Re'gioned,///.  a.  [f.  KKGIOS  +  ED  -.]  Divided 
into  regions ;  placed  in  a  region. 

aiSzi  KEATS  Hyperion  \.  119  Space  region 'd  with  life-air, 
and  barren  void.  1872  A.  DF,  VEKI;  Legends  St.  Patrick, 
Mount  Cntachan  160  His  prayer  Rose  and  far  spread  ;  nor 
roused  alone  those  Powers  Re^ioncd  with  Clod. 

Regio'nic,  a.  rare.     [-R1.]     Regional. 

1891  Cent.  Diet,  (citing  Buck's  Ilandkk.  Men.  Sci.). 

•f  Re'gious,  a.  Olis.  rare-1,  [f.  L.  reg-,  rex 
king  -r  -lous.]  Taking  the  side  of  a  king. 

a  1677  J.  HARRINGTON  Grounds  Monarcky  Wks.  (1700)  ii, 
I  would  fain  ask  the  Regions  Defenders,  by  what  Law  they 
can  maintain  Governments  to  be  inherent  in  one? 

Register  (re-d^istoa),  s&.1  Forms:  4-6  re- 
gestre,  -gistre,  5-6  regester,  (5  -tyr),  regyster, 
(5  -tre' ,  6  regesto(u)r,  5-  register,  [a.  F.  registre, 
\regestre  (i  2 the.),  or  med.L.  registrant,  regestriun, 
for  regestum,  from  the  late  L.pl.  regesla  matters  re 
corded,  a  record,  list,  f.  regerere  to  record,  set  down, 
f.  re-  RE-  +gerere  to  carry  (see  congest,  digest,  etc.). 

The  intrusive  r  of  the  F.  and  med.L.  forms  is  due  to  the 
analogy  of  other  sbs.  in  F.  -istre  (for  -iste\  L.  'istrttin, 
Some  of  the  senses  placed  under  II  have  app.  arisen  by 
false  association  with  F.  rcgir,  L.  regere,  to  rule,  regulate.] 
I.  1.  A  book  or  volume  in  which  regular  entry 
is  made  of  particulars  or  details  of  any  kind  which 
are  considered  of  sufficient  importance  to  be  exactly 
and  formally  recorded ;  a  written  record  or  collec 
tion  of  entries  thus  formed ;  f  a  list,  catalogue. 

'377  LANCL.  P.  PI.  B.  xx.  269,  I  wolde  witterly  (>at  ;e 
were  in  be  registre,  And  5owre  noumbre  vnder  notaries 
sygne.  V  ,r  1400  Mortc  Arth.  113  Thy  fadyr  mad  fewtee, 
we  fynde  in  oure  rollez,  In  the  regestre  of  Rome.  1:1460 
FORTESCL'E  Abs.  *r  Lint.  Rlon.  xv.  (1885)  149  Ot>er  artycles 
..mowe  be.. putt  in  a  boke,  and  that  boke  kept  in  this 
counsell  as  a  redistil-  or  a  ordinarye.  1479  in  Etig.  Gilds 
(1870)  421  A  Registre  of  the  same  toremayn  with  the  Maire. 
1560  UAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Coinm.  347  There  is  a  register  of 
bokes,  which  thuniversity  of  Louain  hath  rejected.  1581 
J.  BELL  Haddotfs  Atisui.  Osor.  129  b,  It  is  not  needefull  to 
make  a  Register  of  all  y>  testimonies  of  writers.  1641  J. 
JACKSON  True  Evang.  T.  I.  28  Seven  Scribes.. who  had., 
enough  to  doe  to.  .keep  Registers  of  the  Martyrs  that  were 
put  to  death.  <zi7is  BURNET  Own  Time  I.  (1724)  I.  88  He 


sphere.  1803  Med.  Jrnl.  XIV.  195  He  was  so  good  as  to 
visit  his  patient,  and  examine  his  register.  1844  H.  H. 
WILSON  Brit.  India  III.  294  The  results  of  the  general 
survey  were  embodied  in  a  map  ;  those  of  the  field  survey 
were  preserved  in  village  registers.  1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Fr. 
I.  x,  With  a  number  of  leathery  old  registers  on  shelves. 

transf.  and^f^.  1555  W.  WATREMAN  Fardte  Facions  n. 
viii.  182  Thei  entre  into  the  regeslre  of  their  stories.  1598 
SHAKS.  Mfrry  If.  n.  ii.  195  As  you  haue  one  eye  vpon  my 
follies,  as  you  heare  them  vnfolded,  turne  another  into  the 
Register  of  your  owne.  1642  FULLER  Holy  S,  Prof.  St.  Hi. 
x.  176  Abuse  not  thy  Memory  to  be  Sinnes  Register.  1726 
POPE  Odyss.  xx.  91  The  God  supreme,  to  whose  eternal  eye 
The  registers  of  fate  expanded  he.  1817  CHALMERS  A stron. 
Disc.  ii.  (1852)  65,  I  may  put  into  the  registers  of  my  belief, 
all  that  comes  home  to  me  through  the  senses  of  the  outer 
man.  1863  DANA  it  fan.  Geol.  734  The  Pacific  Ocean.,  has 
registers  of  subsidence  all  over  it,  in  its  coral  islands. 
b.  A  note  or  mark  serving  as  a  record. 

47-2 


REGISTER. 


372 


REGISTER. 


1883  Hardwick's  Photogr.  Client,  (ed.  Taylor)  343  On  a 
corner  of  the  glass  is  scratched  with  a  diamond  i,  2,  &c. ,  as 
the  case  might  be.  The  register  will  serve  for  future  print 
ings  from  the  same  Negative. 

f  2.  As  a  title :  a.  of  the  Epistles  of  Gregory 
the  Great.  Obs. 

After  the  L.  title  Registrum  or  Regestum  (epistolarnui). 

CI&Q  Antccrist  in  Tod d  Three  Treat,  Wycltf  (.\15\\  118 
As  seynte  Gregore  seif>  in  be  fyvebe  boke  of  his  rcyistrc. 
1494  FALYAN  Lhron.  y.  cxix.  95  Which  answers  are  wrytten 
with  other  questions  in  the  regestre  of  Gregory. 

fb.  of  a  compilation  containing  the  forms  of 
writs  of  the  Common  Law,  cited  by  English  law 
yers  of  the  i6-i7th  c.  06s. 

The  full  title  was  '  the  Register  of  Writs  ',  or  (  of  the 
Chancery ' ;  see  Cowell  Interpr.  and  Blount  Law  Diet.  s.v. 

1544  tr.  Littleton's  Tenures  3  b,  So  it  shalbesayd  in  dyuers 
other  wryttes.. as  it  appereth  by  the  register.  1598  MAN- 
WOOD  Lawes  Forest  ix.  §  5.  53  In  the  Register  in  the  writ 
of  Adquod  dantpnum^  there  the  woord  U  Assert  arc.  1628 
COKE  On  Lilt,  73  b,  It  appeareth  by  the  Register  that  the 
king  shal  haue  escuage  of  his  tenants  which  hold  of  him. 

3.  In  St.  use,  the  general  term  (current  from  the 
1 5th  c.)  for  records  of  a  legal,  parliamentary,  or 
public  character;  in  later  use  spec,  those  instituted 
by  the  Act  of  1 6 1 7,  in  which  all  documents  affecting 
landed  property  arc  recorded. 

1425  Sc.  Ac.'s  Jas,  I  (1814)  II.  9/1  pat  all  &  slndry.  .pre 
sent  far  lettres..at  hai  may  be  put  in  J>e  kingis  Register  til 
perpetuale  memore.  1566  (title)  The  Aciis  and  Constitu- 
tiounls  of  the  Real  me  of  Scotland.,  viseit,  correctit,  and 
extractit  furth  of  the  Renters.  1577  in  Acts  Part.  Scot. 
(1844)  I.  Pref.  25  note,  The  Registeris  of  the  d<jcrehtis  gevin 
be  the  Lordis  of  Counsale.  1617  Sc.  Acts  Jos.  r/.(i8i6) 
IV.  546/1  Thair  salbe  ane  publick  Register  In  the  whiche 
all  Reuersiones, . ,  grantis  off  rcdemptioun  and  siclyik  all 
enstrumentis  of  seasing  salbe  registrat  within  thriescore 
dayes  efter  be  date  of  the  same.  1708  J.  CHAMBERLAYNE 
St.  (.if.  Brit,  11.  in.  v.  (1710)  443  The  Law  of  Scotland  is 


fenny  tycL 

culiar  to  this  part  of  the  empire,  the  register  of  all  deeds 
conveying  or  changing  territorial  property.  1877  Act  40  t$- 
41  Viet.  c.  40  §  5  The  keeper,  .of  the  register  of  deeds  and 
probative  writs.  Ibid.  §  6  Where  any  writ . .  shall  have  been 
registered  in  the  General  Register  of  Sasines. 

b.  Clerk  of  (the]  Register,  now  Lord  Clerk 
Register :  originally  the  clerk  who  kept  the  King's 
register,  in  later  times  a  Scottish  officer  of  state, 
who  formerly  had  custody  of  the  national  records 
or  registers,  but  is  now  represented  in  that  capacity 
by  the  Deputy  Clerk  Register. 

In  early  use  the  Latin  genitive  registri  sometimes  appears: 
in  the  modern  form  there  is  perh.  confusion  with  $b.~ 

1457  Sc.  Acts  Jos.  II  (1814)  II.  52/2  pe  lordis  thinkis 
speidfull  bat  oure  souerane  lorde  commande  all  his  schinefis 
and  commissaris  of  burowis  to  cum  to  be  clerk  of  his 
Regestre  [etc.].  1543  5V.  Acts  Mary  (1814)  II.  414/1  Hir 
hienes.  .ordanis  be  clerk  of  registri  and  Justice  clerk  [etc.]- 
Ibiti.  415/2  Maister  James  foulis  of  colintoun  Clerk  of  regis- 
teris  askit  Instruments.  1607  in  Acts  Part.  Scot.  (1844)  I. 
Pref.  13  Proclamation  is  made  throughout  the  Kingdome,  to 
deliver  in  to  the  King's  Clearke  of  Register  (whom  you  heere 
[at  Whitehall]  call  the  Master  of  the  Rolles)  all  Bills  to  be  ex- 
hibited  that  Session.  1644  U.  HUME  Hist.  Ho.  Douglas  358 
Master  John  Skeene,  Clerk-Register,  and  Master  of  the 
Rols.  1705  Loud.  Gnz.  No.  4139/1  A  Commission  to  Sir 
James  Murray  to  be  Clerk-Register.  1794  Inv.  A*.  Ward 
robes  (1815)  App.  ii.  358  And  there  was  produced  to  the 
Commissioners,  by  the  Lord  Clerk  Register's  Deputies  for 
keeping  the  records,  a  public  and  solemn  instrument.  1844 
C.  INNES  Pref.  Acts  Parl.  Scot.  I.  13  note,  The  Fourth 
Annual  Report  of  the  Deputy  Clerk  Register  of  Scotland. 
1879  Act  42  «y  43  Viet.  c.  44  §  2  The  Lord  Clerk  Register 
shall  continue  to  be  one  of  the  officers  of  state  of  Scotland. 
Ibid.  §  4  In  his  absence,  .the  Deputy  Clerk  Register  shall 
have  and  may  exercise  the  said  rights. 

4.  As  the  name  of  certain  official  or  authoritative 
records  or  books  of  record  having  some  public  or 
commercial  importance :  e.  g. 

a.  of  the  baptisms,  marriages,  and  burials  in  a 
parish,  kept  by  the  clergyman ;  or  (in  later  use)  of 
births,  marriages,  and  deaths,  kept  by  an  official 
(a  REGISTRAR)  appointed  for  the  purpose. 

1538  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Life  <•(•  Lett.  (1902)  II.  154 
That  yow  and  euery  parson  vicare  or  curate  within  this 
diocese  shall  for  euery  churche  kepe  one  boke  or  registre 
wherin  ye  shall  write  the  day  and  yere  of  every  weddyng 


-  1676  HALE  Prim.Urig.  , 

205  The  strict  and  vigilant  Observance  of  the . .  Registers  of 
the  Bills  of  Births  and  Deaths.  1753  Act  26  Geo.  //,  c.  33 
§  14  Immediately  after  the  Celebration  of  every  Marriage, 
an  entry  thereof  shall  be  made  in  such  Register.  1791 
BOSWEI.L  Johnson  (1831)  1. 1  His  baptism  is  recorded,  in  the 
register  of  St.  Mary's  parish.  1836  Act  6  $•  7  ll'itt.  /K,c.  86 
§  49  marg.t  Registers  of  Baptisms  and  Burials  may  be  kept 
as  heretofore.  1848  DICKENS  Dombey  v,  The  register  signed, 
and  the  fees  paid  [etc.].  1874  Act  37  £  38  Viet.  c.  88  §  49 
The  registrar,  .who  keeps  the  register  in  which  the  birth  or 
death . ,  is . .  registered. 

b.  of  seamen  in  the  British  mercantile  marine. 
1695-6  Act  7  <y  8  Will.  Ill,  c.  21  §  i  In  the  said  Register 
or  Registers,  there  shall  be  truly  and  faithfully  Entred..the 
Names,  Sirnames  [etc.].  1754  Ess.  Manning  Fleet  9  In,  or 
about  the  Year  1696,  a  Register  for  Seamen  was  opened., 
by  what  Accidents  it  fail'd,  I  cannot  say.  1835  Act  5  #  6 
Will.  IV)  c.  19  §  19  And  whereas  it  is  expedient  that  a 
Register  should  be  formed  and  maintained  of  all  the 
'  Mariners  and  Seafaring  Men  of  the  United  Kingdom '. 
1863  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.  (ed.  2>  306  The  register  being 
compiled  from  the  agreements  with  seamen  &c. 


C.  of  shipping,  containing  particulars  of  con 
struction,  materials,  size,  ownership,  etc ;  also,  a 
certificate  issued  by  the  registering  official,  esp.  as 
evidence  of  the  nationality  of  the  vessel. 

1825  Act  6  Geo.  /I',  c.  no  §  48  The  Force  and  Effect 
of  any  Register  granted  to  any  Ship  or  Vessel.  1836 
MARRVAT  Midsh.  Easy  xxxviii,  The  brigantine,  which 
had  taken  out  her  British  register  and  licence  under  the 
name  of  the  Rebiera,  went  out  of  harbour.  1842  DICKENS 
Amer.  AV/ff  (1850)  i/i  The  Britannia  steam-packet,  twelve 
hundred  tons  burthen  per  register.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Xatit. 
Diet.  155  Lloyd's  Register  of  British  and  Foreign  Shipping, 
which  is  published  yearly,  is  an  alphabetical  list  of  vessels 
ranked  in  different  classes  according  to  their  qualifications. 
d.  of  those  entitled  to  vote  in  Parliamentary 
or  municipal  elections. 

1832  Act  ?  li'HL  //",  c.  45  §  37  Whereas  it  is  expedient  to 
form  a  Register  of  all  Persons  entitled  to  vote  [etc.].  1843 
LD.  BROUGHAM  Pol.  Phil.  in.  ix.  69  The  necessity  for  a 
register,  assumes  that  the  franchise  is  confined  to  particular 
classes.  1870  Act  33  <$•  34  I'icf,  c.  92  viarg.,  Preparation  of 
municipal  registers  in  burghs  which  do  not  return  members 
to  Parliament. 

5.  An  entry  in  a  register  (esp.  in  sense  4  a). 
1535  CQVERDALB  Ezra  ii.  62  These  soughte  the  register  of 

their  byrth,  and  foiinde  none.  1726  ARHUTHSOT  It  cannot 
rain  but  it  pours,  There  being  no  Register  of  his  Christening, 
his  Age  is  only  to  be  guessed  at  by  his  Stature  and  Counten 
ance.  1769  *J  limits  Lett.  xii.  (1788)  76  You  have  better  proofs 
of  your  descent,  .than  the  register  of  a  marriage.  1825  Actb 
Geo.  /K,  c.  no  §  ii  inarg.)  Book  of  Registers  to  be  kept. 
(11832  MACKINTOSH  Revolution  ^"1685,  Wks.  1846  II.  20 
Three  persons  were  executed  illegally  at  Taunton  for  rebel 
lion,  the  nature  and  reason  of  their  death  being  openly 
avowed  in  the  register  of  their  interment. 

6.  Registration,  registry. 

1653  Acts  fy  Ordin.  Parl.  c.  6  (Scobell)  227  And  the  person 
so  elected,  .shall  continue  three  years  in  the  said  place  of 
Register.  1677  YARRANTON  Eng.  Improv.  Ep.  Rdr.,  The 
Free  Lands  of  England  being  put  under  a  Voluntary  Register 
by  Act  of  Parliament.  1860  ftlerc.  ftfarine  Mag.  VII.  245 
Her  port  of  register  is  Liverpool.  1886  RUSKIN  Prxterita 
I.  iv.  129  Elaborate  pencil  and  pen  outlines,  of  whicli  per 
haps  half-a-dozen  are  worth  register  and  preservation. 
II.  7.  f  a.  A  bookmark.  [So  mcd.L.  registruml\ 

1530  PALSGR.  261/2  Regyster  ot  a  boke,  signet. 

b.  An  index ;  a  table  of  contents,  rare. 

1585  HIGINS  tr.  Jitnius  Nomcncl.  8  .Syllabus,  index  lilri, 
.  .the  index,  table,  or  register  of  a  booke,  1890  Durham 
Diocesan  Gaz.  IV.  59  Register,  i.  Letter  from  the  Bishop. . 
page  33  [etc.]. 

c.  The  series  of  signatures  in  a  printed  book ; 
the  list  of  these  at  the  end  of  early  printed  books. 

1885  Brit.  Mus.  Catal.,  Caxton  Game  and  Playe  of  the 
chesse  ..  (and  ed.)  Without   titlepage   or    pagination  ;   the     , 
register  commences  on  the  eighth  leaf  bj,  and  extends  to  I  vi.     j 

8.  A  slider  in  an  organ ;   hence,  a  set  of  pipes    ! 
controlled  by  a  slider,  a  stop  ;  also,  a  stop-knob. 

1585  HIGINS  tr.  Juntas*  Nomcncl.  354/2  Pfatri  tides  re-    \ 
g'dx,  ..  the  side  rules  which  are   put  in   and   pulled  out,    '' 
either  to  stop  or  to  open  the  holes  :   the  registers.     1659     ' 
LEAK   Waterwks.   30  The  three  Registers   marked  G  H  1,     : 
are   different   the  one  from  the  other.     And  . .  it   is  good 
that  there  be  a  Wall  of  a  foot  thick  between  the  Registers 
and  the  said  motion.     1766  HAWKINS  Hist.  J\f/ts.  IV*.  i.  x. 
148  By  means  of  the  Registers  that  command  the  several 
orders  of  pipes,  the  wind  is  either  admitted  into  or  excluded 
from  them  severally.     1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XIII.  487/2 
To  fit  these  channels,  there  are  the  same  number  of  wooden 
sliders  or  registers  running  the  whole  length.     1862  Catal. 
Internat.  Exhib.  II.  xvi.  104/2  The  whole  of  the  accessory 
movements  are  labelled  similar  to  the  registers.     Ibid.)  The 
total  number  of  pipes  is  2475,  and  of  registers  45. 

transf.  1727  PorEj  etc.  Art  of  Sinking  xiii,  Every  Com 
poser  will  soon  be  taught  the  use  of  this  Cabinet,  and  how 
to  manage  all  the  Registers  of  it,  which  will  be  drawn  out 
much  in  the  manner  of  those  in  an  Organ. 

b.  The  compass  of  a  voice  or  instrument ;  the 
particular  range  of  tones  which  can  be  produced 
by  certain  voices. 

Freq.  used  with  distinguishing  terms  as  upper,  middle,  and 
louver  register ;  head,  chest,  and  throat  register,  etc. 

1811  BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.  (ed.  3),  Register,  a  term  applied  to 
the  compass,  or  graduated  notes,  of  a  voice.  1843  Penny 
Cycl.  XXVI.  418/2  The  compass  of  soprano  and  some  other 
voices  are  divided  into  registers,  of  which  there  are  two,  viz, 
the  natural  and  the  falsetto.  1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  x, 
The  sounds  too  were  very  pleasant  to  hear , . ,  musical  laughs  ' 
in  all  the  registers. 

9.  A  contrivance,  usually  consisting  of  a  metal    : 
plate  or  plates  by  which  an  opening  may  be  wholly    i 
or  partially  closed,  used  for  regulating  the  passage 
of  air,  heat,  or  smoke. 

In  ordinary  use  now  chiefly  applied  to  the  adjustable  plate 
which  regulates  the  draught  of  a  common  fire-grate,  or  U.S. 
to  the  perforated  or  open-work  plate  by  which  warm  air  is 
admitted  to  an  apartment. 

1610  B.  JONSON  Alch.  n.  iii,  Looke  well  to  the  register, 
And  let  your  heat,  still,  lessen  by  degrees.  1664  EVELYN 
Kal.  Ifort.  (1729)  231  Which  Hole  is  to  be  left  open,  or 
governM  with  its  Register,  to  attemper  the  Air.. entering 
by  the  Furnace-pipes.  1758  RiiiD  tr.  Macquer's  Chyut.  I. 
264  Make  a  small  passage  through  the  dome,  by  opening 
some  of  its  registers,  that  the  flame  may  just  begin  to  draw. 
1801  Trans.  Sac.  Arts  XIX.  326  A  double  register; — first 
to  close  the  back  flue.  1860  EMERSON  Cond.  Life.  Culture 
Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  373  People. .who  coddle  themselves,  who 
toast  their  feet  on  the  register. 

f  b.  A  regulator  in  a  steam  engine.   Obs,~~** 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  54/2  There  are  also  registers 
in  the  steam  engine. 

10.  A  registering  device;  a  mechanical  contrivance 
or  apparatus  by  which  data  of  some  kind  are  auto 
matically  recorded ;  an  indicator. 


[1677  PLOT  Oxfordsh.  228  He  contrived  a  Thermometer 
to  be  its  own  Register.]  1830  DANIELL  in  Phil.  Trans. 
CXX.  262  The  pyrometer,  .consists  of  two  distinct  parts, 
which  I  shall  designate  as  the  Register  and  the  Scale.  1862 
Catal.  Internat.  Exhib.  II.  xv.  So  Clock  with  perpetual 
register  of  day,  week,  and  month.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech. 
1912/1  Among  the  applications  of  gearing,  .applicable  to 
registers,  may  be  cited  epicyclic  and  differential  gears. 


1727-38 

CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Register,  among  letter -founders,  is  one  of 
the  inner  parts  of  the  mould  wherein  the  printing  types  arc 
cast...  It's  use  is  to  direct  the  joining  of  them  justly  together. 

b.  Printing.  Precise  adjustment  oi  the  type  or 
printing  ;  esp.  exact  correspondence  of  the  printed 
matter  on  the  two  sides  of  a  leaf. 

1683  MOXON  Mech.  Excrc.,  Printing  xxiv.  F  7  Making 
Register  is  to  Quoin  up  a  Form  [etc.].  /bid.,  Then  he  ob 
serves  how  the  Register  of  the  Head  and  Foot  agrees.  1706 
I'HILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey)  s.v.,  In  the  Art  of  Printing,  Register 
is  a  Rule  for  the  equal  Distribution  of  the  Lines  and  Pages. 
18x6  SINGKK  Hist.  Cards  159  The  right  hand  margin  is  not 
in  register,  the  lines  being  of  unequal  length.  1825  J. 
NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  305  In  order  to.. be  printed 
on  both  sides,  without  destroying  the  register  (or  coincidence 
of  the  pages  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  sheet).  1890 
ZAEHNSDOKF  Bookbinding  I.  i.  3  The  binder  is  perfectly 
justified  in  rejecting  any  sheets. .not  in  register. 

c.  Photogr.  In  a  camera,  proper  correspondence 
between   the   focussing   screen   and  the   sensitive 
plate  or  film. 

1890-1  WOODBURV  Encycl.  Photogr.  607. 

lii.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  (sense  4)  register  actt 
fox,  certificate,  keeper ',  ticket,  vessel ;  (sense  8) 
register  valve',  (sense  9)  register  furnace,  grate, 
plate,  stove ;  (sense  10)  register  frame,  head, 
pyrometer,  thermometer;  (sense  lib)  register  point, 
sheet.  See  also  REGISTER  BOOK,  HOUSE,  OFFICE,  SHIP. 

1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed,  2)  IV.  538  To  remedy  this  incon 
venience,  .several  acts  of  parliament  have  been  made,  called 
the  *Register  Acts.  1840  SHKE  Abbott's  Merchant  Ships 
(ed.  6)  58  The  old  Register  Acts  contained  no  provision  for 
registering  ships  in  the  territories  under  the  government  of 
the  East  India  Company.  1836  Act  6^7  Will.  IV,  c.  86 
§  14  The  Register  Books.,  shall  be  always  kept  in  the 
*Register  liox,  and  the  Register  Box  shall  always  be  left 
locked.  1696  Pub.  Gen.  Acts  (1697}  480  Divers  evil  dis 
posed  Persons  so  Registred..have  fraudulently  lent  their 
'Register  Certificates  to  divers  Mariners,  .who  were  not 
Registred.  1885  C.  G.  \V.  LOCK  //  'orkshop  Receipts  Ser.  iv. 
213/1  The  *register-fiame  is  placed  on  the  bed,  and  black- 
leaded,  the  forme  is  placed  inside.  1641  FRLNCH  Distill,  i. 
(1651)  3  Some  Furnaces  have  three  partitions,  as  the  Furnace 
for  Reverberation,  and  the  *Register  Furnace.  1833  LOUOON 
Encycl.  Arc/lit.  §  1458  Among  the  fixtures  of  the  bar  may 
be  included  a  folding  *register  grate.  1800  MUDGE  \\\Phil. 
Trans.  XC.  558  The  disturbances  to  which  the  Register- 
heads  were  liable,  did  not  discover  themselves  till  a  mile  of 
the  base  had  been  measured.  1687  in  Dallas  Stiles  (1697) 
109  Compter,  and  *  Register-keeper  of  all  Wares  and 
Merchandice  imported  in  to  the  said  Kingdom.  1727  DE 
FOE  Sj'sf,  Alagic  i.  ii.  (1840)  52  We  must  have  been  deluded 
. .  by  all  the  writers  and  register-keepers  that  ever  have  been, 
are,  or  are  in  being.  17x5  DESAGULIEKS  Fires  Impr.  52  A 
*" Register  Plate  of  Iron  towards  the  top  of  the  Funnel. 
Ibid.  53  These  Register  Plates  will  serve  to  keep  in  the 
warm  Air.  1839  UKE  Diet.  Arts  280  In  building  chimneys 
.  .we  can  readily  reduce  it  to  any  desired  size,  by  means  of 
a  sliding  register  plate  near  its  bottom.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet. 
Mech.  1905/2  These  are  the  equivalents  of  the  Register- 
points  of  the  chromo-lithographic  process  or  the  typographic 
printing  in  colors.  1830  DANIELL  in  Phil.  Trans.  CXX.  257 
A  new  *Register-Pyrometer,  for  mea^ring  the  Expansion 
of  Solids.  1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  xxiv.  f  7 
He  lays  another  Sheet  even  upon  the  Tympan-sheet,  for 
a  *Register  Sheet.  1795  Specif.  Crook  fy  German's  Patent 
No.  2032.  8  *  Register  stoves  and  every  other  project  com 
monly  supposed  to  be  useful  by  those  who  profess  to  cure 


the  course  of  the  twenty-four  hours,  as  marked  by  a 
Register  thermometer.  1844  Act  7  $  8  yict.  c.  112  §  20 
Every  Person,  .intending  to  serve  on  board  any  Ship.. is 
hereby  required  to  provide  himself  with  a  *  Register  Ticket. 
1880  E.  J.  HOPKINS  in  Grove  Diet.  Music  II.  583/2  A  metal 
pin.. rested  on  the  front  end  of  the  'Register-valve'  as  it 
was  called.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Register  ships,  In 
the  years  1702,  1703,  &c.  these  Register  vessels  ..  sold  their 
commodities  for  above  three  hundred  per  cent,  profit. 

Register  (re-d^istai),  sb?  Now  rare.  [Prob. 
for  KEGJSTKEB,  q.v.]  The  keeper  of  a  register; 
a  REGISTRAR.  (In  common  use  c  1580-1800.) 

1531-1  Act  23  Hen.  VIII,  c.  19  All  judges,  aduocates, 
registers  and  scribes,  proctours  . .  and  apparitours  and  all 
other.  1570-6  LAMBAKDE  Peramb.  Kent  (1826)  175  Thomas 
Laurence  the  Register  of  Canterbury  was  attainted  of  mis- 
prision  of  the  same  treason.  1651  N.  BACON  Disc.  Gcvt.  Eng. 
n.  iv.  (1739)  23  At  the  first,  he  was  no  better  than  a  Register, 
or  the  King's  Remembrancer,  or  Secretary,  a  1704  T. 
BROWN  Two  Oxford  Scholars  Wks.  1730  I.  4  The  Bishops 
Secretary  or  Register  will  present  me  with  some  Parch 
ments  and  wax.  1788  JEFFERSON  Writ,  (1850)  II.  500  To 
discharge  the  functions  of  notaries  and  registers  of  the 
consulate.  1816  SCOTT  in  Raine  Mew.  Surtccs  (1852)166 
My  friend  Thomas  Thomson,  the  Deputy  Register  of 
Scotland.  1837  Lett.fr.  Madras  (1843)  93  There  will  also 
be  in  time  a  Registrar,  or,  as  they  spell  it  here,  '  Register '» 
but  none  is  appointed  yet.  [1873  SIK  R.  PHILLIMOKF.^CC/W. 
Law  II.  iv.  v.  1330  Schoolmasters  are  within  the  canonsof 
1603  as  well  as  registers.] 

attrib.  and  Comb.  1603  Humble  Petit.  Ministers  Ch.  Eng. 
§  4  That  none  having  jurisdiction  or  Register  places,  put 
out  the  same  to  farme.  1650  Pitb.  Gen.  Acts  1681  Trus 
tees,  Treasurers,  Register,  Register-Accomptant  [etc.]. 


REGISTER. 

fb.  St.  Lord  Register  ^'LorA  Clerk  Register 
(seejJ.l  3b).  06s. 

1686  DALLAS  Stiles  (1697)  in  His  Majesties  right  trusty 
and  well  beloved  Cousin  and  Counsellor  G.  V.  of  T.  Lord 
Register.  1708  ].  CHAMBERLAYNE  St.  Gt.  Brit.  n.  (1710)  407 
The  Four  Lesser  Officers  of  State  [before  the  Union]  were 
The  Lord  Register,  The  Lord  Advocate  [etc.].  1794  Inv. 
R.  Wardrobes  (rti'g)  App.  ii.  355  One  of  the  Lord  Register's 
Deputies  for  Keeping  the  Records. 

Register  (re'd^istai),  v.  Also  5-6  regystre, 
5-7  -gestre,  (6  -gester).  [ad.  F.  registrer  (isth  c.), 
or  med.L.  registrdre,  f.  registrant  REGISTER  sb\~\ 

1.  trans.  To  set  down  (facts,  names,  etc.)  formally 
in  writing  ;  to  enter  or  record  in  a  precise  manner. 

1390  GOWER  Couf.  I.  261  Of  whom  the  wry  tinge  is  yit  now 
Registered,  as  a  man  mai  hiere.  1433  LVDG.  S,  Edmund  m. 
604  As  it  is  remembryd  in  historic  And  registred  be  old  ami- 


373 


quyte.  1494  FAUYAN  Ckron.  5  Of  hot  he  landes  the  Cronycle 
entyere,  With  oilier  matyers  whiche  Regy.-Ured  be.  136 
GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  433  Rychard  Whittyngton.  .hath  right 


368 


well  deserued  to  be  regestred  in  the  boke  of  fame.  1615 
G.  SANDYS  Trav.  go  Those  that  had  bin  sicke,  vpon 
recouery  there  registered  their  cures,  and  the  experiments 
wherby  they  were  effected.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xu.  335 
Such  follow  him,  as  shall  be  registerd  Part  i^ood,  part 
bad,  of  bad  the  longer  scrowle.  1758  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  17 
P  3  Some  register  the  changes  of  the  wind.  1784  COWI-ER 
Task  v.  530  The  fatal  hour  Was  registered  in  heaven  ere 
time  began.  1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  fy  Art  II.  36 
Observations  on  the  hygrometer  have  not  been . .  so  diligently 
registered .  .as  appears  desirable,  1872  LIDDON  Elcnt.  Re  tig. 
i.  21  To  know  all  that  can  be  known  about  his  wishes  and 
character,  and  to  register  this  knowledge  in  exact  terms. 

trans/,  or  Jig.  c  1530  Crt,  of  Love  Ixvii,  Register  this  in 
thine  remembraunce.  i59oGREENi-:£Jr£  Fur.  Wks.  (Rtldg.) 

n'i  With  my  trusty  sword . .  I'll  register  upon  his  helm  what 
are  do.     a  i8o5  H.  K.  WHITE  Lett.  Poet.  Wks.  (1837)  281 
Many  a  flower,  which  m  the  passing  time  My  heart  hath 
register'd.      1878  HUXLEY  Physhgr.  211  Such  appears  to 
have  been  the  succession  of  events  registered  by  these  ruins. 

t  b.  To  set  (one)  down  for,  or  as,  something. 
1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixxvi.  §  5  Him  we  may  register 
for  a  man  fortunate.  1604  T.  WRIGHT  Passions  in.  i.  81  He 
deserueth  to  be  registred  far  a  foole.  i6xx  BIBLE  i  Mace. 
viii.  20  That  we  might  be  registred,  your  confederats  and 
friends. 

f  C.  Const,  with  inf.  To  record.  Obs.  rare. 
1614  RALEIGH///*/,  World  n.  (1634)  444  He  ..  was  the 
first  that  is  registred  to  haue  set  up  Irreligion  by  force. 
1631  WEEVER  Anc.  Funeral  Mon.  806  In  the  Manuscript. . 
these  Carmelites  following  are  registered  to  haue  beene 
buried  in  this  Monastery. 

f  d.  To  set  down  in  a  record  or  register.  Ol>s.'~i 
1683  WOOD  Life  26  Oct.  (O.  H.  S.)  III.  76  They  framed 
themselves  into  a  solemn  meeting,  had  discourses,  and  the 
discourses  were  registered  down  by  Dr.  Plot. 

2.  spec.  To  make  formal  entry  of  (a  document, 
fact,  name,  etc.)  in  a  particular  register ;  also,  to 
get  (a  document,  etc.)  entered  in  the  register  by 
the  person  entitled  to  do  so. 

1463  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  43  He  that  registerith  it  to 
haue  a  competent  reward  for  his  !abor,  and  that  this  forseyd 
wrytir.g  be  registerid  also.  1530  PALSGR.  683/1  My  fathers 
wyll  is  regystred  in  the  bysshops  courte.  1547  Reg. 
Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  79  Ordanis  the  Clerk  of  Register  to 
extend  the  samyn  act. .and  to  register  the  samin  in  the 
bukis  of  Counsale.  1617  Sc.  Acts  Jos.  VI  (1816)  IV.  546/2 
So  proportionalUe  for  eyerie  page  ..  for  registring  of  everie 
ane  of  be  saidis  evidentis.  1677  YARRANTON  Eng.  Improv. 
12,1  can  both  in  England  and  Wales  Register  my  Wedding, 
my  Burial,  and  my  Christening,  ..and  that  which  is  Regis- 
ter'd  there,  is  good  by  our  Law.  1794  in  Bloomfield^w^r. 
Law  Rep.  9  The  Term . .  fixed  in  the  said  Act  for  registering 
Slaves.  18*5  Act  6  Geo.  If,  c.  no  §  2  The  said  Ship  or 
Vessel.. has  been  duly  registered  at  the  Port.  1858  HAW 
THORNE  Fr.  $  It.  Note-bks.  (1872)  I.  3  The  great  bulk  of  our 
luggage  had  been  registered  through  to  Paris.  1864  BLACK- 
MOKE  Clara  Vaughan  (1872)  119  My  last  letter. .was 
registered  for  security. 

absol.  1787  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  II.  231  The  edict  for 
the  stamp  tax  has  been  the  subject  of  reiterated  orders  and 
refusals  to  register. 

b.  reft,  (also  with  as.} 

1529  RASTELL  Pastyme  (1811)  282  [She]  there  regystarde 
herselfe  as  a  sentwary  woman.  1568  GRAFTON  Ckron.  II.  706 
[She]  departed  to  a  Seminarie  there  by  called  Beaulieus. . 
and  registred  her  selfe  and  hers,  as  persons  there  priuileged. 
1695  Act  7  <$•  8  Will.  Ill  (1696)  478  A  Natural  born  Subject 
of  this  Realm..  Who  shall  be  willing  to  Enter  and  Register 
himself  for  the  Service  of  His  Majesty.  1866  GEO.  ELIOT 
/**.  Holt  Introd.,  They,  .could  have  registered  themselves  in 
the  census . .  as  members  of  the  Church  of  England. 

3.  Of  instruments:  To  record  by  some  automatic 
device;  to  indicate.     (Cf.  REGISTER  sb.\  10.) 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3}  XVIII.  498/2  He  proposes  to 
adapt  clock-work  to  this  thermometer,  m  such  a  way  as  to 
register . .  the  degrees  of  heat  and  cold.  1862  Catal.  Internat. 
Exhib.  II.  xv.  65  Improved  Watchman's  Clock.. for  indicat 
ing  punctuality  and  registering  the  neglect  of  It.  1877 
Nature  24  May  59/1  In  the  hottest  province ..  the  ther 
mometer  never  registered  above  74°  before  sunrise. 
^  absol.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1838/2  Many  of  these 
instruments  register  up  to  1000°  Centigrade. 

4.  itttr.  To  coincide  or  correspond  exactly. 

1839  Penny  Cycl.  XIV.  45/2  The  printer  superadds  the 
impressions  . .  taking  great  care  that  the  two  fit  well,  or 
'register',  as  it  U  technically  called.  1890  W.  J.  GORDON 
Foundry  175  They  are.  .adjusted  until  the  impressions  fit — 
'  register  ',  as  it  is  called— as  intended  by  the  engraver. 

b.  trans.  To   adjust  with  precision,  so   as   to 
secure  the  exact  correspondence  of  parts. 

1839  [see  REGISTERING  vbl.  sb.  b].  1891  Anthony's  Photogr. 
Bull.  IV.  92  The  cardboard  form  is  first  placed  in  the  printing 
frame,  then  the  negative,,  .then  the  sensitive  paper,  care 
being  taken , .  to  register  every  part  as  perfectly  as  possible. 


5.  intr.  To  manipulate  the  registers  of  an  organ. 

1891  Times  22  Oct.  14/2  Admirably  calculated  to  exhibit 
the  player's  skill  in  'registering1. 

Hence  Re-gisterable  a.,  —  REGISTRABLE. 

1765  Act  5  Gco.  ///,  c.  49  §  4  A  protest,  .shall  be  register- 
able  in  the  Courts  of  Session  or  other  competent  judicatories. 
1886  Fortn,  Rev.  Jan.  26  Suppose  she  is  content  with  the 
cheapest  registerable  diploma  obtainable. 

Registerary,  obs.  form  of  REGISTBABY. 
Re  gister  book.  =  REGISTER  sb±  i  or  4. 

1515  bahuayArck.  in  io/A  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App. 
V.  396  He  to  fynd  sufficient  surties  to  be  recordid  in  the 
Regester-Booke.  1622  B.  JONSON  Masque  Augurs  \\"ks. 
(Rtldg.)  630/2  This,  the  register-book  of  my  function,  shews 
me  no  le>s  than  a  clerk  at  all  points.  1677-8  in  J.  T.  \Vheeler 
Madras (iB6s)  III.  434  The.  .Customer.. is  alsoe  to  keepe 
the  Register  bookes  for  all  private  trade.  1771  LUCKOMHL: 
Hist.  Printing y.  A  register  book  of  wills.. wherein  regis 
trations  were  made.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Xaut.  Diet.  195  Their 
[ships]  title  to  be  on  any  class  is  determined  by  certain 
rules  laid  down  in  the  register-book.  1869  in  Philliiitorcs 
Ecctcs,  Law  (1873)  II.  vi.  i.  1772  The  registering  of  the 
deeds  and  the  act  in  the  register  book  of  the  diocese. 

Registered  (re'd^istaad),///,  a.  [f.  the  vb.  + 
-j:n-.j  Recorded  or  entered  in  some  book  or  list. 

1674  BREVINT  Saul  at  Endor  298  But  the  RvgUtred 
Brethren  or  Sisters  should  not  car^  much  fur  Conversion. 
1716  Loud.  Gaz,  No.  5467/1  The  Value  of  the  registred 
Effects  brought  by  this  Klota,  is  computed  at  12  Millions  of 
Pieces  of  Eight.  1782  WEDGWOOD  in  Phil.  Trans.  J.XXII. 
307  By  these  have  I  made  my  registered  L-xpcriment.s.  1846 
M'CuLLOCH  Acc.Brit.  Empire  (1854)  I.  407  The  proportion 
of  registered  baptisms  to  the  population.  1860  Men. 
Marine  M^ag.  VII.  214  Her  registered  tonnage  was  686 
tons.  1874  in  Phillimore  Suppl.  Ecclfs.  Law  (1876)  52  The  re 
presentation.. shall  be. .sent  by  post  in  a  registered  packet. 
R>e*gisterer.  rare—1,  [f.  as  prec. +  -ER1.] 
One  who  registers. 

1565  GOLDING  Cxsar  Pref.,  The  Orekes  the  chiefe  Regis- 
terers  of  worthy  actes,  called  all  thinhabitcrs  frum  the  river 
of  Danow  northward  by  the  name  of  Celtcs  or  (Jalles. 

Re'gister  House.  Sc.  The  house  appointed 
for  the  keeping  of  the  registers,  now  a  special 
building,  called  the  General  Register  House  (erected 
at  various  dates  from  1774  onwards),  at  the  east 
end  of  Princes  Street,  Edinburgh. 

_  1542  Inv.  R.  Wardrobes  (1815)  71  The  silver  wark  quhilk 
is  in  the  register  hous  within  the  castell  of  Edinburgh.  1581 
Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  373  In  his  majesties  Register 
Hous  in  the  Castell  of  Edinburgh.  1740  Acts  Scdernnt 
(1790)  348  Ten  hogsheads  more  of  the  records.. ly  still  un 
opened  in  the  general  register-house.  1794  Ini'.  R.  W'ard- 
robcs  (1815)  App.  ii.  354  Within  the  Lord  Clerk  Register's 
Office  in  tlie  General  Register  House  at  Edinburgh.  1844 
C.  ISNLS  t'ref.  Acts  Part.  Scot.  I.  i3  note,  These  three  rolls 
were  brought  to  the  General  Register  House  by  a  person 
who  could  give  no  information  where  he  had  got  them.  1877 
Encycl.  Brit.  VII.  663/2  The  General  Register  House  for 
Scotland.. is  an  important  adjunct  to  the  Supreme  Courts. 
Registering  (re-dgistoriq),  vbl.  sb.  [f.REGIS- 
TKR  v.  +  -INGI.J  The  action  of  recording,  or 
entering  in  a  book,  etc. 

1576   FLEMING   Panopt.    Epist.    59   Y*   registring   of   our 
tumultuous  times  &  daungerous  chaunces.  1605  UACON  Adv.     \ 
Lcam.  n.  viii.  §  5  The  registering  of  doubts  hath  two  excel- 
lentuses.  1653  A cts  $•  Ordin.  Parl.  c.  6  (Scobell)227  A  Book    , 
of  good  Vellum  or  Parchment  for  the  Registring  of  all  such 


b.  techn.    (See  quots.) 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  258  The  means  by  which  the  suc 
cessive  impressions,  .are  to  be  brought  exactly  to  join  each 
other..;  this  is  by  printers  called  registering.  1852  SKIDEL 
Organ  m  By  registering,  we  here  understand,  the  mode  in 
which  the  various  registers  of  an  organ  are  combined. 

Re'gistering,///.ff.  [-n?G2.]  That  registers. 

1836  Act  6^7  Will.  /  / •",  c.  86  $  31  Every  such  Registering 
Officerof  the  Quakers  [etc.].  1863  GEO.  ELIOT Romola\yi\\\^ 
A  temporary  post  as  an  extra  canccllierc  or  registering 
secretary  under  the  Ten.  1877  Nature  13  Sept.  421/2  The 
metallic  spiral  must  be  placed  very  close  to  the  registering  i 
apparatus. 

Ke  gister  O'ffice.  An  office  at  which  a  register    ' 
of  any  kind  is  kept,  or  where  registration  is  made. 

1760  FOOTE  Minor  i.  Wks.  1799  I.  247,  I  have  advertis'd 
this  morning,  in  the  register-office,  for  servants  under  seven-  • 
teen.  1779  SHERIDAN  Critic  i.  i,  My  drawing-room  is  an 
absolute  register-office  for  candidate  actors,  and  poets  with 
out  character.  1810  WALSH  Genius  fy  Discos.  Fr.  Gov. 
(ed.  5)  108  Register  offices  abound  in  every  part  of  the 
empire.  1835  Act  5  <$•  6  Will.  IV,  c.  19  §  19  There  shall  be 
established  in  the  Port  of  London  an  office  to  be  called 
'  The  General  Register  Office  of  Merchant  Seamen  '.  1893 
MARY  CHOLMONDELEY  Diana  Tempest  i,  The  marriage  at 
the  local  register  office. 

Comb.  1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  VH.  ix,  No  register- 
office  keeper  has  been  pestered  with  more  claimants. 

t  Re'gisterslup.  Obs.  [f.  REGISTER  s&.z  + 
-SHIP.]  The  office  of  registrar. 

1574  ABC.  PARKER  Corr.  (Parker  Soc.)  460  Extend  still 
your  good  will,  if  in  case  he  be  your  officer  for  the  register- 
ship.  1625  USSIIER  Lett.  (1686)  335  For  the  former  of  these, 
which  doth  concern  the  Registership  ;  I  signified  unto  him 
..that  I  had  made  promise  of  it  already,  a  1645  LAUD  j 
Rent.  (1700)  II.  183  The  Registership.. of  the  Vice  Chan 
cellor's  Court.  1726  AYLIFKE  Parergon  163  See  the  case  of 
Vaughan  and  Compton  14  Jac.  at  the  Assizes  for  the  Office 
of  the  Registership  of  Suffolk. 

Re'gister-sliip.  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  A  Spanish 
ship  having  a  registered  licence  authorizing  it  to 
trade  with  the  Spanish  possessions  in  America. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Register  ships^  or  ships  of  , 


REGISTRATE. 

register.  1739  in  Dcscr.  H  'iitdw.  Passage  (ed.  2)  3  There  are 
another  Sort  of  Vessels  imploy'd  in  the  Trade  to  the  Indies, 
which  are  called  Register-Ships.  1742  H.  WALTOLK  Corr. 
(1837)  I.  xxvii.  118  One  of  our  men  of  war  ..  has  taken 
another  register-ship  of  imincn.se  value.  1777  ROBERTSON 
Hist.  Amer.  vai.  Wks.  1851  VI.  139  All  the  register-ships 
destined  for  the  South  seas  must  still  lake  their  departure 
from  Cadiz,  and  are  obliged  to  return  thither. 

t  Registery.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  med.L.  regis- 
teri-uni)  or  f.  REGIST(ER';  v.  +  -EUV.]  =REGISTKY. 

1483  Cath.  Angl.  302/1  A  Rtgesttry,  ngisteriitm.     1686 

PLOT  Staffordsh.  445  A  Copy  of  King  Johns  Charter  taken 

out  of  the  black  book  of  the  .said  Arch-Bishops  Regi>iury  at 

]->ublin,     1695  J'  EmvARns  Author.  O.  fy  N.  Test.  65  The 

\     Canon  of  Scripture  is  taken  out  of  authentick  regi?,teiies. 

Registrable  (re'd^istrab'l),  a.  [t.  KLGISTEKZ/.: 
cf.  RKGISTERABLE.]  That  may  be  registered. 

i8oz-iz  UKNTIIAM  Ration,    Jittlic.    fa-id.    (1827)    II.  667 

J     Contracts  reg_istnible,  contracts  lit  to  be  included   in  the 

,     system  of  registration.     1883  Law  Times  LXXV.  180/1  An 

office  copy  of  a  will.. under  such  a  seal,  is  to  be  registrablc 

in  the  same  way  as  a  will. 

Hence  Re^gistrabi  lity. 

1885  Law  Tiiiics  LXXIX.  172/1  To  make  the  registra- 
bility  of  words  depend  ..  upon  the  novelty  of  the  mode  of 
application. 

Re'gistral,  a.  rare.  [f.  REGISTER  j£.<  +  -AL.] 
;  Pertaining  to,  derived  from,  authenticated  by,  a 
;  register. 

1632  Bishops    Transcripts,  Bilsington  (MS.):  A  coppy- 

!     registral  of  all  such  X'nings  Marriages  and  Burials  as  have 
!     been  in.,  Bilsington.     1885  Athcnxiuii  26  Dec.  843 ''i  It  will 

contain  copies  of  the  registral  acts  of  birth  and  death  of  all 

the  IH'oscolos. 

Registrar  (rrdgistraj).  [f.  REGISTER  v.  + 
-AR  -  :  cf.  the  earlier  REGISTREU  and  REGISTRANT. 

The  form  is  noted  by  Vesey,  Decline  of  the  Eng.  Lang. 
(1841)  82,  as  a  'novelty.. recently,  within  the  memory  of 
persons  now  living,  introduced'.] 

1.  One  whose  business  it  is  to  keep  a  register ; 
an  official  recorder. 


1675  BATHURST  in  Warton  Life  (1761)  136  The  patent  was 
sealed  and  delivered,  and  the  person  admitted,  sworne 
before  the  public  registrar.  1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III. 
xxvii.  451  The  minutes  of  it  are  taken  down,  and  read 
openly  in  court  by  the  registrar.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3) 
XVI.  54/2  Registrar,  an  officer  in  the  English  universities, 
who  has  the  keeping  of  all  the  public  records.  1812  Act 
52  Geo.  ///,  c.  146  §  7  The  Registrar  of  every  Diocese  in 
England.  1835  Act  5-5-6  W'ill.  /I',  c.  19  §  21  A  due  Return 
should  be  made  to  the  said  Registrar  of  Merchant  Seamen. 
1865  I)ICKKNS  J\Iut.  Fr.  \.  xi,  There  were  the  Inquests  and 
the  Registrar's  returns.  1868  FARRAK  Silence  $  F.  iii. 
0875)  57  Every  great  historian  should  be  no  dull  registrar 
of  events. 

b.  Registrar  general.    (See  GENERAL  a.  10.) 

1836  Act  6  <|j-  7  ll'ill.  //",  c.  86  §  6  The  Registrar  General 
shall  send,  .a  General  Abstract  of  the  Numbers  of  Bitths, 
Deaths,  and  Marriages.  1863  A.  YOUNG  A'atet.  Diet.  (ed.  2) 
306  A  general  register  and  record  office  of  .stamen  in  the 
mercantile  marine,  under  the  direction  of  a  registrar-general. 

2.    =  KECISTEU  s/'.1  8  and  10. 

1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVI.  492/2  (Orgati^,  A  shows  the  reser 
voir  ; . .  DD,  the  registrars,  by  which  the  equal  rising  of  the 
reservoir  is  ensured.  1879  in  Sladen  Gunnery  App.  ii,  The 
electro-magnet,  B,  sustains  a  shorter  rod,  F..,  named  the 
1  registrar '. 

Hence  Re'gistrarsMp,  the  office  of  registrar. 

1847111  WKCSIEK.  1852  Tail's  Mag.  XIX.  622  His  registrar- 
ship  of  ;£  10,000  a-year.  1891  Law  Times  XC.  419/2  A 
mastership  in  lunacy,  and  a  registrarship  in  bankruptcy. 

Registrary1  (re-dgistrari).  [ad.  med.L.  regis- 
trari-us(F)\\  Gauge):  see  REGISTER  sb±  and  -ARY!.] 
A  registrar.  Chiefly  in  University  use,  and  now 
retained  only  at  Cambridge. 

c  1541  in  Hearne  Collect,  n  Dec.  an.  1705  (O.  H.  S.)  1. 124 
Tho.  Key  Registrurie  of  the  University.  1625  LAUD  Diary 
10  Oct.  in  Hist.  (1695)  24,  I  and  my  Company  dined  in 
the  open  Air,  in  a  place  called  Pente-Cragg,  where  my 
Registrary  had  his  Country-House.  1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxon. 
I.  i  The  publick  Scribe  or  Registrary  of  the  University  of 
Oxon.  1707  Land.  Gaz.  No.  4294/3  The  several  Lists  of 
Incumbents,  .are  reduced  to  An. 1700.  by  the  present  Regis 
trary.  1829  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  uS86)  III.  103 
The  Registrary's  Office  and  Record  Room.  iSuCftvw/OT, 
Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  and  Registrary  of  the  University 
from  1862  to  1891. 

transf.  1853  MERIVALE  Rom.  Rep.  vi.  (1867)  166  The 
senate,  reduced  to  the  mere  registrary  of  its  haughty 
champion's  decrees. 

t  Re'gistrary  -.  Obs.  rare"1.  [Cf.  prec.  and 
-AHY1  B.  2.]  A  register  or  registry. 


»Iy  from  the  Archives  and  Regis 

tRe'gistrate,  pa.  pple.  (and  a.}.  Sc.  Obs. 
Also  5-6  registrant,  6-7  regestrat.  [ad.  med.L. 
rtgistraf-uS)  pa.  pple.  of  registrars ^  f.  registrwn 
REGISTER  J&*1  Registered,  recorded. 

14*5  .SVr.  Acts  Jas.  7(1814)  U*  J1/2  P?  King.. has  ordanit 
tat  all  statutis  &  ordinance  of  |?is  parliament,  .be  registrat 
in  the  kingis  Registir.  1543  Sc.  Acts  Mary  (1814)  II.  440/1 
pat  bis  present  contract  be  actit  and  registrat  in  ^e  buikis 
of  parliament  sessioun.  1588  A.  KING  tr.  Canisius'  Catech. 
n8b,  Ve  determination  of  Jouinian.  .registrat  in  the  buuk 
callit  the  Code.  1639  Procl.  Chas.  /  to  Scot.  9  It  is  his 
Majesties  will,  that  this  be  insert  and  registrate  in  the  books 
of  assembly,  c  1680  DALLAS  Stiles  (1697)  472  By  Vertue 
of  Arrestments  founded  upon  Registrat  fiends,  Decreets,  or 
the  like.  1753  J.  LOUTHIAN  Form  of  Process  (ed.  2)  135 
Persons  charged  upon  Criminal  Letters. .are. .denounced, 
and  registrate  *.o  the  Horn. 
fig.  1616  SIR  W.  ALEXANDER  Alexis  to  Datnar'm  Drum. 


REG-ISTKATE. 

titontfs  /F£j.  (1894)  I.  183  Those  madrigals  we  sung.. Are 
registrate  by  echoes  in  the  rocks. 

t  Re-gistrate,  v.   Obs.    Chiefly  St.    [f.  ppl. 

stem  of  med.L.  registrant :  see  prec.]  trans.  To 
register  (in  lit.  andyf^.  uses). 

1570  in  Westm,  Gaz.  (1897)  16  June  10/2  Fame  shall  regis 
trate  her  princelie  deeds.  1574  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot. 
II.  359  Commanding  our  clerkis..to  registrate  the  samyn. 
1617  6V.  Acts  Jos.  I'l  (1816)  IV.  546/2  To  receave  fra  the 
pairties  thair  euidentis  and  to  registrat  be  same.  1676  W. 
Row  Contn.  Blair's  Antobiog.  xii.  (1848)  372  They  would 
registrate  that  sense  of  it  in  the  books  of  Parliament.  1776 
T.  NEILL  23  Serm.  60  These  and  other  Young  Saints  God 
hath  registrated  in  his  book. 

Hence  fBe-gistrated///.  a.,  -ating  vbl.  sb. 

01598  ROLLOCK  Serin.  Wks.  18^9  1.406  The  icgistrating 
of  thair  speicbes  is  na  thing  to  bis  schame.  1687  A.  HAIG 
in  J.  Russell  Haigs  xi.  (1881)  331  Item,  For  registrating  of 
the  signetor.  1731  E.  ERSKINE  Serin.  Wks.  1871  II.  146  It 
is  his  registrated  word:  his  sealed  word. 

Registration  (redsisW-fan),  _  [ad.  med.L. 
registration-em )  n.  of  action  f.  registrars  to  RE 
GISTER.  Cf.  obs.  F.  registration  (i6th  c.).] 

1.  The  act  of  registering  or  recording. 

Clause  of  Registration^  in  Sc.  Law,  a  clause  in  deeds 
providing  for  their  being  properly  registered. 

?  1566  Acts  Par/.  Scot.  (1814)  II.  Cbron.  Table  4/1  Anent 
the  rcgistracione  of  letteris  of  newe  infeftmentconiirmacion 
&c.  Ibid.  33  '2  Registrationn  of  ane  appunctuament  be- 
tuix  my  lord  Governour  and  James  Hammiltoun.  n68o 
DALLAS  Stiles  (1607)  7°5  Remember,  that  immediately  before 
the  Clause  of  Registration,  ye  insert  the  Faculty  reserved  by 
the  Father  to  himself.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  II~.  A",  v.  ii.  II.  471 
Duties  upon  registration  [have  become]  extremely  common* 
1836  Act  6  $  7  U'ilL  7K,  c.  86  §  i  So  much  of  the  said  Acts 
as  relates  to  the  Registration  of  Marriages.  1877  Nature 

23  Sept.  421  The  registration  of  temperature  is  one  of  the 
most  difficult  of  meteorological  problems. 

b.  "With  a  and  //.  An  instance  of  this ;  an  entry 
made  in  a  register. 

1611  FLORID,  Rcgistrationc,  a  registration,  an  enroulement, 
a  recording.  1617  Sc.  Acts  Jos.  lrl  (1816)  IV.  546  i  Oure 
said_  souerane  Lord  ..ordanis  the  same  registeris  and  regis- 
tratiounes  foirsaidis  to  be  insert  thairin.  X7ia  PRIDEAUX 
Direct.  Ch.-ivardctts  (ed.  4)  97  A  Page  is  filled  with  such 
Registrations.  1741-*  STACKHOUSB  Hist.  Bible  \  in.  i.  Objec 
tion  (1752)  II.  1260'!  Their  [censors]  Business  was  to  make 
a  Registration  of  all  the  Roman  Citizens.  1771  LUCKOMBE 
/list.  Print  ing -$\  A  register  book  of  wills,  .wherein  registra 
tions  are  made. 

c.  attrib.)  as  registration  art,  court,  law,  etc. 
1843  Cox  Registration  ofl'oters  Pref.  i  Practical  experi 
ence  in  the  registration  courts.     1868  G.  DUFF  Pol.  Sur-<\ 

24  The  Danish  Government.. passed  two  new  measurement 
and  registration   laws.     1885  WILKINSON  Cox  fy   Grades 
I*a~v  of  Registration  3  Persons  acting  as  town  clerks  under 
the  Parliamentary  Registration  Acts. 

2.  In  organ-playing  :  (see  quot.). 

188*  Edin.  Rev.  Jan.  238  The  awkward ..  word  Regis 
tration',  which  is  the  only  expression  we  have  for  the  study 
of  effect  and  combination  of  tone  on  the  organ,  and  means 
the  same  in  regard  to  it  that '  orchestration  '  means  in  regard 
to  the  orchestra. 

3.  Printing.  Adjustment. 

i8$K>  JACOBI  Printing  178  The  sole  object  of  points  is  to 
obtain  perfect  registration  in  backing. 

Hence  Reglstra'tional  a. 

1889  Lancet  30  Nov.  1135  The  above-named  exceptional 
effort  to  obtain  reeistrational  accuracy. 

Re'gistrative,  a.  rare—1,  [f.  as  REGISTRATE 
v.  +  -IVE.]  Of  the  nature  of  registration. 

i86a  J.  BKOWN  Horae  Subs.  (ed.  2)  410  Looking  Is  a  volun 
tary  act,,  .seeing  is  a  state, — passive  and  receptive,  and  at 
the  best,  little  more  than  registrative. 

Ke'glstrator.  rare.  [a.  med.L.  registnitor, 
agent-n. f. registrareto REGISTER.  Cf. G. registrato)') 
F.  rtgistrateur^\  One  who  registers,  a  registrar. 

1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Jitdic.  Evid.  (1827)  I.  523  In 
case  of  registration,  .publicity  serves  as  a  security  for  the 
correctness,  .of  the  work  of  the  registrator. 

t  Registrature.  Obs.  rare-1.  [ad.G.  regis- 
tratur  —  It.  regislratura :  see  REGISTRATE  v.  and 
-L'liE.]  A  registry. 

1761  tr.  Bitsching's  Syst.  Ceog.  V.  432  The  princely, 
spiritual  and  temporal  colleges,  together  with  their  chan 
ceries  and  registratures. 

Re'gistrer.  Now  rare.  Also  4  regystrere. 
[Orig.  a.  AF.  *registrere  =  OF.  registrettt :  in  later 
use  f.  REGISTERS.  4- -ER1.]  fa.  One  who  registers ; 
a  registrar.  Obs.  b.  =  REGISTER  sbl  10. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PL  B.  n.  173  Erchdekenes  and  officiales 
and  alle  }owre  regystreres.  1433  LYDG.  S.  Edmund  \\\.  165 
Burchardus  . .  Was  his  Registrer  and  also  his  notarye. 
c  1450  —  Secrees  436  Callyd  Registrer  of  ther  tresonry. 
1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  E/>ist.  59  Such  as  be  the  registrers 
&  writers  of  their  owne  actes.  1508  FLORIO,  Kegistratore, 
a  registrer..,  a  remembrancer,  a  keeper  of  records.  1831 
PALMER  in  Phil.  Trans.  CXXI.  209  Description  of  a 
Graphical  Registrer  of  Tides  and  Winds. 

So  f  Registrour.   Obs.  rare  — 1. 

1556  OLDE  Antichrist  88  b,  Platina  (the  most  registrour  of 
the  popes  names). 

Registry  (re-d^istri).  [f.  REGIST(EK)  v.  +  -BY  : 
cf.  REGISTEKV.] 

1.  The  act  of  registering,  registration. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Pocsie  i.  x.  (Arb.)  39  The  memoriall 
and  registry  of  all  great  fortunes,  the  praise  of  vertue  [etc.]. 
1653  in  Somers  Tracts  (1748)  L  514  The  whole  City  of 
Bristol  (as  to  the  Place  of  Registry,  and  Matters  to  be 
Registered!  is  to  be  accounted  Part  of  the  County  of  Somer 
set.  1694  Act  6  <V  7  Will.  If!,  c.  6  And  if  any  undue 
preference,  .shall  be  made,  either  in  point  of  Registry  or 


374 

Payment  [etc.].    1789  Hist,  in  Ann.  Reg.  15  They  had  pre-   i 
sumed  to  assert  that  no  edict  could  be  valid  without  their    ! 
registry.     1817  W.  SELWYN  Law  Nisi  Pritts  {ed.  4!  II.  1282    : 
note,  An  action  of  trover  for  the  certificate  of  registry  itself. 
1825  Act   6  Geo.    lVt  c.    110  §   n    At  every  Port   where    I 
Registry  shall  be  made.     Ibid.  §  21  If. .the  Master.. cannot    ; 
attend  at  the  Port  of  Registry  [etc.].     1869  MOZLEY  Univ. 
Serin.  \.  (1876)  27  A  great  volume  of  time  is  now  shutting, 
the  roll  is  folded  up  for  the  registry,  and  we  must  open 
another. 

2.  A  place  where  registers  are  kept. 

1603  Constit.  fy  Canons  Eccles.  cxxvi,  Bishop's  Reglstrie. 
..All  such  Possessours.  .shall  once  in  euery  yere  exhibite 
into  the  Dublike  Registrie  of  the  Bishop  of  the  Diocesse.. 
enery  originall  Testament.  1712  PRIDEAUX  Direct.  Ck.- 
wardens  (ed.  4)  64  Many  Instruments  of  such  Consolida 
tions  may  be  seen  in  the  Episcopal  Registries  of  this 
Realm.  1803  S.  PEGGE  A  need.  Eng.  Lang.  284  The  place 
where  such  register  books  are  deposited,  .is  the  Registry. 
1874  Act  37  fy  3_3  Wet.  c.  85  §  2  All  documents.. shall  be. . 
sent  to  the  registry  of  the  Arches  Court  of  Canterbury,  .or 
the  registry  of  the  Chancery  Court  of  York. 

3.  A  register,  a  book  of  record ;  also,  an  entry  in 
a  register. 

1622  J.  HUGHES  St. Pauls  Exere.  7  AChromcle,  ora  Regis- 
trie,  wherein  all  our  workes  are  written.  0:1687  PETTY  /  W. 
Arith.  i.  (1690)  28  There  hath  been  much  discourse,  about 
introducing  of  Registries  into  England.  1770  Monthly  Rc*i\ 
349  All  registries  agree  in  this,  that  the  S.E.  and  N.W. 
winds  are  nearly  equal.  1817  W.  SELWYN  Law  Xisi  Prius 
(ed.  41)  II.  1282  The  certificate  may  be  proved  to  have  been 
granted  to  the  plaintiff  by  tbe  production  of  the  registry, 
from  which  it  was  copied.  1825  Act  6  Geo.  77",  c.  no  §  n 
A  Book  shall  be  kept  by  the  Collector,  .and  every  Registry 
shall  be  numbered  in  Progression.  1884  BROWNING  Ferish- 
tah,  Shah  Abbas  45  A  useful  registry, —  Which  therefore  we 
—'believe'?  1891  MAYSTON  Index  Customs  Gen.Ord,  194 
Every  entry  in  registry  is  to  be  signed. 

t4.  Registership.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Register^  The  lord  register,., 
before  the  union,  was  the  fifth  officer  of  state,  and  besides 
the  registry,  was  clerk  of  the  parliament,  treasury,  ex 
chequer,  and  session. 

5.  at  t  rib. i  as  registry  act,  office,  ticket. 

rt&Aet  6  i  7  Will.  /F,c.  86  §  4  All  Kxpences  of  carrying 
on  the  Business  of  the  General  Registry  Office.  1838 
W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  841  Registry  Acts,  that  body  of 
enactments,  .as  to  the  enregistering  of  all  ships  which  are  to 
have  the  privileges  of  British  vessels.  1863  A.  YOUNG  Naut. 
Diet.  (ed.  2)  306  The  registry  tickets  which  for  some  time 
were  given  to  seamen  are  now  abolished, 

So  t  Re  gist  y.   Obs.  rare  ~l.    In  quot.  attrib. 

1562  Child-Marriages  50  As. .doth  more  plainelie  appere 
recorded  in  tbe  registie  boke  within  the  parisheof  Bunburye. 

t  Re'gitive,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [a..OF.refft'tif)-tvt, 
prob.  ad.  med.L.  *rf-gitivust  irreg-  f«  regcre  to  rule : 
see  -IVE.]  Ruling,  governing. 

Godef.  explains  OF.  regitif  v&  'qut  rejette,  qui  expulse', 
app.  in  error. 

a  1412  LYDG.  Two  Merchants  330  Whan  nature  of  vertu 
regitiff  Thoruh  malencolye  is  prcssyd  and  bor  doun.  1574 
NEWTON  Health  Mag.  4  Nothynge  is  more  hurtful  to  the 
venue  regitive  then  cold.  1603  LODGE  Treat.  Plague  in, 
Feeblenes  and  weaknes  of  the  rcgitiue  vertue  of  the  body. 
1659  Gent/.  Calling  i.  §  5  Their  regitive  Power  over  the 
world,  saith  Gerspn,  is  not  so  suitable  an  ingredient  for  a 
Magnificat  of  their  composing. 

Regius  professor :  see  PROFESSOR. 

Regive  vi/'gi-v),  -v.  [f.  RE-  +  GIVE  v.,  perh. 
after  L.  reddcre  or  F.  redonner^\  trans.  To  give 
again,  give  back,  restore,  give  in  return. 

*575  G.  HARVKY  Letter-bk.  (Camden)  90,  I  regive  you  a 
pottle  _of  howedyes.  1621  J.  REYNOLDS  God's  Revenge  \. 
Hist.  i.  24  Remembring  the  former  courtesie  he  had  re- 
ceiued  of  Grand-Pre,  in  regiuing  him  his  sword,  hee . .  vowes 
now  to  requite  it.  1658  J.  WEBB  Cleopatra  vm.  i.  25  Corio- 
lanus,  to  whom  the  Africans  had  re-given  the  name  of  Juba 
bis  father.  174*  YOUNG  A7.  Th.  \\.  309  Bid  Day  stand  still, 
..and  reimport  The  period  past,  regive  tbe  given  hour. 
1815  WORDSW.  Let.  to  Mrs.  Clarkson,  The  Soul.. may  be 
re-given  when  it  has  been  taken  away,  a  1863  FABER 
Hynms  (1875)  iSoNot  for  worlds  would  I  have  him  regiven. 

Regla'ze  (r/--),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  glaze 
again.  Hence  Regla'zing  vbl.sb. 

/ii6i8  SYLVESTER  Job  Triumphant  n.  63  He  dwels  in 
Houses.. By  him,  re-built,  re-gilt,  re-glost,  re-glas'd.  1874 
Contcinp,  Rev.  Oct.  769  The  windows  require  reglazing 

t  Regie,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  regie  ^th  c.; 
mod.F.  regie],  ad.  L.  regnla  rule:  see  REGULAR, etc.] 
A  rule,  regulation. 

1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  K  vb,  Worship  Is  not  kepte  in 
her  ryght  regie  ne  in  her  ryght  estate.  1548  HOOPER 
Cominandm.  \.  Wks.  (Parker  Soc.)  275  From  this  right  line 
and  true  regie  of  God's  word  man  erreth  divers  ways 

t  Regie,  reigle,  v.    Obs.     [ad.  F.  reghr, 

\reigler )  ad.  L.  regular*  to  REGULATE.]  trans. 
To  rule,  regulate.  Hence  f  Re-gling  vbl.  sb. 

1591  J.  ELIOT  Disc.  Warre  57  He  is  farre  deceived,  who, 
to  reigle  himselfe  well,  regardeth  what  is.  .wont  to  be  done. 
1637  J-  WILLIAMS  Holy  Table  57  To  reigle  and  direct  the 
English  Churches,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Wales  iv. 
(1662)  9  All  ought  to  regie  their  lives,  not  by  the  Popes 
Decrees,  but  Word  of  God.  a  1670  HACKET^^/.  Williams 
\.  (1692)92  My  letter  written  to  the  Justices  for  the  reigling 
of  the  same. 

Regie,  obs.  form  of  riggel  RTGGALD. 

II  Re'glement,  treiglement.  [a.  F.  regle 
ment ,  \reiglement,  f.  rJgter;  see  REGLE  v.] 

fl.  The  act  of  regulating  or  controlling.  Obs. 
(Common  in  i^th  c.) 

1598  DALLISGTON  Meth.  Trav.  Q  iv,  This  Consell  tf  Estat 
was  wont  only  to  determine  publike  affaires,  as . .  the  Regie- 
ment  of  Finances.  16*5  BACON  Ess.)  Usury  (Arb.)  544  The 


REGMA. 

Reformation  and  Reiglement  of  Vsury.  1683  TEMPLE  Klein. 
Wks.  1731  I.  428  Offering  privately  .  .such  a  Reglement  of 
Commerce  as  they  could  desire,  a  1734  NORTH  Lives  (1826) 
III.  367  They  used  all  means.  .to  reduce  this  master  under 
the  like  reglement  as  the  former. 
2.  A  regulation.  (Now  only  as  French.) 
1668  England's  Wants  24  In  the  Orders  and  Reglements 
set  forth  by  his  Grand  Mareschals.  1673  SIR  L.  JENKINS 
Let.  in  Wynne  Life  U724}  I.  88  The  other  two  reglements 
of  trade  in  Indies  they  likewise  passed  over  without  making 
any  exceptions  to  them.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  31  XVI. 
575/1  By  that  reglement  she  divided  the  whole  empire  into 
43  governments.  1898  Schedule  Articles  Grk.  Loan  art.  i, 
The  conditions  of  this  Loan  ..  will  form  the  subject  of  a 
Reglement  which  will  be  sanctioned  by  a  Royal  Decree. 

Regleme'ntary,  a.  rare.  [ad.  F.  reglemen- 
taire  :  see  prec.  and  -ART.]  Regular,  according  to 
regulations, 


1870  Daily  News  20  Sept.,  Grumbling  as  the  Parisians  did 
at  the  reglementary  four  hours  daily  drill.  1882  Meek. 
World  4  Mar.  139  The  reglementary  alloy  now  adopted. 


.  . 

Reglet  (re'glet),  f  riglet.  [a.  F.  riglet  (141*1 
c.)  :  see  REGLE  sb.  and  -ET,  and  ci.  It.  rcgoletto^ 

T  1.  A  narrow  division  of  a  page  of  a  book  ;  a 
column.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1576  HANMEK  Chronogr.  in  A  nc.  Ecd.  l/ist,  i  The  fourth 
riglet  contineweth  the  raigne  of  the  Kings  of  Judaia. 

2.  Arch.  A  narrow  flat  band  used  to  separate 
mouldings  or  other  parts  from  each  other. 

The  definition  in  Chambers  Cycl.  (1727-38),  copied  by 
Bailey,  Nicholson,  Gwilt,  etc.,  is  translated  from  the  Diet. 
d?  Trfaoux. 

1664  EVELYN  tr.  Frearfs  Archit.  xvii.  44  He  has.  .made  it 
[the  height  of  the  cornice]  less,  and  cut  off  three  or  four 
small  Reglets  which  renders  it  very  dry  and  trifling.  1726 
LEONI  tr.  Albert  fs  Archit.  II.  34/2  The  length  of  these 
reglets  [It.  regolettt]  was  twelve  minutes,  and  the  spaces 
from  one  reglet  [It.  regolo\  to  the  other  were  eighteen.  1789 
P.  SMYTH  tr.  Aldriclfs  Archit.  12  The  fillet,  or  plat  band.  ., 
is  a  kind  of  plinth  of  a  more  oblong  shape.  From  this  the 
reglet.  .and  the  listel.  .differ  only  by  their  being  smaller. 

f  3.  A  thin,  flat  piece  or  strip  of  wood  used  in 
carpentry  or  frame-making.  Obs.  rare* 

1678  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Joinery  I.  vi.  112  Riglet  is 
a  thin  square  peece  of  Wood  :  Thus  the  peeces  that  are 
intended  to  make  the  Frames  for  small  Pictures,  &c.  before 
they  are  Molded  are  called  Riglets.  [Hence  in  Holme 
Armoury  (1688),  and  Bailey  (1731),  vol.  II.]  1683  Ibid.* 
Printing  iv,  On  the  .  .  Fore-Rail,  .is  nailed  a  small  Riglet 
about  half  an  Inch  high,  and  a  quarter  and  half  quarter  of 
an  Inch  thick. 

b.  Printing.  A  thin,  narrow  strip  of  wood,  used 
(fas  a  head-  or  side-stick,  etc.,  or)  to  make  wide 
blanks  between  the  lines  in  a  page  (see  cjuots.). 

More  rarely  applied  to  pieces  of  metal  of  similar  form 
and  use. 

1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  11.  28  And  Note, 
that  the  Head  and  Side-sticks  are  called  Riglets,  if  they  are 
not  an  English  thick.  Ibid.  207  The  Compositer  seeks 
among  the  Furniture  for  a  Riglet,.  .or  else  he  cuts  a  Riglet 
to  that  length  (this  Riglet  is  called  a  Destributing-stick). 
1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  reglets  make  the  chief 
part  of  what  they  call  the  furniture  of  the  chase.  1771 
LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Printing  278  Reglets..  are  more  proper 
for  Whites  than  Quadrats,  because  Reglets  are  capable  to 
interrupt  the  hanging  and  crookedness  of  Matter.  1898 
SOUTHWARD  Mod.  Printing  i.  82  Reglets,  generally  made 
of  oak  or  beech,..  vary  in  thickness  from  diamond  up  to 
2-Hne  great  primer. 

c.  Collectively,  or  as  a  material.     Also  attrib.^ 
as  reglet  plane. 

1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  487  The  reglet  plane.. 
derives  its  name  from  being  employed  in  making  the 
parallel  blips  of  wood,  or  regtet,  ustid  by  the  printer  for  the 
wide  separation  of  the  lines  of  metal  type,  a  1885  CASLON 
Catal.  Pointing  Material^  Metal  Reglet  of  the  most  beauti 
ful  finish  and  accuracy,  in  yard  lengths. 

Reglorship  :  see  RAGLEK. 

KeglO'SS,  v.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  put 
a  fresh  gloss  upon. 

1609  J.DAVIES  HiinionrsHcauenottEarth'WVs.  (Grosart) 
I.  6  Grease.  .,  which  so  re-glosst  the  Sattens  glosse  that  it 
Was  varnisht  like  their  vailes  that  turn  the  Spit,  a  1618 
SYLVESTER  Job  Triumphant  \\.  63  He  dwels  in  Houses.. 
By  him,  re-built,  re-gilt,  re-glost,  re-glas'd. 

Reglow',  sb.  [RE-  5  a.]  The  act  of  glowing 
again.  So  Reg-lowing-  vhl.  sb. 

1887  Proc.  Physic.  Soc.  Apr.  (1888)  116  There  should  be  at 
least  two  points  at  which  a  sudden  reheating  takes  place; 
but  not  necessarily  two  sensible  reglows.  Ibid.  117  The 
alternate  darkening  and  reglowing.  1890  Nature  4  Sept., 
The  phenomenon  of  recalescence  or  the  re-glowing  of.  .iron 
and  steel  at  certain  stages  during  the  cooling  process. 

t  Reghrtinate,  v.  Obs,  rare—*,  [f.  L.  reglu- 
tinare  :  see  RE-  2  a,  2  d  and  GLUTINATE.]  trans. 
To  unglue  (Cockeram  1623),  or  glue  again 
(Blount  1656).  So  fHeglu'tination,  an  ungluing 
(Cockeram);  a  gluing  again  (Phillips  1658). 

Regm(e,  obs.  forms  of  REALM. 

II  Begma  (re-gma).  Bot.  PI.  re-gmata.  [a. 
Gr.  fifjyua  a  break  or  fracture.]  Bot.  In  Mirbel's 
classification,  a  dry  fruit  formed  of  three  or  more 
cells  which  break  open  when  ripe. 

1839  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  (ed.  3")  i.  ii.  237  Regina.  Three 
or  mure  celled,  few-seeded,,  .dry,  the  cells  bursting  from  the 
axis  with  elasticity  into  two  valves,  /hid.,  Such  regmata  are 
drupaceous.  1861  BENTLEV  Man.  Bot.  319  When  a  capsule 
consists  of  three  or  more  cells,  which  separate  from  the  axis, 
and  burst  with  elasticity,,  .it  has  been  termed  a  Rtgma. 

Regn,  obs.  form  of  REIGN. 

Hegnacioune,  -acyon,  varr.  REGKATION  Obs. 


REGNAL. 

Regnal  (re'gnal),  a.  [ad.  med.L.  regnahs^  f. 
regn-nm  kingdom,  KEIGN  sb.~\ 

1.  a.  Rcgna!  year,  the  year  of  a  sovereign's  reign, 
dated  from  the  moment  of  his  accession. 

1612  HOPTON  Concord.  Years  Ded.  A  iij,  I  obserued  the 
inconueniences.  .occasioned,  .by  the  participation  of  euery 
one  Reg  nail  yeare  with  two  Kcclesian  yeares.  1685 
Chron.  Jurld.  Pref.  in  Nicolas  Chronol.  Hist.  (1833)  272 
Thirdly,  there  is  what  we  call  the  year  regnal;  and  that 
beginneth  on  the  day,  and  at  the  immediate  moment,  of  the 
decease  of  each  last  preceding  king.  1833  NICOLAS  Ibid. 
272  The  exact  day  from  which  the  regnal  year  is  calculated. 
1876  FREEMAN*  Norm.  Cong.  (ed.  2)  I.  vi.  457  He  dated  his 
public  acts  by  the  regnal  years  of  the  King. 

b.  Regnal  dayt  the  anniversary  of  a  sovereign *s 
accession. 

1877  C.  GEIKIE  Christ  (1879)  55  On  the  regnal  day  of 
Herod,  in  the  year  u.  c.  14  the.  .structure  was  consecrated. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  reign,  kingdom,  or  king, 
in  various  applications. 

1643  PRVNNE  Sot'.  Power  Parlt.  Ded.  A  iij  b,  The  true 
originall  grounds  of  Regal  1,  Regnall,  Popular,  or  Parlia 
mentary  Jurisdictions.  1846  M'  CUI.I.OCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire 
(1854)  II.  Index  769/1  Regnal  Table;  from  the  Conquest. 
1869  RAWUNBON  Auc.  Hist.  32  An  intentional  duplication 
of  the  regnal  and  other  periods  mentioned  by  Herodotus. 

Re'gnancy.  rare—1,  [f.  L.  regn-are  to  REIGX  : 
see  -AXCY.]  The  fact  of  reigning,  predominance. 

a  1834  COLERIDGE  in  Lit.  Rem.  (1838)  III.  150  The  third 
and  last  cause,  .is  the  presence  and  regnancy  of  a  false  and 
fantastic  philosophy. 

Regnant  (re-gnant),///.  a.  [ad.  L.  regnant-, 
pres.  pple.  of  regnare  to  REIGN.  Cf.  F.  rfgnant.] 

1.  Of  sovereigns   or   other   persons :    Reigning, 
ruling. 

1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  Pref.  (1602)  Aivb,  Queene 
Elizabeth  our  Soueraigne  now  regnant.  1670  G.  H.  Hist. 
Cardinals  n.  in.  205  Giving  Orders  that  he  should  be 
treated  like  a  Nephew  of  the  regnant  Pope.  1718  D'URFEY 
Grecian  Heroine  n.  Operas,  etc.  (1721)  112  A  marbled 
Caesar  pinnion'd  to  a  Throne,  The  People  regnant,  and  the 
Monarch  Stone.  1856  C.  R.  KENNEDY  tr.  Demosthenes' 
Leptines  App.-  iv,  Some  time  afterwards  the  power  of 
government  passed  from  the  regnant  house  into  the  hands 
of  the  Eupatridae.  1884  BROWNING  Fcrishtak,  Shah  Abbas 
49  Our  liege,  the  Shah  Happily  regnant,  hath  become 
assured  [etc.]. 

trans/,  m  fig.  1600  J.  HAMILTON  in  Cath.  Tract.  (S.  T.  S.) 
222  Thair  saules  regnant  now  in  gloire  with.  .Christ  lesus. 
1642  JER.  TAYLOR  Episc.  253  The  Church  of  Martyrs,,  .now 
regnant  in  heaven.  i86a  U.  TAYLOR  Poet's  Jrni.  ii,  Serfs 
of  the  regnant  moon.  1875  M.  COLLINS  Sweet  fy  Twenty  \. 
iv,  A  full  moon  was  regnant  over  breadths  of  lawn. 
b.  Placed  after  the  sb.,  esp.  Queen  regnant. 

1632  H.  ^WLX.  Augustus  212  With  th1  one  [face]  looking 
on  the  King  Regnant ;  with  th'  other,  on  the  Prince  suc 
cessive,  a  1639  WOTTOM  in  Reliq.  (1685)  168  There  may  be 
reasonably  supposed  in  Queens  Regnant,  a  little  proportion 
of  tenderness  that  way,  more  than  in  Kings.  1765  BLACK- 
STONE  Comm.  I.  iv.  212  The  queen  regent,  regnant,  or 
sovereign,  is  she  who  holds  the  crown  in  her  own  right. 
1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  IV.  144  Neither  the  king,  nor 
a  queen  regnant,  can  convey  in  this  manner,  nor  can  a 
corporation.  1859  WRAXALL  tr.  R.  Houdin  xix.  284  Each 
of  my  performances  was  honoured  by  the  presence  of  one  or 
more  of  the  princes  regnant  of  the  Germanic  Confederation. 

2.  Of  things,  qualities,  etc. ;   Ruling,  exercising 
sway  or  influence,  predominant,  dominating. 

1621  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Diatribe  32  This  humour  being 
Regnant  in  you,  bred  those  Inuectiues  of  lazie  Ignorance. 
1687  WALLER  Divine  Love  65  The  Law  was  regnant,  and 
confined  his  thought.  1799  SICKELMORE  Agnes  fy  Leonora 
II.  30  Her  passion  for  controversy  and  reproach  was  so 
regnant,  that  the  most  poignant  misery  would  hardly  subdue 
jt.  1847  EMERSON  Poems,  Musketaquid^  And  by  the  order 
in  the  field  disclose  The  order  regnant  in  the  yeoman's  brain. 
1885-94  R-  BRIDGES  Eros  4-  Psyche  Apr.  vii,  Their  fames.. 
Do  battle  with  the  regnant  names  of  eld,  To  win  their  seats. 
b.  Prevalent,  wide-spread. 

1625  CHAS.  I  Sp.  Wks.  1662  I.  560,  I  must  mind  you  of  the 
Mortality  now  regnant  in  this  City.  1676  WORLIDGE  Cyder 
Pref.,  Drunkenness.. is  not  now  so  regnant  in  this  isle. 
?  1757  H.  I.  (title)  The  Players  Scourge,  or  a  Detection  of  the 
ranting  prophanity  and  regnant  impiety  of  stage  plays. 
1877  M.  ARNOLD  Last  Ess.  25  The  belief  in  witchcraft  and 
diabolical  contracts  which  was  regnant  in  his  day. 

tRegnard,  obs.  f.  REYNARD.  Hence  fReg- 
nardism;  f  Regnardize  v. 

1602  CAREW  Cornwall  (1769)  22  Then  Master  Regnard 
ransacketh  every  corner  of  his  wily  skonce.  1656  BLOUNT 
Glossogr.  [after  Cotgr.],  Regnardism^  Fox-like  subtilty, 
sliness,  craftiness,. .  ;  and  to  Rcgnardise,  to  play  the  Fox. 

t  Regna'tion.  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  -acioune, 
-acyon.  [a.  OK.  regjiadon,  -ation,  or  ad.  med.L. 
regnation-enty  n.  of  action  f.  regnare  to  REIGN.] 
Reign  ;  the  act  of  ruling. 

1418-20  J.  PAGE  Siege  of  Rouen  in  Hist.  Coll.  Citizen 
Lond.  (Camden)  27  Cryste  for  Hys  Passyon  Kepe  hym  in 
Hys  regnacyon  !  1422  tr.  Secret  a  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  182 
In  the  begynnynge  of  his  regnacioune,  he  was  an  oppres- 
soure.  1668  WILKINS  Real  Char.  397  The  proper  notion 
expressed  by  this  Character  is  Regnation,.  .which  is  the 
Substantive  of  Action,  as  King  is  of  Person. 

Regne,  obs.  form  of  REIGN. 

tRegnee.  Obs.  rare—1,  [a.  OF.  regn£  (see 
Godef.),  f.  regner  to  REIGN*.]  A  kingdom. 

c  1380  Sir  Fern  nib.  2386  {>e  Amyral  clypede  to  him  J>an 
Maubyn  of  egremolee  ;  A  such  bef  as  he  was  an  was  non  in 
his  regnee. 

t  Re'gnicide.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  L.  regtti'y  regintm 
kingdom  +  -CIDE  i.]  One  who  destroys  a  kingdom. 

1607   lip.  J.   KING  Serm.  5  .AW.  28  They. .become  pari- 


375 

cides,  Regicides,  Regnicides  at  once.  1615  T.  ADAMS  Eng- 
lantfs  Sickness  Wks.  1861  I.  4^18  Regicides  are  no  less  than 
regnicides,  ..for  the  life  of  a  king  contains  a  thousand  thou 
sand  lives. 

t  Re-gO,  7'.   Obs.  -1    [UK-.]    To  return,  go  back. 

£1640  J.  SMYTH  Lives  Berkeley*  (1883)  I.  369  Hee  shall 
regoe  to  his  prison  at  the  said  time. 

t  Regelate,  v.  Obs.  rare—1,  fad.  It.  regolare  :— 
L.  rlgulart.']  trans.  To  regulate. 

1585  DYER  Praise  of  Nothing  Poems  (Grosart)  78  We  were 
(as  having  our  minds  regelated  by  the  good  order  of  nature) 
the  lovers  of  virtue. 


Regorge  (r/gfJudj),!'.  [ad.K.  ;x4wy«;-(i4thc.), 
or  f.  KE-  +  GORGE  v.,  perh.  after  L.  regnrgitan  to 
REGURGITATE.] 

1.  trans.  To  disgorge  or  cast  up  again  ;  to  throw 
or  cast  back.  lit.  a.nA_fig.  t  Also  with  of. 

1605  M,  SUTCLIFFE  Brief  E.vam.  84  It  is  not  much 
material!,  what  is  regorged  out  of  such  a  gulfo  of  impieties. 
1673  DRYDRN  ilfarr.  ii  la  Mode  I.  i,  When  you  have  re- 


gorged  what  you  have  taken  in,  you  are  the  leanest  things 
in  nature.  1727  Philip  Qnarll  27  Those  Curses  your 
populous  and  celebrated  Cities  regorge  of.  1804  R.  \\". 
DlCKSON  Pract.  Agric.  I.  386  That  water, ,nui>t  soon  have 
reached  the  bottom,  and  there  have  been  regorged  back 
upon  the  soil.  1844  DISRAF.LI  Coningsby  n.  i.  Ever  fearful 
that  they  might  lie  called  upon  to  regorge  their.,  spoil. 

absoL     1850  BROWNING  Easter-Day  xv,  Then,  each  cleft 
The  fire  had  been  sucked  back  into,  Regorged. 
b.  intr.   To  gush  or  How  back  again. 

1654  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Benth'Ogtio's  M'arrs  Flanders  359 
He  therefore  resolved  to  block  up  the  Arches  of  the  Hrid.n". . 
so  as  the  water  might  regorge  back  again  into  the  fields, 
*733  CHEYNE  Eng.  Malady  \\.  viii.  §  2  U734*  193  The  re- 

forging  Fluids,  .struggling and  labouring  under  the  Animal 
"unctions.     1850  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  (ed.  2)  X.  l.xvii.  §  15, 
217  The  least  east  wind. .makes  their  waters  regorge  and 
overspread  a  vast  extent  of  level  ground. 

to.   intr.  Of  a  place  :  To  be  flooded.    Oh.  -1 

1621  MOLLE  Camerar,  Liv.  Libr.  v.  iii.  329  The  Xarses 
ouerthrew..so  many  of  the  Franct  in  a  set  battell,  that  the 
territories  about  Capua  regorged  with  humane  blood. 

2.  trans.  To  engorge  or  swallow  again,    rare. 

1700  DRVDEN  Sigism.  fy  Guise.  186  But  as  extremes  are 
short,  of  ill  and  good,  And  tides  at  highest  mark  regorge 
the  Hood.  1894  WHISTLER  in  Speaker  10  Nov.  516,  I  ques 
tion  if  it  be  not  without  precedent  that  a  writer  ever  before 
so  abjectly  regorged  his  spleen. 

PIcnce  fReg'o'rg'einent,  what  has  been  regorged. 

1641  R.  BROOKS  Eng.  Episc.  \.  x.  58  But  what  he  hath 
done  in  that  kind,  he  hath  done  many  times  by  gathering 
up  the  regorgenients  of  others. 

Regorgitate,  obs.  variant  of  REGURGITATE. 

tRegO'rt.  Obs.  rare-1.  [a.OF.?-t^?Y(Godef.).] 
A  deep  place  in  the  sea ;  a  gulf. 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  69  b,  The  noble  arke  was  caste  in  a 
meruayllous  regorte  of  the  see. 

t  Regra'Ce.  Obs.  rare—1.  [See next  and  (i RACE 
sfi.  19,  and  cf.  obs.  F.  regraciation^  med.L.  regra- 
tiatio.]  fl.  Thanks. 

1463  Pltimpton  Corr.  (Camden)  7  Right  worshippfull  my 
singuler  good  mastre,  as  my  dewtie  is,  with  intier  regraces 
I  recomend  me  unto  you. 

t  Regra'Cy,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  OF.  regraeier, 
med.L.  regrdtiare  :  see  RE-  and  GRACE  v.]  trans. 
To  thank,  give  thanks  to  (one). 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  438/2  Thus  the  creature  shal 
mowe  thanke  and  regracye  god  by  deuoute  contemplacion. 
c  1500  Melusine  23,  I  oughte  to  preyse  to  thanke  and  to 
regracy  the  hertily  in  thy  highe  mageste. 

!  Regrada'tioii.  Obs.  rare~~l.  [SeeREGR.vDE 
z'.-and  GRADATION.]  Regression,  retrogradation. 

1607  Lingua  in.  vi,  Starres,  Orbes,  and  Plannets,  with 
their  motions,  The  Oriental!  Regradations  [etc.]. 

t  Regra'de,  v.1  Obs.  [ad.  L.  regradare,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  gradus  GRADE.]  trans.  To  degrade. 

1605  SALTERN  A  tic.  Laws  I  j  b,  Elutherius.  .ordained  that 
none  should  be  regraded  I:  fore  he  were  condemned. 

Regrade  (r/gr/'-d),  t/.2  rare.  [f.  L.  ?r-Rs-  + 
£ra«to  go.  The  correct  L.  comb,  is  regredl \  see 
REGREDE  v.]  intr.  To  retire,  recede,  fall  back. 

iSn  HALFS  New  Anal.  Chronol.  II,  897  They  saw  the 
darkness  commence  at  the  eastern  limb  of  the  sun,  and 
proceed  to  the  western,  till  the  whole  was  eclipsed;  and 
then  regrade  backwards  from  the  western  to  the  eastern, 
till  his  light  was  fully  restored. 

Regra'de  (n-),  v.'^  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
grade  again,  in  senses  of  the  vb.  Also  absol. 

1884  Century  Mag.  Mar.  649  '2  The  city  was  torn  up  from 
one  end  to  the  other,  and  regraded.  1886-7  Proc.  Amer. 
Instruct.  Deaf '141  You  may  start  out. .with  a  class  well 
graded,  and  before  you  have  been  at  work  three  months 
you  will  find  that  you  ought  to  regrade. 

Regraft  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  graft 
again.  Hence  Regra'fting  vbl.  sb. 

1626  BACON  Syh'a  §  454  It  may  bee,  that  oft  Regrafting 
of  the  same  Cions,  may  likewise  make  Fruit  greater.  1803 
KNIGHT  faPkiL  Trans.  XCIII.  282  When  a  large  tree  has 
been  deprived  of  its  branches,  to  be  regrafted,  it  often 
becomes^unhealthy.  1861  J.  A.  ALEXANDER  Gospel  of  Jesus 
Christ  xiii.  177  There  is  no  regrafting  of  exscinded  boughs 
into  the  heavenly  olive-tree. 

Regrait,  var.  of  REGRATE  sbl  and  z/.1  Obs. 
Regrant  (rfgra-nt),  sb.     [RE-  53:  of.  next.] 

The  act  of  granting  again  ;  the  renewal  of  a  grant. 
1617  MORYSON  I  tin,  n,  10  MacMahown..had  surrendered 
this  his  Countrey,  .into  her  Maiesties  hands,  and  receiued  a 
regrant  thereof,  a  1734  NORTH  Exam.  in.  viii.  §  64  (1740) 
632  This  was  for  Caution,  lest  some  Customs  or  Duties., 
might  fall  and  not  revive  upon  a  Regrant.  1855  MAPAI-LAY 


REGRATE. 

1  Hist.  Eng.  xx.  IV.  427  As  soon  as  it  appeared  that  the 
Old  Company  was  likely  to  obtain  a  regrant  of  the  monopoly 
1876  FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq.  V.  xxii.  16  As  there  had  been 
no  forfeiture,  no  regrant  was  needed. 

Regrant  (r/grcrnt;,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
grant  \a.  privilege,  estate,  etc.)  again. 

1591  HORSEY  Trav.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  169  [He]  regrants  priva- 
legt-s-.to  towns. .and  merchants,  upon  new  composition. 
1617  MORYSON  /tin.  n.  6  He,.surrendrmg  his  Inheritance 
..had  liis  land  regraunted  to  him  from  the  King.  1682 
,  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  1739/3  To  the  intent  that  Your  Majesty  will 
he  graciously  pleased  to  regrant  to  the  said  Burroiigh  their 
said  Messuages.  1750  CARTK  Hist.  Eng.  II.  274  The  King 
had  indeed  regranted  several  privileges  to  the  citi/t-ns. 
1818  CKCJSE  /)it>cs£  (ed.  2)  V.  559  A  surrender  is  a  yielding 
up  of  the  estate  by  the  tenant  to  the  lord,  for  the  purpose  ui' 
being  regranted  to  :,ome  other  person.  1876  FJn.iiv  A'(w/ 
Prop,  i.  35  A  vast  quantity  of  the  land  of  the  kingdom  was 
deemed  to  have  been  forfeited  or  surrendered  to  the  kine, 
and  regranted  by  him. 

Regratar(y,  varr.  of  RKORATER^Y  Obs. 

t  Reg'ra'te,  s/>.1  .SV.  Obs.  Also  5-6  regrait. 
[f.  REGKATE  z/.i,  or  a.  OF.  *regrat)  var.  of  regret 
REGUKT  sb.] 

1.  Lamentation,  complaint ;  expression  of  grief, 
distress,  or  sorrow.     Also  with  a  and//. 

c  J375  -*>£•  Leg.  -Saints  xvi.  (Magdalene)  468  pat  gret  pilte 
wes  to  here  his  regrat  8:  soiowful  cliere.  1456  SiRG.  H  \vi. 
Laiu  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  64  Thai  maid  grete  regrate  and 
lamentacioun  for  the  noble  prince.  <  1480  HEHRYSON  Test. 
0^397  Vit  thay  presumit,  for  Mr  hy  regrait  And  still 
murning,  sho  was  of  nobill  kin.  1513  UOUGLAS  sEncis  v. 
xjii.  35  In  the  meyn  sesoun  Venus  ..  Spak  to  Neptune  with 
sic  peteous  regrait.  c  1614  SIR  W.  MURK  Dido  <y  sEneas  i. 
445  Such  regrates  vnable  more  to  hear  :  '  Brave  Trojane  be 
encourag'd  '  Venus  snyes.  a  1653  BINNING  St'rm.  (1845)  -,99 
Tiie  first  word  is.  to  the  Heavensand  to  the  earth  :  a  weighty 
and  horrible  icgrnte  of  this  people.  1671  MAC\VAKU  True 
:  Nan<.-0nf.  23  Vou  still  your  ..  regrate,  for  the  neglect  and 
ruine  of  the  work  uf  God  ;  by  the  Consideration  of  Gods 
Power  and  Providence. 

2.  Sorrow,  regret. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVI:  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  55  Thai  had  sa 
grete  regrate  to  leve  it,  that  all  maid  sik  sorow..that  pitee 
was  to  se,  1581  J.  HAMILTON  in  Lath.  Tract.  (S.  T.  S.)  95 
They  brocht  hir  hienes  in  contempt  of  certane  rebellious 
subiectis  to  hir  vnnaturall  banishment,  and  gret  regrait  uf 
all  treu  Scott is-men.  121639  SPOTTISWOOD  Hist.  Ch.  Scot. 
VI.  (1677)  373  They  had  expressed  their  great  regrate  for  the 
disappointment  of  his  Preparations.  1704  Let.  to  .S"( .  Parit. 
in  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4037.'!  Animosities,  that  to  Our  great 
Regrate  we  discovered  among  you. 

t  Regrate,  sb*  Oh.  rare-*.  [?f.  RE-  -r 
GRATE  v.  ;  cf.  REGRATK  7'.*]  Oppression. 

1621  QUARLES  Esther  Introd.  :i6  Degenerate  Cambyses 
..Sits crowned  King,  to  vexe  the  Persian  state  With  heauy 
burthens,  and  with  sore  regrate. 

t  Regrate,  $h2    [Of  obscure  origin.]     Request. 

c  1450  Craft  of  Lo-'crs  xii.  in  Stow  Chaucer  (1561)  341/2 
Me  seineth  by  langage  ye  be  some  potestate  . .  What  is  your 
name  mekely  I  make  regrate. 

t  Regrate,  v.1  &.  Obs.  Also  7  regrait.  [ad. 
OF.  regrater^  var.  of  regretert  regretter  to  REGRET.] 

1.  trans.  To  lament,  to  feel  or  express  grief  or 
sorrow  at  (some  injury,  loss,  or  event). 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xvii.  (Martha)  24  Of  J>at  [town] 
come  Jmne  bath  ?ung  &  aid,  f>are  skath  regratand.  1513 
DOUGLAS  sEneis  I.  iv.  1 06  The  petefull  Eneas  Regratisoft  the 
hard  fortune  and  cais  Of  sterne  Orontes  new  drownit  in  the  se. 
1581  J.  HAMILTON  in  Cat/i.  Tract.($.  T.S.)?4  Albeit  this  is  to 
behauelieregratit.  .yit  all  youre  graces  fay thfull  subiectis  hes 
confort.  1632  LITHGOW  Traz>.  iv.  140,  I  cannot  but  regrate, 
the  great  losse  Sir  Thomas  Glouer  receiued.  1671  \V.  RAIT 
Vind.  Reformed  R  dig.  252  You  would  father  a  contradic 
tion  on  me,  because  I  regrate  our  rents  [  =  divisions],  a  1712 
T.  HALYBURTON  Fii-e  Serin.  (1721)  14  You  have  many  on 
lookers,  sin  Satan  and  the  world  who  regrate  your  prosperity. 
b.  With  obj.  clause  introduced  by  that. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xvi.  (Magdalene)  455  [He]  regratlt 
ofte  be-twene,  hat  euir  he  had  \>e  magdelan  sene.  1653 
K.  BAILLIE  Dissnas.  Vina.  (1655)  77  You  regrate  that  such 
men  as  your  self  and  other  Anabaptists,  .were  misregarded. 
1704  KAHI.  StAFiF.Li)  in  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4037/4  It  is  to  be 
Kegrated,  that  the  Nation  is  in  so  low  a  Condition. 

2.  To  lament  or  mourn  for  the  loss  or  death  of 
(a  person  or  thing). 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce^  xv.  233  Schir  Eduuard  ..  regratit  his 
gret  manhede,  And  his  worschip  with  douchty  dede.  c  1375 
Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xii.  (Mathias]  207  Regratand  alswa  hyr 
husband  J>at  ded.  a  1649  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Hist.  Jas.  II ' 
Wks.  (1711)  78  He  had  ..  a  natural  son,  arch-bishop  of 
St.  Andrew's,  so  much  admired  and  regrated  by  Erasmus. 
1685  Gracious  Courtiers  Orac.  258  The  Phcenix  it  self 
makes  use  of  retirement  and  desire,  to  make  it  self  to  be 
the  more  esteemed  and  regrated. 

3.  intr.  To  lament,  mourn. 

1616  SIR  W.  MURE  Rlhc.  Poems  xi.  18  Eyes,  by  }o' 
streames  of  silwer  trickling  teares,  Regrait,  since  sche  is  butt 
[  =  without]  remorce  ! 

Regrate  (rfgr^-t),  ?'.2  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  [a.  OF. 
regrater,  mod.F.  regratter,  usually  regarded  as  f. 
gratter  to  scrape,  GRATE  v.,  but  the  form  of  the 
synonymous  It.  rigattare  (Florio),  Sp.  regateart 
makes  this  doubtful.] 

1.  trans.  To  buy  up  (market  commodities,  esp. 
victuals)  in  order  to  sell  again  at  a  profit  in  the 
same  or  a  neighbouring  market. 

The  practice  was  formerly  regarded  as  hurtful  to  the  com 
munity,  and  was  forbidden  by  various  enactments  :  see  the 
quots.  here  and  under  REGRATF.R,  REGRATING,  REGRATOR. 

1467  in  Eng,  Gilds  (1870)  381  That  Bakers  ..  regrate  no 
corne  commynge  to  the  market,  in  peyne  of  lesynge  xx.s. 


REGKATE. 

1551-*  Act  5  $  6  Edw.  Vf,  c.  14  §  2  Whatsoever  person  . . 
shall  by  any  meanes  regrate  obteyne  or  gett  into  his  . .  pos 
session  in  any  fair  or  market,  anye  corne  wyne  fishe  [etc,], 
..and  doe  sell  the  same  agayne  in  any  fayre  or  markett 
holden  or  kepte  in  the  same  place,  or  . .  within  fower  myles 
thereof,  shalbe..  taken  for  a  Regrator.  1612  T.  TAYLOR 
Comm.  Titus  i.  7  As  by  monopolies,  enhansing,  ingrossing, 
and  regrating  corne  or  other  commodities.  1697  in  Strype 
Sto^v's  Surf.  (1754)  II.  v.  xxi.  413/1  No  man  shall  regrate 
any  victuals  in  the  Markets.,  under  pain  of  forfeiture  of  the 
victuals  so  regrated.  1707  Ibid.  (1720)  I.  Billingsgate  166/2 
Without  fail,  they  cause  all  Persons  that  . .  shall  Regrate 
Fish  (that  is  to  say  IJuy  Fish  and  Sell  the  same  again  in 
the  said  Market)  to  be  apprehended. 

2.  To  sell  again  (articles  so  bought),  to  retail. 

1582  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  CastanhedasConq.  E.  hid.  i.  xliii. 
99  His  going  thether  was.. also  for  to  regrate  their  gold, 
and  this  was  done  in  xxv.  dayes.  1623  COCKERAM,  fore 
stall,  to  buy  any  Merchandize  by  the  highway,  ere  it  come 
into  the  marquet  for  to  regrate  it  againe.  1859  RILF.Y 
Libfr  AfbHsTPitf.  (Rolls)  I.  p.  Ixii,  The  keepers  of  ale-taverns 
or  ale-houses,who  regrated  the  ale  which  they  had  purchased 
from  the  brewery. 

t  Regrate,  ?'-3  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  med.L.  re- 
gratiare:  see  REGRATIATE  t1.]  trans.  To  reward, 
repay,  requite  (a  person). 

c  1540  tr.  Pol.  Vcrg.  Eng.  Hist.  (Camden  No.  36)  146  That 
cruel!  tyrants  showide  bee  regrated  with  juste  penaltie  for 
there  great  impietie.     Ibid.  166  To  the  ende  he  might  seeme    J 
to  regrate  Allmightie  (*>odd  for  his  victorie. 

t  Regra'te,  v±   Obs.   rare.     [app.  f.  RE-  +  | 

GRATE  z/.1:  cf.  next.]    a.  intr.  To  grate  on  some-  | 

thing,     b.  trans.  To  grate  upon,  offend  ^the  eye),  j 

1652  FELTHAM  I,ow-Coitntries  (1661)  62  Too  much  to  re*  ' 

grate  on  the  patience  of  but  fickle  Subjects,  is  to  press  a  ' 

Thorn  till  it  prick  your  linger.     1713  DKRHAM  Phys.-Theol.  \ 
iv.  xii.  224  Those  that  are  the  least  beautified  with  Colours, 
or  rather  whose  Clothing  may  regrate  the  Eye.     Ibid.^  By 

an  incurious  view  it  rather  regrateth  than  pleaseth  the  Eye.  | 

Regra'te,  ^-5    rare—0,     [ad.   F.   regrattcr,   f.  j 
gratter  to  GRATE  z>.i]     (See  quot.) 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Rcgrater,  Among  masons, 
etc.  to  Regrate,  is  to  take  off  the  outer  surface  of  an  old 
hewn  stone,  with  the  hammer  and  i  ipe,  in  order  to  whiten, 
and  make  it  look  fresh  again.     [Taken  from  the  Diet,  de     \ 
Trh'oux  :  hence  in  Crabb,  Parker,  Gwilt,  and  recent  Diets.] 

Regrater  (r/gr^-tai).  Also  5  Sc.  -tar.    [a.  AK 
regrater  m.,  regraterc  f.,  =  OF.  regratier  ;iiSo; 
mod.F.  regrattier],  f.  regrater  to  REGRATE  v.'*  :  cf.    ; 
It.  regattiere,  Sp.  regatero  in  the  same  sense.     See    ! 
also  KEGRATOR.J 

1.  One  who  regrates  victuals  or  other  commodities;    ; 
a  buyer-up  for  sale  ;  a  retailer.     Now  chiefly  Hist.    ' 
or  with  reference  to  France. 

[1301  Rolls  ofParlt.  I.  254/1  Agnes  la  Regratere..m  pane    t 
venal.  x\d.     1353  Act  27  Edw.  ///,  c.  ^  Les  hostelers  des 
herbergeries  &  autres  Regraters  de  vitailles.] 

1377  LASGL.  P.  PI.  IJ.  in.  90  Of  alle  suche  sellers  syluer  to 
take, . .  Ringes  or  other  ricchesse  |>e  regrateres  to  maynetene. 
Ibid.  v.  226  Rose  the  regratere  was  hir  ri3te  name,  c  1450 
Merlin  168,  I  ne  knowe  nought  of  the  kynge  that  loueth 
tresoure,  and  is  regrater  and  a  wys^her.  a  1500  Iter  Canter. 
c.  19  in  Acts  Part.  Scot.  (1844)  I.  699  Of  Regrataris.  .}>ai 
by  gudis  befor  J»e  lauchfull  hour.  1537  CROMWKI.L  in  Merri- 
man  Life  $•  Lett.  (1902)  II.  75  The  oversight,  .of  forstalers 
and  regraters  ..  within  the  town  of  Cambridge.  1592  AV. 
Acts  Parl.  (1597)  c,  148  Forasmeikle  as  sindry  acts  of  Par 
liament  hes  bene  maid  for  punishment  of  fore-stallers  ami 
regraters  [etc.].  1613  WELWOD  Abridgem.  Sea-Laiue$  12 
Against  the  forestalled,  regraters,  and  dearthers  of  corne, 
fish,  drinke,  fire-wood,  victuals  caried  ouer  sea.  1642  ROGERS 
Naantan  257  The  poore  shall  curse  thee,  Oh  thou  regrater, 
Thou  engrosser  of  corne,  and  raiser  of  prises.  1709-10 
STEELE  Tatler  No.  118  F  10  The  Scarcity  caused  by  Re 
graters  of  Bread-Corn.  1837  CARLYLE  I-'r.  Rev.  I.  i.  i,  To 
them  the  great  Sovereign  is  known  mainly  as  the  great  re- 
grater  of  bread.  1870  Daily  News  3  Sept.  6  A  police  decree 
.  .preventing  regraters  from  availing  themselves  of  the  extra 
ordinary  measures  taken  to  provide  food  for  the  city  [Paris] 
lo  make  famine  prices  for  their  own  profit. 
fig.  1824  LANDOR  I  mag.  Coni'.,  Jas.  1 .1-  Casaubon^  He  is 
. .  no  forestaller  and  regrater  of  manna  from  heaven,  or  of 
palms  from  paradise. 

2.  One  who  collects  commodities  from  the  pro 
ducers  and  brings  to  market ;  a  middleman.     (In 
current  use  in  south-western  counties.) 

1844  LD.  BROUGHAM  A.  Litnel  II.  Hi.  57  A  middleman 
between  the  publisher  and  the  author,  like  a  regrater 
between  the  hop-grower  and  the  hop-merchant  or  the 
brewer.  1863  Reader  26  Aug.  236/2  '  Regraters '  (as  the 
Devon  folk  call  them. .)  travel  round  the  villages,  and  buy 
up  fowls,  and  cream,  and  other  delicacies. 

fig.  1874  T.  HARDY  Far/r.  Mad.  Crowd  xxv,  A  sort  of 
regrater  of  other  men's  experiences  of  the  glorious  class. 

Regrateress :  see  REGRATRESS. 

t  Regra'tery.  Obs.  rare.  Also  4  -orie,  4-5 
ry(e,  6  -ary.  [ad.  OF.  regraterie  (1218)  :  see  RE- 
GRATE  #.2  and  -ERY.]  The  practice  of  regrating. 

1362  LANGL.  P.  PL  A.  in.  74  Brewesters,  Bakers.. rechef> 
\y.r,  richen]  J>orw  Regratorie  [v.rr.  regraterye,  regratrye] 
and  Rentes  hem  bngge^.  1452  Cat.  Anc.  Rec.  Dublin 
(1889)  I.  275  They  shulde  not  go  in  to  the  centre  to  byge 
corne  in  regratry  of  the  market.  1581  LAMBARDE  Eiren.  \. 
ix.  (1602)  40  Of  cappes  and  liueries,  forestalHngs,  and  regra- 
taries,  and  of  extorcions  committed  by  Victualers. 

t  Kegra'tiate,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of 
med.L.  regratidre  or  -art,  f.  re-  RE-  +  gratia  GRACE  : 
cf.  ingratiate  and  see  also  REGRATE  ZJ.^REGRACY  ^.] 
trans.  =  REGRATIFY  v.  Also  absol. 

a  1619  FoTHERBY-4i7«ww.  i.  iv.  §  5  (1622)  26  As  the  Gods 
haue  gratified  Men,  in  receiuing  some  of  them  amongst 
themselues  into  heauen :    so  Men  haue   retaliated  them    i 
againe,  in  receiuing  of  them  into  their  Cities  vpon  earth,     i 


376 

1657  REEVE  God's  Ftea  28  God  doth  not  regratiate,  because 
we  cannot  ingratiate. 

f  Regra'tiatory.  Obs,  rare~\  [f.  asprec.+ 
-OBT.  Cf.  med.L.  regratiatorie  adv.]  Thanks. 

1523  SKELTON  Garl.  Laurel  0,^-  So  am  I  preuentid  ..  In 
rendryng  to  you  thankkis  memory,  That  welny  nothynge 
there  doth  remayne  Wherwith  to  geue  you  my  regraciatory, 

t  Regra'tify,  v.  Obs.  [KE-  :  cf.  REGRATIATE.] 
trans,  To  gratify  in  return. 

1570  FOXE  A.  fy  At.  (ed.  2}  1131/2  The  king  to  regratifie 
them  agayne,  graunted  to  them  a  generall  pardon  of  all 
offences.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xi.  §  8.  555/2  The 
decree,  .was  by  the  king,  .suffered  to  passe  ;  and  the  king 
was  thereupon  regratified  with  a  Subsidie  of  the  twentieth 
part  of  the  subiecis  goods.  1676  BEAL  in  Phil.  Tracts.  XI. 
585  Cherries  and  Plums  make  haste  to  regratify  the  Planter. 

Regrating  (r/gr^-tin),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  REGRATE  v* 
+  -ING  !.]  The  action  of  the  vb. 

rtiSSo  Vox  Popidi  41  in  Hazl.  E.P.  P.  III.  269  Suche 
and  suche,  That  of  late  are  made  riche,..By  grasyng  and 
regratinge.  1596  SPENSER  State  Irel.  Wks.  (Globe)  681/2 
By  such  engrossing  and  regrating  we  see  the  dearthe  that 
nowe  comonly  raigneth  heere  in  England  to  have  bene 
caused.  1630  BRATHWAIT  Eng.  Ct-nttew.  (1641)  135  In 
Courts  are  suits  and  actions  of  law;..  in  the  countrey  in- 
grossing  and  regrating  of  purpose  to  oppresse.  1745  De 
Foe's  ting.  Tradesman  xxxviii.  (1841)  II.  in  All  regrating 
and  forestalling  of  markets,  is  accounted  so  pernicious  in 
trade.  1799  BURKE  Lett.,  to  A.  K0w»,f  (1844)  IV.  453,  1  was 
myself  the  person  who  moved  the  repeal  of  the  absurd  code 
of  statutes  against  the  most  useful  of  all  trades,  under  the 
invidious  names  of  forestalling  and  regrating.  1844  Act  7  <f- 
8  Viet.  c.  24  (title),  An  Act  for  abolishing  the  Offences  of 
forestalling,  regrating,  and  engrossing.  1868  Daily  News 
4  Sept.,  Theatrical  Forestalling  and  Regrating.  —  .  .  By 
buying  up  the  admissions  to  [Parisian]  theatres  which 
dramatic  or  operatic  authors  are  privileged  to  sign,  and  re 
tailing  them  to  the  public. 

t  RegTa'tingly,  adv.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RE- 
GRATE  v.-]  In  a  regrating  manner  ;  after  the  manner 
of  a  regrater. 

c  1550  LYNDESAY  Peder  Cejffeis  15  He  lokis  thame  vp  in  to 
his  innis  Vnto  ane  derth,  and  selHs  thair  eggis,  Regraitandly 
on  thame  he  wynnis. 

Regrator  (r/gr6Ti-tf?j).  Also  4-6  -our.  [a.  AF. 
regratour  =  Qb$.  F.  regratteur  :  see  REGRATER.] 

1.   =REGUATER  i.     Now  rare. 

1362  T.ANGL.  P.  PL  A.  v.  140  Rose  J>e  Regratour  Is  hire 
rihte  name  ;  Heo  ha(»  holden  hoxterye  bis  Elleuene  wynter. 
1429  Kolls  ofParlt.  IV.  349/1  A  fals  craft  of  regratouris  of 
3ern.  1467  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  396  That  ther  be  no  citezen 
regratour  of  see  tTysshe.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xiv.  43 
Sic  regratouris,  the  peure  men  to  prevene.  1550  LEVEK 
Serin.  (Arb.)  130  Take  awaye  leasmongers,  regrators  and  all 
suche  as  by  byinge  and  sellynge  make  thyngs  more  dere. 


1551-2  [see  RtCRATErv'iJ.  tfyzSc.  Acts  ParL  (1597)  c. 
Quha  gettis  in  his  hand  by  buying,  contract  or  promises,  the 
growand  corne  on  the  field,  salbe  repute  a  regratour.  1618 
DALTON  Conntr.  Jusi.cxv.  (1630)315  Forestallers  Regrators 
and  Engrossers,  .shall  be  imprisoned.  1697  mStrype  Atom's 
Sttru,  (1754)  II.  v.  xxi.  412/1  That  they  may  sell  them  in 
Town  dearer  to  Regrators  than  those  that  did  bring  them 
in  would  do.  1773  Statutes  at  Large  VIII.  202  An  Act  for 
repealing  several  Laws,  .against  Badgers,  Engrossers,  Fore 
stallers,  and  Regrators.  1859  [see  REGRATHESS]. 

2.    •RJEGBATER  2. 

1807  VANCOUVER  Agric.  Devon  (1813)  107  Some  of  them 
become  regrators,  and  attend  constantly  the  Plymouth 
niarket.  1884  Klackw.  I\Iag.  Oct.  502/2  They  are  thrown 
into  the  hands  of  the  regrator,  who  goes  round  with  a  cart 
and  buys  their  goods  dirt-cheap, 

Regratorie,  variant  of  KEGRATERY  Obs. 

Regra'tress.  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  Also  7  regra- 
teress.  [f.  REGRATER  +  -ESS  :  cf.  AF.  regrateresse 
(i3-i4th  c.).]  A  female  regrater. 

i6n  COTGR.,  Regratierc,&c\  Hucksteresse  ;  also,  a  Regra 
teresse.  i9BpRiLB¥.£&fr.4#M*Pr«£  (Rolls)  I.  p.  Ixii,  No 
brewer  or  breweress,  or  regrator  or  regratress  of  ale  [etc.]. 
1877  SKEAT  Notes  to  Lan%lan<Cs  P.  PI.  C.  iv.  82  The  baker 
did  not  sell  the  bread  to  the  pub'ic,  but  to  the  regratresses. 

Regratrye,  variant  of  REGRATERY  Obs. 
t  Regra-tulate,  v.  Obs.    [RE-  2  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  return,  make  return  for,  repay. 
1615  BRATHWAIT  Strappado  (1878)  8  They'le  afterward 

Regratulate  thy  loue  (paying  th'old  skore).  1628  FEI.THAM 
Resoh<es  i.  Ixviii.  63  Oh  !  how  should  we  regratulate  his 
fauours  for  so  immense  a  benefit.  .  ? 

2.  To  make  a  return  to,  gratify  in  return. 

1621  G.  SANDYS  Ovid's  Met.  xm.  (1626)  266  Proue  not  so 
ingrate.  With  slaine  Polixena  regratulate  Our  Sepulcher  : 
'tis  she  I  coiiet  most. 

t  Regratula'tion.  Obs.  rare.  [RE-  2  a  or 
5  a  :  ci.  prec.]  a.  //.  Thanks,  expressions  of 
gratitude,  b.  (See  quot.  1678.) 

1650  A.  B.  Mutat.  Poletno  21  After  our  most  humble  re- 
gratulations  to  his  Grace  for..  his  affable  and  noble  deport 
ment  to  us.  1678  PHILLIPS  {ed.  4)  2nd  Suppl.,  Regratitlation^ 
a  rejoycing  again. 

Regra've  («~),  v.    rare-0.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans. 

To  engrave  again,  re-engrave. 

1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  151/2  Grave,  or'  Re-grave, 
to  mend  with  the  Graver  those  stroaks  omitted  or  not  eaten 
with  the  Aqua-Fortis. 

Regreatable,  obs.  form  of  REGRETTABLE. 

Regrede  (r/grrd),  v.  [ad.  L.  regredi  to  turn 
back,  f.  re-  RE-  +gradl  to  go  :  cf.  REGRADE  v.  and 
REGRESS  ^.]  intr.  To  retrograde,  go  back. 

1865  Chambers'  Encycl.  s.v.  Perturbation,  The  effect  of  a 
disturbing  force  continually  directed  towards  the  plane  of 
the  ecliptic,  is  to  make  the  node  regrede.  1873  PROCTOR 
ftloon  163  Since..  the  lunar  nodes  thus  regrede,  or,  as  it 
were,  meet  the  advancing  moon. 


REGRESS. 

tRegre'dience.  Obs.  rare-1.  [See  next  and 
-ENCE.]  Regression,  return. 

1648  HERRICK  Hesper.^  Aphorism  cxxi,  No  man  comes 
late  unto  that  place,  from  whence  Never  man  yet  had  a 
regredience. 

t  Regre'dient.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  L.  regre- 
dient-eni)  pres.  pple.  of  regredi  to  REGREDE.]  One 
who  retires. 

1612  \V,  PARKER  Cnrtaine  Dr.  (1876)  23  A  thousand  times 
more  might  the  pen  of  his  direction  discouer,  who  is  the 
vniversal  ingredient  and  regredient,aud  Curtaine-drawer  of 
the  whole  World. 

t  Regree'n,  v.  Obs.  rare-1.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans. 
To  make  green  again. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  ii.  i.  Ark  66  As  the 
Sommer's  sweet-distilling  drops. .  Ke-greens  the  Greens,  and 
doth  the  Flowrs  re-rtowr. 

tRegree-t,  $b±  Obs.  [f.  REGREET  v.]  A 
(return  of  a)  salutation  or  greeting. 

1595  SHAKS.  John  in.  i.  241  And  shall  these  hands.  .Vnyoke 
this   seysure   and   this   kinde   regreete?    1631    BRATHWAIT 
Whhnzies^ospitall-inan  44  With  a  friendly  and  brotherly 
regreete  one  of  another, .  .they  betake  themselv's  to  their 
rest.     1665  —  Comment  Tiuo  Tales  164  A  proper  Salute, 
and  as  mannerly  a  Re-greet  as  an  old  Trot  could  afford. 

b.  //.  Greetings. 

1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  II.  ix.  89  His  Lord,  From  whom  he 
bringeth  sensible  regreets.    a  1639  WEBSTEH  Appius  <y  Virg. 
in.  i,  Yet  ere  my  self  could  reach  Virginia's  chamber,  one 
was  before  me,  with  regreets  from  him. 

t  Regreet,  sb.-  Obs.  rare—1,  [pern,  a  variant 
spelling  of  regret e  :  see  REGRET  sb.\  ?  Protest. 

«i66i  FULLER  Worthies,  Rucks,  i.  (1662)  141  He  [Coke] 
scrupuled  to  take  the  oath,  pretending  many  things  against 
it..  .It  was  answered,  that  he  had  often  seen  the  Oath  given 
to  others  without  any  regreet. 

Regree't,  v.    Now  rare.    [f.  RE-  +  GREET  7>.*] 

1.  trans.  To  greet  again  or  anew. 

1586  MARLOWE  isf  Pt.  Tamburl.  in.  i,  And  if,  before  the 
Sun  have  measur'd  heaven  With  triple  Circuit,  thou  regreet 
us  not  [etc.].  1611  Tarltotfs  Jests  (1844)  27  In  the  city  of 
Glocester  M.  Bird  of  the  chappell  met  with  Tarlton,  who, 
joy  full  to  regreet  other,  went  to  visit  his  friends. 

A.  To  greet  (one)  in  return  ;  also  simply,  to  greet, 
give  salutation  to.  (Kreq.  c  1600.) 

1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  i.  iii.  67,  I  regreete  The  daintiest 
last,  to  make  the  end  most  sweet.  1607  R.  QAKEW]  tr. 
Estienne's  World  of  Wonders  119  Neither  did  he  after- 
wards  sticke  to  regreet  me  with  the  said  siluer  salutation. 
1627  DKAYTON  Agincourt)  etc.  107  In  like  language,  this 
great  Earle  againe  Regreets  the  Queene.  1864  LOWELL 
fireside  Tra-v.  89  His  hat  rose,  regreeting  your  own. 
t  b.  To  return  (a  salutation).  Obs.  rare  ~l. 

1586  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  i.  vi,  Presently  she  meetes  With 
Tha:seus  and  pirithous,  whose  salutings  she  rcgreetes. 

t  3.  intr.  To  exchange  greeting  with  one.  Obs. 
rare~l.  In  quot.^/g1. 

1604  AN.  Sc.  Daiphantns  vjii.  in  Arb.  Garner  VII.  188 
Unmatched  beauty  with  her  virtue  meeting:  Proud  that 
her  lowly  'beisance  doth  re-greet  With  her  chaste  silence. 

Hence  Regree'ting///.  a. 

1607  DAY  Trav.  Eng.  Bro.  (1881)  89  Their  destinies 
mutable  commandresse  Hath  never  suffer 'd  their  regreeting 
eyes  To  kiss  each  other  at  an  enteruiew. 

Regreetable,  obs.  form  of  REGRETTABLE. 

t  Regree'tiiig,  vbl.  sb.  Obs~l  [?  var.  of  RK- 
GRETTiNGjOrf.GRKETz/.^]  Complaint,  lamentation. 

163*  LITHGOW  Trav.  vi.  269  [They]  made  in  the  beginning 
pittifull,  and  lamentable  regreetings. 

Regress  («"gres),  sb.  [ad.  L.  regrfssus,  n.  of 
action  f.  regredi  to  go  back  :  see  REUREDE  z>,,  and 
cf.  egress^  ingress.'} 

1.  The  act  of  going  or  coming  back  ;  a  return  or 
withdrawal ;  re-entry  to  or  into  the  place  of  issue 
or  origin.  Freq.  in  the  phrases  (orig.  legal)  egress% 
or  ingress,  and  regress. 

C137S  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxi.  {Clement}  629  Fra  he  had  to 
rome  regresse  [  L.  vertisset],  &  wyst  J?e  tyme  cumyne  was  [etc.]. 
1477  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  191/1  Afore  your  moost  victorious 
regresse  into  this  same  your  Reame.  1515  St.  Papers  Hen. 
VIII)  II.  13  The  Deputye,  in  his  progresse  and  regresse, 
oppresseyth  the  Kinges  poore  comyn  folke.  1543-4  ^^ 
35  Hen.  VIII,  c,  10  To  liaue  free  ingresse  egresse  and  re 
gresse  into  all  suche  places.  1599  HAKLUYT  Voy,  II.  i.  177 
[1'he]  abouesaid  Christians  will  not  quietly^  suffer  their 
egresse  and  regresse,  into,  and  out  of  our  dominions.  1632 
LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  482,  I  remarked  a  perpetuall  current, 
flowing  from  the  Ocean  to  the  Mediterrene  Sea  without  any 
regresse.  0x656  USSHER  Ann.  (1658)  773  Whose  progresse 
and  regresse  in  this  journey  we  here  set  down  out  of  Sirabo. 
1696  TKYON  Misc.  i.  2  Where  the  Air  hath  not  its  free  egress 
and  regress.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  I.  xxxv.  259, 
I  have  told  him  that  he  may  indeed  watch  her  egresses  and 
regresses.  1770  LANGHORNE  Plutarch  (1879)  I.  192/2  The 
Lacedaemonians  would  allow  free  egress  and  regress  in  their 
city.  1822-56  DE  QUINCEY  Con/ess.  (1862)  182  Every  step 
of  my  regress.,  was  bringing  me  nearer  to  the  heath.  1856 
STANLEY  Sinai  fy  Pal.  i.  i.  38  Early  travellers  ..  took  one 
route  on  their  egress  and  the  other  on  their  regress. 


It  is  necessary,  that  after  we  have  surveyed  many  objects, 
we  should  make  a  regress  into  our  selves.  1836-7  SIR  W. 
HAMILTON  Metaph.  xxxviii.  (1870)  II.  372  We  cannot  con- 
celve  the  infinite  regress  of  time.  1866  J.  G.  MURFHY 
Cffttim.,  Exod.  xxx.  Introd.,  The  progress  and  regress  here 
are  the  prophecy  and  the  history  of  salvation. 

2.  Law.  fa.  =  RECOURSE  4  b.  Obs. 

1479  Act.  Audit.  (1839)  94  Becauss  J>e  said  henry  allegeit 
he  had  writtinge.  .quharthrou  he  vnderstude  he  my1  saufly 
Intromet  w'  the  said  gudis,  [>'  he  haf  Regress  to  him  Insafcr 


REGRESS. 

as  law  will.  1641  S,  SMITH  Herring  Russ  Trade  20  The 
owners  shall  hold  and  keep  their  regresse  to  the  steeres- 
man,..for  to  recover  the  value.. of  the  Herring  so  forfeited. 
1735  MAGENS  Insurances  II.  99  Which  Condition  shall 
preserve  to  the  Owner  of  the  Goods.. the  Right  of  having 
Regress  upon  the  Master, 
•f  b.  Return  to  possession  ;  re-entry.  Obs.  rare. 

1597  SKENE  De  Verb.  Sign.  s.v.  Recognition,  The  superiour 
hes  entresse  &  regresse  to  the  property  of  the  lands,  and 
may  recognosce  the  samin.     1628  COKE  On  Litt.  319  Others 
doe  hold  it  all  one  in  case  of  a  recouery,  and  a  regresse. 
+  c.  Sc.  (See  quots.)  Obs. 

1597  SKENE  De  Verb.  Sign.  s.v.  Reversion,  Ane  regresse  is 
giuen  bee  the  superiour  of  landes  to  the  annalier  thereof, 
quhairby  hee  promisis  to  receiue  againe  him,  or  his  aires  to 
be  his  vassalles,  as  they  were  of  before,  quhen  it  sail  happen 
onye  of  them  to  redeeme  the  saidis  landes.  a  1768  F.KSKINK 
lust.  Law  Scot.  ii.  viii.  §  18  (1773)  297  Letters  of  regress 
were  frequently  obtained  from  the  superior,  by  which  he 
became  obliged  to  give  the  reyerser  his  former  vassal  full 
regress  to  the  property,  upon  his  redeeming  the  lands. 
d.  Canon  J.aw.  (See  quots.) 

1710  tr.  Dupin's  Eccl.IIist.  \bth  C.  I.  n.  xiv.  75  note,  Regress 
is  a  Term  in  the  Canon  Law  ;  It  is  an  Action  by  which  the 
Resignee  may  enter  upon  a  Benefice  upon  a  Resignation  or 
upon  a  Change.  1848  WATEKWOKTH  Canons  fy  Decrees  of 
Trent  (iSSS)  261  note,  Regress,  right  of  returning  to  a  bene 
fice  vacated  in  case  of  death  &c.,  of  the  actual  incumbent. 

3.  f  a.  Return  to  (or  unto)  a  previous  state  or 
condition.  Obs. 

'535  STEWART  Cron,  Scot.  II.  73  Rome,  .may  neuir  regres 
haif  to  sic  gloir  In  to  oure  tyme  as  that  it  had  befoir.  1610 
HKALKY  St.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  398  They  love  perfect  im- 
piety,  from  which  there  is  no  regresse  unto  piety. 

b.  The  fact  of  going  back  from ,  or  in  respect  of, 
a  state  or  condition.    (Opp.  to  progress.} 

1590  LODGE  Rosalind  $6  Thy  progresse  in  loue  is  a  regress 
to_losse.  1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  218  It  is 
neither  the  good  beginning,  nor  progresse,  nor  regresse,.. 
that  notifieth  a  man  to  be  predestinate,  or  a  reprobate.  1621 
H.  FARLEY  St.  Paul's  E  2,  As  in  Progresse,  so  in  Regresse, 
O,  let  vs  euer  pray,  That  God  will  blesse  his  Maiestie.  1697 
G.  BURGHOPK  Divine  IVorship  138  Let  him  search  into. .his 
progress  or  regress  in  piety.  1891  Nation  (N.Y.)  3  Dec.  423/3 
So  we  will  wait  and  hope,  and  report  progress  or  regress 
after  our  Sicilian  tour. 

t  4.  Return  to  a  subject.  Obs.  rare**. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  iv.  47  But  to  make  regresse,  it 
followeth,  yet  further,  .to  describe  the  Muscles. 

6.  The  act  of  working  back  in  thought  from  one 
thing  to  another,  spec,  from  an  effect  to  a  cause. 

1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  109  From  the  priuation  of 
the  power  or  facultie  there  is  no  regresse  to  the  habite. 
1640  BP.  REYNOLDS  Passions  x.  93  There  is  another  Re^resse 
from  the  Object  to  the  Appetite.  1704  NoRmsIdeallVorld 
H.  vii.  332  If  so,  then  a  double  absurdity  will  follow  ;  one  by 
way  of  direct  progress  from  the  cause  to  the  effect,  and 
another  by  way  of  regress  from  the  effect  to  the  cause. 
1825  COLERIDGE  Aids  Rejl.  (1848)  I.  209  The  old  axiom. . 
applies  with  a  never-ending  regress  to  each  several  link,  up 
the  whole  chain  of  nature.  1877  E.  CAIRO  Phiios.  Kant  it. 
xv.  554  An  endless  regress  from  reason  to  reason  is  no 
explanation  of  the  world  which  satisfies  the  intelligence. 

6.  Astron.  =  RETROGRADATION. 

1642  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  \\.  Hi.  in.lxxi,  In  regresse  and 
in  progress  different  Of  the  free  Planets.  1715  tr.  Gregory's 
Astron.  (1726)  II.  534  The  Regress  of  the  Nodes  is  the 
swiftest  when  they  are  in  a  Quadrature  with  the  .Sun.  1750 
Phil.  Trans.  XLVI 1. 71  The  regress,  in  a  periodical  month, 
will  be  5548"-3t  and  the  progress  i648g".8.  1838  Penny 
Cycl.  XI.  383/2  The  regress,  when  the  line  of  apses  is  per 
pendicular  to  the  line  joining  the  earth  and  sun,  is  about  9°. 

Regress  (ngre-s),  v.  [ad.  L.  regress-^  ppl. 
stem  of  regredi'.  see  REGREDE  z;.] 

1 1.  intr.  To  recede  from ;  to  return  to  a  subject 
or  place,  or  into  a  former  state.  Obs. 

1552  Cal.  Ane.  Rec.  Dublin  (1889)  I.  428  It  redouns  to 
ther  owen  dishonestie  and  sham  in  regressing  fro  the  said 
order.  1570  FoxEA.fy  M.  (ed.  2)51/2  But  this  by  thewaye  of 
digression,  now  to  regresse  again  to  the  state  of  yc  first 
former  times.     1593  BILSON  Govt.  Chris? s  Ch.  329  [This]  we 
haue  alreadie  scene,  and  may  not  now  regresse  thither  againe. 
1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  ii.  i.  (1650)  40  All  which,., 
being  forced  into  fluent  consistencies,  doe  naturally  regresse 
into  their  former  solidities. 

2.  To  move  in  a  backward  direction.     Chiefly 
Astron. 

1823  WOODHOUSE  Astron.  (ed.  2)  II.  660  The  node  [of  the 
moon]  may  have  regressed  through  several  entire  circuits  of 
the  heavens.  1838  Penny  Cycl.  XL  383/1  When  the  moon 
is.  .near  apogee  it  causes  the  line  of  apses  to  regress.  1896 
SF.TH  in  Conteinp.  Rev.  Aug.  176  Experience  itself.,  con 
stitutes  the  premise  from  which  we  advance  (or  rather 
regress)  to  its  implied  condition  or  explaining  cause. 

Regression  (r/gre-Jan).  [ad.L.  regression-em, 
n.  of  action  f.  regress- ,  regredi'.  see  prec.] 

f  1.  Return  to  a  subject.    =  REGRESS  sb.  4.   Obs. 

c  1520  BARCLAY  Jugnrtha  (ed.  2)  20  Nowe  wyll  I  make  re 
gression  and  prosecute  my  first  purposed  mater  insuing 
mine  authpur  Salust.  1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  317 
To  digression  is  added  also  regression,  which  is  a  returning 
back  againe  to  our  former  speech  interrupted  by  digression. 

•\  2.  Recurrence  or  repetition  (of  a  word  or  state 
ment).  Obs.  rare. 

1553  T.  WILSON  Rhet.  109  b,  That  is  called  regression, 
when  we  repeate  a  worde  eftsones,  that  hath  been  spoken, 
and  rehersed  before.      1597  J.  KING  On  Jonas  (1618)   37 
His  reason  of  flying  to  Tarshish,  is  againe  specified,  with 
a  regression  in  the  end  of  the  verse,  that  he  might  goe  from 
the  presence  of  the  Lord. 

3.  The  action  of  returning  to  or  towards  a  place 
or  point  of  departure. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeau's  Fr.  Chirnrg.  28  b/i  In  such 
accidents  wherin  is  onlye  required  a  regressione  of  bloode.  ' 

VOL.  VIII. 


377 

'  ifiao  VENNER  Via  Recta  viii.  179  Through  the  regression  of 
the  spirits  and  heat  into  the  interiour  parts.  1682  SIR  T. 
BROWNE  Chr.  Mor.  (1756)  44  Run  not  into  extremities  from 
whence  there  is  no  regression.  1864  BOWEN  Logic  vii.  225 
My  going  upstairs  is  my  progress  towards  my  object,  and 
my  coming  down  is  a  regression. 
b.  Geom.  Return  of  a  curve, 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Point,  If  the  curve  turn  back 
again  towards  the  Point  whence  it  first  set  out,  the  Point  of 
the  Flexure  is.  .called  the  Point  of  Regression,  or  Retrogra- 
dation.  1843  DE  MORGAN  Calculus 434  One  sound  writer. . 
has  attempted  to  translate  the  words  arete  dercbronsseinent 
in  English  by  'edge  of  regression  '.  1879  THOMSON  &  TAIT 
Nat.  Phil.  I.  i.  §  148  When  the  number  is  infinite,  and  the 
surface  finitely  curved,  the  developable  lines  will  in  general 
be  tangents  to  a  curve... This  curve  is  called  the  edge  of 
regression. 

4.  Return  to  or  into  a  state  or  condition  ;  relapse ; 
reversion  to  a  less  developed  form.  Cf.  KKGRKSS  3  a. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  (1650)  29  That  essence, 
which  substantially  supporteth  them,  and  restrains  them 
from  regression  into  nothing.  1822-34  Good's  Study  fried. 
(ed.  4)  IV.  285  Dr.  Home  ..  completed  a  radical  cure  in 
fourteen  of  them,  no  relapse  occurring  notwithstanding  the 
frequency  of  such  regressions.  1882  Nature  XXVII.  170 
The  destructive  process  is  identical.  It  is  a  regressiuii  fiuin 
the  new  to  the  old.  1889  OALTON  Nat.  Inheritance  vii.  103, 
I  trust  it  will  become  clear,  .that  the  law  of  Regression  in 
Stature  refers  primarily  to  Deviations. 

5.  rhilos.   =  REGRESS  ,r£.  5. 

1637  R.  HUMPHREY  tr.  St.  Ambrose  Pref.,  The  heathen 
philosopher,  .holds  from  privation  to  habite  regression  to 
bee  impossible.  1886  A.  \Vi-.nt  His!,  Hosts  Mod.  Europe 
(1889)  xii.  472  Truths  of  science  are  made  contingent  on  a 
first  cause,  or  are  swallowed  up  in  the  mysteries  of  infinite 
regression. 

6.  Astron.   —  REGRESS  sb.  6. 

1825  WOODHOUSE  Astron.  (ed.  2)  II.  660  The  annual  re 
gression  of  the  Moon's  node  will  be  found  to  be  19°.  19', 43". 
1839  MOSKLKY  Astron.  xxxvii.  121  This  annual  regression 
of  the  equinoctial  point . .  is  called  the  Precession  of  the 
Equinoxes. 

Regressive  (r/gre-siv),  a.     [f.  REGRESS  v.] 

1.  Retrogressive ;  returning,  passing  back. 

1634  T.  CAREW  Ca-fain  Brit.  Wks.  (1824)  162  Let  those 
fires . .  the  disorder  shew  Of  thy  regressive  paces  here  below. 
1728  PEMBERTON  Newton's  Phiios.  218  This  regressive 
motion  will  be  greatest,  when  the  nodes  are  in  the  quarters. 
1759  PULLEIN  in  Phil.  Trans.  LI.  22  This  received  a  pro 
gressive  and  regressive  motion  by  means  of  two  wheels. 
1812  WOODHOI'SE  Astron.  x.  79  The  equinoctial  point  would 
have  moved  to  the  west,  or  have  been  regressive.  1865 
MASSOM  Rec.  Brit.  Phiios.  100  The  regressive  or  contractive 
movement  of  the  Absolute  out  of  the  finite  ..  back  into 
itself.  1888  WRIGHT  tr.  Brugmantis  Conifiar.  Gram.  §  644 
Transforming  operations  are  far  more  frequent  in  a  regres 
sive. .than,  .in  a  progressive  direction. 

b.  Moving  back  into  an  inferior  condition;  de 
cadent,  declining,    rare"1. 

1854  DE  QUINCEY  Templars1  Dial.  Wks.  IV.  238  note, 
Agriculture,  as  an  art  benefiting  by  experience,  has  never 
yet  been  absolutely  regressive,  though  not  progressive  by 
such  striking  leaps. .as  manufacturing  art. 

c.  Acting  in  a  backward  direction;  retroactive. 
Regressive  assimilation^  assimilation  of  a  sound  to  one 

following  it,  as  in  contp-  from  conp-, 

1888  WRIGHT  tr.  Brugmann"s  Conipar.  Gram.  §  603  If  a 
monophthong  arose  from  two  vowels  having  a  different 
quality,  the  levelling  was  sometimes  progressive..  ;  some 
times  regressive.  1889  R.  T.  ELY  Pol.  Econ.\i.  ii.  (1891) 
308  Indirect  taxes  are  said  to  be,  in  their  effect  on  the 
citizens,  regressive. 

2.  Phiios.  Proceeding   from  effect  to   cause,   or 
from  particular  to  universal. 

1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Metaph.  ii.  (1877)  I.  26  The 
affirmation  of  a  God  being  thus  a  regressive  inference,  from 
the  existence  of  a  special  class  of  effects  to  the  existence  of 
a  special  character  of  cause.  1877  E.  CAIHD  Phiios.  Kant 
i.  132  The  regressive  process  whereby  science  discovers  the 
universal  from  the  particular. 

3.  tiled.  Tending  towards,  of  the  nature  of,  de 
generation  or  decomposition. 

c  1865  Circ.  Sc.  I.  334/2  In  the  very  tissues,  a  regressive 
metamorphosis  . .  has  already  begun.  1898  AllbutCs  Syst. 
Med.  V.  176  Before  the  patient's  death  regressive  changes 
have  already  set  in. 

Hence  Begrre'ssively  adv.,  Begre'ssiveness. 

1854  DE  QUINCEY  War  Wks.  IV.  268  Twenty  or  thirty 
years  earlier  still,  they  had  been  ascribed  to  Voltaire,  and  so 
on,  regressively,  to  many  other  wits.  1856  —  Confess.  (1862) 
233  Moving  regressively  from  the  end  to  the  beginning. 
1899  G.^IATHESON  Stud.  Portrait  Christ.  I.  ix.  108  It  has 
been  said  that  Christianity  is  a  progressive  religion;  to 
me  its  distinctive  feature  is  its  regressiveness. 

Regret  (rfgre-t),  sb.  Also  6-7  regrete.  [a.  F. 
regret,  verbal  sb.  f.  regrettertQ  REGRET.  Adopted 
earlier  in  Sc.  in  the  form  REGRATE  sb.i] 

f  1.  Complaint,  lament.   Obs.    -REGRATE  $61  i. 

1533  BELLENDEN  Lzvy(S.  T.  S.)  II.  167  Throw  J»e  miserabil 
sicnt  . .  of  bis  man,  and  throw  his  pietuous  regret  \v,r, 
regrate],  raiss  ane  huge  noyis  and  clamoure.  a  1547  SURREY 
Mneid  n.  93  With  this  regrete  [Douglas  regrate]  our  hartes 
from  rancor  moved. 

2.  Sorrow  or  disappointment  due  to  some  external 
circumstance  or  event. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  viL  20  When  her  eyes  ..  saw  the 
signes  that  deadly  tydinges  spake,  She  fell  to  ground  for 
sorrowfull  regret.  1662  J.LUviEstr.  Oleariits1  Voy.Ambass. 
278  [He  had  hoped]  that  our  Lives  would  be  an  example  to 
the  Christians  of  the  Country..;  but  that,  to  his  regret,  he 
found  the  contrary.  1759  ROBERTSON  Hist.  Scot.  n.  Wks. 
1813  I.  138  The  protestants  beheld  with  regret  the  earl  of 
Argyll,  .still  adhering  to  the  queen.  1784  COWPER  Task  \\\. 
710  Scenes  that  I  love,  and  with  regret  perceive  Forsaken, 
or  through  folly  not  enjoyed.  1858  j".  B.  NORTON  Topics  192, 


REGRETFUL. 

f  I  concur  with  the  Collector  of  Moradabrid,  in  thinking  that 
we  have  not  cause  to  look  on  the  fact  with  regret. 

b.  An  intimation  of  regret  for  inability  to  do 

,    something,  esp.  to  accept  an  invitation. 

1859  BARTLETT  Diet,  Amer.  359  Regret,  a  note  declining 
an  invitation,  and  containing  an  expression  of  regret  for  the 
same  ;  as,  '  I  can't  go  to  Mrs.  Jones's  ball  next  Wednesday, 
but  must  send  a  regret '.  A  new  lady's  term.  1896  Ditrh. 
Univ.  Jrnl.  S  Feb.  i  We  wonder  if  it  is  not  possible  . .  for 

j    notices  of  '  regrets'  to  be  posted  in  the  Infirmary  as  well  as 

j  at  the  College..  .It  israLherannoying.  .only  to  find  a  'regret' 
posted  in  the  College. 

3.  Sorrow  or  pain  due  to  reflection  on  something 
one  has  done  or  left  undone. 

^1641  CHAS.  I  Rejl.  Straffortfs  Death  in  Somers  Tracts 
(1810)  IV.  252,  I  never  did  bear  any  touch  of  conscience 
with  greater  regret.  1667  Decay  Chr.  Piety  vii.  150  A 
passionate  regret  at  Sin,  a  grief  and  sadness  at  its  Memory, 
more  speciously  pretends  to  enter  us  into  Gods  roll  of 
Mourners.  1727  DE  FOE  Syst.  Magic  \.  i.  (1840)  17  All  wise 

!  men  looked  back  with  regret  upon  those  actions  of  their 
lives  which  they  have  been  drawn  into,  and  in  which  they 

I  have  reason  to  see  themselves  mistaken.  1813  SHEI.LKY 
Q.  Mah  v.  246  Pin  ing  regrets,  and  vain  repentances,  .pervade 
Their  valueless  and  miserable  lives.  1863  GEO.  ILlAQtRotiiofa 
xi,  A  face  only  a  little  less  bright  than  usual,  from  regret  at 
appearing  so  late. 

4.  Sorrow  at,  or  for ,  some   loss   or  deprivation 
or  a  lost  thing  or  person.     Also  const,  of. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  i.  §  64  And  sure  never  any 
prince  manifested  more  a  most  lively  regret  for  the  loss  of 
a  servant  than  his  majesty  did  for  this  great  man.  1695 
PRIOK  Death  Q.  Mary  100  Her  piety  itself  would  blame, 
If  her  regrets  should  waken  thiiiL-.  ?  1709  LADY  W.  M. 
!  MONTAGU  Lett.,  to  Mrs.  H  civet  Nov.  (1887)  I.  28  You  know 
people  can  never  leave  your  company,  or  writing  to  you, 
without  regret.  1781  CoWPER  Charity  145  The  sable 
warrior,  frantic  with  regret  Of  her  he  loves  and  never  can 
forget.  1820  SHELLEY  tt'itch  Atl.  xiv,  The  feeling  and  the 
sound  are  tied  and  gone,  And  the  regret  they  leave  remains 
alone.  1871  R.  ELLIS  Catullus  xcvi.  4  When  fur  a  friend 
long  lost  wakes  some  unhappy  regret. 

f5.   Dislike,  disinclination,  aversion.    Obs.'—1 
^  1667  Decay  Chr.  Piety  vii.  152  Is  it  a  vertue  to  have  some 
ineffective  regrets  to  damnation,  and  such  a  Vertue  too,  as 
shall  serve  to  ballance  all  our  vices? 

6.  attrib.)  with  the  sense  of  'expressing  regret'. 

1897  ]Vest»i.  Gaz.  26  Aug.   7/3  A  sheaf  of  over  seventy 
I    'regret'  telegrams.     1898  Ibid,  2  Apr.  6/1  Last  night  the 
whole  of  the  allotment  letters  and  many  of  the  regret  letters 
were  posted. 

b.  Comb.,  as  regret-laden,  -worthy. 

1871  H.  B.  FORM  AN  Living  Poets  <z^  Boih  astonishing  and 
regretworthy.  1873  E.  BRENNAN  Witch  of  Nemi,  etc.  225 
As  hence  we're  driven,  regret-laden,  To  that  mist-land. 

Regret  (r/gre-t),  v.  Also  5,  7  regrete.  [ad. 
F.  regretter,  OF.  also  regrcter  and  regrateri  see 
REGKATE  z>.l 

The  ultimate  origin  of  the  Fr.  verb  is  uncertain;  some 
Romanic  philologists  are  inclined  to  connect  it  with  the 
Teutonic  stem  represented  in  English  by  GREET  7'.2] 

1.  trans.  To  remember,  think  of  (something  lost), 
with  distress  or  longing;    to  feel  (for  express) 
sorrow  for  the  loss  of  (a  person  or  thing). 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  243  Art  hou  my  pcrle  tat  I  haf 
playned,  Regretted  by  myn  one..  ?  1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la 
Tour  C  ij,  He  cam  to  hym  mournyng  and  wepyng  waylyng 
and  regretyng  his  wyf.  1611  FLORIO,  Regrettare,  to  regret, 
to  condole.  1692  &KYD'ttilSt,£urtttt0nPs£ss.io4  He  died 
at  length  regretted  of  all  men.  1735  POPE  Ep.  Lady  234 
Sure,  if  they  catch,  to  spoil  the  Toy  at  most,  To  covet 
flying,  and  regret  when  lost.  1784  COWI-ER  Task  iv.  777 
Sad  witnesses  how  close-pent  man  regrets  The  country. 
1863  FAWCETT  Pol.  Econ.  i.  in.  16  Employers  were  heard  to 
regret  those  days  when  there  were  no  schools  to  corrupt  the 
industrial  virtues  of  the  workmen. 

2.  To  grieve  at,  feel  mental  distress  on  account 
of  (some  event,  fact,  action,  etc.). 

1553  Douglas*  JEneis  i.  iv.  106  Eneas  Regrettis  oft  the 
hard  fortun,  and  case  Of  sterne  Orontes,  now  drownyt  in 
the  se.  1660  BOYLE  New  Exp.  Phys.  Mech.  Wks.  1744  I. 
72/2,  I  shall  not  regret  the  trouble  my  experiments  have 
cost  me,  if  they  be  found  in  any  degree  serviceable  to  the 
purposes.. to  which  they  were  designed.  1671  MAC\VARD 
True  Nonconf.  155  And  we  have  already  both  acknow 
ledged,  and  regreted  the  grievous  abuse,  occasioned  by  that 
latter  practice.  1680  COTTON  Death  Earl  of  Ossory,  Ah, 
cruel  Fate,  thou  never  struck'st  a  blow  By  all  Mankind  re 
gretted  so.  1732  BERKELEY  Akiphr.  L  |  I  What  I  most 
regret  is  the  corruption  of  his  mind.  1781  COWPER  Table 
T.  176  Poets,  of  all  men,  ever  least  regret  Increasing  taxes 
and  the  nation's  debt.  1822  SHELLEY  tr.  Calderon  \.  201 
Do  you  regret  Myvictory?  Who  but  regrets  a  check  In 
rivalry  of  wit?  1878  LECKY  Eng.  in  i%th  C.  I.  i.  124  Alone 
among  the  Spaniards  the  Catalans  had  real  reason  to  regret 
the  peace. 

Hence  Regre-tting  vbl.  sb.  and  ///.  a.;  also 
Begre'ttixigly  adv. 

1721  STRYPE  Eccl.  Mem.  III.  xxvii.  213  The  main  design 
..was  to  drive  on  Papal  religion  and  in  the  mean  while  to 
secure  the  regretting  people  from  rising.  1790  A.  WILSON 
in  Poems  $  Lit.  Prose  (1876)  II.  193  Edina's  crowd  Should 
never  have  cost  me  one  regretting  sigh.  i8a6  SCOTT  JrnL 
24  Jan.,  Many  were  [thinking  of  me],  undoubtedly;  and  all 
rather  regrettingly.  1837  VERLANDER  Vestal,  etc.  88,  I  did 
not  think  again  to  feel  These  vain  regrettings  of  the  past. 

Regretable,  variant  of  REG KKTT ABLE. 

Reffretful  (rfgre-tfiU),  a.  [f.  REGRET  sb.  + 
-FUL.J  Full  of  sorrow  or  regret.  Also  const,  of. 

1647  R-  FANSHAW  tr.  Past.Fido  in.  i,  Thou  art  return'd, 
but  nought  returns  with  thee  Save  my  lost  joyes  regretful! 
memory.  1743  SHENSTONE  Elegies  x\x,  Think  notregretful 
I  survey  the  deed.  1791  PAINE  Rights  of  Man  (ed.  4)  164 
The  regretful  manner  in  which  he  expresses  himself.  1837 

48 


REGRETFULLY. 

WHEELWRIGHT  tr.  Aristophanes  II.  106  Hating  the  town,    \ 
regretful  of  my  burgh.     1894  Du  MAURIEU   Trilby  II.  212 
They  soon  forgot  the  regretful  impressions  of  the  day. 

Regretfully   (r/gre-tfCili),   adv.      [f.   prec.  +     , 
-LY  -.  J     In  a  regretful  manner. 

i68a  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Chr.  Mor.  122  Men  who  dye  in 
deplorable  days,  which  they  regretfully  behold.  1705 
GHEENHILU  Embalming  104  [Man]  departs  out  of  this  world 
regretfully.  1872  'MARK  TWAIN'  Innoc.  Abr.  xii.  83,  I 
would  wake  up  regretfully.  1880  OUIDA  Moths  I.  vi.  179 
1  She  is  rude ',  she  added  regretfully. 

So  Kegre'tfulness. 

1870  E.  MULFORD  The  Nations.  155  In  the  strict  historical 
school  there  is  always  a  regretfulness.  .that  there  is  now  no 
Hamilton  and  no  Madison. 

Regre'tleSS,  a.  rare.    [f.  REGRET  sb.  +  -LESS.]    • 
Feeling  no  regret. 

1858  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  vi.  ix.  (1872)  II.  227  Wilhelmina. . 
takes  charmingly  to  him..regretless  of  the  Four  Kings. 

Regrettable  (r/gre-tab'l),  a.  Also  7  regreet-, 
regreat-,  9  regretable.     [a.  F.  regrettable,  f  re-    \ 
gretable  :   see  REGRET  z(.  and  -ABLE.]     Deserving 
of,  calling  for,  regret :  a.  of  occurrences,  actions, 
facts,  etc.     (Common  in  recent  use.) 

1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  in.  ix.  586,  I  have  scene  some  ..     . 
hate  their  health  because  it  was  not  regreetable.      a  1693 
Urqnharfs   Rabelais   in.   xlviii.  3^9   The   loss   of  Osyris 
was  not  so  regreatable  in  Isis.      1832  CARLYLE  Aftsc,  (18$?)    \ 
III.  52  The  fact  of  their  existence  is  not  the  less  certain  and     ' 
regretable.      1867   VISCT.   STRANGFORD  Selection   (1869)    I.     ' 
n8It  is,  therefore,  all  the  more  regrettable  to  come  upon 
the  traces  of  their  vitality  in  French  opinion.      1889  Times     i 
31  Aug.  5/1  These  raids  are  very  regrettable. 

b.   of  what  is  lost  or  no  longer  exists,    rare. 

1835  Tail's  Mag.  II.  454  The  custom,  we  suspect,  wasone    ; 
of  the  few  regrettable  observances  of  the  feudal  era.      1871 
EAKLE  Philol.    Eng.    Tongue  (1873)  §  33  Our  loss  of  this 
most  regrettable  old  pronoun  [man]. 

Hence  Regrettably  adv. 

1866  Pall  Mall  G.  No.  379.  1349/2  As  regrettably  obvious 
as  ever.  1896  Naturalist  50  The  writer's  correspondence 
with  him  (regrettably,  yet  naturally),  .ceased. 

Regretted  (ngre'ted),  ///.  a.  [f.  REGRET  v. 
+  -KD1.]  Mourned,  lamented;  viewed,  or  longed 
for,  with  regret. 

1781  COWPER  Retirem.^-ji  Ah  those  regretted  days,  When 
boyish  innocence  was  all  my  praise  I  1810 CRABBE £0>Vft£i& 
ii.  179  For  then  she  thought  on  one  regretted  youth. _  1861 
tr.  Montalemberfs  Monks  of  IVest  I.  53  One  of  their  most 
courageous  and  most  regretted  defenders. 

Regre'tter.     [-ER1.]     One  who  regrets. 

a  1845  HOOD  Public  Dinner  i,  The  Duke's  a  regretter,  A 
promise  to  break  it.  1849  MILL  Diss.  fy  Disc.  (1859)  II. 
3-ji  '  The  illustrious  prince  ' . .  has  now  Lord  Brougham  for 
his  only,  or  almost  only,  regretter  and  admirer. 

Regretting,  Regrettingly :  see  REGRET  v. 
Regrilld  (j/grai'nd),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To 
grind  again.     Hence  Regrrnding  vbl.  sb. 

1859  DICKENS  T.  Two  Cities  i.  v,  Samples  of  a  people  that 
had  undergone  a  terrible  grinding  and  re-grinding  in  the 
mil!.      1885  Machinery  fy  Engineering  Oct.  89/2  The  twist 
drill,  .is  reground,  when  blunted,  with  the  greatest  accuracy 
and  the  least  trouble. 

Regi'OU'p  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  group 
again.  Hence  Regrou'ping  vbl.  sb. 

'1885  Pall  Mall  G.  7  Oct.  1/2  Regrouping  of  parties  might 
begin  under  much  more  favourable  auspices.  1889  Spectator 
19  Oct.,  A  happy  knack  of  refurbishing  and  regrouping  the 
well-known  properties. 

Regrow  (ngrJa-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  To 
grow  again.  So  Begrowth. 

1868  LVELL  Princ.  Geol.  in.  xliiL  (1875)  II.  483  The  fre- 
quent  regrowth  of  supernumerary  digits  after  they  have 
been  cut  off".  1872  W.  RKADE  Martyrdom  of  Man  411  The 
plant  or  anima!  grows  and  re-grows  from  within  by  means  of 
a  chemical  operation.  1891  W.  K.  BROOKS  Oyster  194 
The  regrowth  of  such  a  bed  is,  therefore,  exactly  like  the 
original  formation  of  a  natural  bed. 

t  Regru'dging.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  RE-,  after 
reluctance,  etc!]  =  GRUDGING  vbt.  sb.  i. 

a  1677  M  ANTON  Exp.  Lords  Pr.  Matt.  vi.  12  Wks.  1870 
I.  188  We  may  take  comfort  by  this  evidence,  though  there 
be  some  reluctances  and  regrudgings  of  the  old  nature. 

t  Regua'rd,  v.  Obs.  Also  7  regard.  [RE- 
5  a],  a.  trans.  To  guard  (a  garment)  again. 
Also  Jig.  b.  To  guard  doubly  (with  pun  on  prec. 
sense).  Hence  R.egua*rded ///.  a. 

c  1610  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Philaster  v.  iv,  Do  the  lords  bow, 
and  the  regarded  scarlets,  .cry  'We  are  your  servants'? 
c  1613  ROWLANDS  Paire of  Sfiy- Knaves  12  Crimson  Veluet . . 
All  garded  and  re-garded  withgold  Lace.  1621  BRATHWAIT 
Nat.  Embassie  (1877)  106  Pytheas  a  Lawyer ..  Garded,  re 
garded,  dips  his  tongue  in  gold.  1624  HEYWOOD  Captives 
in.  ii.  in  Bullen  O.  PI.  IV.  162  We  will  see  his  fooles  coate 
guarded,  ey  and  reguarded  too  from  slipping  out  of  our 
fingers. 

Reguardant,  obs.  form  of  REGARDANT. 

t  RegUC'rdon,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  re- 
gtterdon  (Godef.) :  see  next  and  GUERDON  sb."\ 
Recompense,  reward. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  206  He  lelth  his  yerde  upon  that  on, 
And  seith  the  king  hou  thilkesameThetcheseinreguerdoun 
be  name.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  I'f,  in.  i.  170  Stoope  then, 
and  set  your  Knee  against  my  Foot,  And  in  reguerdon  of 
that  dutie  done,  I  gyrt  thee  with  the  . .  Sword  of  Yorke. 

Regue'rdon,  v.  rare.  [ad.  OF.  regnerdoner : 
see  RE-  and  GUERDON  z>.]  trans.  To  reward. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  370  And  thus  was  mere!  reguerdoned, 
Which  he  to  Theucer  dede  afore.  1532  Chaucer's  Boetliins 
iv.  pr.  iii.  Wks.  259^/1  Of  what  mede  shal  he  be  reguerdoned. 


378 

Certes  of  right  fayrc  mede  and  right  great,  abouen  al  medes. 
1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  i "/,  HI.  iv.  23  Yet  neuerhaue  you  tasted 
our  Reward,  Or  beene  reguerdon'd  with  so  much  as  Thanks, 
Because  till  now,  we  neuer  saw  your  face.  1814  GARY 
Dante,  Purg.  xxv.  128  Still  we  heard  The  sins  of  gluttony, 
with  woe  erewhile  Reguerdon'd. 

Hence  fBegTie-rdonment,  reward.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stuff*  34  In  generous  reguerdo[n]- 
ment  wherof  he  sacramentally  obliged  hirnselfe  that  ..  he 
would  be  the  first  man  should  set  foot  m  his  kingdome. 

Reguide,  ^-  rare~l.     [K-E-*]     To  guide  back. 

(11618  SYLVESTER  Mayden's  Blush  1685  This  urg'd  with 
teares ;  the  Old  man,  overcome,  Cryes,  Go  on  God's  name, 
God  re-guide  you  home. 

||  Regula  (re-gi^la).  [L.  regula  a  ruler,  rule, 
etc.,  f.  regcre  to  make  or  lead  straight.] 

1.  Arch.  A  fillet  or  reglet ;  spec,  a  short  band, 
with  guttce  on  the  lower  side,  placed  below  the 
tsenia  in  Doric  Architecture. 

1563  SHUTE  Archit.  C  iij,  Vnder  the  Capital!,  is  made 
Astragalus,  with  his  Regula.. .The  which  Regula,  shalbe 
halfe  so  much  in  height  as  the  height  of  Astragalus.  1598 
R.  HAYDOCKE  tr.  Lomazzo  \.  86  The  other  must  bedeuided 
into  three  [parts] :  give  two  to  torus  Ii ;  and  the  other  to 
regula  C.  1664  EVELYN  tr.  FrearCs  Archit.  133  Where 
they  do  frequently  encounter  and  meet  together  with  a 
small  Regula  between  them.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
1840  PARKKR  Gloss.  Archit. ;  and  in  mod.  Diets. 

f2.  A  rule,  norm.   Obs.  rare*1. 

1650  T.  GOODWIN  lVks.  (1862)  IV.  177  Their  punishment 
is  made  the  regula  of  all  other  wicked  men's. 

Regulable  (re'gisHab1!),  a.  [ad.  L.  type  *re- 
gulabilis,  f.  rcgitl-are  to  direct ;  see  REGULATE  v. 
and  -ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  regulated. 

1660  INCELO  Bentiv.  $  Ur.  i.  (1682)  166  The  Soul  ac- 
complish'd  with  many  regulable  Faculties  is  the  Subject  of 
Vertue.  a  1688  CUDWOKTH  Treat.  Morality  (1731)  35  Will 
.  .as  consider'd  in  it  self, . .  hath  therefore  the  Nature  of  a 
thing  Regulable  and  Measurable.  iSSaPiDGEON  Engineers 
Holiday  I.  42  Furnished  with  coils  of  hot-water  pipes  whose 
temperature  is  regulable  at  will. 

t  Re'gulant,  a.  Obs.  rare—1,  [ad.  L.  regu- 
lant-eni)  pres.  pple.  of  regulare  to  REGULATE.] 
Directing,  ruling. 

1677  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  iv.  351  Libertie  in  the  divine  wil 
is  absolute,  precedent,  regulant :  libertie  in  the  human  wil  is 
conditionate,  subsequent,  and  regulated. 

Regular  (re'gi/7lai),  a.,  adv.,  and  sb.  Forms  : 
4-7  reguler,  (4  -ere),  6  Sc.  -ier;  6-7  regulare, 
5-  regular.  [Orig.  a.  OF.  reguler  (mod.F.  rtgii- 
iter)t  ad. L.  regitlaris,  f,  regula  RULE;  in  later  use 
re-adopted  from,  or  conformed  to,  the  L.  original.] 
A.  adj.  1.  Eccl.  Subject  to,  or  bound  by,  a 
religious  rule ;  belonging  to  a  religious  or  monastic 
order.  (Opposed  to  secular.}  In  early  use  placed 
after  the  sb.,  esp.  in  canon  regular",  see  CANON ^  i. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  373  Patrik  rered  |>ere  a 
chirche,  and  dede  here  chanouns  reguler.  14..  U'/iy  / 
can't  be  a  A'w«  172  in  E.  E.  P,  (1862)  142  Thys  day  schalt 
thow  see  An  howse  of  wommen  reguler.  1528  ROY  Rede  we 
(Arb.)  51  Of  seculer  folke  he  can  make  reguler,  And  agayne 
of  reguler  seculer.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  III.  16 
Translatit  it  fra  secular  preiitis  syne  To  channonis  regularis 
of  Sanct  Augustyne.  1590  SWINBURNE  Testaments  64  Of 
Ecclesiasticall  persons  there  betwosortes,  the  one  Regular, 
the  other  Secular.  1631  WEEVER  Anc.  Funeral  Mon.  128 
These  Priests  were  called  Secular,  and  such  as  led  a 
Monasticall  life  Regular.  And  so  Canons  were  both  secular 
and  regular.  1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  27  The  intrigues 
of  the  regular  clergy,  or  monks  of  the  Benedictine  and  other 
rules,  under  arch-bishop  Dunstan  and  his  successors.  1836 
Penny  Cycl.  VI.  373/2  Besides  this  auxiliary  force,  the 
regular  clergy,  or  monastic  orders,  take  upon  them  many  of 
these  functions.  1884  Catholic  Diet.  (1897)  212/1  The  idea 
of  a  Regular  Clerk  is  that  of  a  combination  of  functions. 

absol.  1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  HI.  i.  (Skeat)  I.  131 
Bothe  professe  and  reguler  arn  obediencer  and  bounden  to 
this  Margarite-perle. 

b.  Pertaining  to,  connected  with,  a  monastic 
rule  or  those  subject  to  it.  rare. 

71490  CAXTON  Rule  Sf.  Bcnet  139  He  that  otherwise 
dooth  shall  be  correct  wyth  reguler  disciplyne.  1526 
Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  84  b,  All  outwarde  reguler 
obseruaunces.  1691  tr.  Emititinne's  Frauds  Koin.  Monks 
(ed.  3)  141  Their  Churcl.es  are  more  adorned,  and  their 
other  Regular-places  more  comporting  with  the  modern 
way  of  Building. 

2.  Having  a  form,  structure,  or  arrangement  which 
follows,  or  is  reducible  to,  some  rule  or  principle ; 
characterized  by  harmony  or  proper  correspondence 
between  the  various  parts  or  elements ;  symmetrical. 

1584  R.  SCOT  Discov.  Witchcr.  xui.  xix.  (1886)  258  The 
regular,  the  irregular,  the  coloured  and  the  cleare  glasses. 
c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  II.  Ivi.  79  The  English  speech  though 
it  be  rich,  copious,  and  significant, . .  yet,  under  favour,  I  can 
not  call  It  a  regular  language.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  623 
Mazes  intricate,  Eccentric,  intervolv'd,  yet  regular  Then 
most,  when  most  irregular  they  seem.  1716  LADY  M.  W. 
MONTAGU  Let.  to  Ctess  Mar  14  Sept.,  I  cannot,  however, 
tell  you  that  her  features  are  regular.  1815  J.  SMITH 
Panorama^  Sc.  <$•  Art  II.  292  In  proportion  as  discoveries 
were  multiplied,  the  want  of  a  regular  and  appropriate 
nomenclature  increased.  1840  tr.  Cuvier's  Anint.  Kingd. 
640  [Sea-urchins]  are  either  regular  or  irregular, — the  regular 
ones  having  the  mouth  in  the  middle  of  the  underside,  and 
the  vent  opposite.  1863  GKO.  ELIOT  Romola  x,  The  con 
jurer.,  showed  his  small  regular  teeth  in  an  impish., grin. 

b.  Geom.  Of  curves,  figures,  and  solids :  (see 
quots.). 

1665  Phil.  Trans.  I.  105  If  curve,  whether  regular  or  ir 
regular.  1679  MOXON  Math.  Diet.  130  Regular  Figures  are 

tho^e  where  the  Angles  and  Lines  or  Superficies  are  equal. 


REGULAR. 

1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  Regular  Body,  is  a  Solid 
whose  Surface  is  composed  of  Regular  and  Equal  Figures. 
jl'id.i  Regular  Curves,  are  such  Curves  as  the  Perimeters 
of  the  Conick  Sections,  which  are  always  curved  after  the 
same  Regular  Geometrical  manner.  1727-38  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  S.Y.,  All  other  regular  figures  consisting  of  more  than 
four  sides,  are  called  regular  polygons.  1823  H.  J.  BROOKE 
introd.  Crystallogr.  137  Distinguishable  from  regular  octa 
hedrons  by  the  unequal  inclinations  of  the  plane.  1846 
HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  777  The  regular  trapezohedron 
may  be  sawn  from  the  regular  octangular  prism. 

c.  Bot.  Having  all  the  parts  or  organs  of  the 
same  kind  normally  alike  in  form  and  size. 

1785  MARTVN  Rousseau's  Bot.  iii.  (1794)  34  One  general 
division  of  flowers  is  into  regular  and  irregular.  The  first 
are  they  whose  parts  all  spring  uniformly  from  the  centre  of 
the  flower,  and  terminate  in  the  circumference  of  a  circle. 
1807  J.  E.  SMITH  Phys.  Bot.  256  An  equal  Corolla  is  not 
only  regular,  but  all  its  divisions  are  of  one  size.  1876 
HOOKER  Bot.  Primer  49  A  regular  flower  is  one  m  which.. 
the  members  of  each  whorl  are  equal  and  similar. 

3.  Characterized  by  the  presence  or  operation  of 
a  definite  principle  ;   marked  or  distinguished  by 
steadiness  or  uniformity  of  action,  procedure,  or 
occurrence. 

1594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  i.  ii.  §  i  No  certain  end  could 
ever  be  attained,  unless  the  actions  whereby  it  is  attained 
were  regular;  that  is  to  say,  made  suitable,  .unto  their  end, 
by  some  canon,  rule  or  law.  1607  SHAKS.  Timon  v.  iv.  61 
Not  a  man  Shall  passe  his  quarter,  or  offend  the  streame  Of 
Regular  Justice  in  your  Citties  bounds.  1690  STILLINGFL. 
Serw.  (1698)  III.  v.  184  True  Courage  must  be  a  Regular 
thing  ;  it  must  have  not  only  a  good  End,  but  a  wise  Choice 
of  Means.  1722  QuiNCY/Vyf.  Diet.  (ed.  2)380/2  Regular  t 
Constant  and  Uniform,  in  opposition  to  Irregular..;  both 
frequently  applied  to  Diseases.  1761-2  HUME  Hist.  Eng. 
jxiv.  (1806)  IV.  720  The  English  parliament  had  now  raised 
itself  to  be  a  regular  check  and  control  upon  royal  power. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  II.  220/1  When  it  [the  light]  comes 
from  above,  in  such  a  regular,  proportioned,  and  uninter 
rupted  manner.  1867  W.  W.  SMYTH  Coal  fy  Coal-mining 
249  A  bar  to  the  regular  working  of  colliery  proprietors. 
1871  JOWETT  Plato  III.  133  He  supposes  the  philosopher  to 
proceed  by  regular  steps,  until  he  arrives  at  the  idea  of  good. 

b.  Recurring  or  repeated  at  fixed  times. 

1756  Boston  News-Letter  26  Feb.  1/2  A  regular  monthly 
Correspondence  between  Great  Britain  and  His  Majesty's 
several  Colonies.  1781  COWPER  Retirent.  430  How  regular 
his  meals,  how  sound  he  sleeps  !  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3) 
IV.  750/1  The  lunisolar  year  ..  was  in  use  long  before  any 
regular  intercalations  were  made.  1844  DICKENS  Chimes 
i,  '  There's  nothing',  said  Toby,  'more  regular  in  its  coming 
round  than  dinner-time,  and  nothing  less  regular  in  its 
coming  round  than  dinner  '. 

c.  Taking  place  or  recurring  at  short  uniform 
intervals. 

1781  COWPER  Table  T.  530  Exact  and  regular  the  sounds 
will  be.  1815  SHEI.LEV  Use  in  on  34  Nor..  Doth  Henry  hear 
her  regular  pulses  throb.  1824  BYRON  Juan  xvi.  cxiii,  With 
awful  footsteps  regular  as  rhyme.  1876  T.  HARDY  Ethel- 
berta  (1890)  n  Quick  regular  brushings  against  the  heather. 

d.  Habitually   or    customarily   used,  received, 
observed,  etc.  ;  habitual,  constant. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  IV.  746/1  Even  in  the  histories 
of  Herodotus  and  Thucydides,  we  find  no  regular  dates  for 
the  events  recorded.  1838  DICKENS  Nich.  Nick,  yii,  '  We'll 
put  you  intu  your  regular  bedroom  to-morrow,  Nickleby', 
said  Squeers.  Ibid.  xv,  It's  past  my  regular  time  for  going 
to  bed.  1849  MACAU  LAY  Hist.  Eng.  iii.  I.  309  The  regular 
salary,  however,  was  the  smallest  part  of  the  gains  of  an 
official  man  of  that  age.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  xxi.  370 
The  revolving  globe  is  maintained  in  its  regular  orbit.  1885 
Act  48  <y  49  Viet.  c.  56  Preamble,  To  permit  electors  in  his 
regular  employ  to  absent  themselves. 

4.  Pursuing  a  definite  course,  or  observing  some 
uniform  principle,  of  action  or  conduct  ;  adhering 
to  rule  ;  in  mod.  use  esp.  observing  fixed  times  for, 
or   never  failing   in,   the   performance   of  certain 
actions  or  duties. 

1602  DANIEL  Ep.  Sir  T.  Egerton  xxiv,  Eu'n  the  Scepter 
which  might  all  command,  Seeing  her  s'  vnpartiall,  equall, 
regular,  Was  pleas'd  to  put  it  selfe  into  her  hand.  1669 
J.  LEEKR  (tit  if)  The  Regular  Architect,  or  the  General 
Rule  of  the  five  Orders  of  Architecture.  1693  DRYDEN  Ep. 
Congreve  58  So  bold,  yet  so  judiciously  you  dare,  That  your 
lea 
Na 


.  . 

i,  The  Herr  Doctor  was  a  regular  man,  and  always  appeared 
at  his  window  at  the  same  hour. 

b.  Orderly,  well-ordered,  well-behaved,  steady. 

1705  ADDISON  Italy  (1733)  54  The  University  of  Padua  js 
of  late  much  more  regular  than  it  was  formerly,  tho'  it  is 
nut  yet  safe  walking  the  Streets  after  Sun-set.  vjtfrAnsoris 
I'oy.  u.  vi.  200  Their,  .behaviour.,  was  much  more  regular 
than  could  well  have  been  expected  from  sailors..  so  long 
confined  to  a  ship.  1779-81  JOHNSON  L.  P.,  Smith  Wks. 
II.  473  He  grew  first  regular,  and  then  pious.  1800  MRS. 
HERVKY  Mourtray  Fam.  II.  124  Lead  a  more  regular  life 
than  you  have  done  since  you  entered  the  army.  1879 
CasselCs  Techn.  Educ.  IV.  22/2  All  they  intend  to  send  are 
regular  people,  neither  factious  nor  vicious  in  religion. 
C.  Acting  at  the  proper  intervals. 

1783  J.  HF.YSHAM  in  Med,  Commnn.  I.  435  Her  belly  is 
regular.  1807  Med.  Jrnl.  XVII.  191  Her  tongue  was  not 
furred  ;  and  her  bowels  were  regular. 

5.  Conformable  to  some  accepted  or  adopted  rule 
or  standard  ;  made  or  carried  out  in  a  prescribed 
manner  ;  recognized  as  formally  correct. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  vii.  §  291  That  legal  regular 
convention  of  a  sober  and  modest  council,  a  1680  LUTLER 
Rent.  (1759)  I.  232  In  all  Mistakes  the  strict  and  regular  Are 
found  to  be  the  desp'ratst  Ways  to  err.  1688  NORRIS 
Theory  Love  \\.  iii.  117  To  make  our  Self-love  Regular  and 
according  to  order,  we  must  take  care  not  to  mistake  our  true 


REGULAR. 

selves,  1731  C.  CAMPBELL  (title)  Vitruvius  Britannicus,. . 
containing  Plans,  Elevations  and  Sections  of  the  Regular 
Buildings  both  Public  and  Private  in  Great  Britain.  1753 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.  s,\.Le<ip,  The  difference  between  the 
regular  and  irregular  leaps  is,  that  the  former  are  performed  by 
the  voice,  without  any  great  difficulty  or  effort.  1797  Encycl. 
Brit.  (ed.  3)  II,  234/2  There  are  eight  regular  mouldings  in 
ornamenting  columns.  1802  J[AMES  Alilit.  Diet.  s.v.  Attack^ 
Regular  Attack,  is  that  which  is  carried  on  jn  form,  according 
to  the  rules  of  art.  \%$i  Society  I.  273  Young  ladies  making 
acquaintances  so  easily,  without  regular  introductions.  1869 
OUSELEY  Counter^,  xv.  95  The  intervals  between  the  notes 
remain  unchanged  by  the  imitation.  When  such  is  the 
case,  the  imitation  is  said  to  be  strict  or  regular. 

b.  Gram.  Of  parts  of  speech,  esp.  verbs  :  Follow 
ing  some  usual  and  uniform  mode  of  inflection  or 
conjugation. 

1611  FLOKIO  Rules  Hal.  Tongue  in  Diet.  633  Amongst  all 
the  Verbs  some  are  vnder  certaine  orders,  and  are  called 
Regular.  1766  DEL  PINO  New  Sp.  Cram.  38  All  Regular 
Verbs,  whose  Infinitive  is  terminated  in  -ar,  are  conjugated 
in  the  same  manner.  1824  L.  MURRAY  Kng.  Gram.  (ed.  5) 
1. 154  Verbs  Passive  are  called  regular,  when  they  form  their 
perfect  participle  by  the  addition  of  d  or  ed^  to  the  verb. 
1887  ROGET  Introd.  Old  French  ix.  117  The  four  conjuga 
tions  of  so-called  Regular  Verbs. 

6.  Properly  constituted  ;  having  all  the  essential 
attributes,  qualities,  or  parts  ;  normal. 

1638  BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  II)  49  Sir,  Expect  not 
from  me  a  Regular  Answer  to  your  letters,  a  1687  PETTY 
Pol.  Arith.  iv.  (1691)  70  Sufficient  to  victual  Nine  Millions 
of  Persons,  as  they  are  Victualled  in  Ships,  and  regular 
Families,  a  i7o8BEVERii>GE  Wks.  (1846)  VIII.  622  It  always 
was,  and  still  is,  practised  in  all  regular  parish  churches. 
1886  C.  SCOTT  Sheep- Farming  28  Thus  a  regular  ewe  stock 
consists  of  four  different  ages.  1887  MOLONKY  Forestry 
\y.  Afr.  46  The  *  regular  '  oil . .  is  only  subject  to  this 
allowance  if  the  water  and  impurities  exceed  2  per  cent. 

b.  Of  persons :   Properly  qualified  or  trained ; 
specially  or  entirely  given  up  to  some  occupation 
or  pursuit. 

X75S  JOHNSON  s.v.,  A  regular  doctcr.  1836  W.  IRVING 
Astoria  I.  244  Colter,  with  the  hardihood  of  a  regular 
trapper,  had  cast  himself  loose  from  the  party.  1883 '  ANNIE 
THOMAS '.#/<*£  Housewife  46  Having  had  the  strength  of 
mind  to  abolish  the  so-called  regular  '  cook  \ 

c.  colloq.  Thorough,  complete,  absolute,  perfect. 
1821  SHELLEY  Notes  to  Hellas  Poet.  Wks.  (1891)  453/1, 

I  could  easily  have  made  the  Jew  a  regular  conjuror.  1833 
R.  H.  FROUDE  in  Newman's  Lett.  (1891)  I.  438  Perceval  is 
.  .a  regular  thoroughgoing  Apostolical.  1846  CLOUGH  Let. 
in  Poems,  etc.  (1869)  I.  108  On  Wednesday  we  had  a  regular 
flood,  and  it  has  been  raining  more  or  less  ever  since.  1885 
J.  PAYN  Talk  of  Town  I.  70  It  was  in  this  very  fireplace 
I  made  a  regular  bonfire  of  them. 

7.  Mil.  Of  forces  or  troops :  Properly  and  perma 
nently  organized  ;  constituting  the  standing  army. 

1706  LUTTRELL  Brief  R  el.  (1857)  VI.  44  Squadrons  of  his 
regular  troops  and  militia.  1756-7  \x.Keyslers  Trav.  (1760) 
I.  305  His  majesty's  regular  forces  at  present  consist  of  about 
twenty-two  thousand  men.  1777  WATSON  Philip  //,  xv. 
(1839)  317  A  thousand  regular  troops,  together  with  two 
thousand  of  the  country  people.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng.  iii.  (1890)  I.  145  The  regular  army  which  was  kept  up 
in  England  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  1685.  1860  MOTLEY 
Netherl.v.  I.  270  Antwerp,,  .a  city  in  which  there  was  not 
a  single  regular  soldier. 

B.  adv.  Regularly,  steadily ;  thoroughly. 

1710  PALMER  Prwerbs  3  Another  ..  pursues  close  and 
regular.  Ibid.  82  'Tis  impossible  to  judge  well  and  act 
regular,  when  the  mind  is  rufTVd.  1824  MRS,  CAMERON  I 
Alarten^  fy  his  Scholars  iii.  20  Why,  my  lad,  don't  you  bring 
home  tickets  every  day  when  you  go  regular  ?  1885  '  F. 
ANSTEY  '  Tinted  Venus  142  Oh,  I'm  regular  jolly,  I  am. ! 

C.  Comb.)    as   regular -bred%    -built  ^   -growing^ 
-shaped. 

1769  ELLIS  in  Phil.  Trans.  LIX.  145,  I  examined  this 
scum..,  and  could  discover  it  to  be  full  of  regular-shaped 
salts.  1775  SHERIDAN  St.  Pair.  Day  n.  iv,  I  had  rather 
follow  you  to  your  grave  than  see  you  owe  your  life  to  any 
but  a  regular-bred  physician.  1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration. 
Judic.  Evid.  (1827)  I.  297  The  implanting  hand  of  the 
regular-bred  practitioner.  1827  SCOTT  Jrnl.^i  Jan.,  English 
boys,  .are  well-bred,  and  can  converse  when  ours  are  regular- 
built  cubs.  1882  Garden  23  Sept.  273/2  The  blue  Ash  of 
Michigan,  .is  a  bold,  regular-growing  tree. 

D.  sb.  f  1.  Sc.  A  regulator.   Obs.  rare  ~1. 
1513  DOUGLAS  &neis  i.  Prol.  346  Venerable  Chaucer,  .. 

Hevmlie  trumpat,  horleige  and  reguleir. 

2.  Eccl.  a.  A  member  of  a  religious  order  observ 
ing  a  RULE  ;  one  of  the  regular  clergy.   (Cf.  A,  i.) 

1563  FOXE  A.  fy  M.  593/1  Aboue  twenty  houses  of  begging 
friers  besydes  a  great  nomber  of  regulars  and  irregulars. 
1570  Ibid.  (ed.  2)  1350/1  Who  then  folowing  ye  rule  of 
S.  lienet,  were  called  regulars  &  votaries.  1657  SPARROW 
/>Xr.  Com.  /Vv7>wi4oTne  Regulars  and  those  of  the  strictest 
life  did  fast  these  weeks.  1683  Apol.  Prot.  France  vi.  91 
The  Cardinals,  the  Bishops, .  .all  your  Regulars,  all  your 
Clergy  of  France.  1767  S.  PATERSON  Another  Trai<.  I.  391 
After  high  mass.,  the  regulars  were  marshalled  in  the  choir. 
1814  DOYLE  in  Kitz- Pat  rick  Life  (1880)  I.  68  Thus  you  see 
how  regularly  the  Regulars  are  at  war.  1871  FREEMAN 
Norm.  Cong.  IV.  xvii.  82  Regulars  and  seculars  strove 
which  should  pay  the  highest  honours  to  the  returning  hero. 
•j*b.  One  who  adheres  to  the  usual  religion. 

1632  Star  Chatnb.  Cases  (Camden)  172  If  it  had  beene^  by 
a  Papist  against  a  Protestant,  or  by  a  schismatick  against 
a  regular. 

t  c.   A  properly  appointed  church-dignitary. 
c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1650)  II.  49  Bishop  Andrews  and  Sir 
Henry  Martin.. declar'd  positively  that  ne  was  not  to  fall 
from  his  dignity  or  function,  but  should  still  remain  a  regular. 

3.  A  regular  noun.  rare~~^.     (With  pun  on  2  a.) 

1633  B,  JONSON   Tale  of  Tub  in.  iv,  I  hear  there's  com- 


379 

fort  in  thy  words  yet,  Canon.     I'll  trust  thy  regulars  and 
say  no  more. 

4.  A  soldier  belonging   to  the  standing  army; 
a  member  of  the  regular  forces.     Usu.  //. 

1756-7  tr.  Kcysler's  Trait.  (1760)  I.  305  On  these  occasions, 
they  [the  militia]  receive  the  same  pay  as  the  regulars.  1796 
STEDMAN  Surinam  I.  iv.  85  Both  the  regulars  and  the 
rangers  ..  behaved  with  unprecedented  intrepidity.  1840 
DICKENS  Barn.  Rudge  Ixiii,  The  regulars  and  militia  .. 
began  to  pour  in  by  all  the  roads.  1870  Spectator  20  Aug. 
993/1  If  he  actually  declared  war  with  only  his  regulars  in 
the  field,  all  is  explained. 

fb.  A  regular  practitioner.  Obs. 

1764  FOOTE  Mayor  of  G.  i.  Wks.  1799  I.  163  Lint.  ..An 
encourager  of  quacks,  Sir  Jacob.    Sir  Jac.  Regulars,  Lint, 
regulars.     1795  WOLCOTT  (P.  Pindar)  Pindariana  Wks.  1812 
IV.  204  Nor  Quack  nor  Regular  the  mark  will  miss. 
C.   A  regular  customer,  contributor,  etc. 

1898  Daily  News  27  Oct.  8/4  You  see  I  has  my  regulars  J 
mine  aint  no  chance  trade.  1902  ELIZ.  L.  BANKS  News' 
faper  OVr/xvii.  186  The  "regulars'  are  engaged  on  salary, 
and  receive  their  weekly  salaries  every  Saturday  night. 

5.  Cant.   (See  quot.) 

1812  J.  H.  VAUX  Flash  Diet.,  Regulars^  one's  due  share  of 
a  booty  &c.,  on  a  division  taking  place. 

6.  In  mediaeval  computation,   one  of  a  set   of 
fixed  numbers  used  for  ascertaining  on  which  day 
of  the  week  each  month  began  (solar  regular],  or 
of  a  set  for  finding  the  nge  of  the  moon  on  the  first 
of  each  month  (lunar  regular'}. 

1841  HAMPSOS  Medii  JEvi  Cat.  II.  Gloss.  331-2. 

Regularity  (regirflse'rlti).  [f.  prec.  +  -ITY, 
perh.  after  K.  rtgularitg  (i4th  c.  in  Littrc').]  The 
state  or  character  of  being  regular. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  67  Reason  ..  causeth 
Morall  vertues  not  to  be  impassibilities,  but  rather  medio 
crities  and  regularities.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  /•-/>.  217 
They.. conceive  a  regularity  in  mutations,,  .and  forget  that 
variety  which  Physitians  therein  discover.  1728  ELIZA 
HEY  WOOD  tr.  Mine,  de  Gomez's  Belle  A.  (1732)  II.  14  He 
must.. have  had  no  knowledge  of  the  Regularity  of  that 
Life  she  led  at  Rome.  1758  REID  tr.  Macqucrs  Chyin.  I. 
21  Different  methods,  .have  different  effects  on  the  figure 
and  regularity  of  the  crystals.  1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng. 
(1858)  1.  ii.  175  [He  was]  present  at  the  services  in  chapel 
two  or  three  times  a  day  with  unfailing  regularity.  1884 
F.  TEMPLE  Relat.  Relig.  fy  Sci.  iv.  (1885)  99  The  regularity 
of  nature  is  the  first  postulate  of  Science. 

Ke:gulariza*tion.  [a.  F.  regularisation,  or 
f.  next  + -ATION.]  The  act  or  process  of  making 
regular;  the  state  of  being  made  regular. 

1881  Edin.  Rev.  Apr.  360  The  regularisation  of  the  right 
to  take  water  from  the  irrigation  canals.  1892  Tablet  23 
Apr.  656  He  required  St.  Chad  to  submit  to  a  process  of 
regularization. 

Regularize  (re-guflaraiz),  v.  [f.  REGULAR  + 
-IZE;  cf.  F.  rJgulariser.']  fa.  (See  quot.  1623.) 
Obs.  b.  trans.  To  make  regular.  (Common  in 
recent  use.) 

1623  COCKER AM  Eng,  Diet,  ii,  To  Gouerne  or  rule,  Monar- 
chize,  Regularize,  Predominate,  Magistrate.  1833  MILL 
Diss.  ty  Disc.  (1859)  I.  64  Philosophy.. rarely  sets  aside  the 
old  [classifications],  content  with  correcting  and  regularizing 
them.  1882  W.  S.  BLUNT  in  \gth  Cent.  Sept.  335  It  was 
arranged  that  he  should  regularise  his  position  by  taking 
office  as  Under  Secretary  for  War. 

Hence  Regularized,  Regularizing  ///.  adjs. 

1847  GROTE  Greece  n.  xi.  III.  209  The  conception  of 
regularised  popular  institutions  [etc.].  1850  Ibid.  Ixvii. 
(1869)  VIII.  143  The  stirring  and  regularizing  agent.  1872 
LIDDON  Elent.  Relig.  v.  190  Law  is  only  our  way  of  con 
ceiving  of  His  regularized  working. 

Regularly  (re'girflaili),  adv.  [f.  REGULAR + 
-LY  '^.J  In  a  regular  manner. 

1.  At  the  proper  times ;  at  fixed  times  or  intervals ; 
without  interruption  of  recurrence;  constantly. 

1526  Pilgr,  Pcrf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  247  Whiche  seruyce  or 
houres  canonical!,  regularly  we  synge,  rede,  or  saye  in  the 
chirche.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  141  p  10,  I  regularly 
frequented  coffee-houses.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  %  F.  \.  V.  246 
Till  the  third  day  before  his  death,  he  regularly  performed 
the  function  of  public  prayer.  1802  MAR.  EDGEWORTH 
Moral  T.  (1816)  I.  ii.  10  He  passed  through,  .regularly 
twice  a-day.  1885  Manch.  Exam.  10  July  5/2  The  mine 
was  regularly  worked  with  naked  lights. 

fb.   Invariably;  in  all  cases.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  HI.  xv.  141  Some  have 
foure   stomacks..;  but  for   the   principall  parts,   the  liver, 
heart,  and  especially  the  braine,  regularly  it  is  but  one  in 
any  kinde  or  species  whatsoever. 
C.   Steadily,  equably. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  3  Now  as  its  velocity 
increases  regularly,  we  may  conclude,  that  [etc.], 

2.  In  accordance  with  rule  or  established  prin 
ciples  ;  in  a  proper  or  formally  correct  manner. 

1570  FoxE<4.  <$•  Aft  (ed.  2)  84/1  After  his  death  she  is  free 
from  the  law,  to  mary  to  whom  she  wyll,  so  it  be  in  the 
Lord,  that  is,  regitlariter,  regularely.  1611  COTGR.,  Regit* 
liercment)  regularly,  canonically,  orderly,  a  1665  J.  GOOD 
WIN  Filled  iv.  the  Spirit  (1867)  36  A  covenant  or  deed  in 
writing  is  made  good  in  law  by  a  seal,  regularly  affixed  to  it. 
1769  Junius  Lett.  xvi.(i788)  97  It  came  regularly  before  the 
house,  and  it  was  their  business  to  determine  upon  it.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vii.  II.  193  He  well  knew  that,  if 
the  crown  descended  to  his  wife  regularly,  all  its  preroga 
tives  would  descend  unimpaired  with  it.  1868  FKEEMAN 
Nonn.  Conq.  (1877)  II.  ix.  351  Spearhafoc.  .had  been  regu 
larly  nominated  to  the  bishopric. 

b.  In  the  usual  or  customary  manner. 

1807  Med.  Jrnl.  XXII.  517  One  of  the  men  servants  .. 
was  infected  from  one  of  the  pustule?,  and  had  the  disease 
regularly. 


REGULATE. 

3.  In    a    methodical    or    orderly    manner ;    with 
observance  of  due  order  or  method. 

1668  DRYDEN  Dram.  Poesy  Ess.  (Ker)  I.  73  If  then  the 
parts  are  managed  so  regularly,  that  the  beauty  of  the 
whole  be  kept  entire.  1689  BUKSKT  Tracts  I.  87  Theie  was 
..an  Anthem  sung  by  a  set  of  Musicians  very  regularly. 
1704  HEARSE  Duct.  Hist.  (1714)  I.  206  During  the  Life-time 
of  Jehoiada  ..  Jehoaash  behaved  himself  regularly,  and 
governed  well.  1810  WELLINGTON  24  Mar.  in  Gurw.  Desp. 
(1838)  V.  593  They  are  bringing  a  battering  train  into  Spain 
from  France,  which  looks  like  an  intention  to  go  regularly 
to  work.  1836  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Metafh.  i.  (1870)  I.  9 
This  question  has  never,  in  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  been 
regularly  discussed. 

4.  Iii  a  symmetrical  or  harmoniously  proportioned 
manner ;  with  proper  correspondence  of  parts,  etc. 

1695  DRYDEN  tr.  Dufresnoy's  Art  Painting- Qbserv.  (1716) 
130  Those  great  Painters,  .had  indeed  made  things  more 
regularly  true,  but  withall  very  unpleasing.  1712  SIKKLK 
S/>fcf.  No.  478  P  7  Shelves,  on  which  Boxes  are  to  stand  as 
regularly  as  Books  in  a  Library.  1719  DK  FOE  Crusoe  ii. 
xiii,  The  city  . .  is  regularly  built,  the  streets  . .  straight. 
1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  n.  xxvii.  379  The  whole  forming  a 
regularly  laminated  mass.  1894  LJu  MAUKIKR  Trilby  \\.  8y 
Both  had  regularly- featured  faces  of  a  noble  cast. 

5.  colloq.  Thoroughly,  completely.    Chiefly  with 
participles. 

1789  Triumphs  of  Fortitude  II.  4  A  young  fellow.,  who 
is  what  may  be  called  regularly  dissipated.  1832  J.  H, 
NEWMAN  Lett.  (1891)  I.  274  Not  that  I  expect  to  be  regularly 
well  as  long  as  I  live.  1848  DICKENS  Dombey  xii,  Your 
father's  regularly  rich,  ain't  he?  iSgo'R.  BOLDKEWOOD'CW. 
Reformer  (1891 1 263  Glad  to  see  you  are  regularly  embarked 
in  squatting  life. 

So  t  Re*g"ularness,  regularity.   Obs. 

1648  NKTHKKSOLE  Self-condemned  <  1649)  4  The  equity  and 

regularnesse  of.. the  said  proceedings.     1672  BOYLE  Virtues 

of  Gems  56  Long  Christals . .  that  did  emulate  native  Christal 

as  well  in  the  regularness  of  the  shape  as  in  the  transparency 

,     of  the  substance, 

Re'gulatable,  a.     [f.  REGULATE  p.-f-ABLK.] 

;    Capable  of  being  regulated. 

1874  MICKLFTHWAITE  Mod.  Par.  Churches  xxv.  2.10  Fresh 
I  air.  .should  beadmititd  only  by  pre-arranged  and  repulatable 
!  channels.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet,  Mcc/i.  1914/1  A  device  for 
I  admitting  steam  in  regulatable  quantity. 

tXte*gTllate,///.a.  Obs.  [ad.  UteL.  ?$**&£-«*, 

pa.  pple.  :  see  next.]     Regulated;  regular. 

a  1577  SIR  T.  SMITH  Comntw,  Eng.  \.  viii.  (1584)  7  The  other 

|     they  call.,  the  Royall  power  regulate  by  lawes.    1603  FLORIO 

Montaigne  (1634)  262  Brute  beasts  are  much  more  regulate 

,     than  we.     1644  CROMWELL  Let.  10  Mar.  in  Carlyle^  I  know 

I    you  will  not  think  it  fit  my  Lord  should  discharge  an  Officer 

of  the  Field  but  in  a  regulate  way. 

Regulate  (re-girfl^t),  v.  [f.  late  L.  regulat-, 
ppl.  stem  of  rcgularc  (5th  c.),  f.  rcgula  RULE.] 

1,  trans.  To  control,  govern,   or  direct  by  rule 
or  regulations  ;  to  subject  to  guidance  or  restric 
tions  ;  to  adapt  to  circumstances  or  surroundings. 

r  1630  MEAD  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  III.  263  A  freind 
of  his  sent  him  two  or  three  Doctors  to  regulate  his  health. 
1     1644  MILTON  Areop.  (Arb.)  50  If  we  think  to  regulat  Print 
ing,.. we  must  regulat  all  recreations  and  pastimes.     1682 
•     DRYDEN  Pro!.  Loyal  Brother  3  Critics  would  regulate  Our 
i     theatres,  and  Whigs  reform  our  State.     1729  BUTLER  Serm. 
\     Wks.  1874  II.  8  Desire  of  esteem,  .was  given  us.  .to  regul.-jte 
I     our  behaviour  towards  Society.      1792  Anecd.  IV.  Pitt  I.  iv. 
I     75  Can  freedom  be  regulated  without  being  ..  in  some  part 
i     destroyed?      1836  J.  GILBERT  Chr.  Atonem.  ix.  (1852)  296 
I     Mercy  must  be  in  some  way  regulated  by  regard  to  righteous 
ness.     1877  SPARROW  Serm.  vi.   81    He  that   reduced  the 
material  world  to  order,  can  regulate  and  direct  the  mind. 

refl.  1672  MARVELLt'flm  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  405  Having 
received  your  letter. .,  according  to  which  I  shall  regulate 
myselfe  upon  occasion.  1779  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Tkrale 
6  Apr.,  Does  he  direct  any  regimen,  or  does  Mr.  Thrale 
regulate  himself? 

f  b.  To  bring  or  reduce  (a  person  or  body  of 
persons)  to  order.   Obs. 

1646  FAIRFAX  (title)  Orders  Established  .._for  Regulating 
the  Army.  1654  BKAMHALI.  Just  Vind.  vi.  (1661)  127  He 
might  have.. called  a  Councel,  regulated  him,  and  reduced 
him  to  order  and  reason.  1685  LUTTRELL  Brief  ReL  (1857) 
I.  341  In  other  buroughs  ,.  they  have  new  regulated  the 
electors  by  new  charters.  1687  Ibid.  421  There  are  6 
commissioners  appointed,  who  are  to  inspect  all  the  cor 
porations  of  England,  and  regulate  them,  by  turning  out 
such  as  are  against  the  taking  away  the  penall  lawes  and  test. 
1839  Southern  Lit.  J\Icssen§:er(\J.  S.)  Mar.  220/1  They  had 
dropped  hints  of  their  intending,  before  long,  to  'regulate 
old  Jerry  Jackson',  who,  they  said,  had  been  stealing  corn. 

T"  C.  To  correct  by  control.    Obs.  rare. 
a  1680  BUTLER  Rcm.  (1759)  I-  2*8  To  regulate  the  Errors 
of  the  Mind.    1682  WOOD  Life  17  June  (O.H.S.)  III.  22  Ihe 
chancellor's  letters  for  regulating   the  rudeness  and  mis 
carriage  of  the  Masters  in  Convocation. 

2.  To  adjust,  in  respect  of  time,  quantity,  force, 
etc.,   with  reference  to  some  standard  or  purpose; 
esp.  to  adjust  (a  clock  or  other  machine)  so  that 
the  working  may  be  accurate. 

1662  I-  DAviEStr.  Olearius*  Voy.Atnlas.s.-y)\1\\t  Persians 
regulate  their  Feasts  according  to  the  Moon.  1728  R.  MORRIS 
Ess.  Ane.  Archit.  60  Palladio  has  not  been  a  little  assisting 
to  me  in  regulating  the  Proportions.  1750  tr.  Leonardus1 
Mirr.  Stones  33  The  heat  should  be  proportioned  and  regu 
lated  by  the  mineral  or  effect ive  virtue  of  the  stone  itself. 
1800  tr,  Lagrange's  Chem.  II.  50  Care  must  be  taken  to 
regulate  the  fire  properly.  1812-16  PLAYFAIR  Nat.  Phil. 
(1819)  II.  107  Clocks  ought  to  be  regulated  by  the  mean 
solar  time.  1842  Penny  Cycl.  XX 1 1.  485/1  He  can . .  regulate 
the  throttle-valve  by  hand-gear  placed  within  his  reach. 

rejft.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  It'.  Ar.  iv.  i.  i.  II.  9  The  quantity 
of  every  commodity ..  naturally  regulates  itself  in  every 
country  according  to  the  effectual  demand. 

48-3 


REGULATED. 

f3.  To  make  regular  or  even.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1649  BLITHE  Eng,  Improv.  Intpr.  (1653)  1^1  The  Corn  with 
much  harrowing  ..  will  be  drawn  into  wants  and  uneven 
places,  and  much  regulated  by  the  Harrow. 

4.  itttr.  To  make  regulations. 

1895  Westm.  Gaz,  i  May  2  '2  If  the  Board  of  Trade  has  any 
power  to  regulate  on  this  point,  we  trust  that  it  will  use  it. 

Regulated,///. a.  [f. prec.  +-ED1.]  Governed 
by  rule,  properly  controlled  or  directed,  adjusted 
to  some  standard,  etc. 

Also  freq.  in  combs.,  as  badly-,  ill-,  well-regulated. 

1641  W.  T.  (title)  Regulated  Zeal,  or,  An  earnest  request  to 
all  Zealously  affected  Christians,  to  seeke  the  desired  Re 
formation  in  a  peaceable  way.  1697505.  WOODWARD  Relig. 
Soc.  London  ii.  (1701)  19  Those  regulated  Societies,  which  are 
now  conspicuous  among  us  for  many  good  works,  a  1704 
T.  BROWN  Satire  Antu'nts  \Vks.  1730  I.  16  These  [verses] 
..had  regulated  forms,  that  is  regular  dances  and  musick. 
1766  Compl.  Partner  s.v.  Surveying^  Then  may  you  measure 
all  the  whole  chains  by  your  regulated  chain,  a  1790  ADAM 
SMITH  IV.  N.\.  i.  m.i.  (Bonn)  II.  253  When  those  companies 
.  .are  obliged  to  admit  any  person,  properly  qualified, . .  they 
are  called  regulated  companies.  1828  SPEARMAN  Brit. 
Gunner  (ed.  2)  336  They  are  fired  with  a  regulated  charge 
of  powder  and  shot.  1848  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  ii.  §  23  I. 
121  Regulated  freedom  is  the  greatest  blessing  in  life. 
jb.  Of  troops:  Properlydisciplined.  Obs.  rare~~l. 

1690  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2568/3  We  hear  likewise  that  the 
French  are  in  a  great  Allarm  in  Dauphine  and  Bresse,  not 
having  at  present  1 500  Men  of  regulated  Troops  on  that  side, 

tRe'gulater.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ER  1.]  »  REGULATOR. 

1654  WHITLOCK  Zootomia  285  He  proceeding  therein  not 
by  striking  of  Minutes,  but  Seasonsj  as  his  Regulaters  in 
administration  of  Remedies, 

Regulating  (re'gi/fo'tirj),^/.  sb.  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -JNU1.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  REGULATE. 

1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  n.  xviii.  91  This  is  not  repugnant 
to  regulating  of  the  same  by  Peace.  1680  BuKtiirr  JRocXester 
41  As  reasonable  for  God  to  prescribe  a  Regulating  of  those 
appetites.  1712  PRIDKAUX  Direct.  Ch.-ivardens  (ed.  4)  51 
He  presides  for  the  regulating  and  directing  of  this  Matter. 
1824  W.  N.  ULANS  Excursion  U.  S.  fy  Canada  236  This 
practice  of  Regulating  seems  very  strange  to  an  European. 

Regulating  (re-girfl^tirj),///.**.  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -IXG  2.]  That  regulates. 

L  Of  principles,  persons,  etc. 

With  quot.  1768  compare  REGULATOR  T  c. 

!7ioNoRRisOi?-.  rrud.i.  ^  There  is  therefore  a  conducting 
Rule,  and  a  regulating  Rule.  1768  Boston  Chron.  1-8  Aug. 
1315/1  The  reforming  or  regulating  people  will  not  suffer 
process  civil  or  criminal,  to  be  executed,  but  where,  and 
against  whom  they  think  proper.  1796  Instr.  fyReg.  Cavalry 
(1813)  27  The  commanding  officer  of  the  regulating  squadron 
of  the  line.  1816  J.  SCOTT  Vis.  Paris  (ed.  5)  185  An  attract 
ing  and  regulating  body,  that  gives  compactness  and  strength 
to  the  commonwealth.  i85oMcCosHZ>:^.  Govt.  HI.  ii.  (1874) 
364  Besides  benevolence,  there  is  needed,  .a  regulating 
power  of  justice. 

jb.  Regulating  captain  Q\  judge:  (see  quots. 
1815-63).    Obs. 

1758  J.  BLAKE  Plan  Mar.  Syst.  48  The  regulating  judge 
to  determine  how  far  such  man  is  obliged  to  serve.  1768 
Woman  of  Honor  II.  182  Recommended  him  to  a  regulating 
Captain  'as  a  fit  person  to  serve  the  King'.  1815  BURNKY 
Falconer's  Diet.  Marine^  Regulating  Captain  is  an  officer 
stationed  at  the  different  royal  ports,  in  time  of  war,  to 
examine  the  seamen  intended  for  the  navy.  1863  A.  YOUNG 
Naut.  Diet.  (ed.  2),  Regulating  Captai^  in  the  Navy,'  the 
Officer  appointed  to  superintend  the  raising  of  seamen,  and 
who  examines  them  on  their  entry1. 

2.  Of  mechanical  contrivances. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  201  The  pipe  from 
the  steam-case.. has  a  regulating  valve.  Ibid.  314.  L  is  the 
regulating  screw.  1838  Penny  Cycl.  XII.  303/1  The  pendu 
lum-spring  (also  called  the  regulating-spring  and  hair-spring). 
1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  %  Mining  48  The  tray  which 
receives  the  ore.. as  fast  as  may  be  desired,  a  suitable 
regulating-gate  being  employed. 

Regulation  (regi/H^-Jan).    [f.  REGULATE  z\] 

1.  The  act  of  regulating,  or  the  state  of  being 
regulated.     Also,  an  instance  of  this. 

1*672  EARL  ESSEX  In  E.  Papers  (Camden)  I.  27  Till  I  had 
them  I  would  not  venture  one  step  in  y8  regulation  of 
Corporacions.  1676  TOWERSON  Decalogue  501  The  whole 
duty  of  man.. as  concerns  the  regulation  of  our  manners. 
1763  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  xviii.  459  The  advancement  and 
regulation  of  manufactures  and  commerce.  1785  BURKE 
Nabob  of  Arcofs  Debts  Wks.  IV.  199  For  the  interipur 
regulation  of  I  ndia.  a  minute  knowledge  of  India  is  requisite. 
1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  viii.  II.  334  From  the  records  of 
the  Privy  Council  it  appears  that  the  number  of  regulations, 
as  they  were  called,  exceeded  two  hundred.  1885  C.  G.  W. 
LOCK  Workshop  Receipts  Ser.  iv.  316/2  Regulation  is  effected 
by  raising  the  pendulum  bob  to  make  the  clock  go  faster. 

2.  A  rule  prescribed  for  the  management  of  some 
matter,  or  for  the  regulating  of  conduct ;  a  govern 
ing  precept  or  direction  ;  a  standing  rule. 

0:1715  BURNET  Own  Time  in.  (1724)  I.  462  And  then 
several  regulations  were  made,  chiefly  the  famed  ones  at 
Clarendon.  1763  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  vii.  263  The  nature 
of  foreign  trade,  it's  privileges,  regulations,  and  restric 
tions.  1774  KAMES  Sketches  n.  x.  (1807)  II.  319, 1  heartily 
approve  every  regulation  that  tends  to  prevent  idleness. 
1788  (title}  A  Collection  of  Regulations,  Orders,  and  Instruc 
tions  formed  and  issued  for  the  use  of  the  Army.  1809-10 
COLERIDGE  Friend  (1865)  122  The  regulations  dictated  by 
prudence,  .have  passed  away.  1870  DICKENS  E.  Drood  ii, 
It's  against  regulations  for  me  to  call  at  night. 

3.  attrib.  a.  That  is  prescribed  by,  or  in  accord 
ance  with,  a  regulation  or  regulations;  such,  as  is 
required   or  insisted   on   under   some   regulation ; 
hence,  regular,  usual,  ordinary,  common. 


380 

1836-9  DICKENS  Sk.  Boz,  Parish  iii,  The  regulation  cap  to 
which  the  Miss  Willises  invariably  restricted  the. .tastes  of 
female  servants  in  general.  1838  —  O.  Twist  xviii,  The 
regulation  mode  of  cutting  the  hair.  1848  THACKERAY  Bk. 
Snobs  xxix,  He  can't  afford  more  than  his  regulation 
chargers.  1865  MORLEY  Mod.  Charac.  168  Conversation  is, 
as  a  rule,  reduced  to  a  regulation  level  of  decorous  flatness. 
b.  Regulation  district^  etc.  (see  quots.  1845). 
Regulation  movement  (see  REGULATOR  i  c).  Regn* 
lotion  roily  one  of  the  rolls  of  the  Court  of  Session, 
containing  a  list  of  those  cases  in  which  no  appear 
ance  has  been  made  for  the  defender. 


1825  Act  6  Gco.  IV  i  c.  120  §  29  All  the  Actions  above 
rated,  originating  in  the  Court  of  Session,  shall  be 
first  enrolled  in.,  the  Regulation  Roll.      1845  STOCQUELER 


enumerated,  originating  in  the      ou 

first  enrolled  in.,  the  Regulation  Roll.  1845  STOCQUELER 
Handbk.  Brit.  India  (1054)  121  The  presidency  of  Bengal 
is  divided  into  sixteen  provinces,  in  seven  of  which.,  certain 
regulations  prevail..  .These  former  are  called  regulation 
districts.  Ibid.  123  Surat  [etc.],  .constitute  the  regulation 
collectorates  ;  Scinde,  Sattarah,.  .comprise  the  non-regula 
tion  divisions.  1867  A.  GREGG  I  fist,  OldCheraius  130  Such, 
however,  was  not  the  history  of  the  Regulation  Movement 
on  the  Pedee. 

Hence  Reffula'tionist  sb.t  one  who  advocates 
regulation  in  some  matter.  Also  as  adj. 

1886  Pall  Mall  G.  2  July  13/2  Several  cases  where  the 
Regulationist  party  in  America  had  been  circumvented. 

Regulative  (wgiiiEl^tiv),  fl,  [f.  REGULATE  v. 
+  -IVE.]  Tending  to  regulate.  Chiefly  Fhilos. 

1599  13LUNDEViL-4r.V  of  '  Logicke\.  i.  116  The  principles 
regulatiue  of  a  Syllogisme  be  these  two  phrases  of  speech. 
a  1834  COLERIDGE  Marginalia  in  Blackw.  Mag.  (1882)  Jan. 
122  Plato  had  meant  something  higher  and  other  than 
regulative.  1847  LEWES  Hist.  Philos.  (1867)  II.  467  These 
Ideas  are  simply  regulative:  they  operate  on  concepts  as 
the  Understanding  operates  upon  sensations.  1874  BLACKIE 
Self-Cult.  9  Logic  is  not  useless  ;  it  has  a  regulative,  not  a 
creative  virtue. 

Hence  Be-gnlatively  adv. 

1882-3  SCHAFF  Encycl.  Relig.  Knowl.  III.  1973  It  ought 
not  to  be  hard  to  answer,  whether  a  belief  can  be  regulatively 
true,  but  really  false. 

Regulator  (re'gi/n^ts-O.  [agent-n.  f.  L.  regu 
lars  to  REGULATE  ;  cf.  F.  rt!gutatenrt  It.  regolatore.] 

1.  One  who  regulates. 

1655  R.  GARDINER  Eng.  Griev.  Discov.  To  Rdr.  A  iv, 
Such  Judges  as  may  be  appointed  Regulators  of  the  great 
abuses  done  thereunto.  1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  i.  iv. 
383  He  did  not  only  assert  God  to  be  the  Cause  of  Motion, 
but  also  the  Governour,  Regulator  and  Methodizer  of  the 
same.  1765  UI.ACKSTONE  Comm.  1.  158  Such  a  spirit.  .  sets  all 
the  wheels  of  government  in  motion,  which  under  a  wise 
regulator,  may  be  directed  to  any  beneficial  purpose.  1846 
ELLIS  Elgin  Marb.  1.  179  The  directors  or  regulators  of  the 
procession.  1875  HELPS  Soc.  Press,  iii.  43  There  is  great 
need  that  the  regulator  of  the  machine  should  be  a  living, 
active,  forcible  creature. 

b.  Eng*  IHst.  A  member  of  a  commission  ap 
pointed  in  1687  to  investigate  and  revise  the  con 
stitution  of  various  boroughs,  for  the  purpose  of 
influencing  the  election  of  members  of  parliament. 

1688  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  I.  460  The  regulators  are 
draweing  into  the  several  countries  to  manage  the  elections. 
1690  J.  HARRINGTON  Dcf.  Rights  Univ.  of  Oxford  n.  53 
Some  of  them  have  been  ready  in  surrendering  their  Charters, 
and  have  since  been  forward  Regulators,  a  1734  NORTH  Lives 
(1826)  II.  16  There  was  an  itinerant  crew  of  the  worst  of 
men..  .These  were  termed  regulators.  1827  HALLAM  Const. 
Hist.  xiv.  (1876)  111.74  New  modelling  corporations  through 
commissions  granted  to  regulators.  1861  LD.  BROUGHAM 
Brit.  Const,  xvi.  248  Regulators  of  Corporations  were  com 
missioned  to  examine  all  their  titles  and  all  their  acts. 

c.  U.  S.  A  member  of  one  of  the  bands  formed 
at  various  times  in  wild  parts  of  the  country,  with 
the  professed  object  of  supplying  the  want  of  the 
regular  administration  of  justice.     The  earliest  and 
most  notable  case  was  in  the  Carolinas,  c  1767-71. 

1767  LD.  MONTAGU  in  A.  Gregg  Hist.  Old  Cher  aivs  (1867) 
136  Those  licentious  spirits  that  have  so  lately  appeared  in 
the  distant  parts  of  the  Province,  and,  assuming  the  name  of 
Regulators,  have.  .illegally  tried,  condemned,  and  punished 
many  persons,  1768  Boston  Chron.  18-25  July  292/2  We 
daily  hear  of  new  irregularities  committed  by  the  people 
called  regulators.  1771  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  123/2  A  letter 
from.  .North  Carolina,  .says,  'Our  Governor,  at  the  head  of 
2500  men,  is  going  against  the  Regulators1.  1812  H.  WILLIAMS 
Hist.  N.  Carolina  II.  128  The  insurgents  in  North  Carolina, 
who  called  themselves  Regulators,  lest  they  should  be  called 
a  mob,  were  in  general  of  the  poorest  class  of  citizens.  1824 
W.  N.  ELANS  Excursion  U.  S.  fy  Canada  234  On  such  occa 
sions.,  all  the  quiet  and  industrious  men  of  a  district  form 
themselves  into  companies,  under  the  name  of  '  Regulators'. 


1847  Harbinger  (U.  S.)  7  Aug.  136/1  The  lynchers,  or  'regu 
lators'  as  they  are  often  called,  ; 
organize  also. 


lators*  as  they  are  often  called,  soon  find  that  their  foes 


\.  techn.  A  device  for  controlling  machinery  in 
motion,  or  for  regulating  the  passage  of  air, 
electricity,  gas,  steam,  water,  etc. 

1702  SAVERY  Miner 's  Friend  15  The  Handle  of  the  Regu 
lator  Z  must  be  thrust  from  you.  1766  Compl.  Farmer  s.v. 
Ventilator^  There  is  an  iron  regulator.. fixed  upright  to  the 
end. .of  the  box.  1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric. 
6  Apr.  an.  1775,  The  drill  does  its  work  well,  .but  the  Regu 
lators  do  not  yet  please  me.  1819  REES  Cycl.  XXIII.  s.v. 
Mill-ivork^  For  such  cases,  judicious  mechanics  have  adopted 
contrivances,  or  regulators. ..These  regulators  are  usually 
termed  governors.  1838  N.  WOOD  Railroads  339  The  regu 
lator,  for  increasing  or  diminishing  the  supplyof  steam  to  the 
boiler.  1880  LOMAS  Alkali  Trade  312  Preceding  this  de 
composer  comes  the  '  regulator ',  a  brick  and  iron  tower 
packed  with  bricks,  up  which  the  gases  are  passed. 

b.  A  device  for  adjusting  the  balance  of  a  clock 
or  watch,  in  order  to  regulate  its  speed. 


KEGULITS. 

1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.^  I,  Regulator,  a  small  spring 
belonging  to  the  Ballance  in  the  new  Pocket- Watches. 
1793  HOLCROFT  tr.  Lavater's  Physiogn.  xxxi.  165  Foolish 
people  are  like  excellent  watches  which  would  go  well,  were 
the  regulator  but  rectified.  1832  IMISON  Sc.  ff  Art  1.  91  To 
this  balance  is  fixed  a  small  steel  spiral  spring,  which  regulates 
its  motion,  and  keeps  it  equable  ;  whence  it  has  its  name  of 
regulator. 

3.  A  clock  or  watch  keeping  accurate  time,  by 
which  other  timepieces  may  be  regulated. 

1758  CLF.GHORN  in  Phil.  Trans.  LI.  258  Mr.  Garret  keeps 
his  clock  very  exact,  by  Glasgow's  regulator,  Christ-Church. 
1804  Europ.  Mag.  XLV.  251/1  Every  person  to  whom 
minute  mechanical  accuracy  was  a  matter  of  importance, 
was  happy  to  obtain  one  of  these  regulators.  1862  Catal. 
Internal.  Exhib.  II.  xin.  15  A  time-keeper,  usually  termed 
a  regulator..;  it  has  apparatus  for  transmitting  alternate 
reverse  currents  of  electricity. 

4.  Something  which  regulates ;  a  regulating  prin 
ciple  or  power. 

1766  Compl.  Farrtiers.v.  Sheep,  The  best  regulator  for  this 
work,  .would  be  the  state  of  vegetation.  1796  JKFFREY /.<•/. 
in  Cockburn  Life  (1852)  II.  27  You  can  nave  no  better 
regulator  than  your  own  successive  opinions.  1855  MACAU- 
LAV  Hist.  Eng.  xx.  IV.  437  The  weakest  Ministry  has  great 
power  as  a  regulator  of  parliamentary  proceedings.  1884 
H.  A.  TAINE  in  Contemp.Re-u.  Oct.  518  The  State  stands., 
as  regulator  and  controller.. of  private  possessions. 

5.  Comb.,  as  regulator  box,  cock,  spindle,  valve ; 
also  regulator-wise  adv. 

1663  MRQ.  WORCESTER  Water.Comm.  Engine^  15  A  Primitm 
Mobile,  commanding  both  Height  and  Quantity  Regulator- 
wise.  1840  AIRY  in  Mem.  R.  Astron.  Soc.  XI.  252  The  in 
equalities  of  motion  of  the  regulator  spindle.  1850  OCILVIE 
s.v.,  Regulator  valve.  1856  CFESV  Encycl.  Civ.  Eng.  ii.xxi. 
1274  The  Regulator  Box.,  was  first  constructed  by  Mr.  Watt. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1915/1  The  regulator-cock  admits 
oil  or  tallow  for  lubricating  the  faces  of  the  regulator. 

Hence  Be-gulatorship. 

1837  Eraser's  Mag.  XV.  732  The  regulatorship  of  reason 
is  indispensable.  1899  Daily  News  28  Sept.  6/3,  I  am  giving 
up  my  regulatorship  of  priestly  orders  to  my  son. 

Regulatory  (re'giinfari),  a.  [f.  REGULATE  v. 
+  -OKY.]  Regulative. 

1823  Blackw.  Mag.  XIV.  517  Some  such  code  as  I  propose 
—  some  regulatorysystem  for  men  to  wrong  their  neighbours 
by.  1880  W.  E.  HALL  Internal.  Law  I.  i.  15  With  their 
definitive  failure  to  establish  a  regulatory  authority  inter 
national  relations  tended  to  drift  into  chaos. 

Re  gxilatress.  rare -1.  [See  REGULATOR  and 
-ESS.]  A  female  regulator. 

1818  R.  P.  KNIGHT  Symbolic  Lang.  (1876)  99  She  equally 
appeared  to  be  the  patroness  and  regulatress  of  nutrition 
and  passive  generation. 

Reg"uline  ^regirfbin),  a.  Chcm.  [f.  REGUL-US 
-f-lNEl.  Cf.  F.  rdgalin,]  Of  or  pertaining  to,  of 
the  nature  of,  regulus. 

1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol.  Cliym,  6  Antimony  and  its  pre 
parations,  viz.  the  crocus  metallorum,  or  reguline  part.  1694 
SALMON  Bate's  Dispens.  (1713)  432/2  The  Reguline  or  Metal 
line  Part  being  more  weighty,  falls  down  to  the  bottom. 
1754  HUXHAM  in  Phil.  Trans.  XLVIII.  834  This  reguline 
substance,  or  antimony  properly  so  called,  is  a  metallic  sub 
stance,  sui generis.  1782  KIRWAN  ibid.  LXXIII.  51  Metallic 
substances,  when  freest  from  all  foreign  mixture,  are  obtained 
either  in  a  reguline  state,  or  in  that  of  a  calx.  1819  H.  BUSK 
Vestriad  IV.  252  Ah  treacherous  present  of  the  glittering 
mine,  Fatal  as  calx,  more  fatal — reguline !  1884  Public 
Of  in.  12  Sept.  336/1  Mr.  Dudley,  .has  succeeded  in  obtain 
ing  a  bright  reguline  deposit  of  iridium  on  base  metals. 

Re'gulize,  v.  rare—",  [f.  as  prec.  +  -JZE.] 
trans.  '  To  reduce  to  regulus  or  pure  metal ;  to 
separate  pure  metal  from  extraneous  matter  '  (Web 
ster  1828-32). 

II  Regulus  (re-girflw).  PI.  reguli  (re'gi«<hi). 
[L.,  dim.  of  reg-,  rex  king.] 

1.  Astron.  A  bright  star  (a  Leonis)  in  the  con 
stellation  Leo,  called  also  Cor  Leonis. 

1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Cosmogr.  Glasse  108  Then  I  find  by 
that  obseruation,  the  Mone  to  differ  from  regulus,  j.  degree 
.43.  min.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I.  1727-38  CHAM 
BERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  longitude  of  regulus,  as  fixed  by  Mr. 
Flamsteed,  is  25°,  31',  20".  1868  LOCKYER  Gtiillemiris 
Heavens  (ed.  3)  325  It  is  at  the  lower  extremity . .  that 
Regulus,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude,,  .shines.  1889  C.  L. 
MARKHAM  Hues'  Treat.  Globes  219  The  lunar  distances  of 
Regulus  are  given  in  the  Nautical  Almanac. 

2.  Chcm.  f  a.  The  metallic  form  of  antimony,  so 
called  by  earlychemists,app.  on  account  of  its  ready 
combination  with  gold.    Obs.      b.    The  purer  or 
metallic   part  of   a  mineral,  which  sinks  to  the 
bottom  of  a  crucible  or  furnace  and  is  thus  sepa 
rated  from  the  remaining  matter.     O.  A  product  of 
the  smelting  of  various  ores,  as  copper,  lead,  and 
silver,  consisting  of  metal  in  a  still  impure  state. 

1504  PLAT /«<'«//•/">.  H.  45  Mixed  with  the  Regulus  of 
Antrmonie.  1651  WITTIE  tr.  Primrose's  Pop.  Err.  455  The 
Antimoniall  Cup,  or  the  Regulus  out  of  which  it  is  made. 
1678  Phil,  Trans.  XII.  953  The  first  regulus  of  Gold  being 
separated  from  the  Antimony,  both  were  powdered  apart. 
1683  PETTUS  Flela  Min.  I.  (1686)  26  A  little  Regulus  of 
Lead  at  the  Bottom,  which  is  to  be  separated.  1709  Phil. 
Trans.  XXVI.  379  Iron  deprived  of  this  sulphurous  part, 
melts  into  a  Regulus.  1744  BERKELEY  Sin's  §  169  f.our 
ounces  of  regulus  of  antimony  being  calcined  by  a  burning- 
glass.  1796  KIRWAN  Elem.  Min.  (ed.  2)  II.  105  He  places 
these  Reguli  under  a  muffle.  Ibid.  454  The  purest  Regulus 
of  Nickel.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Optrat.  Mechanic  757  1  here 
is  a  great  difference  in  the  reguli  of  iron.  1868  JOYNSON 


Met, 
techi 


'dais  97  The  metal  [is]  run  into  pigs,  in  the  state  known 
chnically  as  '  coarse  metal ',  or,  more  generally  'regulus'. 


BEGUBGITANT. 

1874  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  <$•  Mining  306  Yielding  a 
regulus  assaying  30  per  cent,  of  copper. 

attrib.  1859  SEVIN  in  frnl.  Geog.  Soc.  XXX.  40  The 
mines,  produced  last  year  4,000  quintals  of  regulus  copper. 
1868  JOYNSON  Metals  107  Then  add  S  oz.  regulus  antimony. 

3.  A  petty  king  or  ruler. 

i68»  T.  A.  Carolina  36  They  are  divided  into  many 
Divisions  or  Nations,  Govern'd  by  Reguli,  or  Petty  Princes, 
which  our  English  call  Cacicoes.  17*7-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s.v.,  In  the  archives  of  the  cathedral  of  Worcester,  Uthredus 
sometimes  styles  himself  regulus,  and  sometimes  sub-regulus. 
1807  G.  CHALMERS  Caledonia  I.  ii.  ii.  238  A  very  strong  hill- 
fort.  .formed  a  secure  residence  for  their  reguli.  1867  BUR 
TON  Hist.  Scot.  I.  i.  5  Agricola  cultivated  the  acquaintance 
of  a  certain  Regulus,  prince,  or  chief  of  Ireland,  driven  forth 
by  political  animosities. 

4.  The  golden-crested  (and  fire-crested)  wren. 
Cf.  KINGLET  a. 

[1706  PHILLIPS  (cd.  Kersey),  Regulus^  ..also  a  little  Bird 
call'd  a  Wren.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XII.  398/1 
The  reguluSj  or  gold-crested  wren,  is  a  native  of  Europe.] 
1824  SELBY  in  Mem.  Wernerian  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  V.  400,  I 
have  not  yet  ascertained  whether  the  Reguli  of  the  southern 
parts  of  England  were  likewise  observed  to  migrate.  1842 
C.  W.  JOHNSON  Farmer's  Encycl.  1036/2  The  golden  crested 
regulus  or  kinglet,  .is  most  frequently  to  be  observed  in  fir 
plantations.  1851  J.  M.  WILSON  Rural  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  fire- 
crested  regulus,  A1,  ignicapillus,  is  not  so  common  as  the 
preceding  species,  and  is  about  half  an  inch  longer. 

5.  Geow.  A  ruled  surface  ;  the  locus  of  a  singly 
infinite  system  of  lines,  where  the  consecutive  lines 
do  not  intersect. 

1879  CAYLEY  in  Encycl.  Brit.  X.  417/1.  1887  Ibid.  XXII. 
669/2  A  quadratic  surface  is  a  regulus  in  a  twofold  manner, 
for  there  are  on  the  surface  two  systems  of  lines  each  of 
which  is  a  regulus. 

RegUTgitant,  ///.  a.  Path.  [See  next  and 
-ANT1.]  Regurgitating;  characterized  by  regurgi 
tation. 

1866  A.  FLINT  Princ.  Med.  (1880)  338  The  first  symptoms 
proceeding  from  mitral  obstructive  or  regurgitant  lesions. 
1876  BRISTOWI  Th.  $  Pract.  Med.  (1878)  522  In  regurgitant 
aortic  disease  the  surface..  generally  presents  more  or  less 
cicatricial  thickening. 

Regurgitate  (r/g;yud3it^t),  v.  [ad.  med.L. 
regurgitate,  f.  re-  RE-  +  late  L.  gurgitare  (Cassiod.  )  ; 
see  GURGITATION,  and  cf.  F.  rtgurgiter(i6\h  cent.). 

Florto  (1611)  has  *  R  egorgitaret  to  regorge,  regorgitate  '.] 

1.  intr*  Of  fluids,  air,  or  gases  :  To  gush,  rush, 
or  pour  back  (again). 

1653  H.  MORE  Antid.  Ath.  \\.  xii.  §  i  (Schol.)  Nor  does  it 
regurgitate  into  the  same  Ventricle.  1733  tr.  Belloste's 
Hospital  Surgeon  II.  38  Which  afterwards  regurgitate  in 
the  Veins.  1782  A.  MONRO  Compar.  Anat.  (ed.  3)  60  The 
bile..  must,  .regurgitate  into  it.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1186 
The  carbonic  acid  gas.  .regurgitates  into  the  apartment 
through  every  pore  in  the  stove.  1883  J.  W.  CLARK  in 
Nature  22  Mar.  491  A  little  common  air  had  regurgitated 
into  the  whistle  when  my  grasp  was  relaxed. 
fig>  ^37  HERSCHEL  in  Uabbage  Bridgew.  Treat.  App.  i. 
245  These  notions  had  been  fermenting  and  regurgitating  in 
the  cavities  of  my  brain. 

b.  transf.  of  the  containing  vessel,  rare  ~*. 

1669  BOYLE  Contn.  New  Exp.  n,  (1682)  87  When  my  3 
Recievers  did  this  day  regurgitate  with  air  produced  from 
the  Paste,  I  kindled  a  perfumed  cone. 

2.  trans.  To  pour  or  cast  out  again  from  a  re 
ceptacle,  esp.  from  the  stomach. 

'753  N.  TORRIANO  Gangr.  Sore  Throat  5  The  Medicine 
was  regurgitated.  1773  T.  PERCIVAL  Ess.  II.  142  Liquids 
..when  hastily  drunk,  .were  quickly  regurgitated.  1816 
KIKBY  &  Sr.  Entomol.  xx.  (1818)  II.  179  When  she  returns 
to  the  hive,  she  regurgitates  it  in  this  form  into  one  of  the 
cells.  1898  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  V.  975  In  cases  in  which 
very  small  amounts  of  blood  are  regurgitated  into  the  auricle 
from  the  left  ventricle  the  consequences  are  inappreciable. 

absol.  1657  TRAPP  Comnt.  Job  xx.  15  The  \Vhale  that 
swallowed  J  onah  found  him  hard  meat,  and  for  his  own  ease 
was  forced  to  regurgitate. 

transf.  a  1640  JACKSON  Creed  xi.  xxxvi.  §  5  Methinks 
flesh  and  blood  should  regurgitate  his  former  murmurings 
upon  this  motion  made  by  Jeremiah.  1690  CHILD  Disc. 
Trade  x.  174  [They]  remove  themselves  from  thence  hither, 
so  long,  until  the  City,  .regurgitates  and  sends  them  back. 

f3.  To  swallow  again.  Obs.rare~~°. 

1674  BLOUNT  Gl&ssogr,  (ed.  4),  Regurgitate,  to  swallow 
again.  1681  tr.  Willis\Rem.  Med.  \Vks.  Vocab.,  Regurgi 
tate  >  to  swallow  up  again  ;  or  to  sup  up  again  what  it  before 
had  parted  with. 

Hence  Regtrrgitated,  Regu'rgitating^//.  adjs. 

1793  J.  HUNTER  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXII.  177  Many 
birds  may  be  called  regurgitating  animals,  and  in  them  it  is 
for  the  purpose  of  feeding  their  young.  1837  CARLYLE  Fr. 
Rev.  III.  iv.  ix,  One  regurgitating  whirlpool  of  men  and 
women.  1876  BRISTOWE  Th.  ty  Pract.  Med.  (1878)  395  The 
entrance  ..  of  regurgitated  food.,  into  the  larynx. 


Regurgitation  (r/^yidgit^-Jan).  [ad.  med.L. 
rcgurgitation-em,  n.  of  action  f.  rcgurgitarc  :  see 
prec.  and  cf.  F.  regurgitation  (l6th  c.).] 

1.  The  act  of  pouring  or  gushing  back  ;  the  fact 
of  re-issuing  or  being  ejected  again  from  a  re 
ceptacle.  Chiefly  Med.  with  reference  either  to 
the  blood  or  to  food. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  148  When  the  mouth  is  bitter, 
by  occasion  of  the  regurgitation  of  choller  from  liver.  1669 
W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol.  Chym.  73  Upon  the  regurgitation 
of  the  menstrues.  1698  TYSON  in  Phil.  Trans.  XX.  131 
A  Regurgitation  of  the  F«eces  into  the  Stomach,  1747  tr. 
Asfruc's  Fevers  22  The  plentiful  regurgitation  of  the  blood 
on  the  heart.  178*  A.  MONRO  Compar.  Anat.  (ed.  3)  49 
There  seems  to  be  no  way  of  the  bife  getting  into  the  gall 
bladder  but  by  regurgitation.  1835-6  TODD  Cycl.  Anat.  I. 
539/1  Kegurgiuuion  is  prevented  by  a  semilunar  valve  at 


381 

the  termination  of  each  vein.  1850  Patents  Abridgments, 
Ice  Making  Machines  (1877)  13  The  valves  in  the  induc 
tion  pipes  of  the  pumps  'do  not  close  completely  but  allow 
a  partial  regurgitation1.  1880  GARROD  £  BAXTER  Mat. 
Mud.  402  A  patient,  .who  suffered  from  vomiting  or  regurgi- 
tation  after  each  meal. 

transf.  1847  SIR  H.  TAYLOR  Notes  from  Life  (ed.  3)  75 
When  it  begins  with  passion,  there  must  needs  be  a  period 
of  collapse  and  regurgitation.  1869  FARRAR  Fain.  Speech, 
ii.  (1873)  79  In  the  case  of  this  great  Slavonic  nation  there 
has  been,  as  it  were,  a  regurgitation  of  the  Aryan  wave. 

1 2.  The  act  of  swallowing  again.  Qos,  rare~°. 

1658  PHILLIPS,  and  some  later  Uicts. 

RegU'sh,  v.    rare"1,     [1\K-.]     To  gush  back. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trail,  x.  467  The  water  regushed  abundantly 
from  my  mouth. 

Regworme :  see  RINGWORM. 

tRegWOrt.   Obs.  rare~l.     Stinking  gladdon. 

c  i4So-T^/:;Vrt(Anecd.  Oxon.)  164  S/>atula/etida . .  regwort. 

Regyil,  variant  of  REGAL  sb.'&,  groove. 

Regyon,  -oune,  etc.,  obs.  forms  of  REGION. 

t  Regy're,  z>.  Sc.  Obs.  rare.  Also  reiyre. 
[ad.  L.  regyrare  to  turn  about ;  see  INGYRE  z*.^] 
trans.  To  return,  retort. 

1606  BIRNIJC  Kirk-Buriall  vi.  (1833)  B  iv  b,  Diogenes., 
being  admonished, ..did  reiyre  a  taunt.  Ibid.  xi.\.  F  iij  bj 
But  this  reason  I  may  rightly  regyre. 

Regyster,  obs.  form  of  REGISTER. 

t  Hell,  re},  rei,  a.  Obs.  Forms  :  r  hre"o(h), 
hrioh,  3  reh(j),  raehf}),  raeih-  ;  re;-,  rse;-, 
rsei(5>-,  rei(j).  [OK.  Mfc/i  =  OS.  hrc,  of  obscure 
etym.]  Rough,  stormy j  fierce, violent;  troubled, 
disturbed  (in  mind). 

Reowulf  548  Hreo  wa^ron  yba.  Ibid.  1307  f>a  waes  frod 
cyning..on  hreon  mode.  c888  K.  ^KLFHHD  Hoeth.  xli.  §  3 
Swa  swa  good  sclpstiora  on^it  micelne  wind  on  hreore  sa5 
ser  ser  hit  gevveoroe.  a  1000  Boeth.  Mctr.  i,  71  Wacs  him 
hreoh  sefa,  eje  from  Sam  eorle.  a  noo  O.  £.  Chron. 
(MS.  D.)  an.  1075,  Heom  on  becom  swiSe  hreoh  waeder. 
CUDS  LAY.  4062  pa  o5ere  weoren  ra;here  \c  1275  rejcre]. 
Ibid.  6388  Rah  he  wes  on  fihte.  a  1225^7.  Marker.  13  pu. . 
art  mi  broSeres  bone,  ruffmes  of  belle,  be  rehest  ant  te 
readwisest  of  alle  J«;o  in  helle.  a,  1275  Frov,  sl'.lfred  682  in 
O.  K,  Misc.  138  J?e  luttele  mon  he  his  so  rei,  ne  mai  non  him 
wonin  nei. 

Hence  fBe-hliche  adv.  ;  fBe-hship.   Obs. 

c  1205  LAY.  8440  Euelin  him  rassde  to,  &  hine  rrehliche 
grsp.  Ibid.  9324  Hamun.  .rehliche  fleh,  to  his  Rom-leode. 
Ibid.  24943  Heore  rahscipe  seal  heom  seoluen  to  reoube 
iwurden. 

t  Relia'bile,  v.  Sc.  Obs.-^  [var.  of  REABLE 
v.]  trans.  To  rehabilitate. 

X535  T-.VNDESAY  Satyre  3938  Thay..Sal  be  degraithit  of 
thair  Nobilitie,  ..  Vnto  the  tyme  tbay  by  [=buy]  thair 
libertie,  Rthabilit  he  the  ciuill  magistrate. 

Rehabilitate  (r/habHto't),  v.  [f.  ppl.  stem 
of  med.L.  rehabilitare\  see  RE-  and  HABILITATE  v., 
and  cf.  Y.  rthabiliter  (i6th  c. ;  earlier  reabilitir}^ 

1.  trans.  To  restore  by  formal  act  or  declaration 
(one  degraded  or  attainted)  to  former  privileges, 
rank,  and  possessions  ;  to  re-establish  (one's  good 
name  or  memory)  by  authoritative  pronouncement. 
(In  early  use  only  Sc.) 

1580-1  A'r^-.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  358  Oure  Soverane 
Lord , .  rehabilitates  and  restoris  the  said  Robert . .  to  hisgude 
fame.  1586-7  Ibid.  IV.  154  Ay  and  quhill  the  said  James, 
sumtyme  arcniebischop  of  Glasgow,  be  fullelie  restorit  and 
rehabilitat  be  cure  said  Soverane  Lord.  1633  Sc.  Acts 
Chas.  I  (1814)  V.  56/2  His  Majestic.,  hes  rehabilitat  the 
said  francis  [sometime  Earl  of  Bothwell]  his  airs  and  suc 
cessors  againestheact  ofdishabilitatioun.  i727-38CHAMi(ERs 
Cycl.  s.v.  Rehabilitation^  The  king  alone  can  rehabilitate 
an  officer  noted,  condemned,  and  degraded ;  or  a  gentleman 
who  has  derogated  from  his  rank.  1706  SEWARU  Anecdotes 
III.  26  Pope  Calixtus  the  Third,  .rehabilitated  her  memory, 
declaring  her,  by  a  Bull,  a  martyr  to  her  religion.  1852 
Miss  YONGE  Cameos  (1877)  II.  xxxvi.  385  Not  only  was  her 
name^publickly  rehabilitated,  but  the  recordsof  the  examina 
tions  in  the  archives  of  France  guard  her  memory  for  ever. 
1875  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  II.  xvii.  563  Edward  I  again 
seems  to  have  considered  that  the  judges,  .were  rehabilitated 
by  the  payment  of  a  fine. 

b.  To  re-establish  the  character  or  reputation  of 
(a  person  or  thing)  ;  to  clear  from  unfounded  accus 
ations  or  misrepresentations. 

1847  Blackw.  Mag.  LXII.  354  We  pass  on.. to  the  chief 
hero  of  these  peasant  wars,  whom  Mrs.  Percy  Sinnett  under 
takes,  in  the  French  phrase,  to  rehabilitate— in  other  words, 
to  wash  a  little  white.  i86a  Lady  Morgan's  Mem.  II.  172 
Whilst  Lady  Morgan  was  rehabilitating  the  name  and 
character  of  a  man  of  genius.  1876  F.  HARRISON  Choice  Bks. 
(1886)  396  A  great  many  of  these  histories  are  written,  .to 
puff  up.  or,  as  it  is  now  the  fashion  to  call  it,  to  ( rehabili 
tate  '  a  bad  man. 

rcfl.  1869  Latest  News  26  Sept.  9  He  hoped  to  rehabilitate 
himself;  and,  if  he  should  ever  return  here,  to  continue  the 
fight.  1873  PATER  Stud.  Hist.  Renaiss.  ii.  19  The  older 
gods  had  rehabilitated  themselves,  and  men's  allegiance  was 
divided. 

2.  To  replace  in  a  previous  state. 

^1691  SIR  G.  MACKENZIE  I'irtnoso  xiii.  Wks.  1716  I.  66 
Why  may  we  not  say,  that  Man,  if  he  were  rehabilitated  in 
the  former  State  of  pure  Nature,  might  ..  foresee  and 
prophesy?  1731  Hist.  Litteraria  111.253  This  rehabili 
tates  Dr.  Boerhaave  in  his  Name,  and  Honours. 

3.  To  restore  to  a  previous  condition  j  to  set  up 
again  in  proper  condition. 

i845CAKLYLECr<w«7wr//(i87i)II.  226  The  unwearied  Lord 
Lieutenant  ..  has  been  rehabilitating  Courts  of  Justice  in 
Dublin.  1855  BAII.EY  Mystic  23  The  fused  orb  rehabilitated 
rolls  As  heretofore  upon  its  cedar  path.  1859  LLLHOTT  Comm. 


REHAKDEN. 

Gal.  Pref.  (ed.  2)  15  The  very  admirable  work  of  Winer  has 
completely  rehabilitated  the  subject.  1875  }[i,[,rsSoc.  Press. 
vii.  96  That  dear  boy  George  Smith  had  rehabilitated  me. 

Hence  Rehabilitated///,  a. 

1837  CARLYLK  Fr.  Rw.  II.  i.  i,  Thither  may  the  wrecks  of 
re-habilitated  Loyalty  gather,  if  it  will  become  Constitutional. 
1843  MRS.  CARLYLK  Lett.  I.  264  For  three  days  his  satisfac 
tion  over  the  rehabilitated  house  lasted. 

Rehabilitation  (reliability -Jon),  [ad.  med. 
L.  rehabilitation-em  ;  see  prec.  and  -ATION.  In 
mod.  use  perh.  partly  after  F.  rehabilitation.] 

1.  The  action  of  re-establishing  (a  person)  in  a 
former  standing  with  respect  to    rank  and    legal 
rights  (for  church  privileges)  ;  the  result  of  such 
action  ;  falso,  a  writ  by  which  such  restoration  is 
made.      (In  early  use  chiefly  Sc.} 

*533~4  Act  25  lien.  F///,  c.  21  §  i  Rela.xacions,  writtes 
called  Perinde  "'ntere,  rehabilitacions,  abolitions,  and  other 
infinite  sortes  of  bills.  1572-3  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  1 1. 
174  HisHienes  rehabilitation!!  to  all  and  simlry  thair  landis 
.  .as  in  the  same  remissioun  and  rebabilitatioun  at  mair 
lenth  is  contenit.  1633  Sc.  Acts  Chas.  I  (1814)  V.  56/2  The 
letters  of  rehabilitation!!  of  francis  Stewart  sone  to  vmquhil 
francis  sometyme  Erie  of  liothwell.  a  1639  SI-OTTLSWOOD 
Hist.  C/t.  Sect.  vi.  (1677)  348  A  Letter  of  rehabilitation, 
whereby  he  miyht  stand  in  judgment  and  plead  against  his 
Forfeiture.  1696  PHILLIPS  (ed.  5),  Rehabilitation t  an  Act 
whereby  the  Pope  or  the  King,  by  Dispensation,  or  Letters 
Patents,  restores  those  that  are  grown  luw  in  the  World. 
1824  KLLIS  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  I.  212  His  remission  and 
rehabilitation  under  the  Great  Seal  of  Scotland  was  not 
obtained  till  April  iSth,  1497.  1850  MERIVALE  Rom.  Emp. 
1,1865)  1.  iii.  05  He  pleaded  the  cause  of  his  wife's  brother-,. . 
and  obtained  his  rehabilitation  with  that  of  other  Marian 
exiles.  1875  POSTE  Gains  \.  §  129  The  status  of  his  children 
is  suspended  by  bis  right  of  retrospective  rehabilitation,  for 
on  escape  from  captivity  a  man  recovers  all  former  rights. 

b.  Reinstatement  i^of  a  person)  in  any  previous 
position  or  privilege. 

1831  SofTMKY  in  Q.  Rev.  XLV.  173  Having  resisted  the 
rehabilitation  of  the  king  after  his  attempted  flight.  1841 
TKKNLH  Parables  uS6o)  411  His  rehabilitation  in  his 
baptismal  privileges. 

c.  He-establishment   of  a  person's  reputation  ; 
vindication  of  character. 

1876  Ch.  Q.  Ret:  Jan.  337  We  live  in  an  age  of  rehabilita 
tions;  but  tbe  subjects  selected  to  undergo  that  process 
[etc.].  1879  J.  C.  MORISON  Gibbon  160  A  rehabilitation  of 
Theodora  is  not  a  theme  calculated  to  provoke  enthusiasm. 

2.  '1  he  action  ot  replacing  a  thing  in,  or  lestoring 
it  to,  a  previous  condition  or  status. 

1858  SPENCER  Ess.  I.  198  Those  who  look  sceptically  on 
this  attempted  rehabilitation  of  the  earliest  epochs  of  mental 
development.  1861  Temple  Bar  I.  411  The  work  of  Appu- 
Icius  is  a  sort  of  'rehabilitation '  of  the  story,  with  a  religious 
turn  given  to  it. 

b.  Restoration  to  a  higher  moral  state. 

1868  W.  R.  GREG  Lit.  <y  Soc.  Judgni.  (1869!  379  There  are 
two  opposite  directions  in  which  the  improvement  and  re 
habilitation  of  tbe  Jamaica  peasantry  may  be  sought.  1873 
PATER  Stmi.  Hist.  Renaiss.  ii.  29  That  rehabilitation  of 
human  nature  ..  which  the  Renaissance  fulfils. 

So  f  Reliability.   Obs.  rare—1, 

1577  FULKE  AnsTv.  True  Christian  19  And  so  for  all  other 
offences,  with  dispensations,  in  hi  bitions,rehabi  lilies,  licences, 
relaxations,  commutations,  confirmation. 

t  Rehabita'tion.  Obs.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  The 
action  of  re-inhabiting. 

(Florio  also  gives  '  Rihabitarc,  to  rehablte'.) 

1611  FLORIO,  Rihahitanza^  a  rehabitation.  1633  BP.  HALL 
Hard  Texts,  O.  T.  Ixv.  367  There  shall  bee  a  frequent  re- 
habitation  of  the  whole  land  of  Israel. 

t  Reha-le,  v.    Qbs.-^     [RE-.]     To  drag  back. 

ai6i8  SYLVESTKR  Du  Bartas,  Hymn  St.  Lewis  193 
Horatius.. Re-heartens  His:  re-haleth  from  the  Foe  Fair 
Victory,  ready  with  them  to  goe. 

Reha'llow,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  hallow  again. 

fli7ii  KKN  Psyche  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  226  Mind  was  en- 
lightned,  Passions  tam'd,  My  Powers  rehallow'd,  Will  in- 
flam'd.  1809  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XXVIII.  52 
The  lady,  at  the  ceremony  of  rehallowing  the  church,  tilled 
all  the  vessels  with  water.  1814  Alonzo  3-  Angioline 
(Jod.),  A  thousand  kisses  warm  and  sweet  Rehallow  this 
sublime  retreat.  1855  LYNCH  Rivulet  XLI.  x,  Then  be  my 
heart,  my  world,  Re-hallowed  unto  Thee. 

I&cha'miuer,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  hammer  again. 

1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  ty  Iron  xu.  233  The  hollow, 
fire.. employed  for  reheating  the  stamps  for  rehammering 
and  rewelding. 

Relia-ndle,  ^.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  handle 
again,  in  various  senses  of  the  verb. 

1597  BEARD  Theatre  GocCs  Judgem.  (1612)  461  Euen  as 
they  dealt  with  others  rigorously  and  by  strength  of  weapons, 
so  shall  they  be  themselues  rehandled  and  dealt  withal)  after 
the  same  measure.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  675 
Sometimes  forced  to  rehandle  my  premises  to  fit  them  for  a 
further  application.  1865  Cornh.Mag.  May  608  Rehandling 
the  old  themes  of  Jocasta,  Thyestes,  CEdipus{  and  Agamem 
non.  1879  DOWDEN  S0utkty\i\.  53  Out  of  a  kind  of  gratitude 
he  rehandled  the  Joan  again  and  again. 

Hence  Beha'ndling  vbl.  sb. 

1885  Pall  Mall  G.  28  May  5  We  cannot   turn   up  the 
originals  [of  these  stories] . .  so  we  must  take  the  rehandlings. 
1896  Pot.  Sci.  Monthly  Feb.  562  The  author  undertook  a 
thorough  rehandling  of  the  work. 

Reha'ng,  v.    [RE-  53.]  trans.  To  hang  again. 

1813  ELMF.S  Dilapidations  (1829)  App.  59  Ease  and  re-hang 
the  sashes,  and  re-instate  the  broken  glass.  i84gTHACKEKAV 
Pendcnnis  xxxvii,  He  hung  and  re-hung  the  pictures.  189* 
Pall  Mall  G.  6  July  1/2  The  Dowdeswells  have  rehung 
their  gallery  partly  with  pictures  of  the  French  school. 

Beha'rden,  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 
1.  trans.  To  make  hard  again. 


REHARM. 

1605  SVLVESTER  DH  Bartas  n.  iii.  in.  Laiue  473  The  King's  ' 
[Pharaoh's]  repentance  endeth  with  his  pain.  Hee  is  re- 
hardned.  1677  MOXON  Mali,  Exerc.  No.  I.  n  You  must. . 
harden  the  point  of  it..,  because  the  heat  of  the  Iron  will 
soften  it  fast  enough, . .  but  then  you  must  re-harden  it.  1678 
HOBBES  Decani.  Wks.  1845  VII.  131,  I  conceive  now  how  a 
body  which  having  [sic]  been  hard  and  softened  again,  may 
be  rehardened.  1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  246  The 
knife  edges,  .being  found  too  soft,  .were  re-hardened. 

2.   iiitr.  To  grow  hard  again. 

1829  J.  L.  KNAPP/TO/.  Nat.  j  That  lime  rehardens  after 
being  made  soft,  as  in  mortar,  is  owing  to  [etc.]. 

Hence  Beha'rdening  vbl.  sb. 

1675  WOODHEAD,  etc.  Paraph.  St.  Paul  35  That  re-harden 
ing  still  of  Pharaoh's  heart. 

IReharm,  i'.  Ots.mrf*.  [RE-.]  viir.  lo 
do  harm  in  return,  to  retaliate. 

1591  WYHLKY  Armorie,  Ld.  Cliandas  107  Rare  is  the 
vertue  hurt  not  to  reharme,  Great  fortitude  offences  to  remit. 

Reha-rmonize,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  traits.  To 
bring  again  into  harmony.  Hence  KehaTmomz- 
ing  -M.  sb. 

<ii7ii  KEN  Hymns  Festiv.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  193  But 
Great  God-Man  Nature  re-harmoniz'd,  And  the  lost  Grace 
of  Hymning  God-repri/'d.  1855  HAILEY  Mystic,  etc.  123 
The  angels  would  not. .From  holiest  truths  eliminate  the 
false,  And  thus  with  God's,  man's  mind  re-liarmonize.  1855 
fvsr.vDoclr.  Real  Presence  Note  Q  215  The  re-harmomzing 
of  his  being,  the  restoration  of  that  state  in  which  he  was  in 
harmony  with  God  and  with  himself. 

b.  Mus.  (See  HAKMOMZK  v.  4.) 

1883  Cfi.  Praise  Pref.  n  Some  tunes  have  been  entirely 
re-harmonized  by  him. 

Reha'rueSS,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  harness  again. 

1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  10  Nov.  an.  1775,  He 
was  three  months  before  he  could  be  re-harnessed.  1853 
KANB  Crinncll  Exp.  1.  (1856)  486  They  reharnessed  the 
dogs,  and  turned  to  the  west. 

Reha  sh  ("-),  sb.  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  HASH  sb.  2.] 
A  mere  restatement  in  different  words  of  opinions 
previously  expressed ;  something  served  up  afresh 
under  a  different  form  or  name. 

1849  LEWIS  Lett.  (1870)  202  It  is  merely  a  re-hash  of  his 
old  opinions,  seasoned  with  some  new  abuse  of  the  Colonial 
Office.  1881  Gard.  Cluvn.  XVI.  779  That  is  largely  a  rehash 
of  what  has  been  oft  told  in  the  gardening  papers.  1883 
Pall  Mall  G.  2  Oct.  3/1  To-day  this  rehash  of  the  stale 
commonplaces  of  last  recess  is  simply  unreadable. 

Relia'sll,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  put  into 
a  new  form  without  real  change  or  improvement 
in  the  matter ;  to  restate  (old  ideas  or  opinions)  in 
new  language.  Hence  Keha'shed ///.  a. 

c  iSzz  MAGINN  Byron's  Werner  II.  i.  148  note,  Ulric  is. . 
the  Giaour,,  .rehashed  and  served  up  as  a  Bohemian.  1827 
Q.  R£-'.  XXXVI.  127  Great  deal  of  that  sort  of  nonsense— 
the  re-hashed  '  grande  pense'e '  of  the  addle-headed  consul  of 
Teflis.  1884  Manch.  Exam.  21  May  5/1  All  they  did  was  to 
rehash  the  old  exploded  arguments. 

t  Reha'tor.  Sc.  06s,  rare.  Also  re-,  raha- 
tour.  A  term  of  abuse,  of  obscure  origin  and 
meaning.  (Cf.  REHETOUB.) 

1508  DUNBAR  Ffytingm.  Kenmdie  244  Baird  rehator,  theif 
of  natour.  1508  KENNEDIE  Flyting  w.  Dnnkar  401  Raw- 
mowit  ribald,  renegate  rehatour.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEncis 
xm.  vi.  117  Now  lat  that  ilk  rahatour  wend  in  hy  The  blak 
hellis  biggyngis  to  vissy. 

t  B.eh.a've,  v.  Obs.  [RE-  5  a,  after  med.L.  re- 
habere,  or  F.  ravoir.~]  trans.  To  regain,  to  get 
again.  Hence  t  Keha-ving  vbl,  sb. 

1472  Paston  Lett.  III.  60,  I  am  in  a  greet  agonye  howe  is 
best  ffbr  me  to  sue  to  hym  ffor  rehavyng  off  my  place. 
1541-2  Act  33  Hen.  I'll!  in  Bolton  Stat.  Irel.  (1621)  228 
Such  lessees  so  rehaving  their  leases  [etc.],  a  1625  SIR  H. 
FINCH  Law  (1636)  210  So  as  vpon  an  appeale  the  partie 
shall  re-haue  them,  c  1640  J.  SMYTH  Lives  Berkeley*  (1883) 
I.  91, 2000  markes  which  hee  owes  the  Kinge  for  the  rehave- 
inge  of  his  Castle  and  landes.  i6s8F.ARi.  MOSM.  tr.J'aruta's 
Wars  Cyprus  81  By  re-having  the  Kingdom  of  Cyprus, 
vponpayment  of.  .great  Tribute. 

Reliayte,  v.1  Obs.  rare—1.  (Of  obscure 
origin  and  meaning;  perh.  a  var.  of  REHETE  z>.2) 

1326  SKELTON  Magnyf.  1677  Ye  knowe  wel,  with  hym  I 
can  not  be  content. .  I  wyll  haue  hym  rehayled  and  dyspysed. 

t  Reliayte,  v.-  Obs.  rare.  Also  -heyte.  [Of 
obscure  origin.]  To  behave  noisily  or  riotously. 

1526  in  Househ.  Ord.  (1790)  153  Soe  that  no  man  doe 
rehayte,  nor  use  himselfe  otherwise  in  the  chamber  than  to 
that  place  doth  accord.  a  1530  HEYWOOD  Weather  475 
(Brandl),  What,  ye  come  in  reuelynge  and  reheytynge  Euyn 
as  a  knaue  myght  go  to  a  beare  beytynge. 

Rehayte,  variant  of  REHETE  w.l  Obs. 
Rehea-r  («-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  hear  again  in  a  court  of  law  or  m 
a  judicial  manner. 

1686,  1701-3  [see  REHEARING  I'M.  so.].  1756  TOLDERVY 
Hist.  2  Orphans  1 V.  102  The  magistrate . .  reheard  the  affair. 
1781  S.  PETERS  Hist.  Connecticut^^  The  first  courtsuspends 
from  the  communion ;  the  second  re-hears  the  evidence, _and 
confirms  or  sets  aside  the  suspension.  1818  CRUISE  Digest 
(ed.  2)  II.  170  The  cause  was  reheard ;  and  Lord  Hardwicke 
.  .changed  his  opinion.  1868  J.  H.  BLUNT  Ref.  Ch.  Eng.  I. 
s6i  Delegates  named  by  the  Crown  to  re-hear  the  cause. 

2.  To  hear  (a  sound)  again. 

1815  HOBHOUSE  Substance  Lett.  (1816)  II.  47  M.  Regnault 
went  on,  but,  coming  to  ask  '  in  whose  name  shall  our 
negotiators  speak ? '  re-heard  the  same  voices  reply,  'in  the 
name  of  the  nation '. 

Reh.ea'ring(rf-),  wV.  sb.  [-INGI.]  A  second 
or  subsequent  hearing,  esp.  of  a  cause  or  appeal. 

1686  EVELYN  Diary  12  Feb.,  My  greate  cause  was  heard 
by  my  Lord  Chancellor,  who  granted  me  a  re-hearing. 


382 

I7M-3  ATTERBURY^C;.  Misc.  Wks.  1739  I.  163  We.  .renewed 
our  application  for  a  re-hearing  of  the  matter.  1768  BLACK- 
STONE  Comtn.  III.  391  A  new  trial  is  a  rehearing  of  the  cause 
before  another  jury,  but  with  as  little  prejudice  to  either 
party,  as  if  it  had  never  been  heard  before.  1831  SCOTT 
Abbot  Introd.,  An  author  may  be  justified  in  using  with 
address,  such  selection  of  subject  or  title  as  is  most  likely  to 
procure  a  re-hearing.  1869  A  tlieiizum  27  Mar.  445/3  Each 
rehearing  of  'The  Woman  of  Samaria1  deepens  our  con- 
viction  of  its  high  merits.  1885  Law  Times  LXXIX.  156/2 
The  daughter  took  out  a  summons  for  a  rehearing. 

Rehearsal  (rrha-jsal).  Forms:  4-5  reher- 
sayle,  -sail(l(e,  5  -sayll,  -sale,  5-7  -sal(l,  5  -eel, 
6  -sell,  -ceall,  6-  rehearsal,  (6-7  -sail),  [f. 
REHEARSE  v.  +  -AL.] 

1.  The  act  of  rehearsing  ;  a  recounting  or  recital ; 
a  repetition  of  words  or  statements ;  recitation. 
(_Very  common  c  1430-1650.) 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Can.  Yeom.  Prol.  f;  T.  299  Forgat  I  to 
maken  rehersaille  Of  watres  corosif,  and  of  lymaille.  c  1430 
LYDG.  Mm.  Poems  iPercy  Soc.)  181  %Vhilom  ther  was  in  a 

I 


more  party  they  . .  make  but  a  short  rehersayll  of  these  .v. 
Kyngs.  1523  LD.  BURNERS  F'roiss.  II.  ccxxviii.  [ccxxiv.]  711 
The  erle  of  Derby  spake  certayne  wordes..,  wenynge  that 
they  shulde  newer  haue  ben  called  to  rehersall.  1545  BRINK- 
LOW  Cotnpl.  xxv.  (1874)  73  A  brefe  rehersal,  conteynyng  the 
somme  of  all  that  is  hetherto  spoken.  1560  DAITS  tr.  Slei~ 
dane's  Comm.  18  b,  The  rehersall  of  every _sinne  particularly 
Is  not  necessary.  1599  Want.  I-aire  Worn.  I.  682,  1  can 
make  rehearsal  of  the  words  Did  pass  betwixt  you,  if  I  were 
disposed.  1637  T.  MORTON  Ntii»  Eng.  Canaan  (1883)  199 
Now  that  I  have  made  a  rehearsall  of  the  birds. .  I  will  give 
you  a  description  of  the  beasts.  1697  DRYDEN  Virgil  Life 
(1721)  I.  44  This  Poem  being  now  in  greatfonvardness.Csesar 
..would  needs  be  entertained  with  the  rehearsal  of  some 
part  of  it.  1708  DODWEU.  in  Hearne  Colti-ct.  23  Nov. 
(O.  H.  S.)  II.  152  His  Rehearsals  are  full  of  excellent  reason 
ing  as  well  as  wit.  1839  YEOWELL  Anc.  Brit.  Ch.  iii.  (1847) 
24  His  rehearsals  of  their  sayings,  and  of  their  accounts  of 
the  discourses  and  miracles  of  the  Lord.  1842  SHERIDAN 
K.-SQ\\LKS  RoseofArragonu.  i,  Many. .made  it  a  pretext 
for  rehearsal  of  old  grievances.  1870  in  Anderson  Missions 
Amcr.  Bd.  II.  xxiii.  192  The  rehearsal  of  the  tragedy  of 
Captain  Cook's  death. 

attrib.  1593  GKEENK  Conny  Catch,  n.  15  West-ward  they 
goe,  and  there  solemnly  make  a  rehearsall  sermon  at  tiborne. 
1709  STRYI'E  Ann.  Rcf.  I.  xliii.  432  He  made  the  Rehersal 
Sermons  at  Paul's  (Jross  ;  repealing  Memoriter  the  Spital 
Sermons  preached  at  Easter. 

fb.  A  recital  in  a  legal  document,  Obs.  rare. 

1628  COKE  On  Litt.  19  b,  The  rehearsall  or  preamble  of  a 
statute  is  to  be  taken  for  truth.  1715  M.  DAVIES  Alton. 
Brtt.  I.  ?o8  What  opinion  my  Lord  Coke  was  of,  of  Divines 
interfering  with  Common-Law's  rehearsals,  is  not  so  certain. 

2.  The  practising  of  a  play  or  musical  com 
position  preparatory  to  performing  it  in  public ; 
a  private  meeting  of  actors  or  performers  held  for 
this  purpose. 

1579-80  in  Cunningham  Revels  Ace.  (1842)  159  Rehersmge 
of  dyvers  plaies.  .and  their  sondry  Rehersells.  ig9oSHAKS. 
JMids.  N.  in.  i.  3  Here's  a  maruailous  conuement  place 
for  our  rehearsall.  1671  VILLIEKS  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  Rehearsal 
n.  i,  This  morning  is  its  last  Rehearsal,  in  their  habits, 
and  alt  that,  as  it  is  to  be  acted.  1728  GAY  in  Swift"  s 
Lett.  (1766)  II.  95  The  second  part  of  the  Beggar's 
O^era..v?3iS  almost  ready  for  rehearsal.  1759  JOHNSON 
Idler  No.  60  F  ii  By  degrees  he  was  admitted  to  rehearsals. 
1811  BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.  (ed.  3)  s.v.,  Rehearsals,  especially  of 
new  music,  are  indispensably  necessary.  1846  DI.CKENS 
Lett.  (1880)  I.  165  We  have  a  rehearsal  with  scenery  and 
band.  1886  MABEL  COLLINS  Prettiest  Woman  vii,  I  will 
call  rehearsal  for  the  next  day. 

attrib.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romola  Ivii,  Could  he  not  strip 
himself  of  the  past,  as  of  rehearsal  clothing, . .  to  robe  himself 
for  the  real  scene  ? 

b.  In  rehearsal^  in  process  of  being  rehearsed. 

1709  STEELE  Tatlcr  No.  i  F  6  The  Town  is  at  present  in 
very  great  Expectation  of  seeing  a  Comedy  now  in  Rehearsal. 
1764  FOOTE  Patron  n.  Wks.  1799  I.  349  The  piece  has  long 
been  in  rehearsal  at  Drury-lane  olayhouse.  1860  F.  W. 
ROBINSON  Grandm.  Money  vi.  iv,  The  opera  was  put  in  re 
hearsal,  and  the  most  trying  time  to  dramatic  or  operatic 
authors  succeeded. 

t  Rehea'rse,  sb.  Obs.  Forms  :  4-6  reherse, 
5-6  6V.  rehers  (a,  5  Sc.  raherss,  -hress,  6  rehears, 
Sc.  -heirs,  6-7  rehearse,  [f.  the  vb.] 

1.  =  REHEARSAL  i.     (Chiefly  Sc.) 

^1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xviii.  (Mary  Egypt)  137  pai  .. 
passyt,  singancT,  whh  reherse  of  be  todyr  nocturne  be 
nrste  verse.  1423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q.  cxxvii,  I  haue  wele 
herd,  and  vnderstond,  Be  thy  reherse,  the  matere  of  thy 
gref.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vin.  95  With  out  raherss 
off  actioun  in  that  tid.  Ibid.  xi.  1134  Litill  reherss  is  our 
mekill  off  cair.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  III.  251  Quhen 
this  rehers  befoir  the  paip  wesmaid.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON 
tr.  Nicholay's  lroy.  i.  vii.  7  A  briefe  rehearse  of  the  founda 
tion,  force,  and  situation"  of  the  citie  of  Alger.  1597  SKESE 
De  Verb.  Sign.  s.v.  Recordumt  The  rehearse,  reporte,  or 
testification  of  the  execution  of  the  summondes. 

2.  «  REHEARSAL  2. 

1490  Coventry  Ace.  in  Sharp  Diss.  Cav.  Myst.  (1825)  15 
This  is  the  expens  of  the  furste  reherse  of  our  players  in 
ester  weke.  1584  Ibid.  64  Payd  ffor  ffyve  Reherses.  .vs. 

Rehearse  (rfhaus),  z>.  Forms  :  4~6reherce, 
(5  -cy),  rehers,  (5-6  Sc.  rahers),  4-7  reherse, 
(5  rey-) ;  6  Sc.  reheirs,  -heirce ;  6  rehearce,  6- 
rehearse.  [a.  OF.  rehercer,  -tier  (late  AF.  re- 
hearser})  app.  f.  re-  RE-  +  hercert  herser  to  harrow : 
see  HKRSE  sb.] 

1.  trans.  To  recite  or  repeat  aloud  in  a  formal 


REHEARSE. 

manner ;  to  say  over,  or  read  aloud,  from  beginning 
to  end. 

f  1375  Lay  Folks  Afuss  Bk.  (MS.  B)  152  {>i  pater  noster 
reherce  alwaie,  til  deken  or  prest  f?o  gospel  rede,  c  1400  in 
Rule  St.  Benet  143  pe  couent..sall  reherce  be  same  again 
thrise,  and  'Gloria  patri'.  1463  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  18 
After  the  gospel  to.. reher.se  John  Barettys  name  opynly, 
saying  De profandis  for  me.  1529  MORE  Dyaloge  i.  Wks, 
1 72/1  I  f  we  knew  them  in  such  wi>e . .  as  we  coulde  rehearce 
them  on  oure  fingers  endes.  1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  v.  it 
404  First,  rehearse  this  song  by  roate,  To  each  word  a 
warbling  note.  1612  BRINSLEY  Pos.  Parts  (1669)  37  Rehearse 
them  Actively  and  Passively  together.  1635  F.  WHITE 
Sabbath  (ed.  2)  9  Often  rehearsing  the  Lord's- Prayer.  1732 
NEAL  Hist.  Purit.  I.  255  He  could  readily  rehearse  in  the 
Greek  language  all  St.  Paul's  Epistles  to  the  Romans  and 
Galatians.  1781  COWPER  Coitvcrsat.  7,  Words  learned  by 
rote  a  parrot  may  rehearse.  1784  —  Task  vi.  480  An  ancient 
..tale,  By  one  of  sound  intelligence  rehearsed.  1824  L. 
MURRAY  Eng.  Gram.  (ed.  5)  I.  391  The  same  composition 
may  be  rehearsed  in  a  quicker  or  a  slower  time.  1872 
HOWELLS  Wedd.Journ.  (1892)  102  Personal  histories.,  which 
had  been  rehearsing  to  those  that  sat  next  the  narrators. 

b.  To  repeat,  say  over  again  (something  pre 
viously  said  or  heard). 

1340  Ayenb.  220  perof  anobre  time  we  habbeb  yspeke .  .an 
J>eruore  hit  ne  behouef*  na^t  to  reherci.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Prol. 
729  Who  so  shall  telle  a  tale  after  a  man,  He  mosie  reherse, 
as  neighe  as  ever  he  can,  Everich  word,  if  it  he  in  his 
charge.  1411  Rolls  of  Par  It.  III.  650/2  The  forsaid  Robert 
schal  reherce  the  wordes  that  he  said  to  oure  for.-.aide 
liege  Lord.  £1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Aynion  x.  265  The 
proverbe  may  well  be  reherced  for  a  trouth,  that  sayth, 
Often  happ_cth  evill  for  a  good  tome.  1535  COVERDALE 
Ecclus.  xlii.  i  Rehearse  not  a  thinge  twyse,  and  disclose 
not  the  wordes,  that  thou  hast  herde  in  secrete.  1577 
HANMER  Anc.  Eccl.  Hist.  (1619)  28  In  the  Actes  of  the 
Apostles,  whence  no  doubt  this  is  rehearsed.  1634  SIR  T. 
HERBERT  Trav.  no  When  these  words  were  rehearsed  to 
the  General!,  he  was  mad  with  anger,  a  1704  T.  BROWN 
Dk,  o/Ormontfs  Recovery  Wks.  1730  I.  48  The  clifts  and 
hills  my  echo'd  thoughts  rehearse.  1822  B.  CORNWALL 
Poems^  To  the  singer  Pasta,  The  critic  brings  thee  praise, 
which  all  rehearse.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  159 
Cephalus  rehearses  a  dialogue  which  is  supposed  to  have 
been  narrated.. by  Antiphon. 

f  O.  To  say,  utter,  speak.  Obs. 

1362  LANGL.  P.  PL  A.  iv.  134  Whon  Resun  to  bis  Reynkes 
Rehersede  beose  wordes  [etc.].  £1400  Rule  St.  Benet  887 
On  H  last  day  Sal  he  reherce  &  sal  vs  til :  '  pus  did  ^ou,  & 
I  held  me  stil1.  1513  DOUGLAS  &neis  i.  ix.  03  Reliersing 
this,  convoyis  sche  Eneas  Towart  the  place.  iS5°  J-  COKE 
Eng.  $  Fr.  Heralds  §  151  (1877)  10°  Yf  you  have  any  more 
to  save,  reherse  it,  and  I  voll  answere  you.  1567  Gude_  $• 
Godlie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  84  Thir  wordis  to  hir  he  did  reheirs, 
Haill  Marie  full  of  grace,  The  Lord  God  is  with  the. 

2.  To  give  an  account  of ;  to  relate,  narrate,  re 
count,  describe  at  length.  Now  rare. 

13..  Seuyn  Sag.  (W.)  1147  The  tresoun  he  gan  hem  alle 
reherse.  a  1400-50  A Uxander  21, 1  sail  rehers.  .A  remnant 
of  his  rialte.  1435  Indenture  Fotheringhey  in  Dugdale 
Monast.  (1846)  VI.  1415/1  When  alle  the  werk  ahof  written, 
rehersyd  and  devised  is  fully  fynisht.  1483  CAXTON  Gold. 
Leg.  i4ob/2  First  we  shal  reherce  here  the  birthe  and 
begynnyng  of  ludas.  a  1533  LD.  BEKNKRS  Huon  xlvi.  154 


diligently  dis. 

WILKINSON  Coroners  $  Sheriffs  2  The  cause  of  his  not 
attendance  or  insufficiencie  must  be  rehearsed.  1712  Pol. 
Ballads  (1860)  II.  122  But  now  your  last  and  blackest  deed 
What  mortal  can  rehearse?  1781  COWI-ER  Table  T.  178 
Could  you.. rehearse  The  mighty  plan,  oracular,  in  verse. 
1851  LONGF.  Gold.  Leg.  iii.  Nativity,  First  of  all  we  shall 
rehearse.. The  Nativity  of  our  Lord. 

t  b.  To  relate,  state,  declare,  how,  that,  what% 
etc.  Obs. 

1362  LANGL,  P.  PI.  A.  vm.  177  What  [B  how]  bou  dudest 
day  bi  day  be  Doom  be  wol  rehersen.  Ibid.  186  pat . .  Dowel 
reherce  pat. .we  duden  as  he  us  hi$te.  c  1420  LYDG.  As 
sembly  of  Gods  83,  I  shall  reherse  what  thys  creature  Eolus 
hath  doon  to  me.  c  1450  St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  1559  Bede 
reherce[s]  (>at  som  boke  sayes  [etc.  ].  1477  NORTON  Ord.  A  Ich. 
iii.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  42  Chaucer  reherseth  how  Titanos  is  the 
same.  1539  BIBLE  (Great)  Mark  iv.  15  Some  be  rehearsed 
to  be  by  the  way  side.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's 
Voy.  i.  xv.  15  b,  There  was  openly  rehearsed,  how  that,  .the 
Turkes  army  hadd  taken.. the  castle.  1633  G.  HERBERT 
Temple,  Peace  vi,  They  that  taste  it  do  rehearse.  That 
vertue  lies  therein. 

c.  With  omission  of  direct  object,  usually  after  as. 


[etc.],  c  1410  HOCCLEVE  Mother  of  God  125  Right  in  this 
wyse  as  I  reherce  can.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  v.  124,  i 
bott  rahers  as  my  autour  will  say.  i53S  LVNDESAY  Satyre 
1696  As  efterward,  perchance,  rehears  I  sail.  1567  (,u<ie  fy 
Godlie  B.  (S.T.  S.)7o  Lufe  is  fulfilling  of  the  Law,  As  Paul! 
reheirsis  in  his  writ.  1781  Cow  PER  Charity  505  Their  zeal 
begotten,  as  their  works  rehearse,  By  lean  despair.  ^ 

3.  To  recount  in  order ;  to  name  or  mention  one 
after  another  ;  to  enumerate,  reckon  up,  t  number. 

1362  LANGL.  /'.  PI.  A.  i.  22  Heore  nomes  bed  neodful,  and 
nempnen  hem  I  ^enke,  Bi  Rule  and  bi  Resun  Rehersen  hem 
her-aftur.  1387  TRHVISA  Higden  (RollsU.  21  Here  I  write 
and  reherse  pe  auctours  names  of  be  whiche  bis  cronycle  is 
..i-gadered.  <r  1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  1518  Whos 
names  reherse  I  wyll,  as  I  can  Bryng  theym  to  mynde  in 
ordre.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  i.  viii.  45  Yrland  and  Scot 
land  and  moo  reames  than  I  will  now  reherce.  1532  ELYOT 
in  Gov.  (1883)  I.  Life  77,  I  will  reherce  some  other  townes 
as  they  laye  in  oure  waye.  c  1580  SIDNEY  Ps.  xxn.  xi,  My 
bones  might  be  rehearsed.  i6ia  BRINSLEY  Pos.  Parts 
(1669)  p.  ii,  I  will  first  rehearse  all  the  seven  marks  which 
Socrates  giveth.  16..  in  Fuller  Ch.  Hist.  in.  (1655)  80  In 


REHEARSED. 

all  cases  afore  rehearsed,  the  Spiritual  Judg  shall  have 
power  [etc,].  1738  GRAY  Properties  Hi.  i  You  ask,whythus 
my  Loves  I  still  rehearse.  1791  Cow  PER  Iliad  \\.  598,  I  will 
rehearse  the  captains  and  their  fleets.  1864  PUSEV  Lect. 
Daniel  (1876)  320  Rehearsing  exclusively  the  mercies  of 
God  to  Israel. 

t  b.  To  mention,  make  mention  of  (a  person  or 
•ihing)  ;  to  cite,  quote.    Obs. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  329  No?t  as  a  prophet  ne  a  prest  I 
prays  sail  bi  selfe,  Bot  rehers  J>e  as  hie^e  gode.  c  1402 
LVDG.  Coinpl.  BI.  Knt.  99  But  this  welle,  that  I  here  reherce, 
So  hoolsom  was  that  it  wolde  aswage  Bollen  hertes.  1471 
Will  of  T.  Clement,  I  woll  be  a  brother  of  the  Gray  freres 
and  be  rcherced  by  name.  1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasm. 
Par.  2  Cor*.  55  For  this  rehearse  I  the  ready  mindes  of  the 
Macedonians.  ^562  TURSKR  Herbal  n.  101  h,  As  Flint 
whome  I  haue  aboue  rehersed,  teacheth  there  ryght  playnly. 
1578  [see  REHKAHSF.D///.  a.]. 

•f  4.  intr.  To  give  an  account,  or  make  mention, 
0/"  something.  Obs.  rare. 

1483  CAXTON  G,  de  la  Tour  E  viij  b,  Of  the  whiche  yf  I 
wold  I  should  reherce  you  of  many  of  them,  c 1500  Lancelot 
2671  Of  his  manned  war  merwell  to  rahers.  1549  Contpl. 
Scot.  Ded.  7  The  historigraphours  reher.sis  of  ane  pure  man 
of  perse. 

0.  trans.  To  go  through  or  practise  (a  play,  scene, 
part,  etc.)  in  private,  in  preparation  for  a  more 
formal  or  public  performance. 

1579-80  [see  KKHKARSAL  2].  1590  SHAKS.  Alids.  N.  m.  L 
75  Sit  downe..and  rehearse  your  parts.  Ibid.  in.  ii.  n  A 
crew  of  patches  . .  Were  met  together  to  rehearse  a  Play, 
Intended  for  great  Theseus  nuptial]  day.  1728  GAY  in 
Swift's  Lett.  (1766)  11.95  Rich  received  the  duke  ofGrafton's 
commands  not  to  rehearse  any  new  play  whatsoever,  till  his 

frace  hath  seen  it.  1765  GOLDSM.  Ess.  vi.  Wks.  (Globe)  304/2, 
..  studied  the  character,  which  was  to  be  rehearsed  the 
next  day.  xSao  SHELLKY  CEd.  Tyr.  n.  ii.  72,  I  have  re 
hearsed  the  entire  scene,  With  an  ox-bladder  and  some  ditch- 
water.  1863  J.  HATTON  Bitter  Sweets  TH\X\\)  Let  us  rehearse 
a  waltz. 

Jig.  1834  L.  RITCHIE  Wand,  ly  Seine  83  The  habit  of  re- 
hearsing  virtues  in  imagination  leads  us  insensibly  to  practise 
them  in  reality. 

b.  To  exercise,  train,  or  make  proficient  by 
rehearsal. 

1768  [W.  DONALDSON]  Life  Sir  B.  Sapskutt  I.  ii.  13  To 
prepare  himself  for  the  change,  he  had  rehears'd  his  servants 
in  the  alteration.  1795  S.  ROGERS  Words  Mrs.  Siddons  58 
And,  when  her  shattered  nerves  forbid  to  roam,  In  very 
spleen — rehearse  the  girls  at  home.  1859  DICKENS  T.  Two 
Cities  in.  xii,  A  wood-sawyer  . .  has  been  rehearsed  by 
Madame  Defarge  as  to  his  having  seen  Her.  .making  signs 
and  signals  to  prisoners.  1898  Daily  News  12  Mar.  6/3 
Dickens  rehearsed  her  in  *  Bailey'. 

6.  To  perform,  practise,  as  in  rehearsing,  rare. 
1700  DRYDEN  Cock  fy  Fox  337  Sometimes  we  but  rehearse 

a  former  Play,  The  Night  restores  our  Actions  done  by  Day. 
1825  COLERIDGE  Aids  Kefl.  (1848)  I.  307  The  poor  ignorant 
multitude,  .rehearsed  all  the  outrages  that  were  acted  in  our 
own  times  by  the  Parisian  populace.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl. 
I.  xvii.  212  So  he  kept  on  rehearsing  his  limited  solfeggio 
.  .and  crying  and  talking  by  turns. 

7.  intr.  To  recite ;  to  engage  in  rehearsal. 

1693  C.  DRYDEN  in  Drydtn's  Juvenal  vii.  107  All  Rome  is 
pleas'd,  when  Statins  will  rehearse,  And  longing  Crowds 
expect  the  promis'd  Verse.  1739  GIBBER  A  pal.  (1756)  I.  150 
When  it  came  to  my  turn  to  rehearse,  while  others  read 
their  parts  from  their  books,  I  had  put  mine  in  my  pocket. 
1765  GOLDSM.  Ess.  vi.  Wks.  (Globe)  304/2  We  got  together, 
in  order  to  rehearse.  Ibid.  305/1,  I  rehearsed  before  them. 
1819  SHELLKY  Peter  Bell  yd  vii.  xi,  Whether  he  talked, 
wrote,  or  rehearsed,  Still  with  his  dulness  was  he  cursed. 
1886  MABEL  COLLINS  Prettiest  Woman  viii,  She  was  per 
petually  rehearsing  to  him. 

Hence  Hehea-rsed  ///.  a.,  f  (also  with  afore) 
foresaid,  afore-mentioned. 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  {W.  de  W.  1531)  148  b,  The  trouble  and 
noyse  of  these  rehersed  people  is  so  great.  1544  ExJtort, 
i'nto  Prayer  A  viij,  Let  vs  eschewe  in  our  prayers  al  the 
afore  rehersed  vyces.  1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  i.  26  The 
Cannell  bones  fastened  to  the  rehearsed  Processe  named 
Acromion. 

Rehearser  (rfhS'Jtw).    [f.  prec.  +  -ER  1.] 

1.  One  who  rehearses,  a  reciter. 

1530  PALSGR.  261/2  Reherser,  recitevr.  1611  FLORIO,  Rfyi- 
tore^  a  repeater  or  relater  and  rehearser  of  a  matter.  1672 
[H.  STUBBE]  Rosemary  fy  Hayes  6  This  Rehearser  seems  of 
another  opinion.  1708  DODWELL  in  Hearne  Collect.  23  Nov. 
(O.  H.  S.)  II.  152  Mr.  Rehearser  came  from  the  Bath..  .His 
Rehearsals  are  full  of  excellent  reasoning  as  well  as  wit. 
1775  JOHNSON  West.  I  si.  261  Nor  was  much  credit  due  to 
such  rehearsers,  who  might  obtrude  fictitious  pedigrees. 

2.  One  who  conducts  rehearsals. 

1901  Scribner's  Mag.  XXIX.  462/1  He  was  not  a  severe 
rehearser,  as  far  as  long  hours  went. 

Rehearsing  (rttiausirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -ING  1.]  Rehearsal,  recital. 

a  iyx>  Cursor  M.  19882  Saint  ambros  sais  bat  we  sai  thre 
Rehercingquen  child  sal  houen  be.  c  1385  CHAUCER  L.G.  W. 
Prol.  24  Othere  sundery  thyngis  Of  whiche  I  may  nat  make 
rehersyngys.  1388  PURVEY  Prol.  ^/^iii.PsThe  fyfthe  book 
.  .is  a  rehersyng  and  confermyng  of  al  the  lawe  biforegoyng. 
£•1440  Protnp.  Pan'.  427/2  Reher.synge,  recitacio.  1535 
COVERDALE  i  Chron.  (heading),  A  rehearsynge  of  the  genera- 
cions;.  a  1652  J.  SMITH  Sel.  Disc.  vi.  238  It  was  not  necessary 
in  the  rehearsing  of  every  particularity  to  reiterate  that  it 
was  in  a  prophetical  vision.  1660  UOYLE  Nwv  Exp.  Phys. 
Mech.  xhii.  392  As  long  as  was  requisite  for  the  rehearsing 
of  a  Pater  Noster.  1820  SCOTT  Monast.  xxxv,  *  111  hearing 
makes  ill  rehearsing',  said  the  landlady. 

Reliea'rteii,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  inspire 
with  fresh  courage  or  confidence. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rinfrancare, .  .to  re-Incourage  or  reharten. 
a  1618  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas,  Hymn  St.  Lewis  193  Horatius 
..Re-heartens  His;  re-haleth  from  the  Foe  Fair  Victory, 


383 

ready  with  them  to  goe.  .  1883  J.  H.  BARROWS  Serin,  in 
Chicago  Advance  5  July,  The  little  company  of  Christians 
..were  reheartened  by  the  arrivals  from  Fort  Brady. 

Rehea't,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  heat  again. 
Hence  Rehea'ted///.  a. 

1727  [see  REHEATING  vbl.  sb.\.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  573 
In  making  bottles  we  should,  .reheat  them  as  seldom  as  may 
be  absolutely  necessary.  1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  <$• 
Iron  xvi.  357  They  are  now  only  very  rarely  employed  for 
reheating  steel  ingots.  1886  Century  Mag.  Oct.  941  Our 
breakfast  of  reheated  coffee  and  stale  bread. 

Reheate,  variant  of  RKHETE  v.~  Obs. 

Rehea-ter.  [f.  REHEAT  v.  +  -ER1.]  An  ap 
paratus  for  reheating. 

1875  R.  F.  MARTIN  tr.  Hmwz*  Winding  Mach.  98  Boilers 
consisting  of  heaters  and  reheaters.  1897  Columbus  (Ohio) 
Disp.  7  Apr.  9/3  The  result  showed  that  wht:u  the  reheater 
was  used  a  much  greater  amount  of  work  was  performed. 

Rehea'ting,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  ns  prec.  +  -ING1.] 
The  action  of  imparting  heat  again  to  a  substance; 
also,  the  material  by  which  this  is  effected. 

1^27  BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Garden,  This  Reheating  will 
reciprocally  he  kept  up. .by  the  Neighbourhood  of  the  two 
adjoining  Beds;  but  when  the  Bed  is  single,  the  Reheating 
should  be  two  Foot  broad  at  least.  1842  J'etttiy  Cycl, 
XXIII.  233/1  The  principal  object  of  the  subsequent  re 
heating  in  the  granulator  is  to  bring  it  into  a  favourable 
state  for  removal  to  the  moulds.  1884  \V.  H.  GREENWOOD 
Steel  $  Iron  359  During  the  reheating  of  piles  or  of  ingots 
they  are  moved  about  a  liuk, 

b.  attrib.)  as  reheating  furnace,  oven,  etc. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  168  There  are  two  re-heating  or 
annealing  furnaces.  Ibid.  707  In  the  re-heating  ovens,  the 
loss  is  from  8  to  10  per  cent,  on  the  large  bar  iron.  1884 
W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  $  Iron  361  Reheating  furnaces 
burning  gaseous  fuel. 

Relied,  obs.  form  of  REED  sbl 

Reheite,  variant  of  REHETE  v2  Obs. 

t  RellC'lm,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  supply  or  cover  (one)  again  with  a  helmet. 

CI468  \\\Archacol.  (1846)  XXXI.  338  W*  out  that  it  lyked 
him  to  be  rehehned.  1525  LD.  BERNKRS  Froiss.  II.  clxviii. 
189  b/2  But  with  the  crossynge  of  their  spearts  the  erle  was 
vnhelmed.  Than  he  retourned  to  his  men,  and  incontyuent 
he  was  rehelmtd,  and  toke  his  speare. 

t  Rehe-t,  sb.  Obs.  rare-*,  [a.  OF.  reheet,  vbl. 
sb.  to  reheter:  see  next.]  Cheer,  entertainment. 

a  1400  Minor  Poems  fr.  Vernon  AIS.  490/224  Sibbe  was 
schemed  hem  bi,  Murbe  and  Munstralsy,  And  preyed  hem 
do  gladly  Wih  Rial  Rehet. 

t  Hehe'te,  z'-1  Obs.  Also  4  rehayte,  reheyit. 
[ad* OF. *¥&/£»*, -£tfzVff*f  -hatter,  *  to  reuiue,reioycc, 
cheere  vp  exceedingly*  (Cotgr.),  the  stem  of  which 
has  been  referred  to  the  Teutonic  *hai£-  HOTE  :  see 
Skeat  Notes  Eng.  JLtym.  (1901)  246.] 

1.  trans.  To  cheer,  comfort,  or  encourage,  esp. 
by  kind  or  friendly  words  and  treatment. 

01340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  ciii.  17  pat  is,  bat  man  rehete 
his  thou^t  in  grace  of  the  holy  gost.  13..  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P. 
B.  127  He  wolde. . re-hayte  rekenly  be  riche  &  be  poueren, 
&  cherisch  hem  alle  with  his  chtr.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints 
xxix.  (Placidas)  947  He .  .gaf  hyine  mony  gyftis  gret,  hyme 
&  his  men^e  to  rehet.  ?«  1400  A  forte1  Arth.  221  Thane  be 
conquerour  kyndly  carpede  to  J>ose  lordes,  Rehetede  (?e 
Romaynes  with  realle  speche.  r  1400  LOVE  Bonavent.  Afirr. 
xv.  (B.  N.  C.  MS.)  46  b,  pei  reheteden  and  conforted  her 
lorde.  c  1470  Got,  <fy  Ga-w.  1158  With  kynde  contenance  the 
renk  couth  thame  rehete. 

absol.  a  1400-50  Alexander  3999  Porrus,  as  a  prince  suld, 
.  .Turnes  him  toward  his  tulkis  &  titely  rehetis. 
b.  To  strengthen  (one)  to  do  something,  rare—1. 

a.  1340  HAM  POLE  Psalter  xxii.  2  pe  water  of  grace.,  makes 
vs  to  recouere  oure  strenght  bat  we  lost  in  syn,  and  rehetis 
vs  to  doe  goed  werkis. 

2.  To  refresh  (thirst),  rare-1. 

a.  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  Ixvi.  6  He  askis  \>e  watire  of 
godis  hlissynge,  to  kole  and  reheyit  his  thrist. 

3.  To  entertain  with  choice  food  or  drink. 

c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  CXLH.  xv.  (1543),  Some  bookes  sayen 
he  poysoned  was  to  dead  Ofplummes..\Vith  whicheamonke 
there  hym  did  rehete.  c  1475  Babces  Rk.  171  Yf.  .vnto  yow 
goode  mete  be  brouhte  or  sente,  Withe  parte  of  hit  goodely 
yee  theym  Rehete. 

Hence  fRehe'ting  vbl.  sbl,  refreshing.   Obs. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xy.ii.  2  On  be  watere  of  rehetynge 
forth  he  me  hroght.  a  1400  Prymer  (1891)  79  He  hath 
brow^te  me  foorth  up  on  the  water  of  rehetynge. 

t  Rehe'te,  ^.2  Obs.  Also  6  reheate,  reheite. 
[Of  obscure  origin ;  the  relationship,  if  any,  to 
KAHATE  and  RATE  v£  is  not  clear.] 

1.  trans.  To  assail,    attack,   persecute.      Hence 
f  Behe'ting  vbL  sb2 

14,.  Chaucer*  sf  Troy  Ins  m.  340  (Harl.  MS.  3943),  Al  J>e 
rehetyng  of  his  sikes  sore,  At  ones  bei  fled  ;  he  felt  of  hem  no 
more.  ^1440  Partonope  5197  Crete  synne  haue  ye  Thus 
vngodely  to  rehete  me.  1:1440  York  Myst.  xxxiii.  364  Re 
hete  hym  I  rede  you  with  rowtes  and  rappes.  c  1470  HAUD- 
ING  Chron.  cxxxvi.  Hi.  (1543),  But  then  the  death  hym  felly 
ganne  reheate  j  Wherfoor  anone  he  satte  vp  in  his  seate. 
b.  To  annoy,  provoke,  irritate,  rare—1. 

1447  ROKEXHAM  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  78  Damysel  quoth  he  thou 
art  to  blame  Thus  att  the  begynnyng  me  to  rehete. 

2.  To  rebuke,  rate,  scold.     Also  intr.  with  at. 

c  1420  LtinglaniTs  P.  PI.  C.  xrii.  35  To  rehercen  hit  by 
retoryk  to  a-rate  [MS.  T.  rehete]  dedliche  synne.  1460 
Paston  Lett.  I.  506  My  Lord  of  Salesbury  reheted  hym, 
crillyng  hym  knaves  son.  lbid.%  Sir  Antony  was  reheted  fur 
Ins  langage.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Picas,  xxix.  (Percy  Soc.t 
140  If  it  be  knowen,  than  bothe  you  and  I  Shall  be  reheited 
at  full  shamefully. 


REID. 

t  Rehe'tour.  Obs.  rare.  [Origin  and  precise 
meaning  obscure.]  A  servant  of  some  kind. 

.71380  WYCLIF  Serin.  Sel.  Wks.  II.  229  If  men  taken  hede 
to  be  service  of  J?e  Chirche. .,  it  is  al  turned  up  so  doun,  and 
ypocritis  ben  maad  rehetours.  Ibid.  III.  346  p»is  stiward 
nab  chargid  bis  hous  wib  newe  rehetours,  to  harm  of  it. 

Reheyit,  variant  of  KEHETE  z>.i  Obs. 

Reheyte,  variant  of  REHAYTE  v.1*  Obs. 

t  Rehibit,  v.     (?  Error  for  EXHIBIT  v.  i.) 

1603  H.  CROSSE  I'crlucs  Commiv.  E  iij  b,  For  the  fooli>h 
antiquitie  honoured  men  as  gods  after  their  dent  lies  ;  for 
honour  and  reuerence  is  rehihited  for  some  certaine  cause. 

Rehi'nge,  v.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
hinge  again.  (In  quot.yT^. :  cf.  unhinge?) 

1660  VKOLSNEY  Sp.  to  Mon/c^ol.  2  You  have  re-hing'd  our 
happynesse. 

Reh.rre,  sb.     [RE-  5  a.]     A  renewed  hiring. 

1793  WASHINGTON  Lett.  Writ.  (1891)  XII.  295  Nor  ought 
there  to  he  any  transfer  of  the  Lease,  or  re-hire  of  the  negroes 
without  your  consent  first  had  and  obtained  in  writing. 

Relli're,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  hire  again. 
Also  re/I.  Hence  Rehrring  vbl.  sb. 

1862  M.  HOPKINS  Hawaii  358  They  generally  re-hire 
themselves  at  the  expiration  of  their  engagement.  1891 
Law  Times  XCII.  94/1  A  sale  of  its  rolling  stock  and  a 
rehiring  of  the  same  rolling  stock. 

Rehoi'st,  v.    [KK-5a.]   trans.  To  hoist  again. 

1775  R.  CiiAxni.i-K  Tray.  Greece  (1825)  II.  180  We  re- 
hoisted  our  two  adventurers.  1790  B&ATSON  Nav.  <y  Mil. 
Mt'w.  I.  198  Admiral  Matthews  quitted  the  Russel,  and 
re-hoisted  his  tlag  on  hoard  the  Namur.  1888  Times  20  Nov. 
5,  i  The  Italian  consular  flag  was  rehoisted  here  to-day. 

RellO  nour,  v.  [RE-.]  trans.  To  honour  again 
or  in  return. 

1635  Pref,  verse  in  J.  Hayward  tr.  BiondTs  Banisftd  I7irg., 
The  guerdon  thou  do'st  merit's  sure,  for  she  Whom  thou  so 
honoured'st  will  rehonour  thee.  1899  Westm.  Gaz,  2  Oct. 
10/2  Smilhfield  martyrs'  memories  rehonoured. 

t  Reho'pe,  v.   Obs.    [RE-  5  a.]     To  hope  again. 

111618  SYLVESTER  "Job  Trimtiphant  632  If  that  I  say,  I 
will  forget  my  Greife,  Forgoe  my  wrath  and  yet  re-hope 
Reliefe. 

Rehou'se,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  house 
(a  person,  etc.)  again ;  to  provide  with  other 
nouses.  Also  re/I.  Hence  Rehoirsing  vbl.  sb. 

i8zo  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  II.  709  [The  suicide]  may  re 
house  himself  in  a  worse  hogshead.  1883  l-'ortn.  Rev.  Oct. 
599  Upon  the  principles  here  laid  down  the  rehousing  of  the 
poor  in  towns  can  be  accomplished  without  expense.  1890 
Spectators  Jan.,  We  must  make  that  inquiry  if  the  question 
of  rehousing  is  ever  to  be  seriously  dealt  with. 

Reht,  obs.  pa.  t.  REACH  z*.1 

Rehirmanize,^.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To  human 
ize  again.  Also  reft. 

1810  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XXX.  47  The  souls  of 
the  very  bad  are  forbidden  for  a  time  to  re-humanize  them 
selves,  and  become  devils.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  (1857) 
449  It  is  time  some  one  undertook  to  rehumanize  you.  1876 
K.  HARRISON  Choice  Bks.  (1886)  446  There  are  forces  at  work 
now.  .to  rehumanUe  the  dehumanised  members  of  society. 

Reh.tr mble,  v.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
humble  again. 

1598  Fi.oKio,/vrt^ww77/#/y,torehumble,toafis\\-age.  a  1618 
SYLVESTER  Mathieu's  Tropheis  65  And  had,  yer  many 
hourcs  Re-humbled  Paris  to  her  Prince's  yoake  Uut  for 
Saint  Clement's  Parricidiall  stroake. 

Rehume'Ctate,?'.  rare-1.  [RE- 5 a.]  trans. 
To  moisten  again. 

1686  W.  HAKKIS  tr.  Lcmery^s  Course  Chem.  (ed.  a)  138 
Continue  to  rehumectate  and  rust  this  matter  for  twelve 
several  times. 

Reliumilia'tion.  rare—1.  [RE-  53.]  A 
second  or  renewed  humiliation. 

1658  BP.  REYNOLDS  Lord's  Supper  xiii.  Wks.  610  "Without 
any  such  gross  and  carnal  descent,  or  rehumiliation  of  his 
Glorified  Body. 

Rehypothecate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  hypo 
thecate  again.  Hence  Rehypothecating  vbl.  sb. 

1882  OGILVIE.     1883  W.  F.  CRAFTS  Successful Mt-n  189  The 
rehypothecating  of  trust  funds — that  is,  the  secret  use  of 
trust  funds  for  speculation.      1884  Law  Times  LXXVIII. 
113  The  proposed  lender  had  ..  never  been  in  a  position  to 
make  the  advance  without  re-hypothecating  the  security. 

So  Reliypo  tliecator. 

1883  W.  F.  CRAFTS  Successful  Men  160  Those  rehypothe- 
cators  of  trust  funds  for  private  speculations. 

Rehje,  variant  of  REIGH  Obs. 

Rei,  sing,  of  REIS  (Portuguese  money). 

Relate,  variant  of  REALTY  I  Obs. 

Reich(e,  obs.  Sc.  forms  of  REACH. 

Reick,  obs.  form  of  REEK  v* 

t  Reid  *•  Sc.  Obs.  Also  6  reide,  reyd.  [var.  of 
RAID  sb.  4,  perh.  directly  a.  Du.  reede  or  LG.  rfde.] 
A  roadstead. 

1561  Burgh  Rec.  Aberd.  (1844)  I.  334  Quhat  sumewir  scrap 
of  gudis  sellable  arrywis  to  the  port,  hevin,  or  reyd.  a  1578 
LiNDESAY(Pitscottie)C/*r0«..SVo/.(S.T.S.)  1.194  Hisschippis 
quhilk  was  lyand  in  the  reid  at  that  tyme.  1596  DALRYMPLE 
tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  x.  287  Thay  ouirthrew  in  the  Reide 
xvi  scotis  shipis. 

t  Reid  2.  Sc.  Obs.—1  (Of  obscure  origin  and 
meaning  :  perh.  a  rendering  of  eccl.  L.  litania 
major,  the  longer  litany  used  on  the  Rogation  days.) 

c  1450  HOLLAND  Hmvlat  698  Syne  all  the  lentryne  hut  leiss, 
and  thelang  reid,  And  als  in  theadwent  The  Soland  Stewart 
was  sent. 

Reid(e,  obs.  ff.  READ  sb.^  and  V ,  RED  a.,  REDE 
sb.1  and  v^  REED  sb.  i  Reidar,  obs.  Sc.  f.  READER. 


RE-IDENTIFICATION. 

Be-identifica-tion.  [RE-  5  a.]  The  action 
of  identifying  again. 

1882  SPENCER  Princ.  Social.,  Pol.  Instil.  564  Where  .. 
military  headship  becomes  in  a  measure  separated  from 
political  headship,  continued  warfare  is  apt  to  cause  a  re- 
identification  of  them.  1884  Manch.  Exam.  29  Feb.  4/6 
The  re-identification  of  imported  yarns  woven  into  tissues 
would  be  impossible. 

Reif  i.nf).  Chiefly  Sc.  Forms :  I  r<5af,  re~of ,  3  reef, 
reue,  5  ref,  5-6  reiff,  6  rieff,  reife,  reyf,  raif, 
reafe,  7  reaf,  5-reif.  [Common  \V.  Germ.  :  OE. 
rtaf-  OFris.  r&f,  OS.  -rof  (Du.  roof),  MLG. 
rSf  (hence  Sw.  rof,  Da.  rov),  OHG.  roub,  roup 
(G.  raub)  :-OTeut.  *rau1>om :  see  REAVE  v.  The 
precise  relationship  of  the  OE.  word  to  REAF, 
garment,  is  not  certain.] 

fl.  That  which  is  taken  by  force  or  robbery; 
spoil,  plunder,  booty.  Obs. 

£050  I.indisf.  Cosf.  Luke  xi.  22  Alia  woepeno  his  aenirnc3 
..&  reafo  [L.  sfolia]  his  toctelde.  c  1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Ih.) 
cxviii.  162  Se  be  beonia  reafmanije  [L.  spolia  amlla]  meleS. 
CI205  LAY.  8612  [We  scullcn)  semen  (>es  fehtes..S  laeten 

kraif  liggen.      1375  BARBOUH  Brace  v.  n8_  'J  he  king  gert 
departit  then  All  haill  the  reif  amang  his  men.     a  1557 
Diurn.   Occurr.  (Bannatyne   Cl.)    12   The   erle   of  Angus 
servandis  maid  ane  prey  and  reif  thairof. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  robbery ;  spoliation  ; 
reavery.  Obs.  exc.  arch. 

a  1250  Owl  ft  Kigkt.  458  (CottorO,  Ich  fare  horn  &  nime 
leue,  Ne  recche  icrTnojt  of  winteres  reue  \Jesus  MS.  teone]. 
c  1400  Apol.  Loll.  12  For  be  sacrilege  bat  bei  do  in  reif  of 
goodis.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  I. am  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  134  Injure 
or  violence..,  as  ar  thift,  ref,  or  sik  thingis.  f  1470  HENKY 
U'allace  xi.  840  Throuch  cowatice  gud  Alexander  was  lost ; 
And  Julius  als,  for  all  his  reilf  and  host.  1500-20  DUNBAR 
Poems  ix.  121,  I  synnit  als  in  reif  and  in  oppressioun,  In 
wranguss  gudis  taking  and  posseding.  1546  Reg.  Privy 
Council  Scot.  I.  34  All  maner  of  reiffis,  spul^eis,  oppressionis, 
slauchteris,  allegit  to  haue  bene  committit.  1585  MOHT- 
GOMKRIE  Sonn.  xiv.  14  Let  richt,  not  reif,  my  pensioun  bring 
agane.  1644  A rticles  Sc.  Commiss.  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll. 
in.  (1692)  I.  366  Whatsoever  Thefts,  Reifs,  Hardships,  Op 
pressions,  ..or  Murther  done  or  committed  by  them.  1786 
BURNS  To  James  Smith  i,  The  sleest,  pawkie  thief,  That 
e'er  attempted  stealth  or  rief.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  iii,  Saint 
Michael  and  his  spear,  Keep  the  house  frae  reif  and  wear. 

t  b.  Of  reif,  esp.  Sc.  in  fowl  of  reif,  bird  of 
prey  or  plunder.  Obs. 

ci4oo  Apol.  Loll.  104  pei  are  maad  desseyuable  ypocritis, 
&  lurkyng  woluis  of  ref  under  a  schepis  flees,  c  1450 
HOLLAND  Howtatbsfi  Thus  assemblit.  .All  that  war  fowlis 
of  reif.  1457  Sc.  Acts  Jos.  II,  c.  32  (1814)  II.  51/2  Anentis 
rukis,  crawys  and  vber  foulys  of  reif. 

Reif,  Reifar,  -er.  Reifflng,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  REAVE 
v.1,  REEVE  so.1,  REAVER,  REAVING. 

Reificatioil  (rf,inki?''Jan).  [f.  L.  rc-s  a  thing 
(cf.  REAL  <z.a)  +  -IFICATION.]  The  mental  con 
version  of  a  person  or  abstract  concept  into  a  thing. 

1846  GROTE  Greece  (1851)  I.  467^  note,  Boiocalus  would 
have  had  some  trouble  to  make  his  tribe  comprehend  the 
re-ification  of  the  god  Helios.  1854  J-'raser's  Mag.  XLIX. 
74  A  process  of  what  may  be  called  reification,  or  the  con 
scious  conversion  of  what  had  hitherto  been  regarded  as 
living  beings  into  impersonal  substances.  1882  J.  H.  STAI.LO 
Concepts  ff  Th.  Mad.  Physics  269  The  existence,  or  possi 
bility,  of  transcendental  space  is  another  llagrant  instance 
of  the  reification  of  concepts. 

Reify  (rf-ifai),  v.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -JFY.]  trans. 
To  convert  mentally  into  a  thing ;  to  materialize. 

1854  Fraser's  Mag.  XLIX.  75  The  gods  of  their  final  and 
accepted  polytheism  were,  in  point  of  fact,  only  those 
sublimer  portions  of  nature  which.,  they  had  not  yet  dartxl 
to  reify.  1882  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly  XXI.  151  When  people 
make  or  find  a  new  'abstract  noun',  they  instantly  try  to 
put  it  on  a  shelf  or  into  a  box,  as  though  it  were  a  thing ; 
thus  they  reify  it. 

f  Reigh.  Obs.  Forms  :  i  reoh(o)he,  3  reh^e, 
rihje,  4  righe,  5  re^ge,  reyh(h)e,  reygh(e, 
reigh.  [ME.  type  reje,  rey&e:—OE.  *relihe,  reohhe : 
the  precise  relationship  to  the  ME.  variant  roje  (see 
ROUGH  sb.~),  and  to  the  continental  forms  answering 
to  this,  is  not  clear.]  The  fish  called  the  RAY. 

c  ioy>Suppl.rfll/rics  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  iBi/6faiaius, 
reohhe.  [1120  WILL.  MALMESB.  De  Gestis  Pontif.  n.  (Du 
Cange),  Ut  etiam  caudas  racharum  vestibus  eius  affigerent  ] 
c  1205  LAY.  29557  Heo.  .nomen  tailes  of  reh^en  and  hangede 
on  his  cope,  c  1430  Two  Cookery-bks.  ri  Take  Haddok,  Pyke, 
Tenche,  Re}ge,  Codlynd,  an  pyke  a-way  be  bonys.  c  1440 
Promp.  Parv.  427/2  Reyhhe,  fysche,  ragadia.  Ibid.  438/r 
Rowhe  or  reyhe,  fishe  . .  ragadies .  1480  CAXTON  Chron. 
Eng.  xcvii,  And  for  more  despite  they  cast  on  hym  the 
guttes  of  reighes  and  of  [1520  other]  fissh. 

attrib.  c  1205  LAY.  29583  An . .  ban  folke  pa  be  rih}en  tailes 
hangede  a  ban  clarkes.  ci33oR.  BRUNNECY*n>*.  Wace  (Rolls) 


lauio,  a  ^ 

Reigle,  variant  of  REGAL  sbS,  groove. 

Reign  (r/?'n),  sb.  Forms :  a.  3-5  reyne,  4-5 
reyn,  reine  ;  4-5  regn,  4-7  regne,  reigne,  (6 
riegne),  5-6  reygne,  7-  reign  ;  5  raen,  6  raine, 
rayn(e,  raygne,  6-7  raigne,  7  raign,  (raighne). 
P.  3-5  rengne,  5  ryngne.  7.  5,  6  Sc.  renge, 
6  Sc.  ring,  ryng.  [a.  OF.  regne,  reigne,  rai(g]ne, 
rengne,  etc.  (loth  c. ;  mod.F.  regne),  ad.  L. 
regnum  (whence  also  It.  regno,  Sp.  reino),  f.  reg- 
Ire  to  rule.  The  Sc.  forms  show  a  normal  de 
velopment  of  gn  into  ng.~\ 


384 

1.  Royal  power  or  rule  ;  kingdom,  sovereignty  ; 
also  transf.  power  or  rule  (of  persons)  comparable 
to  that  of  a  king.  Now  rare  (f  formerly  common 
without  article). 


.,_  regne  wille  best  falle.  £1386  CHAUCER  Monks  T.  221 
King,  god  to  thy  fader  lente  Glorie  and  honour,  regne, 
tresour,  rente.  1450-80  tr.  Secreta  Secret.  6  So  that  alle 
tho  that  ben  vndir  his  regne  ben  of  oon  obeyshaunce.  1534 


Q.  III.  IL.. -, 

Of  Britons  eke  with  him  attonce  shall  dye.  1617  MORYSON 
I  tin.  I.  246  The  English,  vnder  the  Raigne  of  Queene 
Elizabeth,  obtained  like  priuiledge.  ^1656  EARL  MON_M.  tr. 
BoccallnVs  Advts.fr.  Parnass,  i.  xxili.  (1674)  26  Empires., 
which  know  not  how  to  perfix  bounds  to  their  insatiate  de 
sire  of  Reign.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  n.  265  He  who  like  a 
father  held  his  reign.  1770  GOLDSMITH  Des.  I'ill.  288  Some 
fair  female  unadorned  and  plain,  Secure  to  please  while 

Sjuth  confirms  her  reign.  1782  COWPER  Heroism  90  In 
ritain's  isle,  beneath  a  George's  reign.  1813  SHELLEY 
Q.  Mob  i.  10  The  gloomy  Power  Whose  reign  is  in  the 
tainted  sepulchres.  1851  THACKERAY  Eng.  Hum.  iii.  (1853) 
in  In  a  British  drawing-room,  under  the  reign  of  Queen 
Victoria. 

b.  transf.    Influence,  dominion,  sway,  of  some 
thing  immaterial,     t  In  reign,  dominant. 

ciio2  LYDG.  Compl.  Bl.  Knt.  510  So  that  Dispyt 
hoi 


SPENSER  /'.  Q.  v.  v.  28  She  gan  to  stoupe,  and  her  proud  mind 
convert  To  meeke  obeysance  of  love's  mightie  raine.  1656 
JEANES  Mixt.  Schol.  Uiv.  20  A  soule  that  is  free  from  both 
the  raigne,  or  prevalency,  and  the  anxiety  of  doubts.  1768 
Woman,  of  Honor  III.  131  The  allodial  sistem  was  in  reign 
before  it  was  supplanted  by  the  feodal  one.  1781  COWPER 
Hope  33  Would  age  in  thee  resign  his  wintry  reign.  1821 
SHELLEY  Remembrance  10  The  owlet  Night  resumes  her 
reign.  1867  DK.  ARGYLL  Reign  of  Law  \.  5  The  Reign  of 
Law  in  Nature  is. .  universal.  1883  Century  Mag.  Oct.  804/1 
A  country  where  both  winter  and  summer  were  debarred 
full  reign. 

f  2.  A  kingdom  or  realm  ;  a  territory  ruled  over 
hy  a  king  ;  a  monarchical  state.  Qbst 

a  1300  A'.  Horn  971  Mi  Rengne  fri  schalt  welde.  t  ^1385 
CHAUCER  L.G.  W.  gg?  />/(&, This  is  the  reyne  of  libie  there 
ye  bin.  1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  I.  vi.  (1555),  In  your 
repayre  to  your  fathers  reyne.. ye  shall  me  with  you  lede. 
c  1500  Lay  Folks  Mass  Bk.  74  Ye  sail  pray  for  y"  prosperite 
&  wallfure  of  y«  Reygne.  1572  Satir.  Poems  Refonn. 
xxxvi.  51  Dyuers  duikis  and  kingis,  ..  Exylit  from  J>air 
countreis  and  thair  ringis.  1623  LISLE  Saxon  Serm.  Easter 
day,  There  was  slain  on  yl  night  in  every  house  throughout 
Pharaos  reigne  the  first  borne  child.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  iv. 
12  A  gorgeous  train  Attend  the  nymph  to  Phthia's  distant 
reign. 

transf.  1340-70  Alex,  fy  Dind.  642  pe  heie  god. .pat 
heuene  holde|>  &  hab  to  his  hole  regne. 

fb.  The  kingdom  of  heaven  or  of  God.  Obs. 
1340  Ayenb.  83  pe  regne  of  heuene  to  wynne,  and  alle  be 
dyeuelen  . .  to  ouercome.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  f  5 
Manye  been  the  weyes  espirituels  that  leden  folk  . .  to  the 
regne  of  glorie.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  244  b/2, 1  shalle 
drynke  it  newe  wytn  you  in  the  regne  of  my  fader.  1532 
MORE  Confut.  Tindale  Wks.  466/1  They  shall . .  awake  at 
the  blast  of  the  trumpe,  and  euer  after  hue  with  y°  lorde  in 
his  reigne.  1504  CAREW  Tasso  (1881)  29  Th'  angels  earst 
banUht  from  the  heau'nly  raine. 

c.  poet.  A  place  or  sphere  under  the  rule  of  some 
specitied  person  or  thing,  or  having  a  specified 
character.  Now  rare. 

c  1398  CHAUCER  Fortune  45  Thou  born  art  in  my  regne  of 
variance.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  vii.  21  A  beaten  broad  high 
way . .  That  streight  did  lead  to  Plutoes  griesly  rayne.  Ibid. 
HI.  iv.  49  Like  as  a  fearefutl  Dove,  which  through  the  raine 
Of  the  wide  ayre  her  way  does  cut  amaine.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  I.  543  The  universal  Host  upsent  A  shout  that . . 
Frighted  the  Reign  of  Chaos  and  old  Night.  1697  DBYDEN 
yirg.  Georg.  \.  38  Or  wilt  thou,  Cxsar,  chuse  the  watry 
Reign..?  1754  GRAY  Poesy  9  Thro'  verdant  vales,  and 
Ceres'  golden  reign.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  i.  xlviii, 
The  ocean  Which  girds  the  pole,  Nature's  remotest  reign. 

f  d.  =  KINGDOM  5.  Obs.  rare. 

1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol.  IL  xi,  The  vegetable  and  the 
mineral  reigns.  1781  GIBBON  Decl,  ff  F.  xviii.  II.  90  The 
venom  was  commonly  extracted  from  the  vegetable  reign. 

3.  The  period  of  a  sovereign's  rule, 

£1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  28  pe  ferth  gere  of  be 
regne.  .bese  bre..Werredon  Athelstan.  1389  in  ting.  Gilds 
(1870)  i2i  Of  be  regne  of  be  kyng  Richard  be  secunde,  be 
secunde  ;er.  1434  E.  E.  Wills  100  The  reyn  of  our  lege 
lord  the  kyng  Harre  the  sexte,..the  xj  yer.  1556  Chron. 
Gr.  Friars  (Camden)  3  Here  beganne  the  rayne  of  kyng 
Henry  the  third,  sonne  unto  kynge  John.  1585!'.  WASHING 
TON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  iv,  xxix.  149  b,  At  the  time  of  the 
deluge  . .  &  in  the  riegne  of  Ducalion.  1641  J.  JACKSON 
True  Evang,  T.  I.  35  In  the  tenth  yeare  of  his  raigne,  he 
sent  forth  a  generall  Edict.  1711  STEELE  Spect,  No.  43  p  9 
That  Celebrated  Poem,  which  was  written  in  the  Reign  of 
King  Charles  the  Second.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  xlix.  V. 
130  During  the  five  succeeding  reigns,  ..the  contest  was 
maintained  with  unabated  rage.  1833  CRUSH  tr.  Kusebins1 
Eccl.  Hist.  i.  x.  39  It  was  about  the  fifteenth  year  of  the 
reign  of  Tiberius.  1841  LANE  Arab.  Nts.  I.  106  After  a 
reign  of  seventy  years,  he  died, 

transf.  1500-20  DUN  BAR  Poems  xviii.  9  Sum  cravis  of  God 
to  end  my  ring.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  HI.  475  This 
during  Winter's  drisly  Reign  be  done.  1812  J.  H.  VATX 
Flash  Diet.,  Reign*  the  length  or  continuance  of  a  man's 
career  in  a  system  of  wickedness,  which. .is  said  to  have 
been  a  long  or  a  short  reign,  according  to  its  duration. 


REIGN. 

t  b.  The  '  life  '  of  a  ship.  Obs.  rare  -'. 

1674  PETTV  Dupl.  Proportion  32  If  no  trading  Ship  be 
(one  time  with  another)  above  i/io  of  her  whole  reign  under 
sail,  or  6  days  in  60. 

c.  Reign  of  Terror :  see  TERROR. 

Reign  (r£Tin),  v.  Forms:  a.  3-6  regn,  4,  6 
rein-,  4-6  reygn-,  4-7  reyn-;  5,  6  Sc.  rigne, 
6  ryne;  5-6  rayne,  (6  raygne),  5-7  raine,  6-7 
raign(e,  7  rain;  4-7  reigne,  6-  reign.  /3.  4-5 
reugne,  4,  6  reyngne,  5  reingne.  7.  4  reng, 
reyng,  4  Sc.  reinge,  4-7  Sc.  ring,  (5-6  ringe), 
4-5  Sc.  ryng  (5  rynge).  fa.  t.  5,  6  Sc.  rang, 
6  Sc.  rong  ;  fa.  fple.  5  Sc.  rongyn,  6  Sc.  rung, 
[a.  OF.  regiier  (izth  c. ;  mod.F.  rtgner),  ad.  L. 
regnare,  f.  regniim  :  see  prec.] 

1.  intr.  To  hold  or  exercise  the  sovereign  power 
or  authority  in  a  state  ;  to  rule  or  govern  as  king 
or  queen ;  sometimes  in  restricted  sense,  to  hold 
the  royal  office  without  being  actual  ruler,  to  have 
a  limited  or  nominal  sovereignty. 

o.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  681  After  king  ba)mlf  leir  is  sone 
was  king  &  regnede  |>ritti  jer.  c  1325  Chron.  Etig.  no  in 
Ritson  Metr.  Rom.  II.  274  He  reignede  after  his  fader  fyn. 
c  1400  Destr.  Troy  5492  The  richest  renke,  bat  reigned  in 
Erthe.  1482  WARKW.  Chron.  (Camden)  10  Kyng  Herry 
schuld.. regne  as  welle  as  he  dyd  before.  1523  CROMWELL 
in  Merriman  Life  /r  Lett.  (1902)  I.  31  The  grete  vexacion  of 
his  subiectes.  .by  Francoys  now  raynyng  there.  1591  SHAKS. 
i  Hen.  VI,  i.  iL  31  During  the  time  Edward  the  third  did 
raigne.  1657  AUSTEN  Fruit  Trees  I.  13  This  King  raigned 
a  long  time  in  Jerusalem.  1738  BOLINGBROKE  Patriot  King 
(I749J  138  He  must  begin  to  govern  as  soon  as  he  begins  to 
reign.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  <$•  F.  xlix.  V.  128  She  reigned  in 
her  own  name  and  that  of  her  son.  1817  SHELLEY  Kev. 
f  slant  x.  xli,  But  he. .The  Princess  shall  espouse,  and  reign 
an  equal  King.  1859  TENNVSON  Guinevere  519  Worst  of 
the  worst  were  that  man  he  that  reigns  !  1871  Daily  Nems 
15  Sept.,  A  Monarch  who  desired  to  rule  as  well  as  to  reign, 
would  soon  bring  government  to  a  deadlock. 

£.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  7973  Dauid  had  rengnd  . .  A-but 
winters  tuelue  and  mare.  13. .  E.  £.  Allit.  P.  B.  1321  pat 
ryche  in  gret  rialte  rengned  his  lyue.  c  1420  Chron.  V'iiod. 
St.  651  pe  fyftenethe  ?ere  of  hurre  brother  rengnynge.  1534 
in  Lett.  Suppress.  Monast.  (Camden)  18  The  rayn  of  the 
kyng,  how  long  he  shall  reyngne,  as  sayth  a  prophecy. 

•y.  a  1300  Cursor  AI.  2285  Lang  he  rengud  in  bat  land. 
1375  BABBOUR  Bruce  i.  78  He  suld  . .  lat  him  ryng  that  had 
the  rycht.  11400  Sc.  TroyJk.  n.  2164  That  Tewtere  rert- 

fand  bare  was.    1533  BF.LLENDEN  Chron.  Scot.  i.  (1541)  A  j, 
n  this  tyme  rang  in  Egipt  Pharo.    11584  MONTGOMERY 
Misc.  Poems  xlviii.  268  God  blisse  his  Grace,  and  mak  him 
long  to  ring. 

to.  Const,  over,  t  upon,  (on}. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  lyks.  (1880)  230  pat  he  &  his  children  regne 
long  tyme  vpon  Israel,  c  1400  Trcvisas  Higdcn  (Rolls)  VI. 
151  He  regnede  over  be  West  Saxons.  1450  Rolls  ofParlt. 
V.  200/3  The  honour,  .of  every  Prynce  reynyng  uppon  his 
people.  1513  BRADSHAW  St.  Werburge  i.  297  Wulfere, 
A  noble  valyant  prynce  . .  Reygnynge  vpon  the  Mercyens. 
a  1542  WVATT  in  Tottefs  Misc.  (Arb.)  224  He  ruleth  not 
though  he  raigne  ouer  realmes.  1591  SYLVESTER  Dn  Bartas 
I.  vi.  461  He  should  have  made  in  vain  So  great  a  Prince, 
without  on  whom  to  Reign.  1662  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacr& 
I.  i.  §  16  They  bring  the  poorer  under  their  power,  and  reign 
as  Lards  over  them.  1726  POPE  Odyss.  xvm.  127  Affright 
the  dogs,  and  reign  A  dreaded  tyrant  o'er  the  bestial  train  ! 
1887  Times  (weekly  ed.)  7  Oct.  2/4  The  English  Sovereign 
reigns  over  one-fifth  of  the  whole  human  race. 

c.  transf.  or  Jig.  of  God,  Christ,  etc. 

1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  4200  In  Capharnaum  he  [Anti 
christ]  sal  regne  alswa.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Serm.  Sel.  Wks.  I. 
258  pei  wolden  not  bat  Crist  rengnede  on  hem  ;  and  nebeles 
Crist.. regneb  upon  all  bis  world.  £1400  Apol.  Loll.  2  pe 
place  of  hem  bat  regnun  in  heuen  wib  Crist,  c  1450  Hol.- 
LAND//(7w/rtr474Our  Saluatouris  sepultur, . .  Quhar  he  raiss, 
as  we  reid,  richtuiss  to  ryng.  1526  filgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W. 
1531)  297  They  bothe  reygneth  holy  sayntes  before  god 
perpetually.  1567  Guile  q-  Godlie  B.  (S.T.  S.)  1 10  Our  God 
forsuith  Kmgis  in  heuin  full  hie.  1633  P.  KLETCHER  Purple 
Isl.  1.  xxxii,  Who  reigned'st  in  thy  heaven,  yet  felt'st  our 
hell.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  814  That  mortal  dint,  Save  he 
who  reigns  above,  none  can  resist.  1788  COWPER  Negro's 
Compl.  TV,  Is  there  One  who  reigns  on  high  7  1817  SHELLEY 
Rev.  Islam  i.  xxvii,  The  Fiend  did  revel  In  victory,  reigning 
o'er  a  world  of  woe. 

d.  fig.  of  things  (more  or  less  personified). 
1362  LANGL.  P.  PL  A.  in.  271  Kuynde  wit  me  taujte  pat 

Resun  schal  regne  and  Reames  gouerne.  1390  GOWER 
Con/.  III.  113  Thus  the  Sonne  is  overal  The  chiefe  Planete 
. .  And  thus  betwen  hem  regneth  he.  1553  BECON  Keliqucs 
of  Rome  (1563)  143  b,  The  Masse  rained,  ruled,  ruffled,  and 
triumphed,  as  a  moste  puissant  and  myghty  Queene.  1592 
SHAKS.  Ven.  <$•  Ad.  649  Where  loue  raignes,  disturbing 
iealousie  Doth  call  him  selfe  affection's  centinell.  1637 
MILTON  Camus  334  Disinherit  Chaos,  that  raigns  here  In 
double  night.  1667  —  P.  L.  iv.  765  Here  Love  his  golden 
shaft  imploies, . .  Reigns  here  and  revels.  1782  COWFER  Lily 
f;  Rose  vii,  The  seat  of  empire  is  her  cheeks,  They  reign 
united  there.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  v.  Song  vi,  While 
Truth  with  Joy  enthroned  o'er  his  lost  empire  reigns  !  1871 
B.  TAYLOR  Faust  2nd  Pt.  i.  i,  While. .  Reigns  in  pomp  the 
perfect  moon. 

2.  Of  persons  :  To  exercise  authority  of  any  kind; 
to  hold  sway ;  to  rule. 

ft  1300  Curst 
haf  i.      1362  L 


a  1300  Cursor  M.  28526  At  wrestelyng,  at  wake,  rengd 
af  i.      1361  LANGL.  /'.  PI.  A.  n.  35  Alle  bis  Riche  Reten- 
aunce  bat  Regneden  with  Fals.     c  1449  PF.COCK  Refr.  in. 
iv.  ago  Than  schulde  no  preest  haue  immouable  godis  in 
lordschip.     Forwhi  thanne  he  muste  nedis  comaunde  and 


regne  upon  hise  tenauntis.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  ix.  1144 
'ITie  Scottis  at  large  out  throu  all  Fyff  thai  rang.  1556 
LAUDF.K  Tractate  374  Quhat  plagis..  Sail  _  fall  wpon  the 
realmes  and  kyngis  (Juharin  no  faithfull  lugisryngis.  1597 
SHAKS.  Lover's  Comfl.  127  He  did  in  the  general  bosom 


BEIGN. 


385 


REIM-KENNAR. 


reign  Of  young,  of  old.  1640  Bp.  HALL  Episc.  i.  §  16.  67 
Saint  Paul  was  the  same  ..  that  he  was  raigning  in  the 
Pulpit,  or  disputing  in  the  Schople  of  Tyrannus.  1671 
MILTON  P.  R.  u.  466  Yet  he  who  reigns  within  himself,  and 
rules  Passions,  Desires,  and  Fears,  is  more  a  King.  1819 
SHELLEY  Prometh.  Unb.  i.  10  Me  ..  Hast  thpu  made  reign 
and  triumph..  O'er  mine  own  misery.  1864  TENNYSON  En. 
Ard.  764  [He  saw]  him,  that  other,  reigning  in  his  place. 

trans/,  c  1374  CHAUCER  Compl.  Mars  43  Who  reigneth 
now  in  blisse  but  Venus,  That  hath  this  worthy  Knyght  in 
gouernaunce?  1500-20  DumAX/VWHtfzlvuL  33  LordEolus 
dois  in  thy  sessone  ring.  1784  COWI-ER  Task  I.  455  The 
spleen  is  seldom  felt  where  Flora  reigns. 

t  b.   To  go  on  or  continue  in  some  state  or 
course  of  action.    Obs. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  IVks,  (1880)  68  Also  generaly  prelatis  regnen 
in  symonye.  1442  Cursor  M.  48  (Bedford  MS.),  Insampil 
to  hem  I  may  say  pat  regneb1  in  her  reaut  all  way.  c  1470 
HENRY  Wallace  vm.  1359  Than  rang  I  furth  in  cruell  wer 
and  payn.  1556  I>AUDER  Tractate  184  The  Liegis  of  the 
vngodlie  kyng  In  daylie  trubbyll  thay  sail  ryng. 
t  c.  To  flourish.  Ol>s.  rare. 

?  a  1450  Compend.  Old  Treat,  in  Roy's  Rede  me  (Arb.)  175 

This  Bede  reygned  in  the  yere  off  oure  lorde  god  .vij. 

hundred  and  xxxij.    1450-80  tr.  Secreta  Secret.  38  In  the 

tyme  of  this  ffysnomyas  reynyd  the.  .doctour  ypocras. 

f  d.  To  flourish  in  some  respect.   Obs.  rare~~l. 

1546  tr.  Gassers  Prognost.  dvj,  Yet  shalthei  reigne  in  large 
benefites  and  great  renoume. 

3.  Of  things  (chiefly  immaterial  things)  :  To 
have  power,  sway,  or  predominance  ;  to  prevail  or 
be  prevalent. 

a.  of  qualities,  conditions,  etc. 

a  1340  HAMPOLB  Psalter  ix.  40  When  antecrist  Is  distroid 
all  goed  sail  regne  bare  in.  c  1400  Roitt.  Rose  5793  For"  if.  . 
good  love  regned  over-alle,  Such  wikkidnesse  ne  shulde 
falle.  ci440  Gesta  Rom.  i.  xlvii.  196  (Harl.  MS.>,  Wher  so 
euer  he  knewe  bat  eny  discorde  or  vnrest  was  Regnynge. 
1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxxix.  44  Wirk  for  the  place  of 
paradyce,  For  thairin  ringis  no  covettyce.  1591  SHAKS. 
Two  Gent.  \.  ii.  15  Lord,  Lord  :  to  see  what  folly  raignes  in 
vs.  1616  R.  C.  Tinti's*  Whistle  iv.  1202  Insatiate  Avarice 
then  first  began  To  raigne  in  the  depraved  minde  of  man. 
1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  ThevenoCs  Trav.  i.  101  Letters  are  in 
no  vogue  in  that  Country,  and  perfound  Ignorance  reigns 
among  them.  1705  ADDISON  Italy  (1733)  63  The  great 
Secrecy  that  reigns  in  their  public  Councils.  1764  GOLDSM. 
Trav.  239  To  kinder  skies,  where  gentler  manners  reign, 
I  turn.  1818  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  v.  v.  522  Dissen 
sion,  improvidence,  and  pusillanimity  reigned  at  Madras. 
1871  JOWETT  Plato  IV.  35  The  business  of  the  legislator  is  to 
clear  up  this.,  confusion  which  reigns  in  the  minds  of  men. 

b.  of  the  planets,  winds,  seasons,  etc. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxi.  (Clement]  389  Thru  }>e  playnyt 
bat  regnyt  ban  hyre  worthit  be  ane  II  wemane.  1579  E.  K. 
Gloss,  in  Spenser's  SHeph.  Cal.  Nov.  16  The  sonne  reigneth, 
that  is,  in  the  signe  Pisces.  1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  F//7,  v.  iv.  43 
Twenty  of  the  Dog-dayes  now  reigne  in's  Nose.  1622  BACON 
Hen,  y/f(i8j6)io3  Now  did  the  sign  reign,  and  the  constel. 
lation  was  come,  under  which  Perkin  should  appear.  1662 
J.  DAVIES  tr,  Mandelslo's  Trav.  117  The  South  and  South 
west  winds  reign  here  [Meliapour]  from  April  to  September. 
1704  POPE  Summer  22  In  thy  heart  eternal  winter  reigns. 
1726  SHELVOCKE  Voy.  round  World  175  The  land  winds 
reign  all  night.  1821  SHELLEY  /  would  not  be  a  King^  The 
path  to  power  is  steep  and  rough,  And  tempests  reign  above. 

c.  of  diseases,  troubles,  etc. 

1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  244  Somyr  is  hote  and 
dry,  and  therfor  than  regnyth  reede  colere.  1483  CAXTON 
Cato  C  ij,  In  that  tyme.  .reygned  a  grete  pestylence.  1513 
DOUGLAS  Mneis  x.  xiii.  12  Sik  distres  rang  amang  mortale 
wychtis.  _  1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  iv.  iii.  96  A  Feuer  she 


LYLE  Cromwell  (1871)  II.  179  Famine  has  long  reigned. 

f4.  a.  Of  a  class  or  kind  of  persons:  To  prevail, 
to  be  numerous.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  2124  It  halt  Europe  quar  mast  to  day 
Regns  o  f>e  cristen  lay.      1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanfs  Comm. 
126  They  [the  Anabaptists]   also   reigne   chiefly  in   those 
places,  wher  the  doctrine  of  the  Gospell  is  prohibited. 
f  b.  To  range,  extend,   Obs.  rare— l. 

1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xxm.  381  Ich  wol  by-come  a  piU 
gryme,  And  wenden  as  wide  as  the  worlde  regnej). 
t  c.  Of  an  inanimate  thing  :  To  last,  Obs.—^ 

1691  T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent.  132  A  Ship  doth  com- 
monly  Reign  about  thirty  years, 

5.  To  hold  a  dominant  position ;  to  be  in  the 
majority. 

1715  LEONI_  Palladia's  Archit.  (1742)  I.  94  There  might 
reign  a  cornice  the  whole  length  of  it  on  each  side.  1885 
Fortn.  in  Waggonette  35  The  bank  on  one  side  is  thickly 
wooded,  the  firs  chiefly  reigning. 

6.  trans,  fa.  To  rule,  govern  (a  person,  etc.). 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  u.  379  Swich  love  of  freendes 
regneth  al  this  toun. 

b.  To  put  down  by  reigning,  rare  "~l. 

1819  SHELLEY  Prometh.  Unb.  \\.  iv.  100  But  who  reigns 
down  Evil,  the  immedicable  plague? 

f  c.  To  live  out  (a  specified  number  of  years)  as 
ruler.    Obs.  rare—1. 

-11641  BP.  MOUNTACU  Acts  «$•  Mon.  (1642)  136  When  he 
had  reigned  out  forty  yeares,  he  died  in  winter, 

Reign,  variant  of  RAIGN  v.  Obs. 

t  Reignative,  a.  Obs.  rare-1.  [See  REIGN 
v.  and  -ATIVE.]  Ruling,  governing. 

1387-8  USK  Test.  Lore  u.  ii.  (Skeat)  1.  83  Right  so  litel  or 
naught  is  worth  erthely  power,  but  if  reignatif  prudence  in 
heedes  governe  the  smale. 

tRei-gner.   Obs.  [f.  REIGN  V.  +  -ERI.]   One 
who  reigns,  a  ruler. 
VOL.  VIII. 


1460  CAPGRAVE  Chron.  (Rolls)  52  Here  leve  we  the  manere 
of  countyng  used  befor,  where  we  sette  evyr  the  regnei  in 
his  last  sere.  1530  PALSGR.  261/2  Reigner  in  a  kyngdome, 
regnatevr.  1602  CAREW  Corn-wall  144  b,  Not  needing  in  the 
Norman  Kings  new  birth  to  be  distinguished  with  the 
Raigners  number.  1627  SPEED  Eng.  etc.  Abridged  vi.  §  9 
Henry  the  third,  the  Normans  longest  Raigner. 

Reigning  (r^'-nin),  vbl.  si),  [f.  as  prec.  +  ING  l.] 
The  action  of  the  vb.  REIGN. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  8515  His  regnning  was  wit  right  resun. 
c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  \Vace  (Rolls)  4105  For  regnynge 
of  kynges  straunge,..langage  men  chaunge.  1439  E.  E. 
Wills  ngThexviij  yere  [?  of  the]  Rengnyng  of  our  spuereyn 
lord  Kyng  Harry.  1633  P.  FLETCHER  Eliza  i.  xliii,  There 
doth  it  blessed  sit,  and  looking  down,..  Scorns  earth,  where 
even  Kings  most  serve  by  reigning.  1711  in  icttt  Rep. 
Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  120  The  innocency  of  James 
the  Second  in  his  reignemg.  1776  GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  xiii.  I. 
394  Of  all  arts,  the  most  difficult  was  the  art  of  reigning. 

Reigning  (rJi-nin),  ///.  a.  [f.as  prec.  -t-  -ING  2.*] 
That  reigns,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb. 

1.  Of  persons  :  Ruling,  governing. 

1716  LADY  M.  \V.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  C'tcss  Mar  17  Oct.,  I 
have  taken  this  little  fatigue  merely  to  oblige  the  reigning 
empress.  1786  JEFFEKSON  ll'rlt.  (1859)  I.  574  The  reigning 
party  in  the  United  Netherlands,  and  the  government  of  this 
country.  1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xxxv,  He  sent  him  to 
France  to  receive  his  education  at  the  court  of  the  reigning 
sovereign.  1853  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xx.  IV.  444  The 
Whigs  were  on  principle  attached  to  the  reigning  dynasty. 
b.  transf. 

1705  AODISON  Italy  9  Pictures  of  the  reigning  Beauties  in 
the  Court  of  France.  1711  STEELE  Spuct,  No.  156  f  i  The 
History  of  the  reigning  Favourites  among  the  Women.  1849 
THACKERAY  Pendcnnis  xxxi,  The  book  was  daintily  illus 
trated  with  pictures  of  reigning  beauties. 

2.  Of  things  :  Prevailing,  predominating,  chief. 

1642  ROGERS  Naaman  154  The  raigning  and  defiling  and 
deceiving  power  of  it.  1685  EVELYN  Mrs.  Godolphin  (1888) 
9  The  raigneing  pestilence  of  Sixty-fme.  1711  ADDISON^)*^/. 
No.  13  P  6  To  snow  what  are  at  present  the  reigning  Enter 
tainments  of  the  Politer  Part  of  Great-Britain.  1769  FAL 
CONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  Reigning-winds^  a  name  given 
to  the  winds  which  usually  prevail  on  any  particular  coast 
or  region.  1817  CHALMERS  Astron.  Disc.  il.  (1852)  63  The 
reigning  principle  of  this  Discourse.  1873  ROGERS  Grig. 
Bible  ii.  (1875)  87  The  reigning  feature  which  from  first  to 
last  distinguishes  this  book  from  every  other. 

Reigni'te,  ».  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  ignite 
again.  So  Beigui-tion. 

1863  TYNDALL  Heat  iii.  51  The  candle  is  reignited  and 
burns  with  vivid  brilliancy.  1884  American  VII.  222  The 
momentary  extinction  and  reignition  of  the  light.  1892 
Pall  Mall  G.  21  Apr.  4/3  He.  .lit  a  match,  and  re-ignited 
the  fuse. 

Reik,  Sc.  var.  REACH  v.lt  REAK(S)  ;  obs.  f. 
REEK  sb.  and  v.  Reike,  obs.  f.  RICK.  Reikie, 
obs.  Sc.  f.  REEKY. 

Reil(e,  Reill,  obs.  ff.  RAIL  sb.\  REEL  sb.  and  v. 

ReiU'ume,  v.  [RE-  5  a  :  cf.  RELUME.]  trans.. 
To  light  up  again  ;  to  reignite. 

X793  WoRpsw%  Prose  Wks.  (1876)  I.  5  To  ..  reillume  the 
torch  of  extinguished  David,  a  1822  SHELLEY  Mother  $  Son 
v,  The  vital  fire  seemed  reillumed.  1848  LYTTOS  Harold 
v.  i,  It  coils  round  the  dry  leaves  and  sere  stalks,  and  a 
touch  re-illumes  it.  1878  SYMONDS  Sonn.  M.  Angela  xi, 
Reilluming  memories  that  died. 

Reillumina'tion.    [RE-  5  a.]    The  act  of 

reilluminating  ;  new  illumination. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rallunnnatione^  are-illumination.  1891  T. 
HARDY  Tess  xxxv,  But  reillumination..  returned  to  him. 

ReillU'mine,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  illumine 
again.  Hence  Reillirmined  ///.  a. 

1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mob  vn.  180  A  smile  of  godlike  malice 
re-illumined  [later  edd.  reillumed]  His  fading  lineaments. 
t&t^Zeluca  II  1.  44  The.  .solicitude  of  his  re-illumined  mind. 
X8?5  JowiTT/Vo/fl  (ed.  2)  III.  145  A  single  glance  at  the 
varying  landscape  would  in  an  instant  revive  and  reillumine 
the  extinguished  spark  of  poetry. 

Ii  Reim  (rim).  S.  African,  [a.  Du.  riem^\  A 
strip  of  ox-hide,  a  thong,  strap. 

1865  in  Churchman  ii  Jan.  (1866)  26/2  [He]  climbed  up  to 
one  of  the  bells,  and,  attaching  a  reim  to  it,  quickly  caused 
the  customary  peal  to  resound.  1866  [see  OUTRAN  v.  b]. 
1892  RIDER  HAGGARD  Nada  the  Lily  2  There  was  a  sound 
of  breaking  reims  and  trampling  hoofs. 

Ke-i'iuage,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  image  again. 

1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mab  vi.  8  The  stainless  mirror  of  the 
lake  Re-images  the  eastern  gloom.  1814  —  Ess.  $  Lett. 
(1852)  1.  168  He  re-imaged  with  intense  thought  the  minutest 
recollections  of  the  scene. 

tReimbale,  v.  Obs.  rare-1.  [RE-  5  a  :  cf. 
EMBALE  v.]  trans.  To  put  up  again  in  bales. 

1623  St.  Papers,  Col.  163  Silk  came  so  ill-conditioned  for 
want  of  reimbaling. 

tReimba-rge,  v.  Obs.  rare-*.  [RE-  5  a.] 
intr.  To  embark  again  on  a  barge. 

1681  T.  JORDAN  London's  Joy  4  With  his  Retinue  he 
retreats  agen  To  th'  Water-side,  and.  .doth  Re-imbarge. 

Reimbark,  -ation,  etc.  :  see  RE-EMBARK,  etc. 

Reimbrbe,  v.  [RE-  53.]  trans.  To  imbibe 
(f  or  soak)  again.  Hence  Reimbrbing  vbl.  sb. 

1594  PLAT  J&vell-ho.  \.  57  Let  these  wast  ashes  bee  re- 
imbibed  with  more  water.  1663  BOYLE  Usef.^  Ex£.  Nat. 
Philos.  u.  App.  336  The  hot  Liquor  soon  reimbib'd  the  Salt. 
17779.  FOKSTER  Voy.  round  Worldl.  44  Thereimbibing  of 
perspired  matter.  18*3  J.  BADCOCK  DOM.  Amuscm.  40  The 
paper  ^has  had  time  sufficient  to  re-imbibe  the  moisture. 

Reimbody  :  see  RE-EMBODY. 
I  Reinibcrsk,  "'.   Qbs.rare-*.  [RE-  5  a  :  cf, 
next.]    trans.   =  REIMBUSH  v. 


x6g9  HOWELL  Vocab.  in.  (Hunting),  The  deer  is  reim- 
boskd,. .//  s't-st  rembuschc. 

t  Reimbo'SS,  v.  Obs.  rare.  In  7  re-imbosch, 
•imboace.  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  EMBOSS  v.~:  cf.  REIM- 
BUSH  v.]  a.  reft.  To  hide  (oneself)  again  among 
bushes,  b.  intr.  (See  quot.  1656.) 

1640  HOWELL  DodoncCs  Gr.  (1649)  M  The  Ampclonian 
satyr.. suddenly  ran  in,  and  re-imboscli'd  himself.  1656 
BLOUNT  Glossogr.t  Rc-itnboscc,  to  lie  again  in  ambush,  or 
return  to  the  Wood. 

Reimbrace :  see  RE-EMBRACE. 

Reimbursable,  a.  [f.  as  next  +  -ABLE,  or  ad. 
F.  rembour sable.]  That  is  to  be  reimbursed,  re 
payable. 

1792  HAMILTON  Wks.  (1851)  III.  342  Let  the  sum  of 
550,000  dollars  be  borrowed,  ..  reimbursable  within  five 
years.  1866  H.  MERIVALE  in  Life  Whately  I.  117  A  measure 
was  devised  (1835)  for  the  payment  of  arrears  to  the  clergy 
by  Government,  reimbursable  by  a  land-tax. 

Reimburse  (niimbz^'is),  v.  Also  7  -bourse. 
[RE-  5  a,  pcrh.  after  F.  remboitrserl\ 

1.  trans.  To  repay  or  make  up  to  one  (a  sum 
expended). 

1611  COTGR.,  Rembottrscr,  to  reimburse ;  to  repay,  restore, 
or  giue  backe,  money  spent,  etc.  1671  EvELYN-Z^w>2'26  June, 
The  niony  we  laid  out  to  be  reimbours'd  out  of  the  contingent 
monies  set  apart  for  us.  1733-4  BERKELEY  in  Fraser  Life 
vi.  218  You  will  also  remember  to  take  bonds  for  the  money, 
to  be  reimbursed  for  the  Deanery-house.  1793  SMEATON 
Edystone  L.  (ed.  2)  Pref.  5  It  will  a  good  tleal  fall  slioit  of 
reimbursing  my  expences,  1839  HALLAM  Hist,  Lit.  in.  i.  §  8 
The  tardy  sale  of  so  voluminous  a  work  could  not  have  re 
imbursed  the  cost,  1872  YEATS  Growth  Cowtit,  231  Tlie 
capital  ..  he  reckoned  at  io,ooo,oco  guilders,  which  four 
prosperous  trips  would  amply  reimburse. 

fb.  To  refund,  disgorge.   Cbs.  rare~~l. 

1725  RAMSAY  Gentle  Sheph.  v.  iii,  I'll  strip  him  soon  of  all 
to  her  pertains,  And  make  him  reimburse  his  ill-got  gains. 

2.  To  repay,  recompense  (a  person).    Also  const. 
for,  fijf  (the  expenditure,  etc.). 

1637-50  Row  Hist.  Kirk  (Wodrow  Soc.)  112  The  poore 
men  to  be  reimbursed.  1669  S.  Pni'YS  in  Pcpys'  Diary,  etc. 
(1879)  VI.  no,  I  will  see  you  fully  and  thankfully  reim 
bursed  for  what  charges  shall  attend  the  same.  1672  DRYDEN 
Assignation  v,  iii,  You'll  find  occasion  instantly  to  reimburse 
me  of  my  kindness.  1707  FARQUHAR  Beaux'  Strat.  I.  i, 
They  are  willing  to  reimburse  us  a  little.  1790  BEATSON 
jVrtZ'.  fy  Alii.  Klein.  I.  266  The  Colonists  were  reimbursed 
by  Parliament  of  all  the  expences  incurred  by  them  in  this 
expedition,  a  1859  MACAULAY  Hist.  ling.  xxv.  V.  251  Tliey 
had  disbursed  money  largely,.,  with  the  certainty  that  they 
should  never  be  reimbursed  unless  the  outlay  proved  bene 
ficial  to  the  public. 

b.  rejl.     Also  in  transf.  uses. 

1724  SWIFT  Drafter's  Lett.  Wks.  1755  V.  n.  47  Hath  he 
saved  any  other  kingdom  at  his  own  expence,  to  give  him 
a  title  of  reimbursing  himself  by  the  destruction  of  ours? 
1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  ii,  Wilson  felt  no  scruple  of  con 
science  in  resolving  to  reimburse  himself  for  his  losses. 
1850  GKOTE  Greece  n.  Ixv.  (1862)  V.  539  Eager  to  reimburse 
themselves  for  this  humiliation,  they  now  formed  a  con 
spiracy. .to  seize  the  government. 

3.  With  double  object :  (cf.  I  and  2). 

1624 CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  Pref.  i  The  issue  may  well  re 
imburse  you  your  summes  expended.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr. 
Thevenofs  Trav.  1.257  Till  he  be  reimbursed  the  money  that 
he  hath  laid  out.  a,  1745  SWIFT  Story  of  an  Injured  Lady 
Wks.  1751  XIV.  loo  It  was  but  reasonable  . .  to  reimburse 
him  some  of  his  Charges.  1803  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw,  Desp. 
(1838)  I.  390  If  he  had  consented  to  be  reimbursed  this  ex 
pedition  he  would  have  received  bonds  ..for  this  sum  of 
money.  1841  MACAULAY  £ss.,  Hastings  (1854)  655  His 
friends  in  Leadenhall  Street  proposed  to  reimburse  him  the 
costs  of  his  trial. 

Hence  Keimbu'rser,  Heimbirrsing  vbl.  si). 

1611  COTGR.,  Rembourseur,  a  reimburser  ;  repayer.  Ibid,, 
Remboursement)  ..a  reimbursing.  172^-38  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Reimbursement,  Reimbursing  is  also  used  for 
paying  the  price  a  commodity  costs  its  owner. 

ReimbuTsemeivt.  Also  7  re-em-,  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -MENT,  perh.  after  F.  rembonrsfment.~\  The 
act  of  reimbursing,  repayment. 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xiii.  §  90.  606/2  The 
King  had  restored  Brest  in  Britaine  to  the  Duke,  vpon 
reembursements  of  the  money  lent.  1662  J.  DAVIES  tr. 
Olearius1  Voy.  Ambass.  221  By  way  of  re-enibursement  for 
the  charges  we  had  been  at,  1762  GOLDSM.  Nash  9  His 
scanty  commission  could  never  procure  him  the  proper 
reimbursements.  1790  HAMILTON  Wks.  (1851)  III.  9  He., 
took  the  risks  of  reimbursement  upon  himself.  1837  THIRL- 
WALL  Greece  xxxii.  IV.  235  The  reimbursement  of  the  100 
talents  which  they  had  advanced  to  the  party  of  the  city. 
1878  LECKY  Eng.  in  i8M  C.  II.  viii.  494  For  this  expense 
he  promised  a  parliamentary  reimbursement. 

ReimbU'sh,  v.  rare""0.  [KK-  5  a,  after  F. 
rembucher:  cf.  REIMBOSK  and  REIMBOSS.]  trans. 
To  lodge  again  among  bushes.  Also  Beimbu'sh- 
merit  (see  quots.). 

1611  COTGR.,  Rembuscht,  reimbushed  ;  lodged,  or  put 
among  bushes.  ..  Rembuschement,  a  reimbushment;  the 
place  whereat  wild  beasts  enter  into  a  thicket  after  that 
they  haue  preyed,  or  pastured.  1877  W'KAXEi.Ltr.  V.  Hugos 
Les  Mise'rables  H.  c,  This  manoeuvre  is  peculiar  to  the 
tracked  deer, .  .in  venery  it  is  called  a  '  false  reimbushment '. 

Heime,  obs.  form  of  REALM. 

Reim-kennar.  pseudo-arch,  [app.  formed  by 
Scott  on  G.  reim  rhyme  +  kenner  knower.]  One 
skilled  in  magic  rhymes. 

1821  SCOTT  Pirate  vi,  A  Norwegian  invocation,  still  pre 
served  in  the  island  of  Unst,  under  the  name  of  the  song  of 
the  Reim-Kennar.  Ibid,  xxyiu,  They  who  speak  to  the 
Reim-Kennar  must  lower  their  voice. 

49 


BEIMMEBGE. 


Reimme-rge,^-  [R*>5a]  To  immerge  again. 

1664  POWER  Exp.  P  kilos.  \\.  92  If  before  the  removal  of 
your  thumb  you  reimmerge  it  again  into  the  vessel'd  Quick 
silver  as  before.  1761  London  fy  Environs  IV.  86  The 
great  increase,  .re-immerged  the  survivors  into  an  abyss  of 
horror  and  despair. 

Rename  rse,  r1.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  immerse 
again.  So  ReimmeTsion. 

1728  DESAGULIERS  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXXV.  624  Then  the 
Point  C  being  got  to  H  is  re-Immersed,  c  1865  G.  GORE  in 
Circ.  Sc.  I.  215/2  They  ..  become  covered  with  a  film  of 
oxide,  which  considerably  weakens  the  electric  current  on 
their  reimmersion.  Ibid.  222/1  Reimmerse  it  repeatedly. 

Rermmigrant.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  returning 
emigrant.  So  Beimmigra'tion,  return. 

1864  KINGSLEY  ROM.  $  Teut.  27  The  Irish  have  just 
established  popery  across  St.  George  s  Channel,  by  the  aid 
of  re-immigrants  from  America.  1894  HUXLEY  .£w/wrV0«  <$• 
Ethics,  Prolegom.  v,  They  .  .  take  measures  to  defend  them- 
selves  from  the  re-immigration  of  either. 

t  Reimmi't,  v.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  insert  again. 

1669  BOYLE  Contn.  New  Exp.  ir.  (1682)  146,  1  therefore  re- 
immitted  the  same  tube  into  the  same  gun. 

Reinipa'rk,  v.  rare  ~l,  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
confine  again. 

1615  J.  STEPHENS  Satyr,  fiss.t  Jaylor  (1857)  192  You  may 
..meet  him..  riding  post  in  mellancholy  to  re-impark  his 
wilde  runnagates. 

Reimpa-rt,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  impart  again. 

1831  CARLYLE  Sart.  Res.  i.  ix,  Thy  unparalleled  confession 
(which  we,  even  to  the  sounder  British  world  .  .  grudge  to 
reimpart).  1857  GLADSTONE  Homer  ^  Proleg.  (1858}  I.  8r 
In  thus  reimparting  a  promiscuous  character  to  the  first 
scene*  of  Grecian  history. 

Reimpe'lf  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  impel  again. 

1660  BOYLE  New  Exp.  Pkys.  Mech.  xxxix.  325  The 
Water  was  presently  re-impell'd  to  its  former  height.  1775 
HARHIS  Philos,  Arrangem.  Wks.  (1841)  331  note,  The  im 
pelling  power,  for  instance,  is  after  a  manner  re-impelled. 
1860  Cornh.  Mag.  II.  71  It  repeats..  the  signals  transmitted 
from  London,  re-impelling  the  message  to  Copenhagen. 

Reimpla'Ce,  v.  Now  rare.  Also  7  rein-. 
[RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  remplacer.]  trans.  To  put  in 
place  again  ;  to  replace. 

a  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  VIII  1^683)  163  Taking  the 
Canons  along  with  them,  [they]  reimplaced  them,  and  so 
departed.  1651  JER.  TAYLOR  Serm.  for  Year  i.  xix.  241 
For  the  reimplacing  the  divine  image..  God  did  a  greater 
work  then  the  creation.  1719  LONDON  &  WISE  Compl.  Card. 
293  You  must  continue  to  remove  Strawberry  Plants  out  of 
your  Nurserys,  to  reimplace  those  Tufts  which  are  dead. 
1890  H.  M.  STANLEY  Darkest  Afr.  II.  xxvii.  212  If  Egypt 
intended  to  cast  him  off.,  here  was  this  offer  of.  .^1500 
salary  to  reimplace  Egypt. 

Reinipla'nt,  v.  [1<E-  5  a.]  trans.  To  implant 
again.  So  Reimplanta'tion. 

1656  Artif.  Handsom.  45  How  many  grave  and  godly 
matrons,  usually  grafTe  or  re-implant  on  their  .  .  browes,  the 
reliques,  combings  or  cuttings  of.  .more  youthful  hair? 
a  1676  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  in.  vi.  (1677)  281  A  Branch 
torn  from  a  Tree,  .will  resume  Life  by  re-implantation  and 
the  Solar  Heat,  a  1891  Medical  AVrur  LI  I.  Advts.  i. 
(Cent,),  Reimplantation  of  a  Trephined  Button  of  Bone. 

Rei'inport,  sb.     [RE-  5  a.]     Reimportation. 

1883  American  VI.  244  The  amount  available  for  reimport 
probably  has  been  returned  to  us. 

Reinipo'rt,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  rtimporter] 
trans.  To  bring  back  ;  spec,  to  import  again  to  the 
country  exporting.  So  Reimporta'tion. 

174*  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  \\.  308  Bid  Day  stand  still,..  and  re 
import  The  period  past.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  IV.  N.  iv.  iv,  II. 
90  In  those  cases  in  which  the  goods..  are  really  exported  to 
some  foreign  country  ;  and  not  clandestinely  reimported  into 
our  own.  1847  LD.  LINDSAY  Chr.  Art  I.  117  Like  the  fire 
of  Prometheus,  reimported  from  its  sunny  fountain  in  the 
east.  1853  P.  THOMPSON  in  Assoc.Archit.Soc*  Rep.  $  Pap. 
II.  363  The  wool  of  this  country  was..  dyed,  sent  abroad, 
and  reimported  in  the  web.  1882  OGILVIE,  Reimportation. 
1883  American  VI.  244  Making  their  reimportation  illegal. 

ReimpOTtunate,  v.  :  see  next,  quot.  1611. 

Reimportu'ne,  V*  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  importune  again. 

1603  B.  JONSON  Votyone  \.  i,  On  first  advantage  ..  will  I 
re-importune  him  Unto  the  making  of  his  testament.  1611 
COTGR.,  Reimportitner^  to  reimportune,  or  to  reimpor- 
tunate.  1631  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  Biondis  Eromena  To  Rdr.,  By 
.  .earnest  solicitations  to  re-importune  him  to  close  up  what 
in  these  two  remained  unfinished. 

ReimpO'Se,  v.    [RE-  5  a.     Cf.  F.  r^imposer^\ 

1.  trans.  To  impose  (a  burden,  tax,  etc.)  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Reimposer^  to  reimpose,  to  recharge.  1675-6 
in  J.  T.  Wheeler  Madras  (1861)  HI.  418  Pretending  to  sell 
the  Kings  paddy  here  customs  free..  and  to  re-  impose  an 
avaldar.  1812  SIR  R.  WILSON  Priv.  Diary  (1862)  I.  123 
Russia..  scarcely  even  scrupled  to  re-impose  the  Turkish 
yoke  upon  her  allies,  the  Servians.  1855  BRIGHT  Sp.t 
Ritssia  j  June  (1876)  262  We  have  commenced  a  career  of 
reimposmg  taxes.  1883  Manch.  Exam.  26  Nov.  5/2  We 
ought  to..  reimpose  the  sliding-scale  duty  on  corn. 
b.  To  tax  again,  rare* 

1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  v.  ii.  I.  463  If  they  complain  and 
make  good  their  complaints,  the  whole  parish  is  reimposed 
next  year,  in  order  to  reimburse  them. 

f2.  To  reprint.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1686  J.  ELIOT  in  Boyle's  Wks.  (1772)  _I.  Life  213  ^My 
humble  request,  .is,  that  we  may  again  reimpose  the  Primer 
and  Catechism  ;  for  though  the  last  impression  be  not 
quite  spent,  yet  quickly  they  will. 

Reimposrtioii.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  rtimposi- 
tion.]  The  act  of  reimposing;  also,  an  instance 
of  this,  a  reimposecl  tax. 


386 

177*  ADAM  SMITH  IV.  N.  v.  ii.  I.  464  Such  relmpositions 
are  always  over  and  above  the  taille  of  the  particular  year 
in  which  they  are  laid  on.  1817  J.  SCOTT  Paris  Revisited 
(ed.  4)  25  Abetting  the  re-imposition  of  what  they  know  to  be 
imbecile,  odious,  and  unjust.  1860  BRIGHT  Sp.,  Ch.  Rates 
27  Apr.  (1876)  540  They  would  never  consent  to  a  reim- 
position  of  a  Church  rate.  1885  Manch.  Exam.  6  Nov.  5/2 
Meditating  a  reimposition  of  the  tax  on  corn. 

So  Reimpo'sure. 

1855  LYNCH  Lett,  to  Scattered  viii.  108  The  stirrings  of  a 
spring  life  that  will  shake  off  old  winter's  yoke,  and  make 
its  reimposure  impossible. 

Reimpre'gnate,  v>    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To 

impregnate  again. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  68  The  vigor  of  the  Load 
stone  is  destroyed  by  fire,  nor  will  it  be  reimpregnated  by 
any  other  Magnete  then  the  earth.  1669  WORLIDGE  Syst. 
Agric.  (1681)  137  That  the  Sun,  Frost,  and  Rains  may.  -re- 
impregnate  it  again  with  its  former  fertile  Juice.  182$  J. 
NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  340  Iron  ..  can  be  _ reim 
pregnated  with  carbon,  to  a  certain  ^extent,  without 
materially  injuring  its  malleable  properties. 

Reimpre'SS,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  impress  anew. 

1667  Decay  Chr.  Piety  v.  ?  13  Every  particular  command 
..tending  to  re-impress  on  us  some  part  of  that  divine  image. 
a  1711  KEN  Sion  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  380  The  lovely 
Graces  on  dear  Psyche's  Breast  Macario's  Speech  so  deeply 
re-imprest.  1779-^1  JOHNSON  L.  P.,  Milton  (1868)  63_Re- 
ligion  ..  will  glide  by  degrees  out  of  the  mind,  unless  it  be 
invigorated  and  reimpressed  by  external  ordinances.  1838 
LYTTON  Alice  n.  ii,  The  whole  family  were  duly  impressed 
and  re-impressed  with  her  importance.  1860  PUSEY  Min. 
Proph.  192  He  reimpresses  on  them  the  one  simple  need  of 
the  creature,  seek  God.  1883  V.  STUART  Egypt  217  The 
deity  having  the  power  to  reimpress  the  deceased  with  life. 

Reimpre'ssion.    [RE-  5  a.    Cf.  prec.  and 

F.  r&nipression.*] 

1.  The  act  of  reprinting ;  a  reprint  of  a  work. 
1616  SPELMAN  De  non  Tenter.  Eccl.  (ed.  2)  174,  I  hitherto 

by  entreaty  with-held  it  from  a  reimpression.  1684  J.  ELIOT 
in  ttoyle's  Wks.  (1772)  I.  Life  210  This  last  gift  of  4oo/.  for 
the  reimpression  of  the  Indian  Bible.  1787  Gentl.  Mag. 
LVII.  n.  1053/1,  I  began  to  read  it  as  a  re-impression  of  the 
work  which.  .1  had  perused  and  loved.  1816  SINGER  Hist. 
Cards  218  Whether  this  was  a  re-impression  of  Murner's 
book,  or  a  new  one  on  the  same  model  we  know  not.  1864 
F.  HALL  in  Lander's  Tractate  Pref.  5,  I  have  entered  into 
particulars  as  to  my  reimpression  of  the  present  poem. 

2.  A  renewed  impression. 

1665  BRATHWAIT  Comment  Two  Talcs  23  Fear,  .wrought 
strongly  enough  already  on  the  Carpenter's  Imagination,  so 
as  it  little  needed  any  re-impression. 

Reimpri'Ht,  zs.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To  imprint 
anew;  to  reprint.  Hence  Reimprrnted  ppl.  a., 
Reimpri'nting  vbl.  sb. 

1566  ABH.  PARKER  Corr.  (Parker  Soc.)  261  The  reim- 
printing  of  the  late  Geneva  Bible.  1616  SPELMAN  De  non 
Tenter.  Eccl.  (ed.  2)  173,  I  haue  beene  often  solHcited  within 
these  two  yeeres.. to  reimprint  this  little  Treatise,  a  1631 
DONNE  6  Serm,  i.  (1634)  14  This  seal  being  reimprinted  upon 
us  in  our  second  Creation.  01711  KEN  Hymnoiheo  Poet. 
'Wks.  1721  III.  T]  They  inward  joys  of  Absolution  feel,  And 
glory  in  their  re-imprinted  Seal. 

Reimpri  son,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  im 
prison  again.  So  Beimpri  sonment. 

1611  COTGR.,  Remprisonner,  to  reimprison.  1651  J. 
WRIGHT  tr.  Camus'  Nat.  Paradox  x.  244  If  it  be  your 
pleasure  to  re-imprison  her  in  the  same  Castle.  1798  In 
vasion  II.  viii.  79,  I  even  could  scarcely  help  regarding  my 
re-imprisonment  . .  as  a  punishment  inflicted  upon  me,  for 
yielding  so  inconsiderately.  1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  I.  vi. 
it  Till . .  the  Uncontrollable  be  got,  if  not  reimprisoned,  yet 
harnessed. 

Reimpro'vement.  rare-1.    [RE-  5  a.]    A 

renewed  improvement. 

1618  BP.  HALL  Contempt.,  N.  T.  i.  ii,  For  the  childe  of 
a  virgin  is  the  reimprovement  of  that  power,  which  created 
the  world. 

Rein  (r<*in),  sbl  Forms:  4-5  rene,  5  reene, 
ren,  5-6  rean(e  ;  4-7  reyn(e,  rayne,  rain(e,  7-8 
reign,  6-7  reine,  6-  rein ;  5-6  Sc.  renije,  reng^e. 
[a.  OF.  rene  (mod.F.  rem\  reg)ie>  raigney  rainne, 
etc.,  earlier  resne  and  (AF.)  rednet  usually  regarded 
as  repr.  a  Common  Romanic  *re*tinal  i.  L.  re- 
tinere  to  RETAIN,  whence  also  It.  redinat  -me  (Sicil. 
retina},  Pg.  redea,  Sp.  rienda,  Prov.  and  Catal. 
regna ;  but  the  divergences  in  the  forms  have  not 
been  satisfactorily  explained,  and  the  correctness 
of  the  etym.,  for  OF.  at  least,  is  doubtful  (see 
Korting,  under  resinum  and  retina}.] 

1,  A  long  narrow  strap  or  thong  of  leather, 
attached  to  the  bridle  or  bit  on  each  side  of  the 
head,  by  which  a  horse  or  other  animal  is  con 
trolled  and  guided  by  the  rider  or  driver ;  any 
similar  device  used  for  the  same  purpose.  (The 
//.  has  freq.  the  same  sense  as  the  sing. ,  the  two 
halves  being  thought  of  separately.) 

For  such  combs,  as  bearing-,  bridle-,  cheeky  coupling-, 
curl>-,  gag-rein^  etc.,  see  the  first  element.  False  rein, '  a 
lath  of  leather,  passed  sometimes  through  the  arch  of  the 
banquet  to  bend  the  horse's  neck '  (Chambers  Cycl.  1727-38). 

13..  K.  A  Us,  786  Faste  he  sat,  and  huld  the  reyne.  1375 
BARBOUR  Bruce  11.415  Schir  Philip  the  Mowbray..Raid  till 
him.  .And  hynt  hys  reng^e.  (1400  Destr.  Troy  6417  His 
horse  in  his  hond  held  by  the  reyne.  c  1450  Merlin  407  He 
hilde  the  reyne  of  his  bridill  in  his  lefte  arme.  c  1500 
Lancelot  2828  Who  may  he  be,  ^hone  knycht,  So  still  that 
hovith  and  sterith  not  his  Ren?  1592  SHAKS.  Ven.  $•  Ad. 
264  The  strong-neckt  steed,  being  tied  vnto  a  tree,  Breaketh 
his  raine.  1618  M.  BARET  Horsemanship  i.  Pref.  2  If 
they  rightly  consider  the  stayd  seating  of  the  Horses  body, 


REIN. 

and  also  the  true  placing  of  his  head,  with  the  easie  cariage 
of  his  reine.  1782  CCAVPER  Gilpin  88  That  trot  became  a 
gallop  soon,  In  spite  of  curb  and  rein.  1805  SCOTT  Last 
Alinstr.  Ii.  xxxiv,  The  Dwarf  the  stirrup  held  and  rein. 
1856  '  STONEHENGE  '  Brit.  Rural  Sports  395/1  For  those  who 
ride  with  a  loose  rein  the  snaffle  is  quite  sufficient. 
//.  13..  Ga-w.  ff  Cr.  Knt,  457  With  a  runisch  rout  be 
raynez  he  tornez.  c  1384  CHAUCER//. Fame  ii.  443  He..lat 
the  reynes  gon  Of  his  hors.  c  1450  Merlin  493  The  horse  all 
quyk  with-oute  maister  her  reynes  trailinge  with  the  strem. 
2484  CAXTON  Ordrc  o/Chyiialry  66  To  an  horse  is  gyuen  a 
brydel  and  the  raynes  of  the  brydel  ben  gyuen  in  the  hondes 
of  the  knyght  1565-6  BLUNDEVIL  Art  of  Riding  x.  7 
When  to  vse  false  Reanes,  and  when  to  leaue  them.  1598 
BARKCLEY  Feiic.  Man  (1631)  177,  I  have  sent  thee  a  paire 
of  reines  of  Scythia.  1664  BUTLER  Hud.  \\.  ii.  839  Quitting 
both  their  Swords  and  reigns  They  grasp' d  with  all  their 
strength  the  manes.  1785  G.  FORSTER  tr.  Spamnarfs  Vey. 
Cape  G.  Hope  I.  53  In  this  Country  they  never  use  reins  to 
theirOxen.  1817  SHELLEY  Jtev./s/a»ivi.xxi, 'Away  !  away  !' 
she  cried,  and  stretched  her  sword,.  .And  lightly  shook  the 
reins.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  50  If  you  want  to  mount 
one  of  your  father's  chariots,  and  take  the  reins  at  a  race. 

transf.  1660  MRQ.  WORCESTER  Exact  Def.  15  A  Helm  or 
Stem  with  Bitt  and  Reins,  wherewith  any  Child  may  guide, 
order,  and  controul  the  whole  Operation  [of  an  engine]. 

b.  To  give  (a  horse)  the  rein(s),  to  allow  (it) 
free  motion  (cf.  2  b).  To  draw  rein,  to  bring 
one's  horse  to  a  stand ;  to  stop  riding. 

1621  Bp.  HALL  Heaven  upon  Earth  §  8  Give  a  free  horse 
the  full  reins,  and  he  will  soon  tire.  1834  JAMES  J,  Marston 
Hall  x,  We  never  drew  a  rein  for  twenty  miles.  1838 
LYTTON  Leila  v.  i,  He  spoke,  and  gave  the  rein  to  his  barb. 
1889  DOYLE  Micak  Clarke  xii,  We  gave  rein  to  our  horses. 

2.  Jig.  Any  means  of  guiding,  controlling,  or 
governing ;  a  curb,  check,  or  restraint  of  any  kind. 
In  later  use  freq.  in  the  reins  of  government  (cf.  F. 
les  rt-nes  du  gouwniemenf). 

c  1430  LYDG.  Reas.  fy  Sens.  2263, 1  am  guyed  by  hir  reyne, 
And  she  as  lady  souereyne  [etc.).  1:1440  CAPGRAVE  Lije 
St.  Kath.  v.  1467  What,  art  thou,  dame,  led  on  that  rene  ? 
Thi  witte  counte  I  not  worth  a  beene.  1560  DADS  tr. 
Slcidanes  Coiinn.  134  God.  .hath  not  permitted  him  to  have 
the  reignes  at  lihertie.  1596  DRAYTON  Legends  ii.  119  This 
held  the  reines  which  overrul'd  his  will.  1638  JUNIUS  faint. 
Ancients  55  Both  doe  hold  the  raines  of  our  hearts,  leading 
and  guiding  our  Passions.  1667  MILTON  P.  L,  xi.  582  The 
Men,  though  grave,  ey'd  them,  and  let  thir  eyes  Rove  with 
out  rein.  1712  POPE  Sped.  No.  408  f  6  Never  too  strong  for 
the  Reins  of  Reason  and  the  Guidance  of  Judgment.  1777 
WATSON  Philip  II,  xiv.  (1793)  II.  177  The  council  of  state 
assumed  the  reins  of  government.  1827  HALLAM  Const.  Hist. 
(1876)  Ill.xvi.  235  Anne  herself,  .kept  in  her  own  hands  the 
reins  of  power.  1879  FROUDE  Cxsar  v.  44  The  Senate  had 
dropped  the  reins,  and  no  longer  governed  or  misgoverned. 
b.  In  various  phrases,  esp.  to  give  (the)  rein(s) 
to,  to  allow  full  course  or  scope  to. 

1568  GRAFTON  Chron,  II.  927  A  larger  reyne  of  mischiefe 


is  set  at  libertie,  and  haue  the  reine  laid  in  their  neckes  to 
runne  at  randon.  1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  n.  Hi.  51  When  she 
will  take  the  raine,  I  let  her  run.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint. 
Ancients  226  Wee  must  rather  give  our  Invention  the  full 
raines.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  674  Som  say  the  Sun  Was  bid 
turn  Reines  from  th'  Equinoctial  Rode.  .Up  to  the  Tropic 
Crab.  1711  '  J.  DISTAFF'  Char.  Don  Sachevcrcllio^  9  You 
will  find  our  Knight ..  give  the  Reigns  to  his  Imagination. 
1761  GRAY  F.  Sisters  33  We  the  reins  to  Slaughter  give. 
1807  OPIE  Lect.  on  Art  iv.  (1848)332  No  man  ever  more 
completely  laid  the  reins  on  the  neck  of  his  inclinations. 
1865  M.  ARNOLD  Ess.  Crit.  ii.  (1875)  82  To  give  it  that 
degree  of  prominence  is  to  throw  the  reins  to  one's  whim. 
1885-94  R-  BRIDGES  Eros  ft  Psyche  Nov.  xxi,  'And  yet ', 
thus  gave  she  rein  to  jeer  and  gibe. 

3.  transf.  The  handles  of  a  blacksmith's  tongs. 

1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  200  Flat-bit  tongs.. are., 
always  parallel ;  and  a  ring  or  coupler,  is  put  upon  the 
handles  or  reins,  to  maintain  the  grip  upon  the  work. 

4.  atirib.,zsrein-knot,-rope;  rein-arm, -hand, 
that  by  which  the  reins  are  held  in  driving  (also 

fg.~) ;  rein-orchis,  an  orchis  of  the  genus  Jla- 
benaria,  the  Fringed  Orchis. 

Also  in  names  of  mechanical  devices  attached  to  or  con 
nected  with  reins,  as  rein-holder,  -hook,  -slide,  -snap  (Knight 
Diet.  Mech.  1875). 

1844  H.  STEPHENS  ££.  Farmll.  446Two  or  three  rein-ropes 
are  useful,  to  fasten  to  the  calf  if  necessary.    1881  FLOYF.R 
Unexpl.  Baluchistan  60  The  probability  presents  itself  that 
said  rein-knot  will  come  out.     1886  Pall  Mall  G.  2  Oct.  2/2 


Rein  (ri7'n)~  sb*  Also  6  rhen,  6-7  reen.  [ad. 
Da.  orSw.  ren,  -freen,  Norw.  rein:— ON.  hreinn: 
see  REINDEER.  Hence  also  G.  rein(er),  renn, 
F.  retme.]  The  reindeer. 

1555  EDEN  Dccaths  iv.  (Arb.)  301  [In  Laponia)  they  tame 
certeyne  wild  beastes  which  they  caule  Keen.  Ibid.  33t 
Hartes.  .whiche  in  the  Noruegians  lounge  are  cauled  Rhen. 
'595  J-  DAVIS  Hydrogr.  Descr.  Wks.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  219  1  he 
inhabitants  ..  having  the  use  of  a  kind  of  stag,  by  them 
called  Reen,  to  drawe  those  their  sleades.  1698  A.  LRAND 
Embassy  MoChina  49 Their  Cabansor  Hutts  are  generally 
made  of  the  Skins  of  the  Reens,  or  some  other  wild  Beasts. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  IV.  305/1  They  keep  immense 
herds  of  reins.  Ibid.,  The  flesh  of  the  rein  is  the  most 
coveted  part  of  their  food.  1854  A.  MURRAY  Geog.  Distrib. 
Mammals  (1866)  150  Some  authorities  think  fossil  Rein 
different  from  the  living.  1896  Blaclnu.  Mag.  July  91  The 
Lapps  . .  are  great  enemies  of  the  wild  rein. 

Comb.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  IV.  305/1  In  summer 
they  [the  reindeer)  feed  on  several  plants  ;  but  during  winter 
on  the  rein-liverwort. 


REIN. 

Rein,  kidney :  see  REINS. 

Rein  (r^'n),  v.  Forms:  4,  6-7  rayne,  6-7 
rain,  7  raign ;  4  reine,  5-6  reyne,  8  reign, 
6-  rein ;  5-6  rene,  6  Sc,  ren$e.  [f.  REIN  sb.l* 
Cf.  F.  rener,  which  may  have  existed  in  AF.] 

1 1.  trans.  To  tie  (a  horse,  or  its  head)  to  some 
thing  by  the  rein ;  to  tie  up  in  this  way.  Obs. 

13  ..  Sir  Benes  (MS.  A)  1699  He  reinede  his  hors  to  a 
chesteme.  £"1435  Torr.  Portugal 149  He  Reynyd  hys  sted 
vnto  a  stake.  4:1470  Colagros  $  Gaw.  129  The  knyght.. 
Reynit  his  palfray  of  pryde,  Quhen  he  ves  lightit  doune. 
1564  in  Child- Marriages  101  Thefy]  light  both ;  and  ther 
horse  was  rayned  in  the  midest  of  the  Lane.  1592  SHAKS. 
yen.  fy  Ad*  14  Vouchsafe. .to  alight  thy  steed,  And  rain  his 
proud  head  to  the  saddle  bow. 

2.   To  fit  or  furnish  with  a  rein  or  reins. 

1483  Cath.  Angl.  303/2  To  Reyn  [v.r.  Rene],  habenare.    . 
1598  BARRET  Theor*  IVarres  141  A  strong  bridle,  double    ' 


train  The  car  prepare,  the  mules  incessant  rein.  1795 
SOLTHEY  Lett.  fr.  Spain  (1799)  30  The  leaders  and  the 
middle  pair  are  without  reins,  and  the  nearest  [mules]  reined 
only  with  ropes. 

t  b.  transf.  ?To  fasten,  make  fast.   Obs.—1 
*549  Coinpl.  Scot.  vi.  41  Than  the  master  cryit,  and  bad 
renje  ane  bonet. 

3.  To  check  or  stop,  by  pulling  at  the  rein. 

J53O  PALSGR.  678/2  As  sone  as  we  mette,  he  rayned  his 
horse  and  talked  with  me  a  good  while.  1622  W.  YONGE 
Diary  (Camden)  48  The  King  reined  his  horse  so  hard  that 
he  came  back  upon  him.  a  1713  ELLWOOD  Autobiog.  (1765) 
231  Reigning  my  Horse,  to  let  hers  go  before  me.  1810 
SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  11.  xix,  Sudden  his  steed  the  leader 
rein'd.  1859  TENNYSON  Enid  826  When  Edyrn  rein'd  his 
charger  at  her  side,  She  shrank  a  little. 

b.  Jig,  To  put  a  check  or  restraint  upon  (some 
thing)  ;  to  restrain  from  something. 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  \\  ii.  662  Sweet  Lord  Longauill 
reine  thy  tongue.  1606  —  Tr.  fy  Cr.  v.  iii.  48  The  venomM 
vengeance  ride  vpon  our  swords, ..  reine  them  from  ruth. 
1727  GAY  Fables  i.  Introd,,  My  tongue  within  my  lips  I  rein. 
1819  SHELLEY  Prowet/t.  Unb.  n.  ii.  80  They  ride  on  them, 
and  rein  their  headlong  speed. 

4.  To  govern,  control,  manage,  or  direct  (also   I 
const,  /o),  by  means  of  reins.  Now  rare. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  iv.  9  Like  Phccbus  fayrest  childe,  : 
That  did  presume  his  fathers  fyrie  wayne,  And  flaming  ; 
mouthes  of  steedes..with  weaker  hand  to  rayne.  ci6n  i 
CHATHAM  Iliaiix.  341  The  horse  Pelides  raignde,  no  mortall  I 
hand  could  vse  But  he  himselfe.  1697  DRYDEN  sEneid  vii. 


chear  the  Pack.     zSzi   SCOTT  Kenilw.  xxx,  A  milk-white 
horse,  which  she  reined  with  peculiar  grace  and  dignity.    I 
1861  CATLIN  Life  amongst  Indians  96  We  will  rein  our    ' 
horses  to  them— don't  be  afraid. 

b.  Jig.  To  rule,  guide,  or  govern. 
1581  SIDNEY  Apol.  Poetrie  (Arb.)  28  They  . ,  range  onely 
rayned  with  learned  discretion,  c  1614  SIR  W.  MURE  Dido 
fy  sEtteas  i.  659  Lawes  and  statutes..  Wherby  good  subjects 
easily  are  rain'd.  1663  COWLEY  Verses  %  Ess.  (1669)  88  Wild 
Ambition  with  imperious  force  Rides,  rains,  and  spurs  them 
like  th'unruly  Horse,  1801  SOUTHEY  Thalaba  iv.  xv,  From 
place  to  place,  As  his  will  rein'd  the  viewless  Element,  He 
rode  the  Wind. 

5.  To  pull  up  or  back)  to  check  and  hold  int  by   j 
means  of  the  reins. 

1552  HULOET,  Bridle  or  rein  vp,fra*rtff.      1591  PERCIVALL    j 
Sp.  Diet,,  Arrendart  to  rain  vp  a  horse,  ..framare.    1827 
LYTTON  Pet/tarn  x,  I  was  reining  in  my  horse.    1870  BRYANT    ! 
Homer  I.  in.  86  They  reined  their  steeds  back  to  the  ranks.     I 

fi&  T594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  iv.  xi.  §  8  The  cause  why  the 
Apostles  did  thus.. was  to  rein  them  in  by  this  mean  the 
more.  1834  MACAULAY  Ess.t  Pitt  (1851)  299  The  influence 
which  had  yoked  together  and  reined  in  so  many  turbulent 
and  ambitious  spirits.  1891  Tablet  7  Nov.  743  Principles 
cannot  be  reined  up  short  of  their  logical  term. 

b.  absoL 

1796  Instr.  ff  Reg.  Cavalry  (1813)  65  When  the  Regiment 
or  Line  wheels  into  open  Column,  either  by  reining  back  or 
by  wheeling  back.  1809  J.  MOORE  Campaign  in  Spain  173 
The  Colonel  judiciously  reined-m  to  refresh  the  horses. 
1814  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  vi.  xviii,  Rein  up ;  our  presence 
would  impair  The  fame  we  come  too  late  to  share.  1832 
Prop.  Reg.  Instr.  Cavalry  n,  20  At  the  word  *  March  ! '  the 
rear  rank  reins  back.  1888  W.  D.  LIGHTHALL  Young 
Seigneur  20  We  reined  in  at  last  to  a  walk. 

fig,  1836  MRS.  SHERWOOD  Henry  Milner  in.  vi,  None  of 
your  practical  jokes  here, .  .rein  up,  rein  up,  if  you  please. 

c.  To  turn  a  horse  by  the  reins,  rare  "~1. 

1897  RHOSCOMYL  White  Rose  Arno  277  He  had  already 
reined  to  his  right,  across  the  mead. 

6.  U.S.  To  preserve  or  keep  enclosed //v;;/  stock. 
Also  with  up. 


well  enclosed,  and  reined  up  from  stock. 

7.  intr.  Of  a  horse :  a.  To  bear,  or  submit  to, 
the  rein;  to  carry  itself  in  a  specified  manner 
when  reined.  Also  fig. 

1565-6  BLUNDEVIL  Horsemanship  ii.  (1580)  4  His  long 
slender  head.. which  maketh  him  to  reine  with  the  better 
grace.  1580  LYLY  Euphnes  (Arb.)  244  Youth  neuer  raineth 
wel,  but  when  age  holdeth  the  bridell.  1601  SHAKS.  Twel.  N. 
in.  iv.  358  Hee  will  beare  you  easily,  and  raines  well.  1607 
MARKHAM  Caval.  n.  (1617)  205  When  your  horse  standeth 
in  his  best  glory,  and  reyneth  most  comely  and  closest. 
1814  SCOTT  JKaz-.  xlvii,  If  he  had  had  a  wee  bit  rinnin  ring 
on  the  snaffle,  she  wad  ha'  rein'd  as  cannily  as  a  cadger's 
pownie. 


387 

b.  To  move  back,  go  backwards,  (as)  under  the 
influence  of  the  rein.  Also  transf.  of  persons. 

1627  Lisander  <$•  Cal.  ix.  182  Lisander.  .rained  back  a 
steppe  or  two.  c  1720  GIBSON  in  Cottipl.  Fanner  (1766)  s.v. 
1'Uurisy,  Though  in  the  beginning  he  makes  many  motions 
to  lie  down,  yet  afterwards  he  reins  back  as  far  as  his  collar 
will  permit.  1833  R eg.  Instr.  Cavalry  i.  73  The  horse  must 
be  tru-d  to  rein  back. 

Rein,  obs.  form  of  RAIN,  REIGN. 

Reinable,  obs.  form  of  RE-ENABLE. 

Rei  nage.  nonce-iud.  [f.  REIN  w.i  +  -AGE.] 
Reins  collectively. 

1863  P.  S.  WORSLEY  Poems  ft  Trans,  n  And  placed  the 
glittering  reinage  in  his  hands,  And  helped  him  to  his  throne 
upon  the  car. 

Reinald,  obs.  variant  of  REYNAUD. 

t  Reina-nimate,  v .  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RE-  53  + 
IN-  a  -t-  ANIMATE  v.]  trans.  To  reanimate. 

1626  DONNE  Sena,  xxi.  212  God . .  shall  recollect  that  dust, 
.  .and  then  re-inanimate  that  man. 

Reinairgurate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
inaugurate  afresh. 

1857  MRS.  GOKE  Castles  in  the  Air  xxx,  I  had  no  am 
bition  to  reinaugurate  myself  by  another  [illness].  1895 
Current  Hist.  (U.  S.)  V.  298  To  re-establish  a  protective 
tariff  and  to  reinaugurate  a  policy  of  unequal  taxation. 

Reiiiaugura  tion.  [KE-  5  a.]  The  action  of 
reinaugurating ;  a  fresh  inauguration. 

1655  FULLER  Wounded  Consc.,  Ornithohgit  (1867)  270  The 
Eagle  condescended  that  the  day  of  his  Re-inauguration 
should  not  be  stained  with  blood.  1833  I.  TAYLOR  l-'anat. 
i.  9  The  great  work ..,  should  it  be.. the  re-inauguration  of 
Christianity  among  ourselves  ?  1871  FREEMAN  Hist.  Ess. 
Ser.  I.  viii.  214  The  re-inauguration  of  an  Emperor  whom 
one  Parisian  revolution  had  set  up  again. 

Rein-bone,  obs.  variant  of  RIXGBONE. 

t  Reinca-merate,  v.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [RE-  5  a : 
see  INCAMEKATION.]  intr.  To  return  to  the  papal 
domain. 

1672  MARVELL  Reh.  Transp.  n.  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  298 
There  is  some  condition  annex'd,  upon  failure  of  which  this 
fiefe  shall  reincamerate. 

ReincaTiiate,  a.  [RE-  5  a.]  Incarnate  again. 

1882  MYERS  Renewal  of}'outh  etc.,  213  Re-incarnate,  un- 
remembering,  tread  In  the  old  same  footsteps  of  himself  long 
dead. 

Reinca-rnate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and  intr. 
To  incarnate  anew. 

1858  SEARS  A  than.  in.  iii.  272  The  Pharisee  believed  that 
..only  apart  of  them  [the  dead]  would  be  re-incarnated, 
enter  again  into  their  former  bodies.  1880  Contentp.  Rev. 
Feb.  199  A  body  which  could  appear  and  disappear,  .by 
being,  as  it  were,  re-incarnated  at  one  time,  and  dis-in- 
carnated  at  another.  1892  PaUMallG.  13  Sept.  3/1  A  man 
dies ;  his  '  Ego  '  passes  to  the  '  spiritual  planes  '  of  nature : 
after  a  long  interval-.it  re-incarnates. 

Hence  Beinoa-ruated,  Beinea 'mating///,  adjs. 


m&  iciiiv.aiuuicu  utac^^cd,  CAIMCUI  .UHUIIL;  me  \JKyvu  UlucS. 

Reincarnation..  [RE-  5  a.]  Renewed  in 
carnation  ;  an  instance  of  this. 

1858  SEARS  A  than.  ill.  iii.  273  The  Essenes  ..  rejected 
totally.. the  dogma  concerning  re-incarnation.    1884  P!.M!>KK 
Earth's  Earliest  Ages^  Pref.  7  Sin  must  be  gradually  worn 
away,  .in  a  series  of  reincarnations  upon  earth. 
b.  A  fresh  embodiment  of  a.  person. 

1884  St.  James's  Gaz.  29  Aug.  5/2  The  Imam  is  supposed 
to  be  a  reincarnation  of  a  divinity  formerly  manifest  in 
Mahomet. 

Hence  Beinoarna'tionist,  a  believer  in  reincar 
nation. 

1881  Daily  News  28  Mar.  5/3  The  re-incarnationists  hold 
ing,  .that  there  was  nothing  to  prevent  Queen  Elizabeth  be 
coming  Charles  Dickens. 

t  Beince-ndate,  a.  06s.  rare-1,    [f.  RE- 5  a 
+  INCEND  v.  +  -ATE  2.]     Heated  again. 
1471  RIPLEY  Comf.  Alch.  iv.  iv.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  145  When 
the  Body  with  Mercury  ys  reincendat. 

tBeince'nse,  vl  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RE-  5  a 
+  INCENSE  v.l~\  trans.  To  make  a  return  to  (one) 
with  incense. 

1634  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  HI.  ii.  75  How  shall  I  recom- 
pence  these  high  shewn  favours?  How  ever  re-incense  you 
for  these  savours  ? 

Beince'nse,^-2  rare.  [f.RE-5a-t-lNCENSE».2] 

1.  trans.  To  incense  (a  person)  again. 

1591  G.  HARVEY  Four  Lett.  iii.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  182  Sir 
lames  Croft  ..  was  cunningly  incensed,  and  reincensed 
against  mee. 

f2.   To  relight  (a  fire).  Obs.  rare-1. 

i6og  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  vni.  i,  She,  whose  beames  do  re- 
incense  This  sacred  fire. 

Reinchain,  obs.  form  of  RE-ENCHAIN. 

Rei  ncidency.  rare—1.    [RE-  5  a.]    Relapse. 

1622  MABBE  tr.  Aleutian's  Guzman  d'Alf.  II.  82,  I  would 
haue  this  re-incidencie  and  relapse  of  theirs  to  be  severely 
punished. 

Reinci'te,  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  F.  riinciUr 
(Cotgr.).]  trans.  To  incite  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Reinciter,  to  reincite.  1645  MILTON  Colast. 
Wks.  1851  IV.  361  The  deed  of  procreation  ..  is  despis'd, 
unless  it  bee  cherisht  and  reincited  with  a  pleasing  conver 
sation.  1767  LEWIS  Statins  xn.  1117  He  reincites  his  Band 
And  makes  the  last  Effort.  1801  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Lett. 
Solit.  Wand.  I.  284  The  hurricane  seemed  to  have  been  re- 
incited  instead  of  exhausted. 


REINDEER. 

Reiliclo'se,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]      To  inclose  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rfnclorret  to  reinclose.  1761  MRS.  F.  SHERI 
DAN  Sidney  Bidulph  III.  89  In  this  letter  I  re-inclosed  her 
bill.  1816  KIRUY&  Si'.  Entomol.  xxv.  (1818)  II.  419  She  .. 
re-inclosed  her  brilliant  guests  in  their  place  of  confinement. 

Reilldu'Sioil.    [RE-  5  a.]    Renewed  inclusion. 

1890  Spectator  10  May,  Reforms  which  would  lead  to  ihe 
re-inclusion  of  the  Free  Kirk. 

Reinco  rporate,  v.  [RE- 5  a.  Cf.l?.r<?wcor- 
porer  (i6th  c.).]  trans.  To  incorporate  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rt-incorporer^  to  re  incorporate,  reintegrate. 
1663  BOYLE  Usef.  E.\-p.  Nat.  P  kilos,  n.  App.  538  Grind  it 
well  again,  that,  .the  Sal  Arnioniack.  .may  be  remcorporated 
with  the  Colcothar.  1723  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  6152/1  Those 
Provinces  ought.. to  be  deemed  reincorporated  with  the 
Ottoman  Empire.  1774  Westm.  Mag.  II.  327  The  King  has 
been  pleased,  -to  reincotporate  the  borough  of  Saltash.  1777 
Phil.  Trans.  LXVII.  62  All  seemed  to  be  re- incorporated 
into  the  mass.  1860  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  V.  72  The  '  priory 
and  convent  of  Norwich  '.  .were  reincorporated  only  with  a 
loss  of  manors  and  lands. 

So  Keinco* rporate  a.,  Seizxcorpora'tion. 

1685  BAXTER  Paraphr.  N.  7".,  Mark  ix.  n  John  Baptist 
was  Elias ;  not  the  Soul  of  Elias  reincorporate,  but  [etc.]. 
1863  N.  $  Q.  3rd  Ser.  IV.  12/2  The  circumstances  which  led 
to  the  re-incorporation  of  the  English  Langue.  1884^1^ 
47  4-  48  Viet.  c.  65  §  2  The  dissolution  of  such  district,  and 
..the  reincorporation  of  its  area. .in  the.  .parishes  [etc.]. 

Reincounter,  variant  of  RE-ENCOUNTER. 

Reincourage :  see  RE-ENCOURAGE. 

Reincrea'se,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and  intr. 
To  increase  again. 

'555  EDEN  Decades  20  That  they  myght . .  apply  them 
selues  to  reincrease  the  fruites  of  theyr  countrey.  1596 
SPENSER  F.  Q.  vi.  vi.  15  When  they  did  perceave  Their 
wounds  recur'd,  and  forces  reincreast.  1611  COTGR.,  Rc- 
croistre,  to  reincrease  ;  to  grow,  or  spring  vp,  againe.  1666 
G.  HARVEY  Morb.  Angl.  iii.  (1672)  10  A  copious  afflux  of 
good  blood,  whereby  the  preceding  diminish'd  parts  happen 
to  re-increase. 

So  t  Reincrease  sb.  Obs.  rare  —°. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rccroist^  a  reincrease  ;  a  new.  .growth. 

t  Reincrew.  Obs.  rare—1.  [?  f.  RECREAV  after 
reinforce^\  Recruit,  reinforcement. 

1627  B.  HOLLES  in  Strafford  Papers  (1739)  I.  41  Young 
Soldiers  for  the  Reincrew  of  our  Army. 

t  Reincmdate,  v.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  RE-  5  a 
+  *incrudateA  trans.  To  make  crude  again. 

1670  CLARKE  Nat.  Hist.  Nitre  70  That  moysture  which 
reincrudates  Gold. 

So  Reiucruda'tion.   rare. 

m  1704  SWIFT  T.  Tub  i,  This  Writer  proceeds  wholly  by  Re- 
incrudation  or  in  the  i'ia  hitmida.  1894  WAITE  tr.  Para- 
c&lsits  II.  378  It  is  also  called  reincrudation. 

t  Remcrude'scence.    Obs.  rare  -1.     [Cf. 

prec.]     Recrudescence. 

1650  CHARLETON  Paradoxes  Prol.  15  If. .  there  immediately 
arise  a  Reincrudescence  of  the  Wound. 

Rei'nculcate,  ».  rare-1.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  inculcate  again. 

1701  NORRIS  Ideal  World \.  Pref.  ii  He  interposes  what 
was  said  before,  reinculcating  that  the  same  was  in  the  be 
ginning  with  God. 

Reincu'r,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  incur  a 
second  time  (Webster  1847). 

Reindear :  see  RE-ENDEAR. 

Reindeer  (r^-ndl*.i).  Forms :  4,  6-7  rayne-, 
5  reyn-,  5,  7  reen-,  6  rane-,  7-8  rain-,  8-9 
rhen-,  8-  rein-.  [Ultimately  repr.  ON.  hreindyri 
(mod.Icel.  -dyr)y  f.  hreinn  the  more  usual  name 
for  the  animal  (cf.  REIN  sbfy  +  dyr  DEER:  hence 
also  Sw.  rendjur.  Da.  rensdyr^  Du.  rendier>  G. 
rennthier.  The  immediate  source  of  the  comb. 
in  Eng.  is  not  quite  clear:  in  OE.  the  simple 
word  occurs  in  the  account  of  Norway  obtained 
by  Alfred  from  Ohthere. 

^893  K.  ^ELFRED  Ores.  i.  i.  18  He  haefde  ..  tamra  deora 
unbebohtra  syx  hund.  pa  deor  hi  hata6  hranas ;  bara 
\\-iuron  syx  stzelhranas.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  deer  kind,  Rangifer  tarandus, 
having  large  branching  orpalmated  antlers,  formerly 
common  in  Central  Europe,  but  now  confined  to 
sub-arctic  regions,  where  it  is  used  for  drawing 
sledges,  and  is  kept  in  large  herds  for  the  sake  of  the 
milk,  flesh,  and  hides.  The  caribou  of  N.  America 
is  a  variety. 

? a  1400  Morte  Artk.  922  The  roo  and  J>e  rayne-dere  rek- 
lesse  thare  ronnene.  c  1430  LYDG.  Reas.  $  Sens.  3728  To 
chase  at  hem  and  homes  blow, . .  At  reyndere  and  the  dredful 
roo.  c  1470  HENRYSON  Mor.  Fab.  v.  (Parl.  Beasts)  xv,  The 
reyndeir  ran  throw  reueir,  rone,  and  reid.  1572  BOSSEWELL 
Armorie  n.  57  Tarandrus  is  a  beaste  in  bodye  like  a  great 
Oxe, . .  Of  some  hee  is  taken  to  bee  a  rayne  deare.  1632  T. 
NORTON  New  Eng.  Canaan  \\.  v.  (1838)  52  A  third  sorte  of 
deare,  lesse  then  the  other  (which  are  a  kinde  of  rayne 
deare).  1654  WHITELOCKE  Swed.  Ambassy  (1772)  I.  428  A 
Laplander  and  his  sledde  drawn  by  a  rayne  deer.  1712 
STEELE  Stect.  No.  406  p  4  A  Song . .  addressed  by  the  Lover 
to  his  Ram-deer,  which  is  the  Creature  that  in  that  Country 
supplies  the  Want  of  Horses.  1744  A.  DOBBS  Hudson"1  s 
Bay  47  The  Country  being  mostly  rocky,  and  covered 
with  a  white  Moss  upon  which  the  Rain-Deer  or  Cariboux 
feed.  1774GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  III.  149  Of  all  animals 
of  the  deer  kind,  the  Rein-Deer  is  the  most  extraordinary 
and  the  most  useful.  1835  SIR  J.  Ross  N.-W.  Passage  xvi. 
252  The  reindeer  all  came  this  way  in  April.  1863  LYELL 
Antiq.  Alan  14  With  these  are  mingled  bones  of  the  red 
deer  and  roe,  but  the  rein-deer  has  not  yet  been  found. 

49-3 


REINDENT. 

b.  Her.  (See  quot.) 

1780  EDMONDSON  Compl.  Body  Her.  II.  Gloss.,  Rein-deer, 
as  drawn  in  armory,  is  a  stag  with  double  attires,  two  of 
them  turning  down. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  reindeer  hair,  horn, 
milk,  skin ;  reindeer-fly,  a  species  of  CEstrus 
which  attacks  the  reindeer ;  reindeer  lichen,  moss, 
a  species  of  lichen,  Cladonia  rangiferina,  which 
constitutes  the  winter  food  of  the  reindeer ;  rein 
deer  period  (see  quot.)  ;  reindeer  tribe,  a  tribe 
using  the  reindeer,  esp.//.  certain  pre-historic  tribes 
inhabiting  France  and  Belgium. 

1759  B.  STILLINGFLEET  tr.  Gedner's  Use  Curios,  in  Misc. 
Tracts  (1791)  165  When  our  president  was  gathering,  and 
describing  the  'rhen-deer-fly.  1896  Lloyd's  Kat.  Hist.  81 
The  nest  is  loosely  made  of  dry  grass  and  stalks,  and  the 
inside,  .is  lined  with  willow-down  or  *reindeer-hair.  1857 
DUFFERIN  Lett.  Higlt  Lat.  (ed.  3)  258  Out  of 'reindeer  horns 
are  made  almost  all  the  utensils  used  in  his  domestic  economy. 
1777  LIGHTFOOT  Flora  Scot.  II.  880  Brown  tipt  *Rhendeer 
Lichen.  1891  Anthony's  Photogr.  Bull.  IV.  213  Even  the 
grass  vanishes,  its  place  being  taken  by  the  reindeer  lichen. 
1857  DUFFERIN  Lett.  High  Lat.  (ed.  3)  258  'Reindeer  milk  is 
the  most  important  item  in  his  diet  I753^CHAMBERS  CycL 


places  there  are  surprising  growths  of  reindeer  moss.  1881 
J.  GEIKIE  I'rchist.  Europe  101  M.  Dupont  recognises  two 
stages  in  the  Palaeolithic  Period,  one  of  which  is  called  the 
Mammoth  period,  and  the  other,  which  is  the  more  recent, 
the  "Reindeer  period.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  IX.  569/2 
Their  shoes  [are  made]  of  the  "rein-deer  skin,  with  the  Hair 
outwards.  1865  TYLOR  Early  Hist.  Man.  i.  2  The  "Reindeer 
tribes  of  Central  France. 

t  Reinde'nt,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f. RE- 53  + INDENT 
i'.1]  trans.  To  provide  with  fresh  teeth. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rcndenter,  to  reindent,  or  set  new  teeth  vnto. 
1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  m.  v.  101,  I  will  re-indent  my 
mouth,  and  not  see  my  selfe  Tantaliz'd  thus  to  my  face,  for 
want  of  the  most  necessary  Instruments  of  life. 

Reindi  ct,  i>.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  indict  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Renditer,  to  reindjte,  or  frame  a  new  Indict 
ment  against.  1889  Columbus  (Ohio)  Dis/>.  18  Oct.,  What 
was  your  object  in  having  these  men  re-indicted  ? 

Reindo'rse,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  indorse  again. 

1884  W.  F.  CRAFTS  Sabb.  for  Man  (1894)  385  The  Sabbath 
of  the  4th  Commandment . .  was  republished  by  Moses, 
reindorsed  and  explained  by  Christ, 

Reindow,  obs.  form  of  RE-ENDOW. 

Reindu'ce,  v.     [RE-  2  a  and  5  a.] 

fl.  trans.  To  bring  back,  reintroduce.  Obs. 

'595  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  I.  xix,  But  now  this  great  Sue- 
ceeder,  all  repaires  And  reinduc't  that  discontinued  good. 
1611  COTGR.,  Reinduire,  to  reinduce.  1630  W.  SCOT  Apol. 
Narr.  (1846)  287  To  reinduce  them  [the  Popish  ceremonies] 
is  to  disturb  the  peace  of  the  Kirk.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist. 
lit.  i.  §  20  There  was  a  design,  .to  reinduce  Secular  Priests 
into  Monks  places. 

2.  To  induce  anew  or  again. 

1855  SPENCER  Princ.  Psychol.  I.  iv.  ii.  §  176.  512  The  state 
a  again  induces  the  state  b,  and  is  itself  once  more  re- 
induced.  1876  Trans.  Clinical  Sac.  IX.  39  A  mixed  generous 
diet.. has  not  reinduced  the  disease. 

Hence  Keindu'cing  vbl.  sb. 

1637  C.  Dow  Answ.  H.  Burton  36  Their  plot.. for  the  re- 
inducing  of  Popery. 

So  Beindu'ction,  f  reintroduction. 

1660  England's  Monarchy  9  To  heal  the  sores  and  wasting 
divisions  of  the  Nation,  by  a  Reinduction  of  the  known 
ancient  and  fundamental  Laws  thereof. 

Reindu6',t'.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To  put  on  again. 

1884  ALLINGHAM  Blackberries  (1890)  5,  I  will  not  re-indue 
The  rags  of  overnight.  1886  STEVENSON  Dr.  Jetyllx,  When 
I  shall  again  and  forever  reindue  that  hated  personality. 

Reine,  obs.  form  of  RAIN,  REIGN. 

Reined  (r?nd),  ///.  o.1    [f.  REIN  v.  +  -ED!.] 

1.  Furnished  with,  guided  or  restrained  by,  reins. 
Also  reincd-in,  -up. 

1483  Catli.  Angl.  303/2  Renyd,  halcnatus.  1513  DOUGLAS 
JEneis  X.  v.  95  With  renit  lyonis  gokkit  to  thi  chayr.  1740 
RICHARDSON  Pamela  (1824)  I.  159  He  approached  me  with 


a  sort  of  reined-in  rapture.     1835  W.  IRVING  Tour  Prairies 
xix.  (1863)  108  The  poor,  mutilat 
reined-up  victim  of  luxury. 


xix.  (1863)  108  The  poor,  mutilated,  harnessed,  checked, 


2.  With  preceding  adv.,  or  in  combs.,  esp.  well 
reined,  \  well  broken  to  the  rein. 

(11533  L°-  BEBNERS  Gold.  ISk.  M.  Aurel.  (1546)  Ccvb, 
Thoughe  the  knyghte  passe  his  course,  yet  it  is  not  his 
faute,  yf  the  horse  be  not  wel  reined.  1565-6  BLUNDEVIL 
Horsemanship  i.  (1580)  3  Vegetius  also  saith  that  they  [the 
Parthian  horses]  be  verie  well  reined.  1598  [see  REIN  *.']. 
1767  LEWIS  Statins  XH.  1042  His  neat  Quiver,  Sword,  and 
well-rein'd  Steed.  1856  STONEHENGE  Brit.  Rural  Sports 
395/2  The  snaffle,  .usually  called  the  single-reined  bridle. 

t  Reined,  ///.  a.2  Obs.  -l  [f.  rein,  sing,  of 
REINS  +  -ED  *.]  Having  reins  of  a  specified  kind. 

1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  I  78  The  fyrst  [property]  is  to  be 
small  mouthed,  the  seconde  to  be  longe  rayned. 

Reines,  var.  RAINES  Obs.  ;  obs.  f.  REINS. 

II  Reinette  (r^ne-t).  Also  6  reinet,  8  rey- 
nette.  [F.  reinette ;  the  more  usual  form  is  RENNET, 
q.v.]  A  variety  of  apple,  the  rennet. 

1583  Rates  of  Customs  Aiij,  Appuls  called  pippins  or 
reinets  the  bushel  xijrf.  1706  LONDON  &  WISE  Retir'd 
Card.  x.  43  The  Frank  Reynette  is  an  old  Apple,  well 
known.  Ibid.  44  Its  Juice  is  very  sweet,  being  more 
pleasant  to  the  Taste  than  the  Reynette.  1731  MILLER 
Card.  Diet.  (1733)  s.v.  Apple,  Apples  . .  proper  for  a  Desert, 

..Golden  Reinette, .. La  Reinette  grise.    Ibid.,  Such  Apples 


388 

as  are  preferr'd  for  kitchen  use, . .  French  Reinette, . .  Mon 
strous  Reinette.  1834  LOUDO.N  Encycl.  Card.  (ed.  2)  691 
Rennets,  Reinettes  or  Little  Queens.  1862  ANSTED  Channel 
Isl.  iv.  xxi.  (ed.  2)  488  The  reinettes  (or  rennets)  are  a  large 

Hence  f  Reinetting  =  RENNETING.  Obs.  rare— l. 
1664  EVELYN  AW.  Hort.  (1729)  191  Apples . .  Golden  Doucet, 
Apis,  Reineting  [etc.]. 

Reilife'ct,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]     trans.   To  infect 
again.     So  Beinfe'ction  ;   Beinfe  ctious  a. 


Repos.*).  1882  Nature  XXV.  440/1  The  disease  may  break 
out  in  a  fresh-run  salmon  without  re-infection.  1897  A II- 
butt's  Syst.  Med.  II.  741  Recurrences  are  extremely  com 
mon  ;  and  they  are  not  always  reinfections. 

Reinfeoff,  obs.  form  of  RE-ENFEOFF. 

Reinfe'St,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  infest  again. 

1606  G.  W[OODCOCKE]  Lives  Emperors  in  Hist.  Ivstine 
Kkj,  Vnderstandinge  that  the  Saracens  had  re-infested 
Calabria,  hee  speeded  thither. 

Reinfla'ine,  v.  Also  re-en-.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf. 
F.  renjlammer  (i6th  c.),  It.  rinfiammare  (Florio).] 
trans.  To  inflame  again. 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  llrit.  ix.  xvi.  §  4.  651/2  That  the 
hatreds  and  enmities,  .betweene  the  French  and  English 
names,  should  . .  be  renued,  and  reinflamed.  1697  DRYDEN 
yirg.  Past.  vni.  92  To  re-inflame  my  Daphnis  with  Desires. 
1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  IX.  797  Re-inflam'd  Thy  luminaries 
triumph.  1842  PARNELL  Chem.  Anal.  (1845)  267  Oxygen 
[and]  Nitrous  oxide  re-inflame  a  glowing  taper. 

Reinfla'te,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  inflate 
again.  So  Beinfla'tion. 

1853  SIR  H.  DOUGLAS  Milit.  Bridges  (ed.  3)  261  The  skins 
maybe  re-inflated  in  succession  at  any  time.  1897  Allbutt's 
Syst.  Med.  II.  245  Reinflation  of  lung  under  such  conditions 
.  .is  often  impossible. 

Reiiiflrct,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  inflict  again. 

1673  Lady's  Calling  i.  ii.  §  10  When  a  man . .  reinflicts  his 
miseries  upon  himself  by  a  grating  reflection  on  his  own 
madness, 

Rei'nfluence,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  in 
fluence  again. 

a  1711  KEN  Hymns  Evang.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  169  Our 
Lord  his  Dissolution  had  commenc'd,  And  Deity  his  Soul 
reinfluenc'd. 

t  Reinfo'ld,  v.  Obs.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
enfold  again.  Hence  f  Reinfo-lding  vbl.  sb. 

1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  Xll.  xx.  (1620)  437 
Admitted  to  the  sight  of  God  . .  to  leaue  it  againe  at  length 
and  be  re-infolded  in  mortal  misery.  1611  FLORIO,  Rinuolta, 
..  re-infolded  or  re-inwrapped.  Ibid.,  Ripiegatura,  a  re- 
infolding,  a  reinwraping. 

Reinforce  (rf|info»-js),  sb.    [f.  the  vb.] 

fl.  Alii.  A  reinforcement  of  troops.  Obs.  rare"1. 
1648  EVELYN  Diary  (1857)  III.  29  The  general  sent  to 
Skippon  for  a  re-inforce  of  3000  horse. 

2.  A  part  (or  one  of  two  parts)  of  a  gun  next  the 
breech,  made  stronger  than  the  rest  in  order  to  resist 
the  explosive  force  of  the  powder. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Cannon,  The  first 
reinforce,  .includes  the  base  ring.  Ibid.,  The  second  re 
inforce  begins  . .  where  the  first  terminates.  1797  Encycl. 
Brit.  (ed.  3)  VIII.  231/2  On  the  side  of  the  gun  upon  the 
first  reinforce,  are  cast  two  knobs.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet. 
s.v.,  There  are  generally  two  in  each  piece,  called  the  first  and 
second  reinforce.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  12  Sept.  357  The  Parrott 

gins  are  of  cast-iron,  with  a  wrought-iron  reinforce.     1881 
REENER  Gun  26  Other  early  guns  that  were  mounted  were 
made  with  a  loop  underneath  the  barrel  before  the  reinforce. 
b.  attrib.,  esp.  reinforce  ring,  a  flat  ring  or 
moulding  round  a  gun  at  the  points  where  the  re 
inforces  meet  or  terminate.     Also  called  reinforce 
band.     (Cf.  Reinforced  ppl.  a.) 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Cannon,  The  first 
reinforce  .  .includes,  .the  vent-astragal,  and  first  reinforce 
ring.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VIII.  230/1  At  the  end  of 
the  first  reinforce  ring.  Ibid.  233/1  Reinforce-astragal  and 
fillets.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Reinforce-ring.  There 
are  three  in  each  gun,  called  the  first,  second,  and  third. 
1868  Rep.  to  Govt.  U.S.  Munitions  War  130  A  smooth-bore 
cannon.  This  gun  is  constructed  on  the  same  principles  as 
the  others,  with  steel  re-inforce  rings. 

3.  Any  thing  or  part  added  to  an  object  to 
strengthen  it.     Also  attrib. 

1869  BOUTELL  Arms  fy  Armour  x.  204  A  remarkable 
diversity  is  seen  to  have  existed  between  the  corresponding 
reinforces  or  additional  defences  of  the  right  and  left  sides. 
Ibid.,  When  the  shoulders  were  covered  by  the  reinforce- 
plates,  they  were  distinguished  as pauldrons.  1875  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Meek.  1636/1  A  reinforce  or  strengthening  piece  on  a 
fabric  at  a  point  of  wear,  or  around  a  hole  or  eyelet.  1884 
Ibid.  Suppl.  235/1  A  cup-shaped  reinforce  inside  the  head 
of  a  cartridge  to  strengthen  it, 

Reinforce  (rf|inf5»us),  v.  [f.  RE-  +  inforce, 
ENFORCE  v. ;  cf.  RE-ENFORCE  v.  and  RENFORCE.] 

I.  1.  trans.  To  strengthen  (a  military  or  naval 
force)  by  means  of  additional  men. 

1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Concstaggio  318  Hauing  reinforced  the 
point  of  his  armie  with  Germame  pikes.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin. 
II.  204  They  neede  not  reinforce  their  Companies  with  the 
Irish.  1670  COTTON  Espernon  1. 1.  40  Seasonably  re-inforc- 
ing  the  Garrison,  with  divers  Gentlemen  his  particular 
Servants,  and  a  good  number  of  Souldiers.  1725  DE  FOE 
Voy.  round  World  (1840)  74  Sending  two  and  thirty  of  her 
men  on  board  the  great  ship,  to  reinforce  the  men  on  board. 
1849  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  V.  xxvii.  §  48.  40  Fresh  troops 
continually  came  up  to  reinforce  those  who  were  exhausted 
with  fatigue. 

b.  To  strengthen  or  increase  (a  class  or  party) 
by  fresh  additions  to  the  number. 


REINFORCEMENT. 

1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  v.  I.  520  The  Tory  party,  .in 
cluded  the  whole  bench  of  bishops,  and  had  been  reinforced 
. .  by  several  fresh  creations.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  ii.  §  i. 
60  The  middle  class,  thus  created,  was  reinforced  by  the 
rise  of  a  similar  class  in  our  towns. 

c.  To  furnish  with  fresh  supplies;  to  add  to, 
increase,  the  amount  of  (something). 

1839  DE  QUINCEY  Recoil.  Lakes  Wks.  1862  II.  210  Some 
subject  of  hope.,  must  be  called  in  to  reinforce  the  animal 
fountains  of  good  spirits.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  I.  xix. 
230  The  bears  had.. destroyed  our  chances  of  reinforcing 
our  provisions. 

2.  To  strengthen,  make  stronger;  to  furnish  with 
additional  support. 

a  1633  NAUNTON  Fragm.  Reg.  (Arb.)  57  Bashfulnesse,  and 
a  naturall  modesty,  .might  have  hindred  his  progression, 
had  they  not  been  re-inforced  by  the  infusion  of  Soveraign 
favour.  1657  HOWELL  Louditiop.  17  He  reinforceth  the 
right  of  the  City  by  Proclamations,  a  1676  HALE  Prim. 
Orig.  Man.  (1677)  47  The  Memory  ..  by  the  return  of  a 
like  Object  again  is  sometimes  revived  and  reinforced. 
1805  FOSTER  Ess.  i.  ii.  I.  20  To  reinforce  our  virtues  from 
the  dust  of  those  who  first  taught  them.  1879  W.  H.  STONE 
in  Grove  Diet.  Music\.  153/2  Bach  uses  it  frequently, some 
times  merely  to  reinforce  the  basses.  1897  RHOSCOMYL 
White  Rose  Arno  86  Pengraig  recounted  what  had  been 
agreed  upon ;  reinforcing  the  whole  with  evidence  and  proof. 
fb.  refl.  To  fix  (oneself)  more  firmly.  Obs.~l 

1652  CoTTKRELLtr.  Calprenede'sCassandrai.  51  The  Prince 
.  .reinforc'd  himselfe  all  he  could  in  his  Saddle. 

c.  To  strengthen  (some  material  thing)  by  an 
additional  support  or  added  thickness. 

1692  RAY  Creation  n.  (ed.  2)  119  The  side  of  the  Triangle 
.  .was  reinforced  with  a  Border.  i729SHELVocKE,4r^7/<?rj' 
v.  379  These  Pipes  or  Tubes  shall  be  well  reinforced  with 
the  Sinews  of  Beasts  steeped  in  Glue.  1769  FALCONER  Diet. 
Marine  (1780),  Canon  renforce,  a  cannon  whose  breech  is 
reinforced,  i.e.  thicker  than  the  calibre.  1772  C  HUTTON 
Bridges  87  They  must  be  well  reinforced  with  proper  walls 
or  returns.  1890  Anthony's  Photogr.  Bull.  III.  185  It  is 
advisable,  .to  re-inforce  the  punch,  with  one  or  more  thick 
nesses  of  cardboard. 

3.  To  add  to  the  force  or  strength  of;  to  make 
more  forcible  or  cogent. 

1629  QUARLES  Argalns  ff  P.  n.  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  265 
Give  me  leave  (my  Lord)  to  reinforce  A  virgin's  suit.  1681 
H.  MORE  Postscr.  Glanvill's  Sadducismus  51  Angels  .. 
which  minister  to  the  Saints,  and  reinforce  the  Prayers  of 
good  and  holy  men  by  joyning  thereto  their  own.  1697 
COLLIER  Ess.  Mor.  Subj.  i.  (1709)  9  Since  I  like  the  Frank 
ness,  and  Tendency  of  your  Argument,  I'll  try  if  I  can  Re 
inforce  it.  1843  PRESCOTT  Mexico  11.  ii.  (1864)  79  It  is  said, 
he  reinforced  the  proposal  by  promising  a  liberal  share  of 
the  proceeds  of  it.  1882  PEBODY  Eng.  Journalism  xvi.  123 
He  liked  to  reinforce  what  they  said  by  conveying  in 
anecdote  some  fragments  of  that  rare  knowledge. 

b.  To  increase  by  giving  fresh  force  to;  also 
simply,  to  increase,  make  greater. 

1650  Gnitl.  Calling  viii.  §  7  The  loud  noise  of  roaring 
Mirth  is  re-inforced  to  drown  that  poor  whisper  of  Con- 


inforced  the  Cold  by  a  great  quantity  of  fresh  Snow  and 
Salt.  1856  EMERSON  Eng.  Traits,  Wealth,  They  have  re 
inforced  their  own  productivity  by  the  creation  of  that 
marvellous  machinery.  1865  M.  ARNOLD  Ess.  Crit.  iv.  (1875) 
153  Religion  had  early  possessed  itself  of  this  force  of 
character,  and  reinforced  it. 

4.  intr.  To  obtain  reinforcements,  rare. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  v.  ii.  18  It  is  a  day  turn'd  strangely; 
or  betimes  Let's  re-inforce,  or  fly.  1811  Henry  q  Isabella 
I.  133  In  the  meanwhile  the  enemy  reinforced, and  pursued 
the  English. 

II.  f  5.  To  renew  or  repeat  with  fresh  force. 

1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1638)  219  Re-inforcing  the 
charge,  he  with  much  adoe  obtained  the  victory.  1653  H. 
COGAN  tr.  Plata's  Trav.  xx.  72  Rallying  all  into  one  body, 
they  re-inforced  the  fight,  a  1662  HEYLIN  Laud  u.  (1671) 
238  The  same  offer  was  reinforced  a  fortnight  after, 
fb.  To  direct  with  renewed  force.  Ob;.—1 

a.  1680  BUTLER  Rein.  (1759)  V.  4  Cry'd  strange  !— then  re 
inforced  his  Light  Against  the  Moon  with  all  his  Might. 

1 6.  To  enforce,  or  put  in  force,  again.    Obs. 

1640  LENTHALL  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  in.  (1692)  I.  19  To 
manifest  to  the  World,  that  Our  retirements  were  to  rein 
force  a  greater  Unity  and  Duty.  1656  LD.  WHITLOCK  m 
Burton's  Diary  (1828)  I.  194  Let  the  old  order  be  reinforced, 
and  Wednesday  sennight  be  the  day.  1667-8  MAKVELL 
Corr.Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  239  [To]  attend  his  Majesty,  desiring 
him  to  reinforce  . .  the  laws  against  Conventicles.  1720 
WATERLAND  Defence  Div.  Christ  Wks.  1823  II.  105  It 
pleased  God . .  to  proclaim  the  high  dignity  of  God  the  Son, 
to  reinforce  his  rightful  claim  of  homage, 

f  7.  To  constrain  or  impel  afresh.  Obs.—1 

1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  «,  P.  172  Till  young  Abdul  was 
reinforced  to  revenge  his  Father's  Death. 

Hence  Eeinfo-roed  ///.  a. 

1692  Smith's  Seaman's  Gram.  n.  vi.  94,  G  H  the  Rein 
forced  Ring.  1710  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Teclm.  II,  Re-inforced 
Ring  of  a  Cannon,  is  that  which  is  next  after  the  Trunnions, 
between  them  and  the  Vent,  and  the  Re-inforced  part  of  a 
Gun,  is  from  the  Base  Ring  to  the  Re-inforced  Ring.  1748 
RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1768)  I.  205  The  reinforced  orders 
for  this  hostile  apparatus.  1796  Instr.  ft  Rfg.  Cavalry 
(1813)  172  The  reinforced  flank  or  center  which  is  to  attack, 
is  then  ordered  to  advance.  1877  Daily  Ncms  27  Dec.  5/6 
The  Russian  pursuing  force  ..  could  not  possibly  assail  the 
reinforced  Turkish  troops. 

Reinforcement  (n,inf6<>usment).   [f.  prec.  + 

-MENT  ;  cf.  RE-ENFORCEMENT  and  F.  renforcement.'] 

f  I.  A  renewal  of  force ;  a  fresh  assault.   Obs.  -' 

1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  n.  ii.  117  He..aydelesse  came  off,  And 

with  a  sudden  re-inforcement  strucke  Corioles  like  a  Planet. 


BEINFOBCEB. 

2.  The  act  of  reinforcing  with  fresh  troops. 

1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  ii.  187  We  haue  ..  commanded.,  the 
said  Sir  Arthur  himselfe  to  march  vp  with  a  thousand  of  the 
best  men  to  your  reinforcement  in  Mounster. 

b.  A  fresh  supply  of  men  to  assist  or  strengthen 
a  military  or  naval  force. 

1646  H.  LAWRENCE  Com.  %  IVartv.  Angels  187  If souldiers 
be  weake,  or  succumbe  in  fight,  they  send  to  their  Generall 
for  supplies  and  reinforcements.  1683  TEMPLE  Mem.  Wks. 
1731  I.  393  With  some  of  these  new  Troops,  and  a  Rein 
forcement  from  Flanders.  1732  LEDIAIU>  •&*£&»  II.  rx.  276 
He  ..  had  just  receiv'd  ..a  reinforcement  of  30,000  men. 
1781  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.  xxvi.  II.  612  His  army  was 
strengthened  by  a  numerous  reinforcement  of  veterans.  1826 
SCOTT  Woodst.  xv,  The  trooper,  who  goes  to  Oxford  for 
the  reinforcement  1847  PRESCOTT  Peru  (1850)  II.  258 
Francisco  Pizarro  had  remained  at  Lima,  anxiously  awaiting 
the  arrival  of  the  reinforcements  which  he  had  requested. 

c.  An  additional  supply  or  contribution. 

1766  Compl.  Farmer  s.  v.  Madder^  He  was  so  kind  as  to 
make  me  a  present  of  an  hundred  sets  of  them ;  and  this 
little  reinforcement,  added  to  what  I  had  raised  of  my  own 
[etc.].  1889  PATER  C.  de  Latour  (1896)  192  Great  reinforce- 
ments  of  sympathy. 

3.  Augmentation  of  strength  or  force ;   the  act  of 
strengthening  or  increasing  in  any  way. 

1651  CROMWELL  Let.  26  July  in  Cartyte,  He  hath  lately 
gotten  great  provisions  of  meal,  and  reinforcement  of  his 
strength  out  of  the  North.  1667  MILTON  /*.  L.  i.  190  What 
reinforcement  we  may  gain  from  Hope.  1734  WATKRLAND 
Doctr.  Trinity  vii,  Wks.  1823  V.  287  Their  faith  may  be 
both  strengthened  and  brightened  by  this  additional  re 
inforcement,  1879  PRESCOTT  Sp.  Telephone  51  It  was  found 
that  each  vowel  position  caused  the  reinforcement  of  some 
particular  fork  or  forks.  1882  SPENCER  Princ.  Social.^  Pol. 
fnst.  349  This  re-inforcement  of  natural  power  by  super 
natural  power. 

4.  The  act  of  enforcing  anew.    Now  rare. 

1641  SMECTYMNUUS  Anstu.  ii.  (1653)  10  There  are  two 
specious  Arguments  which  this  Remonstrant  brings  to  per- 
swade  this  desired  re-inforcement.  1637  STALHAM  (title) 
The  Reviler  rebuked :  or  a  Reinforcement  of  the  Charges 
against  the  Quakers.  1676  in  Marvell  Mr.  Smirke  Wks. 
(Grosart)  IV.  75  Openly  to  break  so  many  known  laws  of  the 
Land,  after  so  many  reinforcements,  is  not  this  to  be  turbu 
lent?  1873  PHILLIMORE  Eccl.  Laiu  I.  649  The  following 
canon,  in  the  main  of  it,  was  only  a  re-inforcement  of  one  of 
the  Lord  Cromwell's  injunctions. 

Keinfo'rcer.   [f.  as  prec.-n-ER1.]   One  who 

or  that  which  reinforces. 

1880  EARLE  PhiloL  Eng.  Tongue  (ed.  2)  §  559  But  this 
signification  being  lost  sight  of,  we  find  that  round  comes 
naturally  in  as  its  reinforcer. 

Reinforcing,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  i.] 
The  action  of  strengthening  in  some  way. 

1611  COTGR.,  Roboration^  a.. reinforcing.  1632  J.  HAY- 
WARD  tr.  Biondis  Eromena  26  In  reinforcing  of  the  fleete 
with  more  men  and  munition.  164^1  SMECTYMNUUS  Vind. 
Answ.  xiv.  176  Your  confident  re-inforcing  of  your  com 
parison.  1868  Rep.  to  Govt.  U.  S.  Munitions  War  131 
The  strongest  argument  which  the  advocates  of  re-inforcing 
use  in  their  favour  is,  "that  they  prevent  the  gun  from 
bursting  explosively'.  1869  BOUTELL  Arms  fy  Armour  x. 
204  The  system  of  adding  secondary  defences,  or  reinforcing, 
appears  in  active  operation. 

So  Remfo'rcing///.  a. 

1848  BUCKLEY  Iliad  288  Having  a  reinforcing  army.  1869 
BOUTELL  Arms  fy  Armour  x.  197  A  strong  secondary  re 
inforcing  plate.,  was  firmly  fixed  to  one  side  of  it. 

ReinfOTm,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  inform 
again ;  to  form  anew ;  to  invest  again  with  form. 

16x1  COTGR.,  Reinformert  to  reinforme,  to  present  with 
new  informations.  1672  Phil.  Trans.  VII.  5148  Especially 
such  [winds]  as  are  re-mform'd  by  other  auxiliary  vapors  as 
they  pass.  1687  in  Hearne  Collect.  (O.H.S.)  IV.  jo  Let  his 
Loved  Ashes  rest,  Till  reinformed  with  Light  immortall  He 
shall  rise.  1887  STEVENSON  Merry  Men  v.  202,  I  but  re- 
inform  features  and  attributes  that  have  long  been  laid  , .  m 
the  quiet  of  the  grave. 

Reinfranchise,  obs.  f.  RE-ENFEANCHISE. 

t  Reinfu'iid,  £'.  Obs.  rare—  *.  [RE- 5  a.]  intr. 

To  pour  in  again. 

1704  SWIFT  T.  Tub  ix,  The  best  part  of  his  diet  is  the  re 
version  of  his  own  ordure,  which,  expiring  into  steams, 
whirls  perpetually  about,  and  at  last  re-mfunds. 

Keinfu'Se,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  infuse  again. 

1660  tr.  Amyraldus*  Treat,  cone.  Relig.  in.  ix.  498  To 
reinfuse  decayed  strength  in  a  moment,  a,  1677  OLDHAM 
Dithyrambick  Poems  (1684)  208  \Ve  nothing  . .  above  our 
selves  produce,  Till  thou  do'st  finish  Man,  and  Reinfuse. 
1845  MILL  Diss.  $  Disc,  (1859)  II.  248  The  chiefs  of  the 
barbarians  could  reinfuse  life  into  a  social  order  to  which 
[etc.].  1887  KROWHIXG Par/eying-SjC.  Aviswtix,  To  re-infuse 
. .  sleep  that  looks  like  death  With  momentary  liveliness. 

Reingage,  obs.  form  of  RE-ENGAGE. 
Reinge,  Sc.  variant  of  RINSE  v, 
Reingender :  see  RE-EXGENDEB. 
Reing(n)e,  obs.  forms  of  REIGX  v. 
Rein  goose,  variant  of  RAIN-GOOSE. 
1882  Standard  22  Aug.  2/5  Rein  geese  and  brent  geese 
were  seen. 

Reingorge :  see  RE-ENGORGE. 

t  Reingra'fF,  v.  Obs.    [RE-  5  a.]    =next. 

1610  HEALEY.SV.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  774  Re-ingraffed  into 
the  peace-full  stocke  from  whence  his  disobedience  hath 
torne  him.  1651  BAXTER  Inf.  Bapt.  49  When  they  are  re- 
ingraffed  into  their  own  Church,  their  Infants  must  needs  be 
remgraffed  with  them.  1659  HOWELL  Lexicon  To  tru  Phi- 
lologer,  She  did  reingraffe  upon  divers  words,  as  chiefly 
upon  chief,  faulty  upon  fault, 

Reingra-fttZ'.  Also7re-en-.  [RE-sa.]  trans. 
To  ingraft  again.     Hence  Reingra'fting  vbl.  sb. 
1635  DONNE  Strra.  VI.  69  As  when  my  true  Repentance 


389 

hath  re-engrafted  me  in  my  God  and  Re-incorporated  me  in 
my  Saviour.  1752  WESLEY  ll'ks.  (1872)  X.  245  This  does 
not  imply  the  re-ingrafting  of  these  Gentiles.  1885  Homi- 
letic  Ret'.  Feb.  106  The  re-ingrafting  of  Israel  into  their  own 
olive'tree. 

Keiugra'tiate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  (chiefly 
re/I,}  To  ingratiate  again. 

1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  96  Fearing  his  force, 
and  that . .  hee  would  re-ingratiate  himselfe.  1669  CLAREN 
DON  Life  in.  (1760)  I,  119  If  He  were  once  re-ingratiated  to 
his  Majesty's  Trust.  0x797  H.  WALPOLE  Mem.  Gco.  II 
(1847)  I.  xi.  357  In  order  to  reingratiate  themselves  with  the 
mobs.  1882  Athcnxum  28  Oct.  556/3  Tasso  . .  hoped  to  re- 
ingratiate  himself  with  the  duke  by  complimenting  him  on 
his  third  wedding. 

K/ei'ligress.     [RE-  5  a.]     Renewed  ingress. 

JS3S  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  I.  224  Auveragus  ..  And  his 
lordis . .  Saw  tha  culd  nocht  haue  reingres  agane.  1670 
EACHARD  Cont.  Clergy  68  Then  there  was  an  ingress,  an 
egress,  and  a  regress,  or  reingress. 

ReingrO'SS,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  engross  ngain. 
In  Reingro'ssing  vbt,  sb. 

1679  Act  31  Cktis.  //,  c.  3  (title}  An  Act  for  reingrossing 
of  the  Records  of  Fines  burnt  or  lost  in  the  late  Fire  in  the 
Temple. 

ReingU'lf,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  ingulf  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rengloutir^  to  reglut,  reingulfe,  .swallow  vp 
againe.  1648 Petit.  Eastern  Assoc.  24  Designes,  which  have 
.  .reingulfed  us  in  so  many  new  feares,  1828  CARLYLE  Misc. 
(1857)  '•  I26  So  long  since  reingulfed  in  the  silence  of  the 
blank  bygone  Eternity  1  1875  K.  WHITE  Life  in  Christ  \. 
i.  (1878)  8  That  this  intellectual  Eye.. should  then  be  rein- 
gulfed  by  the  dead  ruthless  force  which  had  given  it  birth. 

Reinha-bit,  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

f  1.  intr.  To  dwell  again.   Obs. 

1538  LELAND  Itin.  (1769)  VII.  10  One  of  the  Richards  .. 
broughte  the  foresayde  Monks  agayne  to  Stratford,  where 
amonge  the  Marsches  they  reinhabytyd.  a  1638  MEDI; 
Daniel  Wks.  (1672)  700  A  Commission  to  cause  the  people 
to  return  and  re-inhabite.  1736  CARTE  Ormonde  I.  504 
They  might  be  able  to  subsist  and  re-inhabit  in  the  said 
kingdom. 

2.  trans.  To  inhabit  (a  place,  etc.)  again. 

1600  J.  PORY  tr.  Leo  s  Africa  iv.  219  After  which  time  it 
wasreinhabited  bycertaine  people  of  Granada.  1670  MILTON 
I  list,  Eng.  in.  130  Towns  and  Citties  were  not  reinhabited 
but  lay  ruin'd  and  wast.  1825  COLERIDGE  A  ids  RcjL  234 
The  individual  soul  cannot  return  to  reinhabit  the  body. 

Hence  Reinha'biting  vbl.  sb.  ;  Reinhabita'tion. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rehabitation^  a  reinhabitation,reinbabiting. 
1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vi.  viii.  (1614)  603  Elmahdi,  an 
hereticall  Calipha  who  procured  the  reinhabiting  thereof. 

t  ReiiilieaTten,  v.  Obs.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  give  fresh  courage  to,  rehearten. 

1652  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Bentivoglio's  Hist.  Relat.  29  The 
Rebels  were  afterwards  reinheartened  by  the  Queen  of 
Englands  protection.  1667  MRQ.  WORCESTER  in  Dircks  Life 
xvii,  (1865)  301  To  reinhearten  my  distressed  family. 

Reiilhe'rit,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  inherit  again. 

1647  WARD  Simp.  Cooler  47  Just  it  is  that  such  as  under 
sell  them,  should  not  re-inherit  them  in  haste.  1895  St. 
James's  Gaz.  ip  Sept.  1 2/2  He  had  been  disinherited . . ;  but 
..reinherited  his  patrimonial  estate. 

Reilli'tiate,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  initiate  again. 

1652  Plea  for  Free  State  4  [They]  oppose  so  obstinately 
the  Publique  Establishment,  out  of  no  more  weighty  reason, 
then  to  reinitiate  splendid  Titles.  1866  MRS.  H.  WOOD 
St.  Martin's  Eve  ii,  He.. was  altogether  re-initiated  into 
social  life.  1897  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  IV,  381  The  disorder, 
unless  re-initiated  by  repetition  of  the  cause,  may  long 
remain  quiescent. 

Reirjjoin,  -joy,  obs.  ff.  RE-INJOIN,  -JOT. 

Rei'iik,  v.  [R.E-  5  a.]  trans.  To  ink  again. 
Hence  Relinking  vbl.  sb. 

•&&•$  Athcnxum  22  Dec.  815/2  One  ribbon  will  bear  re- 
inking  several  times. 

Reinlarge,  obs.  form  of  RE-ENLARGE. 

Reinless  (rji-nles),  a.    [f.  REIN  sbl  +  -LESS.] 

1.  Without  a  rein  or  reins  :  a.  of  a  horse. 

1559  Mirr.  Mag.)  Dk.  Clarence  xxix,  She  tearms.  .A  wilfull 
prince,  a  raynelesse  raging  horse.  1591  HARINGTON  Orl, 
Fur.  xxiv.  xxxix,  Untill  his  rainlesse  horse  bare  him  away. 
1801  SOUTHEY  Thalaba  vi.  ix,  The  benignant  Power,  Who 
sent  the  reinless  steed,  a  1881  ROSSETTI  House  of  Life  xc, 
The  void  car,  hurled  Abroad  by  reinless  steeds. 
b.  of  a  driver  or  rider. 

1873  W.  CORY  Lett.  $•  Jrnls.  (1897)  326  If  I  had  been  blind 
and  reinless,  I  should  have  gone  without  a  bump.  1892 
Daily  News  28  Dec.  5/4  The  reinless  rider  acquires  a  firmer 
seat. 

2.  transf.  and_/%;  Unchecked,  unrestrained. 
1566  DRANT  Horace ,  Sat.  i.  vi.  Diijb,  Leuinus.. Through 

lyfe  corrupt,  and  rainlesse  youth  dyd  worke  his  fames  decay. 
1772  Gcntl.  Mag.  XLII.  240  The  reinless  fury  Of  the  mad 
whirlwinds.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  vi.  xix,  With  rein 
less  speed  A  black  Tartarian  horse  of  giant  frame  Conies 
trampling  over  the  dead.  1856  RUSKIN  Mod.  Paint.  III.  iv. 
vi.  §  2  The  reinless  play  of  the  imagination. 

f  Reinli-ghten,  obs.  variant  of  RE-ENLIGHTEN. 

1627  FELTHAM  Resolves  \.  xxviii.  26  Though  God  depriue 
me  of  his  presence  for  a  time,  he  will  one  day  re-inlighten  mee. 

Reiiio'culate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  inocu 
late  again.  So  Beiuocnla*tion. 

1804  Med.  Jrnl.  XII.  315  The  two  last  children  I  reinocu- 
lated  was  a  few  months  after  vaccination.  1896  AllbutCs 
Syst.  Med.  I.  652  The  occurrence  of  furuncles  in  successive 
crops  is  due  to  reinoculation  from  the  surface. 

Reiiiquire,  v.     [RE-.]     To  inquire  in  turn. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep,  vn.  i.  340  Unto  him  that 
demanded  on  what  hand  Venus  was  wounded,  the  Philo 
sopher  thought  it  a  sufficient  resolution  to  reinquire  upon 
what  leg  King  Philip  halted. 


REINSMAN. 

So  Reinqurry,  renewed  inquiry. 

1830  Westnt.  Rev.  Oct.  437  Re-inquiriw  and  Removals  : 
these,  by  whatsoever  name  called— new  trials.  1866  /'ail 
MallG.  21  Feb.  1/2  The  first  returns.. were  sent  back  for 
reconsideration  and  re-inquiry. 

Reins  (r^nz),//.  NowarcA.  Forms:  (i  renys), 
4reenes,  -us,  4-7  reynes,  (.freynyez,  5  reynys, 
5,  7  reyns),  5-7  raynes,  6-7  raiuea,  (6  rains), 
reines,  4,  7-  reins.  Also  sing.  7  reyn.  [a.  OK. 
reins,  rensy  ad.  L.  renes  pi.] 

1.  The  kidneys. 

[<riooo  Sax.  Leechd.  III.  140  fcif  hyt  byb  of  renys  oj^er 
ban  lendene  banne  cumjj  beet  blod  of  baia  blxddran.J  1387 
TREVISA  Higdcn (Rolls)  VII.  369  He  hadde  afterward  greet 
penaunce  in  an  evel  bat  hatte  ilium  and  greveb  faste  by  be 
reynes.  c  1400  Laufranc's  Cirurg.  27  J?ei  hangen  &  bynden 
summe  membris  wi£  obere  as  be  reynes  to  be  rfgge.  1450-80 
It.Secreta  Secret.  31  Disese  cometh  in  thi  Reyns.  1586 
COCAN  Haven  Health  cl.  (1636)  147  The  Reynes  or  Kidneys 
make  grosse  and  ill  blond.  1596  BARROUGH  iMcth.  Pkysick 
ill.  xxxvii.  ^1639)  159  The  reines  are  vexed  with  inflamma 
tion  for  diverse  causes.  1667  MILTON  P.L.  vi.  346  Spirits.. 
Vital  in  every  part,  not  as  frail  man  In  Entrailes,  Heart  or 
Head,  Liver  or  Reines.  1707  FLOVER  Physic.  Pulse-Watch 
353  So  from  the  Reins  the  Liver  is  generated,  from  that  the 
Heart,  from  that  the  Stomach.  1870  BRYANT  Homer  II.  xxi. 
289  Eels  and  fishes  came  and  gnawed  The  warrior's  reins. 

2.  The  region  of  the  kidneys;  the  loins. 

1382  WVCLIF  Ezck.  ix.  2  O  man.  .clothid  with  lynnen,  and 
an  ynkhorn  of  a  wryter  in  his  reynes.  1390  GOWKR  Conf. 
III.  370  Sche  bath  my  wounded  herte  enoignt,  My  temples 
and  my  Reins  also,  c  1475  Partenay  4325  Gaffray  gripte  he 
there  faste  by  the  raynes,  Ech  of  thaim  both  suffryng  there 
hug[e]  paynes.  c  1532  Du  WKS  httrod.  J-'r.  in  Palsgr.  1068 
Gyrte  thy  raynes  as  a  man.  1572  WALSINGHAM  in  L).  Digges 
Complete  Ambass.  (1655)  344  The  Count  de  Retz  is  hurt  in 
the  rains  of  the  back  with  a  harquebush  shot  out  of  Rochel. 
1633  T.  STAFFORD  Pac.  Hib.  xiii.  (1821)  150  Recceving  a 
blow  with  a  Peece  upon  the  reines  of  his  backe.  1687  A. 
LOVELL  tr.  Thci'fnot's  Trav.  i.  168  [The]  Rock. .bears  the 
marks,  as  if  a  liody  had  been  laid  on  the  Back  upon  it,  for 
the  form  of  the  Reins  appear  there.  1814  CARY  Dante, 
Inf.  xx.  13  Each,  .scem'd  to  be  revers'd  At  the  neck-bone, 
so  that  the  countenance  Was  from  the  reins  averted.  1865 
SWINBURNE  Poems  $  Ball.,  Song  in  Tim,:  of  Rev,  27  They 
are  girdled  about  the  reins  with  a  curse. 


b.  Arch.     (See  quot.  1727-38.) 
iTter  F.  les  reins  d^itnc  voute. 


Afi 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Vault ^  Reins,  or  fillings  up  of 
a  Vault,  are  the  sides  which  sustain  it.  1751  LABELVE  Westm. 
Bridge  21  This  upper  Arch  is.  .thicker  in  the  Reins,  or  to 
wards  the  Bottom,  than  at  the  Key  or  Top.  1872  SHIPLEY 
Gloss.  Eccl.  Terms  184  The  space  between  the  crown  and 
the  reins  of  the  arch. 

3.  In   or  after  Biblical  use :   The   seat  of  the 
feelings  or  affections. 

13. .  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  B.  592  For  he  is  be  gropande  cod,. . 
Rypande  of  vche  a  ring  fe  reynyez  &  hert.  1382  WVCLIF 
J's.  vii.  10  God  serchende  hcrtis  and  reenes.  —  ll'isd.  i.  6 
Of  the  reenus  of  hym  witnesse  is  God.  I5z6  Pilgr.  Pcrf. 
(W.  de  W.  1531)  224,  I  am  nere  to  theyr  mouthes,  but  I  am 
ferre  from  theyr  raynes  [cf.  Wyclif  Jer.  xii.  2].  c  1580 
SIDNEY  Ps,  vn.  x,  Thou  righteous  proofes  to  hartes  and 
reines  dost  send.  1603  T.  M.  Progr.  Jas.  /  13  3  b,  Griefe 
seized  euery  priuate  mans  raynes.  1659  Cent  I.  Calling  To 
Bookseller,  A  Manual  which,  .will  lively  affect,  and  sit  close 
to  the  Reins,  and  penetrate  the  Heart  of  the  Reader.  1738 
WESLEY  Ps.  cxxxix.  in.  ii,  Thy  Hand  my  Heart  and  Reins 
possest.  1896  A.E.  JHGU8UAN$&r0#sJtirt£cutxxx,  Through 
their  reins  in  ice  and  fire  Fear  contended  with  desire. 

4.  attrib.  and  Com6.t  as  f  rein-guard,  -gilt ;  rein- 
trying  adj. 

1382  WYCLIF  2  Sam,  xx.  8  Jqab  was.  .gird  with  a  knyif 
hongynge  vnto  the  reyn  gottys  in  the  .sheethe.  1823  CRABB 
Tecjinol.  Diet.,  Rein-guard  (Mil.),  that  part  of  armour 
which  guarded  the  lower  part  of  the  back.  1827  POLLOK 
Course  T.  x,  Rein-trying,  heart-investigating  day. 

Reins,  variant  of  RAINES  Obs. 

Reiuscri'be,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  in 
scribe  again. 

1688  in  Magd.  Coll.  %  ?as.  II  (O.H.S.)  260  He  gave  orders 
to  re-inscribe  all  the  old  [names].  1878  GROSART  H,  Mare's 
Poems  Mem.  Introd.  46/1  To  reinscribe  the  venerable  name 
of  Henry  More  among  our  real  Makers  and  Singers. 

Keiiise'rt,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  insert 
again.  Hence  Reinse'rted///.  a. 

1628  GAULE  Pract.  The.  22  The  most  compendious  La- 
conicke  with  a  reinserted  Parenthesis.  1690  LurrRELL^r;^/' 
Ret.  (1857)  11.22  The  inscription  on  the  monument..,  which 
was  defaced  in  the  late  kings  time,  is  reinserting  again 
upon  it.  1808  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1856)  II.  55,  I  have  cut  it 
out  of  a  good  book,  and  shall  be  glad  to  reinsert  it  therein. 
1853  RUSKIN  Stones  Ven.  II.  viii.  §_io.  296  The  tablets., 
have  been  taken  out  and  reinserted  in  the  newer  masonry. 
1885  Matich,  Exam.  21  May  6/3  The  clause  was  therefore 
not  reinserted. 
80  Reinsertion. 

1828-32  in  WEBSTER.  1885  Month*  Exam.  21  May  5  'i  Mr. 
Stuart  succeeded  in  ousting  the  clause . . ,  and  Lord  Salisbury 
has  procured  its  re-insertion. 

Reinsi'St,  v.  [RE-  53.]  intr.  To  insist  again. 

1775  S.  J.  PRATT  Liberal  Opin.  Iv.  (1783)  II.  162  Reinsist- 
ing  upon  his  acceptance  as  a  debt  due  to  Turn  for  his  civility. 
1892  Pall  MallG.  jgo  Mar.  3/3  The  Council  then  proceeded 
.  .to  reinsist  upon  its  determination  [etc.]. 

Reinslave,  obs.  form  of  RE-ENSLAVE. 

Bteinsman  (r^nzma-n).  U.S,  [f.  REIN  sl>.1  + 
-S-  +  MAN  j<M]  One  who  is  skilled  in  managing 
the  reins ;  a  driver.  AlsoySgv 

1855  in  Voice  (N.Y.)  (1894)  8  Feb.,  Deeming  themselves  as 
skilful  reinsmen  as  those  selected  by  the  Boards  of  Excise. 
1872  TALMAGE  Serin.  34  The  experienced  reinsman  checks 
the  fiery  steed  at  the  nrst  jump. 


BEINSNARE. 
tHeinsna-re,  v.    Obs.  rare-1.    [RE-  50.] 

trans.  To  ensnare  again. 

1624  QUARLES  Job  sect,  i,  He  that  plants  his  Engines 
euery-where..and  re-insnares  The  soule  of  man. 

Reiuspe'Ct,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]    To  inspect  again. 

1826  SOUTHEY  Vind.  Eccl.  Angl.  323  A  book  that  . .  had 
been  inspected  and  reinspected  by  Angels,  and  approved  by 
God.  1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  fy  It.  Note-bks.  II.  95  We  went 
to  the  Uffizi  gallery,  and  reinspected  the  greater  part  of  it. 

So  Beinspe'ction. 

1828-32  in  WEBSTER.  1836  WARTER  Southey'sLett.  I.  Pref. 
13  Possibly  he  might  have  found  some  on  reinspection. 
1894  Daily  Nevus  8  June  8/6  A  re-inspection  had  been  made 
of  270  houses  in  Kensington. 

Reinsphear ,  obs.  form  of  RE-ENSPHERE. 
Reiiispi-re,  v.     [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  inspire  again,  in  various  senses. 
1624  HEYWOOD  Gunaik.  n.  65  She  renewes  and  re-inspires 

the  decayed  life  of  a  Poet.  1651  STANLEY  Poems  54  This 
silk-worm  (to  long  sleep  retired)  The  early  year  hath  rein- 
spired,  a  1711  KEN  Hymns  Evang,  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I. 
172  We  oft  have  heard  that  great  Deceiver  say,  That  he 
would  re-inspire  his  buried  Clay.  1767  LEWIS  Statius  v. 
514  No  Furies  were  at  Hand  to  reinspire  Heroic  Thoughts. 
1847  LD.  LINDSAY  Chr.  Art  I.  143  To  be  modified,  filled  up 
and  relnspired  from  their  own  original  resources.  1867  M. 
ARNOLD  Rugby  Chapel  199  Ye . .  recall  The  stragglers,  refresh 
the  outworn,  Praise,  re-inspire  the  brave  1 

b.  Const,  with. 

1657  BP.  H.  KING  Foems  132  What  man  then  would,  who 
on  death's  pillow  slumbers,  Be  re-inspir'd  with  life. .?  1697 
CONGREVE  Mourn.  Bride  v.  xii,  O  let  me.  .re-inspire  thy 
bosom  With  the  breath  of  Love.  1718  POPE  Iliad  xv.  65 
Phccbus  hastes  great  Hector  to  prepare. .  ,H  is  lab'ring  bosom 
re-inspires  with  breath.  1799  Triumph  of  Benevolence  \\.yj* 
Mrs.  Mannington  endeavoured  to  reinspire  him  with  hope. 
1861  J.  G.  SHEPI'ARD/'VZ//  Rome  ii.  67  To  re-inspire  an  effete 
body  with  the  vitality  of  youth.  1887  STEVENSON  Merry 
Men  in.  119  The  image  of  the  dead  dealer,  reinspired  with 
cunning  and  hatred. 

2.  To  breathe  again  into  something,  rare"1. 
1681  FLAVEL  Mctk,  Grace  xxxi.  535  Regeneration.. is  the 

life  of  God  reinspired  into  a  soul  alienated  from  it  by  the 
power  of  sin. 

Hence  Reinsprred///.  a. 

1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinarch.^  Hen.  ?V,  cccxx,  The  French 
..with  re-inspired  Sayles,  Come  to  ayde  Glendoure. 

Reinspi'rit,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  inspirit 
anew.  Hence  Reinspi'riting  vbl.  sb. 

1659  Gcntl.  Catling  viii.  §  21  When  it  has  despoyled  them 
of  that  false  courage,  .to  permit  it  to  reinspirit  them  with  a 
true  one.  1815  Zcluca.  I,  396  A  word  was  sufficient  to  rein- 
spirit  her,  1885  Fortn.  in  Waggonette  67  Refreshed  and 
reinspirited,  on  we  go.  1889  PATER  Appreciations^  Coleridge 
98  That  whole  episode  of  the  re-inspiriting  of  the  ship's 
crew. 

Reinstall,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  install  again. 

1397  BEARD  Theatre  Gods  Judgem.  (1612)  261  To  rein 
stall  him  in  his  kingdome  which  he  was  depriued  of.  1625 
MILTON  Ode  Death  Fair  Inf.  46  Wert  thou  some  Starr.. 
Which  carefull  Jove.. Took  up,  and  in  fit  place  did  re. 
install  ?  1671  —  P.  R.  iv.  614  Adam  and  his  chosen  Sons, 
whom  thou  A  Saviour  art  come  down  to  re-install.  1724  DE 
FOE  Mem.  Cavalier  (1840)  88  The  king  ..  [did]  reinstall  his 
son  in  the  electorate.  1846  LANDOR  £ma%.  Cottv.t  Louis 
XVIII  %  Tat&yraxdVrks.  1853  II.  190/1  Peterborough  .. 
would  have  reinstalled  you  at  Hartwell.  1870  F.  R.  WILSON 
C/t.  Lindisf.  178  The.  .east  window  was  first  reinstalled. 

Reiusta'lment.  [RE-  5  a.]  Renewed  in 
stalment. 

1608  DAY  Hum,  out  ofBr.  v.  ii,  We  ha  yet  performd  but 
the  least  part  of  duetie,  Your  reinstalment.  1610  HEALEY 
St.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  in.  xvi.  128  The  Hetrurians  assisted 
Tarquins  endeauours  of  re-instalment.  i7»8  MORGANA  Igicrs 
II.  v.  317  There  is  not  abundance  of  Appearance  of  their 
Re-instalment  in  these  Realms.  1851  LYTTON  Lett,  to 
J.  Bull  2  Its  reinstalment  to  office  has  not  been  resuscitation. 

Reinstamp,  obs.  form  of  RE-ENTSTAMP. 
Reinstate  (rf|inst#t),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  reinstall  or  re-establish  (a  person  or 
thing)  in  a  place,  station,  condition,  etc.     Also 
const,  on. 

1628  in  Crt.  ff  Times  Chas.  7(1848)  II.  3  The  said  arch 
bishop  is  now  reinstated  in  his  majesty's  favour.  1665  SmT. 
HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  156  Such  a  force  as.. reinstated  him 
in  his  own.  1714  R.  FIDDES  Pract.  Disc.  II.  220  We  may 
reinstate  reason  in  her  throne.  1743  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  n.  318 
To.  .reinstate  us  on  the  rock  of  peace.  1734  SHERLOCK  Disc. 
(1759)  I.  vi.  209  The  Gospel  has  re-instated  Nature  in  all  her 
hopes .  .of  Immortality.  1855  LYTTON  Rienzt  vn.  ix,  To  re 
instate  him  in  a  power  which  he  evinced  the  capacity  to 
wield.  1875  M^LAREN  Sernt.  Ser.  n.  iv.  60  Before  the 
Apostle  can  be  reinstated  in  his  functions. 
b.  Without  const.  Also  absol. 

1599  B.  TONSON  Cynthia's  Rev.  v.  ii,  Lady,  with  the  touch 
of  your  white  hand,  let  me  reinstate  you.  1763  LD.  BARRING- 
TON  in  Ellis  Qrig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  IV.  459  Nor  is  there  any 
appearance  that  they  will  ever  be  re-instated  or  recom 
pensed.  1835  I.  TAYLOR  Spir.  Despot,  \\.  §  2.  49  The  ..  in 
tention  of  the  present  volume  is.,  not  to  depress  or  exclude, 
but  to  re-instate  and  corroborate.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Car 
thage  360  The  senators  could  not  reinstate  him  by  force. 

2.  To  restore  to  or  in  a  proper  state ;  to  replace. 

1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  249  Everything  being  rein 
stated,  it  was  some  time  before  we  met  with  any  but  the 
ordinary  interruptions.  1813  ELMES  Dilapidations  (1829) 
App.  54  Re-instate  the  skirting,  papering  &c.  where  the 
book-case  formerly  stood.  1833  Act  3^4  Will.  IV^  c.  46 
§  no  To  reinstate  the  streets  . .  so  opened  by  them.  1881 
Encycl.  Brit.  XIII.  165/1  It  is  in  the  power  of  the  company 
to  reinstate  property  rather  than  to  pay  the  value  of  it. 

3.  To  restore  to  health. 

zSio  SHELLEY  Zastrozzi  ii.  Pr.  Wks.  1888  I.  8  The  crisis 
of  the  fever,  .being  past,  proper  care  might  reinstate  him. 


390 

Hence  Reinstated///,  a.,  Reinsta-ting^/.  sb. 

1737-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Reinstating^  the  restoring  of  a 
person  or  thing  to  its  former  state  or  condition.  1766  Com 
plete  Farmer  s.v.  Mole,  To  roll  those  spots  after  the  re 
instated  turfs  are  settled.  1890  [see  Reinstator}. 

Reinstatement.  [HE-  5  a.]  The  action  of 
reinstating;  restoration,  re-establishment. 


things.     1880  MUIRHEAD  Caius  iv.  §  57  Nor  is  there  here    > 
any  room  for  his  reinstatement  by  the  praetor. 

b.  The  restoring  or  replacing  of  destroyed  or 
damaged  property. 

1813  KLMES  Dilapidations  (1829)  App.  60  You  are  hereby 
required  to.  .perform,  .the  following  repairs,  and  re-instate- 
ments  of  waste.  1881  Encycl.  Brit.  XIII.  165/1  The  insured 
has  not  the  option  of  requiring  reinstatement. 

Reinsta'tion.  [f.  REINSTATE  v.  \  see  -ATION.] 
Reinstatement. 

1686  F.  SPENCE  tr.  Varillas*  Ho,  M  edicts  305  His  Ally  .. 
treated  with  him  for  his  reinstation.    1802  Noble  Wanderers    \ 
I.  268  The  little  plan  he  had  laid  for  the  reinstation  of  the    [ 
deposed  king.     1879  MEREDITH  Egoist  xxii,  The  half  wager 
about  his  reinstation  in  the  service  of  the  Hall. 

So  Reiusta'tor,  one  who  reinstates. 

1890  Sat.  Rev.  2  Aug.  140/2  The  reinstating  goes  on,  and    ! 
Mr.  Roden  Noel,  .is  one  of  the  reinstators. 

Reinstaura'tion.   rare-1.    [RE-  5  a.]    A  . 
second  installation, 

1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  xv.  xxvii.  (1620)  536 
Could  not  God,  that  taught  this  means  of  reinstauration, 
repaire  them  as  he  had  created  them? 

t  Reinstairre,  v.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [f.  RE-  5  a  + 
instaiirc  INSTORE  vj\  trans.  To  restore. 

1609  HEVWOOD  Brit.  Troy  xi.  ci,  The  Greekes  to  quench 
theyr  fleet  themselves  dispose  And  re-instaure  their  Tents 
whose  spoile  was  great. 

Reinsti'l,  '<".   [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  instil  again. 

01711  KEN  Hymnothco  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  35  Others 
they  ply'd  with  doubts,.  .Curs'd  Infidelity  to  re-instil. 

Rei'nstitute,  v-  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  in 
stitute  again.  So  Beinstitu'tion. 

1863  DEUTSCH  Rein.  (1874)  320  Ezra  only  reinstituted  them. 
1866  FELTOX  A  tic.  $  Mod.  Gr.  I.  i.  iv.  58,  '  I  reinstituted  for 
the  state  the  sacred  chants  ',  says  the  king.  1867  BUSHNELL 
Mor.  Uses  Dark  Th.  304  There  will  never  again  be  any  re- 
institution  of  slavery.  i88a  SEELEY  Nat.  Relig.  217  Re. 
institution  of  what  was  obsolete. 


fReinsto'ck,  v.   Obs.-1    [f.  RE- 
STOCK  z>.]     trans.  To  furnish  with  a  fresh  stock. 

1673  R.  HEADCrt«//«£-  Acad.cfi  He  may  rob  the  Travailer 
to  Re-instock  himself, 

ReinstrU'Cti  v.  [RE-.]  trans.  To  instruct 
again  or  in  turn.  So  Reinstru-ction. 

1740  WATERLAND  Regeneration  iii.  Wks.  1823  VI.  364 
Being  reinstructed  in  the  faith  and  reclaimed  in  manners. 
i86z  TROLLOPE  Orley  F.  I.  266  He  must,  .instruct  that 
attorney  how  to  reinstruct  him,  and  how  to  reinstruct  those 
other  barristers  who  must  necessarily  be  employed.  1888 
Pall  Mall  G.  27  Jan,  13/2  A  course  of  reinstruction  in  the 
dry  rudiments  of  knowledge. 

Reinsurance.     [RE-   5  a.]    A   renewed  or 

second  insurance  ;  spec,  one  by  which  an  insurer 
or  underwriter  secures  himself  (wholly  or  in  part) 
against  the  risk  he  has  undertaken. 

1755  MAGENS  Insurances  II.  271  Every  Insurer  is  per 
mitted  to  take  out  a  Reinsurance  on  any  Insurance  he  has 
given.  1802  MARSHALL  Insurance  1.  1.  iv.  §  3.  112  The  new 
insurers  will  be  responsible  to  him  in  case  of  loss,  to  the 
amount  of  the  re-insurance.  1885  Law  Rep.  15  Q.  Bench 
Div.  ii  Notice  of  abandonment  need  not  be  given  to  the 
underwriters  of  a  policy  of  re-insurance. 

attrib.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-Ik.  568  A  reinsurance 
policy  made  on  the  same  risk. 

Reinstrre,  v.  [RE-  5  a,]  trans.  To  insure 
again  ;  spec,  to  devolve  the  risk  of  an  insurance  on 
another  insurer.  Hence  Beinsirred///.  a. 

1828-32  in  WEBSTER.  1859  BARTLETT  Diet.  Amer.  360  It 
is  common  with  underwriters  or  insurance  companies  .  .  to 
reinsure  a  part  elsewhere.  1891  Law  Rep.,  Weekly  Notes 
44/2  Before  the  reinsured  obtained  the  benefit  of  his  reinsur 
ance  he  must  himself  have  paid  on  the  original  insurance. 

Reinsu'rer.     [-ER  *.]     One  who  reinsures. 

1755  MJUSM/MWOMM  II.  271  Yet  shall  he..trulymake 
known  to  his  Reinsurer  all  Advices  which  he..  has  received 
concerning  the  insured  Ship.  1802  MARSHALL  Insurance  I. 
113  There  is  no  privity  of  contract  between  the  original 
insured  and  the  re-insurers.  1892  Law  Rep.t  Weekly 
Notes  44/1  Payment  by  the  reinsurers  to  the  reinsured. 

Reintegrate,  pa.  pple.^  ?0t>s.    [ad.  med.L. 

reintegrdtust  pa.  pple.  of  reintegrdre  :  see  next.] 
=  REDINTEGRATE  pa,  pple. 

1508  FISHER  7  Penit.  Ps.  cii.  Wks.  (1876)  169  That  heuenly 
cyte  shall  be  restored  and  reintegrate  with  good  crysten 
people,  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  VIII  (1683)  4^12  Our 
King.,  desired  to  be,  if  not  reintegrate,  yet  at  least  in  good 
terms  with  the  Roman  Church. 

Reintegrate  (r/,i-ntrgrclt),  v.  [ad.  med.L. 
reintcgrat-  (Du  Cange)  :  see  REDINTEGRATE  v. 
and  cf.  F.  rtinttgrer^  Sp.  reintegrar^  It.  -are.] 

•\\.refl.  To  reinstate  (oneself).  Obs. 

1581  SAVILE  Tacitus  t  Hist.  m.  xxiv.  (1591)  128  Here  was 
the  fielde  where  they  might  reintegrate  themselues  in  their 
honour  again.  1622  J.  REYNOLDS  God^s  Revenge  \\\.  Hist. 
xiii,  He  should..  rather  seeke  to  reintegrate  himselfe  into 
his  Fathers  favour,  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  VIII  (1683) 
418  Desiring  the  King.  .  to  take  hold  of  the  present  time  and 
to  reintegrate  himself  with  the  Pope. 


REINTITLE. 

2.  trans.  =  REDINTEGRATE  v.  2  b,  2  d.   Now  rare. 
1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  n.  vii.  §  i  Heere  I  will  make  a 

request  that . .  I  may  reviue  and  reintegrate  the  missapplyed 
and  abused  name  of  Naturall  Magicke.  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT 
Hen.  VIII  (1683)  159  That  all  the  followers  of  the  Duke  of 
Bourbon  should  be  reintegrated  in  their  former  possessions. 
1869  BROWNING  Ring  <$•  Bk.  xn.  692  The  justice  of  the  Court 
would  presently  Confirm  her  in  her  rights  and  exculpate, 
Re-integrate  and  rehabilitate. 

3.  =  REDINTEGRATE  v.  i. 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  113  The  Falling  from  a  Discord  to  a 
Concord  . .  hath  an  Agreement  with  the  Affections,  which 
are  reintegrated  to  the  better,  after  some  dislikes.  1798 
JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  IV-  225  The  atmosphere  alone  will 
reintegrate  a  soil  rested  in  due  season.  1868  SPENCER 
Princ.  Psyckol.  \.  v.  (1872)  I.  86  The  disintegrated  mass 
quickly  re-integrates  itself  from  the  materials  brought  by 
the  blood.  1898  Nat.  Rev.  Aug.  904  The  capital  thus  sunk 
will  neither  yield  an  income  nor  be  reintegrated. 
b.  Const,  into  i  with. 

1853  Miss  COBBE  Intuit.  Mor.  174  The  Law  of  Honour, 
then,  merits  to  be  re-integrated  into  the  moral  Law.  1881 
MORGAN  Contrib.  N.  Amer.  Ethnol.  IV,  10  The  eight 
gentes  of  the  Seneca-Iroquois  tribe  were  reintegrated  into 
two  phratries.  1888  J .  T.  GULICK  in  Linn.  Sac.  Jrnl.,  Zool. 
XX.  231  The  vast  majority  of  the  divergent  forms  arising 
through  Local  Segregation  are  reintegrated  with  the  sur 
rounding  forms. 

Reintegration  (nVntfgK'-Jan).    [a.  F.  r(- 

integration  (i5th  c.),  or  ad.  med.L.  reintegralion- 
em  (Du  Cange),  noun  of  action  f.  reintegrarc: 
see  prec.  and  REDINTEGBATION.] 

\\.  Renewal  of  an  enterprise.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  n.  xxi.  §  i  In  theyr  inceptions 
progressions,  recoyls,  reintegrations,  approches  and  atteyn- 
ings  to  their  ends. 

2.  a.  =  REDINTEGRATION  3.  ?  Obs. 

1616  in  Crt.  $  Times  fas.  I  (1848)  I.  430  There  is  no  great 
opinion  here  of  the  reintegration  of  this  worthy  man  into 
his  former  honours  and  brightness,  a  1631  DONNE  Lett.  3 
For  re-integration  to  her  Majestie's  favour  ;  in  comparison 
whereof,  all  other  Circumstances  are  but  as  atomi.  1795  in 
Ld.  Auckland's  Corr.  (1862)  III.  299  To  make  a  stipulation 
in  favour  of  the  reintegration  of  the  Stadtholder. 
•)•  b.  =  REDINTEGRATION  4.  Obs.  rare  —1. 

1656  HEVLIN  Surv.  France  214  During  her  Sons  minority, 
and  after  since  her  reintegration  with  him,  she  hath  made 
herself  so  absolute  a  mistresse  of  his  mind  [etc.]. 

3.  =  REDINTEGRATION  i. 

1818  COLEBROOKE  Obligations  221  Entire  restitution  and 
re-integration  in  the  instance  of  agreements  merely  voidable. 
1850  Tail's  Mag.  XVII.  701/1  Nothing  could  appease  his 
remorse  but  the  reintegration  of  the  victim's  fame.  1890 
MORRIS  in  Mackai!  Life  (1899)  II.  241  It  is  not  the  dissolu 
tion  of  society  for  which  we  strive,  but  its  re-integration. 

Eeinte'r,  v.  [RE-  53;  cf.  F.  renterrer 
(i6th  c.).]  trans.  To  inter  again. 

1611  COTC-R.,  Renterrer,  to  reinterre,  to  hurie  againe. 
c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1650)  II.  viii.  10  To  Jerusalem.. they 
convey  the  bones  of  their  dead  friends  from  all  places  to  be 
reinterred.  1675  MARVELL  Lctt.VJks.  (Grosart)  1. 465  The  old 
King's  body  was  to  be  taken  up,,  .and  to  be  reinterred  with 

f-eat  magnificence.  1849  GROTE  Greece  u.  li.  (1862)  IV.  413 
he  dead  bodies  were  then  exhumed  and  re-interred. 

So  Beinte-rment,  a  second  interment. 

1815  Gen.  Hist,  in  Ann.  Reg.  66  An  official  order  for 
shutting  up  the  theatres  on  the  day  of  re-interment.  1878 
BROWNING  La  Saisiaz  614  Just  as  I  could  save  a  root  Dis 
interred  for  re-interment  when  the  time  best  helps  to  shoot. 

Reinte'rpret,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  in 
terpret  afresh. 

1611  COTOR.,  Reintcrpreter,  to  reinterpret,  reexpound. 
1831  CARLYLE  Sari.  Kes.  in.  iii,  It  needs  a  scientific  tele 
scope,  it  needs  to  be  reinterpreted  and  artificially  brought 
near  us.  1838  J.  MARTINEAU  Stud.  Chr.  151  Revealed  re 
ligion  is  ever  passing  into  natural,  and  natural  returning  to 
re-interpret  the  revealed. 

So  Reinterpreta-tion. 

1880  igt/i  Cent.  Aug.  315  These  are  only  specimens  of  a 
characteristically  commendable  reinterpretation. 

Reinte-rrogate,  v.    [RE-  53.]    trans.  To 

interrogate  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Reinterropter,  to  reinterrogate,  reexamine, 
aske  new  questions  of.  i8oz-ia  BESTHAM  Ration.  Juaic. 
Evid.  (1827)  II.  214  For  interrogated,  say  re-interrogated : 
for.,  he  must  always  have  been  interrogated  in  the  first 
instance.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xxxii,  He  and  Mrs.  Mac- 
Candlish  were  then  re-interrogated,  whether  Brown  had  no 
arms  with  him  on  that  unhappy  morning. 

Reinthr o-iie,  v.  [Rs-  5  a ;  cf.  RE-ENTHRONE. ] 
To  enthrone  again.  (Common  c  1630-1750.) 

i6ias  DRAYTON  1'oly-olb.  viii.  151  With  so  effectuall  speech 
imploring  their  high  grace  That  him  they  reinthron'd.  1640 
HABINGTON  Ed™.  IV  59  On  this  marriage  was  agreed  that 
King  Edward  should  be  deposed,  King  Henry  re-inthrond. 
1660  INCELO  Bentiv.  f,  Ur.  n.  (1682)  140  They  saw  Piety 
re-inthroned,  Righteousness  restor'd.  1700  TOLAND  Cuto  vi, 
I'll. .Establish  Justice,  reinthrone  the  Laws.  175*  YOUNG 
Brothers  iv.  i,  But  his  confession  shall  redeem  my  fame,  And 
re-inthrone  me  in  my  princess'  smile.  1873  M.  ARNOLD 
Lit.  f,  Dogma  Pref.  9  To  re-inthrone  the  Bible  as  explained 
by  our  current  theology.,  is.  .impossible. 

t Reinthro-nize,  v.  Obs.  [RE-  sa;  cf. 
med.L.  reinthronizare  (Du  Cange).]  trans.  =prec. 

i6oj  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  Epit.  372  The  Danes  thus  outed 
hence,  and  the  West-Saxon  or  English  blood-royall  reinthron- 
ized.  c  1645  HOWEIX  Lett.  (1650)  I.  in.  xxi,  This  Mustapha 
they  did  remthronize  and  place  in  the  Ottoman  Empire. 

Rei-ntimate,  v.  [Rs-  5  a.]  trans.  To  inti 
mate  again. 

1621  WOTTON  Let.  in  Relig.  (1685)  540  Yet  withal,  I  was 
not  tender  to  re-intimate  unto  them,  that  [etc.]. 

Reinti'tle,  v.     [RE- 5  a.]     To  entitle  again. 


REINTITULE. 

1651  JER.  TAYLOR  Serm.  for  Year  i,  xix.  241  For  the  re- 
imptacmg  the  divine  image,  for  the  reintitltng  it  to  the 
Kingdoms  of  grace  and  glory. 

Reiuti'tule,  v.    [K.E-  5  a.]    To  intitule  again. 

1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  310  The  foresatde 
claime  of  heritage,.,  whereby,  .she  is  againe  reintituled  to 
the  same  French  kingdome  and  crowne. 

ReintO'mb,  z'.    [RE-  5  a.]     To  entomb  again. 

1594  CONSTABLE  Diana  vm,  iv,  When  reintombing  from 
obhuius  ages  in  better  stanzas  her  surviving  wonder. 

Reiiitre'iicli,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  en 
trench  again. 

1650  T.  BAYLY  Hcrla  Parietis  22  They  saw  the  prince 
stand  bulwarckt  in  the  midst  of  so  many  slaughtered  Moores  : 
and  re-intrenched  about  with  his  owne  dead.  1899  Rev.  of 
Reviews  Mar.  259  Masses  of.,  troops  reintrenched  them 
selves. 

Reintrodu'ce,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  in 
troduce  again.  Hence  Eeintro  dire  ing  vbl.  sb. 

1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  Iniq.  281  The  Empire  which  he  se 
duced  into  Idolatry,  .and  so  re-introduced  the  Image  of  the 
slain  Ueast  by  this  seduction.  1667  J.  CORBKT  Disc.  Relig. 
Eng.  6  A  continued  succession  and  series  of  Treasons,  for 
the  re-introducing  of  Popery.  1728  MOKGAN  Algiers  II.  v. 
516,  I  may  have  occasion  elsewhere,  very  probably,  to  re- 
introduce  the  Maltese.  1765  Museum  Rust.  IV.  262  It  has 
been  introduced.. for  a  long  series  of  years  ;  but.. so  little 
noticed,  that.. I  had  much  ado  to  re-introduce  it.  1817 
COLERIDGE  Biog.  Lit.  (Bohn)  77  The  very  words,  objective 
and  subjective,..!  have  ventured  tore-introduce.  1837870. 
SMITH  Lett.  Wks.  1859  II.  267/1  Their  bills  of  last  year— 
which  Lord  John  Russell  stated  his  intention  of  re-introduc 
ing  at  the  beginning  of  this  Session.  1869  BROWNING  Ring 
<$•  Bk.  x.  1855  To  shake  This  torpor  of  assurance  from,  our 
creed,  Re-introduce  the  doubt  discarded. 

Reiiitrochrctioii.  [Rfi-  53.]  The  action 
of  reintnxlucing ;  a  renewed  introduction. 

1661  R.  BAILLIE  in  Lauderd.^Papers  (Camden)  I.  95  To 
countenance]  the  Reintroduction  of  bishops  and  books. 
1717  Wodrow  Corr.  (1843)  II.  277  They  durst  not  for  their 
lives  treat  about  the  reintroduction  of  1'i-elacy  into  Scotland. 
1769  BLACKSTONE  Comni.  IV.  xxviii.  365  Since  the  re-intro 
duction  of  the  Jews  into  England,  m  the  time  of  Oliver 
Cromwell.  1830  LYTTON  P.  Clifford  xv,  During  this  short 
conversation  the  re-introduction  of  Mr.  Clifford  ..  to  Lucy 
Brandon  had  been  effected.  1863  H.  Cox  Instit.  i.  vi.  55  In 
order  to  the  ^introduction  of  the  Bill,  the  session  was 
terminated  by  a  prorogation. 

Reintru'sion.  [RE-  5  a.]  The  action  of 
intruding  again  ;  a  renewed  intrusion. 

1848  LYTTON  Harold,  in.  ii,  He  foresaw  the  necessary  re- 
intrusion  of  his  wife  upon  the  charm  of  his.  .solitude.  1858 
CAKLYLE  Fredk.  Ct.  n.  i.  (1872)  L  52  The  regress  or  the  re- 
intrusion  of  the  circumambient  hostile  populations. 

Reinva'de,  z>.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  invade 
again  or  in  turn. 

1611  COTGR.,  Renvahir^  to  reinuade.  a  1711  KEN  Hymno- 
theo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  119  Thus  I  soon  felt  my  flashy 
Goodness  fade,  And  Sin  with  greater  Force  me  re-invade. 
1895  FAKRAR  Gathering  Clouds  I.  Pref.  7  To  show  how  the 
world  reinvaded.  .the  nominal  Church. 

So  Beinva'sion. 

1886  STEVENSON  Dr.  Jckyll  40  Lamps,  which.. had  been 
kindled  afresh  to  combat  this  mournfulreinvasion  of  darkness. 

Reilive'llt,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  invent  again. 

1686  PLOT  Staff'ordsh.  371  This  not  being  the  first  time, 
that  the  same  thing  has  been  reinvented.  1870  LOWELL 
Among  my  Bks.  Ser.  i.  (1873)  180  After  Spenser. .had  re 
invented  the  art  of  writing  well.  1894  Brit.  Jrnl.  Photogr. 
XLI.  69  This  system,  .has also  been  reinvented  and  patented 
a  year  or  two  ago. 

absol.  1888  H.  S.HOLLAND  Christ  or  Ecclesiastes  73  [The 
mind]  invents;  ..it  corrects;  it  reinvents. 

So  Reinve'ntion,  Reinve'ntor. 

1719  Weekly  Medley  28  Mar.,  An  Art  now  so  long  lost,  its 
Loss  so  lamented,  and  its  re-invention  so  much  coveted. 


100  ne..sei:  UIHUBU  10  me  reinvention  or  me  instrument. 

ReiiiveTsioii.  [RE-  5  a.]  The  action  of  in 
verting  again  ;  a  second  inversion. 

1859  PARKINSON  Optics  (1866)  209  The  re-inversion  of  the 
image  is  sometimes  effected  by  an  eye-piece  of  three  lenses. 

So  f  Beiii ve'rse  v.   Ohs. ;   Keiuve'rt  v. 

1660  BOYLE  New  Exp.  Phys.  Mech.  xvii.  128  By  retnvert- 
ing  the  Tube  you  let  that  bubble  return  to  the  open  end  of 
it.  c  1720  S.  WESLF.Y  Hymn  of  Enpolis  108  Whether  various 
nature  play,  Or  reinversed,  thy  will  obey. 

Reinvest  (r/Vnve-st),  v.  [RE-  5 a;  cf.  It.  re- 
investire  (Horio)  and  REVEST.] 

1.  trans.  To  invest  again  with  or  as  with  a  gar 
ment.  Const,  with,  rarely  in. 

1611  FLORIO,  Reinuestire,  to  reinuest.  1629  WADSWORTH 
Pilgr.  12  Then  was  I  reinuested  with  a  Doublet  of  white 
Canuas,  1681-6  J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Life  (1747)  III.  533  This 
Earth,  where  the  old  Matter  of  those  Bodies  lies,  wherein 
they  are  to  be  re-invested.  1837  LOCKHART  Scott  V.  ix. 
221  That  one  or  two  poor  half-pay  officers,  .might  be.. re 
placed  in  Highland  regiments,  and  so  reinvested  with  the 
untheatrical  'Garb  of  Old  Gaul'. 

b.  To  re-endow  with  a  possession,  power,  etc. 

1648  MILTON  Tenure  Kings  Pr.  Wks.  1753  L  351  Gildas 


original  integrity,  they  could  not  be  re-invested  with  that 
which  they  had  never  lost.  1738  NEAL  Hist.  Purit.  IV. 
72  The  General  and  his  officers  finding  themselves  reinvested 
with  the  Supreme  authority  [etc.].  1831  tr,  Sismondfs 
Hal.  Rep.  vi.  131  Galeazzo  was  recalled,  and  reinvested 
with  the  lordship  of  Milan.  1863  J.  G.  MURPHY  Coniut.t 
Gen.  iii.  20  To  undo  what  bad  been  done  for  the  death  of 
man,  and  so  reinvest  him  with  life. 


391 

2.  To  replace,  re-establish.     Const,  in. 

1617  Bp.  ANDREWES  96  Serm.,  Holy  Ghost  x.  (1629)  708  A 
restitution  in  integrant ;  a  re-investing  them  in  what  they 
were  borne  to,  or  were  any  waies  possessed  of.  1639  GI.AP- 
THORNKArgalus  in.  Wks.  1874  I.  36  To  re-invest  blest  quiet 
m  his  heart.  1686  tr.  Chardin's  Trav.  Persia  136  The 
Vice-Roy. .dispoil'd  him  of  his  Principality,  and  reinvested 
in  it  Levan's  Lawful  Heir.  1854  MILMAN  Lai.  Chr.  vii.  i. 
(1864)  IV.  6  The  German  line  of  pontiffs  had  done  much  to 
reinvest  the  papacy  in  its  ancient  sanctity. 

1 3.  To  vest  again  in  a  person  or  body.  Ois.~l 

1760  in  Picton  L'fool  Manic.  Ree.  (1886)  II.  150  The  same 
land  shall,  .be  reinvested  in  the  said  Corporation. 

4.  To  invest  (money)  again. 

1848  MlLL/W.  Econ.m.  xiv.  §  3  (1876)  339  They  ..  save 

and  re-invest  their  savings  because  they  have  nothing  on 

which  they  care  to  expend  them.    1885  La-M  Rt'p.  29  Chanc. 

Div.  209  The  proceeds  of  sale  have  been . .  reinvested  in  land. 

b.  intr.  To  make  a  fresh  investment. 

1890  'R.  BOLDREWOOD'  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  259  To  pay 
off  his  purchase-money,  or  re-invest  in  stores, 

Reiuve'stigate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
investigate  again. 

1813  Gen.  Hist,  in  Ann.  Reg.  50  They  ought  as  seldom  as 
possible  to  re-investigate  the  evidence.  1856  DOVE  Logic 
Chr.  Faith  i.  i.  §  i.  35  Direct  efforts,  .to  re-investigate  some 
.  .department  of  knowledge.  1897  J.  HUTCHINSON  in  Arch. 
Sitrg.  VIII.  240  When  I  acquainted  my  friends  with  these 
facts  he  re-investigated  the  specimen. 

So  Reinvestiffa'tion. 

1847  in  WEBSTER.  iSy)Alloutt's  Syst.  Med.  VI.  691  The 
morbid  anatomy  demands  reinvestigation. 

Reinve'Stiture.  [KB-  5  a.]  The  act  of  re 
investing  ;  a  second  investiture. 

1815  HOBHOUSE  Substance  Lett.  (1816)  I.  104  When  the 
people,  .foresaw  the  re-investiture  of  the  clergy  [etc.].  1841 
TRENCH  Parables  (1860)  401  To  trace  the  steps  of  his  return, 
from  the  first  beginnings  of  repentance  to  his  full  re-investi 
ture  in  all  the  privileges  of  a  son. 

Reinvestment.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  fresh  in 
vestment.  Also  Beinve-sture. 

1611  COTGR.,  Ravestisstiiicnt,  a  readuesting,  reinuesture. 
Ibid.,  Revest,  a  reinuestment,  reinuesture.  1828-32  WEB 
STER,  Reinvestment.  1885  Law  Rep.  29  Chanc.  Div.  209 
The  costs  incurred  in  such  reinvestment  may  be  charged  for 
according  to  the  scale. 

Reiiivi  gorate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
give  fresh  vigour  to.  Also  absol. 

1658  EVELYN  Fr.  Card.  (1675)  179  When  the  weather  is 
mild,  you  may  sometimes  shew  thtm  the  air,  and  reinvigorate 
with  the  sun.  1666  BOVI.E  Wks.  (1772)  I.  p.  Ixxxiii,  Restor 
ing  the  temperament  of  the  debilitated  parts,  and  rein- 
vigorating  the  blood.  _  1746  HERVEY  Mcdit.  (1818)  80  As  a 
spacious  field  arrayed  in  cheerful  green,  relieves  and  rein- 
vigorates  the  eye.  1807  G.  CHALMERS  Caledonia  I.  m.  viii. 
435  That  rational  reformer  reinvigorated  the  episcopate. 
1862  MRS.  S.  C.  HALL  Can  wrong  be  right  f  II.  292  Some 
times  his  mind  would  return,  .and  reinvigorate  the  body. 

Hence  Reinvi-gorated,  pfl.  a. 

1670  Q.H.Hist.  Cardinals  [I.  II.  162  All  those  reinvigorated 
Families.  1884  SWINBURNE  in  T.  H.  Ward  Eng.  Poets  III. 
281  The  revived  and  reinvigorated  Lotos-Eaters. 

Reinvigora-tion.    [RE-  5  a.]    A  fresh  in- 

vigoration. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  456  Tonics  for  that 
[purpose]  of  both  local  and  general  re-invigoration.  1841 
TUPPER  Twins  vii,  Volatile  salts,  a  lady's  maid,  and  all  that 
sort  of  reinvigoration.  1889  Times  3  Aug.  9/5  The  ideas., 
of  the  Anglican  Church  have  undergone ..  much  reinvigora 
tion  and  development. 

Reinvi'te,  v.  [RE-  53;  cf.  late  L.  reinvitare.] 
To  invite  again.  Hence  Eeinvi'ting  vbl.  sb. 

1611  COTGR.,  Reinmter,  to  reinuite,  or  bid  once  more. 
1611  FLORIO,  Rinuito,a.  re-inuiting.  1624  QUARLES  Sion's 
Sonn.  xx.  17  Whose  beautie  reinvites  My  oft  remembrance. 
<ii7n  KEN  Chris-tophi!  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  431  Ardent 
Pray 'rs  shall  re-invite  My  Jesus  to  my  longing  Sight.  i86z 
LYTTON  Str.  Story  xiii,  Her  sentiment  of  shame  in  reinviting 
your  opinion  after  having  treated  you  with  so  little  respect. 

So  Reinvitn,  tion. 

1652  BENLOWES  Theoph.  xm.  (heading),  The  Reinvitation. 

Reinvolve,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  involve  again. 

1641  MILTON  Reform,  it.  Wks.  1851  III.  69  To  re-involve 
us  in  that  pitchy  Cloud  of  infernall  darknes.  1799  Phil. 
Trans.  LXXXIX.  269  The  root  of  any  power,  being  re- 
involved,  returns  to  the  power  from  which  it  was  extracted. 

Reioce,  -ios(8he,  -lose,  etc.,  obs.  ff.  REJOICK. 

t  Reir,  v.  Sc.  0/>s.—1  [app.  aphetic  for  arreir 
ARUEAR  v.  2.]  intr.  To  retire,  retreat. 

1570  Henry's  Wallace  x.  355  The  worthy  Scottis,  thay 
reint  [.IfS.  weryt]  far  on  bak. 

Heir,  obs.  var.  of  RERE. 

Eeird,  common  Sc.  form  of  REBD(E. 

II  Reis1  (je1^,  sb.pl.  Forms:  6reyes, 6-7 reys, 
8  rayes,  7-9  reis ;  7-9  rees,  8  rez,  8-9  res,  reas. 
Sing.  8  re,  8-9  ree,  9  rea,  rei.  [a.  Pg.  reis  pi.  ; 
the  correct  sing,  is  real  (see  REAL  sb.1},  of  which 
the  normal  pL  would  be  reaes.]  A  Portuguese 
money  of  account  of  very  small  value  (equal  to 
about  one-twentieth  of  a  penny  in  Portugal  and 
one-fortieth  in  Brazil),  of  which  one  thousand 
form  a  MILBEIS.  (In  India  the  rea  was  latterly  the 
four-hundredth  part  of  a  rupee.) 

1555  EDEN  Decades  348  Alowynge  to  hym  in  pension 
seuen  hundreth  reys  monethly.  marg.  Seuen  hundreth  reys 
are  .x.  s.  1598  W.  PHILLIP  tr.  Linscholen  (1864)  165  The 
Cooper  hath  three  Duckets  a  moneth,  and  3900  Reyes 
fraught.  1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Mcmdeklo's  Trav.  107  The 
Order  there  is  to  sell  them  at  400  Reis.  1691  LOCKE  Lower. 
Interest  Wks.  1727  II.  59  In  Portugal  they  count  their 


REISSTJABLE. 


5911/1  The  King  of  Portugal  has.  .laid 
a  Tax  of  200  Reas  (in  English  Money  about  13  Pence  Half 
penny)  per  Pound  upon  all  Sugar.  1727  A.  HAMILTON  New 
I  Ace.  E.  Ind.  II.  App.  6  Their  Accounts  [at  Bombay]  are 
kept  by  Rayes  and  Rupees.  [Cf.  Yule  &  BurnelM  nglo-lnd. 
Gloss.  (1886)  s.v.,  Accounts  were  kept  at  Bombay  in  rupees, 
quarters,  and  reas,  down  at  least  to  November,  1834.]  1872 
MARK  TWAIN  Initoc.  Abr.  v.  35  The  Portuguese  pennies  or 
reis  (pronounced  rays)  are  prodigious.  1  1  takes  one  thousand 
reis  to  make  a  dollar. 

sing.    1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  .fir?,  a  Portuguese  Coin, 

of  which  40  make  i  Ryal  or  6  Pence  in  English  Money. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Money,  The  good  baruco  is 

equal  to  a  Portuguese  ree.      1816  '  Qf  iz  '  Grand  Master  \. 

|    loo  note.  Area  is  the  lowest  coin  in  India.    1875  JEVONS 

'.    Money  xiv.  184  The  Portuguese  unit  of  account,  called  the 

rei,  is  worth  only  about  the  nineteenth  part  of  an  English 

penny,  and  is  probably  the  smallest  unit  in  the  world. 

II  Reis-,  rais  (rais,  rais).  Also  6  raiz,  reiz,  7-8 
reys.     [a.  Arab.  (j^-o,    ra'is    (also   ra'is    and 


rii'is)  chief,  f.  rds  head:  hence  also  F.  t^'i's,  mis, 
Pg.  arraes,  arrais,  Sp.  arraez.] 

1.  The  captain  of  a  boat  or  vessel. 

1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  b'oy.  r.  vii,  The  Rai^ 
and  Azappis  of  the  gallies.  Ibid,  xvii,  A  Raiz  of  the  gallic 
and  a  lanissarie.  1599  HAKLUYT  lroy.  II.  i.  291  The  Reiz, 
or  Captaines  of  the  Gallics.  1753  Scots  Mag.  XV.  16/1  A 
rais,  that  is  the  captain  of  a  corsair.  1775  R.  CHANDLER 
Trav.  Asia  M.  (1825)  I.  56  The  rais  was  an  obstinate  hairy 
savage.  1845  Mem.  Lcuiy  //.  Stanhope  I.  269  He  then  was 
entitled  fully  to  the  rank  of  Rais  Hassan,  or  Captain 
Hassan.  1863  PETUKRICK  Trav.  in  Afy.  4  May  (1869)  1. 
322  The  reis  of  our  miggercame  overland  to  the'  Kathleen  '. 
1886  SIR  C.  W.  WILSON  Fr.  Korti  to  Khartum  137  The 
reis  or  pilot  with  his  assistants,  who  navigated  the  ship. 

2.  A  chief  or  governor. 

1678  J.  PHILLIPS  tr.  Tavernier's  Trav.  i.  v.  228  In  every 
Village  or  Borough  there  is  a  Reis,  or  chief  of  the  place. 
1849  E.  B.  EASTWICK  Dry  Leaves  62  When  he  found  himself 
degraded  from  his  position  of  Rais,  or  Chief  Amir. 

b.  Reis  Effendi,  the  title  of  a  former  officer  of 
state  in  the  Turkish  empire,  who  acted  as  chan 
cellor  and  minister  of  foreign  affairs. 

1687  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2301/1  Solyman  immediately  sent 
before  to  Constantinople,  the  Testerdar  and  Reys  Effendi, 
with  the  Seal  and  Standard  of  Mahomet.  1753  HANWAV 
Trav.  (1762)  II.  x.  iv.  240  The  reys  effendi  represented,  that 
the  season  was  too  far  advanced.  1819  T.  HOPE  A  nastasins 
(1820)  I.  iv.  77  The  conference  between  a  certain  Em- 
bassador  and  the  Rei's  EfTendee  would  produce  a  new  war. 

t  Reise,  sl>.  Obs.  Forms  :  4-5  reys,  5  reyse, 
6-7  reise;  5-6  raise.  [=OF.  reise,  raise  (also 
rest,  rase,  etc.)  military  expedition,  raid  (13-1  jth  c. 
in  Godef.),  a.  MDu.,  MLG.  or  MUG.  reise  (OHG. 
reisa}  in  the  same  sense,  f.  the  stem  *rais-,  T~IS-,  to 
RISE  :  hence  also  med.L.  reisa,  rcsa,  etc.  (see  Du 
Cange).]  A  journey  ;  spec,  a  military  expedition  ; 
a  hostile  incursion  or  inroad  ;  a  raid  or  foray. 

[1390  Earl  Derby's  Exp.  (Camden)  38  Expense  hospicii 
cum  providenciis  factis  pro  le  Reys.  Ibid.  53  Tempore  quo 
dominus  stetit  in  le  Reys.]  c  1440  Partonope  748  This  was 
now  a  wondyr  reys;  Whan  he  woke  then  fast  by  bloys 
Aryued  this  yong  Partanope.  1475  Ilk.  AW>/£.tt£(Roxb.)  40 
He  wanne  at  the  first  raise  that  he  made  over  the  see 
[2,500]  townes  and  casttlli-;.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  v.  cxviii. 
94  He  lefte  not  contynually  to  make  reyses  and  assautis 
vpon  y6  Saxons.  1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  II.  48/1  The 
successe  was  variable  on  both  sides  betwixt  the  lawfull 
gouemors  and  these  vsurpers,  with  dailie  raises  and  skir- 
mi*hes.  1600  HOLLAND/.*';^  u.  xlviii.  77  The  Latines  were 
much  troubled  with  the  reises  and  rodes  of  the  Aequians. 
1609  —  Aniiit.  Marcell.  324  Sapor,  .by  way  of  open  reises 
and  raising  of  booties  wasted  all  Armenia. 

t  Reise,  ».  Obs.  In/f-jreyse.  [a.MDu.,MLG., 
or  MHG.  reisen  (reyseti)  in  the  same  sense,  f. 
reise  :  see  prec.]  intr.  To  go  on  a  military  ex 
pedition  ;  to  make  inroads  or  raids  ;  to  travel, 
journey.  Hence  f  Kei'sing  vbl.  sb, 

£1386  CHAUCER  Prol.  54  A  knyght  ther  was..  In  Lettow 
hadde  he  reysed  and  in  Ruce.  1387  TREVISA  Higdcn 
(Rolls)  VII.  327  Henry,  .occupied  Seynt  Michel  his  mount, 
and  reysed  [L.  incnrsavit]  up  eyf>er  brober  now  uppon  bat 
oon,  now  uppon  bat  o|>er.  1481  CAXTON  Reynard  XArb.)  43 
That  men  shold  saye  ye  reysed  and  accompanyed  your  self 
with  a  cursyd  and  perspne  agrauate.  1494  FAHYAN  Chron. 
VII.  388  Sir  Rogier  Clifforde  w'  other,  whiche  entended  to 
make  a  reysyng  vpon  y"  Walshemen. 

Reise,  obs.  f.  RAISE  v.,  var.  of  RICE,  twig. 
Reisen,  obs.  f.  RAISE  v.,  RAISIN.  Reiskie,  -y  : 
see  REESKY  a.  Reiso(u)n,  obs.  ff.  RAISIN, 
REASON  si>.1  Reisshe,  obs.  f.  RUSH  (the  plant). 

Reisner  (rarsna-i).  [f.  the  name  of  a  German 
artist  in  wood,  of  the  time  of  Louis  XIV.]  Reisner- 
work  (also  simply  Reisner},  a  method  of  inlaying 
in  wood  of  different  colours. 

1833  LOUDON  Encycl.  Archil.  Gloss.,  Reisner  [printed 
Reigner]  work,  ornaments  made  by  inlaying  wood  in  the 
manner  of  buhl  work,  with  leaves,  £c.,  of  different  colours. 
1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  732  note,  Boule  work,  and 
reisner  work,  are  considered  by  the  virtuosi  to  apply  ex 
clusively  to  the  two  celebrated  fbenistes  of  those  names. 
1875  Ure's  Diet.  Arts  (ed.  7)  III.  700  Reisner,  a  process  of 
inlaying  wood,  like  Parquetry. 

Rei'SSUable,  a.  [RE-  5  a.]  Of  notes,  bills, 
etc.  :  That  may  be  reissued. 

1799  Act  39  Geo.  Ill,  c.  107  §  i  marg.,  On  Promissory 
Notes  payable  at  the  Place  where  issued  and  re-issuable,  a 
like  Dutyofzrf.  and  }</.'  1813  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  250/1 


REISSUE. 


Daily 


The  duties  on  re-issuable  promissory  notes.    1897  J 
News  3  Feb.  5/3  One  indispensable  condition  of  the  pro 
posed  issue  of  i/.  notes  is  that,  .they  shall  be  re-issuable. 

Rei'SSue,  sb.  [RE-  53.]  A  second  or  renewed 
issue;  spec.  in.  the  book-trade,  a  republication  at 
a  different  price  or  in  a  different  form  of  part  of  an 
impression  already  placed  on  the  market. 

1803  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  III.  295  The  re-issue  could 
easily  be  effected  from  a  single  centre.  1884  DOWELL 
Taxation  iv.  iv.  I.  70  The  fifteenth  granted  to  Henry  III., 
in  consideration  of  the  reissue  of  the  charters. 

Rei'ssue,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  issue  again. 

a.  iutr.  a  1618  SYLVESTER  Eleg.  Ep.  Sir  W.  Sidney  124 
Heav'n  maketh  all  things  to  re-issue  well.    1786  JEFFERSON 
Writ.   (1859)    II.  59  It  re-issues  into   the  ocean  at  the 
northerly  end   of  the  Gulf.      1842  TENNYSON  Godiva  77 
Reissuing,   robed  and  crown'd,  To  meet  her  lord.    1860 
LD.  LYTTON  Ladle  n.  iv.  I  i.  77  From  the  dark  tiring- 
chamber  behind  straight  reissue. .the  old  mummers.    _ 

b.  trans.    1799  Act  39  Gco.  Ill,  c.  107  §  i  [A  promissory 
note]  which  may  be  re-issued  from  Time  to  Time.     1847 
LD.   LINDSAY  Chr.  Art  I.  73  These  compositions.. were 
finally  reissued  by  those  masters,  more  or  less  modified  and 
improved.    1884  Law  Rep.  12  Q.  Bench  Div.  605  The  notes, 
when  presented  for  payment,  were  cashed  by  the  company, 
and  reissued  by  them. 

Hence  Bei'ssner. 

1898  GROSART  Pref.  Greene's  Selinnis  7  The  re-issuers  may 
really  have  known  that  R(obert)  G(reene)  was  the  author. 

Reist,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REST  sb. 

tRei'Ster,  Obs.  Also  6-8  reyster.  [ad. 
obs.  F.  reistre  (mod.F.  reltre,  rftre),  ad.  G.  reiter 
REITER  sb.}  =  REITER  sb. 

1577  SIDNEY  in  Zurich  Lett.  (Parker  Soc.)  II.  293  Offer 
my  services  to  Butrech,  the  best  doctor  among  reisters,  and 
the  best  reister  among  Doctors.  1594  R.  ASHLEY  tr.  Loys 
le  Roy  1 1 7  b,  There  is  great  reckoning  made  of  the  Albaneses 
of  Greece  . .  and  of  the  Reisters  of  Germanic.  1607  R. 
QAREW]  tr.  Estienne's  World  of  Wonders  11  A  _Scot,  who 
being  pursued  by  certaine  Reisters.  .leapt  with  his  horse  . . 
into  the  Sea.  1641  BAKER  Chron.  (1653)  464  The  French 
King  sent  an  Army.,  which  consisted  of  nine  hundred  men 
at  armes. .,  eight  hundred  Reysters  [etc.].  1744  OZELL  tr. 
Brantdtne's  .V/.  Rhodomontades  208  Now  M.  de  Guise 
who  was  a  Thorough  Soldier,  made  the  Other  forget  his 
Lesson,  as  also  all  his  Reysters. 

Reisty,  variant  of  REASTY  a.,  rancid. 

Reisun,  obs.  form  of  REASON  sb.1 

Reisyn(e,  obs.  forms  of  RAISIN. 

t  Reit.  Obs.  Forms :  6  reyte,  6-7  r'eite,  7  reet, 
reit.  [Of  obscure  origin:  cf.  REEK  sb.'*]  Chiefly 
//.  Sea-weed. 

1538  ELYOT  Alga,  reyte  [1548  reites]  or  wedes  in  the  see. 
1555  EDEN  Decades  343  Weedes  of  the  sea  cauled  reites  or 
ouse.  1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  676  It  hath  gotten 
about  the  fceele  a  deale  of  mosse,  reits,  kilpe,  and  tangle. 
1610  —  Camden's  Brit.  I.  184  With  the  Sea  weede  or  reit 
commonly  called  Orewood.  1655  Bp.  RICHARDSON  Obs. 
O.  T.,  Exod.  ii  Calling  it  the  sea  of  weeds,  or  sedge,  . .  of 
flag,  or  rush,  tange,  rack  or  reel,  in  Latin,  alga, ..which 
reddish  weeds  in  abundance  grew  in  it.  1661  LpVELL  Hist. 
A  nim.  $  Min.  I  ntrpd.  _b  7  The  Squillae  . .  live  in  marine  . . 
places :  their  meat  is  oisters,  and  reites. 

Reit-bnck  (r/t-).  Also  riet-buok,  riet-, 
reit-bok.  [ad.  Du.  rietbok,  f.  riet  REED  +  bok 
BUCK.]  A  South  African  antelope,  Ce>-uicapra 
arundinacea  (formerly  Antilope  eleotragus}. 

[1785  G.  FORSTER  tr.  Spamnan's  b'oy.  Cape  G.  Hope  II. 
xiv.  222  The  riet,  or  reed  ree-bok,  I  saw  but  once.]  1795 
tr.  Thunterg's  Trav,  (ed.  2)  II.  44  Rietboks.  .and  Bonteboks 
..frequented  much  these  hilly  and  verdant  fields.  1834 
Penny  Cycl.  II.  80/1  The  reit  bok  is  not  found  in  the  imme 
diate  vicinity  of  the  Cape,  but  farther  in  the  interior  of  the 
country  it  is  by  no  means  uncommon.  1850  R.  G.  GUMMING 
Hunter's  Life  S.  Afr.  (1902)  154/1  Here  I  found  reit-buck, 
which  do  not  frequent  the  Limpopo  in  those  parts  which 
I  have  visited.  1889  RIDER  HAGGARD  Allan's  Wi/e,M. 
322  Out  bounded  a  beautiful  reit  bok  which  had  been  lying 
in  the  shelter.  1899  —  Swallow  iv,  Up  sprang  two  riet-buck. 

Reiter  (raHai),  sb.  Now  only  Hist.  Forms: 
6-7  reyter,  7  raiter,  8  reitter,  7- reiter.  [a.  G. 
reiter  rider,  trooper,  f.  reiten  to  RIDE.  Cf.  REIS 
TER.]  A  German  cavalry  soldier,  esp.  one  of  those 
employed  in  the  wars  of  the  i6th  and  I7th  c. 

1584  Calendar  Hatfeeld  MSS.  85  The  repaiement  of  cer 
taine  monney  owinge  to  him  for  the  intelligence  of  the 
Reyters.  1591  UNTON  Corr.  (Roxb.)  249  This  daye  the 

Kinge  departeth  towards  Gizors,  ..  to  drawe  his  whole 
armye  of  Reyters  into  those  parts.  1617  MORYSON  Itin. 
i.  32  When  the  Fayres  of  Franckfort  draw  neere,  they 
send  out  certaine  Reyters,  that  is  Horsemen  . .  which  con 
duct  the  Merchants  and  their  goods  out  of  the  Frontiers. 
1670  COTTON  Espernon  i.  ii.  46  The  Reiters  which  he  had 


of  the  Reiters  or  German  infantry  was  spared.  1856  R.  A. 
VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  I.  257  A  retinue  of  forty  reiters 
is  a  moderate  attendance  for  a  prelate  out  on  a  visitation. 

t  Rei'ter,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  F.  re'ite'rer  or  L. 
reiterare  ;  cf.  ITER  ».]  trans.  To  reiterate. 

1577  FRAMPTON  Joyful  News  in.  108  b,  By  reiteryng 
[printed  reteiryng]  the  wette  Linnen  clothe  into  the  Bal 
samo  it  will  bee  healed.  1634  JACKSON  Creed\\\.  xxiii,The 
same  practise  you  have  reitered  against  St.  Stephen. 

Rerterable,  a.  rare-1,  [a.  F.  ri!iterable 
(i6th  c.) :  see  REITERATE  v.  and  -ABLE.]  That 
may  be  repeated. 

1610  W.  FOLKINGHAM  Art  of  Survey  iv.  v.  84  In  this 
Action,  sith  it  is  not  Reiterable,  it  is  expedient  to  retriue 
the  vtmost  Value  and  worth. 


392 

Rei'teraiice.  [ad.  L.  type  *reiterantia:  see 
next  and  -ANCE.]  Repetition. 

1872  in  Spurgeon  Treat.  Dav.  Ps.  Ixxxviii.  8  (1874)  IV.  144 
A  tedious  oft-told  tale  which  comes  with  something  of  a  dull 
reiterance.  1880  SwiNBURNE-Sw^f sofSpring-t.,  Thaiassius 
213  His  heart,  Singing,  bade  heaven  and  wind  and  sea  bear 
part  In  one  live  song's  reiterance. 

Reiterant  (r^i'terant),  a.  [ad.  L.  reiterant- 
ciit,  pres.  pple.  of  reiterare  to  REITERATE.]  Re 
iterating,  repeating. 

1610  W.  FOLKINGHAM  Art  of  Survey  iv.  i.  79  Reiterant 
Valuation  depends  vpon  the  exact  knowledge  both  of  the 
Reuenewes  and  Reprises.  1850  MRS.  BROWNING  Poems  I. 


misleading  to  speak  oi  the  action  in 
symbolical  and  not  reiterant  at  all. 

Reiterate  (rz'ii-ter/t),  fa.  pple.  and///,  a.  [ad. 
L.  reiterat-us,  pa.  pple.  of  reiterare:  see  next.] 
Reiterated,  repeated. 

1471  RIPLEY  Comp.Akh.  vin.  vi.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  172 Than 
Hevyn  uppon  Erth  must  be  reitterate,  Unto  the  Sowle  wyth 
the  Body  be  reincorporate.  1561 T.  NORTON  Calviifs  Inst. 
in.  201  Whether  repentaunce  may  be  oftentymes  reiterate 
for  deadly  sinnes.  i&uBuLWBsCVi/'ron.  59  When  the  voyce 
is  reiterate  by  conduplication.  1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol. 
Chym.  105  Much  of  the  blood  is  taken  away,  especially  by 
reiterate  bloodings.  1711  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  III. 
Misc.  v.  i.  237  It  belongs  to  mere  Enthusiasts  and  Fanaticks 
to  plead  the  Sufficiency  of  a  reiterate  translated  Text.  1814 
SOUTHEY  Roderick  xxv,  Over  all  predominant  was  heard, 
Reiterate  from  the  conquerors  o'er  the  field,  Roderick  the 
Goth  !  1880  SWINBURNE  Songs  ofSpring-t.,  Cant.  Cymodoce 
242  Through  that  steep  strait  of  rock  whose  twin-cliffed 
height  Links  crag  with  crag  reiterate,  land  with  land. 

Reiterate  (n'li-tere't),  V.  Also  6  reiterat, 
reitterate.  [f.  L.  reiterat-,  ppl.  stem  of  reiterare 
to  repeat,  f.  re-  RE-  +  Harare  to  ITEBATE.  Cf.  F. 
rtittrer  (i 4th  c.).] 

1.  trans.  To  repeat  (an  action)  ;  to  do  over  again. 
1526  TAYLOR  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  I.  335  That  he  . . 

shulld  within  certeyn  tyme  reiterate  and  renewe  them  [acts]. 
1563  FOXE  A.fy  M.  890/1  The  Masse  priestes  dooe  reiterate 
the  sacrifyce  of  Christ.  1581  J.  BELL  Haddvn's  Answ.  Osor. 
421  Then  you  make  him  an  heretique  whatsoever  he  be  that 
doth  reiterate  Baptisme.  1609  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  (1717)  II. 
41  The  Ocean  . .  Reiterates  his  strange  untimely  Flows. 
a  1674  CLARENDON  Snrv.  Lcviath.  (1676)  66  Which  Sentence 
was  barbarously  executed,  and  afterwards  reiterated  upon 
others.  1753  N.  TORRIANO  Gangr.  Sore  Throat  13  The 
Bleeding  in  the  Foot  was  reiterated  at  Four  . .  in  the  After 
noon.  1826  SCOTT  Woodst.  xiv,  You  would  have  thought  the 
knocking  was  reiterated  in  every  room  of  the  palace.  1891 
S.  MOSTYN  Cnratica  91  She  had  not  meant  me  to  reiterate 
this  tribute  of  respect,  but  only  to  offer  it  once. 

absol.  1718  Entertainer  No.  15.  100  Having  once  made 
a  Beginning  with  Success,  they  easily  become  prone  to 
reiterate. 

fb.  To  repeat  the  use  or  application  of  (a 
thing,  esp.  a  medicine).  06s. 

1580  FRAMPTON  Joyful  News  in.  (ed.  2)  108  b,  By  reiterat 
ing  [1577  reiteryng]  the  wette  Linnen  cloth  in  the  Balsamo, 
it  will  bee  healed.  1600  SURFLET  Countrie  Farms  l.  xxv.  159 
Marie  must  not  be  reiterated  so  oft  as  dung.  1643  J.  STEER 
tr.  Exp.  Chyritrg.  vii.  28  This  defensive  is  to  be  reiterated 
two  or  three  times  every  day.  1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Print 
ing  330  Reiterating  these  lashes  on  the  middlemost  Notch 
and  Plattin  hook. 

t  C.  To  re-excite  (a  disease).   Obs.  rare  -1. 

1652  WHARTON  Rotkmati's  Chirom.  Wks.  (1683)  627  The 
Moon,  .being  here  Afflicted  by  the  Quartile  of  Mars .. often 
reiterateth  small  Fevers. 

2.  To  repeat  (a  request,  statement,  word,  etc.)  ; 
to  give  renewed  expression  to  (a  feeling). 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidane's  Coinm.  186  b,  The  nobles  re 
iterat  their  sute.  1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stnjjfe  36  With 
what  state  he  hath  bene  vsed  from  his  swadling  clouts, 
I  haue  reiterated  vnto  you.  1623  CALLIS  Stat.  Sewers  (1647) 
161  By  reason  this  word  Payment  is  reiterated  three  or  four 
times  in  this  branch  of  the  Statute.  1665  GLANVILL  Def. 
Van.  Dogm.  A  2  b,  Had  I  used  another  style  I  must  have 
been  more  diffuse  in  reiterating  what  I  had  said  in  the 
opposed  Essay.  1728  ELIZA  HEVWOOD  tr.  Mine,  de  Gomez's 
Belle  A.  (1732)  II.  54  She  now  reiterated  her  Prayers,  that 
we  would  both  avoid  those  dangerous  Situations.  1782 
Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  x.  v,  Cecilia  re-iterated  her  assurances. 
1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xxx,  My  father,  .reiterated  his  orders, 
that  no  one  should  presume  to  fire  until  he  gave  the  word. 
1876  FARRAR  Mario.  Sernt.  i.  2  He  reiterated  again  and 
again . .  the  blessings  and  curses. 

t  b.  To  relate  (a  thing)  again.  Obs.  rare—1. 

c  1650  Don  Bellianis  91  And  so  reiterating  all  his  Exploits 
(as  heretofore  set  down). 

f3.  To  walk  over  (a  place)  again.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1648  HERRICK  Helper.,  Teares  to  Tamasis  (1902)  293  No 
more  shall  I  reiterate  thy  Strand. 

1 4.  intr.  To  occur  again.  Obs.  rare  ~'. 

1733  STACK  in  Phil.  Tram.  XL!.  141  This  having  reiterated 
Several  times,  a  Son  of  hers,  .perceiv'd  [etc.]. 

Hence  Kei'terating  vbl.  sb.  and  ///.  a. 

1641  SMECTYMNUUS  Answ.  ii.  (1653)  12  The  often  and  im 
pertinent  reiterating  of  the  Lords  Prayer.  1649  MILTON 
Eikon.  viii.  Wks.  1851  III.  396  It  was  ill  that  som  body 
stood  not  neer  to  whisper  him,  that  a  reiterating  Judge  is 
wors  then  a  tormentor.  1694  SALMON  Bate's  Dispens.  (1713) 
33  Notwithstanding  this  seeming  Repetition,  or  reiterating 
of  the  very  same  Thing  sometimes. 

Reiterated  (r^i-tere'ted),  ///.  a.  [f.  prec.  + 
-ED  l.]  Repeated  :  a.  of  actions,  events,  etc. 

1643  MILTON  Divorce  i.  viii.  Wks.  1851  IV.  40  Against 
reiterated  scandals  and  seducements  which  never  cease. 
1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  I.  iv.  429  The  Stoicks  . .  sup 
posed  in  the  Reiterated  Conflagrations,  all  the  Gods  to  be 
Melted  and  Confounded  into  One.  1768  BOSWELL  Corsica 


REJECT. 

iii.  (ed.  2)  228  The  reiterated  turmoils,  which  during  a  course 
of  ages,  have  shaken  this  island.  1827  STEUART  Planter's  G. 
(1828)  50  At  each  and  all  of  these  reiterated  removals,  the 
Roots,  .were  shortened  and  pruned.  1872  DARWIN  Emotions 
viii.  201  The  anthropoid  apes  utter  a  reiterated  sound, 
corresponding  with  our  laughter. 
b.  of  words,  statements,  etc. 

1677  HORNECK  Gt.  Law  Consid.  iv.  (1704)  198  A  frequent, 
reiterated,  lively  representation  of  the  danger  of  a  sinful 
life.  1795  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  iv.  (1892)  269  After  their 
reiterated  oaths  for  our  extirpation.  1829  SCOTT  Anne  ofG. 
ii,  The  entreaties  and  reiterated  assurances  of  his  guide  in 
duced  him  to  pause.  1868  MILMAN  St.  Pauls  v.  105  Such 
solemn  and  reiterated  appeals  to  God. 

Rei'teratedly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.]  la 
a  reiterated  manner  ;  by  way  of  reiteration. 

1782  ELIZ.  BLOWER  Ceo.  Bateman  III.  218  In  which  they 
hadreiteratedly  enjoyed  their  endearing  society.  1834  MAR. 
EDGEWORTH  Helen  (Rtldg.)  332  'Lady  Emily  Greville's 
carriage'  now  resounded  reiteratedly.  1866 Reader^v.  170. 
317/2  Reiteratedly  dilates  upon  the  diverse  doctrines. 

So  Kei  teratecluess. 

1830  BENTHAM  Offic.  Apt.  Maximized,  Further  Extr.  18 
Of  the  assertion,  when  orally  delivered,  the  probative  force 
is  as  the  loudness  and  reiteratedness  of  it. 

t  Rei'terately,  adv.  06s.  rare.  [f.  REITE 
RATE  pa.  pple.  +  -LY  -.]  =  REITEHATEDLY. 

1654-66  EARL  ORRERY  Partlun.  (1676)  702  He  reiterately 
vowed,  .he  would  tell.  1794  St.  Papers  in  Ann.  Reg.  222 
Apprehensions  which  his  Imperial  majesty  has  reiterately 
manifested. 

Reiteration  (n'iitt:r?'j3n).  Also  7-8  ret-,  [a. 
F.  reiteration  (i6th  c.),  or  ad.  L.  reiteration-em, 
n.  of  action  f.  reiterare  to  REITERATE.] 

1.  The  (or  an)  act  of  reiterating,  repetition : 

a.  of  actions,  etc. 

1560  BECON  A"(w  Cateeh.  v.  Wks.  1564  I.  459  In  thaltare 
there  is  no  reiteratyon  or  doing  again  of  (christes)  sacrifice. 
1604  EDMONDS  Observ.  Czsar's  Comm.  4  When  they  see 
their  best  . .  indeuours  atchieue  nothing,  but  a  reiteration 
of  their  labours.  1667  BOYLE  in  Phil.  Trans.  II.  597  The 
other  . .  Experiment  . .  needed  a  reiteration  to  confirm  it. 

1833  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Arians  \\.  iii.  (1876)  163  That  there  is, 
(so  to  express  it,)  a  reiteration  of  the  One  Infinite  Nature 
ofGod.     1872  J.  G.  MURPHY  Comm.,Lev.  viii.  35  A  sacrifice 
having  atoning  validity  needs  no  reiteration. 

b.  of  statements,  etc. 

1656  BRAMHALL  Replic.  34  All  that  followes  ..  is  but  a 
reiteration  of  the  same  things,  without  adding  one  more 
grain  of  reason  to  enforce  it.  a  1708  BEVERIDGE  Thes.  Theol. 
(1710)  I.  61  Your  Baptismal  vow  and  promise,  and  your 
many  reiterations  of  it.  1828  SCOTT  J''.  M.  Ptruxxui,  A 
liar  who  endeavours  by  reiteration  to  obtain  a  credit  for  his 
words.  1873  MCLAREN  Scrm.  Ser.  ii.  vi.  96  You  will  observe 
the  reiteration  of  the  same  earnest  cry  in  all  these  clauses. 

2.  Typog.  The  action  of  printing  on  the  back  of 
a  sheet ;  the  impression  thus  made.  Also  atlrib. 

1683  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.,  Printing  xxiv.  p  15  He  folds  it 
again,  as  before,  for  a  Token-sheet  when  he  works  the 
Reiteration.  Ibid.,  Having  now  turned  the  Heap,  and 
made  Register  on  the  Reteration  Form,  he  Works  off  the 
Reteration.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cjtcl.  s.v.  Printing,  When 
the  sheet  is  returned  for  an  impression  on  the  other  side, 
called  the  reiteration.  1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Printing  333. 

Reiterative  (r;'|i-ter/tiv),  a.  and  si.  [f.  as 
REITERATE  v.  +  -IVE:  cf.  F.  re'ite'ratif,  -ive  (i6th 
c.).]  a.  adj.  Characterized  by  reiteration,  b.  sb. 
A  word  expressing  reiteration. 

(11813  A.  MURRAY  Hist.  European  Lang.  (1823)  II.  279 
Reiterativesor  verbs  expressive  of  repeated  or  intense  action. 

1834  Fraser's  Mag.  IX.  76  Do  away  with  the  iterative  and 
reiterative  plan  altogether,  and  substitute  an  intellectual 
one.    1868  LIGHTFOOT  Comm.  Phil.  Introd.  iv.  (1873)  68  He 
then  urges  his  converts  to  unity  in  the  strong  reiterative 
language  which  has  been  already  noticed. 

Hence  Bei'teratively  adv. 

1619  Arraignm.  Barnevelt  §  23  Notwithstanding,  that  by 
the  States  of  Vtrecht,  they  were  reiteratiuely  willed  and  re 
quired  to  doe  it.  1877  Fraser's  HI  fig.  XVI.  399  The  title  of 
'successor  of  the  successor ' . .  would  soon  have  become 
reiteratively  inconvenient. 

Reith,  var.  RETHE  a.  Obs.  Beitter,  obs.  f. 
REITER.  Reive,  Reiver,  etc. :  see  REAVE, 
REAVER.  Reijhte,  obs.  pa.  t.  REACH  v.1  Reiz, 
obs.  f.  REIS  2. 

t  Rejag,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [Cf.  next  and  JAG 
sb.1  7  :  see  also  REJARB.]  A  sharp  retort. 

1554  tr.  Latimer's  Protest,  in  Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  (1721) 
IIl.App.  xxxiv.  92,  I  coulde..not  be  suffered  to  declare  my 
faithe  befor  you ..  without  snakkes,  reiagges,  revilinges, 
chekkes,  rebukes,  and  tauntes.  1823  JAMIESON,  Rcjag,  a 
repartee.  Lothlian]. 

tReja'g,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RE-  2  a.  +  JAG  z/.i] 
To  controvert,  refute  ;  to  reply  smartly. 

CI440  Promp.  Pan.  427/2  Reiaggyn  (or  reprevyn),  re 
dargue.  1825  JAMIESON,  Kejag,  to  give  a  smart  answer. 

t  Reja-gged,///.  a.  Ol>s.  rare-1.  [RE-  53.] 
Jagged  or  torn  repeatedly. 

1522  SKELTON  Why  not  to  Court  (x>^  Ye  raynbetyn  beggers 
reiagged.  Ye  recrayed  ruffyns  all  ragged  ! 

fRejarg.  Obs.-1    [?f.  JAUGV.]    =  REJAG  sb. 

1534  WHITINTON  Tullyes  Offices  i.  (1540)  26  Somtyme 
reiarges  and  chydynges  be  specially  vsed  amonge  louers  and 
frendes. 

Reject  (r/dge-kt),  sb.  [orig.  an  absolute  use  of 
next ;  in  later  use  f.  the  vb.] 

f  1.  One  who  is  rejected ;  a  castaway.  Obs. 

a  1555  PHILPOT  Exam,  f,  Writ.  (Parker  Soc.)  337  What  if 
that  multitude  of  men  were.. not  of  his  elects,  but  of  the 
rejects  ?  1622  JACKSON  Jiida/i  mtist  into  Captimtie  4  1  he 
reject  of  the  Lord. 


REJECT. 

2.  A  thing  rejected  as  unsatisfactory. 

1893  Nation  (N.  Y.)  16  Feb.  125/1  The  rough-chipped 
stones.. are  simply  'rejects', 

t  Reje'ct,  fa,  pple.  and  ///.  a.  Obs.  [ad.  L. 
reject-its^  pa.  pple.  of  rejiccre  to  REJECT.]  Re 
jected  ;  cast  back  or  away. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  283  These  childer  entend- 
enge  the  dethe  of  here  fader  were  reiecte,  and  putte  a  wey 
from  hym.  1491  CAXTON  Vitas  Pair.  (W.  de  W.  1495)  i. 
xlii,  68  b/2  By  the  power  of  god  whyche  wythstode  her,  she 
was  reiecte  and  caste  abacke  from  the  yate.  1556  ROBINSON 
Mores  Utop.  II.  (ed.  2)  (Arb,)  82  inarg.,  Husbandrie  . .  now 
a  dayes  is  reiect  vnto  a  fewe  of  the  basest  sort.  1582 
BENTLEV  Man.  Matrones  ii.  195  It  is  a  manifest  and  great 
token,  that  man  is  reiect  from  the  mercie  and  fauour  of  God. 

Reject  (i/dge-kt),  v.  Also  6  Sc.  rejekk;-. 
[f.  L.  reject- ,  ppl.  stem  of  reic&re  (rejiccre]  to  throw 
back,  f.  re-  RE-  +jacfre  to  throw.  Cf.  also  obs.  F. 
rejecter  var.of  rejetter,  mod.F.  rejeter\  see  JET z».2] 

1.  trans.   To  refuse  to  recognize,  (f  allow,)  ac 
quiesce  in,  submit  to,  or  adopt  (a  rule,  command, 
practice,  etc.) ;  to  refuse  credit  to  (a  statement). 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vii.  351  Bothe  those  and  other  [or 
dinances]  that  were  right  necessary  for  y<~'  common  weale  of 
the  cytie  were  reiected  and  put  of.  1495  Act  n  Hen.  VI f, 
c.  2  §  5  It  be  laufull  to  ij  of  the  Justices,  .to  rejecte  and  put 
aweycomen  ale  selling  m  Tounes.  1563  WINJET /tfwr.SVwzV 
Thre  Quest.  Wks.  (S.T.S.)  1. 127  Cjuhy  reiect  }e  and  dispyssis 
the  saminindifferentlieas  superstitious  oridolatrical. .  ?  1611 
BIBLE  Transl.  Pref.  ?  4  It  is  a  manifest  falling  away  from 
the  Faith.. to  reiect  any  of  those  things  that  are  written. 
1654  KR AM HALL  Just  Vind.  ii.  (1661)  n  The  Court  of  Koine 
would  have  obtruded  upon  us  new  articles  of  faith,  [but]  we 
have  rejected  them.  1736  BUTLER  Anal.  Introd.,  Wks.  1874 
I.  8  The  whole  method  of  government  by  punishments  should 
be  rejected  as  absurd.  1784  COWPKR  Tusk  vi.  981  Not  that 
he  peevishly  rejects  a  mode  Because  that  world  adopts  it. 
1839  THIRLWALL  Greece  VI.  275  Nor  perhaps  ought  we  to 
reject  the  farther  account.. as  a  groundless  fiction.  1875 
JOWF.TT  Plato  (ed.  2}  V.  375  He  who  rejects  the  law  must 
find  some  other  ground  of  objection. 

b.  ahsol,  or  intr.  To  be  disobedient,  rare—1. 

1851  MAVHEW  Lo nd.  Labour  II.  349/2  If  they  resist  and 
reject,  in  what  way  do  you  force  them  up? 

2.  To  refuse  to  have  or  take  for  some  purpose ; 
to  set  aside  or  throw  away  as  useless  or  worthless. 


42  The  stone  which  the  builders  reiected,  the  same  is 
become  the  head  of  the  corner.  1660  BARROW  Euclid  Pref. 
(1714)  i  Having  in  a  manner  rejected  and  undervalued  the 
other  seven  [books].  1697  DKYDEN  I'irg.  Georg.  in.  598 
Reject  him,  lest  he  darken  all  the  Flock.  1774  GOLDSM. 
Nat,  Hist.  (1776)  III.  176  The  cow. .eats  two  hundred  and 
seventy-six  plants,  and  rejects  two  hundred  and  eighteen. 
1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mab  in.  170  Nature  rejects  the  monarch, 
not  the  man  ;  The  subject,  not  the  citizen.  1828  D'ISKAELI 
Chas.  I,  II.  iv.  87  At  the  present  election,  whoever  had  urged, 
the  payment  of  the  loan  was  rejected. 

absol.  1850  BROWNING  Easter-Day  xxx.  iii,  So  I  ..  Go 
through  the  world,  try,  prove,  reject,  Prefer. 

3.  To  refuse  (something  offered)  ;  to  decline  to 
receive  or  accept. 

1671  MILTON  P.  R.  n.  457  What  if  with  like  aversion  I  re 
ject  Riches  and  Realms.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Past.  vin.  2 
The  Love  rejected  and  the  Lover's  pains  I  sing.  1766 
GOLDSM.  Vic.  W.  xxvii,  Good  counsel  rejected,  returns  to 
enrich  the  giver's  bosom,  1822  SHELLEY  tr.  C  alder  on  n.  21 
Hear'st  thou,  Hell  !  dost  thou  reject  it  ?  My  soul  is  offered  ! 
1871  R.  ELLIS  tr.  Catullus  xxiii.  24  Such  prosperity.  .Slight 
not,  Furius,  idly  nor  reject  not. 

t  b.  To  refuse  to  be  something.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1795  Fate  ofSedley  I.  124  Would  you  suspect  that  a  little 
rustic.,  could  possibly  reject  to  be  the  wife  of  a  man  endowed 
with  rank,  fortune  and  figure? 

4.  To  expel  from  the  mouth  or  stomach. 

1667  MILTON  P.  £._  x.  567  Bitter  Ashes,  which  th'  offended 
taste  With  spattering  noise  rejected.  1732  ARBUTHNOT 
Rules  of  Diet  in  Aliments,  etc.  294  Tough  Phlegm  fre 
quently  rejected  by  Vomiting.  1825  LAMB  Klia  ii.  Barbara 
•S1—,  When  he  crammed  a  portion  of  it  [fowl]  into  her  mouth, 
she  was  obliged  sputteringly  to  reject  it. 
b.  absol.  or  intr.  To  vomit,  rare. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  502  As  soon  as  the 
patient  rejects,  he  may  be  allowed  a  little  warm  water,  ad 
ministered  to  him  sparingly. 

f  5.  To  dismiss  (a  person)  from  some  relation  to 
oneself;  to  cast  off.  Also  const,  from.  Obs. 

1530  PALSGR.  683/1  He  was  ones  rejected,  howe  fortuneth  it 
that  he  cometh  thus  in  favoure  agayne?  11548  HALL 
Chron.t  Henry  VIII  200  b.  That  she  should  whole  .xxij. 
yeres  and  more  serue  him  as  hys  wyfe.  .and  now  to  reiecte 
her,  what  Princely  maner  is  that.  1611  BIBLE  i  Sam.  xv.  23 
He  hath  also  reiected  thee  from  being  king.  —  jfer.  vii.  29 
The  Lord  hath  reiected,  and  forsaken  the  generation  of  his  ! 
wrath. 

f  b.  To  cast  off,  abandon  (a  principle  or  con-    j 
dition).  Obs. 

1587  TURBERV.  Trag.  T.  (1837)  127  As  hee  rejected  quight 
The  faith  he  should  have  borne  Her  husband.      1616  CAPT.     j 
SMITH  Wks.  (Arb.)  532  At  last,  reiecting  her  barbarous  con 
dition,  [she]  was  maned  to  an  English  Gentleman, 
jo.  To  dismiss  from  one's  mind.   Obs~^ 

1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  in.  180  Casting..     ! 
asyd  the  commoune  effairis  of  the  Realme,  reiecteng  the 
commoune  welth  and  contemneng  the  Nobilitie. 

6.  To  repel  or  rebuff  (one  who  makes  advances  of 
any  kind)  ;  to  refuse  to  accept,  listen  to,  admit,  etc.  i 

1561  DAUS  tr.  Bnllinger  on  Apoc.  (1573)  182  Symon  Magus  | 
also  did  couet  the  same  grace :  but  he  was  sore  reiected  of  - 
S.  Peter  the  Apostle.  1611  BIBLE  John  xii.  48  He  that  re-  i 

VOL.  VIII. 


393 

lecteth  me,  and  receiueth  not  my  words,  hath  one  that 
iudgeth  him.  1671  MILTON  Samson  760  Not  to  reject  The 
penitent,  but  ever  to  forgive.  1748  BUTLER  Serm.  Wks. 
1874  II.  315  Hospitals  are  often  obliged  to  reject  poor 
objects  which  offer  . .  for  want  of  room.  1788  GIRBON  Dec/. 
«T  P.  !•  V.  205  Whosoever  hates  or  rejects  any  one  of  the 
prophets,  is  numbered  with  the  infidels. 

b.  Of  a  woman  :  To  refuse  (a  man)  as  lover  or 
husband.     Also  with  compl.,  and  absol. 

1581  RICHE  FareivellMil.  Prof.  liiij  Seyng  you  haue  so 
scornfully  reiected  me  to  be  your  loiall  housbande.  1592 
SHAKS.  Ven.  <$•  Ad.  159  Then  woo  thy  selfe,  be  of  thy 
selfe  reiected.  1712-14  POPE  Rape  Lock  i.  10  O  say  what 
stranger  cause,  yet  unexplor'd,  Could  make  a  gentle  Belle 
reject  a  Lord?  Ibid.  \\.  12  Oft  she  rejects,  but  never  once 
offends.  1858  LONGF.  M.  Standish  vn.  8  Thus  to  be  flouted, 
rejected,  and  laughed  to  scorn  by  a  maiden. 

fc.  To  deny  (one  who  makes  a  request).  Obs.—1 
1611  BIBLE  Mark  vi.  26  The  king  was  exceeding  sory,  yet 
for  his  othes  sake,  .hee  would  not  reiect  her. 

7.  To  refuse  to  grant,  entertain,  or  agree  to" 
(a  request,  proposal,  etc.). 

1602  MARSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  in.  i,  She  seemeth  to  reject 
his  suite.  121648  LD.  HERBERT //£«.  VIII  (1640)  545  But 
this  [proposal]  was  rejected  ;  both  to  exclude  the  Protestants 
admittance  [etc.],  1726  SWIFT  Gttlliver  in.  i,  I  knew  him 
to  be  so  honest  a  man,  that  I  could  not  reject  his  proposal. 
1837  THIRLWALL  Greece  xxxiii.  IV.  305  The  orders  of  Cyrus 
he  treated  as  a  suggestion,  which  he  might  adopt  or  reject 
at  his  discretion.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  iii.  §  5.  139  The 
demand  was  at  once  rejected  by  the  baronage. 

t  8.  a.  To  refer  (a  matter  or  person)  to  another 
for  decision.  Also  const,  into  a  place.  Obs. 

1533  BELLENDEN  Livyv.  x.  (S.T.S.)  II.  183  Eftir  bat  frs 
mater  was  lang  dispute  afore  be  senate,  It  was  reieckit  to  \>e 
bischoppis,  bat  (?ai  mycht  decerne  bareapoun.  1603  KSOI.LES 
Hist.  Turks  637  Barbarussa  thus  rejected  into  Syria,,  .per 
ceived  that  it  tended  to  his  no  small  disgrace.  Ibid.,  ntarg,, 
Barbarussa  rejected  to  Abraham  the  great  Bassa. 

t  b.  To  cast  (a  fault,  etc.)  back  upon  a  person. 
Also  const,  to.  Obs. 

a  SS55  PHILPOT  Exam.  $  Writ.  (Parker  Soc.)  402  Either 
we^reject  the  cause  of  sin  upon  God,  other  else  do  renew  the 
stoical  destiny.  1581  N.  UURNE  Disput.  iv.  g  Ane  man  sould 
not  reiect  the  caus  of  his  auin  euil  and  vjckednes  to  the 
prescience  of  god,  bot  to  him  self.  1643  TRAI>P  Connn.  Gen. 
iii.  12  Here  he  rejects  the  fault  upon  the  woman,  and  thorow 
her,  upon  God.  1678  MARVELL  Dcf.  J.  Hcnve  Wks.  (Grosart) 
IV.  170  They  have  found  a  nudity  in  the  Creator,  and  did 
implicitly  reject  their  fault  upon  Him. 

t  C.  To  put  (a  thing)  away  into  a  place.   Obs."~l 
1579  FULKE  Hesktns'  Parl.  70  The  figures  of  Manna,  and 
the  waters,  he  reiecteth  into  the  third  booke. 

9.  To  throw  or  cast  back ;  f  to  repel,  repulse 
(an  assailant),  rare. 

1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  281  Who  fighting  at  too 
much  disadvantage,  were  by  the  Turks  easily  rejected.  1826 
[see  REJECTED///,  a.  b].  1869  PHILLIPS  Vesnv.  ix.  252  The 
sea  is  rejected  from  the  shore,  to  return  in  mighty  waves. 
1889  SYMONDS  in  Fortn.  Rev.  XLV.  57  We  can  neither  reject 
ourselves  into  the  past,  nor  project  ourselves  into  the  future, 
with  certainty  sufficient  to  decide  [etc.]. 

f  b.  To  cut  off  (a  person)  from  some  resource. 
1601  in  _Moryson  //:";/.  (1617)  ir,  181  So  [he  would]  bee 
utterly  rejected  from  having  either  credit  or  aides  hereafter 
from  them.  1711  Fingall  MSS.  in  loth  Rep.  Hist.  JlfSS. 
Connn.  App.  V.  137  His  great  officers,  .would  have  the  Irish 
..to  be  rejected  from  all  expectation  of  recovering  their 
estates.  1737  WHISTON  Josephus,  An/it/,  xvi.  iii.  §  3  The 
young  men  were  intirely  rejected  from  any  hopes  of  the 
Kingdom. 

Hence  Rejecting  vbl.  sb. 

1589  RIDER  Bibl.  Schol.,  A  reiecting,  rejectio.  a  1653  GOUGE 
Connn.  Heb.  x.  29  This  sin  is  a  wilful  rejecting  of  the  means, 
whereby  the  wounds  of  sin  should  be  healed. 

Rejectable  (rrd^e-ktab'l),  a.  [f.  prec.  + 
-ABLE.]  That  may  be,  or  ought  to  be,  rejected. 

1611  COTGR.,  ^f/'»//i£/t',reiectable,refusable.  1706 in  PHIL 
LIPS  (ed.  Kersey).  1820  W.  TOOKE  tr.  Lvcian  I.  229  Do  you 


Hence  Beje-ctableness. 

i8sa  PULSFORD  tr.  MilUer's  Doctr.  Sin  I.  37  That .  .a  strong 
consciousnesses  able  to  be  distinctly  realized  of  the  reject- 
ableness  of  evil. 

tReje'Ctament.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  mod.L.  re- 
jectamentum  \  see  next.]  a.  Refuse,  b.  One  who 
is  rejected. 

i6s3ScLATER  Funeral Serm.  -2*>Sept.  (1654)  7  That  rejecta- 
ment,  which  is  scraped  from  the  dirty  pavement.  1681 
COLVIL  Whigs  Supplic.  (1751)  153  Your  majesty's  wisdom 
inherent.  .Will  not  disdain  to  hear  complaints  Of  us  though 
but  rejectaments. 

II  Rejectamenta  (r^ektame-nta).  [mod.L., 
pi.  of  rejcctamentiim  :  see  REJECT  v.  and  -MENT.] 

1.  Things  rejected  as  useless  or  worthless  ;  refuse. 
1816  KIRBY&  SP.  EntomoL  xxvi.  (1818)  II.  437  A  scavenger, 

whose  business  it  is  to  sweep  the  streets  and  convey  "the 
rejectamenta  to  one  grand  repository.  1849  D.  J.  BROWNE 
Amer.  Poultry  Yd.  (1855)  201  The  rejectamenta  of  the 
kitchen.. are.. accepted  with  eagerness.  1877  W.  H'  ®AL** 
Tribes  N.  IV.  45  Bones,  shells,  and  all  varieties  of  rejecta 
menta  having  been  deposited  here  for  centuries. 

2.  Wrack  or  rubbish  cast  up  by  the  sea. 

1819  SAMOUELLE  EntomoL  Commend.  101  [He]  found  it  . . 
amongst  rejectamenta  of  the  sea.  1856  Zoologist  XIV.  5309 
It  had  been  taken  beneath  marine  rejectamenta  at  Exmouth. 
1866  TATE  Brit.  Mollnsks  iv.  155  Pupa  badia  is  common 
among  the  rejectamenta  of  our  tidal  rivers, 

3.  Phys.  Excremental  matter. 

1879  PACKARD  Zool.  ii.  (1881)  43  There  being  many  pores 
or  mouths,  and  but  a  single  outlet  for  the  rejectamenta. 


REJOICE. 

tRejecta'neous,  a.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  rejeetaneus 
(coined  by  Cicero  to  render  the  Stoic  071-07^0777- 
ptvos),  f.  rejicere  to  REJECT  ;  cf.  extraneous, 
spontaneous^  etc.]  Deserving  rejection,  rejectable, 
(Common  in  H.  M  ore's  works.) 

1657  FARINDON  Serm.  Pref.  22  Others  are  more  forced, 
and  therefore  Rejectaneous  and  unprofitable.  1678  GALE 
Crt.  Gentiles  III.  93  A  reprobate,  spurious,  drossie,  vain, 
adulterine,  rejectaneous  mind.  1734  BERKELEY  Analyst  §  28 
Supposing  the  rejectaneous  algebraical  quantity  to  be  an 
infinitely  small  or  evanescent  quantity. 

Rejected  (rftlge-kted),  ///.  a.    [f.  REJECT  v. 

+  -ED1.]     Refused,  repudiated,  cast  out,  etc. 

1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qital.  (1809)  III.  57  The  com 
mons  can.  .annex  the  rejected  bills  to  their  bill  of  aids.  1819 
SHELLEY  Cencivt.  iv.  151  Stain  not  a  noble  house  With  vague 
surmises  of  rejected  crime.  1856  KANB  A  ret.  Expl.  II.  xix. 
191,  I  lost  some  time  in  collecting  such  parts  of  his  rejected 
cargo  as  I  could  find. 

b.  Ent.  Thrown  back  ;  not  admitted  between 
other  parts. 

1826  KIKHY  &  SP.  EntomoL  xlvi.  IV.  332  An  insect  having 
a  visible  Scutellum.  a.  Rejected. . .  When,  though  visible,  it 
does  not  intervene  between  the  elytra  at  their  base. 

Rejecter  (r/d^e-ktDi).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER1. 
Cf.  REJECTOR.]  One  who  rejects. 

1570  FOXK  A.  <V  M.  (eel.  2)  2134/1  To  exhorte  ..  these 
Agamistes  and  \vilfull  reiectersof  matrimonie,  to  take  them* 
selues  to  lawfull  wiues.  1675  BROOKS  Gold.  Key  Wks.  1867 
V.  411  However  the  rejecters  of  Christ  may  escape  judgment 
for  a  time.  1706  CLARKE  Let.  to  Dodiuell  (1712)  12  It  will 
follow  ..that  neither  Rejecters  of  the  Gospel,  nor  wicked 
Christians,,  .shall  be  condemned  to  any  other  punishment. 
a  1754  FIELDING  Cower  sat.  Wks.  1771  VIII.  115  These  re 
jecters  of  society  borrow  all  their  information  from  their  own 
savage  dispositions.  1830  J.  MARTINEAU  Stud.  Chr.  (1873) 
484  The  motive  of  the  rejecter  is  different. 

t  Reje*ctible,  a-  and  sb.   Obs.   •=  REJECTABLE. 

1702  S.  PARKER  tr.  Cicero's  De  Finibus  v.  353  Terms  Un 
heard-of  and  Invented  by  themselves,  Producta,  for  Instance, 
and  Rejecta  (as  if  one  shoifd  say  Promotables  and  Rejecti- 
bles).  1748  RICHARDSON  C7arissa(i8n)  I.  301  He  would  be 
far  from  being  rejectible  as  a  companion  for  life. 

Reje'Ctingly,  adv.  [f.  pres.  pple.  of  REJECT 
v.  +  -LY  ^.]  In  a  rejecting  manner. 

1832  fitaffav.  Mag.  XXXII.  503  He  waved  his  hand  re- 
jectingly.  1889  Daily  News  4  Apr.  5/8  She  jerks  her  hand 
kerchief  rejectingly  at  them  until  the  chosen  suitor  arrives. 

Rejection  (r&grkjan).  [a.  F.  rejection  (i6th 
c.),  or  ad.  L.  rejection-em,  n.  of  action  f.  rejicZre 
to  REJECT.]  The  action  of  rejecting  or  the  state 
of  being  rejected. 

1552  in  HULOET.  1553  T.  WILSON  Rhet.  99  b,  Rejeccion 
is  then  used  when  \ve  lay  suche  faultes  from  us  as  our  enemies 
would  charge  us  with  all.  1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v. 
Ixviii,  §  6Vtter  rejection  of  the  whole  Christian  faith.  1647 
CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  n.  §  74  They  who  were  for  a  rejec 
tion  of  the  King's  Proposition.  1744  HARRIS  Three  Treat. 
Wks.  (1841)  86  Were  this  neglected,  what  would  become  of 
selection  and  rejection. .?  1835  Miss  MlTFORD  in  L1  Estrange 
Life  (1870)  III.  iii.  36  We  grieve  over  the  rejection  of  the 
Irish  Church  Bills  last  year  and  this.  1856  FROUDE  Hist, 
Eng.  (1858)  II.  ix.  334  The  Count,  .left  Paris  with  a  decisive 
rejection  of  the  emperor's  advances. 

b.  coitcr.  That  which  is  rejected ;  excrement. 

1605  VERSTEGAN  Dec.  Intell.  iv.  (1628)  100  The  sand 
banckes  or  downcs,  which  the  reiection  of  the  sea  by  little 
and  little  hath  raised  and  castvp.  1839  Britannia  13  July, 
Happy  to  sun  himself  and  sleep  on  the  basest  rejections  of 
the  public  stable.  1896  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  I.  898  The 
later  rejections  are  watery  and  copious. 

t  Rejecti'tious,  a.  Obs.  [ad.  late  L.  rejecti- 
titts,  f.  rejiccre  to  REJECT:  see-mous,  and  cf.  RE- 
JECTANEOU3.]  Deserving  rejection  ;  rejected. 

1615  W.  HULL  Mirr.  Maiestie  60  The  refuse  and  reiecti- 
tious  people  of  Israel.  1642  CUDWORTH  .£>«£.  Lord* s Supper 
43  Those  other  Feria's,  which  have  beene  made  Rejectitious 
since,  by  that  Calendar.  1653  WATERHOUSE  Apol.  151  Per- 
sons  spurious  and  rejectitious,  whom  their  Families  and 
Allies  have  disowned. 

Reje'Ctive,  a.  [f.  as  REJECT  v.  +  -IVE.]  That 
rejects,  or  tends  to  cast  off  (Webster  1828-32). 

Rejectment   (r/d^e-ktment).     £f.  as  prec.  + 
-MENT.     Cf.  REJECTAMENT.] 
fl.  Rejection.   Obs.  rare. 

#1677  MANTON  Chris  fs  Tempt.  Matt.  iv.  7  Wks.  1870  I. 
299  If  Achitophel  could  not  endure  the  rejectment  of  his 
counsel  [etc.].  1690  Col.  Rec.  Pennsyiv.  I.  338  The  Com 
mittee  of  This  board  presented  the  Promulgated  bills  with 
Amendments  and  Rejectments. 

2.  concr.  Rejected  matter,  excrement.     Also//. 
1828-32    WEBSTER   (citing   EATON).   Rejectwent,    matter 
thrown  away.     iSzgJ.  L.  KNAPP  Jrnl.  Nat.  107  Originating 
probably  from  the  rejectments  of  birds. 

Rejector  (r/d^e-kt/i),  [a.  L.  rejector,  agent-n. 
f.  rejicere  to  REJECT.]  =  REJECTER. 

1752  WARBURTON  Wks.  (1788)  IX.  269  The  Rejectors  of  it 
..  would  do  well  to  consider  the  grounds  on  which  they 
stand.  1857  KEBLE  Euck.  Ador'  ^>  The  same  sort  of  trial 
..as  the  Holy  Communion  has  evermore  been  to  rejectors. 

Rejekk-,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REJECT  v. 

t  Reje'rk,  v.  Obs.  [RE-.]  trans.  To  jerk  back. 

1605  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iii.  iv.  Captaines  527  Smarter 
then  Racquets  in  a  Court  re-jerk  Balls  'gainst  the  Wals  of 
the  black- boor ded  house. 

tRejoi'Ce,  sb.  Obs.  Also  5-6  rfcjoyse,  6-7 
rejoyce.  [f.  the  vb.]  Joy,  rejoicing;  a  cause  of 
joy.  (Common  in  l6th  c.) 

c  1468  in  Arehaeol.  (1846)  XXXI.  329  He  rejoisid,  and  in 
his  rejoyse  in  suche  case,  me  thought,  as  Troylus  was  in. 

50 


REJOICE. 

c  1530  L.  Cox  Rhct.  (1899)  52,  I  have  thought  it  a  synguler 
reioyse  to  me  if  I  myght  ones  se  you  gadred  to-gyther.  1582 
BENTLEY  A] on.  Matrones  Ep.  Ded.,  To  your  euerlasting 
comfort,  and  the  rejoice  of  Christian  harts.  1682  SIR  T, 
BROWNE  Chr,  Mcr.  n.  §  6  The  Angels  must  not  want  their 
charitable  Rejoyces  for  the  conversion  of  lost  Sinners. 

Rejoice  (r/d^oi-s),  v.  Forms:  a.  4-6  reioyse, 
(5  reioysse,  reyjoysse,  resjoysse,  reyoyse, 
5-6  reioys),  reioyes-e,  (6  Se.  -ioyis,  -ioiyss) ; 
4-6  reioise,  (5  -sse,  6  Sc.  reiois)  ;  5-7  reioyce. 
(7-8  rejoyce),  5  rejoice.  13.  4  reioische,  -sshe, 
4-5  reioysche,  -sshe ;  4-5  reios(c)he.  7.  5-6 
reiose,  (5  reyose),  Se.  reios(s,  -iosz,  6  reioce. 
[a.  OF.  rejoiss-,  resjoiss-,  lengthened  stem  of 
rejoir  (later  rejottir^  mod.F.  r£joitir\  f.  re-  RE-  + 
joir  to  JOY  v. :  cf.  REJOY.  (See  also  JOISE  f.)] 

•f  1.  trans.  To  enjoy  by  possessing ;  to  have  full 
possession  and  use  of  (a  thing).  Obs, 

1303  R.  BRUNXE  Hand!.  Synne  2032  Swyche  an  eyre  y 
vnderstande  Shal  neuer  wel  reioshe  hys  lande.  c  1350  WiU. 
Falerne  4102  pat  here  spne..mi3t  reioische  bat  reaume  as 
ri^t  eir  bi  kinde.  1424  in  T.  A.  Beck  Ann.  Fumes  (1844) 
295  That  he  have  and  rejoise  iiij."  cartfulle  of  Turfes  yerly 
with  in  the  place  forsaide.  1494  FABVAN  Chron.  v.  cviii.  82 
He  reioysed  his  reygne  but  shorte  whyle.  1525  LD.  BERNERS 
froiss.  II.  cci.  [cxcvii.]  615  The  duke  of  Lancastre  is  gone 
into  Acquytayne,  to  reioyce  the  gyfte  tliat  the  kynge.  .hath 
gyuen  hym.  1577  FENTON  Gold.  Epist.  251  Many  couetous 
men  do  we  see.  .to  whom  God  giues  power  to  get  riches., 
but  not  libertie  to  reioyce  and  vse  them. 

fb.  To  have  (a  person)  as  husband  or  wife;  to 
have  for  oneself;  to  enjoy  (a  woman).  Obs. 

1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  in.  xxvi.  (1554!  97  b,  Dary  cast  .. 
Her  to  reioyce  agein  hys  father's  wyll.  c  1440  Gene rydcs 
3696  Sekerly  this  is  the  comon  voyse,  In  all  the  courte 
that  he  shall  hir  reioyse.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  vi.  xv. 
207  [The  damsel  said]  sythen  I  maye  not  reioyce  the  to 
haue  thy  body  on  lyue.  c  1530  LD.  BERNERS  Arth.  Lyt. 
Bryt.  (1814)  417  Who  so  euer  shold  haue  the  chaplet . .  shoulde 
in  lykewyse  reioyse  my  lady  Florence,  your  doughter. 
t  C.  To  enjoy  (a  condition  or  privilege).  Obs. 

1458  PoL  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  254  God  hold  hem  !onge..That 
Anglonde  may  rejoise  concord  and  unite.  1485  Act  r  Hen. 
VII,  c.  ii  §  i  They  have  and  rejoice  such  fredomes  and 
liberties  as  doth  denesyns  born  within  this  realme. 

2.  To  gladden,  make  joyful,  exhilarate  (a  person, 
his  spirits,  etc.). 

c  1366  CHAUCER  A.  B.C.  101  We  han  noon  oober  melodye 
or  glee  Vs  to  reioyse  in  oure  aduersitee.  1375  B  ARBOUR 
Britce  ii.  551  Thar  cummyng  Reiosyt  rycht  gretumly  the 
king.  £1430  LYDG.  Mitt.  Poems  (Percy  Spc.)  78  Than  I 
herd  a  voyce  celestialle,  Rejoysyng  my  spirites  inwardly. 
1513  BRADSHAW -SV.  Werbitrge  i.  1724  All  these  hystoryes 
noble  and  auncyent  Reioysynge  the  audyence  he  sange  with 
pleasuer.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  \\.  Ixxi.  241  It  reioyceth  and 
recreateth  the  spirites.  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Hen,  VIII 
(1683*  40  This,  as  it  rejoyced  the  King,  so  it  put  him  in 
mind  of  the  Vicissitude  of  all  worldly  things.  1712  ADDISON 
Spect,  No.  269  ?  8,  1  love  to  rejoice  their  poor  Hearts  at  this 
season.  1774  KAMES  Sketches  n.  viii.  (1807)  II.  178  It 
rejoices  me,  that  the  same  mode  is  adopted  in  this  island. 
1863  COWDF.N  CLARKE  S/taks.  Char.  xvii.  431  His  body  he 
rejoices  with  sack-posset.  1885-94  R.  BKIDGES  Eros  fy 
Psyche  May  vi,  Too  fair  for  human  art,  so  Psyche  thought, 
It  might  the  fancy  of  some  god  rejoice. 

b.  In  passive.     Const,  at,  f  ?w,  f<?/",  etc. 

1375  BARBOUR  Britce  xi.  269  To  maynteym  weill  thair 
franchiss,  He  wes  reiosit  on  mony  wiss.  ^1430  LYDG.  Min. 
Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  3  For  Davyd  aftyr  his  victory  Reyjoyssed 
whas  alle  Jerusalem,  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  iv.  705  Off  his 
presence  scho  rycht  reiosit  was.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss. 
',.  275  Of  whose  comynge  the  hole  courte  was  greatly  re- 
joysed.  1567  Gitde  <y  Godlte  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  58,  I  am  reioysit 
at  my  hart,  To  se  his  godlie  face.  1666  PEPYS  Diary  6  June, 
All  the  Court  was  in  a  hubbub,  being  rejoiced  over  head  and 
ears  in  this  good  news.  1801  Lusignan  II.  94  You  do  not 
..look  half  so  rejoiced  when  we  meet  as  I  do.  1841  LANE 
Arab.  Nts.  I.  105  The  King  was  rejoiced  at  seeing  him. 
•fc.  Hunting.  To  reward  (a  hound).  Obs.—1 

c  1400  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  x,perm  be  hunter 
reioyseth  his  houndes  for  |?e  explette  of  his  houndes  and 
also  for  it  is  vermynn  bat  bei  renne  too. 

3.  refl.  To  make  (oneself)  glad  or  joyful ;  hence 
=  sense  5.     Now  rare. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Clerk's  T.  89,  I  me^reipysid  of  my  liberte. 
c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1830)  xxxi.  309  Thei  rejoyssen  hem  hugely 
for  to  speke  there  of.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  Auian  xv, 
None  oughte  to  reioysshe  hym  self  of  his  worship.  1512 
Helyas  in  Thorns  Prose  Rom.  (1858)  III.  91  Every  per*on 
rejoyced  them  in  theyr  degree.  1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary 
i.  (1625)  14  Rejoycing  my  self  on.,  the  hope  I  have  to  be  re 
turned  In  safetie.  1876  RUSKIN  Fors  Clfiv.  Ixii.  60  Rejoice 
myself  with  a  glance  at  the  volutes  of  the  Erectheium. 

transf.  1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  Biv,  Whan  yowre  hawke 
hath  slayne  a  fowle,  and  is  rewarded  as  I  haue  sayde,  let 
hir  not  flie  in  no  whise  tyll  yl  she  haue  Reiosed  hir. 

1 4.  To  feel  joy  on  account  of  (an  event).  Also 
it  is  rejoiced^  there  is  rejoicing.  Obs. 

1468  Paston  Lett.  II.  325  My  Lorde  coude  nat  bileve  it 
but  if  he  harde  it,  how  it  is  rejoysshid  in  som  place  that  he 
is  nat  Chaunceleer.  1505  in  Mem.  Hen.  I'll  (Rolls1  256 
They  that  knowe  your  grace  gretely  dorejoyse  the  maryaje. 
1534  MORE  Treat.  Passion  Wks.  1279/1  His  visitacion  thei 
reioysed  not,  but  were  afeard  to  come  nere  him.  1556  J. 
HEYWOOD  Spider  fy  F.  Concl.  24  Let  vs  rather.. Lament 
their  false  facktes  then  reioyce  their  foule  falls.  161  x  SHAKS. 
Cymb,  v.  v.  370  Nere  Mother  Reioyc'd  deliuerance  more. 

5.  intr.  To  be  full  of  joy  ;  to  be  glad  or  greatly 
delighted ;  to  exult. 

^1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  v.  1165  It  is  not  al  for  nought 
That  in  myn  herte  I  now  reioyse  thus,  c  1410  HOCCI.EVE 
Mother  of  God  55  His  precious  deeth  made  ..  cristen  folk 
for  to  reioisen  euere.  1500-20  DI.'NBAR  Poems  xlviii.  158 


E 


394 

Quhairfoir  me  thocht  all  flouris  did  reioss.  1554-9  in  Songs 
t,  Ball.  Phil,  fr  Mary  (1860)  5  Nothyng  shall  let  us  nowe  to 
rejoys  and  be  fayne.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  v.  i.  206  O  reioyce 
Beyond  a  common  ioy.  1650  JER.  TAYLOR  Holy  Living  iv. 
§  9  (1727)  281  He  once  suffered,  and  for  that  reason  he  re 
joyces  for  ever.  1718  Free-thinker  No.  65.  69  The  Nation 
rejoyces:  The  Prince  is  pleased.  1771  Junius  Lett,  jxvii. 
(1788)  339  They  naturally  rejoice  when  they  see  a  signal 
instance  of  tyranny  resisted  with  success.  1817  SHELLEY 
Rev.  Islam  viii.  xxviii,  As  if  the  sea,  and  sky,  And  earth, 
rejoiced  with  new-born  liberty.  1859  TENNYSON  Geraint 
771  Never  man  rejoiced  More  than  Geraint  to  greet  her  thus 
attired. 

b.  Const,  at,  in,  t  of,  over.  Also  to  rejoice  in, 
to  have  or  possess. 

1483  LD.  DYNHAM  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  I.  157  All 
the  comones  of  the  Contre  greitly  rejoysshe  therof.  1526 
Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  41  That  other  gloryed  &  re 
ioysed  in  his  power.  1530  PALSGR.  683/2,  I  have  rejoysed. . 
at  his  prosperyte.  1535  COVERDALE  "Judith  x.  9  That  leru- 
salem  maye  reioyse  ouer  the.  1605  Bp.  ANDREWES  Serin. 
(1841)  I.  14  They  rejoice  of  our  good.  1628  GAULE  Pract. 
The.  (1629)  181,  I  shall  once  so  reioyce  in  him,  that  I  cannot 
more  reioyce  at  my  selfe.  1726  BUTLER  Serin.  Rolls  Chap. 
v.  80  When  we  rejoyce  in  the  Prosperity  of  others.  1784 
COWPER  Task  v.  326  Rejoice  in  him,  and  celebrate  his  sway. 
1842  MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett.  I.  163,  I  have  had  a  parasol  of 
Mrs.  Buller's,  who  rejoices  in  two.  1864  TENNYSON  En. 
Ard.  127  Rejoicing  at  that  answer  to  his  prayer. 
o.  Const,  with  clause,  usu.  with  that. 

14..  Tumialc's  l"i's.,  etc.  (1843)  112  They  in  hart  rejoysed 
not  a  lyte,  On  hym  to  loke  that  they  have  lybarte.  (11530 
WOLSEY  in  G.  Cavendish  Life  (Ellis)  184  Lett  us  all  rejoyse 
and  be  glade,  that  [etc.].  1611  SHAKS.  ll'int.  T.  v.  i.  30 
What  were  more  holy,  Then  to  reioyce  the  former  Queene 
is  well?  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xn.  475  Whether  I  should  re 
pent  me.. or  rejoyce.  .that  much  more  good  thereof  shall 
spring.  1784  COWPER  Task  I.  339  Once  more  I .  .rejoice  That 
yet  a  remnant  of  your  race  survives. 
d.  Const,  with  inf. 

1508  DUNDAR  Flyting  106  Quhat  ferly  is  thocht  thow  reioys 
to  flyte?  1561  WINJET  first  Tract.  Wks.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  8 
Vtheris  ..  reioyses  to  be  callit  Gospellaris  and  cunning  in 
Scripture.  1603  SHAKS.  Meas_.for  M,  in.  ii.  249  Reioycing 
to  see  another  merry.  1819  SHELLEY  Prometh.  Unb.  I.  253 
Grey  mountains,  and  old  woods,.. Rejoice  to  hear  what  yet 
ye  cannot  speak. 

Hence  Rejoi'oed///.  a. 

1801  tr.  Cabriclli's  Mysterious  Husb.  IV.  12  Mrs.  Horton 
flung  her  arms  round  the  neck  of  her  still  more  rejoiced 
husband. 

Rejoiceful  (r/djoi'sfiil),  a.  -Now  rare.  [f. 
REJOICK  sb.  +  -put.]  Joyful,  joyous. 

1538  ELYOT,  Lxtabilis,  gladde,  or  reioycefull.  1598  DRAY- 
TON  Heroic.  Ep.,  Alice  to  Bl.  Prince  Annot.,  Poems  (1619) 
1 50  To  whose  last  and  lawful  1  Request,  the  reioycefull  Ladie 
sends  this  louing  Answere.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xx. 
§  52.  744  In  the  meane  while  the  King  makes  a  reioicefull  en 
trance  into  Excester.  1650  Dcscr.  l''nt.  Hist.  Europe  Pref. 
8  The  hands  of  his  loving  and  rejoycefull  Subjects.  1890 
SARAH  J.  DUN'CAN  Social  Departure  395  Tranquil  beyond 
all  telling. .,  with  no  rejoiceful  tint  of  rose  and  gold. 

Rejoicement  (ndgoi-sment).  [f.  REJOICE  v. 
+  -MENT.  Cf.  OF.  rejouissement]  Joy,  exulta 
tion,  rejoicing. 

1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst.  II.  70  So  hath  he  ben  ac 
cepted  with  the  well  liking  reioycement..of  all  ages.  1611 
SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xvi.  §  69.  668  The  reioicement 
caused  by  this  seeming  peace  . .  was  wonderfully  great. 
1670  Conclave  ivherein  Clement  I'm  was  elected  Pope  32 
It  was  rather  a  stupefaction  than  a  rejoycement.  1837 
B.  D.  WALSH  A  ristoph.,  Acharnians  I.  i,  What  pleasure  had 
I  worth  rejoicement?  1894  Catholic  News  8  Sept.  8  His 
execution  took  place  amidst  a  scene  of  popular  rejoicement. 

Rejoicer  (n'dgoi-sai).     [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER!.] 

1.  One  who  rejoices. 

1610  HEALEY  Sf.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  720  As  if  hee  were 
one  of  the  hopefull  sufferers,  and  patient  rejoycers.  1648 
Ded.  T.  SheppariFs  Clear  Sunshine  of  Gospel,  England 
might  bee  stirred  up  to  be  Rejoicers  in  . .  these  promising 
beginnings.  1700  SOUTHERNS  Fate  of  Capua  i.  i,  A  kind 
Rejoycer  in  our  Growth  and  Strength.  1845  BROWNING 
SouCs  Trag.  II.  Wks.  1896  I.  476/2  By  the  side  of  such  a 
rejoicer.  1882  STEVENSON  Fam.  Stud.  Pref.  18, 1  made  haste 
to  rejoice  with  the  rejoicers. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  causes  rejoicing. 

1612  Two  Noble  K.  v.  i.  r2i  Briefe,  I  am.  .To  those  that 
would,  and  cannot,  a  rejovcer.  a  1834  COLERIDGE  Hymn  to 
Earth  16  Sister  thou  of  the  stars,  and  beloved  by  the  sun, 

I    the  rejoicer. 

Rejoicing  (r^oi-sirj),  vbl.  sb.     [-INQ!.] 
1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  REJOICE;   the  feeling 
and  expression  of  joy. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xi.  415  In  hert  he  had  gret  reiosying. 
c  1468  in  Archaeol.  (1846)  XXXI.  331  W>  mellodieus  myn- 
stralsye..,castingeout  of  flowers,  rejoisingof  the  people  [etc.]. 
1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  JEsop  i.  xv,  Men  ought  not  to  be 
glad  ne  take  reioysshynge  in  the  wordes  of  caytyf  folke. 
1555  EDEN  Decades  58  Yet  receaued  they  it  with  muche  re- 

,  ioysinge.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  HI.  i.  93  My  reioycing  At 
nothing  can  be  more.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vn.  180  Great 
triumph  and  rejoycing  was  in  Heav'n.  1855  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Knf.  xix.  IV.  274  He  heard  the  sounds  of  rejoicing 
from  the  distant  camp  of  the  allies. 

b.  With  a  and  //. :  An  instance,  occasion,  or 
expression  of  rejoicing  ;  a  festival. 

«I540  BARNES  tt'ks.  ;i573l  312/1  Men  sit  and  laugh  at 
them,  &  haue  a  great  reioysmg  in  them.  1593  SHAKS.  Liter. 

j  332  Like  little  frosts  that  sometime  threat  the  spring,  To 
ad  a  more  reioysing  to  the  prime.  1707  FKEIND  Peter- 
borow's  Cond.  .$/*.  200  The  rejoycings  upon  this  occasion 

I  were  of  short  continuance.  1774  BRUCE  in  Burney  Hist. 
Mus.  (1776)  I.  215  The  sixth  [instrument]  is  peculiarly  an 
attendant  on  festivity  and  rejoicings.  I864SKEAT  Uhltind's 
Poems  91  Who  is  found  to  tell  to-day  What  such  rejoicings 
signify? 


REJOIN. 

f  2.  A  cause  or  source  of  rejoicing  or  gladness. 

1:1386  CHAUCER  Manciple's  T.  142  To  myn  hert  it  was  a 
reioisinge  To  here  thi  vois.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixxxix. 
15  Oure  secrete  rejoysyn§  frome  the  sone  beme.  1:1560  A. 
SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  viii.  20  5e  be,  hairt,  My  hairtis  re- 
ioslng.  1611  BIBLE  Jer.  xv.  16  Thy  word  was  unto  me,  the 
ioy  and  reioycing  of  my  heart. 

3.  attrib.)  as  rejoicing  day,  fire,  night,  etc. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  in.  i.  32  The  fam'd  Cassibulan.  .Made 
Luds-Towne  with  reioycing-Fires  bright.  1711  ADDISON 
Spect.  No.  85  F  i,  I  met  with  several  Fragments  of  it  upon 
the  next  rejoycing  Day.  1760  GRAY  Let.  to  Wharton  23  Jan., 
The  first  rejoicing  night  he  was  terribly  frighted,  and  thought 
the  bonefire  was  made  forhim.  1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Print 
ing  269  Sudden  commotions  of  the  mind,  .upon  lamenting, 
or  rejoicing  occasions.  i8&$  Academy  5  Sept.  147/1  In  1660  he 
preached  a  rejoicing  sermon  on  the  restoration  of  Charles  II. 

H*ejoi'cing, ///.  a.     [-ING  ^.]     That  rejoices. 

1560  BIBLE  (Geneva)  Zeph.  ii.  15  This  is  the  reioycing  citie 
that  dwelt  carelesse.  1700  PRIOR  Cartn.  Seculare  192  He. . 
dictated  a  lasting  peace  To  the  rejoicing  world  below.  1752 
HUME  Ess.  fy  Treat.  (1777)  II.  9  To  bring  light  from  ob 
scurity  ..  must  needs  be  delightful  and  rejoicing,  1798 
COLERIDGE  France  i,  Thou  rising  Sun  !  thou  blue  rejoicing 
Sky  !  1861  TULLOCH  Eng.  Pttrit.  I.  i.  56  An  easy  and  re 
joicing  hospitality.. had  reduced  the  fortunes  of  the  house. 

Kejorcingly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  -*-  -LY  ^.]  In 
a  rejoicing  manner. 

1556  J.  HEYWOOD  Spider  $  F,  i.  22  Whiche  I  (reioysynglie) 
herde  and  behelde.  1596  H.  CLAPHAM  Bricfc  Bible  n.  153 
Reioycinglie  they  would  suffer  any  death  at  the  handes  of 
the  Romanes.  1652  FRENCH  Yorksh.  Spa  iii.  36  A  Fountain 
.  -doth  at  the  sound  of  a  pipe  rejoycingly  exult  and  leap  up. 
1829  SOL'THEY  Pilgr.  CoMipostella,  Legend  x,  The  Father 
and  Mother  were  last  in  the  train;  Rejoicingly  they  came. 
1885  SWINBURNE  Misc.  (1886)  322  A  fact  to  be  thankfully 
and  rejoicingly  accepted. 

Rejoin  (r/d^oi-n),^.1  Also  5-7  rejoyn,  (7  -nd). 
[ad.  F.  rejoin-,  rejoindre,  f.  re-  RE-  +  joindre  to 
JOIN.  The  sense,  however,  is  not  recorded  in  F., 
and  was  prob.  developed  in  AF.  legal  use.] 

1.  intr.  Law.  To  reply  to  a  charge  or  pleading ; 
spec,  to  answer  the  plaintiffs  replication.  Hence 
Bejoi-ning  vbl.  sl>.1 

1456  in  W.  P.  Baildon  Sel.  Cos.  Chanc.  (1896)  148  This  is 
the  reioynyng  of  Nicholl  Marshall  vnto  the  replicacion  of 
Robert  Bale.  1530  PALSGR.  683/1, 1  rejoyne,  as  men  do  that 
answere  to  the  lawe.  1885  L.  O.  PIKE  Yearbks.  12  $  13 
Eihv.  Ill  Introd.  no  Hyncley  rejoined,  again  stating 
matters  of  fact,  which  he  was  again  '  paratus  verificare  *. 

f  2.  To  answer  a  reply ;  also  more  loosely?  to 
reply.  Const.  to,  with.  Ohs. 

1556  J.  HEYWOOD  Spider  ff  F.  lix.  66  In  reioyner  and  re- 
ioyning  with  you,  this  I  saie.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  428 
To  this  aunswere  the  Duke  of  Orliaunce  replyed,  and  king 
Henry  reioyned.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  Pref., 
Vnto  whom.. wee  shall  not  contentiously  rejoyne.  1665 
GLANVILL  Def.  Van.  Dogm.  2  Several  passages  both  of  the 
Preface  and  Body  of  the  Discourse  I  amrejoyning  to. 

3.  trans.  To  say  in  answer. 

1637  GILLESPIE  £"*,£•. /*<?/.  Cm**/*,  m.v.  8?Knox  rejoyndeth, 
it  is  not  enough.  1675  R.  BURTHOGGE  Causa  Dei  5  You  are 
not  to  expect  Profound,  Uncommon,  Deep,  Elaborate  No 
tions,  -in  what  I  shall  rejoyn  to  your  Letter.  1838  DICKENS 
Nich.  Nick,  iv,  'If  you'll  have  the  goodness',  rejoined 
Squeers.  1859  KINGSLEY  Misc.  II.  99  It  will  be  rejoined,  of 
course,  that  he  was  an  altogether  envious  man. 

f  4.  To  answer  (an  assertion).  Obs.  rare~l. 

1601  BARLOW  Def.  35  These  two  last  are  easily  reioyned. 

Rejoin  (tf-,  nd^orn),  ^.2  Also  6-8  rejoyn. 
(6-7  -joyne).  [ad.  F.  rejoin-  (see  prec.),  or  f.  RE- 
5  a  +  JOIN  z'.] 

1.  intr.  Of  things :  To  come  together  or  unite 
again.     Also  const,  into. 

1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydon's  Quest.  Chirurg.  L  iij  b,  Whan 
they  be  drye  sewe  them  subtylly  and  the  lyppes  wyl  reioyne 
togydre.  1606  SYLVESTER  DitBartas  n.  iv.  H.  Tropheisiyj 
In  Soule  and  Bodie  both,  Hee  cannot  come,  For  they  re- 
ioynenot  till  the  day  of  Doom,  a  1705  T^K*  Disc.  n.  v.  (1713* 
293  Several  Houses  parted  from  each  other,  some  rejoined, 
others  felL 

2.  trans.    To  join    again,   reunite   (persons    or 
things,  or  one  to  or  with  another). 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  215/24X0  Reioyne,  repangere.  1591 
SPENSER  Ruins  Rome  v,  Her  great  spirite,  rejoyned  to  the 
spirite  Of  this  great  masse,  is  in  the  same  enwombed.  1603 
HOLLAND  Plutarch*  s  Mor.  188  As  tin-soder  doth  knit  and 
rejoyne  a  crack t  peece  of  brasse.  164*  C.  VERNON  Consid. 
Exch.  30  Tallies  have  been  counterfeited.. which  could  not 
bee  discovered  before  they  were  rejoyned  with  their  foyles. 
1707  Curios,  in  Husb.  fy  Card.  326  If  we  could  rejoin  to 
them  the  other  Principles.  1836  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1856)  IV. 
448  The  letters  were  written.. to  rejoin  head,  tails,  and 
betweenities,  which  Hayley  had  severed, 

tb.  To  join,  add  to\  to  combine  with.  Obs. 

1582  STANYHURST  SEneis  in.  (Arb.)  77  With  stincking 
poysoned  ordure  Thee  ground  they  smeared,  theartoo 
skriches  harshye  reioyning.  1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom. 
Forest  xviii,  Such  a  proof  of  regard,  rejoined  with  the  en 
treaties  of  his  own  family,  .was  too  powerful  to  be  withstood. 
o.  To  reannex.  rare  — *. 

1860  GEN.  P.  THOMPSON  A ntti  Alt.  cxvii.  HI.  54  If  France 
could  quietly,  and  with  the  assent  of  the  in-dwellers,  rejoin 
the  Rhenish  provinces. 

3.  To  join  (a  person,  company,  etc.)  again. 


Receive  the  one,  and  soon  the  other  Will  follow  to  rejoin 
his  brother.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet,  s.v.,  He  left  his  regi 
ment  when  it  broke  up  camp,  but  rejoined  it  again.  1855 
BROWNING  Ep.  Karshish  12  Whereby  the  wily  vapour  fain 
would  slip  Back  and  rejoin  its  source. 


REJOINDER. 

absol.  1876  VOVLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  224/2  If  the 
officer  is  not  likely  to  rejoin  soon. 

Hence  Bejorning  vbl.  s&.~,  f  reassembling. 

1573  Xottinghain  Rec.  IV.  147  The  proclamasyon  for 
reioynyng  of  the  Parlament. 

Rejoinder  (r/b^orndsj),  $h.  Also  5-6  re- 
ioyner,  6  reioyndre,  7  rijoinder.  [a.  K.  re- 
joindre  inf.  used  as  sb.  The  sense  is  prob.  from 
AF.  usage  :  see  REJOIN  7/.1] 

1.  Law.  The  defendant's  answer  to  the  plaintiffs 
replication. 

1482  in  I.  S.  Leadam  Star  Chamber  Cos.  (Selden  Soc.)  14 
This  is  the  reioyner  of  John  Attwyll  ..  to  the  replicacion  of 
John  Tayllour.  1540  Act  32  Hen.  VIII,  c.  30  §  i  Re- 
plycacyons,  reioynders,  rebutters,  .and  other  pleadynges. 
1588  FKAUNCE  Lawiers  Log.  \.  ii.  10  In  every  count,  barre, 
replication,  rejoynder,  &c.  1649  W.  M.  Wandering  Jtnv 
(1857)  48  She  has  Demurs,  and  Replications,  and  Re- 
joynders  ;  but  my  case  hangs,  a  1683  SCROGGS  Courts-leet 
(1714)  168  If  they  proceed  nor  further  by  Replication,  Re 
joinder,  Surrejoinder.  1768  BLACKSTONE  Cointn.  III.  310 
The  rejoinder  must  support  the  plea,  without  departing  out 
of  it.  1885  Law  Times  Rep.  LIII.  486/1  Rejoinder  of  issue 
was  made. 

2.  An  answer  to  a  reply  (f  common  in  the  titles 
of  books  and  pamphlets)  ;  also  simply,  a  reply. 

1566  HARDING  {title)  A  rejoindre  to  Mr.  Jewels  Replie. 
1609  R.  PARSONS  Quiet  Reckoning  title-p.,  In  a  large 
Preamble  to  a  more  ample  Reioynder  promised  by  him. 
1659  HP.  WALTON  Consid.  Considered  306,  1  shall  promise  to 
deal  in  like  manner  with  him,  if  any  rejoinder  shall  be 
found  needful.  1726  POPE  Qdyss.  xx.  231  Rejoinder  to  the 
churl  the  King  disdain'd.  1759  FRANKLIN  Ess.  Wks.  1840 
HI.  232  The  assembly  took  the  governor's  reply.  .into  con 
sideration,  and  prepared  a  suitable  rejoinder.  1877  FROUDE 
Short  JStud.  (1883)  IV.  i.  x.  125  An  answer  came  in  a  form 
to  which  in  that  age  no  rejoinder  was  possible. 
b.  Without  article,  in  phr.  in  rejoinder. 

1556  [see  REJOIN  z'.1  2].  1844  DE  QUINCEY  in  '  H.  A. 
Page'  Life  (1877)  I-  xv-  332  1°  rejoinder  to  your  note  of 
Wednesday  morning,  I  wrote  an  answer. 

So  f  Rejoi  nder  v.  intr.,  to  reply.   Ohs.  rare*~\ 

ai66o  HAMMOND  Serin,  xix.  Wks.  1683  IV.  604  When 
Nathan  shall  rejoynder  with  a  Tltou  art  the  man,  ..then 
their  hearts  come  to  the  touchstone. 

tRejorndnre.  Obs.  rare~l.  [prob.  ad.  F. 
rejoindre  (see  prec.  and  JOINDER),  with  ending 
assimilated  to  -URE.]  Reunion. 

1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  fy  Cr.  iv,  iv.  38  Iniurie  of  chance,  .be 
guiles  our  lips  Of  all  reioyndure:  forcibly  preuents  Our 
lockt  imbrasures. 

tRejoi'nt,  z/.1  06s.  rare~l.  [Of  obscure 
origin  :  cf.  REJOLT  v.]  trans.  To  upset. 

1519  HORMAN  Vulg.  160,  I  wyll  haue  none  oyle  inmysalet 
for  reioyntynge  of  my  stomacke. 

Rejoi'nt  (n-),  v.*  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  join 
together  again  ;  to  reunite,  or  fill  up,  the  joints-  of. 

1677  BARROW  Serm.  Crecdt  Resurrect.  £oity\Vks.  1686  II. 
521  Ezekiel  saw  dry  bones  rejoy  n  ted  and  reinspired  with 
life.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.t  Re  joint  ing,  or  Rejoynting, 
in  architecture,  the  filling  up  the  joints  of  the  stones  in  old 
buildings,  etc.  when  worn  hollow  by  course  of  time,  or  by 
weather.  [Hence  in  Bailey  (vol.  II),  Gwilt,  Knight,  etc.] 

Rejois^a)e,  obs.  forms  of  REJOICE  v. 

t  Rejo'lt,  sb.   Obs.     [RE-.]     A  reacting  shock. 

1692  SOUTH  tSmvK,  Rom.  i.  32  (1697)  II.  201  As  long  as 
these  inward  rejolts  and  recoilings  of  the  Mind  continue. 
a  1711  K.F-N  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  126  Fond  Fool 
at  Death,  who  his  stoll'n  Feathers  molts,  And  of  his  Folly 
feels  the  dire  rejolts. 

Rejo'lt,  v.    [f.  RE-  +  JOLT  v.] 

f  1.  intr.  To  rise  again  in  the  stomach.   Obs. 

1584  COGAN  Haven  Health  liii.  (1636)  69  As  the  Country 
man  said,  that  had  eaten  fish  fried  with  Lampe  Oyle,  they 
will  make  the  meat  eftsoones  to  rejolt.  [Hence  in  Coles 
Adam  in  Eden.  (1657)  cli.  231.] 

2.  trans.  To  jolt  again,  or  back  again. 

1833  SIR  F.  B.  HEAD  Bubbles  fr.  Brunncn  273,  I  retraced 
my  steps,  was  rejolted  homewards,  and  .  .  reached  my  peace 
ful  abode. 

Rejose,  obs.  form  of  REJOICE  v. 

t  RejOU'nce.  Obs.  Also  6  reiounse.  [f. 
RE-  +  JOUNCE  V.]  intr.  a.  To  occur  or  recur  to 
the  mind  after  the  manner  of  a  bump  or  thump. 
b.  ?  To  be  recalcitrant  or  refractory. 

i55<5  J.  HEY  WOOD  Spider  $  F.  Ivi.  27  Peace  dawpates  ; 
while  I  tell  a  thing  now  reiounst  In  my  head,  which  to 
vtter  I  am  compounst.  1567  DRANT  Horace,  De  Arte  Poet. 
Bnj,  So  that  this  thing  to  multiplie  still  in  theire  mynde 
reiounses.  a  1644  QUARLES  Virgin  Widow  iv.  i,  Poyson 
doe  thy  worst.  Hah  !  Dost  thou  rejounce?  Thy  Power's 
curb'd,  and  cannot  work  her  end. 

t  RejOU'rn,  v.  Obs.  Also  6  rejorne,  re- 
jurne.  [f.  RE-  +  (acTJourn  ;  cf.  med.L.  radjottr- 


395 

and  after  our  reiornyng  home  agayne,  the  Kings  Highnes 
prepared  al  thynges  convenient  for  the  Coronacion. 

b.  To  rejoin,  reply,  rare—1. 

a  1641  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  $  Mon.  (1642)  463  Whereto  I 
rejourne,  that,  .the  use  of  Christian  Monks,  .was  much  more 
rigid  then  that  of  the  Kssens. 
Hence  t  Kejoirrning  vbl.  sb.  Obs. 
1613,  P.  FORBES  Comm.  Revelation  36  (Jam.)  The  answere 
hath  in  it  a  two-fold  consolation  against  the  reiourning  of 
i     the  sought  vengeance.     1642  (tit fa)  The  Judges'   Resolu- 
1     tion  on  the  Bench,  .concerning  His  Majesties  Proclamation 
for  the  reiourning  of  the  Michaelmas  Term. 

t  RejOU'rney,^.  Obs.  rare-1.  [RE-.]  trans. 
To  journey  over  again. 

1628  FELTHAM  Resolves  \\.  Ixxxvii.  252  Hee  that  does  this, 
.     may.  .rejourney  all  his  voyage,  in  his  Closet. 

t  Rejou'rament.  Qbsr*    [f.  REJOURN  v.+ 

i    -MENT.J     Adjournment. 

1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch,  Cicero (1653)  713  The  Praetors. . 
j    had  made  so  many  rejoumments  and  delayes,  that  they 
had  driven  it  off  to  the  last  day  of  hearing. 

t  Rejoy,  v.  Obs.  Also  reioy(e,  [ad.  OF. 
rejoir  (mod.F.  rcjpitir}  :  see  RE-  and  JOY  z/.] 

1.  intr.  To  rejoice,  be  joyful.     Const,  at,  in. 

c  13I5  SHORKHAM  in.  169  $yf  by  wyl  reioyeb  more  In 
enyes  kennes  bynges..bou  ne  anourest  gud  arygt.  c  1485 
Digby  Myst.  (1882)  iv.  1321  Therforin  your  harte  [to]  reioye; 
ye  maybe  fayn.  1662  in  Cosin's  Corr.  (Surtees)  II.  312  He 
of  tens  will  rejoy  and  jest  at  his  expressions. 

2.  trans,  (and  reft.}.     To  make  joyful  or  happy  ; 
to  cause  to  rejoice.     Also  const,  of. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troy  Ins  v.  395  Let  vs  speake  of  lustie  life 
in  Troy  That  we  have  lad,.  .And  eke  of  time  coming  vs  re- 
joy,  a  1400-50  Alexander 3407  }e  sail  be  glad  of  mydegre 
£  gretly  reioyd.  c  1477  CAXTON  *Ja$on  9  b,  Thenne  began 
the  ladycs  to  reioye  them  silf.  c  1500  Melnsine  205  For  to 
make  hym  to  forgete  his  los>e,  &  forto  reioye  &  haue  hym 
out  of  melencolye. 

3.  To  enjoy  as  possessor. 

1454  Paston  Lett.  I.  299  So  that  I  may  by  your  frendship 
the  more  peasably  rejoy  my  forsaid  purchase.  1468  Ibid. 
II.  331  That  I  and  myn  assignee  may  peasseble  rejoie 
theyin.  a  1500  in  Arnolde  Chron.  (iSn)  39  That  they  vse 
hem  full  and  reioye  hem  for  euer. 

Hence  fKejoy'ing  vbl.  sb.  Obs. 

c  '3'S  SHOREHAM  v.  90  Elyzabet  wel  J>at  aspyde,  Hou  a 
spylcde  onder  hyie  syde,  And  made  hys  reioyynge.  1486 
Bk.  St.  Allans  A  v,  Ther  be  ix.  inestimable  reioyngis  in 
armys.  The  ix.  inestimable  reioyngis  of  armys  ben  theys. 
First  is  a  gentilman  to  be  made  a  knyght  in  the  felde  [etc.]. 

Rejoyce,  -joyse,  etc.,  obs.  ff.  REJOICE  v. 

Rejoyn(e,  obs.  form  of  REJOIN. 

Reju'dge,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  judge 
again,  re-examine,  pronounce  a  fresh  judgement  on. 

1634  SANDERSON  .SV?-»/.  II.  286  They  that  judge  others  now 
shall  then  be  re-judged.  1732  POPE  Kss.  Alan  \.  122  Re- 
judge  his  justice,  be  the  God  of  God.  1769  GOLDSM.  Hist. 
Route  (1786)  I.  p.  vii,  It  appears  now  too  late  to  re-judge 
the  virtues  or  vices  of  those  men.  1798  EDCEWORTH  Pract. 
Editc.  (1811)  I.  389  We  shall  teach  them  the  habit  of  re- 
judging  flattery.  1880  Plain  Hints  Needlework  12  If,  after 
the  first  course  of  judging  be  done,  the  best  picked  out  of 
each  class  be  re-judged  a  second  time. 

RejU'mble,  v.  [RE-.]  fa.  intr.  Of  food: 
To  rise  again,  to  '  repeat  *.  (Cf.  REJOLT  v.  i.)  Obs. 
b.  trans.  To  jumble,  toss  about,  again. 

1674  RAY  N.  C.  Words  38  It  rejumbles  upon  my  stomack. 
1755  YOUNG  Centaur  v.  Wks.  1757  IV.  225  Wouldst  thou 
be  rejumbled  in  this  rough  Thespian  cart  . .  ? 

RejU'nction.     [RE-  5  a.]     Reunion. 

1631  CHAPMAN  Caesar  fy  Pompey  Plays  1873  III.  176  Yet 
tis  free  and  kept  Fit  for  reiunction  in  mans  second  life.  1797 
in  Nicolas  Disfi,  Nelson  (184^)  II.  333  After  a  partial  can 
nonade  which  prevented  their  re-junction  till  the  evening. 
1831  LD.  HERTFORD  15  May  in  Croker  Papers  (1884)  II.  126 
It  did  not  even  secure  the  rejunction  of  the  Tories. 

Reju'veuant,  a.  [f.  as  next  +  -ANT.]  Re 
juvenating. 

1889  Fall Mall  G.  22  Nov.  6/3  The  stir  for  Beauty  making 
itself  felt,  .like  Nature's  rejuvenant  spring. 

Rejuvenate  (r/dg^-vm^t),  v.  [irreg.  f.  RE- 
-t-  L.  juvenis  young,  perh.  after  F.  rajeunir.] 
trans.  To  restore  to  youth;  to  make  young  or 
fresh  again.  Also  absol. 

1807  W.  TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mem.  (1843)  II.  210  It  will 
also  rejuvenate  the  people.  1822  W.  IRVING  Braceb.  Hall 
II.  17  He.. had  the  air  of  an  old  bachelor  trying  to  reju- 


,.  ,. 

1.  trans.  To  adjourn,  postpone,  defer,  put  off. 
1513  in  Ellis  Orig.  Letf.Ser.  1.  1.  96,  I  was..avised  by  my 

5uyds  to  have  rejorned  my  purpose.  1556  Chron.  Gr. 
7riars  (Camden)  66  Item  the  terme  rejurnyd  from  the 
Assencion  unto  Myhvlmas.  1598  HARINGTON  Or/.  Fur. 
xxxi.  xxi,  Renaldo  wisht..the  combat  might  be  now  re- 
journ'd,  Till  Phoebus  were  about  the  world  return'd.  1617 
HIERON  Wks.  III.  84  This  dutie..is  most  vnworthi'y  re- 
iourned  into  the  last  place.  1647  MAY  Hist.  Part.  (1854) 
229  They  cannot  lay  down  arms,  nor  rejourn  the  Parliament 
to  any  other  place. 

2.  To  refer  (a  person)  to  something.  rare~1. 
1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  i.  i.  n.  ix,  To   the  Scriptures 

themselves  I  rejourn  all  such  atheistical  spirits. 

3.  intr*  a.  To  return,  rare"1. 

i533  CKANMER  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  II.  36  Thisdonne, 


Puerisqite  156  He  will  pray  for  Medea:  when  she  comes, 
let  her  either  rejuvenate  or  slay. 

Hence  Rejirvenated,  -ating,  ///.  adjs.  Also 
Bejuvena'tion ;  Rejivveiiator. 

1834  LYTTON  Pompeii  L  vii,  All  the  zest  and  freshness  of 
rejuvenated  life.  1871  NAPHEYS/VW.  $  Cure  Dis.  i.  ix.  305 
Rejuvenation  in  old  age.  1880  igth  Cent.  VII.  275,  I  be 
lieve  in  the  rejuvenation  of  worn-out  institutions.  1885 
L'pool  Daily  Post  4  Feb.  4/4  The  only  rejuvenating  potion 
for  the  country  to  quaff.  1889  Lancet  15  June  1193/2  A  great 
beautifier  and  rejuvenator  of  the  complexion. 

Rejuvenesce  (ri8$Mhrs),  v.  [ad.  late  L. 
rejuvenesc'ere ,  f.  re-  RE-  +  juvenis  young.]  a. 
intr.  To  become  young  again  ;  spec,  in  Biol.  of 
cells:  To  acquire  renewed  vitality,  b.  trans.  To 
impart  fresh  vitality  to  (a  cell). 

1879  tr.  Pasteur's  Ferment.  177  The  dark,  double-bordered 
cells  are  those  which  were  sown  but  did  not  rejuvenesce. 
1889  GEDDES  &  THOMSON  Evol.  Se.t  xii.  163  The  only  cells 
capable  of  being  rejuvenesced  are  the  eggs  ;  the  only  cells 
capable  of  rejuvenescing  these  are  the  sperms. 


REKE. 
Rejuvenescence  (rAl^Wne'sens).    Also  7, 

:    9  -iscence.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -EXCE.]     A  renewal  of 
youth,  physical,  mental,  or  spiritual.  Also  fg. 
<z  1631  DONNE  Scrm.  Ixxix.  815  With  a  rc-juvenii»cence  a 

.  new  and  fresh  youth.  1663  BOYLE  Usef.  Exp.  Nat.  I'/iilo*. 
11.  v.  viii.  193  Whether  Paracelsus  and  others  deservedly 
call  such  accidents  ..  a  real!  renovation  or  rejuvenescence. 
1733  CHEYNK  Eng.  Malady  n.  i.  §  2  (1734)  114  If  this  could 
be  ..effected,  the  Cure  would  be  a  true  Rejuvenescence. 
1779-81  JOHNSON  Z.  P.,  Dry  den  (1858)  I.  285  The  works 
of  Chaucer,  upon  which  this  kind  of  rejuvenescence  has  been 
bestowed  by  Dryden,  require  little  criticism.  1813  W. 
TAYLOR  in  Monthly  J/^.XXXV.  426  To  re.store  the  circu 
lation  of  our  earlier  classics  produces,  by  infusion,  a  re 
juvenescence  of  the  language.  1875  MERIVALE  Gen.  Hist. 
Rome  Ixxvi.  (1877)  641  The  Greek  and  Roman  races. .had 
lost.. all  power  of  intellectual  rejuvenescence. 

b.  spec,  in  Jtiol.  and  />W.  The  process  by  which 
a  vegetative  cell  transforms  itself  into  a  new  one. 

1855  HEM  RiiY  M krographic  Diet.  s.v.  Cell,  Cell-forma 
tion  also  occurs,  without  division,  in  cases  where  the  entire 
contents  of  a  cell  separate  from  the  parent,  and  form  a  new 
organism  (rejuvenescence).  1875  UI-.NN^TT  K;  DYKK  tr.  Sitc/i*' 
Bat.  9  Hence  the  rejuvenescence  of  a  cell  ..  must  be  re 
garded  morphologically  as  the  formation  of  a  new  one.  1878 
BELL  Gegenbaur's  Comp.  Anat.  p.  ix,  It  rtMilu  in  a  >iiiiiilu 
'  rejuvenescence  '  of  the  conjugating  individuals. 

t  Rejuvene'scency.  Obs.   [-P^-CV.]    =  prec. 

.71661  FULLER  Worthies^  Northitmbld,  u.  (1662'  309  The 
Poetical  fiction  of  /Kson  his  Re-juvenescency  in  Medea>> 
Hath.  1666  J.  SMITH  QldAgt{i&fi\  264  The  whole  Creation 
now  grown  old  expecteth  and  waiteth  for  a  certain  reju- 
venescency.  1755  Man  No.  23.  i  Spring,  .gives  us  a  kind 
of  rejuvenescenc^.  1794  T.  I'AYLOK  Paiisauias  III.  238-9 
_So  the  soul  acquires  rejuvenescency  by  always  descending 
into  generation. 

Rejuvene'scent,  a.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -EXT.] 

1.  Becoming  young  again. 

1807  SOU-IHEY  Espridla's Lett.  III.  160  It  is  a  progressive 
union  of  minds,  for  ever  rejuvenescent.  1848  THACKERAY 
Van.  Fairxlv,  The  Crawley  House  in  Great  Gaunt  Street 
was  quite  rejuvenescent.  1879  FARRAR  Christ  (1881)  118 
Come  and  see.. an  aged  world  rejuvenescent. 
b.  spec,  in  scientific  use. 

1859  Tod<Cs  Cycl  Anat.  V.  211/2  The  rejuvenescent  cell 
becomes  individualised  and  is  transformed  into  the  rudi 
ment  of  a  new  plant.  1885-8  FACGK  &  PYE-SMITH  Princ. 
Mcd.  (ed.  2)  I.  114  In  young  adults.. the  thymus  is  often 
found  persistent  if  not  rejuvenescent. 

2.  Rejuvenating. 

1763  LD.  UATH  in  G,  Colinan's  Posth.  Lett.  (1820)  72, 1  was 
not  a  very  dangerous  man  when  I  left  England,  but  the 
Waters  are  rejuvenescent.  1837  HAWTHORNK  Tivicc-told  T. 
(1851)  I.  xix.  278  Though  utter  sceptics  as  to  its  rejuvenescent 
power,  they  were  inclined  to  swallow  it  at  once. 

Rejuvenize  (r/dg^-vfnsiz),  v.     [Cf.  RKJU- 

VENATE  and  -IZE.]  trans.  To  rejuvenate,  make 
young  again.  Hence  Reju'venized///.  a. 

1816  T.  TAYLOR  in  PatnphletccrVlll.  464  So  the  divisible 
life  of  the  soul . .  is  rejuvemxed  in  its  subsequent  progression. 
1849  J.  W.  DONALDSON  T/teat.  Greeks  250  The  marvellously 
rejuvenized  lolaus,  the  comrade  of  Hercules.  1877  BLACK- 
MOKE  Erema  liii,  That  ancient  and  obsolete  town,  rejuve- 
nized  now  by  its  Signor. 

Rek,  obs.  form  of  REEK  sbJ* 

Rekand(e,  -anth,  obs.  varr.  reckan  RACKAX. 

t  Reke,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [?  Related  to  next :  cf. 
OX.  reke,  pursuit  of  a  matter.]  Haste,  hurry, 

c  1320  R.  BRUNNE  Medit.  821  A  cumpany.  .pe  whych  were 
sente  yn  a  grete  reke,  pe  dampned  mennes  legges  to  breke. 
c  1330  Art/i.  fy  Alert,  7894  (Kolbing),  3if  we  may  owhar 
abreke,  Fie  we  hem  wi^  gret  reke  ! 

t  Reke,  v.1  Obs.  Pa.  t.  4  rak(e.  Pa.  pplc. 
4  reke.  [Of  obscure  origin  :  perh.  f.  reef,  rekj>, 
3  sing.  pres.  ind.  of  OE.  reccan  RECCHE  v.  ] 

1.  intr.  To  go,  proceed,  make  one's  way,   esp. 
rapidly  or  in  haste  ;  to  run. 

It  is  doubtful  if  the  first  quot.  belongs  here. 

a  1250  Owl  fy  Right.  1606  Myn  heorte  is  neyh  alemed  J?at 
ic  may  vnne)?e  speke,  Ac  yet  ic  wile  forbune  reke.  13.. 
Guy  Warw.  (A.)  750  When  Gij  herd  Felice  so  speke,  He 
tok  his  leue  and  gan  out  reke.  13. .  Sir  Boies  1686  Beues 
is  out  of  prisoun  reke.  Ibid.  3536  Whan  Arondel  herde  what 
he  spak,  Before  be  twei  knifes  he  rak.  c  1380  Sir  Fernmb, 
2177  To  be  chambre  so  harde  he  rake  bat  bydervvard  he  ran. 
a  1400  Octouian  182  When  that  sche  myght  out-breke,  To 
her  sone  scbe  gan  to  reke.  c  1450  LONELICH  Grail  xxx.  642 
Whanne  he  hadde  power  forto  speke,  thanne  to  his  Meyne 
he  gan  to  reke. 

b.  Of  plants:  To  shoot  up.    rare—1. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  i.  194  Deep  lond  also  thou  seke, 
Olyuys  grete  out  of  that  lond  wol  reke. 

2.  trans.  ?To  rule,  govern,  guide,  rare—1. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  11221  [He]  pat  al  wroght  and  al  mai  reke, 
And  did  f?e  dumb  asse  to  speke. 

t  Reke,  z'.-  Obs.  rare.  Pa.  t.  3  rack.  f?a.  ON. 
reka  in  same  senses.]  trans.  To  drive  ;  to  thrust. 

c  1275  LAV.  9320  Hamund  ..  his  spere  to  his  heorte  rack. 
13..  Guy  H'anv.  (A.)  2886  %'if  bou  mijt  me  of  hem  vvreke, 
&  be  felouns  out  of  mi  lond  do  reke. 

tReke,  z>.3  Obs.  [=  MDn.  reken,  MHG. 
(and  G.)  rechen,  OHG.  rehhant  Goth,  rikan  to 
heap  up:  see  RAKE  sbl]  trans.  To  cover  up  in 
earth  or  ashes  (cf.  RAKE  v.  §} ;  to  bury.  Also_/£-. 

ciyy>Arth.  &  Mcrl.  1027  (Kulbmg),  Noschal  J>er  neuer  no 
iustise  pe  bidelue..No  in  erbe  bi  bodi  reke.  1340-70  Alex, 
iff  Dind.  594  5our  bodies,  .bettur  riht  hadde  In  rouh  erbe  to 
be  reke  to  roten  bure  bonus,  c  1386  CHAUCER  Reeve* s  Prol, 
28  Yet  in  oure  Asshen  olde  is  fyr  yreke.  c  1412  HOCCLEVE 
DC  Reg.  PHnc.  2408  In  swiche  lordes  is  vntrouthe  I-reke. 
[1530  1'ALstiR.  684/1,  I  reke,  I  cover  a  thyng  with  asshes  in 
the  fyre  (Lydgate).] 


REKELS. 

Reke,  obs.  f.  RAKE,  REACH  v.,  RECK  v.,  REEK, 
RICK.  Rekelage,  variant  of  RECOLAGE  Obs. 

Rekelness,  obs.  form  of  RACKLENESS. 

t  Re'kels.  Obs.  Forms :  a.  I  rgcels,  (-ils, 
-eles,  rcecels),  ricels,  ryeels,  3-5  redes,  (3  -less, 

4  -Us)  ;    3  rekles,  4-5   rekels,  (4  -eles,  -elis, 

5  -ils,  -yls),   4  rikels.     P.   3   reoheles,   -is,  5 
ryehellys,  richelle.     [OE.  rfcels  and  ricels  (for 
*rifcels},  f.  rtcan  to  REEK  v.l :  see   -ELS.     ON.   \ 
reykelse  is  from  OE.]     Incense. 

a  £950  Lindisf.  Gasp.  Matt.  ii.  ri  Gold,  cursumbor  & 
recels.  —  Luke  i.  9  [He]  eode  >ztte  [he]  rcecels  Jesette. 
c  1000  Sax.  Lceclid.  II.  56  Wi>  sea5an,  recels  lytel,  swefl,. . 
weax  [etc.],  c  uoo  ORMIN  1744  patt  recless  batt  te  bisscopp 
t>zr  Biforenn  allterr  brennde.  a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  cxl.  2 
Mi  bede  be  righted  als  rekles  in  bi  sight,  c  1325  Metr. 
Horn.  97  The  tother  gift.  .Was  rekelis,  for  wel  thai  wiste, 
That  rekelis  bisend  his  goddhede.  a  1400-50  Alexander 
4977  Rase  neuire  of  Aromitike  sike  rekils  in  erthe.  c  1450 
M.  E.  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  225  Do  >er  to  pouder  recles  of 
resyn.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  302/2  Rekels,  juccnsuiii. 

P.  c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  45  Rechelis  for  his  swetnesse 
bitocneS  inwardliche  bede.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  376  Mlrre  he 
set  biuoren,  &  recheles  kume3  efter.  c  1440  Promp.  t  an'. 
433/1  Ryehellys  (A",  richelle),  thus,  incensum. 

Hence  t  Bekel(s)-fat,  censer.   Obs. 

c  loco  ./ELFRIC  Hum.  xvi.  46  Nim  |pin  recelsfart.  c  1200 
Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  133  Zacharie.  .gede  in  be  temple  mid  his 
rechel  fat.  c  1200  ORMIN  135  He  toe  hiss  reclefatt  onn  hand, 
t  1250  Gen.  ff  E.r.  3782  For  chore  wel  wiste  oat  Gret  fier 
wond  vt  of  is  reclefat. 

t  Re-ken,  a.  Obs.  [OE.  recen  =  OFris.  rekon 
and  LG.  rcken  (of  a  street)  clear,  open,  unob 
structed  (see  Richthofen\  perh.  related  to  OS. 
rekon  to  put  in  order.  In  Eng.  only  as  a  poetic 
word  of  very  lax  application.] 

1.  Rapid,  violent,  terrible.     (OE.  only.) 

^900  CYNEWULF  Christ  809  Blac  rasetteS  recen  reada  le^. 
(.1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Th.)cv.  18  [God]  worhte . .  recene  wundur 
on  bam  Readan  Sae. 

2.  Of  persons  :  Ready,  prompt ;  straightforward, 
upright. 

,1  icoo  Waldcn  ii.  26  Maes  si^e  syllan  se  Se  svmle  by5  recen 
and  radfest.  c  1230  Gen.  f,  Ex.  3485  Cume3  her  foro,  and 
beS  alle  reken,  And  lereS  wel  quat  he  sal  speken.  a  1310  in 
Wright  Lyric  P.  v.  27  He  is..Rekene  ase  Regnas  resoun  to 
rede.  13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  738  If  fyue  faylen  of  fyfty  be 
noumbre,  &  \K  remnaunt  be  reken,  how  restes  by  wylle  ? 
13  .  S.  Erkenu'oldc  245  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881)  271, 
1  was  ry?twis  &  rekene  &  redy  of  be  laghe.  ?  a  1400  Morle 
Art/i.  4081  The  rekeneste  redy  mene  of  be  Rownde  Table. 
b.  Of  language :  1  Honest,  sincere. 

13..  E.  E.A  llit.P.  B.  756,  I  schal  my  bro  steke..&  my 
ranker  refrayne  for  by  reken  wordez. 

3.  Smooth,  elegant,  beautiful,  gay. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  5  So  rounde,  so  reken  in  vche 
araye,  So  smal,  so  smobe  her  sydez  were.  Ibid.  906,  &  bou 
so  ryche  a  reken  rose.  Ibid.  B.  1082  Rial  ryngande  rotes 
&  be  reken  fybel. 

Reken(en,  obs.  forms  of  RECKON  v. 

t  Re'kenly,  adv.  Obs.  Forms  :  I  (h)reoon-, 
recun-,  ricenliee,  4  rekenly,  4-5  rekin-,  re- 
kynd-,  rakenly.  [OE.  recenlice :  see  REKEN  a. 
and  -LY  2.]  a.  Quickly,  immediately,  promptly. 
b.  Properly,  fully. 

c  950  Lindisf.  Gasp.  Matt,  xxviii.  8  And  [hia]  eodun  hrecon- 
lice  from  byr^enne  mi8  e^e.  —  Mark  i.  31  And  reconlice 
{Rushw.  ricenliee]  forleort  hia  hal  from  februm.  13. .  E.  E. 
AIM.  P.  B.  127  He  wolde  se  be  semble..&  rehayte  rekenly 
be  riche  &  be  poueren.  13..  Gaw.  f,  Gr.  Knt.  251  penu 
Arbour  ..  rekenly  hym  reuerenced,  for  rad  was  he  neuer. 
a  1400-50  A  Ie-rander2i5\  Domystyne . . rekinly  [v.r. rakenly] 
rase  &  rekyns  bire  wordis. 

Rekenth,  obs.  variant  of  reckan  RACKAN. 
Rekeny,  obs.  form  of  RECKON  v. 
Rekeouer,  Rekeu.;e)re,  etc.,  obs.  ff.  RECOVER  v. 
Rekil :  see  RICKLE  v. 

Reki  11,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To  kill  again. 
1654  FULLER  Coinm.  Knth  (1868)  146  Re-killing  him  with 
their  torments,  fetch  him  again  with  comfortable  things. 
Rekils,  variant  of  REKELS  Obs. 
Rekindle  (r;ki-nd'l),  v.     [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.   To  kindle  again,  set   fire  to   afresh. 
(Freq.  in  fig.  context.) 

'593  NASHE  Foure  Lett.  Con/ut.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  212 
That  thou  shouldst  . .  rekindle  against  him  the  sparkes  of 
displeasure  that  were  quenched.  1660  BOYLE  New  Ex£. 
Phys.  Mech.  xi.  79  The  Coals  began  to  be  re-kindled  in 
several  places.  31711  KEN  Urania  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV 
431  Soon  as  my  sight  Charissa  bless'd,  She  Fire  re-kindled 
in  my  Breast.  1797  Eucycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XIV.  627/1  The 
phosphorus  may  be  frequently  rekindled  by  means  of  light. 
1862  S.  ST.  JOHN  Life  Forests  Far  East  II.  98  The  ashes 
of  the  fires  were  still  warm,  and  we  had  no  difficulty  in 
rekindling  them. 

b.  fig.  To  inflame  afresh,  rouse  anew. 

1652  EARL.  MONM.  tr.  Bentivoglio's  Hist.  Relat.  10  When 
news  was  brought  that  the  kings  anger  was  rekindled 
against  the  Dutch.  1711  SHAFTESB.  Charact.  (17371  U.  3fil 
Let  me  advise  you.. that  since  you  have  rekindled  me,  you 
do  not  by  delaying  give  me  time  to  cool  again.  1781  GIBBON 
Duel,  f,  F.  xxxvi.  I II.  481  Their  ambition  was  soon  rekindled. 
1821  SHELLEY  Adonais  ii,  One,  with  soft  enamoured  breath, 
Rekindled  all  the  fading  melodies.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  I. 
xi.  80  Hirst  now  undertook  the  task  of  rekindling  the  guide  s 
enthusiasm. 

2.  intr.  To  take  fire  again  ;  alsoy??'. 

1597  BEARD  Theatre  God's  Judgem.  (1612)  159  So  the  fire 
rekindled,  and  consumed  it  to  nothing.  1829  W.  IRVING 
Granada  I.  vi.  51  All  his  holy  zeal  and  pious  indignation 


396 

rekindled  at  the  sight.  1878  B.  TAYLOR  Dotkalion  I.  v.  41 
No  will  rekindles,  not  to  war  with  fate. 

Hence  Kekrndled ///.  a.,  Kekrndling  vbl.  sb. 
and  /*/.  a. ;  also  Reki-ndlement,  Beki'ndler. 

1660  BOYLE  A'ew  Exp.  Phys.  Alcch.  xiii.  85  The  re-kindled 
Match  went  out  again.  1737  THOMSON  To  Pr.  Wales  li, 
Her  rekindling  eyes  resume  their  fire.  1762-9  FALCONER 
Skijmir  n.  712  Horrors,  .rous'd  to  action  his  rekindling  soul. 
1838  POE  A.  G.  Pynt  Wks.  1864  IV.  105  All  the  energy  of 
rekindled  hope.  1846  MAURICE  Relig.  World  I.  iii.  (1861)  70 
The  rekindler  of  feelings,  which  had  been  existing  pre 
viously.  1855  BAILEY  Mystic  49  At  the  great  rekindling, 
when  the  heavens  Shall  shine  with  souls  in  galaxies.  1883 
Athenziim  24  Feb.  244/3  The  occasional  rekindlement  of 
the  flame  by  the  renewal  of  '  sight  and  touch '. 

Rekin(e,  obs.  forms  of  RECKON  v. 

Reki  ng,  f.     [KK-  5  a-]    To  make  king  again. 

1586  WARNER  Alt.  Eng.  m.  xvi,  You  hassard  lesse,  re- 
kinging  him,  Then  I  vn-king'd  to  bee. 

Reki'SS,  v.  [Kl>  5  a-]  trans.  To  kiss  again. 
Hence  Reki'ssing  vbl.  sb. 


\',Koov.£.FoolofQttal.  (1809)  1.  112,  I.. kissed  and  re-kissed    I 
her  cold  lips.     1885  W.  P.  BREED  Aboard  f,  Abroad  156  At 
Queenstown  we.. saw  the  kissings  and  rekissings  ..  at  the 
separation  of  parents  with  daughters. 

Rekke,  obs.  f.  KACK^.I,  RECKZ>.    Rekken(e,   i 
obs.  ff.  RECKON  v.    Eekles,  obs.  f.  RECKLESS  ; 
var.  REKELS    Ol>s.     Reknare,   -ner,   obs.    ff. 
RECKONER.    Rekne(n,  -nyn,  obs.  ff.  RECKON  v. 

Rekni-t,  v.  Also  7  -knette.  [RE-  j  a.]  trans. 
To  knit  (up)  again,  refasten. 

1606  SYLVESTER  Du  Burins  II.  iv.  n.  Trophcis  774  What 
frantick  furie  art  thou  mov'd  with-all,  To  now  re-knit  my 
broken  thred  of  life  ?  1616  J.  LANE  Contn.  Sgr.'s  T.  xn. 
Proem  Canac  the  Falcon  and  Tercelets  love  reknettes.  1850 
W  K.  WILLIAMS  Rclig.  I'rogr.  I.  (1854)  200  The  renewal  of 
theparental  reknitsthe  fraternal  tie.  i875McLAREN  Serin. 
Ser.  n.  iv.  63  The  old  bonds  are  all  re-knit. 

Reknow,  v.  rare.  [RE-.]  trans,  f  a.  To 
know  in  turn.  Obs.  b.  To  know  again. 

1606  DRU.MM.  pF  HAWTII.  A  asm.  to  Challenge  Wks.  (1711) 
233  Most  tonitruous,  astonishing  Chevaliers,  Re-know  ye, 
that  we.  .have  ecchoed  in  the  Vault  of  our  Understanding, 
the  Volley  of  your  Desires.  1846  BROWNING  Lnria  v,  Old 
memories  reappear,  old  truth  returns,  Our  slow  thought  does 
its  work,  and  all's  re-known. 

t  Reknowledge,  v.  Oh.  [f.  RE-  +  KNOW 
LEDGE  v.,  after  L.  recognascerc  or  F.  reconnoitre : 
see  RECOGNIZE  v.] 

1.  trans.  To  acknowledge.    (Common  in  i6th  c.) 
cmaAlph.  r«/«(E.E.T.S.)  331  pan  bis  wrichid  womman 

was  conpuncte  &  reknowlegid  hur  selfe  bat  sho  accusid  bis 
liolye  man  of  verray  rancor  &  ill  will.  1502  Ord.  Cryslen 
Men  (W.  de  W.  1506)  in.  iii.  O  ij  b,  A  noble  man.  .vnto  his 
goostly  fader  reknowleged  and  confessed  vpon  the  loyalte 
of  his  fayth  that  [etc.].  1582  BENTLEY  Men.  Matrones  54 
That  falling  makelh  them  . .  to  reknowledge  the  goodnesse 
of  God,  and  to  come  to  him  for  ..  helpe.  1625  PI/KCHAS 
rilgrims\\.  ri2g  The  new  Presbyter  receiving  of  these  Jews 
friendly  entertainment  and  reknowledged  for  their  Lord. 

2.  Mil.  To  reconnoitre,  examine.     Also  absol. 


Hee  is  to  reknowledge  his  quarters  very  well.  Ibid.  _It  then 
concerneth  him  to  reknowledge,  foresee,  and  to  prouide. 

3.  To  recognize  (a  person),  rare-1. 

1611  ASTON  Mann,  All  Nations  in.  xxv.  463  Oftentimes 
they  take  the  children  from  their  nurses,  least  mothers 
should  afterwards  reknowledge  their  owne  sonnts. 

Hence  f  Keknowledging  vbl.  sb. ;  also  f  Be- 
knowledgement,  acknowledgement.  Obs. 

'549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasin.  Par.  Thcss.  Ded.,  As_a 
monument  and  reknpwlaginge  of  my  moste  bounden  duetie. 
1579  FENTON  Cukciard.  (1618)  120  The  reknowledging  of 
the  rights  of  such  as  aspired  to  it.  1598  BARRET  Thcor. 
Warns  107  He  missed  and  erred  in  the  reknowledging 
thereof.  Ibid.  IV.  i.  118  That  the  souldiers  doe  obey  their. . 
officers  with  great  humilitie,  and  reknowledgement. 

Rekon,  -oun,  obs.  forms  of  RECKON  v. 

Rekouer(e,  -kower,  obs.  forms  of  RECOVER  v. 

Reky,  obs.  form  of  REEKY. 

Rekyls,  variant  of  REKELS  Obs. 

fRekyn,  v.  Obs.  rare-1.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
trans.  1  To  control,  keep  still. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  21,  I  sail  rehers,  and  32  will,  renkis, 
rekyn  }our  tongis,  A  remnant  of  his  rialte. 

Rekyng(e,  obs.  ff.  REEKING  vbl.  sb. 

Rekyuer-,  obs.  variant  of  RECOVER  v. 

-rel,  or  -erel  (also  formerly  -ral,  -ril],  a  diminu 
tive  and  depreciatory  suffix,  in  some  cases  repre 
senting  OF.  -erel  (mod.F.  -ereaii)  or  -erelle,  but  in 
the  majority  of  instances  attached  to  native  stems, 
or  occurring  in  words  of  obscure  origin  :  see  the 
etym.  notes  to  cockerel,  dotterel,  hoggerel,  mackerel, 
pickerel ;  doggerel ;  gomerel,  haverel,  stamtnerel ; 
bedrel,  custrel,  gamphrel,  gangrel,  mongrel,  scoun 
drel,  wastrel ;  costrel,  kestrel. 

Rela'bel,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To  label  again. 

1887  PallMallG.  5  Sept.  n/i  Goods,  .shipped  to  Sheffield 
and  then  relabelled  so  as  to  sell  as  Sheffield  goods.  1896 
28M  Rep.  Dfp.  Kpr.  Irel.  36  The  Chancery  Sealed  Deposi 
tions  in  580  causes  have  been  relabelled. 

Relace,  obs.  form  of  RELEASE  sb. 

Relacion,  -cioun,  -cyon,  obs.  ff.  RELATION. 


RELAPSE. 

Rela'de,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and  intr.  To 
lade  again. 

1608  in  Capt.  Smith's  Wks.  (Arb.)  409  Captaine  Smith 
rather  desired  to  relade  her  with  Cedar.  1632  St.  Papers, 
Col.,  E.  Ituiies  31 1  A  want  of  stock  to  relade  to  the  amount 
aforesaid.  1643  Declar.  Commons,  Rebell.  Ireland  48  Two 
Ships ..  to  relade  corn  for  the  reliefe  of  the  Protestant  Armie 
in  Vlster.  1722  DE  FOE  Col,  Jack  (1840)  328  These  galleons 
relade  for  their  return.  1776  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  III. 
174  (Jod.\  A  Ship  of  Hull  to  sail  to  Iceland,  and  there 
relade  fish  and  other  goods.  1865  W.  G.  PALGRAVE  Arabia 
1.  8  We  were  aroused  to  relade  our  beasts. 

Relame 'lit,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  lament 
afresh.  Hence  Relame -nted///.  a. 

1630  QUARLES  Alph.  Elegies  ii,  'Tis  knowne,  They  finde 
enough  to  relament  their  owne  [griefs].  1636  —  Elegit  on  Sir 
J.  Cxsar,  He . .  whose  relamented  death  Estates  our  griefe. 

Rela'Ild,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and  intr.  To 
land  again.  Hence  Rela'nding  vbl.  sb. 

a.  trans.    1710  Act  8  Anne  Pub.  Gen.   Acts  217  Great 
Quantities  of  such  Tobacco . .  have  been  Privately  Re-landed 
in  this  Realm.    1710  Land.  Gaz.  No.  4701/2  The  re-landing 
of  Goods  exported.     1759  Ann.  Reg.  98  The  sword-blades 
appeared,    which    were    ordered    to   be    re-landed   at    the 
custom-house.     1836  W.  IRVING  Astoria  III.  155  That  he 
should  be  relanded  in  October,  at  Astoria,  by  the  Beaver. 
1884  SiRC.  BOWEN  in  Law  Rep.  ijQ.  B.  Div.gi  On  her  return 
thither  the  cargo  was  relanded  and  warehoused. 

b.  intr.    *•]•;•$  Life  K.Frmvde  39  After  they  had  delivered 
their  Cargo,  and  re-landed  in  the  Port  of  London.     1829 
H.  MURRAY  JV.  Amer.  I.  v.  253  The  passengers  were  obliged 
to  reland. 

t  Rela-nk,  v.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr. 
To  become  lank  again. 

1545  RAYNOLD  Byrth  Mankynde  H  h  iv,  At  the  last  [they] 
haue  voided  such  like  lumps  of  blud  . .  where  withal  there 
bellyes  haue  relanked  and  decreased  agayne. 

Rela-psable,  a.  [f.  RELAPSE  v.]  Capable  of 
relapsing  or  liable  to  relapse  (Ogilvie  1882). 

t  Relapsa'rian.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RELAPSE 
sb.  +  -arian :  cf.  INFRALAPSARIAN.]  Theol.  One 
who  believes  in  the  possibility  of  relapse. 

1700  C.  NESSE  Antid.  Annin.  (1827)  70  The  Arminians. . 
may.. also  be  stiled  relapsarians  for  saying  that  the  elect 
may  totally  and  finally  fall  away. 

t  Relapsa'tion.  06s.  rare-1,  [app.  f.  L. 
relaps-  (see  RELAPSE  v.)  +  -ATioN.but  perh.  a  mis 
take  for  relaxation.']  ?  Falling  away. 

1569  R.  ANDROSE  tr.  Alexis'  Sccr.  iv.  ill.  36  To  beale  the 
relapsation  of  the  gummes. 

Relapse  (rHce-ps),  rf.l  Also  6  relaps.  [f.  the 
vb.;  cf.  LAPSE  sb.} 

1.  A  falling  back  into  error,  heresy,  or  wrong 
doing  ;  backsliding. 

1533-4  A ct  25  Hm.  I'll!,  c.i4  §  6  Yf  they . . after  abiuracion 
fall  in  relapse. .they  shalbe. . burned.  157°  FOXE  A.  *,  M. 
(ed.  2)  941/2  Not  to  departe  thence  without  licence  of  the 
Prior  for  the  tyme  beyng,  vpon  payne  of  relapse,  a  1628 
PRESTON  Effect.  Faith  (1631)  69  When  a  sin  is  committed 
we  should  labour  to  recover  our  selves  out  of  that  relapse. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  IV.  loo  Which  would  but  lead  me  to  a 
worse  relapse,  And  heavier  fall.  1713  STEELE  Guardian 
No.  19  F  3  His  mind  would  be  still  open  to  honour  and 
I  virtue  in  spite  of  infirmities  and  relapses.  1784  COWPU 
Task  v  626  A  presage  ominous,  portending  still  Its  own 
dishonour  by  a  worse  relapse.  1869  J.  BALDW.  BROWN 
Misread  Passages  ix.  i24Relapse  into  idolatry.,  was  a  very 
pressing  peril. 

2.  The  fact  of  falling  back  again  into  an  illness 
after  a  partial  recovery  ;  return  of  a  disease  or  ill 
ness  during  the  period  of  convalescence. 

1584  COGAN  Heaven  Health  ccxliii.  (1636)  317  After  that 
time  to  sleepe  and  eat  at  pleasure,  yet  measurably  for  feare 
of  relaps.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  11.  39'  Those  agues  which 
by  way  of  relapse  vse  often  to  return  agame.  1631  GOUGE 
God's  Arrmus  \.  Ded.,  A  very  dangerous  disease  . .  further 
.  increased  by  two  relapses.  1652  GATAKER  Antmom.  liy, 
!  A . .  sicknesse,  that  brought  me  very  low,  and  some  relapses, 
that  kept  me  down.  1686  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  1. 
390  The  King  of  France  hath  had  a  relapse  of  his  dls. 
temper,  a  1721  SHEFFIELD  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  Wks.  (1753)  I.  36 
In  love,  that  languishing  disease,  A  sad  relapse  we  ne  er 
recover.  1770  BUKKE  C»rr.(i844)  '-228  It  was  a  slow  fever, 
with  frequent  appearances  of  amendment,  and  frequent  re- 


as  soon  led  on 
a  relapse. 


lapses.     1840  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  xi,  He  was 
bv  the  malicious  dwarf  to  smoke  himself  inti^  _  .-...,,—. 
1876  BRISTOWE  T/i.  $  Pract.  Med.  (1878)  197  A  second  and 
perhaps  a  third  relapse  succeed. 

1 3.  Failure  to  meet  a  claim  within  the  proper 
time.  Obs.  rare. 

ieoi  NASHE  Christ's  T.  47  For  a  hundred  pound  com 
modity.,  he  recouers,  by  relapse  some  hundred  pound  a 
yeere.  1631  HEYWOOD  MaidqfWtstV.  Wks.  1874  II.  3*5  A 
French  merchant  runne  into  relapse  And  forfeit  of  the  Law. 

4    The  act  of  falling  or  sinking  back  again. 

1876  SWINBURNE  Erechtheus  1364  The  lift  and  relapse  of 
the  wave  of  the  chargers.  1878  BROWNING  Poets  Croisic 
Ixiv  Every  dart  of  every  aim . .  That  touches  just,  then  seems, 
by  strange  relapse,  To  fall  effectless  from  the  soul. 

5.  ?  A  rally,  effort  at  recovery. 

1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  xn.  xvi,  One  brief  relapse,  like 
the  last  beam  Of  dying  flames . .  a  blood-red  gleam  Burst  up- 

Relapse  (rfla:-ps)>  sb?  and  a-  Now  rare- 
Also  7  relaps  (sing,  and  />/.).  [ad.  L.  relafs-us, 
pa.  pple.  of  relabi  :  cf.  F.  relaps  m.,  relapse  f.J 

A.  sb.  A  relapsed  person ;  one  who  has  fallen 
aeain  into  error  or  heresy.     (Cf.  RELAPSEH.) 

1546  Kcr.  Pray  Council  Scot.  I.  61  The  heretikis  that  ar 
relipsis.  1392  NASHE  P.  Penilesse  (ed.  2)  37  b.  When  a  man 
is  a  relapse  from  God  and  his  Lawes.  J«o6  WARNER  Alt. 


RELAPSE. 

Eng.  xiv.  Ixxxix.  362  Although  a  Recluse  yet  to  be  a  Re- 
laps  feare  thou  neuer.  1683  Apol.  Prot.  France  iii.  2  The 
Prisons  in  France  are  full  of  these  pretended  Relaps.  1699 
BURNET  39  Art.  xxv.  (1700)  278  They  never  gave  a  second 
Absolution  to  the  Relapse.  1736  CHANDLER  Hist.  Persec. 
266  If  the  Person  accused  is  found  a  Relapse  by  his  own 
Confession,  he  can't  escape  Death.  1820  RANKEN  Hist. 
France  VIII.  n.  ii.  274  They  were  commanded  to  receive  no 
converts  nor  relapses  from  the  Catholic  body. 
B.  adj.  =  RELAPSED ///.  a.  rare—1. 

1683  Apol.  Prot.  France  ii.  13  What  was  particular  to 
Ecclesiasticks  and  Relapse  Protestants,  is  now  become 
universal  to  all  Roman  Catholicks. 

Relapse  (r/Iarps),  v.  Also  6  relaps.  [f.  L. 
relaps-,  ppl.  stem  of  relabi  to  slip  back :  see  RE- 
and  LAPSE  z/.] 

1.  intr.  To  fall  back  into  wrong-doing  or  error  ; 
to  backslide  ;  spec,  to  fall  again  into  heresy  after 
recantation.     Const,  into,  to  ;  also  without  const. 

1570  FOXE  A.  $  M.  (ed.  2)  940/2  You  be  not  onely ..  im 
penitent,  disobedient,,  .and  relapsed  by  this  your,  .hereticall 
demeanour,  but  [etc.].  1639  FULLER  Holy  War  n.  xxxix. 
(1840)  102  These  Maromtes.  .received  the  Catholic  faith; 
though  soon  after.. they  relapsed  to  their  old  errors.  1651 
HOBBES  Leviath.  i.  xii.  59  The  Children  of  Israel.,  relapsed 
into  the  Idolatry  of  the  Egyptians.  (11740  W  ATE  K  LAND 
View  Doctr.  Justif.  Wks.  1823  IX.  464  Then  they  enter 
into  the  justified  state,  and  so  continue  all  along,  unless  they 
relapse.  1773  MRS.  CHAI'ONE  Itnprov.  Mind  (1774)  II.  2 
When  you  are  your  own  mistress,  you  may  relapse  into  .. 
faults.  1824  J.  H.  NEWMAN  /list.  Sk.  (1873)  II-  "•  i-  247 
Cicero,  .late  in  life,  .relapsed  into  the  sceptical  tenets  of  his 
former  instructor  Philo.  1855  BREWSTER  Newton  II.  xxiv. 
357  The  tendency  of  the  Church  of  England  to  relapse  into 
Romish  superstition. 

2.  To  fall  back  into  an  illness  after  partial  re 
covery  or  from  a  convalescent  state. 

1568  GRAFTON  Ckron.  II.  858  He  should  be  then  cleerely 
delyuered  of  his  disease:  Yet  not  so  cleane  rid  of  it,  but 
that  he  might  shortly  relaps.  1655  CULMEPfBR,  etc.  Riverins 
i.  ii.  15  They  which  have  been  troubled  with  any  of  these 
Diseases.. do  use  many  times  to  relapse  and  fal  into  the 
same  again.  1681  Lond.Gaz.  No.  1586/3  The  Prince  of  Parma 
is  relapsed,  and  has  his  Feavor  again.  1706-7  FARQUHAR 
Beaux'  Strat.  iv.  i,  Your  Servant  has  been  telling  me  that 
you're  apt  to  relapse  if  you  go  into  the  Air.  1778  JOHNSON 
Let.  to  Mrs.  Thrale  15  Oct.,  He  was  mending  before  he 
went,  and  surely  he  has  not  relapsed.  1855  KANE  Arct. 
Expt.  (r8s6)  II.  i.  n  Mr.  Wilson  has  relapsed.  I .  .took  his 
place  at  watch. 

transf.  1878  BROWNING  Poets  Croisic  xlix,  The  red  fire.. 
Rallies,  relapses,  dwindles,  deathward  sinks  ! 

b.  Of  stock;  To  fall  again  in  value. 

1896  Daily  News  15  Dec.  9/1  Home  Railway  stocks  have 
relapsed  to-day. 

3.  To  fall  back  or  sink  again  into  (for  to)  any 
state,  practice,  etc. 

1593  NASHE  Chris fs  T.  To  Rdr.,  Into  some  splenative 
vaines  of  wantonnesse,  heeretofore  have  I  foolishlie  relapsed. 
i6o3FLORio  Montaigne  (1634)  300  Our  minde  doth  still  re 
lapse  into  the  same  depth.  1643  PRYNNE^^,  Power  Parlt. 
n,  36  So  that . .  he  might  more  grievously  relapse  into  the 
said  denounced  sentence.  1716-7  BEXTLEY  Serin,  iii.  Wks. 
1838  III.  265  He  sustains  them  from  relapsing  into  nothing. 
1751  GRAY  Lett*  (1904)  II.  App.  297  The  Chorus. .when 
their  vagaries  are  over,  relapse  again  into  common  sense 
and  conversation.  1820  W,  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  I.  44  When 
he  had  relapsed  into  moody  silence,  I  resumed  the  subject 
gently.  1864  D.  G.  MITCHELL  Sev.  Star.  55  He  relapsed  into 
a  musing  mood. 

fb.  To  fall  away  front  a  person.  Obs. 

1633  T.  STAFFORD  Pac.  Hib.  i.  v.  35  Hee  feared  to  run 
into  any-  such  inconvenience,  as  might  cause  his  friends 
to  relapse  from  him.  1687  DRYDEN  Hind  $  P.  n.  486  You 
slip  your  hold  and  change  your  side,  Relapsing  from  a 
necessary  guide. 

c.  To  fall  again  under  some  one's  power,   rare. 
1847  GROTE  Greece  it.  xxxv.  (1862)  III.  251  Salamis  relapsed 

under  the  sway  of  its  former  despot  Gorgus. 

1 4.  To  fall  back  from  a  height.  Obs.  rare  -1. 
1638  [see  RELAPSING///,  a.}. 

1 5.  trans.  To  cause  to  fall  back.  Obs. 

1652  CoTTiiRELL  tr.  Calprcnedefs  Cassandra  n.  86  Such 
transportments  of  passion  as  were  likely  to  have  relaps'd 
him  into  his  former  condition.  1668  H.  MORE  Div.  Dial. 
iv.  xxxvii.  (1713)  394  Whoever  revives  to  him  any  hope  of 
recovery,  relapses  that  Kingdom  into  the  state  of  the  first 
Vial.  1773  J.  Ross  Fratricide  i.  473  (MS.t,  Some  Hellish 
scheme  to  settle  and  relapse  The  spleen  of  Cain. 

Relapsed  (r  Jlse-pst), ///.  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -ED  1.] 
Fallen  back  into  a  previous  condition. 

1570  FOXE  A.  <$•  M.  (ed.  2)  943/1  Asked  ..  why  he  should 
not.. be  pronounced  a  relapsed  hereticke.  1607  TOPSELL 
Four-f.  tieasfs  (165%)  145  They.,  recover  for  a  small  time, 
and  then  fall  into  a  relapsed  malady.  1683  Apol.  Prot. 
France  ii.  13  The  Prisons  ..  are  at  this  present  filled  with 
tliis  sort  of  pretended  Relapsed  Persons.  1777  WATSON 
Pnilip  //,  xx.  (1793)  III.  49  A  relapsed  heretic,  and  a  deter 
mined  enemy  of  their  holy  faith.  1850  O.  WINSLOW  Inner 
Life  164  A  relapsed  state  of  the  spiritual  life. 

Relapser  (nTarpssi).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER!.] 
One  who  relapses,  esp.  into  error  or  sin. 

c  1625  BP.  HALL  St.  Paul's  Combat  i.  Wks.  1837  V.  303 
Those  speculative  relapsers  that  have .  .abandoned  a  knowne 
and  received  truth.  1636  FEATLY  Clavis  Myst.  xl.  610  Back 
sliders  and  relapsers  as  ye  are.  1685  EVELYN  Diary  3  Nov., 
Forcing  people  to  the  Masse,  and  then  executing  them  as 
relapsers.  1745  WESLEY  Wks.  (1872)  VIII.  224  The  relapsers 
were  often  so  hardened  in  sin,  that  no  impression  could  be 
made  upon  them.  1882-3  SCHAFF  Encycl.  Relig.  Knowl.  I. 
182/1  The  relapsers,  and  those  who  refused  to  recant,  were 
expelled  from  the  church. 

Relapsing  (ntorpsirj),  vbl.  sb.    [f.  as  prec.  + 
The  action  of  the  vb.  RELAPSE. 


397 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Ct.  Brit.  ix.  xvi.  (1623)  834  Conuicted  of 
periurious  relapsing.  1648  MILTON  Tenure  Kings  Wks. 
185 1 1 V.  477  The  Presbyterians . .  cannot  with  all  their  shifting 
and  relapsing,  wash  off  the  guiltiness  from  thir  own  hands. 
1772  PRIESTLKV  in  I'liil.  Trans.  LXII.  194,  I  had  instances 
of  the  relapsing  of  this  restored  air  to  its  former  noxious 
state.  1865  Reader  No.  124. 540/3  The  relapsings  and  rally- 
ings  of  Christendom. 

Rela'psiiig,  ///.  a.     [-ING  -'.]     That  relapses. 

1638  MAYNE  Lucian  (1664)  211  Forced  to  roll  relapsing 
stones  against  steep  hills.  1653  G.  D.VNIEL  Idyll.,  Occas, 
Rcjl.  20  Dead  w"1  y°  Terror  of  relapsing  crimes.  1864 
PUSEY  Lcct.  Daniel  vii.  456  God.,  won  Nebuchadnezzar,  as 
he  does  so  many  relapsing  Christians. 

b.  Relapsing  fever,  a  fever  characterized  by 
relapses. 

1865  Morn.  Star  20  Apr.,  Two  forms  of  fever  which  are 
known  in  this  country  as  relapsing  fever  and  typhus.  1877 
ROBERTS  Ifandbk.  Meci.  (ed.  3  I.  131  Relapsing  fever  is  an 
acute  specific  disease,. .and  it  is  highly  infectious. 

r  Rela'sch,  «.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  F.  rei&cht, 
f.  rclachcr  to  relax.]  Relaxed,  careless. 

1663  HKATH  Flagclluiu,  orO.  Cromwell  (i6j2)  3:  Thereby 
to  beget  in  them  a  relasch  and  contemptuous  neglect  of  so 
base  and  despicable  an  Enemy. 

Relatable  (rflMab'I),  a.  [f.  RELATE  v.  + 
-ABLE.]  a.  That  may  be  narrated,  b.  That  may 
be  brought  into  relation  with  something  else. 

1825  HONE  Every. day  Bk.  I.  1466  The  compliments. .are 
not  relatable.  1897  Bookman  Jan.  irg/i  He  does  not  seem 
to  have  indulged  m  many  relatable  amusements. 

Relate  (r/l^-t),  sb.  Also  7  relat.  [ad.  L. 
relatus,  -a,  -urn,  pa.  pple.  of  referre,  taken  sub- 
stantively  :  see  RELATE  z».] 

f  1.  A  relation,  relative.   Obs. 

1651  Fuller's  Abel  Reiii-j.,  Btza  (1867)  II.  218,  I  am  he 
To  whom  an  infant  can  no  relate  be.  1656  S.  H.  Cold.  Law 
75  Nor  were  his  neer  relates,  Aaron  and  Miriam,  favoured. 

2.  Logic.  One  of  two  objects  of  thought  between 
which  a  relation  subsists. 

1633  AMES  Agst.  Ccrcin.  I.  31  All  relates  are  mutuall 
causes  one  of  another.  1697  tr.  Bnrgcrsdicius  Logic  \.  vii. 
2  $  If  the  Relation,  .has  a  Name,  one  of  the  two  is  called  the 
Relate,  to  wit,  that  from  which  the  Relation  has  its  name  ; 
the  other,  the  Correlate.  1883  OILMAN  in  Studies  in  Logic 
108  The  number  of  instances  in  which  the  relation  f  occurs 
having  a  relate  which  is  an  object  in  the  universe. 

t  Rela'te,  ///.  a.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [ad.  L.  relatus, 
pa.  pple.  of  referre :  see  next.]  Related. 

1658  PHILLIPS  Myst.  Lava  269  The  enunciate  of  a  relate 
quality  is  of  this  kinde,  whose  conjunction  is  the  relation 
itsjlf. 

Relate  (r/lJ'-t),  v.  [f.  L.  reldt-,  ppl.  stem  of 
referre  to  REFER.  Cf.  F.  relater  (i4th  c.).] 

I.  trans.  f 1.  In  pass.  a.  To  be  borne  or  thrust 
in  between  things.  Obs.  rare  — '. 

I49O<CAXTON  Etteydos  xxii.  78  The  more  thicke  &  depper 
ben  his  rotes  spred  wythin  therthe,  &  related  bytwyx  the 
harde  roches. 

t  b.  To  be  referred  or  put  into  a  class.   06s.~l 

1542  BECON  raUnu.  Fraycr  vii.  Wks.  1564  I.  64  Who 
would  not  haue  thought  thys  holy  religious  father  worthy 
to  be  canonised  and  related  into  the  nomber  of  Saynctes  ? 

2.  To  recount,  narrate,  tell,  give  an  account  of 
(actions,  events,  facts,  etc.).  t  Also  with  dative 
pron.  (quot.  1652). 

1530  PALSGR.  684/1, 1  wolde  nat  relate  the  mater  otherwyse 
than  I  herde  it  for  all  the  good  in  the  worlde.  1582  N. 
LICHEF-IELD  tr.  Castan/ieda's  Cong.  £.  Ind.  i.  i.  3b,  Letters 
. .  wherein  hee  related  and  fully  declared  . .  what  hee  had 
scene  in  the  Indias.  1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus'  Nat. 
1'aradox  XIL  328  Hee  took  the  pains  to  relate  him  every 
particular  that  had  pass'd  since  his  imprisonment.  1695 
WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Earth  \.  (1723)  i  Observations., 
both  carefully  made  and  faithfully  Related.  1749  FIELDING 
Tom  Jones  vill.  x,  If  you  desire  ..  to  hear  the  story  of  an 
unhappy  man,  I  will  relate  it  to  you.  1820  W.  IRVING 
Sketch  Bk.  I.  42  He  came  to  me  one  day  and  related  his 
whole  situation.  1887  BOWEN  V'irg.  SEncid  n.  548  Take 
these  tidings  thou,  and  relate  this  news  to  my  sire, 
fb.  With  compl.;  also  const,  inf.  Obs.  rare. 

1622  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  xxiv.  593  This  man  with  those 
before,  most  worthily  related  Arch-saints,  as  in  their  Sees 
Arch-bishops  consecrated.  1656  STANLEY  Hist.  Pliilo!.  v. 
(1701)  155/1  Plato  was  out  of  doubt  an  Athenian,  nor  are 
they  to  be  credited  who  relate  him  a  Theban.  1660  K. 
UKOOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trait.  22  They  relate  Dalatia  in 
/Ethiopia,  to  be  opposite  to  Meka. 

t  C.  To  give  an  account  of  (a  person).  Obs. 

1653  HOLCROFT  Proccpius  Pref.,  Procopius  ..  impartially 

discoursing  of  Justinian,  and  the  great  ones,  doth  as  much 

arraign,  as  relate  them  to  posterity.    1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vn. 

604  What  thought  can  measure  thee  or  tongue  Relate  thee. 

fd.  refl.  To  unburden  (oneself)  to.  Obs.rare~l. 

1625  I!ACON  Ess.,  Friendship  (Arb.)  175  A  Man  were  better 
relate  himselfe,  to  a  Statua,  or  Picture,  then  to  suffer  his 
Thoughts  to  passe  in  smother. 

1 3.  To  bring  back,  restore.  Obs.  rare  — l. 

1590  SPENSER  f.  Q.  in.  viii.  sr  Abate  Your  zealous  hast, 
till  morrow  next  againe  Both  light  of  heven  and  strength  of 
men  relate. 

1 4.  a.  To  refer  (a  person)  to  a  book,  etc.   Obs. 

1637  J-  SERGEANT  Schism  Dispach't  355  Gulling  the  un 
wary  Reader  that  all  is  pure  scripture,". .  relating  us  to  a 
place  where  the  most  important  words  are  wanting. 

t  b.  To  adduce,  cite  (an  authority).   Obs.— ' 
1604  T.  WRIGHT  Passions  (1620)  311  Galen,  to  this  purpose, 

relateth  Aesop,  who  said  [etc.]. 
6.  To  bring  (a  thing  or  person)  into  relation  to 

another. 
1697  J.  SxKKJMtStluifJUlt*.  455  But  so  does  the  Thing 


RELATED. 

infer  the  Word  too,  to  which  we  . .  do  relate  it.  1833 
CHALMERS  Const.  Man  i.  iii.  (1834)  I.  139  The  law  which 
relates  an  object,  whether  present  or  thought  upon,  to  its 
appropriate  emotion.  1866  How  ELLS  I'cnet.  Life  176  He 
pretends  to  relate  the  truth  you  feel  to  certain  moral  and 
religious  conditions. 

rejl.  1856  MASSON  Ess.  Biog.  fy  Crit.  22  How,  then,  did 
Shakespeare  relate  himself  to  this  concrete  world  of  nature  ? 
1879  M.  ARNOLD  Mixed  Ess.  187  It  is  not  fully  clear  how 
they  [words]  relate  themselves  to  the  context. 

b.  To  connect,  to  establish  a  relation  between. 

1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Printing  267  A  Point  of  more  eleva 
tion  than  a  Comma,  which  helps  to  relate  the  matter  more 
distinctly.  1846  GROVE  Corr.  I'hys.  Forces  38  Volta  . .  first 
enabled  us  definitely  to  relate  the  forces  of  chemistry  and 
electricity.  1889  E.  CAIRO  P kilos.  Kant  I.  i.  1.  273  If  we 
hold  Kant  to  the  distinction  which  he  makes  between  per 
ception  and  conception,  it  seems  impossible  to  relate  them, 
II.  intr.  6.  Law.  To  refer  back^  to  have  ap 
plication  to  an  earlier  date.  (Cf.  RELATION  4b.) 

1596  BACON  JAz.r.3-  Use  Com.  Law  \\.  (1636)41  Ithathbeene 
much  doubted  by  the  law  bookes  whether  the  lord's  title  by 
escheat  shall  relate  back  to  the  time  of  the  offence  done. 
1598  Ternics  Lawes  162  Petitions  of  parlement,  to  which 
y°  Queene  assents  on  ye  last  day  of  parlement  shal  relate 
and  be  of  force  from  the  first  day  of  the  beginning  of  the 
Parlement.  1885  SIR  J.  F.  STEPHEN  in  Law  Times  Rep, 
LI  1 1,  781/1  A  change  of  mind  after  an  innocent  taking  does 
not  relate  back  to  the  innocent  taking  and  make  it  felonious. 

7.   To  have  reference  to. 

1606  SMAKS.  Tr.  %  Cr.  i.  iii.  323  This  challenge  that  the 
gallant  Hector  sends.  .Relates  in  purpose  onely  to  Achilles. 
1641  HEYLIN  Hist.  Episc.  \.  (1642)  114  There  was  nothing 
left  at  random  which  either  did  relate  to  government  or 
point  of  Doctrine.  1711  ADDISON  Spcct.  No.  46  r  5,  I  shall 
only  give  him  the  Letters  which  relate  to  the  two  last  Hints. 
1762-71  H.  WALPOLE  Vertuc's  Anecd.  Paint.  (1786)  III.  26 
The  following  paragraph,  relating  to  Cromwell.  1812  SIR 
H.  DAVY  Chi'in.  Philos.  12  A  great  variety  of  anecdotes  re 
lating  to  the  transmutation  of  metals.  1875  JOUETT  Plato 
(ed.  2)  V.  499  Old  persons  are  quick  to  see  and  hear  all  that 
relates  to  them, 

t  b.  To  be  of  interest  or  importance  to.  Qbs.~l 

1654-66  EARL  ORRERY  Parthcn.  (1676)  565  Can  you  then 
believe,  whilst  I  have  an  existence,  that  your  perpetual  im 
prisonment  would  but  relate  unto  your  self? 

f  8.  Of  persons  :  To  make  reference  to.   Obs. 

1637  HEYLIN  Ant  id.  Lincoln.  Pref.  A  7  b,  I  relate  onely  in 
this  Antidote  to  the  first  Edition.  1655  FULLER  Hist.  Cautbr. 
2  The  Poet,  who  herein  seems  to  relate  to  the  Hebrew  and 
Greek  Professors  founded  in  his  dayes  at  Cambridge. 

9.  To  be  related,  have  relation,  stand  in  some 
relationj  to  another  thing  (f  person  or  place). 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  105  Station  is  properly  no 
rest  but  one  kinde  of  motion,  relating  unto  that  which 
Physitians.  .doe  name  extensive  or  tonicall.  1671  in  Cosins 
Corr.  (Surte_es)  11.266  Be  diligent  in  searching  your  Audit- 
books,  and  inquireing  of  all  persons  that  related  to  my  pre 
decessor.  1739  CIBUER  Af>ol.  (1756)  II.  140  All  who  related 
to  the  Black-friers,  .are  now  dead  and  almost  forgotten. 
1742  POPE  Dune.  iv.  235  The  critic  Eye. .examines  bit  by 
bit :  How  parts  relate  to  parts,  or  they  to  whole. 

tb.  Of  streams:  To  be  united  to  larger  rivers 
or  the  sea.  Obs.  (Only  in  \Valton.) 

1653  WALTON  Angler  iii.  85  In  divers  Rivers,  especially 
that  relate  to,  or  be  near  to  the  Sea.  1676  Ibid.  i.  xvii.  (1881) 
205  Case-worms,  that  are  to  be  found,  .in  several  little  brooks 
that  relate  to  bigger  rivers. 

f  10.  To  discourse  ;  to  give  an  account.  Obs. 

1608  SHAKS.  Per.  in.  Prol.  55,  I  nill  relate,  action  may 
Conuemently  the  rest  conuay.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  373, 
I  might  relate  of  thousands.  Ibid.  vin.  51  Adam  relating, 
she  sole  Auditress.  1747  CHESTERF.  Lett.  (1792)  I.  cxxviii. 
343,  I  have  Arguses.. who  will  watch  you  narrowly  and  re 
late  to  me  faithfully. 

1 11.  To  treat  or  negotiate  with  one.  Obs.—1 

1631  WEEVER  Anc.  Funeral  Al 'on.  758  The  said  Germane 
Waldgraue  related  with  Waldgraue  of  Northamptonshire, 
concerning  the  marriage  of  his  said  daughter. 

f!2.  To  appear,  be  evident.  Obs.  rare~1. 

1668  CULPKPPER  &  COLE  Barthol.  Anat.  Man.  i.  L  302  It 
hath  been  most  clearly  manifested,  .to  that  most  ingenious 
Venetian  Paul  Sarpias  Fulgentius,  as  relates  from  his  papers. 

Belated  (r/l^-ted),  ///.  a.  (and  sb.)  [f.  prec. 
+  -ED  l.]  A.  ppl.  a. 

1.  Narrated,  recited  ;  t  referred  to.  rare. 

1604  T.  WRIGHT  Passions  v.  §  4.  191  These  twentie  places 
. .  they  may  easily  commit  . .  to  memorie,  therefore  I  will 
remit  this  labour  to  the  related  authour.  ci6n  CHAPMAN 
Iliad  x.  291  Base  Dqlon . .  neuer  turnd  to  harme  The  Greeks, 
with  their  related  drifts. 

2.  a.  Having  relation  to,  or  relationship  itnth, 
something  else.     Also  attrib.  without  const. 

1662-3  PEPVS  DiaryG  Jan.,  Saw  Twelfth-Night  acted  well, 
though  it  be  but  a  silly  play,  and  not  related  at  all  to  the 
name  or  day.  1728  WOODWARD  Avf&rnTha  same  Author 
treating,  .of  a  nearly  related  Species  of  Star-Stone. .,  tells  us 
[etc.].  1828  CARLVLE  Misc.  (1857!  I.  159  These  two  classes 
of  works  stand  curiously  related  with  each  other.  1846 
GROVE  Corr.  P/iys.  Forces  47  Electricity  and  magnetism  are 
quantitatively  related  to  them.  1864  BOWEN  Logic  x.  336  Of 
the  countless  Relations  thus  brought  to  our  notice,  many  are 
essential  to  an  adequate  knowledge  of  the  related  object 
b.  Having  mutual  relation  or  connexion. 

1671  M  ILTON  Samson  786  Let  weakness  then  with  weakness 
come  to  parl  So  near  related,  or  the  same  of  kind.  1690 
LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  ii.  xxv.  §  4  The  ideas  of  relation  may  be 
the  same  in  men,  who  have  far  different  ideas  of  the  things 
that  are  related.  1756  BURKE  Subl.  fy  B.  in.  xvii,  The 
beauty  both  of  shape  and  colouring  are  as  nearly  related  as 
we  can  well  suppose  it  possible.  1843  MILL  Logic  i.  iii.  §  10 
Whenever  two  things  are  said  to  be  related  there  is  some 
fact  or  series  of  facts  into  which  they  both  enter.  1889  H. 
PARRY  in  Grove  Diet.  Mus.  IV.  141/1  Even  chords  belong 
ing  to  closely  related  keys  are  commonly  used  [etc.]. 


RELATEDNESS. 

3.  Of  persons  :  Connected  by  blood  or  marriage 
(to  another,  or  with  each  other). 

1702  J.  PURCELL  Cholick  Ded.,  It  was  no  sooner  known 
that  I  had  the  Honour  to  be  Related  to..  Your  Grace,  but 
[etc.].  1772  PRIESTLEY  Inst.  Relig.  (1782)  I.  319  He  [John 
the  Baptist]..  had  no  personal  knowledge  of  Jesus,  though 
they  were  related.  1837  THIRLWALL  Greece  xxxiii.  IV.  299 
A  Persian  of  the  highest  rank,  related  to  the  royal  family. 
1845  II.  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  17  Persons  related  m  the 
degree  in  which  Merovig  and  Brunchilde  were. 

t  B.  absol.  as  sb.    =  RELATE  sb.  2.  Obs. 

1697  tr.  Burgersdicins'  Logic  \.  vii.  22  Related.s  are  said 
either  to  be  Synonimous,  or  of  the  same  Name;  or  Hetero- 
nymous,  viz.  of  a  diverse* 

Hence  Bela'tedness,  the  state  or  condition  of 
being  related. 

1865  MASSON  Rec.  Brit.  Philas.  \  14  Theories  on  the  subject 
of  the  relatedness  or  non-relatedness  of  the  Cosmos.  1895 
Dublin  Rev.  Apr.  315  The  process  of  amalgamation  was 
favoured  by  relatedness  of  race  and  language. 

Belater  (nU-i-taj).     [-ER1.    Cf.  RELATOR.] 

1.  One  who  relates  ;  a  narrator,  historian. 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  (1614)  398  marg.,  The  Amazons 
are  still  on[e]  Nation,  further  then  the  relaters  or  their 
Authors  haue  trauelled.  1643  MII.TON  Divorce  n.  xv.  Wks. 
1851  IV.  100  The  divine  relater  shews  us  not  the  least  signe 
of  disliking  what  was  done.  1729  BUTLEH  Serin.  Wks.  1874 
II  130  This  is  not  founded  upon  supposition  .  .  of  a  formed 
design  in  the  relater  to  deceive.  1740  JOHNSON  Life  Drake 
Wks.  IV.  380  It  may  easily  be  concluded  that  the  relaters 
did  not  diminish  the  merit  of  their  attempts.  1818  KIRBY  & 
SP.  Entoinol.  xxiv.  (ed.  2)  II.  384  The  relater  declares  that  he 
had  heard  it  with  his  ears,  and  seen  it  with  his  eyes.  1863 
J.  G.  MURPHY  Coinm.,  Gen.  xliii.  21  The  relater  is  prone  to 

ump  matters  in  the  narration. 

1  2.  One  who  is  related  to  a  person.   Obs.  rare  -1. 

1702  Clarendon's  Hist.  Reb.  v.  §  189  Such  were  continually 
preferred  and  countenanced,  as  were  Friends,  or  Favourers, 
or  Relaters  [1888  related]  to  the  chief  Authors  and  Actors  of 
that  Arbitrary  Power. 

Relatif,  obs.  form  of  RELATIVE. 

Relation  (nl^-Jan),  sb.  Also  4-7  relacion, 
(5  -cioun,  6  -oyon).  [a.  F.  relation  (i4th  c.),  or 
ad.  L.  relation-em  :  see  RELATE  v.  and  -ION.] 


I 


1.  The  action   of  relating  in  words;   narration, 
recital,  account ;  r« 
t  to  make  relation. 


lating 
rt.     In 


early  use  esp.  in  phr. 


1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  77  Nectanabus.  .relacion  Makth  to 
the  queene  hou  sche  schal  do.  c  1430  LYDO.  Min.  Poems 
(Percy  Soc.)  36  A  riche  man  who,  by  commoun  relacioun, 
Had  gret  power  and  myhte.  1462  Paston  Lett.  II.  112  Thus 
it  was  told  me,  and  .  .  it  is  my  part  to  geve  you  relacion 
thereof.  1555  EDEN  Decades  65  He  knewe  by  relation  of 
owre  men  wherof  owre  swoordeswere  made.  1578  T.  N.  tr. 
Cong.  If.  India  10  He  brought  perfect  relation  how  the 
Countrey  was  riche  of  gold  and  silver.  1601  SIR  W.  COKN- 
WALLIS  Ess.  II.  xlvii.  (1631)  296,  I  like  no  Relation  so  well, 
as  what  mine  eye  telleth  me.  1671  MILTON  Samson  1595 
Give  us  if  tholl  canst  .  .  Relation  more  particular  and  distinct. 
1725  DE  FOE  1'oy.  round  World  (1840)  i  Whatever  success 
they  have  had  in  the  voyage  they  have  had  very  little  in  the 
relation.  1800  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  I.  337  As  to  myself, 
I  am  doing  little  worth  the  relation.  1866  G.  MACDONAI.D 
Ann.  Q.  Neighb.  xii.  (1878)  236  The  early  spring  will  detain 
me  with  the  relation  of  just  a  single  incident. 

Comb.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  ThevenoCs  Trav.  d  ii  b,  Those 
who  therein  are  called  Relation-makers,  nay  and  the  ancient 
Historians  themselves. 

b.  Law.  (See  quots.  and  INFORMATION  5  b.) 
1632  Star  Chainb.  Cases  (Camden)  145  The  Kings  Attorney 
generall  against  my  Lord  Viscount  Savill  and  others  by 
relation  of  Sir  John  Jackson.  1710  Act  9  Anne  c.  20  f  4 
Informations  ..  at  the  Relation  of  any  Person  or  Persons 
desiring  to  sue  or  prosecute  the  same.  1798  DALLAS  Atner. 
Laiu  Rep.  II.  112  There  is  a  distinction  between  informa 
tions  filed  by  the  Attorney  General,  and  those  filed  by  him 
at  the  relation  of  a  private  person.  l_88s  Law  Rep.  14 
Q.  B.  Div.  246  A  proceeding  by  way  of  information  by  the 
Attorney-General  at  the  relation  of  the  Board  of  Works. 

2.  A  particular  instance  of  relating  or  narrating  ; 
a  (or  one's)  narrative,  account,  statement. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxx.  27  My  brethir  oft  hes  rnaid 
the  supplicationis,  Be  epistillis,  sermonis,  and  relationis. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleiitane's  Coinnt.  125  The  kyng  of  Englande 
.  .sent  thether  his  Ambassade,  ..who  in  the  begynning  made 
his  relation.  1596  RALEIGH  Discov.  Guiana  title-p.,  A  rela 
tion  of  the  great  and  Golden  Citie  of  Manoa.  1653  H.  MORE 
Antiii.  Atk.  in.  iii.  §  6,  I  will  only  add  one  Relation  more 
of  this  nature.  1712  STEELE  Sped.  No.  526  T  3,  1  heard  this 
Relation  this  Morning  from  a  Gentleman  who  was  an  Eye- 
Witness.  1760-3  GOLDSM.  Cit.  IV.  cviii,  Let  them  but  read 
the  relations  of  their  own  travellers.  1801  MAR.  EDGEWORTH 
Moral  T.  (1816)  I.  216  The  countess  ..  related  the  circum 
stances.  .  .  Albert  heard  her  relation  with  astonishment.  1891 
J.  WINSOR  Columbus  i.  i  Of  such,  whether  memoirs,  rela 
tions,  or  letters,  sixty-four  are  preserved  in  their  entirety.  ^ 

3.  That  feature  or  attribute  of  things  which  is 
involved  in  considering   them   in   comparison   or 
contrast  with  each  other  ;   the  particular  way  in 
which  one  thing  is  thought  of  in  connexion  with 
another;  any  connexion,  correspondence,  or  asso 
ciation,  which  can  be  conceived  as  naturally  exist 
ing  between  things. 

1393  LANGU  P.  PI.  C.  iv.  335  Thus  ys  mede  and  mercede 
as  two  mancre  relacions.  Hid.  344  Knowen  ich  wolde 
What  is  relacion  rect.  1413  Pilgr.  Sarnie  (Caxton^Ss)  IV. 
xxvi.  71  Somme  manere  of  correspondence  or  relacion  must 
nedes  ben  bytwene  the  two  that  ben  y  lyke.  1589  PUTTEN- 
HAM  Eng.  Poesie  ill.  xxiii.  (Arb.)  269  So  as  there  be  found 
a  iust  correspondencie  betweene  them  by  this  or  that  rela 
tion.  1597  MORLEY  hitrod.  Mils.  76  To  make  your  descant 
Carrie  some  forme  of  relation  to  the  plaine  song.  1620  T. 
GRANGER  Div.  Logike  245  It  is  relation  of  time,  or  of  the 


398 

cause.  1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  it.  xxv.  §  5  The  Nature  of 
Relation  consists  in  the  referring  or  comparing  two  things 
one  to  another.  1730  A.  GORDON  Maffeis  Ampkith.  328 
The  Manner  how  they  were  placed.. has  a  good  deal  of 
relation  with  the  Nature  of  the  internal  Form  of  the 
Building.  1782  PRIESTLEY  Corrupt.  Chr.  I.  Pref.  20  Some 
of  my  materials  bear  an  equal  relation  to  several.,  subjects. 
1805-17  R.  JAMESON  Char.  Min.  fed.  3)  173  The  nucleus 
increases  on  its  part,  always  preserving  the  same  relation 
with  the  entire  crystal.  1851  RUSKIK  Stones  Ven.  (1874)  I. 
Pref.  8  The  relation  of  the  life  of  the  workman  to  his  work. 
1870  HARLAN  Eyesight  ix.  131  The  size  and  form  of  the 
desk,  and  its  relation  to  the  seat,  are  not  without  their  effect 
upon  the  welfare  of  the  eyes. 

b.  In  phr.  in  or  with  relation  to. 

1594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  I.  viii.  §  6  The  diviner  part  in 
relation  to  the  baser  of  our  souls.  1659  Gentl.  Calling  vii. 
§  8  In  relation  to  such  his  Servants,  he  is  of  all  other 
Masters  the  most  bountiful.  1680  MOXON  Mcch.  Excrc. 
No.  x.  178  The  heighth  of  the  Legs  with  relation  to  the 
intended  work.  1724  A.  COLLINS  Gr.  Chr.  Relig.  184  That 
proves  nothing  in  relation  to  the  present  Samaritans.  1772 
MACKENZIE  Man  World  n.  xi,  It  is  only  with  relation  to 
those  we  love  that  prosperity  can  produce  happiness.  1818 
COLEBROOKE  Import  Colonial 'Corn  7  It  is  not  so  in  relation 
to  the  more  distant  colonies.  1853  H.  ROGEKS  Eel.  Faith 
(1853)  2  Your  nephew.. has  in  relation  to  religion  at  least, 
become  an  absolute  sceptic. 

f  c.  By  relation :  by  natural  consequence,  by 
implication.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1680  MORDEN  Geoff.  Rect.,  Japan  (16851  426  They  strictly 
forbid  their  People  to  speak  of  Religion,  and  by  Relation 
as  little  to  profess  it. 

4.  a.  To  have  or  make  relation :  to  have  or 
make  reference  or  allusion  to  something. 

1433  Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  451/2  Yat  yis  saide  worde  Cloth 
.  .have  relation  and  understondyng  to  hole  Clothes  ..  and 
not  to  other  Clothes.  1530  PALSGR.  353  Whan  so  ever  we 
use  in  our  tonge  '  the  whiche  ' . .  makyng  relacion  to  a  sub- 
stantyve  or  pronowne  spoken  of  in  the  sentence  next 
goynge  before.  1592  WEST  \st  Pt.  Symbol.  §  23  f,  If  not 
certeinly  expressed,  yet  some  relation  is  made  to  some 
thing  whereby  it  may  be  made  certein.  1596  DANETT 
tr.  Comities  (1614)  41  niarg.t  These  words  haue  relation  to 
the  Earl  of  Charolois  return  into  Flaunders.  1611  FLORIO, 
Relatizzare,  to  haue  relation  vnto.  1643  TRAPP  Cotnni. 
Gen.  \.  2  Some  think  the  Apostle  hath  relation  to  this,  in 
that  i  Cor.  15.  29.  1810  BENTHAM  Packing  (1821)  237  Re 
lation  being  made  to  the  state  of  the  law  on  one  hand. 
!8i8  —  Ch.  Eng.)  Catcch.  Exam.  354  Relation  being  had 
to  certain  inquiries,  having  for  their  object  [etc.].  1873 
HRLPS  Anim.  <y  Mast.  in.  60  It  had  relation  to  horses. 

b.  Law  (in  phr.  to  have  relation}.  Reference 
or  application  to  an  earlier  date  (cf.  RELATE  v.  6). 

1491  Act  7  Hen.  F/7,  c.  19  The  seid  Proviso  had  relacion 
to  the  seid  vj  day  of  October  the  whiche  was  before  the 
same  feoffement.  1642  tr.  Perkins"1  Prof.  Bk.  i.  §  o.  5  It 
shall  have  relation  unto  the  time  from  the  first  deliverie. 
1766  BLACKSTONE  Coniin.  II.  182  The  use  of  the  wife's 
estate,  .being  then  awakened,  had  relation  back,  and  took 
effect  from  the  original  time  of  creation. 

fc.  A  fiction  of  law  by  which  two  times  or  other 
things  are  identified,  and  for  legal  purposes,  re 
garded  as  one  and  the  same.  Obs. 

1598  Termes  Lawes  162  The  thing  subsequent  is  said  to 
take  his  effect,  by  relation,  at  the  time  preceding.  1628 
COKE  On.  Lift.  in.  xviii.  (1648)  70  A  relation  which  is  but 
a  fiction  in  law,  shall  never  make  a  man  a  felon.  1749 
SALTHOUSE  Woodts  Conveyancing  \.  vi.  §  8  (O)  712  In  this 
Case  the  Dower  of  the  Woman  shall  be  taken  away  by 
Relation. 

transf.  1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  i.  v.  §  2  The  propositions 
of  Euclyde. .  being  demonstrate,  our  mind  accepteth  of  them 
by  a  kind  of  relation  (as  the  Lawyers  speak)  as  if  we  had 
knowne  them  before. 

6.  Connexion  between  persons  arising  out  of  the 
natural  ties  of  blood  or  marriage;  kinship.  Cf. 
RELATIONSHIP. 

1660  JER.  TAYLOR  Duct.  Dubit.  n.  ii.  rule  3  §  40  Affinity 
makes  conjunctions  and  relations  equal  to  those  of  con 
sanguinity.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  519  The  Son  of  God 
I  also  am,  or  was,  And  if  I  was,  I  am  ;  relation  stands. 
1758  S.  HAYWARD  Serin,  xvii.  531  The  relation  is  as  real  as 
that  of  husband  and  wife.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  III. 
397  In  the  maternal  line,  Hannah  Willis  and  Susan  Bates 
stand  in  the  same  point  of  relation  with  the  two  above 
named.  1838  LYTTON  Leila  iv.  in,  Their  relation  almost 
seemed  reversed,  and  the  daughter  to  be  a  mother  watching 
over  her  offspring. 

fb.  Those  related  to  one  in  this  way;  one's 
kindred.  Obs.  rare. 

1653  JER.  TAYLOR  25  Serin,  vi.  72  He  hath  need  of  a 
great  stock  of  piety,  who  is  first  to  provide  for  his  own 
necessities,  and  then  to  give  portions  to  a  numerous  relation. 
1702  C.  MATHER  Magn.  Chr.  vii.  (1853)  II.  667  Some  of 
them  had  quite  forgot  their  English  tongue,  and  their 
Christian  name,  and  their  whole  relation. 

C.  A  person  related  to  one  by  blood  or  marriage ; 
a  kinsman  or  kinswoman  ;  a.relative.  Also  freq.  in 
//.,  kinsfolk,  relatives. 

1502  HEN.  VII  in  Lett.  Kings  Eng.  (1846)  I.  191  His 
cousin  and  relation  the  king  of  Spain.  1626  in  O'/.  $•  Times 
Chas.  I  (1848)  I.  81  Dr.  Smith,  a  man  relation  to  Audley 
End.. hath  the  mastership  of  Magdalen.  1641  W.  HOOKK 
New  Eng.  Teares  14  The  bloody  contentions  of  brethren  ; 
and,  when  relations  turn  opposites,  nothing  more  opposite. 
1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  374  Their  Friends  attend  the 
Herse,  the  next  Relations  mourn.  1713  STEELE  Guardian 
No.  17  F  8  He  led  her  to  a  relation's  house.  1773  GOLDSM. 
Stoops  to  Cong.  n.  i,  I  hope,  cousin,  one  may  speak  to 
one's  own  relations,  and  not  be  to  blame?  1819  SHELLEY 
Cenci  i.  ii.  69  He  might  bestow  her  on  some  poor  relation. 
1851  RUSKIN  Stones  Ven.  (1874)  I.  App.  352  In  the  year 
1434,  the  relations  of  Churchmen  were  declared  ineligible  to 
the  post  of  Ambassador  at  Rome.  1870  DICKENS  E.  Drood 
,  ix.  Rosa  had  no  relation  that  she  knew  of. 


RELATIST. 

6.  The  position  which  one  person  holds  with 
respect  to  another  on  account  of  some  social  or 
other  connexion  between  them ;  the  particular 
mode  in  which  persons  are  mutually  connected  by 
circumstances. 

1650  T.  E[AYLEY]  Worcester's  Afoph.  63  As  it  was  com 
monly  observM  by  all  the  Servants,  that  had  nearest  relation 
to  him.  1732  LAW  Serious  C.  xxiv.  fed.  2)  488  If  . .  our  rela 
tion  to  God  be  our  greatest  relation.  1765  BLACKSTONE 
Coinm.  I.  il.  142  The  most  universal  public  relation,  by  which 
men  are  collected  together,  is  that  of  government.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  i.  I.  60  The  opinions  of  the  Puritan 
concerning  the  relation  of  ruler  and  subject.  1867  FREEMAN 
Norm.  Cong.  (1877)  I.  in.  93  The  relation  of  every  man  to 
his  lord  was  a  relation  of  homage. 

b.  //.  The  aggregate  of  the  connexions,  or  modes 
of  connexion,  by  which  one  person  is  brought  into 
touch  with  another  or  with  society  in  general. 

a  1687  WALLER  Epit.  Sir  G.  tyeke,  Just  unto  all  relations 
known,  A  worthy  patriot,  pious  son.  1745  BUTLER  Serm. 
Wks.  1874  II.  276  They  ought  to  be  instructed.. in  what  is 
suitable  to  the  highest  relations  in  which  we  stand.  1781 
GIBBON  Dccl.  $  F.  xliv.  II.  670  Our  relations  to  each  other 
;ire  various  and  infinite.  1796  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  iii.Wks. 
VIII.  278  There  was  an  end  of  that  narrow  scheme  of  rela 
tions  called  our  country.  1865  R.  \V.  DALE  y^w.  Temp.  xx. 
(1877)  221  By  the  death  of  Christ  new  relations  were  estab- 
I  lished  between  God  and  man.  1879  FROUUE  Cxsar\\.  49 
Between  mother  and  child  the  relations  had  been  affec 
tionate  and  happy. 

c.  //.  The  various  modes  in  which  one  country, 
'    state,  etc.,  is  brought  into  contact  with  another  by 
I    political  or  commercial  interests. 

1797  ADAMS  in  Amer.  St.  Papers  (1833)  I.  40  The  minister 

of  foreign  relations  informed  the  recalled  American  minister 

1    that  [etc.].     1818  Parl.  Deb.  18  With  respect  to  our  foreign 

relations,  the  treaties  concluded  with  Spain  and  Portugal. . 

i    formed  a  peculiar  topic  of  congratulation.     1827  HALLAM 

i    Const.  Hist.  \\.   I.  358  His  chief  praise,  however,  was  his 

'    management  of  continental  relations.    1861  M.  PATTISON /f.w. 

(1889)  I.  39  Our  commercial  relations  with  the  Baltic  cities. 

Hence  Rela'tion  v.  intr.,  to  form  relations. 

1862  SPENCER  First  Prhic.  (1870)  86  Thinking  being  rela- 

tioning,  no  thought  can  ever  express  more  than  relations, 

Relational  frfU**Janil),  a.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -AL.] 

1.  Of  or  belonging  to  human  relationship. 

1662  GURNALL  Chr.  in  Arm.  verse  18.  I.  xlix.  (1669)  412/1 
i  What  thy  personal  and  what  thy  relational  needs  are? 

a  1733  T.  BOSTON  Crook  in.  Lot  (1805)  17  It  may  fall  in  the 
!  relational  part.  Relations  are  the  joints  of  society.  1799 
;  W.  TOOKE  View  Russian  Emp.  II.  no  One  might  easily 

be  tempted  to  take  the  two  nations  for  relational  stems. 

1834  J.  BROWN  Lett.  Sanctif.  vi.  319  Be  conscientious  in  the 
|  relational  duties  to  God  and  man. 

2.  Of,  belonging  to,  or  characterized  by  relation 
in  general. 

1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVI.  336/2  The  use  of  Relational  words 
increases  in  language  in  the  same  proportion  as  the  power 
of  inflection  diminishes.  1869  SPENCER  Pr'tnc.  Psychol.  11. 
v.  (1870)  I,  229  The  most  highly  relational  feelings  are  the 
visual.  1899  C.  F.  DARCY  Idealising  TheoL  Introd.  6  Its 
primary  qualities,  .are  essentially  relational. 

Hence  Relationa'lity,  Bela'tionally  adv. 

1865  BUSHNELL  Vicar.  Sacr.  m.  iv.  (1868)  307  The  close 
relationality  of  it  is  cross  to  our  humanly  selfish  habit.  1867 
i  —  in  Hours  at  Home  Nov.  6  The  objects  of  nature  are  re- 
j  lationally.  .made. 

Rela'tionary,  #•     [-ARY  1.]     Relational, 

1847-9  Tod<C$  Cycl.  Anat.  IV.  622/2  To  denote  that..ar- 
1  rangement  of  all  the  osseous  pieces  of  an  animal  framework 
|  in.  .relationary  order.  1848  R.  I.  WILBERFORCE  Doctr,  /«- 
,  carnation  v.  (1852)  109  Our  Lord  had  an  inherent  and  inde- 
i  pendent,  not  merely  a  conditional  and  relationary  existence. 

Rela'tionism.  Philos.  [f.  RELATION  sb.  + 
'  -ISM.]  a.  The  doctrine  of  the  relativity  of  know 
ledge  ;  relativism,  b.  The  doctrine  that  relations 
have  a  real  existence. 

1858  W.  R.  PIRIE  Inq.  Hum.  Klind'w.  251  The  assumption 
..necessarily  runs  into  nihilism  or  relationiMn.  1885  F.  E. 
ABBOT  Sci.  Theism  Introd.  ii.  25  Relationism  or  Scientific 
Realism.. teaches  that  universals,  or  genera  and  species, 
are,  first,  objective  relations  of  resemblance  among  objec 
tively  existing  things. 

Rela'tioiiist.  [-IST,]  One  who  maintains  a 
theory  based  on  a  relation  between  ideas. 

1835  J.  YOUNG  Lect.  Intell.  Philos.  xxviii.  281  Dr.  Brown 
says,  there  must  be  a  feeling  of  relation  in  these  general 
ideas,.. and  says,  that  were  he  to  take  a  particular  name  to 
himself,  he  would  call  himself  a  Relationist. 

Rela'tionless,  a.  [f-  RELATION  sb.  +  -LESS.] 
Having  no  relations. 

i8z2  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  i.  Old  Actors^  The  survivor  stands 

gaping  and  relationless  as  if  h  remembered  its  brother.  1873 

:    Spectator  15  Feb.  213/2  One  of  them  is  a  relationless  orphan. 

Relationship  (rfl-fHaaJIpJ.    U-  as  Prec-  + 

;    -SHIP.]     The  state  of  being  related ;  a  condition 
or  character  based  upon  this ;  kinship. 
a  1744  POPE  Dune.  n.  3  itote,  Our  author  let  it  pass  un- 

I  altered,  as  a  trifle,  that  no  way  altered  the  relationship. 
1773  GOLDSM.  Stoofs  to  Conq.  n.  i,  I  want  no  nearer  rela- 

(  tionship.  1804  MITFORD  Inquiry  345  The  Welsh  themselves 
have  been  fond  of  claiming  this  relationship^  [for  their 
language].  1853  WHEWELL  Grotius  I.  309  Social  ties  are 

i  to  be  extended  more  widely  by  diffusing  our  relationships. 
1880  HAUGUTON  Phys.  Gcog.  268  Teeth  of  a  small  Marsupial, 
Microlestes,.  .which  show  a  relationship  to  Myrmecobms. 

t  Relatist.  Obs.-1  [f.  RELATE  z;.]  a.  A 
relative,  a  thing  related,  b.  One  who  relates. 

1640  HOWELL  DodoncCs  Gr.  10  Which  puts  so  large  a 
distance  twixt  the  tongue  and  the  heart,  that  they  are 
seldome  reladsts.  1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr  gfbttittfOM  that 
rehearseth  or  relateth  ;  a  reporter. 


RELATIVAL. 

Relatival  (relatai-val),  a.  Chiefly  Gram.  [f. 
RELATIVE  +  -AL.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  relative  or 
relation. 

1869  ABBOTT  SJtaks.  Gram.  63  Relatival  constructions,— 
So  as  ;  such  which  ;  that  as.  1879  FARRAR  St.  Paul  II.  497 
Then  follows  a  chapter  of  parentheses,  ,.  linked  together 
.  .by  relatival  connexions.  1899  //",  stui.  Gnz.  21  Mar.  1/2 
The  new  member  has  a  relatival  connexion  with  the  House 
of  Lords  in  the  Earl  of  Portsmouth. 

Relative  (re'lativ),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  F.  relatif t 
-ive  (isthc.),  or  L.  relatw-us  \  see  RELATE  v.  and 
-IVE.]  A.  adj. 

1.  Gram.  Relating  or  referring  to  an  antecedent 
term  ;  esp.  relative  pronoun. 

1530  PALSGR.  81  Of  the  pronownes  relatives  gui ..  serveth 
indifferently  for  all  gendres  and  nombres.  1552  HULOET, 
Relatiue  or  whiche  hathe  relation  to  a  thynge  precedyng, 
relatinus.  1696  PHILLIPS,  Pronoun^  a  Part  of  Speech. .of 
which  there  are  Four  Sorts,  Personal,. .  Relative  [etc.].  1761 
KAMF.S  Elent.  Crit.  xviii.  (1833)  268  In  a  natural  style, 
relative  words  are  by  juxtaposition  connected  with  those 
to  which  they  relate.  1843  STODDART  Gram,  in  Encycl. 
Metrop.  (1847)  I.  66/1  The  Greek  had  only  the  relative 
Article  o,  17,  TO,  and  was  entirely  destitute  of  our  positive 
Article.  1872  MORRIS  Eng.  Acrid,  xii.  §  188  The  relative 
pronouns  are  in/to,  which,  that,  as.  In  OE.  who,  which, 
what,  were  not  relative,  but  interrogative  pronouns. 

2.  Having  mutual   relationship  ;   related  to,  or 
connected  with,  each  other  ;  f  correlative. 

1594  HLUNDEVIL  Exerc.  i.  xvi.  (1636)  41  The  Relative 
[numbers]  are  those  which  have  relation  one  to  another. 
1662  Ho&BFsCortsirf.  21  Protection  and  Obedience  are  Rela 
tive.  1797  Encycl  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XII.  187/1  The  relative  modes 
are  such  as  the  composer  interweaves  with  the  principal 
in  the  flow  of  the  harmony.  1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  $  It. 
Note-bks.  II.  146  Several  different,  yet  relative  designs. 

b.  Corresponding. 

1849  RUSKIN  Sev.  Lamps  iii.  §  9.  71  The  square  and  circle 
..with  their  relative  solids  the  cube  and  sphere. 

c.  Mus.  (See  quots.  and  B.  2  c.) 

1818  BUSBY  Gram.  Mns.  133  [A  transition]  from  the  major 
scale  to  its  relative  minor.  1848  Mns.  Times  II.  104  The 
signature  of  Do  minor  is  the  same  as  that  of  Mi\J  major, 
which  is  therefore  called  its  relative  major.  1873  OUSELEY 
Harmony  v.  69  Every  major  key  has  a  minor  key  con 
nected  with  it,  called  its  'relative  minor  \ 

3.  Having  relation  to  the  question  or  matter  in 
hand  :  pertinent,  relevant. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  \\.  ii.  633  He  haue  grounds  More  Relatiue 
then  this.  _  1676  I.  MATHER  K.  Philip's   War  (1862)  161 
There  are  judicious  persons,  who  upon  the  consideration  of 
some  relative  circumstances, .. have  concluded  [etc.].     1734 
tr.  Rollin's  Anc.  Hist.  (1827)  II.  iv.  272  Giving  his  answers    i 
in  such  ambiguous  terms  that  let  the  event   be  what  it    i 
would  they  contained  a  relative  meaning.     1809  SOUTHF.Y    , 
Lett.  (1856)    II.    157   All   relative   matter,   not   absolutely 
essential  to  the  subject,  should  go  in  the  form  of  supple-    I 
mentary  notes.     1866  Daily  News  12  Feb.  56,  I  would  give 
no  credU  to  such  an  assumption  without  some  more  relative 
and  positive  proof. 

t  b.  Of  a  person  :  Concerned  in  a  thing.  Ofa~l 

a  1613  OVERBURY  A  Wife,  etc.  (1638)  102  She  is  relative  in 
all ;  and  he  without  her,  but  halfe  himself. 

4.  Arising  from,  depending  on,   or  determined 
by,  relation  to  something  else  or  to  each  other; 
comparative. 

1611  FLORIO  Diet.,  Rules  for  Italian  Tongue  641  The    ' 
second  respectiue,  relatiue,  or  limited  Preterimperfecttence, 
which  doth  euer  eyther  expressiuely  or  inclusiuely  answere    \ 
or  regard  the  former.    1673  S*  too  him  Hayes  37  No  more  does 
it  follow  that  Geneva,  .must  change  from  North  to  South, 
the  place  of  her  Relative  Situation.    1793  SMEATON  Edystone    \ 
L.  §  235  They  were. .so  marked,  that. .they  could  again  be    j 
restored  to  the  same  relative  position.    1822  IMISON^V.  $  Art    \ 
I.  447  Relative  motion  is  the  degree  and  direction  of  the 
motion  of  one  body,  when  compared  with  that  of  another. 
1860  TYSDAI.LGYGKT.  n.  xv.  308  The  point  to  be  decided  is 
the  relative  importance  of  his  idea.    1881  WESTCOTT  &  HORT 
Grk.  Test.  Introd.  §  39  Relative  date  affords  a  valuable 
presumption  as  to  relative  freedom  from  corruption. 

b.  Constituted,  or  existing,  only  by  relation  to 
something  else  ;  not  absolute  or  independent. 

1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  Specifick  Gravity... "By 
some  'tis  not  improperly  called   Relative  Gravity,  to  dis 
tinguish  it  from  Absolute  Gravity.     1763  J.  BROWN  Poetry    \ 
<5-  Mus.  v.  75   Melody  therefore  is  to  be  considered  as  a    ' 
relative  thing,  founded  in  the  particular  Associations  and    ' 
Habits  of  each  People.     1826  COLERIDGE  in  Lit.  Ron.  (1838)    ; 
III.  55  Certainty  is  positive,  evidence  relative.    1875  JOVVETT    I 
Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  238  A  votary  of  that  famous  philosophy  in 
which  all  things  are  said  to  be  relative. 

5.  a.  Of  worship :  Offered  indirectly  by  means 
of  or  through  an  image. 

1660  JER.  TAYLOR  Duct.  Dalit,  n.  ii.  rule  6  §  41  However 
any  man  may  intend  to  pass  the  relative  honour  that  way, 
yet  no  man  hath  any  warrant  that  God  will  accept  it.    1686 
tr.  Chardiris  Trav.  Persia  98  They  adore  'em  not  with  a 
Relative  Adoration,  but  pay  their  Devotion  to  the  Material 
Substance.     1833  G.  S.  FABER  Recapit.  Apostasy  14  The 
Jews  and  Mohammedans  ..  derived  from  the  Law  and  the 
Koran  an  immortal  hatred  to  graven  images  and  all  relative    i 
worship.     1884  Catholic  Diet.  (1885)  239/1  The  same  idea  is    j 
expressed  by  Cyril  of  Alexandria  when  he  speaks  of  the    j 
'  relative  veneration  and  cultus  of  honour  '. 
t  b.   (See  qnot.)  Obs.  rare  -l. 

1710  NORRIS  Chr,  Prud.  i.  2  Truths  of  importance  are  j 
relative  Truths,  that  have  an  Order  or  Reference  to  some-  ! 
thing  farther. 

6.  Of  terms,  etc. :    Involving  or  implying  rela-    i 
tion;  depending  for  meaning  or  significance  upon   I 
some  relationship  of  things  or  persons. 

1678  ItuNVAN  Come  %  Welc.  18  To  call  God  by  this  relative 
Title  [Father]  was  rare  among  the  Saints  in  Old-Testament 


399 

times.    1696  PHILLIPS  s.v.,  In  Logick,  Relative  Terms  are 
when  there  is  a  kind  of  Opposition,  yet  such  a  one,  that  the 


some  Relation,  thus :  Where  the  Treasure  is,  there  is  the 
Heart.  1843  MILL  Logic  i.  ii.  §  7  A  name  is  relative  when, 
being  the  name  of  one  thing,  its  signification  cannot  be  ex 
plained  but  by  mentioning  another.  1869  B.  HARTE  Ten 
nessee's  Part.  Wks.  1880  II.  135  Tennessee's  Partner,  whom 
we  never  knew  by  any  other  than  this  relative  title. 

7.  Having,  or  standing  in,  a  relation  to  something 
else  ;  'correspondent  or  proportionate  to. 

1660  JER.  TAYLOR  Duct.  Dubit.  n.  ii.  rule  6  §  65  If  it  be  a 
reason  that  is  not  relative  to  times  and  persons.  1732  POPE 
Kss.  Alan  i.  52  Whatever  wrong  we  call,  May,  must  be 
right,  as  relative  to  all.  1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  154 
The  firmness  of  all  the  material  parts,  as  relative  to  the 
force  to  be  employed.  1866  ROGERS  Agric.  fy  Prices  I.  xxiii. 
595  The  market  value  will  always  be  relative  to  its  demand. 
1877  E.  R.  CONDER  Bas.  Faith  iv.  141  All  knowledge  must 
be  relative  to  mind. 

b.  In  relation  or  proportion  to  something. 

c  ifipGizzotiAutatiog.  ( 1 896)  268  Naples,  themost  populous 
of  cities  relative  to  its  size. 

8.  Having  application  or  reference  to  a  thing. 
1765  HARRIS  Three  Treat,  n.  Note  362  Things  relative  to 

immediate  Want,  such  as  the  grinding  of  Corn  by  Mills. 
1828  ^wviElcm.Nat.  Hist.  II.  238  Certain  ideas.. relative 
to  their  wants  and  the  employment  of  their  organs.  1863 
H.  Cox  Instit.  in.  v.  658  Powers  and  duties  relative  to 
harbours  and  navigation. 

b.  Relating  to  a  matter  of  fact,  event,  person, 
etc. ;  with  reference  to. 

1763  HARRIS  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden)  401  The  letter 
relative  to  Charles's  death.  1804  NELSON  Zf/A  (1814)  11.62, 
I  write  to  the  Admiralty  relative  to  my  health.  1853  LYTTON 
My  Novel  vni.  xiii,  A  letter  to  Egerton,  with  whom  he 
wished  to  consult  relative  to  a  very  important  point. 

c.  Conveying  a  reference  or  allusion  to  some 
thing  or  fact. 

*774  J-  BRYANT  Mythol.  II.  417  The  Ox's  head  with  the 
Egyptian  modius  between  his  horns,  relative  to  the  circum 
stances  of  his  history. 

33.  sb.  1.  Gram.  A  relative  word;  esp.  a  rela 
tive  pronoun.  Alsoyf^.  (quot.  1393). 

1388  WYCLIF  Prol.  57  A  relatif,  which  mai  be  resoluid  into 
his  antecedent  with  a  comunccioun  copulatif.  1393  LANGL, 
P.  PI.  C.  iv.  357  Man  ys  relatif  rect  yf  he  be  ryht  trewe. 
1520  WHITINTON  Vulg.  (1527)  2  The  relatyue  of  substaunce 
shall  accorde  with  his  antecedent.  1579  FULKE  Heskins' 
Part.  148  He  appealeth  to  the  grammarian  for  the  nature  of 
a  Relatiue.  1658  EVELYN  Diary  27  Jan.,  The  government 
and  use  of  relatives,  verbs,  substantives.  1762  UP.  LOWTH 
Introd.  Eng:  Gram.  103  //  'ho,  which,  what,  and  the  Relative 
that,,  .are  always  placed  before  the  Verb.  1824  L.  MURRAY 
Eng.  Gram.  (ed.  5)  I.  194  Relatives  are  not  so  useful  in 
language,  as  conjunctions.  1873  WHITNEY  Life  Lang.  v.  96 
The  relatives . .  are  an  agency  we  could  hardly  afford  to  miss. 
fb.  Applied  to  a  demonstrative  pronoun.  Ol>s.~~l 

1677  GARY  Chronol.  235  Jochanan  begat  Azariah  ;  he  it  is 
that  Executed  the  Priests  Office,  &c.  This  Relative  [He] 
may  have  reference  either  to  Jochanan,  or  Azariah. 

2.  A  thing  (for  person)  standing  in  some  rela 
tion  to  another. 

1426  LYDG.  De  Gut/.  Pitgr.  3057  Thys  ..  ys  the  ryght-ful 
relatyff,  To  whom,  wilh-oute  noyse  or  stryfT,  Thow  art  soget. 
1570-6  LAMBARDE  Peramb.  Kent  408  After  the  husbande 
and  the  wife,  there  followeth  ..  the  childe  and  his  Gardein, 
whom  also  (since  they  be  Relatiues,  as  the  other  be . . )  [etc.  ]. 
1606  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xv.  c.  394  Religion  and  Subiec- 
tion  be  each  th'  others  Relatiue.  1660  JER.  TAYLOR  Duct. 
Dubit.  ii.  ii.  rule  i  §  n  The  band  of  marriage  is  Eternal, 
but  it  dies  with  either  of  the  relatives.  1784  J.  BARRY  in 
Led.  Paint,  ii.  (1848)93  The  mere. .opposition  of  the  several 
colours,  proper  to  his  object,  and  to  the  relatives  which 
accompanied  it.  1862  SPENCER  First  Princ.  i.  iv.  §  24(1867) 
81  An  Absolute  which  existed  not  alone  but  along  with  other 
Absolutes,  would  no  longer  be  an  absolute  but  a  relative. 

b.  A  relative  term.     (See  A.  6.) 

i55»  T.  WILSON  Logike  22  b,  Relatiues  are  those,  whiche 
are  comprehended  with  other,  or  the  whiche  are  named,  one 
with  another,  and  (as  a  man  would  say)  haue  a  mutual! 
respect,  one  to  another.  1588  FRAUNCE  Lawicrs  Log.  i.  xi. 
48  Relatiues  are  contraries,,  .yet  there  may  bee  in  other 
respects  a  mutuall  consent  and  reciprocall  relation  betweene 
them,  wherevpon  they  bee  called  Relatiues,  as  father,  sonne, 
husband,  wife,  &c.  1648  MILTON  Tenure  Kings  (1649)31 
We  know  that  King  and  Subject  are  relatives,  and  relatives 
have  no  longer  being  then  in  the  relation.  1697  J.  SERGEANT 
Solid  Philos.  252  Some  Terms  which  seem  Absolute  are 
Relatives.  1855  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Metaph.  (1859)  II.  536 
Thus  relatives  are  severally  discriminated  ;  inasmuch  as  the 
one  is  specially  what  is  referred,  the  other  specially  what  is 
referred  to. 

c.  Mus.  (See  quots.  and  A.  3  c.) 

z8xz  BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.  (ed.  3)  s.v.,  Every  major-key  is 
called  the  relative  of  such  minor  key,  and  every  minor-key 
the  relative  of  its  third  above,  taken  in  the  major-mode. 
1818  —  Gram.  Mus.  51  Major  and  Minor  keys  thus  agreeing, 
are  denominated  relatives. 

3.  One  who  is  connected  with  another  or  others  by 
blood  or  affinity  ;  a  kinsman.     Cf.  RELATION  5  c. 

1657  GAULE  Sap.  jrtst.  43  In  respect  of  proximate  Parents 
and  of  relatives  yet  living.  1660  JER.  TAYLOR  Duct.  Dubit. 
n.  ii.  rule  3  §  76  Cosens  would  do  better  not  to  marry  (says 
another)  . .  that  one  person  may  not  be  a  double  Relative. 
a  1703  POMFRET  Prospect  Death  81  Our  friends  and  relatives 
stand  weeping  by,  Dissolv'd  in  tears,  to  see  us  die.  1793 
Minstrel  I.  24  St.  Julian  was.  .a  relative  to  the  duchess  of 
York.  1825  THIRLWALL  Crit.  Ess.  125  While  he  is  yet  speak 
ing  his  relatives  are  announced  to  him.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac . 
i.  xvii.  121  He  had  received  intelligence  of  the  death  of  a 
near  relative. 

trans/.  1856  KANK  Arc/.  E.rpl.  \.  xxiii.  305  Flitting  and 
hovering..,  like  their  relatives.. Mother  Carey's  chickens. 


RELATOR. 

f4.  A  relationship.  Obs.  rare. 

1657  L.  GATFORD  in  E.  D.  Neill  Virginia  Carolomm 
(1886)  278  A  practice.. abominated  of  all  men  that  know- 
either  what  men  are, ..or  what  their  relatives  are,  either 
natural,  civil,  or  Christian.  1675  Art  Contentment  v.  vi 
\Ve  attacque  him  in  all  his  concerns,  ..  in  his  honor,  in  bis 
relatives,  nay  somtimes  in  his  very  essence  and  being. 

5.  The  relative,  that  which  is  relative  (in  sense 
4b  of  the  adj.}. 

1856  FXRRIKR  Inst.  Metaph.  xix.  367  Objects,  whatever 
they  may  be,  are  the  relative  in  cognition.  1859  J.  MAK- 
TKiKAL*  Ess.  (1866)  I.  78  We  cannot  operate  backward  from 
the  relative  to  the  absolute. 

Relatively  ije-lativli),  adv.     [f.  prec.  +  -LY  -.] 

1.  In  a  relative  manner,  in  relation  to  something 
else;  comparatively:  a.  with  vbs. 

1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst.  i.  xiii.  (1634)  58  The  name 
of  God  is  there  relatively  taken,  and  therefore  restrained  to 
the  Person  of  the  Father.  1591  PERCIVAI.L  .S"/.  Viet.  E  iv, 
This  word  Lo  is  often  vsed  relntiuely,  and  yet  hath  nu 
agreement  with  any  antecedent.  1660  R.  COKK  Justice  Vind. 
49  Here  we  must  look  upon  Grotuis  either  naturally,  or 
relatively.  1701  NORKIS  Ideal  World  \.  v.  243  The  essence 
of  God  may  be  considered  either  absolutely  or  relatively. 
1794  PAI.EY  Evid.  11.  ix.  §  2  (1817)  239  Not  only  absolutely, 
but.. relatively,  in  comparison,  that  is  with  those  among 
whom  they  exercise  their  office.  1849  MACATLAV  Hist.  F,n%. 
v.  I,  585  But,  though  they  have  positively  advanced,  they 
have  relatively  gone  back.  1861  PKARSON  Early  .y  Mid. 
Ages  Eng.  (1867)  I.  15  Arts  and  sciences  can  only  be  talked 
of  relatively  among  a  people  such  as  the  Britons  were, 
b.  with  adjs.  (Sometimes  hyphened.) 

1825  BKNTHAM  OJfic,  Apt.  Afa.vimi'zed,  Indications  (1830) 
78  note,  Justice,  ..denied  to  the  relatively  poor,,  .sold  at  an 
enormous  price  to  the  relatively  rich.  1862  SI-KNCKR  First 
Princ.  n.  xiii.  §  104  (1867)  301  Parts  which.. consist  of  rela 
tively-simple  molecules,  are  seals  of  but  little  structure. 
1884  L.  J.  JENNINGS  Crokcr  Papers  I.  iii.  85  It  was  very 
difficult  to  induce.. the  public  to  regard  them  as  worth  the 
relatively  small  sum.. paid  for  them. 

2.  In  relation,  or  with  reference,  to  something. 
1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  I:p.  191  These  lateralities  in 

man  are  not  onely  fallible,  if  relatively  determined  unto  each 
others,  but  made  in  reference  unto  the  heavens.  1678  CUD- 
WORTH  Intel/.  Syst.  I.  i.  ii  Those  Sensible  things  ..  are  all 
generated  or  made  Relatively  to  the  Sentient.  1726  House- 
BROKE  Study  Jiist.  ii.  I.  (1752)  38  They  saw  the  measures 
they  took  singly,  and  unrelatively,  or  relatively  alone  to 
some  immediate  object.  1822  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Lett.  (1891)  I. 
69  They  know  very  little  of  me.. who  think  I  do  not  put  a 
value  on  myself  relatively  to  others.  1873  M  AXWEI.L  Electr. 
$  Magn.  (1881)  I.  47  In  a  conductor  the  electrification  i-; 
free  to  move  relatively  to  the  conductor. 
b.  In  proportion  to. 

1869  TOZER  Highl.  Turkey  I.  257  All  should  be  ready  to 
serve,  considering  the  length  of  the  frontier  they  have  to 
defend  relatively  to  their  numbers. 

So  Relativeness,  relativity. 

1673  H.  MORE  App.  to  Antid.  agst.  Idolatry  31  Since  this 
Relative  Latria  (because  of  its  Relativeness)  is  mcompetible 
to  God.  \&&Atner.  Jrnl.  Philol.  VII.  444  For  a  later  period 
.  .the  expression  '  dialect '  is  one  of  peculiar  relativeness. 

Relativism.  Philos.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ISM.] 
The  doctrine  that  knowledge  is  only  of  relations. 

1885  SETH_  Scot.    Philos.  183    Hegel  alone  of  all   meta- 
phyMcians  lifts  us  completely  clear   of  Relativism.     1892 
Athenaeum  20  Aug.  247/1  Many  will  be  pleased  with  the 
attack  on  thoroughgoing  relativism. 

Relativist.  Philos.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -IST.]  One 
who  holds  the  doctrine  of  relativism. 

1863  SPENCER  Ess.  III.  302, 1  diverge  from  other  relativists 
in  asserting  that  the  existence  of  a  non-relative  is. .a  positive 
deliverance  of  consciousness.  1898  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly  LIII. 
850  Agnostics,  relativists,  and  all  others  must  agree  with  him. 

Hence  Relativi'stic  a. 

1886  EncycL  Brit.  XXI.  382/2  The  elaborate  presentation 
of  sceptical  and  relativistic  arguments. 

Relativity  (relitrvlti).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ITY. 
Cf.  F.  relativity  The  fact  or  condition  of  being 
relative,  relativeness. 

a  1834  COLERIDGE  in  Lit.  Rein.  (1839)  IV.  223  In  every 

religious  and  moral  use  of  the  word,  God,.. a  relativity,  a 
distinction  in  kind. .is  so  essentially  implied  [etc.].  1867 
LEWES  Hist.  Philos.  (ed.  3)  I.  p.  xxiv,  Those  who  hold  the 
doctrineof  the  relativity  of  knowledge.  1889  MIVART  Truth 
258  The  relativity  of  beauty  is  an  accidental  relativity. 
Relator  (r/lfi't£i).  Also  7 -our.  [a.  L.  relator, 

7f.  F.  re'i 


agent-n.  f.  rclat- :  see  RELATE  v.     Cf, 
Sp.,  Pg.  relator •,  It.  relatore."] 


relatew; 


A  relater,  narrator.     (Common  c  1600-1750.) 

1591  Carrara's  Art  H'arre  126  The  discription  by  draught 
beeing  well  knowen,  accompanied  with  the  Huely  voice  of 
the  Relator.  1624  F.  WHITE  RtpL  Fisher  562  You  are  an 
vnfaithfull  Relatour  of  the  practise  of  the  Pnmitiue  Church. 
1660  BOYLE  AVw  Exp.  Phys.  Meek.  ix.  72  A  faithful  Relator 
of  Experiments.  1703  MAUNDRELL  Jo-urn.  Jems.  (1721)  15 
The  Relators  of  this  Story,  .were  doubtless  fully  perswaded 
of  the  truth  of  it.  1759  JOHNSON  Rassclas  xxxvi[i],  Imlac.. 
was  not  very  confident  of  the  veracity  of  the  relator.  1846 
TRENCH  Mirac.  iii.  (1862)  130  It  will  cause  little  wonder 
that  two  or  three  relators  have  in  part  seized  diversely  the 
culminating  points  of  a  story. 

t  b.  (One's)  informant.  Obs.  rare. 

1607  TOPSELL  Four-/.  Beasfs  (1658)  349  It  may  be  that  he 

or  his  relator  had  seen  them  playing  together  as  Goats  do. 

?  1610  DONNE  Lett.  Wks.   1839  VI.    338  When   this  place 

affords  anything  worth  your  hearing,  I  will  be  your  relator. 

f  c.  The  historian  of  a  place.  Obs.  rare~~l. 

1691  \VaoDAtk.  Oxon.  II.  641  Of  that  little  Parish. .he 
was  in  effect  the  Relator. 

2.  Law.  An  informer ;  spec,  one  who  supplies 
the  materials  for  an  information  by  the  Attorney 
General  (see  RELATION  i  b). 


RELATRIX. 

1603  OWEN  Pembrokeshire  i,  (1892)  6  Especially?  pro-    ! 
moters  newelye  named  Relatours,  a  generacion  hated  both 
of  the  good  and  badd  people.     1632  Star  Chamb.  Cases 
(Camden)  96  Sr  John  Finch  for  the  relator  this  day  replyed. 
1674  N.  Riding  Rec.  VI.  222  This  Court  doth  approve  of,    ; 
admit,  and  allow  Alex.  Dixon  to  use,  exercise  and  follow 
the  office  of  a  Relator.      1710  Act  9  Anne  c.  20  §  4.     1768 
BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  427  The  attorney  general,  at  the 
relation   of  some   informant,  (who  is   usually  called  the    j 
relator)  files    ex  officio  an    information    in    the  court   of   j 
chancery.     1823  Act  4  Geo.  IV,  c.  76  §  23  To  the  Know-    ' 
ledge  or  Belief  of  the  Relator  or  Relators  so  making  Oath. 
1865  Pall  Mall  G.  29  May  6  The  relator  . .  is  a  descendant    I 
of  a  brother  of  the  second  wife  of  the  testator. 

f3.  A  relative.  Obs.  rare—1.    (Cf.  RELATEK  2.) 

1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  246  The  Arch-flamen 
carried  the  holy  Fire,  attended  by  the  Priests  and  three 
hundred  sixty  five  Youths  who  were  their  relators. 

Rela'trix.  fa.  late  L.  relatrix  (5th  c.),  female 
agent-n.  f.  relat-  :  see  RELATE  v.]  Law.  'A  female 
relator  or  petitioner'  (Ogilvie  1882,  citing  Story). 

Relaunch,  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  launch  again. 

a  1745  BROOME  Poems,  Horace  Ode  i  The  merchant . .  soon 
relaunches  from  the  shore.  1885  WARREN  K:  CLEVERLY 
Wand.  Beetle  13  We  hauled  the  boat  over,  and  relaunched 
her  on  the  other  side. 

tRela-x,  ^.  Obs.    [f.  the  vb.] 

1.  Relaxation  ;  an  instance  of  this. 

1627-77  FKI.THAM  Resolves  n.  Iviii.  282  Tis  not  denyed,  but 
labors  and  cares  may  have  their  Relaxes  and  Recreations, 
1643  MILTON  Divorce  \\.  xiv.  Wks.  1851  IV.  97  The  first 


limely  Relax,  distent  with  liquid  Pain.  1773  J.  Ross 
Fratricide  n.  255  (MS.),  Hate  now  returning  With  ten-fold 
force,  reliev'd  by  short  relax  ! 

2.  A  device  for  releasing  some  part  of  a  machine. 

1676  Phil.  Trans.  XI,  716  As  the  Relax  gives  way,  the 
Weight  will  adjust  the  motion  of  the  hand  to  the  Index  E. 

Rela'x,  a.  rare.     [f.  the  vb.,  on  anal,  of  LAX  a.~\ 

1.  Lax,  wanting  in  strictness. 

1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  fudg.  xxi.  comm.,  Lest  either  justice 
be  over  sharpe,  or  mercie  too  relaxe.  1790  BEATSON  Nav.  fy 
Mil.  Mem.  II.  198  He  was  so  relax  in  discipline,  that  the 
garrison  ..  were  seldom  in  a  condition  to  do  their  duty 
properly.  1802  tr.  Ducray-Duminil* $  I'ictor  III.  228  We 
determined  first  to  visit  France  and  to  consider  Germany, 
the  police  of  which  was  more  relax  than  in  other  countries. 

t  2.  Relaxed,  slack.    Obs. 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  381  The  motion  and  activity  of  the 
body  consisteth  chiefly  in  the  sinews,  which,  when  the 
southern  wind  bloweth,  are  more  relax. 

Relax  (r/loe'x),  v.  [ad.  L.  relaxare,  f.  re-  RE- 
+  laxits  LAX  a.  Cf.  F.  relaxer  (i4th  c.).] 

I.  trans,  f  1.  To  make  (a  thing)  less  compact 
or  dense ;  to  loosen  or  open  up  by  separation  of 
parts.  Also  rcfl.  Obs. 

<  1420  Pallad.  on  Hnsb.  n,  140  Ragston  &  thinges  hard, 
in  cold  and  hete  Relaxed,  bereth  vyneyerdes  grete.     1664 
POWER  Exp.  Phiios.  \,  77  When  the  Atoms  wherewith  the    i 
Liquor  is  fully  impregnated  do  relax  and  open  themselves.    ; 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.   vi.  599   But  now  Foule  dissipation    i 
follow'd  and  forc't  rout ;  Nor  serv'd  it  to  relax  thir  serried    | 
files.     1676  CONIERS  in  Phil.  Trans.  XI.  717  At  that  time  it 
relaxes  or  swells  the  Deal  for  about  two  or  three  hours. 

b.  spec.  To  render  (a  part  of  the  body)    less 
firm  or  rigid ;  to  make  loose  or  slack  ;  to  enfeeble 
or  enervate.     Also  in^".  context. 

16*0  VENNER  Via  Recta  iti.  68  It  mollifieth  and  relaxeth 
the  stomacke,  taketh  away  the  appetite.  1664  POWER  Exp. 
Phiios.  i.  68  The  Optick  Nerve  being  by  successful  means 
disobstructcd  and  relaxed_.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  xxv. 
II.  529  The  nerves  of  discipline  were  relaxed,  and  the  high, 
ways  were  infested  with  robbers.  x8o8J/C(/.  jrnl.  XIX.  247 
The  speedy  and  prompt  administration  of  every  remedy 
tending  to  relax  the  surface.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  xi,  84 
The  heat  relaxed  my  muscles. 

absol.  1718  QuiNcvCcw7*/./?/j/.  113  They  are  very  mucila 
ginous,  and  therefore  soften,  relax,  and  heal.  1753  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  Supp.  s.v.  Malac/ut  Such  ointments  as  relax  and 
mollify. 

c.  To  diminish  the  force  or  tension  of;  esp.  to 
loosen  (one's  hold  or  grasp). 

1781  COWPER  Conversat.  812  Charity  may  relax  the  miser's 
fist.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rei>.  (ed.  2)  93  This  distemper  . .  re 
laxes  and  wears  out.,  the  spring  of  that  spirit.  1841  BORROW 
Zinc  all  \.  iii.  ii.  267  Owing  to  the  civil  wars,  the  ties  which 
unite  society  have  been  considerably  relaxed.  1859  TENNY 
SON  Guinevere  454  When.. their  law  Relaxed  its  hold  upon 
us.  1866  DK.  ARGYLL  Reign  Law  vii.  (1871)  389  False  con 
ceptions  of  the  truth . .  may  and  do  relax  the  most  powerful 
springs  of  action. 

2.  To  make  less  strict,  severe,  or  rigid  ;  to  miti 
gate,  tone  down,  modify. 

1662  GUNNING  Lent  Fast  69  An  austerer  course  of  life  is    ! 
relaxed  through  the  frailty  of  the  flesh.      1718  POPE  Iliad 
xv.  78  Not  till  that  Day  shall  Jove  relax  his  Rage.    1769 
Jnnius  Lett.  xii.  (1788)  81  We  have  seen  the  laws  sometimes 
scandalously  relaxed,  sometimes  violently  stretched  beyond    i 
their  tone.      1820  SCOTT  Abbot  ii,  The  old  woman  seemed 
somewhat  to  relax  her  tone  of  severity.     1870  FREEMAN 
Norm.  Cony.  (ed.  2)  I.  iv.  173  The  rule  had  clearly  been 
relaxed  before  the  reign  of  the  Great  William. 

absol.    1768  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  II.  111,  xxiv.  39X0  man  can 
fix  so  perfect  an  idea  of  that  virtue  [justice]  as  that  he  may    | 
not  afterwards  find  reason  to  add  or  relax  therefrom. 
b.  To  slacken,  abate,  diminish  (an  effort,  etc.). 

i774GoLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  11^64  From  the  moment 
the  necessity  of  learning  new  words  ceases,  they  relax  their 
industry.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  vi.  xx,  [The  horse]  re 
laxed  its  course  as  it  approached  me.  1843  BETHUNK  Sc.  \ 
Fireside  Sfor.  29  Having  business  of  importance  which  de 
manded  his  presence  elsewhere,  [he]  began  to  relax  his 
attention. 


400 

O.  To  cause  to  abate  in  zeal  or  force,  rare. 
1660  SECKER  in  Spurgcon  Treas.  Dim.  Ps.  xliv.  17-19 
Neither  the  persecuting  hand  of  men,  nor  the  chastising 
hand  of  God,  relaxed  ancient  singular  saints.  1824-98  LAN- 
DOR  Citat.  X/taks.  Vfks.  1846  II.  286  Whether  we  have  not 
.  .acted  as  if  we  believed  that  opposition  were  to  be  relaxed 
and  borne  away  by  self  sufficiency. 

d.  «/?.  To  unbend  (oneself)  ;  to  take  relaxation. 
1762-71  H.  WAU'OLE  Vertne's  A  need.  Paint.  (1786)  V.  135 
The  philosophic  warrior,  who  could  relax  himself  into  the 
ornament  of  a  refined  court.  1772-84  Cook's  Voy.  (1790)  IV. 
1489  They  relax  themselves  by  conversation  and  other 
amusements. 

3.  t  a.  To  remit  (a  rent).  Obs.  rare-'1. 

1528  Gahvay  Arch,  in  loM  Rep,  Hist,  A/SS.  Comm.  App. 
V.  403  It  was  condessendid  by  the.  .Comens  to  relax  to  the 
said  Willam  Marten.. the  rent  that  he  owith  of  the  tenne- 
ment  to  the  Comens. 
b.  To  give  up,  stop  (a  process). 

1883  Law  Kef.  ii  Q.  B.  Div.  554  He  must  apply  to  the 
Court  for  an  order  to  release  him,  and  the  Court  must  order 
the  process  to  be  relaxed. 

4.  a.  Sc,  (now  only  Law.}  To  free  or  discharge 
(a  person)  from  restraint,  legal  process,  or  penalty. 
Also  absol.  To  procure  a  relaxation. 

1546  Reg.  Priry  Council  Scot.  I.  29  Ordanis  lettres  to  be 
direct  to  relax  James  Twecly.  .fra  theprocesof  the  home  led 
upon  him.  a  1578  LINDKSAV  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot. 
(S.T.S.)  I.  26  Quhou  schir  James  Steuart  and  his  brother 
was  put  in  presoune, . .  And  hou  they  war  relaxit  againe. 
1640  R.  BAILLIE  Canterb.  Self-Convict.  115  He  must  have 
no  lesse  censure  then  the  great  excommunication,  from 
which  he  must  never  be  relaxed  but  by  the  Bishops  own 
mouth.  1752  J.  LOUTHIAN  Fortn  of  Process  (ed.  2)  141  That 
.  .ye.  .relax  the  said  [persons] .  .from  the  Process  of  Denoun- 
ciation  led  against  them.  1791  KAMES  Diet.  Decisions  (ed.  2) 
II.  329  He  who  relaxes  and  registers  not,  cannot  alienate, 
being  still  holden  and  repute  rebel.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet. 
Law  Scot.  844  Letters  passing  the  signet  whereby  a  debtor 
was  relaxed  from  the  horn,  that  is  from  personal  diligence. 
b.  Of  the  Inquisition  :  To  hand  over  (heretics) 
to  the  secular  power  for  execution.  [Sp.  relaxar^\ 

1838  PRESCOTT  Fcrd.  ff  Is.  i.  vii.  I.  377  Those  who  were  to 
be  relaxed,  as  it  was  called,  were  delivered  over,  as  impeni 
tent  heretics,  to  the  secular  arm.  1853  W.  STIRLIXG-MAX- 
\VKLL  Cloister  Life  Chas.  F,  209  Dr.  Cazalla  was  one  of 
fifteen  heretics  who  were  '  relaxed ',  or,  in  secular  speech, 
burnt  in  May  1559  at  Valladolid. 
C.  To  set  tree  from  labour,  rare  — *. 

1762-9  FALCONER  Sfiipwr.  i.  336  Relax 'd  from  toil  the 
sailors  range  the  shore. 

II.  intr.  5.  To  become  loose  or  slack  ;  to  grow 
less  tense  or  firm. 

1720  POPE ///a</ xxi.  309  Tired  by  the  tides,  his  knees  relax 
with  toil.  1858  LAKDNER  Hand-ok.  Nat.  Phil.  128  The 
piston  descends,  therefore,  and  the  spring  relaxes. 

b.  Of  the  features :  To  become  less  rigid  or 
stern.  Also  const,  from,  into. 

T7.97  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Italian  iv,  His  features  relaxed  from 
their  first  expression.  1832  HT.  MARTINEAU  Ireland  iii.  40 
Presently  the  knit  brow  relaxed,  the  fierce  eye  was  tamed. 
1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Rndge  ii,  His  features  would  relax 
into  a  look  of  fondness. 

6.  To  abate  in  degree  or  force. 

1701  ROWE  Ami.  Step-Moth,  iv.  i,  This  raging  Fit  of 
Honour  will  relax.  1823  J.  J^KOOXK.  Dam.  Amtiscm.  47\Vhen 
our  warm  weather  comes  on  early,  and  does  not  too  soon 
relax.  1834  DISKAELI  Rev.  Efick  n.  xxiii,  This  emprise  Will 
not  relax  until  the  sun  shall  rise  On  men  who  bless  his  birth. 

7.  To  become  less  severe,  strict,  or  exacting ;  to 
grow  milder.     Also  const,  from. 

1749  H.  WALPOLE  Let.  to  Mann  4  Mar.  (1857)  II.  147  The 
mutinous  were  likely  to  go  great  lengths,  if  the  Admiralty 
had  not  bought  off  some  by  money,  and  others  by  relaxing 
in  the  material  points.  1789  BEI.SHAM  Ess.  II.  xli.  523  It  was 
hoped,  .the  Court  would  relax  in  its  opposition.  18x8  JAS. 
MILL  Brit.  Indiall.  v.  ii.  368  The  Colonel  proposed  to  relax 
in  the  affair  of  Basslin,  and  to  ask  for  something  else  in  its 
stead.  1850  MRS.  BROWNING  Pronteth.  £oitndzi6  Thou  art, 
sooth,  a  brave  god,  And,  for  all  thou  hast  borne..,  Nought 
relaxest  from  scorn  ! 

b.  Of  persons  :  To  become  less  stiff  or  distant ; 
to  assume  a  friendlier  manner.  Also  const,  into. 

1837  DICKENS  Pickw.  ii,  He  gradually  relaxed,  and  re 
verted  to  the  subject  of  the  ball.  1837  DISRAELI  Venetia  in. 
ii,  Lady  Annabel  relaxed  into  conversation  beyond  her 
custom.  1879  HOWELLS  L.  Aroostook  (1883)  I.  200  It  seemed 
to  him  as  if.  .she  relaxed  towards  him  as  they  walked. 

8.  To  slacken  in  zeal  or  application  (also  const. 
into}  •  to  seek  or  take  relaxation  from  work  or 
occupation. 


lax.  170  C.  MARSHALL  Garden,  xxii.  (1813)  448  He  cannot 
relax  in  his  duty  without  his  neglect  being  manifest  by 
serious  consequences  following  it.  iS^CiuisE  tr.  Euscbuis1 
Eccl.  Hist.  vi.  iii.  222  He  did  not  however  relax  in  his  per 
severance. 

t  9.  To  slacken  in  respect  of  something.  Ol'S. 

"775  Tender  Father  II.  69  No  sooner  was  this  effected, 
than  I  relaxedof  my  tenderness  and  regard.  1797  MRS.  A.  M. 
BENNETT  Beggar  Girl  (1813)  II.  66  The  stately  brow  of 
Mrs.  Buchanan  relaxed  of  its  asperity. 

t  Rela'xable,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  prec.  + 
-ABLE.]  Admitting  of  remission. 

111677  BARROW  Whs.  (1686)  II.  501  Who  doth  so  render 
himself  obnoxious,  that  if  he  derogate  from  a  creature,  he 
may  not  suppose  it  to  be  relaxable  to  him  by  some  pardon  ? 

Rela'xailt,  a.  and  sb.  Med.  [ad.  L.  relaxant- 
em,  pres.  pple.  of  relaxare  to  RELAX.] 

A.  adj.  Causing,  or  distinguished  by,  relaxation. 


RELAXATION. 

I       1771  T.  PERCIVAL  Ess.  (1777)  I.  129  When  received  into 

I    the  stomach  it  is  highly  debilitating  and  relaxant.     1822-34 

Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  309  Where  the  pain  and  tension 

are  very  distressing,  relaxant  cataplasms  and  fomentations 

are  generally  advisable. 

B.  sb.  A  practice  or  drug  serving  to  produce 
relaxation. 

1832  J.  THOMSON  Life  U'.  Ciillen  I.  406  He  considered 
the  practice  of  warm  bathing  the  most  powerful  Emollient 
and  the  most  considerable  Relaxant.  1898  Allbntt's  Syst. 
Med.  V.  996  In  such  cases  good  may  result  from  the  ad 
ministration  of  arterial  relaxants. 

t  Rela'xate,  v.  Obs.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L.  re 
laxare  :  see  RELAX  v.  and  -ATE  •*,]  To  relax. 

1.  trans,  a.   —  RELAX  v.  i  and  i  b. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillf  mean's  Fr.  Chirnrg.  4ob/2  We 
Cauterize  alsoe  the  Eyeliddes  which  are  relaxated.  1655 
T.  VAUGHAN  Euphrates  46  The  centrall  and  caelestiall 
Luminaries  have,  by  their  mutual!  mixture  and  conflux  of 
beames  relaxated  and  dilated  the  Pores  of  the  earth.  1694 
MOTTEUX  Rabelais  \\.  Ixvii.  (1737)  275 The  retentive  Faculty 
of  the  Nerve,  .was  relaxated. 

absol.  1657  TOMLINSON  Rcnoit's  Dis£.  698  This  Unguent 
.  .relaxates,  leniates  and  mollifies. 

b.  =  RELAX  v.  2  and  2  b. 

1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  Iniq.  vii.  125  What  can  more  re 
laxate  those  ..  hearty  aspirings  of  our  Souls.. then  such 
corrupt  conceits  as  these  't  1680  —  A  focal.  A  foe.  209  The 
.  .zeal,  .and  strictness  of  Discipline  will  be  much  relaxated. 

c.  To  release,  set  free  ^cf.  RELAX  v.  43). 

1681  H.  MORE  lixp.  Dan.  103  Cyrus,  King  of  Persia,  will 
relaxate  your  Captivity.  Ibid.^  The  Messias.  .will  come  to 
relaxate  his  people  from  the  Captivity  of  Sin. 

2.  intr.   =  RELAX  v.  5-7. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gu illem eaus  Fr,  Chirurg.  52  b/2  The  face 
waxeth  pale,  the  Belly  relaxateth,  and  the  speech  fayleth. 
1655-87  H.  MORE  App.  Antid.  (1712)  218  If  they  euer  re 
laxate  into  mirth,.. it  is  foolishly  antick  and  deformed.  1681 
—  Exp.  Dan.  Pref.  68  Our  zeal  has  relaxated  against  the 
Church  of  Rome. 

Hence  f  Relaxating  vbL  sb.  Obs. 

1647  HAMMOND  Power  of  Keys  iv.  51  The  word  ..  is  used 
again  for  loosing  in  our  sense,  relaxating  of,  or  freeing  from 
a  censure  of  excommunication. 

Relaxation  (re:la?kst7i'j3n).  [ad.  L.  relaxa 
tion-em,  n.  of  action  f.  relaxare :  see  prec.  and 
RELAX  z>.,  and  cf.  F.  relaxation  (1314).] 

1,  Partial   (f  or   complete)    remission   of  some 
penalty,  burden,  duty,  etc. ;  f  also,  the  document 
granting  such  remission. 

1526  Filgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  42  The  plenary  re- 
myssyons  ben  ever  referred  communly  to  relaxacyon  of 
payne.  1533-4  Act  25  Hen.  y/II,  c.  21  §  i  Licenses, 
faculties,  grantis,  relaxacions,  writtes  called  Perinde  valere, 
rehabilitacions,  abolitions,  and  other  infinite  sortes  of  buls. 
1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vm.  x.  (1614)  792  He  . .  procured 
a  relaxation  of  tribute  from  his  father  in  law,  1655  FULLER 
Ch.  Hist,  in.  ii.  §  3.  19  Others  conceive  this  relaxation  in 
dulged  in  favour  to  some  great  offenders.  1727-38  CHAM 
BERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  In  this  sense  we  say  the  relaxation  of  an 
attachment  in  the  court  of  admiralty.  1791  BURKE  Corr. 
(1844)  III.  362  Hitherto  all  relaxation  of  penalties  proceeded 
on  principles  of  union.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India  II. 
405  Some  relaxation  was  admitted  in  regard  to  the  tributes. 

b.  Sc.  Law.  Release  from  a  judicial   penalty, 
esp.  from  a  sentence  of  outlawry. 

1546  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  59  His  grace  sail  nowther 
giff  respect  nor  remissioun,  supersedere  nor  relaxatioun,  to 
na  maner  of  persoun.  .that  sal  happin  tocommitt  slauchter. 
1601  Acts  Scdcrnnt  (1790)  34  Na  relaxatioun  ..  sail  be 
;rantit  to  ony  rebell  lawfullie  denunceit  to  the  home.  1752 
LOUTHIAN  Form  of  Process  (ed.  2)  140  Follows  the 
:tters  of  Relaxation  on  the  foresaid  Petition  and  Inter 
locutor.  1791  KAMES  Diet.  Decisions  (ed.  2)  I.  262  The 
Lords  found  that  relaxations  must  be  executed  at  the  head- 
burgh  of  that  same  shire  where  the  denounciation  was  made. 
1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  844  In  criminal  prosecutions, 
one  who  has  been  outlawed  may  appeal,. for  letters  of  re 
laxation,  reponing  him  against  the  sentence, 

c.  Release  from  captivity;  restoration  to  freedom. 
1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  fsa.  xxxii.  comm.,  The  fift  part.  Of  the 

captivitie  and  relaxation  of  the  kingdom  of  Juda. 

d.  (See  quots.  and  RELAX  v.  4  b.) 

1826  Blackw.  Mag.  XX.  84  Relaxation  is  the  act  by  which 
the  Inquisitors  deliver  over  a  person  convicted  of  heresy  to 
the  royal  judge  ordinary,  that  he  may  be  condemned  to  a 
capital  punishment.  1894  Month  Mar.  335  The  sentence  of 
'relaxation*  comprised  three  parts;  the  judgment  of  the 
Inquisition,  the  verdict  of  the  secular  magistrate,  and  the 
execution — all  this  on  the  same  day. 

2.  The  action  of  unbending  the  mind  from  severe 
application  ;  release  from  ordinary  occupations  or 
cares ;  recreation. 

1548  UDALL  Erasm.  Par.  Luke  ix.  84  b,  For  of  suche  sorte 
ought  the  pastyme  &  relaxacion  of  suche  men  as  are 
followers  of  the  apostles  to  bee.  1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol. 
v.  Ixx.  §  3  Those  poore  and  needie,  ..  at  these  times  made 
partakers  of  relaxation  and  ioy  with  others.  1663  COWLEV 
Verses  $•  £ss.t  Ode  Liberty  ii,  To  thy  bent  mind  some 
relaxation  give,  And  steal  one  day  out  of  thy  life  to  live. 
1712  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  487  r  3  In  this  case  Dreams  look 
like  the  Relaxations  and  Amusements  of  the  Soul,  1818 
HAZLITT  F.ng.  Poets  ii.  (1870)  45  The  genius  of  his  poetry 
. .  is  inspired  by  the  love  of  ease,  and  relaxation  from 
all  the  cares  and  business  of  life.  1876  LOWELL  Amongmy 
Bks.  Ser.  n.  137  It  is  no  marvel  when  even  their  relaxations 
were  such  downright  hard  work. 

fratisf.    1756  BURKE  Snbl.  fy  B,  iv.  x,  [The  eye]  has  a  sort  of 
relaxation  or  rest.     1784  COWPER  Task  I.  81  But  relaxation 
of  the  languid  frame.  .Was  bliss  reserv'd  for  happier  days, 
tb.  Respite,  rest.     Const,  of.  Obs.  rare- -1. 

1728  ELIZA  HKYWOOD  tr.  Mine,  de  Gomez  s  Belle  A.  (1732) 
II.  256  The  Httle  Walk  would  give.  .Julia  some  Relaxation 
of  Speech,  and  the  better  enable  her  to  continue  her  Recital. 


RELAXATIVE. 

3.  Path.  A  loosening  or  slackening  of  the  fibres, 
nerves,  joints,   etc.,  of  the  body;   diminution  of 
firmness  or  tension. 

i6»6  BACON  Sylva  §  730  Bathing  or  Anointing  give  a  Re 
laxation  or  Emollition.  1661  LOVELL//W*.  Anim.  $  Min. 
289  The  head  is  heavy  with  sleepe,  and  there  is  a  relaxation 
of  the  nerves  and  ligaments.  1704  F.  FULLER  Mcd,  Gymn, 
Pref.,  It  [is]  impossible  to  remove  some  Diseases  of  the 
Limbs,  without  an  universal  equal  Relaxation.  1808  EAR- 
CLAY  Muscular^  Motions  303  That  state  of  relaxation  which 
a  muscle  exhibits  in  the  dead  body.  1857  BULLOCK  Cazeaux* 
Midwif.  129  The  relaxation  of  the  pelvic  symphyses  is 
a  frequent  occurrence. 

4.  Diminution  of,  release  or  freedom  from,  strict 
ness  or  severity. 

a  1626  W.  SCLATER  Exp.  $th  ck.  Rom.  (1650)  116",  I  ..  can 
but  wonder,  How  the  severity  of  Laws  against  Popish 
Seminaries  hath  gotten  relaxation.  1656  EARL  MONM.  tr. 
Boccalinis  Advts.  fr.  Partiass.  r.  y.  (1674)  5  Wholesome 
Institutions,  which  after  a  relaxation,  are  at  last  quite 
forgotten.  1772  Jitnius  Lett.  Pref.  (1788)  16  These  are  not 
times  to  admit  of  any  relaxation  in  the  little  discipline  we 
have  left.  1835  THIRLWALL  Greece  viii.  I.  298  The  root  of 
the  evil  lay  in  the  relaxation  of  the  royal  authority.  1873 
SYMONDS  Grk.  Poets  iv.  104  The  relaxation  of  Ionian  life. . 
rendered  the  development  of  satire  in  Ionia  more  natural, 
b.  Extension  of  meaning. 

1858  GLADSTONE  Homer  III.  20  This  relaxation  in  the 
sense  of  Bao-cAeus  is  no  inconsiderable  note  of  change. 

5.  Abatement  of  intensity,  vigour,  or  energy. 

1695  WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Earth  lit.  i.  (1723)  142  Re 
laxation  of  the  Heat.      1756  BURKE  Snbl.  fy  B.  iv.  xx,  Dis 
posing  to  an  universal  relaxation,  and  inducing.,  that  species 
of  it  called  sleep,     a  1781  WATSON  Philip  ///,  in.  244  It 
might  occasion  too  great  a  relaxation  of  the  vigour  which    ' 
you  have  been  so  long  accustomed  to  exert.     1875  LYELL    1 
Princ.  Geol.  (ed.  12)  I.  it.  xx.  514  The  grassy  covering  of  the 
sloping  talus  marks  a  temporary  relaxation  of  the  erosive 
action  of  the  sea.   iSSaPEBODV  Eng.  Journalism-x\.  SsStuart 
complains,  .of  his  dilatoriness,  of  his  relaxation  of  energy. 

Rela'xative,  a.  and  sb.  [f.  RELAX  v.t  after 
LAXATIVE.  Cf.  RELAXANT.] 

A.  adj.  Tending  to  relax ;  of  the  nature  of  re 
laxation,  rare. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rilasciatiao,  laxatlue  or  relaxatiue  in  opera 
tion.     1731  Gentl.  JMag.   I.   289  Relaxative  diversions,  he 
thinks,  fall  properly  under  the  considerations  of  a  Saturdays 
entertainment.     1891  H.  C.  HALLIDAV  Someone  must  suffer    ' 
III.  xt.  197  Grudgingly.. has  Mrs.  Felix  ever  countenanced    \ 
these  relaxative  measures. 

t  B.  sb.  A  means  of  relaxing ;  e sp.  a  relaxing 
medicine.  Obs. 

1632  B.  JONSON  Magn.  Lady  in.  iv,  It  is  a  pursmess,  a 
kind  of  stoppage,  .that  you  are  troubled  with  :.  .and  therefore 
you  must  use  relaxatives.  1671  L.  ADDISON  IV.  Barbary 
217  The  Moresco  Festivals  seem  not  so  much  Commemorative 
of  received  Mercies  as  relaxatives  of  Corporeal  Labors. 

So  Bela'xatory  a,  rare. 

1581  J.  BELL  Haddoi's  Anstu.  Osor.  402  They  would 
graunt  plenary  remission  of  Sinnes:  and  would  make  out  their 
Bullesrelaxatory.  1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic.  Evid. 
(1827)  V.  430  Two  plaintiffs,  one  of  them  has  been  cleared 
of  legal  interest.. by  the  relaxatory  purge. 

Relaxed  (rflae-kst),///.  a.     [f.  RELAX  v.] 

1.  Freed  from  restraint  or  restrictions ;  not  strict 
or  precise,  fesp.  in  observing  a  religious  rule. 

1638-48  G.  DANIEL  Eclog.  v.  234  The  Florentine  prescribes 
to  duller  fooles  ;  But  Stronger  flow  from  all  relaxed  Soules. 
1671  WOODHEAD  St.  Teresa  11.  xxxii.  200  He  had  been 
Visitor  of  the  Relaxed  Fathers  of  the  Province  of  Castile. 
1768  BOYER  Diet.  Royal  I.  s.v.  Grain,  Catholique  a  gros 
grain,  a  relaxed  Catholick.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  II. 
686/1  Augustinians  are  ..  divided  into  rigid  and  relaxed. 
1818  HAZLITT  Eng.  Poets  iii.  (1870)  74  Shakspeare  ..  is  re 
laxed  and  careless  in  critical  places.  1855  PUSEY  Doctr. 
Real  Pres.  Note  S  704  That  ye . .  may  neither  yourselves-  be 
relaxed,  regardless  of  the  fear  of  God,  nor  [etc.]. 

b.  Slackened,  mitigated,  or  modified  in  respect 
of  strictness. 

1671  WOODHEAD  St.  Teresa  n.  xxx.  183  A  Monastery  of 
our  Lady  of  Carmel  of  the  Rule  relaxed.  1796  MORSE 
Amer.  Geog.  I.  87  The  women  wear  no  more  covering  than 
the  most  relaxed  modesty  seems  absolutely  to  require.  1858 
GLADSTONE  Homer  III.  19  It  seems  very  doubtful,  .whether 
. .  the  relaxed  sense  ever  appears  as  a  title  in  the  singular 
number.  1881  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  IV.  n.  i.  168  When 
the  law  has  become  relaxed,  public  opinion  takes  its  place. 

2.  Path.   Of  parts  of  the   body ;    Deprived   to 
some  extent  of  the  usual  firmness ;  rendered  soft 
or  feeble. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  127  This  part  m  Deere. . 
sometimes  becomes  so  relaxed  and  pendulous,  it  cannot  be 
quite  retracted.  1733  CHEYNE  Eng. Malady  \.  xi.  §  i  (1734) 
99  Those  who  have  weak,  loose,  and  feeble  or  relax'd  Nerves. 
1799  Med.  Jrnl.  II.  284  When  the  body  is  warm  and  relaxed, 
as  during  sleep,  or  after  fatigue.  1843  LYTTON  Last  Bar. 
I.  iv,  His  hands  were  small  and  delicate,  with  large  blue 
veins,  that  spoke  of  relaxed  fibres.  1865  DICKENS  Let. 
6  Nov.,  I  have  been  unwell  with  a  relaxed  throat. 

3.  In  other  senses  of  the  vb. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat,  Mechanic  500  The  relaxed 
spring. .above  lying  in  a  spiral  form.  1846  ELLIS  Elgin 
Marb.\.  164  Busy  movement,  and  relaxed  effort.  1856  KANE 
Arct.  Expl.  I.  vi.  57  There  must  be  either  great  areas  of  re 
laxed  ice  or  open  water-leads  along  the  shore. 

Hence  Kela-xedly  adv.  ;  Bela'xedness. 

1818  SHELLEY  Rosal.  $  Helen  1170  His  mien  Sunk  with 
the  sound  relaxedly.  1855  PUSEY  Doctr.  Real  Pres.  Note  S 
704  That  ye. .may  neither.  .look  about  hither  and  thither, 
nor  roll  about,  relaxedly  and  vulgarly.  1860  —  Min.  Proph. 
3  An  extreme  relaxedness,  on  the  borders  of  further  sin. 

Rela'xer.    rare.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER*.]      One 
who,  or  that  which,  relaxes  or  loosens. 
VOL.  VIII. 


401 

1671  SALMON  Syn.  Mcd.  m.  xvl,  361  Relaxers  are  such  as 
loosen  any  member  distended  through  cold,  dry  ness,  or  re 
pletion  of  wind,  &c.  1870  Miss  BBOUGHTOX  Red  as  Rose 
(1878)  229  The  pliant  relaxer  of  soft  limbs. 

Relaxing  (r^lre-ksirj1),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  l.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  RELAX. 

i6u  FLORIO,  Relasso,..o.  relaxing.  1667  LOWER  m  Phil. 
Trans,  II.  545  The  Belly  falls  by  the  Relaxing  of  the  same 
[diaphragm].  1734  WATERLAND  Script.  V indie.  Concl., 
Wk.s.  1823  VI.  169  The  destroying  or  relaxing  of  the  other 
[motives]  is  so  far  destroying  or  relaxing  virtue  and  morality. 
1884  Ajhenaaum  16  Aug.  204/2  The  fourteenth  and  fifteenth 
centuries  saw  a  considerable  relaxing  of  the  severities  of  the 
Cistercian  rule. 

Rela-xing,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.]  Caus 
ing  or  producing  relaxation  ;  enervating. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rilasciante  inedicma,  a  relaxing  medicine. 
1779  Gentl.  Mag.  XLIX.  79  Ointment  of  Marsh  Mallows,  I 
imagine  from  its  name  is  understood  to  be  of  an  emollient 
relaxing  disposition.  1825-9  MRS.  SHERWOOD  Lady  of  Manor 
xiii.  (1860)  II.  120  A  climate  so  peculiarly  relaxing  as  that 
of  Bengal.  1841  JAMES  Brigand  i,  All  the  relaxing  joys  of 
an  hour's  idleness.  1883  '  ANNIE  THOMAS  '  Mod,  Housewife 
95  You  will  neither  go  to  the  bleak  Norfolk  coast  nor  to  the 
relaxing  air  of  Bournemouth. 

Hence  Rela'xingness. 

1883  Miss  BROUGHTON  Belinda  II.  n.  v.  55,  I  have  been 
advised. .to  try  the  effect  of  a  more  bracing  air,  as  a  cor 
rective  to  the  extreme  relaxingness  of  Oxbridge. 

tRela'xioii.  Obs.  rare—1,  [irreg.  f.  RELAX 
v.  +  -ION.]  Remission  (of  a  penalty). 

1528  Gahvay  A  rch.  in  ioM  Rep.  Mist.  J/.V.V.  Comtn.  App. 
V.  403  The  which  relaxion  was  gyvin  to  Willam  in  re- 
compence  of  the  slaght  and  saut  of  Thomas  Marten. 

Relay  (r/l^-)>  sb>  I>d.  OF.  relais  (i3th  c.), 
hounds  or  (in  later  use)  horses  held  in  reserve,  f. 
relaycr  to  RELAY.] 

1.  A  set  of  fresh  hounds  (and  horses)  posted  to 
take  up  the  chase  of  a  deer  in  place  of  those  already 
tired  out ;  f  also,  the  place  where  these  are  posted. 
Obs.  exc.  arch. 

c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  Prol.,  And  whan 
he  shall  comm  ayenn  to  the  semble  or  metynge,  thenn  hath 
he  moste  to  done,  forto  ordeyne  his  fynders  and  the  relaies. 
Ibid,  xxxiii,  And  at  euery  relay  suffiseth  ii.  couple  of 
houndes  or  iii.  atte  moste.  a  1500  Chaucer's  Drone  362 
A  great  rout  Of  hunters,  and  eke  of  foresters,  And  many 
relaies,  and  limers.  1373  TURBERV.  V'enerie  i.  xiv.  36  Then 
may  you  choo.se  out  a  Forest  wherein  the  Relaies  be  of 
equall  proportion.  1637  B.  JONSON  Sad  Shepk.  i.  ii,  Rob. 
What  relays  set  you?  John.  None  at  all ;  we  laid  not  In 
one  fresh  dog.  1651  D&VKHtMT Gondibert  i.  n.  xxviii,[They] 
now  dispose  their  choice  Relays  Of  Horse  and  Hounds,  each 
like  each  other  fleet.  iTMSoMERVILLECbwill.  506  Press'd 
by  the  fresh  Relay,  no  Pause  allow'd,  Breathless  and  faint, 
he  faulters  in  his  Pace.  1842  SIR  H.  TAYLOR  Edwin  i.  vi, 
Oh,  the  best  bitch  !  She  holds  them  all  together,  Relay  or 
vauntlay,  'tis  the  same  to  her. 

attrib.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey)  s.v.,  The  Cry,  or  Kennel 
of  Relay-Hounds. 

2.  A  set  of  fresh  horses  obtained,  or  kept  ready, 
at  various  stages  along  a  route  to  expedite  travel. 

1659  HOWELL  Vocab.  xxix,  A  horse  of  relay  or  return. 
1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Relays,  is  also  sometimes  taken 
for  fresh  Horses,  or  the  Stage  where  they  are  kept.  1713 
Land.  Gaz.  No.  5137/8  [They]  came  hither. .with  three  Re 
lays  of  Horses.  1763  SMOLLETT  Trav.  (1766)  I.  137  It  was 
as  disagreeable  to  him  as  to  me  to  wait  for  a  relay.  1843 
LYTTON  Last  Bar.  iv.  i,  Relays  of  horses  are  ready,  night 
and  day,  to  bear  you  to  the  coast.  1879  A.  R.  WALLACE 
Australasia  xvi.  327  A  traveller  may  have  relays  of  horses 
to  carry  him  day  and  night  at  the  rate  often  miles  an  hour. 

trans/,  and  fig.  1709  MRS.  MANLEY  Secret  Mem.  II.  42 
It  is  impossible  for  Virtue  to  subsist  without  the  Relay  of 
Vice.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  n.  250  Who  call  aloud  ..  For 
change  of  follies,  and  relays  of  joy,  To  drag  your  patient 
through  the  tedious  length  Of  a  short  winter's  day.  1860 
MAURV  Pkys.  Geog.  Sea  (Low)  xii.  §  552  Thus  we  are  en 
titled  to  regard  the  Mediterranean,  the  Red  Sea,  and  Persian 
Gulf  as  relays,  distributed  along  the  route  of  these  thirsty 
winds.. to  supply  them  with  vapours. 

b.  The  place  where  a  fresh  relay  is  obtained. 
1706  [see  above].     1834  JAMES  J.  Marston  Hall  xxi,  I 

rode  on  as  fast  as  possible  to  the  next  post  relay.  1873 
BtOvrvniQJZldCoM.  Nt.-cap  iv.  9  How  the  mind  runs  from 
each  toeach  relay,  Town  after  town,  till  Paris' self  be  touched. 

c.  Relay-horse^  a  fresh  or  reserve  horse. 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Relay-horses  in  the  artillery  are 
spare  horses  that  march  with  the  artillery  and  baggage,  ready 
to  relieve  others.  1818  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1830)  IV.  447 
Couriers  and  relay-horses  by  land,  and  swift-sailing  pilot- 
boats  by  sea,  were  flying  in  all  directions. 

3.  A  set  of  persons  appointed  to  relieve  others  in 
the  performance  of  certain  duties ;  a  relief-gang, 

1808  HAN.  (MoRB  Calebs  I.  346  Nicholas  Ferrar  ..  bad 
relays  of  musicians  every  six  hours  to  sing  the  whole  Psalter 
through.  1840  CARLYLE  fferof$(i8$S)  233  They  have  mosques 
where  it  [the  Koran]  is  all  read  daily;  thirty  relays  of  priests 
take  it  up  in  succession,  get  through  the  whole  each  day. 
1881  JOWETT  Thvcyd.  I.  144  The  army  was  divided  into 
relays,  and  one  party  worked  while  the  other  slept  and  ate. 

attrib.  1886  Telegraphist  (Dec.)  14/1,  I  beg  to  call  your 
attention  to  the  anomalous  position  of  relay  clerks. 

4.  An  instrument  used  in  long  distance  telegraphy 
to  enable  an  electric  current  which  is  too  weak  to 
influence   recording   instruments,    or   to   transmit 
a  message  to  the  required  distance,  to  do  so  in 
directly  by  means  of  a  local  battery  brought  into 
connexion  with  it, 

1860  G.  PRESCOTT  Electr.  Telegr.  81  The  relay  is  a  very 
essential  apparatus  in  Morse's  telegraphic  system.  1876 
PREECE  &  SIVEWRICHT  Telegraphy  60  The  forms  of  relay 
more  largely  used  are  called  polarized 


KELEASE. 

attrib.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1915/2  By  means  of  the 
relay  magnet.  1878  STEWART  &  TAIT  Unseen  Univ.  vii. 
§  256.  261  As  it  were  by  some  relay  battery  of  the  universe. 

He-lay  (r/-),  sb.     [RE-  5  a.]     A  re-laid  oyster. 

1889  Pall  Mall  G.  18  June  3/1  Not  one  in  twenty  knows 
that  the  majority  of  so-called  real  Whitetable  natives  are 
imported  relays. 

Relay  (rfl^-),  v.  [ad.  F.  relayer  (1310.  c.),  of 
obscure  origin.] 

1 1.  trans.  Of  a  hunter :  To  let  go  (the  fresh 
hounds)  upon  thetrack  of  the  deer.  Alsoa^W.  Obs. 

c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxiii,  He  shuld 
lat  J>e  decre  passe  and  go  to  J?e  fues.  .and  relay  his  houndes 
vpon  J>e  fues.  /bid.,  If  it  so  be,  J?at  be  hunter  ^at  ha^e  re 
layed,  se  t>at  J?e  deere  is  lickely  to  fal!  in  daunger, . .  he  shuld, 
whan  he  hath  relayed,  stondu  still  in  pe  fues  and  halowe  J>e 
i  houndes. 

t  b.  To  hunt  (a  deer)  with  relays.   Obs.  rare~l. 

£-1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxiii,  When  he 
|     hath  be  so  wele  ronne  to  and  enchased  and  retreved  and 
softe  relayed  and  vanleyed  to,  ..  pcnne  turneth  he  his  heed 
and  stondeth  at  abaye. 

2.  To  place  in  relays  :  to  provide  with,  or  re 
place  by,  fresh  relays. 

1788  EARL  MALMFSBURY  Diaries  $  Co-r.  II.  427  The  emis 
saries  of  this  Cabal  had  been  relayed  (if  I  may  use  the 
expression)  on  the  road.  1883  Pail  Mull  (,\  18  Dec.  4/2 
Our  human  ponies  were  not  relayed.  1883  Daily  Nt'ivs 
3  Jan.  5/6  Those  who  watched  in  the  mortuary  room  were 
relayed  every  ten  minutes. 

3.  intr*  To  get  a  fresh  relay. 

1829  COL.  HA\VKF,R  Diary  (1893)  II.  4,  fl]  relayed  with  a 
horse  at  Winchester  that,  .could  only  toddle  along,  a  1868 
M.  J.  HIGGINS  Ess.  (1875!  158  He  endeavours  to  make  up 
for  the  time  lost  in  relaying  by  what  he  calls  '^ousscr  les 
postilions' 

Relay,  obs.  form  of  RELY  v^- 

Re-lay  (rf-),  v.  Also  relay,  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  lay  again,  in  various  senses.  Also  with  out. 
Hence  Re-laying  vbL  sb. 

1590  SIR  T.  COKAINE  Treat.  Hunting  C  ij,  All  Huntsmen 
are  to  helpe  any  hound  that  is  cast  out  to  relay  him  in  againe. 
1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gui  lie  mean's  Fr.  Chimrg.  16/2  If  the  guttes, 
with  these  remedyes,  will  not  relays  ther  swellings.  1700 
Providence  (R.  I.)  Rec.  (1893)  IV.  197  The  second  part  of 
the  said  land  now  relaid  out  is  a  peece  of  swampey  land. 
1796  W.  BKGU-N  Chancery  Rep.  III.  91  He  alone  received  the 
SOD/.,  and.  .no  part  of  it  was  relaid  out  in  other  securities. 
1804  NELSON  18  Apr.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  V.  502  Perhaps 
the  hawser-laid  rope,  .may  if  the  hemp  is  good  be  relaid  and 
made  serviceable.  1858  GREENER  Gunnery  143  This  neces 
sitates  the  relaying  of  the  gun  after  every  discharge.  1894 
Daily  News  i  Sept.  6/1  The  re-binding  of  the  volumes,  the 
displacement  of  'titles',  and  their  're-laying  ',  entailed  an 
immense  amount  of  labour. 

b.  esp.  To  lay  or  put  down  again  (something 
previously  taken  up). 

1757  SMOLLETT  Hist.  Eng.  in.  xii,  (L.),  As  to  damaged 
pavements, .. to  cause  it  to  be  effectually  relayed  with  good 
materials  at  their  expense.  1829  ELMES  Dilapidations 
(ed.  3)  App.  66  Take  up  and  relay  the  Portland  stone  coping. 
1862  Catal.  Internat.  Rxhib.  II.  x.  34/2  It  is  useful.,  where 
a  main  is  being  re-laid  with  the  gas  or  water  in  the  same. 
1886  TUCKER  E.  Europe  185  The  cloth  was  re-laid,  and  due 
regard  was  paid  to  the  cravings  of  the  famished  party. 

E-ele,  obs.  form  of  REEL. 

t  Relea'ge,  v>  Obs.  rare— *.  [ad.  L.  reJcg-are 
or  ¥.  retiguer  \  see  RELEGATE  v.~\  To  banish. 

1691  J.  WILSON  Belphegorv.  ii,  I  releage,  and  confine  ye, 
to  your  dismal  Lake,  for  a  thousand  Years,  yet  more,  than 
were  ever  decreed  ye. 

Relea'rn,  z'.    [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To  learn  again. 

a  1711  KEN  Edmund  Poet.  \Vks.  1721  II.  213  He  in  Re 
ligion  nurtur'd  from  his  Youth,  In  Wisdom's  House  relearn'd 
all  sacred  Truth.  1850  Westm.  Rev.  Apr.  80  The  world  has 
never  to  re-learn  its  lesson.  1900  GORE  Ep.  Romans  II.  100 
We  must  relearn  the  lesson  that  St.  Augustine  is  for  ever 
insisting  upon. 

Releas,  variant  of  RELISH  st>.2  Obs. 

Relea'sable,  a.  rare.  [f.  RELEASE  v.i  + 
-ABLE.]  Admitting  of  release  or  dispensation. 

1611  COTGR.,  Remissible,  remit  table, ..  releasable.  i6iz 
SELDEN  Itlustr.  Dray  ton*  s  Polyolb.  xi.  350  He  discharged 
all  monasteries  and  churches  of  all . .  taxes, . .  excepting  such 
as  were. .not  releasable.  1854  Frasers  Mag.  L.  318  A  re 
ligious  congregation  forming  simple,  i.e.  releasable  vows. 

t  Relea'Sant.  Obs.  rare"1,  [irreg.  f.  RE 
LEASE  v.1  +  -ANT1.]  Release. 

1592  Nobody  $  Sonicb.  in  Simpson  Sch.  Shaks.  (1878)  I.  343 
What,  shall  I  never  from  this  servitude  Receive  releasant  ? 

Release  (rfl/'s),  st>.1  Forms:  4-5  reles(e, 
-lees,  5-6  -lesse,  (4  -leische,  5  St.  -lesche ; 
5  -lece,  -leese,  6  Sc.  -leis) ;  5  releasse,  6  -leace, 
6-  release,  [a.  OF.  reles  (lath  c.),  var.  of  relais, 
vbl.  sb.  from  re/esser,  relaisser :  see  RELEASE  z/.1] 

1.  Deliverance  or  liberation  from  trouble,  pain, 
sorrow  or  the  like. 

c  1315  SHOREHAM  i.  1067  Be  nau^t  loj>  To  do  penaunce 
here  ;  For  ^et  |»er  hys  here  som  reles  So  nj'S  nau^t  ine  [>e 
uere  Areyned.  <r  1400  Rom.  Rose  4440  For  Love . .  Seide, 
that  Hope,  wher-so  I  go,  Shulde  ay  be  relees  to  my  wo. 
c  1400  Chron.  R.  Glonc.  (Rolls)  App.  Q.  2  Wo  &  sorewe  to 
bis  lond  is  cpminge..ne  wor^e  neuere  reles.  c  1440  York 
Myst.  xxxvii.  288  Nowthir  frende  nor  foo  Shulde  fynde 
reles  in  helle.  c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (3.  T.  S.)  v.48  In  May 
sowld  men  of  amoure  go  To  serf  thair  ladeis..Sen  thair 
releis  in  ladeis  lyis.  1794  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Myst.  Udolpho 
xxv,  Emily  had  no  opportunity  of  seeking  a  release  from 
her  terrible  suspense  concerning  her  aunt.  1819  SHELLEY 
Frometh.  Unb.  HI.  i.  64  No  pity,  no  release,  no  respite  ! 
1840  Miss  MITFORD  in  L'Estrange  Life  (1870)  III.  vii.  108 

51 


RELEASE. 

To  me  individually  it  would  be  a  great  release  to  be  quit  of 
the  trouble  and  expense  of  the  garden.  1878  BROWNING  La 
Saisiaz  330  Death  s  kindly  touch . .  gave  Soul  and  body  both 
release  from  life's  long  nightmare  in  the  grave. 

t  b.  Const,  of  (the  suffering  or  its  cause).   Obs. 
1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  3565  And  what  may  mak  bair 


clxxvi,  For  my  reconforting,  In  relesche  of  my  furiouse 
pennance.  c  1430  LYDG.  Mitt.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  236  tor 
whosoevir  unto  this  name  calle,  Of  cankryd  surfetys  fynt 
reles  by  myracle. 

2.  The  act  of  freeing,  or  fact  of  being  freed,  from 
some  obligation,  duty,  or  demand ;  remission ;  dis 
charge  of  a  person  (t  or  troops). 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  185  Hot  if  bei  wille  with 
pes  (>is  lond  jeld  vs  alle  quite,  pel  salle  ban  haf  reles,  of 
fayth  gode  respite.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  vii.  83  To  ha 
reles  and  remission  on  that  rental  I  be-leeue.  1390  GowF.it 
Con/.  III.  373  My  will  is. .that  thou  make  a  plem  reles  To 
love,  c  1440  Promp.  Pan>.  428/2  Relece,  or  for-}euenesse, 
rclaxacio.  1530  PALSGR.  26 1/2  Release,  forgyvenesse./mfvr'ow. 
1556  J.  HEYWOOD  Spider  $  F.  Ixxi,  Bonds  of  good  abear- 
ing  shall  have  no  release.  1622  BACON  I  fen.  I'll  (1876)  65 
He  would  not  have  one  penny  abated,.. because  it  might 
encourage  other  counties  to  pray  the  like  release  or  mitiga 
tion.  1671  R.  MONTAGU  in  Biicclencli  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.)  I.  507  His.. losing  his  command  by  the  late  release 
of  the  levies.  1764  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Eng.  in  Lett.  (1772)  II. 
170  The  Spaniards,  instead  of  granting  a  redress,  had  rather 
extorted  a  release  for  their  former  conduct.  1878  STUP.BS 
Const.  Hist.  xix.  (1896)  III.  362  Henry  III  ..sought  in  a 
papal  sentence  of  absolution  a  release  from  the  solemn 
obligations  by  which  he  had  bound  himself  to  his  people, 
•f  b.  Remission  of  a.  tax,  debt,  obligation,  etc.  Obs. 

1387  TREVISA  Hig,icn  (Rolls)  IV.  77  losephus.  .obteynede 
.  .the  fauor  of  the  kynge  and  releische  of  his  tribute.  1502 


651 

75  His  Will  to  have  it  done  being  signified,  is  a  release  of  that 

Covenant.    1659  PEARSON  Creed (1839)  508 This  remission  or 

release  of  debts  hath  a  great  affinity  with  remission  of  sins. 

c.  A  written  discharge,  acquittance,  or  receipt. 

r  1440  Geste  of  Robyn  Hood  cxvii.  in  Child  Ballads  III. 
62/1  '  What  wyll  ye  gyue  more ',  sayd  the  justice, '  And  the 
knyght  shall  make  a  releyse?1  1530  RASTELL  Bk,  Pnrgat. 
in.  xiv,  To  make  aquitaunces  and  relesis  in  his  name,  and 
to  take  bondes.  1611  CorGR.tQuitattcetan  Acquitance,  Re 
lease,  discharge.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  r.  xix,  I ..  caused 
him  to  draw  up  a  general  release  or  discharge  for  the  four 
hundred  and  seventy  moidores.  1809  R.  LANGFORD  hitrod* 
Trade  108  If  a  Rent  be  behindhand  twenty  years,  and  a 
release  given  for  the  last  year,  all  the  rent  in  arrears  is  pre- 
sumed  in  law  to  be  satisfied. 

1 3.  Without  release  (tr.  OF.  sans  reles\  without 
remission  or  cessation,  continually.  Obs* 

13. .  R.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  955  In  }>at  o^er  is  no}t  hot  pes  to 
glene,  pat  ayschal  laste  with-outen  reles.  c  1400  tr.  Secreta 
Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsk.  go  pe  wirkere  of  dissolucipun  of  waters 
ys  with  outen  reles.  1566  WHITTINGHAM  Ps.  Ii.  3  My  sinne 
alas  doth  still  remayne  Before  my  face  without  relesse. 

4.  Law.  The  act  of  conveying  or  making  over 
an  estate  or  right  to  another,  or  disposing  of  it  in 
some  legal  fashion  (see  quot.  1594);  a  deed  or 
document  made  for  this  purpose. 

c  1420  Anturs  of  Arth.  1,  Here  I  make  the  relese  in  my 
rentis,  by  J>e  rode,  c  1430  LYDC.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.) 
1 17  Thus  the  burges  of  the  borrowe  . .  He  endewed  into  the 
place  wyth  dedes  of  good  relese,  In  fee  for  ever  more.  1487 
Rolls  of  Par  It.  VI.  389/2  Which  Releasse  remayneth  with 
You,  Soveraigne  Lord  ;  as  appereth  by  the  same.  1537  in 
Lett.  Suppress.  Monast.  (Camden)  168  We  have  taken  a 
releasse  and  a  deade  of  feofftement  of  the  monasterie  of 
Saint  Androse  in  Northehamptone  to  the  kinges  use.  1594 
WEST  2»rf  Pt.  Symbol.  §  466  A  Release  is  an  instrument, 
whereby  estates,  rightes,  titles,  entries,  actions,  and  other 
things  be  sometimes  extinguished,  sometimes  transferred, 
sometimes  abridged,  and  sometimes  inlarged.  1601  Act  43 
Eliz.  c.  4  §  4  By  any  Conveiance,  Gifte,  Graunte,  Lease, 
Demise,  Release,  or  Conversion  whatsoever.  1607  COWELI, 
Interfir.  s.  v. ,  And  there  is  a  Release  in  fact,  and  a  release  in 
lawe.  1743  ViNER^rfVi^>«.  XVIII.  294  If  a  Man  seised  of  a 


:  conveyai 

ments,  to  another  that  hath  some  former  estate  in  possession. 
1844  WILLIAMS  Real  Prop.  (1^)1^^-  release  is  the  proper 
form  of  assurance  between  joint  tenants.  1853  T.  I.  WHAR- 
TON  Pennsylv.  Digest  470  A  release  cannot  be  given  in 
evidence  in  covenant  unless  it  has  been  pleaded. 

b.  Lease  and  release,  '  a  conveyance  of  the  fee- 
simple,  right,  or  interest  in  lands  or  tenements, 
under  the  Statute  of  Uses,  27  lien.  8,  c.  10,  giving 
first  the  possession,  and  afterwards  the  interest  in 
the  estate  conveyed  '  (Tomlins). 

1682  SIR  O.  BRIDGMAN  Conveyances  185  Lease  and  Release 
by  the  Husband  for  a  Provision  for  his  Wife,  and  Portions 
for  his  Children.  1744  JACOB  Law  Diet.  (ed.  5)  II.  s.v. 
Lease  fy  Release,  A  Lease  and  Release  made  but  one  Con 
veyance,  being  rS  the  nature  of  one  Deed.  1766  BLACKSTONE 
Comm.  II.  339  A  fourteenth  species  of  conveyance,  viz.  by 
lease  and  release;  first  invented  by  serjeant  Moore,  soon 
after  the  statute  of  uses,  and  now  the  most  common  of  any, 
and  therefore  not  to  be  shaken.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX. 
375/2  In  the  common  conveyance  by  lease  and  release,  it  is 
usual  to  give  the  intended  releasee  an  estate  in  the  land  for 
a  year  by  bargain  and  sale. 

T"  5.  The  place  where  fresh  hounds  are  let  slip 
to  take  up  the  chase.  Obs.— l  (See  RELAY  sb.  i.) 

1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xv.  53  [Theyl  assembled  theyr  ren- 
nynge  houndes,  two  and  two  togyder..  ;  Some  wyth  the 
brakkenere,  for  to  be  atte  the  reysynge  of  the  beeest,  for  to 
renne  after ;  The  other  for  to  be  sette  atte  the  relesse. 


402 

6.  The  action  of  setting  free,  or  the  fact  of  being 
set  free,  from  restraint  or  confinement ;  permission 
to  go  free ;  also,  a  document  giving  formal  dis 
charge  from  custody. 

c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  L.  viii,  In  vaine  to  others  for 
release  you  flic,  If  once  on  you  I  griping  fingers  sett.  1610 
SHAKS.  Temp,  v.  i.  n  All  prisoners.. They  cannot  boudge, 
till  your  release.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  i.  409  Who  boast'st 
release  from  Hell,  and  leave  to  come  Into  the  Heav'n  of 
Heavens.  1759  JOHNSON  Rasselas  xxxviii,  I  knew  no  sum 
would  be  thought  too  great  for  the  release  of  Pekuah.  1847 
EMERSON  Poems,  To  Rhca  Wks.  (Bohn)  I.  403  These  pre 
sents  be  the  hostages  Which  I  pawn  for  my  release. 

b.  The  act  of  letting  go  something  fixed  or 
held  in  a  certain  position,  or  confined  in  some 
way ;  also,  any  device  by  which  this  is  effected. 

1871  Spans'  Diet.  Engin.  IV.  1408  Causing  the  release  of  the 
spring-clips  to  be  earlier  or  later  in  the  stroke.  1882  OGILVIK, 
Release,  in  the  steam-engine,  the  opening  of  the  exhaust- 
port  before  the  stroke  is  finished,  to  lessen  the  back-pressure. 
1890  Anthony's  t'hotogr.  Bull.  III.  306  The  release  is 
pressed  too  hard  and  the  shutter  slips  off.  1892  Pall  Mall 
G.  10  Sept.  7/2  A  little  frame  carrying  five  keys.  One  of  j 
these  is  the  release. 

atlrih.  1884  C.  G.  W.  LOCK  Workshop  Receipts  Ser.  nt. 
89/2  The  third  [hole]  is  closed  by  a  stopper  and  capsule, 
forming  a  release-valve.  1892  Pall  Mall  C.  10  Sept.  7/2 
The  subscriber  presses  the  release  key. 

fEelea-se,  si>.z  Ol>s.  rare-1.  [Later  form  of 
RELES  :  cf.  RELEASE  v.-]  Relish. 

1604  T.  WEIGHT  Passions  v.  §  4. 189  Things  which  repugne 
any  way  together  carrie  with  them  a  spice  or  release  of 
contrarietie. 

Release  (rflrs),».1    Forms:  3-5  reles,  4-6 

relese,  -lesse,  -lece,  (4  -leese,  -leesse,  5  -leeoe, 
-lecyn)  ;  4-5  releysche,  -lesche,  (4  -leische), 
5  ralesohe,  releshe;  5-  release,  (6  -leace, 
-leause).  [ad.  OF.  relesser  (i2th  c.),  relaiss(i}cr 
(var.  of  rel&cher) :— L.  rclaxiire  to  RELAX.] 

I.  fl.  trans.  Towithdraw,recall, revoke, cancel 
(a  sentence,  punishment,  condition,  etc.).  Obs. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  10297  P011  nast  nou. .be  pope  bisout, 
pat  he  relesi  be  entredit.  1387  TRF.VISA  Higden  (Rolls)  V. 
371  The  kyng  hadde  relesed  [r.r.  relesched  ;  L.  relaxasset\ 
andwibcleped  a  wel  hard  avow|>at  he  hadde  i-made.  IHd. 
VIII.  233  If  that  he  made  eny  sentence,  the  legate,  .scholde 
have  releisched  hit.  1428  tr.  Secreta  Secret.  128  Al  the 
Cite.. to  the  Sone  relessid  the  Payne  [—penalty]  of  the 
eighyn.  c  1530  Crt.  of  Love  1014  The  sixteenth  statut  doth 
me  grete  grevannce,  13nt  ye  must  that  relesse  or  modifie. 
1568  GRAFTON  Citron.  II.  931  The  lyfe  was  geuen,  and  the 
punishment  of  death  releaused.  1629  M  ILTON  Christ's  Nativ. 
i,  For  so  the  holy  sages  once  did  sing,  That  he  our  deadly  j 
forfeit  should  release.  1671  R.  MONTAGU  in  Buccle/tcfi 
MA'S.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  501  Getting  the  King  here  to 
release  that  Article  of  the  Treaty. 

f  2.  To  relieve,  alleviate,  or  remove  (labour, 
pain,  etc.).  Obs. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  cxviii,  [cxix.]  54  Relesand  my 
trauayls  and  my  noy  in  bis  wrechid  life,  c  1386  CHAUCER 
Mi 


RELEASEE. 

VIII  172  Whiche  of  you  . .  would  concent  that  the  kyng 
shoulde  release  his  Seignioritie  or  superioritie  of  Wales, 
Irelande  or  Cornewall  ?  1596  SPINSER  F.  Q.  iv.  ii.  19  Bidding 
them  fight  for  honour  of  their  love,  And  rather  die  then 
Ladies  cause  release.  1665  MANLEY  Grotius'  Lma  C.  Warrcs 


release.  1775  JOHNSON  Tax.  no  Tyr.  83  That  we  should  at 
once  release  our  claims.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  376/1  An 
expectant  heir  cannot  release  the  right  which  he  may  have 
to  his  ancestor's  estate. 

b.  spec.  To  surrender,  make  over,  transfer  (land 
or  territory)  to  another.     Chiefly  Law. 


Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  99  He  begged  but  one  dropp 
of  water,  to  release  his  turmentes.  1551  TURNER  Herbal  \. 
B  vij  b.  The  iuice  that  is  pressed  put,  is  better  &  releseth 
the  paine  soner.  1597  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  vi.  Ixvi,  Would 
God  his  blood,  and  mine  had  well  release  The  dangers  that 
his  pride  is  like  to  breed. 

3.  To  remit ;  to  grant  remission  or  discharge  of 
or  for  (something)  :   f  a.  a  vow  or  task.  Obs. 

c  1315  SHOREHAM  i.  1790  Relessed  Schel  hym  nau^t  be  reli- 
gioun,  pa^  he  be  nau}t  professed,    c  1386  CHAUCER  Clerk's 
T.  97  But  ther  as  ye  ban  profred  me.  .To  chese  me  a  wyf,  I 
yow  relesse  That  choys,  and  prey  you  of  that  profre  cesse. 
•f  b.  sin  or  wrong-doing.  Obs. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Serin.  Sel.  Wks.  I.  77  If  preestis  have  power 
to  relese  synne  as  Cristis  vikeris.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T. 
FsoSThilkesynneissogreetthatvnnethemayitbereleessed. 
1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  t'riv.  134  To  a  vertues  kynge 
hit  appendyth  lyghtly  to  relesse  the  wronge  that  is  to  hym 
done.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Mark  iv.  32  Nowe 
sinnes  are  not  released,  but  to  suche  as  beleue  that  sins  are 
freely  released.  1574  tr.  Marlorafs  Apocalips  n  Who  can 
release  sinnes  but  onely  God  ? 

c.  a  debt,  tax,  tribute,  etc.     Now  only  Law. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Franld.  T.  885  Sire,  I  releesse  thee  thy 
thousand  pound,..!  wol  nat  take  a  peny  of  thee.  1387 
TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  107  He  . .  relesede  . .  half  (>e 
tribute  bat  was  woned  to  be  payde.  c  1400  tr.  Secreta. 
Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  57  And  also  he  vsys  bat  tyme..for  to 
reles  party  of  rentys.  1457  Cal.  Anc.  Rec.  Dullin  (1889)  I. 
295  That  he  shall  have  releshyed  to  hym  during  hys  live 
the  chef  rent  of  an  orchard,  c  1550  Disc.  Common  Weal 
Eng.  (1893)  27  b,  If.,  youe  should  release  yourerent..to  the 
old  rate.  1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  fy  Comtn-w.  (1603)  115 
A  tribute  which  Leo  the  9.  did  release  to  the  church  of  Ham 
burg.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  Ix.  (1739)  IJ8  He 
not  only  never  charged  the  people  with  any  Tax,  but  re 
leased  that  of  Dane-gelt.  1884  SIR  W.  B.  BRETT  in  Law 
Rei>.  14  Q.  B.  Div.  191  [One]  who  was  competent  to  do  so 
might  have  released  the  debt. 

4.  To  give  up,  resign,  relinquish,  surrender  (esp. 
a  right  or  claim,  in  favour  of  another  person). 

1390  GOWER  Con/.  I.  257  In  what  wise  he  may  relesse  His 
hihe  astat,  that  wot  he  noght.  Ibid.  271  Echon  ..  preiden 
for  this  lordes  hele,  Which  hath  relessed  the  cjuerele.  c  1400 
Destr.  Troy  13626,  I  releshe  be  my  ryght  with  a  rank  will, 
And  graunt  pe  be  gouernanse  of  bis  grete  yle.  1470-85 
MALORY  Arthur  x.  xxix.  461  Yf  that  this  knyght  slee  hym, 
I  fully  releece  my  clayme  for  euer.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS 
Hnon  liii.  180  As  for  the  wager  that  I  sholde  wyn  therby,  I 
am  content  to  relese  it  quyte.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen. 


Richarde.  1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI,  i.  i.  51  It  is  agreed .  .That 
the  Dutchy  of  Aniou . .  shall  be  released  and  deliuered  to 
the  King  her  father.  1664  ANDERSON  Reports  §  83, 1  release 
all  my  Lands,  &c.  to  A.  and  to  his  Heirs.  1766  BLACKSTONE 
Comm.  1 1.  App.  4  The  said  Abraham  Barker  and  Cecilia  his 
Wife,  Have. .sold,  released,  and  confirmed.. unto  the  said 
David  Edwards,  .all  that  capital  messuage  called  Dale  Hall. 
1809  BAWDWEN  Domesday  Bk.  620  Colsuan  did  not  release 
the  land  of  Ingemund  and  his  brother  to  Earl  Alan.  1866 
GF.O.  ELIOT  F.  Holt  i,  I  trusted  to  your  getting  the  estate 
some  time,  and  releasing  it ;  and  I  determined  to  keep  it 
worth  releasing. 

atsol.  1430-1  Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  386/1  The  whech  William 
gave  full  astate  . .  of  the  Burgages,  Landes  and  Tenements 
aforeseid,  and  opon  that  relesed  to  the  seid  Suppliant  in  hir 
possession.  1462  Paston  Lett.  II.  89  That  the  seid  maner 
sholde  be  solde  by  ..  his  executours,  to  whom  the  seid  Sir 
John  hath  relesed,  as  his  dutewas  to  do.  1766  BLACKSTONE 
Comm.  II.  325  If  there  be  two  joint  disseisors,  and  the 
disseisee  releases  to  one  of  them  letc.J. 
o.  spec.  (See  quot.) 

1876  DIGDY  Real  Prop.  v.  §  3  (2)  226  When  a  reversioner 
desires,  not  to  grant  his  reversion  to  a  third  person,  but  to 
convey  it  to  the  person  who  already  has  the  particular 
estate,  he  is  said  to  release  the  reversion, 
f  5.  To  relax,  moderate,  mitigate.  Obs. 
1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  128  So  he  mayntenyd 
his  lawe,  and  relessit  the  duresse  of  the  laue.  1606  G. 
W[OODCOCKE]  Hist.  Ivstine  xxxvn.  116  The  Massilians  in- 
treat  the  Romanies  to  release  their  displeasure  against  the 
Phocenses.  1677  Cavt.  Venice  207  They  released  the 
severity  of  that  Law. 

II.  6.  To  set  or  make  free,  to  liberate,  deliver,  of 
(now  rare)  or  from  pain,  bondage,  obligation,  etc. 
Also  without  const. 

(a)  13 . .  Coer  de  L.  3034  Ther  was  no  man . .  myghte  do  his 
sorwe  sese,  Ne  off  his  paynes  hym  relese.  1340  HAMPOLE 
Pr.  Consc,  3813  For  pardon  here. .  May  bam  relese  of  bedede 
of  payn.  1456  SIR  G.  HAYE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  227  He 
is  presumyt  ay  to  be  servand  quhill  he  be  releschit  of  his 
service,  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  n.  361  Quhen  Wallace  was 
ralesched  off  his  payne.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xxix. 
(Percy  Soc.)  138  Ye  shall  release  Me  first  of  my  wo  and 
great  distresse.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleiaane's  Comm.  205  He 
shall  release  the  people  of  theyre  othe.  1615  G.  SANDYS 
Trav.  14  They  are  in  a  manner  releast  of  their  thraldome, 
in  that  vnsensible  of  it.  1870  TENNYSON  Pelleas  ff  Ettarre 
290  Let  who  will  release  him  of  his  bonds. 

(«)  c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  T  735  Ihesu  crist . .  relessed  vs 
fro  the  peynes  of  helle.  1432-50  tr.  lligden  (Rolls)  III.  247 
The  kynges  letters  thro  whom  he  scholde  releysche  the 
ministres  of  the  temple  from  every  tribute.  1590  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  HI.  vii.  i  Long  after  she  from  perill  was  releast.  1666 
MARVELL  Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  201, 1  suppose  you  know 
that  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  and  Marquesse  of  Dorchester 
are  again  releast  from  the  Tow'r.  1738  WESLEY  Ps.  LI.  xv, 
Thou  only  canst  release  My  Soul  from  all  Iniquity.  1781 
COWPER  Ketirem.  139  A  mind  released  From  anxious 
thoughts.  1817  SHELLEY  Pr.  Athan.  n.  ii.  66  From  death 
and  dark  forgetfulness  released.  1875  JOWETT  Plata  (ed.  2) 
I.  407  The  wicked  is  not  released  from  his  evil  by  death. 

(<;)  c  1330  Assnmp.  Virg.  (B.M.  MS.)  529  In  what  peyne 
so  he  be . .  I  schal  hem  retes  so_ne  anone.  1390  GOWER  Con/. 
III.  186  So  that  Athenis,  which  was  bounde,  Nevere  after 
scholde  be  relessed.  £1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  237 
Apollo,  though  Diana  hym  relese.  Yet  shall  he  su  to  me  to 
haue  hys  pese.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidane's  Comm.  176  b,  By 
the  kynges  authoruie  not  longe  after  he  was  cleane  released. 
1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  v.  i.  30  Goe,  release  them  Ariell,  My 
Charmes  He  breake,  their  sences  He  restore.  1697  DRYDF.N 
Virg.  Georg.  in.  101  Six  Seasons  use  ;  but  then  release  the 
Cow.  1738  GRAY  Propertius  iii.  87  The  hand  that  can  my 
captive  heart  release.  1818  SHELLEY  Rosal.  $  Helen  908  His 
foes  released  him  thence.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  \.  xxvn.  198, 
I  recommended  him  to  release  the  horses  and  leave  the 
carriage  to  its  fate. 

atsol.  c  1440  Macro  Plays  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  67/971  Al!  be 
preyer  bat  seyde  be  kan,  With-owt  sorowe  of  hert,  relesyt 
nought.  1651  HOEBES  Leviath.  n,  xxvi.  138  He  that  can 
bind,  can  release. 

b.  To  unfix,  free  (a  thing)  from  some  fastening. 
1833  TENNYSON  Two  Voices  403  And  I  arose,  and  I  released 
the  casement. 
Hence  Keleased  (r/lfst),///.  a. 

1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  I.  iii.  165  A  Providence 
perfectly  Intellectual,  Abstract  and  Released.  1850  MKS. 
JAMESON  Leg.  Monast.  On/.  25  St.  Benedict  ..  beheld  the 
released  soul  of  his  sister,  .flying  towards  Heaven. 

t  Relea-se,  v2  [Cf.  RELEASE  sb?]  =  RELISH  i*.1 

1604  T.  WKIGHT  Passions  v.  §  2.  167  Some  stately  maies- 
ticall  songs.,  release  I  know  not  what  resemblance  of  action 
and  gesture,  consorting  with  great  personages. 

Releasee'.  Law.  [f.  RELEASE  vl  +  -EE  i. 
Cf.  RELESSEE.]  One  to  whom  an  estate  is  re 
leased. 

1744  JACOB  Lam  Diet.  (ed.  5)  s.v.  Release.  1818  CRUISE 
Digest  (ed.  2)  IV.  101  The  releasee  has  an  estate  actually 
vested  in  him  at  the  time  of  the  release.  1886  Law  Rep., 
Weekly  Notes  56/2  All  necessary  parties  joined  in  conveying 
the  Neath  Abbey  Estate  to  a  releasee. 


RELEASEMENT. 

Releasement  (rflrsmenl).     [RELEASE  v^~\ 

1.  The  act  of  releasing,   or   the   fact   of  being 
leleased,  from  prison,   obligation,   debt,   trouble, 
etc.     (Very  common  c  1550-1800.) 

1548  UDAI.L,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Acts  viii.  36  No  aunswer 
made  he  before  him  for  his  real  easement.  1555  HARPSFIELD 
Divorce  Hen.  VIII  (Camden)  130  This  releasement  is 
general  to  all  the  Jews.  1592  Nobody  $  Someb.  in  Simpson 
Sch.  Shaks.  (1878)  I.  335  Might  not  she  Make  uprors  in  the 
land,  and  raise  the  Commons,  In  the  releasement  of  the 
Captive  King?  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  166  He 
proclaimed  unto  the  people  in  generall,  a  releasement  of 
them  from  all  tributes,  impositions,  and  paiments.  1643 
MILTON  Divorce  Pref.,  Wks.  1851  IV.  14  Then  mans  nature 
would  find  immediate  rest  and  releasment  from  all  evils. 
1681  LUTTKELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  I.  150  The  earl  of  Shafts- 
bury,  since  his  releasement,  hath  been  adviseing  with 
councill.  1715  M.  DAVIES  At/ten.  Brit.  I.  63  Leonard  Cox 
..procur'd  his  releasement  [from  the  stocks],  refresh'd  his 
hungry  Stomach,  and  gave  him  Mony.  1782  Miss  BURNEV 
Cecilia  n.  iii,  [He]  went  in  search  of  the  lady  for  whose 
releasement  he  had  fought.  1821  CLARK  Viii.  Minstr.  I.  42 
His  short  releasement  from  his  cares  and  toil.  1855  M. 
ARNOLD  Balder  Dead  252  Thou  hear'st..The  terms  of  thy 
releasement  hence  to  Heaven.  1887  HALL  CM^Y-.  Deemster 
xl,  To  have  escaped  the  peril  of  it  [death]  seemed  a  greater 
blessing  than  releasement  from  this  island  could  ever  be. 
b.  A  formal  declaration  of  release. 

1771  T.  HULL  Sir  W.  Harrington  (1797)  III.  95  Wording 
what  I  declared  to  be  a  releasement,.. more  binding  than 
those  promises  I  pretended  to  absolve  you  from. 

f2.  Relaxation,  remission,  or  removal  of  a.  thing. 

1568  GKAFTON  Chron.  II.  109  Before  the  releasement  of 
the  interdiction,  the  king  was  ..  compelled  ..  to  geue  ouer 
both  his  crowne  and  scepter.  1581  MARBECK  Bk.  of  Notes 
900  By  this  it  appeareth  that  sakiation  falleth  vnto  men,  by 
releasement  of  the  debt.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621) 
1051  Wallachia  thus  impoverished,  was  not  able. .to  expect 
any  releasement  of  the  evils  it  was  wrapped  in.  i647TKApp 
Comm.  Rom.  iii.  25  For  the  relaxation  or  releasment  of 
sins,  as  of  bonds  or  fetters. 

Keleaser  (r/U-sai).  [f.  RELEASE  ».i  +  -ER  1.] 
One  who,  or  that  which,  releases  or  sets  free. 

1651  FRENCH  Distill.  Ep.  Ded.,  In  the  perfection  of  this  Art 
. .  is  the  Sulphur  of  philosophers  set  at  liberty,  which  gratifies 
the  releasers  thereof  with  three  kingdomes.  1654  GAYTON 
Pleas.  Notes  in.  125  (Honour'd  Releaser,)  [he]  said,  Com. 
mand  what  is  Fccible.  1828-32  in  WEBSTER.  1891  Blackw. 
Mag.  CXLIX.  75/2  Till  the  releaser  Death  shall  come. 

Releasing,  vbl,  sb.  [f.  RELEASE  z;.1  +  -ING  a.] 
The  action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  IVks.  III.  295  Ful  absolucion  and  reles- 
syng  of  alle  peynesin  purgatory.  1395  PURVEY  Remonstr. 
(1851)  66  The  most  good  pretendid  in  indulgences  is  relees- 
inge  of  peyne  enioynid  of  the  chirche.  1466  in  Somerset 
Medieval  Wills  (1901)  209, 1  bequeithe  to  the  high  aulter  of 
the  seid  chirch  3^.  ^d.  in  relesyng  of  my  tithes  beyng  behynd. 
c  1470  Golagros  #  Gaw.  1358,  I  mak  releisching  of  thin 
allegiance.  1544  PHAER  Regim.  Life  (1553)  I  iv  b,  Thys 
receit..hath  greate  vertue..to  bring  the  humoures  to 
equalitie,  wyth  releasynge  of  the  payne.  1633  P.  FLETCHER 
Elisa  i.  ix,  Oh,  if  confessing  Our  faults  to  thee  be  all  our 
faults  releasing.  1693  LUTTRELL  Brie/Rel.  (1857)  II.  605 
To  agree  about  contributing  for  their  duke's  releasing. 

Releasor  (rflft^Ei).  Law.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -OR  2.] 
One  who  releases  an  estate  or  claim  in  favour  of 
another.  (See  RELEASE  v^  4  and  4  b.) 

1628  COKE  On  Lift.  265  The  right  which  the  Releasor  hath 
at  the  time  of  the  Release  made.  1775  Ld.  Raymonds  Rep. 
1. 235  Where  there  are  general  words  only  in  a  release,  they 
shall  be  taken  most  strongly  against  the  releasor. 

Releave,  obs.  form  of  RELIEF  sb& 

t  Re-lea've,  v.  Obs.  rare-1.  [RE- 5  a.]    intr. 

To  put  forth  leaves  again. 

1655  HARTLIB  Re/.  Silk-worm  21  Those  trees  that  have 
their  leaves  pull'd  off  in  March,  April,  and  May,  do  re-leave 
again,  and  have  new  and  fresh  leaves. 

JRelece,  obs.  f.  RELEASE  st>.1  and  z;.1,  RELES. 

Releckis,  obs.  pi.  form  of  RELIC. 

t  Bele'Ct,  pa.  pple.  Sc.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  L. 
relect-ttS)  pa.  pple.  of  releg$re^\  Read  again. 

1560  HOLLAND  Crt.  Venus  HI.  298  The  Rollis  [being]  relect 
quhais  tennour  }e  sail  heir. 

Kele'Ction.  [f.  L.  relect-,  ppl.  stem  of  relegere 
to  read  again ;  cf.  LECTION,  PRELECTION.] 

1 1.  The  action  of  reading  again ;  reperusal ;  also, 
a  correction  made  upon  re-reading.  Obs.  rare. 

1600  W.  WATSON  Dccacordon  (1602)  324  By  rejection  of 
what  hath  bene  already  said  there  mayynough  be  gathered 
sufficient  to  confirme  and  demonstrate  it  against  them.  1671 
WOODHEAD  St.  Teresa  i.  Pref,  a  4  Without  blots,  relections, 
or  emendations. 

2.  The  title  of  the  various  divisions  of  a  work 
{Relectiones  Theologicae)  by  Franciscus  de  Victoria. 

1630  HAKEWILL  Apol.  (ed.  2)  2  Franciscus  de  Victoria  in 
his  Relection  of  Temperance.  1839  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  n. 
iv.  §  87  The  book . .  consists  of  thirteen  relections,  as  Victoria 
calls  them,  or  dissertations  on  different  subjects. 

Releef  (e,  -lef(e,  -leff,  obs.  forms  of  RELIEF  sb. 

Relees(e,  obs.  forms  of  RELEASE  jM  and  v.1 

Releevant,  see  RELIEVANT. 

Releeve,  obs.  form  of  RELIEVE  v. 

Kelegable  (re-Ugab'l),  a.  [f.  RELEG-ATE  + 
-ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  relegated  or  referred. 

1895  Westm.  Gaz.  25  Feb.  3/1  All  such  matters  as  concern 
the  Council  as  a  whole,  without  being  clearly  relegable  to 
any  one  Committee. 

t  Re'legate,  sb.  Obs.  rare  ~1.  [ad.  L.  releg- 
at-us  :  see  next.]  A  banished  person  ;  an  exile. 

c  1540  tr.  Pol.  Verg.  Eng.  Hist.  (Camden)  I.  186  He 
banished  this  springehole  [sic]  as  relagate  m  Fraunce. 


403 

Relegate  (re-l^t),  v.  Also  7  relig-.  [f.  ppl. 
stem  of  L.  relegdre-,  f.  re-  RE-  +  legare  to  send.] 

1.  trans.  To  send  (a  person)  into  exile  ;  to  banish 
to  a  particular  place.    (Cf.  RELEGATION  i.)    t  Also 
refl.t  to  remove  (oneself)  to  a  distance  from  some 
thing. 

1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stuffi  8  The  sands,  .would  no  more 
Hue  vnder  the  yoke  of  the  Sea, . .  but  clearely  quitted,  dister- 
minated  and  relegated  themselues  from  his  inflated  Capri- 
ciousnesse.  1611  COTGK.,  Relcguer^  to  relegate,  banish,  exile. 
1628  tr.  Mathieus  Power/nil  Favorite  84  That  was  too 
gentle  to  satisfie  the  cruelty  of  Tiberius, .  .onely  relegating 
the  culpable  out  of  Rome.  1774  KAMES  Sketches  n.  iii. 
(1807)  II.  83  To  be  relegated  to  his  country-seat,  is,  to  a 
gentleman  of  rank,  more  terrible  than  a  capital  punish* 
merit.  1862  MEKIVAI.K  Rout.  Enip.  Ixii.  (1865)  VII.  407  Nor 
is  it  clear  that  Dion  Chrysostomus  was  actually  relegated  to 
the  Ister.  1873  TKISTRAM  Aloab  xiv.  264  The  fortress  to 
which  Herod  relegated  his  wife. 

2.  To  banish   to   some  unimportant  or  obscure 
place ;  to  consign  to  a  place  or  position,  esp.  one 
of  inferiority. 

1790  BTRKE  Fr.  A't'7'.  (ed.  2)  153  We  have  not  relegated 
religion  (like  something  we  were  a*hamed  to  shew)  to 
obscure  municipalities  or  rustick  villages.  1865  Daily  Tel. 
16  Nov.  7/7  The  various  'bills'  that  have  ..  been  relegated 
to  the  dust  of  official  pigeon-holes.  1877  BLACK  Green  Past. 
xviii.  (1878)  147  She  would  do  her  best  in  the  sphere  to 
which  she  had  been  relegated. 

b.  To  consign  (a  subject)  to  some  province,  sphere, 
domain,  etc. 

1866  R.  W.  DALE  Disc.  Spec.  Occ.  viii.  275  To  relegate  the 
intellect  to  inferior  provinces  of  thought.  1875  JOWETT 
Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  406  If  occasionally  we  come  across  diffi 
culties.,  we  relegate  some  of  them  to  the  sphere  of  mystery. 
1878  MACLEAR  Celts  iv.  47  To  the  domain  of  legend.. we 
must  also  relegate  the  tradition. 

C.  To  assign  or  refer  (a  thing)  to  a  class  or  kind. 

1870  tr.  Ponchefs  Universe  57  Men  have  never  known  to 
what  kingdom  the  sponges  should  be  relegated.  1874  SAYCE 
Compar.  PhiloL  v.  206  The  comparative  study  of  the  Basque 
numerals  has  relegated  them  to  the  Finnic  family. 

3.  To   refer   (a   matter)   to   some   authority  for 
decision. 

1846  H.  ROGERS  Ess.  (1860)  1. 180  Affirming  that  that  faith 
to  which  the  appeal  is  sure  to  be  ultimately  relegated  is  a 
faith  entirely  without  reason.  1884  Law  Rep.  25  Chanc. 
DIv,  282  Where  there  is  an  agreement,  the  whole  matter 
ought  to  be  at  once  relegated  to  the  Taxing  Master. 

b.  To  commit,  hand  over  (a  thing),  to  another 
to  carry  out  or  deal  with. 

1864  BOWEN  Logic  ii.  35  The  discussion  of  it  is,  therefore, 
relegated  to  treatises  on  that  science  of  which  it  forms 
a  part.  1869  LECKY  Europ.  Alor.  iv.  II.  43  The  later  inquisi 
tors,  who  relegated  the  execution  of  the  sentence  to  the 
civil  power.  1872  YEATS  TecJin.  Hist.  Comm.  427  Men, 
seeking  to  escape  the  drudgery  of  manual  labour,  have 
relegated  toil  to  the  captive  and  the  slave. 

c.  To  turn  over  or  refer  (a  person)  for  something 
to  some  person  or  thing. 

1870  DISRAELI  LothairvX^  She  would,  .have  been  relegated 
for  amusement,  during  her  visit,  to  the  attentions  of  the 
dark  sex.  1883  Contemp.  Rev.  XLIII.  274  Failing  such 
means  of  knowledge,  we  are  relegated  for  information.. to 
incidental  statements,  .of  the  historians. 

Hence  Relegated,  Relegating///,  adjs. 

1611  COTGR.,  Relegut)  relegated,  banished,  exiled.  1692 
WOOD  Life  19  May  (O.  H.  S.)  III.  390  Dr.  Byrom  Eaton 
resign'd  his  principality  of  Gloc.  Hall,  after  it  had  laid  in  a 
religated  condition  several  yeares.  1727-38  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Relegation,  In  Rome,  relegation  was  a  less  severe 
punishment  than  deportation,  in  that  the  relegated  person 
did  not  thereby  lose  the  rights  of  a  Roman  citizen.  1868 
BROWNING  Ring  fy  Bk.  vi.  2076,  I  am,  on  earth,  as  good  as 
out  of  it,  A  relegated  priest.  1887  H.  JAMES  Partial  Por 
traits  (1888)  31  Such  a  revision  of  Emerson  has  no  relegating 
consequences. 

Relegation  (rel/gt7i-J3n).  [ad.  L.  relegation- 
cmt  n.  of  action  f.  rdegdre  to  RELEGATE.] 

1.  The  action  of  banishing;  the  state  of  temporary 
exile  or  banishment.     In  Roman  Antiq.  banish 
ment  to  a  certain  place,  or  to  a  specified  distance 
from  Rome,  for  a  limited  time  and  without  loss  of 
civil  rights.    Also  attrib. 

1586  FERNE  Blaz.  Gentrie  n.  128  The  King  after  this 
repealed  the  former  sentences  and  procured  their  relegation. 
1605  G.  POWELL  Refut.  Ep.  Puritan- Papist  112  Banish 
ment.. among  the  Romanes  was  3-fold,  Interdiction,  Rele 
gation,  and  Deportation.  1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus'  Nat. 
Paradox  in.  55  Neither  the  King  nor  the  Queen,  who  both 
agreed  in  this  relegation,  did  communicate  to  each  other 
their  Thoughts.  1684  Contempt.  State  Man  n.  vi.  (1699) 
195  Other  Banished  Persons,  .within  the  Isle  or  Region  of 
Relegation,  may  go  or  move  whither  they  please.  1726 
AYLIFFE  Parergon  502  Deportation  which  is  perpetual,  and 
Relegation  which  is  only  for  a  Time.  1856  MERIVALE/?<W//. 
Emp.  xxxviii.  (1865)  IV.  335  His  punishment  was  not 
strictly  exile,  but  only  the  milder  form  of  relegation.  1868 
BROWNING  Ring  fy  Bk,  \.  1039  He  has  been  censured, 
punished  in  a  sort  By  relegation,— exile,  we  should  say,  To 
a  short  distance  for  a  little  time.  1869  Ibid.  ix.  1254  The 
priest,  Once  fairly  at  his  relegation-place,  Never  once  left  it. 
b.  Banishment  or  consignment  to  a  place. 

1829  SoUTHEY-SVr  T.More  (1831)  II.  190 To  consider  such 
relegation  to  the  wilderness  as  a  punishment  appropriated 
for  criminals.  1868  GLADSTONE  Juv.  M  unfit  vii.  (1870)  177 
The  deposition,  and  relegation  to  a  distance,  of  the  older 
Gods  of  the  nature  system.  1897  P-  WARUNG  Tales  Old 
Regime  192  Instead  of.  .welcoming  his  relegation  to  the 
gaol-cell.. he  resented  his  removal. 

2.  The  action  of  referring,   consigning,  etc.,   a 
thing  to  others  for  some  purpose. 


RELENT. 

1844  LD.  DUNDONALD  Let.  in  Pearson's  j6i/i  Catal.  (1804) 
21  The  uniform  relegation  of  all  my  memorials  to  successive 
Governments.  1878  N.  Amcr.  Rev.  CXXVII.  428  The 
relegation  of  the  government  to  the  mass  of  the  people. 

Relegioune,  obs.  form  of  RELIGION. 

Releif\e,  -leiff,  obs.  forms  of  RELIEF,  RELIEVE. 

Releis(che,  obs.  forms  of  RELEASE  s&2  and  v.1 

Releive,  obs.  form  of  RELIEF,  RELIEVE. 

Releivo,  obs.  form  of  RELIEVO. 

Relek;e,  obs.  form  of  RELIC. 

H-ele  lid  (r/-),  ^-     [RE-  5  a.]     To  lend  again. 

1797  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev,  XXIV.  221  The  banker 
..re-lends  to  the  useful  trader,  at  a  hii;h  interest,  this  same 
deposit.  1884  Law  Rep.  12  Q.  B.  Div.  608  The  notes  in 
stock  were  regarded  as  having  been..  relent  by  the  firm  to 
the  company. 

Relenquyssh,  obs.  form  of  RELINQUISH. 
t  Kele-nt,  sb.  Obs.  rare.     [f.  the  vb.] 

1.  Slackening  of  speed. 

1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  vii.  24  She  forward  went  .  .  Ne  rested 
till  she  came  without  relent  Unto  the  land  of  Amazons. 

2.  Relenting,  giving  way. 

1590  GKICENK  Orl.  Fur.  Wks.  (Rtldg.)  97/2  Fear  of  dtatli 
enforceth  still  In  greater  minds  submission  and  relent.  1616 
W.  FORDE  Serin,  40  If  virtue,  if  pietie,  could  worke  any 
relent  in  death.  1686  GOAD  Cclest.  Bodies  \.  xii.  56  ThoMJ 
[days]  which  are  absolutely  Cold  and  Freezing,  without  tht; 
least  Sign  of  Relent  or  Yielding. 

t  Rele-nt,  /«.///£.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  L.  re-  RK-  + 
lent-us  viscous,  soft  :  see  next,  and  cf.  I1  .  relent 
musty.]  a.  Loosened,  loose,  b.  Softened. 

£-1420  Pallad.  on  flush,  iv.  928  The  bee..  On  tkynialle 
and  elmes  gynneth  pike  That  bitter  be,  wherof  anoon  relent 
Ther  wpmbes  are.  c  1485  Digby  Myst.  (1882)  iv.  620  Who 
shall  gife  me  water  sufficient,..  That  I  may  wepc  my  fill 
with  hart  relent.  .  ? 

Relent  (r/lc'nt),  v.^  Also  5  pa.  pph.  relente. 
[Ultimately  f.  L.  re-  RE-  +  lent-us  tough,  sticky, 
viscous,  slow,  etc.  ;  but  the  immediate  source  is 
not  clear  :  cf.  L.  relentescere  to  grow  slack  (Ovid), 
F.  ralentir  to  slacken  (i6th  c.),  -\rclentir  ^  'to 
smell  mustie,  grow  fustic*  (Cotgr.).] 

*t  1.  intr.  To  melt  under  the  influence  of  heat  ; 
to  assume  a  liquid  form  ;  to  dissolve  into  water.  Obs. 

(71386  CHAUCER  Can.  Yeom.  Prol.  fy  T.  725  He  styred  f?e 
coles  til  relente  gan  The  wex  agayn  be  fuyr.  c  1410  LYDG. 
Rcas.  $•  Sens.  4179  The  wexe  with  hete  wil  relente.  1471 
Rii-LEY  Camp.  Alck.  n.  vii.  in  Ai>hm.  (1652)  136  Behold  how 
Yse  to  Water  doth  relent.  1530  PALSGR.  684/2  Se  howe 
this  snowe  begynneth  to  relent  agaynst  the  sonne.  tr  1586 
C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  CXLVII.  vi,  Ice  in  water  flowes,.  .The 
streames  relenting  take  their  wonted  way.  1653  H.  MORE 
Ant  id.  Ath.  HI.  xvi.  §  3  Were  those  Musical  accents  frozen 
there  for  a  time,  and..  the  Air  relenting  and  thawing  be 
came  so  harmoniously  vocal  ?  1670  CLAKKE  Nat.  Hist, 
Nitre  84  The  Coal  keepeth  the  Nitre  very  dry,  that  it  may 
not  relent  and  moisten  by  the  Air.  1704  POPE  Spring  69 
All  nature  mourns,  the  Skies  relent  in  shpw'rs.  1764 
MORRIS  in  PhiL  Trans.  LIV.  174  On  leaving  it  exposed  to 
the  air,  the  brown  matter  attracted  moisture  from  it  and 
relented  into  a  thick  brown  liquour. 

Jig.  c  1475  Lament.  Mary  Magd.  Ixx,  Myne  herte  alas 
relenteth  all  in  paine,  Whiche  will  brast  both  senewe  and 
vaine.  c  1485  Digby  Myst.  (1882)  iv.  153  To  haue  seyn  hir, 
a  harte  of  stone  For  ruthe  wold  baue  relente.  1784  Cow- 
PER  Tiroc.  112  Preserved  from  guilt  by  salutary  fears,  Or 
guilty,  soon  relenting  into  tears. 

t  b.  To  become  soft  or  moist  ;  also  of  colours, 
to  give  way,  fade.  Obs. 

1531  ELVOT  Gov.  m.xix.  (1880)  II.  318  The  colours  beynge 
nat  suerly  wrought,  .  .  by  moystnesse  of  wether  relenteth  or 
fadeth.  i573TussKR  Husb,  (1878)  63  Both  saltfish  and  ling- 
fish.,  from  rotting  go  saue  :  Least  winter  with  nioistnes  doo 
,  make  it  relent.  1594  PLAT  Jeivell-ho.  \\.  32  Keepe  these 
leaues.  .  neere  a  chimney,  or  stoue,  least  otherwise  by  the 
damp  of  the  aier  they  relent  again.  i6zo  MARKHAM  Farftu. 
Husb.  n.  xvjii.  (1668)  95  Beans  after  they  are  once  dryed  .. 
will  thaw,  give  again  or  relent. 

c.  To  grow  less  tense  or  rigid,  to  relax,  rare—1. 

1854  S.  DOBELL  Balder  xxiv.  172  The  painful  limbs,  con 
tract  with  pangs,  Relented. 

2.  To  soften  in  temper  ;  to  grow  more  gentle  or 
forgiving  ;  to  give  up  a  harsh  intention  or  inclina 
tion  to  severity,  -f  Also  const,  with  inf.  (quot.  1  604). 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/,  (W.  de  W.  1531)  256  b,  It  myght  not 
wage  the  malyce  of  the  iewes  ne  cause  theyr  hertes  to  re 
ent.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidaite's  Comm.  163  Nothyng  re- 
lentynge  of  their  wonted  rygour.  1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  n. 
iii.  165,  I  powr'd  forth  teares  in  vaine,.  .But  fierce  Androni- 
cus  would  not  relent.  1604  BACON  Apol.  Wks.  1879  I.  436/2 
If  she  once  relented  to  send  or  visit,  those  demonstrations 
would  prove  matter  of  substance  for  my  lord's  good.  1631 
R.  BOLTON  Com/.  Afil.  Consc.  (1635)  232  He  seemes  now 
when  he  sees  his  misery  to  relent  and  to  be  touched  with 
remorse.  1671  MILTON  Samson  509  Perhaps  God  will  relent, 
and  quit  thee  all  his  debt.  1708  POPE  Ode  St.  Cecilia  85 
Stem  Proserpine  relented,  And  gave  him  back  the  fair. 
1788  GIBBON  Dec/.  <$•  F.  xlv.  IV.  430  The  conqueror  paused 
and  relented.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  iv.  xxii,  Her  foes 
relenting  turn,  And  cast  the  vote  of  love.  1882  OUIDA 
Maremtna  I.  25  The  carabinier  on  his  right  side,  relenting, 
held  the  wine  towards  his  mouth. 

fb.  To  yield,  give  way;  to  give  up  a  previous 
determination  or  obstinacy.     Also  const,  to.  Obs. 
ARDINER  in  Pocock  Rec.  Reformation  I.  115  We  do 


le 


not  yet  relent,  but  stick  still  to  have  the  Commission  after 
the  first  form.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidane's  Comm.  31  If  thou 
wylte  persever  thus  obstinatlye  in  thine  opinion,  and  not 
relent,  the  Emperour  wyll  bannishethee.  1589  PUTTENHAM 
Eng.  Poesie  m.  xxiv.  (Arb.)  299  Princes  ..  must  be  suffred  tc 
haue  the  victorie  and  be  relented  vnto.  1624  BURTON  Anat. 
Mel*  11,  iii.  vn.  (ed.  2)  288  Two  refractory  spirits  will  never 

51-2 


RELENT. 

agree,  the  onely  meanes  to  ouercome  is  to  relent.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  790  To  convince  the  proud  what  Signs 
availe,  Or  Wonders  move  thl  obdurate  to  relent  ? 

f  c.  To  slacken,  abate  ;  to  cool.  Obs.  rare~^. 

c  1560  INGELEND  Disobed.  Child  C  iij  b,  As  for  my  loue  yt 
doth  neuer  relente,  For  of  you  I  do  dreame.  1589  RIDER 
Bibl.  Schol.  1206  To  Relent  as  heate,  tcpcsco. 

t  3.  trans.  To  dissolve,  melt,  soften.  Obs. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  in.  1142  In  water  first  this  opium 
relent,  Of  sape  vntil  hit  ha  similitude,  c  1450  M.  E.  Med. 
B/c.  (Heinrich)  161  Let  do  hem  to  be  fuyre  a?en,  tyl  bey  ben 
relented.  1509  HAWES  Conv.  Swearers  xl,  Lyke  as  Phebus 
dothc  the  snowe  relente.  1547  BOORDE  Itttrod.  Knmvl.  vtii. 
(1870)  147  Butter  is  good  meate,  it  doth  relent  the  gall. 
1612  WOODALL  Surf.  Mate  Wks.  (1653)  28  This  Emplnster 
..dissolved  or  relented  with  oyl  of  roses  or  elders  [etc.]. 
1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  t>-  Mill.  50  Fractures,  .may  be 
helped  by  Calves  glue,  relented  in  water. 

t  b.   To   soften    (one's   heart,  mind,   etc.) ;   to 
cause  (a  person)  to  relent.  Obs. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pit-as,  xxxii.  (Percy  Soc.)  159  These 


relent  ?  1787  BURNS  Young  Peggy  iii,  Were  Fortune  lovely 
Peggy's  foe,  Such  sweetness  would  relent  her. 

1 4.  To  abate,  lessen  ;  to  slacken.   Obs. 

'535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  391,  I  am  bot  schent,  Without  scho 
cum,..My  heauielangour  to  relent.  1590  SPENSER  .F.  f>.  II. 
xi.  27  Oftentimes  he  would  relent  his  pace,  That  him  his  foe 
more  fiercely  should  poursew.  Ibid.  III.  iv.  49  Nothing 
might  relent  her  hasty  flight. 


Hist.  Ch.  Eng.  54  b,  After  the  death  of  their  father  they 
began,  .openlie  to  folowe  idolatrie,  which  while  their  father 
liued,  they  seemed  somewhat  to  have  relented.  1586  A. 
DAY  Eng.  Secretary  \.  (1625)  142  The  disgrace  that  quickly 
you  shall  sustaine,  if  betimes  you  relent  not  these  euiK  1684 
BI-NYAN  Pilgr.  n.  181  There's  no  Discouragement  Shall  make 
him  once  Relent  His  first  avow'd  Intent. 
tc.  To  depart  this  life.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1587  Mirr.  Mag.,  Albanact  Iv,  My  father.  .Perceau'd  hee 
must  by  sicknesse  last  relent. 

t  5.  To  repent  (an  action,  etc.).   Obs.  rare—1. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  m.  vi.  25  Shee  inly  sory  was,  and  gan 
relent  What  shee  had  said. 

fb.  refl.  To  repent  (oneself)  of  a.  thing.   Ods.—1 

1640  SANDERSON  Serin.   II.  175  We  shall  not  have  much 
cause  to  relent  us  of  our  choice. 
T  o.  To  pity.  Obs.  rare  ~l. 

1622  MAFSBE  tr.  Alemati's  Guzman  dAlf.i.  18  Shee  that 
kept  the  house,  seeming  to  relent  her  paine,  and  to  be  much 
grieued  for  it.  .sorrowfully  reply'd. 

f  d.   To  bewail  (a  thing)  to  a  person.   Obs.—1 

1655  tr.  Com.  Hist.  Francion  in.  74,  I  could  find  nothing 
at  all,  and  relenting  my  misfortune  to  my  co.npanion  [etc.]. 

Hence  f  Bele'nted ///.  a.  Also  fRele'utance; 
f  Rele-ntful  a. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  iv.  105  In  the  roote  Relented 
dong  yputte  on,  doth  hit  boote.  a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  ir. 
(1613)  164  [She]  with  a  relented  countenance  thus  sayd  vnto 
him.  1611  HEYWOOD  Gold.  Age  in.  i.  Wks.  1874  III.  42  The 
heauens  That  make  me  their  relentfull  minister.  1634  T. 
JOHNSON  Parey's  Chirurg.  xxi.  iv.  (1678)  465  The  relented 
bloud  of  such  beasts  as  feed  upon  Scammony.  .purgeth 
violently.  1635  JACKSON  Creed\\\\.  xii.  §  9  This  may  be  the 
probable  reason  of  his  relentance. 

fRele-nt,  v2  Obs.  rare~l.  [Of  obscure  for 
mation.]  intr.  To  return. 

^1485  DigbyMyst.  (i88->)  n.  259  But  now,  serys,  lett  vs  re 
lente  Agayne  to  caypha  and  anna,  to  tell  this  chaunce. 

Relenting  (r/Vntirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RELENT  z*.1] 
The  action  ofthe  vb.,  in  various  senses. 

1602  PLAT  Delightesfor  Ladies  Rec.  iii,  If  you  feare  their 
relenting,  take  the  Rose-leaues  about  Candlemas,  and  put 
them  once  again  into  a  sieue.  1694  KETTLEWELL  Comf. 
Persecuted  ibi  Make  it  to  work.  .Relenting  and  remorse  in 
their  Persecutors.  1703  ROWE  Ufyss.  iv.  i,  What  means 
this  soft  Relenting  in  my  Soul?  l&fpMACAULAV/ftf/.ffltt: 
viii.  II.  354  The  Saturday.. passed  over  without  any  sign  of 
relenting  on  the  part  of  the  government.  1888  MRS.  H. 
WARD  R.  Elsmere  xxxvii,  The  relenting  grew  upon  him. 
b.  With  a  and//.  An  instance  of  this. 

01586  SIDNEY  (J.),  I  have  marked  in  you  a  relenting  truly, 
and  a  slacking  of  the  main  career.  1600  C'TESS  ESSEX  in 
Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  1 1.  58  Vouchsafe  a  relentinge  to  the 
not  urginge.  .of  that  fatell  warrant  for  Execution.  1649  G. 
DANIEL  Tr  inarch..  Hen.  IV^  cccxviii,  Strange  relentings 
teare  the  womb  Of  Nature.  1709  STANHOPE  Paraphr.  IV. 
65  Whose  Sins  though  they  be  more,  yet  our  Relentings  for 
them  are  slighter,  .than  Theirs.  1761-2  HUME  Hist.  Eng. 
Ixvi.  (1806)  V.  37  But  Charles  next  day  felt  a  relenting  in 
this  assumed  vigour.  1854  EMERSON  Lett.  %  Soc.^Aims, 
Resources  Wks.  (Bohn)  III.  203  In  the  first  relentings  of 
March . .  these  osiers  hang  out  their  joyful  flowers. 

Rele'nting,  ppl.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.] 
That  relents,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb. 

'593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  F/,  in.  i.  226  As  the  mournefull  Cro 
codile  With  sorrow  snares  relenting  passengers.  i63oPfiYNNE 
Anti-Armin.  179  The  Scriptures  indeed  doe  binde  all  faith- 
full,  all  relenting  sinners  to  belieue.  1679  I.  GOODMAN 
Penitent  Pard.  n.  1(1713)  142  The  first  essay  of  Repentance 
is  a  relenting  thoughtfulness.  1701  ROWE  Tamerl.  i.  i,  Like 
relenting  Heav'n  He  seems  unwilling  to  deface  his  Kind. 
1781  COWPER  Charity  608  Relenting  forms  would  lose  their 
power,  or  cease.  1828  D'!SRAELI  C/tas.  /,  II.  vi.  141  The 
Bishop,  .had  put  forth  the  signs  of  a  relenting  sympathy  to 
his  former  masters. 

Hence  Rele  ntiug-ly  adv. 

1611  FI.ORIO,  /?/A-w/(7, . .  relentingly.  1842  MRS.  BROWNING 
Grk.  Chr,  Poets  (1863)  56  What  if,  relentingly,  we  declare 


404 

her   innocent..?     1845  JANE   ROBINSON   Whitehall  xxv'ii, 
Ramona.  .turned  relentingly  towards  the  cavalier. 

Relentless  (r/Vntles),  a.    [f.  RELENT  0."  + 

-LESS.]     Incapable  of  relenting  ;  pitiless. 

1592  GREENE  Groat's  W.  JFzV(i6i7)  3  Death  is  relentlesse, 
and  will  not  be  intreated.  1602  MARSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  i. 
iv,  Strike  me  quite  through  with  the  relentlesse  edge  Of 
raging  furie.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  ix.  130  Onely  in  destroying 
I  finde  ease  To  my  relentless  thoughts.  1702  POPE  Sappho 
194  In  vain  he  lov'd,  relentless  Pyrrha  scorn'd.  1795SOUTHEY 
Joan  of  Arc  n.  248  Relentless  Henry  bade  his  troops  Drive 
back  the  miserable  multitude.  1798  EDGEWORTH  Pract. 
Kdnc.  I.  380  Few  things  can  be  more  terrific.. to  the  young 
writer,  than  the  voice  of  relentless  criticism.  1856  EMER 
SON  Eng,  Traits,  Times,  A  relentless  inquisition  drags 
every  secret  to  the  day.  1878  LADY  BRASSEY  Voy.  Sunbeam 
xv.  268  An  island . .  which  the  fiery  waves  seemed  to  attack 
unceasingly  »vith  relentless  fury. 

Relentlessly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  *.]  In 
a  relentless  manner  ;  pitilessly. 

1815  SHELLEY  Alastor  292  For  sleep,  he  knew,  kept  most 
relentlessly  Its  precious  charge.  1870  ANDERSON  Missions 
Amer.  Bd.  IV.  xlii.  417  The  Papal  ecclesiastics  ..  grew  re 
lentlessly  cruel  where  they  had  power. 

Rele'ntlessiiess.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.]  The 
quality  of  being  relentless. 

1808  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1856)  II.  86,  I  devoted  a  week  to  the 
corrections,  weeding  them  with  righteous  re  lent  less  ness. 
1883  H.  WAGE  Gospel  $  Witnesses  iv.  86  The  relentlessness 
with  which  it  exposes  the  fatal  vice. 

Relentment  (r/le-ntment).  Now  rare.  [f. 
RELENT  v±  +  -MENT.]  The  act  of  relenting  ;  soften 
ing  of  rigour,  f  Also  const,  of  (—on  account  of). 

1628  tr.  Ulathieifs  Power/nil  Favorite  65  Did  he  thinke 
that  this  Prince  who  had  so  little  relentment  of  the  death  of 
his  sonne,  would  care  for  that  of  his  seruants.  1695  J.  SAGE 
Cyprianic  Age  Wks.  1847  II.  71  There  should  be  some  re 
lentment  of  the  fury  of  the  persecution.  1793  W.  TAYLOR 
Goethe's  Iph.  in  Tanris  \\.  46  Relentment  ceas'd  from  pity 
when  I  came,  And  Custom  whets  again  the  rusted  knife. 
1825  SINGER  Caz'endish's  Wolsey  I.  209  note,  The  rejection 
of  the  bill  may  be  justly  ascribed  to  the  relentment  of  the 
king. 

tb.  Dissolution.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Hydriot.  9  Some  ..  thought  it  most 
equal  to  submit  unto  the  principle  of  putrifaction,  and  con 
clude  in  a  moist  relentment. 

t  Rele'S.  Obs.  Also  5  relece.  [app.  a.  OF. 
rc/es,  var.  of  relais  remainder  (see  Godef.),  f.  re- 
laisser  to  leave  behind,  but  the  senses  of  the  Eng. 
word  are  not  recorded  in  OK.  The  later  form 
(from  the  i6th  c.)  is  RELISH.]  a.  ?The  sensation 
or  impression  left  behind  by  anything,  b.  Taste, 
aftertaste,  or  relish,  c.  Odour,  scent. 

c  1320  Sir  Tris.tr.  1356  A  maiden  of  swiche  reles  Tristrem 
may  to  be  bring,  c  1320  Cast,  Lwe  509  Mi  word  ou^te  ben 
of  good  reles,  For  bou  art  kyng  and  prince  of  pes.  1390 
GOWER  Con/.  III.  10,  I.,  take  a  drauhte  of  such  reles,  That 
al  mi  wit  is  herteles.  c  1400  Land  Troy  Bk.  11267  Another 
vessel  thenne  ther  stode,  Ful  of  baume  nresche  &  gode,  And 
kest  vpward  his  gode  reles.  c  1410  Sir  Cleges  208  After  a 
chery  the  reles  was  The  best  that  euer  he  ete  in  place. 
1420-21  LYDG.  Thebes  (MS.  Laud  557)  If.  64  Nor  of  be 
gvmmes  in  be  flame  spent  To  make  be  eyre  swetter  of  reles 
As  frankensence  myrre  &  aloes.  c  1440  Promp.  Parr. 
362/1  Odowre,  or  relece,  odor.  Ibid.  429/1  Reles,  last  or 
odowre,  odor.  1604  [see  RELEASE  s6.z]. 

Reles(e,  obs,  forms  of  RELEASE  sb.1-  and  z*.1 

tRele*sch,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  rare—1.  [Of  obscure 
origin  :  ?cf.  RELISH  z/.2]  intr.  To  sing,  carol. 

1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  xn.  Prol.  246  The  larkis,  lowd  re- 
leschand  in  the  skyis,  Lovys  thar  lege  with  tonys  curyus. 

Relesche,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RELEASE  sb^  and  v\ 

Release,  obs.  form  of  RELEASE  sb.1  and  v.1 

Rele  SSee*.  Law.  rare.  [RE-  5  a ;  cf.  RE- 
LEASEE.]  One  to  whom  a  release  is  executed. 

1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  xx.  325  The  occupancy  of 
the  relessee  is  a  matter  of  sufficient  notoriety  already. 

Kele'SSOr.  Law.  rare.  [RE-  5a;  cf.  RE- 
LEASOR.]  One  who  executes  a  release. 

1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  xx.  324  There  must  be  a 
privity  of  estate  between  the  relessor  and  the  relessee. 

t  Rele't,  v.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [app.  f.  RE-  +  LET 
v.t  perh.  after  obs.  F.  relaisser,~\  trans.  To  remit. 

»554-9  Songs  $•  Bolt.,  Phil.  $  Mary  (Roxb.)  3  What 
great  lovyng  kyndnes  dyd  God  show  in  thys  cace?..That 
yt  so  pleased  hym  to  relet  owr  excyle. 

Re-le't  C"-)j  v.  [RE-  5  a.  j  trans.  To  let  again. 
Hence  Ke-le*tting  vbl.  sb. 

1812  SINCLAIR  Syst.  Husb.  Scot.  n.  60  To  give  an  in 
dustrious.,  tenant  a  preference,  when  the  farm  is  to  be  re-let. 
1872  Spectator  5  Oct.  1267/1  When  the  landlord  relets.. 
those  farms  on  which  the  old  tenants  were  not  willing  to 
pay  for  the  improvement.  1897  Daily  News  15  Oct.  3/1  The 
re-letting  of  premises  in  Finsbury-circus. 

Relevance.   [See  next  and  -ANCE.]  Relevancy. 

1733  INNES  View  Laws  Scot,  n  The  Relevance  being 
determined, . .  the  Probation  proceeds  in  the  next  Place.  1865 
LECKY  Ration.  (1878)  II.  98  The  main  principle  upon  which 
the  relevance  of  this  species  of  narrative  depends.  1890 
Spectator  19  Apr.  536/2  What  relevance  had  such  a  fact  to 
the  duty  ofthe  hour? 

Relevancy  (re-1/vansi).  Also  6  Sc.  reliv-. 
[ad.  L.  type  *relevantia  :  see  next  and  -ANCY.] 
The  quality  or  fact  of  being  relevant  :  a.  in  Law, 
esp.  Sc.  Law. 

1561  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  173  Of  the  law  it  is  re- 
quirit  to  the  relevancie  tha'irof  that  ather  of  the  partis.. be 
relevant  in  the  self,  utherwyise  the  haill  to  be  nocht  relevant. 
>57S~fi  Ibid.  II.  487  The  relivancy  of  the  said  allegeance. 


RELEVATOB. 

1693  STAIR  Instit.  iv.  xxxix.  §  12  (ed.  2)  665  The  meaning  of 
Relevancy  (which  is  more  accustomed  with  us,  than  else 
where)  imports  the  Justice  of  the  point,  that  is  alledged  to 
be  Relevant,  a  1715  BURNET  Oiun  Time  vn.  (1734)  II.  521 
Then  the  Matter  of  the  Charge,  which  is  there  called  the 
Relevancy  of  the  Libel,  was  to  be  argued  by  Lawyers. 
1746-7  Act  20  Geo.  II,  c.  43  §  41  After  the  debate  of  the 
relevancy  is  ended,  the.. procurators.. shall  give  in  to  the 
clerk  informations  in  writing.  1786  BURKE  Art.  agst.  ZF. 
Hastings  \Vks.  1842  II.  107/1  The  competence,  or  credibility, 
or  relevancy  of  any  of  the  said  affidavits,  or  other  attesta 
tions.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Alidl.  xxii,  The  presiding  Judge 
next  directed  the  counsel  to  plead  to  the  relevancy.  1838 
W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  844  The  relevancy  of  the  libel  is 
the  justice  and  sufficiency  of  the  matters  therein  stated  to 
warrant  a  decree  in  the  terms  asked.  1883  Law  Rep.  1 1 
Q.  13.  Div.  594  He  failed  to  satisfy  me  that  in  a  case  in  which 
this  strict  relevancy  could  not  be  proved  the  advocate  would 
not  be  protected. 
b.  in  general  use. 

1826  Shcridaniana  49  His  answer  ..  would  thus  come 
with  more  relevancy  and  effect.  1839  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit. 
n.  vii.  §  3  note,  It  is  of  no  relevancy  to  the  history  of  litera 
ture.  1878  SIMPSON  Seh.  Sliaks.  I.  95  His  Irish  enterprise 
had  lost  us  appositeness  and  relevancy. 

Relevant  (re'1/Vant),  a.  Also  6  Sc.  relivant. 
[ad.  med.L.  relevant-em  (1481  inDu  Cange),  pres. 
pple.  of  L.  relevare  to  raise  up,  etc.  (see  RELIEVE 
V,} :  cf.  It.  rilevante  '  auailcfull,  of  importance,  of 
worth,  of  consequence '  (Tlorio),  F.  relevant  (i7th 
c.  in  Littri).] 

1.  Bearing  upon,  connected  with,  pertinent  to,  the 
matter  in  hand.     (Rare  before  1800.) 

1560  ROLLAND  Crt.  Venus  \.  498,  I  sail  the  schaw  ane 
answer  releuant.     1646  CHAS.  I  Lett,  to  A.  Henderson 
(1649)  55  To  determine  our  differences,  or,  at  least,  to  make 
our  Probations  and  Arguments  Relevant.     1646  R.  BAILLIE 
Anataftism  (1647)  143  It  is  very  relevant  if  it  were  true. 
1707  J.  FKAZER  Disc.  Second  Sight  15  It  seems  truly  to  be 
founded  on  relevant  grounds.     1782  POWNALL Study  Antiq. 
140  A  positive  regulation  respecting  marriage,  relevant  to 
a  like  regulation  of  the  institution  of  the  theocracy.     1827 
STEUART  Planter's  G.  (1828)  78  If  we  either  admit  those 
objections  as  relevant,  or  obviate  them  as  unfounded.      1851 
GLADSTONE  Glean.  (1879)  VI.  xxiii.  15  The  advantage  most 
relevant  of  all  to  the  present  purpose.     1875  JOWETT  Plato 
(ed.  2)  IV.  4  Many  things  in  a  controversy  might  seem 
relevant,  if  we  knew  to  what  they  were  intended  to  refer. 

b.  Correspondent  or  proportional  to  something. 
1868  ROGERS  Pol.  Econ.  viii.  (1876)  76  Population  and  the 
supply  of  food  must  be  exactly  relevant,    find.  xiv.  191  The 
value,  .is  absolutely  relevant  to  the  demand  for  them. 

2.  Sc.  Law.  Legally  pertinent  or  sufficient. 

1561  [see  RELEVANCY).     1644  MAXWELL Prercig.  Kings  107 
If  they  can  make  no  relevant  endictment.. against  them. 
1723  in  Maclaurin  Argt.  $  Decis.  Cases(ijT^}  70  [They]  find 
the  libel  relevant  to  infer  the  pains  of  law.     1753  Stewart's 
Trial  149  [They]  remit  the  panne!,  with  the  libel  as  found 
relevant,  to  the  knowledge  of  an  assize.    1818  SCOTT  Hrt. 
Midi,  xxii,  The  defence,  that  the  panel  had  communicated 
her  situation  to  her  sister,  was  a  relevant  defence.    1838 
W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  273  The  exception  of  fraud,  or 
force  and  fear,  is  not  relevant  against  all  actions. 

f  3.  Relieving ;  remedial.  Obs.  rare. 

1730  BAILEY  (folio),  Relevant,  relieving.  1762  ASTON  in 
Barkis  Corr.  (1844)  I.  38  They  ever  pursued  vindictive 
rather  than  relevant  measures. 

Hence  Be'levantly  adv. 

1561  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  180  In  respect  of  the 
libell  relevantlie  libellit  aganis  the  said  Thomas  Kennedy. 
1883  Law  Ref>.  ii  Q.  B.  Div.  601  Parties  and  witnesses  who 
make  statements  without  malice  and  relevantly. 

tRelevate,  v.  (and  fa.  f  pie.)  Obs.  [f.  ppl. 
stem  of  L.  relevare  to  RELIEVE;  in  some  cases 
suggested  by  F.  relever  or  It.  rilevare,  or  the  pa. 
pples.  of  these.] 

1.  trans.  To  raise  the  spirits  of  (a  person) ;  to 
restore  to  cheerfulness. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Cuillcmeau's  Fr.  Chirurg  *iij,  Recreate  the 
afflicted,  relevate  and  conforte  the  depressed  and  humbled. 
\6o$Mirr.  Worldly  Fame  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Malh.)  II.  526 
Cato,  being  cumbered  with  the  cares  of  the  commonwealth 
was  wont  to  relevate  his  mind  with  wine.  1708  Brit.  Apollo 
No  72.  2/2  'Tis  a  place  Created  Fit  To  Relevate  the  Sons 
of  Wit. 

2.  To  raise,  elevate.     Hence  Be-levated///.  a. 
1623  tr.  Fta'infi  Thcat.  Hon.  i.  v.  40  The  third  [crown]  was 

.  .releuated  with  Pales,  Piles  or  Stakes.  1635  J.  HAYWARD 
tr.  BiondCs  Banish'd  Virg.  148  Two  relevated  flanks.  1661 
MORGAN  Sph.  Gentry  III.  v.  45  The  Esquires  helmet  hath  the 
Beaver  a  little  relevated.  1758  Scots  Mag.  XX.  299/1  The 
upper  circle  [of  the  crown]  is  relevate  or  heightened  with 
ten  crosses  floree. 

3.  intr.  To  rise  up.  rare-1. 

1661  MORGAN  Sph.  Gentry  in.  iv.  34  Crowns  of  Gold, 
whereof  the  Navall  was  made,  with  a  circle  of  gold  rele- 
vating  like  prowes  and  poupes  of  Ships. 

t  Beleva'tion.  Ol>s.  [a.  OF.  relevacion 
(Godef.),  or  ad.  L.  relevation-em ,  n.  of  action  f. 
relevare  to  RELIEVE.]  The  action  of  raising,  lift 
ing  up,  supporting,  relieving,  etc. 

c  1400  Beryn  3687  [She]  thanked  God.  .Of  hir  relevacioun 
from  woo  into  gladness.  1433  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  445/1 
Vn  relevation  of  that  charge.  1451  Ibid.  V.  222/2  In  releva- 
tion  of  oure  Navie,  and  supportation  of  the  grete  charges  of 
the  same.  1471  in  Gross  Gild  Merch.  II.  262  Payng  for 
theire  stondynge..i.  d.,  in  releuacion  of  the  kynges  ferme. 
1606  J.  CARPENTER  Solomon's  Solace  xxxiii.  136  The  wordc 
which  the  King  here  vseth . .  hath  tediousnesse  and  no  releua- 
tion,  it  hath  sorrowfull  despare.  1658  PHILLIPS,  Reltvation, 
a  raising  or  lifting  up  again. 

.So  Re-levator,  one  who  raises. 

1865  NEALE  Hymns  Paradise  32  Thou  in  fall  my  Relcrator. 


BELEVAVITH. 

t  Releva'Vith.  06s.  rare.  [ad.  L.  relevavit 
'  he  has  relieved  ',  3rd  sing.  perf.  indie,  of  relevare  : 
see  RELIEVE  v.  8.]  =  RELIEF  2  i.  Alsoyf^. 

1546  State  Papers  Hen,  V11I,  I.  11.  840,  I  see  not  any 
greate  lightlywod,  that  any  good  summe  will  comm  in,  tyl 
after  Christmas,  and  then  no  more  then  the  releuauithes 
[printed  relevainthes].  1562  J.  HEYWOOD  f'rov.  A>  Epigr. 
D  iij,  The  one  knaue  now  croucheth,  while  thother  crauith. 
But  to  shew  what  shalbe  his  releuauith  [etc,]. 

Releve(n,  obs.  forms  of  RELIEVE  v. 

t  Rele'vy,  si.1  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  med.L.  re- 
levi-tim.]  =  RELIEF  2  i. 

ti  1500  in  Arnolde  Ckron.  (iSn)  214  Yf.  ,y«  heir  of  hym 
were  of  full  age  and  owe  releuy,  haue  he  his  heritage  by 
olde  releuy.  1610  HOLLAND  Camden's  Brit.  \.  168  Let  the 
Heriots  or  Relevies  be  so  moderate,  as  that  they  may  be 
tolerable. 

t  Rele'vy,  s&.%  Obs.  rare  —  l.  [ad.  It.  rilievi, 
pi.  of  rilievo  RELIEVO.]  Relief. 

1673  R.AY  Journ.  Low  C.  (1738)  II.  433  It  is  cut  smooth 
and  plain,  without  any  sculpture  and  engraving,  or  any 
relevy  and  imbossment. 

tRele'VJT,  v.  Of's.  rare~l.  [irreg.  ad.  L. 
relevare  or  F.  relever  :  see  RELIEVE  v.]  trans.  To 
raise  or  set  up  again. 

1622  CALLIS  Stat.  Sewers  (1647)  205  If  any  such  annoyance 
be  done,  it  shall  be  pulled  down,  and  that  he  which  shall 
relevy  such  annoyance,  .shall  incur  the  penalty. 

Relewe,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RELIEVE  v. 

Relewyt,  Releyit,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  pple.  of  RE 
LIEVE  v. 

Reliability  (rflaiabi-liti).  [f.  next  +  -ITY.] 
The  quality  of  being  reliable,  reliableness. 

1816  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  II.  667  Either  in  the  taste,  cour 
tesy,  or  reliability  of  his  judges.  1817  —  Biog.  Lit.  iii.  (Bohn) 
31  Perfect  consistency,  and  (if  such  a  word  might  be  framed) 
absolute  reliability.  18^7  in  WEBSTER.  1856  GEO.  ELIOT  Ess. 
(1884)  126  An  air  of  seriousness  and  reliability.  1860  ADM. 
FITZROY  in  Merc.  Marine  King.  VII.  355  The  reliability 
and  the  universality  of  the  lawsof  storms.  1887  Spectator  18 
June  827/2  We  want  doctors  to  bear  a  stamp  of  reliability, 
like  the  coinage. 

Reliable  (rfbi-ab'l),  a.  [f.  RELY  t>.i  +  -ABLE.] 
That  may  be  relied  upon  ;  in  which  reliance  or 
confidence  may  be  put  ;  trustworthy,  safe,  sure. 

In  current  use  only  from  about  1850,  and  at  first  perhaps 
more  frequent  in  American  works,  but  from  1855  freely 
employed  by  British  writers,  though  often  protested  against 
as  an  innovation  or  an  Americanism.  The  formation  has 
been  objected  to  (as  by  Worcester  in  1860)  on  the  ground  of 
irregularity,  but  has  analogies  in  available,  dependable, 
dispensable,  laugltable  (Webster  1864).  The  question  has 


.  . 

He  seems  to  think  that  the  reliable  chronology  of  Greece 
begins  before  its  reliable  history.    1876  TREVELYAN  Life 
Macaulay  (1883)  II.  431  Macaulay  may  not  have  been  a 
reliable  guide  in  the  regions  of  high  art. 
b.  alisol.  as  sli.     A  reliable  thing. 
1890  Antltmty's  Photogr.  Bull.  III.  133  Experiment  with 
all  the  new  things  that  appear,  but  do  not  '  lose  your  grip  ' 
on  the  old  reliables. 

Reli  ableiiess.  [f.  prec.  +  -NESS.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  reliable. 

1847  inWEBSTEK.  1861  MILL  Logic  11.  vii.  (ed.  5)  I.  303  The 
number  of  steps  in  an  argument  does  not  subtract  from  its 
reliableness,  if  [etc.].  1863  HAWTHORNE  Old  Home  (1883) 
I.  52  There  is  a  certain  sturdy  reliableness  common  among 
them.  1871  SMILES  Charac.  i.  8  Thus  reliableness  becomes 
a  passport  to  the  general  esteem  and  confidence  of  mankind. 

Reliably  (rflsi-abli),  adv.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -LY.] 
In  a  reliable  manner. 

1864  in  WEBSTER.  1863  Daily  Tel.  t8  Sept.  3/6  The  action 
of  the  Government  is  reliably  attributed  to  a  note  [etc.], 
1876  MILL  in  W.  G.  Ward  Ess.Philos.  Theism  (1884)  I.  304 
An  intuition  .  .  is  simply  an  intellectual  avouchment,  reliably 
declaring  as  immediately  evident  some  truth  [etc.]. 

Reliance  (rHai-ans).     [f.  RELY  z>.l  +  -ANCE.] 

1.  The  (f  or  an)  act  of  relying  ;  the  condition  or 
character  of  being  reliant  ;  dependence,  confidence. 

a.  Const,  on,  upon,  or  in. 

1607  SHAKS.  Timon  11.  i.  22  My  reliances  on  his  fracted 
dates  Haue  smit  my  credit.  1687  tr.  Salliist  (1692)  241  All 
these  things  are  their  Security  and  Protection,  while  my 
Relyance  is  only  upon  my  self,  a  1713  ELLWOOD  Autobiog. 
(1714)  33  That  my  Reliance  might  be  wholly  upon  him;  and 
not  on  Man.  1754  SHERLOCK  Disc.  (1759)  I.  vii.  223  This 
Reliance  on  the  Promises  of  God.  1781  JEFFERSON  Corr. 
Wks.  1859  I-  291  A  private  channel  on  which  I  have  con 
siderable  reliance.  1813  SOUTHEV  Nelson  II.  34  A  man.. 
upon  whose  sagacity.  .he  could  place  full  reliance.  1823  — 
Penins.  War  I.  216  Don  Pedro  de  Labrador  ..  in  whose 
talents  he  had  great  reliance.  1865  TENNYSON  Captain  57 
Those  in  whom  he  had  reliance  .  .  Sold  him  unto  shame.  1877 
FROUDE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  i.  viii.  88  In  such  a  labyrinth 
of  lies  little  reliance  can  be  placed  on  statements  uncon 
firmed  by  writing. 

b.  Without  const. 


1569  Keg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  1.  667 
and  jugement  to  be  als  raliabill.  .as  gif  thesamyn  wer  gevin 
. .  be  the  Lordis  of  Sessioun.  1624  UP.  MOUNTAGU  in  Cosines 
Corr,  (Surtees)  I.  34,  I  knowe  not  two  honester,  abler  men, 
and  reliable  indeed  of  their  ranke  and  state.  1792  B.  S. 
BARTON  in  M.  Cutler's  Life,  etc.  (1888)  II.  288,  I  have 
lately  used  the  root,  and  find  it  a  very  reliable  medicine. 
1800  COLERIDGE  Ess.  own  Times  (1850)  II.  296  The  best 
means  and  most  reliable  pledge  of  a  higher  object.  1850 
W.  IRVING  in  Life  $  Lett.  (1864)  IV.  70  You  have  built  it  up  j 
with  a  care  that  renders  it  reliable  in  all  its  parts.  1851 


405 

a  1728  WOODWARD  (J.),  That  pellucid  gelatinous  substance, 
which  he  pilches  upon  with  so  great  reliance  and  positive- 
ness.  1850  ROBERTSON  Semi.  Ser.  in.  ii.  (1872)  16  Not  by 
merit  _nor  by  works,  but  by  trust  or  reliance  only. 

2.  That  on  which  one  relies  or  depends. 

1798  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Yng.  Plu'los.  I.  78  She  seemed  to 
have  no  protection  or  reliance  on  earth  but  him.  1848 
W.  H.  BARTLETT  Egypt  to  Pal.  iii.  (1879)  44  The  chief 
direct  reliance  is  the  main  river.  1856  KANE  A  ret.  Expl.  I. 
xx.  25_r  The  dogs,  the  indispensable  reliance  of  the  party, 
were  in  bad  working  trim. 

Reliant  (rtlai-ant),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ANT1.] 
Having  reliance  or  confidence ;  confident,  trustful. 
(Cf.  SELF-KKLIANT.)  Also  const,  on. 

1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  II.  v.  63  My  mind  is  hopeful  and 
reliant.  1839  GEO.  ELIOT  A.  Bede  Iii,  Dinah  was  too 
reliant  on  the  Divine  will  to  attempt  to  achieve  any  end  by 
a  deceptive  concealment.  1878  B.  TAYLOR  Dcakalion  I.  v. 
41  Seem  not  reliant,— loose  thy  clinging  hand. 

Relic  (re-lik).  Forms  :  3-7  relike,  4-6  re- 
lyk(e,  relik,  4-7  relicke,  (5  -likke,  -lykke,  6 
realycke),  6-8relick,  8- relic;  6  rellick,  -yoke, 
Sc.  -yk,  7  rellike ;  4-5  relek,  5  -leek,  -leke ;  4 
reliqe,  5  relyque,  5-  relique.  [a.  F.  relique 
(nth  c.),  ad.  L.  reliquix  pi.,  remains:  see  RELI- 
QUI.E.  OE.  had  reliqitias  directly  from  Latin  ;  and 
the  comb,  relic-gong  occurs  in  a  text  printed  in 
Cockayne's  Shrine  pp.  74,  79.] 

1.  In  religious  use,  esp.  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
and  Greek  Churches :  Some  object,  such  as  a  part 
of  the  body  or  clothing,  an  article  of  personal  use, 
or  the  like,  which  remains  as  a  memorial  of  a 
departed  saint,  martyr,  or  other  holy  person,  and 
as  such  is  carefully  preserved  and  held  in  esteem 
or  veneration. 

The  plural  sometimes  denotes  the  whole  remains  (i.e.  the 
body  or  parts  of  it)  of  the  person  in  question  ;  see  sense  2. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  18  A  last  to  be  ooer  onlicnesses,  &  to  ower 
relikes  cneolecS,  ober  luteb.  t  1290  J,'.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  17/567 
pe  bischop  wuste  bis  holie  blod  ase  relikes  riche  and  guode. 
c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Citron.  Wace  (Rolls)  14559  Abbotes  )iat  ' 
reliqes  had  . .  away  beym  lad,  &  manye  in  be  erthe  bey 
dalf.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  iv.  (James)  255  His  primes. . 
stal  away  (>e  body,  .and  bai  aryvyt  with  J>at  relik  of spanje 
in-to  be  kynrik.  c  1430  LVDC.  Jfia.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  19 
The  abbot  afftyr ..  Amonges  the  relykkes  the  septnre  ought 
he  soughte  Of  Seynt  Edward,  c  1489  CAXTON  Smites  of 
Aymon  iii.  112  Bryng  afore  me  your  reliques  and  hallowes, 
that  I  shall  swere  [etc.],  1532  Dial,  on  Lams  Enf.  II.  xxx. 
78b,  Than  shal  he  suspende  the  churche  &  take  awaye  i 
the  relikes.  1617  MORYSON  Itin  i.  175  The  Friars  keepe 
for  a  holy  relike  the  Thome  wherewith  Christ  was  crowned. 
1673  RAY  Journ.  Lmu  C.  243  In  this  City  are  many.. 
Churches. .furnished  with  rich  Altar-pieces,  Reliques,.  .and 
other  Ornaments.  1756-7  tr.  Keysler's  Trav.  (1760)  IV. 
396  The  only  part  wanting  in  their  relic  is  the  middle  finger 
of  the  right-hand.  1844  LINGARD  Anglo-Sax.  Cli.  (1858)  II. 
xiv.  304  A  supply  of  relics  for  the  foundation  of  churches.  , 
1850  MRS.  JAMESON  Leg.  Monast.  Orii.  79  His  copy  of  Am 
brose,,  .covered  with  his  blood,  wns  exhibited,  .as  a  relic. 

trans/.     1594  DRAYTON  Idea  788  You.. whose  deare  re-    j 
membrance  in  my  Bosome  lyes,  Too  rich  a  Relique  for  so 
poore  a  Shrine. 

t  b.  Applied  to  the  sacred  objects  of  the  ancient   ' 
Jewish  and  pagan  religions.  Obs. 

<ri3oo  Cursor  M.  6513  He  taglit  him  tables  o  be  lai,.. 
Quen  he  him  taght  suilk  a  relik  [etc.],  c  1374  CHAUCER 
Tnybal.  153  Ihei  hadde  a  relyk  bight  Palladion,  That 
was  hire  tryst  a  bouen  euerichon.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEncis 
xlii.  x.  96  O  happy  cite  . .  With  quham  sa  gi  et  rellykis  re- 
mane  sail.  1582  STANYHURST  jf.neis  n.  (Arb.)  49  Yf  this 
rellick  by  you  to  the  cittye  wer  haled,  Then,  loa,  the  stout 
Iroians  in  wars  should  glorye  triumphing.  1606  G.  W[OOD- 
COCKE]  H,st.  h'stinc  xxiv.  90  The  Priests  of  all  the  Temples 
..with.. the  sacred  reliques  in  their  hands. 
t  C.  A  precious  or  valuable  thing.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1383  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  Prol.  321  What  dostow  here  So 
nygh  myn  ovne  floure  so  boldely?  . .  Yt  is  my  relyke,  digne 
and  deytable.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  13678  He.  .has  riches  full 
ryfe.rehkisynow.  c  1470  Gol.f,  Gam.  887  Armyt  in  rede  gold, 
and  rubeis  sa  round,  With  mony  riche  relikis,  riale  to  se. 

a.  bomethmg  kept  as  a  remembrance  or  souve 
nir  of  a  person,  thing,  or  place  ;  a  memento. 

1601  SHAKS.  Jul.  C.  n.  ii.  89  Great  men  shall  presse  For 
Tinctures,  Staines,  Rehques,  and  Cognisance.  1664  MAR- 
VELLCw-r.Wks.  Grosart)II.i4S  He,  blessed  Prince/. . even 
as  to  this  matter  had  prepared  a  Letter  which  I  yet  preserve 
among  His  other  Reliques.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  xix, 
When  I  took  Leave  of  this  Island,  I  carry'd  on  Board  for 
Reliques  the  great  Goat's  Skin  Cap  I  had  made,  my  Um 
brella,  and  one  of  my  Parrots.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler 
No.  83  F  o  This  regard,  which  we  . .  pay  to  the  meanest 
relique  of  a  man  great  and  illustrious.  1838  Murray's 
lland-bk.  NCcrm.  385/1  Luther's  ..  apartment  ..  contains 
his  portrait,  bible,  and  other  relics.  1862  STANLEY  7<ni.  Ck 
(1877)  I-  v;»-  MI  Two  objects  of  interest  were  laid  up  . .  in 
front  of  it,  both  relics  of  Sinai.  1880  Marine  Engineer 
i  July  84/1  A  Relic  of  Her  Majesty's  Ship  '  Orpheus  '. 

2.  //.  The  remains  of  a  person  ;  the  body,  or 
part  of  the  body,  of  one  deceased.  (Sometimes 
implying  sense  I.) 

a 1300  Cursor  M.  21215  Pai  did  sent  andru  relikes  and  him 
Bring  to  constantinopohm.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  237/2, 
I  snalle  ensigne  the  of  eueriche  by  symylitude  to  knowe  the 
tombes  and  reliques  of  eerie  of  us.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr. 
Leslie  s  Hist.  Scot.  \.  r 10  The  reliques  of  S.  Andro . .  quhilkes 
out  of  Grece  he  brocht.  1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Hydriot.  Ep. 
Ded.,  Men  took  a  lasting  adieu  of  their  interred  Friends,. . 
having  no  old  experience  of  the  duration  of  their  Reliques. 
1691  WOOD  At/i.  Oxon.  I.  156  How  long  he  lived  after  that 
year,  I  cannot  tell,  nor  where  his  reliques  were  lodg'd. 
1718  PRIOR  Solomon  in.  591  Say:  shall  our  Relicks  second 


RELIC. 

Birth  receive?     1725  POPE  Odyss.  xiv.  156  He.. welters  on 

the  wave,  Or  food  for  fish,  or  dogs,  his  reliquea  lye.     1775 

ADAIR  Amer.  Ind.  183  They  go  along  with  those  beloved 

relicks  of  the  dead.. till  they  arrive  at  the  bone-house.    1813 

j    SHELLEY  Q.  Ufab  vn.  188  All  around  The  mouldering  relics 

of  my  kindred  lay.    1854  MII.MAN  Lat.  Chr.  m.  v.  I.  381  Tlie 

reliques  of  those  martyrs  whom  the  Romans  burned  with  fire. 

b.  sing,  in  the  same  sense,  rare. 

1635  PAGITT  Cltrislianogr.  in.  (1636)  93  The  taking  up  of 
the  Relique  of  Editha  thirteene  yeare  after  her  death 
1682  KEN  Serm.  Wks.  (1838)  126  This  poor  relique  of  clay, 
which  in  a  few  minutes  must  be  restored  to  its  native  earth. 
1814  MRS.  J.  WEST  Alicia  de  Lacy  IV.  258  Those  neglects 
to  which  this  unsepulchred  relic  of  his  illustrious  father 
bore  a  shameful  testimony. 

3.  //.  That  which  remains  or  is  left  behind,  in 
later  use  esp.  after  destruction  or  wasting  away  ; 
the  remains  or  remaining  fragments  (of  a  thing)  ; 
the  remnant,  residue  (of  a  nation  or  people).  Also 
occas.  in  sing,  of  a  single  thing  or  person.' 

a  1325  Prose  Psalter  xxxvi[i).  40  [38]  pe  vnrijtful  forsobe 
shul  ben  desparplist,  and  \K  relikes  of  be  wicked  shul  dien. 
1382  WYCLIF  Isa.  xiv.  30  To  dien  I  shal  make  in  hunger  thi 
roote,  and  Ihi  relikes  I  shal  slen.  1480  CAXTON  Citron.  Enf. 
ci.  52  b,  The  reliques  of  his  body  shall  bene  brought  fro 
Kume,  and  translated  in  liritaigne.  1568  GRAKTON  I'/iroii. 
II.  458  Diuers  Frenchmen  repayred  to  the  battayle.  .to  take 
the  reliques  which  the  Englishmen  had  left.  1596  SPENSI:R 
Stale  Ircl.  Wks.  (Globe)  627/2  Whatsoever  rellckes  there 
were  left  of  the  land-bredd  people,  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  194 
An  hundred  paces  farther. .  there  are  the  relikes  of  a  Church. 
1656  RIDGLEY  f'raft.  Physick  271  The  reliques  of  the  Quick 
silver  will  stick  to  the  gold.  1703  POPE  Thetais  602  Dust 
yet  white  upon  each  altar  lies,  The  relicks  of  a  former  sacri 
fice.  1788  GIBBON  Dccl.  ?r  F.  xlix.  III.  143  After  a  bloody 
conflict  of  eight  years. .,  the  relics  of  the  nation  submitted. 
1817  L'YRON-  Manfred  m.  iv,  I  stood  within  the  Coliseum's 
wall,  'Midst  the  chief  relics  of  almighty  Rome.  1851  IJ. 
Wilson  fret.  Ann.  MI.  vi.  (1863)  II.  152  It  is  only  in  this 
last  period  ..  that  we  find  the  relics  of  the  war-chariot 
among  the  contents  of  the  tomb.  1865  Li\  INC.  STONE  Zambesi 
vi.  148  He  brought  the  relics  of  our  fugitive  mail. 

sing.  01676  HALE  I'riui.  Orig.  Alan.  (1677)  298  This 
Elementary  portion  of  Earth  and  Water  seems  to  be  as  it 
were  the  sediment  and  relique  of  the  Massa  Chaotica.  1774 
PENNANT  Tour  Scotl.  in  1772,  9  The  priory. .stood  near  the 
bridge,  but  not  a  relique  exists.  1822  GALT  Provost  xxxii. 
(1868)  95  He  was  a  relic  of  some  American-war  fencibles. 
1834  HOGG  Let.  in  Sotheby's  Sale  Catal.  22-6  Feb.  (1897) 
42  He  is  ..  the  only  relic  I  know  of  the  real  intimate  ac 
quaintances  of  Burns. 

b.  The  remains  of  a  meal  or  of  food  ;  remnants, 
scraps,  broken  victuals.  Now  rare. 

1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  75  We  would  haue  had  no 
fragments  or  broken  scraps  left.  But  now.. wee  haue  sore 
a  doo  about  those  reliques.  a  1602  W.  PERKINS  Cases 
Cause.  (1619)  327  Gather  vp  the  broken  meate.  .these  reliques 
and  fragments  are  part  of  the  creatures.  1682  SIR'!'.  BKOWNK 
Chr.  J/or.  1.  §  4  Treat  the  poor,  as  our  Saviour  did  the 
Multitude,  to  the  reliques  of  some  baskets.  1816  SCOTT 
Antiq.  ix,  His  sister  hastened  to  silence  his  murmurs,  by 
proposing  some  of  the  relics  of  the  dinner.  1830  HERSCHEL 
Stlld.^  .\at.  I'ltil.  2  His  food  [being]  worms. .varied  with 
occasional  relics,  mangled  by  more  powerful  beasts  of  prey. 

4.  A  surviving  trace  of  some  practice,  fact,  idea, 
quality,  etc.     In  early  use  chiefly//. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  in.  (1622)  259  Doubting  some 
reliks  of  the  late  mutiny.  1612  T.  TAYLOR  Comm.  Titus  i. 
13  An  infirmitie  is  a  rellike  of  sinne.  1678  R.  BARCLAY 
Apol.  Quakers  iv.  §  2.  101  There  were  some  Reliques  of  the 
Heavenly  Image  left  in  Adam.  1712  BUDGELL  Spect.  No. 
365  r  3  A  Relique  of  a  certain  Pagan  Worship.  1794  PALEY 
Evid.  i.  vii.  (1817)  124  No  reliques  appear  of  any  story  sub 
stantially  different  from  the  present.  1824  W.  IRVING  T. 
Trav.  I.  349  It  is  a  rich  relique  of  a  more  poetical  age. 
1865  TYLOK  Early  Hist.  Man.  i.  2  A  relic  of  a  ruder  mental 
condition. 

b.  A  surviving  memorial  of  some  occurrence, 
period,  people,  etc. 

1695  WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Earth  i.  35  Others.,  thought 
that  they  [shells]  were  only  Reliques  of  some  former  great 
Inundations  of  the  Sea.  ^1778  PENNANT  Tour  Wales  (1883) 
I.  84  Immense  beds  of  iron-cinders,  ..  the  reliques  of  the 
Romans.  1791  Cowi'ER  Yardley  Oak  6  Hollow-trunked  . . 
and  with  excoriate  forks  deform,  Relics  of  ages  !  1832 
G.  R.  PORTER  Porcelain  f,  Gl.  268  These  curious  relics  of 
ancient  times  have  also  been  discovered  decorated  with 
coloured  glass  beads.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xx.  IV. 
522  The  swords  were  rusty  reliques  of  Edge  Hill  and 
Marston  Moor.  1871  FREEMAN  Norm.  Caiy.  xviii.  (1876) 
IV.  212  Those  great  roads  which  abide  as  the  noblest  relics 
of  the  days  of  Roman  dominion. 

5.  An  object   invested   with   interest  by  reason 
of  its  antiquity  or  associations  with  the  past. 

1596  DRAYTON  Legends  iii.  542  A  goodly  Table  of  pure 
Massie  Gold,  A  Relike  kept  in  Windsor  many  a  day.  1601 
SHAKS.  Twel.  N.  in.  iii.  19  What's  to  do?  Shall  we  go  see 
the  reliques  of  this  Towne?  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  v.  208 
My  Interpreter  shewed  me  . .  one  of  the  doores  of  the 
Temple  of  Salomon,.,  being  indeede  a  relicke  of  wonderfull 
bignesse.  1787  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  II.  317  The  good, 
old  and  venerable  fabric,  which  should  have  been  preserved 
even  as  a  religious  relique.  1841  SPALDING  Italy  $  It.  Isl.  I. 
200  The  crowds  of  reliques  which . .  have  reappeared  to  adorn 
the  modern  galleries. 

1 6.  An  example  left  by  a  person.  Obs.  rare. 

1610  BOYS  Exf.  Domin.  Ep.  f,  Gasp.  Wks.  (1622)  133  Here 
then  is  a  notable  relique  for  women  to  behold.  Ibid.  555 
This  her  relique  is  worth  our  obseruing  also. 

7.  attrib.    and    Comb.,   as    relic-box,    building, 


containing 

handle  a  relic  of  a  saint ;  t  Relic  Sunday,  the 
third   Sunday   after    Midsummer,   on    which   the 


RELICARY. 

relics  preserved  in  a  church  were  specially  vene 
rated  ;  f  relic  water,  water  in  which  relics  have 
been  dipped. 

1391  PERCIVALL  Sp.  Dict.t  Rclicario,  a  *relicke  boxe. 
1663  GERBIER  Counsel  d  iij,  The  reformation  of  a  Gotis 
*relick  building,  c  1450  St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  4248  He 
vnclosid  be  *reliks  kyst,  And  gaf  parte  to  a  frende.  1796 
Mod.  Gulliver  2  For  want  of  a  cradle,  as  soon  as  born,  I  was 
popped  into  a  relique  chest.  1807  SYD.  SMITH  Lett. 
Catholics  (1808)  28  The  *relic-covered  jacket  of  a  Catholic. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  59/1  The  . .  knavery  of  the 
Greeks  found  a  rich  prey  in  the  stupid  credulity  of  the 
Latin  *relic-hunters.  1893  KATE  SANBOKN  Truth/.  Wont. 
S.  California  54  The  plaster  statues  have  been  disgracefully 
mutilated  by  relic-hunters.  1891  A.  J.  FOSTER  Ouse  139 
These  were  the  days  of  *relic-hunting.  1854  Jrnl.  Brit. 
Archxol.  Asst'c.  X.  89  The  knife  ..  is  of  an  earlier  period, 
and  may  perhaps  be  regarded  as  a  *relic  knife.  1593- 
1602  DONNE  Sat.  n.  84  The  snuffe  Of  wasting  Candles.. 
*ReIique-like  [1633  reliquely]  kept,  perchance  buyes  wed- 
ding-geare.  1854  H.  MiLLBR  Sc/t.  fy  Schtn.  vi.  (1857)  123 
Though  not  much  of  a  *relic-monger,  I  would  hesitate  to 
exchange  it.  1808  SCOTT  Alarm,  n.  Hi,  The  *relic-shrine 
of  cost,  With  ivory  and  gems  emboss'd.  1461  Paston 
Lett.  II.  28  Wretyn  at  London,  on  *Relyk  Sonday  [12 
July),  xjjzo  in  Arnoldc's  Chron.  (1811)  p.  xlvi,  On  Kelyk 
Sonday,  in  the  aftyr  none,  was  a  grete  thondre  and  tem 
pest.  1581  J.  BELL  H  addon's  Ansiv.  Osor.  323  b,  The 
feasts.. of  the  patrune  of  the  church,  dedication  day,  and 
Relicksonday,  1709  Riders  Brit.  Merlin^  Fair  on  Rtlique- 
Sunday  (being  the  Sund. -fortnight  after  Midsum.).  1848 
LVTTQN  Harold  v.  i,  Edward  was  left  alone  to  his  monks 
and  *relic-venders.  _  1848  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Loss  $  Gain  n. 
xix.  284  The  doctrine  and  practice  of  *relic-veneration. 
1563  Homilies  n.  Idolatry  in.  (1859)  236  Our  idolaters 
found  too  much  vantage  of  reliques  and  *relique  water  to 
follow  St.  Chrysostom's  counsel.  1871  TYLOR  Prim.  Cult. 
xv.  II.  139  The  conception,  .would  give  a  rational  explana 
tion  of  much  *relic-worship  otherwise  obscure. 

Ke'licary.  rare.  [ad.  Sp.  relicano1.  see  RE- 
LIQUAHY.]  A  shrine  for  relics. 

1796  SOUTHEY  Lett.fr.  Spain  (1808)  I.  App.  288  Whatever 
remains  of  such  Catholic  sufferers  she  could  procure  she 
shrined  with  her  own  hands,. .and  she  labelled  the  relicaries 
in  which  they  were  placed.  1829  —  in  For.  Re~>.  <y  Conf, 
Misc.  HI.  32  Philip  II  sent  for  some  of  the  perspiration,  to 
be  placed  among  the  other  treasures  of  his  relicary. 

Re-lick!  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To  lick  again. 

1607  NORDEN  Snrv.  Dial.  A  vii,  This  simple  rude  lumpe, 
of  which,  if  some  more  skilful),  will  bestow  the  re-licking,  & 
bring  it  to  his  true  shape  [etc.]. 

t  Re'licly,  adv.  Obs.  rare  — J.  [f,  RELIC  + 
-LY  -.]  As  a  relic  ;  carefully. 

1633  [see  relic-like  under  RELIC  7]. 

Relict  (re'likt),  sb.  [ad.  L.  re!ic£-us,  -a,  -urn, 
pa.  pple.  of  relinquerc  to  leave  behind,  RELIN 
QUISH  ;  in  sense  2  more  immediately  ad.  med.L. 
relicta  sb.  or  OF.  relicte  (i4th  c.).] 

1.  =  RELIC  i,  i  d,  and  5.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 
1535  LVNDESAV  Salyre  2231  Cum,  win  my  pardon;  and 

kiss  my  relicts,  to.  c  1540  in  Prance  Addit.  Narr.  Pop. 
Plot  (1679)  36  Steryng  them  with  all  perswasions..to  dedd 
Images  and  counterfeit  Relicts.  1633  LITHGOW  Trav.  v. 
195  The  Apple  is.  .yearely  transported  for  Constantinople.. 
and  there  isreserued  for  a  relict  of  the  fruit  of  the  forbidden 
tree.  1681  R.  KNOX  Hist.  Ceylon  80  Each  of  these  Gods 
hath  a  Pallenkine  . .  in  the  which  there  are  several  pieces  of 
their  superstitious  relicts.  1727  A.  HAMILTON  New  Ace.  E. 
Ind.  I.  xxvii.  344  For  want  of  a  better  Image  or  Relict  to 
adore,  they  worship  a  Monkeys  Tooth.  1735  HILD.  JACOB 
Wks.  411  In  the  Statues,  lias-relieves  and  precious  Relicts 
of  the  great  Masters  of  old.  1827  Miss  SEDGWICK  //. 
Leslie  (\fyz)  I.  37  The  relicts  and  gifts  of  a  woman  whom  he 
had  loved. 

2.  The  widow  of  a.  man. 

*545  Reg-  Prizy  Council  Scot.  I.  9  Dame  Jonet  Stewart 
the  relict  of  umquhile  Johne  Muir  of  Caldvvell  and  now 
spous  to  Thomas  Kirkpatrick.  tri6ioSiR  J.  MELVIL  Mem. 
("735)  256  He  married  the  Earl  of  March's  Relict,  a  1659 
OSBORN  Obscrv.  Turks  Wks.  (1673)  305  Such  cries  as  are 
made  by  the  Relicts  and  Children  of  slain  Souldiers.  1718 
HICKES  &  NELSON  J.  Kettlcwell  n.  xxvii.  129  This  Gentle 
woman,  the  Relict  of  so  Worthy  a  Man.  1776  FOOTE 
Bankrj.pt  in.  Wks.  1799  II.  129  There  has  been. .no  less 
than  three  proposals  of  marriage  already  made  to  my  relict. 
1804  EUGENIA  DE  ACTON  Tale  without  Title  II.  214,  I  am 
ordered  by  the  relict  of  my  late  master.,  to  inform  you  that 
she  [etc.].  1871  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  xvii.  (1876)  IV.  59 
Nothing  could  be  further  from  William's  purpose  than  in  any 
way  to  disturb  the  relict  of  his  revered  predecessor. 
D.  Without  const.  Now  rare. 

1640-1  Kirkcudbr.  War-Comm.  Min.  Bk.  (1855)  89  To.. 
confess  his  fault  in  declameing,  by  words,  of  the  gude  name 
and  fame  of  the  said  relict.  1702  STEELE  Funeral  \.  (1734) 
15, 1  never  yet  could  meet  with  a  sorrowful  Relict,  but  was 
herself  enough  to  make  a  hard  Bargain  with  me.  1776  T. 
PEHCIVAL  Ess.  III.  347  To  the  great  prejudice  of  a  poor  re 
lict  and  her  helpless  child.  1873  BROWNING  Red  Cott. 
Nt.-tap  i.  808  She,  sad  relict,  must  drag  residue  Of  days. 
t  c.  The  surviving  partner  of  a  person.  Obs.~v 

^11667  JER.  TAYLOR  Whs-  (1835)  II.  84  (Cent.),  Though  the 
relict  of  a  man  or  woman  have  liberty  to  contract  new 
relations,  yet  [etc.]. 

3.  //.  Remains,   remnants,  residue.     Also  sing. 
a  surviving  part ;  f  a  survivor. 

1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warres  iv.  i.  116  Hee  gathered 
together  the  relictes  of  the  defeated  armies.  1638  SIR  T. 
HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  304  In  as  many  places  are  Christians, 
or  relicts  of  that  holy  profession.  1654  R.  CODRINGTON  tr. 
Justine  xxii.  319  The  Carthaginians  sent  Commanders,  .to 
prosecute  the  relicts  of  the  war.  17*8  MORGAN  Algiers 
I.  i.  10  He  there  seems  to  speak  of  the  Relicts  of  the  Pocni. 
1817  COLERIDGE  Bio$.  Lit.  vi,  I.  112  The  ideas  (or  re 
licts  of  such  impression)  will  exactly  imitate  the  order  of 
the  impression  itself.  2856  GROTE  Greece  n.  xcviii.  XII. 


406 

638  Isolated  relicts  of  what  had  once  been  an  Hellenic 
aggregate. 

sing.  1630  B.  JONSON  AVa*  Inn  Argt.,  The  eldest  daughter, 
Frances,,  .is  the  sole  relict  of  the  family.  1679  M.  RUSDEN 
Discov.  Bees  99  The  relict  of  a  good  Colony  that  hath  had 
several  Hives  taken  off.  1764  FOOTE  Patron  m.  Wks. 
1799  I.  359  My  /Eneas !  my  precious  relict  of  Troy  ! 

b.  A  surviving  trace,  survival. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  EJ>.  v.  xxi.  265  To  breake  the 
eggeshell  after  the  meat  is  out.  .is  but  a  superstitious  relict. 
1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  1.x i.  III.  320  This  parliament  took 
into  consideration.. the  taking  away  of  tithes,  which  they 
called  a  relict  of  Judaism.  1821  J.  Q.  ADAMS  in  C.  Davies 
Metr.  Syst.  m.  (1871)  271  The  Winchester  bushel  is  the  only 
existing  relict  of  the  old  English  system. 

c.  //.  The  remains  of  one  deceased,  rare. 

a  1649  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Poems  Wks.  (1711)  4^  The 
blushing  hyacinth  and  rose  Spred  on  the  place  his  relicts  do 
enclose.  1704  NELSON  Fcst.  <5-  Fasts  xxxi.  (1739)  386  A.. 
Means  to  entice  the  People  to  . .  a  superstitious  Worship  of 
his  Relicts.  1807  G.  CHALMERS  Caledonia  I.  11.  vii.  320 
note,  The  original  church  of  Dunkeld..\vas  built.. for  the 
reception  of  the  relicts  of  St.  Columba. 

f4.  a.  A  deserted  or  discarded  person.  Obs.  rare. 

159*  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  vn.  xxxvi.  156  Her  too  much 
wronged  Relict  might  (as  well  he  might)  be  greeu'd.  i6oa 
Ibid.  xi.  Ixviit.  287  Him  blesseth  he  to  whom  doth  he  one 
of  his  Relicts  giue. 

fb.  //.  That  which  is  left  behind  or  rejected; 
leavings;  refuse.  Obs.  rare. 

11587  A.  LOVELL  tr.  ThmenoCs  Trav.  i.  107  Salt  meats  are 
relicts  to  them,  and  they  feed  on  nothing  but  lienns,  Pease, 
Kggs  and  Bisket.  1748  A.nsoti's  I'oy.  \\.  iv.  167  The  broken 
jars,  ashes,  and  fish-bones,  .being  doubtless  the  relicts  of  the 
cruisers  stationed  off  that  Port. 

f  5.  A  thing  left  to  one  by  inheritance.    Obs.~~l 

1726  in  H.  Campbell  Lave-lett.  Mary  Q.  Scots  (1824)  18, 
I . .  look  on  myself  but  as  the  steward  of  a  glorious  relict. 

t  Reli'ct,  a.  Obs.  [f.  as  prec.  j  cf.  DERELICT.] 
Left,  in  various  senses. 

1.  Allowed  to  remain  untouched  or  undisturbed. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb,  x.  198  A  vyne  whos  fruyt  humour 
wol  putrifie  Pampyned  is  to  be  by  euery  side,  Relicte  on  hit 
oonly  the  croppis  hie.  c  1450  tr.  De  Imitation*  in.  Ix.  140 
In  asmuche  as  his  mevhige  lafte  &  relicte  to  himself drawij? 
euere  to  euel  &  to  lowe  Binges. 

2.  Left  by  death,  surviving.    (Cf.  RELICT  sb.  2.) 
1649  BP.  HALL  Cases  Come.  iv.  ii.  (1654)  310  If  upon  the 

departure  of  an  unbeleeving  or  hereticall  yoke-fellow  the 
relict  party  must  be  tyed  up.  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies^ 
Lincolnshire  n.  (1662)  159  His  Relict  Lady  .,  lived  long  in 
Westminster. 

3.  Of  lands :  a.  Left  by  the  recess  of  the  sea. 
b.  Abandoned,  deserted. 

a  1676  HALE  De  Jure  Marts  i.  iv.  in  Hargravc*$  Law 
Tracts^  (1787)  I.  14  No  answer  is  given  to  the  title  of  in 
formation  for  lands  relict,  for  these  were  of  several  natures. 
a  1687  PETTY  Pol.  Arith.  iv.  (1691)  68  If  the  Relict  Lands, 
and  the  immovables  left  behind  upon  them,  may  be  sold. 

So  fBeli-cted  a.;  f  Beli'ction.   Obs. 

^1676  HALE  De  Jure  Man's  I.  vi.  in  Hat-grave's  Law 
Tracts  (1787)  I.  31  Custom  cannot  intitle  the  subject  to 
relicted  lands,  or  make  it  part  of  a  manor.  Ibid*  36  Acquests 
by  the  reliction  or  recess  of  the  sea. 

Relie,  obs,  form  of  RELY  v.l 

t  Relie'f l.  Obs.  Forms  :  3-5  relef,  (5  -leff,  6 
-leffe),  4-5relif,  -lyf,  (4  //.  -lyves),  releif,  5  re 
lefe, -leue,  (//.  -leues,  -ys),4-6  releef,  (6-leefe) ; 
5  relyef,  6  relief(e.  [a.  OF.  rekf,  relief  (also 
retie,  rclier]  *  the  remnant . .  of  meat  left  at  a 
meale',  also  'rubbidge,  or  the  mines  of  ouer- 
throwne  houses '  (Cotgr.) ;  cf.  Prov.  refau,  Sp.  re 
lieve^  It.  rtlevo,  rilievo.  vbl.  sb,  corresponding  to 
KELIEVE  v.t  and  literally  meaning  ( that  which  is 
lifted  or  removed  '. 

The  cognate  forms  appear  to  establish  the  connexion  of 
the  F.  word  in  sense  2  with  re/ever,  but  the  Eng.  evidence 
suggeststhat  OF.  (or  AF.)  had  also  a  form  ^///representing 
L.  reliqu-um  (compare  OF.  antif:— L,  antiqu-itm)  from 
which  the  senses  placed  under  i  are  directly  derived.  The 
writer  of  the  Ancrcn  Rhvle  clearly  associated  the  word 
with  rclinqnere,  and  in  Wyclif  and  Trevisa  it  usually 
renders  reliquix  and  frequently  interchanges  with  relief 

1.  a.  That  which  is  left  or  given  up  by  one. 

niMS  After.  X.  168  pe  vifte  reisun  is,  noble  men  & 
wummen  makieS  large  relef.  Auh  hwo  makien  largere 
relef  bene  j,e  oSerj  /^  Nis  j,js  large  rejen  Nis  j,;s 

muchel  loaue? 

b.  The  remains  of  a  thing;  remainder;  residuum. 

1382  WYCLIF  Isa.  x.  19  And  the  releef  of  the  wode  of  the 
wilde  wode  for  fewenesse  shul  be  noumbred.  1387  TREVISA 
Higden  (Rolls)  I.  97  lerom  seij?  bat  of  be  releef  of  \>\s  citee 
were  i-buld  two  grete  citees.  Ibid.  IV.  155  Also  Silla  be 
consul.. was  in  Campania  forto  destroye  al  be  relif  of  pe 
bataille  bat  heet  [bellum]  sociale.  c  1440  Promp.  Parv. 
IDI/I  Cracoke,  relefe  of  molte  talowe  or  grese.  Ibid*  428/3 
Releef,  or  brocaly  of  mete  (or  blevynge). 

C.  The  remainder,  remnant,  or  surviving  portion 
of  a  people  or  company. 

1387  TKEVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  113  Whan  he  hadde 
. .  i-brou^t  be  relyf  of  Israel  and  of  luda  out  of  Egipte.  Ibid. 
V.  251  De  poure  relyf  bat  was  i-Ieft  of  be  Britouns.  1520 
MaundeviCs  Chron,  Eng.  in.  24/2  [Antiochus]  tourned  to  y« 
pore  releucs  of  y°  Jewes.  a  1548  HALL  Chron,,  Hen.  VIII 
26  b,  Wednesday  the  .xxvj.  daye  of  July  the  relefTe  of  the 
speres  brought  in  askry. 

d.  The  remains,  or  some  part  of  the  remains, 
of  a  person  deceased  ;  a  relic,  rare. 

£1449  PECOCK  Re#r.  i.  xi\-.  114  Placis  in  whiche  holi  men 
han  lyued  . .  or  in  whiche  the  relifis  or  the  relikis  of  hem 
abiden.  Ibid.  \\.  viii.  182  Where  the  bodi  or  bonis  or  eny 
releef  or  relik  of  a  Seint  niai  be  had. 


RELIEF. 

2.  The  remains  of  food  left  after  a  meal ;  leav 
ings,  scraps. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  13512  J?e  releif  gadir  bai  in  hepes,  And 
fild  bar-wit  tuelue  mikel  lepes.  1382  WYCLIF  Exod.  viii.  3 
Froggis  that  shulen  steyn  vp..in  to  the  relyues  of  thi  metis. 
1426  LYDG.  De  Guil.  Pilgr.  4570  lie  cause  ye  A.\en  the 
releff  Off  hys  dyner,  on  &  alle.  1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour 
G  vb,  His  wyf  brought  hym  mete  whiche  she  gate  and  was 
gyuen  to  her  of  the  releef  of  other.  1552  HULOFT,  Reliefe, 
or  broken  meate,  frogmen*  fragmentum.  1582  BENTLEY 
Mon.  Mat  rones  ii.  10  Pouertie  hath  taken  me,  ..compelling 
me  toeate  the  reliefe  of  swine.  1589  RIDER  Bibl.Sc/ioL  1206 
Reliefe  after  dinner,  reliqum  frandij. 

Relief2  (nlrf).  Forms  :  4-6  relef,  (6  .leffe), 
relefe,  5-6  releef,  5-7  releefe,  -leif,  (5  -leyf, 
Sc.  raleiff,  -leyff,  6  releief),  6-7  releife ;  5-6 
relyef(e,  5-7  reliefe,  6-  relief;  5  relyf,  relijf, 
6  relyfe.  Also  4-6  releue,  -leve,  (6  Sc.  -lieve), 
5  relyue  ;  //.  5-6  releves,  -is,  -ys,  5-7  relieves, 
[a.  OF.  relief,  vbl.  sb,  from  re/ever  to  RELIEVE. 
The  general  senses  in  Eng.  are  rare  in  French,  and 
the  word  had  prob.  a  greater  currency  in  AF. 
than  on  the  Continent.] 

1.  A  payment,  varying  in  value   and  kind  ac 
cording  to  rank   and   tenure,   made  to  the  over 
lord   by   the   heir  of  a  feudal  tenant  on  taking 
up  possession  of  the   vacant   estate.     Now   only 
Hist,  except  in  Sc.  Law.     (Cf.  RELIEVE  v.  8  a.) 

So  OF.  7WiV/"(Godef.),  med.  L.  relevium^  relcvamcntnm, 
rclevatio,  etc.  (see  Du  Cange). 

c  1330  R.  BKUNNB  Chron.  (1810)  214  Of  wardes  &  relefe 
[F.  gardes  et  relcfs\  bat  barons  of  him  held.  Ibid.)  Tille 
ilk  a  lordyng  suld  ward  &  relefe  falle.  1375  BARBOUK 
Bntce  xn.  320  Gif  ony  dels  in  this  battaill,  His  air,  but 
ward,  releif,  or  taill,  On  the  first  day  his  land  sail  weild. 
c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  in.  v.  782  [He]  gert  bairn  al  . .  halde 
bar  lande  of  hym  in  cheyff  Fra  bine  wipe  serwice  and 
raleyff.  1482  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  207/2  The  Kyng,  his 
heires,  and  the  Quene  severally  shall  have  Relieves  after 
the  deth  of  such  Auncestres  as  soo  held  of  thaim.  1503-4 
Act  19  Hen.  VII)  c.  15  Preamble,  Lordes  of  whom..tene- 
mentes  be  holden  in  socage  [be  defrauded]  of  ther  relerTes. 
1597  SKENE  De  Verb.  Sign,  s.v.  Recognition^  The  superiour 
may  recognosce,  and  reteine  the  samin  [lands]  vntil  securitie 
be  maid  to  him  for  payment  of  the  relieue.  1647  N,  BACON 
Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  lii.  (1739)  91  The  Rtlief  of  the  Country, 
man  is  the  best  Beast  that  is  in  his  possession  ;  and  of  him 
that  farmeth  his  Lands,  a  year's  rent.  1766  BLACKSTONE 
Connn.  II.  65  Relief. .was  before  mentioned  as  incident  to 
every  feodal  tenure,  by  way  of  fine  or  composition  with  the 
lord  for  taking  up  the  estate.  1776  in  Stonehouse  Ax  holme 
(1839)  144  On  surrender,  the  Lord  is  not  entitled  to  any 
heriots  or  reliefs.  1818  CRL'ISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  I.  34  The 
doctrine  of  reliefs  was  also  adopted  from  the  laws  of 
Normandy.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Laiv  Scot.  844  The 
casualty  of  relief  is  a  sum  exigible  from  an  heir  on  his  entry 
with  the  superior.  1874  STUBBS  Cwst.  Hist.  \x.  I.  261  The 
change  of  the  heriot  to  the  relief  implies  a  suspension  of 
ownership,  and  carries  with  it  the  custom  of  livery  of  seisin. 
b.  Hist.  Formal  acknowledgement  of  feudal 
tenure  made  by  a  vassal  to  his  lord.  rare. 

c  1330  R.  BKUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  202  Merschalle  &  stiward 
berfor  about  dos  sende,  &  homage  &  feaute  he  askes  & 
releue  [rime  chefel.  1525  LD.  BEKNERS  Froiss.  II.  295  The 
bysshop.  .counsayled  that  every  man  shulde  be  newe 
sworne,  and  renewe  their  releves.  Ibid.  559  There  the  erle 
of  Armynake  and  the  Erie  of  Rodays  made  their  reliefe  & 
homage  to  thekynge.  1828-40  TYTLER  Hist.  Scot.  i.  (1864) 
I.  28  No  crown-vassal,  widow,  orphan,  or  ward  of  the  crown 
was  to  be  under  the  necessity  of  performing  their  homage 
or  relief  out  of  the  kingdom. 

2.  Ease  or  alleviation  given  to  or  received  by 
a  person  through  the  removal  or  lessening  of  some 
cause   of  distress   or   anxiety ;    deliverance    from 
what  is  burdensome  or  exhausting  to  the  mind  ; 
mental   relaxation ;    •(•  hence   also,    entertainment, 
sport  (quot.  1575). 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  23  Thus  for  the  point  of  his  relief 
The  coc  which  schal  his  mete  arraie  [etc.],  c  1400  Leg. 
Ro0d{j&yi)  96  Ful  grete  grace  was  bore  schewd  And  grete 
releue  to  lerd  and  leude.  1509  HAWES  Ptist.  Picas,  xxxn. 
(Percy  Soc.)  159  1'hey  hoped  for  to  have  releve  Of  theyr 
imprison  which  did  them  so  greve.  a  1547  SURREY  in 
Totters  Misc.  (Arb.)  26  That  man  is  farre  from  bltsse,  That 
doth  receiue  for  his  relief  none  other  gayn  but  this.  1575 
LANEHAM  Let.  (1871)  18  If  he  wear  taken  onez,  then  what 
shyft..he  woold  woork  too  wynde  hym  self  from  them  .. 
waz  a  matter  of  a  goodly  releef.  1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  VI, 
in.  iii.  20  Tell  thy  griefe,  It  shall  be  eas'd,  if  France  can 
yeeld  reliefe.  1601  ?  MARSTON  Pasgitil  Sf  Kath.  (1878)  n. 
361  That's  the  best  reliefe  To  drowne  all  care,  and  ouer- 
whelmeall  griefe.  £1640  MILTON  Sonn.,  To  Nightingale  \i 
Thou  from  yeer  to  yeer  hast  sung  too  late  For  my  relief. 
171(^-8  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Lett.  I.  xxxi.  107  She  is  young, 
and  her  conversation  would  be  a  great  relief  to  me.  1781 
COWPER  Truth  455  The  soul,  reposing  on  assured  relief, 
Feels  herself  happy  amidst  all  her  grief.  1818  SHELLEY 
Julian  565,  I  sought  relief  From  the  d«ep  tenderness  that 


burdening  to  a  friend  the  sins  and  sorrows  of  one's  life. 

b.  Ease  from,  or  lessening  of,  physical  pain  or 
discomfort. 

1691  RAY  Creation  i.  (1692)  83  The  Warming-stone,  .liath 
been  found  to  give  ease  and  relief  m  several  Pains  and 
Diseases.  1704  T.  FULLER  Med.  Gymn.  (1711)  3  Most  Men 
indulge  themselves  in  the  Expectation  of.,  sudden  Relief. 
1789  W.  BUCHAN  Dotn.  Med.  (1790)  451  No  lasting  relief  can 
be  procured  till  these  [humours]  are  either  corrected  or 
expelled.  1820  SHELLEY  Horn.  Merc,  ii,  Now  when.. 
Heaven's  tenth  moon  chronicled  her  relief,  She  gave  light 
to  a  babe  all  babes  excelling.  1879  J.  C.  MOKISON  Gibbon 


RELIEF. 

172  He  underwent  another  operation  and  as  usual  ex 
perienced  much  relief. 

c.  An  agreeable  change  of  object  to  the  mind 
or  one  of  the  senses,  esp.  that  of  sight. 

1711  ADDISON  Spcct.  No.  333  p  23  He  has.  .interspersed 
several  Speeches,  Reflections,  Similitudes,  and  the  like 
Reliefs,  to  diversify  his  Narration.  1833  HT.  MARTINEAU 
Brooke  Farm  \.  4  A  clump  of  beeches.. were  a  relief  to  the 
eye.  1870  F.  R.  WILSON  Ch.  Lindisf,  81  The  north  walls 
.  .were  built  as  plain  lengths  of  masonry,  without  buttresses, 
windows,  mouldings,  or  relief  of  any  kind. 

d.  A  gradual  widening  in  the  bore  of  a  gun- 
barrel  towards  the  muzzle. 

1824  COL.  HAWKER  Shooting  (ed.  3)  8  This  relief  has  the 
effect  of  making  the  gun  shoot  as  close  as  it  can  do.  1858 
GREENER  Gunnery  •$&  The  relief  in  the  muzzle  of  a  gun  has 
a  tendency,  by  allowing  a  gradual  expansion  laterally,  to 
keep  the  charge  of  shot  better  together. 
3.  Aid,  help,  or  assistance  given  to  a  person  or 
persons  in  a  state  of  poverty  or  want ;  now  spec. 
assistance  in  money  or  necessary  articles  given  to 
the  indigent  from  funds  administered  under  the 
Poor  Law  or  from  parish  doles. 

c  1400  Christ's^  Compl.  268  in  Pol.  Ret.  $•  L.  Poems  (1903) 
207  My  seruantis  suffren  hungir  £  coolde,  Releef  of  |>ee  511 
haue  bei  noon,  c  1412  HOCCLEVE  DC  Reg.  Princ.  901  If  J>ou 
hcer-after  come  vn-to  swych  pref,  Thow  wolt  ful  sore 
triste  [r'.r.  thurste]  after  releef.  1472-3  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI. 
48/2  To  the  verrey  honour  and  worship  of  God,  and  grete 
releyf  and  sustenaunce  of  pore  people.  1548  LATIMER 
P  laughers  (Arb.)  23  They  woulde  bequeth  greate  summes 
of  money  towarde  the  releue  of  the  pore.  1599  SHAKS. 
Hen.  V)  i.  i.  i5Toreliefe  of  Lazars,and  weak  age  Of  indigent 
faint  Soules. ,  A  hundred  Almes-houses.  1632  SANDERSON 
Serin.  384  The  competent  releefe  of  the  orderly  poore.  1669 
W.  MONTAGU  in  Bucdeuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  446 
The  Church  charities  and  the  secular  reliefs.  1743  J.  MORRIS 
Sertn.  ii.  47  They .  .cruelly  refuse  to  the  distressed.. relief. 
1794  BURKE/.?//.,  to  Mrs.  Creive  (1844)  IV.  257  In  their  idea 
of  relief,  there  is  always  included  something  of  punishment. 
1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Kng.  iii.  I.  421  The  men,  women,  and 
children  who  receive  relief  are.  .one  tenth  of  the  inhabitants. 
1865  Pall  Mail  G.  13  May  i  If  there  is  to  be  parochial 
relief  at  all  . .  there  must  be  some  law  to  determine  the 
question  by  whom  that  relief  is  to  be  given. 

*h  b.  Sustenance.  Obs. 

c  1440  Chron.  R.  Clone.  (Rolls)  827  Pur  meseise  him  Jmder 
drof  &  defaute  of  biliue  [MS.  5,  relyue].  1483  Rolls  of 
Parlt.  VI.  260/1  Greate  Games  of  Swannes  of  ther  owne,  by 
thewhiche  the  greateste  parte  of  their  relyf  and  lyvyng  hath 
be  susteyned  in  longe  tyme  passed.  1575  GASCOIGNE 
Flowers  Wks.  23  With  gonnes  we  kill  the  Crowe,  For 
spoyling  our  releefe.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  iv.  viii. 
(1614)  382  There  is  a  faire  Stone-Hospitall. .,  allowing  three 
daies  reliefs  for  horse  and  man  freely. 

fc.  Support,  stistentation  of  a.  place.  Obs.  rare. 
1463  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  35,  [I  bequeath]  to  the  nunnys 
of  The t ford,  eche  nunne  vj</.  and  to  the  releef  and  comfort 
of  the  place  xs.  \afaPastonLett.  11.146  Everyman  to  do 
his  part  to  the  well  fare,  socour,  and  releve  of  our  monasteri. 
1601  Act  43  Eliz.  c.  4  §  i  Landes,  Tenements,  [etc.],  .given 
. .  for  or  towardes  Reliefe,  Stocke  or  Maintenance  for  Howses 
of  Correction. 

t  d.  A  fresh  supply  or  supplies  of  some  article 
of  food  or  drink.  Obs. 

1575  LANEHAM  Let.  (1871)  45  Cam  thear  in  a  too  dayz 
space,  from  sundry  friendz,  a  releef  of  a  xl,  tunn,  till  a  mi 
supply  was  gotten  agayn.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  ix. 
xiv.  (1614)  911  Besides  this  reliefe  of  Fowles,  they  had 
plentie  of  Tortoise  egges.  1725  DE  FOE  Voy.  round  World 
(1840)108  Frequent  relief  of  fresh  water,  of  plants,  fowl,  and 
fish,  if  not  of  bread  and  flesh. 

4.  Assistance  in  time  of  danger,  need,  or  difficulty; 
aid,  help,  or  succour. 

c  1500  Melnsine  270  Many  of  them  for  theyre  relyf  sup 
posed  to  haue  entred  into  thadmyral  shipp  &  they  were 
drowned.  1529  WOLSEY  in  Four  C.  Eng.  Lett.  (1880)  n, 
I  with  all  myn  shal  not  onelyascrybe  thys  my  relef  unto 
•ou,  but  [etc.].  £1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXII.  ii,  To 
icadlong  him  their  thoughtes  devise,  And  past  reliefe  to 
tread  him  down.  1603  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  fy  Commiv,  3  In 
sodalne  hurliburlies  of  warre  it  is  commonly  scene,  that 
courage  affoorde  more  reliefe  then  policie.  1659  HAMMOND 
On  Ps.  cii.  6  For  any  relief  from  man,  I  am  as  distitute  and 
hopeless  of  it.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  $  P.  184  At 
night  Boats  and  Pilots  went  off  to  her  Relief.  1773  GOLDSM. 
Stoops  to  Cong,  y,  Prudence  once  more  comes  to  my  relief. 
1817  BROUGHAM  in  Parl.  Deb.  754  Though  the  measure  did 
not  embrace  the  relief  of  the  agricultural  districts,  it  was 
hoped  to  afford  a  temporary  relief  to  that  species  of  distress 
which  [etc.]^  1846  J.  BtJCTttL&r.Prust.  Agric.  (ed.  4}  I. 
215  The  soil  is  the  only  resource  of  permanent  relief. 

b.  Aid  or  succour  rendered  to  persons  or  places 
endangered  by  war ;  in  later  use  esp.  deliverance 
of  &  besieged  town,  etc.  from  the  attacking  force. 

a  1548  HALL  Ckron.,  Hen.  VIH  90  Where  as  we  emended 
the  relief  and  reskue  of  you  and  our  sayd  subiectes  and  citie 
ofTurnay.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  n.  173 
Agrjcola  ..  sayles  into  Britannic  w*  a  chosen  and  waled 
armie,  in  releife  of  the  Romanis.  i6i7MoRYSON  I  tin.  ii.  107 
The  warre,  which  is  farre  from  the  reliefe  of  any  friend. 
1724  DE  FOE  Mem.  Cavalier  (1840)  27  They  had  given  over 
the  relief  of  Casal.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  4  F.  xxx.  III.  165 
Stilicho.  .advanced. .to  the  relief  of  the  faithful  city.  1810 
WELLINGTON  in  Gurw,  Desp.  (1838)  VI.  257,  I  . .  have  been 
prevented  from  attempting  its  relief  only  by  the  certainty 
which  I  had  that  the  attempt  must  faii.  1869  FREEMAN 
Norm.  Conq.  xii.  (1875)  III.  168  He  hastened., to  the  relief 
of  Ambrieres. 

t  o.  A  body  of  men  coming  to  the  relief  of 
a  person  or  place.  Obs.  rare. 

1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Gout.  Eng.  I.  Ixiv.  (1739)  137  [She] 
retired  with  the  Prince  to  a  relief  which  they  brought  from, 
beyond  Sea.  1670  COTTON  Esfemon  594  He  gave  advice 
to  Fight  the  Relief  so  soon  as  ever  it  began  to  appear. 


I 


407 

t  d.    Assistance    towards    saving   or    effecting 
something.  Obs.  rare. 

1650  LEAK  Watmuks.  26  A  rare  and  necessary  Engin,  by 
which  you  may  give  great  reliefe  to  Houses  that  are  on 
Fire.  1662  STILLINGFI..  Orig.  Sacrx  i.  iv.  §  3  We  are  like 
then  to  have  little  relief  for  finding  out  of  truth  in  the 
Poetick  Age  of  Greece. 

5.  Release  from  some  occupation  or  post  of  duty ; 
in  Inter  use  spec,  of  the  replacing  of  a  sentinel  or 
watch  by  a  fresh  man  or  body  of  men.     Alsoyff. 

1513  DOUGLAS  /Eticis  vm.  Prol.  29  Luffaris  langis  only  to 
lok  in  thair  lace  Thair  ladeis  lufely,  and  louk  but  let  or 
releifis.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  i.  i.  8  For  this  releefe  much 
thankes.  1633  EARL  MANCH.  Al  Monde  (1636)  61  In  Warres 
we  often  releefe  the  Watch.  Life  is  a  Warfare,  yet  hath  no 
releefe  but  Death.  1799  Instr.  f,  Keg.  Cavalry  (1813)  273 
The  number  of  men  necessary  for  the  relief  of  the  videts  {or 
sentries),  are  then  to  be  inarched  off.  1799  WELLINGTON  in 
Gurw.  Desp.  (1838)  I.  27  Between  foraging  parties  and 
outline  picquets,  we  have  not  men  enough  left  to  give 
a  relief.  1847  Infantry  Man.  (1854)  101  All  advanced 
piquets  must  have  three  reliefs.  1889  Infantry  Drill  ??>-, 
See  that  the  sentries  are  visited  every  hour  between  reliefs. 

b.  One  who  relieves  another  on  duty ;   esp.  a 
soldier  or  body  of  soldiers  relieving  another  man 
or  company  on  guard.     Also  trans/,  of  animals. 

1822  Regiil.  fy  Orders  Army  219  Officers  on  Guard.. are 
to  inspect  all  Reliefs,  both  on  going  out  to  their  Posts,  and 
returning  from  them.  1826  SCOTT  Woodst,  xv,  We  are  to 
have  a  relief  from  Oxford  to-morrow.  1856  KANE  Arct. 
Expl.  II.  i.  19  McGary,  my  relief,  calls  me.  1889  Infantry 
Drill^  271  The  reliefs  are  kept  separated  a  few  yards  from  the 
remainder  of  the  piquet,  to  avoid  disturbing  them. 

transf.  1882  FLOYKR  Une.i-pl.  Baluchistan  145,  I  gave 
orders  ..  that  the  present  set  [of  donkeys]  should  not  be 
abandoned  until  their  reliefs  came. 

c.  A  dish  succeeding  another. 

1824  BYROX  Juan  xv.  Ixiii, '  Soupe  a  la  Beauveau  ',  whose 
relief  was  dory. 

6.  Deliverance  (esp.  in  Law)  from  some  hard 
ship,  burden,  or  grievance ;  remedy,  redress. 

1616  in  Cary  Rtp.  Chancery  (1650)  122  The  Judges  of  the 
common  Law.. cannot  give  any  remedy  or  reliefe  for  the 
same,  either  by  error  or  attaint,  or  by  any  other  meanes. 
1670  Modern  Rep.  (1682)  I.  305  You  give  relief  every  day 


because  the  Relief  is  by  reason  of  the  Seigniory.  1761 
in  Struthers  Hist.  Relief  Ch.  287  A  presbytery  for  the  relief 
of  Christians  oppressed  in  their  Christian  privileges.  1771 


refused  to  grant  relief.  1867  Chambers'  Encycl.  s.v.  United 
Fresli.  Ch.,  Never  were  forced  settlements  more  shameless. 
..Relief  was  felt  to  be  a  necessity. 

b.  Sc.  Law.  Release  from  an  obligation  ;  also,  a 
right,  under  certain  circumstances,  to  reimbursement 
of  expenses  incurred  by  some  obligation.    Freq.  in 
bond,  claim,  clause,  etc.  of  relief , 

c  1680  DALLAS  Stiles  (1697)  i  If  there  be  two  or  moe 
Cautioners,  and  that  there  be  a  mutual  Relief,  then  the  same 
must  be  immediatly  before  the  Clause  of  Registration,  and  the 
Clause  of  mutual  Relief  conceived  as  follows.  1797  Encycl. 
Brit.  (ed.  3)  IX.  692/1  The  cautioner,  who  binds  himself  at 
the  desire  of  the  principal  debtor,  has  an  actio  ntandati  or  of 
relief  against  him.  1838  \V.  BEI.I.  Diet.  Law  Scot.  131  The 
cautioner's  claim  is  for  relief  from  the  principal  obligation, 
with  the  interest  and  expenses  paid  by  him. 

c.  Church,  etc. ,  of  Relief ,  or  the  Relief:  (see  9  a). 
1764  Scots  Mag.  XXVI.  289/1  The  presbytery  generally 

known  by  the  name  of  the  presbytery  of  Relief.  1766  Ibid. 
XXVIII.  274/2  Now  settled  minister  of  the  church  of  Relief 
at  Edinburgh.  1767 Ibid.  XXIX.  285/2  Another  minister.and 
a  preacher, ..have,  .gone  into  the  Relief.  1794  Z.  YEWDALL 
in  A  rminian  Mag.  Aug.  (1795)  371  Here  I  found  a  large 
parish  church,  two  meeting-houses,  and  a  Kirk  of  relief.  1847 
Mem.  Union  of  Secession  fy  Relief 'Churches  7  To  begin  and 
maintain  a  friendly  intercourse  with  the  Synod  of  Relief. 
Ibid.,  The  overture  proposed  only  intercourse  with  the  Relief 
as  a  sister  Church. 

7.  Alleviation  of  some  pain,  burden,  etc.;  remis 
sion  ofn  tax.  rare. 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  26  b,  But  also  it  is  relefe 


and  remyssyon  of  payne  to  y8  soules  in 
Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  in.  II.  340  Thai 


in  purgatory.     1535  in 
at  I  may  haue . .  some 


releeve  of  the  greate  charge  wiche  the  words  of  the  Kyngs 
Lettres  importe.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  976  What  thoughts 
in  my  unquiet  brest  are  ris'n,  Tending  to  som  relief  of  our 
extremes.  1860  WHITE  Maltster  s  Guide  157  Full  directions 
for  applying  for  relief  of  malt  duty  in  the  case  of  damage. 

t  8.  Hunting,  a.  Of  the  hare  or  hart :  The  act 
of  seeking  food ;  feeding  or  pasturing.  (Cf.  RE 
LIEVE  v.  2  e.)  Alsoyff.  of  persons.  Obs. 

c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxiv,  For  gleidly 
she  will  not  be  bere  as  she  hathe  pastured,  but  in  tyme  of 
releefe.  1575  TURBERV.  yencrie  75  He  muste  take  good 
heede  that  he  come  not  too  earely  into  the  springs  and 
hewtes  where  he  thinketh  that  the  harte  doth  feede  and  is 
at  reliefe.  Ilnd.  171  Houndes  will  haue  better  sente  of  an 
Hare  when  shee  goeth  towards  the  reliefe,  than  when  shee 
goeth  towardes  hyr  Forme.  1637  B.  JONSON  Sad  She fh.  n. 
vii ,  A  Witch . .  will  be  found,  or  sitting  in  her  fourme,  Or  els, 
at  releife,  like  a  Hare.  1668  DRVDEN  Even.  Love  IV.  ii,  What, 
Are  you  going  to  reliefe  by  Moonshine? 

f  b.  The  giving  of  food  to  young  hounds  after 
a  successful  chase.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1590  COKAINE    Treat.   Hunting  Cj,  A  good  Huntsman 
ought  to.  .carry  with  him  a  peece  of  bread  in  his  sleeue  to 
wet  in  the  bloud  of  the  Hare  for  the  reliefe  of  his  whelps. 
t  C.  (See  quots.)  Obs.  rare. 

1602  -2nd  Pt.  Return  fr.  Parttass.  It.  v.  854  When  you 
come  to  your  stately  gate,  as  you  sounded  the  rccheat  before, 


RELIEF. 

so  now  you  must  sound  the  releefe  three  times.  Ibid.  857 
p  sir,  but  your  reliefe  is  your  chiefest  and  sweetest  note,  that 
is  sir,  when  your  hounds  hunt  after  a  game  vnknowne 

9.  attrib.  a.  Kdief  Church  (cf.  6  c),  a  Scottish 
ecclesiastical  body,  founded  by  Thomas  Gillespie 
and  others  in  1761  in  assertion  of  the  right  of  con 
gregations  to  elect  their  own  ministers  and  in  protest 
against  the  aggressions  of  the  General  Assembly ; 
in  1847  it  amalgamated  with  the  United  Secession 
to  form  the  United  Presbyterian  Church.  So  Relief 
minister ;  presbytery,  synod,  etc. 

1767  Scots  Mag.  XXIX.  499/1  Three  more  ministers  have 
been  settled  in  Relief  Congregations.  /fa'J.,  At  the  Relief 
Church  at  Edinburgh.  1768  Ibid.  XXX.  277  A  sentence 
was  pronounced  against  Mr.  William  Cruden,.  .now  Relief 
minister  at  Glasgow.  1832  Church  Patronage  Reporter 
June  20  [A]  population  of  500,000  belonging  to  the  Secession 
and  Relief  Churches  alone.  1846  McCuLLOCH  Ace.  Brit. 
Empire  (1854)  II.  296  The  Relief  Synod  ..now  comprises 
10  presbyteries,  including  109  congregations. 

b.   in  various  senses,  as  relief  bill,  boat,  ditty, 
fund,  guard,  line,  pallet,  train,  valve. 

1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  I.  p.  viii,  His 
Grace  did  oppose  the  *Relief  Uill  in  every  stage  of  its 
progress.  1897  KIPLING  Captains  Courageous  167  They 
were  turned  into  "relief-boats  to  carry  fish.  1838  W.  BELL 
Diet.  Law  Scot.  129  This  preference,  .extends  to  non-entry 
and  "relief  duties.  1877  Daily  Neivs  i  Nov.  4/6  The  "relief 
fund  is  satisfactorily  increasing.  1848  BL-CKLKY  Iliad  250 
Who  had  come  as  a  *relief  guard  from  fertile  Ascania.  1878 
F.  S.  WILLIAMS  Midi.  Railw.  94  The  benefit  of  a  through 
*relief  line  for  their  main  traffic  to  ami  from  the  north.  1881 
C.  A. _  EDWARDS  Organs  52  Perhaps  the  most  simple  and 
ingenious  of  these  peculiar  pallets  is  one  termed  the  *relief 
pallet.  1883  Leisure  Hour  282/2  The  "*  relief  train  came  up. 
1849  WEALK  Diet.  Terms.  *  Relief-valve,  a  valve  belonging 
to  the  feeding  apparatus  of  a  marine-engine. 

Relief3  (r/lr-f).  Also  7  releue,  releiue,  re- 
leave,  7-8  relieve.  [Orig.  ad.  It.  rilicvo  (  raised 
or  imbossed  worke'  (Florio),  f.  rilevare  to  raise, 
elevate;  afterwards  a.  the  synonymous  F.  relief  \ 
see  prec.  and  RELIEVO.] 

1.  In  the  plastic  arts,  the  elevation  or  projection 
of  a  design,  or  parts  of  a  design,  from  a  plane 
surface  in  order  to  give  a  natural  and  solid  appear 
ance  ;  also,  the  degree  of  such  projection;  the  part 
which  so  projects. 

High  (\ot great),  low,  and  middle  relief',  see  the  articles 
ALTO-,  BASSO-,  MEZZO-RELIEVO,  and  BAS-RELIEF  ;  also  HIGH 
a.  i  b,  Low  a.  i  b. 

a.  1606  B.  JONSON  Hymenm  D  iv  b,  Two  great  Statues  . . 
bearing  vp  the  Cloudes,  which  were  of  Releue,  embossed, 
and  tralucent,  as  Naturalls.    a  1634  T.  CARKW  Coelum  Brit. 
(1640)  209  A  great  vaze  of  gold,  richly  enchased,  and  beauti 
fied  with  Sculptures  of  great  Releiue.     1691  RAY  Creation 
\.  (1692)  82  Pillars  and  Statues  and  other  carved  Works  in 
relieve.     1726  LEONI  tr,  Albertfs  Archit.  II.  16/2  Mosaic 
work  in  relieve. 

0.  1662  EVELYN  Chalcogr.  (1769)  107  In  bold  or  faint 
touches,  so  as  may  best  express  the  relief.  1687  A.  LOVELL 
tr.  Thevenofs  Trav.  \.  94  The  Castle  with  three  Towers, 
and  the  Eagle  of  stone  in  relief,  which  are  the  arms  of  the 
Justiniani  Genoese  Lords.  1702  ADDISON  Dial.  Medals  Wks. 
1721  I.  539  You  find  the  figures  of  many  ancient  Coins  rising 
up  in  a  much  more  beautiful  relief  than  those  on  the  modern. 
1762-71  H.  WALPOLE  Verities  Anecd.  Faint.  (1786)  II. 
243  note,  A  wreath  of  enamelled  flowers  in  relief,  executed 
by  Giles  Legare.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  215  The  face  of  the 
block.. is  carved  in  relief  into  the  desired  design.  1851 
D.  WILSON  Preh.  Ann.  iv.  ii.  (1863)  II.  247  Floriated  patterns 
in  relief.  1879  H.  PHILLIPS  Notes  Coins  4  A  remarkable 
difference  exists  between  ancient  and  modern  coins,  the 
former  being  of  extremely  bold  execution  and  high  relief. 
b.  A  composition  or  design  executed  in  relief. 

o.  1682  WHELER  Journ.  Greece  \\  381  In  a  Relieve  below 
the  cornish  . .  is  a  Triumphal  Chariot.  17*6  LEONI  tr. 
A  llerti's  Archit.  II.  15/2  The  mold  itself  is  taken.,  from  any 
relieve,  by  pouring  some  liquid  plaister  over  it. 

/3,  1717  BERKELEY  Jrnl.  Tonr  Italy  20  Jan.,  Wks.  1871 
IV.  529  The  reliefs  with  which  the  outside  of  the  Pillar  U 
covered  from  top  to  bottom,  c  1820  S.  ROGERS  Italy, 
fountain  3  Richly  wrought  with  many  a  high  relief.  1834 
LYTTON  Pompeii  \.  i,  Upon  its  surface  of  bronze  were 
elaborately  wrought.. reliefs  of  the  Olympian  games.  1875 
FORTNUM  Maiolica  viii.  68  Some  pieces  with  reliefs  and 
imitation  Chinese  marks  also  occur. 

2.  The   appearance   of  solidity   or   detachment 
given  to  a  design  or  composition  on  a  plane  sur 
face  by  the   arrangement   and  disposition  of  the 
lines,  colours  or  gradations  of  colour  of  which  it 
is  composed  ;  hence,  distinctness  of  outline  due  to 
contrast  of  colour. 

1789  P.  SMYTH  tr.  AldricK1  s  Archit .  (1818)  28  The  painted 
cornices  still  of  a  relief  that  deceived  every  unapprized 
spectator.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  60/1  Relief,  in 
painting,  is  the  degree  of  boldness  with  which  the  figures 
seem,  at  a  due  distance,  to  stand  out  from  the  ground  of  the 
painting.  1820  W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  II.  81  A  church  with 
its  dark  spire  in  strong  relief  against  the  clear  cold  sky. 
1875  CLERY  Min.  Tact.  ii.  (1877)  21  To  prevent  their  being 
seen  in  relief  against  the  sky  line. 

b.  Jig.    Vividness,  distinctness,  or  prominence 
due  to  contrast  or  artistic  presentation. 

1781  COWPER  Conversat.  127  His  evidence  ..  For  want  of 

B -eminence  and  just  relief,  Would  hang  an  honest  man.  1839 
E  QUINCEY  Recoil.  Lakes  Wks.  ^1862  II.  74  The  combina 
tion  of  worldly  prosperity,  .forced  into  strong  relief  and  fiery 
contrast  this  curse  written  in  the  flesh.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH 
Carthage  53  The  horrors  perpetrated  by  the  Carthaginians 
..are  brought  out  into  full  relief  by  Diodorus. 

3.  a.  Fort  if.  (See  quots.) 

l834'47  J-  S.  MACAULAY  Field Fortif.  ii.  (1851)  42  The  relief 


RELIEFER. 

of  a  work  is  the  height  of  its  interior  crest  above  the  bottom    ' 
of  the  ditch.     1879  CasseWs  Techn.  Educ.  I.  104/2  The    • 
relief  is  the  difference  of  level  between  the  crest  of  the 
parapet  and  the  bottom  of  the  ditch. 

b.  Phys.  Geog.  The  contour  of  some  part  of 
the  surface  of  the  earth  considered  with  reference 
to  variations  in  its  elevation. 

1865  LuBiipcK  Preh.  Times  xi.  (1878)  373  Assuming  the  pre 
existing  relief  or  excavation  rather  of  the  surface.  1878 
HUXLKY  Physiogr.  xvii.  299  The  observer  would  find  bolder 
reliefs  than  he  has  met  with  in  the  Thames  valley  in  the 
almost  mountainous  hills  of  Wales. 

4.  attrib.  and  Comb,  (senses  I  and  2),  as  relief- 
block,  -plate,  portion,  -print,  -printing,  -process, 
•stamper,  -tablet. 

1878  ABNEY  Photogr.  (1881)  183  'Relief-block  making  is 
essentially  difficult  in  almost  every  stage.  1884  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Aleck.  Suppl.  749/2  Joyce's  method  of  producing  belief- 
plates  for  printing.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1162  The  pro 
tuberant  or  "relief  portion  of  the  die.  1873  tr.  I'ogeli  Chem. 
Light  xv.  245  *  Relief-prints  are  much  more  like  photographs 
than  the  light-prints.  Ibid.,  It  appears  that  the  'relief- 
printing  gives  the  shades  and  dark  parts  better.  1850  LEITCH 
tr.  C.  O.  M 'filler's  Anc.  Art  §  415  (ed.  2)  579  Larger  com 
positions  were  introduced,  .on  'relief-tablets. 

Relie  fer.  rare-1,  [f.  RELIEF *,  6c  +  -EB'.] 
=  RELIEVER  i  c. 

1798  ALEX  STEWART  in  Memoir  (\tex)  124  Let  Churchmen 
or  Dissenters,  Reliefers  or  Seceders  be  in  the  right  or  in  the 
wrong,  that  can  be  no  rule  to  us. 

Relie-ffu.1,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  RELIEFS  +  -FUL.] 
Giving  or  affording  relief. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1768)  V.  77  Never  was  there  a 
more  joyous  heart.,  ready  to  burst  its  bars  for  relief-ful  ex 
pression. 

Relie'fless,  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -LESS.]  Devoid 
of  relief. 

c  1730  SAVAGE  Ep.  Sir  R.  Walpole  166  The  tale  pathetic 
speaks  some  wretch  that  owes  To  some  deficient  law  reliefless 
woes.  1852  RIeandcrings  of  Mem.  I.  23  Alone  reliefless  in 
thy  cold  distress.  1860  RUSKIN  Mod,  Paint.  V.  ix.  ii.  §  18. 
216  Hopeless,  reliefless,  eternal,  the  sorrow  shall  be  met. 

Keller  (rHai-aj).  rare.  [f.  RELY  v.l  +  -EB  l.] 
One  who  relies  (on  a  person  or  thing). 

1593  SHAKS.  Liter.  639  To  thee,  to  thee,  my  heau'd  vp 
hands  appeale,  Not  to  seducing  lust  thy  rash  relier.  a  1616 
BEAUM.  &  FL.  Woman's  Prize  i.  iii,  My  friends  [are]  no 
reliers  on  my  fortunes.  1665  T.  SERGEANT  Sttre  Footing  12 
To  give  the  reliers  on  them  all  the  security  [etc.]. 

Believable  (rflTvib'l),  a.    [f.  RELIEVE  v.~\ 

1.  a.  Capable  of  receiving,  admitting  of,  legal 
relief;  also  const,  against. 

1670  Modern  Ref.  (1682)  I.  304  A  Father  may  settle  his 
Estate ;  so  as  that  the  Issue  shall  be  deprived  of  it  for  Dis 
obedience,  and  not  be  relievable  in  Equity.  1768  BLACK- 
STONE  Comm.  III.  104  Neither  can  this  court. .hold  plea  of 
any  such  word,  or  thing,  wherein  the  party  is  relievable  by 
the  courts  of  the  common  law.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2) 
IV.  502  If  a  woman  about  to  marry,  gives  away  a  part  of 
her  property, . .  they  are  relievable  against  in  Chancery.  1827 
HALLAM  Const.  Hist.  xiii.  (1876)  III.  22  An  original  com 
plaint,  .relievable  in  the  ordinary  course  of  law. 

b.  That  may  be  relieved  or  assisted. 

1707  NORRIS  Treat.  Humility  vi.  252  Being  loth  to  be 
thought  in  a  releivable  condition.  1794-6  E.  DARWIN 
Zoon.  IV.  79  The  maniacal  idea  is  so  painful  as  not  to  be 
for  a  moment  relievable  by  the  exertions  of  reverie.  1893 
Jos.  STRONG  New  Era  xiii.  282  Relievable  suffering,  wrongs, 
violations  of  law,  ignorance. 

f  2.  Ready  to  give  relief.  Obs.  rare  ~'. 

a  1693  AUBREY  Lives  (1898)  I.  281  The  poor  were  more 
re4ievahle,  that  is,  he  recieved  more  kinduesse  from  them 
than  from  the  rich. 

t  Relie'vant.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ANT  1.]  One  who  receives  relief. 

1587  in  Arber  Eng.  Garner  VIII.  345  First  100  Relee- 
vants,  poor  old  women,  for  the  most  part  widows. 

Relieve,  sb.,  obs.  variant  of  RELIEF^  and  ". 

Relieve  (rtlfv),  v.  Forms :  4-6  releue, 
-lave,  (5  -levy-e,  -levyn,  Sc.  -lewe),  4-7  releeue, 
-leeve,  -lieue,  (5  -lyeve),  6-7  releiue,  -ve,  4- 
relieve ;  5-6  relyue,  -ve,  6-7  reliue,  -ve  ;  Se. 
and  north.  5  relef(e,  -leff(e,  -leef(e,  5-6  releife, 
5-7  releif,  (5  -ff),  6  relyf;  5  raleiff,  6  -lef. 
[ad.  OF.  relcver  (nth  c.),  ad.  L.  relevare  to  raise 
again,  assist,  etc.,  f.  re-  RE-  +  levdre  f.  levis  light 
(cf.  RELEVATE  and  ELEVATE).  The  more  etymo 
logical  senses  of  the  word  are  in  Eng.  somewhat 
later,  and  less  usual,  than  the  secondary.] 

I.  trans.  1.  To  raise  (a  person)  out  of  some 
trouble,  difficulty,  or  danger ;  to  rescue,  succour, 
aid  or  assist  in  straits  ;  to  deliver  from  something 
troublesome  or  oppressive.  Now  somewhat  rare. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  C  323  pou  schal  releue  me  renk,  whil 
J?y  ryjt  slepez.  bur}  my^t  of  by  mercy.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI. 
B.  xv.  592  [The  Jews]  hopen  |iat  he  be  to  come  bat  shal 
hem  releue.  £1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  206 
Releeve  the  porail  fro  fals  oppressioun  Of  tyrannye.  1500-20 


:lykis 


1601  SHAKS.  Twel.  N.  in.  iv.  395  This  youth  ..  I  snatch 'd 
one  halfe  out  of  the  iawes  of  death,  Releeu'd  him  with  such 
sanctitie  of  loue.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  in.  100  Vpon  the 
fourth  day.. there  came  Fisher-boates  to  relieue  vs.  1719 
WATERLAND  Vind.  Christ's  Div.  195  You  are  straining  hard 
for  some  odd,  peculiar  Sense  of  the  word, ..and  if  this  does 
not  relieve  you,  all  is  lost.  1813  BYRON  Giaour  viii,  The 
rock  relieves  him  from  mine  eye.  1836  J.  GILBERT  Chr. 
Atonem.  viii.  (1852)  228  No  ingenuity,  how  subtle  so  ever, 


408 

can  relieve  the  case  from  the  difficulty.    1841  ELPHINSTONE    j 
Hist.  liid.  II.  131  Who  had  called  in  the  aid  of  the  king  of 
that  country  to  relieve  him  from  the  control  of  Shir  Khan. 

absol.    c  1368  CHAUCER  A.  B.  C,  6  Help  and  releeue,  bou 
mihti  debonayre.     1677  OWEN  On  Justif.  ix.  Wks.  1851  V. 
222  It  is  said  that  this  [argument]  will  not  relieve ;  for  [etc.]. 
f  b.  To  assist  or  succour  in  battle.   06s. 

1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  xi.  347  The  kyng,  that  behynd  thaim 
was,  Suld.. relief  thaim with  his  baneir.  c  1400 Dcstr.  froy 
0737  Mayntene  youre  manhode  &  your  men  helpe,  Fans  [ 
into  fight  your  folke  to  releue.  c  1500  Lancelot  3200  Wondir 
well  thai  have  in  armys  prewit,  And  with  thar  manned  oft 
thar  folk  relewit.  1640  tr.  Vet-den's  Rom.  of  Rom.  i.  85  ['1  hey] 
could  not  relive  them,  being  too  far  engaged  in  their  combat. 

c.  To  bring  assistance  to  ;a  besieged  town,  etc.) ; 
to  free  from  siege.     (Cf.  RELIEF  sb*  4  b.) 

1586  EARL  LEICESTER  Corr.  (Camden)  259  If  he  take  it 
[Berges]  not  in  2  dayes.-I  will  warrant  we  will  rehueitwell 
enough.  1617  MORYSON  [tin.  n.  148  The  Spaniards  attempted 
againe  to  relieue  the  Castle.  (11671  LD.  FAIRFAX  Mem. 
(1699)  82  Soon  after  Prince  Rupert  came  to  relieve  the  Town 
We  raised  the  siege.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  ff  F.  xxxi.  III.  259 
Aries. .  must  have  yielded  to  the  assailants,  had  not  the  city 
been  unexpectedly  relieved  by  the  approach  of  an  Italian 
army.  1855  MACAULAV  Hist.  Eng.  xli.  III.  228  Kirke  had 
arrived  from  England  with  troops,  arms,  ammunition,  and 
provisions,  to  relieve  the  city.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  v.  I 
§  i.  221  It  was  not  till  Philip  had  failed  to  relieve  it  that  the 
town  was  starved  into  surrender. 

d.  Law.  To  free  or  clear  (one)  from  an  obli 
gation  ;  to  give  (one)  legal  relief.     Also  absol. 

1562  Keg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  221  The  said  William 
Gordoun  [shall  be]  oblist  to  releve  his  said  souerte.  1616 
in  Cary  Kef.  Chancery  (1650)  134  Where  their  case  de- 
serveth  to  be  relieved  in  course  of  Equity  by  suit  in  our 
Court  of  Chancery,  they  should  not  be  abandoned.  1670 
Modern  Rep.  (1682)  I.  305  You  relieve  against  them,  and 
look  upon  them  to  be  void.  Ibid.  306  What  if  two  of  the 
Trustees  had  died,  should  she  never  have  married  ?  Surely 
you  would  have  relieved  her.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law 
Scat.  845  If  one  of  two  co-obligants..pay  the  whole  debt, 
he  is  entitled  to  be  relieved  to  the  extent  of  the  other's  share. 
Ibid.,  The  obligation  to  relieve  holds  in  those  cases  [etc.]. 

reft.  i6S5  tr.  Sard's  Cam.  Hist.  Francion  vin.  28,  I  will 
obtain  therefore  Letters  Patents  sealed  with  the  great  Seal 
to  relieve  my  self,  because  I  have  consented  to  give  six 
Souses  for  that  which  is  worth  hut  four. 

2.  To  assist  (the  poor  or  needy)  by  gifts  of  ] 
money  or  necessary  articles  ;  to  help  in  poverty  or  I 
necessity.  (Cf.  RELIEF  2  3.) 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  vi.  (Thomas'!  224  pe  apostile  ..  vith 
bat  tresoure  he  had  tane,  pouer  men  relewit  mony  ane. 
<:i45o  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  136  Alle  suche  pepille..she 
releued  and  comforted  with  almesse.  1491  Act  7  Hen.  VII, 
c.  22  Preamble,  Suche  as  have  no  goodes  they  may  comme 
heder  and  be  releved.  1586  EARL  LEICESTER  Corr.  (Camden) 
378  He  hath  had  4,000  florins  in  monie  of  me,  beside  other 
helps,  and,  as  I  am  able,  I  will  reliue  him.  1653  HOLCROI-T 
Frocopius,  Goth.  Wars  i.  30  There  being  no  means  to  re 
leive  them;  Belisarius.  .appointed  them  a  daily  pay.  1690 
CHILD  Disc.  Trade  73  The  Poor.. will  be  immediately  re 
lieved  or  set  on  work  where  they  are  found.  1737  POPE 
Hor.  Epist.  II.  i.  226  Behold  the  hand  that  wrought  a 
Nation's  cure,  Stretch'd  to  relieve  the  Idiot  and  the  Poor,  i 
1795  Act  36  Geo.  Ill, c.  23  §  4  All  such.  .Poor..  Persons  shall 
be  provided  for  and  relieved  in.,  the  same  Manner  as  before 
the . .  passing  of  this  Act.  1864  Spectator  31  Dec.  1489  Lord  . 
Wharncliffe  s  proposal  to  relieve  the  Confederate  prisoners 
in  the  Northern  prisons. 

absol.  1732  POPE  F.p.  Bathnrst  269  Is  any  sick  ?  the  Man 
of  Ross  relieves.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mob  m.  159  Withered 
[is]  the  hand  outstretched  but  to  relieve. 

fig.  c  1383  CHAUCER  L.  G.  IY.  Prol.  128  Now  hadde  the 
tempre  sonne  al  that  releuyd  And  clothede  hym  in  grene 
al  newe  a-geyn. 

•f  b.  To  assist  with  provisions  or  munitions  of 
war ;  to  furnish  with  fresh  troops.  Also,  to  renew 
the  stock  of  (ammunition).  Obs. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  iv.  456  On  this  wiss  lames  of  Douglas, 
.  .War  weill  releyit  \v.r.  relewyt]  with  armyng,  With  vittale 
als,  and  with  clething.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidane's  Comm, 
255  That  he  geueth  them  free  and  safe  recourse  throughe  hys 
countrey,  and  releeue  them  with  victualles.  1568  GRAFTON 
Chron.  II.  366  All  the  Hauens  and  Portes..were  relieued 
wyth  men  of  armes  and  archers.  1588  SIR  J.  HAWKINS  in 
Laughton  Def.  Sp.  Armada  (1894)  I.  359  We  spent  a  great 
part  of  our  powder  and  shot,  so  as  it  was  not  thought 
good  to  deal  with  them  any  more  till  that  was  relieved. 

rejt.  1601  in  T.  Stafford  Pac.  Hib.  n.  iv.  150  The  Rebels 
..doe  releeue  themselves  with  such  warlicke  provisions  as 
they  need. 


hym 


RELIEVE. 

sieve.  1390  Go\VERC0w/C  1.45  rJot  so  was  I  nothing  relieved, 
For  I  was  further  fro  my  love.  15..  Frute/ult  Treaty  se 
title-p.,  Howe  they  are  to  be  releved  and  comforted,  whose 
deare  frendes  ar  departed  out  of  thys  worlde.  1568  GKAHON 
Chron,  II.  714  King  Edward  ..  was  releeued  of  the  most 
part,  of  his  pricking  feare,  and  inwarde  suspicion.  1610 
SHAKS.  Temp,  Epil.  16  My  ending  is  despaire,  Vnlesse  I  be 
relieu'd  by  praier.  1671  MILTON  Samson  460  This  only 
hope  relieves  me,  that  the  strife  With  me  hath  end.  1746 


WESLEY  Princ.  Methodist  50  To  think  or  say,  '  There  are 


bischopi 
releife. 

f  d.  To  feed  ;  to  supply  with  food  or  nourish-    , 
ment.  Obs. 

c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  i,  In  the  euetyde  i 
when  thej  be  releued  ;  in  the  moruetyde  when  tliei  sitte  in 
forme,  c  1420  Pallad,  on  Husb.  xn.  375  Til  the  lamb  be 
strengthed  to  pasture,  Hym  first  and  last  his  modir  my  Ik 
releue.  1590  COKAINE  Treat.  Hunting  C  ij,  Your  Hunts 
man.,  must  be  very  careful  that  if  any  of  his  hounds  bee 
missing,  he  keepe  somewhat  to  relieue  them  withall.  1614 
RALEIGH  Hist.  World  n.  (1634)  222  They  reserved  them, 
both  for  the  milke  to  releeve  the  children  withall,  and  for 
breed  to  store  themselves. 

te.  intr.  Of  a  hare:  To  feed.  06s.  rare-1. 

1575  TURBERV.  Venerle  168  An  Hare  hath  greater  sent., 
when  she  feedeth  and  relieueth  vpon  greene  corne,  then  at 
any  other  time  of  the  yere. 

3.  To  ease  or  free  (a  person,  the  mind,  etc.) 
from  sorrow,  fear,  doubt,  or  other  source  of  mental 
discomfort. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylns  v.  1042  And  eek,  the  bet  from 
sorwe  him  to  releve,  She  made  him  were  a  pencel  of  1m 


(1850)  II.  336  There  was  one.. who  relieved  his  bosom  by- 
revealing  the  whole  plot  to  his  confessor.  1860  TYNDALL 
Glac.  11.  xxvii.  390  Proofs  which  should  relieve  my  mind  of 
all  doubt  upon  the  subject. 

b.  To  give  (a  person,  part  of  the  body,  etc.) 
ease  or  relief  from  physical  pain  or  discomfort. 

c  1373  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxxviii.  (Adrian}  115  J»e  tyme 
cumis. .  quliene  nane  sal  vthir  relefe,.  .as  for  to  les  (>ame  of 
]?ar  payne.  1548-9  (Mar.)  Bk.  Com.  Prayer,  Visitation  of 
Sick  141  O  Lorde  ..  beholde,  visile,  and  releue  this  thy 
seruaunte.  1562  TURNER  Herbal  n.  108  Peares.  .rested  or 
sodden,  relefe  and  lighten  the  stomak.  1595  SHAKS.  John 
v.  vii.  45  O,  that  there  were  some  vertue  in  my  teares,  That 
might  releeue  you  !  1746  HERVEY  Medit.  (1818)  80  As  a 
spacious  field  arrayed  in  cheerful  green,  relieves  and  re- 
invigorates  the  eye.  1842  A.  COMBE  PJiysiol.  Digestion 
(ed.  4)  368  Where.. the  bowels  are  unable  to  act  sufficiently 
to  relieve  the  system.  1857  BUCKLE  Cimliz.  I.  xiv.  825  It 
is  even  possible  to  relieve  a  function  while  we  continue  to 
employ  it. 

C.  To  widen  or  open  up  ;  to  ease  (some  mechani 
cal  device)  by  making  slacker  or  wider. 

1824  COL.  HAWKER  Shooting  (ed.  3)  8  There  are  two  good 
ways  of  boring  ;  the  one  is,  to  form  a  cylinder  for  about 
three-fourths  of  the  barrel,  and  let  the  remaining  part  be 
gradually  relieved  to  the  muzzle.  1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turn 
ing  II.  586  The  principle  of  chamfering,  or  relieving  the 
taps,  must  not.. be  earned  to  excess. 

4.  To  ease  or  mitigate  (what  is  painful  or  oppres 
sive)  ;  to  render  less  grievous  or  burdensome. 

c  1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  13  So  leyde  I  me  downe  my 
dyssese  to  releue.  c  1500  Lancelot  3364  Al  perell,  al  harmys, 
and  myschef,  In  tyme  of  ned  he  can  tham  al  ralef.  1567 
Satir.  Poems  Reform,  vi.  114  Set  your  cure  For  till  relief 
the  greit  penuritie  Off  laubouraris.  1601  SHAKS.  Tiael.  N. 
n.  iv.  4  That  old  and  anticke  song  we  heard  last  night,  Me 
thought  it  did  releeue  my  passion  much.  1630  BRATHWAIT 
Eng.  Gentlem.  149  Would  you  further  the  poore  mans  cause, 
and  see  his  wrongs  releeved?  1660  BLOUNT  Boscobel  n. 
(1680)  32  Glad  to  releive  the  necessities  of  nature  with  a 
messe  of  milk.  1729  BUTLER  Serm.  VVks.  1874  II.  70  The 
final  cause  of  compassion  is  much  more  to  relieve  misery. 
1788  GIBBON  Decl.  %  F.  1.  V.  197  A  wealthy  and  generous 
citizen,  who  relieved  the  distress  of  famine.  1843  R.  J. 
GRAVES  Syst.  Clin.  filed,  xx.  234  Chronic  cough  and  long- 
continued  congestion  ..  were  more  effectually  relieved  by 
the  use  of  sulphureous  waters,  a  1862  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  (1873) 
III.  v.  308  To  relieve  poverty  increases  it,  by  encouraging 
improvidence. 

b.  To  make  less  tiring,  tedious,  monotonous,  or 
disagreeable,  by  the  introduction  of  variety  or  of 
something  striking  or  pleasing. 

1771  Junius  Lett.  xlix.  (1788)  269,  I  mean  now  and  then 
to  relieve  the  severity  of  your  morning  studies.  1782  G. 
STUART  Hist.  Scot.  vi.  II.  211  He  relieved  ..  the  cares  of 
ambition  with  the  smiles  of  beauty.  1817  COLERIDGE  Biog. 
Lit.  (Bohn)  282  The  ingredients  too  are  mixed  in  the 
happiest  proportion,  so  as  to  uphold  and  relieve  each  other. 
1837  DISRAELI  Venetia  i.  vi,  Large  black  eyes  which  . . 
agreeably  relieved  a  face.. somewhat  shy  and  sullen.  1869 

I.  MARTINEAU  Ess.  II.  303  No  great  work  relieved  the 
barrenness  of  the  time. 

5.  Chiefly  Sc.  To  set  free,  release.     Now  rare. 
1554-9  Songs  <fr  Ball.  Phil  %  Mary  (Roxb.)  3  The  rawnsom 

for  ower  synns,  wherby  we  ware  rely  fit.  1572  MORTON  in 
yd  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  418/2  The  Maister  of  Forbes 
.  .is  sa  straitlie  deteneit  captive  as  upoun  na  band  can  he  be 
gottin  relevit.  a  1657  SIR  W.  MURE  Sonn.  iv,  I  expected 
grace,  To  snair  myselfe  in  hope  to  be  reliued.  1684  WOOD 
Life  (O.H.S.)  III.  103  Mr.  Sheldon,  who  would.. releive 
severall  of  his  books  that  were  then  pawned  for  ale.  1774 
MACLAURIN  Argt.  <$•  Dtcis.  Remark.  Cases  33  A  tuilzie  or 
ri.rat  in  which  they  mixed  themselves  to  relieve  a  youth  in 
the  defunct's  grips.  1815  BURNEY  falconer's  Diet.  Marine 
s.v.  Reliever  *  It  is  used,  on  searching  a  gun,  to  relieve  one  or 
other  of  the  springs  of  the  searcher  that  may  have  hitched 
into  the  cavity. 

b.  spec.  To  release  (one)  from  guard,  watch,  or 
other  duty  by  becoming  or  providing  a  substitute. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  427  How  late  soever  he  sat  up. . 
overnight,  he  would  be  sure  to  relieve  the  morning  watch 
£  sentinell.  1684  tr.  Siege  Luxembourg  9  The  Besieged  (at 
the  time  we  went  to  releive  the  Trenches)  set  Fire  to  the 
Houses.  1743  UL-LKELEY  &  CUMMINS  Voy.S.  Seas  10  At 
Six,  being  reliev'd  by  the  Master,  he  could  not  see  the  Com 
modore's  Light.  1823  F.  CLISSOLD  Ascent  Mt.  Blanc  20  A 
most  laborious  employment,  in  which  the  guides  relieved 
each  other  every  ten  minutes.  1852  THACKERAY  Esmond 
I.  iv,  Her  dependants  one  after  another  relieved  guard., 
and  took  the  cards  turnabout.  1856  READE  Never  too  Late 
xi,  In  an  hour  another  turnkey  came  and  relieved  Hodges. 

absol.  1788  J.  MAY  Jrnl.  4-  Lett.  (1873)  96  In  rowing  we 
relieved  regularly  and  frequently. 

c.  To  set  (one)  free  from,  to  ease  (one)  ffft  any 
task  or  burden. 

1671  MILTON  Samson  5  When  any  chance  Relieves  me 
from  my  task  of  servile  toyl.  1838  DICKENS  Nich.  Nick. 
xxii,  Let  me  relieve  you  of  that  bundle.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON 
Brit.  India  I.  295  General  Sir  Samuel  Auchmuty  relieved 
General  Hewett  from  his  duty. 

d.  To  replace  (a  dish)  by  another,  rare. 

1741  tr.  D*  Argent?  Chinese  Lett.  xxv.  183  These  Dishes 
are  relieved  by  others,  twenty  or  twenty-four  times.  1824 
BYRON  Juan  xv.  Ixiii,  Relieved  with  '  dindon  a  la  Parigeux '. 


RELIEVE. 

II.  •)•  6.  To  lift  or  raise  up  again.  06s. 
1377  LANGL.  P.  PI,  B.  xvin.  141  And  bat  dcth  doun  brou}t 
dem  shal  releue.  £1450  Merlin  214  Whan  the  saisnes 
saugh  Sonygreux  at  erthe,  thei . .  pressed  to  releve  the  kynge 
Sonygreux.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  124  The  king  Eson  . . 
releued  her  and  leyde  her  on  a  bed  that  was  there,  a  1533 
LD.  BERNEBS  Huon  xx.  56  He  knelyd  downe  . .  but  Huon 
releuyd  hym  incontynent.  1575  Chr.  Prayers  in  Priv, 
Prayers  (1851)  441  Adam,  being  tumbled  down.. into  the 
dungeon  of  shame,  was  releved  and  lift  up  again  by  thy 
hand,  O  Saviour.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  n.  i.  121  Th1  shore,  that 
ore  his  waue-worne  basis  bowed  As  stooping  to  releeue  him. 
refl.  CIS30  LD.  BERNERS  Arth.  Lyt.  Bryt.  136  Whan  he 
had  thought  to  have  releved  him  selfe  agayne  out  of  the 
water,  a  1533  —  Hiton  xvi.  ^2  Than  venturously  they  re 
leuyd  them  with  ther  swordys  in  ther  handys,  &  so  aprochyd 
eche  to  other. 

f  b.  To  restore,  bring  back  into  a  state.  Obs.-1 
1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  434  b/2  Alle  vi  were  there  by  the 
merites  of  saynt  aulbyn  releuyd  into  their  good  helthe. 
t  c.  To  set  up  or  erect  again.  Obs.  rare  ~'. 
1464  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  569/2  He  that  releeved  any  such 
nusaunce  and  were  thereof  attaynted,  shuld  renne  in  the 
payne  of  a  c  Marc. 

t  d.  refl.  To  essay,  presume.  Obs.  rare  ~*. 
1390  GOWER  Con/.  II.  215  What  man  that  wole  himself  re 
lieve  To  love  in  eny  other  wise,  He  shal  wel  finde  [etc.]. 

f7.  intr.  a.  To  rise  again.  Also  in  pass.,  to 
have  risen  from  childbed.  Obs. 

1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xxn.  161  Thus  cam  hit  out  bat  crist 
ouer-cam  rekeouered  and  lyuede  [ii.r.  releuede].  a  1430 
Knt.  dc  la  Tour(iS6S)  125  Bi  the  praier  of  the  said  holy  man 
the  child  resuscited  and  releued  ayen  from  delhe  to  lyffe. 
c  1450  Merlin  397  He  ouer-threwe  hym  a-gein .  .and  at  eche 
tyme  that  he  didde  releve,  he  smote  him  with  his  swerde  to 
grounde.  c  1500  Mclusine  103  Whan  the  lady  had  ended 
the  terme  of  her  childbed,  and  that  she  was  releuyd.  a  1333 
LD.  BERNERS  Gold.  Kk.  M.  Aurel.  (1546)  C  vj,  Yf  by  fortune 
he  falle,  he  wyll  neuer  releue  agayne. 

t  b.  To  return  or  rally  in  battle  (cf.  RELY  v.1 
3  a  and  3  b).  Const,  on,  upon,  to,  Obs. 

c  1400  Smudone  Bab.  329  Wenynge  it  hade  be  Sauarye. 
Relevinge  fro  the  hethen  stour.  c  1400  Roivland  fy  O.  1081 
Appon  hym  also  releyede  a  sarazene  wighte.  c  1450  HOL 
LAND  Hmulat  523  Feile  of  the  fals  folk,  that  (led  of  befor, 
Relevit  in  on  thir  twa.  1470-85  MALORY  J4r//i«?-xvm.xxiv. 
769  The  knyghtes  of  the  round  table  releued  euer  vnto  kynge 
Arthur.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEtuis  xi.  xiv.  16  Thai  that  drevyn 
war  abak  and  chaste  Relevis  agane  to  the  bargane  in  haist. 
•f1  C.  To  return  to  a  previous  state.  Obs.  rare  —1. 
<zi55o  Treat.  Galaunt  219  in  Hazl.  E.P.P.  III.  160  O 
Englonde,  remembre  thyne  olde  sadnes ;  Exyle  pryde,  and 
relyeve  to  thy  goodnes. 

t  8.  trans,  a.  To  take  up  or  hold  (a  feudal  estate) 
from  the  superior  (cf.  RELIEF2  I).  Obs. 

c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  li.  196  The  barons  of  the  lande 
made  their  homage  vnto  sadoyne,  and  tokeand  releued  their 
lordshippes  of  hym.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  91  He  had 
relyved  the  duchy  of  another  lorde  than  of  the  Frenche 
kynge,  of  whom  he  ought  to  holde  it. 

absol.  1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  589  The  prince  of 
Wales  said  to  the  erle  of  Foiz  that  last  dyed,  that  he  ought 
to  releve  of  him. 

t  b.  To  recover,  regain.  Obs,  rare  -1. 
1596  DALRYMPLF.  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  n.  168  Nocht  onlie 
to  releiue  quhat  thair  he  had  loste,  hot  to  subdue  quhat  was 
nocht  }it  subduet. 

III.  f  9.  To  bring  (a  matter)  into  prominence; 
to  make  clear  or  evident.  Obs.  rare. 

"533  BELLENDEN  Livy  II.  i.  (S.T.S.)  I.  131  For  bir  ressouns 
he  was  constrenit  to  releve  \v.r.  Revcill]  pe  mater,  quhilk  he 
wald  neuer  haue  done  [etc.].     1566  LETHINGTON  in  Burnet 
Hist.  Re/.  (1679)  I.  Rec.  in.  269  An  Instrument  to  relieve 
the  i  ruth,  and  to  confound  false  Surmises. 
1 10.  To  raise  up,  make  higher.  Obs.  rare. 
1661  MORGAN  Sph.  Gentry  in.  v.  45  The  adorning  of  the 
Helmet  with  Crest  or  Cognizance.. being  releived  and  raised 
up  to  be  known  in  fight. 

IL  To  make  (a  thing)  stand  out;  to  render  promi 
nent  or  distinct ;  to  bring  into  relief.  Also_/f^. 

1778  SIR  ].  REYNOLDS  Disc.  viii.  (1876)  485  To  Ariadne 
is  given  (say  the  critics)  a  red  scarf,  to  relieve  the  figure 
from  the  sea  which  is  behind  her.  a  1797  H.  WALPOLE 
Mem.  Geo.ll  (ifaz)  1. 420  The  letter.,  did  not  want  its  faults, 
but  he  knew  not  how  to  relieve  them ;  his  awkward  acrimony 
defeated  his  own  purpose.  1838  PRESCOTT  Ferit.  $  /s.  (1846) 
I.  viii.  372  The  style  of  poetry. .  must  be  raised  or  relieved, 
as  it  were,  upon  the  prevailing  style  of  social  intercourse. 
1851  RUSKIN  Stones  Ven.  (1874)  I.  Pref.  6  The  twilight 
relieving  in  purple  masses  the  foliage  on  the  Island.  1875 
SWINBURNE  Ess.  Chapman  27  To  relieve  against  the  broad 
mass.. of  outer  life  the  solitary  process  of  that  inward., 
tragedy. 

b.  intr.  To  stand  out  in  relief. 

1812  Examiner  25  May  328/1  Brilliant  lights  relieving 
from  a  large  proportion  of  half  tints.  1883  Harper's  Mag. 
Aug.  401/1  Relieving  dark  against  their  white  walls  were 
lines  of  troops. 

Hence  Belie'ved///.  a. 

1824  COL.  HAWKER  Shooting  (ed.  3)  9  This  has  not  the 
effect  of  throwing  the  shot  quite  so  close  as  the  relieved 
cylinder.  1869  Spectator  26  Jan.,  If  the  relieved  man  earns 
his  relief,  he  will  spend  it  as  well  as  he  does  his  wages. 
1874  H.  GARDENER  Unojf.  Patriot  276  One  of  the  relieved 
pickets. 

t  Relie'vement.  Obs.  Also  5-6  releue-, 
7  releeue-.  [a.  OF.  releve-,  relievement,  f.  relever 
to  RELIEVE.]  The  act  of  relieving ;  relief. 

1443  Wars  Eng.  in  France  (Rolls)  I.  435  We  graunted 
unto  oure  saide  cousin,  in  relievement  of  him.. the  gavel  of 
ij.  ml.  mewes  of  salt.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xxix.  113  The 
falle  well  vnderstande,  well  assoylled  &  deffended  may  welle 
haue  releuement.  1583  STOCKER  Civ.  Warres  Lowe  C.  iv. 
44  All  Exceptions,  Graces,  Priuiledges,  Releuements,  and 
VOL.  VIII. 


409 

generally  all  other  benefites  of  Lawes.  1613-18  DANIEL  Coll. 
Hist.  Eng.  (1626)  44  To  purchase  [the  Crown]  . .  by  large 
conditions  of  releeuements  in  general!,  and  profuse  gifts  in 
particular.  1631  WEEVER  A  nc.  Funeral  Mon,  278  Hee  kept 
his  word  with  the  State,  concerning  the  relieuement  of 
Tributes. 

Believer  (rilrvaj).  Also  6 -or.  [f.  RELIEVE  v.] 

1.  One  who  relieves,  in  senses  of  the  verb. 

1485  CAXTON  C/ias.  Gt.  240  Defendour  of  crysten  men. . ,  Re- 
leuer  of  chyrches.  1389  WARNER  Alt.  Eng.  Prose  Add. 
(1602)  336  If  we  should  proue  so  vngratefull  as  to  resist  our 
Relieuors.  1633  T-  STAFFORD  Pac.  Hib.  n.  iii.  (1821)  243  It 
grieved  him  that  the  Lord  President  should  suspect  him  to 
bee  a  Releever  of  James  fits-Thomas.  1670  DRYDEN  ist  Pt. 
Cony.  Granada  11.  i,  If  there  appear  relievers  from  the  field, 
The  flag  of  parley  may  be  taken  down.  1776  ADAM  SMITH 
W.  N.  v.  i.  in.  iii.  II.  395  The  comforters  of  their  distress, 
and  the  relievers  of  their  indigence.  1865  DICKENS  Mut. 
Fr.  iv.  vii,  Borrowing  an  hour  or  so,  to  be  repaid  again  when 
he  should  relieve  bis  reliever. 

t  b.  Among  the  Brownists,  a  deacon  appointed 
to  administer  relief  to  the  poor.   Obs. 

1582  BROWNE  Bcokc  which  Sheweth  Def.  54  The  Releeuers 
or  Deacons,  which  are  to  gather  and  bestowe  the  church 
liberalitie.  Ibid.,  The  Releeuer  is  a  person  hauing  office  of 
God  to  prouide,  gather,  and  bestowe  the  giftes  and  liberalitie 
of  the  church,  as  there  is  neede.  1610  Br.  HALL  Apol. 
against  Bro-.unists  §  20  Is  there  no  remedie  but  you  must 
needs  haue  such  Elders,  Pastors,  Doctors,  Releeuers  . .  t 
C.  A  member  of  the  Relief  Church. 

1895  British  Weekly  7  Feb.  258/1  In  this  life  of  yesterday 
the  seceders  and  '  relievers  '  were  great,  though  plain.  1897 
H.  CALDERWOOD  in  iWcm.  Jubilee  Synod  U.  P.  Church  100 
Seceders  were  soon  followed  by  Relievers,  and  organised 
Churches  grew  up. 

2.  f  a.  An  instrument  consisting  of  an  iron  ring 
fixed  at  right  angles  to  a  handle,  used  in  gun  test 
ing  to  release  the  searcher  when  fixed.  Obs. 

1800  NavalChron.  IV.  54  Take  a  searcher  with  one  prong, 
and  a  reliever.     1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet. 

b.  A  device  to  ease  the  working  of  a  lock. 

1801  Trans.  Sac.  Arts  XIX.  291  The  reliever  works  so 
very  easy,  that  the  door  is  made  fast. 

c.  A  device  for  attaching  the  wire  stays  of  a 
yacht  to  the  hull  in  such  a  way  as  to  lessen  the 
strain  on  them.     (Knight  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  1884.) 

3.  slang.  (See  quot.) 

1830  KINGSLEY  Cheap  Clothes  1 1  In  some  sweating  places 
there  is  an  old  coat  kept  called  a  'reliever',  and  this  is 
borrowed  by  such  men  as  have  none  of  their  own  to  go  out  in. 

Hence  Eelie'veress.  rare—1. 

1631  Celestina  xi.  127  Thou  ease  of  my  passions,  thou 
relieveresse  of  my  paine. 

Belie' ving,  vl>l.  $b.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING1.] 
The  action  of  the  vb.  RELIEVE,  in  various  senses. 

a.  trans.     1:1380  WVCLIF   Wks.  (1880)   279   pat   be  wast 
tresour..  be  wisly  spendid  in  defence  of  be  rewme,  &  re- 
leuynge  of  be  pore  comouns.    1482  Monk  of  Evcsham  (Arb.) 
91  Sche  seyde  also  that  sche  hathe  resceuyd  mekyl  releuyng 
and  helpe^of  her  peynys.    1531  GARDINER  Presence  in  Sacra 
ment  14  The  auctor  vttereth  a  great  meny  wordes .  .declaryng 
spiritual!  hungre  and  thurst,  and  the  releuyng  of  the  same. 
1633  P.  FLETCHER  Elisa  n.  x,  To  losses  old  new  losse  is  no 
relieving.    1724  DE  FOE  Mem.  Cavalier  (1840)  209  This  re 
lieving  of  Gloucester  raised  the  spirits.. of  the  parliament 
forces.     1822  Regal.  %  Ord.Army  31  When  General  Officers 
..pass  Guards  while  in  the  act  of  relieving,  both  Guards 
are  to  salute. 

b.  intr.   c  1530  LD.  BERNERS  Arth.  Lyt.  Bryt.  424  He  fel 
on  his  hprs  necke  ;  and,  in  the  relevynge,  he  strake  at  Hector. 

Relie'ving,  ///.  a.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  *.] 

1.  That  relieves  or  gives  relief. 

1681  FLAVEL  Meth.  Grace  xv.  291  In  him  the  relieving 
promises  are  made  to  believers.  1788  JOB  SCOTT  Jrnl. 
(1797)  viii.  258  The  meeting  continued  for  some  consider 
able  time  longer,  in  a  very  open  and  relieving  manner. 
1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  166  Relieving  sweats 
break  forth,  sometimes  accompanied  with  an  efflorescence. 
1897  SIR  E.  WOOD  Achievements  of  Cavalry  i.  14  A  re 
lieving^  force  coming  out,  the  'Rally1  was  sounded. 

2.  Relieving  officer,  an  officer   appointed   by  a 
parish  or  union  to  administer  relief  to  the  poor. 

1831  MAYHEW  Lond.  Labour  II.  249/2  The  relieving 
officer  . .  would  have  given  him  a  pair  of  shoes  and  half-a- 
crown.  1876  Actyjt,  40  Viet.  c.  61  §  19  A.  .warrant . .  may 
be  issued  upon  the  information  of  any  relieving  officer  of 
the  guardians  stating  that  relief  has  been  applied  for. 

Jig.    1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  m.  viii,  She  heard  the  tender 
river  whispering,. .'  I  am  the  Relieving  Officer  appointed  by 
eternal  ordinance  to  do  my  work '. 
b.  slang,  (See  quot.  1881.) 

1857  G.  LAWRENCE  Guy  Liv.  iii,  Every  one,  drawn  on  by 
the  current,  had  a  stone  to  throw  at  his  relieving  officer 
1881  BLACKMORE  Christowcll  xliv,  The  relieving  officei — as 
the  male  parent  was  called  in  those  days  at  our  great 
universities. 

3.  techn.  a.  Relieving  tackle :  (See  quots.). 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  Retieving-tackles, 

two  strong  tackles  used  to  prevent  a  ship  from  overturning 
on  the  careen,  and  to  assist  in  bringing  her  upright  after 
that  operation  is  completed. . .  Relieving-tackle,  is  also  a 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  train-tackles  of  a  gun-carriage. 
1813  BURNEY  Falconer's  Diet.  Marine,  Relieving  tackles, 
are  those  which  are  occasionally  hooked  to  the  tiller . .  in  bad 
weather,  or  in  action,  when.. the  wheel  or  tiller-rope  is 
broken  or  shot  away.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  Be/.  Mast  xxv.  84 
Once  the  wheel-rope  parted,  which  might  have  been  fatal  to 
us,  had  not  the  chief  mate  sprung  instantly  with  a  relieving 
tackle  to  windward,  and  kept  the  tiller  up  till  a  new  one 
could  be  rove.  1882  NAKES  Seamanship  (ed.  6)  222  The 
relieving  tackles  are  fitted  as  luff  tackles. 
b.  Kelieving  arch  :  (See  quots.). 
1830  PARKER  Gloss.  Archil,  (ed.  5)  I.  166  Relieving  Arch, 
or  Arch  of  Construction ;  an  arch  formed  in  the  substance 


RELIGHT. 

of  a  wall  to  relieve  the  part  which  is  below  it  from  the 
superincumbent  weight.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mec/i.  1916/1 
Relieviiig-arch,  an  arch  at  the  back  of  a  revetment  or  re 
taining  wall,  to  relieve  the  pressure  of  the  bank  upon  the 
wall,  and  act  as  a  tie  or  interior  buttress.  1883  CONDER  & 
KITCHENER  Survey  W.  Palestine  III.  133  The  door  of  the 
crypt  has  a  lintel,  with  a  relieving  arch  above. 

Hence  Belie-ving-ly  adv. 

1793  JOB  SCOTT  Jrnl.  (1797)  xi.  309  He  that  speaks ..  must 
feel  a  door  of  entrance  in  the  people's  minds,  or  it  is  very 
difficult  to  get  safely  and  relievingly  forward.  1858  Cliamb. 
Jrnl.  IX.  354  Sybil  soon  relievingly  interposed  that  it  was 
time  to  dress. 

Relievo  (rflrw).  Also  7  releuo,  8  releivo, 
8-9  rilievo.  [ad.  It.  rilievo  (rilyfvd) :  see  RE 
LIEF  3,  and  cf.  ALTO-,  BASSO-,  MEZZO-BELIEVO.] 

1.  =  RELIEF  a  i. 

1623  SIR  T.  ROE  in  Michaelis'  Anc.  Marbles  (1882)  189 
|  Twelue  tables  of  fine  marble,  cutt  into  historyes,  some  of  a 
very  great  releuo.  1641  EVELYN  Diary  i  Sept.,  Several 
rusticall  instruments  so  artificially  represented  as  to  deceit u 
an  accurate  eye,  to  distinguish  it  from  actual  relievo.  1723 
CHAMBERS  tr.  LeClerc's  Treat.  Archil.  I.  79  The  Foliages 
and  other  Ornaments,  .by  their  Relievo  seem  to  increase  its 
bigness. 

_  trans/.    1704  SWIFT  T.  Tub  viii,  The  wind  and  vapours 
issuing  forth.. distorted  the  mouth,  bloated  the  cheeks,  and 
gave  the  eyes  a  terrible  kind  c  f  relievo.    1796  W.  TAYLOR  in 
'    Monthly  Rev.  XXI.  491  The  comic  features  have  more 
relievo,  than  most  other  productions  of  the  author. 
b.  In  relievo,  in  relief. 

1665  Phil.  Trans.  I.  99  A  new  kind  of  Maps  in  a  low 
Relievo.  1703  MAUNDIIIU.L  Joiirn.  Jerits.  (1721)  137  On 
that  part  ..  are  to  be  seen  Carvings  ill  Relievo.  1789  K. 
DARWIN  Bot.  Garden  n.  ii.  177  Round  the  white  circlet  in 
relievo  bold  A  serpent  twines  his  scaly  length  in  gold.  1832 
G.  R.  PORTER  Porcelain  ff  Gl.  in  In  works  where  different 
objects  appear  in  relievo,  these  are  made  separately.  1847 
SHEATON  Builder's  Man.  213  The  walls  are  covered  with 
gigantic  figures  sculptured  in  relievo. 

transf.  1769  BUUKE  Late  St.  Nation  60  Two  of  them  stand 
out  in  high  relievo  beyond  the  rest.  The  first  is  a  change  in 
I    the  internal  representation  of  this  country. 

2.  =  RELIEF  a  i  b. 

1627  SIR  T.  RQK  in  Michaelis'  Anc.  Marbles  (1882)  200 
My  agent.. hath  brought  me.. some  heads  and  small  re- 
leuo's,  antient  and  good  worke.  1731  Gentl.  Mag.  I.  499 
In  one  of  which  [grottos]  they  found  40  Urns  cover'd  \vith 
1  Relievos.  1753  HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  I.  vii.  xcv.  440  The 
ornaments  of  the  architecture,  and  the  relievo  in  the  fron 
tispiece,  are  after  the  Chinese  and  japan  manner.  1845 
FORD  Ilandbk.  Spain  i.  475/2  Her  chapel  is  very  rich  in 
red  marbles,  Corinthian  pillars,  and  poor  sculptured  relievos 
of  her  history. 

3.  Painting.   =  RELIEF  3  2. 

1683  AGLIONUY  Painting  Illustr.  i.  19  To  give  that  Round, 
ness  to  the  Figures,  which  the  Italians  call  Relievo,  and  for 
which  we  have  no  other  Name.     1738  R.  SMITH  Opticks 
Pref.  5  The  effect  of  a  large  concave  speculum  in  heightening 
the  Relievo  of  Pictures.     1784  J.  BARRY  in  Led.  1'aint.  vi. 
(1848)  225  The  style  which  Titian  afterwards  adopted  . ,  was 
not  of  so  high  a  relish  for  relievo  and  hue. 
Relif,  obs.  form  of  RELIEF  i  and  2. 
Reli'ft  ;rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  lift  again. 
Hence  Keli'fting  vbl.  sb. 

1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  I.  510  The  relifting  of  a  drain 
that  has  blown  . .  is  a  dirty  and  disagreeable  business  for 
work-people.  1898  T.  HARDY  Wessex  Poems  134  The  passion 
.  .Her  death-rumour  smartly  relifted  To  full  apogee. 
Re'ligate,  v.  rare.  [f.  L.  religat-,  ppl.  stem 
of  religdre  to  bind  up  or  back  :  see  RE-  and  LIGATE 
v.]  trans,  t  a.  Sttrg.  To  bind  up  (a  vein).  06s.-1 
b.  To  bind  together  or  unite  (people),  c.  To 
constrain.  Also  absol.  Hence  Ke-ligating///.  a. 
1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeau's  Fr.  Ckirurg.  17  b/2  The  needle 
wherwith  we  may  stitch,  when  we  desire  to  religate  a  Vayne. 
1651  C.  CARTWKIGHT  Cert.  Relig.  i.  36  They  are  not  religated 
within  the  same  Communion.  1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Reli- 
gale,  to  tye  hard  or  again,  to  binde  fast.  1807  COLERIDGE 
in  Cottle  Early  Recoil.  (1837)  II.  84  It  is  not  even  religion, 
it  does  not  religate,  does  not  bind  anew.  1876  GLADSTONE 
Gleanings  (1879)  HI- 130  Religion. .,  with  a  debased  worship 
appended  to  it, ..but  with  no  religating,  no  binding  power. 

Religate,  obs.  form  of  RELEGATE  v, 
Religa'tion.  rare.     [ad.  L.  religation-em,  n. 
of  action  f.  religdre :  see  prec.  and  -ATION.]     The 
action  of  tying  or  binding  up  (lit.  andyfc.). 

1617  COLLINS  Def.  Bp.  Ely  n.  ix.  354  Though  S.  Austen 
had..onely  told  vs  of  religation,  or  of  binding,  it  had  been 
enough  to  shew  that  S.  Austens  meaning  was,  that  relligious 
worship  belonged  onely  to  God.  1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  Iniq. 
21  Origen  speaks  of  the  religation  of  these  daemons  near 
their  statues.  1807  COLERIDGE  in  Cottle  Early  Recoil.  (1837) 
II.  84  If  this  be  not  true,  there  is  no  religion,  no  religation, 
or  binding  over  again. 

Religeous(e,  -eus,  obs.  forms  of  RELIGIOUS. 
Beli'ght  («-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  illumine,  kindle,  or  ignite  again. 
1643  EVELYN  Diary  [8  Feb.]  A  torch  being  extinguished 

neere  it,  and  lifted  a  little  distance,  was  suddainely  relighted. 
1723  POPE  Odyss.  IX.  600  His  pow'r  can  heal  me,  and  re 
light  my  eye.  a  1802  E.  DARWIN  in  J.  G.  Strutt  Sylva  Brit. 
(1822)  2  You,  who  have  seen.  .Ten  thousand  times  yon  moon 
relight  her  horn.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  I.  xxxii.  450 
Our  only  hope  of  heat  was  in  re-lighting  our  lamp.  1872 
AUBREY  DE  VERB  Leg.  St.  Patrick,  Striving,  Nor  of  his 
victory  had  he  joy . .  Nor  of  that  heaven  relit. 

2.  intr.  To  take  fire  again,  rekindle.    Alsoyf^-. 
18490  BRONTE  Shirley  xviii,  The  desire.. relit  suddenly, 

and  glowed  warm  in  her  heart,  c  1865  J.  WYLDE  in  Cm.  Sc. 
I.  314/1  It  will  immediately  re-light. 

Religious,  obs.  form  of  RELIGIOUS. 

52 


RELIGIETJSE. 

II  Beligieuse  (whsyoz).  f  Also  as  //.  [F. 
religituse  fern,  of  next.]  A  woman  bound  by  re 
ligious  vows,  or  devoted  to  a  religious  life ;  a  nun. 

1796  Mod.  Gulliver  3  That  there  might  be  a  pair  of  chaste 
examples  ever  before  the  religieuse,  to  fix  their  ideas  the 
right  way.  1815  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  101  During  the  whole 
night  the  religieuses  of  the  hospital  prayed  near  tiuf  body. 
1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  xiii,  A  convent  full  of  religieuses. 
1893  igth  Cent.  Nov.  754  I  had  been  given  to  understand 
thatlane  Clermont  was  a  very  fervid  religieuse. 

II  Iteligienx   (rrtigyb;,     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

Also  8-9  erron.  religieuse  (sing,  and  //.).  [F., 
ad.  L.  religiosus  RELIGIOUS.]  A  man  vowed  to  a 
religious  life;  a  monk. 

1654  LD.  HATTON  in  Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  II.  114, 1 
am  told  ..  tnat  the  Academy  was  this  day  full  of  the  Duke 
of  Gloucester's]  conversion  and  being  a  Religieux.  1719 
DE  FOE  Cntsoe  ii.  141  He  rather  desir'd  me  to  converse 
with  him  as  a  Gentleman,  than  as  a  Religieuse  [«/.  1761 
religieux].  1827  ROBERTS  Voy.  Centr.  Amer.  28  Inhabited 
by  the  few  thousands  of  Spanish  religieuse  and  Creole 
descendants  of  Spanish  adventurers. 

Religio-,  mod.  combining  form  of  RELIGION 
or  RELIGIOUS,  as  in  religio-educational^  -magical^ 
-military^  -philosophic al^  -scientific,  etc. 

1894  H.  SPEIGHT  Nidderdale  169  There  were  two  orders 
of  the  religio-military  brotherhood.  1896  W.  ST.  JOHN 
BOSCAWEN  Bible  fy  Monum.  171  One  of  the  litanies  of  the 
religio-magical  creed. 

Religion  (rHi-d^n).  Forms:  3-4-religiun(e, 
4-5  -ioun(e,  5-6  -yon(e,  -ione,  ^r^elligion  ;  3-6 
relygyon,  4  -un,  -ioun,  5-6  -ion  ;  4  riligioun,* 
6  relegioune;  3-  religion,  [a.  AF.  religiun 
(nth  c.),  F.  religiony<e\  ad.  \J>religidn-emfai 
doubtful  etymology,  by  Ciaero  connectea  with 
relegere  to  read  over  again,  btrt— by  later  authors 
with  religare  to  bind,  RELIGATE  ^see  Lewis  and 
Short,  s.  v.)  ;  the  latter  view  has  usually  been 
favoured  by  modern  writers  in  explaining  the  force 
of  the  word  by  its  supposed  etymological  meaning.] 

L  A  state  of  life  bound  by  monastic  vows;  the 
condition  of  one  who  is  a  member  of  a  religious 
order,  esp.  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

c  1200  /  'ices  t$-  Virtues  43  £)o  3e  Sese  swikele  woreld  habb"e5 
forluten  and  seruiS  ure  drihten  on  religiun,  hie  fol3iS  Daniele, 
Se  hali  profiete.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  23049  pai..went  baim 
into  religiun,..  Fortobeserue  vr  lauerd dngnt.  1362  LANGL. 
f.  PI.  A.  ix.  82  Dobet  . .  is  Ronnen  in-to  Religiun  . .  And 
preche|>  be  peple  seint  poules  wordes.  1390  GOWER  Con/. 
111.  317  In  blake  clothes  thei  hem  clothe,.. And  yolde  hem 
to  religion,  c  1449  PKCOCK  Repr.  v.  ii.  484  In  oon  maner  re 
ligioun  is.  .a  binding  yp  or  a  bynding  ajen  of  a  mannys  fre 
wil  with  certein  ordinauncis,  . .  or  with  vowis  or  oothis. 
c  1500  Lancelot  1300  Non  orderis  had  he  of  Relegioune. 
1528  ROY  Rede  me  (Arb.)  66  Ware  thou  never  in  religion? 
Yes  so  god  helpe  me  and  halydom,  Adosen  yeres  continually. 
1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  \.  (.1625)  126  Forsweare  thou 
nothing  good,  but  building  of  Monasteries  and  entring  into 
Religion.  1663  H.  COGAN  tr.  Pinto's  Trav.  xxviii.  in  Those 
of  the  country  [China]  repute  him  for  a  Saint,  because  he 
ended  his  dayes  in  Religion.  1765  H.  WALPOLE  Otranto\vt 
My  father.. was  retired  into  religion  in  the  Kingdom  of 
Naples.  1825  SOUTHEY  in  Q.  Rev.  XXXII.  364  We  must 
enter  into  religion  and  be  made  nuns  by  will  or  by  force. 
1886  H.  N._PXENHAM  Mem.  R.  de  Lisle  6  The  two  others 
.  .are  in  religion  ;  the  former  entered  the  Order  of  the  Good 
Shepherd  in  1863. 

tratisf.  1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  3673  Manage,  be  my 
opinioun,  It  is  better  Religioun,  As  to  be  freir  or  Nun. 

f  b.  Mant  etc.  of  religion,  one  bound  by  mon 
astic  vows  or  in  holy  orders.   Obs. 

c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  49  pis  loc  ne  haueS  non  to  offren 
bute  bese  lif-holie  men  of  religiun.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  29285 
Qua  smites  preist  or  clerk,. .or  ani  man  of  religion.,  .he  is 
cursd.  13..  E.E.Allit.P.  B.  7  Renkez  of  relygioun  bat 
reden  _&  syngen.  £1380  WVCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  7  %\t  bei  seyn 
bat  bei  ben  most  holy  and  best  men  of  religion.  1426  LYDG. 
DeGuil.  Pilgr.  3192  Somme  folkys  of  felygyon.  1485  CAX- 
TON  Paris  $  V.  (1868)  12  To  become  a  man  of  religion. 

f  c.  H<nise>  etc.  of  religion^  a  religious  house, 
a  monastery  or  nunnery.  Obs. 

13. .  Sir  Bents  (MS.  A)  4613  An  hous  he  made  of  riligioun, 
For  to  singe  for  sire  Beuoun.  1340  Ayenb.  41  Huanne  me 
bernb  ober  brek^cherches.  .ober  hous  of  relygioun.  ?«  1400 
Arthur  $%  In  Abbeys  of  Relygyoun  pat  were  cristien  of 
name,  c  1460  FORTESCUE  Abs.  fy  Lim.  Mon.  xix.  (1885)  155 
Ober  kynges  haue  (founded  byshopriches,  abbeys,  and  ober 
bowses  off  relegyon.  c  1535  in  Speed  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix. 
cxxi.  §  95  (ifjii)  773/1  Spoiled  in  like  maner.. as  the  housys 
of  Religion  hath  bene.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  144  Many 
houses  of  relygion  within  the  Citie..were  searched  for 
goodes  of  aliauntes. 

2.  A  particular  monastic  or  religious  order  or  rule; 
f  a  religious  house.  Now  rare. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  4  Rihten  hire  &  smeSen  hire  is  of  euch 
religiun,  &  of  efrich  ordre  he  god,  &  al  be  streng3e.  c  1290 
S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  52/192  Seint  Edward  cam.  -To  an  holi  man 
bat  bere  was  nei$  in  an  obur  religion.  13..  E.  E.  Allit. 
P.  B.  1156  His  fader  forloyne  . .  feched  hem  wyth  strenbe, 
&  robbed  be  relygioun  of  relykes  alle.  <r  1400  Rom.  Rose 
6352  Somtyme  am  I  prioresse, . .  And  go  tburgh  alle  re- 
giouns,  Sekyng  alle  religiouns.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg. 
426/1  Saynt  Rygoberte..ordeyned  a  relygyon  ofchanounes 
and  clerkes.  1528  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Life  $  Lett. 
(1902)  I.  322  The  exchaunge  to  be  made  bitwene  your  col- 
ledge  in  Oxforde  and  his  religion  for  Saundforde.  a  1548 
HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII  \^  This  priest  . .  was  receiued 
into  euery  Religion  with  Procession,  as  though  the  Legate 
had  been  there.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  194  This  Re 
ligion  of  Saint  lohns,  was  greatly  preferred,  by  the  fall  and 
suppression  of  the  Templars.  1631  WEEVER  Anc.  Funeral 
Mon.  114  If  any  professed  in  the  said  Religion  were  negli- 


410 

gently  forgotten.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Ttievcnofs  Trav.  1. 
12  A  Dagger,  which  the  King  of  Spain  sent  as  a  Present  jo 
the  Religion.  1769  Ann.  Reg.  147  Some  ships  of  the  ^- 
ligion  of  Malta.  1858  FABER  Foot  of  Cross  (1872)  70  There 
were  several  false  and  counterfeit  religions,  which  had 
troubled  the  church  about  this  time. 

traiisf.  1497  BP.  ALCOCK  Mons  Perfect.  B  iij,  As  hymself 
for  his  pryde  and  enuy  was  cast  out  of  the  holy  relygyon  of 
heuen. 

t  b.  collect.  People  of  religion,  Obs. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  2812  panne  be  religion  &  holi  chirche 
worp  ef  sone  ybro^t  al  adoun.  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xx.  162 
Til!  religioune  of  seir  stalls,  For  heill  of  his  saull,  gaf  he 
Siluir  in-to  gret  quantite.  c  1450  HOLLAND  Howlat  190 
Alkyn  chennonis  eik  of  vther  ordouris,  All  maner  of  re- 
ligioun,  the  less  and  the  mair. 

f  c.  A  member  of  a  religions  order.  Obs, 

13..  Cursor  M.  22001  (Gutt.),  Quatkin  man  sum  euer  ites 
..Or  laued  or  religiun.  1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handt.  Synne 
7557  Specyalybat  comandeb  he.  .to  bysshopes,  and  per.sones, 
Io  prestys,  an  ouber  relygyons.  c  1325  Chron,  Eng.  527  in 
Ritson  Metr.  Rom.  H.  292  That  on  partie  he  sende..To 
thilke  that  were  povre  in  londe ;  That  other  to  povre  re- 
ligfouns ;  The  thridde  to  povre  cleregouns. 
/o.  Action  or  conduct  indicating  a  belief  in,  re 
verence  for,  and  desire  to  please,  a  divine  ruling 
power ;  the  exercise  or  practice  of  rites  or  obser 
vances  implying  this.  Also  //.,  religious  rites. 
Now  raret  exc.  as  implied  in  5. 

<2  1225  Ancr.  R.  10  Cleane  religiun. .is  iseon  &  helper 
widewen  &  federlease  children  &  from  be  world  witen  him 
cleane  &  unwemmed.  c  1250  Kent.  Serin,  in  O.  E.  Misc. 
20  per  were  vi.  Ydres  of  stone. .wer  bo  gius  hem  wesse  for 
clenesse  and  for  religiun.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  12676  pis  iacob 
..was  o  gret  religiun,  Hall  Hue  he  laddal-wais.  i^BaWvCLIP 
Lev.  xvi.  31  The  holiday  forsothe  of  restyng  it  is,  and  ge 
sjjulen  traueil  ;oure  soules  thur^  perpetuel  religioun.  1553 
EDEN  Treat.  Newe  hid.  (Arb.)  27  They  eate  that  fleshe  with 
great  religion.  1577  VAUTROUILLIER  LutJier  on  Ef.  Gal. 
151  They  that  trust  in  theyr  owne  rightepusnes,  thinke  to 
pacific  the  wrath  of  God  by  their . .  voluntarie  religion.  1613 
PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  in.  i.  (1614)  232  They  vsed  yet  some 
Religion  in  gathering  of  their  Cinamon,  ..sacrificing  before 
they  beganne  [etc.].  1667  MILTON  P.  L,  i.  372  The  Image 
of  a  Brute,  adorn 'd  With  gay  Religions  full  of  Pomp  and 
Gold.  1726  LKONI  tr.  All>ertis  Archit.  II.  21/2 The  Ancients 
used  to  found  the  Walls  of  their  Cities  with  the  greatest  re 
ligion,  dedicating  them  to  some  God  who  was  to  be  their 
guardian.  1788  GIBBON  Ded.  fy  F.  xlix.  V.  89  The  public 
religion  of  the  Catholics  was  uniformly  simple  and  spiritual. 
1900  R.  W.  DIXON  Hist.  Ch.  ling,  xxxvi.  (1902)  VI.  5  The 
religions  of  the  religious  orders  ..  were  swept  away  under 
the  condemnation  of  superstition  and  abuse. 

tb.  A  religious  duty  or  obligation.   Obs. 

1537  St.  Papers  Hen.  VIII.  I.  n.  557  Thei  thoght  a  reli 
gion  to  kepe  secret,  betwene  God  and  them,  certayn  thinges. 
1549  LATIMEK  $th  Scrm.  bef.  Edw.  F/(Arb.)  135  The  dutye 
betwene  man  and  wyfe,  wbiche  is  a  holy  religyon,  but  not 
religiouslye  kepte. 

4.  A  particular  system  of  faith  and  worship. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  18944  I'1  t>at  siquar  was  in  bat  tun  Men 
of  alkin  religioun.  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  4522  J>e  I  ewes 
and  cristen  men,.. Sal  ban.. Assent  in  Crist  als  a  religion. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  SttidatUS  Comm.  92  b,  They  neyther  allure 
nor  compelle  any  man  unto  their  Religion.  1594  HOOKER 
Eccl.  Pol.  iv.  xi.  §  2  The  church  of  Rome,  they  say,,  .did 
almost  out  of  all  religions  take  whatsoever  had  any  fair  and 
gorgeous  show.  1625  B.  JONSON  Staple  ofN.  n.  i,  I  wonder 
what  religion  he  is  of.  1662  STILLINGFI-  Orig.  Sacrxn.  vi. 
§  15  Whereby  we  plainly  see  what  clear  evidence  is  given  to 
the  truth  of  that  religion  which  is  attested  with  a  power  of 
miracles.  1732  BERKELEY  Alciphr.  iv.  §  25  The  Christian 
Religion,  which  pretends  to  teach  men  the  knowledge  and 
worship  of  God.  1791  PAINE  Rights  of  Man  (ed.  4)  79  If 
they  are  to  judge  of  each  others  religion,  there  is  no  such 
thing  as  a  religion  that  is  right.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist,  ting. 
vi.  II.  65  All  religions  were  the  same  to  him.  1862  MAX 
MULLER  Chips  (1880)  I.  ix.  186  All  important  religions  have 
sprung  up  in  the  East. 

transf.  1849  LONGF.  Kavanagh  xvi.  78  The  memory  of 
that  mother  had  become  almost  a  religion  to  her.  1872 
LIDDON  Elem.  Retig.  i.  23  We  hear  men  speak  of  a  religion 
of  art,  of  a  religion  of  work,  of  a  religion  of  civilization. 

fb.    The  Religion  [after  K]  :    the  Reformed 
Religion,  Protestantism.  Obs. 

1577  F.  de  Lisle" s  Lcgendarie  G  viij,  There  was  a  noise 
raised  that  the  Admiral  had  endeuoured  to  expel  the  Masse, 
and  to  plant  the^eligion  in  France.  160*  R.  JOHNSON 
Kingd.  iff  C0;«f«7tOxo6  They  againe  are  deuided  into  13 
Cantons,  8  whereof  areS^tholike,  the  residue  of  the  religion. 
164*  HOWELL  For.  TVoMArb.)  46  They  of  the  Religion, 
are  now  Town-lttU  and  Arme-lesse.  a  1674  CLARENDON 
Hist.  Reb.  xv.  §  153  Those  of  the  Religion  possessed  them 
selves  with  many  arm'd  Men  of  the  Town-House. 

5.  Recognition  on  the  part  of  man  of  some  higher 
unseen  power  as  having  control  of  his  destiny,  and 
as  being  entitled  to  obedience,  reverence,  and  wor 
ship  ;  the  general  mental  and  moral  attitude  result 
ing  from  this  belief,  with  reference  to  its  effect 
upon  the  individual  or  the  community  ;  personal  or 
general  acceptance  of  this  feeling  as  a  standard  of 
spiritual  and  practical  life. 

CI535  in  Burnet  Hist.  Ref.  (1679)  I.  Rec.  in.  140  That  true 
Religion  is  not  contained  in  Apparel,. .  singing,  and  such 
other  kind  of  Ceremonies ;  but  in  cleanness  of  mind  [etc.]. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm,  46  b,  Amonges  the  Suyces 
encreased  dayly  contention  for  Religion.  1597  HOOKER 
Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixv.  §  16  The  tribe  of  Reuben . ,  were . .  accused 
of  backwardness  in  religion.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage 
(1614)  20  True  Religion  is  the  right  way  of  reconciling  and 
reuniting  man  to  God.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  i.  xii.  52 
There  are  no  signes.  .of  Religion,  but  in  Man  onely.  1704 
NELSON  Fest.  %  Fasts  ix.  (1739)  587  It  keeps  a  lively  Sense 
of  Religion  upon  our  Minds.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  v. 
ii.  (1869)  II.  459  So  slender  a  security  as  the  probity  and1 


EELIGIONEB. 

religion  of  the  inferior  officers  of  revenue.  183*  HT. 
MARTINEAU  Hill  $  Valley  iii.  45  The  best  part  of  religion 
Is  to  imitate  the  benevolence  of  God  to  man.  1849  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  ii.  I.  176  About  two  thousand  ministers  of  re 
ligion.,  were  driven  from  their  benefices  in  one  day.  1877 
SPARROW  Serm.  vii.  90  True  religion,  in  its  essence  and  in 
kind,  is  the  same  everywhere. 

personified.  1597  SHAKS.  Lover's  Conipl.  250  Religious 
love  put  out  Religion's  eye.  1607  —  Timon  m.  ii.  83  Reli 
gion  grones  at  it.  1 1652  MILTON  Sonn.  to  Sir  H.  I'ane, 
Therfore  on  thy  firme  hand  religion  leanes  In  peace,  & 
reck'ns  thee  her  eldest  son.  1717  POPE  Elo'isa  39  There 
stern  Religion  quench'd  th'  unwilling  flame.  1781  COWPER 
Expost.  492  Religion,  if  in  heavenly  truths  attired,  Needs 
only  to  be  seen  to  be  admired.  1844  A.  B.  WKLBV  Poems 
(1867)  72  'Tis  then  that  sweet  Religion's  holy  wing  Broods 
o'er  the  spirit. 

to.   To  get  religion  :  see  GET  v.  12  d. 
fc.  Awe,  dread.  Obs.  rare—1. 

a  1642  BEDELL  Erasmus  in  Fuller  AbelRediv,  (1867)  I.  78 
He  took  a  general  view  of  most  parts  of  Italy  as  far  as 
Cumae,  where  (not  without  some  religion  and  horror).. he 
beheld  the  cave  of  Sibylla. 

6.  transf.  fa.  Devotion  to  some  principle;  strict 
fidelity  or  faithfulness ;  conscientiousness  ;  pious 
affection  or  attachment.  Obs. 

1592  SHAKS.  Rom.  <$•  Jnl.  i.  ii.  93  When  the  deuout  re 
ligion  of  mine  eye  Maintaines  such  falshood,  then  turne 
teares  to  fire.  1600  —  A.  Y.  L.  iv.  i.  201  Ros. .  .Keep  your 
promise.  Orl.  With  no  lesse  religion,  then  if  thou  wert 
indeed  my  Rosalind.  1630  B.  JOSSON  New  Inn  i.  i,  Out  of 
a  religion  to  my  charge,  And  debt  profess 'd,  I  have  made  a 
self-decree.  1640  HABINGTON  Edw.  IV  182  The  ancient 
league  observ'd  with  so  much  Religion  betweene  England 
and  the  Low  Countries.  1691  WOOD /I M.  Oxon.  1.  Pref., 
An  old  Word  is  retain'd  by  an  Antiquary  with  as  much  Re 
ligion  as  a  Relick. 

b.  In  phr.  to  make  (a)  religion  ofmto  make  (it} 
religion  tot  to  make  a  point  of,  to  be  scrupulously 
careful  (f  not)  to  do  something. 

(a)  1599  B.  JONSON  Cynthia's  Rev.  v.  ii,  Let  mortals  learn  To 
make  religion  of  offending  heaven.  1622  PEACHAM  Compl. 
Gent.  44  Nor  bee  so  foolish  precise  as  a  number  are,  who 
make  it  Religion  to  speake  otherwise  then  this  or  that 
Author. 

(/')  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  fy  Cl,  v.  ii.  199  By  your  command 
(Which  my  loue  makes  Religion  to  obey)  1  tell  you  this. 
1869  W.  M.  BAKER  New  Timothy  199  (Cent.),  Its  acidity 
sharpens  Mr.  Wall's  teeth. .,  yet,  under  the  circumstances, 
he  makes  a  religion  of  eating  it. 

t  7.  The  religious  sanction  or  obligation  of  an 
oath,  etc.  Obs. 

a  1619  FOTHERBY  Atheom.  i.  vi.  §  2  (1622)  42  Vnder  the  re 
ligion  of  an  Oath.  £1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1650)  II.  117  Ac 
cording  to  the  rules  and  religion  of  friendship,  a  1694 
TILLOTSON  Scrm.  (1742)  II.  xxii.  65  If  the  religion  of  an  oath 
will  not  oblige  men  to  speak  truth,  nothing  will.  1704  J. 
BLAIR  in  W.  S.  Perry  Hist.  Coll.  Amer.  Col.  C7i.  (1870)  I. 
107, 1  shall  under  the  same  religion  of  an  oath  acquaint  your 
Lordships  with,  .what  I  remember. 

8.  attrib.  and  Comb.  ^2>&  religion-dresser  ^ -making, 
-mender  ^-monger  ^shop\  religion-inftctwus^masked> 
-raptured  adjs. ;  f  religion  man  =  sense  I  b. 

a  1640  DAY  Percgr.  Schol.  (1881)  72  This  new  vicker  was 
made  out  of  an  olde  ffrier  that  had  bene  twice  turnd  at 
a  *  Religion-dressers.  1706  A,  SHIELDS  Ing.  Ch.  Communion 
(1747)  51  Such  as  are.. "religion-infectious,  like  to  spread 
and  leaven  all  in  communion  with  such  a  congregation. 
1888  MRS.  H.  WARD  R.  Elsmere  xlix,  We  are  in  the  full 
stream  of  *religion -making.  £-1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems 
(Percy  Soc.)  57  *Religioune  men  alwey  wonnyng  in  the 
Court, . .  It  may  wele  ryme,  but  it  accordith  nought.  1633 
FORD  '77s  Pity  v.  iii,  Your  *religion-masked  sorceries. 
1824  W.  E.  ANDREWS  Crit.  Rev.  Fox's  Bk.  Mart.  I.  380 
The  irreligious  and  blasphemous  pretentions  of  those  Re 
ligion-menders.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  <$•  P.  366  The 
Antiquaries,  .who  have  searched  more  narrowly  into  this  up 
start  *Religion-Monger.  1718  Entertainer 253  The  Fathers 
[are  represented  as].. a  Parcel  of  old  passive  Religion- 
Mongers.  1796  SOUTHEY  Lett.fr.  Spain  341  The  fervid 
soul  of  that  blest  Maid/Religion-raptur'd.  1811  Miss  HAW 
KINS  Countess  $  Gertrude  (1812)  II.  xxvii.  79  Well  may 
scoffers  talk  of  the  ""religion-shops  of  London. 

Religionary  (nli'dgarmri),  a.  and  sb.    [f.  prec. 

+  -ABY,  or  ad.  K  religionnaire,  It.,  Sp.  religionario 
sb.,  Protestant,  Calvinist.]  A.  adj.  Relating  to 
religion  ;  religious.  Now  rare. 

a  1691  BP.  T.  BARLOW  Rent.  638  His  Religionary  Pro 
fessions  in  his  last  Will  and  Testament.  1715  M.  DAVIES 
Aihett.  Brit.  I.  219  His  Religionary  Pamphlets  for  that 
purpose  were  these.  1867  BARING-GOULD  Cur.  Myths  1. 
viii.  164  It  is  a  strange  instance  of  religionary  virulence. 

B.  sb.  f  a.  A  person  '  in  religion  '.  Obs.  b. 
[See  etym.  note.]  A  Protestant.  ?  Obs. 

1663  H.  COGAN  tr.  Pinto's  Trav.  Ixiii.  256  Seven  and 
thirty  women,  the  most  of  them  old,  and  Religionanes  of 
this  temple.  1683  Apol.  Prot.  France  iy.  35  The  gathering 
together  of  the  Factions  of  the  Religionaries.  1716  M. 
DAVIES  Athen.  Brit.  III.  Diss.  Drama  6  Those  Protestant 
Religionaries  and  Popish  Sectaries.  1760  Ann.  Reg.  n. 
176/1  To  distinguish  them  from  the  Protestants,  who  are 
called  Religionaries. 

t  Reli  gionate,  v>  Obs.  rare~1.  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -ATK  3.J  trans.  To  make  religious. 

1676  MAKVELL  Mr.  Smirke  I  iij  b,  There  have  been 
Martyrs  for  Reason,,  .but  how  much  more  would  men  be  so 
for  reason  Reiigionated  and  Christiani/ed  ! 

Religioner  (r/lrdsanaa).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -EH  l.] 
a.  A  person 'in  religion*,  b.  =  RELIGIONIST. 

1812  SOUTHEY  Omniana  I.  i  Pope  Innocent  X  appointed 
a  religioner  of  great  virtue,  discretion,  and  experience, 
secretly  to  visit  the  nunneries.  Ibid.  II.  230  All  the  re 
ligioners  of  both  sexes.  1820  SCOTT  Monast.  xxv,  These 
new- fash iont-d  religioners  have  fast-days,  I  warrant  me. 


i 


RELIGIONISM. 

1852  H.  NEWLAND  Lect.  Traclar.  164  Those  very  externals 
of  divine  worship  which  so  many  of  our.  .religioners  call 
mummery.  1896  '  Q.*  (QUILLER  COUCH)  Story  of  Sea  II. 
xx.  387  The  religioners  who  embarked  for  the  service  of  the 
fleet.,  were  180,  consisting  of  Augustinians,  Franciscans, 
Dominicans,  and  Jesuits. 

Religionism  (r/li-d^niz'm).  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ISM.]  Marked  or  excessive  inclination  to  religion; 
exaggerated  or  affected  religious  zeal. 

1791-1823  D'ISRAELI  Cur.  Lit.  (1866)  390/2  The  coinage  of 
a  novel  and  significant  expression,  as  this  of  Professor 
Dugald  Stewart—  political  religionism.  1817  BP.  JEBB  Let. 
in  C.  Forster  Life  Ixi.  573  This  work  has  been  carried  on 
rather  uncouthly  :  not  religion,  but  religionism,  having  been 
the  compressing  power.  1833  I.  TAYLOR  Fanat.  v.  131  The 
-jerms  of  malignant  religionism  .  .  are  not  wanting  even  in 
iasil.  1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  I.  23  They  call 
in  the  aid  of  an  imaginative  religionism  to  people  their 
solitude  with  its  glories.  1881  THOROLD  Gospel  of  Christ 
Pref.,  Surely  it  is  a  morose  religionism  that  fears  knowledge, 
or  distrusts  science. 

Religionist  (rHi-d^anist).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -IST.] 
One  addicted  or  attached  to  religion  ;  one  imbued 
with,  or  zealous  for,  religion.  Sometimes  in  bad 
sense,  a  religious  zealot  or  pretender. 

1653  H.  MORE  Antid.  Ath.  in.  i.  §  3  Religionists  having 
for  pious  purposes  forged  so  many  false  Miracles,  .they  have 
thereby  with  the  Atheist  taken  away  all  belief  of  those 
which  are  true.  1671  CROWNE  Juliana  Ded.,  If  I  may 
have  leave  from  our  rigid  religionists,  to  prosecute  the 
metaphor.  1697  G.  BURGHOPE  Disc.  Relig.  Asseitib.  4  As 
for  the  moderate,  rational  and  intelligent  religionists,  they 
are  so  few.  •  1711  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  III.  Misc.  in.  L 
133  He  has  his  private  Opinion,  Belief,  or  Faith,  as  strong 
as  any  Devotee  or  Religionist  of  'em  all.  1757  HUME  Ess.^ 
Nat.  Hist.  Relig.  (1817)  II.  398  These  pretended  religionists 
are  really  a  kind  of  superstitious  atheists.  1812  J.  HENRY 
Camp,  agst.  Quebec  214  A  dispassionate,  placid,  and  mild  re 
ligionist.  1843  WOKDSW.  Prose  Wks.  (1876)  III.  169  A 
Savant,  who  is  not  also  a  poet  in  soul  and  a  religionist  in 
heart,  is  a  feeble  and  unhappy  creature.  1865  LIGHTFOOT 
Comm.  Gal.  (1876)  369  The  external  service  of  the  religionist 
.  .is  pronounced  [by  St.  James]  deceitfulxand  vain.1 

Hence  Beligioni'stic  a. 

1889  BP.  W.  B.  CARPENTER  Perm.  Etem.  Relig.  v.  192  The 
religionistic  spirit  lowers  the  moral  tone. 


Religionize,  (nli-dsanaiz),  v.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-IZE.]  a.  trans.  To  imbue  with  religion,  to  ren- 
•der  religious,  b.  intr.  To  be  addicted  to,  to 
affect,  religion.  Hence  Reli'gionized,  -izing, 

1716  M.  DAVIES  A  then.  Brit.  III.  Diss.  Drama  32  About 
every  one's  Thinking  and  Religionizing  as  he  will.  1830 
I.  TAYLOR  Logic  in  Theol.,  etc.  (1859)  i°4  Our  own  enlight- 
ened  and  religionized  country.  1842  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Lett. 
(1891)  II.  384  His  great  object  is  the  religionizing  of  the  State. 
1853  S.  H.  Cox  Interviews  Mem.  <y  Useful  138  (Cent.)  How 
much  religionizing  stupidity  it  requires  in  one  to  imagine 
(etc.].  1869  W.  P.  MACKAY  Grace  $•  Truth  (1874)  168  The 
ritualist  tells  us  that  man  is  to  be  religionised. 

ReligionlesS  (Wli-d^nles),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
•LESS.]  Destitute  of  religion. 

1750  WARUURTON  Julian  IT.  192  The  gross  body  of  the 
Jews,  .returned  home  religionless  as  they  came.  1829  J.  H. 
NEWMAN  Lett.  (1891)  I.  204  The  upper  classes  will  be  left 
almost  religionless.  1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  xiv,  A 
worldly,  selfish,,  .religionless  old  woman.  1889  J.  STRONG 
in  Minutes  Cougreg.  Council  (U.  S.)  364  Teaching  a  re 
ligionless  morality. 

tReli'giose,  sb.    Obs,  rare"1,     [ad.  Sp.  re- 

ligiosa^\     =•  KELIGIEUSE. 

1697  tr.  Ciess  D'Aunoy^s  Trav.  (1706)  82  The  keeper  of 
the  Castle  askt  me,  whether  I  would  see  the  Religioses, 
whose  Convent  is  adjoyning  thereunto. 

Religiose  (rflidghju-s),  a.  [f.  as  RELIGIOUS 
+  -OSE.J  Religious  to  excess;  unduly  occupied 
with  religion;  morbidly  or  sentimentally  religions. 

1853  CLOUGH  Let.  in  Poems,  etc.  (1869)  I.  196  Some  of  my 
companions  are  too  much  in  the  religiose  vein  to  be  always 
quite  wholesome  company.  1883  L'pool  Daily  Post  23  Oct. 
4/7  Qualities  not  specially  congenial  to  the  theological  or 
religiose  mind. 

Religiose,  obs.  form  of  RELIGIOUS. 

Religiosity  (r/lidgi^siti).  [ad.  late  L.  religio- 
sitas:  see  RELIGIOUS  and  -ITY.  Cf.  F.  religiosity 
(i5th  c.),  and  RELIGTOUSTY.] 

1.  Religiousness,  religious  feeling  or  sentiment. 

1382  WYCLIF  Ecclus.  i.  17  The  drede  of  the  Lord  [is] 
religiosite  of  kunnyng.  Ibid.  18  Religiosite  shal  kepen, 
and  iustefien  the  herte.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  245/1 
There  is  treble  generacion  spirituel  of  god,  that  is  to  saye, 
of  natyuyte,  religyosite,  and  of  body  mortalite.  1609  BIBLE 
(Douay)  Ecclus.  i.  17,  18.  1813  Edin.  Rev.  XXI  I.  222  Their 
disposition  to  religious  feeling,  which  they  call  religiosity, 
is.  .a  love  of  divine  things  for  the  love  of  their  moral  quali 
ties.  1846  }.  MAKTINEAU  Misc.  (1852)  188  Our  author  argues 
from  the  religiosity  of  man  to  the  reality  of  God.  1887  Z;.  A. 
RAGOZIN  Chaldea  iii.  149  Man  has  all  that  animals  have,  and 
two  things  which  they  have  not—  speech  and  religiosity. 

b.  Affected  or  excessive  religiousness. 

1799  W.  TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Man.  (1843!  I.  283  Great 
sticklers  for  feminine  purity,  or  prudery,  or  religiosity.  1829 
SOUTHEY  Sir  T.  More  II.  102  A  feverish  state  of  what  may 
better  be  called  religiosity,  than  religion.  1873  MORLEY 
Rousseau  I.  ix.  317  It  is  hard  to  imagine  a  more  execrable 
emotion  than  the  complacent  religiosity  of  the  prosperous. 

c.  With//.  A  religious  service,  rare"1. 

1834  SOUTHEY  Doctor  ix.  (1848)  26  The  soporific  sermons 
which  closed  the  domestic  religiosities  of  those..  days. 

1  2.  «  RELIGION  i  and  2.  Obs.  rare. 

ci449  PECOCK  Repr.  iv.  vi.  453  Religiosite  of  mannys 
ordinaunce  is  leeful.  .and  ech  such  order  or  dignite  and  ech 
such  seid  religiosite  mad  bi  man  [etc.]. 


411 

Religious  (rHi'djas),  a.  and  sb.  Forms:  3-5 
religius(e,  4-5  -iose,  4-6  -iouse  ;  4,  6  -eous(e, 
5  -eus  ;  4  -yus,  5  -yous ;  4  relygiouse,  6  -i(o)us; 
5  -eous  ;  4-6  -y(o)us,  5  -youx,  -yows,  6  -youse; 
4  relegiouse  ;  4-  religious,  (7  rell-).  [a.  AF. 
relights,  OF.  religious,  -eus, etc.  (l2th  c.  ;  mod.F. 
religicux  m.,  -rare  f.),  or  ad.  L.  religios-us :  see 
RELIGION  and  -ous.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Imbued  with  religion  ;  exhibiting 
j  the  spiritual  or  practical  effects  of  religion ;  pious, 
|  godly,  god-fearing,  devout. 

a  1225  Ancr.  K.  74  3if  eni  wene5  J>at  he  beo  reiigius,  &  ne 
bridleS  nout  his  Hinge,  his  religiun  is  fals.  1388  WVCLIF 
Dan.  iii.  90  Alle  religiouse  men,  bles.se  ?e  the  Lurcl,  God  of 

foddis.     1398  TKKVISA  ISartli.  De  P.  K.  xvn.  clxxiv.  (liodl. 
IS.).  Holy  men  &  religions  (>'  be  noujt  defouled.     1432-50 
tr- Higdun (Rolls)  II.  231  Thciwere  religious  men..hauenge 
glorious  verlues.     1542   BECON  rathw.  l'ray,'r  vii.   Wks. 
I     1564  I.  64  Who  would  not  haue  thought  thys  holy  religious 
fatherworthytobecanonised..?    1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  F,  11.  ii. 
j     130  Seeine  they  religious?   Why  so  didst  thou.    1642  ROGERS 
A'aaman  144  Earthly  Selfe  so  scrues  and  mixes  it  selfe  with 
religious,  that  oft-times  the  soule  markes  not  the  diffeience. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  622  That  sober  Race  of  Men,  whose 
lives  Religious  titPd  them  the  Sons  of  God.      1715  L)E  FOE 
Fam.  Instruct.  I.  iv.  (1841)  I.  81,  I  think  I  am  religious 
]    enough  in  all  conscience.     1787  JEFFERSON  H'rit.  (18590  II. 
1     154  He  is.  .very  limited  in  his  understanding,  and  religious, 
bordering  orr  bigotry.      1841   MYERS  Cat/I.  Tit.  iv.  §  23.  293 
A  man  may  be  Moral  without  being  Religious,  but  he  can 
not  be  Religious  without  being  Moral.     1877  E.  R.  CONDER 
Bos.  Faitk  i.  13  The  Arx>st!e  John  and  Benedict  Spinoza 
were  both  intensely  religious  persons,  but  it  would  be 
difficult  to  say  what  their  religious  feelings  had  in  common. 
transf.    1^91  SYLVESTER  Du  Barlas  l.  iii.  254  The  Jevves' 
religious  River  Which  every  Sabbath  dries  his  Channell 
over  ;  keeping  his  waves  from  working  on  that  Day. 

b.  Most  religious,  used  as  an  epithet  of  royalty. 
(Cf.  CHRISTIAN  a.  i  b.) 

1662  Bk.  Com.  Prayer,  We  humbly  beseech  thee . .  for  the 
High  Court  of  Parliament,  under  our  most  religious  and 
Gracious  King,  at  this  time  assembled.  1820  SHELLEY  (Ed, 
Tyr.  i.  137  The  chaste  Pasiphae . .  Wife  to  that  most  religious 
King  of  Crete. 

fc.  Holy,  sacred.  06s.  rare— '. 
1611  CORYAT  Crudities  77  Pictures  of  Christ  and  the 
Virgin  Mary,  and  many  other  religious  persons. 

2.  Of  persons:  Bound  by  monastic  vows ;  belong 
ing  to  a  religious  order,  esp.  in  the   Church   of 
Rome.    (Cf.  B.  I.) 

a  1300  Cursor  l\f.  29374  pe  thrid  es  men  reiigius,  J>at  has 
)Jair  ouer  man  in  bus.  1303  R.  BKUNNE  Handl.  Synne  7  j83 
pe  fourjje  synne  ys  more  perylous,  Wy|>  man  and  wommane 
relygyus.  £1400  Rom.  Rose  6149  Religious  folk  ben  ful 
covert  ;  Seculer  folk  ben  more  appert.  1450-1530  Myrr. 
our  Ladye  24  Men  &  women  of  holy  chyrche,  namely  re- 
lygyous  people,  oughte  to  saye  theyre  seruyce  eche  howre  in 
hys  owne  tyme.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Pocjns  xxxiii.  10  A  re 
ligious  man  he  slew,  And  cled  him  in  his  abeit  new.  1551 
ROBINSON  tr.  Morels  Utop.  II.  (1895)  145  How  ydle  a 
companye  ys  theyr  of  prystes,  and  relygyous  men,  as  they 
call  them?  1599  HAKLUYT  Fiy'.  II.  I.  59  The  said  city  is  as 
big  as  two  of  Bononia,  &  in  it  are  many  monasteries  of 
religious  persons,  al  which  do  worship  idols.  1633  T.  STAF 
FORD  Pac.  Hib.  I.  v.  (1821)  73  With  a  competent  number  of 
three  thousand  Souldiers,  Pioners,  and  religious  persons. 
1680  DRYDEN  Span.  Friar  II.  ii,  There's  a  huge,  fat,  re- 
ligious  gentleman  coming  up,  Sir.  1745  A.  BUTLER  Lives 
of  Saints  (1836)!.  192  Thesupedntendency  of  all  the  houses 
of  religious  women  in  his  kingdom.  1796  SOUTHEY  Lett.fr. 
Spain  (1799)  415,  I  remember  a  religious  society  was 
established  at  Lisbon,  calling  themselves  the  Order  of 
Divine  Providence.  1810  —  Kehama  vn.  iv,  Never  yet  did 
form  more  beautiful . .  Bless  the  religious  Virgin's  gifted 
sight. 

b.  Of  things,  places,  etc:  Of,  belonging  to, 
or  connected  with,  a  monastic  order. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  80  Whan  t>ei  to  Durham 
com . .  per  bei  bigan  a  home  of  religiouse  manere.  c  1375  Sc. 
Leg.  Saints  iii.  (Andrew)  864  Ane  bischope.  .religeouse  lyf 
hffand  ay.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  xin.  viii.  621  Soo  had 
they  done  had  not  an  old  knyghte  come  amonge  them  in 
Relygyous  clothyng.  1538  STARKEY  England  I.  ii.  43 
Settyng  themselfe  in  relygyouse  housys,  ther  quyetly  to 
serue  God.  1582  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  Castanluda's  Cong,.  E. 
hid.  Ixxiii.  151  note.  An  hermitage,  or  such  lyke  pore  kind 
of  solitary  religious  place.  1664  DRYDEN  Rival  Ladies  II. 
i,  If  you  will  needs  to  a  Religious  House.  1674  WOOD  Life 
(O.  H.  S.)  II.  301  Those  religious  places  that  are  neare 
Oxford.  1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  164  F  4  A  shaved  Head, 
and  a  religious  Habit.  1741  CHF.STF.RF.  Lett.  (1792)  I.  xciii. 
262  He  dissolved  the  monasteries  and  religious  houses  in 
England.  1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  x.  II.  438  The  religious 
system,  in  its  technical  sense,  he  believed  to  have  become 
a  nursery  of  idleness.  1888  BERNARD  Fr.  World  to  Cloister 
i.  5,  1  believe .. that  the  religious  life  is  one.. instituted  by 
God,  that  is  substantially  in  its  three  vows. 

3.  Of  the  nature  of,  pertaining  or  appropriate  to, 
concerned  or  connected  with,  religion. 

1538  STARKEY  England  i.  ii.  38  Yf  his  mynd  were  not 
ryghtly  set  wyth  relygyouse  honour  towards  God.  1627 
MAY  Liican  in.  447  A  sad  religious  awe  The  quiet  trees 
vnstirr'd  by  winde  doe  draw.  1632  MILTON  Penseroso  160 
Storied  Windows  richly  dight,  Casting  a  dimm  religious 
light.  1651  HOBBF.S  Lci'iath.  iv.  xiv.  361  They  made  It  for 
a  Religious  use.  1715  POPE  Ep.  Addison  12  Some  felt., 
hostile  fury,  some  religious  rage.  1788  GIBBON  Dec/.  #  F. 
1.  V.  202  From  his  earliest  youth,  Mahomet  was  addicted  to 
religious  contemplation.  1835  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Par.  Serm. 
(1837)  I.  xi.  163  Prayer  is  the  most  directly  religious  of  all 
our  duties.  1853  LYNCH  Self-lmprm:  iii.  72  Books  least 
religious  in  letter  and  phrase  may  be  most  religious  in  effect. 
1877  C.  GEIKIE  Christ  xlix.  dS;?)  584  Jerusalem  was  the 
religious  centre  of  the  JewUh  nation. 


RELIGIOUSLY. 

b.  (Chiefly  /<?<?/.)  Regarded  as  sacred. 
1618  Hist.  Perkin  Warbeck  in  Select.  Harl,  Misc.  (1793) 
59  Even  the  name  of  Mortimer  and  York  was  sanctified  and 
religious  amongst  them.  1648  HEKRICK  Hesper.,  To  Perilla, 
Bring  Part  of  the  creame  from  that  Religious  Spring.  1700 
DRYDEN  Wife  of  Bath's  T.  212  Lonely  the  vale,  and  full  of 
horror  stood,  Brown  with  the  shade  of  a  religious  wood. 
1746  COLLINS  Ode  to  Liberty,  Thy  Shrine  in  some  religious 
wood,  c  1820  S.  ROGERS  Italy,  Fire-Fly  22  Those  trees, 
religious  once  and  always  green. 
4.  transf.  Scrupulous,  exact,  strict,  conscientious. 
•J*  Also  const,  in,  of. 

1599  PORTER  Angry  Worn.  Abingd.  (Percy  Soc.)  37  A 
man  deuoted  to  a  man,  Loyal  I,  religious  in  loues  hallowed 
vowes.  1601  SHAKS.  Tivcl.  N.  in.  iv.  424  A  Coward,  a  most 
deuout  Coward,  religious  in  it.  1618  BOLTON  Florus  To 
Rdr.,  Translated..  with  a  religious  ayme  to  his  meaning, 
howsoever  it  may  be  many  times  mist.  1697  DRYDEN  /K>ient 
i.  769  Religious  of  his  Word.  1711  HEARSI;  Collect.  'O,H.S.) 
III.  109,  I  must  confess  that  I  am  so  religious  in  that  Affair 
[of  editing],  that  I  transcribe  the  very  faults.  1760-2  GOLDSM. 
Cit.  IV.  civ,  His  library  is  preserved  with  the  most  religious 
neatness.  1798  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1838)  I.  5  On 
my  part,  you  will  always  meet  with  a  religious  adherence  to 
every  article  of  the  treaties  subsisting  between  us.  1856 
KANE  A  ret,  Expl,  I,  xvi.  191  We  were  led  to  footsteps; 
and  following  these  with  religious  care  [etc.]. 

t  b.  Of  an  oath  :  solemn.   Obs.  rare  ~l. 
1723  STEELE  Conse.  Lovers  ii.  i,  The  Religious  Vow  I  have 
made  to  my  Father. 

B.  sb.  1.  As//.  Those  bound  by  monastic  vo\V5 
or  devoted  tovi  religious  life  according  to  the 
principles  of  trie  Church  of  Rome. 

ft  1225  Ancr.  R.  10  Code  religiuse  beo5  i  J>e  worlde, 
summe  nomeliche  prelaz  &  treowe  prechures.  1303  R. 
BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  8639  Also  relygyous  are  to  wyte,  bat 
for  maystry  wyl  gladly  sinyte.  c  1380"  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  2 
Jlf  cure  newe  religious  bee  in  bese  same  synnys..|>ei  ben 
cursid  of  god.  £1420  Sir  Amadace  (Camden)  xxiv,  Go, 
pray  alle  the  reiigius  of  this  cite,  To  mornc  that  thay  wuld 
dyne  with  me.  1483  CAXTON  Cato  G  ij  b,  An  abbot  .  .  sttte 
and  made  his  relygyous  or  wonkes  for  to  werke.  1546 
Snpplic,  Poors  Commons  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  65  The  monkcs, 
friers,  and  other  the  supersticious  religious.  1597  BEARD 
Theatre  God's  Judgem.  (1612)  405  There  grew  so  great 
quarrels  and  discontentments  betweene  the  townesmen  and 
the  religious.  1631  WEEVER  Anc.  Funeral  Man.  271  The 
Religious  of  those  times  were  as  thankful!  to  their  Bene- 
factours.  1674  MARVELL  Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  424  You 
know  the  Religious  were  in  that  [conspiracy]  too  with 
Rohan  against  the  K[ing]  of  France.  1711  ADDISON  Spect. 
No.  164  P  ii  The  Letters..  are  yet  extant  in  the  Nunnery 
where  she  resided;  and  are  often  read  to  the  young 
Religious.  1768  BOSWELI.  Corsica  ii.  (ed.  2)  88  They  also 
brought  with  them  some  religious,  of  the  order  of  St.  Basil. 
1813  "Hoe  HOUSE  Journey  (ed.  2)  App.  1123  Those  Italian 
religious  who  were  destined  to  the  service  of  the  mission. 
1875  MANNING  Mission  H.  Ghost  xii.  339  Were  these  words 
.  .  spoken  to  recluses,  to  men  living  in  a  desert,  or  to  religious 
in  cloisters? 

b.  With  reference  to  other  religions. 
1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Kicholays  Voy.  in.  xv.  99  b,  These 
iolly  louing  religious.  1596  DAL.RYMPLE  tr.  Leslies  Hist. 
•Scot,  in.  179  Ethodie.  .was  brocht  vpe  amang  the  religious  in 
the  yle  of  man.  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies 
v.  viii.  348  The  priests  and  religious  of  Mexico  (who  lived 
there  with  a  strange  observance).  1687  A.  LOVKLL  tr. 
Thevenot*s  Trav,  i.  54  They  have  several  sorts  of  Religious, 
among  whom  the  Dervishes  are  the  most  familiar  and 
polite.  1738  [G.  SMITH]  Cur.  Relat,  II.  372  There  being 
great  Numbers  of  those  Religious  at  Ispahan,  these  Monks 
go  always  armed.  1860  PUSEY  Min.  Proph.  152  They  had 
also  true  Nazarites..;  and  they  felt  the  weight  of  these 
Religious  against  them. 

2.  A  person  given  up  to  a  religious  or  monastic 
life,  esp.  in  the  Church  of  Rome,  f  In  ME.  with 
pi.  in  -es, 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  136  To  |?o  religiouses  [>at 
were  in  Gascoyne,  He  gaf  a  bousand  mark.  1340  HAMPOLK 
Pr.  Consc.  1888  Dede  wil  na  frendshepe  do.  .  til  na  religiouse. 
ne  til  na  seculere.  1377  LANGL,  P.  PI.  B.  x.  317  pere  shat 
come  a  kyng,  and  confesse  }ow  religiouses,  c  1400  HYLTON 
Scala  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1494)  i.  Ixi,  Ryght  soo  shake  thou 
stonde  as.  .a  religyous  in  the  sorte  of  relygyon.  1490  CAX 
TON  How  to  Die  10  These  demaundes  and  questyons  ought 
to  be  sayd  as  well  to  religyouses  as  to  seculers.  1577  HEL- 
LOWES  Gneuara's  Chron.  (1584)  175  You  send  him  newes  as 
a  Chronicler,,  .and  counsel  his  conscience  as  a  religious. 
1600  W.  WATSON  Decaeordon  (1602)  23  Infamous  libels  put 
vp  by  .  .  one  religious  against  another.  1688  COLLIER  Several 
Disc.  (1725)  288  Theodoret..at  the  End  of  the  Life  of  every 
famous  Religious,  desires  the  Benefit  of  their  Prayers.  1720 
DE  FOE  Capt.  Singleton  xiv.  (1840)  249  He  met  with  a  kind 
of  religious,  or  Japan  priest.  1765  BLACKSTONRC^/WW.  1.  132 
A  monk  or  religious  was  so  effectually  dead  in  law,  that  a 
lease,  .determined  by  such  his  entry  into  religion.  1793 
W.  HODGES  Trav,  India  112  A  small  district  within  a 
larger  ;  it  was  at  this  time  in  the  hand  of  a  Cosine,  or 
Hindoo  Religious.  1813  EUSTACE  Class.  Tour  (1821)  III. 
viii.  311  An  Italian  Religious,  and  a  Mahometan  dervise 
are.,  placed  by  many  nearly  upon  a  level.  1888  BERNARD 
Fr.  World  to  Cloister  i.  2  The  idea  of  your  .  .  adopting  the 
hard  life  of  a  religious  was  one  which  never  occurred  to  me. 

•f-  b.  A  religieuse  ;  a  nun.  Obs.  rare. 
The  form  may  be  intended  to  represent  the  F.  fem. 


. 

101,  I  wyll  shortly  go  and  yelde  me  a  nune  or  religiouse  in 
some  nonery. 

Religiousete,  -ite,  -ity,  varr.  RELIGIOUSTY. 

Religiously  (rfli-dgasli),  ado.  [f.  RELIGIOUS 
a.  +  -LY  ^.J  In  a  religious  manner. 

1.  With  religious  feeling  or  conduct  ;  in  accord 
ance  with  the  principles  of  religion;  piously, 
reverently,  devoutly. 

62-2 


RELIGIOUSNESS. 

1382  WYCLIF  2  Mace.  xii.  43  Wele  and  religiously  bythenk- 
ynge  of  ajein  rysyng.  c  1450  tr.  De  Imitations  I.  iii.  6  At 
>e  day  of  dome,  it  shal  not  be  asked  . .  what  good  we  haue 
seide,  but  hou  religiously  we  haue  lyued.  1538  STARKEY 
England  1.  i.  13  They  relygyously  worschyppyd  and 
honowryd  the  name  of  God.  1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  iv.  ik 
155  Sir  you  haue  done  this  in  the  feare  of  God  very 
religiously.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  III.  x.  (1614)  294  In 
their  Fast  or  Lent  they  abstaine  very  religiously.  1687 
BOYLE  Martyrd.  Theodora  viii.  (1703)  no  The  first  of  those 
who  are  recorded  to  have  religiously  deceased.  1744 
BERKELEY  Sin's  §  183  In  old  Rome  the  eternal  fire  was 
religiously  kept  by  virgins.  1833  LYNCH  Sclf-Im6rov.  u.  32 
People  who  would  find  a  religion  must  seek  it  religiously. 

trans/.  1600  Weakest  goeth  to  Wall  (r6iS)  G  iij  b,  Lady, 
I  affirme  it  constantly,  I  love  the  gentleman  religiously. 

Comb.  1614  B.  JONSON  Earth.  Fair  i.  i.  Wks.  (Rtldg.) 
312/1,  I  would  be  satisfied  from  you,  religiously-wise, 
whether  a  widow  [etc.]. 

fb.  Solemnly,  ceremoniously.  Obs. 

1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  96,  I  protest  vnfainedl>[,  and 
promise  religiously,  that  1  will  be  wholy  in  your  iurisdic- 
tion.  1595  SHAKS.  John  in.  i.  140,  I,.. from  Pope  Innocent 
the  Legate  heere,  Doe  in  his  name  religiously  demand  [etc.  ]. 


accordance  with  a  monastic  rule.  Obs. 

701400  Plowman's  Tale  23  He  n'as  not  aye  in  cloister 
pent,  Ne  couthe  religiousliche  lout.  1450-1530  Myrr.  our 
Ladye  62  For  a  relygyous  persone  oughte  to  be  gouerned 
relygyously  oucr  all.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  360/2  A 
woman  which  was  relygyously  clad,  whiche  was  his  lauender. 

3.  Faithfully,   strictly,   exactly,  conscientiously, 
scrupulously. 

1579  E.  K.  Gloss  Spenser's  Sheph.  Col.  June  25  The  opinion 
of  Faeries,  .stickethvery  religiously  in  the  myndes  of  some. 
1605  CAMUEN  Rent.  105  These  distinctions  of  locall  names 
..were  religiously  observed  in  Records  vntill  about  the 
time  of  king  Edward  the  fourth.  1663  COWLEY  Verses  $ 
Ess.  (1669)  106  Duty  for  Natures  Bounty  they  repay,  And 
her  sole  Laws  religiously  obey.  1726  LEONI  Albcrli's 
Archit.  I.  51/1  One  thing  which  I  find  the  Ancients  ob 
served  very  religiously.  1776  GIBBON  Decl.  <$•  F.  xiii.  I.  385 
The  image  of  the  old  constitution  was  religiously  preserved 
in  the  senate.  1846  Edin.  Rev.  LXXXIV.  70  This  legend 
is  universally  and  religiously  believed  by  the  Arab  Tribes. 
1892  G.  S.  LAYARD  C.  Kecne  iv.  80  He  had  religiously 
tramped  all  the  way  home  through  the  deserted  streets. 

4.  In  a  religious  sense ;  from  a  religious  point 
of  view ;  with  respect  to  religion. 

1833  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Arians  v.  i.  (1876)  358  Their  own 
piety  enabled  them  to  interpret  expressions  religiously, 
which  were  originally. -evasions  of  the  orthodox  doctrine. 
1834  L.  RITCHIE  Wand,  by  Seine  90  When  the  [leper]  was 
thus  religiously  dead,  he  was  taken  out  of  the  town.  1842 
J.  AITON  Domest.  Econ.  (1857)314  Every  minister  ought  to 
feet  that  he  stands  religiously  accountable  on  this  score. 
1872  LIDDON  Elem.  Relig.  i.  15  The  worthlessness,  re 
ligiously  speaking,  of  unfruitful  knowledge. 

Religiousness  (rni-d^asnes).  [f.  as  prec.  -I- 
-NESS.]  The  state  or  character  of  being  religious ; 
t  religious  or  careful  attention. 

i45°-'53°  Myrr.  our  Ladye  46  Relygyousness  shall  kepe 
the  harte,  and  make  yt  ryghtefull.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm, 
Par.  John  xviii.  105  For  all  that  tliei  pretende  religious-  , 
nesse  of  very  feare,  lest  y»  iudge  should  foorthwith  haue 
punished  them.  1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  lust.  I.  v.  (1634) 
it  In  things  of  so  great  weight  and  to  which  is  due 
a  singular  religiousnesse.  1599  SANDYS  Europx  Spec.  (1632) 
8  What  religiousnesse  soever  is  in  the  peoples  minds,  may 
wholy  or  chiefly  be  attributed  to  their  Sermons,  a  1639  W. 
WHATELEY  Prototypes  i.  xi.  (1640)  98  A  vertue  in  Abraham 
was  religiousnesse.  1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxon.  I.  154  He 
could  not  abide  any  thing  that  appertained  to  a  goodly 
religiousness,  or  monastical  life.  1859  C.  S.  HENRY  Dr. 


292  This  religi 
of  his  weakness  and  dependence. 

t  Reli'giousty.  Obs.  In  4-5  -te,  5  -tee,  -ete, 
-ite,  6  -ity.  [f.  RELIGIOUS  +  -(I)TY  :  cf.  RE 
LIGIOSITY  and  obs.  F.  reh'gieusidf.] 

1.  Religiousness ;  religious  life. 

1388  WYCLIF  Ecclus.  i.  17  The  drede  of  the  Lord  is  reli- 
giouste  of  kunnyng.  Religiouste  schal  kepe  . .  the  herte. 
c  1400  tr.  Sccrtta  Secret. ;  Gov.  Lordsh.  59  hi  foure  maners, 
batys  to  say  [in]  re!igiousite,in  Frendschipe,inCurtasye,  and 
reuerence.  c  1430  HOCCLEVE  New  Canterb.  T.  (E.E.T.S) 
17/40  Lyuynge  in  vertuous  religioustee.  1475  Bk.  Noblesse 
(Roxb.)  82  Men  of  religiouste  and  spirituelle. 

2.  Persons  of  religion,  rare-1. 

c  1530  Crt.  o/Love  686  A  figge  for  all  her  chastity,  Her 
law  is  for  religiousity. 

Religius(e,  -y(o)us,  obs.  forms  of  RELIGIOUS. 

Relik(e,  -likke,  obs.  forms  of  RELIC. 

Reli'mb,  v.  [RE-  53.]  trans.  To  provide 
with  new  limbs. 

1855  SINGLETON  Virgil  I.  Pref.  21  An  awkward  attempt  is 
made  to  relimb  the  unhappy  trunk. 

Reli'mit,  v.  Law.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  limit 
anew.  (See  LIMIT  v.  I.)  So  Belimita'tion. 

1884  Law  Times  9  Feb.  262/2  He  executed  . .  the  re 
settlement.  ..  The  estate  was  thereby  re-limited  to  uses 
under  which  the  plaintiff  took  only  a  life  interest.  1886 
Law  Rep.  31  Chanc.  Div.  255  Cases  of.  .clerical  error,  such 
..as  the  insertion  of  a  wrong  name  in  a  relimitation. 

Reli'iie  («-),  z/.i  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  LINE  z>.'] 
trans.  To  line  again,  to  provide  with  a  fresh  lining. 
Hence  Relrning  vbl.  sb. 

1851  MAYHEW  Land.  Labourll.  32/2  A  portion  of  a  black 
silk  dress  may  be  serviceable  to  re-line  the  cuffs  of  the  better 
kind  of  coats.  1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  ft  Iron  488 
A  stoppage  for  the  relining,  drying,  and  warming-up  of 


412 

a  converter.  1894  Daily  News  17  Sept.  2/7  The  blasting- 
in-stack  has  been  relined  with  fire  bricks. 

Reli'ne  («-),  v.2  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  LINE  v.*\  trans. 
To  mark  with  new  lines ;  to  renew  the  lines  of. 

1875  VOVLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  330/1  The  guns 
have  still  to  be  reamed  out  preparatory  to  being  rehned. 
1877  Academy  24  Nov.  495/1  It  was  M.  Hopman  s  late 
father  and  himself  who  relined  ..  Rembrandt's  so-called 
Night  Watch. 

t  Reli'nque,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  OF.  rehiiquir 
or  L.  relinquHre:  see  RELINQUISH.]  trans.  To 
leave,  abandon.  (In  Caxton  only.) 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  423/2,  I  haue  relynqued  and  lefte 
my  londe  and  my  parentes.  1484  —  Fables  ofsEsop  in.  iv, 
They  whiche  relynquen  and  leue  theyr  owne  lordes  for  to 
serue  another  straunger.  .ben  wel  worthy  to  be  punysshed. 

Relinquent  (rfli-rjkwent),  a.  (and  sb.)  rare. 
[ad.  L.  relinqucnt-em,  pres.  pple.  of  relinquere  : 
see  next,  and  cf.  DELINQUENT.]  a.  aJj.  Relinquish 
ing  ;  vanishing,  b.  sb.  One  who  relinquishes. 

1847  in  WEBSTER.  1884  R.  BUCHANAN  Foxglove  Manor 
II.  xvi.  48  Knowing  something  of  the  relinquent  fancies  of 
young  vestals,  he  rejected  the  idea. 

Relinquish,  (rrti-nkwij),  v.  Also  5-6  relin- 
quys,  -lynquysshe,  -lenquyssh,  etc.  [ad.  OF. 
reliuquiss-,  lengthened  stem  of  reliiiquir,  relen- 
quir  (i 2th  c.  in  Godcf.) :— L.  relinquere,  f.  re-  RE- 
+  HnquSre  to  leave.] 

f  1.  trans.  To  withdraw  from,  desert,  abandon 
(a  person).  Obs.  rare. 

1472-3  Rolls  ofParlt.  VI.  22/1  Yf  he  wold  have  relinquyst 
and  departed  fro  youre  moost  noble  persone.  c  1500  Miltaau 
262  That  he  was  not  parfytte  frend,  who  that  relenquysshed 
hys  cousyn  at  hys  nede.  1552  Bk.  Com.  Prayer,  Ordering 
i'/ Deacons,  I  from  hencefurth  shall  vtterlye  renounce,  re 
fuse,  relinquish,  &  forsake  the  bishop  of  Rome. 

fb.  To  abandon  in  fleeing.  Obs.  rare-1. 

a  1548  HALL  Citron.,  Edw.  IV  218  The  Erie  of  Warwycke 
..was  now  aduised  by  the  Marques  his  brother,  to  relyn- 
quishe  his  horse. 

fc.  To  give  up  as  incurable.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well  ll.  iii.  10  To  be  relinquisht  of  the 
artists, ..  Of  all  the  learned  and  authenticke  fellowes-.That 
gaue  him  out  incureable. 

2.  To  give  up  or  give  over,  to  abandon,  desist 
from  (an  idea,  action,  practice,  etc.) ;  to  cease  to 
hold,  adhere  to,  or  prosecute. 

1497  Bp.  ALCOCK  Mons  Perfect.  Dj/2  Who  so  euer  pro- 
fessyth  relygyon,  &  he.. not  relynquysshyth  his  owne  wyll 
[etc.].  1539  in  Lisle  Papers  VIII.  41  (MS.),  The  Bishop  of 
Canterbury.,  willed  him  to  declare  the  truth  and  to  relinquish 
his  opinions.  1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixv.  §  21  Touching 
therefore  the  sign  and  ceremony  of  the  Cross,  wee  no  way 
find  ourselues  bound  to  relinquish  it.  1666-7  PEPYS  Diary 
21  Jan.,  He  might  be  got  to  our  side  and  relinquish  the 


XIV.  43  Every  hope  of  recovery  was  abandoned,  and  her 
physician  relinquished  his  attendance.  1834  HT.  MARTINEAU 
Demerara  ix.  123  The  absent  brother  and  sister  were  less 
willing  to  relinquish  the  hope  of  return.  1859  DICKENS  Lett. 
(1880)  II.  105,  I  altogether  abandon  and  relinquish  the  idea, 
fb.  To  leave  to  another  to  deal  with.  Obs.—1 

1547  BOORDE  Brcv.  Health  Pref.  5  b,  Wherfore  I  do  omyt 
and  leue  out  manye  thynges,^  relynquyshynge  that  I  haue 
omytted  to  doctours  of  hygh  iudgement. 

c.  To  desist  from  putting  forward  or  support 
ing  for  office,  rare  •"'. 

a  1797  H.  WALPOLE  Mem.  Ceo.  II  (1822)  I.  388  He.. offered 
to  omit  the  primate,  provided  Lord  Kildare  would. .offer 
to  relinquish  the  Speaker  too. 

3.  To  give  up,  resign,  surrender  (a  possession, 
right,  etc.).  Also  const,  to. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidane's  Comm.  456  b,  They  wyll  not  re- 
linquishe  theyr  Byshoprike.  1612  DAVIES  Why  Ireland, 
etc.  30  The  enghsh  Lords ..  placed  Irish  Tenants  vppon 
the  Landes  relinquished  by  the  English.  1683  Brit.  Spec. 
129  King  Lucius.. is  said  to  have  relinquished  his  Crown, 
and  passed  over  into  Bavaria,  a  1727  NEWTON  Chronol. 
Amended  (1728)  36  Sabacon,  after  a  Reign  of  50  years,  re 
linquishes  Egypt  to  his  son.  1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  i. 
i,  The  Deanery,  indeed,  she  was  obliged  to  relinquish.  1813 
\VELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1838)  X.  565  They  know  my 
disinclination  to  relinquish  the  command.  xfyg^MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  it.  I.  202  He  consented . .  to  relinquish  a  large 
part  of  the  territory  which  his  armies  had  occupied.  1874 
GREEN  Short  Hist.  viii.  §  5.  517  An  offer  to  relinquish  ship- 
money  failed  to  draw  Parliament  from  its  resolve. 
b.  To  let  go  (something  held). 

1850 MRS.  JAMESON  i«?j-.yJ/o«<iJ/.  0rrf.(i863)  28781.  Antony 
sustains  in  his  arms  the  Infant  Christ,  whom  the  Virgin, 
above,  appears  to  have  just  relinquished.  1865  DICKENS 
Mut.  Fr.  in.  xv,  He  once  more  put  her  hand  to  his  lips,  and 
then  relinquished  it. 

f  4.  To  leave  behind ;  also,  to  leave  in  a  specified 
condition.  Obs.  rare. 

1582  STANYHUHST  AZneis  in.  (Arb.)  79  Thee  Pheacan  turrets 
foorth  with  from  sight  we  relinquish.  1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guil. 
lemeaJt's  Fr.  Chirurg.^/T.  All  diseases  relinquish  some  badde 
reliques  in  the  parte,  wherthrough  they  may  the  easyer  re- 
turne  agayne.  1679  J.  SMITH  Narr.  Pop.  Plot  Ded.  B  b. 
To  render  your  People  happy  while  you  live,  and  relinquish 
them  safe  when  you  dye. 

f  5.  intr.  To  disappear,  pass  away.  Obs.  — a 

1599  B.  JoNSON  Cynthia's  Rev.  iv.  i,  I'll  ensure  you  they 
will  all  relinquish  :  they  cannot  endure  above  another  year. 

f  6.  trans.  To  cancel,  do  away  with.  Obs.  rare. 

1594  WEST  2*rf  ft.  Symbol.,  Chancerie  §  118  [He]  doth 
threaten  your  foresaid  Orator,  that  he  may  at  his  pleasure  re 
linquish  and  disanull  the  beforesaid  last  Will  and  Testament. 


RELIQUIJE. 

f7.  To  release.     Const,  of.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1671  R.  MONTAGU  in  Bucdeuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.) 
I.  503  He  did  relinquish  him  of  his  promise  of  sending  any 
land  forces. 

Hence  Keli-nquished  ///.  a.,  Relrnquishing 
z'i'l.  sb.1 ;  also  Keli-nquislier. 

16x1  COTGR.,  Delaissement,  a  ..  relinquishing,  or  giuing 
ouer.  Ibid.,  Relinqueur,  a  relinquisher,  leauer,  quitter. 
1622  CALLIS  Stat.  Stwtn  (1647)  9  The  Lease  expired,  C. 
enters,  the  Prince  ejects  him,  and  the  King  seizeth  this  Re 
linquished  ground. 

Reliiiquisliment  (rni'rjkwijment).  [f.  prec. 
-I-  -HENT.]  The  act  of  relinquishing;  abandon 
ment,  giving  up,  surrender  (of  a  practice,  possession, 
attempt,  etc.) ;  f  renunciation  (of  a  person). 

1594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  iv.  iii.  §  i  This  is  the  thing  they 
require  in  vs,  the  vtter  relinquishment  of  all  things  popish. 
1597  Ibid.  v.  Ixiii.  §  3  Two  couenants  there  are. .,  the  one 
concerning  relinquishment  of  Satan.  1613-18  DANIEL  Coll. 
Hist.  Eng.  (1626)  6  All  . .  from  Lucius  to  Vortigern  (who 
succeeds  this  relinquishment)  were  Roman  gouernours.  1680 
S.  MATHER  Iren.  13  If  any  shall  require  and  insist  upon  the 
relinquishment  of  it.  1796  MORSE  Atner.  Geog.  I.  584  From 
this  relinquishment  by  the  United  States  the  following  tracts 
of  land  are  explicitly  excepted.  1839  JAMLS  Louis  XIV, 
III.  250  The  disgrace  which  might  attend  the  relinquish 
ment  of  rights  which  he  had  asserted.  1867  FREEMAN  Nortn. 
Conq.  (1877)  I.  App.  583  The  relinquishment  of  Edinburgh 
by  the  English  may  have  been  less  wholly  an  act  of  free  will. 
b.  U.  S.  A  tract  of  abandoned  land. 

1897  Outing  (U.S.)  XXIX.  570/2  He  had  come  late  in  the 
previous  summer,  bought  a  relinquishment  up  the  river  [etc.]. 

Reliqe,  obs.  form  of  RELIC. 

II  Reliq.-u.aire  (relikweou).  [F.]  =  RELIQCABY. 

1769  H.  WALPOLE  Let.  to  G.  Montagu  17  Sept.,  We  were 
shown  some  rich  reliquaires,  and  the  corpo  santo  that  was 
sent  to  her  by  the  Pope.  1813  SCOTT  Rokcby  vi.  vi,  While 
from  the  opening  casket  rolled  A  chain  and  reliquaire  of 
gold.  1848  LYTTON  Harold  ix.  vii, '  In  witness  of  that  oath 
thou  wilt  lay  thine  hand  upon  the  reliquaire ',  pointing  to  a 
small  box  that  lay  on  the  cloth  of  gold. 

Reliqua'riaii,  a.  nonce-vid.  [f.  as  RELIQUABT 
a.  +  -AN.]  Pertaining  to  relics. 

iW4Athenz:i»i  8  Nov.  585  Miss  Austen  is  just  the  one 
whose  letters  might  be  expected  to  have  a  value  only  (if  we 
may  coin  a  word)  reliquarian. 

Reliquary  (le-likwari),  sb.  [ad.  F.  reliquaire 
(i4th  c.)  =  Sp.  relicario:  see  RELIC  and  -AKY  1, 
and  cf.  It.  reliquiario,  med.L.  reliquitirium,  -tare, 
f.  reliquix.]  A  small  box,  casket,  shrine,  or  other 
receptacle,  in  which  a  relic  or  relics  are  kept. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Reliquary  (Fr.  Reliquaire),  a 
Coffin,  Casket,  or  Shrine,  wherein  Relicks  are  kept  [Hence 
in  Phillips  (1658)  and  Bailey  (1721).]  1739  GRAY  Let.  to 
West  12  Apr.,  We  stopt  at  St.  Denis,  saw  . .  crucifixes  and 
vows,  crowns,  and  reliquaries  of  inestimable  value.  1841 
BLOXAM  Gothic  A  rchit.  (ed.  2)  202  A  small  stone  reliquary 
or  shrine  of  the  fourteenth  century  was  discovered  a  few 
years  ago.  18152  Miss  YONGE  Cameos  (1877)  I.  xv.  108  Then 
she  hung  a  reliquary  round  his  neck,  and  sent  him  to  arm 
for  the  decisive  combat.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  i. 
346  Fresh  orders  were  given  to  fling  all  relics  from  their 
reliquaries. 

trans/,  a  1849  POE  Coliseum,  Rich  reliquary  Of  lofty  con 
templation  left  to  Time  by  buried  centuries. 

attrib.  1877  W.  JONES  Finger-ring  142  In  the  possession 
of  Lady  Fitz  Harding  is  a  remarkable  reliquary  ring. 

Reliquary,  a.  rare.  [See  prec.  and  -ABU  i.] 
Belonging  to  a  relic  or  relics. 

1826  G.  S.  FABER  Diffic.  Romanism  (1853)  164  The  two 
most  curious  specimens  of  reliquary  superstition.  1854 
PATMORE  Angel  in  Ho.  1. 1.  ix,  I  paced  the  Close,  its  every 
part  Endowed  with  reliquary  force  To  heal  and  raise  from 
death  my  heart. 

t  Reliqua'tion  *.  nonce-wd.  [irreg.  f.  rehque 
RELIC  +  -ATION.]  Devotion  to  relics. 


t  Reliqua'tion  '•>.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  reliqua- 
tion-em  arrears,  balance  of  a  debt,  n.  of  action  f. 
reliquarl  to  be  in  arrears.]  Balance,  residue, 
remaining  matter. 

[1658  PHILLIPS,  Reliquation,  remains,  or  a  being  in  arrear 
age.)  a  1670  HuCKETAfy.  Williams  II.  (1692)  197  The  re- 
liquation  of  that  which  preceded  is,  it  looks  not  all  like 
Popery  that  Presbyterism  was  disdained  by  the  King. 

Reliqua'tion  3  ("-).     Renewed  liquation. 

I839URE.D/C/.  Arts  1127,  4.  the  liquation  ;  5,  the  reliqua- 
tion  (ressuage). 

Relique,  variant  of  RELIC. 

t  Reliqued,  a.  Obs.  rare-1.    [f.  n?/itf««  RELIC 

+  -ED,  or  irrcg.  f.  L.  reltqu-us.]     Remaining,  left. 

1628  FELTHAM  Resolves  n.  xix.  60  The  Soule  hath  the  re- 


1.  Remains  of  any  kind ;  spec,  in  Geol.  remains 
of  early  animals  or  plants. 

1840  Trans.  Ccoi.  Sac.  VI.  444  No  distinction  ..  can  be 
observed,  whereby  the  human  can  be  separated  from  the 
other  reliquia:.  1853  KANE  Grinnell  Exp.  xxi.  (1856)  165 
In  a  word,  the  numberless  reliquia:  of  a  winter  resting-place. 
1867  MURCHISON  Siluria  xix.  (ed.  4)  4/5  "he  Drift  are 
simply  the  reliquia;  of  the  chief  masses  of  gold.  _  lout.  xx. 
485  We  have  in  the  Silurian  strata  fossil  rehquix  of  such 
soft  animals  as  Starfish.  1887  A.  M.  BROWN  Anita.  Alkal. 
Introd.  15  The  ptomaines.. are  the  vital  reliquia;  or  residue 
material,  .which  may  become  the  cause  of  disease. 

2.  Bot.  (See  quot.) 

1835  LINDLEY  tnlrod.  Bot.  (1839)  113  The  withered  remains 


BELIQUIAL. 

of  leaves,  which,  not  being  articulated  with  the  stem,  cannot 
fall  off,  but  decay  upon  it,  have  been  called  reliquix, 

Hence  Relrquial  a.  nonce-wd. 

1888  G.  MACDONALD  Elect  Lady  xxx.  284  His  interest  In 
philology,  prosody,  history,  and  reliquial  humanity. 

t  Relrquian,  a.  Obs.-1  [f.  L.  reliqttix  (see 
RELIC)  +  -AN.]  Of  the  nature  of  a  relic  or  relics. 

1629  R.  HILL  Pathw.  Piety  (ed.  Pickering)  I.  149  A  great 
ship  would  not  hold  the  Reliquian  peices  of  Christs  Cross, 
which  the  Papists  have. 

t  Re'liquies,  //.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  reliquim  : 
see  above,  and  RELIC.]  Relics  ;  remains. 

1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  v.  ii.  ii  Sen  that  the  reliquies  and 
bonis  in  feir  Of  my  divyne  fadir  we  erdit  heir.  1517  TORK- 
INGTON  Pilgr.  (1884)  7  The  Reliquies  at  Venys  canne  not 
be  nowmbred.  1563  T.  GALE  Inst.  Chirurg.  41  b,  The 
dregges  and  reliquies  of  yll,  and  vicious  humours. 

Re'liquisin.  nonce-wet.  [See  RELIC  and  -ISM.] 
The  veneration  of  relics. 

1841  MAC  KAY  Mem,  Pop.  Delusions  I.  155  The  principle 
of  reliquism  is  hallowed  and  enshrined  by  love. 

Relish  (re-lif),  sbl  Also  6-7  rellish,  7  rellice, 
rallish.  [Letter  form  of  RELES,  with  shifting  of 
stress  (cf.  rellesde  s.v.  RELISHED)  and  assimilation 
of  the  ending  to  -ISH  2.] 

1.  A  taste  or  flavour;  the  distinctive  taste  of 
anything. 

1530  PALSGR.  261/2  Rellysshe,  a'sauour,  govst.  1594  T.  B. 
La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad.  n.  109  God.. hath  giuen  such 
relishes  to  meates and drinkes,  whereby.. all  liuing  creatures 
can  presently  know  by  their  taste  what  things  are  good  to 
eate  and  drinke.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  349  As  for  the 
cheeses  made  in  France,  they  taste  like  a  medicine,  and 
haue  an  aromatical  relish  with  them.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr. 
Thevenofs  Trav.  i.  178  We  ate  Fish.. as  broad  and  as 
thicke  as  Carpes,  and  of  as  good  a  rellish.  1742  HUME.£»., 
Orig.  Ideas  (1817)  II.  18  A  Laplander  or  Negro  has  no 
notion  of  the  relish  of  wine.  1821  SCOTT  Pirate  iv,  The  salt 
relish  of  the  drift  which  was  pelted  against  his  face.  1842 
TENNYSON  Will  Waterproof  98  Whether  the  vintage,  yet 
unkept,  Had  relish  fiery-new. 
b«  fig'  or  in  fig.  context. 

1592  G.  HARVEY  New  Letter  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  266  What 
pleasanter  relish  of  the  Muses,  then  the  Verse  of  the  Other  ? 
1615  BVOBWAIT  Straffaffo  (1878)  108  If  sweet,  let  th'relish 
of  my  poems  moue  That  loue  in  thee,  to  thank  me  for  my 
loue.  a  1652  J[.  SMITH  Sel.  Disc.  ix.  viii.  (1859)  442  A  mind 
that.. hath  its  inward  senses  affected  with  the  sweet  relishes 
of  divine  goodness,  a  1677  BARROW  Scrm.  Wks.  1716  I.  267 
Neither  indeed  hath  any  thing  a  more  pleasant  and  savoury 
relish  than  to  do  good.  1723  WATERLAND  Serin.  Eccl.  vii. 
14  Wks.  1823  VIII.  459  The  fruits  of  liberty  have  the  more 
grateful  relish  after  the  uneasy  hours  of  a  close  and  tedious 
confinement. 

C.  transf.  A  trace  or  tinge  of  some  quality ; 
a  suggestion ;  a  sample  or  specimen ;  a  small 
quantity. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  /K,  I.  ii.  in  Your  Lordship,  .hath  yet 
some  smack  of  age  in  you  ;  some  rellish  of  the  saltnesse  of 
Time.  1602  —  Ham.  in.  iii.  92  Some  acte  That  ha's  no  rellish 
of  Saluation  in't.  1620  E.  BLOUNT  Horx  Subs,  255  The 
name  carried  with  it  a  remembrance  and  rellish  of  the  ciuill 
warres.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Past.  Pref.  (1721)  I.  92  The 
Style.. should  have  some  peculiar  Relish  of  the  Ancient 
Fashion  of  Writing.  _  1776  BURKE  Corr.^  (1844)  II.  98  With 
out  a  shadow,  a  relish,  a  smutch,  a  tinge,  anything,  the 
slightest  that  can  be  imagined,  of  anger.  1809  W.  IRVING 
Knickerb.  v.  ii.  (1849)  265  Let  us  have  a  relish  of  thy  art. 
1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  702, 1  never  saw  a  relish 
of  salt  produce  such  an  effect. 

t  2.  An  individual  taste  or  liking.   Obs. 

1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  \\.  \.  206  We  haue  Some  old  Crab-trees 
here  at  home,  That  will  not  be  grafted  to  your  Rallish. 
1653  H.  MORE  Antid.  Atk.  in.  xvi.  §  17,  I  do  not  here 
appeal  to  the  Complexional  humors  or  peculiar  Relishes  of 
men  that  arise  out  of  the  temper  of  the  Body.  1711  STEELE 
Sped.  No.  114  P  7  This  Way  of  Thinking,  which  is  so 
abstracted  from  the  common  Relish  of  the  World,  1758  S. 
HAYWARD  Sentt.  xvi.  466  Certain  austerities  in  religion 
which  by  no  means  suit  their  relish. 

3.  An  appetizing  or  pleasing  flavour;  a  savoury 
or  piquant  taste.     (In  quots.  chieflyy?^.) 

1665  BOYLE  Qccas.  Re/I.  vr.  i,  To  ..  make  his  whole  Meal 
of  what  was  meant  onely  for  Sauce,  to  give  a  Rellish  to 
what  he  rejects  for  it.  1701  W.  WOTTON  Hist.  Rome  i.  7 
Rhetoric  and  Grammar.. soon  lost  their  relish  with  Marcus. 
J?37  POPE  Hor.  Sat.  n.  ii.  32  The  tired  glutton.. finds  no 
relish  in  the  sweetest  meat.  1784  J.  BARRY  in  Lcct.  Paint. 
vi.  (1848)  225  The  style  which  Titian  afterwards  adopted., 
was  not  of  so  high  a  relish  for  rilievo  and  hue.  1801  STRUTT 
Sports  fy  Past.  n.  ii.  68  At  the  commencement  of  the  seven 
teenth  century,  these  pastimes  seem  to  have  lost  their  re 
lish  among  the  higher  classes  of  the  people.  1868  E, 
EDWARDS  Ralegh  I.  iv.  73  No  amount  of  favour  has  relish 
for  the  Earl  [of  Essex],  if  his  rival  has  favour  too. 

b.  A  savoury  addition  to  a  meal ;  an  appetiser. 

1798  Sforttng  A  fag.  XI.  162  To  call  at  a  public  house  . . 
for  a  relish.  1831  MRS.  F.  TROLLOPK  Do >ti.  Manners  A.  mer. 
(1901)  II.  41  The  herrings.. are  excellent  'relish',  as  they 
call  it,  when  salted.  1851  MAYHEW  Lond,  Labour  I.  329/1 
Beef-steaks,  eggs,  or  something  in  the  shape  of  a  relish. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  28  A  relish  they  shall  have- 
salt  and  olives  and  cheese. 

fig.  1841-4  EMERSON  Ess.,  Love  Wks.  (Bohn)  I.  74  When 
happiness  was  not  happy  enough,  but  must  be  drugged  by 
the  relish  of  pain  and  fear. 

4.  Enjoyment  of  the  taste  or  flavour  of  some 
thing  ;  the  pleasure  of  tasting  or  enjoying  some 
thing  agreeable ;  liking,  zest.  (In  quots.  chiefly  fig.} 

1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  \\.  Ad  §  10.  9  Our  relishes 
are  higher  after  a  long  fruition,  than  at  the  first  Essayes. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  1024  Much  pleasure  we  have  lost, 
while  we  abstained  From  this  delightful  Fruit,  nor  known 
till  now  True  relish,  tasting.  1672  MARVELI,  AY/i.  Trunsp. 


413 

Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  42  Ever  since  their  mouths  have  been  so 
in  relish,  that  the  Presbyterians  are.. the  very  canibals  of 
capons.  1791  Centl.  Mat;.  LXI.  20/2  The  clergy  would, 
from  the  calls  of  their  profession,  if  not  from  natural  relish, 
keep  up  their  classical  acquirements.  1873  HT.  MARIINKAU 
Vatiderput  $  S.  v.  83  She  returned  to  ner  spiced  baked 
eels  and  glass  of  liqueur  with  a  new  relish.  1882  J.  H. 
BLUNT  Rcf.  Ch.  Eng.  II.  148  Cranmer  pronounced  the 
sentence  of  deprivation  ;  and. .seems  to  have  done  this  with 
great  relish. 

b.  Const,  for,  of  (now  rare),  \to. 

1665  BOYLE  Occas.  ReJI.  iv.  ix,  If  we  go  from  God's 
Ordinances  with  a  love  to  them,  and  a  rellish  of  them.  1709 
STEELE  Taller  No.  i  ?  6  The  true  Relish  for  Manly  Enter 
tainment.. is  not  wholly  lost.  1713  —  Guardian  No.  14  F  i 
That  which  I  observe  they  have  most  relish  to  is  horses. 
1784  Cowi'ER  Task  i.  141  [My  years]  have  not.. yet  impaired 
My  relish  of  fair  prospect.  1820  HAZLITT  Lcct.  Dram.  Lit. 
14  Our  admiration  docs  not  lessen  our  relish  for  him.  1834 
GARY  in  P.  Fitzgerald  Lamb  (1866)  184  Do  they  gather  round 
and  praise  Thy  relish  of  their  nobler  lays?  1872  MOKLEY 
Voltaire  7  A  moral  relish  for  veritable  proofs  of  honesty. 

5.  Sense  of  taste ;  power  of  relishing,  rare  — *. 

1774  GOLDSMITH  Retaliation  in  Of  Praise  a  mere 
glutton,  he  swallowed  what  came..  Till  his  relish  grown 
callous,  almost  to  disease,  Who  pepper'd  the  highest  was 
surest  to  please. 

t  Relish,  sb2  Mns.  Obs.  Also  6  relise,  re- 
leas,  7  rellish.  [Of  obscure  origin  :  perh.  ulti 
mately  the  same  as  prec.,  but  the  connexion  is  not 
clear.  See  also  KELI.SU  £>.-]  A  grace,  ornament, 
or  embellishment. 

1361  T.  HOBY  tr.  Castiglione^s  Courtyer  i.  E  iv,  A  musitien, 
yf  in  singing  he  roule  out  but  a  playne  note  cndinge  in  a 
dooble  relise  wyth  a  sweete  tune,  1575  LANEHAM/,£/.  (1871) 
61  My  doobl  releas,  my  by  reachez,  my  fine  feyning,  my 
deep  diapason.  1608  HEYWOOD  Lucrece  Wks.  1874  V. 
200, 1  ha  not  the  power  to  part  from  you,  without  a  rellish, 
a  note,  a  tone.  1616  J.  LANE  Contn.  Sgr.'s  T,  xii.  287  The 
kjnge.  .sunge  so  glorious  musickes.  .with  relishes  and  trewe 
divisions.  1657  R.  LIGON  Barbadocs  (1673)  12  A  song, 
which  he  performed.. no  Graces,  Double  Relishes,  Trillos, 
Gropos,  or  Piano  forte's,  but  plain  as  a  packstaff.  1668 
SHADWELL  Sullen  Lovers  in,  He  has  the  best  double  Rellish 
in  Gam-ut  of  any  man  in  England. 

Relish,  (re'lif),  sb3  rare.  Also  7  rell-.  [ad. 
OF.  relais  (i3th  c.  in  Godef.)  a  projection  of  the 
masonry  at  the  base  of  a  wall.]  A  projection, 
now  spec.  in.  Joinery  (see  quot.  1875). 

Cf.  also  East  Anglian  rally  'a  projecting  ledge  In  a  wall 
built  thicker  below  than  above,  serving  the  purpose  of 
a  shelf  (Forby). 

1611  COTGR.,  Forjecti  a  iutting,  or  leaning  out,  or  ouer ;  a 
rellish,  or  out-footing.  1679  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.  171 
Hellish^  see  Projecturc.  [Projecfuret  is  a  jetting  over  the 
upright  of  a  Building.]  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Aleck.  1916/1 
Relish,  (Joinery)  the  projection  of  the  shoulder  of  a  tenoned 
piece  beyond  the  part  which  enters  the  mortise. 

Relish,  (re'lij),  z/.1  Also  6-7  rellish,  7  rallish. 
[f.  RELISH  sb.1',  cf.  disrelish*  and  see  also  RE 
LEASE  •z/.2] 

1.  trans,  a.  To  give  or  impart  a  relish  to  (a 
thing) ;  to  make  pleasant  to  the  taste.  Alsoy%>-. 

1586  B.  YOUNG  Guazzo's  Civ.  Com>.  iv.  185  So  supper 
began,  which  was  enterchangeablie  relished  with  sundrie 
sweet  and  pleasant  speeches.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  I. 
xvi.  (1614)  84  Earthly  happinesse..is  neuer  meere  and  vn- 
mixed,  but  hath  some  sowre  sauce  to  rellish  it.  1660 
INGELO  Bentw.  fy  Ur.  \.  (1682)  155  Hunger  and  Thirst  are 
our  best  sauce..;  we  still  keep  some  to  relish  pur  next  meal. 
c  1720  RAMSAY  a,th  Ef.  Hamilton  8  Your  herrings,  Sir,  came 
hale  and  feer. .;  They  relish  fine  Good  claret  wine.  1791  W. 
BARTRAM  Carolina  349  Excellent  coffee,  relished  with 
bucanned  venison,  hot  corn  cakes,  excellent  butter  and 
cheese.  iSsoMACAULAY  in  Trevelyan  Life  %  Lett.  (1880) 
II.  286,  I  have  also  a  novel..,  to  relish  my  wine.  1872 
BROWNING  Fifine  xcii,  Gust  and  smack  which  relished  so 
The  meat  o'the  meal  folks  made  some  fifty  years  ago. 

f  b.  To  have  a  taste,  tinge,  or  trace  of  (some 
quality  or  thing),  to  partake  of.  Obs. 

1604  T.  WRIGHT  Passions  v.  §  4.  192  In  amplifications  all 
conceits  should  relish  a  certaine  greatnesse  and  carie  with 
them  some  sort  of  excesse.  a  1637  B.  JONSON  Discov. 
Wks.  (Rtldg.)  764/2  This  was  theatrical  wit,  right  stage 
jesting,  and  relishing  a  play-house.  1656  [?J.  SERGEANT] 
tr.  T.  White's  Peripat.  Inst.  147  But  these  and  many  such 
like  seem  rather  to  rellish  the  nature  of  vapours.  1702 
tr.  Le  Ctercs  Prim.  Fathers  4  His  Style.. doth  not  much 
relish  the  Neatness  and  Elegancy  of  the  Athenian  Writers. 
C.  To  provide  with  something  relishing;  to 
please,  gratify,  delight.  ?  06s. 

1603  DEKKER  Wonderful  Year  D  iv,  To  rellish  the  pallat 
of  lickerish  expectation.. you  must  belieue  [etc.].  1608  in 
Capt,  Smith  Trite  Relat.  Wks.  (Arb.)  103  To  make  a  feast 
or  two  with  bisket,  pork,  beefe,  fish,  and  oile,  to  relish  our 
mouthes.  1626  L.  OWEN  Running  Register  63  They  send 
her  many  dainty  dishes. .to  rellish  her  palate.  1692  SIK 
T.  P.  BLOUNT  Ess.  Pref.,  If  it  relishes  not  thy  gusto,  the 
only  way  to  be  even  with  me,  is  for  thee  to  turn  Author. 
1794  A.  BELL  in  Southey  Life  (1844)  I.  470  It  relishes  me 
much  to  listen  to  your  counsel  of  meeting  soon. 

t  2.  To  taste,  take  a  taste  of  (also_/f^.) ;  to  dis 
tinguish  by  tasting.  Obs.  rare. 

1594  NASHE  Unfort.  Trav.  K  3  b,  Strongpoyson . .  so  mingled 
..that  when  his  Grand-sublimity-taster  came  to  relish  it, 
he  sunke  downe  stark  dead.  1599  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man  out 
of  Hum,  iv.  iv,  Friend !  is  there  any  such  foolish  thing  in  the 
world,  ha?  'slid,  I  never  relished  it  yet.  1623-33  FLETCHER 
&  SHIRLEY  Night-Walker  \.  iv,  One  that  knows  not  neck- 
beef  from  a  pheasant,  Nor  cannot  rellish  Braggat  from 
Ambrosia. 

fb.  To  feel.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1610  SHAKS.  Tt'tnp.  v.  i.  23  Shall  not  my  selfe,  One  of  their 
kitidc,  that  rellish  all  as  sharpely  Passion  as  they  [etc.]? 


BELISH. 

3.  To  enjoy,  take  pleasure  or  delight  in. 

1605  SHAKS.  Lear  i.  ii.  51  This  polide,  and  reuerence  of 
Age..keepes  our  Fortunes  from  vs,  till  our  oldnesse  cannot 
rellish  them.  1633  G.  HERBERT  Temple,  Flower  vi,  I  once 
more  smell  the  dew  and  rain,  And  relish  versing.  1759  I  >IL- 
\VORTH  Pope  61  Highly  capable  of  relishing  beauties  in  the 
performances  of  others.  1784  COWI-KK  Task  y.  783  Thine 
heart,  Made  pure,  shall  relish  wiih  divine  delight,  ..  what 
hands  divine  have  wrought.  1820  SHKLI.EY  (.Ed,  Tyr.  i.  90 
January  winds,  after  a  day  Of  butchering,  will  make  them 
relish  carrion.  1837  HALLAM  Hist,  Lit.  \,  \.  §  92  His  fine 
taste  taught  him  to  relish  the  beauties  of  Virgil  and  Cicero. 
1861  M.  KvmsoN  Ess.  (1889)  I.  46  The  German  relished  for 
his  breakfast  the  good  things. .here  provided. 

rejl.  1599  B.  JONSON  Cynthia*s  Rev.  iv.  i,  O,  I  am  rapt 
with  it,.  .1  never  truly  relish'd  myself  before. 

b.  To  like,  have  a  liking  for ;  to  care  for,  be 
pleased  or  satisfied  with  ;  to  approve  of. 

1594  DRAYTON  Idea  338  Foraine  Nations  rellish  not  our 
Tongue.  1633  SANDERSON  Scrm.  124  Taxing  the  Abuses 
with  such  Freedome,  as  (it  may  be)  some  will  not  rellish. 
1748  Anson's  Voy.  n.  xi.  253  These  speculations  were  not 
relished  \cd.  5  adopted]  by  the  generality  of  our  people. 
1777  WATSON  Philip  //,  i.  (1793)  I.  14  He  was  too  much  a 
Spaniard  to  relish  anything  that  was  not  Spanish.  1832 
R.  &  J.  LANDER  Ex  fed.  Niger  III.  xv'iii.  134  This  mode  of 
proceeding  I  did  not  relish  at  all.  1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Ifr. 

I.  ii,  It  is  questionable  u  hether  any  man  quite  relishes  bcinij 
mistaken  for  any  other  man.     1885  Manch.  Exam,  ii  June 
4/7  They  do  not  relish  the  prospect  before  them. 

C.  To  take  or  receive  in  a  particular  manner. 
Now  rare. 

c  1600  DRAYTON  Miseries  Q.  Margaret  Hii,  The  duke  . . 
must  cast  and  cunningly  contrive,  To  see  how  people 
relished  the  same.  1643  I'KVNNK  Sot1.  Power  Parlt.  i. 
(ed.  2)  17  Which  insolent  speech  the  English  Bishops 
relished  so  harshly,  that  they  [etc  ].  1670  Con  ON  Espcrnon 
n.  vi.  245  The  Duke  of  Espcrnon,  whom  the  King  began 
now  miu,h  better  to  relish.  1762  SY.MMER  in  Ellis  Grig. 
Lett.  Ser.  n.  IV.  450  How  this  will  be  relished  at  the 
Prussian  Court,  I  wish  I  could  say,  I  know  nut.  1884 
Nouconf.  <V  Indep.  16  May  469/1  His  opening  address. .  was 
evidently  well  relished  by  the  audience. 

t  d.  To  appreciate,  understand.   Obs.  rare. 

1602  MAKSTON  Ant.  $  Mel.  i.  Wks.  1856  I.  14  Fooles  relish 
not  a  ladies  excellence.  1611  SHAKS.  H-'int.  T.  n.  i.  167  If 
you,  or  stupified,  Or  seeming  so,  in  bkill,  cannot,  or  will  not 
Hellish  a  truth,  like  vs. 

4.  intr.  To  have  a  (or  the)  taste  of  something ; 
to  savour  or  smack  of,  have  a  touch  or  trace  of. 

1602  SHAKS.  If  ant,  in.  i.  120  For  vertue  cannot  soinnoccu- 
late  our  old  Stocke,  but  we  shall  rellLsh  of  it.  1650  JKR. 
TAYLOR  Holy  Living  (1727)  242  It  will  make  everything 
relish  of  religion.  1684  Scanderbcg  Rediv.  i.  3  Streams 
usually  relish  of  the  Fountain  whence  they  proceed.  1703 
T.  N.  City  $  C.  Purchaser  84  To  be  thus  affected,  would 
relish  too  much  of  a  Cynical  Humour.  1784  SIR  J.  REY 
NOLDS  Disc.  xii.  Wks.  1797  I.  258  Those  ideas  only  which 
relish  of  grandeur  and  simplicity.  1850  L.  HUNT  Autobiog. 

II.  x.  31  His  piety  ..  relished  of  everything  that  was  sweet 
and  affectionate. 

5.  To  taste  in  a  particular  way ;  to  have  a  speci 
fied  taste  or  relish.     Also  in_/?^.  context. 

1605  CHAPMAN  Ail  Fooles  Wks.  1873  I.  139  Doe  not  his 
kisses  relish  Much  better  then  such  pessants  as  I  am?  1654 
FULLER  Comm,  Ruth  (1868)  101  Afflictions  relish  sour  and 
bitter  even  to  the  palates  of  the  best  saints.  1751  Affect. 
Narr.  of  Wager  97  A  Couple  of  Dogs,  .relished  then  as 
well  to  our  Palates,  as  the  best  Mutton  we  had  ever  eaten. 
1822  HAZLITT  Tabic-t.  Ser.  11.  i.  (1869)  i  A  glass  of  old  port 
or  humming  ale  hardly  relishes  as  it  ought  without  the 
infusion  of  some  lively  topic.  1836  W.  IRVING  Astoria  II. 
266  A  feast  of  fish,  of  beaver,  and  venison,  which  relished  well 
with  men  who  had  so  long  been  glad  to  revel  on  horse  flesh. 
1866  WHITTIER  Marg.  Smith's  Jrnl.  Prose  Wks.  1889  I.  13 
The  supper,  .relished  quite  as  well  as  any  I  ever  ate  in  the 
Old  Country. 

b.  transf.  or  Jig.  in  various  contexts  (cf.  next). 

1600  DEKKER  Fortunatits  Wks.  1873  I.  92  How  sweete 
your  bowlings  rellish  in  mine  eares  ?  1652  NEEDHAM  tr. 
Selden's  Mare  Cl.  340  These  antient  Customs  seem  so  to 
relish,  as  if  those  Islands  had  been  subject  to  our  Kings. 
1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  89  One  discommodity  it 
hath,  making  all  the  other  relish  badly.  1719  DE  FOE 
Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  219  This  Part  of  Friday's  Discourse  began  to 
relish  with  me  very  well.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  xii.  L  P  2 
That  precaution  relished  well  with  his  excellency.  1837 
HOOD  Hero  fy  Lcander  ii,  Was  it  that  spectacles  of  sadder 
plights  Should  make  our  blisses  relish  the  more  high  ? 

1 6.  a.  fig.  To  be  agreeable  or  pleasant ;  to  find 
acceptance  or  favour  (with  one").  Obs. 

1594  LYLY  Moth.  Bomb.  i.  iii,  Nothing  can  relish  in 
their  thoughtes  that  sauours  of  sweet  youth.  1611  SHAKS. 
ll'i'nf.  T.  v.  ii.  132  Had  I  beene  the  finder-out  of  this 
Secret,  it  would  not  haue  rellish'd  among  my  other  dis 
credits.  1649  BP.  HALL  Cases  Consc.  (1650)  248  Then 
will  the  Christian  faith  begin  to  relish  with  them.  1681 
TATE  Lear  Prol.,  He  hopes  since  m  rich  Shakespear's 
soil  it  grew  'Twill  relish  yet,  with  those  whose  Tasts  are  true. 
1697  COLLIER  Ess.  Mor.  Subj.  i.  To  Rdr.  (1709)  182  Indeed, 
if  a  Man  sets  up  for  a  Sceptick,  I  don't  expect  the  Argument 
should  Relish.  1740  J.  CLARKE  Educ.  Youth  (ed.  3)  33  If 
that  relishes  with  the  Publick. 

f  b.  To  have  a  pleasant  relish  or  taste.  Obs. 

1706  WATTS  Horse  Lyr.  \,  Remember  your  Creator  iv,  No 
more  the  blessings  of  a  feast  Shall  relish  on  the  tongue. 
c  1728  EARL  OF  AILESBURY  Mem.  (1890)  714  One  finds  some 
dishes  that  relish  amongst  a  quantity  of  very  ill  ones. 

Hence  He'lishing  vbl.  sb. 

1702  Eng.  Theophrast.  198  Friendship  tastes  very  flat  and 
insipid  after  the  relishing  of  love. 

t  Relish.,  ^.2  Obs.  Also  6  ralish,  rellish. 
[app.  f.  RELISU  sl>.2,  but  see  also  RELESCH.]  trans. 
To  sing,  to  warble. 

1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  u.  i.  20  First,  you  haue  learn 'd  . . 


RELISH. 

to  rellish  a  Loue-song,  like  a  Robin-red-breast.  1593  — 
Lucr.  1126  Ralish  your  nimble  notes  to  pleasing  eares. 
1608  HEVWOOD  Lucrece  Wks.  1874  V.  179  Whils't  the  King 
his  willfull  Edicts  makes . .  Hee's  in  a  corner,  relishing 
strange  aires. 

Relish  (re-lij),  ^.3    rare.    [Cf.  RELISH  sb$\ 

t  1.  intr.  To  project,  jut  out.  Obs.  rare  —  °. 

1611  COTGK.,  Forjettcr^  to  iut,  rellish,  cope,  leane  out. 

2.  trans.  To  make  shoulders  on  (wood)  in  shap 
ing  tenons.  Hence  Relishing  machine  (Knight). 

1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  749/2  Such  stuff  is  relished 
at  one  operation  and  handling. 

Be-lisliable,  a.    [f.  RKLISH  v.*  +  ABLE  :  cf. 

irrelishable  (1608).]  Capable  of  being  relished; 
enjoyable. 

1618  T.  ADAMS  Bad  Leaven  Wks.  1862  II.  346  By  leeven 
soured  we  make  relishable  bread  for  the  use  of  man.  1633 
—  Exp.  2  Peter  L  8  The  gospel  calls  for  relishable  fruits. 

1706  in  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey).    1751  KARLOHRERY  Remarks 
Sivift  (1752)  151  Lord  Bacon  is  the  first  author,  who  has 
attempted  any  style  that  can  be  relishable  to  the  present 
age.     1847  Black'v.  Ring.  LXI.  333  A  peculiarly  relishable 
bit  of  news.      1887  CLARK  RUSSELL  Frozen  Pirate  II.  i.  3 
Several  relishable  sea-pies,  cakes,  and  broths. 

t  Relished,  a.  Obs.  Also  6  rellesde.  [f. 
RELISH  sb.^  +  -1:0  -.]  Having  a  (specified)  relish; 
(well,  ill,  etc.)  tasted  or  flavoured. 

1567  DRANT  Horace,  Ep.  Evj,  Then  do  I  hope  to  drinke 
Lyuely  and  myldlie  rellesde  wynes.  1594  CAHE\V  lliiartc ' s 
Exam.  It  'its  ix.  (1596)  123  He  could  not  skil  to  speake  with 
ornament  and  sweet  and  well  relished  tearms.  1638  JUNIUS 
Paint,  Ancients  315  An  ill-relished  gallamaufrey  or  hodge 
podge.  1653  R.  SANDERS  Phy&iogn.  279,  I.,  have  suffi 
ciently  waded  in  this  various,  yet  pleasant  relisht  Doctrine. 

1707  MURTIMER  Hnsb.  (1721)  II.  289  The  John  Apple. .is 
a  good  relished  sharp  Apple  the  Spring  following. 

Itelisher.  rare,  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER  *.]  a. 
One  who  relishes  or  enjoys,  b.  =  RELISH  s6.1  ib. 

1788  SUIRREFS  Poems  (1790)  129  What  grand  advantages 
from  reading  flow  None,  but  the  happy  relishers,  can  know  ! 
1888  Ramsay's  Scot.  $  Scotsmen  in  x8M  C.  II.  82  Salt 
herrings  were  set  down  as  a  relisher. 

Re'lishing,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  1.] 
Having  or  giving  a  relish. 

1655  MOUFET  &  BENNKT  Health**  Imfirov.  (1746)  178 
Heath-cocks,  whilst  they  are  young,  are  little  inferior  to  a 
Pheasant,  very  well  relishing.  1673  KIRKMAN  Unlucky 
Citizen  278  The  Hangman  had  given  them  a  Relishing 
taste  of  his  Office.  1719  LONDON  £  WISE  Compl.  Card.  292 
Any  Relishing  Plants,  as  GarHck,  Onions.  1791-1823 
D'lsRAELi  Cur.  Lit.  (1866)  284  '-2  An  experienced  caterer  of 
these  relishing  morsels.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  I.  x.xix. 
395  Our  Esquimaux  dogs  ..regarded  them  with  relishing 
appetite.  1866  GEO.  ELIOT  F.  Holt  (1868)  27  Asking  if  there 
were  any  relishing  sauces  in  the  house. 

Hence  Re'li  shingly  adv. 

1698  [R.  FEKGUSON]  View  Eccles.  123  The  whole  of  what 
is  Rellishingly  diver  live.  1824  Examiner  307/1  It  savours 
relishingly  of  historic  feeling.  1880  MEREDITH  Tragic  Coin. 
iv,  She  drank  her  glass  relishingly,  declaring  the  wine 
princely. 

t  Re'lishsome,  a.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [f.  RELISH 
sb.i  +  -SOME.]  Full  of  relish. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  (1613)  116  So  to  sweeten  the 
poyson.  .that  it  shold  be  more  relishsome  and  pleasant. 

Kelisliy,  a.  rare.     [-Y  *.]     Appetizing. 

1864  1).  G.  MITCHELL  Scv.  Star.,  My  Farm  Edge-wood 
147  Its  freshness  too,  gives  it  a  virtue,  and  a  relishy  .smack. 

Re-li'Steil,  ».     [RE-  5  a.]     To  listen  again. 

1855  TENNYSON  Brook  18  The  brook.. seems,  as  I  re-listen 
to  it,  Prattling  the  primrose  fancies  of  the  boy. 

Kelivant,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RELEVANT. 

Relive  (rfli'v),  v.  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  LIVE  z;.,  in 
early  use  on  the  analogy  of  revive.] 

•(•  1.  trans.  To  raise  or  restore  again  to  life ;  to 
resuscitate.  Obs. 

1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Mark  38  b,  As  thoughe  he 
had  not  bene  able  to  reliue  her,  if  she  bad  bene  deade  in 
deede.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  iv.  35  Had  she  not  beene 
devoide  of  mortal!  slime,  Shee  should  not  then  have  bene 
relyv'd  againe.  1593  SYLVESTER  Tri.  Faith  iv.  xii,  By 
Faith,  Saint  Paul  did  Eutichus  relive. 

2.  intr.  To  come  to  life  again  ;  to  live  anew. 
1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Mark  34  b,  Yf  he  had  saved 

that  he  shoulde  shortely  haue  bene  slayne  of  the  lewes,  but 
woulde  anon  after  reliue.  1579  E.  K.  Gen.  Argt.  in  Spenser  s 
Shcph.  Cal.  §  3  The  plesaunce  thereof,  being  buried  in  the 
sadnesse  of  the  dead  winter  now  worne  away,  reliveth, 
1608  SHAKS.  Per,  v.  iii.  64  Will  you  deliuer  how  this  dead 
Queene  reliues?  1842  TENNYSON  Locksley  Hall  107  Can  I 
but  relive  in  sadness?  1851  C.  L.  SMITH  tr.  Tasso  in,  Ixviii, 
Thou,  though  dead  to  us,  re-liv'st  on  high. 

3.  trans.  To  live  (a  period  of  time)  over  again. 
a  1711  KEN  Hymnothco  Poet  Wks.  1721  III.  114  O  that 

my  mispent  Years  I  might  relive.  1797  SOUTH EY  Lett.fr. 
Spain  (1799)  160  Memory's  mystic  power  Bids  me  re-live 
the  past.  01849  P°E  Marginalia.  Wks.  1864  III.  528  It  is 
assumed  that  the  aged  person  will  not  re-h've  his  life.  1872 
AUBREY  DE  VERB  Leg.  St.  Patrick,  Epiln  Those  blessed 
years  I  would  re-live. 

re/?.  1899  J.  CAIRD  Fundam.  Ideas  Chr.  II.  xix.  239  No 
other  life  has  so  triumphed  over  death,  has  so  gone  on  as 
His  has  done,  reliving  itself  through  the  ages. 

Hence  Reli'ving  vbl.  sb. 

m  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Mark  34  b,  The  myrthe  and 
ioye  whichc  was  made  for  her  relyuyng. 

T  Reli/ver,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  OF.  relivrer 
(i3th  c.) :  see  RE-  and  LIVEK  v.}  trans.  To  give 
up  again,  restore. 

1456  in  W.  P.  Baildon  ScL  Cos.  Chanc.  (1806)  139  That  the 
sayde  John  be  ajugged  to  relyuere  to  hym  the  sayde  dedes. 
«47»-3  Koii*  of  t'a-rtt.  VI.  40/2  That  then  the  forseid 


414 

sommes  ..  be  restored  and  relyvered  to  the  paiers  of  the 
same.     1603  SHAKS.  Meas.  for  M. ,  iv.  iv.  6  Why  meet  him 
at  the  gates  and  reliuer  our  authorities  there  ? 
Hence  t  Bell-very,  restoration.  Obs.~ l 
1464  Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  566/1  To  make  relyvere  of  the  seid 
suertees  to  the  seid  marchaunt. 

Rellesde,  obs.  f.  RELISHED.  Rellice,  obs.  f. 
RELISH  sb±  Rellick,  obs.  f.  RELIC.  Relligion, 
-ous,  obs.  ff.  RELIGION,  -ous.  Rellike,  obs.  f. 
RELIC.  Rellish,  obs.  f.  RELISH. 

t  Re'll-mouse.  Ol>s.~~l  [ad.  G.  rdlmaus  or 
Du,  rclmuist  of  unknown  etym.]  The  dormouse. 

1752  J.  HILL  Hist.  Anim.  521  The  \Vhite-bellied  Mus, 
with  a  blackish  back,  and  long  body.  The  Kell-Mouse. 

Rellolacean  :  see  RELOLLACEAN. 
Rellycke,  Rellyk,  obs.  forms  of  RELIC. 
Beloa-d  (r/-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  make  up  again  as  a  load ;  to  fur 
nish  with  a  fresh  load,  etc. 

1778  [W.  MARSHALI.]  Minutes  Agric,  18  July  1776,  Two 
men  would  re-load  three  loads  a  day.  1841  Penny  Cycl. 
XIX.  260/1  [The  engine]  is  thereby  prepared  for  moving 
the  train  back  again  when  reloaded.  187*  Daily  News 
i  Aug.,  The  Bclgic  coal . .  is  perhaps  too  friable  for  reloading 
and  despatch  by  railway.  1884  Manch.  Exam.  7  Oct.  5 '6 
Alexandria  complains  it  cannot  get  trains  returned  to  reload. 

2.  a.  absol.  To  put  in  a  fresh  gun-charge. 

1784  Cook's  yd  I  'oy.  vi.  v.  II.  306  It  is  impossible  for  them 
to  reload,  as  the  animal  is  seldom  at  more  than  twelve  or 
fifteen  yards  distance,  when  he  is  fired  at.  1837  W.  IRVING 
Capt.  Bonneville  I.  126  In  an  instant  his  rifle  was  levelled 
and  discharged. . .  While  he  was  reloading,  he  called  to 
Campbell.  1895  SCULLY  Kajir  Stories  147  He  reloaded  with 
some  [cartridges]  which  Langley  passed  over  to  him. 
b.  To  load  (a  fire-arm  or  cartridge)  again. 

1853  RICAIJE  Chr,  Johnstone,  270  Marechal,  reload  Mr. 
Gatty's  pistol.  1874  J.  W.  LONG  A  mer.  Wild-Jowl  i.  19  The 
chief  superiority  of  the  breech-loader  lies  in  its  capability  of 
being  so  quickly  reloaded.  1892  GREENER  Breech-Loader 
176  Cartridge-cases  do  not  pay  to  reload  ;  it  is  false  economy 
in  England  to  reload  paper  cases. 

Hence  Keloa'ded ///.  a. ;  Beloa'ding  vbl.  sb. 
(also  attrib.), 

1822  Rcgul.  $  Ord.  Army  (1844)  51  A  Salute  that  may 
require  the  reloading  of  the  guns.  1874  J.  W.  LONG  Amer. 
wild-f0wl\*  20  The  providing  or  reloading  of  a  sufficient 
number  of  metallic  shells.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mcch.  Suppl. 
750/1  Reloading  Tools  ^  for  reloading  spent  capsules  of 
breech-loading  fire-arms.  1892  GREENER  Breeck-Loader 
157  Use  the  very  best  cartridges..,  and  by  no  means  employ 
reloaded  cases. 

Relocate  (n-),  v.    U.  S.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans,  a.  To  allocate  or  assign  afresh. 

1847  in  WEBSTER.  1872  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  fy 
Mining  14  The  district  was  located  in  1856  for.  .quartz  and 
placer  mining. ..Since  then  it  has  been  relocated  in  1863. 
1879  H.  GEORGE  Progr.  fy  Pov,  vn.  v.  (1881)  347  If  this  work 
were  not  done,  and  one  could  re-locate  the  ground  [etc]. 
b.  To  locate,  find  the  place  of,  a^ain. 

1885  Harper's  Mag.  May  835/2  Some  individuals  were 
able  to  relocate  some  of  the  old  diggings. 

2.  intr.  To  settle  again. 

1894  Chicago  Advance  31  May,  The  congregation  is  pre 
paring  to  re-tocate  in  the  north  part  of  the  city. 

Relocation  (relok^-Jan,  n-).  [In  sense  I,  f. 
late  L.  relocdre  to  relet ;  cf.  F.  relocation  (1585). 
In  sense  2,  f.  RE-  5  a  +  LOCATION  (cf.  prec.).] 

1.  Sc.  Law.   Tacit  relocation^  the  implied  renewal 
of  a  lease  when  the  landlord  allows  a  tenant  to 
continue   without    a   fresh    agreement,   after    the 
original  lease  has  expired. 

.  1746-7  Act  20  Geo.  //,  c.  50  §  21  Any  lease  or  tack  . .  made 
in  writing,  or  by  verbal  agreement,  tacit  relocation,  or  other 
wise.  1754  EKSKINE  Pnnc.  Sc.  Law  (1809)  251  In  tacks  of 
teinds,  as  of  lands,  there  is  place  for  tacit  relocation.  1838 
W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  582  When  the  term  of  the  lease  is 
expired  it  is  in  the  power  of  the  landlord  and  tenant  to 
continue  the  lease  from  year  to  year  by  tacit  relocation. 
1886  Act  49  ff  50  Vtct.  c.  50  §  3  Any  lease,  tack,  or  set, 
whether  constituted  by  writing  or  verbally,  or  by  tacit 
relocation. 

2.  The  action  of  locating  afresh  ;  a  new  allocation. 

1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  <$•  Mining  221  Some  reloca 
tions  have  been  made  under  the  act  of  1872  and  its  amend 
ments.  Ib  id ^  All  these  relocations  and  new  discoveries, 

RelO'Ck  (r;-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  lock  again. 

1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Italian  xii,  He  concluded  with  a 
laugh  of  derision,  and  was  re-locking  the  door.  1870  Miss 
BRIDGMAN  R.  Lynne  I.  xvi.  282  He..relocked  the  desk. 

Relo  dge  (rf-),  v.    [RE- 5  a.]    To  lodge  again. 

1805  SOUTHEY  Madoc  in  Azt.  xxii,  Till  in  her  mortal 
tenement  relodged  Earthly  delights  might  win  her  toremain. 

t  Relolla*cean,  a.  Obs.  rare—1.  In  jrelloK 
[f.  mod.L.  relolleiimt  app.  invented  by  Paracelsus, 
and  defined  as  a l  virtus  ex  complexione ' :  cf.  Waite 
tr.  Paracelsus  II.  178  ff.]  Arising  from,  or  pertain 
ing  to,  the  *  complexion  '  or  natural  constitution  of 
things.  So  also  Relolla'ceons  a.,  Belolleons  a. 

1654  WHITLOCK  Zootomia  406  Would  we  could  light  on 
some  nobler  principles  that  might  sublime  us  from  these 
Rellolacean  Principles,  ..  dead,  low,  beggarly  Elements. 
1662  J.  CHANDLER  Van  Helmont's  Oriat.^  Premonition^  The 
. .  vital  Air  of  the  Body  wherein  its  Diseases  Radically  dwel, 
&  not  in  Relolleous  qualities,  nor  in  feigned  Elementary 
complexions.  1894  WAITE  tr.  Paracelsus  II.  180  Here, 
however,  we  are  speaking  of  cold  and  heat  in  cherionic  not 
in  relollaceous  matters-  Ibid.  184  Those  things  which  are 
not  intensified  at  all,  of  which  kinds  are  snow  and  ice,  by 
reason  of  their  relolleous  nature. 


t  Relu*cence.  -ency.  Obs.  rare.    [: 

and  -ENCE,  -BNCT.J     The  quality  of  being  ; 


RELUCTANCE. 

1      t  RelO'llg",  v.     Obs.  rare.     [ad.  OF.   ralonger 

(mod.F.    rallonger*),   f.  re-    RE-  +  allonger\    see 

LONG  a."}   trans,  a.  To  extend,   b.  To  postpone. 

1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  ccxii[i].  108/2, 1  thynke  it  were 

good,  that  the  trewce  were  relonged  vnto  the  fest  of  saynt 

John    Baptist   next  folowynge.      1525  Ibid.   II.  Ixi.  79/1 

1    Comaundynge  that  the  iourney  &  batayle . .  sholde  be  re- 

!    longed  tyl  his  comynge  to  Parys. 

ReloO'k,  v.  [Rjs-  5  a.]  intr.  To  look  again. 
1833  S.  AUSTIN_  Charac.  Goethe  I.  186  After  looking  and 
re-looking,  blinking  with  one  eye  and  then  with  the  other. 
1860  DAKWIN  in  Life  fy  Lett.  (1887)  II.  291  Wollaston  mis 
represents  ..  some  passages  in  my  book.  He  reviewed, 
without  re-looking  at  certain  passages. 

t  Relo've,  ».  Obs.  [f.  RE-  +  LOVE  v. ;  cf.  L. 
rcdam&rtA  trans,  and  intr.  To  love  in  return. 

c  1530  tr.  Erasmus*  Serm.  Child  Jesus  (1901)  n  For  how 
many  causes  Jesus  is  to  be  loued  of  vs ;  nay  to  be  reloued 
rather ;  for  he  loued  vs  not  yet  created.  1604  T.  WRIGHT 
Passions  v.  §  4.  211  Love  causeth  Love,  and  the  beloved  re- 
loving  augmenteth  the  originall  Love.  1619  W.  SCLATER 
Exfi.  i  Thess.  (1630)  236  To  reloue  [God]  is  our  happinesse. 
a  1694  J.  SCOTT  Wks.  (1718)  II.  386  This  must  render  his  love 
more  valuable  and  consequently  augment  our  obligation  to 
relove  him. 

Hence  f  Relo'ved///.  a.  Obs, 

1605  A.  WOTTOM  Ansiv.  Pop.  Pamf>h.  i  Louing  and  re 
loued  friend,  I  haue  received  your  courteous  letter. 

t  Relli'Ce,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  relitcere :  see 
RELUCENT.]  intr.  To  shine  back,  cast  back  light. 

1413  Pilgr.  Smvle  (Caxton  1483)  iv.  xxviii.  74  In  euery 
creature  . .  ther  relucith  a  beme  of  this  bryght  heuenly 
myrrour.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  A  Ifonce  ix,  The  Foxe  . . 
shewed  to  the  wulf  the  sbadowe  of  the  mone  whiche  reluced 
in  the  well. 

[See  next 
_  relucent. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rilncenza,  a  shining  or  relucency.  1717  J. 
HOG  in  E.  Fisher's  Afarrow  Mod,  Divinity  (1781)  Pref.  15 
The  relucence  of  gospel-light  has  been  the  choice  mean., 
for  the  effectuating  of  great  things. 

Relucent  (rH^'sent),  a.  Now  rare.  [ad.  L. 
relilcent-em^  pres.  pple.  of  relncere  to  shine  back  : 
cf.  LUCENT.]  Casting  back  light;  shining, gleam 
ing,  bright,  refulgent. 

c  1507  ynstcs  of  May  <y  June  32  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  II.  114 
Theyr  armure  clen  relucent  without  ruste.  1575  LANKHAM 
Let.  (1871)48  Az  it  wear  theEgiptian  Pharos  rtlucent  vntoo 
all  the  Alexandrian  coast.  16*6  T.  H[AWKINS]  tr.  Canssin"s 
Holy  Crt.  172  Heauen  sheweth  it  selfe  wholy  relucent  in 
Starrs  and  brightnesse.  1676  HOBBKS  Iliad  xxii.  135  As 
flaming  fire  relucent  was  the  brass.  1727-46  THOMSON 
Summer  142  In  brighter  mazes  the  relucent  stream  Plays 
o'er  the  mead.  1883  Harpers  Mag.  Jan.  182/2  A  greater 
number  of  relucent  points  became  visible, 

tran&f.  and  /ig .  151*  Helyas  Pro!,  in  Thorns  E.  Eng. 
Prose  Rom.  (1858)  III.  15  Of  such  as  were  relucent  in  ver- 
tuous  feates.  «  1529  SKELTON  /'.  Sfarowe  1159  Such  relu 
cent  grace  Is  formed  in  her  face,  1612  R.  SHELDON  Serm. 
St.  Martitt's  17  [He]  might  contemplate  the  very  diuine 
attributes,  to  be  in  an  admirable  sort  relucent  and  resplen 
dent,  in  the  very  humanitie  of  Christ.  1671  MAC\VARD 
Trite  Nonconf.  303  The  grace  and  principle  of  zeal  which 
..is  therein  conspicuously  relucent. 

Reluct  (r/itf'kt),  v.  Also  6  reluck-.  [ad.  L. 
reluct-an,  f.  re-  RE-  +  luctari  to  struggle  :  but  in 
later  use  (see  2  b)  prob.  a  back-formation  from 
reluctance)  -#«/.] 

f  1.  intr.  To  strive  or  struggle  to  do  something. 

x5z6/Y/£-r.  Per/.(\V.  de  W.  1531)  n8b,  The  more  that 
ony  persone  relucketh,  wrestleth,  or  stryues  to  ouercome 
these.. temptacyons.  1633  EARL  MANCH.  Al  Mondo  (1636) 
72  At  that  instant  [of  death]  Nature  will  reluct  to  keepe 
still  her  being,  unto  which  death  is  repugnant,  life  pleasing. 

2.  To  struggle,  strive,  or  rebel  against,  to  show 
dislike,  to  revolt  at,  to  offer  opposition  to,  a  thing. 

1547  BOORDE  Brev.  Health  Ixviii.  19  b,  A  power  of  the 
soule  the  whiche  doth  reluct  agaynst  vyces  and  synne.  1639 
WALTON  Lives,  Donne  (1670)  81  He  was  by  nature  highly 
passionate,  but  more  apt  to  reluct  at  the  excesses  of  it.  1657 
W.  MORICI;  Coenaquasi  Kou-ij  xvi.  262  Infirmities,  which  he 
that  knows  their  hearts  . .  may  know  they  reluct  against. 
1675  Art  Contentm.  xi.  x,  Our  souls  will  more  acquiesce  in 
the  accomplishment  of  the  Divine  will,  then  our  flesh  can 
reluct  to  any  severe  effects  of  it.  a  1734  NORTH  Lives  (1826) 
I.  157  Against  which  she  did  not  seem  to  reluct,  but  held  her 
self  very  reserved.  1784  1*.  OLIVER  in  T.  Hutchinson  Diary 
(1886)  II.  398,  I  may  possibly  create  a  nausea,  which  your 
appetite  may  reluct  at.  1821  LAMB  Elia  Ser,  i.  New  Year's 
Eve.  I  care  not  to  be  carried  with  the  tide, ..  and  reluct  at 
the  inevitable  course  of  destiny.  1849  Escape  fr.  7*0/78/2 
He  is  apt  to  reluct  against  the  oppression  of  task  masters. 

b.  Without  prep. :  To  offer  opposition  ;  to  mani 
fest  or  express  reluctance  ;  to  object. 

1648  Hunting  of  Fox  42  They  murther  with  the  Sword  of 
Justice,  if  in  the  least  we  doe  reluct.  1671  WOODHKAD  St. 
Teresa  n.  xxxii.  203,  I  conceived,  it  would  be  necessary  for 
me  to  go  there, .  .though  my  nature  relucted  much.  1683 
HICKES  Case  Inf.  Bapt.  75  They  relucted  to  confess  their 
Sins.  1756  J.  ADAMS  Diary  15  Mar.,  The  girl  relucted  a 
little,  upon  which  he  gave  her  three  guineas.  1872  M. 
COLLINS  Pr.  Clarice  viii,  Clarice  wanted  to  go  on  the  river, 
but  Josephine  relucted.  1899  HOWELLS  Ragged  Lady  357, 
'  I  don't  know  as  I  should  like  it  very  much ',  his  wife  relucted. 
Hence  Relircting///.  a. 

1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  in.  ii.  §  38  A  few  there  were,  whose 
relucting  Consciences  remonstrated  against  the  least  Com 
pliance  with  King  Stephen.  1659  Lady's  Call.  n.  iii.  §  7  To 
wrest  the  child  from  the  relucting  Mother. 

Reluctance  (rfhrktfcw).  [f-  RELUCTANT: 
see  -ANCE,  and  cf.  F.  reluctance  (rare  and  objected 
to  by  purists),  It.  rcluttanza.] 


RELUCTANCY. 

1.  The  act  of  struggling  against  something ;  re 
sistance,  opposition,     ("j"  Also  //.)     Now  rare. 

1641  M.  FRANK  Serrrt.,  Call.  Peter  (1672)  483  The  body 
itself . .  by  continual  reluctances  against  it  [the  soul],  and 
perpetually  throwing  off  the  commands  of  it.  .seems  to  wish 
it  gone.  1660  MILTON  Free  Comuiw.  Wks.  1851  V.  448  The 
Reluctance,  I  may  say  the  Antipathy,  which  is  in  ali  Kings 
against  Presbyterian  and  Independent  Discipline.  1667  — 
P.  L.  n.  337  What  peace  can  we  return,  But,  to  our  power, 
hostility  and  hate,  Untam'd  reluctance,  and  revenge . .  'i  1764 
Mem.  G.  Psalmanazar  68  In  spite  of  all  reluctance  from 
pride  and  self-love.  1882-3  SCHAFF  Encyd.  Relig.  Knowl. 
III.  2094  Thus  only  can  we  understand  the  reluctance  of 
the  latter  against  the  traditional  system. 

b.  The  property,  in  a  magnetic  circuit,  of  op 
posing  to  a  certain  extent  the  passage  of  the  mag 
netic  lines  of  force.  (Cf.  RESISTANCE.) 

1888  O.  HEAVISIDE  in  Electr.  Papers  (1892)  II.  xxxix.  168, 
I  would  suggest  that  what  is  now  called  magnetic  resistance 
be  called  the  magnetic  reluctance ;  and  when  referred  to 
unit  volume,  the  reluctancy  (or  reluctivity).  1893  A.  E. 
KENNELLY  Electro-Dyn.  Machinery  I.  iii.  25  Reluctance  is 
thus  the  analogue,  in  the  magnetic  circuit,  of  resistance  in 
the  galvanic.  1896  BEDELL  Princ.  Transformer  249  The 
co-efficients  of  induction  vary  inversely  as  the  reluctance  ; 
their  ratios  are  independent  of  the  reluctance. 

2.  Unwillingness,  disinclination.     Freq.  in  phr. 
with  (or without} . .  reluctance,    (f  Also  rarely//.) 

1667  Decay  Chr.  Piety  viii.  P  50  With  what  dismal  reluc 
tances  shall  we  come  to  pay  for  these,  of  which  we  have 
made  no  advantage?  1710  in  Somers  Tracts\\.  247*Tis  not 
without  Reluctance  that  he  consents  to  part  with  some 
Persons.  1712  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  512  p  i  There  is  nothing 
which  we  receive  with  so  much  Reluctance  as  Advice. 
a  1740  WATERLAND  Wks.  (1823)  IX.  383  Lay  we  aside  all 
inveterate  prejudices  and  stubborn  reluctances,  as  soon  as 
ever  we  have  light  enough  to  see  that  we  have  been  in  an 
error.  1777  PRIESTLEY  Philos.  Nccess.  Pref.  31  Like  Dr. 
Hartley,  I  gave  up  my  liberty  with  great  reluctance.  1825 
JEFFERSON  Autobiog.  Wks.  1859  I.  108  This  silenced  my 
reluctance,  and  I  accepted  the  new  appointment.  1875 
STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  xiv.  II.  115  Their  reluctance  delayed 
proceedings  for  nearly  a  year. 

b.  Const,  at,  to,  and  with  inf. 

1740  GIBBER  Apol.  I-)ed.,  Your  reluctance  to  put  the  vanity 
of  an  author  out  of  countenance.  1759  ROBEKTSON  Hist. 
Scot.  v.  Wks.  1813  I.  367  He  discovered  a  reluctance  at 
undertaking  that  office.  1788  MRS.  HUGHES  Henry  fy  Isa 
bella  IV.  136  The  lady  to  whom  these  proposals  were 
directed,  appeared  to  feel  rio  reluctance  to  the  thought  of 
accepting  them.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India  II.  281 
The  Governor-General's  reluctance  to  the  restoration  of  the 
Raja.  1871  R.  W.  DALE  Commandm.  i.  38  Our  strange 
reluctance  to  have  to  do  with  God  is  not  an  accident. 

c.  Recoiiy)w«  something.  rare~~^. 

1871  HOWELLS  IVedd.  Journ.  no  This  absurd  reluctance 
from  facts. 

t  3.  A  struggle  or  qualm  of  conscience.   Obs.— l 
1666  PEPYS  Diary  (1879)  U'*  402  My  nature. .will  esteem 

;leasure  above  all  things,  though  yet  in  the  middle  of  it,  it 
as  reluctances  after  my  business  which  is  neglected. 
II  4.  Regret,  sorrow.  (Cf.  RELUCTANCY  4.)  Obs. 
A  misuse,  through  association  with  L.  luctns  grief. 
1706  HEARNE  Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)  I.  266  His  untimely  Death 
happen'd  to  ye  great  Reluctance  of  all  good  and  learned 
Men.     1710  Ibid.  II.  369  He  died  at  Rome  ..  to  the  great 
Reluctance  of  all  that  knew  him. 

Reluctancy  (r/lo-ktansi).  Now  rare.  [See 
RELUCTANT  and  -ANCY,  and  cf.  prec.] 

•f  1.  An  internal  or  mutual  struggle  or  contest ; 
a  mental  struggle.  Obs. 

i6zi  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  i.  i.  n.  xi.  45  Lust  counsels  one 
thing,  reason  another,-  there  is  a  new  reluctancy  in  me. 
c  1645  HOWELL  Vote  in  Lett.  (1650)  II.  128  The  humors  stil 
are  combating  for  sway  (Which  wer  they  free  of  this 
reluctancie  And  counterpoised,  man  would  immortal  be). 
1651  LILLY  Chas.  7(1774)  219  Also  he  had  many  reluctancies 
in  himself,  for  preferring  so  unworthy  a  scornful  fellow. 
1652-62  HEYLIN  Cosmogr.  To  Rdr.,  I  cannot  think  thereof, 
without  much  affrightment ;  nor  intimate  thus  much  of  it, 
without  great  reluctancies. 

•f-2.  Resistance  or  opposition  of  one  thing  to 
another.  Obs. 

1640  WILKINS  New  Planet  !x.  (1707)  250  The  Followers  of 
Ptolemy .  .deny  the  Heavens  to  be  capable  of  any  reluctancy 
to  Motion,  a  1665  J.  GOODWIN  Filled  w.  the  Spirit  (1867) 
247  Nor  is  there  any  contrariety,  or  averseness,  or  reluctancy 
to  the  motion  discerned  in  these  fresh  waters. 

t  b.  Resistance  or  opposition  on  the  part  of  per 
sons  against  or  to  something.  Also//.  Obs. 

1650  CHARLETON  Paradoxes  Ep.  Ded.  5  My  obstinate 
reluctancy,  against  the  Advisees  of  my  Honoured  Friends. 
a  1677  BARROW  Serm.  (1686)  II.  iii.  43  Notwithstanding  our 
frequent  and  stiff  reluctancies  thereto  [piety].  1679  Hist. 
Jetzeri$  Come,  come,  no  more  of  this  reluctancy  against  the 
Divine  pleasure  ! 

C.    =  RELUCTIVITY.  1888  [see  RELUCTANCE  i  b]. 

3.  Aversion,  disinclination,  unwillingness.    Freq. 
in  phr.  with  (or  without}  .  .  reluctancy. 

1634  HABINGTON  Castara  (Arb.)  113  For  he  who  suffers 
want  without  reluctancie,  may  be  poore  not  miserable. 
ci68o  BEVERIDGE  Serm.  (1729)  II.  545  You  must  not  give 
your  alms  with  any  reluctancy  or  unwillingness.  1740 
GIBBER  Apol.  (1756)  II.  80,  I  yet  feel  a  reluctancy  to  drop  the 
comparison.  1826  E.  IRVING  Babylon  II.  vi.  69  The  slow 
ness  and  reluctancy  with  which  errors  yield  to  conviction. 
1871  M.  COLLINS  Mrq.  %  Merck.  II.  v.  133  Ascribing  Amy's 
reluctancy  to  her.  .youth. 

1[  4.  Regret.     (Cf.  RELUCTANCE  4.)  Obs. 

1654  WOOD  Life  25  July  (O.  H.  S.)  1. 186  Husscy  &.  .Peck 
. .  were  hang'd  in  the  Castle-yard  in  Oxon.  to  the  great  reluc 
tancy  of  the  generous  royalists.  1691  —  A  th,  Oxon.  I.  9 
He  gave  way  to  fate  at  Galloway.. to  the  great  reluctancy 
of  all  learned  Men. 


i: 


415 

IReluc-tant  (rfltrktant),  a.  [ad.  L.  reluctant- 
em,  pres.  pple.  of  rehtctari  to  struggle  against, 
f.  re-  RE-  +  luctdri  to  struggle :  cf.  LUCTATION. 
Hence  also  F.  reluctant  (rare),  It.  riluttante^\ 

1.  Struggling;  writhing,  rare. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  515  Down  he  fell  A  monstrous 
Serpent  on  his  Belly  prone,  Reluctant,  but  in  vaine.  1820 
SHELLEY  Liberty  xv,  Disdain  not  thou.  .To  set  thine  armed 
heel  on  this  reluctant  worm. 

b.  Offering  resistance  or  opposition  to  some 
thing,  rare. 

1726  POPE  Odyss.  xix.  597  A  while,  reluctant  to  her  pleasing 
force,  Suspend  the  restful  hour  with  sweet  discourse.  1796 
MORSE  Amer.  Geog.  I.  382  The  soil  on  the  sea  coast  is  hard, 
and  reluctant  to  the  plough. 

fc.  Repugnant,  distasteful,  to  one.   Obs~l 

1662  WISSTANLEV  Loyal  Marty roL  (1665)13  Having  eaten 
up  most  of  the  Horses.. and  whatsoever,  .could  afford  them 
Nourishment,  though  most  reluctant  to  Nature. 

2.  Unwilling,  averse,  disinclined. 

1706  J.  MATTHEWS  Ser/ti.  at  Tcivkcsbnry  8  They  must., 
do  some  things  with  a  trembling  hand,  and  reluctant  heart. 
i766GoLDS.\i.  Hermit  x.\\\>  From  better  habitations  spurned, 
Reluctant  dost  thou  rove?  1777  WATSON  Philip  II  (1839) 
479  Mayenne  was  now  as  solicitous  to  persuade  the  duke. . 
as  he  had  been  formerly  reluctant  and  averse.  1858  LONGF. 
M.  Standish  \\.  91  Taking  the  hand  of  his  friend,  who  still 
was  reluctant  and  doubtful.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  iv.  §  3. 
184  Edward  was  still  reluctant  to  begin  the  war. 
b.  transf.  of  things. 

1667  MILTON  P.L.  vi.  58  Reluctant  (lames,  the  signe  Of 
wrauth  awak't.  1712  BLACKMORE  Creation  in.  119  Did  not 
Industrious  Man..  Extort  his  Food  from  the  reluctant 
Soil..?  1774  PENNANT  Toitr  Scotl.  in  1772,  306  Hereawet 
sky  brings  a  reluctant  crop.  1796  SCOTT  William  <y  Helen 
lix,  Reluctant  on  its  rusty  hinge  Revolved  an  iron  door.  1864 
TENNYSON  £».  Ard.  378  [They]  bent  or  broke  The  lithe 
reluctant  boughs  to  tear  away  Their  tawny  clusters.  1890 
*  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  305  The  enormous 
treasure-pile.,  won  from  the  reluctant  earth, 
fc.  Tardy,  dilatory,  slow.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1797  HOLCROFT  Stolfarg's  Trav.  (ed.  2)  III.  Ixxi.  80  The 
. .  bones . .  may  be  those  of  persons  who  were  too  reluctant  in 
their  flight. 

3.  Characterized    by    unwillingness,    disinclina 
tion,  or  distaste. 

1725  POPE  Odyss.  i.  22  Calypso  in  her  caves  constrain'd 
his  stay,  With  sweet, reluctant,  amorous  delay.  1786  UURKE 
Art.  agst.  W.  Hastings  Wks.  1842  II.  219/2  Which  late 
and  reluctant  consent  and  authority  were  extorted  from 
him.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  ting.  ii.  I.  171  He  had  been 
compelled  to  give  reluctant  attendance  at  endless  prayeis 
and  sermons.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  I.  xiii.  150  Thus 
fastened  to  the  sledge,  he  commenced  his  reluctant  journey. 

Relu'ctantly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY-.]  In  a 
reluctant  manner ;  unwillingly. 

1678  CUDWORTH  Intuit.  Syst.  i.  v.  866  Not  Willingly,  but 
Reluctantly.  1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  l^.  xxx,  Findfng  it  im 
possible  to  resist,  he  reluctantly  complied.  1790  KKIR  in 
Phil.  Trans.  LXXX.  382  A  solution  of  copper  . .  was  very 
reluctantly  and  slowly  precipitated.  1856  FROUDE  Hist. 
£ng.  ii.  (1858)  I.  115  A  dispensation  was  reluctantly  granted 
by  the  pope,  and  reluctantly  accepted  by  the  English 
ministry.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.2)  1. 177  To  that  he  very 
reluctantly  nodded  assent. 

Reluctate  (rJltf-kt^t),  v.  [ad.  L.  rehictat-) 
ppl.  stem  of  reluctiirT'.  see  RELUCTANT.] 

1.  intr.  To  offer  resistance  ;  to  strive  or  struggle 
against  something  ;  to  show  reluctance. 

1643  T.  GOODWIN  Return  of  Prayers  109  Halfe  thy  heart 
can  take  pleasure  in  sinning,.. the  other  halfe  reluctates, 
grieves  for  it.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  v.  ii.  §  27  Having., 
something  within  him,  which  reluctated  against  those  super 
stitions.  1820  SILLIMAN  Tour  fr.  Hartford  to  Quebec  104 
It  would  be  shameful  to  reluctate  at  going  where  a  man  of 
seventy-five  would  lead.  1848  H.  ROGERS  Ess.  (1874)  I.  vi. 
325  The  sophist,  .strongly  reluctates  against,  .vulgar  illus 
trations  of  so  '  noble  '  a  subject.  1872  H.  W.  BEECHER  in 
Chr.  World  Pulpit  II.  95/1  The  child  is  commanded  to  do 
the  thing  that  is  right.  He  reluctates.  He  is  punished. 

b.  To  feel  reluctance  to  do  something,  rare  —1. 
1835  I.  TAYLOR  Sj>ir.  Despot,  iv.  148  Every  dispassionate 

mind  reluctates  to  admit  a  principle  that  seems  so  pregnant 
with  mischief. 

c.  U.  S.  To  recoil  from  a  thing,  rare—1. 

a  1863  WAYLAND  in  Life  (1868)  II.  x.  239  (Funk),  I  reluc 
tate  from  all  plans,  especially  all  wise  ones. 

2.  trans.  To  strive  against,  refuse,  reject,  rare. 
1681  FLAVEL  Meth.  Grace  \.  12  That  man's  soul,  whose 

thoughts  reluctate,  decline,  or  nauseate  so  holy_  and  pure  an 
object.  f  a  1703  BURKITT  On  N.  T.  John  xxi.  19  Human 
nature  in  Christ's  ministers,  as  well  as  in  other  men,  reluc 
tates  sufferings.  1854  HICKOK  Mental  Sci.  iii.  101  The 
mind,  that  reluctates  any  emotion,  directly  evades  all 
occasion  for  bringing  that  object  into  consciousness. 

Hence  Relu*ctating^/.  a. 

1667  Decay  Chr.  Piety  xvi.  p  10  Men  are  fain  to  devise  argu 
ments  and  colours  to  delude  their  reluctating  consciences. 

Reluctation  (retokt^-jan).  [ad.  late  L.  re- 
htctation-em  (Quicherat) ;  see  prec.  and  -ATION.] 

1.  Struggle,  resistance,  opposition,  of  or  in  the 
case  of  things  or  persons.  Somewhat  rare. 

1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn.  \.  vi.  §  6  There  being  then  no 
reluctation  of  the  creature,  nor  sweat  of  the  browe,  mans 
employment  must..haue  ben  matter  of  delight,  a  1648  LD. 
HERBERT  Hen.  VIII  (1683)  518  He  had  gotten  in  the  present 
Parliament,  not  without  much  reluctation,  one  tenth.  1651 
BIGGS  Nfiv  Disp.  f  210  Impedited  in  her  reluctation  and 
conflict  with  the  forren  invasion  of  the  disease.  1794  G. 
ADAMS  Nat.  <y  E.vp.  Philos.  IV.  xlix.  348  If  this  fluid 
resided  within  bodies  In  an  indolent  and  passive  state,  it 
could  exert  no  reluctation  on  any  mechanical  force.  1876 
DOWDEN  Poems  12,  I  was  mingled  wholly  with  the  sound 


KELTTSAWT. 

Of  tumbling  billow  and  upjetting  surge,  Long  reluctation, 
welter  and  refluent  moan.  1887  E.  GUKNEY  Tertium  Quid 
II.  76  The  hush  and  fury,  the  crises  and  contrasts,  the  on 
sets  and  reluctations,  of  musical  movement. 

f  b.  Med.  \Vith  ref.  to  the  bodily  organs.   Obs. 

1632  tr.  Bruef  s  Praxis  filed.  67  This  [motion]  is  done  not 
without  much  reluctation  and  paine.  1650  H.  BROOKE 
Consent.  Health  114  The  Stomock  upon  their  Ingestion 
doth  not  firmly  close,  but  with  some  sort  of  Reluctation. 

f  2.  Internal  or  mental  struggle ;  reluctance,  un 
willingness.  Also//.  Obs.  (very  common  in  i  yth  c.) 

1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  ir.  xx.  §  5  In  the  distinction 
between  vertue  with  reluctation,  and  vertue  secured.  1611 
W.  SCLATER  Key  (1629)  265  Because  with  the  whole  heart 
he  sinneth  not,  but  hath  euer  some  reluctation  against  the 
temptation.  1647  J-  VICARS  Coleman-st.  Conclave  Visited 
28,  I  for  my  part  . .  verily  hoped  (but  yet  with  no  little 
reluctation  of  spirit,  fearing  the  contrary)  he  would  [etc.]. 
1674  J.  }J[RIAN]  Ham.  Home  viii.  51  If  still  we  iind  a  reluc 
tation,  And  that  we  are  loth  to  depart,  as  yet. 

//.    1627-77  FELT-HAM  Resolves  i.  xxv.  44  Those  [pleasures] 
which  carry  the  most  pleasing  tasts,  fit  us  with  the  lari;e^i 
reluctations.     1671   FLAVEL  Fount.  Lift-  x.  28  By  a  sweet 
and  secret  eflicacy  overcome  all  its  Reluctations. 
"f  b.  Aversion  to  cruelty.  Obs.  rare. 

1618  FLETCHER  Loyal  Siibj.  in.  vi,  Thou  hast  no  tender- 
nesse  No  reluctation  in  thy  heart.  1622  —  Sea  Voy.  iv.  i, 
Turn  all  those  pities,  Those  tender  reluctations  that  should 
become  your  sex,  To  stern  anger. 

Relucting,  ///.  a. :  see  RELUCT  v. 

Reluctivity  (retokti'viti).  [f.  as  RELUCT  z/.  + 
-IVE  +  -ITY.]  Degree  of  magnetic  reluctance. 

1888  [see  RELUCTANCE  i  b].  1896  S.  P.  THOMPSON  Z^wawo- 
Electric  Mack.  (ed.  5)  119  The  reluctance  or  reliance  of 
a  circuit  in  such  case  is  proportional ,.  to  the  reluctivity  or 
resistivity  of  the  material. 

tHrellte'fZ'.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  relucre  to  redeem, 
but  in  first  quot.  associated  with  lucre  to  wash.] 
trans.  To  set  free  again,  rescue,  deliver. 

1413  Pilgr.  Sowfe  (Caxton  1483)  i,  xxvii.  31  He  remitted 
his  rigour,  descending  downe  to  the  erthe,  to  helpe  wesshe 
and  relue  his  peple.  Ibid*  54  And  why  may  they  not  be 
reluyd  by  other,  which  that  by  other  were  falsely  begyled  ? 

Relume  (rn'wTn),  v.  [f.  RE-  +  -lume  (see 
ILLUME),  perh.  after  late  L.  reluminare  (cf.  RE- 
LUMINE)  or  F.  ralfamer  (OK  ralnmer}.] 

1.  trans.  To  relight,   rekindle   (a   light,  flame, 
etc.,  lit.  Qifig."}  ;  to  cause  to  burn  afresh. 

1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  v.  ii.  13,  I  know  not  where  is  that  Pro 
methean  heate  That  can  thy  Light  re-Lume.  1726-46 
THOMSON  Winter  838  They  once  relum'd  the  flame  Of  lo^t 
mankind  in  polish'd  slavery  sunk.  1782  V.  Ksox  Ess.  xxxiv. 
(1819)  I.  182  To  relume  the  lamp  of  virtuous  love.  1801 
Si'RK  Splendid  Misery  I.  84  Oceana  . .  stole  from  her  place 
of  concealment,  and  relumed  the  taper.  1864  SWINBURNE 
Atalanta  1590  Flame  that  once  burnt  down  Oil  shall  not 
quicken  or  breath  relume. 

b.  fig.  in  various  applications. 

1736-46  THOMSON  Winter  491  Aratus,  who  a  while  relum'd 
the  soul  Of  fondly-lingering  Liberty  in  Greece.  1758  H. 
WALPOLE  Let,  to  Mann  n  Jan.,  Sure  this  is  not  a  reason 
to  relume  heats,  when  tranquillity  is  so  essential,  1831 
TRELAWNY  Adv.  Younger  Son  II.  76  This  delicious  poison 
relumed  my  expiring  hopes.  1857-8  SICARS  A  than.  vi.  43 
Paul  when  he  wrote  to  relume  the  faith  of  those  who  wept 
for  them  that  had  fallen  asleep. 

2.  To  make  clear  or  bright  again. 

1746  W.  THOMPSON  Sickness  iv.  182  The  festers  of  the 
wounded  soul,  Corrupted,  black,  to  pristine  white  relume. 
1814  GARY  Dante,  Inf.  x.  77  Not  yet  fifty  times  shall  be 
relumed  Her  aspect,  who  reigns  here  queen  of  this  realm. 
1829  SOUTHEV  All  for  Love  ix.  v,  Pale  she  was,  but  faith 
and  hope  Had  now  relumed  her  eyes.  1860  J.  P.  KENNEDY 
Horse  Shoe  Robinson  vji.  88  [They]  gradually  relumed  their 
father's  countenance  with  flashes  of  cheerful  thought. 

3.  To  light  up  again,  to  re-illuminate;  to  shine 
upon  anew. 

1786  J.  COURTENAY  Poet.  Rev.  Char.  Johnson  18  And 
Shakspeare's  sun  relumes  the  clouded  stage.  1814  SOUTHEY 
Roderick  xi,  When  tlie  sun  Relumed  the  gladden'd  earth. 
1851  C.  L.  SMITH  tr.  Tasso  i.  Ixv,  Soon  as  to-morrow's  dawn 
relumes  the  sky. 

Jig.  1799  CAMPBELL  Pleas.  Hope  \.  267  Lo,  nature,  life,  and 
liberty  relume  The  dim-eyed  tenant  of  the  dungeon  gloom. 
1831  LANDOR  Misc.  Wks.  1846  II.  619  O  when  will  Health 
and  Pleasure  come  again,  . .  And  wandering  wit  relume  the 
roseate  bowers..? 

"t"  Relumina'tion.  Obs,  rare  ~*.  [ad.  late 
L.  relumination-em  :  see  next  and  -ATION.]  Fresh 
illumination. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  1309  Her  [the  moon's] 
ecclipse  and  defect  of  light:  which  the  sunne  doth  remedy 
by  relumination  of  her  streight  waies. 

B»elu*mine,  v.  rare.  [ad.  lateL.  rehtininarc: 
see  RE-  and  ILLUMINE.]  trans.  =  RELUME. 

1784  COWPER   Task  i.  442  His  eye  relumines  its  extin- 

fuished  fires.  1801  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Lett.  Solit.  Wand. 
,  161  To  relumine  the  obscured  and  almost  extinguished 
honoursofhisfamily.  #1835  HOGG  TalesfySk.  (1837)  11.23 
'She  has  extinguished  our  light'.  ..  '  We  will  try  to  get  it 
relumined '.  1853  TALFOURD  Castilian  in.  ii,  A  lonely 
throne  ;  whence  she  shall  rise  In  majesty  relumined  ! 

Hence  Relu'mined  ///.  a. 

a  1743  SAVAGE  Recov.  Lady  of  Quality  40  Each  beauty 
brightens  with  re-lumin'd  fire.  1821  HOOD  Departure  oj 
Summer  iv,  Time's  relumined  river.  1822  LAMB  Elia 
Ser.  i.  Praise  Chimney  Sweepers,  The  expired  and  not  yet 
relumined  kitchen-fires, 

t  Rielusant,  a.  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  Sc.  -and. 
[a.  OF.  reluisant,  pres.  pple.  of  rehiire  :  see  next.] 
Relucent. 

13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  159, 1  se^  by-^onde  J>at  myry  mere, 
A  crystal  clyfle  ful  relusaunt.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law 


RELTTYSE. 

Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  6  Quhen  he  sawe  him  self  sa  faire  sa  noble 
and  sa  relusand  before  all  the  lave  he  miskend  himself. 
t  Belay 'SB,  v.  Obs.  rare—1,     [ad.  F.  reluis-, 
reluire  :-L.  rclucere :  see  RELUCE  v.  and  RELU- 
SANT.]    intr.  To  shine  forth. 

1474  CAXTON  Chesse  141  The  royame  that  reluyseth  and 
shyneth  in  the  kyng  and  in  the  quene. 

Rely  (n'lai-),  v.l    Also  4-7  relie,  relye,  5  Sc. 

rele-.     [ad.  OF.  relier  to  bind  together,  etc.  :-L. 

religare,  f.  re-  RE-  +  Kgdre  to  bind  :  cf.  RELIGATE.] 

tl.  trans.  To  gather  (soldiers,  followers,  etc.) 

together  ;  to  assemble,  to  rally.   Obs. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  1001  His  folk  he 
relyed  [v.r.  relied  bam]  hym  to,  For  to  assay  eft  what 
bey  might  do.  —  Chron.  (1810)  317  Of  knyght  &  of 
burgeis  an  oste  he  did  relie.  1375  HARBOUR  Bruee  in.  34 
His  men  till  him  he  gan  rely,  c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  16889 
Pan[ta]salye  hir  men  relies,  c  1450  Merlin  553  The  Duke 
..  cried  his  signe  with  high  voyce,  and  relyed  his  peple 
a-boute  hym.  1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  cxxiii.  186  Rogier 
relyed  his  lytil  felawship  And  cam  deflendyng  hym  toward 
the  toun.  1591  Troub.  Raigne  A".  John  i.  (161 1)  E,  To  armes 
in  hast,  K.  lohn  relyes  his  men.  1608  HEYWOOD  tr.  Salnst's 
lug.  /Kar(i6o9)  50  He  gathered  his  troopes  into  one  battal- 
lion,  he  relieth  the  rankes  and  faceth  the  adverse  footmen, 
t  b.  refl.  To  come  together  (again)  ;  to  rally ; 
also,  to  betake  (oneself)  to  a  place  (cf.  3  b).  Obs. 

c  1330  [see  i].  £1380  Sir  Ferumb.  3094  pe  Sarsyns  relied 
hymen  ageyn  &  metel>  with  our  barouns.  1577-87  HOLIN- 
SHED  Scot.  Chron.  (1805)  II.  238  The  manfull  courage  of  the 
earl  of  Warvvike . .  whereby  he  caused  them  to  stay  and  relie 
themselves  again.  1596  DANETT  tr.  Comities  (1614)  44  A 
few  of  the  Liegeois  after  they  were  put  to  flight  relied  them- 
selues  together  at  their  cariage.  1641  EARL  MONM.  tr. 
Biondfs  Civil  Warres  v.  148  The  King  and  Queene  were 
perswaded  to  relie  themselves  to  Killingworth. 
t  2.  intr.  To  assemble,  to  rally.  Obs. 
c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  224  To  Lyncoln  bei  drowe, 
&  ber  bei  suld  relie.  1375  BARBOUK  Bruce  XX.  440  All  the 
chassaris  turnyt  agane  ;  And  thai  relyit  with  mekill  mayne. 
?«  1400  Morte  Arth.  1882  Thane  relyez  the  renkez  of  the 
Rounde  Table,  c  1450  Merlin  393  Whan  these  saugh  hem 
comynge  the!  relien  and  closed  hem  to-geder. 

t  b.  Hunting.  (Meaning  not  clear.)   Obs.  rare, 
c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxiii,  As  ofte  as 
he  fyndeth  be  fues.  .he  sholde  save  lowde:  .  sy .  va.  sy.  va. 
sy.va.,  and  relie  with  his.     Ibid,  xxxiv,   If  \>e  houndes 
fynde  what  so  it  be,  he  shall  relye  and  jopeye,  till  he  haue 
seen  it.     c  1420  Anturs  of  Arth.   58  And  tille  baire  riste 
raches  relyes  \v.r.  releues]'one  baire  raye. 
1 3.  a.   To  rally  to  (attack)  an  enemy.  Obs.~ l 
c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  1 2620  The  Troyens  sone  that  aspied, 
And  to  the  Gregeis  thei  sone  relied. 

t  b.  To  rally  or  retire  to  one's  friends  or  to  a 
certain  place.  Obs.  rare. 

la  1400  Morte  Arth.  isgr  Than  a  ryche  mane  of  Rome 
relyede  to  his  hyerns.  c  1450  Merlin  281  And  eche  hadde 
a  baner  wher-to  thei  sholde  relye  whan  thei  were  medled 
with  the  saisnes.  1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  18 
[Priests]  destitute  of  all  place  of  relying  vnto  {errata  upon]. 
t  o.  To  trust  to  a  person  or  thing.  Obs. 
1571  CAMPION  Hist.  Ircl.  (1623)  67  About  the  young  Earle 
were  servants  and  counsellours  . .  to  whom  he  most  relyed. 
a  1604  HANMER  Chron.  Irel.  (1809)  335  Cambrensis  (herein 
whom  I  must  relie  unto)  being  then  in  Ireland.  1616  S.  WARD 
Italmfr.  Gilead  Serm.  (1862)  107  Instead  of  apologies  and 
captation  of  good  will,  he  relies  to  this  fort,  passeth  not  for 
man's  day. 

t  d.  To  be  devoted  to,  to  pertain  or  belong  to, 
a  thing  or  person.  Obs. 

1582  STANYHURST  /Eneis  H.  (Arb.)  57  A  man  too  pietee,  to 
Justice  whoalye  relying.  Ibid.  m.  72  Theare  stands  a 
ilentiful  Island  Too  the  dame  of  myrmayds,  too  Neptune 
_'rincelye  relying.  Ibid.  78  Anchises  ..  On  Gods  heunlye 
cryeth,  to  ther  hest  with  duitye  relying. 
t4.  a.  (Also  refl.}  To  adhere  to,  associate  (one 
self)  with,  another.  Obs.  rare. 

1586  J.  HOOKER  Hist.  Irel.  in  Holinshed  II.  82/1  Kildare 
cleauing  to  Yorke,  and  Ormond  relieng  to  Lancaster.  1600 
HAKLUYT  Voy.  (1810)  III.  320  My  purpose  was  to  have  re 
lied  myselfe  with  Menatouon. 

tb.  To  hold  of,  be  a  vassal  or  subject  of, 
another.  (Cf.  RELIEVE  v.  8  a.)  Obs.  rare. 

1586  T.  B.  La  Primaud.  French  Acad.  (1589)  587  Princes, 
Dukes  . .  who  possesse  . .  Townes,  Castels,  with  vassals 
holding  and  relieng  of  [F.  releuans  de\  them  by  fealtie  and 
homage.  1591  HARINGTON  Ariosto,  Life  418  For  countries 
sake,  and  of  his  gratefull  nature  he  was  euer  relying  of  the 
duke  of  Ferrara. 

5.  To  depend  on  a  person  or  thing  with  full 
trust  or  confidence  ;  to  rest  upon  with  assurance. 

1574  R.  SCOT  Hop  Gard,  2,  I,  for  my  part,  relye  not  upon 
other  mens  opinions.  1596  BP.  W.  BARLOW  Three  Serm,  iii. 
102  The  lewes  relyed  much  vpon  the  prayers  of  the  fayth- 
full.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  34  Such  as  relie  too 
much  upon  them,  imitate,  .what  is  worst  in  their  workes. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  373  Go  in  thy  native  innocence,  relie 
On  what  thou  hast  of  vertue.  1697  DHYDEN  Virg.  Georg. 
II.  452  The  tender  Twig  shoots  upward  to  the  Skies,  And 
on  the  Faith  of  the  new  Sun  relies.  1748  Ansoris  Voy.  in. 
x.  404  None  of  the  Chinese  . .  employed  as  Linguists,  could 
be  relied  on.  1769  JuniusLett.  xxxv.  (1788)  180  Upon  what 
part  of  your  subjects  would  you  rely  for  assistance  ?  1837 
DICKENS  Pickiu.  ii,  Can  I  rely  upon  your  secrecy?  1856 
STANLEY  Sinai  #  Pal.  Advt.  (1858)  ii  On  his  accurate 
observation  and  sound  judgement  I  have  constantly  relied. 
1885  CLOUD  Myths  fy  Dr.  i.  iv.  65  The  only  authority  on 
which  the  Chroniclers  relied  was  tradition. 

b.  With  reference  to  facts  or  statements.  (Cf. 
DKPEND  5  and  5  b.) 

1809  GERMAIN  LAVIE  in  G.  Rose's  Diary  fy  Corr.  I.  260 
You  may  rely  that  any  communications  you  maybe  pleased 
to  make  to  me  shall  be  held  sacred.  1844  GLADSTONE  Glean. 


I 


416 

(1879)  V.  144  For  Mr.  Ward  may  rely  upon  it  that,  whether    ; 
or  not  he  will  allow  belief  to  appeal  to  understanding,  un- 
belief  will  appeal  to  it.    1858  DICKENS  Lett.  (1880)  II.  83 
You  and  it  will  travel  thither  in  company,  rely  upon  it. 
t  C.  To  rest  upon  a  support.   Obs. 

1609  J  DAVTES  HolyRoode  E  j,  Ah  see  how  his  most  holy 
Hand  relies  Vpon  his  knees,  to  vnder-prop  his  Charge. 
1631  QUARLES  Samson  xxiii,  Two  sturdy  Fillers . .  whereon, 
relied  The  weighty  burthen  of  her  lofty  pride.  1683  NORRIS 
Wks.  (Grosart)  67  So  to  th'  unthinking  boy  the  distant  sky 
Seems  on  some  mountain's  surface  to  rely. 
Jig.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xxiii.  (1623)  1143  [His] 
life  vntill  this  time,  wee  will  briefly  run  ouer— so  many 
dependances  of  story  relying  vpon  him.  1639  SALTMARSH 
Policy  Ded.  6  There  your  designes,  your  projects,  may  rest 
and  relie. 

6.  To  put  trust  or  confidence  in  a  person  or 
thing.  Somewhat  rare. 

1606  G.  W[OODCOCKE]  Hist.  Ivstinc  v.  24  Those  aides  and 
asistances  . .  in  which  they  for  the  most  part  trusted  and 
relyed.  1654-66  EARL  ORRERY  Parthen.  (1676)  186  Asdrubal 
placed  his  Gauls  (in  whom  he  least  rely'd)  in  the  Left  Wing. 
1875  DASBNT  Vikings  III.  312  If  there  was  anyone  in  whom 
he  might  think  he  could  rely,  it  was  Kark,  his  thrall. 
tb.  To  rest,  consist,  in  something.  Obs.  rare. 

1594  CAREW  tr.  Ifuartc's  Exam.  Wits  (1616)  300  The 
natural!  Philosophers  ..  hold,  that  a  man  receiueth  the  con 
ditions  of  his  soule.at  the  time  of  his  forming..;  but  not  his 
substance,  wherein  the  whole  life  relieth.  1642  J.  EATON 
Haney-c.  Free  Justif.  60  Therein  relies  the  very  glory  of  the 
Godhead  of  Christ. 

1 7.  reft,  and  trans.  To  repose  (oneself,  one  s 
soul,  faith,  etc.)  on,  upon,  or  in  some  person  or 
thing.  Obs.  (freq.  in  early  ijth  c.  use.) 

1598  R.  BERNARD  tr.  Terence  194  Who,  relying  himselfe 
vpon  your  judgement,  hath  made  me  an  actor.  i6ia 
(?)  BRKTON  Pasqnifs  Nt.-capgd  No  faith  her  husband  doth  in 
her  relie.  1617  R.  FENTON  Treat.  Ch.  Rome  38  Should  wee 
relye  our  soules  upon  so  narrow,  so  new,  and  so  perplexed 
a  divine?  a  1641  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  ft  Mon.  (1642)  503 
Not  to  rest  upon  bare  words,  wee  must  proceed  to  enquire 
what  moved  them  to.  .rely  themselves  upon  that  answer, 
t  b.  To  rest  (a  proceeding)  on  something.  Ol>s,~l 

1627  E.  F.  Hist.  Edw.  II  (1680)  78  A  ground  work  on 
which  he  might  rely  his  false  proceedings. 

Hence  Kelying  ///.  a. 

1836  BROWNING  &  FORSTF.R  LifeStrafford  (1892)  155  His 
more  relying  friend  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

tJRely'i"'2  Obs.-^  [perh.  ad.  ONF.  *releier:— 
L.  religare  to  RELEGATE.]  trans.  ?  To  assign. 

a  1400  St.  John  6  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881)  467  To 
life  ay  in  lykynge  bat  lorde  be  relyede  That  in  Bedleme 

B*lyf(e,  obs.  ff.  RELIEF.  Relygeous,  -ioun, 
-ious,  etc.,  obs.  ff.  RELIGION,  -lous.  Relyk(e, 
-ykke,  -yque,  obs.  ff.  RELIC.  Relyn,  obs.  inf.  of 
REEL  v?-  Reljie,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RAIL  v.* 
Rem,  obs.  f.  RAVEN  si.1,  REAM  s//.1,  sb?,  REALM. 

Rema'de  (n-),  ppl.  a.  and  sb.  [RE-  5  a  :  cf. 
REMAKE  V.]  Made  again  or  anew.  Also  sb.,  an 
article  which  has  been  made  over  again. 

1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  iv.  471  The  Son  of  heav'n  I  The  double 
Son ;  the  Made,  and  the  Re-made  !  1897  Westm.  Gaz.  8  Jan. 
10/1 '  Remades ',  or  halls  that  have  been  played  with  before, 
.  .receive  none  of  his.  .attentions. 

Rema'gnetize,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
magnetize  again.  Also  Remafynetiza'tion. 

1849  NOAD  Electricity  (ed.  3)  430  The  weak  needle  is  then 
remagnetized  by  passing  a  small  bar  magnet  a  few  times 
along  it  from  end  to  end.  1873  MAXWELL  Electr.  A>  Magn. 
(1881)  II.  85  If  the  force  .,  acts  in  the  positive  direction  it 
will  begin  to  remagnetize  the  iron.  1876  PREECE  &  SIVE- 
WRIGHT  Telegraphy  87  It  renders  a  fresh  adjustment  or 
remagnetisation  necessary. 

Remaid,  variant  of  remeid  REMEDE  Obs. 

t  Remai'le.  Obs.  rare  —'.  [app.  a.  F.  rimaille 
(not found,  however, before  1 6th  c.),i.rime RHYME.] 
Rhyming,  verse. 

13..  Evang.Nicod.  in  Archivnett.  Spr.  LIII.  391  A  clerk 
of  yngland  In  his  remaile  bus  redes. 

Remain  (r/hv'-n),  sbl  Forms :  5  Sc.  re-, 
ramayn,  6  Sc.  remane,  6-7  remaine,  -mayne, 
6-  remain,  [a.  OF.  remain,  vbl.  sb.  f.  remaindre  : 
see  REMAIN  v.  Now  chiefly  //.,  the  singular 
being  common  only  in  sense  4  b.] 

I.  tl-  Those  left,  surviving,  or  remaining  out 
of  a  number  of  persons ;  the  remainder  or  rest.  Obs. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vin.  922  Than  thai  consent,  the 
ramayn  that  was  thar.  1558  PHAER  SEneid  i.  Bivb,  O 
quene  that  in  our  woes  (alone)  such  mercy  dost  extend  To 
vs  the  poore  remayne  of  Troy.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  n.  202 
Don  lean  and  the  remaine  of  the  Spaniards  at  Kinsale,  were 
all  embarked  ready  to  be  gone.  1651  CROMWELL  in  H.  Gary 
Mem.  Gt.  Civil  War  (1832)  II.  380,  I  believe  the  number  of 
these  sent  will  be  about  a  hundred ;  the  remain  also  being 
forty  or  fifty.  1671  EACHARD  Obs.  Atisw.  Cont.  Clergy  102 
Thinking  themselves  the  onely  poor  remain  of  people,  that 
can  dispense  the  word  profitably. 

t  b.   The  remaining  representative  of  a  family. 

1592  WARNER  A  Ib.  Eng.  vn.  xxxiv.  (1602)  165  This  Henrie, 
Earle  of  Richmond,  now  poore  Lancasters  remaine. 

2.  That  which  remains  or  is  left  (unused,  unde- 
stroyed,  etc.)  of  some  thing  or  quantity  of  things  ; 
also,  that  which  remains  to  be  done.  Now  rare 
(common  in  i6-i7th  c.). 

1529  Act  21  Hen.  VIII,  c.  13  §  8  Only  the  Remain  rind 
Overplus  above  their  Expences  of  their  Housholds.  1579-80 
NORTH  Plutarch,  Theseus  (1676)  9  Those  which  then  re 
turned  with  Theseus,  did  seethe  in  a  great  brasse  pot  all  the 
remain  of  their  provision.  1606  SHAKS.  Cymb.  m.  i.  87,  I 


REMAIN. 

know  your  Masters  pleasure,  and  he  mine  :  All  the  Remaine 
is  welcome.  1626  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  (1650)  I.  230,  I  have 
been  so  frugal  of  making  use  of  the  old  remain,  that  there  is 
no  need  of  ammunition,  or  other  necessaries.  1687  Penal 
Laws  32  This  . .  is  the  antient  Remain  of  the  Soveraign 
Power  and  Prerogative  of  the  Kings  of  England.  1716 
POPE  Lett.  (1735)  I.  290  Chagrins,  more  than  their  small 
Remain  of  Life  seem'd  destin'd  to  undergo,  c  1825  BEDDOES 
Epitaph  Poems  (1851)  203  This  is  the  remain  Of  one  best 
union  of  that  deathless  twain. 

tb.  Aritk.   =  REMAINDER!  43.  Obs. 

1571  DIGGES  Pantom.  n.  xii.  N  iij,  The  square  of  the  side 
AF  yeldeth  190104,  and  this  diuide_d  by  160  produceth  in 
the  quotiente  1188,  and  the  remayne  is  24.  1614  T.  BEDWELL 
Nat.  Gcom.  Numbers  ii.  22  The  Remaine  or  difference  of 
144, and  148,154.  i674jEAKE^4riV/i.  (1696)301  The  Greater 
substracted  from  the  Lesser,  the  Remain  will  be  so  much 
too  short. 

to.  (Also//.)  The  balance  or  unpaid  remainder 
of  a  sum  of  money.  (Cf.  REMAINDER  l  4  b.)  Obs. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Reliquus,  Camillus  writeth 
that  he  hath  receiued  the  remaines  due  vnto  me.  Ibid., 
Rcli<iuatio,..  arrearage  and  remaynes.  1627  EARL  MANCH. 
in  Buccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  267  These  loans 
have  brought  in  240,000^.  at  least ;  therefore  the  remain 
must  needs  be  got  up,  which  is  not  past  so,coo/.  1669  Land. 
Gaz.  No.  367/4  The  said  Officers,  .shall  proceed  to  the  pay 
ment  of  the  ensuing  Orders,  as  the  remain  of  that  Taxe 
and  the  remaines  of  the  [other]  Taxe  shall  come  in. 

3.  A  remaining  or  surviving  part  or  fragment  of 
something.  Now  rare. 

1570-6  LAMBARDE  Peramb.  Kent  (1826)  143  There  standeth 
yet,  upon  the  high  cliffe,.  .some  remaine  of  a  Tower.  1635 
PAGITT  Christianogr.  i.  ii.  (1636)  85  In  Hispaniola  there 
were  not  300  Natives  left,  and  a  very  small  remaine  in  the 
other  Hands.  1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trail.  (1677)  139  At  the 
stair-head  there  is  some  remain  of  the  Gate.  I7_oi  ROWE 
Ami.  Step-Moth.  III.  ii,  A  large  remain  of  Glory  is  behind. 
1763  MRS.  F.  BROOKE  Lady  jf.  Mandeville  (1782)  II.  53 
This  sacred  deposit,  this  little  remain  of  what  their  tender 
care  had  left  me.  a  1806  H.  K.  WHITE  Christiad  i.  ix,  No 
sweet  remain  of  life  encheers  the  sight.  1843  KEMBLE 
Poetry  Codex  Vercell.  Pref.  6  A  series  of  publications 
which,  .will  give  to  the  world  of  scholars  every  yet  inedited 
remain  of  Anglosaxon. 

tb.  A  remainder  of  stock  or  stores  ;  also,  a  list 
or  inventory  of  military  stores  taken  at  the  appoint 
ment  of  a  new  storekeeper.  Obs. 

1677  COLLINS  in  Rigaud  Corr.  Sci.  Men  (1841)  II.  21  A 
stationer,  .having  bought  a  remain  of  above  two  hundred  of 
Horrox's  Astronomy.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet,  s.v.,  In 
foreign  parts  a  remain  is  taken  only  on  the  appointment  of 
a  new  storekeeper. 

to.  A  surviving  trace  of  some  feeling.  Also 
ettipt.  with  adj.  Obs. 

1702  VANBRUGH  False  Friend  iv.  i,  She  has  still  love 
enough  for  you,  not  to  be  displeas'd  with  the  utmost  proofs 
you  can  give  that  you  have  still  a  warm  remain  for  her. 

1756  BURKE  Sub/,  ff  B.  \.  iii,  When  this  remain  of  horror 
has  entirely  subsided.     1807  tr.  Three  Germans  I.  72  To 
overcome  that  small  remain  of  fortitude  which  yet  animated 
and  sustained  him. 

4.  (With  //.)  a.  A  survival;  a  relic  of  s-ome 
obsolete  custom  or  practice;  a  surviving  trait  or 
characteristic.  Now  rare. 

a  1641  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  f,  Man.  (1642)  346  And,  as  a 
remaine  of  ancient  custome,  this  continued  among  Pagans. 

1757  MRS.  GKIFFITH  Lett.  Henry  %  Frances  (1767)  IV.  i 
'tis  a  Remain  of  judicial  Astrology.     1819  LADY  CHARLE- 
VILLE  in  Lcuiy  Morgan's  Autobiog.  (1859)  254  Lady  Crewe 
..had  mind  and  heart,  and  indeed  some  fine  remains  of  a  race 
that  has  passed  away.    1883  Ch.    Times  XXI.  333/3  A 
traditional  remain  of  his  office  of  server. 

b.  A  material  relic  (of  antiquity,  etc.) ;  an 
ancient  monument,  building,  or  other  structure; 
an  object  which  has  come  down  from  past  times. 

1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  TheocnoCs  Traa.  1. 123  There  are  such 
fair  remains  to  be  found  among  the  Ruines,  as  easily  show 
that  this  has  been  a  . .  rich  ..  Town.  1691  tr.  Emiliannt's 
Observ.  Journ.  Naples  235  The  only  Remain  of  Antiquity 
they  shew  one  is,  the  Remainder  of  an  Old  Steeple.  1769 
De  Foe's  Tour  Gt.  Brit.  (ed.  7)  I.  161  This  ancient  Remain 
is  situated  about  a  Quarter  of  a  Mile  to  the  right  of  the 
great  Road  leading  from  Rochester  to  Maidstone.  1779 
ABERCROMBY  Mirror  No.  52  p  6  Every  remain  of  Roman 
greatness  attracted  my  attention.  1848  W.  H.  BARTLF.TT 
Egypt  to  Pal.  xvi.  (1879)  335  Already  we  had  fallen  into  the 
region  of  ancient  remains.  1864  J.  H.  LUPTON  Wakcfield 
Worthies  242  The  supposition . .  that  Low  Hill  is  a  Druidical 
remain. 
t  c.  A  literary  relic.  Obs.  rare. 

1720  STRYPE  Stow's  Sura.  (1754)  I.  i.  xxxi.  329/2  Meeting 
with  such  a  choice  remain  of  this  brave  London  merchant 


prizing,  uiui  uuy  uuui  wnu  uu\j  «i    .n...^.^  ».— «~- —  -- — 
admirable  Remain,  should  think  it  the  Forgery  of  a  Sophist. 

f  d.  A  relic  of  a  person.  Obs.  rare—'. 
1798  W.  FERHIER  in  A.  Ferrier  Mem.  f,  Strm.  (1841)  IV. 
336  Elisha  gathered  it  up  as  a  precious  remain. 

II.  //.  5.  Surviving  members  of  a  company, 
family,  or  other  body  of  persons.  Also  rarely  of 
a  single  person. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  62  He  . .  ordanyt 
him  to  passe  in  Spayne,  for  Pompees  remaynis  of  his  men 
maid  syk  deray  thare.  1601  SHAKS.  Jtd.  C.  V.  v.  i  Come 
poore  remaines  of  friends,  rest  on  this  Rocke.  1609  BIBLE 
(Douay)  Jer.  xi.  23  Their  sonnes  and  their  daughters  shal 
die  in  famine.  And  there  shal  be  no  remaines  of  them.- 
1738  C'TESS  POMFRET  in  J.  Buncombe  Lett.  (1773)  **•  I24 
There  are  still  some  remains  of  that  abdicated  court.  1781 
JUSTAMOND  Priv.  Life  Lewis  A'y,  IV.  9  After  having  been 
at  once  a  husband,  a  brother,  and  a  father,  he  was  the  only 
remains  of  his  family,  which  was  entirely  buried  in  the 


REMAIN. 


417 


REMAINDER. 


grave  along  with  him.  1839  YEOWELL  Attc.  Brit.  Ch.  ix. 
(1847)  93  The  remains  of  the  Druidical  order  were  not 
persecuted. 

t  b.  The  remainder ;  the  others.  Oh.  rare  — *. 

a  1649  DHUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Hist.  fas.  f,  Wks.  (1711)  6 

Many  were  executed,  the  remains  in  peaceful  manner  sent 

home,  the  king  having  graciously  exhorted  them  to  a  life 

according  to  the  law  of  God  and  man. 

6.  The  remaining  parts  (/some  thing  or  things  ; 
all  that  is  left  of  something ;  articles  remaining 
from  a  store  or  stock ;  fthe  rest  of  a.  period. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixxix.  18,  I  trowit,.  .That  lang  in 
burgh  I  sould  haue  bruikit  [the  money] ;  Now  the  remanes 
are  eith  to  turss.  1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  i  Mocc.  vi.  53  They 
that  had  rem.iyned  in  Jurie  of  the  Gentils,  had  consumed 
their  remaynes,  that  had  bene  layd  up.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr. 
Tlievenflt's  Tray.  i.  18  Seven  old  Galleys  ..  the  remains  of 
their  Fleet  which  escaped  from  the  Battel  of  Lepanto. 
1726  CAVALLIER  Mem.  in.  242,  I  wanted  some  Rest  for  the 
Remains  of  Winter.  1770  junius  Lett,  xxxvi.  (1788)  190 
If  you  would  hope  to  save  the  wretched  remains  of  a  ruined 
reputation.  1803  NELSON  3  June  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  V. 
78  You  are.,  on  no  account,  .to  supply  any  of  his  Majesty's 
Ships.. with  Naval  Stores  without  being  furnished  with  the 
Boatswain's  and  Carpenter's  Supplies,  Expenses,  and  Re. 
mains.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xvii.  IV.  71  The  shop 
keepers,  .stole  away  with  the  remains  of  their  stocks  to  the 
English  territory.  1868  LOCKYER  Elem.  Astroii.  ii.  §  9(1879) 

52  Coal  is  the  remains  of  an  ancient  vegetation. 

b.  Const,  of  the  destroying  force,  rare. 

1715  POPE  Iliatt  I.  82  'Tis  time  to  save  the  few  remains  of 
war.  1737  WHISTON  Josef  hus,  Hist.  (1777)  Pref.  §  ir  More 
over,  what  the  Romans  did  to  the  remains  of  the  war. 

c.  Const,  as  sing. 

1801  Lnsignan  III.  145  Do  you  then  envy  me  this  short 
remains  of  happiness  ?  1833  R.  H.  FROUDE  Kent.  (1838)  I. 
286  In  one  place  there  is  the  remains  of  an  Ionic  temple. 
1874  S.  WILBERFOKCE  Ksi.  (1874)  I.  89  The  tendency  ..  was 
really  a  remains  . .  of  the  extraordinary  and  odious  instinct 
which  had  possessed  them. 

7.  a.  The  literary  works  (esp.  the  unpublished 
ones)  left  by  an  author ;  also,  the  fragments  of  an 
ancient  writer. 

1652  (title)  Herberts  Remains,  or  sundry  pieces  of.. 
Mr.  George  Herbert,  now  exposed  to  publick  light.  1681 
TATE/,*virDed.,  Nothing  but.  .my  Zeal  for  all  the  Remains 
of  Shakespear,  cou'd  have  wrought  me  to  so  bold  an  Under 
taking.  1724  A.  COLLINS  Gr.  Chr.  Relig.  172  Celsus,  who 
seems  the  oldest  Heathen  author,  whereof  we  have  any  re 
mains.  1774  J.  BRYANT  Mytkol.  II.  176  He  left  behind  him 
many  valuable  remains,  which  Bion  Proconnesius  is  said  to 
have  translated.  18^3  H.  ROGERS  Orig.  Bikle  viii.  (1875) 
354  The  remains  of  Clement  and  Polycarp  and  such  frag 
ments  of  Ignatius  as  criticism  pronounces,  .genuine. 

b.  That  which  is  left  of  a  person  when  life  is 
extinct ;  the  (dead)  body,  corpse. 

1700  DRYDEN  Ovid's  Met.  xll.  816  Of  all  the  mighty  man 
th,e  small  remains  A  little  urn,  and  scarcely  fill'd  contains. 
a  1771  GRAY  Dante  18, 1  grop'd  About  among  their  cold  Re 
mains.,  often  calling;  On  their  dear  Names.  1797  MRS. 
RADCLIFFE  Italian  xi,  I  saw,  also,  her  poor  remains  laid  at 
rest  in  the  convent  garden.  1818  SHELLEY  Rosal.  #  Helen 
1295  With  deep  grief  and  awe  The  pale  survivors  followed 
her  remains.  .Up  the  cold  mountain.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng.  xviii.  IV.  242  The  remains  of  Hastings  and  Carter 
were  brought  on  shore  with  every  mark  of  honour. 

c.  Substances  of  organic  origin  preserved  in  the 
earth  in  a  fossilized  condition. 

1709  KIRWAN  Gtol.  Ess.  36  Trees. .have  been  found  in 
great  depths  in  our  modern  continents,  ..  and  often  mixed 
with  marine  remains.  1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVI.  491/2  Thus 
employed,  '  organic  remains  '  become  a  clue  to  many  of  the 
darkest  pages  in  the  antient  history  of  our  planet. 

t  Remai-n,  sb?  Obs.  rare.    [f.  the  vb.]    Stay. 

CI470  HENRY  Wallace  ix.  615  Laynrik  was  tayn..  ;  So 
Lundy  thair  iiiycht  mak  no  langar  remayn.  1603  SHAKS. 
Macb.  iv.  iii.  148  A  most  myraculous  worke.. Which  often 
since  my  heere  remaine  in  England,  I  haue  scene  him  do. 

Remain  (r/W-n),  v.  Forms :  5-6  remeyne, 
-mayne,  -mane  (Sc.  ra-),6  remeue,  6-7  remaine, 
6-  remain,  [a.  AF.  remeyn-,  remayn-,  etc., 
stressed  stem  of  OF.  remanoir  (also  remaindre]  :— 
L.  remanere,  f.  re-  RE-  +  manere  to  stay.] 

1.  intr.  To  be  left  after  the  removal  or  appro 
priation  of  some  part,  number  or  quantity.     Also 
const,  to. 

c  J37S  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxxiii.  (George)  674  pat  (jar  tempil 
.  .sa  cleynely  suld  be  distroit,  pat  na  thing  suld  remayn  of  It. 
c  1460  FORTESCUE  Abs.  n  Lim.  Man.  viii.  (1885)  126  Yff  any 
parte  off  |>e  revenues  heroff  remayne  ouer  the  paiement  of 
the  same  ordynariechargis,  bat  soremaynynge  is  the  kynges 
owne  money.  1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la.  Tour  G  v  b,  He  lost  all 
that  he  had  and  no  thyng  remayned  to  hym  sauf  only  his 
body.  iS3S,CovERDALE  Josh.  x.  40  Thus  losua  smote  all 
the  londe  . .,  with  all  their  kynges,  and  let  not  one  remaine 
ouer.  1594  BLUNDEVIL  Exerc.  i.  iii.  (1636)  8  Then  I  say 
take  10  out  of  17  and  there  remaineth  7,  which  I  set  downe. 
1642  tr.  Perkins'  Prof.  Bk.  ii.  §  136.  60  But  if  this  part  [of 
the  seal]  which  remaines  to  the  deed  hath  not  any  print, 
then  the  deed  is  insufficient.  1697  DRYDEN  /Eneid  v.  528 
My  chill  Blood  is  curdled  in  my  Veins,  And  scarce  the 
Shadow  of  a  Man  remains.  1707  Curios,  in  Hnsb.  $  Card. 

53  There  is  not  Sap  enough  remaining  to  nourish  the  Leaves. 
1784  COWPER  Task  v.  71  One  only  care  Remains  to  each, 
the  search  of  sunny  nook.     1821  SHELLEY  Hellas  83  Free 
dom  so  To  what  of  Greece  remaineth  now  Returns.     1859 
TENNYSON  Elaine  594  Now  remains  But  little  cause  for 
laughter.     1875  JOWF.TT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  68  He  is  willing  to 
allow  himself  and  others  the  few  pleasures  which  remain  to 
them. 

2.  To  be  left  over  and  above  what  has  already 
been  done  or  dealt  with  in  some  way. 

c  ?375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xiii.  (Mar/t)  Prol.  13  Sa  remanyt 
vthire  twa  [evangelists],  of  quhame  I  wel  here  menyng  ma. 

VOL.  VIII. 


1482  Monk  ofEvesham  (Arb.)  56  Nowe  let  ys  schewe  as  we 
maye  thoes  thynges  that  remaynyn  of  the  thyrde  place  the 
whyche  we  sawe  and  behylde.  1538  STARKEV  England  i. 
i!i.  82  Yet  ther  ys  a  nother  dysease  remenyng  behynd,  wych 
gretely  trowblyth  the  state  of  the  hole  body.  1600  SHAKS. 
A.  y.  L.  i.  i.  179  Nothing  remainest  but  that  I  kindle  the 
boy  thither.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  37  The  easier  conquest 
now  Remains  thee.  1712-14  POPE  A*.  Lock  v.  29  What  then 
remains  but  well  our  pow'r  to  use..?  1738  GKAV  Tasso  31 
What  length  of  sea  remains,  what  various  lands.  1819 
SHELLEY  Promcth.  Unb.  \.  617  Worse  things,  unheard,  un- 
seen,  remain  behind. 

b.  Const,  with  inf.  (passive  or  active). 

1538  STARKEY  England  i.  ii.  68  Many  and  grete  fautys 
ther  be. .wych  now  remayne.  .to  be  sought  and  tryed  out. 
J593  SHAKS.  3  Hen,  VIt  iv.  iii.  60  What  now  remaines  my 
Lords  for  vs  to  do. .?  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  \.  \.  100  But  that 
there  yet  remains  a  deed  to  act  [etc.].  1830  TENNYSON  Talk. 
Oak  ^204  A  thousand  thanks  for  what  I  learn  And  what 
remains  to  tell.  1863  FAWCETT  Pol.  Econ.  \.  vi.  81  The  head 
lands  will  remain  to  be  ploughed  separately. 

c.  //  remains  that  or  to  (with  inf.'). 

1540  BIBLE  (Cranmer)  i  Cor,  vii.  29  It  remayneth,  that 
they  whych  haue  wyues,  be  as  thoughe  they  had  none. 
1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  n.  iii.  147  Remaines,  that  in  th'  OfTiciall 
Markes  invested,  You  anon  doe  meet  the  Senate.  1611 
UIULE  Transl.  Pref.  F  17  It  remaineth,  that  we  commend 
thee  to  God.  1772  Jnnius  Lett,  Ixviii.  (1788)  362  It  remains 
only  to  apply  the  law,  thus  stated,  to  the  fact  in  question. 
x8n  PINKERTON  Petral.  I.  599  It  now  remains  to  attempt 
a  clear  classification  and  description  of  the  Accidental. 
1864  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Apol.  iv.  $  2  (1904)  133/1  In  the 
interval  of  which  it  remains  to  speak. 

t  3.  a.  To  fall  to  a  person  as  a  REMAINDER.  Obs, 

1439  E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  123  Aftir  hir  discesse,  all  the  saide 
maners,  londes  and  tenementes,  rentes  and  rcuersions,  to  re 
mayne  to  his  next  heire.  1482  WARKW.  C/tron.  (Camden) 
10  And  if  it  appenede  that  he  disceysed  witheoute  heyres  . . 
thennc  schulde  the  kyngdome..remane  unto  George,  the 
Duke  of  Clarence.  1493  Act  n  Hen,  VII,  c.  52  §  i  Here- 
ditamentis  whiche  to  him  descended,  remayned,  or  reverted, 
f  b.  To  continue  to  belong  to  one.  Obs, 

1511  FABYAN  Will  in  Chron.  (iSn)  Pref.  7  Also  I  will 
that  my  chalice  ..  w*  my  best  aulter  clothis  and  best  vest 
ment,.,  which  before  daies  I  gave  to  my  wif,  remayn  styll 
to  her.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII  185  That  the 
realme  of  Napels  should  for  euer  remain  to  the  Emperour. 
1605  SHAKS.  Lear  i.  i.82  To  thee,  and  thine  hereditarie  euer, 
Remaine  this  ample  third  of  our  faire  Kingdome. 

4.  To  continue  in  the  same  place  (or  with  the 
same  person)  ;  to  abide,  stay. 

1439  E,  E,  Wills  (1882)  124  That  thos  same  maners, 
londes  &  tenementes.  .remayne  and  abyde  in  the  feefes 
handes.  c  1500  Lancelot  2347  Bot  shit  the  king  hir  prayt 
on  sich  wyss,  That  sche  remanit  whin  the  thrid  day.  1530 
PALSGR.  684/2  Suffer  no  fylthe  to  remayne  on  thy  nayles. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  7  He  was  commaunded  by 
his  prince  to  remain  at  home.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage 
vi.  xi.  (1614)  632  Causing  (as  the  Moon  report)  that  the 
bullets  should  still  remaine  in  the  Pieces  when  they  were 
discharged.  1671  MILTON  Samson  587  Why  else  this 
strength  Miraculous  yet  remaining  in  those  locks?  1769 
ROBERTSON  Chas.  V,  in.  Wks.  1813  VI.  100  Charles  re 
mained  MX  days  in  Paris.  1776  Trialof  NitndocomarQ&lt. 
You  have  for  a  long  time  had  my  money  ;  it  shall  remain  no 
longer  with  you.  1841  LANE  Arab.  Nts.  I.  07  Thus  shalt 
thou  remain  in  this  sea  to  the  end  of  time.  1890  GARDINER 
Hist.  Eng.  13  Aulus  Plautms  remained  in  Britain  till  47. 
fb.  To  have  one's  abode ;  to  dwell.  Obs, 

<ri4So  HOLLAND  Howlat  946  And  ilk  fowle..Held  hame 
to  thar  hant,  and  thar  herbery,  Quhar  thai  war  wont  to 
remane.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  226  Within  the 
toun  . .  Ane  Brit  thair  wes  remanand  in  the  tyme.  1583 
RICH  Phy lotus  (1835)  10  In  the  gallant  citty  of  Naples, 
there  was  remaining  a  young  man,  called  by  the  name  of 
Alberto.  1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  iv.  iii.  14  But  for  my  Mistris, 
I  nothing  know  where  she  remaines. 
t  c.  To  consist ;  to  reside  or  lie  in  something. 

c  1450  HOLLAND  Howlat  265  Thai  weraly  awysit  . .  the 
mater,  and  how  it  remanyt.  1359  ABP.  HETHE  in  Strype 
Ann.  Ref.  (1824)  I.  App.  vi.  399  What . .  spirituall  govern 
ment  is,  and  in  what  pointes  it  dothe  cheffely  remaine. 

5.  With  complement :  To  continue  to  be. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xxvii.  (Percy  Soc.)  132,  I  made 
mine  othe..Unto  them  all  for  to  remayne  full  true  In  sted- 
fast  love.  1533  GAU  Richt  Vay  (S.  T.  S.)  32  It  sal  ewer 
remane  in  blyndnesand  ingnorance.  1582  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr. 
Castanheda^s  Cong,  E.  Ind.  I.  xxii.  57  b,  Not  [to]  disclose, 
that  the  Factour  with  the  others  did  remaine  prisoners. 
1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  i.  iv.  173  If  shee  remaine  vnseduc'd,  you 
not  making  it  appeare  otherwise  [etc.].  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
in.  124,  I  formed  them  free,  and  free  they  must  remain. 
1736  BUTLER  Anal.  i.  i.  Wks.  1874  I.  20  Men  may  lose 
their  limbs,  their  organs  of  sense,,  .and  yet  remain  the  same 
living  agents.  1791  COWPER  Retired  Cat  66  The  sun 
descended,  And  Puss  remained  still  unattended.  1822 
SHELLEY  tr.  Calderon  i.  188  Which  of  the  two  Will  remain 
conqueror?  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  256  Amid  the 
conflict  of  ideas.,  the  impression  of  sense  remained  certain 
and  uniform. 

b.  /  {\wilt)  remain^  etc.,  as   the   concluding 
formula  of  a  letter. 

1600  C.  PERCY  in  Shaks,  C.  Praise  38,  I  will  ever  remain 
Your  assured  friend  Charles  Percy.  1634  STRAFFOKD  in 
Str afford  Papers  (1739)  I.  340,  I  remain  Your  Lordship's 
most  humbly  to  be  commanded,  Wentworth.  1749  CHKSTKRF. 
Lett,  (1792)  II.  269  And  so  I  rest  or  remain,  Yours  &c. 
1793  COWPER  Let,  to  J.  Hall  10  Dec.,  I  remain,  my  dear 
friend,  Affectionately  yours,  W.  C.  1873  E.  FITZGERALD 
Let.  to  F.  Kemble  Nov.,  Here  is  my  Letter  done,  and  I  re 
maining  yours  always  sincerely,  E.  F.  G. 

c.  To  continue  in  the  same  state  ;   to  lie  un 
touched  or  undisturbed. 

1839  URE />/e/.  Arts  1268  Draw  out  the  fire,  and  let  it  [japan] 
remain  until  morning  ;  then  boil  it  until  it  rolls  hard.  1853 
SOYER  Pantroph.  100  Stir  this  mixture.. for  three  days  or 
more,  then  let  it  remain  for  some  time. 


6.  To  continue  to  exist ;  to  have  permanence ;  to 
be  still  existing  or  extant.     (Sometimes  also  im 
plying  sense  i  or  2.) 

1398  TKBVISA  Barth.  De  P,  R.  i.  (1495)  3  After  the  noble 
..doctryne  of  wyse.  .Philosophers  lefte  and  remaynyng  wl 
vs  in  wrytyng.  1555  EDEN  Decades  To  Rdr.  (Arb.)  49 
There  remayneth  at  this  daye  no  token  of  the  laborious 
Tabernacle  which  Moises  buylded,  1583  T.  WASHINGTON 
tr.  Nicholay^s  Voy.  iv.  xiii,  Vsing  in  their  fightes  many 
guyles  and  craftes,  which  are  remained  to  them  from  their 
auncestors.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  267  The  same 
admiration  remaineth  from  what  side  soever  you  doe  looke 
upon  her.  1697  DRYDI£N  Virg.GnQrg*  iv.  304  Th* immortal 
Line  in  sure  Succession  reigns,  The  Fortune  of  the  Family 
I  remains.  1738  GRAY  Propertius  iii.  101  A  little  Verse  my 
!  All  that  shall  remain.  1781  Cow  PER  Convcrsat.  678  The 
stench  remains,  the  lustre  dies  away.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Alab 
iv.  141  Soul  is  the  only  element,  the  block  That  for  un 
counted  ages  has  remained.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist,  iii. 
§  5.  139  The  abbey  church  of  Westminster  ..  remains  a 
monument  of  his  artistic  taste. 

tb.  To  stick  in  the  mind.     Const,  ivith.  Obs.-1 
1607  SHAKS.  Timon  in.  vi.  30,  I  hope  it  remaines  not  vn- 
kindely  with  your  Lordship,  that  I  return M  you  an  cmpty 
messenger. 

c.  To  continue  with  (one),  rare""1. 
1671  MILTON  Samson  1126  In  a  little  time  while  breath 
remains  thee,  Thou  oft  shalt  wish  thy  self  at  (lath. 

7.  fa.  To  be  left  with  a  responsibility.   Obs,—1 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  viii.  506  Gyff  thow  will  nocht, 
ramayne  with  all  the  charge. 

fb.  Sc.  To  await  on  (  =  for)  a  thing  or  person. 

1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  i.  iv.  84  Be  stout,  on  prosper  fortune 
to  remane.  1546  Reg-  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  55  That  we 
may  provide  sum  way  for  our  seltis,  and  ye  to  remane  upotin 
the  finale  ansuer.  a  1557  Dinrn.  Occurr.  (Bann.  Cl.)  38  The 
Inglismen  past  towanlis  Berwick,  and  the  Governour  come 
to  Mtlross  and  remanit  on  his  freindis. 

c.  To  await,  be  left  for  (one),  rare. 

1579  SPENSER  Sheph,  Cal.  May  304  And  such  end,  perdie, 
does  all  hem  remayne,  That  of  such  falsers  friendship  bene 
fayne.  1590  —  F.  Q.  n.  ix.  6  Were  your  will  her  sold  to 
entertaine.  .Great  guerdon,  well  I  wote.  should  you  remaine. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  u.  443  If  thence  he  scape. ,,  what  re 
mains  him  less  Then  unknown  dangers  and  as  hard  escape. 

d.  To  be  left  with  one  in  the  end,  as  the  result 
of  some  action. 

1861  ROSSETTI  tr.  Dante's  Vita  Xuova  (1904)  145  Seeing 
that  in  tlie  ba_ttle  of  doubts,  the  victory  most  often  remained 
with  such  as  "inclined  towards  the  lady  of  whom  I  speak. 

f8.  To  stay,  stop,  cease.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1480  CAXTON  Ovitfs  Met.  xiv.  xi,  Som  supposed  that  the 
warre  sholde  remayne  bycauSG  of  this  mervayll,  but  Turnus 
hade  no  wylle  to  leve  it. 

f  9.  trans.  To  abide,  await  (an  event).   Obs.~l 

1588  LA.MUARDE  Eiren.  iv.  xiv.  552  Such  persons,  .must. . 
|  remayne  the  comming  of  the  lustices  of  Gaole  deliuerie. 

t  Remaiiiant,  a,  and  sb.  Obs.  Also  5  re- 
I  maynand(e,  Sc.  ra-),  6  remeynant,  -maynent. 
[Alteration  of  KEMKNANT,  after  prec.,  or  f.  prec.  + 
|  -ANT.]  Remaining ;  remainder ;  //.  remains. 

1458-9  E.  E,  Wills  (1882)  130  The  remaynande  of  the 
torgis  to  x  of  the  nedyest  paryschirches.  1456  SIR  G.  HAYK 
Law  Anns  (S. T.  S.)  269  To  fornys  the  remaynand  of  the 
bataill.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  in.  401  The  ramaynand 
agayne  turnyt  that  tide.  1523  FITZHERB.  Sun:  xxiv.  (1519) 
48  Kygge  all  the  remeynant  upwarde.  ?  1577  Conutrsion 
Sinner  5  b,  So  muche  as  is  remaynent  of  their  mortal  life. 
1632  LITHGOW  Tra-v.  i.  16  The  remainants  of  that  auncient 
Amphitheatre.  1658  Virginia  Siat.  (1823)  I.  466  To  the 
great  prejudice  and  damage  to  their  neighbours  and  the  loss 
of  the  remainants  cattell. 

Remainder1  (r/nu^ndai).  Also  5-6  -main- 
dre,  (6  -maender),  -mayndre,  (5  -dore\  6-7 
-maynder.  [a.  AF.  remainder  (sb.)  —  OF.  re 
maindre  inf.  (\—*remane'r£}i  var.  of  remanoir  \— L. 
remanere;  see  REMAIN  v.  and  -EH-*.] 

1.  Law.  The  residual  or  further  interest  remaining 
over  from  a  particular  estate,  coming  into  effect 
when  this  has  determined,  and  created  by  the  same 
conveyance  by  which  the  estate  itself  was  granted. 

When  the  residual  interest,  instead  of  being  devised  to 
another,  is  reserved  by  the  grantor,  it  is  called  a  REVERSION. 
Contingent  remainder',  see  CONTINGENT  A.  9. 

1424  E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  60  The  remaindre  of  t>e  maner  of 
Steneby..[I  bequeath]  to  Thomas  my  son  and  heir.  1535 
Bury  Wills  (Camden)  125  Item  I  gyve  and  bequethe  vnto 
my  cosyn  John  Drury.  .my  best  gylte  goblet,  w*  the  couer 
as  yt  ys,  the  remaynder  ther  of  to  be  to  my  godsone,  Robert 
Drury.  1544  tr.  Littleton's  Tenures  (1574)  95  b,  If  a  lease 
bee  made  to  a  man  for  terme  of  life,  the  remaynder  unto 
another  for  terme  of  life,  the  remaynder  unto  the  thirde  m 


cut  th'intaile  from  all  remainders,  and  a  perpetuall  succes 
sion  for  it  perpetually.  1685  PETTY  Last  Will  p.  vii,  I  have 
in  Ireland,  without  the  county  of  Kerry,  in  lands,  remainders, 
and  reversions,  about  3ioo/,  per  ann.  1766  BLACKSTONE 
Comm.  II.  164  An  estate  then  m  remainder  maybe  defined 
to  be,  an  estate  limited  to  take  effect  and  be  enjoyed  after 
another  estate  is  determined.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  {ed.  2) 
II.  304  Thomas  Cary  devised  to  Peter  Gary  and  the  heirs 
male  of  his  body,  remainder  in  the  same  manner  to  his 
other  sons.  1876  DIGBY  Real  Prop.  v.  227  A  remainder  is 
created  by  express  words  at  the  same  time  as  the  particular 
estate,  and  is  so  limited  as  to  come  into  enjoyment  or 
possession  so  soon  as  the  particular  estate  comes  to  an  end. 
b.  So  remainder  over.  Sometimes  =  a  further 
remainder. 

1544  tr.  Littleton's  Tenures  (1574)  13  Yf  a  man  let  landes 
..for  terme  of  yeres,  the  remainder  ouer  to  an  other  for 
terme  of  lyfe.  1628  COKE  On  Liit.  142  b,  If  a  man  ..  will 

53 


REMAINDER. 

giue  lands  in  taile,  the  remainder  ouer  in  fee  simple  without 
deed  [etc.].  1766  BLACKSTOXE  Comm.  II,  164  This  makes 
A  tenant  for  years,  with  remainder  to  B  for  life,  remainder 
over  to  C  in  fee.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  V.  331  Lands 
were  given  to  an  alien  in  tail,  remainder  over  to  another  in 
fee.  1891  Law  Times  XCI.  3/2  Although  the  deed  pur 
ported  to  bar  the  remainders  over,  its  legal  effect  was  to 
pass  merely  a  base  fee. 

C.  Cross  remainders ',  estates  in  remainder  arising 
where  lands  are  devised  to  two  or  more  persons  in 
tail,  with  remainder  to  either  upon  failure  of  the 
other's  issue. 

1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  381  Here  A  and  B  have  cross 
remainders  by  implication,  and  on  the  failure  of  cither's 
issue,  the  other  or  his  issue  shall  take  the  whole.  1818 
CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  VI.  435  Cross  remainders  will  not  be 
raised  between  two  persons  without  words  creating  a  neces 
sary  implication.  1858  Lu.  ST.  LEONARDS  Handy  •Bk.  Prop. 
Laiv  xvii.  no  The  common  settlement. .is. .then  to  the 
daughters,  as  tenants  in  common  in  tail,  with  cross-re 
mainders  in  tail. 

d.  Remainder  man,  the  person  to  whom  a  re 
mainder  is  devised. 

1743  Swinburne's  Wills  (ed.  6)  180  Provided  that  if  any  of 
the  Remainder  Men  alien  the  Land,  his  Estate  shall  cca>e. 
1766  BLACKSTONI-:  Comm.  II.  166  The  remainder-man  is 
seised  of  his  remainder  at  the  same  time  that  the  termor  is 
possessed  of  his  term.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  VI.  41 
It  divests  the  remainder  or  reversion,,  .leaving  only  in  the 
remainder-man  or  reversioner  a  mere  right  of  entry.  1881 
Times  14  Apr.  10/1  With  extended  facilities  and  provisions 
for  the  security  of  the  remainderman,  many  encumberud 
Irish  properties  would  now  be  willingly  disposed  of. 

e.  transf.  The  right  to  succeed  to  a  title  or  posi 
tion  on  the  decease  of  the  holder ;  esp.  the  right  of 
succession  to   a  peerage  expressly  assigned  to  a 
certain  person  or   line   of  descent   in   default   of 
male  issue  in  the  direct  line. 

1809  Mottos  Peers  Scotl.  Errata,  James,  Earl  of  Hopetoun, 
was  created  an  English  peer.. with  remainder  to  the  issue 
male  of  the  body  of  his  father.  1827  HALLAM  Const.  Hist. 
iii.  (1876)  I.  123  Henry  had  exercised  the  power  with  which 
his  parliament .  .had  invested  him,  by  settling  the  succession 
in  remainder  upon  the  house  of  Suffolk.  1893  Burkes 
Peerage  1481  He  was  advanced  to  a  viscounty  1885,  with 
remainder,  in  default  of  his  male  issue,  to  his  daughterwith 
remainder  to  her  male  issue. 

attrib.  1893  N.  $  Q.  8th  Ser.  IV.  461/2  In  the  event  of 
any  future  Earl  of  Cromartie  becoming  Duke  of  Sutherland, 
the  Cromartie  honours  should  at  once  pass  to  the  next 
remainder  heir. 

2.  a.  Those  still  left  out  of  a  number  of  persons ; 
the  remaining  ones;  the  rest  (f  also  in//.). 

01547  SURREY  Mneid  jv.  (1557)  Eivb,  Troy  and  the 
remainder  of  our  folke  Restore  I  shold.  1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A. 
v.  iii.  131  Where  you  behold  vs  now,  The  poore  remainder 
of  Andronici.  1656  HEYLIN  Sitrv.  France  n  Of  the  In. 
habitants . .  9000  and  upwards  are  of  the  Reformation, , .  the 
remainders  are  Papists.  1663  H.  COGAN  tr.  Pinto 's  Trav.  \.  2 
The  remainder  of  us  they  left  at  night  in  the  Road.  1737  [S. 
BERINGTON]  G.  de  Lucca's  Mem.  (1738)  30  We  drove  the 
Remainder  headlong  off  the  Deck. 

b.  That  which  is  left  when  part  has  been  taken 
away,  used,  dealt  with,  etc. ;  the  residue. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanes  Comm.  139  The  remainder  to  be 
restored  when  the  warre  is  finished.  1601  SHAKS.  AlFs 
Well  iv.  iii.  272  Not  that  I  am  afraide  to  dye,  but  that  my 
offences  beeing  many,  I  would  repent  out  the  remainder  of 
Nature.  1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Rt'fl.^  Occas.  Medit.  iv.  iv,  He 
gave  away  more  out  of  the  Remainder  of  his  Estate,  than 
every  liberal  Man  would  have  done  out  of  the  Whole.  1726 
SWIFT  Gulliver  in.  i,  I  took  out  my  small  Provisions,  and, 
after  having  refreshed  myself,  I  secured  the  Remainder  in  a 
Cave.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  ff  F.  xxxi.  III.  233  He  should  be 
permitted  to  pass  the  remainder  of  his  life  in.. exile.  1836 
J.  GILBERT  Chr.  Atonem.  iii.  (1852)  68  Was  it  not. .expected 
from  them,  that  they  should  fill  up  the  remainder  of  the 
sufferings  appointed  by  their  master. .?  1875  JoWEtt Plate 
(ed.  2)  IV.  25,  I  will  reserve  the  analysis  of  the  remainder 
for  another  occasion. 

3.  fa.  A  single  person,  or  a  few  persons,  re 
maining  out  of  a  number.    Obs. 

1579  FENTON  Guicciard.  (1618)  233  In  the  end  ..  they  had 
recourse  to  the  remainders  of  the  family  of  the  Manfredi 
their  ancient  Lords.  1592  KYD  Sol.  $  Pers.  \\.  i.  303  Ah, 
Ferdinand,  the  stay  of  my  old  age,  And  cheefe  remainder 
of  our  progenie.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  119  That  three 
dayes  battell ..  maintained  by  a  poore  remainder  of  the 
Mamalucks,  1686  tr.  Charditfs  Trav.  Persia  54  Ibrahim 
that  was  the  only  Remainder  of  the  Ottoman  Family.  1697 
POTTER  Antiq.  Greece  n.  vi.  (1715)  261  After  they  had  utterly 
routed  all  the  remainders  of  Xerxes's  numerous  Army. 

b.  A  remaining  (f  or  still  existing)  part  or  frag 
ment  ;  chiefly  //.  =  remains,  esp.  of  ancient  build 
ings.     (Common  in  I7th  c.) 

1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  DAcosta's  Hist.  Indies  vr.  xiv.  459 
The  Edifices  and  Buildings,  .were  many  in  number.. as 
doth  appeare  at  this  day  by  their  ruines  and  remainders. 
1653  H-  MORE  Antid.Ath.  n.  ii.  §  2  Seeming  Ashes  maybe 
no  Ashes,  that  is,  no  Remainders  of  any  Fewel  burnt  there. 
1702  W.  J.  tr.  Bruytfs  Voy.  Levant  iii.  o  With  an  Inten 
tion,  as  I  said  before,  of  visiting  all  the  remainders  of 
Antiquity  in  that  Place.  1878  T.  HARDY  Ret.  Native  iv. 
vii,  The  remainders,  being  cut  into  lengths  and  split  open, 
were  tossed  into  the  pan. 

c.  A  remaining  trace  of  some  practice,  quality, 
feeling,  etc.     (Cf.  REMAIN  st>l  3  c.)     Now  rare. 

1641  MiL-rott  Aniwarfv.  Wks.  1851  III.  211  If  you  have 
any  remainders  of  modesty  or  truth  cry  God  mercy.  1668 
OwENJn  Hearne  Collect.  26  Nov.  an.  1705  (O.  H.  S.)  I.  99  The 
Remainders  of  Indwelling-Sin  in  Believers.  1755  S.WALKER 
Serin.  5  Deliver  me  from  the  Remainders  of  Corruption  that 
dwellinme.  iSiSjAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  I.  in.iv.  580  With.. 
a  remainder  of  disgust  in  the  breasts  of  some  of  the  Omrahs. 


418 

4.  a.  Arith.  The  number  which  remains  after 
subtraction  of  a  lesser  from  a  greater;  the  differ 
ence  between  two  numbers ;  the  excess  after  a  pro 
cess  of  division.  (Cf.  REMAIN  ,?<M  2b,  REMAINER  2,) 

1571  DIGGES  Pantom.  n.  xxiii.  P  ij  b,  The  roote  quadrate 
of  the  remaynder  is  the  perpendiculare  falling  from  the 


HOBBKS  Six  Lessons  Wks.  1845  VII.  231  The  remainder 
after  subtraction  is  the  measure  of  proportion  arithmetical. 
1696  BI-.  PATRICK  Cofiint.  Exod.  xxxviii.  (1697)  708  Three 
thousand,  dividing  301775  will  produce  an  Hundred  and 
leave  1775  in  Remainder.  1798  J.  HUTTON  Course  Math. 
I.  12  To  prove  Subtraction,  add  the  remainder  to  the  less 
number.  1873  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  528  When  the  number  of 
times  is  not  exact,  the  excess  of  the  dividend  over  the  divisor 
.  .is  called,  the  remainder. 
fb.  ~  REMAIN  sbl  2  c.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  II,  I.  i.  130  My  Soueraigne  Leege  was 
in  my  debt,  Vpon  remainder  of  a  deere  Accompt. 

5.  In  the  book-trade  :  A  number  of  copies  re 
maining  unsold  out  of  an  edition  (esp.  after  the 
demand  for  it  has  fallen  off  or  ceased),  and  fre 
quently  disposed  of  at  a  reduced  price. 

1873  CURWEH  Hist.  Booksellers  391  Tegg.  .visited  all  the 
trade  sales,  and  bought  up  the  'remainders',  i.e.  surplus 
copies  of  works  in  which  the  original  publishers  had  no 
faith.  1888  AtJtenseum  22  Dec.  850/2  His  main  dealings 
before  this  having  been  in  '  remainders ',  and  his  one  solitary 
publication  a  failure. 

Q.  attrib.  passing  into  adj.  Remaining,  left  over ; 
reserve. 

1567  LD.  HERRIES  in  Robertson  Hist.  Scot.  (1759)  II.  App. 
51  He  hoped  the  remainder  noblemen  of  their  party. .  would 
come  to  the  same  conformity.  1579  *-*.  HARVEY  Letter-bk. 
(Camden)  83  Lett  us  not  be  so  miuriuus  to  remaender  anti- 
quitye  as  to  deprive  yfardist  of[fj  of  his  due  commendation. 
1600  SHAKS.  A .  1'.  L.  II.  vii.  39  His  braine. .  is  as  drie  as  the 
remainder  bisket  After  a  voyage.  1824  LAM!!  Elia  Ser.  n. 
Capt.  Jackson,  He  would  sometimes  finish  the  remainder 
crust,  to  show  that  he  wished  no  savings.  1827  HOOD  Mids. 
Fairies  xxiv,  Their  memories  are  dimm'd  and  torn,  Like 
the  remainder  tatters  of  a  dream.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl. 
I.  xv.  181  All  my  tired  remainder- men  were  summoned. 

t  Remainder  '2.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  as  prec. :  cf. 
REMAIN  sb.-~\  Stay;  time  of  staying  or  remaining. 

1594  NASHE  L'nfort.  Trav.  56  During  my  remainder  there 
[in  Rome],     1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  123  The  first 
[reason]  is  that  of  Aristotle,  drawne  from,  .the  small  time  of 
its  remainder  in  the  wombe. 

Remainder-man:  see  REMAINDER!  i  d. 

Remai'ndership.  Law.  [f.  REMAINDER  i  i.] 
The  possession  of  a  remainder ;  the  fact  of  there 
being  a  remainder. 

1865  Sat.  Rev.  7  Jan.  18/1  The  law  of  entail  enables  a 
landowner,  .to  give  to  a  person  yet  unborn  the  remaindership 
of  his  estate.  1893  N.  $  Q.  8th  Ser.  IV.  461/2  This  unusual 
series  of  remainderships. 

So  f  Remariidery.   Obs.  rare— l. 

1490  Plumpton  Corr.  (Camden)  97  A  state  &  feftment..of 
lands  &  tenementes.  .for  terme  of  his  lyfe,  the  remaynderie 
to  the  ryght  heire  of  William  Plompton  knight. 

t  Remai  nclment.  Law.  Obs.  rare—1,  [irreg. 
f.  REMAINDER1.]  A  remainder. 

1596  BACON  Max.  ff  Use  Com.  Law  (1635)  52  marg.t  A 
recovery  barreth  an  Escheat  taile  and  all  reversions  and 
remaindments  thereupon. 

t  Remarner  \  Obs.  Also  5  reraaner,  5-6 
remayner,  7  remainor.  [a.  ONF.  remaneiry 
=  OF.  remanoir  inf.:  see  REMAIN  v.  and  - 

1.  Law.  a.  ?  =  REMANET  2  a.  rare  ~'. 

1454  PastonLett.  I.  294  Mastere  Pownyngs  hath  day  tille 
the  next  terme  by  a  remayner. 

b.   =  REMAINDER!  i. 

1473  Rolls  of  Par  It.  VI.  75/2  Nor  to  cure  seid  moost 
derest  Wife,  nor  to  her  heires  or  assignes,  in,  to,  or  for  the 
remaner..of  the  premisses.  1520  SIR  R.  ELYOT  Will  in 
ElyoCs  Gov.  (1883)  App.  A,  Notwithstanding  the  said  en- 
tailles  and  remayners  afore  declared. 

2.  =  REMAINDER  i  4  a. 

1542  RECORDE  Gr.  Artes  (1575)  96  The  Remayner  is  a  sum 
left  after  a  due  Subtraction  made.  1588  J.  mtUHArftk, 
S  iij  b,  I  haue  herein  alwaies  driuen  my  remayners  (or  broken 
partes)  into  whole  numbers.  Mlk&rV*KV  Mariner's  Mag. 
vi.  iii.  106  The  Sun  enters  Gemini  May  ji ;  which  Substract 
from  12,  the  Remainer  is  j, 

3.  =  REMAINDER  2  b. 

1617  MS.  Ace.  St.  John's  Hosp.,  Canterb.,  The  remainor 
[of  the  money  is]  in  the  boxe.  a  1625  FLETCHER,  etc.  Fair 
Maid  Inn  in,  ii,  The  lesse  remainer  Is  dowry  large  enough. 
1644  NYE  Gunnery  n.  (1647)  23  From  which  stick  cut  off  its 
just  length,  the  remainer  you  may  use  upon  the  base  ring. 

Kemai'uer  -.  rare.  [f.  REMAIN  v.  +  -ER  '.] 
One  who  remains  or  stays. 

1565  T.  STAPLETON  Fortr.  Faith  16,  I  wil  be  a  remainer 
In  thy  tabernacle  for  euer.  1637  in  Cramond  Ann.  Banff 
(1891)  I.  79  Ane  daylie  remainer  fra  the  Kirk  in  tyme  of 
dyvyne  worschip. 

Remaining  (r/W-nin),  vll,  sb.     [f.  REMAIN 

V.    +  -ING1.] 

f  1.   That  which  remains  ;  a  remainder.   Obs. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  viii.  (Philip)  89  Prestis  £  deknys 
^are  mad  he  . .  al  £e  remaynyne  to  do  bat  efferyte  bare 
ordyr  to.  Ibid,  xviii.  (Mary  Egypt)  855  pe  remaynynge 
bane  of  bat  day  I  sped  me  faste  one  myn  way.  c  1586 
C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LI.  i,  Clense  still  my  spotts  ..  Till 
staines  and  spotts  in  me  leave  noe  remaynings.  1621  LADY 
M.  WROTH  Urania  174  They  went  to  eate  that  poore  re 
maining  that  there  was  left  them.  1624  CAPT.  SMITH 
Virginia  (1629)  212  Such  like  as  they  spare  of  the  remainings. 


REMAND. 

2.  The  fact  of  staying  or  continuing  in  a  place 

or  state ;  f  also,  place  of  staying  or  residing. 
1549  Contpl.  Scot.  Pro!.  8  The  prouest  of  the  prouince 

quhar  ther  remanyng  vas.      '575  Reg*  Privy  Council  Scot. 

1 1. 447  The  saidis  Margaret  and  Issobell  wer  in  the  cumpany 
|  and  remaning  of  the  said  George.  1796  Instr.  fy  Keg. 
'  Cavalry  (1813)  114  Unless  the  intended  and  immediate 
!  formation  of  the  line  requires  their  remaining  where  they 

are.  1855  PUSEY  Doctr.  Real  Presence  Note  A.  31  The 
;  remaining,  then,  of  the  '  elements  in  their  natural  substances ' 
!  was  an  open  question. 

Remaining,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  -.] 
That  remains,  in  various  senses. 

1513  DOUGLAS  AZneis  ni.  ii.  38  We  the  beseik  that..thou 

grant  ws  eik  successioun,  And  for  to  duell  in  ane  remanand 

,    toun.      1645  EVELYN  Diary  23  Jan.,  The  3  remaining  foun- 

taines  which    give    denomination   to  this  Church.      1683 

MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  xx\\.  F  19  He. .doubles  the 

loose  half  of  the  Leather  over  the  remaining  NailM-on  half. 

1748  HARTLEY  Observ.  Man  i.  L  §  2.  57  These  remaining 

Sensations  grow  feebler  and  feebler,  till  they  vanish.     1776 

GIBBON  Decl,  $  f.  xii.  I.  334  The  remaining  actions  he 

intrusted  to  the  care  of  his  lieutenants.    1855  MACAULAY 

I    Hist.  Eng.  xv.  III.   596  A  treason,  the  consciousness  of 

,    which  threw  a  dark   shade  over  all  his  remaining  years. 

1885  Atlienseunt  4  July9/i  With,  .increasing  injuries  to  the 

few  remaining  defences. 

Rema'ke  (r/"-),  v.    Also  re-make.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  make  over  again,  reconstruct.     Also 
refl.  and  absoL 

a  1635  NAUNTON  Fragm.  Reg.  (Arb.)  55  The  increasement 
\    of  Estate  and  Honour,  which  the  Queen  conferred  on  him, 
together  with   the   opportunity  to   remake  himself.      1671 
i    WOODHEAD  St.  Teresa  u.  xxvi.  160  Blessed  be  thou.  .who  in 
:    an  instant  destroyest  a  Soul,  and  again  remakest  it.     1799 
W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  XXVIII.  512  It  must  be  re 
made  over  and  over  again.     1836  J.  GILBERT  Chr.  Atonem. 
ix.  (1852)  274  Could  not  He  who  first  made  all  creatures 
perfect,  remake  us?     1864  BROWNING  Rabbi  Ben  Ezra  x, 
Maker,  remake,  complete, — I   trust  what  1'hou  shalt  do  ! 
1880  MUIRHEAD  Gains  n.  §  143  Lest,  .a  carefully  executed 
testament  be  set  aside  when  it  is  no  longer  possible  to  re 
make  it. 

2.  To  make  again  into  something. 

1880  FROUDE  Bunyan  63  When  the  law  had  for  a  time  re 
made  Dissent  into  a  crime. 

Hence  Rema'king  vbl.  sb. ;  also  Rema'ker. 

1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  18  Julyan.  i776,Re- 
1  making  in  large  cock  may  help  hay  which  is  under-made. 
1841  EMERSON  Misc.  (1855)  200  What  is  a  man  born  for  but 
to  be  a  Reformer,  a  Re-maker  of  what  man  has  made..  ? 
1889  'MARK  TWAIN  '  Yankee  at  Crt.  K.  Arthur  \q\  If  I  had 
the  remaking  of  man,  he  wouldn't  have  a  conscience. 

Re-ma-n,  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  equip  (a  fleet,  etc.)  with  fresh  men ; 
to  man  (a  gun,  etc.)  anew. 

1666  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  77/3  To  Re-man  our  Fleet, ..resolu 
tion  is  taken  of  reducing  20,  or  25  Companies  of  Foot.  1804 
LARWOOD  No  Gun  Boats  n  One  will  refit,  revictual,  and 
re-man  his  forests  of  Flotillas.  iSzjSouTHEY  Penins.  War\. 
408  For  a  moment  the  citizens  hesitated  to  re-man  the  guns. 
1850  GROTE  Greece  \\.  Ixi.  (1862)  V.  329  These  last  five  [tri 
remes]  had  been  re-manned  with  Chian  crews. 

2.  To  make  manly  or  courageous  again ;  to  make 
again  into  a  man. 

1820  BYRON  Mar.  Fal.  in.  ii.  500  Re-man  your  breast ;  I 
feel  no  such  remorse.  1827  HARE  Guesses  Ser.  i.  (1873)  181 
First  unmanning  and  then  re-manning  ourselves,  each  to 
serve  a  turn.  1869  BROWNING  Ring^  <$•  Bk.  xi.  2393  Un 
manned,  remanned  :  ..  With  something  changeless  at  the 
heart  of  me  To  know  me  by. 

Remanand,  -ant,  -aunt(e,  obs.  ff.  RKMENANT. 
Remaua  tion.    rare~l.      [f.     L.     remanare 

(Lucr.)  to  flow  back,  after  emanation^     Flowing 
back,  reabsorption  (of  a  soul  in  the  universe). 

»88o  S.  LANE-POOLE  in  Macm.  Mag.  Apr.  497  Its  pan 
theistic  doctrine  of  emanation  and  remanation. 

Rema'ncipate  (n"-),  v.  Roman  Law.  [f.  ppl. 
stem  of  L.  remancipare  :  see  RE-  and  MANCIPATE 
v.]  trans.  To  restore  (a  thing  or  person)  to  the 
niancipant.  Also  absol. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  R  emancipate,  to  sell  again  any 
thing  to  him  who  first  sold  it  to  us.  1880  MUIRHEAD  Gaius 
i.  §  133  When  the  son  has  been  mancipated  the  third  time, 
his  father  ought  to  take  care  that  the  mancipee  remancipates 
to  him.  Ibid.  133  a,  Unless  they  have  been  remancipated 
by  the  mancipee  to  their  father  or  grandfather. 

So  Remancipa'tion. 

1658  PHILLIPS,  Remancipation,  a  returning  back  a  com 
modity  into  the  hands  of  him  of  whom  it  was  fir^t  bought. 
1850  MERIVALE  Rom.  Emp.  xxii.  (1865)  III.  31  Coemption, 
or  the  fictitious  purchase  of  the  wife  from  her  parents, 
admitted  of  remancipation.  1880  MUIRHEAD  Gaius  i.  §  134 
One  mancipation  is  sufficient,  which  may  of  may  not  be 
followed  by  remancipation  to  the  parent. 

Remand  (r/m<rnd),  sb.     [f.  the  vb.] 

1.  The  act   of  remanding,  or  the  fact  of  being 
remanded  ;  now  spec,  recommittal  of  an  accused 
person  to  custody  (see  the  vb.  2  b). 

1771  MRS.  HARRIS  in  Lett.  Ld.  Malmesbury  (1870)  I.  211 
You  will  remain  at  Madrid  till  the  messenger  with  your 
remand  arrives,  and  save  yourself  the  fatigue  of  a  double 
journey.  1852  DICKENS  Bleak  Ho.  liv,  There  was  enough 
against  him  to  make  it  my  duty  to  take  him  and  get  him 
kept  under  remand.  1864  Daily  Tel.  30  Aug.,  A  notorious 
thief.. brought  upon  remand.  itifyManch.  Exam.  22  May 
5/1  Evidence  was  taken  simply  to  justify  a  remand. 

attrib.  1897  Westm.  Gaz.  19  Aug.  2/1  All  the  men  you 
see  in  this  yard  are  remand  prisoners. 

2.  A  remanded  prisoner. 

1888  Pall  Mall  G.  25  Sept.  4/1  It  would  be  more  merciful 
in  most  cases  to  order  the.  .remand  a  sound  birching. 


REMAND. 

Remand  (r/mcrnd),z;.  Also  5-6 -maund.  [ad. 
F.  remander  (i2th  c.),  or  late  L.  remandare  to 
send  back  word,  to  repeat  a  command  :  see  RE-  and 
MANDATE.  Cf.  It.  rimandare,  Sp.  rema>idar.~\ 

1.  trans.  To   send    (a   thing)  back   again   to   a 
place  ;  to  reconsign ;  also,  to  remit,  consign. 

1439  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  30/1  That  the  saide  Rolles..be 
remaundid  and  send  ayeine  unto  the  said  Places,  c  1500 
Melusinc  221  They  remanded  to  hym  theire  wylle  with 
grete  yeftes  of  ryches.  1630  PRYNNE  Anti-Armin.  276  Let 
vs  once  more  remaund,  adiudge  and  sinke  it  to  the  very 
depths  of  Hell.  1653  H.  MORE  A  ntid.  Ath.u.u.  §9  A  wonder 
ful  Power  is  required  to  curb  it,  regulate  it,  or  remand  it  back 
to  the  Earth  and  keep  it  there.  1733  FIELDING  Qitix.  in 
Eng.  Pref,  Both  dissuaded  me  from  suffering  it  to  be  repre 
sented  on  the  stage  ;  and  accordingly  it  was  remanded  back 
to  my  shelf.  1843  TENNYSON  Lore  #  Duty  86  .Should  my 
Shadow  cross  thy  thoughts  . .  remand  it  thou  For  calmer 
hours  to  Memory's  darkest  hold.  1888  BAIN  in  Sliiul  Oct. 
536  The  ethical  writer  is  not  likely  to  remand  to  Psychology 
proper  the  analysis  of  Conscience. 

fb.  Law.  To  remit  (a  prisoner,  indictment, 
record,  etc.)  back  to  a  court  or  judge.  Obs. 
^1514-5  Act  6  Hen.  VIII,  c.  6  The  justices  of  the  Kinges 
Benche..have  full  auctoritie.  .toremaunde  and  send  downe, 
as  well  the  bodies  of  all  felons  and  murderers.. as  their 
inditements.  1542-3  Act  34  ^  35  Hen.  VIII,  c.  27  §  88 
Which  triall  so  before  him  had,  he  shall  remaunde  with  the 
hole  recorde  vnto  the  iustice,  before  whom  y°  said  plee  or 
voucher  was  pleaded. 

2.  To  send   back  (a  person) ;   to   command   or 
order  to  go  back  to  a  place. 

1588  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Malh.)  II.  75  Some  came  ..  near 
London,  whom  she  remanded  to  their  countries,  because 
their  harvest  was  at  hand.  1650  FULLER  Pisgak  n.  xiii.  273 
The  Jews  were  . .  remanded  to  wander  another  way  many 
years,  for  the  punishment  of  their  infidelity.  1677  \V.  HUB- 
BARD  Narrative  (1865)  I.  94  Captain  Henchman  was  sent 
down  to  the  Governour  and  Council  to  know  what  they 
should  do:  they  presently  remanded  him  to  Pocasset,  and 
ordered  him  to  stay  there  if  there  were  need.  1712  BLACK- 
MORE  Creation  306  Where  their  report  the  vital  envoys 
make,  And  with  new  orders  are  remanded  back.  1771  MRS. 
HARRIS  in  Prat.  Lett.  Ld.  Maltnesbury  (1870)  I.  214  As  you 
have  reason  to  be  fond  of  Spain  and  it's  inhabitants,  you 
may  not  be  sorry  at  being  remanded.  1802  MAR.  EDGE- 
WORTH  Moral  T.  (1816)  I.  224  If.,  the  prisoner  is  guilty,  I 
am  to  remand  him  to  the  castle  of  Spandau. 

b.  Of  a  court  or  magistrate  :  To  send  back  (a 
prisoner)    into   custody,   now  spec,  in   order  that 
further  evidence  on  the  charge  may  be  obtained. 

1643  PRYNNE  Sov.  Power  Parlt.  iv.  27  And  if  they  bring 
an  Habeas  Corpus. .  they  shall  notwithstanding  be  remanded 
and  remain  prisoners  all  their  dayes.  1748  SMOLLETT  Rod. 
Rand,  xxx.  heading,  Morgan  is  sent  back  into  custody, 
whither  also  I  am  remanded,  after  a  curious  trial.  1772 
Jiinitis  Lett.  Ixviii.  (1788)  359  If  the  cause  of  commitment 
had  been  expressed  for  treason  or  felony,  the  court  would 
then  have  done  right  in  remanding  them.  1794  in  Bloom- 
field  Amcr.  Law  Rep.  29  The  said  A.  is  remanded  into 
custody.  _  1858  A.  FONBLANQUE  Hoiv  we  are  Governed  185 
The  magistrate  has  the  power  of  remanding  him,  or  sending 
him  back  to  prison  for  eight  days. 

c.  To  refer  (one)  back  to  a  passage  in  a  book, 
or  to  a  period  of  time.  rare. 

1676  TOWERSON  Decalogue  50  [On  this]  I  have  discoursed 
already  in  the  foregoing  discourse,  and  must  therefore  re 
mand  you  thither.  1866  Direct.  Angl.  (ed.  3)  p.  vi,  We  are 
remanded  back  to  a  stated  period  when  the  aforesaid  '  orna 
ments  '  were  in  use  in  this  Church  of  England. 

3.  To  call  or  summon  back,  to  recall.    Now  rare 
or  Obs. 

1525  LD.  BERNERS  Frvia.  II.  ccvi,  Whan  he  sawe  that  he 
coulde  nat  atcheue  his  busynesse,  he  sygnyfied  his  estate  to 
the  duke  of  Orlyance,  wherevpon  he  was  remaunded.and  so 
he  retourned  to  Parys.  1592  WARNER  A  It.  Eng.  vil.  xxxvi. 
156  With  weeping  heart  he  her  remands  to  be  with  him  at 
one.  a  1656  USSHER  Ann.  (1658)  369  He  remanded  his  own 
[men]  from  the  pursuit.  1692  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857) 
II.  482  Captain  Wren  . .  can  only  hear  of  2  French  men  of 
war  there,  the  rest  being  remanded  home  to  Brest,  aiyn 
KEN  Hymns  Eaang.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  in  Jealous  grown, 
[he]  Remands  all  Guardians  to  defend  his  Throne.  1807 
J.  BARLOW  Columb.  HI.  190  Groan  not,  my  child,  thy  God 
remands  thee  home. 

t  b.  To  countermand,  fetch  back.  Oos. 

1676  Land.  Gaz.  No.  1059/2  Quantities  ..  are  already 
Shipped  in  parts  beyond  the  Seas  for  England,  and  cannot 
be  Remanded  without  great  loss  to  the  Owners  thereof 
1772  MRS.  SCOTT  Test  Filial  Duty  II.  i?I  The  baggage 
was  remanded,  the  captain  satisfied  for  the  loss  of  his 
passenger  [etc.]. 

1 4.  To  demand  back  from  another.  Obs. 

1602  WARNER  All'.  Eng.  ix.  xlviii.  224  Each  birde  shal 
then  remaunde  her  Plumes.  1649  J.  EI.LISTONE  Behmctfs 
F.ptstles  (1886)  xxxv.  s  10  If  some  Jesuits  should  come  and 
remand  the  church  from  Luther  again.  1677  BAKER  in 
Rigaud  Car,:  Sci.  Men  (1841)  II.  29  If  after  the  perusal  it 
may  be  thought  fit  to  have  it  printed,  I  shall  remand  it  from 
him,  and  give  it  another  dress. 

Hence  Rema-nded ///.  a.,  also  Berna'ndmeiit, 
'  a  remandment  or  ordering  back'  (Webster,  1847, 
citing  Jefferson). 

1888  Pall  MM  G.  j7  Sept.  z/i  He  wore  the  dark -blue 
dress  of  remanded  prisoners. 

Remaneuce  (re-manens).  [ad.  L.  type  *re- 
manentia  :  see  REMANENT  a.  and  -ENCE.] 

1.  That  which  remains  ;  residuum,  rare. 

1666  BOYLE  Orig.  Formes  4  Qual.  255  To  judge  of  and 
employ  the  Remanence  of  the  Amber,  after  the  Distillation 
is  fimsh'd.  a  1691  —  Wks.  III.  81  (R.),  This  salt,  .requires 
no  strong  heat  to  make  it  sublime  into  finely  figured 
crystals  without  a  remanence  at  the  bottom.  1893  SLOANE 


419 

Stand.  Electr.  Diet.,  Remanence,  the  residual  magnetism 
left  afler  magnetic  induction,  expressed  in  lines  of  force  per 
square  centimeter. 

2.   The  fact  of  remaining ;  permanence,  rare—1. 
1810   COLERIDGE  in  Lit.   Rcm.  (1838)   III.    318   Neither 
:    St.  Augustine  nor  Calvin  denied  the  remanence  of  the  will 
;    in  the  fallen  spirit. 

So  f  Be'manency.  Obs. 

1647  JER.  TAYLOR  Lib.  Proph.  ii.  22  No  salvation  was  con 
sistent  with  the  actuall  remanency  of  that  error.  1656  — 
Ansitr.  to  Kp.  of  Rochester  20  The  remanency  of  concupi 
scence  or  Original  Sin  in  the  Regenerate. 

t  Re'manent,  sl>.  Obs.     [See  next.] 

1.  The  remainder,  the  remaining  part,  the  rest : 
a.  of  a  thing  or  number  of  things. 

1414  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  22/2  That  ever  it  stande  in  the 
fredom  of  your  hie  Regalie  to  graunte  whiche  of  thoo 
[things]  that  you  luste,  8:  to  wernne  the  remanent.  1463  in 
Somerset  Med.  trills  (igoi)  199  The  remanent  restith  in  the 
kepyng  of  thabbat  of  Glasten.  1582  STANYHURST  /Em-is 

1.  (Arb.)  23  Beholding,  .yf  that  knight  Antheus  haplye  Were 
frusht,   or  remanent  of  Troian  nauye  wer  hulling.      1597 

'  A.  M.  tr.  Gnilletneatt's  Fr.  Chirnrg.  *v  b,  I  will  pursue 
and  addresse  the  remanent  of  mystudyes.  Ibid.  23b  r  We 
must  cut  of  the  threde,  and  cure  the  remanent  of  the  wound. 
1640-1  Kirkcudbr.  War-Cotnm.  Mitt.  Bk.  (1855)  167  The  re 
manent  of  hir  said  husband's  rentes  and  estaite. 
b.  of  a  number  of  persons.  (Also//.) 
1478  Liter  Niger  in  S.  Pegge  Cur.  Misc.  (1782)  78  The  re 
manent  of  their  servants  to  be  at  their  livery  in  the  Country. 
1309  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1874!  II.  324  The  remanent 
assayle  him  with  envy.  1549  Cotnpl.  Si  ot.  ix.  76  He  sleu 
men,  vemen,  ande  chlldir,  . .  the  remanent  of  the  pepil  var 
constrenjeit  to  fie.  1571  CAMPION  Hist.  Ircl.  II.  lii.  (1633) 
75  To  settle  the  Realme  of  Ireland,  King  lohn  ..  banished 
the  Lacyes,  . .  subdued  the  remanents,  tooke  pledges  [etc.]. 
1651  BARKSDALE  Nytnpha.  Libethris  (1816)  34  The  female 
remanent,  with  observant  eye,  I'd  have  to  learn  her  mother's 
housewifery. 

2.  A  remaining  part  or  amount ;  a  remnant ;  //. 
remains. 

a.  1483  Liber  Niger  in  Hoiiseh.  Ord.  (1790)  58  On  the  next 
morning,  .in  every  office  of  household,  the  reinanemes  must 
be  taken.      1370  GRINDAL  Let.  to  Cecil  Wks.  (Parker  Soc.) 
325,  I  am  informed . .  that  among  the  people  there  are  many 
remanents  of  the  old  [religion].     1379  FULKE  lleskins'  Part. 
252  Some  remanents  that  were  kept  to  be  eaten.     1632 
LITHGOW  Trail,  vi.  273  The  remanents  of  that  house.. is 
turned  ouer  for  a  shelterage  to  sheepe. 

b.  A  continuation.   rare~l. 

1482  WARKW.  Chron.  (Camden)  I  Referre  them  to  my 
copey,  in  whyche  is  wretyn  a  remanente  lyke  to  this  for- 
seyd  werke. 

3.  Arith.  A  remainder. 

^1430  Art  of  Nombryngc  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  5  [The  number] 
wherof  me  shalle  with-dra%v  [is]  24.  The  nombre  to  be 
with-draw,  6.  The  remanent,  18.  1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM 
Cosmogr.  Glasse  91  The  remanent  shallbe  the  iust  eleuation 
of  the  Pole. 

Remanent  (re'manent),  a.  Now  rare.  [ad.  L. 
remanent-em,  pres.  pple.  of  remancre  to  REMAIN.] 

1 1.  In  predicative  use  :  Remaining,  staying, 
abiding  ;  continuing  to  exist.  Oh. 

1432-50  tr.  Higdcn  (Rolls)  II.  425  Thei  were  chaungede  in 
to  other  similitudes,  . .  the  mynde  of  man  remanente  in 
theyme.  Ibid.  III.  143  Kynge  Astiages  toke  a  grete  hoste 
to  this  Arpagus,  to  fijhte  ageyne  men  of  Persides,  hym  selfe 
remanent  in  Medea.  1313  BRADSHAW  St.  Werbarge  n. 
488  The  faith  of  Christ  . .  In  the  citie  of  legions  was  truely 
remanent.  1349  CompL  Scot.  i.  23  Remanent  vitht  in  the 
plane  mane  landis  far  vitht  in  oure  cuntre.  1649  JER.  TAY 
LOR  Gt.  Exemp.  Disc.  iv.  §  18  There  is  no  effect  remanent 
upon  the  body. 

2.  Left  behind,  remaining,  when  the  rest  is  re 
moved,  used,  done,  etc.     Now  rare. 

1432-30  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  15  Gedrenge  the  eres  of  ', 
comes  remanent.  Ibid.,  The  fragmentes  of  the  cophinnes 
remanent.  1633  T.  ADAMS  Exp.  2  Peter  ii.  7  The  very 
remanent  snuff  of  original  goodness  must  languish  out  in  a 
stinking  dissoluteness.  1651  JER.  TAYLOR  Cterus  Dam.  30 
This  being. .the  onely  remanent  expresse  of  Christs  sacrifice 
on  earth.  1713  tr.  Pancirollitf  Rertttn  Mem.  I.  I.  iv.  12  Its 
remanent  stringy  Substance  may  be  so  comb'd  and  teaz'd,  , 
as  to  be  weav'd  into  a  Web.  1814  MRS.  J.  WEST  Alicia  de 
Lacy  IV.  93  Some  remanent  affections  of  unsubdued  nature 
carnalized  her  heart.  1880  Nature  XXI.  436/2  The  remanent 
magnetism,  .seems  weakened. 

b.  (Chiefly  Sc.)    Remaining  over  and  above;   [ 
other;  additional. 

c  1449  PECOCK  Kefr.  i.  viii.  39  Bi  an  huge  gret  quantite 
ouer  the  remanent  parti  of  the  same  lawe.  1533  BELLENDEN 
Liv%  II.  ii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  135  pai  and  f.-e  remanent  conspira- 
touris.  .began  to  commoun  of  mony  hie  materis.  1597 
A.  M.  tr.  Gttillemeaii  s  Fr.  Chimrg.  53/1  Corrodent  bones 
doe  alter  and  permutate  the  remanent  part  of  bone.  1682  in 
Scott.  Antiq.  (1901)  July  8  Chancelor  of  the  said  wniversaty 
and.. the  remanent  members  of  the  said  facultie.  1x1691 
SIR  G.  MACKENZIE  in  $rd  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Coinnt.  421/1,  I 
have  sent  your  Grace  the  remanent  sheets  of  the  first  part 
of  my_Criminalls.  1774  in  -A.  M^Kay  Hist.  Kilmarnock 
App.  iii.  305  Remanent  counsellors  above  named.  1823 
M'CLATCHIE  Douglas  III.  xvii.  227  The  Earl,  .went  out  to 
give  the  remanent  orders  of  the  day  to  his  troops.  1884 
Chr.  World  5  June  426/1  The  Moderator,  and  'remanent 
members  '  of  the  Assembly. 

3.  Lam.   =  REMANET  23  (seeqtiot.  1829).  Hence   I 
Re-manentey,  the  adjournment  of  an  action. 

1808  BENTHAM  Sc,  Reform  76  By  the  terrors  of  remanentcy,    ! 
as  above  explained,  the  plaintiff  consents  to  accept  a  part  of 
what  is  his  due,  giving  up  the  rest. 

Remaner,  obs.  form  of  RKsr.uNER. 
Remanet  (re-manet).   Also  6  remaneth.   [L., 
3rd  sing.  pres.  indie,  of  remane re  to  REMAIN.] 
1.  A  remainder. 


REMARK. 

1311  Hotisch.  Bk.  Dk.  Korthumbld.  (1770)  2  Divers  VitalU 
and  Stuffs  remaynynge. . ,  as  it  apcrith  more  playnly  by  a  bill 
of  the  same  Remaneth  signed  with  my  hand.  1340  Church™. 
Ace.  St.  Giles,  Reading  (ed.  Nash)  58  A  remanet  for  broken 
plate  sold  vin>.  c  1640  J.  SMYTH  llniul.  Berkeley  (1885)  89 
I  he  Remanet  paid  into  the  Exchequer  is  51$  %d  q.  by  the 
Collector.  1874  MRS.  H.  WOOD  Mast.  Greylands  xix.  221 
The  intimacy.. must  be  a  sort  of  remanet  of  that  friendship, 
meaning  nothing.  1891  H.  MATTHEWS  in  Law  Times 
XC1I.  96/1  Convicts  serving  remanets  of  former  sentences. 

2.  a.  Law.  A  cause  or  suit  of  which  the  hearing 
is  postponed  to  another  day  or  term. 

a  1734  NORTH  'Lives  (1826)  I.  436  For  the  causes,  left  one 

day,  are  remanets  to  the  next.      1829  BENTHAM   Justice  fy 

Cod.  Petit.  83  The  other  part  [of  suits]  remain  unheard  and 

|    are  called  remanets  or  remanents.      1870  Daily  News   12 

Dec.,  The  list  contains  in  cases,  28  of  which  are  remanets 

atlrib.  1829  BENTHAM  Justice  t,-  Cod.  Petit.  80  If  it 
happens  to  it  to  be  on  the  remanet  list.  1888  Fuelling 
Post  23  Nov.  2/6  The  remanet  witness  had  been  in  the  box 
all  the  morning. 

b.  A  parliamentary  bill  left  over  till  another 
session. 

1870  Daily  .\~aus  22  July  6The  law  on  the  Press,  .is  im 
pudently  made  a  remanet,  and  will  hang  over  till  next 
session.  1887  Edin.  A',  ->.  Jan.  284  The  question  of  'remands' 
at  the  close  of  each  session. 

t  Rema'USion.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  reman- 
siSn-eiii,  f.  rcnianfre  lo  REMAIN  :  cf.  MANSION.] 
The  act  of  remaining. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gmlklneau's  Ft:  Chirurg.  5:5/1  Corrodent 
mailer  or  bones,  by  theire  remansione  in  that  place,  d'je  also 
corrupte  the  finitimate  paries.  1657  TOWLINSOS  Ketiau's 
Disp.  67  Because  of  the  discussion  of  the  volatile  Sulphur 
..and  the  remansion  of  the  fixed  sahness. 

Remanufa'cture,  so.    [RE-  5  a.]    The  aci, 

process,  or  result,  of  manufacturing  again. 

1796  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  XX.  336  The  capture. . 

of  outward-bound  ..vessels  occasions  the  re-manufacture  or 

,    re-exportation  of  goods  like  those  with  which  they  were 

:    freighted.      1851  MAYHEW  Lend.   Labour  II.  30/1  These 

garments  are  inferior  to  those  woven  of  new  wool . .  ;  but  in 

some  articles  the  re-manufacture  is  beauliful.      1892  Daily 

News  8  Feb.  2/8  Old  rails  for  remanufacture. 

So  Remanufa'ctiire  v.   trans. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  338  These  are  bold 
to  the  manufacturer  to  be  remanufactured. 

Re-manu  re,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  manure  again. 

1823  BYHON  Age  of  Bronze  v,  Clashing  hosts,  who  strew'd 
the  barren  sand  To  re-manure  the  uncultivated  land. 

Rernaynandve,  -ent,  varr.  REMAINANT  Ots. 

RemaTCh  (n-),  v.  [RE-.]  trans,  and  iiitr.  To 
march  back  or  again. 

1642  SLINGSBY  Diary  (1836)  88  We  remarchd  ye  first  night 
to  Sherif  Hutton  and  there  lay  2  nights.  1815  HODHOUSE 
Substance  Lett.  (1816}  I.  156  Hearing  that  the  Duke  of 
Treviso  had  remarched  the  garrison  into  the  town.  1895 
Outing  (U.  S.)  XXVI.  445  2  Here  Cornwallis  and  Clinton 
marched  and  remarched. 

So  Rema-rch  sit. 

1884  .Vanc/i.  Exam.  19  Dec.  5/5  There  had  been  a  march 
and  remarch  of  the  Forty  Thieves. 

Rema'rgin,  v .  [RE-  5  a.]  irons.  To  furnish 
(a  leaf  of  a  book)  with  a  fresh  margin. 

A  common  term  in  booksellers'  catalogues. 

1891  Kerr  $  Richardson's  Catal.  Nov.  26/1  Some  leaves 
remargined. 

Remark  (r/ina'jk),  s6.1  Also  7  reraarke, 
remarque.  [ad.  F.  rei/tarytie,  f.  rcmarquer  to 
REJIAKK.] 

1 1.  The  fact  or  quality  of  being  worthy  of  notice 
or  comment.  In  phr.  of  (.  .)  remark.  Obs. 

1654  H.  L'EsTRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655)  2oi  To  prepare  a 
charge  against  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  as  one  of 
prime  remarque  in  forming  of  these  Canons.  1680  MORDKN 
Gcog.  Rect.  (1685)  410  Some  Relations  make  mention  of  the 
Naiques  of  Madure  . .  but  give  us  little  of  Remarque  with 
Certainty.  1702  W.  J.  tr.  ISruyn's  l-'oy.  Levant  Ixiv.  237  In 
which  there  were  three  Women,  but  of  no  great  remark. 

2.  Observation,  notice;  comment. 

1680  OTWAY  Orphan  n.  vi,  Pass  not  one  circumstance 
without  remark.  1680  MORDEN  Gcog.  Rect.  (1685)  123  The 
Arsenal,  the  College  of  the  Jesuits . .  are  worthy  of  Remarque. 
1781  COWPER  Table  T.  205  The  cause.. may  yet  elude  Con 
jecture  and  remark,  however  shrewd.  1827  HOOD  Mitts. 
Fairies  Ixxvii,  Roots,  like  any  bones  of  buried  men,  Push'd 
through  the  rotten  sod  for  fear's  remark.  1830  HERSCHEL 
Stitd.  Nat.  Phil.  II.  iv.  (1851)  132  The  grand  discovery  . . 
originated  in  his  casual  remark  of  the  disappearance  of  one 
of  the  images.  1885  Manch.  Exam.  15  May  5/3  Lord  R. 
Churchill's  latest  escapade,  .is  the  theme  of  general  remark. 

Comb.  1834  A.  CUNNINGHAM  Brit.  Lit.  19  It  is  remark, 
worthy  that  the  most  natural  and  impassioned  songs  in., 
our  literature  were  written  by  a  ploughman-lad. 

b.  Air  of  observation  ;  look,  rare  —'. 

1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol.  i.  Ivii,  Of  all  the  gentle  tenants 
of  the  place,  There  was  a  man  of  special  grave  remark. 

3.  a.  An  act  of  observing  or  noticing  ;  an  obser 
vation.  Now  rare,  t  Also  const,  of. 

1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  41  For  a  clearer  in 
telligence  of  the  worthiest  remarkes  we  made  in  that  great 
jotirny.  1676  GREW  Exper.  Litctatwn  iii.  §  56  If  a  diligent 
remarque  be  made  of  all  those  various  Colours,  Smells  [etc.]. 
1690  LEYBOURN  Cars.  Math.  448  b,  The  principal  Remarks 
of  this  illustrious  Planet,  made  by  the  Ancients,  were  these 
following.  1711  ADDISON  Spectator  No.  50  r  8  As  for  the 
Women  of  the  Country,  not  being  able  to  talk  with  them, 
we  could  only  make  our  Remarks  upon  them  at  a  Distance 
1779-Si  JOHNSON  /,./>.,  Butler  Wks.  II.  188  He  had  watched 
with  great  diligence  the  operations  of  human  nature. . .  From 
such  remarks  proceeded  [etc.  ].  1853  BROWNING  Fra  Lippo 
128,  I  had  a  store  of  such  remarks,  be  sure,  Which,  after  I 
found  leisure,  turned  to  use. 

53-2 


REMARK. 

b.  A  verbal  or  written  observation  ;  a  comment 
a  brief  expression  of  opinion  or  criticism. 

1673  [R.  LEIGH]  Transf.  Rch.  4  That  we  may  bettei 
understand  the  pertinency  of  this  Remarque.  1698  NORKIS 
Pract.  Disc.  IV.  123  This  is  what  I  intend  ;  only  1  have  one 
Remarque  to  make  upon  the  two  other  Heads  before  I  pro 
ceed  to  treat  of  this.  1716  (title}  Weekly  Remarks  and  Re 
flections  upon  the  most  material  news,  foreign  and  domestic 
1791  MRS.  KADCLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  ii,  Which  drew  from  him 
a  remark  that  the  style  of  this  apartment  was  not  strictly 
Gothic.  iSaoB.  SILLIMAN  Toitrfr. Hartford to  Quebec  (i^ii,) 
63  The  numerous  manuscript  remarks  and  annotations  on 
the  blank  leaves  and  margins  of  the  books.  1883  F.  M. 
CRAWFORD  Dr.  Claudius  iv,  He  could  not  bear  to  hear  Mr, 
Barker's  chaffing  remarks. 

attrilt.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  568  Remark-Book. 
This  contains  hydrographical  observations  of  every  port 
visited,  and  is  sent  annually  to  the  admiralty. 

fc.  A  mark  or  record  of  an  observation.   Ol'S.~l 

1789  G.  KEATE  Pclew  Isl.  271  He  took  a  piece  of  line, 

which  he  had  brought  with  him  for  the  purpose  of  making 

remarks,  and  tied  a  knot  thereon  as  a  remembrance  of  the 

circumstance. 

f4.  A  sign,  mark,  indication  of  something  nota 
ble.  Obs. 

1663  HEATH  Flagellum{if>i?)  i  Fate.. brought  him  [Crom 
well]  into  the  world  without  any  terrible  remark  of  his  por- 
tentuous  Life.  1676  I.  MATHER  A'.  Philip's  War  (1862)  64 
This  day  deserves  to  have  a  Remark  set  upon  it.  1709 
STRVPE  Ann.  Rcf.  I.  Hi.  520  That  which  gave  a  greater  Re 
mark  to  this  favourable  Providence  of  God  to  the  Nation. 

t  b.  A  mark  or  indication  of  a  quality  ;  a  re 
maining  trace  ^/"something.  Obs. 

1667  WATKRHOUSE  Fire  Lond.  108  It  was  not  possible 
almost  to  wish  better  or  more  remarks  of  Christian  Devo 
tion.  1676  WISEMAN  Surg.  i.  x.\v.  140  She.  .is  not  so  freed 
of  that  Disease,  but  that  she  hath  sometimes  little  Re- 
marques  of  it.  1686  GOAD  Celeit.  Bodies  i.  iii.  7  God  him 
self  hath  pleased  to  give  it  as  a  remarque  of  his  power  that 
He  causes  it  to  rain  on  one  City,  and  not  on  another, 
t  O.  A  marked  physical  feature.  Obs.  rare. 
1660  WATKRHOUSE  Arms  fy  Arm.  20  So  also  some  have 
been  named  from  bodily  remarks,  as . .  Fairfax  from  their  faire 
bush  of  haire.  c  l65l  Mrq.  A  rgyle's  Will,  in  Harl.  Misc. 
(1746)  VIII.  29/2  Lest  the  Remarks  of  his  Face  should 
fright  fanciful  People  like  a  Spectre. 

t  d.  A  remarkable  object.   Obs.  rare. 
1675  OGILBY.Z>™V.  Introd.  i  The  more  obvious  and  con 
siderable  Remarques  of  a  City.     1678  (title)  England's  Re- 
marques,  giving  an  exact   account  of  the   several   shires, 
counties,  and  islands  in  England  and  Wales. 

Remark 'r/"ma-jk),rf.2  Also  re-mark.  Angli 
cized  form  of  REMABQUE.  Also  attrib. 

1880  Academy  18  Dec.  449/1  The  remark  proof  carries  a 
very  good  dry-point  portrait  of  the  painter.  1881 . 1  tkenxtim 
15  Jan.  roo  A  new  etched  plate  by  Mr.  Samuel  Palmer,  of 
which  a  re-mark  proof  is  before  us... The  re-marks  on  our 
impression  are  [etc.]. 

Remark  (r/rnauk),  v.  Also  7  remarque. 
[ad.  F.  remarquer  :  see  RE-  and  MARK  v.] 

f  1.  trans.  To  mark  out,  distinguish.  Obs. 

1633  FORD  'Tis  Pity  n.  v,  Thou  art  a  man  remark'd  to 
taste  of  mischief.  1651  JER.  TAYLOR  Serin,  for  Year  u.  Ep. 
Ded.,  Those  blessings  and  separations  with  which  God  hath 
remarked  your  family  and  person.  1671  MILTON  Samson 
1309  His  manacles  remark  him,  there  he  sits, 
t  b.  To  point  out,  indicate.  Obs. 

1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  Disc,  xviii.  §  5  This  effect  of 
power  does  also  remark  the  Divine  wisdom,  who  hath  or 
dained  such  symboles.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le Blanc's  Trav. 
1 1  They  yet  remark  the  Rock  Moses  miraculously  drew  water 
out  of.  1740  tr.  De  Mouhy's  Fort.  Country-Maid^^)  II. 
61  [She]  remarked  to  me  a  very  handsome  Man,  who  had 
his  Eyes  continually  upon  us.  1742  FIELDING  &  YOUNG  tr. 
Aristoplianes'  Plutiis  m.  iii.  note.  This  is  literal  from  the 
Greek,  and  the  beauty  of  it  need  not  be  remarked. 

2.  To  observe,  take  notice  of,  perceive. 

1675  R.  BURTHOGGE  Causa  Dei  35  A  Passage  in  the 
accurate  Pausanias,  which  I  could  not  but  Remarque  when 
I  read  it.  1718  Free-thinker  No.  62.  45  It  was  customary 
.  .to  send  out  a  Slave  to  remark  what  was  said  in  the  Streets. 
1765  H.^WALl'OLE  Otranto  v,  Has  not  your  highness  re- 
markecHt?  1792  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Desmond\\\.  156, 1  re 
mark  him  every  day  pass  by  the  windows  of  the  house. 
1849  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xx,  The  looks  of  gloom  and 
despair  which  even  Mr.  Morgan  had  remarked.  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  120  In  the  Laws,  we  remark  a 
change  in  the  place  assigned  by  him  to  pleasure  and  pain. 
b.  With  obj.  clause. 

1768  G.  WHITE  Selborne  xxi,  I  shall  be  very  curious  to 
remark  whether  they  will  call  on  us  at  their  return  in  the 
spring.  1832  MRS.  F.  TROLLOI'K  Dom.  Manners  Amer.  xx. 
(1839)  184,  I  remarked  that  it  was  not  very  unusual  at 
Washington  for  a  lady  to  take  the  arm  of  a  gentleman. 

3.  To  say,  utter,  or  set  down,  as  an  observation 
or  comment. 

a  1704  LOCKE  (J.),  It  is  easy  to  observe  what  has  been  re 
marked,  that  the  names  of  simple  ideas  are  the  least  liable 
to  mistakes.  1719  WATERLAND  Christ's  Div,  ii.  Wks.  1823 
II.  33,  I  shall  only  remark,  that  when  this  text  is  away  [etc.]. 
1781  COWPER  Hope  429  The  writer  well  remarks,  a  heart 


mark,  Sphinx  and  Enigma  are  nouns  feminine.   1875  JOWETT 
Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  12  The  modern  philosopher  would  remark 
that  the  indefinite  is  equally  real  with  the  definite. 
b.  intr.  To  make  a  remark  on  a  thing. 

1859  DARWIN  Orig.  Spec.  xii.  (1901)  313  We  can.. under 
stand  the  singular  fact  remarked  on  by  several  observers 
that  [etc.].  1861  LEVER  One  of  Them  xviii,  Remarking  on  a 
little  tinted  sketch  at  the  top  of  the  letter. 

Hence  Remarking  vbl.  sb. 


420 

175'  HARRIS  Hermes  it.  i.  (1765)  232  In  English  likewise 
it  deserves  remarking,  how  the  Sense  is  changed  by  changing 
of  the  Articles.  1854  W.  JAY  Autokiog.  ix.  91  Nothing  in 
my  estimation  and  remarkings  ever  being  able  to  atone  for 
the  want  of  consistency. 

Re-mark  (r/mauk\  v,  [RE- 5 a.]  trans.  To 
mark  again.  Hence  Be-ma'rking  vbl.  sb. 

i6n  COTCR.,  Renptcr,  to  renote,  remark.  1837  HT.  MAR- 
TINEAU  Soc.  Antcr,  III.  220  His  works.. are  marked,  re 
marked,  and  worn.  1870  Miss  BRIDGMAN  R.  Lynnc  II. 
iii.  55  He  insisted  on  his  wife  re-marking  the  whole  of 
the  ..  wardrobe.  1894  Daily  News  19  July  8/2  This  re 
marking  is  done  almost  daily  at  the  railway  stations  and 
public  docks  here. 

RemarkabMity.  [f.  next  +  -ITT. j  Remark- 
ableness. 

1838  MRS.  HAWTHORNE  in  N.  Hawthorne  ff  Wife  (1885)  I. 
193  He.. said  he  thought  'women  were  always  jealous  of 
such  a  kind  of  remarkability'  '.that  was  his  word)  '  in  their 
own  sex '.  1880  Cornti.  Mag.  Feb.  183  The  most  ordinary 
of  dogs  has  a  sort  of  remarkability. 

Remarkable  (rrnia-jkab'I),  a.  and  s/>.  Also 
7  remarqueable.  [ad.  K  reinarqtiab/e  (i6thc.)  : 
see  REMARK  v.  and  -ABLE.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Worthy  of  remark,  notice  or  observa 
tion;  hence,  extraordinary,  unusual,  singular. 

1604  R.  CAWDREY  Table  Alj>h.t  Remarkable^  able  or 
worthy  to  be  marked  againe.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  ff  Cl.  IV. 
xv.  67  The  oddes  is  gone,  And  there  is  nothing  left  remarke- 
able  Beneath  the  visiting  Moone.  1612  SKLDEN  lllnstr. 
Drayton's  Poly-olb.  iii.  262  The  last  and  Henry  of  Huntingdon 
reckon  onely  foure  remannjeable.  1664  BURNET  Own  Time 
Suppl.  (1902)  91,  I  heard  him  preach,  and  had  an  interpreter 
sit  by  me  that  explained  the  remarkablest  passages  of  his 
sermon.  1705  ADDISON  Italy  5  The  Gulf ..  is  very  remark 
able  for  Tempests  and  Scarcity  of  Fish.  1762-71  H.  WAL- 
roLE  Virtue' s_Anecd.  Paint.  (1782.)  I.  227  The  next  is  a  very 
remarkable  picture  on  board  at  Kensington.  I845CARLYLE 
Cromwell  (1871)  II.  225  One  of  the  remarkablest  State 
papers  ever  published  in  Ireland.  1880  GEIKIE  Phys.  Geog. 
iv.  262  The  river  swells  and  falls  again  with  remarkable 
slowness  and  uniformity. 

t 2.  Perceptible  ;  admitting  of  being  observed  or 
noted.  Olis. 

1622  MEADE  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  I.  III.  132  The  king 
heard  our  Comedie  on  Wednesday,  but  expressed  no  re 
markable  mirth  thereat.  1674  FAIRFAX  Bulk  fy  Selv.  82 
Then  let  us  suppose  in  the  stead  of  an  Angel,  some  remark 
able  body,  a  1704  T.  BROWN  TIVO  Oxford  Scholars  Wks. 
1730  I.  5  A  demure  look,  and  some  other  remarkable  signs 
of  grace.  1766  Compl.  Farmer  s.y.  Surveying,  Draw  a  re 
markable  line  with  ink,  or  rather  with  a  black-lead  pen  quite 
over  your  paper. 

fb.  Likely  to  attract  attention;  conspicuous, 
noticeable.  Obs. 

1726  SIIELVOCKE  Voy.  round  World  97,  I  sent  the  pin 
nace  ashore  with  a  bill  to  be  fixed  on  the  door  of  some 
remarkable  Indian  house.  1801  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Lett. 
Solit.  Wand.  II.  212  On  the  stranger's  observing  to  her 
that  their  conference  was  becoming  remarkable. 

B.  sl>.  A  noteworthy  thing  or  circumstance ; 
something  extraordinary  or  exceptional.  Chiefly 
in//.  Now  arch. 

1639  FULLER  Holy  War  n.  xlvi.  heading,  Jerusalem 
wonne  by  the  Turk,  with  wofull  remarkables  thereat.  1*53 
H.  MORE  Antid.  Ath.  11.  xi.  §  12  The  other  Remarkable, 
and  it  is  a  notorious  one,  is  the  Cavity  on  the  back  of 
the  Male.  1679  MANSELL  Narr.  Pofis/i  Plot  102,  I  was 
willing  to  adde  a  few  Remarkables,  which  I . .  purposely  re 
served  for  this  place.  1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela  (1824)  I. 
Ixxxix.  457  The  places  and  remarkables  you  will  see,  will  be 
new  only  to  yourself.  1776  J.  ADAMS  Wks.  (1854)  IX.  395 
Be  so  good  as  to  write  me  any  remarkables  in  the  legislature 
or  the  courts  of  justice.  1817  SCOTT  17  Mar.  in  Fam.  Lett. 
(1894)  I.  xiii.  421  Two  remarkables  struck  me  in  my  illness. 
1856  HAWTHORNE  Eng.  Note-bks.  (1870)  II.  148  After  lunch 
to-day  we.,  set  forth  to  see  the  remarkables  of  Oxford. 

Rema-rkableiiess.  [f.  prec.  +  -NESS.]  The 
fact  or  character  of  being  remarkable. 

a  1658  DURHAM  Exp.  Revelation  vi.  xiii.  (1687)  323  Con 
sider  the  remarkablenesse  of  Gods  judgements  on  these 
persecutors.  1666  J.  SMITH  Old  Age  (1676)  164  They  do 
agree  in  their  eminency  and  remarkableness ;  they  are  both 
of  them  most  signal  things.  1851  WARDLAW  Zechariah  x. 
(1869)  191  The  remarkableness  of  the  fulfilment  of  the  pre 
dictions.  1889  J.  M.  ROBERTSON  Ess.  Crit.  MM.  12  Fresh 
iterature,  of  which  the  remarkableness  . .  will  long  justify 
the  tribute  paid  to  its  less  permanently  valuable  parts. 

Rema'rkably,  adv.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -LY  2.] 

1.  In  a  remarkable  manner  ;  notably,  strikingly, 
conspicuously :  a.  with  verbs. 

1638  A.  READ  Chirurg.  \.  8  If  the  braine  be  remarkably 
wounded,  the  party  remaineth  foolish.  1671  MILTON  P.  R. 

l.  106  Oft  to  mind  Recalling  what  remarkably  had  pass'd. 
1748  HARTLEY  Observ.  Man  i.  iii.  §  5.  387  This  agrees  re- 
narkably  with  the  perpetual  Impressions  made  upon  the    I 
optic  Nerves.     1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India.  I.  Pref.  u  note,    ' 
Those  particulars. .  on  which  the  results  in  question  appeared    : 
more  remarkably  to  depend.     1878  LECKY  Eng.  in  iS/A  C. 
vii.  II.  389  The  treatment  of  Bedell. .and  the  Act. .exhibit 
very  remarkably  this  aspect  of  the  Irish  character. 

b.  with  adjs. 

1711  ADUISON  Sfect.  No.  261  F  7  If  you  marry  one  remark 
ably  beautiful.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  xvm.  xi,  He  was 
now  as  remarkably  mean,  as  he  had  been  before  remarkably 
wicked.  1840  BARHAM  Ingol.  Leg.  Ser.  i.  Look  at  the 
Clock,  [He]  had  one  darling  vice ;  Remarkably  partial  to 
any  thing  nice.  1880  GKIKIE  Phys.  Gcog.  ii.  84  Hailstorms 
are  sometimes  remarkably  destructive. 

f2.  In  an  obvious  manner.   Obs.  rare—*. 

1666  PEPYS  Diary  15  Aug.,  If  I  do  but  my  duty  remark 
ably  from  this  time  forward,  I  may  be  as  well  as  ever  I  was 

Remarked  (rfmaukt),  ///.  <z.i  [f.  REMARK  v. 
h  -ED  1.]  Marked,  conspicuous,  noted. 


REMARRY. 


character,  wherever  he  may  be. 

Hence  Bema'rkedly  adv. 

1871  MATEER  Travancore  363  The  discipline  and  general 
good  deportment  which  is  remarkedly  observable  in  you. 

Rema-rked,///.  a*  [f.  REMARK  sb.*  +  -ED*.] 
Of  an  engraving  :  Characterized  by  the  presence  of 
a  remarque. 

1883  American  VII.  120  The  work  is  nearly  finished,  and 
a  remarked  proof  is  now  on  exhibition. 

Remarker  (r/ma-.ikw).  Now  rare.  [f.  RE 
MARK  V.  +  -ER  1.] 

fl.  One  who  makes  or  publishes  remarks  on 
a  literary  work  ;  a  reviewer  or  critic  ;  also,  an 
author  of  ( Remarks  '  on  some  subject.  Obs.  (com 
mon  c  1685-1790). 

1684  H.MoKE^wtfTt-.  214  The  Remarker  had  better  have  let 
things  alone.  1695  in  Macfarlane  Genealog.  Collect.  (S.H.S.) 
425  The  Remarker  says  that  the  Son  of  Norman  was  Simon. 
1737  FRANKLIN  Ess.  Wks.  1840  U.  309  To  follow  the  re- 
marker,  through  all  his  incoherencies  and  absurdities,  would 
be  irksome.  1756  JOHNSON  Introd.  Sir  T.  Browne's  Chr. 
Mor.  51  It  was  observed  by  some  of  the  remarkers  on  the 
Religio  Medici  [etc.].  1795  BURKE  Regie,  Peace  iv.  (1892) 
326  The  Remarker.  .seems  aware  that  this  arrangement., 
leaves  us  at  the  mercy  of  the  new  Coalition. 

2.  One  who  makes  or  utters  observations ;  an 
observer,  commenter.  Now  rare. 

a  1684  LEIGHTON  Comm.  ist  Pet.  Wks.  (1868)  197  My  re- 
markers  David  calls  them,  they  that  scan  my  ways.  1704 
STKELE  Lying  Lover  in,  She  pretends  to  be  a  Remarker, 
and  looks  at  every  body.  1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela  IV.  271 
The  Scandal  which  some  severe  Remarkers  are  apt  to  throw 
upon  the  Wives  of  Parsons.  1788  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Diary 
Janv  With  those  keen  remarkers  ..  there  is  a  zest  in  con 
versing  that  gives  a  spirit  to  every  subject.  1810  B.  SILI.I- 
MAN  Jrnl.  Trav.  (1820)  III.  35  They  are  thinking  of  their 
dinners  (said  the  remarkerj  and  not  of  your  passports. 

11  Remarque  (remark).  [F.:  cf.  REMARK  sb.'^\ 
In  Engraving^  a  distinguishing  feature  indicating 
a  certain  state  of  the  plate,  usually  consisting  in 
the  insertion  of  a  slight  sketch  in  the  margin. 
Also  attrib.  in  remarqiie-proof. 

1882  Artist  i  Feb.  58/2  A  remarque  on  a  plate  is  an  evi 
dence  of  the  artist's  caprice.  1889  PallMallG.  12  Mar.  3/1 
The  print-buying  world  is  becoming  daily  more  and  more 
aghast  at  the  encroachments  of  the  remarque. 

Hence  Bema'rque  v,,  to  insert  as  a  remarque. 

1884  Pall  Mall  G.  12  Mar.  3/1  Lane's  portrait  of  Dickens 
j  and  George  Cattermole's  large  portrait  so  largely  're- 
'  marqued  '  beneath. 

Remarque,  obs.  form  of  REMARK  sbl  and  v. 

Rema'rriage  (n-).  Also  re -marriage.  [RE- 
5  a.]  A  second  or  subsequent  marriage. 

1620  Br.  HALL  Hon.  Mar.  Clergy\.  §  18.  101  The  lewes.. 
with  whom  Polygamie  and  re-marriages,  after  vniust  di- 
uorces,  were  in  ordinarie  vse.  1679  EVELYN  Diary  6  Nov., 
Was  this  evening  at  the  re-marnage  of  the  Dutchesse  of 
Grafton.  1815  Ckron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  61  A  re-marriage  ..be 
tween  their  royal  highnesses  the  duke  and  duchess  of 
Cumberland.  1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  II.  501  On  the  death 
of  Jane  Seymour,  the  council  urged  immediate  remarriage 
on  the  king.  1892  TENNYSON  Akbar's  Dream  note,  Akbar 
ordained  that  remarriage  was  lawful. 

Bema-rry  (r/-),  v.  Also  re-maxry.  [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  intr.  To  enter  again  into  matrimony. 

1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  cxi.  [cvii.]  320  Thoughe  the 
erle  than  remary  againe  the  seconde  tyme,  and  haue  issue 
by  the  seconde  wyfe.  1612  WEBSTER  White  Devil  v.  i, 
Neere  trust  them,  they'le  re-marry  Ere  the  worm  peirce 
your  winding  sheete.  1673  Ladys  Call.  11.  iii.  §  16  It  is 
not  therefore  to  be  expected  that  many  will.. be  diverted 
from  remarrying.  1752  CARTE///J/.  Eng.  III.  155  The  king 
lost  no  time  in  making  use  of  the  liberty  of  remarrying.  1829 
SOUTHEY  Sir  T.  More  (1831)  II.  78  It  being  forbidden  by 
the  canon  law.  .to  remarry.. without  a  special  dispensation. 
1879  FARKAR  St.  Pant  II.  71  Widows  might  re-marry  if  they 
Hked. 

b.  Const,  to  (now  rare]  or  with. 

c  1630  RISDON  Snrv.  Devon.  §  145  (1810)  161  The  duchess 
remarried  to  sir  Thomas  St.  Leger.  1632  SIR  T.  HAWKINS 
tr.  Mathieu's  Unhappy  Prosperitic  n.  238  Robert  remarry 
ing  with  Sancha.  1709  MRS.  MANLEY  Secret  Mem.  (1736) 
I.  174  He  re-marry'd  to  an  Heiress.  1895  Daily  News 
14  Nov.  6/2  Upon  her  mother's  remarrying  with  . .  an  army 


surgeon.      1901  Westm.  Gas.  30  July  4/3  Although  she  had 
remarried  to  a  commoner. 

2.  trans.  To  unite  again  in  marriage.  Chiefly 
pass. ;  also  const,  to. 

1323  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  xxi.  12/2  They  aduysed  by 
their  counsell  that  the  king  shulde  be  remaryed  agayne. 
1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  vii.  xi.  260  After  his  death., 
shee  was  remarried  to  Egfrid.  1631  WEBVER  A nc.Fvneral 
Mon.  740  After  the  death  of  his  wife  Elisabeth,  hee  was 
remarried  vnto  Violenta.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Re- 
marrying^  Uncanonical  marriages  are  deemed  null;  and  the 
parties  are  to  be  re-married  in  form.  1830  Miss  MITFORD 
Village  Ser.  iv.  (1863)  202  She  is  now,  however,  re-married 
to  a  Mr.  Browne.  1853  GROTE  Greece  \\.  Ixxxiv.  XI.  119 
When  his  property  was  confiscated  and  his  wife  re-married 
to  another.  1888  BARRIE  Auld  Licht  Idylls  xii,  Tammas 
had  himself  married  by  Jimmy  Pawse, . .  and  after  that  the 
minister  re-married  them. 

Jiff.    1647  Standard  of  Equality  §  9  When    the    King 

shall  be  remarried  to  the  State,    a  1711  KEN  Hymns  Evang. 

Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  171  There  each  good  Soul  remains  m 

Widdow'd  State,  In  Longings  till  remarried  to  its  Mate. 

3.  To  take  (a  person)  as  a  second  husband  or  wife. 


BEMASS. 

1638  FORD  Lady's  Trial  v.  ii,  This  gentleman,  Benatxi, 
Disguised  as  you  see,  I  have  re-married.  1859  SALA  Tiu. 
roundClock  (1861)  170  She.  .had  married  a  very  foolish  rich 
old  banker,  and  at  his  death,  remarried  a  more  foolish  and 
very  poor  duke. 

Hence  Rema'rried  ppl.  a. 

1848  Black™.  Mag.  Apr.  447  not<it  In  the  middle  ages  re- 
married  queens  lost  their  title. 

Rema  ss,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  mass 
together  again. 

1839-48  BAILKY.MM/K.S  x.  105  The  hour. .When  all  shall  be 
remassed  in  one  great  creed,  All  being  shall  be  rebegotten. 

Remass,  variant  of  RAMASS  v.1  Obs. 

Hema'st,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  fit  with 
a  new  mast  or  masts. 

1781  Wcstm.  Mag:  IX.  265  While  the  Bedford  was  re- 
masting.  1804  LARWOOD  No  Gun  Boats  18  The  prefects  of 
the  ports  will  re-ship  their  rudders,  re-mast  the  Flotilla. 

Rema  sticate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
masticate  again.  Hence  Bema'sticated///.  a. 

1828-32  in  WEBSTER.  1840  tr.  Cuviers  Anim.  Kingd. 
135  The  aliment  thus  remasticated  descends  directly  into  the 
third  stomach.  1843  OWEN  Lect.  Cpvtpar.  Anat.  ix.  (1846) 
1. 105  When  it  is  presented  to  them  in  its  remasticated  state. 

So  Remastica'tion. 

1828-32  in  WEBSTER,  1837  YOUATT  Shccfi  423  After  it  has 
been  returned  for  remastication,  . .  and  reduced  to  a  pulta- 
ceous  mass.  1839  Todd'sCycl.  Anat.  V.  538/1  The  softened 
bolus,  .is  destined  to  receive  a  thorough,  .remastication. 

Rema'tch,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  match  again. 

1856  MASSON  £ss.t  Theor.  Poetry  421  Who  walks  amid 
Nature's  appearances,  divorcing  them,  rematching  them, 
interweaving  them.  1871  DARWIN  Desc.  Man  n.  xiv,  (1890) 
408  [He]  has  repeatedly  shot,  .one  of  a  pair  of  jays,.,  and  has 
never  failed . .  to  find  the  survivor  re-matched. 

i  Remanldit,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  OF.  re- 
mauldit)  pa.  pple.  of  remazttj^dire :  cf.  MALEDICT 
a.]  Accursed. 

1471  CAXTON  RecttyeU  (ed.  Sommer)  498  O  deyanyra  ryghte 
remauldyt  vnhappy  and  moste  cursid  serpente. 

Remaynand(e,  variants  of  REMAINANT  Obs. 

t  Remay ne,  v.  Obs*  rare.  [ad.  OF.  re- 
maiiit'r,  -me(t)ner,  etc.,  f.  re-  RE  +  mener  to  lead  : 
cf.  mod.F.  ramener.']  trans.  To  lead  or  bring  back. 

1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  L  xii.  37  Musyque  accordeth  alle 
thinges  that  dyscorde  . .  &  remayne[th]  them  to  concord- 
aunce.  Ibid.  38. 

Remaynent,  variant  of  REMAINANT  Obs. 

t  RembaT,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  F.  rembarrer : 
see  KAMBAKRE.]  trans.  To  shut  out,  repel. 

1588  A.  KING  tr.  Cantsins'  Catech.  53  b,  Quha  according 
to  thair  authoritie  suld  and  may  rembar  the  wolues,  defend 
the  sheip.  1600  O.  E.  [M.  SUTCLIKFE]  Repl.  Libel  n.  Pref.  i 
Sufficient  hath  bin  saide  ..  to  rembarre  the  malice  of  N.  D. 
his  encounters. 

Rembarbe,  erron.  f.  reubarbe  RHUBAKB. 
Remberge,  variant  of  RAMBAUGE. 

1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  568. 

II  Remblai  ^ranblg).  Also  in  pi.  form  rem- 
blais.  [F.,  f.  rcmblayer  to  embank,  f.  re-  RE-  + 
emblayer  to  heap  up  :  see  DEBLAI.] 

1.  Fort  if.  The  earth  used   to  form  a   rampart, 
mound,  or  embankment. 

1794  A*ner.  State  Papers,  Mil.  Aff.  (1832)  I.  99  (Stanf.), 
The  demolition  of  the  old  fort  very  much  advanced,  and 
very  little  remblais  made.  i8oz  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Rein- 
blai  (Fr.),  earth  collected  together  for  the  purpose  of  making 
a  bank,  way,  &c.  1828  J.  M.  SPEARMAN  Brit,  Gunner  (ed.  2) 
215  The  earth  obtained  from  the  ditch  forms  the  remblai, 
or  elevation.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  337/1 
In  general,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  contained  in  the 
reinl'tai  has  been  furnished  by  the  deblai^  so  as  to  balance 
each  other. 

2.  Mining.  Material  used  to  fill  up  the  excava 
tions  made  in  a  thick  seam  of  coal. 

1867  W.  W.  SMYTH  Coal  $  Coal-mining  138  The  remblais 
or  stowage  is  found  to  be  so  closely  packed  as  to  form  a 
very  good  roof  for  driving  under. 

Re'lllble,  v.  dial.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  trans. 
To  move,  stir.  Hence  Re'mbling  vbl.  sb. 

1579  W.  WILKINSON  Confut.  Familyc  of  Loue  56  They 
must  take  heede  that  in  the  rembling  thereof  they  crush 
not  all  their  bones  in  sunder.  1674  RAY  ^V.  C.  Words  38 
To  Remble :  Lincoln,  to  move  or  remove.  1864  TENNYSON 
North.  Farmer  i.  viii,  I  stubb'd  'um  oop  wi'  the  lot,  an* 
raaved  an1  rembled  'um  out.  Ibid,  xv,  A  weant  mver  give 
it.  .to  Robins — a  niver  rembles  the  stoiins. 

t  Remblere.   Obs.  rare  -1.     A  puzzle,  riddle. 

1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stujfe  39  Whiles  I  am  shuffling  and 
cutting  with  these  long  coated  Turkes,  would  any  antiquarie 
would  explicate  vnto  mee  this  remblere,  or  quidditie  ..  ? 

Rembnand,  obs.  form  of  REMNANT  sb. 

Rembrandt esque  (rembrante-sk),  a.  ^  [f. 
the  name  of  Rembrandt,  the  great  Dutch  painter 
and  etcher  (1608-1669),  +-ESQUE.]  Resembling 
the  manner  or  style  of  Rembrandt. 

1879  Encycl.  Brit.  IX.  324/1  Life-size  figures  full  of  anima 
tion  in  the  faces,  *  radiant  with  Rembrandtesque  colour.' 
1888  LIGHTHALL  Yng.  Seigneur  121  The  windmill  was  one 
of  those  rembrandtesque  relics  [etc.]. 

Re'nibrandtish.,  <z.  [f.  asprec.  +  -isn.]  Some 
what  after  the  style  of  Rembrandt. 

c  1860  STANNARD  Examples  Art  211  Desirous  of  rescuing 
..some  Rembrandtish  etching.  1880  E.  FITZGERALD /,£/£. 
(1889)  I.  459  With  some  Rembrandtish  Light  and  Shade. 

So  Ke'mbrandtism,  the  style  of  Rembrandt. 

1849  RUSKIN  Sev.  Lamgs  iii.  §  13.  77  Rembrandtism  is 
a  noble  manner  in  architecture,  though  a   false   one  in 
painting. 


421 

t  KembUTSement.  O&s.-1  [a-.'F.rewbonrsc- 
Dient  :  see  REIMBUUSKMKXT.]     =  R&IHBUB8BMENT. 


1586  BURGHLEY  in  Leicester's  Corr,  (Camden)  358  The 
states  would  not  agree  to  make  the  rembursement  of  these 
thinges,  if  your  lordships  warrant  had  not  past  for  the  same. 

t  Heine,  sb.1  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  remits  (It., 
Sp.  rewo}.]  An  oar. 

a  1300  K.  Horn  1623  (Harl.  MS.),  pe  see  bigan  to  flowen 
ant  hy  faste  to  rowen,  hue  aryueden  vnder  reme  in  a  wel 
feyr  streme.  1511  Guy  If  orders  Pilgr.  (Camden)  13  Armour 
was  first  ther  [in  Candia]  deuysed  and  founde,  ..so  was  y9 
makyng  of  remys,  and  rowynge  in  bootes. 

1  Reme,  sb*  Obs.  rare-1.  [?  var.  of  KIM  sl>.1  ; 
see  also  RYME.]  Surface. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  4779  He  sagh  a-pon  be  watur  reme  [v.r. 
reime]  Caf  flettand  dunward  [with]  \>v  strem. 

t  Reme,  v*1  Obs.  Also  7  reem.  [OE.  krf~ 
man,  hryman  (for  *//;7gwa#),  f.  krtam  REAM  sbl 

Both  Jireman  and  hryman  are  normal  forms  in  OK.  :  the 
former  is  distinct  from  the  rarer  hrcman  to  boast,  —  OS. 
krdmian^  OHG.  (fcjruoman  etc.  (G.  rukmcn).} 

1.  intr.  To  cry,  call  out,  shout;  also,  to  cry  out 
in  grief  or  pain,  to  scream,  yell  ;  to  lament,  weep. 

cBg?  K.  /ELFRKD  Gregorys  Past.  C.  Iv.  429  Se  cHopa'5 
[L.  cum  -voce\  se  5e  dearmnga  syn^.iS  ;  ac  se  hrcmS  [L.  cum 
clamorc\  se  3e  openlice  .  .  synjaS.  c  950  Lindisf.  Gosp. 
John  xi.  31  Hia  ..  gaas  to  Saem  byrjenne  baitte  hreme  o'er. 
c  1000  ^ELFRIC  Exod.  xxii.  23  ^if  Je  him  deriad,  hi^  hrymac* 
to  me,  and  ic  jehire  hira  hream.  c  izoo  Trin.  Coll,  Horn. 
89  po  be  after  him  comen  remden  lude  stefne.  c  1275 
Sinners  Beware  167  in  O.  K.  Misc.  77  Remen  heo  schule  and 
grede  Deope  in  helle  grunde.  13.  .  Sir  Bates  (MS.  A)  1592 
pe  gailers  bat  him  scholde  geme,  Whan  hii  herde  him  JHIS 
reme  [etc.].  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  858  5e  remen  for 
raujje  wy-  th-outen  reste.  c  1400  Land  Troy  Bk.  2902  Whan 
that  thei  herd  wymmen  so  remed,  The!  hadde  meruayle 
what  it  myght  be.  'ia  1500  Chester  PI.  (Shales.  Soc.)  I.  229 
This  frecke  begines  to  reme  and  yole.  1674  RAY  N.  C. 
Words  38  To  Rectit)  to  Cry  :  Lancashire. 

2.  trans,  a.  To  utter  (a  shout),     b.  To  call  out 
(something),  rare. 

c  1220  Bestiary  664  Danne  remen  he  alle  a  rem,  so  homes 
blast  o3er  belles  drem.  a  1225  Ancr.  K,  242  3if  me  remde 
lude  fur  !  fur  !  bet  te  chirche  bernde  ! 

t  Reme,  v>?  Obs,  rare.  [var.  (in  SE.  dialects) 
of  ME.  ryme;—Q\L.  ryman:  see  KIME  v,,  and  cf. 
REAM  z/.3] 

1.  trans,  a.  To  leave,  depart  from  (a  land),     b. 
To  clear  (a  place)  of  persons. 

a  1300  A".  Horn  1364  (Camb.  MS.),  pu  makedest  me  fleme, 
And  t?i  lond  to  reme.  c  1330  Art/i.  fy  Mcrl.  4398  (Kulbine), 
.viii.  J?ousand  bo  hadde  Lot,  pat  wele  him  holpe  ..pe 
waies  &  be  pabes  geme,  &  of  be  Sarrains  hem  reme. 

2.  intr.  To  clear  a  way  ;  to  make  way  (for  one). 
13..   K.  Alls.  3347   He  is   the   furste  with   sweord   that 

remith,  Thou  art  the  furste  with  hors  that  flemeth.  c  1400 
St.  Alexius  (Trin.  MS.)  505  Remeb  me  [Land  MS.  jiuej? 
me  roum],  for  godis  lone,  And  leteb  me  go  to  my  sone. 

Reme,  obs.  form  of  REALM,  REAM  sb.~,  RIM. 

t  Ke'meable,  a.  Obs.  rard~l.  [ad.  L.  reme- 
abiltSy  f.  remeare  to  return.]  Capable  of  returning. 

1610  Bi1.  ANDREWES  96  Serin.)  Holy  Ghost  Hi.  (1629)  626  So 
is  the  Spirit  best  fitted,  made  remeable,  and  best  exhibited 
to  us. 

Remeable  :  see  REMEVABLE. 

t  Remeal,  -mel,  variants  of  RAMEAL  sb.  Obs. 

1622  R.  HAWKINS  Voy.  S.  Sea  (1847)  96  In  Brazill  .  .  they 
eate  this  meale  mingled  with  remels  of  sugar,  or  malasses. 
1662  Stat.  Ircl.  (1765)  II.  412  Melasses  or  remeals  the 
hundred  weight. 

Remeaiit  (rriruant),  a.  rare.  [ad.  L.  re- 
meant-em,  pres.  pple.  of  L.  remeare  t  f.  re-  RE-  + 
meare  to  pass  :  cf.  permeate.'}  Returning. 

1848  KINGSLEY  Saint's  Trag.  n.  ix,  Most  exalted  Prince, 
Whose  peerless  Knighthood,  like  the  remeant  sun,  After 
too  long  a  night,  regilds  our  clay. 

Remea-sure  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
measure  again,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb. 

1390  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in,  vii.  18  Her  wearie  Palfrey..  she 
freshly  dight,  His  late  miswandred  wayes  now  to  remeasure 
right.  1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  9  With  like 
measure  to  his  brother  giuen,  it  should  be  remeasured  to 
him  againe.  1651  BAXTER  Inf.  Bapt.  238  Their  Faith  and 
Integrity  in  re-measuring  (or  reforming)  the  Temple  of  God. 
a  1711  KEN  Anodynes  Poet.  Wks.  1721  HI.  396  Assur'd  of 
Supplemental  Years,  By  your  re-measuring  the  Spheres. 
1785  G.  A,  BELLAMY  Apology  II.  204  This  obliged  me  to  re- 
measure  back  the  road  I  had  just  come.  1814  SCOTT  Wav. 
xv,  Measuring  and  re-measuring,  with,  .tremendous  strides, 
the  length  of  the  terrace.  1874  BEDFORD  Sailors  Pocket 
Bk.  v.  119  The  line  should  be..  re-measured  in  the  boat. 

So  Remea'surement. 

1895  Daily  News  10  Sept.  3/1  The  re-measurement  will 
increase  Defender's  time  allowance  by  two  seconds. 

t  Re'med,  v.  0&s.~l  [See  REMEDE,  REMEDY 
v.,  and  cf.  RKMEDLESS  a.]  trans.  To  remedy. 

1590  FENNE  Fmte$t  etc.  Gg  ij  b,  And  how  to  remed  wrong 
with  right  the  man  had  no  respect. 

Remede,  remeid  (r/mrd),  sb.  Now  arch. 
Forms  :  5  reined,  remmede,  remyde,  5-6 
ramed(e,  6  -meid),  5-  remeid,  (6  -meide, 
-maid),  6-8  -mead,  6-9  -meed,  4-  remede.  [a. 
OF.  remede  t  remide  (i2th  c.  ;  mod.F.  remede)  ^ 
ad.  L.  remedium  REMEDY.  After  the  isth  c.  only 
a  Sc.  form.]  Remedy,  redress, 

•Remeid  of  Law  (Sc.),  the  obtaining  of  justice  by  appeal 
from  an  inferior  toji  superior  court  (see  Jamieson,  s.y.). 

jrreih  ..  With  yow 


ded, 


RE-MEDIATE. 

agane  is  no  remed.  1423  JAS.  I  KingU  Q.  cxxxviii,  Lat  me 
se  Gif  thy  remede  be  pertynent  to  me.  1466  Plnmpton 
Corr.  (Camden)  17  Therfore  provide  by  your  wisdome  such 
remmede  in  his  behalfe,  as  you  semes  best.  1549  CompL 
Scot.  Prol.  13  Ane  de^olat  prince,  distitute  of  remeide,  ande 
disparit  of  consolatione.  1585  JAS.  I  Ess.  Poesie  (Arb.)  42 
Ane  greif  to  them,  who  mercits  it  indeid :  Yet  for  all  thir 
appearis  there  some  remeid.  1649  1111.  GUTHRIE  Mem.  (1702) 
7  They  resolv'd  upon  Application  to  his  Majesty  for 
remeed.  1711  RAMSAY  On  Maggy  Jehnstoun  xiii,  We 
must  ..  when  we're  auld  return  to  dus>t,  Without  remead. 
1785  BURNS  Prayer  to  Sc.  Repr.  xviii,  Strive,  wi1  a'  your 
wit  and  lear,  To  get  remead.  1828  Lilac k-M.  Mag.  XXIV. 
Qi5  The  matter  was  ..  past  all  earthly  remede.  1868  G. 
MACDONALD  A*.  Falconer  I.  306  He  made  one  remorseful 
dart  after  the  string,.. but  it  was  gone  beyond  remtid. 
t  b.  Coining.  —  REMEDY  sh.  4.  Obs. 
1565  Act.  Dom.  Cone.  22  Dec.  in  Keith  Hist.  Ch.  Scot. 
(1734)  App.  118  That  thair  be  cunzeit  ane  Penny  of  Silvir.. 
of  Weicht  ane  Ur.ce  Troce-weicht,  with  twa  Granes  of 
Remeid.  1591  Rfg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  IV.  620  All  the 
saidis  assayis  kejpit  the  just  fynnes..and  past  nochl  beneth 
the  granis  of  remeid  pre^crivit  in  the  same  Acti>. 

Remede,  remeid  (r/mrd),  v.  Sc.  Obs.  exc. 
arch.  Forms  :  5  remed,  6-7  remeid,  (6  -maid;, 
7-8  remeed,  8  remead,  5,  9  remede.  [ad.  OF. 
remedicr:  see  REMEDY  vJ\  trans.  To  remedy, 
cure,  redress,  amend.  Also  absol. 

13..  in  Wyntoun  Cron.  vn.  3625  Succoure  Scotland  and 
remede,  That  stad  is  in  perplexyte.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints 
vii.  (James  less]  94  Munnis  sonne  fra  ^e  ded  Is  rysine  al 
synnys  to  remed.  Ibid.  xxxi.  (Eugenia}  284  Scho  ..  prayt 
hyme  parcheryte  to  remed  hyr  Infyrmyte.  1500-20  DLNBAR 
Poems  xxii.  56  May  nanc  remeid  my  melady  ha  weill  as  5e. 
Ibid.  Ixxiii.  5  Remeid  in  tyme,  and  lew  nocht  all  tu  lait. 
JS79  ft>'.i,'~  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  155  Without  his  Hiuiics 
putifullie  considder  thair  caise  and  remeid  the  same.  1596 
DALKYMFLK  tr.  Leslies  Hist.  Siot.  i.  24  It  is  gude..to  kure 
and  to  remeid  diucr.s  dolouris  of  the  skin.  1640  R.  BAILLII; 
Cantcrl'.  Self-convict.  103  To  remeed  their  wicked  follies, 
the  English  expres.sely  ordained  their  communion  Table  to 
stand  in  the  body  of  the  church,  1711  Cotmtrey- Man's  Let. 
to  Curat  22  They  desire  him  ..  to  remeed  the  Enormities 
among  the  Corrupt  Conformists.  1752  E.  KRSKINK  Serin. 
Wks.  1871  III.  480  What  would  renieud  these  evils?  [1847 
EMERSON  Poems,  Monad noc,  Thou  dost  succour  and  remede 
The  shortness  of  our  days.] 

Reme'delesS,  a.  and  adv.  In  9  remead-, 
remeid-.  [f.  RKSIEDK  sb.']  Rcmediless(]y). 

.•t  1849  J.  C.  MANC.AX  Poems  (1859)  457  That  dusk  realm 
where  all  is  ended,  Save  remeadless  dole.  1850  ULACKIK 
&schylus  I.  231  Spit  not  your  rancour  On  this  fair  land 
remeidless. 

tReme'der.  Sc.  Obs.  rare-1.  In6remeidar. 
[f.  REMEDE  v.  +  -Eli1.]  One  who  remedies, 

J535  STKWAKT  Cron. Scot.  II.  487,  I  pray  to  God,  remeidar 
of  all  thing,  Gif  I  mycht  se  in  my  tyme  sic  ane  king. 

Remediable  (r/im'-diab'l),  a.  Also  5  -medy-, 
6  -mede-.  [a.  F.  remediable  (i5th  c.),  or  ad.  L. 
remediabilis  curative,  curable,  f.  remcdiarc  to 
REMEDY  :  see  -ABLE.] 

fl.  Capable  of  remedying  ;  remedial.   Obs. 

c  1491  Ckast.  Goddcs  Chyld.  46  Suche  medycynes  may  be 
spedefull  and  remedyable.  1596  DALRVMPLK  tr.  Leslies 
Hist.  Scot.  x.  397  Layng  medicine  remedeable  to  her  wark- 
ing  woundis. 

2.  Capable  of  being  remedied  or  redressed. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  4/9  Remediable,  recuperabilis.  1600 
E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  311  Labouring  to  remedie  that 
which  he  thought  remediable.  1641  H.  AINSWORTH  Orth. 
Found.  Rclig.  37  Mans  misery  is  remediable  through  the 
mercy  of  God.  1707  SLOANE  yamaicn  I.  p.  Ixxxii,  They., 
were,  when  remediable,  chiefly  cured  by  the  infusion  of 
goose-dung.  1758  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  3  rj  This  want.,  may 
seem  easily  remediable  by  some  substitute  or  other.  1828 
SOUTHEY  in  Q.  Rev.  XXXVII.  540  It  is  an  evil. .which  will 
be  found  remediable,  if  the  proper  and  obvious  remedies  are 
..applied.  $875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  135  Where  in 
justice,  like  disease,  is  remediable,  there  the  remedy  must 
be  applied  in  word  or  deed. 

Hence  Reme'diableness  (Bailey,  1/27,  vol.  II) ; 
Reme'diably  adv.  (Webster,  1847). 

Remedial  (r/mrdial),  a.  [ad.  L.  remedialis9 
f.  remedium  REMEDY  :  see  -AL.]  Affording  a 
remedy,  tending  to  relieve  or  redress. 

1651  N.  HACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  \\.  xviii.  (1739)  96  These 
Laws  were  but  penal,  and  not  remedial  for  the  parties 
wronged.  1707  CHAMBKKLAYNE  Prcs.  St.  Eng.  \\.  xiv.  189 
This  Court  proceeds,  .ordinarily,  .granting  out  Writs  Man 
datory  and  Remedial.  1765  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  55  The 
remedial  part  of  a  law  is  so  necessary  a  consequence  of  the 
former  two  [etc.].  1770  BUKKE  Pres.  Discont.  Wks.  1842  I. 
135/1  Every  good  political  institution  must  have  a  preventive 
operation  as  well  as  a  remedial.  1850  McCosH  Div.  Govt. 
iv.  ii.  (1874)  473  The  Gospel  professes  to  be  remedial,  and 
remedial  of  an  evil  affecting  the  laws  of  God.  1862  GOUL- 
BURN  Pers.  Relig.  in.  ix.  (1873)  236  That  suffering  is  a 
medicine,  remedial  though  bitter. 

Hence  Beme-dially  adv. 

1796  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  i.  (1892)  83  It  is,  preventively, 
the  assertor  of  its  own  rights,  or  remedjally,  their  avenger. 
1840  ARNOLD  in  Stanley  Life  (1844)  II.  ix.  175  Before  any 
thing  is  ventured  remedial)}'.  1875  E.  WHITE  Life  in  Christ 
v.  xxxi.  (1878)  534  It  is  God  acting,  no  longer  according  to 
the  course  of  law, ..but  remedially  above  law. 

t  Renie'diate,  a.  0/>s.~~l    [?f.  L.  remedial', 
ppl.  stem  of  remediare  to  REMEDY.]     Remedial. 
(Perh.  an  error  for  remedial  or  retn&diant.) 
i6osSHAKS.Z,fanv.  iv.i7(Qq.),All  you  vnpublisht  verities 
of  the  earth  Spring  with  my  teares,  be  aydant,  and  remedial 
[ist  Fol,  -ate]  In  the  good  mans  distress. 

Re-mediate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]    To  mediate  again. 
a  1652  BRQME  Mcht  Couple  in.  i,  1  wilt  re-mediate  for  you 
to  the  Widow. 


REMEDIATION. 

Remediation  (rftaJ8i|/**jan).  rare.  [n.  of  ' 
action  f.  L.  remediare  to  REMEDY.]  The  action  ; 
of  remedying. 

1818  HICNTHAM  Ch.  Eng.  Pref.  54  On  this  subject,  and  on 
this  state  of  things,  remediation,  .requires  that  something 
should  be  said.  1826  —  in  Westm.  Rev.  VI.  499  Towards 
remediation,  a  disposition  has  of  late  been  expressed  by  those 
on  whom  it  depends. 

Remediless  (re-m/tHles,  r/me'diles),  a.  (and 
adv.}  Forms:  5-7  remedyless,  (8  remedie-), 
6  remeadi-,  6  (Sc^)  7  remidi-,  7  remeedi-,  6- 
remediless.  [f.  REMEDY  sb.  +  -LESS  :  cf.  RE 
MEDELESS  and  REMEDLESS.  The  orig.  stressing 
was  reme'dilesS)  with  the  e  long.] 

1.  Of  persons,  etc. :  Destitute  of  remedy ;  having    , 
no  prospect  of  aid  or  rescue.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

14. .  ,V.V.  Cantab.  F/.  i.  6,  If.  131  (HalliwJ,  Thus  welle  y     ' 
wote  y  am  remedylesse,  For  me  no  thyng   may  comforte    , 
nor  amend.     153*  MORE  Confat.    Tindale  Wks.  6^2/1   He 
shall  for  lacke  of  such  preuencion  and  help,  fall  into  such     j 
raylyng  and  blasphemy,  and  then   is  he  remedilesse.      1556 
J.  HEYWOOD.S>*&r4/'.  ii.  158  Heing  cleare  remt-diles  from 
cure  Of  all  my  paines.    c  1592  MAKLOUK  Jiw  of  Malta  v,  ii, 
I'll  rear  up  Malta,  now  remediless     1621  DOSSK  Serin,  xv. 
149  When  the  last  enemie  shall  watch  my  remed.les^e  body    ' 
and    my  disconsolate   spule.      1757   \V.   THOMPSON  R.  N.     J 
Advoc.  21   Poor  remediless,  aggrieved  and  tortured   Men. 
1786  UUKKK  Charges  agst.    II7.  J/astinffS  Wks.    1813  XII.     j 
243   He  demanded  these  in  such  a  manner  that  being  're 
mediless  '  I  was  obliged  to  comply  with  what  he  required. 
b.   Destitute  of  legal  remedy. 

1590  SWINBURNE  Testaments  169  It  seemeth..vniust  also, 
that  they,  especially  the  creditors,  should  be  remedilesse  all     , 
that  while.     1616  in  Gary  Rep.  Chancery  (1650)  122  Whither     ' 
the  Chancery  may  relieve   B.  ..  or  else  leave  him  utterly 
remedilesse  and  undone.    1667  Ormonde  MSS.  in  iot/1  Rtf. 
Hist.  MSS.  Comin.  App.  V.  59  Your  petitioner  is  herein  al-     I 
together  remedylesse.     1670  in  Pkcnix  (1721)  I.  393  Such     I 
Judgments  on  Jurors  leaue  them  remediless  of  relief.     1700 
Col.  Rec.  Pennsylv.   I.  577  Finding  y!  petitioner  to  be  left    j 
remedieless  by  y3  Courts. 

f  c.  In  quasi-adfo.  use  :  Without  or  beyond  all 
remedy.  Obs.  (common  in  i6th  c.) 

1:1485  Digby  Myst.  (1882)  iv.  1124  It  is  bot  in  vayn  Thus 
remedilesse  to  mak  compleyn.     1531  TINDALE  Exp.  i  John 
(1537)  18  The  same  synneth  a^ayn-.te  the  holye  gooste  re 
medylesse.     1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Af>ofh.  82  Sir,  ye  must 
remedylesse  be  obediente  to  me,  and  rewled  by  me.     1567 
Gude  <$•  Goalie  B,  (S.  T.  S.)  147  We  ar  exilit  remediles.    1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  46  Whosoever  drinketh,  is  sure  to  die  of    • 
it,  remedilesse,  and  yet  without  paine.    1674  HICKMAN  Quin- 
quart.  Hist.  (ed.  2)  S6  They  maintain  not,  that  any  is  left     ; 
remediless  in  a  state  of  damnation. 

2.  Of  trouble,  disease,  etc. :    Not  admitting   of 
remedy;    incapable    of    being    remedied,    cured,    i 
or  redressed.     (Very  common  in  i6-i7th  c.) 

1513  BRADSHAW  St.  Werbnrge  I.  3160  Alas,  remedylesse  is 
our  lamentacyon.     1548  CRANMKR  Catech.  115  b,  He  is  able 
to  delyuer  us  out  of  al  troubles..,  although  they  seme  to 
mans  reason  remediles.     1581  MuLCASTKK  Positions  xxxiii. 
(1887)  119  In  all  these  measure  is  a  mery  meane,  and  im- 
moderatenesaremeadilesseharme.  16401-1.  B  A ILL1E  &»*&?&.     i 
Self-convict.  Pref.  n   It  were  better  by  much,  before  the 
remeedilesse  stroke  be  given,   to   be   well   advised.      1671 
FLAVEL  Fount.  Life  x.  29  This  renders  their  misery  the 
more  remediless.     1715  M.  DA  VIES  Athen.  Krit.  I.  66  Those 
more  inward  Resentments,  .seem  almost  remediless  and  irre-    , 
concileable.     1775   MASON   Mem.  Gray  in  G.'s  Poems  156    j 
Such  persons  as  die  of  that  most  remediless,  .of  all  distempers, 
a  Consumption.      17^91  COWPER  Iliad  xvn.  189  So,  at  once 
Shall  remediless  ruin  fall  on  Troy.     1x1822  SHELLEY  Prose 
Wks.  (1888)  I.  404  There  is  no  terror  in  the  countenance, 
only  grief — deep,  remediless  grief.     1875  E.  WHITE  Life  in    < 
Christ  in.  xix.  (1878)  254  The  law  is  and  will  be,  that  re-    , 
mediless  suffering  shall  follow  sin. 

f  3.   Of  vices,  etc.  :  Incurable,  incorrigible.  Obs.     >. 

1604  T.  WRIGHT  Passions  iv.  ii.  §  6.   138,   I  must  say  this 
vice  in  them  to  be  remedilesse,  because  it  hath  bene  in  euery    : 
age.  .and  neuer  amended.     1625  JACKSON  Creed  v.  xliv.  §  i     ' 
It  is  the  remediless  remainder  of  our  first  parents'  pride. 
1675  BAXTER  Cath.  Theol.  n.  y.  83  We  hold  also  that  his 
vicious  necessity  of  disposition  is  curable,  and  not  remediless 
and  desperate.     1690  E.  GEE  Jesuifs  Mem.  99  Sharp  exe 
cution  of  Justice  upon  the  obstinate  and  remediless. 

f4.  adv.  Kemedilessly.   Obs.  rare"1. 

a  1614  D.  DYKE  Myst.  Self-deceiving  (ed.  8)  50  It  makes 
him  twice,  yea,  remedilesse  miserable. 

Kemedilessly  (see  prec.),  adv.  Now  rare. 
[f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.]  Without  or  beyond  remedy. 
(Common  in  i7th  c.) 

1556  OLDE  Antichrist  74  b,  AVe  must  remidilesly  confesse 
them  to  be  voide  of  all  charitie.  1596  DRAYTON  Legends 
iii.  409  Like  one  whose  House  remedilesly  burning  [etc.], 
1609  lip.  HALL  Disswas.  Popene  Wks.  (1627)  642  A  cruell 
religion,  that  sends  poore  infants  remedilesly  vnto  the 
eternall  paines  of  hell.  1612  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  xiv.  30 
Remedilesly  drown'd  in  sorrow  day  and  night.  i66<j  CLAREN 
DON  Ess.  Tracts  (1727)  126  The  government  of  it  is  actually 
and  remedilessly  altered.  1747  Col.  Rec.  Pennsylv.  V.  in 
Thus  remedilessly  exposed  to  any  Attempts  the.Knemy 
shou'd  be  pleased  to  make.  1808  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly 
Ma^.  XXVI.  in  Yet  to  these  clerks  of  the  magistrates.  ..til 
the  objects  of  national  commiseration  are  thus  remedilessly 
to  be  consigned.  1868  MIALL  Congregationalism  Yorks.  66 

My  place  was  remedilessly  lost. 

Remedilessness.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -NESS.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
remediless ;  incurableness. 

1601  DENT  Pathw.  Heaven  364  Concerning  the  torments 
of  hell,  I  do  note  three  things.. the  extremity,  perpetuity, 
and  remidilesnesse  thereof.  1684  HOWE  Redeemer's  Tears 
Wks.  (1846)  88  They  show  the  remedilessness  of  thy  case. 
a  1758  EmvAuns  Hist.  Redemption  ii.  i.  (1793)  200  The 


422 

remedilessness  of  their  disease  might  by  long  experience  be 

t Heme'diously,  adv.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  as 
REMEDY  sb.  +  -ous  +  -LY  2.]  Remedially. 

1659  Biblwtheca  Regla  Pref.  9  His  last  sleep  took  from 
him  most  remediously  all  the  arts  of  government. 

<  Re-medist.  Obs.  rare-*-,  [f.  REMEDY  sb. 
-f  -IST.]  One  who  seeks  out  medical  remedies. 

1716  M.  DA  VIES  At/ten.  Brit.  III.  Diss.  Physick  12  Such 
were  call'd . .  Magists. . ,  Prophylactists,  Remedists  [etc.]. 

Reme'ditate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  me 
ditate  (on)  again. 

1855  LYNCH  Rivulet  IX.  vii,  Let  me  remeditate  the  truth, 
That  Christ  did  for  and  with  us  bleed. 

So  Remedita'tion.     t  Const,  of. 

1642  W,  PRICE  Serin.  28  In  a  kind  of  remedUation  of  what 
obscenities  he  hath  beene  a  spectator.  1676  Life  Father 
Sarpi'm  BrcnfsCounc.  Trent  26  [He]  gave  himself  to  a 
lemeditation  of  what  he  had  formerly  observed. 

t  Re'iuedless,  «•  Obs.  rare.     [Cf.  REMED  v. 

and  REMEDELESS.]     Remediless. 

1590  FENNE  Frutcs,  etc.  Ffiij  b.  In  value  it  is  to  vexe  thy 
self  where  cause  is  remedies.  Ibid.  Gg  iij,  'Tis  past  with  us 
and  remedies,  wherefore  no  longer  mourne. 

Remedy  (re'mftH),J&  Also  6  remeady.  [a. 
AF.  remedie,  remedy  (  =  OF.  rcmede  REMEDE  J/>.), 
ad.  L.  remedhi/n,  f.  re-  RE-  +  ;//£I/-  stem  of  mederl 
to  heal :  cf.  medical,  medicine.] 
L  A  cure  for  a  disease  or  other  disorder  of  body 
or  mind;  any  medicine  or  treatment  which  alleviates 
pain  and  promotes  restoration  to  health.  *{•  Also 
without  article. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  120  Lo  her  a5eines  wre55e  monie  kunnes 
remedies,  &  frouren  a  rnuche  vloc,  £  misliche  boten.  a  1340 
HAMPOLE  Psalter  xv.  3  He  bat  felis  him  seke  he  sekis 
remedy,  c  1386  CHAUCER  Prof.  475  Of  remedies  of  loue  she 
knew  perchaunce.  1398  TREVISA  Barth.  DC  P.  I\.  vii.  lix. 
(Hodl.  MS.),  A^enste  venemouse  postemes  ..  men  schal 
ordeyne  a  remedy  warlich  and  sone.  c  1440  Cesta  Ron.  i.  2 
(Harl.  MS.),  I  pray  be  tell  me  if  ber  be  ony  remedye  ayenst 
my  deth.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  Page  x,  [He]  mynistyred 
alwey  his  pylles  to  euery  man  that  came  to  hym  for  ony 
remedy.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanes  Comm.  91  For  verely 
tyme  itselfe  wyl  at  laste  bring  remedy  also  unto  moste 
daungerous  diseases.  1577  B.  GOOGE  HereshacJfs  Hush.  \\. 
(1586)  63  b,  Nature  hath  appointed  remedies  in  a  readinesse 
for  all  diseases.  1651  WITHE  tr.  Primrose'' s  Pop.  Err.  \.  42 
For  remedies  doe  cure  without  a  physician,  but  not  a  physi 
cian  without  remedies.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  in.  701 
This  Remedy  the  Scythian  Shepherds  found.  1702  J.  PUR- 
CELL  C  ho  lick  (1714)  181  The  only  Remedy  is  to  lay  the  Bone 
open.  1830  SCOTT  Detnonol.  v.  (1831)  140  The  Scottish  law 
did  not  acquit  those  who  accomplished,  .remarkable  cures 
by  mysterious  remedies.  1875  H.  C.  WOOD  Therap.  (1879) 
688  Whenever  it  is  desired  to  give  a  powerful  remedy  in  in 
creasing  doses  until  its  physiological  effect  is  produced,  it 
should  always  be  given  by  itself. 

to.  transf.  oryi^.  in  various  uses. 
(11300  Cursor  HI.  27816  Again  bis  sin  [sloth]  remedi  es 
[v. r.  best  medcyn  is]— Haf  gastli  ioi  and  hope  o  blis.  1340 
HAMPOLE  Pr.  Const:  3394  Ilk  man  here  lyghtly  may  Swilk 
remedys  thurgh  grace  wyn,  J>at  may  fordo  al  veniel  syn. 
1387  TKEVISA  Hidden  (Rollsi  IV.  n  Alisaundre  was  i-poy- 
soned..and  axede  a  tool  to  slee  liymself  in  remedie  of  sorwe 
[L.  in  remedinut  dolons\.  1485  CAXTON  Chas.  Gt.  244  For 
yj  remedye  of  theyr  soules  themperour  gaf  . .  for  almesse 
xij  C  vnces  of  syluer.  1576  FLEMING  Panofl.  E/>ist.  25  Your 
wisedome  and  knowledge  are  remedies  available,  to  cut  off 
the  course  of  suche  an  infecting  canckar.  1607-12  BACON 
Ess.)  Counsel  (Arb.)  318  For  which  inconveniences  the 
doctrine  of  Italy.. hath  introduced  Cabanett  Councelles,  a 
remedy  worse  than  the  disease.  1693  DRYDEN  Juvenal xvi. 
(1697)  386  Withdraw  thy  Action,  and  depart  in  Peace  ;  The 
Remedy  is  worse  than  the  Disease.  1718  PRIOR  Solomon  \\. 
352  Our  griefs  how  swift !  our  remedies  how  slow  !  1781 
COWPER  Truth  273  God  replies,  '  The  remedy  you  want  I 
freely  give:  The  book  shall  teach  you'.  1819  SHELLEY 
Cyclops  88  Can  you  show  me  some  clear  water  spring,  The 
remedy  of  our  thirst?  #1862  BUCKLK  Civiliz.  (1873)  II. 
viii.  582  The  only  remedy  for  superstition  is  knowledge. 
fc.  By  remedy  of,  by  the  help  or  means  of.  Obs. 
1398  TREVISA  Barth.  DC  P.  R.  xvn.  Ixl  (Bodl.  MS.),  A 
fige  tre  is  made  to  bere  wele  frute  hi  remedie  of  a  tre  J?at  is 
icleped  Caprificus.  1579  LYLY  Eubhiies  (Arb.)  108  If  women 
be  not  peruerse  theyshall  reap  profile  by  remedye  of  pleasure. 
2.  A  means  of  counteracting  or  removing  an  out 
ward  evil  of  any  kind  ;  reparation,  redress,  relief. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  180  We  schulen  nu  speken  of  \>e  uttre 
yondunge,  &  techen  be  J?et  habbed  hire,  hu  heo  muwen,. . 
ivinden  remedie,  bet  is  elne,  a3eines  hire,  a  1340  HAMPOLE 
Psalter  cxix.  3  pe  rightwis  man  sekis  remedy  of  god,  how 
^ere  ill  lippis  may  be  amendid.  1413  Pilgr.  Sowle  iv.  xiii. 
(Caxton  1483)  63^  Now  seye  me  what  the  semeth  in  this 
mater  that  we  may  ordeyne  a  remedy  for  this  grete  meschyef. 
1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la.  Tour  C  ij,  Sith  it  pleseth  yow  that  I 
shall  dye  withoute  remedye  and  withoute  mercye.  a  1500 
Sir  B  cues  57/966"-  (Pynson),  Ccrtys,  nowe  wo!  he  by  hyr  lye, 
But  if  ye  fynde  some  remedy.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanc's 
Connn.  388  He  fleet  h  to  the  last  remeady  which  untill  that 
time  he  had  purposelye  reserved.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr. 
Nickolays  l^oy.  iv.  xxxv.  158  lupiter  was  honored  amongst 
them  for  a  remedy  of  stormes  and  tempests.  1634  SIR  T. 
HERBERT.  TVvzt'.  35  1'he  Nobles,  when  they  saw  no  remedie, 
..submitted  to  Curroon.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenofs 
Trav.  n.  186  The  human  remedies  which  Sea-men  use 
against  Spouts,  is  to  furle  all  the  Sails,  and  to  fire  some 
Guns  with  shot  against  the  Pipe  of  the  Spout.  1747  Col. 
Rec.  Pennsylv.  V.  93  Such  a  Defect  in  the  Government  as 
stands  in  need  of  the  most  speedy  Remedy.  177^  BURKE 
Corr.  (1844)  I.  473  Popular  remedies  must  be  quick  and 
sharp,  or  they  are  very  ineffectual.  1837  GORING  &  PRITCHARU 
Microgr.  168  In  this  respect.. we  have  a  remedy  against 
those  optical  deceptions.  1851  CARLYLE  Sterling  \.  i,  It  by 
no  means  appeared  what  help  or  remedy  any  friend  of 
Sterling's,  .could  attempt  in  the  interim. 


REMEDY. 

b.  There  is  no  remedy  ( =  way  out  of  it,  help 
for  it,  alternative)  but,  etc. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt.^s  T.  1 216  Ther  nas  noon  oother  remedie 
ne  reed,  But  taketh  his  leue,  and  homward  he  him  spedde. 
1523  LD.  BURNERS  Froiss.  I.  72  Ther  is  no  remedy  but  to 
fight,  &  to  abyde  fortune.  1568  GRAFTON  Ckron.  II.  293 
There  was  no  remedy  but  he  ntust  fight  with  him.  1642 
ROGERS  Naatnan  20  There  had  beene  no  remedy,  but  he 
must  have  dyed  upon  his  owne  sword.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe 
(Globe)  267  We  had  no  Remedy,  but  to  wait  and  see  what 
the  Issue  of  Things  might  present. 

t  c.  No  remedy -,  unavoidably.  Obs. 
1538  BALE  Tkre  Lawcs  1700  Yet  must  it  geue  place  to 
Gods  worde,  no  remedye.  1550  CKOWLEY  Epigr.  242  The 
vengeaunce  of  God  muste  fall,  no  remedye,  Vpon  these 
wicked  men.  1598  SHAKS.  J\Ierry  W.  n.  ii.  127  You  must 
send  her  your  Page,  no  remedie.  1617  Br.  ANHREWES  96 
S e mi,,  Holy  Ghost  y..  (1629)  706  In  default  of  this  (no  remedie) 
the  common  hammer  must  come. 

t  d.   What  remedy?  what  help  for  it  ?  Obs. 

1500-20  DUN  BAR  Poems  xv.  43  The  lord  sumtyme  rewaird 
will  it;  Gife  he  dois  not,  quhat  remedy?  1598  SHAKS. 
Merry  W.  v.  v.  250  Well,  what  remedy  ?.  .what  cannot  be 
eschew'd,  must  be  embrac'd.  1608  ARMIN  Nest  Ninn.  (1842) 
21  Now  you  must  be  hanged  says  the  king.  ..What  remedie  ? 
sayes  hee.  1628  EARLE  Microcosm.  (Arb.)  35  He  sayes  it 
must  not  bee  so,  [y]it  is  strait  pacified,  and  cryes  what  remedie. 

3.  Legal  redress. 

1450  Paston  Lett.  I.  174,  I  pray  you  requyre  hym  on  my 
Lord  ys  behalf  to  compleyn  to  Justice  ..  [for  a]  remedie. 
1583  STUUBES  Anal.  Alms.  n.  (1882)  10  To  go  to  lawe,  and 
spende  all  that  euer  he  hath,  and  yet  come  by  no  remedie 
neither.  1651  HOBBES  Lcviath.  n.  xxii.  118  Left  to  the 
remedie,  which  the  Law  of  the  place  alloweth  them.  1766 
rJLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  igg  Even  this  right  of  property  will 
fail,  or  at  least  it  will  be  without  a  remedy,  unless  I  pursue 
it  within  the  space  of  sixty  years.  1819  J.  MARSHALL  Const. 
Opin.  (1839)  154  Without  impairing  the  obligation  of  a  con 
tract,  the  remedy  may  certainly  be  modified.  1891  igt/i 
Cent.  Dec.  857  Where  injury  to  character  takes  the  form  of 
aspersion,  the  primary  remedy  is  in  a  court  of  law. 

4.  Coining,  The  small  margin  within  which  coins 
as  minted  are  allowed  to  vary  from  the  standard 
fineness  and  weight.     (Cf.  REMEDE  sb.  b.)     Also 
called  tolerance. 

1423  Kolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  257/1  As  touching  ye  remedie  of 
\\d  ot  the  pound  of  Troie,  the  Kyng  will  be  avised.  1675 
R.  YAUGIIAN  Coinage  24  The  remedies  do  make  so  small  a 
difference  that  it  is  not  considerable.  1805  EARL  OF  LIVER 
POOL  Treat.  Coins  Realm  102  They  authorised  a  large 
remedy  to  be  taken .  .and  did  not  require  the  Officers  of  the 
;  Mint  to  make  their  coins  as  perfect  as  possible,  but  author 
ised  or  suffered  them  to  coin  just  within  the  remedy.  1867 
Chamb.  Jrnl,  16  Feb.  106/2  For  silver  coin,  the  'remedy' 
or  margin  of  error  is  fixed  at  one  pennyweight  per  pound 
Troy.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Aleck.  1916/1  The  remedy  on 
United  States  silver  coin  is  i$  grains  to  the  piece, 

5.  At  various  schools  (as  still  at  St.  Paul's  and 
Winchester) :  A  time  specially  granted  for  recrea 
tion  ;  a  half-holiday. 

1518  COLET  Statute  in  Gardiner  Regist.  St.  Pouts  School 

(1884)  381,  I  will  also  they  shall  haue  noo  remedies— yff  the 

maister  graunteth  eny  remedies  he  shall  forfeit  x\s. . .  Except 

the  kyng  or  a  arche  bisshopp  or  a  bisshopp  . .  desyre  it. 

1580  in  Boys  Hist.  Sandwich  (1792)  228,  I  ordeine,  that  the 

master,  .shall  not  give  remedie  or  leave  to  plaie  aboue  once 

in  a  week.     1593  Rites  $  Man.  Ch.  Durh.  (Surtees)  75  To 

recreat  themselves  when  they  had  remedy  of  there  master. 

1656  in  Gardiner  Regist.  St.  PanCs  School  (1884)  382  note, 

I    [At  Newport. .it  was  provided  that]  each  Thursday  after- 

!    noon.. shall  be  a  remedy  or  time  of  recreation.     1860  MANS- 

,     FIELD  School-Life  at  H'inchestcr  (1870)  49  Remedies  were 

i    not  a  matter  of  right,  but  were  always  applied  for  ..  on 

Tuesday  or  Thursday.     1893  CA.  Times  22  Dec.  1331/2  His 

lordship  afterwards  (t  he  Pauline  reports),  .exercised  his  privi- 

!     lege  of  desiring  a  '  remedy '  (or  half-holiday)  on  Wednesday. 

Remedy  (re-m/'di),  v.     Also  6  remydy.     [a. 

OF .  rewcdter  (cf.  REMEDE  v.\  or  ad.  L.  remediate, 

f.  remediutn  REMEDY  j/>.] 

1.  trans,  f  a.  To  grant  (one)  legal  remedy ;  to 
right  (one)  in  respect  of  a  wrong  suffered.  Obs. 

1414  Rolls  of  Par  It.  IV.  57/1  Byfore  hene  [=any]  of  the 
persones  that  weren..  Commissioners  upon  myn  enditement, 
. .  I  myghte  not  have  been  remedied.  Ibid.  To  have  been 
remedied  of  the  wronges  that  we  have  had.  1454  in  Ellis  Orig. 
Lett.  Ser.  u.  I.  120  That  they  shuld  be  remedyed,  and  he 
remedyed  them  not.  1549  LATIMEK  -$rd  Serin.  t>ef,  Ediv. 
/"/(Arb.)  92  There  is  one  [Judge] ..  wyll  remedye  you,  if 
you  come  after  a  ryghte  sorte  vnto  him.  a  1662  HEYLIN 
Laud  i.  (1671)  113  Of  which  Indignity  he  complained  to  the 
Duke, ..and  was  remedied  in  it. 

b.  To  bring  remedy  to  (a  person,  diseased  part, 
etc.) ;  to  heal,  cure,  make  whole  again.  Now  rare. 

{470-85  MALORY  Arthur  xin.  viii.  622  It  shal  so  heuye  me 
at  their  departj-nge  that  . .  there  shal  no  manere  of  loyc 
remedye  me.  1501  Ord.  Crysten  Men  (W.  de  W.  1506)  i.  iv. 
Ej  b,  The  synner.  .is  fro  ye  moost  gretest  payne.  remedyed. 
1541  R.  COPLAND  Galycn's  Tcrap.  H  h  uj  b,  When  the  party 
y*  shuld  be  holpen  &  remydyed  is  hyd  in  the  dypenes  of  the 
body.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  HI.  v.  32  Into  the  woods. .shee 
went,  To  seeke  for  hearbes  that  mote  him  remedy.  1607 
TOPSELL  Four-f.  Bftists  (if>5%}  271  If  one  Horse  do  die  of  it, 
all  his  fellows  that  bear  him  company  will  follow  after,  if 
they  be  not  remedied  in  time.  1795  SOUTHKY  Joan  of  Arc 
i.  57  Some  pious  sisterhood,  Who. .may  likeliest  remedy 
The  stricken  mind. 

2.  To  cure  (a  disease,  etc.) ;  to  put  right,  reform 
(a  state  of  things) ;  to  rectify,  make  good. 

1412-20  LVDG.  Ckron.  Troy  i.  v.  (1555^,  There  is  a  lawe 
ysette  ..  that  may  not  be  ylette  Nor  remedyed.  Ibid,  vi, 
All  her  ill  was  holpe  and  remedyed.  1469  Paston  Lett.  1 1. 
375  With  Goddys  grace  it  schall  be  remedyed  well  inow. 
1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xvm.  (Percy  Soc.)  81,  I  thanke 
you  for  your  love,. .  But  I  your  cause  can  nothing  remedy. 
1567  MAI-LBT  Gr.  Forest  37  It  being  wrought  and  tempered 


REMEET. 

.  .remedieth  all  kinde  of  swelling.  15516  DRAYTON  Legends 
Hi.  389  They  tooke  up  Armes  to  remedie  their  wrong.  1651 
N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  II.  iL  (1739)  14  The  House  of 
Lords  shall  remedy  all  offences  contrary  to  the  Law  of 
Magna  Charta.  1654  BEAMHALL  Just  Vind.  ii.  (1661)  7  A 
sharp  fit  of  a  feuerish  distemper,  which  a  little  time  ..  will 
infallibly  remedy.  1754  SHERLOCK  Disc,  I.  i.  49  They 
cannot  remedy  the  Corruption  that  has  spread  thro'  the 
Race  of  Mankind.  1768  GOLDSM.  Gooa.n.  Man  in.  i, 
That  shall  be  remedied  without  delay.  1814  SOUTHEV 
Roderick  xxi.  417  Repentance  taketh  sin  away,  Death 
remedies  the  rest.  1853  BRIGHT  Sf.,  India  3  June  (1876)  8 
A  great  deal  has  been  done  to  remedy  the  deficiency.  1858 
J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk.  (1873)  III.  v.  i.  436  Evils  which 
threaten  to  continue  we  try  to  remedy. 

t  3.  absol.  To  provide  a  remedy.     Const,  for,  of. 

ci44o  LYDG.  Hors,  Sltefe  f,  G.  387  For  ache  of  bonys  & 
also  for  brosoure  It  remedieth  £dooth  men  ese  ful  blyve. 
c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  42  Ye  be  seke  of  the  maladye  of  loue 
wherof  no  man  may  remedye  but  youre  lady. 

Hence  Ee'medying  vbl.  sb. 

1570  FOXE  A.  A>  Af.  (ed.  2)  1221/1  For  the  remediying  and 
redressyng  of  those  foresayd  injuries.  1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guille- 
tnea.it  s  Fr.  Ckiritrg.  30  b/2  To  the  remedyinge  and  curinge 
of  the  which,  we  ought  to  tye  the  Arterye.  1641  WILKINS 
ftlatli.  Magick  i.  iii.  (1648)  18  For  the  remedying  of  such 
abuses  the  Ancients  did  appoint  divers  officers. 

Remee't  (r/-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]    To  meet  again. 

1644  QU-ARLES  Sliepli.  Orac.  iii,  The  time  will  come, 
wherein  We  shall  remeet,  and  never  part  agin,  a  1657  R. 
LOVEDAY  Lett.  (1663)  ii  When  I  re-met  with  them  they  had 
been  so  lost  to  my  memory,  that  [etc.],  1859  F.  MILLS  in 
AtheHxiim  g  July  49  Ere  the  shining  valves  remeet. 

Hence  Kemee-tiug  vbl.  sb. 

1648  HERKICK  Hesper.^  Parting  Verset  'Tis  to  be  doubted 
whether  I  next  yeer,  Or  no,  shall  give  ye  a  re-meeting  here. 
1684  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  1994/3  At  the  remeeting  of  the  said 
States  . .  these  Points  will  be  farther  spoken  of. 

Remeeving,  -mefe,  obs.  varr.  REMOVING,  RE- 
MOVE.  Remeid :  see  REMEDE  sb.  and  v.  Remel, 
see  KEMEAL  and  RIMMEL.  Remelant,  var.  KE- 

1IENANT  Obs. 

Rente-It  (r/~-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]    To  melt  again. 

a.  trans.    1626  BACON  Sylva  §  771  The  Crude  Materialls  of 
Glasse,  mingled  with  Glasse,  already  made  and  Re-moultcn. 
1775  R.  CHANDLER  Trav.  Greece  (1825)  II.  180  They  re- 
melted  the  old  dross  and  scum,  and  found  ore.    1833  LYELL 
Priuc.  Geal.  III.  185  If  the  lavas  could  be  remelted.     1897 
Allbutt's  Syst.  Mid.  II.  938  Those  who  remelt  the  pig 
brass,  and  are  called  '  founders '. 

b.  Mr.    1793  S.MEATON  Edystone  L.  §  274  It  was  per 
ceived  to  re-melt  and  unite  with   the  fresh  metal.     1865 
MASSON  Rcc.  Brit.  Philos.  78  Into  what  Empyrean  will  it 
remelt  when  the  separating  film  bursts? 

Hence  Heme-lted  ///.  a.,  Eeme-ltiug  vbl.  sb. 

1796  PEARSON  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXVI.  431  Perhaps 
metals  in  general  are  rendered  purer.. by  remelting.  1839 
URE  Diet.  Arts  1127  The  roasting  of  the  mattes.,  and  their 
treatment  by  four  successive  re-meltings.  1861  FAIRBAIRN 
Iron  142  Molten  crude  iron,  or.  .remelled  pig  or  refined  iron. 

Remember  (r/me-mbDi),  v.  Forms :  4-6  re- 
membre,  (5  -menbre),  5-6  remembyr,  (5  -bur, 
6  -bar,  Sc.  -bir),  6-  remember,  (6  Sc.  ra-).  [ad. 
OF.  remembrer  (nth  c.),  =  Prov.  and  Sp.  re- 
membrar,  It.  rimembrar :— late  L.  rememorari,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  memor  mindful :  see  REMEMORATE  v.] 

I.  1.  irons.  To  retain  in,  or  recall  to,  the 
memory ;  to  bear  in  mind,  recollect  (a  thing,  per 
son,  fact,  event,  saying,  etc.). 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  327  Edward  may  remembre 
(>e  trauaile  &  |>e  pyn.  1382  WYCLIF  TMt  ii.  6  Remembrende 
that  woord,  that  the  Lorde  seide  by  Amos.  £1420  LYUG. 
Assembly  of  Gods  154  Remembre  your  name  was  wont  to  be 
egall.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  &sop  i.  xviii,  Euer  I  shal 
remembre  the  grace  whiche  thou  hast  done  to  me.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comtn.  80  b,  They  should  remembre 
themselves  to  be  earth  and  asshes.  1609  HOLLAND  Ainiii. 
Marcell.  217  A  thing  that  no  man  could  remember  done 
since  Dioclesian  and  Aristobulus  time.  1678  BUNYAN  Pilgr. 
I.  (1900)  35  Let  this  mans  misery  be  remembred  by  thee. 
1750  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  26  r  2,  I  was . .  left  by  my  father, 
whom  I  cannot  remember,  to  the  care  of  an  uncle.  1833 
TENNYSON  Dream  Fair  Worn,  xx,  The  times  when  I  re 
member  to  have  been  Joyful.  1873  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2) 
IV.  130  We  must  remember  the  place  held  by  Parmenides 
in  the  history  of  Greek  philosophy. 

fig.  1732  POPE  Hor.  Sat.  ii.  h.  73  The  stomach  . .  Re- 
members  oft  the  School-boy's  simple  fare.  1833  TENNYSON 
Two  Voices  423  My  frozen  heart  began  to  beat,  Remember 
ing  its  ancient  heat. 

b.  With  inf.  To  bear  in  mind,  not  to  forget,  to 
do  something. 

CI430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  12  Remembryng 
the  highe  lord  to  queme.  1461  Paston  Lett.  II.  27  Re 
membre  to  take  a  wryht  to  chese  crowneres  in  Norffolk. 
'535  LVNDESAY  Satyre  3054  My  Lords, ..  Remember  to  re- 
forme  the  consistorie.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  in.  ii.  99  Re 
member  First  to  possesse  his  Bookes.  1733-4  BERKELEY  in 
Fraser  Life  vi.  218  You  will  also  remember  to  take  bonds 
for  the  money.  1781  COWPER  Conversat.  103  But  still 
remember.. To  press  your  point  with  modesty  and  ease, 
t  c.  Const,  with  oneself.  Obs.  rare. 


is  that  hath  made  you  Fathers  of  Children. 


passage  :  c  1560  WEVER  Lusty  Jtmenins  C  ij,  Well  sayd 
maister  doctor. . .  I  pray  you  be  remembred,  and  couer  your 
head.) 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  v.  i.  103,  I  doe  beseech  tbee  remember 
thycurtesie.    I  beseech  thee  apparell  thy  head.    \C(.lIaml. 


423 

v.  ii.  108.]    1598  B.  JONSON  Ev,  Man  in  Hunt.  i.  i,  Pray 
you  remember  your  court'sy.  .Nay,  pray  you  be  covered. 

2.  To  think  of,  recall  the  memory  of  (a  person) 
with  some  kind  of  feeling  or  intention. 

1382  WVCLIF  Isa.  Ixii.  6  5ee  that  retnembren  the  Lorde,  ne 
beth  stille.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xix.  69  So  shall  I  re 
membre  elysse  as  longe  as  lyffe  shall  abyde  wythin  me. 
1535  COVERUALE  Eccl.  xii.  i  Remembre  thy  maker  in  thy 
youth,  or  euer  the  dayes  of  aduersite  come.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sleidane's  Comm.  314  We  must  also  remember  the  dead. 
1671  MILTON  P.  R.  in.  434  Yet  he  at  length.. Remembring 
Abraham  by  some  wond'rous  call  May  bring  them  back". 
1791  BURNS  Lament  for  Glencairn  x,  I'll  remember  thee, 
Glencairn,  And  a'  that  thou  hast  done  for  me  !  1841  LANK 
Arab.  Nts.  I.  in,  I  will  do  thee  an  act  of  kindness  for 
which  I  shall  be  remembered. 

b.  To  bear  (a  person)  in  mind  as  entitled  to 
a  gift,  recompence,  or  fee,  or  in  making  one's  will ; 
hence,  to  fee,  reward,  ( tip  '. 

1470  Paston  Lett.  II.  407  Also  my  brother  Edmonde  Is 
not  yet  remembryd.  He  bathe  not  to  lyfT  with,  thynk  on 
hym.  1363  BP.  SANDYS  in  EUU0ry.£*#.Ser.  i.  II.  X95  This 
Conine.,  bringith  nothing  forth  fitt  to  remember  youewithall. 
1599  Aberdeen  Regr.  (1848)  II.  i88The..counsaU..lykvayes 
ordams  Mr.  Peter  Blakburne,  minister,  to  be  remeinberit 
for  the  interteneing  of  the  said  Mr.  George.  1605  SIIAKS. 
Macb.  n.  iii.  23  Anon,  anon,  I  pray  you  remember  the 
Porter.  1802  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Moral  T.  ii3i6)  I.  xi.  93 
He  assured  the  hostler,  that  he  would  remember  him  the 
next  day.  1871  Punch  16  Sept.  113/1  Mr.  Keane  Hunter 
is  manoeuvring  to  be  remembered  in  Alderman  W.'s  will. 

t3.  To  record,  mention,  make  mention  of  (a 
thing,  person,  etc.).  Obs.  (common  c  1430-1660). 

£•1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  73  Remembryd  by 
scriptures  we  fynde  and  rede,  Holsum  and  holy  it  is  to 
thynke  and  pray.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  361/1  Her  deth 
and  . .  her  assumpcion  wherof  the  Scripture  remembryth 
no  thynge.  1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III.  963/2  About 
the  same  time  that  the  armie  before  remembred,  was  set 
forward  into  Scotland.  1620-55  L  JONES  Stone-HcHg(\-]2*,)  4 
History  hath  not  remembred  the  Ruins  of  any  ancient 
Buildings  digged  up  in  Anglesey.  1652  NKEDHAM  tr. 
Seldens  Mare  Cl.  62  The  Carians  possessed  the  Sea. 
Their  Sea-Dominion  is  remembred  by  Diodorus  Siculus. 
1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  m.  iv,  That  phenomenon  in  the 
face  of  the  former  which  we  have  above  remembered, 
f  b.  To  commemorate.  Obs. 

1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  \.  xiy.  (1554)  30  This  knightly  man 
. .  Set  up  pillers  for  a  memorial!  Which  remembred  his  con 
quests.  1535  COVERDALE  Numb.  v.  15  It  is.  .an  offeringe  of 
remembraunce,  that  remembre th  synne.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp. 
i.  ii.  405  The  Ditty  do's  remember  my  drown'd  father.  1658 
Whole  Duty  Man  iii.  §  17  His  mercies,  especially  those  re 
membred  in  the  Sacrament,  his  giving  Christ  to  die  fur  us. 
f  c.  To  mention  by  way  of  reminder.  Obs.  rare. 
1621  ELSING  Debates  Ho.  Lords  (Camden)  36  L.  Ch. 
Justice  moved  whether  to  proceed  against  Michefl,. .  and 
remembred  the  message  to  the  Lower  House  to  sytt  as  a 
House  this  afternoone. 

d.  To  (have  mind  of  and)  mention  (a  person, 
his  condition,  etc.)  in  prayer. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  m.  i.  90  Nimph,  in  thy  Orisons  Be  all 
my  sins  rememberd.  1613  —  Hen.  VlII^  v.  i.  73  In  thy 
Prayres  remember  Th'  estate  of  my  poore  Queene.  1836 
SIMEON  in  Car  us  Life  (1847)  xxxiii.  794,  I  in  treat  the  favour 
of  you  to  remember  at  the  throne  of  grace  one,  who  [etc.]. 

4.  absol.  or  intr.  To  have  or  bear  in  mind ;  to 
recall  to  the  mind  ;  also,  to  exercise  or  possess  the 
faculty  of  memory. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  122  Which  yifth  men  cause  to  re 
membre,  If  any  Sor  be  left  behinde.  14..  TundaWs  Vis., 
etc.  (1843)  101  In  verrey  sothe,  as  I  remembur  can.  1548 
ELYOT,  s.v.  Metnoria,  Sens  any  manne  coulde  remembre. 
1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  \.  i.  258  That  shallow  vassall.  .which  as 
I  remember,  hight  Costard,  a  1631  DONNE  Poems  (1650)  22 
So,  in  forgetting  thou  remembrest  right.  1690  LOCKE  HUM. 
Und.  \.  iv.  §  20  To  remember  is  to  perceive  any  thing  with 
memory,  or  with  a  consciousness,  that  it  was  known  or  per 
ceived  before.  1752  GRAY  Lett.,  to  \Valpole  (1000)  I.  219 
As  I  remember,  there  were  certain,  low  chairs,  that  looked 
like  ebony.  1812  COLERIDGE  Lit.  Rent.  (1836)  I.  336  Beasts 
and  babies  remember,  that  is,  recognize :  man  alone  recol 
lects.  1819  SHKLLEY  Prometh.  Unb.  i.  561  Past  ages  crowd 
on  thee,  but  ^ch  one  remembers. 

b.  To  have  mind,  memory,  or  recollection  of 
something.  Now  rare  (in  later  quots.  Sc.}. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  F  85  At  euery  tyme  bat  I  re 
membre  of  be  day  of  doom,  I  quake,  c  1440  Partonope  -3502 
Remembring  of  the  Joy  he  had  before.  1523  LD.  BERNERS 
Froiss.  I.  ccxxxvii.  339  Sir  Johan  Chandos  remembred  of  a 
knyfe  that  he  had  in  his  bosome.  1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  VIII, 
i.  ii.  IQO,  I  remember  of  such  a  time,  being  my  sworn  seruant, 
The  Duke  retein'd  him  his.  1642  MILTON  Apol.  Smcct. 
Wks.  1851  III.  285  And  yet  he  can  remember  of  none  but 
Lysimachus  Nicanor,  and  that  he  mislikt  and  censur'd, 
1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qual.  (1809)  II.  54  Among  .. 
female  fashions. .  I  remember  but  of  one  [etc.].  1808  SCOTT 
Mem.  in  Lock/tart  i.  (1842)  6/1, 1  remember  of  detesting  the 
name  of  Cumberland.  1851  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  (ed.  2) 
I.  594/1,  I  remember  of  another  case  in  which  there  was  no 
appearance  of  a  lamb. 

fc.  Const,  on  or  upon.  Obs. 

^1386  CHAUCER  Null's  Pr.  T.  213  Remembring  on  his 
dremes  that  he  mette.  1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  ix.  xiv.  (1558) 
26  He  gan  remembre  anone..Vpon  a  verse  written  in  y* 
Sautere.  15..  Impeachm.  Wolsey  in  Furniv.  Ballads  fr. 
MSS.  I.  352  Remembyr  on  Thomas  of  Canterbury.  1588 
A.  KING  tr.  Canisins'1  Catech.  9  b,  Remember  on  me,  o  lord. 

fd.  To  make  mention  of  a.  thing.  Obs.  rare~l. 
1531   ELYOT  Gov.  n.  xiii,  Plinie  remembreth  of  a  dogge 

whiche.  .assaulted  the  murdrer  of  his  maister. 

5.  refl.  To  bethink  or  recollect,  fto  think  or  re 
flect  upon  (oneself).     Now  rare. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  F  135,  I  wol  remembre  me  alle 
the  yeres  of  my  lyf,  in  bitternesse  of  myn  herte.  c  1440 


REMEMBER. 

Generydcs  583,  I  may  not  ease  my  hert..,That  doth  me 
harme  whanne  I  remembre  me.  1484  CAXTON  Chivalry  10 
And  thenne  he  remembryd  hym  a  ly tyl  and  after  sayd  [etc.  ]. 
a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII  194  The  Cardinal  some 
what  remembred  hym  selfe  and  sayd,  we!  my  lord  I  am 
content  to  obey.  1592  SHAKS.  Rom.  fy  Jul.  i.  iii.  9  Nurse 
come  backe  againe,  I  haue  remembred  me,  thou'se  heare 
our  counsell.  1605  —  Lear  iv,  vi.  233  Thou  old,  vnhappy 
Traitor,  Breefely  thy  selfe  remember.  1891  Iliustr.  Land. 
News  Christmas  No.  21/1,  *I  long  for  home'.  But  she 
remembered  herself.  *  That's  only  a  momentary  feeling  '. 
t  b.  Const,  of  or  on  mt  —  4  b,  4  c.  Obs. 

13. .  -E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  C.  326  penne  I  remembred  me  ry^t  of 
my  rych  lorde.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Melib.  f  33  Remembreth 
yow  upon  the  pacient  Job.  ("1450  LONELICH  Merlin  581 
(Kulbing1,  Sche  hire  remembrid  of  fadyr  and  modyr  bothe. 
1545  St.  Papers  Hen.  VIII,  I.  n.  806,  I  cannot  remember 
me  of  any  others  [fit  to  be  captains].  1622  M.unii.  tr. 
Aleman's  Guzman  d'Aff.  n.  308,  I  remembred  my  selfe  of  my 
Hostesse.  1651  tr.  De-las-Covcras  Don  Fenise  94  Re 
membering  himselfe  of  the  iccitall  which  Rufine  had  made 
him.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qual.  (1809)  III.  £8,  I 
remembered  me  of  my  gallant  me-^mates. 

C.   With  obj.  clause.     (Cf.  sense  I.)     Now  arch. 

c  1374  CHAUCKU  Troy  his  i.  384  Remembring  him,  that  love 
to  wyde  y-blowe  Yelt  bittre  fruyt.  1428  Lett.  Marg,  Anj.^i 
<y  Bp.  Beckington  (Camden)  43  Treuly,  I  can  not  remembre 
me,  that  ever  I  wrote  to  yow.  1470-85  ^l.\\o\<\' Arthur  \ -in. 
ii.  275  The  kyng  merut-illed  why  shedyd  soo,and  remembryd 
hym  how  her  sone  was  sodenly  slayne  with  poyson.  1589 
Hay  tiny  Work  48  O  now  I  remember  me,  he  has  al^o  a 
charge  to  prouide  for.  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  VIII 
(1683)  39  Remembring  himself,  that  it  was  time  to  viMt  his 
Army. .he  takes  leave  of  the  Ladies.  1700  COXCREVK  ll'ay 
of  World  n.  ix,  Now,  I  remember  me,  I'm  married.  1817 
BYRON  Alaiifred  m.  iv.  8,  I  do  remember  me,  that  in  my 
youth.. I  btuod  within  the  Coliseum's  wall. 

6.  a.  impers.  (//)  remembers  me  [after  OF.  (#) 
me  rememire~\,  I  remember.  Now  arch. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Compl.  Alars  150  What  his  compleynt 
was,  remembreth  me.  4:1386  —  Wife's  T.  469  Whan  that  it 
remembreth  me  Up-on  my  yowthe.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  of 
sKsop  i.  iv,  I  am  certayne  ii  me  remembreth  wel  that  the 
dogge  lend  to  her  a  loof  of  brede.  1814  GARY  Dante,  Par. 
xx.  137  It  doth  remember  me,  that  I  beheld  The  pair  of 
blessed  luminaries  move.  1831  SCOTT  Cast.  Dang,  i,  It  may 
remember  you  that  I  undertook  . .  to  temporize  a  little  with 
the  Scots. 

fb.  Of  a  thing:  To  recur  to  (one).  Obsr1 
1608  Yorksh.  Trag,  i.  ix,When  the  dread  thought  of  death 
remembers  you. 

c.  To  be  remembered,  to  remember  ;  also  const. 
of.  Now  obs.  exc.  dial,  (common  c  1450-1600). 

c  1440  Genetydes&ig  Ther  is  a  land  I  am  remembryd  wele, 
Men  call  it  Perse.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  ix.  xxi.  370 
Soo  whan  the  quene  loked  vpon  sir  Tristram  she  was  nut 
remembryd  of  hym.  1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1570)  46, 
I  am  remembred  that  I  haue  often  sene  Great  wordly  riches 
ende  in  pouertie.  c  1590  MARLOWE  Faust,  x,  Are  you  re 
membered  how  you  crossed  me  in  my  conference  with  the 
Emperor?  1605  \$t  Pt.  leronimo  in.  ii.  53  Are  you  remem 
bred,  Don,  of  a  daring  message,  And  a  proud  attempt? 
1828  Craven  Gloss.  s.v.,  An  ye  be  remembered,  i.  e.  if  you 
remember. 

II.  7.  To  remind  (a  person) ;  esp.  to  put  (one) 
in  mind  of  a  thing  or  person,  "f  Also  const.  upont 
with.  Now  arch,  or  dial. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Frankl.  T.  515  This  was  as  thise  bookes 
me  remembre  The  colde  frosty  seson  of  Decembre.  c  1449 
PECOCK  Repr.  i.  iv.  22  Thou}  he  wolde  reherce  tho  point  is 
. .  of  the  lawe  forto  remembre  the  iugis  and  the  peple  ther 
upon.  1451  Paston  Lett.  L  190  I  tern,  to  remembre  T.  Denyes 
of  the  tale  that  Fyncheham  told.  1530  PALSGR.  685/1,  I 
shal  remembre  him  of  it  whan  he  gothe  to  bedde.  1604  T. 
WRIGHT  Passions  vi.  320  These, .1  thought  good  briefly  to 
set  downe.  .to  remember  the  Reader,  that  hereafter  he  may 
benefit  himselfe  of  them.  16^1  R.  MARKIOT  Serm.  25  The 
third  was  a  Golden  letter,  which  remembred  him  with  the 
joyes  of  Heaven.  1745  Fortunate  Orphan  68  Emanuel  . . 
remember 'd  Azem  of  ms  Promises.  1808  Edin.  Rev.  Jan. 
285  He  takes  care  to  remember  us  of  Dr.  Johnson's  saying. 
a  1850  ROSSETTI  Dante  <y  Circ.  i.  (1874)  98  She  remembered 
me  many  times  of  my  own  most  noble  lady. 

b.  With  inf.  or  obj.  clause.  Now  dial.  (Very 
common  in  I7th  c.,  esp.  with  that.} 

c  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  i.  iv.  21  If  a  bischop.  .wolde  remembre 
hem,  exorte  hem,  and  stire  hem  . .  forto  kepe  certeyn  moral 
vertues.  1474  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  113/1  Remembryng  us 
that  it  appered  unto  us  [etc.].  1540-1  ELYOT  Image  Gov. 
(1556)  48  b,  Fyrste  he  wolde  remembre  hym  for  what  cause 
he  hath  called  hym.  1596  NASHE  Sa/ron  Walden  ii  Let 
me  remember  thee  to  do  this  one  kindnes  more  for  me. 
1638  CHILUKOW.  Relig.  Prat.  i.  iii.  §  77.  177,  I  am  to  re 
member  you,  that  many  Attributes  in  Scripture,  are  not 
notes  of  performance  but  of  duty.  1670  BAXTER  Cure  Ch. 
Div,  Pref.  i,  I  write  it  to  remember  the  Teachers  of  the 
Churches,  what  principles  they  have  to  preach.  1703  J. 
SAVAGE  Lett.  Antients  xxvii.  88  Remembring  him  that 
Liberality  to  Friends  is  the  best  way  of  hoarding  Treasure. 
1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  II.  239  The  edge  of  the 
opened  door,  which  he  ran  against,  remembered  him  to 
turn  his  welcome  back  upon  me.  1877-  in  dial,  glossaries 
(Lanes.,  Chesh.,  Lines.,  Warw.,  Shropsh.). 

"f  8.  To  recall  (a  thing  or  person)  to  a  person. 
Also  with  double  object,  obj,  clause,  and  without 
const.  Obs. 

1382  WYCLIF  John  xiv.  26  He  schal.  .schewe,  orremembre, 
to  ;ou  alle  thingis.  1:1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  m. 
1379  Lake  on  }our  ryng  !  It  wyll  remembyr  }ow  $our 
gloryous  weddyng.  01470  TIPTOFT  Tulle  on  Friendsh. 
(Caxton  1481)  A  ij,  Syth  my  master  Seuola  remembrid  unto 
me  how  Lelius  hath  resouned  with  him.  1531  ELYOT  Gov.  I. 
iv,  Remembryng  to  hym  the  daunger  of  his  iuell  example. 
1617  WITHER  Fidelia  in  Juvenilia  (1633)456  Every  severall 
object  that  I  see  Doth  severally  (methinkes)  remember 
thee.  1649  MILTON  Eikon.  Pref.,  By  onely  remembring  them 


RE-MEMBER. 

the  truth  of  what  they  themselves  know  to  be  beer  miss-    I 
affirmed.    1672  Mede's  Wks.  p.  xl,  I  remembred  to  him,  how 
often  I  heard  him  wonder  [etc.]. 

fb.  To  mention  (one's  affection,  respect,  etc.) 
by  way  of  message  to  another.  Obs. 

1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  n.  (1625)  63  Sir,  my  humble 
dutie  remembred  unto  you  and  my  good  Mistresse,  you  may 
please  to  understand  [etc.]  1625  USSHER  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men 
(Camden)  132,  I  pray  remember  my  hearty  affeccion  unto 
my  Lord  of  Landaff.  1672  MARVELL  Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart) 
II.  408  Pray  remember  my  respects  to  your  Partner. 

c.  To  mention  (a  person)  to  another  as  sending 
a  friendly  greeting.  Also  without  const. 

1560  GRESHAM  in  Burgon  Li/e  I.  302  To  whom  it  may 
please  you,  I  maye  be  remembered.  1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  VIII, 
iv.  ii.  160  Remember  me  In  all  humilitie  vnto  his  Highnesse. 
a  1674  CLARENDON  Sum.  Leviath.  (1676)  6  To  remember  me 
kindly  to  Mr.  Hobbes.  1713  STEEI.F.  Guardian  No.  171  F3 
Remember  me  to  the  lion.  1780  Phil.  Trans.  LXX.  452 
He  begs  to  be  remembered  to  you  with  best  compliments. 
1804  in  G.  Rose's  Diaries  (.-Ado}  II.  86  Mrs.  Tomline  desires 
to  be  most  kindly  remembered.  1872  BLACK  Aiii>.  Phaeton 
xxvi.  353  Katty  Tatham  desires  to  be  remembered  to  you  all. 

Re-me'mber,  v.  nonce-wd.  [RE-5b.]  trans. 
a.  To  put  together  again,  b.  To  supply  with 
a  new  member. 

1871  SPENCER  Prim.  Psychol.  II.  vn.  vii.  377  Mind.. is  a 
thing  we  can  form  no  notion  of  without  K-membcring,  re- 
collecti'tgsomz  of  our  mental  acts.  1894  BLACKMORE/V/' ly- 
cross  389  A  British  tar.. a  true  heart  of  oak,  re-membered 
also  in  the  same  fine  material. 

Reme:mberabi'lity.    [f.  next  + -ITY.]    The 

fact  of  being  rememberable. 

1839  J.  ROGERS  Antipopopr.  x.  §  2.  255  The  easy  remember- 
ability  of  the  Bible  system. 

Rememberable  (rnne'mborab'l),  a.  Also 
remembr-.  [f.  REMEMBER  v.  +  -ABLE  :  cf.  obs. 
F.  remembrablc]  Capable  or  worthy  of  being 
remembered.  (Common  in  igth  c.) 

161 1  COTGR.  ,  Memorable,  memorable,  remembrable,  worthie 
of  memorie.  1800  HAZLITT  Pol.  Ess.  (1819)  399  When  all  is 
done,  nothing  rememberable  has  been  said,  a  1842  ARNOLD 
Serm.  Chr.  Li/e(i$i5>  296  A  change. .of  any  rememberable 
kind.  1881  SHAIRP  Asp.  Poetry  v.  143  More  rememberable 
than  any  blank  verse  since  Milton's. 

Hence  Beme'mberably  adv. 

1800  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1856)  I.  133  The  moral  features  of  the 
people  [are]  more  accurately  and  rememberably  painted. 
1809  [bid.  II.  157  Say  what  you  have  to  say  as  perspicu 
ously,  .and  as  rememberably  as  possible. 

Rememberance,  obs.  form  of  REMEMBRANCE. 

Remembered  (r/me'mbajd),  ppl.  a.     [-ED !.] 

1 1.  Already  mentioned.   Obs.  rare. 

c  1425  Found.  St.  Bartlwlomew's  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  31  Whan  the 
remembrid  priour  was  jit  a-lyue.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng. 
Poesie  (Arb.)  115  Besides  all  the  remembred  points  of 
Metricall  proportion,  ye  haue  yet  two  other  sorts. 

2.  Recalled  to  or  kept  in  memory.  Also  in 
combs.,  as  sad-,  laell-remembered. 

1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  17  That  the  Artificer  after  a 
well-remembred  knowledge,  should  invent  something  of  his 
owne.  1745  Matrimony  pro  fy  con  3  O  !  to  recall  the  sad- 
remember'd  Day.  1754  RICHARDSON  Grandison^  (i8n)  I. 
xxxiii.  253  As  dear  to  me. .as  her  brother  from  his  remem 
bered  bravery.  1805  WORDSW.  Prelude  i.  161  No  little  band 
of  yet  remembered  names.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romola  ix,  Far 
in  the  backward  vista  of  his  remembered  life. 

Rememberer  (rftne-mbaraj).  [-ER  i.]  One 
who,  or  that  which,  remembers  (f  or  reminds). 

c  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  ii.  vi.  171  Bi  this  rememoraunce  the 
remembrer  . .  schal  be  the  more  stirid.  a  1541  WYATT  in 
Tottels  Misc.  (Arb.)  45  Forgetter  of  payn,  remembrer  of  my 
wo.  1579  G.  HARVEY  Letter-bk.  (Camden)  6r  Lett  this  il- 
favorid  letter  suffize  for  a.. remembrer  in  that  behaulfe. 
1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  World  in.  (1634)  89  Artaxerxes  called 
Mnemon,  that  is  to  say  the  Mindful  or  the  Rememberer. 
1754  RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1781)  IV.  vii.  62  What  a  re. 
memberer,  if  I  may  make  a  word,  is  the  heart  !  1809  SYD. 
SMITH  \Vks.  (1859)  I.  174/1  The  maker  of  verses  and  the 
rememberer  of  words.  1876  F.  HARRISON  Choice  Bks.  (1886) 
396  The  recollections  are  very  often  the  inventions  of  the 
rememberer. 

Reme'mbering,  vbl.  sb.  [-ISG  T.]  The  action 
of  the  vb.  REMEMBER;  an  instance  of  this,  \ In 
remembering,  in  remembrance  or  memory. 

CI375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xl.  (Ninian)  532  Of  bat  merwale  in 


membryng..wolde  dispise  all  thynges-.mundayne.  1585 
T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas's  Voy.  Ep.  Ded.,  Doth  it  not 
deserue  diligent  marking  and  remembring?  1673  True 
Worship  of  God  51  A  Remembring  and  Renewing  of  our 
Baptismal  Vow.  1740  J.  CLARKE  Educ.  Youth  (ed.  3)  88 
The  Matter  is  well  worth  the  remembring.  1846  MASKELI. 
Mon.  Kit.  I.  p.  clxxxv,  Wearying  the  reader  with  continued 
rememberings  of  much,  which  we  might  have  wished  away. 

Reme-mbering,  ///.  a.  [-ixc2.]  That  re 
members  (t  or  reminds) ;  f  mindful  of  a.  thing. 

c  1449  PECOCK  R fpr.  v.  xii.  546  Wherfpre  it  is  resonable,. . 
that  her  outward  habit  be  mad  to  hem  into  such,  .a  remem 
bring  signe.  c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  cxix.  G.  i,  Grave 
deeply  in  remembring  mind  My  trust,  thy  promise  true. 
1625  BACON  Ess.,  Great  Place(\t\>.)  293  Be  not  too  sensible, 
or  too  remembring,  of  thy  Place,  in  Conuersation.  a  1676 
HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  (1677)  21  Touching  the  knowledge 
of  Brutes,  touching  their  remembring  Faculty.  1790  PEN 
NANT  London  (1813)  498  Death ..  shaking  his  remembering 
hour-glass.  1822  GALT  Provost  xxix,  During  the  remember 
ing  prayer,  Mr.  Pittle  put  up  a  few  words  for  criminals 
under  sentence  of  death.  1886  SWINBURNE  Deailt  Sir  //. 
Taylor  in  Athenxum  10  Apr.  488/1  Clothed  round  with 
reverence  of  remembering  hearts. 


424 

Remembir,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REMEMBER. 

Remembrance  (r/me-mbrans),  st>.  Also  4-6 
-aunce,  5  -a(u)nse,  -ans,  6  -auns,  4-8  remem 
ber-,  [a.  F.  remembrance  (nth  c. ;  AF.  -aunce}  : 
see  REMEMBER  and  -ANCE,  and  cf.  It.  rimembranza.] 

1.  (Without  article.)  Memory  or  recollection  in 
relation  to  a  particular  object,  fact,  etc.  In  early 
use  esp.  in  phrases  to  have  in  r.,  to  call  to  r.  (see 
CALL  v.  20  b). 

13..  Coer  lie  L.  6926  Whoso  hadde  sene  hys  cuntenaunse, 
Wolde  euer  had  hym  in  remembraunse.  1390  GOWER  Con/. 
I.  5  He  schal  drawe  into  remembrance  The  fortune  of  this 
worldes  chance,  c  1430  Merlin  49  The  moste  remembraunce 
that  I  shall  haue,  shall  be  vpon  yow,  and  on  yowre  nedes. 
1530  PALSGR.  351  Here  is  to  be  called  to  remembraunce 
what  I  sayd  afore  of  guff.  1535  COVERDALE  2  Mace.  xii.  42 
They.. besought  God,  that  the  fawte.  .might  be  put  out  of 
remembraunce.  1611  BIBLE  Transl.  Pre/.  r  7  He  hath  for 
euer  bound  the  Church  vnto  him,  in  a  debt  of  speciall  re 
membrance.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ill.  704  Worthiest  to  be  all 
Had  in  remembrance  alwayes  with  delight.  1725  POPE 
Odyss.  vni.  501  This  ever  grateful  in  remembrance  bear.  1826 
J.  G.  STRUTT  Syha  Brit.  (1830)  5  Secured  to  remembrance 
by  the  pencil.  1871  R.  ELLIS  tr.  Catullus  Ixiv.  231  Look 
that  . .  deep-laid  in  steady  remembrance  These  our  words 
grow  greenly. 

b.  Const,  of,  f  inf.,  or  f  clause.  Formerly  freq. 
in  phrases  to  have  r.  of,  to  put  (one)  in  r.  of. 

<ri38S  CHAUCER  Knt.'s  T.  i83  This  maked  Emelye  ban 
remembrance  To  do  honour  to  May.  —  Monk' 's  T.  728 
Of  honestee  yit  hadde  he  remembraunce.  1465  Paston  Lett. 
III.  482  This  might. .put  him  in  remembrance  what  time 
he  hath  lost.  1555  EDEN  Decades  43  You  put  me  so  often 
in  rememberance  of  your  departure.  1586  A.  DAY  Eng. 
Secretary  n.  (1625)  38  His  presence  I  am  resolved  shall  no 
more  disquiet  me,  by  hearing  or  remembrance  of  him.  1623 
BISGHAM  Xenophon  101  Yet  it  is  honest,  .that  remembrance 
be  had  rather  of  that  which  is  good,  than  of  the  bad.  1678 
CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  I.  v.  693  Though  all  Learning  he 
not  the  Remembrance  of  what  the  Soul  once  before  actually 
understood  in  a  Pre-existent  State.  1784  COWPEK  7Vu£vL 
252  What  he  views  of  beautiful  or  grand.  .Prompts  with  re 
membrance  of  a  present  God.  1816  J.  WILSON  City  e/ 
Plague  n.  ii.  23t  Remembrance  rises  faint  and  dim  Of 
sorrows  suffer'd  long  ago. 

2.  That  operation  of  the  mind  which  is  involved 
in  recalling  a  thing  or  fact ;   recollection.     Freq. 
personified,  or  in  fig.  context. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Anel.  t,  A  re.  211  So  thirllethe  with  the 
poynt  of  Rememberaunce  be  swerde  of  sorowe..Myn  hert 
bare  of  blisse.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixxii.  105^  Than 
rudelie  come  Remembrance  Ay  rugging  me,  withoutin  rest. 
1595  SHAKS.  John  v.  vi.  12  Vnkinde  remembrance:  thou,  & 
endles  night,  Haue  done  me  shame.  1671  MILTON  Samson 
952  Not  for  thy  life,  lest  fierce  remembrance  wake  My 
sudden  rage.  1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  u.  xix.  §  i  The  same 
Idea,  when  it  again  recurs  without  the  Operation  of  the  like 
Object  on  the  external  Sensory,  is  Remembrance.  1785 
REID  Intell.  Powers  I.  i.  16  When  the  word  perception  is 
used  properly,  .it  is  never  applied  to  things  past.  And  thus 
it  is  distinguished  from  remembrance. 

f  b.  Faculty  or  power  of  remembering  or  re 
calling  to  mind.  Obs.  (Cf.  next.) 

(1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  998  To  whom  Vertew  sent 
embassatours  three,  Reson,  Discresion,  &  Good  Remem 
braunse.  1509  FISHER  Funeral  Serm.  C'tcss  Richmond 
Wks.  (1876)  291  She  was  good  in  remembraunce  &  of  holdyng 
memorye.  1538  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  133, 1,  Barbara  Mason, 
..beyng..inhooll  mynd  and  good  remembrauns,  make  this 
my  present  testament.  1577  NORTHBROOKE  Dicing  (1843) 
143  The  witte  thereby  is  made  more  sharpe,  and  the  re 
membrance  quickened.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  n.  i.  232  This 
Lord  of  weake  remembrance.  1631  WIDDOWES  Nat.  Philos. 
52  The  wittie  excell  in  remembrance,  the  dull  in  memorie. 

3.  With  possess,  pron.     (One's)  memory  or  re 
collection;  also,  in  later   use,  (one's)  power   of 
remembering  (cf.  prec.). 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  in.  919  (968)  Can  I  not  seyn..If 
sorow  it  put  out  of  her  remembraunce.  c  1410  HOCCLEVE 
Mother  of  God  45  Fecche  ihat  lady  in  thy  remembrance. 
1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xxii.  80  Come  to  her  remembraunce 
the  grete  iustyces . .  vnto  her  tolde.  a  1533.  LD.  BERNERS 
Huon  \.  167  Call  to  your  remembraunce  how  that.. Adam 
&  Eue  was  dyffendyd  fro  y0  etinge  of  fruyte.  1604  E. 
G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies^,  xxv.  401  They  must 
confesse  themselves  of  all  the  sinnes  they  have  committed, 
to  their  remembrance.  1660  Trial  Regie.  44  To  the  best  of 
my  remembrance,  he  sate  there  four  days  together.  1754 
RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1781)  IV.  x.  87  The  obliging  wife 
would  banish  from  his  rememberance  the  petulant  mistress. 
1819  SHELLEY  Cyclops  145  Pour :  that  the  draught  may 
fillip  my  remembrance.  1864  SKEAT  Uhland's  Poems  170 
But  now  is  my  remembrance  weak  with  eld. 

b.  The  point  at  which  one's  memory  of  events 
begins,  or  the  period  over  which  it  extends. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Memoria  fiatrum,  in  the  time 
and  remembrance  of  our  fathers.  1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well 
IV.  iii.  126  Fro  the  time  of  his  remembrance  to  this  very 
instant  disaster.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  vni.  203  Thee  I  have 
heard  relating  what  was  don  Ere  my  remembrance.  1771 
SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl.  2  June,  Let.  ii,  I  know  but  one  other 
method. .,  which.. has  been  practised  successfully  more  than 
once  in  my  remembrance. 

4.  The  memory  (f  or  thought)  which  one  has  of 
a  thing  or  person. 

£1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  r  157  The  fourth  point,  that 
oughte  make  a  man  have  contrition,  is  the  sorweful  remem 
brance  of  the  good  dedes  that  he  hath  lefte  to  don  here  in 
erthe.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xxii.  78  Anguishe  &  calamyte, 
..wherof  y"  remembraunce  greued  hym  ryght  sorowfully. 
1551  ROBINSON  tr.  More's  Utop.  n.  (1895)  302  The  remem 
braunce  of  theire  poore  indigent  and  begerlye  olde  age 
kylleth  them  up.  1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  iv.  i.  164  My  loue 
1  To  Hermia.  .Seems  to  me  now  as  the  remembrance  of  an 


REMEMBRANCE. 

idle  gaude.  1655  GURNALL  Chr.  in  Arm.  verse  n.  i.  iii. 
(1669)  27/1  These  add  to  his  sin,  and  the  remembrance  of  his 
sin.,  will  adde  to  his  torment.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  xm.  224 
Yet  had  his  mind  thro'  tedious  absence  lost  The  dear  re 
membrance  of  his  native  coast.  1798  WORDSW.  Descrip. 
Sketches  519  Why  does  their  sad  remembrance  haunt  the 
mind?  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vii.  II.  229  Between 
him  and  the  court  was  interposed  the  remembrance  of  one 
terrible  event. 

b.  With  a  and  pi.  A  recollection,  reminiscence. 
1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well\.  iii.  140  By  our  remembrances  of 

daies  forgon.  1610  —  Temp.  v.  i.  138  How  sharpe  the  point 
of  this  remembrance  is.  [1706-7  FARQUHAR  Beaux'  Strut. 
iv.  ii,  But  cussen  Mackshane,  vil  you  not  put  a  remembrance 
upon  me  1]  1788  GIBBON  Dccl.  f;  F.  xlix.  V.  158  A  faint  re 
membrance  of  their  ancestors  still  tormented  the  Romans. 
1809  CAMPBELL  Gertr.  Wyom.  i.  i,  Although  the  wild-flower 
on  thy  ruined  wall,  .a  sad  remembrance  bring.  1819  SHEL 
LEY  Peter  Bell  yd  y.  x,  These  obscure  remembrances 
Stirred  such  harmony  in  Peter. 

c.  The  surviving  memory  of  a  person. 

1579  W.  WILKINSON  Confut.  Familyeo/Loue,  Brief  Descr., 
Kyng  Edward  the  vi.,  a  Prince  of  blessed  remembrance. 
1611  BIBLE  Kxod.  xvii.  14,  I  will  vtterly  put  out  the  re 
membrance  of  Amalek  from  vnder  heauen.  1698  TATE  & 
BRADY  Ps.  cxii.  6  The  sweet  Remembrance  [1696  Memorial] 
of  the  Just  Shall  flourish  when  he  sleeps  in  Dust.  1812 
SOUTHEY  Omniana  I.  no  He  might  have  secured  for  himself 
a  lasting  and  respectful  remembrance. 

d.  pi.  Greetings  expressive  of  remembrance. 
1789  COWPER  Let.  to  Newton  i  Dec.,  With  our  joint  affec 
tionate  remembrances  to  yourself  and  Mrs.  Newton.     1804 
in  G.  Kose's  Diaries  (1860)  II.  87  Kindest  remembrances  to 
all  our  good  friends,     c  1830  A  rab.  Nts.  (Rtldg.)  528  He  bid 
me  also  be  sure  and  give  his  kindest  remembrances  to  you. 

5.  f  a.  In  (into,  rarely  for)  remembrance,  as  a 
memorial  or  record ;  to  put  in  remembrance,  to 
put  on  record.  Obs. 

1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  183  Into  remembrance  He  dede 
upon  him  such  vengance.  Ibid.  294  Thei  for  evere  in  re 
membrance  Made  a  figure  in  resemblance  Of  him.  1426 
LYDG.  in  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  132  To  put  his  title  in  re 
membraunce,  Whiche  that  he  hath  to  Inglond  and  to 
Fraunce.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  vi.  24  Of  which  were 
fourmed  lettres  for  to  write.. in  remembraunce  perpetual  be 
thinges  that  [etc.].  1511  Guyl/ordes  Pilgr.  (Camden)  27  By 
token  of  a  fayre  stone  layde  for  remembraunce.  1535  COVER- 
DALE  Zech.  xiii.  2,  I  will  destroye  the  names  of  Idols  out  off 
the  londe :  so  that  they  shal  nomore  be  put  in  remembraunce. 

b.  In  (f  the)  remembrance  of,  in  memory  of. 

c  1400  MAUKDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxxiv.  153  peroff  he  drinkez.  .In 
remembraunce  of  his  fader.  1483  CAXTON  Cato  F  vij,  It  is 
sayd  that  there  is  as  yet  in  the  same  place  a  pytte  in  mynde 
and  remenbraunce  of  the  sayd  myracle.  ?  a  1500  H  yckct 
(i  828)  6  Do  ye  this  in  the  remembrance  of  me.  1581  PETTIE 
tr.  Gnazzo's  Civ.  Conv.  II.  (1586)  105  That  the. .life  of  the 
people  of  Arpines,  should  be  spared  in  the  remembraunce  of 
Tullie.  1613  PURCHAS  rilgrimage  i.  xiii.  63  The  day  in  re 
membrance  thereof  [was]  yeerely  solemnized  with  fasting 
the  Euen.  1697  DRVDEN  iKneidVi.  680  In  remembrance  ol  so 
brave  a  Deed,  A  Tomb,  and  Fun'ral  Honours  1  decreed. 

1 6.   Mention,  notice.  Obs. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  in.  558  Quhen  that  he  herd  mak  re 
membrance  Off  the  perellys  that  passyt  war.  1390  GOWER 
COM/.  I.  156  As  the  bok  makth  remembrance,  Alphonse  was 
his  propre  name,  c  1440  Getierydes  2177  Till  he  was  putte 
(from]  his  enheritaunce,  Wherof  be  fore  was  made  remem 
braunce.  1531  ELYOT  Gn>.  i.  xviii,  I  can  finde  no  notable 
remembrance  that  it  was  used  of  auncient  tyme.  1607  TOP- 
SELL  1- our-/.  Beasts  (1658)  497  He  saith  he  found  the  re 
membrance  of  it  in  the  Grecian  books.  1631  WEEVER  Anc. 
Funeral  Man.  650  This  towne . .  requirelh  some  large  re 
membrance  from  mee. 

f  b.  A  commemorative  discourse  or  mention  ; 
a  memorial  inscription.   01>s. 

1509  FISHER  Funeral  Serm.  C'tess  Richmond  Wks. .  f1,8?6' 
280  Here  after  foloweth  a  mornynge  remembraunce  had  at 
the  moneth  mynde  of  the  noble  prynces  Margarete  1598 
BAKNFEILD  Poems  (Arb.)  119  A  Remembrance  of  some 

English  Poets.  1599  S"*KS-  Hm-  y>  ':  "'  22'  "K. these 
bones  in  an  vnworthy  Vrne,  Tomblesse,  with  no  remembrance 

ouer  them.  .        .          .    . 

f  7.  The  act  of  reminding  or  putting  in  mintl. 
Book  of  remembrance,  a  memorandum-book,  a 
record.  Ring  of  remembrance  (ffXf\vs*.  1659).  Obs. 

1461  Paston  Lett.  II.  64  It  is  not  for  no  lak  of  remembrans, 
for  I  sent  to  hym  thryis  or  fowyr  tymys  ther  for.  1465  Ibid. 
202  He  sent  me  word  that  Wyllyam  Worceter  had  a  boke 
of  remembraunce  of  recay  tys.  I53S  COVERDALE  A  urn.  v.  1 5 
It  is .  .an  ofleringe  of  remembraunce,  that  remembreth  synne. 
1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Memorialis  liber,  a  booke  ot  re- 
rncmbrance.  1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixv.  §  4  It  serueth 
namely,  for  a  signe  of  rememberance  to  put  vs  in  mmde 
ourdutie.  1611  BIBLE  Mai.  iii.  16  The  Lord  hearkened  and 
heard  it,  &  a  booke  of  remembrance  was  written  before  him. 
1650  HOWELL  Vocab.  xxxiv,  A  ring  of  remembrance,  viz. 
two  or  three  interchain'd  [cf.  COTGR.,  Soumnance,.  .a .Ring 
with  many  hoopes,  whereof  a  man  lets  one  hang  downe 
when  he  would  be  put  in  mind  of  a  thing]. 

attrib.  a  1626  W.  SCLATER  Comm.  Mai.  (1650)  186  He 
hath  also,  then,  his  remembrance-book,  his  register,  for  th 

U"t°b?'  Bill  of  remembrance,  a  royal  letter  of 
authority.  Obs. 

I48i  in  Muniment.  Magd.  Coll.  Oxf.  ('882)  15  Dayly  to 
atende  tyll  I  myte  haue  T.  S.  at  leysere  and  than  breke  £ 
matere  and  schew  to  hym  y"  byll  of  remernbranse.     1580 
HOLLYBAND  Treas.  Fr.  Tong,  Vn  placet,  a  bill  of  remem 
braunce  to  an  Officer  from  the  prince,  a  bill  of  processe. 
1582  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  Castanlmia's  Cong.  E.lnd.  69 
gave  him  other  possessions  and  rents  and  a  bill  of  rem 
braunce  to  make  him  Lorde. 

to.    Clerk   of  the    Remembrance,    =  REMEM 
BRANCER  i  a.  Obs. 

The  Act  cited  by  Cowell  is  one  establishing  un  Clerc  de 
la  remembrancie. 


I 


BEMEMBBANCE. 

1607  COWELL  Intcrpr.  s.v.  Remembrancer,  These  [Re 
membrancers  of  the  Exchequer]  anno  37  Ed.  3.  Cap.  4.  be 
called  clerks  of  the  Remembrance.  [Hence  in  later  Diets.] 

t  8.  A  note  or  entry  serving  as  a  record  or  re 
minder  ;  a  memorandum.  Obs. 

1430-1  Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  376/1  Make  oute  a  remembrance 
under  her  seall..resityngye  issue yat  isjoyned.  i^faPaston. 
Lett.  II.  202  As  for  such  bokys  as  he  hath  hyre  at  horn  he 
wol  doo  loke  yf  any  remembraunce  canne  be  founde  therof. 
1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  11.  (1625)  63,  I  haue  laden  for 
your  account.. according  to  your  remembrance  sent  vnto  me 
for  the  same, ..seuen  Buts  of  Sack.  1601  HOLLAND /Y/«y 
II.  172  Set  down  vnder  the  hand  of  the  sayd  prince,  in  a 
priuat  note-book  of  remembrances,  a  1676  HALE  ( J.),  Those 
proceedings  and  remembrances  are  in  the  Tower,  beginning 
with  the  twentieth  year  of  Edward  I. 

t  b.  A  reminder  given  by  one  person  to  another ; 
a  remark  of  this  nature.  00$, 


ments  for  the  Surgeons  Chest.  1638  CHILLINGW.  Rclijf.  Prot. 
I.  v.  §  29.  264  But  let  the  understanding  Reader,  take  with 
him  three  or  four  short  remembrances. 

O.  A  reminder  given  by  some  thing  or  fact ; 
a  thing  or  fact  serving  to  remind  one  of  something. 
Now  rare. 

1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  \.  107  The  Orange  trees.. are  greene 
in  winter,  giuing  at  that  dead  time  a  pleasant  remembrance 
of  Sommer.  1663  GERBIER  Counsel  21  To  knock  their  head 
against  that  of  the  doore,  for  a  remembrance,  that  they  were 
not  to  passe  the  threshold.  1739  WESLEY  Wks.  (1872)  I.  174, 
I  was  not  suffered  to  conclude  my  subject ;  a  good  remem 
brance  that  I  should,  if  possible,  declare,  at  every  time,  the 
whole  counsel  of  God,  1789  [see  REMARK  sb.1  3  c].  1806-7 
J.  BERESFORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life (1826)  i.  Introd.,  What.. 
fare]  dressing  and  undressing  but  stinging  remembrances  of 
the  privileged  nakedness  of  the  savage  'I 

9.  An  article  serving  to  remind  one  person  of 
another;  a  keepsake,  souvenir;  a  token. 

1425  E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  63,  I  wil  J>at  lohn  Ondeley  haf  a 
coueiyd  pece  of  siluer..for  a  remembraunce  of  me,  1463 
Bury  Wills  (Camden)  34,  iij  of  my  beste  gownys.  .for  a  re 
membraunce  to  thinke  vpon  me.  c  1532  Du  WES  Introd. 
Fr.  in  Palsgr.  1023  Do  nat  you  bryng  me  some  remembraunce 
or  token  from  them?  1611  TOURNEUR  Ath.  Trag.  n.  i,  Here's 
the  sad  remembrance  of  his  life,  Which,  for  his  sake,  I  will 
for  euer  weare.  1724  in  Swifts  Lett.  (1768)  IV.  13, 1  desire 
your  acceptance  of  a  ring,  a  small  remembrance  of  my  father. 
b.  A  memorial  or  record  of  some  fact,  person, 
etc.  Now  rare. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  xr.  1458  Go  nobill  buk,.  .Now  byd 
thi  tym,  and  be  a  remembrance,  a  1533  LD.  BKRNERS  Gold. 
Bk.  M.  Aurel.  (1546)  G,  His  wordes  and  counsels  remayne 
for  a  remembraunce.  1590  SPENSER  F.  (?.  i.  i.  2  On  his  brest 
a  bloodie  Crosse  he  bore,  The  deare  remembrance  of  his 
dying  Lord.  1607  TOPSELL  Four-/,  Beasts  (1658)  192  That 
figure  which  is  engraven  at  Rome  in  a  Marble  pillar,  being 
a  remembrance  of  some  Triumph.  1822  B.  CORNWALL  Dram, 
Scenes,  Rape  Proserpine^  And  is  this  fountain  left  alone  For 
a  sad  remembrance. 

to.  A  heraldic  device.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  ix.  xxx.  384  Tristram.,  com- 
maunded.  .his  seruaunt  to  ordeyne  hym  a  blak  sheld  with 
none  other  remembraunce  therin. 

Reme'mbrance,  v.   rare.    [f.  the  sb. :   cf. 

REMEMBRANCING  vbl.  sb.]    trans.  To  remind. 

IS93  NASHE  Chrisfs  T.  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  261  Let  vs 
looke  for  the  sworde  next  to  remembrance  and  warne  vs. 
1656  G.  COLLIER  Answ.  15  Quest.  Ded.,  The  best  return  I 
am  able  to  make  you,  is,  remembrancing  you  of  your  duty. 

Remembrancer  (r/me-mbransaj).  [a.  AF. 
remembrancer  :  see  REMEMBRANCE  sb.  and  -EH  l.] 

1.  f  a.  A  local  official  of  some  kind.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1430-1  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  386/1  Robt.  Holme  Esquyer, 
Remembrauncer  of  Guyen..suyng  for  the  good  of  the 
Corone  of  oure  Soverayn  liege  Lorde  the  Kyng,  and  for  the 
parties  of  the  Duche  of  Guyen. 

b.  The  name  of  certain  officials  of  the  Court 
of  Exchequer. 

(a)  The  King's  (or  Queen* &)  Remembrancer^  an  officer 
responsible  for  the  collection  of  debts  due  to  the  sovereign  ; 
now  an  officer  of  the  Supreme  Court,  (b}  The  Lord  Trea 
surer's  Remembrancer.  Now  only  Hist,  (abolished  by  Act 
3  &  4  Will.  IV,  c.  99  §  41).  (c)  The  Remembrancer  of  the 
First  Fmfits,  responsible  for  the  collection  of  all  composi 
tions  for  first  fruits  and  tenths.  Now  only  Hist,  (abolished 
by  Act  i  &  2  Viet.  c.  20  §  i). 

(1354  Rolls  of  Parlt.  II.  271/2  Que  come  en  1'Escheqer 
soient  diverges  offices  &  places,  Gardein  de  la  Pipe,  &  de  la 
Somons,  Remembrancers.]  1453  Ibid.  V.  342/2  Remem 
brauncer  of  the  Kynges  Eschequier.  1464  Ibid.  529/1  The 
Office  of  oure  Remembrancer  in  oure  Eschequer.  1566  Act 
8  EHz.  c.  16  §  2  Her  or  their  Graces  Officers  of  Remem 
brauncer  and  the  Treasourers  Remembrancer.  1607  COWELL 
Intt-rpr.  s.v.,  Remembrancers  of  the  Exchequer  \Rcmcmo- 
ralort's)  be  three  officers,  or  clerks,  one  called  the  Kings 
Remembrancer. .  .The  third  is  called  the  Remembrancer  of 
the  first  fruites.  1662  Act  14  Chas.  ff,  c.  21  §  3  That 
the  several  Remembrancers  of  the  said  Court.. make  true 
and  perfect  Copies  of. .such  other  Seixure  and  Inquisicion. 
1724  SWIFT  Drapier^s  Lett.  Wks.  1755  V.  n.  68  The  lord 
Palmerstown  is  first  remembrancer,  worth  near  2ooo/.  per 
annum,  1797  "i-ind  Rep.  Set.  Committee  on  Finance  4  Upon 
entering  into  the  Details  of  the  Constitution  of  this  Court, 
the  Officers  who  first  present  themselves  are  the  Remem 
brancers.  1838  Act  i  $  2  Viet.  c.  20  §  ii  Henry  Warre 
Esquire,  the  present  Remembrancer  of  First  Fruits  and 
Tenths.  1887  POLLOCK  Land  Laws  8  noie,  These  rents  are 
now  received  hy  the  Queen's  Remembrancer  a  few  days 
before  the  beginning  of  Michaelmas  term. 

t  c.  Queen's  Remembrancer >  an  officer  having  the 
administration  of  the  Queen  Consort's  affairs.  Obs. 

[?  1644  Cal.  Sf.  Papers  Chas.  /,  Dom.  (1800)  212  There 

VOL.  VIII. 


425 

has  always  been  an  officer  called  the  Remembrancer  to  the 
Queens  of  this  nation.]  1647  H  AWARD  CV<w#  Rev.  5  Clerke 
in  the  Office  of  the  Queenes  Remembrancer. 

d.  An  official  of  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of 
London,  whose  chief  duty  now  is  to  represent  that 
body   before   Parliamentary   Committees    and   at 
Council  and  Treasury  Boards. 

1  From  the  records  of  the  City  of  London,  in  the  Town 
Clerk's  Office,  it  appears  that  the  office  of  Remembrancer 
was  instituted  in  1570-1 '  (Archaeologia,  1855,  XXXVI.  106). 

1710  J.  CHAMBEKLAYNE  St.  Gt.  Brit.  n.  in.  631  Mr.  John 
Johnson,  Remembrancer  [of  the  City  of  London].  1770  in 
Examiner  (1812)  4  May  286/1  Lord  Denbigh  came  up  to 
the  City  Remembrancer.  1802-12  BEHTHAMAa/nttf.  Jiidic. 
Evid.  (1827)  II.  590  notC)  In  the  official  establishment  of  the 
city  of  London  there  still  exists  one  officer,  the  remembrancer 
[etc.].  1837  JMnnicip.  Corporations  ( Eng.  &  Wai. )  wtd  AV/., 
London  45  The  Remembrancer  is  elected  by  the  Common 
Council.  1882  Times  i  Mar.  9/6  Mr.  Robarts..was  elected 
City  Remembrancer  in  1878,  at  a  salary  of  i,soo/.  per  annum, 

2.  One  who  reminds  another;  in  former  use,  esp. 
one  engaged  or  appointed  for  that  purpose.    (Com 
mon  in  i6-i7th  c.) 

1523  SKELTON  Garl.Laurcl'&b^  To  be  your  remembraunccr, 
madame,  I  am  bounde.  1571  GOLDING  Cali-in  on  Ps.  xxxix. 
13  God  knoweth  welynough  without  a  remembrancer,  that 
men  have  but  a  short  journey  to  walk  upon  earth.  1645 
DURVE  Israels  Call  28  You  have  put  me  in  this  place,  to 
be  your  remembrancer  in  the  name  of  the  Lord.  1687  R. 
L'KsTRANGE^w^if.  Diss,  22,  I  think  it  would  not  do  Amiss, 
if  the  Dissenter  should  Counter-Advise  his  Remembrancer 
upon  Two  or  Three  of  these  Last  Points.  1771  SMOLLETT 
Humph.  Ct.  28  Apr.,  Let.  ii,  If  I  had  not  been  an  ass,  I 
should  not  have  needed  a  remembrancer.  1835  BROWNING 
Paracelsus  ii.  42  What  does  this  Remembrancer  set  down 
concerning  life?  1865  Examiner  18  Mar.  161  It  is  his 
chosen  office  to  be  Remembrancer  of  all  wrongs. 

3.  fig.  of  things  ;  also,  a  thing  serving  to  remind 
one  ;  a  reminder ;  a  memento,  souvenir. 

1589  G.  HARVEY  Pierces  Supercrog.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  138 
Consideration  is  a  good  Counsellour  :  &  Reading,  no  hndd 
Remembrancer.  1594  KYD  Cornelia  in.  i.  13  Sweet  teares 
of  loue,  remembrancers  to  tyme,  1607  DONNE  in  Four  C. 
Eng.  Lett.  (1880)  62  No  searching  vehemencies.  .made  you 
need  so  shadowy  an  example  or  remembrancer.  1666  J. 
DAVIES  f-fz'st.  Caribby  Isles  297  Their  stomacks  are  their 
Clocks  and  Remembrancers.  1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minnies 
Agric.)  Digest  144  This  Diary  is  the  basis  of  the  other 
accounts,  and  serves  as  an  almost-infallible  Remembrancer. 
1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  x.  it.  f  10, 1  fell  dangerously  ill  there  ; 
and  that  timely  remembrancer  was  the  cause  of  bringing 
back  your  son  to  you.  1867  HOWELLS  Ital.  Journ.  252  A  bit 
of  the  sacred  wood  for  a  remembrancer. 

b,  A  reminder  of  something. 

c  1610  SIR  J.  MELYIL  Mem.  (1735)  286,  I  had  indited  a  long 
Letter,  .as  a  Remembrancer  of  his  former  Promises.  1682 
WHELER  Jonrn.  Greece  in.  263  There  are  some  Remains  of 
noble  Structures,  Remembrancers  of  their  prosperous  State. 
1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  W,  iii,  Premature  consolation  is  but  the 
remembrancer  of  sorrow.  1829  SOUTHEV  Sir  T.  More  (1831) 
II.  253  You  have  in  them  speaking  remembrancers  of  mor 
tality.  1851  HAWTHORNE  Ho.  Sci>.  Cables  v,  The.  .freckles, 
friendly  remembrancers  of  the  April  sun  and  breeze. 

c.  Used  as  the  title  of  a  book  or  pamphlet. 
1585  HIGINS  (/i*//*?)  The  Nomenclator,  or  Remembrancer  of 

Adrianus  lunius.  .,conteining  proper  names  and  apt  termes 
for  all  tbinges.  1628  WITHER  {title)  Britain's  Remem 
brancer,  containing  a  Narration  of  the  Plague  lately  past. 
1670  BARKSDALE  (title)  A  Remembrancer  of  Excellent  Men. 
1749  H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  (1846)  II.  288  There  was  a  Remem 
brancer  on  that  subject  ready  for  the  press.  1788  (title) 
Egerton's  Theatrical  Remembrancer,  a  list  of  all  dramatic 
performances.  1867  (title)  The  Churchman's  Daily  Remem 
brancer,  Meditations  from  Standard  Divines. 
f  d.  A  register  or  record.  Obs» 
1671  N.  PHiLiPOT(////f)  Reasons . .  for  a  Registry  or  Remem 
brancer  of  all  Deeds  and  Incumbrances  of  Real  Estates. 

e.  A  memorandum-book. 

1842  THACKERAY  Fitz-Boodle  Papers^  Dorothea,  Taking 
from  her  waist  a  little  mother-of-pearl  remembrancer,  she 
notes  them  down. 

f  3.  One  who  sends  remembrances  to  another. 

1700  PEPYS  Let.  8  Feb.,  Captain  Hatton,  who  was  my 
guest  to-day  and  your  kind  remembrancer. 

4.  One  who  seeks  to  remember. 

1798  EDGEWORTH  Pract.  Ed.tc.  (1811)  II.  245  Here  are 
things  mentioned  which  will  much  assist  the  young  remem 
brancer. 

Hence  Berne 'mbrancer ship,  the  office  of  remem 
brancer. 

1882  Times  i  Mar.  9/6  The  Court  of  Common  Council 
looked  upon  the  Remembrancership  as  a  post  given  for  the 
term  of  a  year  only. 

Reme'nibrancing,  vbl.  sb.  [See  REMEM 
BRANCE  sb.  and  z*.]  Ihe  act  of  remembering  or 
reminding ;  a  reminder. 

ci449  PECOCK  Jlepr.  n.  viii.  188  That  men  viske  and 
hauntc  for  the  seide  eende  of  solempne  remembrauncing  tho 
placis  and  tho  ymagis,  which  it  is  sure  God  to  chese.  1627 
W.  SCLATEK  Exp.  -2  Thess.  (1629)  290  Minding,  Remem 
brancing,  putting  in  minde  of  dutie.  1800  COLERIDGE  Pic- 
coloin,  i.  ji.  134 This  is  no  more  than  a  remembrancing  That 
you  are  now  in  camp.  1825  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  n.  Barbara 

S -,  [These  little  books]  were  precious  to  her  for  their 

affecting  remembrancings. 

t  Reme'inbrative,  a.  and  sb.  Obs.    [f.  RE-  ; 

MEMBER  V.  +  -ATIVE  :    cf.  REMEMORATIVE.] 

A.  adj.  Mindful;  keeping  in,  or  bringing  to,  mind. 
14  ..   Pol.  Rel.  ff  L.  Poems  (1866)  38  Riche  is  it  nat,  ..     ' 
Saue  an  hert  [that]  is  reme[m]bratyftoyou  in  eut-ri  stounde. 
C 1449  PECOCK  Repr.  v.  xii.  546  No  more  conuenient,  redier, 
and   ofter  seen  ..  remembratijf  signe  ..  couthe  lie  founde.    I 
1662  J.  CHANDLER  Van  Helmont's  Oriat.  269  Where  that 
remembrative  memory  is  not  a  distinct  act. 


BEMENANT. 

B.  sb.     A  memorial,  reminder. 

?ei47o  G.  ASHBY  Active  Policy  n  Ye  had  lafte  to  vs.. 
sum  remembratife  Of  a  personne  lerned  &  Inuentif. 

Remembre,  -bur,  -byr,  obs.  ff.  REMEMBER. 
f  R  erne 'in  or  able,  a,    Obs.  rare—1.    [Cf.  RE- 

MEMORATE  v.]     Memorable. 

a  1641  HP.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  fy  Man.  (1642)  316  Many 
excellent  and  rememorable  acts. 

t  Reme'moraiice.  Obs.  [a.  OF.  rememor- 
ance  (I3th  c.) :  see  next  and  -AXCE,  and  cf.  It. 
rimemoranza  (Florio).]  Remembrance. 

c  1449  PKCOCK  Repr.  II.  vi.  171  Ei  this  rememoraunce  the 
remembrer,  if  he  wole,  schal  be  the  more  stired  to  araie  and 
dispose  him  thidirward.  c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  LXIII.  v, 
Nowe  menne  it  call,  by  all  rememoraunce,  Constantyne 
noble.  1549  Compl.  Scot.  i.  21  Is  nocht  that  nobil  tonne 
extinct  furtht  of  rememorance? 

t Reme'morant,  a.  Obs.  rare—1,  [ad.  I,. 
rememorant-cni)  or  a.  F.  rem&ttorctnt :  see  next  and 
-ANT.]  Mindful. 

1549  Compl.  Scot.  xx.  175  Than  thir  tua  armes  pa^t  to 
githir  in  gude  accord,  nocht  rememorant  of  there  deidly  aid 
fede  that  vas  betuix  them. 

t  Reme  morate,  v.    Obs.    [ad.  ppl.  stem  of 

late  L.  rememordrl  (Tert.,  Vulg.),  -arc  :  see  RE 
MEMBER,  and  cf.  F.  rewtmorer  (i6th  c.),  It.  rimc- 
morareJ]  a.  trans.  To  remind,  put  in  mind  (of). 
Also  absol.  b.  i)tt}\  To  remember.  Hence  t  Re- 
me'morating  vbl.  sb. 

m  1460-70 in  C.  InnesS&.ErtrtySc.  ffi'st.App.  (1861)506  Pleis 
it  your  lordchypis  to  be  rememmorat  the  vrangous  occupa- 
tioun  ofour  landis.  1606  BRYSKETTCK'.£-(/fci2i  Whet  her  our 
learning  be  but  a  rememorating  of  things  which  we  knew 
formerly,  or  else  a  learning  a  new.  Ibid.  128  We  shall  euer 
find  the  like  difficulties,  whether  we  rememorate  or  learne 
anew,  a  1670  HACKET  Cent.  Serin,  (1675)  691  Ascension- 
day,  .rememorates  every  year  that  He  is  gone  up  into 
heaven.  1685  Gracians  Courtiers  Orac.  68  To  inform,  is 
far  better  than  to  put  in  mind.  Sometimes  we  are  to  re 
memorate,  sometimes  advise. 

Rememora'tion.  Now  rare.  [ad.  late  L. 
remcmoration-cm  (Yulg.) :  see  prec.  and  -ATIOX, 
and  cf.  F.  remlmoration  (14th  c.).]  The  action  of 
remembering  (for  reminding)  ;  an  instance  of  this, 
fa  recalling  to  mind. 

c  1449  PF.COCK  Rcpr.  n.  viii.  182  The  rememoracioun  or  the 
remembraunce  of  thilk  thing.. must  needis  be  the  ft  bier. 
*597  J-  KING  On  Jonas  (ibi%)  431  The  same  word  of  the 
Lord  againe  repeated  in  my  text  tieth  mee  to  a  rememoration 
of  the  same  particulars.  1624  P.r.  MOUNTAGI  Gagg^iB  The 
Protestants,  .use  them  for  helps  of  piety,  in  rememoration, 
and  more  effectuall  representing  of  the  Prototype.  1654 
JER.  TAYLOR  Real  Pres.  129  A  representing  of  his  body 
crucified,  a  rememoration  of  his  crucifixion.  1893  SALTTS 
A/atfam  Sapphira  172  In  unconscious  rememoration  of  the 
famous  retort. 

t  Reme'morative,  a.  and  sb.  Obs.  [f.  as 
KEMEMORATE  v.  +  -IVE,  perh.  after  a  med.L.  *re- 
manoratTvus  *.  cf.  F.  remtmoyatif  (\$,itj'}C\ 

A.  adj.     Serving  to  remind.     Also  const,  of. 

c  1449  PECOCK  Re£r.  \\.  ii.  136  The  setting  vp  of  y  mag  is  in 
chirchis  and  the  vsmg  of  hem  as  rememoratijf  or  mynding 
signes.  1625  BP.  MOL'NTAGU  App.  Cxsar  287  Only  [a]  re 
presentative,  rememorative,  and  spirituall  Sacrifice,  a  1641 
—  Acts  <5-  Mon.  (1642)  90  'Itnoputw,  Rememorative  of 
actions  done. 

B.  sb.     A  reminder. 

1624  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Gagg  315  This  Serpent,  .was  a  Re 
memorative  of  salvation  extended  by  the  Sonne  of  Clod. 
1676  Life  Father  Sarpi  in  Brent's  Coitnc.  Trent  39  With 
little  Notes  of  his  own . . ,  but  so  short, . .  that  one  may  easily 
perceive  that.,  he  wrote  to  himself  alone  for  rememoratives. 

t  Renie'morize,  v.  Obs.  rare-1.  [Cf.  RE 
MEMORATE  z>.]  trans.  To  recall  to  mind. 

1634  SmT.  HERBERT  Trav.  no  Melek  Bahaman  perceives 
the  losse  of  his  liberty  when  past  recovery,  rememorizes  his 
sonnes  advice  [etc.]. 

Re-iue'morize  (rf-),z>.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
commit  again  to  memory, 

1869  A.  J.  ELLIS  E.  E.  Pronunc.  n.  vi.  §  3.  618  Even 
those  who  employed  it  would  have  to  re-memorize  every 
word  in  the  language. 

i  Reiiie-iuory,  sb.  Obs.  rare"'1.  [Cf.  RE 
MEMORANCE.]  Remembrance. 

CI47O  HARDING  Chron.  xiv.  ii,  He  made  theim  wryten,  for 
long  rememory,  To  rule  the  Isle  by  theim  perpetually. 

t  Re'menant.  Obs.  Forms  :  a.  4-6  remen- 
ant(e,  -aunt(e,  (4  -ont,  5  -ent),  4-5  -and,  5  re- 
munannde,  remynaunte.  #.  4-6  remanant, 
5-6  -aunt(e,5  north,  and  Sc.  -and,  -aunde,  (5  Sc. 
ra-).  7.  5  remelant,  -aunt,  -awnt,  remulant. 
[a.  OF.  remenant,  remanant  (AF.  -aunf),  pres. 
pple.  of  remenoir,  rentanoirto  REMAIN*.  See  also 
REMAINAKT  and  REMNANT.] 

1.  The  rest  or  remainder  of  a  number  of  persons 
or  (rarely)  things;  the  others.  Also//. 

a.  13. .  A".  A  Us.  5707  The  remenaunt  than  fieigh  on  hast, 
Bisiden  intoariche  cite,  c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  Prol.  304 
Fyrst  sat  the  god  of  loue&  thanne  this  queene..And  sithyn 
al  the  remenant  by  &  hy.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xi.  42 
f>e  remenaunt  he  putte  in  presoun.  1470-85  MALORY 
Arthur  i.  iii.  39  Kyng  Vthers  men  . .  slewe  many  peple  & 
putt  the  remenaunt  to  flight.  \$tf> Sitpplic.  Poore  Commons 
(E.  E.  T.  S.)  63  Not  withstandynge  that  the  remenaunt  of 
the  sturdy  bcggers..do  daylye.  .stere  vs  thereunto. 

//.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNK  Chron.  IVace  (Rolls)  3338  Belyn  & 
Brenne..  wente  ..To  ..  take  truage  of  be  remenauntz  [v.r. 
heue  trewage  at  RemanansJ. 

54 


REME1TD. 

/3.  c  1330  Artk.  tj  Mcrl.  6210  (Kolbing),  A  bousand  &  mo 
bai  slowen,  pe  remanant  of  hors  drowen.  1375  BARBOUR 
Bruce  VII.  337  Till  thar  host  the  remanand  fled,  c  1400 
MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  viu  27  Twa  of  (jam  er  wonder  hie  and 
wyde  also,  and  he  remanand  er  no;t  so  hie.  c  1470  HENRY 
Wallace  in.  185  The  ramanand  apon  thaim  folowit  fast. 
1534  MORE  Treat.  Passion  Wks.  1310/2  He  rayghte  thereby 
haue  giuen  occasyon  of  enuye.  .to  ludas,  or  peraduenture 
grefe  to  the  remanant.  1573  J.  TYRIE  in  Cath.  Tract. 
(S.  T.  S.)i7Ye  and  the  remanant  of  your  propheites  ar 
alluterlie  separat  from  the  trew  kirk. 

2.  The  rest  or  remainder  of  a  thing  or  aggregate 
of  things ;  that  which,  or  all  that,  is  left  over. 

a.  ^1315  SHOREHAM  i.  1060  Beter  hys  bat  hy  a  lyte  do 
her.. And  foluelle  bat  remenaunt  Ine  purgatoryes  tense 


World,  ne  myghte  a  man  fynde  a  more  reverent  man.  1430 
E.  E.  mils  (1882)  87  All  the  Remenent  of  my  gode  (i 
Catell  y  bequethto  my  wif.  1473  in  Arnolde  Citron.  (1811) 
245  The  whiche  I  reserue  to  the  performing  of  the  remen 
aunt  off  my  legates  conteynecl  in  this  mi  testament.  1536 
Act  28  Hen.  /•"///,  c.  n  §  n  Suche  rent  and  seruyces,  as  for 
the  remenaunt  of  the  sayde  yere,  shall  vppon  euery  suche 
lease  be  due.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Cainm.  54  Claude, 
Duke  of  Guise.. had  gathered  up  the  remenaunt  of  the 
Frenche  armye  dispersed  at  the  battle  of  Pavie. 

0.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xvi.  (Magdalene)  70  pe  remanand 
dystribut  scho  to  pure  mene.     1423  JAS.  I  Kiiigis  Q.  clxxi, 
Spend  wele,  therefore,  the  remanant  of  the  day.    1477  EAKL 
RIVERS  (Caxton)  Dictes  68  A  wyseman  ought,  .to  kepe  wele 
the  remanaunt  of  his  good.      1366  in  Peacock   Eng.  Cli. 
Furniture  (1866)  88  The  Remanaunt  to  the  poore. 

•y.  c  1440  York  Myst.  xxvii.  23  The  remelaunt  parted 
schall  be.  1462  Paston  Lett.  II.  98,  ij  c.  and  1.  mark  to 
bene  payed  at  this  Estern  and  the  remulant  at  Mihelmasse. 
And  of  the  remulant  the  Kyng  shuld  be  answered. 

b.   =  REMAINDER  i.    rare—1. 

1544  tr.  Littleton's  Tenures  51  Yf  the  lorde  wil  graunt 
the  homage  of  his  lande  by  his  dede  to  another,  sauynge 
to  hym  the  remenaunt  of  the  seruyces. 

3.  A  remaining  thing  or  part;   a  remnant. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Citron.  (1810)  16  The  tothere  remenant 
i  F.  te  remanannt\  of  the  north  son  salle  thei  nomen.  1406 
E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  13  All  the  remenauntys  of  my  godys,  y 
wyll  they  be  preysyd  &  parttyd  in  thre.  Ibid.  37  Also  ij 
remenauntz  of  the  Lynne  bed.  1433  Rolls  o/ Parlt.  IV. 
452/1  The  same  Clothe  to  be  sold  for  a  remenaunt.. and  nat 
for  a  Clothe. 

4.  A  remenant,  for  the  future,  henceforward. 
1:1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  115  $e  wite  wele  a  re- 

menant[F.  desore\  &  forsoth  ?e  kenne,  pat  Inglis&Normant 
be  now  ons  men. 

Remenbre,  obs.  form  of  REMEMBER. 

Reme'nd  (ri-),  v.    [RE- 5  a.]   To  mend  again. 

1592  WYRLF.Y  Armorie,  Ld.  Cfiandos  73  What  harme  they 
should  His  countrie  do,  that  he  remend  it  would. 

t  Reme'ne,  v.  Obs.  fperh.  a.  OF.  remener 
to  bring  back  ;  but  the  senses  are  app.  not  OF., 
and  may  be  based  upon  those  of  MEAN  w.1] 

1.  trans.  To  make  mention  of;  to  commemorate  ; 
to  recall  to  mind. 

13  ..  Ga-.v.  f,  Gr.  Knt.  2483  Mony  a-venture  . .  pat  I  ne 
ty}t,  at  bis  tyme,  in  tale  to  remene.  c  1400  tr.  Secreta 
Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  56  He  shal  turne  hym  to  be  poeple  to 
prayse  hem . .  and  remene  {pr.  remeue]  &  recomend  her  gode 
maneres.  c  1440  Macro  Plays  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  67/960  Put  yt, 
Lorde,  in-to  my  thowte  !  Thi  olde  mercy,  let  me  remene. 

2.  To  compare ;  to  apply  by  way  of  comparison 
or  illustration.     Const,  to. 

1377  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  I.  216  This  good  ship  I  may 
remene  To  the  chivalrye  of  this  londe.  1387  TREVISA  Higden 
(Rolls)  II.  371  pat  by  be  t.-ile  bat  is  i-feyned  be  soot>  by 
tokenynge  may  beremened  [/;7«rWremeued :  L.  referatur] 
to  bat  bat  is  sobeliche  i-doo  in  deede.  1390  GOWER  Con/. 
I.  51  To  thi  matiere  Of  love  I  schal  hem  so  remene,  That 
thou  schalt  knowe  what  thei  mene.  [Cf.  II.  348.]  (71440 
York  Myst.  xii.  50  pe  dewe  to  }>e  gode  halygaste  May  be 
remened  [/r/wto/remeued]  in  mannes  mynde. 

3.  To  interpret,  expound,  explain.     Also  absol. 
1382  WYCLIF  Neh.  viii.  9  Esdras..and  the  Leuitus,  re- 

menyng  [1388  expownynge;    L.  intcrpretantes]  to  al  the 

Euple.  Ibid.  13  That  he  remene  to  them  the  woordis  of  the 
iwe.  c  1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  iv.  2271  This  same 
figure  oure  clerkis  thus  remene. 

Hence  f  Eeme'ning  vbl.  sb. ;  also  fReme'nour, 
interpreter,  translator.  Obs. 

1382  WYCLIF  Ezra.  ProL.Leuende  the  sens  of  scripture  he 
folewide  the  errour  of  eche  remenour.  —  Prov.  Prpl.,  The 
remenyng  .,  of  the  thre  volumes  of  Salomon.  Ibid.,  'I  he 
translacioun  of  the  seuenty  remenoures.  —  Ecclns.  xlvii. 
1 8  In  prouerbis,  and  comparisouns,  and  in  remenyngus. 

Remenent,  -ont,  varr.  RKMENANT  Obs. 

Rement,  obs.  form  of  RAIMENT. 

t  Rementimuta-tion.  nonce-wd.  A  second 
or  fresh  change  of  mind. 

1650  B.  Discolliminium  45,  I  and  my  Friends  shall  be 
allowed  the  full  benefit  of  all  the  variations,  interpreta 
tions,.  . mentimutations,  rementimutations, .  .that  I  and  my 
Mare  can  devise  or  possibly  imagine. 

t  Reme'rce,  v.  Obs.  rare ~'.  [app.  f.  RE-  + 
-merce  as  in  COMMERCE  v.]  trans.  To  ransom. 

1559  BALDWIN  Mirr.  Mag.,  Earl  Norllntmlld.  G  v,  And 
that  we  might  this  matter  set  on  fyre  From  Owens  iayle, 
our  cosin  we  remerst. 

t  Reme'rciment.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  F.  remercf- 
ment,  f.  remcrcier  •  see  REMEBCY  v.\  pi.  Thanks. 

1654  FLECKNOE  Ten  Years  Trav.  iv.  8  To  whom  I  answered 
(after  my  most  humble  remerciments  for  so  high  a  favour) 
That  as  I  yet  wanted  nothing  [etc.].  1777  C'TESS  OSSOKY 
in  Jesse  Selmyn  ff  Contrmp.  (1844)  III.  189  Begging  you  to 
accept  our  kindest  remercimen[t]s  for  your  good  company. 


i; 


426 

tReme'rcy,  si.    Obs.  rare.     [Cf.  next  and 

MEBCY.]     Thanks.     Also//. 

1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  163  b,  Persones  by  hym  con 
quered  and  subdued,  who  did.. not  rendre  thankes  ne  saie 
remercies  for  that  they  had  been  leat.  .to  escape.  1600  B. 
JONSON  Cynthia's  Rev.  v.  ii.  Wks.  (Rtldg.)  95/2  Remercie, 
madame,  and  these  honourable  censors.  1606  Sir  G.  Goose- 
cappe  m.  i,  Remercy,  my  more  then  English  pages. 

tReme'rcy,  v.  Obs.  [ad.  K.  remercier  (ijth 
c.),  f.  re-  RE-  -t-  merci  thanks,  MERCY.]  To  thank. 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  28  b,  Thenne  Jason  remercyed  and 
thanked  the  noble  Queue  Myrro.  1484  —  Fables  of  A  Ifonce 
xii,  I  remercye  and  thanke  yow  gretely.  1568  in  Maskell 
Man.  Kit.  (1846!  II.  264  Wyth  al  my  hert  I  remercye  and 
thanke  thee.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  xi.  16  She  him  re- 
mercied  as  the  Patrone  of  her  life.  1592  WYRLEY  Armorie 
irs  With  thanks  rewards  remercied  was  our  paine. 

RemeTge  («-),  v .  [RE-  5  a.]  To  merge  again. 

1850  TENNYSON  lit.  Mem.  xlvii,  That  each,  who  seems  a 
separate  whole,,  .should  fall  Remerging  in  the  general  Soul. 
1901  Spectator  17  Aug.  221/2  A  remoter  realm,  out  of  which 
we  emerged,  and  into  which  we  again  remerge. 

Remetamtrrphose,  v.  Also  7  -ise.  [RE- 
5  a.]  trans.  To  change  back  again. 

1598  J.  DICKENSON  Greene  in  Cone.  (1878)  138  When 
Vlisses  mates  turn'd  from  men  to  beastes.  .they  would  in  no 
sort  be  remetamorphosed.  1636  HKYWOOD  Loves  Mistress 
I.  i.  Wks.  1874  V.  92  If  men  be  growne  thus  savage,  oh  you 
powers,  Remetamorphise  mee  into  an  asse. 

Reme'te, v.  rare—1.  [RE-]  trans.  To  mete 
out  in  return. 

1647  TRAPP  Comm.,  Matt.  vii.  2  God  delights  to  give  men 
their  own,,  .to  re-mete  them  their  own  measure. 

Remeue,  obs.  variant  of  REMOVE  v. 

t  Reme'vable,  a.  Obs.     [f.  remeve,  var.  RE 
MOVE  v.  +  -ABLE.]    Capable  of  being  moved  ;  liable   j 
to  remove,  or  to  be  taken  away. 

I42Z  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  215  Thoures  [=  j 
towers]  of  trees  reme[v]able  thou  shalte  I-have  ouer  al,  and 
Knyghtes  there-in  wel  armyd.  £1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems 
(Percy  Soc.)  193  The  world  so  wyd,  the  air  so  remevable, .. 
The  fyr  so  hoot  and  sotil  of  nature.  1461  Rolls  of  Parlt. 
V.  493/2  Afore  tyme  they  were  datyf  and  remevabill. 

Remeve,  obs.  variant  of  REMOVE  v. 
t  Reme'vement.  Obs.  rare.     [f.  remeve,  var. 
REMOVE  v.  -t-  -MENT.]     Removal,  transference. 

1437  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  510/1  Withoute  eny  remevement 
to  be  hadde  of  him  into  the  seid  prison.  1430  I/rid.  V.  29/2 
The . .  dely verance  and  remevement  of  the  said  Recordes. 

Remewe,  obs.  variant  of  REMOVE  v. ;  variant  of 
REMUE  v.  Obs. 

II  Remex  (if  meks).  PI.  remiges  (re'mid^iz). 
[L.  remex,  f.  remus  oar.] 

1 1.  A  rower.  Obs.  rare  ~*. 

1674  PETTY  Disc.  Dupl.  Proportion  57  If  one  Remex  or 
Skuller  move  [a  boat  of]..  3  inches  draught  12000  feet  forward 
in  3600  seconds  :  then  4  like  Rowers  [etc.]. 

2.  Ornith.  One  of  the  principal  feathers  of  a 
bird's  wing,  by  which  it  is  sustained  and  carried 
forward  in  flight ;  a  wing-quill.  Chiefly//. 

1767  G.  WHITE  Selbomeiiii,  Peculiar  crimson  tags,  .at  the 
ends  of  five  of  the  short  remiges.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3) 
XIII.  505/2  The  primary  and  secondary  wing-feathers  are 
called  remiges.  1874  COUES  Birds  N.  W.  269  The  wings. . 
have  but  six  remiges,  in  addition  to  the  ten  primaries.  1887 
Athenzutn  16  Apr.  517/3  The  absence.. of  the  fifth  cubital 
remex,  its  coverts  only  being  developed. 

Reineynant,  variant  of  REMAINANT  Obs. 

Remifbrm  (re'mif^jm),  a.  rare~a.  [f.  L. 
remus  oar.]  Shaped  like  an  oar. 

1860  WORCESTER  (citing  Smart,  but  app.  by  mistake  for 
reniform} :  hence  in  later  Diets. 

t Re'migable,  a.  Obs.  rare-1.  [f.'L.remig- 
are :  see  next  and  -ABLE.]  That  one  may  row  over. 

1685  COTTON  tr.  Montaigne  xxx.  (1869)  167  Where  steril 
remigable  marshes,  now  Feed  neighb'ring  cities,  and  admit 
the  plough. 

Re'migate,  v.  rare.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L.  *•- 
migare,  f.  remex  REMEX.]  intr.  To  row. 


REMINDFUL. 

1601  CHESTER  Love's  Mart.,  etc.  (1878)  177  Ought  into 
nought  can  neuer  remigrate.  1651  BIGGS  New  Disp.  p  288 
Whatsoever  that  is  truly  vital  hath  once  degenerated  . . 
never  remigrates  again  from  the  winter  of  its  privation. 
1680  BOYLE  Scept.  Chem.  n.  126  The  rest,  which  is  incom 
parably  the  greater  part  of  the  Liquor,  will  remigrate  into 
Phlegm. 

2.  To  migrate  again  or  back. 

1623  COCKERAM,  Remigrate,  to  returne  vnto  his  first 
dwelling.  1790  BEWICK  Hisl.  Qitadritp.  104  In  autumn, 
the  Deer,  with  the  fawns  bred  during  the  summer,  remigrate 
northward.  1802  MONTAGU  Ornith.  Diet.  (1831)  523  The 
Turtle[dove]..  re-migrates  the  beginning  of  September.  1893 
F.  ADAMS  New  Egypt  40  It  is  not  tilh.asultan  re-migrated 
from  Tunis  to  the  East,  that  Egypt  once  more  found  herself 
the  seat  of  empire. 

Remigra'tion.  [See  prec.  aud  MIGRATION.] 
The  action  of  remigrating ;  return. 

1608  WILLET  Hexapla  Exod.  35  The  Pythagoreans  and 
Platonists..dreame  of  the  remigration  and  returne  of  the 
soule  to  the  bodie.  a  1676  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  n.  x. 
(1677)  233  There  was  a  Return  of  the  Jews  under  Cyrus, 
which  continued  in  Partial  Remigrations  for  some  time 
after.  1759  B.  MARTIN  Nat.  Hist.  Eng.  I.  ijoiiote,  The  Time 
of  their  Remigration  is  soon  after  Harvest.  1859  DARWIN 
Orig.  Spec.  xii.  (1878)  331  The  first  migration  when  the  cold 
came  on,  and  the  re-migration  on  the  returning  warmth. 

Remile,  variant  of  RIMEL  Obs. 
Re-mi'mic,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  mimic  again. 

1856  DE  QUINCEY  Confess.  98  The  scene  in  the  poem, 
that  had  been  originally  mimicked  by  the  poet  from  the 
sky,  was  here  re-mimicked  and  rehearsed  to  the  life. 

Remind  (rzmsrnd),  v.  Also  7  re-mind,  [f. 
RE-  5  a  +  MIND  v.~\ 

1.  trans.  To  recall  (a  thing)  to  one's  own  mind  ; 
to  remember,  recollect.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1645  WITHER  Vox  Pad/.  189  Let  him  re-minde,  what 
Attributes  were  given.  1675  R.  BURTHOGGE  Causa  Dei  194 
Whosoever  seriously  Reminds  the  Circumstance  of  Time 
wherein  the  Apostle  wrote  ..  will  easily  agree  that  [etc.]. 
1706  WATTS  Hone  Lyr.\\.  Victory  of  Poles  over  Osman, 
This  the  fierce  Saracen  wore,  (for,  when  a  boy,  I  was  their 
captive,  and  remind  their  dress).  1788  SHIRREFS  Poems 
(1790)  167  Ye'll  now  remind  the  happy  show'r  o'  rain.  1826 
ANDERSON  Poems  36  (E.  D.  DO,  1'heir  merry  homefair  I 
remind.  1859  BARTLETT  Diet.  Amer.,  To  Remind,  for 
remember  ;  as  '  the  company  will  please  remind  '.  A  New 
York  vulgarism. 

fb.  To  bring  to  mind,  to  recall  to  another's 
mind.  Obs.  rare, 

1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  Ivii.  (1739)  104  The 
issue  whereof  may  remind,  that  too  much  countersecunty 
from  the  King  to  the  people,  is  like  so  many  Covenants  in 
Marriage.  1669  EARL  ORRERY  Black  Prince  in,  O  !  do  not 
wound  me  by  reminding  Things  Which  rather  Trouble  than 
Repentance  brings. 

2.  To  put  (one)  in  mind  ^/"something.     (Also 
ellipt.  with  omission  of  personal  obj.) 

1660  JER.  TAYLOR  Duct.  Ditbit.  \.  \.  rule  i  §  16  It  hath  no 
other  force  upon  the  Conscience  but  that  it  re-minds  us  of 
a  special  obligation  to  thankfulness.  1675  R.  BURTHOCGE 
Causa  Dei  91  This  Re-minds  me  of  the  second  thing  which 


is  rowing). 

Remiga'tion.  rare.  [ad.  L.  rcmigdlion-em  : 
see  prec.  and  -ATION.]  The  action  of  rowing. 

Erroneously  denned  by  Cockeram  and  Blount,  through 
association  of  the  initial  letters  with  the  prefix  re.. 

1623  COCKERAM,  Remigation,  a  rowing  backe.  1656 
BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Remigation,  a  rowing  or  sailing  back 
again.  1842  Blackw.  Mag.  LII.  726  A  man,  versed  in  Latin 
and  Greek,  is  not,  therefore,  acquainted  with  the  mechanic 
laws  of  remigation  or  of  shipbuilding. 

Remi'gial,  a.  rare.  [f.  L.  rSmigi-um  rowing, 
or  (in  mod.  use)  f.  remig-es  (see  REMEX)  +  -(I)AL.] 
Serving  to  propel ;  now  Ornith.,  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  remiges  of  a  bird's  wing. 

1592  R.  D.  Hypnerotomachia  21  His  hands  tooke  fast 
hould  upon  the  remigiall  bones  of  the  Eagles  pinions.  1879 
NEWTON  in  Encycl.  Brit.  X.  712/1  In  this  the  remigial 
streamers  do  not  lose  their  barbs. 

t  Remigrable.  Obs.  rare—1.  [See  next  and 
-ABLE.]  Capable  of  changing  back  again. 

1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol.  Chym.  255  They  themselves  are 
yet  remigrable  into  a  more  simple  element. 

Remigrate  (rc'migre't,  rftaargr/'t),  p.  ["rig. 
(with  stress  re' migrate]  (.  ppl.  stem  of  L.  mtigrSi  e ; 
in  later  use  f.  RE-  5  a  +  MIGRATE  it.'] 

1 1.   i  aft:  To  change  back  again.  Obs. 


quences.  1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  ix,  You  do  well 
to  remind  me  of  this.  1847  MARRYAT  Childr.  N.  Forest  xi, 
They  would  always  have  reminded  me  of  such  a  melancholy 
accident.  1884  F.  M.  CRAWFORD  Rom.  Singer  I.  19  It 
reminds  me  of  him  and  his  ways. 

ellipt.  1887  Pall  MallG.  n  Jan.  i4/r  Many  of  the  names 
remind  of  celebrated  episodes.  1887  E.  JOHNSON  Antiqua 
Mater  260  Little  but  the  mere  name  Christus  to  remind  of 
the  current  beliefs  of  Judaism. 

b.  Const,  with  inf.  or  obj.  clause. 

1662  H.  MORE  Fhilos.  Writ.  Pref.  Gen.  (17:2)  5  That  the 
High  Priest  ..  might  be  re-minded  not  to  do.. any  thing 
contrary  to  the  laws  thereof.  1670  H.  STUBBE  Reply  Def. 
Roy.  Soc.  (1671)  14,  I  must  remind  this  Adversary  that  the 
person  I  designed  to  accompany,  .was  a  Carmelite.  1675 
EARL  ESSEX  Lett.  (1770)  206, 1  must  also 'again  remind  you 
to  advise  Mr.  Harbord  to  go  more  plainly  to  work.  1741-2 
GRAY  Agrippina  Wks.  1884  1. 107, 1  might  remind  my  mistress 
that  her  nod  Can  rouse  eight  hardy  legions.  1820  SHELLEY 
(Ed  Tyr.  II.  i.  78  Allow  me  to  remind  you,  grass  is  green. 
1867  DICKENS  Lett.  (1880)  II.  287  The  time  of  year  reminds 
me  how  the  months  have  gone.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  a) 
IV.  408  We  may  be  reminded  that  in  nature  there  is  a  centri 
petal  as  well  as  a  centrifugal  force. 

Hence  Remi-ndal,  the  act  of  reminding. 

1883-8  P.p.  WAI.SHAM  How  Comm.  N.  T.  (S.  P.  C.  K.) 
Matt.  xxii.  3  The  remindal  and  summons  to  the  feast  were 
made  by  John  the  Baptist. 

Reminder  (rftnarndai).  [f.  prec.  +  -ER  y 
Something  which  reminds,  or  is  intended  to  remind, 
one  ;  mention  made  for  the  purpose  of  reminding. 

1653  H.  MORE  Antid.Ath.  I.  v.  I  2  There  is  an  active  and 
actuall  Knowledge  in  a  man,  of  which  these  outward  Objects 
are  rather  the  re-minders  then  the  first  Begetters  or  Im- 
planters.  1831  ARNOLD  in  Stanley  Life  (1844)  I.  vi.  270 


i)  2ii  Time  passed,  whole  days:  the  tender  reminder 
had  no  effect  on  him  ! 

b.  Path,  in  pi.  Secondary  syphilitic  symptoms 
1897  Alllmtt's  Syst.  Med.  II.  260  They  escape  the  class  of 
phenomena  grouped  as  '  reminders '  (the  intermediate  stage) 
and  are  to  all  appearance  cured.  1897  J.  HUTCIIINSON  in 
Arch.  Surg.  VIII.  230  In  1880  a  mild_  attack  of  syphilis 
occurred,  not,  however,  followed  by  reminders. 

Remi-ndful,  a.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -FUL.] 

1.  Mindful,  retaining  the  memory,  of. 

1810   SOUTHEY  Keham'a   xi.  i,  Remindful   of  revengeful 


REMINDING. 

thoughts,  a.  1845  HOOD  Buvtca's  l^reain  xx\ii,  Meanwhile, 
remindful  of  the  convent  bars,  liianca  did  not  watch  these 
signs  in  vain.  1891  MEREDITH  One  of  our  Conq,  III.  x.  209 
He  was  in  some  amazement  at  himself,  remindful  of  the 
different  nature  of  our  restraining  power  [etc.]. 

2.  Reminiscent,  reviving  the  memory,  of. 

1864  R.  A.  ARNOLD  Cotton.  Fant.  85  The  dropping  patter 
so  remindful  of  their  blameless  inactivity.  1867  E.  VATES 
Forlorn  Hope  xiv,  A  thousand  little  reminiscences.,  each 
touchingly  remindful  of  something  pleasant. 

Remrnding,  ///•  a>  [~INti  *•]  That  reminds. 

Hence  Remi'ndingly  adv. 

1887  A.  AUSTIN  Pr.  Lucifer  iv.  ii,  The  stroke  of  the  re. 
minding  hour  when  I  Should  from  your  voice  be  willing  to 
depart.  1890  'ANNIE  THOMAS'  On  the  Children  III.  i.  8 
'  You've  forgotten  ',.  .Florence  said  remindingly. 

t  Remrndless,  a.  Obs.~l  [-LESS.]  Forgetful. 

1657  W.  MORICE  Coena  quasi  Koi^  x.  119  Those  remind- 
less  persons,  whom  we  sometimes  see  to  go  about  to  seek 
that  which  they  carry  in  their  hands. 

t  Re 'in  ing,  vbl.  sb.  Obs.  [f.  REME  v^  +  -IXG  *.] 
Calling,  crying,  lamenting,  etc. 

<i2oo  Trin.  Coll.  How.  197  pat  hie  lie  muge  heren  here 
remenge,  ne  here  gal.  1:1220  Bestiary  666  For  here  mikle 
reining  rennande  cumeS  a  gungling.  a.  1400  Pol.  Rcl.  fy 
L.  Poems  (1903)  252  Fletus,  Anglicc  Keminge.  4:1400 
Destr,  7'rvy  85 1 1  He  hade  no  ruthe  of  hor  remyng,  ne  be  rank 
teris.  ?«  1500  CV«M^r/Y.  (E.E.T.S.)  448  To.,  putt  them  into 
great  Torment,  wrier  Reeininge,  Grinninge  were  fervent. 

Remrngle,  ^.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  mingle  again. 

1853  C.  P.RONTE  Villette  xxv,  That  slight  rod  of  Moses 
could,  at  one  waft,  release  and  re-mingle  a  sea  spell-parted. 
1866  FELTON  A»c.  <y  Mod.  Gr.  I.  i.  v.  76  A  backward  move 
ment  commenced  by  sea,  *nd  remingled . .  Greeks  with  those 
from  whom  they  had  been  severed. 

Reminisce  (remini-s),  v.  [Back-formation 
from  next :  still  somewhat  colloquial  or  jocular.] 

1.  trans,  and  intr.     To  recollect,  remember. 
1829  [J.  R.  BEST]  Pcrs.  $  Lit.  Mem.  304  Some  of  my 

readers  may  reminisce — the  word  shall  never  enter  my 
vocabulary — a  political  squib,  let  off  towards  the  conclusion 
of  the  American  war.  1896  A.  LANG  in  Longm.  Mag.  June 
219  She  could  not  have  remembered  much  of  Keats.  ..How 
do  people  remember  anything?  How  do  they  reminisce? 

2.  To  indulge  in  reminiscences. 

1882  Pall  Mall  G.  8  Sept.  4  There  is  probably  no  reason 
why  old  Bohemians  as  well  as  other  people  should  not 
'reminisce'.  1892  M'CRiE  Public  Worship  Preshyt.  Scot. 
i.  48  Before  his  wife's  death,  so  he  reminisced,  he  always 
went  to  church. 

Reminiscence  (remini'sens).  Also  6  -cens, 
7  -cience.  [a.  F.  reminiscence  (i4th  c.),  or  ad. 
late  L.  reminiscentia  (Tert.),  f.  reminisci  to  re 
member,  f.  re-  RE-  +  *men-  (see  MIND).] 

1.  The  act,  process,  or  fact,  of  remembering  or 
recollecting;  sometimes  spec,  the  act  of  recovering 
knowledge  by  mental  effort  (cf.  recollection}. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xxv.  (Arb.)  312  By  long 
and  studious  obseruation  rather  a  repetition  or  reminiscens 
natural),  1639  N.  N.  tr.  Du  Boss's  Compl.  Woman  n.  84 
There  are  those  who  teach  on  Plato's  grounds,  that  Inclina 
tion  comes  from  a  certain  Reminiscence.  1655  STANLEY 
Hist.  Philos.  in.  (1701)  78/1  Thus  is  all  her  Learning  only 


427 

'655-87  H.  MORE  Aff.  Anti,i.  (1712)  205  If  you'll  say  that 
Memory  is  in  the  Brain,  but  Keminiscency  in  the  Conarion 


IV.  206  The  Rules  of  Reminiscency  require,  that  [etc.]. 


reminiscence  :  wnicn  is  tne  Ketreiving  ol  a  thing,  at  pr 
sent  forgot,  or  but  confnsely  remembred.  1744  BERKELEY 
Siris  §  315  The  Peripatetics  themselves  distinguish  between 
reminiscence  and  mere  memory.  1791  COWPER  Four  Ages 
23  Knows  he  his  origin?  can  he  ascend  By  reminiscence  to 
his  earliest  date?  1867  LEWES  Hist.  Philos.  (ed.  3)  I.  291 
The  ingenious  doctrine  of  the  soul's  reminiscence  of  a  former 
apprehension  of  truth.  1879  CALDERWOOD  Mind  tr  JSr.  266 
Embryology  presents  us  with  a  modification  of  Plato's 
doctrine  of  reminiscence. 

2.  (Chiefly  //.)    a.  A  recollection  or  remem 
brance,  as  a  mental  fact. 

1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mat  vii.  52  Vague  dreams  have  rolled, 
And  varied  reminiscences  have  waked.  1836  J.  GILBERT 
CAr.  Atonem.  i.  (1852)  5  The  passive  indolence  which  .. 
easily  mistakes  its  mere  reminiscences  for  the  result  of  in 
quiry.  1887  LOWELL  Dctnocr.  94  Memory  which  at  my  time 
of  life  is  gradually  becoming  one  of  her  own  reminiscences. 
b.  A  recollection  or  remembrance  of  some  past 
fact  or  experience  related  to  others;  freq.  (in  pi.}, 
the  collective  memories  or  experiences  of  a  person 
put  into  literary  form. 

1811  L.  M.  HAWKINS  C'tess  f,  Certr.  1. 96  Till  his  feelings 
were  ascertained  , .  his  friends  were  not  wanting  in  these 
reminiscences.  1843  PRESCOTT  Mexico  (1850)  I.  248  As  he 
listened  to  these  reminiscences  of  the  sailors.  1868  FARRAR 
Seekers  Introd.  3  Contemporary  reminiscences  of  that  day 
of  desperate  disaster. 

3.  An  expression,  feature,  fact,  etc.,  which  re 
calls  something  else. 

1860  PUSEY  Min.  Proph.  153  Other  reminiscences  of  the 
words  of  Amos  are  only  a  part  of  the  harmony  of  Scripture. 
1873  MIVART  Elem.Anat.  vi.  229  There  is  a  singular  and 
striking  reminiscence  of  vertebrae  in  the  three  arches  of 
the  bony  skull.  1876  HUMPHREYS  Coin-coll.  Man.  xxvi.  396 
[  1'he  Saturnalia]  of  which  the  vivid  reminiscence  stfll  exists 
in  the  modern  Carnival. 

Hence  Reminiscence  v.,  to  'reminisce';  He- 
mini  -scenceful  a. ;  Bernini  scencer. 

1888  FRITH  Autobiog.  III.  iii.  30  The.  .reminiscencer  who 
is  fond  of  talking  of  matters  that  can  be  of  no  interest  to 
anyone  but  himself.  1889  Edin.  Rev.  Jan.  64  The  reflective 
reminiscenceful  character  common  to  all  the  writings  of  the 
Apocrypha.  1890  SARA  J.  DUNCAN  Social  Depart.  327 
Orthodocia  was  delightful  when  she  reminiscenced. 

i  Bernini' scency.  Obs.  [See  prec.  and 
-ENCY.]  The  faculty  of  reminiscence. 


Bernini/scent,  sb.  [f.  as  next.]  A  relater  or 
writer  of  reminiscences. 

iSzzC.BuTl.EK/vYw/tt/sc.  (ed.  3)  I.  4  No  one  ever  discovered 
a  passion  for  literature  at  an  earlier  hour  in  his  life  than  the 
Reminiscent.  1837  Black™.  Jfag.XLll.  76  This  reminiscent 
is  not  a  good  converser.  1869  IJAGEHOT  Lit.  Stud.  (1879) 
11.331  It  is  the  excellence  of  a  reminiscent  to  have  a  few  good 
stories. 

Reminiscent  (remini-sent),  a.  [f.  L.  re 
miniscent-em,  pres.  pple.  of  reminisci:  see  RE 
MINISCENCE.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  characterized  by,  reminiscence. 
1763    Universal  Slag.    XXXVII.   356/2    Men,   in    their 

sentient,  imaginative,  and  reminiscent  part,  . .  are  . .  subject 
to  diseases.  1837  SOUTIIKY  Doctor  cxxix.  (1848)  327  The 
Biographer,  or  Historian,,  .or  rather  the  reminiscent  relator 
of Circumstances.  1855  BAGEHOT  Lit.  Stud.  (1879)  J-  r  1'he 
evident  fiction  of  reminiscent  age — striving  and  failing  to 
remember.  1890  '  R.  BOLUREVVOOD  '  Miner's  Right  (1899) 
146/2  The  most  careful  reminiscent  accuracy. 
b.  Having  reminiscence  of  something. 
1830  Frascr's  Mag.  I.  151  A  more  perfect  state  of  being— 
a  state  of  which  it  is  reminiscent  and  anticipant.  1836-7 
SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Metaph.  xxxiv.  (1859)  "•  278  Some  other 
state  of  existence,  of  which  we  have  been  previously  con- 
sciou;  and  are  now  reminiscent. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  reminiscence  or  reminiscences. 
1863  Cornh.  Mag.  VII.  301  Some  of  the  charms  of  youth 

reminiscent  in  the  grey  dignity  of  acknowledged  age.  1883 
J.  BuRROfGHS  in  Century  Mag.  Nov.  103/2  There  is  ..  a 
pensive,  reminiscent  feeling  in  the  air  itself.  1892  Inde 
pendent  25  Nov.  220/2  The  talk  on  the  way  was  reminiscent. 

3.  Evoking  a  reminiscence  of  a.  person  or  thing. 
1880  Academy  r3  Nov.  352  He  is  strangely  reminiscent 

of  Millais.  1891  Speaker  2  May  527/2  The  verse.,  is., 
reminiscent  of  the  style  of  Rowe. 

Hence  Keminvsceiitly  adv. 

1891  COTES  2  Girls  on  a  Barge  23  'The  Cadet',  quoth 
Girton,  reminiscently,  'did  that  rather  well  '. 

Reminisce -ntial,  a.  [f.  REMINISCENCE  :  cf. 
essential.']  Of  the  nature  of,  pertaining  to,  re 
miniscence  ;  of  a  reminiscent  character. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  Pref.  A  iij,  Would  Truth 
dispense,  we  could  be  content,  with  Plato, .  .that  Intellectuall 
acquisition  were  but  Reminiscentiall  evocation.  1682  — 
Chr.  Mor.  in.  §  10  Trust  not  too  much  unto  suggestions 
from  reminiscential  Amulets,  or  artificial  Memorandums. 
1853  LOWELL  Moosehead  "Jrnl.  Pr.  Wks.  1890  I.  r  At  the 
sound  of  the  name,  no  reminiscential  atoms  . .  stirred  and 
marshalled  in  my  brain.  1869  MRS.  H.  WOOD  Roland 
Yorke  III.  70  Just  as  Roland  Yorke  had  seen  them  in  his 
reminiscential  visions.  1891  W.  C.  HUDSON  Man  ivitli  a 
Thumb  i.  7  As  the  old  man  indulged  his  reminiscential  vein. 

Hence  Reminisce-ntially  adv.  (In  recent  Diets. ) 

t  Bernini-scion.  Obs.  rare,  [irreg.  f.  L.  re 
minisci '+  -ioy.]  Reminiscence. 

1607  CHAPMAN  Bussy  d'Amiiois  Plays  1873  II.  85  This 
strange  vision.  .stir[s]  my  thoughts  With  reminiscion  of  the 
Spirits  promise.  1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  n.  415/2  Re 
miniscion  is  the  remembering  a  thing  out  of  mind. 

Reminrscitory,  a.  rare  — '.    [f.  as  prec.  + 

-ITOKY.]     Of  the  nature  of  reminiscence. 

1827  LYTTON  Pelliain  Ixxiii,  I  still  bore  a  reminiscitory 
spite  against  Mr.  Job  Jonson. 

Remi'nt  (rf-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  mint  again. 

1823  DE  QUINCEY  Lett,  to  Yng.  Man  Wks.  r86o  XIV.  84 
In  other  cases,  when  there  happen  to  exist  double  expres 
sions  for  the  same  notion,  he  called  in  and  reminted  them  as 
it  were.  1896  SIR  R.  P.  EDGCUMBE  Pop.  Fallacies  Bi- 
tnetallisin  121  When  the  western  nations  of  Europe  agree 
again  to  remint  silver  upon  a  fixed  ratio. 

Remiped  (re-miped),  sb.  and  a.  Zool.  [ad. 
F.  r4mipede,  f.  L.  reams  oar  +  fed-,  fes  foot.] 
a.  sb.  One  of  an  order  of  coleopterous  insects 
haying  tarsi  adapted  for  swimming  (Brande  Diet. 
Sci.  1842) ;  also,  a  crustacean  of  the  genus  Remipes 
(Webster  1847).  b.  adj.  Having  feet  that  are 
oar-shaped,  or  used  as  oars  (Webster  1864). 

So  Be'mipecle  sb. 

1826  KIRBY  &  Sp.  Eutomol.  xxix.  III.  170,  I  have  some 
suspicion  that.. the  remipedes,  Notonecta.,  Sifara,  £c.  may 
find  their  prototypes  among  the  Crustacea. 

t  Remi'se,  si.1  0/>s.  Also  5  remysse,  7  re- 
myse.  [a.  F.  lin  early  use  prob.  AF.)  remise, 
vbl.  sb.  f.  remettre  to  remit :  cf.  late  L.  remissa 
remission  (of  sins).] 

1.  Law.     A  transfer  of  property. 

1473  Kalli  "f  Parlt.  VI.  75/1  Any  Graunte  or  Grauntes, 
Ratifications,  Confirmations,  Remysse  or  Releases  to  hym 
.  .made.  1485  Ibid.  342/2  Annexions,  Remises,  Releases  or 
Pardones,  to  theym  ..  made  or  had.  1766  BLACKSTONE 
Comm.  II.  App.  iv.  §  3.  p.  xv,  This  recognition,  remise, 
quit-claim,  warranty,  fine,  and  agreement. 

2.  A  remission  or  cessation  of  sickness,  rare-1. 
1603  F  1.0^10  Montaigne  in.  xiii.  653, 1  have  notwithstanding 

some  remyses  or  intermissions  yet. 

3.  ? Return,  recompense. 

a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.T.  S.)  I.  136 
We  come  now  . .  to  thai  [  =  thy]  maiestie  to  gett  support, 
promiss  and  rlcht  remise  \_v.r.  riche  revenues]  thairfoir. 

4.  The  act  of  remitting  money ;  a  remittance. 
1667  TEMPLE  Let.  Wks.  1731  II.  39  They  have  remitted  by 

this  Ordinary  to  his  Excellency  a  hundred  and  thirty 
thousand  Crowns,  which  is  the  third  Remise  of  about  that  '> 


REMISS. 

'    Sum.     1682  SCARLETT  Exchanges  16  Its  necessary  that  the 
Remise  be  confirmed  by  the  following  Po.st.     1689  Myst. 
Inly.  38  In  order  whereunto  great  Remises  of  Mony  were 
already  ordered  him  from  the  French  Court. 
II  Remise  (r»m;z),  s/>.2     [F.  ;  see  pree.] 

1.  A  house  or  shelter  for  a  carriage  ;  a  coach-house. 
1698  W.  KING  tr.  Sortiire's  Journ.  Land.  4  Divers  of  the 

Citj/ens_Houses,  have  Port-cochezs  to  drive  in  a  Coach,  or 
a  Cart  either,  and  Consequently  have  Courts  within,  and 
mostly  Remises  to  set  them  up.  1768  STLHNK  Sfit.  Jtuint. 
\.  62  The  Remise  Door.  Ibid.  73  (The  Remise),  Mons' 
Dessem  came  up  with  the  key  of  the  Remise  in  his  hand, 
I  and  forthwith  let  us  into  his  magazine  of  chaises.  1841 
LADY  BLESSINGTON  Idler  in  France  II.  135  In  former  day.s 
sledges  were  considered  as  indispensable  in  the  winter 
remise  of  a  grand  seigneur  in  France. 

b.  (Ellipt.  for  Toiture  de  remise.')  A  carriage 
hired  from  a  livery-stable,  of  a  butter  class  than 
the  ordinary  hackney-carriage. 

1698  M.  LISTER  Journ.  Paris  (i6gcj)  r42  Many  of  the 
Fiacres  or  Hackneys,  and  all  the  A\-/^isc.ft  have  one  large 
Glass  before.  1753  A.  MUKPHY  OViy'i  Inn  Jrnl.  N'.i.  45 
\Vithout  the  Kxpence  of  a  Remise,  you  mav  visit  lioileau. 
1818  LADY  MORGAN-  Autobiog.  ^859)  200  We  got  into  our 
remise—  that  special  French  carriage  which  never  breaks 
down,  drawn  by  horses  that  never  tire. 

2.  J-cnciiig.  A  second  thrust  made  after  the  fust 
lias  missed  and  while  still  upon  the  lunge  ;  the  act 
of  making  a  thrust  of  this  kind. 

1823  ROLAND  Art  Fencing  86  The  Remise  is  made  upon 
your  adversary's  quitting  your  blade  to  make  a  feint  as  a 
return  too  soon  after  having  parried  your  attack.  i86r 
CHAPMAN  Review  Art  Fencing  i.  20  The  remise  is  provoked 
by  opportunities  afforded  in  the  adversary's  play,  and  in 
that  respect  differs  essentially  from  the  Reprise,  a  redoublhi" 
of  the  Attack. 

3.  In  some  card-games,  as  quadrille  and  reversis  : 
a.   (See  qnot.  1830.)     b.   A  stake  in  the  pool. 

1830  '  EIDRAH  TREBOR  '  Hoyle  made  familiar  36  Remise 
is  when  they  who  stand  the  game  do  not  make  more  tricks 
than  they  who  defend  the  pool,  and  then  they  lose  by 
remise.  Ibid,  40  Should,  .there  be  three  remises,  or  stakes, 
in  the  pools,  then  it  is  at  the  option  of  any  player  to  take  a 
card  or  not.  1850  Hand-bk.  Games  (Bohn)  309  One  of  the 
players  making  the  reversis  .  .  would  then  prevent  your 
having  the  remises  out  of  the  pool. 

t  Remise,  a.  Obs.-1  [a.  F.  remis(e,  pa.  pple. 
of  remettre  :  see  next.]  Delayed,  postponed. 

c  1510  BARCLAY  Mirr.  Gd.  Manners  (1570)  B  v,  In  sentence 
remise  is  lesser  iniury,  Then  in  headling  sentence  pro 
nounced  hastely. 

Remise  (r/marz),  z».l  Also  5-6  remyse.  [f. 
F.  remis(e,  pa.  pple.  of  remettre  :—  L.  remiltcre  to 
REMIT.  Cf.  REMISS  v.] 

1  1.  trans.  To  put  back  again  in  or  into  a  place, 
state,  etc.  ;  to  replace  ;  to  convert  again  into  ;  to 
send  back  to  a  place.  Obs.  (freq.  in  Caxton). 

1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  Prol.  i  Tadresse  and  remyse  theym 
in  theyr  auncyent  Fraunchyses  and  lyberte.  1485  —  Clias. 
Gt.  181  Floryrjes  remysed  the  relyques  in  the  cotTrut.  c  1500 
Mclnsine  xxvi.  207,  I  remyse  hym  in  your  pocession.  1512 
Ht-fyas  in  Thorns  Prose  Rom.  (1828)  III.  76  They  saw  the 
king  and  the  queue  remised  and  set  in  good  love  and  unite 
of  hert  togither.  Ibid.  82  To  five  of  them  he  remised  the 
chaynes  about  theyr  neckes.  1598  SYLVESTER  1>H  Bartas 
1.  ii.  164  Yet  think  not  that  this  Too-too-much  remises  Ought 
into  noughts  ;  it  but  the  Form  disguises.  1623  BINGHAM 
Xenophon  i  His  Mother  made  intercession  for  him,  set  him 
at  libertie,  and  remised  him  to  his  gouernment. 

tb.  To  bring  together  again;  to  lead  back 
again.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1500  Melusine  134  The  king,  .remysed  hys  folke  togidre, 
and  made  to  withdraw  them  al  the  lytil  pas.  Ibid.  137  He 
full  wel  remysed  hys  folke  into  the  tounne. 

2.  Law.  To  give  up,  surrender,  make  over  to 
another,  release  (any  right,  property,  etc.). 

1487  Rolls  o/J'ar/t.  VI.  390  Ye  remysed  and  relessed  .  .  all 
the  residue  of  the  said  Fee  Ferme.  1491  Act  7  Hen.  I'  II, 
c.  18  Your  seid  suppliant..  them  remised  and  quite  clayrned 
.  .unto  the  seid  late  pretended  Kyng.  1612  in  O  'Flaherty's 
West  Connanght  (1846)  258  Wee.  .have  remised,  released, 
and  ..  quitt  claimed  ..  all  that  our  right..,  interest,  [etc.]. 
1655  FULLER  Waltham  Abb.  10  Peter  Duke  of  Savoy 
remised_  and  quit-claimed  from  himandhis  Heirs,  .the  right 
and  claim  he  had.  1766  HLACKSTOSE  Comm.  II.  xx.  324  The 
words  generally  used  therein  are  '  remised,  released,  and  for 
ever  quit-claimed  '.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  375/2  The 
operative  words  of  release  are  remise,  release,  renounce, 
and  for  ever  quit  claim. 

1  3.  To  remit  or  send  (a  letter  or  reply").     Obs. 

1633  T.  STAFFORD  Pac.  Hib.  I.  viii.  62  Remising  therefore 
onely  this  Answer,  that  he  despised  their  Forces.  Ibid.  it. 
vi.  164  All  which  mayappeare  by  a  Letter  remised  from  the 
said  lames  unto  him. 

Remi'se,  z'.2     Fencing, 
inlr.  To  make  a  remise. 

1889  Fencing  (Badminton  Libr.)  96  It  is  wrong  to  remise 
on  a  riposte  made  by  a  disengagement  in  the  low  line. 

tRemi-SS,  st>.  06s.~l  [Cf.RKMiSErf.l]  Re 
laxation.  (But  perh.  an  error  for  rcmissnes.) 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  i.  xix.  32  Such  manner  of 
men  as  by  negligence  of  Magistrates  and  remisses  of  lawes 
euery  countrie  breedeth  great  store  of. 

Remiss  (rftni-s),  a.  Forms  :  5-6  remys, 
-ysse,  (6  -yshe),  5-7  remisse,  (6  -is,  -isshe, 
7  -ish),  6-  remiss,  [ad.  L.  remiss-us,  pa.  pple.  of 
remitters  to  REMIT.] 

fl.  a.  Dissolved,  liquid.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1420  Pallatl.  on  Hlisb.  l.  1126  White  wax,  hard  picchc, 
remysse  [L.  rcmissum]  ammonyake—  This  iij  commyxt  there 
fore  is  good  to  take.  Or  thus  ;  ammoniak  remysse  and  figis. 

51  -2 


[f.  REMISE  so.2  2.] 


KEMISS. 

f  b.  Med.  Weakened  in  consistency  or  colour ; 
dilute.  Obs. 

?<zi4i2  LYDG.  Two  Ulcrch.  323  His  vryne  was  remys,  at- 
tenuat,  By  resoun  gendryd  of  frigidite.  1547  BOORDE  Bt-ev. 
Hcaltk  Ixxiii.  25  b,  An  ury ne  that  is  pale  of  colour . .  yf  h  be 
remyshe,  then  there  Is  great  coldnes  in  the  body.  1625 
HART.-i«a/.  Ur.  ii.  iv.  69  The  vrine  became  of  a  remisse 
and  light  colour,  such  as  it  was  wont  to  be. 
t  o.  Of  sounds  :  Weak,  soft,  low.  Obs. 

1530  PALSGR.  Introd.  16  They  gyve.. unto  theyr  conso- 
names  but  a  sleight  and  remisshe  sounde.  1650  BULWER 
Anthropontet.  203  Instruments  which  have  a  more  acute  or 
treble  sound  when  the  strings  are  stretched,  and  a  lower 
and  more  remisse  when  they  are  loosened.  1653  R.  SANDERS 
Physiogn.  246  The  voice  acute  and  smooth,  or  remiss,  with 
a  little  trembling. 

fd.  Of  taste:  Faint,  slight.   Obs.  rare"'1. 

1655  CULPEPPER,  etc.  Riveritts  v.  iii.  126  The  Taste  ..  is 
lessened  when  it  scarce  perceiveth  remiss  savors  and  strong 
savors  but  a  little. 

2.  Of  persons :  Slack  in  the  discharge  of  a  task 
or  duty ;  careless,  negligent. 

c  1450  tr.  DC  Imitatione  i.  xxiii.  20  pou  shalt  gretly  sorwe 
J>at  pou  hast  be  so  remysse  [L.  remissns\  £  so  negligent. 
1471-5  Rolls  ofParlt.  VI.  155/2  If  any  Customer  or  Comp- 
trollour  of  any  Porte,  be  necligent  or  remisse  in  noon  pak- 
kyng  of  the  same  Clothes,  c  1510  BARCLAY  Mirr.  Gd.  Man 
ners  (1570)  D  ij,  If  thou  be  in  office. .  Be  not  more  remis,  do 
not  thy  duetie  lesse.  1567-8  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I. 
610  Certifeing  the  persoms . .  that  beis  fund  remysse  or  negli 
gent  in  the  premissis.  1602  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xn.  Ixxi.  296 
As  well  as  too  remisse  in  choyce,  we  may  be  too  precise. 
1660  YOUNG  Table  of  Statutes  44  Officers  remisse  to  collect 
rates.  1696  BENTLEY  Boyle  Lcct.  ix.  (1724)  346  Who  can 
tell,  if.  .they  might  not  in  long  tract  of  time  have  grown  re 
miss  in  the  duties.,  of  Religion?  17760  LEE  in  Sparks  Corr. 
Amcr.  Rev.  (1853)  I.  158  Though  I  confess  I  am  naturally 
remiss,  I  have  not  neglected  my  duty  in  this  point.  1838 
THIRLWALL  Greece  IV.  55  The  satrap  . .  had  become  as  re- 
miss  as  before  in  making  the  stipulated  payments.  1893 
Academy  10  June  497/1  He  was  a  very  remiss  correspondent. 
b.  Of  conduct,  actions,  etc. :  Characterized  by 
carelessness,  negligence,  or  inattention. 

1502  ATKYNSON  tr.  DC  Imitatione  \.  xxiii.  173  Than  shalte 
thou  repent  full  sore  of  thy  remysse  and  neclygent  lyfe. 
1509  ¥>\9£.L\v  Shyfi  of  Folys  206  b,  Idylnes  By  wayes  remys 
and  dranynge  neglygence  Of  all  other  synne  is  rote.  1656 
KARL  MONM.  tr.  BoccalinisAdvts.fr.  Parnass.  \.  xxxviii. 
(1674)  50,  I,  in  the  beginning  of  my  Principality  seemed  to 
be  of  a  remiss  spirit,  and  totally  incapable  of  the  great 
affairs  of  State.  1675  TRAHERNE  Chr.  Ethics  169  To  exert 
almighty  power  in  a  remiss  and  lazy  manner,  is  infinitely 
base  and  dishonourable.  iTia  ADDISON  Spcct.  No.  471  P6 
Hope,  .keeps  the  Mind  awake  in  her  most  Remiss  and  In- 
dolent  Hours.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  v.  viii.  663 
[He]  was  appointed,  under  the.  .expectation  that  he  would 
supply  what  had  been  remiss  in  the  conduct  of  his  predecessor. 
1886  Illustr.  Lond.  News  20  Feb.  194/2  It  was  remiss  in 
Aunt  Louisa  not  to  have  offered  to  be  her  chaperon. 
t  C.  Idle ;  free  from  labour,  Obs.  rare  ~l. 

1566  ADLINGTOM  Apuleius  45  With  great  lamentation  was 
ordained  a  remisse  time  for  that  day. 

3.  Characterized  by  a  lack  of  strictness  or  proper 
restraint ;  lax,  loose.  ?  Obs. 

c  1450  tr.  De  Imitatione  i.  xxv.  37  He  bat  euermore  seki(? 
bo  binges  bat  are  most  laxe  and  most  remisse,  shal  euer  be 
in  anguissh.  1540-1  ELYOT  Image  Gov.  Pref.,  By  the  las- 
ciuiouse  and  remisse  educacion  of  Varius  Heliogabalus,  he 

§rewe  to  be  a  person  moste  monstruouse  in  liuyng.  1583 
TUBBES  Anat.  Abns.  i.  (1879)  76  This  ouer  great  lemtieand 
remisse  libertie  in  the  education  of  youthe.  1624  in  Rushw. 
Hist.  Coll,  (1659)  I.  160  So  dangerous  it  is  for  Princes  by  a  re 
miss  comportment,  to  give  growth  to  the  least  Error.  1651-3 
JER.  TAYLOR  Serin,  for  Year  (1678)  224  A  seldom  restraint, 
— a  remiss  discipline.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  157  ?  3 
Many  among  my  fellow-students  took  the  opportunity  of  a 
more  remiss  discipline  to  gratify  their  passions. 

f  b.  Not  strict  or  severe  in  punishing  ;  lenient. 
1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  927  They  were  gentle  and  remisse 
to  a  great  number,  and  specially  to  such  as  offended  by  co- 
hercion  and  feare.  1613  Edict  agst.  Priv.  Combats  title-p., 
Straitly  charging  all  officers  and  other  His  Majestie's  sub 
jects  to  use  no  conniuencie,  or  remisse  proceedings  toward 
such  offenders.  1651  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  n.  xxiu 
(1739)  102  Coming  in  by  the  people's  favour,  he  was  obliged 
to  be  rather  remiss  than  rigorous. 

4.  Free  from  vehemence  or  violence  ;  also,  defec 
tive  or  lacking  in  force  or  energy. 

1550  T.  NYCOLLS  Thucidides  14  The  one  is  more  vehemente 
for  to  moue  mens  hartes,  the  other  more  remys  and  gentle. 
1586  B.  YOUNG  Guazzos  Civ.  Conv.  iv.  189  Euen  so  after 
meate,..our  will  prone  to  wickednesse,  is  become  more  re 
misse  and  temperate.  1644  BULWER  Chiron.  32  The  Hand 
restrained  and  kept  in  is  an  argument  of  modesty.,  sutable 
to  a  milde  and  remisse  declamation.  1695  WOODWARD  Nat. 
J-fist.  Earth  \\.  (1723)  210  Its  Motion  becomes  more  languid 
and  remiss.  170^  FLOYER  Physic.  Pulse-Watch  364  A  remiss 
Pulse,  is  when  it  is  small  and  slow.  175*  HUME  Ess.  fy 
Treat.  (1777)  I.  179  The  passion  must  neither  be  too  violent 
nor  too  remiss.  1837  SIR  \V.  HAMILTON  Metaph.  xlv.  (1870) 
II.  493  Pain  or  dissatisfaction  experienced,  when  the  energy 
elicited  is  either  inordinately  vehement  or  too  remiss. 

•j-b.  Not  intense  or  strong;  moderate,  mild. 
Obs.  (common  in  i7th  c.,  esp.  of  heat  and  cold). 

1573  P.  MORE  Almanack  E  vj,  But  all  euills  shall  seenie 
more  remisse  and  tolerable  than  they  were  the  laste  yere. 
1610  HOLLAND  Camderfs  Brit.  \.  2  The  cold  with  us  is  much 
more  remisse  than  in  some  parts  of  France  and  Italie.  1654 
H.  L'ESTRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655)  123  The  King  fell  sick  of  the 
Small-Pocks,  but  the  malignity  was  very  remisse,  and  gentle. 
1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  \.  ix.  28  Her  Warmth  is  so  remiss 
and  slack,  that  she  seemeth  to  befriend  a  Cold  Influence, 
fc.  Moderate,  low,  slight  (degree).  Obs. 

i6ao  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  104  Note  that  these  middles 
haue  contrariety  in  them  in  the  remisse,  or  remote  degree. 
1657  AUSTEN  Fruit  Trees  11.  18  Distinct  and  severall  works 


428 

of  Nature,  in  moderate  and  remisse  degrees,  are  all  promoted 
at  the  same  time.  1670  W.  SIMPSON  Hydro!.  Ess.  104  Re 
taining  the  same,  .properties  in  a  remiss  degree. 

f  5.  Diminished  in  tension  ;  slack,  loose,  relaxed. 

1623  JAS.  I  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  (1659)  1. 115  Not  alwayes 
to  use  his  spurs  and  keep  strait  the  rein,  out  sometimes  to  use 
the  spurs  and  suffer  the  reins  more  remiss.  1644  BULWER 
Chiron.  37  The  turned  up  Hand,  (the  Thumbe  bent  in,  and 
the  other  Fingers  remisse).  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  ^58 
What  availes  Valour  or  strength,.. quelld  with  pain  Which 
all  subdues,  and  makes  remiss  the  hands  Of  Mightiest. 

Remiss  (r/'rni's),  v.  rare.  [f.  L.  remiss-,  ppl. 
stem  o(nmittlre\.o  REMIT;  cf.  REMISE  z/.1]  trans. 

t 1.  trans.  To  remit ;  to  resolve  or  dissolve  ;  to 
mitigate  ;  to  let  go,  pass  over.  Obs. 

cisoo  Melasitu  335  Al  that  ye  shal  doo  with  good  wyll  I 
remysse  it  to  your  penaunce.  1541  K.  COPLAND  Gnlycris 
Teraf.  H  h  iij  b,  It  behoueth  asmoche  to  intende  &  augment 
the  vertue  of  the  said  medycament,  as  it  shulde  be  remyssed 
&  dymynysshed  in  yj  depth  of  the  body.  1573  P.  MOKE 
Almanack  F  j  b,  Oftentymes  the  drought  shall  be  remyssed 
and  tempered  with  shoures.  1603  DANIEL  Philotas  IV.  ii, 
Words,  if  they  proceed  of  leuity  Are  to  be  skornd,.  .or  of 
injury  To  be  remiss'd  or  vnacknowledged.  1656  S.  H. 
Gold.  Law  103  Once,  yea  twice  have  I  spoken,  but  for  future 
wil  be  wiser,  and  so  compress  and  remiss  it. 

•)•  2.  To  assign,  adjudge.   Ol's.  rare~l. 

1515  LD.BERNERS  Frciss.  II.  ccix.  [ccv.]  643  The  herytage 
was  remyssed  and  iudged  into  the  handes  and  possessyon 
of  the  Erie  of  Brayne. 

f3.  To  send  back  (an  answer).   Obs.  rare—1. 

1633  STAFFORD  Pac.  Hib.  I.  xix.  113  Answere  was  remissed 
by  the  President,  that  the  State  was  well  perswaded  of  his 
loyaltie. 

4.  Law.   =  REMISE  v.1  2. 

1809  R.  LANGFORD  Introd.  Trade  108,  I,  A.  B.  . .  having 
remissed,  released,  and  for  ever  quit  claim  to  C.  D.  ..  of  all 
..debts,  dues,  duties. 

Hence  f  Bemrssable  a.,  remissible.  Obs.~l 

a  1550  Image  Hypocr.  in  Skeltoii's  M'ks.  (1843)  ^-  4.25/1  ^ 
is.  .synne.  .Ageynst  the  Holy  Cost,  That  is  not  remissable. 

tRemi'ssal.  Obs.  rare.  Forms:  5  remys- 
saylle,  (-moss-),  6  -aile,  remissaile,  7  remis- 
sal.  [a.  AF.  *remissaille :  see  prec.  and  -AL.]  //. 
That  which  is  left  over  ;  remains  ;  esp.  the  remains 
of  a  meal. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  Prol.  (Skeat)  1. 108  Thealmoigner, 
that  hath  drawe  up  in  the  cloth  al  the  remissailes,  as  tren- 
chours,  and  the  relief,  to  bere  to  the  almesse.  c  1430  Stalls 
f'ner  48  Laade  nat  thy  trenchour  withe  many  remyssailes. 
11444  LVDG.  in  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  220  The  poore  man 
stant  hungry  at  the  gate,  Of  remossaylles  he  wold  be  part- 
able.  <z  1618  RALEIGH  Rent.  (1644)  114  Death  hath. .left 
you  now  to  be  Lees,  and  remissalls  of  your  wearyish  and 
dying  dayes. 

Remi  ssful,  a.  rare.     [f.  REMISS  v.  or  a.] 

•)•  1.  Full  of  remission  ;  merciful.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1603  DRAVTON  Ear.  Wars  i.  xi,  As  though  the  heauens,  in 
their  remisfull  doome,  Tooke  those  best  lou'd,  from  worser 
dales  to  come. 

2.  Full  of  remissness ;  careless,  negligent. 

1836  Tait's  Mag.  III.  569  Taking  up  a  vial  of  physic  from 
the  table,  he  tapped  his  remissful  patient  on  the  shoulder. 
1892  Field  3  Dec.  880/1  The  outlay  for  road  repair  under 
such  remissful  management. 

Remissibi'lity.     [See  next  and  -ITV.]    The 

state  or  condition  of  being  remissible. 

1698  NORRIS  Pract.  Disc.  IV.  146  Those  places  of  Scripture 
. .  must  and  ought  to  be  understood  not  of  Actual  Remission 
. .  but  of  a  Remissibility  or  State  of  Pardon.  1729  STACK- 
HOUSE  Body  Divin.  tv.  I.  §  2  (1776)  II.  423  That  which  is 
previous  to  repentance  consists  in  a  bare  remissibility  of  sin. 
1780  BENTHAM  Princ.  Legist,  xvii.  §  25  The  eleventh  and 
last  of  all  the  properties  that  seem  to  be  requisite  in  a  lot  of 
punishment  is  that  of  remissibility. 

Remissible  (r/mi-sib'l),  a.  [a.  F.  rdmissibte 
(I5th  c.),  or  ad.  L.  remissibilis ;  see  REMISS  v.  and 
-IBLE.]  Capable  or  admitting  of  remission ;  that 
may  be  remitted. 

1577  FULKE  Anttu.  Trite  Christian  90  Thou  wouldest 
vouche  safe  to  pardon,  and  to  make  it  remissible,  a  1594 
R.  GKEENHAM  Wks.  (1599)  70  If  you  turne  to  the  Lord  . . 
your  sin  is  remissible.  1627-77  FELTHAM  Resolves  n.  ix.  177 
Some  sins. .they  allow. .to  be  such  as  deserue  Punishment, 
although.. remissible.  01703  BURKITT  On  N.  T.  Heb.  ix. 
22  Though  man  had  repented,,  .yet  his  sins  could  not  have 
been  remitted,  had  not  this  blood  made  it  remissible.  1875 
POSTE  Gaiusni.  (ed.  2)  452  An  obligation  remissible  by  the 
private  individual  whose  primary  rights  are  violated. 

Hence  Bemi'ssibleiiess,  remissibility. 

a  1658  O.  SEUGWICK  (title).  The  Anatomy  of  secret  Sins, 
[etc.], .  .Together  with  the  remissibleness  of  all  sin. 

Remission  (rfmi-Jsn).  Also  4  remis(s)iun, 
4-6  remissioun,  -yssio(u)n,  5-6  -issyon,  -ys- 
(s)yon,  etc.  [a.  OF.  remission,  ad.  L.  remis 
sion-em,  n.  of  action  f.  remitters  to  REMIT.  The 
order  in  which  the  senses  appear  in  English  differs 
widely  from  their  natural  development:  cf.  the 
note  to  REMIT  v.] 

1.  Forgiveness  or  pardon  of  sins  (cf.  2)  or  other 
offences. 

al*z$Ancr.  R.  346  In  remission,&  in  uoniuenesse  of  alle 
(>ine  sunnen.  ,i  1300  Cursor  M.  20048  fai  sal  haue  . .  Crist 
aun  beniscun,  And  o  bair  sin  remisiun.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Set. 
Wks.  1 1. 1 1  And  Joon  cam . .  preching  be  baptism  of  penaunce 
in  remission  of  synnes.  1447  BOKENHAM  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  7 
Of  myn  old  and  newe  transgressyoun  That  I  may  haue  a 


EEMISSION. 

1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  in.  xxxviii.  245  In  ..  Scripture,  Re 
mission  of  Sinne,  and  Salvation  from  Death  and  Misery,  is 
the  same  tiling.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  $  /-'.  xlix.  V.  123  The 
gift  which  he  had  conferred  on  the  Roman  pontiff  for  the 
remission  of  his  sins.  1846  BROWNING  Lett.  (1899)  II.  212 
As  naughty  children  punished  by  mistake  are  promised 
a  remission  of  next  offence.  1884  Catholic  Diet.  (1885)  5/1 
Absolution  from  Sin  is  a  remission  of  sin  which  the  priest., 
makes  in  the  Sacrament  of  Penance. 

2.  (Without  of.)  Forgiveness  or  pardon  granted 
for  sins  or  offences  against  divine  law  ;  the  cancel 
ling  of,  or  deliverance  from,  the  guilt  and  penalties 
of  sin  ;  +  also,  power  of  obtaining  such  pardon. 

c  13*5  Chron.  Eng.  634  in  Ritson  Metr.  Rom.  II.  296  The 
spere  That  Charlemayne  was  wonet  to  bere  To-fore  the  holy 


remissioun  To  alle  that  axe  mercy  on  ther  kne  !  1500-20 
DUNBAR  Poems  viii.  28  Pray  now  for  him  ..  Unto  the  Lord 
..Togifhim  mercie  and  remissioun.  1579  LYLV  Eitphites 
(Arb.)  174  Remember,  .how  he  sweat  water  and  bloud  for 
thy  remission.  1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  World  ir.  (1634)  250  In 
gratitude  and  rebellion  after  his  so  many  benefits,  so  many 
remissions,  so  many  miracles  wrought.  1685  BAXTER 
Faraphr.  N.  T.  Acts  ii.  39  The  Messiah  with  his  Grace  of 
Remission,  and  the  Spirit,  is  promised.  1715  DE  FoE/-a;«. 
Instruct.  (1841)  I.  25  He  gives  repentance  and  remission. 

b.   Pardon  for  a  political,  legal,  or  other  offence. 
Now  only  Hist. 

1429  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  145  Be  rightful  juge,  . .  Thy 
right  ay  sugre  with  remyssioun.  1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  4093 
But  doubt,  36  salbe  hangit,  But  mercie  or  remissioun.  1568 
GRAKTON  Chron.  II.  863  Sir  Thomas  Broughton_ . ,  was  at 
hande.  .vtterly  dispajring  of  pardon  and  remission.  1591 
SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  \.  ii.  65  My  pennance  is,  to  call  Lucetta 
backe  And  aske  remission,  for  my  folly  past.  1613  PURCHAS 
Pilgrimage  vm.  xii.  671  If  any  were  found  dishonest,  they 
were  put  to  death  without  remission.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr. 
Thei'cnofs  Trav.  i.  95  Whosoever  are  taken  stealing  of 
Mastick,  are  without  remission  sent  to  the  Galleys.  1864 
KIRK  Chas.  Bold  I.  viii.  376  They  entreated,  therefore,  that 
letters  of  remission  might  be  granted  to  them  for  this  fault 
•f  c.  Sc.  With  a  and  //.  A  formal  pardon  ; 
a  document  conveying  this.  Obs. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAYRZ.OW  Artns(S.T.  S.)  52  That  all  maner 
of  man,  that  had  bene  before  tyme  banist  out  of  Rome, 
suld  cum  agayne,  and  thai  suld  . .  have  remissiounes.  1535 
LYNDESAY  Satyre  1132,  I  dreid,  without  ge  get  ane  remis 
sioun,.. The  sprituall  stait  sail  put  }ow  to  perditioun.  1546 
Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  34  The  remissioun  grantit  to 
the  Capitane  of  Dumbertane,  and  all  his  complices.. sail 
presentlie  be  past  throw  the  signet.  1609  SKENE  Reg.  Maj. 
158  Gif  he  quha  is  accused,  alledges  ane  remission,  he  sail 
produce  the  samine  in  judgement. 

fd.  An  inclination  towards  pardon.  Obs.rare—1. 

1603  SHAKS.  Meas.for  M.  v.  i.  503,  I  finde  an  apt  remis 
sion  in  my  selfe;  And  yet  heere's  one.. I  cannot  pardon. 

f  3.  a.  Release  from  a  debt  or  payment   Obs. 

1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  vii.  83  To  ha  Reles  and  Remission  on 


Though  I  owe  My  Reuenge  properly,  my  remission  lies  In 
Volcean  brests.  1608  WILLET  Hexdpla  Exod.  838  They. . 
only  went  vp..in  the  seuenth  yeare  of  remission  twice. 

t  b.  Release,  liberation,  deliverance,  from  cap 
tivity,  etc. ;  respite.  Obs. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  291  From  whiche  victory  of 
Abraham,  somme  men  say  the  yere  of  lubile  to  haue  taken 
originalle,  for  that  remission  of  captif  men.  1582  N.  T. 
(Rhem.)  Luke  iv.  19  To  preach  to  the  captives  remission, 
..to  dimisse  the  bruised  unto  remission.  1635  PAGITT 
ChristioHogr.  \.  iii.  (1636)  162  For  remission  of  soules  the 
Patriarch  graunts  no  Indulgences.  1761  GOLDSM.  Misc. 
Wks.  (1837)  I.  471  Some  remission  from  the  war  gave  them 
leisure  to  form  schemes  of  future  prosperity. 

f  c.  Release  from  work  or  exertion.  Obs.  rare. 

1382  WVCLIF  i  Mace.  x.  34  Alle  solempne  days. .be  alle 
dais  of  ynmunite.  .and  of  remissioun,  to  alle  Jewis  that  ben 
in  my  rewme.  —  2  Cor.  viii.  13  Forsoth  not  that  it  be 
remyssioun,  or  slouthe,  to  othere, ..to  gou  tribulacioun. 

4.  The  action  of  remitting  or  giving  up  partially 
or  wholly :  a.  of  a  debt,  tax,  etc. 

1382  WYCLIF  Prol.  Bible  iii.  6  Also  in  the  vij.  ?eer  shal  be 
remissioun  of  dette  to  citeseynes  and  kynnesmen.  a  1719 
ADDISON  (J.),  Not  only  an  expedition,  but  the  remission  of  a 
duty  or  tax,  were  transmitted  to  posterity  after  this  manner. 
i84iELPHiNSTONE//w/./W.  II. 491  Hisremissions[of taxes], 
as  far  as  they  were  carried  into  effect,  were  productive  of 
great  inequality.  1884  Law  Rep.  9  App.  Cases  624^  He  does 
not  ask  for  any  remission  of  any  portion  of  his  obligation. 
b.  of  a  penalty  or  punishment.  Also  attrib. 

1736  BUTLER  Anal.  \.  iii.  Wks.  i8_74  I.  58  Circumstances  of 
aggravated  guilt  prevent  a  remission  of  the  penalties.  1741 
BETTERTON  Eng.  Stage  \\.  51  Queen  Mary.. immediately 

f  ranted . .  a  Remission  of  her  Father's  Execution  for  that  of 
ransportation.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIKFE  Italian  xxvi,  The 
consequence  of  this  confession  was  a  remission  of  punish 
ment.  1861  PEARSON  Early  <*  Mid.  Ages  Eng.  177  This  was 
an  illegal  remission  of  an  important  part  of  the  penalty.  _  1884 
Catholic  Diet.  442/1  The  indulgence . .  was  no  mere  remission 
of  canonical  penance.  1893  Daily  News  9  Mar.  6/7  He  [a 
convict)  was  punished  by  the  forfeiture  of  remission  marks. 

fo.  Law  —  REMISE  sb.1  i.  Obs.  rare-1. 

c  1450  Godstow  Reg.  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  100  He  remytted  to  them 
and  quyte-claymed. . .  And  for  bis  knowlechyng,  remission, 
fyne,  and  accorde  [etc.]. 

f5.  Relaxation;  lessening  of  tension;  slackening 
of  energy  or  application.  Obs. 

1579  LYLY  Kuphues  (Arb.)  112  As  too  much  bending  break- 
eth  the  bowe,  so  too  much  remission  sppyleth  the  minde.  1580 
Ibid,  383  As  the  Musitians  tune  their  strings,  who. .either 
by  intention  or  remission,  frame  them  to  a  pleasant  consent. 
1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  World  v.  iii.  §  18. 474  Such  accompt  of 


EEMISSIONARY. 

winnings  past,  is  commonly  in  Gamesters  that  are  at  the 
height  of  their  fortune,  a  cause  of  remission  and  carele^s- 
nesse.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint,  Ancients  22  Among  the  mani- 


nesse.      1030  juwius  f  aim.  sim-icnts  xa   /iiiiung  me  ina.ni 
fold  remissions  of  our  minde,  among  our  idle  hopes,,  .these 
Images  do  follow  us.  .close.    1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  n.  xix. 
(.  This  difference  of  intention  and  remission  of  the  mind 


§4 


.  i ins  uiucrein-c   ui   uiwuwu  <tnu  iciius^iun   ui   tarn  iiiiiiu 
thinking. .every  one. .has  experimented  in  himself.    1741 
(DDLETON  Cicero  I.  i.  41,  I  used  to  speak  without  any 
remission  or  variation. 

f  to.  Lowering  or  humbling  (of  mind).  Obs.  rare, 
ft  1628  F.  GREVIL  Sidney  (1652)  35  This  is  that  true  remis 
sion  of  mind,  whereof  I  would  gladly  have  the  world  take 
notice.    Ibid.  159  So  far  was  his  true  remission  of  mind 
transformed  into  ejulation. 

6.  Diminution  of  force  or  effect ;  lowering  or  de 
crease  of  a  condition  or  quality,  esp.  of  heat  or  cold. 
(Cf.  INTENSION  3.) 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarctfs  Mor.  69  Morall  vertue.  .tem- 
peretn  the  remission  and  intention,  and.  .taketh  away  the 
excesse  and  defect  of  the  passions.  1625  N.  CARPENTER 
Geog.  Del.  i.  x.  (1635)  224  They  haue  extreame  cold  Winters, 
and  in  stead  of  Summer  a  small  remission  of  cold.  1642 
HOWELL  For.  Trav.  (Arb.)  35  For  then  when  the  heate 
beginneth  in  Spame,  the  violence  thereof  lasteth  a  long  time 
without  intension,  or  remission,  or  any  considerable  change. 
1696  BP.  PATRICK  Comm.  Exod.  xix.  16  When  their  tremb 
ling  was  abated,  by  the  Remission,  .of  the  Sound  of  the 
Trumpet.  1784  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thralc  9  Feb., 
The  remission  of  the  cold  did  not  continue  long  enough  to 
afford  me  much  relief,  1795-1814  WORDSW.  Excnrs.  n.  799 
Darkness  fell  Without  remission  of  the  blast  or  shower.  1879 
St.  George's  Hasp.  Rep.  IX.  14  Marked  morning  remissions  of 
temperature.  1897  SINGER  &  BERENS  Unrecog.  Laws  Nat. 
390  The  fundamental  belief  that  gravity  admits  of  neither 
intension  nor  remission. 

b.  Path.  A  decrease  or  subsidence  (esp.  a  tem 
porary  one)  in  the  violence  of  a  disease  or  pain : 
also  transf.  of  violent  emotions. 

1685  tr.  Willis*  Land.  Pract.  Phystck  549  A  Continual 
Fever,  .has  its  times  of  remission  and  exacerbation,  but  none 
of  intermission.  1741-3  WESLEY  Extract  ofjrnl.  (1749)  19, 
I  had  a  clear  remission  in  the  morning  :  but  about  two  in  the 
afternoon,  a  stronger  fit  than  any  before,  a  1776  R.JAMES 
Dissert.  Fevers  (1778)  57^  In  the  very  worst  cases,  if  it  does 
not  effect  a  cure  itself,  it  generally  brings  on  a  remission. 
1797  M.  BAILLIE  Morb.  Anat.  (1807)  59  Empyema  may  be 
distinguished . .  by  rigors  having  taken  place,  by  a  remission 
of  the  pain  [etc.].  i84gMACAULAY//w/.  Eng.\\.  I.iSSIt  is  the 
law  of  our  nature  that  such  fits  of  excitement  shall  always  be 
followed  by  remissions.  1899  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  VIII. 
297  One  very  marked  character ..  is  the  tendency  of  the 
symptoms  to  periodicity,  remission  and  relapse. 

attrib.    1897  Allbntt's  Syst.  Med.  II.  407  This  will  furnish 
..nourishment  during  the  febrile  and  remission  periods. 
to.  Gram.  (See  quot.)  Obs.  rare. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VIII.  90  Adverbs  of  intension 
and  remission,  or  of  quantity  continuous;  as  moderately, 
vastly^  exceedingly^  &c. 

7.  The  action  of  remitting  or  sending  (back),  in 
various  senses ;  a  remittal.  rare. 

1724  SWIFT  Cone.  Weavers  Wks.  1841 II.  85/1  The  remission 
of  a  million  every  year  to  England.  1741-2  STACKHOUSE 
Hist.  Bible  in.  i,  The  Poets'  Fiction  of  the  Loss  of  Eurydice, 
and  her  Remission  into  Hell.  1883  Law  Rep,  8  Probate 
Div.  194  A  remission  under  the  seal  of  Her  Majesty's  Court 
of  Appeals,  .commanding  the  Official  Principal,  .to  resume 
the  cause  into  his  hands. 

t  Remi'ssionary.    Obs.  rare-0,    [ad.  F.  re- 

missionaire  :  see  prec.  and  -ARY  l.]     One  '  whose 
offence  is  remitted  '  (Blount  Glossogr.  1656). 

Remissive  (rftnrsiv),  a.  Also  6  remyssyve. 
[ad.  med.L.  rcmissivus  (Du  Cange)  :  see  REMISS 
v.  and  -IVE.] 

fl.  Of  a  letter:  Sent  in  reply.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  V.  135  Constantyne  did  write 
un  to  his  moder  a  letter  remissive. 

f2.  Careless,  negligent,  remiss.    Obs.  rare. 

1514  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  146  As  aft  tymes  as  the  seid 
Maister  and  kepers  . .  shalbe  remyssyve,  negligent,  and 
forgitt  to  syng  the  seid-.obite.  1606  WARNER  Alb.  Eng, 
xv.  c,  396  Taxe  England,  fertill  in  good  lawes-.For  that  it 
so  remissiue  in  their  Execution  is.  1640  O.  SEDGWICK 
Christs  Counsell  148  You  did  fall  into  your  decayed  estate 
by  remissive  operations  or  actings. 

3.  Inclined  to,  of  the  nature  of,  productive  of, 
remission  or  pardon.  Now  rare. 

1611   SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  vi.  i.  §  13.  176  Punishing 
seuerely  the  poore  Souldier  for  small  offences,  but  remissiue 
to  the  faults  of  their  Captaines  and  Leaders.     1629  N.  CAR 
PENTER  Achitofhel\\\,  (1640)  142  Absolons  case  was  desperate, 
.  .Davids  remissive  pardon  unlikely.    1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.    \ 
Exemp.   Disc.  viii.  79   No   contrition    alone    is   remissive    ' 
of  sins.     1852  W.  ANDERSON  Expos.  Popery  (1878)  126,  I    ' 
judicially  bestow  on  thee..  grace  remissive  of  all  thy  sins. 

f4.  Producing  or  allowing  decrease  of  something,    i 


e'er  he  breath'd,  remissive  of  his  might. 

5.  Characterized  by  remission  or  abatement. 

1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  \\.  ix.  285  [They]  brought  more 
days  of  excessive  Heat,  than  of  remissive  Warmth.     1822 
GOOD  Study  Med.  III.  585  Remissive  lethargy.   With  short    i 
remissions  or  intervals  of  imperfect  waking. 

Hence  f  Bemi'ssively  adv.^  leniently;  laxly. 

1337  Bp.  LEE  in  Froude  Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  111.417  If  your 
lordship  will  that  I  shall  deal  remissively  herein  ..  I  shall 
gladly  follow  the  same,  a  1628  PRESTON  Breastpl.  Love 
(1631)  147  Trust  not  in  Christ  by  halves,  remissively  and 
imperfectly,  and  weakely,  but  trust  perfectly. 

Remissly  (nmi'sli),  adv.  [f.  REMISS  a.  +  -LY2.] 

1.  In  a  remiss,  lax,  or  indifferent  manner ;  care 
lessly,  negligently,  slackly. 


429 

.  *53»-?  Act  24  Hen.  VIII,  c.  11  Them  that  remisly  or 
insufficiently  shall  hereafter  mainteyne  the  same  pauement. 
1594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  i.  xi.  §  4  It  is  not  in  our  power  not 
to  do  the  same  ;  how  should  it  then  be  in  our  power  to  do 
it  coldly  or  remissly?  1628  HoeitEs  Thticyd.  (1822)  94  Yet 
we  that  live  remissly  undertake  as  great  dangers  as  they. 
1665  MANLEY  Grotm**  Low  C.  Warres  613  It  is  hardly  to 
be  believed,  how  negligently  and  remissly  that  Nation.. 
took  these  Things,  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  m.  (1724)  I. 
425  Lord  Danby.. could  not  give  much  credit  to  it,  and 
handled  the  matter  too  remissly.  1753  CARTE  Hist.  Eng. 
III.  423  Presenting  the  matter  at  first  with  a  seeming 
eagerness,  but  proceeding  afterwards  more  remisly.  1805 
WORDSW.  Prelude  111.322  The  months  passed  on,  remissly, 
..  in  vague  And  loose  indifference.  1839  KEIGHTLEY  Hist. 
Eng.  I.  50  At  the  same  time  they  acted  very  remissly 
against  their  foreign  kinsmen. 

t  2.  Faintly,  indistinctly.   Obs.  rare. 

1530  PALSGR.  24  The  consonant  shalbe  but  remissely 
sounded.  1577  DEE  Relat.  Spir.  \.  (1659)  95  He  pro- 
nounceth  the  i  so  remissely,  as  it  is  scarce  heard. 

1 3.  Gently,  feebly ;  without  vigour.  Obs. 

1642  R.  CARPENTER  Experience  v.  xviii.  314  And  therefore 
it  will  worke  in  them  awhile  though  at  length  weakly  and 
remissely.  1692  RAY  Disc.  142  Being  very  much  deaded.. 
and  burning  very  remisly  in  Summer  time  and  hot  Weather. 

f4.   Moderately,  slightly.   Obs.rare~l. 

1684  tr.  Bonefs  Merc.  Compit.  HI.  112  In  hot  Diseases 
simply  Cold  things  are  no  way  expedient,  but  things 
remisly  hot. 

Remissness  (rtfni-snes).  [f.  REMISS  a.+ 
-NESS.]  The  quality  of  being  remiss. 

1.  Carelessness,  negligence ;  laxity. 
_  1570  FOXE  A.  4-  M.  (ed.  2)  2040/1  He  litle  regarding  their 
inconstancie  and  remisnes  in  Gods  cause  or  quarel.  1598 
BARRET  Thcor.  Warres  iv.  i.  98  The  disorders  of  soukliers 
do  many  times  grow  through  remissnesse . .  uf  officers.  1615 
G.  SANDYS  Trav.  7  Encouraged  to  villanies  by  the  remis- 
nesse  of  their  lawes.  1644  MILTON  Areofl.  (Arb.)  51  Im 
punity  and  remissenes,  for  certain  are  the  bane  of  a  Common 
wealth.  1685  EVELYN  Diary  2  Oct.,  The  Reformed  Churches 
in  Christendom,  now  wcaken'd  and  neere  ruin'd  thro'  our 
remissenesse.  1728  MORGAN  Algiers  II.  v.  316  The  order 
[of  Knights]  rather  dreads  the  Remissness  and  wonted  Luke- 
wnrmness  of  the  Catholic  Potentates.  1760-2  GOLDSM.  Cit. 
W.  xl[i],  The  remissness  of  behaviour  in  almost  all  the 
worshippers. .struck  me  with  surprize.  1838  THIRLWALL 
Greece  xlii.  V.  225  This  remissness  of  the  Athenians  en 
couraged  Charidemus  openly  to  renounce  the  treaty. 
*t*  b.  Relaxation ;  ease.  Obs.  rare. 

1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  i.  viii.  34  In  profest  remissnesse  of 
mind.. a  man  may  play  with  the  sounds. .of  words.  1754 
FIELDING  Jonathan  WHd\\\.  xiv,  None  but  the  weak  and 
honest  can  indulge  themselves  in  remissness  or  repose. 

f2.  Weakening,  diminution,  decrease  or  lack  of 
force  or  intensity,  Obs. 

1608  WILLET  Hexapla  Exod.  259  Nor  yet  do  I  consent  to 
them,  that  thinke  Moses  still  continued  his  prayers,  but  that 
this  remisnes  was  only  in  his  strength.  1659  STANLEY  Hist. 
Philos.  xin.  (1701)  624/2  The  shortness  makes  amends  for 
the  greatness  Jof  the  pain],  the  remissness  for  its  length. 
1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol.  Chym.  315  According  to  the 
intenseness  or  remisness  of  the  air.  1711  ADDISON  Spect. 
No.  249  F  5  Laughter.. slackens  and  unbraces  the  Mind, 
weakens  the  Faculties,  and  causes  a  kind  of  Remissness  and 
Dissolution  in  all  the  Powers  of  the  Soul. 

Remissory  (n"mi-s6ri),  a.  rare.  [f.  as  REMISS 
v.  +  OBY.]  Tending  to,  of  the  nature  of,  remission. 

1548  LATIMER  Serin.  Ploughers  (Arb.)  33  Propitiatorie, 
expiatorie,  remissorie,  or  satisfactorie . .  signifie  all  one 
thynge  in  effecte.  1592  WEST  ist  Pt.  Symbol.  §  46  f,  An 
Instrument  remissory,  is  an  Instrument  vnder  the  parties 
hand  describing  &  testifying  some  precedent  contract  of 
a  debt,  duty  or  fact  to  be  paid,  performed,  done,  released  or 
discharged.  1824  l&ffiKKAntieiU  Armour  II.  4  The  use 
Of  these  thongs  we  learn  from  a  letter  remissory,  dated  1358. 

Remit  (rrmi-t),  sb.     Chiefly  .5V.     [f.  the  vb.] 

fl.  Remission,  pardon,   Obs.  rare. 

*4»3  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q.  cxcv,  Quho  sal  be  thare  to  pray  for 
thy  remyt?  1565-6  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  422  [He] 
hes  alswa  obtenit  remit  and  discharge  of  the  said  deforce 
ment.  1589  Ibid.  IV.  388  A  remitt  for  the  said  cryme. 

t2.  A  reference  from  one  part  of  a  book  to  an 
other.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1688  DALLAS  Stiles  Index,  This  Fourth  Part  is  divided  in 
four  Branches..;  and  when  any  of  them  are  in  the  First 
Part  of  the  Work,  there  is  a  Remit  to  it,  and  the  Page  Cited. 

3.  The  consignment  or  reference  of  a  matter  to 
some  other  person  or  authority  for  settlement,  esp. 
in  Law,  the  transfer  of  a  case  from  one  court  or 
judge  to  another,  or  to  a  judicial  nominee. 

1719  IVodrow  Corr.  (1843)  II.  448  This  day  the  Assembly 
met,  and  went  through  their  ordinary  business ;  many,  many 
remits  to  the  Commission.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  ii,  Let  there 
be  no  remits  from  the  inner  to  the  outer-house.  1833  Act 
3  <V  4  Will.  //-',  c.  46  §  92  The  amount.. shall  be  ascertained 
by  such  magistrate,  .by  means  of  a  remit  to  persons  of  skill. 
1880  UUntHUD  Gaius  n.  §  278  note,  The  procedure  was.. 
before  the  consul,,  .without  any  remit  to  a  index. 

Remit  (r/mi-t),  v.  Also  4-6  remyt,  5-6 
-mytte  (5  -myght),  5-7  remittee,  [ad.  L.  re- 
mitt- fre,  f.  re-  &B-f*m#V  to  send;  cf.  admit, 
commit^  etc.  In  Eng.  use  the  secondary  senses 
appear  earlier  and  are  more  prominent  than  the 
primary :  cf.  REMISSION.]  I.  trans. 

1.  To  forgive  or  pardon  (a  sin,  offence,  etc.). 

c  1375  <$£•  Leg.  Saints  vii.  (James  less)  209  Lord,  remyt 
Jus  gilt  pam  to.  Ibid.  xxx.  (Theodora}  698  He  hyr  reconsalyt 
..&  remyted  hyre  al  hyr  syne.  ^1440  Gesta  Rom.  Ixxviii. 
399  (Add.  MS.).  Afterwarde  the  kyng  made  men  to  seke  the 
queen, ..and  all  that  was  done  was  remytte.  1503-4  Act 
19  Hen.  VII)  c.  37  Preamble,  It  pleased  your  Highnesse. . 
to  pardone  remitte  &  forgyve  unto  your  seid  Subgiect  all 


REMIT. 

the  seid  Mesprisions.  1535  COVEKDALE  John  xx.  23  Whose 
synnes  soeuer  ye  remytte  they  are  rcmytted  vnto  them. 
1608  HIKRON  Wks.  L  695  Bee  pleased.,  for  His  sake  to  remit 
my  former  yngratefulnesse.  1708  J.  CHAMBERLAYNE.^:.  Gt. 
Brit.  i.  in.  viii.  254  The  English  being  easily  to  be  reconciled, 
to  pardon  and  remit  Offences.  1823  SCOTT  Peveril  xl,  Your 
Majesty  was  pleased  to  remit  his  more  outrageous  and  inso 
lent  attempt  upon  your  royal  crown.  1884  A.  R.  PENNING- 
TON  IVicli/ix.  297  It  is  impossible  for  the  priest  to  remit  the 
sins  of  any  unless  they  are  first  remitted  by  Christ, 
•f*  b.  To  spare,  pardon,  or  forgive  (a  person). 
1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.de  W.  1531)  78  Hewolde  not  his  pre 
late  to  shewe  ony  mercy  on  hym,  nor  to  remyt  or  spare  hym 
in  ony  thynge.  _  1549  COVEKDALE,  etc.  Er asm.  Par.  John 
44  For  God  remitteth  not  hym  that  forgeueth  not  his  brother. 
1583  STUBBES  Anat.  Abas.  \\.  (1882)  13  Can  man  pardon  or 
remit  him  whom  God  doth  condemne?  1633  BP.  HALL 
Hard  Texts,  N.  T.  79  Bee  comforted  in  God  who  hath 
remitted  thee. 

t2.  To  give  up,  resign,  surrender  (a  right  or 
possession).  Obs. 

c  1450  GodstowReg.  (E.E.T.S.)  42  Milo  Basset  remitted  and 
furthermore quyte-claymed . .  to  the  abbesse of  Godestowe . . , 
all  the  right  and  clayme  that  he  had.  1472-3  Rolls  of 
Parlt.  VI.  6/1  That  it  may  please  youre  seid  Highnes..to 
remitte  and  release. .to  us.. all  youre  right.  1588  SHAKS. 
L,  L.  L.  v.  ii.  459  Qu.  Will  you  haue  me,  or  your  Pearle 
againe?  Ber.  Neither  of  either,  I  remit  both  twaine.  1647-8 
C^TTERELL  Davita's  Hist.  Fr.  (1678)  12  He  was  led.  .to  re 
mit  his  whole  authority  into  the  hands  of  allies.  1654  tr. 
Scudcry^s  Curia  Pol.  96  If  Queen  Elizabeth  had  not  believed 
..she  would  not  have,  .remitted  her  Scepter  to  my  hands. 
1670  DRVDHN  Tyran.  Love  m.  i,  Th'  ^Egyptian  Crown  I  to 
your  hands  remit. 

3.  To  abstain  from  exacting  (a  payment  or  ser 
vice  of  any  kind) ;  to  allow  to  remain  unpaid  (or 
unperformed). 

1463  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  498/2  To  pardon  and  remitte  unto 
the  seid  Commons  the  seid  vi  M  Ii.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidanis 
Comm.  60  It  is  reason  that  the  lordes  remit  some  part  tlier- 
of  \sc.  rent],  c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1713)  16  All  this  his 
Majesty  remitted,  and  only  took  the  Principal,  a  1661 
FULLKK  ll'orthits  (1840)  II.  508  The  Queen,  .rigorously  de 
manded  the  present  payment  of  some  arrears  which  Sir 
Christopher  did  not  hope  to  have  remitted.  1701  W.  WOT- 
TON  Hist.  Rome  vi.  109  She  remitted  the  Arrears  that  were 
owing.  1783  BURKE  A' t^.  Aff.  India  Wks.  1842  II.  18/1  They 
remit,  by  the  like  authority,  the  duties,  to  which  all  private 
trade  is  subject.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  I.  in.  iv.  575 
The  rents  of  the  husbandman,  and  other  taxes,  were  remitted. 
1863  FAWCKTT  Pol.  Econ.  in.  iii.  323  Let  it  be  assumed 
that  every  farmer  has  the  rent  of  his  farm  remitted  for  the 
next  thirty  years. 

b.  To  refrain  from  inflicting  (a  punishment)  or 
carrying  out  (a  sentence) ;  to  withdraw,  cancel ; 
to  grant  remission  of  (suffering). 

1483  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  250/2  Oure  said  sovera'igne  Lorde 
..remitteth  and  woll  forbere  the  greate  punysshement  of 
atteynder.  1553  T.  WILSON  Rhet.  15  b,  The  whole  citie 
thought  to  remitte  the  necessitic  of  his  punishment  for  the 
honour  of  his  father.  1616  R.  C.  Times'  Whistle  iv.  1344 
The  officer  deputed  for  th'  offence  Will  winck  at  smale 
faultes  &  remit  correction.  1693  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel. 
(1857)  III.  118  The  queen  remitted  the  quartering  of  his 
bodyt>  1754  SHERLOCK  Disc.  I.  i.  46  God  may  freely  forgive 
the  Sins  of  the  World,  and  remit  the  Punishment.  1807 
CRABBE  Hall  of  Just.  3  Remit  awhile  the  harsh  com 
mand.  f  1841  JAMES  ffriffaattxxxiutVfecQins  to  beseech  you 
to  remit  the  sentence  of  this  unhappy  young  gentleman. 
1857  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  I.  xii.  673  The  exile  which  followed 
the  imprisonment  seems  to  have  been  .soon  remitted.  1868 
BROWNING  Ring  ff  Bk.  vi.  127  How  does  lenity  to  me  Remit 
one  death-bed  pang  to  her  ? 

C.  To  exempt  from  confiscation,    rare  —1. 
1741  MIDDLETON  Cicero  I.  ii.  104  Verres  for  a  valuable 
consideration  sometimes  remitted  the  ship. 
d.  To  allow  as  a  respite,  rare"1. 
1813  BYRON  Corsair  \\.  xiv,  I  will,  at  least,  delay  The 
sentence  that  remits  thee  scarce  a  day. 

t4.  To  discharge,  set  free,  release,  liberate  (a 
person).  Also  const,  of,  to.  Obs. 

1467-8  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  576/1  To  be  remitted,  ac- 
quited  or  discharged  of  eny  somme  or  sommes  of  money. 
a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII 169  b,  Wee  clerely  remitted, 
and  deliuered  hym  into  his  countrey.  1575  R.  B.  Appius 
4"  ^'Vy.  D  j  b,  If  treason  none  by  me  be  done,  or  any  fault 
committed,  Let  my  accusers  beare  the  blame,  and  let  me  be 
remitted.  1634  GARRAKD  in  Strafford^s  Lett.  (1739)  I.  373 
Mr.  Seldon  is  remitted  of  those  Fetters  that  lay  upon 
him.  1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  vi.  §  35  His  Lordship  was 
committed  to  the  Tower,.;  and  though  he  was  afterwards 
remitted  to  more  Air,  he  continued  a  Prisoner  to  his  death. 
II.  5.  To  give  up,  lay  aside  (anger,  dis 
pleasure,  etc.)  entirely  or  in  part. 

ci375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  vii.  (James  less}  635  pare-for  his 
malancoly  to  bat  man  he  remyttyte  f>are.  1393-4  Rolls  of 
Parlt.  111.314/1  Hit  forthynketh  me,  and  byseche  yowe  of 
your  gode  Lordship  to  remyt  me  your  mautalent.  1413 
Pilgr.  Swvle  (Caxton  1483)  i.  xxvii.  31  This  blessid  lord 
Ihesu  Crist  remitted  his  rigour,  descending  downe  to  the 
erthe.  1560  DAUS  \x,Sleidane's  Comm.  317  b,  I  besechehim 
to  remit  all  displeasure.  1577  HANMER  Anc.  Eccl.  Hist. 
(1619)  180  [He]  would  not  thus  much  have  remitted  his 
tyranny,  had  he  not  been  compelled.  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
u.  210  Our  Supream  Foe  in  time  may  much  remit  His 
anger.  1761  HUME  Hist,  Eng.  I.  App.  ii.  258  That  he 
would  remit  his  displeasure.  1820  SHELLEY  (Hd.  Tyr.  ii.  ii. 
99  Remit,  O  Queen  !  thy  accustomed  rage  ! 

b.  To  give  up  or  give  over,  abandon,  desist  from 
(a  pursuit,  occupation,  etc.). 

1587  R.  HOVENDEN  in  Collect.  (O.H.S.)  I.  220  The  Ladi 
Stafford  was  resolved  to  remyt  hir  suite.  1608  WILLET 
Hexapla  Exod.  60  They . .  caused  them  to  remit  their  workes.- 
1687  LADY  R.  RUSSKLL  Lett.  I.  Ii.  123  It  seems  I  must  remit 
seeing  you,  as  you  once  kindly  intended.  17*6  Poi'E  Odyss. 
xxiv.  286  Who  digging  round  the  plant  still  hangs  his  head, 


REMIT. 


430 


REMITTENCY. 


Nor  ought  remits  the  work.  1880  KINGLAKE  Crimea  VI. 
vi,  159  Engaged,  .in  a  siege  which  they  could  not  remit. 

6.  To  allow  (one's  diligence,  attention,  etc.)  to 
slacken  or  abate. 

c  1510  MORE  Picus  Wks.  15/1  Ye  shall  not  think,  that  my 
trauaile  and  diligence  in  study  is  any  thing  remitted  or 
slacked.  1590  MARLOWE  Edw.  //,  n.  v,  He  that  the  care  of 
his  realm  remits  [etc.J.  1743-3  LD.  HERVEY  in  Johtisojfs 
Debates  (1787)  II.  409  To  make  the  attainment  of  it  more 
and  more  difficult,  that  they  may  insensibly  remit  their 
ardour.  1780  JOHNSON  Let,  to  Kir.  Tltrale  30  May,  Do  not 
remit  your  care.  1803  MAR.  EDGEWOKTH  Mannf.  ii.  (1832) 
TOI,  I  have  never  remitted  my  attention  to  business.  1837 
HALLAM  Const.  Hist.  (1876)  I.  iii.  143  Nor  did  the  voluntary 
exiles  established  in  Flanders  remit  their  diligence  in  filling 
the  kingdom  with  emissaries. 

b.  To  admit  or  manifest  an  abatement  f/some 
quality.  ?  0/>s. 

1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  i.  i.  i.  i,  When  he  ..  remembred 
that  he  was  but  a  man,  and  remitted  of  his  pride.  1628 
HOBBES  Tkncyd.  (1822)  8  To  try  if  the  Athenians,  .would 
yet  in  some  degree  remit  of  their  obstinacy.  1702  Eng, 
Thcopkrast.  342  The  strongest  passions  sometimes  remit  of 
their  violence.  1775  S-  ]•  PRATT  Liberal  Opin.  v.  (1783)  I. 
84  At  the  end  of  about  two  months,  the  severity  of  my  fate 
began  to  remit  of  its  rigour. 

c.  To  mitigate,  diminish,  or  abate.  ?  Obs. 

1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  39  Stifle  winter  which  no  spring 
remits.  1656  RIDGLEY  Pract.  Physlck  316  When  the  heat, 
pain,  Feaver  are  remitted.  1658  ROWLAND  tr.  Monfct's 
THeat.  Ins.  979  The  li^ht  by  little  and  little  is  remitted  and 
slackned.  1750  JOHNSON  Ran:bler  No.  i?  ?  5  Every  man  has 
experienced  how  much  of  this  ardour  has  been  remitted, 
when  a  sharp,  .sickness  has  set  death  before  his  eyes. 

t  7.  To  relax,  relieve  from  tension.   Obs, 

c  1510  BARCLAY  Mirr.  Gd,  Manners  (1.370)  D  j,  Ceassenot, 
perseuer,  knock  &  stande,  Remitte  not  thine  armes  by 
knocking  fatigate.  1668  CULPEPPER  &  COLE  Bart  hoi. 
Anat,  II.  iii.  92  When  the  Breath  is  drawn  in  the  Midriff  is 
stretched,  when  it  is  blowne  out,  it  is  remitted  or  slackned. 
a  1676  HALE  Prim,  Orig.  A  fan.  I.  i.  (1677)  29  'Tis  by  this.. 
the  Lungs  are  intended  or  remitted.  1711  tr.  IVerenfelsius* 
Logomachys,  Disc,  Meteors  Stile  192  Let  the  Judgment  .. 
sometimes  remit,  and  sometimes  contract  the  Reins. 

III.  8.  To  refer  (a  matter)  for  consideration, 
decision,  performance,  etc.,  to  a  person  or  body 
of  persons,  now  usu.  to  one  specially  empowered 
or  appointed  to  deal  with  it  ;  also  spec,  in  Law,  to 
send  back  (a  case)  to  an  inferior  court. 

(•1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  xxxi.  315  Oure  holy  Fadir..re- 
mytted  my  Boke  to  ben  examyned  and  preved  be  the  Avys 
of  the  seyd  Conseille,  1455  Paston  Lett.  I.  321  Wheche 
mater  I  remytte..to  youre_  ryght  wyse  discrecion.  1484 
CAXTON  Fables  of  A  If  once  Jx,  They  remytted  the  cause  to 
be  discuted  or  pleted  before  the  Juge.  1523  FITZHEKB, 
Husb.  §  7  The  spirytuall  constructyon  of  this  texte,  I  re- 
mytte  to  the  doctoursof  dyuynitie.  1586  T.  B.  La  Primand. 
Fr.  Acad.  I.(i594)  514  Let  them  remit  the  judgement  and 
deciding  of  their  controversies  to  the  arbitrement  of  some 
good  men.  1654  tr.  Martini  's  Cony.  China  14  He  remitted 
the  business  to  the  chief  Governors  and  Commanders. 
1762  FOOTE  Orators  \.  Wks.  1799  I.  203  We  shall..  remit 
the  examination  of  the  ignoble  ones  to  the  care  of  subaltern 
artists.  1863  P.  BARRY  Dockyard  Econ.  59  The  task  and 
job  question  was  remitted  to  the  Commissioners  on  the 
Civil  Affairs  of  the  Navy.  1884  Law  Times  Rep.  L.  174/1 
The  defendants  gave  notice  of  their  motion  to  set  aside  and 
remit  the  report  [of  the  special  referee]. 

absot.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet,  Law  Scot,  52  The  circuit 
judge,  .may  recall  the  judgment  appealed  from,  and  remit 
to  the  inferior  court  with  instructions. 

b.  To  send  (a  person)  from  one  tribunal  to  an 
other  for  trial  or  hearing,  rare, 

1538  STARKEY  England  n.  ii,  190  At  London  the  jugys 
schold  admyt  non  in  sute,  but  such  only  as,  for  some  reson- 
abul  cause,  were  remyttyd  to  them  by  the  gentylmen  of  the 
scyre.  1740  HOWE  in  johnson^s^  Debates  (1787)  I.  31  If  we 
remit  this  offender.  ,to  any  inferior  court  [etc.]. 

fc.  To  commit  (a  person)  to  the   charge   or 
control  of  another.     Also  rejl.  Obs. 

1681-6  J.  SCOTT  C/ir.  Life  (1747)  III.  126  God.  .wholly  re 
mitted  his  People  to  the  Conduct  of  the  Priests  and  Levites. 
1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela  (1883)  I.  407  As  he  knew  best 
what  befitted  his  own  rank  and  condition,  I  would  wholly 
remit  myself  to  his  good  pleasure. 

fd.  reft.   =  REFER  v.  5.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1674  Gm't.  Tongue^  18,  1  dare  in  this  remit  me  to  themselves, 
and  challenge,  .their  natural  ingenuity  to  say  [etc.]. 

9.  To  refer  (one)  to  a  book,  person,  etc.,  for  in 
formation  on  some  point. 

1417  HEN.  V  in  Eliis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  in.  I.  62  We  remitte  j 
hem  to  have  ful  declaracion  and  verrai  knaweleche  of  you  , 
in  that  matere.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  \\.  1346  (Wemyss  I 
MS.),  Gif  ;e  of  J?at  thing  mare  will  wit,  To  Ovidis  buke  I  j 
gow  remytt.  1533  MORE  Debcll.  Salem  Pref.,  Wks.  931/1 
And  some  suche  places  yet  as  I  had  happed  tofinde,  I  haue  | 
remitted  the  reader  vnto  in  myne  apologye.  1590  SIR  J.  ; 
SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  49  To  the  particularities  whereof.. 


I  remit  those  that  are  disposed  to  see  and  consider.      1650 
FULLER  Pisgah  n.  iv.  113  Well  might  profane  persons  be  re-    j 


hose  that  are  disposed  to  see  and  c 
Pisgah  n.  iv.  113  Well  might  profan 

mitted  to  this  river,  thereby  to  be  instructed  in  the  Sabbaths 
due  observation.  1714  Ej.livood's  A  utobiog.  Pref.,  Much  of 
this  being  already  done  in  the  ensuing  Pages,  I  chuse  to 
remit  the  Reader  thither.  1769  ROBERTSON  Chas.  K(  vii. 
III.  16  The  Emperor,  .without  deigning  to  answer  a  single 
word,  remitted  him  to  his  ministers.  1835-8  S.  R.  MAITLAND 
Dark  Ages  (1844)  156  Let  us  hear  Du  Cange,  to  whom 
Robertson  remits  us. 

ellipt.  c  1410  Master  of  Came  (MS.  Digby  182)  x,  Of  be 
remenaunt  of  his  nature  I  remytte  to  Milbournn  J>e  kynges 
Otyr  hunter.  1523  FITZHERB.  Hnsb.  Prol.,  I  remytte  [?to] 
that  boke  as  myn  auctour  therof. 

fb.   To  direct  (one)  to  a  task.   Obs.  rare~*. 

1544  Snpplie.  Hen.  VIII  (1871)  51  Remyttynge  byshops 
to  attende  their  offyce  and  vocacyon  by  God.  .appoynted. 


10.  a.  To  send  (a  person)  back  to  prison,  or  to 
other  custody  ;  to  recommit.  Now  rare. 

1414  Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  57/2  Whan  I  was  remitted  to  the 

Prison  of  Flete.     1474  Ibid.  VI.  103/1  The  seid  Chaunceller 

1    there  remitted  the  seid  Thomas  Buysshopageyn.     1653  LD. 

VAUX  tr.  Godeau's  St.  Panl  300 The  Captain.,  remitted  him, 

'    with  the  rest  of  his  prisoners,  into  the  hands  of  the  Prefect 

of  the  Pretorium.      1700  DRYDEN  Sigisni.  ,}•  Guise.  287  The 

prisoner  was  remitted  to  the  guard.      1827  HALLAM  Const. 

Hist.  (1876)  I.  vii.  383  Whether  such  a  return  was  sufficient 

in  law  to  justify  the  court  in  remitting  the  parties  to  custody. 

*t*  b.   To  send  in  return ;  to  send  back.  Obs.  rare, 

1461  Paston  Lett.  II.  67  Remitte  me  summe  letter,by  the 

bringer  her  of,  of  all  thes  maters.     1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le 

Blanc's  Trav.  113  He  gave  them  freedom,  and  remitted 

I    them  ransomlesse,  sent  them  all  back  again. 

fc.  To  emit  or  send  out  again.  Obs.  rare~l. 
1700  DRYDEN  Ovid's  Met.  xv.  522  Whether  Earth's  an 
1    Animal,   and   Air    Imbibes;    her   Lungs  with   coolness   to 
repair,  and  what  she  sucks  remits. 

11.  f  a.  Law.  To  restore  to  a  former  and  more 
valid  title  :  see  REMITTER-  i.   Obs. 

1544  tr.  Littletons  Tenures  141  In  so  much  the  wyfe  is  in 
her  remytter,  he  is  remitted  to  his  reuercion.  1632  IVonicns 
Rights  xix.  156  The  eldest  daughter  is  remitted,  that  is 
remaunded  and  setled  in  the  ancient  estate.  1768  BLACK- 
STONE  Comm.  III.  ii.  21  If  the  issue  in  tail  be  barred  by  the 
fine  ..  of  his  ancestor,  and  the  freehold  is  afterwards  cast 
upon  him;  he  shall  not  be  remitted  to  his  estate  tail. 

b.  To  put  back  into,  to  admit  or  consign  again 
to  a  previous  position,  state,  or  condition. 

1591  SfENSKR  M.  Ihibbcrd  1254  He  bad  the  Lyon  be  re 
mitted  Into  his  seate.  1642  FULLER  Holy  $  Prof.  St.  \\. 
xxii.  142  Thus  his  indiscretion  remitted  him  to  the  nature 
of  an  ordinary  person.  1654  EARL  MONM.  tr.  ftentit'Oglios 
H'arrs  Flanders  186  It  was  a  long  while  ere  it  [the  city] 
could  be  remitted  into  its  former  condition,  1671  MILTON 
Sani$0n6fy  Nor  only  dost  [thou]  degrade  them,  or  remit  To 
life  obscur'd  which  were  a  fair  dismission.  1761  AVw  Cotnp. 
Fcst.  $  Fasts  xxxvi.  §  2.  353  When  death  . .  is  making  his 
near  approach  to. .remit  us  to  darkness  and  oblivion.  1863 
BRIGHT  Sp.^Amer.  30  June  (1876)  142  You  propose  to  remit 
to  slavery  three  millions  of  negroes. 

12.  To  postpone,  to  put  off  or  defer. 

x(535  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  Biondis  Banish' d  Virg.  166  Willingly 
would  hee  have  knowne  then  presently  the  story, .but.  .he 
remitted  it  till  after  supper.  1663  GEKUIEK  Counsel  62  Re 
mitting  setting  of  walls  untill  the  next  Spring  after.  1769 
GoLDSM.///j(l.  Rome( 117861  II.  25  The  conspirators,  .remitted 
the  execution  of  their  design  to  the  ides  of  March.  1786 
JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  I-  5"  We  remitted  all  further  dis 
cussion  till  he  should  send  me  a  copy  of  his  letter.  1836 
J.  GILBERT  Chr,  Atoncm.  iii.  (1852)  73  We  must  for  the 
present  remit  our  reply  to  that  part  of  our  subject. 

fb.  To  defer  the  reception  of  (a  person).  Obs.~~l 

1663  H.  COCAS  tr.  Pinto" s  Trav.  xliv.  175,  I  hold  it  fit  to 
remit  him  unto  some  other  time,  when  as  he  may  be  better 
acquainted. 

13.  To  refer,  assign,  or  make  over  to  a  thing  or 
person. 

1641  I'ind.  Smcctymnuus  vi.  78  That  which  Hierome 
speakes  in  the  present  tense,  .he  would  remit  to  time  past. 
1720  WATERLAND  Attsw.  Wittily  s  Reply  58  You  ..  object 
farther.. that  Christ  would  not  suffer  Himself  to  be  called 
Good,  but  remitted  that  Title  to  the  Father  only.  1788  R  MI  u 
Aristotle's  Log.  iv.  §  6.  89  He  thinks  that  the  doctrine 
of  modals  ought  to  be  banished  out  of  logic  and  remitted  to 
grammar.  1837  G.  PJULLII-S  Syriae  Gram.  9  The  vowel  in 
such  places  is  remitted  to  the  preceding  letter,  if  it  has  been 
previously  without  one. 

fta.  To  enter  or  insert  in  (or  into}  a  book.  Obs. 

Ci67o  WOOD  Li/e(O.H.  S.)  II.  204  This  book  he  gave 
A.  W.  because  he  had,  in  his  great  reading,  collected  some 
old  words  for  his  use,  which  were  remitted  therein.  1716 
M.  DAVIES  A  then.  Brit.  II.  219  Which  Examinations., 
were  . .  remitted  by  John  Fox  into  his  Book  of  Martyrs. 

14.  To  send   or  transmit  (money  or  articles  of 
value)  to  a  person  or  place. 

1640  HOWELL  Dodonas  Gr.  98  [He]  makes  one  of  her 
proudest  Cities  his  Scale,  for  remitting  his  Moneyes  to 
I^eoncia.  1690  in  J.  Mackenzie  Siege  London-Deny  54/1 
You  are  to  receive  and  dispose  of  the  Thousand  pounds 
which  shall  be  remitted  to  you,  to  the  best  advantage.  1758 
JOHNSON  Idler  No.  62  r  4  We  parted  ;  and  he  remitted  me 
a  small  annuity.  1787  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  II.  149  This 
has  prevented  the  treasury  board  from  remitting  any  money 
to  this  place.  18,40 MACAULAY  Ess.*  Clive  (1852)  III.  61  He 
had  recently  remitted  a  great  part  of  his  fortune  to  Europe, 
through  the  Butch  East  India  Company.  1861  GOSCHEN 
For.  Exch.  91  Was  it  probable.. that  in  a  time  of  great 
national  emergency  the  New  York  bankers  would  remit 
their  capital  for  employment  to  Europe..? 

absol.  1682  [see  Remitted^  below].  1705  ADDISON  Italy 
471  They  oblig'd  themselves  to  remit,  after  the  rate  of  Twelve 
Hundred  Thousand  Pounds  Sterling  per  Annum.  1809 
BYRON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Byron  12  Nov.,  I  expect  Hanson  to 
remit  regularly. 

IV.  intr.  15.  To  abate,  diminish,  slacken. 

1629  Drayner  Conf.  (1647)  C,  The  whole  masse  of  waters 
continue  upon  the  face  of  the  Fenne  till  those  windes  remit. 
1643  MILTON  Divorce  (1645)  30  The  vigor  of  his  Law 
could  no  more  remit,  then  the  hallowed  fire  on  his 
altar  could  be  let  go  out.  1695  WOODWAKD  Nat.  Hist. 
Earth  iv.  198  Till  such  time  as  its  motion  begins  to  remit 
and  be  less  rapid.  1770  GOLDSM.  DCS.  Vill.  16  How  often 
have  I  blest  the  coming  day,  When  toil  remitting  lent  its 
turn  to  play.  1830  L.  HUNT  Antobiog.  \.  viii.  309  The 
fishermen's  wives  ..  seemed  equally  determined  not  to  let 
the  intention  remit.  1870  BRYANT  Iliad\\.  xin.  23  Mean- 
lime  the  valor  of  Idomeneus  Remitted  not. 

b.  of  pain,  fever,  etc.   Also  in  fig.  context. 

1685  tr.  Willis1  Lotid.  Pract.  Physick  533  If  upon  sore 
Lips  the  Fever  does  not  remit,  it  will  prove  of  long  con 
tinuance  and  severe.  1757  WHISTON  Jose/thus,  Antiq.  n. 
iii.  §  4  Neither  did  his  pains  remit  by  length  of  time.  1747 
tr.  Astruc's  Fevers  195  The  fever  thus  treated,  remits 


generally  towards  the  sixth  or  seventh  day.  1783  JOHNSON 
Let.  in  Boswcll  30  Sept.,  I  have  been,  .much  harassed  with 
the  gout ;  but  that  has  now  remitted.  1887  Pall  Mall  G. 
17  Feb.  13/2  The  'Otello'  fever  at  Milan  seems  at  last 
a  little  inclined  to  remit. 

16.  To  relax  from  labour;  to  give  over. 

1760-72  H.  V>RQQKvFool0fQual.  (1809)  I.  84  They  remitted 
from  their  toil.  1841  EMERSON  £ss.t  Man  the  Reformer 
Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  240  Their  enemies  will  not  remit ;  rust, 
mould,  vermin .  .all  seize  their  own. 

Hence  Bemi'tted///.  a. 

1682  SCARLETT  Exchanges  65  Every  Remitter  that  remits 
not  directly,  but  designs  to  draw  in  the  remitted  Sum  again 
[etc.].  rtiTOO  KEN  Hymnothcp  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  130 
The  happy  symptoms  of  remitted  sin.  1806  DE  WINUT 
New  Siberia  iv.  59  There  is  also  a  graduated  scale  of  what 
are  called  remitted  sentences.  1897  Westnt,  Gas.  13  Apr.  2/1 
But  it  is  not  merely  in  respect  of  these  remitted  actions  that 
the  County  Courts  have  weighty  and  important  functions. 

r  Kemrtigate,  v.  Obs.  rare-1.  [RE-;  cf. 
obs.  F.  remitjguer  (Godef.).]  trans.  To  mitigate. 

1671  MACWARD  True  Nonconf.  387  The  apparent  singu 
larity  of  any  circumstance  remitigated  by  another  extra 
ordinary  occurrent. 

Remitment  (i/mrtment).     [f.  REMIT  z*,] 

T"  1.  Remission,  pardon.   Obs. 

1611  COTGR.,  Absonte^  a  generall  absolution,  pardon,  for- 
giuenesse,  remitment  of  offences.  1645  MILTON  Tctrath. 
34  God's  Law  especially  grants  every  where  to  error  easy 
remitments.  1670  —  Hist.  Eng.  n.  63  The  Procurator  en- 
deavour'd  to  bring  all  their  goods  within  the  compass  of  a 
new  confiscation,  by  disavowing  the  remittment  of  Claudius. 

2.  Remitting  of  money  ;  remittance. 

1678  Trans.  Crt.  Spain  109  [He]  makes  it  his  business  to 
perswade  the  people,  that  Your  Majesty  has  remitted  vast 
sums  of  money  to  the  Emperour,  and  hath  discovered  a  great 
part  of  the  remitment.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Remit- 
inent  or  Remittance,  a  return  of  Money,  &c.  1791  JEFFER 
SON  Writ.  (1859)  III.  419  The  debtor  who  endeavored  to 
make  a  remitment  of  his  debt,  or  interest,  must  have  done  it 
three  times.  1894  Columbus  (Ohio)  Disj>.  ^  Dec.  1/8  An 
order.. for  the  remitment  to  the  township  poor  fund. .[of] 
six-tenths  of  the  amount  of  Dow  liquor  tax. 

f  3.  The  act  of  remitting  to  custody.  Obs. 

£755  in  JOHNSON. 

Kemi'ttable,  a-  rart.    [f.  REMIT  v.  +  -ABLE.] 

Capable  of  being  remitted. 

1611  COTGR.,  Remissible,  remittable,  pardonable,  forgiue- 
able.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India  III.  313  Partly  by  its 
discharge,  and  partly  by  its  transference  to  a  remittable 
loan,  at  5  per  cent. 

Remittal  (r/mi-tal).    [f.  REMIT  z\  +  -AL.] 

1.  Remission  for  sin,  or  of&  debt,  penalty,  etc. 
1596  BELL  Surv.  Popery  in.  vi.  309  Not  to  procure  any 

remittall  for  her  sins.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  \\.  24  He  agreeth 
to  a  fine. .,  yet  praying  the  Lord  Lieftenant  to  be  a  ineanes 
to  her  Maiesty  for  the  remittal  thereof,  c  1693  SIR  P.  PETT 
in  Lett.  Eminent  Persons  (1813)  I.  60,  I  should  be  glad  to 
hear,  .that  his  Lordship  shewed  any  good  nature  to  you  in 
the  remittal  of  the  costs  you  were  condemned  in.  1854 
MILMAN  Lat.  Chr.  vii.  vi.  (1864)  IV.  192  A  remittal  of  those 
acts  of  penance  which  the  Church  commuted  at  her  will. 

2.  Law.  The  act  of  referring  a  case  from  one 
court  to  another. 

1808  PiENTHAM  Sc.  Reform  107  To  regulate  concerning 
the  remittal  of  causes  from  Division  to  Division.  1884  Law 
Times  LXXV1I.  407/1  The  option  of ..  decision  by  the 
official  arbitrator  or  remittal  to  the  High  Court. 

Remittance(nrnrtans).  [f. REMITS.  +-ANCE.] 

1.  A  sum  of  money  sent  from  one  place  or  per 
son  to  another;  a  quantity  of  some  article  sent  in 
this  way ;  also,  the  act  of  sending  money,  etc.,  to 
another  place. 

1705  ADDISON  Italy  $71  A  Compact  among  private  Persons 
furnish'd  out  the  several  Remittances.  1711  Loud.  Gaz. 
No.  4808/2  The  Swedish  Commissary,  .has.. received  a  Re 
mittance  of  one  hundred  thousand  Crowns.  1769  ROBERT 
SON  Chas,  y,  XL  III.  310  His  remittances  into  England  had 
drained  his_ treasury.  1840  MACAULAY  Ess.)  C/i?'i (1852)  III. 
63  He  had  invested  great  sums  in  jewels,  then  a  very  common 
mode  of  remittance  from  India.  1867  SMILES  Huguenots 
Eng.  xviii.  (1880)  328  A  distant  relative.. took  possession  of 
the  family  estate,  and  further  remittances,  .were  stopped. 
1880  MARKHAM  Peruv.  Bark  408  The  Dutch  Government 
bought  a  portion  of  the  remittance  of  C.  Calisaya  seeds. 

2.  2\emittance-man,   an   emigrant    who   is   sup 
ported  or  assisted  by  remittances  from  home  (cf. 
REMITTANCER).     So  remittance-farmer. 

1886  Pall  Mall  G.  10  Feb.  i  i/i  He  was  what  is  called  in 
the  colonies  a  'remittance  man'.  1894  C.  L.  JOHNSTONS 
Canada  30  The  Canadians  divide  the  English  gentlemen 
settlers  into  'farmers  who  work,  remittance  farmers,  and 
buckboard  farmers '.  1897  Miss  B.  HARRAUEN  Remittance- 
Men  185  Remittance  men  never  do  any  good. 

Hence  Bemi'ttancer,  (a)  one  who  sends  a  re 
mittance;  (b}  a  remittance-man. 

1806  R.  CUMBERLAND  Mem.  435  Your  Memorialist  was 
stopped  and  arrested  at  Bayonne  by  order  from  his  remit- 


remittances  received  from  friends  '  at  home '. 

Remittee  (r/"mitr)-  [f-  REMIT  v.  +  -EE!.] 
One  to  whom  a  remittance  is  made  or  sent. 

1766  W.  GORDON  Gen.  Connting-ho.  339  The  porteur  or 
remittee  to  whom  the  bill  is  remitted  for  acceptance.  1798 
W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  XXVII.  490  A  deposit  be 
longing  to  the  drawer,  and  successively  confided  to  the  re 
mittees.  1885  Law  Rep.  14  Q.  B.  Div.  612  Remittances  are 
sent . .  to  cover  drafts  of  the  remitter  accepted  by  the  remittee. 

Remi'tteiicy.  [See  next  and  -ENCY,  and  cf. 
F.  rhnittence.]  The  quality  of  being  remittent. 


REMITTENT. 

1820-6  F.  L.  GALT  in  Orton  Andes  <$•  Amazons  \\.  xliv. 
(ed.  3)  602  The  symptoms,  .bad  a  remittency  about  them  in 
most  instances.  1898  P.  MANSON  Trap.  Diseases  ii.  37  The 
fact  of  intermittency  or  remittency  being  more  or  less  a 
matter  of  accident. 

Remittent  (rftni-tent),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  L. 
remittent-em,  pres.  pple.  of  remitters  to  REMIT  : 
cf.  F.  remittent. ~\ 

A.  adj.  That  remits  or  abates  for  a  time  :  spec. 
in  Path,  of  a  type  of  fever,  the  symptoms  of  which 
undergo  at  intervals  a  marked  abatement  or  diminu 
tion  (without  disappearing  entirely  as  in  the 
intermittent  type). 

1693  Phil.  Trans.  XVII.  726  The  Cortex  makes  as  certain 


stitutes  what  is  called  a  Remittent  Fever.  1791  BOSWELL 
Johnson  (1831)  I.  309  Yet  nine  years  elapsed  before  it  saw 
the  light.  His  throes  in  bringing  it  forth  had  been  severe 
and  remittent.  1804  MITCHILL  &  MILLER  Med.  Repos.  178 
note,  The  more  common  form  of  the  disease  [yellow  fever] 
was  the  'bilious'  and  'remittent'  fever.  1877  ROBERTS 
llandbk.  Med.  (ed.  3)  I.  217  The  malarial  fevers  of  hot 
climates  often  assume  a  remittent  type. 
B.  sb.  1.  2'ath.  A  remittent  fever. 

1693  Phil.  Trans.  XVII.  726  Almost  all  Epidemical,  Au 
tumnal  and  Camp-Fevers  are  either  Genuine  or  Spurious 
Remittents,  a  1776  R.  JAMES  Diss.  Fevers  (1778)  96  It  would 
be  ridiculous  and  cruel,  if  a  physician  were  to  refuse  the 
bark  to  a  patient  in  a  genuine  remittent  or  intermittent. 
a  1817  T.  DWIGHT  Tra-.i.  A'ciu  Eng.,  etc.  (1821)  II.  452  The 
shores  of  lake  Champlain  are  generally  subject  to  the  fever 
and  ague,  and  to  bilious  remittents.  1897  MARY  KINGSLEY 
W.  Africa  53  Fever  in  Fernando  Po.  .having  periodic  out 
bursts  of  a  more  serious  type  than  the  normal  intermittent 
and  remittent  of  the  Coast. 

2.  One  who  remits  money. 

1855  LORENZ  tr.  Van  tier  KeesseTs  Select  Theses  dlxxiv, 
In  that  kind  of  exchange,  .there  generally  are. .  four  parties ; 
first  the  person  who  gives  the  value  or  money,  and  who  is 
called  the  remittent  [etc.], 

Remitter  i  (r/mi-tai).    [f.  REMIT  v.  +  EB  i.] 

1.  One  who  forgives  or  pardons,  rare. 

c  1557  ABP.  PARKER  Ps.  xli.  120  (Collect)  Most  gentle  re 
mitter  of  sinne,  almighty  God.  1586  FULKE  Confut.  Allen 
143  Not  properlie  pardoners,  forgiuers,  or  remitters  of  sinnes. 

2.  One  who  sends  a  remittance. 

1682  SCARLETT  Exchanges  32  The  Drawer  and  Remitter 


without  giving  him  a  sufficient  demand  for  it.  1737  Jos'. 
HARRIS  Cains  120  note,  Dealers  in  bills  of  exchange  are  in 
general  terms  usually  called  remitters.  1861  GOSCHEN  For. 
Exdi.  47  The  premium  is  so  high,  that  remitters  will  become 
indifferent  whether  they  buy  bills  or  send  gold.  1884  Law 
Times  Rep.  LI.  390/1  As  regards  those  remittances.,  the  re 
mitters  were  entitled  to  have  them  specifically  appropriated. 
Remitter-  (r/mi-tai).  [See REMITS. and  -ER*.] 

1.  Law.    a.    A  principle  or  operation  by  which 
one  having  two  titles  to  an  estate,  and  entering  on 
it  by  the  later  or  more  defective  of  these,  is  ad 
judged  to  hold  it  by  the  earlier  or  more  valid  one. 
(Cf.  REMIT  v.  n  a.) 

1544  tr.  Littleton's  Tenures  137  Remytter  is  an  auncyent 
terme  in  the  lawe,  &  it  is  where  a  man  hath  ii  tytles  to 
landes  or  tenementes..the  lawe  adjudgeth  hym  to  be  in  by 
force  of  the  elder  tytle.  1399  FULBECKE  Prewar.  Study  of 
Law  (1620)  57  They  wrote  oi  Fines,  Vouchers,  Remitters. 
a  1625  SIR  H.  FINCH  Law  (1636)  194  If  he.  .haue  the  Freehold 
cast  vpon  him  by  a  new  title,  he  shall  be  in  of  his  ancient 
title :  which  is  termed  a  remitter.  1668  HALE  Pref.  Rolle's 
Abridgm.  aij  b,  The  Titles  of  Discontinuance  and  Remitter 
are  great  and  large  Titles,  and  indeed  full  of  curious  Learn 
ing.  1768  BLACKSTOXE  Comm.  III.  ii.  21  The  operation  of 
the  remitter  is  exactly  the  same,  after  the  union  of  the  two 
rights,  as  that  of  a  real  action  would  have  been  before  it. 

b.  The  act  of  remitting  a  case  to  another  court 
for  decision. 

1726  AYI.IFFE  Parergon  78  If  the  Judge  a  Quo  has  once 
admitted  and  yielded  Obedience  unto  an  Appeal,  he  cannot 
afterwards  proceed  in  that  Cause  without  a  Remitter.  1808 
BENTHAM  Sc.  Reform  106  Cases  of  remitter  excepted,  . .  no 
removal  of  a  suit  from  division  to  division. 

t  c.  Remission,  exemption.  Obs.  rare~{. 

1726  AYLIFFE  Parergon^  267  'Tis  a  Rule  in  Law,  that  in 
every  general  Remitter,  it  is  never  to  be  understood,  that 
Fraud  and  Deceit  is  thereby  remitted. 

2.  Restoration  to  rights  or  privileges,  or  to  a 
previous  state ;   •)•  a  position  to  which  one  is  re 
stored.     Also  const,  to.    rare. 

1623  in  Crt.  ff  Times  Jas.  1  (1848)  II.  373  The  Lord  of 
St.  Albans  is  in  his  old  remitter,  and  come  to  lie  at  his  old 
lodgings  in  Gray's  Inn.  163*  NEEDHAM  tr.  Selderis  .Mare 
Cl.  15  The  La ws  about  proclaiming  War,  Ambassie,  Prisoners 
of  War,  Hostages,.  .Remitter  upon  return  from  Captivitie 
[etc.].  1663  in  Modern  Reports  (1682)  I.  132  Confession  and 
promise  of  future  Obedience,  ought  to  precede  her  remitter, 
or  restitution  to  the  priviledges  of  a  wife.  1857  SIR  F. 
PALGRAVE  Norm.  $  Eng.  1 1 .  548  Could  Louis  have  recovered 
the  ancient  royal  residence,  such  a  visible  remitter  to  his 
pristine  royal  estate  would  have  been  very  advantageous. 

t  Remi'ttible,  a.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [f.  REMIT  v. 
+  -IBLE.]  Admitting  of  remission. 

1556  T.  HEYWOOD  Spider  !,  F.  Ixx.  no  Clemencie  That 
doth  allway  most  clementlie  encline,  To  haue  regard  to  re- 
mittible  disipline. 

Remi-tting,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  REMIT  v.  +  -ING  i.] 
The  action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses. 

c  1430  Godstow  Reg.  (E.  E.T.  S.)  42  For  this  remyttyng  and 
quyte-claymyng  the  forsaid  abbesse.  .yaf  to  hym  viij.  mark. 


431 

'53°  PALSGR.  145  Some  [adverbs]  betoken  remytting  or 
slacking  of  a  dede.  1577  HAMMER  Anc.  Eccl.  Hist.  (i6r9) 
506  After  the  remitting  of  your  faults,  there  reigned  in  you 
no  lesse  fortitude.  1608  WILLET  Hexapla  Exoii.  259  The 
remitting  of  his  hands.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  in.  xhi.  274 
Eternall  life.. is  recovered  by  the  Remitting  of  mens  Sins. 
1671  R.  MONTAGU  in  Buccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.) 
1.  501  Now  is  the  time  of  proposing,  .the  remitting  of  our 
levies  of  four  thousand  men,  to  which  the  treaty  binds  us. 
1849  FREESE  Comm.  Class-kk.  69  To  order  a  sum  of  money 
to  be  received,  by  sending  a  Bill  of  Exchange  to  another 
person  is  called  remitting. 

Remrtting,  ///.  a.  [f.  REMIT  v.  +  -ING  2.] 
That  remits  or  has  remission  ;  remittent. 

1693  Phil.  Trims,  XVII.  728  When  a  Remitting  Fever  is 
turning  Malignant,  a  1704  T.  HROWN  Satire  Quack  Wks. 
1730  I.  65  [They]  never  know  The  least  remitting  interval  of 
woe.  a  1776  R.  JAMES  Diss.  Fever  (1778)  82  Remitting  or 
intermitting  fevers  may  be  excited  by  as  many  different 
causes  as  continual.  1822-34  Good's  Study  Mcd.  (ed.  4)  J. 
480  Two  children  who  died  in  a  few  days  of  a  remitting 
dyspnoea.  1833  KANE  GrauuUExf.  xiv.  (1856)  103  Against 
this  margin,  the  great  'drift'  through  whicli  we  had  been 
passing  exerts  a  remitting  action.  1899  Allbutt'sSyst.  Mcd. 
VII.  72  This  chronic  progressive  mode.,  is  next  in  frequency 
of  occurrence  to  the  chronic  remitting  mode. 

Kemi'X,  v.     [1\E-  5  a.]     trans.  To  mix  again. 

1662  MERRETT  .Vcri's  A  rt  of  Glass  I.  xxvi,  Mix  the  glasse 
and  powder  with  diligence,  let  them  stand  two  hours,  then 
remix  them.  1884  L.  F.  ALLEN  AV7c  A  mcr.  Farm  Bk.  So 
It  may  then  be  overhauled  and  re-mixed  with  more  earth. 

So  Kemi  xture. 

1801  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XII.  98  After  a  re- 
mixture  of  the  separated  clans.  1831  T.  Hoi'E  Kss.  Origin 
Man  I.  164  Those  [upper  regions]  in  which  electricity,  from 
less  interference  of  and  remixture  with  other  forces..,  re 
mains  most  pure. 

Remlan.de,  -lant,  etc. :  see  next. 

Remnant  (re-mnant),  sb.  and  a.  Forms  :  a. 
4-6  remnaunt,  (5  -e),  4  rembnand,  5  remnaund, 
-oud,  4-  remnant.  /3.  5  remlande,  5,  9  dial. 
remlant,  (5  -lawnt,  6  -launte),  9  dial.  remliu(g, 
-lit,  rimlet.  [Contracted  form  of  KEMENANT.] 

A.  sb.  1.  With  the.  That  which  remains  or  is 
left  of  a  thing  or  things  after  the  removal  of  a 
portion ;  the  remainder,  rest,  residue.  Now  ap 
plied  only  to  a  small  remaining  part  (cf.  2). 

a.  clVpLtg.Rootlm,  789  pe_thrid  part  bai  hewed  oway, 
And  ^  of  be  rembnand  haue  bai  made  A  large  cros.  13.. 
E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  1159  To  start  in  be  strem  schulde  non  me 
stere,  To  swymme  be  remnaunt.  1411  E.  K.  Wills  (1^82)  19 
pe  remnaund  to  be  payid  of  my  godes  bat  leuyth.  1469 
Paston  Lett.  11.364  Thes  leud  wordds  greveth  me  and  her 
grandam  as  myche  as  alle  the  remnawnte.  1535  COVERDALE 


Kfol.uau*  .13  ulyfeuc  rta  Ullc   luc  rclllllawnlc.      1535  ^OVERDALK 

Lev.  xiv.  17  As  for  the  remnaunt  of  the  oyle  in  his  hande 
'-•"  n      1595  SHAKS.  John  v.  iv.  36  Where  I  may  thinke  the 


[etc.] 


remnant  of  my  thoughts  In  peace.  16330.  HKKUKKT  Tempi*, 
Life\,  Here  will  I  smell  my  remnant  out,  and  tie  My  life 
within  this  band.  1700  DRYDEN  I'al.  fy  Arc.  I.  27  The  rem 
nant  of  my  tale  is  of  a  length  To  the  your  patience.  1784 
COWPER  Task  v.  36  Smooth  as  a  wall  the  upright  remnant 
stands.  1838  THIRLWALL  Greece  V.  251  His  account  of  the 
small  remnant  of  his  patrimony  which  his  guardians  rendered 
to  him.  1865  GROTE  Plato  I.  i.  22  By  Ens  was  understood 
the  remnant  in  his  mind,  after  leaving  out  all  that  abstrac 
tion  . .  could  leave  out. 

0.  1434  Test.  Ebor.  (Surtees)  II.  4r,  I  will  yat  all  my 
dettes  be  payed,  and  also  I  will  yat  ye  remlande  of  my  gude 
be  partid  in  thre.  a  1460  Htr.v  ll'ise  Man  taught  Son  32 
in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  I.  170  This  lyfe  in  mesur  that  thou  lede, 
And  of  the  remlant  thou  ne  rech. 

b.  The  remainder  or  rest  of  a  number  of  per 
sons  (or  animals).  Chiefly,  and  now  only,  of 
a  small  number  (cf.  2  b). 

c  1350  Will.  Palerne  2901  Redli  al  (>o  remnant  of  be  rude 
bestes  for  fere  be-gunne  to  fle.  c  1400  Destr.  Trty  14000 
All  the  Rernnond  of  Renkes,  bat  raght  fro  be  toune,  With 
Eneas  afterward  etlid  to  see.  1513  MORE  in  Grafton  Chron. 
(1568)  II.  775  She  sawe  the  Lorde  Cardinal!  more  redier  to 
depart  than  the  remnaunt.  1535  COVERDALE  Neh.  i.  3  The 
remnaunt  of  the  captiuyte  are  there  in  the  londc.  1568 
GRAFTON  Chron.  1 1.  675  The  remnaunt  returned  to  the  armie 
with  small  gaine.  1606  G.  W[OODCOCKE]  Hist.lvstine  xxvin. 
98  Seeing  the  remnant  were  few,  to  whom  his  mercy  might 
be  manifest.  1651  JKR.  TAYLOR  Semi,  for  Year  n.  xix.  244 
Many  millions  did  die  accursedly,  and  the  small  remnant 
became  vagabonds.  1800  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desf.  (1838) 
I.iSi.I  wrote  to  the  chiefs  of  the  remnant  of  Goklah's  force 
1862  STANLEY  ?«</.  Ch.  (1877)  I.  xv.  301  The  remnant  of  the 
insurgents  takes  refuge  in  the  lofty  tower. 

2.  With  a  and  //.  A  (small)  remaining  quan 
tity,  part,  or  piece. 

1624  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  \.  iv.  i.  i.  (ed.  2)  184  The  open 
parts  were  cleane,  yet  there  was.  .in  the  chinckesa  remnant 
of  gold.  1664  POWER  Exf.  Philos.  n.  117  The  Spontaneous 
Dilatation.. of  that  little  remnant  of  Ayr  skulking  in  the 
rugosities  thereof.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Ceorg.  in.  474  Where 
basking  in  the  Sun-shine  they  may  lye,  And  the  short  Rem 
nants  of  his  Heat  enjoy.  1715  M.  DAVIES  At/ten.  Brit.  I. 
14  All  which  numerous  Volumes  contain.. nothing  but  little 
Treatises  and  small  Remnants.  1774  PENNANT  TourScotl. 
in  1772,  254  A  small  remnant  of  the  cloister  is  left  1825 
J.  JENNINGS  Obs.  Dial.  W.  Eng.  177  Wi'  remlets  o'  tha 
Saxon  tongue,  That  to  our  Gramfers  did  belong.  1856 
STANLEY  Sinai  S,  Pal.  vi.  (1858)  260  Thinly  studded  with 
trees,  the  remnants,  apparently,  of  a  great  forest.  1888  F. 
HUME  Mme.  Midas  I.  Prol.,  The  remnants  of  their  pro 
visions  on  the  voyage. 

b.  A  small  remaining  number  of  persons. 

1611  BIBLE  Isa.  x.  22  For  though  thy  people. .be  as  the 
sand  of  the  sea,  yet  a  remnant  of  them  shall  returne.  1613 
PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  IX.  viii.  (1614)  872  Some  remnants 
of  them  haue  been  christened.  1630  PRYNNE  Anti-Armin. 
128  They  are  but  a  Remnant,  a  seede,  a  little  flocke.  1713 
AUDISON  Cato  i.  i,  A  feeble  army,  and  an  empty  senate, 


REMODIFICATION. 

Remnants  of  mighty  battels  fought  in  vain.  1784  COWPER 
Task  I.  340  Once  more  rejoice  That  yet  a  remnant  of  your 
race  survives.  1814  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  iv.  xx,  When,  after 
battle  lost,  Muster  the  remnants  of  a  host.  1874  L.  STEPHEN 
Hours  in  Library  (1892)  I.  Sx.  314  A  few  remnants  of  the 
aborigines  were  settled  on  a  township  granted  by  the  colony. 
c.  Of  a  single  person  :  A  survivor,  rare. 
1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  i.  ii.  7  Thou  bloodlcsse  Remnant  of 
that  Royall  Blood.  1642  ROGERS  Naaman  Ep.  Ded.,  The 
onely  remnant  of  that  family.  1804  J.  GRAHAME  Sabbat  It 
464  One  hapless  man,  the  remnant  of  a  wreck. 

3.  A  remaining  trace  or  survival  of  some  quality, 
belief,  condition,  or  state  of  things. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane"s  Comm.  271  The  remnaunt  of  that 
doctrine  remayned  in  the  mindes  of  many.  1561  T.  NORTON 
Cah'itt's  lust,  in.  173  Thys  is  not  the  question  among  them, 
whether  fayth  be  yet  wrapped  with  many  remnants  of 
ignorance.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  i.  vii,  (1614)  40  The 
Arke..,the  remnant  of  the  elder,  and  Seminarie  of  the  new- 
world.  1699  BURNET  39  Art.  xxii.  244  It  was  a  Remnant 
Loth  of  Judaism  and  Gcntilism,  that  the  Souls  of  the  Mar 
tyrs  hovered  about  their  Tombs.  1703  MAUNDKMU,  Joiirn. 
jerns.  (1721)  App.  i  This  Place  has  no  remnants  of  its 
Ancient  Greatness.  1813  SHKLLEV  Q.Mab  vn.  221  No  rem 
nant  of  the  exterminated  faith  Survived.  1821  J.  Q.  ADAMS 
in  C.  Davies  Afetr.  System  in.  (187:)  127  Every  remnant  of 
the  original  uniformity  of  proportion  lias  disappeared, 
b. //.  Traces  of  a  fact.  rare"1. 

1826  SCOTT  JFiW.y/'.  i,  A  jerkin,  which,  .had  once  been  of  the 
Lincoln  green,  and  showed  remnants  of  having  been  laced. 

4.  A  fragment,  a  small  portion,  a  scrap. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  22,  I  sail  rehers..A  remnant  of  his 
rialtu.  1592  SHAKS.  Rom.  fy  Jul,  v.  i.  47  About  his  shelues 
..Remnants  of  pack  lined,  and  old  cakes  uf  Roses  were 
thinly  scattered.  1621  HUKTON  Anat.  Mel.  in.  ii.  in.  [iv.]  i, 
If  he  get  any  remnant  of  hers,  a  buske-point,  a  feather  of 
her  fanne.  1766  BLACKSTOHB  Comm.  II.  259  Not  of  any 
particular  estate  carved  out  of  it;  much  less  of  so  minute 
a  remnant  as  this.  1876  Gi;o.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  xxxv,  That 
remnant  of  a  human  being. 

b.  spec,  among  drapers  and  clothiers  :  An  end 
of  a  piece  of  goods,  left  over  after  the  main  por 
tion  has  been  used  or  sold. 

i433[seeRKMKNANT3].  1571  Wills  tiflnv.  Ditrh.  (Surtees) 
I.  36^,  j.  pece  of  worssett..iiij  yeardcs  in  Remlauntes.  1583 
STUIJBKS  Anat.  Abits.  \\.  (1882)  39  They  buy  remnants  of 
silks,  veluets,  satins.  1634  FORD  Pak.  Warbcck  n.  iii,  I  was 
ever  confident,  when  I  traded  but  in  remnants  [etc.].  1681 
Ltmd.  Gtts.  No.  1665/4  A  parcel  of  Grey  Scarce,  Yard  and 
Nail  broad,  and  two  Remnants  of  strip'd  Grape.  1758  JOHN 
SON  Idler  No.  26  p  ii  A  couple  that  kept  a  petty  shop  of 
remnants  and  cheap  linen,  a  1845  HOOD  United  J-'aniily 
xix,  No  remnant  can  sufficient  be  For  our  united  family. 
1882  CAULFIELU  &  SAWARD  Did.  Needlework  421  Remnants 
ofany  piece  of  material,  as  well  as  those  of  ribbon,  are  always 
sold  at  some  reduction  of  the  original  price. 
fig-  I59<5  SHAKS.  Tam.Shr.  iv.  iii.  112  Away  thou  Ragge, 
lliou  quantitie,  thou  remnant. 

T  c.  A  scrap  or  tag  of  quotation.   Obs.  rare, 

1598  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man.  in  Hum.  iv.  i,  I'll  have  him  free 
of  the  wit-broker's,  for  he  utters  nothing  but  stolen  rem 
nants.     1609  —  Si7.  Worn.  ni.  v,  Could  your  granitic  forget 
so  olde  and  noted  a  remnant,  as,  lipfis  fy  tonsoribns  notnm. 
fd.  A  blow.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1580  LUPTON  Sivqila-  49  Then  she  reached  him  suche  a 
remnant,  that  he  had  a  cause  to  remember  hir. 

f5.  Laiv.  A  remainder.   Ohs.  rare~l. 

1544  tr.  Littleton  s  Tenures  10  b,  The  chylds  mother 
entreth  in  the  remnant,  and  it  occupyeth  as  gardyne  or 
wardyne  in  Socage. 

B.  adj.  Remaining. 

1550  COVERDALE  Spir.  Perle  xii.  (1560)  132  The  time  that 
is  remnant  of  the  flesh.  1594  WILLOBIF,  Avisa  2  Diana 
deckt  the  remnant  partes,  With  fewture  braue.  1648 
DAVENANT  On  Death  Lady  Winchester,  Our  remnant  love 
let  us  discreetly  save.  1718  PRIOR  Ptnver  868  Act  through 
thy  remnant  life  the  decent  part.  1791  COWPER  Iliad  xix. 
299  Attended  laden  with  the  remnant  gifts.  1807  J.  BARLOW 
Colutnb.  iv.  595  Break  those  remnant  rocks  that  still  im 
pede  My  current,  a  1854  H.  REED  Led.  Brit.  Poets  vi. 
(1857)  2°4  His  mind  held  communion  with  all  the  remnant 
glory  of  classical  poetry. 

Remocion,  variant  of  REMOTION  Obs. 

ReniO'ck,"'.  rare—1.  [HE-.]  t  To  mock  in  turn. 

1712  BLACKMORE  Creation  352  How  much  the  Judge,  who 
does  in  Heav'n  preside,  Remocks  the  scoffer,  and  contemns 
his  pride  ! 

Hemo'del  (n-\  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  model 
again,  reconstruct.  (Common  in  iQth  c.) 

1789  Gen.  Hist,  in  Ann.  Reg.  9/2  That  assembly  was 
wholly  incompetent  to  the  task  of  re-modelling  the  constitu 
tion.  1830  LYTTON  ./'.  Clifford  xix,  A  stray  trinket  or  two 
—not  of  sufficient  worth  to  be  re-set  or  re-modelled.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng*  i.  I.  121  From  the  time  when  the 
army  was  remodelled  to  the  time  when  it  was  disbanded. 
1879  M.  PATTISON  Milton  46  All  traditions  were  being  ques 
tioned,  and  all  institutions  were  to  be  remodelled. 

Hence  Remo'delled///.  a.,  Remo'delling  vbl. 
sb. ;  also  Remo'deller,  Remo'delment. 

1846  GROVE  Cory.  P/iys,  Forces  4,  I  will  pass  to  Bacon, 
the  great  remodeller  of  science.  1847  Blacmv.  Mag.  LX1. 
633  The  other  remodelments  are  trash.  1849  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  i.  I.  119  At  Naseby  took  place  the  first  great 
encounter  between  the  royalists  and  the  remodelled  army. 
Ibid.  vi.  I  J.  23  The  remodelling  might  require  money.  1869 
E.  S.  FFOULKES  Roman  Index  17  The  well-known  con 
stitution  of  Benedict  XIV,  issued  for  its  remodelment. 

Remodifica"tion(V-X  [RE- 5  a.]  The  action 

of  modifying  (again);  a  further  modification. 

1831  T.  HOPE  Ess.  Origin  Man  III.  321  Nor  from  any 
subsequent  difference  of  situation  derives  [it]  any  diversity 
of  remodificatjons.  1875  RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  lix.  306  The 
substance  of  it  being  in  re-modification  for  Mornings  in 
Florence. 


REMODIFY. 

Remo'dify  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
modify  (again),  to  make  a  change  in. 

1830  LYELL  Princ.  Geol.  I.  458  Unless  some  earthquake 
shall  remodify  the  surface  of  the  country.  1831  T.  HOPE 
Ess.  Origin  JMan  II.  407  Before  America  was  remodified  by 
the  arts  of  Europe. 

Remofe,  Remoife,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  REMOVE  v. 

II  Remolade  (remulad).  rare.  [a.  F.  nlmolaJe, 
rimoulade,  ad.  It.  remolata,  of  obscure  origin. 
Used  only  in  translations  of  French  works.]  An  un 
guent  used  in  farriery. 

1702  SIR  W.  HOPE  tr.  SolleyselFs  Coinpl.  Horseman  \\. 
xih.  267  marg.t  A  Remolade  for  a  Blow,  c  1720  W.  GIBSON 
Farriers  Dispens,  in.  xiii.  (1721)  265/2  Charge  the  Foot 
with  a  Remolade  made  of  half  a  Pound  of  Burgundy-pitch 
[etc.],  1842  CHERRY  tr.  SolleyseWs  ShocingHorsesq  Horses 
which  have  feet  in  which  a  nail  cannot  be  driven  without 
bending,  by  reason  of  their  hardness,  should  have  them 
moistened  with  remolades  or  softeners. 

Reinole'St,  v .     [RE-  5  a.]     To  molest  again. 

1611  COTGR.,  Kennuyer,  to  remolest.   a  1700  ¥*v.^Ediiiiind 
Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  294  The  King  to  martial  Business  then 
return'd, .  .While  the  fierce  Danes  his  Frontiers  remolest. 

Re 'melinite.  Mi",  [f.  (Los)  Rcmolinos  in 
Chili,  one  of  its  localities.]  A  former  synonym 
of  ATACAMITE. 

1852  BROOKE  &  MILLER  Phillips'  Ititrod.  ilJiii.  619  Analyses 
of  remolinite.  .from  Chile  by  Klaproth.  1868  WATTS  Diet. 
Chem.  V.  Index  1098/1  Remolinite  (s.  Atacamite  I.  429*. 

t  Remo'llient,  sb.  and  a.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  re- 
mollient-em,  pres.  pple.  of  rcmollire  to  soften 
(again):  see  RK-  and  MOLLIENT.]  a.  sb.  An 
emollient,  b.  adj.  Softening,  emollient. 

1612  Enchir.  Med.  III.  145  An  Incessus  may  be  prepared 
wiih   the   foure   remollient.s,   with   Camomel,    Nasturtium, 
Penniryoll.     1684  tr.  Botut's  Merc.  Comfit.    III.   62   Her 
Physician,  .applied  remollient,  heating  and  drawing  things. 
1727  BKADLEV  fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Fat,  Particularly  as  to  ano- 
dine  and  Remollient  Fats. 


t  Remollrtioii.    Obs. 


[ad.  L.  type 


*remollitian-ein,  n.  of  action  f.  remollire :  see  prec. 
and  cf.  EMOLLITION.]  Softening. 

1590  BAREOUGH  Meth.  Physick  vn.  xxi.  (1639)  409  In 
Oedema . .  it  is  necessary  to  have  remollition  with  discussion. 

t  RemO'llitive,  a.  and  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [See 
EMOLLITIVE  and  REMOLLIEST.]  a.  adj.  Emollient. 
b.  sb.  An  emollient. 

1580  Well  of  Woman  Hill,  Aberdeen  A  iij  b,  It  is  discus- 
siue,  laxatiue,  remollitiue,  and  vomitiue.  1590  BARROL'GH 
Meth,  Physick  384  If  the  person  be  strong,  take  other  re- 
mollitiues  or  discussiyes.  Ibid.  vii.  iv.  (1639)  386  $  the 
foure  kinds  of  remollitives,  or  mollificatives. 

Remolten,  pa.  pple.  of  REMELT  v. 

t  Remo-narcliize,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  rale  over  again  as  monarch. 

1592  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  vm.  xliii.  (1612)  206  He  that  re- 
monarchiz'd  our  He,  King  Athelstone.  1606  Ibid.  xv.  xcv. 
378  Great  Britaine,  sith  a  Briton  doth  remonarchize  thy 
Throne,  Remaund  thy  name. 

ReniO'netize,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  re 
store  (a  metal  or  other  substance)  to  its  former  use 
as  full  legal  tender.  So  Bemonetiza'tion. 

1878  .V.Amer.Rev.  CXXVI.  315  If  silver  is  remonetized, 
for  instance,  no  number  of  states  could  nullify  the  law.  1878 
F.  A.  WALKER  Money  xii.  241  We  see.. an  active  agitation 
for  the  remonetization  of  silver  in  the  United  States. 

t  Remmush,  v.  Obs.—1  [ad.  L.  remonere : 
see  RE-  and  MONISH  z/.]  gram.  To  admonish  again. 

1563  NOWELL  Horn.  Just,  of  God  in  Liturg.  Sen>.  Q.  Eliz. 
(Parker  Soc.)  492  When  the  Jews  were  monished.remonished, 
prayed,  threatened,  so  oft  by  so  many  prophets. 

t  Remcrnstrable,  a.  Obs.  [See  REMON 
STRATE  v.  and  -ABLE.]  Demonstrable. 

1604  Supplic.  Masse  Priests  §  33  If  the  Church  were  or 
could  be  invisible  or  not  remonstrable.  1618  T.  ADAMS  Bad 
Leaven  Wks.  (1629)  712  Was  it  such  a  sinne  for  Adam  to 
eate  a  forbidden  Apple  ?  Yes;  the  greatnesse  is  remonstrable 
in  the  euent. 

Remonstrance  (n"mp-nstrans),  sb.  [a.  OF. 
remonstrance  (i5th  c. ;  mod.  remontra}u:e\  =  meiL 
L.  remonstrantia :  see  REMONSTRATE  and  -ANCE.  In 
1600  (sense  3)  stressed  on  first  or  third  syllable.] 

fl.  An  appeal,  request.    Obs.  rare. 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  60  Whan  the  noble  Jason  had  made 
his  remonstraunce  unto  the  quene  Y.siphile  . .  she  withdrew 
her  aparte.  1490  —  Eneydos  xxii.  78  By  many  exhortacions 
&  pyetous  remonstrances  excytatiue  of  all  well  wyllyng. 

1 2.  Demonstration,  proof,  evidence,  manifesta 
tion  of  some  fact,  quality,  etc. ;  also,  a  ground  of 
some  belief.  Obs.  (common  in  171)1  c.) 

1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixxvi.  §  6  The  manifest  oddes 
.  .are  remonstrances  more  then  sufficient  how  all  our  welfare 
..  dependeth  wholly  vpon  our  Religion.  1603  BRETON 
Packet  Mad  Lett,  i,  The  remonstrance  of  your  loue  towards 
me,  makes  mee  glory  in  so  exquisite  a  friend.  1649  JER. 
TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  i.  Ad  Sect.  vi.  ico  The  externall  and 
visible  remonstrances  of  religion.  1673  Lady's  Call.  I.  i.  §  19 
When  the  spark  [of  love]  shall  be  blow'd  up  by  perpetual 
remonstrances  of  Passion.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  4-  P. 
61  As  a  Remonstrance  of  their  Credulity,  they  bring  for 
proof  [etc.],  a  1774  GOLDSM.  tr.  Scarran's  Cam.  Romance 
II.  38  Leander  and  she  caressed  only  with  their  eyes,  leaving 
farther  remonstrances  of  kindness  to  a  private  meeting, 
fb.  A  representation,  resemblance.  Obs.  rare. 

1640 SHIRLEY  Imposture  i.  ii,  Our  virgins.  .Shnll.  .make  in 
Each  garden  a  remonstrance  of  this  battle,  Where  flowers 
shall  seem  to  fight.  1644  Bp.  MAXWELL  Prerog.  Chr.  Kings 
xi.  119  If  you. .parallel  them  with  our  times,  you  will  find 
a  full  iin-oTun-wdi?,  remonstrance  and  resemblance  with  us. 


432 

f3.  A  (written  or  spoken)  demonstration,  state 
ment,  account,  or  representation.  Usu.  const,  of 
(the  matter  declared  or  brought  forward).  Obs. 

1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  i.  vii,  [I  made] 
vnto  them  protestations  and  remonstrances  of  the  wrong  and 
iniurie  they  did  too  our  Ambassador.  1609  DANIEL  Civ. 
IVars  iv.  xxviii,  The  King  . .  was  glad,  Both  by  his  remon 
strances  well  composed,  And  with  his  sword  . .  provide  To 
right  himselfe.  1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Gen.,  Comm.,  A  briefe 
Remonstrance  of  the  state  of  the  Church.  1641  HINDE 
(title)  A  Faithfull  Remonstrance  of  the  Holy  Life  and 
Happy  Death  of  John  Bruen.  a  1716  SOUTH  Serm.  (1744) 
IX.  lii.  78  The  atheist  is  too  wise  in  his  generation,  to  make 
remonstrances  and  declarations  of  what  he  thinks.  1760-72 
H,  BROOKE  FoolofQnal.  (1809)  IV.  99  Our  remonstrances 
to  my  late  lord  of  the.. services  you  had  rendered. 

b.  A  formal  statement  of  grievances  or  similar 
matters  of  public  importance,  esp.  the  Grand  Re 
monstrance  presented  by  the  House  of  Commons 
to  the  Crown  in  1641.     Now  only  Hist. 

1626  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  I.  III.  236  The  Commons 
had  made  a  Remonstrance  to  his  Majesty,  but  would  not 
grant  him  any  supply.  1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Kit.  IV. 
48  note,  At  the  beginning  of  the  Parliament,  or  shortly  after, 
.  .a  committee  was  appointed  to  prepare  a  Remonstrance  of 
the  state  of  the  kingdom,  a  1674  Ibid.  xi.  §  200  Their  army, 
which  had  merited  so  much  from  them  by  the  Remonstrance 
which  they  had  so  lately  published.  1770  Juniiis  Lett. 
xxxvii.  (1788)  197  The  King's  answer  to  the  remonstrance  of 
the  city  of  London.  1831  MACAI'LAY  Ess.,  Hantf>dcn  Wks. 
1898  II.  r57  That  celebrated  address  to  the  King. .known 
by  the  name  of  the  Grand  Remonstrance. 

c.  Mccl.  Hist.     A  document  presented  in  1610 
to  the  States  of  Holland  by  the  Dutch  Arminians, 
relative  to  the  points  of  difference  between  them 
selves  and  the  strict  Calvinists. 

a  1662  HEYLIN  Laud  (1668)  Si  In  the  year  1610  the  Fol 
lowers  of  Arminius  address  their  Remonstrance  (containing 
the  Antiquity  of  their  Doctrines,  and  the  substance  of  them) 
to  the  States  of  Holland.  1674  HICKMAN  Quinquart.  Hist. 
(ed.  2)  96  Of  this  Remonstrance,  .at  length  a  Copy  was  got, 
and  a  Contra-remonstrance  made.  1721  tr.  Brandt's  Hist. 
Rt'form.  II.  79  The  Committee  of  the  States,  after  having 
duly  weighed  this  Remonstrance  and  Petition,  deputed  two 
of  their  body  to  the  Classis  of  Leyden. 

4.  The  action  of  remonstrating ;  expostulation. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's^  Mor.  10  Children  must  be 
trained  and  brought  to  their  duety  in  all  lenity,  by  faire 
words,  gentle  exhortations,  and  milde  remonstrance.  1748 
JOHNSON  Van.  Hum.  \l~ishts  93  Through  freedom's  sons 
no  more  remonstrance  rings.  1769  Junius  Lett.  (1788)  173 

very  di 

Alice  l         .  __  _  __r ._ 

monstrance  on  the  indiscretion  of  braving  the  night  air. 
1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  viii.  §  z.  465  The  book  was  sup 
pressed  on  the  remonstrance  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
b.  With  a  and  //.  An  instance  of  this. 

a  1729  ROGERS  (I.),  Importunate  passions,  .will  not  suffer 
him  to  attend  to  the  remonstrances  of  justice.  1774  JEFFER 
SON  Autotiog.  App.,  Wks.  1859  L  '32  The  remonstrances  of 
the  people  were  disregarded.  1832  LYTTON  Eugene  A.  i. 
vi,  The  youtb.  .seemed  to  yield  to  the  remonstrances  of  his 
uncle.  1870  DICKENS  E.  Drooti  viii,  We  had  better  not  say 
anything  having  the  appearance  of  a  remonstrance. 

o.  R.  C.  Ch,  A  monstrance. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Remonstrance, .  .an  instrument  so 
called  by  the  Romanists,  and  made  of  silver  or  gold,  to 
expose  the  blessed  Sacrament  on  the  Altar.  1670-98  LASSELS 
Voy.  Italy  II.  170  The  Remonstrance  to  expose  the  B. 
Sacrament  in,  is  made  like  a  sun.  1846  G.  OLIVER  Monast. 
Dioec.  Exon.  261/1  He  bequeathed  a  remonstrance  or  osten- 
soir..to  the  college.  1873  J.  B.  BAGSHAWE  ThresholdCath. 
Ch.  (1883)  2ri  A  vessel  called  the  'Monstrance'  or  some 
times,  though  not  so  correctly,  the  (  Remonstrance '. 

t  Remo-nstrance,  v.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.prec.] 
trans.  To  demonstrate. 

1621  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Dlatriox  75  To  remonstrance  the 
pious  dLsposition  of  our  Saxon  Ancestors. 

t  Remo-nstrancer.  Obs.  [f.  prec.  sb.  or  vb. 
+  -ER  l.]  One  who  remonstrates ;  spec.  =  RE 
MONSTRANT  B  i. 

1618  Barnevelt's  Apol.  E,  The  dissensions  growing  betwixt 
the  Remonstrancers,  and  Contra-remonstrancers.  1650  R. 
HOLLINGWORTH  E.verc.  Usurped  Powers  32  As  the  Re- 
monstrancer  acknowledgeth.  1716  M.  DAVIES  A  thin.  Brit. 
III.  Diss.  Drama  4  The  discontented  Schematists  of  all 
States  and  Churches ;  such  as  Jacobites,. .  Remonstrancers. 

Remonstrant  (remonstrant),  a.  and  sb.  [ad. 
med.L.  remonstrant-em,  pres.  pple.  of  remonstrare 
to  REMONSTRATE.  Cf.  F.  remontrant  (1560).] 

A.  adj.  1.  Eccl.  Hist.  a.  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  Arminian  party  in  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church. 

This  may  also  be  taken  as  an  attrib.  use  of  the  sb. 

1618  CAKLETON  in  Males'  Cold.  Kem.  in.  (1673)  177  Three 
Remonstrant  Preachers  . .  have  renounced  their  Doctrine. 
1674  HICKMAN  Quinqnart.  Hist.  (ed.  2)  2  Whether  the  Re 
monstrant  or  Contra-Remonstrant  opinions  be  most  agree 
able.  1736  CHANDLER  Hist.  Persic.  335  His  Excellency., 
deposed^  those  Magistrates  who  were  of  the  Remonstrant 
Persuasion.  1772  FLETCHER  Lngica  Gcnev.  p.  v,  Giving  you 
a  more  favorable  opinion  of  your  remonstrant  brethren.  1840 
Penny^  Cycl.  XVII.  376/2  The  wicked  and  cruel  persecutions 
to  which  the  Remonstrant  party  were  subjected  in  conse 
quence  of  the  synod  of  Don. 

b.  Remonstrant  synod:  (see  quot.  1 846). 

1839  Pinny  Cycl.  XIII.  25/1  The  synod  of  Mun.st.er  and 
Remonstrant  synod,  among  whom  Unitarian  opinions  are 
prevalent.  1846  McCuLLOcH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  II. 
307  The  Remonstrant  Presbyterian  synod  was  formed  in 
May,  1830,  in  consequence  of  the  separation  of  17  ministers, 
with  their  congregations,  from  the  General  Synod  of  Ulster. 

2.  That  remonstrates  or  expostulates. 


REMONSTRATE. 

1641  MILTON  Animadv.  Wks.  1851  III.  208  Is  it  not. .to 
bee  wondred  that  such  a  weaknesse  could  fall  from  the  pen 
of  such  a  wise  Remonstrant  Man?  1847  Ln.  J.  RUSSELL  in 
Ashwell  Life^  Bp.  Wilbcrforce (1880)  I.  xi.  459, 1  must  repeat 
the  observation  I  made  in  my  letter  to  the  remonstrant 
Bishops.  1863  KINGLAKE  Crimea  (1876)  I.  xiii.  213  The 
principle  of  a  peaceful  coercion  applied  by  the  whole  of  the 
remonstrant  Powers.  1867  TROLLOI'E  Chron.  Barset  I.  xviii. 
155  The  deep  angry  remonstrant  eyes. 

B.  sb.  1.  Eccl.  Hist.  A  member  of  the  Ar 
minian  party  in  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church,  so 
called  from  the  Remonstrance  of  1610. 

1618  CARLETON  in  Hales'  Gold.  Kent.  in.  (1673)  177  They 
did  the  synod  wrong  to  make  this  distinction  of  contra- 
remonstrants  and  remonstrants.    1678  R.   BARCLAY  Afol. 
Quakers  v.  ix.  129  The  Remonstrants  (as  they  are  commonly 
called)  do  generally  themselves  acknowledge,  that  without 
the  outward  knowledge  of  Christ  there  is  no  Salvation. 
1736  CHANDLER  Hist.  Persec.  335  They  were  presently  sus 
pected...^  persons  that  favoured  the  Remonstrants,    a  1819 
G.  HILL  Led.  Divin.  (1821)  III.  192  Grotius  favoured  the 
principles  of  the  Remonstrants.     1886  Encycl.  Brit.  XX. 
379/2  The  Remonstrants  are  now  a  small  body,  but  respected 
for  their  traditions  of  scholarship  and  liberal  thought. 

2.  One  who  remonstrates ;  •)•  the  author,  or  a 
supporter,  of  a  remonstrance  (in  senses  3  a,  jb). 

1641  MlLTOtt  AmaraJf.  Wks.  1851  III.  187  Wee  had  not 
thought  that  Legion  could  have  furnisht  the  Remonstrant 
with  so  many  brethren.  1672  [see  Remonstrating  vbl.  sb.]. 
1705  T.  HEARNE  Collect.  22  Nov.  (O.  H.  S.)  I.  93  He  was  a 
feirce  Remonstrant.  1755  MAGENS  insurances  II.  83  The 
Remonstrants,  .concluded  to  apply  to  Us,  praying  that  we 
would  please  to  approve  and  ratify  the  said  Statute.  1800 
COLERIDGE  Piccolom.  iv.  vii,  Necessity,  impetuous  remon 
strant.  1838  DE  MORGAN  Ess.  Probab.  171  A  want,  .which 
no  government  ever  will  attempt  to  supply  until  increasing 
knowledge  . .  creates  an  influential  body  of  remonstrants. 
1875  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  II.  xiv.  138  If.  .the  king  wished  to 
go  to  Flanders,  the  remonstrants  were  of  opinion  that  they 
were  not  bound  to  serve  in  that  country. 

Hence  fKemo'nstrant  z1.  intr.,to  protest  against 
a  thing;  f  Bemo'nstranter,  a  remonstrant ;  file- 
monstra'ntical  a.,  belonging  to  the  party  of  the 
Arminian  Remonstrants.  Obs. 

1619  BALCANQUAL  in  Hates'  Gold.  Rcm.  n.  (1673)  128  It  was 
answered,  that  both  the  Consistory  and  Classis  of  Camps 
were  altogether  Remonstrantical.     1650  R.  BAILLIE  Lett.fy 
Jrnls.  (1842)  III.  no  If  great  words  would. .  make  them  sub 
mit  to  the  commands  of  our  Remonstranters  [etc.].     1654 
E.  JOHNSON  Wond.-wrkg.  Provid.  105*  They  remonstrant 
against  all  Acts  of  Parliament  that  passe  without  their  Vote. 

Remo'nstrantly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  adj.  +  -LY  2  ] 
In  a  remonstrant  manner. 

1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Dcr.  liii,  '  Mother ',  said  Deronda, 
remonstrantly, '  don't  let  us  think  of  it '.  1882  C.  C.  HOPLEY 
Snakes  i.  28  Its  legs,  .kicking  remonstrantly. 

Remonstrate  (rrmp-nstr^t),  v.  [ad.  med.L. 
remonstrat-,  ppl.  stem  of  remonstrare  to  demon 
strate,  f.  re-  \{&-  +  nwnstrare\.Q  show.  Cf.  OF.  re- 
monstrcr  (i4th  c. ;  mod.F.  remontrer}^\ 

fl.  trans.  To  make  plain  or  manifest,  demon 
strate,  exhibit,  show.  Also  const,  to  a  person. 
Obs.  (common  in  I7th  c.) 

1599  H.  JONSON  Cynthias  Rev.  v.  il,  But  I  will  remon 
strate  to  you  the  third  dor,  which  is  not.  .indicative,  but  de 
liberative.  1604'!'.  WRIGHT  Passions  n.  i.  54  Wee  may  aptly 
remonstrate,  how  inordinate  Passions  cause  and  ingenerate 
in  the  soul  all  those  vices.  1658  R.  FRANCK  North.  Mem. 
(1821)  p.  xxvii,  Let  my  writings  therefore  remonstrate  my 
experiments  and  my  experiments  manifest  my  zeal  for  soli 
tudes.  1682  H.  MORE  Annot.  ClamnlTs  Lux  O.  08  That 
he  may  remonstrate  the  Soul  of  the  Messiah  to  be  his  most 
special  Favourite.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Tk.nt.  1636  With  what 
authority  it  gives  its  charge,  Remonstrating  great  truths  in 
stile  sublime. 

•j-  b.  To  declare  or  represent  thatt  etc.  Obs, 

1647  in  Neal  Hist.  Purit.  (1754)  II.  ix.  296  The  house  of 
commons  having  remonstrated.. that  it  was  far  from  their 
purpose  to  abolish  this  government,  but  only  to  regulate  it. 
1680  AUBREY  in  Lett.  Eminent  Persons  (1813)  III.  364  Mr. 
Edw.  Wood  was  the  spokes-man  :  remonstrated  that  they 
were  Oxon.  scholars.  1755  MAGENS  Insurances  I.  164  It 
was  remonstrated  to  the  Assured  that  it  was  necessary  to 
see  the  Invoice  of  the  Cost  of.  .the  Cargo. 

f2.  To  point  out  (a  fault,  etc.)  to  another  by 
way  of  reproof,  disapprobation,  or  complaint ;  to 
protest  against  (a  wrong).  Also  const,  to.  Obs. 

1627  Lisanderty  Col.  iv.  75  Shee  only  gently  remonstrated 
unto  her  her  fault.  1642  FULLER  Holy  $  Prof.  St.  121  If 
the  conscience  of  a  Counsellour  or  commander  in  chief 
remonstrates  in  himself  the  unlawfulnesse  of  this  warre,  he 
is  bound,  .to  represent  to  his  Prince  his  reasons  against  it. 
1709  STANHOPE  Paraphr,  IV.  89  At  this  Bar.. he  remon- 
strated  the  Illegality  of  the  Violence  offered  to  him.  1723 
Pres.  St.  Russia  II.  104,  I  also  remonstrated  to  you  the 
Dissatisfaction  your  Conduct  has  given  me.  1751  ELIZA 
HEYWOOD  Betsy  Thoughtless  \.  287  Remonstrating  to  miss 
Betsy,  in  the  most  serious  terms,  the  great  error  she  was 
guilty  of. 

t  b.  To  point  out,  state,  or  represent  (a  grievance, 
etc.)  to  some  authority.  Also  const,  to.  Obs. 

i647N.  UACON/?WC.  Govt.  Eng.i.  Ixvi.(i739)  is6TheParlia- 
ment  sent  but  six  or  seven,  to  remonstrate  their  complaints. 
1690  J.  MACKENZIE  Siege  London-Dcrry  Pref.  A  iij  b,  Till 
they  had  remonstrated  their  danger  to  the  Government. 
1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  18  f  2  The  Merchants  of  Lions 
have  been  at  Court,  to  remonstrate  their  great  Sufferings  by 
the  Failure  of  their  Publick  Credit.  1740-1  in  Johnson's 
Debates  (1787)  I.  189  It  is  doubtless  our  duty.. to  remon 
strate  to  his  majesty  the  distresses  of  his  subjects,  and  his 
own  danger. 

f3.  intr.  To  raise  an  objection  to  a  thing;  to 
address  a  remonstrance  to  a  person.  Obs. 


, 

1899  Daily  News  20  July  6/3  A 
Mr.  W.  .  .on  his  giving  up  all  the 


REMONSTRATING. 

1666  S.  PARKER  Free  fy  Impart.  Censure  (1667)  241  You 
know  I  have  long  since  remonstrated  to  these  common 
ceremonies  of  the  World.  1691  BEVKRLEY  Thous.  years'1 
Kingd.  Christ  4  The  boldness  of  the  Censure  of  Dissenters 
.  .  I  humbly  Remonstrate  to  in  these  Particulars.  1749 
FIELDING  Tom  Jones  \.  xiii,  The  doctor  remonstrated  to 
him  privately  concerning  this  behaviour.  1792  UUDWOUTH 
Fortn,  Ramble  93,  I  in  vain  remonstrated  to  the  landlord. 

fb.  Const,  inf.  To  make  a  strong  request  to 
a  person  not  to  do  something.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1723  Pres,  St.  Russia  II.  277  The  Ambassadors  remon 
strated  to  him  not  to  be  so  troublesome  to  the  said  Persons. 

4.  To  urge  strong  reasons  against  a  course  of 
action,  to  protest  against',  to  expostulate  with  a 
person,  on  or  upon  an  action.     Also  ahsol. 

1695  J.  EDWARDS  Perfect.  Script.  Ded.,  You  with  the 
utmost  zeal  ..  remonstrated  against  this  practice.  ijzz 
WATERI.ASD  Suppl.  Arian  Subscript.  Consid.  4  It  is  the 
proper  Business  of  a  Divine..  to  remonstrate  against  any 
growing  Corruptions.  1759  STERNE  Tr.  X  handy  II.  xv, 
Corporal  Trim,  by  being  in  the  service,  had  learned  to  obey, 
—and  not  to  remonstrate.  1838  THIRLWALL  Greece  xxxviii. 
V.  59  Spartan  envoys  were  sent  to  Athens,  to  remonstrate 
against  the  proceedings  of  Timotheus.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT 
Romola.  xlvi,  Tito  and  Romola  never  jarred,  never  remon 
strated  with  each  other.  1 
friend  remonstrated  with  M 
proceeds,  .to  a  charity. 

5.  trans.  To  say,  assert,  or  plead  in  remonstrance. 
Also  const,  to  or  with  a  person. 

1738-65  GOLDSM.  Ess.  v,  In  spite  of  what  is  every  day 
remonstrated  from  the  press  —  our  very  nobility,  .have  the 
assurance  to  frequent  assemblies.  1784  UURNS  Prayer 
Prospect^  Death  8  If  I  have  wander  d  ..,  As  something, 
loudly,  in  my  breast,  Remonstrates  I  have  done.  1844 
DICKENS  Christmas  Carol  ii,  '  I  am  a  mortal',  Scrooge  re 
monstrated,  'and  liable  to  fall'.  1845  Miss  STRICKLAND 
Queens  of  Engl.  VIII.  33  When  those  in  his  household  re 
monstrated  with  him  that  this  name,  .had  become  very  un 
popular  to  English  ears.  1873  BROWNING  RedCott.Nt.-cap 
in.  810  Remonstrate  to  yon  peasant  in  the  blouse  That  [etc.J. 

6.  To  persuade  (one)  out  of-z.  design,  rare"1. 
1817-18  COBBETT  Resid,  U.S.  (1822)  144  My  men  had  re 

monstrated  me.  .out  of  my  design  to  transplant  six  acres  of 
Indian  Corn. 

Hence  Remo'n  stealing  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a.;  also 
Remo-nstratingly  adv. 

1660  J.  SHARP  in  Lauderd.  Papers  (Camden)  I.  57  Most 
of  the  remonstrating  party  pursue  the  fatal  way.  1672 
MARVELL  Rch.  Transp.  \.  144,  I  do  not  like  this  Remon 
strating  nor  these  Remonstrants.  1829  Examiner  161/2 
He  remonstratingly  exclaimed,  'Too  much  help  !'  1863 
J.  C.  MORISON  St.  Bernard  in.  iv.  348  He  wrote  a  remon 
strating  letter  to  Guido.  1882  J.  PAYN  Thicker  than  Water 
iii,  '  Now  .  .do  be  reasonable',  he  continued  remonstratingly. 

Renionstration  (rem£nstw»-Jan).  [a.  obs.  K. 
remon$trationy  or  ad.  med.L.  remonstrdtion~em^  n. 
of  action  f.  remonstrare  to  REMONSTRATE.] 

1.  The  action  of  remonstrating,  remonstrance,  ex 
postulation  ;  an  instance  of  this. 

The  early  examples  may  strictly  belong  to  sense  2. 

c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  xvii.  53  How  the  proude 
pncelle  in  amours,  after  dyuers  and  many  remonstracions 
made  hy  her  inaystres  vnto  her,  bygan  to  wexe  moderate. 
1491  —  Vitas  Pair.  (W.  de  W.  1495)  u.  180/2  The  brother 
by  these  remonstracyons  toke  at  his  herte  so  grete  contrycyon 
that  he  obteyned  the  mercy  of  god.  1824  in  Spirit  Pub. 
Jrnls.  (1825)  254  They  went  down  stairs  to  the  bar,  and 
began  a  remonstration  with  the  landlord.  1828  LANDOR 
Imag.  Conv.,  Victor  Saez  $  Netto  III.  39  Where  demon 
strations  come  in  the  van,  remonstrations  come  in  the  rear, 
1882  Harpers  Mag.  Tan.  243/1  He  went  many  times  over 
the  case  of  his  wife,,  .his  own  repeated  remonstration. 

t  2.  Demonstration  ;  an  instance  of  this.  Obs. 

1586  WHETSTONE  Eng.  Mirr.  116  The  remonstration  of 
the  ctvill  warres,  bloudshed  and  many  grievous  calamities, 
which  ..  afflicted  this  small  kingdome.  1629  WADSWORTH 
Pilgr.  iii.  12  They  begun  a  remonstration  of  their  rules,  and 
orders,  and  observations,  a  1640  JACKSON  Creed  x.  ii.  §  3 
The  deduction,  or  remonstration  of  this  demonstrative 
inference  is  clear  to  any  artist,  to  any  reasonable  man. 

Remonstrative  (r/mp-nstrativ),  a.  [f.  as 
REMONSTRATE  v.  +  -IVE.]  Of  or  characterized  by 
remonstrance,  expostulatory. 

1614  JACKSON  Creed  in.  xxvii.  §  4  The  Churches  proposal! 
hath  the  very  remonstratiue  roote  and  Character  of  the 
immediat  and  prime  cause.  1647  Case  Kingd.  16  Puling 
down  al  others  with  Remonstrative  or  Petitionary  Out-cries. 
1660  T.  M.  Cl.  Walker's  Hist.  Independ.  iv.  63  A  remon- 
strative  address  from  the  Army.  1706  in  Pa.  Hist.  Soc. 
J\/e»i.  X.  133,  1  wrotearemonstrative  letter  to  theGovernour. 
1872  Yng.  Gentleman's  Mag.  114/2  'Another  stop  for  a 
chimbley'  he  muttered,  with  a  remonstrative  growl.  1882 
J.  HAWTHORNE  Pr.  Saronfs  Wife  (1884)  II.  13  Saroni  gave 
a  short,  remonstrative  laugh. 

Hence  Remo'ustratively,  adv.  (Ogilvie  SuppL 
1882). 

Remonstrator  (i/m^nstw't^i).  [f.  REMON 
STRATE  v.  +-OR.]  One  who  remonstrates;  a  re 
monstrant. 

1653  NICHOLAS  in  N.  Papers  (Camden)  II.  9  The  Remon- 
strators  (as  I  think  he  calls  them)  have  declared  that  they 
will  have  none  of  the  present  Government.  1679  PENN 
Addr.  Prot.  64  For  Accommodation  in  some  particulars 
with  the  Remonstrators  or  Free-willers.  1736  CARTE  Or 
monde  II.  419  The  Lord  Lieutenant  was  not  moved  by  any 
thing  that  could  be  said  in  favour  of  the  remonstrators. 
1889  Columbus  (Ohio)  Disp.  4  Dec.,  Remonstrators  having 
the  privilege  of  filing  their  objections  and  appealing  to  the 
courts.  1899  Daily  News  20  July  6/3  The  actor-manager 
looked  at  the  remonstrator  half  quizzically. 

attrib.  1660  Lauderd.  Papers  (Camden)  I.  59  To  doe 
favours  to  some  of  the  remonstrator  way.  1693 


Clergy  Scot.  16  Severals  of  the  Remonstrator  Presbyterians. 

VOL.  VIII. 


433 

Remo-nstratory,  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ORY  2.] 
Expostulatory. 

1823  Examiner  790/2  It  is  right  to  listen,  .to  all  contend 
ing  and  remonstratory  interests.  1866  R  us  KIN  Etk.  Dust 
(1883)  23,  Remonstratory  whispers,  expressive  of  opinion 
that  the  Lecturer  is  becoming  too  personal. 

Remontant  (r/m^'ntant),  a.  and  st>.  [a.  F.  re 
montant,  pres.  pple.  of  rcmonter  to  REMOUNT.]  a. 
adj.  Of  roses  :  Blooming  a  second  time  or  oftener 
in  a  season,  b.  sb.  A  hybrid  perpetual  rose  bloom 
ing  more  than  once  in  a  season. 

1883  Century  Mag.  July  350/1  Beautiful  white  roses, 
whose  places  have  not  been  lilled  by  any  of  the  usurping 
remontant*.  Ibid.  350/2  The  liaronne  Prevost..is  now  the 
oldest  type  among  hybrid  remontant  roses.  1901  Chambers' 
Encycl.  VIII.  806/1  The  Perpetual,  or  Remontant  rose,  as 
the  French  more  correctly  term  it,.. affords  a  succession, 
more  or  less  continuous,,  .of  bud  and  bloom. 

II  Remontoir  (wmohtwar.)  Also  -oire.  [F., 
f.  remonter  to  REMOUNT.]  Clock-making.  A  de 
vice  by  which  an  exactly  uniform  impulse  is  given 
to  the  pendulum  or  balance.  Also  attrib.  with 
eseape(ment)t  spring  wheel,  etc. 

1801  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  XIX.  335  It  requires  no  more 
power  than  any  other  Remontoire  Escapement.  Ibid.  The 
strength  of  the  remontoire-spring.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON 
Operat.  Mechanic  519  A  remontoire  escape  which  possesses 
considerable  merit.  1875  J.  W.  IJENSON  Time  fy  T. -tellers 
(1902)126  This  arrangement,  which  is  called  the  remontoir,  is 
supplemented  in  this  clock  by  a  double  lever  escapement. 
1878  LOCKYER  Stargazing  322  The  remontoire  wheel,  .re 
laxes  its  pressure  against  a  friction-wheel. 

Hence  Remo-ntoiring  ///.  a.,  performing  the 
function  of  a  remontoir. 

1803  Trans.  Soc.  A  rts  XXL  409  Pressed  against  the  teetli 
of  the  spring  wheel,  by  remontoiring  springs. 

ReillOOT,  v.     [RE-  5  a,]     To  moor  again. 

1800  Hull  Pilotage  Act  14  The  pilot,  .shall  be  paid  for. . 
remooring  such  ship. 

ReiUOO't,  £'•  [RE-.]  trans.  To  moot  again  or 
in  answer. 

1676  Doctrine  of  Devils  172  To  that  which  is  said  by  the 
Debater.. It  is  remooted,  indeed  [etc.], 

Reiliora  (re*m6ra).  [a.  L.  remora  delay,  hin 
drance  (f.  re-  RE-  +  mora  delay),  also  occurring  in 
Pliny  Nat.  Hist,  xxxii.  I  as  the  L.  name  of  the 
fish  called  \\svifo  by  the  Greeks  (but  modern  edd. 
prefer  the  reading  mora} :  hence  It.,  Sp.,  and  Pg. 
remora,  F.  r<*tnorat  remore  (i6th  c.).] 

1.  The  sucking-fish  {Echeneis  remora]^  believed 
by  the  ancients  to  have  the  power  of  staying  the 
course  of  any  ship  to  which  it  attached  itself. 

1567  MAPI.ET  Gr.  Forest  84  The  fish  Echeneis  or  Remora, 
staiship,  amazeth  also . .  the  beholder  by  his  hid  and  occult . . 
vertue.  1591  SPENSER  Vis.  WorWs  Van.  ix,  There  clove 
unto  her  keele  A  little  fish,  that  men  call  Remora,  Which 
stopt  her  course.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  426  The  said 
stay-ship  Echeneis  or  Remora  (call  it  whether  you  will*. 
1640  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Malh.)  IV.  301  With  much  more  likeli 
hood  than  that  the  remora  stays  vessels  under  full  sail. 
1666-7  DENHAM  Direct.  Paint,  i.  xii,  Smith  to  the  Duke 
doth  intercept  her  way,  And  cleaves  t'  her  closer  than  a 
Remora.  1711  Phil.  Trans.  XXVII.  348  Fig.  12  is  a  rare 
sort  of  Remora,  or  Stop-Ship,  with  a  very  taper  Body.  1796 
STEDMAN  Surinam  II,  xxx.  385  The  remora,  or  sucking-fish, 
is  frequently  found  sticking  to  sharks,  and  to  ships  bottoms. 
1846  LANDOR  I  mag.  Com?.,  Marcus  fy  Quinctus  Cicero  Wks. 
I.  244  Like  the  remora,  of  which  mariners  tell  marvels,  it 
counteracts,  as  it  were,  both  oar  and  sail.  1876  Benedens 
Anim.  Parasites  Introd.iS  The  fish  which,  through  idleness, 
attaches  itself,  like  the  remora,  toa  neighbour  who  swims  well. 

attrib.  1801  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  Supp.  II.  400/2  If  the 
two  white  fish,  .be  of  the  remora  species, as  he  is  inclined  to 
think  [etc.], 

b.  In  fig.  and  allusive  expressions. 

1601  B.  JONSON  Poetaster  m.  ii,  'Death,  I  am  seaz'd  on 
here  By  a  Land-Remora.  1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  n.vii. 
§  7  They  are  indeed  but  Remoraes  and  hindrances  to  stay  and 
slugge  the  Shippe  from  furder  say  ling.  1627  DONNE  Serin. 
v.  43  This  was  a  Rock  in  his  Sea  and  a  Remora  upon  his 
Ship.  1643  TUCKNEV  Baltne  ofG.  29  What  unhappy  remora 
or  Anchor  under  water  not  yet  seen,  hath  stopt  us  in  this 
happy  course? 

c.  Her.     (See  quot.) 

1780  EDMONDSON  Heraldry  II.  Gloss.  s.v.,  In  blazoning 
the  figure  of  Prudence,  which  is  represented  as  holding  in  her 
hand  a  javelin  entwined  with  a  serpent  proper,  such  serpent 
is  expressed  by  the  word  Remora. 

2.  An  obstacle,  hindrance,  impediment,  obstruc 
tion.     (Common  in  I7~i8th  c.) 

1604  EDMONDS  Obscrv.  C&sar's  Comnt.  100  That  authorise 
..was  as  a  Remora  to  diuers  other  nations  of  Gallia  from 
shewing  that  defection  by  plaine  and  open  revolt.  1641  H. 
L'ESTRANGE  God's  Sabbath  59  We  have  at  last  shaked  off 
those  remora's  which  retarded  our  arrivall  at  the  Christian 
Sabbath.  1671  W.  DE  BRITAINE  Dutch  Usurp.  19  There  is 
no  such  Remora  to  Grandeur,  as  a  coy  and  squemish  Con 
science.  1740  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  C'tess  Pomfret 
4  June,  My  stay  here  ..  shall  be  as  short  as  these  remoras 
will  permit.  1793  COWPER  Let.  to  Rev.  Great 'heed  27  July, 
These  numerous  demands  are  likely  to  operate  as  a  remora, 
and  to  keep  us  fixed  at  home.  1820  C.  COLTON  Lacoti  cxli. 
I.  So  The  great  remora  to  any  improvement  in  our  civil 
code.  1864  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Apol.  407  A  sort  of  remora  or 
break  in  the  development  of  doctrine. 

attrib.  c  1629  LAYTON  Syons  Plea  (ed.  2)  26  The  Remora- 
Prelats..so  blocked  up  the  way,  that  the  said  Acts  could 
not  pass. 

3.  Med.     Stoppage  or  stagnation.   rar&~~*. 

1782  A.  MONRO  Compar.  Attat.  (ed.  3)  9  Too  long  a 
rwiora  of  the  juices  might  occasion  the  worst  consequences. 


REMORD. 

4.  .S'«ry.  An  instrument  used  to  retain  bones  or 
other  parts  in  place,  rare  ~°. 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  xii.  434/2  A  Remora,  \vhich 
is  an  Instrument  used  for  the  helping  of  a  dislocated 
Shoulder.  1693  tr.  Blancartfs  Phys.  Diet.  (ed.  2),  Remora, 
.1  Chyrurgical  Instrument,  to  reduce  a  broken  Bone.  1875 
KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1916/1.  1897  Sytt.  Soc.  Lex. 

Hence  f  Ke'mora  v.  0/is.  rare  ~l.     To  delay. 

1686  in  Ellis  Corr.  (1829)  I.  S  That  his  Excellency  should 
'  be  remora'd  at  such  a  cold  harbour. 

i  Re 'moral,  a.  Obs.  ran~l.  [f.  prec.,  or  L. 
remora  delay  +  -AL.]  Given  to  delay,  dilatory. 

a  i6as  COPE  in  Gutch  Coll.  Cur.  (1781)  1.132  Their  private 
affections  do  oftentimes  yield  to  their  publique  judgements, 
and  make  them  remora!  in  their  friends  suits. 

t  Re'inorate,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  remorat-, 
ppl.  stem  of  remorarf\.o  hinder,  delay,  f.  re-  KE- 
+  mordri  to  delay;  cf.  prec.]  /rails.  To  detain, 
delay,  obstruct.  Hence  f  Ke'morating///.  a. 

1638  RIDER  Horace,  Odes  in.  v,  Yet  he  no  otherwise  His 
remorating  kindred  did  adjourne.  1657'1'oMLiNSON  AV«c«V 
Disf>.  302  Its  long,  .roots  remorate  the  o.vtn  in  ploughing. 

Remorce,  obs.  form  of  KEMOKSE. 
tRemO'rd,  s6.    Obs.   rare.     [a.   OF.   remonl, 
var.  of  remors  KEMOKSE  ;    or  independently  f.  the 
t    vb.]     a.  An  impairment  or  taint,     b.  Blame,  re 
buke,     c.  A  touch  of  remorse. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  La-M  Arms  (S.T.S.)  13  The  thrid 
[manner]  is  carnale..;  that  takis  of  the  mortell  flesch  a  re- 
morde,  sa  that  it  may  nocht  perfitely  understand  south- 
fastnes  of  haly  scripture,  a  1529  SKFLTON  Sp.  Pnrrot  300 
Uut  now,  for  your  defence  Agayne  all  remordes  arme  yow 
with  paciens.  1655  tr*  Corel's  Com.  Hist.  Franeion  n.  50 
[  Their  insensibility  robs  them  of  Remords,  and  lils  their 
vaine  hearts  with  joy. 

t  Remo'rcl,  v.  Obs.  (exc.  as  nonce-tad?)  Also 
4-5  fa.t.  and  fa.  pple.  remord'e.  [ad.  F.  re- 
mordre  (i2th  c.) :— Rom.  *remordere  =  \J.  remordtre 
I  to  vex,  disturb,  f.  re-  RE-  +  mordere  to  bite,  sting, 
attack,  etc. :  see  MORDANT.  In  later  use  chiefly 
Sc. ;  re-formed  by  C.  Reade  in  igth  c.  (see  2  b).] 

1.  trans.  To  visit  with  affliction.  rare~l. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  iv.  pr.  vi.  109  (Camb.  MS.)  God. . 
remordith  [L.  rttHordef]  some  folk  by  aduersite,  for  they  ne 
sholde  nat  wexen  prowde  by  longe  welefulnesse. 

2.  To   afflict  (a  person,  the  mind,  etc.)  with  rc- 
;    morse  or  painful  feelings. 

13. .  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  A.  364  My  herte  waz  al  with  mysse 

I     remorde.      c  1374  CHAUCEK  Troylu*  iv.  1463  (MQI)  Ye  shul 

i    dullen  of  }>e  rudenesse  Of  vs  sely  Troians,  but  yf  rouhe  Re- 

:    morde  yow.     1446  LVDG.  Nightingale  i.  190  O  synfull  man, 

1     this  oure  the  aght  remorci,  That  standest  exiled  oute  fro 

charite.     1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  VII.  vii.  140  Geifony  thocht 

remordis   5Our  myndis..Of  the  effectuus  piete  matcrnall. 

1567  G-uae  %  GodlieB.  (S.T.S.)  120  My  sinfull  lyfe  dois  me 

remord.     [1628  SIR  W.  MURE  Doomsday  820  A  consort 

sweet. .  Allayes  all  mind-remording  cares.] 

b.  To  afflict  (one's  own  conscience,  oneself,  etc.) 
with  remorseful  thoughts  ;  also,  to  unburden  with 
contrition ;  to  examine  in  a  penitent  spirit. 

c  1450  Pol.  Rel.  tt  L.  Poems  (1903)  138  Noght  euere-ilke 
man . .  sal  hafe  bi  blise,  his  consciencz  bot  he  remorde.  c  1470 
HENRY  Wallace  iv.  590  Wallace  to  God  his  conscience  fyrst 
remord.  Ibid.  x.  9  In  sum  part  than  he  remordyt  his  thocht, 
The  kingis  commaund  becaus  he  kepyt  nocht.  1560  ROW 
LAND  Crt.  Venns  in.  843  That  thay  wald  fiance  and  prent, 
Considder  weill, . .  Remord  thair  mindisquhldder  gif  Chestitie 
[etc.],  a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscpttie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.T.S.)  I. 
406  He  began  to  remorde  his  conscience.  [1857  READE 
White  Lies  III.  ix.  124  Others  thought  he  must  at  some 
part  of  his  career  have  pillaged  a  church  ;  . .  and  now  was 
committing  the  mistake  of  remording  himself  about  it.] 

3.  To  recall  to  mind  with  remorse  or  regret. 
13..   Galv.  ft  Gr.  Knt.  2434  When  I  ride  in  renoun,  [I 

shall]  remorde  to  myseluen  pe  faut  &  be  fayntyse  of  be 
flesche  crabbed,  c  1470  HENRY  H'allace  x.  54;  Sadly  the 
Bruce  than  in  his  mynd  remordyt  Thai  worclis  suth  that 
Wallace  had  hym  recordyt.  1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform. 
xxii.  94  Remord  in  mynd  thy  greit  madnes. 

b.  To  recall,  remember,  record. 

c  1430  HOLLAND  Howlat  654  So  mekle  was  the  multitud 
no  mynd  it  remordis.  1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  I.  xlv, 
Diuers  vthers  quhilks  me  not  list  remord.  c  1507  Justcs 
May  f,  June  266  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  II.  130  It  was  done  but 
onely  for  the  sake  Of  kynge  Henry ...  And  of  the  prynce,  who 
lyste  it  to  remorde. 

c.  To  meditate,  ponder.  ««**• 

1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  384  Hewes  nothing  content, 
.  .And  in  his  mynd  remordit  oft  and  knew,  Richt  suddanelic 
that  he  suld  him  persew. 

4.  intr.  To  feel  remorse. 

c  1440  Alfh.  Tales  42  He  remordid  in  his  conciens  &  said  ; 
'N'owder  of  fiies  two  did  itt,  I  did  it  myselfe'.  1491  CAXTON 
Vitas  Pair.  (W.  de  W.  1495)  Ii.  278/1  A  relygyous  man 
ought  not  to  suffre  that  his  conscyence  remorde  ne  grudge 
of  ony  thynge.  1531  ELYOT  GOT.  n.  v,  Beyng  meued  either 
with  loue  or  pitie,  or  other  wyse  his  conscience  remording 
against  the  destruction  of  so  noble  a  prince,  c  1560  A.  SCOTT 
Poems  (S.T.S.)  xiii.  38  Remord  &  rew,  and  pondir  weill 
my  parte.  £1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xiv.  73  Quhair 
thair  was  mys  he  gart  remorde.  1614  [see  remording}. 
b.  To  awaken  remorse.  rare~*. 

1572  Salir.  Poems  Reform,  xxx.  210  Trew  Preicheours 
speikis  it  to  3ow  plane,  jit  neuer  mercy  in  your  mynd  re 
mordis. 

5.  trans.  To  blame,  rebuke. 

1523  SKELTON  Carl.  Laureled  If  so  hym  fortune  to  wryte 
true  and  plaine,  As  sumtyme  he  must  vyces  remorde. 
a  1529  —  Col.  Cloitte  983  Squyre,  knyght,  and  lorde,  Thus 
the  Churche  remorde.  1629  SIR  W.  MCRE  True  Critcifixe 

55 


BEMORDENCY. 

624  Vet  from  his  lips  not  one  intemperat  word,  His  merci- 
lesse  tormenters  doth  remord. 

absol.  1522  SKELTON  IVhy  not  to  Court  1055  Remordynge 
and  bytynge,  With  chydyng  and  with  flytynge. 

Hence  t  KemoTdiug  ppl.  a.  Obs. 

c  1430  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhodt  i.  Iv.  (1869)  33  It  is  so  cruelle, 
and  so  prikinge,  so  remordinge,  and  so  persinge.  1614 
EARL  STIRLING  Domesday  \.  xv,  O  what  a  terrour  wounds  re- 
mording  soules.  a  1700  KEN  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721 
III.  129  The  poor  Wretch,  whose  Body  shook  all  o're, 
While  his  remording  Conscience  trembled  more. 

t  Remo'rdency.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  as  next + 
-ENCY.]  Compunction,  remorse. 

1717  KILLINBECK  18  Stnn.  175  This  is  what  the  Schools 
call  P&na  damni\  that  remordency  of  Conscience,  that 
extremity  of  grief,  they  feel  within  themselves. 

ReittO'rdent,  «.  rare.  [ad.  pres.  pple.  of  L. 
remordert\  see  KEMORD  z>.]  Biting  in  return. 

18170.  S.  FABER  .£yr/i/  Dissert.  (1845)!.  87  A  man  treading 
with  his  heel  upon  the  head  of  a  remordent  snake.  1819 
—  Dispensations  (1823)  I.  325  That  the  Seed  of  the  woman 
should  bruise  the  head  of  the  remordent  serpent. 

t  Kemo'rder.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  REMORD  v.  + 
-ER  1.]  One  who  blames. 

a  1529  SKELTON  Sp.  Parrot  368  Wherfor  your  remorders 
ar  madde.  .Vow  to  remorde  erste  or  they  know  your  mynde. 

t  ReniO  re,  sb.  Obs.  rare,  [Anglicized  or  Fr. 
form  of  RKMOKA  :  cf.  next.  In  both  examples 
printed  remove^  Hindrance,  delay. 

1627  BEAULIEU  in  Court  fy  Times  Chas,  I  (1848)  I.  239 
Somewhat  stayed  him  behind,  ..I  think,  as  I  hear,  that  his 
true  remore  hath  been  want  of  money.  Ibid.  260  Want  of 
money  is  a  great  remore  to  our  endeavours. 

t  ReniO're,  v.  Obs.  rare—*,  [f.  L.  remor-dri^ 
or  perh.  f.  KEMORE  sb.]  trans.  To  hinder,  delay. 

1641  BROME  Joviall  Crew  i.  Wks.  1873  III.  370  We  have 
no  debt  or  rent  to  pay  ; ,  ,Or  if  we  had,  should  that  remore 
us,  When  all  the  world's  our  own  before  us. 

t  Remo  rphize,  z».  Obs.  rare,    [irreg.  f.  RE- 

5  a,  after  metamorphize.~\  trans.  To  restore  to  the 
original  form. 

1603  HARSNET  Pop.  Impost.  102  That  worthy  memorable 
Story  of  Saint  Macarius..who..did  remorpbize  an  olde 
Woman  that  had  beene  turned  into  a  Mare.  Ibid.  133. 

Remorse  (r/mpus),  sb.  Forms:  4-5  remors, 
(6  remorrs),  5-7  remorce,  4-  remorse,  [a.  OF. 
remors  (mod.F.  rewords),  ad.  late  L.  remorsusy 
vbl.  sb.  f.  remordere  :  see  REMORD  z/.] 

1.  Remorse  of 'conscience  (or  mind)  =next.    Now 
somewhat  rare  and  arch,     f  Also  with  //.  (cf.  2  b). 

c  1374  CHAUCBB  Troylus  i.  554  Or  hastow  som  remors  of 
conscience..?  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  171  pis 
pope,  .havynge  remorse  of  conscience  J>at  he  was  somwhat 
put  yn  by  be  emperoure  lefte  the  popehede.  1483  CAXTOM 
Cato  Dj,  He  is  euer  in  doubt  and  in  remors  of  conscience. 
1559  SACKVILI.E  Induct.  Mirr,  Mag.  xxxii,  And  first  within 
the  portche  and  iawes  of  Hell  Sate  diepe  Remorse  of  con 
science.  1600  E.  BLOUST  tr.  Conestaggio  104  Onely  for  the 
remorse  of  his  conscience,  preferring  the  seruice  of  God  be 
fore  all  other  respects.  1670  G.  H.  tr.  Hist.  Cardinals  it. 
j.  no  Perhaps  not  without  some  scruples  and  remorses  of 
Conscience.  1704  Lond,  Gaz.  No.  4029/2  One  of  these 
Lieutenants  having  a  Remorse  of  Conscience,  discovered 
the.. Mater,  1729  LAW  Serious  C.  xxiii.  467  A  man  may., 
go  on.. without  any  remorse  of  mind,  or  true  desire  of 
amendment  1808  LEMPRIERE  Univ.  Biogr.  s.v.  Annoy,  One 
of  his  three  accusers  afterwards  through  remorse  of  con 
science  confessed  the  charge  to  be  false. 

2.  A  feeling  of  compunction,  or  of  deep  regret 
and  repentance,  for   a  sin   or  wrong  committed. 
Also  const,  at,  for,  t<?/"(the  thing  done). 

£  1400  Destr.  Troy  1698  pan  a  sorow  full  sodenly  sanke  in 
his  liert,  A  Remorce  of  maters,  bat  hym  mys  lyket.  1494 
FABYAN  Chron.  vii.  ccxxix.  260  By  this  monycion  he  toke 
remorce  in  his  conscyence.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W. 
153I)  *73  Vndoubted  theyr  conscyence  sholde  haue  remorse. 
1577  VAUTROUILLIER  Luther  on  Ep.  Gal,  19  The  hypocrites 
..although  they  feele  the  remorse  of  sinne  [etc.].  1597 
HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol,  v.  Ixxii.  §  16  The  fruit  of  our  own  ill- 
doing  is  remorse.  1641  BAKER  Chron.  (1653)  97  The  remorse 
for  his  undutifulnesse  towards  his  Father,  was  living  in  him 
till  he  dyed,  a  1656  BP.  HALL  Rem.  Wks.  (1660)  162  Another 
teaches  that  there.. is  no  hell  but  remorse.  1719  DE  FOE 
Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  89  When  again  I  was  shipwreck'd,..!  was 
as  far  from  Remorse,  or  looking  on  it  as  a  Judgment.  1780 
COJVTER  Progr.  Err.  43  Pleasure  brings  as  surely  in  her 
train  Remorse  and  Sorrow  and  vindictive  Pain.  1821 
SHELLEY  Fragment  on  Keats,  Death,  in  remorse  for  that  fell 
slaughter, ..  flew  Athwart  the  stream.  1868  BROWNING  King1 
4-  Rk.  m.  180  We  have  her  own  confession  at  full  length 
Made  in  the  first  remorse. 

fb.  With  a  and//.  A  fit  of  remorse.   Obs. 
1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus'  Nat.  Paradox  1. 17  To  possess 

unjustly  another's  means  with  continuall  Remorses  and  in- 
ternall  Reproaches.  1701  Eng.  Theophrast.  123  Our  re 
pentances  are  generally  not  a  remorse  for  the  ills  we  have 
done.  1720  MANDEVILLE^VW  Thoughts  126  So  at  one  time 
or  other  they  are  troubled  with  Remorses.  1761  HUME  Hist. 
Eng.  II.  xl.  399  His  remorses  gradually  diminished. 

fc.  ?  Hesitation,  scruple.   Obs.  rare—1. 

a  1529  SKELTON  Agst.  Gamesche  ii.  19  As  wytles  as  a 
wylde  goos,  ye  haue  but  small  remorrs  Me  for  to  chalenge. 

1 3.  Sorrow,  pity,  compassion ;  also  //.  signs  of 
tender  feeling.  Obs. 

a  1547  SURREY  &neid  iv.  574  This  latter  grace,  Sister,  I 
crane,  haue  thou  remorse  of  me.  1568  Jacob  fy  Esau  v.  iv, 
Well,  nature  prtcketh  me  some  remorse  on  thee  to  haue. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  iv.  6  The  noble  Guyon,  mov'd  with 
great  remorse,  Approching,  first  the  Hag  did  thrust  away. 
1639  G.  DANIEL  Ecclits.  xii.  54  His  Eyes  shall  be  Stor'd  w»" 
false  tears,  in  remorse  of  thee.  1667  MILTON  P.  L,  v.  566 
How  shall  I  relate ..  without  remorse  The  ruin  of  so  many 


434 

glorious  once..  ?  169*  DKYDEN  Cleotnenes  v.  ii,  Womanish 
sighs  and  tears,  and  kind  adieus,  And  those  ill-timed  re 
morses  of  good  nature.  1700  —  Pal.  ff  Arc.  n.  345  Curse 
on  th'  unpard'ning  Prince,  whom  Tears  can  draw  To  no 
Remorse  :  who  rules  by  Lions  Law. 

fb.  Remorse  of '  equity,  *  disposition  to  relax  the 
strict  application  of  a  law.  Obs. 

1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ix.  §  6  Remorse  of  equitie  hath 
moued  diuers  of  the  school  diuines . .  ingenuouslie  to  grant . . 
that  God  all-merciful  [etc.].  [1878  PATMORE  L"Allegrot 
Those  gentle  and  unsanction'd  lines  To  which  remorse  of 
equity  Of  old  hath  moved  the  School  divines.] 

f  C.   Without   remorse^  without   mitigation   or 
intermission.  Obs. 

>S79  SPENSER  JAgtf A.  Cal.  Nov.  131  The  heauens  doe  melt 
in  teares  without  remorse.  Ibid.  171.  1600  SHAKS.  TiveL 
N.  n.  Hi.  98  That  ye  squeak  out  your  Coziers  Catches  with 
out  any  mitigation  or  remorse  of  voice. 

t4.  Regretful  or  remorseful  remembrance  or 
recollection  of  a  thing.  Obs. 

a  1529  SKELTON  KnoUge^  aguayntance,  etc.  29  Remorse 
haue  I  of  youre  most  goodlyhod.  1570-6  LAMBARDE  Peramb. 
Kent  (1826)  295  Sundry  of  the  Noble  men,  partly  upon  re 
morse  of  their  former  promise  made, ..made  defection  to 
Maude.  1695  TEMPLE  Hist.  Eng.  (1699)  578  Either  the 
Fame  of  his  Forces,  .or  Remorse  of  his  Duty,  prevail'd  with 
Duke  Robert  to  offer  again  his  Submissions. 

fb.  Consideration  or  regard  to  a  matter,  etc. 

1514  in  Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  (1721)  I.  App.  iv.  8  That  it 
may  please  his  Highness  to  have  Consideration  &  Remors 
to  this  before  rehearsed,  in  considering  [etc.].  1525  St. 
Papers  Hen.  VIII,  VI.  416  The  Kinges  Highnes  hailing 
most  tendre  remorce  and  respect  unto  the  premisses  [etc.]. 
yC.  A  solemn  obligation.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1604  SIIAKS.  Oth.  in.  iii.  369  Let  him  command.  And  to 
obey  shall  be  in  me  remorse,  What  bloody  businesse  euer. 

1 5.  A  matter  for  regret ;  a  pity.   Obs.  rare. 

1548  GEST  Pr.  Masse  in  H.  G.  Dugdale  Life  11840)  App. 
i.  76  Is  it  not  a  deadely  remorse  to  respect  the  worthy 
Clerkes  in  thys  realnie.  .and  yet  not  one  to  wryte  agaynste 
hyr?  1576  HUMPHREY  in  Strype  Ann.  Re/.  (1709)  I.  xliii. 
431  That  it  was  a  remorse  to  seem,  by  sundry  apparel,  to 
sunder  himself  from  those  brethren. 

f6.  Biting  or  cutting  force.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  ii.  15  Their  speares  with  pitilesse 
remorse  Through  shield  and  mayle  andhaberjeon  did  wend. 

7.  Comb. )•&<•, remorse-smitten, -stirred,  -j/w/^adjs. 

1777  ELIZ.  RYVES  Poems  60  Tis  not  th1  accumulated  store 
Of  sparkling  gems  ..  Can  a  remorse-stung  mind  appease. 
1826  SCOTT  woodst,  xiv.  motto,  Be  it  the  working  Of  the 
remorse-stirr'd  fancy.  1897  MARY  KISGSLEY  W.  Africa  514 
Over  the  side  the  doctor  went,  to  the  horror  of  the  remorse- 
smitten  sea-captain. 

t  ReniO'rse,  z>.  Obs.  [f.  remors-,  ppl.  stem  of 
L.  remordere  :  see  prec.  and  KEMORD  v.\ 

1.  trans.  To  affect  with  remorse. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg,  196  b/2  Her  conscience  remorsed 
hirand  [she]  fyldoun  to  hir  feet  in  requyryng  pardon.  1563 
FOXE  A.  <$•  M,  1703/1  lilaxton  ..  fel  in  such  a  quake,  it 
shaking  i  the  conscience  belyke  remorsing  him).  1593 
NASUE  Christ's  T.  (1613)  62  Now  (dissemblingly  remorsed) 
they  would  needs. .set  vp  anotlier  [high  priest]. 

2.  intr.   To  feel  remorse. 

'53<>  PALSCIR.  685/2,  I  have  remorced  more  in  my  con- 
scyence  than  all  men  knewe  of.  1557  Tottefs  Misc.  (Arb.) 
194  Your  hart  must  nedes  remorce  of  right  To  graunt  me 
grace.  1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  i.  iii.  §  9  They  remorse  in 
one  place,  for  doing  or  omitting  that  which  others,  in  another 
place,  think  they  merit  by. 

Hence  f  Remo'rsed  ///.  a.,  of  the  nature  of, 
affected  by,  remorse.  Obs. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  m.  \Vks.  1724  II.  691  Wrong  stirs 
remorsed  Grief.  1617  J.  MOORE  Mappe  Mans  Mart.  lit, 
viii.  235  They  be  reputed  to  come  from  a  remorsed  soule  for 
sinne.  1649  BP.  HALL  Cases  Consc.  in.  ix.  334  The  soule  of 
the  remorsed  draweth  neare  to  the  grave. 

Remorseful  (rftn^usful),  a.     [f.  REMORSE  sb.'] 
1.  Affected   with   or  characterized   by   remorse ; 
impressed  with  a  sense  of,  and  penitent  for,  guilt. 

1592  Nobody  fy  Someb.  in  Simpson  Sck.  Shaks.  (1878)  I. 
313,  I  know  his  penitenttall  words  proceede  From  a  remorce- 
full  spirit.     i6iz  \V.  SCLATER  Sick  Souls  Salve  20  An  heart 
of  flesh,  remorsefull   for  sinne.     1679  J.    GOODMAN  Penit. 
Pard,  ii.  iii.  (1713)  204  A  contrite  and  remorseful  confession 
of  his  former  sins,    a  1763  SHENSTONE  Economy  n.  165  From 
a  blacker  cause  Springs    this    remorseful    gloom?      1828 
CARLYLK  Misc.  (1857)  I.  223  Many  a  bitter  hour  and  year  of 
remorseful  sorrow.     1881  Blnckiv.  Mag,  CXXIX.  191  The 
remorseful  philanthropist  did  all  in  his  power  to  console  him. 

•f*2.  Compassionate,  full  of  pity.   Obs. 

1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent,  iv.  iii.  13  Thou  art  a  Gentleman : 
. .Valiant, wise, remorse-full, well accomplished.  1610  NICOLS 
Eng.  Eliza,  xcvi.  in  Mirr.  Mag.  802  The  Briton  Maid 
remorsefull  of  their  woes,  c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad  vm.  208  To 
this  euen  weeping  king  did  loue  remorsefull  audience  giue. 

f3.  Pitiable.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1615  CHAPMAN  Odyss.  x.  331  Eurylochus*  straight  hasted 
the  report  Of  this  his  fellowes  most  remorcefull  fate. 

Hence  BemoTsefully  adv.,  BemoTsefnlness. 

1617  HIERON  IVks.  I.  370  How  good  in  Gods  sight  was 
the  remorsefulnesse  of  that  poor  soule.  1843  TENNYSON 
Morte  D'Arth,  171  Him  Sir  Bedivere  Remorsefully  regarded 
thro'  his  tears.  1887  0A/  Mans  Favour^  I.  n.  ii.  229  '  It 
might  be  best  for  you ',  muttered  her  lover  in  sudden  gloomy 
remorsefulness. 

Remorseless  (r^m^usles),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-LESS.]  Devoid  of  remorse;  pitiless,  cruel. 

1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  VI,  i.  iv.  142  Women  are . .  pitt'ifull . .  j 
Thou,  sterne,  obdurate,  flintie,  rough,  remorselesse.      1612 
DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  viii.  349  Whilst  we  in  sundry  Fields  our 
sundry  fortunes  prov'd  With  the  remorseless  Pict.      1631 
MILTON  F.pit.  Marchioness  Winchester  29  Atropos..  with 
remorsles  cruelty,  Spoil'd  at  once  both  fruit  and  tree.     1686 


REMOTE. 

tr.  Chardtris  Coronat.  Solyrnan  31  They  are  a  sort  of 
People  endued  with  savage  and  remorseless  Souls.  1728 
MORGAN  Algiers  II.  iv.  274  All  this  the  remorseless  Basha 
imputed  to  obstinacy  and  guilt.  1812  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  i. 
Ixxxvii,  So  may  such  foes  deserve  the  most  remorseless 
deed  !  1853  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sfe.  (1873)  1 1. 1.  L  22  They 
felt.,  the  resistless  crushing  force  of  a  remorseless  foe.  1873 
MOZLEY  Univ.  Serin,  viii.  (1876)  164  The  page  of  history  is 
stained  by  the  dark  acts  of.. remorseless  superstition. 

b.  qnasi-tfttfr.  Without  remorse. 


1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI,  in.  i.  213  As  the  Butcher  takes 
away  the  Calfe,  ..Euen  so  remorselesse  haue  they  borne 
him  hence.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  i,  255  Want,  and  incurable 
disease,  ..On  hopeless  multitudes  remorseless  seize. 

RemoTSeiessly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.]  in 
a  remorseless  manner  ;  without  remorse. 

1612  T.  TAYLOR  Comm.  Titus  \.  6  Such  a  one  . .  pro- 
stituteth  hiniselfe  remorselessly  vnto  all  lewdnes.  1647 
TRAPP  Conim.  Matt.  vii.  5  Those  pollutions  he  had  remorse 
lessly  wallowed  in.  01716  SOUTH  Serin.  (1744)  X.  vi.  172 
[He]  remorselessly  and  unworthily  took  his  fellow  by  the 
throat  for  an  hundred  pence.  1814  SOUTHEY  Odes  i.  vi, 
A  merciless  oppressor  hast  thou  been,  Thyself  remorselessly 
oppress'd  meantime.  1883  GtUKHntJ&nyv&XviE,  242  This 
religion,  which.. remorselessly  pollutes  and  crushes  man. 

BemoTselessiiess.     [f.-  as  prec.  +  -NESS.] 
i    The  state  or  quality  of  being  remorseless. 

1648  BEAUMONT  Psyche  ix.  cxxxix,  Never  with  such 
!  fell  remorselessness  She  rag'd  in  any  Breast,  as  now  in  His. 
1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  Iniq.  257  The  Remorselesness  of 
Conscience  which  men  easily  fall  into  in  both  sins.  1834 
CAMPBELL  Life  Mrs.  Siddonsll.  ii.  45  The  inhuman  serenity 
of  herremorselessness.  1855  MILMAN  Lat.  Chr.  xiy.  v.  (1864) 
IX.  206  He  has  all  the  stern  remorseless  ness  of  an  inquisitor. 


1  RemoTsive,  a.  Obs. 


[f.  as  RE- 


MOKSE  v.  +  -IVE.]     Remorseful,  pitying. 

ARNER  Alb,  Eng.  xiv.  xcii.  371  With  ruinating  fi 


1606  WAR 
and  swords  remorsiue  vnto  none. 


g  hre 


Remosion,  obs.  form  of  REMOTION. 

Remote  (rAn^t),**.  (and  sb.)  [ad.  L.  remot-us^ 
pa.  pple.  of  removere  to  REMOVE.  Cf.  obs.  F. 
remot^  -mote  (i5~i6thc.  in  Godef.).] 

A.  adj.  1.  Placed  or  situated  at  a  distance  or 
interval  from  each  other ;  far  apart. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Hush.  vi.  47  Yf  thaire  be  treen, .  .Her 
oon,  ther  oon,  to  leue  afer  remote  I  holde  hit  good.  1601 
SHAKS.  Phoenix  29  Hearts  remote,  yet  not  asunder.  1716 
LEONI  tr.  Albertfs  Archil.  I.  16/1  They  ought.. not.. to 
stand  nearer  or  more  remote  than  Use  and  Necessity 
requires.  1776  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  Explan.  Terms  381 
Remota^  remote,  placed  at  some  Distance  from  each  other. 
1822  IMISON  Sc. fy  Art  I.  69  The  nearer  the  mill-stones  are 
to  each  other,  the  finer  the  corn  is  ground,  and  the  more 
remote  from  one  another  the  coarser.  1861  J.  R.  GREENE 
Man.  Anim.  Kingd.^  Ccelent,  204  In  Aulofiora  the  some- 
what  remote  corallites  are  connected  by  means  of  a  basal 
creeping  ccenenchyma. 

Comb.  1867  SOWERBY  Eng,  Bot.  VII.  163  Staticc  Bahvsi- 
ensis.  . .  Remote-flowered  Sea  Lavender.  1880  HOGG  & 
JOHNSON  Wild  Fl.  XI.  PI.  871  Carex  remota,  ..  Remote- 
flowered  Sedge. 

2.  Far  away,  far  off,  distant  from  some  place, 
thing,  or  person  ;  removed,  set  apart.     (In  lit.  and 

fig.  uses.) 

(-1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  cv.  iv,  Soe  remote  from  wrong 
of  meaner  hand  That  kings  for  them  did  sharp  rebuke 
endure.  1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  v.  ii.  806  Some.  .Hermitage, 
Remote  from  all  the  pleasures  of  the  world.  1602  MANSION 
Ant.  $  Mel.  v.  Wks.  1856  I.  63  The  nigher  it  is  to  the 
flame,  the  more  remote  (ther's  a  word,  re-motel,  the  more 
remote  it  is  from  the  frost.  1664  POWER  E*p.  Philos.  m. 
177  If  a  Pistol  be  shot  off  in  a  head  remote  from  the  eye  of 
a  pit,  it  will  give  but  a  little  report.  1719  Ds  FOE  Crusoe 
H.  (Globe)  379  That  was  the  remotest  Thing  from  their 
Thoughts  could  b«  imagin'd.  1770  GOLIJSM.  Des.  VilL  143 
Remote  from  towns  he  ran  his  godly  race.  1797  MRS.  RAD- 
CLIFFE  Italian  xiii,  The  lake  lay  so  remote  from  the 
immediate  way  to  Naples.  1828  D'!SRAEU  Chas.  /,  I.  vii. 
217  The  principle  of  actions  often  lies  remote  from  the  actions 
themselves. 

b.  \Videly  different  or  divergent/^/;/  something 
else.  (Cf.  4.) 

1659  HAMMOND  On.  Ps.  xii.  8  Passing  by  all  these,  as 
remote  from  the  meaning  of  the  place.  1675  PENN  Eng, 
Pres.  Interest  6  There  cannot  well  be  r.ny thing  more  remote 
from  Arbitrariness.  1734  tr.  Rollins  Anc.  Hist.  IV.  ix. 
275  So  remote  were  they  in  this  respect  from  the  character 
of  the  ancient  Greeks.  1788  RF.ID  Aristotle's  Logic  iv.  §  5. 
89  Conclusions  may  be  drawn  very  remote  from  the  first 
principles.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iii.  I.  415  That  this 
calculation  was  not  remote  from  the  truth  we  have  abundant 
proof.  1854  THOKEAU  IValdcn  (1884)  140  These  small 
waves  raised  by  the  evening  wind  are  as  remote  from  storm 
as  the  smooth  reflecting  surface. 

f  c.  Foreign  or  alien  to  a  thing.   Obs.  rare""1. 

1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  34,  I  was  gotten  into  an 
Employment  quite  remote  to  my  Genius,  and  directly 
contrary  to  the  Life  I  delighted  in. 

3.  Far-off,  far-distant. 

1590  SPKNSER  F,  Q,  m.  iv.  6  So  forth  she  rode,.. Searching 
all  lands  and  each  remotest  part.  1595  SHAKS.  John  v.  ii.  31 
To  grace  the  Gentry  of  a  Land  remote.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav. 
x.  425  By  home-bred  Robbers,  and  remote  Savages ;  five 
times  stripd  to  the  skin.  1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos.  i.  78 
Our  Posterity  may  come  by  Glasses  to  out-see  the  Sun,  and 
Discover  Bodies  in  the  remote  Universe.  1683  Brit.  Spec. 
118  To  spread  its  bright  Beams  upon  this  remote  and  frozen 
Island  of  Britain.  1726  SWIFT  (title)  Travels  into  Several 
Remote  Nations  of  the  World,.,  by  Lemuel  Gulliver.  1780 
HARRIS  Philol.  Eng.  Wks.  (1841)  521  Marc  Paul.. travelled 
into  those  remote  regions  as  far  as  the  capital  and  court  of 
Cublai  Chan.  1818  SHELLEY  Evgan.  Hills ^261  Once  remotest 
nations  came  To  adore  that  sacred  flame.  1838  PRESCOTT 
Ferd.  $  Is.  (1846)  I.  Introd.  n,  Volunteers  from  the  remotest 
parts  of  Christendom,  1880  GEIKIK  Phys.  Geog.  Introd.  i 


REMOTE. 


435 


REMOUNT. 


As  we  gaze  into  these  depths  [of  space]  still  remoter  and 
feebler  twinkling  points  appear. 

b.  Out-of-the-way,  retired,  secluded. 

1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  lit.  iii.  31  Places  remote  enough  are 
in  Bohemia,  There. .leaue  it  crying,  a  i667CowLFV  Agric. 
Wks.  1710  II.  725  The  Company  was  gone  Into  a  Room  re 
mote.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  \.  (Globe)  266,  I  sent.. one  of 
the  three.. to  my  Cave,  where  they  were  remote  enough, 
and  out  of  Danger  of  being  heard  or  discover'd.  1784 
COWPKR  Tusk  in.  117  With  few  associates,  in  remote  And 
silent  woods  I  wander.  1835  LYTTON  Rienzi  \.  i,  The  path 
they  had  selected  was  remote  and  tranquil.  1865  TROLLOPE 
Belton  Est.  i.  2  The  place  is  remote  and  the  living  therefore 
cheap. 

c.  In  quasi-a^.  use :  At  a  distance,  far  off. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  477  Thir  rising  all  at  once  was  as  the 

sound  Of  Thunder  heard  remote.  1715  POPK  Iliad  iv.  424 
Can'bt  thou,  remote,  the  mingling  Hosts  descry. .?  1765  T. 
HUTCH  ixsoN  Hist.  Mass,  I.  134  Living  very  remote  at 
Springfield.  1781  J.  MORISON  in  Sc.  Paraphr.  xxi.  i  Attend 
ye  tribes  that  dwell  remote  ;  ye  tribes  at  hand  give  ear. 

d.  Distant  in  (past  or  future)  time. 

1711  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  273  f  12  ^Eneas  [was]  the  remote 
Founder  of  Rome.  1781  COWPER  Table  T.  492  When 
remote  futurity  is  brought  Before  the  keen  inquiry  of  her 
thought.  1823  J.  BADCOCK  Dom.  Amusem.  15  The  antiseptic 
qualities  of  smoke  were  known  to  remotest  antiquity.  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  165  The  inheritance  of  disease  or 
character  from  a  remote  ancestor. 

e.  (Also  in  compar.)  Further. 

1814  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  \\\.  xxiv,  For  our  separate  use, 
good  friend,  We'll  hold  this  hut's  remoter  end.  1862 
STENCER  First  Princ.  i.  iv.  §  26  (1875)  95  On  thinking  of 
a  piano,  there  first  rises  in  imagination  its  visual  appearance, 
to  which  are  instantly  added,  .the  ideas  of  its  remote  side 
and  of  its  solid  substance. 

4.  Far  off,  or  distant,  in  various  transf.  uses  :  esp. 
not  immediately  or  closely  related  to,  connected 
with,  bearing  upon,  or  affecting  something  else. 

1599  BLUNDEVIL  Art  of  Logikc  in.  iii,  When  is  a  Proposi 
tion  said  to  consist  of  matter  remote  or  vnnatural  ?    When 
the  Predicat  agreeth  no  manner  of  way  with  the  Subject : 
as,  a  man  is  a  horse.     1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  104 
Note  that  these  middles  haue  contrariety  in  them  in  the 
remisse,  or  remote  degree.     1679  C.  NESSE  Antichrist  188, 
I  would  distinguish  them  from  remoter  providences.     1692 
DRYDEN  St.   Enrenionfs  Ess,  357   A  Soul  that  disperses 
it  self  upon  all  remote  Actions,  and  applys  it  self  properly 
to  nothing.     1764  REID  Inquiry  i.  i.  43  The  external  thing 
is  the  remote  or  mediate  object.     1781  COWPER  Conversat. 
15^  Their  nimble  nonsense  takes  a  shorter  course,  ..  And 
gams  remote  conclusions  at  a  jump.     1860  TYNUALL  Glac. 
ii.  vii.  257  Newton  thus  applies  this  apparently  remote  fact 
to  the  blue  of  the  sky.    1869  OCSELEY  Counterp.  xxiii.  181 
The  student  is  strongly  recommended  not  to  modulate  .. 
into  extremely  remote  keys  in  this  style  of  composition. 

b.  Of  causes,  operations,  effects,  etc. 

i6ao  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logikc  49  Cause,  is  neere,  or 
remote,  idest,  further  of.  1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos.  \\.  192 
It  is  but  a  sensible  expression  of  Effects,  dependent  on  the 
same  (though  more  remote)  Causes.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev. 
90  That  which  in  the  first  instance  is  prejudicial  may  be 
excellent  in  its  remoter  operation.  1822-34  Good's  Study 
filed,  (ed.  4)  I.  550  Proximate  and  remote  causes  are  rather 
terms  of  recent,  than  of  ancient  writers.  1844  THIRLWALL 
Greece  VIII.  59  They  had  not  foreseen  how  the  remoter 
consequences  would  affect  their  own  safety.  1874  CARPENTER 
Ment.  Pkys.  i.  ix.  (1879)  415  The  remoter  effects  which  our 
actions  are  likely  to  have  [etc.]. 

fc.  Far-fetched;  unusual.   06s.  rare. 

1670  DRYDEN  Tempest  Pref.,  As  his  Fancy  was  quick,  so 
likewise  were  the  Products  of  it  remote  and  new,  1779-81 
JOHNSON  L.  /'.,  Dry  den  Wks.  II.  386  Words  too  familiar 
or  too  remote,  defeat  the  purpose  of  a  poet, 

d.  Not  closely  related  by  blood  or  kinship. 

1760  FOOTE  Minor  I.  Wks.  1799  I.  239,  I  will.. trust  for 
the  support  of  my  name  and  family  to  a  remoter  branch. 
1845  S.  AUSTIN  Ranke's  Hist.  Kef,  I.  421  Family  alliances, 
near  or  remote,  which  either  already  existed,  or  were  now 
concluded.  1871  FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq.  xvu.  (1876)  IV.  96 
John  was  a  remote  kinsman  of  the  Ducal  house. 

f6.  Antecedent;  ultimate.   Obs.  rare. 

1610  B.  JONSON  Alch.  n.  iii,  Twere  absurd  To  think  that 
nature  in  the  earth  bred  gold  Perfect  in  the  instant :  Some-    \ 
thing  went  before.    There  must  be  remote  matter.     1697  tr. 
Btirgersdicius'  Lo%ic  \\.  vi.  21  The  remote  Matter  of  Syl-    ; 
logism  are  three  Terms,  to  wit,  two  Extremes,  major  and    ' 
minor,  . .  and  one  Middle. 

6.  Slight,  faint.  In  later  use  esp.  not  the.  re 
motest^  not  the  slightest,  not  the  least  (idea,  etc.). 

1711  ADDISON  Spcct.  No.  119  F  5  Every  thing  that  had  the    i 
most  remote  Appearance  of  being  obscene.     1816  SINGER    , 
Hist.  Cards  225  One  of  the  standing  figures  has  no  remote    ! 
resemblance   to  some  of  the   effigies  of    Erasmus.      1861 
M.  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  31  It  had  a  bearing— remote 
indeed,  but  real— on  what  is  being  done  now.     1864  MRS.    : 
CARLYLE  Lett.  III.  228  What  I  have  done  to  deserve  all    | 
that  love  I  haven't  the  remotest  conception. 

t7.  Ulterior.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1736  BUTLER  Anal.  i.  iii.  74  Good  offices  will  be  done  him, 
from  regard  to  his  character,  without  remote  views. 

B.  sb.  a.  A  remote  descendant,  b.  A  remote 
region,  nonce-uses. 

1 1653  G.  DANIEL  Idyll  \,  41  Twas  Shame  First  taught  vs    , 
cloths ;  we  peccant,  put  a  blame  To  each  Remote  !    1838 
S.  BELLAMY  Betrayal  15  It  was  a  drear  and  mountainous    j 
remote,  as  earth's  last  fugitive  retreat  it  were. 

t  Remo'te,  v.    Obs.  rare—1,     [f.  ppl.  stem  of  ' 
L.  removere :  cf.  prec.]     trans.  To  remove. 

1600  TOCRNEUR  Trans/,  Metumorph.  xxvi,  Because  she.,     j 
did  remote  Her  heart  from  heau'n's  book,  where  her  name    i 
was  wrote. 

t  Bemo  ted,  a.  Obs.     [f.  as  REMOTE  a.  +  -ED.] 
Remote,  distant ;  removed. 
^1580  SIDNEY  Ps.   xxii.   xvii,   From  earthes    remotedat 


border.  1607  HEYWOOD  H'om.  Killed  w.  Kindn.  Wks.  1874 
II.  152,  I  must  now  go  and  wander. .  In  forraigne  Countries 
and  remoted  climes.  1638  Jusius  Paint.  Ancients  19  The 
things,  .are  full  of  deformed  disproportions,  and  far  remoted 
from.,  true  beautie.  1683  VILLIKRS  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  Re 
hearsal  in.  i.  (ed.  4),  In  a  strong  Castle,  remoted  from  thee. 

Remotely  j/m^o'tli),  adv.     [f.  REMOTE  a.] 

1.  In  a  remote  manner ;  distantly ;  in  a  far-off 
degree. 

1598  FLORIO,  Rimotamente.  remotely,  separately.  1617 
MOKYSON  Itin.  n.  51  The  Glynnes.. being  in  the  hands  of 
the  Obyrnes  and  O  Tooles  (and  more  remotely  of  the 
Cauanaghs*.  a  1676  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  i.  iv.  (1677) 
104  The  most  remotely  distant  Man  in  that  va>t  Period  of 
Eternity,  1768  TUCKER  Lt.  Xat.  I.  n.  379  We  have,  .found 
that  all  our  motives  derive  either  immediately  or  remotely 
from  our  own  satisfaction  and  complacence  of  mind.  1802 
A.  HAMILTON  IVks.  (1886)  VII.  248  Every  attempt  to  do 
this,  is,  remotely,  a  stab  at  the  union  of  these  States.  1875 
WHITNEY  Life  Lang.  \\.  8  Among  . .  remotely  kindred  or 
wholly  unrelated  dialects. 

f2.  To,  from,  or  at  n  (great)  distance.   Obs. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWSE  Pseud.  Ep.  294  It  is  commonly 
oplnioned-.that  the  Earth  was  thinly  inhabited,  at  lea*,t  not 
remotely  planted  before  the  Floud.  1685  TKAYESTIN  Siege 
Pfewheuscl  27  For  this  reason,  whilst  we  battered  them 
remotely,  they  valued  us  not.  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler 
No.  14  f  16  Remotely,  we  see  nothing  but  spires  of  temples, 
..and  imagine  it  the  residence  of  splendor. 

Remoteness  (r/hi^-tnes).  [-NESS.]  The 
state  of  being  remote,  in  various  senses. 

a  1613  OVERDL'RY  Observ.  17  Prav.  (1626)2  The  remotenesse 
of  their  Master  from  them.  1643  MILTON  Divorce  8  The 
absence  and  remotenes  of  a  helper.  1666  DRYDEN  Ann. 
Mirab.  Let.  Sir  R.  Howard,  Anything  that  shows  re 
moteness  of  thought  or  labour  in  the  writer.  1702  ADDISON 
Dial.  Medals  ii.  141  His  obscurities  . .  generally  arise  from 
the  remoteness  of  the  Customs,  Persons,  and  Things  he 
alludes  to.  1744  BERKELEY  Sin's  §  25  The  timber,  by  its  re 
moteness  from  water  carriage,  is  of  small  value.  1776  ADAM 
SMITH  Ii'.  N.  v.  ii.  II.  433  The  term,  .ought  not  to  be  a  great 
deal  longer  than  what  was  necessary  for  that  purpose;  lest 
the  remoteness  of  the  interest  should  discourage  too  much 
this  attention.  1830  HERSCHEL  Stud*.  Nat.  Philos.  279  The 
same  reasoning  which  places  the  stars  at  such  immeasurable 
remoteness,  exalts  them.. into  glorious  bodies.  1883  BLACK 
Shandon  Bells  xxvi,  The  papers.. seemed  a  little  sad  some 
times..  .There  is  a  kind  of  remoteness  about  them. 

Reniotion  (ran^'Jan).  Now  rare.  Also  5 
remosion,  5-6  -cion,  -cyone,  etc.  [a.  obs.  F. 
reniotion  f I5«i6th  c.)i  or  ad.  L.  remofion-em,  n. 
of  action  f.  removere  to  REMOVE.] 

1.  Remoteness.     Now  rare. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  \\.  xx.  (1555),  That  lande  is 
called  inulsyble  By  cause  onely  of  his  rtmosion.  1625 
BRATHWAIT  Fire  Senses  (ed.  2)  Table,  He  aggravates.. the 
infelicity  of  it  in  her  remotion  from  Sion.  1640  Hi1.  REY 
NOLDS  Passions  xv.  160  To  signifie  some  length,  distance, 
and  remotion  between  a  Mans  Mind  and  his  Passion.  1731 
Gentl.  Mag,  I.  145  To  remark  their  Remotion  from,  or 
Proximity  to  the  Earth.  1847  DE  QUINCEY  Milton  Wks.  1857 
VII.  321  The  sense  of  its  utter  solitude  and  remotion  from 
men  or  cities. 

2.  The  action  of  removing ;  removal ;  putting  or 
taking  away. 

1449  R ollscf  Parlt.  V.  167/1  As  sone  as  that  Office  [comes] 
to  your  hand.. by  deth,  cession,  amocion,.  .remocion  [etc.], 
1464  Ibid.  561/2  For  the  remocion  of  such  ydelnes,  and  the 
preferment  of  labour.  1537  St.  Papers  Hen.  K///,  I.  540 
We  thinke  it  shalbe  mete  that  some  ordre  be  taken  for  the 
remotion  of  the  monkes.  1581  LAMBARDE  Eircn.  n.  vii.(i588) 
285  The  other  point.. is  the  carying  away,  or  remotion  of 
the  thing  that  was  feloniously  taken.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE 
Pseud.  Ep.  (1650)  12  To  conclude,  .from  the  remotion  of  the 
consequent  to  the  remotion  of  the  antecedent,  a  1676  HALE 
Print.  Orig,  Man.  (1677)  290  A  Conclusion  deducible  by 
Reason,  .by  the  remotion  of  all  other  means  as  incompatible 
and  insufficient  for  such  a  production.  1757  MRS.  GRIFFITH 
Lett.  Henry  $  Frances  (1767)  II.  287  Like  ideas,  which 
arise  and  vanish  in  the  memory,  without  the  mind  being 
able  to  account  for  their  abduction,  or  remotion.  1817 
COLERIDGE  Biog.  Lit.  vii.  I.  118  This  again  is  the  mere 
remotion  of  one  absurdity  to  make  way  for  another,  1830 
KATER  &  LARDNER  Mech.  \.  8  When  force  is  manifested  by 
the  remotion  of  bodies  from  each  other,  it  is  called  repulsion. 
1895  L.  CAMPBELL  Plato's  Republic  II.  52  This  is  in  entire 
keeping  with  the  remotion  of  the  actual  from  the  ideal. 

fb.  Rhel.  (See  quot.,  and  cf.  Cicero  De  In- 
vcntione  ii.  29,  86.)  Obs. 

£1530  L.  Cox  R/tet.  (1899)  82  Remocion  of  the  faute  is 
whan  we  put  it  from  vs  and  lay  it  to  another.  1753  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  Supp.  App, 

f  c.  The  process  of  arriving  at  some  conception 
(spec,  that  of  God)  by  removal  of  everything  which 
is  known  not  to  be  included  in  it.  Obs. 

1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay  iv.  49  That  man  may  bee  said 
to  bee  most  skilfull  in  that  behalfe,  which  knoweth  most 
Negatlues  or  Remotions  (as  they  terme  them).  1677  GALE 
Crt.  Gentiles  iv,  n.  303  In  the  consideration  of  the  Divine 
Essence  the  way  of  Remotion  is  chiefly  to  be  used. 

f3.  a.  A  motion  or  inclination  to  something. 

a  1450  Mankind  14  (Brandl),  I  beseche  you .  .with  humylite 
and  reuerence  to  haue  a  remocyone  To  pis  blyssyde  prynce. 
tb.  Commotion,  disturbance.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1622  MABBE  tr.  Alematis  Guzman  dAlf.  (1630)  I.  19 
Fearing  lest  they  might  cause  some  remotion  [Sp.  remocion\ 
or  alteration  in  her  body,  whereby  qualmes  might  arise. 

f  4.  The  action  of  removing  or  departing.  Obs. 

1605  SHAKS.  Lear  n.  iv.  115  This  act  perswades  me,  That 
this  remotion  of  the  Duke  and  her  Is  practise  only,  a  1660 
HAMMOND  19  Serin,  xi.  Wks.  1684  IV.  636  It  is  the  perversest 
remotion  and  turning  away  of  the  soul  from  God.  1692  SIR 
T.  P.  BLOUNT  Ess.  165  Those  [places]  that  by  the  several 


Remotions  and  Approaches  of  the  Sun  have  different  Con- 
Btitutions  of  Air. 

f  5.  Recurrent  motion.    Obs.  rare—'1. 

1631  CHAPMAN  Cxsar  $  Pompcy  Plays  1873  III.  151  To 
put  them  still  In  motion  and  reniotion,  here  and  there. 

Remo'tive,  a.  rare.  [f.  L.  remot-  vsee  RE 
MOTE  ?'.)  +  -IVE.] 

fl.  Bot.   Characterized  by  removal  of  the  epi- 
:    sperm  from  the  sheath  of  the  cotyledon.   Obs. 

1819  LINDLF.Y  tr.  Richard's  Observ.  Fruits  ty  Seeds  69  We 
1  may  reduce  to  three  principal  heads  the  different  modifica 
tions  of  generation  in  Endorhiza; ;  i.  Immotive.  2.  Admo- 
tive.  3.  Remotivc. 

2.  That  may  be  removed. 

1834  Ccntl.  Mag.  June  597  The  benefice  was  formerly 
vested  in  the  College..,  which  did  not  appoint  a  perpetual 
Vicar,  but  only  a  clericns  cotidm  titius^  or  curate  remotive. 

RemoiTld  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
mould  again,  to  fashion  or  shape  anew. 

^1700   Kr:x  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  166  This   to 

|    a  God-like  Love  re-molds  the  Heart.     1768-74  TUCKKK  /./. 

Nat.  (,1834)  II.  400  God. .could  have  remoulded  him  [man] 

into  a  perfect  creature.     1790  HAMILTON  Wks.  (1851 )  III.  31 

It  is.  .of  the  greatest  consequence  that  the  debt  should,  .be 

remoulded  into  such  a  shape  [etc.].     1847    HARE  Guesses 

Sen  i.  (ed.  3'  6  To  remould  a  government  and  frame  a  con- 

.     stitution    anew    are    works   of    the    greatest    difficulty    and 

|    hazard.     1876  BLACKIE  Lang.  $•  Lit.  Highl.  Scot.  ii.  74  The 

j    immense  mass  of  traditional  materials  moulded  and  remoulded 

.    into  popular  song. 

Hence  Remoirlding  rbl.  sb. 

1864   PL-SEV  Lcct.    Daniel  vi.   356    The    first  words  ..  are 

1     themselves  a   re-moulding  of  a  doctrinal  statement  in  the 

Pentateuch.    1882-3  SCIIAFF  En<-'ycl-  Relif.Knowl.  521  The 

so-called  Suabian  Concordia--a  remoulding  of  his  famous 

six  sermons. 

Remount  jf-,  r/mairnt;,^.  Mil.     [f.  thevb.] 

1.  a.   (See  quot.  1802.) 

1802  JAMKS  Milit.  Diet.,  A  Remount  means  a  supply  of 
good  and  serviceable  horses  for  the  whole  or  part  of  a 
cavalry  regiment.  1810  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Dcsp.  (1838) 
VII.  35,  I  also  beg  leave  to  recommend  that  about  50  or  60 
horses  or  mares,  .should  be  purchased,  .as a  remount  for  the 
Officers  of  the  cavalry.  1876  VOVLK  &  STEVENSON  Milit. 
Diet.  413/1  By  a  late  order  the  name  of  stud  has  been 
changed  to  that  of  remount. 

b.  A  horse  used  to  replace  another  which  is 
worn  out  or  killed. 

1829  NAPIER  Penins.  U'ar  II.  262  He  made  every  exertion 
to  obtain  .  .remounts  for  the  cavalry.    1876  VOYLE  &  S  i  Evt  s- 
sox  Milit.  Diet.  337/1  The  general  age  of  remounts  varies 
1    from  3-5  years  old. 

2.  attrib.)  as  remount  depot,  horse,  stable^  etc. 
1812  Examiner  28  Dec.  822/1  General  I'.ourier  has.  .more 

than    20,000  remount-horses.      1876   VOVLE  -S;    STEVENSON 

Milit.  Diet.   191/2  The  latter.. are  offered   for  sale  to  the 
|    government  stud  or   remount  depot.     1880  GILLMOKK  On 

Duty  26,  I  visited  the  camp  and  remount  stable. 

Remount  (r/-,  r/mairnt),  v.  [ad.  OF.  reatonter, 
1    f.  re-  RE-  +  monter  to  MOUNT.     In  later  use  partly 

a  new  formation  on  KE-  and  MOUNT  t'.] 

I.  trans,    fl.    To  raise  or   lift   up  again;    to 

restore  to  a  former  state.   Obs. 
(-1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  in.  pr.  i.  49  {Camb.  MS.)  Thow 

ha>t  remounted  and  norysshed  me  with  the  weyhte  of  thy 

sen  tenses.     1486  Bk.  St.  Allans  C  j,  Who  so  puttith  hir  in 

mew  lene,  it  will  be  long  or  she  be  remounted.    1530  PALSGK. 
,    685/2, 1  remounte,  I  reyseup(Lydgate),/£  monte^je  cslieue. 

1577  FESTON  Gold.  Epist,  309  If  we  stumble  or  fall,  he  may 

lend  vs  his  hand  eftsoones  to  remount  vs. 

b.  To  set  up  in  place  again  ;  esp.  to  mount  (a 
;    gun)  again. 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman  s  Gram.  \\.  6  Which  Is  the  be^t 

<     ..for. .remounting  any  dismounted  peec^    1685  TRAVESTJX 

Siege  Neivheusel  20  This  night  the  besieged  . .  remounted 

several  Cannon  upon  the  new  Batteries.    1748  Ansons  I'oy. 

\    i.  vi.  63  To  remount  such  of  their  guns  as  had  formerly.. 

i    been  ordered  into  the  hold.     1794  G.  ADAMS  Art/.  <V  Exp, 

i    Philos.  II.  xvi.  238  The  upper  ball  thus  remounted  shall 

roll  out  of  its  box. 

c.  To  mount,  put  together,  again. 

1888  igM  Cent.  June  853  One  man  takes  to  pieces  the 
syringes, . .  burns  the  leathers,  disinfects  the  metal  parts,  and 
sends  them  to  the  instrument-maker  to  be  remounted. 

2.  a.   To  replace,  to  assist  or  enable  (one)  to 
mount  again,  on  horseback. 

c  1400  Laud  TroyBk.6ifo  His  hert  gret  angur surmounted, 
That  Achilles  was  remounted.  ^1450  Merlin  159  Bellas 
and  flaimdryns.  .peyned  hem  for  to  remounte  hem  on  her 
horse,  c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  xxiv.  86  His  men,., 
wyth  right  gretepeyne,. . remounted hym on  his  hors.  a  1548 
HALL  Citron.,  Edw.  IV  8  b,  When  he  was  remounted,  he 
made  a  countenaunce  to  assayle  hys  aduersarie.  1603 
KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1638)  152  One  of  his  faithfull 
followers  remounted  him  vpon  his  owne  horse.  1685 
TRAVESTIN  Sifge  Newhenstl  10  The  Prince  . .  was  in  great 
danger,  a  Cannon-bullet  having  taken  off  one  of  his  Horses 
legs,  but  he  was  presently  remounted.  1759  STERNE  Tr. 
Shandy  11.  x.  This  accident  happened  so  near  the  house  as 
not  to  make  it  worth  while  for  Obadiah  to  remount  him. 
b.  To  provide  (cavalry)  with  fresh  horses. 

1688  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2332/3  It  is  added,.. That  the  Cavalry 
of  Catalogne  is  to  be  re-mounted.  1704  Ibid.  3987/1,  700 
Horses  came . .  to  remount  the  Regiments  of  Dragoons.  1716 
Ibid.  6438/1  The  King  has  given  Order  to  the  Officers  of  his 
Cavalry  to  remount  their  Troops.  1816  F.  H.  NAYLOR  Hist. 
Germany  II.  xxi.  290  This  sum.,  proved  of  incalculable 
benefit  to  the  Swedes,  because  it  enabled  them  to  remount 
their  cavalry.  1892  in  A.  E.  Lee  Hist.  Columbus  (Ohio)  II. 
182,  I  was  to  make  an  extensive  raid,  .to  capture  horses  to 
assist  in  remounting  Grierson's  cavalry. 

3.  t  a.  To  rise  again  to,  regain  (a  state  or  point). 
1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  Ciij,  When  ye  se  yowre  hawke  may 

55-a 


ga 
R. 


REMOVABILITY. 

not  endew  her  meete  nor  remounte  her  astate.  1647  WARD 
Simp.  Cobler  (1843)  50  He  remounts  his  proper  pitch. 

b.  To  ascend  or  go  up  (a  place  or  thing)  again. 
1621  G.  SANDYS  Ovid's  Met.  xi.  (1626)  233  Iris  with-drew;.. 

And  by  her  painted  Bow  remounts  the  skies.  1687  DKYUKN 
Hind  fy  P.  in.  600  The  Sun.  .That  week  the  virgin  balance 
shou'd  remount,  a  1711  KEN  Psyche  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV. 
274  Both  wing'd  ami  rolAl  in  Cloud,  remount  the  Skie.  1784 
T.  HUTCHINS  Descr.  Louisiana,  etc.  5  He  afterwards  re 
mounted  that  river,  and  returned  to  Canada.  1812  W. 
TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  LXVIII.  503  Literature  was 
destined  to  remount  the  ladder  of  instruction  ..  with  as 
gradual  and  lingering  a  progression.  1884  Mftnch.  Exam. 
16  Aug.  4/8  We  must  beg  them  to  remount  the  stream  to 
its  ancient  source. 

c.  To  mount  (a  horse,  etc.)  again. 

1788  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.\.  V.  211  He.  .descended  to  Jeru- 
salem,  remounted  the  Borak  [etc.].  1806-7  J-  BERESFORD 
Miseries  Hum.  Life  (1826)  n .  xxvi,  Your  horse  will  afterwards 
keep  you  dancing  for  an  hour.. before  he  will  suffer  you  to 
remount  him.  1868  Q.  VICTORIA  Life  Highl.  38  Albert  got 
off. .,  walked  on  a  little,  and  then  remounted  his  poney. 

II.  intr.  4.  To  mount,  rise,  or  move  upwards 
again  ;  to  make  a  fresh  ascent. 

1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xxiiL  85  She  can..tarye  &  areste 
sodaynli  the  Modes  &  grete  ryuers,.  .and  make  their  bygge 
stremes  rennyng  to  remounte  vpwarde,  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS 
Gold.  Bk.  M.  Anrel.  (1535)  CD,  It  is  necessarie,  by  time  to 
remount  to  very  hie  thinges,  lest  it  bow  vnto  lowe  and  yl 
thinges,  1590  SPEK-SER  /'.  Q.  i.  I.  44  He  backe  returning 
by  the  Yvorie  dore  Remounted  up  as  light  as  chearefull 
Larke.  1632  J.  HAYWARD  \x,Biondis  Eromena  v,  144  Hee 
gave  them  no  time  to  remount  aboord  their  Galleyes.  1684 
R.  WALLER  A*«/.  E.vf>er.  03  This  Liquor. .began  to  remount 
in  the  Neck  of  the  \  essef.  1727  BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet.  s.  v. 
Conserve^  There  will  stick  to  the  Scummer.  .a  small  thread 
or  Filament,  which  remounts.  1816  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  in. 
Ixxiii,  To  sorrow  I  was  cast,  To  act  and  suffer,  but  remount 
at  last  With  a  fresh  pinion. 

5.  To  get  on  horseback  again,     f  Also  const,  to. 
1590  SPENSER  F,  Q.  in.  ix.  15  Tho  hastily  remounting  to 

his  steed  He  forth  issew'd.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's 
Trav.  236  Three,  .of  his  train  alight  from  horse,  .and  so  the 
Gentlemen  remount.  1776  R.  CHANDLER  Trav.  Greece  (1825) 
II.  208,  I  remounted,  intending  to  inquire  at  Marathon. 
1852  GROTE  Greece  n.  Ixx.  (1862)  VI.  265  Xenophon  then 
remounted  and  ascended  the  hill  on  horseback. 

6.  To  go  back,  in  the  course  of  an  investigation 
or  study,  to  a  certain  point,  period,  etc. 

1738  BOLINGBROKE  Patriot  King  Wks.  1754  III.  44  The 
shortest  and  the  surest  method  of  arriving  at  real  knowledge 
is. .to  remount  to  first  principles.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  U'.  N~. 
lit.  iv.  (1869)  I.  413  Without  remounting  to  the  remote 
antiquities  of  either  the  French  or  English  monarchies,  we 
may  find  in  much  later  times  [etc.].  1837  SIR  W.  HAMILTON 
Mctaph.  xlv.  (1870)  H.  495  In  detail,  we  can  rarely  account 
for  anything  ;  for  we  soon  remount  to  facts  which  lie  beyond 
our  powers  of  analysis  and  observation.  1884  Law  Times 
Rep.  LI.  531/2  Without  remounting  to  the  Roman  law,  or 
discussing  the  refinements  of  scholastic  jurisprudence. 

b.  To  go  back  in  time  to  a  certain  date. 

1831  BREWSTER  Nat.  Magic  xii.  (1833)  301  The  kindred 
art  of  walking  on  burning  coals  ..  remounts  to  the  same 
antiquity.  1844  LISGARD  Anglo-Sax.  Ch.  (1858)  I.  vii.  301 
A  practice  which  remounts  to  the  first  ages  of  Christianity. 

c.  To  go  back  to  a  source. 

1839  tr.  LaHiartintfs  Trav.  East  17/1  This  life  thus 
remounts  directly  to  the  source  from  whence  it  emanates. 
1855  W.  H.  MILL  Applic.  Panth.  Princ.  (1861)  211  The 
Mosaic  law  of  levirate  or  adoption,  .certifies  that  all  must 
remount  to  the  same  natural  parent. 

Hence  Remoirnting  vbl.  sh. 

1714  Fr.  Bk.  of  Rates  208  The  bringing  in  Horses  for  the 
remounting  of  their  Troopers. 

Remo:vabrlity.    [f.  next:  see  -ITT.]    The 

state  or  condition  of  being  removable. 

1828-32  in  WEBSTER.  1836  FONBLANQUE  Eng.  under  ^ 
Aditiinistr.  (1837)  III.  323  The  responsibility  of  Ministers 
is  their  removability.  1870  Pall  Mall  G.  3  Sept.  5  The 
mechanism  is  now  somewhat  more  exposed  to  the  eye  by  the 
removability  of  the  outer  mask. 

Removable  (r/m/rvab'I),  a.  (and  sb.}  Forms : 
6-7  remoueable,  (6  -mooue*),  7-9  removeable  ; 
6  remou-,  6-  removable.  See  also  REMEVABLE, 
[f.  REMOVE  v.  +  -ABLE.] 

1.  Subject  to  removal  from  an  office,  jurisdiction, 
holding,  etc. 

1534  Act  26  Hen.  VII I,  c.  3  §  8  The  priours  of  such  celles 
be  named  and  remouable  from  time  to  time.  1574  Reg* 
Priiy  Council  Scot.  11.401  To  beir  publict  office  removable 
of  judgement  within  this  realme.  i6oa  WARNER  Alb.  Eng. 
xii.  Ixxiii,  302  In  this  estate  of  Consuls  (Two  remoueable 
each  yeere)  Rome  flourished.  1679  Providence  Rec.  (1895) 
VIII.  47  It  is  generally  sayd  y1  ye  Collony  would  remove 
such  Courts  as  are  remoueable  according  to  Charter.  1726 
AVLIFFE  Parergon  165  Such  Curate  is  removeable  at  the 
Will  and  Pleasure  of  the  Rector  of  the  Mother  Church. 
1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  41  Servants,  the  essence  of  whose 
situation  is  to  obey  the  commands  of  some  other,  and  to  be 
removeable  at  pleasure.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xxi. 
IV.  603  The  judges  who  had  laid  down  this  doctrine  were 
removable  at  the  royal  pleasure. 

b.  sb.  A  removable  resident  magistrate  in 
Ireland. 

1888  Pall  Mall  G.  20  Apr.  4/1  Sentences  passed  by  the 
Removables  are  being  increased  on  appeal  by  the  county 
court  judges. 

2.  Capable  of  being  removed  (from  one  place  to 
another,  or  altogether). 

1564  J-  RASTELL  ^Confut.  Jewel? s  Serm.  162  b,  The.  .table 
.  .was  remoueable  vpp  and  downe.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng. 
Poesie  \.  xvii.  (Arb.)  51  Which  carts  were  floored  with  borils 
and  made  for  remouable  stages  to  passe  from  one  streete  of 
their  townes  to  another.  1668  H.  MORE  Div.  Dial.  in.  xl. 


436 

(1713)  289  All  Matter,  or  whatever  else  is  removeable.  A  1687 
PETTY  Pol.  Arith.  v.  (1691)  87  That  the  Impediments  of 
Englands  greatness,  are  but  contingent  and  removable.  1765 
BLACKSTONE  Cottttn.  I.  364  Unless  they  are.. living  in  an 
annual  service ;  for  then  they  are  not  removeable.  1859  LANG 
IVand.  India  261  They  carried  away  every  marble  tablet 
therein  erected,  and  removeable  without  much  difficulty. 
1885  Spectator  8  Aug.  1041/2  The  evils  of  a  bad  system  were 
not  removable  by  attacks  upon  those  who  administered  it. 

Hence  Kemcrvableness. 

1862  F.  HALL  Hindu  Philos.  Syst.  in.  ix.  268  The  re- 
movableness  of  ignorance  by  knowledge,  £c.,  would  never 
have  been  suggested  to  them. 

Removal  (riinw'vfcl).  Also  6-7  -all,  7  re- 
moou(e)all,  -moveall.  [f.  REMOVE  v.  +  -AL.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  away  entirely. 

1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixv.  §  19  No  redresse  can  well 
be  hoped  for  without  remouall  of  that  wherein  they  haue 
ruined  themselues.  a  1602  W.  PERKINS  Cases  Consc.  (1619) 
67  The  remooueall  of  such  reasons  and  doubts.  1665  MANLEY 
Grotins1'  Low  C.  Warrcs  505  First  of  all,  the  Priests  and 
Nobility,  intreat  the  Removal  of  this  miserable  Destruction 
from  their  Possessions.  1725  N.  ROUINSON  Th.Physick  163 
It  is  a  most  dangerous  Disease,  and  . .  demands  the  best 
Assistance  that  can  be  given . .  for  its  Removal.  1745  WESLEY 
Answ.  Ch.  43  You  look  upon  both  the  Disorders  and  the 
Removals  of  them  to  be  supernatural.  1842  J.  H.  MARKLAND 
Remarks  Eng.  Ch.  25  Good  taste  would  suggest  the  re 
moval  of  the  wainscoting  altogether.  1890-1  WoODBURV 
Encycl.  Photogr.  608  Removal  of  Film. — The  gelatine  films 
may  be  removed  from  the  glass  plate  [etc.]. 

b.  The  act  of  '  removing '  a  person  by  murder. 

ifiSS  Cal.  St.  Papers,  Dom.  (1881)  355,  I  think  with  you 
that  he  [Cromwell]  will  die  a  violent  death,  .  .for  his  removal 
is  the  only  way  to  settle  his  Majesty  in  his  3  Kingdoms.  1897 
Heartk  fy  Home  14  Jan.  378/1  It  is  true  that  isolated  '  re 
movals  '  have  small  apparent  effect,  but  they  are  invaluable 
as  a  demonstration  of  our  power. 

2.  Dismissal  from  an  office  or  post ;   also,  trans 
ference  to  another  office,  etc. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Ret>.  i.  §  96  He  was  advanced  to  be 
Keeper  of  the  Great  Seal  of  England . .  upon  the  removal  of 
the  Bishop  of  Lincoln.  1661  COWLEY  Cromwell  Wks.  1710 
II.  641  Without  disputing  . .  the  Causes,  either  of  the  Re 
moval  of  the  one,  or  the  Preferment  of  the  other.  1743 
BULKELEY  &  CUMMINS  I'oy.  S.  Seas  3  Captain  Norris  of  the 
Gloucester  having  obtained  Leave  to  return  to  England,., 
occasioned  the  above  Removals.  1800  J.  ADAMS  Wks.  (1854) 
IX.  47  When  I  came  into  office,  it  was  my  determination  to 
make  as  few  removals  as  possible.  1863  H.  Cox  Instit.  in. 
vi.  667  The  appointment  and  removal  of  magistrates  is  left 
to  the  Lord  Chancellor. 

3.  The  act  of  conveying  or  shifting  to  another 
place  ;  the  fact  of  being  so  transferred. 

^1639  WOTTON  in  Reli<j.  (1651)117  Not  many  minutes  after 
the  fall  of  the  body,  and  removal!  thereof  into  the  first  room. 
1690  LOCKE  Hum,  Und.  \\.  xxi.  §  n  The  sitting  still  even 
of  a  paralytic,  whilst  he  prefers  it  to  a  removal,  is  truly 
voluntary.  1764  BURN  Poor  Laws  108  It  hath  been  generally 
understood,  that  removals  [of  the  poor]  were  first  ordained 
by  the  13  &  14  C.  2.  1818  SHELI.EY  Julian  252  He  would 
not  bear  Removal,  so  I  fitted  up  for  him  Those  rooms.  1888 
F.  HUME  Mme.  Midas  \.  ii,  Slivers  had  pushed  all  the  .. 
loose  papers  away,  and  was  writing  a  letter  in  the  little 
clearing  caused  by  their  removal. 

t  b.  Chess.  A  move.  Obs.  rare. 


him  the  removals  of  the  several  pieces. 

4.  The  act  of  changing  one's  ground,  place,  or 
position  ;  tsp.  change  of  habitation. 
_  1642  MILTON  Apol.  Smect.  Wks.  1851  III.  288  All  the 
judicious  Panegyricks  in  any  language  extant  are  not  halfe 
so  prolixe.  And  that  well  appears  in  his  next  removal!. 
1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Row.  Forest  i,  Such  had  been  the 
precipitancy  of  this  removal.  1811  Miss  MITFORD  in 
L'Estrange  Life  (1870)  I.  v.  136  This  removal  will  cause  you 
some  additional  trouble,  my  dear  Sir  William.  1899  Green's 
Encycl.  Sc.  Law  XII.  236  Removal  from  urban  tenements 
is  regulated  by  custom. 

attrib.  1881  Act  44  *  45  Viet.  c.  39  §  i  This  Act  may  be 
cited  as  the  Removal  Terms.. Act.  1886  W.  A.  HARRIS 
Techn,  Fire-hisur.  Dict.^  Removal-damage  is  allowed  by 
Offices  in  cases  where  their  agents  authorise  such  removal. 

Remove  (rfin&v),  sb.  Also  6-7  rem(o)oue, 
-moove,  7  -mouve.  ff.  the  vb.] 

1.  The  act  of  removing  a  person  from  a  position 
or  office ;  dismissal.     Now  rare. 

*553  [see  REMOVE  v.  3  b].  1559  Mirr.  Mag.  D  iij,  The  two 
dukes.  .On  whose  remove  fro  beyng  aboute  the  king  We  all 
agreed.  1607  Statutes  in  Hist.  Wakcficld  Gram,  ScJt,(lSoa) 
68  The  causes  and  maner  of  the  ushers  remove,  a  1641  BP. 
MOUNTAGU  Acts  $  Mon.  (1642)  341  At  length,  with  much 
adoe,  they  procured  his  remove,  and  Porcius  Festus  suc 
ceeded.  1712  SWIFT  Wks.  (1883)  XV.  486  It  is  still  expected 
that  the  duke  will  be  out,  and  that  many  other  removes  will 
be  made.  1799  in  Spirit  Pub.  Jrnls.  III.  363  We  shall  find 
sundry  brisk  removes  of  many  in  public  honour. 

f  b.  The  act  of  removing  a  person  by  death ; 
murder.  Obs. 

1592  KVD  Sp.  Trag,  \\.  \.  136  Lets  goe,  my  Lord;  your 
staying  staies  reuenge. ..  Her  fauour  must  be  wonne  by  bis 
remooue,  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  iv.  v.  81  He  most  violent 
Author  Of  his  owne  iust  remoue.  1653  A.  WILSON  Jas.  I 
89  Intimating,  .that  Overburies  untimely  remove  had  some- 
thing  in  it  of  retaliation. 

f  C.  The  raising  of  a  siege.    Obs,  rare~l. 

1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  i.  ii.  28  If  they  set  downe  before  's,  for 
the  remoue  Bring  vp  your  Army. 

2.  f  a.  The  act  of  taking  away,  or  doing  away 
with,  a  thing.   Obs. 

1597  BACON  Coulcrs  Good  fy  Evill  Ess.  (Arb.)  147  The.. 
blossome  is  a  positiue  good,  although  the  remoue  of  it  to 
giue  place  to  the  fruite  be  a  comparatiue  good.  1661  GI.AN- 


REMOVE. 

vi  LL  Van.  Dcgm.  71  That  which  is  early  received,..  as  it 
were  grows  into  our  tender  natures,  and  is  therefore  of 
difficult  remove.  1676  WORLIDGE  Cyder  (\dg\)  57  A  three 
fold  want  of  sap.  .occasioned  by  the  remove  of  the  root. 

b.  Farriery.  The  act  of  taking  off  a  horse's  shoe 
in  order  to  dress  the  hoof  and  replace  the  shoe  in  a 
proper  manner  on  the  same  or  another  foot:  hence, 
an  old  shoe  used  over  again.     Now  dial. 

1594  GREENE  &  LODGE  Looking  GL  G.'s  Wks.  (Rtldg.) 
138/2  If  you  want  a  shoe,  a  remove,  or  the  clinching  of  a 
nail,  I  am  at  your  command.    1636  HEVWOOD  Love's  Mistress 
iv.  i,  Phcebus  fore-horse  Must  have  two  new  shooes,  calk'd, 
and  one  remove,      1688   R.   HOLME  Armoury  in.  90/1   A 
Remove  is,  when   a  shooe  is  taken  off,  and   set   on  again 
with  new  Nails.      1729  SWIFT  Direct.  Sen',  v.  Wks.   1751 
XIV.  62   His   horse   wanted   two   Removes  ;    your    Horse 
wanted  Nails.     1821  A.  WELBV  I'isit  N,  Amer.g^  The  price 
I  paid  to  a  blacksmith  for  eight  new  horse-shoes,..  and  eight 
removes.     1880  Antrim  fy   Down  Gloss.)  Remove  ',  the  re- 
shoeing  of  a  horse  with  the  old  shoes. 

c.  The  act  of  taking  away  a  dish  or  dishes  at 
a  meal  in  order  to  put  others  in  their  place;  hence, 
a  dish  thus  removed,  or  brought  on  in  place   of 
one  removed. 

1773  JOHNSON  (ed.  4)  Remove^  a  dish  to  be  changed  while 
the  rest  of  the  course  remains.  1820  Hermit  in  London  IV. 
161  Two  courses  and  removes,  consisting  of  about  30  dishes. 
1828  Lights  <y  Shades  I.  236  A  very  genteel  dinner,.. 
with  a  remove,  and  an  excellent  dessert.  i8^a  THACKERAY 
Shabby  Genteel  Story  in,  The  maid  .  .  brought  in  that  remove 
of  hashed  mutton. 

3.  The  act  of  removing  or  shifting  a  thing  from 
one  place  to  another. 

1582  N.  LICHEFIHLD  tr.  Castanhedas  Cony.  E.  hid.  i.  vii. 
17  So  as  the  Moores  should  not  burne  them,,  .which  now  by 
their  remooue  was  preuented,  1615  W.  LAWSON  Country 
HOUSCVJ.  Card.  (1626)  15  This  short  cutting  at  the  remoue, 
saues  your  Plants  from  winde.  1660  F.  BKOOKE  tr.  Le 
Blanc's  Trav.  237  Having  gotten  an  Elephant  for  the  re 
move  of  our  baggage  and  commodities,  we  left  Moulgas. 
1683  MOXON  Mcch.  Exerc.)  Printing  xxiv.  ^13  Five  or  six  such 
motions,  or  rather  removes  of  the  Balls.  1791-1823  D'!SRAELI 
Cur.  Lit.  (1866)  437/1  The  birth  of  the  Pretender  is  repre 
sented  by  the  chest..,  perhaps  alluding  to  the  removes  of  the 
warming-pan, 

fb.  Fencing.  A  thrust  made  while  withdrawing 
the  foot.  Obs.  rare. 

1595  SAVIOLO  Practise  H  iij,  If  your  enemy  be  first  to 
strike  at  you,  and  if  at  that  instant  you  would  make  him 
a  passata,  or  remoue,  it  behoueth  you  to  be  very  ready  with 
your  feet  and  hand. 

f  C.   Chess.  A  move.   Obs. 

1645  City  Alarum  n  Like  two  ill  Gamesters  at  Chesse, 
who  make  many  remooves  to  little  purpose.  1656  KEALE 
C/iess  A.ivbt  He  which  loseth  shall  have  a  palpable  reason 
for  every  remove  he  maketh. 

fig.  1676  MARVELL  Air.  Smirke  55  Alexander  perciev'd  by 
them  that  this  Pawn-bishop  had  made  all  his  removes  right. 

f4.  The  act  of  transferring  a  person  from  one 
office  or  post  to  another  ;  the  fact  of  being  so 
transferred.  Obs. 

1610  in  Crt.  <V  Times  Jas.  I  (1848)  1.  107  Upon  the  remove 
of  the  Bishop  of  Gloucester  to  Worcester,  Dr.  Tooker..had 
thought  to  have  succeeded.  1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav. 
(1677)  34  By  this  failer  the  Master  of  our  Ship  had  a  remove 
into  the  Vice-Admiral.  1701  W.  WOTTON  Hist.  Rome  270 
After  a  short  remove  to  the  Quaestorship  of  Sardinia,  he 
was  appointed  to  go  as  Legate.  1751  Affect.  Narr,  Wager 
ii  His  Request  being  comply  'd  with,  occasioned  some 
Removes  :  For  .  .  our  Captain,  Kidd,  was  remov'd  to  the  Pearl. 
b.  Promotion,  at  school,  of  a  pupil  from  a  class 
or  division  to  a  higher  one. 

1747  CHESTERF.  Lett,  (1792)  I.  xcvj.  272  Every  remove, 


(you  know)  is  to  be  attended  by  a  reward  from  me,  besides 
the  credit  you  will  gain  for  yourself.  1768-75  in  Maxwell 
Lyte  Hist.  Eton  Coll.  (1877)  319  The  time  allowed  for  trying 


boys  for  their  removes  is  not  to  be  in  a  school  hour.  1857 
HUGHES  Totn  Brvwn  i.  vii,  Tom.,  was  praised,  and  got  his 
remove  into  the  lower  fourth.  1894  WILKINS&  VIVIAN  Green 
Bay  Tree  I.  43  Surprising  I  didn't  get  my  remove  this  term. 
c.  At  some  schools,  as  Eton  and  Charterhouse  : 
A  certain  division  of  the  school. 

[1718  in  Maxwell  Lyte  Hist.  Eton  Coll  (1877)  288  The 
successive  forms  were  called.  .First  Form,  Lower  Remove, 
Second  Form,  ..Fourth  Form,  Remove,  Fifth  Form.]  1733 
Ibid.  305  He  has  been  examined  ..  and  is  placed  in  the 
4th  form,  last  remove,  till  further  trial.  1844  DISRAELI 
Coningsby  i.  ix,  Some  unhappy  wight  in  the  remove,  wander 
ing  about..,  seeking  relief  in  the  shape  of  a  verse.  1860 
Cornh.  Afag,  Dec.  648  To  act  as  policeman  to  my  remove,  to 
mark  the  boys  in  and  out  of  chapel,  to  collect  their  maps 
and  exercises  (etc.].  1873  E.  COLEKIDGE  in  Ornsby  Mon. 
y.  R.  Hope-Scott  (1884)  I.  20  He  was  placed  in  the  lower 
Remove  of  the  Remove  in  September. 
5.  The  (or  an)  act  of  changing  one's  place,  esp. 
one's  place  of  residence;  departure  to  another  place. 
Now  rare  (very  common  c  1590-1  760). 

1:1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  cv.  xi,  Quailes  in  whole 
beavies  each  remove  pursue.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.Poesie 
in.  xix.  (Arb.)  240,  I  call  him..  the  flitting  figure,  or  figure 
of  remoue,  like  as  the  other  before  was  called  the  figure  of 
aboade.  1601  SHAKS.  All's  IVellv.  iii.  131  Here's  a  petition 
from  a  Florentine,  Who  hath  for  foure  or  fiue  remoues 
come  short,  To  tender  it  her  selfe.  1600  HOLLAND  Atnm. 
Marcell.  5  Speeding  themselves  in  great  hast,  for  to  prevent 
all  rumors  of  their  remove.  1630  S.  CLARKE  .£«•/.  Hist.  i.(  16,54) 
169  Faustus  was  constrained  by  frequent  removes  to  hide 
himself.  1702  C.  MATHER  Afagn.  Chr.  i.  vi.  24/1  The  next 
Year  there  was  a  great  Remove  of  good  People  thither.  1757 
FRANKLIN  Ess.  Wks.  1840  II.  97  Three  removes  are  as  bad 
as  a  fire.  1771  PRIESTLEY  Inst.  Relig.  (1782)  I.  235  Death..  is 
..a  remove  for  the  better.  1820  CLARE  Rural  Life  7  All  old 
favourites.  .Griev'd  me  at  heart  to  witness  their  removes. 
t  b.  A  signal  for  departure.  Obs.  rare. 


REMOVE. 

1581  SAVILE  Tacitus,  Hist.  i.  Ixii.  (1591)  35  When  al  was  in 

order  ready  to  march,  they  cal  to  sound  the  remoue.     1622 

F.  MARKHAM  Bk.  War  \.   iii.  171  All  things  being  assured, 

he  may  then  cause  the  Drumnie-maior  to  beat  a  remoue. 

tc.  A  period  of  absence  from  a  place.   Obs.~l 

1603  SHAKS.  Meets,  for  M.  i.  i.  44  In  our  remoue,  be  thou 
at  fufi,  our  selfe. 

6.  The  space  or  interval  by  which  one  person  or 
thing  is  remote  from  another,  in  time,  place,  con 
dition,  etc. ;  distance. 

1628  FELTHAM  Resolves  11.  [i.]  xiv.  41  The  soules  Per 
spective  glasse:  whereby,  in  her  Ions  remoue,  shee  dis- 
cerneth  God.  1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  n.  xii.  329  A  Sign 
that  \i  is  more  frigid  than  ]/,  by  reason  of  his  greater 
remove.  1771  WESLEY  Wks.  (1872)  V.  385  A  giddy,  careless 
temper  is  at  the  farthest  remove  from  the  whole  religion  of 
Jesus  Christ.  1845  R.  W.  HAMILTON  Pop.  Educ.  iv.  (ed.  2) 
66  He  would  see  that  scale  recede  from  him  to  as  distant 
a  remove  as  that  where  it  now  stands.  1876  MEREDITH 
Beanch.  Career  xxxii,  As  mountains  gather  vastness  to  the 
eye  at  a  certain  remove. 

b.  A   step  or  stage  in  gradation  of  any  kind ; 
especially  in  phr.  but  one  (or  a]  remove  front. 

1633  G.  HERBERT  Temple*  Jordan  ii,  Must  all  be  vail'd, 
while  he  that  reads,  divines,  Catching  the  sense  at  two 
removes?  1668  R.  STEELE  Husbandman's  Calling  i.\.  225 
How  can  I  glorifie  my  Maker,  that  am  but  one  remove  from 
a  piece  of.,  sinful  earth?  1741  RICHARDSON'  Pamela  (18241 1* 
123  It  might  be  well  enough  if  you  were  . .  but  a  remove  or 
two  from  the  dirt  you  seem  so  fond  of.  1850  M*CosH  Div. 
Goi't.  (1852)  193  Events  are  explained  by  other  events 
separated  from  them  by  a  thousand  removes.  1864  BRYCE 
Holy  Rom.  Entp.  viii.  (1875)  126  Yet  nascent  feudality  was 
but  one  remove  from  anarchy. 

c.  A  degree  in  descent  or  consanguinity. 

1766  GOLDSM.  I7ic.  IV.  i,  Our  cousins,  too,  even  to  the  fortieth 
remove,  all  remembered  their  affinity,  without  any  help  from 
the  heralds'  office.  1789  HUNTER  in  Phil.  Trans,  LXXIX. 
161  These  puppies  are  the  second  remove  from  the  Wolf 
and  Dog.  1852  DICKENS  Bleak  Ho.  i,  I  am  not  prepared  to 
inform  the  Court  in  what  exact  remove  he  is  a  cousin. 
7.  attrib.)  as  remove-ticket. 

1805  NELSON  26  Apr.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1846)  VI.  416,  I 
directed  Captain  Schomberg  to  make  out  the  proper  Remove- 
Tickets  for  the  wages  due  to  the  said  men. 

Remove  (r/m«'v),  v.    Forms:  a.  4-5  remeeve, 
4-6  remeue,  -meve,  (5  -mevyn}  -mewe,  -mefe, 
-meff).     #.   4-7  remoue,  (5   -mouyn),  6-7   re-    i 
mooue,  7  -moove,  5-   remove;   4   remo(u(u, 
remuve    (8   Sc.\   4-5   remow(e,    5    Sc.  ra-),   5 
remown(e  ;  also  north,  and  St.  5  remofe,  -muf(f, 
5-6   -mufe,    6   -moif,   5-6   ramuff,   -muif.     [a.    I 
OF.  remtiw-t  remouv-  and  remov-,  the   stressed    > 
and  unstressed  stems  of  remouvoir :— L.  remwere, 
f.  re-  RE-  +  movers  to  MOVE.     On  the  variation  of 
form  see  MOVE  z;.] 

I.  trans.  1.  To  move  or  shift  from  or  out  of 
the  place  occupied ;  to  lift  or  push  aside ;  to  lift 
up  and  take  away ;  to  take  off. 

The  precise  connotation  varies  to  some  extent  with  the 
nature  of  the  object  and  the  intention  of  the  moving. 

a  1300-1400  Cursor  M.  17288  +  09  iCott.),  Who  sal  vus  helpe 
to  remou  >at  heuy  stone  ?  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxxiii. 
150  pe  tendre  erthe  was  remowed  fra  his  place  and  bare 
become  a  valay.  c  1460  Towneley  Myst.  xxvi.  369  Which 
shall  of  us  systers  thre  remefe  the  stone?  1530  PALSGR. 
685/1  Remeve  this  thynges  out  of  the  waye.  1535  COVER- 
DALE  Job  vi.  17  When  they  be  set  on  fyre,  they  shalbe  re 
moued  out  of  their  place,  1611  BIBLE  Transl.  Pref.  p  5 
Translation  it  is.  .that  remooueth  the  couer  of  the  well,  that 
wee  may  come  by  the  water.  1669  STURMY  Mariners 
Mag.  11.  VL  65  On  the  other  Edge  make  a  Line  of  Equal  i 
Parts,  with  an  Ear  in  like  manner  to  remove  at  pleasure. 
1683  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.)  Printing  xxiv.  f  19  A  Spring 
in  the  Tympan  removes  the  Paper  in  this  interval  of  Time. 
1775  S.  J.  PRATT  Liberal Opin.  fxxxi.  (1783)  III.  101  Having,  ' 
as  the  tea-equipage  was  removing,  some  intention  to  take 
his  leave.  1837  DICKENS  Pickw.  ii,  'What's  that?'  he 
inquired,  as  the  waiter  removed  one  of  the  covers.  1843 
YOUATT  Horse  (1848)  313  The  shoe  having  been  removed, 
the  smith  proceeds  to  rasp  the  edges  of  the  crust. 

b.  To  take  away,  withdraw,  from  a  place,  per 
son,  etc. ;  fto  raise,  abandon  (a  siege).     Also  rejt. 
to  betake  oneself  away. 

c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  in.  v.  769  He.  .hym  ramowit  Jxm  in 
hy,  And  agane  hayme  in  Medy.  1530  PALSGR.  685/1  Remeve 
you  from  thence,  my  frende.  Ibid.^  I  remeve  my  selfe  out 
of  the  place  I  am  in.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanes  Cotnm.  90 
So  were  the  warders  removed  from  the  gates  the  same  day. 
1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholays  Voy.  i.  xv,  16  They 
resolued  to  remoue  their  siege,  and  to  imbarke  themselues 
with  their  ordinance.  1648  MILTON  Ps.  Ixxxviii.  69  Lover 
and  friend  thou  hast  remov'd  And  sever 'd  from  me  far.  1667 
—  P.L.  vin.  1 19  God  to  remove  his  wayes  from  human  sense, 
Plac'd  Heav'n  from  Earth  so  farr.  1697  DRVOEN  Virg. 
Georg,  i. 201  Jove..Remov'd  from  Humane  reach  the  chear- 
ful  Fire.  17*9  LAW  Serious  C.  xv.  273  We  can.. remove 
ourselves  from  objects  that  inflame  our  passions.  1819  SCOTT 
Ivanhoc  i,  [The  swine]  made  . .  no  haste  to  remove  them 
selves  from  the  luxurious  banquet  of  beech-mast  and  acorns. 
1850  McCosH  Div.  Govt.  iv.  i.  (1874)  464  The  Epicureans 
removed  their  Gods  far  above  the  care  and  supervision  of 
human  affairs. 

c.  To  take  or  convey  away  from  a  place ;  f  to 
keep  apart,  separate.     Also  removed^  taken  away 
by  death. 

1459  Test.  Ebor.  (Surtees)  II.  227  Yl  thei.  .delyuere  vn  to 
George  Chaworth.  .alle  his  stuffe  that  he  hath  at  Alfreton, 
..he  to  remeve  them  at  his  awne  wille.  1596  SHAKS. 
i  Hot,  IV%  n,  ii.  XI  That  Rascall  hath  remoued  my  Horse, 
and  tied  him  I  know  not  where.  1610  —  Temp,  n,  i.  no  She 
too,  Who  is  so  farre  from  Italy  remoued,  I  ne're  againe  shall 
see  her.  1633  P.  FLETCHEK  Purple  1*1.  iv.  xi,  A  border  , 


437 

I  citie  these  two  coasts  removing.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  n. 
vi.  195  Mr.  Brett  had  hitherto  gone  on  in  collecting  and 
removing  the  treasure  without  interruption.  1816  SOUTHKY 
Ess.  (1832)  I,  191  The  latter  was  early  removed  from  a  world 
which  his  Talents,  .were. .fitted  to  adorn.  1850  TENNYSON 
In  Mem.  Prol.  37  Forgive  my  grief  for  one  removed,  Thy 
creature,  whom  I  found  so  fair. 

d.  To  put  (a  person)  out  of  the  way  ;  to  assas 
sinate,  murder. 

1653  A.  WILSON  Jas.  I  65  The  Prince,  .being  removed,  the 
Karl  of  Salisbury  (another  obstacle)  dying  six  moneths  after 
the  Prince  [etc.].  1655^6  T.  Ross  in  Cal.  St.  Papers,  Dom. 
(1882)  196,  I  cannot  divine  how,  except  by  removing  Crom 
well,  to  which  one  of  them  had  specially  devoted  himself. 
1889  Times  (weekly  ed.)  31  May  6/2  An  elaborate  article 
to-day,  declares  that  Dr.  Cronin  was  '  removed  '  by  the  Clan- 
na-Gacl  after  trial  and  conviction. 

e.  In  pass.  Oi  dishes:   To  be  replaced  or  fol 
lowed  fyt  after  removal. 

1840  LADY  C.  BURY  Hist,  of  Flirt  iv,  There  was  fish  and 
soup,  removed  by  boiled  chickens  and  bacon.  1852  THACKERAY 
Shabby  Genteel  Story  iii,  Boiled  haddock,  removed  by  hashed 
mutton. 

2.  To  move,  shift,  transfer  or  convey  from  one 
place  to  another;  to  change  the  place  or  situa 
tion  of  (false  with//<Kv?  as  obj.) ;  f  to  lead  (a  force) 
to  another  place. 

13-.  Guy  Warw.  (A.)ccxcvi,  Lete  him  be  stille,  Neuer  more 
remoun  him  y  mile,  No  do  him  hermes  lede.  1388  WYCLIF 
2  Sam.  xx.  12  He  remouyde  Amasa  fro  the  weie  in  to  the 
fceld.  .71400  Dcstr.  7>ty  3113  Ho..beckonet  hym  boldly 
..his  place  to  Remeve.  c  1420  I'allad.  on  Httsb.  11.  177 
Letuce  is  to  be  sette  in  lanyueer. .,  the  plantes  to  remeue  In 
Feueryeer.  1494  FABVAS  Chron.  vi.  clxxi.  166  Than  he 
remeuyd  his  people,  and  in  sondry  places  faughte  with  the 
Danys.  1523  FITZHEKB.  Hush.  §  129  If  thou  wylte  remoue 
&  set  trees  gete  as  many  rotes  with  them  as  thou  can. 
a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Ettw.  //'  215  He  politiquely  . .  de 
termined  in  great  haste  to  remove  his  whole  army.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  Sleidanes  Cotnm.  301  You  ought  not  to  have 
removed  or  chaunged  the  place  without  the  consent  of  the 
Emperour.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  in.  ii.  (1614)  234  Their 
tents,  which  with  themselues,  their  flockes,  and  substance, 
they  remoued  vp  and  downe  from  place  to  place.  1703 
MOXON  Aleck.  Excrc.  343  Then  removing  the  string  the 
space  of  15  degrees  in  the  Quadrant.  1765  Museum  Rust, 
IV.  170  This  row  being  thus  planted,  the  line  was  removed 
two  feet  forwards.  1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sc.  %  Art 
II.  178  Remove  ttie  needle  from  the  situation  Pto  the  situa 
tion  R.  1839  KEIGHTLKY  Hist.  Eng.  II.  25  Elizabeth  was 
now  removed  to  Canterbury.  1876  HOLLAND  Sei'.  Oaks  xi. 
151  [He]  is  about  to  remove  his  residence  from  among  us. 

rejl.  c  1375  Lay  Folks  Mass.  Bk.  (MS.  B)  301  po  prest  wil 
after  in  hat  place  Remow  [v.  r.  remo]  him  a  litel  space. 

ahsot.  1615  W,  LAWSON  Country  Housew.Gard.  (1626)17 
The  onely  best  way.  .to  haue  sure  and  lasting  Sets,  is  neuer 
to  remoue:  for  euery  remoue  is  an  hinderance. 

fb.  Law.  To  transfer  (a  cause  or  person)  for 
trial  from  one  court  of  law  to  another.    Also  refl. 

1507  Cal.  Anc.  Rtc.  Dublin  (1889)  I.  394  Writes  of  privelage 
to  remo  we  pie  othir  pies  owte  of  the  cowrt  of  the  citte.  1607 
COWELL  Intcrpr.  s.v.  Habeas  Corpus,  is  a  writ  the  which  a 
man.. may  haue  out  of  the  Kings  bench,  thereby  to  re- 
mooue  himselfe  thither  ..  and  to  answer  the  cause  there. 
1627  T.  POWELL  (title)  The  Attornies  Almanacke,  provided 
.  .for. .all  such  as  shall  have  occasion  to  remove  any  person, 
cause  or  record,  from  an  inferior  Court  to  any  the  higher 
Courts  at  Westminster.  1744  [see  REMOVER  2  2], 

fc.  Chess.  To  move  (a  piece).    Also  ab  sol.  Obs. 
1562  ROWBOTHUM  Playe  of  Ckeasts  Bij,  Oftentymes  the 


eyther  stait  or  mait. 

3.  To  send  or  put  (a  person)  away ;  to  compel 
(one)  to  go  from,  or  quit,  a  place. 

£1380  WYCLIF  Serin.  SeL  Wks.  I.  401  $tf..\x>u  have  a 
wickide  servaunt..,  putte  him  out  of  his  office  and  remeeve 
him  fer  awey.  £1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  n.  xvu  1416  Of  neid 
bairn  behuffit  To  be  oanyst  and  ramowyt  Fra  bar  gud,  \>ar 
kyn,  (?ar  kytht.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (.Rolls)  VIII.  329  A 
knyjhte.  .promysede  to  brynge  an  hoste  of  Scottes  to  remove 
hym  from  that  sege.  1567  Gude  fy  Godlie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  86 
From  thy  face  thow  sail  thame  swyith  remufe.  1581  Reg. 
Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  396  Thay  on  nawyse  suld.  .molest, 
rais  or  remove  any  of  the  auld  tennentis.  c  1600  SHAKS. 
Son  n.  xxv,  Then  happy  I  that  loue  and  am  beloued  Where 
I  may  not  remoue  nor  be  remoued.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xr. 
96  To  remove  him  I  decree,  And  send  him  from  the  Garden. 
•71768  ERSKISE  Inst.  Law  Scot.  n.  vi.  §  49  (1773)  273 
Warning  must  be  used  in  order  to  remove  a  tenant  in  a 
common  lease.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  848  The 
tenant  is . .  entitled  to  continue  his  possession . . ,  until  legally 
removed  by  the  landlord. 

b.  To  put  (one)  away  from,  or  out  of,  a  position 
or  office  ;  to  depose,  dismiss. 

1388  WYCLIF  i  Kings  xv.  13  He  remouyde  Maacha,..that 
sche  schulde  not  be  princesse  in  the  solempne  thingis.  1433 
Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  477/2  That  the  seid  Sergtauntz  be 
remeved  at  the  ende  of  every  Yere.  1502  ARNOLDE  Chron. 
(1811^  36  The  Aldermen  of  the  forsayd  cite  that  eueri  yere 
they  ben  remeued .  .and  that  they  so  remeued  be  not  chosen 
ayen  the  next  yere.  15*0  Caxton's  Chron.  Eng,  in.  20  b/2 
The  Trybunes  were  remeved  every  yere.  1553  in  Hakluyt 
Voy.  (1886)  III.  18  And  the  person  so  remoued  not  to  be  . . 
accepted,  .from  the  time  of  his  remoue,  any  more  for  an 
officer.  1775  BURKE  Sp.  Cone.  After.  87  That  the  said 
Chief  Justice  and  other  Judges.. shall  hold  his  and  their 
office . .  and  shall  not  be  removed  therefrom  but  when  [etc.  ]. 
1874  STU BBS  Const.  Hist.  xii.  (1896)!.  511  notet  None  of  the 
sheriffs  now  removed  were  employed  again. 

t  c.   To  raise  (a  siege).   Obs.    (See  RAISED.  28.)    , 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  329  William  de  Reeth 
. .  behist  be  kyng  bat  he  wolde . .  bryng  be  oost  of  Scottes . .  to 
remeve  pe  seege..of  Berwyk.  1480  CAXTON  Chron.  En%. 
ccxxxv.  257  This  same  j  ere  the  king  with  a  grete  host  entred 


REMOVE. 

1    the  see  to  remeue  the  sege  of  rochel.     1586  MARLOWE  ist 
Pt.  Tambitrl.  iv.  iii,  Let  us.. hasten  to  remove  Damascus' 
siege.     1640    YORKE    Union    Hon.    245    He    was    sent  ..  to 
remove  the  siege  of  the  City  of  Rochel  in  Fiance, 
t  d.   To  clear  off,  dispose  of.   Obs.  rare. 
1609    HOLLAND   Amm.    Marcell.    131    In    the   high   tops 
whereof   were    balists    fitly    placed,    which    removed    the 
defendants  that  kept  lower.     1652   NKEDHAM  tr.  Scldens 
Marc  Cl.  168  Having  thus  refuted,  or  upon  good  ground 
removed  som  Opinions  of  antient  Lawyers. 

4.  To  take  away  (from  a  person),  to  relieve  or 
free  one  irom,  some  feeling,  quality,  condition,  etc., 
esp.  one  of  a  bad  or  detrimental  kind;  fto  do 
away  with,  put  an  end  to  (a  practice,. 

c  1374  CHAUCUR  Troylus  \.  691  And  for-thy  wolde  I  fayn 
remeve  Thy  wrong  conceyte.  c  1400  tr.  Sccreta  Secret., 
CnTTj,  I.ardsk.  108  Gouerne  hem  wel,  and.,  remo  we  fro  hem 
all  baire  wrongcs.  c  1449  PECOCK  Rejr.  n.  L\.  196  Whcrbi 
is  excludid  and  wilned  of  Crist  to  be  removed,  that  eny  man 
schulde  woischipe  Godbi  eny  outward  ymagis.  Ibid.,  Crist 
in  the  same  chapiter,  .removed  pilgrimagis.  1567  Gnde  fy 
Godlie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  74  Lord.. Remufe  fra  me  all  fraward- 
ness.  1596  SHAKS.  fant.  Shr.  \.  ii.  72  She  moues  me  not, 
or  not  remoues  at  least  Affections  edge  in  me.  1610  —  7V?///. 
11.  ii.  79  If  hee  haue  neuer  drunke  wine  afore,  it  will  goe 
neere  to  remoue  hi.s  Fit.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  xii.  290  When 
they  see  Law  can  discover  sin,  but  not  remove.  1770  Jtinius 
Lett.  xx.\ix.  (1788)  217  In  the  repeal  of  those  acts,  .the  par 
liament  have  donu  everything  but  remove  the  offence.  1809 
Mcd.  Jrnt.  XXI.  260  That  general  debility  ..  which  time 
and  attention  will  in  all  probability  very  speedily  remove. 
1874  GKKKN  Short  Hist,  vii.  §  6.  405  The  death  of  Norfolk 
and  Northumberland  removed  the  dread  of  civil  war. 

tb.  To  put  away  (a  feeling,  thought,  etc.) /row 
oneself;  to  set  aside.  Obs. 

1388  Wvci.n  Eccl.  xi.  10  Do  thou  awei  ire  fro  thin  herte, 
and  remoue  thou  malice  fro  thy  fleisch.  c  1440  Alph.  Talcs 
106  It  is  impossible  to  remofe  ill  thoghis  fro  be  w'nh  other 
mens  prayers.  1535  COVHRDALE  Eccl.  xii.  i  Put  away  dis 
pleasure  out  of  thy  hert,  &  remoue  euell  from  thy  body. 
[1611  (xi.  ioj  Therefore  remoue  sorrow  from  thy  heart,  and 
put  away  euill  from  thy  flesh].  1703  EARL  ORRERY  As  you 
1'ind  it  in.  i,  You  had  best  remove  this  Scruple  quickly. 
t  5.  To  change,  transform,  into  something.  Obs~l 
ci43o  Pilgr,  Lyf  Mauhode  i.  xii.  (1869'  25  And  therfore 
I  haue  wrethe  in  myn  herte  whan  ye  remeeuen  [F.  ntitez] 
it  in  to  quik  flesh. 

f6.  To  go  away  from,  to  quit  (a  place  or  posi 
tion).  Obs.  rare. 

c  1440  Gcnerydcs  3223  Too  all  his  ost  lie  gave  a  special] 
charge,.. They  shuld  remeve  that  place  ij  myle  large,    c  1450 
St.  Cuthbcrt  t  Surtees)  7514  Ane  [bishop]  be  whilk  by  ^ymoiiy 
,    be  se  gat ;  with  in  sex  moneths  remoued  he  bat. 

f7.  To  move  or  stir  (a  part  of  the  body).   Obs. 
1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  262  b/2  Whan  the  tyraunte  sawe 
that  he  remeuyd  yet  hi.s  lyppes..[he]  smote  hym  wyth  hys 
knyf  to  the  herte.     1523  Lu.  UHHNERS  Froiss.  \.  ccclxix,  606 
I    The  church  that  day  was  so  full  of  noblenesse,  that  a  man 
might  nat  a  remoued   his  fete.     1585  'i'.  WASHINGTON  tr. 
Nickolays  I'oy.  \\,  xxi.  58 b,  Pulling  and  remouing  your 
ioyntes  as  before  is  said. 

f8.  To  move  or  persuade  (one)  out  of  vt  from 
a  purpose  or  resolve.  Also  without  const.  Obs. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  184/2  He  wold  haue  comen  unto 
our  presence  but  that  hys  conscyence  hath  remeuyd  hym. 
1523  LD.  BEKNEKS  Froiss.  I.  ccxxxi.  314  They  coude  nat 
remoue  him  out  of  that  purpose,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.t 
E<hv.  // '  24  b,  All  the  tounes  round  about,  were  permanent 
and  stiffe  on  the  parte  of  kyng  Henry,  and  could  not  be  re 
moued.  1647  MAY  Hist.  Purl.  \.  viii.  94  IJut  the  King  was 
hard  to  be  removed  from  his  resolution.  1654  tr.  MartinCs 
Coitq.  China  167  Nor  would  he  ever  be  removed  from  this 
unhumane  sentence. 

•fb.  To  move,  affect  (the  heart).  Obs.  rare"-1. 
?i6oo  LYLY  Love's  fifetam,  iv.  ii,  Men,  whose  loues  are 
built  on  truth,  and  whose  hearts  are  remoued  by  curtesie. 

II.  inti\  9.  To  go  away  or  depart  from  a  place  ; 
to  move  off  to  somewhere  else. 

a.  13..   A".  Alls.  7238  He  with-setth  alle  homage. .And 
bad  you  remeve  out  of  his  lond.    a  1400-50  Alexander  1975 
Remefe  agayn  to  )?i  realm  or  ^ou  sail  it  rewe.   c  1450  Met- lin 
61  They  seide  '  Sir,  we  haue  no  talents  to  remeve  fro  hens  '. 
1495  Trevisas  Earth.  De  P.  R.  vin.  xviii.  xij/z  The  mone 
makyth  a  man  vnstable  chaungeable  &  remeuynge  abowte 
fro  place  to  place. 

/3.  c  1375  SC.  Leg.  Saints  xviii.  (Alary  Egypt}  1090  pu  sal 
na  mycht  haf  to  remofe  [from  the  abbey],  c  1400  Rowland 
ff  0.  730  The  Oste  remowede  &  forthe  thay  gede,.  .To  \ta\re 
lournaye  J^y  hye.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  XL  315  Wallace 
off  France  a  gudly  leift  can  tak.  The  kyng.  .Gret  langour 
tuk  quhen  Wallace  can  ramuft.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II. 
378  From  thence  they  remoued  to  Saint  Albons,  and  came 
thether  on  Christmas  Euen.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr. 
Nickolay's  Voy.  I.  xv.  16  [He]  remooued.  .to  assiege  the 
castle  of  Tripoli.  1629  J.  COLE  Of  Death  51  Hee  would 
rather  chuse  to  stay  here,  and  live  in  the  same  [earthly 
pleasures],  then  remove  to  enjoy  the  heavenly.  i66iGLAN\iLL 
I 'art.  Dogtn.  198  He  said,  he'd  remove  into  another  room. 
1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  28  He.. begs  a 
Certificate,  when  he  removes  from  the  Ship.  1796  Hist.  Ned 
Evans  II.  104  From  which  few  ever  remove  but  to  torture, 

b.  spec.  To  change  the  place  of  one's  (temporary 
or  permanent)  residence  ;  also  of  a  tenant,  to  quit 
a  house  or  holding. 

1399  LANGL.  Rich.  Redeles  m.  301  A  new  J>ing  J>at  noyeth 
nedy  men  and  ot?er,  Whanne  realles  remeveth  and  ridith 
born  tounes.  1478  Pas  ton  Lett.  III.  229  My  Lord  of 
Suffolk  is  remevyd  in  to  Suffolk,  .and  my  lady  purposed  to 
remeff  after  on  thys  day.  1530  PALSGR.  685/1,  I  remeve,  as 
an  armye  or  the  trayne  of  a  prince  or  gret  man  removeth 
from  one  place  to  an  other.  1555  Sc.  Acts  Mary  (1814)  II. 
494/1  The  warning  of  all  tennentis  and  vtheris  to  flit  and 
remoue  fra  landir.  mylms  fischingis  and  possessiouns  quhat- 
sumeuer.  1633  FORD  Broken  //.  n.  i,  This  house,  metninks, 
stands  somewnat  loo  much  inward  ;  we  11  remove  Nearer 


REMOVED. 


438 


REMUE. 


the  court.  1697  DRYDEN  1'irg.  Georg.  i.  57  Proserpine., 
importun'd  by  Ceres  to  remove,  Prefers  the  Fields  below  to 
those  above.  1728  DE  FOE  Plague  (1754)  6  This  French 
man,  .was  one  who, having  Hv'd  in  Long- Acre,  .had  removed 
for  fear  of  the  Distemper.  1756  Act  of  Seder  unt  14  Dec., 
Where  the  tenant  hath  not  obliged  himself  to  remove  with 
out  warning.  1858  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scut.  848  In  order 
to  authorise  judicial  removing,  the  tenant.. must  be  warned 
by  the  landlord  to  remove.  1855  BREWSTER Newton  II.  xxi. 
252  Newton  received  this  letter  when  he  was  removing  from 
Jermyn  Street  to  Chelsea. 

fc.  To  shift  one's  place  or  position.  Obs. 

1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  7365  In  helle  salle  be  ban  swa 
gret  thiang,  pat  nane  may  remow  for  other  ne  gang,  c  1475 
RaufCoilyar  861  The  lenth  of  ane  rude  braid  he  gart  him 
remufe.  a  1533  LD.  BERNKKS  Htton  Iv.  186  He  remoued  no 
more  for  the  stroke  then  it  had  ben  a  strong  walle.  1562 
RoWBOTHUH  Plftye  of  Cheasts  A  v  b,  Their  office  is  not  to 
remoue  but  in  necessitie,  and  chiefelye  for  the  succoure  of 
theyr  kynge.  1595  SAYIOLO  Practise  H  ij  b,  Remoue  with 
your  light  foot  a  little  back  toward  his  left  side.  1656 
LIEALE  Chess  8  The  King  removeth  but  one  house  at  a  time. 

10.  Of  things  :  To  change  place ;  to  move  off  or 
away  ;  to  depart,  disappear,  etc. 

1423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q.  clxxxviii,  In  perfyte  Toy,  that  neuir 
may  remufe.  1481  CAXTON  filyrr.  \.  vi.  29  There  cheualrye 
contynued  long,  And  frothens  after  it  remeuid  in  to  Fraunce. 
1535  COVERDALE  Isa.  liv.  10  The  mountaynes  shall  remoue, 
&  the  hilles  shal  fall  downe.  c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps. 
LII.  ix,  My  trust  on  his  true  love  Truly  attending  Shall  never 
thence  remove.  1662  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacral  in.  ii.  §  17 
Those  particles  will  necessarily  remove  into  that  empty 
space.  1704  POPE  Autumn  29  Ye  trees  that  fade  when 
autumn-heats  remove,  a  1792  BURNS  Posie  vii,  I'll  swear  . . 
That  to  my  latest  draught  o'  life  the  band  shall  ne'er  remove. 
1839-48  BAILEY  Festns  xviii.  174  And  sigh  That  truth  from 
that  Heaven  should  ever  remove.  1896  A.  E.  HOCSMAN 
Shropshire  Lad  xxxvi,  But  ere  the  circle  homeward  hies 
Far,  far  must  it  remove. 

fb.  To  change  into  something.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1674  PLAYFORD  Skill  Mus.  in.  5  That  which  is  an  eighth 
shall  remove  into  a  fifth. 

fll.  To  move,  stir;  to  be  in  motion.   Obs. 

-11400-50  Alexander  2943  Sir  Dary..Rerys  hym  vpp  £ 
remevys  in  hys  sete  riche.  a  1450  Knt.  de  la  7Vwr(i8oS)  37 
She  might  not  stere  nor  remeue  more  thanne  a  stone.  1509 
HAWKS  Past.  Pleas,  xxiv.  (Percy  Soc.)  108  These  are  the 
v.  wyttes  remeuing  inwardly.  £1555  HARPSFIELD  Divorce 
Hen.  VIII  (Camden)  251  The  head  thus  being  above,  the 
body  beneath  in  water,  wagging  and  removing  to  and  fro. 
1601  HAKLUYT  tr.  Galvano"s  Disco?1.  46  There  is  further 
a  kinde  of  herbe  there  growing,  which  followeth  the  sunne, 
and  remooveth  after  it. 

Removed  (r/mw-vd),  ///.  a.    [f.  prec.  + -ED1.] 

1.  Distant  in  relationship  by  a  certain  degree  of 
descent  or  consanguinity. 

Properly  denoting  a  degree  in  descent,  z$>  first  cousin  once 
removed— 3i  cousin's  child;  but  in  later  use  freq.  employed 
in  vague  designations  of  distant  relationshipj  as  cousin  seven 
times  removed. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  V  53  Barbara  dough ter  to 
therle  of  zilie  cosyn  germain  removed  to  kyng  Henry.  1594 
PARSONS  Confer.  Success,  n.  iv.  75  Edmond  was  but  nephew 
remoued,  that  is  to  say,  daughters  sonnes  sonne  to  the  said 
king  Richards  other  uncle.  1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  iv.  iv. 
802  Those  that  are  lermaine  to  him  (though  remou'd  fiftie 
times)  shall  all  come  vnder  the  Hang-man.  1687  MIEGE 
Gt.  Fr.  Diet.  n.  s.v.  Cousin^  A  Cousin  once  removed, 
Cousin  issit  de  germain.  1738  SWIFT  Pol.  Conversat.  62 
He's  my  Cousin-German,  quite  remov'd.  1748  SMOLLETT 
Roderick  Random  xviii,  My  grandfather's  brother's  daugh 
ter,  .rabbit  it !  I  have  forgot  the  degree;  but  this  I  know 
that  he  and  I  are  cousins  seven  times  removed.  1841 
LVTTON  Money  i.  vii,  Cousin  to  the  deceased,  seven  times 
removed.  1852  DICKENS  Bleak  Ho.  i,  He  is  a  cousin,  several 
times  removed. 

trans/.  1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  v.  iv,  71  Vpon  a  lye.  seuen 
times  remoued. 

2.  f  a.  Remote ;  retired,  secluded.   Obs. 

1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  in.  ii.  360  Your  accent  is  something 
finer,  then  you  could  purchase  in  so  remoued  a  dwelling. 
1609  DOWLAND  Ornithop.  Microl.  54  Imperfection  is  made 
not  only  by  the  neere  part  of  the  Notes,  but  also  by  the  re 
moued  part.     1632  MILTON  Penseroso  78  Or  if  the  Ayr  will 
not  permit,  Som  still  removed  place  will  fit. 

•f  b.  Separated  by  time  or  space.   Obs.  rare. 

1601  SHAKS.  TweL  N.  v.  i.  92  His  false  cunning. .grew  a 
twentie  yeeres  remoued  thing  While  one  could  winke.    1628 
FELTHAM  Resolves  n.  [i.J  xxxiii.  105  They  haue  the  aduant- 
age  of  being  beleeued,  before  a  remoued  friend. 

t  C.  Segregated  or  set  apart.   Obs.  rare  —1. 

x6n  BIBLE  Ezek.  xxxvL  17  Their  way  was  before  me  as 
the  vncleannesse  of  a  remooued  woman. 
d.  Lifted  or  taken  away. 

1625  [see  HARDLY  adv.  10].  1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc., 
Printing  xxii.  f8  He  removes  the  other  Transpos'd  Page 
into  the  pjace  of  the  first  remov'd  Page.  1688  R.  HOLME 
Acad.  i.  iii.  22/1  If  the  under  Chief  had  been  the  colour  of 
the  Field,  then  it  had  been  termed  a  Chief  removed,  or 
fallen  out  of  its  place,  a  1716  SOUTH  Serm.  (1823)  V.  281 
Nobody .  .languishes  with  the  remembrance  of  a  removed 
sickness.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1768)  I.  93  He  took 
the  removed  chair,  and  drew  it.. near  mine. 

3.  In  predicative  use :  Remote,  separated,  or  dis 
tant^?///  something,  in  lit.  andyf^.  senses. 

1617  MORYSON  ftin,  i.  214  He  was  like  neuer  to  be  re 
deemed,  being  farre  remoued  from  Christians,  who  onely 
trade  vpon  the  Coasts.  1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  \.  iii.  §  i 
They  are  farther  removed  from  a  title  to  be  innate.  1756 
C.  LUCAS  Ess.  IVaters  I.  172  [He]  is  not,  in  knowledge  or 
rationality,  three  degrees  removed  from  the  brute.  1864 
BRYCE  Holy  Rom.  Emp.  vi.  (1875)  77  A  corrupt  tongue, 
equally  removed  from  Latin  and  from  modern  French. 

Hence  Remo'vedness. 

1604  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  iv.  ii.  41,  I  haue  eyes  vnder  my 
seruice,  which  looke  vpon  his  remoued nesse.  1845  Blackiv. 


Mag.  LVII.  147  It  has  a  middle  removedness  or  estrange 
ment  from  the  ordinary  speech  of  men.  1892  Temple  Bur 
Jan.  59  The  impressions  this  garden  gave  were  of  removed- 
ness,  of  light  and  shadow,  of  grass  and  roses. 

t  Remo'veless,  a.  Obs.  rare  -1.    [f.  REMOVE 

sb.  or  v.  +  -LESS.]     Incapable  of  being  removed. 

c  1592  MARLOWE  Jllassacre  Paris  n.  iv,  As  now  you  are, 
so  shall  you  still  persist,  Removeless  from  the  favours  of 
your  King. 

Rexno'vement.    [f.  REMOVE  v.  +  -MENT.] 

1 1.  The  act  of  removing  from  place  to  place. 

1630  R.  Johnson's  Kingd.  fy  Commit'.  495  In  their  travels 
and  removement  they  are  governed  by  their  Stars,  and_  ob 
serving  the  North  pole,  they  settle  according  to  its  motion. 

2.  The  act  of  taking,  or  the  fact  of  being  taken, 
away ;  removal. 

1845-6  TRENCH  Huls.  Lect.  Ser.  n.  y.  223  All  the  allevia 
tions  and  removements  of  pain  and  disease.  1862  DARWIN 
Fertil.  Orchids  i.  48  The  derangement  in  the  complex 
mechanism  had  hindered  the  removement  of  the  pollinia. 

t  RemO  vent,  a.  Obs.  rare—1,  fad.  L.  remo- 
vent~eni)  pres.  pple.  ofremevfreto  REMOVE.]  Pro 
ducing  removal. 

1625  Debates  Ho.  Commons  (Camden)  86  To  shew  . .  the 
remedyes  both  removent  and  promovent. 

Remover  l  (rftn/rvai).    [f.  REMOVE  v.  +  -ER1.] 

1.  One  who,   or  that  which,  removes  or  takes 
away;  spec,  in  modern  use,  a  furniture- remover. 

1594  SOL-THWKI.L  M.  Magd.  Funeral  Teares  56  b,  Where 
the  thing  remooued  was  remoouer  of  it  selfe.  1607  HIERON 
Wks,  I.  367  If  the  desirer  of  our  saluation,  and  the  remoouer 
of  all  hinderances  to  it,  do  yet  leaue  sinne  behind.  1624  T, 
SCOTT  I  "ox  Regis  23  Which  Court  was  the  onely.  .discouerer 
and  remoouer  of  all  such  mightie  enormities.  1860  GOSSE 
Rom.  Nat.  Hist.  108  We  must  see  them.. engaged  as  the 
scavengers  of  the  forest-wilds  of  the  tropics  ;  the  removers 
of  fallen  trees.  1861  HI/GHES  Tom  Brown  at  Oxf.^  III.  264 
Grey  had  discovered  a  benevolent  remover  of  furniture, 
tb.  fg.  A  poison.  Obs.  rare~1. 

1625^-6  SHIRLEY  Maid's  Revenge  in.  ii,  S/iar.  A  rat  !  give 
him  his  bane..  .Ans.  Pray  let  me  see  a  remover  at  twelve 
hours ;  I  would  be  loth  to  kill  the  poor  thing  presently. 

2.  One   who   changes   his   place  ;  a  restless  or 
stirring  person,  rare. 

c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  cxvi,  Loue  is  not  loue  Which  alters 
when  it  alteration  findes,  Or  bends  with  the  remouer  to  re 
moue.  1607-12  BACON  Ess.,  Fortune  (Arb.)  378  An  bastye 
Fortune  tnaketh  an  Enterpriser,  and  Remover  (The  French 
hath  It  better  Entreprenant^  or  Remnant}. 

fb.  A  hive  from  which  the  bees  are  made  to 
remove.  Obs.  nonce-use. 

1609  C.  BUTLER  Fern.  Mon.  (1634)  153  Having  first  placed 
these  two  stalls,  the  Remover  (that  is  driven)  and  the  Re 
ceiver,  as  near  as  may  be  to  one  another. 

t  Remo'ver  -.    Obs.  rare.    [i.  as  prec.  +  -EB  4.] 

1.  The  act  of  moving  ;  movement.  rare~l. 

1663  H.  COG  AN  tr.  Pinto  s  Trav.  xxv.  95  At  the  first  sight 
of  him,  he  would  have  turned  back  out  of  the  remover  of 
conscience,  and  true  repentance. 

2.  Law.  (See  quot.  and  REMOVE  v.  2  b.) 

1744  JACOB  La-M  Diet.,  Remover  is  where  a  Suit  or  Cause 
is  removed  out  of  one  Court  into  another. 
Removing  (r/m/rvin),  vbl.  sb.     [-ING1.] 

1.  The  action  of  removing  from  a  place  ;  removal 
to   another   place   or   residence ;    -f  also,   change, 
alteration. 

1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  6365  pe  son  sal  ban  in  be  este 
stande,  With-outen  removyng,  ay  shynande.  c  1430  Pilgr. 
Lyf  Manhode  i.  xlii.  (1869)  25  Many  oothere  remeeuinges 
[F.  rewttcwens]  of  which  were  to  longe  to  holde  parlement. 
1535  COVERDALE  Ezek.  iii.  n,  I  herde  the  noyse  of  a  greate 
russliinge  and  remouynge  off  the  most  blissed  glory  off  the 
Lorde  out  off  his  place.  1555  EDEN  Decades  35  In  contynual 
remoouinge  as  the  nature  of  warre  requyreth.  1620  T. 
GRANGER  Div.  Logike  108  Vegetation,  and  locomotion  are 
powers  of  growing,  augmentation,  moouing,remoouing.  1719 
DE  FOE  Crusoe  \.  (Globe)  268  We  waited  a  great  while,  though 
very  impatient  for  their  removing.  1750  MRS.  DELANV  Life 
fy  Corr.  (1861)  II.  566,  I  have  not  heard  from  my  brother  a 
great  while  ;  I  suppose  his  removing  has  hurried  him. 

attrib.  a  1601  LAMBARDE  Diet.  Angl.  Top.  (1730)  48  Ba- 
tarsey,  the  removinge  House  of  the  Byshoppes  of  Yorke. 
1684  E.  CHAMBERLAYNE  Pres.  St.  Eng.  i.  (ed.  15)  177  There 
is  the  Removing  Wardrobe,  which  always  attends  upon  the 
Person  of  the  King. 

2.  The  action  of  removing,  shifting,  taking  or 
putting  away  ;  also,  an  instance  of  this. 

1426  LYDG.  De  Guil.  Pilgr.  6372  With-outen  any  remowyng 
Off  the  Eyen  in  myn  hed  Into  myn  Eryn.  1535  COVER- 
DALE  Heb.  xii.  27  No  doute  that  same..signifieth  the  re 
mouynge  awaye  of  those  thinges.  1563  HYLL  Art  Garden. 
(1593)  127  The  better  also  they  wil  prosper,  if  after  euery  re- 
moouing..the  blades  bee  cut.  1642  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH. 
Skiamachia  Wks.  (1711)  193  Such  particulars,  as . .  will  much 
conduce  to  the  removing  of  all  these  mistakes.  1712  J. 
JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's  Gardening  116  The  Transporting  and 
Removing  of  Earth  is  a  vast  and  excessive  Charge.  1818 
in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  I.  573  The  removing  of 
the  present  walk  with  the  two  trees.  1882  E.  C.  ROBERTSON 
in  Proc.  Berw,  Nat.  Club  IX.  507  The  removing  of  the 
earth  brought  to  view  an  immense  collection  of  skeletons. 

3.  Sf.  Law.     The  removal  of  a  tenant  by,  or  at 
the  instance  of,  the  landlord;  falso,  a  notice  re 
quiring  a  tenant  to  remove. 

1555  Sc.  Acts  Mary  (1814)  II.  494/1  Na  forther  laying 
furth  of  slressis  and  remowing  vpone  wednisday  to  be  vsit  in 
tyme  to  cum.  1588  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  IV.  270  The 
executioun  of  ane  precept  of  removing.  Ibid.^  He  putt  the 
copy  of  the  removing. .in  the  said  Johnis  bosome.  1683 
Acts  Sederunt  (1790)  156  Act  appoynting  Advocations  and 
Suspensions  of  Decreets  of  removeing.  a  1768  ERSKINK 
hist.  Sc.  Law  u.  vi.  §  51  (1773)  274  A  landlord's  title  to 


prosecute  a  removing.. cannot  be  questioned  by  a  tenant 
who  derives  his  possession  from  him.  1858  W.  BELL  Diet. 
Law  Scot.  848  In  order  to  authorise  judicial  removing,  the 
tenant.. must  be  warned  by  the  landlord  to  remove. 

So  Remo'ving///.  a. 

1643  [ANGIER]  Lane.  Vail.  Achor  22  Desire  to  see  this 
Forreiner.  .led  some  of  note  and  worth  into  a  teadJous  and 
removing  captivitie.  1870  Daily  Nctvs  5  Sept.  6  Sometimes 
upon  a  pile  of  mattresses  or  bedding. .were  to  be  seen  the 
removing  householder  himself  and  his  wife  and  family. 

Remow,  obs.  form  of  REMOVE  v. 

t  Remp,  v.  Obs,  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
intr.  To  act  hastily;  to  hasten. 

^897  K.  ALFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xx.  148  Oft  mon  bi5 
SWIM  rempende,&  raeso  swi3e  dollice  on  aelc  weorc  &  hrced- 
Hce.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  IVace  (Rolls)  3492  pe 
Bretons  sawe  J>er  syde  }ede  lowe,  pey  rempede  )?em  to  reste 
a  browe. 

tRempa're,  v.  Obs.  rare.  Also  renpayre. 
[ad.  K  reuiparer:  see  RAMFIKE  v.}  trans.  To 
strengthen,  fortify.  Also  absol. 

1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  cxiii.  336  Than  he  newe  ren- 
payred  the  towne,  and  furnished  it  with  newe  men  of  wane. 
1549  Euw.  VI  Jriil.  (Roxb.)  236  The  gates  of  the  hous  to 
be  rempared  ;  peple  to  be  raysed.  1581  M  ULCASTER  Positions 
xxxvii.  148  Our  state  then  must  reiect  the  multitude,  and 
rempare  with  the  cunning. 

II  Renipli  (rahph'),  a.  Her.  Also  8  remply. 
[F.,  pa.  pple.  of  remplir  to  fill  up.]  (See  quots.) 

1725  COATS  Diet.  Her.,  Remply,  that  is,  fill'd  up,  denoting 
that  all  the  Chief  is  fill'd  up  with  a  square  Piece  of  another 
Colour,  leaving  only  a  Bordure  of  the  proper  Colour  of  the 
Chief  about  the  said  Piece.  1780  EDMONDSON  Compl.  Body 
Heraldry  II.  Gloss,  s.v.,  When  a  chief  is  filled  with  any 
other  metal,  or  colour,  leaving  only  a  border  round  the  chief 
of  the  first,  it  is  then  called  a  Chief  Rempli. 

t  Remuable,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  remuable 
(i4th  c.) :  see  REMUE  v.  and  -ABLE.] 

1.  That  may  remove  (==  depart)  or  be  removed  ; 
changeable,  unstable. 

c  1374  CHAVCER  Troy  Ins  iv.  1633  (1682)  And  this  may 
length  of  yeres  nought  fordo,  Ne  remuable  fortune  deface. 
1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  256  For  where  honour  is  remuable, 
It  oghte  wel  to  ben  avised.  c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems 
(Percy  Soc.)  122  In  this  world  here  is  none  abidyng  place, 
But  that  it  is  by  processe  remuable. 

2.  Capable  of  movement. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  v.  pr.  v.  131  (Camb.  MS.)  The 
ymaginacion  comth  to  Remuable  [L.  mobilibus\  beestis,  bat 
semyn  to  han  talent  to  fleen  or  to  desiren  any  thing. 

t  Remnant,  a.  Obs.  rare.  Also 7 -tut.  [a.  F. 

remnant^  pres.  pple.  of  remucr  to  REMUE.]  In 
clined  to  remove  ;  restless,  changeable. 

1625  W.  B.  True  School  War  12  Those  Busibodies,  or  as 
the  French  haue  it  better,  those  Remuant  spirits,  that., 
haue  rather  defaced  than  built.  1654^  Nicholas  Papers 
(Camden)  II.  92,  I  protest  I  am  so  pationatly  troubled  for 
the  remuant  humour  of  our  frend  that  I  know  not  what  to 
say.  1659  O.  WALKER  Oratory  66  Fixing  his  fancy  (re- 
muent,  and  volatile)  upon  one  object. 

Remue',   sb.    Obs.    rare~l.     [a.  OF.  remite 
(Godef.).]     Movement  forward,  advance,  progress. 

1433  LVDG.  St.  Edmund  in.  1217  [They]  stood  stylle  as 
ston,  sore  in  themsylff  amasyd  . .  Fro  ther  werk  myhte  no 
re  mews  make. 

t  Remue*,  v,  Obs.  Forms  :  3-4  remuwe,  3-5 
remue,  (4  -u,  -uye),  remwe ;  3-7  remew,  4-5 
remewe,  (4  -eue).  [a.  OF.  remuer  (nth  c.),  f. 
re-  RE-  +  tinier:— L.  mfitare  to  change:  cf.  It. 
rimutaret  med.L.  remutare  (Du  Cange).  It  is 
sometimes  not  clear  whether  the  forms  remeue  and 
remewe  belong  here,  or  to  remevet  obs.  variant  of 
REMOVE  v.~\ 

1.  trans.  To  remove,  shift,  or  transfer,  to   an 
other  place ;  to  move  from  a  place. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  5522  Remwe  in  to  anojrer  stude  \>\ 
pauilon.  c  1315  Chron.  Eng.  744  in  Ritson  Metr.  Rom.  II. 
301  Afterward.. That  he  hade  leyen-.Sixti  wynter  under 
molde,  An  abbot  him  remue  wolde.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Sqr's 
T.  172  The  hors  of  bras  ^at  may  nat  be  remewed  It  slant  as 
it  were  to  the  ground  yglewed.  c  1420  Pallad.  on  Hnsb.  n. 
280  Sette  ek  noon  almaundes  but  grete  and  newe  ;  And  hem 
is  best  in  Feueryeer  remewe.  1600  FAIRFAX  Tasso  xiii.  Ixx, 
That  faith  wherewith  he  could  remew  The  stedfast  hils. 

reft,  c  1380  Sir  Ferumb.  77  He  stynte  &  bo?te  no^t  remuye 
hem  [  =  him]  >ere  til  he  ha  fo^t  is  fille.  1430-40  LVDG. 
Boc/tas  ix.  v.  (1558)  23b/i  And  secretly  he  gan  him  selfe 
remue,  To  be  bathed  in  a  preuy  slue. 

b.  To  remove  to  a  distance ;  to  put,  take,  or 
keep  away/;w#. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  1673  pou,  remued  fro  monnes 
sunnes,  on  mor  most  abide,  c  1400  tr.  SecretaSecret.^Gov. 
Lordsh.  93  All  (?are-by  is  vnderstandant,  and  neghys  negh, 
bat  bat  ys  remued  of  farre.  c  1420  Pallati.  on  Hnsb,  i.  777 
Yet  is  the  chalk  or  cley  lond  forto  eschewe,  And  from  the 
rede  also  thy  garth  remewe. 

2.  To    remove   (a   person)   from   a   position   or 
office ;  to  put  away,  dismiss. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  11455  pis  tueie  erles  acorded  were 
bere  pat  iremewed  \v.r.  yremuwed]  al  clene  be  frenssemen 
were,  c  1330  R.  BKUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  312  To  be  we  pleyn 
vs  here,  Him  for  to  remue  >orgh  comon  assent.  1390  GOWER 
Conf.  1.318  Witt  and  resoun  conseilen . .  that  I  scholde  will 
remue  And  put  him  out  of  retenue.  1412-20  LYDG.  Chron. 
Troy  n.  xii.  (1555)  G  v  b,  She  can  make  a  man  for  his  wel 
fare,  . .  Whan  he  least  weneth,  for  to  be  remewed. 
b.  To  raise  (a  siege).  rare~l. 

ci330  R.  BRUNNE  Ckrvm,  (1810)  100  Jferfor  be  duke  him 
distil,  as  man  of  grete  value,  Roberd  Bellyse  with  myght, 
t»c  SL-ge  bi;i  wend  remue. 


REMUING. 


439 


RENAISSANCE. 


3.  To  remove  entirely;  to  take  or  clear  away. 
1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  11613  Bruggen  hii  breke  oueral,  hii 

ne  bileuede  ssip  non..|»at  hii  ne  remuede  echon.  ("1350 
St.  Peter  197  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Let?.  (1881)  51  He  bad 
(?am  stir  oway  be  stone  And  remu  al  pe  erth  oway.  1390 
GOWER  Co>if.  III.  21  In  no  wise  The  drunkeschipe  of  love 
aweie  I  mai  remue  be  no  weie.  1426  LYDG.  />*•  Guil.  Pitgr. 
4446,  I  remewe,  in  especial,  Clene  with-outen  &  with-Inne, 
The  fylthe  of  euery  nianer  synne. 

4.  To  transfer,  translate ;  to  change,  alter. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  IVace  (Rolls)  164  Geffrey  . .  fro 
Breton  speche  he  did  remue  &  made  it  alle  in  Latyn.  1340 
Ayenb,  104  Wyboute  him  to  chongi,  wypoute  him  remue 
ine  none  manere.  r  1403  LYDG.  Temple  Gifts  1182  Vices 
eschew, ..And  for  no  tales  thin  hert  not  remue. 

5.  intr.  To  move  off  or  away,  to  depart,  to  go. 
1340-70  Alex.  <y  Dind.  137  {heading}  How  alixandre  re- 

mewid  to  a  flod  pat  is  called  phison.  c  1400  MAUNDEV. 
(1839)  V-  38  And  whan  hem  lyst,  they  remewen  to  other 
Cytees.  c  1430  Hymns  Virgin  (1867)  20  pou}  we  wolden  from 
pee  remewe,  In  ech  place  pou  art  present.  1482  WAKKW. 
Chron,  (Camden)  2  Kynge  Edwardes  hooste.  .remewed  from 
the  sege,  and  were  affrayed. 

6.  To  stir,  to  alter  one's  position,  to  move. 
0:1350  St.  Stephen  519  in  Horstm.  Altengl,  Leg.  (1881!  34 

pe  body  remude..And  left  to  saint  Steuen  halt"  pe  graue. 
1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  316  As  if  a  goshauk  hadde  sesed  A 
brtd,  which  dorste  no^ht  for  fere  Remue,  c  1430  Syr  Gcncr. 
(Roxb.)  5559  He  hath  forbede..That  noon  of  hem  shul  re- 
mew,  Him  to  help  or  reskew. 

Hence  fReimrin?  vbl.  sb.,  removal.  Obs.  rare. 

13..  K.  Alts.  7821  Theo  lewed  folk  prayed  theo  kyng, Of 
him  to  make  remuwyng.  1497  Naval  Ace.  I! en.  K//(i8g6) 
229  Payed,  .toe  men. .attendyng  about  the  remewyngof  the 
Regent. 

Reniuent,  variant  of  REMUANT  Obs. 

Remuf^e,  -muff,  obs.  Sc.  forms  of  REMOVE  v. 

Remu'glent,  a.  rare  -1.  [f.  pres.  pple.  of  L. 
retniigire,  f.  re-  RE-  +  mitgire  to  bellow.]  Re 
sounding,  rebellowing. 

1660  H.  MORE  Myst.  Godl.  HI.  iii.  63  Trembling  and 
tottering  Earth-quakes  accompanied  with  remugient  Echoes 
and  ghastly  murmurs  from  below. 

Remulant,  variant  of  REMEXANT  Obs. 

tRemuled,  a.  Obs.-1  [ad.  OF.  remutt,  found 
only  in  the  passage  here  translated.]  Mutilated. 

1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  Ii.  93  Atyns  wasaGreke.  .themoost 
fals,  vntrewe  man  that  euer  was.  And  so  he  wel  seined,  ffor 
he  had  his  nosethrellys  remuled  and  tourned. 

Remunaunde,  variant  of  REMENANT  Obs. 

Remu'nerable,  a.  rare.  [See  next  and -ABLE.] 
That  may  be  rewarded;  deserving  of  reward. 

1593  NASHF.  Christ's  T.  (1613)  134  Shall  he  not  (of  all 
other)  doe  him  the  most  remunerablest  seruice?  1641  J. 
JACKSON  True  Evang.  T.  11.  159  The  righteousnesse  of  the 
cause,  .is  as  necessary  to  remunerable  suffering,  as  fuell  to 
make  a  fire.  1716  M.  DAVIES  At/ten.  Brit.  III.  31  [A 
neutrality]  which  how  plausible  soever  to  the  Commonalty 
of  sure  Cards  or  Self-interests,  is  yet  scarce  sufferable, 
much  less  promotable  or  remunerable  Alibi. 

Hence  Remuner ability.  rare~l. 

1659  PEARSON  Creed  (1816)  I.  570  If  there  were  no  oilier 
consideration,  but.,  of  the  liberty  and  remunerability  of 
human  actions. 

Remunerate  (rmm7-n£Vt),  v.  [f.  L.  remit- 
nerat-,  ppl.  stem  of  remnnerari  (later  -are},  to 
reward,  i.re-  RE-  +  mftnus  a  gift;  cf.  F.  rtmun£rer^\ 

1.  trans.  To  repay,  requite,  make  some  return 
for  (services,  etc.). 

1533  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Life  <$•  Lett.  (1902)  I,  313 
Emending  to  remembre  and  also  remunerate  the  olde  ac- 
quayntaunces.  1594  J.  DICKENSON  ArisbasdZ-jS)  37, 1  will 
remunerate  your  kindnesse  with  most  ample  recompence. 
1607  DEKKER  Sir  'f.  li-'yat  \Vks.  1873  III.  90  She  no  doubt, 
with  royall  fauour  will  remunerate  The  least  of  your 
desertes.  1612  T.  TAYLOR  Comm.  Titus  ii.  13  That  was  to 
teach  righteousnesse,  but  this  to  remunerate  it. 

2.  To  reward  (a  person) ;  to  pay  (one)  for  services 
rendered  or  work  done. 

1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  \.  \.  398  Is  she  not  then  beholding  to 
the  man..?  Yes,  and  will  Nobly  him  remunerate.  1606 
WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xiv.  Ixxxii.  343  Should  Succession  fault 
in  not  remunerating  thee  With  such  a  Monument,  a  1661 
FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  II.  534  The  king  remunerated 
them  both,  the  former  with  an  addition  of  honour,  the 
latter  with  an  accession  of  estate.  1849  THACKERAY  Pen- 
dennis  xiv,  The  great  Hubbard  had  acted  legitimate 
drama  for  twenty  nights,  and  failed  to  remunerate  anybody 
but  himself.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xx.  IV.  526  Dry- 
den ..  received  thirteen  hundred  pounds  for  his  translation 
of  all  the  works  of  Virgil,  and  was  thought  to  have  been 
splendidly  remunerated. 

refl.  1838  DICKENS  Nick.  Nick,  ii,  To  remunerate  them 
selves  for  which  trouble. .,  they  only  charged  three  guineas 
each  man. 

b.  Of  things  :  To  recompense  or  repay  (one). 

1849  COBDEN  Speeches  34  The  principle  that  our  exclusive 
trade  with  the  colonies  remunerates  us  for  the  expense  of 
colonial  establishments.  1867  H.  MACMILLAN  Bible  Teach. 
ix.  (1870)  188  There  are  few  plants  that  remunerate  so 
largely  the  labours  of  the  husbandman. 

f3.  To  give  as  compensation.  Ob$.rare~*. 

i$9S  Locrine  it.  iii,  For  your  houses  burnt  We  will  re 
munerate  you  store  of  gold. 

Hence  Remu'nerated  ppl.  a.;  Kemu'nerating 
vbl.  sb.  and  ppl.  a.\  also  Remu'iieratee1,  one 
who  receives  remuneration. 

1611  COTGR.,  Remuneration)  a  remuneration,  remuner 
ating.  1816-30  KENTHAM  Offic.  Apt.  Maximized,  Extr. 
Const.  Code  (1830)  14  The  benefit  of  it  diffuses  itself  among 
any,  who.  .are  in  anyway  connected  with  the  remuneratec. 
1825  lbiti.t  Obso-v,  Pt-el's  Sp.  (1830)  32  The  very  field  for 


which  it  is  proposed  to  engage  their  remunerated  services. 
1843  MARKYAT  /!/.  Violet  xliv,  Objects  that  bring  no  re 
munerating  value.  1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric. 
(ed.  4)  I.  272  The  farmer  ..would  get  a  more  remunerating 
crop  from  his  land  than  he  would  obtain  under  a  system  of 
thinner  sowing. 

Remuneration  (r;vmi/7nm7i  jon).  [a.  F.  nf- 
munjration,  or  ad.  L.  remuneration-em  t  n.  of 
action  f.  remunerarl :  see  prec.]  Reward,  re 
compense,  repayment ;  payment,  pay. 

1477  EARL  RIVERS  (Caxton)  Dictcs  6  He  shal  gyue  re- 
muneracion  to  the  goode  for  theyr  goodnesse.  c  1500 
Melnsine  39  For  the  salary  &  remuneracioun  of  alle  the 
seruy.se  that  euer  ye  dide  vnto  his  fader.  1590  SwiNBURNE 
Testaments  147  So  it  bee  doon  in  regard  of  good  will,  and 
affection,  and  not  in  hope  of  game  or  remuneration.  1606 
SHAKS.  Tr.  <$•  Cr.  in.  iii.  1700  let  not  vertue  seeke  Re 
muneration  for  the  thing^  it  was.  a  1653  GOUGE  Cpmm, 
Heb.  iii.  5  To  be  faithfull  in  the  trust  that  is  reposed  in  one 
.  .deserveth  much  commendation,  and  procures  also  re 
muneration.  1726  AVLIFFE  Par -ergon  188  When  such  Grant 
or  Donation  is  liberally  and  freely  bestow'd  without  any 
Prospect  of  an  evil  Remuneration.  1832  Mr.  MAKTINEAU 
Ireland  ii.  26  The  remuneration  of  the  Catholic  clergy  in 
Ireland  being  principally  derived  from  marriage  fees.  1853 
J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk.  (1873)  II.  '•  "•  83  The  indignant 
author  would  accept  no  remuneration  at  all. 

Remunerative  (r/inU-neVtiv),  a.  [f.  as 
REMUNERATE  V,  +  -I\E  :  cf.  mod.F.  rtmungratif.] 

•J*l.  Inclined  to  remunerate.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1626  Disc.  Fr.  Henry  in  Select.  Harl,  Misc.  (1793)  262 
That  remunerative  he  was  of  services,  and  considerative  of 
those  that  deserved  and  needed. 

2.  That  remunerates  or  rewards. 

a  1677  MANTON  Exf>.  Lord's  Pr.  Matt.  yi.  ii  Wks.  1870  I. 
154  Not  from  his  strict  remunerative  justice,  but  out  of  his 
grace.  1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  \.  v.  690  Men .  .become 
fit  objects  for  remunerative  justice  to  display  itself  upon. 
^33  I.  TAYLOR  Fanat.  ii.  40  Our  acquiescence  in  retributive 
proceedings  as  well  penal  as  remunerative. 

3.  That  brings  remuneration  ;  profitable. 

1859  SMILES  Self-Help  viii.  209  He  advanced  by  degrees 
to  more  remunerative  branches  of  employment.  1865  H. 
PHILLIPS  Atner.  Paper  Curr.  II.  72  The  scheme  did  not 
prove  remunerative  nor  a  source  of  revenue.  1880  C.  R. 
MARKHAM  Pernv.  Bark.  334  Although  chinchona  cultivation 
is  a  remunerative  public  work,  .the  experiment  is  still  in  its 
infancy. 

Hence  Remirneratively,  Remu-uerativeness. 

1652  GAUI.K  Magastrom,  27  But  remuneratively  let  your 
starres  and  planets  not  onely  signe,  but  cause  good  fortune 
or  reward.  1877  Frasers  Mag.  XV.  39  Their  time  is  more 
remuneratively  occupied.  1895  Manch.  Guard.  14  Oct.  5/5 
Of  the  remunerativeness  of  the  enterprise  there  can  be  no 
doubt,  apart  from  the  net  gain  to  the  cultivators. 

Remu/uerator.  rare.  [a.  late  L.  remune- 
rfttor,  or  f.  REMUNERATE  v.  +  -OR.  Cf.  F.  rtmtt- 
ndrateur  (i6th  c.).]  One  who  remunerates  ;  a  re- 
warder,  recompenser. 

1688  BOYLE  Final  Causes  Nat.  Thing's  ii.  84  The  children 
of  God  will  by  their  most  bountiful  remunerator  be  thought 
fit  to  inhabit  the  New  world.  1828  LANDOR  I  mag.  Con-v.^ 
Rousseau  <$•  Malesherbes,  You  have  no  right,  sir,  to  be  the 
patron  and  remunerator  of  inhospitality. 

Remu'iieratory,  a.  [f.  as  REMUNERATE  v.  + 
-ORY  :  cf.  F.  rfmuneratoire  (i6th  c.).]  Serving 
to  remunerate ;  affording  remuneration. 

1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  \.  (1625)  22  Remuneratorie, 
being  a  gratefull  relation  of  courtesies,  benefits  or  good 
turnes  receiued,  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  UL  219  The  gift  of 
vtensile  goods,  .is  of  so  little  force,  as  witK  death  it  is  not 
confirmed,  except  it  be  remuneratory.  1751  JOHNSON 
Rambler  No.  145  P  4  Remuneratory  honours  are  propor 
tioned  at  once  to  the  usefulness  and  difficulty  of  perform 
ances.  1763  BLACKSTONE  Connn.  I.  56  Human  legislators 
have  for  the  most  part  chosen  to  make  the  sanction  of  their 
laws  rather  vindicatory  than  remuneratory.  1844  M.  HEN- 
NKLL  Soc*  Syst.  118  Legislation,  .will  be  remuneratory,  and 
distribute  the  honour  and  glory  due  to  pre-eminent  virtue. 

Remurmur  (rftnirimw),  v.  Chiefly  poet. 
[ad.  L.  renntrmurare  :  see  RE-  and  MURMUR  z/.] 

1.  intr.  a.  To  give  back  or  give  forth  a  murmuring 
sound  ;  to  resound  with  murmurs. 

1697  DRYDEN  Virg.Gcorg.  iv.  667  The  Realms  of  Mars  re- 
murmured  a!l_ around.  1718  MOTTEUX  Qnix.  (1733)  II.  276 
A  pleasant  Rivulet,  .remurmurs  over  the  whitest  Pebbles. 
1747  T.  GIBBONS  Elegy  Col.  Gardiner  v,  Heav'ns  high 
Crystal  Domes  remurmur  with  the  Sound.  1870  BRYANT 
llitid  II.  xxi.  279  The  banks  around  Remurmured  shrilly. 

b.  To  answer  with  murmurs  to  a  sound. 

1697  DRYDEN  Mneid  xi.  695  A  jarring  Sound.  .Like  that 
of  Swans  remurm'ring  to  the  Floods.  1703  POPE  Thebais 
166  Eurota's  banks  remurmur'd  to  the  noise.  1762-9  FAL 
CONER  Skiptvr.  i.  34  Yonder  cave,  Whose  vaults  remurmur  to 
the  roaring  wave. 

c.  Of  sounds  :  To  echo  in  murmurs. 

17x7  POPE  Iliad  x.  563  A  low  groan  remurmur'd  through 
the  shore.  1790  A.  WILSON  in  Poems  %  Lit.  Prose  (1876)  II. 
17  Crying  and  sighing  Remurmured  through  the  glen. 

2.  trans.  To  repeat  in  murmurs. 

1704  POPE  Winter  64  The  trembling  trees.. Her  fate  re- 
murmur  to  the  silver  flood.  1789  J.  WHITE  EarlStrongbow 
I.  202  The  woods,  the  valleys,  the  mountains  around,  .daily 
remurmur  the  effusions  of  my  misery. 

Hence  Kemu'rmuring  //>/.  a. 

1740  SOMERVILLE  Hobbinolu.  464  While  thy  remurm'ring 
Streams  Danc'd  by,  well  pleas'd.  1757  DYER  Fleece  I.  608 
Deep  remurmuring  cords  Of  th'ancient  harp. 

t  Remurmura'tion.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  late  L. 
remurmuration-em  :  see  prec.  and  -ATION.]     The 
action  of  murmuring  or  protesting. 
_  1611  W.  SCLATER  Key  (i6ag)  214  So  see  we  many  practis 
ing  vsurie,  without  an)1  remurmuration  ofconscience,through 


errour  of  Judgement.  1623  R.  CARPENTER  Conscionalk 
Christian  58  To  him.. there  is  no  condemnation,  or  remur 
muration  of  conscience  for  sinne. 

Remuta-tioii.  rare  -1.  [RE-  5  a.]  The 
action  of  changing  back  again. 

a  1843  SOUTHRV  Doctor  ccxvii.  (1848)  584  The  mutation  or 
rarefaction  of  water  into  air  takes  place  by  day,  the  remu- 
tatlon  or  condensation  of  air  into  water  by  night. 

Remynaunte,  variant  of  REMKXAXT  06s. 

Remyssale,  variant  of  KEMISSAL  Obs. 

Remyt,  obs.  form  of  REMIT  sb. 

t  Ren,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  rcnne,  obs.  f.  RUN  v. ; 
cf.  Du.  rent  G.  rettn,  ON.  renna.~]  A  run,  course. 

(1250  Gen,  $  Ex.  i  Man  og  to  luuen  Sat  rimes  ren,  5e 
wisseo  wel  3e  logede  men  [etc.],  c  1386  CHAUCEK  Reeve's  T. 
159  The  wyf  cam  lepynge  Inward  with  a  ren.  c  1440  Promp. 
Pan-.  429/1  Ken,  or  rennynge,  cttrsns. 

i  Reii,  v.  06s."1  [?for  rw.—QE.  rcnian, 
regnian  to  set  in  order.]  trans.  To  clear  a  way  for. 

(11340  HAM  POLE  Psalter  Ixxxiv.  14  Rightwisnes  of  pen. 
aunce  for  oure  syn  sal  ga  bifor  him  in  vs,  that  is,  it  sail  ren 
his  cumynge  in  til  vs. 

Ren,  obs.  form  of  RAIN  s6.l,  REIX  st>.1,  RUN  v. 

Reliable  ^re-nab'l\  a.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also 
5  renabel,  -abulle,  -abyll,  resnabyl,  7  ren- 
nible,  ^dial.  -able,  runnable.  [a.  OF.  renable^ 
resnable  (AF.  also  rednable],  reis-t  raisnahle^  etc., 
:— L.  rationabil-em  reasonable,  RATIONABLK.  The 
sense  of  '  eloquent'  appears  to  be  characteristic  of 
AF.  In  later  use  prob.  assoc.  with  renne  RUN  v.] 

1.  Of  persons:  Ready  of  speech,  eloquent :  speak 
ing  or  reading  fluently  or  distinctly;  t  csp.  in  phr. 
renablc  of  tongue.  (Cf.  REASONABLE  a.  3.) 

c  1290  ticket  1336  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  144  Non  of  heom  (?ar 
nas,  pat  he  preisede  muche  bis  hei5e  man  for  he  so  reliable 
was.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  8572  Reliable  nas  he  no;t  of 
tonge,  ac  of  speche  hastif.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI,  B.  Prol.  158 
A  raton  of  renon  most  reliable  of  tonge.  1387  TREVISA 
HigdcH  (Rolls)  VIII.  25  He  was.  .resonabel  [v.r.  renable, 
renabel]  of  speche  [L.  eloqucns},  and  wel  i-lettred.  ^1400 
Yivaine  fy  Gait.',  yog  Of  tong  sho  was  trew  and  renable,  And 
of  hir  semblant  soft  and  stabile,  c  1460  Tounieley  Afysf. 
xxi.  no  Men  calle  hym  a  prophete,  a  lord  fulle  renabyll. 
1781  J.  HL'TTON  Tour  to  Caves  (ed.  2)  Gloss.,  R  enable  ^ 
loquacious,  and  never  at  a  stop  or  inconsistent  in  telling  a 
story.  1868  SKDUWICK  Mem.  Cowgill  Chapel  72  (E.  D.  D.), 
Some  lassie  who  was  bright  and  renable  was  asked  to 
read  for  the  amusement  of  the  party. 

b.   Of  speech,  etc. :  Ready,  fluent,  plain. 

1387  TKEVJSA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  n  Noble  spekers,  bat  .. 
faire  facounde  and  resonable  [v.r.  reliable]  speche  folowed 
and  streynede  all  her  lyf  tj'ine.  c  1400  tr.  Sccreta  Secret., 
Gov.  Lordsh.  103  pe  ffyfte  [virtue],  bat  he  be  curtays..and 
..of  renable  speche.  </ 1450  MYRC  1008  Hast  JK>U  also 
prowde  I-be-.for  bow  hast  a  renabulle  tonge?  1643  lip. 
HALL  Devout  Soulli.  (1646)  5  Not  [he]  that  hath  the  most  ren- 
nible  tongue  (for  prayer  is  not  so  much  a  matter  of  the  lips, 
as  of  the  heart).  1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  #  Sefo.  33  We 
choose  the  renablest  words  belonging  to  the  former,  where 
with  to  set  forth  the  latter.  1895  E.  Anglian  Gloss.,  Ren- 
nal>lt't  plain,  easy  to  be  understood. 

f2.  Reasonable,  moderate.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1340  Ayenb.  95  pyse  J»ri  binges  bye(?  nyeduolle  to  alle  |>e 
Binges  J»et  in  ^>e  erpe  wexe(>.  Guod  molde,  wocnesse  noris- 
synde,  and  renable  hete. 

Re'nably,  adv.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  4  ren- 
ab(le)liche,  9  dial,  runnably.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY2.] 

1.  Fluently,  readily. 

13. .  Sir  Beites  (A.)  2974  For^  ber  com  on  redi  reke,  pat 
renabliche  kou^e  frensch  speke.  c  1386  CHA.UCKR Friar  s  T, 
211  Som  tyme  we.  .speke  as  renably  and  faire  and  wel  As  to 
the  Phitonissa  dide  Samuel.  1895  E.  Anglian  Gloss.,  Run- 
nnbly^  currently ;  smoothly ;  without  hesitation.  Often 
Renably  in  Suffolk. 

f2.  To  a  reasonable  extent;  moderately.   Obs.~l 

c  1315  SHORKHAM  MI.  19  pou  schel  haue.. mete  and  clones 
renableliche,  And  lyf  ine  herte  blisce. 

Renagado,  obs.  form  of  RENEGADO. 

Renaissance  (r/"n^'sansf  F.  wngsafis).  [F., 
f.  renattre  to  be  born  again,  after  naissance  birth: 
cf.  RENASCENCE.] 

1.  The  great  revival  of  art  and  letters,  under  the 
influence  of  classical  models,  which  began  in  Italy 
in  the  i4th  century  and  continued  during  the  ijth 
and  1 6th ;  also,  the  period  during  which  this  move 
ment  was  in  progress. 

1845  FORD  Handbk.  Spain  11.  745  At  the  bright  period  of 
the  Renaissance,  when  fine  art  was  a  necessity  and  per 
vaded  every  relation  of  life.  1854  LOWELL  Keats  Prose  Wks. 
1806  I.  244  In  him  we  have  an  example  of  the  renaissance 
going  on  almost  under  our  own  eyes.  1873  PATER  Renais 
sance  2  The  word  Renaissance  indeed  is  now  generally  used 
to  denote,  .awhole  complex  movement  of  which  that  revival 
of  classical  antiquity  was  but  one  element  or  symptom. 

b.  ellipt*   The  style  of  art  or  architecture  de 
veloped  in,  and  characteristic  of,  this  period. 

1840  T.  A.  TROLLOPE  Summer  in  Brittany  II.  234  That 
heaviest  and  least  graceful  of  all  possible  styles,  the  '  renais 
sance  '  as  the  French  choose  to  term  it.  1851  KUSKIN 
Stones  Kfw.  I.  i.  23  This  rationalistic  art  is  the  art  commonly 
called  Renaissance,  marked  by  a  return  to  pagan  systems. 
1859  JFI-HSON  &  RKEVK  Brit/any  268  The  cathedral  front 
is  a  huge  mass  of  barbarous  Renaissance. 

c.  attrib.  with  architecture,  building,  etc. 

1851  RUSKIN  Stones  I'en.  I.  App.  xi.  370  A  choice  little 
piece  of  description  this,  of  the  Renaissance  painters.  1857 
—  Pol.  Econ.  Art  ii.  103  Verona  possesses.. the  loveliest 
Renaissance  architecture  of  Italy.  1860  G.  A.  SPOTTIS- 
WOODE  in  l-'ac.  Tour  98  We.. contented  ourselves  with  what 
we  saw  of  its  heavy-looking  renaissance  buildings.  1883 


RENAISSANT. 

C.AfLMELD  &  SAWARD  Diet.  Xcedleivork,  Renaissance 
Braid  Work. — This  is  also  known  as  Renaissance  Lace. 

2.  Any  revival,  or  period  of  marked  improve 
ment  and  new  life,  in  art,  literature,  etc. 

1871  MORLEY  Voltaire  4  Voltairism  may  stand  for  the 
name  of  the  Renaissance  of  the  eighteenth  century.  1882 
A  thenxum  23  Dec.  857/2  The  most  satisfactory  among  the 
signs  of  a  theatrical  renaissance. 

Reiiai'ssant,  a.  ran.  [a.  F.  renaissant,  pres. 
pple.  of  renatlre  :  cf.  RENASCENT.]  =prec.  i  c. 

1864  Miss  COBBE  Italics  14  The  great  artistic  ages,  classic 
and  Renaissant.  1886  C/i.  Times  17  Sept.  686  Gothic  is 
most  appropriate  for  ecclesiastical  buildings  and  Renaissant 
for  gin-shops,  theatres  and  restaurants. 

Renal  (rrnal),  a.  and  sb.  [a.  F.  rjnal,  or  ad. 
late  L.  rcnalis,  f.  ren  kidney :  see  REINS.] 

A.  adj.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  reins  or  kidneys. 
1656  BLOUXT  Glossogr.  s.v.  Vein,  Renal  veins,  the  kidney 

veins.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tcchn.  I,  Renal  Artery,  is 
said  by  some,  to  come  out  of  the  Aorta,  and  to  enter  into 
the  Kidneys,  c  1720  W.  (JIBSON  Farriers  Dispens.  i.  (1734) 
27  By  its  extraordinary  detersive  qualities,  it  scours  and 
cleanses  the  renal  pas-ages.  1788  HAILLIK  in  Phil.  Trans. 
LXX  V 1 1 1.  357  The  renal  capsules  had  undergone  no  change. 
1840  E.  WILSON  Anat.  I'ur/e  M.  (1842)  309  The  Renal 
arteries  are  two  large  trunks  given  off  from  the  sides  of  the 
aorta.  1872  HUXLEY  Pliydol.  v.  105  The  renal  excretion 
has  naturally  an  acid  reaction. 

B.  sb.  A  renal  artery. 

1899  Alllmtt's  Syst.  .Med.  VI.  274  In  ten  [cases]  the  upper 
extremity  lay  between  the  inferior  mesenteric  and  the  renals. 

t  Re'naldry.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  Kenald,  obs. 
var.  REYNARD  +  -RY  :  cf.  obs.  F.  renarderie.'] 
Guile,  cunning,  craft. 

1612  tr.  Passenger  of  Benvenuto  I.  iv.  269  She  vsed  all 
malitious  Renaldrie[It.  -i'olpinamalitia\  to  the  end  I  might 
stay  there  this  night. 

Rename  ("-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  name 
again ;  esp.  to  give  another  or  new  name  to. 

a  1660  HAMMOND  Serin.  (1850)  423  By  that  odious  re-nam 
ing  of  sin.  1665  J.  WfxaStonc-Hcng (1725)  62  It  is  scarcely 
worth  re-naming,  much  less  answering  to.  1675  SHERBURNE 
Sphere  itlanilitts  66  [Philippi]  afterwards  renamed  from 
Philip.. its  Reedifier.  1869  TOZER  Higlil.  Turkey  II.  354 
The  features  of  the  district  were  renamed.  1897  Atlantic 
Monthly  LXXIX.  36  Then  must  we  have  a  new  vocabulary 
and  re-name  the  professions. 

Re'uardiiie, «.  rare~l.  [f.  Renard  var.  REY 
NARD.]  Pertaining  to  Reynard  the  Fox.  SofKe'- 
nardlsm  =  REf;NARDiSM  (lilount  1661). 

1886  A  thenxum  7  Aug.  165/2  There  has  been  much  learn 
ing  expended. .on  the  question  of  why  the  lion  was  king  in 
the  Renardine  tales. 

Renascence  (nhae'se'ns).  Also  9  rs-  (rf-). 
[See  RENASCENT  and  -ENCE.] 

1.  The  process  or  fact  of  being  bora  anew ;  re 
birth,  renewal,  revival. 

1727  EARBERV  tr.  Bnrnet'sSt.  Dead  187  The  Souls  have 
a  kind  of  Renascence,  or  n-aAiyytceato,  a  new  Life,  a  new 
World,  and  all  things  new.  1827  COLERIDGE  in  Lit.  Rein. 
(1839)  IV.  399  The  perpetuity  and  continued  re-nascence 
and  spiritual  life  of  Christ. 

2.  =  RENAISSANCE  I. 

1869  M.  ARNOLD  Cult.  *  An.  159  The  great  movement 
which  goes  by  the  name  of  the  Renascence.  [A'tfte]  I  have 
ventured  to  give  to  the  foreign  word  Renaissance  an  English 
form.  1874  GRKEN  Short  Hist.v\\.  390  Here,  as  elsewhere, 
the  Renascence  found  vernacular  literature  all  but  dead. 

trans/.  1872  MORLEV  Voltaire  5  The  four-score  volumes 
which  he  wrote,  are  the  monument,  .of  a  new  renascence. 

t  Rena'scency.  06s.  [See  next  and  -ENCY.] 
=  RENASCENCE  i. 

1664  EVELYN  tr.  Frearfs  Archil.  Ep.  Ded.  a  4  This 
[science]  of  Architecture,  .ows  her  renascency  amongst  Us 
to  Your  Majesties  encouragements.  IlnJ.  II.  i.  91  A  re- 
nascency  from  his  own  Ashes  like  the  Phoenix.  1682  SIR  T. 
BROWNE  Cfir.  Mor.  in.  §  25  Job  would  not  only  curse  the 
day  of  his  Nativity,  but  also  of  his  Renascency. 

Renascent  (rfnze'sent),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  L. 
renascent-em,  pres.  pple.  of  renasci,  {.  re-  RE-  4- 
nasci  to  be  born.]  A.  adj.  That  is  being  born 
again,  reviving,  springing  up  afresh. 

1727  BAILEY  (vol.  II),  Renascent,  springing  up,  or  being 
born  again.  1747  GentLMag.  XVI  1. 212/2  Care  must  also  be 
taken  to  prevent  any  external  impression  on  the  renascent 
bark.  1773  J.  Ross  Fratricide  vi.  552  (MS.)  To  console 
her  cares,  And  give  renascent  vigour  to  her  frame  !  1812 
SOUTHEY  Otnniana.  II.  95  These  are  the  first  rudiments  of 
the  renascent  plant.  1849 THACKERAY  Peyulcnnis\\\,  Pen's 
renascent  desire  to  see  his  little  conquest  again.  1883 
SYMONDS  Shaks.  Predec.  ii.  (1900)  22  The  genius  of  youth- 
fulness,  renascent,,  .was  dominant  in  that  age. 

B.  sb.  One  who  takes  part  in  a  renaissance. 

1898  Amcr.  y>-nl,  Pkilol.  Apr.  115  This  we  owe  to  the 
Greek  renascents  and  to  their  maintenance  of  the  best 
standards— the  three  stars  of  Attic  tragedy. 

Rena-scible,  a.  rare  -".  [f.  L.  renasc-i  (see 
prec.)  -t-  -IBLE.]  Capable  of  being  born  or  pro 
duced  again  (Johnson  1755).  Hence  Kenasci- 
bility  (Bailey  1721);  Hena'scibleness  (Bailey, 
vol.  II,  1727). 

t  Renash,  v.  Obs.  rare-1.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
intr.  ?  To  toss  the  head. 

c  1475  in  Archaeologia  (1814)  XVII.  293  A  rayne  of  lethir 
hungry  tied  fro  the  hors  hede  unto  the  girthis  beeneth 
betwene  the  ferthir  bouse  of  the  hors  for  renasshyng. 

Renat(e,  oljs.  forms  of  RENNET  sfi* 

tRena'te,/1//-0-  06s.  rare.  [ad.  L.  renal-its, 
pa.  pple.  of  roiasri.]  Reborn,  reincarnate. 


440 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  39/43  Renate,  rciiatns.  c  1614 
FLETCHKR,  etc.  Wit  at  Scv.  Weap.  \.  ii,  And  to  confirm 
yourself  in  me  renate,  I  hope  you'll  find  my  wits  legitimate  ! 
1660  STANLEY  Hist.  fliilos.  ix.  (1701)  428/2  So  one  man  often 
renate,  is  named  Ethalides,  Euphorbus,  Hermotimus, 
Pyrrhus,  and  lastly  Pythagoras. 

i  Reiia  te,  ».  Obs.  rare.  [f.  L.  renat-,  ppl. 
stem  of  renasci:  see  RENASCENT.]  a.  pass.  To 
be  born  again,  b.  intr.  To  form  again. 

c  1546  JOVE  in  Gardiner  Declar.  Joye  (1546)  91  b,  Thus  we 
electe,  called  &  renated  of  the  Spirit,  know  y°  father  in 
Christ,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VII  32  A  pernicious 
fable  and  ficcion..to  feyne  a  dead  man  to  be  renated  and 
newely  borne  agayne.  1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  viii.  104 
The  watrie  humor  being  effused  may  renate  or  grow  agayne. 

Rena-vigate,  v.  rare-*.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  navi 
gate  again.  So  Renaviga'tion  (Phillips  1658). 

1611  COTCR.,  Renaviger,  to  renauigate,  sayle  backe,  or 
sayle  ouer  againe.  1623  in  COCKKRAM.  1721-  in  BAILEY 
and  later  Diets.  1828-32  WEBSTER  s.v.,  To  renavigate  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

t  Renay,  sb.  Ol>s.  Also  reney,  renye.  [ad. 
OF.  reneti,  pa.  pple.  of  render:  see  next.]  A 
renegade,  apostate. 

13..  CoerdeL.  4070  Quod  the  renay:  'Mercy  I  crye  !' 
1340  Ayenb.  19  He  ys  wel  renay,  \>et  bet  land  fc>et  he  halt  of 
his  Ihorde  de}>  in-to  be  bond  of  his  uyende.  //'/V/.,  Ine  Jm 
maneres  is  man  ycleped  reney  and  uals  cristen.  ?  a  1400 
Morte  Arth.  2795  The  renye  relys  abowte  and  rusches  to 
be  erthe,  Roris  fulle  ruydlye,  hot  rade  he  no  more. 

t  Renay,  reny,  v.  Oh.  Forms:  a.  4  re- 
nai(e,  -aye,  4-6  renay,  (srenn-,  reyn-);  4  re- 
neie,  4-6  reney(e,  5  reneyhe.  0.  4-6  reny(e, 
6  renie.  [a.  OF.  rentier,  renter  (rentier t  etc.)  :— 
pop.  L.  renegare:  see  RENEGUE,  and  cf.  DENY  v.] 

1.  trans.  To  renounce,  abjure  (one's  faith,  God, 
lord,  etc.). 

a.  a  iy>oCnrsorM.  8995  Leuedis  he  timed,.. pat  did  him 
dright'm  to  renai.  a  1330  Otnel  524  Me  ne  slant  noujt  of  ^e 
swich  awe,  pat  bou  sschalt  make  me  reneie  mi  lawe.  1377 
LANGL.  /'.  PL  B.  xi.  121  Though  a  Crystene  man  coueyted 
his  Crystenedome  to  reneye  [etc.],  c  1400  M  AUNDEV.  (Roxb.) 
xi.  42  pe  emperour  lulyan  Apostata,  whilk  reynayd  and 
forsuke  Cristen  fayth.  c  1440  CAI-GRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  iv. 
976  We  haue  heere  a  mayde  whiche  with  obstinacye  Re- 
neyeth  \v.r,  reneyhilhe]  cure  lawes.  c  1475  l\irtenay  2173 
Me  moste  here-After  our  lord  to  renay,  And  in  sarisine  lau 
beleue.  1534  MORE  Coin/,  agst.  Trib.  in.  Wks.  1212/1  Hee 
..geueth.  .parte  to  suche  as  willinglye  will  reney  their  faith. 
[1900  RALEIGH  Milton  219  He  renayed  his  ancestry.] 

absol.  1340  Ayenb.  19  Alba}  he  by  be  his  zigginge  cristen, 
he  renayb  be  dede.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  III.  371  Lest 
I .  .be  drawen  to  renaye,  and  sey,  Who  is  Lord  ? 

/3.  1375  BARBOL-R  Bruce  ix.  739  Thow  has  a  quhill  renyit 
thifay.  cijpi*S<nvdon6Ba.b,  1254,  Ishalle..makethetprenye 
thy  laye.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  20/2  It  is  redde  in  this- 
toryes,  whan  he  renyed  and  forsoke  our  Lord  [etc.].  1511 
Guylforde 's  Pilgr.  (Camden)  44  He  shall  be  compelled  in- 
contynentlye  to  renye  his  fayth  and  crystendome.  1579 
J.  STUBBES  Gaping Gitl/C  iv,  The  king  of  Nauarre..had 
felt  the  poynt  thereof  if  he  had  not  to  bys  honour,  .renied 
hys  God.  1602  WARNER  Alb.  E>'g.  XT.  l.xix.  285  For  that 
thow  should'st  reny  thy  Faith,  and  her  thereby  possesse, 
The  Soldan  did  capttulat. 

reft.  I549CHALONKR  Erastit.  on  Folly  M  ij  b,  They  dishort 
vs  from  sinne,  but  I  renie  myselfe,  if  euer  they  coulde  cun 
ningly  dimne,  what  that  should  be,  we  call  sinne. 
t).  To  recant  (an  opinion).     Also  absol. 

a  1529  SKELTON  Replyc.  87  Fayne  were  ye  to  reny,  And 
mercy  for  to  cry,  Or  be  brende  by  and  by.  c  1533  Song  in 
Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  (1721)  I.  App.  xliv.  121  Which  opynions 
wer  good  for  thee  to  renay. 

2.  a.  To  deny,  disown  (an  utterance),  rare**. 

c  1440  Partonope  1835  That  I  haue  sayde  In  no  wyse  for 
me  shall  be  renayed  {printed  remayed]. 

b.  To  deny  the  truth  of  (a  statement). 

1510-20  Compl.  too  late  tnaryed  (1862)  16  For  to  saye  that 
therin  is  servage  In  maryage,  but  I  it  reny,  For  therin  is 
but  humayne  company.  1512  Helyas  in  Thorns  Prose  Rom. 
(1828)  III.  66  She  blusshed  all  red, ..but  not  withstandinge 
she  wende  well  assuredly  to  have  renied  al  the  case. 

3.  a.  To  refuse,  decline  (a  gift),  rare. 

13. .  Caw.  <$•  Gr.  Knt.  1821  Ho  ra}t  hyrn  a  riche  rynk  [  — 
ring].  .Bot  J>e  renk  hit  renayed,  &.  .sayde, '  I  wil  no  giftez 
for  gode '. 

b.  To  refuse  to  do  something,  rare"1. 

c  1489  SKELTON  Death  Earl  Northnmbld.  78  The  commons 
renyed  ther  taxes  to  pay  Of  them  demaunded  and  asked  by 
the  kynge ;  With  one  voice  importune  they  plainly  sayd  nay. 

t  Renayed,  renred,  ppL  a.  Obs.  [f.  prec. 
+ -ED1,  after  OF.  remit:  see  RENAY  sbl\  Apo 
state,  renegade. 

a  1300  Cursor  Af.  23111  Wreches  mistruand,  J?at  renaid  ar 
traiturs  and  fals.  13..  St.  b.rkenwolde  n  in  Horstm. 
Altengl.  Leg.  (1881)  266  pene  wos  this  reame  renaide  mony 
ronke  seres.  £1380  Sir  Ferntnb,  4673  If  Fyrumhras  may 

I  beo  taan,  bat  iflte  false  reneyed  man.  a  1400  Pistill  of 
Susan  198  PO  Ros  vp  with  rancour  be  Renkes  reneyed.  1585 
T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Xicholay's  Voy.  \.  xi.  13  b,  This  Caddi 

'  was  a  renyed  Christian.  1590  SIR  J.  SMYTHE  Disc.  cane. 
Weapons  41  b,  The  lanissaries  ..  being  Christian  mens 

j    children  renied. 

t  Renay  ing,  vbl.  sb.  Obs.  [f.  RENAY  v.  + 
-ING1.]  The  action  of  renouncing  or  abjuring. 


comyth  a  iewe  or  a  sarazene.  1529  MORK  Dyaloge  ii.  Wks. 
179/1  It  was  a  plaine  repaying  of  Christes  faith  to  doo  anye 
obseruaunce  therto. 

t  Renay  rie,  renoyrie.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF. 
reneierie,  renoiene\  see  RENAY  z\]   Apostacy. 


RENCOUNTER. 

1340  Ayenb.  17  He  himto-delbin  jm  little  bo$es . .  be  Jjridde 
[i>]  renoyrye.  Ibid.  19  pe  Bridde  ontreu|?e  bet  comb  of 
prede  ys  renayrie. 

Rence,  Sc.  variant  of  RAINES  Obs. 

Bence,  rench,  obs.  or  dial,  forms  of  RINSE  v. 

Rench,  obs.  form  of  WRENCH  v. 

t  K/e'lician.  Obs. rare.  [a.  OF.reniitit  (Godef.), 
of  obscure  origin.]  Some  kind  of  cloth. 

a  1272  Lune  Ron  106  in  O.  E.  Misc.  96  Ne  byt  he  wib  (« 
lond  ne  leode,  Vouh  ne  gray  ne  rencyan.  c  1275  Serving 
Christ  70  in  O.  E.  Misc.  92  Ne  geyneb  vs..pe  robes  of 
russet  ne  of  rencyan. 

Rencky  :  see  RENKY  a. 

Rencontre  (renk^-ntaj,  F.  rankontr'),  rf.  Also 
8  -countre,  9  -center,  [a.  F.  rencontre  (ijth  c.), 
vbl.sb.  f.rencontrer:  see  next  and  cf.  RENCOUNTER  sb. 

The  form  is  given  by  Blount  (1656,  etc.,  copying  Cotgrave), 
but  later  Dictionaries  down  to  the  Webster  of  1864  recognize 
only  rencounter.} 

1.  =  RENCOUNTER  sb.  3. 

1619  in  Eng.  ff  Germ.  (Camden)  95  The  nice  terraes  his 
Ma'x  standeth  in  with  the  French  King . .  makes  it  necefcary 
to  acquaint  you  with  a  rencontre  I  had  at  Antwerp.  1703 
VANBRUGH  Country  House  l.  iv,  Baron.  We  have  not  seen 
one  another  since  we  were  schoolfellows  before,  ftlarqitis. 
The  happiest  rencontre  !  ijSSMME.D'ARBLAy/J/arxz  Aug., 
One  of  the  letters,  .was  written  just  after  I  had  communi 
cated  to  her  my  singular  rencontre  with  this  lady.  1845 
STOCQUELKR  Handbk.  Brit.  India  (1854)  82  The  accidental 
rencontre  of  a  vessel  homeward  bound  awakens  family  re 
collections.  1884  '  H.  COLLINGWOOD'  Under  Meteor  Flag 
117  The  rencontre  was  disagreeable,  and,  to  shorten  it  as 
much  as  possible,  Isabel . .  turned  back. 
b.  Her.  (See  quots.) 

The  existence  of  the  use  in  Eng.  is  doubtful ;  quot.  1727- 
38  is  ultimately  derived  from  the  Diet,  Universel  of 
Furetiere  (1690). 

1725  COATS  Diet.  Her.,  Rencontre,  or  an  Rencontre,  is  a 
French  Phrase  signifying,  that  the  Face  of  a  Beast  stands 
right  forward,  as  if  it  came  to  meet  the  Person  before  it. 
1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Rencountre  or  rencontre,  in 
heraldry  is  applied  to  animals  when  they  show  the  head  in 
front,  with  both  eyes,  etc.  Ibid.,  He  bears  sable,  in  ren- 
countre,  a  golden  fleece. 

2.  =  RENCOUNTER  sb.  i. 

1688  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  IV.  154  Then  had  happened 
a  rencontre  betwixt  a  party  of  his  Majesty's  Army  and  that 
of  the  Prince  of  Orange.  1803  MRQ.  WELLESLEY  in  Gurw. 
Wellington's  Desp.  (1838)  II.  609  note,  I  have  not  yet  dis 
covered  whether  the  battle  was  occasioned  . .  by  an  acci 
dental  rencontre  of  the  armies  before  the  truce  had  com 
menced.  1824  SILLIMAN  Tourfr.  Hartford  to  Quebec  (ed.  2) 
157  note,  Lord  Howe. .was  killed  near  Ticonderoga.  .in  a 
renconter  the  day  preceding  the.. assault. 

b.  =  RENCOUNTER  sb.  I  b. 

1754  RICHARDSON  Craniiison  (1781)  III.  xxviii.  293,  I  re 
ferred  to  my  known  resolution  of  long  standing,  to  avoid  a 
meditated  rencontre  with  any  man.  1772  Chron.  in  Ann. 
Reg.  125/2  A  rencontre  has  just  happened  ..  between  the 
Marquis  de  Fleury..and  an  officer. .. They  fought  with 
pistols.  1826  SCOTT  Woodst.  xxvii,  Perhaps  there  mingled 
with  his  resolution  a  secret  belief  that  such  a  rencontre 
would  not  prove  fatal.  1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  Iv, 
The  secret  of  the  rencontre  between  him  and  Colonel 
Crawley  was  buried  in  the  profoundest  oblivion. 

c.  =  RENCOUNTER  sb.  i  c. 

1666-7  PEPYS  Diary  18  Feb.,  He  was  mighty  witty,  and 
she  also  making  sport  with  him  very  inoffensively,  that  a 
more  pleasant  rencontre  1  never  heard.  1874  C.  GEIKIE 
Life  in  Woods  xxi,  I  was  very  much  amused  at  a  rencontre 
between  the  '  captain '.. and  one  of  the  passengers,  who., 
had  come  on  board  without  having  money  to  pay  his  fare. 

3.  =  RENCOUNTER  sb.  2.  ?  Obs. 

1677  GALE  Crl.  Gentiles  iv.  it.  ix.  I.  476  The  affaires  of 
war  :  wherein  oft  the  most  inconsiderable  rencontres  or 
occurrences  produce  the  greatest  changements.  1770  in 
Jesse  Sehvyn  f,  Conteinp.  (1844)  III.  3  By  the.  .despair  and 
misery  which  the  poor  waggoner  testified  on  this  unlucky 
rencontre,  I  guessed  we  had  done  some  great  mischief. 

t  Rencb'ntre,  v.  Obs.  rare.  Also  7  -ter. 
[ad.  F.  rencontrer:  see  RENCOUNTER  v.~\  trans. 
a.  To  encounter,  to  meet  with.  b.  To  oppose,  reverse. 
1654  Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  II.  67,  I  was  sloped  be 
the  manic  disorders  and  deficulties  that  I  rencontred  at  my 
first  comming.  1689  HICKERINGILL  Ceremony-Monger  v. 

:    Wks.   1716  II.  427  To  Ranconter  and  Ruffle  the  whole 
course  of  Nature,  and  make  Heaven  a  Pair  of  Stairs  to  HelL 
Rencounter  (renkau-ntaj),  sb.     Also  6  ren- 
couter,  -countre,  7  rancounter,  -tre.     [ad.  !•. 
rencontre :  see  prec.  and  cf.  RE- ENCOUNTER  sb.] 
L    An  encounter  or  engagement  between  two 
opposing  forces  ;  a  battle,  skirmish,  conflict. 

1523  Lo.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  Ixxxiv.  ic6  At  the  first  ren 
counter  many  were  ouerthrowen.  1562  J.  SHUTE  tr.  Cam- 
tint's  Turk.  Wars  56  Amorathe  and  Aladino . .  in  the  ren- 

I  countre  that  they  had  with  Selim  [etc.].  1588  ALLEN 
Admon,  S9  Recounte  all  the.. rencounters  of  a  very  fewe 
Catholikes  against  the  heretikes  and  rebelles  in  Flanders. 
1632  LITHGOW  Trail.  IX.  419  Tartars  are  not  . .  so  manly 
as  the  Polonians,  who  counter-blow  them  at  rancounters. 
1682  LUTTRF.LL  Brief  R el.  (1857)  I.  169  There  lately  hap- 

!    pened  a  rancounter  between  some  forces  of  the  French.. 

i  and  some  Spaniards.  1709  STEKLE  Taller  No.  28  F  8  There 
are  mentioned  several  Rencounters  between .. Detachments 

!  of  the  Swedish  and  Russian  Armies.  1781  JEFFERSON  Corr. 
Wks.  1859  I.  288  Three  little  rencounters  have  happened 
with  the  enemy.  1865  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xxi.  iv.  (.872)  X. 
36  The  Russian  Armies  had  only  to  show  themselves  to  beat 
the  Turks  in  every  rencounter. 

b.  A  hostile  meeting  or  encounter  between  two 
adversaries;  a  duel;  t  sometimes  spec,  (after  French 
nsa^e)  distinguished  from  a  regular  duel  by  being 
unpremeditated.  Also  without  article. 


RENCOUNTER. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q,  in.  i.  9  He  gan  to  feare  His  toward 
perill, . .  Which  by  that  new  rencounter  he  should  reare. 
1676  D'URFEY  Mme.  Fickle  n.  i,  Pox  on't,  a  Rencounter  is 
nothing  when  thou  art  us'd  to't.  1709  STEELE  Tatler 
No.  39  F  7  A  Rencounter  or  Duel  was.  .far  from  being  in 
Fashion  among  the  Officers  that  serv'd  in  the  Parliament- 
Army.  1753  HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  II.  I.  i.  3  Duelling  is 
often  deemed  a  rencounter,  and  as  such  is  pardoned.  1816 
SCOTT \A  ntiq.  xx,  We  will  dine  together  and  arrange  matters 
for  this  rencounter.  I  hope  you  understand  the  use  of  the 
weapon.  1838  PRESCOTT  />«/.  fy  Is.  (1846)  I.  viii.  359  The 
latter  were  wont  to  repair  to  Granada  to  settle  their  affairs 
of  honour,  by  personal  rencounter. 

transf.  1652  NEEDHAM  tr.  Seldens  Man'  Cl.  Ep.  Ded., 
Our  late  Wars,  wherein  the  Pen  Militant  hath  had  as  many- 
sharp  rancounters  as  the  Sword.  1665  D.  LLOYD  State 
Worthies  (1766)  II.  528  There  had  been  before  some  ran 
counters  or  pen  combats  betwixt  him  and  Dr.  Heylin.  1681 
HICKERINGILL  Def.  Fnllwooffs  Leges  Anglias  16  Now  for 
the  Rancounter,  as  thy  war-like  word  is. 

c.  An  encounter  or  contest  of  any  kind ;  in  early 
use,  esp.  a  contest  in  wit  or  argument. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  ix.  386  The  Sycilians..are  full  of 
witty  sentences,  and  pleasant  in  their  rancounters.  1660 
JER.  TAYLOR  Duct.  Dubit.  \,  ii.  rule  3  §  10  The  witty  ren 
counters  of  disputing  men.  1673  MARVELL  Reh.  Transp, 
I.  166  If  so  I  should,  as  often  it  happens  in  such  Ren 
counters,  not  onely  draw  Mr.  Bayes,  but  J.  O.  too  upon  my 
back.  1755  J.  SHEBBEARE  Lydia  (1769)  I.  47  We  have  a 
right  to  lard  our  history  with  rencounters  and  conquests  of 
these  voracious  animals.  1830  N.  S.  WHEATON  Jrnl.  69 
Few  quarrels  and  rencounters  happened  among  the  boys. 
1880  MKREDITH  Tragic  Com.  (1881)  6  That  unequal  ren 
counter  between  foolish  innocence  and  the  predatory. 

fig.  1785  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Let.  17  Dec.,  My  next  business 
..was  to  be  presented  [to  the  king]..!  had  only  to  prepare 
myself  for  the  rencounter. 

*t"d.  Antithesis.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xix.  (Arb.)  219  Ye  haue 
another  figure,  .which.,  we  may  call  the  encounter  \.marg.^ 
Antitheton,  or  the  renconter]. 

f  2.  The  fact  of  meeting  or  falling  in  with  some 
thing  unpleasant ;  an  unpleasant  experience.  Obs, 

1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  i  Kings  v.  4  But  now  our  Lord  my 
God  hath  geven  me  rest  rownd  about :  there  is  no  sntan,  nor 
il  rencounter.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  11.  62  The  Turkes.. 
were  mindfull  to  giue  vs  the  new  rancounter  of  a  second 
alarum.  1682  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Chr.  Mor.  in.  §  23  Our  hard 
entrance  into  the  World,  our  miserable  going  out  of  it,  our 
..sad  Rencounters  in  it. 

3.  A  chance  meeting  of  two  persons,  or  of  a  per 
son  with  a  thing.  Also  transf.  (quot.  1685). 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  488  My  formalists  durst  neuer 
attempt,  .any  passing  countenance  in  our  rancounters. 
1685  CROWNE  Sir  C.  Nice  in.  30  My  eyes  and  the  picture 
had  never  any  rencounter  since.  1728  MORGAN  Algiers  II. 
v.  314  Millions  of  People  dread  the  Rencounter  of  an 
Algerine  as  they  would  that  of  a  crew  of  Deemons.  1748 
SMOLLETT  Rod.  Rand,  xvi,  I  was  so  well  pleas'd  with  this 


Old  Mort.  iv,  The  casual  rencounter  had  the  appearance  of 
a  providential  interference.  1876  T.  HARDY  Ethelberta 
(1890)408  Perhaps  at  this  remote  season  the  embarrassment 
of  a  rencounter  would  not  have  been  intense. 

b.  A  meeting  of  two  things  or  bodies  ;  an  im 
pact,  collision.  Also  without  article,  and  transf. 
Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1662  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacras  in.  i.  §  8  By  their  frequent 
rancounters  and  justlings  one  upon  another,  they  at  last  link 
themselves  together.  1691-8  NOKRIS  Pract.  Disc,  (1711) 
III.  38  In  the  various  Rencounter  of  Bodies  knocking  and 
jostling  one  against  another.  1704  SWIFT  7*.  Tub  xi,  My 
nose  and  this  very  Post  should  have  a  Rencounter.  1723 
CHAMBERS  tr.  Le  Clerc's  Treat.  Archit.  I.  67  Projecting 
Bodies,  just  at  its  own  height. .seem  to  menace  the  Eye 
with  a  Rencounter.  1779  MANN  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXIX. 
619  When  two  equal  currents  of  homogeneous  fluids  meet  in 
opposite  directions,  there  is  first  a  swelling  and  rising  up 
of  them  at  the  point  of  rencounter.  i794^ui.LiVAN  View 
Nat.  I.  92  In  this  theory,  Doctor  Hutton  wisely  steers  clear 
of  a  rencounter  with  the  sun. 

f4.  (Also  vessel  of  rencounter.}    A  retort.  Obs. 

1694  SALMON  Safe's  Dispens.  (1713)  180/1  Cover  the 
Cucurbit  with  a  Vessel  of  Rencounter,  luting  it  well.  1727 
BRADLEY  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Age,  Fit  a  Rencounter  to  the  long 
Neck,  lute  the  Junctures  very  close. 

Rencounter  (renkaimtw),  v.  Now  rare. 
Also  6-8  rancounter.  [ad.  F.  rencontrer-.  cf.  prec. 
and  REENCOUNTER  v,] 

1.  trans.  To  meet  or  encounter  (an  army,  person, 
etc.)  in  hostile  fashion  ;  to  engage  (one)  in  fight. 

1503-4  Act  19  Hen.  Vff,  c.  34  Preamble,  With  the  Kinges 
hooste  roiall..they  were  rencountered,  vaynquesshed,  dis 
persed.  1590 SPKNSER  F.  Q.  i.  iv.  39  But  th'  Elfin  knight,., 
him  rencountring  fierce,  reskewd  the  noble  pray.  1620-55 
I.  JONES  S  tone-He  ng(\-j2^)  31  Boadicia ..  bearing  down  all 
before  her  till  rencountred  by  Suetonius.  1684  Scanderbeg 
Rfdiv.  iv.  90  Forced  him  to  return  back  into  the  Battef, 
where  General  Sobieski  with  a  party  Rencountred  him. 
f  b.  intr.  To  encounter  each  other  in  battle. 

.1591  JAS.  I  Lepanto  n  Betwixt  the  baptiz'd  race  And 
circumcised  Turband  Turkes,  Rencountring  in  that  place. 

2.  trans.  To  meet  or  fall  in  with  (a  person,  etc.). 
1549  CompL  Scot.  Ded.  7  The  historigraphours  rehersis  of 

ane  pure  man  of  perse,  quha  be  chance  rencountrit  kyng 
darius.  1574  Reg.  Prity  Council  Scot.  11.404  Aschipofthe 
toun  of  Tweisk..and  ane  uther  schip..wer  in  thair  dew 
cours  rancounterit  and  lakin  be  a  schip  of  weare.  1672 
SHADWELL  Miser  v.  iii,  I  wonder  who  those  fellows  were  we 
rancounter'd  last  night.  1696  AUDREY  Misc.  72  A  Minister 
walking  over  the  Park  to  give  Sir  John  Warre  a  visit,  was 
rencountred  by  a  venerable  old  man.  1889  STEVENSON 
Master  of  B.  97  On  the  occasion  I  had  the  good  fortune  to 
rencounter  you  at  Durris-deer. 

VOL.  VIII. 


441 

t  b.  intr.    Const,  with.  Obs. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trim.  vn.  330  To  my  great  contentment,  I 
rancountred  here  with  a  countrey  Gentleman  of  mine. 
Ibid.  VIII.  373  Vpon  theseauenth  day,  wee  rancountred  with 
another  soyle.  1644  SIR  W.  MURE  Let.  Wks.  (S. T.  S.) 
Introd.  16  We  are  now  lying  before  Newcastle  engaiged 
anew  to  rancounter  w<  new  dangers.  1676  Row  Contn. 
Blair's  AntoHog.  xii.  (1848)  475  The  English  rencounters 
with  the  Dutch  Smyrna  fleet .  .and  takes  some  of  them. 
C.  To  meet  ench  other. 

1802  LD.  CAMPBELL  Let.  in  Life  (1881)  I.  too  They  had 
arrived  before  me,  but  through  some  misunderstanding  we 
never  rencountered. 

f  3.  trans.  To  come  into  contact  or  collision  with. 

1671  R.  BOHUN  Wind  38  The  Repulse  or  Antiperistasis, 
which  the  hot  and  dry  exhalations  meet  with  by  ran- 
countring  the  cold  Clouds.  1685  J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Life  n.  146 
Men  wander  about  in  the  dark,  and  justle  and  rancounter 
one  another.  1695  BLACKMORE  I'r.  Arth.  vn.  544  Swords 
clashing  Swords,  and  Shields  rencountring  Shields. 
b.  intr.  To  come  together,  collide.  Obs. 

1712  BLACKMORE  Creation  i.  (ed.  2)  8  Could  stupid  Atomes 
. .  From  Regions  opposite  begin  their  Flight,  That  here 
they  might  Rencounter,  here  Unite?  1794  G.  ADAMS 
Nat.  ff  Exp.  t'/iilas.  II.  xvi.  239  The  balls  will  seem  to 
rencounter  and  pass  over  each  other. 

T"4.  To  move  counter  /o  something.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1689  T.  PLTXKET  Char.  Gd.  Commander  28  Kan-counter 
to  the  counter-part,  and  you  Perchance  some  un-expected 
thing  may  do. 

Hence  Keneou'utering  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  505  There  is  a  certaine  place  of  sea, 
where  these  destracted  tydes  make  their  rancountering  Ran- 
deuouze,  that  whirleth  euer  about.  1720  SWIFT  Mod.  Educ. 
Wks.  1755  II.  ii.  35  What  a  figure  he  would  make  at  asiege 
or  blockade  or  rencountering. 

t  Rencq,  obs.  variant  of  RANK  sbl 

1585  Q.  ELIZABETH  in  Four  Cent.  Eng.  Lett.  (1880)  29  It 
becometh,  therefor,  all  our  reucq  to  deale  sincerely. 

Rend,  sb.     [f.  the  verb  :  cf.  KENT  sb.~\ 

1 1.  A  rent,  split,  division.   Obs.  rare. 

1670  BAXTER  Cure  C/i.  Div.  381  O  what  rends  and  ruins 
had  it  prevented  in  the  Christian  world  ?  a  1674CLAHF.NDON 
Hist.  Rcb.  xiv.  §  99  There  appeared  such  a  rend  among  the 
Officers  of  the  Army,  that  the  Protector  was  compelled  to 
displace  many  of  them. 

2.  techn.  (See  quots.) 

1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tec/in.  I,  Rends  in  a  Ship,  are  the 
same  as  the  Seams  between  her  Planks,  r  1850  Ruditn. 
Navig.  (Wcale)  140  Rends,  large  open  splits  or  shakes  in 
timber,  .by  its  being  exposed  to  the  wind  and  sun. 

Bend  (rend),  vl  Pa.  t.  and  pa.ffle.  rent. 
Forms :  I  rendan  (hrendan),  3-4  renden,  4-5 
rende,  (4  reende,  5  -yn,  reyud),  6-  rend. 
Pa.  t.  3  rend(d)e,  3-6  rente,  4-  rent.  Pa.ffle. 
3  i-rend,  6-7,  9  rended ;  5-6  rente,  4-  rent. 
See  also  RENT  v.  [OE.  rendan  =  OFris.  rcnda, 
randa  (mod.Fris.  renne,  ramie),  not  represented 
in  the  other  Tent,  languages.] 

1.  trans,  a.  To  tear,  to  pull  violently  or  by 
main  force,  off,  out  of,  or  from  a  thing  or  place ; 
to  tear  off  or  away. 

cgSO  Lindisf.  Gasp.  Mark  xi.  8  O5ero..3a  twiggo..^ebu- 
gun  w/rendon  of  oaem  trewum.  a  1225  Alter.  R,  148  Heo 
haueo  bipiled  mine  figer — irend  of  al  be  rinde.  13. .  Gaw. 
<r  Gr.  Knt.  1332  Syben  rytte  bay  be  foure  lymmes,  &  rent  of 
be  hyde.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Wife's  /'rot.  635  He  smoot  me 
ones . .  For  bat  I  rente  out  of  his  book  a  leef,  c  1400  Destr. 


ripe  beane  with  a  knife.  1596  SPENSER  /''.  Q.  .  v.  s  se 
had  intended  Out  of  his  breast  the  very  heart  have  rended. 
a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  III.  94  Being  so  rudely  rent 
off,  it  hath,  .defaced  his  monument.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg. 
Georg.  i,  455  The  Rocks  are  from  their  old  Foundations 
rent.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  o/Qual.  (1809)  I.  27  He  .. 
began  to  cut  and  rip  and  rend  away  the  lacings  of  his  suit. 
1807  WOKDSW.  IV/tite  Doe  i.  124  Altar,  whence  the  cross  was 
rent.  1863  HAWTHORNE  Our  Old  Home  (1879)  362> l  seemed 
to  rend  away  and  fling  off  the  habit  of  a  lifetime. 

fig.  1613  SHAKS.  Hen,  VI II,  \.  ii.  93  We  must  not  rend  our 
Subiects  from  our  Lawes,  and  sticke  them  in  our  Will. 
b.  To  take  forcibly  away  from  a  person. 

1611  BIBLE  i  Kings  xi.  ir,  I  wil  surely  rend  the  kingdome 
from  thee.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  ix.  394  This  Kingdome 
after  it  was  rent  from  the  Romanes,  remained  in  subjection 
vnderthe  French.  ta^SvtTXLHi5t.Qttaktrs('ijQ$l.  1^341 
So  shall  thy  government  be  rent  from  thee  and  thy  house. 

C.   To  rap  (or  rive)  and  rend:  see  RAP  z/.s  ib 
and  RIVE  v. 

2.  To  tear,  wrench,  drag  np  or  down.. 

111225  Leg.  Kath.  2152  [He  bade]  J?urhdriuen  hire  titles 
Wto  irnene  neiles,  &  renden  ham  up. .  wi3  be  breoste  roten, 
<:i386  CHAUCER  Knt.'s  T.  132  He  wan  the  Citee..And  rente 
adoun  bothe  wall  and  sparre  and  rafter,  c  1400  Destr.  Troy 
12511  Cut  down  [were]  ^ere  sailes,  Ropts  al  to  rochit,  rent 


BEND. 

a  sithe.  c  1420  Anturs  of  Arth.  317  For  him  f>at  rewfully 
rase,  and  rente  was  one  rude,  c  1450  Merlin  26  Than 
Vortiger  ,.  made  hem  to  be  rente  and  drawen  a-sonder. 
1535  COVERDALE  i  Sam.  xv.  27  He  gat  him  by  ye  edge  of  his 
garment  &  rente  it.  1591  SPENSER  J/.  Hnhberd  1370  Upon 
those  gates.. he  fiercely  flewe,  And,  rending  them  in  pieces 
[etc.].  1645  HOWELL  Twelve  Treat.  (1661)  331  The  crane 
Venerable  Bishop  ..  fetcht  such  a  sigh,  that  would  haue 
rended  a  rock  asunder.  1697  DRYDEN  I'irg.  Georg.  in.  422 
She  tears  the  Harness,  and  she  rends  the  Rein.  1720  POI-K 
Iliad  xvii.  363  The  Telamonian  lance  his  belly  rends.  1784 
COWPER  Task  vi.  411  Through  generous  scorn  To  rend  ;i 
victim  trembling  at  his  foot.  1820  W.  IKVING  Sketch  tik.  I. 
17  At  times  the  black  volume  of  clouds  over  head  seemed 
rent  asunder  by  flashes  of  lightning.  1860  TVXDALL  Clac. 
\.  \\.  42  The  glacier,  .is  rent  by  deep  fissures.  1872  MORLEY 
Voltaire  (1886)  7  A  banner  that  was  many  a  time  rent  but 
was  never  out  of  the  field. 

b.  To  tear  (one's  clothes  or  hair)  in  token  of 
rage,  grief,  horror,  or  despair. 

a  1225  Juliana  70  J>.i  be  reue  iseh  fjis,  he  rende  his  cla5es. 
c  1330  King  of  Tars  99  Whon  the  soudan  this  iherde..His 
robe  he  rente  adoun.  ^1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  870  T/tisl-c, 
Who  koude  write.. how  hire  heere  she  rente,  c  1450  Mulhi 
105  Than  a  squyer  that  saugb  !iym..com  cryinge  andbetynge 
his  hondes  to-geder,  and  rendinge  his  hter.  a  1591  H.  SMI  in 
Wks.  (1867)  II.  65  The  man  of  Benjamin  came  ..  with  his 
clothes  rent,  and  dust  upon  his  head,  in  token  of  heaviness. 
1730  YOUNG  Par.  Job  17  His  friends.. In  anguish  of  their 
hearts  their  mantles  rent.  1769  Sm  W.  JONES  Palace  For 
tune  Poems  (1777)  29  She  rends  her  silken  robes,  and  golden 
hair,  a  1839  PRAZtoPoews  (1864)  II.  308  Lo,  they  will  weep, 
and  rend  their  hair. 

C.   To  wear  out  (clothes)  by  tearing,  rare—*. 

1596  SHAKS.  ftlcrch,  I',  n.  v.  5  Thou  shall  not  gurmandize 
..And  sleepe,  and  snore,  and  rend  apparrell  out. 

d.  techn.  To  make  Jaths)  by  cleaving  wood 
along  the  grain  into  thin  strips;  aiso,  to  strip 
(trees)  of  hark. 

1688  [Implied  in  lath-rendcr\.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Ofarat. 
Ulcchanic  612  The  following  is  the  method  of  rending  or 
splitting  laths.  1859  T.  L.  DONALDSON  1 1 andbk.  Specifica 
tions  137  The  laths  are  to  be  rended  out  of  the  best.. fir 
timber,  1893  BAKING-GOULD  Curgcnven  xiv,  The  stools  of 
coppice . .  were  of  some  five  years '  growth  since  last '  rended  ' 
for  bark. 

4.  To  tear  apart  or  in  pieces,  in_/^f.  applications; 
in  later  use,  esp.  to  split  into  parties  or  factions. 

£1380  WVCLIF  ScL  Wks.  III.  441  Fals  men  multiplier! 
mony  bokes  of  be  Chirche,  nowe  reendynge  byleve,  and 
nowe  clowtyng  heresies.  1531  ELVOT  Gov.  m.xxii,  Hether- 
fore  was  rente  with  curses  and  rebukes  of  the  people.  1591 
SHAKS.  Tivo  Gent.  v.  iv.  47  For  whose  deare  sake,  thou  didst 
then  rend  thy  faith  Into  a  thousand  oatlies.  1610  DONNE 
Pseudo-martyr  285  Hereupon  arose  such  a  schisme,  as  rent 
that  country  into  very  many  parts.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg, 
Georg.  iv.  309  The  Commons  live,  by  no  Divisions  rent, 
rt  1713  BURSKT  Own  Time  n.  (1724)  I.  274  He  saw  both 
Chinch  and  State  were  rent.  1757  BURKE  Abridgm.  Eng. 
Hist.  Wks.  X.  421  Popes  and  anti-popes  arose.  Europe  was 
rent  asunder  by  these  disputes.  1838  PRI-SCOTT  Ferd.  fy  Is. 
(1846)  I.  v.  246  Navarre. .still  continued  to  be  rent  with 
those  sanguinary  feuds.  1876  HOLLAND  SL-V.  Oaks  xiv.  195 
While  men  are  about  to  rend  each  others  reputations. 

b.  Used  to  denote  the  effect  of  sounds,  esp.  loud 
noises,  on  the  air. 

1602  SHAKS.  Hani.  ii.  ii.  509  Anon  the  dreadfull  Thunder 
Doth  rend  the  region.  1667  MILTON  P.L.  xn.  182  Thunder 
mixt  with  Haile..must  rend  th' Egyptian Skie.  1697  DRYDEN 
I'irg.  Georg.  i.  557  Then,  thrice  the  Ravens  rend  the  liquid 
Air.  1738  GRAY  Properties  iii.  47  While  the  vaulted  Skies 
loud  los  rend.  1844  THIKLWALL  Greece  Ixiv.  VIII.  318  A 
shout  of  joy  rent  the  air. 

c.  To  lacerate  (the  heart,  soul,  etc.)  with  painful 
feelings. 

a  1591  H.  SMITH  Sertn.  (1637)  614  His  heart  is  not  rent,  his 
mind  is  not  troubled.  1666  BUNYAN  Grace  Ab.  §  104  That 
Scripture  did  also  tear  and  rend  my  soul.  1766  GOLDSM. 
Hermit  xl,  The  sigh  that  rends  thy  constant  heart  Shall 
break  thy  Edwin's  too.  1877  '  RITA  '  Vivienne  in.  vii,  His 
strong  frame  rent  and  shaken  by  a  storm  of  emotion.  1891 
E.  PEACOCK  N.  Breudon  II.  87  Her  heart  was  rent  by  con 
tending  emotions. 

5.  absol.  To  tear ;  to  act  by  tearing. 

ci2So  Gen.  fy  Ex.  3506  Ne  slo  3u  nogt  wi5  bond  ne  wil, 
Ne  rend,  ne  beat  nogt  wi5  vn-skil.  1388  WYCLIF  Jer.  xv. 
3  A  swerd  to  sleeynge,  and  doggis  for  to  reende.  ci4oo 
Destr.  Troy  10209  He  hurlit  of  helmys,  hedis  within,  Rent 
thurgh  ribbis.  1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  in.  i.  248  Whose  Rage  doth 
rend  Like  interrupted  Waters.  1641  MILTON  Ck.  Govt.  \.  vi. 
Wks.  1851 1 1 1. 1 22  If  schisme  parted  the  congregations  before, 
now  it  rent  and  mangl'd.  1818  SHELLEY  Julian  357  The 
dagger  heals  not,  but  may  rend  again.  1876  BLACKIE^OW^ 
Kelig.  <$•  Life  240  Never  cast  your  pearls  to  swine,  Who  turn, 
and  rend  and  trample. 

6.  intr.  To  burst,  split,  break,  or  tear.    Also^?^. 
c  1205  LAY.  7849  Scipen  gunnen  helden,  bosmes  J?er  rendden, 

water  in  wende.  c  1470  Golagros  <$-  Gaw.  691  Ryngis  of 
rank  steill  rattillit  and  rent.  1578  T.  PROCTOR  Gorg.  Gallery 
B  iij,  I  should . .  heale  that  hart  that  rendes.  1589  R.  HARVEY 
PL  Perc.  (1590)  25  My  shoe  shall  rend.  1611  BIBLE  i  Sam. 


i!    iT     \"        L  "*"*-i  r™fm  ""«MI  ixu^i>  HI  lu  rocim,  rent  i  li  nj,  l  snoulu . .  neaie  tnai  nan  mat  renues.    1509  K.  nARVEY 

vp  the  hacches.    c  1485  Digty  Myst.  (1882)  HI.  1083  pe  fowle  PI.  Perc.  (1590)  25  My  shoe  shall  rend.    1611  BIBLE  i  Sam. 

wedes  and  wycys,  I  reynd  vp  be  Jx>  rote.     1513  DOUGLAS  \  xv.  27  He  laid  hold  vpon  the  skirt  of  his  mantle,  and  it 

&neis  n.  vm.  16  Troiams  agane,  schaipand  defence  to  mak,  '  rent.    1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  vi.  268  The  Rocke,  which  (as 

Rent  turrettis  doun.    1650  FULLER  Pisgah  n.  56  God  rent  '  they  say)  rent  at  his  crucifying.    1705  HICKERINGILL  Priest- 


them  up  by  the  roots  in  the  days  of  Pekah.  1733  BUDGELL 
Bee  IV.  437  Whose  daring  Sons,  by  wild  Ambition  driv'n, 
Rent  up  the  Hills,  and  lifted  Earth  to  Heav'n. 

3.  To  tear  apart  (asunder)  or  in  pieces. 

1:950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Luke  xiii.  7  HrendascW  scearfaS.  .hia 
[Rushw.  ceorfas  vet  rendas ;  L.  succidite  tUam].  1297  R. 
GLOUC.  (Rolls)  5871  Lute  vuel  [>o5te  he,  bo  me  is  wombe 
rende.  a  1300  K.  Horn  727  pe  fiss  bat  bi  net  rente.  13. . 
E.  E.  Allit.  P.  C.  527  For  he  bat  is  to  rakcl  to  renden  his 
clobez,  Mot  efte  sitte..to  sewe  hem  togeder.  (1350  Will. 
Palerne  1851  _fe  werwolf,  .went  to  him  euene,  wib  a  rude 
roring  as  he  him  rende  wold,  c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  646 
Cleopatra,  He  rent  [=rendeth]  the  seyl  with  hokys  lyk 


nicy  sity)  rein  tti  iiis  uiuLiiymg.  */«5  mwuuuMWUi  rriesi* 
cr.  i.  Wks.  1716  III.  59  Samuel's  Cassock,  made  of  rotten 
black  Cloath,  perhaps,  or  else  it  would  not  have  rent.  1762 
FALCONER  Shipwr.  u.  245  The  mizen  rending  from  the  bolt- 
rope  flew.  1830  W.  TAYLOR  Hist.  Surv  Germ.  Poetry  I. 
277  The  veil  of  the  temple  rends;  an  earthquake  is  felt. 
1840  LYELL  Princ.  Geol.  II.  ii.  vii.  79  The  walls  of  tene- 
ments  rending  and  sinking,  until  a  deep  chasm . .  was  formed. 

Hence  He'nded///.  a.l,  torn,  rent. 

1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  I.  116  Bernard  had 
farther  the  satisfaction  ..  of  sewing  together  ..  the  rended 
vesture  of  the  papacy.  187*  YEATS  Techn.  Hist.  Comm. 
305  Straw  for  plaiting  has  recently  been  supplemented,  .by 
the  rended  leaves  of  palms. 

56 


REND. 

Rend,  v.z  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [f.  rend-,  stem  of  F. 
rendre  RENDER  v.  17  a :  cf.  RAND  z>.4  and  RINDZ>.] 
trans.  To  melt ;  to  produce  by  melting.  Hence 
Re-nded///.  <z.2 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  cv.  19  J>e  kalfe  bai  rendid,  J>e 
ydol  bai  made.  1558  Wills  fylnv.  N.  C.  (Surtees  1835)  167, 
ij  great  cakes  of  tended  tallowe  xxxiij.?.  iiij</.  1641  BEST 
Farm.  Bks.  {Surtees)  30  In  makinge  of  your  salve,  yow  are 
first  to  rende  or  melte  your  tallowe  in  a  panne. 

Render  (re'ndai),  sb.1  [f.  REND  z>.l  +  -ERi.] 
One  who  rends  or  tears.  (Cf.  lath-render.} 

1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  n.  (1595)  92  Whie  doe  you  thus 
vngratefullie . .  become . .  wretched  renders  and  tearers  of  your 
mothers  bowels?  1634  CANNE  Necess.  Sefar.  (1849)  92  The 
most  part  of  Israel  judged  them  to  be  renders  of  the  unity 
of  the  kirk.  1660  GAUDEN  Broivnrig  240  Our  renders  will 
needs  be  our  reformers  and  repairers. 

Render  (re-ndai),  j/>.2    Also  4  rendre,  8  Sc. 
rander.     [f.  RENDER  z/.] 
7!.  A  lesson,  repetition.   Obs.  rare~^. 
c  1325  in  Rel.  Ant.  I.  292  Qwan  i  kan  mi  lesson  [to]  mi 
meyster  wil  i  gon,  That  heres  me  mi  rendre. 

T  2.  The  act  of  rendering  up,  or  making  over  to 
another;  surrender  (of  a  person  or  place).  Obs. 

In  the  Digby  Myst.  (1882)  iv.  301  sure  render  is  prob.  a 
mistake  for  surrender. 

1548  GEST  Pr.  Masse  in  H.  G.  Dugdale  Life  (1840)  App.  i. 
98,  I  meane  the  applyall  and  render  of  the  beneiyghtes  uf 
Christis  deth  and  resurrection,  c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  cxxv, 
Take  thou  my  oblacion,  poore  but  free,  Which,  .knows  no 
art  But  mutuall  render,  onely  mee  for  thee,  1611  SPEED 
Hist.  Cf.  Brit.  ix.  xii.  §  107.  580/2  Hee  also  tooke  sundry 
places  of  speciall  importance,  some  by  render,  some  by 
assault.  1650  R.STAPYLTON  Sirada?sLowC.  ll'arres  vin.  2 
The  enemies  conquest  was  followed  with  the  present  surrender 
of  Middelburg...  By  which  Render  Mondragonio  gained 
such  honour  as  we  seldome  read  parallelled,  c  1670  HOBBES 
Dial.  Com.  Laws(i6Bi)  65  If  any  Man  would  render  himself 
to  the  Judgment  of  the  King,  where  the  King  hath  com 
mitted  all  his  power  judicial  to  another,  such  a  render 
should  be  to  no  effect. 

3.  Law.  a.  (Usu.  grant  and  render :  cf.  the  vb. 
3  b.)  A  return  made  by  the  cognizee  to  the  cog- 
nizor  in  a  fine ;  a  conveyance  of  this  nature. 
For  legal  details  see  esp.  Cruise  Digest  (1818)  V.  107  ff. 
[1581  KITCHIN  Le  Covrte  Leete,  etc.  153  Fine  sur  graunt 
&  render,  per  que  le  conisee  graunt  S  render  al  conisour 
les  terres  en  taile.]  1594  WEST  2nd  Pt.  Symbol.  §  52  A 
Tenant  for  life  may  not  without  danger  to  lose  his  estate, 
be  cognisor  in  a  fine  upon  grant  and  render.  1628  COKE 
On  Litt.  353  Here  it  is  proved  by  Littleton,  that  the  grant 
and  render,  .is  not  void.  1631  tr.  Sir  J.  Davies*  Abridg. 
Reports  n.  41  A  fine  with  grant  and  render  implies  a  con 
sideration  in  it  selfe.  1737-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.,  A  fine 
with  render  is  that  whereby  something  is  rendered  back 
again  by  the  cognisee  to  the  cognisor.  1773  SALKELD 
Reports  s.v.  Fines  3  G,  Fine  and  Render  is  a  conveyance  at 
Common  Law  and  the  Render  makes  the  Conusor  a  new 
Purchaser.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  V.  108  In  a  fine 
of  this  sort,  the  render  must  be  made  of  the  lands  demanded 
in  the  original  writ,  or  of  something  issuing  out  of  those 
lands. 

b.  A  return  in  money  or  kind,  or  in  some  service, 
made  by  a  tenant  to  the  superior. 

1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  xxxi.  (1739)  47  With  a 
render  of  rent,  which  in  those  days  was  of  Corn  or  other 
Victual.  1765  BLACKSTONE  Cpmm.  I.  221  It  is  frequent  in 
domesday-book,  after  specifying  the  rent  due  to  the  crown, 
to  add  likewise  the  quantity  of  gold  or  other  renders  reserved 
to  the  queen.  1766  Ibid.  II.  290  This  render. .in  socag_e.. 
usually  consists  of  money,  though  it  may  consist  of  services 
still,  or  of  any  other  certain  profit.  1848  PETRIE  tr.  A.-S, 
Chron.  458/2  They  swore,. that  they  would.. make  such 
renders  from  the  land  as  had  been  done  before  to  any  other 
King.  1897  MAITLAND  Domesday  fy  Beyond  169  Payments 
iu  money  and  renders  in  kind. 

fc.  In  render :  (see  quot.  1607).   Obs. 
1607  COWELL  Interpr.  s.v.  Render •,  Also  there  be  certaine 
things  in  a  maner..that  lie  in  Render,  that  is,  must  be 
deliuered  or  answered  by  the  Tenent,  as  rents,  reliefer, 
heriots,  and  other  seruices.    1741  T.  ROBINSON  Gavelkind  i. 
3  AH  Socage  Services  whatever  which  He  in  Render.    1742 
VINER  Abridgment  XIV,  136  If  a  Thing  which  lies  in 
Render  be  granted  to  another  and  his  Heirs  annually,  the 
Non-Payment  of  it  in  one  Year  shall  not  be  any  Discharge. 
d.  The  act  of  performing  a  service. 
183*  AUSTIN  yurispr.(ifyo)  I.  vi.  325  If  each  of  us  promise 
the  other  to  render  the  other  a  service,  but  the  render  of 
either  of  the  services  is  not  made  to  depend  on  the  render 
of  the  other. 

f4.  The  act  of  rendering  an  account,  statement, 
etc. ;  an  account  of  expenses.  Obs. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  \\.\\.  n  Newnesse  Of  Clotens  death. . 
may  driue  vs  to  a  render  Where  we  haue  Hu'd.  Ibid.  y.  iv. 
17  If  of  my  Freedome  'tis  the  maine  part,  take  No  stricter 
render  of  me,  then  my  AH.  a  1734  NORTH  Lwes(i%26)  III. 
177  At  the  young  lord's  full  age  the  books  themselves,  in 
which  stood  every  farthing  accountable  in  proper  place,  were 
exhibited  for  a  render  of  his  accounts.  1768  Ross  Helenore 
113  The  squire  ordain'd  nae  rander  to  be  kept. 
5.  The  first  coat  of  plaster  or  the  like  applied  to 
a  brick  or  stone  surface. 

1833  LOUDON  Encyct.  Archit.  221  One  hundred  and  fifty 
yards  of  render  and  set.  1858  Skyring's  Builders'  Prices  80 
Rough  render  in  cement  and  sand,  per  yard. 

Render  (re'ndai),  v.  Also  4-8  rendre,  6-7 
Sc.  rendir,  ran(n)der.  fa.  OF.  rendre :— pop. 
Lat.  *rend?re  (also  found  in  med.L.)  an  alteration, 
on  anal,  of  prendere,  of  class.L.  reddSre  to  give 
back,  f.  red-  RE-  +  dare  to  give.] 

I.  f  1.  trans.  To  repeat  (something  learned)  ; 
to  say  over,  recite;  ?to  commit  to  memory.  Obs. 


442 

In  quot.  1362  the  reading  rendred  is  supported  by  the 
alliteration  and  the  later  versions:  cf.  also  A.  ix.  82. 

c  1325  in  Rel.  Ant.  I.  292, 1  donke  upon  David  til  mi  tonge 
talmes ;  I  ne  rendrede  nowt,  sithen  men  beren  palmes. 
1362  LANGL.  /'.  PI.  A.  v.  125,  I  drouj  me  a-mong  bis 
drapers  my  Donet  to  leorne  ..  Among  bis  Riche  Rayes 
lernde  I  [v.r.  I  rendrit]  a  Lessun.  1393  Ibid.  C.  xvni,  322 
Til  J>ei  coube  speke  and  spelle..Recorden  hit  and  rendren 
hit.  c  1400  Rom.  Rose  4800  It  is  so  writen  in  my  thought,. . 
That  all  by  herte  I  can  it  render.  1530  PALSGR.  685/2, 
I  rendre  my  lesson,  as  a  chylde  dothe.  1560  ROLLAND 
Crt.  I'enns  i.  48  With  orisounis..  I  randerit  ouir  to  God 
Omnipotent.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus^  Decantare,  ..  to 
render  or  repete. 

fb.  With  out '  To  relate,  narrate.   Obs.rare~^. 
c  1400  Beryn  450  Kit  be-gan  to  rendir  out  al  thing  as  it 
was. 

2.  To  give  in  return,  to  make  return  of.  Now 
somewhat  rare. 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  18  He  salwed  her  and  she  rendrid 
to  him  his  salewe.  1484  —  Fables  of  ^E sop  \.  iv,  Men 
ought  not  to  rendre  euylle  for  good.  1509  HAWES  Past. 
Pleas,  xr.  (Percy  Spc.)46  In  thyyouth  the  scyence engender 
That  in  thyne  age  it  may  the  worship  render,  a  1548  HALL 
Chron.)  Hen.  J'"///  171  b,  He  sheweth  himself  ingrate  and 
vngentle,  and  for  kyndnes  rendereth  vnkyndnes.  1582 
S TAXYHURST  sEneis  ii.  (Arb.)  54  Scant  sayd  I  theese  speeches, 
when  woords  to  me  dolful  he  rendred.  1612  T.  TAVLOR 
Comm.  Titus  i.  8  It  is  iust  with  God  (saith  Paul)  to  render 
tribulation  to  those  that  afflict  his  Saints.  1671  MILTON 
Samson  1232  Can  my  ears  unus'd  Hear  these  dishonours, 
,  and  not  render  death  ?  1715  POPE  Iliad  n.  423  Till  Helen's 
\  woes  at  full  reveng'd  appear,  And  Troy's  proud  matrons 
render  tear  for  tear.  1784  Cow  PER  Task  vi.  959  Receiving 
benefits  and  rendering  none.  1875  JOWKTT  Plato  {ed.  2) 
i  III,  15  Ought  we  to  render  evil  for  evil  at  all..? 

b.  To  return  (thanks). 

1484  CAXTON  Fal-les  of  sEsop  in.  i,  Al  maner  of  folk e 

I    ought  to  rendre  and  gyue  thankynges..totheyr  good  doers. 

1    a  JS33  LD.  BERNERS //«<?«  Ixii.  218,  I  cannot  render  thankes 

!    to  your  holynes  for  yfl  good  that  ye  haue  done  to  vs.     1552 

i    Bk,   Com.  Prayer,  Morn.  Prayer,  To  rendre  thankes  for 

the  greate  benefytes  that  we  haue  receyued  at  his  handes. 

1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  ii.  v.  29  Me  thinkes  I  haue  giuen  him 

a  penie,  and  he  renders  me  the  beggerly  thankes.     1667 

MILTON   P.   L.    vin.   6   What   thanks   sufficient,    or    what 


thanks  to  the  Giver. 

f  C.  To  recompense,  requite.  Obs.  rare. 

1560  BIBLE  (Genev.)  Judg.  ix.  56  Thus  God  rendred  the 
wickednesof  Abimelech..in  slaying  his  seventy  brethren. 
•fd.  absol.  To  make  return  or  recompense.   Obs. 

1560  BIBLE  (Genev.)  Job  xxxiv.  n  For  he  wil  rendre  vnto 
man  according  to  his  worke. 

3.  To  give  (for  hand)  back,  to  restore.  Also 
with  again  or  back. 

15x3  DOUGLAS  JEneis  xn.  Prol.  92  Rendryng..the  gers 
ptlis  thar  hycht  Als  far  as  cataL.Had  in  thar  pastur  eyt 
and  knyp  away,  a  1533  LD.  BERXERS  Huon  lix.  203, 
I  render  agayne  to  you  all  your  londes.  1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.) 
Luke  iv.  20  When  he  had  folded  the  booke,  he  rendred  it  to 
the  minister.  1611  BEAUM.  &  FL.  King  <y  No  K.  in.  ii, 
I  beseech  your  Lordship  to  render  me  my  knife  again.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  x,  749  Desirous  to  resigne,  and  render  back 
All  I  receav'd.  1791  COWPER  Iliad  in.  347  Then  Troy  shall 
render  back  what  she  detains.  1879  R.  T.  SMITH  Basil  the 
Great  viii.  99  The  Lord.. rendering  back  to  man  again  the 
grace  which  he.. had  lost. 

absol.  1562  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.T.  S.)  i.  146  Reddie 
ressauaris,  hot  to  rander  nocht. 

b.  Law  (usu. grant  and 'render],  Ofacognizee: 
To  make  over  as  a  return  to  the  cognizor  in  a  fine. 
(Cf.  the  sb.  3  a.) 

1594  WEST  -znd  Pt.  Symbol.  §  58  None  can  take  by  the 
first  estate  granted  or  rendred  by  a  fine,  but  some  of  the 
parties  named  in  the  writ.  1607  COWELL  Interpr.  s.v.  Render, 
A  fine  is  either  single,  by  which  nothing  is  graunted,  or 


and  renders  to  theConisor,the  L'ands  in  taile.  1766  BLACK- 
STONE  Comm.  II.  xxi.  354  The  cognizee,  after  the  right  is 
acknowledged  to  be  in  him,  grants  back  again,  or  renders  to 
the  cogmzpr  . .  some  other  estate  in  the  premises.  1818 
CRUISE  Digest  V.  261  They  by  the  same  fine  granted  and 
rendered  the  same  lands  to  the  use  of  the  said  I.  S. 

C.  To  give  back,  return  (a  sound,  image,  etc.) 
by  reflection  or  repercussion.     Also  with  back. 

a  1600  MONTGOMERIE  Misc.  Pfietnsvi\\.  30 The  roches  rings, 
and  rendirs  me  my  cryis.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  <$•  Cr.  HI.  iii.  122 
Who.  .like  a  gate^of  steele,  Fronting  the  sunne,  receiues  and 
renders  backe  His  figure,  and  his  heate.  1697  DRYDEN 
Virg.  Georg.  iv.  60  Hollow  Rocks  that  render  back  the 
Sound,  And  doubled  Images  of  Voice  rebound.  1822 
SHELLEY  When  the  lamp  is  shattered  ii,  The  heart's  echoes 
render  No  song  when  the  spirit  is  mute. 

fig.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  in.  ii.  82  [They]  rendred  such 
aspect  As  Cloudie  men  vse  to  doe  to  their  aduersaries. 

4.  To  reproduce  or  represent,  esp,  by  artistic 
means ;  to  depict. 

1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  i.  i.  44  List  his  discourse  of  Warre  ; 
and  you  shall  heare  A  fearefull  Battaile  rendred  you  in 
Musique.  1762-71  H.  WALPOLE  Vertnfs  Anecd.  Paint. 
(1786)  IV.  195  Devoid  of  imagination.. he  could  render  no 
thing  but  what  he  saw  before  his  eyes.  1859  TENNYSON 
Elaine  797  The  strange-statued  gate  Where  Arthur's  wars 
were  render'd  mystically.  1870  MAX  MULLER  Sc.  Relig. 
(1873)  276  A  name  that  should  approximately  or  metaphori 
cally  render  at  least  one  of  its  most  prominent  features.  1885 
Truth  28  May  848/2  The  spray  is  rendered  with  much 
lightness  and  delicacy. 

b.  To  play  or  perform  (music). 

^1676  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  (1677)  66  As  the  Organ  or 
Pipe  renders  the  Tune  which  it  understands  not.  1777  Sn< 


BENDER. 

W.  JONES  Ess.  Imit.  Arts  Poems,  etc.  198  Some  intervals, 
which  cannot  easily  be  rendered  on  our  instruments.  1867 
FREEMAN  in  Stephens  Life  $  Lett.  (1895)  I.  381  The  services 
were  magnificently  done—  'rendered'  I  suppose  I  should 
say.  1893  Daily  News  25  May  5/3  The  band  and  muffled 
drums  rendering  the  Dead  March  in  '  Saul  '. 

f5.  To  represent  or  describe  (a  person  or  thing) 
as  being  of  a  certain  character  or  in  a  certain  state  ; 
to  give  or  make  (one)  out  to  be.  Obs. 

1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  iv.  iii.  123  O,  I  haue  heard  him 
speake  of  that  same  brother,  And  he  did  render  him  the 
most  vnnaturall  That  Hu'd  amongst  men.  1601  —  All's 
Well  i.  iii.  236  There  is  a  remedie..To  cure  the  desperate 
languishings  whereof  The  King  is  render'd  lost.  1641  Vind. 
Smectymnuus  Pref.,  He  endeavours  to  render  us  to  the 
Reader  as  destitute  of  all  learning.  1705  in  Penmylv.  Hist. 
Soc.  Mem.  X.  81  He  has  taken  the  liberty  to  render  thy 
keeping  a  coach..  to  be  not  at  all  with  the  appearance  of 

i    a  Quaker.    1726  Col.  Rec.  Pennsylv.  III.  255  That  to  do 

!    right  is  not  so  difficult  a  Task  as  some  would  render  it. 

t  b.  To  show,  demonstrate.   Obs.  rare  •"'. 
1678  BUNVAN  Pilgr.  i.  205  Thou,  .hast  such  an  opinion  of 

i    thyself,  and  of  what  thou  doest,  as  plainly  renders  thee  to 

i    be  one  that  did  never  see  a  necessity  [etc.], 

6.  To  reproduce  or  express  in  another  language, 
to  translate.  Also  const,  into. 

1610  T.  LORKIN  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  III.  221  Two 
other  houres  he  spends  in  French  ;  one  in  reading,  the  other 
in  rendring  to  his  teacher  some  part  of  a  Latine  author  by 
word  of  mouth.  1631  R.  BYFIELD  Doctr.  Sabb.  102  That 
place  in  Exo.  23.  12...  is  abusively  rendred  by  you.  1661 
BOYLE  Style  of  Script.  (1675)  10  A  skilful  interpreter  may 
happily  enough  render  into  his  own  language  a  great  part 
of  what  he  translates.  1724  A.  COLLINS  Cr,  Chr.  Relig. 
212  He  ..  takes  them  from  the  Hebrew,  ..and  not  as  the 
Septuagint  has  rendered  it.  1798  FERRIAR  Illttstr.  Sterne 
\.  13  The  oldest  [edition]  which  remains  was  rendered  into 
'  beau  langage  '.  1855  PUSEY  Doctr.  Real  Presence  Note  S. 
338,  I  have  rendered  the  whole  [inscription]  without  doubt, 
as  addressed  to  the  Christian.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I. 
3  The  word  has  been  rendered  in  different  places  either 
Temperance  or  Wisdom. 

b.  To  make  out,  succeed  in  reading.  rare~"1. 
1864  EMILY  DICKINSON  Lett.  (1894)  II.  311  Can  you  render 
my  pencil?    The  physician  has  taken  away  my  pen. 

II.  7.  To  hand  over,  deliver,  commend,  or  com 
mit,  to  another  ;  to  give,  in  various  senses,  f  to 
grant,  concede. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxx.  (Theodora}  406  |>at  scho  mycht 
bare  resawit  be,  &  tak  be  habyt,  £.  .rendryt  be  to  j>ame  as 
bruthyre.  1547-64  BAULDWIN  Mor.  Philos.  (Palfr.)  104  b,  By 
pacience  we  are  rendred  unto  god  and  proved  amongest  men. 
1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  in.  iv.  49  Take  this  same  letter,  And 

.  .  see  thou  render  this  Into  my  cosin's  hand.  1607  —  Cor.  i, 
ix.  34  Of  all  the  treasure  in  this  field  atcheiued..We  render 
you  the  Tenth.  1616  CHAPMAN  Homer's  Hymn  A&ollo  117 
To  render  the  effect  Of  mens  demands  to  them,  before  they 
fall.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  in.  369  It  shall  be  my  task  To 
render  thee  the  Parthian  at  dispose.  1766  BLACKSTONE 
Comm.  II.  450  The  contract  of  sale  shall  not  bind  him  so  as 
that  he  shall  render  the  price.  1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol. 
xl.  IV.  101  Organs  that  secrete  the  gastric  juice  and  render 
it  to  the  stomach.  1859  TENNYSON  Gcraint  452  Affirming 
that  his  father  left  him  gold  .  .  which  was  not  render'd  to  him. 

absol.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  fy  Cr.  iv.  v.  36  In  kissing  doe  you 
render,  or  receiue  ?  Pair.  Both  take  and  giue, 

tramf.  1670-98  LASSELS  Voy.  Italy  II.  31  These  stairs 
render  you  up  at  the  Great  Hall. 

8.  To  give  up,  surrender,  resign,  relinquish.  Also 
with  up. 

£•1400  Destr.  Troy  13069  Then  prinses.-Saydon  Orestes 
be  right  shuld  render  his  londes,  And  be  exilede.  1494 
FABYAN  Chron.  vi.  ccxvii.  236  Accordynge  to  his  othe,  he 
shulde  render  the  lande,or  delyuer  it  vnto  the  possessyonof 
William.  15*3  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  ccxiL  258  The  frenche 
kynge  .  .  shall  rendre  and  delyuer  to  the  sayde  kynge  of  Eng- 
lande..the  honours,  regalities,  obeisaunce,  homages  [etc.J. 
1567  Gnde  iff  Godlie  B.  (S.T.  S.)  162  My  spreit  I  rander  in 
thy  handis,  Eternal  God  of  veritie.  1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N. 
n.  i.  185  lie  make  her  render  vp  her  Page  to  me.  1606  — 
Ant.  <y  Cl.  iv.  xiv.  33  She  rendred  life,  Thy  name  so  buried 
in  her.  1673  5"  too  him  Bayes  29,  1  render  my  cause,  as  the 
sword-men  would  have  it.  1697  DRYDEN  Virgt  Georg,  in. 
744  The  thriven  Calves,  .render  their  sweet  Souls  before  the 


plenteous  Rack.  1703  ROWE  Ulysses  iv.  i,  I  have  learnt  to 
hold  My  Life  from  none,  but  from  the  Gods  who  gave  it, 
Nor  mean  to  render  it  on  any  Terms.  1820  SHELLEY  Liberty 


.  , 

.  Gipsy  v.  350  Her  Queen  Mounted  the  steps  again 
her  place,  Which  Juan  rendered  silently.  1875 
lato  (ed.  2)  I.  216  To  this  royal  or  political  art  all 


xiv,  Tomb  of  Arminius  !  render  up  thy  dead.     1868  GEO, 

ELIOT  Sp.  Gipsy  v.  350  Her 

and  took  he 

JOWETT  Pla 

the  arts  ..  seemed  to  render  up  the  supremacy. 

b.  espt  To  surrender  (a  stronghold,  town,  etc.) 
to  the  enemy. 

1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  cxlili.  214  They  alleshold.  .herewith 
them  suche  goodes  as  they  had,  and  rendre  and  gyue  ouer 
the  dongeon.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.  t  Hen.  VIII  84  There 
was  a  mutteryng  that  the  toune  of  Caleys  should  be  ren 
dred  into  the  Frenche  kinges  handes.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sleidane's  Comm,  90  When  the  toune  was  ones  rendred, 
the  Byshop  of  Rome,  Clement,  chopped  of  the  heades  of 
certen  of  the  Senatours.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  $  Cl.  in.  x.  33 
To  Caesar  will  I  render  My  legions  and  my  Horse.  1662 
J.  DAVIES  tr.  Mandelslo's  Trav.  96  After  he  had  held  out 
six  dayes,  he  was  forc't  to  render  it  and  himself  up  at  mercy. 
1759  Hist.  lVar\t\  Ann.  Reg.  42/2  The  capital  of  French 
America  was  rendered  to  the  English,  after  a  most  severe 
campaign.  1823  BYRON  Juan  vin.  Ixxxvii,  The  city's  taken, 
but  not  render'd  !  1865  TRENCH  Gustavns  Adolfhus  ii.  79 
In  the  city  rendered  by  compact,  and  not  taken  by  storm. 

c.  reft.  To  give  (oneself)  up;  to  surrender. 
r549  Compl.  Scot.  xiv.  113  Sa  mony  castellis  and  tounis 

quhilkls  hed  randrit  them  be  trason  to  Annibal.  1602  SHAKS. 
Ham.  i,  v.  4  My  hower  is  almost  come,  When  I  to  sul 
phurous  and  tormenting  Flames  Must  render  vp  my  selfe. 


BENDER. 

a  1671  LD.  FAIRFAX  Mem.  (1699)  33,  I  thought  it  not  fit  now 
..to  bid  the  rest  to  render  themselves  to  me.  1702  Loud. 
Gaz.  No.  3885/1  Such  Seamen. .who. .shall  Render  them 
selves..,  shall  not  be  Prosecuted  before  a  Court  Marshal. 
1752  J.  LOUTHIAN  Form  of  Process  (ed.  2)  179  Those  that 
are  in  default  till  the  Exigent  in  Treason,  tho'  they  render 
themselves  to  Justice,  forfeit  their  Chattels.  1821  SHELLEY 
Hellas  386  Then  said  the  Pacha, '  Slaves,  Render  yourselves 
—they  have  abandoned  you '.  1863  MRS.  A.  E.  CHALLICE 
Heroes,  etc.  Louis  XVI,  II.  247  Lord  Cornwallis  and  his 
army  rendered  themselves  prisoners  of  War. 
t  d.  intr.  =  prec.  Obs. 

1523  St.  Papers  Hen.  VIII,  VI.  213  They  renderyd  be 
such  appoinctement,  that  they  went  in  ther  schyrtes  with 
stykkes  in  ther  handes.  1589  Late  Voy.  Sp.  ff  Port.  (1881) 
85  Upon  the  first  Fire  thereof  he  rendered,  and  compounded 
to  goe  away  with  his  baggage  and  Amies.  1632  LITHGOW 
Trav,  II.  60  The  passengers  gaue  counsel!,  rather  to  render, 
then  fight.  1688  SHADWELL  Syr.  Alsatia  iv.  i,  I  am  ready 
to  render  on  Discretion. 

t  9.  To  send  forth  properly  provided.  Ol>s.~l 

1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  314  Al  only  at  his  oghne  cost  Sche 
schal  be  rendred  forth  with  hire. 

f  b.  To  give  out,  emit,  discharge.   Obs. 

1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  clxxii.  254  Without  the  toun..ben 
founden  somme  fontaynes,  but  they  be  but  fewe  and  they 
rendre  but  lytil  water.  1483  —  G.  de  la  Tour  H  iv,  Her 
holy  body  rendrid  holy  oyle.  c  1500  Melusine  317  They  al 
lamented.  .&  rendred  teerys  in  habundance.  1513  DOUGLAS 
jEncis  ix.  x.  65  Quhayr  as  the  quhissyll  rendris  soundis 
seyr.  1607  TOPSELL  Four.f.  Beasts  (1658)  80  Although  it 
were  a  male,  yet  it  did  render  his  urine  backward.  1659 
LEAK  Watcrwks.  16  A  Vessell.  .to  receive  the  Water. .and 
to  render  it  by  the  Pipe  7.  1705-30  S.  GALE  in  Nichols 
Bibl.  Topogr.  Brit.  (1790)  III.  7  The  whole  of  cedar,  which 
renders  a  fine  fragrancy. 

to.  To  bring  forth  (young).  Obs.  rare—1. 

1607  TOPSELL  Four.f.  Beasts  (1658)  18  In  the  twelfe  moneth 
after  their  copulation,  they  render  their  foles. 

10.  To  give  (an  account,  reason,  answer,  etc.)  ; 
to  submit  to,  or  lay  before,  another  for  considera 
tion  or  approval ;  also,  in  mod.  use,  to  send  in  (an 
account)  to  a  customer  or  purchaser. 

1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  I.  v.  22  And  there  eche  rendred  his 
reson  of  that  he  had  found  and  lerned.  1548-9  (Mar.)  Bk. 
Com.  Prayer,  Of  Ceremonies,  Here  be  certayne  causes 
rendered,  why  some  of  the  accustomed  Ceremonies  be  put 
awaye.  1599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado  tv.  i.  337,  I  will  challenge 
him : . .  By  this  hand,  Claudio  shall  render  me  a  deere  account. 
1603  —  Meas.  for  M.\.  iii.  49  Moe  reasons  for  this  action 
At  our  more  leysure,  shall  I  render  you.  1651  HOBBES 
Lcviath.  in.  xxxiii.  205  There  can  be  rendred  no  one 
generall  answer  for  them  all.  1662  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacrx 
in.  ii.  §  14  To  see  how  well  he  acquits  himself  in  rendring  an 
account  of  the  Origine  of  the  Universe.  1753  JOHNSON  Diary 
3  Apr.  in  Boswell,  When  I  shall  render  up,  at  the  last  day, 
an  account  of  the  talent  committed  to  me.  1795  NELSON  in 
Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  II.  76  It  is  with  the  greatest  pain 
I  have  to  render  so  long  a  list  of  killed  and  wounded.  1838-9 
FR.  A.  KEMBLE  Raid.  Georgia  (1863)  42  At  the  head  of  each 
gang  [of  negroes]  is  a  driver,.. who  renders  an  account  of 
each  individual  slave  and  his  work  every  evening  to  the 
overseer.  1841  TENNYSON  Morte  d '  Arlh.  74  Thou  hast 
betray'd  thy  nature  and  thy  name,  Not  rendering  true 
answer,  as  beseemed  Thy  fealty. 

t  b.  To  declare,  state.  Obs.  rare. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  11.  iv.  119  Render  to  me  some  corporall 
signe  about  her  More  euident  then  this.  Ibid.  v.  v.  135 
My  bopne  is  that  this  Gentleman  may  render  Of  whom  he 
had  this  Ring. 

11.  To  pay  as  a  rent,  tax,  or  tribute,  or  other 
acknowledgement  of  dependence.  (Cf.  the  sb.  3  b.) 

1526  TINDALE  Prol.  Matt.  Wks.  ^573)  35/1  The  husband 
men.,  would  not  render  to  the  Lorde  of  the  fruit  in  due 
tyme,  and  therfore  [it]  was  taken  from  them.  x6xi  BIBLE 
Mark  xii.  17  Render  to  Cesar  the  things  that  are  Cesars. 
1642  tr.  Perkins'  Prof.  Bk.  v.  §  434.  187  If  the  tenant  had 
been  by  fealtie  and  a  horse  to  be  rendred  yearely.  1727-38 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.  Render  sb.,  Other  [things]  which  He  in 
render,  that  is,  must  be  rendered  or  answered  by  the  tenant, 
as  rents,  reliefs,  heriots,  and  other  services.  1809  BAWDWEN 
Domesday  Bk.  317  It  is  soke,  and  it  is  waste,  and  it  renders 
a  pair  of  spurs.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  iv.  §  i.  158  The 
successors,  .swore  to  observe  the  old  fealty  and  render  the 
old  tribute  to  the  English  Crown. 

fig.    1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  i.  i.  160  My  tributarie  teares, 
I  render  for  my  Bretherens  Obsequies, 
t  b.  To  bring  in,  yield  (a  revenue).  Ol>s.~~l 

1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thcvcnofs  Trav.  I.  16  The  Jesuites 
have  a  Garden,  full  of  Fruit-trees  of  all  sorts,  which  render 
them  a  considerable  Revenue  yearly, 

12.  To  give,  pay,  exhibit,  or  show  (obedience, 
honour,  attention,  etc.)  ;  to  do  (a  service). 

1588  J.  CKAIG  in  Cath.  Tract.  (S.  T.  S.)  249  The  honour  of 
God  _  to  whilkes  al  christien  men  ar  oblesed..to  rander 
obedience.  1630  R.  Johnson's  Kingd.  fy  Commw.  123 
Fealty  and  homage ; . .  which  he  hath  ever  since  the  time  of 
Francis  the  first,  denied  to  render.  1649  Bp.  REYNOLDS 


C.  BRONTE  Villctte  xv,  There  were  personal  attentions  to  be 
rendered.  1880  L.  STEPHEN  Pope  iii.  78  Two  friends  who 
were  to  render  him  some  undefined  assistance. 

ff-  '59?  SHAKS.  Much  Ado  v.  iii.  33  And  Hymen  now 
with  luckier  issue  speeds,  Then  this  for  whom  we  rendred 
vp  this  woe. 

13.  rcfl.  To  present  (oneself),  take  steps  to  be  at 
(tor  in}  a  certain  place.  Hence  intr.  to  be 
present ;  to  hold,  obtain  (rare). 

1619  in  Eng.  ff  Germ.  (Camden)  82  In  regard  of  the  great 
diligence  he  is  to  make  to  render  himself  in  Germany  with 
all  speede  possible.  1640  tr.  Verdere's  Rom.  of  Rom.  i.  i 
All  those  Princes,  .rendred  themselves  at  the  Tent  of  the 
Kmperour  Amadis  of  Greece.  1709  MRS.  MANLEY  Secret 
Mem.  II.  79  Rendring  himself  at  the  Garden-gate,  by  Virtue  ; 


443 

!  °f,,nis  Ke5''  hc  open'd  it.  1754  FRANKLIN  Plan  of  Union 
Wks.  1887  II.  361  The  most  distant  members,  .may  probably 
render  themselves  at  Philadelphia  in  fifteen  to  twenty  days 
1821  SHELLEY  Sel.Lett.  (1882)  173  The  tocsin  of  the  Con 
vent  sounded,  and  it  required  all  the  efforts  of  the  Prioress 
to  prevent  the  Spouses  of  God  from  rendering  themselves 
..to  the  accustomed  signal.  1852  MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett.  II. 
166,  I  rendered  myself  at  Paddington  station  on  Friday 
morning.  1874  COUES  Birds  N.  /K.  374,  I  believe  that 
some  such  quality.. renders  in  the  whole  order, 
t  b.  trans,  in  similar  use.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1637  B.  JONSON  Forest  iv,  To  World  viii,  What  bird  or 
beast.. That  fled  his  cage,  ..wull  Render  his  head  in  there 
agame  I  c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1650)  I.  89  Every  soldier 
. .  costing  him  near  upon  100  crowns  before  he  could  be 
rendered  in  Flanders. 

C.  To  infuse  (a  quality)  into  a  thing,  rare—1. 

a  1887  R.  JEITERIES   The  Open  Air(i&)$  243,  I  wonder 

the  painters.. do  not  sometimes  take  these  scraps  of  earth 

and  render  into  them  the  idea  which  fills  a  clod  with  beauty. 

III.  14.  To  bring  (one)  into  a  state  or  condition 

(oiis.) ;  also,  to  cause  to  be  in  a  certain  state,  rare. 

1490  CAXTON  F.neydos  ix.  37  That  it  maye  playse  the.  .to 
rendre  they m from  theyr  lacyuyte  in-to . .  shamefaste  chasty te. 
1633  FORD  Broken  H.  iv.  i,  Quiet  These  vain  unruly  passions 
which  will  render  you  Into  a  madness,  a  1676  HALE  Prim. 
Orig.  Man.  (1677)  67  He  is  rendred  into  a  capacity,  i.  Of 
knowing  Him:  2.  Of  knowing  his  Will.  1707  Curios,  in 
llusb.  ff  Card.  305  Homberg,  whose  great  Capacity  ..has 
render'd  him  in  mighty  Esteem  with  all  the  Learned.  1810 
S.  GREEN  Reformist  I.  137  The  visionary  schemes  of 
fanaticism  rendered  the  thoughts  of  Percival  in  continual 
terror  of  all  worldly  pleasure. 

tb.  To  present  or  expose  to,  to  bring  under, 
something.  Obs. 

1642  FULLER  Holy  #  Prof.  St.  iv.  xv.  312  Her  private 
virtues  rendring  her  to  the  imitation,  .of  all.  1647  N- 
BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  xxxviii.  (1739)  57  Twelve  men 
enquired  of  the  fame  and  ground  thereof;  which  if  liked, 
rendred  the  party  under  the  spot  of  delinquency,  a  1661 
FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  I.  276  His  having  a  prince's  mind 
imprisoned  in  a  poor  man's  p_urse  rendered  him  to  the  con 
tempt  of  such  who  were  not  ingenuous. 

15.  To  make,  to  cause  to  be  or  become,  of  a 
certain  nature,  quality,  etc.  (Cf.  MAKE  v.  48.) 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  197  It  was  ones  possessed 
of  Englysh  men,  but  it  was  rendred  Frenche,  in  the  tyme 
of  Charles  the  first.  1596  SHAKS.  Mcrch.  lf.  in.  ii.  88  These 
assume  but  valors  excrement,  To  render  them  redoubted. 
1601  —  Jul.  C.  II.  i.  303  O  ye  Gods  !  Render  me  worthy  of 
this  Noble  Wife.  1654  H.  L 'ESTRANGE  Clias.  /  (1655)  146 
That  [testimony]  once  rendred  in-valid,  the  Bishop  could 
easily  prognosticate  hi.s  own  ruine.  1671  MILTON  Samson 
1282  He..Thir  Armories  and  Magazins  contemns,  Renders 
them  useless.  1705  ADDISON  Italy  2  The  Desarts  that  haue 
been  render'd  so  famous  by  the  Penance  of  Mary  Magdalene. 
1771  Juniiis  Lett.  Ixvii.  (1788)  340  note,  He  had  a  friend. . 
whose  advice  rendered  all  their  endeavours  ineffectual.  1818 
CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  VI.  357  Cases  in  which  superadded 
words  of  limitation  may  control  the  word  Keirs,  so  as  to 
render  them  words  of  purchase.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit. 
India  III.  66  The  total  silence.. rendered  it  probable,  that 
the  Burmas  had  not  awaited  the  assault.  1860  TYNDALL 
Glac.  ii.  xix.  334  The  absorbed  heat  is  expended  in  render 
ing  the  substance  viscous.  1886  R.  C.  LESLIE  Sea-painter's 
Log  120  The  big  hybrid  screw  liners  had  already  rendered 
H.M.S.  Queen  an  obsolete  type. 

re/I.  1652  HOWELL  Ciraffi's  Rev.  Naples  n.  85  The 
Spaniards  also  having  rendred  themselves  masters  of  so 
many  Posts.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  q  P.  271  From  a 
Salvage  Prince  [he]  rendred  himself  a  tame  Follower  of 
the  Patriarch. 

t  b.  Const,  with  as  or  to  be.  Obs. 

1663  GERBIER  Counsel  51  The  Tiler,  .renders  the  Noble 
mans  roof,  as  a  beggars  Coate.  1665  J.  WEBB  Stone-Heng 
(I725).I5  So_  many  Segments. .as  are  taken  away,  renders 
the  Figure  inscribed  to  be  a  so-many-sided  Figure.  1719 
W.  WOOD  Sum.  Trade  137  By  this  means  we  render  Foreign 
Colonies  and  Plantations,  to  be  in  effect  the  Colonies  and 
Plantations  of  Great-Britain.  1796  MORSE  Amer.  Geog.  II. 
81  The  great  reformations  introduced..,  as  well  as  the  dis 
coveries  made,  render  former  accounts  to  be  but  little 
depended  on. 

1 16.  To  cause,  produce  (a  feeling).   Obs.  rarer-1. 

1654  tr.  Sciidery's  Curia  Pol.  i  This  action  is  of  such  an . . 
extraordinary  nature,  as  may  render  astonishment  to  the , . 
most  capeable  understandings. 

IV.  17.  techn.  a.  To  melt  (fat,  etc.);  to  obtain 
or  extract  by  melting;  to  clarify.  Cf.  REND  u.2 

CI37S-  [see  RENDERED  ppl.a.\  1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury 
in.  102/2  Render  the  Tallow,  is  to  poure  it  through  a 
Strainer,  to  keep  the  Dross  from  the  pure  Tallow.  1823  J. 
BADCOCK  Dom.  Anmsetn.  149  The  fat.. being  rendered^  or 
melted  down.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  243  Hog's 
lard  is  rendered  in  exactly  the  same  manner  as  mutton  suet. 
1875  Ure's  Diet.  Arts  (ed.  7)  III.  453  It  is  understood  that 
twelve  hours  suffice  to  render  the  oil. 

b.  Plastering.  To  cover  (stone  or  brickwork) 
with  a  first  coating  of  plaster.  Cf.  RENDER-SET. 

1750  Wretfs  Parentalia  309  St.  Andrew's  Wardrobe 
Church,  .was.  .built  of  Brick,  but  finished  or  rendered  over 
in  imitation  of  Stone.  1756  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge 
(1886)  II.  530  For  rendring  the  walls  of  the  Stair-cases 
and  ceilings  of  the  same.  1826  GWILT  Rudiments  Archil. 
Gloss,  s.v.,  The  first  of  three  Coat  work  upon  laths,  or  on 


1900 
•d  is 


1847  SMEATON  Builder's  Man.  128  Rendering  is  the  first 

coat  upon  a  naked  wall ;  thus  we  say,  rendered  and  set.  . . 

Render,  float,  and  set,  is  three-coat  work. 

c.  A'aut.  (See  quots.  and  RENDERING  vbl.sb.  3  b.) 

1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seaman's  Man.  120  Render,  to  pass  a 

rope  through  a  place.    A  rope  is  said  to  render  or  not, 

according  as  it  goes  freely  through  any  place.     1867  SMYTH 

Sailor  s  IVord'Ck.  568  Any  rope,  hawser,  or  cable  is '  ren. 


RENDER-SET. 

dered '  by  easing  it  round  the  bins.    Ibid.,  The  rope  of  a 
laniard  or  tackle  is  said  to  render  when,  by  pulling  upon 
one  part,  each  other  part  takes  its  share  of  the  strain. 
Reuderable  (re-ndarab'l),  a.   rare.     [f.  prec. 
+  -ABLE.]     Capable  of  being  rendered. 
a  1734  NORTH  Lives  (1826)  III.  176  So  that  at  all  times  the 
books  were  an  account  renderable  of  every  branch,    i 
W.  W.  PEYTON  in  Contemp.  Rev.  Oct.  528  The  won 
renderable  only  by  a  phrase. 

Rendered  (re-ndo-id),  ///.  a.  [f.  RENDER  v. 
i  /  a  +  -ED  '.]  Molten,  or  melted. 

C137S  Cursor  M.  23314  (Fairf.),  In  hate  brimstane  &  ren 
dered  lede  bai  salle  be  sette  in  bat  prisoun.  1541  Lam. 
Wills  (Chetham  Soc.)  I.  81  Hole  cakes  of  rendred  tallow 
..  and  Oder  tallowc  unmelted.  1725  BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet. 
s.v.  Swine,  The  Offal  of  rendred  Tallow,  which  will  not 
melt.  1758  GOLUSM.  Mem.  Protestant  (1895)  II.  255  The 
whole  Keel  is.. rubbed  with  rendered  Tallow.  1806  A. 
HUNTER  Cidina  (ed.  3)  94  Fry  them  with  dripping,  or 
rendered  suet,  until  the  fish  become  of  a  light  brown. 

Reilderer  (re-nd.iraj),  sb.  [f.  RE.NDKH  -•.  + 
-ER  '.]  One  who  renders,  in  senses  of  the  vb. 

e  1460  Tmtmclty  Myst.  xxx.  146  Here  is  a  bag  fulle  . .  Of 
flytars,  of  fiyars,  and  renderars  of  reffys.  a  1691  BOYLF. 
C/ir.  \'irtiwso  I.  App.,  Wks.  1772  VI.  679  The  Heathen 
astrologers  and  Tenderers  of  oracles  wisely  forbore  to  venture 
on  such  predictions.  1695  ].  EDWARDS  Perfect.  Script.  528 
He  is  a  most  exact  Tenderer  of  the  true  sense.  1821  SCOTT 
Pirate  v,  Mrs.  Baby,  as  we  have  described  her,  was  no  will 
ing  Tenderer  of  the  rites  of  hospitality.  1865  MASSON  Rcc. 
l>rit.  rhilos.  gr  Wordsworth  here  is  but  a  Tenderer  of  the 
Transcendentalism  of  Plato. 

Rendering  (re-ndarirj),  tibl.  sb.    [-ING  i.] 

1.  The  action  of  restoring,  surrendering,  yielding, 
giving,  etc. ;  also,  that  which  is  yielded  or  given. 

c  1440  Promp.  Pan:  429/2  Renderynge,  reiidicio.  1474 
CAXTON  Chesse  95  God  at  the  lenyng  &  the  deuyll  atte 
rendryng.  1568  GRAFTON  Chroa.  II.  605  To  intreate  or 
speake  of  the  rendering  of  thys  towne.  1646  EVANCK  Koble 
Ord.  20  The  rule  of  Gods  rendrings  to  the  Creature,  is  ac 
cording  to  our  workes.  c  1685  P.  HENRY  in  M.  Henry  /<  'ks . 
l&53  II.  746/2  Alas!  our  renderings  are  nothing  to  our 
receivings;  we  are  like  the  barren  field.  1872  RUSKIN 
Eagle's  N.  §  213  Love  itself  is,  in  its  highest  state,  the 
rendering  of  an  exquisite  praise  to  body  and  soul.  1889 
Times  10  Dec.  9  The  rendering  in  chromic  acid  is  much 
higher  for  the  Macedonian  mineral. 

2.  a.  Translation,  interpretation. 

1641  J.  JACKSON  True  Evang.  7".  HI.  217  Those. .Trans- 


the  rendering  of  this  place  the  elder  translations  have  been 
more  faithful.  1774  J.  BRYANT  Mythol.  (1775)  I.  8  By  which 
is  meant  the  land  of  Metzor,  a  different  rendering  of  Mysor. 
1863  D.  VfiLSOilfreA.  Ann.  II.  iv.  iv.  286  Some  of  them 
are  open  to  conjectural  renderings  of  diverse  significance. 
1883  M.  ARNOLD  in  igt/i  Cent.  XIII.  589  Correct  rendering 
is  very  often  conspicuously  absent  from  our  authorised  ver 
sion  of  the  Old  Testament. 

b.  Reproduction,  representation,  performance. 
1862  S.  LUCAS  Secnlaria  67  Almost  all  the  copyists  of 
history  hitherto  have  been  more  or  less  mistaken  in  their 
rendering  of  the  past.  1881  Athcnxum  10  Sept.  347/2  The 
rendering  of  the  cantata.,  was  excellent.  1893  Times  29  Apr. 
13/3  The  painter  has  shown  himself  extremely  skilful  in  his 
rendering  of  curious  effects  of  light. 
3.  techn.  a.  The  action  of  plastering  with  a  first 
coat  ;  the  work  so  done  ;  the  plaster  thus  applied. 
Also  (in  Ireland),  a  coating  of  mortar  used  on  the 
underside  of  slating  to  keep  the  slates  firm. 

1659  HOWELL  Vocab.  Ii,  Lime,  oxhair,  .  .  rendring,  clear 
lime.  1663  GERBIER  Coimse/Si  The  workmanship  only  in.. 
rendering  two  p_ence  a  yard.  1667  PRIMATT  City  ff  C.  Build. 
89  For  Plaistering,  Lathing  and  Rendring  at  one  shilling  a 
yard.  1707  MORTIMER  Hitsb.  (1721)  I,  383  Rendring  on  a 
Brick-wall  is  Three-pence  a  Yard.  1798  J.  HUTTON  Course 
Math.(.iteS)\\.  88  Plasterers'  work  is  of  two  kinds  ;  namely, 
ceiling,  which  is  plastering  on  laths;  and  rendering,  whicli 
is  plastering  on  walls.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  6>/rrar\  Mechanic 
613  By  set  is  denoted  a  superficial  coat  of  fine  stuff  or  putty 
upon  the  rendering.  1889  2ist  Rep.  Dep.  Kpr.  Ircl.  18 
The  dust  and  broken  mortar,  which  accumulate  owing  to 
the  fall  of  the  rendering  from  the  roof. 

b.  Chiefly  Naut.  Yielding,  slipping,  or  running 
out  of  tackle  or  lines. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780^  Rendering,  as  a  sea- 
term,.  .is  usually  expressed  of  a.,  tackle,  laniard,  or  lashing, 
.  .incontra-distmction  to  sticking  or  jamming.  1875  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Mech.  1916/1  To  rack  a  tackle  is  to  seize  the  parts  to 
gether  and  prevent  rendering.  1894  Outing  (U.S.)  XXIV. 
227/2  Placing  the  thumb  lightly  upon  the  spool  [of  the 
fishing-rod]  to  control  the  rendering  of  the  line. 

O.  Extracting  or  melting  of  fat,  etc.   Also  attrib. 

c  1865  LETHEBY  in  Circ.  Sc.  I.  94/1  Another  mode  of  render 

ing,  is  to  submit  the  melted  tallow  to  the  action  of  steam. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1916/2  Rendering  apparatus,  an 

apparatus  for  extracting  oil  or  lard  from  fatty  animal  matters. 

Re'iidering,  ///•  a.  rare.    [f.  RENDER  v.  + 

-ING  2.]    t  a.  Giving  a  reason,    b.  Yielding.   Obs. 

a.  1571  GOLDING  Cahin  on  Ps.  Ix.  13  The  copulative  (and) 


a  thing  going  before  ;  as  for,  because. 

b.  a  1600  MONTGOMERIE  Misc.  Poems  xxviii.  33  The 
rendring  reid,  whilk  bouis  with  euerie  blast. 

Render-set,  v.,  a.,  and  sb.  [See  RENDER  v. 
I7b.]  a.  vb.  trans.  To  cover  (a  wall,  etc.)  with 
two  coats  of  plaster,  b.  adj.  Consisting  of  two 
coats.  C.  sb.  Plastering  of  two  coats. 

1833  LOUDON  Fncycl.  Archit.  §  80  To  lathe.  .the  ceilings 
of  the  kitchen,  bed-room,,  .render  set  the  walls  and  parti 
tions.  Ibid.  §  89  One  hundred  and  twenty-one  and  a  third 

66-2 


RENDEZVOUS. 

yards  of  render-set  plastering.  Ibid.  §  246  One  hundred 
and  fifty-five  yards  of  floated  render  set.  l84zGwiLT  Arckit. 
§  =348  The  following  materials  are  required  for  loo  yards  of 
render  set 

Rendezvous  (re'ndev/7,  rand^vw),^.  PI.  ren 
dezvous  ;  formerly  also  rendezvouses.  Forms  : 
a.  6-7  rendez  vouz,  7  vous,  -vous,  -vows,  ren- 
desvouz,  reudizvouse,  7-8  rendesvous,  ren- 
dezvouz,  (7  -vouze,  8  -vouse),  7-  rendezvous ; 
6-8  rendevous,  -vouz(e,  7  -vouez,  7  rendevou, 
-vow,  ren-de-vou.  /3.  7  randez-,  8  randiz- 
vous;  6-7  raudevous,  7  -vouee,  -vouze,  -vowes, 
raudivous,  -voze,  raudavus,  9  dial,  randi- 
voose,  -vooze;  7  raudevow,  -voo,  randavou, 
-vow,  9  dial,  randivoo,  -ibo.  [F.,  subst.  use  of 
rendez  vous  '  present  or  betake  yourselves,'  2nd 
pi.  pres.  imper.  of  rendre  to  RENDEK.] 

1.  Mil.  A  place  appointed  for  the  assembling  of 
troops  or  armed  forces. 

1591  CONINGSBY  Siege  Rouen  in  Camden  Misc.  (1847)  I.  22 
Our  army  was  marched,  .within  a  myle  of  Roan,  where  the 
rendevous  was  appoynted.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  x.  xxxiii. 
375  He  proclaimed  the  Rendez. vous  at  Sora,  for  his  Soldiers 
there  to  meete.  1625  SIR  T.  DUTTON  in  Fortcsciie  Papers 
(Camden)  212  So  remote  a  place  as  Giteringberke  assigned 
for  our  randevowes  at  this  tyme  of  the  yeare.  1630  M. 
GODWYN  tr.  Bf.  Hereford s  Ann.  Eng.  19  Alnewike  is 
appointed  the  rendez-vous  where  all  the  troupes  should 
meete  at  a  set  day.  1732  LEDIAKD  Sethos  II.  vn.  19  It  was 
highly  necessary  to  have  a  place  of  arms,  a  place  of  defence, 
and  a  rendezvous.  1772  SIMES  Milit.  Guide  11781)  n  The 
order  of  the  march  of  the  troops  must  be  so  disposed,  that 
each  should  arrive  at  their  rendezvous,  if  possible,  on  the 
same  day.  1826  SCOTT  Woodst.  xxii,  I  have  . .  commis 
sioned  arms,  levied  money,  appointed  rendezvouses.  1874 
FROUDE  Eng.  in  Irel.  III.  x.  i.  357  Every  man  who  could 
shoulder  a  pike  was  off  to  the  rendezvous. 

b.  A  place  or  port  fixed  upon,  or  suitable,  for 
the  assembling  of  a  fleet  or  number  of  ships ;  also, 
instructions  concerning  a  rendezvous  (quot.  1813). 
1600  HAKLUYT  Voy,  (1810)  III.  188  Such  harbors  of  the 
Newfoundland  as  were  agreed  for  our  Rendez-vouz.  1653 
Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  II.  180  For  the  fleet..  Niewport  i 
writte  that  they  had  their  randevous  at  the  Barbados.  1745 
P.THOMAS  Jrnl.Anson's  Voy.b$  All  the  Ships  had  Orders, 
in  case  of  Separation,  for  several  Rendezvouses.  1798 
NELSON  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1846)  VII.  p.  cli,  I  hope  to  find 
all  the  Frigates  on  the  Rendezvous.  1813  WELLINGTON  in 
Gurw.  Dcsp.  (1838)  XI.  162  It  does  however  appear  to  me 
extraordinary  that  any  master  of  a  transport  should  think 
of  running  to  any  port  not  in  his  rendezvous.  1872  YEATS 
Growth  Comm.  221  The  Dutch  West  India  Company. . 
found  its  bay  an  invaluable  rendezvous  for  the  fleet  cruising, 
t  O.  A  station  for  the  supply  of  men  to  the  navy. 
Obs.  Also  attrib. 

1770  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  169/1  AH  the  rendezvous- 
lieutenants  attended  the  Lord-Mayor  ..  in  order  to  have 
their  warrants  new  backed  for  pressing.  1771  Hid.  71/2 
Hearing  he  was  on  board  the  Oxford  at  Chatham,  she 
entered  at  the  rendezvous  in  London,  for  the  same  ship. 

2.  In  general  use  :  An  appointed  place  of  meeting 
or  gathering  ;  a  place  of  common  resort. 

159$  LYLY  Moth.  Bomb.  11.  v,  A  tauerne  is  the  Randeuous, 
the  Exchange,  the  staple  for  good  fellowes.  1613  OVER- 
BURY  A  Wife,  etc.  (1638)  297  The  bed  is  the  best  Rendevou 
of  mankind.  1663  GERBIEK  Counsel  99  Foul  creatures,  who 
as  soon  gotten  into  a  Court  make  it  their  randevouze.  1691 
WOOD  Ath.  Oxon.  I.  500  During  his  stay  in  the  University 
of  Oxford,  his  Chamber  was  the  rendezvouz  of  all  the 
eminent  Wits.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  xvni.  377  Hence  to  the  i 
vagrant's  rendezvous  repair.  1777  ROBERTSON  Hist.  A mcr. 
(1778)  II.  v.  no  His  quarters  became  the  rendezvouz  of  the 
malcontents.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xi,  The  place  which 
he  had  named  as  a  rendezvous,  .was  held  in  general  to  be 
accursed.  1869  TOZER  Highl.  Turkey  I.  308  They  have. . 
the_power  of  meeting  on  their  own  account,  in  which  case  , 
their  rendezvous  is  a  church. 
b.  trails/,  andyijf. 

1608  E.  GRIMSTONE  Hist.  France  (161 1)  A  ij  b,  This  citie  of    ! 
Paris,.. the  Rendez-vous  of  the  greatest  miracles  in  the 
world.    1647  HARVEY  Schola.  Cordis  vii.  8  Thy  body  is 
disease's  rendevouze.    1679  Land.  Gaz.  No.  1406/1  Field- 
Conventicles,  those  Rendezvouses  of  Rebellion. 
f3.   A  place  of  individual  resort;    a   retreat, 
refuge.    Oos. 

159*  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  iy,  rv.  i.  57  A  Randeuous,  a  Home  to 
flye  vnto.  1599  —  Hen.  V,  v.  i.  88  Newes  haue  I  that  my 
Doll  is  dead . .  and  there  my  rendeuous  is  quite  cut  off.  1641 
H.  THORNDIKE  Govt.  Churches  34  This  was  a  convenient 
rendez-vous  for  the  Apostle,  in  the  mean  while,  to  preach 
the  Gospel  in  the  parts  of  Epirus.  c  1645  HOWELL  Lett. 
(1650)  1. 1.  ii,  I  must  make  my  addresse  to  you,  for  I  haue 
no  other  Rendevous. 

fta.  A  last  resort  or  shift.   Ois.  rare—'. 
'599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  11.  i.  18  When  I  cannot  Hue  any 
longer,  I  will  doe  as  1  may :  That  is  my  rest,  that  is  the 
rendeuous  of  it. 

t  o.  A  depot  or  store  of  provisions.  Obs.  ~ l 
1608  CAPT.  SMITH  True  Relat.  35,  16  daies  provision  we 
had. .besides  our  randevous  we  could,  and  might,  haue  hid 
in  the  ground. 

1 4.  To  make  or  keep  (one's)  rendesvous,  to  meet, 

or  be  in  the  habit  of  meeting,  in  or  at  a  place.  Obs. 

IS99  SANDYS  Europx  Spec.  (1632)  244,  Good  companions 

and  tune-serues,   who.. make  their    Rendez-vows  always 

where  the  best  Cheere  is  stirring.     1624  GEE  Foot  out  of 

Stiare  v.  38  The  feminine  and  softer  sex.  .keep  there  their 

lendeuouz.     1637   North's  Plutarch,  Dionysius   946   To 

make  their  rende-vous  with  their  Armes  at  a  day  set  down 

at  thelowne  of  the  Leontines.     1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones 

viii.  xui,  The  tavern  where  we  kept  our  rendezvous. 

t  b.  transf.  of  things.   Obs.  rare. 


444 

1622  J.  REYNOLDS  God's  Revenge  m.  HLst.  xv,  The  Lake 
of  Geneva  . .  payes  its  ful!  tribute,  and  make[s]  its  chiefest 
Rendezvous  before  that  City.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  505 
There  is  a  certaine  place  of  sea,  where  these  destracted 
tydes  make  their  rancountering  Kandeuouze. 

5.  A  meeting  or  assembly  held  by  appointment 
or  arrangement;  false,  an  assemblage  or  gathering 
of  persons  thus  brought  together. 

1600  FAIRFAX  Tasso  i.  xix,  The  captaines  cald  foorthwith 
from  euery  tent,  Vnto  the  Rende-vous  he  them  inuites. 
1628  WITHER  Brit.  Rememb.  iv.  211  Her  great  Hall,  wherein 
So  great  a  Randevow  had  lately  bin.  1672  CAVE  Prim. 
Chr,  in.  ii.  (1673)  263  Here  was  a  whole  randezvouz  of 
Cripples.  1683  Brit.  Spec.  78  Here  he  commands  a  general 
Rendezvouz  of  all  his  Naval  Forces.  1718  Bp.  HUTCH INSON 
Witchcraft  43  She  met  a  Rendezvous  of  above  Sixty 
Witches.  1771  SMOLLETT  Hnmph,  CL  17  May,  He  would 
not  fall  to  give  him  the  rendezvous  at  the  hour  he  men 
tioned.  1819  SCOTT  Ivanhoe  ii,  Some  rendezvous  which 
had  occupied  the  hours  of  darkness,  1865  DICKENS  Mitt. 
Fr.  m.  vii,  As  if  they  had  all  been  out.. and  were  punctual 
at  a  general  rendezvous  to  assist  at  the  secret. 

attrib.  1792  A.  YOUNG  Trav.  France  57  Music,  chess, 
and  the  other  common  amusements  of  a  rendezvouz-room. 


KENDITION. 

Confer.  310  If  all  Men  are  to  be  rendevouz'd  in  a  General 
Assembly  to  receive  severally  every  one  his  Final  Doom  ? 
rcfl.  1674  TILLOTSON  Serin,  i.  (1678)  41  How  the  innumer 
able  blind  parts  of  matter  should  rendezvous  themselves  into 
a  world.  1684  T.  SMITH  in  Phil.  Trans.  XIV.  443  The 
publick  Coffee-houses  . .  where  the  malecontents  used  to 
rendezvouz  themselves. 

f  4.   To  crowd  about,  hem  in  (a  person).  Obs.  —' 
a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  II.  326  A  gentleman .. was 
so  rendezvoused  about  with  beggars  in  London,  that  it  cost 
him  all  the  money  in  his  purse  to  satisfy  their  importunity. 
Hence  f  Ke'ndezvouser,  an  associate.     Obs.—1 
a  1734  NORTH  Lives  (1826)  I.  309  His  lordship  retained 
such  a  veneration  for  the  memory  of  his  noble  friend  and 
patron.. that  all  the  old  rendezvousers  with  him  were  so 
with  his  lordship. 

Re-ndezvousing,  vbl.  sb.     [-INGI.]     The 

action  of  the  vb.  RENDEZVOUS. 

1679  KING  in  G.  Hickes  Spirit  of  Popery  31,  I  am.  .far 
from  acknowkdging^hat^he  Gospel  Preached  that  way,  is 


a  Rendezvouzing  in  Rebellion.  1758  Descr.  Thames  Index 
289  Rendezvousing  of  the  Herrings  and  Cod  annually.  1708 
Hull  Advertiser?,  Sept.  2/3  The  General  was  attacked  on 

-  •"-  --"-•  •"""•  the  very  point  of  rendezvousing 

ft).  I  he  assembling,  or  an  assemblage,  of  things.          attrib.  1707  Vnlpone  22  The  rendevouzing  Clause  of  their 
632  J.  HALL  Height  of  Eloquence  p.  xxii,  It  appears  not    :    Act  of  Security.    \^g  Free-thinker  No.  108.  ii,  I  discovered 

her,  Three  Rendezvousing  Nights  successively,  at  the 
Haunted  House. 

t  Re  nditale,  a.1  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  F.  rentable : 
see  RENDEU  v.  and  -ABLE,  -IDLE.]  That  may  be 
given  up,  or  translated. 

i6n  COTGR.,  Rendakle,  rendible.  renderable,  yeeldable, 
restorable.  1650  HOWELL  Lett.  Addit.  xxi.  35  Evry  language 
hath  certain  Idiomes,  proverbs  and  peculiar  expressions  of  its 
own  which  are  not  rendible  in  any  other  but  paraphrastically. 

Re'ndlble,  a.-  rare-",  [f.  REND  v.  +  -IBLE.] 
That  may  be  rent  (Worcester  1860). 

Rending  (re-ndin),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  REND  z>.l  + 
j  -ING  i.]  TEe  action  of  the  vb. ;  also  with  a  and 
i  //.,  an  instance  of  this. 

c  1400  Chaucer's  Knt.'s  T.  1976  (Harl.  MS.),  At  troye  alias 
be  pile  bat  was  bere,  Cracchyng  of  cheekes,  rendyng  eek  of 
here.  1:1440  Promp.  Pant.  429/2  Rendynge  a-sundyr, 
laceracio.  1530  PALSGR.  262/1.  1633  SWAN  Spec.  M.  v.  §  2 
(1643)  117  A  noise  like  to  the  rending  of  broad  cloth.  1651 


**o*  j.  nAub  itii^ni.  cj  j-.n/ij nLtu.c  v  A.MI,  11  appears  nui 
a  single  passion,  but  a  conllux  and  general  rendez  vouz  of 
them  all.  1663  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacra;  in.  ii.  §  n  All  the 
account  we  have  of  the  Origine  of  the  world,  is  from  this 
generall  Rendes-vous  of  Atoms  in  this  infinite  space.  1680 
MOKDEN  Gcvg.  Reel,  Introd.  (1685)  6  The  Ocean  is  a  general 
Collection  or  Rendezvouz  of  all  Waters. 

6.  Without  article,  \-nflace  {point,  fort,  etc.)  of 
retulez-vous. 

1600  J.  PORV  tr.  Leo's  Africa  45  A  place  of  Rendeuous  or 
meeting  for  all  such  as  trauell  in  Carauans  from  Tombuto. 
1658  \V.  BURTOX  Itin,  Antonin.  70  Their  place  of  recourse, 
or  rendezvous,  when  they  acted  their  seeming  extasies.  1711 
STEELE  Spect.  No.  49  r  4  The  Coffee-house  is  the  Place  of 
Rendezvous  to  all  that  live  near  it.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  i. 
vi.  57  The  first  place  of  rendezvous  should  be  the  bay  of 
port  St.  Julian.  1833  HT.  MARTIXEAU  Charmed  Sea  vi.  99 
The  one  chosen  by  the  Poles  for  their  point  of  rendezvous. 
1847  DE  O.UINCEY  Sp.  Mil.  Nun  x.  Wks.  1853  III.  20  St. 
Lucar  being  the  port  of  rendezvous  for  the  Peruvian  expedi 
tion.  1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  II.  lor  They 
themselves  indicate  neither  name  nor  place  of  rendezvous. 

Rendezvous  (rc'ndrw/,  -\i~iz,  rantVvz*),  v. 
Forms :  a.  7  rendevoze,  -vooze,  -vouze,  7-8 
-vouz,  8  -vous;  7-8  rendes-,  rendezvouz(e,  7- 
rendezvous  (7  -vouse;  pa.  t.  -voued).  j8.  7 
randevous,  raudezvouse.  [f.  prec.] 

1.  intr.  To  assemble  at  a  place  previously  ap 
pointed;  also  generally,  to  assemble,  come  to 
gether,  meet :  a.  of  troops,  fleets,  etc. 

c  1645  T.  TULLV  Siege  of  Carlisle  (1840)  28  They  suborn'd 
great  Companies,  .to  come  and  rendevoze  at  Penrith.  1665 
Sura.  Aff.  Netkerl.  74,  2800  sail  of  ships  Rendesvouzed  in 
the  Sea-towns  of  Holland.  1678  HICKES  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett. 
Ser.  ii.  IV.  46  Thereupon  they  resolved  to  rebel  and  in 
order  thereto  rendezvous  this  day  in  the  Stewartry  of  Gallo 
way.  1707  E.  CHAMBERLAVNE  Pres.  St.  Eng.  i.  iii.  16  Spit- 
head  . .  is  a  Road  where  the  Navy-Royal  does  frequently 
Rendevouz.  1780  JEFFERSON  Corr.  Wks.  1859  I.  250  Our  new 
recruits  will  rendezvous  in  this  State  between  the  loth  and 
25th  instant.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  iv.  i.  38  After 
rendezvousing  at  Batavia,  the  united  fleet  appeared  on  the 
coast  of  Coromandel.  1885  G.  S.  FORBES  Wild  Life  in 
Canara  20  They  were  also  instructed  to  rendezvous  promptly 
..at  any  point  which  might  be  threatened. 

b.  of  persons  in  general,  animals,  or  things. 
1662  STILLINGFU  Orig.  Sacrz  m.  ii.  |  17  Particles,  which 

will,  .never  rest  till  they  come  to  that  empty  space,  where 
they  may  again  Rendezvous  together.  16*5  PEPVS  Diary 
13  Sept,  Here  we  rendezvoused  at  Captain  Cocke's,  and 
there  eat  oysters.  1679  Establ.  Test  25  In  a  place  remote 
trom  his  quarter,  he  rendevouzes  with  his  fellow  adventurers 
1700  BLACKMORE  Paraphr.,  34^  ch.  Isa.  264  The  vultures 
there  and  all  the  eagle  kind  Shall  rendezvous.  1771  G. 
WHITE  Selborne  xlvii,  They  [swallows]  rendezvoused  in 
a  neighbour's  walnut  tree.  1834  MARRVAT  P.  Simple  (1863) 
46  Ihe  Blue  Posts,  where  we  always  rendezvoused,  was 
hardly  opened.  1838  CHAMBERS  Inform,  (ed.  4)  I.  709/1 
lhat  the  herring  do  not  rendezvous  even  in  the  deeper 
parts  of  pur  own  seas.  1887  STEVENSON  Merry  Men,  etc.  285 
1  he  fugitives  rendezvous'd  in  the  arbour. 

c.  To  band  together,   rare—1. 

1815  MAR.  EDCEWOKTH  Love  $  Law  I.  ii,  They  have  all 
rendezvous  d  to  drive  me  mad. 

1 2.  Of  a  commander  :  To  assemble  his  troops  or 
fleet.  Obs. 

1652  C  B.  STAPYLTON  Herodian  130  There  at  first  he 
should  have  rendevoz'd.  1704  HEARNE  Duct.  Hist.  (1714) 
1.  384  Caesar.. rendevouz'd  at  Brundusium,  shipped  off  his 
twelve  I-egions,  and  sailed  to  Epirus.  1745  H.  WALPOLE 
Lett.  (1846)  II.  85  The  Duke.. will  rendezvous  at  Stone. 

A.  trans.  To  bring  together  (troops  or  ships)  at 
a  fixed  place.  Now  only  U.S. 

i6s4-«  EARL  ORRERY  Parthen.  (1676)672  Having  Rendez 
vous  d  on  the  Banks  of  the  River  Calpes  thirty  thousand 
Foot,  he  order  d  them  to  move.  01700  KEN  Edmund 
Poet.  Wks.  172,  II.  179  Their  Naval  Strength  o'er  all  their 
Ports  diffus  d,  They  at  a  Day  appointed  rendezvous'd.  1780 
JEFFERSON  in  Sparks  Corr.  Amer.  Rev.  (1853)  III.  n  I 
think  the  men  will  be  rendezvoused  within  the  present 
month.  1895  J.  WINSOR  Afississ.  Basin.  404  Amherst..had 
rendezvoused  at  Oswego  about  eleven  thousand  men. 

b.  To   bring  together,   collect,  assemble  (per 
sons  or  things).  ?  Obs. 

1670  EACHARD  Cont.  Clergy  34  [He]  minces  the  Text  so 
small,  that  his  Parishioners,  until  he  rendevouz  it  again  can 
scarce  tell  what's  become  of  it.  a  1680  CHARNOCK  A  ttrib.  God 
(1834)  II.  371  What  legions  of  angels  might  he  have  ren. 
dezvoued  from  heaven.  1719  J.  T.  PHILIPPS  tr.  Thirty.foitr 


BAKKWELL  Introd.  Geol.  (1815)  241  Virgil  refers  to  the 
rending  of  rocks  as  one  of  the  common  effects  of  lightning. 
1899  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VI.  370  The  rending  or  otherwise 
i  yielding  of  the  coats  of  the  vessel  was  accompanied  hy 
severe  pain. 

attrib.^  1832  Quarterly  Jrnl.  Agric.  III.  651  The  next 
proceeding;  [in  hurdle-making)  is  rending  the  different 
pieces  :  this  is  done  at  the  rending  frame. 

b.  A  rent  piece  or  fragment.     In  quot.  fig. 

1859  I.  TAYLOR  Logic  in.  TheoL  234  Men  who.  .bring  with 
them  bits  and  rendings  of  their  academic  whims. 

R/e'lidillg,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.J  That 
rends  :  a.  In  transitive  senses. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  i.  met.  i,  For  lo  Rendyng  Muses  of 
poetes  enditen  tomethinges  to  ben  writen.  i68i(TRVON  Way 
to  Hcaltk  402  Being  of  a  terrible,  rending,  tearing,  devilish, 
fierce  Nature,  a  1693  Urqithart's  Rabelais  in.  xxxii.  270 


ng  choice  to  make.    1899  Allbit 

Syst.^Med.  VI.  47  It  [anginal  pain]  may  be  most  acute  and 
agonizing,  of  a  rending  character. 
b.  In  intransitive  senses. 

1718  ROWE  tr,  Lifcan  i.  289  Darts  the  swift  Lightning 
from  the  rending  cloud.      1758  BEATTIE  Elegy  82  O  happy 
stroke,  that.  .Darts  through  the  rending  gloom  the  blaze  of 
j    day.      1839-52  BAILEY  Festus  58  The  world  shall  stand  still 
with  a  rending  jar.     1840  R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast  xxxii.  120 
With  a  creaking  and  rending  sound. 
Rendition  (rendi-Jsn).     [a.  obs.  F.  rendition 
(  =  Sp.  rettdicion),  f.  rendre  to  RENDEB.] 
1.  The  surrender  of  a  place,  garrison,  possession, 
etc.     (Common  in  1 7th  c.) 

1601  Q.  ELIZ.  in  Moryson  Itin.  (1617)  II.  200  We  receiued 
(with  much  contentment)  the  newes  of  the  rendition  of 
Kinsale.  1675  G.  TOWERSON  Decalogue  267  Where  the 
Throne  becomes  empty,  as  it  is  by  the  Rendition  of  those 
that  before  sate  in  it.  1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxon.  II.  703 
After  the  rendition  of  Oxford  to  the  Parliament  forces,  he 
lived  for  some  time  in  the  Middle  Temple.  1711  Fingall 
MSS.  in  latA  Ref.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  169  To 
freighten . .  that  puissant  garrison  to  a  rendition.  1826  SCOTT 
Mai.  Malagr.  i,  Not  in  right  of  conquest,  or  rendition. 
1894  Athenseum  26  May  678/1  He  then  discusses ..  the 
rendition  of  Mysore. 

fig.  1682  FLAVEL  Fear  54  Fear,  .treats  with  the  tempter 
about  terms  of  rendition. 

b.  The  surrender  of  a  person. 

1649  MILTON  Eikon.  Wks.  1851  III.  367  His  rendition 
afterward  to  the  Scotch  Army.  1670  TEMPLE  Let.  Wks. 
1731  II.  212  Their  Answer  was,  That  there  was  no  need  of 
distinguishing  the  Renditions  of  the  Colony.  1860  S.  ELIOT 
in  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  8)  XXI.  442/2  The  rendition  of  fugitive 
slaves  by  the  Northern  States.  1864  SALA  in  Daily  Tel. 
13  Sept.,  Mr.  Seward  can  scarcely  place  any  obstacles  in 
the  way  of  the  rendition  of  this  man. 

fc.  The  giving  up  or  back  of  something;  return, 
restoration.  Obs. 

1652  KIRKMAN  Clerio  ff  Lozia  148  She  lost  her  speech, 
which  love  soon  made  rendition  of  unto  her.     1666  J.  SMITH 
Old  Age  46  They  have  assigned  unto  it  [memory]  three 
operations,  viz.  Reception,  Retention,  and  Rendition. 
2.  Translation,  rendering.    Now  U.  S. 
1659  PEARSON  Creed  (1839)  231  It  is.  .acknowledged  that 
the  most  ancient  interpreters  were  divided  in  their  rendi- 


EENDLES. 

tioni.  a  1716 SOUTH  Serm.  (1744)  VII.  27  The  Jews.. charge 
Paul  as  a  perverter  of  the  prophet's  meaning,  in  a  false 
rendition  of  the  sense  of  the  place.  1858  in  liartlett  Diet, 
Aitter.  (1859)  360  The  closest  po.ssible  rendition  of  the  mean 
ing  of  the  original  text  of  the  Scriptures  into  English.  1875 
STEDMAN  Victorian  Poets  275,  I  will  not  omit  mention  of 
Calverley's  complete  rendition  of  Theocritus. 

3.  U.S.  The  action  of  rendering,  giving  out  or 
forth,  acting,  performing,  etc. 

1858  in  Bartlett  Diet.  Amcr.  (1850)  360  On  the  rendition 
of  the  verdict,  the  large  audience  present  manifested 
enthusiastic  approbation.  1877  H.  H.  FURNKSS  HainUt  I. 
Pref.  14  In  their  rendition  of  Hamlet  by  the  Messrs. 
Devrient.  1880  L.  WALLACE  Btn-Hur  (1887)  266  When  he 
spoke,  the  account  seemed  to  have  rendition  from  both  of 
them  jointly. 

4.  U.  S.  The  amount  produced  or  rendered  ;  the 
yield  (of  silk).  1889  in  Funk's  Stand.  Diet. 

Rendizvouse,  obs.  form  of  RENDEZVOUS  sb. 

Re'ndles.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms :  5  renne- 
lesse,  renlys,  6  renlesse,  renels ;  5  rendlys, 
6-7  -les,  8  -less ;  7  rindles,  9  dial,  rindless, 
(-lass,  -lis).  [prob.  repr.  an  OE.  *rynels  =  Flem. 
ren-,  rin-,  runsel  (Kilian),  Ger.  dial,  rensel,  rinse! 
(Diefenbach) :  see  RUN  v.  and  -ELS.  Palsgrave 
gives  also  the  form  ronnclles.]  Rennet,  runnel. 

c  1440  Prowp.  ran'.  429/2  Renlys,  or  rendlys,  for  mylke 
\K.  rennelesse,  P.  reneU],  coagvluin.  1530  PALSGR.  262/1 
Rendles  for  a  chese,  fresure.  Ibid.,  Renlesse  to  make 
cheese  with,  presure.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  \.  486  As  white 
as  milke,  and  as  good  as  rendles  to  giue  the  forme  to 
cheese.  Ibid.  II,  166  It  will  cruddle  milke  as  wel  as  rennet 
or  rindles.  1784  TWAMLEY  Dairying  loCollecting  the  Curd 
at  the  bottom  of  the  Tub  or  Pan,  after  the  runnet  or  rendless 
has  done  its  duty.  1879  ^lss  JACKSON  Sliropslt.  ]Vord-bk, 
352  The  rindless  obtained  from  a  calf  wTiose  '  nursing 
mother  '  grazes  the  pasture  common  to  the  dairy  stock. 

Rendle-wood.  dial.  [app.  f.  REND  ».i  3  d.] 

Barked  oak.     Also  attrib. 

1887  T.  HARDY  IVoodlandcrs  III.  iv.  67  A  heap  of  rendle-  i 
wood — as  barked  oak  was  here  called,  a  igoo  —  Tess  xii,  : 
She  was  kindling  'rendlewood'  (barked-oak)  twigs  under  I 
the  breakfast  kettle. 

t  Re'ndling,  vbl.sb.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  rendle, 
back-formation  on  RENDLES.]  Curdling,  setting. 

1784  TWAMLEY  Dairying  33  The  rendling  of  Cheese 
causeth  a  very  great  Fermentation. 

Rendoun,  obs.  form  of  RANDOM. 

Rendrock  (re-ndrpk).  [f.  REND  n.l  +  ROCK  rf.] 
A  kind  of  explosive. 

1880  Libr.  Univ.  Knowl.  (N.  Y.)  II.  628  The  explosives 
were  dynamite,  rendrock  and  vulcan  powder.  1881  LOCK 
Spans'  Encycl.  III.  901  A  number  of  semi-solid  mixtures, 
such  as  dynamite,  . .  giant  powder,  rendrock. 

t  Re'ndry.  Obs.  [f.  RENDER  v.  +  -(B)T  :  cf. 
surrendry,]  Surrender. 

1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxvi.  xvii.  596  Touching  the  rendrie 
and  deliverie  of  the  fortresses  in  every  cittie.  1613  CIIAT- 
MAN  Odyss.  xxt.  26  For  whose  just  And  instant  rendry  old 
Laertes  sent  Ulysses  his  ambassador. 

1"  Re  lldy.  Obs.  rare.  [app.  ad.  F.  rendcz  in 
rendezvous  RENDEZVOUS.]  A  rendezvous ;  also,  an 
arrangement  or  disposal  of  troops. 

1581  STYWARD  Mart.  Discipl.  n.  134  Staie  thee  neere  thy 
trench  till  thou  hast  viewed  thy  selfe  and  the  rendies  of  the 
enimies;  that  is,  how  manie  battailes,  how  they  are  placed, 
of  what  condition,  and  where  they  are  disposed  to  fight. 
1596  DKAYTON  Piers  Gavcston  Wks.  (1748)  212  The  Barons 
then  from  Bedford  setting  on,  (Th'appomted  rendy  where 
they  gather'd  head). 

t  Rene,  obs.  form  of  REAN,  furrow,  balk. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  \.  61  Withouten  moold  admyxt, 
ner  sondy  lene,  Nor  hungry  cley,  ner  stonys  ful  vche  rene. 
Ibid.  159  Sette  not  out  thi  landis  faat  or  lene  To  hym  whos 
lond  adioyneth  on  thy  rene. 

Rene,  obs.  form  of  RAIN  rf.l,  REIN  sb. 

Reneg,  var.  of  RENEGUE  sb.  and  v. 

Renegade  (re-n/g^d),  st>.  (and  a.)  Also  6  Sc. 
rannu-,  rannigard,  7  renegad.  [Anglicized  form 
of  RENEGADO  :  see  -ADE  3  b.] 

1.  An  apostate  from  any  form  of  religious  faith, 
esp.  a  Christian  who  becomes  a  Mohammedan. 

1583  Leg.  Bp.  St.  Androis  10  Ane  fals,  forloppen,  fenyeit 
freir,  Ane  rannugard  [v.r.  rannigard]  for  greed  of  geir.  1598 
BARCKLEY  Felic.  Man  (1631)  232  The  renegades  in  place  of 
defending  the  king  joyned  with  them  [the  Turks]  in  the 
spoyle.  x6xx  FLORIO,  Rinegato,  ..a  renegade,  a  foresworne 
man,  or  one  that  hath  renounced  his  religion  or  country. 
1645  PAGITT  Heresiagr.  (1662)  Ep.  Ded.,  Some  of  the  watch 
men^  ought  to  have  been  watched  themselvs,  who  ..in  con 
clusion  run  over  and  turned  renegads.  1711  BLACKMORE 
Creation  Pref.  (ed.  2)  20  Renegades  and  Deserters  of 
Heaven,  who  renounce  their  God  for  the  Favour  of  Men. 
1814  SOUTHEY  Roderick  viii,  How  best  they  might  evade 
The  Moor,  and  renegade's  more  watchful  eye.  1873  SMILES 
Huguenots  Fr.  i.  vii.  (1881)  147  Like  all  renegades,  he  was 
a  bitter  and  furious  persecutor. 

2.  One  who  deserts  a  party,  person,  or  principle, 
in  favour  of  another ;  a  tum-coat. 

iMj  MANLEY  Crotius'  Low  C.  Warres  127  Not  a  few 
English  turning  Renegades,  and  being  contemned  by  the 
Spaniard.  1751  Affect.  Narr.  of  Wager  3I  For  if  these 
Renegades  had  formed  such  a  Conspiracy,  what  hindered 
their  accomplishing  it?  1817  MOORE  Lalla  R.,  Veiled 
Prophet  690  Must  he.. be  driven  A  renegade  like  me  from 
Love  and  Heaven?  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iv.  I.  451 
Ine  renegade  soon  found  a  patron  in  the  obdurate  and 
revengeful  James.  1871  C.  GIBBON  For  the  King  ii,  The 
past  makes  me  seem  in  my  own  eyes,  and  in  the  eyes  of 
others— a  renegade. 


445 

3.  attrib.j  passing _  into  adj. 

1705  ARBUTHNOT  Coins,  etc.  (1727)  242  If  the  Roman 
Government  subsisted  now,  they  would  have  had  renegade 
Seamen  and  Ship-wrights  enough.  1837  \V.  IRVING  Capt. 
Bonnci'ille  II.  6  Kosato,  the  renegade  Blackfoot,  had  re. 
covered  from  the  wound.  1870  LOWELL  Among  my  Rks. 
Ser.  i.  (1873)  98  The  renegade  Christian  must  forswear  the 
true  Deity. 

Hence  Re'negadism,  the  practice  of  deseiting 
one's  religion  or  party. 

1859  Black™.  Jfltff.  Apr.  455/2  We . ,  tacitly  acknowledged 
renegadism.. as  the  standard  of  moral  feeling.  1877  GLAD- 
STON-E  Glean.  (1879)  IV.  315  This  population  was  liable  to 
be  thinned  by  renegadism  and  constant  war. 

Ite  negade,  v.  [f.  prec.]  intr.  To  turn 
renegade  ;  to  go  over  from  a  religion,  party,  etc. 

1611  COTGR.,  Maranisc,  marranizcd,  renegaded.  1716  M. 
DAVIES  A  then.  Brit.  II.  316  Which  last  [rivalling]  both 
High  and  Low,  do  Precaution  themselves  against  ..  more 
than  against  their  Converts  Rcnegading  or  Starving.  1861 
MEREDITH  Evan  Harrington  III.  xv.  236  That  was  before 
he  renegaded.  1893  LELAND  A/em.  II.  140  Johnson  had 
renegaded  from  the  Confederacy. 

Renegado  (ren/g^-do;,  sb,  (and  a.}  Also  6 
renigado,  7  rennegado,  renegador.  [a.  Sp.  re- 
negado,  ad.  med.L.  renegatus  :  see  RENEGATE.] 

1.  =  RENEGADE  i. 

^  1599  HAKLI-YT  Voy.  II.  i.  iS6  He  was  a  Renegado,  winch 
is  one  that  first  was  a  Christian,  and  afterwards  becommeth 
a  Turke.  1624  lip.  MOUNTAGU  Gagg  238  The  body  of 
BabyUut  made  the  oracle  mute,  in  despight  of  Julian  that 
renegado.  1682  LUTTRELL  Brief  K el.  (1857)  I-  185  The 
English  renegado,  who  is  interpreter  to  the  Morocco 
ambassador.  1727  A.  HAMILTON  AV;y  Ace.  E.  Ind.  I.  vii. 
62  This  Relation  I  bad  from  a  very  old  Renegado,  who 
was  at  the  Tragedy.  1755  J.  SHEBBKAKE  Lydia  (1769)  II. 
190  A  dignified  informer,  a  French  refugee,  and  a  renegado 
to  the  Church  of  England.  18148001  HEY  Roderick  ix,  Might 
I  meet  That  renegado,  sword  to  scymitar,  In  open  field.  1850 
MRS.  JAMESON  Leg.  AFonast.  Ord.  (1863)  348  The  last  to 
whom  he  was  sold  was  a  renegado. 

2.  =  RENEGADE  2. 

1600  HOLLAND  Livy  11.  xi.  39  By  the  information  of  a 
renegado.  a  1635  SIBBES  Confer.  Christ  $•  Mary  (1656)  33 
They  were  renegadoes,  having  all  left  him.  a  1680  BUTLEK 
Rein.  (1759)  I*-  4°8  A  Rebel  is  a  voluntary  Bandit,  a  civil 
Renegado.  a  1734  NORTH  Exam.  i.  ii.  §  9  (1740)  35  He  out 
of  pure  Malice  to  the  Government  of  his  Country,  prefers 
that  of  Holland,  and  in  that  Respect  writes  like  a  Renegado. 
1780  in  Sparks  Corr.  Artier.  Re?:  (1853)  II.  437  Many  rene 
gadoes  from  the  different  Indian  nations  are  collected  at  the 
..towns.  1837  CARLYLE  />.  Rev.  III.  in.  vii,  Federalists  in 
the  Senate,  renegadoes  in  the  Army,  traitors  everywhere ! 
b.  tramf. 

1646  J.  HALL  Poems  :.  63  A  Renegado  to  all  Poetry.  1654 
WHITLOCK  Zooiomia  62  A  Renegado  from  some  Trade  or 
Profession.  1689  PHILOPOLITES  Grumble.  Crew  2  But  our 
Male-Contents,  .are  such  Renagado's  from  Common  Sense, 
that  [etc.].  1715  M.  DAVIES  At/ten.  Brit.  I.  Pref.  43  Even 
Canus  accuses  Cajetan  for  being  a  Renegado  to  the  Fathers. 
1748  J,  GEDDES  Composition  Antients  12  The  most  deter 
mined  renegado  to  the  interests  of  society.  1802  MAR. 
EDGEWORTH  Irish  Bulls  193  To  such  would  be  tenegadocs 
we  prefer  the  honest  quixotism  of  a  modern  champion  for 
the  Scottish  accent. 

t  C.  Used  vaguely  as  a  term  of  abuse.   Ofa. 

1611  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Pkilaster  n.  iv,  To  bring  these 
Renegades  to  my  Chamber,  At  these  unscason'd  hours. 

f3.  A  variety  of  the  game  of  ombre.  Obs. 

1680  COTTON  Compl.  Gamester  vii.  69  There  are  several 
sorts  of  this  Game  called  L'Ombre,  but  that  which  is  the 
chief  is  called  Renegado,  at  which  three  only  can  play. 

4.  attrib.,  passing  into  adj. 

1635  PAGITT  Christianogr.  Ded.,  The  Turkes  Janissaries, 
and  Basha's,  are  most  of  them  renegado  Christians.  1653 
GREAVES  Seraglio  96  All  the  Eunuchs  in  the  Seraglio,  .are 
chosen  of  those  Renegado  youths.  1677  W.  HUBBARD 
Narrative  59  The  scouts  brought  in  one  Joshuah  Tift, 
a  Renegado  English-man.  17..  in  Swift's  Lett.  (1768)  IV. 
in  An  English  renegado  slave  translated  Ejfcndi  Soif  for 
them.  1798  BRAGGE  in  Anti-Jacobin  (1852)  62  The  recreant 
peer  or  renegado  priest.  1829  W.  IRVING  Granada  (1850) 
154  He  singled  out  a  renegado  Christian,  a  traitor  to  his 
religion  and  his  king,  1839  JAMES  Louis  XIl^^  IV.  67 
Pehsson  . .  busied  himself  with  renegado  zeal  in  buying 
proselytes  to  the  faith  of  the  court. 

Hence  Renega'do  v.  intrn  to  turn  renegado. 

1704  J.  PITTS  Ace.  Mohammetans  ix.  (1738)  200  Who  after 
he  was  ransomed,  . .  renegado'd. 

tBenegant,  a.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  retugant-em^ 
pres.pple.  of  renegdre\  see  RENEGUE  v,~\  Renegade. 

1549  Compl.  Scot.  viii.  74  The  inglis  men  sal  neuyr  cal 
you  ane  vthir  vord  bot  renegant  scottis.  1614  W.  PARSONS 
in  Lismore  Papers  Ser.  n.  (1887)  I.  207  This  is  a  soure  and 
renegant  tyme.  1615  T.  ADAMS  Black  Devil  2  Cast . .  your 
minds  upon  the  renegant  Jewes. 

Renegate  (re-n/g^t),  sb.  (and  a.)  Obs.  exc. 
dial.  Forms:  4  ranegate,  renagat,  6  renna- 
gat(e,  Sc.  renigat(e,  rennigatt,  6-7  rennegate, 
4-7  renegat,  4-7  (9  dial.)  renegate;  5  renogat, 
6  ren(n)ogate.  See  also  RUNAGATE,  [ad.  med.L. 
renegat-us,  subst.  use  of  pa.  pple.  of  renegare :  see 
RENAY  and  RENEGUE,  and  cf.  It.  rinegato,  F. 
rentgat,  Sp.  renegado  RENEGADO.] 

1.  A  renegade,  deserter. 

£1375  xi  Pains  Hell  63  in  0.  E.  Misc.  212  Bynd.. 
ranegates  with  raueners.  .And  cast  ham  in  J>e  fuyre.  c  1385 
CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  Prol.  401,  I  not  where  he  be  now  a 
renagat.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  viii.  84  Julianus  Apostate 
..forsoke  his  Law,  and  becam  a  Renegate.  1483  CAXTON 
Gold.  Leg.  288/2  Now  I  shalle  be  callyd  the  wyf  of  a  "ne 
gate  and  transgressour.  1535  COVERDALE  i  Mace.  vii.  24 
He  wente  forth .  .and  punyshed  those  vnfaithfull  rennagates. 


RENEGUE. 

1565  T.  STAPLE-TON  Fortr.  Faith  123  Whose  first  Apostles 
and  preachers  were  al  for  the  most  part  wicked  rennagats. 
1600  HOLLAND  /,/r'jxxm.  xxvi.  491  These fugitiue  renegates 
had  first  practiced  to  raise  troubles  and  insurrections.  1662 
J.  DAVIES  tr.  Olcarius  Voy.  Ainbass.  220  viarg.^  Our 
Persian  Interpreter  proves  a  Renegat.  1829  BKOCKETT 
N.  C.  G/ass.  (ed.  2),  Renegate }  a  reprobate. 

2.  attrib.)  or  as  adj. 

c  1485  Dij>by  Myst.  (1882)  in.  238  Alle  renosat  robber.. to 
put  hem  to  peyn  I  spare  for  no  pete.  1508  KLNNEDIE 
Flyting  w.  Dunbar  401  Kawmowtt  ribald,  renegate  re- 
hatour.  1534  MORE  Comf.  agst.  Trib.  in.  Wks.  1212/2 
Manye  other  contumelies  &  dispightes,  that  the  Turkes  and 
the  false  renegate  christiens  manye  tymes  dooe.  1593  G. 
HARVEY  New  Lett.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  272  A  wilde  As^e,  of 
a  fugitiue  and  renegate  disposition.  1609  UIULK  (Douay) 
Isa.  xxx.  i  Woe  unto  renegate  children,  sayth  the  Lord. 
1641  J.  TRAPPE  Thcol.  Theol.  vii.  289  They  refused  Christ 
..for  the  which  they  are  become  a  renegate  people  now 
1600  years  together. 

Renegatioii  (ren/g^'Jan).  [ad.  L.  type*/v«*- 
gahdn-eni)  n.  of  action  f.  renegare :  see  next.] 
The  action  of  renouncing  or  renegading. 

iSiS  T.  ADAMS  Two  Sonncs  89  Let  us  reclaime  our  impudent 
and  refractory  renegations  by  a  serious  meditation.  1837 
CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev,  III.  v.  iv.  From  far  and  near. .come 
Letters  of  renegation.  l8g6SAiNTSBUItY£ft>/.  ig/AC.  Lit.'ix. 
392  The  hour  of  triumph  was  the  hour,  .of  opposition  and 
renegation. 

Rene'gue,  sb.  Also  7  -neg,  9  -nege.  [f.  the 
vb.  (sense  4).]  An  instance  of  reneguing  at  cards. 

1654  GAVTON  Fleas.  Notes  iv.  ix.  235  Now  they  are  for 
their  Tibs  who  had  plaid  faire,  and  made  never  a  Reneg 
all  the  time.  1897  Fos^-^s  Complete  Hoyle  622  Revoke, 
failure  to  follow  suit  when  able  to  do  so,  as  distinguished 
from  a  renounce  or  renege. 

Renegue  (j/hf-gj,  v.  Forms:  6-7,9reneague, 
7-9  renegue,  (6  ri-,  7  -neigue,  9  dial,  -nague);  7, 
9  reneg,  (9  dial,  -neeg) ;  6-7,  9  renege,  6-7  re- 
iieage,  9  dial.  rena(i)ge.  [ad.  med.L.  reneg-dre, 
f.  re-  RE-  +  itegarc  to  deny  :  cf.  REXAY  v,~\ 

1.  trans.  To  deny,  renounce,  abandon,  desert 
(a  person,  faith,  etc.).  Now  arch. 

1548  UDAI.L  Erasni.  Par.  Luke  Pref.  12  Reneague  thou 
and  forsake  Christ.  1597  J.  KING  On  "Jonas  (1618)  46  That 
not  onely  he  reneged  his  obedience  in  this  particular  action, 
but  changed  the  whole  trade  of  his  life.  1626  L.  OWEN 
Spec,  Jesuit.  (1629)  62  To  blaspheme,  and  reneage,  or  denie 
God.  1657  TRAIT  Gw/w.,  Job  xxxiii.  7  Those  of  this 
reformed  Religion,  who  will  not  reneague  it.  1691  W. 
NICHOLLS  Answ.  Naked  Gosfiel  32  Even  by  those  who  in 
other  things  reneg  its  Authority.  1817  COLERIDGE  Ess.  own 
Times  (1850)  III.  957  He  himself  retains  the  opinions  and 
principles  which  theother  had  reneged.  1867  Miss  BROUGHTON 
Net  Wisely  (1868)  239  Thou-h  he  had  deserted  her  and 
reneged  the  situation  of  spiritual  guide  and  teacher. 
fb.  To  recant.  Qbs*  rare*1. 

1679  Hist.  Jttzer  29  He  would  spend  his  dearest  blood 
before  he  would  renege  one  Syllable. 

1 2.  intr.  or  absol.  a.  To  make  denial.  Also 
with  dependent  clause.  Obs. 

1548  UDALL  Erasin.  Par.  Luke  xxii.  167  b,  Whyle  Petur 
reneagueth,  while  he  sweareth  naie,..the  cocke  crewe  the 
secounde  tyme.  1575  Mirr.  Mag.)  King  Bladud  Iviii,  Shall 
I  renege  I  made  them  then?  Shall  I  denye  my  cunning 
founde?  1605  SHAKS.  Lcaru.  ii.  84  Such  smiling  rogues  as 
these^. .  Renegue  [printed  reuenge],  amrme,  and  turne  their 
Halcion  beakes,  With  euery  gall,  and  vary  of  their  Masters. 
1689  HICKERINGILL  Ceremony  Monger  \.  Wks.  1716  II.  389 
But  if  he  reneages.  .and  is  forc'd  to  answer,  that  he  bows  to 
nothing  ;  then  beg  him  for  a  Fool. 

t"b.  To  apostatize.  Obs.  rare~l. 

a  '734  NORTH  Lives  (1826)  III.  58  The  Turks  give  all  the 
kindest  invitations  that  can  be  to  Christians  to  renegue  and 
become  Turks. 

3.  To  refuse,  decline,  rare. 

1583  STANVHURST  sEncis  n.  (Arb.)  64  Too  Hue  now  longer, 
Troy  burnt,  hee  flatlye  rUKBged.  tt  1734  NORTH  Exam.  i. 
i-  §  13  (1740)  21  The  Author  will  needs  have,  .the  good  King 
at  the  head  of  them  by  his  Reneguing  to  become  the 
Guarantee.  1757  MRS.  GRIFFITH  Lett.  Henry  <y  Frances 
(1767)  IV.  207  Our  Postillion,  with  the  thorough  Consent 
of  his  Horses,  renegued  going  farther.  1866  KENNEDY  Leg. 
Fictions  29  How  shabby  it  would  look  to  reneague  the 
adventure. 

4.  a.   Card-playing.  To  refuse  or  fail  to  follow 
snit ;  to  revoke.    (But  see  also  the  sb.t  quot.  1897.) 
Now  local  and  U.  S. 

1680  COTTON  Compl,  Gamester  x.  (ed.  2)  82  Reneging  or 
renouncing,  that  is,  not  following  suit  when  you  have  it  in 
your  hand,  is  very  foul  play.  Ibid.  87  You  are  bound  to 
follow  suit,  and  if  you  renounce  or  renege,  you  lose  the 
whole  Game.  1891  Pall  MallG.  21  Jan.  2/1  At  games  of 
cards  renege  (spelled  renague  in  Ireland)  is  almost  always 
used  instead  of  revoke,  and  bears  the  same  meaning.  1897 
Fosters  Complete  Hoyle  277  This  privilege  of  reneging  is 
confined  to  the  three  highest  trumps. 
b.  dial.  (See  quots.) 

1872  WHYTE  MELVILLE  Satanella^  I.  L  12  If  iver  she 
schames  with  ye,  renaging  [note  refusing]  or  such  like  . .  I'll 
be  ashamed  to  look  a  harse.  .in  the  face  again  !  1890  (7 Awr. 
Gfoss.,  Reneague,  to  renounce  a  job.  1893  Wilts  Gloss*) 
Renecff)  renegue^  to  back  out  of  an  engagement,  to  jilt. 

Hence Bene-grned///.  a.t renegade;  Rene-grain? 
vbl.  sb.  \  also  Bene-g-uer. 

1594  R.  ASHLEY  tr.  Loys  le  Roy  106  The  Mammelvcs, 
being  al  Christians  reneaged,  and  of  seruile  condition.  1597 


RENERVATE. 

Renels,  obs.  variant  of  KENDLES,  rennet. 
Rener,  obs.  form  of  RUNNER. 
Reiie'rvate,  £'.  rare"1.     [Cf.  next  and  ENER 
VATE  v.]     intr.  To  get  renewed  vigour. 
1801  Lusignati  IV.  129  His  strength  began  to  renervate. 

ReneTve,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To  put  fresh 

nerve  into,  to  strengthen  again. 

1652  BENLOWES  Theoph.. xn.cxviii,  Draught  of  Promethean 
fir.'d  air  took  Renerves  slack  joynts,  and  ransacks  each 
pblemnattick  Nook.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Colutnb.  \.  702  War 
and  Washington  renerve  the  soul.  1817  BYRON  Mazcppa 
xvii,  The  sight  re-nerved  my  courser's  feet.  1855  LYNCH 
Rivulet  i.  v,  Up  from  the  dust  the  enfeebled  start,  Armed 
and  re-nerved  for  victories. 

absol.  1889  SKRINE  Mem.  E.  Thring  89  It  was  a  vitalising 
joy  which  touched  us,  not  to  soothe,  but  to  renerve. 

Renet,  obs.  form  of  RENNET  j/'.1 

Renette,  obs.  form  of  RENNET  st>.2 

t  Renew,  sb.  Obs.  Also  5  Sc.  renewe.  [f.  the 
vb.]  Renewal,  new  invention. 

1423  IAS.  I  Kingis  Q.  cxxv,  And  there  we  sawe  the  perfyte 
excellence,  The  said  [I read  sad]  renewe,  the  state,  the 
reuercnce..Offhir  court.  1615  BRATHWAIT  Strappado,  etc. 
(1878)  247  That  both  loue  and  hate,  May  make  you  happy 
louers  by  renew.  1631  —  }l'/ii>itzu'st  Exchange-man  33 
Who  bray  their  braines  in  a  mortar,  to  produce  some  useful! 
renew,  some  gaincfull  issue  for  their  thriving  master. 

Renew  (r/hi/?),  vl-  Also  4-5  renuwe,  4-6 
renewe,  =;  Sc.  ranew,  5-7  renue,  7  reniew.  [f. 
RE-  +  NEW  a.,  after  L.  renovdre  to  RENOVATE. 
Cf.  RENOVEL  and  RENULE.] 

I.  trans,  fl.  To  do  over  again,  revise.  Ol>s.~l 

c  1374  CHAUCER  To  Scrm.  5  So  offt  a  daye  I  mot  )>y  werk 
renuwe,  It  to  corect  and  eke  to  rubbe  and  scrape. 

2.  To  make  new,  or  as  new,  again ;   to  restore  to 
the  same  condition  as  when  new,  young,  or  fresh. 

1382  WVCLIF  Ps.  ciii[i].  30  Thou  shalt  renewe  the  face  of 
the  ertlie.  c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  i.  770  Let  make  a  stewe 
With  rayn  watir,  thyn  herbis  to  renewe.  1494  FABYAN 
Chron.  n.  xxxviii.  27  He  renewyd  and  repayred  al  olde 
Temples  thorough  his  Realme.  1535  COVERDALE  2  Chron. 
xv.  8  And  [Asa]  renued  the  Lordes  altare.  1578  TIMME 
CalvinonGcn.  229  Souls  are  chosen,  .as  a  Seed  purged  from 
all  dross,  to  renue  the  Church.  1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  v.  i. 
14  In  such  a  night  Medea  gathered  the  inchanted  hearbs 
That  did  renew  old  Eson.  1613  PURCHAS  Pitgrimagf  (ifa$ 
9  This  Light . .  perfecteth,  renueth,  and  preserueth  all  things. 
1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  in.  521  The  cool  Evening-breeze 
the  Meads  renews.  1781  COWPER  Charity  395  The  soul 
whose  sight  all-quickening  grace  renews.  1823  S.  ROGERS 
Italy^  Bergamo  54  His  long  suit  of  black  Dingy  and  thread 
bare,  though  renewed  in  patches  Till  it  has  almost  ceased 
to  be  the  old  one.  1833  TENNYSON  Miller's  Dau.  27  Would 
God  renew  me  from  my  birth  I'd  almost  live  my  life  again. 
1866  RUSKIN  Croivn  Wild  Olive  Pref.  29  To  dip  them- 
selves  for  an  instant  in  the  font  of  death,  and  to  rise  renewed 
of  plumage. 

tcfl.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xv.  54  Alle  thynges  renewen 
them  at  his  commynge.  1535  COVERDALE  Lam.  iii.  23  His 
faithfulnes  is  greate,  and  renueth  itself  as  the  mornynge. 
1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  v.  vi.  49  Therefore  shall  he  dye,  And  lie 
renew  me  in  his  fall.  1821  SHELLEY  Hellas  348  Even  as 
that  moon  Renews  itself— Shall  we  be  not  renewed  ! 

b.  To  make  spiritually  new ;  to  regenerate. 
1382  WYCLIF  2  Cor.  iv.  16  That  man  that  is  withinne  forth 

[1388  the  ynner  man]  is  renewid.  —  Eph.  iv.  23  Be  30 
renewid  by  spirit  of  joure  mynde.  c  1440  Macro  Plays 
73/1142  Ande  be  renuyde  in  Code  knpwynge  a-geyn.  1526 
Ptigr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  i  Man  is  renewed,  .by  the  vtj 
folde  graces  of  the  holy  goost.  1548-9  (Mar.)  Bk.  Coin. 
Prayer,  Collect  Christmas  Day^  Graunt  that  we . .  maye 
dailye  be  renued  by  thy  holy  spirite.  1607  HIERON  IVks.  I. 
158  God  is  strong,  able  to  pardon  vs,  able  to  renue  vs.  1740 
WATERLAND  Regeneration  Wks.  1623  VI.  352  Man  renews 
himself  at  the  same  time  that  the  spirit  renews  him.  1866 
NEALE  Sequences  $  Hymns  123  The  Paraclete  that  shall 
renew  you. 

c.  To  assume  anew,  to  recover  (one's  original 
strength,  youth,  etc.). 

1481  CAXTOS  Myrr.  n.  yi.  78  Thus  [he]  reneweth  his  age 
as  a  wyse  best  that  he  is.  1560  BIBLE  ^Genev.)  Isa.  xl.  31 
They  that  waite  vpon  the  Lord,  shal  renue  their  strength. 
c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  Ivi,  Sweet  loue  renew  thy  force.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  783  Heav'n  his  wonted  face  renewed. 
1821  SHELLEY  Epipsych.  468  Dew,  From  which  its  fields  and 
woods  ever  renew  Their  green  and  golden  immortality. 
1860  TENNYSON  Tithonus  74  Thou  wilt  renew  thy  beauty 
morn  by  morn.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  236  In  age 
we  may  renew  our  youth,  and  forget  our  sorrows, 
t  d.  To  reopen  (a  wound).  Obs.  rare. 

1308  FISHER  7  Penit.Ps.cxxx.  Wks.  (1876)229  His  woundes 
were  so  renewed  that  the  blode  yssued  out  afresshe.  1541 
R.  COPLAND  Galyens  Terap.  Ccivb,  He  estemeth  yl  the 
vlcerate  place  must  be  renewed.  Than  whan  y*  it  is  made 
as  a  fresshe  wounde  [etc.J. 

e.  reft.  To  refresh  (oneself),  notice-use. 

1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  %  It.  Note-bks.(ityi)  I.  30  We.. 
renewed  ourselves,  at  the  close  of  the  banquet,  with  a  plate 
of  Chateaubriand  ice. 

3.  To  restore,  re-establish,   set  up  again,  bring 
back  into  use  or  existence. 

1382  WYCLIF  i  Sam.  xi.  14  Cometh,  and  goo  we  into  Gal- 
gala,  and  renewe  we  there  the  rewme.  1402  Pol.  Poems 
(Rolls)  II.  75  Josie  shal.  .make  an  ende  of  suche  fendes,  and 
Cristis  reule  shal  renue.  1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  iv.  (1520) 
38/2  Crysten  men  had  leve  to  renewe  the  servyce  of  god 
that  was  defended  afore.  1533  BELLENDBN  Livy  \\.  xvi. 
(S.  T.  S.)  I.  191  pe  romanis  war  makand  f>are  provisioun  to 
renew  be  grete  playis  mony  sere  before  hantit  in  bare  ciete. 
eg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  574  The  former  corruptioun 


446 

f  b.  To  re-enact,  put  in  force  again.  Obs. 

1494  in  ting.  Gilds  (1870)  187  T I  lies  ben  the  ordinaunces, 
Actes,  and  Statutes,  made,  .by  the  Founders  of  the  Gylde. ,; 
nowe  renewed,  and  affermed.  1553  BECON  Reliques  of  Rome 
(1563)  95  b,  This  decree  did  Pope  Kugenius  the  third  renue. 

4.  To  take  up  again  or  afresh ;  to  resume ;  to 
begin  again,  recommence. 

c  1400  Svivdone  Bab.  2200  Laban  nolde  not  forgete  The 
saute  to  renewe.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xv.  54  The  byrdes 
renewen  theyre  swete  songe  gracyouse.  1535  COVERDALE 
i  Mace.  xii.  16  We.  .sente  them  vnto  the  Romaynes,  for  to 
renue  the  olde  bonde  of  frendshipe  and  loue  with  them. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane*s  Comm.  74  They  renewe  the  warres 
againe  w'  all  their  force  and  power.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON 
tr.  Nichotay's  I'oy.  I.  xix.  22  The  Turkes  ..  renued  their 
batterie  with  great  force  and  8.  peeces  at  once.  1662  J. 
DAVIKS  tr,  Olearius"  l''oy.  Ambass.  206  We.  .renew'd  among 
our  selves  the  friendship,  which  we  had  before  mutually 
promis'd.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  19  As  ..surging  waves 
against  a  solid  rock,  Though  all  to  shivers  dash't,  the  assault 
renew.  1771  Junhis  Lett.  lix.  11788)  317  She  will  be  ready 
to  receive  him  whenever  he  thinks  proper  to  renew  his 
addresses.  1790  COWPER  Mothers  fief.  116,  I  seem.. To 
have  renewed  the  joys  that  once  were  mine.  1817  EARL  OF 
DUDLEY  Lett.  (1840)  162,  I.. was  beginning  to  think  that  it 
was  high  time  our  correspondence  should  be  renewed.  1821 
SHELLEY  Adonais  xviii,  The  airs  and  streams  renew  their 
joyous  tone.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  112  Socrates  ! 
renews  the  attack  from  another  side, 

b.  To  resume  (a  speech,  subject,  etc.). 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  1133  Adam.  .Speech  intermitted  thus 
to  Eve  renewd.  Ibid.  XL.  499  Adam.,  scarce  recovering 
words  his  plaint  renew'd.  1792  COWFKK  Stanza  v.  22  Con- 
science  oft  Her  tale  of  guilt  renews,  1797  MRS.  RADCI.IFFE 
Italian  xiii,  He  ventured  to  renew  the  subject  nearest  his  i 
heart. 

c.  To  say  in  resumption. 

1687  DRYDEN  Hind  $  P.  n.  401  Then  thus  the  matron 
modestly  renewed  :  '  Let  all  your  prophets  and  their  sects 
be  viewed  '.    1853  LVTTON  My  Xorcl  ix.  xvi,  '  And  ',  he  re 
newed,  after  a  pause, — '  and  you  ascribe  this  fear  of  seeing    j 
me '[etc.]. 

6.  t  a.  To  go  over  again,  to  repeat,  relate  afresh. 

14..  Sir  Beues  (MS.  M)  868  losyan,  that  was  so  trewe, 
Thought  she  wold  her  love  renewe.  £1450  HOLLAND  Howlat 
254  It  neidis  nocht  to  renewe  all  myn  vnhele,  Sen  it  was 
menit  to  ;our  mynd,  and  maid  manifest.  [Cf.  ibid.  708,  872.] 
c  1530  Crt.  of  Love  495  To  turn,  and  sigh  and  grone, . .  And 
eke  renew  the  wordes  all  that  she  Bitween  you  twain  hath 
seid.  1549  LATIMER  $th  Serat.  bef,  Edw.  I'f  (Arb.)  137 
Here  I  wyll  renewe  that  whyche  I  sayed  before  of  the  styf- 
necked  lewes.  1396  SI'ENSKR  f.  Q.  iv.  viii.  64  Then  gan  he  j 
all  this  storie  to  renew.  And  tell  the  course  of  his  captivitie.  | 

b.  To  repeat  (a  promise,  vow,  etc.)  ;  to  make    j 
or  utter  again. 

1509  FISHER  Funeral  Scrnt.  Ctess  Richmond  Wks.  (1876)    j 
294  She. .  promysed  to  lyue  chaste,.,  whiche  pro myse  she  re 
newed  after  her  husbandes  dethe.      1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.    j 
xl.  45  They  turne  afresh,  and  oft  renew  their  former  threat. 
1710  STKELE  Tatler  No.  266  f  3  The  Lady  renewed  her  Ex 
cuses.     1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  iv.  xxi,  Lovers  renew  the 
vows  which  they  did  plight  In  early  faith. 

C.  To  do  over  again,  to  repeat  (an  action),  rare. 

1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V^  i.  ii.  116  Awake  remembrance  of  these 
valiant  dead,  And  with  your  puissant  Arme  renew  their 
Feats.  1781  J.  MORISON  in  Sc.  Paraphr.  xxxv.  Hi,  Oft  the 
sacred  rite  renew  Which  brings  my  wondrous  love  to  view. 
1864  TENNYSON  En.  Ard.  161  Many  a  sad  kiss  by  day  by 
night  renew'd. 

6.  To  replace  by  some  new  or  fresh  thing  of  the 
same  kind  ;  to  restore  by  means  of  substitution  or 
a  fresh  supply  ;  to  fill  (a  vessel)  again. 

M39  i"1  Ancestor  (1904)  July  16,  I  wol..that  the  tapres  be 
renewed  til  the  month  be  endet.  ("1530  H.  RHODES  Bk. 
Nurture  in  Babees  Bk.  (1867)  67  Loke  the  cup  of  Wyne 
or  ale  be  not  empty,  but  ofte  renued.  1585!'.  WASHINGTON 
tr.  Nic/iolay's  Voy.  i.  xiii.  14  b,  We  renewed  our  beuerage 
out  of  certaine  cesternes.  1586  T.  B.  La.  Primatid,  Fr. 
Acad.  i.  (1594)  632  They  create  the  duke  and  the  eight 
governors  of  the  commonwealth,  who  are  renued  from  two 
yeeres  to  two  yeeres.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenofs  Trav. 
I.  15?  These  Hangings  are  renewed  every  seven  Years  by 
the  Ottoman  Emperours.  1726  POPE  Qdyss.  xix.  590  She  to 
the  fount  conveys  the  exhausted  vase  :  The  bath  renew'd 
[etc.].  1784  COWPER  Task  i.  434  Beneath  the  open  sky  she 
spreads  the  feast;  'Tis  free  to  all— 'tis  every  day  renewed. 
^1796  BURNS  You're  -welcome^  Willie  Stewart  6  Come, 
bumpers  high, . .  The  bowl  we  maun  renew  it.  1821  SHELLEY 
Hellas  1062  The  earth  doth  like  a  snake  renew  Her  winter 
weeds  outworn.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  r.  xxi.  146  The  con 
densed  vapour  incessantly  goto  way,  but  it  was  ever  renewed, 
t  b.  To  change,  make  a  change  in.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1530  LD.  BERNERS  Arth.  Lyt.  Bryt.  (1814)  471  Thei  wer 
Sarasyns  borne,  but  as  than  thei  had  renewed  theyr  byleue, 
and  were  crystened  in  Fran  nee.  a  1533  —  Huon  clxi.  619 
Fyrste  ye  muste  renewe  your  law  and  byleue  in  y*  lawe  of 
Mahornett  on  whome  I  do  byleue. 

c.  To  repair,  make  up  for.  rare"1. 

1768  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  II.  i.  136  Though  the  corporealists 
can  find  nothing  to  renew  the  decays  of  motion. 

7.  To  revive,  reawaken  (a  feeling). 

1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  A  I/once  xi,  My  fayre  Frend, 
renewe  not  my  sorowe.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vi.  clxx.  164 
The  kynge  was  ascertayned  therof;  the  whiche  renued  his 
heuynesse.  ais^Lo.  BERNERS  Huon  Ixx.  238  The  auncyent 
hate.,  was  renewed  inhishert.  1615  BRATH  WAIT  Strappado^ 
etc.  (1878)266  Renewing  griefe  with  each  renewing  morrow. 
1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  in.  509  The  Sun's  sultry  Heat 
their  Thirst  renews.  1820  SHELLEY  Let.  Maria  Cisborne 
174  Quenching  a  thirst  ever  to  be  renewed. 

b.  To  revive,  resuscitate,  in  various  uses. 

1535  COVERDALE  Ps.  l[i].  10  Make  me  a  clene  hert  fo  God) 
and  renue  a  right  sprete  within  me.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidane*s 
Comm.  30  Thou  renewest  [L.  resuscitas]  the  errours  therin 
condemned.  1648  MILTON  Ps.  Ixxxv.  28  Thy  saving  health 
to  us  afford  And  life  in  us  renew,  1660  R,  COKE  Power  4- 


RENEWAL. 

Su&f.  259  It  is  his  Majesties  pleasure  to  have  the  memory  of 
things  rather  buried  in  oblivion  then  renued.  1726  ATTER- 
BURY  Serm.  I.  vi.  235  [I  have]  endeavour'd  to  renew  a  faint 
Image  of  her  several  Virtues.. upon  your  Minds, 

fc.  To  strike  afresh.   Obs.  rare—1. 
i6o9BiBLE(Douay)£a-/?w.  xxxviii.  30(28]  The  noyseof  the 
hammer  reneweth  his  eare,  and  his  eye  is  against  the  simili 
tude  of  the  vessel 

8.  To  grant  anew,  esp.  to  grant  or  give  (a  lease, 
bill,  etc.)  for  a  fresh  period;  to  extend  the  period 
or  application  of;  also,  to  take  afresh,  to  obtain 
an  extension  of. 

1617  MORYSOX  ///«.  n.  94  His  Lordship  to  settle  the 
Country  the  better,  refused  to  renew  any  protections.  1667 
MILTON  P,  L.  xi.  116  Intermix  MyCov'nant  intheWomans 
seed  renewd.  1671  —  Samson  1357  Shall  I  . .  so  requite 
Favour  renew'd?  1727-8  BERKELEY  Let.  to  Prior  20  Feb., 
Mr.  Petit  Rose  writes  me. .about  renewing  his  lease.  1867 
MRS.  RIDDELL  Far  above  Rubies  II.  xii.  295  Arthur  never 
insisted  on  a  settlement  of  their  accounts,  never  objected  to 
renew  bills.  1887  RUSKIN  Prseterila^  II.  391  The  lease 
expired.,  and  she  did  not  care  to  renew  it.  1896  Law  Times 
C-  488/1  The  trustees  on  its  expiratipn  at  the  end  of  a  year, 
refused  to  renew  this  ticket. 

b.  absol.  To  give  a  fresh  lease  or  bill. 

1688  WOOD  Life  19  Nov.  (O.H.S.)  III.  283  He  hath  had 
a  good  yeare  lately  for  renewing  and  hath  received  800 //. 
1837  THACKERAY  Ravenswing  i, '  Won't  the  party  renew?' 
'  Impossible— it's  the  third  renewal '.  1875  W.  S.  GILBERT 
Tom  Cobb  i,  I  suppose  I  have  renewed  oftener  than  any  man 
aloive  ! 

9.  intr.  To  grow  afresh,  become  new  again. 
1414  BRAMPTON  Penit.  Ps.  (Percy  Soc.)  43  Out  of  here 

handys  I  may  nojt  fie,  But  jyf  thi  grace  in  me  renewe. 
c  1430  LYDG.  „!////.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  243  Whan  blood 
renewytb  in  every  creature,  Som  observaunce  doyng  to 
nature.  1473  Piston  Lett.  III.  103,  I  praye  yow  be  ware 
that  the  olde  love  of  Pampyng  renewe  natt.  1508  DUNBAR 
Tua  Mariit  \Vemen  116  Quhen  that  the  sound  of  his  saw 
sinkis  in  my  eris,  Than  ay  renewis  my  noy.  1549-62  STERN- 
HOLD  &  H.  Ps.  cm.  v,  Like  as  the  Eagle  castes  her  bill, 
Wherby  her  age  renueth.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  310  Causing 
the  heare  to  renewe  and  growe  againe.  1607  SHAKS.  Timon 
iv.  iii.  68  Renew  I  could  not  like  the  Moone.  1621  BP. 
MOUNT AGU  Diatrtbx  299  But  come  wee  to  Pn'rnztias,  re- 
nuing  and  growing  euery  yeere.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Past. 
x.  106  Gallus,  for  whom  my  holy  Flames  renew  Each  Hour. 
1725  POPE  Odyss.  vni.  569  Thus  while  he  sung,  Ulysses' 
griefs  renew,  1766  Compl.  Farmer  s.  v,  Tatt,  If  the  tan  is 
forked  up,,  .the  neat  will  renew  again. 

t  b.  To  change  by  growth.  Obs.  rare. 

1413  Pilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton  1483)  iv.  ii.  58  These  pepyns 
myght  nought  kyndely  as  they  shold  renewen  in  to  a  good 
Appeltree.  r  1420  Pallad,  on  Husb.  I.  116  Out  of  their 
lond  eek  seedis  wol  renewe  And  chaunge  hem  silf. 

1 10.  To  begin  a  fresh  attack,  to  return  or  come 
back,  upon  one ;  to  renew  the  fight.  Obs. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  v.  289  Sad  men  in  deid  wpon  him 
can  renew.  Ibid.  vn.  707  Ynglis  archaris  apon  thaim  can 
ranew.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $  Cr.  v.  v.  6  Renew,  renew,  the 
fierce  Polidamas  Hath  beate  downe  Menon.  a  1656  BP. 
HALL  Rent.  Wks,  (1660)  35  My  former  Complaint  renewed 
upon  me. 

t  b.  To  return  (to  one)  ;  to  come  back.  Obs. 

1:1470  HENRY  Wallace  x.  691  Feill  scalyt  folk  to  thaim 
will  son  ranew.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg,  Georg.  m.  448  Time  is 
lost,  which  never  will  renew,  While  we  too  far  the  pleasing 
Path  pursue. 

11.  To  begin  again,  recommence. 

1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  cccxxvii.  511  Howe  the 
warre  renewed  bytwene  the  french  kyng,  and  the  kyng  of 
Nauerre.  1583  STOCKER  Civ.  IVarres  Lowe  C.  i.  37  b,  This 
tumult  and  trouble  was  supressed,  yet  renued  it  agayne. 
1640  tr.  Verderts  Rom.  of  Ront.  \\\.  223  Whereupon  the 
combat  renewed  with  more  cruelty  than  before.  1744 
HARRIS  Three  Treat,  in.  ii.  (1765)  184  Our  former  Conversa 
tion  insensibly  renewed.  1771  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Eng.  II.  62 
The  battle  renewing  at  the  dawn  of  the  ensuing  day.  1802 
MARIAN  MOORE  Lascelles  III.  161  Their  intimacy  renewed, 
and  Mrs.  Carisbrooke  was  as  communicative  as  [etc.]. 

*t"  12.  To  resume  relations  with  a  person.    Obs. 

1768  Woman,  of  Honor  I.  175  She  sincerely  detests  any 
thought  of  renewing  with  him.  Ibid.  II.  134  If  he  had  seen 
the  least  glimpse  of  an  opening  to  renew  with  you. 

t  Renew,  v.~  Obs.  rare*1,  [ad.  F.  renouer 
(•f  -niter,  -noer)  to  tie  again,  f.  re-  RE-  +  Hotter  to 
tie.]  trans.  To  tie  (a  horse)  to  a  thing. 

c  1400  So^vdone  Bab.  1126  Where  he  was  light  and  toke 
his  rest,  His  stede  renewed  til  a  grene  tre. 

Renewabi  lity.  [f.  next  + -ITY.]  The  quality 
of  being  renewable  (Worcester  1860). 

Renewable  (rthiw-ab'l),  a.    [f.  RENEW  z>.i  + 

-ABLE.]     Capable  of  being  renewed. 

1727  BRADLEY  Fam.  Diet.  s.  v.  Diasconfinm^  The  Colour 
is  indeed  renewable  by  a  little  fresh  Bole.  1779  Sylph  II. 
174  Heaven,  who  has  given  us  renewable  affections.  1817 
JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  I.  n.  v.  192  The  great  estates,  in 
Ireland  for  example,  let  under  leases  perpetually  renewable. 
1864  BRIGHT  Sp.t  Permiss.  Bill  8  June  (1876)  512  The 
licence  is  renewable  from  year  to  year.  1874  MOTLEY 
Barneveld  xiii.  II.  104  A  twenty  years'  peace,  renewable  by 
agreement.. had  been  negotiated. 

Renewal  (r/hi«*al).  [f.  as  prec. +  -AL.]  The 
act  of  renewing,  or  the  state  of  being  renewed; 
also,  an  instance  of  this. 

1681-6  J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Lifedtw)  III.  227  He  continued  all 
along  in  that  particular  Renewal  that  was  made  of  it  to  the 
People  of  Israel.  1695  Eng.  A  nc.  Const.  Eng.  24  A  Renewal 
of  this  original  contract.  1735  BOLINCBROKE  Diss.  on  Parties 
xviii.  (ed.  2)  218  The  Revolution  was.  .one  of  those  Renewals 
of  our  Constitution  that  We  have  often  mentioned.  1796 
C.  MARSHALL  Garden,  xii.  (1798)  164  A  renewal  every  three 
or  four  years  will  produce  finer  fruit.  1838  DICKENS  Lett. 
(1880)  I.  ix  Your  handwriting  came  like  the  renewal  of  some 


RENEWANCE. 

old  friendship.  1874  GREEN^/W^/  Hist.  vi.  §  2.  277  A  return 
of  the  King's  malady  brought  the  renewal  of  York's 
Protectorate. 

b.  attrib.,  as  renewal  premium  >  shoot ;  Renewal 
Sunday  (see  quot.). 

1862  NEALF,  Hymns  East.  Ch.  53  St.  Thomas's  Sunday, 
called  also  Renewal  Sunday :  with  us  Low  Sunday.  1886 
W.  A.  HAHRIS  Techn.  Diet.  Fire  In snr. ,  Renewal  Premiums. 
1897  WILLIS  Floiver.  PI.  II.  335  In  the  leaf-axils  are  formed 
the  '  renewal  '-shoots  which  last  over  the  winter. 

1  Renew  ance-  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  as  prec.  + 
•ANCE.]  Renewal. 

1630  LORD  Banians  31  Giving  a  fresh  renewance  of  glad- 
nesse  to  their  parents  (when  their  joy  grew  stale). 

Renewed  (r/hi«'d),^//.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  -r  -ED  1.] 
Revived,  re-established,  etc. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  2819  Rodogars  |?e  riche  bat  renewid 
{v.  r.  reuerent)  lady  pe  dere  dame  of  Dari.  1483  Cath. 
Atiffl.  303/2  Renewyd,..r^«i?wrt/«j-.  160^  SHAKS.  Oth.  H. i. 
81  Giue  renew'd  fire  taour  extincted  Spirits.  1650  FULLER 
Pisgah  n.  xli.243  Before  his  feet  (in  his  renewed  kingdome) 
were  firmely  fastened  on  the  throne  of  authority.  1746 
HERVF.Y  Mcdit.  (1818)  259  Are  we  become  a  renewed  people, 
..zealous  of  good  works?  1781  COWPER  Hope  35  Renewed 
desire  would  grace  with  other  speech  Joys  always  prized. 
1821  SHELLEY  Adonais  x,\\,  The  beauty  and  the  joy  of  their 
renewed  might.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romola  xxiv,  His  strong 
voice  had  alternately  trembled  with  emotion  and  risen  again 
in  renewed  energy. 

Hence  Bexieweclly  adv.,  Benewedness. 

a  1660  HAMMOND  irks.  (1683)  IV.  663  The  Apostle. .sets 
up  an  inward  sanctity  and  renewedness  of  heart.  1748 
RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  II.  336,  I  declare  renewedly 
my  firm  resolution  to  give  up  the  man.  1838  CHALMERS 
Wks.  XIII.  115  Renewedness  of  mind,  however  awkward 
a  phrase,  is  perhaps  the  most  nearly  expressive  of  it.  1854 
ABBOTT  Napoleon  (1855)  II.  xii.  200  He  was. .treated  with 
unblushing  perfiUy,  renewedly  assailed  without  warning. 

Renewer  (r/ni«*aa).  [f.  as  prec.  + -EII  l.]  One 
who  or  that  which  renews,  restores,  etc. 
_  1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  x.  iv.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Fuyre 
is  iclepid  renewer  of  alle  Binges  and  wardeyne  of  kinde. 
a  1547  SURREY  in  Tottefs  Misc.  (Arb.)  14  O  place  of  blisse, 
renuer  of  my  woes.  1589  COOPER  Admon.  105  The  first 
rentiers  and  restorers  of  the  Gospell  in  this  latter  age.  1615 
BRATHWAIT  Strappado  (1878)  179  Protectors  of  our  peace, 
And  sole  renewers  of  our  hopes  encrease.  1740  WATEKLAND 
Regeneration  Wks.  1 823  VI.  352  He  is  not  his  own  regenerator 
..:  he  is,  however,  his  own  renewer.  1861  TRENCH  Ep. 
7  Churches  Asia  127  Everywhere  setting  forth  himself  as 
the  only  renewer  of  all  which  sin  had  made  old.  1884 
Western  Morn.  News  10  Sept.  4/5  The  '  Renewer ',  that 
portion  of  the  Electric  Telegraph  by  means  of  which  long 
cable  telegraphy  has  been  made  possible. 

Renewing  (r/hi«*irj),  vbl.  sb,  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING1.]  The  action  of  RENEWS.!  in  various  senses ; 
also,  an  instance  of  this. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  x.  iv.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Fuyre 
hap  vertu  of  renewing,  for  alle  Binges  eldef>..3if  (?ei  be[> 
nought  ikepte..by  vertu  of  fuyre.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law 
Arttts(S.T.  S.)3  The  land,  .is  saturnyt  now  for  the  renewing 


ewyngeof  the  inwarde  man.  15776. 

Hitsb.  iv.  (1586)  190  b,  Cardamus  greatly  commendeth  this 
hearbe,  for  the  comforting  and  renuing  of  a  decayed 
memorie.  1628  WITHER  Brit.  Rememb.  in.  219,  I  gained 
some  renewings  of  that  rest.  1679  DRYDEN  Pref.  to  Tr.  fy 
Cr.  Ess.  (Ker)  I,  203  The  quarrel.. concludes  with  a  warm 
renewing  of  their  friendship.  1740  WATERLAND  Regenera 
tion  Wks.  1823  VI.  342  The  words  of  the  original  may  be 
rendered,  by  the  laver  of  regeneration,  and  by  the  renewing. 
tjgf  At&tXMxm  21  May  670/2  [Herbaceous  plants]  will 
require  much  renewing. 

Renewing,///,  a.    [-ING2.]    That  renews. 

1602  CAREW  Cornwall  n  They  sink  a  Shaft  downe  thither 
..to  admit  a  renewing  Vent.  1715  CHAPPELOW  Right  way 
to  be  rich  (1717)  141  You  may  take  t'other  look  at  it.. every 
renewing  look  ennanses  the  value  and  worth  of  it.  1848 
R.  I.  WILBEHFORCE  Doctr.  Incarnation  xiv.  (1852)  383  These 
.  .are  tbe  renewing  principles  of  human  society. 

Renewle,  variant  of  RENULE  v.   Obs. 

Renewment.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  [f.  RENEW 
2/.1  +  -MENT.]  Renewal. 

1571  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Ps.  xviii.  44  It  was  an  incredible 
renewment,  that  he  did  not  only  soodeinly  set  vp  the  people 
agein  [etc.].  1637  R.  HUMPHREY  tr.  St.  Ambrose  Pref.,  The 
renewment  of  the  heart  is  proper  to  the  spirit.  1812  G. 
CHALMERS  Dom.  Ecoii.  Gt.  Brit.  204  The  renewment  of  our 
commercial  treaty  with  Russia. 

Reney(e,  etc.,  obs.  forms  of  RENAY. 

t  Renfie'rce,  v.  Obs.  rare  ~l.  [app.  f.  FIERCE 
a.,  on  anal,  of  next.]  trans.  To  render  fierce. 

1590  SPENSER  P\  (?.  n.  viii.  45  Whereat  renfierst  with 
wrath  and  sharp  regret,  He  stroke  so  hugely  (etc.]. 

t  Renfo'rce,  v.  Obs.  Also  6  renforse,  re'n- 
force,  r'inforce,  6-7  r'enforce.  [ad.  F.  rcnforcer; 
see  RE-  and  ENFORCE  v.t  also  RE-ENFORCE  z>., 
REINFORCE  z/.] 

1.  trans.  To  reinforce,  strengthen. 

1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  cxiv.  [ex.]  327,  I  am  yet 
wyllynge  to  treate  of  this  matter  more  at  lengthe,  to  ren 
force  this  hystorye.  1549  Compl.  Scot.  Ep.  Ded.  6  He  ren- 
forsit  the  toune  vitht  victualis,  hagbutaris,  ande  munitions. 
1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  ni.  xxv.  (Arb.)  309  Arte  is  an 
ayde  and  coadiutor  to  nature.. by  renforcins  the  causes 
wherein  shee  is  impotent  and  defectiue.  1602  SEGAR  Hon. 
Mil.  .y  Civ.  \.  xvi.  23  Having  omitted  opportunitie  10  ren- 
force  a  place  of  strength  called  Petra.  a  1652  BROME  Co- 
vent  Garden  v.  iii,  R'enforce  the  Ranks  that  are  broken. 

2.  To  compel  (one)  again  to  do  a  thing,  rare"1. 
1590  SI-ENSER  F.  Q.  n.  x.  48  Yet  twise  they  were  repulsed 

backe  againe,  And  twise  renforst  backe  to  their  ships  to  fly. 


447 

Hence  f  Benfo'rcing1  vbl.  sb.  •  also  f  Benfo-rcer. 

1566  PAINTER  Pal.  Picas.  I.  92  Erasistratus  feling  the 
renforcing  of  the  poulce  to  proue  howe  long  it  would  con- 
tinewe,.  .still  helde  his  fingers  vpon  the  beating  of  the 
poulces.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  \\\.  xvi[i].  (Arb.) 
194  niarg-.,  Emphasis,  or  the  Renforcer.  1604  EDMONDS 
Observ.  C&sar's  Conun.  4  The  benefite..consisteth  chiefly 
in  the  renforcing,  or.,  the  redoubling  of  such  troupes. 

t  Reiiforcee.  Obs.  Also  7  ranforcee,  ren- 
force.  [a.  F.  (iflofff)  renforc&,  pa.  pple.  of  rcn- 
forcer:  see  prec.]  A  strong  make  of  silk. 

1688  Abridgjit.  Spec.  Patents,  Weaving  (1861)  i  Invencion 
of  making,  dressing,  and  lustrateing  silke,  called  black  plain, 
alamodes,  ranforcees,  and  lutestringes.  1698  Lond.  Gaz. 
No.  3366/4  A  considerable  parcel  of  nairovv  and  broad 
Allamodes,  Renforcees  and  Lustrings. 

Ren-forst :    sec  rain-frost ',  RAIN  j£.l  5  a. 

Reng,  obs.  f.  REICX  v.y  var.  RENGE  sb.1  Obs. 

Rengaile,  variant  of  RAXUALE.  Obs. 

t  Reiige,  sb.1  Obs.  Also  4  reng,  renege, 
5  reenge.  [a.  OF.  renge  (Godef.),  related  to 
renger,  -ier,  to  RENGE.  The  van  range  was  also 
adopted  in  ME.,  and  finally  became  the  standard 
form  :  see  RANGE  sb.~\  A  rank,  row,  line,  esp.  of 
fighting  men. 

13. .  Sir  Denes  (A.:  3807  pelcinges  sone  of  Asie.  .Out  of  |je 
renge  he  com  ride,  c  1330  R  T.RUNNE  Ckron.  li'tice  (Rolls) 
5021  Cesar,  .arraied  bem  inrengeh  right,  &  assigned  whiclie 
i  bataille  first  schold  fight,  c  1386  CHAUCER  KntSs  T.  1736 
In  two  renges  faire  they  hem  dresse.  f  1450  Merlin  588 
Merlin  that  rode  fro  oo  renge  to  a-nother  ascridc  hem  often 
'ore  auaunt '.  1481  C  AX  TON  Alyrr.  n.  vi.  77  Wythin  the 
ryuer  &  flode  of  ynde  named  Ganges  goon  the  eeles  by 
grete  renges  \vhiche  ben  .c.c.c,  feet  long.  1530  PALSGR. 
262/1  Renge,  rovte,  ranc. 

t  Renge,  sb£  Obs.  Also  4  reynge.  [Of 
obscure  origin;  cf.  RANGED.-]  A  sieve  or  strainer. 

c  1362  Durham  Ace,  Rolls  (Surtees)  566  Pro  uno  reynge 

emp.    pro  pistrina   xviiji/.      c  1430    Two    Cookery-bks.   38 

perow  a  crees  bunte  syfte  hem,  &  for  defaute  of  a  bonte, 

i    take  a  Renge.     1506  Y at  ton  Clinrch-W.  Ace.  (Som.  Rec. 

I    Soc.)  128  For  botomyng  of  y9  clensyng  renge.  .iiij  d.      1697 

•    G.  DAMPIER  in  Phil.  Trans.  XX.  50  Powder  it,  and  pass  it 

[    through  a  Renge  or  fine  Seive. 

Renge,  obs.  Sc.  f.  REIGN  sb.,  obs.  f.  RING  v.} 
;  var.  RINK  man.  Obs. 

t  Renge,  ^.  Obs.  Also  5  rengne.  [ad.  OF. 
,  renger  to  set  in  rank  or  line,  to  roam  :  see  RENGE 
i  sb.i  and  cf.  RANGE  v.1] 

1.  intr.  a.  To  move  hither  and  thither,  roam, 
stray,     b.  To  draw  up  in  line  or  rank. 

a  1225  Ancr.  ft.  164  f>e  helle  Hun  rengeS  &  reccheS  euer 
abuten  ..  soule  uorte  uorswoluwen.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE 
Chron.  (1810)  40  His  Danes  wild  he  venge  Ageyn  him  in 
bataile,  to  renne  &  to  renge.  c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS. 
Digby  182)  xvi,  Commonliche  pel  go  byfore  her  maister 
rengeynge  and  playnge  with  hir  taile.  c  i^zoAvenv.  Arth. 
vii,  The  raches  comun  rengnyng  him  by,  And  bayet  him 
fulle  boldely.  c  1450  Merlin  198  Than  thei  rode  forth  and 
ranged  close  that  wey  where  as  the  childeren  foughten. 

2.  trans.  To  set  in  order,  put  in  array. 

13. .  Coer  de  L.  4443  Her  folk  wer  rengyd  in  that  playn. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNF,C/*TV«.  (1810)  159  Richard  was  perceyued, 

f>ei  were  renged  redie,  &  how  jjer  pencels  weyued.     ?  a  1366 

CHAUCFR  Rom.  Rose  1380  With  many  high  laurer  and  pine, 

Was  renged  [F.  pueples\    clene   all   that    gardine.    c  1410 

Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxiv,  Alle  J>e  ober  tyndes 

|    gret   and   longe,  wele   sette   and   wele   renged.     1475  Bk. 

1    Noblesse  (Roxb.)  70  He  had  devised  and  ordeined  the  her- 

bers  to  be  compassed,  rengid,  and  made,     f  1489  CAXTON 

Blanchardyn    xxix.    105   The  two   barons,  .camen   to   the 

felde,  where  they  fonden  their  folke  renged  to-gydre.     1530 

,     PALSGR.  685/2,  1  renge,  or  set  in  array,  or  in  order  one  by 

another,/*?  arrengie. 

refl.  c  1330  R.   BRUNNE  Chron.   Wace   (Rolls)  8257  To 
renne  on  pe   [J>ey]   schul    bem   renge.     c  1450  Merlin  127 
Than  two  of  hem  renged  hem  and  priked  alter  the  messa- 
i    gers.     c  1500  Melusine  352  Thenne  armed  hym  euery  man, 
And.. came  &  renged  them  before  the  bataylles. 
Hence  t  Renged  ///.  a.  Obs. 

1609  HEYWOOD  Brit.  Troy  xiv.  xiv,  Now  mongst  their 
renged  Squadrons  Troylus  flings. 

t  Re-nger.  Obs.  rare-0.  [Cf.  RENGE  sb2  and 
RANGER  2.J  A  sieve. 

1530  PALSGR.  262/1  Renger  for  a  baker. 

Rengge,  variant  of  RENGE  $b±  Obs. 

Rengne,  obs.  f.  REIGN  sbt  and  v. ;  var.  RENGE  v. 

t  Rengra'de,  v,  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  ren~  (as  in 
renforce)  +  grade,  after  DEGRADE  v."\  trans.  To 
restore  from  degradation. 

1589  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  v.  xxiv,  His  flight  Scotch-qwened 
his  Sister,  she  rengraded  England's  blood. 

t  Rengre'ge,  v.  Obs.  rare  -'.  [ad.  F.  ren- 
grtger  (i5th  c.) :  see  RE-  and  ENGREGE  z>.]  trans. 
To  aggravate. 

1600  UP.  W.  BARLOW  Serm.  Pants  Cross  (1601)  Bviij, 
Titles,  that  . .  imputeth  to  men  faultes  which  they  haue  not 
committed,  or  doth  rengrege  or  amoinder,  that  is,  make 
greater  or  lesse  the  faults  committed. 

Reiii-,  comb,  form  of  L.  ren  kidney  (see  REINS), 
,  used  in  some  scientific  terms,  as  renicapsular, 
'  -cardiac  t  etc. 

1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  Renifolins,  having  reniform 
;  leaves, ..renifolious.  Renipustnlatus,  marked  with  spots  in 
the  form  of  kidneys:  renipustulate. 

t  Renrant.  Obs.  rare.  Also  renyant.  [a. 
F.  reniantt  pres.  pple.  of  renter  :  see  RENAY  z/.] 
A  renegade. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  I.  iii.  (Skeat)  I.  118  A  renyant 


RENITENT. 

t    [1560  reniant]  forjuged  hath  not  halfe    the  care.      1674 
BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Reniant^  a  Revolter,  a  Runnagate. 

Renidifica-tion.  [RE-  5a.]  The  action  of  build- 

;    ing   a  nest  a  second  time  (Webster  1864,  citing 
Bulwer).     So  Renrdify,  v.  to  make  another  nest 
(Cent.  Diet.  1891). 
Reniew,  obs.  form  of  RENEW  v.^ 
Reiiiform    (rrnif^im),  a.     [ad.  mod.L.  reni- 
I  formis  :  see  REINS   and   -FORM,  and   cf.  F.  rent- 
j  forme.'}     Having  the  form  of  a  kidney  ;    kidney- 
I    shaped.     (Chiefly  in  scientific  use.) 

1753  CHAMBERS  CycL  Supp.  s.v.  Leaf,  Reniform  Leaf,  one 
of  the  shape  of  a  kidney.     1796  KIRWAN  Klou.  Min.  (ed.  2) 
j     II.  78  [Pyrites   is]  found    reniform.     1819  G.   SAMOUELLF. 
j     Entom.    Compendium    81     Shell    reniform,    velvety,    and 
green.      1834  MCML-RTRIK  Cm-iers  Aniin.  Kingd.  453  The 
;     last  joint  of  the  antennae  is  either  almost  globular  or  reni 
form.     1861  R.  !•'.  BURTON  City  of  Saints  570  Three-legged 
!     stools  with  reniform  seats.      1880  HUXLEY  Crayfish  v.  2  ;? 
The  cornea!  substance  of  the  eye  is  reniform, 

Comb.  1847  W.  K.  SIKKLE  Field  Bot.  113  Leaves  reni- 
fortn-cordatf,  glabrous. 

Renigat(e,  obs.  Sc.  forms  of  RENEGATE. 

fReni'OUSly,  adv.  Obs.  rare-1,  [irreg.  f. 
reny,  RENAY  sb.  +  -nus  +  -LY  -.]  Like  a  renegade. 

1522  Stat.  Order  of  Carter  P  2  in  Ashm.  (1672*,  He  that 
then  reniously  and  cowardly  flieth  or  depart  it  h  away  from 
thens,  ought  to  be  e>tienn:d  ..  never  wort  hi  to  be  electe 
Knyght,  or  Felow  of  the  ;>ai(j  Company. 

Re'llisll,  (i.    0/>s.  exc.  dial.     Forms  :   4  ren- 


45  renyst,  renishit,  ?;  renisht.     [Of  unknown 

origin:  cf.  KUNJSH.     The  sense  in  early  examples  is 

often  obscure.]     Strange,  uncouth  ;  fierce,  wild,  etc. 

13..  K.  K.Allit.P.  E.  96Wehafbro3t..Monyrenischche 

renkez  iS:  get  is  roum  more.  1x1400-50  Alexander  387 
Quen  he  had  wro^t  all  his  will.. with  a  renyst  reryd  ^is 
reson  he  said,  ibid,  2943  Ser  Dary.-Rysys  him  vprenysch 
£  re^t  in  his  sete.  'tai6oo  King  Estmere  viii.  in  Child 
Ballads  II.  52/1  Thus  the  renisht  them  to  ryde,  Of  twoe 
good  renisht  steeds.  1691  RAY  A'.  C.  Words  (ed.  2)  58 
Romish,  furious,  passionate:  a  renni*h  Bedlam.  1866 
BKOGDEN  Prov.  W'ords  Lines.,  Ranish,  rash,  precipitate, 
giddy,  wild.  1889  A".  II'. Lines.  Gloss.tRannisht rash, violent. 

Hence  Re'nishly  adv.,  strangely,  roughly. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.P.'Q.  1724  pe  fyste  with  be  fyngeres.  .pat 
rasped  renyschly  be  wo^e  with  \>c  ro}  penne.  a  1400-50 
Alexander  4931  The  renke  within  be  redell. . Rymed  him 
full  renyschly  &  rekind  bir  wordis. 

Renishe,  obs.  form  of  RHENISH. 

i  Renita'tioii.  Obs.  rare—1,  [irreg.  f.  L. 
renttl  (see  next)  +  -ATION.]  =  RENITENCY  i. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Giiillcmcau's  Fr.  Chirnrg.  21  b/i  If  there 
be  greate  quantityc  itcauseth  such  arenitatione  or  stretcb- 
inge  out,  as  a  bottle  which  is  full,  and  closelye  stopped. 

t  Reni'te,  v.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [ad.  L.  reniti^  f.  re- 
RE-  +  ;»7/~  to  struggle.]  intr.  To  offer  resistance. 

1647  WARD  Snap.  (.' abler  28,  I  dare  say,  they  that  mo~t 
renite,  will  least  repetit. 

t  Renitence.  Obs.  [a.  F.  renitence  (i6thc., 
Pare):  see  RENITENT  and -ENCE.]  =next. 

1652  CHARI.ETON  Darkn.  Atheism  265  An  exclusion  of  all 
coaction,  violence,  renitence  or  imposition.  1676  H.  MORK 
Remarks  14  The  weight  of  Lead,  .had  crammed  the  Sand 
together,  .that  it  stuck  by  renitence  of  its  irregular  parts, 
one  against  another.  1743  HON.  C.  YORKK  in  If^nrlmrton's 
Unpnbl.  Papers  (1841)  140  A  man  would  not  do  amiss  to 
shut  up  his  books  ;  and  without  the  least  renitence  roll  in 
the  vortex  cf  dulness. 

Renitency  (r/hsi'tensi,  re'nitensi).  Now  rare. 
Also  7  -ancie.  [See  prec.  and  -ENCY.] 

tl.  Physical  resistance,  esp.  the  resistance  of  a 
body  to  pressure.  Obs. 

1613  M.  RIDLEY  Afagn.  Bodies  2  Freed  from  all  obstacle 
and  renitency.  1634  '!'.  JOHNSON  Parey's  Chirnrg.  vn.  xvii. 
(1678)  183  The  signs  of  such  a  Tumour  are  a  certain  renitency 
or  resistance.  1681  GLANVILL  Sadducismus  157  It  neces 
sarily  and  by  an  insuperable  Renitencie  expels  and  excludes 
all  other  Matter.  170.4  I.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tcchn.  \,Renitency% 
is  that  Resistence  which  there  is  in  solid  bodies  when  they 
press  upon,  or  are  impelled  one  against  another. 

2.  Resistance  to  constraint  or  compulsion,  oppo 
sition,  reluctance.  Now  rare. 

1626  PRVNNE  Ferpet.  Regen.  Man's  Est.  324  There  is 
a  reluctancie,  renitancie  [pr.  reuitancie],  dislike  and  hatred 
of  it  in  his  soule.  1668  R.  STEELE  Husbandman's  Calling 
vi.  (1678)  157  His  oxe.. suffers  the  sharp  visits  of  the  goad 
without  renitency  or  opposition.  1702  C.  MATHER  Magn. 
Chr.  iv.  iv.  (1852)  96  The  obstruction  which  the  reniteucies 
of  that  gentleman  threatened.  1761  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy 
III.  xxxlv,  Nature  has  form'd  the  mind  of  man  with  the 
same  happy  backwardness  and  renitency  against  conviction. 
1802  PALEY  Nat.  Theol.  ix.  (1819)  129  We  have  here  no 
endeavour,  but  tbe  reverse  of  it ;  a  constant  renitency  and 
reluctance.  1844  H.  ROGERS  Ess.  (1855)  III.  109  This  re 
nitency  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  to  accept,  .the  consequences  of 
his  Church  Principles. 

Renitent  (r/hsrtent,  re'nittfnt),  a.  Now  rare. 
[a.  F.  rfnitent  (i6th  c.,  Pare),  or  ad.  L.  remtcnt-em, 
pres.  pple.  of  reniti :  see  RENITE  z'.] 

1.  That  offers  physical  resistance ;  resisting  pres 
sure,  hard. 

1701  RAY  Creation  n,  (ed.  3)  245  An  inflation  of  the 
Muscles  whereby  they  become  both  soft,  and  yet  renitent 
like  so  many  Pillows.  1755  B.  MARTIN  Mag.  Arts  4-  Sc. 
305  The  electrical  Matter.. can  go  no  further,  by  Reason  of 
the  renitent  Quality  of  the  silken  Strings.  1889  J.  M. 
DUNCAN  Clin.  Lect.  Dis.  Wont,  xxvii.  (ed.  4)  213  The  right 
ovary  was  swollen,  renitent,  as  big  as  a  walnut. 

2.  Recalcitrant. 


RENIX(E. 


The  gaps  left  by  renitent  warriors  were  rapidly  filled  Dy 
intending  plunderers. 

t  Reni"x(e.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  type  *renixus 
(after  nixns)  for  actual  renisus,  f.  renitl:  see 
RENITE  v.~\  A  backward  effort. 

1666  G.  HARVEY  Morb.  A  ngl.  iv.  31  The  blood  by  expansion 
and  turgency  making  a  potent  renix.  1689  —  Curing  Dlt. 
by  Expect,  xxii.  181  A  strong  pressure  upon  the  Arteria 
magna,  which  by  a  potent  renixe  did  duplicate  its  force  of 
Pulsation. 

fRent'.  Obs.  rare-1,  [a.  F.  renc.\  =  RANKS*.' 
^1530  LD.  BERNERS  Arlh.  Lyt.  Bryt.  xxviii.  (1814)  81  As 
Arthur  wente  searchynge  the  renkes  [printed  renkthes ;  F. 
Its  rettcs}  and  preses,  he  encountred  the  Erie  of  Foys. 

Renk2.  Coal-mining.  [?  var.  of  RANK  or 
RINK.]  (See  quots.) 

1851  GREENWELL  Coal-trails  Terms,  Norlhumb.  <?•  Durh.    . 
42  Renk,..z  standard  distance  of  60  or  8p  yards  (called  the 
first  renk),  upon  which  a  standard  price  is  paid  for  putting 
a  score  of  coals.     \WnMiningGloii.  (Weale)  AV«i(Newc.), 
The  average  distance  the  coals  are  brought  by  the  putters. 
Renk,  var.  RINK  man  Obs. ;  obs.  f.  RING  sb., 
RINK  course, 
t  Renke,  ?  for  renge,  obs.  f.  REIGN  sb. 

c  1440  York  Myst.  xxix.  17,  I  haue  be  renke  and  be  rewle    : 
of  all  be  ryall. 

t  Renkning,  obs.  Sc.  var.  RANKING  vol.  sb. 

1581  Sc.  Acts  Jas.  I'f  (i8i4\III.  233  i  The  samyn  was 
remittit  togidderwith  the  renkning  and  placeingpf  the  haill 
burrowis  within  this  realme  to  the  commissionaris. 

Re'liky,  a.  dial.  Also  7  reneky,  renty.  [Of 
obscure  origin.]  Large  and  well-made.  (See  also 
Eng.  Dial.  Diet.) 

1683  G.   MERITON  Yorks.  Dial,  n  There  is  a  Reneky 
Cow,  that  beats  all  th' rest.     1691  RAY  N.  C.  Words  (ed.2)    . 
58  Renty,  handsome,  well  shaped,  spoken  of  Horses,  Cows  &c. 

t  Renla'rge,  v.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  RE-  +  EN- 
IARGE  v.  •  cf.  KE-ENLARGE  z>.]  trans.  To  set  free 
or  open  up  again. 

1616  J.  LANE  Cant.  Sqr.'s  T.  vi.  88  B'entreatinge  Manor 
Lordes,  folkes  lesse  to  flize,  commons  renlarge,  restore  thold 
colonies. 

Renlesse,  obs.  var.  RENDLES  rennet.  Renlett, 
obs.  f.  RUNLET.  Renlys,  obs.  var.  RENDLES. 
Rennagat(e,  obs.  ff.  RENEGATE.  Rennare,  obs. 
f.  RUNNER.  Renne,  obs.  f.  RUN  v.  Renne- 
gado,  -gate,  obs.  ff.  RENEGADO,  -GATE.  Renne- 
lesse,  obs.  var.  RENDLES  rennet.  Renner(e, 

obs.  ff.  RUNNEB. 

Rennet  (re-net),  rf.l  Also  5  renniet,  6  ren- 
nette,  rennit,  6-7  renet ;  see  also  RUNNET.  [f. 
renne,  obs.  form  of  RUN  v.,  or  peril,  repr.  an  OE. 
*rynet :  cf.  RENDLES,  EARNING  :',  and  G.  renne] 

I.  A  mass  of  curdled  milk  found  in  the  stomach 
of  an  unweaned  calf  or  other  animal,  used  for 
curdling  milk  in  making  cheese,  etc. ;  also,  a  pre 
paration  of  the  inner  membrane  of  the  stomach 
used  for  this  or  other  purposes. 

14..  Lat.  »r  Eng.  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  591/19  Lactis, 
rennet,  or  rennynge.  1477  NORTON  Ord.  A  Icli.  v.  in  Ashm. 
(1652)  79  Milk,  &  also  Blood,  And  Renniet  which  for  Cheese 
is  good,  c  1550  LLOYD  Treas.  Health  D  iij,  The  rennet  of  an 
hare.. healith  the  faulyng  Euell.  1562  J.  HEYWOOD  Pro-.: 
%  Epigr.  (1867)  118  It  [cheese]  is  to  strong  of  the  rennet, 
saith  hee.  1573  TURBERV.  Faulconrie  352  Take  little  sucking 
whelpes  and  feede  your  hawke  with  the  flesh  of  them 
stieped  in  the  milk  or  renet  whiche  you  shall  find  in  the 
mawes  of  them.  1620  VESNER  Yia  Recta  v.  88  That  it  bee 
not  tart  of  the  rennet,  is  far  wholsomer.  1676  HOBBES  Iliad 
(1677)  82  As  quickly  as  the  milk  is  turn'd  to  curd,  When 
with  a  proper  rennet  it  is  mixt.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s.v.  Cluese,  Cheese ..  being  a  preparation  of  milk  curdled  by 
means  of  rennet,  and  afterwards  dried,  and  hardened.  1797 
Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  IV.  369/2  No  people  take  less  pains 
with  the  rennet  than  the  Cheshire  farmers.  1845  TODD  & 
BOWMAN  t'hys.  Anal.  I.  39  Caseine  is  coagulated  very  per 
fectly  by  the  action  of  rennet  aided  by  heat.  1873  H.  C. 
WOOD  Therap.  (1879)  607  It  is  customary  to  place  the  dried 
viscus  in  wine,  and  to  call  the  liquid  thus  formed,  as  well  as 
the  prepared  stomach,  rennet. 

fig.  1651  CHARLETON  Ephes.  ff  Cimm.  Matrons  n.  (1668) 
14  The  Bawd,  who  was  the  very  Renet  of  Concupiscence. 

2.  Anything  used  to  curdle  milk,  esp.  the  plant 
Galium  verunt,   Lady's   Bedstraw   (cf.  CHLESE- 
BENNET). 

1577  B.  GOOGE  Hcresoacli's  Hush.  n.  109  b,  In  the  Figge 
tree  it  [the  sap]  is  milkie,  Whiche  serueth  as  a  rennet  for 
Cheese.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  540  The  herbe  [Gallion]  may 
serue  for  Rennet  to  make  Cheese.  1678  SALMON  Pkarm. 
Lond.  59  Gallium . .  is  used  for  Rennet  or  Runnet  to  make 
cheese  with.  1750  ELLIS  Mod.  Hnsb.  III.  I.  vii.  no  The 
Cliver,  or  Rennet  or  Curd-wort,  . .  is  also  pernicious  in 
curdling  Milk  in  the  Cow's  Bag.  1851  C.  A.  JOHNS  Flaivers 
of  Field  1.304  The  Highlanders  use  the  roots ..  and  the 
rest  of  the  plant  [Galium  verum]  as  rennet  to  curdle  milk. 
1889  N.  ff  Q.  ?th  Ser.  VIII.  231/2  It  is  likely  enough  that 
Galium. .is  still  used  as  rennet  in  some  neighbourhoods. 

3.  atlrib.,   as   rennet  ferment,  gland;  rennet- 
bag,  the  stomach  of  a  calf  used  as  rennet ;  rennet 
stomach,  the  fourth  stomach  of  a  ruminant ;  ren 
net  whey  (see  quot.)  ;  rennet  wort,  the  plant 
Galiitm  aparine. 

1611  COTGR.,  Miiletle, .  .the  maw  of  a  Calfe ;  which  being 
dressed  is  called  the  *Renet-bag.  1727  BRADLEY  Country 
Housewife  (1728)  84  Cheese  ..  may  be  strengthned,  by 
putting  . .  Spice  into  the  Rennet  Bag,  as  Pepper.  1797 


448 

Encvd.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  IV.  360/2  The  veil,  maw,  rennet-bag    | 
(or  by  whatever  name  it  is  called).     1897  A llbntt  s!>yst.  MeJ. 
III.  295  The  'rennet  ferment  is  the  most  constant  of  all  the 
active  constituents  of  the  gastric  juice.    1871  THUDICHUM 
Chem  Phys.  10  The  many  little  'rennet  glands  situated  in 
the  walls  of  the  stomach  secrete  a  liquid  termed  the  gastric 
juice.     1889  tr.  C/aus'  Zool.,  Alollusca  to  Man  317  The 
food  enters  the  fourth  stomach.. the  longitudinally  folded 
•rennet    stomach    or    atomasum.     1855  OGILVIE  ^nppl.,    \ 
'Kennel-whey,  the  serous  part  of  milk,  separated  from  th 
caseous,  by  means  of  rennet.    It  is  used  in  pharmacy.    1727    ( 
BKADLEY  Country  Hfusmi/e  (1728)  76  To  make  an  artificial 
Rennet,  .that  is,  to  boil  the  Cliver,  or  as  some  call  it  Goose- 
grass,  or  other,  'Rennet- Wort,  in  Water. 

Rennet  (re-net),  sbt     Forms  :    6,  8  runnet, 
6-8  renate,  7  renat,  7-  rennet,  (8  ren(n;ette, 
q  rennett).  [ad.  F.  reinctte  (see  REIXETTE),  app. 
f.  reine  queen  (cf.  QUEEN  sb.  9  c),  but  sometimes 
written  rainelle  as  if  f.  raine  frog,  in  allusion  to 
the  spots  which  appear  on  some  varieties.     Hence 
also  Du.  react,  G.  and  Da.  rcnctte,  Sw.  renett.    The 
obs.  Eng.   form  renale  was  by  some  writers  ex-    , 
plained  as  from  L.  renatus]    One  of  a  large  class 
of  dessert  apples  of  French  origin,  of  which  the 
most  esteemed  varieties  are  round   or  flattish  in    , 
shape,  small  or  medium  sized,  firm  fleshed,  and 
good  for  keeping;  falso  formerly  applied   to   a   ; 
pippin  grafted  on  a  pippin-stock  (quots.  1612-42). 
a  1568  ASCHAM  Scholem.  i.  (Arb.)  36  A  childe  will  chose  a 
sweeting. .and  refuse  a  Runnet,  because  it  is  than  grene, 
hard,  and  sowre.     1570-6  LAMUAKIJE  Ptramt.  Kent  (1826) 
223  The  sweet  Cherry,  the  temperate  Pipyn,  and  the  golden    ; 
Renate.      1612  DKAYTON  Poly-oil,   xviii.  677  The  Renat,    . 
which  though  first  it  from  the  Pippin  came,  Growne  through 
his    pureness    nice,    assumes    that    curious    name.      1642 
FULLER  Holy  «t  Prof.  St.  n.  xxiv.  149  When  a  Pepm  is    , 
planted  on  a  Pepin-stock,  the  fruit  growing  thence  is  called 
a  Renate, a  most  delicious  apple.    1688  R.  \\Q\MV.  Armoury 
M.  48/1  The  Rennet  is  a  fine  lasting  Apple,.. the  Lincoln    ; 
Rennet  is  reputed  best.     1707  MOKTIMEK  llusb.  (1721)  II. 
264  The  Golden  Runnet  is  the  most  certainest  Bearer  of  any    , 
Apple  1  have  met  with.     1767  AflERCROMBIE  Ez:  Man  kit    i 
ou'n  Card.  (1803)  671  English  rennet,..  Tender  rennet,..     ] 
Spanish  rennet  [etc.].     1825  HOXE  Ki'cry-day  Bk.   I.  908 
The  true  '  (-olden  rennet '  can  only  be   heard  of  at  great 
fruiterers.     1843  J.  SMITH  Forest  Trees  156,  I  may  observe 
that  all  the  rennetts  are  highly  flavoured. 

attrit.    1712  tr.  Pmieff  Hist.  Drvgs  I.  143  A  Fruit  of    j 
the  Size  of  our  Rennet  Apple. 

tRe'nnet,  sl>.z  Obs.  rare-'      [ad.  F.  renette, 
rainelle  (1690).]    A  farrier's  tool,  used  for  probing   . 
the  hoof  of  a  horse. 

1725  BBADLEY  Fan:.  Diet.  s.v.  Retracts,  Then  with  your 
Rennet  search  the  Hole,  penetrating  to  the  end  of  it,  where 
the  Nail  was  rivetted  to  the  Hoof. 

tRe-nnet,  v.    Obs.  rare.    [f.  RENNET  rf.i]  ] 
trans.  To  curdle   (milk)  with  rennet ;  to  supply 
with  rennet. 

c  1624  CHAPMAN  Batrachom.  59  Nor  Cheesecakes, ,.  Lynr- 
ings,  (white-skind  as  ladies :)  nor  the  straines  Of  prest  milke, 
renneted.  1648  HERKICK  Hesper.,  To  his  Book,  Come  thou 
not  neere  those  men,  who  are  like  Bread  O're-leven'd ;  or 
like  Cheese  o're-rennetted. 

t  Re  linetiug.  Obs.  rare.  Also  8  rennetting. 
[f.  RENNET  sb*  +  -ING  3 ;  cf.  QUEENING,  and  Flem. 
renelling  (I )e  Bo).]  =  RENNET  sb.* 

1707  MORTIMER  Hnsb.  595  Ripe  pulpy  Apples,  as  Pippins, 
Rennetings,  &c.  that  are  of  a  syrupy  tenacious  nature. 
Ibid.  Kaiendar  Jan.,  Winter  Queenings,.. Rennetting. 

Rennible,  obs.  form  of  REN  ABLE. 

Renniet,  obs.  form  of  RENNET  rf.i 

Rennigat(e,  -gatt,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  RENEGATE. 

Reimiii  (re-nin).  Physiol.  [f.  RENN-ET  sbl  + 
-is1.]  The  specific  milk- curdling  enzyme  of  rennet. 
Hence  Renni'nogen,  the  zymogen  which  produces 
rennin  (SyJ.  Soc.  Lex.  1897). 

1897  AllbntCs  Syst.  Med.  III.  287  In  addition  to  pepsin 
the  gastric-juice  contains  another  ferment,  namely  '  rennin ', 
;  a  milk-curdling  ferment. 

t  Refining.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  renne  RUN  v.  + 
\  -ING1.]  =  RENNET stt.i  (See  also  CHEESE-KUNNING.) 

14..  i.iit.  Eng.  Voc,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  573/41  Coagulant, 
rennynge.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  348  They  vse  it  in  stead 
of  renning,  to  turn  milke  and  gather  curds  thereof.  1691 
RAY  N.  C.  Words  (ed.  2)  57  Race,  Rennet  or  Renning. 

Renning,  -yng(e,  obs.  ff.  RUNNING.  Rennish, 
a. :  see  RENISH.  Rennit,  obs.  f.  RENNET  rf.1 
Rennogat(e,  obs.  ff.  RENEGATE. 

t  RenO'tole,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  NOBLE  a.'] 
trans.  To  ennoble  again. 

1607  TOPSELL  Four./.  Beasts  (1658)  266  Neither  [will]  their 
books  imprinted  be  any  way  disgraced  or  hindered,  but 
rather  revived,  renobled,  and  honoured.  1731-2  SAVAGE 
On  Her  Majesty's  Birth-Day  61  Renobled  thus  by  wreaths 
my  queen  bestows,  I  lose  all  memory  of  wrongs  and  woes. 

Renocero,  obs.  form  of  RHINOCEROS. 

t  Renodate,  v.  Obs.  rare  — °.  [ad.  ppl.  stem  of 
L.  renodare  to  untie :  see  RE-  and  NODE.]  '  To 
undo,  or  unknit  a  knot ;  also  to  knit  fast  or  again ' 
(Blount  Glossogr.  1656).  So  t  Kenoda'tion  '  an 
nnknitting  or  undoing  of  a  knot'  (Phillips  1658); 
also  f  Keno'de  v.,  'to  vnknit'  (Cockeram  1623). 

Renogate,  obs.  form  of  RENEGATE. 

•I  ReilO'me.  Obs.  [ad.  F.  reno/u,  later  form  of 
renon  RENOWN  sb.  Earlier  examples  of  the  spell 
ing  belong  to  RENOMEE.]  Renown. 

1523  LD.  BF.RNKRS  Fren'ss.  I.  cxlvi.  175  Do  nat  a  thyng 


RENOUNCE. 

that  shulde  blemysshe  your  renome.  ci557  ABP.  PARKER 
Ps.  Ixxviii.  118  In  ages  still  to  come  To  ryse  and  sprede 

God's  actes  to  hys  renome.  1561  T.  NOKTON  Calvin  s 
Inst.  ill.  289  Neither  doth  Jacob  this  bicause  he  is  careful 
for  the  enlarging  of  the  renome  of  his  name. 

t  Renome, ppl.a.  Obs.  rare-1.     [OF.]  =  next. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Curon.  (1810)  204  Of  Mount  Morice 
Matm  a  baron  renome. 

t  Reno-med,  ///.  a.  Obs.  Also  4  renumed, 
5-6  renommed,  (Sc.  -it,  -yt).  fad.  OF.  renumt, 
renomt  (later  renommf),  pa.  pple.  of  renomer,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  nomer  to  name.]  Renowned. 

13..  Cursor  M.  13763  (Cott.),  pis  ilk  water  ..  Was  mikel 
renumed  in  baa  dais,  c  1374  CHAUCER  Koeth.  in.  pr.  ii,  fat 
al  bing  bat  is  ry}t  excellent,  .semeb  to  be  ryjt  clere  and  re- 
nomed.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  I.  131  To  him  which  thenkth 
his  name  avance  And  be  renomed  of  his  dede.  c  1430  LVDC. 
Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  47  Famous  poetis.  .In  Grece  and 


armes.  1588  A.  KING  tr.  Canisins'  Catech.  109  Quhat  order 
is  maist  renommed  in  the  haly  kirk? 

t  Renomee'.  Obs.  Also  4-5  renome,  (5  -nom 
ine),  renommee,  5  -y(e.  [a.  OF.  renomee,  later 
renommte,  (.  renomer :  see  prec.]  Renown.  (Very 
common  in  Caxton's  works.) 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Wife's  T.  303  For  gentillesse  nys  but  re 
nomee  Of  thyne  auncestres,  for  hire  heigh  bountee.  1390 
GOWER  Con/.  II.  43  Hire  name  was  Rosiphelee;  Which  tho 
was  of  gret  renomee.  c  \l&>Merlin  186  Renomee  that  thurgh 
alle  the  worlde  renneth  yede  so  thourgh  euery  londe.  1464 
Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  561/1  The  fame  of  renommy  of  the  honour 
and  pollicie  therof.  £1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Aymon  xxiv. 
521  The  renommee  therof  is  flowen  over  alle  the  worlde. 

Reno-minate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
nominate  for  a  second  term  of  office. 

1864  FREMONT  in  Daily  Tel.  21  June,  If  Mr.  Lincoln  should 
be  renominated.  1899  Daily  Kevii  17  Apr.  7/2  He  stated 
that  Mr.  Croker  refused  to  renominate  him. 

Reiiomma-tiou.    [I<£-  5  a  :  cf-  Prec-] 

1.  Renewed  nomination. 

1855  HAWTHORNE  Eng.  Note-bks.  (1870)  I.  339  He  thought 
ihe  President  had  a  fair  chance  of  re-nomination.  1891 
Times  1 1  Feb.  5/2  The  gravity  of  the  situation  has  induced 
him  to  accept  renomination. 

2.  A  change  of  name.  rare~l 

1885  Antiquary  Mar.  96/2  He  follows  up  the  intricate 
history  of  the  companies,  and  tracks  their  devious  courses 
through  changes,  exchanges  and  renominations. 

Renomined,  renommee :  see  RESUMED,  -EE. 

Renonse,  obs.  form  of  RENOUNCE  v. 

Renoperica-rdial,  a.  Physiol.  [f.  rent-  as 
comb,  form  of  L.  ren  kidney.]  Pertaining  to  the 
kidneys  and  pericardium. 

1883  E.  R.  LANKESTER  in  Emycl.  Brit.  XVI.  676/2  Reno- 
pericardial  orifice  placing  the  left  renal  sac. .in  communica 
tion  with  the  viscero-pericardial  sac. 

Renoume,  -noumpne,  obs.  varr.  of  RENOWN. 

Renounce  (r/hairns),  sb.  [ad.  F.  renonce,  f. 
renomer  to  RENOUNCE.] 

1.  Card-playing.  An  act  or  instance  of  renounc 
ing  (see  the  vb.,  sense  7). 

1747  HOVLE  Quadrille  33  No  person  is  to  be  beasted  for 

1    a  Renounce,  unless  the  Trick  is  turn'd  and  quitted.     1791 

A.  THOMSON  Whist  119  (T.),  If  with  these  cards  you  tricks 

•    intend  to  win,  Prevent  renounces,  and  with  trumps  begin. 

1830  '  EIDBAII  TKEBOR'  Hoyle  Made  Familiar  39  If  any 

one  renounce,  he  is  basted  for  each  renounce  if  detected  ; 

but  a  renounce  is  not  made  till  the  trick  is  turned.    1863 

•CAVENDISH'  Laws  of  Whist  (ed.  5)  13  If  a  renounce  is 

corrected  after  any  of  the  subsequent  players  have  played, 

they  are  at  liberty  to  withdraw  their  cards. 

b.  A  chance  of  renouncing,   by  having  no  cards 
of  a  particular  suit. 

1830  '  EIDRAII  TREBOR  '  Hoyle  Made  Familiar  24  Never 


.ashly  tries,  having  u ,   — 

clear  his  hand  of  Clubs,  and  so,  having  a  renounce  in  that 
suit  also,  to  give  himself  a  better  chance. 

•f  2.  Renunciation.  Obs.  rare  — '. 

1779  BURGOYNE  Maid  oftlie  Oaks  v.  i,  From  this  moment 
I  renounce  it.  Grov.  And  you  never  made  a  better  re 
nounce  in  your  life. 

Renounce  (r/ncurns),  v.  Forms:  4  renonoe, 
4-5  renouse,  4-6  renounse ;  4, 6-8  St.  renunce, 
5  renownce,  4-  renounce.  [ad.  F.  renoncer  (OF. 
also  renuncer) :— L.  rentmtiare  (-dare)  to  an 
nounce,  proclaim,  also  to  disclaim,  protest  against, 
f.  re-  RE-  +  mill/tare  to  make  known,  report :  cf. 
announce,  denounce,  etc.] 

L  1.  trans.  To  give  up,  to  resign  (t  to  an 
other),  to  surrender ;  esp.  to  give  up  in  a  complete 
and  formal  manner. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Set.  Wks.  III.  4J5  Eche  of  3pw  bat  scha 


'  Ther  renowncyd  he  All  hys  hy  astate  and  eke  hys  dignyte. 
1494  FABYAN  Chron.  v.  cxiv.  88  If  they  wylfully  wold  re 
nounce  the  sayd  place  and  put  them  in  his  grace,  he  wolde 
vtterlye  pardon  theyr  trespace.  1530  PALSGR.  686/1  He  hath 
naught  to  do  withall  nowe,  no  more  than  you  have,  he  hath 
renounced  his  tytle.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane  s  Comm.  69 
He  shall  renounce  Naples,  Milan,  Gene,  Aste  and  Flaunder^ 
1605  in  Goudie  Diary  J.  Mill  (S.  H.  S.)  193  The  said 
William  Bruce.,  renunceis,  quit  claimis  and  dischairgis  and 
ouer  gives  to  the  said  nobilHord  the  said  twa  last  of  land. 


RENOUNCE. 


449 


RENOVATE. 


1667  MILTON  Pt  Lt  n.  312  These  Titles  now  Must  we 
renounce,  and  changing  stile  be  call'd  Princes  of  Hell  ?  1697 
DRYDEN  I'irg.  Georg.  m.  748 The  Victor  Horse.  .The  Palm 
renounces,  and  abhors  the  Flood.  1718  LADY  M.  W.  MON 
TAGU  Lett,  (1887)  1.240  The  parents.. renounce  all  future 
claim,  a  1768  ERSKINK  Inst.  Law  Scot.  n.  vi.  §  44  (1773)  270 
A  tack  ceases. .if. .the  tenant  renounce  his  possession  to 
the  landlord.  1776  GIBBON  Decl.  ff  F.  xti.  I.  333  They  soon 
experienced,  that  those  who  refuse  the  sword,  must  re 
nounce  the  scepter.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  I.  xxvi.  351, 
I  should  require  them.. to  renounce  in  writing  all  claims 
upon  myself  and  the  rest.  1875  MANNING  Mission  H,  Ghost 
\.  29  Whatsoever  Thou  forbiddest  I  will  renounce. 

b.  To  renounce  the  world,  to  withdraw  from 
worldly  interests  in  order  to  lead  a  spiritual  life. 

c  1450  tr.  DC  Iinitatione  in.  xi.  78  pei  renounce  be  worlde 
and  take  a  Religious  lif.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vi.  clxiv.  157 
Vpon  .viii.  yeres  after  that  Lothayre . .  renounsyd  the  pompe 
of  y°  world.  1657  SPARROW  Bk.  Com.  Prayer  (1661)  290 
We  renounc'd  the  world  when  we  were  baptized.  1779 
COWPER  Love  of  World  25  Renounce  the  world — the 
preacher  cries.  1841  ELPHINSTONE  Hist.  Ind,  II.  419  De 
claring  his  own  intention  of  renouncing  the  world  and 
indulging  his  love  of  devotion  in  retirement  at  Mecca. 

o.  To  abandon,  cast  off,  repudiate;  to  decline 
to  recognize,  hold,  observe,  etc. 

a  1533  LD.  BERNERS//W«  lxxxii.253, 1  shall,  .renounce  his 
law,  and  beleue  in  Mahounde.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's 
Comm.  86  b,  He  required  them  to  renounce  the  protestation 
of  the  yeare  before,  c  1645  MILTON  Forcers  Come.  2  You 
have  thrown  of  your  Prelate  Lord,  And  with  stiff  Vowes  re 
nounc'd  his  Liturgie.  1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1677) 
307  After  which  imprecation  the  wretch  holds  up  one 
Finger,  thereby  renouncing  a  Trinity.  1713  ADDISON  Cato 
I.  i,  Our  father's  fortune  Would  almost  tempt  us  to  renounce 
his  precepts.  1757  BURKE  Abridgm.  Eng.  Hist.  Wks.  X. 
466  To  drive  the  Pope  to  extremities  by  wholly  renouncing 
his  authority.  1847  EMERSON  Repr.  Men,  Napoleon  Wks. 
(Bohn)  I.  368  Napoleon  renounced,  once  for  all,  sentiments 
and  affections.  1895  SIR  N.  LINDLEY  in  Law  Times  Rep. 
LXXIII.  691/1  It  is  competent  for  anybody  to  renounce  or 
disclaim  a  tru.-it,  and  to  have  nothing  to  do  with  it. 

f  d.  refl.  To  give  up  (oneself),  esp.  in  a  spirit 
of  resignation.  Obs. 

1588  A.  KING  tr.  Canisiits*  Catech.  96  We  confess  yat  we 
glaidlie  embrace  ye  Croce  of  Christ,  renuncis  our  selfs  [etc.]. 
1594  T.  B.  La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad.  \\.  541  Hee  must  re 
nounce  himselfe,  and  become  like  to  the  bruite  beast.  1621 
T.  WILLIAMSON  tr.  Gonlarfs  Wise  Vieillard  128  Wee 
should  renounce  our  selves,  .because  we  are  not  our  owne 
but  Gods.  1649  Bounds  Publ.  Obed.  (1650)  24  These 
Authors  have  read  but  of  few  lonases,  who  voluntarily 
renounce  themselves  to  settle  a  Tempest. 

2.  To  abandon,  give  up,  discontinue  (a  practice, 
action,  habit,  thought,  intention,  etc.). 

1484  RICH.  Ill  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett,  Ser.  n.  I.  123  To  re 
nounce  the  wering  and  usage  of  the  Irisshe  arraye.  1508 
DUNBAR  Flyting  54  Renunce,  rebald,  thy  ryming.  c  1590 
MARLOWE  Faustus  vi,  I  will  renounce  this  magic  and  repent. 
i6xx  BIBLE  2  Esdras  xiv.  13  Now  therefore  set  thine  house 
in  order,  and.  .renounce  corruption.  1665  MANLEY  Grotiits* 
Low  C.  Warres  463  When  the  Romans  renounced  all  right 
and  fair  dealing,  these.. opposed  them.  1739  DILWORTH 
Pope  73  He  renounced  all  thoughts  of  paying  attendance  at 
Court.  1781  COWPER  Retirem.  293  That  tongue  is  silent 
now ; . .  Renounced  alike  its  office  and  its  sport.  1838 
THIRI.WALL  Hist.  Greece  xvii.  III.  7  A  calamity  befel  them  by 
which  they  were  forced  to  renounce  this  design.  1849  GKOTE 
Greece  \i.x\vm,  (1862)  IV.  253  He  was  compelled  to  renounce 
the  attempt.  1887  BOWEN  SEneid\\'.  319  If  a  prayer  can 
move  thee,  renounce  this  purpose  of  thine. 

b.  To  abandon  or  give  up  (a  belief  or  opinion) 
by  open  profession  or  recantation. 

1535  LYNDESAV  Satyre  1133, 1  dreid,  without  $e.  .renunce 
}our  new  oplniones,  The  spmtuall  stait  sail  put  3ow  to  per- 
ditioun.  1590  SPENSER  F,  Q.  n.  yiii.  51  If  thou  wilt  re 
nounce  thy  miscreaunce,  ..  Life  will  I  graunt  thee.  1769 
BLACKSTONEO/WW/.  IV.  56  All  others  must,  .submit  and  re 
nounce  their  errors.  1770  Junius Lett.  xli.  (1788)  224  We., 
do  not  begin  to  detest  him  until  he  affects  to  renounce  his 
principles.  1841  ELPHINSTONE  Hist,  hid.  II.  87  On  his 
refusing  to  renounce  his  tolerant  maxims,  [he]  put  him  to 
death.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  n.  xxviL  380  Professor  Forbes 
. .  renounced  the  theory,  and  substituted  another. 

3.  To  disclaim  or  disown  obedience  or  allegiance 
to  (a  person).   ?  Obs. 

1502  Ord.  Crysten  Men  (W.  de  W.  1506)  i.  iii.  C  vij  b,  And 
whan  one  hathe  hym  named,  than  he  demaundeth  him, 
renouncest  thou  Sathan.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxxiv.  10 
Thow  art  my  clerk,  the  Devill  can  say,  Renunce  thy  God 
and  cum  to  me.  1552  Bk.  Com.  Prayer,  Ordering  of 
Deacons^  I  from  hencefurth  shall  vtterlye  renounce,  refuse, 
relinquish,  &  forsake  the  bishop  of  Rome.  1593  SHAKS. 
3  Hen.  yft  in.  iii.  194  To  repatre  my  Honor  lost  for  him,  I 
heere  renounce  him,  and  returne  to  Henry. 

b.  To  cast  off,  disclaim  relationship  to  or 
acquaintance  with  (a  person)  ;  f  also  const,  from. 

i$8a  STANYHURST  Mneis  n.  (Arb.)  55  Thee  Gods  haue 
flatlye  renounst  vs,  Oure  state  that  whillon  preserud.  1594 
\st  Pt.  Contention  (1843)24,  I  here  renounce  her  from  my 
bed  and  boord.  1602  MARSTON^W/.  fy  Mel.  iv.  Wks.  1856 
I.  54,  I  renounce  thy  blood,  If  thou  forsake  thy  valour.  1700 
T.  BROWN  Amusem.  Ser.  ff  Com.  15  Tho*  you  presented 
him  in  the  Morning,  he  will  forget  you  at  Night,  and  utterly 
Renounce  you  the  Day  following.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE 
Italian  xiii,  I  never  can  renounce  you,  while  you  are  un 
changed.  1838  DICKENS  Nick.  Nick,  xxxiit,  Your  kindred 
renounce  you.  1865  —  Mut.  Fr.  n.  xv,  My  brother  has 
quarrelled  with  me.. and  renounced  me. 

t  c.  \\ipassive  with  complement.   Obs.  rare~~}. 

1661  CRESSY  Ref?.  Oaths  Snprem.  $  AUeg.  23  Can  the 
King  be  acknowledged,  .a  Head  of  Churches  of  which  he 
renounces,  and  is  renounced  the  being  so  much  as  a  member  ? 

1 4.  To  refuse  to  do  a  thing.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1581  STANYHURST  /Eneis  n.  (Arb,)  68  This  sayd,  shee 

VOL,  VIII. 


vannisht,  and  thogh  that   I   sadlye  requyred  Too  confer 
further,  yeet  shee  too  tarrye  renounced. 

fb.  With  double  obj.    To  refuse.  Obs.  rare— l. 

1582  STANYHURST  JEneis  \.  (Arb.)  35  On  sands  they  re 
nounce  vs  an  harboure.  They  doe  bid  vs  battayl, 

t  c.  To  refuse  to  carry  out ;  to  repudiate  (an 
obligation).  Obs.  rare~l. 

1617  MOKVSON  Itin.  in.  255  Lewis  the  twelfth,  after  the 
league  for  yeers  was  expired,  renounced  the  payment  of  all 
publike  or  prtuate  pensions. 

t  5.  To  deny  (a  suggestion  or  accusation).   Obs. 

1596  HARINGTOM  Meta.mt  Ajax  I  j  b,  If  you  will  say  there 
is  salte  in  it,  I  will  acknowledge  [  =  admit]  it ;  but  if  you  will 
suspect  there  is  gall  in  it,  I  renounce  it.  1597  BEARD  Theatre 
God's  Jndgem.  (1612)  305  When  manie  were  suspected  of 
the  murder,  and  all  renounced  it  [etc.]. 

6.  intr.    or   absol.  fa.  To    make    renunciation. 
Const,  to  (the  thing  renounced).     Also  Sc.  to  dis 
pense  with  (a  thing).   Obs. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xviii.  (Mary  Egypf)  683,  I  sal  re 
nunce  but  delay  to  bis  fats  warld  bis  ilke  day.  i3goGo\VKR 
Con/.  III.  46  Babilla  with  hir  Sones  sevene,  Which  hath  re- 
nonced  to  the  hevene.  1502  Ord.  Crysten  Men  (W.  de  W. 
1506)  i.  iii.  C  viij,  He  renounceth  specyally  vnto  thre  synnes. 
That  is  vnto  pryde,  to  couetyse,  and  vnto  lechery.  1687 
DRYDEN  Hind  fy  P.  in.  147  He  of  my  sons  who  fails  to  make 
it  good,  liy  one  rebellious  act  renounces  to  my  blood.  i7z8 
RAMSAY  Last  Sp.  A/iserxx,  I  thought.  .That  chiel  a  very 
silly  dunce,  That  could  not  honestly  renunce  With  ease  and 
joys , .  to  win  an  unce  Of  yellow  boys. 

b.  Law.   To  make  formal  resignation  of  some 
right  or  trust,  esp.  of  one's  position  as   heir   or 
executor. 

?i6o4  in  Morison  Diet.  Dec.  XXXI.  (1806)  13807  The 
Lords  found,  That  he.. might  renounce  to  be  heir,  albeit  he 
.  .were  decerned  as  lawfully  charged,  not  having  renounced 
debito  tempers .  1695  VENTRIS  Reports  (1701)  1.  303  There 
is  no  Book  which  proves  the  Acts  of  an  Administrator  void, 
where  there  is  a  Will  and  the  Executor  renounces.  1743 
Swinburne's  IVills  (ed.  6)  vi.  §  12.  444  Then  two  of  the 
Executors  of  the  Son  died,  and  Hay  the  surviving  Executor 
renounced.  1806  MORISON  Diet.  Dec.  XXXI.  13901  [The] 
Heir,  before  he  renounce,  must  purge  the  Estate  of  his 
proper  debts.  1870  W.  D.  CHRISTIE  Alem.  Dryden  in  D.'s 
Wks.  (Globe)  p.  Ixxix,  Dryden  died  without  a  will,  and  his 
widow  having  renounced,  his  son  Charles  administered  on 
June  10. 

c.  To  make  a  renunciation  of  something. 

1868  GEO.  ELIOT  Sp.  Gipsy  in.  243  But  you,  dear  Juan, 
Renounce,  endure,  are  brave.  1872  —  Middlem.  Ixvii,  Since 
providential  indications  demand  a  renunciation  of  me,  I  re 
nounce. 

7.  Card-playing.     To  fail  to  follow  suit,  to  play 
a  card  of  a  different  suit  from  that  which  has  been 
led;  originally  implying  fat  possession  of,  but  now 
usually  the  want  of,  a  proper  card.     In  the  former 
case  REVOKE  is  now  the  current  term.     (Cf.  RE 
NOUNCE  sb.  i  and  RENEGUE  sb.  and  v.  4  a.) 

1636  HOBBES  Lib.  Necess.  fy  Chance  (1841)  194  In  the  same 
manner  as  men  in  playing  turn  up  trump,  and  as  in  playing 
their  game  their  morality  consisteth  in  not  renouncing.  1676 
WYCHERLEY  PI.  Dealer  v.  i,  Since  my  lover  has  played  the 
card,  I  must  not  renounce.  1728  SWIFT  Jrnl.  Mod.  Lady 
Wks.  1755  III.  ii.  197  Madam,  you  have  no  cause  to  flounce, 
I  swear  I  saw  you  thrice  renounce.  1747  HOYLE  Quadrille 
33  If  any  Person  renounces  and  it  is  discovered,.. all  the 
Parties  are  to  take  up  their  Cards  and  play  them  over 
again.  1787  Minor  9-2  He  frequently  renounced,  and  sel 
dom  returned  her  lead.  1830  '  EIDRAH  TREBOR  *  Hoyle 
Made  Familiar  41  The  player  who  holds  the  same  has  a 
right  to  renounce  in  every  suit  during  the  whole  game. 
1862  'CAVENDISH'  Whist  (1879)  112  A  suit  in  which  he 
knows  that  both  you  and  the  fourth  player  renounce. 

t  II.  8.  trans.  To  announce,  declare,  proclaim, 
pronounce.  Obs. 

a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  97  Tille..that  the  squier 
herde  of  the  speche,  and  how  it  was  renounced  that  he  had 
leide  .v.  eggis.  1502  Ord.  Crysten  Men  (W.  de  W.  1506) 
iv.  v.  Pvij,  He  [the  curate]  it  ought  to  renounce  unto  his 
souerayne,  as  is  the  bysshop  of  the  dyoses.  1596  DAL- 
RYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  x.  352  Joanna,  the  Dukes 
dauchter..,  [as]  Quene  of  Jngland  al  man  in  publick  re- 
nunced.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  n.  xx.  179  They., 
renounced  Anathema  to  him,  that  should  set  downe  the  time 
of  his  [the  Messiah's]  coming. 

Hence  Henoirnced///.  a. 

1717  L.  HOWEL  Desiderins  9  Too  many  of  the  most  re 
nounc'd  Asceticks  were  celebrated  for  doing  what  was  next 
to  nothing.  1769  Oxford  Mag.  II.  144/1  In  her  renounced 
companion's  breast.  1781  COWPER  Rethem.  474  He.,  feels 
..  A  secret  thirst  of  his  renounced  employs. 

Renoirnceable,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  prec.  +  -ABLE.] 
That  may  be  renounced. 

1862  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xiv.  viii.  (1872)  V.  259  She  re 
nounces  her  engagement. . .  Prussian  agent  answers  that  it 
is  not  renounceable. 

Renouncement  (r/hau-nsment).  [a.  F.  re- 
noncement  (isth  c.) :  see  RENOUNCE  v.  and  -MENT.] 
The  act  of  renouncing ;  an  instance  of  this,  a  re 
nunciation,  f  Const,  to  (cf.  RENOUNCE  v.  6  a). 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vn.  547  All  though  he  had  and  myght . . 
haue  declared  his  renouncement  by  the  redynge  of  an  other 
meane  persone.  1597  J.  KING  On  Jonas  (1618)  387  Against 
sinners  past  grace,  you  shall  often  find  renouncements  vnto 
them.  1603  SHAKS.  Meas.for  M.  \.  v.  34,  I  hold  you  as 
a  thing  en-skied,  and  sainted,  By  your  renouncement.  1640 
YORKE  Union  Hon.  185  The  renouncement  of  the  Titles  to 
the  Kingdome  of  Castile  and  Leon.  1818  BENTHAM  Ch. 
Eng.,  Catech.  Exam.  9  In  what  condition  is  he,  other  than 
that  which  he  would  have  been  in,  had  no  such  renounce 
ment  been  made?  1865  M.  ARNOLD  Ess.  Crit.'vt.  (1875)  166 
The  doctrine,  .of  the  superiority  of  renouncement  to  activity. 


Renouncer  (rtfmirnsai).  [f.  RENOUNCE  v.  + 
-ER  !.]  One  who  renounces. 

1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  \.  (1625)  134  Seeing  you  are 
in  so  great  an  errour..if  you  become  not  repentant,  and 
a  renouncer  betimes  [etc.].  1676  Doctrine  of  Devils  131 
Renagadoes,  Renounces,  Apostates,  from  the.. Truths  of 
Christian  Religion.  1724  SWIFT  Drapier's  Zr^.v.Wks.  1755 
V.  n.  ioi  He  was  ready  to  renounce  as  much  as  they  pleased. 
..I  am  not  so  thorough  a  renouncer.  1841  EMEKSON  J//.YC. 
0855)  200  A  Re-maker  of  what  man  has  made  ;  a  renouncer 
of  lies.  1844  DICKENS  Mart.  Chitz.  xii,  He  renounce  me  ! 
Cast  your  tyes  on  the  Renouncer,  Pinch,  and  be  the  wiser 
for  tilt;  recollection  ! 

Renounciation,  obs.  form  of  RENUNCIATION. 

Renouncing  (r/nuu-nsirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RE 
NOUNCE  v.  +  -ING  l.]  The  action  of  the  YD.,  in  various 
senses  ;  renunciation.  Also,  an  instance  of  this. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Scl.  IVks.  III.  235  How  God  undirstondes 
bis  renunsynge  teches  he  by  lif  of  Crist.  1494  FABYAN 
Chron.  vn.  (1516)  T  t  iv/i  The  Archebysshop.  .shewyd  vnto 
thorn  seryously  the  voluntary  renounsynge  of  the  Kyng. 
1563-3  Keg.  Pri-y  Council  Scot.  I.  230  Befoir  the  conclud 
ing  of  the  caus  and  renunceing  of  farther  probatioun.  1599 
SANDYS  EnropxSpec.  (1605)  Piv,  Those  desperate  Athcisme-, 
those  Spani.sh  renouncings,  and  Italian  blasphemings.  1660 
MILTON  Griffiths  Serm.  Wks.  1851  V.  390  To  charge  him 
most  audaciously  and  falsly  with  the  renuiincing  uf  his  own 
public  Promises.  1724  SWIFT  Drapier's  Lett.  v.  Wks.  1755 
V.  n.  ioi  When  Sir  Charles  Sedley  was  taking  the  oaths, 
where  several  things  were  to  be  renounced,  he  said  lie  loved 
renouncing.  1897  Wcstm.  Caz.  9  Sept.,  To  this  renounc 
ing  of  the  wide  sleeve  we  have  been  coaxed  little  by  little. 

t  Renou'nsal.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  renoutise,  obs. 
f.  RENOUNCE  Z/.  +  -AL.]  Renouncement. 

1646  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Biondfs  Civil  Warrcs  ix.  i3S  All 
France  (which  falling  upon  his  person  by  naturall  Inherit 
ance  ;  not  by  anothers  Renounsnl,  was  his  legal  Patrimony). 

Renounse,  obs.  form  of  RENOUNCE  v. 

t  Re'novant,  ///.  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  rcno- 
vant-cm,  pres.  pple.  Qirenovare :  see  RENOVATE  v.~\ 
Renewing  ;  increasing  by  renewal. 

1610  W.  FOLKINGHAM  A  ft  of  Siin'cy  iv.  ii.  81  Perquisites 
may  be  diuided  into  Renouant  and  Dormant.  Renouant 
Perquisites  are  Accrewments  acquired  by  Increase  and 
Casualty. 

Re'novate, /«.///<-'.  and///,  a.  [ad.  L.  reno- 
vdlus,  pa.  pple.  of  renovare  :  see  next.]  Renewed. 

c  1520  BARCLAY  Jitgurtha  (ed.  2)  6  The  name  and  glorie  of 
our  household  by  your  manhode  is  renouate  and  renewed. 
a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VII 17  b,  To  shewe  that  the  warre 
was  renovate  without  hys  knowledge  and  assente.  1568 
GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  940  The  king  openly  sware  to  keepe  the 
new  renouate  league  and  amitie.  1873  BROWSING  Red  Cot  i. 
Nt-cap  \.  744  Of  use  to  the  community?  I  trust  Clairvaux 
thus  renovate  and  regalized.  .Answers  that  question. 

Renovate  (re-ntm-it),  v.  [f.  L.  renovat-%  ppl. 
stem  oirenovdre,  f.  re-  K.X- +  novare  to  make  new, 
f.  novus  NEW.] 

1 1.  trans.  To  renew,  resume  (an  action  or  pur 
pose).  Obs. 

1535  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Life  $  Lett,  (1902)  I.  416 
That.. ye  take  som  occasion  at  conuenyent  tyme..to  re 
novate  the  saide  communycacyon.  .with  the  Frensh  kyng. 
1599  HAKLUYT  Voy.  II.  i.  37  Then  prince  Edward  renouat- 
ing  his  purpose,  tooke  shipping  againe.  1656  in  BLOUNT 
Glossogr.  1796  [see  Renovated  below]. 

fb.  To  renew  in  effect,  to  revive.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1553  LATIMER  Serm.  Lord's  Prayer  v\\.  (1562)  51  b,  Whoso- 
euer.  .wittinglydoth  the  selfesamesin  againe:  herenouateth 
by  so  doyng  al  those  sinnes  which  before  times  were  for- 
giuen  him. 

2.  To  renew  materially  ;  to  repair  ;  to  restore  by 
replacing  lost  or  damaged  parts ;  to  create  anew. 

#1552  LELAND  Itin.  (1768)^!.  42  Ethelwolde..did  clerely 
renovate  and  augmentid  this  Abbay.  1604  R.  CAWDREY 
Table  Afy/i.,  Renouate,  to  renew,  or  repaire.  1768  TUCKKR 
Lt.  Nat.  II.  i.  vii.  §  8.  140  Secondary  qualities,  .are  con- 
tinually  destroyed  and  renovated  according  to  the  changes 
made  in  that  order  by  motions  of  the  component  parts.  1796 
H.  HUNTER  tr.  St.- Pierre's  Stud.  Nat.  (1799)  I.  213  The 
ices  of  the  Poles,  then,  renovate  the  waters  of  the  Sea,  as 
the  ices  of  mountains  renovate  those  of  the  great  rivers. 
1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mao  v.  4  Surviving  still  the  imperishable 
change  That  renovates  the  world.  1857 ^Vooo  Comm.  Obj. 
Seashore  ii  If  he  thoroughly  renovates  his  blood  by  expel 
ling  all  the  impure  air.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  187  These 
movements  must  be  of  great  service  in  renovating  the  surface 
of  the  earth. 

b.  To  restore  to  vigour ;  to  refresh. 

1671  J.  WEBSTER  Klctallogr.  viii.  125  It  renovateth  old 
Trees  that  of  twenty  years  have  brought  forth  no  fruit. 
1794  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Myst.  Udolpho  iv,  The  spirit  of  St. 
Aubert  was  renovated.  1807-8  W.  IRVING  Salmag.  xviii. 
(1860)  408  A  little  warm  nourishment  renovated  him  for 
a  short  time.  1837  [see  Renovated  below]. 

c.  To  renew  on  a  higher  level ;  to  regenerate. 
1800  COLQUHOUN  Comm.  Thames  ix.  281  The  great  object 

of  renovating  the  morals  of  the  labouring  classes.  1817 
CHALMERS  Astron.  Disc.  v.  (1852)  131  The  Gospel.. will 
renovate  the  soul.  1876  HUMPHREYS  Coin-coll.  Man.  xiii. 
157  The  art  displayed  on  the  Persian  coinage  seems  to  have 
been  renovated. 

3.  To  restore  (a  person)  to  office.  rare~l. 
i8i6Gert.  Hist,  in  Ann.  Reg.  641  They  were  also  to  renov 
ate  the  members  of  the  councils-general  of  department. 

4.  intr.  To  revive,  recover,  rare. 

1790  Bystander  13  [Like  a  fountain]  scattering  its  trans 
lucent  pearls  on  the  drooping  flowers,  which  renovate  at 
their  touch.  1812  Henry  fy  Isabella  II.  258  His  exhausted 
mind  and  body  would  here  renovate  in  repose. 

Hence  Re-novated///.  a. ;  Re'novater  (Ogilvie 
Sttppl.  1855), 

1796  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  i.  (1892)  56  A  very  active  pre- 
57 


EENOVATING. 

paration  for  renovated  hostility.  1837  W.  IRVING  Caft. 
Bonneville  II.  217  The  travellers  now  moved  forward  with 
renovated  spirits.  1843  J.  MARTINEAU  Chr.  Life  I.  ix.  125 
Christ.. indulging  in  no  dreams  of  a  renovated  world  with- 
out,  till  [etc.],  1853  KANE  Grinnell  Exp.  xxxviii.  (1856)  352 
Today.. the  gulls  were  flying  over  the  renovated  water. 

Renovating  (re-now'tin),  ///.  a.  [f.  prec.  + 
-ING  2.]  That  renovates. 

1641  MILTON  Animadv.  Wks.  1851  III.  219  As  if  a  man 
should  taxe  the  renovating  and  re-ingendring  Spirit  of  God 
with  innovation.  1726-46  THOMSON  Winter  704  All  Nature 
feels  the  renovating  force  Of  Winter.  x8n  W.  R.  SPENCER 
Poems  39  The  world  has  felt  thy  renovating  rays.  1830 
DISRAELI  Chas.  /,  III.  iii.  22  Charles  probably  meditated  to 
infuse  a  renovating  vigour  into  his  languid  administration. 
1856  K.\xzAret.J£xJ>/.  II.  v.  62  The  renovating  blessings  of 
animal  life  and  restoring  warmth. 

b.  Renovating  spring  (see  REMONTOIE). 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Opcrnt.  Mechanic  519*  E  is  the  reno 
vating  or  remontoire  spring,  fixed  to  the  same  stud. 

Hence  Re'novatingly  adv. 

1885  MEKEDITH  Diana  xxxix,  Her  fall  had  brought  her  re- 
novatingly  to  earth. 

Renovation  (iwwwijan).  [a.  F.  renovation 
(i5th  c.),  or  ad.  L.  renovation-em,  n.  of  action 
f.  nnovare  to  RENOVATE.] 

1.  The  action  of  renovating,  or  the  condition  of 
having  been  renovated ;  renewal ;  restoration ;  an 
instance  of  this,  a  change  effected  by  renewal. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  117  In  whiche  yere  he  see 
also  the  renouacion  of  the  temple.  1555  EDEN  Decades  87 
The  water  therof  beinge  dronk  ..  maketh  owld  men  younge 
ageyne.  Marg.  The  renouation  of  age.  1577  tr.  Bullinger's 
Decades  (1592)  599  They. .do  hartily  reioyce..for  the  re- 
nou;ition  of  true  religion.  1603  HOLLAND  Plutarctfs  Mor. 
1301  The  dismembring  of  Osiris,  and  the  resurrection  or  re 
novation  of  his  life.  1645  MILTON  Tetrach.  Introd.,  Wks. 
1851  IV.  143  To  expect,  .glorious  changes  and  renovations 
both  in  Church  and  State.  1681  tr.  Beton's  Myst.  Physick 
Introd.  13  Remedies  for  Conservation  and  Renovation  of 
Health.  1730-46  THOMSON  Autumn  1189  How  long  Shall 
prostrate  Nature  groan  beneath  your  rage  ;  Awaiting  re 
novation  ?  1784  COWPER  Task  vi.  124  The  regular  return  of 
genial  months,  And  renovation  of  a  faded  world.  1834 
SOUTHEY  Doctor  (1862)  383  Uoth  the  innovations  or  renova 
tions  which  Spenser  introduced  were  against  the  grain. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  36  To  the  good  man,  education 
is  of  all  things  the  most  precious,  and  is  also  in  constant 
need  of  renovation. 

jb.  Renewal  of  the  body  atthe  resurrection.  Obs, 
1513  BRADSHAW  St.  Werburge  i.  3509  Greatter  was  the 
hope  of  the  eterne  renouacion  In  her  body  resolued  to 
naturall  consumption.  ?  1554  COVERDALE  Hope  Fnithf.  xxii. 
Wks.  (Parker  Soc.)  II.  195  Of  our  bodies  The  renovation. 
Therefore  is  this  My  expectation.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi. 
65  Wak't  in  renovation  of  the  just. 

2.  Theol.  Renewal  wrought  by  the  Holy  Ghost ; 
the  creation  of  a  new  spirit  within  one. 

1543  Neccss.  Doctrine  d  iij,  In  our  battaile  aforesayde,  in 
..our  dayly  spiritual  renovation.  1555  EDEN  Decades  43 
To  poure  vppon  his  electe  the  grace  of  renouation.  1624 
GATAKER  Transttbst,  66  The  thing  that  is  there  wrought,  to 
wit,  regeneration  and  renovation,  is  a  thing  intelligible. 
1684  DUNYAN  Pilgr.  H.  79  How  doth  God  the  Holy  Ghost 
save  thee?  By  his  Illumination,  by  his  Renovation,  and 
by  his  Preservation,  a  1708  BEVERIDGE  Thes.  Theol.  (1711) 
III.  225  External  reformation  is  nothing  without  internal 
renovation.  1841  TRENCH  Parables  (1860)  116  For  the  true 
renovation  is  ever  thus  from  the  inward  to  the  outward. 
t  b.  Reformation.  Obs.  rare  ~*. 

1563  FOXE  A.  #  M.  542/2  Concernynge  inioynynge  of 
penance  I  know  of  none,  .excepte  renouation  of  liuinge  in 
casting  a  parte  olde  vyce,  and  taking  them  vnto  new  vertue. 

•fS.  The  renewal  or  resumption  of  an  action, 
agreement,  condition,  etc.  Obs. 

1535  COVERDALE  i  Mace.  xii.  17  Oure  lettres,  concerninge 
the  renouacion  of  oure  brotherhode.  1569  Reg.  Privy 
Council  Scot.  I.  667  Na  quietnes  bot  renovatioun  of  dis- 
plesour  and  troubill  may  arryise.  1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug. 
CitieofGod  125  Why  should  I  particularize  the  often  renov 
ation  of  these  warres  under  so  many  several  kings..?  1686 
tr.  Chardiris  Tra-v.  Persia  15  To  attend  the  Grand  Signior 
..in  order  to  the  Renovation  of  the  Articles.  1774  J. 
BRYANT  MythoL  II.  433  The  Bull  of  Perillus  was.. designed 
for  a  renovation  of  some  cruel  rites.  1798  W.  BLAIR  Soldier's 
Friend  77  The  renovation  of  pain  that  is  the  necessary  con 
sequence  of  chirurgical  treatment. 

Re'iiovative,  a.  rare  — l.  [f.  as  RENOVATE  v. 
+  -IVE.]  Renovating. 

1839-52  BAILEY  Festus  475  A  fountain  of  divine  delight, 
And  renovative  nature. 

Renovator  (re'nov^t/i).  [a.  L.  renovator, 
agent-n.  f.  renovare  to  RENOVATE  ;  cf.  F.  rtfno- 
vateur.']  One  who  renovates. 

1839  I.  TAYLOR  Ancient  Chr.  I.  367  As  often  as  any  stern 
and  fanatical  renovator  came  into  the  management  of  these 
religious  houses.  1840  MILL  Diss.  <$•  Disc.  (1875)  I.  427  The 
barbarian  conquerors  were  the  renovators,  not  the  de 
stroyers  of  its  civilisation. 

tlteno've,  v.  Obs.  [ad.  OF.  renover,  renou- 
ver,  or  L.  renovare :  see  RENOVATE  zf.']  trans,  and 
intr*  To  renew. 

1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.^  Priv.  Priv.  243  In  that  tyme  al 
thynnges  begynnyth  to  renoue  and  wix  newe,  and  returne 
Into  estate,  c  1440  LOVE  Bonavent.  Mirr.  xliii.  (Gibbs 
MS.)  If.  92  And  so  he  nowe  renoued  [i>.  r.  renewed]  be  brid 
tyme  be  brusures  and  be  woundes.  1588  A.  KING  tr.  Cani- 
sius'  Catech.  62  b,  Be  Baptisme  we  ar  regenerat  and  renouit. 

t  KenO'vel,  v.  Obs.  Also  4-5  renouel.  [ad. 
OF.  renoveler  (mod.F.  renotweler),  f.  L.  re-  RE- 
+  novdlu$  NOVEL  a.  Cf.  RENULE  v.]  To  renew. 

a.  trans.  1:1315  SHOREHAM  i.  1826  per. .Seel  be  renoueled 
t>et  a-gonne  hijs,  And  ayber  fol^y  ober.  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr. 


450 

!  Consc.  7474  And  als  oft  renoueld  salle  be  ilk  payne,  Als  he 
turned  new  tylle  ilk  syn  ogayne.  (1386  CHAUCER  Melib. 
f  879  To  do  som  thing,  by  which  he  may  renovele  his  good 
name.  1446  LYDG.  Nightingale  \.  23  Meued  of  Corage  be 
vertu  of  the  seson,  In  prime-tens  renoueled  yere  be  yere. 
1473  Rolls  ofParlt.  VI.  65/1  The  oold  frendelyhode  also 
betwixt  theym  to  be  renpvelled  in  such  wise,  as  it  may  abide. 
1537  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  £*/£&  Lett.  (1902)  II.  104  His 
Maieste  hath  commaunded  you  eftsones  to  renovel  the  said 
Ouerture  of  mediacion  vnto  him. 

b.  intr.  c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  in.  pr.  xi,  All  things  renov- 
elen..  with  seed  imultiplied.  c  1386  —  Pars.  T.  P  953  Oones 
a  yer  alle  thinges  in  the  erthe  renovelen. 

Hence  f  Reno' veiling  vbl.  sb. ;  also  f  Beno'v- 
elance  [OF.  renovelance\>  f  Reno'velment  [OF. 
renovelement\ ,  f  Beno'velty  [OF.  renovelett\ 
renewing.  Obs. 

1413  Pilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton)  i.  xxii.  (1859)  23  The  counseyles 
conteined  in  the  gospels  of  Criste,  whiche  ben  in  a  maner 
renouellynges  of  the  forsayd  pertes.  £1384  CHAUCER  H. 
Fame  n.  185  And  also  moo  renoveilaunces  Of  olde  for-leten 
aqueyntaunces.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  45  It  is  a  grete  abuse 
to  me  for  to  thinke  and  haue  a  renouelement  of  payne. 
Ibid.  123  Peleus.  .cam  unto  the  kyng  in  the  renouelUte  of 
this  noble  respyrement.  1501  in  Lett.  Rich.  Ill  fy  Hen.  K/7 
(Rolls)  1. 154  Overture,  .for  therenovellingof  the  said  amitie. 

ReiiO-ve'Sical,  a.  Path.  [f.  reno-  as  comb, 
form  of  L.  ren  kidney.]  Connected  with  the 
kidneys  and  bladder. 

1872  A.NSTIE  in  Practitioner  VI 1 1. 243  Reno-yesical  Cant  ha- 
ridism,  and  the  Remedies  in  General  use  for  its  Relief. 

Renown  (r/'no.vrn),  sb.  Forms :  a.  4-7  re- 
noun(e,  5  Sc.  ra-),  5-6  renovne,  6  -nounn ;  4-5 
renon(e ;  4-7  renowne,  (5  Sc.  ra-),  5  renownn, 
rennowne,  5- renown.  /3.  5-7  renoume,  (6  Sc. 
-mne),  6  renowm,  6-7  renowme.  [a.  AF.  re- 
noun,  rcnuttj  =  OF.  renon,  later  renom  (see  RE- 
NOME  sb^j  f.  renomer  to  make  famous,  f.  L.  re- 
RE-  +  nominate  to  name  :  cf.  RENOMEE.  The  form 
renowme  is  prob.  an  assimilation  to  the  earlier 
form  of  the  verb,  or  to  later  F.  renom.] 

1.  Of  renown,   of  fame   or   distinction ;  widely 
known  or  celebrated,     f  Occas.  in  pi. 

a.  13. .  Coerde  L.  689  Sir  Foulke  Doyly  of  renoun.  Ibid. 
1682  Hys  barouns,  Eerles  and  lordes  off  renouns.  1377 
LANGL.  P,  PI.  13.  Prol.  158  A  raton  of  renon  most  renaole 
of  tonge.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret. ,  Priv.  Priv.  121  The 
moste  wyse  clerkes  and  Maysteris  of  renoune  that  haue 
beyn  afor  vs  in  al  tymys.  a  1500  Bernardus  De  Cura  183 
That  men  may  say,  }on  man  is  of  renowne.  1535  LYNDESAY 
Satyre  1206  Lo  !  quhair  thair  sits  ane  Pnores  of  renown. 
1623  MILTON  Ps.  cxxxvi.  62  In  bloody  battail  he  brought 
down  Kings  of  prowess  and  renown.  1782  COWPER  Gilpin  2 
John  Gilpin  was  a  citizen  Of  credit  and  renown. 

j3.    1560  BIBLE  (Genev.)  Gen,  vi.  4  Mightie  men,  which  in 
olde  time  were  men  of  renoume.     aiyytGtoXEIXxAljfamsu* 
Wks.  (Rtldg.)  228/1  He  marcheth  on  unto  our  chiefest  seat, 
Naples,  I  mean,  that  city  of  renowm. 
b.  So  of  great  (high,  etc.)  renown. 

a,  13. .  Senyn  Sag,  (W.)  552  A  riche  man  of  gret  renoun. 
^1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  13774  Two  bousand 
of  be  Bretouns,  Wiboute  men  of  grete  renouns.  c  1375  Sc. 
Leg.  Saints  xxx.  (Theodora)  40  A  man  of  gud  renone. 
c  1400  Melayne  21  In  Tuskayne  townnes  gon  he  wyn . .  This 
lorde  of  grete  renownn.  c  1450  Merlin  106  Ther  was  noon 
but.  .seide  that  hesholde  be  of  high  renon.  1551  ROBINSON 
tr.  Morels  Utop.  (1895)  p.  xciv,  A  prince  of  much  renowne 
and  immortall  fame,  a  1600  Song  in  Shaks.  Otk.  n.  iii.  96 
He  was  a  wight  of  high  Renowne,  and  thou  art  but  of  low 
degree.  1784  COWPER  Task\.  691  As  if,  like  him  of  fabulous 
renown,  They  had  indeed  ability  [etc.].  1842  TENNYSON 
You  ask  me  10  A  land  of  just  and  old  renown. 

ft.  1413  Pilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton)  iv.  xxxviii.  (1859)  63  A  noble 
kynge  that  hyght  Poeticus,  of  grete  power,  and  wonder 

frete  renoume,     1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  i.  xvi.  57  Yonder 
see  . .  the  man  of  the  most  renoume.    1596  DANETT  tr. 
Comines  (1614)  263  Which  had  been  of  so  great  estimation 
and  renowme  through  all  Christendome. 

f  C.  With  great  renown^  with  much  distinction 
or  display.  Also  without  adj.  Obs. 

c  1375  Cursor  M.  14725  (Fairf.)  As  men  dos  ?et  in  toun 
ber  faire  is  halden  wib  grete  renoun.  c  1440  York  Myst. 
xxv.  207j  I  rede  we  make  vs  redy  bowne,..And  hym  res- 
sayue  with  grete  rennowne.  c  1575  Raid  of  Reids-wire  iii. 
in  Scott  Minstr,  Scot.  Bord.  (1802)  I.  98  The  Rutherfoords, 
with  grit  renown,  Convoy'd  the  town  of  Jedbrugh  out. 
la,  1800  Lord  Saltoun  xi.  in  Child  Ballads  IV.  348/1  Then 
out  spake  her  father,  he  spake  wi  renown. 

2.  The  fact  or  condition  of  being  widely  cele 
brated  or  held  in  high  repute;  celebrity,  fame, 
honourable  distinction. 

a.  1340-70  A  lex.  #  Dind.  369  We  no  recche  of  no  ricchesse 
no  renoun  of  landus.  c  1420  Anturs  of  Arth.  293  Thersalle 
the  Rownde  Tabille  losse  the  renowne.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS 
Huon  Iviii.  197  Huon.  .had grete  desyre  too attayne  to  good 
renowne.  1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  v.  iv.  151  Honor,  high 
honor  and  renowne  To  Hymen.  1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps. 
Ixxii.  17  His  memory  and  honour,  .shall  descend  upon  his 
posterity,  as  a  mark  of  renoun.  c  1683  WALLER  On  St. 
James's  Park  IT.  'Tis  of  more  renown  To  make  a  river,  than 
to  build  a  town.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  146  P  8  Who 
ever  claims  renown  from  any  kind  of  excellence)  expects  to 
fill  the  place  which  is  now  possessed  by  another.  1784 
COWPER  Task  in.  59  Forsaking  thee,  what  shipwreck  have 
we  made  Of  honour,  dignity,  and  fair  renown  1  1821  SHEL 
LEY  Adonais  xlv,  The  inheritors  of  unfulfilled  renown  Rose 
from  their  thrones.  1833  TENNYSON  Lady  C.  J^.  de  Vere  2 
Of  me  you  shall  not  win  renown. 

/3.  1538  ELYOT  s.v.  Celebro^  to  celebrate  or  brynge  in  re 
noume.  a  1583  SIR  H.  GILBERT  Q.  Eliz.  Acaa.  (1869)  12 
Better  it  is  to  haue  Renowme  among  the  good  sorte,  then  to 
be  lorde  over  the  whole  world.  1586  T.  B.  La  Prunaitd. 
Fr.  Acad.  i.  (1594)  69  Great  and  proud  armies  may  by 


BENOWNE(E. 

notable  victories  procure  to  themselves  renowm  and  glorie. 
1604  R.  CAWDREY  Table  A  lphn  Renowne  ^  credite,  fame. 

D.  With  poss.  pron.  or  genitive :  The  fame  or  re 
putation  attaching  to  a  particular  person,  place,  etc. 

a.  £1374  CHAUCER  Troylns  \\,  248  (297),  I.. love  as  wele 
your  honour  and  renoun,  As  creature  in  al  this  world  yborn. 
c  1440  Ipomydon  1500  Thus  Caymys  rode  toward  the  towne, 
Whan  ne  had  lost  all  his  renowne.  1508  DUNBAR  Ball. 
Ld.  B.  Stewart  50  Throw  Scotland.  .Fleys  on  weyng  thi 
fame,  and  thi  renoune.  1380  SIDNEY  Ps.  ix.  iii,  Their  re- 
nown,  which  seem'd  so  like  to  last,  Thou  dost  put  out.  1638 
JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancieiits-ziq  Artificers, . .  if  they  be  not  known 
by  the  ancient  renowne  of  their  shoppes  [etc.].  1726  SWIFT 
Gulliver  \.  v.The  Emperor,  .the  Renown  of  whose  Virtues 
had.. filled  the  whole  World  with  Admiration.  1849  MAC- 
AULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vi.  II.  123  His  renown  had  spread  even 
to  the  coffeehouses  of  London  and  the  cloisters  of  Oxford. 
1874  GREEN  Short  Hist,  vii.  §  6.  403  The  renown  of  the 
Spanish  infantry  had  been  growing. 

ft-  I455~6  "n  Housek.  Ord.  (1790)  15  It  shold  be  to  his 
singuler  renoume,  fame,  and  laude.  1540-1  ELYOT  Image 
Gov.  7  To  his  most  noble  and  immortall  renoume.  1587 
GOLDING  De  Mornay  Ep,  Ded.,  [To]  hold  him  back  from 
seeking  to  inlarge  his  renowme. 

t  c.  Of  renown^  in  respect  of  fame  or  distinc 
tion.   Obs.  rare. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  IVace  (Rolls)  14753  Westsex  [was] 
be  brydde  of  renoun.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  \\,  xvii.  1664 
OffVenes  he  made  be  gret  towne  pat  ?hit  is  ryalle  of  ra 
nowne.  1508  DUNBAR  Gold.  Targe  88  Rich  to  behald,  and 
nobil  of  renounn. 

f3.  Report,  rumour.  (Sometimes  imply  ing  sense  2.) 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  IVace  (Rolls)  5003  Renoun  ran 
[i'.r.  tydynges  ronne],  bat  ouer  al  reches,  To  ilk  a  man 
mad  bei  speches.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg,  Saints  xii.  (Mathias)  189 
[Of]  bat  sad  ded  be  ranowne  sowne  rane  throw  al  be  towne. 
c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  IV.  1054  Dido,  Swich  renoun  was 
there  sprongyn  of  hire  goodnesse.  c  1450  Merlin  176  And 
so  com  the  renoun  in  to  the  hoste,  that  thei  durste  not  ride 
that  wey  with-oute  grete  foyson  of  peple.  1610  SHAKS. 
Temf.  v.  i.  193  Of  whom,  so  often  I  haue  heard  renowne, 
But  neuer  saw  before. 

T"  b.  Reputation  of  a  specified  kind.    Obs.  rare. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  73  Abbot  £  prioure.-Wer 
priued  of  bar  office,  of  woulfes  had  renoun.  1540-1  ELYOT 
Image  Gov.  (1549)  12  From  that  tyme  he  had  the  renoume 
of  Constance  and  grauitee.  1603  SHAKS.  Airs  \Vell\\.  iii. 
19  A  young  Gentlewoman.. of  a  most  chaste  renown.  1608 
—  Per.  iv.  vi.  42  That  dignifies  the  renowne  of  a  Bawd, 
fo.  Good  name,  reputation.  Obs.  rare-*1. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  v.  v.  202  To  make  the  noble  Leonatus 
mad,  By  wounding  his  beleefe  in  her  Renowne. 

fd.   Commendation  of  a  person.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1631  CHAPMAN  Cxsar  fy  Pompey  Plays  1873  III.  194  His 
much  renowne  of  you,  quit  with  your  utmost. 

Renown  (r/huu'n),  v.  Also  6-7  renoume, 
(6  renoumpne),  reuowrne;  renoune,  6-7  re 
nowne.  [ad.  OF.  renoumer,  var.  renomer,  -nom- 
mer  (see  RENOME  v.) ;  the  form  renown  has  been 
assimilated  to  the  sb.  See  also  RENOWNED///,  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  make  famous,  spread  the  fame  of; 
to  celebrate.     Now  rare. 

a.  1530  PALSGR.  686/1,  I  renoume  one,  I  gyve  hym  a  re 
noume,  Je  renomme.  1581  MULCASTER  Positions  xxxix. 
(1887)  218  Neither  take  I  wealth  to  be  any  worthy  cause  to 
renowme  the  owner.  1609  BROUGHTON  Princ.  Positions  25 
The  third  of  Esdras  was  penned  to  renowme  the  building  of 
the  Temple.  1615  BRATHWAIT  Strappado  (1878)  199  A 
Prophetesse,  Who  wrot  and  spake  in  verse  with  such  a 
grace,  As  she  renoumd  the  Countrey  where  she  was. 

|3.  1559  MORWYNG  Evonym.  Pref.  aj  b,  I  iudge  him  not 
to  haue  bene  the  first  inuentor  of  this  Art,  but  one  that 
broughte  it  to  lighte  and  renouned  it.  1595  MUNDAY  John 
a  Kent  \\.  i.  (Shaks.  Soc.  1851)  20  This  resolution  dooth  re 
nowne  ye  bothe.  1612  DKAYTON  Poly-olb.  v.  156  That  most 
famous  Towne  Which  her  great  Prophet  bred  who  Wales 
doth  so  renowne.  #1639  W.  WHATF.LEY  Prototypes  \.  xi. 
(1640)  142  Those  women  Gods  owne  pen  hath  renowned  for 
gracious  and  vertuous.  1735  POPE  Prot.  Sat.  179  The  Bard 
whom  pilfer'd  Pastorals  renown.  1743  A.  HILL  Wks.  (1753) 
II.  240,  I  should  feel  no  inclination  to  condemn  your  pur 
pose  to  renown  Strand-green.  1815  W.  H.  IRELAND  Scrib- 
oleom.  260  As  a  limb  of  the  Bar,  I  with  honour  renown  'em. 

refl.  1592  Nobody  fy  Someb.  in  Simpson  Sch.  Shaks.  (1878) 
I.  335  Renowne  yourselfe  by  being  kind  to  her.  1631  MAY 
tr.  Barclay's  Mirr.  M hides  n.  no  They  are  ambitious  to 
doe  strange  and  wonderfull  things,  and  by  them  to  renowne 
themselves  and  their  times  to  Posterity.  1853  JERDAN 
Antobiog.  IV.  xiv.  255  Being. .in  the  vein  to  'renown  '  my 
self  (using  a  verb  coined  at  Drummond  Castle),  I  shall  [etc.]. 
fb.  To  report,  relate.  Obs.  rare"*. 

c  1530  LD.  BERNERS  Arth.  Lyt.  Bryt.  283,  I  have  herd  re 
nowned  of  you,  that  ye  were  fre  and  gentyll  of  hearte. 
f  c.  To  celebrate  with  some  ceremony.    Obs.  -1 

1566  ADLINGTON  Apnleius  28  This  day  is  alwaies  re- 
noumpned  with  some  solempne  nouell. 

2.  intr.    [After  G.   reuommiren.]     Of  German 
students :  To  seek  notoriety ;  to  make  a  display ; 
to  swagger.     Also  with  it. 

1825  Blackw.  Mag.  XVII.  331  The  Courlanders  have  been 
renowning  of  late.  1839  LONGF.  Hyperion  n.  iv  Prose  Wks. 
1886  II.  92  The  student  with  the  sword  leaped  to  the  floor. 
It  was  Von  Kleist.  He  was  renowning  it. 

Hence  Renowning  vbl.  sb, 

1631  MAY  tr.  Barclay's  Mirr.  Mindes  i.  216  To  the  re 
nowning  of  their  supposed  suffnngs.  1826  Blackw.  Mag. 
XIX.  550  Among  many  less  justifiable  pieces  of '  renowning1 
which  occurred  during  my  stay,  there  was  one  prank  [etc.]. 

Renownce,  obs.  form  of  RENOUNCE. 

I  Renowne  e.  Obs.  Also  4-5  renoune(e, 
-none ;  Sc.  5  ranowne,  6  renownye.  [A  con 
fusion  of  RENOMEE  and  RENOWN  sb.]  Renown. 

'375  BARBOUR  Bruce  vnr.  290  Thai  suld  richt  weill  re- 


RENOWNED. 

vardit  be,  And  gretly  ek  thair  renownee.  c  1385  CHAUCKR 
L.  G.  \V.  1513  IMsifyle  (Camb.  MS.),  Sche  knew  by  folk 
that  in  his  shepis  be  That  it  was  lason  ful  of  renone  [?/.  r. 
renoune,  renomee].  1513  DOUGLAS  JEncis  vm.  xii.  143 
The  famus  honour,  and  hie  renownye,  Or  glorious  gestis  of 
his  posterite. 

Renowned  (n"natrnd),  ppl.  a.  Also  5-7  re- 
nowmed,  etc.  [f.  as  KENOWN  v.  +  -ED  ! :  cf.  RE- 
NOMED.]  Celebrated, famous;  covered  with  renown. 

a.  In  predicative  use,  or  following  the  sb.  f  Also 
with  complement  (cjuot.  1456). 

o.  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  II.  32  In  fer  landis  renownyt  wes 
he.  la  1400  Morte  Arth.  2372  The  roy  ryalle  renownde, 
with  his  rownde  table.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms 
(S.  T.  S.)  141  Sa  did  lie  his  awin  service.. to  be  renouned 
a  worthy  man  of  armes.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Points  xlviii.  154 
Our  the  laif  thy  bewty  is  renownd.  1570  T.  NORTON  tr. 
Nmucfs  Catec/i.  (1853)  194  Our  prayer  is,  that  the  name  of 
God  be  made  renowned  and  known  to  mortal  men.  1652 
M  i  LTON  .S"<?««.  xvi.  To  Croiirwcll,  Peace  hath  her  victories 
No  less  renownd  then  warr.  1776  GIBBON  Dcd.  $  F.  xii. 
I.  335  Seinno,  the  most  renowned  of  their  chiefs,  fell 
alive  into  the  hands  of  Probus.  1872  YEATS  Tccfai.  Hist. 
Comtn.  67  He  is  also  renowned  as  having  well  understood 
the  system  of  turning  in  wood. 

p.  14..  Pol.  Rcl.  ff  L.  Poems  (1866)  46  Famose  poetys  of 
antiquite  In  grece  and  troy,  renowmyd  of  prudence,  a  1533 
LD.  BERNERS  Gold.  Bk.  M.  Atircl.  (1546)  Civ,  There  haue 
bene  many  famous  and  renoumed  by  scripture  and  lerning. 
1590  SI-ENSER  F.  Q.  i.  x.  3  An  auncient  house  . .  Renowmd 
throughout  the  world  for  sacred  lore.  1621  AINSWOKTH 
Annot.  I'entat.  (1639)  6  The  called]  or,  the  renowmed:.. 
such  as  were  men  of  renowne  for  age  and  wisdom. 

b.  In  attributive  use. 

o.  1417  LD.  FURNYVAL  in  Ellis  Orig.  Let.  Ser.  n.  I.  55  The 
gracious  prosperitie  and  noble  health  of  your  renowned 
person.  1508  DUNBAR  Ball.  Ld.  B.  Stewart  I  Renownit, 
ryall,  right  reuerend  and  serene  Lord.  1573  L.LLOYD  Marroio 
of  Hist.  (1653)  219  The  renownedst  Oratours  in  all  the 
world.  1630-1  MILTON  A rcades  29  That  renowned  flood, 
so  often  sung,  Divine  Alpheus.  1818  COBBETT  Pol.  Reg. 
XXXIII.  164  The  renowned  wisdom  of  your  Honourable 
House.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  iv.  33  The  Lake  of  Geneva 
..,  this  renowned  inland  sea. 

ft.  1470-85  MALORY  Art/iurvm.  iv.  278  One  of  the  famosest 
and  renoumed  knyghtes  of  the  world.  1544  LELAND  N.  Y. 
Gift  in  I  tin.  (1768)  I.  p.  xxiii,  The  old  Glory  of  your  re- 
nowmid  Britaine.  1638  BRATHWAIT  Baniabees  Jrnl.  in. 
(1818)  83  Not  th'  Ephesian  Diana  Is  of  more  renoumed  fam-a. 

Hence  Renowneclly  adv.,  Kenownedness. 

1590  BARROUGH  Metk.  Physick  vm.  (1639)  416  To  increase 
and  preserve  the  worthinesse  and  renownednesse  of  their 
good  name.  1611  COTGK.,  Gtoricitseincnt, .  .renowmedly. 
1659  Bp.  WALTON  Consid.  Considered  180  For  the  honour 
he  bears  to  the  renownedly  learned  publisher. 

Renowner  (r/nou-naj).     [f.  as  prec.  +  -EB1.] 

1.  One  who  celebrates  or  makes  famous,  rare. 
1615  CHAPMAN  Odyss.  xxiv.  ad  fin..  So  wrought  diuine 

Vlysses  through  his  woes ; . .  As  through  his  great  Renowner 
I  have  wrought.  1642  MILTON  Apol.  Smect.  Wks.  1851  III. 
270  The  two  famous  renowners  of  Beatrice  and  Laura. 

2.  [After  G.  mmnmist.]     One  who  seeks  noto 
riety  ;  a  swaggerer. 

i839LoNGF.  Hypcrion\\.  iv.  Prose  Wks.  1886  II.  85  He  was 
a  student.  ..In  short,  he  was  a  renowner  and  a  duellist. 
1865  PctU  Mall  G.  7  Dec.  1 1  Rather. .  than  that  the  Oxford 
men  are  less  well  behaved  than  the  renowners  of  Heidelberg. 

Benownful,  a.  rare.     [-FUL.]     Renowned. 

1606  MARSTON  Saphon.\,  i.  Wks.  1856  I.  152  O  ..  Man  of 
large  fame,  great  and  abounding  glory,  Renounefull  Scipio. 
1892  BROOKE  Hist.  E.  Eng.  Lit.  v.  I.  114  Rheda..isthe 
shining  and  renownful  goddess. 

Renownless,  a.  rare.  [-LESS.]  Devoid  of 
renown;  unrenowned. 

I5S1  HULOET,  Renowmles . . ignolninis.  1828-32  in  WEB 
STER.  1892  Blackw.  Mag.  Mar.  388/2  He  grew  vexed  that 
a  little  renownless  girl  should  dare  to  address  a  very  smart 
young  man  like  him. 

Renoyrie,  variant  of  RENAYRIE  06s, 

Renpayre,  variant  of  REMPAIR  v.  06s. 

Rens,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RHENISH  a. 

Rensoh,  Rense,  obs.  forms  of  RINSE  v. 

Rensselaerite  (rensC-leVrait,  re-nselerait). 
Mill.  [Named  in  1837  af'er  Gov.  Stephen  Van 
Kensselaer :  see  -ITE.]  A  variety  of  talc,  found  in 
various  parts  of  New  York  State  and  Canada, 
having  a  fine  compact  texture  which  makes  it 
capable  of  being  worked  on  a  lathe  and  manu 
factured  into  various  articles. 

1860  WORCESTER  cites  DANA.  1863  DANA  Man.  Geol.  81 
Rensselaerite  is  a  kind  of  Soapstone  of  compact  structure. 

tRenstall.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RE-  +  enstall 
INSTALL  v.,  after  renforce,  etc.]  Reinstalment. 

1630  J.  LANE  Cent.  Syr.'s  T.  195  note,  Canace  tho  fore 
kinge  Cambusc  did  fall,  and  beggd  his  grace  for  Algarsifes 
renstall  [1616  recall]. 

Rent  (rent),  sb.1  Forms:  2-7  rente,  (5-6 
rentte,  5  rennt),  4- rent.  [a.  OF.  rente  (i 2th  c.), 
rende  =  Pr.  renta,  retida,  Sp.  renta,  Pg.  renda,  It. 
rendita :— pop.  L.  *rendila  ( =  class.  L.  redditd), 
fern.  pa.  pple.  of  *rendlre :  see  RENDER  v.  Hence 
also  MDu.,  MLG.,  MHG.  (also  mod.Du.,  etc.) 
rente,  Sw.  ranla.] 

1 1.  (In  pl.~)  A  source  or  item  of  revenue  or  in 
come  ;  a  separate  piece  of  landed  or  other  property 
yielding  a  certain  return  to  the  owner.  06s. 

CIIS4  0.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1137  Martin  abbot., 
wrohte  on  be  circe,  &  sette  bar  to  landes  &  rentes,  c  1200 
Vices  9f  Virtues  77  Da  riche  menn  de  Iane3  here  eihte  uppe 
chierches  and  uppe  Sachirch-landes,  ..oSe  uppe  oSre  Hn£es 


451 

be  rentes  siued.  a  1225  Ancr.  R,  168  Purses,  baggen,  & 
packes,  beoo  alle  eorSliche  weolen,  &  worldliche  renten. 
1387  TREVISA  Iligdcn  (Rolls)  VII.  323  Odo  wastecle  and 
destroyede  the  kynges  rentes  and  enchetes.  c  1410  Sir 
Cleges^  Whan  he  thowght.  .howe  he  hade  his  maners  sold 
And  his  renttes  wyde.  1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  i.  v,  Their 
Rentes,  their  trcsours  or  other  thinge  wherin  they  delyte 
them.  1523  LD.  BF.RNEKS  Froiss.  I.  ccclxxix.  635  This 
Philip. .was  abydynge  in  his  mothers  house,  and  lyued 
honestelyontbeyr rentes.  iSogSnAKS. //;•«./•',  iv.  i. 260  What 
are  thy  Rents?  what  are  thy  Commings  in?  1611  CORYAT 
Crudities  459  A  goodly  Bishoprick  ..  which  he  endowed 
with  most  ample  rents  and  reucnewcs. 

fb.  Revenue,  income.   Obs. 

a  1225  Juliana  4  An  heh  mon  of  cunne  ant  eke  riche  of 
rente.^  «  1300  Cursor  AI.  27248  [Of]  ani  wrangwis  mer 
chandise,  Or  o  wasting  of  his  rent,  c  1330  K.  BRUNNE 
Chron.  (1810)  60  pe  kyng  ..granted  bnm  pes  to  haue,  & 
gaf  him  ageyn  bobe  rent  &  lond.  c  1386  CHAUCER  ^Ionic's 
T.  221  God  to  thy  fader  sente  Glorie  and  honour,  regne, 
tresour,  rente.  1483  CAXTON  Cato  Giv,  Thou  oughtest..to 
holde  thyn  estate  after  thy  rente  and  reuenue.  1550 
CUOWLEY  Last  Trumpet  300  Thou..sekesteuer  for  to  fyndc 
wayes  to  encrease  thine  yerely  rent.  1635  PAGITT  Chris- 
tianogr.  in.  (1636)  43  These  Novell  Devices  brought  in  a  new 
Rent  and  great  profit  to  the  Clergy.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr. 
'Ihevcnot's  Trau.  I.  166  Palm-Trees,  which  yield  some  rent 
to  the  Monks.  1708  SWIFF  Abolit.  Chr.  Wks.  1755  II.  i.  86 
To  allow  each  of  them  such  a  rent,  as.,  would  make  them 
easy.  1783  BURKE  Sp.  Fox's  E.  Ind.  Bill  Wks.  1815  IV. 
86  Territories  yielding  a  rent  of  one  hundred  and  forty 
thousand  pounds  a  year. 

fig.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixxiv.  39  Rewthe,  the  frute 
of  nobilnes,  Off  womanheid  the  tresour,  and  the  rent. 

fc.  Profit,  value.   Obs.  rare. 

c  1305  Land  C  okay  ne  S6  per  bef?  iiij  wilHs  mbeabbei.. 
Euer  ernend  to  ri;t  rent.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  I.  Prol.  82 
Set  this  my  werk  full  feble  be  of  rent. 

fd.  Recompense,  reward ;  a  privilege  accorded 
to  a  person.   Obs.  rare. 

a  1300  K.  Horn  984  Wanne  hit  is  wente,  Sire  king,  }ef  me 
mi  rente,  a  1300  Cursor  M.  19593  It  fell  saint  petre  als  for 
rent,  To  call  men  vnto  amendment.  1448-9  J.  METHAM 
Atnoryus  fy  Clcopcs  Dv  (MS.),  More  loy  sche  had  Than 
Orphe,  qwan  he  hys  wyf  receyud  ayen  for  y»  rent  Off  his 
musyca!  melody. 

f2.  A  tribute,  tax,  or  similar  charge,  levied  by 
or  paid  to  a  person.  To  hold  ones  rent,  to  suc 
ceed  in  paying  a  tribute.  Obs. 

cizgo  Beket  390  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  117  He  axede  at  be 
laste  Kche  5ere  ane  certayne  rente  boru^  al  engelond  wel 
faste.  1297  R.  GLOL-C.  (Rolls)  5778  pre  5er  he  huld  is  rente 
ac  N  verf>e  was  bihinde.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Set.  Wks.  III.  87 
pe  Cherche,  bat  sellen  men  leve  to  synne,  and  given  hem  leve 
to  last  berinne  for  an  anuel  rente  bi  5ere.  c  1386  CHAUCER 
Man  of  Law's  T.  1044  Deeth,  that  taketh  of  heigh  and  logh 
his  rente.  <:  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  185  Yf 
thou  wilt,  .suffre  me  go  frely  fro  prisoun,  Without  raunsoun 
or  ony  other  rent.  1535  STKWAKT  Cron.  Scot.  III.  550 
Aganis  this  erle  all  Holland  did  rebell  And  of  thair  rentis 
wald  no  ansuer  mak.  1659  HEYLIN  Examen  Hist.  n.  182 
That  every  Minister  ..  may  sue  for  the  Recovery  of  his 
Tythes,  Rents  and  other  duties,  a  1703  BURKITT  On  N.  T. 
Mark  vi.  13  Rather  than  pay  the  constant  rent  of  daily  relief 
to  their  poor  parents. 

Jig.  13. .  Cocrde  L.  4028  Kyng  Richard  hys  ax  in  bond  he 
hente,  And  payde  Sarezynys  her  rente. 

b.  The  return  or  payment  made  by  a  tenant  to 
the  owner  or  landlord,  at  certain  specified  or  cus 
tomary  times,  for  the  use  of  lands  or  houses ;  f  Kent 
ofassise  (see  ASSIZE  sb.  2  b,  and  Blackstone  Comm. 
(1766)  II.  42).  Also,  in  mod.  use,  the  sum  paid 
for  the  hire  of  machinery,  etc.,  for  a  certain  time. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  28438  Toll  and  tak,  and  rent  o  syse,  wit- 
halden  i  haue  wit  couettise.  a  1440  Sir  Degrev.  139  Hys 
husbondus  that  yaf  rent  Was  y-hery?ed  dounryght.  1480 
Waterf.  A  rch.  in  ivth  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm,  App.  V.  316 
The  rennt  of  the  nexte  terme.  .shall  be  arrestid  in  the  ten- 
nants  hands.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidane's  Comm,  60  Some  of 
them  pay  more  rent  yerely  than  theyr  Fermes  be  worth. 
1607  NORDEN  Surv.  Dial.  n.  49, 1  be  Lord  of  many  Manners, 
and  no  doubt  I  receiue  rentes  of  euery  of  these  kindes.  1653 
BHOME  City  Wit  \\.  ii,  A  poor  Doctor  of  Physick.. has  paid 
a  quarters  rent  of  his  house  afore-hand.  1711  Lond.Gaz. 


BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  43  Strictly  the  rent  is  demandable 
and  payable  before  the  time  of  sunset  of  the  day  whereon  it 
is  reserved.  1820  GIFFORD  Compl.  Eng.  Lawyer  411  Where 
the  rent  is  a  large  sum,  the  tenant  should  have  it  in  readi 
ness  before  sunset.  1865  BARING-GOULD  Werewolves  xiv. 
239  Each  tenant  pays  no  rent  for  his  cottage  and  patch  of 
field,  but  is  bound  to  work  a  fixed  number  of  days  for  his 
landlord.  1891  Spectator  18  July  100/2  They  include  the 
'  rent '  of  the  engine  and  trucks,  the  cost  of  fuel,  and  the  pay 
of  engine-driver. 

trajisf.  1707  MORTIMER  JIusb.  (1721)  I.  391  They  com 
monly  allow  a  Farm  to  make  three  Rents,  one  for  the  Land 
lord,  one  for  Charges,  and  one  for  the  Tenant  to  live  on. 

fc.  A  piece  of  property  for  which  rent  is 
received,  charged  or  paid;  esp.  //.  a  number  of 
tenements  or  houses  let  out  to  others  (and  freq. 
named  after  the  proprietor).  Obs. 

1466  Mann.  $  Hoitseh.  Exp.  (Roxb.)  341  It  was  agreid. . 
that  my  said  mastyr  schal  paye  hym  for  the  rente  that  he 
rentythe  to  hym  for  Georges,  wyche  drawyth  be  yere  iiij.  j 
marc.  1491-2  Rec.  St.  Mary  at  Hill  175  Reparacyons  of 
the  new  howse  in  the  cherche  Rentes.  1517-8  Ibid.  299 
Ress'  of  Thomas  Clayton  for  that  Remayned  in  his  hondes 
of  the  byldyng  of  Nasynges  Renttes  next  baattes  howse 
xjj.  \\\d.  1550  CROWI.EY  Way  to  Wealth  A  iij  b,  Whole 
allyes,  whole  rentes,  whole  rowes,  yea  whole  streats.  1732 
Ace.  Workhouses  21  Another  workhouse,  .belonging  to  the 
liberty  of  Hatton-Garden,  Saffron-hill,  and  Ely-Rents. 

transf.    a  1631  DONNE  Elegies  xii,  62  Which  haue  devided 


RENT. 

heaven  in  tenements,  and  with  ..  theeves,  and  murtherers 
stuft  his  rents  soe  full. 

1 3.  a.  Sc.  On  rent,  at  interest.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1611  Burgh  Rec.  Stirling  (1888)  I.  126  The  soume  of  ane 
hundrethe  merkis..to  be  imployed  be  the  toun  on  rent  to 
the  help  of  the  ministrie  of  this  burghe.  1612  Ibid.  129  The 
said  soume  of  five  hundrethe  merkis  salbe  imnloyit  on  yeirlie 
rent . .  for  the  help  and  supporte  of  the  ministrie. 

f  b.  In  France  :  A  sum  paid  by  way  of  interest 
upon  a  public  debt.  Obs. 

1689  LuTTRE[.L/>V/t/AW.  (1857)  I.  605  He  [the  Kin-]  hath 
published  an  edict  for  a  new  creation  of  rents  upon  the  town 
house  of  Paris.  1759  Hist,  War  in  Ann.  Reg.  55  note,  The 
French  court  have  stopped  payment  of  the  following  public 
debts,  viz.  i.  The  three  kinds  of  rents  created  on  the  posts. 

4.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  Appositive,  as  rent- 
beeves,  -capon,  -corn,  -eggs,  -geese,  -hens,  -oysters, 
-penny,  -salt. 

1612  DAVIES  Why  Ireland,  etc.  17  Such  charges  as  were 
made  vppon  ONcale,  for  *Rent-Beeues.  1634  W.  CART- 
WKIGHT  Ordinary  viii,  To  screw  your  wretched  tenants  up 
To  th1  uttermost  farthing,  and  then  stand  upon  The  third 
*rent-capon.  1573  TUSSER  Husb.  (1878)  20  *R<jnt  come  to 
be  paid,  for  a  reasnable  rent.  1366  Durham  Ace.  Rolls 
(Surtees)  45,  De  cxl  *Rent  Egges.  1340  Ibid*  37  In  xl  aucis 
i  iHjarumxiv  *Rente  ges,  vs.  vrf.  1343  Ibid.  41,  Incv"  x  gal- 
j  hnis,  prater  1  *Renthennes,  xxiiijj.  jit.  ob.  1611  COTCK., 
I  Ostize,  a  rent  henne,  &c.,  paid,  or  deliuered,  in  lieu  of  a 
dwelling  house.  1651  Maldon,  Essex,  Borough  Deeds 
Bundle  Si  no.  iv  (MS.)  For  fetching  of  two  bushells  of  *rent 
oisters  from  Tollesbury.  a  1696  P.  HENRY  in  M.  Henry 
Life  x.  M.  H.'s  Wks.  1853  II.  737/1  Praise  is  our  *rent- 
penny,  which  we  pay  to  our  great  Landlord.  1399-1400 
Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  602  Pro  cariacione  de  *rent- 
salt,  xviijrf. 

b.  Objective    genitive,   as   rent-collector,    -en 
hancer,  -holder,  -master,  -raiser,  -raising,  -raker, 
-rearer,  -warner. 

1875  W.  S.  HAYWARD  Love  agst.  World  9  My  agent,  who 
employs  the  same  "rent  collector  as  he  does.  1615  BRATH- 
WAIT  Strappado  (1878)  214  Now  (*rent-inhauncer)  where 
away  so  fast?  1657  TRAPP  Comm,  Job  xxxi.  39  [I  have 
caused]  the  poor  *Rent-holders.. to  misse  of  a  subsistence. 
ci6io  SIR  J.  MELVIL  Mem,  (1735)  373  The  "Rent-Masters 
and  their  Officers,  .must  be  responsible  Men.  1549  LATIMER 
ist  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  I-'/  (Arb.)  38  You  landelordes,  you  *rent- 
reisers, . .  you  haue  for  your  possessions  yerely  to  much. 
1556  ROBINSON  MorSs  Utop.  (Arb.)  -fimarg^  Landlordes  by 
the  wai  checked  for  *Rent-r;iisyng.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt. 
Brit,  ix,  ix.  (1623)  616  The  Legate  himselfe,  whom  they 
tearmed  an  Vsurer,  Symonist,  *  Rent-raker,  Money-thirster. 
1549  LATIMER  ist  Scrm.  bef.  Edw.  VI  (Arb.)  40  Then  these 
grasiers,  inclosers,  and  *rente  rearers,  are  hinderers  of  the 
kings  honour.  1883  Standard  28  May  4  A  '  *rent  warner  ', 
in  the  service  of  Lord  Kenmare. 

c.  Miscellaneous, as  rent-ar rearms}, -day, -dinner, 
-scot,  -suit.    See  also  RENT-CHARGE,  -KOLL,  etc. 

1669  Ormonde  MSS.  in  iot/1  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm. 
App.  V.  89  Recovery  of  *rent-arrears  due  on  lands  in  the 
county  of  Dublin.  1616  T.  ADAMS  Divine  Herbal  26  If 
his  *rent-day  make  euen  with  his  Silkeman,  Mercer,  Taylor, 
he  is  well.  1869  MACKAY  Grace  •$•  Truth  (1875)  62  Shortly 
before  the  rent-day  a  neighbour  comes  in.  1837  THACKERAY 
Ravensiuing  vii,  They  would  invite  all  farmers  to  a  'Vent- 
dinner.  1631  in  Binghani's  Reports  V.  341  A  grant . .  of . . 
all  rents,  revenues,  and  services,  rents-charge,  *rents-scot 
&c... arising  in  or  within  the  lordships.  18^83  igt/i  Cent. 
Sept.  43£  As  regards  the  procedure  in  *rent-suits,  no  material 
change  is  made  by  the  Bill. 

Kent  (rent),  sd.'~    [f.  RENT  v.%.  Cf.  REND  sl>.~] 

1.  The   result   of  rending   or   tearing   apart ;    a 
separation  of  parts  produced  by  tearing  or  similar 
violence ;  esp.  a  large  tear  in  a  garment  or  piece  of 
woven  stuff. 

1535  COVERDALE  Matt.  ix.  16  Then  taketh  he  awaye  the 
pece  agayne  from  the  garment,  &  the  rent  ys  made  greater. 
1601  SHAKS.  Jul.  C.  in,  ii.  179  See  what  a  rent  the  enuious 
Casca  made.  1623  GOUGE  Serm.  Extent  God's  Pro? id.  §  15 
The  maine  Swnmier.  .failed,  .more  shiveringly  and  with  a 
longer  rent  in  the  timber.  1728  YOUNG  Love  Fame  \\.  98 
By  night  she  went,  And,  while  he  slept,  surprU'd  the  darling 
rent.  1798  JANE  AUSTEN  Northang.  Abb.  (1833)  II.  xiv.  199 
Only  think.. of  my  having  got  that  frightful  great  rent  in 
my  best  Mechlin  so  charmingly  mended.  1846  A.  YOUNG 
A'aut.  Diet.,  Rents..,  openings  or  cracks  which  take  place 
in  timber  or  planks  when  much  exposed  to  the  heat  of  the 
sun.  1858  G.  MACDONALD  Phantasies  II.  xviii.  73  A  dark 
curtain  of  cloud  was  lifted  up,  and  a  pale  blue  rent  shone 
between  its  foot  and  the  edge  of  the  sea. 

fig-  '535  COVERDALE  2  Sam.  vi.  8  Then  was  Dauid  sory, 
because  the  Lorde  had  made  soch  a  rente  vpon  Vsa,  and  he 
called  the  same  place  Perez  Vsa  vnto  this  daye.  1878  J. 
MILLER  Songs  Italy  64  A  gust  that  made  rents  Thro'  the 
yellow-sailed  fishers. 

b.  With  punning  allusion  to  RENT  sbl 

1616  WITHALS  Diet.  (1634)  166/1  rannosns..,  wee  say  in 
English  'that  hath  his  rent  come  in'.  1738  SWIFT  Pol. 
Conversat.  56,  I  have  torn  my  Petticoat  with  your  odious 
Romping;  my  Rents  are  coming  in. 

2.  A   breach,   split,   schism,   or  dissension  in  a 
society  or  party,  or  between  persons,    rare. 

1608  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iv.  m.  Schism  14  The  rent 
of  th1  Hebrew  Tribes  from  th'  Ishean's  Regiment.  1679 
PENN  Addr.  Prot.  i.  n  It  occasions  great  Unkindnesses, 
Rents,  Confusions  and  Divisions  in  Families.  1719  Wodrotv 
Corr.  (1843)  II-  45*>  Lest  our  miserable  rents  be  heightened, 
and  unruly  passions  be  provoked. 

3.  A  cleft  or  fissure  in  the  surface  of  the  earth; 
a  deep  narrow  gorge  or  valley ;   also,   a  narrow 
breach  in  a  wall,  etc. 

1705  ADDISON  Italy  283,  I  believe  every  one  who  sees  this 
vast  Rent  in  so  high  a  Rock.. must  be  satisfy 'd  that  it  was 
the  Effect  of  an  Earthquake.  Ibid.  469  From  Lyons  there 
is  another  great  Rent,  which  runs  across  the  whole  Country. 

57-2 


RENT. 

1807  WORDSW.  White  Doe  i.  256  Oft  does  the  While  Doe 
loiter  there,  Prying  into  the  darksome  rent.  1848  W.  H. 
BAKTLETT  Egypt  to  Pal.  xxiv.  (1879)  491  We. .could  easily 
have  passed  through  the  rents  in  the  walls. 

b.  Coal-mining,     A  plane  of  cleavage  running 
across  a  seam  ;  a  back. 
1883  GKESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining. 

4.  The  act  of  tearing  or  rending ;  the  fact  of 
being  rent. 

1836  MACCILLIYRAY  tr.  Humboldfs  Trav.  v.  72  The  Gulf 
of  Cariaco  owed  its  existence  to  a  rent  of  the  Continent. 
1864  TENNYSON  Ay  Inter's  I1'.  536  [He]  read;  and  tore  [the 
letter]  As  if  the  living  passion  symbol  d  there  Were  living 
nerves  to  feel  the  rent. 

Rent  (rent),  v^  [ad.  OF.  renter t  f.  rente  \  or 
directly  f.  RENT  j£.l] 

fl.  trans.  To  provide  with  revenues  ;  to  endow. 

1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  vui,  35  Treuf>e..bad  hem.  .Rule  re- 
ligion  and  rente  [z'.r.  renten]  hem  betere.  £1475  Partenay 
5300  That  place  [he]  augmented  passingly  . .  And  rentid 
gretly  to  the  house  encresse.  1485  CAXTON  Chas.  Gt.  208 
He  founded,  rented,  &  releued  many  &  dyuers  chyrches. 

2.  To  pay  rent  for  (land,  houses,  etc.) ;  to  take, 
hold,  occupy  or  use,  by  payment  of  rent. 

1530  PALSGR.  686/1,  I  rente,  I  paye  far  me  hyrc.  1603 
SHAKS.  Meas.for  M.  u.  i.  254  If  this  law  hold  in  Vienna  ten 
yeare,  ile  rent  the  fairest  house  in  it,  after  three  pence  a 
Bay.  1622  MABBE  tr.  Alcman's  Guzman  d\4lf.  i.  196  Such 
beggers  as  are  so  disposed,  may  rentcertaine  children.  1716 
ADDISON  Drummer  \.  \.  I'll  e'en  marry  Nell,  and  rent  a  bit 
of  Ground  of  my  own.  1763  JEFFERSON  Corr.  Wks.  1859  I- 
iSS,  I  do  not  know  that  I  shall  have  occasion  to  return,  if  I 
can  rent  rooms  in  town  to  lodge  in.  1885  Laiu  Rep.  15 
Q.  E.  Div.  316  The  truck  in  question  was  rented  by  the  de 
fendant.. from  the  Midland  Waggon  Co. 

3.  To  let  (put}  for  rent  or  payment ;  to  hire  out. 
Also  transf.  m  fig. 

1546  Yorks.  Chantry  Surv.  {Surtees)  II.  323  In  the  same 
deanes  handes,  the  Shepgate  ther,  not  rented.  1564  in 
W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  307  Sydelyng 
shalbe  taken  into  the  most  profytt  of  this  Cytye,  and  to  be 
rentyd  and  letten  also.  1613  J.  FLETCHER  Christ's  Bloody 
Sweat  12  [Soldiers]  For  prey  and  spoyle  aduenturing  to 
rent  Their  Hues  and  soules.  1730  A.  GORDON  Maffci's 
Amphith.  374  Our  Community  ..  rents  out  those  Places 
which  otherwise  would  be  useless.  1737  SWIFT  Let.  to 
J.  Barber  30  Mar.,  I  confess  there  is  no  reason  why  an 
honourable  Society  should  rent  their  estate  for  a  trifle.  1817 
PAULDING  Lett,  from  South  11.64  Our  guide,  .was  '  rented  ' 
out  to  the  King  of  England,  by  the  legitimate  Prince  of 
Hesse  Castle.  1895  Outing  (U.  S.)  XX VII.  210/1  A  few 
residents,  who  eke  out  a  meagre  existence  by  renting  boats 
to  the  occasional  sportsman. 

f4.  a.  To  pay  (a  sum)  as  tribute.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vi.  xi.  524  Muley  Hamct  .. 
conquered  Tombuto  and  Gago  ; . .  Laurence  Madoc.  .saith 
that  Tombuto  rented  threescore  quintals  of  Golde. 

•fb.  To  produce  or  bring  in  as  rent.  Obs.  rare*1. 

1774  Ann.  Reg.  150  The  estate  of  Broughton  which  rents 
above  ?oo/.  per  annum  was.. sold  for  i4,ooo/. 

5.  intr.  To  let  at  a  certain  rent. 

1815  SIMOND  Tour  Gt.  Brit.  I.  313  Arable  land  rents  at 
£3  and  .£4,  or  even  £6  an  acre.  1828  P.  CUNNINGHAM 
N.  S.  Wales  (ed.  3)  II.  66  The  market-dues  for  this  traffic 
renting,  the  present  year,  at  840^. 

6.  trans.  To  charge   (a  person)  with  rent;    to 
impose  a  certain  rent  on  (one). 

1881  Times  13  Apr.  11/2  Any  tenant,  however  lightly 
rented,  will.. have  the  strongest  inducement  to  bring  his 
landlord  before  the  Court  and  to  get  the  rent  judicially 
fixed.  1894  Daily  News  24  Apr.  6/5  It  might  deprive  them 
of  the  power,. to  rent  a  man  upon  his  own  improvements. 

Kent  (rent),  z>.2  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  5-6 
rente,  (5  rentte).  [var.  of  REND  v.}  after  the 
pa.  t.  and  pa.  pple.  rent.] 

1.  trans.  To  rend,  tear,  pull  asunder  or  in  pieces. 

1:1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  843  Thisbe>  Now  what  lyoun 
that  be  in  this  forest  Myn  body  mote  he  renten.  c  1440 
York  Myst.  xxx.  36  All  to  ragges  schall  ye  rente  hym 
and  ryue  hym.  c  1475  Babees  Bk.  81  Nor  thurhe  clowyng 
your  fiesshe  loke  yee  nat  Rent.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos 
xxi.  76,  I  haue  not  rented,  vyolated  ne  broken,  the 
pyramyde  of  his  faders  sepulture.  171548  HALL  C/iron., 
Ed~w.  //^  191  Rentyng  his  cote  of  armes  and  breakyng  his 
Sword  ouer  his  bed.  1582  STANYHURST  sEnez's  u.  (Arb.)  59 
Hudge  beams  hee  brusteth,  strong  bars  fast  ioyncted  he 
renteth.  c  1610  SIR  J.  MELVIL  Mem.  (1735)  92  Then  she  did 
rent  her  angry  letter.  1633  PRYNNE  Histriom.  4  They 
would.,  even  stone  or  rent  him  all  to  pieces.  1688  R.  HOLME 
Armoury  \\\.  332/1  A  Katherine  Wheel.,  is  a  kinde  of  Wheel 
used  to  rent  and  tear  in  peeces  grand  Malefactors.  1727 
SWIFT  Market-hill  Thorn  xvi.Thy  confed'rate  Dame  Shall 
rent  her  Petticoats  to  Rags,  And  wound  her  Legs  with  every 
Bri'r.  1898  in  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

absol.  1560  BIBLE  (Genev.)  Eccl.  iii.  7  A  time  to  rent,  & 
a  time  to  sowe. 

rejl.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  126  In  his  mad- 
nesse  (as  some  report)  renting  himself  with  his  teeth  1613 
PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vui.  iii.  (1614)  746  To  behold  such 
monstrous  Icie  Hands,  renting  themselues  with  terrour  of 
their  owns  massines. 

b.  To  tear  (one's  face,  hair,  clothes,  etc.)  in 
grief  or  rage.  Cf.  REND  v.  3  b. 

?  a  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  324  For  to  rent  in  manye 
place  Hir  clothis, ..As  she  that  was  fulfilled  of  ire.  1447 
BOKENHAM  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  70  As  a  wood  womman  she 
ferd  Renttyng  hir  clothis.  1535  COVERDALE  2  Sam.  iii.  31 
Rente  youre  clothes,  and  gyrde  sack  cloth  aboute  you,  and 
make  lamentacion  for  Abner.  1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas 
I.  v.  829  For,  finding  them  by  some  fell  Serpent  slain,  She 
rents  her  brest.  1657  THAPI>  Comm.  Ezra  x.  i  Of  this  we 
read  not.  .but  of  other  effects  of  his  passion,  as  renting  his 
garments.  ci&foRoxb.  Ball.  (1891)  VII.  430  My  Golden 
hair  I  rent  and  tear  like  one  outragious  mad. 


452 

c.  To  rend  or  tear,  in  various  fig.  senses. 
c  1440  Gcsta.  Rom.  \\.  xvii.  330  (Add.  MS.),  Lustes  of  the 
flessh,  that  in  no  maner  renten  the  soule.  1535  COVERDALE 
Joel  ii.  12  Rente  your  hertes,  &  not  youre  clothes.  1581 
PETTIE  tr.  Guaz:o's  Civ.  Conv.  i.  (1586)  27  b,  Those  who 
..whet  their  tongues  to  rent  a  sunder.. the  good  name  of 
others,  c  1586  C'TESS  SIDNEY /'s.  XLVI.  iii,  The  voide  of  aire 
his  voice  doth  rent.  (-1614  SIR  W.  MURK  Dido  4-  sEneas 
II.  546  In  diver.se  partes  his  dowbtsome  minde  he  rents.  1681 
COLVIL  Whigs  Siipplic.  (1751)  38  Romish  craft  and  policy, 
Which  rents  the  Dutch  and  us  asunder.  1747  MRS.  S. 
FIELDING  Lett.  David  Simple  II.  181  A  Person,  whose 
every  Word  and  Look  can.  .rent  the  Heart  asunder. 

2.  To  tear  out  of ,  from,  or  off.     Also  refl. 

1535  COVERDALE  Lev.  xiii.  56  Then  shall  he  rente  it  out  of 
the  clothe.  1339  BIBLE  (Great)  i  Kings  xi.  u,  1  wyll  rent 
the  kyngdome  from  the.  1627  HAKEWILL  Apcl.  (1630)  169 
Wherein  nature  being  but  greene  and  growing,  we  rent  from 
her.  and  replant  her  branches  1643  BURROUGHES  Exp. 
Hosea  \.  (1652)  6  These  ten  Tribes  renting  themselves  from 
the  house  of  David,  did  rent  themselves  likewise  from  the 
true  worship  of  God.  1718  J.  Fox  Wanderer  127  To  seize 
upon  the . .  Books,  divest  them  of  the . .  Ornaments,  by  renting 
off  the.. Plates.  1865  BRIERLY  [rkdnle  (1868)  7  Rentin'  o' 
ther  clooas  oft  their  backs  wi'  blackberryin'. 

3.  intr.  To  tear;    to  give  way  or  separate  by 
tearing  or  splitting. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  260  b,  Doutlesse  his 
handes  &  fete  dyd  rent  &  teare  for  the  weyght  of  his 
blessed  body.  1597  A.  M .  tr.  Gifillemeau's  Fr,  Cliirurg.  10/2 
Sometimes  onlye  the  first  table  of  the  sculle  breakelh  and 
renteth.  1641  J.  JACKSON  True Rvfiitg.  T.  II.  i3gThe soule 
grows  more  divine  when  the  tabernacle  of  the  body  begins 
to  rent.  1695  BLACKMORE  Fr.  Artk.  \\.  828  Though  solid 
Rocks  touch'd  with  Compassion  rent,  The  more  obdurate 
Jew  does  not  relent.  1812-  in  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

fig.  1563  B,  GOOGE  Eglogs  iv.  (Arb.)  45  My  Harte  with 
this  began  to  rent.  1575  GASCOIGNE  JferotsVfks.  (1587)  143 
My  griefe,  Whereof  to  tel  my  heart  (oh)  rents  in  twaine. 

Bent  (rent),  ///.  a.  [pa.  pple.  of  REND  z>.] 
Torn,  in  various  senses ;  also,  in  predicative  use, 
wearing  torn  or  ragged  clothing. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xlvi.  (Anastace)  186  Fra  bat  place 
ban  vald  he  ga,  raggit  &  rent  &  blak  alswa.  1382  WYCLIF 
Josh.  ix.  4  Oldesackis.  .and rent  wyn  botels.  ci^QPromp. 
Parv.  430/1  Rent,  and  raggyd,  lacerosus.  1582  STANYHURST 
sEncis  I.  (Arb.)  20  Crash  do  the  rent  tacklings.  1597 
G.  HARVEY  Trimming  Nasfic  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  25,  I 
scorne  such  tagged  rent-foorth  speech.  1625  MOUNTAGU 
in  Buccleitch  MSS.  {Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  262  Our  rent 
country  cannot  be  drawn  up,  but  must  be  torn  more  [and) 
more.  1818  SHELLEY  Rosal.  <y  Helen  791  Like  flowers 
delicate  and  fair,  On  its  rent  boughs.  1876  SWINBURNE 
Erechthcits  1345  Earth  groans  from  her  great  rent  heart. 

-rent,  suffix  (obs.  Sc.) :  see  -KED. 

Rentable  (re'ntab'l),  a.  [f.  RENTD.1  +  -ABLE.] 
a.  Liable  to  pay  rent.  b.  That  may  be  rented,  or 
let  out  for  rent. 

1648  HEXHAM,  Rentbaer,  He  that  is  subject  to  pay  Rent, 
or  Rentable.  1727  BAILEY  vol.  II,  Rentable,  that  may  be 
rented.  1886  Fall  Hall  G.  29  Nov.  3/1  All  that  is  rentable 
on  the.  .estate  is  the  work  of  the  tenants. 

Hence  Rentabrlity.   rare-1. 

1818-60  WHATELY  Cominpl.  Ilk.  (1864)  13  It  is  the  rent  (or 
rather  the  rentability)  that  makes  the  price  high. 

Rentage  (re'nteds).  [f.  RENT  .!•£.!+  -AGE.  Cf. 
OF.  rentage  (Godef.).]  Rent,  rental,  or  renting  ; 
also,  that  which  is  held  for  rent. 

1633  P.  FLETCHER  Purple  Id.  vn.  ii,  All  our  good  we  hold 
from  heaven  by  lease, . .  Nor  can  we  pay  the  fine  and  rentage 
due.  1888  Univ.  Rev.  Nov.  348  To  bring  the  fact  of  the 
rentage  of  the  unfruitful  land  into  harmony  with  their 
doctrines.  1892  Field  16  July  104/1  The  Society's  rentage 
of  the  Ver  lies  a  few  miles  south-west  of  St.  Albans. 

Rental  (re-ntal),  sb.  Also  4-8  rentall,  6  -aill, 
-ayl.  [a.  AF.  rental  (Godef.)  or  ad.  Anglo-Lat. 
rentale  (Du  Cange) :  see  RENT  s6.1  and  -AL.] 

1.  A  list  or  register  of  the  rents  due  by  tenants 
to  a  proprietor ;  a  rent-roll.     Now  rare, 

1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  vn.  83  To  ha  reles  and  remission  on 
bat  rental  I  be.leeue.  c  1440  Jacob's  Well  41  3ifastyward 
fynde  in  be  old  court-rollys  &  rentallys  ..  fat  bou  art 
behynde  of  bi  rente  to  bi  lord.  1523  FITZHERB.  Sitrv.  12 
What  lentes.  .the  lorde  ought  to  haue  of  his  tenauntescan 
nat  be  knowen  but  by  the ..  court  rolles,  rentayles  [etc.].  1584 
Reg.  Privy  Council  Scat.  III.  698  Bnngand  with  thame.. 
ane  just  and  trew  inventour  and  rentall  of  the  convent.  1709 
Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4520/3  The  two  several  Demesnes  . .  to  be 
Sold,  and  a  Rental  or  Proposals  thereof  is  to  be  had  at 
Mr.  Thomas  Norton's.  1824  SCOTT  Reiigauntlct  let.  xi, 
I  have  heard  of  a  thing  they  call  Doomsday-book— I  am 
clear  it  has  been  a  rental  of  back-ganging  tenants. 
b.  An  income  arising  from  rents  received. 

<:139S  Plowman's  Tale  i.  474  Her  seruauntes  be  to  them 
vnholde  But  they  can  doublin  theyr  rentall.  1801  Lusignan 
II.  154  Emily's  vast  rental  offered  a  mark  to  his  ambition, 
1878  LKCKY  Eng.  in  iSt/t  C.  II.  vii.  239  Prior,  in  1730,  cal 
culated  the  rental  spent  by  absentees  in  England  at  about 

620,OOO/. 

2.  The  amount  paid  or  received  as  rent. 
1637-30  Row  Hist.KirkCWo&rovi  Soc.)42  If  any  Minister 

sett  his  gleib  or  manse,  or  any  part  of  the  fruits  thereof,  with 
diminution  of  the  rentall,  that  all  such  tacks  be  declared 
null.  1765  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  viii.  300  The  rental  of  the 
kingdom  was  supposed  to  be  so  exceeding  low,  that  one 
subsidy  of  this  sort  did  not.. amount  to  more  than  70,0001'. 
1844  DISRAELI  Conin^by  m.  iii,  Lord  Everingham  .. 
frightened  him  with  visions  of  rates  exceeding  rentals. 

o       r> .       A     _.__«  .  f  » 


tak  and  rentall  thairof.  1580-1  Ibid.  ill.  351  They  have.. 
had  thair  rentalis  thairof.  .for  ane  certane  sowme  of  entrie. 
01768  ERSKINE  Inst.  Law  Scot.  n.  vi.  §  38  (1773)  267 


RENTED. 

Rentals  commonly  bear  a  clause,  that  the  rentaller  shall 
neither  assign  nor  subset. 

4.  attrib.  as  rental  boll,  book,  {feu-*)duty,  land, 
mail,  right,  roll. 

a  1768  ERSKINE  Inst.  Law  Scot.  ii.  x.  §  25  (1773)  Sometimes 
the  titular.. accepted  of  a  stated  quantity  of  corns  yearly, 
commonly  called  "rental  bolls.  1518-19  Rec.  St.  Mary 
at  Hill  300  Paid  for  papur  for.  .the  *Rentall  boke.  a  1768 
EKSKINE/WJ/.  Law  Scot.  u. vi.  §37  (1773)267  If  the  proprietor 
barely  inrol  a  tenant  in  his  rental-book,  ..  the  mrolment 
is  sufficient  to  defend  the  tenant.  1824  SCOTT  Redganntlet 
let.  xi,  I  will  bear  the  contents  to  your  credit  in  the  rental- 
book.  1640-1  Kirkciidbr.  War-Cotnni.Min.  Bk.  (i  855)  95  The 
heritor  to  pey  the  tenth  and  twentieth  penny  for  his  *rentall 
dewtie.  1591  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  IV.  629  The  auld 
•rentaill  few  dewitie.  a  1768  ERSKINK  Inst.  Law  Scot.  II. 
vi.  §  38(1773)  267  A  rentaller.  .by  exchanging  his  "rental 
lands  . .  incurs  the  forfeiture  of  his  right.  1820  SCOTT 
Monast.  xxxiii,  Settling  the  "rental  mails,  and  feu-duties. 
1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  566  The  right  was  not 
effectual  against  singular  successors,  unless  the  rentaller 
could  show  a  "rental  right.  1433  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  479/2 
That  the  rolles  of  accounte.  .andthe  "rentall  rolle.. be  putte 
and  kepte  in  the  cofre. 

Re'ntal,  v.  Sc.  rare.  [f.  prec.]  trans,  fa. 
To  put  in  or  admit  as  a '  kindly  tenant '.  Obs.  b. 
To  let  out  or  hold  (land)  on  a  rental. 

1565-6  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  429  Elizabeth  allegeit 
that..scho  had  broukit  the  saidis  landis,  and  bene  con- 
tinewalie  rentalit  thairin  fra  tyme  to  time.  1640-1  Kirk- 
cudbr.  War-Co  mm.  Min.Bk.  (1855)95  It  is  appoyntit . .  that 
the  full  worthe  of  the  land  be  valued  as  gif  the  samen  were 
not  rentalled.  1818  Blackw.  Mag.  III.  441  Some  honest 
..individual,  who  rentalled  of  the  Prelate  of  Glasgow  the 
pendicle  of  '  Daldue  Wester '. 

Rentaller  (re-ntabi).  Sc.  Also  6  -alar,  6-7 
-aler.  [f.  prec.  sb.  or  vb.  +  -EB1.]  One  who  holds 
land  on  a  rental ;  a'  kindly  tenant '. 

1578  Excli.  Rolls  Scot.  (1899)  XX.  370  note,  It  will  pleis 
your  lordschip  resaif  this  berar  as  rentalar  in  our  souerane 
lordes regester.  1597  SKENE/?£  I'erb.  Sign.  s.v.  Curialitas, 
In  sik  maner  as  gif  he  were  proprietare,  lyfe-rentar,  tackes* 
man  or  rentaller.  1640-1  Kirhcudbr.  II  'ar-Cointn.  Mitt.  Bk. 
(1855)  95  It  is  appoyntit,  that  all  rentallers  be  valued  as 
weill  as  the  heritores.  1666  in  yd  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm. 
421/1  That  a  remedy  may  be  prowided  wher  they  have  taks 
or  are  rentalers.  a  1768  ERSKINE  Inst.  Law  Scot,  u.  vi.  §  37 
(1773)  267  It  is  the  most  probable  opinion,  that  as  rentals 
were  granted  from  a  special  regard  to  the  rentaller,  they 
were  accounted  rights  of  liferent.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law 
Scot.  566  The  rentallers  of  Lochmaben,  who  were  formerly 
servants  to  the  Scottish  Kings,  have  rights  which  may  be 
transferred  to  strangers.  1880  Academy  8  May  334/1  By 
virtue  of  which  the  widow  of  a  rentaller  was  entitled  to 
retain  possession  of  the  lands  during  her  widowhood. 

1  Re'iitally.  06s.  rare-1.  [?  ad.  Anglo-Lat. 
rentalia,  pi.  of  rentale:  see  RENTAL  st.]  Revenues. 

1534  in  Picton  L'fool  Mimic.  Rec.  (1883)  27  The  renlally 
belonging  to  the  Chantry  att  the  Altar  of  St.  John. 

Rent-charge.  Law.  Also  rent  charge,  [f. 
RENT  j^.l-*- CHARGE  sb.  11.]  A  rent  forming  a 
charge  upon  lands,  etc.,  granted  or  reserved  by  deed 
to  one  who  is  not  the  owner,  with  a  clause  of 
distress  in  case  of  arrears. 

1443  Test.  Ebor.  (Surtees)  II.  89  My  will  ys  yat  George 
my  son  hafe, . .  a  rentcharge  of  xxvjs  vhjrfissuand  owte  of  my 
landes  and  tenementes  in  Stitnam.  1523  FITZHERB.  Surv. 
21  b,  Rent  charge  is  where  a  man  is  seased  of  landes  in  fee 
and  graunt  by  poole  dede  or  by  dede  indented.  1544  tr. 
Littletons  Tenures  (1574)  45  Suche  rent  is  rent  charge, 
because  such  landes  and  tenementes  bee  charged  of  such 
distres  by  force  of  the  writinge  onelye  and  not  of  common 
right.  1667  PRIMATT  City  f,  C.  Build.  17  [To]  reduce  the 
same  to  a  certain  Rent,  as  if  it  were  an  Annuity  or  Rent- 
charge.  1712  STEELE  Sfect.  No.  263  f  6  Your  Father  was 
a  fond  Fool  to  give  me  a  Rent-charge  of  Eight  bundled 
a  Year  to  the  Prejudice  of  his  Son.  1818  CRUISE  Digest 
(ed.  2)  III.  282  A  rent  charge  may  now  be  created  either  by 
grant,  or  by  the  operation  of  the  statute  of  uses.  _  1876 
DIGBV  Real  Prof.  iv.  §  5.  204  note,  Where  on  a  grant  in  fee 
simple  a  rent  is  reserved  to  the  grantor,  this  is  not  a  rent 
service  but  a  rent  charge. 
b.  transf.  &n&fig. 

1668  R.  STEELE  Husbandman's  Calling  v.  (1672)  96  The 
Lord  only  hath  given  you  an  estate :  charitable  relief  of 
such  as  are  in  want,  is  the  Lord's  rent-charge  which  he  hath 
laid  upon  it.  1726  POPE  Odyss.  xix.  92  A  rent -charge  on  the 
rich  I  live ;  Reduc'd  to  crave  the  good  I  once  could  give. 
1768  Woman  of  Honor  II.  175  They  become  necessarily 
a  rent-charge  on  the  providence  of  a  parish. 

Hence  Kent-charger,  one  in  receipt  of,  or  who 
benefits  by,  a  rent-charge. 

1870  Echo  16  Feb.,  Fixity  of  tenure  which  would  make 
the  landlord  a  pensioner  or  a  rent-charger  on  his  own  estate. 
1893  DK.  ARGYLL  Unseen  Found.  Soc.  xiii.  416  Mere  rent- 
chargers  can  never  have  the  same  motives. 

Rented  (re-nted),///.  a.1  [f.  RENTD.I  +  -ED'.] 

fl.  Possessed  of,  or  endowed  with,  property 
yielding  a  revenue  or  income.  Obs. 

1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xi.  265  Let  hure  be  knowe  For  ryche 
ober  wel  yrented  [etc.).  1493  Festival!  (W.  de  W.  1515) 17 
Lordes  and  rented  men  must  labour  to  kepe  holy  chytche 
in  rest  and  peas.  1648  Hv.xHMi,EcnReutenier,.  .a  Rented 
man.  1761  Chron.  in  Ann.  Rtg.  107  The  Jesuits,  .demand 
that  the  houses  of  the  society  may  be  considered  in  the  same 
light  as  the  regular  abbeys  and  other  rented  monasteries. 

2.  Held,  or  let,  for  rent ;  leased  or  tenanted. 

a  1687  PETTY  Pol.  A  rith.  vi.  (1691)  100  Moreover  if  rented 
Lands,  and  Houses,  have  increased.  1894  H.  GARDENER 
Uiioff.  Patriot  60  A  nasty  little  rented  house  without  so 
much  as  a  garden  patch  to  it. 

3.  In  Combs,  as  dear-,  high-,  low-rented. 

1818  FEARON  Sk.  Amer.  284  First-rate  brick  buildings, 
all  new,.. and  always  high  rented.  1834  Taift  Mag.  I. 


RENTED. 

543/1  His  house  is,  to  be  sure,  dear-rented  from  its  locality. 
1886  Col.  Maurice's  Let.fr.  Donegal  4 1  The  tenants  on  that 
particular  estate  are  remarkably  low-rented. 

t  Re-nted,  ///.  a.*  Obs.    [f.  RENT  v.%  +  -ED  1.] 

Torn,  lacerated,  distracted. 

1575  Mirr.  Mag.t  K.  Manlius  L'envoi  i  Straunge  it  semes 
to  thee  What  he  that  beares  this  rentid  corps  should  be. 
1587  GROVE  Pelops  %  Hipp.  (1878)  78  They  royst  in  silke, 
when  others  range  the  streete  in  rented  rags.  1591  Troitb. 
Raigne  K.  John  (1611)  14  Scalding  sighes  blowne  from 
a  rented  heart. 

Renter  (rental),  sbl    [f.  RENT  Z/.I  +  -ER!.] 

fl.  One  who  owns  or  lets  lands  or  tenements; 
a  proprietor.  Obs.  rare. 

1387-8!'.  USK  Test.  Love  r.  vii.  (Skeat)  1.  no  Some  of 
hem  tooken  money  for  thy  chamber,  and  putte  tho  pens  in 
his  purse,  unwetinge  of  the  renter.  £1470  Go/,  fy  Gaw.  403 
He  is  the  riallest  roy,  reuerend  and  rike,  Of  all  the  rentaris 
to  ryme  or  rekin  on  raw. 

f  2.  One  who  collects  rents  (esp.  those  belonging 
to  a  corporate  body),  taxes,  or  tribute.  Obs. 

1557  Order  of  Hospitalls  E  viij  b,  The  Renters  Charge. . 
is,  Quarterly  to  collect  and  gather . .  all  those  Rents  that  shal- 
be  contayned  in  a  Rentall.  1568  GKAFTON  Chron.  II.  108 
We  will.,  that  our  speciall  renter  of  our  foresaid  realmes.. 
paye  by  yere  a  thousand  mark  of  siluer.  1762  Chron.  in 
Ann.  Reg,  721  The  sieur  Massonet,  renter  of  the  abbey  of  St. 
Antony . .  in  Viennois,  has  a  son. 

b.  attrib.  as  renter-accompt,  -clerk,  -warden. 

1708  J.  CHAMBEHLAYNE  St.  Gt.  Brit.  \\.  m.  (1710)  656 
Auditors  of  the  *Renter-Accompt.  1552  in  Vicar y's  Anat. 
(1888)  316  To  the  *Renterclerk .  .x.I.  1631  T.  POWELL  Tom 
All  Trades  (1876)  148  A  Bucke  at  the  *Renter  Wardens 
feast.  1903  Daily  Chron.  20  Jan.  6/7  Mr.  Ashby,  formerly 
renter  warden  of  the  Armourers  and  Braziers'  Company. 

3.  A  farmer  of  tolls  or  taxes,    rare. 

1598  ]?LQU.iQ,Appallatore,  a  hucster,  a  retailer,a  renter.., 
a  farmer  of  any  thing.  1798  Monthly  Mag.  VI.  395  Mr. 
Rogers,  renter  of  the  bridge-tolls  [at  Worcester].  1817  JAS. 
MILL  Brit.  India  \\.  iv.  vi.  231  Like  other  renters  of  India, 
[he]  had.  .an  inclination  to  withhold,. the  sum  which  he  en 
gaged  to  pay  out  of  the  Taxes  [etc.]. 

4.  A  holder  of  lands,  houses,  or  other  property, 
by  payment  of  rent. 

1655  Boston  (U.  S.)  Rec.  (1877)  II.  125  A  considerable  part 
of  the  rent  due.,  is  nott  brought  in  by  the  renters  of 
the  land  according  to  the  contract  with  the  towne.  1766 
Museum  Rust.  (ed.  2)  I.  06  A  renter  but  of  between  four 
and  five  hundred  acres  of  land.  1831  Act  i  #  2  Will. 


•fr  b.  spec,  A  tenant-farmer.   Obs. 

a  1661  FULLER  Worthies^  Essex  (1662)  334  When  a  Renter 
[he]  impoverished  himself,  and  never  innched  his  Landlord. 
J733  TULL  Horse-hoeing Hitsb.  Pref.  13  Can  we  suppose  that 
an  English  Renter  should  have  more  Honour  in  that  Re 
spect  than  his  Roman  Holiness..?  1793  BURKE  Let.  to  Sir 
H.  Langrishe  Wks.  VI.  313  Substantial  renters,  opulent 
merchants,  .could  not  easily  be  suspected  of  riot  in  open  day. 

5.  A  shareholder  in  a  theatre,  rare. 

1807  TANSON  Stranger  Artier.  251  The  renters  who  had 
subscribed  to  the  building  of  a  large  theatre  in  the  park  of 
New  York.  1893  Daily  News  30  Jan.  2/1  The  '  Renters ' 
of  Drury  Lane  Theatre  are  rejoicing  over  a  dividend  for  the 
past  year  of  i2/.  is.  per  share. 

tRe-nter,^  Obs.  [f.RENTv.2  +  .ERi.]  One 
who  rends  or  tears  (chiefly  in_/£-.  senses). 

a  1540  BARNES  Wks.  (1573)  354/1  You  may  conclude  that 
you  bee..vnlearned  stockes,  peruerters,  tearers,  renters,  of 
holy  scripture.  1651  BAXTER  Inf.  Bapt.  196, 1  was  resolved 
not  to  engage  with  a  renter  of  the  Church.  1738  W.  WILSON 
Dcf.  Re/.  Prin.  Ch.  Scot.  Pref.  (1769)  6  Are  they  therefore 
schismatics,  renters  and  ruiners  of  the  Church?  1784  J. 
BROWN  Hist.  Brit.  Churches  (1820)  II.  vi.  297  The  public 
resolutioners  persecuted  them  with  manifold  reproaches,  as 
ruiners  of  their  king  and  country, .  .as  renters  of  the  church. 

tRe'llter,  v.  Obs.  rare—0,  [ad.  F.  rentrert 
rentraire:  cf.  RANTERS.  The  entries  in  Chambers 
are  derived  from  Furetiere's  Diet.  Univ.  (1690).] 

1.  (See  quots.)     Hence  f  Be'ntering  vbl.  sb. 
1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  To  renter,  to  sow  Cloth  after 

a  particular  manner,  tonne-draw.  1727-38 CHAMBERS Cyc/., 
Rentering  and  Fine-drawing  in  the  manufactories,  the 
sewing  of  two  pieces  of  cloth,  edge  to  edge  without  doubling 
them,  so  that  the  seam  scarce  appears  at  all. 

2.  (See  quot.)     Hence  fBe'nterer. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Rentering^  To  renter  in 
tapestry,  is  to  work  new  warp  into  a  piece  of  tapestry., 
damaged  and  on  this  warp  to  restore  the  ancient  pattern 
or  design.  Ibid.)  Among  the  titles  of  the  French  tapestry- 
makers  is  included  that  of  renterers, 

Rent-free,  £•  [RBHVJiMI  Exempt  from  pay 
ment  of  rent.  (Usually  predicative.) 

1631  WEEVER  Anc.  Funeral  Mon.  499  Almes-houses  for 
twenty  poore  widowes  to  dwell  in  rent  free.  1726  BERKE 
LEY  Let.  Wks.  1871  IV.  130,  I  prefer  his  having  it  rent-free 
to  a  rent  of  twenty  pounds.  1866  Chambers'  Encycl.  s.v. 
Rcntt  Where  lands  are  held  rent-free,  it  is  usual  for  the 
landlord  to  reserve  some  nominal  rent.  1883  LD.  BLACKBURN 
in  Law  Rep.  9  Appeal  Cases  66  It  was  most  reasonable. . 
that  where  the  salary  was  partly  paid  by  a  rent-free  house, 
the  officer  should  pay  the  tax  on  that  house. 

t  Rent- gatherer.  Obs.     [KENT  j£.i]    One 

who  collects  rents  for  or  on  behalf  of  another. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  vi.  xvi.  (Tollem.  MS.\ 
The  rente  gederer  was  defamid  to  his  lorde  fc»at  he  hadde 
wastid  his  good  and  catell.  1435-6  in  Heath  Grocers* 
Cotnp.  (1869)  419  Paid  to  the  rente  gaderer  ffor  ij  yeers 
laborying  abouten  ..  gaderyng  of  the  seide  rente.  1535 
CovERDALE/AT/w^rxii.  18  Whankynge  Roboam  sent  thither 
Adoram  the  rentgatherer,  all  Israel  stoned  him  to  death. 
1644  VICARS  God  in  Mount  135  The  Bishop  of  Winchesters 
Rent-gatherer  and  Steward  of  his  Courts. 


453 

Re'nting,  vbl.  sbJ-  rare.  [f.  RENT  z/.l  +  -ING  1.] 

The  action  of  letting  or  taking  at  a  rent. 

1552  in  Vicary's  Anat.  (1888)  App.  xvi.  292  The  helpe 
therunto  [repair  of  houses].. was  by  the  former  leases  and 
rentingespreuented.  1591  PERCIVALL^/./^'C/.,  Pujamientot 
renting  of  a  commoditie,  buying  by  great. 

t  Re'llting,  vbl.  sb?  Obs.  [f.  RENT  v,~  +  -ING  1.] 
The  action  of  rending  or  tearing. 

1426  LVDG.  De  Guil.  Pilgr.  2591  My-sylff  I  may  the 
Rentyng  whyte,  I  knowe  yt  wel,  &  the  aquyte.  1526  Pilgr. 
Perf.  (W.  de  \V.  1531)  254  b,  To  the  rentyng  of  his  handes 
and  fete,  that  the  precyous  hlode  yssued.  (21586  SIDNEY 
Arcadia,  in,  (1898)  386  Appalled  with  the  grievous  renting 
of  their  first  combination.  1638  A.  READ  Cliirurg.  xxv.  191 
Cutoff  the  threcd  hard  by  the  knot,  lest  the  ends., should 
cause  a  renting  of  that  which  you  did  sow.  1688  R.  HOLME 
A  rmoury  in.  270/2  There  is  no  sign  of  a  Renting,  Tearing, 
or  of  a  Raggedness  of  the  parts. 

tRe-nting,  ppl.a.  Obs.  [f.  RENT  z^  + -ING*.] 
That  rends  or  tears,  in  various  senses. 

1568  T.  HOWELL  Arb,  Amitie  (1879)  68  Doth  feare  the 
harmes  of  gaping  golfes,  and  renting  rocks  doth  mone. 
1633  P-  FLETCHER  Purple  I  si.  XL  xii,  At  lungth  ..  A  renting 
sigh  way  for  her  sorrow  brake.  1687  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2258/2 
Our  latent  Affections,  that  kept  their  Cave  during  the 
renting  Wind  and  Earthquake. 

Be-ntless,  a±  [f.  KENT  ^.I  +  -LESS.]  a. 
Producing  no  (f  interest  or)  rent.  b.  Kent-free. 

1648  HEXHAM,  Renttoos  geldt,  . .  Rentlesse  money  that 
lies  still.  1850  ULACKiE^£V/^/KsII.  141  A  double  lodgment 
for  our  use,  One  from  the  state,  the  other  from  the  king, 
Rentless  we  hold.  1893  DK.  AKGVLL  Unseen  Found.  Sec. 
x.  303  There  can.. he,  therefore,  no  such  thing  as  rentless 
land  which  is  at  the  same  time  cultivated. 

Re'ntless,  a*  rare.  [f.  RENT  ^.-  +  -LESS.] 
Without  rents,  untorn. 

i6z8  GAULE  Pract.  The.  (1629)  228  One  shall  succeed  him, 
not  in  a  Rentlesse  onely,  but  in  a  Seamelesse  Coat.  1881 
NICHOL  Deatk  Tkemistoclest  etc.  197,  I  saw  the  rentless 
banner  wave. 

t  Kent-rack,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RENT  sbl  + 
RACK  z/.3]  trans.  =  RACK-RENT  v.  Hence  f  Kent- 
racked///,  a.,  T  Rent-racking  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1612  T.  TAYLOR  Comm.  Titus  i.  7  From  whence  are 
oppressings,  rent-rackings,vsuries,.  .and  murders?  1612  R. 
CARPENTER  Sours  Sent.  50  Getting  goods  wrongfully,  as  too 
many  rent-racking  Land-lords  do.  1623  R.  CARPENTER  Con- 
scionablt  Christian  114  Take  not  hence  liberty,  as  some  doe, 
to  pay  no  debts,  to  put  money  to  Vsury,  to  rent-racke  thy 
Tenants.  1633  MASSINGER  Guardian  n.  iv,  The  rent-racked 
farmer,  needy  market  folks,.. are  privileged. 

t  Re'ntraut,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [a.  F.  ren- 
trantj  pres.  pple.  of  rentrer:  see  RE-ENTER  and 
RE-ENTRANT.]  Re-entering. 

1791  NEWTE  Tour  Eng.  fy  Scot.  418  The  land.,  forming,, 
three  salient,  and  two  great  rentrant,  or  returning  angles. 

Rent-roll.  [KENT  sbX\  A  roll  or  register  of 
rents ;  a  list  of  lands  and  tenements  belonging  to 
one,  together  with  the  rents  paid  on  them ;  hence, 
the  sum  of  one's  income  as  shown  by  such  a  list. 

1534  Lett.  Suppress.  Afonast.  (Camden)  280,  I  have  re- 
cevyd  your  rente-rowle,  and  getheiyd  up  the  rent.  1611 
COTGR.,  Rentier^  a  Rent-roll.  1695  CONGRKVE  Love  for  L. 
v.  ii,  No,  no,  only  give  you  a  rent-roll  of  my  possessions. 
1781  GIBBON  Decl.  ty  F.  xxxi.  III.  204  The  ostentation  of 
displaying,  .the  rent-roll  of  the  estates  which  they  possess. 
1827  CARLYLE  Misc.  (1857)  I.  31  Where,  again  we  might  ask, 
lay  Shakspeare's  rent-roll  ?  i88»  BESANT  Revolt  of  Man  ii. 
(1883)  37  The  holder  of  a  splendid  title,  the  owner  of  a  I 
splendid  rent-roll. 

attrib.  1842  TENNYSON  E.  Morris  103  The  rentroll 
Cupid  of  our  rainy  isles. 

Rent-seek.  Law.  Also  5-7  sec,  6-7  secke, 
(6  seeke).  [a.  AF.  rente  secque  lit.  dry  rent.] 
A  rent  reserved  by  deed  in  favour  of  some  person, 
without  a  clause  of  distress  in  case  of  arrears  (and 
so  differing  from  a  RENT-CHARGE). 

This  distinction  in  respect  of  remedy  wasabolished  in  1731 
by  the  statute  4  Geo.  II.  c.  28  §  5. 

1472-3  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  5/1  Eny  persone  aforeseid 
havyng  eny  Annuite,  Office,  Fee,  Corrodye,  Rent  Sek,  or 
Pension.  1523  FITZHERB.  Snrv.  21  b,  It  is  called  a  rent 
seeke  bycause  there  is  no  dystresse  insedent  nor  belongyng 
to  the  same.  1566  Act  8  Etiz.  c.  19  §  6  All  Homages  .. 
Rentes  Servyces  Rentes  Charges  Rentes  Seckes,  and  the 
Arrerages  of  the  same.  1628  COKE  On  Litt.  143  b,  Such  rent 
is  rent  secke,  for  that  hee  cannot  come  to  haue  the  rent  if 
it  be  denied,  by  way  of  dtstres.  1676  GEO.  DUDE  Law 
Ckaritalite  Uses  vi.  76  Katherine  Uanr.e  grants,  by  Deed, 
a  Rentseck  out  of  208  Acres  of  Land,  for  relief  of  the  Poor. 
1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  11.42  Rent-seek,,  .or  barren  rent, 
is  in  effect  nothing  more  than  a  rent  reserved  by  deed,  but 
without  any  clause  of  distress.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2) 
II.  454  The  law  says,  that  neither  the  right,  before  it  be 
reduced  into  possession,  nor  the  rentseck  before  seisin  had, 
are  assets. 

Kent-service.  [RENT  sb.^\  Personal  ser 
vice  of  various  kinds  by  which  lands  or  tenements 
are  held  in  addition  to,  or  in  lieu  of,  money  pay 
ment  ;  tenure  of  this  kind. 

1477  Roils  of  Parlt.  VI.  170/1  Discharged  of  all  graunts 
made  of  any  Offices,  Fees  or  Rents,  other  than  the  Rent 
services.     1523  FITZHKKB.  Surv,  21  Rent  seruyce  is  where  a    ' 
man    holdeth    his    landes  of  his   lorde  by  fealtie  . .  or  by    I 
any  other  seruice   and    certayne  rent.      1566   [see   prec.].    I 
1607  NOROEN  Surv.  Dial.  \\.  49  Rent  seruice,  is  so  called,    ' 
because  it  is  knit  to  the  tenure,  and  is  as  it  were  a  Seruice. 
whereby  a  man  holdeth  his  LandeSj  or  Tenements.     1766 
BLACKSTONE  Connn.  II.  41  Rent-service  is  so  called  because 
it  hath  some  corporal  service  incident  to  it,  as  at  the  least 
fealty,  or  the  feodal  oath  of  fidelity.    1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX. 
394/1  A  rent-service  reserved  out  of  chattels  real  will  of 


RENUNCIATION. 

course  belong  to  the  personal  representatives  of  the  lessor. 
1894  Daily  News  23  Oct.  7/1  Yesterday.. the  last  Sheriffs 
of  the  City  of  London  were  summoned  before  the  Queen's 
Remembrancer,  .to  render  rent-services  to  the  Crown  on 
behalf  of  the  Corporation  of  London. 

tRe'ntual,  a.  Obs.  rare—*,  [f.  RENT  jtf.i, 
after  censual^  etc.]  Containing  a  list  of  rents. 

1788  Trans.  Sec.  Arts  VI.  21  Written  in  the  rcntual  books 
of  the  different  estates. 

Renty,  obs.  variant  of  RENKY  a.  dial. 

t  He  liueiice.  Obs.  rare~l.  [f.  L,  rcmt-crc  to 
refuse  (see  next)  +  -EJJCE.]  Refusal. 

1653  SCLATEK  Funeral  Serin.  25  Sept.  (1654)  6  He  in  an 
humble  renuence  grew  shy,  as  deeming  himselfe  unworthy 
of  so  great  an  Honour. 

Renuent  (re*ni«ent),  a.  [ad.  pres.  pple.  of  L. 
renuc)€)  f.  re-  RE-  +  mi$re  to  nod.]  '  Employed 
in  drawing  back  the  head  for  nodding,  the  epithet 
of  a  pair  of  muscles  in  the  head'  (Smart  1840). 

Reiiule  (re-ni«l),  sb.  Anat.  [f.  L.  rcn  kidney 
+  -ULE.]  One  of  the  separate  lobules  of  which 
the  kidneys  in  some  animals  are  composed. 

1847-9  Tvd<.£s Cycl.  Anat.  IV.  i.  233/2  In  many  genera  the 
kidneys  are  composed  of  a  number  of  separate  lobule;>  or 
renules,  each  lobe  consisting  of  a  cortical  and  a  medullary 
substance.  1883  FLOWER  in  Encycl.  Brit,  XV.  366/1  In 
some  cases,  as  in  Bears..,  the  lobulation  is  carried  further, 
the  whole  organ  being  composed  uf  a  mass  of  renules. 

t  ReiiU'le,  v.  Obs.  Al=o  renew\e)le,  renowle. 
[ad.  OF.  renuveler  var.  renoveler  to  RENOVEL.] 
intr.  and  trans.  To  renew. 

13..  K.  £.  Allit.  P.  A.  1079  Twelue  sybez  on  jer  bay 
beren  ful  frym  &  renowlez  mve  in  vche  a  mone.  .1380 
WYCLIF  Serin.  Sel.  Wks.  II.  105  pe  temple  was  lenulid  in 
clojns  and  o^er  ornamentis.  c  1380  —  Wks.  (1880)  315  pe 
seconde  secte  is  late  renewelid  in  J?e  tyme  of  Jnse  newe 
ordris.  1388  —  Wisd.  vii.  27  It  dwcllith  in  it  silf,  and  renu- 
lith  allc  thingis. 

Reinrmber  (n-),  v.  [Rt-  5  a.]  To  number 
afresh.  Hence  Renirmbering  vbl.  sb. 

c  1420  tr.  Faltad.  Hush,  ii,  115  Renombre  hem  but  tymes 
twyes  nyne.  1859  H.  COLKKIDGK  Gloss.  Index  p.  vi,  Readers 
are  therefore  requested  to  renumber  their  copies  from  page 
64  onwards.  1881  Athen&uin  17  Sept.  372/3  The  disastrous 
policy  ..carried  into  effect  in  the  renumbering  of  the  houses 
in  Oxford  Street. 

t  Remrnierate,  v.  Obs.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  enumerate  again.  (See  also  quot.  1656.) 

1656  BLOUNT  Giossogr.,  Rcnuin^ratc,  to  pay  money  again 
that  was  received;  to  retell,  to  recount,  to  number  again. 
1657  TOMLINSON  Renoit's  Di$p.  26,  1  "shall  not  here  renume- 
rate  other. .  Plants.  1721  PKKKY  Daggenh.  Breach  23  These 
Inconveniences.. need  not  be  further  renumerated  by  me. 

So  t  Renumera'tion.   Obs.  rare. 

1596  Nx&m Saffron  /K«/rtV«Wks.  (Gro^art)  III.  i35Neucr 
was  man  so  surfeited  and  ouer-gorged  with  English  as  hee 
cloyd  him  with  his  generous  spirites,  remuneration  of 
gratuities  [etc.].  1658  in  PHILLIPS. 

Remince,  obs.  form  of  RENOUNCE  v. 

Remviiciaiice.  rare~~l.  [See  next  and  -ANCE.] 
Renunciation. 

1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  II.  v.  iii,  If  they  two  did  look  into 
each  other's  eyes,  and  each,  in  silence,  in  tragical  renun- 
ciance,  did  find  that  the  other  was  ail-too  lovely. 

B.enunciant(r^iynjiant),^.  and^.  [ad.  pres. 
pple.  of  L.  renunciare :  see  next.]  a.  adj.  Re 
nouncing,  b.  sb.  One  who  renounces. 

1872  Contetnp.  Rev.  XX.  416  The  renunciant's  vow  is  ac 
cepted.  1885  PATER  Marias  II.  138  In  strong  contrast  to 
the  wise  Emperor's  renunciant  and  impassive  attitude. 

Re  Him  ci  ate  (rfimjtat)j  v.  [f.  ppl.  stem 
of  L.  renunciare'.  see  RENOUNCE  z*.] 

fl.  trans.  (See  quot.  and  RENOUNCE  v.  7.)  Obs. 

1656  BLOUNT  Giossogr.,  Rennnciate^  to  make  relation..  ; 
to  proclaim  or  declare  openly,  to  tell  what  is  done. 

2.  To  renounce,  give  up.  rare. 

18x4  MRS.  J.  WEST  Alicia  de  Lacy  I.  268  Pray  fervently 
to  the  Queen  of  Heaven  who  will  enable  you  to  imitate  the 
renunciating  spirit  of  pious  Saint  Alexis.  1890  PallMa.ll  G. 
30  June  1/3  Mr.  Dillon  has  publicly  renunciated  the  slightest 
interest  in  the  outlying  empire. 

Renunciation  (rfnipnsii^'Jsn).  Also  5-noun- 
tiacioun,  6  -nunceatioun,  6-7  -nuntiation,  7 
-nonciation.  [ad.  L.  renunciation-em^  n.  of 
action  f.  renunciare  to  RENOUNCE,  Cf.  F.  re- 
nonciation  (i3th  c.).] 

1.  The  action  of  renouncing,  giving  up,  or  sur 
rendering  (a  possession,  right,  title,  etc.);  an  in 
stance  of  this  ;  a  document  expressing  this. 

1399  Rolls  of  Parlt.  III.  424/1  Uppe  the  fournie  that  is 
contened  in  the  same  Renunciation  and  Cession.  1462 
Euw.  IV.  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  1. 128  A  renountiacioun 
and  relese  of  the  ryght  and  title  that  the  Corowne  of  England 
hathe.  1569  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  II.  36  The  said  as- 
signatioun,  translatioun,  renunclatipun  and  ourgeving. 
1579-80  Ibid.  III.  256  The  renunceatioun  of  the  said  rever- 
sioun.  1695  Def.  Vind.  Deprived  Bps.  16  They  desired  and 
procured  an  express  renonciation  of  their  Rights.  1777 
PITT  in  Aliuon  Anted.  III.  xliv.  196  A  renunciation  of  our 
own  unjust,  .claims,  must  precede  even  the  least  attempt  to 
conciliate.  1827  HALLAM  Const.  Hist.  xv.  (1876)  III.  138 
The  queen's  renunciation  of  her  right  of  succession  was  in 
valid  in  the  jurisprudence  of  his  court.  1872  YEATS  Growth. 
Comm.  244  A  compensation  being  offered  to  Austria  in  the 
renunciation  by  Spain  of  all  her  European  dependencies. 

b.  The  action  of  giving  up  or  resigning  some 
thing  naturally  attractive ;  self-resignation. 

15*6  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  56  After  that  foloweth 


RENUNCIATIVE. 

the  despisynge  &  renunciacyon  or  forsakynge  of  worldly 
thynges.  1831  CARLVLE  Sart.  Res.  u.  ix,  It  is  only  with 
Renunciation  {Entsagcri)  that  Life,  properly  speaking,  can 
be  said  to  begin.  1860  TYNDALL  G/ac.  i.  i.  7  A  renunciation 
of  my  old  and  more  favourite  pursuits.  1876  C.  M.  DAVIES 
Unorth.  Loud.  17  Every  prophet  has  his  one  distinguishing 
trait ;  and  that  of  Buddha  was  renunciation. 

2.  The  action  of  rejecting,  disowning,  or  dis 
claiming;  repudiation,  formal  rejection. 

1599  HAKLUVT  Voy.  1. 153  This  present  renuntiation,  reuo- 
cation,  and  retractation  of  the  order  and  composition  afore- 
sayd,  notwithstanding.  1635  PAGITT  C ' hristianogr.  i.  iii. 
(1636)  158  An  Adiuration  of  the  Divell  and  a  Renuntiation 
or  renouncing  of  him.  1675  HAXTER  Catlt.  Thcol.  n.  v.  108 
You  may  read  the  Synod  of  Dorts  express  renunciation  of  it. 
1755  YOUNG  Centaur  i.  Wks.  1757  IV.  113  Vicious  practice 
is  sure  to  produce.. an  absolute  renunciation  of  all  belief. 
1790  BURKE  Fr,  Rev.  26  As  solemn  a  renunciation  as  could 
be  made  of  the  principles  by  this  society  imputed  to  them. 
1870  ANDERSON  Missions  Anter.  Bd.  I.  vli,  137  One  cannot 
but  wonder  at  the  rapid  renunciation  of  even  the  name  of 
Christianity  by  the  people  of  Jaffna. 

b.  spec.  The  action  of  renouncing  the  devil,  the 
world,  and  the  flesh,  at  baptism. 

1875  SMITH  &  CUKETHAM  Diet.  Christian  Antiq.  I.  160/1 
The  mode  of  making  the  Renunciations,  and  the  words 
employed,  are  very  fully  described  in  the  treatise  De  Sacra- 
mentis,  attributed  to  St.  Ambrose. 

f3.  *A  bringing  word  back  again'  (Phillips 
1658).  Obs.  rare-0. 

Renunciative  (r/hzrnjiAiv),  a.  [ad.  med.L. 
*renunciattvus,  or  f.  RSNUNCIATB  v.  +  -IVE.] 

t 1.  Serving  to  announce  or  enuntiate.   Obs. 

c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.^  Gov.  Lordsh.  96  panne  he  res- 
sayues  a  stryngthe  of  vndirstandynge  J>at  ys  renunciatyf  of 
ffygures  and  semblance.  1622  MABBE  it.AlemansGitznian 
ffAlf.  n.  242  Bills,  and  answers,  together  with  other  writ 
ings,  processiue,.  .renunciatiue,  and  infinite  other  the  like. 

2.   Characterized  by  renunciation. 

1850  MRS.  DROWNING  Poents  II.  446  To  let  thee  sit.. and 
hear  the  sighing  years  Re-sighing  on  my  lips  renunciative. 
1880  WARREN  Book-plates  ix.  98  The  renunciative  mottoes 
are  a  somewhat  notable  class. 

So  Remrnciatory  a. 

1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  i.  iv,  A  meek  renunciatory  action. 
1898  Century  Mag.  Jan.  463/1  A  few  big  tears— the. .out 
come  of  Heaven  knows  how  real  a  renunciatory  struggle. 

Renuwe,  obs.  form  of  RENEW  vl 

t  Renverse,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  In  7  ran-,  [a.  F. 
renverse,  f.  renverser\  see  RENVERSE  z\]  a.  The 
reverse  (of  a  coin),  b.  The  other  side  (of  a  case;. 

1658  OSBORN  Adv.  Son  iii.  §  10  (1896)  67  Policy  stamps 
them  with  the  Image  of  the  Devil,  and  on  their  Ranverse, 
Punishment  and  Shame.  1679  V.  ALSOP  Melius  hiqui- 
rendnm  n.  viii.  360  This  will  more  evidently  appear  if  we 
take  the  Ranverse  of  the  case,  thus. 

t  Reiiverse,  a.  Obs.  rare"1,  [ad.  F.  ren- 
verst^  Reversed,  turned  the  wrong  way. 

1653  A.  WILSON  Jas.  1 159  [He]  was  made  to  ride  Renvers 
with  his  face  to  the  horse  tail. 

t  Renve'rse,  v-  Obs.  Also  6-7  renuers(e, 
7-8  ranverse.  [ad.  F.  renverser,  f.  re-  RE-  +  en~ 
verser  to  overturn :  see  ENVERSED  and  INVERSE, 
and  cf.  RAMVERSE  v.~\ 

1.  trans.  To  reverse  (in  lit.  senses)  ;  to  turn  up 
side  down,  turn  the  wrong  way,  turn  back. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  iv.  41  Whose  shield  he  beares  ren- 
verst,  the  more  to  heap  disdayn.  1596  Ibid.  v.  iii.  37  He  . . 
from  him  reft  his  shield,  and  it  renverst.  1610  DONNE 
Pseudo-martyr  274  That  English  Priest  Bridgewater,  which 
cals  himself  Aquipontanus,  overturning  and  re-enuersing 
[errata  renuersing]  his  name  with  his  conscience.  1624  SIR 
T.  ROE  in  Michaclis"  Anc.  Marb.  (1882)  188  A  halfelyonof 
white  marble,  holding  the  head  of  a  bull  in  the  pawes,  the 
neck  renuersed.  1681  R.  FLEMING  Fulfill.  Script.  (1800)  II. 
iii.  213  Their  darts  were  ranversed  and  turned  back  by  the 
violence  of  the  wind. 

2.  To  overturn  or  overthrow  (Jit.  andy^.);  to 
bring  to  confusion. 

a.  c  1610  SIR  J.  MELVIL  Mem.  (1735)  61  Thus  can  God  by 
his  Divine  Providence  renverse  the  finest  Practices  and 
Pretences  of  mighty  Rulers.  1639  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH. 
Speech  for  Edinburgh  Wks.  (1711)  216  To  settle  things  so. . 
that  they  should  not  vary  and  change,  were  to  renverse  that 
order  which  God  hath  established.  1765  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy 
VIII.  xix,  The  furious  execution  of  which,  renversing  every 
thing  like  thunder  before  it,  has  become  a  new  sera  to  us  of 
military  improvements.  1776  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Early  Diary 
Let.  Crisp,  Sept.,  In  a  course  of  years  the  commerce  of  that 
world  commonly  renverses  all  these  things  topsy  turvy. 

3.  £1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1650)  I.  in.  xx,  God  forbid  that 
a  business  of  so  high  a  consequence,  .should  be  ranvers'd  by 
differences  'twixt  a  few  privat  subjects.     1671  MACWARU 
True  Non-conf.  236  Plainly  to  ranverse  both  the  freedom  of 
making,  and  necessity  of  keeping  all  vowes.  lyoa  C  MATHER 
Magn.  Chr.  n.  12  If  there  were  a  Town  in  Spain  under 
mined  by  Coneys,.. a  third  in  Greece  ranversed  by  Frogs, 
1728  WodrowCorr.  (1843)  HI-  381  The  sentence  and  decision 
of  the  Commission  could  not  be  opened  and  ranversed. 

Hence  -j-RenveTsed,  ///.  a.  (see  quot.  1656), 
f  Henve'rsing  vbl.  sb. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.  s.v.  Renversed^  Renversed  eyes,  are 
taken  for  decayed  eyes,  or  those  that  stand  in  the  head. 
1671  [?MAC\VARD]  Case  Accommodation  Exam.  34  The 
renverslngs  and  persecutions  of  these  late  times.  1679  J. 
BROWN  Life  of  Faith  (1824)  II.  xx.  364  Esther  was  employed 
to  effectuate  the  ranversing  of  the  decree. 

II  Renverse,  a.  Her.  [F.,  pa.  pple.  of  reft- 
verser  :  see  prec.]  Inverted  ;  reversed. 

1725  COATS  Diet.  Her.  s.v.,  Chevron  renverse  is  a  Chevron 
with  the  Point  downwards.  1868  CUSSANS  Her.  (1893)  130 
Renverse  or  Reversed ;  turned  contrary  to  the  usual  direction. 


454 

t  Renve'rsemeut.  Obs.  [a.  F.  rcnverse- 
mcnt :  see  RENVERSE  v.  and  -MENT.]  The  act  of 
reversing  or  inverting ;  the  result  of  this. 

1610  MARCRLLINI  Triumphs  Jas.  1 '87  Their  divers  Ana- 

T' 

Phil.  Trans.  XLIII.  23  Thi 
afforded  it  were  buried  in  the  Earth  by  the  Deluge,  or  by 
some  such  violent  Renversement.  i763STUKELEY/Wav£-r. 
Sacr.  60  'Tis  a  total  renversement  of  the  order  of  nature. 

t  Renvoy,  sb.  Obs.  Also  7  -voie.  [a.  F.  rcnvoi, 
•^renvoy  (isth  c.),  vbl.  sb.  f.  renvoyer:  see  next.] 

1.  The  act  of  sending  back  ;  discharge,  dismissal. 

1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxxvn,  xxxi.  963  When  he  had  re 
warded  the  Rhodian  ships  with  part  of  the  pillage,  ..hegaue 
them  the  icnvoie,  and  sent  them  home,  c  1645  HOWELL 
Lett.  v.  iii.  (1655)  I.  199  This  rupture  'twixt  us  and  France 
upon  the  sudden  renvoy  of  her  Majesties  servants.  1654 
H.  L'ESTRANGF  C/ias.  I  (1655)  61  King  Charles  is  taxed  for 
violating  the  Matrimonial  Pact  by  the  Renvoy  and  discard 
ing  of  the  Queens  Domestiques. 

52.  A  reference  to  a  book  or  passage.  rare~l. 

1650  in  Athcnxum  13  Dec.  (1879)  763/2  To  which  he 
makes  his  Marginall  Renvoys. 

t  Renvoy,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  F.  renvoyer 
(i  2th  c.),  f.  re-  RE-  +  envoyer:  see  ENVOY  sb.^\ 
trans.  To  send  back. 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  54  b,  Wherfore  he  renuoyed  and  sente 
agayn  the  knight  unto  the  grekes.  1539  CROMWELL  in 
Merriman  Life  fy  Lett.  (1902)  II.  229,  I  doo  Renvoye  the 
said  palmer  thither  agayn.  1622  BACON  Hen.  VII  (1876)  79 
He  did  continue  in  his  court  and  custody  the  daughter  of 
Maximilian,. .not  dismissing  or  renvoying  her. 

Reny,  var.  RENAY  v.  Obs.  Renys,  obs.  f. 
REINS.  Renysch,  Renyst,  varr.  RENISH  a.  Obs. 
Renyss,  obs.  f.  KHEXISH, 

Reobli'ge  (K-),  v.  rare  -1.  [ad.  It,  riobbligare^ 
trans.  To  oblige  again. 

1632  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  BiondCs  Eromcna  n.  63  The  Prince 
of  Mauritania  favours  me  exceedingly  ..thereby  re-obliging 
me  with  the  favour  of  his  visits. 

Reobse'rve  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  observe 
again.  So  Reobserva'tion. 

1853  LYNCH  Self-Imfrov.  vi.  148  You  must  think  and 
observe ;  re-think  and  re-observe.  1857  DARWIN  In  Life  fy 
Lett.  (1887)  III.  260,  I  have,  also,  lately  been  re-observing 
dally  Lobelia fulgens.  1885  Athenaeum  5  Dec.  735/2  The 
principal  astronomical  work.. is  the  reobservation  of  the 
places  of  the  23,000  stars. 

Reobtai'n  (n-),  v.  [!<E-  5  a.]  trans.  To  ob 
tain  again  ;  to  regain,  recover. 

1587  Mirr.  Mag.,  Rich.  Ill,  xiii,  I  came  to  repbtaine  my 
dignitie.  1603  FLORIO  tr.  Montaigne  i.  xxxvii.  116  The 
weakest  may  by  cccasion  reobtaine  the  place  againe.  1643 
[ANGIER]  Lane.  Vail.  Achor  23  If  you  will. .endeavour 
with  me  to  reobtaine  the  Castle,  you  shall  have  all  falre 
usage  from  me.  1695  Enq.  Anc.  Const,  Eng.  go  Since  we 
cannot  tell,.,  if.  .King  James  should  re-obtain  the  throne,  by 
what  means  it  may  happen.  1701  DE  FOE  True-born  Eng. 
32  No  Merit  can  their  Favour  reobtain.  1782  KIR  WAN  in 
Phil.  Trans,  LXXITI.  62  If  the  solution  was  exposed  to 
nothing  from  which  it  could  re-obtain  phlogiston.  1803 
H.  K.  WHITE  Let.  to  N.  White  2  May,  There  remains  no 
way  of  re-obtaining  my  volume  but  this.  1866  ODLING 
Anim.  Cheat.  62  By  treatment  with  hydrochloric  acid  we 
may  easily  re-obtain  the  carbonic  anhydride. 

Hence  Beobtai-nable  a. ;  Keobtarner;  Be- 
obtai'ning  vbl.  sb.\  Reobtai'nment. 

1598  FLORIO,  Racqnistatore,  a  recouerer,  a  repurchaser,  a 
reobtainer.  Ibid.)  Racqnisto^  a  recouerie,  a  repurchase,  a 
reobtaining.  1611  COTGR.,  Recouvrable^  recouerable, .  .re- 
obtainable.  Ibid.,  Kccotrvrance,  a  recouerie,  reobtainment. 

Reoccnpa'tion  (n-).    [RE-  5  a. :  cf.  F.  rt- 

occupation.\    The  action  of  occupying  again  ;  a 
renewed  occupation. 

1844  /.«;/<:  Tracts  Civ.  War  140  The  '  unkept  conditions ' 
[on  which  Thursland  Castle  was  delivered]  appear  to  relate 
to  the  re-occupation  of  it  by  Sir  John  Girhngton.  1887 
Spectator^  May  722/1  England  and  Turkey  will  possess 
an  exclusive  right  of  re-occupation. 

Reoxcupy  (K-),  v.  [RE-  5  a:  cf.  F.  r<!- 
occuper.]  To  occupy  (a  place  or  position)  again. 

1807  G.  CHALMERS  Caledonia  I.  i.  iv.  182  He  reoccupied 
and  refortified  such  of  those  posts  as  promoted  his  vengeful 
designs.  i8i7_CoBBETT  Wks.  XXXII.  146  The  Bourbons 
..have  not  failed  to  bring  misery  in  their  train  m  re- 
occupying  the  beautiful  provinces  of  Italy.  1841  ELPHIN- 
STONE  Hist.  Ind.  II.  177  The  former  prince,  .now  returned 
to  re-occupy  his  old  possessions.  1875  Ure's  Diet.  Arts 
(ed.  7)  II.  203  A  sufficient  interval  of  time  had  ..  elapsed  to 
allow  the  water  to  re-occupy  the  space. 

Hence  Reo 'coupled///,  a. 

18*5-9  MRS.  SHERWOOD  Lady  of  Manor  I.  viii.  332  They 
might  adorn  her  grandmamma's  reoccupied  apartment. 

Reocctrr,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  To  occur  again. 

1867  ATWATER  Logic  203  Whenever  it  is  applied  in  such 
measure  to  these  several  subjects,  they  will  re-occur.  1884 
McCosH  in  Homilet.  Monthly  (1885)  Jan.  232  In  the  first 
chapter  of  Genesis  such  passages  as  this  occur  and  re-occur. 

tReod,  a.  Obs.  [OK.  nW=ON.  rj65-r:  see 
etym.  note  to  RED  a.~\  Red,  ruddy. 

a  800  Erfurt  Gloss.  404  Flavum  vel /ulfum,  reod.  a  900 
O.  E.  MartyroL  25  Dec.  4  pa  WEES  hire  ansyn  swa  reod  & 
swa  facger  [etc.],  ciooo  /ELFRIC  Exod.  xv.  i  J>a  Moises 
ha^fde  jefaren  ofer  ba  reodan  sa;.  <  1205  LAY.  3528  Heo 
iward  reod..swilche  hit  were  of  wine  scenche.  Ibid.  19890 
/Enne  stunde  he  wes  blac .  .ane  while  he  was  reod. 

Reod,  obs.  form  of  REED  sb. 
Reofle,  obs.  form  of  RUTH. 
fReof,  #•  Obs.  Also  3  ref.   [OE.  kreof  rough, 
scabbed,  leprous  «  ON.  hrjiif-r^    Rough. 


REORDER. 

a  1000  Exeter  Bk.t  Inhale  8  Is  |ras  hiw  ^elic  hreofum 
stane.  c  1350  Gen.  «y  Ex.  3726  Leate3  benswilcwurdesref. 
1418  E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  36,  vj.  reof  quisshens  of  worsted. 

ReO'ffer,  v.   [RE-  5  a.]   trans.  To  offer  again. 

a  1618  SYLVESTER  Brief  Catech.  iii,  Christ  our  high-priest 
for  ever,  Self-offring  once  to  bee  re-ofTVed  never.  ^1711 
KEN  Hymns  Evang.  I'oet.  Wks.  1721  I.  186  Jesus  went., 
all  his  Pains  God's  Anger  to  atone  Re-offering  at  his 
Father's  awful  Throne.  1757  MKS.  GRIFFITH  Lett.  Henry 
<$•  Frances  (1767)  I.  22,  I  should  be  ashamed  to  re-offer  you 
my  love  and  friendship.  1829  LYTTON  Devcreitx  iv.  ix,  I  re- 
offered  my  arm  to  the  prince. 

Reolio(h,  -liehe,  var.  RULY  a.  and  adv.  Obs. 
Reome,  obs.  f.  REALM.     Reone,  var.  RYEN  a. 
Reopen,  obs.  form  of  REAP  v. 
Reo'pen  («--),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans,  a.  To  open  again  (something  that  has 
been  closed). 

1733  TULL  Horse-hoeing  Husb.  i.  8  The  weak  sorts  of 
Roots  can  penetrate  no  farther  into  it,  unless  rc-open'd  by 
new  Tillage.  1814  SCOTT  Ifai'.  xvii,  The  eyes  of  our  hero 
.  .gradually  closed  ;  nor  did  he  re-open  them  till  the  morn 
ing  sun  was  high  on  the  lake  without.  1816  KIRBY  &  Sr. 
Entomol.  xx.  (1818)  II.  202  In  the  spring,  when  it  [a  window] 
was  re-opened,  the  bees  returned.  1855  BROWNING  Bp. 
Bhiigrtiin  572  He  [Luther]  comes.. Re-opens  a  shut  book. 
1865  Pl'SEY  Truth  Eng.  CA.  16  When  the  Churches  were 
reopened  in  Paris  after  the  first  revolution. 

b.  To  open  up  again,  to  renew. 

1848  R.  I.  WILCERFORCF.  Doctr.  Incarnation  iv.  (1852)  88 
In  Him  intercourse  with  God  was  perfectly  reopened.  1858 
J.  MARTINEAU  Stud.  Chr.  140  His. .absence  reopened  their 
opportunities. 

o.  To  resume  the  discussion  of  (something 
settled  or  decided). 

1851  HUSSEY  Papal  Power  ii.  77  Urging  him.. not  to 
allow  questions  to  be  reopened,  which  had  been  already 
fully  determined.  1851  DICKENS  Bleak  Ho.  xxxiv,  After  I 
have  finished  speaking  I  have  closed  the  subject,  and  I 
won't  re-open  it. 

d.  To  recommence  (firing). 

1850  R.  G.  GUMMING  Hnnter's  Life  S.  Afr.  (1902)  41/2 
Having  loaded,  I  re-opened  my  fire.  1881  in  Lady  Bellairs 
Transvaal  War  (1885)  136  The  rebels  then  deliberately  re 
opened  fire  on  the  officers  carrying  the  flags. 

2.  intr.  and  absol.  To  open  again. 

1830  LYTTON  P.  Clifford -X7.\\\,  His  warm  heart  at  once  re 
opened  to  the  liking  he  had  formerly  conceived  for  Clifford. 
1885  in  Lady  Uellajrs  Transvaal  War  125  Such  of  the 
..stores  as  still  held  any  goods  would  occasionally  reopen. 

Hence  Keo'pened  ///.  a.  ;  Beo-pening  vbl.  sb. 
and///,  a. 

1758  J.  S.  Le  Dran's  Observ.  Snrg.  (1771)  299  A  large 
Quantity  of  Pus ..  proceeded  from  the  Re-opening  of  the 
Wound.  1818  Autumn  near  Rhine  162  The  scene  was  well 
calculated  to  strike  re-opening  eyes.  1841  PUSEY  Critil 
Eng.  CA.  96  This  re-opened  intercourse  with  the  East  b.  .a 
crisis  in  the  history  of  our  Church. 

Reophore :  see  RHEOPHOKE. 

BeoppO'Se  (n-),  v.  rare-1.  [RE-  2  a.]  trans. 
To  oppose  in  turn. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ef.  Pref.,  Wee  shall  so  farre  en 
courage  contradiction,  as  to  promise  no  disturbance,  or  re- 
oppose  any  Penne,  that  shall  Elenchically  refute  us. 

Reord,  variant  of  REBD(E  Obs. 
'Beordai-n  (n-),  v.    [RE-  51:  cf.  F.  rtor- 
donner  (i6th  c.),  It.  reordinare  (Florio).] 

1.  Irons.  To  ordain,  appoint,  or  establish  again. 

1611  Co-TGR.,Re[n]joinjret  toreinioyne,reordainevnto,  re- 
impose  vpon.  i6«  DRAYTON  Poly-old,  xi.  314  Edwyn..re- 


2.  Eccl.  To  ordain  (a  person)  again ;  to  invest 
afresh  with  holy  orders. 

a  1626  BACON  CA.  Contrmi.  Wks.  1879 1.  347  The  re-ordain- 
ing  of  priests,  is  a  matter  already  resolutely  maintained. 
1636  PKVNNE  Unbish.  Tim.  (1660)  74  Bishop  Hall  re- 
ordained  Mr.  John  Dury,  formerly  ordained  by  Presbyters. 
1693  Afol.  Clergy  Scot.  57  All  of  them  the  greatest  men 
among  them  are  reordained  when  they  come  to  England. 
1732  NEAL  Hist.  Purit.  I.  90  Those  clergymen  who  haJ 
been  ordained  by  the  late  Service  Book,  were  to  be  re- 
ordained.  1898  Wcstm.  Gaz.  10  Jan.  2/1  There  was  a  wide 
spread  opinion  among  you  that  our  practice  of  reordaining 
convert  clergymen  was  an  imputation  on  your  Church. 

aisol.  1661  Petit,  for  Peace  10  A  Canon . .  deposeth  those 
that  re-ordain. 

Reo-rder  («-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 
f  1.  trans.  =  REOEDAIN  ».  2.  Obs.  rare  -'. 
1593  BILSON  Govt.  Christ's  CA.  359  Such  as  were  ordained 
by  luiletius  shoulde  be  reordered. 

2.  To  set  in  order  again;  to  re-establish,  re 
arrange,  etc.    Also  absol. 

1609  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  vm.  xliv,  Seeking  to  allay  All 
greeuances ;  re-order  equity.  1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boc- 
calMs  Advls.  fr.  Parnass.  I.  Ixxvii.  (1674)  loo  Whilst 
powerful  men.. have  disordered  the  World,  men  go  about 
to  re-order  it.  1835  PUSEY  Doctr.  Real  I'rescnce  212  The 
power  of  the  word  of  God  in  ordering  or  reordering  as  He 
wills.  1894  HOWELLS  in  Harper's  Mag.  Feb.  376  Mrs. 
Campbell  runs  to  the  mirror,  .and  hastily  reorders  her  dress. 

refl.  1641  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Biondi's  Civil  Warns  V.  162 
The  English  this  meane  while  having  reordered  themselves, 
set  furiously  upon  them. 

3.  a.  To  send  again  by  order. 

1799  SICKELMORE  Agnes  f,  Leonora  II.  32,  I  was  therefore 
re-ordered  back  to  prison. 

b.  To  repeat  an  order  for  (a  thing). 
1810  SOUTHEY  in  Robberds  Mem.  W.  Taylor  (1843)  II. 
300  If  it  should  not  reach  you  in  due  time  after  it  is  adver 
tized,  fail  not  to  let  me  know,  that  I  may  re-order  it. 


REORDERED. 

Hence  Keo'rdered  ppl.  a. ;  Recrrdering. 

1593  DANIEL  Civ.  Warrcs  \\.  Ixxii,  As  seeking  but  the 
States  reordering.  1600  FAIRFAX  Tasso  xx.  Ixxxviii,  Their 
Lord  in  haste  To  venge  their  losse  his  band  reordred  brings. 
1618  WOTTON  in  Reliq.  (1672)  485  For  the  re-ordering  of  my 
Exchanges,  which  have  been  much  incommodated.  1855 
PUSF.Y  Doctr.  Real  Presence  Note  Q.  240  Instances  which 
show  howS.Chrysostom  speaks  of  God's '  re-ordering  nature '. 

fReordi,  a.  Obs. rare-'1.  (Of  obscure  meaning.) 

(IVel  reordi  is  perhaps  an  error  for  f/nw<#=OE, 
elreordig  foreign-speaking,  barbarous.) 

c  1205  LAV.  25658  He  seide  bat  \>ur  wes  icutnen  a  scaSe  liSe 
of  westward  Spaine,  wel  reordi  [('1275  a  wel  lo^lichc]  feond. 

Reordie  v.  :  see  under  KKRD(E. 

Reo'rdinate  (r/-),  v.  [Re-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
institute  or  establish  again. 

1875  V>RQ\\"x\KGAristofi/t,Aj>ol.  202  Had  you..,  re-ordinat- 
ing  outworn  rule,  Made  Comedy  and  Tragedy  combine. 

Reorcliiia'tion  O7'-).  Eccl.  [ad.  med.L.  reor- 
dindtio'.  cf.  F.  reordination  (1575).]  The  action 
of  ordaining  again;  the  fact  of  a  second  ordination. 

1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixxvii.  §  3  The  reordination  of 
such  as  others  in  times  more  corrupt  did  consecrate  hereto 
fore.  1636  PRYNNE  Unbish.  Tim.  (1661)  Post.  36  Which.. 
was  no  reordination  of  him  as  a  Presbyter,  but  only  a 
Reconfirm  at  Ion  of  him.. as  a  Bishop.  1732  NEAL  Hist. 
Purit.  (1822)  I.  69  There  being  no  dispute  about  reordination 
in  order  to  any  church-preferment,  till  the  end  of  queen 
Elizabeth's  reign.  1846  BURN  For.  Refugees  53  The  objects 
of  the  letters. .appear  to  be  the  re-ordination  of  the  Rev. 
John  Charpentier  [etc.].  1884  Catholic  Diet.  (1897)  677/1 
An  imposition  of  hands,  mistaken  perhaps  for  re-ordination. 

Reo:rgaiiiza'tioii  (rf-)-  [RE-  5  a :  cf.  F.  ?-</- 
organisation  (1812).]  The  action  or  process  of  re 
organizing  ;  a  fresh  organization. 

1813  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1838)  X.  149,  I  have 
already  commenced  a  re-organization  of  the  cavalry.  1852 
GROTE  Greece  n.  Ixxii.  IX.  261  A  power  of  enriching  friends 
or  destroying  enemies  in  this  universal  reorganisation  of 
Greece.  1899  Attbutfs  Syst.  Mcd.  VI.  802  The  nerve 
becomes  so  irretrievably  disorganised  as  to  obliterate  all 
means  of  reorganisation. 

Reorganize  («-)*  v.  [RE-  5a:  cf.  F.  r<£- 
organiser  (1812).]  trans.  To  organize  anew. 

1681-6  J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Lift  (1747}  III.  539  By  whose  omni 
potent  Agency.. the  Bodies  of  his  Saints,  .shall  be  gathered 
up,  re-united,  and  re-organized  into  glorious  Bodies.  1813 
SIR  R.  WILSON  Priv.  Diary  (1862)  II.  258  The  news  of  this 
failure,  .obliged  him.  .to  reorganise  his  broken  troops.  1850 
MRS.  BROWNING  Poems  II.  201  Thou  shall  yet  reorganize 
Thy  maidenhood  of  beauty.  1879  FROUDE  Caesar  viii.  So 
He  had  reorganised  the  constitution  on  the  most  strictly 
conservative  lines. 

Hence  Beo'rganizer. 

1833-4  DE  QUINCEY  Csesars  Wks.  1859  X.  212  To  apply  his 
powers  as  a  re-organizer  and  restorer  to  the  East.  1870 
LOWELL  Study  Wind.  (1886)  134  He  is  a  reorganiser  of  the 
moral  world. 

Reo  rient  (rf-),  a.     [RE-  5  a.]     Rising  again. 

1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  cxvi,  The  life  re-orient  out  of  dust. 
1890  F.  ST.  JOHN  THACKERAY  Prudent ius  93  So  buried  seeds 
repair  our  store  Reorient  from  the  parched  earth. 

t  Reose,  v.  Obs.  Also  3  rese.  [OE.  hrtosan 
=  ON.  hrj6sa  to  shudder.]  intr.  To  fall. 

Beowulf  1075  Hie  on  gebyrd  hruron  gare  wunde.  Ibid. 
2489  Gomela  Scylfing  hreas.  cSzfi  Vesp.  Psalter  cxliv.  14 
UphefeS  dryhten  alle  Sa  <5e  hreosad.  a  900  CYNEWULF  Christ 
810  Wongas  hreosaS,  burjstede  berstaS.  ciooo  ^ELFRIC 
Hotn.  II.  450  pact  hus.  .hreosende  5ine  beam,  .acwealde. 
c  1205  LAY.  15587  Sseie  me  \vseh  hit  vselleS  bat  |>e  wal  reose<5 
[£•1275  falleb].  Ibid.  18869  Beornes  scullen  rusien,  reosen 
[ci275  rese]  heore  mxrken. 

Reose,  var.  of  REWSIE  Obs.  Reot,  obs.  f.  RIOT. 
Reothe,  obs.  f.  RUTH.  Reother,  var.  of  ROTHER 
Obs.  Reou,  obs.  f.  RUE.  ReoutJe,  obs.  f.  RUTH. 
Reoufulnesse,  obs.  f.  RUEFULNESS.  Reou- 
liche,  var.  of  RULY  Obs.  Reounesse,  var.  of 
REWNESS  Obs. 

t  Re'ous,  a.  Obs.  — °    [ad.  L.  reus.]     Guilty. 

1623  in  COCKERAM. 

Reousie:  see  REWSIE  06s.  Reouj>e,  obs. 
f.  RUTH.  Reouthfully,  obs.  f.  RUTHFULLY. 
Reouwe,  obs.  f.  RUE  v. 

Be-oyerflow,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  overflow  anew. 

<7  1700  KEN  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  353  All  must 
love  God,.  .Must  to  the  Source  of  Love  re-overflow. 

Reowe,  obs.  f.  RUE  sb.  and  v.,  Row  v.1  Reow- 
ful(nesse,  obs.  ff.  RUEFUL(NESS.  Reowliche, 
var.  RULY  a.  Obs.  Reowsunge :  see  REWSING, 
Reowthe,  obs.  f.  RUTH.  Reowthfulliche, 

Obs.  f.  RUTHFULLY. 

Reoxida'tion  (rf-).  [RE-  5  a.]  The  process 
of  oxidizing,  or  of  being  oxidized,  afresh. 

1838  Civil  Eng.  ff  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  162/2  Thev  are  then  to 
be.,  set  fire  to,.,  and  afterwards  laid  by  for  re-oxidation.  1884 


W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  <$•  Iron  vi.  06  The  re-oxidation  of 
the  carbonic  oxide  so  formed  into  carbonic 
So  Reo-xidizement. 


lie  anhydride. 


1839  Penny  CycL  XIV.  56/1  By  exposure  to  the  air  or  other 
means  of  reoxidizement. 

Reoxygenate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
oxygenate  afresh. 

1855  KINGSLEY  Glauctts  140  Its  remaining  fresh  argued 
that  the  coralline  had  reoxygenated  it  from  time  to  time. 
1884  Public  Opinion  5  Sept.  306/1  An  apparatus  for  re- 
oxygenating  air  that  has  already  been  breathed. 

So  Reoxyg-enize  v.  (Ogilvie  1882). 

t  Rep1,  an  abbreviation  of  REPUTATION,  current 
in  the  early  part  of  the  i8th  c.  Obs. 


455 

01705  SHIPPERY  in  Brascnose  A/e(ifyB)a  Six  go-downs 
upon  rep.  to  our  true  English  King  !  1711  ADDISON  Spect. 
No.  135  f  10  This  Humour  . .  which  has  so  miserably  cur- 
tailed  some  of  our  Words,,  .as  in  mob.  rep.  POS.  incog,  and 
the  like.  173*  FIELDING  Covent  Gan{.  Trag.  n.  xui,  Nor 
modesty,  nor  pride,  nor  fear,  nor  rep,  Shall  now  forbid  this 
tender  ciiaste  embrace.  1738  SWIFT  Pol.  Conversat.  Introd. 
91  Do  you  say  it  upon  Rep? 

Rep  -.  Now  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin :  cf. 
RIP.  The  relation  to  demi-rep  is  not  clear.] 

1.  A  man  (f  or  woman)  of  loose  character  ;  a  rip. 
1747  HOADLY  Susp.  Ifnsb.  iv.  iv,  So  many  Rivals  among 

your  kept  Mistresses,  and  Reps  of  Quality.  1806  R.  CUM 
BERLAND  .Mem.  474  Old  and  young,  reps  and  demi-reps 
flocked  to  see  it.  1886  FAKCUS  Living  or  Dead  II.  169 
Now  you're  about  with  the  biggest  uncut  rep  in  town. 

2.  An  inferior  or  worthless  article. 

1786  WOLCOTT  (P.  Pindar)  Lyric  Odes  xi.  Wks.  1816 1. 117 
The  fiddle,. though  what's  vulgarly  baptiz'd  a  rep,  Shall  in 
a  hundred  pounds  be  decm'd  dog-cheap. 

Rep3  (rep).  Also  repp.  [ad.  F. rtf/j  (see  REPS), 

of  unknown  origin.]  A  textile  fabric  (of  wool,  silk, 
or  cotton)  having  a  corded  surface. 

1860  MRS.  GASKELL  Right  at  Last  n  What  should  make 
you  think  I  care  so  much  for  rep  in  preference  to  moreen  ? 
1894  BARING-GOULD  Queen  t]f  Love  I.  75  Rab  ..  raised  the 
red  repp  that  covered  the  barrier. 

attrib.  1883  Harper's  Mag.  Mar.  538/2  The  green  rep 
parlour  suites.  1898  G.  B.  SHAW  Plays  II.  You  never  can 
tell  274  A  pair  of  maroon  rep  curtains. 

Rep4,  in  school  slang,  abbrev.  of  REPETITION. 

1864  CRKIGHTON  in  Life  <$•  Lett.  (1904)  I.  i.  13  It  is  a  very 
bad  sign  if  fellows  talk,  or  learn  rep. .  .during  prayers. 

Rep,  obs.  form  of  REAP  si>.~ 

Repa'Ce,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  pace  back  or  again. 

1633  P.  FLETCHER  Purple  1st.  iv.  xxii,  Tritons  .  .who  .. 
speed  the  rivers  flowing  race,  But  strongly  stop  the  wave,  if 
once  it  back  repace.  1729  SAVAGE  Wanderer  iv.  81  Wild 
beasts  to  gloomy  dens  repace  their  way. 

Repacifica'tion.  rare-1.  [RE-  5  a.]  The 
fact  of  being  pacified  again. 

1665  G.  HAVERS  P.  dclla  Valleys  Trav.  E.  India,  99 
Manifest  signes  that  his  re-pacification  was  rather  upon 
necessity  then  out  of  good-will. 

Repa'Cify, >v.  rare.  [HE- 5  a.]  To  pacify  again. 

1604  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  i.  xi,  His  brother  Henry.  .Seeks 
to  re-pacify  the  people's  hate.  1611  KLORIO,  Rappacificatr, 
to  appease  or  repacifie. 

Repa'ck  (rf-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  pack  again. 

1472-3  [see  Repacking  below].  z6iz  COTGR.,  Remballer* 
to  repacke,  or  packe  yp  againe.  1628-9  DIGBY  Voy.  A/edit. 
(Camden)  69  Repacking  our  English  beefe,  wee  found  it  to 
be  verie  bad.  1722  DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  (1840)  328  They  were 
opened,  and  repacked.  (71790  ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  iv.  v. 
(1869)  II.  94  It  is  necessary  to  repack  them  with  an  addi 
tional  quantity  of  salt.  1813  SIR  R.  WILSON  Priv.  Diary 
(1862)  II.  121  They  had  stopped  behind  to  pick  up  and  re 
pack  the  things  which  had  fatten  off  one  of  my  led  horses. 
1896  Alttnttfs  Syst.  Mcd.  I.  420  The  child  is  unswathed, 
rubbed  dry,  and  repacked  as  before. 

Hence  Repacked  ppl.  a. ;  Repacking  vbl.  sb. ; 
alsoRepa'cker,  one  who  repacks  (Webster  1828). 

i472-3/?0#$  ofParlt.  VI.  59/i[  All  wools  shall]  be  admytted 
.  .and  delyvered  to  the  merchaunt  biers,  withoute  any  re- 
pakkjmg  therof  there  to  be  made.  1615  E.  S.  Brittaines 
Buss  in  Arb.  Garner  III.  640  The  repacking  of  the  herrings 
by  the  sworn  Coopers  of  that  place.  Ibid.^  Then  will  rest 
to  be  sold  ..  seventy-five  Last  full  of  repacked  herrings. 
1745-6  in  W.  Thompson  R.  N.  Advoc.  (1757)  17  The  greatest 
Part  of  the  Meat  by  repacking  and  pickling,  will  still  be  fit 
for  Service.  i8zi  T.  FLINT  Lett.fr.  Atiter.  76  If  I  had  en 
tertained  any  doubt ..  the  very  repacking  of  my  baggage 
would  at  once  have  removed  it.  1842  Penny  Cycl.  XXII. 
475/2  These  metallic  pistons.. do  not.. require  the  frequent 
repacking  necessary  to  those  with  tow  or  hempen  stuffing. 

t  Repa'ganic,  a.  nonce-wd.  [RE-  5  a  :  cf. 
next.]  Once  more  pagan. 

1701  BEVERLEY  A  foe.  Quest,  n  In  this  very  Repaganic(if 
1  may  so  speak)  or  Repaganiz'd  State. 

Kepa-ganize  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and 
intr.  To  make  or  become  pagan  again.  Hence 
Hepa'ganized///.0. ;  Repa'ganizing  vbh  sb.  and 
///.  a. ;  also  Repa-g-anizer,  Bepag-aniza*tion. 

1673  EACHARD  Hobbs's  St.  Nat.  Lett.  12  An  Universal 
repaganizer,  Popeling,  a  worshipper  of  the  beast  [etc.]. 
1685  H.  MORE  raralip.  Prophet,  xlii.  361  Therefore  the 
Re-paganizing  of  the  Church  must  be  presently  after.  Ibid. 
362  If  he  could  not.  .have  turned  off  Constantine  from  the 
Faith  or  Re-paganized  the  Christians.  i7oz  BEVERLEY 
Apoc.  Quest,  ii  This  Empire  Repaganlzing  through  Anti- 
christianism,  undermining,  and  supplanting  True  Christi 
anity  [See  also  REPAGANIC.]  1854  MILMAN  Lat.  Chr.  iv. 
v.  (1864)  II.  292  The  chief  objects  of  worship  in  the  re- 
Paganized  Jand  were  three  statues  of  gilded  brass.  1888 
Outlook  ff  Sabb.  Quarterly  (N.  Y.)  Jan.  457  You  have  also 
thought,  no  doubt,  on  the  repaganization  of  Christendom. 

Repai'nt  (n-),  sb.     [RE-  5  a :  cf.  next.] 

1.  A   substance  used   in   repainting;  a  layer  of 
colour  put  on  in  repainting. 

1891  Portfolio  Mar.  51  There  were  parts  of  the  surface 
from  which  it  removed  the  original  fresco-pigments  or  the 
tempera  repaints. 

2.  The  fact  of  repainting  or  being  repainted. 
1893  Pan  Mall  G.  23  Jan.  2/1  Although  it  has  suffered 

somewhat  from  repaint.. it  still  remains  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  single  heads  produced  by  Renaissance  painting. 

Repa'int  (n-),  v.  [Rs-  5  a.]  trans.  To  paint 
again  (/;'/.  andyf^-.). 

a  1700  KEN  Edmund  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  159  Till  vanish 
ing  Sleep  Edmund  re-possess'd,  Repainting  it  in  Dreams 
upon  his  Breast.  1761  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  IV.  xxv,  The 
coach  was  re-painted  upon  my  father's  marriage.  1815  J. 


REPAIR. 

SCOTT  Vis.  Paris  Pref.  9  The  first  thing  they  do  with  one 
of  Raphael's  pictures  is  to  repaint  it.  1830  LYTTON  P. 
Clifford  xxxiii,  A  solicitor,  the  very  rails  round  whose  door 
were  so  sadly  in  want  of  re-painting  !  1888  HAVKI.OCK 
ELLIS  in  Ford's  Plays  (Mermaid  Ser.)  p.  xiv,  The  conflict 
between  the  world's  opinion  and  the  heart's  desire  be  paints 
and  repaints. 
Hence  Reparnted///.  a.,  Reparnting  vbl.  sb. 

1864  Reader  26  Nov.  667/3  The  inferior  and  repainted 
works  at  Fiesole.  1884  Athenxnm  2  Feb.  157/1  There  is 
much  repainting  on  tbe  faces. 

Repair  (r/pcau),  j//.i  Forms:  4-5  repeir(e, 
-eyr(e;  4-7  repayr(e,  (5  Sf.  rap-),  -aire,  -arfe, 
(7  -aier),  4-  repair,  [a.  OK.  repcirc,  repaire 
(mod.F.  repcre)  return,  etc.,  f.  rcpcircr,  repairer^  to 
REPAIR  z».i] 

1.  (Chiefly  in  phrases  to  make  or  have  repair  : 
cf.  4b.)     a.  Resort,  frequent  or  habitual  going,  to 
a  place.     Now  arch,  or  Obs. 

c  1330  R.  BKUXSE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  8078  peyr  wonyng 
ys  in  be  eyr,  [but]  Vmwhile  to  be  erbe  bey  make  repeir. 
c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xlvi.  (Anas  face)  176  J?e  prefet  yddire 
had  repare.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  i.  xvii.  1657  Owhar 
common  accesse  of  repayr  Men  mycht  haf  to  bat  figoure 
fayr.  1456  SiRG.  HAYI;  LawArtHs(S*T.$.)  190  He  saw  or 
persavit  him  mak  grete  repaire  till  his  hous.  1570-6  LAM- 
HARDK  Perawb.  Kent  (1862}  171  She  exhorted  repaire  to  the 
church.  ig&iPETiiEGjtazzo'sCiv.  Conv.  i. (1586)  38  Flatteicrs 
..alwaies  make  their  repaire  thether  where  profile  is  to  be 
reaped.  1638  HEYWOOD  Wise  Worn.  in.  i.  Wks.  1874  V.  314 
By  his  oft  repaire.  .your  good  name  Maybe  by  Neighbours 
hardly  censur'd  of.  1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxon.  II.  184  Peter 
Heylin..  was  furnished  with  Books,  .by  his  repair  to  Bodlies 
Library. 

b.  Sc.  Resort  (also  occas.,  stay  or  sojourn)  in 
a  place  or  among  others.  Now  arch,  or  Obs. 

c  1375  Sc.  Let?.  Saints  xii.  (HIatkias)  292  In  be  ayre, 
quhare  be  feyndis  has  mast  repare.  Ibid,  xxxi.  (Eugenia)  104 
A  lytil  tone,  .quhar  cristine  men  bad  repare.  c  1425  WYN- 
TOUN  Cron.  n.  xvi.  1484  In  ane  ile  baj  gcrt  bairn  ga,  Amcm^e 
f>aim  na  rapayr  to  ma.  Ibid.  v.  iii.  440  Qwhen.  .bai  of  Bret- 
tane  ostagis  hade,  He  gret  repayr  amange  fc>aim  made. 
1500-20  DUNUAR  Poems  xliii.  i  Thir  ladyis  fair,  That  makis 
repair,  And  in  the  court  ar  kend.  1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  594 
3it  in  this  Realme  I  wald  mak  sum  repair.  1812  BYKON 
Ch.  Har.  i.  xxii,  On  sloping  mounds,  or  m  the  vale  beneath, 
Are  domes  where  wbilome  kings  did  make  repair. 

f  c.  Chiefly  Sc.  Intercourse  or  association  {with 
others).  Obs. 

c  1450  LYDG.  Secrecs  190  YifF  thou  thus  doo  by  vcrtuous 
Repeyr,  God  shal  encrese..thy  Royal  excellence.  1500-20 
DUNBAK  Poems  xviii.  17  Ane  lady  fresche  and  fair,  With 
gentill  men  makand  repair.  1536  BKLLENDEN  Cron.  Scot. 
(1821)  I.  p.  xxvj,  Tbe  peple  thairof  hes  na  repair  with  mar- 
chandis  of  uncouth  realmes.  a  1653  BINNING  Serin.  (1845) 
1 86  To  cleanse  even  vain  thoughts,  and  shut  up,  from  that 
ordinary  repair,  his  own  heart. 

f  d.  Liberty  of  resort.  Obs.  rare"~l. 

1598  MAN  WOOD  Laiues  Forest  xv.  r  2.  87  In  their  corne, 
meadowes,  and  pastures,  the  Deere  must  haue  their  repaire 
and  quiet  feede. 

2.  The  place  to  which  one  repairs  ;  esp.  a  haunt, 
usual  abode  or  dwelling-place. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xvi.  310  The  Erische  kyngis  than 
euirilkane  Hayme  till  thar  awne  repar  ar  gane.  14. .  Tnn~ 
dale's  yis.t  etc.  (1843)  92  To  hem  that  ben  in  euyle  of 
owtrage  Repeyre  fynall  of  hur  pylgrimage.  1484  CAXTOM 
Fables  of  ALsop  v.  viii,  This  labourer  passyd  before  the 
repayre  or  dwellynge  place  of  the  sayd  Serpent.  1616  B. 
JONSON  Epigr.  i.  xxxii,  What  not  the  envy  of  the  seas 
reach'd  to,.. At  home  in  his  repaire  Was  his  blest  fate,  but 
our  hard  lot  to  find.  1666  DRYDEN  Ann.Mirab.ccxx,  There 
the  fierce  winds  his  tender  force  assail  And  beat  him  down 
ward  to  his  first  repair.  1864  Reader  2  July  20  When  they 
were  the  repairs  of  wild  beasts  and  the  sheltering-places  of 
men.  1895  Harper's  Mag.  Feb.  472/2  Converting  the  hole 
of  the  asp  into  a  repair  for  children. 

fb.  §&  place,  house,  etc.  of  ^repair.   Obs. 

c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  XCT.  i,  Jehoya  is  my  fort,  My 
place  of  safe  repaire.  1598  STOW  Surv.  xliii.  (1603)454  The 
ArchBishops  of  Yorke  being  dispossessed  and  hauing  no 
house  of  repayre.  i6ir  BIBLE  Joel'iii.  17  The  Lord  will  be 
the  hope  \ntarg.  place  of  repaire  or  harbour]  of  his  people. 

3.  Concourse  or  confluence  of  people  in  or  at  a 
place;  common  or  extensive  resort  of  persons  to  a 
place.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

c  1350  ipomadon  342  The  courte  was  plenere  all  that  day 
Off  worthy  lordes, . .  And  other  grette  repeyre.  c  1386 
CHAUCER  Wife's  T.  368  Or  elles  ye  wol . .  take  youre  auenture 


jge  people,  .wolde  there  in  brief  tyrr 

encrease,  by  repaire  of  Merchauntes.  1535  COVERDALE 
i  Mace.  ix.  39  There  was  moch  a  doo,  &  greate  repayre  : 
for  the  brydegrome  came  forth.  1577  FENTON  Gold.  Epist 
(1582)  26  He  that,  .holdeth  a  house  of  generall  repaire,  and 
receyueth  the  vnthriftieand  banished,  c  1614  SIR  W.  MURE 
Dido  %  JEneas  11.  875  With  earnest  repare  the  paths  do 
seeme  to  sweate.  1808  JAMIESON  s.v.,  We  still  say  of  a  street 
which  is  retired  from  the  bustle  of  a  town,  that  there  is  not 
much  repair  in  it.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xxxi,  The  footpath 
leading  there  was  well  beaten  by  the  repair  of  those  who 
frequented  it  for  pastime. 

transf.  1429  R  oils  of  Parlt.  IV,  350/8  Touchyngye  repaire 
of  Wol Ie.. to  ye  said  Staple.  1449  Ibid.  V.  149/2  The.  .hole 
repaire  of  al  manere  Marchandise  to  the  same  Staple. 

fb.  In  prepositional   phrases,  as  amongt  but, 
out  of,  without  repair.  Obs.  (chiefly  Sc.~). 

£•1470  HARDING  Chron.  CXLIII.  iii,  This  earle  was  then 
famed  amonge  repayre  The  noblest  prynce.  1508  DUNBAR 
Fly  ting  153  In  till  ane  glen  thow  hes,  owt  of  repair,  Ane 
lalthly  luge.  1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxviii.  n  Endlang 
ane  Park,  I  past  without  repair  Be  Snawdounsyde.  a  1585 


REPAIR. 


456 


REPAIR. 


POLWART  Fly  ting  tv.  Montgomerie  196  Where  howlring 
howlets  aye  doth  hant,  With  robin  red-brest,  but  repaire. 
f  c.  Following,  retinue,  company,   Obs.  rare. 

£•1470  HARDING  Chron.  LXXII,  The  Duke  was  slayn  with 
all  his  moste  repayre.  a  1548  HALL  Chron^  Hen.  VIII  72 
My  lorde  Cardinal!,  came  to  the  toune  of  Douer  in  hast 
with  a  noble  repaire. 

4.  The  act  of  (f  returning)  going  or  making 
one's  way  to  a  place.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  xviii.  557  Northwarde  tuk  thai  hame 
thar  way,  And  destroyit,  in  thair  repair,  The  vale  haly  of 
Beauvare.  1412-20  L.YDG.  Chron.  Troy  i.  v.  (1555!,  In  your 
repayre  to  your  fathers  reigne.  .ye  shall  me  with  you  lede. 
1494  FABVAH  Chron.  v.  Ixxxiv.  62  When  the  Lordes  of  Bryt- 
ayne  sawe-.theyr  dayly  repayre  into  tills  lande,  they 
assembled  them  togyder.  1531  CROMWELL  in  Merriman 
Life  fy  Lett.  (1902)  I.  335  At  my  next  repayre  thither  it 
pleased  his  highnes  to  call  for  me.  1593  ABP.  BANCROFT 
Danng.  Posit.  \,  vi.  23  A  repaire  of  the  Kinges  faithfull 
subiectes  to  his  highnesse  presence.  1633  FORD  Broken 
Heart  \\.  ii,  We'll  write  to  Athens  For  his  repair  to  Sparta. 

1666  in  loth  Rep.  Hist.MSS.Comm.  App.  V.  10  His  goods 
[are]  like  to  be  spoyled  or  lost,  without  his  speedy  repaire 
thither.      1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  #  P.  p.  »,  Our  repair 
aboard  Ship,  and  coming  to  Fort  St.  George. 

b.  In  phr.  to  make  (one's]  repair  to  (a  place  or 
person).  Now  arch. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xlii.  107  [He]  to  the  court  maid 
his  repair.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  8  Nothing  might 
lightly  happen,  .by  reason  whereof  he  should  be  compelled 
to  make  his  repayre  thether  againe.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny 
I.  1 18  Diuers  kings  and  princes,  who  made  repaire  to  Rome 
with  sutes  and  supplications.  1812  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  \.  Ixix, 
Then  thy  spruce  citizen,  wash'd  artisan,  And  smug  apprentice 
..To  Hampstead,  Brentford,  Harrow  make  repair,  a  1850 
ROSSF.TTI  Dante  $  Circle  \.  (1874)  158  A  lover,  .to  his  lady 
must  make  meek  repair. 

Repair  (rfpeVj),  sb.z  Forms  :  6-7  repaire,  7 
-ayre,  -are ;  6-  repair,  [f.  REPAIR  z».-] 

1.  The  act  of  restoring  to  a  sound  or  unimpaired 
condition ;  the  process  by  which  this  is  accom 
plished  ;  the  result  attained,     f  Also//. 

1595  SHAKS.  John  in.  iv.  113  Before  the  curing  of  a  strong 
disease,  Euen  in  the  instant  of  repaire  and  health,  The  fit 
is  strongest.  1611  —  Cymb,  in.  i.  57  Our  Lawes,  whose 
vse  the  Sword  of  Ca:sar  Hath  too  much  mangled  ;  whose 
repayre,  and  franchise  ShalL.be  our  good  deed.  1647  N. 
BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  (1739)  203  So  must  I  leave  them 
until  some  happy  hand  shall  work  their  repair.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  vm.  457,  I,.  .Dazl'd  and  spent,  sunk  down,  and  sought 
repair  Of  sleep.  1748  CHKSTERF.  Lett.  (1792)  II.  cxli.  i  My 
health, ..for  want  of  proper  attention  of  late,  wanted  some 
repairs.  1869  CONINGTON  tr.  Horace's  Sat.  etc.  (1874)  155 
After  harvest  done,  they  sought  repair  From  toils  which 
hope  of  respite  made  them  bear.  1876  Trans.  Clinical  Soc. 
IX.  ii  The  repair  of  a  wound  is  less  active,,  .than  when 
other  simple  or  antiseptic  dressings  are  employed. 

b.  spec.  Restoration  of  some  material  thing  or 
structure  by  the  renewal  of  decayed  or  worn  out 
parts,  by  refixing  what  has  become  loose  or  de 
tached,  etc. ;  the  result  of  this.  Also  pi.  (freq.  in 
mod.  use),  f  Upon  a  repair^  in  process  of  being 
repaired. 

1661  MARVELL  Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  It.  60  A  Bill  for  in- 
abling  Churchwardens  to  rate  such  monys  as  are  for  the 
repare  of  the  churches,  &c.  a  1676  HALE  Narr.  Cttstomes  Hi. 
in  S.  A.  Moore  Foreshore  (1888)  336  As  to  the  care  of  re 
payre  of  ports,  this  is  in  a  special  manner  left  to  the  Kinges 
care  and  power.  1756  TOLDERVY  Hist.  2  Orphans  I.  60 
The  school  being  very  old,  was  at  this  time  upon  a  repair. 
1853  KANE  Grinnell  Exp.  xxxvi.  (1856)  324  The  work  of 
repair  was  pressed  so  assiduously,  that  in  three  days  the 
stern-post  was  in  its  place.  1884  Rambles  around  Oxford 
(Shrimptons,  ed.  2)  86  There  appears  to  have  been  a  large 
repair  of  the  church  in  1668.  1898  Westm.  Gaz.  9  Nov.  5/2 
Whatever  be  done  to  the  picture,  the  repair  will  be  clearly 
noticeable  in  a  few  years. 

pi.  1677  TEMPLE  Ess.  Cure  Gout  Wks.  1720  II.  145  Pro 
portioning,  .the  daily  repairs  to  the  daily  decays  of  our 
wasting  bodies.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  n.  ii.  I.  344  The 
expence  of  maintaining  the  fixed  capital  in  a  great  country, 
may  very  properly  be  compared  to  that  of  repairs  in  a  private 
estate.  1855  PRESCOTT  Philip  //,  i.  ii.  (1857)  *3  The  com 
pletion  of  some  repairs  that  were  going  on  in  the  monastery. 

C.  Remedy  of  wrong. 

1663  BUTLER  Hud.  \.  ii.  412  Cerdon  the  Great,  renown'd  in 
Song,  Like  Herc'les,  for  Repair  of  Wrong. 

2.  Relative  state  or  condition  of  something  ad 
mitting  or  susceptible  of  restoration  in  event   of 
actual  or   possible  damage   or  decay;  chiefly  of 
buildings  or  other  composite  structures  and  in  phr. 
in  good  (or  bad)  repair. 

c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  iii,  That  face.. Whose  fresh  repaire 
if  now  thou  not  renewest,  Thou  doo'st  beguile  the  world. 
1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  114  The  castle  is  yet  in 
good  strength  and  repayre.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thewnot's 
Trav.  i.  95  One  [gate]  that  was  built  four  hundred  years 
ago,  is  still  in  good  repair.  1725  SWIFT  (title)  To  Quilca, 
A  Country-House  in  no  very  good  Repair.  1817  SOUTHEY 
Penins.  War  II.  427  Forty  bullock-cars.. in  such  ill  repair. . 
that  only  eleven  of  them  reached  Deleitosa.  1845  McCuL- 
LOCH  Taxation  i.  i.  (1852)  3  To  put  the  roads  and  bridges 
into  that  state  of  repair  which  the  depressed  situation  of 
commerce,  .seemed  to  require.  >886  STORY  Fiammetta  48 
The  house.. was  now  in  very  bad  repair. 

b.  In  repair^  in  good  or  proper  condition  (esp. 
of  structures  ;  so  into  repair).  Out  of  repair,  in 
bad  condition,  requiring  repairs. 

1667  DUCHESS  NEWCASTLE  Life  of  Duke  of  N.  (1886)  II. 
134  His  two  houses.. he  found  much  out  of  repair.    1693 
CONGREVE  Old  Bach.  iv.  iv,  I  hope  nobody  will  come  this 
way,  till  I  have  put  myself  a  little  in  repair.     17*6  SWIFT 
Gulliver  in.  iv,  Houses  very  strangely  built,  and  most  of 


them  out  of  Repair.  1791  WOLCOTT  (P.  Pindar)  Odes  of 
Condol.  Wks.  1812  III.  103  Like  the  Needle,  while  it  wounds 
the  cloth,  It  puts  the  rag  into  repair.  1827  D.  JOHNSON  Ind. 
Field  Sports  4  A  sum  of  money,  .for  keeping  the  road  in 
repair.  1853}.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk.  (1873)  U-  '•  >»•  I29 
If  a  place  goes  out  of  repair,  the  violence  of  the  rain  will 
soon  destroy  it. 

f  c.   To  run  to  repair^  to  require  repairing.  Obs. 

1681  OTWAY  Soldier's  Fort.  v.  i,  You  shall.. not  be  leav 
ing  the  house  uninhabited,  lest  it  run  to  repair. 

3.  Comb,  as  repair-shop. 

1877  RAYMOND  Statist,  Mines  fy  Mining  447  The  company 
now  has  its  own  iron-foundery.  .and  an  extensive,  well- 
appointed  repair-shop.  1899  J.  PENNELL  in  Fortn.  Rev. 
LXV.  118  There  the  final  collapse  came,  about  100  miles 
from  any  reliable  repair  shop. 

Repair  (r/pe>j),  v.1  Also  4-5  repeire,  -eyre, 
4-7  repaire,  -ayr(e,  -ar(e,  (5  rap-),  [a.  OF.  re- 

peirer,  repairer^ete.  (mod.F.  repairer, rep^rer}^  for 
earlier  repadrer :— late  L.  repatriate  to  return  to 
one's  country,  f.  re-  RE-  +  patria  fatherland:  cf. 
REPATRIATE  z>.] 

1.  intr.  To  go,  betake  oneself,  make  one's  way, 
usu.  to  or  from  a  place  or  person.  «f  Also  in  pass., 
to  have  come  or  arrived. 

13..  Guy  Warw.  (A.)  5169  Repaired  Is  berl  sir  Tirri.  .Her- 
haud  of  Ardern  the  gode  marchis.  c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  2735 
Tristrem  boii3t  repaire,  Hou  so  it  euer  be.  c  1384  CHAUCER 
H.  Fame  \\.  247  Thus  euery  thinge..Hath  his  propre  man- 
syon  To  which  it  sekith  to  repaire.  c  1450  Merlin  126  Men 
that  repayreden  thourgh  the  Contree  to  assaye  yef  thei 
myght  ought  wynne  vpon  the  kynge.  1529  WOLSEY  in  Ellis 
Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  II.  2,  I  beseche  yow.  .repare  hyther  thys 
day  as  sone  as  the  Parlement  ys  broken  up.  1594  KYD 
Cornelia  i.  173  Then  from  her  lothsome  Caue  doth  Plague 
repaire.  1663  BUTLER  Hud.  i.  ii.  665  To  those  Places  straight 
repair  Where  your  respective  Dwellings  are.  1711  ADDISON 
Spect.  No.  123  p  5  He  received  a  sudden  Summons  from 
Leontine  to  repair  to  him  in  the  Country  the  next  Day. 
1769  ROBERTSON  Chas.  I',  v.  Wks.  1813  V.  436  The  ambas 
sadors  of  France  and  England  repaired  to  Spain.  1810 
CRABBE  Borough  i.  15, 1  repair  From  this  tall  mansion.  .Till 
we  the  outskirts  of  the  Borough  reach.  i&4gMACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng.  v.  I.  536  There  was  no  longer  any  difficulty  or  danger 
in  repairing  to  William.  1870  DICKENS  E.  Drood  xii,  He 
repairs  to  Durdle's  unfinished  house,  or  hole  in  the  city  wall. 

trans/.  1509  HAWKS  Past.  Pleas,  xvi.  (Percy  Soc.)  66  A 
lady  fay  re,  Whych  to  love  you  wyl  nothyng  repayre.  1549 
COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Gal,  9  The  Jewes.  .forsakyng 
the  ceremonies  of  theyr  elders,  repayre  vnto  the  spiritual 
doctrin  of  the  gospel. 

b.  To  resort  to  a  place  or  person ;  to  go  com 
monly,  frequently,  or  in  numbers. 

'375  BARBOUR  Bruce  x.  556  For  I  but  suspicioun  Micht  re 
pair  till  hir  preuely,  1390  GOWKR  Conf.  III.  123  He  harmeth 
Venus  and  empeireth,  Hot  Mars  unto  his  hous  repeireth. 
a  1440  Sir  Dcgrev.  45  Haukes  of  nobulle  eyre  Tylle  his 
perke  ganne  repeyre.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x\\.  ii.  643 
Al  the  world  crysten  and  hethen  repay^ren  vnto  the  round 
table.  1560  INGF.LEND  Disobed.  Child  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  II. 
297  Sometimes  to  the  church  they  do  repair.  1600  J.  PORY 
tr.  Leo's  Africa  iv.  219  Then  they  began  to  repaire  vnto 
this  port,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  III.  208  He  used 
to  examine  the  pockets  of  such  Oxford  scholars  as  repaired 
unto  him.  1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxon.  II.  694  During  Mr. 
Dugdale's  stay  in  London,  he  repaired  sometimes  to  the 
Lodging_of  Sir  Hen.  Spelman.  1742  FIELDING  J.  Andrews 
ii.  iv,  It  is  usual  for  the  young  gentlemen  of  the  bar  to  re 
pair  to  these  sessions.  1809  PINKNEY  Trav.  France  31  In 
the  proper  season  of  the  year,  the  people  of  Calais  repair 
hither  for  their  evening  dance. 

transf.  1432  Rolls  of  Par  It.  IV.  410/1  Yat  all  Wolles  .. 
and  diverses  other  Merchandises  goyng  oute  of  yis  Royalme 
..sholde  repaire  to  ye  Staple  at  Caleis. 

c.  To  betake  oneself,  resort  to  (a  person,  place, 
etc.)  for  something. 

1580  SIDNEY  Ps.  ix.  v,  Thither  the  world  for  justice  shall 
repaire.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  n.  vi.  §  43  If  any  desire 
farther  Information  herein,  let  him  repair  to  the  worthy 
Work,  which.. the.. Arch-bishop  of  Armagh,  hath  written. 
1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  62  Sometimes  his 
Captain . .  repairs  to  him  for  a  Refitment.  1722  WOLLASTON 
Relig.  Nat.  vii.  145  No  shops  to  repair  to  for  tools. 

f  2.  To  return  (again},  to  come  or  go  back,  to 
or  from  a  place,  person,  etc.  Also  in  pass.,  to  have 
returned.  Obs. 

In  some  cases  only  a  contextual  sense. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  i.  met.  iii.  5  (Camb.  MS.),  To  myne 
eyen  repeyrede  [L.  rediit]  hir  fyrst  strengths  ^1386  — 
Pard.  T.  550  To  hise  felawes  agayn  repaireth  he.  ^1400 
Destr.  Troy  3454  pat  Parys  in  point  repairit  was  home  . . 
fayne  was  be  pepull.  1413  Pilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton)  n.  Iviii. 
('859)  56  The  spyrites  repayred  to  the  bones,  soo  that  they 
stoden  vp.  c  1450  Merlin  150  Ye  shall  not  take  it  till  ye  be 
repeired  fro  the  bateile.  ciyto  Lancelot  1454  Syne  to  his 
malster  he  ayane  Reparith.  1590  SHAKS.  Mitts.  N.  iv.  i.  72 
That  [they] . .  May  all  to  Athens  backe  againe  repaire.  1633 
P.  FLETCHER  Purple  Isl.  iv.  xxxiii,  The  smoak  mounting  in 
village  nigh . .  Begins  the  night,  warns  us  home  repair. 
fb.  Without  const. :  To  return.  Obs. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  HI.  met.  ii.  53  (Camb.  MS.)  Hyr 
corage  of  tyme  passed.. repeyreth  ayein[L.rff/f»tt/  animi\ 
and  they  roren  greuosly.  a  1400-50  Alexander  3751  Quen 
we  repaire  with  be  palme  ban  prayses  vs  cure  feris.  1483 
CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  92  b/i  They  repayred  by  amyens  and 
passed  by  a  lytyl  vylage  named  Sayns.  1607  SHAKS.  Timon 
HI.  iv.  69  If  I  might  beseech  you  Gentlemen,  to  repayre  some 
other  houre. 

1 3.  To  be  present,  temporarily  or  habitually;  to 
have  one's  resort  or  abode ;  to  dwell,  reside.  Obs. 

13..  Gaw.  $  Gr.  Knt.  1017  Trumpez  £  nakerys,  Much 
pypyng  J>er  repayres.  1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  iv.  477  In-till  a 
stalward  place  heir-by  Reparis  all  thair  cumpany.  c  1425 
WYNTOUN  Cron.  \.  xii.  1171  In  wildernes,  Qwhar  na  man  dar 


repayr  na  dwel.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  272/1  Thy  blood 
whiche  repayrest  in  heuenes.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I. 
xi.  ii  Also  there  was  the  Erie  of  Arundell.  .repayryng  about 
the  Kyngis  courte.  1560  ROLLAND  Crt.  Venus  u.  198  Till 
he  come  to  quhair  the  nine  [nobles]  did  repair.  [1585  T. 
WASHINGTON  tr.  Nichotay's  Voy.  iv.  i.  113  b,  Euery  one.. 
were  by  the  Lawes  constrayned  to  repayre  at  a  time  and 
houre  appointed  in  his  quarters.] 

f4.  trans,  a.  To  draw  £ac/',to  recover,  b.  To 
convey.  Obs.  rare. 

1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  xi.  13  He,  ere  he  could  his  weapon 
backe  repaire,  His  side  all  bare  and  naked  overtooke.  1612 
SIR  R.  BOYLE  in  Lisntore  Papers  (1886)  I.  8  This  50'*  Mr. 
Eustace  delivered  Thomas  Russell  of  Ballyea  for  me  who 
did  repair  yt  unto  me. 

t5.  refl.  a.  To  proceed,    b.  To  abide,  stay.  Obs. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xxvi.  (Percy  Soc.)  114  Than  on 
myjorney,  my  selfe  to  repayre,..  Forthe  on  I  rode.  Ibid. 
xxxn.  158  So  forth  we  went  unto  a  chamber  fayre,  Where 
many  ladies  did  them  selfe  repayre.  1588  PARKE  tr.  Men- 
doza*s  Hist.  China  n.  vii.  150  They  vnderstood.  .he  must 
abide  and  repayre  himself  in  some  place  nigh  there  aboutes. 

Repair  (r/pe*u),  z>.2  Also  4-7  repaire,  -ayre, 
(5  -eyre,  5-6  -are),  [a.  OF.  reparer  (mod.F.  rf- 
parer)  or  ad.  L.  reparare  f.  re-  RE-  +  parare  to 
make  ready,  put  in  order :  cf.  prepare^ 

T"  1.  trans,  a.  To  adorn,  ornament.     Also  absol. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  1028  pe  wonez  with-inne  enurned 
ware  Wyth  alle  kynnez  perre  bat  mo^t  repayre.  1483  CAXTON 
G.de  la  Tour  C.  iij,  Of  them. .that  so  moche  waste  their 
good  to  be  jolif  and  repayre  their  carayn. 

•j-b.  To  set  in  order,  strengthen.  Obs.~l 

1502  ARNOLDE  Chron.  (1811)  162  The  Soudan,  .caused  the 
Holy  Lande  to  be  better  repared  and  more  suerly  kept, 
fc.  To  furnish  or  provide  with  something.   Obs. 

1557  Will  of  J.  Bowler  (Somerset  Ho.),  My  wif  shall  kepe 
maynteyn  and  repayer  all  my  said  children  with  meate 
drinckeand  honnest  apparrell.  1616  R.  C  Times'  Whistle 
v.  1677  What  bird  doth  cut  the  aire  With  her  swift  wing, 
but  that  we  doe  repaire  Therwith  our  tables? 

2.  To  restore  (a  composite  thing,  structure,  etc.) 
to  good  condition  by  renewal  or  replacement  of 
decayed  or  damaged  parts,  or  by  refixing  what  has 
given  way  ;  to  mend. 

1387  [see  REPAIRING^/,  sb.*  i],  c  1430 LVDG.  Min.  Poems 
(Percy  Soc.)  252  As  ..  an  artificeer  reparith  a  riven  cheste. 
1494  FABYANCAr<7«.  n.  xxxi.  23  Whan.  .Belyn  was  retourned 
into  Erytayne  he  repayred  olde  Cyties.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Slfidane's  Comm.  121  He  repared  his  navie  and  returned 
to  Constantinople.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  i.  194  The  fourth 
Bridge. .being  rebuilt  or  repaired  of  stone,  by  King  Charles 
the  sixth.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  878  Disburd'nd  Heav'n 
rejoic'd,  and  soon  repaird  Her  mural  breach.  1703  T.  N. 
City  <V  C.  Purchaser  71  Houses  here  and  there  are  always 
Repairing.  1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  ii,  Peter 
brought  materials  for  repairing  the  place,  and  some  furniture. 
1798  FERRIAR  Illustr.  Sterne  iv.  120  When  the  mutilation  of 
the  nose  was  to  be  repaired.  1823  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  n.  Old 
China,  While  I  was  repairing  some  of  the  loose  leaves  with 
paste.  1865  CARLVLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xx.  x.  (1872)  IX.  175  A 
place  called  Almeida,  which  Buckeburg  had  tried  to  repair 
into  strength. 

absol.  1820  GIFFORD  •£«£•.  Lawyer  (ed.  5)  418  The  law  ex 
cuses  the  lessee,  unless  there  is  a  covenant  to  repair  and 
uphold. 

b.  To  heal  or  cure  (a  wound).  Also  intr.  of  a 
wound  :  To  mend,  heal  up. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  i.  43  So  well  he  did  her  deadly 
wounds  repaire.  1738  GRAY  Propertius  iii.  81  The  Melians 
Hurt  Machaon  could  repair.  1881  Daily  News  29  Aug.  5/6 
The  wound  was  not  repairing,  and  was  not  better  than  on 
Friday. 

C.  refl.  To  put  (oneself)  in  order  again. 

1806-7  J-  BERESFORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life  n.  xxiii,  On 
arriving,  too  late  to  repair  yourself,  you  are  obliged  to  sit 
down  to  table,  .with  plastered  hair  [etc.]. 

3.  To  renew,  renovate  (some  thing  or  part) ;  to 
restore  to  a  fresh  or  sound  condition  by  making 
up  in  some  way  for  previous  loss,  waste,  decay,  or 
exhaustion.    (In  later  use  commonly  with  approxi 
mation  to  sense  2.) 

c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  iv,  Pei  burnessh 
not  nor  repeireth  not  hir  heere  into  newe  gras  tyme.  1526 
Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  183  b,  The  fruyte  of  the  tree  of 
lyfe.  .onely  repared  &  nourysshed  y«  bodyes  of  the  eaters. 
1590  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  11.  i.  pxj  My  decayed  faire  A  sunnie 
looke  of  his  would  soon  repaire.  1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Cones- 
taggio  296 The  armie  being  a  little  repaired  here  ,the  Marques 
went  to  the  IleofCoruo  to  meete  with  the  Indian  fleete. 
1620  BRINSLEY  Virgil  103  The  way  by  which  Bees  may  be 
repaired  againe  when  they  shall  be  vtterly  dead  and  gone. 
1637  MILTON  Lycidas  169  So  sinks  the  day-star  in  the  Ocean 
bed,  And  yet  anon  repairs  his  drooping  head.  1697  DRYDEN 
Vtrg.  Georg.  in.  652  While  the  Southern  Air  And  dropping 
Heav'ns  the  moisten'd  Earth  repair.  1711  ADDISON  Spect. 
No.  60  p  5  We  repair  our  Bodies  by  the  Drugs  of  America. 
1757  GRAY  Bard  137  Tomorrow  he  [the  sun]  repairs  the 
golden  flood.  1791  COWPER  Let.  to  Meriton  24  June,  While 
your  church  is  undergoing  repair,  its  minister  may  be  re 
paired  also.  1845  BUDD  Dis.  Liver  24  The  waste  of  the 
tissues  which  these  elements  go  to  repair.  1847  EMERSON 
Poems  (1857)  loo,  I  see  my  trees  repair  their  boughs.  1896 
tr.  Boas'  Text-bk.  Zool.  32  Mammalia . .  can,  indeed,  repair  in 
jured  epidermis  and  the  like. 

b.  With  immaterial  object.    Also  refl. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  n.  xvi.  (1495)  41  The  angels 
shofde  in  theimself  repare  the  ymage  of  god  and  refourme  it 
and  kepe  it.  1561  DAUS  tr.  Bullinger  on  Afoc.  (1573)  20 
The  thyrd  day  [he]  rose  agayne  from  the  dead,  and  repayred 
life  for  all  belevers.  1598  DRAYTON  Heroic.  Ep.  ii.  98  Thy 
Presence  hath  repaired  in  one  day,  What  many  Yeeres  with 
Sorrowes  did  decay.  1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  \\,  ii.  14  Mans  ore- 
labor'd  sense  Repairesit  selfe  by  rest.  1671  MILTON  Samson 
665  Secret  refreshings,  that  repair  his  strength.  1712-14 


REPAIRABLE. 

¥  vm.  Rape  Lock  \,  141  The  fair..  Repairs  her  smiles,  a  wakens 
ev'ry  grace.  1789  MRS.  PIOZZI  Journ.  France  I.  29  The 
Baths,  .will,  I  hope,  repair  my  strength.  1871  PALGRAVE 
Lyr.  Poems  05  O  love  that  cannot  be  repaired  Whate'er  the 
future  bring ! 

absol.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  yii,  41  '  Flesh  may  empaire', 
{quoth  he)  *  but  reason  can  repaire  '. 

fc.  To  make  up  (a  sum)  again.  Obs.  rare"1. 
1486  LichfieldGild.  Ord.  (E.E.T.S.)  22  Willing  to  fulfill, 

renew,  and  make  hoole  the  seid  summe  off  xl  li.  [inarg. 
the  hole  summe  of  xl  li  repared.] 

fd.  To  revive,  recreate  (a  person).   Obs. 

1591  SHAKS.  Tivo  Gent.  v.  iv.  n  Repaire  me,  with  thy 
presence,  Siluia:  Thou  gentle  Nimph,  cherish  thy  for-lorne 
swaine.  1601  —  All's  Well  i.  ii.  30  It  much  repaires  me  To 
talke  of  your  good  father. 

f  4.  To  restore  (a  person)  to  a  previous  state ; 
to  reinstate,  re-establish,  rehabilitate.  Obs. 

1535  COVERDALE  Jer.  xxxi.  4,  I  wil  rtpayre  the  agayne  (o 
thou  doughter  of  Israel)  that  thou  mayest  be  fast  and  sure. 
1646  E.  F[ISHF.R]  Marrow^  Mod.  Divin.  (ed.  2)  25  Such  a., 
person  that  had.  .compassion  toward  man  that  he  might  be 
repaired.  1693  J.  EDWARDS  Author.  O.  $  N.  Test.  124 
Prometheus  is  said  to  have  repaired  and  restored  mankind. 
1738  WESLEY  Ps.  LI.  xix,  Then  hear  the  contrite  Sinner's 
Prayer,  And  every  ruin'd  Soul  repair. 

reft.  1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  \Vorld\\.  iv.  iv.  §  4.  207  To 
repaire  himselfe  he  could  finde  no  way  safer,  than  to  put 
all  to  aduenture. 

fb.  To  remedy,  right,  or  compensate  (one).  Obs. 

a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscpttie)  Ckron.  Scot.  (S.T.S.)  I.  129  To 
be  revengit  or  elHs  repairit  of  all  oppressiouns  and  iniurieis 
committit.  1647  MAY  Hist.  Part.  n.  iii.  52  He  accounts 
himself  injured  by  the  Parliament,  in  not  repairing  him 
against  Hotham.  1691  BETHEL  Providences  of  God  (1697) 
141,  I  had  great  Misfortunes,  and.. this  was  a  ready  way  to 
repair  me. 

fc.  refl.  To  recoup  (oneself).  Obs.  rare. 

1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalinis  Advts.fr.  Parnass.  i. 
xc.  (1674)  124  The  Prince  should  pay  his  forfeiture, ..of 
whom  he  might  at  his  leisure  repair  himself,  a  1661  FULLER 
Worthies^  C  fas/tire  (1662)  289  He  repaired  himself  by  a  gain- 
full  composition  with  the  Indians,  for  the  losses  he  had  sus 
tained  by  the  Turkes. 

f  d.  To  save,  deliver  from  something,   0&s.~l 

1594  SOUTHWELL  M.  Magd,  Funerall  Tearcs  (1609)  46 
Could  thy  loue  repaire  thee  from  his  rage  ? 

5.  To  remedy,  make  up  (loss,  damage,  etc.) ;  to 
set  right  again. 

1533  BELLENDEM  Livyv.  (S.T.S.)  II.  231  To  repare  }>e 
dammaige  bat  Is  hapnit  be  publict  birning.  1601  R.  JOHN 
SON  Kingd.  <$•  Commiv.  (1603)  93  That  losse  is  not  yet  re 
paired,  the  Emperor  not  hauing  at  this  time  above  5  gallies. 
1605  SHAKS.  Lear  iv.  i.  79  lie  repayre  the  misery  thou  do'st 
beare  With  something  rich  about  me.  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
vn.  152, 1  can  repaire  That  detriment,  c  i7ioCELiA  FIENXES 
Diary  (1888)  128  The  one  good  yeare  sufficiently  repaires 
their  loss.  1757  BL'RKE  Abridgm.  Eng,  Hht.  Wks.  X.  168 
The  Gauls,  .were  altogether  unskilful  either  in  improving 
their  victories,  or  repairing  their  defeats.  1831-3  E.  BURTON 
Eccl.  Hist,  xii.  (1845)  281  They.,  made  Chi  1st.,  to  have  been 
sent  into  the  world  to  repair  the  evil,  which  the  Dermurgus 
had  caused.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  E^g.  vi.  II.  67  James., 
said,  with  some  truth,  that  the  loss  of  such  a  man  could  not 
be  easily  repaired. 

b.  To  make  good,  make  up  for,  make  amends 
for  (harm  done,  etc.). 

1562  Keg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  227  Knawing  that  the 
actioun  and  caus  laid  to  thair  charge, .is  sensyne  reparit, 
dressit  and  aggreit.  1596  DALRYMPLIS  tr.  Leslie's  Hist. 
Scot.  i.  123  The  rest  of  the  beistes.  .hald  besyd  the,  in  thy 
power,  ay  quhil  thair  maistir  repair  the  skath.  1725  POPE 
Odyss.  viii.  432  A  gen'rous  heart  repairs  a  sland'rous  tongue. 
1781  GIBBON  Dec/,  fy  F.  xxi.  II.  263  The  emperor  seemed 
impatient  to  repair  his  injustice.  1853  LVTTON  My  Novel 
vin.  ii,  I  wish  to  repair  to  you  any  wrong,  real  or  supposedj 
I  may  have  done  you  in  past  times, 

c.  intr.   To  make  reparation  for  something. 
1886  FARGUS  Living  or  Dead  II.  93,  I  . .  endeavoured  by 

the  warmth  of  my  waved  adieu  to  repair  for  my  show  of  an 
noyance. 

f6.  To  set  straight,  make  exact.   Obs,  rare—*. 

1691  T.  \l[\\&\Acc.Neiv  Invent.  124  All  the  foremenuoned 
Incurvations  are  to  be  trimmed  and  repaired  by  reconciled 
Hncs. 

f7.  intr.  To  reform.   Ob$.rare~^. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  ci.  VII.  399  Marry  and  repair, 
at  any  time;  This,  wretch  that  I  was  !  was  my  plea  to  my 
self. 

Repairable  (r/peo-rab'l),  a.  [f.  prec.  -f- -ABLE  : 
cf.  REPARABLE  a.]  Capable  of  being  repaired; 
also,  that  falls  to  be  repaired. 

1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  i.  i.  9  Ther  is  no  faulte  made  in 
ony  caas  lasse  repayrable  than  that  whiche  is  executed  by 
arm.es.  1598  FI.ORIO,  Riparabile,  that  may  be  repaired,., 
repaireable.  1626  BACON  Sylva  §  58  The  parts  in  Mans  body 
easily  repairable  (as  Spirits,  Blood,  and  Flesh)  die  in  the  em- 
bracement  of  the  parts  hardly  repairable,  (as  Bones,  Nerves, 
and  Membianes).  1691  T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent,  p.  ci, 
If  a  new  greater  breach  came,  perhaps  It  would  not  be 
repairable.  1766  ENTICK  London  IV.  o  Part  of  the  nave 
also  being  found  repairable.  1805  LD.  COLLINGWOOD  in  A. 
Duncan  Nelson  (1806)  272  Not  more  than  three  are  in  a  re 
pairable  state.  1884  Law  Rep.  12  Q.  B.  Div.  143  The  street 
was  a  highway  repairable  by  the  inhabitants  at  large. 

Repaired  (n"pe»ud),  ppl.  a.  [f.  REPAIR  v.2  + 
-ED  i.j  Restored  to  proper  condition,  mended,  etc. 
Also  f  well  repaired,  in  good  repair. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x.  ix.  427  They  came  in  to  a 
fayr  courte  wel  repayred.  a  1547  SURREY  in  Totters  Misc. 
(Arb.)  4  The  fishes  Mote  with  new  repaired  scale,  a  1600 
HOOKER  Eccl,  Pol.  vr.  iii.  §  2  That  saving  power,  which 
maketh  man  a  repaired  Temple  for  God's  good  Spirit  again 
to  inhabit.  1822  SCOTT  Nigel  ii,  His  under  garments,  the 
looped  and  repaired  wretchedness  of  which  moved  at  once 

VOL.  VIII. 


457 

pity  and  laughter.  1897  Daily  Neil's  12  Feb.  9/3  The  ring 
appeared  at  the  repaired  parts  very  common. 

Repavrer 1.  rare.  [f.  RBPAIBO.I  +  -KB!.]  One 

who  goes  or  resorts  (to  a  place). 

1581  MULCASTER  Positions  xxxix.  (1887)  215  For  reparers 
from  forreine  countries  into  his,  whom  he  will  haue  well  enter 
tained.  1598  STOW  Sum.  x.  (1603)  85  The  inhabitants  and 
repayrers  to  this  Citie.  1615  HIERON  Wks.  \.  632  Art  thou 
..a  reuerent  and  often  repairer  to  Gods  board  ? 

Repairer  2  (ri^>e»'rsi).  [f.  REPAIR  z>.2  +  -ER  i.] 
One  who  or  that  which  restores  or  mends. 

1504  LADY  MARGARET  tr.  DC  Iviitatione  iv.  iv.  266  The 
defender  of  my  soule  and  the  repayrer  of  the  weykenesse  of 
man.  1513  DOUGLAS  sKneis  xii.  Pro!.  260  Welcum  reparar 
of  woddis,  treis,  and  bewis.  c  1557  ABP.  PARKER  Psalter 
Collect  377  The  repayrer,  upholder  and  builder  of  all 
mansions.  _  1605  TlMME  Q»«rn/.  II.  ii,  noThis  vitalheate.. 
is  the  repairer  and  conseruer  of  life.  1691-8  NORRIS  Fract. 
Disc.  (1711)  III.  198  He  who  was  to  be. .the  Repairer  and 
Restorer  of  Human  Nature.  1730  A.  GORDON  Maffeis 
Amf  kit/i.  308  The  Steps,  by  the  Fault  of  the  Repairers,  are 
hampered  at  present.  1761  Misc.  in  Ann.  Reg.  199/1 
There  is  an  inferior  sort  of  repairers  of  wrongs  and  reformers 
of  abuses.  _  1826  SOUTHF.Y  in  Q.  R.  XXXI V.  308  He  was  a 
great  repairer  of  churches  and  steeples.  1899  Fortn.  R?r. 
Jan.  116  The  repairer,  .alleged  that  the  steel  was  inferior. 

Repai  ring,  vbl.  sbl  rare.  [f.  REPAIR  z/.i  + 
-ING  '.]  The  fact  of  going  or  resorting  (to  a 
place) ;  f  return  ;  f  place  of  repair  or  resort. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  iv.  495  Heir  I  saw  the  men..mak 
luging,  Heir  trow  I  be  thair  reparyng.  c  1400  Bcryn  2814 
For,  when  he  was  go,  They  had  no  maner  ioy  ;. .  For  of  his 
repeyryng  they  had  no  sikernes.  1632  LITHGOW  Trnv.  x. 
492  In  my  repayring  diueise  times  to  the  Roade..with  my 
Squadron.  1703  Land.  Gaz.  No.  3880/1  The  exact  time  of 
their  Repairing  respectively  on  Board. 

Repairing  (rfpeVrirj),  vbl.  rf.-    [f.  REPAIR 


1.  The  (or  an)  action  or  process  of  restoring  or 
mending ;  reparation,  repair. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  V.  129  At  be  repayrynge  of 
Seynt  Pen  es  chirche  he  wente  to  wib  a  mattok,  and  opened 
first  be  erbe.  1486  Kcc.  St.  Mary  at  Hill  1 8  The  repayryng 
&  renewyng  of  the  vestymentes  &  Ornamentes  belongyng  to 
the  awter.  1333  COVERDALE  2  Chron.  xxiv.  13  Y°  repairinge 
in  ye  worke  went  forwarde  thorow  their  hande.  1583; 
STUBBES  Anat.  Abits.  ii.(i882)  38  A  paire  of  shpoes.. would 
haue  serued  a  man  almost  a  whole  yeere  togither,  with  a 
little  repairing.  1631  WEEVER  Anc.  Funeral  Mon.  565  In 
all  his  new  buildings  or  repairings,  hee  caused  the  pictures 

P 

GORDON  Maffefs  Amphith.  43  This  Repairing  of  it  was  not 
perfected  by  Heliog_abalus.  1790  BKATSON  Nav.  <$•  Mil. 
Mem.  I.  58  The  repairing  of  their  fleet  took  them  up  a  con 
siderable  time.  1863  H.  Cox  Instit.  m.  viii.  721  The  Com 
missioners  are  empowered  to  order  the  repairing  of  ships. 

t  b.  spec.  (See  quot.)  Obs.  rare—1. 
1688  R.  HOLME  Armoury  in.  259/2  Repairing  is  to  take 
away  the  Superfluities  of  Sodering  by  Filing,  &c. 

2.  attrib.  as  repairing  lease,  shop,  yard. 

1831  A.  A.  WATTS  Scenes  of  Life  I.  196  Our  tenure  was  a 
'  repairing  lease  '.  1862  Catal.  Internal.  Exhib.  II.  x.  p  The 
workshops  and  repairing-yard.  1863  P.  BARRY  Dockyard 
Eco'i.  199  France  has  no  such  collection  of  engine  and  re 
pairing  shops  as  are  to  be  seen  on  the  Thames. 

So  Kepai'ring  ppl.  a. 

1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI,  v.  iii.  22  'Tis  not  enough  our  foes 
are  this  time  fled,  Being  opposites  of  such  repayring  Nature. 
1647  CLARENDON  Contempt,  on  Ps.  Tracts  (1727)  505  There 
is  a  comforting,  relieving,  and  repairing  tongue,  as  well  as  a 
destroying  and  a  devouring  tongue. 

t  Repai'rment.  Obs.  rare—1,  [ad.  OF.  re- 
paremcnt:  see  REPAIR  v.'l  and  -MENT.]  A  renewal. 
^  c  1400  Lanfrcatc's  Cintrg.  49  Do  bat  pece  awey  &  regenere 
in  be  place  of  be  boon  bat  was  lost  a  repeirement, 

Repale  (n-),  v.  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  PALE  z-.1]  trans. 
To  provide  with  a  new  paling. 

1667  DUCHESS  NEWCASTLE  Life  Dk,  of  N.  (1886)  II.  136 
He.,  gave  present  order  for  the  cutting  down  of  some  wood 
that  was  left  him  in  a  place  near  adjoining,  to  repale  it. 

t  Repa'll,  v.  Obs.  rare-',  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  PALL 
v.1]  trans.  To  appal,  terrify. 

1600  FAIRFAX  Tasso  v.  xc,  Shall  vain  Reports  repall  your 
Courage  bold? 

t  Repallia-tion.  Obs.  rare—1.  [RE-  53.] 
?  The  result  of  cloaking  or  covering  up  again. 

1614  JACKSON  Creed  in.  xxxii.  §  10  Discouering  the 
enemies  weakenesse  in  his  new  Fortifications,  or  Repallia- 
tions  rather  of  such  breaches. 

Repand  (n"pa:-nd),  a.  [ad.  L.  rcpandus  bent 
backwards,  turned  up,  f.  re-  RE- +/««</«*  bent.] 
Bot.  and  Zool.  Having  an  undulating  margin,  wavy. 

1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  in.  y.  (1765)  181  Repand,  bending 
back  again ;  when  the  Margin  is  terminated  with  Angles 
and  interjacent  Sinusses,  that  are  both  inscribed  with  the 
Segments  of  Circles.  1785  MARTYN  Rousseau's  Bot.  xxv. 
(T794)  374  The  leaves  also  are  repand  or  waved  on  their 
edges.  1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomot.  xlvL  IV.  297  Repand, 
cut  into  very  slight  sinuations,  so  as  to  run  in  a  serpentine 
direction.  1843  LINDLEY  Sch.  Bot.  vi.  (1858)  100  Leaves 
ovate-acuminate,  somewhat  repand  or  sinuated.  1881 
Card.  Chron.  XVI.  784  It  has  probably  been  confounded 
with  Lactarius  pyrogatus,  but  is  abundantly  different  in  the 
larger  stature,  repand  pileus  [etc.]. 

Comb.  1846  DANA  Zooph.  (1848)  295  Teeth  short ..,  often 
repand-dentate.  Ibid.  296  The  lamellae  are  neatly  repand- 
toothed.  1870  HOOKER  Stud.  Flora.  294  Leaves  repand. 
crenate. 

So  f  Bepa'nded  a.  Obs. 

1733  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Sitpp.  s.v.  Leaf,  Repanded  Leaf,  ..a 
leaf,  the  border  of  which  is  marked  all  round  with  short 


REPARATION. 

lobes,  each  making  a  segment  of  a  circle.  1760  P.  MILLER 
Introd.  Hot.  26  A  repandcd  leaf,  .is  one  whose  border  is 
indented  the  whole  length  [etc.]. 

Repa-ndly,  aiiv.  rare.  [f.  REPAND  a.  + 
-LY  -.]  In  a  repand  manner. 

1852  GRAY  in  Smithsonian  Contrib.  Kncnvl.  V.  vi.  91  The 
|  leaves  are  pale..,  thickish  in  texture,,  .repandly  and  some 
times  strongly  dentate. 

Repa'ildo-,  combining  form  of  REPAND  a.,  as 
in  repando-dentate,  -loba/e,  etc. 

1847  W'  E.  STEELE  Field  Hot.  128  Leaves  lanceolate, 
'  repando-denticulate,  wavy.  Ibid.  151  Leaves  obovate,  re- 
pando-dentate,  rugose.  1887  W  Pmi.l.\vsBrtt.Discottiyceles 
160  Margin  dcflexed,  frequently  repando-lobate. 

t  Repa-ndous,  a.  Obs.  [f.  as  REPAMI  a.  + 
-ous.]  Bent  upward  or  outward. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  v.  ii.  235  Though  they  be 
drawne  repandous,  or  convexedly  crooked  in  one  piece,  yet 
the  Dolphin  that  carrielh  Anon  is  concavously  inverted. 
1634  H.  L'EsTRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655)  i  He  was  exceeding 
feeble  in  his  lower  pans,  his  legs  growing  not  erect,  but 
repandous  and  embowed.  a  1682  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Misc. 
Tracts  (1684)  20  Round  at  the  bottom,  and  somewhat 
repandous,  or  inverted  at  the  top. 

Hence  fKepa-ndousuess,  'bentness  or  bowing- 
ness  backwards'  (BAILEY  vol.  II,  1727).  06s.-" 

Repa'per  (r/"-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  paper 
(a  room,  etc.)  again. 

1863  Sat.  Rev.  17  Jan.  77/2  If  it  is  clearly  necessary  to  re- 
paper  the  house,  we  may  just  as  well   have  the  ceilings 
whitewashed  at  the  same  time.     1887  G.  R.  SIMS  Mary 
June's  Mt-iii.  114  He  wouldn't  have  the  wall  repapered. 

tRepa'r,  ~>.  Obs.  rare-1,  [app.  f.  re-  RE-  +• 
PAR  v. ']  trans.  To  shut  off,  keep  back. 

13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  6ir  To  hym  bat  mas  in  synne  no 
scoghe  No  blysse  bes  fro  hem  reparde. 

Re:parabi'lity.     [See  next  and  -ITY.]     The 

;    state  or  quality  of  being  reparable  (Ogilvie  1882). 

Reparable  (re-parab'l),  a.     [a.   F.  reparable 
(iCth  c.),  ad.  L.  repardbilis  :  see  REPAIR  v.  and 
j    -ABLE.     Cf.  It.  riparabile,  Sp.  reparable^ 

1.  Capable   of  being  repaired,   mended,   or   set 
!   right  again  :  a.  of  things.    Now  rare. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  4/12  Reparable,  reparabilis.  a  1630 
EARL  PEMBROKE  I'ocms  (1660)  95  Love  grants  me  then  a 
reparable  face,  Which,  whilst  that  colours  are,  can  want  no 
grace.  1637-83  EVELYN  Hist.  Kelig.  (1850)  II.  7  Their 
understandings  weakened . .  reparable,  in  part  only,  by  much 
study.  1809  Naval  Chron.  XXI.  332  Twenty  reparable., 
spare  wheels.  [1888  R.  DOWLING  Miracle  Geld  III.  xxxvi. 
163  *  Your  clock  must  have  been  a  terrible  loss,  but  not 
irreparable '.  'Do  you  mean  that  the  clock  is  reparable  '?'] 
b.  of  injury,  loss,  etc. 

1630  JER.  TAYLOR  Holy  Living  lit.  iv.  §  9  An  adulterous 
person  is  tyed  to  restitution  of  the  injurj',  so  far  as  it  is  re 
parable.  1779  BURKE  Corr.  (1844)  III.  534  The  loss  of 
friends  (at  no  time  very  reparable)  is  impossible  to  be  re 
paired  at  all,  at  this  advanced  period.  1824  LAN-DOR  Imatf. 
Con-u.,  Demosthenes  f,  Eubulides  Wks.  1853  I.  86/2  The 
mischief  is  transitory  and  reparable.  1884  American  VIII. 
356  They  inflicted  only  slight  and  reparable  injuries  on 
those  fortresses. 

2.  Falling  to  be  repaired  by  some  one. 

1864  R.  A.  ARNOLD  Cotton  Fatn.  438  A  vast  number  of 
new  streets,  .had  not  yet  been  declared  public  and  reparable 
by  the  local  authorities.    iB8$Lam  TYw/wLXXVIII.  299/1 
The  road  should,  .be  declared  a  highway  reparable  by  the 
inhabitants  at  large. 

t  3.  Capable  of  repeating.  Obs.  rare. 

After  L.  reparalilis  echo,  Persius  Sat.  i.  102. 

1616-61  HOLYDAY  Persius  (1673)  297  Meenas..oft  did 
1  Evion  '  sound  ;  The  reparable  eccho  did  rebound.  1624 
Trag.  Nero  H.  ii.  in  Bullen  O.  PI.  I.  35  As  when  the 
Menades.  .Evion  do  Ingeminate  around,  Which  reparable 
Eccho  doth  resound. 

Hence  Be-parably  adv.  (Johnson  1755). 

Reparail(e,  -al(e,  varr.  REPAREL  v.  Obs. 

t  Re'parate, ///. a.  Obs.  rare— l.  [ad.  L.  re- 
parat us,  pa.  ^\e.oireparare  to  REPAIR.]  Repaired. 

c  1510  BARCLAY  Mirr.  Gd.  Manners  (1570)  D  v,  This  life 
is  resembled  [to]  a  building  ruinate,  Nowe  shaked  with  the 
winde,  agayne  now  reparate. 

Reparation  (repar^-Jan).  Also  4-7  repara- 
cion,  4  -oyoun,  5  -cioun,  5-6  -cyon;  6  rape- 
recioun,  reperaoion,  -eyon.  [a.  OF.  reparation 
(I4th  c. ;  mod.F.  reparation),  ad.  L.  reparation- 
em,  n.  of  action  f.  reparare  to  REPAIR.] 

f  1.  A  reconciliation.    Obs.  rare  ~*. 

c  1384  CHAUCER  H.  Fame  u.  180  Mo  discordes  and  mo 
lelousies, . .  And  moo  dissimulacions  And  feyned  reparacions. 

2.  The  action  of  restoring  to  a  proper  state ;  re 
storation  or  renewal  (of  a.  thing  or  part)  ;  t  uphold 
ing,  maintenance. 

1389  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  63  He  schal  payyn,  to  y"  repara- 
cion  of  y«  lythe,  [half  a  pound  of]  wax.  c  1425  Found.  St. 
Bartholomew's  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  35  Sum  man  ioyed.  .for  repara- 
cioun  of  his  goyng  that  he  lackyd.  1586  HOOKER  Disc. 
Justification  Wks.  1888  III.  489  Holy  water,. .papal 
salutations,  and  such  like,  which  serve  for  reparations  of 
grace  decayed.  1605  TIMME  Quersit.  \.  xvii.  88  Life  . , 
is  also  conserued  by  the  reparation  of  natural  moysture. 
1633  T.  ADAMS  Exp.  2  Peter  i.  4  This  communication 
of  the  Divine  nature  to  us,  is  by  reparation  of  the  Divine 
image  in  us.  1639  PEARSON  Creed  (1839)  203  The  satis 
faction  consisteth  in  a  reparation  of  that  honour  which 
by  the  injury  was  eclipsed.  1731  ARBUTHNOT  Aliments 
(1735)  40  The  Fluids  and  Solids  of  an  Animal  Body  demand 
a  constant  Reparation.  1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE Rom.  Forest 
i,  To  attempt  schemes  for  the  reparation  of  his  fortune. 
1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xi,  You  owe  me  something  for 

58 


REPARATION. 


a  new  head . .  has  been  observed. 

f  b.  Spiritual   restoration,  salvation  ;   also,  an 
instance  of  this.  Ois. 


ailosetner  OI  uic  llc  S""-1-  ui  &"*•*  •»•/  r  -  n 
Mornay  Ep.  Ded.,  Let  us . .  busie  our  seines  in  the  vmuer.all 
table  of  mans  saluation  and  reparation,  a  1667  Cow  LEY 
Vtrsa  on  Virgin  Wks.  1711  III-  5+  I  he  Choir  of  "— «" 
Angels. .wish'd  a  Reparation  to  see  By  urn,  w, 


of  blessed 
•ho  Man- 


kind  shall  nave  in  cnrist  jes,u*.  i/«:>  "•  "-.«—"  — —- 
Hist.  i7/A  C.  I.  vi.  iii.  247  He  speaks  at  large  of  our  Repara 
tion  by  Jesus  Christ. 

t  c.  The  restoration  of  a  person.  (JOS.  rare     . 

a  1652  BRO.MEi«r-HVA  Court  v.  iii,  Could  grief  recal  Phil- 
argus,  we  would  weep  A  second  deluge  for  his  reparation. 

3.  The  action  of  repairing  or  mending,  or  the 
fact  of  being  repaired;  repair  of  material  things 
(as  buildings  or  other  structures)  by  renewal  or 
refixing  of  decayed  or  damaged  parts.  (Now  more 
usually  expressed  by  REPAIU  sb.-  I  c.) 

c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  xvi.  174  Whan  the  Mynystres  of 
that  Chirche  neden  to  maken  ony  reparacyoun  of  the 
Chirche.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  231  Herodes  .. 
namede  Ascolonita  for  the  reparacion  of  a  cite  callede  As- 


greate  reparation.  1541  Act  33  Hen.  I'll  I,  c.  35  1  he  repara 
cion  and  amendment  of  any  the  pypcs  of  leade  hereafter 
.  .broken.  1596  BACON  Max.  >,  Use  Com.  Law  I.  iv.  (1636) 
23  Stone  towards  the  reparation  of  such  a  Castle.  1633  G. 
HERBERT  Temple,  Providence  xxxi,  Thorns,  .make  A  better 
hed"e  and  need  lesse  reparation.  1665-6  Phil.  Trans.  I.  24 
The  mines  need  continual  reparation,  the  Fir-trees  lasting 
but  a  small  time  under  ground.  1710  Land.  Gaz.  No. 


Fr.  Rev.  Wks.  V.  436,  I  would  make  the  reparation 
as  nearly  as  possible  in  the  style  of  the  building.  1812  SIR 
I.  SINCLAIR  Syst.  Hnsb.  Scot.  i.  74  Unless  machines  are  of 
a  strong  and  powerful  construction,  they. .  require  perpetual 
reparation.  1867  FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq.  (1877)  I.  App.  648 
The  original  charter  records  the  reparation  of  the  church. 

f  b.  In,  oatof(. .)  reparation,  in  or  out  of  repair 
or  good  condition.  Obs. 

1567  in  Picton  L'pool  Mimic.  Rec.  (1883)  I.  119  Kept  in 
due  reparation.  1601  CHESTER  Love's  Mart.,  Dial.  (1878) 
26  The  newly-builded  Minster,  Still  kept  in  notable  repara 
tion.  1602  MARSTON  Ant.  ft  Mcl.\\.  Wks.  1856  I.  27  And 
'twere  not  for  printing,  and  painting,  My  breech  and  your 
face  would  be  out  of  reparation.  1663  GERBIER  Counsel  yz 
They  . .  maintain  it  durable  for  twenty  one  years  long,  in 
reparalion  at  a  yearly  small  rate. 

fc.  Sc.  Furniture,  furnishings.   Obs.  rare*1. 
1566  KNOX  Hist.  Re/.  Wks.  1846  I.  360  The  townis..culd 
nocht  be  satisfeit,  till  that  the  hole  reparatioun  and  orna- 
mentis  of  the  Churche  (as  thay  terme  it)  war  distroyed. 
4.  //.  Repairs.     Now  somewhat  rare,     f  Also, 
in  early  use,  sums  spent  on  repairs. 

1439  E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  123  The  profitz  ther-of  comyng  in 
the  mean  tyme,  ouer  reparacions  &  expenses,  to  be  keppid 
to  his  profite.  nsgPastonLett.  1.447  F°r  the  sustentacion 
of  the  seyd  priour.  .and  for  here  othyr  chargys  and  repara- 
cionis.  1479  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  51  All  reparacyonys  of 
hegges  and  houses.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  xlvii.  68 
They,  .bete  downe  the  castell,  and  bare  all  the  stones  into 
their  towne  to  make  reparacyons  withall.  1551  ROBINSON 
tr.  Mores  Utop.  n.  (1895)  150  Their  houses  continewe  and 
laste  very  longe  with  litle  labour  and  small  reparacions. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  579  One  Circamnos..made  some 
small  reparations  here  about  this  Labyrinth.  1647  N.  BACON 
Disc.  Gout.  Eng.  i.  Ixvi.  (1739)  146  Reparations  and  adorn 
ing  of  Churches,  and  Fences  of  Church-yards.  1656  H. 
PHILLIPS  Parch.  Patt.  (1676)  Biij  b,  Many  Tenants  would 
neglect  these  reasonable  and  necessary  Reparations.  1712 
ARUUTHNOT  y.  Bull  w.  vi,  Do  you  consider. .the  expenses 
of  reparations  and  servants?  1733  NEAL  Hist.  Purit.  II. 
226  The  like  reparations  of  paintings,  pictures,  and  crucifixes 
were  made  in  the  King's  chapel  at  Whitehall.  1775  Sterne's 
Sent.  Jotirn.  III.  Contin.  198  It  was  written,  .upon  a  piece 
of  paper  that  required  some  reparations  to  make  it  legible. 
1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  I.  119  He  cut  them  down,  and 
kept  them  to  be  used  in  reparations.  1838  THIRLWALL  Greece 
IV.  101  The  image  of  the  tutelary  goddess  was  annually 
stript  of  its  ornaments  for  the  sake  of  the  needful  reparations 
and  ablutions. 

t  b.  In,  out  of(..}  reparations.  =  3  b.  Obs. 
1554  BONNER  in  Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  (1721)  III.  App. 
xviT4i  Whether  such  as  have  churches  ..  do  kepe  their 
chauncels  and  houses  in  good  and  sufficyent  reparacyons. 
1563  Homilies  n.  Repairing  Churches  (1859)  276  If  his  barn 
.  .be  out  of  reparations,  what  diligence  useth  he  to  make  it 
in  perfect  state  again.  1588  GREENE  Perimedes  22  Taking 
the  tongs  in  hir  hand,  to  keepe  the  fire  in  reparations.  1614 
RICH  Honest.  Age  (1844)  30  The  world.. is.. growne  so  far 
out  of  reparations,  that  (I  thinke)  there  is  no  hope  of  amend 
ment.  1628  COKE  On  Lilt.  215  b,  Keeping  the  houses  in 
reparations. 

1 0.  To  keep  the  reparations,  to  make  the  neces 
sary  repairs. 

1577  B.  GOOGE  Herestach's  Huso.  I.  (1586)  47  b,  As  long 
as  he  payes  his  rent,  and  keepes  the  reparations.it  shall  not 
be  lawful!  to  deceiue  him.  1591  Child-Marriages  144  He 
was  not  liable  to  kepe  the  reparacions  of  the  said  walles. 

5.  The  action  of  making  amends  for  a  wrong 
done;  amends;  compensation.  Also  const,  for,  of. 


458 

1418  HEM.  V  in  Proc.  Privy  Council  (1834)  II.  244  For 
defaulte  of  reparacioun  and  restitucion  of  suche  attemptates 
as  be  made  ty  certein  of  oure  subgettes.  1487  '"^""V 
Archxol.  Collect.  III.  163,  I  W'H  that .. reparation  be  done 
for  any  wrong  committed  by  me.  1602  T.  FITZHEREERT 
AM  4  Their  meaning  was  no  other,  but  only  to  seek  repara 
tion  of  wrongs  done  vnto  them.  1647  CLARENDON  Hist. 
Rel>  I  §  ii  It  is  thought  but  a  just  Reparation  for  the  Re 
proach  that  he  deserved  not,  to  Free  him  from  the  Censure 
he  deserved.  1685  BAXTER  Parafhr.  N.  I.  Matt.  v.  25  If 
thou  have  wronged  any  man,  delay  not  reparation  of  his 
wrong.  1706-7  FARQUHAR  Beaux'  Strat.  n.  I,  You  were 
very  naught  last  Night,  and  must  make  your  Wife  Repara 
tion  1788  RFID  Active  Powers  v.  v.  660  When  war  is  taken 
for  self  defence,  or  for  reparation  of  intolerable  injuries 
justice  authorizes  it.  1824  LANDOR  Imag.  Com;.,  P.  Leopold 
*  Pres.  Du  Paly,  The  lower  courts  [of  justice),  in  which 
the  slowness  of  reparation  is  the  thing  most  complained 
of  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  £"f.  iv.  I.  522  The  Roman 
Catholics  were  in  no  condition  to  demand  reparation  for 
injustice.  1877  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  I.  in.  33  He 
professed  himself  willing  to  make  reasonable  reparation. 
//.  1645  MILTON  Tctrach.  Introd.,  To  defend  my  self 
publicly  against  a  printed  Calumny,  .can  be  no  immoderate 
.  .course  of  seeking  so  just  and  needfull  reparations, 
f  b.  Compensation  for,  remedying  of,  some  loss. 
1668  CLARENDON  Contempt.  Ps.  Tracts  (1727)  560  Health 
is  a  valuable  Reparation  for  the  Diminution  of  Plenty.  1734 
tr.  Ratlin's  AM.  Hist.  XVH.  (1827)  VII.  356  Who  contributed 
to  the  reparation  of  the  losses. 
c.  Repair  of  an  injury. 

1836-9  Totiifs  Cycl.  Anal.  II.  803/1  Nature  had  not  made 
the  slightest  attempt  at  reparation  [of  the  fracture].  1881 
Aincr.  Naturalist  Sept.  709  [It]  showed  signs  of  reparation 
in  three  days,  and  in  six  weeks  the  injury  was  completely 
repaired. 
1 6.  A  preparation  for  repairing  the  complexion. 

Obs.  rare~l. 

1706  Closet  of  Rarities  (Nares),  The  closet  of  beauty, 
or  modest  instructions  for.,  making.,  pomatums,  reparations, 
musk-balls  [etc.]. 

7.  attrib.,  as  f  reparation  nail,  noble  (see  quots.). 

1657  MS.  Ace.  St.  Joint's  Hosf.,  Canterb.,  This  day 
Margarett  Whitmore  was  admitted  an  outsister,  and  paid  her 
rcparacon  Noble.  1703  MOXON  Mcch.  Exerc.  244  Repara 
tion  or  Lath  Nails,  which  are  used  for  plain  Tile  Lathing. 

Hence  f  Bepara'tioner,  one  who  repairs;  fBe- 
para-tioning,  the  act  of  repairing.  Obs. 

1520  MS.  Ace.  St.  John's  Hasp.,  Canterb.,  Paied  to  the  ij 
Reparacioners  for  ther  wagis  iijs.  vjrf.  1536  IHd.,  Payd  for 
reparacoening  att  Rollyng.  1547  Richmond  Wills  (Surtees) 
65  Y"  mendynge  and  reparacionynge  off  the  hye  ways.  i6ia 
STURTEVANT  Metallica  (1855)  59  The  repairationers,  which 
maintain  and  mend  the  instruments. 

Reparative  (rfpse'riitiv),  a.  and  si.  [See  prec. 
and  -ATIVE.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Capable  of  effecting,  or  tending  to 
effect,  repair ;  relating  to  repair. 

Common  in  recent  use,  esp.  with/orcc?'  or  process. 

1656  Artif.  Handsom.  60  These  and  the  like  reparative 
Inventions,  by  which  art  and  ingenuity  studies  to^help  and 
repair  the  defects,  .which  God.. is  pleased  to  inflict.  1768 
[W.  DONALDSON)  Life  Sir  B.  Sapskull  I.  ix.  99  The  barber- 
surgeons  (who  in  a  reparative  sense  are  face  painters). 
1835-6  Todd's  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  448/1  There  is  scarcely  an  ex 
ample.,  that  did  not  exhibit  a  considerable  display  of  re 
parative  energy.  1854  OWEN  Skel.  <$•  Teeth  in  Orr's  Circ. 


lO^O     A .     DKYAHl    *   rut, l.    ^tMrjf,     J.    IU     VI IHU     UUlUVUVa    i"t 

nerves  of  the  part  have  upon  the  reparative  process  we  do 


EEPABT. 

other  reperell.  1590  GREENE  Never  too  late  (1600)  98  Trick 
thy  selfe  vp  in  thy  best  reparell.  1611  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Knt, 
Burn.  Pestle  Prol.,  Let  them  but  lend  himasuitofreparrel, 
and  necessaries. 

2.    =  REPAIR  sb2  2  b. 

I5S°  Fabric  Rolls  York  Minster  (Surtees)  274  The 
churche  is  owte  of  reparell,  so  that  no  man  can  well  abyde 
in  the  bodie  of  the  churche..  when  it  is  fowle  wether. 

t  K-epa'rel,  v.  Obs.  Forms:  4-5  reparail, 
•ayl,  (5  -aill,  -ayll),  4  repayral,  (5  -yl),  5-6  re- 
peral,  -el,  reparal  (6  Sc.  ra-),  reparral,  -el,  4-6 
reparel.  (Also  4-6  -all,  -ell,  5  -ale,  -elle,  -yl.) 
[ad.  OF.  repareiller^  -aillier  (i4th  c.  in  Godef.), 
i.  re-  RE-  +  apareiller  to  APPAHEL.] 

1.  trans.  To  repair  (a  thing  or  structure).  Also 
\njig.  context  (quot.  a  1340). 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  ii.  9  pai  sail  be  broken  in  hell,  and 
neuere  reparaild.  1388  WYCLIF  Ezek.  xxxvi.  10  Citees 
shulen  be  enhabitid,  and  ruynouse  thingis  shulen  be  re- 
parelid.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xi.  42  Adrian . .  reparailed 
}>e  citee  of  Jerusalem  and  restored  fc»e  temple,  c  1450  St. 
Cuthbert  (Surtees)  4293  pe  walles  of  ^orke  fcai  reparald. 
1490  in  Stuart  Cov.  Myst^fo^)  33  These  bene  the  Garments 
that  wer  new  reparallyd  ayaynste  Corpus  Christi  daye. 
1513  DOUGLAS  ^Eneis  iv.  vii.  27  His  navy  lost  reparalit  I,  but 
faill.  1523  FITZHERB.  Saw.  39  b,  The  mylner  shall . .  vpholde 
and  reparell  the  spindell  &  the  rynde.  .at  his  owne  proper 
cost  and  charge.  1560  Extr.  Burgh  Rec.  Edinb.  {Rec.  Soc.) 
III.  62  To  reparrall  the  kirk, ..mend  the  glasen  wyndokis, 
and  mak  settis  convenient. 

2.  To  restore  to  some  state  or  condition;  to  set 
right  again  ;  to  recover,  rare. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xxi.  24  All  t>at  ere  born  til  new 
life  and  reparaild  til  be  sight  of  god.  c  1400  tr.  Sccreta  Secret., 
Gov.  Lordsh.  112  And  make  Mercury  yn  J>e  flerthe  degree, 
£  reparaill  be  mone,  ffor  in  holdyng  of  wayes  it  ys  be 
gretteste  tokenyng  vniuersele.  1435  MISYN  Fire  oj 'Love  52 
If  bou  will  entyr  to  be  kyngdome  lost  &  eft  reparayld  with 
cristis  blode,  be  behouys  godis  comamentis  to  Kepe. 
b.  To  repair,  make  good  (a  loss),  rare. 

£1430  Life  St.  Kath.  (1884)  58  We  haue  so  greet  an  harm 
by  los  of  oure  wyf  bat  hit  may  not  be  repayreylcd  a^eyn. 
1450-1530  ftlyrr.  our  Ladye  175  Knowyng  that  the  falle  of 
theyr  felowes  shulde  be  reparelyd  by  our  lady. 

3.  To  devise,  contrive.    rare~l* 

1434  MISYN  Mending  Life  115  A  Ml  [^thousand]  craftis 
of  feyghtyng  he  reparelLs  to  kest  hym  from  be  luf  of  god  to 
j?e  lufe  of  be  warld. 

b.  To  fit  up,  to  array,  to  apparel,  rare. 

1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  i.  xxxiv,  Reparrellit  was  that  god 
like  plesand  wone . .  In  richest  claith  of  gold.  1530  PALSGR. 
686/z,  I  reparell,  I  clothe  one,  je  habille.  1534-79  [see  R£- 

PARELLING  vbl,  sb.}. 

Hence  fBepa'relled///.  a. ;  also  fBepa'reller, 
a  repairer.  Obs. 

^1425  St.  MaryofOigmes  i.  iii.  in  Anglia  VIII.  136/34 
Oure  lorde.  .bihighte  bat  as  reparelde  matrymoyne  he  wulde 
gyue  ageyne  to  hir  in  heuene  hir  felowe.  1546  }  'orks. 
Chantry  Surv,  (Surtees)  I.  22  A  fre  rent  of  the  repareler  of 
the  said  Bedern. 

t  Repa-relling,^/.^.  Obs.  [f.prec.  +  -iNoi.] 

The  action  of  repairing,  restoring,  fitting  out, 
clothing,  etc. ;  also  Sc.  furnishings,  furniture. 

(11340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  ci.  19  Of  destruccioun  of  adam 
and  of  reparaylynge  thorgh  crist.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Rpxb.) 
xix.  87  When  bai  hafe  mister  of  any  monee  for  reparailyng 
of  j>aire  kirk.  1497  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  I'll  (1896)  144  The 


2.  Pertaining  to  the  making  of  amends,  or  to  the 
remedying  of  some  wrong. 

a  i695KETTLEWELL(J.),  SuUsare  unlawfully  entered,  when 
they  are  vindictive,  not  reparative.  1795  tr.  Merriest 
Fragm.  Pol.  ff  Hist,  II.  12  In  all  these  reparative  wars,  .the 
triumphant  party  has  invariably  justice  on  its  side.  1875 
POSTE  Gaius  ii.  §  79  It  is  no  bar  to  a  reparative  personal 
action  against  the  thief.  1889  Times  31  Aug.  5/1  Having 
by  reparative  acts  remedied  the  most  pressing  evils. 
fB.  sb.  That  which  repairs;  a  reparation. 

a  1639  WOTTON  Life  Dk.  Buckhm.  in  Reliq.  (1651)  112 
Whereupon  new  preparatives  were  in  hand,  and  partly  re- 
paratives  of  the  former  beaten  at  sea. 

t  R*e*parator .  Obs.  rare  ~~^.  [a.  L.  reparator^ 
agent-n.  f.  repardre  to  REPAIR.  Cf.  F.  rt*parateur^\ 
One  who  brings  about  reparation. 

1701  NORRIS  Ideal  World  i.  vi.  355  It  is  evident  that  the 
Christian  Religion  which  proposes  to  us  Jesus  Christ  as  a 
Mediator  and  reparator,  supposes  the  corruption  of  nature 
by  original  sin. 

Repa*ratory,  a.  rare.  [See  prec.  and  -ORY.] 
Repairing,  reparative. 

1852  FrasersMag.  XLV.  325  Does  there  exist  a  reparatory 
reconstructive  force  to  take  its  place?  1893  STEVENSON 
Vailima  Lett.  (1895)  xxxv.  313  We  four  begin  to  rouse  up 
from  reparatory  slumbers. 

t  RepaTatrice.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [a.  F.  rtpara- 
trice.]  A  female  restorer. 

1402  HOCCLEVE  Letter  of  Cupid  403  God.. of  our  lady,  of 
lyfe  reparatrice,  Nolde  ban  be  born  [etc.]. 

Repare,  obs.  form  of  REPAIR. 

tltepa'rel,  sb.  Obs.  Forms:  5  reperaylle, 
6  reparell,  -ill,  reperell,  6-7  reparrel(l.  [f.  the 
vb.,  or  a.  OF.  repareil  (Godef.).] 

1.  Fittings;  furniture;  apparel. 

1466  in  Archaeologia  (1887)  I.  i.  35  And  j  nothir  basyne  of 
a  lampe  w'oute  any  Reperaylle  ther  for.  1517  Knares- 
borough  Wills  (Surtees)  I.  6  The  masse  booke,  portace, 
chales,  vestementt,  and  all  other  reparell  to  oon  preiste 
to  say  masse  with.  1558-9 in  1  'ork s.  A rchxol.  Jrnl.  LXVII. 
366  My  best  doublet,  and  my  best  gowne,  and  all  my 


fortyfying  Reparalyng  amendyng  &  fynyssyng  of  the  dokke. 
1534  in   Noake's   Worcester  Mon.   (1866)   192   For  the  re- 


Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  405  Mr  Rychard  Williams 
..gave  iiij1'  tothereparelingof  the  poore  in  thealmeshowse. 

i  Repareiice.  Obs.  rare™1,     [irreg.  f.  F.  re- 
'   parer  +  -ENCE.]     Repair,  restoration. 

1556  Aurelio  $  Isab.  H  vj,  You  come  to  hus  for  to  haue 
reparence  [K.  refareitient]  of  youre  lyfe,  and  it  dothe  you 
ill  because  that  we  haue  assurede  you  from  the  deathe. 

t Repa  rimeiit.  Obs-1    ?  =  REPAIRMENT. 

1584  R.  WILSON  Three  Ladies  of  London  \.  in  Hazl. 
Dodsley  VI.  361  Must  the  countenance  carry  out  the 
knave  V  Why,  then,  if  one  will  face  folks  out,  some  fine 
repariment  he  must  have. 

tRepa'rt,  v.  Obs.  [ad.  F.  rfyartir,  f.  re- 
RE-  +partir  to  PART.] 

1.  trans.  To  divide  or  distribute,  esp.  among  or 
to  a  number  of  persons. 

1574  HELLOWES  Guenara's  Fam.  Ej>.  (1577)  77  To  giue 
|  the  whole  heart  to  one  is  not  much,  but  howe  much  lesse, 
when  amongst  many  it  is  reparted?  1598  BARRET  Tlieor. 
Warres  ii.  i.  17  He  is  to  repart  the  victuals.,  with  liberalitie 
andequalitie  vnto  euery  Camarada.  Ibid.  20 The.  .Romanes 
reparted  the  people  of  their  Armies  into  Legions.  1629 
J.  M.  tr.  Fonseca's  Dev.  Contempt.  238  Whatsoeuer  he 
gathered  [of  the  manna]  ouer  and  aboue,  vnlesse  he  did  re- 
part  the  same  vnto  others,  it  stunke,  and  did  rot  and  putrifie. 
1663  GERBIER  Counsel  13  The  expert  Surveyor  will  repart 
the  Windows.. that  they  may. .leave  a  solid  peeres  between 
them.  1681  RYCAUT  tr.  Gracian's  Critick  136  Reparting 
unto  every  one  their  peculiar  Lessons  and  Places  of  Prefer 
ment.  1755  MAGENS  Insurances  I.  345  It  was  approved  the 
same  should  be  reparted  as  general  Average  on  the  Value 
of  the  9600  Mks.  given  up  at  Hamburgh. 

2.  To  say  in  reply.    =  REPARTEE  v.  2.   rare~. 
1664  BULTEEL  Birinthea  102  'Yes',  reparted  Panthea, '  I 

will  not  have  you  dye  ', 

3.  (See  quot.)  rare  ~°. 

The  Fr.  phrase  \-~,faire  rcpartir  nn  chrt'al  (see  Littre). 
1727  UAILEV  (vol.  II),  To  Repart  (with  Horsemen)  is  to 
put  a  Horse  on,  or  to  make  him  part  the  second  Time. 
Hence  f  BepaTting  vbl.  sb.\  also  |  Bepa-rter. 


BEPABTAKE. 

1574  HliLLOWES  Gueuaras  I-'am.  Ep.  (1577)  152  Of  the 
temporal!  goods  that  God  giues  us,  we  be  not  lords  but  re- 
parters.  Ibid.  442  Since  the  riches  they  onely  must  get,  but 
the  reparting  therof  is  at  the  will  of  many.  1588  PAKKE  tr. 
Mendoza's  Hist.  China  46  In  the  meane  time  that  these 
sixe  men  be  occupied  in  the  reparting  of  the  men,  the  other 
sixe  tloe  repait  the  women  in  three  parts. 

Reparta- ke  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
partake  (of)  again. 

1751  ELIZA  HEYWOOD  Betsy  Thoughtless  IV.  124  For  the 
sake  of  re-partaking  the  remainder  of  those  dainties,  which 
had  been  so  highly  praised  at  dinner. 

Repa  rted,  a.  Her.  [RE-  5  a.]  Of  a  shield  : 
Parted  a  second  time. 

c  1828  BERRY  Encycl.  Her.  I.  Gloss.,  Recouppc^  French 
term  for  reparted  per  fesse. 

Repartee  (replitr),  sb.  Also  7  reparty,  7-8 
repartie;  7  reports  (e,  rapartee.  [ad.  F.  re- 
partiC)  fern.  pa.  pple.  of  repartirto  starter  set  out 
again,  to  reply  promptly,  f.  ;v-RE-+/£>V;>toPART.] 

1.  A  ready,  witty,  or  smart  reply;  a  quick  and 
clever  retort. 

^1645  HOWELL  Lett.  i.  r.  xviii,  He  would  passe  by  any 
thing  with  some  repartie,  som  witty  strain.  1664  DRYDKN 
Rival  Ladies  Ded.,  In  the  quickness  of  Reparties  (which  in 
Discoursive  Scenes  fall  very  often)  it  [rhyme]  has  so  parti 
cular  a  Grace.  1672  VILLIERS  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  Rehearsal 
in.  i,  First  one  speaks,  then  presently  t'other's  upon  him, 
slap,  with  a  Rapartee.  1673  MARVELL  Reh,  Transp,  II.  10 
This  reparty  of  Theudorus  he  recommends  there  for  so  in 
genious.  1712  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  487  P4The  Grave  abound 
m  Pleasantries,  the  Dull  in  Repartees  and  Points  of  Wit, 
1751  SMOLLETT  Per.  Pic.  xxvii,  His  mistress  looked  a  little 
disconcerted  at  this  blunt  repartee.  1839  HALLAM  Hist. 
Lit.  iv.  vi.  §  17  The  foolish  alternation  of  repartees  in  a 
series  of  single  lines  will  never  be  found  in  Racine.  1866 
GEO.  ELIOT  F.  Holt  i,  The  smiling  glances  of  pretty  bar 
maids,  and  the  repartees  of  jocose  ostlers. 

2.  Without  article :  Sharpness  or  wit  in  sudden 
reply;  such  replies  collectively;   the  practice  or 
faculty  of  uttering  them. 

1668  DRYDEN  Even.  Love  Pref.,  As  for  reparty  in  particular, 
as  it  is  the  very  Soul  of  Conversation,  so  it  is  the  greatest 
grace  of  Comedy,  a  1704  T.  BROWN  On  the  Beauties  Wks. 
1730  1.44  Unite  two  Stocks,  to  form  the  witty  She,  Dorinda's 
sense,  and  Flavla's  repartee.  1765  GOLDSM.  Double  Transf. 
40  Skill'd  in  no  other  arts  was  she,  But  dressing,  patching 
and  repartee.  1829  LYTTON  Devereux  \.  iii,  Nothing  was 
so  favourite  a  topic  as  the  extent  of  my  rudeness  and  the 
venom  of  my  repartee.  1868  FARRAR  Seekers  n.  v.  (1875)  255 
A  power  of  swift  repartee  is  necessary  to  him. 

attrib.  1671  BUTLER  Rent.  (1759)  I.  149  [To]  speak  by 
Repartee-rotines  Out  of  the  most  authentic  of  Romances. 

Repartee  (repaitr),  v.  Also  7  repartie,  -ty, 
repertee.  [f.  prec.,  or  ad.  F.  repartir^ 

1.  inlr.  To  make  witty  or  smart  replies.  Also 
const,  to.  Now  rare. 

a  1668  DENHAM  Martial  Poems  (1668)  80  If  wise  thou  wilt 
appear,  and  knowing,  Repartie,  repartie  To  what  I'm 
doing.  1676  D'URFEY  Mme.  Fickle  iv.  ii,  I  am  not  so  old, 
but  I  can  Repertee  as  well  as  another,  if  occasion  serve. 
1689  N.  LEE  Princ,  Cleve  i.  ii,  I  know  how  to  Repartee 
with  the  best.  1710  Tat  If  r  No.  242  IP  8  Replies,  to  which 
all  the  Malice  in  the  World  will  not  be  able  to  repartee. 
a  *774  GOLDSM.  tr.  Scarroiis  Com.  Romance  (ijj^)  II.  32 
Perceiving  that  he  has  not  reparteed  to  what  she  has 
advanced.  1838  f-'raser's  Mag.  XVII.  120  He  punned  not 
..like  Theodore  Hook;  nor  reparteed  like  George  Colman. 
t  b.  To  retort  upon  a  person.  (Cf.  next.)  06s.~l 

1687  SETTLE  Reft.  Drydcn  85  Now  to  repartee  upon  him 
in  his  own  beloved  style. 

1 2.  trans.  To  say  by  way  of  repartee  or  retort. 
Also  const,  upon.  Obs. 

1682  Natural  Hist.  Coffee,  etc.  30  We  cannot  but  Re 
partee  upon  these  Alamode  Persons,  that  while  they  Worship 
so  much  only  Foreign  Creatures,  they  cannot  but  be  wholly 
ignorant  of  those  at  home.  1686  F.  SPENCE  tr.  Varillas' 
Ho.  Medicis  13  Farganaccio  reparteed,  that  he  was  only  his 
treasurer.  Ibid.  299  Piero..cou'd  not  fail  of  repartying 
that  when  the  French  king  was  master  of  Naples  [etc.]- 

1 3.  To  answer  (a  person  or  something  said)  with 
a  repartee  or  retort.  Obs.  rare. 

1716  M.  DAVIES  Athen.  Brit.  II.  72  If  Pits  had  been  so 
Ironically  against  Bale,  he  had  been  deservedly  reparteed 
with  his  Plagiary  Shifts.  1743  G.  CARLETON  Mem.  (1809) 
29  A  piece  of  raillery  ..which  was  as  handsomely  reparteed. 

Hence  Bepartee'ing  vbl.  sb. 

1680  AUBREY  Lives  (1813)  545  He  was  incomparably  readie 
at  repartying  and  his  wilt  most  sparkling  when  most  sett 
upon  and  provoked.  1760  STERNK  Tr.  Shandy  III.  Auth. 
Pref.,  There  would  be  so  much.. scoffing  and  flouting,  with 
raillying  and  reparteeing  of  it. 

t  Repartlte,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [Back-formation 
from  next:  cf.  REPERTITE  z>.]  trans.  To  distri 
bute,  place,  allot. 

1630  LD.  DORCHESTER  in  Ellis  Ong.  Lett.  Ser.  ir.  III.  259 
The  place  proves  very  aggreable  to  both  their  Majesties, . . 
for  conveniency  of  lodgings  which  are  well  repartited  for 
both.  1642  Sir  E,  Han.uood''s  Advice  in  Harl,  Hft'sc. 
(Malh.)  V.  205  For  maintenance  whereof  the  charge  once 
arrested,  to  repartite  them  on  some  revenue  near  adjoining. 

Repartition  (repfijti'Jan,  n"-).  [ad.  L.  type 
*  repartition-em  :  see  KE-  and  PARTITION  sb.,  and 
cf.  F.  r,.f partition  (1690).] 

1.  Partition,  distribution,  allotment  (in  former 
use  esp.  of  troops  or  military  quarters). 

1555  EDEN  Decades  240  The  reparticion  and  diuision  of 
the  Indies  and  newe  worlde  betwene  the  Spanyardes  and 
Porlugales.  1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warrcsiv.  iv.  mOf  this 
repartition  he  is  to  glue  an  order  in  writing  vnto  the  Cap- 
tames  of  euerie  Companie.  1611  G.  BLUNDCLL  in  Bnccleuch 
MSS,  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  97  If  it  be  possible  to  get  my 


459 

company  upon  that  repartition,  my  mind  would  be  very 
much  quieted.  1692  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  2827/1  They. .are  not 
like  to  obtain  any  alteration  in  the  Repartition  that  is  made 
of  the  Winter  quarters  for  the  said  Troops.  1732  SWIFT 
Corr.  Wks.  1841  III.  668  The  Irish  were  parcelled  out 
among  the  many  armies  entertained  by  the  French  King. .. 
This  repartition  was  very  mortifying  to  them.  1755  MAGESS 
Insurances  I.  69  This  is  the  Sum,  whereon  the  Repartition 
ought  to  be  made ;  all  the  particular  Goods  bearing  their 
neat  Proportion.  1790  BURKI-:  Fr.  Rev.  Wks.  V.  219  No  fair 
repartition  of  burthens  upon  all  the  orders  could  possibly 
restore  them.  1848  Tail's  Mag.  XV.  828  Property  and  its 
follies, ..its  repartition  in  the  hands  of  classes.  1861  MILL 
Utitit.  v.  87  The  standards  of  justice  to  which  reference  is 
made  in  discussing  the  repartition  of  taxation. 
b.  With  a  and  //.  An  instance  of  this. 

1656  North's  Plutarch,  Tantl'crlain  45,  I  shall  omit 
the  several  manners  of  repartitions  of  his  Quarters.  1663 
GERRIKR  Counsel  23  The  good  Surveyour  doth  contrive  the 
repartitions  of  his  ground-plot,  so  as  most  of  the  necessary 
Servants  may  be  lodged  in  the  first  ground  story.  1723 
Pres.  St.  Russia  I.  53  Each  Governor  makes  Repartitions 
according  to  the  Number  of  Farms  in  his  Government. 
1849  MILL  Ess.  (1859)  II.  394  An  adequate  amount  of  the 
fruits  of  industry,  combined  with  a  just  repartition  of  them. 
1882  Pall  Hall  G.  13  Jan.  2/2  To  regulate  a  just  repartition 
of  work  and  salary. 

2.  A  fresh  distribution  or  allotment. 

1835  THIRLWALL  Greece^  xi.  II.  ii  The  dismemberment  of 
a  capital,  and  its  repartition  into  a  number  of  rural  com 
munities.  1861  G.  SMITH  frisk  Hist.  25  There  was  nothing 
in  Kentish  gavelkind  analogous  to  the  Irish  repartition. 

Re-partrtiou  (n-),  v.  rare-1.  [RE-  5 a.] 
trans.  To  partition  afresh. 

1816  SOUTHEY  in  Q.  Ken.  XVI.  241  Witness  Germany  par 
titioned  and  re-partitioned,  plundered,  ravaged,  and  insulted. 

t  Bepa-rtment.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  Sp.  re- 
partimicnto  :  see  REPAUT  v.  and  -MEXT.]  Distri 
bution,  division. 

1574  HELLOWES  Gncnara's  Fain.  Ep.  (1577)  135  In  these 
repartments  of  Epaminondas,  it  apperteyneth  not  vnto  your 
honour  and  mee,  that  we  come  in  a  good  houre. 

Reparty,  obs.  form  of  REPARTEE  sb.  and  v. 
t  Repays.  Sc,  Obs.  rare-1,     [a.  F.  repas  :  see 
REPAST.]    Repast. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Latt,  Arms  (S.T.S.)  250  Quhen  the 
prophet  was  sa  wayke  that  he  mycht  no  mare  travaill,  he 
ete  and  drank  his  repas. 

t  Bepa-SS,  sb.   Obs.    [f.  RE-  +  PASS  sb?]    The 

(or  an)  act  of  passing  back  again. 

c  1557  ABP.  PARKER  Ps.  Ix-xviii.  39  They  were  like  wynde 
to  gesse,  that  passth  wythout  repasse.  1607  NORDEN  Sitrv. 
Dial.  III.  97  Whether  is  it  as  conuenient  for  passe  and  re 
passe  for  cattle  atone  little  gappe  or  two..?  1643  TRAPP 
Contnt.,  Gt'n.  iv.  7  The  door  is  for  continual  pass  and  repass. 
1683  O.  U.  Parish  Cli.  no  Conventicles  14  That  Superstition, 
which  the  Papists  have . .  been  charged  with,  in  such  needless 
Motions,  Passes  and  Repasses. 

Repass  (npa-s),  v.l  [ad.  F.  repasser  (i3th  c.) : 
see  RE-  +  PASS  v.] 

1.  ititr.  To  pass  again  in  the  contrary  direction; 
to  return.     Chiefly  in  pass  ana  repass. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  178  Quhen  he  passis 
he  suld  nocht  repas  agayne  till  his  hame.  c  1500  Mclusine 
279  Yf  there  were  but  1  &  my  peuple  only,  yet  shuld  none 
repasse  of  them  homward.  1533  MORE  Apol.  iii.  Wks.  848/1 
Because  they  would,  .haue  their  false  folies  passe  and  re 
passe  all  vnperceiued.  1362  LEIGH  Arworie  (1597)  40  Mes 
sengers,  .whose  office  is  to  passe  and  repasse  on  foote.  1600 
FAIRFAX  Tasso  xvn.  Ixxii,  But  homewards  they  in  armes 
againe  repas.  1671  MRS.  BEHN  Forc'd  Marr.  \.  i,  I  will 
pass  and  repass  where  and  how  I  please.  1723  POPE  Odyss. 
iv.  1004  Swift  thro'  the  valves  the  visionary  fair  Repass'd. 
1785  J.  PHILLIPS  Treat.  Inland Navig.  25  A  lawn  terminated 
by  %vater,  with  objects  passing  and  repassing  upon  it.  1817 
SHELLEV  Rev.  Islam  in.  xiv,  The  grate,  as  they  departed  to 
repass,  With  horrid  clangour  fell.  1885  La;u  Rep.  15  Q.  B. 
Div.  316  A  catch.. at  the  end  ..  which  prevented  the  pin, 
when  passed  through  a  slit,  from  repassing. 

b.  To  pass  again  into  a  previous  state,  through 
a  place,  etc. 

1836-9  Todd's  Cycl!  Anat.  II.  767/1  This  animal  awakes 
daily,.,  and  re-passes  into  a  state  of  sleep.  1871  DARWIN 
Desc.  Man  i.  iv.  (1890)  113  A  man  cannot  prevent  past 
impressions  often  repassing  through  his  mind. 

2.  trans.  To  cross  (the  sea,  a  river,  etc.)  again 
in  the  contrary  direction. 

ciSoo  Melusine  168  Yf  it  playse  god  none  of  them  shal 
not  repasse  the  see.  1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  VI,  tv.  vii.  5  Wei 
haue  we  pass'd,  and  now  re-pass'd  the  Seas.  1652  COTTERELL 
tr.  Calprenide's  Cassandra  it.  139  Some  of  them  had  already 
repast  the  Araxis.  1689  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2494/3  They  re 
solved  to  return,  and  had  accordingly  repassed  the  Lake. 
1725  POPE  Odyss.  r.  378  Homeward  with  pious  speed  repass 
the  main.  1776  GIBBON  Dal.  ft  f.  viii.  I.  214  In  repassing 
the  mountains,  great  numbers  of  soldiers  perished.  1820 
BYRON  Mar.  Fal.  v.  i.  31  That  dread  gulf  which  none  repass. 

b.  To  pass  again  over,  through,  or  by  (a  way, 
gate,  place,  etc.)  ;  to  go  past  again. 

a  1618  RALEIGH  (J.),  We  shall  find  small  reason  to  think, 
that  Abraham  passed  and  repassed  those  ways  more  often 
than  he  was  enforced  so  to  do.  1689  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2491/3 
Having  . .  posted  themselves  in  a  hollow  way  which  the 
Enemy  were  to  repass.  1748  THOMSON  Cast,  hidol.  \.  xxii, 
They  found  themselves  within  the  cursed  gate ;  Full  hard 
to  be  repass'd.  1823  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  C.  540 
That  feeble  interest  with  which  we  repass  a  familiar  road. 
1838  Penny  Cycl.  XII.  303/2  Having  a  piece  cut  off.,  to 
allow  the  guard-pin  to  pass  and  repass  the  roller.  1898 
WATTS-DUNTON  Aylwin  VI.  i,  I  staggered  away  from  him, 
and  passed  and  repassed  the  spot  many  times. 

c.  To  pass  (one)  again  in  a  race. 

1728  POPE  Dune.  n.  107  Vig'rous  he  rises,.  .Re-passes 
Lintot,  vindicates  the  race.  | 


REPAST. 

d.  To  pass  over  (a  surface)  again  in  painting. 
1784  J.  BAKKV  in  Lect.  Paint,  vi.  (1848)  215  In  repassing 
those  parts  with  the  warm  and  more  oleaginous  colours. 

3.  To  cause  to  pass  again ;  to  (f  lead  over,  or) 
put  through  again. 

1565  GOLDING  C&sar  164  When  he  had  repassed  his  army, 
he  cut  of  the  bridge  the  length  of  cc.  foote.  1613  SACKVILLE 
in  Guardian  No.  133  Drawing  out  my  sword  [1]  re-passed 
it  again  through  another  place.  1692  BURNKT  Past.  Care 
vii.  81  One  cannot  read  them  too  often,  nor  repass  them  too 
frequently  in  his  thoughts.  1701  NORRIS  Ideal  World  i. 
viii.  449  Let  him. .quietly  repass  over  in  his  thoughts  what 
has  been  there  discoursed.  1799  G.  SMITH  Laboratory  II. 
409  Then  repass  it  through  a  fine  linen  bag.  1829  CAKLYLK 
Misc.  (1857)  I.  277  Let  the  distiller  pass~  it  and  repass  it 
through  his  limbecs. 

b.  To  pass  (a  bill,  resolution,  etc.)  again. 

1796  MORSE  Awer.  Geog.  I.  560  No  bill  so  returned  shall 
become  a  law,  unless  it  be  repassed  by  two-thirds  of  both 
houses.  1812  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  50  The  resolutions  agreed 
to  at  the  last  Common  Hall,  every  one  of  which  was  unani 
mously  re-passed.  •&&$ Spectator  24  July  861/1  He  himself 
..believed  that  Mr,  Gladstone  bad  repassed  the  preamble 
'  in  order  to  give  the  House  of  Lords  a  slap  in  the  face  '. 

4.  Conjuring.     (See  PASS  v.  6  and  25.) 

1589  [see  PASS  v.  25].  c  1590  MARLOWE  Faust,  xii,  You 
think  to  carry  it  away  with  your  hey- pass  and  re-pass.  1611 
COTGK.,  Passe-Posset,  Heypasse,  repasse  ;  a  iugling  tricke, 
or  tear  me.  1622  FLETCHER  Beggar's  Bush  in.  i,  What  a 
rogue's  this  juggler  !  This  hey  pass,  repass  !  he  has  repass'd 
us  sweetly.  1627  [see  PASS  v.  25]. 

Hence  Repa'ssing  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. ;  also  Re- 
pa'ssable,  Repa-sser. 

1S55  EDEN  Decades  186  In  theyr  repassynge  by  the  same 
clyme.  1598  FLOKIO,  Ripassata^  a  repassing.  1680  COTTON 
Comp.  Gamester  28  They  dream  of  nothing  but  Hazards. . 
of  passing  and  repassing  [etc.].  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg. 
i.  323  The  torrid  Zone  Glows  with  the  passing  and  repassing 
Sun.  1710  T.  FULLER  Pharm.  Extciup.  163  As  long  as  the 
Matter  is  repassable.  1746  HERVEY  JHedit,  (1818)  223  The 
city  swarmed  with  passing  and  repassing  multitudes.  1769 
Middlesex  Jrnl.  14-16  Sept.  4/4  A  vast  passing  and  re- 
passing  between  the  parties  mentioned.  1800  SOUTHEY  Lett. 
(1856)  I.  112  This  must  exclude  the  great  body  of  passers 
and  repassers.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iii.  I.  376  The 
constatit  passing  and  repassing  of  traffic. 

"I  Repa'SS,  v.*  Obs.  rare—1,  [app.  ad.  obs.  F. 
repasser  to  cure.]  trans.  To  repair,  recover  from. 

a  1631  DONNE  Resurrection,  Sleepe,  sleepe,  old  Sunn, 
thou  canst  not  have  repast  As  yet  the  wound  thou  took'st 
on  Fryday  last. 

Repassage  (rfpse'sedg).  Also  re-,  [a.  F.  re- 
passage  (1379)  :  cf.  REPASS  v.^  and  PASSAGE.] 

fl.  A  way  of  return.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1413  Pitgr.  Soiule  (Caxton  1483)  iv.  xxxi.  So  This  necke 
sholde  be  the  passage  and  repassage  fro  the  hede  to  the 
body  and  ryght  so  ayeneward. 

2.  The  act  of  repassing;  passage  back;  liberty 
or  right  to  repass.  Chiefly  in  passage  and  repassage. 

1433  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  425/1  Ye  charges  of  his  repassage 
ayenward.  1444  Wars  Eng.  in  France  (Rolls)  I.  463, 
Ivj.  shippes..for  the  passage  and  repassage  of  the  queue 
and  of  her  housholde.  1520  in  Laing  Charters  (1899)  82 
With  free  entrie  passage  and  repassage  thrughe  the  *ayd 
west  yarde.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Kpist.  247  That  letters 
may  haue  passage  and  repassage  between  vs  twaine,  1600 
HAKLUYT  rey.  III.  ssgTwentie.  .getting  betweene  the  Fort 
and  them.. cut  off  their  repassage.  ai6iS  RALEIGH  Invent. 
Shipping  (1650'  38  Seeing  their  passage  and  Repassage  lyes 
through  the  British  Seas,  a  1670  HACKETCV«/.  Serin.  (1675) 
436  The  spirits  of  damnation  ..are  tied  in  chains  of  darkness, 
there  is  no  repassage  for  them.  1752  CARTE  Hist.  Eng.  III. 
368  Nor  could  their  passage  and  repassage  be  concealed. 
1835-6  Todd's  Cycl,  Anat.  I.  344/2  A  change  in  the  blood 
.  .effected  by  the  air  of  the  cells  on  its  re-passage  through 
the  bronchial  tubes.  1840  POE  Gold  Bug  Wks.  1864  I.  53 
Facilities  of  passage  and  re-passage  were  very  far  behind 
those  of  the  present  day. 

Repa'ssant,  a.    Her.     (See  quot.) 

c  1828  BERRY  Encycl.  Her.  I.  Gloss.,  Re-passant,  or 
Counter-Passant,  that  is,  when  two  lions,  or  other  animals, 
are  borne  going  contrary  ways,  one  of  which  is  Passant^  by 
walking  towards  the  dexter  side  of  the  shield,  in  the  usual 
way,  and  the  other  re-passant  by  going  towards  the  sinister. 
i  Repa'SSioil.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  med.L.  *re- 
passion-em^  whence  also  obs.  F.  repas sion  (Godef. ) : 
see  RE-  and  PASSION.]  A  counter  effect. 

1601  GILL  Trinity  35  This  action  of  God.. is  not  a 
transeant  action,  to  cause  a  passion  in  the  subiect,  and  a 
repassion  in  the  agent.  1648  HAMMOND  Sertit.  Wks.  1684  IV. 
485  The  Rod  itself  is  smitten  whensoever  it  smites,  at  every 
blow  wounded  and  torn  by  way  of  repassion. 

Repast  (r/pcrst),  sb.  [a.  OF.  repast  (mod.F. 
repas},  f.  repaistre  (mod.F.  repaitre)  :— late  L.  re- 
pasctrej.  re-  RE-  +pascere  to  feed :  see  PASTURE  j*.] 

1.  A  quantity  of  food  and  drink  forming,  or  in 
tended  for,  a  meal  or  feast ;  a  meal  or  feast  in  its 
material  aspect,  freq.  with  reference  to  the  quantity 
or  quality  of  the  food. 

13..  Coer  de  L.  3076  VVhenne  he  has..eeten   weel  a 

food  repast,.  .Sone  he  schal  be  fresch  and  hayl.  1393 
,ANGU  P.  PI.  C.  x.  148  He..aspieb  Whar  he  may  rapest 
haue  a  repast  of>er  a  rounde  of  bacon,  c  1450  LOVELICH 
Merlin  728  (Kolbing)  Every  fry  day  thowtnost  faste  And  to 
the  taken  but  on  repaste.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vii,  501  As 
soone  as  y*  Kyng  had  there  taken  a  small  and  short  repast, 
he.. rode  into  a  felde.  1542  Richmond  /^///j(Surtees)  37, 
I  wyll  yt  my  freynds  and  neighbors  haue  a  repayste  after 
my  buryall.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholays  Voy.  in. 
vi.  79  He  is  bound  to  giue  a  breakefast  or  repast  vnto  the 
lanissairies.  c  1656  MILTON  Sonn.,  to  Lawrcttce,What  neat 
repast  shall  feast  us,  light  and  choice,  Of  Attick  tast,  with 
Wine..?  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg:  n.  756  The  falling 
Mast  For  greedy  Swine  provides  a  full  Repast.  1757  GRAY 

58-a 


EEPAST. 

Bard  78  Fill  high  the  spaikling  bowl,  The  rich  repast  pre- 
paie.  1813  BYRON  Corsair  n.  iv,  Methinks  he  strangely 
spares  the  rich  repast.  1870  YEATS  Nat.  Hist.  Comm,  78 
Bees  find  a  plentiful  repast  in  the  myriad  flowers 
XT.  1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  v.  iv.  157  If  I  proue  a  good  repast 
to  the  Spectators,  the  dish  payes  the  shot.  1784  CowPER 
Task  iv.  113  He  ..spreads  the  honey  of  his  deep  research  At 
his  return,  a  rich  repast  for  me.  1821  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  i. 
Grace  bef.  Meat>  Why  have  we  none  [sc.  no  grace]  for  books, 
those  spiritual  repasts..? 

fb.   To  take  one's  repast,  to  take  one's  food, 
take  a  meal.  Obs. 


<,  i-ty^.iAiw.-  *i..ic.  Jf.  Benet  131  What  howres.. the  con- 
gregacyon  shall  take  theyr  repast  and  melcs.  1528  PAY- 
NEL  Salernes  Regim.  (1541)  4  After  wee  haue dyned  or  taken 
our  repaste,  we  muste  for  a  whyle  stande  vp_  ryght.  1550 
CROWLEY  Epigr.  42  Suche  swyne..That  in  the  filthye 
puddell  take  all  their  repaste.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr. 
Nicholay*s  I'oy.  iv.  i.  114  They  neuer  went  to  take  their  re 
past  without  leaue.  1725  DE  FOE  Voy_.  round  World  (1840) 
269  While  we  were  taking  our  repast  it  grew  quite  night, 
tc.  (See  quot.  1661.)  Obs. 

1517  [see  REPASTER].  1661  BLOUNT  Glossogr..  Repast, .  .in 
the  Inns  of  Court  it  signifies  a  single  meal  taken  in  the  Hall 
by  any  one  of  the  Society,  who  is  not  in  Commons  that 
week. 

1 2,  (Without  article.)  Food,  supply  of  food  or 
victuals.  Also  fip.  Obs. 


1390  GOWER  Conf,  III.  25  Bot  al  withoute  such  repast  Of 
luit,  as  ye  me  tolde  above,..!  faste,  and  mai  no  fode  gete. 
1426  LYDG.  De  Gull.  Pilgr,  4618  He  gaff  hem  alderlast  Hys 
owne  boody  for  cheff  repast,  c  1440  A I  aero  P/ay*  (E.E.T.S.) 
1 83  Yf  a  mane  ete  the  flesshe  of  a  gose  for  his  repaste  and 
fedyng.  1577  Test.  12  Patriarchs  (1706)  91  He  was  in  the 
pit  three  days  and  three  nights  without  repast.  1599  T. 
M[OUFET]  Silkiwrtnes  22  What  Huing  were  you  then  But 
worms  repast,  though  wise  and  mighty  men  ?  1613  PURCHAS 
Pilgrimage  ix.  iii.  (1614)  828  They  carefully  wash  the 
carkasses  of  their  dead,  and  lay  them  forth  in  the  night,  for 
repast  vnto  the  Tigres.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  800  They., 
howle  and  gnaw  My  Bowels,  their  repast.  1698  FRYER 
Ace.  E,  India  ff  P.  p.  vii,  Monkies  the  common  Repast  of 
the  Tygers  1732  POPE  II or.  Sat.  ii.  it.  93  A  Buck  was  then 
a  week's  repast. 

t  b.  To  take  repast,  to  take  food.  Also  Jig.  to 
associate  with  one.  Obs. 

1526  Pilgr  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  83  It  is  moche  better. . 
to  eate  euerydaye  a  lytell,  than  seldome  to  take  repaste,  & 
fede  to  replecyon.  1574  HELLOWES  Gueuara's  Fam.  Ep. 
0.577)  41  Lying,  and  cowardnesse,  did  neuer  take  repaste 
with  knighihoode.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  \\.  ix.  16  Ne  man 
nor  beast  may  rest,  or  take  repast  For  their  sharpe  wounds 
and  noyous  injuries 

f3.  A  kind  of  food  or  drink.    Obs. 

c  1485  Digby  Alyst.  (1882)  in.  485  Here,  lady,  is  wyn,  a  re 
past,  to  man  and  woman  a  good  restoratyff.  c  1530  H. 
RHODES  Bk.  Nurture  in  Babees  Bk.  (1868)  105  Let  thy 
lyuing  be  of  light  repaste.  1669  WORLIDGE  Syst.  Agric. 
(1681)  143  Of  the  Juice  of  Goosberries..is  prepared  a  very 
pleasant  cooling  Repast. 

fig.  a  1668  DENHAM  A  Songt  Sleep  that  is  thy  best  repast, 
Yet  of  death  it  bears  a  taste. 

4.  The  action  or  fact  of  taking  food ;  the  re 
freshment  of  food.  Now  arch. 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  iv.  ii.  160  (Q.),  If  (before  repast)  it 
shall  please  you  to  gralifie  the  table  with  a  Grace.  1646 
SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  309  The  looms  of  repast  at 
supper,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  III  6  How  incon 
sistent..,  to  couple  a  spiritual  grace  with  matters  of  cor 
poreal  repast.  1700  DRYDEN  Theod.  fy  Hon.  86  The  day 
already  half  his  race  had  run,  And  summoned  him  to  due 
repast  at  noon  1859  TENNYSON  Guinevere  362  The  silk 
pavilions  of  King  Arthur  raised  For  brief  repast  or  afternoon 
repose. 

fig.  1670  BROOKS  Wks.  (1867)  VI.  311  Such  as  make  the 
desolations  of  their  neighbours  to  be  the  matter  either  of 
their  secret  repast  or  open  exultation. 

b.  An  occasion  of  taking  or  partaking  of  food  ; 
a  meal  or  feast  in  this  sense. 

a  1639  WOTTON*  Life  Dk.  Buckm.  in  Reliq.  (1651)  112  The 
Duke  was  at  breakfast  (the  last  of  his  repasts  in  this  world). 
1644  MILTON  Ednc.  4  After  evening  repast,  till  bed  time, 
their  thoughts  will  be  best  taken  up  in  the  casie  grounds 
of  Religion.  1732  LEDIARD  Setkos  II.  vnr.  157  The  ap 
proaching  night  invites  us  to  a  repast.  1796  MORSE  Amer. 
Geog.  II.  569  They  eat  at  their  repasts  cakes  of  rice.  1837 
DISRAELI  Venetia  i.  xi,  After  their  repast,  the  children  went 
into  the  garden.  1853  SOYER  Pantroph.  367  In  the  i7th 
century  playing  fountains  were  still  used  at  repasts. 

fig.  1802  BEDDOES  Hygeia  i.  55  To  hang  a  naked  sword. . 
over  the  head  during  the  repast  of  life. 

1 5.  Refreshment ;  repose.  Obs. 

1546  Sitpplic,  of  Poors  Commons  (E.E.  T.SO  78  One  of 
your  Highnes  chapplene-.when  he  lusted  to  ride  a  brode 
for  his  repast.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  \.  ii.  4  His  guest,  who, 
after  troublous  sights  And  dreames,  gan  now  to  take  more 
sound  repast.  1615  Br.  HALL  Contempt.)  O.  T.  xi.  vi,  She 
that  began  her  prayers  with  fasting,  and  heavinesse,  rises  up 
from  them  with  chearefulnesse  and  repast. 

Repast  (r/pcrst),  v.  Now  rare.  Also  6  Sc. 
3.spa.  pple.  [ad.  L.  repast-^  ppl.  stem  of  repascfre 
(see  prec.),  or  f.  the  sb.] 

fl.  reft.  To  refresh  (oneself)  with  food.  Obs. 
In  latest  quots.  perhaps  fig.  (cf.  prec.,  sense  5). 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  vii.  xiv,  They  dranke  the  wyne, 
and  ete  the  veneson.  . .  And  so  whan  they  had  repasted  hem 
wel  [etc.],  c  1530  LD.  BERNERS  Arth.  Lyt.  Bryt.  (1814)  212 
Whan  that  Arthur  had  well  repasted  hym  selfe  and  hys 
horse.  1567  MAPLET  Gr.  Forest  67  In  mouing  from  place  to 
place,  with  an  appetite  to  repast  themselues.  1575  R.  B. 
Appiits  tf  Virg.  m  Hazl.  Dodslty  IV.  118  Be  of  good 
cheer,  Go  play  and  repast  thee,  man,  be  merry.  1617  COLLINS 
Def.  Bp.  Ely  i.  i.  29  lohn  rested  and  repasted  hunselfe  on 
his  sacred  bosome. 

f  2.  trans.  To  feed,  supply  with  food.  Obs. 

«5x»  Helyas  in  Thorns  Prose  Rom.  (1828)  III.  34  God  all- 


460 

mighty.. that,  .wylled  to  repast  the  children  of  Israel  in 
deserle  with  manna  of  heyen.  1560  HOLLAND  Crt.  Venus 
it.  473  So  he  tais  and  on  his  veyage  past,  Fameist  for  fude, 
and  richt  skarslie  repast.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham,  \\>.  v.  147  lie 
ope  my  Armes,  And  like  the  kinde  Life-rend'ring  Pelican, 
Repast  them  wilh  my  blood.  1669  EVELYN  Sylva  (.1776)  309 
The  top-leaves  and  oldest  should  be  gathered  last  of  all,  as 
being  most  proper  to  repast  the  worms  with,  towards  their 
last  change. 

tibwl.  1633  QUAKI.ES  EmbL  i.  xii,  A  moderate  use  does 
both  repast  and  please. 

fig.  1540  TAVERNER  Postils  (Exhort,  bef.  Communion),  So 
is  our  soule  repasted  &  nouryshed. 

3.  intr.  To  feed,  feast.     Chiefly  const,  on,  upon. 

1520  WHIIINTON  Vidg.  (1527)  41  b,  After  the  ordre,  as  they 
be  set  downe,  so  repaste  vpon  them.  1624  QUARLES  Stan's 
Sonn.  xiv,  Kefresht  with  thy  delights,  I  haue  repasted  Vpon 
thy  pleasures,  my  full  soule  hath  tasted  Thy  lip'ned  dainties. 
1698  FRYER  Ace.  £.  India-  <*r  /•*.  150  In  their  Hall  where 
they  Repast,  at  the  upper  End  on  the  Table  is  placed  a 
Death's  Head.  1720  POPE  Iliad  xxiv.  546  They. .found 
The  Guards  repasting.  while  the  Bowls  go  round.  1867 
J.  B  Rose  tr.  Virgil  s  Aineid  296  Birds . .  bhall  on  thy  huge 
and  bleeding  frame  repast  ! 

Hence  Repa'sting  vbl.  sb, 

1644  MILTON  Areop,  (Arb.)  44  God.. left  arbitrary  the 
dyeting  and  repasting  of  our  minds. 

t  Repa  ster.  Obs.  Also  6  repastour.  [f. 
prec.  +  -ER1.]  One  who  takes  a  repast;  spec,  in 
the  Inns  of  Court  (see  REPAST  sb.  i  c). 

1517  Black  Bks.  Lincoln's  Inn  (1897)  I.  182  Who  so 
biyngith  any  repaster  to  the  Redar's  denar  or  sopar,  except 
the  Redar  or  any  of  the  Benche,  schall  pay  for  the  Repast. 
1566  in  Indervvick  Cat.  Inner  Temple  Kec.  (1896)  236  None 
of  this  company  shall  bring  any  repaster  to  the  reader's 
drinking  or  dinner.  1582  STANYHURST  ^Eneis  \.  (Arb.)  24 
They  doe  plye  theire  commons,  lyke  quick  and  greedye  re 
past  ours. 

t  Repa'stinate,  v.   Obs.    [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L. 

repastinare :  see  RE-  and  FASTINE  z>.]  trans.  To 
dig  over  again. 

1623  COCKERAM,  Recast inatf,  to  digge  againe  about  a 
thing.  1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.  [copying  CooperJ  Repagin 
ate  ^  to  dig  again  about  Vines,  to  alter  grounds  wilh  often 
digging  and  laboring.  1745  tr.  Colnmellcis  Hush.  n.  xv, 
Then  m  the  summer  months  the  whole  dunghil  must  be 
thoroughly  mixed  and  shuffled  with  spades,  in  the  same 
manner  as  if  you  repastinated  it. 

t  Hepastina'tion.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  repastina- 
tidn-em  :  see  prec.  and  -ATION.]  The  action  or 
process  of  digging  over  again. 

1569  NEWTON  Ciceros  Old  Age  39  The  repastinacion  or 
newe  digging  about  the  rootes.  1623  COCK EK AM  Repastin- 
ation,  a  digging  againe.  1675  EVFLYN  'ferra  (1776)  25 
With  a  slight  repastination,  one  may  plant  or  sow  any  thing 
in  it  freely.  1699  —  Acetaria  (1729)  n8  Composts  and 
Stercoration,  Repastination,  Dressing  and  Stoning  the 
Earth  and  Mould  of  a  Garden. 

t  Repa'sture.    Obs.   tare.    [See  REPAST  sb. 

and  PASTURE  sb.]     Food  ;  a  repast. 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.L.iv.l.  95  What  art  thou  then?  Foode 
for  his  rage,  repasture  for  his  den.  16x4  W.  B.  Philosopher's 
Banquet  (ed.  2)  26  In  our  meales  and  lepastures. 

t  Repa'ter,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  rare—1,  [ad.  F.  re- 
paitre :  see  REPAST  sb,]  trans.  To  feed. 

1513  DOUGLAS  /Ends  yin.  iv.  70  As  all  the  beistis  war 
Repatent  weyll  eftyr  thalr  nychtis  lair. 

Repatriate  (r/p^-tri^t),  v.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of 
late  L.  repatriare  to  return  to  one's  country,  f.  re- 
\{?.- +  patria  native  land.  Cf.  obs.  F.  repatrier 
(I5thc.),  F.  rapatrier^  It.  ripatriare.] 

1.  trans.  To  restore  (a  person)  to  his  own  coun 
try.     (Common  in  recent  use.) 

1611  COTGR.,  Repatrier,  to  repatriate,  or  to  restore  to  his 
owne  home.  1619  in  Crt.  fy  Times  Jas.  I  (1848)  II.  143 
Tobie  Matthew  is  at  Bruxelles,  in  some  hope  ..to  be  re 
patriated,  before  long.  1880  Fortn.  Rev.  Apr.  508  The 
number  of  those  finally  repatriated  appears.. to  have  been 
102,000.  1890  Tern  pic  Bar  Oct.  285  The  French  consul., 
repatriated  me,  sending  me  home  by  way  of  Alexandria. 

refi.  1891  HOWELLS  Imperative  Duty  ii.  9  He  perceived 
that  the  effort  to  repatriate  himself  must  involve  wounds. 

2.  intr.  To  return  to  one's  own  country    rare. 
1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.^  Repatriate*  to  return  again  to 

ones  Native  Country.  1888  GLADSTONE  in  Morley  Life 
(1903)  III.  358  When  do  you  repatriate? 

Hence  Bepa'triated/^/.  a. 

1885  LOWE  Bismarck  II.  ii.  148  The  re-crowned  and  re 
patriated  Charles  II 

Repatriation  (r/p^tri^'Jan).  [n.  of  action 
f.  prec. :  see  -ATION.]  Return  or  restoration  to 
one's  own  country.  (Common  in  recent  use.) 

1592  WOTTON  in  Relig.  (1685)  670, 1  wish  your  Honour  (in 
our  Tuscan  Phrase)  a  most  happy  Repatriation.  1646  EARL 
MONM.  tr,  Biondis  Civil  Warres  vm.  129  Without  Portion 
or  any  other  thing,  save  only  his  re-patriation.  1865  Pall 
Mall  G.  No.  81.  11/1  The  repatriation  of  the  exiled  ad 
herents.  1879  Eastern,  Quest  ion.  I.  iv.  197  The  Porte  could 
not  afford  the  outlay  for  the  repatriation  of  the  refugees. 

attrib.  1882  BRYCE  Manitoba  144  This  repatriation  move 
ment  from  the  United  States.  1891  Times  12  Feb.  5/4  Con 
tributions  towards  a  repatriation  fund. 

Repa-trioted,  ///.  a.  nonce-wd.  [RE-  5 a.] 
Converted  again  into  a  patriot. 

1755  H.  WALPOLE  Let.  to  Bentley  17  Dec.,  That  so  often 
repatrioted  and  reprostituted  Doddington  is  again  to  be 
treasurer  of  the  Navy. 

t  Repau'Se,  V.  Obs.  rare*1,  [ad.  med.  L.  re- 
pausare  :  see  PAUSE  v,  and  REPOSE  z>.]  intr.  To 
repose,  rest. 

1526  R.  WHYTFORD  Martiloge  (1893)  47  lesu  after  his  deth 
repaused  and  rested  in  his  sepulcre. 


REPAY. 

;  Repa've  («-),  v.  [RE-  53:  cf.  F.  repaver 
•  (i4th  c.  Godef.).]  trans.  To  pave  again  or  anew. 

1611  FLOKIO,  Rammattonare,  to  repaue  wilh  bricVes.  1652 
BENLOWES  Theofh.  i.  1,  Blest  then  who  shall.,  wash  the 
bloody  stones  With  her  own  cursed  Gore  ;  repave  them  with 
her  Bones.  1868  in  Anderson  Missions  Amer.  Bei.(iBjo)  IV. 
jclii.  424  The  streets  are  being  repaved  and  widened.  1886 
j  WILLIS  &  CLARK  Cambridge  II.  377  Chapel  and  ante-chapel 
were,  .repaved  with  large  squares  of  stone. 

Repawn,  v.     [RE-  2  d  and  5  a.] 

fl.  trans.  To  redeem  from  pawn.    Obs.  rare~~x. 

1641  EARL  MONM.  tr  Biondi's  Civil  \Varres  iv.  37  He 
pawned  unto  him  the  two  Rubies,  .which  being  repawn'd 
by  him  and  the  rest  made  good  out  of  his  own  monies,  hee 
returned  into  France. 

2.  To  pawn  again.     Also  absol. 

1858  CAKLYLE  Freak  Gt.  n.  xiv.  (1872)  I.  129  He  himself 
repawned  Brandenburg  to  the  Saxon  Potentate.  1864  AD- 
DISON  Contracts  n.  iii.  §  3  (1883)  635  If  a  pawnee  re-pawns, 
before  any  default,  -by  the  original  pawnor  [etc.]. 

So  Repawn  .•/'. 

1866  Law  Rep.  i  Q.  B.  Cases  593  A.. pawn  by  the  plaintiff 
to  Simpson .  .and  a  repawn  of  them  by  Simpson  as  a  security 
for  a  ioan  to  him  by  the  defendant. 

Repay,  sb.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  [f.  next.]  Re 
payment,  return. 

1593  NORDEN  Spec.  Brit.)  M'sex  i  Accept.. my  willing  in- 
deuor,  vntill  time  afforde  ablenes  to  make  better  repay. 
1753  YOUNG  Brothers  i.  i,  They  measure  blood  by  drops  And 
bail  not  one  in  the  repay,  a  1810  TANNAHILL  I'oems  (1846) 
25  He  wha  deals  in  scandal  only  gains  A  rich  repay  of 
scandal  for  his  pains. 

Repay  (r/p^'),  z*.1  [ad.  OF.  repaier,  rapaiert 
f.  re-  RE-  +  payer  to  PAT.] 

1.  trans.  To  refund,  pay  back  (a  sum  of  money, 
etc.).  Also  with  double  object. 

1530  PALSCR.  686/1  What  so  ever  you  lay  out  it  shalbe  re- 
payed  you.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanc's  Comm.  74  They  re 
quire  him  to  repaie  the  kinge  of  England  his  money.  1607 
SHAKS.  Timon  i.  i.  288  No  meede  but  he  repayes  Seuen-fuld 
aboue  it  selfe.  1665  MANLEY  Grottus*  Low  C.  Warres  401 
At  the  end  of  the  War,  whatever  was  disbursed,  should  be 
repaid.  1784  COWPER  Task  in.  364  Human  life  Is  but  a 
loan  to  be  repaid  with  use.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  II. 
104  It  was  agreed,  that  if  A.  repaid  iooo/.,  £c.  borrowed  of 
B.,..then  B.  should  reconvey  to  him.  1864  TENNYSON  En. 
Ard.  319  Money  can  be  repaid  j  Not  kindness  such  as  yours. 
b.  To  return  (a  blow,  visit,  salutation,  etc.). 


ngth.     ..  _ 

to  the  Custom  of  Repaying  the  Visits  of  a  Person  of  Quality. 
1788  GIBBON  DecL  <$•  F.  1.  V.  211  He.  .received  and  repaid 
the  salutations  of  the  patriarchs. 

c.  To  give  (a  thing)  in  return  or  recompense 
(for  something). 

1560  BIBLE  (Genev.)  Ecclus.  xii.  6  The  moste  High,  .will 
repay  vengeance  vnto  the  vngodlie.  i6i«  BIBLE  Prov.  xiii. 
21  Euill  pursueth  sinners:  but  to  the  righteous,  good  shall 
be  repay  d.  17*0  POPE  Iliad  xvii.  38  Come,  for  my  brother's 
blood  repay  thy  own.  1818  SHELLEY  Eitg.  Hills  190  What 
though  thou  with  all  thy  dead  Scarce  can  for  this  fame 
repay  Aught  thine  own. 

T~  d.  To  avenge  (a  thing)  on  a  person.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1753  YOUNG  Brothers  \.  i,  Now  her  eyes  repay  Her  brother's 
wounds  on  Philip's  rival  sons. 

2.  To  make  repayment  or  return  to  (a  person) ; 
to  pay  (one)  back  in  some  way. 

«x54a\VvATTin  Tottel's  Misc.  (Arb.)  71,  I  was  content  thy 
seruant  to  remain ;  And  not  to  be  repayed  after  this  fashion. 
1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  i.  40  Let  me  now  you  pray, . .  Ye  will 
me  now  with  like  good  turne  repay.  1661  BOYLE  Style  of 
Script.  (1675)  85,  I  could  readily  retaliate,  and  repay  them 
in  the  same  coin.  1748  Anson^s  I'oy.  \.  viii.  82  We  should 
be  amply  repayed  for  all  our  past  sufferings.  1791  MRS. 
RADCLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  x,  I  will  repay  you  for  your  kind 
ness.  1827  LYTTON  Pelham  ii,  He  was  repaid  as  such  by  a 
pretty  general  dislike.  1864  TENNYSON  En.  Ard.^og  When 
Enoch  comes  again  Why  then  he  shall  repay  me. 

3.  To  make  return  or  recompense  for,  requite  (an 
action,  etc.)  :  a.  of  persons.    Also  const,  with  (or 
by}  and  \n.pass.  without  expressed  agent. 

1596  SHAKS.  Tarn.  Shr.  iv.  iii.  45  The  poorest  seruice  is 
repaide  with  thankes.  1611  BIBLE  "Job  xxi.  31  Who  shall 
repay  him  what  he  hath  done?  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  178 
Spite  then  with  spite  is  best  repaid.  1764  GOLDSM.  Trav. 
198  Haply  too  some  pilgrim,  thither  led,  With  many  a  tale 
repays  the  nightly  bed.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Italian  i, 
[She]  repaid  the  fondness  of  a  mother  with  the  affection  of 
a  daughter.  1835  SIR  J.  Ross  Narr.  2nd  Voy.  xxxvii.  513 
She  repayed  her  physic  by  the  stone  which  is  used  in-strik 
ing  fire.  1869  BKOWNING  Ring  $  Bk.  ix.  1312  Repaying 
incredulity  with  faith. 

b.  of  things.     Also  in  pass. 

1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  xi.  xxiii.  (1620)  406 
That  we  might  know  that  the  spirits  merits  are  not  repaid 
by  the  bodies  qualities.  1781  COWPER  Hope  771  The  abun 
dant  harvest,  recompense  divine,  Repays  Iheir  work.  1809 
CAMPBELL  Gertr.  Wyom.  i.  xi,  Her  lovely  mind  could  culture 
well  repay.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  n.  xxix.  399  A  series  of., 
considerations  which  I  think  will  repay  the  reader's  atten 
tion.  1867  LADY  HERBERT  Cradle  L.  viii.  223  But  the  view 
from  the  summit  repays  all  the  toil. 

refl.  1766  Complete  Farmer  s.v.  Drill-rake  3  A  3/2  Vet 
even  this  small  work  of  supererogation  repays  itself.  1872 
MORLEY  I'oltaire  (1886)  10  The  sacrifice  may  repay  itself 
a  thousand  fold. 

4.  intr.  To  make  repayment  or  return.  _ 

1557  N.  T.  (Genev.)  Rom.  xii.  19  Vengeance  is  mine:  1 
wil  repaye,  saith  the  Lord.  1611  BIBLE  Ecclus.  iv.  31  Let 
not  thine  hand  bee  stretched  out  to  receiue,  and  shut  when 
thou  shouldest  repay.  1865  LOWELL  Harvard  Common. 
Ode  viii,  'Tis  not  the  grapes  of  Canaan  that  repay,  But  the 
high  faith  that  failed  not  by  the  way 


REPAY. 

Hence  Repaying  ///.  a. ;  also  Repayal,  re 
payment  ;  Repay  er,  one  who  repays. 

1650  HUBDERT  Pilt  Formality  240  God  is.. a  repaier  of 
the  wicked.  1881  MAYNE  REID  Free  Lances  I.  xiii.  139 
There  could  be  no  mistaking  what  he  meant.  Anything  but 
a  repayal  of  friendly  services.  1883  Century  Mag.  Oct.  814/1 
It  is  . .  probably  a  more  repaying  industry  than  orange- 
growing.  1888  STEVENSON  Black  Arrow  50,  I  am  a  good 
repayer,  Jack,  of  good  or  evil. 

Repay  (np7'-),  v^  [RE-  5  a.]  To  pay  again, 
or  a  second  time  (Ogilvie  Sitppl,  1855). 

Repayable,  a.  [f.  REPAY  ».i  +  -ABLE.]  That 
may  be,  or  is  to  be,  repaid. 

1828-32  in  WEBSTER.  1880  MUIRHEAD  Ulpian  vi.  §  13  A 
dowry  repayable  by  instalments.  iSgoAct^  Vict.fi.  i.  §  3(1) 
Such  loan  shall  be  repayable  by  the  Guardians  to  the  Board 
of  Works  by  two  equal  instalments. 

Repayment  (r/p/'-ment).    Also  re-  (n-). 

1.  The  (or  an)  act  of  repaying;    payment  back 
(of  money  lent,  etc.). 

1467  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  387  Euery  man..shalle  haue  re 
payment  of  suche  a  summe  as  he  hath  payde.  1495  Act  n 
//*«.  VII,  c.  8  Bondes  for  suertie  perfite  and  sure  repay 
ment  of.. money  lent.  15790.  HARVEY  Lctter-bk.  (Camden) 
62,  I  can  forthwith  give  you  my  obligation  for  repayment 
of  the  principalls  with  the  loane.  1649  CHAS.  II.  in  Ellis 
Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  I.  III.  327,  I  desire  you.. to  lend  me  five 
hundred  pounds,  whereof  I  promise  you.. very  faithfull  re 
payment.  1665  MANLEY  Cretins'  Low  C.  Ibarra  go  She 
promised1  them  both  men  and  money,  for  their  assistance, 
they  giving  caution  for  repayments.  1776  ADAM  SMITH 
W.  N.  n.  ii._(i86o>  I.  207  The  easy  terms  upon  which  the 
Scotch  banking  companies  accept  of  repayment  are.  -pecu 
liar  to  them.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  II.  50  Those 
estates  which  are  held  as  a  security  or  pledge  for  the  repay 
ment  of  money.  1883  Law  Rep.  29  Chanc.  Div.  264  Upon 
Russell's  re-payment  of  the  same  rent  to  Hampton. 

2.  Requital,  return  (of  services,  etc.). 

1574  HELLOWES  Cueiiara's  Fain.  Et.  (1577)  20  In  repay 
ment  of  my  trauell . .  you  commaunded  I  should  dine  at  your 
table.  1819  SHELLEY  Julian  400  Was  it  I  who  wooed  thee 
to  this  breast,  Which  like  a  serpent  thou  envenomest  As  in 
repayment  of  the  warmth  it  lent?  1852  R.  S.  SURTEES 
SfcmrfiSt.  Tour  (1893)  259  With.. the  repayment  of  the 
KISS  Lucy  had  advanced. 

Repayral,  -eyl,  -yl,  varr.  REPAREL  v.  06s. 

Repayre,  obs.  variant  of  REPAIR,  RIPPIEH. 

Repayse,  variant  of  REPEASE  v.  Obs. 

t  Repe,  v.T-  Obs.  Also  3  repie.  [OE.  hrepian 
var.  of  kreppan,  perh.  =  ON.  hreppa  to  get,  obtain, 
OFris.  reppa,  MDu.,  MLG.  reppen  to  move,  stir.] 
trans.  To  touch,  lay  hold  of. 

ciooo  Ags.  Gasp.  Matt.  viii.  3  Da  astrehte  se  hslend  hys 
hand  &  hrepode  hyne  [c  n6o  Ha!ton  repede].  01225 
Alter.  R.  128  pe  uoxes.  .draweS  al  into  hore  holes,  bet  heo 
muwen  arepen  &  arechen  [T.  repen  &  rinen).  £1290  ^. 
gpf.  Leg.  I.  464/89  Heo  ne  dorste  ore  louerd  repie  noujht 
bihinde  ne  bifore. 

t  Repe,  ».2  Obs.  rare  — '.  (Of  obscure  origin 
and  meaning:  cf.  OE.  rypan  to  plunder.) 

c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  28  His  men  he  slou;  among  And  reped 
him  mam  a  res. 

t  Repe,  ?  variant  of  RAPE  adv.  Obs. 

£1380  Sir  Ferumb.  3533  pe  Sarzyns  comeb  aftei  repe 
[altered from  rape],  Al  so  harde  as  bay  mowe  lepe. 

Repe,  obs.  form  of  REAP. 

Repeak,  obs.  form  of  REPIQUE  v. 

Repeal  (r/prl),  sb.  Forms :  5  repsell,  6  re- 
pell(e,  repele,  repeall,  6-7  rep3ale,  6-  repeal, 
[a.  AF.  repel -OF.  rapel  (mod.F.  rappel)  a  recall, 
f.  repeler,  rapcler :  see  next.] 

1 1.  Recall,  as  from  banishment.   Obs. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  ii7b/i  Yf  they  shold  assente  to 
your  repeell  they  shold  but  a  whyle  dwelle  wyth  you.  1530 
PALSCII.  262/1  Repell,  callyng  agayne,  repel.  1590  MARLOWE 
Edlv.  //,  I.  iv,  I  am  enjoin'd  To  sue  unlo  you  all  for  his 
repeal.  1606  G.  W[OODCOCKE]  Hist.  1-vstine  xvi.  67  At  his 
repeale  and  calling  home  into  his  Countrey,  which  he 
shortly  expected.  1612  North's  Plutarch,  Dionysius  1143 
The  decree  of  repeale  was  authorized  by  the  people,  and 
the  banished  men  returned  to  Syracvsa.  1658  COKAINE 
Trappolin  in.  i.  To  petition  for  the  repeal  of  my  dear 
Trappolin. 

2.  The  (or  an)  act  of  repealing  (a  law,  resolution, 
sentence,  etc.) ;  abrogation. 

1503-4  Act  19  Hen.  VII,  c.  28  §  i  The  seid  reversall 
repelle  adnullacion  &  advoydaunce  of  this  seid  Acte.  1525 
Lo.  BURNERS  Froiss.  II.  Ixxxvi.  [Ixxxii.]  255  These  wry- 
tynges  sholde  be  permanent  without  ony  repell.  1535-6 
Act  27  Hen.  VIII,  c.  26  §  29  So  that  every  such  suspending 
repeale  and  revocacion.  .shalbe  made  in  writing.  1561  T. 
NORTON  Calvin's  lust.  i.  65  Again  there  are  rehearsed 
diuerse  repclles  of  his  decrees.  1641  Nicholas  Papers 
(Camden)  I.  5  The  said  act  of  Repeale  shalbee  sent  over 
to  bee  passed  there.  1692  BF.NTLEY  Boyle  Led.  ix.  335 
These  Civil  Ordinances  become  obsolete  without  any  re 
peal.  1710  PRIDEAUX  Orig.  Tithes  i.  21  Every  part  [of  that 
law]  had  not  its  particular  repeal.  1769  Jnnins  Lett. 
xxxv.  (1788)  178  Nothing  less  than  a  repeal,  as  formal  as  the 
resolution  itself,  can  heal  the  wound.  1827  HALLA.M  Const. 
Hist.  xiv.  (1876)  III.  54  The  repeal  of  the  test  would  not 
have  placed  the  two  religions  on  a  fair  level.  1861  TRENCH 
Ef>.  7  Churches  Asia  n  There  was  for  them  no  repeal 
of  the  sentence  of  death,  but  a  respite  only. 

b.  spec.  The  cancelling  of  the  Union  between 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  as  an  Irish  political 
demand,  esp.  in  the  agitations  headed  by  O'Connell 
in  1830  and  1841-6.  Also  atlrib. 

1831  Fraser's  Mag.  IV.  627/2  The  repeal  of  the  Union 
taking  the  place  which  was  formerly  occupied  by  the  Roman 
Catholic  claims.  Repeal  immediately  became  the  engrossing 


461 

topic.     1845  MACAULAY  in  Trevelyan  Life  (1876)  II.  16, 
Ireland,  we  fear,  is  on  the  brink  of  something  like  a  servile 
war— the  effect,  not  of  Repeal  agitation,  but  of  the  severe 
distress.      1848  W.  J.  O'N.  DAUNT  Recall.  O'Conncll  I.  i.  3 
The  champion  of  Repeal  excited  my  enthusiasm, 
tc.   Revocation,  withdrawal.  Obs.  rare— '. 
1612  DA  VIES  Why  Ireland,  etc.  203  The  Earle  of  Desmond 
aboue  al  men,  found  himselfe  grieued  with  this  resumption, 
or  Repeale  of  Liberties. 

3.  Means  or  possibility  of  release  {from  punish 
ment),  rare. 

'594  NASHE  Unfort.  Trav.  66  The  onely  repeale  we  haue 
from_Gods  vndefinite  chastisement,  is  to  chastise  our  selues 
in  this  world.  1819  BYHON  I'roph.  Dante  \.  6  That  deep  gulf 
without  repeal,  Where  late  my  ears  rung  with  the  damned 
cries  Of  souis  in  hopeless  bale. 

Repeal  (n"p/"i  1,^.1  Forms:  4-5  repele,  5  rap- 
pel,  rapelle,  5-6  repell,  6  repal,  6-7  repeale, 
6-  repeal,  [ad.  AF.  repel(l\-r  =  OF.  rapeler 
(mod.F.  rappeler),  f.  re-  Ri;-  +  appeler  to  APPEAL.] 
1.  trans.  To  revoke,  rescind,  annul  (something 
determined  or  appointed,  esp.  a  law  or  sentence). 

13..  Body  f;  Soul  in  Anglia  II.  243  Now  I  se  I  am  but 
lorn,  pere  may  no  man  pis  doom  repele.  c  1374  CHAUCER 
Troylus  IV.  532  (560)  For  sen  myn  fadyr.  .hab  hire  chaunge 
enscled,  He  nil  not  for  me  his  lettre  ben  repelid.  1427 
Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  322/2  Alle  ye  Statutes  made. .and 
noght  repelled.  1474  CAXTON  Clussi  43  The  knyght  had 
leuer  to  forsake  his  owne  centre  and  to  dye  so  than  to 
repele  his  lawes.  1483  —  G.  de  la  Tour  A  viij,  Wherfore 
God  took  mercy  o;i  them  and  ropelc-d  his  sentence.  1529  in 
Vicary's  Ana/.  d883)  App.  xiv.  257  [To]  obserue  all  the  . . 
Rules,  and  ordynaunces.  .heretofore  made  and  not  Repelled 
'557  N.  T.  (Genev.)  Epistle  'iv,  Y«  Olde  [Testament],  .was 
in  it  selfe  infirme  and  vnperfect,  and  therfore  was  abolished 
and  repelled.  1593  SHAKS.  Kick.  II,  in.  iii.  40  Prouided, 
that  my  Banishment  repeal'd,  And  Lands  restor  d  againe, 
be  freely  graunted.  1625  HART  Anal.  Ur  n.  ix.  no  The 
Parson^repeales  his  former  sentence.  1651  HOBBES  Lcvicith. 
II.  xxvi.  138  The  Soveraign.  .having  power  to  make,  and 
repeale  Lawes.  1708  SWIFT  _Sac  ram.  Test  Wks.  1751  IV. 
157,  I .  .shall  give  you  my  Opinion  freely  about  repealing  the 
Sacramental  Test._  1781  COWPER  Expost.  224  Thence  date 
their  sad  declension  and  their  fall,  Their  woes  not  yet 
repealed.  1827  HALLAM  Const.  Hist.  v.  (1876)  I.  266  It  was 
deemed,  .expedient  to  repeal  the  ancient  statute.  1842 
BISCHOFF  Woollen  Manuf.  II.  75  If  the  duties  upon  oil.. 
and  dye-wares  were  repealed. 

t  b.  To  recall,  withdraw  (a  privilege,  grant,  etc.). 
CJ32S  Sang  af  Yesterday  177  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  137  pis 
poyntes  may  no  mon  hym  repele  He  come))  so  baldely  to 
pike  his  pray.  1454  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  255/1  That  eny 
auctonte  or  power.. bee.  .by  th'  auctorite  therof  voied, 
rappelled,  revoked.  1525  LD.  BEKNERS  Froiss.  II.  ccxxii. 
[ccxviii.]  686  Therfore  here  openly  he  repelyth  agayne  all 
suche  graces  and  grauntes  as  he  hath  made  to  you  before 
this  tyme.  1598  DRAYTON  Heroic.  Ep.  ix.  43  When  first 
thou  didst  repeale  thy  former  Grant. 

tc.  To  withdraw  from  use.  Obs.  rare—1. 
'573   in  Ricarfs   Kalcndar  (Camden)   58  This    Maior 
caused  a  good  refprmacion   to  be  made   for  mesures  of 
barrells  and  kilderkins  which  weare  made  larger.. then  they 
weare  before,  And  the  old  vessels  repelled. 

t2.  To  recall  or  retract  (a  statement) ;  to  give 
up,  abandon  (a  thought,  feeling,  etc.).  Obs. 

c  1430  Pilgr.  LyfManhode  n.  civ.  (1869)  i  r4  Neuere  wolde 
j  repele  thing  that  j  hadde  euele  seid.  c  1460  Ros  La  Belle 
Dame  649  Yet  may  ye  wel  repeale  your  bysynesse,  And  to 
resoun  some-what  haue  atendaunce.  1596  SPENSER  F,  Q. 
v.  viii.  21  Which  my  liege  Lady  seeing,  thought  it  best.. all 
forepast  displeasures  to  repeale.  1642  H.  MORE  Song  of 
Soul  n.  ii.  n.  xxiii,  Therefore  repeal  This  grosse  conceit, 
and  hold  as  reason  doth  reveal.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vn.  59 
Adam  soon  repeal'd  The  doubts  that  in  his  heart  arose. 

t  3.  a.  To  recall  to  a  proper  state  or  course ; 
to  call  upon  (one)  to  do  something.  Obs.  rare. 

1479  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  417  Where  I  may  know  the 
kynges  rights  of  his  Crowne .  .conceled  or  withdrawe,  I  shall 
do  my  trew  peyn  to  repele  and  refprme  it.  1585  Sc.  Acts 
701.  VI  (1814!  III.  380  Diuerss  pairteis  intendis.  .to  causs 
thame  be  repellit  to  repay  the  saides  mailes  and  deweteis, 
tb.  To  recall  (a  person)  from  exile.  Obs. 
1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  293/2  This  hooly  man  ..  was 
exyled  and  after  repeled  ageyne.  ,11548  HALL  Chron., 
Hen.  IV  Introd.  a  nj  b,  That  Henry  duke  of  Herfford .  .shal 
.  .depart*  out  of  the  realme  for  terme  of  ten  yeres,  without 
returnyng  excepte  by  the  kyng  he  be  repealed  again  ieoo 
MARLOWE  Edm.  II.  I.  iv,  Till  my  Gaveston  be  repeal'd 
Assure  thyself  thou  com'st  not  in  my  sight.  1606  G' 
W[OODCOCKE]  Hist.  /vtti«cxvi.6j  They  determined  toflyfor 
refuge  to  Clearche  who  was  lately  banished  his  countrey  and 
[whom  they]  were  constrained  to  repeale  in  defence  of  the 


brooke  repeales  himselfe,  And   .is..arriu'd  At  Rauenspurc" 

.fig.  1601  SHAKS.  AlCs  WM  n.  iii.  55  This  healthfull  hand 
whose  bamsht  sence  Thou  hast  repeal'd.  a  1625  FLF.TCHER 
&  M«s.  Cast.  Country  n.  i,  Upon  my  life  this  gallant  Is 
bnbd  to  repeale  banished  swords. 

t  C.  To  call  or  summon  back.   Obs. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Eartas  n.  i.  Eden  253  Nepenthe, 
enemy  to  sadnesse,  Repelling  sorrows,  and  repealing  glad- 
nesse.  1598  MANWOOD  Lawes  Fatal  xx.  162  Before  that 
they  doe  enter  the  forest,  he  must  repeale  and  call  backe 
3,g.:l-lne™1S  D°SSes-  "'648  LD.  HERBERT  AntMog.  in 
Life  (1886)  125  Ihe  effect  whereof  should  be  chiefly  to  com- 
plain  against  me,  and  to  obtain  that  I  should  be  repealed. 
1727  Philip  Quarll  251  His  scar'd  Senses  reluming  to  their 
proper  Seat,  and  his  stray'd  Reason  repeal'd. 

fd.  To  try  to  get  (one)  restored.   Obs.  rare-1. 

1604  SHAKS.  Otli.  n.  iii.  363  He  poure  this  pestilence  into 
his  eare  :  That  she  repeales  him,  for  her  bodies  Lust. 

f4.  intr.  To  return.  Obs.  rare—'. 

1596  KITZ-GEFFHAY  Sir  F.  Drake  (1881)  101  As  one,.. 


REPEAT. 

Kavisht  in  Spirite  with  devoted  zeale,  Becomes  a  Priest  and 
will  not  home  repeale. 

Hence  Kepea-led  ///.  a.,  Bepea'ling  vbl.  sb. 
and  ///.  a. 

1444  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  117/1  All  the  matiers  conteined  in 
this  Petition,  save  onely  repellyng  of  the  Statute.  1537 
MORE  Dcbell.  Salem  Wks.  1014/1  Where  neither  the  making 
nor  the  repelling  [of  the  law]  lyeth  in  neither  nother  of 
theyr  handes.  1601  SMAKS.  jnl.  C.  III.  i.  51  For  the  re 
pealing  of  my  banish'd  Brother,  a  1647  FIL.MER  Patrinrcha 
iii.  §  7  (1884)  52  The  repealing  or  abrogating  of  any  statute 
1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Keb.  v.  §  148  Any  bare  votes  not 
grounded  upon  law  or  reason,  or  quotations  of  repealed 
statutes.  1735  BOLINGBROKE  On  Parlies  (I7j8)  78  His 
dispensing,  or  suspending,  which  was  in  Effect'a  repealing 
Power.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  it  July  39  The  same  ignorance  or 
indolence  which  tempts  legislators  to  introduce  sweeping 
repealing  clauses. 

T  Repeai,  v.'',  obs.  variant  of  REPEL  v. 

1582   SrANYHLRST  SEncis    ii.    (Arb.)   58   Soom   bands  of 
Troians.  .Ranck  close  too  geather,  thee  Greeks  most  manlye 
repealing.     Ilnd.  HI.  89  Night  shades  moysturs  glittring 
!    Aurora  repealeth. 

Repealable  (r/prlab'l),  a.  [f.  REPEAL  f.i  + 
-ABLE.]  That  may  be  repealed  or  revoked. 

1570  KOXE  A.  I;  M.  (ed.  2)  762/2  All  their  liberties,  which 
I  were  not  repealed,  or  repealeable  by  the  common  law.  1614 
•  SUDDEN  tr.  Aerodiuf  Disc.  Parents  Hon.  (1616)  ii  What  he 
commands  is  constant  and  perpetuall,  but  our  lawes  bee 
mutable  and  repealeable.  1675  Art  Contentin.  \  i.  ii,  Even 
that  decision  also  would  have  bin  repealable  by  a  greater 
force.  ^1843  CARLYLE  Past  f,-  Pr.  in.  viii,  An. .act  of 
Heaven's  Parliament,  not  repealable  in  St.  Stephen's  or 
elsewhere  !  1888  BRYCE  Aincr.  Coinrnm.  i.  xxxi.  I.  479 
These  rules  are  sometimes  passed  by  Congress  and  repeal- 
able  by  Congress. 

Hence  Repealabi'lity  (Webster  1828-32);  Re- 
pea-lableiiess  (Webster  1847). 
Repealer  (r/prbi).    [f.  REPEAL  z*.i  +•  -EB  V| 
,    One  who  repeals  or  advocates  repeal. 

1765  BLACKS  mmComm.  Introd.  1. 9  They  are.  .the  makers, 
|  repealers,  and  interpreters  of  the  English  laws.  1876  LAN- 
CROFT  Hist.  U.  S.  IV.  xxix.  46  Grenville  heard,  .one  of  the 
I  repealers  of  his  stamp  act  propose  a  revenue  from  port 
j  duties.  1884  Law  7>V««  LXXVIII.  98/1  If  the  Corn  Law 
i  repealers  had  known  of  this  precedent. 

b.  spec.  An  advocate  of  the  repeal  of  the  Union 
between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

1831  Eraser's  Mag.   IV.  629/1  There  were  . .  some  little 
murmunngs  amongst  the  more  clear -sighted  and  determined 
J    of  the  repealers.  1848  W.J.  O'N.  DAUNT  Recall.  O'Connell  I. 
!    i.  10  Nor  is  the  injustice  of  any  individual  government  to 
Ireland  the  sole  reason  why  Irishmen  are  Repealers.     1861 
GOLDW.  SMITH  Irish  Hist.  180  The  Repealers.. betray  their 
misgivings  as  to  the  soundness  of  their  theory. 
So  Repea'list. 

1831  Eraser's  Mag.  IV.  629/1  Such  were  the  murmurings 
of  some  of  the  sterner  repeahsts. 

Repeall,  obs.  form  of  REPEAL  sb. 

t  Repea'lmeiit.  Obs.  [f.  REPEAL z>.i  +  -SIENT.] 
|  Recall  from  banishment. 

?  1605  J.  BODF.NHAM  Wittcs'  Comiimi.  220  Great  is  the  com- 
fort  that  a  banished  man  takes,  at  tidings  of  his  repealement. 
1627  FELTHAM  Resolves  i.  [n.]  xii.  38  Though  unthankeful- 
nes  banisheth  love,  Gratitude  obtames  a  repealement. 

Repear,  obs.  variant  of  RIPPIEU. 

t  Repea'Se,  v.  Obs.  AIso6repayse.  [ad.  OF. 
repaiser,  rapaiser,  {.  re-  RE-  +  -paiser  or  apaiser  : 
see  APPEASE.] 

1.  trans.  To  appease  or  pacify  again. 

1480  CAXTON  Grid's  Met.  xii.  ix,  He  oughte  to  delyver  his 
doughter  to  deth,  for  to  repease  the  goddesse  that  em- 
pesshid  their  enterpryse.  1523  Ln.  BERNEUS  Froiss.  I. 
xliv.  61  She  had  moche  a  do  to  repayse  hym  of  his  dys- 
pleasure.  1530  PALSCR.  686/2  If  he  be  chaffed  ones,  we 
have  moche  a  do  to  repayse  hym. 

2.  To  reassure,  rare  ~l. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  150  b/i  Whan  thangele  knewe 
that  for  thys  salutacion  she  was  tymerous  and  abasshed 
anone  he  repeased  her  sayeng  Marye  be  nothyng  aferd. 

Repeat  (r/prt),  sb.  Also  5-6  repete,  6-7  re- 
peate.  [f-  the  vb.] 

1.  The  (or  an)  act  of  repeating,  repetition. 

1556  J.  HEYWOOn.S/S/rfcrtf/''.  Ixi.  10  First  thants  tale  told 
the  spiders  he  did  repeate. . .  Then  in  repeate,  the  spiders 
tale  he  did  treate.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  VI.  318  One  stroke 
they  aim'd  That  might  determine,  and  not  need  repeate. 
1855  HOI-KINS  Organ  205  A  ( return  '  or  (  repeat '  is  caused 
in  the  series  of  Pedal  sounds.  1869  Daily  News  20  Aug.,  A 
message  may  be  hereafter  sent  from  London  to  Bombay 
almost  without  a  repeat. 

b.  A  repetition  of  a  musical  piece  or  perform 
ance,  or  of  some  part  of  these. 

1853  Miss  E.  S.  SHF.TPARD  Ch.  Anchester  II.  208  Then 
burst  out  a  tremendous  call  for  a  repeat.  1865 Af0rfi.  Star 
8  Sept.,  As  to  the  execution  of  the  oratorio,  .there  was  one 
good  feature  in  it  — there  were  no  repeats. 

2 .  fa.  A  refrain  in  poetry.   Obs.  rare. 

1497  Bp.  ALCOCK  Mons  Perfect.,  The  repete  of  euery 
balett  was  this,  Englonde  may  wayle  that  euer  Galand 
came  here.  1589  PUTTKNHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xix.  (Arb.) 
233  We  may  terme  him  the  Loue-burden,  following  the 
original!,  or  if  it  please  you,  the  long  repeate. 
fb.  A  repeated  word  or  phrase.  Obs. 

I55i  T.WILSON  Logikc  Gj,  The  third  (term)  is  called  the 
double  repeate,  which  is  twise  rehersed.  Ibid.  G  v,  The 
double  repeate  which  is  twise-mencioned  in  both  proposi 
tions  ought  to  be  no  doubtful!  worde.  1557  N.  T.  (Genev.) 
Matt.  vi.  7  marg..  He  commandeth  vs  to  beware  muche 
babling  and  superfluous  repetes. 

c.  Mas.  A  passage  repeated  or  performed  twice; 
the  repetition  of  a  passage. 


REPEAT. 

1653  J.  SPENCER  Prodigies  (1665)  3  Similar  figures  or 
dispositions,  .serve  as  a  kind  of  grateful  repeats  in  the 
harmony  of  the  world.  1752  AVISON  A/us.  Express.  117 
When  there  are  no  intermediate  notes  to  introduce  the 
Repeat.  1835  CARRICK  Laird  of  Logan  56  She  began  her 
complaint  against  what  she  called  '  these  repeats ',  or 
singing  one  line  more  than  once  over.  1874  SPURGEON 
Treas.  David  Ps.  xcviii.  5  All  repetitions  are  not  vain 
repetitions,  In  sacred  song  there  should  be  graceful  repeats. 
1884  G.  MOORE  Mummer's  Wife  (1887)  160  Then  there  is  a 
repeat,  in  which  the  tenors  and  basses  are  singing  against 
the  women's  voices 

d.  Ahts.  A  sign  directing  that  a  passage  is  to 
be  performed  twice. 

1667  C.  SIMPSON  Compendium  24  This  Mark  signifies  a 
Repetition  from  that  place  only  where  it  is  set,and  is  called 
a  Repeat.  1706  A.  BEDFORD  Temple  Mus.'ix,.  194  It  is.. 
expressed  in  our..  Anthems  by  a  Mark  which  we  call  a  Re 
peat.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v,  The  great  Repeat  is 
only  a  double  bar,  dotted  on  each  side.  Ibid.  The  small 
repeat  is  where  only  some  of  the  last  measures  of  a  strain 
are  to  be  repeated.  1818  BUSBY  Gram.  Mus.  159  Other 
abbreviations  are  also  employed  under  the  form  of  icpeats. 

t  3.  A  recital,  account.   Obs.  rare. 

1609  MARKHAM  Famous  Whore  (1868)  33  Nor  will  I  heere 
report  my  foul  diseases.  For  such  repeates  all  modest  eares 
displeases.  ci6n  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xvi.  57  And  so  of  this  re- 
peate  enough  :  Take  thou  my  fame-blaz'd  armes[etc.]. 

4.  A  repetition  or  duplicate  of  something. 

1842  H.  MILLER  O.  R.  Sandst.  vii.  (ed.  2)  144  A  doubtful 
repeat  in  the  strata  at  one  point  of  junction.  1867  Sabbath 
on  Rock  ii.  41  The  Jewish  Sabbath  was  a  repeat  of  God's 
seventh  day  of  rest. 

b.  A  device  or  pattern  on  cloth,  paper,  etc., 
which  is  repeated  uniformly  over  the  surface. 

1855  R.  N.  WORSUM  Atitil.  Ornament  19  You  have  but 
to  design  your  repeat  or  unit  of  repetition  ;  the  rest  is  mere 
mechanical  expansion.  1899  MACKAIL  Life  Morris  I.  282 
The  problem  was  that,  .of  so  arranging  the  '  repeat'  that  the 
pattern  should  flow  continuously  over  the  whole  space  to 
be  filled,  and  not  fall  asunder  into  patches. 

c.  Comm.  A  second  or  fresh  supply  of  goods 
similar  to  one  already  received  ;  also,  an  order  for 
such  a  supply,  a  re-order. 

1885  Pall  Mall  G.  14  Nov.  2/1,  I  ordered  patterns  and 
fabrics.. only  to  be  disappointed.  In  short,  to  use  a  trade 
term,  I  could  not  be  sure  of  getting  a*  repeat '.  i$g$  Daily 
News  19  Dec.  2/6  We  can  tell  how  trade  is  going  by  the 
'  repeats  '  we  get. 

attrib.  1888  Daily  News  19  Nov.  2/7  There  is  an  en 
couraging  influx  of  repeat  purchases.  1891  Ibid.  11  Mar. 
2/7  Both  new  and  repeat  orders  are  coming  m  freely. 

Repeat  (npf-t),  v.  Also  4-7  repete,  6  Sc. 
repit-,  6-7  repeit,  7  repeate ;  pa.  pple.  7  re- 
peaten.  [ad.  F.  rtptter  (i3th  c.),  ad.  L.  repetere 
to  attack  again,  do  or  say  again,  fetch  back,  de 
mand  the  return  of,  f.  re-  RE-  +petere  to  attack, 
make  for,  demand,  seek,  etc.] 

I.  1.  trans.  To  say  or  utter  over  again  (some 
thing  which  one  has  already  said),  to  reiterate. 
Also  with  obj.  clause. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  vi.  (Thomas}  77  He  can  hire  pray, 
In  be  sammyne  led,  fore  til  repete  bai  sammyne  wordis. 
1513  DOUGLAS  ^E net's  iv.  ProL  220  By  the  will  I  repeit 
this  vers  agane,  Temporall  joy  endis  with  wo  and  pane. 
1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixviii.  §  2  It  is  true  that  in 
sermons  we  do  not  use  to  repeate  our  sentences  seuerally  to 
euery  particular  hearer.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  ii.  254  We 
ad  nothing  more,  but  doe  repeate  vnto  you,  that  we  then 
did  say  in  that  point.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  400  Oft  he  to 
her  his  charge  of  quick  returne  Repeated.  1719  DE  FOE 
Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  222  He  was  too  earnest  for  an  Answer  to 
forget  his  Question  ;  so  that  he  repeated  it  in  the  very  same 
broken  Words.  1780  COWPER  Progr.  Err.  550  His  still  re 
futed  quirks  he  still  repeats.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng. 
ili.  II.  352  The  King,  as  usual,  repeated  the  same  words 
over  and  over.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  12  He  has  re 
peated  his  words  several  times,  and  yet  they  cannot  under 
stand  him. 

absol.  1859  TENNYSON  Elaine  1022  As  when  we  dwell 
upon  a  word  we  know,  Repeating,  till  ihe  word  we  know  so 
well  Becomes  a  wonder. 

2.  To  say  over,  to  recite  (something  previously 
learned  or  composed) ;  also,  to  say  or  enunciate  in 
a  formal  manner  or  in  due  order;  to  relate,  re 
count. 

1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Costnogr.  Classed  You  have  truly  re- 
petyd  Ptolomaeus  wordes.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanfs  Comm. 
31  b,  He  wrote  to  themperour.  .repeting  the  whole  action 
at  few  words.  1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  7K,  iv.  i.  203  And  there 
fore  will  hee..keepe  no  Tell-tale  to  his  Memorie,  That  may 
repeat  and  Historic  his  losse,  To  new  remembrance.  1605 
—  Math.  iv.  iii.  112  These  euils  thou  repeat'st  vpon  thy 
selfe,  Hath  banish'd  me  from  Scotland.  1640  6 ROME  An 
tipodes  in.  iii,  It  shall  be  by  posterity  repeaten  That  souldlers 
ought  not  to  be  dund  or  beaten.  1694  WOOD  Life  (O.H.S.) 
III.  450  Daniel  Stacy,  .repeated  the  4  Easter  Sermons  at 
S.  Marie  s.  1702  ADDISON  Dial.  Medals  Wks.  1721  I.  437, 
I  cannot  forbear  repeating  a  passage  out  of  Persius.  .that  in 
my  opinion  [etc.J.  1754  GRAY  Poesy  60  She  deigns  to  hear 
the  savage  Youth  repeat,  In  loose  numbers  wildly  sweet, 
Their  feaiher-cinctur'd  chiefs,  and  dusky  loves.  1826  SCOTT 
Woodst.  xxv,  Repeat  me  these  verses  again,  slowly  and 
deliberately.  187^  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  20  An  actor  who 
spoiled  his  poems  in  repeating  them. 

b.  absol.  f  Also  spec,  to  hear  recitations  or 
lessons ;  to  preach  as  a  REPEATER. 

1579  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  244  Mr.  Magnus  wes 
placit  in  the  said  college  be  way  of  interim  to  repeit  with 
the  studentis.  1608  SHAKS.  Per.  i.  iv.  74  Thou  speak'st 
like  him's  [Q.  himnes]  untutered  to  repeat.  1673  WOOD 
Life  (O.H.S.)  II.  261  Low  Sunday,  Samuel  Parker  of 
Merton  Coll.  repeated. 


462 

f  C.  To  mention,  state.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1561  DAUS  tr,  Bitllinger  on  Afoc.  19  And  first  S.  lobn 
repeteth  his  name,  lest  we  shuld  any  thing  doubt  of 
thauthour,.  .But  he  repeteih  not  himselfe  to  be  yfl  seruaunt 
of  God. 

fd.   To  celebrate,  speak  of  (as).   Obs.  rare. 

1638  BRATHWAIT  Barnabees  Jrul.  in.  (1818)  135  Thence  to 
Wenchly,  valley-seated,  For  antiquity  repeated.  1671 
MILTON  Samson  645  Reserv'd  alive  to  be  repeated  The 
subject  of  thir  cruelty,  or  scorn. 

3.  To  say  or  utter  again  after  another  or  others. 

1595  SHAKS.  John  in.  iv.  95  Greefe  fils  the  roome  vp  of  my 
absent  childe  :  . .  Puts  on  his  pretty  lookes,  repeats  his 
words.  1712  STEELE  Sped,  No.  424  F  2,  I  do  but  repeat 
what  has  been  said  a  thousand  times.  1754  POCOCKF,  Trav, 
(Camden)  II.  55  Here  is  an  eccho  at  a  well  to  the  Church 
which  repeats  seven  syllables.  1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xix, 
With  difficulty  she  forbore  from  repeating  the  cries  of 
lamentation  and  alarm,  which  were  echoed  around  her. 
1874  H.  R.  REYNOLDS  John  Bapt.  \.  \.  12  All  the  writers  of 
the  New  Testament,  .do  but  repeat  or  transmit  the  signifi 
cance  of  the  life  and  work  of  Christ. 

absol.  1724  RAMSAY  Vision  ix,  Eccho  answers  all ;  Re- 
petand,  and  greitand. 

f  b.  In  passive.  To  be  retorted  upon  in  the 
same  words.  ?  nonce-use. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  VII.  334  Lovel.  Why 

so,  Sir?    Col.  Why  so,  Sir  !  (angrily).. Loi/el,  (interrupting) 

I  don't  choose,  Colonel,  to  be  repeated  upon,  in  that  accent. 

II.  f4.  To   seek   again,   return  to,  encounter 

or  undergo  again.   Obs. 

I43Z~S°  tr-  ffigden  (Rolls)  I.  91  Feynenge  oftetymes 
theym  to  flee,  and  after  that  repetenge  fiijhte.  1645  WALLER 
Summer  Isl.  in.  106  The  pious  Trojan  so,  Neglecting  for 
Creusa's  life  his  own,  Repeats  the  danger  of  the  burning 
town.  1666  DRYDEN  Ann,  Mirab.  cclvii,  Others,  .while 
through  burning  labyrinths  they  retire,  With  loathing  eyes 
repeat  what  they  would  shun.  1697  —  Virgil  Ded.  b  iv  b, 
^fclneas.  .having  secured  his  Father  and  his  Son,  . .  repeated 
all  his  former  Dangers  to  have  found  his  Wife. 

t  5.   Sc.  To  set-k  in  past  time;  to  trace  back.  Obs. 

Only  in  translations,  after  L.  repetere. 

1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  i.  Prol.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  S  pe  historic  of 
romanls  is  of  grete  besines,  becaus  It  is  now  to  be  repetit 
aboue  sevin  hundreth  ^eris.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr  Leslie's 
Hist.  Scot.  i.  63  We  think  nocht  sa  far  to  repeit  the  begin 
ning  athir  frome  thir.  .fin5et  Goddis,  or  frome. .  Gy antes. 

6.  To  do,  make,  perform,  or  execute  over  again. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  382  b,  Such  t hinges  .. 

ought  not  to  have  the  force  of  a  law,  but  that  all  thinges 
should  be  repeted  from  the  beginning.  i635QuARLES  Einbt. 
H.  xiii,  He  hath  ill  repented,  whose  sins  are  repeated.  1706 
Art  of  Painting  (1744)  65  There  is  scarce  a  painter  but  has 
repeated  some  one  of  his  works.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s.v.,  This  mark  shews,  that  the  particular  strain  is  to  be 
repeated.  1800  tr.  Lagrange's  Client.  II.  104  Add.. water 
to  the  residuum,  boil  it  a  second  time,  and  repeat  this 
operation  twice.  1864  BRYCE  Holy  Rom.  Emp,  v.  (1875)  70 
He  repeats  the  attempt  of  Theodoric  to  breathe  a  Teutonic 
spirit  into  Roman  forms. 

b.  To  cause  to  appear,  to  bring  up  or  present 
again.     Also  freq.  m passive,  denoting  recurrence. 

1714  CUNN  Treat.  Fractions  Pref.  6  The  Reverend  Mr. 
Brown,  in  his  System  of  Decimal  arithmetick,  manages  such 
interminate  Decimals  as  have  a  single  Digit  continually  re 
peated.  1778  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  I.  680/2  The  second 
[division  of  the  decimal],  .repeats  the  resulting  figure  after 
the  dividend  is  exhausted.  1823  J.  MITCHELL  Diet. Math. 
fy  Phys.  Sci.  417/2  Recurring  Decimals,  those  which  are 
continually  repeated  in  the  same  order.  1862  STANLEY  Jew . 
Ch.  (1877)  I.  viii.  169  Nine  times  in  the  course  of  this  single 
hymn  is  repeated  this  most  expressive  figure. 

refl.  1872  FROST  Curve  Tracing  190  The  manner  in  which 
the  curve  repeats  itself  is  given  in  another  figure. 

c,  intr.  To  recur,  appear  again. 

1714  CUNN  Treat.  Fractions  66  If  any  required  Root  of 
some  circulating  Expression  doth  not  repeat  from  the  Re- 
petend  once  used,  it  cannot  repeat  at  all.  1796  HUTTON 
Math.  Diet,  I.  290/1  That  part  of  the  circulate  which  re 
peats  is  called  the  repetend. 

7.  spec.  a.  Of  clocks  and  watches:  To  strike  (the 
last  hour  or  quarter)  again.    Also  absoL 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  CycL  s.v.  Watch,  Barlow's  [watch]  was 
made  to  repeat,  by  pushing  in  two  pieces  on  each  side  the 
watch-box;  one  of  which  repeated  the  hour  and  the  other 
the  quarter.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  499  A 
clock.. which  strikes  and  repeats,  and  goes  for  eight  days. 
1843  Penny  CycL  XXVII.  107/1  The  clock  would  at  any 
time  repeat  the  hour  last  struck.  1851  Illustr.  Catal.  Gt. 
Exhib.  1273  Gold  watch,  striking  the  hour  and  quarters,  and 
repeating  when  wanted. 

b.  Naiit.  To  reproduce  (signals  made  by  the 
admiral).     Also  absol. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Signals^  The 
admiral's  signals,  -are  always  repeated  by  the  officers  next 
in  command;  by  ships  appointed  to  repeat  signals  [etc.]. 
Ibid,,  To  preserve  order  in  the  repetition  of  signals,.. the 
commanders  of  the  squadrons  repeat  after  the  admiral.  1809 
NavalCkron.  XXII.  181  Frigates,.  .To  repeat  in  Admiral 
Byng's  Division.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  568  To 
Repeat  Signals  is  to  make  the  same  signal  exhibited  by 
the  admiral,  in  order  to  its  being  more  readily  distinguished 
at  a  distance. 

c.  absol.    c7.  S.    To  vote  illegally  more  than 
once  at  the  same  election. 

1888  BRYCE  Amer,  Commit}.  II.  in.  ]\iv.  469  Vagabonds 
who.. are  ready  to  stuff  ballot-boxes,  to  buy  votes,  to  're 
peat  ',  elc. 

d.  absol.  Of  food :  To  rise  in  the  gullet,  so  as 
to  be  tasted  again. 

1879  Miss  JACKSON  Shropsh.  Word-Ik.  1896  Mod.  Advt.t 
Emulsion . .  does  not  repeat,  which  is  very  much  in  its  favour. 

8.  refl.   a.    To  reproduce  or  present  (oneself) 
again ;  to  reappear  in  the  same  form. 


REPEATER. 

a  1850  JEFFREY  (Ogilvie),  In  personating  the  heroes  of  the 
scene,  he  does  little  but  repeat  himself.  1868  E.  EDWARDS 
Ralegk  I-  xxiv  561  Biography,  like  history  at  large,  is  apt 
occasionally  to  repeat  itself. 

b.  To  say  again  what  one  has  already  said. 

1864  FROUDE  Short  Stud,  (1867)  I.  i  He  spoke  more  than 
an  hour  without  a  note— never  repeating  himself.  1874  L. 
STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library  (1892)  I.  yi.  220  A  man  must 
necessarily  repeat  himself  who  writes  eighty-five  stories.  .IB 
less  than  twenty  years. 

III.  f9.  Chiefly  Sc.  Law.  To  ask  back,  to 
demand  the  restitution  of  (money  or  goods) ;  to 
claim,  require.  Also  const,  from.  Obs. 

1582  R(g.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  499  All  proffUe  and 
cornmoditie  quhilk  our  said  Soverane  Lord  . .  mycht  ony 
wy.se  ask,  cleame  or  repeit  fra  the  saidis  pertiners.  1397 
Sf.  Acts  yas.  VI  §  100  heading.  The  maner  how  gudes 
taken  away,  may  be  repeated.  1609  SKENE  Reg.  Maj.  26 
Gif  he  selles  hir  dowrie,  and  she  consent  thereto  after 
his  deceis,  she  may  nocht  repete  the  samine  fra  the  buyer. 
1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  Disc.  x.  136  When  a  man  is 
in  a  considerable  degree  defrauded,  then  it  is  permitted  to 
him  to  repeat  his  own  before  Christian  arbitrators. 

Repeatable  (nprtab'l),  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -ABLE.] 
Capable  of  being  repeated. 

1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic.  Evid  (1827)  III.  455 
Two  witnesses  and  the  causes  of  untrustworthiness  repeat- 
able  upon  each.  1844  Eraser's  Mag .  XXIX.  68  Few  see 
events  ..  of  a  more  interesting  or  repeatable  description. 
1879  MEREDITH  Egoist  xxxvii,  To  make  his  home  a  fountain 
of  repeatable  wit. 

Repea'tal.  rare.     [-AL.]     Repetition. 

1891  TALMAGEHI  Voice  (&.\.)  i  Jan.,  Are  there  no  new 
k-ssons  from  the  story,  not  yet  hackneyed  by  oft  repeatal  ? 

Repeated  (rrprttd),  ///.  a.    [f.  REPEAT  ».] 

1.  Reiterated  ;  renewed  ;  frequent. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  i.  vi.  4  My  supreame  Crowne  of  griefe, 
and  those  repeated  Vexations  of  it.  1642  MILTON  Sonti. 
viii,  The  repeated  air  Of  sad  Electra's  Poet.  1703  DE  FOE 
in  is/A  Rep.  Hist-  MSS.  Comm.  App.  IV.  62  Accept  my  re 
peated  thanks  for  the  friendship  you  show.  1764  GOLDSM. 
Trav.  298  The  wave-subjected  soil  Impels  the  native  to  re 
peated  toil.  1793  BEDDOES  Calculus  219  Though  I  am 
certain  of  this  increase  of  weight  from  repeated  experiments. 
1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xvi.  III.  661  The  events  which 
were  passing.. on  the  Continent  compelled  William  to  make 
repeated  changes  in  his  plans. 

2.  With  advbs.     (Well,  often,  etc.)  recited,  said 
over,  or  related. 

1718  PRIOR  Power  155  The  pleasing  song,  or  well  repeated 
tale.  1770  Jitnius  Lett,  xxxviii.  (1788)  202  The  cold 
formality  of  a  well-repeated  lesson.  1864  BURTON  Scot  Abr. 

I.  v.  270  An  old  and  oft-repeated  tale.     1869  FREEMAN 
Norm.  Conq,  xiii.  (1875)  III.  282  They  find  it  much  easier 
to  echo  some  easily  repeated  formula. 

Repea'tedly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LT2.]  More 
than  once,  again  and  again,  frequently. 

rti7i8  STEPHENS  (J.),  And  are  not  these  vices,  which 
lead  into  damnation,  repeatedly,and  most  forcibly  cautioned 
against?  1748  BUTLER  Sernt,  Wks.  1874  II.  314  These 
persons  ought  repeatedly  to  be  told,  how  highly  blnmable 
they  are.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  xxxi.  III.  221  The  as 
surances  of.  .relief,  which  were  repeatedly  transmitted  from 
the  court  of  Ravenna.  1848  W.  H.  BARTLETT  Egypt  to  Pal. 
xxvi.  (1879)  524  On  our  way  to  Sidon  we  repeatedly  en 
countered  unknown  ruins.  1868  E.  EDWARDS  Ralegh^  I. 
xiii.  254  Ralegh.,  was  repeatedly  consulted  about  Irish 
affairs. 

So  Repea'tedness.  rare^"1. 

1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  /««>.,  Appl.  523  Thus  fully  have  I 
cleared  myself  from  all  general  imputations,,  .the  more  in 
dustriously,  because  of  the  repeatedness  of  the  same. 

Repeater  (i/prtai).    [f.  REPEAT  v.  +  -ER1.] 
fl.   A  rehearser,  trainer.  Obs.  rare— *. 
1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III.  920/2  In  his  chappell  he 
had  a  deane :.  .a  subdeane :  a  repeater  of  the  quire  [etc.]. 

2.  One  who  repeats  something  heard  or  learned  ; 
a  relater,  reciter. 

1598  FLORIO,  Ripitore ;  a  repeater  or  relator  of  a  matter. 
1656  Artif.  Handsaw.  121  More  repeaters  of  their  popular 
Oratorious  vehemencies,  than  urgers  and  confirmers  of  their 
argumentative  strength.  1739  GIBBER  Apol.  (1756)  I.  94 
Some  great  author  whose  sense  is  deeper  than  the  repeater's 
understanding.  1797  Encycl.  Brii.(&\.  3)  XVI.  18/2  There 
is  another  very  peculiar  kind  of  delivery  sometimes  used  in 
Ihe  person  of  a  repeater.  1819  BYRON  Jitan  i.  xxviii,  The 
hearers  of  her  case  became  repeaters,  Then  advocates,  in 
quisitors,  and  judges.  1893  MAX  MULLER  in  Barrows  Parlt, 
Rclig.  II.  936  Thus  only  can  we  use  the  words  . .  not  as 
thoughtless  repeaters,  but  as  honest  thinkers  and  believers, 
tb.  (See  quot.  1691.)  Obs. 

1672  WOOD  Life  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  96  Repeaters— 1661, 
Thomas Tomk'ms,  All  S[ouls]  Qollege].  1691—  Ath.  Oxon. 

II.  817  In   1665  he  was  the  Repeater  or  Repetitioner  in 
S.  Maries  Church  on  Low  Sunday,  of  the  four  Easter  Ser 
mons,  which  being  admirably  well  performed,  all  to  a  word 
memoriter,  without   any  hesitation,   he   obtained  a   great 
esteem  among  the  Academians.      1710  HEARNE  Collect. 
(O.H.S.)  II.  373  The  Repeater  of  ihe  four  Easter-Sermons 
was  Mr.  Francis  Bagshaw.     Ibid.*  Those  Privileges  that  had 
been  granted  to  former  Repeaters. 

3.  a.  A  repeating  watch  or  clock.   Also  attnb. 
1770  Gentl.  Mag.  XL.  4^8  [To]  the  four,  .[he  gave]  a  gold 

watch  each,  one  of  which  was  a  Paris  repeater.  1843 
DICKENS  Christmas  Carol  ii,  He  touched  the  spring  of  his 
repeater,  to  correct  this  most  preposterous  clock.  1884  F.  J. 
BRITTEN  Watch  %  Clockm.  203  Repeater  racks,  .should  be 
. .  polished  underhand.  Ibid.  224  Repeaters  were  first  made 
about  1676. 

b.  Naut.  A  repeating  ship. 

1829  MARRYAT  F.  Mildmay  Hi,  The  signal  officers  of  a  re 
peater  had  to  make  out  the  number  of  the  flag.  1846  YOUNG 
Naut.  Diet.,  Repeaters  or  Repeating  Ships. 

c.  A  repeating  fire-arm. 

1868  Rep.  to  Govt.  U.  S.  Munitions  War  27  This  rifle  is 


REPEATING. 

both  a  breech-loader  and  a  repeater.  1886  Pall  Mall  G. 
14  Dec.  7/2  The  loading  of  the  repeater  can  be  done  in  four 
movements. 

d.  In  Telegraphy.  A  device  for  automatically 
retransmitting  signals  from  one  circuit  to  another. 
1860  G.  PRESCOTT  Electr.  Tclegr.  93  A  repeater  is  an  ap 
paratus  designed  for  the  purpose  of  duplicating  from  one 
electric  circuit  to  another  the  breaks  and  completions  re- 
ceived  from  the  transmitting  station,  1870  POPE  Rlectr. 
Tel.  iv.  (1872)  45  It  was  formerly  customary  to  reunite  the 
messages  at  some  intermediate  station,  but  this  duty  is  now 
usually  performed  by  an  apparatus  called  a  repeater. 

4.  Arith.  A  recurring  decimal. 

1773  Encycl.  Brit.  I.  397/2  Pure  repeaters  take  their  rise 
from  vulgar  fractions  whose  denominator  is  3,  or  its  mul 
tiple  9.  1831  CAHLYLE  Sart.  Res,  \\,  iv,  Do  what  one  will, 
theie  is  ever  a  cursed  fraction,  oftenest  a  decimal  repeater. 

5.  U.  S.  a.  One  who  votes,  or  attempts  to  vote, 
more  than  once  at  an  election. 

1884  Fortn.  Rw.  Mar,  389  A  leader  of  a  gang  of  re- 
penters  before  the  ink  on  his  fraudulent  naturalization  papers 
was  dry.  1888  BRYCE  Amer.  Centime.  II.  in.  Ixiv.  474  [Troy] 
is  full  of  fellows  who  go  to  serve  as  'repeaters'  at  Albany 
elections. 

b.  One  who  is  frequently  committed  to  prison. 
1884  Forfn.  Rev.  Mar.  389  A  repeater  before  he  was  of 

age  ;  a  rounder,  bruiser,  and  shoulder-hitter.  1890  Chicago 
Advance  4  Dec.,  A  class  of  repeaters  or  rounders,  as  they 
are  termed,  some,  .recommitted  more  than  a  hundred  times 
to  the  same  prison. 

c.  One  who  repeats  an  athletic  feat. 

1895  O»tf«^-(U.S.)XXVI.  456/2  He  is  a  'repeater  '  of  the 
first  rank,  such  performances  as  winning  two  three-mile 
races  in  the  same  day.  .seeming  easy  for  him. 

Repeating  (rip/'tirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  I.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  REPEAT  in  various 
senses ;  repetition. 

1530  TINDALE  Prol.  pent.  Wks.  (1573)  21  The  calling  to 
minde,  &  a  repeaty ng  in  the  harte  of  the  glorious . .  dedes  of 
God.  1595  SHAKS.  J^ohn  iv.  ii.  19  This  acte  is  as  an  ancient 
tale  new  told  ;  And,  in  the  last  repeating,  troublesome.  1671 
W.  MONTAGU  in  Bucclench  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  1.500 
This.,  being  the  repeating  of  our  dearest  Madame's  loss  by 
a  solicitation  relating  to  it.  1762  FOOTE  Lyar\\.  Wks.  1799 
I.  294  In  common  occurrences  there  is  no  repeating  after 
him.  1881  MAHAFFY  Old  Greek  Educ.  xi.  137  The  repeating 
and  expounding  of  the  founder's  views.  1888  BRYCE  A  wer. 
Cominw.  II  in.  Ixiii.  458  The  code.. does  not  forbid  false, 
hood,  or  malversation,  or  ballot  stuffing,  or  'repeating*. 

Repea-ting,  ///.  a.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.] 

That  repeats,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb. 

1.  a.  Of  watches  and  clocks,  or  parts  of  these. 
1688  in  J.  W.  Benson  Time  %  T.-tetten  (1902)  42  His  sole 

making  and  managing  of  all  pulling  repeating  pocket-clocks 
and  watches.  1727  GAY  Begg.  Op.  i.  viii,  The  gentleman 
who  was  here  yesterday  about  the  repeating  watch.  1764 
Ann.  Reg.  79  A  repeating  clock  which  strikes  the  hours  and 
quarters.  1803  JANE  PORTER  Thaddens  (1826)  I.  ix.  188  He 
was  pressing  the  repeating  spring,  which  struck  five.  1843 
Penny  Cycl.  XXVII.  107/2  Fig.  i  represents  the  repeating- 
train  between  the  frames.  1884  F.  J.  BRITTEN  Watch  $ 
Clockm.  226  Repeating  Rack.. [is]  a  rack  in  a  repeating 
watch  which  is  shifted  one  tooth  for  each  blow  that  is  struck. 

b.  Of  ships  (see  REPEAT  v.  7  b). 

1805  Naval  Chro't.  XIII.  466  The  Elven,  a  Repeating 
Sloop.  1844  LD.  BROUGHAM  A.  Lunel  II.  iv.  100  The 
captain's  glass  told  him  that  it  was  only  a  repeating  frigate 
stationed  to  windward.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  IV'ord-bk.  568 
Frigates  and  small  vessels  out  of  the  line  were  deemed  re 
peating  ships. 

fig.  1810  Naval Ckron.  XXIII.  43  We  readily  allow  the 
Naval  Chronicle  to  serve  as  repeating  frigate.  1824  SCOTT 
Redgauntlet  ch.  xiii,  And  you  a  repeating  frigate  between 
Summertrees  and  the  Laird  ! 

c.  Repeating  circle,  an  instrument  for  measuring 
angles,  in  which  accuracy  is  obtained  by  repeated 
measurements  on  a  graduated  circle.     So  repeating 
instrument,  theodolet,  tripod,  etc. 

a  1815  Brewsters  Edinb.  Encycl.  VI.  498  The  principle 
to  which  the  repeatingcircleowes  its  existence  was  discovered 
by  Professor  Mayer.. in  1758.  1821  TROUCHTON  in  Mem. 
Astron.  Soc.  I.  (1822)  33  The  repealing  circle,  till  within 
these  few  years,  has  been  very  little  used  in  this  country. 
iSzgPEAKSON Practical  A  stron.  II.  513  A  repeating  instru 
ment  of  the  simplest  construction.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX. 
399/2  A  watch  telescope  can  scarcely  be  applied  to  a  re 
peating  theodolet,  and  we  think  that  the  repeating  tripod 
may  be  so  made  as  to  be  free  from  any  objection. 

d.  Of  fire-arms :  Capable  of  firing  a  number  of 
shots  in  succession  without  reloading. 

1824  W.  N.  BLANS  Excursion  47,  I  saw  there  several  of 
the  celebrated  'repeating  swivels.'  1858  GREENER  Gun 
nery  413  Revolving  or  repeating  pistols  have  now  become  as 
necessary  in  war  as  the  lifle.  Ibid.  414  The  complicated 
arrangement  of  all  repeating  fire-arms.  1880  Daily  News 
17  Nov.,  A  repeating  rifle  of  novel  construction. 

e.  Photogr.    Repeating  back,    a   form  of  slide 
enabling  two  negatives  to  be  taken  on  one  plate. 

1890  WOODBURY  Encyc.  Photogr.  s.v..  There  are  many 
forms  of  studio  cameras  with  repeating  backs.  1892  Phot. 
Ann,  II.  292  This ..  possesses  the  advantage  of  a  repeating 
back  for  two  cartes.. upon  one  plate. 

2.  a.  Arith.  Of  decimals:  Recurring. 

1773  Encycl.  Brit.  I.  397/2  Repeating  decimals  are  of  two 
kinds  :  viz.  some  consist  only  of  the  repeating  figures  [etc.]. 
1847  DF-  MORGAN  A  rithm.  Bks.  79  Another  tract  on  repeat 
ing  decimals. 

b.  Math.  (See  quot.) 

1872^  FROST  Curve  Tracing  187  Repeating  Curves.. whose 
equations  involve  trigonometrical  functionsof  the  coordinates 
in  the  place  of  the  coordinates  themselves.  The  loci  of 
such  curves,  from  the  nature  of  trigonometrical  function,  are 
made  up  of  patterns  continually  repeated  in  every  direction. 


463 

3.  That  repeats  a  sound. 

1709  MRS.  ROWE  Love  <y  Friendship  43,  I.  .All  Day  to  the 
repeating  leaves  complain  In  mournful  Accents.  1839  DE 
QUINCEY  Recoil.  Lakes  Wks.  1862  II.  19  A  shout  from  an 
aerial  height,  .propagated  through  repeating  bands  of  men 
from  a  distance  of  many  miles. 

t  Repe  ccating,  ppl.  a.  06s.  rare-1,  [f.  RE- 
+  ppl.  stem  of  \^.pcccare  to  offend.]  =  PKCOANT  a.  3. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Giii/lcuicaii'sf'r.  Chimrg.  49  b/i  Only  that 
the  repeccating  humors  be  cleanlye  purged  out. 

t  Repeda'tion.  Obs,  [ad.  L.  type  *repcda- 
tion-etn,  n.  of  action  f.  repedare  to  step  back,  f.  re- 
RE-  2  a  +  pedare  to  step.]  Retrogression,  esp.  of 
the  planets.  (Only  in  H.  More.) 

1642  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  n.  App.  Ixxvi,  Another  Adam 
once  received  breath,  And  still  another  in  endlesse  repeda- 
tion.  1653  —  Ant  ill.  At/i.  H.  xii.  §  17  The  Directions, 
Stations  and  Repedations  of  those  Krratick  Lights. 

Repeell,  -peit,  obs.  ff.  REPEAL  s/>.,  REPEAT  v. 

Repel  (r/pe'l),  v.  Also  5-6  repelle,  6-7  (9) 
repell.  [ad.  L.  repeltfre,  f.  re-  RE-  +  pellere  to 
drive :  cf.  compel,  impel,  etc.] 

fl.  tram.  To  drive  or  put  away;  to  remove, 
extinguish,  quench.  Obs. 

J43Z-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  471  Water  dothe  repelle 
[L.  extinguit} oure  naturalle  thurste,  and  golde your  thurste. 
1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  85/2  Thenne  was  it  thyng  couenable 
that  he  that  shold  repelle  this  defaulte  shold  be  born  of  a 
vyrgyne.  a  1586  MONTGOMERY  Misc.  Poems  xvii.  39  Leid, 
Ane  hevy  mettall  cauld  and  deid,  Repelling  loue,..And 
quencher  of  desyre.  c  1586  C'TESS  PKMBROKE  Ps.  cv.  xi, 
[God]  their  hunger  to  repel,  Candies  the  grasse  with  sweete 
congealed  dew. 

2.  To  drive  or  force  back  (an  assailant  or  in 
vader,  an  attack,  etc.) ;  to  repulse.  Also  const. 
from,  f  out  of,  f  into,  •)•  to. 

c  1450  Cov.  Myst.  (Shaks.  Soc.)  106  Hese  [Satan's]  grete 
males,  good  Lord,  repelle,  And  take  man  onto  thi  grace. 
1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixxvi.  5  A  pray  to  deid,  quhome 
vane  is  to  repell.  1566  Form  Coin.  Prayer  in  Liturg. 
Sen.'.  Q.  KHz.  (Parker  Soc.)  527  The  Turks.. most  fiercely 
assailing  the  Isle  of  Malta. .were  from  thence  repelled  and 
driven.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  IX.  viii.  (1614)  867  They 
..  land  in  another  place,  hut  are  repelled  to  their  ships  by 
the  Inhabitants.  1678  WANLKV  Wond.  Lit.  World  v.  ii.  §  66. 
471/2  Henry,  the  brother  of  Baldwin,  repelled  the  Bulgarians 
out  of  Greece.  1717  POPE  Iliad  xi.  680  So  turn'd  stern 
Ajax,  by  whole  hosts  repell'd.  1821  2  SHELLEY  Chas.  I,  iv. 
43  Repelling  invasion  from  the  sacred  towers.  1859  THACK 
ERAY  Yirgiti.  vi.  The  small  body  of  provincial  troops  with 
which  he  marched  to  repel  the  Frenchmen. 

aosol.  1595  MARKHAM  Sir  R.  Grenvitc  Fiv,  He  repeld 
them  whilst  repell  he  might,  Till  fainting  power  was  tane 
from  power  to  fight.  1764  GOLDSM.  Trav.  344  Here.. Minds 
combat  minds,  repelling  and  icpell'd. 

b.  To  resist,  repress  (a  feeling,  incentive,  etc.). 
1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  n.  (1625)  37  What  sonne  will 

foranyzeale  or  duly  once  seeke  to  repell  his  owne  appetite? 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  viii.  643  Perfect  within,  no  outward  aid 
require;  And  all  temptation  to  transgress  repel.  1817 
SHELLEY  Rev.  hlant  iv.  xvii.  The  hopes  which  inly  dwell, 
My  manners  note  that  I  did  long  repel.  1877  C.  GEIKIE 
Christ  I.  xxvii.  438  Evil  thoughts  count  as  acts  with  the 
Klernal,  if  not  at  once  repelled. 

c.  Med.  To  force  back  into  the  blood  or  sys 
tem  ;  to  repress  (a  morbid  humour,  swelling,  erup 
tion,  etc.).     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1719  [see  REPELLING  »«.  si.].  1727  BRADLEY  Font.  Diet. 
s.v.  Tumour,  The  other  [method]  is  to  stop  and  repel  'em  ; 
which  is  call'd  Repercussion,  that  sends  'em  back  to  their 
Source.  1753  BARTLEF  Farriery  297  It  being  thought., 
unsafe  to  repel  some  of  these  discharges.  1822-34  [see 
Repelled  below]. 

1 3.  To  reject  or  debar  (a  person)  from  an  office, 
right,  etc.  Also  without  const.  Obs. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAYE  Law  Anns  (S.  T.  S.)  251  Sen  women 
be  the  law  commoun  ar  repellit,  and  by  put,  us  think  that 
the  quene  may  nocht  be  juge  in  the  cas.  1536-7  in  Bollon 
Stat.  Irel.  (1621)  142  By  authorise  of  this  Parliament 
unhabled  and  repelled  from  the  exercising,  receiving,  or 
occupying  of  that  office  for  ever.  1566  T.  STAPLETON  Ret. 
Untr.  Jewel  I.  I  If  any  coming  to  the  communion  duly  and  i 
semely  prepared  be  repelled  of  the  priest.  1766  BLACKSTONE 
Cmnn.ll.  498  It  shall  be  sufficient  to  repel  the  husband 
from  his  general  right  of  administring  his  wife's  effects. 

fb.    To  stop,   hinder,   or  restrain    (a  person) 
from  an  action  or  manner  of  acting.   Obs. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  168/2  Many  letters  by  whyche 
thou  repellyd  moche  folke  fro  doyng  sacrefyse  to  our 
goddes.  1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  2  Mace.  v.  18  This  man  also 
immediately  as  he  came  had  bene  scourged,  and  repelled 
verily  from  his  boldnes.  1617  MORYSON  Itin.  i.  262  The 
lanizare.  .repelled  him  from  doing  mee  any  wrong, 
t  C.  To  put  or  thrust  (one)  away.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1530  Pol.  Rel.  f,  L.  Poems  (1903)  59  Put  from  the  a  proude 
servaunte,  . .  Allso  repelle  that  seruavnte  that  vsith  to 
blaundysh  the.  1540-54  CROKE  13  Ps.  (Percy  Soc.)  36  For 
thou  art  God  myne  onely  strength,  VVherfor  then  doest  thou 
me  repell  ? 

4.  To  turn  back,  ward  off  (a  weapon,  blow  or 
wound).  Also  mjig.  context. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  :88  The  sheelde  of 
feyth,  wherby  we  may  easely  resist  and  repell  all  such  fyry 
dartes  of  temptacion.  1594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  n.  v.  §  7 
Neither  doth  Tertullian  bewray  this  weakness  in  striking 
only,  but  also  in  repelling  their  strokes  with  whom  he  con- 
tendeth.  1717  POPE  Iliad  xi.  304  But  the  broad  belt.. The 
point  rebated,  and  repell'd  the  wound.  £1753  COWPER  To 
Miss  Macartney  42  What  though  in  scaly  armour  dressed, 
Indifference  may  repel  The  shafts  of  woe. 

b.  To  ward  off,  resist  (some  outward  evil). 

1600  HOLLAND  Li~~y  viii.  xxiii.  297  Which  contumelie  and 


REPELLANCY. 

I    reprochfull  injurie.  .they  would  with  all  their  might  and 
|    maine  repell  ..  from  them.     1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  vi.  v. 
i    267  A  Military  Habit  used . .  to  repell  the  extremity  of  wet, 
cold  and  heate.     1697   tr.  Bnrgcrsdicius1  Logic  \,   xx.   80 
|    House  and  Clothes  (agree]  in  End  ;  for  the  End  of  both,  is 
i    to  repell  the  Injuries  of  the  Heavens.      1736  WARBURTON 
•    Alliance  betiv.  Ch.  $  State  in.  iii,  Evil  which  proceeds  not 
j    from  the  will  is  called  a  mischief;  and  maybe  simply  re 
pelled.     1780  BENTHAM  Princ.  Legist,  xiv.  §  3  The  case  in 
which  an  individual  repels  an  evil  to  which  the  laws  do  not 
wish  to  expose  him.      1799  COVVPEK  Castaway  40  So  long 
he,  with  unspent  power,  His  destiny  repelled. 

5.  To  drive  or  force  back  (something  moving  or 
advancing),  esp.  by  physical  resistance. 

1603  CAM  DEN  Re»t.  165  A  man  ascending  a  Mountaine, 
but  repelled  with  contrarie  winds.  1657  TRAIT  Cotnm.  Job 
xxxvi.  19  As  the  Rocks  repel  the  greatest  waves,  so  doth 
God  his  enemies.  1692  RAY  Disc.  (1713)  42  There  is  very 
great  use  of  them  [mountains],  for  repelling  the  vapours., 
and  hindering  their  Evagation  Northward.  1791  NEWTE 
Tour  Eng.  %  Scot.  153  The  waters  of  both  [rivers]  . .  being 
repelled  by  the  bold  and  rocky  shores  of  Ross-shire.  1817 
SHELLEY  Rev,  Islam  vi.  v,  I  rushed  among  the  rout  to  have 
,  repelled  That  miserable  flight.  1831  LANDOR  Misc.  Poems 
Wks.  1846  II.  620  The  ebbing  sea  thus  beats  against  the 
shore  ;  The  shore  repels  it  ;  it  returns  again. 

b.  To  force  away  by  the  operation  of  natural 
laws  of  matter.     (Cf.  REPULSION.) 

1710  [see  REPELLING />/•  «•]•  *744  BERKELEY  Sins  §  237 
Why  should  the  particles  of  common  salt  repel  each  other..? 
1747  FRANKLIN  Exper.  Electr.  (1751)  n  If  a  cork-ball,  .be 
repelled  by  the  tube.. 'tis  surprizing  to  see  how  suddenly 
it  Hies  back,  c  1790  IMISON  Sck.  Arts  I.  48  The  hairs  of 
his  head,  .will  repel  one  another.  1863  E.  V.  NEALE  Anal. 
Th.  ^  Nat.  227  '1  hat  each  particle  of  matter,  .repels  other 
particles  of  matter.  1882  S.  P.  THOMPSON  in  Nature  XXVI, 
554/2  The  moving  electro-magnets  were  first  attracted  to 
wards  the  opposing  poles,  and  then,  as  they  neared  them, 
were  caused  to  be  repelled  past. 

c.  To  refuse  to  mix  with  (one  another),  or  lo 
admit  (moisture). 

1744  BERKELEY  Sirfs  §  227  Why  oil  and  water,  mercury 
and  iion,  repel. .each  other.  1822  IMISON  Sc.  $  Art  I.  23 
Oil  and  water  seem  to  repel  each  other.  1883  C.  G.  W. 
LOCK  Workshop  Receipts  Ser.  iv.  360/2  If  the  film  repel  the 
solution,  just  run  the  finger,  .over  the  repellent  portion. 

6.  To  refuse  to  accept  or  receive ;  esp.  to  reject 
(a  statement,  plea,  etc.)  as  unfounded  or  invalid. 

1561  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  180  The  said  first  excep- 
tioun  ain-ht  and  suld  be  repellit.  1573  Ibid,  II.  260  Quhilk 
allegeance  being  repellit  be  my  Lot  d  RegentU  Grace  and 
Counsall.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  u.  i.  109,  I  did  repell  hU 
Letters,  and  deny'de  His  accesse  to  me.  1852  MRS.  SIOUK 
Uncle  Tout's  C.  xxiv.  231  She  always  repelled  quite  in- 
dignantly  any  suggestion  that  anyone  around  her  could 
be  sick.  1873  M.  ARNOLD  Lit.  fy  Dogma  Pref.  (1876)  28  The 
Greek  Christianity  of  the  East  repelled  the  Apocalypse,  and 
the  Latin  Christianity  of  the  West  repelled  the  Epistle  to 
the  Hebrews.  1884  Laiu  Rep.  9  App.  Cases  344  It  is  de 
clared,  That  the  second  plea  in  law  of  the  defenders  ought 
tu  be  repelled. 

b.  To  confute,  disprove,  rare. 
a  1634  CHAPMAN  Revenge  for  Honour  Plays  187-5  IV.  293 
The  kernel  of  the  text  enucleated  I  shall  confute,  refute, 
repel,  refel.  1794  PALEY  Evid.  n  ii.  (1817)  26  It  is  such  a 
morality  as  completely  repels  the  supposition  of  its  being 
the  tradition  of  a  barbarous  age. 

7.  To   drive   away  or  repulse  (one  who  makes 
advances)  with  harsh  words  or  treatment,  or  by 
denial;  to  reject  (a  suit). 

1592  SHAKS.  yen.  $•  Ad.  575  Foule  wordes,  and  frownes, 
must  not  repell  a  louer.  1667  MILTON  P,  L,  x.  868  Soft 
words  to  his  fierce  passion  she  assay'd  ;  But  her  with  stern 
regard  he  thus  repell'd.  1738  WESLEY  Ps.  11.  x,  Whoe'er 
their  Advocate  repel,  The  Anger  of  their  Judge  shall  feel. 
1828  SCOTT  /•.  M.  Perth  xxv,  If  I  continued  lo  repel  his 
wicked  suit.  1860  TYNUALL  Glac.  \.  xviii.  125  Like  suitors 
that  will  not  be  repelled. 

b.   To  affect  (one)  with  distaste  or  aversion. 

1840  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  xix,  Through  this  delirious 
scene,  the  child  frightened  and  repelled  by  all  she  saw  [etc.]. 
1846  HAKE  Mission  Corn/.  (1850)  276  Such  extravagances., 
repell  minds  that  have  a  sense  of  truth.  1878  R.  W.  DALE 
Lcct.  Preach,  \.  7  You  ought  also  to  remember  that  for 
purposes  of  intellectual  discipline,  a  study  which  repels  you 
is  invaluable. 

absol,  1817  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  v.  v.  502  The  probability 
that  Hyder  would  not  permit  them,  unopposed,  to  pass  the 
river  Palar  ..  was  a  motive  rather  to  stimulate  than  to 
repel.  1821  SHELLEY  Adonais  liii,  What  still  is  dear  Attracts 
to  crush,  repels  to  make  ihee  wither.  1847  EMERSON  Repr. 
Men,  Sivedenborgyte.  (Bohn)  I.  333  Swedenborg..with  all 
his  accumulated  gifts,  paralyzes  and  repels. 

Hence  Repelled ///.  a. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Mcd.  (ed.  4)  III.  197  Repelled  gout, 
and  repelled  cutaneous  eruptions.  1871  TYNDALL  Fragm. 
Sci.  (1879)  I.  xiii.  374  The  attracted  end  of  the  needle  being 
nearer  to  the  pole  of  the  magnet  than  the  repelled  end. 

Repel,  obs.  form  of  REPEAL. 

t  Repe'le.  Obs.  rare.  [?  var.  of  REPEAL  sb. ; 
but  cf.  med.L.  repellus  (Du  Cange)  as  the  name 
of  some  game.]  An  additional  stake  in  the  Roman 
game  of  hucklebones. 

1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apofih.  164  The  caster.. was  of  force 
constraigned  in  the  waye  of  repele  to  laie  down  to  the  stake 
one  peece  of  coyne.  Ibid.  The  caster  should  wynne  and 
take.. all  the  repeles. 

Repele,  -pell,  obs.  forms  of  REPEAL  sb.  and  v . 

Repe'llance,  -ancy.  [See  next  and  -ANC£, 
-ANCY.]  The  act  of  repelling  ;  a  repellent  feature 
or  trait. 

1860  OUIDA  Tricoirin  I.  36  She  uttered  the  words  that  had 
wounded  her,  as  though  in  haughty  repel  lance  of  their  power 
to  sting.  1878  C.  STANFORD  Symb.  Christ  iv.  101  That  man 


REPELLANT. 

in  whose  conduct  grace  is  scarcely  visible  through  the  re- 
pellancies  of  mortal  infirmity. 
Kepellant  (rfpe-lant),  a.  and  sb.    [f.  REPEL  z>.] 

A.  adj.  1.  =  REPELLENT  a.  2.     Alsoyf^. 

1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (18341  II.  317  The  repellant 
quality  of  external  bodies  holds  their  internal  parts  together 
in  a  stronger  cohesion.  1877  SPARROW  Strm.  xxiv.  327 
Mercy  and  works  of  law  know  not  one  another ;  are  mutually 
repellant ;  refuse  to  commingle  like  oil  and  water. 
b.  Warding  off,  defensive. 

1839-52  BAILEY  Fes t 'us  125  Keep  thy  spirit  pure  From 
worldly  taint  by  the  repellant  strength  Of  virtue. 

2.   =  REPELLENT  a.  3. 

1825  LYTTON  Zicci  r.  v.  His  manners  were  chilling  and  re 
pellant.  1877  K.  CAIUD  Philos.  Kant  Introd.  vi  117  The 
exclusive  and  repellant  conception  of  individuality  given  by 
that  philosophy. 

B.  sb.   =  REPELLENT  sb.,  in  various  senses. 

1689  MOVLE  Sea  Chyrnrg.  11.  xiii.  62  Use  no  rep ellants, 
nor  anything  to  cool  inflammation.  1794  ANNA  SEWARD 
Lett.  (1811)  IV.  ii  May  the  people,  amongst  whom  1^  live, 
be  withheld  by  stronger  repellants  than  their  own  virtue, 
from  invading  my  own  property.  1805  LUCCOCK  Nat.  Wool 
94  The  skilful  application  of  tar  mingled  with  butter,  which 
act  as  repe'lants  to  the  water.  1860  J.  YOUNG  Pr0r>.  Reason 
33  To  be  followed,  there  is  reason  to  fear,  unless  some  suffi 
cient  corrective  and  repellant  be  forthcoming,  by  not  less 
lamentable  consequences. 

Repelle,  obs.  form  of  REPEAL  sb.  and  v. 

Repe'llence.     [See  next  and  -EXCE.]  =next. 

1866  BCSHNELL  Vicar.  Sacr.  n.  iv.  159  There  have  been 
severities  and  repelU-nces,  and  discouraging  tokens,  blended 
so  continually  with  the  story.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  8  Oct.  4/2 
The  armament  of  the  AWwc^.-isonly  in  strict  keeping  with 
her  powers  of  repellence. 

Repellency  (r/pe'lensi).  [See  next  and  -Excy.] 
The  quality  of  being  repellent  ;  repelling  power. 

1747  FRANKLIN  Exj>?r.  Ele^  tr.  (1751)  n  You  may  draw  off 
the  electrical  fire,  and  destroy  the  repellency.  1805  FOSTER 
/Tij-.  i.  vii.  I.  no  The  odious  repellency  of  their  example. 
1836  J.  ABBOTT  IV ay  to  do  Good  vii.  222  It  is  this  overrated 
importance  which  each  ..attaches  to  its  own  forms.. that 
constitutes  the  repellency  between  the  brawlers. 

Repellent  (r/pe-lent),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  L.  re 
pellent-cm,  pres.  pple.  of  repellcre  to  REPEL.] 

A.  adj.\.  Of  medicines  or  medical  applications: 
I  laving  the  effect  of  repelling  morbid  humours,  etc. 
(See  REPEL  v.  2  c.)     Now  rare. 

1643  J-  STEER  tr.  Exp.  Chyrurg.  v.  19  It  is  necessary  to 
use  repellent  Medicines,  to  wit,  defensives,  and  clouts  wet 
in  Vinegar.  1704^  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  Repellent 
Medicines t  are  such  things  as  by  stopping  the  Heat  and  Afflux 
of  Humors,  .decrease  the  swelling  of  a  part.  1719  QUINCY 
Phys.  Diet,  (1722)  381/2  All  those  means  are  said  to  be  re 
pellent,  which  check  the  Growth  of  the  Tumour.  1807-26 
S.  COOPER  First  Lines  Snrg.  (ed.  5)  62  Every  thing  wet, 
whether  warm  or  cold,  emollient,  repellent  or  astringent. 
1830  LINDLEY  Nat.  S'ysi.  Bot.  39  The  leaves  [of  Sterculia 
ftrtida]  are  considered  repellent  and  aperient. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  repelling  other  bodies; 
characterized  by  repulsion.     Also  const,  of. 

174^  BERKELEY  Sir  is  §  237  Why  should  the  most  repellent 
particles  be  the  most  attractive  upon  contact  ?  1794  SULLIVAN 
View  Nat.  II.  155  Each  fragment  of  a  pillar  having  its  at 
tractive  and  repellent  points.  1812  SIR  H.  DAVY  Chew. 
Philos.  136  The  different  manner. .in  which  their  parts  be 
come  capable  of  communicating  attractive  or  repellent 
powers  to  other  matter.  1864  LOWELL  Fireside  Trav.  47 
There  are  some  men.. whose  clothes  are  repellent  of  dust 
and  mud. 

b.  Impervious  to,  not  receptive  of,  moisture. 
1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  I.  PI.  44  A  manner  of 

draining  where  the  surface  soil  and  base  are  repellent.    1885 
[see  REPEL  v.  5  c]. 

c.  Repelling  or  warding  off  attack. 

1889  PATER  G.  \fe  Latour  (1896)  34  He  saw  the  beautiful 
city,  .as  if  sheathed  austerely  in  repellent  armour, 

3.  Repelling  by  coldness  of  demeanour,  or  by 
some  disagreeable  feature  ;  affecting  one  with  dis 
taste  or  aversion. 

1797  GODWIN  Enquirer  n.  xii.  460 Sherlock,  .is.. somewhat 
repellent  in  his  language.  1836  F.  MAHONEY  Ret.  Father 
Proitt,  Songs  Horace  L  (1859)  387  Chilled  by  thy  mien  re 
pellent  and  disdainful.  1879  FARRAR  St.  /*a///(i883)  519  He 
oveithrew.. the  repellent  demand  that  the  Gentiles  should 
be  circumcised. 

B.  sb.  1.  Med.  An  application  serving  to  repel 
humours,  etc.  (see  A.  i  above).     Now  rare. 

1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  fy  Min.  431  Fractures,  .are  cured 
by  repellents  hindering  inflammation.  1710  T.  FULLER 
Pharm.  Extemp.  170  Repellents  in  the  Gout  are  sometimes 
most  exceeding  dangerous.  1766  Compl,  Farmer  s.v. 
Jarttoit,  It  should  be  first  treated  with  coolers  and  repellents, 
such  as  hot  vinegar,  verjuice,  &c.  1830  LINDLEY  Nat.Syst. 
Bot.  214  The  bark  of  the  root  and  the.,  leaves.. are  con 
sidered  by  the  native  Indian  doctors  as  powerful  repellents. 

f2.  A  repulse.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1777  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thrale  20  Sept.,  Did  he  not 
hold  out  against  forty  such  repellents  from  Mrs.  P ? 

3.  A  repelling  power  or  influence. 

i8oa  MRS.  E.  PARSONS  Myst,  Visit  III.  245  All  the  im. 
pediments  that  act  as  repellents  to  your  passion,  1802-12 
BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic.  Eitid.  (1827)  IV.  292  It  becomes  a 
perpetual  source  of  disgust,  and  serves  as  a  perpetual  re 
pellent  to  the  eye  of  scrutiny. 

Hence  Bepe'llently  adv. 

1883  TALMACE  in  Chr.  Her.  16  May  272/1  It  is  religion 
presented  repellently, morning,  noon  and  night.  \m$Manch. 
Exam.  30  Dec.  3/1  They  are  ..  healthy  in  tone,  without 
being  repellently  didactic. 

Repeller  (rrpe-lsj).    [f.  REPEL  v.  -t-  -ER  *.] 

1.  One  who  repels. 

1611  COTGR.,  Repoulseur^,  a  repulser,  a  repeller.      1832 


464 

Examiner  805/1  The  one  pushes  the  human  soul  from  him 
—the  other,  with  a  bow,  consigns  it  back  to  its  repeller. 
1836  LYTTON  Athens  (1837)  II.  126  The  Athenians,  .were  the 
true  repellers  of  the  invader.  \9/j^Contetnp.  Rev.  XXV.  701 
The  apostle  of  toleration,  the  impatient  repeller  of  all  clerical 
pretensions. 

t2.  =  REPELLENT^,  i.  Obs. 

1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anint.  fy  Min.  403  The  vertigo,  is 
helped  by  temporal  repellers,  discutients, .. and  quinces.  1710 
T.  FULLER  Pharni.  Extemp.  43  Repellers  mostly  have  place 
in  the  very  beginnings  of  Inflammations.  1753  BARTLET 
Farriery  220  Strains  in  the  hock  are  to  be  treated  by  soak 
ing  the  parts  with  coolers  and  repellers. 

t  Repelless,  a.  Obs.  rare~l.  [f.  REPEL  v.  -f 
-LE.S.S.]  That  cannot  be  repelled. 

1595  MARKHAM  Sir  R .  Grinrile  E  vij,  Two  great  Armados 
.  .by  assault  made  knowne  repellesse  might. 

Repelling  (r/pe-lirj),  vhl.  sb.  [f.  REPEL  v.  + 
-ING  *.]  The  action  of  the  vb. ;  repulse. 

T533  BELLESDEN  Livy  n,  xiv.  (S.T.S.)  I.  183  Valerius  left 
J>e  said  auctorite  for  [t>e]  Indignacioun  bat  he  tuke  in  his 
mynde  for  be  repelling  of  his  petitiouns.  1611  COTGR.,  Rc~ 
fffulsetttenti  a  repulsing,  repelling.  1651  HOBBES  Govt,  <^- 
Soc.  vi.  §  17.  103  To  the  repelling  of  a  forraign  enemy,  they 
appoint  a  certain  and  limited  return.  1719  QUINCY  Phys. 
Diet.  (1722)  381/1  lly  repelling  is  meant  those  Means  which 
prevent  such  an  Afflux  of  Fluid  to  any  particular  part,  as 
would  raise  it  into  a  Tumour. 

Repelling,  ppl.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.]  That 
repels,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gnillemcau's  Fr.  Chintrg.  44^/2  He  is 
called  the  expulsive  or  repellinge  ligature,  1611  COTGR.,  Rc- 
fercttssift  repercussiue,  repelling.  1710  J.  HARRIS  Lex. 
Tec  An,  II.  s.v.,  In  Mechanicks,  where  Attraction  ceases  to 
exert  it  self,  a  kind  of  repelling  Force  should  succeed.  1726 
SWIFT  Gitlliwr  in.  iii,  When  the  repelling  Extremity  points 
downwards,  the  Island  mounts  directly  upwards  1758  J.  S. 
LeDra,n*sObserv.Sitrgl  (1771}  249,  I  ordered  emollient  and 
repelling  Cataplasms  to  be  applied.  1841  L.  HUNT  Seer  n. 
(1864)  62  The  feeling  in  the  poet's  mind  changes,  .from  the 
repelling  to  the  engaging.  1849  N'OAD  Elcctritity(eA  3}  296 
When  the  two  repelling  poles  are  brought  into  contact. 

Hence  Repellingly  adv.t  Repe'llingness. 

1815  Zelnca  I.  371  She  must  behave  almost  repellingly  to 

the  two  men  of  her  acquaintance  she  most  esteemed.     1863 

THORHBURY  True  as  Steel  III.  z;oThe  eyes  no  longer  stared 

I    repellingly  with  a  fixed  and  hard  glance.    1895  W.  S.  LILLY 

Four  Humouri&ts  66  Despite  the  repellingness  of  his  style. 

Repeman,  variant  of  REAPMAN  Obs. 

Re-pe  n,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To  pen  again. 

c  1616  S.  WARD  Cval  from  Altar  (1627)  77  If  Dauid  were 
now  to  re-pen  his  Psalme,  I  think  he  might  alter  the  forme 
of  his  counsel!. 

t  Repend,  z>.1  Obs.  rare"1,  [ad.  OF.  repenncr9 
repesncr,  etc.  (Godef.).]  zw^V.  To  kick,  fling. 

? a  1400  Mortc  ArtJt.  2107  Thane  riche  stedes  repende/, 
and  ranches  one  armes. 

tRepe'nd,  v.*  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  rependcre 
f.  re-  RE-  +pendcre  to  pay.]  trans.  To  repay. 

c  1550  L.  WAGER  Life  Marie  Mag<t.  1207  O  Lord . .  To  thee 
what  long  is  able  worthy  thanks  to  repend.  c  1557  ABP. 
PARKER  /'j-.cix.  321  For  good  they  euilagayne  requite  ;.  .And 
so  for  loue.  .whole  hate  they  do  repend. 

Rependant,  obs.  form  of  REPENTANT  a. 

fRepensa-tion.  Obs.  rare-0,  [ad.  late  L.  re- 
pensdtion-evt  f.  repemare\  cf.  compensation.]  'A 
making  recompense'  (Blount  1656). 

fRepe'nt,  sb.  Obs.  [f.  the  vb.]  Repentance; 
an  act  of  repentance.  (Freq.  in  Greene's  works.) 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  lit.  xii.  24  Reproch  the  first,  Shame 
next,  Repent  behinde.  £1590  GREENE  Fr.  Bacon  xiv.  15 
For  this  I  scourge  myself  with  sharp  repents.  1611  in  Farr 
S.  P.  Jas.  I  (1848)  175  My  soule..In  deepe  repent,  her 
former  folly  hates. 

Repent  (rPpfot),  a.i  [ad.  L.  repent-,  ppl. 
stem  of  repere  to  creep.] 

1.  a.  Bot.  Creeping;  esp.  growing  along  the 
ground,  or  just  under  the  surface,  and  sending  out 
roots  at  intervals. 

1669  J.  ROSE  Eng.  Vineyard '(1675)  16  There  Is  no  plant 
whatsoever  so  conatural  to  the  vine.. as  this  repent,  and 
humble  shrub.  1707  SLOANE  Jamaica  I.  94  This  had  a 
small  repent  root.  Ibid.  112  This hasacrooked  repentstem. 
1846-50  A.  WOOD  Class-bk.  Bot.  74  Holland  is  said  to  owe 
its  very  existence  to  certain  repent  stems,  by  which  its  shores 
are  apparently  bound  together. 

b.  Zool.  Creeping,  crawling,  reptant. 

1841  Penny  Cyci.  XIX.  4o5/[  The  third  order,  Serfeutin, 
which  are  defined  as  having.. a  repent  progression. 

2-  Jig.  Unable  to  rise  to  high  ideas,  rare—1. 

1684  EVELYN  Let.  to  Pefiys  8  June,  He.. bravely  enlarges 
the  empire  of  our  narrow  speculations,  and  repent  spirits, 
whose  contemplations  extend  no  further  than  their  sense. 

t  Repe'nt,  at  Obs  rate.  [f.  stem  of  REPENT 
v. ;  cf.  obs.  F.  repent  (Godef.).]  Repentant. 

a  1500  Chaucer's  Drcme  1694  The  queen  forthwith  hire 
leue  Toke  at  them  all  that  were  present,  of  hire  defaults 
fully  repente. 

Repent  (i/pe-nt),  v.  Also  7  as  pa.  pple.  [ad. 
F.  repentir  (i  \ th  c.)  f.  re-  RE-  +  Rom.  *penttire  ;- 
L.  poenitere\  see  PENITENT.] 

1.  rejl.  To  affect  (oneself)  with  contrition  or  re 
gret  for  something  done,  etc.  (cf.  3.)  Also  const. 
of,  for,  that.  Now  arch. 

c  1290.9.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  52/173  Ofhiremisdedesheorepentede 
hire  sore,  a  1300  Ctosor  M.  7^,08  (Cott.l,  Ful  sare  yee  sal 
repent  yow.  c  1305  Pilate  106  in  E.  /-;.  P.  {1862}  114  Longe 
after  bat  he  [Christ]  was  ded,  he  [Pilate]  repentede  him  ilome. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  r  224  Many  menne  repenten 
htm  neuere  of  swiche  thoghtes.  c  1400  tr.  Secrcla  Secret. , 
Gov.  Lordih,  63  Repent  ^e  noght  of  Binges  passyd.  1484 


REPENT. 

CAXTON  Fables  of/Esop  i.  xv,  They  that  be  glad.. of  the 
praysynge  of  flaterers  oftyme  repente  them  therof.  a  1533 
LD.  BERNERS  Huon  xxiii.  68,  I  repent  me  that  I  hadde  not 
beleuyd  you.  1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill  i.  iv.  285,  I  repent 
me  that  the  Duke  is  slame.  1619  LD.  DONXASTER  in  Eng. 
<$•  Germ.  (Camden)  207,  I  now  repent  me  of  it,  hearing  the 
niewes  of  Moravia  confirmed  from  all  parts.  1682  BUNVAN 
Holy  JFariCasseJl)  157,  I  was  formerly  a  great  companion 
of  his,  for  the  which  I  now  repent  me.  1842  TENNYSON  Ed. 
Gray  23, 1  repent  me  of  all  I  did. 

2.  impers.  To  cause  (one)  to  feel  regret,  etc. 
13..  Coer  de  L.  324  Hym  repented  that  he  cam  there. 

1390  GOWEH  Con/.  III.  270  As  he  withinne  his  herte  caste, 
Which  him  repenteth  ate  laste.  la  1400  Alorte  Arth.  i3gi 
It  salle  repent  vs  fulle  sore  and  we  ryde  forthire  !  1470-85 
MALORY  Arthur  vir.  viii.  224  Me  repenteth,  grene  knyghte, 
of  your  dommage.  1560  DAUS  tr.  S  butane's  Cotum.  147 
It  shall  not  repent  them  of  y'  service.  1606  G.  W[OODCOCKE] 
Hisf.  Imtine  xxxvni.  123  It  repented  him  that  he  let  go 
Demetrius.  1664  MARVELL  Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  148 
This  indeed  would  repent  me,  for  the  World  will  take  more 
notice  of  it.  1717  Entertainers  No.  n.  72  It  can  never  re 
pent  us  to  endeavour  to  tread  in  the  Steps  of  those  bright 
Examples.  1819  SHELLEY  Prometk.  Unb.  \.  303  It  doth  re 
pent  me  :  words  are  quick  and  vain.  1878  SWINBURNE  T>i. 
Time  xxi,  Will  it  not  one  day  in  heaven  repent  you? 

f  b.  In  passive.   Obs.  rare. 

41450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  71  That  is  to.  mene,  that 
they  that  be  confession  are  clensed  and  repented  [etc.],  1530 
Exam.  W.  Thorpe  in  Bales  Set.  Wks.  (Paiker  Soc.)  109,  I 
say  to  thee,  that  in  the  turning  about  of  thy  hand  such  a 
sinner  may  be  verily  repented. 

3.  intr.  To  feel  contrition,  compunction,  sorrow 
or  regret  for  something  one  has  done  or  left  un 
done;  to  change  one's  mind  with  regard  to  past 
action  or  conduct  through  dissatisfaction  with  it 
or  its  results. 

c  1290.57.  Drandan  104  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  222  3°ure  on 
schal  attan  ende  Repenti  er  he  com  a;e.  1362  LANCU  P.  PI. 
A.  v.  1 86  He  ^at  repente)?  Rarest  schulde  arysen  aftur  [etc.]. 
1388  WYCLIF  blatt  xxvii,  3  Judas,  .repentide,  and  brou^te 
a^en  the  thretli  pans  to  the  princis  of  prestis.  c  1450  Merlin 
328  So  for  haste  thow  gon  that  late  it  is  to  repente.  1526 
Pilgr.  Pcr/.\W.  de  W.  1531)  12  Whan  so  euer  ony  synner 
repenteth,  &  is  sory  for  his  offences  towarde  god.  1596 
SHAKS,  i  Hen.  IV,  HI.  iii.  5  Well,  lie  repent,  and  that  sud 
denly.  1650  T.  VAUGHAN  Anthroposrphia  60  This  middle- 
most  mansion  is  appointed  for  such  Soults  whose  whole  man 
hath  not  perfectly  repent  in  this  world.  1719  Dt:  I'oECrusoe 
n.  (Globe)  443  None  teach  repentance  like  true  penitents. 
He  wants  nothing  but  to  repent.  1797  MKS.  RADCLIKFR 
Italian  xii,  If  your  purpose  is  evil,  pause  a  moment,  and 
repent.  1859  TENNYSON  Guinei'.  169  No  light  had  we  :  for 
that  we  do  repent. 

b.  Const,  ofr  at  (rare),  t  on. 

c  1315  SHOREHAM  VH.  536  Wy  hy  nemo^e.  .Wei  repenty  of 
hare  mysdede . .  pat  ich  schal  segge,  ase  ich  can.  c  1450  Merlin 
176  The!  wolde  repente  with  gode  will  of  the  stryfc  that  thei 
hadde  a-gein  Merlin,  but  to  late  thei  were  to  repente.  1535 
COVERDALE  Jonah  iii.  10  He  repented  on  the  euell,  which 
he  sayde  he  wolde  do  vnio  them,  and  dyd  it  not.  1662 
STILLINGFI..  Orig.Sacr&ii,  vi.§  i  God  doth  reserve  a  liberty 
to  himself,  either  to  repent  of  the  evil  or  the  good  that  was 
foretold  concerning  any  people.  1667  POOI.E  Dial,  htt-w. 
Protest,  ff  Papist  (1735)  91  A  thousand  of  their  Sins  are 
venial;  which,  tho'  nut  repented  of,  will  not  exclude  them 
from  the  Favour  of  God.  1769  Jnnitis  Lett.  xii.  (1788)  75 
A  scene  in  which  a  mind  like  yours  will  find  nothing  to  re 
pent  of.  1818  PARR  Wks.  (1828)  VIII.  640,  I  repent  not  at 
the  gift.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  372  Nor  do  I  now 
repent  of  the  manner  of  my  defence. 

•|*C.  To  be  sad,  to  mourn  (for  an  event).  Obs.  ~! 

1590  SPENSER  /".  Q.  m.  viii.  47  Dead  . .  tliou  maist  aread 
Henceforth  for  ever  Florimell  to  bee;  That  all  the  noble 
knights . .  may  sore  repent  with  mee. 

4.  trans*  To  view  or  think  of  (any  action,  etc.) 
with  dissatisfaction  and  regret ;  to  be  sorry  for. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  256  Do  git  be  consaile,  bou 
sallc  not  it  repent,  c  1410  Sir  Clegcs  422,  I  repent  my 
grauntetynge,  That  I  to  the  made.  1465  Paston  Lett.  II. 
221  For  that  or  for  some  other  cause  he  repentyth  his 
bargeyn  and  woll  nomore  of  it.  1542  UDALL  Ernstn.  Apofih. 
297  b,  Yet  do  I  nothyng  repente  my  first  aduKe  &  counsaill. 
1590  SHAKS.  JMids.  N.  n.  ii.  in  Content  with  Hermia? 
No,  I  do  repent  The  tedious  minutes  I  with  her  haue  spent. 
1617  MORYSON  Itin,  i.  179,  I  could  hardly  keepe  him  from 
falling  down  most  steepe  mountaines.  .which  made  me  re 
pent  the  buying  of  him.  1640  HABINGTON  Edw.  IV  108 
They  would  sell  their  lives  at  so  deere  a  rate,  that  the  King 
might  repent  his  purchase.  1716  L-Anv  M.  W.  MONTAGU 
Let.  to  Pope  14  Sept ,  I  was  so  much  pleased  with  it,  I  have 
not  yet  repented  my  seeing  it.  1805  T.  HARRAL  Scenes  f>f 
Life  I.  49  The  landlord  began  to  repent  his  kindness.  1821 
WHEWELL  in  Mrs.  Douglas  Life  (1881)  65  Hitherto  I  have 
had  no  reason  to  repent  setting  off  when  I  did. 

b.  esp.  To  feel  regret,  sorrow,  or  contrition  for 
(something  inherently  wrong,  some  fault,  miscon 
duct,  sin,  or  other  offence). 

c  1380  Sir  Fentmb.  261  pan  he  by-gan  repentye  sare  Jjat 
he  tiab  greued  his  Eem.  c  1420  LVDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  418 
She.  .in  that  gret  wrethe  out  of  the  paleyce  went,  Seyingto 
herself  that  chere  shuld  J>ey  repent.  1537  CRANMER  Let.  in 
Misc.  Writ.  (Parker  Soc.)  II.  350  Both  you  and  I  may  re 
pent  our  dallying.  1579  FULKE  Heskins'  Parl.  511  To  him 
that  intendeth  to  repent  those  thinges  wherein  he  hath  of 
fended.  1611  W.  SCLATER  Key  (1629)  147  If  the  thing 
couenanted  be  lawfull,  rashnesse  must  be  repented  ;  but  the 
promise  performed.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  776  The 
soft  Nap^aean  Race  will  soon  repent  Their  Anger,  and  remit 
the  Punishment.  1771  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Eng.  IV.  95  He  de 
clared.,  they  should  one  day  repent  their  insolence  and  pre 
sumption.  1807  SOUTH EY  Esfrtttttfs  Lett.  II.  53  For  a  few 
minutes  I  repented  my  temerity.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng.  vii.  [ed.  3)  II.  187  William  declared  . .  that  he  would 
make  the  most  Christian  king  repent  the  outrage. 

t  c.  To  regret  (a  circumstance  or  event).  Obs. 

1606  G.   W[OODCOCKE]  Lives  Emperors  in  Hist,  Ivstinc 


REPENTABLE. 

Kk  ilj,  The  people  founde  such  ease  and  plenty  of  all  things, 
that  no  man  repented  .1  womans  gouernment.  1631  WEEVER 
Anc.  Funeral  ft  Ion.  33  Whose  death,  .all  the  world  repented. 

f5.  To  live  out  in  repentance.  Obs.  rare— l. 

1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well  iv.  iii.  272  My  offences  being 
many,  I  would  repent  out  the  remainder  of  Nature. 

Repe'iitable,  a.  [f.  prec.  4- -ABLE.]  Capable 
of  being  repented  of;  f  repentant. 

1571  DK.  NORFOLK  in  \\thRep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App. 
IV.  574  My  harty  repentable  and  pytiefull  lamentation. 
a  1603  T.  CARTWRIGHT  Confitt.  Rhem,  N.  T.  (1618)  699  Re 
pentance  of  all  repentable  sinne  may  be  in  one  moment. 
1659  (lAL'DKN  Tears  Ch.  65  It  seems  scarce  pardonable  be 
cause  'tis  scarce  a  repentable  sin  or  repairable  malice. 

i  Repeiltaille.  Obs.  rare.  [OF.,  f.  rcpentir 
to  REPENT:  see -AL,]  Repentance. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNR  Chron.  U'ace (Rolls)  1 1838  Wonder  were 
elles,  or  art  me  failles,  pey  pleye  wy|>  repcntailles.  1390 
GOWER  Con/.  II.  356  Thus  whan  love  is  evele  wonne, 
Fulofte  it  conith  to  repentaile.  a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour 
(1868)  156  Whanne  plesaunce  is  fayled.  .thanne  ofte  tymes 
they  falle  into  repentaille. 

Repentance  (r/pe'ntans).  Also  4-6  -aunce, 
(5  -aunse),  4  -anse,  (5  -ans,  -once),  6  -ence. 
[a.  F.  repentance  (i2thc.):  see  REPENT  v.  and 
-ANCE,  and  cf.  OSp.  repcntencia  (iBthc.).] 

1.  The   act  of  repenting  or  the  state   of  being 
penitent ;    sorrow,    regret,  or  contrition   for   past 
action  or  conduct ;  an  instance  of  this. 

13..  Cursor  M.  4958  (Gott.),  }our  repentanse  es  comen 
oner  late.  1303  R.  UKUNXE  llandl.  Synne  5229  Wy|>  sorow 
of  herie  and  repentaunce  J?ou  mayst  pay  God  \vy|j  lytyl 
penaunce.  ^1374  CHAUCER  Troy  his  in.  1259  (1308)  And  at 
o  word  with-outen  repentaunce  Wei-come  myknyght.  1447 
BOKKNHAM  Scyntys  (Roxb.)  9  She  steryd  the  pepyl  ever  to 
repentaunce.  1509  FISHER  Serm.  Ctess  Richmond  Wks. 
(1876)  300  Wepynges  &  teares  somtyme  of  deuocion  som- 
tyme  of  repentaunce.  ^1591  H.  SMITH  Serm.  (1637)  220 
Repentance  is  never  too  late,  but  it  is  a  true  saying, 
repentance  is  never  too  soon.  1601  U.  JON-SON /V^/fW/frv.  i, 
In  time  [they]  should  him  fear,  Lest  after  they  buy  repent 
ance  too  dear.  1682  SiuT.  BROWNE  CV/r.  Mor.  in.  §26  What 
patience  could  be  content  to.  .accept  of  repentances  which 
must  have  after  penitences,  His  goodness  can  only  tell  us. 
1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.^Nat,  (1834)  II.  65  The  Romish  doctors 
reckon  three  stages  in  the  passage  from  vice  to  virtue,  attri 
tion,  contrition,  and  repentance.  1813  SHKLLEV  Q.  Mob  v. 
246  Bitterness  of  soul,  Pining  regrets,  and  vain  repentances. 
1881  BiiisANT  &  RICE  Chapl.  of  Fleet  I.  159  The  morning  is 
the  time  for  repentance. 
b.  personified. 

1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  v.  43  penne  Ron  Repentaunce  and 
Rehersed  bts  teeme.  1500-20  DUNUAR  Poems  Ixxii.  133  Re- 
pentence  ay  with  cheikts  wait,  No.  .pennence  did  eschew. 
1599  SIIAKS.  Much  Ado  n.  i.  81  Then  comes  repentance, 
and  with  his  bad  legs  falls  into  the  cinque-pace.  1798 
WORDSW. /*£/£?• /JiV/Prol.  xxx,  Repentance  isa  tender  Sprite. 

2.  Stool  of  (^m  for}  repentance-,  repentance- stool, 
a  stool  formerly  placed  in  a  conspicuous  position 
in   Scottish    churches    for   the    use    of   offenders 
(esp.  against  chastity)  making  public  repentance; 
also  called  CUTTY-STOOL.  So  repentance-gown.  (Cf. 
REPENTING  vbl,  sb.  b.) 

1647  in   Jrnl.  Roy.  Soc.   Antiq.  Ireland  (1901)   271   To 
Adam  McNeilis  for  dressing  ye  stoole  of  repentance,  025.  <^d. 
a  1674  CLAKKNDON  Hist,  Keo.  xm.  §  48  To  stand  publickly 
in  the  Stool  of  Repentance,  acknowledging  their  former 
Transgressions.     1690  LUTTRELL   Brief  Ret.   (1857)   II.  120 
They  are  setting  up  the  stool  of  repentance  in  their  churches 
as  formerly,  where  people  guilty  of  incontinency  are  to  doe     ! 
pennance.     c  1765  Collection  Scot.  Poems  68  Tague  . .  told 
him,  he  behoved  to  do  penance  on  the  repentance  stool,     j 
1899  ANDREWS  Church  Life  112  The  Synods  specially  en-    j 
joined  on  all  parishes  the  procuring  of  a  repentance-gown. 

fig.    a  1704  T.  BROWN  Walk  round  London  Wks.  1709 
III.  34  When  the  Fumes  of  Melancholy  or  Wine  set  them     ] 
on  the  Stool  of  Repentance.     1777  SHERIDAN  Sch.  Scand.     \ 
it.  iii,  He  has  been  just  half  a  year  on  the  stool  of  repent 
ance  !     1884  Christian  World  2  Oct.  737/1  The  Times  . . 
seats  itself  as  it  were  in  shame  on  the  stool  of  repentance. 

3.  Herb  of  Repentance,  the  plant  rue.     (Cf.  the 
etym.  note  to  HERB-GRACE.) 

1858-9  Phytologist  III.  207  This  [the  Herb-of- Grace]  is  not 
a  native,  but  it  is  well  known  at  the  Old  Bailey  as  the 
Herb-of- Repentance. 

Hepentant  (r/pe*ntant),fl.  and  sb.  Also  5  re- 
pend-.  [a.  F.  repentant  (i2th  c.)j  pres.  pple.  of 
repentir\  see  REPENT  v.  and  -ANT.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Experiencing  repentance;  sorrowful 
for  past  sins,  penitent, 

c  1290  6".  Eng.  Leg.  1. 174/2377  Heo  weren  echone  repent- 
aunt ;  ne  mitten  none  men  more,  c  1315  SHOREHAM  i.  752 
Ry}t  repentaunt  and  ry3t  deuout  Take  hys  deafc>  in  by 
meende.  r  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  149  He.. 
Moost  repentaunt  for-sook  the  world.  1495  Act  n  Hen. 
VII  c.  57  Preamble^  Your  seid  Suppliaunt  is  as  sorrowfull 
and  repentant  as  any  creature  may  be.  1532  MORE  Confut. 
Tindale  Wks.  525/2  As  those  repentaunte  sinners  bee  a 
partc  of  the  churche  predestynate.  1635-56  COWLEY 
Davideis  iv.  771  Kind  Heav'n.  .docs  long  since  relent,  And 
with  repentant  Saul  it  self  repent.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  i 
Thus  they  in  lowliest  plight  repentant  stood.  1823  SCOTT 
Pevcril  xlix,  Charles  entered,  leaning  on  the  shoulder  of  his 
repentant  peer.  1876  FARRAR  I\Iarlh.  Serin,  xxv,  249  He  will 
cleanse  from  your  repentant  souls  this  daily  assoilment. 

absol.  as  pi.     14..  in    Twiddle's   Vis.  (1843)  97  Sothfast 
kyng  whos  regne  is  inmutabull  To  repentaunt  by  rygour  not 
vengeable.     c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  264  It  is 
my  guyse,  Alle  repentaunt  to  bryng  hem  to  my  blys. 
b.  Const,  of)  for. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  5917  Elfred..Of  ire  trespas  biuore 
Ire  de^>  repentant  was.  1387  TREVISA  Higdcn  (Rolls)  I,  363 
No  man  bat  doofc>  dedely  synne  schal  be  i-saued,  but  he  be  / 

VOL.  VIII. 


465 

verrey  repentnunt  at  his  lifes  ende  of  al  his  mysdedes.  c  1400 
tr.  Secret  a  Sccre  t. ,  Gov.  Lordsh.  65  Men  awe  to  praye.  .and 
be  rependant  of  Mr  synnes.  1556  OLDE  Antichrist  175  b, 
Them  that  are  hartily  repentaunt  for  their  synnes.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  550  Penitent  also  and  repentant,  for  that 
which  he  had  done  in  his  furious  madnesse.  1817  KEATS 
Woman  I  when  /,  etc.  4  The  downcast  eye,  repentant  of  the 
pain  That  its  mild  light  creates  to  heal  again. 

2.  Expressing  or  indicating  repentance. 

1594  SIIAKS.  Rich.  Iff,  i.  ii.  216  After  I  haue  solemnly 
mterr'd..this  Noble  King,  And  wet  his  Graue  with  my 
Repentant  Teares.  1630  A'.  Johnsons  Kingd.  fy  Commw. 
87  Some  of  them  have  not  spared  to  commit  repentant  error, 
to  please  the  Pope.  1717  1'on-:  Eloisa  17  Relentless  walls  ! 
whose  darksome  round  contains  Repentant  sighs. 
B.  sb.  One  who  repents,  a  penitent.  ?  Qbs. 

1532  MORI:  Con/nt.  TindaU  Wks.  554/1  Though  he  haue 
made  a  true  faith  full  promise  of  pardone,  to  al  true  repent- 
auntes  and  penitentes.  1624  R.  SKVSNKR  in  Usshers  Lett. 
(1686)  350  Let  not  a  Man  that  is  a  true  Repentant  think 
[etc.].  1657  REEVE  Gotfs  Plea  21  Dumb  gestures  are  fitter 
for  repentrmts,  then  high  phrased  bablings,  a  iBi^Gafisnn^a 
iv.  vi.  in  New  Brit.  Theatre  III.  142  This  last  design  of  thy 
vengeful  cruelty  has  made  a  sincere  repentant  of  me. 

transf.  1589  PUTTF.NHAM  Kng.  r^csic  in.  xix.  (Arb.)  224, 
I  following  the  Greeke  originall  [tnctanoia]  choose  to  call 
him  the  penitent  or  repentant. 

Repentantly  (r/pc-ntantli),  adv.  [f.  prec.  + 
-LY  -.]  In  a  repentant  manner. 

1356  J.  HEYWOOD  .V//V/t'r.y/'".Ssiij,  As  that  one  vnder  that 
one  maide  did  die  Repentaunt ;  so  this  other  repentauntlie 
Under  this  other  maide.  1634  SIR  T.  HKKISEKT  Trav.  78 
To  recouer  his  faith,  which  he  ought  to  looke  after  re 
pentantly  and  with  more  zcale.  1849  THACKERAY  Pendennis 
xxvii,  She  checked  herself  repentantly,  saying,  'Well,  we 
must  not  laugh  at  her  (etc.].1 

Repe'iitecl,  ///.  «•  [f-  REPENT  v,  +  -ED*.] 
Regretted  ;  thought  of  with  repentance. 

1660  HICKERINGILL  Jamaica  (1661)  59  Till  the  repented 
assay  of  their  valour,  disciplin'd  them  into  better  manners. 
1850  MRS.  BROWNING  Poents  I.  265  He.  .sun  and  moon  Per 
petual  witness  made  Of  his  repented  humanness. 

Repenter  (r/pc-ntai).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER!.] 
One  who  repents,  a  penitent. 

1621  CADE  Scrm.  34  Judas,  .did  now  repent,  .much  better 
then  the  ordinary  repent ers  at  shrift.  1681  COLVIL  Whigs 
Snpplic.  (1710)  74  Some  say,  a  Ui.shop  Covenanter,  If  a 
Penitent  repenter,  Cause th  more  Joy  to  Sp'rits  Divine,  Than 
all  the  other  ninety  nine.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (iSn) 
II.  371  Having  enrolled  myself  among  the  too-late  repcnters, 
who  shall  pity  me?  1842  G.  S.  FABER  Prov.  Lett.  (1844)  II. 
101  The  repenters  ..ought  forthwith  to  quit  the  wicked 
Church  of  England. 

t  Rcpe'iitful,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-TUL.]  Full  of  repentance. 

1631  Ccli'stina  vn.  96  An  idle  and  lazy  youth,  brings  with 
it  a  repentfull  and  a  painfull  old  age. 

I  Repentiiie,  a.  Obs.  [a.  obs.  F.  repentin, 
-ine  (Godef.),  or  ad.  L.  repent lmtst  f.  repent-^ 
repens  sudden  :  see  -INE.]  Sudden. 

c  1510  BARCLAY  Mirr.  Gd.  Manners  (1570)  B  v,  Enter 
prises  rashe,  hastie  and  repentine,  Are  chiefe  thinges  bring 
ing  great  workes  to  ruine.  1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillcmeau's 
Fr.  Chirurg,  51  b/i  All  repentine  and  subitc  permutations 
are  vnto  our  bod  yes  very  preiudicialle.  1624  BP.  ANDREWES 
Scrm.  (1629)  259  Never  trust  a  repentance  repentine;  no 
sodein  flash  or  brunt.  1633  T.  ADAMS  E.\p.  2  Pet.  '\\.  i  Those 
repentine,  serpentine  mischiefes  sting  before  they  hisse. 

Repenting  (r/pe-ntirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  REPENT  v. 
-f  -ING  *.]  The  action  of  the  vb. ;  repentance. 

n  1300  Cursor  M.  4958  Don  yee  haue  (>e  sin  yee  wate, 
Your  repenting  es  now  to  late,  c  1315  SHOREHAM  i.  1087 
Two  bynges  her-wyb-ynne  beb,  For-3effc>e,  and  repentynge. 
^1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  Pro!.  156  Thoo  that  hadde  doon 
vnkyndenesse  ..  humblcly  songe  hire  repentynge.  1530 
PALSGR.  262/1  Repentyng.  regret,  refientcnce.  1599  SHAKS. 
Much  Ado  n.  i.  76  Wooing,  wedding,  &  repenting,  is  as 
a  Scotch  jigge,  a  measure,  and  a  cinque-pace,  c  1655  MILTON 
Sonn^  To  C.  Skinncr^6  Deep  thoughts,  .to  drench  In  mirth, 
that  after  no  repenting  drawes.  1719  Drc  FOE  Crusoe  n. 
(Globe)  444  To  talk  of  my  repenting,  alas!  And  with  that 
he  fetch'd  a  deep  Sigh.  1851  TRENCH  Poems  93  Repent- 
ings  for  her  quick  and  angry  mood. 

b.  attrtb.j  esp.  repenting  slool,  the  stool  of  re 
pentance  (see  REPENTANCE  2). 

1567  in  6t/t  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  643/2  He  sail . . 
present  him  self  vpon  the  Repenting  stuill  in  the  parochiall 
Kyrk  of  Anstruthair  in  Repenting  maneir.  1721  RAMSAY 
Lucky  Spence  vii,  Whinging  fools,  That's  frighted  for 
repenting-stools.  a  1722  PENNECUIK  Collect.  Scots  Poems 
(1787)  34  They  gave  the  surplice  to  the  English  prelates, 
And  their  repenting  stools  to  Scottish  zealots. 

Repenting  (r/pe-ntirj),///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING?]  That  repents. 

1533  FRITH  Anstu.  More  Wks.  (1829)  177  Christ's  blood 
(which  must  be  received  with  a  repenting  heart  thro'  faith). 
1618  G.  STRODE  Anat.  Mortalitie  145  Vnto  the  repenting 
person  hee  giueth  a  soft  heart.  1666  DRYDEN  Ann.  Mirab. 
cxcviii,  Repenting  England  ..  To  Philip's  manes  did  an 
offering  bring.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  7  Like  a  true 
repenting  Prodigal.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  v.  v,  Tears 
of  repenting  joy,  which  fast  intruded,  Fell  fast. 

Hence  Repe'ntingly  adv. 

1611  COTGR.,  Repentii'emcnt,  ..  repentingly,  with  repent 
ance.  1643  S.  ASHE  Best  Refuge  54  We  must  repentingly 
returne  unto  the  Lord,  a  1774  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Greece  1. 134 
There  were  many  useful  citizens  whom  they  had.  .sent  into 
banishment,  and  these  they  now  repentingly  wished  to 
restore.  1893  Daily  News  8  May  5/5  Those  who  . .  re 
pentingly  returned  to  the  bosom  of  the  party. 

t  Repentinous,  a.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [f.  as  RE 
PENTINE  +  -ous.]  Sudden. 

1651  BIGGS  New  Di$P,  147  Grimfac'd  repenttnous  Death. 


REPERCUSSION. 

t Repe'ntive,  a.  Obs.  rare-*,  [f.  REPENT 
v.  +  -IVE  :  cf.  obs.  F.  rcpentif.]  Repentant. 

1620  QUARLES  Jonah  (1638)  44  The  body  must  be  prostrate; 
and  the  minde  Truly  repetitive,  and  contrite  within. 

t  Repe'ntless,  a.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-LESS.]  Unrepentant. 

a  1683  QLDHAM  Poet.  Wks.  (1686)  148  Then  may  the 
Stupid,  and  Repentless  die,  And  Heav'n  it  self  forgive  no 
more  than  I. 

Repeople  (r/prp'l),  v.  [ad.  F.  rcpwpkr  (\$h. 
c.)  :  sec  KE-  and  PEOPLE  v."\ 

1.  trans.    To  people  anew ;   to  furnish  with  a 
fresh  population, 

1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  in.  xii.  158  After  this  the  world  was 
repeoplyd  and  made  agayn  by  them  that  descended  of  them. 
1568  GKAFTON  Chron.  II.  286,  I  will  rcpeople  the  towne 
againe  wyth  mere  Englishe  men.  1652  H.  L'ESTKANGR 
Amcr,  no  Jeives  10  Noah  had  so  many  yearcs  of  his  own 
life  to  bestow  in  repeopUng  and  replanting  the  Earth.  1761 
HUME  Hist.  ting.  I.  ii.  52  He  invited,  .foreigners  to  re- 
people  his  Country.  1873  GEIKIE  fee  Age  i.  2  \Ve  behold. . 
Britain  once  more  becoming  continental,  and  rcpcopled. 
b.  Jig.  To  people  again  in  imagination. 

1818  BYRON  Ch.  liar.  iv.  iv,  1'hough  all  were  o'er,  For  us 
repeopled  were  the  solitary  shore.  1871  MA<,I<UH--  l\itntos 
v.  56  One  can  still  re-people  the  solitude  with  busy  life. 

absol.  1835  LYTTON  Rienzi  \\.  iv,  I  had  the  puwur  to  re- 
people— to  create. 

2.  transf.  To  restock  with  bees,  fish,  etc. 

1693  AnnifiON  Virg.  Gcorg.  iv.  297  By  repeopling  their 
decaying  state,.  .Their  ancient  stocks  eternally  remain. 
1766  Complete  j''anncr  s.v.  Queen-l>££,  From  the  frocundity 
of  this  one  female,  a  whole  hive  is  easily  and  suon  ix-peopled. 
1807  J.  BARLOW  Coliniib.  vin.  484  Renascent  swarms,.  Re- 
people  still  the  shoals  and  fin  the  fruitful  tide.  1862  Cornhill 
Alag.  Feb.  201  M.  Coste  has  superintended  the  laying  down 
of.  .new  oyster  beds. .,  and  likewise  repeopled  a  number  that 
had  been  exhausted. 
Hence  Hepeo'pling  vbl.  sb. 

1611  COTGR.,  Repeuplement^  a  repeopling,  repopulating. 
a  1641    BP.    ^IONTAGU  Acts  $  j\Ion.    (1642)    125    1'resently 
upon  re-peopling  of  the  earth  [etc.).     1798  MALTHUS  Po/ntl. 
(1817)   I.  4f>6  He. .forgets  that   such  a  prompt  repeopling 
could  not  take  place  without  an  unusual  increase  of  births. 
1863  DANA  Man.  Gcol.  203  There  was  nearly  a  complete  ex 
termination  of  the  species,  requiring  a  repeopling  of  the  seas. 
Reperal(6,  -all,  variants  of  KKPAUKL  v.  Obs. 
Bepercei'Ve,  v.  rare~l.     [R«-  5  a.]     trans. 
To  perceive  afresh. 

1665  J.  WI-:BB  Stonc-Hcng  (1725)  41  That  you  may  reper- 
ceive  how  little  he  understands  Matters  of  Antiquity. 

t  RepercU'SS,  ///.  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  L. 
repercitsstts,  pa.  pple.  of  rcperattfrc :  sec  next.] 
Beaten  upon. 

c  1420  Vallad.on  Httso,  xii.  23  When  the  mone  is  dales  oold 
xv  And  so  not  repercusse  [L.  repercnssa]  as  of  the  sonne. 

RepercUSS  (rfpaik»'s),  v.  'iObs.  [f.  L.  re- 
percuss-,  ppl.  stem  of  rcperaitcre,  f.  re-  KE-  + 
percutcre  to  PERCUSS.] 

1.  trans.  To  beat  or  drive  back  (air,  fluids,  etc.). 
1501,  1615  [see  Repercitsscd  below].  1626  BACON  Sylva 
§  118  Aire  in  Ovens,  though  (no  doubt)  it  doth  (as  it  were) 
boyle,  and  dilate  it  self,  and  is  repercussed  ;  yet  it  is  with 
out  Noise.  1669  WORLIDGE  Syst.  Agric*  (1681)  297  If  the 
Winds  blow  directly  downward,  and.  .force  the  dust  to  arise 
with  the  Wind,  which  is  repercussed  by  the  Earth.  1696 
SALMON  Fain.  Diet.  (ed.  2)  s.v.  Redness^  To  apply  such 
things  to  the  Eyes,  as  may  repercuss  and  drive  back  the 
Humours  offending.  1773  J.  Ross  Fratricide  vi.  389(MS.), 
As  when  the  frighted  blood  through  every  vein  Drives  to  and 
fro,  propell'd  and  repercussM,  By  the  effluvia  of  electric  fire. 
fig.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xxur.  vii, The  marrow  or  pith. . 
doth  repercusse  and  smite  back  the  said  disease,  so  that  it 
shall  not  arise  and  grow.  1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  in.  xiii. 
610  The  said  tempestuous  rumours  did  strike  and  repercusse 
his  thoughts  inward. 

fb.  To  reflect  (beams  or  rays  of  light).   Obs. 
1604  STIRLING  A uroraxxxv'il,  As  theSunne.  .darting  from 

aboue,  Doth  parch  all  things  that  repercusse  his  beames. 
1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  \.  xiii.  73  The  Ray,  repercussed  or 
reflected  in  the  perpendiculum  is  redoubled. 

fc.  To  return,  reverberate  (a  sound).  Obs.  rare. 
a  1585  MONTGOMERIE  Chcrrie  4-  Slac  89  And  ay  the  echo 

repercust  Hir  diapason  sound.  1626  BACON  Sylva  §  245 
Whether  a  Man  shall  heare  better,  if  he  stand  aside  the 
Body  Repercussing.  1710  [see  Rcpercnssing}. 

t2.  Of  light :  To  beat  upon  (a  thing).  Obs.  rare"1. 

1592  R.  D.  Hypnerotomachia  48  As  full  of  coulers  as  a 
Christall  glasse,  repercust  and  beaten  against  with  the 
beames  of  the  sunne. 

Hence  Hepercu-ssed,Repercu'ssing///. #<{>.?. 

1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  Prol.  iii,  Of  repercus[si]t  air  the 
echo  cryis,  Amang  the  branches  of  the  blomed  treis.  1615 
G.  SANDYS  Trav.  247  The  noise  that  is  made  by  the  reper 
cussed  waters.  1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  i.  xm.  73  The 
repercussed  Heat  is  sufficient  for  all  Operations  Natural  to 
quicken  and  encourage  them.  1710  Brit.  Apollo  No.  9.  i/i 
An  Eccho..is  caus'd  by  any.  .Repercu:>sing  Body  slopping 
and  reflecting  the . .  Sound. 

t  Repercu-sser.  Obs.  rare.  Also  7 -our.    [f. 

prec.  +  -EB!,  -OB  2.]     Med.  A  repellent. 

1634  T.  JOHNSON  Parey's  Chirurg.  1032  The  immoderate 
use  of  repercussers.  1657  TOMLINSON  Renou's  Disp.  29 
Others  repel  by  a  refrigerating  quality . .  as  water  and  other 
such  repercussours. 

Repercussion  (n~ps.ikzrjbn).  Also  6  -par-, 
[a.  K.  repercussion  (i4th  c.),  or  ad.  L.  repercussion- 
em  ,  n.  of  action  f.  repercutcre :  see  REPERCUSS  #.] 

1.  The  action  of  a  thing  in  forcing  or  driving 
back  an  impinging  or  advancing  body;  also,  the 
power  of  doing  this.  Now  rare. 

59 


REPERCUSSION. 

1536  BELLENDEM  Cron.  Scot.  Cosmogr.  xv,  This  goume  is 
general  of  see  froith,  quhilk  is  cassin  vp  be  continewal  re 
percussion  of  craggis  aganis  the  see  wallis.  1601  HOLLAND 
Pliny  I.  ii  The  vapor  thereof  by  repercussion,  forceth  them 
[the  planets)  to  be  evidently  retrograde,  and  goe  backward. 
1601  BP.  W.  BARLOW  Defence  3  A  man  cannot  fasten,  .any 
maine  stroke  and  visible  vpon  soft  and  yeelding  bodies,  in 
that  they  haue  no  repercussion.  i66a  STILUNGFL.  Orig. 
Sacrx  in.  ii.  §  17  Because  of  the  repercussion  of  other  Atoms 
..they  receive  such  knocks  as  make  them  quiet  in  their 
places.  1712  BLACKMORE  Creation  iv.  (ed.  2)  172  They 
various  Ways  recoil,  and  swiftly  flow  By  mutual  Reper- 
cussions  to  and  fro.  1799  KIRWAN  Gcol.  Ess.  77  From  the 
opposition  it  must  have  met  in  these  mountainous  tracts, 
and  the  repercussion  of  their  craggy  sides,  eddies  must  have 
been  formed, 

f2.  a.  Med.  The  action  of  forcing  back  or 
driving  away  by  the  application  of  remedies;  the 
operation  of  repelling  (humours,  swellings,  etc.) 
from  a  particular  part  of  the  body  ;  also,  a  medi 
cine  or  application  used  for  this  purpose.  Obs. 

1541  R.  COPLAND  Gnydon's  Form.  R  ij  b,  The  seconde 
[intention].,  is  fulfylled  by  repercussyon  at  the  begynnynge. 
i6iz  WOODALL  Surg.  Mate  Wks.  (1653)  229  Mercuric.  .For 
repercussion  thou  win'st  praise.  1663  KOYLE  ll'ks. (1772)  VI. 
372,  I  should  prefer  that  method  in  agues  before  any 
violent  repercussions  though  it  were  the  l&mQUS/tbrjfifga 
called  Jesuits'  bark.  1671  SALMON  Syn.  Mcd.  i.  xlii.  93 
The  proper.. Nourishment  of  the  Similary  Parts  is  done  by 
..  Repercussion  not  by  Attraction.  1727  BRADLEY  J-'ain. 
Diet.  s.v.  Tumour,  The  other  [method]  is  to  stop  and  repel 
'em;  which  is  call'd  Repercussion,  that  sends  'em  back  to 
their  Source. 

f  b.  The  forcing  back  of  flame  by  blowing  upon 
it.     Also  fig.  Obs.  rare. 

1628  BP.  HALL  Old  Rclig.  9  Like  as  the  repercussion  of 
the  flame  intends  it  more.  1633  —  Occas.  Medit.  (1851)  28 
O  God,  if  thy  bellows  did  not  sometimes  thus  breathe  upon 
me,  in  spiritual  repercussions. 

3.  Repulse  or  recoil  of  a  thing  after  impact ;  the 
fact  of  being  forced  or  driven  back  by  a  resisting 
body. 

1553  BRENDE  Q.  Cnrtius  vm.  174  *>,  The  streame.. 
apering  by  the  reparcussion  of  the  water  in  manye  places  to 
be  ful  of  great  stones  in  the  bottome.  1604  DRAYTON  Owle 
(1619)  1137  That  (with  the  Repercussion  of  the  Aire)  Shooke 
the  great  Eagle  sitting  in  his  Chaire.  1672  Phil.  Trans. 
V II .  s  148  The  other  Secondary  Affections  of  Winds ;  as  their 
Undulation,  Repercussion  from  Promontories,  Opposition, 
&C.  1698  RAY  Disc.  n.  v.  (1693)  205  After  much  thunder 
and  roaring  by  the  allision  and  repercussion  of  the  flame 
against  and  from  the  sides  of  the  Caverns.  1760-72  tr.  Juan 
•y  Ulloa^s  Voy.  (ed.  3)  I.  371  The  waters  are  violently  carried 
against  the  rocks  :  and  in  their  repercussion,  form  dangerous 
whirlpools.  1793  A.  MURPHY  Tacitus  (1805)  VII.  n  By  the 
repercussion  bursting  out  with  redoubled  force. 
b.  fig.  or  in  fig.  context. 

1625  JACKSON  Creed  v.  xiii.  §  3  This  certainty  can  never  be 
wrought  but  by  a  repercussion  of  the  engrafted  notion  upon 
itself.  1639  G.  DANIEL  Ecclus.  xxiii.  75  A  mighty  wall  As 
Diamond  Solid,  where  all  Sence  must  fall  With  repercussion. 
1869  J.  D.  BALDWIN  Preh.  Nations  iv.  (1877)  138  Their 
action  . .  has  entered  the  current  of  European  affairs  in 
directly  only,  and  by  repercussion.  1880  SWINBURNE  Stud. 
Shaks.  (ed.  2)  79  The  injury  done  her  cousin,  which  by  the 
repercussion  of  its  shock,  .serves  to  transfigure,  .the  whole 
bright  light  nature  of  Beatrice. 
C. 


466 

DE  QUINCEV  Wordsw.'s  Poetry  Wks.  1857  VI.  242  What 
would  the  sun  be  itself,. -if  Its  glory  were  not  endlessly., 
thrown  back  by  atmospheric  repercussions  ? 

b.  Reflection  of  beams,  rays,  etc.    Also  without 
of.     (Common  in  lyth  c.) 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  noCertaine  buttons. .which  with 
the  repercussion  and  reverberation  of  the  Sun-beames,  doe 
shine  againe  like  resplendent  gold.  1622  MALYNES  Anc. 
Law-Merck.  257  Vpon  a  housetop,  .where  the  repercussion 
of  the  Sunne  did  worke  vpon  them.  1653  MORE  Antid. 
Atk.  ii.  xii.  §  3  That  the  rays  may  not  be  returned; 


1860  TANNER  Pregnancy  ii.  94  Ballottement,  or  reper 
cussion,  is  a  valuable  means  of  acquiring  information  as  lo    j 
the  existence  of  pregnancy.     1889  J.  M.  DUNCAN  Lect.  Dis.     \ 
Women  vii.  (ed.  4)  39  Feeling  ballotement  or  repercussion, 
hearing  the  fatal  movements. 

4.  The  return  or  reverberation  of  a  sound ;  echo, 
echoing  noise. 

'595  Locrine  in.  vi,  Where  every  echo's  repercussion  May 
help  me  to  bewail  mine  overthrow.  1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water 
P.)  Sculler  Wks.  in.  28/1  The  Ecchoes  of  his  groanings 
seem'd  to  sound,  With  repercussion  of  his  dying  plalnes. 
1713  DERHAM  Pkys.-Theol.  iv.  iii.  119  To  bridle  the  Evaga- 
tion  of  the  Sound — but  not  to  make  a  Confusion  thereof,  by 
any  disagreeable  Repercussions.  1760-72  tr.  ynanfy  Ulloa's 
yoy.  (ed.  3)  I.  95  This  dreadful  noise  is  prolonged  by 
repercussions  from  the  caverns  of  the  mountains.  1855 
J.  H.  NEWMAN  Callista  (1800)  309  Like  the  echo  which  is  a 
repercussion  of  the  original  voice. 

transf,  1650  HOWELL  Lett.  III.  4  Let  our  letters  be  as 
eccho's :  let  them  bound  back,  and  make  mutuall  repercus 
sions.  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  23^6  Taste  and  Grace. . 
sounds  which.. have  since  been  re-echoed  without  meaning 
..by  a  constant  repercussion  from  one  coxcomb  to  another. 
b.  Mus.  (See  quots.) 

1609  J.  DOULAND  Ornithop.  Microl.  12  The  Repercussion, 
which  by  Guido  is  called  a  Trope,  and  the  proper  and  fit 
melodic  of  each  Tone.  Or  it  is  the  proper  interuaU  of  each 
Tone.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Of  these  three  chords 
the  two  extremes,  i.e.  the  final  and  the  predominant  one 
(which  are  properly  the  repercussions  of  each  mode).  1872 
BANISTER  Music  §  391  During  the  successive  entries  of  the 
Subject  and  Answer,  the  other  parts  continue  with  counter 
points,.,  and  this  entry  of  all  the  parts  constitutes  the 
Exposition  (or  Repercussion),  exhibiting  the  material  of 
which  the  Fugue  is  to  be  formed.  1889  Grove's  Diet.  Mus. 
IV'  *39/i  (Tonal  Fu%ue}  The  alternation  of  the  Subject 
with  the  Answer— called  its  Repercussion.. — is  governed 
by  necessary,  though  somewhat  elastic  laws. 

6-  The  action  of  a  substance  in  reflecting  light ; 
f  colour  resulting  from  such  reflection. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  541  A  certain  blacke  vernish 
which. .by  the  repercussion  thereof. .gaue  an  excellent 
glosse  and  pleasant  lustre  to  the  colors.  1665  MANLEY 
Grotius'  Low  C.  Warres  474  Some  thick  Clouds  received  its 
opposite  light,  and  there  dispersed  the  same  by  repercus 
sion.  1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  30  A  number  of 
Fish,  whose  glistering  shells  made  that  artificial  light  in 
the  night,  and  gave  the  Sea  a  white  repercussion.  1845 


Aids  Rejf.  40  Aph.  v,  Our  election  from  God  is  but  the 
repercussion  of  the  beams  of  his  love  shining  upon  us. 
fc.  A  reflection  #/" something.    Obs.  rare"1. 

1646  J.  HALL  Horse  Vac.  58  As  in  a  Christall,  there  is  a 
perfect  Repercussion  of  a  Mans  visage. 

6.  A  blow  or  stroke  given  in  return  ;  also  fig. 
a  return  of  any  kind  of  action,  a  responsive  act. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  188  When  pur  eies  be  sore 
..we  turne  away  our  sight  unto  those  bodies  and  colours 
which  make  no  reverberation  or  repercussion  backe  againe 
upon  it.  1615  H.  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  611  The  bones 
strike  the  Nerue,  ..  The  same  Nerue  makes  a  repercussion 
vpon  the  Membrane.  1641  EARL  MONM,  tr.  Biondis  Civil 
Warres  v.  92  The  subject  whereon  shee  had  to  worke  being 
hard  and  apt  to  resist,  made  her  subject  to  repercussions. 
a  1684  LEIGHTON  Ps.  xxxix.  Wks.  (1835)  312  Observing 
others  to  improve  the  good  and  evil  we  see  in  them,,  .look 
ing  on  them  to  make  the  repercussion  stronger  on  ourselves. 
1751  JOHNSON-  Rambler  No.  148  P  5  Tenderness  once  excited 
will  be  hourly  increased  by  the.. repercussion  of  communi 
cated  pleasure.  1831  LAMB  Elia,  Ser.  n.  Shade  of  Elliston^ 
Natural  re-percussions,  and  results  to  be  expected  from  the 
assumed  extravagances  of.  .mock  life. 

t  b.  The  action  of  returning  a  blow.    Obs~l 

1608  WII.LET  Hexapla  Exod.  480  The  law  of  repercussion 
and  retal'ion  tooke  no  place. 

^7.  A  repeated  blow.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1621  G.  SANDYS  Ovid's  Met.  xii.  (1626)  244  Rhcetus.. 
aggrauates  his  wound  With  repercussions  of  his  burning 
brand. 

b.  A  repeated  attack  <?/"pain.  rare—1. 

1796  BURNS  Let.  to  Thomson.  Apr.,  I  have  only. .counted 
time  by  the  repercussions  of  pain. 

Repercussive  (rfpaikzrsiv),  a.  and  sb.  Also 
4  -if.  [ad.  F.  rlpercussift  -ive  (i4th  c.) :  see  RE- 
PERCUSS  v.  and  -IVE.] 

A.  adj.  fl.  Of  medicines  or  medical  applica 
tions  :  Serving  to  repel  humours  or  reduce  swell 
ings.  Qbs.  Cf.  REPELLENT  a.  i. 

c  1400  Lanfranc'sCirnrg.  210  To  enpostyms  of  blood,  bou 
mist  do  medicyns  repercussifs  &  dissolutiuis  sot  illy.  1543 
TRAHERON  Vino's  Chirurg.  if.  i.  14  The  inconvenient  and 
untimely  application  of  medicines  repercussive.  1601  DOL 
MAN  La  Primand.  Fr.  Acad.  (i6i8j  III.  818  The  flower 
thereof  is  good  in  repercussiue  plaisters.  1657  TOMLINSON 
Renou's  Disp.  29  The  Greeks  call  a  repercussive  Medica 
ment  a7ro«pouoTiKbf.  1694  SALMON  Bate^s  Dispens.  (1713) 
673/1  Besides  this,  it  is  very  dry  ing,  repercussive  and  anodyn. 

2.  a.  Of  sounds :  Reverberating  or  reverberated ; 
echoing,  resounding ;  repeated. 

1598  B.  JONSON  Case  is  Altered  i.  ii,  That  word  only 
Hath,  with  its  strong  and  repercussive  sound,  Struck  my 
heart  cold.  1638  [SHIRLEY]  Mart,  Soldier  iv.  i.  in  Bullen 
O.  PI.  I.  225  All  the  Goths  and  Vandalls  shall  strike  Heaven 
with  repercussive  Ecchoes  of  your  name.  1727-46  THOMSON 
Summer  1162  Amid  Carnarvon's  mountains  rages  loud  The 
repercussive  roar.  1809  MRS.  J.  WEST  Mother  (1810)  169 
The  woodland  hind  Strikes  the  firm  oak  with  repercussive 
blows.  1875  SWINBURNE  Ess.  fy  Stnd.  201  note,  I  think 
now  that  the  fantastic  beauty  of  that  single  repercussive 
note  would  perhaps  be  out  of  tune. 

b.  Of  things  or  places :  Returning  a  sound. 

1695  CONGREVE  Taking  ofNamur  vi,  The  huge  Cyclops 
did . .  Massie  Bolts  on  repercussive  Anvils  beat.  1712  BLACK- 
MORE  Creation  vn.  (ed.  2)  358  Ye  noisie  Waves  Strike  with 
Applause  the  repercussive  Caves.  1874  HARTWIG  Aerial  IV. 
iv.  39  Echo  no  longer,  .confides  her  sorrows  to  the  remote 
glen  or  the  repercussive  rock. 

f3.  Of  light:  Reflected.  Obs. 

1604  DEKKER  Kings  Entert.  Wks.  1873  I.  274  This  (the 
glasse  alone)  Where  the  neat  Sunne  each  morne  himselfe 
attires,  And  glides  it  with  his  repercussive  fires.  1701  WATTS 
Horx  Lyr.,  Fun.  Poem  T.  Gnnston,  As  she  labours  up  to 
reach  her  Noon,  Pursues  her  Orb  with  repercussive  Light. 

transf.  _  1598  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xvm.  192  Their  guides  a 
repercussive  dread  Took  from  the  horrid  radiance  of  his  re 
fulgent  head,  a  1639  T.  CAREW  To  H.  D.  16  Shadowes  to 
delude  thine  eyes  With  ayrie  repercussive  sorceries. 

4.  Of  a  blow:  Causing  to  rebound.  rare-1. 

1712  BLACK  MORE  Creation  n.  (ed.  2)  69  What  vig'rous  Arm, 
What  repercussive  blow  Bandies  the  mighty  Globe  still  too 
and  fro? 

f  B.  sb.  Med.  A  repellent.   Obs. 

ci4oo  Lanfranc's  Cirnrg.  209  J?ou  must  purge  \>e  matere 
or  J>ou  leie  berto  ony  repercussijf  or  ony  maturatif.  1547 
BOORDB  Brev.  Health  75  If  the  mylke  be  curded  in  the 
brestes,  some  olde  auctours  wyll  gyue  repercussiues.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  278Theherbeis.  .a  singular  repercussiue 
in  all  impostumes  and  inflammations.  1651  FRENCH  Distil. 
v.  135  A  plate  of  the  said  Mercury  laid  upon  tumours  would 
be  a  great  deale  better  repercussive  then  plates  of  lead, 
which  Chtrurgtons  use.  1723  BRADLEY  Fam.  Diet.  s.v. 
Tumour )  Repercussivesare  not  used  in  all  sorts  of  Tumours. 

Hence  Bepercn'ssively  adv.,  Repercivssive- 
ness  (Bailey,  vol.  II.  1727). 

1831  Blackw.  Mag.  XXX.  874  It  did  shiver— repercus- 
sively  broken  back  by  gnarled  oak. 

f  Repercii'te,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  F.  r£- 
percuter  (i4th  c.);  or  L.  repercutere*,  see  REPER- 


REPERTORIUM. 

cuss  z».]  a.  absoh  =  REPERCUSS  v.  i.  b.  trans. 
To  strike  in  turn. 

1525  tr.  Brnn$ivick*s  Surg.  xxvi,  I  did  therto  leues  of 
iusquiamus  sodden  ..  because  it  repercuteth  and  resolueth. 
1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  i.  n  When  the  first  bone,  per 
cussed  by  the  stroke  of  the  ayre,  repercuteth  the  other  in 
manner  of  a  mallet. 

t  Repercirtient,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  re- 
pcrcutient-eitij  pres.  pple.  of  repercittere :  see  RE- 
PERCUSS  z>.~\  =  REPERCUSSIVE  a.  i. 

1684  tr.  Bonefs  Merc.  Commit,  xin.  392  The  laxity  of  the 
part,  .will  not  permit  us  to  apply  any  thing  that  is  violently 
repercutient  or  resolvent.  Ibid.  xvn.  592  Cold  and  very  re- 
percutient  things  must  by  no  means  be  applied. 

t Repercutive.  Obs.  rare-0.  [ad.  obs.  F. 
repcnutif  (i4th  c.) :  see  REPERCUTE  and  -IVE.] 
^REPERCUSSIVE  sb. 

1611  COTGR.,  Kepercntif,  a  repercutme ;  a  medicine  that 
repells..paine  from  the  place  whereunto  it  is  applyed. 

t  Repe-refe,  variant  of  REAP-REEVE  Obs. 

14. .  Vac.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  596/7  Metellits*  a  reperefe. 

E,eperel(l,  variants  of  REPAREL  sb.  and  v.  Obs. 

Reperfo'rill,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  perform  again. 

1651  BAXTER  Inf.  Bapt,  119  Infant  Baptism  is  God's  ordin 
ance,  and  Baptism  not  to  be  reperformed.  1805  W.  TAYLOR 
in  Monthly  Mag.  XIX.  219  It  rather  causes  the  original 
organic  motion  to  be  re-performed. 

Reperfirme, ».  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To  perfume 
again.  Hence  Keperfirmed///.  a. 

1593  DRAYTON  Skeph.  Carl,  Eel.  viii,  While  others.. strut 
the  stage  with  reperfumed  wordes.  1888  A.  S.  WILSON 
Lyric  Hopeless  Lo?'e  vi.  19  Thy  love  Puts  music  into  forest 
sounds  And  odours  reperfumes. 

Re'perible.  a.  rare.  [ad.  L.  type  *reperibilis, 
f.  reperire  to  find  :  see  -IBLE.]  Discoverable. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  189  Per  is  noone  ylle  thynge 
but  hit  is  reperible  in  man.  i&j$N.  Amer.  Rev.  CXX.  275 
We  must  strip  them  of  their  national,  local,  and  personal 
distinctions,  of  all,  in  short,  that  is  not  reperible  in  every 
one  of  them. 

t  Reperi'tion.  Obs.  rare  -l.  [f.  L.  reperire 
to  find -*• -ITION.]  Discovery. 

1627  SPEED  England  xxxvi'i'}.  §  i  Neither  the  repetition  nor 
the  repetition  thereof  shall  be  accounted  impertinent. 

Repe'riwig,  v.  rare-1.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  cover  again  as  with  a  wig. 

1608  SYLVESTER  DuBartas  n.  iv.  v.  Decay  815  The  Sappy - 
bloud  Of  Trees  hath  twice  re-perriwig'd  the  Wood. 

Repe'ljuring,  vbl.  sb.  rare"1.     [RE-  5  a.] 

Repetition  of  perjury. 

BKjSTDBWBB^Wlt  Abns.  I.  (1879)  183  \Vhat_expostulation, 
railing,  scoulding,  periuring,  and  repenuring  is  maintained? 

Repermrt,  v.  rare-1.  [RE- 5  a.  Cf.¥.re- 
permettre  (Cotgr.).]  trans.  To  permit  again. 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  vi.  §  22  Hee  ..suspended 
himselfe  from  vse  of  his  priestly  function,  till  vpon  sute  he 
was  repermitted. 

Repersna'de,  v.  rare.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans,  and 
i    absol.  To  persuade  again. 

a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Bedford,  i.  (1662)  117  Whereupon 
for  his  own  preservation  he  was  re-perswaded  to  return  to 
Pitmister.  1775  S.  J.  PRATT  Liberal  Of  in.  vii.  (1783)  I.  95, 
I  began  to  re-persuade ; . .  I  protested  [etc.]. 

Repert6,-tee,obs.forms  of  REPARTEE  sb.  and  v. 

t  Repertible,  a.  Obs.  rare  -°.  [a.  F.  repertMe, 
f.  L.  repert-,  ppl.  stem  of  reperire  to  find.]  '  Which 
maybe  found,  gotten,  or  recovered '  (Blount,  1656, 
from  Cotgr.). 

t  Repertite.z'.  Obs.  rare.  [var.  of  REPARTITE 
v.,  with  change  of  vowel  as  in  L.  imperlire.] 
trans.  To  quarter  in  divisions.  Const,  upon. 

(-1603  in  StialtKch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  40  Com 
panies  repertited  upon  Zeeland. ..These  companies  were  re- 
pertited  upon  Zeeland,  but  paid  hitherto  by  the  generality. 

t  Beperti'tiqu.  Obs.  [var.  of  REPARTITION  : 
see  prec.]  Division,  distribution,  allotment. 

1578  T.  N.  tr.  Corn;.  W.  India  6  It  folowed,  that  in  the 
repertition  of  y«  lands  conquered,  lames  Velasques  gave 
unto  Cortez  the  Indians  of  Manicorao.  1635  R.  DAFFORNE 
Merch.  Mirronr  Ep.  Ded.  av,  The  word  Repertition  is  not 
used  in  my  Booke,  as  James  Peele,  and  many  Merchants  doe. 

t  Reperti-tious,  a.  Obs.-°  [ad.  L.  reper- 
tilius,  f.  repert-,  reperire  to  find.]  Found  by  chance. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.\  hence  in  later  Diets. 

II  Repertoire  (re-p3JtwaJ,  F.  repe.rtwar).  Also 
r6-.  [F.  repertoire, ad.  'L.repertorium  REPERTORY.] 
A  stock  of  dramatic  or  musical  pieces  which  a  com 
pany  or  player  is  accustomed  or  prepared  to  per 
form  ;  one's  stock  of  parts,  tunes,  songs,  etc. 

1847  lllustr.  Loud.  News  16  Jan.  42/2  The  part..,  with 
the  exception  of  the  renowned . .  Robert  Macaire,  is  the  best 
character  in  his  repertoire.  1849  TnACKERAY  Pettdeimis 
liii,  Warrington,  who. .had  but  one  tune. .in  his  repertoire, 
..sat  rapt  in  delight.  1885  J.  K.  JF.ROMEO/I  tluStage  124, 
I  got  hold  of  the  repertoire  and  studied  up  all  the  parts  I 
knew  I  should  have  to  play. 

attrib.  1897  Daily  News  15  Sept.  6/4  A  sound  repertoire 
company,  where  too  many  plays  are  not  embarked  upon, 
and  yet  the  so  necessary  variety  is  not  wanting. 

tRepe-rtor.  Obs.  rare-1.  [L.,  agent-noun 
f.  reperire  to  find.]  A  discoverer. 

1650  FULLER  Pisgali  iv.  ii.  31  Let  others  dispute  whether 
Anah  was  the  Inventour,  or  onely  the  Repertour  of  Mules. 

II  Repert orium  (repartS»-ri*m).  [L.,  f.  re- 
pert-,  ppl.  stem  of  reperire  to  find  :  cf.  next.]  f  a. 
A  catalogue.  Obs.  *>.  A  storehouse,  repository. 


REPERTORY. 

1667  WOOD  Life  (O.  H.  S.)  1  1.  1  1  1  He  .  .  shew'd  him  '  the 
Repertorium  ',  and  spoke  to  Jennings  the  reacher  of  the 
records,  that  he  should  let  him  have  any  record  that  he 
should  point  at  in  the  said  Repertorium.  1818  LADY 
MORGAN  Fl.  Macarthy  III.  i.  17  As  for  Counsellor  Con  way 
Crawley,  I  look  upon  him  as  the  very  repcrtorium  of  the 
laws.  1866  LIDDON  Bampt,  Lect.  ii.  §  i  (1875)  45  The  Bible 
is  not  a  great  repertorium  of  quotations. 

Repertory  (re-paitori).  Also  6  erron.  report-. 
[See  prec.  and  -ORY.] 

fl.  An  index,  list,  catalogue  or  calendar.   Obs. 

1552  in  Vicary's  Anat.  (1888)  304  The  Vse  of  the  first  boke 
called  a  Repertory.  1588  J.  MELLIS  Briefe  Instr.  C  iv  b,Vnto 
which  Leager  it  shalbe  necessary  to..  make  a  calender, 
otherwise  called  a  Reportory  or  a  finder.  1601  HOLLAND 
Pliny  II.  372  Hermippus  .  .made  besides  a  Repertorie  or 
Index  to  euery  booke  of  the  said  Poe.sie.  1687  N.  JOHN 
STON  Assnr.  Abbey  Lands  179  Whose  singular  favor  I  must 
ever  acknowledge  ..  in  furnishing  me  with  a  Repertory, 
whereby  I  am  enabled  leadily  to  find  such  Records.  1761 
DUCAREL  (title)  A  Proposal  for  ^  Publishing  a  general  Re 
pertory  of  the  Endowments  of  Vicarages. 

attrib.  1773  Gentl.  Mag.  XLIII.  353/2  Quoting  a  multi 
plicity  of  cases  from  the  Repertory  {printed  Ref-J  Book. 

2.  A  storehouse,  magazine,  or  repository,  where 
something  may  be  found. 

1593  G,  HARVEY  Pierce*  s  Super.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  66  As 
I  looke..for  his  vniueisall  Repertory  of  all  Histories,  con- 
tayning  the  memorable  acts  of  all  ages,  all  places,  and  all 
persons,  a  1751  BOLINGBROKE  Ess.  n.  iii.  Wks.  1754  IV.  46 
His  [Homer's]  writings  became  the  sole  repertory  to  later 
ages  of  all  the  theology,  philosophy,  and  hi.story  of  those 
which  preceded  his.  1796  BURKK  Let.  Noble  Ld.  Wks.  1802 
IV.  205  The  moral  scheme  of  France..  is  indeed  an  inex 
haustible  repertory  of  one  kind  of  examples.  1839  HALLAM 
Hist.  Lit,  in.  i.  §  14  It  is..  an  immense  repertory  of  uncon 
nected  criticisms  and  other  miscellaneous  erudition.  1868 
MILMAN  St.  Paul's  xviii.  456  The  established  repertory  of 
our  statutes  and  usages. 

3.  =  REPERTOIRE. 

1845  K.  HOLMES  Mozart  210  The  repertory  of  the  German 
lyric  stage  was.,  miserably  poor  in  comic  operas.  1866  GEO. 
ELIOT  F,  Holt  xxxi;  The  tune  the  most  symbolical  of 
Liberalism  which  their  repertory  would  furnish. 

Reperirsal  (r/~-).  [Ri>  5  a  :  cf.  next.]  A 
second  perusal. 

1670  FLAMSTEED  in  Rigaud  Corr.  Set.  Men  (1841)  II.  92, 
I  shall  be  forced  to  protract  the  time  I  had  set  myself  for 
the  reperusal  of  my  papers.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xviii, 
On  a  reperusal,  however,  he  thought  that  .  .  he  could  dis 
cover  something  like  a  tone  of  awakened  passion.  1874 
MAHAFI-Y  Sac.  Life  Greece  xi.  354  A  reperusal  discovers  to 
the  same  mind  many  things  at  first  overlooked. 

Repenrse  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
peruse  again  or  repeatedly. 

1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  331  If  any  thinke  that 
this  is  but  a  surmise,  let  them  reperuse  what  here  passant  ly 
is  written.  1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela  IV.  113,  1  have  given 
myself  no  Time  to  re-peruse  what  I  have  written.  1820 
SCOTT  Monast,  xxiv,This  second  paper  he  also  perused  and 
reperused  more  than  once.  1862  BUCKLEY  Introd.  Partonope 
(Roxb.)  24  He  reperused  with  this  object  in  view  the  legend 
as  narrated  by  Apuleius. 

ReperveTSion.    rare-1.     [RE-  5  a.]     Per 

version  back  again. 

1716  M.  DAVIES  Athcn.  Brit.  III.  Diss.  Drama  27 
Another..  Italian  Protestant,  Refugee  to  the  Church  of 
England,  was  still  more  unfortunate,  especially  as  to  his 
Doubling  of  his  Re-perversion  to  Popery  again. 

Repet,  obs.  form  of  RIPPET. 

Repete,  obs.  form  of  REPEAT  v. 

Repetend  (re'pftend,  rep/te'nd).  [ad.  L.  re- 
petend-iittt,  '  (that)  which  is  to  be  repeated  ',  neuter 
gerundive  of  repetfre  to  REPEAT.} 

1.  Arith.  The  recurring  figure  or  figures  in  an 
interminate  decimal  fraction.  (Cf.  REPEAT  v,  6  b.) 


1714  CUNN  Treat.  Fractions  62  The  Figure  or  Figures 
continually  circulating,  may  be  called  a  Repetend.  1718 
MALCOLM  Arith,  Pief.  (1730)  12  His  [Cunn's]  rule  for  the 
addition  of  Circulates  having  compound  Repetends  is  in 
sufficient  for  a  general  rule.  1802-13  BENTHAM  Ration. 
Jiidic,  Evid.  (1827)  III.  108  A  chain  of  character  evidence 
without  end  ;  an  arithmetical  repetend.  1830  \Vestm.  Rev, 
Oct.  442  Think  you  that  this  number  is  the  whole?  So  far 
from  being  so,  it  is  a  repetend.  1854  B.  SMITH  Arith.  76. 

2.   A  recurring  note,  word,  or  phrase  ;  a  refrain. 

1874  HOLLAND  Mistr.  Manse  viL  6  Then  [the  bells] 
faltered  to  their  closing  toll  Whose  long,  monotonous 
repetend  fete.].  1880  Scribntrs  Mag.  May  n6  In  'The 
Raven  ',  '  Lenore  ',  and  elsewhere,  he  employed  the  repetend 
also.  1895  C.  A.  SMITH  Repetit.  $  Paratl.  17  The  first 

L  stanzas  observe  alternate  initial  repetition,  *  Pnisque' 
ing  the  repetend  employed. 

Repetition  1  (repftrjon),  Also  6  -icion  , 
-icyon,  Sc.  -icioun,  -itioun.  [a.  OF.  repetition 
(mod.F.  rtpttitiori)  or  ad.  L.  repetition-em,  n.  of 
action  f.  repetere  to  REPEAT.] 

I.  1.  The  action  of  repeating  or  saying  over 
again  something  which  one  has  already  said  ;  re 
iteration  ;  an  instance  of  this. 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  163  b,  Of  curiosite  to 
saye  theyr  duty  agayne,  or  to  saye  it  with  repeticyons.  1557 
BIBLE  (Genev.)  Matt.  vi.  7  When  ye  pray,  vse  no  vaine 
repetitions  as  the  heathen.  1589  PUTTEXHAM  Eng.  Poesie 
in.  xix.  (Arb.)  208  Your  figure  that  worketh  by  iteration  or 
repetition  of  one  word  or  clause,  .is  counted  a  very  braue 
figure.  1669  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  \.  in.  x.  107  The  sacred 
Scriptures  abound  in  elegant  Repetitions.  1751  LADY 
M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  C'tess  of  Bute  19  June,  When  you 
do  not  answer  any  part  of  my  letters{  I  suppose  them  lost, 
which  exposes  you  to  some  repetitions.  1798  MALTHUS 


467 

Popul,  (1878)  p.  vi,  I  am  fearful  that  I  shall  appear,  .to  have 
been  guilty  of  unnecessary  repetitions.  1875  JO\VETT/Y<Z/O 
(eel.  2)  I.  485  Let  me  recapitulate — for  there  is  no  harm  in 
repetition. 

b.  I\het,  The  use  of  repeated  words  or  phrases. 
1553  T.WILSON  Rhct.  107  b,  Repetition  is  when  we  begynne 
diverse  sentencies  one  after  another  with  one  and  the  same 
worde.  1585  JAS.  I  Ess.  Poesie  (Arb.)  65  It  is  also  meit,  for 
the  better  decoratioun  of  the  verse  to  vse  sumtyme  the 
figure  of  Repetitioun.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tcchn.  I, 
Repetition^  (a  Figure  in  Rhetorick)  is  when  a  Person 
thinking  his  first  expression  not  well  understood,  ..  repeats 
or  explains  them,  another  way. 

2.  The  action  of  repealing  or  saying  over  some 
thing  in  order  to  fix  or  retain  it  in  the  memory; 
•f*  also,  the  rehearsal  of  a  play. 

1581  MULCASTER  Positions  xl.  (1887)  231  The  morening 
houres  will  best  seruc  for  the  memurie,.:  the  after  noone 
fur  repetitions,  and  stufTe  for  memorie  to  worke  on.  1612 
BKINSI.EY  Litd.  Lit.  xxi.  (1627)  246  Once  gotten,  they  were 
easily  kept  by  oft  repetition.  1756  FOOIK  Engl.fr.  Paris 
n.  \\  k>.  1799  I.  114  It  is  now  in  repetition  at  the  French 
comedy.  1863  GLO.  ELIOT  Romola  xxx,  Of  the  new  details 
he  learned  he  could  only  retain  a  few,  and  those  only  by 
continual  repetition. 

b.  The  action  of  reciting  in  a  formal  manner, 
csp.  recitation  of  something  learned  by  heart  j  a 
piece  set  to  be  learned  and  recited. 

1597  HOOKER  EccL  Pol.  v.  xl.  §  i  If  the  Psalms,  .deserve 
to  be  oftener  repeated  than  they  are,  but  that  the  multi 
tude  of  them  permittelh  not  any  oftener  repetition.  1612 
BKINSLEY  Lnd.  Lit.  vi.  (1627)  68  There  must  be  daily  repe 
titions  and  examinations.  1709  STEELK  Tatlcr  No.  79 
P  i  A  Repetition  of  the  following  Verses  out  of  Milton. 
1806-7  J-  HERESFORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life  (1826)  m.  viii, 
Seeing  the  boy  who  is  next  above  you  flogged  for  a  repeti 
tion  which  you  know  you  cannot  say  even  haif  so  well  as  he 
did.  1864  TRKVELYAN  Cottipet.  ll'allah  (1866)  129  Seeing 
that  his  boys  learn  their  repetitions  and  get  up  in  time  for 
morning  school. 

3.  Recital,  relation,  narration,  mention. 

1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  ///,  I.  Hi.  165  Rich*  Foule  wrinckled 
Witch,  what  niak'st  thou  in  my  sight?  Q.  M.  But  repeti 
tion  of  what  thou  hast  marr'd.  1607  —  Cot:  v.  iii.  144  A 
name  Whose  repetition  will  be  dogg'd  with  Curses.  1655 
STANLEY  Hist,  Phi  las.  in.  (1701)  83/1  By  repetition  of  which 
accident,  Chaiillus  often  afterwards  defended  the  Daemon. 
1821  BYRON  Mar.  Fal.  v.  i,  Spare  us,  and  spare  thyself  the 
repetition  Of  our  most  awful,  but  inexorable  Duty. 

4.  The  action  or  fact  of  doing  something  again ; 
renewal  or  recurrence  of  an  action  or  event  j  re 
peated  use,  application,  or  appearance. 

1597  HOOKER  EccL  Pol.  v.  Ixxi.  §  2  Because  by  repetition 
they..confirme  the  habites  of  all  vertue,  it  remameth  that 
we.. keep  them  as  ordinances.  1695  DRYDEN  tr.  Dufrcs- 
itoy's  Art  Painting  Observ.  f  200  The  Members  would  be 
too  naked,  if  they  left  not  two  or  three  Folds,  ..and 
therefore  [they]  have  us'd  those  Repetitions  of  many  Folds. 
1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cyct.  s.v.,  Habits  are  acquired  by  the 
frequent  repetition  of  actions.  1781  CowrER//^c  22  Pleasure 
is  labour  too,  and  tires  as  much,.. By  repetition  palled,  by 
age  obtuse.  1840  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  i,  These  glances 
seemed  to  increase  her  confidence  at  every  repetition.  1877 
MRS.  OLIPHANT  Makers  Flor.  v.  148  Genius,  getting  im 
patient  of  universal  repetition,  strikes  out  for  itself  new 
paths  on  every  side.  1883  Century  Mag.  Oct.  859/2  A 
notion  that  architectural  beauty  is  to  be  attained  by  an  in 
definite  repetition  of  ugliness. 

b.  Mus.   (See  quots.  and  cf.  REPEAT  j£.  2c,  zd.) 
1597  MoRLEY////m£  Mus.  68  When  you  see  this  signe  :|l: 

of  repetition,  you  must  begin  again,  making  the  note  next 
before  the  signe. .a  semibriefe  in  the  first  singing.  1727-38 
CHAMBERS  Cyct.  s.v.,  Repetition  ..  is  also  a  doubling  or 
trebling,  etc.  of  an  interval,  or  a  reiteration  of  some  concord 
or  discord.  1881  GROVE  Diet.  Mus.  Ill,  s.v.,  The  rapid 
reiteration  of  a  note  is  called  repetition. 

c.  The  comparative  ability  of  a  musical  instru 
ment  to  repeat  the  same  note  in  quick  succession. 

1885  C.  G.  W.  LOCK  Workshop  Receipts  Ser,  iv.  285/1 
Another  common  defect  Is  in  the 'repetition ':  a  key  will 
not  rise  to  the  level  instantly  the  finger  is  raised.  1894 
ELLISTON  Organs <$•  Timing  148  The.. repetition  is  such  that 
the  pipes  respond  to  the  most  rapid  staccato  passages. 
a.  The  return  of  a  taste.  rare~~^. 

1705  Jos.  TAYLOR  Journ.  Edenborongh  (1903)  49  For  my 
part  I  onlydrunk  one  Glass  for  curiosity,  and  I  arn  sure,  had 
the  repetition  of  It  20  times  in  my  stomach. 

5.  A  copy  or  replica  of  a  thing. 


•b    _ 

Catal.'Nat.  Portr.  Gallery 255  A  small  and  highly  finished 
repetition  of  it  was  recently  sold  among  the  artist's  works. 

6.  attrib.%  as  repetition  clock,  a  repeating 
clock;  repetition  sermon  (see  quot.  1688);  re 
petition  work,  the  occupation  of  making  the 
same  article  over  and  over  again. 

1624  DONNE  Devot.  (ed.  2)  381,  I  could  not  heare  the 
Sermon,  and  these  latter  Bells  are  a  repetition  Sermon  to 
me.  1688  D.  GRANVILLE  in  Misc.  {Surtees  No.  37)  43  It  is 
a  custom  in  the  University  of  Oxford  once  in  the  year  in  the 
University  Church  to  have  a  Repetition-sermon  . . ;  that 
repetition  task.. is  the  most  difficult  employment  of  the 
whole  year.  1764  Ann.  Reg.  i.  79  The  pieces  contained  in  the 
striking  part  of  the  ordinary  repetition  clocks.  1897  Daily 
News  iS  Nov.  6/2  Another  Manchester  firm... discharged  a 
filter  employed  on  simple  repetition  work. 

II.  7.  (Chiefly  Sc.)  The  action  of  claiming 
restitution  or  repayment;  a  claim  of  this  kind; 
also  loosely,  restoration,  recovery,  repayment. 

1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  \.  xiii.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  74  This  rite  of 
chevelry,  and  repeticioun  of  gudis,  began  first  be  ane  anciant 
pepil  namit  equicoli.  1590  AVg-.  Privy  Council  Scot.  IV. 543 
But  prejudice  of  his  repetitioun  of  the  soume  aboaewriuin 


REPINE. 

payit  be  him  to  the  said  Sir  Robert.  1644  in  Spalding 
Troub.  Chas.  /  (Spalding  Club)  11.313  Evcrie  vther  burghe 
sail  haue  repetitioun  of  the  tua  palrt  of  the  proportioun  of 
excise  furneshit  by  them.  1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exentp. 
Disc.  x.  138  Innocent  requiring  of  my  owne,  which  goes 
no  further  then  a  faire  repetition.  1765  Act  5  Ceo.  ///, 
c.  49  §  5  Their  action. .for  repetition  of  any  overcharge  in 
such  account  of  expences.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot. 
204  A  creditor  who  had  obtained  a  preference  in  a  ranking 
to  which  he  was  not  entitled,  was  found  liable  to  repetition. 

Repetition -  (r/-).  rare-1.  [RE- 5  a.]  Anew 
petition  or  request. 

1759  FKANKLIN  Ess.  Wks.  1840  III.  240  Repetitions,  when 
they  are  supported  with  new  reasons, .  .are  justifiable  in  all 
cases. 

Repeti'tioiial,  a.  rare.     [-AL.]     =next. 

1720  S.  PARKER  Bihliotk.  Bibl.  I.  15  This  second,  or  repe- 
titional  Law,  being  indeed  a  Recapitulation  and  Compendium 
of  the  first.  1829  BENTHAM  'Justice  fy  Cod.  Pctit.^  Full 
refit.  117  An  interval,  .between  the  original  series  of  pro 
ceedings,  and  the  repetitional  proceedings.  1871  BUSHNELL 
in  Lift:  <y  Lett.  xxiv.  (1880)  524  Great  care  to  be  had  of 
language— no.. cantish  repetitional  stuff. 

Repetitionary  (repftrjan&ri),  a.  [f.  REPETI 
TION  *+  -AKV.]  Characterized  by,  of  the  nature  of, 
repetition. 

1720  S.  PARKER  Biblioth.  Bibl.  I.  27  Where  Moses  deliver'd 
the  Second  or  Repetitionary  Law.  1806  R.  CUMBERLAND 
Mem.  (1807)  II.  235  His  adoption  of  a  stanza  obsolete  and 
repetitionary  on  the  ear.  1891  J.  WJNSOR  Chr.  Cotitnibus 
ii.  60  The  repetitionary  changes  of  stock  sentiment,  which 
swell  the  body  of  the  text. 

t  Repeti-tioner.  Obs.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -EiU.] 
The  preacher  of  a  repetition  sermon. 

a  1662  HEYLIN  Land(\f&%)  68  For  which  he  was  ^o  railed 
up  by  the  Repetitioner.  1691  [see  REPEATER  2  b]. 

Repeti'tionist.  rare—*,  [f.  as  prec.  +  -JST.] 
One  who  makes  a  practice  of  repetition. 

1815  Zclnca  III.  242  '  What,  another  anecdote.. !'  'I  am 
a  mere  repetitionist',  cried  Medlicott. 

Repetitious  (rep/trjos),  a.  [f.  L.  repetU-, 
ppl.  stem  of  repetcre  (sec  REPEAT  v.}  -f  -lous.j 
Abounding  in,  or  characterized  by,  repetition,  esp. 
of  a  tedious  kind;  tiresomely  iterative. 

(Common  in  recent  American  use.) 

1675  PENN  Eng.  Pres.  Interest  17  The  Great  Charter.. is 
comprehensive  and  repetitious  of  what  I  have  already  been 
discoursing.  1757  MRS.  GRIFFITH  Lett.  Henry  fy  Frances 
(1767)  I.  34  A  surprize  is  an  agreeable  novelty  in  this  same 
repetitious  world.  1856  HAWTHORNE  Eng.  Note-bks.  (1879) 
1. 136  An  English  legal  document, . .  very  long  and  repetitious. 
1860  HOLLAND  Miss  Gilbert  vi.  107  It  had  been  drummed 
into  her  ears  by  the  repetitious  tongue  of  her  mother. 

Hence  Repeti'tiouslyrt^. ;  Repeti'tiousness. 

1865  Sat.  Rev.  14  Jan.  62/1  Man  is  weak  ;  (  but,  more  than 
this,  he  is  wicked— repetitlously  and  wilfully  so'.  1882  P. 
SCHAFF  Apost.  Chr.  (1883)  785  The  apparent  repetitiousness 
and  dependence  of  Ephesians  on  Colossians. 

Repetitive  (ribe-titiv),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -IVE  : 
cf.  competitive.]  Characterized  by,  of  the  nature 
of,  repetition ;  repetitious. 

&y}New  Monthly  Mag.  LVI.  51  This  little  domestic  scene 
was  repeated . .  with  j  ust  sufficient  variation . .  as  might  suffice 
to  prevent  its  appearing  stupidly  repetitive.  \9^  A  llbutf s 
Syst.  Med.  VIII.  211  Observe  if  there  be  any  alterations  or 
spontaneous  repetitive  movements  of  the  digits. 

Hence  Repetitive  ness. 

1884  Spectator  15  Nov.  1509  A  sort  of  patient  repetitive- 
ness— there  is  no  such  woid  but  there  ought  to  be — which 
drives  onlookers  wild. 

Repeyle,  obs.  form  of  RIPPLE  z/. 

Repi'Ck  (r/~-),  v.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To  pick 
again,  in  various  senses. 

1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agrlc.>  Observ.  83  The 
Docks  picked  out  of  the  Swaths;  which  were  afterwards 
turned  and  re-picked.  1818  J.  BROWN  Psyche  xi6The  same 
thin  Cassius  to  repick  His  purpose  and  to  probe  his  quick. 
1830  LYTTON  P.  Clifford  viii,  Paul  hastened  to  repick  his 
oakum  and  rejoin  his  friend. 

Repicq(ue,  obs.  forms  of  REPIQUE  v. 

Repi'Cture  (W-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
picture  again. 

1847  New  Monthly  Mag.  Jan.  14*  A  full-length  portrait 
of  the  times.. is  repictured  to  the  eye.  1875  GEO.  JACQUE 
Hope  :  Lights  attd  Shadows  ii.  15  Hopes— Which  Fancy 
with  officious  art  Repictures  to  the  wounded  heart. 

Repie'ce  (rf-),  z>.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To  piece 
together  again. 

1646  in  Carte  Ormonde  (1736)  II.  App.  13  You  endeavour 
what  you  can  to  repiece  your  breach  with  the  Irish.  18*5 
J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic^  It  will,  .stop  the  other 
thread  or  threads  until  the  broken  thread  shall  be  repieced. 

Repier,  obs.  variant  of  RIPPIEB. 

t  Reprgnorate,  -erate,  v.     Obsr°  [ad.  ppl. 


5*3COCKERAM.       1050 „       .  .       - 

t  Repi'ke.  Obs.  rare-1,  [app.  f.  REPIQUE  v.\ 
?  Repercussive  or  repulsive  action. 

1687  BEVEBLEV  Expos.  Songo/Songs  ConcL,  So  the  Repike 
Of  untun'd  Ears  its  True  sounds  back  do  strike  With  Dis- 
acceptance. 

Repillestok,  obs.  form  of  RIPPLESTOCK. 

Repi'n  (rf-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  pin  again.  _ 

1859  READE  Love  me  xxvii.  Eve  silly  repinned  it  on  him. 
1885  LOCK  Workshop  Receipts  Ser,_  iv.  286/1  The  great 
points  in  repinmng  are  to  drive  the  pin  [etc.]. 

f  Repi'ne,  s&.  Obs.  [f.  the  vb.]  The  (or  an) 
act  of  repining;  discontent,  grudge. 

1599  SHAKS.  l\u.  $  Ad. 490  Were  ncuer  foure  such  lamps, 

E9-2 


REPINE. 

together  mixt,  Had  not  his  clouded  with  his  browes  repine. 
1600  HOLLAND  Livy  96  Not . .  iterating  still  his  praises  for 
feare  of  heaping  more  matter  of  envie  and  repine.  1615 
A.  STAFFORD  Heav.  Dogge  64  What  I  must,  that  I  will  do, 
without  so  much  as  a  repine  or  a  struggle. 

Repine  (r/psi-n),  v.  Also  6-7  repyne.  [app. 
f.  RE-  +  PINE  v.,  but  the  formation  is  unusual.] 

1.  inir.  To  feel  or  manifest  discontent  or  dis 
satisfaction  ;  to  fret,  murmur,  or  complain.  Also 
const,  against,  at,  ^to. 

01530  Crt.  of  Love  1262  Enuy  will  grutch,  repining  at  his 
wele.  1530  PALSGR.  686/2  Thou  repynest  agaynst  all  thynge 
that  I  do.  1549  LATIMF.H  yd  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI  (Arb.)  79 
It  was  neuer  hard  in  Icurye  that  the  people  repyned  or 
sayed,  The  kynge  is  a  child,  a  1598  ROLLOCK  Lect.  Passion 
xxvii.  (i6r6)  263  Looke..that  thou  repine  not  to  this  light. 
1637  R.  HUMPHREY  tr.  St.  Ambrose  i.  118  One.  .is  repined 
at,  because  hee  hath  some  of  the  inheritance.  1671  MILTON 
P.  R.  ii.  94,  I  will  not  argue  that,  nor  will  repine.  1728 
YOUNG  Love  Fume  v.  (ed.  2)  97  Repine  we  guiltless  in  a 
world  like  this?  1771  Juntas  LM.\\\\.  (1788)  311  Religious 
men.. make  it  the  last  effort  of  their  piety  not  to  repine 
against  Providence.  1820  W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  I.  185 
Through  the  long  and  weary  day  he  repines  at  his  unhappy 
lot.  1878  BROWNING  La.  Saisiaz  196  Why  repine  1  There's 
ever  someone  lives  although  ourselves  be  dead  ! 

fig.  1808  SCOTT  Mann.  iv.  x,  From  pool  to  eddy  . .  You 
hear  her  streams  repine. 

to.  Const,  with  that  or  inf. 

(11548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII  no  He  had  repined  or 
disdained,  that  any  man  should  fare  well,  or  be  well  clothed, 
but  hymself.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  66  We  ought 
not  to  kicke  upp  the  heele,  as  repining  to  live  in  that  state, 
whereunto  by  birth  ..'2  were  ordeined.  1615  BRATHWAIT 
Strappado  (1878)  74  O  see  how  men  repine,  That  you  so 
long  conceal'd,  should  gull  the  time.  1752  HUME  Ess.  f, 
Treat.  (1777)  I.  348  We  continue  still  to  repine_  that  our 
neighbours  should  possess  any  art,  industry,  and  invention. 
1870  BRYANT  Iliad  I.  IV.  107,  I  shall  ne'er  Contend  to  save 
them  nor  repine  to  see  Their  fall. 

c.  To  long  discontentedly/^' something,  rare. 

1742  OKAY  Sontt.  Death  West  5  These  Ears,  alas,  for  other 
Notes  repine.  1827  HALLAM  Const.  Hist.  (1876)  I.  iii.  153 
The  worship  of  the  church  was  frequented  by  multitudes 
who  secretly  repined  for  a  change. 

f2.  trans.  To  regard  with  discontent  or  dissatis 
faction  ;  to  fret  or  murmur  at;  f  to  grudge  to  one. 

1577  HANMER  Anc.  Eccl.  Hist.  (1619)  223  So  that  none  in 
this  behalfe  can  repine  or  gainsay  vs.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q. 
VI.  vii.  26  In  signe  Of  servile  yoke,  that  nobler  harts  repine. 
1615  T.  ADAMS  White  Dci'il  13  Wouldest  thou  have  per 
mitted  this  to  thy  fellow  servant,  that  repinest  it  to  thy 
master?  21670  HACKET  Abp.  Williams  i.  (1692)  173  Con 
tented  with  so  much  favour  as  was  never  repined.  1793 
W.  ROBERTS  Lookcr^tn  No.  48  (1794)  II.  218  She  repined, 
for  their  own  sakes,  the  malignities  of  her  sex. 

Hence  fBepi'neful  a.,  discontented  (pits.) ;  Be- 
pi'iiement,  repining,  discontent,  rare. 

1655  SHIRLEY  Polit.  in.  ii,  Most  repineful,  spleeny.  1743 
H.  WALPOLE  Lett,  to  Mann  (1834)  I.  301  Now  am  1  relapsed 
into  all  the  dissatisfied  repinement  of  a  true  English  grum 
bling  voluptuary.  1818  FAKADAY  in  B.  Jones  Life  (1870)  I. 
274  You  shall  see  this  man  . .  accompanied  by  repinement, 
regret,  and  contempt,  sink  into  poverty  and  misery. 

Repiuer  (rfpai'nai).  [f.  prec.  +  -ERI.]  One 
who  repines  or  is  discontented  ;  a  grumbler. 

1551  ASCHAM  Let.  to  E.  Raven  23  Feb.,  He  is  likely  to 
make . .  the  Germans,  of  secret  repiners,  open  foes.  1594  T. 
BEDINGFIELD  tr.  Machiavellfs  Florentine  Hist.  (1595)  91 
To  occasion  these  repiners  feele  the  smart  of  their  counsel]. 
1653  R.  SANDERS  Physiogti.  91  He  is  a  scoffer,  derider,  and 
repiner.  1750  BERKELEY  Max.  cone.  Patriotism  §  23  We 
are  not  to  think.. every  splenetick  repiner  against  a  court 
is  therefore  a  patriot.  1803  A.  WILSON  Epist.  to  A,  Clarke, 
Heaven.. showers  with  fury  dread,  Tormenting  ills  on  the 
repiner 's  head.  1854  WHITTIER  Maud  Midler  102  Alas!. . 
For  rich  repiner  and  household  drudge  ! 

Repining  (r/poi'nirj),  vbl.  s6.  [f.  as  prec.  +• 
-ING  It]  The  action  of  the  vb.,  or  an  instance 
of  this  ;  discontent,  grumbling,  fretting. 

1550  LEVER  Serm.  (Arb.)  34  It  is  not  therefore  repynyng, 
rebellyng,  or  resistyng  gods  ordinance,  that  wyll  amende 
euyll  rulers.  1617  MORYSON  Itin.  I.  266  After  some  repining 
he  was  satisfied  therewith.  1663  PEPYS  Diary  15  May, 
Which  the  world  takes  notice  of;  even  to  some  repinings. 
1712  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  387  T  2  Repinings,  and  secret  Mur 
murs  of  Heart.  1810  CRABBE  Borough  xxi.  342  Let  thy  re 
pinings  cease,  Oh  !  man  of  sin,  for  they  thy  guilt  increase. 
1867  I'ARKMAN  Jesuits  N.  Amer.  i.  (1875)  6  Workmen  .., 
who  gave  him  at  times  no  little  trouble  by  their  repinings 
and  complaints. 

Repining  (npai'nirj),///.  a.  [-ING  2.]  That 
repines ;  given  to  repining ;  characterized  by,  or  of 
the  nature  of,  repining. 

•  1586  SIDNEY  A  readia  (1622)  223  One  of  the  repiningst 
fellowes  in  the  world,  c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  ft.  LXXV.  ii, 
No  more.  .Daunce  on  in  wordes  your  old  repyning  measure. 
1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  432  There  was  neuer  a  more  repin 
ing  people.  1702  ROWE  Tamerl.  \.  i.  275  Let  Bajazet  Bend 
to  his  Yoak  repining  Slaves  by  force.  1782  CowvnCHbm 
30  Wretched  man,  whose  years  are  spent  In  repining  dis 
content.  1877  BRYANT  Voice  A  utumn  i,  There  comes,  from 
yonder  height,  A  soft  repining  sound. 

Hence  Repi'niugly  adv. 

1571  GOLDING  Calvin on  Ps.  xviii.  2  They  that,  .afterward 


^782  ; 

iv.  x.  She  began . .  repiningly  to  relate  her  misfortunes. 
1856  Titan  Mag.  Nov.  443/2  Dwelling  repiningly  on  what  I 
have  not, 

Repique  (n"prk),  sb.  Also  7  -peak,  -peek, 
-pieq(ue.  [ad.K.  repic  —  \\..  ripicco:  see  RE- and 
PIQUE.]  In  Piquet,  the  winning  of  thirty  points  on 


468 

cards  alone  before  beginning  to  play  (and  before 
the  adversary  begins  to  count),  entitling  the  player 
to  begin  his  score  at  ninety.  Alsoy?^. 

1668  TEMPLE  Let.  Ld.  Arlington  Wks.  i73r  II.  93  In 
their  Audiences.. the  Cards  commonly  run  high,  and  all  is 
Picque  and  Repicque  between  them.  1678  PHILLIPS,  Re- 
teak  [1696  Rcpeek\,..a.  term  in  the  Game  of  Picquet.  1680 
COTTON  Compl.  Gamester  (ed.  2)  58  The  youngers  Blank 
shall  bar  the  former  and  hinder  his  Picq  and  Repicq 
[printed  Picy  and  Repicy].  1721  CIHBER  School-boy  l, 
1  constantly  receive  my  Rent  in  nothing  but  Repiques, 


adversary.  iSso'EiDRAH  TREBOR'  Hoyle  Made  fain.  49 
Carte-blanche  counts  first,  and  consequently  saves  piques 
and  repiques.  1859  WRAXALL  tr.  R.  Houdin  iv.  39  When 
the  cards  are  dealt  out,  I  will  leave  you  to  select  the  hand 
you  think  will  enable  you  best  to  prevent  a  repique. 

Repique  (r/prk),  v.     [f.  prec.] 

1.  trans.  To  score  a  repique  against  (the  oppos 
ing  player  in  piquet). 

1659  Shuffling,  Cutting  >;  Deel.  8,  I  was  Pickquet  the  last, 
but  am  now  repickqt.  1709  MRS.  MANLEY  Secret  Mem. 
II.  104  We  agreed  to  play  for  fifty  Pieces  the  Party;  I 
rcpiqu'd  him  eight  Times  in  a  dozen.  1755  ED.  MOORE  in 
World  No.  154  (1772)  III.  297  He  was  most  cruelly  re- 
piqued  when  he  wanted  but  two  points  of  the  game.  1830 
'  EIDRAH  TKEBOR  '  Hoyle  Made  Fant.  49  It  also  piques  and 
repiques  the  adversary,  in  the  same  manner  as  if  '.hose 
points  were  reckoned  in  any  other  way. 
•fb.  ?To  repel,  resist.  06s.  rare~l. 

1687  BEVERLEY  Ext.  Hong  of  'Songs  27  Those  enterweaves 
of  Holy  Order  like  The  well-curl'd  Locks,  all  falshood  that 
Repique. 

t  c.   Used  as  an  imprecation.   Obs.  rare-1. 

1760  FOOTE  Minor  i.  i,  Repique  the  rascal.  He  promls'd 
to  be  here  before  me. 

2.  iittr.  To  win  a  repique. 

1719  D'UKFEY  Pills  V.  278  He  piqu'd,  and  repiqu'd  so 
oft.  1840  LADY  C.  BURY  Hist,  of  Flirt  i,  He  was  obsti 
nately  bent  on  repiquing.  1895  SNAITII  Dorothy  Marvcn  vi, 
The  mysteries  of  sword  and  musket  were  discarded  for 
those,  .of  piqueing,  repiqueing  and  capotting. 

Kepit,  obs.  form  of  KIITET. 

Replace  (r/pU'-s),  v.  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  PLACE  v., 
perh.  after  ¥.  rcmplacer  (1549)  or,  in  later  use, 
replacer  (i;th  c.).] 

1.  trans.  To  restore  to  a  previous  place  or  posi 
tion  ;  to  put  back  again  in  (or  t  into)  a  place. 

1595  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  III.  xxix,  A  third..  Sweares  if  they 
would,  he  would  attempt  the  thing  To  chaste  th'  vsurper, 
and  replace  their  king.  1622  BACON  Hen.  VII  32  This 
princess,  .made  it  her  design,  .to  see  the  majesty  royal  of 
England  once  again  replaced  in  her  house,  a  1674  CLAREN 
DON  Hist.Rcb.  XVI.  §  12  They  ..replaced  Lambert,  and  all 
the  rest  who  had  been  cashiered  by  Cromwell,  into  their  own 
charges  again.  1749  H.  WALPOLE  Corr.  U846J  II.  296  The 
King  has  consented  to  give  two  earldoms  to  replace  the 

freat  families  of  Somerset  and  Northumberland.      1838  DE 
IORGAN  Ess.  Probab.  61  Drawings  are  made,  after  each  of 
which  the  ball  is  replaced.    1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1918/2 
A  bridge  by  which  the  wheels  of  cars  are  replaced  upon  the 
track. 

rejl.  1707  Curios,  in  Husb.  fy  Card.  352  This  Emulation, 
that  Matter  always  retains,  to.  .replace  it  self,  .in  the  same 
Figure,  which.  .Nature  originally  impressed  on  it. 

2.  To  take  the  place  of,  become  a  substitute  for 
(a  person  or  thing).     Freq.  in  passive,  const,  by 
(the  new  person  or  thing). 

1753  A.  MURPHY  Gray's  Inn  Jrnl.  No.  53  Though  many 
have  plucked  a  Branch  from  it,  it  is  always  quickly  replaced 
by  another.  1756  LD.  BARRINGTON  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett. 
Ser.  ii.  IV.  383  Sir  Edward  Hawke,  and  Captain  Saunders 
..went  to  replace  Admirals  Byng  and  West.  1796  H. 
HUNTER  tr.  St.-Piem's  Stud.  Nat.  (1799)  II.  61  The  Moon 
. .  goes  to  replace  him  [the  Sun]  there,  and  appears  per 
petually  above  the  Horizon.  1823  COLEBROOKE  in  St.  Cape 
G.  Hope  346  The  paper  [money]  would  be  seasonably  re 
placed  by  a  metallic  currency.  l86a  ANSTED  Channel  Isl. 
i.  iii.  (ed.  2)  56  The  orchards,  also,  which  in  Jersey  may  be 
said  to  replace  parks,  are  not  very  numerous. 
to.  Crystail.  (See  quots.) 

1847  WEBSTER,  Replaced,  in  mineralogy,  a  term  used  when 
a  crystal  has  one  or  more  planes  in  the  place  of  its  edges  or 
angles.  1878  GURNLY  Crystallogr.  51  A  quoin  or  an  edge  is 
said  to  be  replaced,  when  it  is  cut  off  by  one  or  more  faces 
of  another  simple  form. 

3.  To  fill  the  place  of  (a  person  or  thing)  with 
or  by  a  substitute. 

1765  Museum  Rust.  IV.  173  You  must ..  replace  such  as 
have  failed,  with  the  best  and  most  likely  plants.  1837 
CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  I.  n.  iii,  Thou  wouldst  not  replace  such 
extinct  Lie  by  a  new  Lie.  1853  MAURICE  Proph.  $  Kings 
xvi.  269  They  talked  of  replacing  buildings  of  brick  with 
buildings  of  stone.  1883  WATSON  &  BURBURY  Electr.  <y 
Magn.  I.  262  Let  us  replace  6"  by  another  closed  surface. 

to.  To  provide  or  procure  a  substitute  or  equiva 
lent  in  place  of  (a  person  or  thing). 

1796  SOUTHEY  Lett.  fr.  Spain  (1799)  424  A  convent, 
founded  for  twenty  religious,  that  has  thirty  now,  should 
not  be  permitted  to  replace  ten  when  they  died.  1802 
MRS.  E.  PARSONS  Myst.  Visit  IV.  144,  I  pity  him  for  the 
loss  of  such  a  treasure  as  he  will  not  easily  replace.  1856 
KANE  A  ret.  Expl.  II.  vi.  71  The  natives  to  the  south  have 
lost  nearly  all  their,  .walrus-lines,  .and  will  be  unable  to  re 
place  them  till  the  return  of  the  seal. 

4.  To  return  or  restore  to  one.  rare  -1. 

1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  it.  iii.  I.  403  Whatever  part  of  his 
stock  a  man  employs  as  a  capital,  he  always  expects  it  to  be 
replaced  to  him  with  a  profit. 

Hence  Kepla'ced  ///.  a. ;  Repla'cing  vbl.  sb. 

1865  MANSHLLD  Sallf  241  The  belief,  .that  the  replaced 


REFLATE. 

or  conjugated  Hydrogen  is  the  whole  Hydrogen  of  acertain 
proportion  of  integral  water.  1884  Manch.  Weekly  Times 
ii  Oct.  5/6  The  replacing  of  the  tracery  of  the  cloisters,  .is 
..proceeding  bay  by  bay.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek., 
Suppl.  750/2  Replacing  Apparatus,  for  the  replacing  of 
derailed  rolling  stock  upon  the  line. 

Replaceable  (r/pl^-sab'l),  a.  [f.  prec.  + 
-ABLE.]  That  may  be  replaced. 

1805  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  III.  236  The  concurring 
individuals,  .appear  but  as  insignificant  and  replaceable 
instruments.  1871  ROSCOE  Elem.  Chem.  159  The  four 
atoms  of  hydrogen  being  replaceable ..  by  metals. 

Repla'cement.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -MENT.]  The 
act  or  process  of  replacing  in  various  senses ;  the 
fact  of  being  replaced. 

a  1790  ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  H.  iii,  That  part  of  the  annual 
produce  destined  to  the  replacement  of  that  capital.  1831 
T.  HOPE  Ess.  Origin  Man  I.  45  The  word  eternal  seems 
only.,  to  express,  .a  constant  replacement  of  portions  of  time 
already  gone  by.  1875  WHITNEY  Life  Lang.  x.  212  There 
is  more  wearing-out  than  replacement  by  synthetic  means. 

attrib.  1896  tr.  Boas'  Text-Bk.  Zool.  416  Replacement 
teeth  are  formed  continuously  throughout  life.  1898  All- 
butt's  Syst.Med.  V.  954  A  proliferativefibrosis.  .as  opposed 
to  mere  '  replacement  fibrosis  '. 

t  Replai't,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  rare.  Also  resplate. 
[f.  OK.  replait,  repleit  (i4th  c.  in  Godef.),  re 
hearing  of  a  plea,  f.  re-  RE-  +  plait,  pleit :  see 
PLEA  sb.  and  PLEAD  v.]  trans.  To  adjourn  or 
remand  (a  cause  or  person). 

15..  Chart.  Aberdeen  fo\.  153  (Jam.),  Gif  the  said  serjand 
hade  maid  summonds..to  this  court. .of  his  process  re- 
splatit  and  continewit  fra  the  ferd  court  [etc.].  1561  Re%. 
Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  186  Gif  the  said  Lord  James  thinkis 
thame  to  be  replaitit,  and  the  executioun  thairof  to  be  con 
tinewit.  .,  that  he  continew  the  samyn. 

Replant  (npla-nt),  v.  [f.  RE-  53  +  PLANT  v., 
perh.  after  F.  replanter  (1306)  -  Sp.  replantar, 
It.  ripiantare.~\ 

1.  trans.  To  plant  (a  tree,  plant,  etc.)  again. 

1575  FENTON  Gold.  Epist.  (1582)  14  A  tree..newe  re 
planted,  .bringeth  foorth  fruite  of  farre  more  sweete  and 
pretious  taste  than  others.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  511  All 
the  danger  or  security  of  this  tree,  standeth  vpon  the  choice 
of  that  only  clay  wherein  it  is  replanted.  1660  SHARROCK 
Vegetables  33  The  roote  and  cabbage  being  replanted  in  the 
spring.  1712  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's  Gardening  179 
Plants  which  rise  from  Seed.. should  be  taken  up.. and  be 
replanted.  1763  MILLS  Syst.  Pract.  Hint.  IV.  33  Some  of 
the  . .  largest  and  best  shaped  bulbs  should  be  replanted. 
1856  DELAMER  Fl.  Card.  (1861)  40  So  it  may  remain,  to  be 
taken  up  and  replanted  every  third  or  fourth  year. 

to.  transf.  To  plant  (a  thing  or  person)  again  ; 
to  re-establish,  resettle,  replace.     Fieq.  const,  in. 

1587  [see  REPLANTING  vbl.  sb.}.     1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  VI, 


ni.'iiL  198,  I  will,  .replant  Henry  in  his  former  state.  1605 
WINTER  in  Gunp.  Plot  Ii  b,  A  Way.  .to  replant  againe  the 
Catholicke  Religion.  1643  R.  BAILLIE  Lett,  q  Jrnls.  (1841) 
II.  50  Mr.  John  Guthrie.. could  not  be  replanted  in  his  old 
church.  1709  STRYPE  Ann.  Re/.  I.  xix.  221  They  have  not 
been  able  yet  to  root  out  the  Gospel,  since  it  was  in  these 
early  Days  replanted  in  the  Kingdom.  1837  G.  REDFOKD 
Script.  Veri/.  vii.  435  Julian,  .made  attempts  to  re-plant  the 
Jews  in  their  fathers'  land. 

c.  To  engraft  (teeth)  again. 

1870  ANSTIE  Practitioner  July  45  The  success  . .  obtained 
by  Mr.  Coleman  in  replanting  teeth.,  will  be  received  with 
unquestionable  satisfaction. 

2.  To  plant  (ground,  etc.)  again ;  to  furnish  with 
new  plants  (or  inhabitants).     Also  transf. 

1632  H.  L'ESTRANGE  Amer.  no  Jewes  10  Noah  had  so 
many  yeares  of  his  own  life  to  bestow  in  repeopling  and  re 
planting  the  Earth.  1763  MILLS  Pract.  Ilnsb.  IV.  435  It 
is  therefore  advisable  to  mark,  .the  hills  in  which  they  are, 
in  order  to  dig  them  up  and  replant  those  spots.  1815 
Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  79  The  grounds  in  this  quarter  must 
all  be  replanted.  1887  MOLONEY  Forestry  W.  A/r.  235 
Where  a  farm  is  to  be  deserted.. why  cannot  it  be  partially 
re-planted  by  those  who  may  have  enjoyed  its  use. .  1 

3.  intr.  To  provide  and  set  fresh  plants. 

1712  J.  JAMES  tr.  Lc  Blond's  Gardening  165  The  consider 
able  Charge  you  must  be  at  to  replant  every  Year. 

Hence  Bepla-ntable  a.  (Cotgr.  1611). 

Replanta-tion.  [RE-  5  a:  cf.  prec,]  A 
second  or  fresh  plantation. 

1608  H.  CLAPIIAM  Errour  Right  Hand  67  That,  and  no 
other,  is  her  Re-plantation.  1682  T.  A.  Carolina  9  Three  of 
which  [vines]  by  Re-plantation.,  will  make  very  good  Wine. 
1870  ANSTIE  Practitioner  July  45  Mr.  Coleman  believes 
replantation  will  become  the  legitimate  mode  of  treatment 
for  chronic  periodomitis.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  g  Sept.  3/2 
The  only  solution  of  the  problem  of  inundations  is  '  replanta 
tion  and  canalization '. 

Repla-nting,  M.  sb.  [f.  REPLANT  v.  +  -ING  J.] 
The  action  of  planting  again. 

1587  FLEMING  Contn.  Holinshed  III.  1383/2  The  re 
planting  of  religion.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xyu.  xi,  Hee 
had  thought  that  it  was  materiall  to  the  replanting  of  them. 
1827  STEUART  Planters  G.  (1828)  380  In  the  interval  between 
the  removal  and  the  replanting.  1884  Manch.  Exam. 
19  Sept.  8/4  No  system  of  replanting  has  been  properly 
introduced. 

Repla-Ster  («-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
plaster  again. 

1849  CLOUGH  A  maurs  de  Voy.  1.152  Strip  and  replaster  and 
.  .do  what  they  will  with  thee.  1893  MRS.  WILSON  5  Years 
India  298  The  house  was  replastered  from  top  to  bottom. 

Repla'te  («-),  sb.  [f.  the  vb.]  An  old  plated 
article  which  is  to  be  replated. 

1851  J.  NAPIER  Electro-Metall.  105  The  practical  dim- 
culties.  .when  a  'replate'  is  dipped  in  the  nitric  acid.  Ibid., 
The  parts  of  the  '  replate '  which  are  sound. 


REFLATE. 

Repla'te  («"-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  plate 
afresh;  to  renew  tile  plating  on. 

1851  J.  NAPIER  Electro- Ale  fall.  105  Replating  of  old 
articles.  1856  G.  GORE  in  Circ.  Sc.  VIII.  92  Occasionally 
the  depositor  has  sent  to  him,  to  be  replated,  old  worn  out 
articles  formed  of  Sheffield  plate. 

Replay  (rA),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  play 
(a  match,  etc.)  again.  Hence  Beplay ed ///.  a. ; 
also  Replay  rf.  a  replayed  match. 

1884  7>»//t  13  Mar.  369/2  Under  these  circumstances . .  the 
tie  should  certainly  be  replayed.  1892  PallMallG.  15  Feb. 
1/3  Replayed  matches  will  not  add  to  the.  .list  of  fixtures. 
1895  \Vestm.  Gaz.  6  May  7/2  Mr.  Tait  last  week  took  83  (on 
a  re-play).  1808  HOFFMANN  Hoyle's  Games  Modernised 
iuo  The  hand  having  been  replayed. 

Reple,  obs.  form  of  RIPPLE  sb. 

Replea'd,  v.  rare.  [f.  RE-  +  PLEAD  v. :  cf.  OF. 
repleitoier(iyhc.'),  F.  reflaider(i(,\hc.  inLittre).] 
t  a.  intr.  To  raise  a  plea.  Obs.  b.  To  plead 
again,  c.  trans.  To  use  as  a  further  plea. 

1:1500  Priests  of  Peblis  iii.  1244  This  officer  but  dout  is 
callit  Deid;  Is  nane  his  power  agane  may  repleid.  1540 
Act  32  Hen,  yill,  c.  30  §  i  The  same  parties  haue  ben 


rissa  (1768)  V.  216,  I  pleaded  my  own  sake;  the  Captain, 
his  dear  friend  her  Uncle's ;  and  both  repleaded  the  preven 
tion  of  future  mischief. 

Replea'der.     Law.     [See   prec.   and  -EU  4.] 
The  action  of,  or  right  to,  a  second  pleading. 


epleader  mayb-  

out  consent  of  panics.  1768  BLACKSTONE  Coimii.  III.  395 
Whenever  a  repleader  is  granted,  the  pleadings  must  begin 
ilc  HOZV.  1820  TOMLINS  Law  Diet.  II.  s.v. 

Replea  t  («-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  pleat  again. 

1695  URYDEN  tr  Dufresnoy'sArt.Paiiit.(i-ii6)  143  Raphael 
also  bad  much  of  that  way  in  his  first  works,  in  which  we 
behold  many  small  Foldings  often  repleated. 

Repleat,  obs.  form  of  REPLETE  a.  and  v. 
Repleave,  variant  of  REPLEVE  v.  Obs. 
Repleccio(u)n,  obs.  forms  of  REPLETIO.V. 
t  Beple'dge,  sb.  Obs.-1    [f.  next.]     Replevin. 
1631  BRATIUVAIT   Whimsies,    Undersheriff  96  A  terrible 
pudder  hee  keepes  with  his  repledges  and  distresses. 

Repledge  (riple-dj),  z-.i  Also  5  -piegge,  6 
Sc.  -plege,  7  Sc.  -pleadge.  [ad.  OF.  replegtr, 
-eer,  -ier  to  give  or  become  surety  for  (a  per 
son),  f.  re-  RE-  and  pleger  to  PLEDGE.  Hence 
also  med.L.  replegiare^ 

t 1.  trans.  To  take  out  of  pawn  again.  Obs.  — ' 

1479  SIR  J.  PASTON  in  P.  Lett.  III.  255,  i  payed  v.  marke 
.  ^to  replegge  owte  my  gowne  off  velwett  and  other  geer. 

2.  Sc.  Law.  a.  To  withdraw  (a  person  or  cause) 
from  the  jurisdiction  of  another  court  to  one's 
own,  upon  pledge  that  justice  shall  be  done.  Also 
al'iol.  Now  only  Hist,  (abolished  in  1747). 

1536  BELLENDEN  Cran.  Scot,  v.  vii,  He..commandit  thaim 
to  pums  na  thing  hot  small  crimes ;  all  hie  offends  to  be 
replegit  to  his  gret  justice.  1579  Rig.  Privy  Council  Scot. 

III.  241  They  and  thair  brother  heraldis  hes  bene  . .  examit 
and  repledgit  fia  all  maner  of  inferiour  judges  to  thair  awin 
piopir  judge      1609  SKE.NE  Reg.  Maj.  n.  158  He  quha  re. 
pledges  to  his  awin  Court  any  man  quhom  he  sould  not  re- 
pledge,  .sail  be  in  the  kings  meicie.    1693  STAIR  fust.  (ed.  2) 

IV.  xxxvii.  §  4  All  Sheriffs,  Stewarts,  Bailhes  of  Royalty  [etc.] 
have  criminal   Jurisdiction,  ..  but   they  cannot  Repledge. 
1746-7  Act  20  Ceo.  II,  c.  43  §  27  Any  power  or  privilege  of 
repledgingfrom  the  sheriffs  or  Stewarts  court.    1885  \V.  Ross 
Aberdour  ft  Inckcolme  i.  22  He  could  even  repledge  from  the 
Sheriff  and  had  a  right  to  all  the  moveables  of  delinquents. 

tram/:  1335  LYNDESAY  Satyre  5  His  Sone,  our  Sauiour, . . 
Repleadgeand  his  presonaris  with  his  hart-blude 

t  b.  To  take  back  or  take  over  (something  for 
feited  or  impounded)  on  proper  security;  to 
replevy.  Ols. 

1597  SKENE  De  Vert.  Sign.  s.v.  Recognition,  To  craue  and 
aske  fia  his  superiour  the  saides  landes  to  him  to  borgh,  that 
is  to  repledge  them.  1609  —  Reg.  Ma/.,  Slat.  David  II 
37  b,  Gif  any  man  will  repledge  the  poynd  within  the  saidis 
three  dayes;  the  poynd  salbe  lettin  to  oorgh. 

Repje'dget."-),^-2  [RE-  sa.]  To  pledge  again. 

1751  SMOLLETT  Per.  Pic.  xcviii.  The  jewels  were  . .  pur 
chased,  pawned,  relieved,  and  re-pledged  by  the  agent.  1866 
Law  Reft,  i  Q.  B.  Div.  589  If  the  pawnee  may  repledge  the 
pawn,  the  sub-pledgee  may  do  the  same.  1887  Pall  Mall  G. 
12  Feb.  6/1  [He]  repledgcd  the  Liberal  party  to  the  fair 
and  just  demand  for  Home  Rule. 

Reple'dger.  Sc.  Law.  [f.  REPLEDGE  v.i] 
One  who  repledges.  Also/^. 

1633  W.  STRUTHEK  True  Hafpinfs  89  Our  ludge.  .turneth 
our  repledger,  by  his  mercy  rescuing  us  from  lustice.  1753 
J.  LOUTHIAN  Form  of  Process  (ed.  2)  31  In  which  Case,  the 
Repledger,  if  he  failed  to  do  Justice  upon  him,  in  due  time, 
lined  his  Court  for  Year  and  Day.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet. 
Law  Scot.  851  On  the  ground  that  the  alleged  offence  had 
been  committed  within  the  repledger  s  jurisdiction. 

II  Replegiare.  Obs.  Law.  [med.L.  :  see  RE- 
PLEDGE  zi.ij  =  REPLEVIN  sb. 

[1283  Act  13  Ed-ui.  I,  c.  ii  (Stat.  Westing,  Per  commune 
breve  quod  dicitur  Replegiare  ] 

1483  Rolls  ofParlt.  VI.  252/1  As  they  should  doe  in  Re 
plegiare  bytwene  comen  petsones.  1515  Act  7  Hen.  VI [I, 
c.  4  Every  Advowaunt..that  makyth  avowre..to  any  oder 
person  or  persons  in  any  replegiare,  seconnd  delyveraunce 
(etc.).  1529  Act  21  Hen.  VIII.  c.  19  §  4  Defendants  in  the 
said  Writs  of  Replegiaie.  1651  tr.  KitehMt  Jurisdictions 
(1057)  284  He  cannot  take  the  Distress  out  of  the  Pound, 
but  ought  to  sue  a  Replegiare. 


469 

t  Replegia-tion.  Obs.  Sc.  Law.  Also  7  re- 
pledg-,  repladg-.  [ad.  med.L.  rtpkgiatiSn-em, 
noun  of  action  f.  prec.]  The  action  of  rcpledging. 

1574  in  Calderwood  Hist.  Kirk  (Wodrow  Soc.)  III.  3']  i 
When  we  sought  the  priviledge  of  replegiatioun  of  the  uni- 
versitie  from  the  civill  jugement,  yee  would  not  grant  it  to 
us.  1609  SKENE  Reg.  Maj.,  Stat.  Robt,  I,  30  b,  At  the  day 
of  the  replegiation  :  that  is,  at  the  day  quhen  the  defender 
sould  haue  repledged  the  lands. .and  repledged  them  not. 
1641  Burgh  Rec.  Peebles  (1872)  101  Ane  chartour.  .off  the. . 
creatioun  of  burgesses  and  of  the  repladgiation  of  thair 
comburgessis.  1693  STAIR  ftist.  Lena  Scot.  (ed.  2)  Index. 

i  Reple'nclisli,  v.  Obs.  rare.  Also  6  rep- 
plendyssh.  [f.  OF.  replcndiss-,  replcndir :  see  RE- 
SPLENDISH  z/.]  intr.  To  shine  with  splendour. 
Hence  f  Beple-ndishing  ///.  a. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas.  (Percy  Soc.)  213  In  his  breast 
there  was  replendisliyng  The  shinyng  Venus.  1517  WAT 
SON  Skypfe  of  Fooles  A  ij  b,  Our  auncyent  faders  here 
before  dyde  not  lerne  theyr  repplendysshynge  scyence  ill 
the  multytude  of  bookes. 

So  fReple-ndishant///.  a.  [see  -ANT.] 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Picas,  xxxv.  (Percy  Soc.)  112  The 
mone.  .is  fayre  replendysshaunte,  In  the  longe  nyght  with 
rayes  radyaunte. 

Replenish,  sb.  rare.  [f.  the  vb.]  A  fresh 
supply  (of  money);  a  refill. 

1806  SUKR  Winter  in  Lond.  II.  75,  I  know  you  took  it 
queer  that  I  did  not  stand  it,  when  you  wanted  a  replenish 
last  week.  1881  W.  P.  LENNOX  Plays, Players,  etc.  II.  i.  9, 
1  gave  assent  for  a  replenish  of  the  glass. 
Replenish  (r/ple-nij),  v.  Forms:  4-5  re- 
plenys,  5  -ysch,  5-6  -ysh(e,  -yssh(e  ;  4-5  re- 
plonisch,  -issh,  6  -ishe,  4-  replenish  (also  5 
-eseh,  6  -esh  ;  5  repleinsch,  -pleynsch,  6  ?re- 
pylnyssh).  See  also  REPLESHED  and  KEPLEVISH 
v*  [f.  OF.  repleniss-,  lengthened  stem  oirepknir : 
see  RE-  and  PLENISH.] 

I.  In  pa.  pple.,  denoting  a  condition  or  state. 

1.    Fully  or  abundantly  stocked  -uith  things  or 

animals  (falso  sometimes  extended   to   persons). 

t  Obs.   (very   common   c  1535-1660,  in    a   great 

variety  of  contexts.) 

1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Cause.  8908  Fayr  bygyngs  on  ilka  syde, 
..with  alkynryches  replcnyst.  1:1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.) 
vu.  25  pus  es  all  be  cuntree  replenyscht  with  swilk  maner  of 
fewles.  1432-50  lr.  lligdeii  (Rolls)  III.  169  When  kynge 
Cirus  hade  fixede  his  tentes.  .repleneschede  with  victelles 
[etc.].  1332  HERVET  Xcnophoifs  llousch.  (1768)  17  That 
these  gardeines  maye  be.. well  replenyshed  with  trees,  and 
all  maner  of  thynges.  1577  B.  GOOGE  llcresbach's  Uusb. 
IV.  (1586)  171  b,  A  Country  replenished  with  Gentlemen  of 
good  houses,  and  good  house  keepers.  1631  WEEVER  Anc. 
Fnneral  Mon.  421  This  religious  house  was.. replenished 
with  blacke  Nunnes.  1696  WHISTON  Tit.  Earili  iv.  (1722) 
362  The  Waters  of  the  Antediluvian  Earth  were  much  more 
replenish'd,  nay,  crouded  with  Fish  than  now  they  are. 
1741  WATTS  Inifrm.  Mindl.  (1801)  127  It  is  probable  they 
are  replenished  with  intellectual  beings  dwelling  in  bodies. 
b.  Provided,  furnished,  or  supplied  with  some 
thing.  Also  without  const.  ?  Obs. 

^533-4  Act  25  Hen.  VIII,  c.  n  §  i  At  suche  time  as  the 
saide  olde  fowle  be  mouted  and  not  replenished  with  fethers 
to  flie.  1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  iv.  ii.  27  His  intellect  is  not 
replenished,  hee  is  onely  an  animall.  1650  BULWER  Anthro- 
foiuet.  137  Whence  Infants  speak  not  before  their  mouths 
are  replenished  with  teeth.  1707  MORTIMER  Ihisb.  (1721)  I. 
266  Cattle  and  Fowl,  wherewith  the  Country-Farmer  is  re 
plenished.  1796  MORSE  Amer.  Ceof.  I.  367  These  vastand 
irregular  heights,  being  copiously  replenished  with  water. 

1 2.  Filled,  fully  imbued,  pervaded  or  possessed, 
with  some  quality  or  condition.  Obs. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boetli.  i.  pr.  iv.  12  (Camb.  MS.),  They 
tiowenbat  I  haue  had  affiime  to  malefice, . .  bycause  bat  I 
am  replenysshed  and  fulfylled  [L.  imh,l«s]  with  thy 
thechinges.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  63/1  losuethe  soneof 
Num  was  replenyssyd  with  the  spyrite  of  wisdom.  1503 
ATKYNSON  tr.  Dllmiiafunu  l.  xxiv.  174  Couetyse  persons 
shalbc  replenysshed  with  all  confusyon  &  penury  1558 
WARDE  tr  Alexis"  Seer.  i.  44  Death. .is.  .an  entring  into  an 
CiernM.  ,,,  replenished  with  all  joye,  solace,  and  pleasure. 
1604  i.  WRIGHT  Passions  iv.  ii.  §  i.  127  A  soule  altogether 
depnued  of  vertue,  and  replenished  with  vice  1633  Bp 
HALL  Occas.  Medit.  271  How  happily  is  hee  replenished 
with  knowledge  and  goodnesse  !  1701  ECHARD  Eccl.  Hist. 
(1710)  226  Peter  being  now  replenish 'd  with  the  Holy  Ghost. 
3.  Physically  or  materially  filled  with  some 
thing  or  things,  people,  etc.  Also  (in  later  use) 
without  const. 

1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xiv.  52,  I  shalle  sodaynly  make 
the  ayer  to  wexe  obscure,  .replenysshed  with  hayle  IB« 
EDEN  Decades  Pref  (Arb.)  55  Suche  owlde  caues  of  the 
mynesashaue  byn  dygged,  are  ageyne  leplenysshed  with 
vie.  1378  T  N.  tr.  Caw,.  W.  India  74  All  the  streetes 
were  replenished  with  people  which  stoode  gaping  and 
wondering.  ,6«  WOODALL  Surg.  Mate  WksT  (.653)  221 
Generally  all  the  earth  is  replenished  with  Brimstone  1671 
J.  WEBSTER  Mctallogr.  xvii.  246  The  Ore  of  Copper,  .hath 
a  leaden  colour,  replenished  with  certain  yellow  veins. 
1727  SWIFT  Bancis  f,  Philem.  33  They  found,  Twas  still  re 
plenish  d  to  the  top,  As  if  they  ne'er  had  touch'd  a  drop. 
1791  COWPER  Ihad  iv.  308  Thou  alone  . .  Drink'st  not  by 
measure.  No,  thy  goblet  stands  Replenish'd  still. 
f4.  Full,  made  full,  of  something.  Obs. 
c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxi.  93  A  gude  ile  and  full 
replemscnt  of  many  maners  of  ricches.  c  1450  LOVELICH 
Crattl.  695  Every  day  Repleinsched  they  were  Of  the  holy 
gost.  1494  FABYAN  Cliron.  v.  Ixxxii.  60  At  sondry  tymes 
whenne  the  sayd  Countre  was  icplenyshed  of  people. 
1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  684  Of  whose  valiaunt  actes.. 
their  cares  had  manye  times  bene  fylled  and  replenished. 


REPLENISHED. 

t  b.  Possessed  of  something.  Obs.  rtm—\ 

_i48z  Rolls  <<f ' Parlt.  VI.  224/1  Forsomoche  that  as  well  the 
Kyng..,  as  other  Lordes  herebefore  have  ben  grctdy  re. 
plenysshed  of  Markes  and  Games  of  Swannes. 
II.  In  ordinary  transitive  uses. 

f5.  To  make  full  of,  to  fill,  to  stock  or  store 
abundantly  -with,  persons  or  animals.  =  FILL  v.  5. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  r  846  Trewe  effect  of  manage'.. 
I  replenysseth  hooly  chirche  of  good  lynage.  c  1400  MAUNDEV. 
(1839)  ix.  102  The!  wolde  lye  with  here  Fadre..for  to  re- 
plenyschen  the  World  a^en  with  Pejile.  1494  FAIIYAN 
Citron,  vil.  ccxxii.  247  This  man  made  the  ncwe  forest,  .and 
replenysshed  it  with  wylde  bestes.  1530  PALSGR.  68;/r,  I 
have  replenysshed  my  pastours  with  catall,  and  my  pondes 
with  fysshe.  1596  BACON  Ma.r.  ff  Use  Com.  Law  \.  iv. 
(1636)  23  But  [I]  am  without  any  remedy  except  1  replenish 
the  ground  again  with  Deere. 

fb.  To  provide  fully  with  something.   Obs. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  4  b,  God  wrought . .  the 
effectes  of  his  mercy  in  replenysshynge  them  with  his 
benefytes.  1535  COVERDALE  Ecclns.  xxxii.  13  Gene  thanks 
vnto  him  that  hath,  .replenished  the  with  his  goodes.  1582 
BENTLEY  Mon.  Matroiies  n.  30  His  riches  doo  replenish 
eurie  one  with  his  goods. 

f6.  To  occupy  (a  place)  as  inhabitants  or 
settlers,  to  inhabit ;  to  people.  Obs. 

CI400  Deslr.  Troy  12414  Mony  weghes  thtdur  went,  & 
wond  in  the  toune,  And  Replenisshtd  the  place  6;  the  playn 
londis.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  vi.  36  Daily  they  grow,  and 
daily  forth  are  sent  Into  the  world,  it  to  replenish  more. 
1605  VERSTEGAN  Dec.  Intcll.  i.  (1628)  13  They  were  mightily 
increased  in  . .  Gcrmanie,  replenishing  euerie  quarter  and  part 
thereof.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  Iii.  V.  460  The  vacant 
habitations  were  replenished  by  a  new  colony. 

b.  To  occupy  the  whole  of  (a  space  or  tiling)  ; 
=  FILL  v.  ~.  Now  rare. 

1563  Homilies  ii.  Idolatry  in.  (1859)  216  God  is  a  pure 
Spirit,  infinite,  whoreplenisheth  Heaven  and  Earth.  1593 
SHAKS.  Lucr.  1357  The  more  she  saw  the  blood  his  cheeks 
replenish  The  more  she  thought  [etc.].  1664  POWER  Exp. 
Pkihs.  93  The  Quicksilver  cannot  totally  replenish  and 
fill  the  Tube  again.  1673  TRAHEKNE  Chr.  Etliics  295 
Nothing  but  honour,  and  kindness,  and  contentment  would 
replenish  the  world.  1829  LANDOR  Imag.  Conv.,  Stij>it> 
sEiiiilianits,  etc.,  Wks.  1853  II-  249/2  A  light,  the  pure 
radiance  of  which  cheered  and  replenished  the  whole  heart. 

1 7.  To  fill  with  food  ;  to  satisfy,  satiate.  Also 
transf.  and_/7j-.  Obs. 

c  I4SO  LOVELICII  Grail  xlviii.  377  Nethir  mete  ne  drynk 
haue  we  non  ;..For  the  vessel  vs  repleynscheth  not  here. 
i526/V4'n  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  S  All  the  appelytes  of 
man  shall  be  replenysshed  with  all  goodnes.  1566  ADLING- 
TON  Afnleins  x.  (1893)  51  When  I  had  wel  replenished  my 
self  with  wine.  1665  BUNYAN  Holy  Citie  251  Wherewith 
she  is  watered  and  replenished,  as  the  Earth  with  rain  from 
Heaven. 

t  8.  To  fill  (a  place  or  space)  with  something. 
=  FILL  v.  i.  Obs. 

£1477  CAXTON  Jason  28  Ye  are  worthy  that  the  ayer  be 
replenisshed  with  callynges  and  of  voyses.  a  1548  HALL 
Chron.,  Rich.  Ill  28  b,  With  pitefull  scriches  she  re- 
pleneshyd  the  hole  mancion.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage 
iv.  vii.  (1614)  372  Replenishing  the  way  betweene  tile 
Temple  and  Pallace,  with  offerings  of  gold,  siluer  [etc.l.  1613 
G.  SANDYS  Trav.  134  They  drew  out  the  brains  at  the 
nostrils, ..replenishing  the  same  with  pieseruatiue  spices. 

fb.  To  fill  (a  person,  the  heart,  etc.)  with 
some  feeling  or  quality.  Obs, 

CIS29  WOLSEY  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  I.  II.  7  The  delay 
wherof  so  replenyssheth  my  herte  with  hevynes,  that  I  can 
take  no  reste.  1532  Bk.  Com.  Prayer,  Ordering  Deacons, 
Replenishe  them  so  with  the  trueth  of  thy  doctryne.  1635 
R.  N.  Catndcn's  Hist.  Eliz.  I.  68  The  immortal!  joy  where 
with  shee  should  replenish  all  her  subjects. 

•f  c.  To  fill  (the  mind)  with  some  occupation. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  V  35  b,  The!  determined,  .to 
replenishe  the  kynges  brayne  with  some  pleasante  study. 

0.  To  fill  up  again;  to  restore  to  the  former 
amount  or  condition. 

1612  DRAYTON  Poly-oll>.  ii.  38  The  naked  Sea  Nymphs 
ride  Within  the  ouzie  pooles,  replenish!  euery  Tide.  1666 
PEPYS  Diary  19  July,  Full  of  wants  of  money  and  much 
stores  to  buy,  for  to  replenish  the  stores,  and  no  money  to  do 
it  with.  1748  Ansotfs  Voy.  m.  viii.  370  His  stores  re 
plenished,  and  an  additional  stock  of  provisions  on  board. 
1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  n.  ii.  (1869)1.301  The  coffers  of 
such  a  company.. must  require.. a  more  constant  and  un 
interrupted  exertion  of  expense  in  order  to  replenish  them. 
1832  HT.  MARTINEAU  Homes  Abroad  v.  68  Susan  was 
always  ready.. to  replenish  the  wallets  and  fill  the  cans. 
1883  C.  J.WILLS  Mod.  Persia  185  She  took  the  little  silver 
spoon,  and  replenished  my  inkstand  with  water, 
t  b.  To  fill  up  (a  vacant  office).  Obs.  rare. 

1632  SIR  T.  HAWKINS  tr.  Mathieu's  Unhappy  Prosperitic 
II.  229  Petrus  Moronus,  whom  Charles  had  drawen  from  the 
Cell,  to  replenish  the  vacant  See.  1651  C.  CARTWRIGHT  Cert. 
Relig.  I.  40  Though  all  vacancies  are  replenished  by  Minis 
ters  of  the  Gospel,  yet  the  succession  of  the  Authority  was 
in  the  Bishops, 

III.  10.  inlr.  To  become  filled;  to  attain  to 
fullness ;  to  increase,  rare. 

1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch  (1676)  76  The  City  of  Athens 
began  to  replenish  daily  more  and  more,  by  mens  repairing 
thither  from  all  parts.  1673  H.  STUBDE  I'nrther  Vina. 
Dutch  War  80  Her  Coffers  began  to  replenish,  Her  Sub 
jects  were  rich.  1814  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rep.  LXXIV. 
308  He  does  not  luxuriate  and  replenish,  and  promise  to 
bloom  again. 

Hence  llople-nishing  vbl.  sb. 

1328  PAYNEL  Sa/erue's  Kcgim.  C  ij,  The  replenisshynge  of 
the  stomake  by  fumes  and  bumidites.  1611  FLORIO,  Jtiem- 
pitnra,  a  filling,  a  replenishing. 

Reple'nished,///.  a.  rare.    [f.  prec.  + -ED  l.] 

Full ;  perfect ;  restored  to  fullness. 


REPLENISHES,. 

1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  iv.  iii.  18  We  smothered  The  most 
replenished  sweet  worke  of  Nature.  1611  —  Wint.  T.  11.  i. 
79  The  most  replenish 'd  Villaine  in  the  World.  1641  G, 
SANDYS  Paraphr.  Song  Sol.  vi.  iv.  24  More  faire  then  the 
replenish!  Moon. 

Reple-nisher.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER  i.] 

1.  One  who  replenishes  or  refills. 

1599  HAKLUYT  Voy.  I.  378  One  God  euerlasting,.  .re- 
plenMier  of  all  things  euery  where.  1864  PUSEY  Lect. 
Daniel  iii.  136  The  contribution  ..  in  times  of  peace,  of 
eunuchs  and  replenishers  of  the  Persian  harems.  1892 
Ckamb.  Jrnt.  14  May  307/1  The  Finisher  of  delights,  and 
the  Replenisher  of  tombs. 

2.  Elect.  A  device  for  increasing  or  maintaining 
a  charge  in  certain  apparatus. 

1867  in  Dredge  Electr.  Ilium.  (r8$2)  I.  App.  cxxv,  An 
auxiliary  generator,  termed  a  jeplenisher.  1881  SIR  W. 
THOMSON  in  Nature  XXIV.  435  MJJ  '  replenisher '  for 
multiplying  and  maintaining  charges  in  Leyden  jars  for 
heterostatic  electrometers. 

Reple-iiishiiigly,  adv.  rare.  [f.  pres.  pple. 
of  REPLENISH  v."]  In  such  a  manner  as  to  replenish. 

1601  DEACON  S:  WALKER  Spirits  f,  Divels  57  The  maner 
of  God  his  being  alone  is  to  be  in  euerie  place  indefinitiuely, 
repleliuely.  or  replenishingly.  1625  DONNE  Serin.  Wks.  V. 
16  God  is  replenishingly  everywhere :  but  most  contractedly 
and  workingly  in  the  temple. 

Replenishment  (rfple-niJinSnt).  [-MENT.] 

1.  1  he  fact  of  being  replenished,  rare—1. 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  16  b,  The  fode  of 
aungels  is  moost  perfyte  possessyon  &  replenysshement  of 
all  glory. 

2.  That  which  replenishes  ;  a  fresh  supply. 

1692  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  II.  512  Wanting  divers  ne. 
cessaries  and  a  replenishment  both  of  seamen  and  soldiers. 
1794  SULLIVAN  View  Nat.  xiv.  I.  161  [To]  exhaust  from 
the  earth  the  whole  of  the  replenishment  which  it  received 
in  the  day.  1837  T.  HOOK  Jack  Bra*  ii,  Jack  ordered 
a  replenishment  of  punch. 

3.  The  act  or  process  of  replenishing. 

1802  PALEY  Nat.  Thcol.  xxvi.  (1804)  522  The  provision 
which  was  originally  made  for  continuing  the  replenishment 
of  the  world.  1862  LYTTON  Str.  Story  xx.  Principles  similar 
to  those  which  Liebig  has  applied  to  the  replenishment  of 
an  exhausted  soil. 

t  Reple'nty,  v.  Obs.  rare  — '.  [f.  RE-  5  a  + 
PLENTY  st>.]  trans.  To  return  plenteously. 

1628  FELTHAM  Resolves  11.  [i.]  Ixxxi,  She  [Hope]  blythes 
the  Farmer,  does  his  graine  commit  To  Earth,  which  with 
large  vse  replentieth  it. 

t  Keple'Shed,  ///.  a.  Obs.  rare.  Also  re- 
plesshyd.  [var.  of  replenished,  either  by  further 
reduction  of  the  form  repleinsched,  or  by  associa 
tion  with  L.  replere.']  Filled,  full. 

c  1440  CAKRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  iv.  527  The  temple-gatis 
..Soo  ful  repleshed  no  man  mayentre  there,  t  1450  LYDG. 
&  BUKGU  Secrees  1649  And  [when]  ful  replesshyd  1  exhorte 
the  [=thee]  fllesshly  lustys  and  bathis  to  file. 

Replete  (r/'ph't),  a.  Also  4-5  repleet,  5-6 
-plot,  (5  reyplete),  6  Sc.  -pleit(e,  6-7  -pleate, 
6-8  -pleat,  [a.  F.  replet,  replete  (Hth  c.,  Oresme), 
or  ad.  L.  replitus,  pa.  pple.  of  replere  to  fill :  cf. 
COMPLETE  a.] 

1.  Physically  or  materially  filled  with  (f  or  full 
of)  some  thing  or  substance.  Also  without  const. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Nun's  Pr.  T.  137  Ware  the  sonne  in  his 
ascencion  Ne  fynde  yow  nat  repleet  of  humours  hoote. 
1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  135  pro  whiche  stoppenge  the 
pleyne  growndes  of  Egipte  be  replete  with  water,  c  1491 
Chast.  GoMes  Chyld.  20  The  weder  is  full  colde,  therfore. . 
the  wycked  humours  ben  styred  and  make  the  stomocke 
replete.  1536  BELLENDEN  Cron.  Scot.  ix.  ii,  Ane  well 
sprang  up.. with  sic  haboundance  of  bind,  that  all  the 
stretis  wer  repleite  thairof.  1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhouer's  Bk.  t 
Physicke  113/2  Infuse  theron  the  expressede  oyle,  till  the 
glasse  be  wholy  repleate.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  106 
Sweet  Gardens,  repleat  with  fragrant  flowres.  1725  POPE 
Odyss.  xv.  149  A  golden  ewer . .  Replete  with  water  from  the 
crystal  springs,  a  1774  GOLDSM.  Sitrv.  Exp.  Philos.  (1776) 
II.  3  All  places  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  are  replete  with 
air.  1849  MURCHISON  Siluria  ii.  30  Much  younger  rocks  ' 
replete  with  organic  remains.  1889  DUNCAN  Lect.  Dis. 
Women  xxiv.  (ed.  4)  195  Making  the  peritonaeum  to  pro-  j 
trude..as  a  pouch,  which,  when  replete,  resembled  a  cyst. 

b.  Filled  to  satisfaction  with,  full  cf,  food  or 
drink ;  satisfied,  sated,  gorged. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Pard.  T.  161  Herodes,.  .Whan  he  of  wyn 
was  repleet  at  his  fceste.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  15 
Cromes  fallenge  from  the  table  of  lordes,  whiche  replete 
lefte  fragmente  to  theire  childre.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS 
Huon  xxv.  76  They  were  all  satysfyed  and  replete  and  had 
well  dynyd.  1704  SWIFT  T.  Tub  Wks.  1760  I.  87  When  by 
these  and  the  like  performances  they  were  grown  sufficiently 
replete,  they  would  immediately  depart.  1811  Ora  % 
Juliet  III.  134  So  replete  was  she  of  the  good  things  of  the 
table,  that  Zaire  stared  at  her  in  wonder.  1887  BOWEN 
Virg.  /Eneid  in.  630  With  the  banquet  replete,  .he  had  lain 
full  length  in  his  lair. 

t  c.  Plethoric,  fat,  stout.  Obs. 

1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  1336  Seeing  that  the 
fatnesse  of  his  repleat  bodie  would  not  suffer  them  to  take 
away  his  life  presently,  c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  1. 1.  xv,  They 
are  more  plump  and  replete  in  their  Bodies.,  than  those  that 
drink  altogether  Wine.  1758  J.  S.  Le  Dran's  Observ.  Surf. 
(1771)  12  The  Patient  being  of  a  strong  and  replete  Habit 
of  Body. 

2.  Filled  with  (f  full  of),  abundantly  supplied 
or  provided  with,  in  various  lit.  and  fig.  uses. 

1382  WYCLIF  Phil.  iv.  18,  I  am  repleet  with  tho  thingis 
takun  of  Epafrodite.  c  1450  LOVELICH  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.) 
6236  Of  alle  vertwes  sche  is  Repleet.  1:1485  E.  E.  Misc. 
(Warton  Cl.)  16  Where  is  now  thy  hyje  palleys,  reyplete 


470 

Of  reches. .  ?  1582  BENTLEYM>«.  Aiatronesll.  201  Eternall 
tribulation,  and  infinite  calamitie,  repleat  with  all  euills.  1632 
LITHGOW  Trav.  IV.  132  It  is  repleate  with  all  the  blessings, 
earth  can  giue  to  man.  1704  SWIFT  T.  Tub  Wks.  1751  I.  8 
A  good  sizeable  Volume. -replete  with  Discoveries  equally 
valuable  for  their  Novelty  and  Use,  1764  GOLDSM.  Hist. 
Eng.  in  Lett.  (1772)  II.  161  Those  denunciations  of  ruin 
with  which  their  orations  are  replete.  1847  L.  HUNT  Jar 
Honey  xi.  (1848)  149  The  very  air  seems  replete  with  hum 
ming  and  buzzing  melodies. 

b.  Fully  imbued  or  invested  with  some  quality 
or  property. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  217  The  lyfe  of  noon  other 
thynge  is  more  frayle,  replete  with  moste  infirmite.  1509 
HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xvi.  (Percy  Soc.)  60,  1  folowed  her 
into  a  temple  ferre,  Replete  wyth  joy.  1587  HOLINSHKD 
Chron.  III.916/2,  I  am  but  a  wretch  replet  with  miserie. 
1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  IX.  409  He  was  repleate  with  all 
abhominable  vices.  1671  SALMON  Syn.  Mcd.  n.  xlv.  303  If 
the  Body  is  repleat  with  strength,  the  Sick,  without  doubt, 
will  escape  and  not  die.  1777  PRIESTLEY  Disc.  Philos. 
Neccss.  204,1  have  shewn.,  that  the  system  of  immaterialism 
is  replete  with  absurdity.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  v. 
vi.  566  The  proceedings,  .appeared  to  be  replete  with  ir 
regularity  and  injustice.  1871  MACDUFF  Mem.  Patmos 
xvii.  221  Perspicuous  in  meaning  and  replete  with  practical 
instruction. 

1 3.  Filled  or  crowded  with  people.  Obs. 

1533  BELLENDEN  Lhy  in.  iii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  249  The  tempillis 
war  replete  with  men  and  women.  1596  Edlu.  Ill,  I.  i,  The 
lealm  of  France  Replete  with  princes  of  great  parentage. 
1632  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  BiondfsErwHetM  iv.  122  Don  Eulavio's 
house.. lie  founde  open  and  repleate  with  servants. 

4.  Full,  entire,  perfect,  complete. 

1601  SHAKS.  All's  Wellu.  iii.  183  To  whom  I  promise  A 
counterpoize  ;  If  not  to  thy  estate,  A  ballance  more  repleat. 
1863  COWDEN  CLARKE  Shaks.  Char.  xvii.  425  Among  the 
subordinate  characters,  not  one  is  drawn  with  more  replete 
originality  than  that  of  Owen  Glendower. 

Replete  (rfylrt),  v.  Now  rare.  Also  6-7 
-pleat,  6  Sc.  -pleit.  [f.  L.  repKl-,  ppl.  stem  of 
replere :  see  prec.] 

fill    wit 
stuff,  cram.   Obs. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  243  The  waterleches  didde 
replete  the  cite  of  Neapolis  with  a  multitude  infinite.  1528 
PAYNEL  Saleme's  Rcgiitt.  H,  Stronge  wyne.  .vehementlye 
enflameth  a  mans  body  &  repleteth  the  heed.  1567  Glide  f, 
Codlie  £.  (S.T.S.)  129  Than  Callis  and  brint  Sacrifice  Thy 
Aulter  sail  repleit.  1620  VENNEK  Via  Recta  iii.  50  It  re 
pleteth  their  stomackes  with  crude  and  phlegmaticke  humors. 
1669  COKAINE  Poems  257  They  that  are  gluttons,  and  love 
meat,..  The  greasy  Cook-shops  may  repleat. 

reft.  1636  QUARLES  Eleg.  Sir  J.  Cxsar,  Repleat  thyself 
with  everlasting  Manna. 

tb.  To  fill,  stock,  or  people  (a  place)  with 
things,  animals,  or  persons.  Obs, 


t 1.  trans.  To  fill    with  something ;   to  crowd, 


I 

d<  _..  ..... 

repleted  now  with  infydele  alyons. 

fc.  To  fill   (a   place)  with  noise,   or  with   a 
report.  Obs.  rare. 

.'573  TWYNE  sEneid  xr.  Ggivb,  With  wofull  cries  and 
piteous  shoutes  the  town  they  do  repleat.  1694  MOTTEUX 
Rabelais  (1737)  V.  229  Your  placid  Life,  here  inaudite  before, 
Repletes  the  Town  of  Lugdun. 

t  2.  To  fill  (a  person,  the  mind,  etc.)  with  some 
property  or  quality.  Also  without  const.  Obs. 

1482  Monk  ofEvcsham  (Arb.)  30  Y  felle  me  repletyd  there 
in  the  resceyuing  of  tho  discyplynys.  1542  BECON  Pathw. 
Prayer  xxx.  Wks.  1564  I.  83  That  thou  niayest  be  repleted 
wyth  the  knowledge  of  spirituall  thynges.  1612  R.  SHELDON 
Serin.  St.  Martin's  6  It  also  repleteth  the  mind  with  such 
a  treasune  of  discourse.  1658  COKAINE  Obstinate  Lady  n. 
in.  He  not  desire  the  Muses  to  repleat  My  willing  genius 
with  poetick  heat. 

t  b.  In  pa.  pple.  of  a  period  of  time.  Obs. 
a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VI 116  Another  sort,  adiudged 
that  present  time,  to  be.  .moste  repleted  with  perilles     1580 
ANN  DOWRICHE  in  Farr  S  P.  Eliz.  (1845)  II.  359  Repleated 
oft  with  wandring  change  Recount  your  life  to  be. 
3.  To  replenish ;  to  fill  again,  rare. 
1704  D'URFEY  Abradatns  f,  Panthea  i,  Scarce  had  the  pale 
Empress  of  the  night  ..  twice  repleted  shone  serene  and 
,SS       ,  .l88z-3    SCHAFF  Encycl.   Relig.    Knmul.    I.    155 
[Hamathites]  were  transported  into  Samaria  by  the  Assy 
rians  to  replete  that  depopulated  district. 
Hence  Beple  ted  ppl.  a.,  t  well-fed. 
1667  Decay  Chr.  Piety  viii.  p  34.  282  They  preferr'd  a  re- 
pleated  slavery,  before  a  hungry  freedom. 
Repleteness  (rfplrtnes).    Also  7  repleat-. 
[f.  REPLETE  a.  +  -NESS.]     The  condition  of  being 
replete;  repletion,  fullness,  t  corpulence. 

1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  n.  xxiii.   393  We  are  subject 
vnto  a  repleatnesse  of  humours.     1661  K.  W.  Con/.  Cliarac 
PoltMian  (1860)  27  An  indicium  of.. his  repleatnesse  of  in- 
sippld  aierial  and  light  whimsies.      1769  Axtiq.  in  Ann. 
A  «.f.  128/1  His  age,  stature,  and  repleteness,  allowing  him 
but  little  aglhty.    1879  MEREDITH  Egoist  Prel.,  They  tell 
s  that  there  is  a  constant  tendency  in  the  book  to  accumu 
late  excess  of  substance,  and  such  repleteness  [etc.], 
t  Reple'tiate,   v.    Obs.   ran-1,      [irreg.    f. 
REPLETE  a.]     trans.  To  satiate,  satisfy. 

1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  381  Two  or  three  Trees 
being  pierced,  in  an  hours  space  [they]  repletiate  the 
greediest  appetite. 

Repletion  (riplrfan).  Forms  :  4-5  reple- 
cioun,  5-6  replecion,  -yon,  (5  replicion,  -ioun, 
6  repleaeion),  6-  repletion ;  also  4-5  replec- 
cio(u)n,  6  replexion.  [a.  OF.  repletion  (mod.F. 
),  reflection  (1314),  reflexion  (1411),  or 


KEPLEVIABLB. 

ad.  late  I,,  repletion-em,  n.  of  action  from  replere: 
cf.  REPLETE  a.] 

1.  The  action  of  eating  or  drinking  to  excess ; 
surfeit ;  the  condition  of  body  arising  from  this ; 
f  also,  a  full  plethoric  condition  or  habit  of  body. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Nun's  Pr  T.  17  Repleccion  ne  made  hire 
neuere  sik,  Aucmpree  diete  wasal  hir  phisik.  citioMasfer 
Ijf  Gain  (MS.  Digby  182)  Prol.,  Ipocras  tellith:  Full  repli- 
ciouns  of  metes  sleith  mo  men  then  ony  swerde  or  knyfe. 
1482  Monk  ofEvcsham  (Arb.)  54  The  lednesse  and  hete  the 
whyche  was  in  my  face  and  in  my  bodye  . .  douteles  was  of 
the  feruent  replecyon  of  wyne  dronkyn  before.  1542  BOORDF. 
Dyetary  ix.  (1870)  250  Replecyon  \v.r.  replexion]  or  a  surfet 
is  taken  as  well  by  gurgytacyons,  or  to  moche  drynkynee, 

1  as  . .  by  epulacyon.  1584  COGAN  Haven  Health  cxxxiii. 
(1636)  135  Kid  flesh.. can  cause  none  inflammation  nor  re- 

|  pletion.  1683  TRVON  Way  to  Health  320  All  this  chiefly 
proceeds  from  Repletion,  and  too  much  Nourishment,  and 
unconcocted  matter.  1748  Alison's  Voy.  in.  ii.  3^3  We  were 
neither  disordered  nor  even  loaded  by  this  repletion.  1837 

:    M.  DONOVAN  Dom.  Econ.  II.  329  A  sense  of  heaviness  in  the 
stomach,  resembling  slight  repletion.     1863  MARY  HOWITT 
F.  Bremer's  Greece  I.  viii.  254  Everybody  goes  home  to  sit 
at  table,  and  eat  to  repletion  of  an  abundant  repast. 
fig.    1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  n.  xxiii.  393  Of  such  like 

I    repletion  are  States  often  scene  to  be  sicke.   1791  BURKE  Let. 

'    Mtmterffal.Afsemtb/'ma.  1792  III.  361  Your  malady,  in 

[  this  respect,  is  a  disorder  of  repletion.  1855  S-MEDLEYcAcw// 
Sciences  289  Our  medical  authority  offers  no  solution  of  the 
difficulty,  but  sends  us  straight  to  the  madhouse  for  a  reple- 

:    tion  of  similar  marvels. 

2.  The  fact  or  condition   of  being  filled   up, 
stuffed  full,  or  crowded. 

_  1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.R.  v.  xiii.  (Bodl  MS.),  penose 
:  is..somtyme  isette  by  folnes  and  replecion  of  stinkinge  and 
!  corrupt  humours.  1544  PHAER  Kerim.  Lyfe-  (1553)  Cvj  b,  If 
there  be  replecion  of  fleum  in  y*  head  first  ye  must  purge 
withpillesofcochie  1562  BUI.LEYN  Bulu'arke, Dial. Sonnies 
<r  Chir.  (1579)  ob,  That  in  fyne,  replecion  and  tencion  of 
all  the  course  of  the  vaynes  doe  come ..  by  the  meanes  of  the 
aboundance  of  bloud.  1791  BENTHAM  Panopt.  1. 1.  49  When 
the  establishment  is  in  this  state  of  repletion.  1870  ANDER 
SON  Missions  Amer.  Bd.  II.  xxxviii.  346  The  body  of  the 
house  was  filled  to  repletion  by  adults. 

3.  The   action   of  filling   up;    the   filling   of  a 
cavity  or  receptacle.  ?  Obs. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  87  Nor  is  it  only  the  ex 
clusion  of  a_yre  by  water,  or  repletion  of  cavities  possessed 
thereby  which  causeth  a  pot  of  ashes  to  admit  so  great  a 
quantity  of  water  [etc.].  1676  WORUDGE  Cyder  (1691)  161 
Which  vacancy  you  may  again  supply,  .with  other  wine..  ; 
which  repletion  must  be  reiterated,  c  1790  IMISON  Sen.  Art 
I.  148  An  increase  of  weight  will  be  found.,  from  a  repletion 
..of  the  vacuities  of  the  fresh  water  with  saline  particles. 
tb.  That  which  serves  to  fill.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qual.  (1809)  IV.  116  Father, 
Son,  and  Holy  Spirit,  will  then  become  co-embodied  in  this 
divine  body ;  they  will  be  the  repletion  of  it. 

4.  The  satisfaction  of  a  desire  or  want. 

1654  WHITLOCK  Zootoinia  297  That  spendeth  through  ne 
cessity  twelve  Houres  for  a  course  Repletion  of  his  Hunger. 
1667  Decay  Chr.  Piety  i.  f  5  Projecting  the  gratifying  those 
desires  in  whose  repletion  we  placed  our  happiness.  1690 
NORRIS  Beatitudes  (1692)  95  So  [it]  prevents  and  anticipates 
that  Repletion,  which  our  Lord  promises.  1836-7  SIR  W. 
HAMILTON  Metaph.  xliii.  (1870)  II.  450  If  pleasure  be  the 
repletion  of  a  want  contrary  to  nature,  that  which  contains 
the  repletion  will  contain  the  pleasure. 
Hence  t  Beple'tional  a.  Obs.  rare  —'. 
1562  BULLEYN  Bnlwarke,  Dial.  Soarnes  $•  Chir.  n  b,  It  is 
called  repleccionall,  when  the  humours  increase  beyonde 
their  due  measure. 

t  Reple'tive,  a.  Cbs.  [ad.  F.  repletif,  -ive, 
or  late  L.  repletivus  (Priscian)  :  see  REPLETE  a. 
and  -IVE.]  Causing  repletion,  replenishing. 

1611  COTGR.,  Kcpteli/lrepletive,  replenishing,  filling.  1643 
TRAPP  ContHt.  Gen.  xlii.  2  And  his  fulness  is  not  only  reple- 
tive,  but  diffusive,  a  1660  HAMMOND  Serin,  xix.  (1850)  397 
Faith.. is  repletive  in  the  whole  house  at  once,  as  in  one 
room,  and  that  a  stately  palace.  1733  WATTS  Philos.  Ess., 
Ontology  (1734)  382  God's  Omnipresence,  .hath  been  termed 
his  repletive  Presence. 
Hence  f  Beple'tively  adv.  Obs. 
1601  DEACON  &  WALKER  Spirits  A>  Divels  49  He  is  able 
repletiuely  and  by  speciall  operation,  to  dwell  in  mans  spirit 
for  euer.  1621  LODGE  Summary  elf  Dn  Bartas  291  Shee 
[the  soul]  is  not  in  the  body  repletiuely,  for  that  appertaineth 
to  him  onely  who  filleth  all  things. 

Reple'tory,  a.  rare~l.  [f.  as  REPLETE  v.  + 
-OKY.J  Repletive. 

1853  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Discuss.  App.  iii.  C.  774  A  Uni 
versity,  as  an  intellectual  gymnasium,  should  consider  that 
its  'mental  dietetic'  is  tonic,  not  repletory. 

t  Reple'VCi  v.  Obs.  Law.  Also  6  repleave, 
7  replieve.  [ad.  OF.  replevir  to  REPLEVY.] 

1.  trans.  To  replevy ;    to   bail  out.    Also  Jig. 
Hence  Beple'ving  vol.  so. 

1592  Tertnes  Lawes  s.v.  Replevin.  Hee  shall  haue  this 
writ  directed  to  the  sherife  yl  he  cause  him  to  be  repleued. 
1615  MANWOOD  Lawes  Forrest  xxii.  §  5.  210  b,  How  many 
kinds  of  attachments  of  the  forest  there  bee  :  and  of  Re- 
pleuing  of  persons  attached,  a  1628  PRESTON  Mt.  Ebal 
(1638)  23  If  a  condemned  person.. should  bee  repleeved  or 
ransomed  by  another  11644  QUARLES  Sot.  Recant.  Sol. 
v.  28  And  Grace  shall  here  replieve  what  Grief  distrains. 

2.  intr.  To  bring  an  action  of  replevin. 

1638  EARL  OF  CORK  in  Lismore  Papers  Ser.  i.  (1886)  V.  54 
Ned  Stowt  hath  promised  me  to  paie  me..xxiij1'  due  unto 
me  for  23  yeares  arrears  of  Rathnolan,  for  which  he  was 
destreigned,  and  he  repleved. 

Repleven,  obs.  form  of  REPLEVIN  sb. 
Repleviable    (r/ple-viab'l),    a.     Law.      [f. 
REPLEVY  v.  +  -ABLE.]    Replevisable. 


REPLEVIN. 

1755  in  JOHNSON,  1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm,  III.  7  Such 
distresses  are  partly  analogous  to  the  antient  distress  at 
common  law,  as  being  replevjable  and  the  like.  1800  ADDI- 
SON  Anter.  Law  Rep.  303  Goods  are  only  repleviable  when 
taken  by  way  of  distress. 

Replevin  (rzple-vin),  sb.  Law.  Also  5  -yn(g, 
6  -yne,  -en,  6-7  -ine.  [a.  AF.  replevtn(e,  f.  OF. 
replevir  to  REPLEVY  :  hence  also  Anglo-L.  reple- 
•vina  (I3th  c.).  Cf.  PLEVIN.] 

1.  The  restoration  to,  or  recovery  by,  a  person 
of  goods  or  chattels  distrained  or  taken  from  him, 
upon  his  giving  security  to  have  the  matter  tried 
in  a  court  of  justice  and  to  return  the  goods  if  the 
case  is  decided  against  him. 

[1347-8  Rolls  of  Par  It.  II.  218/2  Quo  les  Baillifs  del  dit 
Wapentak  denierent  la  replevine  an  Baillif  Ie  dit  Counte  de 
Huntingdon.]  1461  Past  on.  Lett.  II.  35  That  aftir  the  dis- 
tresse  taken  the  undirshreve  be  spoke  with  all  that  he  make 
no  replevyn  with  out  agrement  or  apoyntement  taken,  that 
the  right  of  the  lond  may  be  undirstand.  1471  Cal.  Anc. 
Kec.  Dublin  (1889)  I.  345  The  Mair  and  Bailliftes  for  the 
tyme  beyng  make  reptevyng  to  every  person  or  persones 
that  will  compleyn  to  them.  1532  Dial,  on  Laws  Jtng.  11. 
xlvii.  i2ob,  If  a  shyryfe  by  a  repleuyn  deliuer  other  beastes 
than  were  distreyned  [etc.].  1623  DALTON  Office  Sherifs 
165  b,  So  that  by  this  former  statute.. the  Sherife  may 
breake  open  a  mans  castle,  or  house,  to  make  a  Repleuin. 
1659  RUSHW.  Hist.  Coll.  I.  641  Having  sued  forth  a  writ  of 
Replevin,  the  proper  remedy  in  Law  to  regain  the  posses 
sion  of  his  Goods.  1768  BLACKSTONE  Contm.  III.  145  The 
restitution  of  the  goods  themselves  so  wrongfully  taken .. 
is  effected  by  action  of  replevin.  1809  St.  Papers  in  Ann. 
Keg.  716/2  Attempts  have  ..  been  made  to  wrest  from  the 
collectors  by  writs  of  replevin.,  property  detained  or  seized 
by  said  collectors.  1863  H.  Cox  Instit.  n.  ix.  522  One  re 
medy  for  unlawful  taking  is  by  action  of  replevin. 

attrib.  i86a  Stat.  of  Vermont  xv.  c.  36  §  28  inarg,,  Re 
plevin  bond  to  be  sued  within  one  year.  Ibid.  xxx.  c.  94 
§  40  [The  liquor]  shall  be  held  by  such  officer  until  the 
final  determination  of  the  replevin  suit. 
Jig.  a  1636  LYSDE  Case  for  Spectacles  (1638)  ro  Take 
therefore  from  me  what  learning  you  will,  distraine  it,  and 
impound  it  at  your  pleasure,  I  will  never  trouble  you  with 
Replevin.  1684  OTWAY  Atlieist  in.  (1735)  59  Since  I  am 
trapt  thus,  Like  a  poor  beast  that  wanted  better  pasture, 
There  is  no  Replevin,  and  I  must  to  pound. 

b.  Const,  of  the  thing  distrained. 
0:1461  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  399/1  The  owners  of  the  said 
Catell  may  never  come  to  have  replevyn  of  thaym,     1529 
Act  21  Hen.  /*///,  c  19  Yf  the  lorde  . .  dystrayn  upon  the 
same  maners.  .for  any  suche  rentes,  .and  replevyne  thereof    j 
be  sued.    1581  LAMBARDEAW^^.  i.  xxiii.  248  Indiuerae  other     ! 
cases,  as  in  Repleuineof  Cattell  vpon  a  distresse.    1628  COKF.     i 
On  Litt.  161  When  the  Lord  hath  distrained,  and  Repleuin  is     i 
made  of  the  distress  by  writ  or  by  Plaint.    1738  Act  \\Gco.  //,     . 
c.  19  §  23  To  prevent  vexatious  Replevins  of  Distresses  taken     i 
for  Rent.      1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  400/2  The  third  form  of     i 
replevin,  and  the  only  one  now  in  use,  is  replevin  of  goods. 

•f*  C.  The  bailing  of,  or  bail  for,  a  person.  Obs. 
1588  FRAUNCE  Lawiers  Log,  i.  xii.  55  Bailement,  mainprise    I 
or  manucaption,  and  replevine.. they  bee  indifferently  used     j 
to  expresse  that  suretie  which  the  prisoner  is  to  finde.    1618 
DALTON  Cottntr.  Just.  269  Mainprise,  or  Repleuin,  is  the 
sauing  or  deliuerie  of  a  Man,  out  of  prison,  ..  by  finding 
suerties.     1651  tr.  Kitchiris  jurisdictions  (1657)  524   ^ne 
said  J.  was  not  to  be  found  in  my  bailiwick,  so  that  I  could 
make  no  replevin  of  the  said  J.  by  any  means. 

transf.  a  1641  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  $  Mon.  (1642)  409  The 
soules  of  the  wicked  . ,  were  haled  to  judgement  . .  without 
nny  replevin  or  manumission  for  ever, 

2.  A  writ  empowering  a  person  to  recover  his 
goods  by  replevin. 

1465  Past  on.  Lett.  II.  191  On  Monday  next  ..  ther  com 
Pynchemor  to  Haylesdon  with  a  replevyn,  whych  was  made 
In  Harleston  ys  name  as  TJnderstewcrd  of  the  Duche.  1593 
Tertnes  Lawes  s.v.,  Repleuin  is  a  writ,  and  it  lyeth  when 
any  man  distrayneth  an  other  for  rent  or  other  thing..  .Also 
if  it  be  in  any  franchise  or  bailiwike,  the  partie  shall  haue  a 
Repleuin  of  the  Shirife  direct  to  the  bailife  of  the  same  fran 
chise.  1628  COKE  On  Litt.  i.  145  b;  If  the  beastes  of  diuers 
seuerall  men  be  taken,  they  cannot  ioyne  in  a  Repleg[iare] 
but  euery  one  must  haue  a  seuerall  Repleuyn.  a  1683 
SCROGGS  Conrfs-leet  (1714)  83  Replevin  ought  to  be  certain 
in  setting  forth  the  Number  and  Kinds  of  the  Cattle  dis 
trained.  1817  W.  SELWYN  Law  Nisi  Prins  (ed.  4)  II.  1099 
Of  the  Duty  of  the  Sheriff"  in  the  Execution  of  the  Replevin. 

3.  An  action  arising  out  of  a  case  in  which  goods 
have  been  distrained  or  taken  and  replevied. 

1515  Act  T  Hen.  F///,  c.  4  As  the  playntyf  shuld  have  doo 
yf  they  had  recoveryd  in  the  seid  Replevyne.  1532  Dial, 
on  Laws  F.ng.  n.  xliv.  So  b,  Ygnorance  shall  excuse  him 
of  domages  in  a  Repleuyn.  1628  COKE  On  Litt.  i.  145  b, 
And  so  in  a  Repleuyn  it  is  a  good  plea  to  say  that  the  pro 
perty  is  to  the  Plaimifeand  to  a  stranger.  1671  F.  PHILLIPS 
Reg.  Necess.  331  Most  of  that  little  which  appears  of  the 
use  or  pleading  of  Protections  in  our  Law-books  or  Records 
.  .were  in  Pleas  or  Actions  concerning  Lands,  or  Replevins, 
&c.  but  few  in  personal  Actions,  or  Actions  of  Debt,  1711 
ARBUTHNOT  John  Bull  i.  vii,  He  talked  of  nothing  but 
Actions  upon  the  case,  Returns, ..Venire  facias,  Replevins. 
1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  413  Upon  a  replevin  the  writ 
of  Execution  is  that  tie  retorno  habendo.  1818  CRUISE 
Digest  (ed.  2)  V.  444  Where  a  person  brought  a  replevin  for 
taking  his  cattle,  the  defendant  avowed  [etc.],  1875  POSTK 
Gaius  i\;  (ed.  2)  636  In  English  jurisprudence  both  parties 
are  said  to  be  equally  plaintiffs  and  equally  defendants  in 
the  actions  called  Quare  impedit  and  Replevin. 
f4.  transf.  The  reclaiming  of  goods.  Obs.rare"~\ 
1618  BOLTON  Florns  m.  xxiii.  (1636)  254  When  the  goods 
of  attainted  citizens  were  adjudged  and  given  away  by  Sulla 
unto  others,,  .the  replevin  of  them  did  doubtlessly  endanger 
the  greene  raw  peace  of  the  state. 
Replevin  (r/ple-vin),  v.  Law.  [f.  prec.] 
tl.  trans.  =  REPLEVY  v.  i.  Obs.  rare"1. 
1659  RUSHW.  Hist.  Coll.  I.  532  The  Statute  of  Westminster, 


471 

which  saith,That  the  Sheriffs  and  others  in  some  cases  may 
not  replevin  men  in  Prison. 

2.   =  REPLKVY  v.  2.     Now  only  U.  S. 

1678  BUTLER  Hud.  in,  iii.  Lady's  Answ.  4  That  you're  a 
Beast..  Is  no  strange  News,.  .At  least  to  me,  who  once.  .Did 
from  the  Pound  Replevin  you.  1711  SWIFT  Jrni.  to  Stella 
19  Nov.,  I  hear  the  owners  are  so  impudent,  that  they  de 
sign  to  replevin  them  by  law.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler 
No.  142  P  g  To  enable  her  to  replevin  her  only  cow,  then  in 
the  pound  by  Squire  Cluster's  order.  1868  M.  H.  SMITH 
Sunshine  <V  Shad.  N.  York  703  When  goods  are  seized,  an 
owner  appears.. to  replevin  the  stock. 

t  b.   =  REPLEVY  v.  2  b.    Ofa.  rare  -1. 

1720  SWIFT  Let.  to  Chctivode  30  Jan.,  You  can  pound  the 
Caitle  that  trespass  on  your  grounds,  tho'  the  next  Justice 
replevins  them. 

Replevisable  (r/ple-visab'l),  a.  Law.  Also 
6-7  -is(s)h-.  [a.  AF.  replevis(s}abU  :  see  REPLEV- 
ISH  £>.i  and  -ABLE.]  That  may  be  replcvied. 

[1275  Stat.  IVestnt.  c.  15  La  gent  que  ne  sunt  mie  replevis- 
ables,  et..ceaus  que  estoient  replevisables.] 

1532  Dial,  on  Laws  E.ng.  n.  xlii.  100  b,  If  he  lette 
any  to  repleuyn  that  be  nat  repleuisshable  &  thereof  be 
1  attaynt,  he  shall  lese  the  office.  1581  LAMBARDE  Eircn. 
\  i.  xxiii.  262  It  becommeth  Justices  of  the  Peace  to  be  very 
circumspect  in  graunting  Baile.  .for  feare  of  wrong  by  deny 
ing  it  to  him  that  is  repteuisable.  1629  in  Rushvv.  Hist. 
Coll.  (1659)  I.  App.  28,  I  will  admit.  .That  a  man  committed 
by  the  King  is  not  replevisable  by  the  Sheriff".  1641  Ibid. 
in.  (1692)  I.  341  Sir  Thomas  Trevor,  .did.  .Declare  the  said 
Chambers  his  Goods  not  to  be  Replevisable.  a  1683  SCROCGS 
Conrts-lect  (1714)  92  Cattle  taken  in  Withernam  are  not  re- 
plevisable.  1772  Jitnius  Lett.  Ixviii.  (1788)  344  In  cases  not 
bailable  by  a  justice  of  peace,  nor  replevisable  by  the  com 
mon  writ.  1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  vjii,  The  felon. .not  being 
replevisable  under  the  statute  of  the  3d  of  King  Edward. 

t  Reple'vish.,  v.1  Obs.  Law.  Also  5  -yssh, 
6  -ise.  [f.  repleviss-j  lengthened  stem  of  OF.  re- 
plcvir  to  REPLEVY.]  trans.  To  replevy. 

'433  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  478/2  Distresses  that  been  lafte 
and  takyn  for  the  cornyn  godes,  not  acquyte  ne  replevysshed. 
1554-5  ^ct  i  -V  2  Phil,  ff  Mary  c.  13  §  i  Persons,  which  for 
any  Offence . .bee  declared  not  to  be  replevisable  [r'.r.  re- 
plevised]  or  bayled.  .by  the  statute  of  Westminster.  1607 
COWELL  Intcrpr.  s.v.,  Keplevish..is  to  let  one  to  mainprise 
vpon  Suretie. 

t  Reple'vish,  w.2  Obs.  In  5  -issh,  -ysh. 
[van  of  REPLENISH  v.^  either  by  misreading  Of  n 
as  «,  or  under  the  influence  of  the  L.  pcrf.  replevi^\ 
trans.  To  replenish. 

1426  LVDG.  DC  Guil.  Pilgr.  23585  Lich  a  desert  or  places 
wilde,  wher  no  man  hath  lust  to  bilde,  Replevisshed  of  al 
ordure.  1447  UOKENHAM  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  24  Fully  re- 
plevyshed  wyth  cherytabylnesse.  1450-80  tr.  Secreta  Secret. 
29  There  are  thmgis  that  makith  the  body  fatte,.that  js, 
rest  and  replevisshyngof  dyuerse  metis. 

Reple'visor.  [See  KEPLKVISH  z».i  and  -on1.] 
*  One  who  replevies'  (Ogilvie  1882). 

Heplevy  (r/ple-vi),  sb.  Law.  Now  rare.  Also 
5-7  -ie.  [f.  next.] 

1.  A  writ  of  replevin.    =  REPLEVIN  2. 

1451  Past  on  Lett.  I.  194  The  baly  bad  hym  ketea  replevy 
of  his  mayster  and  he  wold  serve  it.  1497  m  '•  S.  Leadam 
Set.  Cos.  Crt.  Requests  (Selden  Soc.)  n  Your  said  oratour 
sent  vnto  the  Shirif  for  a  replevie..the  which  replevie  was 
deliuered  to  the  same  sir  John.  1523  FITZHF.RB. Snrv.  rob, 
'I'he  sherife  where  the  catell  is  shall  make  and  serue  the 
repleuy.  i554~S  -Act  i  <5-  2  Phil.  <$•  Mary  c.  12  §  i  No 
Cattell.  .shalbe  impounded  in  severall  places,  wherby  the 
Owner. .shalbe  constreyned  to  sue  severall  Replevis  for  the 
delyverye  of  the  said  Distresse  so  taken  at  one  tyme.  a  1683 
SCROGGS  Conrts-leet  (1714)  90  The  Owner  of  the  Cattle 
must  go  to  the  County  Clerk.. for  a  Replevy  to  be  directed 
to  the  Bailiffs  to  replevy  them. 

2.  =  REPLEVIN  sl>.  i  and  i  b. 

1554-5  Act  i  ff  2  Phil.  %  Mary  c.  12  §  i  Deputies  so 
appointed,  .shall  have  aucthorite  in  the  Shiriffes  name  to 
make  Replevies  and  Delyverance  of  suche  Distresses.  1584 
FF.NNER  Def.  Ministers  (1587)  16  Wee  will  nowe  impounde 
them  and  answere  them  when  he  bringeth  a  writte  of  re- 
pleuie  to  fetche  them  out.  1628  COKE  On  Litt.  i.  145  b,  Yet 
he  may  haue  a  Writ  of  Repleuy  to  the  Sherife.  1647  N. 
BACON  Disc.  Govt.f  Eng.  i.  ixvii.  (1739)  162  The  Sheriff 
must  grant  replevy  if  it  be  demanded,  although  formerly  no 
replevy  was  without  special  Writ.  1817  W.  SELWYN  Law 
A'isf  Prius  (ed.  4)  II.  1099  If  the  party  distrained  upon, 
either  sold  or  eloigned  the  distress  after  the  replevy  [etc.]. 
1845  LD.  CAMPBELL  Chancellors  Ixxiv.  Ill  122  The  illegal 
increase  of  duties  on  importations  by  refusing  replevies. 

b.   =  REPLEVIN  sb.  i  c.     Also  transf. 

1607  COWELL  Interpr.,  Replevie ,.  is  vsed  also  for  the 
bayling  of  a  man.  1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol.  n.  xxxii,  Too 
late  Repentance  comes :  replevy  cannot  be  From  the  strong 
iron  grasp  of  vengeful  Destiny.  1772  Jnnins  Lett.  Ixviii. 
(1788)  348  Coke. .accurately  distinguishes  between  replevy 
by  the  common  writ.. and  bail  by  the  King's  Bench. 

Beplevy  (rfple-vi),  v.  Law.  Also  6  -ie.  [ad. 
OF.  replevir  (AF.  also  replever},  f.  re-  RE-  +  plevir 
of  doubtful  origin;  see  PLEDGE.  Hence  also  med.L. 
replevir e^\ 

1.  trans,  a.  To  bail  (a  person),  or  admit  to  bail. 

I554-S  Act  i  #  2  Phil.  $  Mary  c.  13  §  i  No  Justice.. 
shall  lett  to  baile  or  maineprise  any  suche  person  or  persons 
which . .  be  forbidden  to  be  replevied  or  bayled  by  the 
statute  of  Westminster.  1615  MAN-WOOD  Lawes  Forrest 
xxii.  §  5.  215  To  attach  the  said  warden.. to  answer  wher- 
fore  he  hath  not  repleuled  him  y*  is  so  taken.  1651  tr. 
Kitchms  Jurisdictions  (1657)  524  The  aforesaid  D.  is  con 
veyed  away  ..,  by  which  means  I  cannot  replevy  the  said 
D.  1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm,  III.  129  The  writ  3*  homine 
veplegiando  lies  to  replevy  a  man  out  of  prison,  or  out  of 
the  custody  of  any  private  person.  1772  Jiinius  Lett. 
Ixviii.  (1788)  354  The  first  attempt  to  reform  these  various 
abuses,  was  by  contracting  the  power  of  replevying  felons. 


REPLICATE. 

fig.  1826  SOUTHEY  Vind.  Eccl  Angl.  482  By  using  the 
Rosary  she  had  obtained  such  favour  in  the  eyes  of  the 
Virgin,  that  her  soul  was  replevied. 

2.  To  recover  (cattle  or  goods)  by  replevin. 
1596  HACON  Max.  ^  Use  Com.  La-.u  n.  (1635)  7  Men.  .may 

have  writs  for  to  replevy  their  cattell  distrained  and  im 
pounded  by  others.  1623  DALTON  Office  Sherifs  166  It 
chanceth  sometimes  that  the  Tenant  after  that  hee  hath 
Kepleuied  his  beasts,  doth  sell  them  away.  1647  N.  15  \CON 
Disc.  Gmit.  Eng.  i.  li.  (1739)  89  If  Cattle  be  taken  by  Dis 
tress,  the  party  that  will  replevy  them  shall  pay  for  the 
return  of  the  Cattle.  1768  ButCKSTONE  Count.  III.  13  This 
is  for  the  benefit  of  the  tenants,  that  they  may  know 
where  to  find  and  replevy  the  distress.  1817  \V.  SEI.\\  VN- 
Law  Nisi  l'rins(cd.  4)  II.  1126  It  will  follow,  that  so  Ion? 
as  the  cause  remains  in  the  county  court,  the  plaintiff  may 
replevy  the  distress  after  non-suit  there.  1875  DIGBY  Kenl 
l'rpp.\n.  §  i.  274  note,  A  person  whose  goods  have  been 
distrained  seeks  to  replevy  them. 

b.  Of  the  sheriff  or  bailiff:  To  recover  for,  or 
restore  to,  the  owner  by  replevin.  ?  Obs. 

1623  DALTON  Office  Sherifs  166  b,  Then  the  power  of  the 
sherife  or  his  bailiffe  ceaseth,  so  as  they  may  not  repleuie  or 
dcliuer  them.  1628  COKE  On  Litt.  1450,  Vet  shall  the 
I  Sherife  repleuy  the  goods  distreyned,  for  it  is  against  the 
nature  of  Mich  a  distresse  to  be  irrepleuisable.  ti  1683  [see 
Ki:i'Li:\YJ/>.  i]. 

trans/.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  xii.  31  Yours  the  Waift  by 
high  prerogative.  Therefore  I  humbly  crave  your  Majestic 
It  to  replevie,  and  my  sonne  reprive. 

3.  intr.  or  al'sol.  To  carry  out  the  act  of  replevin. 
1607  COWF.LL  Intcrfir,  s.v.  Second  deliverance,  After  a  re- 

turne  of  catel..to  him  that  distreined  them,  by  reason  of 
a  default  in  the  party  that  replevied.  1768  ULACKSTONE 
Connn.  III.  13  T'o  replevy. .is,  when  a  person  distreined 
upon  applies  to  the  sheriff,  .and  has  the  distress  returned 
into  his  own  possession.  1817  W.  SELWYN  Law  Nisi  Prins 
{ed.  4)  II.  rico  Although  the  statute  of  Westm.  2d.  c.  2  is 
entirely  silent  as  to  a  bond  from  the  party  replevying  [etc.]. 
1884  I. am  Rep.  12  Q.  B.  Div.  386  The  period  of  five  days  is 
given  by  the  statute  to  enable  the  tenant  to  replevy. 
Hence  Reple'vying  vl>l.  sb.  and///,  a. 
1581  LAMBARDE  fcircn.  I.  xxiii.  248  Keplevijng  of  the 
person  of  a  man  in  case  of  Villenage.  1607  COWILL  Ititerpr. 

;  s.v.  Second  deliverance,  For  the  repleuying  of  the  same 
catell  againe.  1648  llr.  HALL  Set.  'thoughts  §  44  In 

.  matter  of  law,  every  plain  country-man  knows  what  be 
longs  to  distraining,  impounding,  replevying.  1862  Stilt, 
of  I  'ernioni  xxx.  c.  94  §  40  Any  liquor  seized.,  shall  not  be 
delivered  by  the  replevying  officer  to  the  claimant. 

Replevyn(e,  -yng,  obs.  ff.  REPLEVIN  sb. 
Replevys(s)h,  variants  of  REPLEVISH  v.  Ots. 
tBepli-al.    06s.    Also    6   -iall,   -yal(l.     [f. 
!    REPLY  v.  +  -AL.]   =  REPLY  sb. 

1548  GEST  Pr.  Masse  D  vj,  Cocleus.  .wryteth  in  hys 
former  replyall  to  Rullynger.  1593  R.  HARNES  Parthcnophil 
Elegy  iv,  When  for  so  many  lines,  I  begged  replyal.  1594 
CAREW  Hnarte's  Exam.  Wits  (1616)  17  God  speakes  once 
.  .and  turnes  not  to  a  second  repliall. 

t  Repli'ant.  Ol>s,  rare.  Also  7  -yant.  [a. 
F.  repliant,  pres.  pple.  of  replier :  see  REPLY  v.] 
One  who  replies  or  makes  a  replication. 

1594  WEST  2nd  Ft.  Symbol.,  Chaiicerie  §  79  And  for 
further  replication  saith,  that  the  said  H.  C.  late  father  of 
this  Repliant,  was  lawfully  seised,  .of  the  said  tenements. 
1656  BOURNE  Def.  Script.  52  Mr.  John  Deacon,  a  solid  and 
sharp  Questionist,  Replyant  and  Demandant. 

Replica  (re'plika).     [a.    It.   replica,  f.   repli- 
care:  see  REPLY  v.]     A  copy,  duplicate,  or  repro- 
j    duction  of  a  work  of  art ;  properly,  one  made  by 
i    the  original  artist. 

1824  LADY  MORGAN  Sahator  Rosa  iii.  I.  105  He  is  said  to 
have  reproduced  in  numerous  replicas  [sic],  the  scenery  of  La 
Cava.  1859  THACKERAY  Virgin.  Ixxii,  A  copy  or  replica,  of 
which  piece  Mr.  Warrington  fondly  remembered  in  Virginia. 
1859  GULLICK  &  TIMBS  Paint.  193  The  replica  in  the 
National  Gallery,  of  'the  Agony  in  the  Garden '.  1887  BLACK 
Satina  Zeinbra  31  If  Miss  Zembra  would  care  to  have  a 
little  replica  of  it,  I  should  be  happy  to  do  that  for  her. 
b.  transf.  A  copy,  reproduction,  facsimile. 

1865  Of  IDA  Stratlnnore  i,  How  can  they  imagine  an  ill. 
done  replica  of  ourselves  can  attract  us  !  1885  CLODD 
Myths  <$•  Dr.  H.  ix.  205  Such  theories,  .often  take  the  form 
of  belief  in  the  soul  as  a  replica  of  the  body.  1899  KIPLING 
Stalky  71  Each  house  ..  was  a  replica  of  the  rest;  one 
straight  roof  covering  all. 

t  Replicaljle,  a.  Obs.  rare-1.  [See  REPLICA 
TION  and  -ABLE.]  That  may  be  replied  to. 

a  1529  SKELTON  Rcplyc.  303  Reputyng  hym  vnahle  To 
gainsay  replycable  Opinyons  detestable  Of  heresy  execrable. 

Replicand  :  see  REPLIQUE  v.  Obs. 
t  Be'plicant.    Obs.      [ad.    L.    replicant-em, 
pres.  pple.  of  replicare  :  see  REPLY  p.] 

1.  A  fresh  applicant,  rare-1. 

1621  MABBE  tr.  Aleman's  Guzman  ifAlf.  202  Upon  the 
Neck  of  that  comes  another  replicant,  and  he  laies  about 
him,  beseeching  him  to  bestow  upon  him  some  old  shirt. 

2.  One  who  replies. 

1631  R  BYFIELD  Doctr.  Salt.  193  Though  this  were  in 
deed  the  divination  of  the  bitter  Replicant,  and  the  inten 
tion  of  the  Publisher.  <ri64J  Cmtra-replicanfsCompl.i 
The  next  Art  of  our  Replicant  is  to  impose  those  his  nude 
averments,  which  are  most  false  and  improbable.  1753 
CARTE  Hist.  Eng.  IV.  55  The  ordinary  divinity  act  should 
be  constantly  kept  with  three  replicants. 

Explicate,  J*.  Mus.  [f.  as  next.]  A  tone 
one  or  more  octaves  above  or  below  a  given  tone. 

1776  BURNF.Y  Hist.  Mas.  (1789)  I.  i.  5  This  system  of  four 
pounds  is  only  an  octave  higher  than  that  of  the  first  tetra- 
chord  and . .  the  next  is  but  a  replicate  of  the  second.  1846 
in  NortKs  Mem.  Music  34  note,  [Vases]  were  tuned  in 
harmonical  proportions  of  fourths,  fifths,  and  eights,  with 


REPLICATE. 

their  replicates.  1883  W.  POLF  in  Grove  Diet.  Mits.  III. 
235/2  Replicates  of  notes  in  octaves  are  found  to  form  parts 
of  all  musical  scales. 

Replicate  (rc-plik/t),  a.  [ad.  L.  repttciit-ust 
pa.  pple.  of  replicare  \  see  REPLY  v.~\ 

1.  Bot.  Of  a  leaf,  etc. :  Folded  back  upon  itself; 
also,  folded  so  as  to  form  a  groove  or  channel 
(Ogilvie  1850). 

1832  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  410  Replicate  \  when  the 
upper  part  is  curved  back  and  applied  to  the  lower,  as  in  the 
Aconite.  1870  HOOKER  Stud.  Flora  379  Outer  lobes  sub- 
valvate  with  replicate  edges.  1876  HARLKY  ftlat.  filed. 
(ed.  6)  394  Stigma  simple  or  triple,  minute  and  replicate. 

2.  Entom.  Of  the  wings  of  certain  insects:  Pro 
vided  with  a  joint  by  means  of  which  the  outer 
part  folds  back  on  the  base.          1891  in  Cent.  Diet. 

Replicate  (re'pliktf't),  v.  [f.  L.  replicat-^  ppl. 
stem  of  replicare  :  see  REPLY  v.] 

1.  To  answer,  reply ;  to  say  in  answer,  rare. 
1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  651  Quhen  he  had  schawin 

his  mynd  to  him  in  plane,  This  ilk  Makdufe  he  replicat 
agane.  1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stuffe  73  They..,  like  rnttes 
smothered  in  the  holde,  poorely  replicated,,  .'with  hunger, 
and  hope,  and  thirst  wee  content  our  selues1.  1820  T.  (.i. 
WAINEWRIGIIT  Ess.  $  Crit,  (1880)  70  '  Anything  you  please, 
Sir  ',  replicated  the  waitere. 

2.  a.  To  repeat,  reproduce  (an  action),  rare. 
1607   Si  hoi.  J)isc.  agst.    Antichr.  n,  x.   142  Our  crosse 

commemorateth  the  popish  crosse,  replicateth  in  action  the 
popish  crossing.     1635,  1857  [see  Replicated  below]. 
b.  To  make  a  replica  of  (a  picture,  etc.). 

1882  W.  SHARP  Rossetti  iii.  234  The  Proserpina  has  been 
replicated  five  or  six  times. 

it.  To  fold  or  bend  back.     Alsoy^. 

1777  [see  Replicated  below],  1880  [see  REPLICATION  3  c]. 
1881  P.  ROBINSON  Under  the  Punkah  02  Better  for  him  had 
his  arms  remained  feet,  his  ears  never  been  replicated. 

Hence  Re 'plicated///,  a. 

1635  J.  HAVWARD  tr.  Biondis  Banisttd  Virg.  127  Him, 
who  by  replicated  good-turnes  proclaimed,  .her  faults  and 
ingratitude.  1777  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  (ed.  4)  IV.  102 
Aperture  wrinkled  ;  upper  part  replicated.  1857  HEAVYSF.GE 
Saul  (1869)  43  Fire  answering  to  fire  as  sound  to  sound,  As 
though  to  match  the  replicated  peals. 

Repli'catile,  a.  ran'~°.  [f.  as  REPLICATE 
a.  +  -ILE.]  Entom*  Capable  of  being  folded  back. 

1825  SAY  Gloss.  Entom.  29 

Replication  (replikv'Jan).  Also  4-5  repli- 
cacioun,  5-6  -cion(e,  6  -cyon;  4  replycasion, 
etc.  [a.  OF.  replicationt  -cion  (also  rcppli-\  ad.  L. 
replication-em  folding  back,  repetition,  (in  legal 
use)  reply,  n.  of  action  f.  replicare  to  unfold, 
reflect  on,  reply,  f.  re-  RE-  -\-plicare  to  fold.] 

1.  The  action  of  folding  up  or  back ;  the  result  of 
this;  a  fold.  rare. 

r  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  m.  pr.  xii.  82  (Camb.  MS.),  Ne 
fooldesthow  nat  to-gydere  by  replycasion  of  wordis  amanere 
wondyrful  cercle  or  enuyronynge.  1578  BANISTKR  Hist, 
Man  iv.  45  Sometyme  by  extension.,  otherwhiles  by  replica 
tion  and  enfoldyng  therof. .the  eyes  may  both  open  and 
shut.  1857  FARADAY  Exp.  Res.  liii.  399  It . .  may  consist  of 
an  infinity  of  parts  resulting  from  replications. 

2.  Reply,  answer,  rejoinder,    f  Also  in  phr.  with 
out  (any]  replication,  without  reply  being  allowed ; 
without  protest  or  opposition. 

c  1386  CHAUCRR  Knt.'s  T.  988  My  wyl  is  this  for  plat  con 
clusion,  With  outen  any  repplicacion,  If  that  you  liketh, 
take  it  for  the  beste.  1433  LYDG.  S.  Edmund  u.  883  IJy  a 
maner  replicacioun  Ech  onto  other  gan  crye  in  ther  walkyng. 


mayster  Tyndall  so  muche  pleasaunte  matter  of  replicacyon. 
1588  PARKE  tr.  Mendoza's  Hist.  China.  88  The  sentence 
pronounced  against  them,  .is  foorthwith  executed  without 
any  replication  or  appellation.  1637  R.  HUMPHREY  tr.  Si. 
Ambrose  i.  n  To  open  my  mouth  by  way  of  replication. 
1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus*  Nat.  Paradox  x.  238  The 
pitiful  Prisoner  suffered  herself  to  bee  bound,  .without  the 
least  Replication.  1720  GAY  Polly  n,  Such  raillery  as  this, 
my  dear,  requires  replication.  1784  R.  BAGE  Barham 
Downs  I.  97  But,  vanity  apart,  I  am  most  happy  in  a 
promptitude  of  replication.  tito&Zchtca  III.  265  This  is 

r   .       .  i  i?.    .-          .1   ___..   _   _i_T _   i ..L: , 

i 


b.  With  a  and//.  A  reply,  answer. 

c  1407  LYDG.  Re$on  <V  Setts.  4464, 1  wil  lyke  myn  oppinioun 
Make  a  replicacioun  To  that  ye  ban  rehersed  here.  1414 
Kolls  of  l*arlt.  IV.  57/1  Whereby  that  I  myghte  have 
answered  in  lawe  to  all  maner  of  persones,  thatony  Replica- 
cions  wolden  have  maked  a5eyns  ony  Article  of  my  billes. 
1525  LD.  BEKNERS  Froiss.  II.  cci.[cxcvii.J  616  There  was  no 
man  spake  a  worde  nor  made  no  replycacion.  1535  CROM 
WELL  in  Merriman  Life  fy  Lett.  (1902)  I.  416  Your  Discrete 
answers  and  replicacions  made  in  that  behalf.  1586  BRIGHT 
Melanch.  xvi.  92  A  man  of  hasty  disposition,  .will  make  re 
ply,  .before  the  tale  be  halfe  told,  whereby  he  faileth  in  his 
replication.  1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  World  in.  (1634)  37  With 
which  taxation  inflamed,  he  used  this  replication.  ^1670 
HVWHX  Differences  Judgin.  Wks.  173711.72, 1  find  yours  far 
short  of  a  candid  Replication.  1727  A.  HAMILTON  New  Ace. 
E.  Ind.  II.  liv.  284  The  Peasants  made  solid  Replications  to 
the  Complaints  of  the  Portugueze.  1798  I.  ALLEN  Hist. 
Vermont  164  The  replication  to  the  foregoing  observations 
was,  that  the  territory  of  Vermont  should  be  a  colony  under 
the  Crown.  1830  JAMES  Darnley  xxxvii,  An  angry  replica 
tion  trembled  on  the  lip  of  the  English  captain. 
•f  c.  An  answer  to  a  charge.  Ohs.  rare. 

1586  J.  HOOKER  Hist.  Irel.  in  Holinshed  II.  150/1  Upon 
the  replication  of  the  vicount.  .knights  were  appointed  to 
examine  all  such  witnesses.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt. 


472 

Eng.  I.  xxxviii.  (1739)  57  A  Judge  suffered  death  for  passing 
Sentence  upon  the  Coroner's  only  Record;  unto  which  a 
Replication  is  allowed. 

3.  spec.  A  reply  to  an  answer. 

£1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  iv.  1508  Therfore  I 
answere  to  }oure  replicacion,  Seruynge  somwhat  now  joure 
entent.  1461  Rolls  of  Tarlt.  V.  465/2  The  answeres  therunto 
yeven,  and  the  replications  to  the  same  made.  1642  in 
Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  in.  (1602)  I.  610  The  Petition  of  the 
Lords  and  Commons,  .together  with  his  Majesty's  Answer 
thereunto,  and  a  Replication  of  the  said  Lords  and  Commons 
to  the  said  Answer.  1711  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  HI. 
14  Those  mighty  controversys,  ..the  subsequent  Defences, 
the  Answers,  Rejoinders,  and  Replications.  1732  BERKELEY 
Alciphr.  v.  §  20  Those  arguments,  answers,  defences,  and 
replications. 

b.  Law.  The  reply  of  the  plaintiff  to  the  plea 
or  answer  of  the  defendant,  being  the  third  step  in 
common  pleadings.  Also  without  article. 

1453  Fasten  Lett.  I.  260  To  that  that  he  hath  aunsuerd  y 
have  replyed  yn  such  wyse  thaty  trowe.  .that  there  shall  no 
vayllable  thyng  be  seyd  to  the  contrarie  of  my  seyd  re 
plicacion.  1490  Plump  ton  Corr.  (Camden)  101  The  replyca- 
cion  of  Margaret  Scargill  to  the  answere  of  William  Scar- 
gill.  1523  FITZHFRB.  Surv.  13  Howe  the  declaracion,  the 
answere, replicacion,  8;  rejoyndreshuldehemade  :. .  I  remyt 
yl  to  men  of  lawe.  1591  HARI.NGTON  Ort.  Fur.  xiv.  Ixxiii, 
Her  lap  was  full  of  writs  and  of  citations,.  .Of  bils,  of 
answers,  and  of  replications,  a  1625  SIR  H.  FINCH  Law 
(1636)  279  Against  the  plea  that  the  parties  to  the  fine  had 
nothing  isic.  it  is  no  good  replication,  that  the  parties  were 
seised.  1682  LUTTRKLL  Brief  Ret.  (1857)  I.  201  The  at- 
turney  generall  some  time  since  putt  in  a  replication  to  the 

¥lea  of  the  citty  of  London  in  defence  of  their  charter.  1768 
JLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  310  The  plaintiff,  .may  in  his 
replication,  after  an  evasive  plea  by  the  defendant,  reduce 
that  general  wrong  to  a  more  particular  certainty.  1817 
W.  SELWYN  Law  Nisi  Prius  (ed.  4)  II.  759  l!y  the  replica 
tion  it  appeared,  that  the  defendant  was  not  charged  as  a 
rightful  but  as  wrongful  executor.  1865  NICHOLS  Britton 
II.  141  Let  the  objection  of  bastardy  be  then  determined 
upon  replication. 

fig.  1649  W.  M.  Wandering  Jciv  (1857)  48  She  has 
Demurs,  and  Replications  and  Rejoinders  ;  but  my  case 
hangs,  and  no  order  can  I  get  set  downe  in  this  tedious 
Court  of  Cupid. 

G.  Roman  Law.  (See  quot.) 

1880  MUIRHEAD  Gains  iv.  §  126  It  becomes  necessary  to 
Introduce  yet  another  clause. .for  the  pursuer's  benefit, 
which  is  called  a  replication,  because  thereby  the  force  of 
the  exception  is  replicated  and  destroyed. 

f4.  Repetition.  Obs. 

c  1425  Orofog.  Sapient,  ii.  in  Anglia  X.  342/12  He.  .^afe 
him  to  meditacione  of  be  passione  of  owre  lord  Ihesu  & .  .was 
..helede  by  continuele  replicacione  ber-of.  1594  CAREW 
JIuarie's  Exam.  Wits  (1616)  131  What  the  things  bee., 
wee  haue  heretofore  made  mention  :  now  we  will  rtturne  to 
a  replication  of  them.  1683  TKYON  Way  to  Health  642 
Those  seven  Notes  are  the  Basis  of  all  Musical  Composition. 
The  Number  Eight  is  a  beginning  again,  or  a  replication  or 
repetition  of  the  same. 

fb.  Logic.  (See  quot.)  Obs.  rare— <*. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  CycL*  Replication,  the  assuming  or 
using  the  same  term  twice  in  the  same  proposition  :  other 
wise  called  reduplication. 

5.  Return  of  a  sound  ;  reverberation,  echo. 

1601  SHAKS.  Jiil.  C.  i.  \.  51  Tyber  trembled  vnderneath 
her  bankes  To  heare  the  replication  of  your  sounds,  Made  in 
her  Concaue  Shores.  1737  GLOVER  Leonidas  vi.  264  The 
echoes  sigh 'd  In  lulling  replication.  1830  IJL\CKIE /Esc/tyfas 
II.  250  With  replication  loud,  Leapt  the  blithe  echo  from  the 
rocky  shore.  1859  FARRAK  J.  Home  206  Heavens  !  what 
a  melody  of  replications  1 

fig.  1678  CLDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  i.  iv.  §  36.  582  Then 
will  the  second  Hypostasis  be  look'd  upon  as  the  Kccho  of 
an  original  Voice ;.  .as  if  both.,  were  but  certain  Replica 
tions  of  the  first  original  Deity  with  Abatement. 

6.  A  copy,  reproduction.     Also,  the   action  of 
reproducing. 

1692  RAY  Disc.  209  Every  thing  that  resembles  and  comes 
near  to  it,  and  is  as  it  were  a  replication  of  it.  1859  FARRAK 
*y.  Home  70  The  notes,  .mainly  consisted  of  replications  of 
Mr.  Grayson's  placid  physiognomy.  1882  W.  SHARP  Rossetti 
iii.  179  More  fitting  for  its  water-colour  stage  than  for  re 
plication  in  a  large  oil-painting. 

Re'pUcative,  a.  Bot.  [f.  as  REPLICATE  a.  + 
-IVE.  Cf.  F.  replicatif.]  =  REPLICATE  a*  i. 

1852  HENSLOW  Diet.  Bot.  Terms. 

So  Be'plicatively  adv. 

,  i727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Replication,,  The  human  soul 
is  said  to  be  in  a  place  replicatively,  replicath>et  when  con 
ceived  to  be  all  in  the  whole,  and  all  in  every  part  thereof. 

Re'plicatory,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  as  REPLICATE 
a.  +  -OBY.]  Of  the  nature  of  a  reply. 

1837  BlacJiw.  Mag.  XLI.  841  A  Parliamentary  Committee 
for  the  reception  of  testimony  on  their  side,  replicatory  to 
that  given  before  Mr.  Sadler's  Committee. 

Replie,  obs.  form  of  REPLY  sb.  and  v. 

Replier  (rfpbi-ai).  [f.  REPLY  v.  +  -ER!.] 
One  who  replies  or  answers ;  f  esp.  the  author  of 
a  Reply. 

1566  T.  STAPLE-TON  Ret.  Untr.  Jewel  Pref.  to  Rdr.,  I  do 
first  laye  forthe  the  wordes  of  D.  Harding,  printed  in  a 
seueral  letter,  vpon  and  aboute  the  which*,  the  Replier 
hath  noted  the  Vntruthe.  1581  FIELD  in  Confer,  n.  (1584) 
K  iij  b,  The  Replyers  hauing  no  longer  time  to  prouide  their 
arguments.  1608  WII.LET  Hexapla  Rxod.  531  Matthias 
Toring  the  replier  to  I'urgensis.  1644  II  UNION  vfad*  Treat. 
Monarchy  iii.  13  The  Replier  vainly  carpes  at  the  name, 
when  he  cannot  denie  the  thing.  1815  LAMB  in  Ainger/,//e 
(1882)  94,  I  am  forced  to  be  the  replier  to  your  letter,  for 
Mary  has  been  ill.  1900  N.  %  Q.  gth  Ser.  V.  312/2  One  of 
the  repliers.. adds  to  his  explanation  a  somewhat  amusing 
supplement. 


REPLY. 

Replieve,  variant  of  REPLEVE  v.  06s. 
Repli'glit,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]     To  plight  afresh. 

1874  HOLLAND  Mistr.  Manse  xxi.  96  Hearts  and  wings 
again  united,.  -And  their  holy  troth  replighted.  1876LAN1EK 
Poems,  Cent.  Medit.  43  Toil,  and  forgive,  and  kiss  o'er,  and 
replight. 

t  H>epli'C|tie,  sb.  Obs.rare~l.    [n.f. 
f.  repliquer  :  sec  next.]     A  reply. 

1549  SIR  W.  FACET  in  Hurnet  Hist.  Kef.  (1865)  V.  266,  I 
have  no  commission  to  make  any  replique  thereto. 

t  Repli'Cpie,  11.  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  replyque  ; 
Sf.  pres,  pplc.  replicand.  [acl.  F.  n'pliquer,  ad. 
L.  replicare :  see  REPLY  v.~]  trans,  and  intr.  To 
reply  (to) ;  to  answer ;  to  say  in  reply. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  167  Than  ansueris 
the  baroun,  replicand  this  argument,  sayand  [etc.],  c  1477 
CAXTON  Jasoit.  44  lason  with  these  wordes  coude  nomore 
replique  for  he  apperceyued  that  he  coude  not  make  his 
mater  good,  c  1489  —  BlanckarJyn  xvii.  54  The  provide 
mayden..wyst  nomore  what  to  replyque  nor  gaynsaye. 
1521  Unlade  in  Bradshalu's  St.  Werbnrge  (E.E.l.S.)  201 
With  deth  preuent  he  myght  nothyng  replique. 

Reploch,  obs.  form  of  KAPLOCH. 

ReplO'tmeilt.  rare*1,  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  PLOT 
£>.]  The  act  of  plotting  out  ayain. 

1701  Col.  Rec.  Pcnnsylv.  XI.  42  Who  have  gott  Double 
Lotts  by  my  Replotment  of  the  City. 

Replouglr,  v.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To  plough 
again,  ///.  andyfj'.  Ilence  Keplou'ghing  vbl.  sb. 

1733  TUI.L  Horse-Hoeing  Hnsb.  xi.  (Dubl.)  113  This  way 
of  Re-plowing  the  Ridges,  moves  all  the  Earth  of  them. 
Ibid.,  That  will  hinder  the  Re-plowing  of  the  first  Furrows. 
1793  tr.  Cresset's  Ver-Vert  IV.  (ed.  2)  39  The  vessel  stood 
Unmoor'd,  and  ready  to  replough  the  flood.  1856  KKOUOE 
Hist.  Eng.  I.  28  The  farms  were  rebuilt,  the  lands  re- 
ploughed,  the  island  repeopled. 

I!  Repluiu  (re'pLvm,  rrplwm).  Bot.  PI.  repla. 
[L.  replum  '  a  bolt  for  covering  the  commissure 
of  the  fokling-door '  (Lewis  and  Short).]  The 
central  frame  or  placenta  left  in  certain  fruits  when 
the  valves  fall  away  by  dehisccnce. 

1830  LINDLEY  Nat.  Syst.  Dot.  88  In  Carmichalia  the 
valves  separate  from  the  suture,  which  remains  entire,  like 
the  replum  of  Cruciferae.  1849  BALFOUR  Ulan.  Hot.  §  534 
In  Orchidaceffi.  .when  the  valves  fall  off,  the  placentas  are 
left  in  the  form  of  three  arched  repla  or  frames.  1861  UENT- 
LKY  Man.  Hot.  319  When  the  replum  extends  entirely  across 
the  fruit  it  is  two-celled  ;  if  only  partially,  it  is  one-celled. 

t  Replu-mb,  v.  Ois.-°  [ad.  L.  rcplumbare  : 
see  RE-  2  d  and  PLUMB  z».]  To  unsolder. 

1623  COCKEKAM,  Replumbeil,  vnsouldred. 

Keplu'me,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  rearrange. 

1855  BROWNING  Saul  xv,  The  right-hand  replumed  His 
black  locks  to  their  wonted  composure. 

Replu'iider,  v.   [Rn-  5  a.]  To  plunder  again. 

1655  FULLER  Hist.  Camli.  8  To  crie  quits  with  the  liarons, 
William  Earl  of  Sarisbury,  and  Falk  de  Drent..replundred 
Cambridgeshire. 

Replu'llge  (""-),  sb.  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  PLUNGE 
sbl\  The  act  of  plunging  again. 

1806  J.  GKAHAME  Birds  Scot/.  138  Unless  the  trout  with 
quick  replunge  Ruffle  the  glassy  surface.  1869  RUSKIN  Q. 
of  Air  §  39  The  dolphins'  arching  rise  and  replunge. 

Repltrnge  («-),  v.  [ad.  F.ref  longer:  orf.  RE- 
5  a  +  PLUNUK  z'.]  To  plunge  again,  lit.  sn<\fg. 

a.  trans,  a  1618  SYLVESTER  Elegie  to  Marg.  Wyts  92  To 
be  rcplung'd  in  Romish  superstition.     1719  YOUNG  Revenge 
V.  ii,  Since  thou  hast  replung'd  me  in  my  torture,  I  will  be 
satisfy'd  !     1751  Female  koundlingl.  103  Uneasiness  seized 
me,  and  I  was  again  replunged  into  Perplexity  and  Sorrow. 
1801  STUUTT  Sports  #  Past.  HI.  vii.  252  She.. dives  again, 
and  replunges  the  owl  into  the  water.    1848  LYTTON  Harold 
I.  ii,  They  replunged  into  barbarism  the  nations  over  which 
they  swept.    1863  CONOLLY  Study  Hamlet  25  This  re- 
plunges  Hamlet  into  his  bitterest  reflections. 

b.  intr.    1611   FLORIO,  Rifrofomlarc,  to  sinke  againe,  to 
replunge.     1797  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  XXII.  545 
Then  [he]  replunges  for  six  days  into  the  tainted  atmo 
sphere   of  the   town  in  which  he  dwells.     1844  DISRAELI 
Coningsly  vl.  i,  She.  .instantly  turned  her  head  and  re- 
plunged  into  her  conversation. 

Hence  Beplu'nger. 

1882  Daily  News  7  Jan.  2/1  Signalling  lore,.. a  language 
in  which  '  back-locking  ',  '  slotters  ',  and  '  replungers '  are 
important  factors. 

Reply  (""phi-),  sl>.  Also  6  replie,  7  replye. 
[f.  the  vb.] 

1.  An  answer  or  response  in  words  or  writing; 
also  transf.,  a  response  made  by  a  gesture,  act,  etc. 

1560  in  Jmets  Wks.  (1848)  I.  66  The  Reply  of  the 
Bishop  of  Sarum  to  the  Letter  above  written.  1588  SHAKS. 
L.  L.  L.  IV.  i.  86  Thus  expecting  thy  reply,  I  prophanc  my 
lips  on  thy  foote.  1602  —  Ham.  n.  ii.  212  How  pregnant 
(sometimes)  his  Replies  are  !  1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  «». 
l.  §  66  The  Earl. .without  any  reply  to  the  particulars,  de 
clared  '  that  he  neither  cared  for  his  Friendship,  nor  feared 
his  Hatred '.  1665  GI.ANVILL  Def.  Van.  Dagm.  75,  '  con 
cluded  my  Reply  with  a  Brevity  that  shews  I  am  not 
fond  of  an  occasion  of  Disputing.  1737  GLOVER  LeomJas  i". 
277  Sparta's  king  This  brief  reply  deliver'd  from  his  seat.  1781 
Cowi'ER  Convcrsat.  877  Their  wisdom  bursts  into  this  sage 
reply.  1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xxi,  The  King  turned . .  with 
a  look  of  triumph,  at  the  filial  affection  which  his  son  dis 
played  in  his  reply.  1833  TENNYSON  Lady  Clara  V.  de  V. 
22  You  sought  to  prove  how  I  could  love,  And  my  disdain 
is  my  reply.  1855  —  Maud  n.  IV.  30  The  delight  of  happy 
laughter,  The  delight  of  low  replies. 
b.  Without  article. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Pocsle  ill.  xix.  (Arh.)  209  Symfloclie, 
or  the  figure  of  replie.  1595  SHAKS.  Jo/tn  in.  lii.  49  If  that 
thou  couldst.-Heare  me  without  thine  eares,  and  make 


REPLY. 


473 


REPORT. 


reply  Without  a  tongue,  c  1620  A.  HUME  Brit.  Tongue  \. 
vii,  Quherat  al  laughed,  as  if  I  had  bene  dryven  from  al 
replye.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  \\.  467  Thus  saying  rose  The 
Monarch,  and  prevented  all  reply.  1725  POI-E  Otiyss.  vm. 
167  To  whom  with  sighs  Ulysses  gave  reply.  1751  JOHNSON 
Rambler  No.  176  P  8  The  animadversions  of  critics  are 
commonly  such  as  may  easily  provoke  the  sedatest  writer 
to  some.,  asperity  of  reply.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  v.  xix, 
At  length  one  brought  reply,  that  she  To-morrow  would 
appear.  1859  TENNYSON  Geraint  <$•  Kntd  %ij  That  other 
flush'd  And  hung  his  head,  and  halted  in  reply. 

transf.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  n.  xvi,  All  bosoms 
made  reply  On  which  its  lustre  streamed.  1832  TENNYSON 
CEnone  141  Her  full  and  earnest  eye,.  Kept  watch,  waiting 
decision,  made  reply. 

0.  Mus.  The  answer  or  response  in  a  fugne.  (See 
also  quot.) 

1597  MORLEY  Introd.  Mus.  105  When  the  principall  (that 
is  the  thing  as  it  is  firste  made)  and  the  replie  (that  is  it 
which  the  principall  hauing  the  partes  changed  dooth  make) 
are  sung,  changing  the  partes  in  such  maner,  as  the  highest 
part  may  be  made  the  lowest. 

d.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  reply-paid  adj.,  post 
card,  -signal. 

1884  Graphic  30  Aug.  219/3  Reply  Postcards  can  now  be 
sent  to  Egypt.  1890  Daily  News  26  Feb.  2/1  The  value  of 
a  reply-paid  voucher  will  only  be  refunded  to  the  sender  of 
the  original  telegram.  1897  P.  W  A  RUNG  Tales  Old  Regime 

101  The  reply-signal  came  up  the  shaft. 

2.  A  counter-answer,  a  replication.  (In  later  use 
only  Sc.  Laiu.} 

1702  COTTON  MATHER  Magaalia  vii.  16/2  §  5  Unto  those 
Answers  the  Synod  gave  Replies  ;  and  unto  those  Replies 
he  gave  Returns.  1719  WATERLAND  Vind.  Chrises  Div. 
Pref.  A  ij,  Exchanging  Papers,  making  Answers,  RepHes,and 
Rejoinders.  1777  Acts  Sederttnt  (1790)  592  Act  concerning 
Replies.  j8zo  SCOTT  Abbot  i,  Answers,  replies,  duplies, 
triplies,  quadruplies,  followed  thick  upon  each  other. 

t  3.  ?  Supply.   Obs.  rare  -'. 

1592  KYD  Sol.  #  Pers.  n.  i.  214  Guelp.  Feare  not  for 
money,  man,  ile  beare  the  Boxe.  /«/.  I  haue  some  little 
replie,  if  neede  require. 

Reply  (r/pbi-),  v.  Also  4  repplye,  4-7 
replye,  5-6  replie.  [ad.  OF.  replier  to  fold 
again,  turn  back,  reply  (mod.  F.  replier  to  fold  again, 
turn,  coil)  :— L.  replicare*.  see  REPLICATION.] 

1.  1.  intr.  To  answer  or  respond  in  words  or 
writing.     Also  const,  to,  -^against. 

c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  Prol.  343  ?e  motyn  herkenyn  If 
he  can  replye  A-geyns  these  poyntys  that  ?e  han  to  hym 
mevid.  c  1386  —  Merfh.  T.  365  Hym  thoughte.  .That  in- 
possible  it  were  to  repplye  Agayn  his  choys.  1414  Rolls  of 
Parlt.  IV.  57/1  To  the  whiche  billes  myne  adversaries 
repleiden  by  mouthe  and  enfourmeden  the  Kyng  . .  in  that 
Parlement,  how  I  was  outlawed.  1494  FABYAN  C/tron.  vn. 
ccxxxvi.  274  The  archehysshop  Thomas  began  to  replye 
agayn  the  Kynges  mynde.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W. 
1531)  173  Here  ye  enuyous  and  irous  persone  maketh  sore 
contradiccyon,  &  re  pi  yet  h,  sayenge.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slei- 
dane's  Comiit.  94  The  Protestantes  do  replie  thus.  1597 
SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IV,  v.  v.  59  Reply  not  to  me,  with  a  Foole- 
borne  lest.  1610  HF.YWOOD  Gold.  Age  i.  Wks.  1874  III.  14 
He  that  next  replyes,  Mother  or  friend,  by  Saturnes  fury 
dyes.  1663  G.  HAVERS  P.  della  Voile's  Trav.  E.  India 

102  His  Courtiers  seeing  him  in  this  mood,  would  not  reply 
further  to  him.     1735  Poi'E  Prol.  Sat,  374  Full  ten  years 
slander'd,  did  he  once  reply  ?    1776  HUME  Own  Li/et  I  had 
fixed  a  resolution,  which  I  inflexibly  maintained,  never  to 
reply  to  anybody.    1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Italian  Prol.,  The 
friar  did  not  immediately  reply.     1855  TENNYSON  Maud  n. 
in.  7  Or  if  I  ask  thee  why,  Care  not  thou  to  reply.     1879 
M.   PATTISON  Milton  76  Milton  replies  to  these  random 
charges  by  a  lengthy  account  of  himself. 

Jig.     1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well  n.  iii.  87  The  honor  sir  that 
flames  in  your  faire  eyes,  Before  I  speake  too  threatningly 
replies.     1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  I.  xiii.  92  If  Nature  does  not 
reply  to  a  question  we  throw  it  into  another  form. 
t  b.  Const,  upon  a  person  or  thing.  Obs. 

ig79ToMsoN  Calvin*  s  Serm,  Tint.  214/1  If  a  thing  be  once 
appointed  by  him  who  hath  all  power,  let  vs  not  replie 
vpon  it.  1652  GAULE  RIctgastroM,  340  The  king  replyed 
upon  him  again,  avouching  [etc.],  a  1731  ATTEKBURY  Serm. 
(j.),  We  should  find  what  reason  Castalio's  painter  had  to 
reply  upon  the  cardinal,  who  blamed  him  [etc.]. 

O.  To  respond  by  some  gesture,  act,  or  per 
formance  ;  esp.  to  return  gun-fire. 

1818  SHELLEY  Rosal.  fy  Helen  9,  I  see . .  thine  eyes  replying 
To  the  hues  of  yon  fair  heaven.  1829  SIR  W.  NAPIER 
Penins.  War  vm.  v.  (Rtldg.)  I.  398  The  beseigea  replied. . 
sharply.  1842  TENNYSON  AudleyCrt.  55  He  sang  his  song, 
and  I  replied  with  mine.  1893  Daily  A'tnvs  25  July  4/6 
Lancashire.. scored  189  against  Somersetshire,  who  replied 
with  90  for  three  wickets.  1894  LD.  WOLSELEY  Life  Marl- 
borough  II.  175  A  battery  of  eight  guns  opened  on  the  fleet. 
.  .The  frigates  replied. 

2.  To  return  a  sound;  to  echo. 

In  early  quots.  merely  a  contextual  use  of  sense  i. 

1390  GOWER  Con/.  II.  282  What  man  that  in  the  wodes 
crieth,  Withoute  faile  Eccho  replieth.  1588 SHAKS.  Tit.  A. 
u.  iii.  18  Whil'st  the  babling  Eccho  mocks  the  Hounds, 
Replying  shrilly  to  the  well-tun'd  Homes.  1712-14  POPE 
Rapt'  Lock  in.  looThe  nymph  exulting  fills  with  shouts  the 
sky  ;  The  walls,  the  woods,  and  long  canals  reply.  1809-10 
SHELLEY  Bigotry's  Victim  i,  Whilst  India's  rocks  to  his 
death-yells  reply,  Protracting  the  horrible  harmony.  1847 
TENNYSON  Princ,  in.  358  Blow,  let  us  hear  the  purple  glens 
replying. 

3.  To  make   counter-answer;   spec,  in  Law,  to 
answer  a  defendant's  plea  ;  to  make  a  replication. 

1453  Paston  Lett.  \.  260  To  that  that  he  hath  aunsuerd  y 
have  replyed  yn  such  wyse  [etc.].  1362  WINJET  Wks. 
(S.  T.  S.)  I.  a  Thre  wryttingis  deliuerit  to  the  said  lohne, 
quhairm  is  replyit  aganis  his  ansueris  maid  to  ane  part  of 
the  said  thre  questionis.  1768  BLACfGBTQttB  CiarWl.  III.  xx. 
309  The  plaintiff  may  plead  again,  and  reply  to  the  defend- 

VOL.  VIII. 


ant's  plea.     1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet,  s.v.,  After  the  prisoner's    I 
defence  before  a  court-martial  the  prosecutor.. may  reply. 

4.  trans.  To  return  as  an  answer ;  to  say  in  reply.    | 
Const,  to,  f  against,  f  upon. 

c  1412  HOCCLEVE  De  Reg.  Princ.  1338  Natheless  bou  maist 
ageyn  me  replie,  'To  sum  folk.  .Agayn  pouert  it  is  noreme-    ' 
dye '.     1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  301  b,  Nothynge 
answerynge  ne  replyenge  agaynst  theyr  wronge  and  false 
accusacyons.    1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen,  V/,  in.  i.  28  Lords,  vouch 
safe  To  giue  me  hearing  what  I  shall  reply.   1611  BIBLE  Tobit 
ii.  14  Hut  shee  replyed  vpon  me,  It  was  giuen  for  a  gift. 
1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  i.  §  29  He  replyed  that  he  could 
not  think  well  of  it.     1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  2  Perplex'd  and 
troubl'd  ..  The   Tempter   stood,   nor   had   what    to   reply. 
1751    ELIZA    HKYWOOD    Betsy    Thoughtless    I.    86    '  Ah  ! 
madam',  replied  he, ..'where  the  heart  is  deeply  affected'    I 
[etc.].     1788  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.  xlix.  V.  123   To  the  im-    i 
portunities  of  the  Greeks,  .he  piously  replied,  that  no  human    ; 
consideration  should  tempf  him.  .to  resume  the  gift  which 
he  had  conferred.    1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xxxiv, '  If  there    i 
be  any  man  willing  to  fight  for  honour ',  replied  MacGillie    [ 
Chnttanach,  'the  price  will  be  enough'.     1885  JEFFERIES 
Open  Air  (1893)  157  The  man.  .replied  nothing. 
•\  b.  To  retort  ^tpon  one.  Obs.  rai'e~l. 

1513  WEST  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  I.  72  He  said,  .if  ye    ; 
did  any  thing  to  hym  then  it  shuld  not  be  honorable,  which 
I  replyed  upon  hym,  sayeng  that  all  the  world  knew  that    | 
your  Grace  went  in  the  Churches  cause. 
C.  To  return,  re-echo  (a  cry). 

1650  R.  BAKON  Fortunes   Tennis  Ball  xviii,  The    airy    I 
Queen. .each  yell  replies  As  if  another  chase  were  in  the 
skies.     1697   DRYDEN    Virg.  Georg.  iv.   764  With  his  last 
Voice,  Eurydice,  he  cry'd.    Eurydice,  the  Rocks  and  River- 
banks  reply'd. 

II.  -f  5.  a.  To  retract,  withdraw.   Obs.  rare"-1. 

1387^  T.  USK  Test.  Love  i.  vi.  (Skeat)  J.  181  Whiche 
thing  is  wonder,  that  they  knowing  me  saiyng  but  soth  arne 
nowe  tempted  to  reply  her  olde  praysinges. 

*1*b.  To  send  away,  repudiate.   Obs.  rare~l. 

c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  xvin.  vii,  The  queue  Gwendolyns 
..  Whome  Kyng  Locryne  forsoke  and  replyed,  And  Estrylde 
weddid  againe. 

f  6.  To  fold  back  ;  to  double.   Obs.  rare. 

c  1430  Bk.  Curtasye  661  in  Babcfs  Bk.  (1868)  321  po  ouer    ' 
nape  schalle  dowbulle  be  layde, . .  J>o  ouer  seluage  he  schalle 
replye.     1574  BOURNE  Regiment  for  Sea-  xxiii.  (1577)  62  b, 
An  instrument  shewing  you  howe  many  myles  of  Longitude 
will  answere  vnto  a  degree.,  by  the  replying  of  a  threed. 

-)-7.  To  repeat.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1376  GASCOIGNE  PA/7flW«wWks.  P  j  b,  Euen  so  this  byrde    j 
vppon  that  name,  Hir  foremost  note  replies. 

Hence  Replying  vbl.  sb.  and  ///.  a.;  also 
Reply  ingly  adv.,  Reply -1st. 

1548  ELYOT,  Repltcatio^  arepliyng.  1571 
on  Ps.  Ixxiii.  i  The  Adverbe  (Ac) . .  dooth  not  simply  affirme 
in  this  place,  but  is  taken  replyingly,  (for  yit,  But  yit,  yit 
notwithstanding).  1574  [see  REPLY  v.  6],  1656  EARL 
MONM.  tr.  Boccalini's  Advts.fr.  Parnass.  n.  xiv.  (1674)  156 
He  without  further  replying,  made  all  the  haste  he  could 
out  of  the  Court.  1832  A".  $•  Q.  13  Mar.  257  A  replyist  refers 
to  a  work  in  which  is  an  autobiography.  1871  K.  ELLIS 
Catullus  Ixv.  9  Ah  !  no  more  to  address  thee,  or  hear  thy 
kindly  replying  !  1883  GRANT  WHITE  Washington  Adams  6 
The  quick  inquiring  and  replying  chat  of  compatriots  who 
meet  unexpectedly  in  a  strange  country. 

Replyal(l,  varr.  of  REPLIAL  Obs. 

Replyant,  variant  of  REPLIANT  Obs. 

Repman,  variant  of  REAPMAN  Obs. 

t  Repoi'n,  v.  Obs.  rare  *~l.  [a.  obs.  F.  repoin-, 
repotgn-,  stem  of  repoindre  :— L.  repttngfre  to  prick 
a^ain  :  see  POIGNANT.]  intr.  To  regret,  repent. 

1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  cxxx.  65/1  The  knyght 
retourned  again  to  them,  and  shewed  the  kynges  wordes, 
the  whiche  gretly  encouraged  them,  and  repoyned  [F.  se  re- 
pentirent\  in  that  they  had  sende  to  the  kynge  as  they  dyd. 

Repoi'nt  (n-)f  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  point 
(a  wall,  etc.)  again.  Also  absol. 

1849  Q.  Rev.  Mar.  381  The  summer  of  1843  was  occupied 
in  repomting  the  joints  of  the  building.  1864  Daily  Tel. 
17  Mar.,  The  shot-holes  have  all  been  neatly  mended,  the 
shattered  bricks  re-pointed.  1887  HISSEY  Holiday  on  Road 
322  It  is  surely  better  to  retop  and  repoint  than  to  take  away. 

Repois(e,  obs.  Sc.  forms  of  REPOSE  v£ 

RepO'lish  (rj-),t>.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  L.  repoftre, 
F.  repoltr.']  trans,  (and  absol.)  To  polish  again, 
in  lit.  and_/^.  senses. 

1590  GREENE  Moitrn.  Garni.  Wks.  (Gros.)  IX.  130  Shee 
infused  such  interiour  and  vitall  spirits  into  this  carkase, 
that  it  seemed  repollished  with  the  purity  of  the  senses. 
1612  DONNE  A  Funeral  Elegy  40  As  a  sundred  clocke  is 
peecemeale  laid,  Not  to  bee  lost,  but  by  the  maker's  hand 
RepolisrTd.  1683  DRYDEN  tr.  Boileau's  Art  of  Poetry  n 
Polish,  repolish,  every  Colour  lay,  And  sometimes  add  ; 
but  oftner  take  away.  1793  HERSCHKL  in  Phil.  Trans. 
LXXXIII.  207  These  measures  were  taken  with  a  speculum 
that  has  been  lately  re-polished.  1812  W.  TAYLOR  in 
Monthly  Rev.  LXVIII.  253  His  silver,  .requires  to  be 
purified  and  repolished  throughout.  1892  GREENER  Breech 
Loader  118  Repolishing  and  browning  barrels. 

Hence  Repo'lishing  vbl.  sb. ;  also  Bepo'lisher. 

'593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  (1613)  153  Thou  hast  contended, 
to  be  a  more  beautifull  Creator  and  repolisher  of  thy  selfe, 
then  he.  1611  FLORIO,  Ripitlimento^  a  repolishing.  1624 
WOTTON  Archit.  Pref.,  After  the  reuiuing  and  repolishing 
of  good  Literature  ..he  was  best..vnderstood  by  Strangers. 
1849  NOAD  Electricity  (ed.  3)  300  To  render  the  re-polishing 
of  them  unnecessary,  M.  Haldat  tins  them. 

Repollu-te,  v. 

1645  WITHER   Vox 
yeares,  have  gone  To  repolli 

RepolO'n.  rare.  Also  6  repolone,  9 repollon. 
[ad.  It.  repolone  or  F.  repolon  =  Sp.  repehn,  of 
doubtful  origin.]  (.See  earliest  quots.) 


te,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  pollute  again. 
n  Vox  Pad/.  172  How  farre  you,  in  later 
one  To  repollute  these  Islands. 


Cotgr.  identifies  repolon  and  passade,  and  defines  the 
latter  in  agreement  with  Florio ;  but  later  French  Diets, 
explain  repolon  as  '  demi volte  en  cinq  temps'. 

1398  FLORIO,  Repoloni..\f,  when  a  horse  doth  gallop  in  a 
right  path,  and  still  returneth  in  the  same,  in  english  it  is 
now  called  a  Repolone.  1727  BAILKY  (vol.  1 1),  Repolon  (with 
Horsemen)  is  a  Demivolt,  the  Croup  inclos'd  at  live  Times. 
1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Snpp.  1892  LD.  LVTTON  A".  Poppy 
iii.  97  Performing  all  His  volts  and  deirmolts  and  repollons 
Among  the  roaring  flames. 

i  HepOttCe.  Obs.  rare.  Also-se.  \&.^treponcet 
obs.  f.  raiponce  :  see  RAMPION  ^.]  A  rampion. 

1704  Diet.  Rust,  s.v.,  Reponses,  or  wild  Radishes,  are 
propagated  only  by  seeds.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey). 
ReponceS)  (Fr.)  a  sort  of  small  wild  Radishes,  that  _m-u\v 
naturally  in  the  Fields,  and  are  eaten  in  Sallets.  1719 
LONDON  &  WISE  Coinpl,  (.Sard,  237. 

Repo'nder,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  ponder  again. 

1613  SHERI.EY  Trav.  Persia  96  So  that  ..  Your  Maiestie 
may  reponder  and  resoluc  at  leisure  of  the  proceeding  of 
your  enterprise.  1863  CoWDEN  CLARKE »S"Aa^5.  Char,  Pref., 
In  pondering  and  repondering  his  productions  for  the  chief 
portion  of  my  life. 

Kepondera'tiOU.  [RE-  5  a.]  The  action 
of  weighing  again. 

1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos.  i.  29  We  then,  upon  a  re-pondera- 
tion  of  it,  had  lost  near  two  drams  of  its  former  weight. 

tE-epone,  variant  ofret'wu,  REBOUND  sb.1 

<  1440  Prontp.  Parv.  430/1  Repone,  of  a  balle  or  o}>er  lyke, 
refiiilstt,  repubis. 

Repone  (r/pJ^'n),  v.  Sc.  Also  6  repoun.  [ad. 
L.  reponfre  :  see  REPOSE  v.~\ 

1.  trans.  Law.  To  restore  a  person  to  a  position 
or  office  previously  held ;  in  later  use  spec,  to  re 
store  to  the  ministry  or  to  a  ministerial  charge. 
Also  const,  in,  to. 

1525  Sc.  Acts  Jas.  V  (1814)  II.  299/1  Reponis,  reinte- 
gratis,  &  restoris  ^e  said  Jhone  till  his  honour,  heretngis, 
hmdis,  rentis.  1583  in  6th  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Cotn»i,  637/1 
That  he  may  be  repomt  and  placit  in  my  roume,.  .landis, 
honouris  and  dignitee.  a  1639  SPOTTISWOOD  Hist.  C/i.  Scvf. 
vi.  (1677)  445  The  desire  they  had  to  have  their  old  Ministers 
reported  would  make  them  the  more  forward,  a  1670 
SCALDING  Troub.  Chas.  I  (1829)  57  That  all  ministers  de 
posed  since  the  ist  of  February  be  reponed  in  their  places 
to  their  former  functions.  1728  ll'tn/roiu  Corr.  (1843)  III. 
398  It's  given  out.  .that  a  design  is  forming  to  repone  Mr 
Simson  at  the  next  Assembly.  1753  Scots  Mag.  May  253/1 
It  might  please  the.  .Assembly  to.  .repone  him  a^ain  to  his 
ministry.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  291  After  deposi 
tion,  the  party  is  not  to  he  regarded  as  a  minister  of  the 
church,,  .even  if  he  should  be  reponed,  unless  he  is  again 
settled  in  a  ministerial  charge. 

b.  To  restore  to  a  certain  legal  status,  to  re 
habilitate  (a  person),  esp.  against  a  decree  or 
sentence,  so  that  the  case  may  be  tried  afresh. 
*)•  Also  const,  with  inf.  and  absol. 

1574  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  II.  381  To  heir  and  se  the 
said  Bischope..reponit  to  use  his  lauchfull  defenses.  1671 
[?  R.  MAC\VARD]  Case  Accow.  Exam.  12  As  a  restitution 
repones  against  a  discontinuance.  1825  Act  6  Ceo.  II  , 
c.  120  §  29  As  soon  as  the  Defender  shall  enter  Appearance 
and  be  reponed  against  the  Decree  pronounced  in  Absence. 
1838  W.  IJKI.L  Did.  Law  Scot.  852  According  to  the  existing 
form  a  party  may  be  reponed.. by  presenting  a  reclaiming 
note  to  the  Court.  1850  Act  13  fy  14  Viet.  c.  36  §  23  Pro 
vided  always,  that  a  Pursuer  may  be  reponed  against  a 
Protestation.  1896  Greens  Encycl.  Scots  Law  I.  16  The 
Sheriff  repones  the  defender. 

f2.  To  put  (a  person  or  thing)  back  in  a 
place.  Obs.  rare. 

1582-8  Hist.  Jas.  K/(i8o4)  39  That  hir  majestic  should 
first  peaceablie  be  reponit  in  the  castell  of  Dumbarton.  1640 
R.  BAILLIE  Canterb.  Self -convict.  108  The  English . .  removed 
the  prayer  it  selfe  from  that  place :  But  our  men  to  shew 
their  Orthodoxie,  repone  the  prayer  in  the  owne  old  place. 

•j"  3.  To  give  as  a  reply  ;  to  answer.   Obs.  rare. 

1644  J.  GOODWIN  Inttoc.  Triumph.  (1645)  53  In  answer  to 
somewhat  argued  by  me.. he  repones  thus.  1671  R.  MAC- 
WARD  True  Non-Con/.  289  You  repone  to  us  the  very- 
meanest  of  their  Arguments,  not . .  in  the  least  recocted. 

Hence  Repo'ning  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1753  Scots  Mag,  May  252/2  In  relation  to  the  reponing  of 
these  brethren.  1896  Green's  Encycl.  Scots  Laiul.  15  The 
decree  must  also  not  have  been  recalled  under  the  provisions 
for  reponing.  Ibid.  16  A  defender  may  be  reponed  against 
a  decree.. by  lodging  with  the  Sheriff  Clerk  a  reponing 

RepO'pe,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  make  (one) 
pope  again. 

1869  BROWNING  Ringfy  Bk.  x.  no  Theodore,  .convoked  a 
synod,  whose  decree  Did.-iepope  the  late  unpoped. 

Repo-pnlate  («-)*  *•    [RE-  5*-l    *•** 

populate  again.     Hence  Bepo-pulating  vol.  so. 

1599  HAKLUYT  Voy.  II.  i.  220  This  Temiragio  returned  to 
the  city,  and  then  beganne  for  to  repopulate  it.  1611 
COTGR.,  Repeuplentent,  a  repeopling,  repopulatmg.  1859 
HOLE  Tour  IreL  vii.  (1892)  73  Great  efforts  are  being  made 
to  repopulate  the  country.  1881  R.  N.  DOYD  Chili  ii61he 
town  was.. rebuilt  and  repopulated  by  emigrants  from  the 
province  of  Biscay. 

So  Bepopnla'tion. 

<*I734  NORTH  Lives  {*&&}  I.  36  That  perhaps  may  tend 
to  some  repopulation,  which  is  more  needed  than  any  mean* 
of  extortion.  1832  L.  HUNT  Translations  330  What  possible 
debtor  can  pay  his  debts  better,  Than  De-population  with 
Re-population?  1885  Hotnilet.  Rev.  (U.  S.)  Feb.  166  Be 
lieving  that  prophecy  teaches  the  repopulation  of  Palestine 
by  Christianized  Jews. 

Report  (r/poout),  $1>.  Also  6  raport,  reaport. 
[a.  OF.  report  (rare)  or  raport  (mod.F.  rapport\ 
vbl.  sb.  f,  reporter^  rapporter  :  see  REPORT  z'.J 

60 


REPORT. 

1.  Rumour,  common  talk.  (Sometimes  personi 
fied.)  Now  rare. 

c  1374  CHAUCEB  Troylus  \.  593,  I  haue  &  schal  for  trowe 
or  fals  report  In  wrong  &  ry3t  loued  be  al  myn  lyf.  14.. 
Tundalfs  Yis.,  etc.  (1843)  121  The  day  of  trowthe  is  turned 
into  nyght  Thorow  wrang  report.  £1430  LYDG.  Min. 
Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  70  No  langage  [is]  digne  thy  vertus  to 
expresse,  By  newe  report  so  clierly  they  don  shyne.  c  1500 
Lancelot  777  Arthur  by  Report  hard  saye  How  galiot  non 
armys  bur  that  day.  IJS9  M'"~.  Mag.,  Tipteft  n,  Might 
report  vprightly  vse  her  long  It  would  lesse  greue  vs  to 
augment  the  matter.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  91  Yet 
doe  the  eyes. .kindle  the  more  anguishe,  whiche  see. .those 
thinges,  that  others  heare  by  reporte.  1600  SHAKS.  A.I  .L. 
I  i  6  My  brother  Inques  he  keepes  at  schoole,  and  report 
speakes  goldenly  of  his  profit,  c  1645  MILTON  Soua. .  x.  To 
Laly  Margaret  Ley,  As  that  dishonest  victory . .  Kil  d  with 
report  that  Old  man  eloquent.  1697  DRYDEN  /  irg.  Geay. 
lufooi  Twas  thus  with  Fleeces  milky  white  (if  we  May 
trust  Report,)  Pan  God  of  Arcady,  Did  bribe  thee.  1784 
COWPER  Task  II.  355  Through  that  public  organ  of  report 
He  hails  the  clergy.  1797  MRS.  RADCUFFE  Italian  n,  I  do 
not  lightly  give  faith  to  report. 

b.  With  a  and  //.  A  rumour;  a  statement 
generally  made  or  believed.  The  report  goes  :  it 
is  commonly  said  ;cf.  (lo  v.  13). 

c  14"  HOCCLEVE   De  Reg.  Priiic.  1671  Reportes  not  so 
sikyr  iuges  ben,  As  man  to  se  be  womannes  persone.     1483     : 
CAXTON  Cato  C  v,  Many  euyles  comen  by  wycked  and  euyl     ' 
lunges  and  euyl  reporles.     1560  DAUS  tr.  Slridant  s  Comm. 
52  The  report  goth  that  you  have  conspired  to  destroy  the 
secte  of  Luther.     1568  GKAFTON  Cliran.  II.  669 The  Erie  of    | 
Warwike..by  euill  reportes,  did  as  much  as  in  him  lay  to 


-,,..;  will . .  perhaps  Ruine  himself. .  by  spreading  Reports. 
n  1715  [see  Go  v.  13].  1781  COWPER  Conversat.  802,  I  have 
lived  recluse  in  rural  shades,  Which  seldom  a  distinct  re 
port  pervades.  1828  SCOTT  f.  M.  Perth  iii,  There  are  bad 
reports  of  him  among  the  Dominicans,  that  is  certain.  1848 
B'NESS  BCNSEN  in  Hare  Life  (1879)  II.  iii.  112  The  shadow 
of  this.,  came  in  the  shape  of  a  report  from  Paris. 

c.  Repute,  fame,  reputation.     Now  only  with 
good,  etc.,  as  an  echo  of  Biblical  passages. 

1514  BARCLAY  Cyt.  <y  Uplondyshm.  (Percy  Soc.)  28  What 
thynge  is  glory, .  .honour,  report,  or  what  is  noble  name? 
1535  COVERDALE  Judith  viii.  13  This  ludith  was  a  woman 
of  a  very  good  reporte  with  euery  one.  1562  Child- 
Marringcs  108  The  witnes..cold  not  depose  truly  that  she 
was  of  honest  name,  biecause  they  hard  of  her  evill  Report. 
1603  SHAKS.  Metis,  for  M.  II.  iii.  12  A  Gentlewoman  of  mine, 
Who..  Hath  blisterd  her  report.  1641  J.  JACKSON  True 
Evan?.  T.  in.  180  Those  honest  and  warrantable  recrea- 
lions,  which  are  of  go^d  report  among  the  Saints.  1729 
BUTLER  Serin.  Wks.  1874  II.  23  The  natural  disposition,. . 
to  do  what  is  of  good  report.  1784  COWPER  Task  vi.  813 
Her  report  has  travell'd  forth  Into  all  lands.  1784  —  Tiroc. 
459  Of  chief  and  most  approved  report.  1871  SMILES 
C/iarac.  vii.  195  He  had  no  regard  for  popularity,  but  held 
to  his  purpose,  through  good  and  through  evil  report. 
2.  An  account  brought  by  one  person  to  another, 
esp.  of  some  matter  specially  investigated. 

c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxii,  Euerychone 
shall  sey  his  reporte  to  be  lorde  of  |>at  bei  haue  done  and 
y.founde.  ^1430  Syr  Gener.  (Roxb.)  5620  Gwynet  made 
noo  tariyng  But  bare  the  report  with  glad  tithing.  1494 
FABYAN  Ckron.  v.  Ixxix.  57  After  report  to  hym  brought  of 
the  said  Espyes  that  the  countre  was  fertyll  and  ryche. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  869  This  report,  These  tidings  carrie 
to  th'anointed  King.  174*  YOUNG  Nt.  Tk.  \\.  377  'Tis 
greatly  wise  to.. ask  them,  what  Report  they  bore  to 
Heav'n.  1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Manch.  Strike  xi.  120  The 
messengers  appeared . .  and  delivered  in  their  report,  which 
was  brief  enough. 

b.  Without  article,  in  phrase  to  make  report 
(falso  =  to  make  answer). 

1534  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Life  <$•  Lett.  (ioo2)_  I.  385 
Therof  shal  I  not  faile  to  make  true  raport  to  his  Highnes. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  102  b,  The  Duke  and  the 
Lantgrave  had  made  reporte  agayne,  ho\ue  they  misliked 
not  the  treaty.  1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.)  Matt.  ii.  8  When  you 
shal  finde  him,  make  reporte  to  me.  c  1683  WALLER  On  St. 
James's  Park  Wks.  (1729)  208  Sea-nymplis . .  From  Thetis 
sent  as  spies,  to  make  report.  1859  TENNYSON  Mar-. 
Geraint  756  When  Yniol  made  report  Of  that  good  mother 
making  Enid  gay. 

C.  A  formal  statement  of  the  results  of  an  inves 
tigation,  or  of  any  matter  on  which  definite  infor 
mation  is  required,  made  by  some  person  or  body 
instructed  or  required  to  do  so. 

1661  BLOUNT  Glossogr.  (ed.  2),  Report,  is  a  Relation  of  the 
opinion  or  judgement  of  a  Referree,  upon  any  case  or 
difference  referred  to  his  consideration  bya  Court  of  Justice, 
most  commonly  the  Chancery,  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time 

I.  (1715)  I.  41  Upon  his  refusal  the  rest  of  the  Committee 
did  not  think  fit  to  sign  the  report.      1769  J:mius  Lett.  iii. 
(1788)  47  The  reports  of  the  reviewing  generals  comprehend 
only  a  few  regiments  in  England.     1781  New  Ann. ^  Reg. 

II.  166/1  The  Report  of  the  Commissioners  for  examining, 
taking,  and  stating  the  Public  Accounts  of  this  Kingdom. 
1802  J  AMES  Milit.  Diet,  s.v.,  Reports  of  cavalry  are  given  in 
to  the  senior  generals  of  cavalry.     1833  Act  3  f,  4  Will.  IV, 
c,  52  §  2  That  no  Goods  shall  be  unladen  from  any  ship 
..before  due  Report  of  such  Ship.. shall  have  been  made. 
1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  89/1  The  Queen's 
Regulations  afford,  .all  information  as  to  the  preparation  of 
confidential  reports. 

d.  In  Parliamentary  practice,  the  account  of 
a  bill,  etc.,  given  to  the  House  by  the  Committee 
appointed  to  consider  it. 

1628  [see  REPORTER  i  c].  1724  (title)  The  Report  of  the 
Committee  of  the  Lords  of.. Privy-Council. .relating  to  Mr. 
Wood's  Half-pence.  1817  Par!.  Debates  1528  The  Report 
of  the  Committee  appointed  to  inquire  into  this  subject  was 


E 


474 

presented.  1886  Pall  MallG.  2  July  »/'  When  the  bill 
came  down  to  the  House.,  it  should  be  merely  subjected 
to  what  is  called  report— that  is,  the  intermediate  stage  be- 
tween  the  second  and  third  reading. 

3.  A  statement  made  by  a  person ;  an  account, 
more  or  less  formal,  of  some  person  or  thing.  Also 
to  make  report^  to  give  information. 

c  1412  HOCCLEVE  De  Reg.  Princ.  1709  pe  gipcians  faste 
behelden  here,  And  of  hire  beaute  maden  J?ei  report  lo 

,h;trao.     £-1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  204  When  Apollo 

:ad  herd  the  report  Of  Pluto,  in  a  maner  smylynghe  seyde. 
c  I475  Bailees  Bk.  203  For  the  tyme  is  shorte,  I  puttetheym 
nouhte  in  this  lytyl  Reporte.  1551  Br.  GARDINER  Exptic. 
Cath.  Faith  24  b,  So  as  the  report  made  here  of  the  doctnn 
of  the  Catholique  churche..is  a  very  true  reporte.  1591 
SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  in.  ii.  57  We  know  (on  Valentines  report) 
You  are  already  loues  firme  votary.  1617  MORYSON  /tin.  i. 
«.  I.  .mention  this  from  their  report,  rather  then  from  my 
lodgement.  1633  BP.  HALL  Hard  Texts,  A".  T.  30  Do  not 
make  report  of  this  my  glorious  transfiguration  to  any  man 
whomsoever.  1784  COWPER  Task  n.  6  My  soul  is  sick  with 
every  day's  report  Of  wrong  and  outrage. 

f  b.  Testimony  to,  or  commendation  of,  a  per 
son  or  quality.  Obs.  rare. 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  \\.  i.  64  Much  too  little  of  that  good 
I  saw,  Is  my  report  to  his  great  worthinesse.  c  1600  —  Sonn. 
Ixxxiii,  And  therefore  have  1  slept  In  your  report. 

c.  Law.  A  formal   account  of   a   case   argued 
and  determined  in  any  court,  giving  the  important 
points  in  the  pleadings,  evidence,  etc.    Freq.  in//. 

'  The  reports  contain  a  statement  of  the  facts,  a  short  put- 
line  of  the  arguments  made  use  of  by  counsel,  the  authorities 
referred  to,  and  the  decision  of  the  court '  (M'Culloch). 

[1600  ASHE  (title)  Le  Table  al  lievr  des  Reportes  del 
tresreuerend  Judge  Sir  la.  Dyer.]  1617^1  15  7 as.  I'm 
Rymer  Fccdera  (1717)  XVII.  27  They  shall  alwaies  attend 
the  Judges  of  such  Courts  where  the  Judgments,  .shall 
passe  with  their  Reports,  to  the  ende  they  maie  be.. re 
viewed  by  the  said  Judges  before  they  be  published.  1628 
COKE  On  Litt.  293  Report . .  in  the  Common  Law . .  signifieth 
a  publike  relation,  .[of]  Cases  Judicially  argued  [etc.].  1670 
Moral  State  Eng.  59  Every  Term  bringeth  forth  a  collec 
tion  of  new  Reports,  a  1734  NORTH  Life  Ld.  Keeper 
North  (1742)  I.  20  Now.. every  ordinal y  Practiser  publisheth 
his  Reports  as  he  pleaseth . .  And  thus  the  Shelves  are  loaded 
with  Reports.  1765  BI.ACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  Introd.  71  The 
reports  are  extant  in  a  regular  series  from  the  reign  of  king 
Edward  the  second  inclusive.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX. 
402/2  The  earliest  reports  extant  are  the  'Year-books'. 

attrib.  1650  Pub.  Gen.  Acts  1097  The  Parliament  have 
thought  fit  to..  Enact. .,  That  all  the  Report-Books  of  the 
Resolutions  of  Judges,  and  other  Books  of  the  Law  of 
England  shall  be  translated  into  the  English  Tongue. 

d.  An  account,  more  or  less  complete,  of  the 
statements  made  by  a  speaker  or  speakers  (as  in 
a  debate,  lecture,  etc.),  of  the  proceedings  at  a  meet 
ing,  or  of  any  occurrence  or  event,  esp.  such  an 
account  noted  down  with  a  view  to  publication  in 
a  special  form  or  in  the  newspaper  press. 

1812  J.  H.  LEWIS  Ready  Writer  Introd.  16  The  art  by 
which  they  may  follow  the  most  rapid  speakers,  and  after 
wards  read  their  own  reports  and  memorandums  with 
correctness  and  facility.  1861  MAY  Const,  Hist.  I.  429 
When  the  fear  of  punishment  was  abated,  the  reports  be 
came  more  systematic  ;  and  were  improved  in  character  and 
copiousness.  1865  '  Ou  ID  A  '  Strathmore  i,  Very  few  of  them 
[sc.  ladies]  would  relish  the  chit-chat  about  them  if  they'd 
correct  reports  from  the  club- windows  and  short-hand  notes 
from  the  smoking-rooms. 

f4.  The  act  of  saying  or  uttering.   Obs.~l 
1548  GEST  Pr.  Masse  Bjb,  After  thee  due  reporte,  and 
vtterance  of  thee  sayde  wordes.  .they  be  consecrate. 

1 5.  Relation ,  reference,  bearing,  connexion. 
Also  const,  to.  Obs.  rare. 

1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  Author's  Pref.  I.  2,  I  trust 
1  haue  ensewed  the  true  reporte  of  the  sentence  of  the 
mater.  1672  EVELYN  Diary  25  Sept.,  The  kitchen  and 
stables  are  ill-placed,  and  the  corridore  worse,  having  no 
report  to  the  wings  they  joyne  to.  1727-38  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Pinion,  Pinion  of  report  is  that  pinion,  in  a  watch, 
which  is  commonly  fixed  on  the  arbor  of  the  great  wheel. 

t  6.  a.  Mus.  A  response  ;  a  note  or  part  answer 
ing  to  or  repeating  another ;  loosely,  a  note,  a 
musical  sound.  Also  attrib.  Obs. 

1502  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  i.  xli,  Fresche  ladyis  sang  in 
voice  virgineall  Concordis  sweit,  diuers  entoned  reportis. 
1549  Compl.  Scot.  vi.  37  There  vas  mony  smal  birdis  . . 
smgand  melodius  reportis  of  natural  music.  Ibid.  64  In 
melodius  music,  in  gude  accorddis  and  reportis  ofdyapason. 
1576  GASCOIGNE  Phil.  Wks.  Kiijb,  Hir  second  note. .she 
did  in  pleasant  wise  repeate  With  sweet  reports,  of  heauenly 
harmonic.  1592  R.  D.  Hypnerotomachia  37  The  aunswer- 
j  able  sounde  and  delectable  report  of  a  warbeling  harpe. 
1626  BACON  Sylva  §  113  The  Reports  and  Fuges,  have  an 
Agreement  with  the  Figures  in  Rhetorick,  of  Repetition 
and  Traduction.  1646  CRASHAW  Mustek's  Duell  Wks.  (1904) 
119  There  stood  she  listning,  and  did  entertaine  The 
musick's  soft  report.  1662  PLAYFORD  Skill  Mus,  i.  (1674) 
59  This  Mood  that  is  so  commixt  with  fancy  and  Airy  re 
ports,  one  part  after  other. 

attrib.    1600  N.  BRETON  in  England's  Helicon  Bbj,A 
Report  Song,  .betweene  a  Sheepheard  and  his  Nimph. 
t  b.  Rhet.   =  ANAPHORA  (see  quot.).   Obs. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  m.  xix.  (Arb.)  208  Repeti 
tion  in  the  first  degree  we  call  the  figure  of  Report  ac 
cording  to  the  Greeke  originall,  and  is  when  we  make  one 
word  begin . .  many  verses  in  sute. 

7.  A  resounding  noise,  esp.  that  caused  by  the 
discharge  of  fire-arms  or  explosives. 

1590  GREENE  Never  too  late  (1600)  91  Like  lightning,  or 
the  flash  That  runnes  before  the  hote  report  of  thunder. 
1623  BINGHAM  Xenophon,  Lipsius  Comp.  V  iij,  They  would 
at  the  first  haue  feared  the  shew  and  reports  of  our  Peeces. 
1660  F.   BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's   Tra-u.  233  They  are  .. 


REPORT. 

timorous  beyond  imagination,  trembling  at  the  report  of  a 
eun.  1700  DRYDEN  Leyx  4-  Alcyone  139  in  Fables  366 The 
lashing  Billows  make  a  loud  report.  1773  COOK  Voy.  (1790) 
I.  177  They  keep  time  with  such  exactness,  that  60  or  100 
paddles . .  make  only  a  single  report.  1820  W.  I  RVING  Sketch 
Bk.  II.  254  The  report  of  a  distant  gun  would  perhaps  be 
heard  from  the  solitary  woodland.  1871  TYNDALL  fr'rag . 
Sci.  (18^9)  I.  x.  319  They .  .exploded  with  a  very  loud  report 
in  the  air. 

b.  In  fire-works,  a  charge  which  makes  a  loud 
noise  when  exploded  ;  a  case  containing  this. 

1799  G.  SMITH  Laboratory  I.  28  You  may  also  glue  on 
every  end  of  the  rockets,  a  report  of  paper.  1888  W.  H. 
BROWNE  Firework  Making  15  Furnishing  the  squib  with  us 
report  is  called  bouncing. 

Report  (rzpo'-Jt),  v.  [a.  OF.  and  AF.  reporter 
:— L.  reportare,  i.  re-  RE-  +  fortare  to  carry.  The 
prominent  uses  in  Eng.  however  are  expressed  in 
OF.  by  raporter  (mod.F.  rapporter~) :  cf.  REPORT  sb.} 
I.  trans.  1.  To  relate,  narrate,  tell,  give  an 
account  of  (a  fact,  event,  etc.).  Also  const,  to 
a  person.  Now  somewhat  rare. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Sfr.'s  T.  64  Ther  nys  no  man  that  may 
reporten  al.  c  1386  —  Epil.  Merch.  T.  17  And  I  sholde 
rekenen  euery  vice  Which  bat  she  hath,.. it  sholde  reported 
be  And  toold  to  hire,  c  1410  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  1486 
When  I  came  in  1  meruelyd  gretly  of  that  1  behelde  6c 
herde  there  reporte.  c  1450  LOVELICH  Grail  xlii.  237 
Nasciens  to  hym  gan  to  Reporte  In  to  whiche  diuers 
Contre  he  gan  Resorte.  I5oo-ao  DUNBAR  Poems  xxxii.  60 
This  report  I  with  my  pen,  How  at  Dumfermlmg  fell  the 
cace.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xin.  (Percy  Soc.)  52,  I 
must  precede,  and  shew  of  Arismetrik  With  divers  nombres 
which  I  must  reporte.  15736.  HARVEY Letter-bk.  (Camden) 
lo  If  I  shuld  report  and  repeat  al  your  wurship  miht  think 
me  far  wurs  abusid.  1604  E.  G[KIMSTONF.]  D' Acostas  Hist. 
Indies  in.  ix.  144  It  were  a  very  difficult  matter,  to  report 
particularly  the  admirable  effectes  which  some  wmdes 
cause.  1634  MILTON  Counts  127  Tis  onely  day-light  that 
makes  Sin  Which  these  dun  shades  will  ne're  report.  1667 
—  PL  vi.  21  He. .found  Already  known  what  he  for  news 
had  thought  To  have  reported.  1859  TENNYSON  Elaine  625 
Came  the  Lord  of  Astolat  out,  to  whom  the  Prince  Re- 


ported  who  he  was.  1883  Century  Mag.  Oct.  927/2  '  Outre- 
Mer  ',  a  young  poet's  sketch-book,  reports  his  first  transition 
from  cloister  life  to  travel  and  experience. 

b.  Const,  that  or  inf.  Freq.  in  passive  in  phr. 
it  is  reported,  it  is  commonly  said  or  stated. 

1460  CAPCRAVE  Chron.  (Rolls)  139  It  is  eke  reported  that 
Seint  Bernard  schuld  sey  the  same  of  this  King  Henry. 
'535  COVERDALE  Ps.  Ixxxvi.  5  Of  Sion  it  shall  be  reported, 
that  he  was  borne  in  her.  1541  UDALL  Erasm.  Afoph.  58 
There  been  that  reporten  hym  in  this  wise  to  haue  aunswered. 
1581  N.  T.  (Rhem.)  Rom.  iii.  8  As  we  are  blasphemed,  and 
as  some  report  us  to  say.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  <J-  67.  i.  iv.  67 
On  the  Alpes,  It  is  reported  thou  did'st  eate  strange  flesh. 
1665  MANLEY  Cretins'  Low  C.  Warres  431  Both  parts 
reported  the  number  of  the  slain,  to  be  greater  than  it  was. 
1686  tr.  Chardin's  Coronal.  Solyman  84  It  is  reported  the 
Employments  which  he  supply'd  .  .  brought  into  the 
Chequer  a  Million  sterling  yearly.  1819  L.  HUNT  Indicator 
No.  8  (1822)  I.  63  The  author  says  that  he  has  heard  it  re 
ported.  that  the  fourth  Duke  of  Braganza  [etc.].  1856 
FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  II.  vii.  187  The  refugee  friars  .. 
were  reported  to  be  well  supplied  with  money  from  England. 
t  C.  To  give  an  account  of  (a  person),  to  de 

scribe.  Oils. 

i6oz  SHAKS.  Ham.  v.  ii.  350  Report  me  and  my  causes 
right  To  the  vnsatisfied.  1607  —  Cor.  v.  iv.  27  Men.  He 
wants  nothing  of  a  God  but  Eternity..  ..SV«».  Yes,  mercy, 
if  you  report  him  truly.  1635  HEYLIN  Satbatk  i.  (1636)  163 
Saint  Augustine  so  reports  him  in  his  sixt  Book  de  civitatt. 

reft.  1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  H.  iv.  83  The  Chimney-peece  [is] 
Chaste  Dian,  bathing  :  neuer  saw  I  figures  So  likely  to  re 
port  themselues. 

2.  To  carry,  convey,  or  repeat  (something  said, 
a  message,  etc.)  to  another.  Also  without  const. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  2414  A  lettir  he  fourmed,  In  presidine 
with  his  awen  prince  reportand  ba  wordis.  1490  CAXTON 
Eneydos  Hi.  146  Nowe  goo  youre  waye,  &  reporte  to  the 
kynge  that  that  I  haue  saide.  1513  DOUGLAS  /Entis  iv. 
viii.  61  Hir  supplication,  with  tens  full  vnglaid,  Reporti* 
hit  sister,  and  answere  brocht  agane.  1560  DAUS  »••>«'- 
daue's  Comm.  287  b,  I  wyll  reporte  this  tale  unto  Duke 
Maurice.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  XH.  237  The  voice  of  God  To 
mortal  eare  is  dreadful  ;  they  beseech  That  Moses  might 
report  to  them  his  will.  1781  COWFF.R  Truth  205  lorn.., 
swift  as  an  express,  Reports  a  message  with  a  pleasing 
grace.  1870  BRVANT  Iliad  II.  xv.  81  Report  my  words  To 
royal  Neptune,  and  report  them  right. 

b.  To  repeat  (something  heard);  to  relate  as 
having  been  spoken  by  another. 

£1440  Promp.  Parv.  430/1  Reportyn',  or  here  a-wey 
thynge  bat  hathe  be  seyde  or  taw3te,  reporte.  1530  PALSGR. 
687/1,  I  reporte  a  thinge  agayne,  1  make  rehersall  of  it,  .as 
I  herde  it,  je  fays  rapport,  a  1548  HALLC/ITOK.,//«(.  YU1 
260  b  The  kyng  hymself  made  hym  answere,  as  foloweth 
woorde  for  woorde,  as  nere  as  1  was  able  to  report  it.  1589 
PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  I.I.  xix.  (Arb.)  242  We  are  some 
times  occasioned  in  our  tale  to  report  some  speech  trom 
another  mans  mouth.  1638  BAKER  tr.  Balzac  sLett.  (vol  1  1) 
176  You  would  aske  mee  newes,  in  a  time,  when  report!^ 
mson  10  He  s  one,  and 


176     ou  wou      ase  mee  newe,  , 

it  is  dangerous.  1671  MILTON  Samson  1350  He  s  gone,  and 
who  knows  how  he  may  report  Ihy  words  by  adding  fuel 
to  the  flame?  .845  WHATELV  Rhet.mEncycl.  Metrop  1. 


to  the  flame?     .845      HATELV       e..  . 

296/1  It  is  desirable  that  he  should  deliver  them  as  if  he 
were   reporting  another's  sentiments.      1853  M.  ARNOLD 
Scholar  'Gypsy  go  None  hath  words  she  can  report  of  thee. 
c.  spec.  To  take  down  (a  law-case,  speech,  dis 
cussion,  etc.)  in  writing,  now  esp.  with  a  view  to 
publication  in  a  newspaper  ;  to  prepare  a  written 
account  of  (any  meeting,  event,  etc.).   Also  absol. 
1600  ASHE  Table  Reforles  de  Sir  J.  Dyerjiole,  II 
yeere  of  the  Kings  and  Queenes  raigne  in  which  [the  casej 
is  reported,     a  1617  BACON  Amend.  Lavs  Eng.  Wks.  1730 


REPORT. 

IV.  6  Cases  reported  with  too  great  a  prolixity,  would  be 
drawn  into  a  more  compendious  report,  a  1734  NORTH  Life 
Ld.  Keeper  North  (1742)  I.  34  [He]  followed  his  studies 
very  close,  and  attended  the  Courts  at  Westminster,  and 
reported  diligently.  1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVI.  105/2  Others 
are  engaged  to  report  the  trials  in  the  courtsof  law.  //>/</., 
The  manner  in  which  the  parliamentary  proceedings  are  re 
ported.  1861  Sat.  Rev.  21  Dec.  631/2  Still  less  can  a 
country  reporter,  .accurately  report  lectures  on  all  subjects 
indiscriminately.  He  cannot  report,  because  he  does  not 
understand.  1891  N.  $  Q.  26  Dec.  504/1  If  Mr.  Goschen 
was  correctly  reported,.. he  spoke  thus. 
3.  To  give  in  or  render  a  formal  account  or 
statement  of  or  concerning  (some  matter  or  thing) ; 
to  make  a  formal  report  on ;  to  state  (something) 
in  such  a  report. 

1580  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  280  In  cais  ony 
variance  result,.,  than  sail  they  report,  .the  mater  and  point 
quhairin  the  variance  standis.  1667  \-2tk  Rep.  Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.  App.  V.  8  They  passed  the  Bill,  as  the  Committee, .. 
and  ordered  it  to  be  reported  the  next  day.  1780  Act  in 
Neiu  Ann.  Reg.  (1781)  n.  166/1  That  the  commissioners,  .do 
forthwith  report  to  this  house  what  progress  they  have  made. 
a  1781  in  Simes  Milit.  Guide  (ed.  3)  9  Taking  care  to  keep 
an  exact  roster,  that  one  may  not  report  more  than  another. 
1833  Act  3  <y  4  Will.  IV)  c.  52  §  2  All  goods  not  duly  re 
ported.,  shall  be  forfeited.  1855  J.  K.  LEIKCHII.D  Cornwall 
Mines  184  The  engines  which  are  to  be  'reported  ',  that  is, 
to  have  their  duty  published  once  a  month.  1863  H.  Cox 
Instit,  i.  ix.  167  At  the  close  of  a  committee  of  the  House 
of  Commons  on  a  bill,  the  chairman  reports  the  bill  forth 
with  to  the  House.  1872  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  $• 
Mining  97  The  superintendent  reports  24,305  tons  of  ore  . 
taken  from  the  mine  during  the  year. 

b.  To  relate,  state,  or  notify  (something')  as  the  ! 
result  of  special  observation  or  investigation;  to  • 
bring  in  a  report  of  (something  observed). 

1631  T.  POWELL  Tout  Alt  Trades  45  If  the  Herald  report 
him  a  Gentleman.      1633  HEYWOOD  Eng.  Trav.  n.  i,  One..     • 
Climbs  by  the  bedpost  to  the  tester,  there  Reports  a  turbulent    ; 
sea  and  a  tempest  towards.     1776  Trial  of  ^  undocomar  32/1     \ 
On  my  return,  I  reported  to  the  Chief  Justice  in  court  that  I 
did  not  think  it  safe.     1781  COWPER  Conversat.  386  Each 
individual.. Reports  it  hot  or  cold,  or  wet  or  dry.      1836 
MARRVAT  Midsh.  Easy  xxxiv,  The  next  morning  the  packet 
from  England  was  reported  off  the  harbour's  mouth.      1837 
W.  IRVING  Capt.  Bonneville  II.  148  He  would.,  return,  and     i 
report  what  he  had  seen  to  his  companions.      1859  LANU     , 
Wand.  India-215  My  friend .  .requested  the  sowars  to  follow 
them,  and  report  all  they  might  observe  of  their  actions. 

C.  To  name  (a  person)  to  a  superior  authority  : 
as  having  offended  in  some  way. 

1885  Law  Times  LXXX.  4/2  The  master,  .could  only  re-  ' 
port  the  claimant  and  could  not  suspend  or  dismiss  him. 

d.  reft.  To  make  known  to  some  authority  that  ' 
one  has  arrived  or  is  present  at  a  certain  place. 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.,  Every  officer  on  his  arrival. . 
must  report  himself  to  the  governor.    1841  CATLIN  N.  Amer. 
hid.  xxxvii.  (1844)  II.  37  Having  obtained  permission  to     ; 
accompany  the  regiment.. I  reported  myself  at  this  place, 
1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  IVord-bk.  569   To  Report  one's  self,     \ 
when  an  officer  returns  on  board  from  duty,  or  from  leave     j 
of  absence. 

trans/.     1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  III.  i.  i,  This  rising  In  La     ; 
Vendee  reports  itself  at  Paris  on  Wednesday  the  2gth  of 
August.     1876  MKLLOK  Priestk.  iv,  174  The  miracles ..  were 
changes  which  reported  themselves  to  one  sense  at  least. 

II.  intr.  or  absol.     4.  f  a.  To  make  a  report  0£ 
to  give  an  account  of,  to  speak  or  talk  in  a  certain 
way  0f,  a  person  or  thing.   Obs. 

1432.50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  467  Of  whom  hit  was  seide 
that  Kynadius  kynge  of  Scottes  scholde  reporte  in  this  wise. 
1461  Paston  Lett.  II.  30  The  seyd  Will  reportyth  of  yow  as 
shamfully  as  he  can.     1494  FABYAN  Chrott.  2  Of  Fraunce 
and  other  I  myght  lyke  wyse  reporte  To  theyr  great  honour.     • 
1535  COVKRDAI.E  i  Tim.  v.  10  Sochoneaswas.  .well  reported 
of  in  good  workes.     1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xix.    ; 
(Arb.)  233  Many  times  our  Poet  is  caried  by  some  occasion 
to  report  of  a  thing  that  is  maruelous.     1601  SHAKS.  All's     \ 
Well  in.  v.  60  There  is  a  Gentleman  that  serues  the  Count,     i 
Reports  but  coursely  of  her. 

b.  To  act  as  a  (newspaper)  reporter. 

1850  in  OGILVIE.  1888  L.  STEPHEN  in  Diet.  Nat.  Btog.  \ 
XV.  zi/i  For  two  sessions  he  reported  for  the  '  Mirror  of  i 
Parliament '. 

5.  To  make  report  (on  a  person  or  thing)  ;  fto  j 
relate,  state. 

a  1450  Knt.  de  la  7c;«r(i868)  16  Thei  toke  her  leue  and 
yode  into  Inglond,  and  reported  as  thei  hadd  founde  bi  the  ; 
doughtres.  1533  FRITH  Answ.  More  Wks.  (1820)  344,  I  dare  i 
say  that  ye  untruly  report  on  us  all.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  \ 
Edw.  IV  7  He  graunted  lycence..for  certayn  cottesolde  j 
sheepe  to  be  transported  into. .  Spayne(aspeoplereport).  1596  ; 
SHAKS.  i  Hen.  /K,  n.  iv.  456  This  Pitch  (as  ancient  Writers  i 
doe  report)  doth  defile.  1607  —  Cor.  \\.  \\.  36  To  report 
otherwise,  were  a  Mai  lice.  1671  J.  WEBSTER  Metallogr.'vi.  \ 
93  By  plowing  or  accidental  digging  :  as  Gold  was  found  in  j 
Galecia  as  Justin  reporteth.  1883  GiLMOt'R^/^w^/Jxvii.  203  ; 
Has  any  one  among  us.  .seen  these  things,  and  come  back  to  : 
life  to  report  on  them? 

b.  To  make  or  draw  up,  to  give  in  or  submit,    ; 
a  formal  report. 

i6»8  yrnls.  Ho.  Count/,  I.  905/1  They  desire  a  present  Con 
ference  ..  about  the  great  Business. . .  Mr.  Glanvyle,  Mr.     | 
Selden  [etc.]  to  report.    iSoa  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.,  General    j 
officers  report  to  the  commander  in  chief  only.     1828-3*    j 
WEBSTER  s.v.,  The  committee  will  report  at  twelve  o'clock. 

c.  To  report  one's  self.     (See  3  d.) 

1864  in  WEBSTER.  1885  U.  S.  GRANT  Mem.  I.  iii.  45  On 
the  3oth  of  September  1  reported  for  duty  at  Jefferson  Bar 
racks.  1891  Laia  Times  XCI.  247/2  The  goods  were  to  be 
applied  for  within  twenty-four  hours  of  the  ship's  arrival 
and  reporting  at  the  Custom-house. 

III.  trans.  t6-   &•  refl.  To  betake  (oneself)    i 


475 

for  support,  to  appeal  to  a  person  or  thing.     Cf, 
REFER  v.  5.  Obs.  (common  c  1480-1640). 

ci4io  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxiii,  Of  be 
whiche  y  reporte  me  to  be  olde  statutes  and  custumes  of  be 
kynges  house.  1450  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  182/1  As  for  the 
Article . .  he  reporteth  hym  to  the  Act  that  is  made  theruppon. 
1477  EARL  RIVERS  (Caxton)  Dictes  23  Reporte  the  to  the 
moost  holsome  opynion  of  all  thy  counseyllours.  1503 
HAWKS  Exantp.  Virt.  vin.  v,  She  is  both  good  eke  fay  re 
and  pure  As  1  report  me  vnto  darne  Nature.  1579  FULKK 
Heskins'  Parl.  405  There  is  no  such  Hebrue  worde,..as  1 
report  mee  to  all  that  haue  but  meane  knowledge  in  the 
tongue.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  297  For  farther  proofe  .. 
I  report  me  to  euery  mans  conscience.  1639  FULLEK  Holy 
War\.x\\\.  (1647)  258,  I  report  myself  to  any  that  have  not 
the  pearl  of  prejudice  in  the  eye  of  their  judgement. 

f  b.  Without  const.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1485  Digby  Myst.  (1882)  iv.  133,  I  reporte  me  ;  your-self 
behold  &  see  !  1544  BALE  Chron.  Sir  J.  Oldcastle  51  b, 
How  wele  these  two  wrytynges  agre,  I  report  me. 

t  C.    To  refer  to,  esp.  for  information.   Obs, 
c  1520  BARCLAY  Jugurtka  17  b,  Touchynge  the  very  cre 
dence  of  the  truthe  of  the  mater   I   reporte    that   to    the 
auihours.    1536  A  nrelio  fy  I  sab.  (1608)  F  j,  The  merite  of  this 
dissimulede  annestey  unto  the  fearu . .  ougnte  to  be  reportede. 
1639  FULLER  Holy  War  n.  xxxviii.  (1647)  94  We  report  the 
reader  to  the  character  of  King  Almerick. 
f7.  To  bring  or  convey;  to  carry  (news).  Obs. 
t  1489  CAXTON  Blanckardyn  6  How  a  knyght  wounded 
cam  &  reported  tydynges  to  b°  kynge  of  maryeuborough. 
1590  SPENSER  F.Q.  n.  i.  33  Well  moteyee  thee  .  .That  home 
ye  may  report  thrive  happy  newes.     Ibid.  x.  3  If  some  relish 
of  that  hevenly  lay  His  learned  daughters  would  to  me  re 
port  To  decke  my  song  withall. 

t  b.  Sc.  To  bring  in,  bring  in  return ;  also  of 
persons,  to  obtain,  get  for  oneself.  Obs. 

1508  CADION  Portions  Noblcncs  in  Coutpl.  Seat.  (1801)  205 
Gudis  hid,  report  bot  litill  thanke,  joy,  or  pleseir.  1571-2 
Reg-.  Privy  Council  Scot.  II.  128  His  said  schip..  wilbe  al- 
lutirlie  wrakkit..;  swa  that  he  nor  the  awnaris  of  the  same 
will  report  na  commoditie  thairby.  1579  Ilnd.  III.  249  Be 
sic  indirect  meanis  tending  to  report  thankis  be  making  of 
sum  wrang  report.  1614  FORBES  Comm.  Rev.  Ded.,  For 
that  of  your  Majesties  knowne  clemencie,  I  am  certaine  to 
report  either  praise  or  pardon. 

f  8.  To  utter,  pronounce  ;  to  bring  forward,  pro 
duce,  show.  Obs.  rare. 

1548  GKST/V.  Masse  B  j  b,  The  bread  &  wyne.  .were  pro 
fane  &  vnholy,  before  the  wordes  of  the  institution  of  the 
sayd  supper  were  duely  reported  upon  them.  Ibid.  Gj  b, 
Thyspartecle,  .as  it  isapronone  relatyve.  -therfor  reporteth, 


eport   the   supe 

upoun.     a  1617  BAYNE  On  Eph.  (1658)  64  Honour  serveth  to 
report  our  reverent  respect  to  God. 

fb.  To  involve  or  imply.   Obs.  rare~}. 

iS^S. JEWEL  Repl.  Harding'  (1611)  342  Which  maner  not 
reporting  any  vntruth,  S.  Basil  doth  excuse. 

fc.  intr.  VTo  be  present.  Obs.  rare""1. 

1560  Pronde  Wives  Paternost.  524  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  IV. 
175  Our  soules  from  synne  to  preserue  clere,  That  the  name 
of  charyte  in  vs  reporte. 

f  9.  To  cause  to  re-echo  or  resound.   Obs.  rare. 

c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXXXI.  ii,  Lett  trumpetts  tunes 
report  his  praise.  1673  [R.  LEIGH]  Transp.  Reh.  137  Sigh 
ing  to  the  winds,  and  calling  upon  the  woods,  not  forgetting 
to  report  his  mistresses  name  so  often. 

f  D.  To  send  back,  re-echo  (a  sound).    Obs.  rare. 

1589  R.  ROBINSON  Gold.  Mirr.  (1851)  12  The  ragged  hills 
and  rocky  towers  reporte,  By  Ecchoes  voyce,  the  quest  of 
Noble  hounds.  1626  BACON  Syfca  §  249  If  you  speak  three 
Words,  it  will  (perhaps)  somu  three  times  report  you  the 
whole  three  Words. 

t  c.  To  fire  (a  gun) ;  to  be  the  cause  or  occasion 
of  611112.  Obs.  rare. 


1593  STOW  Ann.  (160:)  1436  The  Castell  discharged  fiftie 
canon,  and  the  king  of  Knglands  ship  lying  before  the 
castell,  reported  as  many. . .  Euery  health  reported  sixe,  eight, 


or  ten  shot  of  great  Ordinance. 

10.  To  fit  (a  fire-work)  with  a  report. 

1873  E.  SPON  Workshop  Receipts  Ser.  i.  133/2  On  each  of 
the  five  spokes  tie  a  case  of  brilliant  fire,  reported  at  its  end. 
1888  W.  H.  BROWNE  Firework  Making  43  The  saucissons 
having  been  all  reported,  proceed  to  '  dub  in  '  the  ends. 

Hence  Bepo'rted  ppl.  a.  Also  Repo-rtedly 
adv.,  according  to  report. 

i8ia  J.  H.  LEWIS  Ready  Writer  Introd.  12  All  the  charac 
teristic  peculiarities  of  thought  and  expression  that  dis 
tinguish  the  reported  speeches  of  a  Chatham  and  a  Tooke. 
1846  MCCULLOCH  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  II,  162  Every  year 
adds  three  or  four  more  [volumes],  exclusivelyof  the  reported 
cases  in  equity.  1881  BRADLEY  Arnold's  Latin  Prose  Ixv, 
Reported  speeches  in  OratioObliqua.  1901  *  LUCAS  MALET  ' 
Sir  R.  Calntady  iv,  i,  The  picture  of  those  reportedly  gown- 
less  backs  had  depressed  him  abominably. 

Reportable  (r/po-*utab'l),  a.  [f.  prec.  + 
•ABLE.]  Capable  or  worthy  of  being  reported. 

1858  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  x.  v.  (1872)  III.  251  One  of  the 
few  reportable  points  of  his  Reinsburg  life.  1884  Law 
Times  LXXVII.  157/1  To  distinguish  at  a  glance  whether 
a  case  is  reportable  or  not. 

Reportage  (r/p6»uted:$).  [f.  as  prec,  + -AGE; 
in  sense  2,  a.  F.  reportage  (Little  Suppl.).] 

1 1.  Report,  repute.  Obs.  rare —1. 

i6ia  WEBSTER  White  Devil  in.  tii,  For  usurers,  That  share 
with  scriveners  for  their  good  reportage. 

2.  Reported  matter ;  gossip. 

1881  Academy  5  Nov.  347/2  He  will  interest  the  lovers  of 
personal  detail  by  certain  reportage.  189*  Sat.  Rev.  25  June 
738/2  Modern  reportage-col  port  ing  gossips  on  the  stage. 

t  Repo-rtary.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-AHY  J.J  *=  RKPOHTOBY. 


REPORTING. 

'594  (title)  A  true  reportarie  of  the . .  royal  accomplishment 
of  the  Baptisme  of.  .Prince  Frederick  Henry. 

t  Reporta'tion.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [i.  L.  repor- 
tdre  to  REPORT  +  -ATION.  So  obs.  F.  importation 
(Godef.).]  The  fact  of  being  carried  back. 

1647  LILLY  Chr.  Astrol.  .\lvii.  291  Hippocrates  will  have 
Crysis  to  be  an  acute  or  swift  reportation  in  diseases,  either 
to  recovery  or  death. 

Reported,  -edly  :  see  REPORT  v. 

Reporter  (r/pooutai).  Also  4-5  -our(ef  6 
-ar.  [orig.  a.  AF.  *reportour  =  OF.  reportenr, 
usually  raporteur  (mod.F.  rapporteur}  :  see  RE- 
POUT  v.  In  later  use  f.  the  vb.  +  -ER!.] 

1.  One  who  reports  or  relates;  a  recounleror  nar 
rator.  Now  somewhat  rare  (common  in  i6-i;th  c.). 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Prol.  814  That  he  wolde  been  oure  gouer- 
nour  And  of  our  tales  luge  and  Reportour.  1421-2  Hoc- 
CLEVK  Dialog  761  Ther-of  was  I  noon  Auctour;  I  was. .but 
a  reportour  Of  folkes  tales.  1477  KARL  RIVKKS  'Caxton) 
Dictes  16  A  reporter  or  contryuer  of  talys.  1553  T.  WILSON 
Rhet.  63  b,  That  the  reporter  with  more  ease  nuue  remember 
what  he  bath  to  saie.  1599  Life  Sir  T.  More  in  Word-w. 
Eccl,  Biog.  (1853)  II.  107  The  oner  haslie  reporter  of  this 
blessed  newes,  repaires  with  speed  to  Sir  Thomas,  a  1633 
,  AUSTIN  Mcdit.  (1635)  2  Saint  Luke  is  the  Reporter;  and 
onely  he  of  all  the  foure  records  this  Story.  1686  WOOD 
,  Life  6  July  (O.H.S.)  III.  191  These  people,  .were  the  chief 
reporters  that  the  universities  were  all  papists.  1726  SMEL- 
VOCKL:  y&y.  round  World  Pref.  9  The  malice  and  dishonest 
ways  that  are  conceal'd  in  the  breast  of  the  reporter.  1837 
HT.  MAKTIHEAU  Soc.  Amer.  II.  18  The  reporters  uf  this 
[mission]  appear  to  be  peculiarly  imaginative. 

b.  With  adj.  denoting  the  character  or  inten 
tion  of  the  account  given. 

1400  in  Roy.  <y  Hist.  Left.  Hen.  /^  (Rolls)  37  Thu  ha^t 
hadde  fals  messageres  and  fals  reportoures  of  us  touchyng 
:  this  matere.  1559  in  Strype  Ann.  Rcf.  (1709)  I.  viii.  n6 
Most  humbly  beseeching  the  Almighty  God . .  to  pardon  and 
furgive  our  Persecutors  and  evil  Reporters.  1577  PATKKICKI; 
tr.  Gentillet  46  Sfaunderers  or  false  reporters,  are  like  secret 
wounds.  i6oz  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xin.  Ixxvii.  (1612)  318 
Their  best  Reporters  say,  these  Gods  were  made  by  men. 
1800  HELENA  WELLS  C.  Seville  (ed.  2)  III.  92  In  spile  of  all 
malignant  rtporteis,  be  assured  [etc.]. 

c.  One  specially  appointed  to  make  or  draw  up 
a  report,  or  to  give  information  of  something. 

1625  in  Debates  Ho.  Comm.  (Camden)  93  A  litle  forme 
was  left  at  the  upper  end  of  the  table  for  the  reporters.  1628 
Jrnls.  Ho.  Comm.  I.  905  The  Report,  MUW  made,  to  be 
brought  in  Writing  by  the  Reporters  To-morrow  Morning. 
1796  NELSON  23  Aug.  in  Nicolas  Disf.  (1845)  II.  251,  I  am 
in  great  fear  my  reporter  is  taken.  1835  in  W.  Bell  Diet. 
Law  Scot.  (1838)  853  An  accountant,  engineer,  or  other  re 
porter,  to  whom  a  remit  may  hereafter  be  made  by  the 
Court.  1890  (R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  x,  The  're 
porter'  entered  the  Garrandilla  gate,  to  give  legal  notice  of 
the  invading  army  of  fleece-bearing  locusts. 

d.  U.  S.  A   dog   which  finds  and  reports  the 
position  of  a  covey  of  birds. 

1895  M'estm.  Gaz.  12  Dec.  7/2  When  a  point  was  obtained, 
and  the  birds  were  fairly  located,,  .the  dog  took  his  master 
right  back  to  where  the  covey  still  lay  crouched.  . .  Such 
animals  are  called  'reporters  '. 

2.  a.  One  who  takes  down  reports  of  law-cases. 
a  1617  BACON  Amend.  Laws  Eng.  Wks.  1730  IV.  6  It 
restelh  with  your  Majesty  to  appoint  some  sound  lawyers.., 
with  some  honourable  stipend,  to  be  reporters  for  the  time 
to  come.  1617  Act  15  Jas.  /  in  Rymer  F&iiera  (1717) 
XVII.  27  Wee  doe  ordaine.  .that,  for  all  times  hereafter, 
there  shall  be  twoe  Persons,  .which  shall  be  Reporters  of 
the  Law.  1765  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  \.  Introd.  73  Besides 
these  reporters,  there  are  aUo  other  authors,  to  whom  great 
veneration  and  respect  is  paid  by  the  students  of  the  common 
law.  1818  CKUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  III.  383  Confirmed  by  the 
three  other  Justices  in  separate  extrajudicial  conferences 
with  the  reporter.  1841  fenny  Cycl.  XIX,  403/1  During 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII . .,  Dyer, afterwards  chief-justice  of 
the  Common  Pleas,  took  notes  as  a  reporter. 

b.  One  who  reports  debates,  speeches,  meetings, 
etc.,  esp.  for  a  newspaper ;  a  person  specially 
employed  for  this  purpose. 

18x3  LD.  MOIRA  in  Examiner  19  Apr.  254/1  The  reporters 
are  not  allowed  to  make  notes.  1814  J.  H.  Ltwis  Ready 
Writer  Introd.  13  The  utility  of  Short-hand  to  the  reporter 
of  debates.,  is  in  itself ..  evident.  1831  BABBAGE  Econ. 
Mannf.  xxviii.  (ed.  3)  269  The  speeches  must  be  taken  down 
by  reporters.  1882  A.  W.  WARD  Dickens  I.  9  His  father  .. 
was  now  seeking  employment  as  a  parliamentary  reporter. 
o-Ppos.  1834  Taifs  Mag.  I.  392/2  Those  reporter  whelps, 
I'm  told,  play  the  deuce  with  a  new  member  where  they 
take  a  spite. 

t  3.  a.  A  kind  of  fire-work,     b.  A  pistol.   Obs. 

1688  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  2362/3  Rockets,  Runers  on  the  Line, 

Wheels,  Reporters,,  .with  all  manner  of  other  Fire-works 

were  discharged.     1827  SIR  J.  HARRINGTON  Fers.  S&.  II.  36 

Lorj  C had  a  tolerable  chance  of  becoming  acquainted 

with  my  friend's  reporters  (a  pet  name  for  hair-triggers). 
1865  Cornh.  Mag,  XI.  166  In  those  days  Irish  gentlemen 
always  carried  their  reporters  or  pistols  with  them. 

Hence  Repo-rterize v.  (fionce-wd.}\  Bepo'rter- 
ship,  the  position  or  office  of  a  reporter. 

1881  Athenxum  22  Jan.  125/3  His  college  friendship.. ob 
tained  for  him  a  reportership  for  that  paper.  1885  Law 
Times  LXXIX.  385/1  Mr.  J.  H.  Fordham  ..  retired  from 
his  reportership  in  the  Rolls  Court  on  the  death  of  his  father. 
1888  Harper's  Mag,  July  314  Our  reporterized  press  is  often 
truculently  reckless  of  privacy  and  decency. 

Kepo'rting,  vbl.  sb,  [f.  REPORT  v.  +  -ING  *.] 
The  action  of  the  verb  in  various  senses. 

1460  Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  376/2  Every  Lord  shuld  have  his 
fredome  to  sey  what  he  wuld  sey,  withoute  eny  reportyng 
or  magre  to  be  had  for  his  seiyng.  1603  KNOLI.ES  Hist. 
Turks  (1638)  184  Fables,  better  worth  the  smiling  at,  than 

60-2 


REPORTINGLY. 

the  serious  reporting,  a  1617  BACON  Amend.  Laws  Eng. 
Wks.  1730 IV.  6  Misprinting,  and  insensible  reporting,  which 
many  times  confound  the  students,  .will  be.,  amended.  1738 
G.  LILLO  Marina  111.  ii.  52  Like  eyes,  disdaining  the  dis 
guise  of  truth,  And  found  in  the  reporting.  1840  Penny 
Cycl.  XVI.  195/2  Let  us  suppose ..  that  four  reporters  are 
engaged..,  the  process  of  reporting  being  the  same  in  each 
house.  1861  MAY  Const.  Hist.  I.  430  No  circumstance  .. 
has  done  more  for  freedom  and  good  government,  than  the 
unfettered  liberty  of  reporting. 
b.  attrib. 

i846GAWTRESS  in  P\\.m&n  Reporter  ^  The  third  style  is 
termed  reporting,  being  Phonography  adapted  to  verbatim 
reporting.  Ibid.  15  The  writer  ..  took  down  a  speech,  de 
livered  by  R.  Cobden  . . ,  which  was  set  up  from  his  reporting 
copy.  1871  J.  GRANT  Newspaper  Press  I.  141  The  report 
ing  department  ..of  our  existing  morning  papers.  1880 
Echo  23  Nov.  4/6  Shorthand,  .with  private  instruction  and 
reporting  classes  nightly.  1888  BARBIE  When  a  Man  s 
Single  iii,  I  might  introduce  you . .  to  the  reporting-room. 

tRepo-rtingly,^.  Obs.rare.  [f.REPOBTw.J 

a.  By  report  or  ncnrsay.     b.  Correspondently. 

1599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado  in.  i.  116  Others  say  thou  dost 
deserue,  and  I  Beleeue  it  better  then  reportingly.  1611 
COTGR.  s.v.  Rapportc,  I'ers  rapporttz^  Verses  whose  words 
reportingly  answer  one  another. 

Reportorial  (repoito^-rial),  a.  [irreg.  f.  RE 
PORT  v.  or  REPORTER:  see  -OBIAL.]  Consisting  of, 
pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of,  reporters. 

1860  in  WORCESTER,  The  reportorial  corps  of  a  newspaper. 
1883  Cent.  Mag.  July  374  The  reportorial  method  is  affecting 
the  younger  writers.  1890  Universal  Rev.  Sept.  88  Every 
petty  local  occurrence . .  is  magnified  by  the  reportorial  lens. 

t  RepO'rtory.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  REPORT  v.  + 
-OHY  i :  cf.  REPOBTABT.]  A  composition  of  the 
nature  of  a  report ;  an  account. 

T599  NASHE  Lenten  Stuffe  6  In  this  transcursiue  repertory 
without  some  obseruant  glaunce,  I  may  not  dully  ouerpasse 
the  gallant  beauty  of  their  hauen. 

t  Iteporture.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  REPORT  v.  + 
-URE.]  Report,  mention. 

c  1485  Dighy  Myst.  (1882)  in.  2084  To  hyr  I  wyll  goo  and 
make  reportur.  a  1500  MEDWALL  Nature  \\.  364  (Brandb, 
Ye  can  not  do  hym  more  dyspleasure,  Than  therof  to  make 
repprture,  Therefore  let  yt  rest. 

Reposal  (r/p<?«*zal).      [f.  REPOSE  v.1  and  v.~] 

1.  The  act  of  reposing  (trust,  confidence,  etc.)  ; 
f  trust  or  reliance  in  something,  rare. 

1605  SHAKS.  Lear  \\.  L  70  Would  the  repo^all  \_Q.  reposure] 
Of  any  trust,  vertue,  or  worth  in  thee  Make  thy  words 
faith'd  ?  1614  JACKSOM  Creed  in.  xxiii.  §  i  What  are  these 
then?  absolute  reposall  in  his  and  his  Successors  infallibility  ? 

t  2.  The  fact  or  state  of  reposing  or  resting.   Obs. 

1614  JACKSON  Creed  in.  v[ij.  §  i  After  many  yeares  reposall 
in  the  graue.     1642  R.  CARPENTER  Experience  it.  vii.  161 
If  they  goe  on  to  trouble  the  peace  of  my  sweet  reposall  in 
the  bosome  of  my  deare  mother,  the  Church  of  England, 
t  b.  That  on  which  one  reposes.   Obs. 

1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  i.  ii.  n.  vi,  Idleness,  .the  Divels 
cushion,  as  Gualter  cals  it,  his  pillow,  &  chiefe  reposall. 
Ibid.  in.  iv.  i.  i,  It  is  a  Sole  Ease,  an  unspeakable  comfort, 
a  sweet  reposal. 

t  RepO'Sauce.  Obs.  rare  — l.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ANCE.J  Repose. 

1647  J-  HALL  P cents  n.  92  Mount  up  low  thoughts  and 
see  what  sweet  Reposance  Heaven  can  beget. 

Repose  (r/p<7"'z),  sb.  Also  6  reposse.  [a.  F. 
repos  (nth  c. ;  OF.  also  repaus^Yiov.  repaus, 
Sp.  reposo,  Pg.  repouso,  It.  riposo),  vbl.  sb.  f. 
reposer:  see  REPOSE  v.2] 

1.  Temporary  rest  or  cessation  from  activity,  in 
order  to  refresh  or  restore  the  physical  or  mental 
powers  ;  esp.  the  rest  given  by  sleep. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xxxu.  (Percy  Soc.)  160,  I  toke 
my  leve, . .  And  thanked  Correccyon, . .  Of  my  repose  and  of 
her  lovynge  chere.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  iv.  6  So  forth  she 
rode,  without  repose  or  rest,  Searching  all  lands.  1610 
SHAKS.  T&mp.  n.  i.  310  Whiles  we  stood  here  securing  your 
repose,.. we  heard  a  hollow  burst  of  bellowing.  1635-56 
COWLEY  Davideis  n.  3  Up  rose  the  Sun  and  Saul ;  Both,  as 
men  thought,  rose  fresh  from  sweet  repose.  *&97  DRYDF.N 
Virg.  Georg,  iv.  275  They  give  their  Bodies  due  Repose  at 
Night.  1738  GRAY  Propertius  ii.  3  Fast  by  th'  umbrageous 
vale  lull'd  to  repose.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  II.  138 
The  extreme  activity  of  his  mind,  when  awake,  in  some 
measure  called  for  an  adequate  alternation  of  repose.  1860 
TYNDALL  l?/o£»  i.  xxii.  154  Allowing  each  limb  an  instant  of 
repose  as  I  drew  it  out  of  the  snow. 

transf.  i86»  vSm  B.  BRODIE  Psychol.  Inq.  II.  i.  3  A 
splendid  aloe  which,  after  a  repose  of  many  years,  was  again 
loaded  with  flowers. 

b.  In  phrases  to  (f  make)  seek  or  take  repose. 
1594  MARLOWE  &.  NASHE  Dido  \.  i,  Whose  weary  limbs 

shall  shortly  make  repose  In  those  fair  walls.  1602  MARSTON 
Ant.  $  Mel.  i.  Wks.  1856  I.  17  My  fathers  palace  . .  will  be 
proud  To  entertaine  your  presence,  if  youle  dame  To  make 
repose  within.  1671  MILTON  Samson  406  At  times  when 
men  seek  most  repose  and  rest,  I  yielded.  1697  DRYDEN 
Virg.  Georg.  iv.  634  Unweildily  they.. in  the  shady  Covert 
seek  Repose.  1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  296  'Tis  thus  the 
understanding  takes  repose  In  indolent  vacuity  of  thought. 
1830  TENNYSON  A  Spirit  Haunts  14  As  a  sick  man's  room 
when  he  taketh  repose  An  hour  before  death. 

c.  Eccl.    Death,   decease   (of   a    saint).     Also 
Altar  of  repose  (see  quot.  1884). 

1869  TOZER  Highl.  Turkey  I.  59  The  festival  of  the  Repose 
of  the  Virgin.  1884  Catholic  Diet.  (1897)  445/2  The  place 
to  which  the  Blessed  Sacrament  is  removed— often  called 
the  Sepulchre,  but  properly  the  altar  of  repose. 

2.  Relief  or  respite  from  exertion,  toil,  trouble, 
or  excitement.     Also  const,  from,  -\-of. 

15*9  WOLSEY  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  II.  6  Nowe  set  to 


476 

your  hande  that  I  may  come  to  a  laudable  ende  and  reposse. 
1585  T.  W  \SHINGION  tr.  Nichotays  I'oy.  u.  v.  34  b.  [**»] 
repose  of  his  trauailes  sustayned  on  the  Seas.  1667  MILTON 
/*.  L.  v.  28  O  Sole  in  whom  my  thoughts  find  all  repose. 
1692  DRVDEN  Eleonora  243  As  swelling  seas  to  gentle  rivers 
glide,  To  seek  repose,  and  empty  out  the  tide.  i984CowpER 
Task  i.  5,  I . .  Now  seek  repose  upon  an  humbler  theme. 
1821  BYRON  Tiuo  Fosc.  it.  i,  The  state  had  need  of  some 
repose,  a  1854  H.  REED  Lect.  Etig.  Lit.  v.  (1878)  171  There 
was  repose  from  the  agony  of  spiritual  persecution.  1855 
BAIN  Senses  <V  Int.  n.  ii.  §  9  The  eye  is  fatigued  with  the 
glare  of  sunshine,  and  is  said  to  find  repose  in  the  verdure 
of  the  fields. 

f  3.  a.  A  place  of  rest.   Obs. 

1621  BRATHWAIT  Nat.  Ewbassicbfyj)  139  Seuen  fortunate 
reposes,  Hands,  which  Fortune  fauors.  1628  FELTHAM 
Resolves  n.  [i.]  xviii.  55  The  rich  lye  stoued  in  secure 
reposes.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  in.  210  Worst  is  my  Port,  My 
harbour  and  my  ultimate  repose. 

fb.  A  halt  or  stay  for  rest.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1638  BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  11)52  Wee  were  put  in 
hope . .  that  here  you  would  make  one  of  the  reposes  of  your 
Voyage. 

fc.  Painting.  (See  quots.)   Obs.  rare. 

The  definitions  given  by  Harris  and  Chambers  are  based 
on  that  of  Fureticre,  Diet,  Univ.  (1690). 

1605  DRVDEN  tr.  Du  l-'resnoy's  Art  Paint,  161  After  great 
Lights  there  must  be  great  Shadows,  which  we  call  reposes  : 
because,  .the  Sight  would  be  tired,  if  it  were  attracted  by  a 
Continuityof  glittering  objects.  1710  J.  H  ARRIS  Z,<MT.  Techit. 
II,  Repose,  is  a  Term  in  Painting,  signifying  the  Place 
where  the  Masses,  or  great  Lights  and  Shadows  are 
assembled  :  And  this  being  well  understood  hinders  the 
Confusion  of  Objects  [etc.].  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.t 
Repose,  in  painting,  is  applied  to  certain  masses,  or  large 
systems  or  assemblages  of  light  and  shade  [etc.]. 

t  d.  A  thing  to  repose  on ;  a  couch  or  sofa.  Obs.~~l 

1701  FARQUHAR  Sir  H.  Wildair  in.  iii,  There  is  a  repose, 
I  see,  in  the  next  room. 

4.  A  state  of  quiet  or  peaceful  inaction   or  of 
freedom    from    disturbing    influences ;    t  also,   a 
means  of  securing  this. 

1651  HORDES  Leviath.  i.  xi.  47  The  Felicity  of  this  life, 
consisteth  not  in  the  repo.se  of  a  mind  satisfied.  171*  M. 
HENRY  Reform.  Serm.  Wks.  1853  II.  487/1  The  restraint 
of  the  vicious  will  be  the  repose  of  the  virtuous.  1769 
Jnnius  Lett.  xxxv.  (1788)  179  You  relinquish  every  hope  of 
repose  to  yourself,  and  you  endanger  the  establishment  of 
your  family  for  ever.  1811  PINKKUTON  Petrol.  II.  25  The 
repose  which  the  waters  enjoyed  in  the  inside  of  these 
reservoirs.  1871  L.  STEPHEN  Playgr,  Enr.  iii.  (1894)  83 
A  delicious  lazy  sense  of  calm  repose  was  the  appropriate 
frame  of  mind. 

t  b.  Peace  of  mind.   Obs.  rare. 

1712  STEELE  Sfiect.  No.  527  r  i  The  Repose  of  a  married 
Woman  is  consulted  in  the  first  of  the  following  Letters,  and 
the  Felicity  of  a  Maiden  Lady  in  the  second.  1718  LADY 
M.  W,  MONTAGU  Let.  to  Ctess  of  Mar  10  Mar.,  I  assured 
her  . .  it  was  absolutely  necessary  to  confine  them  from 
public  view,  for  the  repose  of  mankind. 

5.  Quiet,  calm  or  calmness,  tranquillity. 

1717  POPE  Elo'isa  166  Black  Melancholy  ..  round  her 
throws  A  death-like  silence,  and  a  dead  repose.  1738  GRAY 
Propertius  ii.  49  The  scenes  that  hurt  the  grave's  repose. 
1819  KEATS  St.  Agnes  xxxvi,  Like  a  throbbing  star  Seen 
'mid  the  sapphire  heaven's  deep  repose.  1846  RUSKIN  Mod. 
Paint.  II.  in.  i.  vii.  §  i  As  opposed  to  passion  ..Repose  is 
the  especial  and  separating  characteristic  of  the  eternal 
mind  and  power.  1872  YEATS  Growth  Comin.  48  Just  as 
repose  was  the  ruling  principle  in  Egypt,  so  restlessness 
distinguished  Greece. 

b.  Painting.  Harmonious  arrangement  of  figures 
or  colours,  having  a  restful  effect  upon  the  eye. 

1695  DRYDEN  tr.  Du  Fresnoy's  Art.  Paint.  23  That  .. 
Majesty,  that  soft  silence  and  repose,  which  give  beauty  to 
the  Piece.  1703  TATE  Her  Majesty's  Pitt.  Notes  22  The 
Sedateness,  and,  as  Painters  call  it,  the  Repose  of  a  Picture, 
contribute  to  the  Grandeur  and  Solemnity  of  the  Piece. 
1778  SIR  J.  REYNOLDS  Disc.  (1779)  5  The  expression  which 
is  used  very  often  on  these  occasions  is,  the  piece  wants  re 
pose.  1841  W.  SPALDING  Italy  %  It.  t$l.  II.  328  Its  faults 
are  many  ;— an  entire  absence  of  beauty  and  of  repose  [etc.]. 

c.  Composure,  quiet,  ease  of  manner. 

1833  TENNYSON  L&dy  C.  V.  de  I'ere  39  Her  manners  had 
not  that  repose  Which  stamps  the  caste  of  Vere  de  Vere. 
1860  EMKRSON  Cond.  Life,  Culture  Wks.  (1889)  531/2  Re. 
pose  and  cheerfulness  are  the  badge  of  the  gentleman- 
repose  in  energy. 

6.  Absence  of  activity  (in  things) ;  cessation  of 
natural  forces ;  quiescence. 

1757  GRAY  Bard  76  The  sweeping  whirlwind.,  hush 'd  in 
grim  repose,  expects  his  evening  prey.  1813  BAKEWELL 
Introd.  Geol.  (1815)  314  The  long  intervals  of  repose  appear 
to  characterize  volcanoes  highly  elevated.  1833  LYEI.L 
Princ.  Geol.  III.  6  We  are  also  told.. of  the  alternation  of 
periods  of  repose  and  disorder,  of  the  refrigeration  of  the 
globe  [etc.].  1887  RUSKIN  Prxterita  II.  87  Vesuvius  was 
virtually  in  repose. 

b.  Undisturbed  or  unagitated  condition. 

1855  W  AM  Senses  fy  !nt.  n.  ii,  §  4  Hence  the  natural  repose 
of  the  eye  makes  the  adjustment  for  a  distant  prospect. 
1880  MRS.  L.  B.  WALFORD   Troublesome  Dau.  II.  xxi.  212 
Though  every  feature  was  now  in  repose. 
C.  The  fact  of  being  left  undisturbed. 

1844  G.  BIRD  Urin.  Deposits  261  A  portion  of  butter-ljke 
fat  may  form  part  of  the  pellicle  which  forms  on  the  urine 
by  repose. 

7.  techn.  a.  Angle  of  repose:  (see  quots.1). 

1833  LOUDON  Encycl.  Arch.  §  805  Where  the  courses  lie 
at  an  angle  of  about  thirty-two  degrees,  or  what  is  called 
the  angle  of  repose  for  masonry.  1867  BRANDE  &  Cox 
Diet.  Sci.)  etc.  III.  249/1  In  Engineering,  the  term  angle 
of  repose  is  frequently  applied  to  express  the  angle  at 
which  the  various  kinds  of  earth  will  permanently  stand, 
when  abandoned  to  themselves. 


REPOSE. 

b.  Horology.  (See  quots.) 

1842  Encycl.  Brit.  fed.  7)  VI.  773/1  This  contrivance  is 
known  by  the  name  of  the  dead  beat,  the  dead  scapement, 
the  scapement  of  repose;  because  the  seconds  index  stands 
still  after  each  drop.  Ibid.  773/2  The  pallet  which  is  called 
the  arch  of  excursion  or  arch  of  repose. 
8.  Trust, confidence.  rare~l. 

c  1800  R.  CUMBERLAND  John  DC  Lancaster  (i&xj)  III.  71 
If  therefore  you  could  bring  your  mind  to  put  that  repose 
in  my  honour. 

Repose  (r^pJu'z),  v.l     [ad.  L.  repos-t  repdnere, 
on  anal,  of  depose ',  dispose,  suppose,  etc.:   cf.  RE- 
i   PONE  and  REPOSIT.] 

•\  1.  trans.  To  replace ;  to  put  back  into  the 
same  place.  Obs. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  ii.  334  Her  shelHs  to  disclose  And 

1     write  vpon  the  cornel,  hopl  outake..and  so  repose  [L.  re- 

j    ponas\.     1544  PHAER  Regiui.  Lyfe  (1560)  U  iv,  If  the  gutte 

hath  bene  long  out,  and  be  so  swollen  that  it  cannot  be 

reposed.     1564  HAWARD  Entropius  vi.  52  He  delivered  up 

j     his  crowne  into  the  handes  of  Pompeius  ;  but  Pompeius 

i     reposed  it  again  upon  his  head.      1615  CHAPMAN  Odyss.  ix. 

j     703  Nor  think  my  hurt  offends  me,  for  my  sire  Can  soon 

repose  in  it  the  visual  fire.      1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's 

Trav.  323  Procession  ended,  they  repose  the  Idols  within 

the  same  tree. 

T  b.  To  restore;  also-St'.  =  REPONEZ/.  i.  Obs.rare. 

1552  HUTCHINSON  -2nd  SerrH.  Wks.  (Parker  Soc.)  241  To 

repose  us  into  his  Father's  favour  again.     1567  Reg.  Prh<y 

Council  Scot.    I.  £26  The  persoun  of  our.. Prince  [to  be] 

reposit  to  full  suirtie.    1643  R.  BAILLIE  Lett.  <y  Jrnls.  (1841) 

II.  53  The  causes  of  Mr.  Gilbert  Power's  deposition  by  all 

were  found  null,  and  he  ordained  to  be  reposed.     Ibid.  92 

Mr.  Andrew  Logic.,  latelie  had  been  reposed  to  his  ministne. 

t  c.  To  repress,  put  down.  Obs.  rare—*. 

1652  HOWELL  Giraffi  s  Rev.  Naples  n.  (1663)  26  A  multi- 

I    tude  of  common  people  gat her'd  together . .  armed  with  a  full 

..purpose  to  repose  the  insolence  and  pride  of  the  nobility. 

2.  To  place  or  put ;  esp.  to  deposit  or  lay  up  in 

j   a  place.     Now  rare. 

1548  GEST  Pr.  Masse  L  iij,  ludas  reposed  in  Gods  temple 

l    an   ydoll   ymage.     1559  Mirr.   Mag.^    R.    Tresilian    xx, 

':    Thynke    ther   is   a   treasure  . .  Reposed   for    all  suche  as 

rignteousnes  ensue.      1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.   7,  I 

g-aye  you  heartily,  to  repose  this  in  your  memorie.      1605 
ACON  Adv.  Learn,  n.  To  King  §  5  Libraries,  .are  as  the 
Shrynes,  where  all  the  Reliques  of  the  ancient  Saints.. are 
preserued  and  reposed,     a  1656  USSHER  Ann.  vi.  (1658)  426 
They  reposed  there  the  spoiles  of  Jerusalem.     1695  WOOD- 
!     WARD  Nat.   Hist.   Earth  29  These    Shells  were  brought 


Benedictines,    a  1797  H.  WALPOLE  Mem.  Geo.  II  (1847)  III. 

vi.   133  The  brass  cannon  and  mortars,  .were  reposed  for 
;    some  days  in  Hyde  Park.     18*7  SCOTT  Napoleon  Ixxv,  The 
'    sword  was.. not  to  be  sheathed  or  reposed, 
f  b.  To  station,  establish.   Obs.  rare. 

1582  N.   LICHEFIELU  tr.  Castanhedas  Cony.  E.  [nd.  i. 
;    xxxix.  92  As  for  y  bishops  they  are  reposed  in  cities,  as  is 
!    thought  conuenient.     1582  STANVHURST  ^Encis  \.  (Arb.)  18 

Theare  luno  thee  Princes  her  Empyre  wholy  reposed. 
f  c.  To  cast  or  throw  on  something.   Obs.  ~~1 

1583  STANVHURST  &neis  i.  (Arb.)  21   Thee  southwynd 
..Three  gallant  vessels  on  rocks  gnawne  craggye  reposed. 

3.  To  set  or  place  (confidence,  trust,  etc.)  in  a 
thing  or  person. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanfs  Coinm.  98  b,  Suche  a  one  as  he 
'  myght  repose  his  whole  truste  and  confidence  in.  1581  J. 
BELL  H 'addon's  Answ.  Osor.  240  That  man  hath  the  hope 
\  of  Salvation  reposed  only  in  the  mercies  of  God.  1603 
KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1638)  106  Reposing  no  great  assur 
ance  in  the  prowes  of  the  effeminate  ./Egyptians.  1607 
ROWLANDS  Diogines  Lanthorne  30  Repose  not  trust  in 
others  helpe.  1678  EVELYN  Diary  16  Oct.,  Mr.  Godolphjn 
requested  me  to  continue  the  trust  his  wife  had  reposed  in 
me.  1753  HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  I.  in.  xxvi.  no  The 
governor,  .charged  me.,  not  to  repose  any  confidence  in 
the  peasants,  a  1781  WATSON  Philip  III  (1793)  *•.  »•  ?9° 
That  extraordinary  confidence  that  was  reposed  in  him. 
1844  DISRAELI  Coningsby  vn.  ii,  Herein  mainly  should  we 
repose  our  hopes,  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.yv.  §  5.  196  In 
the  Baronage  the  nation  reposed  an  unwavering  trust. 

b.  To  place  or  leave  (something)  in  the  con 
trol  or  management  of  another,    f  Also  const,  upon. 

1589  NASHE  Pref,  to  Greene's  Menaphon   (Arb.)  6  This 
kinde  of  men  that  repose  eternitie  in  the  mouth  of  a  player. 
1666  DRVDEN  Prcf.  to  Ann.  Mirab.  Wks.  (Globe)  42,  I  re 
pose  upon  your  management  what  is  dearest  to  me,  my 
fame  and  reputation,     a  1681  WHARTON  Soul  of  World  Wks. 
1    (1683)  668  Therefore  our  Fate  for  the  most  part,  and  our 
1     Power  are  very  much  reposed  in  our  Hands.     1884  CHITTY  in 
Law  Times  Rep,  L.  389/1  Parliament  has  reposed  in  [the 
Charity  Commissioners]  a  power  of  authorising  a  sale, 
f  c.  To  regard  as  existing  in  something.   Oh. 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  v.  xvi.  (1614)  529  A  certain 
booke, . .  wherein  they  reposed  much  holines,  and  worshipped 
it  as  a  god.  a  1619  FOTHERBV  Atheow.  i.  vi.  §  2  They  re 
posed  great  Religion  in  an  oath,  in  respect  of  the  Actor. 

Hence  t  Bepo'sed///.  a.1,  restored.   Obs. 

1657  THORNLEV  tr.  Longits*  Daj>hnis  $  Chloe  208  They 
sacrificed  to  Jupiter  Soter,  the  saviour  of  the  reposed  Child. 

Repose  (rfpo^'z),  v.~  Also  6-7  Sf.  repois(e. 
[ad.  F.  reposer,  OF.  also  repauser  (ioth  c.)  = 
Prov.  repausar,  Sp.  reposar,  Pg.  repoitsar,  It.  ri- 
posare :— late  L.  repausare  (Quicherat)  :  see  RE- 
and  PAUSE  v.] 

1.  re/I.  To  rest  (oneself) ;  to  lay  (oneself)  to  rest. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x.  ii.  416,  I  wylle  repose  me  here 

,    by  with  a  frend  of  myn.     1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas.  I.  (Percy 

Soc.)  7  Besyde  the  ymage   I  adowne  me  sette,   After  my 

laboure  my  selfe  to  repose,     a  1553  UDALL  Royster  D.  i.  iv. 

1    (Arb.)  30  Now  may  I  repose  me;  Custance  is  mine  owne. 


REPOSE. 

1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  \.  i.  151  Romes  readiest  Champions, 
repose  you  heere  in  rest,  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  Vltl 
(1683)  511  This  year  the  Emperor  glad  to  repose  himself  a 
while  from  War,  attended  his  pleasure  in  Spain,  a  1700 
KEN  Hyiniwtheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  34  John  tenderly  re 
pos'd  him  on  his  Breast.  1713  DKRHAM  Pkys.-Theol.  iv.  xii. 
221  The  thick  and  warm  Furrs..are.  .a  soft  Bed  to  repose 
themselves  in.  1806  J.  BKRESFOKD  Miseries  ffiem.  Life  \\. 
xiii,  Being  mounted  on  a  beast  who . .  proceeds  very  coolly  to 
repose  himself  in  the  middle  of  the  pond. 

b.  fig.  To  settle  (oneself)  with  confidence  (+  in 
or)  on  something.  ?  Obs. 

1580  J.  HAVE  in  Cath.  Tract.  (S.T.S.)  67/32  Thou  may 
bawldlie  repoise  thy  selfe  m  theRomain  kirk.  1593  SHAKS. 
3  Hen.  Vf,  iv.  vi.  47  On  thy  fortune  I  repose  my  selfe. 
1759  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Miss  Porter  i  Mar.  in  Boswell  Lifet 
I  can  repose  myself  very  confidently  upon  your  prudence. 
1770  LANGHORNK  Plutarch  (1879)  I.  202/2  Fabius  having 
taught  the  people  to  repose  themselves  on  acts  of  religion. 

2.  trans.  To  lay  to  rest  or  repose  on  or  in  some 
thing.  In  later  use  onlyyzg". 

1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  3577  Iesus..hes  nocht  ane  penny 
braid  Quhairon  he  may  repois  his  heavinlie  head.  1768 
GOLDSM.  Good-n.  Man  n,  I'll  go  to  him,  and  repose  our 
distresses  on  his  friendly  bosom.  1771  MRS.  GRIFFITH  /fist. 
Lady  Barton  I.  84  Nor  would  I.. render  her  wretched,  by 
reposing  the  distresses  of  my . .  mind,  in  her  soft  bosom. 
b.  \\ipa.  pple. :  Resting,  reclining,  lying. 

1674  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  636  On  flours  repos'd,  and  with 
fresh  flourets  crownd,  They  eate,  they  drink.  1727  GAV 
Bfg£.  Op,  I.  xiii,  I  could  mock  the  sultry  toil  When  on  my 
charmer  s  breast  repos'd.  i8gz  M.  ARNOLD  Tristram  <y 
Iseidt  i,  The  eyes  [are]  closed — The  lashes  on  the  cheeks 
reposed. 

o.  To  give  or  afford  rest  to  (one),  to  refresh 
by  rest. 

1549-62  STERNHOLD  &  H.  Ps.  Ixix.  20  O  Lord,  unto  my 
soule  draw  nigh,  the  same  with  ayde  repose.  1581  SAVILE 
Tacitus,  Hist.  in.  vii.  U59')  117  There  some  fewe  daies 
were  spent  in  reposing  the  army.  1596  DANETT  tr.  Cotnines 
vn.  iii.  274  The  peace  was  concluded.. whereunto  the  King 
of  the  Romanies  agreed,  to  the  end  he  might  repose  his 
subiects.  1632  J.  HAYWARDtlV  BiondPs  Erontcna  \\.  51  The 
time  for  reposing  the  Galley-slaves  being  expired.  1667 
MILTON  P.L,  i.  319  Have  ye  chos'n  this  place  After  the 
toyl  of  Battel  to  repose  Your  wearied  vertue.  .?  1732  Poi'E 
£p.  Bathurst  260  Whose  Seats  the  weary  Traveller  repose? 
1794  MRS.  A.  M.  BENNETT  Ellen  I.  22  He  rose  from  the  bed 
of  down,  which  for  neatness  and  comfort  might  repose  a 
Prince.  1876  BANCROFT  Hist.  U.^S.  VI.  xliv.  275  He., 
halted  at  Hillsborough  to  repose  his  wayworn  soldiers. 
f  b.  To  lodge  (one)  for  the  night.  Obs.  rare  ~l. 

1725  T.  THOMAS  in  Portland  Papers  (Hist.  M  SS.  Comm.) 
VI.  132  That  apartment  where  the  judges  used  to  be 
reposed  in  when  they  came  to  this  place. 

4.  intr.  To  take  rest ;  to  cease  from  exertion  or 
travel ;  to  enjoy  freedom  from  disturbance. 
a  1548  HALL  C/tron.,  Hen.  PHI  35  [They]  desyredhim  for 
his  pastime  after  his  long  trauayle  to  come  and  repose  in 
his  towne  of  Lysle.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholays 
Voy.  ii.  viii.  42  Because  the  wind  was  too  fresh,  we  reposed 
vntil  the  break  of  day.  1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  i.  vii. 
383  Yet  must  we  credit  that  his  hand  composed  All  in  sixe 
Dayes,  and  that  he  then  Reposed.  1703  MAUNDKELL  Journ. 
Jerus.  (1732)  25  At  Tripoli  we  repos'd  a  full  week.  1784 
COWPER  Task  in.  28  'Twere  wiser  far  For  me.. to  repose 
Where  chance  may  throw  me.  1819  SHELLEY  Prometh. 
Unb.  n.  i.  203  To  the  rents,  and  gulfs,  and  chasms,  Where 
the  earth  reposed  from  spasms.  1851  TENNYSON  To  the 
Queen  26  God  gave  her  peace;  her  land  reposed. 

fig-  '856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng,  (1858)  I.  i.  38  The  Justice 
Shallows  were  not  allowed  to  repose  upon  their  dignity. 

b.  To  take  rest  by  sitting  or  lying  down  ;  to  lie 
down  to  rest ;  also  transf.  to  rest  in  death. 

1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  934,  I  will  sit  still  heir  and  repois. 
16x0  SHAKS.  Temp.  iv.  i.  162  If  you  be  pleas'd,  retire  into 
my  Cell,  And  there  repose,  a  1620  SIR  W.  MURE  Misc. 
Poems,  xv.  19  Happie  nimph,  quhoise  spreit  in  peace  re- 
poises.  i634^MiLTON  Comus  999  Beds  of  Hyacinth  and 
roses  Where  'young  Adonis  oft  reposes.  1734  POPE  Ess. 
Man  iv.  387  When  statesmen,  heroes,  kings,  in  dust  repose. 
1742  GRAY  Spring  22  Still  is  the  toiling  hand  of  Care,  The 
panting  herds  repose.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  iv.  xxxiii, 
At  night  when  I  reposed,  fair  dreams  did  pass  Before  my 
pillow.  1819 —  Ode  ii  The  dust  where  your  kindred  repose. 
1884  J.  COLBORNE  Hicks  Pasha  32  We  started  at  5  a.m., 
marched  until  noon,  and  reposed. 

C.  To  remain  still ;  to  lie  in  quiet. 

1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  vi.  xxxiii,  Her.. eyes,  Which, 
as  twin  phantoms  of  one  star  that  lies  O'er  a  dim  well,  move, 
though  the  star  reposes.  1842  TENNYSON  Locksley  Hall  13 
When  the  centuries  behind  me  like  a  fruitful  land  reposed. 

t  5.  To  confide  or  place  one's  trust  in,  to  rely 
ott,  a  thing  or  person.  Obs. 

Perh.  partly  derived  from  sense  3  of  REPOSE  z>.1 

1567  Gude  <V  GodUe  />.  (S.T.S.)  167  We  are  chosin  to  repots 
In  faith  of  Christ.  1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  iv.  iii.  26,  I  doe 
desire  thy  worthy  company,  Vpon  whose  faith  and  honor  I 
repose.  1629  MAXWELL  tr.  Herodian^  (1635)  430  There  re 
turned  also  the  German  auxiliaries,  in  whose  loyaltie  he 
most  reposed.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  144  r  12  His 
hearers  repose  upon  his  candour  and  veracity.  1781  COW 
PER  Truth  455  The  soul,  reposing  on  assured  relief,  Feels 
herself  happy  amidst  all  her  grief. 

f  b.  To  be  sure  ^one.  Obs.  rare~^. 

1569  SIR  N.  THROGMORTON  in  Robertson  Hist.  Scot.  (1759) 
II.  App.  57  You  may  repose  as  well  of  him  in  this  matter  as 
of  the  duke  of  Norfolk. 

6.  To  rest  on  or  upon,  in  various  senses. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  iv.  ii.  212  His  right  Cheeke  Reopsing 
on  a  Cushion.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  m.  xxviii,  On 
that  reverend  form  the  moonlight  did  repose.  1810  BVHON 
Juan  n.  Iviii,  On  such  things  the  memory  reposes  With  ten 
derness.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  n.  xiii.  297  Almost  every 
glacier  reposes  upon  an  inclined  bed.  a  1862  BUCKLE 
Civiliz.  III.  iv.  272  Their  whole  system  reposes  upon  fear. 


477 

Reposed  (r/j«ju'/d;,  ///.  a.-  [f.  prec.  +  -ED  1.] 
Settled,  free  from  agitation  or  movement. 

a  1533  LD.  BEKNERS  Gold.  Bk.  JA  Aurcl.  (1546)  Y  viij,  To 
^iue  contentacion  to  thy  reposed  will,  a  1547  SURREY  in 
Totters  Misc.  (Arb.)  29  A  mynde  With  vertue  fraught,  re 
posed,  voyd  of  gyle,  1586  H.  YOUNG  Gnazzo's  Civ.  Conv. 
iv.  228  Embrace  this  the  onelie  meane  to  Hue  a  reposed  and 
contented  life.  1610  DONNE  Pseudo-martyr  281  A  law, 
made  by  the  Popes  in  reposed  vs:  peaceable  times.  1664 
FLECKNOE  Kng.  Stage  in  Love's  Kingd.  G  vi,  Wit  being  an 
exuberant  thing, ..but  Judgement  a  stayed  and  reposed 
thing.  1743  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  ix.  1474  Then  whence  these 
glorious  Forms,  And  boundless  Flights,  from  Shapeless,  and 
Repos'd? 

Hence  Repo'sedly  adv.     (Now  rare  or  Obs.} 

1598  FLORIO,  Posataiiicnte,  leisurely,  quietly,  repo.stdly. 
a  1615  DONNE  Ess.  (1651)63  Reposedly,  and  at  home  within 
himself,  no  man  is  an  Atheist.  1634  TIRWHYT  tr.  Balzac's 
Lett.  i.  xvi.  SgLiue  hence-forward  reposedly,  and  reconcile 
your  selfe  to  choice  Wits. 

Reposedness  (iffwu'zdnes).  [f.  prec.  4  -NESS.] 
The  state  or  condition  of  repose  or  of  being  in 
repose. 

.11619  FOIUEKBY  Atheom.  n.  ii.  §  8  (1622)  211  Vnder  the 
.shadow  of  Gods  wings,  the  Soule  findes  her  true  reposed- 
ncsse,  her  refuge.  1634  TIRWHYT  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  ii.  i. 
04,  1  here  enioy  a  reposednesse  not  vnlike  lliat  of  the  dead. 
1884  M.  BOOLE  in  Jrnl.  Ediic.  i  Sept.  342  There  is  an  in 
telligent  and  wide-awake  reposedness  in  Jewish  girls. 

t  Repo  seful,  ft.1  Obs.  [f.  REPOSE  z;.1  3  (or 
£'.2  4\J  In  whom  confidence  is  or  maybe  placed  : 
trustworthy,  reliable  ;  confidential,  responsible. 

1627  SIK  R.  COTTON  in  Morgan  Phoenix  Brit.  (1732)  I.  68 
Though  princes  may  take  . .  some  reposefull  friend,  with 
whom  they  may  participate  their  nearest  passions  [etc.]. 
1640  HOWELL  Dodona*s  Gr.  28,  I  know  not,  where  she  can 
picke  out  a  fast  friend,  or  reposefull  confident  of  such  reci- 
procall  interest.  1644  —  Twelve  Treat.  (16611  28  To  another 
he  gave  one  of  the  prime  and  most  reposefull  Offices  about 
his  own  Person  at  Court. 

Reposeful  (r/pffu-zfiil),  a.^  [f.  RKPOSE  sb^\ 
Full  of  repose  ;  having  an  air  of  repose  ;  quiet. 

1852  READE  Peg  IVttf.  (1853)  259,  I  call  u  beautiful  I. .So 
calm  and  reposeful ;  no  particular  expression.  1869  Sat. 
Rev.  6  Mar.  306/2  That  reposeful  yet  energetic  .self-reliance, 
which  we  justly  admire  in  the  ruler.  1879  G.  MACDONALD 
Sir  Gibbie  I.  xiv.  198  An  attractive  expression  of  reposeful 
friendliness  pervaded  his  whole  appearance. 

Hence  Repo-sefully  adv. ;  Repo'sefulness. 

1881  Miss  BRADDON  Asj»h.  II.  311  Seated  reposefully  in 
his  great  red  morocco  armchair.  1883  G.  H.  BOUGHTON  in 
Harpers  Mag.  Feb.  392/2  It  seems  to  lack  reposefulness. 

i  Repo  semeiit.  Obs.  rare~~l.  [f.  REPOSE  v.i 
+  -MENT.]  Repository. 

1586  A.  DAY  £ng.  Secretary  n.  (1625)  103  The  Closet  in 
euery  house,  as  it  is  a  reposement  of  Secrets,  so  is  it  onely. . 
at  the  owners',  and  no  other  commandement. 

fRepO'seness.  Obs.  rare- •'.  =  REPOSEDNESS. 

a  1592  GKEENE  Arbasto  (1617)  i,  If  my  presence  be  preju- 
diciall  to  your  reposenesse,  I  hope  you  will  thinke  I  offended 
as  a  stranger. 

RepO'Ser.  rare~~^.    [-ER!.]    One  who  reposes. 

1832  Blackiu.  Mag.  XXXII.  600  A  steadfast  reposer  of 
his  fears  and  anxieties  in  religious  influences. 

Reposing  ^pJ«-zirj),  vbl.  sb.  [-ING  i.]  The 
action  of  REPOSE  z/.2  ;  resting,  rest. 

1563  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  \.  361  The  King  and  Quenis 
Majesteis  departis  this  nycht  towart  Striviling  for  reposing 
of  thair  Hienessis.  1790  R.  MERRY  Laurel  of  Liberty  (ed.  2) 
22  Calm  reposings  in  the  noontide  shade. 

attrib.  1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  ///,  i.  iv.  76  Sorrow  breakes 
Seasons,  and  reposing  houres.  1661  Faiti  Aberdonenses 
(Spalding  Club)  606  For  hair  to  the  reposeing  bed,  and 
furme  in  the  principle's  chamber.  1797  Monthly  Mag.  III. 
229  The  fiends  of  lawless  pow'r..  Intrude  on  weary 'd  toil's 
reposing  hour. 

1797-1803  FOSTER  in  Life  $  Corr.  (1846)  I.  220  A  neutral 
reposing  state  of  the  passions.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam 
iv.  xxviii,  I  did  arise, .  -And  looked  upon  the  depth  of  that 
reposing  lake.  Ibid.  xn.  in,  Like  a  reposing  child. 

Repo  sit,  sb.  rare—0,  [f.  the  vb.]  A  repository. 

1855  in  OGILVIE  Siippl. 

Reposit  (r/pp-zit),  v.  Also  7-8  repoaite. 
[f.  L.  reposit-)  ppl.  stem  of  repdnere  to  REPONE  : 
cf.  REPOSE  z;.1] 

1.  trans.  To  put  or  deposit  (a  thing)  in  a  place  ; 
to  lay  up,  store. 

a  1641  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  <y  Man.  (1642)  79  Untill  he 
come, . .  for  whom  it  is  reposited,  or  laid  up.  1664  H. 
MORE  Myst.  Iniq.  vi.  16  Erecting  such  a  Symbol  of  the 
Divine  presence  as  was  to  be  afterward  reposued  in  the  Ark, 
namely,  the  figureof  a  Cherub.  1695  WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist. 
Earth  \.  (1723)  48  These  Shells  could  never  possibly  have 
been  reposited  thereby  in  the  Manner  we  now  find  them. 
1713  DEKHAM  Phys.-Theol.  iv.  xiii.  230  Some  reposite  their 
Eggs  or  Young  in  the  Earth.  1779-81  JOHNSON  L.  P.,  Pope 
Wks.  IV.  29  The  original  copy  of  the  Iliad,  which.,  is  now., 
reposited  in  the  Museum.  1808  G.  EDWARDS  Pracf.  Plan 
iii.  23  The  valuable  riches  nature  has  here  reposited  for  the 
efforts  of  human  labour.  1864  CARLYLK  Frcdk.  Gt.  XH.  ii. 
(1872)  IV.  138  The  King .. handed  it.. to  a  Page  to  reposit 
in  the  proper  waste-basket. 

2.  To  replace,  rare. 

1884  G.  H.  TAYLOR  Peht.  <V  Hern.  Therap.  (1885)  107  The 
sphincter  appeared  to  have  little  power  to  retain  the  in 
testine  when  reposited. 

Hence  Repo-siting  vbl.  sb. 

1713  DERHAM  Phys.-Theol.  ML  ii.  66  A  special  Providence 
of  God  in  the  repositing  of  these  watery  Beds. 

Repositary  (rfpp-zitari).  [f.  prec.  +  -ARY  1.] 
=  REPOSITORY. 


REPOSITORY. 

1862  GOULBURN  Pers.  Rclig.  I.  i.  (1873)  3  You  meet  with 
men  who  were  great  repositaries  of  the  literature  of  the  day. 
1866  Cornh.  Mag.  Apr.  395  It  gratified  him  to  think  that 
she  had  chosen  him  for  the  repositary  of  her  tale. 

t Repo'sitate,  v.  Obs.  rare-1. 

REPOSIT  v.  I . 

1716  M.  DAVIES  Athen.  Brit.  1 1 1.  104  A  Description  of  the 
Curiosities  repositated  in  the  Cabinet  of  the  Earl  of  Traut- 
mansdorf. 

Reposite,  obs.  form  of  REPOSIT  v. 

Reposition  .r/p^zi'Jan).  Also  re-,  [ad.  late 
L.  reposition-em,  n.  of  action  f.  repdnere :  see  KE- 
POMIT  v.  nncl  -ION,  and  cf.  F.  reposition. ,] 

1.  Surg.  The  operation  of  restoring  to  the  normal 
position;  replacement. 

1588  J.  READ  tr.  Arcxits'  Commend.  M'eth.  67  Put  it  in  his 
due  place  and  right  order  againe. ..This  reposition  being 
made  [etc.].  1661  LOVKLL  ffist.  Anim.  $  Min.  431  Lu.\a- 
tions..  .\\.'s  cured  by.  .reposition,  ..diligent  deligation,  and 
soft  collocation.  1684  tr.  Bonet's  Merc.  Compit.  VIM.  280, 
I  place  him.. for  reposition,  binding  him  fa^t  so  that  he 
cannot  slir.  1707  SLOANE  Jamaica  II.  151  The  leaves. .are 
laid  to  broken  arms  and  legs  after  reposition  with  great 
success.  1879  St.  George's  Ho$p.  Rep.  IX.  458  Retroflexion 
of  the  uterus  discovered,  and  treated  by  reposition. 

b.   Replacement  (of  a  thing),  in  other  senses. 
1874  CAKI-KNTER  Ment.  Phys.  n.  x.  (1879)  44°  l'ie  ^truc- 
ture  itself  is  kept  up  by  re-position  of  new  matter. 

2.  fa.  Restoration  of  lands  to  a  fore--.t.  Obs.  rare. 

1592  MANWOOO  Laives  forest  178  The  reposition  to  the 
Forest  of  such  landes  as  were  disaforested  by  the  Statute 
..is  to  be  done  by  perambulation  and  viewe,  Ibid.  Such 
landes  as  were  disaforested  without  any  reposition  ..  are 
called  Puralleyes. 

b.  Sc.  Reinstatement  (of  a  person)  in,  or  restora 
tion  to,  a  position  or  office  (csp.  the  ministry), 
or  possession  of  a  thing.  Now  onlyarc/t. 

1643  R.  BAILLIE  Lett.  %  Jrnls.  (1841)  II.  53  At  the  day  of 
reposition  a  number  of  gentleweomen  and  others  came  to 
the  Church.  1676  W,  Row  Contn.  Blair's  Aittobiog.  (ifc'48) 
547  The  three  suspended  conformists.. expecting,  .reposi 
tion  to  their  charges.  1681  STAIR  Instit.  n.  xxiii.  §  3.  4 
Under  Assignations  are  comprehended  Translations,  ..  or 
Retrocessions,,  .which  are  also  called  Repositions.  1889 
STEVENSON  Master  of  B.  276  The  Favour  of  such  a  Reposi 
tion  [to  the  possession  of  an  estate]  is  too  extreme  to  be 
passed  over. 

3.  The  action  of  repositing,  laying  up  or  aside. 
1617   HP.   HALL  Qtw  Vadis  f  vi,  What  can  be  expected 

from  that  age,  which  is  not  capable  of  obserualion,  care- 
lesse  of  reposition  ?  a  1653  BINNING  Serin.  (1743)  579  When 
once  a  soul  apprehend-.  Christ,  this  is  a  reposition  of  all  his 
cares  and  burdens.  1709  SIKVI'E  Ann.  Kef.  I.  xxxv.  365 
For  reposition  and  preserving  dead  mens  skulls  and  bones. 
fb.  A\  C.  Ck.  Reservation  (of  the  Sacrament). 

1657  W.  MORICE  Coena  quasi  KOII>TJ  xiv.  183  Protestant 
Divines  condemn  the  reposition  of  the  Sacrament. 

Re-position,  v.rare-1.  [KE-  53.]  traits. 
To  put  in  a  fresh  position  ;  to  re-state. 

^1859  DE  Ca-iNCEv  Posth.  Wks.  (1801)  I.  278  Shall  I  re 
vise.,  my  logic  of  Political  Economy,  embodying  every 
doctrine.,  which  I  have  amended  or  re-positioned..  ? 

Expositor  (r/p^'zit^j).  [agent-n.,  onL.  types, 
f.  REPOSIT  z'.]  A  replacing  instrument. 

1884  KNIGHT  Diet,  Meek.  Suppl.  750/2  The  uterine  re- 
positor  or  elevator.  1895  Arnold  fy  Softs'  Catal,  Surg. 
Instr.  540  Vulcanite  Repositors  for  inversion  of  uterus. 

Repository  (r/pyzitori),  sb.  Also  5  reposy- 
torye,  6-7  repositorie.  [ad.  obs.  ¥.  reposiloire 
or  L.  repositorium  :  see  REFOSIT  v.  and  -OKY  ] .] 

1.  A  vessel,  receptacle,  chamber,  etc.,  in  which 
things  are  or  may  be  placed,  deposited,  or  stored. 

1485  CAXTON  Chas.  Gt.  36  Of  the  flourcs  charles  put  a 
pane  in  a  reposytorye.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  105/36  A  Re 
positorie,  repositorium.  1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mar. 
1200  Many  secret  monuments,  and  repositories  of  demi 
gods.  1647  CLARENDON  Contempl.  Ps.  Tracts  (1727)  514 
Those  tears.. he  keeps  in  a  repository  that  is  never  out  of 
his  sight.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  <V  P.  250  On  the  Out 
side  of  this  City  are  Repositories  for  Snow  and  Ice.  1711 
ADDISON  Sped.  No.  471  P  2  It  is  like  those  Repositories  in 
several  Animals  that  are  filled  with  Stores  of  their  for  met 
Food.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  I.  128  At  the  end  of 
Rathbone-place.  .water  is.. thrown  into  an  open  repository, 
where  it  stands.  1806  J.  BERESFORD  Miseries  Hnm.  Life  x. 
xviii,  Losing  the  keys  of  all  your  mo*t  private  repositories. 
1862  BURTON  Bk.  Hunter  (1863)  56  Stoied  away  in  some 
forgotten  repositories,  these  miscellaneous  relics  still  remain. 
1884  Catholic  Diet.  (1897)  305/2  A  vase  in  the  form  of  a 
dove  . .  was  in  the  East  and  France  ..  used  as  a  repository 
for  the  Blessed  Sacrament. 

b.  A  place,  room,  or  building,  in  which  speci 
mens,  curiosities,  or  works  of  art  are  collected  ;  a 
museum.     Now  rare. 

1658  PHILLIPS  s.v.,   More  peculiarly,  by  the  Architects, 
such  places  as  are  built  for  the  laying  up  of  rareties,  either 
in  picture  or  other  art  are  called  Repositories.  ^  1667  Phil. 
Trans.  II.  486  There  being  such  a  stone  in  their  (the  Royal 
Society's]  Repository.    1716-18  LADY  M.  \V.  MONTAGU  Lett. 
I.  xvi.  53  The  Elector's  palace  is  very  handsome,  and  his 
repository  full  of  curiosities  of  different  kinds.      1756  P. 
BROWNE  Jamaica  39, 1  have  seen  a  specimen  of  the  red  sort 
..in  the  repository  of  the  royal  garden  at  Paris.    1801  JAMES 
Milit.  Diet,  s.v.,  The  Royal  Repository  at  Woolwich,  con 
tains  models  of  every  sort  of  warlike  stores,  weapons,  and 
fortification.     1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  337/2 
The  repository  at  Woolwich  forms  a  school  of  instruction  for 
both  officers  and  men  on  first  joining  the  artillery. 

c.  A  place  where  things  are  kept  or  offered  for 
sale;  a  warehouse,  store, shop,  mart. 

1785  GROSE  Class.  Diet.,  Repository •,  ..  Livery  stables 
where  horses  and  carriages  are  sold  by  auction.  1801  Mtts. 


REPOSITORY. 


478 


REPREHEND. 


TRIMMER  Oecon.  Charity  \\,  119  By  furnishing  different 
articles  for  sale  at  Repositories.  1806  J.  BERESFORD 
Miseries  Hum.  Life  xxi.  rii,  Paying  dear  for  your  economy 
in  having  made  purchases  at  a  'Cheap  Repository'.  1831 
[YoUATi]  The  Horse  368  In  London,  and  in  most  great 
towns,  there  are  repositories  for  the  periodical  sale  of  horses 
by  auction.  Ibid.  369  The  principal  repositories  in  London. 
1848  THACKERAY  Vanity  Fair  1,  She  confides  the  card  to 
the  gentleman  of  the  Fine  Art  Repository. 

2.  fa.  A  place  where  souls  are  lodged.  Ohs. 
1638  FEATLY  .SVnV/.  Lyndom.  n.  58  In  St.  Austines  hidden 

repositories,  some  soules  have  ease,  and  some  paine.  1661 
H.  MOKE  Pkilos.  Writ.  Pref.  Gen.  (1712)  24  Whether  the 
Souls  be  ..  sent  from  God  out  of  some  hidden  Repository 
where  they  did  prae-exist.  1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  56  Fa 
There  is  a  Tradition  among  the  Americans,  that  one  of 
their  Countrymen  descended  in  a  Vision  to  the  great  Re 
pository  of  Souls. 

b.  A  place  in  which  a  dead  body  is  deposited ; 
a  vault  or  sepulchre. 

1663  WOOD  Life  June  (O.  H.  S.)  I.  476  Buried,  .at  the  high 
altar  in  a  vault  or  repository.  1697  POTTER  Antiq.  Greece 
n.  ii.  (1715)  196  Women  anointed  the  Balisters  of  the 
Churches,  and  the  Repositories  of  Martyrs.  1774  PENNANT 
Tour  Scotl.  in  1772,  180  In  the  middle  of  these  repositories 
was  placed  the  urn  filled  with  the  ashes  of  the  dead.  1807 
G.  CHALMERS  Caledonia  I.  in.  vii.  416  Lulach  was  buried. . 
in  lona,  the  accustomed  repository  of  the  Scotish  kings. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  305  The  ordering  of  the  re 
positories  of  the  dead. 

tc.    slang.    'A  lockup   or  spunging  house;  a 
gaol'  (Grose,  1785).  Qbs. 

3.  A  place  or  thing  within  which  something  im 
material  is  thought  of  as  deposited  or  contained. 

c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  Ep.  Ded.  Letters  can . .  be  as  authen 
tic  Registers,  and  safe  repositories  of  Truth  as  any  Story 
whatsoever.  1690  LOCKI-;  Hum.  Und.  H.  x.  g  a  This  laying  Up 
of  our  Ideas  in  the  Repository  of  the  Memory.  1711-3  POPE 
Guardian  No.  4  F  3,  I  have  found  unvalued  repositories  of 
learning  in  the  lining  of  bandboxes.  1788  REID  Aristotle's 
Log,  ii.  §  2.  30  A  division  is  a  repository  which  the  philo 
sopher  fraineii  for  holding  his  ware.  1806  J.  BERESFOKD 
Miseries  Hum.  Life  i.  Introd.,  What  are  Theatres  but 
licensed  repositories  for  ill-told  lies.  1864  BOWEN  Logic  i.  24 
Language  is  the  great  repository  of  thought. 

4.  A    part   or  place    in   which    something    is 
accumulated  or  exists  in  quantities. 

1672-3  GREW  Anat.  Roots  n.  §  28  So  that  the  pith  is  a 
Repository  of  better  aliment  gradually  supplied  to  those 
Sacciferous  Vessels.  1790  UMHREVILLE  Hudson's  Bay  53 
He  was  engaged  in.. determining  the  truth  of  a  copper- 
mine  being  up  the  country.  He  was  two  years  in  search  of 
this  valuable  repository.  1813  BAKEWELL  Introd.  Geol, 
(1815)  278  Beside  rake  veins  there  are  other  mineral  reposi 
tories,  called  flat  veins  or  flat  works,  and  pipe  veins.  1855 
J.R.  LmFCHiLDCV>-«<t>a// 2  Cornwall  is.  .an  immense  sub 
terranean  repository  of  copper  and  tin. 

5.  A  person  to  whom  some  matter  is  entrusted 
or  confided. 

1697  tr.  C'tess  D'Aunoy's  Trav.  (1706)  25  She  made  one  of 
her  Women,  in  whom  she  most  confided,  the  Repository  of 
this  Secret.  1773  MRS.  CHATONE  Imf>rov.  Mind  (1774)  I. 
182  Guard  against  being  made  the  repository  of  such  secrets. 
1810  SHELLEY  Zastrozzi  vi,  Make  me  the  repository  of  your 
sorrows  ;  I  would,  if  possible,  alleviate  them. 

Repository  (r/pjrzitori),  a.  [See  prec.  and 
-ORY  -.] 

f  1.  Serving  for  reposition.   Obs.  rare  —1. 

1688  BAXTER  Dying-  Thoughts  (1850)  144  If  the  bee  know 
.  .how  to  gather  her  honey  and  wax,  and  how  to  form  the 
repository  combs,  and  how  to  lay  it  up  [etc.]. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  replacing  heavy 
ordnance  in  position  after  dismounting  it. 

1876  VOYLE  £  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  133/2  Repository 
exercise,  the  mechanical  maiucuvres  with  heavy  guns. 
1890  Daily  News  21  Aug.  3/2  The  Liverpool  team. .which 
took  the  first  prize  in  the  A  shift  of  the  repository  competi 
tion,  /bid.,  The  Liverpool  detachment  make  a  point  of 
their  repository  work, 

t  ZtepO'Siture.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  med.L.  repo- 
situra  (Du  Cange)  :  see  REPOSIT  v.  and  -URE.] 
Reposition. 

1657  TOMLINSON  Renoifs  Di$p.  48g  Bottles . .  serving  for  the 
repositure  of  distilled  waters.  1661  MORGANS/I.  Gentry 
in.  viii.  81  Christians  abhorred  those  obsequies  of  burning, 
affecting  a  repositure  into  the  hands  of  God,  who  is  able  to 
raise  our  vile  bodies. 

t  Reposse'de,  v.  Obs.  Also  6  -seed.  [f.  RE- 
5  a  +  PUSSEDE  v.  Cf.  ¥.  repossgder  (i8th  c.  in 
Littre).]  trans.  To  repossess. 

1545  Lease  in  Madox  Formal.  Angl.  (1702)  152  It  shall  be 
lawfull . .  into  the  said  mesuages . .  to  reentre  and  the  same  to 
repossede.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy\n\.  iv.  283  Doe  yee  but., 
lay  claime  unto  that . .,  and  repossede  it  at  your  pleasure. 
1606  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xiv.  Ixxxv.  353  That  Scots  and 
Picts  their  owne,  as  earst,  should  amplie  reposseed.  [1616- 
23  in  BULLOKAR  and  COCKERAM.] 

Repossess  (r/~-)>  v.    [RE-  53:  cf.  prec.] 

1.  trans.  To  regain  or  recover  possession  of  (a 
place,  etc.) ;  to  reoccupy. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  \\.  clxiv.  158  After  whiche  peace 
concludyd,..the  Kynge  repossessyd  y*  sayd  cytie.  1555 
W.  WATREMAN  Fardle  Facions  Pref.  15  Desirous  to  re 
possess  that,  that  constrainedly  he  forsooke.  a  1586  SIDNEY 
Arcadia  (1622)  413  The  resolution  to  dye  had  repossessed 
his  place  in  her  minde.  1634  FORD  Perk.  Warbeck  i.  i, 
Nor  doth  the  house  of  York  decay  in  honours,  Though 
Lancaster  doth  repossess  his  right,  c  1670  HOBBES  Dial. 
Com.  Laws  (1681)  133  He  was  received  again  into  Grace, 
but  dyed  before  he  could  repossess  his  benefice.  1742 
YOUNG  Nt.  Tk.  ix.  101  Earth  repossesses  Part  of  what  she 
gave.  1782  W.  F.  MARTYN  Geoff.  Mag.  I.  34  They  affirm, 
that  as  soon  as  the  body  is  deposited  in  the  grave,  it  is  re- 


'    possessed  by  the  soul,    a  i8ai  KEATS  Hyperion  \.  123  Fierce 
to  repossess  A  heaven  he  lost  erewhile. 

2.  Sc.  To  restore  (one)  f/o,  replace  or  reinstate 
zw,  possession  of  something,    t  Also  without  const. 

1572-3  Reg,  Privy  Council  Scot.  II.  195  All  personis.  .dis- 
possest  of  houssis . .  salbe  presentlie  repossest  to  thair  houssis. 
J574  Ibid.  409  To  entir  and  reposses  Patrik  Bellenden..in 
all  and  sindry  [lands].  1585  Ibid.  IV.  34  He  sail  reposses 
Adam.. to  the  teindis.  a  1640  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Hist. 
y<ij.  fV^  Wks.  (1711)  67  Kings  should  repossess  kings 
i  wrongfully  put  from  their  own.  1814  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  in. 
ix,  They  proffer'd  aid.  .To  repossess  him  in  his  right.  1827 
— Napoleon  xlii,  His  son  should  repossess  him  in  the  crown. 

3.  To  put  (one)  in  possession  ^  something  again. 
1591  Acts  Privy  Council  (1900)  XXI.   126  [To]  see  the 

supplicant  repossessed  of  his  said  messuage,  goodes,  writings, 
[etc.]  1622  DONNE  Serin.  15  Sept.  12  They  did  scarce  know 
their  own  title,  and  yet  God  repossessed  them  of  it,  rein- 
uested  them  in  it.  1660  INGELO  Bentiv.  fy  Ur.  n.  (1682) 
166  We  will  endeavour  to  repossess  his  Son  of  his  Kingdom. 
1728  KENNKTT  Register  323  At  length  the  doctor  gets  him 
self  re-possessed  of  his  living. 

b.  refl.  To  regain  possession  0/"  something. 

1670  MILTON  Hist.  Eng.  Wks.  1851  V.  39  The  same  Wood, 
where  he  had  defeated  the  Britams;  who.. had  now  re 
possess  'dthemselvsof  that  place.  1748  Anson*s  Voy,  i.  v.  48 
The  Portuguese.. soon  repossessed  themselves  of  the  places 
the  Dutch  had  taken.  1795  HELSHAM  Mem.  Geo.  Ill,  II. 
242  \Vashington-.re-possessed  himself  of  his  former  strong 
position.  1861  GOSCHEN  For.  Exth.  127  When.. the  Ham 
burg  banker  wishes  to  repossess  himself  of  his  money. 

f  4.  To  invest  again  with  possession  of  some 
thing.  Obs. 

1601  J.   WHEELER  Treat.  Comm.   50  To  repossesse  the 
Hanses  with  their  old  antiquated,  and  obsolete  Priuiledges. 

1     1607  HIERON  Wks.  II.  261  It  is  Thou  only,  who  art  able  to 
I    repossesse  mee  with  this  iewell. 
Hence  Repossessing  vbl.  sb. 

1633  T.  STAFFORD  Pac.  Hib.  \.  xii.  (1821)  140  He  would 
become  an  humble  Suiter  to  the  Lord  Deputie  (in  his 
behalfe)  for  the  repossessing  thereof. 

Reposse-ssion  (r/-).     [RE-  5  a  :  cf.  prec.] 

1.   Recovery  ;  renewed  possession. 

1582-8  Hist.  James  VI  (Bann.)  211  They  had  the  money 
present  to  rander  to  the  King  and  his  e>taits  for  laughfufl 
restitution  and  repossessioun  [of  Orkney  and  Zetland]. 
1602  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  Epit.  (1612)  370  Egelred,  now  called 
out  of  Normandie  to  the  Repossession  of  his  Kingdome. 
1652  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Jottrn.  Wales  (1859)  34  Meredith 
.  .fought  for  repossession,  and  after  much  bloudshed,  lost 
his  labour.  1795  Lu.  GRESVILLE  in  En%.  Hist.  Rev.  Apr. 
(1903)  297  To  effect  for  him  the  repossession  of  the  territories 
of  which  he  has  been  divested.  1853  GROTE  Greece  n. 
Ixxxvi.  XI.  305  They  had  long  been  anxious  for  its  re 
possession,  and  had  even  besieged  it  five  years  before. 

f  2.  Restoration,  reinstatement.   Obs.  rare. 

1598  (title}  A  Briefe  Narration  of  the  possession,  dis 
possession  and  repossession  of  William  Sommers.  1643  R. 
I  BAILLIK  Lett.  $  Jrnls.  (1841)  II.  53  Upon  the  parties 
humble  penitence,  and  Mr.  Gilbert's  peaceable  repossession, 
we  resolved  [etc.]. 

Repo'st,  v.     Anglicized  form  of  RIPOST(E  z/. 

1730  H.  B[LACKWELL]  English  Fencing  Ma ster  34  If  your 
Thrust  should  be  parried  after  drawing  your  Left-Foot  after 
you,  it  is  impossible  you  should  recover  before  your  Adver- 
t    sary  reposts  you.     1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  Ii,  The  little 
\     woman  . .  parried  and  reposted  with  a  home-thrust.     1885 
EGERTON  CASTLE  Sclwols  of  Fence  138  As  the  fashion  in 
swords  became  lighter  and  shorter,  the  advantage  of  parry 
ing  first  and  reposting  afterwards  became  more  obvious. 
So  Kepo'st  sb. 

1861  CHAPMAN  Art  Fencing  i.  19  The  direct  return  thrust 
(Repost)  or  attack  after  the  parry,  .should  be  delivered 
with  the  greatest  rapidity.  1885  EGERTON  CASTLE  Schools 
of  Fence  138  The  parry  had  to  be  formed  in  such  a  way  as 
to  act  as  a  repost. 

t  Repo'sure.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  REPOSE  vt  + 
-UBE,  after  composure,  etc.]  Rest,  repose. 

1602  MARSTON  Ant.  %  Mel.  n.  Wks.  1856  I.  25  Seat  your 
thoughts  In  the  reposure  of  most  soft  content.     1605  [see 
REPOSAL  i.]     1614  W.  B.  Philosopher  s  Banquet  (ed.  2)29 
Wee  may  ease  our  bodies  with  rest  and  reposure. 

RepO't  (rf-),  v.  Also  re-.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  put  (plants)  into  fresh  pots.  Also  absol. 
Hence  Reporting  vbl.  sb. 

1845  Florist's  Jrnl.  83  In  repotting,  the  axis.. should  be 
raised  above  the  surrounding  soil.  1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr. 
Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  I.  315  After  the  leaves  have  attained 
their  growth,  .the  plants  should  be  re-potted.  1858  GLENNY 
Card.  Every-day  Bk.  86/2  Market  gardeners,  .disroot  their 
whole  stock,  and  re-pot  at  one  season.  1863  FONBLANQUE 
Tangled  Skein  II.  181  Superintending  the  repotting  of 
some  choice  plants. 

RepOU'rfz>.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To  pour  back. 

1609  HEVWOOD  Brit.  Troy  vii.  xlv,  150  Some  ply  the 
Pompe  and  ..  Sea  into  Sea  Repoure.  1610  R.  NICCOLS 
England's  Eliza  ccxlvi,  The  horrid  noise  amaz'd  the  silent 
night,  Repowring  downe  blacke  darknesse  from  the  skie. 

II  Repousse  (wpws*),  a.  (and  sb.}  [F.,  pa. 
pple.  of  repousser,  f.  re-  RE-  +  pousser :  see  PUSH 
z>.]  Of  metal  work  :  Raised  or  beaten  into  relief, 
ornamented  in  relief,  by  means  of  hammering 
from  the  back  or  reverse  side. 

1853  Rep.  Juries  Exhib.  1851,  512/2  A  candlestick  without 
branches,  .in  repousse  work.  1862  Catal.  Intemat.  Exhib. 
II.  xxxin.  5  Stem  and  base  of  silver  repousse  table.  Ibid. 
24/1  It  is  made  of  pure  gold,  repousse  throughout.  1876 
OUIDA  Winter  City  vii,  With  firelight  on  the  repousse  gold 
and  silver  work  of  her  loose  girdle. 

b.  ellipt.  as  sb.  Metal-work  of  this  kind ;  the 
process  of  hammering  into  relief. 

1875  I/re's  Diet.  Arts  (ed.  7).  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meck.t 
Snppl.  750/2. 


Repp,  variant  of  REP  a. 

Reppe,  variant  of  REPE,  to  touch.  Obs. 

Repped  (rept),  a.  rare.  [f.  RfipS  +  -ED2.]  Made 
like  rep  ;  having  a  surface  like  rep. 

1883  CasselCs  Fain.  Mag.  Oct.  696/2  Amazon  Soleil  is  a 
plain  coloured  stuff  which  is  repped.  1888  CROSS  &  BEVAN 
Paper-Making  171  By  passing  paper  between  rolls  on 
which  devices  have  been  cut,  the  'repped1  and  other 
papers  are  produced. 

fRe*pple.  Obs.~*  [Of  obscure  etym.]  ?A 
staff  or  cudgel.  (Cf.  Halliwell,  '  Repple,  a  long 
walking  staff  as  tall  or  taller  than  the  bearer.) 

a  1175  Cott.  How.  231  Gief  he  fend  were,  me  sceolden 
anon  eter  gat  gemete  mid  gode  repples  and  stiarne  swepen. 

Repplye,  obs.  form  of  REPLY  v. 

t  Repraise,  v.  Obs.    [RE-]    ?  To  dispraise. 

11450  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  227  Justice  ne  was  egaly 
execute,.. Right  was  repraysede  and  founde  for  no  repute, 

Repray  (rf-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  pray  again. 

1616  J.  LANE  Cant.  Syr.'s  T.  vin.  99  Eftsoones  repraienge 
for  ann  happie  end,  did  to  thallmighties  will  all  recommend. 
1891  C.  E.  NORTON  Dante's  Hell  xxvi.  142  Much  I  pray 
thee,  and  repray  that  the  prayer  avail  a  thousand. 

Biepreaxh.  (r/"-),  v.  [Re-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
preacn  again.  Hence  Reprea'ching  vbl.  sb. 

1681  COLVIL  Whigs  Supplic.  (1751)  4  Like  one  of  bishop 
Andrews'  sermons,  repreached  the  other  day  by  an  expectant 
in  his  episcopal  trial  for  the  ministry.  1812-29  COLERIDGE 
in  Lit.  Rem.  (1838)  III.  no  A  beautiful  paragraph,  well 
worth  extracting,  aye,  and  re-preaching.  1893  FINLAYSON 
Ess.  158  We  wish  to  repreach  Isaiah's  message. 

Repreci-pitate  (r/"-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  precipitate  (a  substance)  again. 

1842  PAKNELL  Chem.  Anal.  (1845)  293  It  is  soluble  in  cold 
acetic  and  dilute  nitric  acids,  and  is  reprecipitated  by  am 
monia.  x88z  Nature  XXIV.  470/1  Bone  earth  dissolved  in 
acid  is  reprecipitated  by  alkalies. 

Reprecipita'tiou  («").    [RE-  5  a :  cf.  prec.] 

The  action  of  precipitating,  or  fact  of  being  pre 
cipitated,  again. 

1869  MRS.  OLIPHANT  Hist.  Sk.  Geo.  II  (1879)  II.  373  The 
sudden  fall  and  rising  and  reprecipitation  into  the  abyss. 
1897  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  III.  176  Reprecipitation  of  the 
biurate  took  place  in  two  or  three  days. 

Repreef,  -preeve,  obs.  ff.  REPROOF,  REPROVE. 
Repreevable,  -prefable,  obs.  ff.  REPROVABLE. 
Repreever,  obs.  f.  REPROVER. 

Repreeve,  obs.  form  of  REPRIEVE. 

Repref(e,  -preff(e,  obs.  ff.  REPROOF,  REPROVE. 

Reprehend  (repr/he-nd),  v.  [ad.  L.  repre- 
henderet  f.  re-  RE-  +  prehencttre  to  seize :  cf. 
apprehend,  etc.  Hence  also  F.  reprendre.] 

1.  trans.  To  reprove,  reprimand,  rebuke,  cen 
sure,  find  fault  with  :  a.  a  person. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  cxxxiv.  15  He  scornys  be  ho- 
nurrers  of  mawmetis  and  reprehendis  }>aim.  c  1374  CHAUCER 
Troylus  \.  510  Thow  were  ay  wont  eche  louere  reprehende 
Of  bing  fro  which  fc»ow  kanst  ^>e  nought  defende.  c  1450  tr. 
De  Imitatione  \\.  vi.  46  Thou  shall  rest  swetly  if  J>yn  herte 
reprehende  J>e  not.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xix.  69  It  semeth 
that  thou  oughte  not  in  no  wyse  to  reprehende  me.  1530 
PALSGR.  687/1  He  reprehended  me  afore  al  the  company e. 
1578  T.  N.  tr.  Cong.  W.  India  367  Cortes  hearing  their  odious 
request  reprehended  them.  1601  F.  GODWIN  Bj>$.  of  Eitg. 
267  For  which  fact  he  was  bold  to  reprehend  his  hoiinesse 
slmrpely.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  ii.  xxii.  123  Yet  was  their 
Assembly  judged  Unlawful!,  and  the  Magistrate  repre 
hended  them  for  it.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  II. 
xxviii.  179,  I  severely  reprehend  him  on  this  occasion.  1828 
LANDOR  Imag.  Conv.,  Southey  $  Parson  ii,  If.  .1  am  unjust 
in  a  single  tittle,  reprehend  me  instantly.  1839  YEOWELL 
Anc.  Brit.  Ch.  ix.  (1847)  94  Theodoric. .,  having  been  repre 
hended  by  him,  became  his  enemy, 
b.  a  thing,  action,  conduct,  etc. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  x\\\.  5  pof  men  kan  fynd  noght 
to  reprehend,  god  kan.  ^1375  in  AW.  Ant.  I.  39  He  that 
bysyeth  hym  to  lyve  piteuosly,  he  wurchipet  God  and  holy 
writ,  and  reprehendet  no  thing  that  he  undurstondet  not. 
c  1380  WYCLIF  Set.  Wks.  II.  201  Whanne  a  man  leevij?  to 
reprehende  an  opyn  synne.  c  1475  Babees  Bk.  29  Therfore 
I  pray  that  no  man  Reprehende  This  lytyl  Hook,  a  1529 
SKELTON  Agst.  Garnesche  Hi.  16  Lewdely  your  tyme  ye 
spende,  My  lyuyng  to  reprehende.  1567  Trial  Treas. 
(1850)7  It  is  an  harde  thing..  For  a  foolishe  man  to  haiie  his 
maners  reprehended.  1612  T.  TAYLOR  Comm.  Titus  ii.  6 
This  doctrine  reprehendeth  a  common  error  in  the  world. 
1657  TRAPP  Comm.  *}ob\.  9  It  is  extreme  folly  to  reprehend 
what  we  cannot  comprehend.  1708  J.  PHILIPS  Cyder  i.  78, 
I  nor  advise,  nor  reprehend  the  Choice.  1790  BURKE  Ft: 
Rev.  203,  I  had.. much  to  reprehend,  and  much  to  wish 
changed,  in  many  of  the  old  tenures.  1849  THACKERAY 
Pendennis  Ixii,  I.. most  strongly  reprehend  any  man's  de 
parture  from  his  word.  1876  £.  MELLOR  Priestk.  vii.  313 
With  a  haste  and  recklessness  which  cannot  be  too  severely 
reprehended. 

C-  absol. 

1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  v.  i.  436  Gentles,  doe  not  reprehend. 
If  you  pardon,  we  will  mend.  1846  TRENCH  Mirac.  xxx. 
(1862)  433  The  very  same  who  at  the  first  reprehended,  will 
in  the  end  applaud. 

1 2.  To  refute,  prove  to  be  fallacious.  Obs.  rare. 
1597  BACON  Coulers  Goodfy  Evill  §  3  But  that  denieth  the 

supposition,  it  doth  not  reprehend  the  fallax.  Ibid.  §  5  This 
coulour  will  bee  reprehended  or  incountred  by  imputing  to 
all  excellencie  in  compositions  a  kind  of  pouertie. 

1 3.  Sc.  To  take  (one)  in  wrong  doing.   Obs.~^ 
1538   Aberdeen   Regr.   (1844)    I.    156   It   selbe   lesum   to 

quhatsumever  nychtbour  that  reprehendis  the  layaris  of  the 
said  fulze  to  tak  the  veschell..quhill  thai  be  punyst. 
^1  4.   Misused  by  ignorant  speakers   for  '  repre 
sent  '  and  '  apprehend.' 


REPREHENDABLE. 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  \.  i.  184  Constable,  I  my  selfe  re 
prehend  his  owne  person,  for  I  am  his  graces  Tharborough. 
17x4  GAY  What  d^yecall  it  n.  vii,  Constable,  Friends,  repre 
hend  him,  reprehend  him  there.  [They  seize  the  Sergeant.] 

Hence  Reprehe'nding  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

«57p  FOXE  A.  %  M.  (ed.  2)  68/2  The  cause  of  whose 
martirdome  was  the  reprehending  of  Idolatrie.  1611  RICH 
Honest.  Age  Epil.  (1844)  68  Such  a  kinde  of  subject,  as  is. . 
fitting  to  be  roughly  rubbed  with  a  reprehending  veritie. 
1663  GERDIER  Counsel  60  To  shun  reprehending  of  Master 
workmen  openly. 

Beprehe-ndable,  a.  rare.  [a.  obs.  F.  repre- 
hendable  (Godef.),  or  f.  prec.  t-  -ABLE  :  cf.  irre- 
prehendable  (i 597).]  Reprehensible. 

41340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xl.  6  If  J>ai  myght  fynd  any 
thynge  in  vs  reprehendabile,  1627-77  FELTHAM  Resolves 
n.  liv.  271  They  were  reprehendable. 

Reprehe'ndatory,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  REPRE 
HEND,  after  commendatory]  Conveying  reproof. 

1853  Taifs  Mag.  XX.  608  She  had  given  too  much  occa 
sion  for  these  reprehendatory  remarks. 

Reprehe*nder.  Also  6  -our,  -or.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -ER1.]  One  who  reprehends  or  censures. 

1555  W.  WATREMAN  Fardle  Fucions  Pref.  20  Let  it  not 
moue  the, . .  if  any  cankered  reprehendour  of  other  men.s 
doynges  shal  saie  vnto  the  [etc.].  1585  PARSONS  Ckr. 
Exerc.  n.  vi.  370  Therefore  fell  they  in  line,  to  persecute 
sharply  their  reprehendors.  1387  FRAUNCE  Aniyntas  Ep. 
Ded.,  Now  for  the  second  sort  of  reprehenders . .  mine  answere 
is  at  hand,  1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Excmp,  r.  Sect.  viii.  114 
He  was  a  severe  reprehender  of  the  Pharisees  and  Sad- 
ducees.  1678  R.  L'ESTRANGE  Seneca's  A/or.  To  Rdr., 
Seneca;  the  most  lively  Describer  of  Publick  Vices.. and 
the  smartest  Reprehender  of  them. 

Reprehensible  (repr/"he'nsib'l),  a.  [ad.  late 
L.  reprehensibiliS)  f.  reprehens-,  ppl.  stem  of  re- 
prehendtre  to  REPREHEND  :  see  -IDLE.  Cf.  F.  rg- 
prthensible  (1314).]  Deserving  of  reprehension, 
censure,  or  rebuke ;  reprovable ;  blameworthy. 

1382  WYCLIF  Gal.  ii.  u,  I  stood  ajens  hym  in  to  the  face, 
for  he  was  reprehensyble  [v.r.  repreuable].  1570  FOXE 
Af.  <§•  M.  (ed.2)  183/2  Whereby  it  is  to  be  gathered, that  the 
bishop  and  deacon  are  noted  infamous  and  reprehensible. 
1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  i.  xx.  (Arb.)  58  In  a  meane 
man  prod igali tie  and  pride  are  faultes  more  reprehensible 
then  in  Princes.  1651  HOBBES  Govt.  #  Sac.  i.  §  7.  10  It  is 
therefore  neither  absurd,  nor  reprehensible,  .for  a  man  to 
use  all  his  endeavours  to.,  defend  his  Body.  i665Gi.ANvn.r, 
Def.  Van,  Dogm.  6  To  keep  such  voluminous  ado  about 
acknowledg'd  uncertainties,  is  a  very  reprehensible  vanity. 
1777  SHERIDAN  Sch.  Scand.  HI.  ii,  In  my  mind,  the  other's 
economy  in  selling  it  to  him  was  more  reprehensible  by 
half.  1831  LAMB  Elia  n.  Ellistonia,  The  fault  is  least 
reprehensible  in  players.  1844  LD.  BROUGHAM  Brit.  Const. 
viii.  (1862)  104  There  is  even  an  irregular,  unconstitutional, 
and  reprehensible  act  done. 

Hence  Reprehe'nsibleness  (Bailey  vol.  II, 
1727) ;  Reprehe:nsibi-lity  (Cent.  Diet.  1891). 

Reprehe'nsibly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.]  in 
a  reprehensible  manner  or  degree. 

1637  GILLESPIE  Eng.  Pop.  Cerent,  n.  vii.  27  They  who 
contend.. reprehensibly.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iv.  I. 
502  Even  those  laws. .were  in  his  judgment  reprehensibly 
lenient.  1885  Truth  n  June  932/1  It  was  reprehensibly 
foolish  and  reckless. 

Reprehension  (reprrhe-njan).  Also  4  -cion, 
6  -syon,  7  -tion.  [ad.  L.  reprehension-em ,  n.  of 
action  f.  reprehende're.  Cf.F.rtyrt*/ienston(i2t\ic.}.~\ 

1.  The  action  of  reprehending  ;  censure,  reproof, 
rebuke,  reprimand. 

£1374  CHAUCER  Troytus  i.  684  Myn  entenciown  Nys 
nought  to  yow  of  reprehencion  To  speke  as  now.  £1477 
CAXTON  Jason  25  Men  preyse  and  alowe  moche  the  fayr 
Myrro— but  I  trowe..she  shold  be  fonden  somwhat  of 
Reprehension.  1542  BOORDE  Dyetary  xxxvii.  (1870)  299 
Vse  few  wordes  to  them,  excepte  it  be  for  reprehensyon  or 
gentyll  reformacyon.  a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  i.  (1605)  49 
To  a  heart  fully  resolute,  counsell  is  tedious,  but  repre 
hension  is  lothsome.  1612  BRINSLEY  Lud.  Lit.  xv.  (1627)  200 
To  use  sharpe  reprehension  or  correction  for  that  careless- 
nesse.  1678  R.  L'ESTRANGE  Seneca's Mor. ,  Lift,  Exhorting 
them.. sometimes  by  Good  Counsel,  otherwhile  by  Repre 
hension.  1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  67  P  12  That  when  they 
will  not  take  private  Reprehension,  they  may  be  tried 
further  by  a  publick  one.  1777  BURKE  Corr.  (1844)  II.  194 
If  they  are  corrupt,  they  merit.. blame  and  reprehension. 
1801  STRUTT  Shorts  fy  Past.  Introd.  41  The  evil  conse 
quences  ..  have  in  all  ages  called  loudly  for  reprehension. 
1868  E.  EDWARDS  Ralegh  I.  xxi.  464  The  Dean.. had  used 
strong  language  in  reprehension  of  the  Prebendary's  ac 
ceptance.  1885  Truth  28  May  836/1  Such  profligate 
extravagance  is  deserving  of  severe  reprehension. 
b.  With  a  and//.  An  instance  of  this. 

1574  WHITGIFT  Def.  Answ.  ii.  Wks.  1851  I.  201  What 
church-discipline  would  you  have  other  than  admonitions, 
reprehensions,  and.  .excommunications?  1589  PUTTENHAM 
Eng.  Poesie  i.  xvi.  (Arb.)  50  To  th'intent  that  such  exem 
plifying,  .might  worke  for  a  secret  reprehension  to  others. 
1608  WILLET  Hexapla  Exod.  192  He  tneth  her  with  sharpe 
reprehensions,  ifoi  FLAVEL  Fount.  Life  xxii.  66  He  finds 
them  asleep,  which  occasioned  that  gentle  Reprehension 
from  him.  a  1704  T.  BROWN  Eng.  Sat.  Wks.  1730  I.  29  His 
writings  contam'd  as  severe  reprehensions  as  any  others. 
'784  COWPER  Tiroc.  656  An  evidence  and  reprehension 
both  Of  the  mere  schoolboy's  lean  and  tardy  growth. 

j2.  Refutation  ;  proof  of  fallacy.  Obs. 
^  1531  ELYOT  Gov.  i.  xiv,  Certayne  partes  of  an  oration,  that 
is  to  say  for  Narrations,  Partitions,  Confirmations  and  Con 
futations,  named  of  some  Reprehensions.  1597  BACON 
Confers  Good  ^  Evill  §  5  It  is  not  so  properly  a  case  or 
reprehension  as  it  is  a  counter  couler.  Ibid.  §  7  An  other 
reprehension  is,  that  things  of  greatnes  and  predominance 
[etc.].  1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  347  Secondly,  the 
solution,  or  reprehension  thereof. 


479 

!     Reprehensive  (reprrhe-nsiv;,  a.    [f.  REPBE- 

I  HEND  v.  ;  cf.  comprehensive. ',  etc.,  and  obs.  F.  re~ 
prehensif,  -ive  (Godef.).]  Of  the  nature  of  repre 
hension  ;  containing  reproof.  Now  rare. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  i.  xiii.  (Arb.)  46  The  said 
auncient  Poets  vsed  for  that  purpose,  three  kinds  of  poems 
reprehensiue.  159*  Nobody  fy  Sotncb.  in  Simpson  Sch. 
Shaks.  (1878)  I.  299  What  I  did  speake  in  reprehensive  sort. 
1609  Bp.W.  HARLOW  Answ.  Nameless  Cath.  22  He  answereth 
by  an  Interrogation,  such  as  the  Rhetoricians  call. .a  ques 
tion  reprehensiue.  1671  WOODHEAD  St.  Teresa  i.  Pref.  4 
Words  consolatory,  Instructive,  Reprehensive.  1748  RICH 
ARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  III.  xl.  231,  I  give  you  sincere 
thanks  for  every  line  of  your  reprehensive  letters.  1825 
CULBKRTSON  Led.  Revel.  .\ii.  160  The  body  of  this  epistle 
consists  of  two  parts  ;  one  of  which  is  commendatory,  and 
the  other  reprehensive.  1845  A.  DUNCAN  Disc.  159  The 
benignity  of  the  Deity  became  a  reprehensive  witness,  re 
proving  and  condemning  their  errors. 

Hence  Reprehe'nsively  adv. 

1631  CeL-stina  Ep.  Ded.  Aiij  b,  Sithence  it  is  written  re- 
prehensively,  and  not  instructively.  1678  CUDWORTH  Intell. 
Syst.  i.  iv.  236Xenophanes..reprehensiveIy  admonished  the 
Egyptians  after  this  manner. 

Reprehensory  (repr/he'nsari),  a.  [See  prec. 
and  -DRY.]  Reprehensive.  Now  rare. 

1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  i.  (1625)  21  Commenclatorie, 
Monitorie  or  Reprehensorie.  a  1614  P.  LILIE  Ttvo  Serin. 
(1619)  56  The  words,  then,  of  the  angeH  were  not  onely 
reprehensory  but  consolatory.  1652  UKQUHART  Jeivcl  Wks. 
(1834)  272  If  by  mischance,  .their  forwardness  in  solicitation 
procure  a  reprehensory  check.  1780  JOHNSON  Let.  21  Aug., 
There  is  no  reason  for  making  any  reprehensory  complaint. 
1825  CuLBERTSON  Lect.  Revel,  xix.  249  The  evils  specified 
in  the  reprehensory  part  of  this  epistle. 

Repreif,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REPROOF,  REPROVE. 

t  Repre*me,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  repri- 
nitre:  for  the  phonology  cf.  exeme,  redeem.]  trans. 
To  repress. 

J549  Compl.  Scot.  xvii.  154  To  repreme  and  distroye  the 
arrogant  consait  of  them  that  glorifeis  &  pridis  them. 
a  1586  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxxvii.  23  Sa  gude  Renoun, 
quhilk  raillaris  rage  repremis,  Advansis  moir,  be  moir 
Invyaris  wex  it. 

tRepremia'tion.   Obs.  rare-0.     (See  q  not.) 

x6ix  COTCR.,  Reprfmiation,  a  repremtation,  a  rewarding. 

Repreofing,  obs.  form  of  REPROVING. 

Repreove,  obs.  form  of  REPROVE. 

t  Represent,  sb.  Obs.  [f.  the  vb.]  A  repre 
sentation  ;  an  image. 

c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  98  Whenne  bat 
vche  a  wyt  hauys  in  hym  [the  brain]  his  represent.  1615 
G.  SANDYS  Trar.  82  Their  Churches  are  many  of  them  well 
set  forth  and  painted  with  the  represents  of  Saints.  1635 
F.  WHITE  Sabbath  163  Resting  from  servile  labour,  upon 
the  old  Sabbath  day,  was  a  figure  and  represent  of  spiiituall 
ceasing  and  abstaining  from  the  servile  workes  of  sin. 

Represent  (repr/ze-nt),  v.  Also  6-7  as  pa. 
ppte.  [ad.  OF.  reprtsenter  (i2th  c.)  or  L.  reprw- 
sentare^  f.  re-  RE-  +  prxsentare  to  PRESENT.] 

f  1.  trans,  a.  To  bring  into  presence ;  esp.  to 
present  (oneself  or  another)  to  or  before  a  person. 

c  1380  WVCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  47  So  bat  he  may  not  be 
delyuerid  of  his  bond  til  he  represente  hym  in  his  owen 
persone  in  he  hondis  of  his  mynystre,  and  be  }>e  mynystie 
nolden  sadly  ..  til  |>at  he  represente  hym  to  be  cardynal 
hostiense.  1413  Pilgr.  Soiule  (Caxton)  i.  ii.  (1859)8  Repre 
sented  your  self  smartely  to  this  jugement,  by  ordre,  as  ye 
shal  be  clepyd.  ^1450  LOVELICH  Grail  lii.  500  He  is  a 
manne  that  ^ow  Alle  hath  taken  As  presoneres,  And  to  Me 
Represented  now  here.  150*  Ord.  Cryste,t  A/en  (W.  de  W. 
1506)  iv.  xxix.  340  She  [the  soul],  .leueth  her  body  and  her 
representeth  unto  hym  unto  his  blessyd  pleasure.  1585 
T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  iv.  i.  114  In  the  day 
1  time  they  did  represent  themselues  before  the  Gouernours. 
1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  E.remp.  Disc.  xii.  §  7  We  are  taught 
to  pray  not  that  it  be  all  at  once  represented  or  deposited, 
but  that  God  would  minister  it  as  we  need  it. 

fb-  To  bring  (one)  to  some  privilege  or  state. 

1435  MISYN  Fire  of  Love  7  O  lufly  lufe  euerlastynge,  bat 
vs  rayses  fro  bies  lawe  binges,  &  ..  to  be  sight  of  godis 
maiestee  vs  representys.  f  1450  LOVELICH  Grail  Iv.  28 
Good  Besynesse . .  schal  kepen  ;oure  body  from  Alle  torment, 
and  to  Endeles  blysse  ;ow  Represent. 

t  C.  To  render  (service) ;  to  present  (a  thing)  to 
a  person.  Obs.  rare. 

c  14*5  WYNTOUN  Cron.  v.  Prol.  46  pir  ar  J>e  twa  gret 
Hchtis  . .  bat  oyssis  for  to  represent  And  to  mynystir  bar 
serwice  1  yme  be  tyme.  1560  ROLLAND  Crt.  Venus  iv.  129 
Thisbe.  .kneilland  vpon  hir  kne,  To  Khamnusia  the  missiue 
represent  Fra  the  Assise.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  493 
The  Thurines  honoured  the  said  /Elius  with  a  statue  of 
brasse,  and  represented  to  him  a  coromt  of  gold, 
fd.  To  produce,  give  forth.  Obs.  rare~\ 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  2  That  as  the  Heauen  moueth,  it 
doth  represent  indeed  a  pleasant  and  incredible  sweet 
harmonic  both  day  and  night. 

2.  To  bring  clearly  and  distinctly  before  the 
mind,  esp.  (to  another)  by  description  or  (to  one 
self)  by  an  act  of  imagination. 

1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  i.  18  Aulde  storys  that  men  redys, 

Representis  to  thaim  the  dedys  Of  stalwart  folk  that  lywyt 

ar.     ci39»  CHAUCER  Compl.  Venus  58  Whanne  I  me  weel 

avyse  On  any  estate  fat  man  may  represent  pane  haue  yee 

maked  me.. Cheese  f?e  best.      1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay 

I    xxvii.  (1592)   433  The   Dreame    representeth  vs  the  stone 

]     hewen  without  hand.     1605  BACON-  Ativ,  Learn.  \.  To  King 

|    §  2  Wherefore,  representing  your  Majesty  many  times  unto 

:    my  mind,..  I  have  been.. possessed  with  an  extreme  wonder 

i    at  those  your  virtues.      1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  18 

|    The  other. .studieth  also  to  expresse  things  prefigured  only 

=    and  represented  by  the  phantasie.    1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  104 


REPRESENT. 

1  Of  all  external  things,  Which  the  five  watchful  Senses  re 
present,  She  forms  Imaginations,  a  1708  LSEVERIDGE  Thes. 
T/teol.  (.1710)  I.  261  Why  is  God  said  to  have  a  head  and 
hands?  To  represent  Him  the  better  to  our  capacities. 
1794  PALEY  Evid.  n.  ii.  (1817)  58  The  happiness  of  the  good 
and  the  misery  of  the  bad . .  U  represented  by  metaphors  and 
comparisons.  1856  DOVE  Logic  Ckr.  Fait/i  Introd.  4  Man 
may  have  knowledge  which  he  cannot  represent  to  his 
formal  reason.  1879  CasselCs  Techn.  Ednc.  IV.  95/1  It 
remains,  therefore,  to  complete  the  work  by  representing 
the  character  of  the  country. 
absol.  1692  NORRIS  Curs.  Rcjl.  27  Our  Ideas  . .  are  ini- 

;    material  as  to  their  Representation,  that  is,  they  represent 
after  an  immaterial  manner. 

b.  To  place  (a  fact)  clearly  before  another ;  to 
state  or  point  out  explicitly  or  seriously  to  one, 
with   a    view   to    influencing   action   or   conduct, 
freq.  by  way  of  expostulation  or  remonstrance. 

1582  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  Castanhedas  Cong.  E.  Ind.  \.  Ixvi. 
135  There  was  represent  unto  him  the  great  danger  which 
he  feared  might  happen  unto  him.  1647  CLARENDON  J/ist. 
Keb.  i.  g  112  The  condition  of  his  Son.. was  argument  of 
great  compassion,  and  was  lively  and  successfully  repre 
sented  to  the  King  himself.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenofs 
Trav.  i.  78  They  went. .to  the  Kiaya  Bey,  and  having 
represented  to  him  how  long  they  had  served  [etc.].  1740 
LD.  CAKTERErin  Johnsorfs  Di-bates  (1787)  I.  119  To  obviat*.- 
those  dangers  from  the  army  which  have  been  so  strongly 
and  justly  represented.  1794  CHAULOTTE  SMITH  II 'and. 
Warwick  148  He  represented  to  me,  that. .it  would  be  un 
worthy  of  me  to  assail  him  with  words  of  reproach.  1829 
LYTTON  Devereux  \.  ii,  I  have  just  represented  to  my  good 
brother  the  necessity  of  sending  my  sons  to  school.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  En$.  vi.  II.  63  It  would  have  been  useless 
to  represent  these  things  to  James.  1864  D.  G.  MITCHELL 
Sfv.  Star.  79,  1  represented  my  official  character  to  tlu- 
doorkeeper. 

c.  absol.  To  make  representations  or  objections 
against  something  ;  to  protest.     Now  rare. 

1717  lioLiNGBROKE  Let.  to  H-'ind/iam  (1889)  23  When  the 

Que,en  seemed  to  intend  a  change  in  her  ministry,  they  had 

deputed  some  of  their  members   to  represent  against   it. 

1782  R.  CUMBERLAND  Anted.  Painters  II.  81  The  Chapter 

i     objected  to  his  nomination,  and  deputed  two  of  their  body 

to  represent  to  Philip  against  the  person  of  Cano.     1861 

LD.  BROUGHAM  Krit.  Const,  xvi.  248  He.  .prosecuted  seven 

:     Prelates  for  representing  against  his  Declaration  appointed 

i     to  be  read  in  all  Churches. 

3.   To  describe  as  having  a  specified  character  or 
i    quality;  to  give  out,  assert,  or  declare  to  be  of 
a  certain  kind.     Const,  as,  (t/0>',)  to  be^  and  with 
simple  complement. 

1513  DOUGLAS  JEnets  vn.  ii.  53   Picus  the  king,  quhilk 
dois  the  represent,  Saturnus,  for  his  fader  and  parent.    1612 
,     E.  GRIMSTOSE  Hcroyk  Life  \.  68  Hee  did  represent  it  easie, 
1     safe,  and  commodious.     1663  J.  STENCER  Prodigies  I'ref. 
A  iv  b,  Gregory  the  Gieat  (represented  to  Posterity  as  one 
most  studious  of  the  propagation  of  the  Christian  Religion). 
1685  WOOD  Life  2  May  (O.  H.  S.)  III.  142  Radcliff  repre- 
1     sented  him  to  be  a  turbulent  man.      1714  POPE  Lett.  (1735) 
,     I.  210  May  they  represent  me  what  they  will,  as  long  as  you 
j     think  me  what  I  am.     1764  HARMEK  Ohserr.  i.  xviii.  43  The 
trees  are  represented,  .as  but  just  grown  green  at  Jerusalem 
•     in  March.     1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ix.  II,  444  Sunder- 
land   they  represented  as  the  chief  conspirator.      1874  L. 
STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library  (1892)  I,  vi.  229  Society  is  not 
,     what  lialzac  represents  it  to  be. 

refl.    1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  I.  n.  ii.  107  The  first 
,     legislator  of  the  Hindus,. appears  to  have  represented  him 
self  as  the  republisher  of  the  will  of  God. 
b.  To  give  out,  allege  that^  etc. 
1883  [cf.  Represented  ppl.  adj.  below].     1891  BARBER  in 
!     Law  '1  hues  XC.  395/1  The  defendant  did  represent  that  the 
cow  was. .sound,  when  he  knew  it  was  not  so. 
4.  To  show,  exhibit,  or  display  lo  the  eye ;  to 
!    make  visible  or  manifest;    t  to  display  in  one's 
bearing  or  air.     Now  rare. 

c  1400  Rom.  Rose  7402  Of  her  estat  she  her  repented,  As 
her  \isage  represented.     1514  BARCLAY  Cyt.  %  Uplondyshtn. 
\     (Percy  Soc.)  32  It  is  in  power  of  God  omnypotent,  His  very 
i     presence  to  us  to  represent.     1567  MAPLET  Cr.  Forest  n 
I     Iris,  .being,  .stricken  of  the  Sunne  his  beames,  doth  repre 
sent  and  shewe  both  the  figure  and  colours  of  the  Rainebow 
j     vpon   the  wall   next    to    it.      a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottle) 
I     Chrcn.Stot.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  25  He  thocht  him  selff ..  fiie  fra 
the  injuries  of  all  enemyis  gif  he  representit  the  samyn 
arrogance  that  his  father  did  wsse  of  befoir.     1660  R.  COKE 
'Justice  yind..  Arts  fy  Sc.  2  Neither  a  right  line  nor  a  point 
can  be  truly  represented  to  the  sense  according  to  the  truth 
of  them.     1707  Curios.  Hitsb.  fy  Card.  38  The  Root  of  Fern 
cut  obliquely,  represents  an  Eagle.     1781  COWPER  Hope  74 
Hut  still  the  imputed   tints  are  those  alone  The  medium 
represents,  and  not  their  own, 

b.  spec.  To  exhibit  by  means  of  painting,  sculp 
ture,  etc. ;  to  portray,  depict,  delineate. 

c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  x.  38  >it  es  bare  paynting,  whare 
in  be  grete  dole  f>at  J>ai  made  es  representid  and  purtraid. 
a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  I.  11605)  9  The  Painter  me_aning  to 
represent  the  present  condition  of  the  young  ladle.     1661 
FELTHAM  Lusoria  in  Resolves^  etc  (1696)  73  They  for 
bad  the  Holy  Ghosts   being  represented  in  the  form  of  a 
I    Dove.     1663  GFRBIER  Counsel  14  Pilasters,  through  whose 
j    bodies  Lions  are  represented  to  creep.      Ibid.  16  To  direct 
I    the    Sculptors    how    to    Represent    those    Images.       1766 
'    GOLDSM.  Vic.  IY*.  xvi,  My  wife  desired  to  be  represented  as 
Venus.      1821  CRAIG  Lect.  Draining  viii.  422  The  subjects 
for  these  purposes  should  always  be  represented  as  if  placed 
at  a  considerable  degree  of  elevation.      1843  RASKIN  Mod. 
Paint,  I.  1. 1.  ii.  §  2  What  is  commonly  considered  the  whole 
art  of  painting,  that  is,  the  art  of  representing  any  natural 
object  faithfully. 

o.  Of  pictures,  images,  etc. :  To  exhibit  by  arti 
ficial  resemblance  or  delineation. 

c  1420  LYDC.  Assembly  of  Gods  1913  The  thryd  wall . .  the 
Tyme  representeth  of  Heuocacion.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in. 
iit.  29  With  thee  yet  shall  he  leave.. his  ymage  dead,  That 


REPRESENT. 

living  him  in  all  activity  To  thee  shall  represent.  1687 
A.  LOVELL  tr.  TlicrenOt's  Trar.  94  There  is  one  over  the 
Gate,  representing  in  has  relief  our  Saviour's  riding  into 
Jerusalem  upon  the  Ass.  1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  26  p  5  The 
Monuments  of  their  Admirals  . .  represent  them  like  them 
selves.  1861  M.  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  45  Two  allegorical 
pieces  l>y  . .  Holbein,  representing  the  Triumph  of  Riches 
and  the  Triumph  of  Poverty  respectively.  1873  BLACK  Pr. 
Tlmle  iii,  The  four  walls  were . .  covered  Ly  a  paper  of  foreign 
manufacture,  representing  spacious  Tyrolese  landscapes, 
and  incidents  of  the  chase. 

5.  To  exhibit  or  reproduce  in  action  or  snow  ; 
to  perform  or  produce  (a  play,  etc.)  upon  the  stage. 

c  1460  Play  Sacram.  \a  And  yt  lyke  yow  to  here  y»  purpoos 
of  y"  play  that  [ys]  representyd  now  in  yower  syght.  1589 
PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Pocsic  i.  xv.  (Arb.)  49  These  matters  were 
also.. represented  by  action  as  that  of  the  Comedies.  1615 
BRA.THWAIT  Straffado  (1878)  161  Saint  Bartlemews,  where 
all  the  Pagents  showne,  And  all  those  acts  from  Adam  vnto 
Noe  Vs'd  to  be  represent.  1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Roccahm  s 
Advls.fr.  t'aruass.  n.  xcvii.  (1674)  250  Such  like  Spectacles 
..did  but  little  honour  to  those  that  caused  them  to  be 
represented.  1745  P.  THOMAS  Jrnl.  Alison's  lray.  203  In 
China  we  may. .represent  Comedies,  and  dance  Halls  in  a 
Lanthorn.  1774  WARTON  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry  (1775)  I.  233 
In  what  manner,  if  ever,  this  piece  was  represented 
theatrically,  cannot  easily  be  discovered,  a  i8za  SHELLEY 
Faint  IT.  408  Quite  a  new  piece,  the  last  of  seven,  for  'tis 
The  custom  now  to  represent  that  number.  1891  Lam 
Timts  Kef.  LXIII.  763/1  Any  person  had  a  right  to 
dramatise  the  novel  and  to  represent  the  drama. 

b.  To  exhibit  or  personate  ^a  character)  on  the 


480 

to  replace  (esp.  another  animal  or  plant  in  a  given 
region). 

1855  SMITH  &  DALLAS  Syst.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  432  The  Llamas, 
which  represent  the  Camels  in  the  New  World.  1879  HAK- 
LAN  Fvesteht  iii.  14  In  the  eye,  the  sides  of  the  box  are  repre- 

r .       *.  i  .  •  _««_  T^ I_     £• 7      f...'^     V  IV 


a  play.  1711  STEELE  Sfftt.  No.  48  P  5  Persons  who  repre 
sent  Heroes  in  a  Tragedy.  1752  BATHURST  Adventurer  No. 
3  P  8  Amazons,  to  represent  whom  I  have  hired  all  the 
wonderful  tall  men  and  women,  .in  this  town.  1824  SCOTT 
St.  Ronan's  \\,  Oberon,  the  King  of  Shadows,  whose  sover 
eign  gravity  . .  was  somewhat  indifferently  represented  by 
the  silly  gaiety  of  Miss  in  her  Teens.  1888  SHORTHOUH 
Countess  Eve  i,  He  so  entirely  associated  himself  with  the 
characters  he  represented  on  the  stage,  that  he  lost  himself 
in  them. 

c.  inlr.  To  appear  on  the  stage;  to  act,  perform. 

a  1547  SURREY  SEneid  iv.  622  Like  Orestes  Ag_amemnons 
son  In  tragedies  who  represented  [t'.r.-eth]  aye  Driuen  about. 
1766  Char,  in  Ann.  Reg.  7/1,  I  gave  him  a  taste  for.. the 
1  petits  operas  '  in  which  I  sung  and  represented  myself. 

6.  To  symbolize,  to  serve  as  a  visible  or  con 
crete  embodiment  of  (some  quality,  fact,  or  other 
abstract  concept),  t  Also  intr. ,  const,  unto. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  III.  462  Ymagis  bat  represent™ 
pompe  and  glorie  of  !>o  worlde.  a  1483  Liber  Niger  in 
JfoiiSi-h.Ord.  (1790)  56  The  Steward  and  Thesaurer  in  hys 
absence,  within  thisCourte,  represents  unto  the  estate  of  an 
Erie.  1508  DUNBAR  Poems  vii.  71  The  sueird  of  conquis.. 
Be  home  suld  highe  before  the  in  presence,  To  represent  sic 
man  as  thou  has  beyn.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidnne's  Comm.  25 
An  Appell  of  Golde,  representynge  the  shape  of  the  rounde 
worlde.  1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  89  Although  the 
Dutchesse  may  represent  the  degree  of  her  Father,.. it  were 
impossible  she  shoulde  represent  thequalitieofa  male.  1663 
BUTLER  Hud.  I.  i.  240.  This  hairy  meteor..  With  grisly  type 
did  represent  Declining  age  of  government.  1788  GIBBON 
Decl.  ff  F.  xlix.  V.  121  The  patriciate  represented  only  the 
title,  the  service,  the  alliance,  of  these  distant  protectors. 
1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ii.  I.  199  No  sovereign  has  ever 


real  or  personal.  1894  J.  T.  FOWLER  Adamnan  Introd.  53 
Thus  the  two  Fmnians  represented  Welsh  and  North 
British  traditions  respectively. 

b.   Of  quantities  :  To  indicate  or  imply  (another 
quantity). 

1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  i.  xxii.  151,  I  knew  the  immense 
amount  of  mechanical  force  represented  by  four  ounces  of 
bread  and  ham.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  45  An  inch  of  rain 
represents  about  100  tons  of  water  to  the  acre. 

7.  Of  things  :  To  stand  for  or  in  place  of  (a 
person  or  thing) ;  to  be  the  figure  or  image  of 
(something).  Also,  with  personal  subj.,  to  denote 
by  a  substitute. 

ci430  Art  Nombryng  5  That  vnyte  by  respect  of  the 
figure  that  he  came  fro  representith  an  .C.  1431-50  tr. 
Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  211  Peple  honoure  noo  thynge  in  they  me 
[images]  but  God,  or  for  God  and  for  seyntes,  whiche  they 
represente  to  us.  1513  DOUGLAS  Mneis  vi.  Prol.  91  Ane 
vthir  place  quhilk  purgatory  representis.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sleidamfs  Comm.  47  The  sacred  and  holy  host  that  repre- 
senteth  Christes  body.  1667  MILTON  P.  L,  xn.  255  Before 
him  burn  Seaven  Lamps  as  in  a  Zodiac  representing  The 
Heav'nly  fires.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  ThcvtnoPs  Trav,  1. 116 
This  Colossus  which  represented  the  Sun,  was  cast  by  Chares 
the  Lyndian.  1718  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  Lady 
Rick  16  Mar.,  I  live  in  a  place  that  very  well  represents  the 
tower  of  Babel.  1788  GIBBON  Dccl.  Sf  F.  xlix.  V.  136  His 
coronation  oath  represents  a  promise  to  maintain  the  faith. 
1830  EIDRAHTREBOR  Hoyle  Made  Familiar  2  The  inventor 
[of  cards]  proposed,  by  the  figures  of  the  four  suits,  ..  to 

.        .1  f         .  I        _f «  .L  -       1 .! I .U^t. 


whole  western  world.  1868  LOCKYKR  Elem.  Astron.  it.  §  7 
(1879)  39  If  we  represent  the  Sun  by  a  globe  about  two  feet 
in  diameter  [etc.J. 

t  b.  To  present  the  figure  or  appearance  of,  to 
resemble.  Obs. 

1551  TURNER  Herbal}.  C  vj,  Dyll  groweth.  .wytha  spokye 
top  as  fenell  hath,  whome  he  doth  represent  wonders  nere. 
1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  855  On  their  outside  they  [the 
valves  of  the  veins]  represent  the  knottes  that  are  in  the 
branches  of  plants. 

c.  To  be  the  equivalent  of,  to  correspond  to, 


8.  To  take  or  fill  the  place  of  ^another)  in  some 
respect  or  for  some  purpose ;  to  be  a  substitute  in 
some  capacity  for  (a  person  or  body;  ;  to  act  for 
(another)  by  a  deputed  right. 

1509  FISHER  Fun.  Serin.  Ctess  Richmond  Wks.  (1876)  297 
Albeit  she  dyd  not  receyue  in  to  her  house  our  sauyour  in  his 
owne  persone. .she  neuertheles  receyued  theim  that  dothe 
represent  his  persone.  4:1595  CAPT.  WYATT  R.  Dudley's  I'oy. 
\V.  Ind.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  23  Our  Generall  sent  Cap.  Jobson, 
reprxsentinge  his  person  with  his  authoritie,  as  his  Leif- 
tenante  General!.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  n.  xix.  95  It  is 
manifest,  that  men  who  are  in  absolute  liberty  may. .give 
Authority  to  One  man,  to  represent  them  every  one.  1766 
BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  xiv.  217  All  the  branches  inherit 
the  same  share  that  their  root,  whom  they  represent,  would 
have  done.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Laiv  Scot.  713  When  ^an 
heir  is  cited  as  representing  his  ancestor,  he  incurs  a  passive 
title  if  he  states  a  peremptory  defence.  1849  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Ktiir.  vi.  II.  139  During  that  interval  the  king  was 
represented  by  a  board  of  lords  justices.  1853  MAURICE 
Proph.  $•  A'i'ig-s  xxvi.  449  There  sat  upon  his^soul  a  weight  of 
sorrow  and  evil,  as  if  he  were  representing  his  whole  people. 
b.  spec.  To  be  accredited  deputy  or  substitute 
for  (a  number  of  persons)  in  a  legislative  or  de 
liberative  assembly;  to  be  member  of  Parliament 
for  (a  certain  constituency) ;  hence  in  passive^  to 
be  acted  for  in  this  respect  by  some  one  ;  to  have 
a  representative  or  representatives. 

1655  CROMWELL  Sp.  to  Parlt.  22  Jan.,  I  have  been  careful 
of  your  safety,  and  the  safety  of  those  that  you  represented. 
a  1687  PETTY  Pol.  Arith.  (1690)  95  May  not  the  three 
Kingdoms  be  United  into  one,  and  equally  represented  in 
Parliament?  1778  BURKH:  Corr.  (1844)11.216, 1  do  not  wish 
to  represent  Bristol,  or  to  represent  any  place,  but  upon 
terms  that  shall  be  honourable.  1780  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs. 
Thrale  9  May,  Did  I  tell  you  that  Scot  and  Jones  both  offer 
themselves  to  represent  the  University  in  the  place  of  Sir 
Roger  Newdigate.  1861  M.  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  47  A 
committee  of  nine  members,  in  which  every  Hanse  town  was 
in  its  turn  represented.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  126 
The  people  and  the  aristocracy  alike  are  to  be  represented 
.  .by  officers  elected  for  one  or  two  years. 

9.  To  serve  as  a  specimen  or  example  of  (a  class 
or  kind  of  things) ;    hence,  in  passive^  to  be  ex 
emplified  (by  something). 

1858  HAWTHORNE  Ft:  $  It.  Note-Bks.  (1872)!.  25  A  soup  in 
which  twenty  kinds  of  vegetables  were  represented.  1868 
FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq.  (1877)  II.  x.  489  Both  English  and 
Danish  blood  was  represented  in  the  Assembly.  1868 
LOCKYER  Elem.  Astron.  i.  §  5  (1879)  34  The  spiral  or  whirl 
pool  nebula  are  represented  by  that  in  the  constellation  of 
Canes  Venatici. 

b.  In  passive  with  personal  subject. 

1882  Daily  Tel.  30  Jan.,  Mr.  D.  will  be  represented  in  the 
Waterloo  Cup  by  Witchery. 

Hence  Represented///,  a. 

a  1569  KINGF.SMYLL  Man's  Est,  xi.  (1580)  75  This  is  the 
true  represented  Isaac,  that  humbleth  himself  to  the  Aultar. 
1822  J.  FLINT  Lett.  Amer.  147  His  protection  is  the  affection 
of  a  free  and  a  represented  people.  1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMIL 
TON  Mctapli.  xxiii.  (1860)  70  In  a  representative  act.. the 
represented  object  is  unknown  as  actually  existing.  1883 
Daily  News  ii  Oct.  2/2  The  auditors  were  afforded  no 
facilities,  .for  ascertaining  whether  the  represented  secu 
rities  really  existed. 

Re-prese'nt  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
present  again  or  a  second  time  ;  to  give  back. 

Early  examples  (without  hyphen)  are  somewhat  doubtful. 

1564  PALFREYMAN  in  Bauldwin  M  or.  P  kilos.  ToRdr.,  Wee 
are.  .encouraged  without  feare  boldly  to  represent  and  re- 
turne  vnto  Him  such  liuely  fruits  of  His  grace.  1633  FORD 
Love's  Sacr.  v.  iii,  Thy  truth,  Like  a  transparent  mirror, 
represents  My  reason  with  my  errors.  1654  COKAINE  Dianca 
in.  249,  I  afresh  represented  her  with  my  love.  1709  STRYI'E 
Ann.  Ref.  I.  xxxvii.  380  To  represent  to  the  Christian  World 
the  Truth  founded  in  the  Gospel  of  Christ.  1810  Naval 
Chron.  XXIV.  451  He  was  first  instituted  in  1793,  and  re 
presented  in  1799.  1864  BOWEN  Logic  i.  23  The  classifica 
tion  of  the  objects  presented  and  re-presented  by  the  sub 
sidiary  powers.  1880  A  then&um  24  July  115/2  The  Academy 
of  Sciences,  .decided  to  re-present  him  with  the  books. 

Representable  (repr/ze-ntab'l),  a.  [-ABLE.] 
Capable  of  being  represented. 

1662  EVELYN  Chalcogr.  123  All  the  sorts  of  bodies  represent 
able  by  graving,  a  1676  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  311  The 
Perfections  of  God  are  not  representable  by  any  created 
Being  in  a  true  propriety  of  their  nature.  1 704  N  ORRIS /</?/!/ 
World  \\.\.  285  God  cannot  therefore  be  known  by. .any 
similitude,  .because  not  representable  by  any  image.  1821 
Examiner  760/1  The  best,  or  at  least,  the  most  represent 
able  of  the  tragedies.  1891  19^  Cent.  XXIX.  222,  I  have 
spoken  of  representable,  not  imitable,  truths. 

absoL    1828  DE  QUINCEY  in  Blackw.  Mag.   XXIV.   894 
Bringing  so  mysterious  a  thing  as  a  spiritual  nature   or 
agency  within  the  limits  of  the  representable. 
b.  spec,  in  Law  (see  quot.). 

1832  AUSTIN  Jurispr.  (1879)  1 1-  x'vi-  807  A  fungible  or 
representable  thing  is  a  thing  whose  place,  lieu,  or  room  may 
be  supplied  by  a  thing  of  the  same  kind  or  even  by  a  thing 
not  of  the  same  kind,  as  money  in  the  form  of  damages. 

Hence  Bepresentabi'lity  (Cent.  Diet.  1891). 

Representamen  (reprrzent^-men).  [f.  RE 
PRESENT  v. :  cf.  imitameu.~\  The  result  or  product 
of  representation. 

1677  GALKCV/.  Gentiles  \\'.  Proem  5  A  singular  first  notion 


REPRESENTATION. 

or  idea  is  the  simple  itnitameti  or  representamen  of  some  one 
individual  thing  in  the  mind.  1846  SIR  \V.  HAMILTON  Vi'ss. 
in  field's  Wks.  877  The  representation,  or,  to  speak  more 
properly,  the  representamen,  itself  as  an.. object  exhibited 
to  the  mind. 

t  Represe'ntance.    Ols.    rare-1,     [f.    as 

prec.  +  -ANCE  :  cf.  obs.  F.  representance  (Godef.\j 
Representation. 

1633  J.  DONE  Hist.  Scptiiagint  94  For  they  affirme  foolishly 
that  the  Images  . .  are  the  Representances  and  formes  of 
those  who  have  brought  something  profitable. 

Representant  (repnzc-ntant),.^.  [=  F.  re- 
prhentant (1694),  Sp.  represcntante  (whence  quot. 
1622),  pres.  pple.  of  refrhenter  etc. :  see  REPRE 
SENT  v.  and  -ANT  l.] 

1 1.  A  stage-performer  ;  an  actor.   Obs.  rare~f. 

1622  MABBE  tr.  A leman's  Guzman  tTAlf.  I.  175  Hee  is 
but  a  man,  a  representant,  a  poore  kinde  of  Comedian. 

2.  A  person  representing  another  or  others ;    a 
representative,  rare. 

1651  Wotton's  Panegyrick  to  K.  Chas.  in  Reliq.  W.  (1672) 
153  As  the  supreme  Character  of  the  Most  High  is  Verity  : 
so  what  can  more  become . .  his  Represemants  on  earth,  then 
Veracity  it  self?  1651  HOBBES  Lei'iath.  in.  xlii.  300  They 
that  are"  the  Representants  of  a  Christian  People,  are  Repre- 
sentants  of  the  Church.  1831  T.  HOPE  Ess.  Origin  Alan 
III.  125  heading,  Representative  government. — Control  over 
the  representants. 

3.  An  equivalent  or  counterpart. 

1863  TYNDALL  Heat  iv.  §  144  (1870)  124  This  experiment 
is  the  microscopic  representant  of  what  occurs  in  Iceland. 

So  Beprese'ntant  a., '  representing,  having  vica 
rious  power'  (Worcester,  1860,  citing  Latham). 

Representation  (repr«ent<?'-j3n).  Also  5 
-acyon(e,  5-6  -aoion.  [a.  F.  rtprissntatvm 
(1325)  or  ad.  L.  reprzesentatidn-em,  n.  of  action  f. 
repriesentare  to  REPRESENT  :  see  -ATION.] 

f  1.  a.  Presence,  bearing,  air.   Obs. 

1:1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyii  ix.  37  The  knyght  sayd  vnto 
Elanchardyn,  'Syre,  ye  be  a  right  fayre  louencell,  and^of 
noble  representacion  '.  1598  GRENEWEY  Tacitus,  Ann.  n.  ix. 
(1622)  151  This  yoong  man  of  a  noble  birth,  of  a  manly  re 
presentation.  1640  tr.  Verdcrc's  Rom.  OjfRom.  n.  136  He 
espied  a  Knight  of  so  goodly  a  representation,  that  he  stayed 
to  observe  him. 

f  b.  Appearance  ;  impression  on  the  sight.   Obs. 

1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A .  iv.  xvii.  279  Amonge  the  colours 
is  a  difference  of  noblesse  for  cause  of  the  representacyon 
that  either  of  hem  doon  after  his  nature.  16*4  POWER  Exp. 
Philos.  i.  46  The  Weft  (being  flat  wired  Silver)  that  crosses 
the  Warp,  it  makes  a  fine  Chequered  Representation. 

2.  An  image,  likeness,  or  reproduction  in  some 
manner  of  a  thing. 

c  1425  St.  Elizabeth  ofSpalbcck  in  Anglia  VIII.  107  Oure 
lorde  Jhesu  . .  schewi^. -}>e  representacyone  of  his  blyssed 
passyone  in  be  persone  of  the  same  virgyne.  1542  UDALL 
Ernsm.  Apopli.  154  Slepe  is  a  certain  ymage  and  representa 
cion  of  death.  1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn.  i.  iv.  §  8  The  es 
sential  form  of  knowledge,  which  is  nothing  but  a  representa 
tion  of  truth,  c  1655  SIDNEY  in  ioM  Cent,  Jan.  (1884)  58 
Theis  kinds  of  writings  which  are  the  representations  of  the 
present  thoughts.  1687  A.  LOVEI.L  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav.  i. 
102  It  seemed  to  me  to  be  a  faint  representation  of  a  Town 
taken  by  Storm.  1711  STEELE  Spect,  No.  22  F  3  The  Play- 
House  is  a  Representation  of  the  World  in  nothing  so  much 
as  in  this  Particular.  1746-7  HERVEY  Mcdit.  (1818)  249  The 
silent  chamber,  and  the  bed  of  slumber,  are  a  very  significant 
representation  of  the  land  where  all  things  are  hushed.  1806 
A.  KNOX  Kern.  I.  28  It  is.  .the  representation  of  very  heaven 
upon  earth.  1873  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  280  He  liked  to 
think  of  the  world  as  the  representation  of  the  divine  nature. 
b.  A  material  image  or  figure  ;  a  reproduction 
in  some  material  or  tangible  form;  in  later  use 
esp.  a  drawing  or  painting  (of  a.  person  or  thing). 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  66  He.  .swore  right  solemnly  tofore 
the  representation  of  the  goddesse  pallas..that  he  sholde 
retorne.  £1489  — -  Blanchardyn  ii.  15  Of  Achilles,  and  of 
many  othre,  Of  whom  he  sawe  the  representacyon  in  the 
sayde  tappysserye.  a  1548  HALL  Cliron.,  Hen.  VIII  i  b, 
Ouer  the  corps,  was  an  Image  or  a  representacion  of  the 
late  kyng,  laied  on  Cusshions  of  golde.  1582  N.  LICHEFIELD 
tr.  Castanheda's  Conq.  E.  India  I.  ii.  29  They  fell  presently 
downe  upon  the  ground,  worshipping  that  Representation. 
1604  E.  O[RIMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  v.  yi.  345  They 
were  not  content  with  this  Idolatry  to  dead  bodies,  but  also 
they  made  their  figures  and  representations.  1696  BJ-. 
PATRICK  Comm.  Exod.  xxxii.  (1697)  630  They  took  this  op 
portunity  to  desire  a  visible  Representation  of  God  among 
them,  as  the  Egyptians  had.  1756-7  tr-  Keysler's  Trav. 
(1760)  III.  215  A  representation  of  the  triumphal  arch  erected 
by  Augustus.  1776-96  WITHERING  Brit.  Plants  (ed.  3)  IV. 
90  This  is  a  good  representation,  but  the  leaves  are  too 
broad  upwards.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ii.  I.  160  The 
Parliament  resolved  that  all  pictures,  .which  contained  re 
presentations  of  Jesus  or  of  the  Virgin  Mother  should  be 
burned.  1888  Athenxum  3  Mar.  280/1  An  inscription., 
would  explain  the  scene  as  an  allegorical  representation  of 
the  triumph  of  the  Csesarians  at  Philippi. 

C.  The   action   or   fact   of  exhibiting  in   some 
visible  image  or  form. 

1483  CAXTON  Cato  A  iij  b,  Thymages  of  sayntes.  .gyue  us 
memorye  and  make  representation  of  the  sayntes  that  ben 
"    heuen.     1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch,  Nutna  (1612)  67  If  we 
insider  what  Numa  ordained  concerning  images,  and  the 


representation  of  the  gods,  it  is  altogether  agreeable  vnto 
the  doctrine  of  Pythagoras.     1830  J.  G.  STRU  n  Sj/hM  brit. 


d.  The  fact  of  expressing  or  denoting  by  means 
of  a  figure  or  symbol ;  symbolic  action  or  exhibi 
tion.  Also//. 


BEPBESENTATIOW. 

i«6  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  I53i)  41  We  sholde  do  as  he 
wolde  vs  to  do  by  the  representacyon  or  significacyon  of  y° 
sayd  acte  or  dede.  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acosta1*  Hist. 
Indies  v.  xix.  380  The  manner  of  the  sacrifice  was  to  drowne 
them  and  bury  them  with  certaine  representations  and 
ceremonies,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  III.  317  Su 
perstition..,  making  piety  pageantry,  and  subjecting  what 
is  sacred  to  lusory  representations. 

3.  The  exhibition  of  character  and  action  upon 
the  stage;  the  (or  a)  performance  of  a  play. 

1589  [?  NASHE]  Almond  for  Parrat  Ded.  4  The  order  and 
maner  of  our  playes,  wh  ich  he  termed  by  the  name  of  repre 
sentations.  1663  COWLEY  Cutter  Colematt  St.  Pref.,  It 
met  at  the  first  representation  with  no  favourable  reception. 
1711  STKELE  Sped.  No.  22  ?  i  One  of  the  Audience  at 
Publick  Representations  in  our  Theatres.  1756  FOOTE 
Rng.fr.  Paris  n.  Wks.  1793  I.  113  Dramatic  things,  farcical 
in  their  composition,  and  ridiculous  in  their  representation. 
1777  \V.  DALRYMPLE  Trav.  Sp.  <y  Port,  cli,  I  was  told  that 
his  theatre  was  well  conducted,  but  there  was  no  representa 
tion  during  my  residence.  1806-7  J-  BERESFORD  Miseries 
Hum.  Life  (1826)  ir.  x,  The  last,  .scene  of  the  tragedy,  .is 
top  dreadful  for  representation.  1849  THACKERAY  Ptndennis 
vli,  Never  having  been  before  at  a  theatrical  representation. 
a  i86a  BUCKLE  Ch nliz.  ( 1 869)  1 1 1.  v.  318  Influence  of  dramatic 
representations  over  opinions. 

b.  Acting,  simulation,  pretence,  rare*1. 
1805  GODWIN  Fleet'vood  I.  vii.  156^  The  inference  usually 
drawn  is  that  his  [a  widower's]  grief  was  pure  mummery 
and  representation. 

4.  The  action  of  placing  a  fact,  etc.,  before 
another  or  others  by  means  of  discourse ;  a  state 
ment  or  account,  csp.  one  intended  to  convey  a 
particular  view  or  impression  of  a  matter  in  order 
to  influence  opinion  or  action. 

'553  BRENDE  Q.  Curtius  v.  88  b,  When  Darius  had  spoken 
theis  wordes,  the  representation  of  the  present  perill  so 
amased  them  all,  that  they  were  not  able  ..  to  shew  there 
aduise.  1662  SiiLi.rNGFL.  Orig.  Sacrce  in.  i.  §  i  A  faithful 
representation  of  the  State  of  the  case  between  God  and  the 
souls  of  men.  1666  PEPYS  Diary  24  July,  Drawing  up  a 
representation  of  the  state  of  my  victualling-business,  a  1704 
T.  BROWN  Praise  Drunkenness  Wks.  1730  I.  34  Priests  im 
pose  no  longer  on  mankind,  nor  amuse  the  people  with 
empty  representations  of  what  they  give  no  credit  to  them 
selves.  1724  A.  COLLINS  Gr.  Chr.  Rdig.  280  A  Repre 
sentation  of  him,  by  the  said  Convocation, . .  as  a  person 
carrying  on  the  cause  of  irreligion.  1783  PRIESTLEY  Corrupt, 
Chr.  I.  i.  93  There  are  different  representations  of  the  Pla 
tonic  doctrine.  1853  BRIGHT  Sp.,  India  3  June  (1876)  4  A  fair 
representation  of  tht;ir  views  of  what  was  done.  1858  FROUDE 
Hist.  Eng.  III.  xvii.  506  False  representations  had  been 
held  out  to  bring  the  lady  into  the  realm. 

b.  Insurance.  A  special  statement  of  facts  re 
lating  to  the  risk  involved,  made  by  the  insuring 
party  to  the  insurer  or  underwriter  before  the  sub 
scription  of  the  policy. 

1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  510  Where  the  representa 
tion  is  untrue,  with  a  fraudulent  design  to  impose  on  the 
underwriter,  the  policy  is  completely  vacated. 
6.  A  formal  and  serious  statement  of  facts,  rea 
sons,  or  arguments,  made  with  a  view  to  effecting 
some  change,  preventing  some  action,  etc. ;  hence, 
a  remonstrance,  protest,  expostulation. 

1679  LONGUEVILLE/,^/.  n  Mar.  in  Hat  ton  Corr.  iCamden) 
I.  182  The  King  too  day,  in  answer  to  their  Representation 
(that's  y*  word  now),  told  them  that  too  much  time  had 
been  ailready lost.  1728 CW.  Rec.  Pennsylv.  III.  298  Nothing 
less  than  the  Preservation  of  the  Rights  and  Privileges  of 
the  Freeman  of  Pennsylvania  could  induce  us  to  make  the 
following  Representation.  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  26 
P  7,  I  resolved  . .  to  teach  young  men,  who  are  too  tame 
under  representation,  in  what  mannergrey-bearded  insolence 
ought  to  be  treated.  1788  H.  WALPOLE  Remin.  i.  14  The 
minister  against  the  earnest  representations  of  his  family., 
consented  to  the  recall  of  that  incendiary.  1817  JAR.  MILL 
Brit.  India  II.  v.  i.  307  Mr.  Hastings  was  nominated 
Governor-General . .  not  to  be  removed . .  except  by  the  King, 
upon  representation  made  by  the  Court  of  Directors.  1841 
BREWSTER  Mart.  Sc.  v.  (1856)  69  Ferdinand  was  enraged., 
and  instructed  his  ambassador  to  make  the  strongest  repre 
sentations  to  the  Pope. 

b.  Sc.  Law.  *  The  written  pleadings  formerly 
presented  to  a  lord  ordinary  in  the  Court  of  Ses 
sion,  when  his  judgment  was  brought  under 
review'  (Bell). 

1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  854  Twenty  days  were  al 
lowed  from  the  time  of  pronouncing  the  judgment,  within 
which  the  representation  might  have  been  presented. 

6.  The  action  of  presenting  to  the  mind  or 
imagination ;  an  image  thus  presented ;  a  clearly- 
conceived  idea  or  concept. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reh.  \.  §  90  Though  he  was  ex 
ceedingly  perplexed  with  the  lively  representation  of  all 
particulars  to  his  memory,  he  was  willing  still  to  perswade 
himself,  that  he  had  only  dreamed.  1694  LOCKE  HUM. 
Und.  (ed.  2)  n.  xxi.  §  37  Many. .  that  have  had  lively  repre 
sentations  set  before  their  minds  of  the  unspeakable  joys  of 
Heaven.  1727  DE  FOE  Syst.  Magic  \.  iv.  (1840)  95  That 
Canaan,  pleased  with  the  lively  representation  of  his  grand 
father's  _shame,  resolved,  if  possible,  to  give  himself  the 
satisfaction  of  bringing  it  to  pass.  1838  SIR  W.  HAMILTON 
Logic  vii.  (1860)  I.  126  The  word  representation..!  have 
restricted  to  denote.. the  immediate  object  or  product  of 
Imagination.  1864  BOWEN  Logic  i.  12  The  Kantians  use 
Representations  to  designate  the  genus  which  includes.. 
Percepts,  Concepts  and  Ideas.  1885  J.  MARTINEAU  Tyfes 
Eth.  Tk,  I.  i.  i.  §  3.  160  A  representation  of  the  imagination 
is  a  modification  of  the  mind  itself. 

b.  The  operation  of  the  mind  in  forming  a  clear 
image  or  concept ;  the  faculty  of  doing  this. 

1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Metaph.  xxii.  (1860)  II.  59  The 
doctrine  of  representation,  under  all  its  modifications,  is 

VOL.  VIII. 


481 

I  properly  subordinate  to  the  doctrine  of  a  spiritual  principle 
of  thought.  1853  H.  SPENCER  frinc.  Psycho!.  §  482  It  is 
quite  evident  that  the  growth  of  perception  involves  repre 
sentation  of  sensations. 

7.  The  fact  of  standing  for,  or  in  place  of,  some 
other  thing  or  person,  esp.  with  a  right  or  authority 
to  act  on  their  account;  substitution  of  one  thing 
or  person  for  another. 

1624  GATAKER  Transubst.  4  The  Rocke  was  Christ  onely 
symbolically  and  sncramentally,  by  representation  and  re 
semblance.  1660  R.  COKE  Power  fy  Sitbj.  in  So  cannot 
these  Members  be  formed  into  a  body  but  by  the  King, 
either  by  his  Royal  presence  or  representation.  1671  K. 
CHAMBEKLAYNE  Pres.  St.  Etig.  i.  n.  xxii.  (ed.  5)  50  No  Parlia 
ment  can  begin  without  the  Kings  Presence,  either  in  j 
Person,  or  by  Representation  by  Commissioners.  1838  W. 
BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  854  Whatever  infers  the  substitution 
of  one  person  in  the  room  and  place  of  another,  .falls  under 
the  general  denomination  of  representation. 

b.  Law.  The  assumption  by  an  heir  of  the  posi 
tion,  rights,   and   obligations  of  his  predecessor.    , 
Right  of  representation,  the  right  whereby  the  son 
of  an  elder  son  deceased  succeeds  to  his  grand 
father  in  preference  to  the  latter's  immediate  issue    ' 
(see  also  quot.  1838). 

1693  STAIR  Ins/.  La-.u  Scot.  in.  viii.  §  32  (ed.  2)  503  The 
Line   of  Succession  in    Moveables,   is   first,    the    Nearest     ' 
Descendents,  Male  or  Female,  in  the  same  Degree,  equally  ; 
whether  Sons  or  Daughters,  without  Right  of  Representa 
tion.     1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  225  The  right  of  repre-    i 
sentation   being   thus   established,    the  former  part  of  the     i 
present  rule  amounts  to  this  ;  that,  on  failure  of  issue  [etc.]. 
a  1768  ERSKINE  Inst.  Lavj  Scot.  m.  viii.  §  n  (1773)  546    > 
There  is  a  right  of  representation  peculiar  to  heritage,  by    ' 
which  one  succeeds  in  heritable  subjects,  not  from  any  title 
in  his  own  person,  but  in  the  place  of,  and  as  representing 
some  of  his  deceased  ascendents.     1838  W.  HELL  Diet.  Law 
Scot.  556  This  right  of  representation  takes  place  in  col 
lateral  succession  to  heritage,  as  well  as  in  that  of  descend-     l 
ants  in  the  direct  line. 

8.  The  fact  of  representing  or  being  represented    t 
in  a  legislative  or  deliberative  assembly,  spec,  in 
Parliament;    the    position,    principle,    or    system 
implied  by  this. 


REPRESENTATIVE. 
Reprcaenta-tionist.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -I 

An  adherent  of  the  doctrine  of  re 


epresentationism 
'  ' 


1842  !  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Diss.  in  Reid's  m-s.  II  8I7''2 
The  Representatlomsts,  as  denying  to  consciousness  the 
cognisance  of  aught  beyond  a  merely  subjective  pha:- 


ic>,  Liicic  wtu  in  ovuMonu  no  reaj  pupuiar  representation, 

b.  The  aggregate  of  those  who  thus  represent 


(  ..  ... -xpedieiit  10  nave  an  ame  representation  in  com 

houses  of  congress.     1883  Manch.  Guard.  12  Oct.  5/3  A 
fiesh  method  of  election,  by  which  the  representation  shall 
be  made  to  reflect  with  greatly  increased  accuracy  the  wishes     i 
and  opinions  of  the  whole  of  the  electors. 

Be-presenta  tioii  (n-).     [RE-  53.]    A  re 
newed  presentation  or  presentment. 

1805  EUGENIA  DI  ACTON  Nuns  of  Desert  II.  196  Mr.  Veer.    ' 
man  made  his  atonement  in  a  re -presentation  of  Miss  Blen 
heim.      1817  COLERIDGE  Kiog.  Lit.  (Bohn)  118  In  order  to 
discriminate  it.. from  mere  reflection  and   re-presentation.    ' 
1857  LEAVES  Hist.  Philos.  Introd.  29  If  all  reasoning  be  the    ! 
re-presentation  of  what  isnow  absent.     i9&AUfatfs$yst*    \ 
Med.  VII.  313  The  fact.. seems  to  show  that  visual  re-pre-    j 
sentation  is  in  this  respect  like  auditory  re-presentation. 

Representational  (repi/zent£  janal),  a.    [f. 
REPRESENTATION  +  -AL.]     Pertaining  to,  or  of  the    I 
nature  of,  representation ;  also,  holding  the  doctrine    ! 
of  representationism. 

1855  in  OCILVIE  Sitppl.     1858  PIRIE  Inq.  Hum,  Mind  iL  46 
The  representational    school    of    the   Greek   philosophers.     I 
1867  HUSHNELL  in  Hours  at  Home  Nov.  5,  I  speak  of  the    I 
representational  office  they  are  designed  to  fill.     1876  FAIR-    | 
BAIRN  \nContf-9ttp.  Rev.  June  134  If.  .religion  exist  only  in 
the  relative  and  representational  form. 

Hence   Representation  alls  m  ;    Representa-- 
tionally  adv. 

1867  BUSHNEI.L  in  Hours  at  Home  Nov.  6  The  objects  of    ' 
nature   are  relationally  or  representationally  made.     1899 
H ALDANE  Ferrier  ii.  52  This  system  of '  representationalism',     ; 
of  representative  ideas,  necessarily  leads  to  scepticism. 

Representa'tionary,  a.    rare-1,      ff.  as  j 
prec,  +  -ARY.]     Representative. 

a  1860  YCTNG  (Worcester),  An  hereditary,  associated,  re- 
presentationary  system. 

RepresGiita  tionism.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -ISM.] 

The  doctrine  that  the  immediate  object  of  the  i 
mind  in  perception  is  only  a  representation  of  the  j 
real  object  in  the  external  world. 

184*  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Diss.  in  Rtitfs  Wks.  II.  817/2  If  | 
the  immediate,  known,  or  representative,  object  be  regarded 
as  a  modification  of  the  mind  or  self,  we  have  one  variety  of 
representationism.  1847  Blaikw.  Mag.  LXII.  243  Repre 
sentationism  declares,  that  the  perception  is  the  proximate 
and  that  the  matter  is  the  remote  object  of  the  mind.  1885 
SETII  Scot.  Philos.  145  The  Representationism  of  the  present 
day  has  its  roots  almost  entirely  in  the  Kantian  theory. 


Representative  (reprfze-ntativ),  a.  and  sf>. 
[ad.  F.  repre-sentatif,  -ive  (1330),  or  med.L.  re- 
prsesentstiv-us :  see  REPRESENT  v.  and  -ATIVE.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Serving  to  represent,  figure,  portray,  or 
symbolize.     Also  const,  (/(the  thing  figured,  etc.\ 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  n.  xiii.  (Skeat)  I.  41  Also,  in 
good  by  participation,  and  that  is  i-deaped  'good  '  for  far 
fet  and  representative  of  godly  gooelnesse.  1580  PUTTF.N- 
IIAM  Eng.  Porsie  i.  xvii.  (Arb.)  51  The  playing  places,  and 
proulsions  which  were  made  for  their  pageants  and  pomps 
representaliue  before  rememhred.  1609  BIBI  E  i  Douay) 
t.zek.  ix.  COOTOT.,  Which  signe.. is  representative  and  com 
memorative  of  our  Redemption.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT 
Jrar.  69  -1  hey  take  vp  the  representative  Bodie,  intimating 
thereby  his  Resurrection.  1711  SHAFTESB.  Clmrac.  (175-1 
"•  395  You  are  sure  never  to  admire  the  representative- 
beauty,  except  for  the  sake  of  the  original,  a  1740  W  ATER- 
LAND  l)ef.  Queries  Wks.  1823  I.  n.  32  Not  merely  as  repre- 
sentative  of  God  the  Father .  .but  as  strictly  and  truly  God 

1844  W.  H.  MILL  Serin.  Tempt.  Christ  iii.  16  The  prophet 
kzekiel.  .is  required  to  bear  for  forty  days  the  representative 
penalty  of  his  people's  sins.     1851   M  ANSEL  Pro/eg.   Log: 
(1860)  12  "lhat  sensitive  perception  takes  place  through  the 
medium   of  a  representative   idea.      1867   How  ELLS   Ital. 
7>»<>-n.   179  The  group  of  statuary.,  representative  of  the 
Maremma  and  family  returning  thanks  to  the  Grand  Duke. 

t  b.  Apparent,  seeming.  Obs.  rare-1. 
1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  P.p.  82  That  the  bodies  of 
Flies,  Pismires  and  the  like,  which  are  said  oft  times  to  be 
included  in  Ami  er,  are  not  reall  but  representative. 

c.  Presenting,  or  capable  of  presenting,   ideas 
of  things  to  the  mind. 

'753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Stiff.  App.,  Rtprevtitatirc  po-Mtr, 
in  metaphysics,  a  term  introduced  by  Leibnitz,  to  signify 
that  power  of  the  human  soul,  by  which  it  represents  to 
itself  ihe  universe.  1814  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  .Wag. 
XXXVIII.  2ii  The  representative  memory  must  be  exer 
cised.  1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Melaph.  (1877'  II.  x.v.  13 
We  have  thus  a  Representative  Faculty ;  and  this  obtains 
the  name  of  Imagination.  1842  —  Diss.  in  K  fid's  II  '&s.  1 1. 
822/1  1  he  distinction  between  perception  as  a  presentative, 
and  Memory, .  .as  a  representative,  cognition. 

d.  Relating  to  mental  representation. 

1847  Blackw.  Mag.  LXII.  242  It  is  the  very  essence. .of 
the  rep  resentative  theory  to  recognise,  in  perception,  a  re 
mote  as  well  as  a  proximate  object  of  the  mind. 

2.  Standing  for,  or  in  place  of,  another  or  others, 
dp.  in  a  prominent  or  comprehensive  manner. 

Ci624  LUSHINGTON  Recant.  Serm.  in  Phrnix  (1708)  II. 
404  The  number  is  universal  ;  not  collective,  but  representa 
tive  for  the  whole  primitive  church,  a  1715  BURNET  Own 
Time  I.  (1715)  I.  80  The  Nation,  of  which  the  King  was  only 
the  representative  head.  1856  DOVE  Logic  Clir.  Faitk  vr. 
§  .».  356  The  disobedience  of  our  representative  father  en 
tailed.,  a  fallen  nature.  1861  TRENCH  Comm.  Ep.  7 
Churches  A siti  3  A  king  or  queen,  as  repiesentative  persons 
in  a  nation. 

b.  spec.  Holding  the  place  of,  and  acling  for, 
a  larger  body  of  persons  (esp,  the  whole  people) 
in  the  work  of  governing  or  legislating;  pertain 
ing  to,  or  based  upon,  a  system  by  which  the 
people  is  thus  represented. 

1628  A.  LEICHTON  in  Cawifcn  Misc.  VII.  7  An  indelible 
dishonour  it  will  be  to  you,  the  state  representative.  1643 
CHAS.  I  Cone.  Treaty  at  Oxford  Wks.  1662  II. 330  The  two 
Houses  of  Parliament  being  the  Representative  Hodyof  the 
Kingdome.  1769  Junins  Lett.  xxxv.  (1788)  185  A  question 
of  right  arises  between  the  constituent  and  the  representa 
tive  body.  By  what  authority  shall  it  be  decided  ?  1819 
MACKINTOSH  Pari.  Suffrage  Wks.  1846  III.  2c6'Jhe  repre 
sentative  assembly  must  therefore  contain  some  members 
peculiarly  qualified  for  discussions  of  the  constitution  and 
the  laws.  1844  Ln.  BROUGHAM  Brit.  Const,  vi.  (1862)  89  We 
mean  by  a  Representative  Government  one  in  which  the 
body  of  the  people.. elect  their  deputies  to  a  chamber  of 
their  own. 

o.  Connected  with,  or  based  upon,  the  fact  of 
one  person  representing  another. 

1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  225  The  issue  or  descendants 
..are  severally  called  to  the  succession  in  right  of  such  their 
representative  proximity.  1845  STEPHEN  Comm.  Laws 
Eng.  (1874)  II.  663  By  inheritance  or  other  such  representa 
tive  title  as  in  the  Act  specified. 

3.  Typical   of  a  class;   conveying  an  adequate 
idea  of  others  of  the  kind. 

1788  GIBBON  Decl.  9f  F.  xlix.  V.  165  The  college  of  princes 
and  prelates.. reduced  to  four  lepresentative  votes  the  long 
series  of  independent  counts.  1853  DE  QVIXCEY  Autotiog. 
Sk.  Wks.  1853  I.  8  So  representative  are  some  acts,  that  one 
single  case  of  the  class  is  sufficient  to  throw  open  before  you 
the  whole  theatre  of  possibilities  in  that  direction.  1869 
TVNDAI.L  in  Fortn.  Rev.  i  Feb.  238  This  experiment  is  re 
presentative,  and  it  illustrates  a  general  principle.  1873 
SYMONDS  Grk.  Poets  xi.  391  Amid  this  multitude  of  poems  it 
is  difficult  to  make  a  fair  or  representative  selection. 

4.  Taking  the  place  of,  replacing,  other  forms  or 
species  (cf.  quot.  1863). 

1845  DARWIN  t'oy.  .Vat.  iii.  (1879)  53  This  close  agreement 
in  structure  and  habits,  in  representative  species.. always 
strikes  one  as  interesting.      1863  BATES  Nat.  Amazon  xiii. 
(1864)  430  Many  of  these  were*  representative  forms  '(species 
or  races  w  hich  take  the  place  of  other  allied  species  or  races) 
of  others  found  on  the  opposite  banks. 

61 


BEPKESBNTATIVB. 

B.  sb.  1.  A  person  (or  thing)  representing  a 
number  or  class  of  persons  (or  things)  ;  hence, 
a  sample  or  specimen. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reh.  i.  §  119  All  which  drew  the 
eyes  of  most.. towards  him,  as  the  Image  and  Representa 
tive  of  the  Primitive  Nobility.      1676  TOWEHSON  Decalogue 
10  Noah  and   his  sons.  .were.. the   representatives   of  all     . 
mankind.     1693  J.   KDWARDS  Author.  O.  $  Ar.   Test,  no    i 
They  were  punish 'd  for  what  Adam  their  representative  did    : 
long  ago.     1712  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  457  F  2,  I  have  two    ; 
Persons,  that  are  each  of  them   the   Representative   of  a 
Species.     1824  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  n.  Blakesmoor  in.  H— shire, 

A  few  bricks  only  lay  as  representatives  of  that  which  was 
so  stately  and  so  spacious.  1848  R.  I.  WlLBBBFOBCE  Doctr. 
Incarnation  viii.  (1852)  191  Through  the  indwelling  of 
Deity,  the  representative  of  mankind  was  viewed  with 
favour.  1873  TRISTRAM  Moat>  vi.  104  Three  terebinth  trees,  [ 
the  solitary  representatives  of  timber  we  met  with.  1896 
LYDEKKER  Brit.  Mammals  62  Since  the  sole  British  repre 
sentative  of  this  Family  is  the  Common  Mole  [etc.]. 

b.  A  typical  embodiment  of  some  quality  or 
abstract  concept. 

1715  ADDISON  Freeholder  No.  27  f  j  Among  other  statues    I 
he  observed  that  of  Rumour  whispering  an  icleot  in  the  ear,    ! 
who  was  the  representative  of  Credulity.    1743  BULKELEY& 
CUMMINS   I'oy.  S,  Seas  208,  I  don't  believe  there  ever  was    ; 
a  worse  Representative  of  Royalty  upon  the  Face  of  the    j 
Earth.      1809-10  COLERIDGE  Friend  (i$(&)  124  Providence 
. .  had  marked  him  out  for  the  representative  of  reason.    1845    : 
MAURICE  Mar.  Philos.  in  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1847)  II.  622/1     i 
The  person  who  always  stands  as  the  type  and  representa 
tive  of  the.  .scepticism  of  this  period  is  Pyrrho.    1865  R.W.     I 
DALE  Jew.    Temp.  x.   (1877)  105  He  [Christ]  is  the  great 
Representative  of  our  religious  life. 

2.  One  who  (for  that  which)  represents  a  ' 
number  of  persons  in  some  special  capacity;  spec.  \ 
one  who  represents  a  section  of  the  community  as  i 
member  of  a  legislative  body ;  a  member  of  Par-  j 
1  iament  or  (L7.  S.}  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  j 

1658  Staf.  Virginia  (1823)  I.  502  Wee  find.. the  present    { 
power  of  government  to  reside  in  such  persons  as  shall  be    : 
impowered  by  the   Burgesses   (the   representatives  of  the    I 
people).     1660  R.  COKE  Power  <$•  Subj.  109  We  will  there-    I 
fore   enquire.. whether   a  House  of  Commons,  as  it  now    ; 
stands,  can  be  their   Representative.      1671   E.  CHAMBER-    I 
LAYNE  j°r*f.  St.Eng.  \.  n.  ii.  (ed.  5)  37  The  Clergy  of  England 
had  antiently  their  Representatives  in  the  Lower  House  of    •• 
Parliament.    1713  STEELE  Englishm.  No.  10.  67  The  Elected 
became  true  Representatives  of  the  Electors.     1769  Junins    ' 
Lett.  xxxv.  (1788)  184  The  English  nation  declare  they  are 
grossly  injured  by   their  representatives.      1809  KENDALL 
Trav.  I.  v.  27  The  deputies  are  now  frequently  denominated    ! 
representatives.     They  were   anciently   called   committee-    i 
men.     1863  H.  Cox  hist  it.  \.  iii.  13  The  election  of  repre 
sentatives  of  the  Commons. 

b.  House  of  Representatives,  the  lower  or  popu-  | 
lar  house  of  the  United  States  Congress  or  of  ; 
a  State  legislature. 

1789  Constit.  U.  S.  i.  §  i  A  congress  of  the  United  States, 
which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representa 
tives.     1861  LD.  BROUGHAM  Brit.  Const.  App.  ii.  410  The 
House  of  Representatives  is  chosen  every  two  years  by  each     i 
of  the  States  of  the  Union  electing  Deputies. 

f  3.  A  representative  body  or  assembly.  Obs. 

1648  ASHHL'RST  Reasons  agst.  Agreement  i  The  people 
who  shall  subscribe  this  paper  shall  agree  ..  to  choose  an 
equall  Representative  consisting  of  300  men.    1651  N.  BACON    ; 
Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  n.  xvi.  (1739)  83  Such  are  the  ways  of 
debate  in  the  Grand  Representative  of  the  Kingdom.    1726    \ 
SWIFT  Gulliver  in.  vii,  I  desired  that  the  Senate  of  Rome     | 
might  appear  before  me  in  one  large  Chamber,  and  a  modern     • 
Representative   in  Counterview,  in  another.     1761   HUME    j 
Hist.  Eng.  III.  Ix.  292  They  pretended  to  employ  them 
selves  entirely  in  adjusting  the  laws,  forms,  and  plan  of  a 
new  representative. 

4.  One  who  represents  another  as  agent,  delegate,    j 
substitute,  successor,  or  heir ;  also  spec,  a  person    i 
specially  appointed  to  represent  his  sovereign  or 
government  in  a  foreign  court  or  country. 

1691  D.  GRANVILLE  Lett.  (Surtees  No.  37)  121,  I  cannot    ' 
..cease  to  charge  the  guilt  of  soe  great  a  sin  upon  you  my    J 
representative  in  my  parish.      1751  EARL  ORRERY  Remarks 
Siuifl  (1752)  212  From  hence  perhaps,  kings  have  thought     [ 
themselves    representatives    of   God.      1765    BLACKSTONE 
Comm.    I.    xiju  398  About   the   reign   of  king  Henry  the    ! 
eighth. .lord  lieutenants  began  to  be  introduced,  asstanding     I 
representatives  of  the  crown.     1766  Ibid.  II.  xiv.  210  When 
ever  a  right  of  property  transmissible  to  representatives  is 
admitted.     1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  iv,  Are  we  not  repre 
sentatives  and  successors  of  the  stout  old  Romans..?     1864 
PUSEY   Ltct.   Daniel  154    Perdiccas,    Antipater  . .  were  .. 
guardians  of  the  weak  or  infant  representatives  of  Alexander. 
b.  One   who   or   that  which   in    some   respect 
represents  another  person  or  thing. 

1691-8  NORRIS  Pract.  Disc.  (1711)  III.  184  A  Good  man  is 
the  greatest  Representative  of  God  upon  Earth,  he  repre 
sents  the  b«st  and  greatest  of  his  Perfections,     1788  PRIEST-    , 
LEY  Lect.  Hist.  in.  xv.  122  Money  is  only  a  commodious    : 
representative  of  the  commodities  which  may  be  purchased 
with  it.     1824  L.  MURRAY  Eng.  Gram.  (ed.  5}  I.  30  Every 
simple  sound  would  have  its  distinct  character  ;  and  that 
character  be  the  representative  of  no  other  sound.     1856 
KANE  Arct.  Expl.  II.  ix.  94  The  veritable  sugar  has  been     ; 
long  ago  defunct ;  but  we  have  its  representative  molasses. 
1896  LYDEKKER   Brit.   Mammals  62    The    arm-bone,  or 
bumerus,  in  the  True  Moles  is  almost  square,  and.. unlike 
its  representative  in  ordinary  Mammals, 

f5.  Representation.  Obs.  rare. 

1688  Col.  Rec.  Ptnnsylv.  I.  238  He  had  used  means  to 
have  a  due  representative  of  ya  attending  there,  according 
to  y«  Charter.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  o/Qual.  II.  63  A 
family  picture,  the  representative  of  a  brother. 

Representatively,  adv.  [-LY  2.]  In  a  re 
presentative  manner;  in  respect  of  representation. 


482 

d43°  PMgr.  LyfManhode  i.  Ixxxvii.  (RoxtO  49  Vertuai- 
Hche  j  vnderstonde  summe,.  .and  representatyfiiche  summe, 
of  the  thinges  j  vnderstonde.  1599  SANDYS  Europe  Spec. 
(1632)  214  By  generall  consent  of  the  Prince  and  whole 
Realme  representatively  assembled  in  solemne  Parliament. 
1608  WILLKT  Hexapla  Exod.  33  The  name  lehouah  is.  .not 
communicable  to  any  angel  either  properly  or  representa- 
tiuely.  1673  HICKMAN  Qningnart.  Hist.  ?",p,  Ayb,  He 
thought  the  Bread  was  the  Body  of  Christ  Representa 
tively.  1704  NORRIS  Ideal  Worldii.  in.  181  Tho'  all  Ideas 
are  spiritual  and  immaterial,  really  and  essentially,  yet  they 
are  not  all  so  representatively.  1792  Genii.  Alag.  I. XII.  i. 
118  Though  he  offered  himself  representatively  in  the 
Eucharist,  the  Eucharist  is  a  real  sacrifice.  1855  \V.  H. 
MILL  Applic.  Fanth,  Princ.  (1861)  102  It  is  equally  clear,, 
that  the  title  of  the  Branch  in  Zechariah's  prophecy  was 
only  representatively  his. 

Representativeness,  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.] 
The  character  of  being  representative. 

1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  Iniq.  226  Observing  what  Reason 
will.. spy  out  concerning  their  significancy  ant!  representa 
tiveness  of  things.  1684  T.  BURNET  Th.  Earth  \.  302  In  a 
thought  there  are  two  things,  consciousness,  and  a  repre 
sentation.  .  .Now  what  hath  local  motion  to  do  with  either 
of  these  two,  consciousness,  or  representativeness?  1704 
NORRIS  Ideal  World  H.  xi.  418  The  possibility  of  this  like 
wise  appears  from  the  essential  representativeness  of  their 
nature.  1842  MRS.  BROWNING  Grk.  Chr.  Poets  21  No 
ancient  could  be  missed  in  the  all-comprehensive  repre 
sentativeness  of  the  Laodicaean  writer.  1887  Pall  Mall  G. 
2  June  5/2  A  critical  analysis  reveals  a.  .weakness  in  the 
display,  from  the  point  of  view  of  just (  representativeness '. 

f  Represe-ntativer.  Obs.  rare  ~l.  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -ER!.]  A  representative. 

1676  MARVELL  Mr.  Smirke  8,  I  mean  of  the  humor  of  this 
Parliamentiim  Indoctum^  this  single  Representativer. 

Represe-ntativeship.  [f.  REPRESENTATIVE 
sb.  +  -SHIP.]  The  office  ot  representative. 

1845  in  B.  Gregory  Side  Lights  Conft.  Mcth.  (1898)  429 
His  report  of  his  representativeship  to  Canada.  1854  D. 
KING  Presb.  Ch.  Goz>.  171  What  becomes  of  the  special 
representativeship  of  elders  ? 

Representator  (repr/'zent^-tw).  [a.  late  L. 
reprxsentator  (TertulL),  agent-n.  f.  reprxsentare 
to  REPRESENT.] 

•f- 1.  A  representative  or  representer.   Obs.  rare. 

1607  Schol.  Disc.  agst.  Antichr.  i.  ii.  58  He  [the  cross] 
becommeth  a  representaior  of  Christes  death  worthy  to  bee 
adored.  1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  162  They 
adored  the  Sunne..a  representator  of  a  more  powerful 
Diety.  1650  BULWER  Anthropowet.  n  Gallants,  whose 
geometrical  pates  would  not  well  square  with  these  times, 
which  have  cap'd  their  grave  Representators. 

2.  One  who  gives  a  representation.   rare~~\ 

1816  M.  G.  LEWIS  Jrnl.  IV.  hid.  6  Jan.,  The  negroes., 
afterwards  share  the  money  collected  from  the  spectators, 
allotting  one  share  to  the  representator  himself. 

t Represe'ntatory,  a.    Obs.  rare-1.     [Cf. 

prec.  and  -OKY.]     Representative. 

1674  OWEN  Holy  Spirit  (1693)  223  They  werfi  Repre- 
sentatory,  or . .  introductory  of  Christ  and  the  Gospel. 

t  Representee*.  Obs.    [f.  REPRESENT  z>.] 

1.  One  who  is  represented,  rare~~lt 

1624  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Gagg  309  You  honour  the  Image 
with  the  same  honour  that  the  Representee  is  honoured 
withall. 

2.  A  (parliamentary)  representative. 

1644  HF.YLIN  Stnmbling-bl.  Tracts  (1681)  727  The  highest 
Judicatory,  consisting  of  the  Kings  most  excellent  Majesty, 
the  Lords  Spiritual  and  Temporal,  and  the  Representees  of 
the  Commons.  1648  E.  BOUGHEN  Gerees  Case  Consc.  43 
The  Parliament,  that  is,  of  the  Peers  and  Commons,  reprc- 
sentees  of  the  people  met  in  a  lawfull  and  free  Parliament. 
1659  GAUDEM  Tears  Ch.  448  By_  their  proxyes  and  repre- 
sen  tees  chosen  and  sent  from  their  severall  distributions. 

Representer  (reprfze-ntw).  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ER1.  Cf.  also  REPRESENTOR.] 

fl.  One  who  presents  or  offers.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  307  b/i  They  ben  our  kepars,  oure 
mynystres. .,  the  berers  of  our  sowles  in  to  heuen  and 
representers  of  our  prayers  vnto  god. 

2.  fa.  One  who  or  that  which  exhibits,  shows, 
or  makes  manifest ;  an  exhibitor.  Obs, 

1570  FOXE  A.  «t  M.  (ed.  2)  1246/1  As  touchyng  Images,., 
that  they  be  representers  of  vertue  &  good  example.  1605 
WILLET  Hexapla  Gen.  166  This  representer  and  foreshewer 
of  Christs  euerlasting  priesthood.  1635  Sheph.  Holiday  H. 
v.  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  XII.  393  This  mirror  here,  the  faithful 
representer  Of  that  which  I  adore,  your  beauteous  form. 
1685  CROWNE  Sir  C.  Nice  in.  30  Diving  into  my  pocket,  to 
present  the  representer  with  a  gratification. 

b.  One  who  represents  by  acting ;  one  who 
performs,  plays,  or  impersonates  ;  f  an  actor. 

1591  PERCIVALL  Sp.  Dicf.,  Representador,  a  representer,  a 
plaier  of  comedies,  actor.  1638  MAYNB  Lucian  (1664)  377 
Though  they  plainly  saw  not  the  madnesse  of  Ajax,  but  of  the 
representer  acted.  1651  HOBBES  Leviatk.  i.  xvi.  80  Any 
Representer  of  speech  and  action,  as  well  in  Tribunalls,  as 
Theaters.  1863  COWDEN  CLARKK  Skaks.  Char.  iv.  100 
Theatrical  conceit  was  never  better  impersonated  than  by 
the  great  representer  of  Pyramus. 

3.  One  who  makes  a  representation,   or   states 
a  matter  in  a  certain  light.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1647  JER.  TAYLORZ/3./V<7/;/.Ep.  Ded.ss  It  is  farre  more  un 
likely  that  after  Ages  should  know  any  other  truth,  but  such 
as  serves  the  ends  of  the  representers.  1686  W.  SHERLOCK 
Papist  not  Misrep.  21  The  difference  between  the  Mis- 
representer  and  Representer  in  this  article  is  no  more  but 
this.  1703  SAVAGE  Lett.  Antienfs  xlix.  116  The  Repre 
senters  nave  not  only  an  interest  in  Falshood,  but  likewise 
an  Art  to  make  it  pass  for  Truth.  1741  WARBURTON  Div. 
Legat.  v.  iv.  II.  n,  440  One  singular  Circumstance  in 
Favour  of  the  Character  of  the  Representers. 


REPRESS. 

f  b.  spec.  The  authors  of  the  Representation  pre 
sented  to  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Kirk  of 
Scotland  in  1721  in  connexion  with  the  Marrow 
Controversy.  (See  MARROW  sb.^  2  e.) 

1722  IVodrmu  Corr.  (1843)  II.  644  The  second  part  of  the 
Marrow  was  published  on  Saturday,  with  a  long  preface 
I  and  appendix,  which  is  confidence  enough  in  the  Repre- 
I  senters.  1848  A.  THOMSON  Hist.  Secession  Ch.  24  Mean- 
j  while,  the  Representers  are  summoned  to  appear  before  the 
j  Commission. 

f  c.  An  exponent  ^/"something  or  person.   Obs. 

1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  o/Qual.  (1809)  II.  9  Lawyers  . . 

;    are  equally  the . .  representers  and  misrepresented,  explainers 

!    and  confounders  of  our  laws.     1766  Museum  Rusf.  IV.  121 

Mr.  Mills  gives,  as  his  authority..,  Mr.  Miller's  Gardener's 

Dictionary,  .and  he  does  him  no  honour  as  his  representer. 

f4.  A  representative  of  a  thing  or  person.  Obs. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  v.  Wks.  1724  II. 813, 1  am  but  the 

\    representer  of  all  the  late  flourishing  Arcadia.    1663  BOYLE 

Use/.  Exp.  Nat.  Phihs.  i.  iii.  58  Man..,  if  not  as  a  re- 

I    sembler,  yet  as  a  representer  of  the  Macrocosme  or  Great 

World  [etc.].     1691  BAXTER  Nat.  Ch.  viii.  31  His  Honour 

!    as  Gods  chief  Officer,  and  in  a  sort  representer. 

tb.  spec.   =  REPRESENTATIVE  B.  2.  Obs. 

1652  Observ.  Forms  Govt.  Pref.  6  The  people  have  not  the 
|  power  of  choosing  Representers  to  govern,  if  Governours 

must  be  sent  of  God.  1678  MARVELL  Growth  Popery  24  It 
j  is  to  be  confessed,  that  the  Knights,  Citizens  and  Burgesses 
!  there  assembled,  are  the  Representers  of  the  People  of 

England.  1726  SWIFT  To  a  Lady  Wks.  1751  XIV.  427 
i  When  my  Muse  officious  ventures  On  the  Nation's  Repre- 
j  senters. 

Representing,  vbl.  sb.  [-ING  i.]  The  ac- 
I  tion  of  the  vb.  REPRESENT  in  various  senses ;  re- 
!  presentation. 

c  1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  iv.  1502  These  fayre  riche 
sepultures  Whiche  be-tokene  in  her  representyng  That  there 
is  beryed  duke  or  ellis  kyng.  1581  SIDNEY  Afol.  Poetrie 
(Arb.)  26  Poesie.  .is  an  arte  of  imitation,,  .that  is  to  say,  a 
represen  t  ing,  cpunterfet  ting,  or  figuring  foorth.  1643  M  i  LTON- 
Divorce  n.  xvii,  He  who  understands  not  after  all  this  repre 
senting,  I  doubt  [etc.].  1666  PEPVS  Diary  8  Aug.,  The 
representing  of  our  want  of  money  being  now  become  useless, 
1693  DRYDEN  Jit-venal [Ded.  (1697)  71,  I.  .apply'dmy  self  to 
the  representing  of  Blindsides,  and  little  Extravagancies. 

b.  attrib.  in  representing  days  (see  REPRESENTA 
TION  5  b,  and  RECLAIMING  vbl.  sb.  b). 

1790  Acts  Sederunt  Index,  Representing  Days.  1838  W. 
BELL/?/*-/.  Law  Scot.  852  If  the  reclaiming,  or  representing 
days,  against  an  interlocutor  of  a  Lord  Ordinary,  had . .  ex 
pired,  without  a  petition  or  representation  [etc.], 

Representing,  ppl.  a.  [-ING  *.]  That  re 
presents  ;  representative. 

1681-6  J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Life  (1747)  III.  286  It  is  usuAl  in 
Sacraments  to  call  the  representing  Signs  by  the  Names  of 
the  things  which  they  represent.  1704  NORRIS  Ideal  World 
n.  v.  280,  All  knowledge  of  him  by  the  mediation  of  any  re 
presenting  image,  .being  both  needlessand  impossible.  1786 
A.  GIB  Sacr.  Contempl.  n.  r.  v.  178  Of  Him  the  first  man 
was  a  figure,  a  representing  type. 

t  Repre  se*ntively,  ado.  Obs.  rare-1.  = 
REPRESENTATIVELY. 

1650  R.  HOU.INGWORTH  Exerc.  Usurped  Pwtrs  17  The 
body  of  the  kingdom. .either  collectively  or  representively. 

Representment  (repr/ze-ntment).  [-MENT  : 
cf.  obs.  F.  rcprtsentcment  (Godef.).] 

1.  The  act  of  representing  in  some  form  or 
figure ;  the  fact  of  being  so  represented,  or  the 
result  of  such  representation.  Now  rare  (very 
common  in  I7th  c.). 

1594  DANIEL  Cleopatra  v.  ii,  Which  Representments  see 
ing,  worse  than  Death  She  deem'd  to  yield  to  Life.  1625 
BP.  MOUNTAGU  App.  Csesar  253  In  rememoration,  and  for 
more  effectual  I  representment  of  the  Prototype.  1642  JER. 
TAYLOR  Episc.  (1647)  288  The  Church  is  in  the  Bishop  (viz. 
by  representment)  and  the  Bishop  is  in  the  Church  (viz.  as 
a  Pilot  in  a  ship).  1675  CAVE  Antiq.  Apost.  (1^02)  30  By 
this  symbolick  representment  ..  God  was  teaching  a  new 
lesson.  1825  COLERIDGE  in  Lit.  Rent.  (1836)  II.  355  This 
secret  Jove  would  extort  from  the  Notes,  or  Prometheus, 
which  is  the  sixth  representment  of  Prometheus.  1877  E.  R. 
CONDER  Bas.  Faith  iv.  162  All  those  immediate  judgments 
which  the  intellect  passes  on  the  presentments  of  sense,  or 
the  representments  of  memory  [etc.]. 

t  2.  Representation  by  discourse  or  argument. 

1640-1  LD.  J.  DIG  BY  ,5)*.  in  Ho.  Com.  9  Feb.  11  Represent 
ment  of  inconvenience  may  bee  made.  1653  MILTON  Hire 
lings  Wks.  1851  V,  337  So  far  approv'd,  as  to  have  bin 
trusted  with  the  representment  and  defence  of  your  Actions 
to  all  Christendom.  1680  H.  DODWELL  Two  Lett.  (1691)  58 
You  cannot  expect  to  prevail  on  inen'sinterests,  and  inclina 
tions,  by  a  bare  representment  of  the  unreasonableness  of 
their  actions. 

Re-presentment  (^"-).  [RE-sa:  cf.  RE 
PRESENT  v.~\  Renewed  presentation. 

1822  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  i.  Dream  Children^  The  soul  of  the 
first  Alice  looked  out  at  her  eyes  with  such  a  reality  of  re* 
presentment.  1866  CRUMP  Banking  v.  133  There  being  suf 
ficient  funds  to  meet  the  bill,  and  before  the  representment 
of  the  bill  the  funds  disappeared. 

t  Represe'ntor.  Obs.  [-OR.]  =  REPRESENTER. 

I5S3  BALE  tr,  Gardiner's  De  I  era  Obcd.  d  vij  b,  In  that 
place  he  hath  set  princes  whom  as  representours  of  his 
image  vnto  men,  he  wolde  haue  to  be  reputed  [etc.].  1643 
HERLE  Answ.  Feme  30  Their  consents,  .should  oblige  the 
Commonalty  as  consenting  in  their  Representors.  1646  SIR 
T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  262  Art  being  but  the  Imitator  or 
secondary  representor,  it  must  not  vary  from  the  verity  of 
the  example.  1653  Clarke  Papers  (Camden)  III.  7  Colonel 
Pride  is  chosen  one  of  the  Representors  for . .  London. 

t  Repress,  sb.  Obs.    [f.  the  vb.]    Repression. 

c  1440  Gesta  ROM.  xv.  51  (Add.  MS.),  Here  housbond  and 
shehelde  hym  insogrete  vyolete[?mK/vylete]and  repr««. 


I 


REPRESS. 

tbid.  Ui.  378  Wenyng  that  they  were  comyn  in  represse  of 
Cristen  feithe.  1533-4  Act  25  Hen.  VIII^  c.  14  For  the  re. 
presse  of  heretikes,  and  such  erronious  opinions  in  tyme 
cominge,  be  it  established  [etc.].  1586  J.  HOOKER  Hist. 
Irel.  in  Holinshed  II.  153/1  A  reasonable  and  a  vsed  cesse 
was  to  be  set  and  leuied.  .for  the  represse  of  their  enimies. 

Repress  (r/pre's),  z;.l  [f.  L.  repress-,  ppl.  stem 
of  reprimere :  see  RE-  and  PRESS  v.t  and  cf.  RE- 
PREME  and  REPRIME.] 

1.  trans.  To  check,  restrain,  put  down  or  keep 
under  (something  bad  or  objectionable). 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troy/us  ill.  1033  Whanne  cause  is  &  somme 
swych  fantasye  With  pile  so  wel  repressed  is  That  it  vnne)>e 
doth  or  seyth  amys.  14..  in  Tundaie's  Vis.)  etc.  (1843)  93 
The  fyre  hit  quencheth  also  of  envy  And  represseth  the 
bolnyng  eke  of  pryde.  c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy 
Soc.)  70  O  loode-sterre  of  al  goode  governaunce  !  Alle 
vicious  lustes  by  wisdom  to  represse.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf. 
(W.  de  W.  1531)  44  Whiche  vertue  represseth  the  sensuall 
appetyte.  1533  T.  WILSON  Rket.  14  To  represse  this  rage.. 
God  hath  lightened  man  with  knowledge.  1596  LODGE 
Marg,  Atiter.  15  Thy  nying  grave  remember.  Which  if  thou 
dost,  thy  pride  shall  be  repressed.  1626  T,  H[AWKINS] 
Caussin's  Holy  Crt.  337  Chastity,  is  a  uertue,  which  re 
presseth  the  impure  lusts  of  the  flesh.  1700  POPE  Ess.  Crit. 

£O_    T-I i i: *-v_:.: • .1*      _._  • u     T  ; 


repressing  petulance  and  temerity,  silences  eloquence.  1774 
GOLUSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  I.  363  Those  terrible  tempests 
that  deform  the  face  of  nature,  and  repress  human  presump 
tion.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  iv.  xxii,  While  o'er  the 
land  is  borne  Her  voice,  whose  awful  sweetness  doth  repress 
All  evil.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vi.  II.  89  He  was 
authorised  by  law  to  repress  spiritual  abuses.  1875  JOWETT 
Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  155  Let  there  be  a  general  law  which  will 
have  a  tendency  to  repress  actions  of  impiety. 

b.  To  check  by  some  special  treatment ;  to 
make  less  troublesome  ;  to  cure,  stanch. 
1493  Petronilla  48  (Pynson),  Ye  alas  hir  langoure  to  re- 
>resse  Lyst  nat  onysbyd  hir  arise.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II. 
_ndex,  Hungrie  worme  in  the  stomacke,  how  to  be  repressed 
and  cured.  1622  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  xiv.  176  When  in  her 
pride,  .she  nourish 'd  goodly  vines,  And  oft  her  cares  represt 
with  her  delicious  wines.  1715  POPE  Iliad  \.  612  When  now 
the  rage  of  hunger  was  represt.  1805  W.  SAUNDERS  Min. 
Waters  34  A  few  drops  of  strong  nitrous  acid,  poured  into 
this  hepatic  water,  at  once  represses  the  offensive  smell. 
1807-26  S.  COOPER  First  Lines  Surf.  (ed.  5)  360  The  bleeding 
may  be  repressed  by  means  of  a  piece  of  fine  sponge. 

2.  To  check  or  withstand  (some  passion,  feeling, 
etc.)  in  another  by  opposition  or  control. 

_  c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  2591  Hypcrmncstra^  His  maleyce 
is  hym  be-raft ;  Repressed  hath  Venus  his  crewel  craft. 
1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  VUL  xvil  (1558)  1 1  b,  Chastice  tyrantes 
and  their  malice  represse.  1553  EUEN  Decades  20  He  went 
aboute  to  represse  theyr  outragiousenes.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sleidane"s  Comm.  4  He  of  a  fatherly  love  desyrous  to  re 
presse  his  rashenes.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1638)  To 
Rdr.,  They  might  long  since.. haue  repressed  his  fury,  and 
abated  his  pride.  1660  R.  COKE  Power  iff  Subj.  146  To 
repress  their  insolence,  the  yearly  return  of  Danegelt  was 
enacted.  1678  WANLEY  Wonti.Lit.  Worlds,  ii.  §  17.469/2 
Tiberius  . .  repressed  the  daring  boldness  of  the  proud 
Persian  Cosroes.  1828  D'ISRAELI  C/tas.  /,  II.  viii.  185 
While  this  minister  lived,  he  repressed  the  dark  passions  of 
Tiberius.  1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  I.  i.  66  This  vigorous 
arming  to  repress  the  self-seeking  tendencies  in  the  mer 
cantile  classes. 

b.    To  keep  or  hold  back,  to  restrain  or  check 
(a  person)  from  action  or  advance. 

1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  103  He  did  represse  the  one 
.  .and  he  did  prick  on  the  other.  1726-46  THOMSON  Winter 
079  Armies  stretch  Each  way  their  dazzling  files,  repressing 
here  The  frantic  Alexander  of  the  north.  1819  SHELLEY 
Pronieth,  Unb.  i.  i.  328  Who  are  those  with  hydra  tresses. . 
Whom  the  frowning  God  represses  . .  ?  1823  LAMB  Elia 
Ser.  ii.  Poor  Relations,  He  may  require  to  be  repressed 
sometimes.. — but  there  is  no  raising  her.  1865  KINUSLEY 
Herew.  vi,  The  men,  mistaking  his  intent,  had  to  be  represt 
again  by  Hereward. 

3.  To  keep  down,  suppress  (one's  desires,  feelings, 
etc.),  to  keep  under  control;    to  restrain,  refrain 
from  (an  action). 

1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  166  He  scholde  his  vanite  represse 
With  suche  wordes  as  he  herde.  a  1556  CRANMER  Wks. 
(Parker  Soc.)  I.  34  In  all  matters  of  our  Christian  faith. .we 
must  repress  our  imaginations.  1583  GOLDING  Calvin  on 
Dent.  xvii.  97  Wee  must  bee  earnest  in  repressing  our 
desires,  and  in  bridling  them.  1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  \. 
ii.  in.  iii,  They.. are  so  far  from  repressing  rebellious  in 
clinations,  that  they  giue  all  encouragement  vnto  them. 
1671  MILTON  Samson  543  Desire  of  wine.. Thou  couldst 
repress.  1716  POPE  7/iVzd?  viii.  573  The  prudent  goddess  yet 
her  wrath  repress'd.  1719  YOUNG  Jfusirisiv.  i,  Turn,  turn, 
blasphemer,  and  repress  thy  taunts.  1748  JOHNSON  l^an. 
Hunt.  Wishes  95  Our  supple  tribes  repress  their  patriot 
throats.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  ofL .  n.  xii,  The  ancient  bard  his 
glee  repress'd.  1823  —  Pweril  xlix,  The  Countess, . . unable 
to  repress  her  curiosity,  placed  herself  near  Fenella.  1865 
THOLLOPE  Belton  Est.  i,  It  was  her  duty  to  repress  both  the 
feeling  of  shame  and  the  sorrow. 

b.  reft.  To  contain  (oneself)  from  speaking. 

1876  T.  HARDY  Ethelberta  (1800)  335  Mrs.  Doncastle 
seemed  inclined  to  make  no  remark.. and  at  last  Menlove 
could  repress  herself  no  longer. 

4.  To  reduce  (troublesome  persons)  to  subjection 
or  quietness ;    to   put   down  by  force,   suppress  ; 
t  to  subdue  (a  town). 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  197  God  schal  hise  foomen  so 
represse.  That  thei  schul  ay  stonde  under  foote.  14x3  Pilgr. 
Sowle  (Caxton  1483)  iv.  xxx.  78  They  haue  comaunde- 
ment  for  to  repressen  aduersaryes  and  enemyes  that  besyen 
them  to  destroyen  the  countrey.  c  1460  FORTESCUE  Abs.  <$• 
Lint.  Afott.  vii.  (1885)  125  The  Kynge  shall  often  tymes 
*.ende  his  comissioners  ..to  represse  and  puny^h  riatours 


488 

and  risers.  1533  MOKE  Apol.  xii.  Wkb.  870/2, 1  woulde  wyshe 
the  spiritualtye  and  temporaltye . .  to  represse  and  keepe 
vndcr  those  cuyll  and  vngracious  folke.  1582  STANYHUKST 
sEneis  \\.  (Arb.)  61  This  was  Prince  Priamus  last  ende  and 
desteny  final,  Who  saw  thee  Troians  vanquisht,  thee  cittye 
repressed.  1605-6  Act  3  Jas.  /,  c.  4  (title)  An  Acte  for  the 
better  discovery  and  repressing  Popish  Recusants.  1769 
De  Foe's  Tour  Gt,  Brit.  (ed.  7)  III.  55  Dunstable,  .was. . 
rebuilt  by  Henry  I.  to  repress  a  vast  Number  of  Robbers 
which  infested  the  Country,  a  x86a  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  (1873) 
III.  i.  20  It  would  have  been  a  hopeless  undertaking  for  any 
king  to  try  to  repress  such  powerful  subjects. 

b.  To  put  down,  quell  (a  rebellion,  riot,  etc.). 

1475  Rolls  of  Par  It.  VI.  144/2  Which  Troubles,  Com- 
motions,  and  other  offenses  above  named . .  been  nowe  re 
pressed.  ^1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  11.  xxvi.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  236 
The  sedition  rising  be  mocioim  of  be  law  foresade  was  sud- 
danlie  repressit  be  bir  novdlis.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks 
(1621)  255  Amurath  to  represse  this.. rebellion  sent  IJaja/et 
Bassa. .  with  a  strong  annie  into  Europe.  1858  FKOUUIC 
Hist.  Eng.  III.  xiii.  107  The  duty  of  repressing  riots. .in 
England  lay  with  the  nobility  in  their  several  districts. 
1874  GREEN  Skort  Hist.  v.  §  4.  244  The  royal  commissioners 
sent  to  repress  the  tumult  were  driven  from  the  field, 
f  O.  To  suppress  (a  book).  Obs.  rare. 

In  first  quot.  intended  also  for  re-press  -  reprint. 

1615  Band,  Ruffe  $  C.  (Halliw.)  7  Thus  to  please  both, 
and  grant  them  their  request,  My  sentence  is— the  booke 
shall  be  represt.  £  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1650)  II.  2  You 
shall  do  well  to  repress  any  more  copies  of  the  satyr. 

5.  To  keep  under,  check,  curb,  prevent  from 
natural  development,  manifestation,  etc. 

c  1557  ABP.  PARKER  Ps.  xxxviii.  106  1'here  is  no  helth  in 
all  my  flesh.  Thy  wrath  my  wealth  doth  so  represse.  ci6zo 
A.  HUME  Brit.  Tongue  (1865)  3  Among  quhom  James  the 
first,  ..houbeit  repressed  be  the  iniquitie  of  the  tyme,  de 
served  noe  snial  praise.  1750  GRAY  Elegy  51  Chill  Penury 
repress'd  their  noble  rage,  1796  H.  HUNTEK  tr.  St.-Pierre's 
Stud.  Nat.  (1799)  I.  384  An  unnatural  constraint  is  used  to 
repress  a  period  of  life  all  fire  and  activity.  1830  J.  W. 
CROKEH  in  C.  Papers  (1884)  II.  xv.  83  The  essential  spirit 
of  opposition  was  so  strong  that  it  often  repressed  or  fettered 
those  sentiments,  a  1862  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  (1873)  III.  iv.  269 
The  fairest  and  most  endearing  parts  of  our  nature  being 
constantly  repressed,  ceased  to  bear  fruit. 

1 6.  In  lit.  use  :   To  force  or  drive  back.  Obs. 

1623  BINGHAM  Xenophon  89  Some  of  the  light-armed  of  the 
enemy  ran  forth..  ;  which  quickly  were  repressed  by  our 
Archers  &  Peltasts.  1662  HOIJBES  Seven  Prob.  ii.  (1682) 
iz  If  two  bodies  cast  off  the  Air,  the  motion  of  that  Air  will 
be  repress'd  both  ways,  and  diverted  into  a  course  towards 
the  Poles  on  both  sides. 

Repre'SS  (rf-)f  v£  [RE-  5  a.]    To  press  again. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1918/2  A  machine  for  repressing 
brick  after  being  partially  dried.  Ibid.  1919/2  The  re 
pressing  press  may  be  of  any  suitable  form  and  construction. 
1892111  Lee  Hist.  Columbus  II,  539  Finely  ground  clays, 
pressed  with  heavy  presses  and  repressed  into  uniform  shape 
and  compactness. 

i  Repre  SSal.  Obs.  rare-'1.  [-AL.]  Repression. 

1593  BILSON  Govt.  Christ's  Ch.  i  God  ordaining  powers 
and  deliuering  the  sword  for  the  defence  of  the  simple  and 
innocent,  and  repressall  of  the  wicked  and  injurious. 

Repressed  (r/pre-st),///.  a.  [f.  REPRESS  z/.l 
•f  -ED  1.]  Restrained,  checked. 

1665  MANLEY  Grotius'  Low  C.  Warres  439  When  the 
Besiegers  had  stopped  it  up  behind  also,  first  throwing  fire 
therein,  the  repressed  force  thereof  at  length  burst  out. 
1764  GOLUSM.  Trav.  346  Repress'd  ambition  struggles  round 
her  shore.  1876  T.  HARDY  Etkelberta  (1890)  135  '  Yes — you 
are  quite  right ',  said  the  repressed  young  painter. 
Hence  Repre  ssedly  adv. 

1858  G.  MACDONALD  Phantasies  viii,  Her  forehead  was 
high,  and  her  black  eyes  repressedly  quiet. 

Represser,  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER  *  :  cf. 
RKPRESSOK,]  One  who,  or  that  which  represses. 

c  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  i.  xx.  130  The  Book  clepid  The  Re 
presser  of  over  moche  wijting  the  Clergie.  1526  Pilgr. 
Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  56  b,  A  conquerour  of  his  owne  wyll, 
a  represser  of  Ire,  and  a  pure  louer  of  his  ennemy.  1630 
BRATHWAIT  Eng.  Gent  lent.  (1641)  26  To  speake  generally  of 
Action,  as  it  is  the  represser,  so  Idlenesse  is  the  producer 
of  all  vice. 

Repre'Ssful,  a.  rare  — l.    [-FUL.]    Repressive. 

1893  F.  MOORE  Gray  Eye  III.  51  A  responsible  official., 
whose  chastely- braided  uniform  looked  repressful  of  tips. 

Repre'Ssible,  a.  rare—0,  [-IBLE:  cf.  irre 
pressible.'}  Capable  of  being  repressed  (Ogilvie 
1882).  Hence  Repre'ssibly  adv.  (ibid.).' 

Repressing,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  REPRESS  v.1  +  ; 
-ING  *.]  The  action  of  the  verb ;  checking,  re-  ; 
straint,  subjugation. 

c  1340  HAMPOLE  Prose  Tr.  13  Ano|>er  es  restreynynge  or  i 
repressynge  of  ill  styrrynge.  c  1449  PECOCK  Refr.  Prol.  * 
In  the  firste  of  whiche  parties  schal  be  mad  in  general  , 
maner  the  seid  repressing.  6-1460  FORTESCUE  Abs.  $  Lint. 
Mon.  vi.  (1885)  123  It  shalbe  nescessarie  bat  the  kynge 
haue  alway  some  ffloute  apon  the  see,  ffor  the  repressynge 
off  rovers.  1521  Carew  MSS.  (1867)  I.  20  For  the  repressing 
of  whose  malice  I  assay  all  the  friends  lean.  is83§TUBBES 
Anat.  Abus.  Ii.  (1882)  41  Good  lawes  there  are,  both  for  the 
repressing  of  these  and  al  other  enormities  whatsoeuer. 
c  1630  SANDEKSON  Serttt.  II.  273  For  the.. repressing  and 
discountenancing  of  insolency.  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time 
in. (1724)  I.  517  In  it  the  repressing  of  tyranny  is  reckoned  a 
duty  incumbent  on  good  subjects.  1884  Atfautitm  16  Feb. 
210/2  The  record  of  a  despot  of  genius,  .meeting  savage  up- 
lising  by  equally  savage  repressing. 

Repression  (rrpre  jan).  [ad.  L.  type  *  repres- 
sion-em,  n.  of  action  f.  reprimere  :  see  REPRESS  vj- 
and  cf.  F.  repression  (i5th  c.).] 

fl.  Capability  or  power  of  repressing.  Obs.-1 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  in.  1038  And  some  so  ful  of  furye 
is  and  despit  That  it  sourmounteth  his  repressioun. 


REPRIEVAL. 

2.  The  action  of  repressing,  in  senses  of  the  verb ; 
also,  an  instance  of  this. 

1533  MORE  Apol.  xlix.  Wks.  927/1  Any  new  order  con 
cerning  heresies,  with  yj  chaunge  of  lawes  before  deuised 
for  the  repression  of  them.  1553  in  liurnet  Hist.  Re/.t  Rec. 
u.  i.  No.  56  Do  such  things  for  the  Advancement  of  Justice, 
and  for  the  repression  and  punishment  of  Malefactors. 
ci6ii  CHAI'.MAN  Iliad  xi.  472  But  loue  (that  weighs  about 
All  humane  pow'rs)  to  Aiax  breast  diuine  repressions  droue, 
And  made  him  shun  who  shunn'd  himself.  1648-9  Eikon 
Bos,  21  No  declaration,  .from  My  self  could  take  place,  For 
the  due  repression  of  these  Tumults.  1818  BENTHAM  Part. 
Rfform  62  Repression  of  insolence  is,  therefore,  in  his  situa 
tion  prescribed  by  considerations  [etc.].  1860  TYNDALL 
Glac.  i.  xvi.  109  That  eastern  religion  who.se  essence  is  the 
repression  of  all  action. 

fb.  Mcd.   (See  quot.)   Obs.  rare-1. 

1582  HESTKR  Seer.  Phiorav.  \.  xxvii.  30  The  Feuer  of  Re 
pression,  .is  an  alteration  of  the  bloud,  whiche  is  caused  of 
beeyng  ouerhott,  and  then  colde. 

Hence  Hepre'ssionist,  one  who  advocates  re 
pression  or  repressive  measures. 

1875  Good  Words  266  The  people,  he  said,  did  not  take 
strong  drinks,  although  they  seemed  to  have  no  objection 
to  them  when  they  had  an  opportunity  of  receiving  them — 
an  argument  for  repressionists.  1888  Chicago  Advance  9 
Aug.,  Even  political  repressionists  are  practically  turning 
moralists. 

Repressive  (r/pre-siv),  a.  [f.  REPRESS  v.1  + 
-IVE  :  cf.  K.  rifpressifi  -ive,  and  med.L.  repressivusJ] 
Having  the  nature  of,  or  tending  to,  repression. 

1597  G.  HAKVKY  IVks,  (Grosart)  III.  9  Goe  to  the  Apothe- 
carie,  and  fetch  nice  some  represiue  Antidotitm  to  put 
into  the  bason,  to  keep  downe  the  venemous  vapors. 
1731  in  BAILEY  (vol.  II).  1749  SMOLLETT  Regicide  v.  i, 
'1  he  successive  pangs  Of  fond  impatience  and  repressive 
fear.  1797  GiLUts  Aristotle  II.  233  Although  our  re 
public  rejects  the  community  of  goods  as  repressive  to 
exertion.  1830  LYELL  Princ.  Geol.  I.  392  Beds  of  solid 
travertin,  .must  often .  .obstruct  the  ventj  and  thus  increase 
the  repressive  force.  1876  FAKKAR  Marlb.  Serin,  x.  91  This 
repressive  education  is  the  very  reverse  of  that  which  for 
centuries  has  been  carried  on  at  our  public  schools. 

Hence  Repre'ssively  adv.  (AYorcester  1846, 
citing  Allen) ;  Repre'ssiveuess. 

1878  SEELKY  Stein  I.  408  Countries  which,  owing  to  the 
jealousy  and  repres^iveness  of  the  government,  are  entirely 
devoid  of  political  culture.  1884  CATH.  L.  J'IKKIS  J. 
Wynne  II.  vi.  68  A  repressiveness  ..  which  would  have 
utterly  frozen  anyone  susceptible  of  the  process. 

Repre'SSOr.  rare.  Also  8  -our.  [a.  L.  re 
presser,  agent-n.  f.  reprimere  to  REPUKSS  :  cf.  KE- 
ritESSER.]  One  who,  or  that  which  represses. 

1611  FLOKIO,  Ripressore,  a  repressor.  1676  TOWERSON 
Decalogue  416  No  furtherer  of  imcleanness  but  on  the  con 
trary  the  represser  of  it.  1725  J.  LEWIS  Life  Pecock  (1744) 
62  An  account  of  a  book  published  by  the  bishop,  entituled, 
The  repressour  [etc.].  1860  (.title)  The  represser  of  over 
much  blaming  of  the  clergy,  by  Reginald  Pecock. 

Repre'SSure.  rare  -1.  [RE-  5  a.]  Repeated 
or  renewed  pressure. 

1811  PINKERTON  Petral.  I.  444  Saussure  concludes  that 
these  dislocations  of  beds  are  produced  by  a  refonlenient^  or 
repressure,  which  has  folded  them  over  each  other. 

Repreuable,  obs.  f.  REPKOVABLE.  Repreuar, 
obs.  f.  REPROVER.  Repreue,  -preve,  -prewe, 
obs.  fT.  REPROOF,  REPROVE.  Repreuendeli,  obs. 
f.  REPROVINGLY.  Repreve,  obs.  f.  REPRIEVE  v. 

t  Repreyn,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  OF.  repreignel 
repregne,  etc.,  pres.  subj.  of  reprendre  to  REPRE 
HEND.]  trans.  To  reprove,  rebuke.  Hence  Be- 
preyning  vbl.  sb. 

a  1380  St.  Ambrose  440  (Vernon  MS.)  in  Horstm,  Altengl. 
Leg.  (1878)  15  He  nolde  not  suwe  hem  in  no  vice,  But  Tie 
wolde  in  certeyne  WiJ>  opene  vois  him  wel  repreyne.  Ibid* 
857  He  hem  wolde  blame.. And  repreyne  hem  of  wikked- 
nesse.  a  1380 Minor Poems fr.  VerrwnMS.  529/112  He  wo! 
be  }elde  for  J?i  gode  dede  ffoul  repreynynge  [printed  re* 
preyuynge]  to  J>i  mede. 

Reprice,  obs.  form  of  REPRISE  sb. 

Repri'ck  (n-),  »-  rare.     [RE-  5  a.] 

f  1.  intr.  Of  a  hare :  To  ( prick  '  in  a  reverse 
direction.  Obs.  rare~l. 

i6oa  -znd  Pt.  Return  fr.  Pantos*,  n.  v.  937  By  that  I 
knewe  that  they  had  the  hare  and  on  foote,  and  by  and  by 
I  might  see  him  sore  and  resore,  prick  and  reprick. 

2.  trans.  To  prick  again. 

1611  FLORIO,  Ripnntot  repricked. 

Reprie,  obs.  form  of  REPRIEVE  v. 
Reprieve,  obs.  ff.  REPRIEVE  sb,t  REPROOF,  and 
REPROVE. 
Reprieval  (r/pr/"val).    Also  6-7  wprlval(t 

[f.  REPRIEVE  v.  +  AL.]  =  REPRIEVE  sb.  in  various 
senses.  Now  rare  (common  in  iyth  c.). 

a.  a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  (1598)  ^52  Gynecia,  to  whom 
the  fearefull  agonies  shee  still  liued  in,  made  any  small  re- 
priuall  sweete.  c  1595  SOUTHWELL  St.  Peter's  Cornel.  31 
Senses  and  soules  repriuall  from  all  cumbers.  1669  in  lOfa 
Rep.  Mist.  MSS.  Comtn.  App.  V.  08  Wee.  .ordered  that  the 
reprival!  of  the  said  Walter . .  should  be  continued  untill  the 
next  Summer  Assizes,  a  1684  LEIGHTON  Comnt.  i  Pet. 
Wks.  (1859)  220/2  These  reprivals  and  prolongings  of  this 
present  life. 

jS.  01613  OVEBBURY  Characters  (1615)  D  vj  b,  His  [the 
sailor's]  sleepes  are  but  repreeuals  of  Ms  dangers.  1656 
HEYLIN  Snrv.  France  25  The  Baron  was  again  committed 
to  prison,  till  the  Queen  Mother  had  wooed  the  people.. to 
admit  of  his  reprievall.  1675  BAXTER  Cath.  Theot.  n.  vin. 
156  Is  not  the  very  reprieval  of  the  World  from  deserved 
ruine  and  misery  so  many  thousand  years  an  Act  of  Grace  ? 
iSai  SoUTHEy  rfc.  Judgm.  iv,  Change  of  place  to  them 

61-2 


REPRIEVE. 

brought  no  reprieval  from  anguish.  1874  BARING-GOULD 
Yorksh.  Odd.  (1875)  II.  242  The  Parliament  having  remon 
strated  at  the  reprieval  of  Popish  recusants,  tne  King 
reluctantly  signed  the  warrant  for  their  execution. 
Reprieve  (r/piv~v),  sb.  Also  6-7  repreeue, 
7  reprive,  (7  repriefe,  9  reprief).  [f.  the  vbj 

1.  The  act  of  reprieving ;  the  fact  or  favour  of 
being  reprieved. 

1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  \:  ii.  53  You  are  condemned,  our  ' 
Generall  has  sworne  you  out  of  repreeue  and  pardon.  1623-4 
MIDDLETON  &  ROWLEY  Span.  Gipsy  v.  i,  Promise  me  you'll  ' 
get  reprieve  For  the  condemned  man.  1671  MILTON*  Sam-  t 
son  288  So  many  dy'd  Without  Reprieve  adjudg'd  to  death,  1 
For  want  of  well  pronouncing  Shibboleth. 

b.  An  instance  of  this  ;  a  formal  suspension  of 
the  execution  of  a  sentence  upon  a  condemned 
person;  a  respite  from  a  penalty  imposed;  a  remis 
sion  or  commutation  of  a  capital  sentence. 

1598  SHAKS.  Merry  If7,  n.  ii.  6,  I  haue  grated  vpon  my 
good  friends  for  three  Repreeues  For  you,  and  your  Coach- 
fellow  Nim.  1603  —  Meas.for  M.  \\.  ii.  140  His  friends 
still  wrought  Repreeues  for  him.  a  1680  BUTLER  Rem. 
(1759)  I-  21°  Like  Princes  had  Prerogative  to  give  Con 
victed  Malefactors  a  Reprieve,  a  1721  SHEFFIELD  (Dk. 
Buckhm.)  Wks,  (1753)  1.290  All  we  could  give  was  but  a  poor 
reprieve,  A  hardship  worse  than  death  to  minds  resolv'd. 
1789  Constit.  U.  S.  11.  §  2  The  president  shall  have  power  to 

§rant  reprieves  and  pardons  for  offences  against  the  United 
tales.  1843  LEVEK  J.  Hinton  xxii,  Like  the  felon,  that 
feels  there  is  no  chance  of  a  reprieve,  I  could  look  my  fate 
more  steadily  in  the  face.  1874  L.  STEI-HEN  Hours  in 
Library  (1892)  I.  vL  231  A  reprieve  is  granted  at  the  last 
moment. 

transf.    1676  D'UttFEY  Mute,  Fickle  \.  ii,  Tab.  Methinks 
I    cou'd   beat   this   Drawer   into   a   Wicker  Bottle.    Zec/i, 
Sirra,  as  a  Reprieve  for  Life,  bring  out  the  Butt, 
fc.  The  time  during  which  one  is  reprieved. 
1603  SHAKS.  Jfcas.  for  M.  it,  iv.  39 That  in  his  Reprieue     ' 
(Longer,  or  shorter)  he  may  be  so  fitted  That  his  soule 
sicken  not. 

2.  A  warrant  granting  or  authorizing  the  sus-    j 
pension  or  remission  of  a  capital  sentence. 

1602  Life  T.  Cromwell  \.  v,  Here  is  a  kind  reprieve  come 
from  the  king  To  bring  him  straight  unto  his  majesty.     1603    ', 
SHAKS.  A  leas,  for  M.  iv.  ii.  74,  I  hope  it  is  some  pardon,  or     j 
repreeue  For  the  most  gentle  Claudio.      a- 1674  CLARENDON     ' 
Hist.   Reb.  viu.  §   283  The   very  morning   that   Sir  John     ' 
Hotham  was  to  die,  a  reprieve  was  sent  from  the  House  of 
Peers  to  suspend  his  execution  for  three  days.     1758  Ann. 
Reg.    I.    loo/z   A   reprieve    was  brought   to    Newgate   for     • 
Dr.  Hensey,   respiting  his  sentence  for  a  fortnight.     1781 
GIBBON  Dect.  &F*  xix.  II.  136  The  second  messenger  en-    ' 
trusted  with  the  reprieve,  was  detained  by  the  eunuchs. 
i8zo  BYRON  Mar.  Fal.  i.  i,  The  ducal  table,  cover'd  o'er 
With  . .  Despatches,   judgments,    acts,   reprieves,    reports.     I 
1841  Penny  Cyd.  XIX.  403/2  If  the  reprieve  is  sent  by  the     j 
secretary  of  state,  it  is  under  the  sign  manual  of  the  king. 

3.  transf.    Respite   from   a   natural   or   violent    j 
death. 

a  1633  AUSTIN  Medit.  (1635)  276  Hee.  .was  made  an  end 
of.  And  so  must  all  men,  be  the  time  of  their  Reprieve  never 
so  long,  a  1677  BAKROW  Serin.  Wks.  1716  II.  35  He  liveth 
only  by  reprieve  from  that.. sentence,  the  day  thou  sinnest 
thou  shalt  die.  1712  STEELE  Sped.  No.  498  p  2  If  you 
would  but  bestow  a  little  of  your  wholesome  Advice  upon 
our  Coachmen,  it  might  perhaps  be  a  Reprieve  to  some  of 
their  Necks.  1784  JOHNSON  Let,  to  Mrs.  Tlirale  20  Mar., 
God  has  in  his  mercy  granted  me  a  reprieve  ;  for  how  much 
time  his  mercy  must  determine,  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  yii, 
1  he  sense  of  reprieve  from  approaching  and  apparently  in 
evitable  death  had  its  usual  effect.  1870  BRYANT  Iliad  I. 
v.  161  With  those  who  flee  Is  neither  glory  nor  reprieve 
from  death. 

b.  A  respitCj  or  temporary  escape,  from  some 
trouble,  calamity,  etc. 

1635  QUARLKS  Embl.  iv.  xjv.  3, 1  search 'd  the  Shades  of 
Sleep,  to  ease  my  day  Of  griping  sorrowes  with  a  nights  re 
priefe.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  i.  vL  §  2  Perceiving  his 
Countrey  condemned  by  Gods  Justice  to  Ruine,  he  could 
procure  a  Reprieve,  though  not  ptevail  for  the  Pardon 
thereof.  1733  CHEYNE  Eng.  Malady  n.  ix.  §  i  (1734)  206 
It  is  absolutely  necessary.. to  gain  a  Reprieve  from  these 
Symptoms.  1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  v.  iv,  Cecilia,  .con 
trived.. to  keep  her  maid  in  the  room.  Miss  Belfield, 
supposing  this  to  be  accidental,  rejoiced  in  her  imaginary 
reprieve.  1821  CLAKE  Vill.  Minstr.  I.  133  The  moth,  for 
night's  reprief,  Waited  safe  and  snug  withal  'Neath  the 
plantain's  bowery  leaf.  1851  GALLENCA  Italy  381  The 
people.. were  only  allowed  a  choice  between  the  instant 
surrender  of  their  rights,  and  a  short  reprieve,  which  en 
titled  them  to  call  themselves  their  own  masters  till  the  end 
of  the  war, 

Reprieve  (r/"prrv),  v.  Forms ;  a.  5-6  repry, 
6  reprie.  0.  6-7  reprive.  7.  7  repre(e)ve,  7- 
reprieve.  [First  in  pa.  pple.  repryed,  app.  ad. 
AF.n?/m,pa.  pple.  vlreprendre\  see  REPRISE  v.  3. 
The  insertion  of  the  v  and  the  later  change  of 
vowel  are  difficult  to  account  for.] 

fl.  trans.  To  (take  or)  send  back  to  prison ;  to 
remand  ;  to  detain  on  remand.  Obs. 

a.  1494  FABYAN  Ckron.  vii.  389  They  were  repryed,  and 
sent  vnto  the  Toure  of  London,  where  theyremaynedlonge 
after.  Ibid.  672  [They]  were  brought  vnto  Guyldehalle, 
and  there  areygned  ;  but  the  sayd  Turbyruyle  was  repryed 
to  pryson.  1542-3  Act  34  %  35  Hen.  VIII,  c.  27  §  84  The 
said  Iustices..maie  reprie  the  prisoner,  til  they  haue 
aduertised  the  Kinges  maiestie  of  the  matter.  1556  J.  HEY- 
WQODSjMtr  <y  /'.  Ixxviii.  158  Whervpon  they  repryede  me 
to  prison  cheynde.  1588  LAMBARDE  Eiren.  iv.  xiv.  563 
lustice  Welsh  thought  it  meete  to  reprie  the  prisoner, 
without  gluing  judgement  upon  him. 

ft  1571  CAMPION  Hist.  Irtl.  \\.  ix.  (1633)  116  Of  this 
1  reason  he  was  found  guilty,  and  reprived  in  the  Towre  a 
long  time.  1587  FLEMING  Contn,  Holinsktd  III.  933/8  His 


484 

moonks  garment  was  plucked  from  his  backe,  and  he 
repriued  [Hall  repried],  till  the  king  were  informed  of  his 
malicious  obstinacie. 

f  b.   To  remit  for  trial.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1556  J.  HEYWOOD.S'/fV&r^  F.  xxiv,Thefaughter.  .ajjealth 
to  be  repride,  From  London  to  Louane,  there  to  be  tride. 

f  2.  To  postpone,  delay,  put  off.  Obs.  rare. 

1548  ELIOT  s.v.  Aniplio,..\.o  deferre  or  delal  a  thyng  in 
iugement,  to  repry.  1567  R.  MULCASTER  Fortescue's  De 
Laud.  Leg.  (1672)  128  It  was  in  the  Judges  power  to  have 
reprived  or  respected  the  woman's  arraignment  till  the  end 
of  the  year.  1628  FORD  Lover  s  Mel.  i.  i,  I  repriev'd  Th' 
intended  execution  with  entreaties  And  interruption.  1630 
MAY  Contin.  Lucan  vn.  533  Not  one  dayes  absence  can 
preuent,  Nor  scarce  repriue  my  Fate.  1664  KATH.  PHILIPS 
Death  v,  in  Poems  233  Since  we  cannot  Death  reprieve,  Our 
Souls  and  Fame  we  ought  to  mind,  For  they  our  Bodies 
will  survive. 

f  3.  To  bring  back,  redeem.   Obs.  rare  — '. 

CI557  ABP.  PARKEK  Ps.  cxxvi.  375  What  tyme  the  Lord 
shall  backe  repry  Hard  Sions  thrall  to  death  so  nye  [etc.]. 

4.  To  respite  or  rescue  (a  person)  from  impend 
ing  punishment ;  spec,  to  suspend  or  delay  the  exe 
cution  of  (a  condemned  person). 

ft.  155(6  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  xii.  31,  I  humbly  crave  your 
Majestic  It  to  replevie,  and  my  sonne  reprive.  1600  DEK- 
KER  Fortunatus  Wks.  1873  I.  170  Untie  their  bands.  Vice 
doth  reprive  you  both,  I  set  you  free.  1655  Clarke  Papers 
(Camden)  III.  38  Three  executed  at  Salisbury,  the  rest  re 
prived  and  pardoned. 

Jig.  1648  CRASH  AW  Delights  Muses  Wks.  (1904)  152  Those 
sweet  Aires  that  often  slew  mee  Shall  revive  mee  Or  reprive 
mee.  1675  BAXTER  Cat/i.  Theol.  n.  vi.  115  Nature  is 
reprived  and  continued  by  some  degree  of  Grace. 

y.  1647  C.  HARVEY  Sck,  of  Heart  xii.  24  Justice  con- 
demnes  ;  let  mercy,  Lord,  reprieve  me.  1695  BLACKMORE 
Pr.  Art/t.  i.  451  Her  Power  can  sentenc'd  Criminals  re 
prieve.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  yones\\\i^,.  1775  VII.  209  He 
who  escapes  from  death  is  not  pardoned,  lie  is  only  re 
prieved,  and  reprieved  to  a  short  day.  1809  KENDALL 
Trav.  I.  21  He  may  reprieve  a  condemned  malefactor  till 
the  next  meeting  of  tne  general  assembly;  but  he  can 
grant  no  pardon.  1892  ZANGWILL  Bow  Mystery  180  '  Pend 
ing  further  inquiries  into  this  ',  said  the  Home  Secretary,  . . 
'  1  have  reprieved  the  prisoner  '. 

fig.  1648  BOYLE  Seraphic  Love  Wks.  (1744)  I.  163/2  Her 
afflictions  torment  him,  whilst  his  own  reprieve  him.  1655 
FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  iv.  ii.  174  Let  her  Memory  therefore  be 
reprieved  till  the  day  of  Judgement. 

b.  Const,  from  the  penalty,  punishment,  etc. 

|3.  1592  NASHE  Four  Lett.  Confut.  D,  Maister  Birdes 
Letter  shall  not  repriue  you  from  the  ladder.  1632  BROME 
North.  Lasse  11.  iv,  Then  Sir  for  this  time  you  shall  be  re- 
priv'd,  From  further  penance. 

absol.  1674  BBBVINT  Saul  at  Endor  229  No  Indulgence 
can  reprive  from  any  Punishments  that  we  can  see. 

•y.  «6oi  SHAKS.  Alfs  Well  in.  iv.  30  He  cannot  thriue, 
Vnlesse  her  prayers,  .repreeue  him  from  the  wrath  Of  great 
est  lustice.  c  1660  SOUTH  Scrm.  (1715)  I.  31  Company, 
though  it  may  reprieve  a  Man  from  his  Melancholy,  yet  it 
cannot  secure  him  from  his  Conscience.  1717  POPE  Iliad  x. 
236  When  night  descending,  from  his  vengeful  hand  Re 
prieved  the  relics  of  the  Grecian  band.  1770  GOLDSM.  DCS. 
Vill.  238  Reprieve  the  tottering  mansion  from  its  fall. 

t  5.  To  pardon,  forgive.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1629  SHIRLEY  Wedding  i.  iii,  I  hope  your  worship  will  re 
prieve  my  boldness  ;  tis  out  of  love  to  your  daughter. 

Hence  Reprieved///,  a.,  Reprieving  vbL  sb. 
1633?.  FLETCHER  Elisa  n.  x,  Teares  are  most  due,  when 
there  is  no  reprieving.  1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  Iniq.  in  To 
enclose  him  in  a  Pyx  like  a  reprieved  prisoner.  1758  Ann. 
Reg.  I.  81/2  The  reprieved  were  turned  over  to  the  Grafton 
and  Sunderland.  1868  E.  EDWARDS  Ralegh  I.  xxi.  457  A 
fortnight  after  the  return  of  the  reprieved  prisoners  to  the 
Tower  of  London. 

Reprieve,  obs.  form  of  REPROOF,  REPROVE. 

t  Reprie'vement.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  prec.  + 
-MENT.J  The  action  of  reprieving  ;  a  reprieve. 

1633  T.  ADAMS  Exp.  z  Peter  ii.  3  Thou  art  one  of  those 
scape-goats  in  whose  temporary  reprievement  the  Judge  of 
all  flesh  doth  but  represent  the  necessity  of  his  last  assizes. 
1647  T.  HILL  Paul  (1648)  5  Like  to  obtain  mercy,  at  least 
a  reprievement,  as  to  the  execution  of  the  judgement. 

Beprie'ver.  rare—1,  [f.  as  prec.  +  -EB1.] 
One  who  reprieves. 

1685  BAXTER  Paraphr.  N.  T.  John  i.  9  As  the  Repriever 
and  Restorer  of  blinded  Intellects. 

Reprife,  obs.  form  of  REPROOF. 

Reprimand  (re'primand),  sb.  [ad.  F.  ripri- 
manae,  earlier  reprimende  (--=  Sp.  reprimendd]^  f. 
rtprimer  to  repress,  reprove.]  A  sharp  rebuke, 
reproof,  or  censure,  esp.  one  given  by  a  person  or 
body  having  authority,  or  by  a  judge  or  magistrate 
to  an  offender. 

1636  in  Crt.  ff  Times  Chas.  I  (1848)  II.  258  Crofts  . .  got 
committed  to  my  Lord  Dorset,  and  Apsley  to  his  chamber 
with  a  sharp  admonition  and  reprimand.  1681  in  Somcrs 
Tracts  (1748)  1. 138  The  Person  who  made  such  an  Inference 
deserved  a  Reprimand  in  the  open  Court.  1707-8  WYCHEK- 
LEY  Let.  to  Pope  28  Feb.,  A  friend's  reprimand  often  shews 
more  friendship  than  his  compliment.  1732  LEDIARD  Sethos 
II.  viii.  162  A  grave  reprimand  from  the  senate.  1788  H. 
WALPOLE  Corr.  (1820)  128  Probably  even  they  who  might  be 
corrected  by  his  reprimand  adopted  some  new  distinction  as 
ridiculous.  1838  DISRAELI  in  Corr.  w.  Sister  i  Mar.  (1886) 
97  Yesterday  O  Connell  received  his  reprimand  in  one  of  the 
most  crowded  houses  I  remember.  1854  MACAULAY  Biog. 
(1860)  61  Goldsmith  gave  his  landlady  a  sharp  reprimand 
for  her  treatment  of  him.  1896  LELY  Stat.  of  Pra<.t.  Util. 
38  notet  The  penalty  for  a  first  offence  being  only  a  re 
primand  and  costs. 

Reprimand  (reprimand),  v.  Also  7  -man. 
[ad.  r'.  rtpritn&ndery  t  reprimender  (1642),  f.  rt- 
primande  \  see  prec.] 


REPRINT. 

1.  trans.  To  rebuke,  reprove,  or  censure  (a  per 
son)  sharply  or  severely. 

1681  PKIDEAUX  Lett.  (Camden)  102  In  the  same  manner  he 
proceeded  to  repriman  them  for  their  unworthy  behavior 
both  to  his  Majesty  and  us.  1687  H.  HOLDEN  in  Ma%d. 
Coil.  %  Jas.  II  (O.  H.  S.)  124  The  Bishop,  .in  a  large  speech . . 
reprimanded  the  Fellows  of  their  disobedience.  17*7  SWIFT 
Poisoning  E.  Curll  Wks.  1755  III.  1. 149  This  gentleman., 
reprimanded  Mr.  Curll  for  wrongfully  ascribing  to  him  the 
aforesaid  poems.  1748  Anton's  Voy.  i.  iii.  30  The  Boatswain 
immediately  reprimanded  them,  and  ordered  them  to  be 
gone.  1770  Junins  Lett,  xxxviii.  (1788)  205  Thelofty  terms  in 
which  he  was  persuaded  to  reprimand  the  city.  1835  W, 
IRVING  Tour  Prairies  203  The  Captain.. reprimanded  the 
sentinel  for  deserting  his  post,  and  obliged  him  to  return  to 
it-  J875  JowETT/Vato  (ed.  2)  I.  137  In  such  cases  any  man 
will  be  angry  with  another,  and  reprimand  him. 

absol.  1856  KANE  Arct,  ExjtL  I.  xvi.  195  It  was  in  vain 
that  I .  .argued,  jeered,  or  reprimanded  :  an  immediate  halt 
could  not  be  avoided. 

fb.  To  censure,  find  fault  with  (an  act),  rare  —1. 

1782  WATERLAND  Arian  Subscript.  Suppl.,  Wks.  1823  II. 
380  Lord  Burghley,  .reprimanded  the  warm  proceedings  of 
the  Heads  against  him. 

f  2.  To  repress,  restrain.   Obs.  rare  "~'. 

1710 T.  FULLER  Pharm.  Extent}.  116  It  [i.e.  the  electuary] 
reprimands  the  Animal  Spirits  when  too  furious. 

Hence  Reprima  nder ;  Reprimanding  vbl.  sb. 
and///,  a.;  Reprima'ndiugly  adv. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  II.  315  Giving  a  hint, 
which  perhaps.. you  will  reprimandingly  call,  'Not  being 
able  to  forego  the  ostentation  of  sagacity.'  1851  J.  HAMIL 
TON  Royal  Preacher ^xvii.  (1854)  220  A  long  lecture  of  rough 
reprimanding  and  perverse  faultfinding.  1867  Quiver  II. 
186  Then  said  the  owl  unto  his  reprimander — '  Fair  sir,  I  have 
no  enemies  to  slander.'  1899  Westm.  Gaz.  2  Aug.  10/3  The 
cleric  found  his  Bishop  in  a  reprimanding  mood. 

t  Reprimate,  pa.  pple.  Obs.  rare  -l.  [irreg.  f. 
L.  reprim-ere  (see  next)  -f  -ATE,  perh.  after  F. 
reprimQ  Deprived  of  an  attribute. 

1579  BAKER  Guydon"s  Quest.  Chirnrg.  51  Those  [cauters] 
that  blyster,  make  no  scarre,  which  muste  be  well  applyed, 
correct,  and  reprymate  of  theyr  malyces. 

Repri'ine  (r/'-),  f.1  rare.  [ad.  L.  reprim?re\ 
cf.  REPBEME.]  trans.  To  repress. 

1819  W.  TENNANT  Papistry  Storr/ieidZafl  8  But  hoolie, 
Muse  !  reprime  your  haste,  Descrybe  mair  gently  a'  the 
matter.  1898  MEREDITH  Odes  Fr.  Hist.  74  Are  we  of  worth 
amid  our  satanic  excrescences. -this,  for  the  less  than  a 
call,  Will  Earth  reprime,  man  cherish. 

Repri'me  («"-),  v.~  [RB-*fcJ  To  prime  again. 

1830  MARRVAT  A'IH^S  Own  Hi,  The  guns  were  primed  and 
reprnned,  without  the  fire  communicating  to  the  powder. 
1836  —  Pirate  xvi,  Hawkhurst  had  reprimed  his  musket. 

Hence  Bepri'mer,  an  instrument  for  repriming 
a  spent  cartridge. 

1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  Suppl.  750/1  A  complete  set  for 
rifle  cartridges  consists  of  primer,  extractor,  charger,  loader, 
and  reprimer. 

t  Re'priment ].  Obs.  rare—1,  [ad.  obs.  F. 
reprimende.]  A  reprimand. 

1652  EVELYN  State  France  Misc.  Writ  (1805)  44  That  re- 
priment  which  Socrates  once  gave  to  a  young  man  who 
would  render  him  no  accompt  of  his  long  absence. 

t  Re* priment  -.  Obs,  rare~~l.  [ad.L.  repri- 
mcnt-j  ppl.  stem  of  reprime're  to  REPRESS.]  filed. 
A  repressive  application. 

1684  tr.  BoneCs  Merc.  Compit.  xiy.  508  The  difficulty 
about  the  use  of  Repriments  [in  pleurisy].. is  very  great. 

t  Repri'nse.  Obs.  rare.  Also  6  reprince. 
[a.  F.  reprinsC)  obs.  var.  of  reprise  REPRISE  sb] 

1.  A  step  in  dancing  (cf.  REPRISE  sb.  5). 

1531  ELYOT  Gov.  i.  xxiv,  Comunely  nexte  after  sengles  in 
daunsing  is  a  reprinse,  whiche  is  one  mouing  only,  puttyngc 
backe  the  ryght  fote  to  his  felowe. 

2.  Recapture,  recovery. 

iS9»  WVRLEY  A  rmorie,  Ld.  Chandos  96  To  armed  knights 
and  squiers..  Bout  this  reprince  I  secretly  do  send. 

Bepri'nt  (n-)»  sb.    [f.  the  vb.] 

1.  A  reproduction  in  print  of  any  matter  already 
printed  ;  a  new  impression  of  a  work  previously 
printed,  without  alteration  of  the  matter. 

1611  FLORIO,  Ristampa,  a  reprint,  a  reprinting.  i8aa 
MOULE  Bibl.  Heraldica  ii  Mr.  Haslewood  paid  seven 
guineas  for  a  copy.. to  assist  him  in  the  reprint.  1837 
LOCKHART  Scott  Ixxiv,  An  uniform  reprint  of  the  Novels. 
1841  W.  SPALDING//^^^//.  /j/.III.  198  He  had  just  been 
made  aware  of  a  Milanese  reprint  of  his  book.  1883  Law 
Times  20  Oct.  425/2  The  second  edition  is  not,  however,  a 
simple  reprint  of  the  first. 

2.  Typog.  Printed  matter  used  as  copy  to  be  set 
up  and  printed  again. 

1824  J.  JOHNSON  Typogr.  II.  xviii.  578  Without  making 


original  matter  at  all '. 

Bepri-nt  (n-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 
1.  trans.  To  print  (a  work)  again  in  a  new  edi 
tion  ;  to  print  (matter)  a  second  time. 


Cometh  to  be  reprinted  againe  [etc.].  1676  RAY  Corr,  (1848) 
123,  I  have  been  lately  solicited  to  reprint  my  Catalogue  of 
English  Plants.  1711  HEARNE  Collect.  (O.  H.S.)  III.  479 
He  is  reprinting  your  Letter  to  S'.  Chr.  Wren.  1751 
BERKELEY  Tar-water  Wks.  1871  III.  498  Accounts  of  the 


REPRINTED. 

1891  Law  Rep.,  Weekly  Notes  44/1  It  was  hi;,  practice  to 
reprint  from  time  to  time  articles  which  had  previously 
appeared  in  his  newspaper. 

b.  To  print  again  in  a  different  form. 

1693  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  III.  130  The  Gazet  was 
printing  with  the  Satturday's  account,  but  this  relation  being 
brought  on  Sunday,  it  was  wholly  reprinted. 

2.  To  impress  or  stamp  again,  rare. 

l66z  SOUTH  Serin.,  Cert.  i.  27  (1727)  I.  75  To  rub  over  the 
defaced  Copy  of  the  Creation,  to  reprint  God's  Image  upon 
the  Soul.  1683  MOXON  Mecli.  Exerc.,  Printing  xxiv.  r  19 
The  hindside  of  the  Plattin  by  the  Second  Pull  reprints 
part  of  the  First  Pull. 

Hence  Beprrnted  ///.  a.  •  Eepri'nting  vbl.  sb. 

1575  JUGGE  in  Cal.  Script^.  Printer  to  Rdr.,  The  trauayle 
I  haue  in  hand  in  the  reprintyng  of  oour  English  Byble. 
1605  STOW  Ann.  1438  My  worke  was  presented  by  Printing 
and  reprinting.,  of  Raigne  Wolfes  collection.  1708  in  Watts 
Gram,  mad?  Easy  (1742)  aj  b,  To  Import  re-printed  Copies 
from  any  Place.  1878  'R.ovvt.Handbk.Shaks.  Mus.  76  One 
of  thereprintingsisin  the  Musical  Library.  iti&$Athenzn>ti 
19  Dec.  803/1  It  is  better  work  than.. the  reprinted  works 
of  the  late  Albert  Smith. 

Repri'iiter  (r/~-).  [f.  preo.  +  -ER  1.]  One  who 
reprints,  or  who  publishes  a  reprint. 

1689  D.  GRANVILLE  Lett.  (Surtees  No.  37)  82  The  in 
genious  reprinter  of  the  late  edition.  1765  H.  WALPOLE 
Let.  to  Earl  of  Hertford  14  Feb.,  Williams,  the  reprinter 
of  the  h'ortk  Briton,  stood  in  the  pillory  to-day  in  Palace 
Yard.  1866  Atlienxnin  17  Nov.  644/2  A  very  large  re- 
printer  of  English  lales  and  novels.  1892  in  Critic  (U.  S.) 
12  Mar.  162/1  The  absence  of  international  copyright  and 
competition  among  rival  reprinters  has  helped  this. 

Reprisal  (r/prai-zal),  sb.  Forms:  5  reprisail, 
5, 7  -sale,  6-7  -sail,  (6  -soil), 7  represal,7-  repri 
sal  ;  also  7-8  reprizal,  (6  -sail,  7  -zeal),  [a. OF.  re- 
prisaillc  (found  in  AF.  in  1352) :  see  REPRISE  z/. 
and  -AL.  The  mod.F.  reprtsaille  (recorded  in 
I5th  c.)  is  ad.  It.  ripresaglia  (f.  ripreso],  or 
med.L.  reprstsalia  (see  Du  Cange),  whence  also 
Sp.  represalia,  -aria.] 

I.  1.  (Without  article  or  plural.)  The  act  or 
practice  of  seizing  by  force  the  property  (or  per 
sons)  of  subjects  of  another  nation,  in  retaliation 
for  loss  or  injury  suffered  from  these  or  their 
countrymen.  Now  only  Hist. 

Reprisal  implied  the  refusal  of  the  offending  nation  to 
grant  redress  for  the  injury  done,  but  did  not  in  itself  create 
a  state  of  war  between  the  two  countries. 

a.  Letters  (or  Commission')  of  reprisal,  an  offi 
cial  warrant  authorizing  an  aggrieved  subject  to 
exact   forcible    reparation    from    the    subjects    of 
another  state :    see  MARQUE   I    and   2.     f  Also 
ellipt.  in  same  sense  (quot.  1472). 

1447  Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  135  To  graunte  to  youre  saide  Be- 
sechers,  letters  of  Marc  and  Reprisail.  1472  Ibid.  VI.  65/1 
Any  Sentence,  Jugement,  Margue  or  Reprisals  yeven..by 
his  Highnes  and  his  Counseill.  1591  Art.  cone.  Admiralty 
21  July  §  56  All  such  that  contrary  to  their  Commissions  of 
reprisal!,  haue  caried  any  prizes  by  them  taken  into  Barbary, 
Fraunce  (etc.).  1619  SIR  R.  NAUNTON  in  Forlescue  Papers 
(Camden)  88  They  have  bene  forced  to  sue  for  lettres  of  re 
prisal,  and  have  obteined  leave  under  the  Great  Scale  to  re- 
paire  theyr  losses  from  the  subjects  of  those  nacions  by 
whom  they  were  formerly  spoiled.  1680  Land.  Gaz.  No. 
1573/4  A  Vessel  fitted  out  as  a  Privatier.  .boarded  her  and 
took  her  (pretending  they  had  Letters  of  Reprizall).  1763 
BLACKSTONE  Comtn.  I.  vii.  250  In  this  case  letters  of  marque 
and  reprisal . .  may  be  obtained,  in  order  to  seise  the  bodies  or 
goods  of  the  subjects  of  the  offending  state,  until  satisfaction 
be  made,  wherever  they  happen  to  be  found.  1789  Constit. 
U.  S.  l.  §  8  Congress  shall  have  power,  .to. .grant  letters  of 
marque  and  reprisal.  1839  KEIGHTLEY  Hist.  Eng.  I.  450 
r he  king  of  Scotland  . .  having  granted  letters  of  reprisal 
against  the  Portuguese  to  three  brothers. 

b.  In  phrases,  as  to  make  reprisal ;  by  way  of, 
by,  or  in  reprisal  (passing  into  4  c) ;  and  in  other 
contexts. 

1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thcvenofs  J'rav.  277  When  the  Am- 
bassadours  of  the  Franks  complain..,  all  the  answer  they 
have  is,  that  they  must  make  reprisal  upon  them.  1735  DE 
FOE  ( 'cy.  round  World\\.  28  The  [Spanish]  Doctor,  .desired 
. .  That  none  of  our  Men  . .  would  ever  come  so  much  in 
Reach  of  the  Spaniards  on  Shore,  as  to  put  it  into  their 
Power  to  seize  upon  them  by  Reprizal.  1727-38  CHAMBERS 
Cycl. _  s,v.,  This  merchant  has  seized  the  effects  of  the 
Spaniard  don— by  way  of  reprisal,  because  the  Spaniards 
had  seized  his,  and  no  redress  could  be  had  at  the  court  of 
Madrid.  1803  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1838)  II.  418 
You  will  do  well  to  bring  away  with  you  all  the  principal 
shroffs  and  soucars,  by  way  of  reprisal  for  the  injuries.,  done 
by  the  enemy  to  the  Soubah's  country.  1819  JEFFERSOS 
AntoMog.  App.,  Wks.  1859  I-  "7  Our  first  overt  act  of  war 
was  Mr.  Henry's,  .making  reprisal  on  the  King's  treasury 
at  the  seat  of  government,  for  the  public  powder  taken  away 
by  his  Governor.  1839  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  n.  iv.  §  88 
He  treats  of  the  general  right  of  war,  the  difference  between 
public  war  and  reprisal.  1867  BURTON  Hist.  Scot.  (1873) 
III.  68  When  Scotland,  in  reprisal  for  injuries  committed  by 
England  on  her  shipping,  seized  an  English  vessel. 

c.  attrib.  as  f  reprisal  goods,  office. 

1645 in  Ca/-  state  P-<  Do'n.,  C/ias.  1 168  My  said  brother, 
who  is  collector  for  Reprisal  goods.  Ibid.  285  Prays  that 
you  will  order  her  payment  of  this . .  out  of  the  Reprisal  office. 

2.  An  act  or  instance  of  seizing  property  or  per 
sons  belonging  to  another  state  by  way  of  indemnity 
or  recompense  for  loss  sustained.  Letters  of  repri 
sals  :  (see  i  a.)  f  Also  const,  of. 

1611  COTC.R.  s.  v.  Represaille,  Letlres  de  rtpresailles, 
Letters  (Patents)  of  Mart  or  Marque ;  letters  authorizing  re- 
prisalls.  1614  SELDEN  Titles  Hon.  210  The  lawes  of  Marque 
or  Reprisals.  [Cf.  Rolls  of  Parlt.  II.  250/1  (anno  1352)  La 


485 

Lei  de  mark  et  de  reprisailles.]  1641  BAKER  Chron,  (1653) 
565  Sundrv  quarrells  and  complaints  arose  between  the 
English  ana  the  French,  touching  reprisals  of  Goods  taken 
from  each  other  by  Pirates  of  cither  Nation.  1669  R. 
MONTAGU  in  Buccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  456 
Letters  of  reprisals  against  the  Dutch,  .should  be  granted. 
1765  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  vit.  251  And  indeed  this  custom 
of  reprisals  seems  dictated  by  nature  herself.  1790  BKATSON 
Nov.  <y  Mil.  Mem.  I.  40  Letters  of  marque,  or  general  re 
prisals,  against  the  ships,  goods,  and  subjects  of  the  King  of 
Spain,  were  ready  to  be  issued.  1839  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit. 
in.  iv.  §  i2Q  If  justice  is  refused  to  us  by  the  sovereign,  we 
have  a  right  to  indemnification  out  of  the  property  of  his 
subjects.  This  is  commonly  called  reprisals.  1863  Sat,  Rev. 
13  June  745  The  Admiral,  .was  then  instructed  to  put  the 
necessary  pressure  on  the  Government  by  proceeding  to  re 
prisals.  He  accordingly  detained  five  vessels. 

b.  In  phr.  to  make  reprisals  (cf.  4  b).  Alsoyfy. 
^1663  COWLEY  Verses  Set'.  Occas.,  Adv.  Five  Hours  26 
They  all  shall  watch  the  Travels  of  your  Pen,  And  Spain  on 
you  shall  make  Reprisals  then.  1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng. 
(1806)  III.  xl.  352  The  queen.. gave  all  the  English  liberty 
to  make  reprisals  on  the  subjects  of  Philip.  1777  WATSON 
Philip  II,  x.  (1839)  179  Not  receiving  satisfaction,  she  pro 
ceeded  to  make  reprisals,  and  seized  effects,  belonging  to 
Spanish  and  Flemish  merchants.  i8oz  JAMES  Milit.  Diet. 
s.v.  Mar/jue,  Granting  the  subjects  of  one  prince  or  state 
liberty  to  make  reprisals  on  those  of  another.  1873  YEATS 
Growth  Comm.  279  As  soon  as  England  was  able  to  protect 
her  merchant-shipping  and  to  make  reprisals  at  sea,  piracy 
declined. 

transf.  1774  PENNANT  Tour  Scot,  in  1772,  221  The  loss 
sustained  by  the  sea. .which,  we  know,  makes  more  than 
reprizals  in  other  places.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  ii,  He 
considered  himself  as  robbed  and  plundered  ;  and  tookit  into 
his  head,  that  he  had  aright  to  make  reprisals.  1849  I.YI.I.I, 
2nd  Visit  U.  S,  1 1.  55  In  the  winter,  when  the  sea  is  making 
reprisals  on  the  delta. 


Obs. 


Soc.) 


3.  f  a.  The  taking  of  a.  thing  as  a  prize.   Ob 
c  1595  CAPT.  WYATT  R,  Dudleys  Voy.  IV.  hid.  (Hakl. 

6  Our  Generall.  .plied.,  to  the  rock,  wheare  wee  had  the  fiu._ 
chase  that  wee  might  justlie  auer  the  reprisoll  of.  1596 
NASHE  Saffron  Walden  62  Whiles.. there  be  any  reprisalls 
of  purses  twixt  this  and  Cole-brooke. 

f  b.  A  prize.  Obs.  rare. 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen..  IV,  iv.  i.  118,  I  am  on  fire,  To  beare 
this  rich  reprizall  is  so  nigh,  And  yet  not  ours.  1611  FLORIO, 
Ripresaglia,  All  maner  of  reprisals,  prises,  pillage,  luggage. 

c.  Regaining,  recapture ;  recaption.  ?  Obs. 
_  i66oHicKERiNGiLLy(zwrt/<.#  (1661)  58  To  whom  our  Nation 
in  some  measures  stands  indebted  for  the  Reprizal  of  that 
Honour  at  Rio-Novo,  which  was  so  shamefully  lost  ..  in 
Hispaniola.  1726  J.  M.  tr.  Trag.Hist.  de  Vaudray  n.  130 
The  Enemy,  .open'd  the  Campaign  with  the  Siege  of  St. 
Omer.  The  King,  endeavouring  to  repair  that  Loss  by  the 
Reprizal  of  St.  Valery,  narrowly  escaped  [etc.J.  1768  BLACK- 
STONE  Comm.  III.  4  Recaption  or  Reprisal  is  another 
species  of  remedy  by  the  mere  act  of  the  party  injured. 
1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-bk.  569  Reprise,  or  Reprisal,  is 
the  retaking  a  vessel  from  the  enemy  before  she  has  arrived 
in  any  neutral  or  hostile  port. 

4.  An  act  of  retaliation  for  some  injury  or  attack; 
spec,  in  warfare,  the  infliction  of  similar  or  severer 
injury  or  punishment  on  the   enemy,  e.g.  by  the 
execution  of  prisoners  taken  from  them. 

1710  Lpnd.  Gaz.  No.  4726/1  The  Garrison.. was  detained 
in  Reprisals  for  the  following  Injuries,  1788  GIBBON  Dec/. 
<y  F.  1.  V.  185  If  he  falls  by  their  hands,  they  are  exposed  in 
their  turn  to  the  danger  of  reprisals,  the  interest  and  prin 
cipal  of  the  bloody  debt  are  accumulated.  1797  GODWIN 
Enquirer  L  xi.  101  Their  children  attempt  a  reprisal.  1855 
BREWSTER  Newton  II.  .\v.  43  He. .deserved  those  severe 
reprisals  which  doubtless  embittered  the  rest  of  his  days. 
1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  x.  §  4,  791  Lord  Cornwallis . .  found 
more  difficulty  in  checking  the  reprisals  of  his  troops.. than 
in  stamping  out  the  last  embers  of  insurrection. 

b.  In  phr.  to  make  reprisals  (cf.  2  b). 

1710  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  L  n.  iii.  268  In  case  of 
violence  offer'd  'em.. there  are  Hands  ready  prepar'd  to 
make  sufficient  Reprisals.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  III. 
215,  I  mean  not  to  make  reprisals  upon  these  unkind,  mis 
taken  gentlemen.  1778  Miss  BURNEY  Evelina  xx,  He  had 
studied  this  address  By  way  of  making  reprisals  for  my  con 
duct  at  the  ball.  1813  SHELLEY  Notes  to  Q.  Mob  Wks. 
(1891)  43/2  She  must  be  the  tame  slave,  she  must  make  no 
reprisals.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage  169  Hamilcar  was 
driven  to_make  reprisals  for  the  barbarities  of  the  Libyans 
by  throwing  his  prisoners  to  be  trampled  to  death. 

c.  Without  article  (cf.  i  b). 

1839  JAMES  Louis  XIV,  II.  92  A  prompt  and  decided 


our  own  people. 
II,  t5.   =  REPRISE  sb.  2.  Obs.  rare—1. 
1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt,  Eng.  i.  Ixx.  (1739)  184  All  such 
as  had  Lands  worth  2o/.  yearly  besides  Repnzals. 

6.  (Chiefly//.)  A  return  or  compensation;  a 
sum  or  amount  paid  or  received  as  compensation. 
(Cf.  REPRISE  sb.  3  a.)  Now  rare. 

1668  Ormonde  MSS.  in  loM  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm. 
App.  V.  60  An  addresse  from  the  Commissioners . .  concerning 
reprizeals.  1668  CLARENDON  Vindic.  Tracts  (1727)  64  By 
increasing  the  stock  for  reprisals  to  such  a  degree,  that  all 
men's  pretences  might  in  some  measure  be  provided  for. 
1704  SWIFT  Meek.  Operat.  Spirit  Misc.  (1711)  276  Since  that 
Arabian  is  known  to  have  borrowed  a  Moiety  of  his  Re 
ligious  System  from  the  Christian  Faith,  it  is  but  just  he 
should  pay  Reprisals.  1715-20  POI>E  Iliad  xi.  834  My  sire 
three  hundred  chosen  sheep  obtain'd.  (That  large  reprisal  he 
might  justly  claim,  For  prize  defrauded,  and  insulted  Fame). 
1866  GEO.  ELIOT  F.  Holt  ix,  He  was  able  to  refund,  to  make 
reprisals,  if  they  could  be  fairly  demanded.  1878  LECKY 
Eng.  in.  i8/A  C.  II.  vi.  177  This  restitution  was  to  be  post 
poned  until  reprisals  had  been  made  for  the  adventurers  and 
boldiers  who  had  got  possession  of  their  estate:-. 


BEPRISE. 

t  7.   —  REPRISE  sb.  4.   Obs.  rare  — \ 

a  1797  H.  WALPOLE  Mem.  Geo.  //,  1 1 1 .  62  Speaking  to  him 
at  different  reprisals  with  kindness  to  mark  his  satisfaction. 

8.  Arch.  (See  REPRISE  sb.  6,  quot.  1888.) 

Hence  f  Reprisal  v.  intr.,  to  make  reprisal. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  (1613)  93  What  is  left  for  a  man 
to  do,  . .  but  either  to  hang  at  Tiborne,  or  pillage  and  re 
prizall  where  he  may. 

tReprrsary,  a.  Obs.  rare~\  [See  next  and 
-AKY.]  Authorizing  reprisals. 

1544  in  Lett.  %  /'<z/.  Hen.  VIII,  XIX.  n.  466  The 
merchants  here .  .require  letters  reprisaries  against  our  mer 
chants. 

Reprise  (r/prai-z),  sb.  Also  6  repryse,  -pryce, 
-price,  7-8  reprize.  [a.  F.  reprise  (isth  c.),  f.  re- 
pris^&.-pplQ.otreprendrc  to  take  back,  resume,  etc. 
(see  next) ;  cf.  Sp.  and  Pg.  represa,  It.  ripresa.} 

fl.  The  fact  of  taking  back  something  for  one's 
own  advantage  or  profit;  an  amount  taken  back 
from  one  in  this  way;  hence,  loss,  expense,  cost. 
Obs.  (in  Gower  only). 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  153  AI  the  world  ne  may  suffise  To 
stanche  of  Pride  the  reprise.  Ibid.  157  Humble>ce  is  al 
otherwise,  Which  most  is  worth,  and  no  reprise  It  takth 
ayein.  Ibid.  II.  285  Love  is  evere  of  som  reprise  To  him 
that  wole  his  love  holde. 

2.  A  deduction,  charge,  or  payment  (such  as  a 
rent-charge  or  annuity)  falling  to  be  made  yearly 
out  of  a  manor  or  estate.  Chiefly//,  in  phrases 
above^  besides,  beyond,  or  f  over,  reprises. 

[1414  Act  -2  Hen.  V  Stat.  n.  c.  3  Si  mesme  la  persone  neit 
terres  ou  tenementz  de  annuell  value  de  quarant  souldz 
outre  les  reprises  dicelles.] 

1433  Rolls  of  Par  It.  IV.  476/2  Uchon  of  hem  may  spende 
.  .yerely,  over  the  reprise,  of  londe  or  rente  in  fee.  1435 
Ibid.  486/2  The  yerely  value.,  overe  the  reprises  and  charges. 
1484  Lett.  Rich.  Ill  ff  Hen.  VII  (Rolls)  I.  82  Alle  the  re 
venues,.,  with  the  reprises  and  deduccions  therof.  1509-10 
Act  i  Hen.  VIII  c.  8  Hereditamentes  of  the  yerely  value 
of  xl  markes  above  all  charges  and  repryces.  1546  Yorks. 
Chantry  Sun1.  (Surtees)  II.  518  In  reprises  yerely  going 
forth  of  the  same.  1656  BRAMHALL  Rcplic.  vi.  235  All  charges 
damages  and  reprises  must  first  be  cast  up  and  deducted, 
before  one  can  give  a  right  estimate  of  benefit  or  losse.  1687 
Royal  Proclam.  4  Nov.  in  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2298/1  A  Lease 
hold  Estate  of  Fifty  pounds  per  Annum  above  all  Charges 
and  Reprizes.  1704  in  Picton  L'pool Munic.  Rec.  (i886j  II. 
35  Being  in  ye  whole  of  y°  yearly  value  of  Twelve  Pounds 
beyond  Reprises.  ijzBAct  18  Geo.  II  Preamble,  A  Lease 
hold  Hstate  of  Fifty  Pounds  per  annum  above  all  Charges 
and  Reprizes.  1831  Act  i  <y  2  IVill.  IV,  c.  45  §  i  The 
clear  yearly  Value  above  all  Reprises  of  the  Rectory. 
t  b.  A  charge,  duty,  or  tax.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1645  EVELYN  Diary  30  July,  My  Matricula  contained  a 
clause,  that  I,  my  goods,  servants,  and  messengers,  should 
be  free  from  all  toll  and  reprises. 

1 3.  a.  A  return  or  compensation  received  or 
paid.  (Cf.  REPRISAL  sb.  6.)  Obs. 

c  1570  Pride  4-  Lowl,  (1841)  66  Let  no  man  it  di»pi;*e,  Or 
him  that  wrot  it  for  no  recompence,  Save  labour  for  his 
paine  without  reprice.  1662  Irish  Act  14  fy  15  Chas.  II,  c.  2 
§  17  Whatsoever  adventurer  ..  shall  be  removed  from  his 
present  possession,  ..shall  forthwith  have  a  reprize  of  equal 
value  ..  in  other  forfeited  lands.  1665  in  ijth  Ref.  Dep 
Kpr.Irel.-2i  The  Court  is  of  Opinion  that  it  is  a  Deficiency, 
and  that  the  reprize  ought  to  be  to  the  heir  of  Alexander 
Pymme.  1736  CARTK  Ormonde  II.  242  It  appeared  that 
one  interest  or  other  must  suffer  for  want  of  reprizes, 

t  b.  Reprisal ;  the  act  of  taking  something  by 
way  of  retaliation.  Obs. 

1667  DRYDEN  Maid.  Q.  v.  i,  By  Force  retake  it  from  those 
tyrant  Eyes,  I'll  grant  you  out  my  Letters  of  Reprize.  1687 
—  Hind  <y  P.  in.  862  If  so,  a  just  Reprise  would  only  be  Of 
what  the  Land  usurp'd  upon  the  Sea.  1700  —  Ovid's  Met. 
xii.  319  We  rise  Mad  with  revenge  to  make  a  swift  reprise, 
fc.  The  act  of  recapturing  a  vessel  taken  by  the 
enemy;  also,  the  vessel  so  taken.  Obs.  rare- -°. 

17*7-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  If  the  reprize  have  been  made 
within  24  hours,  the  vessel  is  to  be  restored  to  the  proprietor. 
Ibid.,  If  the  reprize  have  been  abandoned  by  the  enemy. 
[Hence  in  Falconer  Diet.  Marine  (1769).] 

4.  A  resumption  or  renewal  of  an  action ; 
a  separate  occasion  of  doing  something.  Chiefly 
in  phr.  at  or  in.  .reprises.  Also  f^y  reprises^ 
alternately.  Somewhat  rare. 

1685  DRYDEN  Albion  $  Alb.  i.  i,  The  two  last  Lines 
are  sung  by  Reprises,  betwixt  Aug[usta]  &  Tham[esis]. 


iii.  303  The  "most  refractory  and  obstinate  Understandings 
are  by  certain  Reprises  or  Returns  of  Thought ..  neces 
sitated,  .to  acknowledg  the  actual  Right  and  Wrong.  1713 
EARL  CROMARTY  Ace.  Gwvrie  Conspir.  14  The  unhappy 
Condition  wherein  the  Church  and  State  of  Scotland  were 
plunged,  .not  once  or  twice,  but  in  frequent  Reprises.  1895 
Si.  R.  JAMES  Abbey  St.  Edmund  122  The  western  tower 
fell,  not  all  at  once,  but  in  two  reprises. 
b.  spec.  (See  quots.) 

1727  BAILEY  vol.  II,  Reprise  (with  Horsemen)  is  a  lesson 
repeated,  or  a  manage  recommenced.  y.%$QBoJin*s  Handbk. 
Games  228  {Quadrille}  Reprise  and  Report,  are  synonymous 
with  Party.  [Ibid.  227  Party,  is  the  duration  of  the  Game, 
according  to  the  number  of  tours  agreed  to  be  played.]  1861 
CHAPMAN  Review  Art  Fencing  i.  20  The  remise.. differs  es 
sentially  from  the  Reprise,  a  redoubling  of  the  Attack. 
II.  t5-  Dancing.  (See  quot. and  REPRINSE  i.) 

15*1  R.  COPLAND  Introd.  Frenche,  Maner  of  dauncynge 
i6b,  A  repryse  alone  ought  to  be  made  with  the  ryght  fote 
in  drawynge  the  ryght  fote  bakwarde  a  lytyll  to  the  other 
fote.  The  seconde  reprvse  ought  to  be  made . .  with  the  lyft 
fote  in  rey^ynge  the  body  in  lyke  wyse. 


REPRISE. 


486 


REPBOAOH 


6.  Arch.  (See  later  quots.) 

Cotgr.  (1611)  gives  '  Ref  rises  dc  pitrre,  denting  peeces  of 
stone  .  See  also  Godefroy  Diet.  X.  552/1. 

1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  in.  xvii,  Pinnakillis,  fyellis,  turn- 
pekkis  money  one,.  .Skarsment,  reprise,  corbell,  and  battel- 
lingis.  1850  OCILVIE,  Keprist,  a  term  used  by  masons  to 
denote  the  return  of  mouldings  in  an  internal  angle.  1888 
C.  C.  HODGBS  Hcxham  Abbey  30  note,  A  reprise  or  reprisal 
is  the  foot  of  a  window  mullion  or  jamb,  which  is  worked  on 
the  same  stone  as  the  sills. 

7.  Music,  f  a.  A  refrain.   Obs.  ~°  b.  A  cadence. 
?  Obs.     c.  The   resumption  or   recurrence  of  the 
first  theme  or  subject   of  a  movement   after   the 
close  of  the  development. 

170*  BOYER  Diet.  Royal  I.  s.v.,  La  Reprist:  (le  Refra.in) 
ties  Ballades,  des  chansons,  the  Reprise,  repetition,  uphold 
ing,  or  burden  of  Ballads  and  Songs.  xSii  BUSBY  Diet. 
Mus.  (ed.  3),  Cattcncc,  or  Reprise,  a  pause  or  suspension  at 
the  end  of  an  air,  to  afford  the  performer  an  opportunity  of 
introducing  a  graceful  extempore  close.  1879  in  Grove  Diet. 
Mus.  1.  472  That  portion  of  the  first  movement  of  a  sonata 
or  symphony—  or  other  movement  in  similar  form—  which 
occurs  between  the  double  bar  and  the  reprise  of  the  first 
subject. 

t  Bepri'se,  v  .  Obs.  (exc.  arch.)  Also  5-6  re- 
pryse,  6-7  reprize.  [f.  F.  repris,  pa.  pple.  of  re- 
prcndrt,  (.  re-  RE-  -t-  prendre  to  take  :  related  to 
reprehend  as  comprise  to  comprehend^ 

1.  1.  a.  inlr.  To  begin  again,  start  afresh.  rare~l. 

e  1450  LOVEUCH  Grail  xvi.  462  But  the  blood  cowde  he 
staunchen  in  noil  wise  But  every  day  newe  it  gan  for  to 
reprise,  As  long  as  with-inne  was  the  hed. 
b.  trans.  To  recommence,  resume. 

1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  i.  xv.  50  Hym  behoueth  to  come  doun 
as  sone  as  a  stone  tyl  that  he  come  in  to  thayer  where  he 
may  repryse  his  fleyng.  1483  —  Cold.  Leg.  315  b/2  Anone 
they  reprysed  their  songe  after  theyr  customme.  1491  — 
Vitas  I'alr.  (W.  de  ^'.1495)  1-  xlii.  70  a/2  The  holy  Egypcyen 
reprysed  his  worde  and  sayde  [etc.].  160^  FLORIO  Mon 
taigne  in.  xiii,  650  By  advertisements  &  instructions,  re 
prised  by  intervalles  :  (intermixing  certaine  pawses  of  rest. 
C.  To  take  up  again,  to  reassume.  rare  •"'. 

1481  CAXTOS  Godfrey  clxxxiii.  269  They  that..laye  in 
theyr  beddes  sprange  vp  anon  and  reprysed  theyr  harnoys 
and  annex 

d.  To  take  anew,  gain  afresh,  rare  ~'. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  xi.  44  That  dead-living  swayne, 
Whom  still  he  marked  freshly  to  arize  From  th*  earth,  and 
from  her  womb  new  spirits  to  reprize. 

e.  ?  To  take  separately. 

a  1641  BP.  MONTAGU  Acts  ft  Mon.  (1642)  133,  62.  weeks  and 
7.  weeks,  in  fractions  reprised,  must  first  be  accomplished. 

2.  To  take  back  again,  esp.  by  force;  to  recap 
ture  (a  thing  or  person),  to  recover;  also,  to  buy 
back.  (Freq.  in  I7th  c.) 

1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  xxiv.  lu'fuiing,  How  Solyman.. 
reprised  and  toke  agayn  the  castel.  1596  SPENSER  .F.  Q.  IV. 
iv.  8  He  now  begunne  To  challenge  her  anew,  as  his  owne 
prize,  ..And  proffer  made  by  force  her  to  reprize.  ci6xi 
CHAPMAN  Iliad  xvii.  130  Now  ye  might  reprise  the  armes, 
Sarpedon  forfeited,  .  .  would  you  but  lend  your  hands.  1654 


meet  a  lion  on  his  way,  And  from  his  hungry  jaws  reprize 
the  prey,  a  1711  KEN  Preparatives  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  6 
Time  which  when  once  away  it  flies,  1  never,  never  can 
reprise.  ^1780  BURKE  Eton.  Reform  241  Buckingham-house 
was  reprised,  by  a  bargain  with  the  publick,  for  one  hundred 
thousand  pounds. 

b.  intr.  To  make  reprisals.  rare~l. 
.'S5»  in  Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  (1721)  II.  x.  33:  To  permit  in 
directly  our  merchants  to  reprize  upon  the  French. 

3.  To  withdraw  from  trouble  or  punishment ;  to 
reprieve,  rare, 

"SS7  ABP.  PARKER  Ps.  xciv.  266  As  carefull  thoughtes  in 
store  dyd  ryse. .  -Thy  comfort  so  dyd  me  repryse,  My  soule 
to  scape  the  foyle.  c  1386  C'TESS  PEMBKOKE  Ps.  cvi.  xi, 
Phinees,  justice  done,  their  lives  repris'd. 

4.  To  take  or  hold  back  out  of  a  sum. 

'559  ABP*  PARKER  Corr.  (Parker  Soc.)99  Item,  that  fees  to 
keepers  of  parks  and  woods  not  yet  valued  be  not  reprised 
out  of  the  value  of  the  manors.  1707  FLEETWOOD  Cfirou. 
Prec.  172  That  Man  has  not  an  Estate  of  8/.  ultra  Rfpriias, 
because  there  is  131.  ^if.  to  be  reprized  or  taken  back  again, 
which  b,  I  think,  the  meaning  of  the  word. 

5.  To  compensate  (a  person).  Cf.  REPRISE  sb.  3  a. 
1661  Irish  Act  14  $  15  Clias.  11,  c.  2  §  18  All  such  ..  who 

have  been .. dispossessed  of  their  estates.. shall  be  forthwith 
reprized  in  forfeited  lands.  1668  in  lotfi  Rep.  Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.  App.  V.  60  The  Lord  Lieutenant  and  Counsel's 
advice  to  tne  Commissioners  to  spend  some  of  their  remain 
ing  time  to  reprize  Protestants.  1705-6  PENN  in  Pa.  Hht. 
Soc.  Mem.  X.  in  Now  know  that  to  reprise  or  pay  you,  I 
have  money  in  the  hands  of  the  executors.  1736  CARTE 
Ormonde  II.  242  He  was  misled  to  think  there  were  lands 
enough  to  reprize  such  of  the  Adventurers  and  Soldiers  as 
were  to  be  dispossessed.  [1878  LECKY  Eng.  in  i8/A  C.  II. 
vL  177  The  adventurers  and  soldiers  who  were  removed 
were  at  once  reprised.] 

b.  reft.  To  recoup  (oneself) .  rare~*. 

1677  Goyt.  Venice  319  Having  lost,  .the  Honour  he  bore, 

. .  to  reprize  himself,  he  assumed  the  Title  of  that  Kingdom. 

II.  6.  To  reprehend,  reprove  (a  person),  rare. 

a  1450  Knt.  ile  la  Tour  (1868)  113  Atte  the  dredfulle  day 
he  woll«  axe  acomptes.  .wherof  y  doubte  that  mani  shalle 
be  reprised.  1474  CAXTON  Clusse  161  He  shold  correcte  and 
reprise  the  Kyng  of  his  euyl  vices.  1483  —  G.  de  la  Tour 
p  vij  b,  How  a  hooly  bisshop  reprysed  and  taught  many 
lad  yes. 

Hence  f  Bepri'ser,  one  who  receives  a  reprise ; 
t  Bepri-slng  vbl.  sb.  -REPBISK  sb.  4. 

1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  11.  x.  (1632)  326  We  are  taught  to 


cast  our  eyes  over  it,  in  running  it  over  by  divers  glance*,.  . 
and  reiterated  reprisings.  xo*o  DoOJUOCK  Principality 
Wales  76  With  the  ordinary  deductions  and  Reprizes  taken 
out  of  it.,  in  charges,  fees,  to  officers,  and  other  reprizers. 

Reprisoll,  obs.  form  of  REPRISAL. 

Reprrstinate,  v.  rare.  [f.  RE-  +  PRISTINE 
a.]  trans.  To  restore  to  the  original  condition 
or  position  ;  to  revive. 

1659  H.  L'KsTRANGE  A  lliance  Div.  Off.  480  It  will  not  be 
amiss  to  enquire,  .by  what  degrees  they  were  repristinated 
and  rendered  in  their  former  state.  1869  SHEDD  Homilct. 
372  The  practice  of  catechising  children  and  youth  should 
be  repristinated  in  the  American  Churches. 

Repristina'tion.  [f.  prec.]  The  action  of 
restoring  to  a  pristine  condition  ;  restoration,  re 
habilitation. 

1838  CDL.  WISEMAN  Ess.  (1853)  II.  32  That  same  '  Reforma 
tion  '  signifying  a  repristination  of  primitive  Christianity. 
1868  BROWNING  Ring  $  Bk.  i.  23  13ut  his  work  ended,  once 
the  thing  [is]  a  ring,  Oh  !  there's  repristination  I 

Heprival(e,  obs.  forms  of  REPBIEVAL. 

t  Repriva'tion.  Obs.  rare-1*  [irreg,  f.  re- 
privei  obs.  van  REPRIEVE  Z/.  +  -ATION.J  Reprieve. 

1383  STUBBES  Anat.  Abns.  u.  (1882)  13  [He]  being  found 
gilty,  ..is  presently,  without  any  further  imprisonment,  re- 
priuation  or  delay,..  committed  to  the  sword. 

Keprive,  obs.  f.  REPRIEVE.  Beprizal(l,  obs. 
ff.  REPRISAL.  Reprize,  obs.  f.  REPKJSK  sb.  and  v. 

Reproach.  (r/pr^u-tj),  sb.  Also  5~8reproch(e. 
[a.  K.  reproche  (i2th  c.),  vbl.  sb.  f.  reprocker  (see 
next),  =  Prov.  repropche^  Sp.  and  1'g.  reproche^ 
It.  rimproccio.  The  OF.  variants  reproce  and  re- 
pnice  were  also  adopted  in  ME.  (see  these  forms).] 

1.  A  source  or  cause  of  disgrace  or  shame  (to 
a  person,  etc.)  ;  a  fact,  matter,  feature  or  quality 
bringing  disgrace  or  discredit  upon  one. 

£1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  71  Thys  traytour  Eolus.. 
daylyme  manaces..Whyche  to  my  name  a  reproche  syngler 
Shuld  be  for  euer.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  i.  xvii.  16  Some.. 
sayd,  that  to  hym  it  was  great  reproche  and  dlshonoure,.  . 
that  he  had  nat  the  rule  of  al  yfl  Jande.  01548  HALL 
Chron.  i  Hen.  VI  169  It  was  not  honorable,  but  a  reproche 
and  infamy  to  the  Kyng,  to  have  one  to  bee  a  Protector  and 
governor  of  hym.  1617  MORYSON  /tin.  i.  240  They  thinking 
it  a  reproch  that  we  should  ride  ouer  their  graues,  did  with 
inraged  countenances  fling  stones  at  vs.  1671  MILTON 
Samson  353,  I  pray'd  for  Children,  and  thought  barrenness 
In  wedlock  a  reproach.  1785  REID  Intell.  Powers  n.  xx,  378 
It  is  no  wonder  that,  .others..  spurn  at  a  knowledge  they 
cannot  account  for,  and  vainly  attempt  to  throw  it  off,  as 
a  reproach  to  their  understanding.  1818  HALLAM  Mid.  Ages 
(1872)  1.  135  Can  it  be  an  excessive  reproach  that  the  citizens 
fled  from  their  dwellings.  1888  BRYCK  Ainer.  Commw.  1.  1. 
ix.  116  The  conduct  of  Indian  affairs.  .has  always  been  a 
reproach  to  the  United  States. 

b.  A  thing,  animal,  or  person  forming  a  source 
of  disgrace  or  discredit. 

1712  BLACKMORE  Creation  (ed.  2)  139  The  noxious  Plant, 
and  savage  Animal,  Which  you  the  Earth's  reproach  and 
blemish  call.  1751  JOHNSON  Ramblcr'No.  136  PII  Wretches, 
whom  all  but  their  dependents  numbered  among  the  re 
proaches  of  the  species. 

2.  Shame,  disgrace,  opprobrium,  or  blame,  in 
curred  by  or  falling  upon  a  person  or  thing,     f  In 
reproach^  blamed,  censured. 

1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  ^E  sop  in.  ix,  The  woman  whiche 
lyueth  in  this  world  without  reproche  or  blame  is  worthely 
to  be  gretely  preysed.  1490  —  Eneydos  xi.  42  God  forbede 
that  it  may  be  sayd  of  Eneas,  .to  haue  reproche  by  ony  of 
our  sayd  wordes.  1523  LD.  BERKERS  Froiss.  I.  clxu.  200 
Many  good  knyghtes  and  suuyers  .  .  hadde  rather  a  dyed, 
than  to  haue  had  any  reproche.  1534  WHITINTON  Tullyes 
Offices  i.  (1540)  28  Of  the  hye  pride  of  herte  which  is  in  re- 
proche,  and  maye  be  called  mad  hardynesse.  1591  SPENSER 
M.  tfwMrrtf  *8a  Shame  light  on  him,  that,  .that,  which  is  the 
noblest  mysterie,  Brings  to  reproach  and  common  infamie  ! 
1643  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Relig.  A  fed,  n.  §  3  There  is  no  reproach 
to  the  scandal  of  a  Story  ;  it  is  such  an  authentick  kind  of 
falshood.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  154  F  9  We  may  with 
as  little  reproach  borrow  science  as  manufactures  from  our 
ancestors.  1855  MACAULAY/^IJ/.  Eng.y\\.  III.  232  He  tried 
gentler  means  than  those  which  had  brought  so  much  re 
proach  on  his  predecessor.  1873  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2}  V.  490 
These  are  the  sort  of  practices  .  .  which  cast  a  reproach  upon 
the  succour  of  adversity. 

b.  With  poss.  pron.  (One's)  shame  or  disgrace. 

1513  MORE  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  768  All  the  wotlde 
shall  to  our  honour  and  her  reproche,  perceyue  [etc.].  1579 
GOSSON  Sch.  Abuse  (Arb.)  20  If  you  .  .pul  off  the  visard  that 
Poets  maske  in,  you  shall  disclose  their  reproch.  1611  BIBLE 
Gen.  xxx.  23  And  shee.  .bare  a  sonne,  and  said  ;  God  hath 
taken  away  my  reproch.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  m.  66  As  thou 
to  thy  reproach  mayst  well  remember. 

fc.  To  a  reproach,  to  a  disgraceful  extent.  Obs,—1 

a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  n.  (1724)  I.  158  They  were  igno 
rant  to  a  reproach  :  And  many  of  them  were  openly  vitious. 

3.  Blame  or  censure  directed  against  a  person, 
sometimes  implying  abusive  or  opprobrious  lan 
guage,  but  also  (esp.  in  mod.  use)  applied  to  mild 
upbraiding  or  rebuke.     Term  etc.  of  'reproach  ,  one 
expressing  strong  censure  or  condemnation. 

CI477  CAXTON  Jason  21  If  he  .  .  cometh  to  suche  felicite 
and  gothe  to  chaunge  certes  he  is  worthy  of  reproche.  1513 
DOUGLAS  sEneis  i.  Prol.  74  That  na  loyingis  ma  do  incres 
thi  fame,  Nor  na  reproche  diminew  thi  guid  name.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  Sleidanc's  Comm.  197  They..  drove  awaye  with 
reproche  the  kinges  officers.  1590  atBMBCR  Jf.  Q.  n.  iv.  5 
Ever  as  she  went  her  toung  did  walke  In  fowle  reproch, 
and  termes  of  vile  despight.  1666  PEPYS  Diary  27  Nov., 
1  was  sorry  to  see  this  way  of  reproach  taken  against  us. 
1713-14  Port  Raft  Lock  v.  3  In  vain  Thalcblris  with  re- 


R  roach  assails.  1791  Cowm/tfftfut  72  Such  is  thy  daunt. 
:ss  spirit,  whose  reproach  Perforce  I  own,  nor  causeless  nor 
unjust.  1849  MACAULAV  Hist.  Eng.  vi.  II.  j  The  name  of 
Whig  was  never  used  except  as  a  term  of  reproach.  1880 
MRS.  FORRESTER  Roy  %  V.  I.  6  The  look  of  reproach 
deepens  in  Viola's  eyes. 

tb.  In  reproach  of,  in  scorn  of.   Obs.  rare"~l. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vi.  clxii.  155  All  was  doon  in  reproche 
of  Kthelburga,  whiche  slewe  hir  lorde  Brigthricus. 

4.  fa.  An  insult  in  act  or  deed.   Obs.  rare. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vn.  374  For  the  Cristcn  boost  shuld 
be  assuryd  from  the  sodayne  and  vnware  assautes  and  re- 
prochis  of  the  infidelles,  therfore  he  closyd  theym  within  a 
strength  of  dyche  and  pale.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v. 
Contumelia^  To  do  one  many  injuries  and  reproches.  1600 
SIR  W.  CORNWALUS  Ess.,  Prayse  Rich.  ///  (1617)  D  iij, 
The  reproch  offered  his  body. 

b.  AQ  expression   of  disapproval,   censure,  re 
proof,  or  upbraiding;  f  a  verbal  insult,  an  oppro 
brious  expression  or  epithet. 

1548  ELYOT,  Contumelia,  .  .a  reproche,  a  rebuke,  a  check-e, 
a  taunte.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane  sCounn.  33  b,  Stoutly  con- 
temnyng  al  the  reproches  of  the  adversaries.  1597  BEARD 
Theatre  God's  Jiidgem.  (1612)  492  Calling  him  make-bate 
and  seditious  villaine,  with  other  opprobrious  reproches.  1611 
BIBLE  Trans  1.  Pref.  f  14  Fearing  no  reproche  for  slownesse, 
nor  coueting  praise  for  expedition.  1671  MILTON  Samson 
393  Thrice  she  assay'd  with,  .amorous  reproaches  to  win 
from  me  My  capital  secret.  1732  LEDIARD  SetJtos  II,  ix.  315 
The  justice  of  the  reproaches,  .drove  Anteus  into  despair. 
1788  GIBBON  Dtcl.  $  F.  xlviii.  V.  27  She  neither  heard  nor 
regarded  the  reproaches  of  mankind.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci 
v.  i.  98  Have  I  not  the  power  to  fly  My  own  reproaches? 
1834  JAMES  J.  Marston  Hall  viii,  Every  time  he  opened 
his  mouth  his  words  were  drowned  in  murmurs  and  re- 
proaches. 

c.  //.  A  series  of  antiphons  and  responses,  in 
which  Christ   is   represented   as   reproaching  his 
people,  sung  in  Roman  Catholic  (and  sometimes 
in  Anglican)  churches  on  Good  Friday. 

\%fyCatholic  Diet.  405/1  These  'reproaches  'are  addressed 
in  dramatic  form  by  Christ  to  the  Jewish  people.  1897 
\Vest  in.  Gaz.  15  Apr.  6/3  Karly  services..  consisting  some 
times  of  the  Litany  or  Morning  Prayer,  .  .  and  occasionally 
the  singing  of  the  Reproaches.  1900  Daily  News  14  Apr. 
8/4  No  words  were  used  during  the  service,  beyond  those 
given  in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  and  the  Reproaches. 
f5.  An  object  of  scorn  or  contempt.  Obs, 
1560  BIBLE  (Genev.)  Nek.  ii.  17  Let  vs  buylde  the  wall  of 
lerusalem,  that  we  be  no  more  a  reproche.  —  Ps.  Ixxix.  4 
We  are  a  reproche  to  our  neighbours. 

Reproach  (rfj>r*-tf),p.  Also  5-^reproch(e. 
[ad.  K  reprocher  (OF.  also  reprochier]  —  Prov. 
repropchar,  Sp.  and  Pg.  reprochar,  It.  rimproc- 
dare,  referred  by  Diez  to  a  Rom.  *repropiar*^  f. 
L.  prope  near  (the  phonology  of  the  stem  beiag 
as  in  F.  approcher  :  see  APPROACH  v.\  but  by 
Caix  to  a  ^reprobicare  from  reprobus  or  reprobare. 
The  similarity  of  the  senses  to  those  of  F.  re- 
prouver,  to  REPROVE,  is  somewhat  in  favour  of  the 
latter  suggestion.  Earlier  forms  of  the  verb  in 
English  are  REPROCE  and  REPBUCE.] 

1.  trans.  To  object  or  cast  up  (a  thing)  tot  or 
bring  (up)  against,  a  person  as  a  reproach  or  fault. 
Also  const,  on.     Now  rare. 

(1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Aytnon  vi.  141  It  shall  not  be 
reproched  to  me  that  ye  fyghte  me  a  fote  &  I  on  hors- 
backe.  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  VIII  (1683)  561  He 
failed  not  to  reproach  unto  the  Pope  his  assisting  of  Francis. 
1654-66  EAIIL  ORRERY  Parthen.  (1676)  18  Ah,  Madam  (saidj) 
reproach  me  not  the  crime  you  yourself  made  me  commit. 
1668  DRYUEN  Dram.  Poesy  Ess.  (ed.  Ker)  I.  61  The  French 
writers,  .do  not  burden  themselves  too  much  with  plot,  which 
has  been  reproached  to  them..  as  a  fault.  1830  \V.  TAYLOR 
Hist.  Snrv.  Germ.  Poetry  II.  60  Lichtenberg  .  .  reproached 
to  the  rude  polemic  his  ingratitude.  1845  K.  B.  BARRETT 
Lett.  R.  Browning  $  &•  B.  B.  I.  69  Jealousy  of  contem- 
poraries,  which  we  hear  reproached.  .on  men  of  letters.  1870 
Daily  News  25  Oct.,  The  mere  fact  of  their  frequenting 
cafe's  should  not  be  reproached  against  them. 

f  b.  To  recall  with  reproaches.  Obs.  rare  —  '. 

1533  BELLENDEN  Lvvy  H.  xii.  (S.  T.  S.)  1.  173  Pe  pepill.  .ran 
with  grete  cumpanyis  to  seruilius  Consull,  Ilkane  reproch- 
eand  pe  premisses  maid  be  him. 

2.  To  upbraid,  reprove,  or  rebuke  (a  person)  ; 
fto  revile,  abuse.     Const,  for  (\of}  something. 

I5'3  DOUGLAS  sEneis  i.  Prol.  504  Gif  I  haue  faiJ3eit,  baldly 
repruif  my  ryme,  Bot..  Reproche  me  nocht  quhill  the  work 
beoursene.  1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  n.  xxv.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  233  He 
began  to  reproche  panic  of  pare  fleing.  1586  A.  DAY  Eng. 
Secretary  n.  (1625)  31  That  I  should  be  occasioned  thus  to 
reproch  you  as  I  do,  is  ..  vnto  me  no  great  contentment. 
1611  BIBLE  Job  xxvii.  6  My  heart  shall  not  reproach  me  so 
long  as  I  Hue.  1662  J.  DA  VIES  tr.  Olearius"  Voy.  Arrtbass. 
10  Our  Musketteers..  reproached  him  for  having  communi 
cated  too  much  to  us.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Italian  vi, 
She  gently  reproached  him  for  doubting  the  continuance  of 
her  regard.  1815  SHELLEY  Lett.  Pr.  Wks.  1880  III.  34? 
Your  letter  has  lain  by  me  for  the  last  week,  reproaching  me 
every  day.  1877  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  i.  x.  124 
He  reproached  Fitzurse  for  ingratitude  for  past  kindness. 

absot.  1611  BIBLE  Ps.  xliv.  16  For  the  voice  of  him  that 
reproacheth,  and  blasphemeth.  Ibid.  Ixxiv.  10  O  God,  how 
long  shall  the  aduersarie  reproach  ? 

reJJ.  17*7  DE  FOE  Syst.  Magic  I.  iv.  (1840)  99  How 
would  they  have  reproached  themselves.  1841  LAIw^fwA 
Nts.  I.  loo  As  she  sat  reproaching  herself,  she  beheld  the 
Wezeer  standing  at  her  hand.  1870  DICKENS  £.  Drood  iv, 
I  will  not  say  that  I  have  reproached  myself. 
b.  To  upbraid  (one)  with  something. 

1725  DE  FOE  Voy.  round  World  (1840)  45,  I  would  re 
proach  them  with  what  had  past.  1772  Juntas  Lett,  xxiii. 
(1788)  133  *wte>  The  Duke..  reproached  him  in  plain  tcrnu 


REPBOACHABLE. 

with  his  duplicity.  1838  LYTTON  Alice  i.  xiii,  Lady  Var- 
grave's  heart  reproached  her  with  not  having. .loved  this 
sweet  girl  as  she  deserved.  1855  MACAULAV  Hist.  Eng. 
xiii.  (1899)  II.  10  He  was  reproached  with  this  misfortune 
as  if  it  had  been  a  crime. 

rtfl.     1855  LD.  HOUGHTON  in  Life  (1891) _I.  xi.  527  It  is 
one  of  those   inconsideratenesses   with  which    I   am  con 
tinually  reproaching  myself. 
c.  To  censure  or  reprove  (a  thing,  act,  etc.). 

1660  HBYUN  Hist.  Qiiin<iuart.  (title-p.),  The  five  Contro 
verted  Points,  Reproached  in  these  last  times  by  the  Name 
of  Arminianism.  1697  DRYDEN  /Eneid  x.  974  Mezentius 
with  his  ardour  warm'd  His  fainting  friends,  reproach'd 
their  shameful  flight.  1748  JOHNSON  Yan.  Human  Wilha 
120  His  last  sighs  reproach  the  faith  of  Kings.  1813  SHELLEY 
Q.  Mat  vi.  93  Their  everlasting  and  unchanging  laws  Re 
proached  thine  ignorance. 

1 3.   To  reject,  reprobate.   Obs.  rare  -*. 

1534  WHITINTON  Tullyes  Offices  ii.  (1540)  75  What.. may 
lette  me  to  folowe  those  thynges  whiche  be  laudable  semynge 
to  me,  and  to  reproche  such  as  be  contrarye  ? 

4.  To  bring  (a  thing)  into  reproach  or  discredit ; 
to  be  a  reproach  to  (a  person). 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  46  Riches  as  they  haue  renowned, 
so  they  haue  reproched  London.  1603  SHAKS.  Meas.for  M. 
v.  i.  426  Imputation,  For  that  he  knew  you,  might  reproach 
your  life,  And  choake  your  good  to  come.  18*3  J.  BAD- 
COCK  Dom.  Amusein.  152  Successful  competition  in  the 


perpendicular  Gothic. 

Reproachable  (r/prou-tjab'l),  a.  Now  rare. 
[a.  F.  reprochahle  (i3th  c.),  or  f.  prec.  +  -ABLE.] 

I.  Deserving  of,  or  liable  to,  reproach ;  censurable. 
1531  ELVOT  Gov.  i.  iv,  Suche  companions  and  playfelowes, 

whiche  shal  nat  do  in  his  presence  any  reprocheable  acte. 
1542  UDALL  Erttsnt.  Apoph.  216  That  [whichj  this  kyng 
iudged  comrarie  to  all  reason  and  reprocheable. .,  the  same 
nowe..is  accoumpted  an  high  pointe  &  royall  thing. 
1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mar.  191  Silence  (a  thing  more 
often  praise-worthy  than  reprochable).  1657-83  EVELYN 
Hist.  Religion  (1850)  I.  166  Nor,  in  the  mean  time,  is  our 
ignorance  reprochable.  1710  STF.ELE  Taller  No.  199  P4 
This  lias  given  Way  to  such  unreasonable  Gallantries,  that 
a  Man  is  hardly  reproachable  that  deceives  an  innocent 
Woman,  tho'  she  has  never  so  much  Merit,  if  she  is  below  j 
him  in  Fortune.  1779  G.  KEATE  Sketches  fr.  Nat.  (ed.  2)  i 

I.  58  A  brother,  whose  conduct  towards  her  had  been  in  the 
highest  degree  reproachable.     18*3  Ann.  Reg.  158  It  was 
reproachabte  with  fewer  excesses.      [1892  ZANGWILL   Bow 
Mystery  56   His  linen  was  reproachable,  his  dingy  boots 
were  down  at  heel.] 

•f  b.   Involving  reproach  to  one.   06s.  rare. 

1634  W.  TIRWHYT  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  391,  I  have  now  no 
other  pretention,  but  to  follow  such  [studies]  as  can  be  no 
way  reproachable  unto  me.  1767  S.  PATERSON  Another 
Trav.  I.  205  A  different  way,  less  shocking  and  less  re 
proachable  to  our  nature,  might . .  answer  the  end  as  well. 

1 2.  Conveying  or  implying  reproach  ;  reproach 
ful.  01>s. 

1531  Ei.voT(7t7Z'.  ill.  ii,  He  also  prohibited  that  any  thinge 
shuld  be  radde  or  spoken,  reprocheable  or  blasphemous  to 
god.  1576  Tyde  taryetk  no  man  in  Collier  lllustr.  E.  E. 
Pop.  Lit.  xvi.  16  The  preacher  brake  out  with  reprocheable 
talke,  Saying  that  we  cittizens  were  all  to  bad. 

Hence  Beproaxhableness,  -ably.  rare~a 

1648  HEXHAM,  Lasterlicken,  Reproachably,  or  Blame- 
ably.  (1847- in  Webster  and  later  Diets.]  1727  BAILEY  vol. 

II,  KtfnafHaUtHta,  capableness,  etc.  of  being  reproached. 
[Hence  in  Jodrell,  Webster  (1847)  and  later  Diets.) 

Reproa  cher.  [f.  REPKOACH  v.  +  -ER1.] 
One  who  reproaches  (t  or  reviles). 

1366  T.  STAPI.ETON  Ret.  Untr.  Jewel  Epist.,  That  Rude 
Reprocher  Diogenes.  <:i586C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  cxxin. 
248  Scorn  of  proud  scorners,  reproach  of  mighty  reprochers. 
1660  INGELO  Bcnthi.  ,y  Ur.  n.  (1682)  13,  I  accuse  thee..as 
a..Reproacher  of  our  most  Excellent  Constitutions.  1693 
MATHER  in  Owen  Holy  Spirit  Pref.  i  Virulent  Reproachers 
of  the  Operations  of  the  Spirit.  <i  1832  KKNTHAM  Deoiitol. 
(1834)  II.  101  It  is  only  a  pain  planted  in  the  mind  of  there- 
proacher.  1841  DTsRAELl  Amen.  Lit.  (1867)  229  Our  re- 
proachers  fortunately  possessed  the  arts,  and  even  the 
learning,  which  we  were  willing.. to  acquire. 

Reproachful  (r/pr«"-tfful),  a.    [-FUL.] 

I 1.  Full  of  reproach  or  shame  ;  shameful,  dis 
graceful.     Also,  deserving  of  reproach  or  censure  ; 
blameworthy.  Obs.  (common  in  i;th  c.). 

1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasm.  /'<»-.  i  Cor.  5  By  the  vyle, 
lowe  and  reprochefull  crosse  of  Christe.  Ibid.  31  Well 
maye  she  be  coumpted  reprochefull,  yf  she..shewes  her 
owne  unshamefastenesse.  1390  STENSKR  F.  Q.  ill.  i.  9  Full 
of  disdainefull  wralh  he  fierce  uprose  For  to  revenge  that 
fowle  reprochefull  shame.  1606  BRVSKETT  Civ.  Life  87 
Esteeming  more  an  honest  and  a  glorious  death  then  a 
naturall  and  reprochfull  life.  1666  Bp.  S.  PARKER  Free  ft 
Impart.  Censure  (1667)  238  He  yielded  himself  up  to  a  most 
reproachful  death.  1681  R.  L'ESTRASGE  Tally' t  Offices  q 
To  be  Ignorant,  and  to  be  deceived,  we  look  upon  as  a 
wretched,  and  a  reproachful  thing.  1737  WHISTON  Josephus, 
Hist.  Pref.  §  5  It  must  be  reproachful  to  write  lies  when  they 
must  be  known.. to  be  such.  1796  MORSE  Anier.  Genf.  1. 
Pref.  3  It  would  be  reproachful  for  them  to  suffer  this 
ignorance  to  continue. 

t  b.  Discreditable,  disreputable.  Obs.  rare. 

1581  SAVILK  Tacitus,  Jrafcfrmi)  104  Thither  resorted  also 

of  the  baser  sort  certaine  well  knowen  to  Vitellius.  .with 

which  kinde  of  reprochfull  acquaintance   he   was   delited 

wonderfully.     1655  tr.  Sorefs  Coin.  Hist.  Fruxcion  xll.  38 

Hortensius.. advised  him  to  take  heed  how  he  adventured 

again  to  see  for  Forrage  in  such  reproachfull  places. 

t  C.  Const,  to  a  person,  etc.  Obs. 

1584  COGAN  Haven  Health  (1636)  276  Inhxrere  libris, 

which  never  yet  was  reproachfull  to  a  student.     1670  G.  H. 

Hist.  Cardinals  m.  n.  267  A  subject  indeed  too  scandalous 


487 

and  reproachful!  to  the  whole  Colledge.  1765  BURKE  Corr, 
(1844)  I.  77  His  conduct  in  public  affairs  has  been  very 
reproachful  to  himself  and  extremely  disgustful  to  me, 

2.  Full  of  reproach,  reproof,  or  censure;  up 
braiding,  f  abusive. 

1548  ELYOT,  Contutneliosus,.  .spiteful],  reprochfull.  1565 
COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Contumelia,  To  rate  with  reproch 
full  woordes.  1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  n.  i.  55  Not  I,  till  I  haue 
..Thrust  these  reprochfull  speeches  downe  his  throat.  1648 
MILTON  Qbserv.  Art.  Peace  Ormond'WV.*..  1851  IV.  561  A 
long  digression  of  evil!  and  reproachfull  language  to  the 
Parlament  and  Army  of  England.  a  1656  HALES  Gold. 
Rem.  (1673)  i.  98  He  is  rewarded  with  no  less  reproachful  a 
name  then  that  of  Satan.  1769  ELACKSTONE  Comm.  IV. 
xviii.  252  Neither  are  mere  reproachful  words,  as  calling 
a  man  knave  or  liar,  any  breach  of  the  peace.  1833  LYTTON 
Eugene  A.  \.  viii,  Walter,  your  voice  is  reproachful  !  1866 
MRS.  GASKELL  Wives  fy  Dan.  I.  296  '  It's  Lady  Harriet', 
said  Mrs.  Gibson..  in  reproachful  dismay. 

absol.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xix.  (Arb.)  218,  I 
choose  to  name  him  the  Reprochfull  or  scorner. 

•j*  3.  Derogatory  to  a  person,  etc.   Obs.  rare. 

IS7°~4  G.  ScOTT  Treat.  Errors  Rom.  Ch.  in  Farr  S.  P. 
Eliz.  (1845)  II.  522  Accursed  is  the  worke,  Reprochefull 
unto  God.  1645  PACITT  Heresiogr.  (1662)  140  That  assertion 
is  reproachfull  to  the  wisedome  of  God. 

Reproachfully  (r/pr^-tjfuii),  adv.    [-iA'2.] 

1.  In   a   reproachful,  reproving,  (f  opprobrious 
or  abusive),  manner. 

1548  ELVOT,  Contumeliose,  spitefully,  reprochfully.  1567-9 
JEWEL  Def.  A  Pol.  (1611)  29  What  hath  the  people  so 
much  offended  you,  that  you  should..  so  reprocnfully  re 
port  of  them..?  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  vt.  xiu  27  Most  of 
them..  spake  reprochfully,  not  caring  where  nor  when. 
1617  MOKYSON  Itin.  in.  83  They  cannot  speak  more  re 
prochfully  of  any  Host,  then  to  say  ;.  .  I  did  not  eate  my  belly 
full  there.  11714  SHARP  Serin.  (1754)  III.  xi.  199  To  speak 
a  word  against  him,  will  be  to  talk  slightly  and  reproachfully 
of  him  ;  as  calling  him  a  glutton,  or  a  wine-bibber.  1838 
LYTTON  Alice  \,  iii,  Why  does  she  look  reproachfully  at  me 
..if  I  attempt  to  draw  her  to  the  past?  1867  MRS.  H. 
WOOD  Orville  Coll.  ix,  George  ..  glanced  reproachfully  at 
her  as  he  turned. 

2.  Shamefully,  disgracefully,  contumeliously. 
1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI,  \\.  iv.  97  Shall  I  then  be  vs'd  re 

proachfully?  1641  BAKER  Chron.  (1653)  125  William  Bussey 
.  .is  committed  to  the  Tower  of  London,  and  most  reproach 
fully  used.  1668  CLARENDON  Vindic.  Tracts  (1727)  49 


. 

Publickly  and  reproachfully  executed  and  put  to  death. 
1713  BIRCH  in  Guardian  No.  36  F  2,  I  do  not  know  any  sort 
of  Wit  that  hath  been  used  so  reproachfully  as  the  Pun. 


Reproa'chfulness.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.] 

The  condition  or  quality  of  being  reproachful  (in 
senses  of  the  adj.). 

1548  UDALL  Erasm.  Par.  Luke  vii.  73  b,  This  mannes 
humanitee  and  curteous  behaueour  .  .  ye  lurne  into  an 
occasion  of  slaundreous  reprochefulnesse,  1583  GOLDINO 
Calvin  on  Dent,  cxxiv.  762  To  the  end  that  Justice  should 
bee  had  in  honour,  and  that  we  should  not  surmise  any  re 
prochefulnesse  in  it  [etc.].  1644  QUARLES  Barnabas  <$•  B. 
291  The  reproachfulness  of  that  death  which  thy  Son 
suffered.  1853  KANE  Grinnell  Exp.  xxvii.  (1856)  221  And 
looked  toward  me  with  a  sort  of  startled  reproachfulness. 
1882  Miss  BRADDON  Aft.  Royal  II.  v.  96  '  You  would  leave 
me.  .',  said  Mrs.  Tregonell,  with  mild  reproachfulness. 

Reproa'ching,  ew.  sb.  [f.  REPROACH  v.  + 
-ING  C|  The  action  of  reproving  or  upbraiding. 

1542-3  Act  34  <£  35  Hen.  I7///,  c.  I,  Songes  and  plaies  and 
enterludes..for  the  rebuking  and  reproching  of  vices.  1611 
BIBLE  Ecclus,  xxix.  28  These  things  are  grieuous  to  a  man 
of  vnderstanding  :  the  vpbraiding  of  house-roome,  and  re- 
prochtng  of  the  lender.  1648  MILTON  Observ^.  Art.  Peace 
Orwona"Wks.  1851  IV.  572  For  the  reproaching,  let  them 
answer  that  are  guilty.  1656  A  rtif.  Handsaw.  66  These  .  . 
fall,  .to  bitter  and  scurrilous  reprochings. 

Reproa-chiiig,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING'-*.] 
That  reproaches  ;  upbraiding. 

1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela  III.  169  My  Lady  said,  None  of 
your  reproaching  Eye,  Pamela  J  I  know  what  you  hint  at. 
1795  SOUTHEV  Joan  ofArciv.  465  She  look'd  at  him  With  a 
reproaching  eye  of  tenderness.  1817  A.  BONAR  Serin.  II. 
xv.  319  The  cruel  desertions  of  reproaching  kindred. 

Hence  Reproa'ohingly  adv.*  in  a  reproaching 
manner  ;  reproachfully. 

1791  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Ce/estina  (ed.  2)  I.  27  [His  mother], 
who  seemed  to  look  at  him  reproachingly.  1826  Ckron.  in 
Ann.  Reg.  136/2  She.  .looked  upon  him  so  reproachingly, 
that  he  shrunk  from  his  purpose.  1880  *  OUIDA  '  Moths  ix, 
4  Unless  she  be  really  ill  '.  .said  her  mother  reproachingly. 

Reprpa'diless,  #•     [f.  REPROACH  sb.]     Irre 

proachable. 

1826  K.  DIGBY  ftroadst.  Hon.  I.  Godtfridus  85  He  appeals 
..to  those  who.  .could  bear  testimony  to  his  reproacnless 
fame.  1892  Pall  Mall  G.  20  Sept.  6/2  The  unfortunate 
army,  .fought  with  reproachless  courage  to  the  very  last. 

Hence  Beproa'chlessness. 

1856  MASSON  Chatterton  \.  iii.  (1874)  89  Evidence  in 
favour  of  Chatterton's  punctual  conduct..  has  been  strained 
into  a  testimony  to  his  moral  reproach  less  ness. 

t  Reproa'chment.  Obs.  rare—  l.  [f.  REPROACH 
v.  Ci.  obs.  ¥.reprochement(&Qfat.).]  Reproach. 

c  1585  Faire  Em  ill.  1102  In  limiting  your  love  so  un» 
orderly,  for  which  you  rashly  endure  reproachment 

t  Reprobable,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  med.L. 
reprobabilis,  f.  L.  reprobdre  :  see  REPROBATE  v.,  and 
ct.  obs.  F.  reprobable  (Godef.).]  Deserving  or 
worthy  of  rejection  or  reproof;  reprobate. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  151,  I  ^challe  divide  the 
chosen  peple  of  God  from  peple  reprob:>Ue  [L.  a  reprobis], 
as  ly^hte  from  derkenes^e.  1523  in  W,  H.  Turner  Select, 
Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  42  To  your  reprobable  dishonesties  and 
rebuke.  1528  Rov  Rede  m?  f  Arb.)  44  No  thynee  tber  in 
was  reprobahle,  But  all  to  Redder  true  and  veritable. 


REPROBATE. 

Re-probacy.     [f.  REPROBATE  a.  \  see  -ACY.] 

The  state  or  condition  of  being  reprobate. 

'594  O.  B.  Quest.  Profit.  Concern.  17  There  is  also  a 
certame  sparke  or  seed  of  vertue  euer  remaining  in  man., 
vnlesse  reprobacie  haue  ouer-run  all.  1647  TRAPP  Comm. 
Heb.  vL  8  God.  .smiteth  these  sinners.. with  blindenesse 
and  reprobacy  of  minde.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  FcolofQnal. 
(1809)  II.  156  The  length  to  which  human  nature  can  go  in 
reprobacy.  1819  Metropolis  II.  203  With.. all  the  appear- 
ance  of  reprobacy  in  their  dress  and  in  their  deportment. 
1873  SYMONDS  Grk.  Poets  viii.  242  The  extravagancies., 
were  committed  defiantly,  in  open  reprobacy,  in  scorn  of  the 
acknowledged  law. 

So  t  Re'probance.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  v.  ii.  209  This  sight  would  make  him  do 
a  desperate  turne  :  Yea,  curse  his  better  Angell  from  his 
side,  And  fall  to  Reprobance  [Qy.  reprobation]. 

tReprobata-riaiv/'.  nndc.  Obs. rare.  [f.  RE 
PROBATE  sb.  or  £•.]  a.  sb.  One  who  professes  the 
doctrine  of  reprobation,  b.  adj.  Relating  to  re 
probation. 

1657  PIERCE  Dh.  Philanthr.  13  What  Tertullian  speaks 
against  Marcion,  might  very  well  be  repeated  against  the 
Absolute  Reprobatarians.  1676  GLANVILL  Ess.  vn.  22  By 
such  Principles,  .they  undermined  ..the  fierce  and  churlish 
Reprobatanan  Doctrines. 

Reprobate  (re'prtftxf't) ,  sb.  fad.  L.  repro- 
baf-us  :  see  next.] 

1.  One   rejected   by  God ;    one   who  has  fallen 
away  from  grace  or  religion  ;  one  lost  in  sin. 

1545  BALE  Image  Both  Ch.  \\.  (1550)  41  The  wyse  menne 
of  this  worlde,  the  verye  reprobates  from  God,  all  drye 
without  the  true  fay  the,  dranke  vp  this  fylthye  water.  1557 
N.  T.  (Genev.)  2  Cor.  xiii.  5  Knowe  ye  not  your  owne 
seines,  how  that  lesus  Christ  is  in  you,  except  ye  be  repro 
bates?  1630  PRYNNE  Anti-Artnin.  103  Mr.  Bradford 
speakes  this  onely  to  silence  Reprobates  and  damned  men. 
1678  R,  BARCLAY  Apol.  Quakers  vii.  §  8.  225  We  must  know 
Christ  in  us,  except  we  be  Reprobates,  or  unjustified 
Persons.  1728  MORGAN  Algiers  I.  vi.  179  His  People  were 
become  perfect  Reprobates,  quite  devoid  of  all  Religion. 
1851  LONGF.  Gold.  Leg.  v.  i.  232  A  hopeless  reprobate,  a 
hardened  sinner,  Must  be  that  Carmelite  now  passing  near. 

2.  An  abandoned  or  unprincipled   person;   one 
whose  character  is  utterly  bad  ;  a  scamp. 

1592  NASHK  Four  Lett.  Confnt.  B  iij,  Thy  pen  is  in  state 
of  a  Reprobate  with  all  men  of  judgement  and  reckoning. 
1603  SHAKS.  Meas.  for  M.  iv.  iii.  78  What  if  we  do  omit 
'['his  Reprobate,. .til  he  were  wel  enclin'd.  1607  HEY- 
WOOD  Fayre  Mayde  f-'.xch.  Wks.  1874  II.  80  Come  from 
him,  hee's  'a  reprobate.  1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World 
Diss.  (1708)  15,  I  am  far  from  drawing  him  a  downright 
Reprobate.  1715  DE  FOE  Fam.  Instruct,  i.  i.  (1841)  I.  12 
They  always  grow  worse  and  worse,  till  they  grow  mere 
reprobates.  1829  LYTTON  Disowned  I.  iii.  33  At  the  age  of 
thirteen  [IJ  was  as  thorough  a  reprobate  as  the  tribe  could 
desire.  1840  MACAI  LAY  Ess.^  Clive  (1887)  526  The  general 
opinion  seems  to  have  been  that  poor  Robert  was  a  dunce, 
if  not  a  reprobate.  1879  FROUDE  Cxsar  xv.  226  He  saw 
himself  driven  into  banishment  by  an  insolent  reprobate,  a 
patrician  turned  Radical  and  demagogue. 

Reprobate  (re-prJb^t),  a.  [ad.  late  L.  repro- 
bat-us,  pa.  pple.  of  reprobdre  :  see  next.  Most  of 
the  senses  are  based  upon  Biblical  passages.] 

1.  Rejected  or  condemned  as  worthless,  inferior 
or  impure.  Now  rare. 

1545  BALE  Image  Both  Ch.  n.  (1550)  105  Declare  them 
first  of  all  to  the  worlde,  to  be  the  reprobate  veselles  of  dis 
honour,  which  of  wylfulnesse  contempneth  my  eternall  very te. 
1560  BIBLE  (Genev.)  Jer.  vi.  3oTheishal  call  them  reprobate 
[L.  reprobum\  siluer,  because  the  Lord  hathe  rejected  them. 
1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.)  Heb.  vi.  8  The  earth,  .bringing  forth 
thornes  and  bryers,  it  is  reprobate  [L.  reproba\.  1665 
T.  SPENCER  Vulg.  Proph.  i  There  is  a  great  deal  of  repro- 
bate  Silver  which  carries  the  image  of  the  King  and  looks 
like  Sterling.  1737  CRUDEN  Concordance  (1845)  395  This 
word  among  metallists  is  used  to  signify  any  metal  that,.. 
when  tried,.. betrays  itself  to  be  adulterate  or  reprobate. 
1827  POLLOCK  Course  T.  n.  69  Creeds,  .unsanctioned..,  And 
reprobate  in  heaven. 

t2.  Depraved,  degraded,  morally  corrnpt.   Obs. 

1550  CROWLEY  Way  to  Wealth  A  vj  b(  God  hath  geuen  the 
vp  in  to  a  reprobate  minde  [Rotn.  \.  sSJ.  1557  N.  T. 
(Genev.)  2  Tim.  iii.  8  Men  of  corrupte  mindes,  reprobate 
concerning  the  faith.  1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  i.  ii.  64  If 
drawing  my  sword  against  the  humour  of  affection,  would 
deliuer  mee  from  the  reprobate  thought  of  it,  I  would  take 
Desire  prisoner.  1593  —  Lucr.  300  By  reprobate  desire 
thus  madly  led,  The  Romane  Lord  marcheth  to  Lvcrece  bed. 
1656  COWLEY  Pindar.  Odes,  Isa.  xxxiv,  note  iii,  Some  men 
are  so  given  up  even  to  the  most  reprobate  sense  of  Aristotle, 
that  not  so  much  as  the  Divine  Authority  can  draw  them 
from  it.  1671  MILTON  Samson  1685  Insensate  left,  or  to 
sense  reprobate,  And  with  blindness  internal  struck. 

f  b.  Const,  to  (  =  with  respect  to,  in  respect  of). 

I5S7  N.  T  (Genev.)  Tit.  i.  16  Thei..are  abominable  and 
disobedient,  and  vnto  euerie  good  worke  reprobate  [L.  re- 
probi\.  1760  C.  JOHNSTON  Chrysal  (1822)  II.  86  Something 
so  grossly  reprobate  to  every  sense  of  real  virtue. 

3.  Rejected  by  God ;  lost  or  hardened  in  sin. 
1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst.  \.  a  Those  men  that  are  in 

themselues  reprobate  and  accursed.  1651  HOBBES  Leriath. 
Hi.  xxxvii.  235  The  end  of  Miracles,  was  to  beget  beleef,  not 
universally  in  all  men,  elect,  and  reprobate  ;  but  in  the 
elect  only.  1667  MILTON /'.  L.  i.  697  Thir..  Strength  and  Art 
are  easily  outdone  By  spirits  reprobate.  1852  MRS.  STOWE 
Uncle  Tom's  C.  xxxv.  314  Hard  and  reprobate  as  the  god 
less  man  seemed  now  [etc.].  1878  STEWART  &  TAIT  Unseen 
Univ.  i.  §44.61  Others  cannot  admit  the  eternity  of  misery, 
but  believe  the  most  reprobate  will  ultimately  be  reclaimed 
and  elevated  into  the  regions  of  bliss. 

b.  Of  abandoned  character ;  lost  to  all  sense  of 
religious  or  moral  obligation  ;  unprincipled. 
1660  F.  BROOK*  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  3  The  greatest  part 


REPROBATE. 

of  our  company  were  reprobate  persons,  and  absolute 
Atheists.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  \\.  (Globe)  531  She  was  not 
built  for  a  Privateer,  but  was  run  away  with  by  a  reprobate 
Crew.  1766  [ANSTEV]  Bath  Guide  v.  47  'Twas  shocking 
to  hear  The  Oaths  of  that  reprobate  gouty  old  Peer.  1884 
Hlnstr.  Land.  News  25  Oct.  387/3, 1  have  known  persons 
so  utterly  reprobate  and  abandoned  as  to  order  'sherry 
and  angostura  '.  .as  a  whet  before  dinner. 

4.  absol.  Those  who  are  rejected  by  God,  and 
thus  excluded  from  participation  in  eternal  life 
with  Him.  (Opposed  to  the  elect.} 

1563  FOXE  A.  $  JA  1141/2,  I  beleue  yl  we  al  shal  rise 
again  in  these  our  bodies.  The  elect.. to  Hue  w»  Christ  for 
euer:  the  reprobate,  .to  liue  w»  y"  deuil  and  his  angels. 
1594  T.  Ii.  La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad.  n.  7  It  is  said  of  the 
reprobate  and  of  them  that  are  hardened,  of  which  sort  are 
all  Atheists,  that  [etc].  1651  HORDES  Ln-iath.  in.  xxxviii. 
244  Wee  do  not  read,  that  to  any  of  the  Reprobate  is  pro 
mised  an  Eternall  life.  1675  R.  RURTHOGGK  Causa  Dei  66 
Thus  it  is  in  the  Elect  and  Reprobate.  1833  J.  WATER- 
WORTH  tr.  Veron's  Rule  Cath.  Faith  144  Can  the  pre- 
dcstinate  be  lost,  or  the  reprobate  saved  ? 

f  5.  Implying  or  involving  something  disgraceful 
or  discreditable.  Obs. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Pofsie  in.  xxiii.  (Arb.)  279  This 
word  Cheuamher  in  the  French  tongue  hath  a  reprobate 
sence  specially  being  spoken  of  a  womans  riding.  i6ia 
NAUNTON  in  Bucclench  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  118 
My  mediation  to  bring  Sir  F.  Gr[eville]  and  him  to  meet., 
was,  I  know  not  how;  turquesed  into  a  reprobate  sense.., 
as  if  I  were  too  suspiciously  inward  with  Sir  F.  Gr. 

f  6.  Deserving  or  worthy  of  condemnation  or 
reproof;  appropriate  to  reprobates.  Obs. 

1601  ?  MARSTON  PasqrtUQ  Kath.  \.  21  Reprobate  fashion, 
when  each  ragged  clowt.  .Reekes  in  the  face  of  sacred 
maiestie  His  stinking  breath  of  censure  !  1645  MILTON 
Colast.  Wks.  1851  IV.  374  Who  would  have  deny'd  it,  but 
one  of  a  reprobate  ignorance  in  all  hee  meddles  with.  1768 
STERNE  Sent.  Journ.  I.  135  (A.nrien$\  There  was  nothing 
wrong  in  the  sentiment ;  and  yet  I  instantly  reproached  my 
heart  with  it  in  the  bitterest  and  most  reprobate  of  ex 
pressions.  1771  MRS.  GRIFFITH  Hist.  Lady  Barton  III.  171 
The  following  part  of  my  unhappy  story.,  impels  me  to  wild 
distraction,  or  to  reprobate  despair. 

Reprobate  (re-pnifo^t),  v.  Also  5-7  as  pa. 
pplz.  [f.  L.  reprobat-)  ppl.  stem  of  reprobare,  f. 
re-  RE-  2  d  +  probare  to  PROVE  :  cf.  REPROVE  vl\ 

1.  trans.  To  disapprove  of,  censure,  condemn. 
1431-50  tr.  Higdcn   (.Rolls)    VI.   407   Sergius-.beynge  a 

cardinalle  diacon,  and  reprobate  by  Formosus  the  pope, 
wente  to  Fraunce.  Ibid.  VIII.  259  Gregory  the  xtb(;.. ap 
probate  ceiteyne  of  the  ordres  of  beggers..;  somme  he  re 
probate,  as  frers  Saccines.  1607  J.  CARPENTER  Plaine  Mans 
Plough  36  So  those  Scribes. .were  rejected .. and  their 
workes  reprobated.  1671  [R.  MAC\VARD]  True  Xoaconf. 
145  It  was  not  only  not  introduced,  but  plainly  reprobate  by 
our  Lord  and  hts  Apostles.  1752  LAW  Spirit  Love  it.  (1816) 
129  For  nothing  is  reprobated  in  Cain,  but  that  very  same 
which  is  reprobated  in  Abel.  1787  WINTER  Syst.  Httsb.  205 
His  neighbours  reprobated  his  method  of  proceeding.  1850 
W.  IRVING  Mahomet  vii.  (1853)  36  He  reprobated  what  he 
termed  the  heresies  of  his  nephew.  1882  J.  B.  STALLO 
Concepts  Mod.  Physics  57  The  'assumption  '  of  universal 
attraction  is  reprobated  as  an  '  absurdity  '  by  James  Croll. 
fb.  To  abhor  to  do  a  thing.  Obs.  rare~~^. 
1779  EARL  MALMESBURY  Diaries  %  Cory.  I.  236  His 
Prussian  Majesty  has.. perhaps  employed  means  we  should 
reprobate  to  make  use  of. 

2.  Of  God  :    To  reject  or  cast  off  (a  person  or 
persons)  from  Himself;   to  exclude  from  partici 
pation  in  future  bliss.    (Cf.  REPROBATION  3.) 

15*6  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1 531 )  24  b,  For  theyr  synne  they 
be  reprobate  &  forsaken  of  god.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud. 
F-p.  340  That  the  Thiefe  on  the  right  hand  was  saved,  and  the 
other  on  the  left  reprobated.,  we  are  ready  to  admit,  a  1711 
KEN  Psyche  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  294  Paternal  God,  though 
it  is  just  To  reprobate  infected  Dust  [etc.].  1751  LAVINGTON 
Enthus.  Meth.  fy  Papists  in.  (1754)  3  Persons  of  weak 
Spirits. .  will  naturally . .  look  upon  themselves  as  reprobated, 
and  forsaken  of  God.  1783  COWPF.R  Lef.  to  Newton  21  Apr., 
Such  a  man  reprobated  in  the  great  day,  would  be  the  most 
melancholy  spectacle.  18473.  KlRK  Cloud  Disp.  xi.  164 
Proof  that  God  has  reprobated  from  eternity  a  certain  part 
of  mankind. 

3.  To  reject,  refuse,  put  away,  set  aside.   (Some 
times  with  suggestion  of  sense  I.) 

1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Gen.  xxv.  comnt..  The  younger  is 
elected,  the  elder  reprobate,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  i.i84o) 
III.  130  Pole  being  reprobated,  Julius  the  Third.. was 
chosen  in  his  place.  1773  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thrale 
20  Sept.,  I  think  the  resolution  both  of  my  head  and  my 
heart  engaged,  and  reprobate  every  thought  of  desisting 
from  the  undertaking.  178*  PRIESTLEY  Matt,  fy  Spir. 
(ed.  2)  I.  Pref.  30  Mr.  De  Luc.,  will  see  this  opinion,  .repro 
bated  with  contempt.  1850  NEALE  Med.  Hymns  (1867)  116 
Reprobated  and  rejected  Was  this  Stone. 

b.  Law.  To  reject  (an  instrument  or  deed)  as 
not  binding  on  one.  (Chiefly  in  Sc.  Law,  as  op 
posed  to  APPROBATE.)  Also  absol. 

1726  AVLIFFE  Parergon  305  An  Exception  lies  against  the 
Tenor  of  an  Instrument  by  other  Proofs  and  Evidence  in 
Writing :  and  this  Method  (among  others)  is  the  best  way 
of  reprobating  an  Instrument,  a  1768  ERSKINE  Inst.  Law 
Scot.  in.  iii.  §  49  (1773)  465  The  grantee  does  not  in  such 
case  approbate  and  reprobate  the  same  deed.  1836  Blackw. 
Mag.  XXXIX.  662  You  cannot  approbate  and  reprobate 
the  same  instrument.  1899  igtk  Cent.  May  734  The 
clerical  objector  cleaves  to  the  one  set  of  laws  and  rejects 
the  other.  He  seeks  to  approbate  and  reprobate, 
fo.  To  repudiate,  cast  off,  disown.  ?  Obs. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  I.  xxv.  179,  I  beseech  him 
not  to  reprobate  his  child  for  an  aversion  which  it  is  not  in 
her  power  to  conquer.  1780  Newgate  Cat.  V.  154  The 
seduction  was  followed  by  very  disagreeable  consequences  ' 
the  father  reprobated  his  daughter.  . 


488 

f4.  intr.  To  employ  reproaches.   Obs.  rare— ^. 

1698  Christ  Exalted  100  He  reprobated  exceedingly 
against  Israel. 

Hence  Ke -probated///,  a.     Also  absol. 

1535  JOVE  ApoL  Tindale  (Arb.)  16  Where  the  state  of  the 
electe  and  of  the  icprobated  immediately  after  their  deth  is 
described.  1647  WITHER  Carmen  Expost.  B  iij,  God  hath, 
for  that  offence,  Expos'd  you  to  a  reprobated  sense,  Believing 
lies.  1668  CLARENDON  Contempt.  Ps.  Tracts  (1727)  571  It  is 
not  possible  for  the  most  reprobated  sinner  to  believe  [etc.J. 
1782  COWPER  Table-'!'.  459  Callous  and  tough,  The  repro 
bated  race  grows  judgment-proof.  1790  HAN.  MORE  Kelig, 
Fash.  \Vorld(\Tty\)  197  This  reprobated  strictness  therefore 
. .  is  in  reality  the  true  cause  of  actual  enjoyment. 

Re'probateness.  rare*0,  [f.  REPROBATE  a.  + 
-NESS.]  The  state  of  being  reprobate. 

1611  FLORIO,  Reprobaggiae,  reprobateness,  reprobation. 
1731  BAILEY  vol.  \\,Reprobateness,\.\\t  state  of  a  reprobate  ; 
wickedness,  impiety. 

Re'probater.  rare.  [f.  REPROBATE  v.  +  -ER1.] 
One  who  reprobates. 

1806  M.  NOBLE  Contn.  Grangers  Hist,  Eng.  III.  490  John, 
duke  of  Argyle,  the  patriotic  reprobater  of  French  modes. 
1822  T.  TAYLOR  Apuleins  310  A  reprobater  of  what  is  evil. 

Re'probating, ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.] 
That  reprobates  or  condemns. 

«i66o  HAMMOND  Semi.  (1850)  359  In  passing  judgments 
upon  men's  future  estates,  the  censorious  reprobating  spirit. 
1690  NORRIS  Beatitudes  (1692)  103  A  good  way  to  counter- 
ballance  the  Severity  of  their  Reprobating  Decrees.  1847 
KIRK  Cloud  Dtsp.  xi.  164  He  carries  out  his  reprobating 
decree. 

Reprobation  (repitfb^'jan).  Also  5-6-cio(u)n. 
[ad.  late  L.  reprobation-em^  noun  of  action  f.  re- 
probare  :  see  REPROBATE  v.  and  -ATION,  and  cf.  F. 
reprobation  (i4th  c.).] 

fl.  Reproof,  shame.   Obs.  rare~~l. 

1436  Libel  Eng.  Policy  in  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  165  They 
that  the  see  shulde  kepe  are  moche  to  blame..  And  Seynt 
Malouse  turneth  hem  to  reprobacioun. 

2.  The  action  of  raising  objections  or  exceptions 
(against  a  thing  or  person)  ;  a  legal  objection  or 
exception,   rare. 

c  1485  Digby  IHyst.  (1882)  n.  46  We  know  your  trewe  dely- 
gens  To  persue  all  tho  that  do  reprobacion  A-gayns  owur 
lawes  by  ony  redarguacion.  1681  STAIR  Jnsf.  Law  Scot.* 
form  of  Process  43  The  Lords  will  supersede  to  advise 
the  Testimonies,  .till  the  Reprobation  be  first  advised.  1856 
BOCVIER  La-jj  Diet.,  Reprobation^  The  propounding  of  ex 
ceptions  either  against  facts,  persons  or  things,  as  to 
allege  that  certain  deeds  or  instruments  have  not  been  duly 
or  lawfully  executed. 

3.  Theol.  Rejection  by  God;  the  state  of  being 
so  rejected  or  cast  off,  and  thus  ordained  to  eternal 
misery.     (Opposed  to  election  in  the  Calvinistic 
doctrine  of  predestination :    cf.    REPROBATE   a.  4 
and  v.  2.) 

1531  MORE  Confnt.  Tindale  Wks.  815/1  To  fall  in  dispi- 
cions  vpon  Gods  election,,  .and  eternall  sentence  of  repro 
bacion.  a  1569  KINCESMYLL  Confl.  Satan  (1578)  16  Is  it 
then  such  a  note  of  reprobation  as  that  a  man  may  say  ..we 
are  not  Gods  children  ?  1628  WITHER  Brit.  Rememb.  vin. 
533  They  Reprobation  otherwhile  confound  With  our  Pre 
destination.  1651  C.  CARTWRIGHT  Cert.  Relig.  \.  222  Austine 
doth  call  reprobation  predestination  to  destruction.  1699 
BURNET  39  Art.  xvii.  (1700)  167  Those  who  do  once  persuade 
themselves  that  the  Doctrine  of  Reprobation  is  false.  1753 
SMOLLETT  Cut.  fathom  (1784)  51/2  He  would  have  left  the 
whole  species  in  a  state  of  reprobation,  rather  than  redeem 
them  at  that  price.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mab  vn.  149  These  in 
a  gulf  of  anguish  and  of  flame,  Shalt  curse  their  reprobation 
endlessly.  1860  PUSEY  Min.  Proph.  30  To  sin  on  without 
punishment  is  a  sign  of  reprobation. 

4.  Rejection  of  a  person  or  thing;  condemnation 
as  worthless  or  spurious. 

1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.)  Heb.  vii.  18  Reprobation  certes  is  made 
of  the  former  commandment.  1607  TOPSELL  Foitr-f,  Beasts 
(1658)  232  It  is  good  also  to  set  down  the  faults  and  signesof 
reprobation  in  Horses.  1693  DRYDEN  Disc.  Satire  Ess. 
(ed.  Ker)  1 1.  23  You  are  empowered  to , .  set  a  brand  of  repro 
bation  on  dipt  poetry,  and  false  coin.  1805  FORSYTH  Beauties 
Scotl.  II.  443  The  out-field  land  remained  in  a  state  of  utter 
reprobation.  No  dung  was  ever  spread  on  any  part  of  it. 
b.  Disapproval,  censure,  reproof. 

17*7  POPE  &  GAY  Punning  Swift's  Wks.  1751  VI.  247  The 
Lord  mercifully  spared  his  Neck,  but  as  a  mark  of  Re 
probation  wryed  his  Nose.  179^  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Italian 
xi,  She  proceeded  to  speak  of  Ellena  with  the  caustic  of 
severe  reprobation,  a  1848  R.  W.  HAMILTON  Rei.u.  $ 
Punishm.  vii.  (1853)  330  The  history  unfolded  by  Scripture 
is  one  series  of  reprobations  against  sin.  1883  SPENCER 
in  Contemp.  Rev.  XLIII.  15  The  fear  of  public  reprobation 
affects  men  more  than  the  fear  of  divine  vengeance. 
t  C.  Token  of  condemnation ;  disfigurement. 

1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  I.  381  There  is  scarce  a  limb  of 
the  body,  or  scarce  a  feature  of  the  face,  that  has  not  suffered 
some  reprobation,  either  from  art  or  nature. 

Hence  f  Reproba-tioner,  a  believer  in  the  doc 
trine  of  reprobation.  Obs.  rare— l, 

1692  SOUTH  Serm.  (1727)  III.  431  Any  of  the  Geneva,  or 
Scotch  Model,  (which  sort  of  sanctified  Reprobationers  we 
abound  with). 

Reprobative  (re-pnfMtiv),  a.  [f.  REPRO 
BATE  v.  +  -IVE.]  Conveying  or  expressing  dis 
approval  or  reprobation. 

1835  I.TAYLOR  Spir.  Despot,  in.  109  Nor  has  ever  a  public 
reprover  employed  language  more  stern  and  reprobative. 
1856  C.  J.  ELLICOTT  in  Cambr.  Ess.  155  Even  a  collector 
like  Fabricius.  .felt  himself  obliged  to  disclaim  any,  save  a 
reprobative  interest  in  these  poor  gospels.  187*  Contemp. 
Rev.  XXI.  75  Infants  and  men  are  alike  fit  subjects  of  the 
elective  or  reprobative  decree. 


BEPBODUCE. 

Hence  Re'probatively  adv.  rare~l. 

1846  Mrs.  GORE  Eng.  Char.  (1852)  149  He  displaces  the 
centurion,  of  whom  the  private  secretary  spake  reprobatively 
over-night. 

Reprobator1  (rcpr#bfN#$.  Se.  Law.  [ad. 
med.L.  (aft to)  *  reprobator  ia:  see  REPROBATE  v. 
and  -ORY  **.]  An  action  for  the  purpose  of  proving 
a  witness  to  be  liable  to  valid  objections  or  to  a 
charge  of  perjury. 

1666  88  DALLAS  Syst. Stiles  900  Not  admitted  to  be  added 
after  a  Reduction  was  Filled  up,.. but  reserved  a  special 
action  of  Reprobator.  Ibid.,  Reprobators  found  Relevant 
upon  Libelling  of  Corrupting  of  Witness.  1681  STAIR  Inst. 
Law  Scot.t  form  of  Process  43  Even  after  Sentence,  Repro 
bators  are  Competent,  a  1768  ERSKINE  Inst.  Law  Scot.  iv. 
ii.  §  29  (1773)  678  The  party  objecting  may.  .protest  for  a 
reprobator,  i.  e.  protest  that  he  may  be  allowed  afterwards 
to  bring  evidence  of  the  witness's  enmity  to  him,  or  of  his 
partial  counsel  in  some  other  article.  1838  W.  BELL 
Diet.  Law  Scot.  854  The  ground  of  reprobator  might  have 
been  proved  both  by  the  oath  of  the  party  who  had  adduced 
the  witness  objected  to,  and  by  the  testimony  of  other  wit 
nesses.  Ibid.  There  is  no  recent  example  of  an  action  of 
reprobator. 

t  Re'probator 2.  Obs.  rare-1,  [a.  L.  type 
reprobator^  agent-n.  f.  reprobare  to  REPROBATE.] 
=  REPROBATER. 

1684  T.  HOCKIN  God's  Decrees  260  God  himself,  .becomes 
the  absolute  Reprobator  of  men. 

Re'proba'tory,^.  [f.  asRspROBATE  v.  +  ORY 2.] 
Reprobative,  condemnatory. 

1823  New  Monthly  Mag.  VIII.  559  The  fate  of  Sir  Charles 
Vernon  afforded  an  ample  field  for  reprobatory  exclamation. 
1831  SCOTT  Jrnl.  (1890)  II.  381,  I  drew  up,  with  much 
anxiety,  an  address  reprobatory  of  the  Bill. 

t  Beprobature.  Obs.  Sc.  Law.  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -UKE.]  The  course  or  procedure  of  taking  ex 
ception  to  a  witness  (cf.  REPROBATOR  *). 

1681  STAIR  Inst.  Law  Scot.,  Form  of  Process  43  Prompt 
ing,  and  instructing  witnesses  how  to  depone,  or  threatning 
them, ..are  pregnant  grounds  of  Reprobature. 

t  Reprp'bitant,  a.  Obs.  rare~l.  (Formation 
and  meaning  obscure.) 

a  1529  SKELTON  Sp.  Parrot  436  Grete  reysons  with  resons 
be  now  reprobitante,  For  reysons  are  no  resons,  [etc.]. 

t ReprO'brious,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [irreg.  f. 
L.  reprobare)  on  analogy  of  opprobrious]  Re 
proachful,  abusive. 

1585  in  G.  Tolstoy  40  Yrs.  Interc.  Eng.  fy  Russ.  (1875)  266 
One  of  your  people  ,.  wrote  letters  to  his  countrie  with 
many  reprobrious  inventions  to  the  infamy  of  our  kingdome. 

t  BeprO'Ce,  sb.  Obs.  rare—1,  [a.  AF.  (and 
OF.)  retrace,  var.  of  reproche  REPROACH  sb.  See 
also  REPRUCE  sbl\  Reproach. 

a  1325  Prose  Psalter  Ixviii.  10  For  ich  su fired  for  Jje  re- 
proces,  confucioun  couerd  my  face. 

t  BeprO'CG,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  AF.  (and  OF.) 
reprocert  var.  of  reprocher  to  REPROACH.  See  also 
REPRUCE  v.]  trans,  and  absol.  To  reproach. 
Hence  f  Repro'cing  vbl.  sb. 

a  1335  Prose  Psalter  xliii.  18  Fram  be  voice  of  be  repro- 
ceand  and  J>e  chains  spekand.  Ibid.  Ixxiii.  n  fring  to  when, 
God,  bat  byn  enemy  shal  reproce  be.  Ibid.  Ixxviii.  4  We  ben 
made  in  reproceing  to  our  nesbur^s. 

Reproclai<m(r/--),z'.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To 

proclaim  again. 

1591  Troub.  Raigne  K.  John  (1611)  61  It  resteth  we 
throughout  our  territories  Be  reproclaimed  and  inuested 
King.  1638  RIDER  Horace, Odes  \.  xii,  What  persons  name 
Shall  the  deluding  Echo  reproclaime.  1816  COLERIDGE  Lay 
Serm.  (Bohn)  329  Whoever  should  have  the  hardihood  to 
reproclaim  its  solemn  truths  must  commence  with  a  glossary. 
1862  M.  HOPKINS  Hawaii  264  Protestantism  was  re-pro 
claimed  as  the  religion  of  the  government. 

So  Reproclama'tion. 

i&&^  American  V.  403  A  formal  ..  reproclamation  of  their 
principles.  1885  J.  BROWN  Bttnyan  133  All  the  country 
through  there  were  proclamations  and  re  proclamations. 

Reproctrre  ("-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To 

procure  again. 

1591  SYLVESTER  Ivrym  If  it  [the  Church]  may  ever  hope 
to  reprocure  A  holy  and  a  happy  Peace.  _  1679  KID  in  G. 
Hickes  Spirit  of  Popery  12  The  reprocuring  of  the  Lords 
fallen  work.  1815  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1830)  IV.  263  The 
means  of  reprocuring  some  part  of  the  literary  treasures 
which  I  have  ceded  to  Congress.  1840  POF.  IV.  Wilson 
Wks.  1864  I.  432  Lights  were  immediately  reprocured. 

Hence  Reprocu-rafcle  a. 

1866  OOLINC  A  mm.  Chew.  91  Acetic  acid  is  reprocurable 
from  alcohol  by  oxidation. 

Reproduce  (npr<Jdi«'s),  v.  [f.  RE-  5  a  -t-  PRO 
DUCE  z'.,  prob.  after  F.  reproduire  (i6th  c.).] 

1.  trans.  To  bring  again  into  material  existence  ; 
to  create  or  form  anew ;  spec,  in  Biol.  to  form 
(a  lost  limb  or  organ)  afresh;  to  generate  (new 
individuals). 

1611  COTGR.,  ReprodnirC)  to  reproduce,  to  yeeld  or  bring 
forth  againe.  a  1676  HALE  Prim.  Qrig.  Man..  \\.  vii.  193 
Which.,  if  they  had  been  the  Product  of  the  Plastick  power 
of  the  Earth,  would  have  been  Annually  re-produced,  a  1700 
KEN  Uymnotkeo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  85  God's  Voice  de- 
parted  Souls  shall  re-instate,  And  reproduce  Men  easier  than 
create.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.  App.  s.v.  Reprodttc- 
tiont  Some  of  these  worms  have,  .then  begun  to  reproduce 
a  head  or  a  tail,  or  both.  1800  FELLOWES  Car.  Phijos. 
fed.  3)  227  Man . .  reproduces  his  kind  ;  and  he  vanishes  into 
darkness.  1848  W.  H.  BARTLETT  Egypt  to  Pal.  x.(i879)225 
We  gathered  the  seed  of  some  of  these, ..hoping  to  repro 
duce  them  at  home.  1870  ROLLFSTON  Anint.  Life  Introd. 


BEPRODUCEABLE. 


489 


REPROOF. 


67  Some  Amphibia  possess  a  great  power  of  repairing  Inju 
ries,  and  of  reproducing  destroyed  or  amputated  organs. 
b.  With  immaterial  object. 

1776  ADAM  SMITH  IV.  N.  n.  ii.  (1869)  I.  293  Industrious 
people,  who  re-produce,  with  a  profit,  the  value  of  their 
annual  consumption.  1818  COBBETT  Pol.  Reg.  XXXIII. 
372  The  great  prosperity,  which  the  industry  and  energy  of 
the  nation  soon  re-produced.  1863  FAWCETT  Pot.  Econ,  i. 
iv.  28  A  man  may  spend  capital  on  productive  wealth  ;  then 
capital  is.  .reproduced. 

refl,  1842  MANNING  Serin.  \.  (1848)  I.  6  As  sin,  through 
the  power  of  death,  withers  off.  .it  perpetually  reproduces 
itself.  1877  Nature  30  Aug.  360/1  It  is  evident,  .that  the 
sounds  would  reproduce  themselves  with  the  same  pitch  in 
the  scale. 

C.  absol.  To  multiply  by  generation. 

1894  Times  (weekly  ed.)  31  Aug.  689/2  It  [the  bacillus] 
reproduces  at  the  rate  of  hundreds  per  day.  1896  tr.  Boas' 
Text-bk.  Zool.  38  Among  those  animals  which  reproduce 
only  by  fertilised  ova,  successive  generations  are  almost 
always  alike. 

2.  To  produce  again  by  means  of  combination 
or  change. 

1666  BOYLE  Orig.  Formes  $  Qua/.  Wks.  1772  III.6i  If  we 
could  reproduce  a  body  which  has  been  deprived  of  its  sub 
stantial  form.  1704  NEWTON  Optics  (1721)  134  Whenever  all 
those  Rays.. are  mix'd  again,  they  reproduce  the  same  white 
Light  a?i  before.  1839  G.  BIRD  Nat.  Philos.  325  A  convex 
lens . .  will  bring  all  the  rays  to  a  focus,  and  reproduce  white 
light.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  116  When  the  vapour  of 
water  is  condensed  it  reproduces  pure  water. 

3.  To  bring  about  again ;  to  effect,  exhibit,  or 
present  anew;  to  repeat  in  some  fashion. 

1688  DRYDEN  .Z>V;V.  Rediv.  217  His  inborn  courage.  .Might 
reproduce  some  second  Richard's  reign.  1830  HHRSCHEE. 
Stud.  Nat.  Phil.  119  Whenever  we  notice  a  remarkable 
effect  of  any  kind,  our  first  question  ought  to  be,  Can  it  be 
reproduced?  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  \\.  xiv.  307  Rendu  af 
firmed  . .  that  all  the  phenomena  of  a  river  were  reproduced 
upon  the  Mer  de  Glace.  1877  Nature  6  Sept.  403/2  He  lias 
rendered  it  possible  to  reproduce  the  human  voice  with  all 
its  modulations  at  distant  points, 

refl.  1870  ROGERS  Hist.  Gleanings  Ser.  n.  52  History  is 
apt  to  reproduce  itself. 

b.  To  repeat  in  a  more  or  less  exact  copy ;  to 
produce  a  copy  of  (a  work  of  art,  picture,  draw 
ing,  etc.),  now  esp.  by  means  of  engraving,  photo 
graphy,  or  similar  processes. 

1850  LEITCH  tr.  C.  O.  Mutters  A  nc.  Art  §  83  (ed.  2)  50  In 
colonies  the  form  of  the  images  in  the  metropolis  was  faith 
fully  reproduced.  1868  FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq.  (1877)  II.  ix. 
400  The  rude  art  of  English  masons  strove  to  reproduce  the 
campaniles  of  Northern  Italy.  1892  Photogr.  Ann.  II.  238 
The  diagrams  reproduced  on  the  adjoining  pages. 

absol.  1849  LYTTON  Caxtons  i.  v,  I  already  began  to  Imi 
tate,  to  reproduce. 

c.  inlr.  To  turn  out  (well,  etc.)  in  a  copy. 

1891  Pall  Mall  G.  2  Dec.  3/2  The  drawings  . .  reproduce 
in  monochrome-plate  process  with  greater  strength  than 
might  be  expected. 

4.  To  present  again  in  writing  or  print. 

1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  \.  xxv.  178  A  letter  ..  so  interesting 
that  I  do  not  hesitate  to  reproduce  it  here.  1885  Spectator 
25  July  977/J  The  legends  ..  here  reproduced  were  well 
woith  reproducing. 

5.  To  create  again  by  a  mental  effort ;  to  repre 
sent  clearly  to  the  mind. 

1869  TOZER  Highl.  Turkey  II.  201  These  scenic  edifices., 
enable  our  mind's  eye  to  reproduce  the  people . .  congregated 
together.  1870  ROGERS  Hist.  Gleanings  Ser.  n.  199  The 
novels  of  the  eighteenth  century  enable  us  to  reproduce  the 
parson  of  the  time  with  ease. 

6.  To  bring  out  again. 

1835  G.  HOGARTH  Mns.  Hist.  (1838)  II.  158  He  also  re 
modelled  his  opera  of  The  Wood  Gir/,  and  reproduced  it 
under  the  title  of  Sylvana. 

Hence  Keprodu'ced,  Beprodu'cing  ppl.  adjs. 
Also  Reprodii'ceable  a.,  reproducible. 

1832  HT.  MARTINEAU  Hill  #  Valley  vi.  87  The  second  and 
third,  .constituted  the  reproduceable  capital  of  the  concern. 
1882  SEELEY  Nat.  Relig.  103  A  sort  of  reflected  or  repro 
duced  eternity.  1892  Photogr.  Ann.  II.  106  Dispositives 
and  reproduced  negatives.  1893  Athenazum  30  Sept.  452/1 
His  adoption  of  his  master's  [style]  is  that  of  a  student,  .not 
that  of  a  mere  reproducing  copyist. 

Reproducer  («-).     [f.  prec.  +  -ER  i.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  reproduces. 

1774  BURKE ^4»w,  Tax.  Wks.  1792!.  565  You  understand. . 
that  1  speak  of  Charles  Townshend,  officially  the  re-producer 
of  this  fatal  scheme.  1841  GLADSTONE  State  in  Rel.  Ch.  iv. 
§  100  (ed.  4),  Not  as  a  creator,  or  an  inventor,  or  even  a  repro 
ducer,  of  a  system.  1876  Contemp.  Rev.  XXVII.  968  A 
timid,  dependent,  incoherent  reproducer,  whose  plagiarisms 
his  old  pupil  amused  himself  by  detecting. 

2.  spec.  In  the  phonograph,  the  part  by  which 
the  sound  is  reproduced. 

1888  Nature  29  Nov.  108/1  Consequently,  there  are  two 
diaphragms,  one  a  recorder  and  the  other  a  reproducer. 

Reproducible  (n-),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -IBLE.] 
That  may  be  reproduced ;  admitting  or  suscep 
tible  of  reproduction. 

1834  HT.  MARTiNEAU.A/0r<i/r.  4  The  first  constitutes  fixed 
capital;  the  second  and  third  reproducible  capital.  1883 
Fortn.  Rev.  i  Aug.  275  The  results  of  scientific  discoveries 
.  .ate,  as  a  rule,  reproducible  at  will. 

Reproduction  (r/ptfdzrjijan).  [f.  REPRODUCE, 
after  production  ;  cf,  F.  reproduction  (1690).] 

1.  The  action  or  process  of  forming,  creating  or 
bringing  into  existence  again. 

1659  PEARSON  Creed  (1839)  361  Things  immaterial  and  in 
corruptible  cannot  be  said  to  rise  again;  resurrection  im 
plying  a  reproduction.  1666  BOYLE  Orig.  Formes  *  Qna.1. 
VOL.  VIII. 


Wks.  1772  III.  61  The  experiment  recorded  by  our  author 
about  the  reproduction  of  salt-petre.  1776  ADAM  SMITH 
W.  N.  n.  v.  (1869)  I.  368  No  equal  quantity  of  productive 
labour  employed  in  manufactures  can  ever  occasion  so  great 
a  reproduction.  1845  H.  ROGERS  Ess.  (1874)  I.  iii.  107  We 
shall  as  soon  see  the  reproduction  of  an  Aristotle  as  of  a 
Demosthenes  1845  M 'Cut LOCH  Taxation  Introd.  (1852)  6 
A  system  of  taxation  acting  on  capital,  .destroys  alike  the 
desire  and  the  means  of  reproduction. 

b.  The  process,  on  the  part  of  certain  animals, 
of  reproducing  parts  of  the  organism  which  have 
been  destroyed  or  removed.  (Now  freq.  called 
regeneration  to  distinguish  it  from  next.) 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  reproduction  of  several 
parts  of  lobsters,  crabs,  etc.  makes  one  of  the  great  curiosities 
in  natural  history.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  VIII.  172  We 
owe  the  first  discovery  of  this  power  of  reproduction  in 
animals  to  Mr.  Trembley,  who  first  observed  it  in  the  polypus. 
1840  tr.  Cin'iers  A  mm.  Kingd.  18  Organized  beings  have 
even  the  faculty  of  reproducing,  .certain  of  their  parts  of 
which  they  may  have  been  deprived.  This  has  been  named 
the  power  of  reproduction.  1884  Mind  July  415  The  question 
of  the  Reproduction  of  Lost  Parts  is  interesting  from  several 
points  of  view  in  biology. 

C.  The  process  of  producing  new  individuals  of 
the  same  species  by  some  form  of  generation  ;  the 
generative  production  of  new  animal  or  vegetable 
organisms  by  or  from  existing  ones ;  also,  power 
of  reproducing  in  this  way. 

1785  SMKLLIK  tr.  Bujffon's  Nat.  Hist.  (1791)  II.  16  And, 
without  limiting  our  research  to  the  generation  of  man,  or 
of  any  particular  animal,  let  us  contemplate  the  general 
phenomena  of  reproduction.  1835-6  Todd's  Cycl.  Anat.  \. 
145  When  we  examine  animals  in  the  next  grade,  we  find 
reproduction  taking  place  by  the  concurrence  of  hexes.  1861 
BENTLEV  Man.  Bot.  749  Much  difference  of  opinion  has 
arisen,  .as  to  the  mode  in  which  reproduction  takes  place  in 
the  different  divisions  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom.  1883 
WALLEM  Fish  Supply  NonvayiQ  (fish.  Exhib.  ljubl.),  The 
reproduction  of  the  cod  is  extraordinarily  great. 

d.  The   action   or   process  of   bringing  again 
before  the  mind  in  the  same  form. 

1800  FBLLOWES  Chr.  Philos.  (ed.  3)  232  note,  I  suppose 
ideas  to  be . .  capable  of  excitement  and  reproduction.  1836-7 
SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Metaph.  (1877)  II.  ,\x.  13  By  reproduc 
tion..  I  strictly  mean  the  process  of  recovering  the  absent 
thought  from  unconsciousness.  1884  T.  SULLY  Outlines 
Psychol.  477  Fear  and  anger  have  their  rise  in  the  mental 
reproduction  of  some  organic  pain. 

e.  The  action  or  process  of  repeating  in  a  copy. 
Also  at t rib. 

1883  HALDANE  Workshop  Receipts  Ser.  n.  181/1  Auto 
graphs  for  reproduction  must  be  written  with  ink  or  pencil. 
1890  Anthonys  Photogr.  Bull.  III.  247  For  the  photo 
grapher  who  is  exclusively  occupied  with  reproduction 
photography,  this  is  fully  satisfactory. 
1  2.  A  copy  or  counterpart ;  in  recent  use  esp.  a 
copy  of  a  picture  or  other  work  of  art  by  means 
of  engraving  or  some  other  process. 

1807  J.  BARLOW  Colutnb.  n.  88  More  perfect  some,  and 
some  less  perfect  yield  Their  reproductions  in  this  wondrous 
field.  1853  J-  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk.  (1873)  H*  '•  '•  23  The 
Huns  were  but  reproductions  of  the  ancient  Scythians.  1892 
Photogr.  Ann.  II.  in  The  hypothesis  as  to  the  nature  of 
heliochromic  reproductions. 

b.  A  representation  in  some  form  or  by  some 
means  of  the  essential  features  of  a  thing. 

1844  EMERSON  Nature,  Commodity  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  144 
The  useful  arts  are  reproductions  or  new  combinations  by 
the  wit  of  man,  of  the  same  natural  benefactors.  1856 
STANLEY  Sinai  fy  Pal.  Pref.  22  The  Bedouin  tents  are  still 
the  faithful  reproduction  of  the  outward  life  of  the  patriarchs. 
1879  FARRAR  St.  Paul  (1883)  71  St.  Luke's  dramatic  repro 
duction  of  the  vague  murmurs  of  a  throng. 

Reproductive  (,r/pn?d»-ktiv),  a.  [f.  REPRO 
DUCE,  after  productive.] 

1.  Of  the  nature  of,  pertaining  to,  or  effecting, 
reproduction. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Supp.  App.  s.v.  Reproduction^  What 
is  said  of  the  want  of  the  reproductive  power  of  these  parts, 
relates  only  to  the  head  and  tail  ends.  1830  LYELL  Princ. 
Geol,  I.  200  We  might  divide  the  consideration  of  springs . . 
into  their  destroying  and  reproductive  agency.  1865  MERI- 
VALE  Rom.  Emp.  VIII.  Ixviu.  353  The  slave  population  was 
not  reproductive;  it  was  only  kept  at  its  level  by  fresh 
drafts  from  abroad.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer 
(1891)  241  Plans  of  reproductive  outlay,  certain  to  pay  cent 
per  cent. 

2.  spec,   in   Biol.    Connected   with   or   effecting 
generative  reproduction  in  animals  or  plants. 

1836-9  Todd's  Cycl.  Anat.  II.  412/1  This  type  of  the  re 
productive  apparatus  extends  through  a  wide  range  of 
animals.  1859  ^°td.  V.  220/1  Reproductive  organs  of  the 
red  Algae.  1870  ROLLESTON  Anim.  Life  Introd.  47  The  re 
productive  system  has  furnished  a  basis  for  the  division  of 
the  Class  Mammalia.  1888  ROLLESTON  &  JACKSON  Anim. 
Life  208  Ordinary  nephridia,  which  take  on  a  sexual  function 
at  the  reproductive  season. 

Hence  Beproduxtively,  Beprodtrctiveness, 
Reproducti'vity. 

1860  PUSEY  Mitt.  Proph.  167  Moab..had  the  degrading 
worship  of  Baal-peor,  re-productiveness.  1873  SYMONDS  Grk. 
Poets  viii.  240  A  profound  sympathy  with  nature  in  her 
large  and  perpetual  reproductiveness.  1881  Academy  30  Apr. 
322  The  common  impressionability  and  reproductivity  of 
nervous  tissue.  1883  Chicago  Advance  3  May,  None  can 
..have  been  so  reproductively  fruitful  as  that  first  one. 

Keprodn*ctor.  rare—1,  [f.  REPRODUCE  v.~\ 
An  animal  used  for  reproducing  its  species. 

1888  W.  WILLIAMS  Princ.  Vet.  Mtd.  ied.  5)  264  A  Minis 
terial  Order  in  Prussia  prohibits  the  removal  or  use,  as  re- 
productors,  of  affected  stallions. 


Reprodtrctory,  a.  rare-0.  [Cf.  prec.  and 
-ORY2.]  *  Pertaining  to  or  used  in  reproduction' 
(Webster  1847). 

Reprofa'iie,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  pro 
fane  afresh. 

1614  SYLVESTER  Betliulias  Rescue  i.  194  If  this  thine  Altar 
..Be  re-profan'd  with  Heathen  Hecatombs, 

Reproffe,  obs.  form  of  REPROOF. 

t  Repro'ffer,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  //;/;•. 
Of  a  stag  :  To  turn  back  into  the  water  again. 

1486  Bk.  Si.  Albans  E  vij,  Therfore  it  is  (Profre)  as  thyse 
hunters  sayne  And  (Reprofre)  yf  the  same  waye  he  tcrne 
agayne.  1602  -2nd  Pt.  Return  fr.  Parnass.  n.  v.  907  The 
Hart  presently  discended  to  the  Riner,  and  being  in  the 
water,  proferd,  and  reproferd,  and  proferd  againe. 

Reproje*Ct,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  plan  again. 

1795  WOLCOTT  (P.  Pindar)  Hair  Powder  Wks.  1812  III. 
301  Where  thou,  and  honest  Rumbold-hunting  Harry  Pro 
ject  and  reproject  and  oft  miscarry. 

Repro'inise,  sb.  rare—1,  [RE-  5  a.]  A  re 
newed  or  further  promise. 

1750  HODGES  Chr.  Plan  (1755)  171  This  reprormse  supposes 

Clainly,  that  there  was  one  prior  to  any,  that  is  mentioned 
y  the  prophets. 

t  K»epro  inise,  v .  Obs.  [ad.  L.  rtpromitte're  : 
see  next  and  PROMISE  z>.]  trans.  To  promise  in 
return.  Hence  Repro'mised  ppl.  a. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  231  The..crowne  of 
lyfe  whiche  god  hath  repromysed  to  all  them  that  loueth 
hym.  «i6i8  SYLVESTER  Job  ii.  175  How  shall  that  Hap 
appear,  Which  you  yer-while  did  so  re-promise,  hear?  1620 
T.  GKANGER  Div.  Logike  219  Whereby  God  promiseth  his 
grac^r,  and  loue  vnto  men,  and  men  repromise  constant 
obedienco  due  to  him.  1633  !>:•.  HALL  Hard  'lexis,  N.T. 
496  The  extending  of  the  bounds  of  this  repromised  land 
towards  the  north. 

tK.epromrssi.on.  06s.  Also  4  -myscioun, 
-miscioun,  4-5  -myssioun,  6  -rayssyon.  [a.  OF. 
repromission,  or  ad.  L.  reproniission-em,  f.  repro- 
mittere  :  see  next.]  A  counter-promise,  a  pro 
mise  made  in  return.  Land  of  repromission,  the 
promised  land. 

1382  WVCLIF  Heb.  vi.  15  So  he  longe  su fringe  gaat  re- 
promyscioun,  or  biheeste  a^en.  c  1400  MAUNDKV.  (Roxb.) 
Pref.  i  pe  land  of  repromission,  bat  men  calles  be  Haly 
Land.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  i  The  passage  of 
the  chyldren  of  Israel,  .through  the  reed  see  towarde  the 
lande  of  repromy>syon.  1642  CHAS.  I  Let.  14  June,  The 
humble  Repromission  and  Resolution  of  the  Captains  and 
Souldiers.  1659  K.  CELL  Ainendm.  Bible  85  Repromission 
or  answering  by  promise  to  God's  stipulation.  1692  Cc'ct. 
Grace  Conditional  29  By  Conditions  I  understand  the  re- 
stipulation  or  repromission  in  a  Covenant. 

t  Repromi't,  v.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  L.  repro 
inittere^  f.  re-  RE-  +  promittere  to  promise.  Cf. 
obs.  F.  repromettre.]  To  promise  in  return. 

1637-50  Row  Hist.  Kirk  (Wodrow  Soc.)  26  A  faire  ansuer 
..was  returned  by  the  Queen,  and  the  Assemblie  repro- 
mitts  to  be  lovcing, . .  and  obedient  subjects  to  hir  Majestic. 

Repro-mulgate  (r/)>  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans. 

To  promulgate  again. 

1847  in  \VEBSTER.  1866  Macm.  Mag.  Feb.  273  The  funda 
mental  principle  of  persecution  has  been  distinctly  re- 
promulgated.  1871  FARRAR  \Vitn.  Hist.  iii.  117  The  tenth 
Lateral!  Council  found  it  necessary  to  repromulgate  the 
doctrine  of  immortality. 

So  Repromnlga'tion. 

rti754  MeLAURiN  Serin.  $  Ess.  (1755)  243  The  clear  repro- 
mulgation  of  that  law.. has  far  superior  effects. 

Reproof  (r/pr/?f).  Forms  :  a.  4  reproef,  4-5 
reprof,  4-6  reprofe,  5-6  reproffe,  5-7  reproofe, 
(6-proufe),  5- reproof;  4-6reproue,  (4-pruve. 
5  -prowe),  5-6  reprove;  also  5-6  Sc.  repruf(e, 
-pruff,  (5  -prwfe,  -prwe),  6  repruif.  £.  4-5 
repref,  (5  -preff,  -preffe),  4-6  reprefe,  -preef, 
(6  -fe),  5-6  Sc.  repreif.e,  6  reprieve,  -prife, 
reypriff ;  4-6  repreue,  -preve,  6  repreeve, 
-prieve,  -prive.  [a.  OF.  reprove,  -prouve  (AF. 
also  repreove),  vbl.  sb.  f.  reprover  to  REPROVE. 
On  the  variation  in  the  forms  see  PROOF  sl>J\ 

f  1.  Shame,  disgrace,  ignominy  or  reproach,  ad 
hering  or  resulting  to  a  person  in  consequence  or  by 
reason  of  some  fact,  event,  conduct,  etc.  (Occas. 
with  a  and//.)  Obs. 

a.  13..  SeuynSag.  (W.)  2871  Methink  thou  wirkis,  to  thi 
reproue,  Onence  thi  son  that  thou  sold  loue.  1340  HAMPOLK 
Pr.  Consc.  5555  Thurgh  defaute  of  hym  er  P«fJ°  «"**«• 
prove.  0400  LQVKBonavent.Mtrr.LtftAt.W.N.^.)  It.  14 
It  is  abhomynable  >ynge  and  a  grete  reproofe  to  a  mayden 
..to  be  a  grete  iangelere.  ctMoLoMCttot  1252  Madem,  1 
wot  that  for  to  loue  yone  knycht, . .  1 1  war  to  yow  no  maner 
of  Reprwe.  1569  Rtg.  Prity  Council  Scot.  II.  56  Under 
the  pane  of  repruif,  infamy,  and  perjurie.  1590  bHAKS.  Lorn. 
Err.  v.  i.  90  She  did  betray  me  to  my  owne  reproofe.  a  1631 
DONNE  Serni.  (1640)  36olf..thou  return. , to  the  Repursuite 
of  those  half-repented  Sins. .  :  This  is  a  Reproofe. 

j3.  ^1380  Sir  Ferwnb.  404  Ne  were  it  for  repreue,  By 
Mahoun,  bat  ys  my  vowee  of  byn  heued  y  wolde  hee  reue. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Pard.  T.  595  It  is  repreeue  and  contrarie 
of  honour  For  to  ben  holde  a  commune  hasardour.  1430-40 
LYDG.  Bochas  v.  xxxii.  (1554)  141  b,  Bochas  list  not  expresse 
More  of  his  life  fulfilled  of  all  repreues.  1513  DOUGLAS 
&nei$  i.  ProL  435  That  war  repreif  to  thair  diuinite,  And 
na  reproche  vnto  the  said  Enee.  1567  Lucres  $  Eitr. 
Hivb,  Yf  I  shoulde  carye  thee  about  wyth  me,.. what  re 
prefe  and  shame  shulde  it  be  both  to  the  and  me? 

f  b.  One  who,  or  that  which,  is  a  disgrace  or 
discredit  to  something.  Obs.  rare. 

62 


RE-PROOF. 

c  1436  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  148  Thow  Phellippe,  foundour 
of  new  falsehede,  Distroubar  of  pees,,  .reprof  of  alle  knyght- 
hode.  1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  \.  \,  Schaw  now  thy  schame, 
..schaw  thy  endite  reprufe  of  rethoryis. 

T"2.  Insulting  or  opprobrious  language  or  action 
used  against  a  person ;  insult,  contumely, scorn.  Obs. 

a.  a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xiv.  4  Reprofe  that  was  sayd 
agayns  men  he  accept  it  noght.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  Wks. 
III.  336  More  men  wondren  whi  bei  cursen.  .not  for  reprofe 
don  to  Crist  and  his  majeste.  a  1400  Prymer  (1891)  97  (Ps. 
cxix.  22),  Bere  awey  fro  me  reprof  and  despyt.  1596  DAL- 
RYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  x.  284  Lenox  selfe  thay  cast 
doune  to  the  Inglis  schipis  farr  of  with  gret  reprofe. 

0.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Serm.  Sel.  Wks.  I.  34  To  pe  repreef  of 
Crist  bei  clepidehim  a  Samaritan,  c  1460  Play  Sacrain.  456 
As  he  was  on  y»  rode  tbat  he  was  on  don  w'  grett  repreue. 
c  1510  MORE  Picus  Wks.  15/2  God  had  accepted  them  as 
worthy  to  suffer  wroiige  and  repriefe  for  his  sake. 

f  b.  With  a  and  //.     An  instance  of  this ;   an 
insult  in  word  or  deed.  Obs. 

a.  01340  HAMPOI.E  Psalter  cxxu.  4  Cure  saule  trauayls 
In  reprofis  and  cure  body  in  passiouns.  c  1400  MAUNDEV. 
(Roxb.)  Pref.  i  He  sufferd  many  reprufes  and  scornes  by  vs. 
1480  CAXTON  Chron.  En%.  cxcviii.  176  They  cast  vpon  hym 
many  snowe  balles  and  many  other  reproues  dyd  him. 

ft.  ^1330  R.  BRUNNE  Ch>-on.  Wace  (Rolls)  7996  Bytwyxt 
to  ber  a  stryf  bey  herde,  Of  grete  reprefs  ilk  ober  onswerde. 
1382  WYCLIF  Ecclus.  xxix,  9  And  repreues  and  cursis  he 
shal  3elde  to  hym.  ^1450  tr.  DC  Imitatione  u.  i.  40  Crist 
was.. in  his  grettist  nede  among  repreues  forsaken  of  his 
frendes.  1549  CHAI.ONER  Erasm.  on  Folly  B  ij  b,  Euen 
these  sage  Stoikes  dooe  not  in  deede  so  greatly  despise 
pleasure,  as  outwardly  thei  dissemble,  and  afore  folks  dooe 
baite  hir  with  a  thousand  repreues.  1597  Gnhtard  fy  Sf's- 
mond  Bij,  As  to  the  great  repreeve  also  contrived,  which 
alder  first  nyen  me  ye  object. 

f  c.  An  object  of  scorn  or  contempt.   Obs. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xxi.  5,  I  am  a  worm  and  noght 
man,  reproue  of  men  &  outkastynge  of  folke.  1382  WYCI.IF 
Judith  vii.  16  Betere  it  is.  .than  wee  die,  and  be  repref  to 
alle  flesh.  1535  COVERDALE /*£.  xxx.  n,  I  am  become  a  very 
reprofe  amonge  all  myne  enemies. 

o.  Censure,  rebuke,  reprimand,  reprehension. 

a.  £71350  Will.  Palerne  652  Ali<iandrine..bi-bou3t  hire  ful 
busily  howe  best  were  to  werche, . .  properly  vnparceyued  for 
reproue  after.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  189  Re- 
prowe  was  founde  for  amendement  of  hym  that  Is  reprowid. 
1538  STARKEY  England  I.  iv.  139  They  may  abase  themselfe 
in  al  vayn  lustys  &  vanyte,  wythout  punyschement  or  re 
proue  of  any  degre.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  662  In  re- 
proofe  of  Jasper  Erie  of  Penbroke,  he  created  William  Lord 
Herbert  Krle  of  the  same  place.  1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  II.  ii.  37 
A  Mallice,  that.. would  plucke  reproofe  and  rebuke  from 
euery  Eare  that  heard  it.  1611  BIBLE  Prov.  xv.  5  A  foole 
despiseth  his  fathers  instruction  :  but  hee  that  regardeth  re 
proofe,  is  prudent.  1709  POPE  Ess.  Crit.  583  Those  best  can 
bear  reproof,  who  merit  praise.  1848  DICKENS  Douioey  ii, 
Mrs.  Chick  contented  herself  with  a  glance  of  reproof. 

ft.  1382  WYCLIF  Matt.  xi.  20  Thanne  Jhesus  began  for  to 
seie  repreue  to  citees.  ^1400 R om.  Rose  7240  Men.  .holden 
us  for  so  worthy,  That  we  may  folk  repreve  echoon,  And  we 
nyl  have  repref  of  noon,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  ll-r  j 
He.. suffered  them  to  robbe  and  pill  without  correction  or 
reprefe.  1600  FAIRFAX  Tasso  xvi,  xlv,  I  thee  enchanted  and 
allur'd  to  loue,  Wicked  deceit,  craft  worihie  sharpe  repriefe. 

Comb.   1382  WYCLIF  i  Esdr.  Prol.,  The  studies  of  enuyouse 
men.  .that  alle  thing  that  we  wryten,  weenen  repref  wrthl. 
b.  With  a  and//.     A  censure,  rebuke,  etc. 

a.  1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  i.  Prol.  452  Of  resoun  me  behuvis 
Excuse  Chaucer  fra  all  maner  repruvis,  1548  UDALL,  etc. 
Erasm.  Par.  Afatt.  ix.  41  Unto  this  manifest  and  false  re 
profe ..  Jesus  aunswered  verey  gentelye.  1794  MRS.  RAD- 
CLIFFE  Myst.  Udolpho  xii,  How  have  I  deserved  these  re 
proofs?  1879  FARRAR  St.  Paul  I.  vi.  xxiii.  445  A  reproof 
is  intolerable  when  it  is  administered  out  of  pride  or  hatred. 

|3.  1549  CHALONF.R  Erasm.  on  Folly  L  ij,  What  maistrie  is 
it  for  them  to  set  light  store  by  two  or  three  of  those  learned 
mens  reprives.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr,  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  iv. 
238  Pape  Honorie,  throuch  scharpe  writeings,  accuised  his 
wickednes  wl  a  sour  repreife. 

1 4.  a.  The  condition  of  being  under  censure  or 
disapproval.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  u.  370  (419),  Ye  nold  ban  had  no 
mercy  ne  mesure  On  me,  but  alwey  had  me  in  repreue. 
^1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  u.  151  Ther  as  wrecchid  greues, 
Sour  lond,  to  weet,  or  salt  is,  neuer  delue  ;  And  alwey 
thristy  dri  lond  in  repreue  is. 

f  b.  Cause  for  censure ;  fault,  blame.   Obs. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  x.  (Mattkew)  367  Matrimone  he  can 
commend,  gyf  bat  it  will  anowrny t  be . .  S:  but  reprufe  kepit 
alsa.  1413  Pilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton)  iv.  xxix.  (1859)  62  All 
thyng.  .shold  ben.  .good,  and  commendable,  that  noo  repreef 
were  founden  therin.  1567  Gude  fy  Godlie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  31 
Do  gude  for  euill,  and  leid  jour  lyfe  Without  reprufe. 

6.  Disproof,  refutation.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1529  MORE  Dyaloge  iv.  Wks.  272/1  There  were  shewed  vnto 
hym  manye  thynges  for  the  reproofe  of  that  vnresonable  and 
detestable  heresye.  1664  JER.  TAYLOR  Dissuas.  Popery  n. 
title-p.,  In.  .reproof  and  conviction  of  Roman  Errors.  1739 
LABELYE  Short  Ace.  Piers  Westin.  Bridge  38  As  to  the 
many  false  Reports . .  I  leave  the  Piersof  Westminster-Bridge, 
to  give  them  the  strongest  Reproofs.  1814  CARY  Dante, 
Parad.  ill.  3  By  proof  of  right,  and  of  the  false  reproof. 

Hence  f  Reproo'fful  a. ;  H-eproo  fless  a, 

1609  Ev.  Woman  in  Hum.  iv.  i.  in  Bullen  O.  PI.  IV,  This 
critique  is  hoarsh,  unsaverie,  and  reproofeful.  1827-35 
WILLIS  David's  Grief  for  Child  18  The  rapt  wires  of  his 
reproofless  harp. 

Be-proof  (n-).    [RE-  5  a.]   A  second  proof. 

c  1825  CAMPBELL  in  New  Monthly  Mag.  (1847)  May  74,  I 
must  leave  you  to  correct  this  dull  essay  on  the  London 
College,  yet  if  I  could  have  a  re-proof  it  would  be  desirable. 

Kepropi'tiate,  v.  (and /a.  pple.}.  rare.  [ad. 
L.  repropitiare  (Tert.  and  Vulg.).]  trans.  fTo 
make  propitiation  for  (a  thing  or  person)  again ; 
to  restore  to  favour.  So  Repropitia-tion.  * 


490 

I  1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.)  Heb.  ii.  17  That  he  might  repropitiate 

j  the  sinnes  of  the  people.     1617  BP.  ANDREWES  96  Serm.t 

\  Holy  Ghost  x.  (1629)  708  Accepted  to  repropitiatipn,  that  is 

i  tAao-fios,  to  as  good  grace,  and  favour  as  ever.    Ibid.^  [Absa- 

'  lom  was]  repropitiate,  when  he  was  admitted  to  the  king's 

[  presence  and  kissed  him. 

Repropo'sal.     [RE-  5  a.]     A  fresh  proposal. 

1650  B.  Discolliminium  44  In  his  Reproposalls  be  tenders 
a  faire  Treaty. 

KeprO'SeCUte  (rf-)>  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
prosecute  again. 

1701  NORRIS  Ideal  World  I.  iii.  175  To  unstring  my  instru 
ment  for  a  while,  and  reprosecute  our  theory. 

Reprovable  (r/pn?vab'l),  a.  ?  Obs.  Forms: 
a.  4-6  reprouable,  (4-5  -abil),  6  reproueable, 
(6-8  -veable),  6-7  reprooueable,  4-  reprov- 
able.  0. 4-5  repreuable,  5  -  v(e)able,  repreev-, 
reprefable,  6  repryuable.  [f.  as  REPROVE  v.  + 
-ABLE,  after  med.L.  reprobdbtlis  (T»u  Cange)  :  cf. 
F.  v/prouvable  (i4th  c.,  Oresme).]  Deserving  of 
reproof  or  censure  ;  blameworthy,  reprehensible. 

In  common  use  (in  the  a-forms)  from  c  1380  to  1650. 

a.  a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psa/ttr xxxvuL  2,  I  sett  kepynge  til 
my  mouth . .  J>at  nane  reprouabil  word  withpassid  me.  c  1380 
WvcLtF  Wks.  (1880)  292  Also  seynt  poul  iugi^  of  petris 
synne,  and  a^en-stoode  him  for  he  was  reprouable.  a  1471 
FORTESCUE  Wks.  (1869)400,!  se  the  naughty  and  repro\-able 
people  helped  with  richesses.  1589  PUTTF.NHAM  Eng.  Poesie 
i.  xxvi.  (Arb.)  65  The  ancient  guise  in  old  times  vsed  at 
weddings  (in  my  simple  opinion)  nothing  reproueable.  1660 
JFR.  TAYLOR  Worthy  Commnn.  i.  §  5. 101  Thy  faith  was  not 
only  little  but  reprovable.  1746  WESLEY  Princ.  Methodist 
3  Those  . .  who  may  be  hinder'd,  by  their  Prejudice  in  my 
Favour,,  .from  observing  what  is  reproveable. 

/3.  1382  WYCLIF  Prov.  xxv.  10  The  whiche  kepe  thou  to 
thee,  lest  thou  be  maad  repreuable.  c  1400  tr.  Secreta, 
Secret. ,  Gov.  Lordsh.  66  In  bayre  secretz  and  writynges  no 
fals  bynge  ne  repreuable  ys  founden.  c  1460  SIR  R.  Ros 
La  Belle  Dame  512  Yit  atte  lest  yam  nat  repreuable.  1526 
SK ELTON  Magnyf.  1436  That  I  shall  suffer  none  impedi 
ment  . .  nor  losse  repryuable. 

Hence f  Repro'vableness  (Bailey  ¥01.11,1727); 
f  Repro'vably  adv. 

c  1449  PECOCK  AY/r.  i.  x.  50  Wherfore  folewith  that  he 
vmesonabili  and  reprouabili  askith. 

Reproval  (r/pr«-val).  [f.  next  + -AL.]  The 
act  of  reproving;  reproof. 

1846  WORCESTER  cites  Genii.  M^ag.  1872  Athenaeum  28 
Dec.  845/3  To.  .expiate  their  enthusiastic  adherence  by  an 
equally  enthusiastic  reproval.  18^5  Chicago  Advance  20 
June  1353/1  The  reproval  and  stultification  of  the  Christian 
communities. 

Reprove   (r/pr/7'v),  v.     Forms  :    a.   4-7   re 
proue,  (4  reproeve,  -prune),  6-7  reprooue,  -ve, 
4-  reprove  ;  5  reprof  (f,  also  Sc.  reprow,  -pruff, 
5~6prufe,  6  -proif,  -prw.    0.  4-6  repreue,  -ve, 
(4  repreove),  5-6  repref (e,  6-7  reprieve,  -prive ; 
also  Sc.  5   rapreiff,  5-6  reprew,  (6  ra-),  6  re- 
preif,  -prief.     [ad.  OF.  reprover  (AF.   also  re~ 
\  pruver\    mod.F.  rtprouver) :— L.   reprobare:    see 
j   REPROBATE  v.    The  £-forms  are  from  those  parts 
of  the  verb  in  which  the  stem  had  stress  (AF. 
I   repreov-y  OF.  repreuv-}  :  see  PROVE  vJ\ 

•f  1.  traits.  To  reject.   Obs. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xx.  12  Amange  be  deuels  of  hell, 
be  whilke  bou  has  forsaken  and  reproued.  1382  WYCLIF  Luke 
I  xx.  17  The  stoon  whom  men  bildinge  reproueden  [1388  re- 
!  preueden],  this  is  maad  in  to  the  heed  of  the  corner,  c  1450 
Mir  our  Saluacioun  3474  The  stone  whilk  the  biggers  re 
proved  in  the  heved  is  made  angulere.  1526  TINDALE  Heb. 
vi.  8  That  grounde  which  beareth  thornes  and  bryars  is 
reproved  and  is  nye  vnto  cursynge.  1582  BENTLEY  Moil. 
Matrones  69  It  seemeth  to  them  God  is  parciall,  bicause  he 
hath  elected  some,  and  some  reprooued.  1604  E.  G[RIM- 
STONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  u.  xii.  109,  I  am  almost 
ready_  to  follow  the  opinion  of  such  as  reproove  the  qualities 
.  .which  Aristotle  gives  vnto  the  Elements,  saying  they  are 
but  imaginations. 

t  b.  Se*  To  set  aside  as  invalid.   Oi-s.  rare  ~l. 

1480  Act.  Dom.  Cone.  (1839)  52/1  pat  be  saidis  provost, 
chanonis,  &  chapelanis,  sail  brouke  &  Joyse  be  said  landis 
.  .quhil  be  said  lettre  be  Repreifit  &  declarit  of  na  vale. 

2.  To  express  disapproval  of  (conduct,  actions, 
beliefs,  etc.) ;  to  censure,  condemn.     Now  rare. 

a.    1340-70  Alex,  fy  Dind.  220  pat  non  habeU.mihte  a- 

leggeany  lak  our  lif  to  reproue.     1432-5011-.  Higdeti{ Rolls) 

III.  401  Thyne  arte  is  to  be  reprovede  that  scliewede  not 

this   to  the   before.       1483  CAXTOX  Cato  Fviij,  Tho  ben 

fooles_that  blamen  and  reprouen  the  tyme,  sayeng  that  the 

tyme  is  cause  of  iheyr  sekenesse.     1579  GOSSON  ScA.  Abuse 

(Arb.)  54  If  he  come  to  our  stall,  and  reprooue  our  ballance 

I    when  they  are  faultie.     1615  J.  STEPHENS  Satyr.  Ess.  20 

,    Envy  loves  That  humor  best,  which  bitterly  reproves  All 

j    states.     1658  EVELYN  Fr.  Card.  (1675)  58,  1  do  not  utterly 

reprove  the  graffing  of  the  wood,  though  but  of  one  year. 

•    1770  GOLDSM.  DCS.  Vill.   169  He  tried  each  art,  reproved 

I    each  dull  delay.     1820  SHELLEY  FiordUpina  40  Lulled  by 

I    the  voice  they  love,  which  did  reprove  The  childish  pity 

I    that  she  felt  for  them. 

ft.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  9  5if  bei  haten.. trewe  men 
to  techen  frely  holy  writt  and  repreuen  synne.  c  1450  tr. 
De  Imitatione  n.  ii.  42  Obir  men  knowe  oure  defaults  & 
repreue  hem.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneisi.  Prol.  106  My  werk  or 
je  repreif  Considdir  it  war  lie,  reid  oftair  than  anis.  1567 
Satir.  Poems  Reform,  vii.  82  Quhat  preachour  this  repreif, 
I  pray  gow,  durst? 

3.  To  reprehend,  rebuke,  blame,  chide,  or  find 
fault  with  (a  person).     Also  const,  for,  t<?/. 

a.  a  1325  Prose  Psalter  xlix.  9  Y  ne  shal  nou^t  repruue 
.  be  in  by  sacrifices.  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  5314  Alle  bis 
1  sail  he  do  bos  openly  To  reprove  be  synful  men  bar-bjr. 


REPROVER. 

c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xv.  70  Me  tho5t  grete  schame  bat 
Sarzenes  . .  schuld  bus  reproue  vs  of  cure  inperfiteness. 
c  1450  LOVELICH  Grail  xx.xvi.  8  [For]  On  thyng  that  he 
dyde  At  Rome,  Reproved  lie  was  be  Clergies  dome.  1568 
GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  729  Reproouing  and  reuiiing  him  with 
such  yll  wordes..that  all  the  hearers  abhorred  it.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  x.  761  What  if  thy  Son  Prove  disobedient, 
and  reprov'd,  retort,  Wherefore  didst  thou  beget  me?  1727 
DE  FOE  Syst.  Magic  \.  iv.  (1840)  95  Others  suggest,  that 
Noah  having  reproved  and  reproached  Canaan  for  some 
crime,,  .the  Devil  took  hold  of  his  resentment.  1855  TENNY 
SON  Aland  i.  xx.  i,  Was  it  gentle  to  reprove  her  . .  V  1871  B. 
TAYLOR  Faust  (1875)  II.  i.  iii.  27  You  praise  us— reprove  us, 
It  doesn't  move  us. 

0.  1303  R.  BRUSNE  Handl.  Synne  3722  5>'f  bou  for  wrabbe 
madyst  chydyng,  Or  repreuedyst  a  man  of  vyle  byng.  1377 
LANGL,  P.  PL  B.  x.  261  God  in  be  gospel  grymly  repreueth 
Aile  bat  lakken  any  lyf.  1483  CAXTON  Cato  4  Of  Saynt 
Ambrose  that  repreuyed  openly  themperour  of  his  synne. 
1549  Compl.  Scot,  xv.  123  Thou  repreifis  &  accusis  me  of 
the  faltis  that  my  tua  brethir  committis  daly.  1596  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  v.  vL  24  Nor  suffering  the  least  Uvinckling  sleepe  to 
start  Into  her  eye . . ;  But  if  the  least  appear'd,  her  eyes  she 
streight  reprieved. 

f  to.  To  accuse  or  convict.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  30  per-for  crist  seib  to  be  iewis 
who  of  gou  schal  repreue  me  of  synne.  1382  —  John  xvj.  3 
He  schal  reproue  the  world  of  synne.  c  1440  York  Myst. 
xxxii.  241  Oure  poynte  expresse  her  reproues  be  Of  felonye 
falsely  and  felle. 

fc.  To  reproach,  taunt.  Const. of,  Obs.  rare"1. 

ci33o  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  11665  pey  repreue 
vs  of  our  auncessours  pat  bey  ouer-cam  bem  wyj*  harde 
stours;  Of  pouerte  bey  make  vmbreyd. 

4.  absol.  To  employ  reprehension  or  rebuke. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xiii.  6  paire  mouth  is  ay  redy  to 
myssay  and  reproue.  1382  WYCLIF  Pro?,  xxv.  10  Lest  pcr- 
auenture  he  asaile  to  thee,  whan  he  shal  heren,  and  to  re- 
preuen  cese  not.  1533  GAU  Richt  Vay  29  Al  the  writ  quh'ilk 
is  inspirit.. is  profetabil  to  tech,  to  reprw,  to  correk.  1611 
BIBLE  2  Tim.  iv.  2  Reprooue,  rebuke,  exhort  with  all  long 
suffering  &  doctrine.  1766  FORDYCE  Serin.  ¥»£•  Worn, 
(1767)  I.  I.  36  Reprove  only  when  you  must.  1821  SHELLEY 
Epip&ych,  603  The  troop  which  errs,  and  which  reproves. 
1876  Miss  BRADDON  J.  Haggard's  Dan.  I.  n  He  came  to 
the  water-side  tavern  to  reprove  and  exhort. 

f5.  To  disprove;  to  prove  (an  idea,  statement, 
etc.)  to  be  false  or  erroneous,  Obs. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  v.  met.  iv.  130  {Camb.  MS.),Whan 
it  retorneth  in  to  hym  self  it  reproeueth  and  distroyet  the 


t   i^ju  r  itgr.   J-iyj   Mmntvomm   i.  IAAAV,  ^iouyj  ^y   L-  ut   iu  a.iauiic 

better  bine  argumentes  bat  seist  j  haue  falsed  and  repreved 
bi  gretteste  principle.  1538  BALE  God*$  Promises  u,  AH 
thys  is  true,  Lorde,  I  cannot  thy  wordes  reprove.  1593 
SHAKS.  2  Hen.  K7,  in.  i.  40  Reproue  my  allegation,  if  you 
can,  Or  else  conclude  my  words  effectuall.  1691  RAY 
Creation  \.  (1692)  25  This  confident  Assertion  of  DesCartes 
is  fully  examined  and  reproved  by. '.Mr.  Boyl. 
t  b.  To  refute  or  confute  (a  person).  Obs. 

1563  WINJET  FourScoir  ThreQuest,  Wks  (S.T.  S.)  I.  101 
Men  in  this  yocatioun.  .suld.. be.. potent  to  repreue  and 
conuict  thegainsayaris  of  the  samin.  1585!'.  WASHINGTON  tr. 
Nicholas's  l^oy.  n.  ix.  42  b,  Where  he  sayth  the  second  to 
lye  on  the  North  part,  he  may  by  the  view  &  eisight  onely 
be  reproued,  being  in  deed  towards  the  East.  1601  HOL 
LAND  Pliny  xvi.  xxxi,  Deceived  they  are,  and  may  be  re 
proved  by  the  instance  of  fig-trees. 

f6.  To  impair,  diminish.  Obs.  rare. 

1450-80  tr.  Secreta  Secret.  9  Kepe  euyr  temperaunce  in 
largete..,  ne  neuer  repreue  thi  yeftis  with  ayentakyng. 
1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  403  Hee  sheweth  that  his  loue 
is  so  farre  from  being  reproued,  that  it  is  augmented.  1590 
GREENWOOD  Collect.  Sclannd.  Art.  G  ij  b,  This  is  hit  that., 
maketh  all  the  syluer  saints  ..  to  bestur  them,  least  their 
portions  should  be  reproued  ;  They  would  gladly  haue  their 
portions  improued. 

Re-prove  (n-),  v.  Also  6  reprove.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  prove  again. 

1529  MORE  Dyaloge  in.  Wks.  209/2  An  infidell  whom  thei 
haue  proued  and  reproued  fals  in  his  faith  to  God.  i57a 

^.  JONES  Bathes  Buckstone  Pref.  3  Proving  &  reprovinge, 
y  most  waiglity  arguments  &  best  authorities  al  that  he 
did.  1881  GREENER  Gun  290  The  bulges  are  knocked  down 
..and  the  barrel  re-proved  until  it  either  bursts  or  stands 
proof.  1891  Nature  25  June  179/2  He  re-proved  the  com 
plete  identity  of  the  electricity  of  lightning. 

Reproved  (rtjffi5"vd)j  ppl.  #.    [f.  REPROVE 

ZJ.1+-ED1.] 

f  1.  Rejected ;  reprobate.     Also  absol.  Obs. 
^1400  HYLTON  Scala  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1494)  i.  Ixv,  All 
other  yeftes.  .are  com  in  to  good  &  to  bad,  to  chosen  &  lo  te- 

plesys..so  repreuyd.god  nogt  plesys.  0450  MironrSaliia- 
cionn  3462  The  forsaide  beelders.  .CalUd  it  be  propre  name 
the  reproved  stone.  1450-1530  Myrr.  of  our  Ladye  143  Not 
amongest  the  reproued,  but  amongest  hys  chosen.  1523 
FITZHERB.  Hnsb.  §  144  Ydle  folke  shall,  .soiowe  with  the 
reproued  and  forsaken  folkes  in  hell. 

2.   Rebuked,  reprehended. 

1821  SHELLEY  Adonais  xlv,  Oblivion  as  they  rose  shrank 
like  a  thing  reproved. 

"t*  ReprO'Vement.  Obs.  rare—1  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -MKXT.J  Reproof,  rebuke. 

1675  COCKER  Morals  39  Nothing  can  more  to  my  im 
provement  tend,  Than  the  reprovement  of  a  loving  'Friend. 

Reprover  (r/prw-va-i).  [f.  REPROVE  v.1  +  -ER  i. J 

;    One  who  or  that  which  reproves. 

a.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.^  Priv.  Priv*  189  Whan  a  man 
Is  ouer-harde  reprouet,  he  hatyth  his  reprowere.  c  1532  Du 
WES  Introd.  Fr.  in  Palsgr.  1017  An  answeie  to  the  cor- 
recters  and  of  all  worke.s  reprouers.  1591  HARINGTOXL^/. 
Fur.  Pref.  P  ij  b,  But  now  because  I  make  account  I  haue 
to  deale  with  three  sundrie  kindes  of  reproouers.  1681 
FLAVEL  Meth.  Grace  x\v\\\,  474  A  wise  and  faithful  reprover 


REPROVING. 

is  of  singular  use.  1741  MIDDLLTON  Cicero  II.  x.  362  Sul- 
piclus  was.. a  reprover  of  the  insolence  of  bis  own  timo. 
1833  I.  TAYLOR  Fanat.  \.  3  If  Religion  be  denied  by  these 
sarcastic  reprovers  altogether  an  illusion.  1868  SWINBURNE 
Ess.  iy  Stud.  (1875)  342  One  kneeling  as  reproved..;  the 
reprover,  an  erect  ascetic  figure,  stands  over  him. 

)3.  1382  WYCLIF  Prov.  xxvii.  u  Studle  to  wisdam,..that 
thou  mowe  to  the  repreuere  answern  a  wrd.  1435  MISYN 
Fire  of  Love  69  perfore  I  haue  boght  sum  maner  of  answer 
to  schew,  &  to  repreuars  fully  not  gyffe  steed.  1570  DEE 
Math.  Pref.  b  iij.  If  I  would  say.  .that  it  [music]  were  to 
be  otherwise  vsed,  then  it  is,  I  should  finde  more  repreeuers, 
then  I  could  finde.  .skilfull  of  my  meaning. 

Reproving  (r/pr/7-virj),  vbl.  sb,  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -ING1.]  The  action  of  the  verb  in  various 
senses;  reproof. 

o.  c  1380  WYCLIK  Wks.  (1880)  47  It  is  a  remembraunce, 
amonestynge,  a  reprouynge.  c  1440  Jacob's  Well  6  pe  more 
be  cursed  man  is  styred-.wyth  |?e  wynd  of  techyng  &  of 
reprovyng.  1533  COVERDALE  Ecclus.  xlviii.  10  He  was 
ordeyned  in  the  reprouynges  in  tyme.  1593  SHAKS.  Liter. 
242  The  worst  is  but  deniall  and  reproouing.  a  1791  WESLEY 
Sertrt.  Wks.  1811  IX.  265  A  spirit  of  reproving.  1850  W.  C. 
BENNETT  Baby  May  Poems  12  Tiny  scorns  of  smiled  re- 
provings  That  have  more  of  love  than  lovings. 

ft.  c  1325  Chron.  Eng.  850  Buuene  Edrich  ant  the  kyng 
Aros  a  repreofing.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  Prol.  i  There  it 
lykede  him  to  sufTre  many  Reprevinges  and  Scornes  for  us. 
t  i45Otr.  De Imitations  ii.  ii.  42  The  mekemen  receiuyng  re- 
preuinges.  .isinpeswelynowe.  i$finGvde$G0dtitB.$*i.$,} 
152  Tbay  lykit  not  my. .Praying,  fasting,  nor  repreuing. 

ReprO'Ving,  ///.  a.    [-ING  2.]    That  reproves. 

1382  WYCLIF  Amos  v.  10  Thei  hadden  in  hate  the  repre- 
uynge  man  in  the  ^ate.  1795  SOUTHEY  Joan  of  Arc  iv.  343 
Then  the  Maid  Fix'd  on  the  warrior  her  reproving  eye. 

Repro'vingly,  adv.    [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.]    in  a 

reproving  manner. 

1382  WYCLIF  Whd.  ii.  12  The  ri^twis  man..repreuendeli 
puttith  to  vs  the  synnes  oflawe.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law 
Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  30  Thai.. will  bakbyte  behynd  bakkis,  and 
reprovandly  lak  that  thai  before  had  lovit.  1829  SOUTHEY 
Young  Dragon.  Epil.  4  That  smile  I  read  aright,  for  thus 
Reprovingly  said  she.  1885  Harper's  Mag.  Mar.  567/2  She 
.  .shook  her  head  reprovingly. 

Reprovi'sion  («"-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  a.  trans. 
To  supply  with  a  fresh  stock  of  provisions,  b. 
absol.  To  lay  in  fresh  provisions. 

1895  Daily  News  21  Oct.  5/7  Porters  . .  are  effecting  the    ! 
re-provisioning  of  the  town.    1898  IVestm,  Gaz.  30  June  7/1 
Ships  of  war.. will  not  be  able  in  the  Canal.. to  revictual    j 
or  reprovision. 

tRepru'Ce,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  Also  repruse.  ! 
[a.  AF.  repruce,  var.  reproce\  see  REPROCE  and  j 
REPROACH  sb.']  Reproach. 

a  1323  Prose  Psalter  xliti.  16  pou  settest  us  repruse  to  our  ! 
ne^burs.  Ibid.  Ixxiii.  23  Be  bou  benchand  of  byn  repruces.  i 
c  1400  Land  Troy  Bk.  7673  Ector  sayde,  '  whan  I  schal  [ 
thole..  Suche  vilony  and  suche  repruse1  (etc.]. 

So  fKepru'ce  v.  trans. ,  to  reproach.   Obs.  rare.     , 

a  1325  Prose  Psalter  vi.  i  Lord,  ne  repruce  me  nou^t  in    ' 
by  vengeaunce;   ne  reproue  me  noujt  m  byn  yre.     Ibid. 
Ixxviii.  13  ^elde  to  our  ne^burs  seuen  double  in  her  bosme 
her  lackinge  wich,  Lord,  hij  repruced  be. 

Reprune  (ii-\v.     [RE-  53.]  To  prune  again. 

1664  EVELYN  Kal.  Hort.  July  (1729)  209  Re-prune  now 
Abricots  and  Peaches.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  ix.  1219  In 
Mid-way  Flight  Imagination  tires;  Yet  soon  re-prunes  her 
Wing  to  soar  anew. 

Reprw,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REPROVE. 

Repry,  obs.  variant  of  REPRIEVE  v. 

Repryuable,  obs.  form  of  REPROVABLE. 

Reps  (reps),  variant  of  REP  3. 

1867  Art  Jrnl.  XXIX.  228/3  The  reps  has  this  objection, 
that  it  is  so  susceptible  and  tenacious  of  odour.  1877  A.  B. 
EDWARDS  Up  Nile  iii.  59  A  cushioned  divan  covered  with  a 
smart  woollen  reps  ran  along  each  side. 

Repselver :  see  REAP-SILVER. 

t  Re  pster.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  rep-  REAP  v.  + 
-BTER.]  A  reaper. 

c  1430  LOVE  tr.  Bonavent.  Mirror  Life  Christ  xv.  (MS.  e 
Museeo)  If.  50  And  abacuk  anober  prophete  bare  mete  to  his 
repsteres  on  pe  felde. 

Rept,  obs.  pa.  pple.  of  REAP  v. 

Reptant  (re-ptant),  a.  [ad.  L.  reptant- >  pple. 
of  reptare  to  creep.]  Creeping,  crawling,  repent. 

1657  TOMLINSON  Renou's  Disp.  297  Its  roots  are  round., 
and  reptant  like  grass  roots.  1835  KIRBY  Hob.  fy  Inst. 
Anim.  II.  xxiv.  489  Its  four  legs,  and  reptant  motions  show 
that  it  is  most  nearly  connected  with  the  Reptiles.  1853 
MACDONALD  &  ALLKN  Botanist's  Word-bk.  1888  ROLLES- 
TON  &  JACKSON  Anim.  Life  482  The  majority  are  reptant, 
but  of  these  some  few  can  swim. 

Reptation  (rept^-Jan).  ,[ad.  L.  reptation-ent 
(Quintilian),  n.  of  action  f.  reptare  to  creep.]  The 
action  of  creeping  or  crawling. 

1843  BRANDE  Diet.  Sc.,  etc.,  Reptation,  a  mode  of  pro 
gression  by  advancing  successively  parts  of  the  trunk,  which 
occupy  the  place  of  the  anterior  parts  which  are  carried 
forwards,  as  in  serpents. 

!  Re  ptatory,  a.    rat. 

stem  of  L.  reptare  to  creep  T-  -v«».j  114v.JliS  «**, 
character  of  reptation  '  (Mayne  1859);  *  creeping  ; 
as,  reptatory  animals '  (Webster  1 864,  citing  Dana). 

t  Re-ptible.  Obs.  rare~l.  [ad.  late  L.  repti- 
bilis  i^Boethius) :  cf.  next  and  -IBLE.]  A  reptile. 

1655  M.  CARTER  Hon.  Rediv.  (1660)  151  Reptibles,  and 
Insects,  all  manner  of  Flyes  and  Grasshoppers. 

Reptile  (re'ptil,  re-ptail),  sb.  Also  4,  7  reptil, 
T>  -yll.  [ad.  late  L.  reptile  (Vulg.),  neut.  of  repti- 
lis  :  see  next,  and  cf.  F.  reptile  (1314).] 


are* °.      ff.  reptat-,  ppl. 
ep  +  -OBY.J   '  Having  the 


491 

1.  A  creeping  or  crawling  animal ;  spec,  an  animal 
belonging  to  the  class  REPTILIA.    f  Also  collect. 

139°  GOWER  Couf.  III.  118  Every  neddre  and  every  Snake 
And  every  Repul  which  mai  moeve.  c  1532  Du  WES  lutrod. 
f'r.  in  Palsgr.  1053  All  beesles,  byrdes,  fj>hes,  reptyll  them 
movyng  from  place  to  other.  1634  R.  H.  Salemes  Regim. 
Pref.  2  We  observe  in  Reptiles  and  other  Creatures,  that 
they  most  incline  to  that  which  most  consorts  with  their 
Nature.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  VH.  388  God  said,  let  the 
Waters  generate  Reptil  with  Spawn  abundant.  1735  POPE' 
1'rol.  Sat.  331  Eve's  tempter  thus  the  Rabbins  have  exprest, 
A  Cherub's  face,  a  reptile  all  the  rest.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat. 
Hist.  (1776)  IV.  172  When  the  animal  is  obliged  to  move,  it 
drags  itself  forward  like  a  reptile.  1863  DANA  Man.  Ccol. 
5  Of  existing  Vertebrates  the  number  of  species  of  fishes 
is  about  10,000;  of  Reptiles,  2000;.  .of  Mammals,  2000.  1894 
J.  T.  FOWLEK  Adiiinnan  Introd.  33  The  former  immunity 
of  Ireland  from  reptiles. 

2.  transf.  A  person  of  a  low,  mean,  grovelling, 
or  repulsive  character. 

1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  x.  i,  For  a  little  reptile  of  a 
critic  to  presume  to  find  fault  with  any  of  its  parts.. is  a 
most  presumptuous  absurdity.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No. 
170  f  12  Reptiles  whom  their  own  servants  would  have  de 
spised,  had  they  not  been  their  servants.  1823  W.  COBBETT 
Rnr.  Rides  (1885)  II.  93  These  reptiles  publish. .a  news 
paper.  1834  HT.  MAKIINEAU  Farrers  iv.  74  Those  who 
shrink  from  looking  fully  and  kindly  even  upon  those  who 
may  be  the  reptiles  of  their  race. 

3.  attrib.   and    Comb.,   as    reptile  house,    -man, 
oil;  reptile-like,  -spawning  adjs. 

1834  Tait's  Mag.  I.  232/1  A  new  marriage  of  reptile- 
spawning  fraud  and  time.  1845  G.  ML-KKAY  Islaford  57 
Feelings  foreign  to  the  throng  Of  reptile-men  that  walk  in 
slime.  1873  W.  CAHLETON  Farm  Ballads  (1893)  119  Some 
reptile-like  deed  that  coils  plain  in  our  sight.  1876  GOOUE 
A  Him.  Resourc.  U.  X.  in  Smit/ison.  Coll.  XIII.  vi.  52  Ex 
traction  of  Bird  and  Reptile  Oils.  1883  Xature  3  May  17/1 
The  most  important  work  undertaken  in  the  Gardens  during 
the  past  year  had  been  the  new  Reptile  House. 

Reptile  (re'ptil,  re-ptail),  a.  [ad.  late  L.  rep- 
tilis  (Sidonius),  f.  rept-,  ppl.  stem  of  refers  to 
creep  (cf.  REPENT  a.i)  +  -His  -ILE.  In  later  exam 
ples  to  some  extent  an  attrib.  use  of  prec.] 

1.  a.   Of  animals  :  Creeping,  crawling  ;  replant.     \ 

1607  TOPSELL  Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  388  Some . .  think  that 
they  were  so  called,  because  their  outward  forme  repre- 
senteth  some  such  reptile  creature.  1720  GAY  Rural  Shorts 
I.  168  Cleanse  them  from  filth,  to  give  a  tempting  gloss, 
^K«»:..U  .u., 11. .'j .:i ..  -it-  _:  f  •!• 


Feel  thine  own  worthlessness,  A  reptile  worm. 

trans/.  1743  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  i.  158  Wrapt  round  and  round 
In  silken  Thought,  which  reptile  Fancy  spun  ! 
f  b.  Of  plants :  Repent.   06s.  rare. 

1717  BRADLEY  Fata.  Diet.  s.  v.,  Capreoltts,  the.,  tendril  by 
which  the  Vines  and  such  like  reptile  plants  fasten  them 
selves.  17*7-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.,  Reptile  is  likewise 
used,  abusively,  for  plants  which  creep  on  the  earth,  or  on 
other  plants. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of,  characterized  by,  pertaining 
to,  the  action  of  creeping  or  crawling. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.,  Its  reptile  motion  may  also 
be  explained  by  a  wire  wound  on  a  cylinder.  1774  GOLDSM. 
Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  VII.  322  There  they  continue  in  a  reptile 
state  for  a  year. 

3.  transf.  Having  the  characteristics  of  reptiles; 
grovelling,  mean,  low,  malignant. 

1654  Z.  COKE  Logick  p.  (a),  On  the  raised  wings  of  whose 

Ssrfections,  the  prone  and  Reptile  soul  soars  a  pitch.  1661 
LOUNT  Glossogr.,  Reptile  or  Reptitious,  that  creeps ;  or,  by 
privy  means.gets  to  high  estate.  1664  EVELYN  tr.  Fnart's 
A  rchit,  Pref.  3  These  low  and  reptile  Souls,  a  1734  NOR  1H 
Lives  (1826)  III.  382  He  was  forced  to  deal  in  low  concerns 
and  reptile  conceits  that  scarce  rose  from  the  ground.  1818 
BYRON  Ch.  Har.  iv.  cxxxvi,  The  small  whisper  of  the., 
paltry  few,  And  subtler  venom  of  the  reptile  crew.  1849 
ROBERTSON  Semi.  Ser.  i.  viii.  (1866)  134  He  will  creep  and 
crawl  before  you  to  submit  to  any  reptile  meanness.  1889 
Times  23  Nov.  5/3  The  semi-official  and  reptile  press . .  em- 
Cloyed  to  insinuate  charges  against  the  Chief  of  the  Staff. 

Reptilia  (repti-lia).  Zool.  [L.,  pi.  of  reptile 
_  EPTILE  sii.]  pi.  Those  animals  which  creep  or 
crawl ;  spec,  in  mod.  use,  that  class  of  vertebrate 
animals  which  includes  the  snakes,  lizards,  croco 
diles,  turtles  and  tortoises. 

1627-77  FELTHAM  Resolves  I.  Ixxxviii.  137  The  Beasts, 
Fishes,  and  the  reptilia,  which  are  of  grosser  composition. 
1660  R.  CRANE  Strict  Ace.  Bab.  Merch.  9  Like  the  Insects, 
and  the  Reptilia  of  the  Earth.  1835-6  Tata's  Cjcl.  Anal. 
I.  90/2  These  characters,  by  many  of  which  the  amphibia 


Reptilian  (repti-lian),  a.  (and  si.).  [See  prec. 
and  -AN.] 

1.  Resembling  a  reptile ;  having  the  character 
istics  of  the  Reptilia. 

1846  WORCESTER  cites  SILLIMAN.     1863  DANA  Man.  Geol. 
p.  ix,  The  . .  reptilian  Bird  of  Solenhofen.      1865  English 
man's  Mag.  Nov.  388  It  was  then  that  the  ocean  swarmed 
with  reptiles  and  reptilian  fish.     1881  LUBBOCK  in  Nature 
No.  618.  403  The  profound  break  once  supposed  to  exist 
between  birds  and  reptiles  has  been  bridged  over  by  the 
discovery  of  reptilian  birds  and  bird-like  reptiles. 

b.  Consisting  or  composed  of  reptiles. 

1851  RICHARDSON  Geol.  viii.  (1855)  294  The  Sauria..may 
be  regarded  as  the  true  type  of  the  Reptilian  Class.  1876 
GOODE  Fishes  Bermudas  61  note,  These,  with  a  small 
Saurian, ..  make  up  the  reptilian  fauna  of  the  Bermudas. 

c.  sb.  A  member  of  the  class  Reptilia. 

1847  WEBSTER  cites  LYELL. 


REPUBLIC. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  characteristic  of,  a  reptile 
or  the  Reptilia. 

1849  H.  MILLER  Footpr.  Crcat.  iv.  (1874)  60  It  might  be 
regarded,  found  detached,  as  at  least  a  reptilian,  if  not 
mammalian,  bone.  1860  GILLMORE  tr.  Figiiier's  Rept.  $• 
Birds  Introd.  3  Exhibiting,  .closer  approximation  to  the 
reptilian  structure  than  any  existing  bird.  1893  NEWTON 
Diet.  Birds  \.  16  The  presence  of  the  Ambiens  Muscle  is  a 
Reptilian  feature. 

3.  transf.  Mean,  malignant,  underhand. 

1859  GEO.  ELIOT.-/.  Bedc  xii,  He  had  an  agreeable  con 
fidence  that  hisfaulls  were  ail .  .impetuous, . .  leonine  ;  never 
crawling,  crafty,  reptilian.  1888  Pali  Mall  G  =;  Nov  A'- 

u:.-  ^,.^,1  <•„.! :..  r_: /•_      T,       .-i- 


His  dead  fath 


.y,  reptili, 
:r  is  fair  t 


ame  for  Reptilian  slanderer; 


which  characterise  the  Uppermost  Old  Red  or  yellow  .sand- 
stone^of  the  South  of  Scotland  have  not  been  found  in  the 
Reptiliferous  Sandstones  of  Elgin.  1883  JUDD  in  Xatmc 
28  Jan.  (1886)  310  On  the  Relation  of  the  Rtptiliferoi^ 
Sandstone  of  Elgin  to  the  Upper  Old  Red  Sandstone. 

Reptiliform  ;re*ptilifpinV,  a.  and  sb.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -FORM.]  a.  adj.  Having  the  form  of  a 
reptile,  b.  sb.  An  animal  of  this  kind. 

1835-6  Todifs  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  loi/a  In  this  they  are  aUo 
imitated  by  the  tadpole  state  of  the  higher  reptiliform 
groups.  1890  COUES  Ornith.  92  This  group  is  called 
Saurppsida  or  reptiliforma. 

Reptilious  (repti'lias),  a.  rare  -1.  [f.  REPTILI: 
sb.  +  -lous.]  Resembling  a  reptile. 

1879  MEREDITH  Egoist  x\l,  The  advantage  taken  of  it  by 
Willoughby. .  made  her  feel  abject — reptilious. 

Re-ptilism.   mrc.     [-JSM.]     Reptilian  nature. 

1821  11  lack™.  Mag.  X,  698  The  vulgar  vocabulary  of 
rottenness  and  reptilism.  1843  Ibid.  LIV.  211  That  repiilibin 
which  lurks  in  every  corner  of  public  life. 

Reptility.  rare.  [-1TY.]  fa.  The  habit  of 
creeping.  Obs.  b.  Reptilian  character  or  conduct. 

1657  TOMLINSON  Renou's  Disp.  349  Knot-grasse  ..  called 
Serpinaca  from  its  reptility.  1745  A.  HILL  Wks.  II.  250  One 
might  prunounce  him  fallen  below  contempt,  but  that  he 
aims  to  heave,  in  his  reptility. 

Reptili'vorous,  a.  [f.  REPTILE  sb.,  after 
carnivorous,  etc.]  Devouring  reptiles. 

1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.  1079/2.  1885 /YcA/ 4  Apr.  453/3 
The  other  bird  is  piscivorous  and  reptilivorous,  and  destroys 
no  end  of  frogs,  lizards,  and  the  like.  1886  WALLACE  in 
Fortn.  Rev.  Sept.  305  A  triangular  head  and  short  tail 
which  sufficiently  marks  out  the  tribe  of  viperine  poisonous 
snakes  to  reptilivorous  birds  and  mammals. 

Re*ptiloid,tz.  [f.  as  prec.  + -on.).]  Reptiliform. 

1888  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly  May  75  The  thrushes.,  are  farthest 
removed  in  structure  from  the  early  reptiloid  forms. 

tRepti'tiouS,  a.  Obs.  [f.  L.  reptititiS)  for 
which  repertitius  is  now  read.]  (See  quots.) 

1656  BLOUNT  Glo&sogr.  [from  Cooper],  Repetitions  [1661 
Reptile  or Reptitious\ that  creeps;  or  by  privy  means  gets  to 
high  Estate.  1658  PHILLIPS;  Reptitious,  stealing  or  creeping 
on  by  degrees.  1742  C.  OWEN  Serpents  i,  i.  2  Some  Serpents 
are  reptitious,  creep  on  the  Belly,  and  some  have  Feet. 

Reptyme :  see  REAP-TIME. 

Republic  (i/jMtrblik),  sb.  (and  a.)  Also  7 
-ique,  -ike,  7-8  -ick;  7  rei-.  [ad.  F.  rtpublique 
or  L.  respublica  (abl.  republicd\  f.  r?s  thing,  affair 
+publicus  PUBLIC  a.] 

fl.  The  state,  the  common  weal.   Obs. 

1603  DRAYTON  Bar.   Wars  n.  x,  Neither  yet  thinke,  by 
their  vnnaturall  Fight  What  the  republique  suffred  them 
among.     1651  HOBBES  Govt.  <y  Soc.  v.  §  5.  78  Those  men  are 
of  most  trouble  to  the  Republique,  who  haue  most  leasure 
to  be  idle.     1684  Scande rbcg  Redh1.  iii.  41  The  Republick 
might  be  highly  endangered  by  an  Inter-Regnum. 

2.  A  state  in  which  the  supreme  power  rests  in 
the  people  and  their  elected  representatives  or 
officers,  as  opposed  to  one  governed  by  a  king  or 
similar  ruler ;  a  commonwealth. 

1604  R.  CAWDREY   Table  Alp/i.t  RcAubllke,  a  Common 
wealth.     «  1626  BACON  Ch.  Controv.  WKS.  1879  I.  347  It  may 
be,  in  civil  states,  a  republic  Is  a  better  policy  than  a  kingdom. 
a  1674  CLARENDON  Hist.  Rcb.  xi.  §  155  The  Army,  .would 
depose  the  King,  change  the  Government,  and  settle  a  Re 
publick  by  their  own  Rules.     1727  COLDEN  Hist.  Five  Ind. 
Nat,  p.  xv,  Kach  Nation  is  an  absolute  Republick  by  its 
self,  govern'd  in  all  Publick  Affairs  of  War  and  Peace  by 
the  Sachems  or  Old  Men.     1771  Jnnius  Lett.  lix.  (1788; 
316  When  I  impute  to  him  a  speculative  predilection   in 
favour   of  a   republic.       1841-4    EMERSON   £ss.t  Heroism 
Wks.  (Bohn)  I.  no  Whatever  outrages  have  thappened  to 
men  may  befal  a  man  again  ;  and  very  easily  in  a  republic. 
1884  Q.  Rev.  CLVII.  2  The  success  of  the  United  States 
has  sustained  the  credit  of  Republics— a  word,  .which  has 
lately  come  to  have  the  additional  meaning  of  a  govern 
ment  resting  on  a  widely-extended  suffrage.  ^ 

b.  Applied  to  particular  states  having  this  form 
of  constitution. 

1631  HEYLIN  St.  George  349  The  publike  honours  done 
unto  him,  by  the  greatest  Princes  and  Republicks  in  the 
Christian  world.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  \,  25  The  Reipublicks 
of  Pisa  and  Siena.  1654  Ir.  Scttdtry's  Curia  Pol.  26  Were  it 
not  much  better  for  the  Republique  of  Venice  . .  ?  1726-46 
THOMSON  Winter  505  Seivius,  the  king  who  laid  the  solid 
base  On  which  o'er  earth  the  vast  republic  spread.  1790 
BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  Wks.  V.  no  These  commonwealths  will 
not  long  bear  a  state  of  subjection  to  the  republick  of  Paris. 
1833  Penny  Cycl.  I.  447/2The  republic  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  .consists  of  twenty-four  states,  and  three  terri 
tories.  1882  HINSDALE  Garfield  $  Educ.  n.  359  The  Re 
public  has  the  right  to  call  on  all  her  children  for  service. 

.C.  Without  article :  Republican  constitution  or 
government,  rare  ~l. 

62-2 


BEPUBLICAL. 

1791  BURKE  Let.  Member  Nat.  Assembly  Wks.  1792  III. 
340  -The  existence  of  such  an  executive  officer,  in  such  a 
system  of  republic.,  is  absurd  in  the  highest  degree. 

3.  transf.  and^£".  Any   community   of  persons, 
animals,  etc.,  in  which  there  is  a  certain  equality 
among  the  members. 

1750  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  77  ?  S  He..  may  be  con 
sidered  as  not  unprofitable  to  the  great  republic  of  humanity. 
1789  WASHINGTON  in  Eliot  Hist.  Harvard  Call.  (1848)  152 
It  gives  me  sincere  satisfaction  to  learn  the  flourishing 
state  of  your  literary  republic.  1818  KIRBY  &.  SP.  Entomol. 
xviii.  (ed.  2)  II.  114  The  large  females,  like  the  female 
wasps,  are  the  original  founders  of  their  republics.  1869  J. 
MARTIN  EAU  Ess.  II.  15  Our  nature  is  a  republic  of  equal 

b.  The  republic  of  letters,  the  collective  body  of 
those  engaged  in  literary  pursuits;  the  field  of 
literature  itself. 

170*  ADDISON  Dial.  Medals  i.  19  Pray  consider  what  a 
figure  a  man  would  make  in  the  republick  of  letters  [etc.]. 
1739  HUME  Hum.  Nat.  i.  vii.  (1874)  I.  325  One  of  the 
greatest..  discoveries  that  has  been  made  of  late  years  in 
the  republic  of  letters,  a  1808  Br.  HURD  Notes  Addisorfs 
Taller  No.  159,  The  satire  contained  in  this  paper  ..  I 
doubt,  has  done  no  small  hurt  in  the  republic  of  letters. 
1870  BURTON  Hist.  Scot.  (1873)  VI.  Ixvi.  63  There  was 
another  field  of  exertion,  .in  the  republic  of  letters. 

4.  attrib.  (passing  into  adj.}     Of  the  nature  of, 
characteristic  of,  pertaining  to,  a  republic  or  re 
publics;  republican.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1638  MAYNE  Lucian  (1664)  A  iv.  Who  ..  do  defile  the 
English  Tongue  with  their  Republick  words,  which  are.. 
scarce  significant  to  a  Monarchicall  understanding.  1654- 
66  EARL  ORRERY  rarthen.  (1676)  787  The  Republick  Cities 
and  Countries  of  Greece.  1687  DRYDEN  Hinaff  P.  in.  1251 
To  Crows  ..And  Choughs  and  Daws,  and  such  republic 
birds.  1710  E.  WARD  Brit.  Hnd.  2  When  our  Good 
Sov'reign  Lords  the  People  Were  Crown'd  by  a  Republick 
Cripple.  1755  Monitor  No.  13  I.  in  Let  the  republic 
German  Princes,  .unite  for  their  common  safety  ! 

t  Repu'blical,  a-    Obs.     [-AL.]      =  next. 

1656  in  Eng.  Hist.  Rev.  (iQoajXVIL  438  The  Presbyterians 
and  the  Republican  party  are  desirous  he  [Cromwell]  should 
take  uppon  him  that  title.  1660  BURNEY  Ke'pS.  &wpop(x66i) 
103,  I  equally  favour  your  Lordships,  and  the  lowest 
member  of  the  body,  which  is  truly  Republical.  a  1674 
CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  xvi.  §  93  The  governor  was  their 
friend,  and  devoted  to  the  Presbyterian  repubtical  party. 

Republican  (r/pzrblikan),  a.  and  :b.  [f.  RE 
PUBLIC  +  -AN,  prob.  after  F.  r/pnblicain.] 

A.  adj.  fl.  Belonging  to  the  commonwealth  or 
community.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1691  Address  Publicans  New-Eng.  in  Andros  Tracts 
(1869)  II.  234  The  Agents  .  .  brought  back  word,  That  the 
People  of  New-England  were  possest  of  great  quantities  of 
Republican  Money. 

2.  Of  or  belonging  to  a  republic;  having  the  form 
or  constitution  of  a  republic  ;  characteristic  of  a 
republic  or  republics. 

1712  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  260.  P  10  To  vent  among  them 
some  of  his  Republican  Doctrines.  1771  Jitniiis  Lett.  lix. 
(1788)  316,  I  would  have  the  manners  of  the  people  purely 
and  strictly  republican.  1844  THIKLWALL  Greece  VIII.  463 
The  change  from  republican  to  monarchical  institutions  was 
in  general  beneficial  to  the  provinces.  1863  MARY  HOWITT 
tr.  F.  Brewer's  Greece  II.  xv.  117  There  prevails..  a  repub 
lican  equality  and  disorder,  which  the  republican  American 
would  be  extremely  astonished  at.  1864  [see  B.  2]. 

b.  Of  persons  or  parties  :  Favouring,  support 
ing,  or  advocating  the  form  of  state  or  government 
called  a  republic. 

'793  BP.  HORSLEY  Sertn.  30  Jan.  13  note,  It  has  been  a 

reat  point  with  Republican  Divines  to  explain  away  the 
orce  of  this  text  [Rom.  xiii.  i],  1848  W.  H.  KELLY  tr. 
L.  Blattcs  Hist.  Ten  Y.  I.  411  The  leaders  of  the  repub 
lican  party  did  not  share  the  mistake. 

C.  Republican  calendar,  the  calendar  adopted 
for  a  short  time  (see  quot.)  by  the  French  Republic  ; 
so  republican  era,  dating  from  22  Sept.  1792. 

1839  Penny  Cycl.  XIII.  173/1  The  republican  kalendar 
was  first  used  on  the  z6th  of  November,  1793,  and  was  dis 
continued  on  the  3ist  of  December,  1805. 

3.  In  U.  S.  politics  (with  capital)  as  the  distin 
guishing  epithet  of  a  special  party,  its  principles, 
measures,  etc. 

Originally  applied  to  the  Anti-Federal  party  which  latterly 
became  the  DEMOCRATIC;  but  now  to  a  party  opposed  to 
this  (formed  in  1854  *°  resist  the  extension  of  slave  terri 
tory),  which  favours  liberal  interpretation  of  the  constitu 
tion,  extension  of  the  central  power,  and  a  protective  tariff". 

1806  TALLMADGE  in  M.  Cutler's  Lifa  etc.  (1888)  II.  326 
Our  exclusive  republican  Brethren,  those  dear  Lovers  of  the 
people.  1839  [see  FEDERAL  a.  3].  1862  J.  M.  LUDLOW  Hist. 
U.  S.  61  The  other  party,  then  [1793]  called  the  Republican 
party  (a  name,  you  must  observe,  which  has  entirely  changed 
in  modern  days,  and  is  now  applied  to  a  party  the  true  suc 
cessor  of  the  old  Federal  one).  1866  Chambers1  Encycl.  s.v., 
The  Federalist,  National  Republican,  Whig,  and  Republican 
party  has  been  essentially  the  same. 

4.  Ornith.  Living,  nesting,  or  breeding,  in  large 
flocks  or  communities,  esp.  the  N.  American  re 
publican  swallow^  and  the  S.  African  republican 
grosbeak  or  weaver-bird. 

1829  AUDUBON  Amer.  Ornith.  PI.  68  Republican  [or]  Cliff 
Swallow,  Hirundo  Fulva.  1839  —  Ornith.  Biogr.  V.  415. 
1855  SMITH  &  DALLAS  Syst.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  266  The  most 
remarkable  nest,  however,  is  that  made  by  the  Social  or 
Republican  Grosbeak  {Philetxms  Socius).  1868  Chambers' 
Encycl.  s.  v.  Weaver-bird^  The  Social  or  Republican  Weaver 
of  South  Africa  ..  constructs  a  kind  of  umbrella-like  roof, 
under  which  Boo  or  1000  nests  have  been  found. 


g 
fo 


492 

B.  j£.  tl-  One  attached  to  the  interests  of  the 
commonwealth  or  community.   Obs.  rare  -1. 

1691  Address  Publicans  New-Eng.  in  Andros  Tracts 
(1869)  II.  233  A  Place  where  there  still  dwelt . .  some  Men 
of  Conscience,  and  shrewdly  suspected  to  be  Republicans. 

2.  One  who  believes  in,  supports,  or  prefers  a  re 
publican  form  of  government.   Red  republican  (see 
quot.  1864  and  RED  a.  9  b). 

1697  VANBRUGH  Relapse  Epil.  22  I'm  very  positive  you 
never  saw  A  through  republican  a  fimsh'd  beau.  1705  Au- 
DISON  Italy  405  Such  a  Chimerical  Happiness  is  not  peculiar 
to  Republicans.  1735  BOLINGBROKE  On  Parties  54  The 
Whigs  were  not  Dissenters,  nor  Republicans,  though  They 
favour'd  the  former.  1839  LYTTON  Disowned  i.  xiv,  His 
evident  attention  flattered  the  fierce  republican.  1864 
WEBSTER  s.v.,  Red  republican^  one  bent  on  maintaining  ex 
treme  republican  doctrines,  even  at  the  expense  of  blood. 
1876  RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  VI.  Ixiii.  92,  I  hate  republicans,  as 
I  do  all  other  manner  of  fools. 

3.  U.  S.  politics.  A  member  of  the  Republican 
party  (see  A.  3).  Black  Republican  (see  quot.  1866). 

1782  J.  ADAMS  Diary  26  Dec.,  Vaughan  has  a  brother  in 
Philadelphia,  who  has  written  him  a  long  letter  about  the 
Constitutionalists  and  the  Republicans.  1808  —  \Vks.  (1854) 
IX.  602  The  federal  administration  lasted  twelve  years. 
The  republicans,  .have  ruled  eight  years.  1866  Chambers' 
Encycl.  s.  v.,  The  Whig  party,  .adopted  the  name  of  Re 
publicans,  and  were  called  by  their  opponents  Black  Re 
publicans,  from  their  anti-slavery  tendencies. 
b.  U.  S.  (See  quot.) 

1832  FERHALL  Ramble  thro1  U.  S.  88  The  stumps  . .  and 
'  republicans '  (projecting  roots  of  trees,  so  called  from  the 
stubborn  tenacity  with  which  they  adhere  to  the  ground . . ), 
rendered  the  difficulties  of  traversing  this  forest,  .great. 

4.  Ornith.  A  republican  weaver-bird  or  swallow. 
1801  F.ncycl,  Brit.  Suppl.  II.  400/2  Republicans^  the  name 

given  by  Vaillant..to  a  kind  of  birds,  .m  South  Africa. 

Repii  blicaiiism.  [f.  prec.  +  -ISM  :  cf.  F. 
rtpublicanisme  (i8th  c.).] 

1.  Republican  spirit ;  attachment  or  adherence  to 
republican  principles ;    republican  government  or 
institutions,  etc. 

1689  D.  GRANVILLE  Lett.  (Surtees,  No.  37)  71  The  con 
tagion  of  the  age,  the  spirit  of  popularity  and  republicanisme. 
1715  ADDISON  Freeholder  No.  29  7  6  For  with  some  of 
these  men,  at  present,  loyalty  to  our  king  is  Republicanism, 
and  rebellion  Passive-obedience.  1779-81  JOHNSON  L.  P., 
Milton  (1868)  63  Milton's  republicanism  was,  I  am  afraid, 
founded  in  an  envious  hatred  of  greatness.  1800  SYD. 
SMITH  Six  Serin,  no  There  are  many  men  of.,  approved 
integrity,  who  have  unjustly  incurred  the  charge  of  repub 
licanism.  1845  DARWIN  Voy.  Nat.  vii.  ^Tyranny  seems., 
better  adapted  to  these  countries  than  republicanism.  1853 
J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  S&.(i873}  II.  i.  iv.  180  England  herself 
once  attempted  the  costume  of  republicanism. 

2.  Something  having  a  republican  character  or 
tone ;  a  republican  term  or  phrase. 

1863  HAWTHORNE  Our  Old  Home  (1879)  49  With. .kindly 
endurance  of  the  many  rough  republicanisms  wherewith  I 
assailed  him. 

Hepuibricaiiiza-tioii.  [f.  next  +  -ATIO.N.] 
The  action  of  republicanizing. 

1798  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  XXVI .  527  To  impassion 
the  French  for  the  epuration  of  morals  and  the  republican- 
ization  of  governments. 

RepU'blicanize,  v>  [ad.  F.  rtpublicaniser 
(Llttre)  :  see  REPUBLICAN  and  -IZE.] 

1.  trans.  To  render  republican  in  principles  or 
character ;  to  convert  into  a  republican  form. 

1797  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  XXIII.  559  The  first 


military  constitution  for  the  army,  which  it  is  intended  to 
republicanize.  1849  MILL  Ess.  (1859)  II.  362  Their  great 
task  was  to  republicanize  the  public  mind.  1871  Standard 
5  Jan.,  Agents  commissioned — according  to  the  expression 
of  the  day— to  republicanise  the  country. 

b.  transf.    To   treat,   alter,  or  re-cast,  on  re 
publican  principles. 

1797  SOUTHEY  Let.  to  y.  May  26  June,  The  French  never 
can  have  a  good  epic  poem  till  they  have  republicanised 
their  language.  1858-9  MARSH  Eng.  Lang.  xxx.  (1860)  676 
Let  us  not,  with  malice  prepense,  go  about  to  republicanize 
our  orthography  and  our  syntax. 

2.  intr.  To  show  republican  tendencies. 

1834  New  Monthly  Mag.  XLII.  42  Even  the  peerage  of 
France  was  beginning  to  republicanize. 

Hence  Repu-blicanized  ///.  a.  \  Repirblican- 
izer;  Repu'blicanizing  vbl.  sb. 

1812  SHELLEY  in  Dowden  Z;>fe(i887)  I.  337  It  develops  the 
..actual  state  of  republicani/ed  Ireland.  1840  THACKERAY 
Catherine  i,  After  a  deal  of  republicanising, .  .Stuartising, 
and  Orangising.  c  1871  SHERMAN  in  Critic  29  Sept.  (1894) 
198/1  We  will  welcome  you  back  as  the  '  republicanizer  '  of 
the  worst  anarchy  on  the  globe. 

Repu-blicanly,  adv.  rare-1,  [f.  REPUB 
LICAN  a.  +  -LY  2.]  In  a  republican  manner. 

1659  Eng.  Monarchy  freest  State  9  The  general  peace 
either  altogether  unsetled,  or  done  Republicanly,  and  so 
slightly,  infirmly  and  not  lastingly. 

f  Republic  a'rian,  a.  and  sb.  Oh.  =  REPUB 
LICAN. 

1682  Land.  Gaz.  No.  1727/6  The  pernicious  Artifices 
. .  of  turbulent  Republicarian  and  Antimonarchical  Spirits. 
1689  EVELYN  Diary  15  Jan.,  There  were  Republicarians 
who  would  make  the  Pr.  of  Orange  like  a  Statholder. 

t  Xtepirblicate,  v.    [?  f.  REPUBLIC  +  -ATE.] 

trans,  'i  To  make  popular. 

a  1670  HACKET  Ab/>.  Williams  i.  (1692)  137  The  Cabinet- 
men  at  Walling  ford- House,  set  upon  it  to  consider,  what 


BEPUDIATE. 

Exploit  this  Lord  should  commence,  to  be  the  Darling  of 
the  Commons,  and  as  it  were  to  re-publicate  his  Lordship. 

Republication  (npoblik^'Jan).    [RE-  50.] 

1.  A  fresh  promulgation  of  a.  religion  or  law. 
1730  M.  TINDAL  (title)  Christianity  as  old  as  Creation,  a 

republication  of  the  Religion  of  Nature,  1763  SIUKELEY 
Palaeog.  Sacra  Pref.,  Christianity  is  a  republication  of  the 
patriarchal  religion.  1854  MILHAN  Lat.  Chr.  iv.  i.  (1864) 
II.  168  Mohammedanism,  in  more  respects  than  one,  was  a 
republication  of  Mosaic  Judaism.  1865  R.  W.  DALE  Jew. 
Temp.  xxii.  (1877)  250  Every  holy  life  is  a  visible  republica 
tion  of  the  Divine  law. 

2.  A  fresh  publication  of  a.  will. 

1743  Swinburne's  Testaments  (ed.  6)  vn.  §  14.  524  That  this 
Republication  of  the  first  Will  was  a  Revocation  of  the  last. 
1766  BLACKSTONE  Cotnm.  II.  xxxii.  502  The  republication 
of  a  former  will  revokes  one  of  a  later  date,  and  establishes 
the  first  again.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  z)  VI.  168  The 
devisor  knew  of  the  death  of  the  devisee,,  .after  which  she 
made  a  codicil  that  operated  as  a  republication  of  her  will, 
1858  LD.  ST.  LEONARDS  Handy -Bk.  Prop.  Law  xvii.  128 
You  should  inquire  whether  the  conveyance  renders  a  re- 
publication  of  your  will  necessary. 

3.  The  action  of  republishing  (a  work),  or  the 
fact  of  being  republished. 

1789  H.  WALPOLE  Let.  to  Ctess  Ossory  4  Aug.,  I  did  see, 
and  wondered.. at  the  republication  of  the  long-forgotten 
verses  on  the  '  The  Three  Vernons '.  1841  KEBLE  in  Hooker's 
Wks.  (1888)  I.  p.  cxv,  It  is  hoped  that  this  republication  of 
his  remains,  .will  cause  them  to  become  more  generally  read. 
1868  G.  DUFF  PoL  Snrv.  150  Much  of  the  correspondence 
would  bear  republication  in  a  permanent  form. 

b.  A  fresh  publication  of  a  literary  work;   a 
work  published  again. 

1796  WITHERING  Brit.  Plants  (ed.  3)  I.  Pref.  5  This  may 
rather  be  regarded  as  a  new  work  than  as  a  re-publication 
of  an  old  one.  1856  DEQUINCEY  Confess.  142  As  a  'Reader' 
to  the  Press  in  the  field  of  Greek  re-publications.  1892 
Bookman  Nov.  57/1  As  the  volume  is  so  much  of  a  republi 
cation  it  does  not  claim.. detailed  criticism. 

Republish  (iftwbHJ),  v.    [RE-  53.] 

1.  trans.  To  publish  again  : 

a.  a  book  or  other  work,  a  statement,  etc. 

1625  BP.  MOUNTAGU  App.  Cxsar -$\  The  Eooke  is  extant 
(published  by  warrant,  and  re-published  by  command  this 
present  year).  1644  MILTON  Jdgm.  Bucer  Postscr.,  If  these 
thir  books.. shall  for  the  propagating  of  truth  be  publisht 
and  republisht  [etc.].  18x5  Old  Eng.  Plays  IV.  223  They 
who  republish  such  dramas  as  have  hitherto  only  been 
printed  from,  .the  prompter's  books  are  entitled  to  much  in 
dulgence.  1840  in  Sturgeon  Annals  Electr.  IV,  374  We 
have  been  induced  to  republish  the  principal  facts.  i86z 
S.  LUCAS  Secularia  272  He  laid  down  a  principle,  to  which 
he  adhered.., to  the  extent  of  republishing  it  without  com 
ment  or  qualification. 

b.  a  declaration,  law,  etc. 

1688  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  I.  438  His  majestic  hath 
been  pleased  to  republish  his  declaration  for  liberty  of  con 
science. 

C.  a  will  or  deed. 

1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  xxiii.  379  No  after-purchased 
lands  will  pass  under  such  devise,  unless.. the  devisor  re- 
publishes  his  will.  1837  Act  7  Will.  IV $  i  Viet.  c.  26  §  34 
Every  Will  re-executed  or  republished,  or  revived  by  any 
Codicil.  1858  LD.  ST.  LEONARDS  Handy-Bk.  Prop.  Law 
xvii.  128  Perhaps  it  would  be  better  to  re-publish  your  will 
without  inquiry. 

2.  To  revive,  bring  into  use  again.  rare~l. 

1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVII.  142/2  John  van  Eyck  may  be 
said  to  have  '  republished ',  though  he  probably  did  not  in 
vent  painting  in  oil. 

Hence  Repirblished///.  a. 

1884  RUSKIN  In  Montibus  Sanctis  Pref.,  In  order  not  to 
add  to  the  expense  of  the  republished  text. 

Repu'blisher  (r;~-).  [f.  prec.  +  -ER1.]  One 
who  republishes. 

1752  WARBURTON  Senn.  Nat.  $  Rev.Relig.  Wks.  1788  V. 


represented  himself  as  the  republisher  of  the  will  of  God. 
1868  Daily  News  22  July,  The  re-publishers  of  Cobbett's 
*  History  of  the  Reformation '. 

Repu'blishment.  [f.  asprec. +  -MENT.]  The 
act  of  republishing. 

1854  in  Allibone's  Diet.  AutJiors  (1877)  I.  30  The  fact  of 
the  profitable  republishment  of  the  old  English  classics. 

Repivdiable,  a.  rare.  [See  REPUDIATE  v. 
and  -ABLE.]  That  may  be  repudiated. 

1611  COTGR.,  Repudiable^  repudiable,  refusable[etc.].  1647 
JER.  TAYLOR  Lib.  Propk.  v.  06  Tbe  reasons.,  make  the 
Authority  it  selfe  the  lesse  au  then  tick  and  more  repudiable. 
Ibid.  vi.  117.  [1656  in  BLOUNT  Glossogr.^  from  Cotgr.] 

t  Xfceptrdiate,  ppl.  &•  and  sb*  Obs.  [ad.  L. 
repudiat-tts :  see  next.] 

A.///,  a.  1.  Of  a  woman  :  a,  Rejected  or  put 
away  by  her  husband ;  divorced. 

1548  VDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Matt.  xix.  94  The  wyfe 
oughte  not  to  be  repudiate  and  cast  of.  1596  DKAYTON  Leg. 
iv.  876  His  former  Wife  being  repudiate.  1640  YORKK 
Union  Hon.  136  He  married  Isabel,,  .being  repudiate  wife 
of  King  John.  1660  R.  COKE  Power  fy  Sufy.  175  Nor  his 
gossip,  nor  a  Vestal  nun,  nor  one  repudiate,  let  no  Christian 
man  marry. 

b.  Rejected  after  betrothal  or  engagement. 

1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  879  Margaret  which  was  affied 

to  Charles  the  seuenth  French  king  and  by  him  repudiate. 

1627  DBAVTON  Mis.  Q.  Margaret  xliii,  That  great  Earle 

. .  tooke  in  high  disdayne,  To  haue  his  Daughter  so  repudiate. 

C.  transf.  of  a  river. 

£1630  in  Risdon  Surv.  Devon  §  225  (1810)  238  All  discon 
tent,  and  thus  repudiate,  Unto  the  southern  coast  her  course 
doth  [Xainar]  take. 


REPUDIATE. 

2    In  general  use  :  Rejected,  set  aside. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.t  Hen.  IV  gb,  Edmond  was.  .for  his 
deformitee  repudiat  and  put  by  from  the   croune  royall. 
1603  DRAYTON  Bar.  Wars  \.  xxx,  To  be  debarr'd  of  that 
Imperial  State  ..  Basely  rejected,  and  repudiate. 
B.  sb.  The  (or  a)  divorced  wife. 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xxiv.  §  54  Dominions  .. 
which  they  claimed  by  our  Elenor,  the  repudiate  of  the 
King  of  France.  1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Tray.  (1677)  321 
Zaynih  (the  repudiate  of  Ben-Harkah)  was  his  fourth  and 
last  Wife.  17*7  BAILEY  vol.  II,  A  Repudiate^  a  divorced 
woman,  one  put  away. 

Repudiate  (r/pi/7-di^t),  v.  [f.  L.  repudiat-^ 
ppl.  stem  of  repudiare  to  divorce,  reject,  etc.,  f. 
repudium  REPUDY  sb.] 

1.  trans,  a.  Of  a   husband :    To   put   away   or 
cast  off  (his  wife) ;  to  divorce*  dismiss. 

1545  JOVE  E.\-p.  Dan.  xi.  185  This  Antiochus  repudiated 
his  own  wyfe  called  Laodice.  1597  BEARD  Theatre  God's 
Judgem.  (1612)  414  Hugh  Spencer.. was  he  that  first  per 
suaded  the  king  to  forsake  and  repudiate  the  queene  his 
wife.  1663  H.  COGAN  tr.  Pinto's  Trav.  Ix.  245  He  had 
repudiated  a  daughter  of  his,  which  he  had  married  three 
years  before.  1716  BOLINGBROKE  Refl,  upon  Exile  Wks. 
1754  I.  112  His  separation  from  Terentia,  whom  he  re- 

Eudiated  not  long  afterward,  was  perhaps  an  affliction  to 
im  at  this  time.     1850  W.  IRVING  Mahomet  vii.  (1853)   37 
Abu  Labab  and  his  wife,  .compelled  their  son,  Otha,  to  re 
pudiate  his  wife.     1870  EDGAK  Rimnyttiede  xxxv.  202  The 
pope  forced  her  husband  to  repudiate  her. 

D.  To  cast  off,  disown  (a  person  or  thing). 
1699  BENTLEY  Phal.  316  Other  Writers;  who  being  Do 
rians  born,  repudiated  their  vernacular  Idiom  for  that  of  the 
Athenians.  1844  DICKENS  IWart.  Chnz.  xvi,  He  felt  it 
necessary.. to  repudiate  and  denounce  his  father.  1855 
PRESCOTT  Philip  //,  1. 1.  iii.  31  England,  after  repudiating 
her  heresies,  was  received  into  the  fold  of  the  Roman  Catho 
lic  Church.  1873  Daily  News  12  Sept.  4/4  M.  de  Mahy 
..called  upon  the  Ministers  to  repudiate  the  document. 

2.  To  reject ;   to  refuse  to   accept  or  entertain 
(a  thing)  or  to  have  dealings  with  (a  person). 

a  1548  HALL  C/tron.,  Hen.  VII  i  b,  The  damosell  dyd  not 
alonly  disagre  and  repudiate  that  matrimony,  but  abhorred 
..his..desyre.  1674  Govt.  Tongue  iooO  let  not  those  that 
have  repudiated  the  more  inviting  sins,  show  themselves 
philtr'd  and  bewitch'd  by  this.  1837  LOFFT  Self-form.  II. 
63  Gladly  would  we  have  repudiated  the  property.,  so 
heavily  bestowed  upon  us.  1862  BEVERIDGE  Hist.  India 
II.  vi.  viii.  802  If  they  repudiated  the  empire  placed  within 
their  reach,  some  other  power  would  certainly  seize  it. 
1879  M.  ARNOLD  Mixed  Ess.  32  Not  only  did  the  whole 
repudiate  the  physician,  but  also  those  who  were  sick. 

b.  To  reject  (opinions,  conduct,  etc.)  with  con 
demnation  or  abhorrence. 

1824-9  LANDOR  I  mag.  Conv.%  Lucian  <y  Timothens,  You 
have  acknowledged  his  eloquence,  while  you.  .repudiated 
his  morals,  1840  HERSCHEL  Ess.  (1857)  109  A  doctrine 
which.,  we  must  repudiate.  1865  K.  W.  DALE  Jew.  Temp. 
viii.  (1877)  85,  I  repudiate  the  dreams  of  Pantheism. 

c.  To  reject  (a  charge,   etc.)    with   denial,   as 
being  quite  unfounded  or  inapplicable. 

1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  in.  i,  The  old  man  shook  his  head, 
gently  repudiating  the  imputation.  l8MGKBBM*$t0r£/rVr/. 
viii.  §  6.  525  Politically  it  repudiated  the  taunt  of  revolu 
tionary  aims. 

3.  To  reject  as  unauthorized  or  as   having   no 
authority  or  binding  force  on  one, 

1646  SIR!'.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  42  He  hath  obtained  with 
some  to  repudiate  the  books  of  Moses.  1692  BENTLEY 
Boyle  Led.  ix.  304  Repudiating  at  once  the  whole  Authority 
of  Revelation.  1837  LOFFT  Self-form.  II.  174,  I  had're* 
pudiated  the  second  hand  faculty  as  vain  . .  and  delusive. 
1851  H.  ROGERS  Eel.  Faith  (1853)  74  You  would  repudiate 
at  once  bis  claims  . .  to  be  your  infallible  guide.  1879 
FROUDE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  v.  350  They  were  ready,  .to 
repudiate  the  authority  of  the  Pope. 

b.  To  refuse  to  discharge  or  acknowledge  (a 
debt  or  other  obligation).  Chiefly  of  (American) 
states  disowning  a  public  debt,  and  freq.  absol. 

1837  LOFFT  Self-form.  I.  249  If  a  man.  .repudiate  the  care 
of  his  wife  or  children,  villain  is  a  word  not  villanous  enough 
for  him.  1847  WEBSTER  s.v.,  The  state  has  repudiated  its 
debts.  1863  H.  SPENCER  Ess.  II.  228  Sir  Robert  IngHs.. 
hinted  that  the  national  debt  would  not  improbably  be 
repudiated  if  the  proposed  measure  became  law. 

absol.  1843  SVD.  SMITH  Wks.  (1859)  II.  331/2,  I  am  accused 
of  applying  the  epithet  repudiation  to  States  which  have  not 
repudiated.  1862  J.  SI-ENCE  Amer.  74  In  each  of  the  States 
that  has  repudiated  there  was  a  large  majority  of  men 
thoroughly  honourable  in  their  private  affairs. 

Hence  Beptrdiated  ///.  «.,  Repudiating  vbL 
sb.  and  ppl.  a. 

*&3S  J-  HAYWARD  tr.  Biondi's  Banish* d  Virg.  143  My  first 
businesse  was  to  hasten  the  repudiating  of  the  Queetie. 
1788  H.  WALPOLE  Rcntin.  ii.  24  Eldest  daughter.. of  the 
icpudiated  wife  of  the  earl  of  Macclesfield.  1843  SYD. 
SMITH  Wks.  (1859)  II.  328/1  Persons  who  ..  are  inclined  to 
consider  the  abominable  conduct  of  the  repudiating  States 
to  pioceed  from  exhaustion.  Ibid.  329/1  This  swamp  we 
gained  ..  by  the  repudiated  loan  of  1828.  1880  DIXON 
Windsor  III.  xiii.  124  Henry  allowed  her  to  live  with  his 
repudiated  daughter, 

Repudiation  (r/pi;7di^'|3n).  [ad.  L.  repu 
diation-em  ,  n.  of  action  f.  repudiare:  see  prec. 
and  -ATION,  and  cf.  F.  repudiation  (i5th  c.).]  The 
action  of  repudiating  or  fact  of  being  repudiated. 

1.  Divorce  (of  a  wife). 

^MS  JOYE  Exp.  Dan.  xi.  185  This  Antiochus  repudiated 
his  own  wyfe.  .Which. .rcpudiaclon  or  diuorce  from  his 
firste  wyfe  was  the  occasion  of  greate  mischeif.  a  1635 
NAUNTON  b'ragm.  Reg.  (Arb.)  26  Upon  repudiation  of  the 
Lady,  heclapt  up  a  marriage  for  his  Son.  1686  tr.  Chardin's 
Trav.  Persia  333  They  must  return  the  Portion  they  had, 


493 

upon  the  Repudiation.  1727  A.  HAMILTON  New  Ace.  E.lnd. 
I.  iii.  26  They  allow  of  Repudiation,  but  neither  Party  can 
marry  again,  till  the  Term  of  three  Years  be  expired.  1803 
Edin.  Rev.  I.  491  She  does  not  appear  even  to  have  under 
stood  what  they  meant  by  repudiation.  1867  FREEMAN 
Norm.  Cong.  (1877)  I.  vi.  473  If  the  repudiation  of  Estrith 
was  accompanied.. by  the  assertion  of  the  claims  of  the 
jElhelings  to  her  brother's  crown. 

2.  The  action  of  rejecting,  disowning,  disavow 
ing,  etc.  ;  spec,  in  Canon  Law  (see  first  quot.). 

1848-56  BOLVIER  Law  Diet,  s.v.,  In  the  canon  law,  re 
pudiation  is  the  refusal  to  accept  a  benefice  which  has  been 
conferred  upon  the  party  repudiating.  1858  FROUDE  Hist. 
Eng.  III.  xvii.  495  His  denial  was.. not  like  the  broad, 
absolute  repudiation  of  a  man  who  was  consciously  clear  of 
offence.  1877  BLACK  Green  Past.  iii.  (1878)  21  A  murmur 
of  indignant  repudiation  nerved  him  to  a  further  effort. 
b.  spec,  of  a  debt.  (Cf.  the  vb.  3  b.) 

1843  [see  REPUDIATE  v.  3  b].  1862  J.  SPKNCE  Atner.  74 
Repudiation  has  not  been  the  course  of  those  who  could 
not,  but  of  those  who,  having  the  means,  would  not  pay.  i 
1868  ROGEKS  Pol.  Econ.  xi.  (1876)  143  This  country  ran 
considerable  risk  of  repudiation  after  the  close  of  the  great 
continental  war. 

Hence  Repudia'tionist,  U.  S.}  one  who  advo 
cates  the  repudiation  of  a  public  debt. 

1867  Nation  (N.  Y.)  No.  127.  446/1  The  repudiation's 
are  undoubtedly  strong.  1883  American  VI.  387  More 
honorable  than  alliances  with  the  whiskey  interest  or  the 
repudiationists  of  the  South. 

Repudiative  (r/pi«-di#iv),  a.  [f.  REPUDI 
ATE  v.  -f-  -IVE.]  Characterized  by  repudiation  or 
rejection  0/1  something. 

1860  J.  WHITE  Hist.  France  (e&.  2)3  An  island,  .generally    ! 
unapproachable,  and  at  all  times  utterly  repudiative  of  a 
permanent  bridge.    1870  BURTON  Hisf.Scet.  (1873)  VI.  l.xxi. 
243  There  were  Lowland  families . .  repudiative  of  any  other    ', 
leader  but  the  great  marquis. 

Repudiator  (rfpifrdwtpi),     [a.  L.  repudiator  j 
agent-n.   f.  repudiare  to  REPUDIATE.]     One  who    ' 
repudiates  ;  spec,  one  who  advocates  the  repudia-    , 
tion  of  a  public  debt. 

1843  SYU.  SMITH  ll'ks.  (1859)  II.  331/1, 1  see  now.  .a  whole 
army  on  the  plains  of  Pennsylvania..,  battalions  of  repu- 
diators,  brigades  of  bankrupts.  1852  H.  NEWLAND  Led. 
Tractar.  107  The  great  repudiator  of  Chinese  exactness. 
1870  Daily  News  16  Apr.,  Despisers  and  repudiators  of 
anti-slavery  men  and  their  opinions. 

Repu'diatory,  a.  rare.  [f.  REPUDIATE  v.  + 
-ORY.J  Favouring  repudiation  (of  debts). 

1882  American  IV.  67  They  refused  to  admit. .a  delegate    \ 
who  was  of  known  repudiatory  principles. 

t  Repu'dious,  a.    Obs.   rare.     [ad.  L.   repu- 
dios-us  (,Plautus) :  see  next  and  -ous.]     a.   =  KE-   i 
ITDIATE  A.  i.     b.  (See  quot.  1656.) 

1558  FORREST  Grysilde  Sec.  (1875)  30  Grysilde  to  Walter 
repudius  Because  she  was  not  pleasinge  to  his  iye.  1656 
BLOUNT  Glossogr,^  Repudious^  villainous,  dUhonest,  re 
proachful,  that  one  refuseth  and  abhors  much. 

t  Re'pudy,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  rtpudium.] 
Divorce  ;  rejection,  repulse. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  38r  The  qwene  . .  takynge 
a  Hbelle  of  repudy,  of  repulsion,  entrede  a  monastery,  c  1480 
HENRYSON  Test.  Crcs.  74  Upon  ane  uther  he  set  his  haill 
delyt,  And  send  to  hir  ane  lybel  of  repudy.  1560  HOLLAND 
Crt.  Venus  iv.  68  Thay  wald  not  thoill  Venus  haif  licht- 
lines,  Nor  repudie,  rebuik,  nor  jit  distres. 

t  Repudy,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  F.  repudier 
(i5thc.)  or  It.  ripudiare,  L.  repudiare ,  f.  repu- 
dium  :  see  prec.]  =  REPUDIATE  v. 

c>477  CAXTON  Jason  119  Ye  wylle  now  leue  and  repudye 
me  in  all  poyntes.  1483  —  Gold.  Leg.  410/1  Eche  man 
myght  haue  foure  wyues  . .  and  refuse  and  repudye  thre 
tymes.  1635  J.  HAYWARD  Banisk'd  Virg.  141  An  inkling  of 
either  repudying  or  making  away  of  his  present  wife. 

Repugn  (ripi/i-n),  v.  Also  4-7  repugne,  (6 
-pougne),4-6  repungne,  5~6repung(e.  [ad.  F. 
repitgmr  (i4th  c.),  or  L.  repugnare,  f.  re-  RE-  + 
pugnare  to  fight :  cf.  impugn.} 

fl.  intr.  To  be  contradictory  or  inconsistent.  Obs.    \ 

c  1374 CHAUCER  Boeth.  v.  pr.  iii.  1 19  (Camb.  MS.),  It  seinyth    I 
quod  I  to  repugnen  and  tocontraryengretlyj?at  god  knowit 
byforn  alle  thinges,  and  bat  ther  is  any  freedom  of  liberte.    ! 
1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  259  Hit  repugnethe  not  that     ' 
the  chirche  holdethe. .  Adam  to  haue  be  made  of  therthe    | 
the  x  kalendes  of  Aprile,  and  Criste  to  haue  be  incarnate 
the  viij.  kalendes  of  Aprile.     c  1449  PECOCK  Rej>r.  in.  xix.  408 
If  thei  be  conslderid,  tho  chapitres  schulen  be  seen  forto 
not  repugne  bitwixe  hem  silf.     1533  MUKE  Atunv,  Poysoned 
Bk.  Wks.   1121/1    Be  content  to  knowe  that  goddes  will, 
his  worde,  and  his   power,  bee  all  one,  and  repugne  not. 
1576  GRINDAL  Wks.  (Parker  Soc.)  384  Sixthly,  places  in  the    ! 
scriptures,  seeming  to  repugn,  are  reconciled.    1654  Z.  COKE 
Logick  68  Inseparable  which  is  not  easily  separated  from    j 
the  subject,  though  to  be  separated  nothing  repugneth. 

fb.  To  be  contrary  or  opposed/*?  something.  Obs.    I 
»395  PURVEY  Remonstr.  (1851)  131  When  they  ben  certeyne    ! 

that  it  repugnith  to  holy  scripture,  .refuse  it  vtterly.     1457    i 
Lichjield  Gild Qrd.  (1890)  21  All  other  ordinaunces..  which 
do   not  repunge  to  this  ordinaunce.     1533  FKITH  Answ.    \ 
Afore  (1548)  D  iv  b,  I  see  that  sainct  Thomas  which  felt 
Chrystes  woundes  ..called  hym  his  Lorde  and  God,  and    \ 
that  no  texte  in  scripture  repugneth  vnto  y«  same.    1586  T.  B.     ; 
LaPrimand.  Fr.  Acad.(i$%q)  546  A  corrupt  common-wealth    ! 
is  that  which  repugneth  and  is  directly  contrarie  to  that 
which  is  good  and  just.     1673  H.  STUBBE  Further  I'md. 
Duttk  I Var  App-  73  By  sundry  circumventions,  and  such 
proceedings  as  repugned  to  the  Union  of  the  Provinces. 

fc.  To  stand  against  something.   Obs. 

1540-1  ELYOT  Image  Gov.  112  The  detestable  practice  of 
usurie,  which  utterly  repugneth  against  all  humanitee.  1571 
GOLDING  Calvin  on  Ps.  Ixxiv.  5,  1  (.although  the  accent  re- 


KEPUGN. 

pugn   against   it)  double  not,  but   that   the   sence   which 
I  have  set  down  is  the  native  sence. 

t  d.  To  be  at  variance  with  something.   Obs. 

1563  Homilies  n.  Alms-deeds  in.  (1859)  399  It  is  contrary 
to  Gods  Word,  it  repugneth  with  his  promise.  1609  BIBLE 
(Douay)  Ezek.  xviii.  cpmm..  It  is  expressly  affirmed  that 
God  would  have  al  sinners  to  repent, ..which  semeth  to 
repugne  with  the  former  doctrin.  1662  H.  STUBBE  Ind. 
Nectar  Pref.,  What  seemed  . .  conformable  to  God's  word, 
and  the  primitive  practise:  both  which.. did  not  repugn 
with  my  designed  Speculations. 

t  e.  To  differ  or  y^rj  from  something.  Obs.—1 

1600  W.  WATSON  Decac onion  (1602)  285  It  doth  repugne 
from  the  very  nature  of  all  religious  profession. 

2.  To  offer  opposition  or  resistance ;  to  resist ; 
to  be  recalcitrant ;  to  object.     Now  rare. 

1382  WYCLIF  i  Saw.  xv.  23  For  as  synne  of  deuynynge 
[printed  denyynge]  bi  deuehs  is  to  repugne.  1393  LANC.I.. 
P.  PI.  C.  i.  136  Ac  of  the  cardinales  at  court,  that  cau5t 
han  Such  a  name,  . .  repugnen  [1377  inpugnen]  ich  nelle. 
1531  ELYOT  Gov.  i.  xiv,  Wherfore  they  can  nat  resorte 
unto  passctyme  ;  . .  for  nature  repugnyng,  they  unneth 
taste  anything  that  may  be  profytable.  1567  Tuall  Trcas. 
(1850)  42  Yet  will  I  prouoke,  spume,  and  pricke,  Rebel!, 
repugne,  lashe  out  and  kicke.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie"* 
ftist,  Scot.  in.  184  Finding  na  man  to  repugne,  [he] 
ascriues  vnto  him  selfe  the  dignitie  of  the  king.  1646  O\vts 
Country  Ess.  Wks.  1851  VIII.  62  If  any  should  dissent.  .1 
would  entreat  him  to  lay  down  some  notes  ..  and  he  shall 
not  find  me  repugning.  1837  CAKLYLK  /•>.  AVr'.  II.  i.  x,  On 
the  motion  of  Lameth,  ..and  other  Patriot  Nobles,  let  the 
others  repugn  as  they  will. 

b.  To  fight,  strive,  or  contend  against  a  person 
or  thing.  Now  rare. 

X3fteWycUF.£jtrd  Prol.,  Other  while  conciencerepugnendc 
a?en  hemself  opinli  thei  to-tern  that  thei  redcn  priueli. 
1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  209  Wymundus  ..  a  man  of 
noble  eloquence,  repugnede  ageyne  his  erroures.  1483 
CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  65/2  For  it  is  a  synne  to  whhstande  and 
to  repugne  ayenst  his  lord.  1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasin. 
Par.  i  John  47  Therfore  like  as  he  resisteth  the  sonne.euen 
so  doethe  he  repugne  agaynste  the  father.  1596  L.  PIOT  tr. 
Silvayn's  Orator  346  Who  then  will  judge  you  to  be  such 
a  one,  if  you  repugne  against  the  will  of  the  gods?  1675  tr. 
Caniden's  Hist.  Eliz.  \.  (1688)  19  Against  these  Statutes 
nine  Bishops  in  the  Higher  House. .btifly  repugned.  1858 
CARLYLE  1-rcdk.  Gt.  in.  iii.  (1872)  I.  148  A  Bund,  or  general 
Covenant  for  complaining;  to  repugn,  .against  a  domineer 
ing  Ritterdom. 

t  C.  To  object  or  offer  resistance  to  a  thing. 
1494  FABYAN  Chron.  i.  xiii.  14  To  yl  repugnyth  Wyllyam 
de  Malmesbury,  sayeng  [etc.].  1568  GKAKTON  Chron.  II. 
404,  I  sweare  that. .  I  shall  neuer  repugne  to  thys  resignation. 
1581  SAVILE  Tacitus,  Hist.  i.  Ixxx.  (1591)  45  First  they 
murder.. the  seuerest  of  the  Centurions  repugning  to  their 
seditious  attempts.  1644  DIGBY  Nat.  Bodies  vii.  (1653)  62 
Bodies  which  repugn  to  the  dilatation  of  flame,  may  never- 
thelesse  have  much  fire  enclosed  in  them. 

f  d.  Const,  at  a  thing.  Obs. 

1529  State  Papers  Hen.  VIH  (1830)  I.  339  His  Grace 
repugned  not  therat,  but  herkened  wel  to  it.  1586  BRIGHT 
Melanch.  xvi.  97  It  [the  heart]  repugneth  ofi  times  at  the 
strong  conclusions,  .reason  can  make. 

3.  trans,  t  a.  To  fight  or  contend   against,  to 
resist  or  repel  (a  person).  Obs. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Serm.  Sel.  Wks.  II.  68  Who  bat  fallib  upon 
l>is  stoon,  repungning  Crist  or  his  lawe,  shal  be  broken  in 
his  conscience,  c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  cxvii.  iv,  With 
speare  and  swerd  eyther  other  so  repugned  With  axe  and 
dagger.  1485  CAXTON  Chas.  Gt.  225  He  aroos  a  lytel,  & 
myghtyly  repugned  the  geaunte.  1549  COVERDALE,  etc. 
Erasm.  Par.  i  Tint.  7  Therefore  Prynces  are  neyther  vn- 
honestly  to  be  flattered,  nor  sediciously  repugned.  1609 
HOLLAND  Amm.  JMarcell.  xiv.  ix.  19  A  man  gainesaying 
and  repugning  the  flatterers  that  by  whole  troupes  barked 
at  him.  1635  QL'ARLES  Etnbl.  in.  vi.  147  It  is  just  that  thy 
enemy  should  be  my  enemy,  and  that  he  who  repugnes 
thee,  should  repugne  me. 

b.  To  oppose,  resist,  or  contend  against  (some 
thing)  ;  to  repel  or  reject ;  to  refute,  etc.  Now 
somewhat  rare  (common  in  i6-i7th  c.). 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  2670  pai..repugnet  bo  pomttes  with  a 
proude  wille.  1496  Dives  iff  Panp.  fw.de  W.)  iv.  xx.  184/2 
It  is  full  peryllous  to  the  suget  to  repugne  the  dome  of  his 
souerayn.  a,  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Gold.  Bk.  M.  Aurel.  (1546) 
P  viij,  The  olde  Camyll  repugned  the  counsell  of  his 
frendes.  1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  i.  25,  I  meane  not 
hereby  to  repugne  altogether  >*•  doctrine  of  so  worthy  a 
man.  1651  WITTIE  tr.  Primrose's  Pop.  Err.  329  Why  the 
use  thereof  should  be  repugned,  I  see  no  reason.  1731 
Hist.  Litterana  II.  577  The  very  nature  of  his  Subject., 
repugns  any  such  Suspicion.  1780  EARL  MALMESUUHY 
Diaries  ff  Corr.  J.  273  Enervated  to  a  degree,  she  repugns 
everything  which  bears  the  features  of  activity  or  exertion. 
1833  SARAH  AUSTIN  Charact.  Goethe  I.  301  The  sound  mind 
of  the  German  nation  repugned  these  pernicious  vagaries. 
1878  COOTE  Romans  of  Brit.  Pref.  6  A  homogeneity  of  race 
in  England  which  truth  plainly  repugns. 
fc.  To  deny  thai,  etc.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1555  EDEN  Decades  84  Yet  doo  I  not  repugne  that  in  sume 
caues  of  mountaynes,  water  is  turned  into  ayer. 

f4.  To  be  contrary  or  opposed  to  (a  thing).   Obs. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  m.  ii.  (Skeat)  1.  158  So  me 
thinketh  truly,  that  free  choice  fully  repugneth  Goddes 
forweting.  1545  JOYE  Exp.  Dan.  vi.  Kviij  b,  So  that  their 
con^titucions  ancf  actes  repugne  not  the  gospell  of  Christ. 
1587  HOLINSHED  Chron.  (1807-8)  IV.  592  To  doo  two 
things  which  seeme  to  repugne  ech  other.  1654  VILVAIN 
Theol.  Treat,  ii.  77  Absolut  Reprobation  repugns  right 
reason,  and  begets  absurdities.  1681  WHARTON  Apotolesma 
Wks.  (1683)  37  Some  being  utterly  lost  in  conceipts  that 
repugn  Philosophy. 

5.  a.  intr.  To  be  repugnant  to  (the  mind).  rare~l. 

1831  T.  HOPE£SS.  Origin  Man  II.  15  Where. .we  have 
only  the  option  to  believe  what  repugns  to  our  intellect,  or 
what  seems,  .to  glide  most  easily  into  the  same. 


BEPUGNABLE. 

b.  trans.  To  affect   (one)  with   repugnance   or 
aversion.     Also  absol.^  to  cause  repugnance. 

1868  J.  H.  STIRLING  in  -V.  Brit.  Rev.  XLIX.  358  Browning 
has  a  flavour  of  his  own,  of  which,  in  the  first  taste,  the 
newness  repugns.  1890  —  Philos.  fy  TheoL  ii.  28  To 
attempt  to  philosophize  the  Christian  Godhead  would  only 
repugn.  1890  Harper* s  Mag.  Nov.  875/1  She  seemed  to  be 
afraid  of  saying  nothing  ;  no  term  repugned  her. 

t  B.epu'gna'ble,  a.    Obs.     [f.  prec.  +  -ABLE  :   . 
cf.  obs.  F.  repttgiiable  (Goclef.).]     a.  Capable  of 
being  repugned  or  refuted,     b.  Contrary,  opposed. 

1579-80  NOKTH  Plutarch,  Marcelhis  (1612)  315  The  de-  , 
monstration  prouing  it  so  exquisitely,  with  wonderfull 
reason  and  facilitie,  as  it  is  not  repugnable.  1632  LlTHCOW 
Trav.  IX.  398  No  such,  .repugnable  Currents,  as  be  ill  the 
firths  of  Stronza  and  Westra.  1655  M-  CAKTI-:K  Hon. 
Rediv.  (1660)  88  That  what  Laws  should  be  Enacted,  might 
be  answerable  to  the  Will  of  God,  and  not  repugnable  to 
the  Customs  of  the  Land. 

Repugnance  (r/'p^'gnans).  Also 5-6  repung-. 
[a.  K  repugnance  ^i3th  c.),  or  L.  rtpugnantia*. 
see  REPUGN  v.  and  -ANCE.] 

1.  Contradiction,  inconsistency;  contradictory  op 
position  or  disagreement  of  ideas  or  statements. 
Also  with  a  and  //. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  L<n>e  in.  iv.  (Skeat)  1.  42  It  is  open  at 
the  ful,  that  without  al  maner  repusnaunce  god  beforn  wot 
al  maner  thinges  ben  don  by  free  will,  c  1449  PECOCK  Repr. 
v.  ii.  489  So  the  same  secte  schulde  be  good  and  badde, 
leeful  and  vnleeful,  which  is  repungnaunce.  1533  MORE 
Attsiu.  PdysoiU'd  Bk.  Wks.  1123/2  He  sheweth  that  it  inv 
plieth  repugnaunce,  and  that  therefore  God  cannot  do  it. 
1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  211  The  Copie  [of  the  letter]  that 
came  to  my  hande  seemed  to  conteyne  diuerse  repug- 
naunces.  1630  PRYNNE  Anti-Armin.  147  These  seuerall 
Answers.. will  reconcile  all  seeming  repugnances  of  Scrip 
ture.  1678  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  iv.  iii.  79  In  the  words  of 
Hosea  c.  8.  4.  there  appears  a  kind  of  repugnance.  1755 
H.  MARTIN  Mag.  Arts  <y  Sc.  \.  iv.  17  You  will  observe,  .a 
palpable  Absurdity  and  Repugnance  in  the  one,  and  - .  a 
perfect  Consistency  and  Agreement  in  the  other.  1814 
MACKINTOSH  S.  Amer.  States  Wks.  1846  III.  474  In  it  there 
is  more  than  the  usual  repugnance  between  the  title  and  : 
the  purport.  1888  BRYCE  Amer.  Commw.  I.  i.  App.  542 
Care  is  taken  in  preparing  the  draft,  in  seeing  that  it  is  free 
from  errors  or  repugnances. 

1 2.  Resistance  or  opposition  offered  to  a  thing    . 
or  person.  Obs. 

14..  in  Titndale's  Vis.  (1843)  129  Nature  withowtt  any 
.stryff  Of  repugnaunce  or  any  rccystence  Gaff  thys  rneyde  a 
specyall  pierogatyf.  1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  xi.  xxxi.  (1554) 
•jii  b,  Christes  martirs. -List  again  tirauntes  make  no  re 
pugnance.  1523  SKELTON  Carl.  Laurel  211  To  make 
repungnaunce  agayne  that  ye  haue  sayde.  1547  Homilies  \. 
Charity  \.  (1859)  68  So  went  he  unto  his  death  without  any 
repugnance  or  opening  of  his  mouth  to  say  any  evil. 

fb.   Opposition  or  contrariety  between   or  of   , 
things.   Obs. 

£1400  tr.  Secreta Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  78  pe  kyndly  corny th    ' 
of  repugnance  of  contrarious  qualytez  and  contradiccioun. 
1538  STARKEY  England  \.  iv.   108  Ther  ys  no  repugnance 
betwyx  your  opynyon  and  myne  in  thys  grete  mater.     *555 
EDEN  Decades  269  By  the  commixtion  and  repugnance  of 
fyre,  could,  and  brymstone  greate  stones  are  here  throwne 
into  the  ayer.     1654  Z.  COKK  Logick  Pref.,  Whereof,  .after 
long   Exagitations  and    Repugnance   of  Affairs,  we   have    • 
gotten  more  then  a  (glad)  glimpse. 

tc.  Disagreement  in  feelings  or  tastes.  Obs»  rare.    \ 

1531  ELYOT  Gov.  n.  xi,  Where  is  any  repugnaunce,  may  be 
none  amitie,  sens  frendshippe  is  an  entier  consent  of  willes 
and  desires. 

td.  A  mental  struggle.   Obs.  fare"1. 

1538  STAKKEY  England  i.  ii.  29  Ychone  in  hym  selfe,  when 
he  aoth  nough[t],  felyth  a  gruge  in  conscyence  and  repug 
nance  in  mynd. 

3.  Strong  dislike,  distaste,  antipathy,  or  aversion 
(to  or  against  a  thing).  Also//. 

1643  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Relig.  Med.  n.  §  i,  I  feel  not  in  my-  j 
self  those  common  antipathies.. :  those  national  repugnances 
do  not  touch  me.  1665  GLANVILL  De/.  l^an.  Dogm.  p.  v,  I 
confess  I  addrest  myself  unwillingly  and  not  without  re 
pugnance  to  the  performance.  1765  H.  WALPOLE  Otranto 
v.  172  If  I  were  sure  Isabella  would  have  no  repugnance. 
1796  BURNEY  Mem.  Metastasw  I.  90  It  is  terrible  that.. he 
should  have  no  repugnance  to  injuring  numbers.  1854  MIL- 
MAN  Lat.  Chr.  vi.  iii.  III.  76  A  deep  repugnance  against 
ecclesiastical  tyranny  may  have  taken  root  within  his  heart. 
1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  3.  370  No  marked  repugnance 
to  the  new  worship  was  shown  by  the  people  at  large. 

Repugnancy  (r/po-gnansi).     [See  -ANCY.] 

1.  Contradiction,  inconsistency,  etc.  =  REPUG 
NANCE  i.  Now  rare  (common  c  1560-1800). 

1560  BECON  New  Catech.  Wks.  (1564)  i.  464^  Whiche  are 
two  suche  repugnauncies  and  contraries,  as  darkenes  is  not 
more  contrary  to  lyght,  nor  death  to  lyfe.  1589  PUTTENHAM 
Eng .  Poesie  \.  i.  (Arb.)  20  Without  any  repugnancie  at  all,  a  ' 
Poet  may  in  some  sort  be  said  a  follower  or  imitator,  a  1625 
SIR  H.  FINCH  Law  (1636)  391  This  carrieth  a  repugnancie 
in  it,  inasmuch  as  the  house  and  the  wall  are  all  one  thing. 
1681  GLANVILL  Sadducismus  \.  (1726)  78  Both  the  Hypo 
theses  do  entangle,  .the  Doctrine,  .with  greater  Difficulties 
and  Repugnancies.  1785  PALEY  Mor.  Philos.  (1818)  II.  31 
I  f  these . .  serve  to  remove  the  apparent  repugnancy  between 
the  success  of  prayer  and  the  character  of  the  Deity,  it  is 
enough.  1812-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  II.  610  From 
the  number  and  repugnancy,  .there  is  no  small  difficulty  in 
reducing  them  to  anything  like  an  intelligible  classification. 
1865  Daily  Tel.  21  Oct.  3/4  Even  Sir  James  Stephen  .. 
acknowledged  that  he  could  not  render  the  exact  legal  idea 
of  '  repugnancy '  more  intelligible. 

fb.  The  opposite  ^/"something.  Obs.rare~l. 

1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  i.  (1625)  3  The  repugnancy    I 
i.ercof  is  when  either  with  too  much  curtailing  our  argu- 


494 

ments..or  with  too  many  or  ouer-often  repetitions,  ..  wee 
abbreuiate  or  amplifie  our  Epistles. 

2.  Opposition  or  resistance  of  mind  or  feeling. 
In  later  use  =  REPUGNANCE  3. 

1557  N.  T.  (Genev.)  i  Cor.  i.  10  note,  Dissention  of  mynde, 
wherof  procedeth  repugnancie  of  judgement,  which  is  the 
mother  of  schisnie  and  heresie.  1577  tr.  Bitllingers  Decades 
(1592)  302  Yet  is  that  repugnancye  still  in  theyr  heartes. 
1642  ROGERS  Naantan  131  Such  an  horrible  repugnancie  of 
heart  against  this  way.  1681  BELLON  Alyst.  Phystck  64 
If  the  Sick  has  a  repugnancy  against  so  frequently  taking 
of  the  Drink,  it  may  be  given  less  often.  1742  FIELDING 
J.  Andrews  (1815)  Pref.  6  It  hath  not  that  violent  repug 
nancy  of  nature  to  struggle  with,  which  that  of  the  hypocrite 
hath.  1839  KKIGHTLEY  Hist,  Eng.  II.  52  Pole's  strong  re 
pugnancy  to  accept  the  highest  dignity.  1868  MILMAN  St. 
Paul's  316  He  treated  the  Puritan  divines  with  more  and 
more  determined  repugnancy. 

t  b.  Dislike  or  aversion  on  the  part  of  one.   Obs. 

1702  ECHARD  Eccl.  Hist.  (1710)  399  Scarce  any  man  ar 
rived  at  the  Empire  with  a  more  sullyed  reputation,  or  a 
greater  repugnancy  of  the  people. 

\  3.  Opposition  or  resistance  to  action ;  tendency 
to  oppose.  Obs. 

1587  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III.  979/2  His  too  much  repug 
nancie  . .  in  matters  of  councell  to  the  residue  of  the  councel- 
lors  about  the  king.  1602  WAKNKK  Alb.  Eng.  Epit.  385  King 
Henrie  the  sixth  was  triumphantly  crowned  ..  mauger  the 
Dolphins  then  repugnancie.  a  1635  NAUNTON  Fragm.  Reg. 
(Arb.)  42  He  was  sent  Lord  Deputy  into  Ireland,  (as  it  was 
thought)  for  a  kind  of  haughtinesse  of  spirit,  and  repugnancy 
in  Councels. 

Repugnant  (r/pwgnant),  a.  and  sb.  [a.  F. 
rtpitgnant  (1372)  or  ad.  L.  repugnant -em^  pres. 
pple.  of  repugnare  to  REPUGN.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Contrary  or  contradictory  /<?,  incon 
sistent  or  incompatible  with,  f  divergent  fromt 
f  standing  against y  something  else. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  in.  i.  (Skeat)  I.  128  All  lawes,  or 
custome,..that  contrarien  law  of  kinde,  vtterly  ben  repug- 
naunt  and  aduersary  to  our  godds  wil  of  heuen.  1461  Rolls 
of  Parlt.  V.  467/1  Repugnaunt  or  contrarie  to  the  seid  right. 
1477  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  307  All  thinges  not  repugnant  to 
the  premisses.  1534  WHITINTON  Tnllyes  Offices  i.  (1540)  5 
Whan  that  thynge  semeth  to  be  repugnaunt  with  honestye, 
that  semeth  profytable.  1551  T.  WILSON  Logike  17  b,  Obey 
the  higher  power  in  all  things  that  are  not  directly  repug 
nant  from  the  will  of  God.  1590  C.  S-  Right  Relig.  24  Re 
pugnant  plainely  against  the  law  of  Moses.  1660  R.  COKE 
P<nver  fy  Subj.  140  If  the  Laws.. do  command  things  re 
pugnant  to  Gods  word.  1685  H.  MORK  Paralip.  Prophet, 
xlix.  459  Not  at  all  repugnant  with  pur  Hypothesis.  1748 
Anson's  Voy.  n.  iv.  165  The  coming  in  sight  of  that  Island 
was  directly  repugnant  to  the  Merchant's  instructions.  1818 
CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  V.  28  The  clause  was  void,  because  it 
was  repugnant  to  the  body  of  the  act.  1864  BOWEN  Logic 
iv.  91  The  number  of  attributes  in  the  universe  not  logically 
repugnant  to  each  other  is  infinite. 

b.  Without  const.,  esp.  of  two  or  more  things 
in  relation  to  each  other. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  \\\.  iii.  (Skeat)  I.  32  To  euery 
wi}t . .  is  seen  these  thinges  to  be  repugnaunt.  c  1449  PECOCK 
Rt'pr.  in.  xix.  408  Therfore  tho  chapitres  ben  not  bitwixe 
hem  silf  repugnant.  1528  GARDINER  in  Pocock  Rec.  Ref.  I. 
118  In  hurts  done  and  taken  on  either  party  there  is  many 
times  tidings  repugnant.  1590  SWINBURNE  Testaments 
122  Those  conditions  which  by  reason  of  contrarhie  or  re 
pugnant  perplexitie  be  impossible,  or  incompatible.  1614 
RALEIGH  Hist.  World  n.  (1634)  372  There  being  found  three 
places  of  Scripture  touching  this  point,  seeming  repugnant 
or  disagreeing.  1660  BARROW  Euclid  \.  xxvii,  The  outward 
angle  AEF  will  be  greater  than  the  inward  angle  DFE,  to 
which  it  was  equal  by  Hypothesis,  which  is  repugnant.  1766 
BLACKSTOMB  Comm.  II.  157  A  condition  either  impossible, 
illegal,  or  repugnant.  1800  Med.  Jrnl.  IV.  213  When  these 
are.. variously  combined  with  no  properties  chemically  re 
pugnant  1864  BOWEN  Logic  iv.  65  Considered  in  relation 
to  each  other  Marks  are  either  Congruent  or  Repugnant. 
tc.  Diverse,  different.  Obs.  rare  -l. 

1544  tr.  Littleton's  Tenures  (1574)  99  Ye  cause  of  the  di 
versity  betwene  these  two  cases  is  repugnant  ynough. 

2.  Making  or  offering  resistance  (to  a  person  or 
thing) ;   opposing,  resisting,  hostile,  antagonistic, 
refractory. 

1:1460  G.  ASHBY  Dicta  Philos,  1029  Suche  folk  as  be  con 
versant  With  goode  men  and  wise,  to  II  repugnant.  1494 
FABVAN  Chron.  vn.  436  But  to  all  this  was  the  towne  of 
Gaunt  repugnaunt,  in  so  moche  y*  mortal!  warre  beganne. 
1533  BELLENDEN  Ltvy  in.  xvi.  (S.  T.  S.)  II.  n  Sum  tyme 
(becaus  he  was  repugnant)  he  bad  tak  him  perforce.  1581 
PETTIK  tr.  Guazzo*s  Civ.  Conv.  11.  (1586)  102  b,  He  ought  to 
be  called  ignorant,  whose  minde  is  repugnant  to  knowledge. 
<ri595  CAI-T.  WYATT  R.  Dudley's  Voy.  W.  ImL  (Hakl. 
Soc.)  35  To  which  proceedings  above  all  others  Captain 
Jobson..was  much  contradictorie  and  repugnante.  1627 
M.AYZ,«<:rt«  in.  (1631)  592  As  when  strong  wmdes  with  tydes 
repugnant  meet,  One  way  the  Sea,  the  wanes  another  go. 
1818  BVRON  Ch.  Har.  iv.  Ixxv,  I  abhorr'd.  -The  drill'd  dull 
lesson,  forced  down  word  by  word  In  my  repugnant  youth. 
1875  BROWNING  Aristoph.  ApoL  5  Never  again  may  these 
repugnant  orbs  Ache  themselves  blind. 

f  b.  Of  medicines  :  Operative  against,  counter 
active  to,  something.  Obs.  rare. 

1559  MORWYNG  Evonym.  148  It  is  repugnant  against  all 
kinds  of  worms  within  the  body.  1568  SKEYNE  The  Pest 
(1860)  23  Quhilk  is  repugnant  to  all  vther  kynd  of  poysone. 

3.  Distasteful  or  objectionable  to  one. 

1.777  WATSON  Philip  //,  xiy.  (1793)  II.  210  The  limitations 
..imposed  upon  the  sovereign's  authority  were  utterly  re 
pugnant  to  Philip's  temper.  1825  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  n.  Stage 
Illusion,  Characters  in  comedy,  .which  involve  some  notion 
repugnant  to  the  moral  sense.  1869  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cony. 
(1875)  III.  xi.  57  A  step  likely  to  be  in  many  ways  repugnant 
to  Northumbrian  feeling. 


REPULLULATION. 

b.  Exciting  distaste  or  aversion ;  offensive, 
loathsome,  repulsive. 

1879  tr.  De  Quatrefages1  Hum,  Spec.  49  The  flesh  also  as 
sumes  a  repugnant  appearance. 

tB.  sb.  1.  A  recusant  or  resister.  Obs.  rare— l. 

1625  HP.  MOUNTAGU  App.  Cxsar  143  What.  .Edict  did  ever 
command  it  to  be  professed,  or.  .imposed  penaltie  upon  re. 
pugnants,  or  non-consentients  unto  it  ? 

f  2.  Logic,  A  term  or  proposition  forming  the 
contrary  or  contradictory  of  another.  Obs. 

1654  Z.  COKE  Logick  169  One  of  the  contradicents  and  re- 
pugnants  being  put,  the  other  is  removed.  1697  tr.  Burgers- 
dicins  his  Logic  n.  x.  44  Seek  first  the  Consequences  of  the 
Predicate,,  .then  the  Repugnants. 

Repirgnantly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY.]  f  In  a 
contrary,  contradictory,  or  inconsistent  manner. 

1556  J,  HxVWOOO  Spider  <5-  F.  xcji.  139  Whose  deede  and 
his  thought  repungnantlie  varie,  His  woord  and  his  thought 
iar  likewise  contrarie.  1586  HOOKER  Disc.  Justif.  (1618)  59 
Works  of  righteousnesse  therefore  are  not  so  repugnantly 
added  in  the  one  proposition ;  as  in  the  other,  Circumcision 
is.  1668  H.  MORE  Div.  Dial.  i.  xxviii.  (1713)  58  That  is 
again  spitefully  interposed, . .  and  yet  repugnantly  to  your 
own  admired  Oracle. 

So  Bepu-g-nantness,  t  repugnancy;  contrary 
nature  or  quality*  (Bailey  1727,  vol.  II). 

Repugnate(r/p0'gntft),z;.  rare,  [f.ppl.  stem 
of  L.  repugnare  :  see  REPUGN  v."\  trans,  and  intr. 
To  oppose,  resist. 

1829  I.  TAYLOR  Enthits.  vii.  (1867)  169  A  feeling  ..  repug- 
nates  and  subdues  those  self-gratulations.  1849  —  Loyola. 
4-  Jes.  (1857)  .2?8  Nor  can  it  be  but  by  a  sort  of  force  that 
the  will  continues  long  to  follow  where  the  judgment  re- 
pugnates. 

Repugnatorial  (r/p»:gnato»Tial) ,  a.  Zool. 
[f.  L.  repugnatori'US  +  -AL.]  Serving  for  defence; 
applied  to  certain  glands  or  pores  in  Dipfapoda, 
from  which  a  malodorous  fluid  can  be  emitted. 

1898  PACKARD  Textbk.  Entamol.  372  Certain  beetles  are 
endowed  with  eversible  repugnatorial  glands. 

t  Repu'gnatory,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  F.  re- 
pugnatoire  \  see  prec,]  Defensive. 

1737  OZELL  Rabelais  HI.  Prol.  III.  p.  vii,  Others  made 
ready  Bows,  .and  others  Warlike  Engines,  repugnatory  and 
destructive.  Ibid.  211  note,  He  calls  'em  Repugnatory 
Weapons,  not  Expugnatory  as  our  Translator  [sc.  Urquhart] 
inadvertently  turns  it. 

Kepu'gner.  rare.  [f.  REPUGN  v.  +  -ERJ.] 
One  who  repugns. 

c  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  \\.  xi.  208  The  repungners  a;ens  the 
..afore  tretid  gouernauncis.  1570  FOXE  A.  #  M.  (ed.  2! 
369/1  Excommunicatyng  all  repugners  and  rebellers  agaynst 
the  same. 

Repugning  (r/pi/rnirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -ING  *J  Opposition,  resistance. 

1395  PURVEY  Remonstr.  (1851)  131  Where  they  be  vncertain 
of  such  founding  eyther  repugning,  put  it  aback,  neyther 
take  it  as  beleue.  1555  W.  WATREMAN  Fardle  Facions  i.  v. 
60  Sondry  Kynges  by  the  repugnynges  of  the  people  haue 
lien  untoombed.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot. 
in.  197  He  gaue  her  landes  and  sleddings . . ,  nocht  respecting 
the  scharpe  repunging  of  the  Pechtes.  1630  G.  WIDDOWES 
Schysmatical  Puritan  Pref.,  A  dispising  of  Canonicall 
obedience  ;  a  repugning  against  our  Reformed  Church. 

Repugning  (r/pi«'nirj),///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  C]  That  repugns ;  t  esP'  contrary  or  opposed 
to  something.  Obs. 

c  1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  v.  1406  This  vengeauns  is 
repugnynge  to  your  deyte.  1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys 
(1570)  3  Unkindnes  ..  is  repugning  to  reason  and  Justice. 
1577  tr.  Bitllingers  Decades  (1592)  251  God  . .  cannot  any 
time  either  erre,  or  conceiue  any  false  opinions,  or  repugn 
ing  counsels.  1586  A.  DAY  Lng.  Secretary  \.  (1625)  67 
Actions  of  such  kinde  are  alwayes  vnto  the  noble  and  best 
endued  mindes  vtterly  repugning.  _  a,  1602  W.  PERKINS 
Cases  Consc.  (1619)  28  When  a  thing  is  done  with  a  repugn 
ing  or  gain-saying  conscience. 

E,epuit(e,  obs.  Sc.  forms  of  REPUTE  v. 

RepU'll,  v.     [RE-  2  a.]     To  pull  back  again. 

i63iLiTHGOw  7>ae/.  1X.4O4  Forthwith  his  Master  repuIHng 
him  backe,  cast  him  [a  dog]  in  the  Lake. 

Repullulate  (rtJra'lifMft),  v.  [f.  ppl.  stem 
of  L.  repullulare  (Pliny)  :  see  PDLLULATE.] 

1.  intr.    To   bud   or   sprout   again.      Also  Jig. 
Hence  He  pullulating  ///.  a. 

1623  in  COCKERAM.  1637  GILLESPIE  Eng.  Pop.  Cerent. 
Ep.  Aiij,  The  repullulating  twigges  and  sprigges  of  Popish 
superstition.  \fy\Pkit.  Trans.  IX.  no  These  Tufts  did 
as  often  repullulate,  as  they  were  struck  and  wiped  clean 
off.  1716  M.  DAVmvftfttt  Brit.  III.  85  Soon  after  the 
Gothick  Barbarity  repullulated  again.  1822  MRS.  E.  NATHAN 
Langreath  III.  290  Whose  branches  I  fear  are  withered, 
never  to  repullulate  again. 

2.  Path.   Of  diseases  :  To  start  afresh ;  to  recur. 
1762  R.  GUY  Pract.  Obs.  Cancers  14  The  Disease  is  apt 

to  repullulate,  and  speedily  prove  fatal,  a  1776  R.  JAMES 
Dissert.  Fevers  (1778)  84  Such  (fevers]  as  are  symptomatic, 
and  repullulate  constantly  from  a  permanent  cause. 

Repullulation  (rttoulirfUa*fen).     [f.  prec.] 

1.  The  action  or  fact  of  sprouting  again. 

1622  DONNE  Sertn.  Wks.  (1839)  VI.  89  He  would  haue  left 
no  seed  or  he  would  not  have  admitted  such  a  repudia 
tion.  1668  H.  MORE  Dh'.  Dial.  v.  xiv.  II.  327  That  inmost 
.  -sense  of  the  Soul,  which  is  the  Repullulation  of  the  pure 
Love.  1771  Misc.  Ess.  in  Ann.  Reg.  172/2  Analogous  to 
the  repudiation  of  trees  after  lopping. 

2.  Path.  Recurrence  of  a  disease ;   return  of  a 
morbid  growth. 

1725  HL-XHAM  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXXIII.  389  In  a  Case  or 
two  I  observ'd  a  Repullulation  of  Pustules.  1862  GROSS 


BEPULLTJLATIVE. 

Syst,  Surff.  (1872)  I.  229  If  the  least  germ  of  morbid  product    ' 
be  left,  repullulation  will  be  almost  inevitable. 

Repu'llulative,  a.  [f.  REPULLULATE  v.  +  j 
-IVE.J  Having  the  faculty  of  sprouting  again. 

1825  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  II.  743  Nature  is.  .divisible  as  j 
the  polyp,  repullulative  in  a  thousand  snips  and  cuttings. 

Repu:irule 'scent* ,  a.     [f«   pres.   pple.  of  L.    ' 
repullulescere :    cf.    REPULLULATE  v.~\     Reviving, 
springing  up  afresh. 

(7x734  NORTH  Lives  (tfo6)  II.  113  One  would  have  believed  i 
this  expedient.. calculated  to  obviate  the  ill  use  a  repullu-  , 
lescent  faction  might  make. 

Reptrlpit  (n-),  v.  [RK-  5  a.]  trans.  To  re-  j 
store  to  the  pulpit. 

1875  TENNVSON  Q.  Mary  i.  v,  You  have  ousted  the  mock  j 
priest,  re-pulpited  The  shepherd  of  St.  Peter. 

Repulse  (i/pzrls),  sb.  [ad.  L.  repulsus  or  re- 
puha,  f.  repuls-,  ppl.  stem  of  repellere  to  REPEL. 
Cf.  obs.  F.  repulse,  -ponlse  (Godef.).] 

1.  The  act  of  repelling  an  assailant  or  hostile 
force  ;  the  fact  of  being  driven  back  in  an  engage 
ment  or  assault. 

£1540  tr.  Pol.  Verg.  Eng.  Hist.  (Camden)  L  190  The! 
pursewed  the  repulse  and  committed  great  slaughter.  1577- 
87  HOLINSHF.D  Chron.  I.  25/1  If  the  enimies  were  put  to  the 
repulse,  they  would  easilie  escape  the  danger  with  swiftnesse 
of  foot.  1603  KNOI.LKS  Hist.  Turks  (1638)  25  He  notwith 
standing  the  former  repulse,  the  next  yeare..laid  hard  siege 
again  to  Ptolemais.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  600  What 
should  they  do?  if  on  they  rusht,  repulse  Repeated.  i8zi 
SHELLEY  Hellas  988  Repulse,  with  plumes  from  conquest 
torn,  Led  the  ten  thousand  ..  Through  many  an  hostile 
Anarchy.  1879  H.  PHILLIPS  Addit.  Notes  Coins  3  A  grand 
silver  medal  commemorates  the  repulse  of  the  Turks  before 
the  City  of  Zenta. 

fb.  An  actor  mode  of  repelling  an  injury.  Obs. 

1590  SEGAR  (title)  The  Booke  of  Honor  and  Armes,  wherein 
is  discoursed   the  causes   of  Quarrell,  and   the   nature  of 
Iniuries,  with  their  repulses.     Ibid,  i,  14  Hee  vnto  whom     i 
the  Lie  Is  giuen  for  a  repulse  of  iniurie  ought  to  be  the 
Challenger. 

2.  Refusal  (of  a  request,  suit,  etc.)  ;  denial,  re 
jection,  rebuff. 

1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  n.  vi.  (S.T.  S.)  I.  152  pocht  be  said 
porsena  desirit  J>e  tarquinis  to  be  restorit.he  knewe  na  thing 
bettir  ban  repulss  of  sic  desiris.     1592  NASHE  Four  Lett. 
Confut.  43  Many  followers,  whose  dutiful!  seruices  must  not 
bee  disgrac'd  with  a  bitter  repulse  in  anie  suite.     1601  F. 
GODWIN  Bps.  of  Eng,  5  He  gaue  not  ouer  with  one  repulse, 
but.. procured  a  second  conference.     1654  BRAMHALL  Just 
Vind.  vii.  (1661)  165  This  was  the  second  repulse,  yet  the     . 
Popes  were  not  so  easily  shaken  off.      1712  AUDISON  Spect.     j 
No.  457  P  3  Applications  for  Places,  with  their  respective     ! 
Successes  or  Repulses.     1759  ROBERTSON   Hist.  Scot.  v.     : 
Wks.  1813  I.  376  Upon  this  repulse,  Mary's  commissioners 
withdrew.     1782  Miss  BURNF.V  Cecilia  ix.  v,  The  rigour  of     j 
your  repulse  alarmed  me.     1853  C.  BRONTE  Vitlette  xxxvii, 
1  went  on,  gaining  courage  on  finding  that  I  met  attention     I 
rather  than  repulse. 

t  b.  In  phrases  to  take  or  have  (the]  repulse,  to  i 
give  (one)  the  repulse.  Obs. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  431  Pavlvs  Aemilivs  1 
making  sute  for  his  second  Consulship,  was  rejected  and 
tooke  repulse.  1611  CoRYAT  Crudities  31,  I  went  to  the 
Dominican  Monastery,  and  made  suit  to  see  it,  but  I  had 
the  repulse.  1644  BULWF.R  Chirol.  54  Shaking  his  head, 
[he]  gave  him  the  repulse.  1692  R.  L'£STRANGE  Josephus, 
Antiq.  iv.  viii.  (1733)  96  Her  Husband's  Brother  had  given 
her  the  Repulse. 

3.  The  act  of  forcing  or  driving  back ;  the  fact    i 
of  being  forced  back.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  \.  24  By  their  meanes,  eche  ; 
sodaine.  .stroake  of  the  brest  hath  an  easie  repulse,  in  their 
yelding  from  it.  1615  W.  LAWSON  Country  Housew.  Card. 
(1626)  28  That  saues  a  second  wound,  and  a  second  repulse 
of  sap.  1710  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Teehn.  II.  s.v.,  It  is  one  of 
the  laws  of  Nature.. that  Repulse  or  Reaction  is  always 
equal  to  Impulse  or  Action.  1776  G.  SEMPLE  Building  in 
Water  145  And,  in  the  Repulse,  think  what  a  most  powerful 
Suction  that  Repulse  will  create. 

+  b.  A  check  in  growth.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1657  AUSTEN  Fruit  Trees  i.  87  Stocks  removed  have  so 
great  a  wound  and  repulse  by  removing  only,  that  they 
cannot  well  beare  another  so  soone  after. 

Hence  Repxrlseless  a., '  that  cannot  be  repelled' 
(Webster  1847). 

Repulse  (r/p»-ls),  v.  [f.  L.  repuls-,  ppl.  stem 
of  repellere  to  REPEL  ;  cf.  also  obs,  F.  repuher 
(mod.  repousser),  ad.  L.  repulsdre.] 

1.  trans.  To  drive  or  beat  back  (an  assailant) ; 
to  repel  by  force  of  arms. 

iS33  BELLENDEN  Livy  it.  vi.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  147  Porsena, 
repulsit  of  his  first  assail,  set  him  be  prudent  counsell  to 
sege  be  ciete.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  I'll  34  b,  The 
Easterlynges  had  muche  a  do  to  withstande  and  repulse 
them  oute  of  their  gates.  1617  MORYSON  Itin.  n.  192  If  wee 
had  beene  repulsed  with  any  blow  giuen  vs, . .  all  the  Irish . . 
would  haue  turned  their  swords  against  vs.  1697  DRYDEN 
rfre.  Georg.  \\\,  620  Thy  faithful  Dogs,  .who,  for  the  Folds 
Relief,..  Repulse  the  prouling  Wolf.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F. 

I.  V.  244  His  valour  withstood  and  repulsed  the  superior 
numbers  of  the  Christians.      1841  ELPHINSTONE  Hist.  Ind. 

II.  623  Even  then  he  was  more  than  once  repulsed  before 
the  city  fell  into  his  hands.     1865   Reader  4  Mar.  246/1 
I  hese  sorties  ..  were   made  with  vigour,  and  not  repulsed 

quite  so  easily  as  he  would  have  us  believe. 

absol.  1480  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  i.  ix.  B  iv,  To  come 
hand  to  hand  for  to  repulse  or  shone  forth  with  sperys.  1585 
JAMES  in  Motley  Netherl.  v.  (1860)  I.  223  The  enemy  pur 
sued  very  hotly  ;  the  Englishmen  stood  to  repulse,  and  are 
put  most  to  the  sword. 

fb.  To  repel  or  ward  off  (an  injury).   06s. 


495 

1599  SECAR  Book  of  Honor  i.  4  Whosoeuer  being  offered 
iniurious  speach,  shall  say_  to  the  offerer  therof  Thou  liesi, 
.  .doth  therby  repulse  the  iniurie,  and  force  the  Iniurer  to 
challenge.  1606  BRVSKETT  Civ.  Life  82  It  is  lawfull  for  a 
man  to  repulse  an  iniury,  and  to  defend  himselfe. 
t  c.  To  force  back  (a  tiling).  Obs.  rare. 

1601  DOLMAN  La  Primand.  Fr.  Acad,  (1618)  III.  738 
Hotte  and  dry  exhalations,  .being  repulsed  backe  by  the 
beames  of  the  stars  into  the  cloudcs.  1664  POWER  Exp. 
Philos.  in.  157  Being  repulsed  by  the  ambient  Ayr,  they 
recoyl  again,  and  return  in  a  Vortical  Motion. 

2.  To  repel  with  denial ;  to  reject,  refuse,  rebuff, 
f  Also  const,  from. 

1533  BELLENDEN  Lity  IT.  xiv.  (S.  T.S.)  I.  182  Becaus  his 
petitiouns  war  repulsit  afore  be  senate,  he  said  in  bis  wise. 
1577  PATF.RICKF.  tr.  Gentilltt  (1602)  165  These  embassadours 
seeing  themselves  repulsed  from  their  deinaund,  returned  to 
Capua.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  \\.  ii.  146  He  repulsed,  A  short 
Tale  to  make,  Fell  into  a  Sadnesse.  1667  MILTON/'.  L.  x.  910 
Eve  Not  so  repulst..at  his  feet  Fell  humble.  1766  GOLDSM. 
Vic.  W.  xxxi,  Mr.  ThornhilL.was  going  to  embrace  his 
uncle,  which  the  other  repulsed  with  an  air  of  disdain.  1859 
TENNYSON  Geraint  <$•  Enid $34  Being  repulsed  By  Yniol  and 
yourself,  I  schemed  and  wrought  Until  I  overturn'd  him. 
1894  J.  T.  FOWLEK  Adauuian  Introd.  26  They  were  repulsed 
with  laughter. 

t  b.  Const,  with  inf.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1590  SEGAR  Book  of  Honor  iv.  57  A  Gentleman  that  is 
knowne  a  Spie  for  the  Enemie..may  be  repulsed  to  fight 
with  eucrie  other  Gentlemen  of  good  fame  and  reputation, 
•f*  c.  To  rebuke,  reprove.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1746  in  W.  Thompson  A'.  N.  Adi'oc.  (1757)  24  The  O s 

of  the  Flesh    Branch,  .frequently  repulsed   their  Men  for 
refusing  to.  .salt  what  was  not  fit  for  Service. 

f3.  To  shut  out,  exclude/)'*?;;/  something.   Obs. 

1548  UDAI.L,  etc,  Erasm.  Par,  Matt,  xviii.  76  Lorde..how 
often  shal  I  pardon  my  brother,  .and  after  what  numbre  of 
faultes  shall  he  be  repulsed  from  pardone  ?  i6oz  Fui.- 
BECKE  \st  Pt.  Parall.  26  Then  the  children  only.. are  re 
pulsed  from  the  inheritance,  and  then  it  goeth  to  them  of 
the  kinred  which  are  nearer  in  degree. 

4.  To  affect  with  repulsion.  rare~l. 

1845  LUNDIE  Missionary  Life  in  Samoa  ix.  52  Many 
things  [in  Australia]  shocked  and  repulsed  his  feelings. 

Hence  Repulsed  ppL  a.,  repelled,  -f-  conveying  a 
repulse  ;  Reprrlser,  one  who  repels ;  f  a  repel 
ling  medicine.  Also  Kepu'lsing  vbl.  sb.  and  ppl.  a. 

1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xxvii.  102  The  ryuagesfc  portes.  .be 
to  them  repulsyng,  con  t  rare  &  rebel,  euer  more,  a  1578 
LINDESAV  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)  II.  93  The 
governour  . .  was  nocht  content  heirof  and  gaif  nothing 
againe  bot  ane  repullsit  ansuer.  [Also  Ibid.  146.]  1590  SIR 
J.  SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  4  b,  To  the  repulsing  either  of 
horsemen  or  footemen.  1611  COTGR.,  Repoulscur^  repulser, 
a  repeller.  1632  tr.  Bruefs  Praxis  Med.  113  In  the  increase 
[of  the  disease)  repulsers  must  be  aboue  resoluers.  1711  in 
\otft  Rep.  Hist.  iMSS.  Comtn.  App.  V.  163  By  this  repulse- 
ing  of  the  enemy  to  his  own  side  of  the  river.  1889  Pall 
Mall  G.  4  Jan.  3/3  In  the  repulsed  attack  the  Guards  lost 
about  that  proportion  in  a  very  few  minutes. 

Repulsion  (rrpzrlpn).  [ad.  late  L.  repul 
sion-cm,  n.  of  action  f.  repellfre :  cf.  REPULSE  sb. 
and  z>.t  and  F.  repulsion  (1450  in  Godef.).] 

1 1.  Repudiation,  divorce.   Obs.  rare. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  v.  xxxvi.  (1555),  He . .  The 
Kinges  doughter  hath  vtterly  forsake  And  in  all  haste  did 
a  libell  make  And  forge  a  writ  of  repulsyon.  1432-50  tr. 
Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  381  The  qwene.  .takynge  a  libelleof  re- 
pudy,  of  repulsion,  entrede  a  monastery. 

2.  The  action  of  forcing  or  driving  back  or  away. 
1547   Acts  Privy  Council  (1890)   II.  534  A  violent   and 

tumultuous  repultion  of  the  watchmen  of  the  cittie,  from 
and  out  of  their  said  liberties.  1624  WOTTON  Archit.  in 
Reliq.  (1672)  38  Then  there  is  a  repulsion  of  the  Fume,  by 
some  higher  Hill  or  Fabrick  that  shall  overtop  the  Chimney. 
1631  Celestina  vi.  75  Shee  hath  eyes  which  let  flye  darts  of 
repulsion.  1736  WARBURTON  Alliancebehv.  Ch.  fy  State  in. 
iii,  Evil  which  proceeds  not  from  the  will  is  called  a  mis 
chief;  and  may  be  simply  repelled  ;  and  this  repulsion  is 
called  restraint.  1788  Trifier  No.  19.  250  Whatever  has 
tended  to  the  repulsion  of  barbarity,  and  the  improvement 
of  civilization,  is  an  object  on  which  panegyric  can  never  be 
exhausted.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  I.  n.  vi.  256  The 
sacred  lamp  was  lighted  for  the  repulsion  of  evil  spirits. 
1820  RAKKKM  Hist.  France  VII.  i.  ii.  80  The  repulsion  of 
the  Spanish  army  under  the  Archduke  Albert  from  Picardy. 
b.  Med.  The  action  of  repelling  humours,  erup 
tions,  etc.,  from  the  affected  parts;  fa  means  of 
effecting  this. 

1725  BRADLFY/a/w.  Diet.  s.v.  Wounds,  A  Repulsion  must 
be  made  in  the  beginning,  that  is,  you  must  divert  the 
Course  of  the  Humours,  and  prevent  their  falling  upon  the 
Wound  :  Bleeding  is  the  best  Repulsion.  1773!'.  PERCIVAL 
Ess.  II.  214  Complaints,  which  had  succeeded  the  sudden 
repulsion  of  an  eruption  on  his  foot,  by  means  of  an  as 
tringent  bath.  1822-34  ^W*  Study  Med.  {ed.  4)  IV.  433 
There  is  also  a  greater  tendency.. to  a  sickness,  or  some 
other  disorder  of  the  stomach,  upon  repulsion  by  cold. 

3.  Physics.  The  action  of  one  body  in  repelling 
another;    tendency   of    bodies    to   increase   their 
mutual  distance.     (Opposed  to  ATTRACTION.) 

1725  N.  ROBINSON  Th.  Physick  Pref.  9,  I  have  often 
thought  all  the  several  Principles  of  Philosophy  might  be 
comprehended  under  the  two  distinct  Terms  of  Attraction 
and  Repulsion.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  85/2  Re 
pulsion,  as  well  as  attraction,  has  of  late  been  considered  as 
one  of  the  primary  qualities  of  all  matter.  1830  HERSCHEL 
Stud.  Kat.  Phil.  297  The  production  of  motion  by  the 
mutual  attractions  and  repulsions  of  distant  or  contiguous 
masses.  1850  DAUBENY  Atom.  The.  iv.  (ed.  2)  125  The 
force  of  repulsion . .  tends  to  keep  the  pnrticles  of  an  aeriform 
fluid  at  a  certain  distance  apart.  1866  R.  M.  FERGUSON 
Electr.  (1870)  7  We  may  conclude  that  magnetic  attraction 
and  repulsion  takes  place  only  between  magnets  temporary 
or  permanent. 


REPTJLVERATION. 

attrib.  1882  S.  P.  THOMSON  Electr.  4  Magn.  212  Repul 
sion  Electrometers.  1891-  Elcctrom.  288  Repulsion  Ap 
paratus. 

b.  trans).  Tendency  to  separate  or  put  further 
apart,  to  introduce  division  or  difference,  etc. 

1843  GLADSTONE  Glean.  (1879)  V.  i.  59  Where  their  in- 
fluence.. is  necessarily  at  an  end..,  nay  rather,  where  it  is 
converted  into  a  force  of  absolute,  of  most  powerful  repul 
sion.  1876  DOUSE  Grimms  L.  78  What  we  are  here  con 
cerned  with  is  the  process  of  ethnic  and  linguistic  repulsion. 

4.  Influence  tending  to  repel  one  from  a  person 
or  thing  ;  dislike,  aversion,  repugnance. 

1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  160  ?  5  There  are  many 
natures  which .  .seem  to  start  back  from  each  other  by  some 
invincible  repulsion.  1847  EMERSON  Poems,  I'isit^  If  Love 
his  moment  overstay,  Hatred's  swift  repulsions  play.  1863 
GEO.  ELIOT  Romola,  xv,  There  was  an  unconquerable  re 
pulsion  for  her  in  that  monkish  aspect.  1871  B.  TAYLOR 
Fanst  (1875)  II,  in.  1.169  Strong  repulsion  written  on  thy 
brow  I  see. 

Repulsive  (r/ptrlsiv),  a.  and  sb.  [a.  F.  ri-- 
pulsij)  -jvc  (141)1  c.),  or  f.  REPULSE  v.  +  -IVE.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Having  the  character  of  repelling; 
driving  or  forcing  back  ;  returning  a  sound ;  re 
sisting  moisture,  etc. 

fi6n  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xvi.  66  For  the  repulsiue  hand  oi 
Diomed  doth  not  spend  His  raging  darts  there.  1744  AKFN- 
SIDK  Pleas.  I  mag.  \.  in  To  the  quivering  touch  Ot  Titan's 
ray,  with  each  repulsive  string  Consenting.  1791  E.  DARWIN 
Bot.  Gard.  i.  560  To  ..  bathe  unwet  their  oily  form1;, 
and  dwell,  With  feet  repulsive  on  the  dimpling  well.  1810 
CRABBF.  Borough  \.  132  Fences  are.. placed  around,  (With 
tenters  tipp'd)  a  strong  repulsive  bound,  c  1815  MOORE 
Irish  Melodies  Poet.  Wks.  II.  146  And  with  rude  repulsive 
shock  Hurls  her  from  the  beetling  rock. 

b.  Const,  of  or  to  (the  thing  repelled). 

1720  POPE  Hiad  xxi.  192  Repulsive  of  his  might  the 
weapon  stood.  1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  ii,  The 
desolation  of  the  spot  was  repulsive  to  his  wishes.  1828 
Black'v.  fl>lag.  XXIV7.  32  The  spiritual  and  temporal 
authorities  are  distinct,  ..  and  both  repulsive  of  European 
intercourse. 

2.  Physics.  Of  the  nature  of,  characterized  by, 
repulsion.     (Opposed  to  ATTRACTIVE.) 

1704  NEWTON  Optics  (1721)  363  A  repulsive  Force  by  which 
they  fly  from  one  another.  1770  PRIEST  LEV  in  Phil,  Trans. 
LX.  ig8  The  balls  separated . .;  and.  continuing  in  a  repul 
sive  state,  appeared  to  be  electrified  negatively.  1830 
KATFR  £  LARDNKR  Klech.  vi.  69  The  space  around  each 
atom  of  a  body,  through  which  this  repulsive  influence 
extends,  is  generally  limited.  1885  WATSON'  &  BURBURY 
Math.  The.  Electr.  $  Ulagn.  I.  46  If  the  mutual  force  had 
been  attractive  instead  of  repulsive,  .the  expression  for  the 
work  done  would  be  the  same  as  that  for  the  repulsive 
force,  but  with  reversed  sign. 

3.  Repellent ;   intended  or  tending  to  repel   by 
denial,  coldness  of  manner,  etc. 

1598  CHAPMAN  Blinde  Beg.  Alexandria  Wks.  1873  I.  22 
Be  not  discouraged  that  my  daughter. .,  Like  a  well  fortified 
and  loftie  tower,  Is  so  repulsiue  and  vnapt  to  yeelde. 
1792  IJLRKE  Corr.  (1844)  III-  4T4  Nothing  could  be  more 
completely  cold,  distant,  and  even  repulsive  to  me,  than  the 
conduct  and  manner  of  ministers  in  this  and  in  every  other 
point.  1794  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Alyst.  Udolpho  xx,  She 
suddenly  raised  herself,  and  with  a  repulsive  gesture  and  a 
countenance  of  forced  serenity,  said  [etc.],  c  1815  JANE 
AUSTEN  rersnas.  vi,  Mary  was  not  so  repulsive  and  un- 
sisterly  as  Elizabeth.  1843  S.  W I  LEER  FORCE  in  Ashwell 
Life  (1879)  I.  vi.  233,  I  could  not.. receive  it  in  silence, 
because  this  would  seem  cold,  unfriendly  and  repulsive. 
1863  R.  QUF.ES  Heather  I.lntie  (ed.  2)  43,  I  ne'er  wi'  ither 
bairns  gallanted  Wha  looks  repulsive  on  me  slanted. 

4.  Repellent  to  the  mind ;  disgusting. 

1816  BF.NTHAM  Chrestow,  314  Presenting  itself  to  the  eye 
of  the  mind  in  the  repulsive  character  of  an  absolutely  dark 
spot.  1838  EMERSON  Addr.t  Lit.  Ethics  Wks.  (Bohn)  II. 
211  The  repulsive  plants  that  are  native  in  the  swamp. 
1866  G.  MACDONALD-^MW.  Q.  Neighb.  xv.  (1878)  317  There 
was  something  so  repulsive  about  the  woman.  1874  L. 
STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library  (1802)  I.vi.  199  Balzac.,  is  often 
repulsive,  and  not  unfrequently  dull. 

Comb.  1855  WHYTF,  MELVILLE  Gen.  Bounce  ix.  125  A  hard- 
featured  and  repulsive-looking  woman. 

B.  sb.  -fl.  A  repelling  medicine  or  application. 
1656  RIDGLEV  Pract.  Physick  17  Whether  repulsives  may 

be  used?  1671  SALMON  Syn.  Med.  in.  xvi.  363  Repulsives 
or  Repellers.  .are  opposed  to  Attractives. 

t  2.  A  repelling  or  counteracting  force.   Obs.  rare. 

1667  WATERHOUSF  Fire  Lond.  59  God  having,  .placed  in 
nature  ballances  and  repulsives  as  well  as  insolences  and 
pestilences  of  assaults  on  harmony. 

Hence  Repu-lsively  adv.,  in  a  repelling  manner. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  III.  vii.  54  She.. re 
pulsively,  as  I  may  say,  quitting  my  assisting  band,  hurried 
into  the  house.  1840 New  Monthly  Mag.  LVIII.  58, 1  was 
prevented  by  the  lady,  who,  putting  out  her  hand  repul 
sively,  said,  '  Oh  !  don't  send  mm  to  me ', 

Repulsiveness  (r/p«-lsivnes).  [f.  REPUL 
SIVE  a.  +  -NESS.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
repulsive  or  disagreeable. 

1820  HAZLITT  Led.  Dram.  Lit.  179  The  repulsivenes*  o( 
the  story  is  what  gives  it  its  critical  interest.  1841  D'  ISRAELI 
Amen.  Lit.  (1867)  116  Printing  ancient  writers  with  all 
their  obsolete  repulsiveness  in  orthography  and  type.  1875 
MAINE  Hist.  Inst.  \.  17  The  difficulty  of  mastering  the 
contents  has.  .beer,  iggravated  by  the  repulsiveness  of  the 
form. 

t  Repu'lsory,  sfr.  and  n.  [f.  as  REPULSE  v. 
+  -ORY,  or  ad.  late  L.  rcpulsdrius.]  (See  quots.) 

1611  COTCR.,  Repflitssoir,  a  repulsorie  ;  a  thing  that  re- 
pulseth,  driueth  backe,  or  pusheth  out.  1717  BATLEY  vol.  II, 
Retntlsory,  fit  to  repel,  or  pull  back. 

Repulvera'tion.  rare—1.  [1\E-  53.]  A 
second  or  subsequent  pulverizing. 


REPUMICATE. 


496 


REPUTATION. 


1740  TOLL  llorsc-Hocing  Hush.  (ed.  2)  Addend.  260  This 
present  growing  Crop  will  thereby  have  the  Benefit  of.  .the 
Repulveration  of  that  Earth  afterwards. 

Repivmicate,  v.  Ol>s.  rare,  [ad.  L.  *  re- 
pftmicare  (cf.  next),  i.piimtx  PUMICE.]  (See  quots.) 

1623  COCKERAM,  Repumicate,  to  plaine  a  thing.  1647 
R.  BARON  Cyprian  Acad.  n  She  that  wanteth  a  sleeke- 
stone  to  repumicate  her  linnen,  will  take  a  pibble.  1656 
BLOUNT  Glossogr,  [copying  Cooper],  Repumicate,  to  raze 
with  a  Pumice,  to  make  slick  or  smooth. 

So f  Repumica'tion  [L.  repnmicatio^ Pliny].  Obs. 

1623  COCKERAM  n,Smoothnes,  Repuniication.  1658  PHIL 
LIPS,  Repumication^.  .a  slicking,  or  raizing  with  a  pumice. 

Reptrmp  (n~),  -v.    [RE-  5  a.]  To  pump  again. 

'753  N.  TORRIANO  Gangr.  Sore  Throat  85  Lest  ..  the 
gangrenous  Matter  be  repumped  back  thro'  the  Mouths  of 
the  newly  abraded  Vessels.  1903  Motoring  Ann.  296  If 
upon  re-pumping,  a  tyre  be  found  not  to  hold  air  properly, 
.  .it  must  be  removed  for  repair. 

Repu'n  («-),  v.  [RE-.]  intr.  To  pun  again 
or  in  return. 

1721  AMHERST  Terras  Fil.  No.  39  (1726)  212  They  would 
pun  and  repun,  in  several  languages,  upon  each  other. 

Repivnish  (r/~-).  [RE-.]  To  punish  again  or 
in  return.  So  Bepu'nisliment. 

1549  Lfithner's  -2nd  Serin,  bef.  Rdw.  l~I To  Rdr.  f Arb.)  49 
When  he  comes  he  wil.  .recompence  his  long  sufTeraunce 
wyth  greuous  repunishmentes.  1612  i'roc.  Virginia  89  in 
Capt.  Smith's  H  'ks.  (Arb.)  157  Some  of  the  baser  sort  that 
we  haue..  punished  for  their  vi [lames,  would  hire  vs  that  we 
should  not  tell  it  to  their  kings  or  countrymen,  who  would 
also  repunish  them. 

Repurchase  (r/-)t  sb.     [RE-  5  a.]     The  act 

of  buying  hack.      ^Common  in  recent  use.) 

1611  FLORIO,  Ricotnpra*   a  repurchase  or   bying  againe. 
1863  Sat.  Rc->.  16  .May  631  He  promised  to  give  an  option 
of  repurchase  at  a  future  time.     1875  JEVONS  Money  xviii, 
233  Independently,  however,  of  repurchase,  stamps  are  so 
continually  being  cancelled  [etc.]. 

Repirrchase  (n-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To 

purchase  again,  to  buy  back. 

1592  Nobody  $  Someb.  1940  in  Simpson  Sch.  Shaks.  (1878) 
I.  353  Leases,  likewise  forfeited,  By  him  repurchase  1593 
SHAKS.  3  Hen.  /'"/,  v.  vii.  2  Once  more  we  sit  in  Englands 
Royall  Throne,  Re-purchac'd  with  the  Blood  of  Enemies. 
1671  W GODHEAD.  St.  Tt'resai.  xiv.  90  This  soul,  .which  thou 
hast  so  often  repurchased  again  and  again.  1713  C'TESS 
WINCHELSEA  Misc.  Poems  115  Repurchases  in  time  th1 
abandon 'd  Sheep.  1796  BURKE  Let.  Noble  Ld.  Wks.  VIII. 
46  Every  day  he  lived  he  would  have  re-purchased  the 
bounty  of  the  crown.  1870  E.  PEACOCK  Ralph  Skirl,  I.  213 
It  was  a  cherished  whim  of  the  Squire  to  repurchase  this 
fragment. 

absol.  1858  LD.  ST.  LEONARDS  Handy-Bk.  Prop,  Laiv  vii. 
43  If  you  sell  out  stock,  .and  then  you  re-purchase  at  a  loss, 
you  are  not  entitled  to  any  allowance  on  that  account. 

Hence  Repu'rchased  ///.  a.  ;  Bepirrchaser. 

1598  FLORTO,  Racqitistatorc,.  .a  reobtainer,  a  repurchases 
1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus*  tVat.  Paradox  xii.  342  Miestas 
besides  his  re-purchased  Liberty  was  ravish t  to  see  so  many 
Laurells  shadowing  his  Son's  Temples. 

t  RepUTe,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  tram, 
To  purify  again.  Hence  Repirred ///.  a. 

1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $  Cr.  in.  ii.  23  What  will  it  be  When  that 
the  watry  pallats  taste  indeede  Loues  thrice  repured 
Nectar?  1611  BARKSTED  Hiren  (1876)  85  No,  no,  nor 
state,  nor  honor  can  repure  Dishonor 'd  sheets.  1635 
SHIRLEY  Lady  of  Pleas,  v.  i,  The  winds  shall,  .breathe  rich 
odours  to  re-pure  the  air. 

t  Repirrgate,  v.  Obs.~}  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L. 
repurgare:  cf.  REPURGEZ'.]  trans.  To  purge  anew. 

1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  /»/<?.,  Apol.  553  Other  Reformed 
Churches,  which  also  are  so  laudably  repurgated  from  the 
grosser  corruptions  of  the  great  Babylon. 

t  Repurga'tion.  Obs.  [f.  as  prec.,  or  ad.  late 
L.  repurgation-em^\  Renewed  purgation. 

1612  WOODALL  Surf.  Mate  Wks.  (1653)  273  Repurgation 
is,  whereby  metals  and  other  substances  are  purged  from 


epurgation  of  superstitious  worships. 

Repurge  (rfpoud^),  v.  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  PURGE 
•v.,  after  L.  repurgare t  Sp.  reptirgar,  F.  repurger, 
etc.]  trans.  To  purge  or  cleanse  again.  Also  reft, 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Ski  Jane's  Comm.  437  Whether  the  soules 
of  the  godlynot  yet  repurged,  be  relieved  with  Masses. .and 
almose  dedes.  1575  FENTON  Gold.  Epist.  (1582)  220  The  spot 
in  a  house  can  not  be  repurged  with  all  the  treasures  in  a 
kingdome.  1645  PAGITT  Heresiogr.  (1661)  36  That  God  had 
commanded  him  to  destroy  all  the  ungodly,  and  to  re- 
purge  the  Church.  1753  N.  TORRIANO  Gangr.  Sore  Throat 
23  Monday  she  was  repurged  with  Success.  1862  R.  H. 
PATTERSON  Ess.  Hist,  q  Art  235  The  Chinese  Empire. .has 
purged  and  repurged  itself  again  and  again. 

Hence  Repu'rged ppl.  a.,  Repirrging  vbl,  sb. 

1606  KING  Serm.  Sept.  26  So  many  repurged  Churches  of 
Christendome.  1611  FLORIO,  Repurgationet  a  repurging. 

Repirrify  (n-),  v.  [RE-  53.]  To  purify  again. 
Hence  Repu -rifled,  Repirrifying///.  adjs. 

'575  FENTON  Gold.  Epist.  (1582)  116  A  puddle  that  can 
not  eftsoones  be  repurined.  1599  NASHE  Lenten  Staffe  70 
Absolute,  essentiall  alterations  of  metalles  there  may  bee 
made  by  an  artificiall  repurified  flame.  1615  CHAPMAN 
Odyss.  vi.  49  Let's  to  the  river,  and  repurify  Thy  wedding 

girments.     1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Praise  Clean  Linen 
ed.,  Wks.  ii.  164  The  Most  Mondifying,  Clarifying,  Puri 
fying  and  Repurifying,  Cleanser. 

RepU'rple,  v.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
make  purple  again. 

1591  SYLVESTER  Irry  28  Neither  shall  my  Pen  Re-purple 
Lisle.  1606  J.  pAViES-SYr  T.  Overbnry'WV'*.  (Grosart)  17 
The  purple  robe  is  oft  re-pnrpelled  With  royal  blood. 


Repursui't.     [RE-  5  a.]     Renewed  pursuit. 

a  1631  DONNE  Serm.  xxxvi.  (1640)  360  If.,  thou  return  to 
thy  vomit,  to  the  re-pursuite  of  those  halfe-repented  sins. 

t  Repurveance.    O&s.-1-  -  PURVEYANCE 

a  1440  Sir  Dcgrev.  1146  He  had  y-made  repurveaunce  For 
al  hys  retenaunce  Fourty  days  and  mare. 

Repu'sh,  v.     [HE-.]     intr.  To  push  in  return. 

1616  J.  LANE  Contn.  SqrSs  T.IK.  177  Pusshinge,  repussh- 
inge,  vibratinge  agen,  as  valient  mortal  and  immortal  men. 

Repu't,  v.  rare.    [RE-  5  a.]  To  put  (on)  again. 

1673  R.  HEAD  Canting  Acad,  127  He  reptits  on  his 
\  Doublet. 

Reput,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REPUTE. 
Re:pntabrlity.     [See  next  and  -ITY,]     The 

state  or  quality  of  being  reputable. 

1846  V/AHRINGTON  In  Builder  25  July,  Upon  my  reputa- 
bility,  experience,  and  judgment,. .  I  pronounce  on  this  work 
..its  utter  condemnation.  1894  U'esttn.  Gaz.  3  June  2/2 
Order  and  reputability  may  create  cogent  reasons. 

Reputable  (re'pi«tabT)f  a.  [f.  REPUTE  v.  + 
-ABLE.  Cf.  obs.  F.  reputable  (Godef.).] 

f  1.  Capable  of  being  regarded  or  taken  into 
account.  Obs.  raw*. 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  vn.  xliii.  §  i.  354  Disauowing 
!  Prince  Edward  as  illegitimate,  and  therefore  not  reputable 
i  for  succession. 

2.  Having  a  good  reputation  ;  of  good  repute ; 
estimable,  honourable,  respectable :  a.  of  acts, 
employments,  circumstances,  etc. 

i&y\Gcn>t.Tongue  206  Faults,  .exemplified  to  us  in  common 
practice,  may  some  of  them  as  reputable  and  ingenious). 
1699  HKNTLEV  Plial.  Pref.  29  His  Imployment,  as  a  Book- 
i  seller,  I  think  a  very  reputable  one,  if  He  himself  be  not  a- 
Disgrace  to't.  1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela  III.  365  To  find 
. .  that  you  would  have  been  led  beyond  what  was  reputable. 

1825  LAMH  lilia  Ser.  11.  Barbara  S ,  The  parents  of 

Barbara  had  been  in  reputable  circumstances.  1878  SIMPSON 
j  Sch.  Shaks.  I.  109  To  reveal  matters  in  which  his  share  had 
I  not  been  very  reputable. 

b.  of  persons  or  their  character. 

1692  DRVDEN  St.  Euremont's  Ess.  34  If  so  be  the  reputable 

,    Men  of  the  latter  time,  had  existed  in  that  of  Fabricius  [etc.]. 

'•     1728  MORGAN  Algiers  II.  i.  212  Rakik,  the  most  reputable 

of  all  the  African  Chronologists.     1761   HUME  Hist.  Eng. 

Ixix.  (1806)  V.  195  The  jury  were  men  of  fair  and  reputable 

characters.     1837  J.  D.  LANG  AVrc  S.  Wales  I.  172  A  grant 

of  land  belonging  to  a  reputable  Scotchman.    1858  GREENER 

'    Gunnery  330  Certain  men  who  set  themselves  up  for  reput- 

i    able  gunmakers. 

Hence  Re'putableness,  'being  of  good  Repute  ' 
(Bailey  vol.  II,  1727). 

Reputably  (re*pi«tabli),  adv.     [f.  REPUTABLE 

a.  +  -LY.]     In  a  reputable  or  respectable  manner. 

1738  NEAL  Hist.Pttrit.  IV.  241  He  could  not  so  reputably 

I    do  it.     1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (i8m  II.  xxxv.  254  Hers 

I    is  a  protection  I  could  more  reputably  fly  to,  than  to  that  of 

any  other  person.     1832  HT.  MARTINEAU  Homes  Abroad  ii. 

34  Ready  to  establish  themselves  reputably  in  society.    1860 

I    HOLLAND  Miss  Gilbert  Hi.  35  He  had  lived  comfortably  and 

1    reputablj*. 

t  Re'putate,/^  pple.  and  v.  Obs.  rare.,  [f. 
(  ppl,  stem  of  L.  repittare  to  REPUTE.]  a.  pa. pple. 
:  Considered,  b.  v.  To  consider. 

M3*-5°  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  1. 141  To  the  mownte  of  Taurus 
from  the  costes  of  Ynde,  where  the  hille  callede  Taurus 
and  Caucasus  be  reputate  [L.  repr/tatrtr]oon.  1570  LEVINS 
Manip.  41/9  To  Reputate,  xstimare. 

Reputation  (report/1 'Jan).    Also  4-6  repu- 
tacion(e,  4-5  -cioun,  5  -syoun,  6  -cyon  ;  4-6 
reputatioun,  6  -tyon,  etc.     [ad.  L.  reputation- 
em  computation,  consideration,  n.  of  action  f.  re- 
j  putare  to  REPUTE.     Cf.  F.  reputation  (i5th  c.)-] 

tl.  a.  Opinion,  supposition;  also,  the  opinion 
or  view  of  one  about  something.  Obs.  rare. 

ci38o  WVCLIF  SeL  Wks.  III.  255  3if  \^\  seie  )>at  |>ei 
assoyle,  pei  speke  by  reputacioun,  and  nou;t  bi  wytynge  ne 
bi  trowynge.  1533-4  Act  25  Hen.  VIII,  c.  12  They..tray- 
torously  beleeued  in  their  hartes,  that  the  kinge..was  no 
lenger  rightfull  king  of  this  realme,  in  the  reputacion  of 
almightie  god. 

t  b.  Account  or  estimation  of  a.  thing.  Obs.  rare. 

1563  Homilies  n.  Idolatry  m,  (1859)  253  They  seem  to 
take  the  multitude  for  '  vile  souls',  .of  whose  loss  or  safe 
guard  no  reputation  is  to  be  had.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage 
in.  v.  (1614)  264  Such  reputation  haue  they  of  this  forme, 
which  they  call  a  Prayer. .,  That  [etc.]. 

2.  The  common  or  general  estimate  of  a  person 
with  respect  to  character  or  other  qualities;  the 
relative  estimation  or  esteem  in  which  a  person 
or  thing  is  held.  In  phrases  : 

t  a.  In  (or  of)  reputation.  In  later  use  applied 
to  titles  given  by  courtesy.  Obs.  (Cf.  3b.) 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Pard.  T.  274  He  is,  as  by  commune 
opinion,  Yholde  the  lasse  in  reputacion.  c  1440  Partonope 
7370*  What  they  be  of  condicioun  And  how  they  be  of 
reputacioun.  c  1440  Gesta  Rom.  xlv.  176  (Harl.  MS.),  He 
shall  be  in  Repntacion  as  a  fool.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  M  ii 
344  How  chances  it  they  trauaile?  their  residence  both  in 
reputation  and  profit  was  better  both  wayes.  1642  \V.  BIRD 
Mag.  Honor  165  There  are  other  Lords  in  reputation  and 
appellation,  who  neverthelesse  are  not  de  jure.  1677  LOGAN 
in  Blame's  Gnillim  (1679)  n.  75  Ladies  in  Reputation. 

b.  To  be  (have,  hold,  or  f  take]  in  (or  f  at}  no, 
great,  etc.,  reputation.  Now  rare. 

ri386  CHAUCER  Pard.  T.  298  For  which  he  heeld  his 
glorie  or  his  renoun  At  no  value  or  reputacioun.  1432-50 
tr.  //^fitai  (Rollft)  V.  451  Wherefore  5itte..the  consuetude 
of  Britons  is  to  have  as  in  noo  reputacion  the  promise  of 
Ynglische  men.  14. .  \\'hy  I  can't  he  a  nnn  216  in  E.  E.  P. 
(1862)  143  There  was  a  lady,  that  hy3[t]  dame  pride;  In 


B 


grete  reputacion  they  her  toke.  1335  COVERDALE  i  Saw. 
xviii.  30  Duuid  behaued  him  selfe  more  wysely. . :  so  that  his 
name  was  in  greate  reputacion.  1542  UDALL  Erastn.  Apoph. 
264  b,  As  for  the  saied  Cilicians,  he  had  |  them]  in  so  vile 
reputacion,  that  [etc.].  1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  in.  x.  §  34 
Since  rhetoric.. is  publicly  taught,  and  has  always  been 
had  in  great  reputation.  1704  SWIFT  T.  Tub  ii,  They  . .  fell 
in  love  with  the  Ladies,  but  especially  three,  who  about 
that  time  were  in  chief  Reputation.  1788  REID  Aristotle's 
Log.  ii.  §  2.  31  The  Ramean  divisions  were  in  no  small  re 
putation  about  two  hundred  years  ago. 

C.  Of  no,  great)  small^  etc. ,  reputation. 
1413  Pilgr.  Soivte  (Caxton  1483)  iv.  xxxvii.  84  Oftyme 
suche  may st res  as  ben  of  lest  reputacion  ben  mooste  neces 
sary.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vn.  458  The  realme  of  Fraunce 
that  day  susteynyd  such  confusyon . .  by  people  and  men  of 
no  reputacion  as  archers.  1553  LATIMER  Serm.  Lord's 
Prayer  Wks.  (Parker  Soc.)  II.  3  It  is  a  word  of  much  im 
portance  and  great  reputation.  1591  SHAKS.  Tivo  Gent. 
i.  iii.  6  While  other  men,  of  slender  reputation  Put  forth 
their  Sonnes,  to  seeke  preferment  out.  1656  EARL  MONM. 
tr.  Boccalini's  Advts.fr,  Parnass.  I.  x.  (1674)  13  That  trade 
was.,  but  of  small  reputation  to  him  that  used  it.  1827  SCOTT 
Sitrg.  Dan.  i,  He  was  a  man. .of  such  reputation  in  the 
medical  world,  that  [etc.].  1886  RUSKIN  Prseterita  1.427 
Of  some  literary  reputation. 

3.  The    condition,    quality,    or    fact,    of    being 
highly   regarded   or    esteemed;    credit,   note,    or 
distinction  ;  also,  respectability,  good  report. 

a.  Of  reputation.     (Usually  attached  to  a  sb.1 

c  1375 ._St.  August  in  1020  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1878) 
9/1  Rihtwys  men  in  J>is  liuyng  Schul  not  beoof  reputacion 
•lit  rabur  euer  beo  put  adoun.  1581  MARBECK  Bk.  of  Notes 
661  Ish,  signifieth  a  man  of  reputation.  1585  T.  WASHING 
TON  tr.  Nickolay's  I'oy.  ii.  vii.  37  The  women  of  reputation 
weare.  .damask  or  other  rich  sitkes.  1773  GOLDSM.  Stoops 
to  Cong,  n,  i,  But  in  the  company  of  women  of  reputation 
I  never  saw  such  an  idiot.  1784  J.  POTTER  I'irtuons 
Villages  II.  58  My  honest  endeavours  to  live  a  life  of 
reputation.  1851  HUSSEY  Papal  Power  iii.  i24This..was 
answered  by  a  writer  of  reputation  at  that  time.  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  368,  I  have  seen  men  of  reputation 
..behaving  in  the  strangest  manner. 

b.  In  other  prepositional  phrases,  esp.  in  repu 
tation.     (Cf.  2  a.) 

a  1533  Lp.  BERNERS  Gold.  Bk.  M.  Aurel.  (1546)  B  iij  b, 
The  auncient  sages  were  holden  in  reputacion,  bycause 
there  were  fewe  teachers  and  many  lerners.  1567  Triall 
Treas.  (1850)  35  If  you  desire  to  enjoy  me  at  your  will.  My 
sister  you  must  haue  in  reputation  still.  1662  EVELYN 
Chalcogr.  Table,  When  they  began  to  be  m  reputation. 
1741  Col.  Rec.  Pennsylv.  IV.  543  They  carried  on  tlie 
Publick  affairs  with  Reputation.  1799  S.  TURNER  Anglo- 
Sax.  (1836)  I.  iv.  v.  295  He  is  represented  to  have.. passed 
the  remainder  of  his  life  in  reputation  and  justice.  1817 
JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  v.  i.  307  Mr.  Hastings  had 
ascended  with  reputation  through  the  several  stages  of  the 
Company's  service.  1858  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  (1869)  II.  v.  219 
Morellet  who  was  then  high  in  reputation. 
C.  In  other  constructions. 

1549  CHALONER  Erasm.  on  folly  Fiij,  Shame,  reproch, 
losse  of  reputacion,.. male  do  the  as  much  hurt  as  thou 
felist  theim,  1598  BARCKLEY  Felic.  Man  (1631)  62-5  Some 
hunt  after  honour,  others  after  riches  and  reputation.  1654 
WHITLOCK  Zootomia  21  The  living  may  be  Tenants  at  will 
to  reputation ;  but  it  is  the  possession  of  the  dead.  1690 
LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  in,  x.  §  6  To  this  Abuse.  .Logick  and 
the  liberal  Sciences,  .have  given  reputation.  1728  YOUNG 
Love  Fame  \\\.  197  Some  nymphs  sell  reputation  ;  others  buy. 
1781  COWPER  Table-t.  520  Thus  reputation  is  a  spur  to  wit. 
1822  HAZLITT  Tabie-t.  Ser.  n.  xvi.  (1869)  340,  I  have  said 
all  reputation  is  hazardous,  hard  to  win,  and  harder  to  keep. 
1861  GEO.  ELIOT  Silas  M.  i,  If  he  had  any  reputation  for 
knowledge  or  showed  any  skill  in  handicraft. 

d.  With  a  and//.  Also,  fa  source  of  honour 
and  credit  (obs.} ;  a  person  of  note  or  distinction. 

1655  NICHOLAS  in  N.  Papers  (Camden)  II.  26  The  cheerfull 
contribution  of  the  Emperor,  .is  of  excellent  Example.. and 
a  very  great  honour  and  reputation  to  his  Majesty's  cause. 
1685  Gracian's  Courtier's  Orac.  162  Nothing  but  truth  can 
give  a  true  Reputation,  a  1704  T,  BROWN  Eng.  Sat.  Wks. 
1730  I.  25  The  Reflections  are  beautiful  and  give  a  just 
reputation  to  their  Author.  1748  Aiisotfs  Voy.  \\.  vi.  200 
It  was.  .no  small  reputation  to  the  men,  that  they  should  in 
general  refrain  from  indulging  themselves.  1826  Miss  MIT- 
FORD  in  L'Estrange  Life  (1870)  II.  x.  234  A  real  Impression 
has  been  made,  and  a  reputation  of  the  higkest  order  estab 
lished.  i8$a  THACKERAY  Esmond  m.  ii,  To  achieve  a  great 
reputation  for  learning.  1870  DISRAELI  Lot  hair  xxxi,  That 
is  Baron  Gozelius,  one  of  our  great  reputations. 

4.  The  honour  or  credit  of 'a  particular  person  or 
thing ;  one's  good  name,  good  report,  or  fame  in 
general,     f  On  reputation  :  see  GO-DOWN  i. 

1553  EDEN  Treat.  Newe  Ind.  (Arb.)  9  To  recouer  theyr 
honour  and  reputacion  diminished  by  the  same.  1617 
MORYSON  I  tin.  i.  148  The  yong  man.  .to  save  the  reputation 
of  the  Virgin,  confessed,  that  he  came  to  rob  the  house. 
1674  Goz't.  Tongue  40  This  Vice,  .seems  to  have  maintained 
not  only  it's  Empire,  but  it's  reputation  too.  1739  DUNKIN 
Let.  25  Apr.  in  Swift's  Lett.  (1768)  IV.  229  His  gracious 
endeavours  to  raise  my  reputation  and  fortune.  1769  Junius 
Lett.  iii.  (1788)  44  You  feel,  as  you  ought  to  do,  for  the  re- 
putation  of  your  friend.  1842  Miss  MITFORD  in  L'Estrange 
Life  (1870)  III.  ix.  132  The  young  artist  who  under  _the 
name  of  Phiz  '  has  so  much  aided  Mr.  Dickens's  reputation. 
1858  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  (1869)  II.  i.  31  The  reputation  of  the 
state  was  the  first  consideration. 

b.  With  a  and//.   Some  one's  good  name,  etc, 

1712-14  POPE  Raf>e  Lock  in.  16  A  third  interprets  motions, 
looks,  and  eyes  ;  At  ev'ry  word  a  reputation  dies.  1781 
COWPF.R  Truth  163  She.  .Laughs  at  the  reputations  she  has 
torn.  1841  EMERSON  TVrwcrKss.  (1904)43/2  The  reputations 
that  were  great  and  inaccessible  change  and  tarnish. 

6.  The  estimation,  credit,  or  ascription  of  being 
or  possessing  something. 

1570-6  LAMBARDE  Peramb.  Kent  (1826)  253  That  Chylham 


REPUTATIVE. 

Castle  had  aunclently  the  reputation  of  an  Honour,  ap- 
peareth  by  a  Note.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath,  \.  xii.  58  That 
which  taketh  away  the  reputation  of  Wisedome.  a  1679  — 
Rhet.  i.  v.  (1681)  9  Glory,  Which  is  the  reputation  ofVertue. 
1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  117  p  4  The  Knight  told  me,  that 
this  very  old  Woman  had  the  Reputation  of  a  Witch  all 
over  the  Country.  1832  HT.  MARTINKAU  Hill  $  Valley  iii. 
48  It  will  do  no  good  to  remove  the  chest,  now  that  I  have 
the  reputation  of  having  one.  1-873  BLACK  Pr.  Thule  xxi, 
He  had  the  reputation  of  being  able  to  get  through  his  work 
thoroughly. 

Reputative  (r/pi/7'tativ),  a.  [ad.  L.  type 
*reputativ-us  :  see  REPUTE  v.  and  -IVE.]  Con 
sidered  or  regarded  as  such  ;  putative. 

a  1656  VINES  Lord's  Supp.  (1677)  263  There  are  many  re- 
putative  members  that  are  in  the  visible  society.  1675 
BAXTER  Cath.  Theol.  H.  x.  212  The  Covenants  Action  is 
physically  none,  but  only  such  as  some  call  a  Reputative 
Act.  1721  SIR  j.  PALMER  Rep.  Cases  King's  B.  375  A  joint 
occupation  for  five  or  six  years  is  sufficient  for  to  make  re- 
putative  appurtenances.  1837  G.  S.  FABER  Prim.  Doctr. 
Justif.  52  Certain  it  is,  that  our  eleventh  Article  puts  for 
ward  the  reputative  idea. 

RepU'tatively,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  -.]  By 
repute  or  reckoning,  reputedly  ;  putatively. 

1615  CHAPMAN  Odyss.  Ep.  Ded.,  This  Proper  Dionysius, 
and  the  rest  of  these  graue  and  reputatiuely  learned.  1658 
BAXTER  Saving  Faith  v.  34  A  Belief  and  Love  indeed  he 
hath,  but  morally  and  rerjutatively  it  is  as  none.  1702  C. 
MATHER  Magn.  Chr.  v.  in.  (1852)  296  They  have  this  also 
reputatively  by  divine  appointment.  1837  G.  S.  FABF.R 
Prim.  Doctr.  Jnstif.  17  A  Righteousness,  reputatively  made 
his,  through  Faith. 

Repute  (r/pi/rt),  sb.     [f.  the  vb.] 

T"l.  Opinion,  estimate.   Obs.  rare. 

1551  T.  WILSON  Logike  (1580)  74  One  ..  saied  thus  after 
other  mennes  judgement,  and  repute  given.  1674  W. 
TOMLINSON  Epistle  to  Flock  3  Their  judgment  and  repute  of 
thee  is  true.  1707  E.  CHAMBERLAVNE  Prcs.  St.  Eng.  r.  in. 
ii.  265  The  Common  Repute  is,  that  a  Gallon  of  Wheaten 
Meal  weighs  7  Pound  Avoirdupois,  a.  1711  KEN  Hymns 
Evang.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  I.  162  One  act  intense,  may  in  God's 
mild  repute,  For  a  whole  Age  of  Penances  commute. 

2.  Reputation  of  a  specified  kind. 

1551  T.  WILSON  Logike  (1580)  88,  I  desire  of  all  men.  .to 
give  me  none  evill  repute  for  my  well  meanyng.  1588 
SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  i.  i.  72  Let  them  be  men  of  good  repute 
and  carriage.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  472  Winning  cheap 
the  high  repute  Which  he  through  hazard  huge  must  earn. 
1771  Junius  Lett.  1.  (1788)  273  In  what  repute  can  he  con 
ceive  that  he  stands  with  his  people?  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci 
v.  ii.  36  You  have  a  good  repute  for  gentleness.  1879  DIXON 
Windsor  II.  i.  y  Boasting  of  no  small  repute  in  arms  and  of 
a  great  repute  in  verse. 

fb.  The  reputation  ^/"(having  or  being)  some 
thing.  Obs. 

1651  Fuller's  Abel  Redi^'.t  Scaliger  499  He  wrote  much 
. .  ;  but  to  avoid  the  repute  of  ambition  would  not  suffer 
them  to  be  Printed.  1683  KENNETT  tr.  Erasm.  on  Folly  82 
Only  to  such  as  challenge  the  repute  of  Wisdom.  1699 
La  REAY  in  Pepys*  Diary  (1879)  Vi»  *$9  Who  had  then  the 
repute  of  an  honest  man. 
f3.  Relative  estimation;  rank  or  position.  Obs. 

1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  48  A  place  of  high  trust,  and  the 
third  in  repute  through  the  Empire,  c  1645  HOWELL  Lett, 
i.  xxxvlii,  (1650)  I.  57  All  these  Cardinals  have  the  repute  of 
Princes.  1659  PHILIPOTT  Kent  139  An  ancient  Farme,  which 
formerly  had  the  Repute  of  a  Manner.  1700  URYDEN 
Ovid's  Met.  xn.  2460  father,  first  for  prudence  in  repute. 

4.  Reputation,  distinction,  honour,  credit. 

1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  23  Ceremony  which  giueth  repute 
vnto  things  in  themselues  but  triuiall.  1716  ATTERBURY 
Serm.  (1737)  III.  223  These  ungodly,  .set  up  for  a  repute  by 
disbelieving  everything.  1781  Cow  PER  Conversat.  818  That 
fables  old  . .  Revived  are  hastening  into  fresh  repute.  1817 
JAS.  MILL  Brit.  Imtia  III.  ii.  68  This  is  a  rule. .one  would 
not  be  surprised  at  finding  in  force  and  repute.  1875  JOWETT 
Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  106  A  man  of  repute  will  desire  to  avoid 
doing  what  is  ludicrous. 

5.  The  reputation  of  a  particular  person. 

1662  PEPVS  Diary  23  Dec.,  Mr.  Edward  Montagu  is  quite 
broke  at  Court  with  his  repute  and  purse.  1683  D.  A.  Art 
Converse  16  Omitting  nothing  that  rage  can  invent  to  black 
his  repute.  1784  COWPER  Tiroc.  461  Our  public  hives  of 
puerile  resort .  .To  such  base  hopes  . .  Owe  their  repute  in 
part.  1882  SPURGEON  Treas.  Dav.  Ps.  cxx.  2  Lips  should 
never  be  red  with  the  blood  of  honest  men's  reputes. 
b.  In  phr.  by  repute. 

1838  JAMES  Robber  ii,  I  know  him  well,  by  repute. 

Repute  (r/pi«'t),  v.  Also  5  repotten.  [ad. 
F.  rtputer  (1294  in  Godef.),  or  L,  repntare,  f.  re- 
RE-  +  putare  to  reckon,  think,  etc.] 

1.  trans.  To  consider,  think,  esteem,  reckon  (a 
person  or  thing)  to  be,  or  as  being,  something. 

a.  with  simple  complement. 

c  1460  G.  ASHBY  Dicta,  Philos.  1107  Sum  men  reputen  of 
consuetude  Euery  thinge  goode.  1483  CAXTON  Cato  B  j  b, 
To  thende  that  they  may  be  reputed  and  holden  sage  and 
wyse.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  829  The  enterprise  ..  was 
of  him  reputed  of  no  regarde  or  estimacion.  1612  T.  TAYLOR 
Comm.  Titus  i.  9  If  any  shall  deeme  and  repute  it  an  im 
potent  meanes  to  raise  men  to  the  grace  of  life.  1678  CUD- 
WORTH  Intell.  Syst.  i.  i.  §  17.  17  The  glory  of  being  reputed 
the  First  Inventors  or  Founders  of  the  Atomical  Philosophy. 
1718  Free-thinker  No.  62.  46  The  Morning-Sneezings,  .were 
not  reputed  Good.  1825  JEFFERSON  Aiitobtog.  Wks.  1859  '• 
66  As  to  this  they  shall  be  reputed  at  peace.  1859  TENNYSON 
Guinev.  379  Lancelot  came,  Reputed  the  best  knight  and 
goodliest  man. 

b.  with  infinitive,  esp.  to  be  or  to  have. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  219  b/i  Why  reputest  thou  the 
dedes  of  my  merytes  to  be  unworthy?  1533  LD.  BERNERS 
Froiss.  I.  cxxxi.  159  They  reputed  themselie  to  haue  the 
vyctorie.  1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.\.  \.  448  Ingratitude,  which 
Rome  reputes  to  be  a  hainous  sinne.  1636  BRAMHALL  Replic. 

VOL.  VIII. 


497 

v.  sog  How  he  reputes  their  sufferings  . .  to  be  his  own. 
1711  m  \oth  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Caw  tit.  App.  V.  193  Repute- 
ing  what  was  don  to  his  great  friend  to  be  don  to  himself. 
1832  R.  &  J.  LANDER  Exped.  Niger  II.  xi.  136  His  soldiers 
..are  reputed  to  be  brave,  bold,  and  enterprising  men.  1875 
JOWKTT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  29  Rhadamanthus..  is  reputed 
among  us  to  have  been  the  justest  of  men. 
t2.  a.  To  take  (one)  for  something.  Obs. 
1477  EARL  RIVERS  (Caxton)  Dictes  38  As  a  leche  is  not  re 
puted  nor  taken  for  goode  nor  connyng  that.. can  not  hele 
him  selfe.  1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  Bij,  Who  that 
speketh  ouermoche  is  not  reputed  for  wyse.  1568  GRAFTON 
Chron.  II.  718  King  Lewys,  whom  he  reputed  for  his  mortall 
enemie.  1615  JACKSON  Creed  iv.  xi.  §  i  Dost  thou  imagine 
that  he  reputes  Christ  for  the  Son  of  God..?  1670  H. 
STUBBE  A  Reply  71  He,  .is  content  to  repute  me  for  Pious, 
f  b.  To  regard,  reckon,  account  as  something. 
1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  376/2,  I  repute  alle  erthelye 
thynges  as  donge  and  fylthe.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot. 
(1858)  I.  37  All  }our  injure  we  repute  as  our  awin.  a  1548 
HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII 105  b,  They  y*  fie  be  worthy  to  he 
reputed  as  traitors  to  ye  king.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trail.  49 
The  rest  reputed  as  naturall  Turks.  1654  KRAMHALL  Just 
Vind.  vi.  (1661)  140  1'he  Barons  of  the  kingdom  reputed  him 
as  a  Traytor. 

t  C.  To  consider  to  be  in.  a  person  or  thing.  Obs. 
1477  EARL  RIVERS  (Caxton)  Dictes  35  A  wys  man  rcputeth 
not  the  worship  of  god  in  wordes  but  in  dedes.  1525  LD. 
BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  xxvi.  73  Sir,  ye  repute  but  small  honour 
in  the  kyng  of  Nauar.  1533  CHO.MWKI.L  in  Merriman  Life 
ff  Lett.  (1902)  I.  353  His  mghnes  doth  not  onlie  repute 
moche  honour  in  your  grace  [.etc.], 

fd.  Toaccount  oneself  to  have  something.  Ofo.—1 
1539  TONSTALL  Serm.  Palm  Sttnd.  (1823)  27  By  pride  re- 
putynge  to  haue  them  of  hym  selfe,  and  not  of  god. 
T"  ®.  To  consider  that  or  how.  Obs.  rare. 
1549   CHALONER    Erasm.   on    Folly    G  ij,    I    would    my 
Maisters.-shoulde  repute  with  theym  selues,  how  on  all 
sydes  theyr  myndes  are  vexed  continually.     1623  BINGHAM 
Xeno^hon  63  Xenophon  reputing  in  his  minde,  that  ..  the 
enemie.. might  distresse  the  cariage  in  passing  by  [ulc.], 

f3.  To  assign,  attribute,  impute,  or  reckon  to  a 
person.  Also  const,  for  or  to  something.  Obs. 

1432  Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  406/1  Yat  men  mowe  repute  and 
cast  the  defaute,  if  eny  be,  there  it  aught.  1483  CAXTON 
Gold.  Leg.  388/2  Theflfusyon  of  our  blood  shal  be  reputed 
to  you  for  baptesme.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  clxv. 
202  It  ought  nat  to  be  reputed  to  me  any  prowes.  1550  J. 
COKE  Eng.  $  Fr.  Heralds  §  9  (1877)  60  This  Clowes  is  the 
fyrst  kyng  of  Fraunce  to  whom  I  repute  honoure.  1582 
N.  T.  (Rhem.)  Rout.  iv.  9  For  we  say  that  unto  Abraham 
faith  was  reputed  to  justice.  1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps.  cvi,  31 
It  was  reputed  to  him  for  righteousness. 

T"  b.  To  regard,  take  into  account.   Obs.~l 
<:i4So  LOVELICH  Grail  Ii.  50  That  he  ne  wolde  for  myn 
hygh  falsnesse  My  synnes  to  Repotten  In  this  distresse. 

1 4.  To  have  or  hold  (one)  in  repute  or  esteem  ; 
to  think  (well,  etc.)  of;  to  value.  Also,  to  hold 
equal  in  worth  to  something.  Obs. 

1444  Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  73/2  To  repute,  accept,.,  and  take 
my  said  Lord . .  to  his  goode  and  benygne  grace  and  favour. 
1485  CAXTON  Chas.  Gt.  30  He  was  byloued  &  dere  reputed 
of  euery  body.  1535  COVER  DALE  i  Sam.  xxvi.  24  As  thy 
soule  hath  bene  greatly  reputed  in  my  sighte  this  daye,  so 
let  y°  Lorde  repute  my  soule  in  his  sighte.  1571  CAMPION 
Hist.  Irel.  xii.  (1633)  38  Conill  Lord  of  Connaght . .  honour 
ably  reputed  him,  and  with  all  his  people  was  converted. 
1579  LYLY  Eitphnes  (Arb.)  48  Is  there  any  thing  in  the  world 
to  be  reputed  (I  will  not  say  compared)  tofriendship?  ^1665 
MRS.  HUTCHINSON  Mem.  Col.  Hntchinson  (1846)  37  Their 
generous  . .  inclinations  ..  had  made  the  family  continue  as 
well  beloved  and  reputed  as  any  of  the  prouder  houses  in 
the  country. 

f5.  intr.  To  think  (highly,  etc.)  of  a  thing  or 
person.  Also  with  omission  of  adv.  Obs. 

'593 SHAKS.  2  Hen.  I'L,  m.  i.  48  He..  By  reputing  of  his 
high  discent,.  .Did  instigate  the..Duchesse.  1599  B.  JON- 
BON  Cynthia's  Rev,  v.  ii,  I  can  allow.. you  should  repute 
highly. .of  your  own  endowments.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT 
Trav.  42  The  Priests  are  singularly  reputed  of.  1634  W. 
TIRWHYT  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  I)  14,  I  doe  therefore  ac 
count  myselfe  very  happy  to  be  reputed  of,  by  a  person 
who  is  able  to  give  a  value  to  things  of  themselves  worthless. 
1698  POTTER  Antiq.^Greece  (1715)  II.  Indext  Adultery,how 
reputed  of,  and  punish'd. 

Repute  (n"pi/7-t;,/iZ.  pple.  Chiefly  Sc.  [irreg. 
f.  OF.  reput^  or  L.  reputatus  (see  prec.  and  the 
etyra.  note  to  DEPUTE  ///.  a.),  perh.  partly  by 
assimilation  to  such  forms  as  execute,]  Reputed, 
considered,  reckoned.  Habit  and  repute-,  see 
HABIT///,  a. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxxi.  (Eugenia)  278  Scho  herd  tel 
|>at  in  sic  ane  abbay  can  duel.. a  man  reput  of  gud  fame. 
1442  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  59/1  That  the  seide  declaration.,  be 
not  hadde,  repute  ner  takyn  for  accompte.  1456  SIR  G. 
HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  152  Gude  will,  .is  repute  till  a 
persone  for  gude  dede.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxxix.  3 
Fredome,  honour  and  nobilnes  . .  Ar  now  in  cowrt  reput 
as  vyce.  1567  Gude  $•  Godlie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  43  Princes  ar  re- 

Bite  Nobilest,  The  quhilk  rewlis  moste  awfullie.  1639 
RUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Consid.  to  Parlt.  Wks.  (1711)  185  He 
shall  still,  .be  repute,  holden, and  decerned  legitimate.  1685 
Scotch  Proclam.  28  Apr.  in  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2032/3  Under 
the  pain  of  being  Repute  and  esteemed  Art  and  Part  with 
them  all  in  their  wicked  Deeds  and  Practices.  1753-1861 
[see  HABIT///,  a.}. 

Reputed  (i/pi«-ted),  ppl.  a.    [f.  REPUTE  vJ\ 

fl.  Held  in  repute.   Obs.  rare. 

1549  CHALONER  Erasm.  on  Folly  8  He  preferred  also  the 
Ideote,  and  simple  vulgars,  before  other  learned  and  reputed 
persons.  1613  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Captain  v.  i,  Am  I  at  length 
reputed?  41641  Bi>.  MOVNTAGU  Acts  $•  Mon.  (1642)  245  So 
grave  and  reputed  an  Historian  as  is  losepbus. 

2.  Supposed,  accounted,  reckoned  (to  be  some- 


BEQUEST. 

thing  specified) ;  spec,  in  Law,  as  reputed  manor 
(see  MAXOK  3  b),  etvtier,  etc. 

1576  Act  1 8  Eliz.  c.  3  §  2  The  Mother  and  reputed  Father 
of  such  Bastard  Child.  1595  SHAKS.  John  \.  i.  136  The  re- 
puled  son  of  Cordelion.  1672  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Let.  Friend 
§  24  He  had  no  opinion  of  reputed  felicities  below.  1755 
YOUNG  Centaur  hi.  Wks.  1757  IV.  174  A  wretch,  almost 
smothered  with  all  the  reputed  means  of  happiness.  i83z 
R.  &  J.  LANDER  Expcd.  Niger  II.  ix.  83  Owing  to  the  re 
puted  badness  of  the  path,  that.. was  rejected  for  a  more 
northerly  one.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  854  The 
creditors  of  the  apparent  or  reputed  owner.  Ibid.  855  The 
doctrines  of  reputed  ownership.  1890  SIR  F.  POLLOCK 
Oxford  Led.  114  A  ;  reputed  manor*  will  serve  as  well  as  a 
real  manor  for  most  purposes. 

Bepu'tedly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  -.]  By  re 
pute  or  common  estimation. 

1687  BOVLE  Martyrd.  Theodora  xi.  (1703)  157  A  reputedly 
infamous  Death.  1804  SOUTH EY  in  Ann.  Rev.  II.  64  A 
lesson,  says  the  author,  to  countries  that  are  reputedly  so 
civilized.  1884  M.  E.  WILKINS  in  Harpers  Mag.  June  26  i 
Mrs.  King  was  reputedly  a  sharp  woman  at  a  bargain. 

t  KepU'telesS,  a.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  REPUTE 
sb.  -i-  -LESS.]  Devoid  of  repute  ;  inglorious. 

159*5  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  in.  iJ.  44  Opinion  . .  Had  still  kept 
loyall  to  possession,  And  left  me  in  reputele.ssu  banishment. 

Kequa'lify  (r/"-),  v.  []\E-  5  a.]  trans,  and 
intr.  To  qualify  again. 

1570  FOXE  A.  $  M.  (1596)  259/1  The  pope,  to  requalifie 
againe  ech  part  with  some  retribution  for  their  monie  re- 
ceiued,  tooke  this  order  indifferentlie  betweene  them.  1814 
MRS.  J.  WIST  Alidade  Lacy  II.  306  He  must  do  his  duty, 
.  .requulify  himself  for  the  calls  of  his  high  station.  1883 
Standard  18  June  3/4  Charles  W.  Dickinson,  to  the  K\- 
cellent,  to  requalify  m  gunnery. 

Requa  rrel,  v.  rare-1.  [RE- 5  a.]  f  To  assail 
or  attack  again. 

1592  WARNER  Alh.  Eng,  ix.  xlv'ii,  By  this  drink  I  swenre 
(Kequarreling  the  cup)  we  and  her  lippes  imparted  weare. 

Reque,  variant  of  rcke  REACH  v. 

Requeer,  -queir,  obs.  forms  of  REQUIRE  v. 

Requeist,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REQUEST. 

fRequel,  variant  of  RECUEIL  sb.  2.  Obs. 
1527  HACKET/,^.  to  HW-svjMMS.  Cott.  Galba  B.  ix.  If. 
94  b),  Yesterday  my  lord  Cardenal  . .  prayd  me  to  dynner 
with  hym,  of  whom  I  had  ryght  honorable  and  good  rtquel. 

•|- Requensance,  obs.  f.  RECOGNIZANCE  sb.  i. 

1481  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  322  They  were  bond,  in  a  requen- 
saunce  of  xxli  //.,  to  abyde  the  awarde. 

Requere,  obs.  form  of  REQUIRE. 

Request  (r/kwe*st),  sbl  Also  4-5  requests, 
5  Sc.  ra-quest,  6  Sc.  requeist,  requeast.  [a.  OF. 
requests  (i2th  c. ;  mod.F.  requite)  =  Prov.,  Sp., 
and  Pg.  regttesta,  It.  riehiesta:  see  QUEST  sbl  and 
REQUIRE  z'.] 

I.  1.  The  act,  on  the  part  of  a  specified  person, 
of  asking  for  some  favour,  service,  etc. ;  the  expres 
sion  of  one's  desire  or  wish  directly  addressed  to 
the  person  or  persons  able  to  gratify  it :  a.  in  phr. 
at  (one's)  request. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  266  pise  kynges  stille  bei 
left  at  ^e  pape's  request,  c  1398  CHAUCER  Fortune  76  At  my 
requeste..relcuehym  of  hys  peyne.  c  1420  LVDG.  Assembly 
of  Cods  573  Wyll  ye  your  rancour  sese  at  my  request  ? 
1470-83  MALORY  Arthur  in.  iv.  103  He  hadde  made  hym 
knyght  at  the  request  of  the  Cowherd.  1535  LYNDESAY 
Satyre  3388  5e  sa"»  at  Chastities  requeist,  Pas  and  exame 
gon  thrie.  1600 SHAKS.  A.  Y.L.  n.  v. 23  Iaq...\j'\\  you  sing? 
Amy.  More  at  your  request,  then  to  please  my  selfe.  1687 
A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenofs  Trav.  j.  228  At  my  request . .  they 
let  her  go  a  drift.  1821  SHELLEY  Ginevra  102  Her  maidens 
. .  left  her  at  her  own  request  to  keep  An  hour  of  quiet. 

b.  in  other  contexts.  Also  (esp.  with  verbs  of 
giving,  refusing,  obtaining,  etc.),  the  matter  or 
subject  of  the  asking  ;  that  which  one  asks  for. 

Usually  differing  from  next  only  by  the  use  of  the 
possessive  pronoun. 

c  1410  HOCCLEVE  Mother  of  God  95  Our  Lord  god  nat  list 
to  werne  thee  Of  thy  requeste.  c  1420  LVDG.  Assembly  of 
Gods  215  That  I  may,  by  your  request,  her  good  grace 
gete.  1447  BOKENHAM  i$i0wfytf(RoXD.)  Inlrod.  6  Whos  re 
quest  to  me  is  acomaundement.  1513  DOUGLAS  ^ net's  iv. 
viii.  59  With  siclik  wordis  hir  request  scho  maid.  154* 
UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  295  b,  Alexander  could  in  no  wyse 
abyde  to  haue  any  nay  in  his  requestes.  1607  SHAKS. 
Timon.  i.  i.  279  No  I  will  doe  nothing  at  thy  bidding  :  Make 
thy  requests  to  thy  Friend.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vn.  m  This 
also  thy  request  with  caution  askt  Obtaine.  1714  POPI: 
Imit.  Hor.  \\.  vi.  77  Consider,  'tis  my  first  request.  1827 
POLLOK  Course  T.  x,  Thus  have  I  sung  beyond  thy  first 
request.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  427,  I  fear  that  I 
may  seem  ungracious  if  I  refuse  your  courteous  request. 

2.  An  act  or  instance  of  asking  for  something ; 
a  petition  or  expressed  desire  ;  a  writing  or  docu 
ment  of  this  nature ;  also,  that  which  is  asked  for. 

^1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  in.  99  (148)  Lo  here  an  hard 
request,  A  resonable  lady  for  to  werne.  c  1460  SIR  R.  Ros 
La  Belle  Dame  146  Of  his  yen  the  shot  y  knewe  anon, 
Which  federid  was  with  rig_ht  humble  requestis.  1484  CAX 
TON  Fables  of  sEsop  n.  i,  They  alle  to  gyder..maade  a 
request  to  Jupiter  that  he  wold  gyue  them  a  kynge.  1563 
WINJET  Wks.  (S.T.S.)  II.  33  It  is  a  iust  requeist.  1611 
SHAKS.  Cymb.  i.  vi.  181,  I  had  almost  forgot  T'intreat  your 
Grace,  but  in  a  small  request.  1668  DESHAM  Passion  of 
Dido  Poems  136  Ask  him  to  lend  To  this,  the  last  request 
that  I  shall  send,  A  gentle  Ear.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  <*•  /*'. 
xvii.  II.  67  In  a  poetical  request,  addressed  to  one  oi 
the  last,  .of  the  Roman  Princes  who  reigned  in  Gaul.  1838 
Miss  MITFORD  in  L'Estrange  Life  (1870)  III.  vi.  88  The 
request  made  in  the  foregoing  letter  was  conceded.  1876 
G.  D.  HAM  Revenue  Vade>vi.  567  The  conditions  under 


BEQUEST. 

which  the  request  is  granted . .  are  to  be  written  or  printed 
on  the  request. 

3.  Without  article,  fa.  To  make  request,  to 
ask  or  beg.  Obs. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  281  To  be  excused  I  make  re- 
queste.  c  1440  Partonope  4971  God . .  I  now  Reney  Yf  for 
hym  make  I  request  To  yow.  e  1470  HENRY  Wallace  XI. 
351  Quhat  gestis  he  had,  to  tell  thai  mak  raquest.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  Slcidane's  Comm.  370  Theyr  adversaries  had  made 
request  to  be  heard  in  these  thinges  only.  1611  BIBLE 
Nek.  ii.  4  Then  y«  king  said  ..,  For  what  doest  thou  make 
request  ?  1700  DRYDEN  Sigism.  ff  Guise.  390,  I  neither  am 
disposed  to  make  Request  for  life,  nor  offered  life  to  take. 

Comb,  a  1598  ROI.I.OCK  Wks.  (Wodrow  Soc.)  II.  xxvi.  306 
The  request-maker  was  one  Joseph. 

b.  The  act  of  asking  or  fact  of  being  asked 
(to  do  something).  Chiefly  in  prepositional  phrases, 
now  esp.  by  request,  in  response  to  an  expressed 
wish  (t  so  at  request"). 

<ri46o  SIR  R.  Ros  La  Belle  Dame  122  For  the  compleynt 
..Cam  to  his  voyce  alway  with-out  request.     1560  ROLI.AND 
Crt.  Venus  IV.  741  With  all  requeist  excuse  that  ?e  wald    , 
me.     1589  R.  HUMSTON  (title)  A  Sermon  preached  at  Reyf-    | 
ham. .and   eftsoones  at   request   published.      1607   SHAKS. 
Cor.u.  iii.  150  The  Custome  of  Request  you  haue  discharg'd.    I 
1683  SIR  H.  GRIMSTONE  tr.  Crake's  Rtp.  I.  548  Where  one  is    | 
bound  to  levy  a  Fine  upon  Request.     1727-38  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.,  For  the  relief  of  petitioners,  who.  .should  address    I 
themselves,  by  way  of  request,  to  his  majesty.     1818  CRUISE 
Digest  (ed.  2)  IV.  486  That  then  the  said  R.  Booth,  his  heirs, 
&c.  upon  request,.,  should  grant  and  execute.,  a  new  lease. 
1841  tr.  Anc.  Laws  ff  Inst.  Wales  XIII.  632/2  There  are 
three  motes  of  request  :  for  tillage ;  festal  games  ;  and  the 
burning  of  woods. 

1 4.  A  knightly  quest.   Obs.  rare. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  ill.  v.  105  Thenne  were  they 
called  al  thre . . ,  and  eueryche  of  hem . .  armed  them  surely. 
But   sir  gauayne  had  the   fyrst  request,  and  therfore  we    i 
wille  begynne  at  hym. 

f5.  Math.  A  postulate.   Obs.  rare. 

1551   RECORDE   Pathw.    Knowl.    n.    xxii,    [Because]    all 
ryghte  angles  bee  equall  togyther  (by  ihe  fourth  request). 
1570  BILLINGSLEY  Kuclid  i.  Postul.  6  Peticions  or  requestes. 
1709-29  MANDEY  Syst.  Math.,  Arith.  5   Requests  or  Peti-    i 
tions.     i.  That  to  any  Number  we  may  take  a  greater. 

6.  The  fact,  state,  or  condition  of  being  asked 
for  or  sought  after ;  demand  ;  f  vogue,  fashion. 
Chiefly  in  phrases  (a)  in  or  into  request,  f  (b) 
of  request,  t  (c)  out  of  request.  -\  Also  //. 

a.  1586  T.  B.   La  Primaud.  Fr.   Acad.    (1589)  753  We 
shall  see  cleerely  enough  that  the  faithful  ought  to  have  that 
in    great   request.      1594   NASHE    Unfort.    Tral:    15    My 
gowne  and  attyre  according  to  the  custpme  then  in  request. 
1611  BIBLE  Transl.  Pref.  p  3  To  bring  his  abridgements  into 
request.     1667   PEPYS   Diary   2    Sept.,  The   only   fruit    in 
request.. was  the  Katharine  payre.     1711  ADDISON  Sped. 
No.  47  F  2  Idiots  are  still  in  Request  in  most  of  the  Courts  of 
Germany.      1822  HAZLITT  Table-t.  Ser.  II.  iii.  (1869)  71   It 
may  perhaps  come  into  request  at  some  future  period.     187^1 
SMILES  Cliarac.  ii.  (1876)  55  Human  intelligence,  which  is 
in  constant  request  in  a  family,  needs  to  be  educated. 

b.  1599  H.  BUTTES  Dyets  drie  Dinner  C  iij,  Both  these, 
are  of  last  and  least  request.     1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage 
ii.  iii.  100  Gilgal  was  a  place  of  request  in  this  kinde.     1632 
LITHCOW  Trav.  iv.  145  The  colour  of  greatest  request  among 
them  is  greene.     1655  MOUFET  &  BENNET  Health's  [mprov. 
167  Shrimps  were  of  great  request  amongst  the  Romans. 

0.  1592  G.  HARVEY  Four  Lett.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  191 
Even  Guicciardines  siluer  history,  and  Ariostos  golden 
cantoes,  grow  out  of  request.  1622  MALYNES  Anc.  Law- 
Mereh.  78  All  these  stones  being  out  of  request  withvs,  are 
to  be  bought  for  Russia  and  other  places.  1635  R.  N.  tr. 
Camden's  Hist.  Eliz.  II.  167  These  books,  .were  often  read 
untill . .  being  contemned  they  grew  out  of  request. 

d.  1601  SHAKS.  Alts  Well  i.  i.  169  Off  with't  while  'tis 
vendible.  Answer  the  time  of  request.  1690  TEMPLE  Ess., 
Potlry  Wks.  1731  I.  249  While  this  World  lasts,  I  doubt  not 
but  the  Pleasures  and  Requests  of  these  two  Entertainments 
will  do  so  too. 

f7.  In  request  of,  in  search  of.   Obs,  rare~\ 

1759  GOLDSM.  Polite^  Learn,  ix,  I  have  seen  these  harm 
less  reptiles,  .ply  busily  about,  each  in  request  of  a  shell 
to  please  it. 

II.  8.  Court  of  Requests') :  f  a.  A  former  court 
of  record,  technically  forming  part  of  the  king's 
council,  held  by  the  Lord  Privy  Seal  and  the 
Masters  of  Requests  for  the  relief  of  persons  peti 
tioning  the  king;  also,  in  later  use,  the  hall  at 
Westminster  in  which  the  court  was  held.  Obs. 

On  the  origin  and  history  of  the  court  see  Leadam  Select 
Cases  in  the  Court  of  Requests  (Selden  Soc.  1898). 

1516  Fabyan's  Chron.  vi.  cliii.  82  A  court  or  counceyll,.. 
lyke  vnto  the  court  of  requestys,  nowe  at  this  day  holden  in 
Englonde.  1529  in  Leadam  Set.  Cases  Crt.  Requests  (1898) 
Introd.  14  Hereafter  folowe  the  names  of  such  Counseillours 
as  be  appoynted  for  the  heryngof  power  mennes  causes  in  the 
KyngescourteofRequestes.  1591  LAMBARDE/)»rte'o»(i635) 
22  The  Court  of  Requests  that  specially  heareth  the  suits  of 
poore  men,  and  of  the  Princes  servants.  1640-4  in  Rushw. 
Hist.  Coll.  in.  (1692)  I.  i  The  King. .came  Accompanied 
with  his  Nobles  through  Westminster-hall  and  the  Court  of 
Requests,  to  the  Abbey.  1669  E.  CHAMBERLAYNE  Pres.  St. 
Eng.  xii.  (ed.  2)  2r?  He  [the  Lord  Privy  Seal]  is  by  his 
Place  of  the  Kings  Privy  Council,  and  Chief  Judge  of  the 
Court  of  Requests,  when  it  shall  be  re-continued.  1680 
DRYDEN  Prol.  Lee's  Caesar  Borgia  23  One  theatre  there  is 
of  vast  resort,  Which  whilome  of  Requests  was  called  the 
Court.  1735  Court  Mercury  (title-p.),  In  the  Passage 
leading  from  Westminster-Hall  to  the  Court  of  Request. 
1766  ENTICK  London  IV.  421  A  kind  of  hall..,  called  the 
Court  of  Requests,  used  chiefly  by  those  who  attend  the 
parliament  to  walk  in. 

b.  A  local  court  for  the  recovery  of  small  debts. 
Th»  constitution  and  practice  of  these  courts  varied  in 


498 

different  localities;    for  the  most    part  they   have   been    | 
merged  in  the  County  Court  system  established  in  1847. 

1603-4  Act  i  James  [,  c.  14  §  i  The  Court  of  Requesles 
comonlie  called  The  Courte  of  Conscience,  in  the  Guild  Hall 
of  the  same  Citie.  1707  E.  CHAMBERLAVNE  Pns.  St.  Eng. 
m.  x.  355  There  is  a  Court  of  Request  or  Conscience,  so  ; 
call'd  because  medling  with  nothing  above  401.  value.  ; 
1749  Act  22  Geo.  II,  c.  47  §  i  Such  Commissioners  are  here 
by  constituted  a  Court  of  Justice,  by  the  Name  of  The  Court 
of  Requests  for  the  Town  and  Borough  of  Southwark.  1798 
[see  COURT  si>.!  n  c].  1837  -2nd  Rep.  Mimic.  Corporations 
Eng.  <y  Wales  12  There  are  two  Courts  of  Requests  within 
the  limits  of  the  Corporate  jurisdiction  ;  one  for  London. . 
and  the  other  for  Southwark.  1845  Act  8^-9  Viet.  c.  127 
§  10  Every  Judge  of  any  such  Court  of  Requests,  or  Con 
science  . .  shall  be  removable  by  the  Lord  Chancellor  for 
Misbehaviour  or  Incapacity. 

c.  Ill  India :  A  small-debt  court  composed  of 
military  officers,  held  in  districts  which  are  outside 
the  jurisdiction  of  any  ordinary  court  of  this  kind. 

1876  VOVLE  Milit.  Diet.  338/1  In  each  military  canton 
ment  a  court  of  request  is  assembled  monthly,  and  all 
persons  are  amenable  to  it  except  soldiers  in  the  ranks. 
1879  Act  42  ff  43  Viet.  c.  33  §  142  Courts  of  request  under 
this  Act  shall  in  all  practicable  cases  consist  of  five  officers, 
f  9.  Master  of  (the)  Requests]  :  a.  One  of  the 
leading  officers  of  the  Court  of  Requests.  Hence 
Mastership  of  Requests.  Obs. 

"553  Cat.  St.  Papers,  Domestic  (1856)  51  All  such  private 
suits  as  are  customably  brought  to  the  King  or  his  Council, 
and  delivered  to  the  Masters  of  Requests.  1570  Ibid.  637 
Signified  by  letter  of  Mr.  Sec.  Wylson  to  the  Masters  of 
Requests.  i6zs  BACON  Afop/ith.  Ixxxiv.  no  Sackford, 
Master  of  the  Request  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  had  diuerse 
times  moued  for  audience,  and  been  put  off.  1675  Land. 
Can.  No.  977/4  This  day  His  Majesty  was  graciously 
pleased,  .to  cause  him  [Thomas  Povey,  Esq.]  to  be  Sworn 
one  of  the  Masters  of  Request.  1691  WOOD  Prop,  for 
Printing  Atk.  O.ron.  4/2  He  had  refused  a  Mastership  of 
the  Request*.  1716  M.  DAVIES  Athen.  Brit.  II.  316 
Nothing  but  a  great  Pension  for  Life  and  a  Master  of 
Requests  place,  were  thought  encouragement  enough  for  it. 
f  b.  In  France :  One  of  a  number  of  officials 
forming  an  advisory  and  judicial  body  with  a 
variety  of  functions.  Of-s. 

1560  D.us  tr.  Sleidanc's  Coitttn.   174  In  the  moneth  of 
August,  ended  his  lyfe  at  Paris  William  Budey,  maister  of 
the  requestes.      1611  COTGR.  s.v.   Requests,  Maistres  dcs 
reouestes,  the  Masters  of  Requests  ;    at  first  there  were  but 
:    two, ..afterwards  they  came  to  be   Hue  [etc.].      1727-38 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Request,  In  France,  .they  have  eighty 
masters  of  requests  to  take  cognizance  of  causes  between  the 
officers  of  the  crown,  the  servants  of  the  houshold,  &c. 
t  c.  In  Scotland.    Also  Office  of  Requests.    Obs. 


—jqueutis  pn 

the  Chancellar.  1582  Ibid.  III.  529  To  promote  him  to  the 
office  of  Requeistis ;  quhairin  he  continewit  weill  neir  the 
space  of  thre  yeir.  1607  Ibid.  XIV.  Addenda  472  Mr.  Peter 
Rollok,  the  Maister  of  Requeistis.  1633  Ibid.  Ser.  II.  V.  107 
Sir  James  Galloway,  Maister  of  Requelsts. 
10.  Letters  of  Request :  t  a.  A  note  addressed 
by  a  ruler  or  government  to  a  foreign  power,  re 
questing  compensation  for  injury  done  to  a  subject, 
or  a  proper  consideration  of  his  claims.  Obs. 

1442  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  64/2  Of  the  whiche  Wronges.. 

i    satisfaction  is  not  made  ;  notwithstanding  that  ^divers  your 

Letters  of  request  have  been  delivered  to  the  high  Maister 

of  Pruse, .  .for  the  reformation  of  the  same.     1676  MOLI.OY 

De  Jure  Marit.  t,  Nav.  I.  ii.  §  8. 18  _Nor  should  the  Prince  or 

!    State  of  the  Person  injur'd,  value  his  misfortune  at  so  low  a 

rate  as  to  deny  him  Letters  of  Request.     Ibid.  §  1 1.  19  This 

will  be  no  cause  for  Letters  of  Reprizal,  though  perhaps  it 

!    may  occasion  Letters  of  Request,  .to  have  a  rehearsing  of 

I    the  cause.     1752  BEAWES  Lex  Mercat.  Rediv.  204. 

b.    Eccl.    A  documentary  request  sent  by  the 
judge  of  one  ecclesiastical  court  to  another,  esp. 
:    to  desire  that  a  case  may  be  withdrawn  from  his 
own  jurisdiction  to  that  of  a  superior  court. 

1840  Act  34-4  Viet.  c.  86  §  r3  It  shall  be  lawful  for  the 
Bishop  of  the  Diocese.. to  send  the  Case  by  Letters  of 
Request  to  the  Court  of  Appeal  of  the  Province.  1873 
SIR  R.  PHILLIMORF.  Eccles.  Law  II.  1278  It  has  been  said 
that  the  Arches  Court  may  take  original  cognizance^  by 
Letters  of  Request  of  all  causes  which  may  be  brought  in  a 
Diocesan  Court  of  the  Province.  Ibid.  1279  Letters  of  re 
quest  are  sometimes  issued  for  other  purposes  than  for 
sending  the  cause  to  another  court. 

11.  attrib.  request  note,  a  note  addressed  to  a 
revenue  officer  requesting  permission  to  remove 
excisable  articles ;  f  request  place,  a  place  at 
which  horses  and  guides  might  be  requisitioned. 

1827  G.  THOMPSON  Trav.  in  S.  Africa  (ed.  2)  I.  261  After 

I    a  sharp  ride  we   reached  Jakhal's-Fonteyn,  the  first  '  re- 

1    quest   place '   in   a   district    called    the    Winterveld.    1856 

BOUVIER  Law  Diet.   led.  6)  Request  Notes.     1876  G.  D. 

;     HAM  Revenue  Vade-tn.  567  The  entries  for  all  goods,  except 

cattle,  delivered  on  a  request  note,  are  to  be  passed  within 

three  days. 

Reque'st,  sb?  rare~°.  [ad.  F.  requite:  see 
prec.]  (See  quot.,  which  is  translated  from  Fure- 
!  tiere  Diet.  Univ.  1690.) 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Request,  in  hunting,  is  when 
the  dogs  have  lost  the  cruest  or  track  of  the  beast,  and  must 
request,  or  quest  it  again.  ..They  say,  to  call  to  the  request, 
come  to  the  request,  &c. 

Request  (n"kwe-st),  v.1  Also  7  as  fa.  t.  [ad. 
OF.  requester,  f.  requests  :  see  REQUEST  j*.1 

In  the  Wars  Alex.  3443  request  isprobablya  scribal  error 
•  for  reknest  or  rekenest,  superlative  of  REKEN  a.] 

1,  With  infin.   To  express  n   wish  or  desire  to 


EEQUICKEN. 

have,  hear,  etc.  ;  to  ask  or  beg  the  favour  or  per 
mission  to  be  allowed  to  do  something. 

1565  STAPLE-TON  tr.  Bede's  Hist.  Ch.  Eng.  181  He  re 
quested  farder  to  haue  instructions  by  his  letters  what 
maner  of  tonsure  the  clergy  should  vse.  1596  SHAKS.  Tarn, 
Skr.  iv. iii.122  But  did  you  not  request  to  haue  it  cut?  1641 
T.  HAYNE  M.  Lnt/ter  29  He  requested  to  heare  Erasmus 
judgement  concerning  Luther.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of 
Qual.  (1809)  III.  133  [  He]  requested  to  speak  with  him  apart. 
1784  Laura  ff  Augustus  III.  117,  I  requested  to  place  down 
my  own  name  for  two  chances.  1800  HELENA  WELLS 
Coitstanlia  Neville  (ed.  2)  III.  103  To  that  village  I  re 
quested  to  go.  1818  G.  S.  FABER  Horx  Mositicx  I.  217  He 
again  and  again  requests  to  be  excused  from  the  ungrateful 
task.  1853  CAVLEY  Las  Alforjas  II.  55  We  had  requested 
to  sleep  in  the  straw-loft,  but  our  host  absolutely  refused. 
b.  Similarly  with  that  or  obj.  clause. 

1611  BIBLE  i  Kings  xix.  4  Hee  requested  for  himselfe  that 
hee  might  die.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Italian  i,  He  then 
summoned  courage  enough  to  request  he  might  be  allowed 
to  inquire  after  her  health. 

2.  trans.  To  ask,  or  ask  for  (something). 

1594  WILLOBIE  Ai'isa  XLVII,  Let  sighes  and  sobbes  request 
her  grace.  i63sQuARl.KS  Embl.  v.xi.  285  The  drooping  Crests 
of  fading  Flowres  Request  the  bounty  of  a  morning  Raine. 
I654GATAKERZV.TC.  Apol.  30  Reqestingmy  Readers  patience 
and  pardon,  if  I  shal  seem  to  detain  him  over-long.  1725 
Poi'E  Odyss.  IV.  856  My  ship  equip'd  within  the  neighb'nng 
port,  The  Prince  ..  Requested  for  his  speed.  1772-84 
Cook's  Voy.  (1790)  V.  !s64  Captain  Cook's  company  was 
requested.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  iv.  iv.  79  Favour  me,  Sir,. . 
to  tell  the  ladies  That  I  request  their  presence.  1855 
BRF.WSTF.R  Newton  II.  xiv.  25  Leibnitz  requested  farther 
information  respecting  the . .  discoveries. 
b.  With  thai  or  inf.  clause. 

1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  W.  xxxii,  I  requested  that  the  table 
might  be  taken  away.  1832  SOUTHEY  Hist.  I'enins.  War 
III.  437  Requesting  that  he  would  endeavour  to  form  a 
cabinet.  1850  MRS.  JAMESON  Leg.  Monast.  Ord.  424  Ivo. . 
requested  of  him  to  send  some  of  the  brethren  of  his  Order 
to  preach  the  Gospel  in  his  distant,  .diocese. 

3.  To  ask  (one)  to  do  something. 

1533  BEI.I.ENDEN  Lhy  v.  xxiii.  (S.  T.  S.)  II.  227  )>e  senate 
requeistit  him  to  leif  nocht  be  public  weill  in  trubill.  1535 
LYNDESAY  Satyre  93,  I  thee  requeist . .  Me  to  defend  from 
the  deids  of  defame.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas's 
l-'oy.  II.  v.  34  b,  Requesting  him  to  take  the  same  for  his 
lodging.  1609  W.  M.  Man  in  Moone  B  iv  b,  He.  .brought 
him  to  an  alehouse,  and  request  him  to  alight,  and  enter 
with  him.  1671  MILTON  Samson  1630  He  his  guide  requested 
..As  over-tir'd  to  let  him  lean  a  while.  1791  BOSWELI. 
Johnsonxn.  1738,  Pope.,  requested  Mr.  Richardson.,  to  en 
deavour  to  find  out  who  this  new  author  was.  1818  SCOTT 
Hrl.  Midi.  vii.  Butler  requested  them  to  open  the  gate. 
1859  DARWIN  in  Life  ST  Lett.  (1887)  II.  170,  I  request  you, 
after  you  have  finished,  just  to  re-run  over  the  heads. 

absol.     1580  LYLY  Euplmes  (Arb.)  278  My  Father  placed 
vs  all  in  good  order,  requesting   eyther  by   questions  to 
whette  our  wittes,  or  by  stories  to  trye  our  memoryes. 
f  b.  With  double  object.  Obs.  rare. 

1563  WINJET  Four  Scoir  Thre  Quest.  Wks.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  60 
Quhilk  thing  we  requeist  thee,  gentill  Reidar.  e  1593  MAR 
LOWE  yae  of  Malta  in.  iii,  Let  me  request  thee  this  ;  Go  to 
the  new-made  nunnery. 

to.  ellipt.  To  ask  (one)  to  act  against  an 
other,  to  come  or  go  to  a  place,  etc.  Obs.  rare. 

1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.)  Rom.  xi.  2  Know  you  not  in  Elias.. 
how  he  requested  God  against  Israel  ?  1598  B.  JONSON  ET: 
Man  in  Hum.  I.  iv,  I  was  requested  to  supper  last  night. 
lUd.  iv.  iv,  I  pray  you,  sir,  let  me  request  you  to  the  Wind 
mill.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  f,  Cl.  n.  vii.  127  Pompey,  good 
night.  Good  Brother,  Let  me  request  you  oflf).  1613 
PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  IX.  iv.  (1614)  838  He  was  requested  to 
their  warres  against  the  Tapwees. 

f  d.  To  win  over  by  entreaty.   Obs.  rare  ~*. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  vii.  302,  I  intreated  them  to  for- 
beare,  but  they  would  not  be  requested. 

Hence  Requested///,  a.,  Beque-sting  vii.  so. 
Also  t  Reqne-stant,  a  requester. 

1561  PRESTON  K.  Cambyses  C  ij  b.  In  stead  of  bis  re 
quested  life,  pleaseth  Your  grace  take  mine.  1577  H  EL- 
LOWES  Guevara's  Citron.  51  In  his  commaundements  hee 
was  uerie  wise,  and  in  requesting  uerie  humble.  1582 
STANYHURST  Mneis,  etc.  Ps.  iv.  (Arb.)  132  The  lord  there 
for,  when  I  pray,  wil  harcken  Too  mye  requesting.  1634 
SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  161,  I  dare  not  goe  about  to  trouble 
you ..  without  a  requested  pardon.  1660  New  Haven  Cal. 
Rev.  (1858)  II.  338  Concerning  y»  sale  of  a  certaine  vessell . . 
then  sould  by  y*  requestants  vnto  one  Mr.  Rich:  Raymond. 
1884  TENNYSON  liccket  n.  ii,  If  you,  At  my  requesting,  will 
but  look  into  The  wrongs  you  did  him.  1891  Atlwnxiim 
i  Oct.  454/1  To  supply  the  requested  particulars  with  regard 
to  the  stops  and  other  details. 

Reque-st,  v.2  rare-",  [ad.  F.  requeter:  cf. 
prec.  and  REQUEST  sb:-"\  (See  quot.) 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  To  request  the  game  is 
chiefly  used,  when,  after  having  run  it  down  the  night 
before,  they  seek  it  again  the  next  morning  with  the  blood 
hound,  or  the  like. 

Requester   (rflcwe-staj).      [f.    REQUEST    p.i 

-EK'.]     One  who  requests. 

1564  ABP.  PARKER  Corr.  (Parker  Soc.)  209  Doubtful  it  is  to 
le  by  what  authority  these  requesters  do  exercise  their 


conference.     1625  USSHER  Answ.  Jesmt  406  The  requester 
i  superiour  to  him  whose  prayers  hee  desiretn. 


'•y 

erei 

is  oftentimes  supe..~...  — —  ,----  — 

1647  HERRICK  Noble  Numb.,  Gods  Gifts  not  soone  granted, 
Though  a  while  He  makes  requesters  stay,  With  princely 
hand,  Hc'l  recompence  delay.  1754  RICHARDSON  Grandison 
(1781)  IV.  xvi.  128  Thus,  .can  he.  .send  away  a  requester  so 
much  delighted  with  him,  as  to  forget  what  her  request 
was.  1796  JANE  AUSTEN  Pride  *  Prej.  x,  A  regard  for  the 
requester  would  often  make  one  readily  yield  to  a  request. 

Bequicken  (rikwi-k'n),  v.    [RE-  5  a  ]    To 
quicken  again,  reanimate,  revive. 
a.  trans.     1591  G.  HARVEY  Four  Lett.  m.  Wks.  (Grosart) 


qu 
V 


REQUIEM. 

I.  197  Sweet  Musike  requickneth  the  heauiest  spirites  of 
dumpish  Melancholy.  1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  \\.  ii.  121  Then 
straight  his  doubled  spirit  Requickend  what  in  rlesh  was 
fatigate.  421693  Urquhart's  Rabelais  in.  xxv.  210  Which 
Body  so  raised  up  and  requickned,  will  tell  us  the  Sum  of 
all  you  shall  require  of  him.  1822-34  Good's  Study  Meet. 
(ed.  4)  I.  114  The  organs  of  assimilation  ..if  once  requickened 
are  very  apt  to  be  unduly  excited.  1879  CHR.  ROSSETTI 
Seek  fy  F,  216  Our  Redeemer  bought  with  a  great  price  His 
right  to  re-quicken  us. 

D.  intr.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit,  ix.  xiii.  §  9.  715 
Neither  was  the  spirit  of  the  English  (after  it  began  to  re- 

uicken)  idle  elsewhere.     1618  BOLTON  Florus  Pref.  Bnj, 

nder  the  gouernment  of  Traian,  their  sinewes  requicken. 
1878  SWINHUKNE  Poems  <y  Ball,  Ser.  n.  Inferise  2  Spring, 
and  the  tight  and  sound  of  things  on  earth  Requickening. 

Hence  Bsqui'ckened  ///.  a.\  Requrckening 
vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1617  HIERON  Wks.  II.  226  A  renuing  and  a  requickning 
of  that  heauenly  life.  1850  O.  WINSLOW  inner  Life  v.  150 
What  will  be  some  of  the  effects  of  a  revived,  requickened 
state  of  the  spiritual  life?  1861  LYTTON  &  FANE  TannJiauser 
ii  Awake  Starts  the  requicken'd  soul  with  all  her  powers. 
1891  Edin.  Rev.  July  212  A  requickening  form  of  Christian 
belief  and  practice. 

Requiem  (rrkwiem,  re'kwiem),  sb^-  [L.  re 
quiem,  ace.  of  requies  (  rest',  the  first  word  of  the 
Introit  in  the  Mass  for  the  Dead,  (  Requiem 
aeternam  dona  eis,  Domine  ',  etc.] 

1.  A'.  C.  Ch*  A  special  mass  said  or  sung  for  the 
repose  of  the  souls  of  the  dead.     Also  Mass  of 
Requiem  (common  in  early  use). 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  2615  '  Requiem  '  ne  shulde 
be  note  be  sunge  Ne  seyde  for  hym,  wy|?  mannys  tunge. 
a  1380  St.  Bernard  1105  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1878) 
59/2  Whon  seint  Malachi  ded  was,  Bernard  for  him  song  an 
hei3  mas  —  Of  Requiem  i  trowe  hit  were,  c  1430  LVDG.  J/;"«. 
Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  72  The  tone  had  ever  right  grete  devo- 
cioun,  Of  requiem  his  masse  to  syng  or  say.  1470-83  MALORY 
Arthur  xxi.  viii.  853  An  the  morne  al  the  preestys  and 
clerkys  ..  were  there  &  sange  masse  of  requyem.  1553 
BECON  Reliq  ues  of  Rome^  (1563)  204  Sensyng  of  the  altare 
when  Masse  of  Requiem  is  songen.  '1591  SPENSER  R  uinsqf 
Time  196  Scarse  anie  left  vpon  his  lips  to  laie  The  sacred 
sod,  or  Requiem  to  saie.  1668  R.  L/KSTRANGE  yis,  Quev, 
(1708)  26  The  Apothecary's  Mortar  Rin^s  the  Passing-Bell, 
as  the  Priest's  Requiem  finishes  the  business.  1766  BLACK- 
STONE  Contin.  II.  495  A  use  more  truly  pious,  than  any 
requiem,  or  mass  for  his  soul.  1794  MRS.  RADCUFFB  Myst. 
Udolfiho  viii,  She  heard,  at  a  distance,  the  monks  chanting 
the  requiem  for  his  soul.  1805  SCOTT  Last  Alinstr.  v.  xxx, 
Behind,  four  priests,  in  sable  stole,  Sung  requiem  for  the 
warrior's  soul.  1884  Catk.  Diet.  (1897)  612/2  There  are 
special  rules  on  the  relations  of  Office  and  Conventual  Mass, 
Mass  of  Requiem,  etc.,  in  the  rubrics  of  the  Missal. 

attrib,^  a  1529  SKELTON  P.  Sparowe  401  He  shall  be  the 
preest  The  requiem  masse  to  synge.  1559  Alirr.  Mag,t 
Dk,  Suffolk  xvi,  The  Queene  did  moue  me..  To  helpe  to 
bring  him  to  his  Requiem  Masse.  1861  Times  21  Aus;., 
A  solemn  requiem  mass  was  celebrated  ..  at  the  Catholic 
Chapel.  i88z  ROSSETTI  Ballads  fy  Son  n.  i54The  slain  king's 
corpse  on  bier  was  laid  With  chaunt  and  requiem-  knell, 
D.  A  musical  setting  of  a  mass  for  the  dead. 

1789  BURNEY  Hist.  Mus.  IV.  563,  I  am  in  possession  of  a 
Te  Deum,  and  a  Requiem,  of  his  composition.  1842 
BKANDB  Diet.  Sci.t  etc.  s.v.,  The  requiems  composed  by 
Mozart,  Jomelli,  and  Cherubini  are  well  known.  1845  K. 
HOLMES  Mozart  345  Mozart  began  to  speak  of  death,  and 
said  that  he  was  writing  this  (  Requiem  '  for  himself. 

2.  Any  dirge  or  solemn  chant  for  the  repose  of  the 
dead.     (Chiefly/^/.) 

1611  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Philasterv.  i,  I'll  provide  A  masque 
shall  make  your  Hymen.  -sing  sad  Requiems  to  your  de 
parting  Souls.  1633  COWLEY  Elegy  on  Mr.  R.  Clarke,  Him 
to  ftlysium's  lasting  loyes  they  bring,  Where  winged  Angels 
his  sad  Requiems  sing,  a  1700  KEN  Edmund  Poet.  Wk.s. 
1721  II.  39  That  they  with  Joy  might  their  own  Requiem 
sing.  And  close  their  Eyes.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIKFE  Italian 
iii,  That  solemn  and  peculiar  kind  of  recitative  which  is  in 
some  parts  of  Italy  the  requiem  of  the  dying.  1830  SCOTT 
Demonol,  x.  386  Three  ladies  were  seen,  who  sung  a 
solemn  requiem.  1876  BANCROFT  Hist,  U.  S.  II.  xl.  492 
The  requiem  [had  been]  chanted  by  the  women  in  mournful 
strains  over  their  bones. 

b.  transf.  of  birds,  the  sea,  etc. 

1640  HABINGTON  Castara^  in.  (Arb.)  142  Spring.  .Whose 
fether'd  Musicke  onely  bring  Caresses,  and  no  Requiem 
sing  On  the  departed  yeare.  1788  BURNS  To  Miss  C\ruik- 
shank]  18  While  all  around  the  woodland  rings,  And  ev'ry 
bird  thy  requiem  sings.  1809  CAMPBELL  Gertr.  Wyom.  in. 
xxvi,  And  for  the  business  of'  destruction  done  Its  requiem 
the  war-horn  seem'd  to  blow.  1869  C.  GIBBON  R.  Gray  v, 
The  sea  was  murmuring  a  doleful  requiem  over  the  mischief 
of  the  previous  night. 

f3.  An  invitation  to  rest  or  repose.   Obs, 

1607  HIERON  Wks.  I.  432  We  dwell  carelesse,  quiet  and 
sure  m  our  owne  opinion.  Euery  man  sings  a  requiem  to  his 
own  heart.  1668  BP.  HOPKINS  Sertn.  I'anity  (1685)  70 
It  was  but  small  comfort,  when  the  rich  man  sung  his 
Requiem,  Soul  take  thine  ease,  thou  hast  goods  laid  up  for 
many  years.  1684  CHABNOCK  Wks.  (1865)  IV.  488  Our 
deceitful  heart  may  sing  a  requiem  to  us  while  we  are  fools. 

4.  Rest,  repose,  peace,  quiet. 

1616  BULLOKAR  Eng.  £>/.,  Requiem,  Rest  :  ceasing  from 
labour.  1638  G.  SANDYS  Paraphr.  Job  iii.  Else  had  I  an 
eternall  Requiem  kept,  And  in  the  annes  of  Peace  for  ever 
slept.  1665  GLANVILL  Def.  Vanity  Dogm.  50  Though 
the  first  of  their  respective  solutions  is  pleasant  and_  en 
couraging,  and  seems  to  promise  my  mind  a  requiem. 
1790  G.  WALKER  Serin.  II.  xxii.  140  In  his  presence  alone  is 
to  be  found  the  requiem  of  their  troubled  souls.  1816 
BYRON  Deatk  Sheridan  67  Repose  denies  her  requiem  to 
his  name,  And  Folly  loves  the  martyrdom  of  Fame. 

Hence  Re'qniem  v.  t'ntr.,  to  quieten  down. 

1838  ELIZA  COOK  Song  of  Mariners  iv,  We  know  each 
blustering  gale  that  blows  May  requiem  to  a  last  repose. 


499 

t  Requiem,  sb.'2  Obs.  Also  8  requien.  [  =  F. 

requiem  (1690),  requien  (1578),  but  usually  re- 
quin  (1539),  Pg.  leqtieime,  prob.  a  native  name 
assimilated  to  prec.j  The  white  shark. 

1666  J.  DAVIES  Hist.  Caribby  Isles  102  The  Requiem 
otherwise  called  the  Shark-fish  is  a  kind  of  Sea-dog  or  Sea- 
wolf.  Ibid.  103  The  French  and  Portuguez  commonly  call 
it  Requiem,  that  is  to  say  Rest,  haply,  because  he  is  wont  to 
appear  in  fair  weather.  1696  tr.  Dtiqnesnc's  Voy.  E,  Indies, 
Canary  /si.  61  The  Requiem,  the  Monster  of  the  Sea,  that's 
shap'd  like  a  Sea-Dog,  is  in  length  from  three  or  four  Foot 
to  eight.  1705  tr.  Bosnian's  Guinea.  281  Hayes  or  Re- 
quiens,  by  some  (though  utterly  wrong)  named  Sea-Dogs, 
..are  very  thick  as  well  as  very  long,  some  of  them  betwixt 
twenty  and  thirty  foot. 

II  ReCjUiescat  (rekwi^'skaH).  [L.,  the  first 
word  ot  requiescat  in  pace  'may  he  (or  she)  rest  in 
peace  '.]  A  wish  for  the  repose  of  the  dead. 

1824  WIFFEN  Tasso  in.  Ixxii,  Many  a  tuneful  tongue  Sweet 
in  the  solemn  march  his  requiescat  sung.  1852  THACKERAY 
Esmond  \\.  xiii,  A  thousand  such  hillocks  lay  round  about 
.  .each  bearing  its  cross  and  requiescat.  1860  LD.  LYTTOS 
Lucile  i.  vi,  That  emotion  !  I  bury  it  htre  by  the  seaj.  .And 
a  heart's  requiescat  I  write  on  that  grave. 

t  Requie'SCe,  v-  Obs,  rare-1,  [ad.  L.  ;-(.'- 
qitiescSrC)  f.  realties  rest.]  intr.  To  rest,  repose. 

1677  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  iv.  r.  24  The  mind,  when  it  acts, 
must  requiesce  in  the  love,  not  of  the  Creature,  but  of  God. 

Re  quiescence  (rekwiie'sens).  [f.  L.  requie- 
scere  (see  prec.),  after  QUIESCENCE.]  A  state  of 
quiescence,  rest,  repose. 

1654  FLECKNOE  Ten  Years  Trav.  91, 1  am  now  arrived  at 
Bruxelles.  .wanting  nothing  of  that  requiescence  which 
every  thing  enjoys  in  that  which  it  most  desires.  1775 
WRAXALL  Tour  N.  Europe  216,  I  threw  myself  on  the  bed, 
.  .glad  to  retire  to  silence  and  requiescence.  1837  CARLYLU 
Fr.  Rev.  I.  in.  viii,  Such  bolts.. shall  strike  agitated  Paris 
if  not  into  requiescence,  yet  into  wholesome  astonishment. 

t  Requretory.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  L.  n'- 
quietoriitHi,  f.  requics  rest.]  A  sepulchre. 

1631  WEEVER  Anc.  Funeral  Man.  419  The  bodies. .are 
not  onely  despoiled  of  all  outward  funerall  ornaments,  but 
digged  vp  out  of  their  requietories. 

t  Requile,  obs.  form  of  RECOIL  v. 

1573  TWYNE  j&neid  xi.  I  i  4  Lyris  while  His  brldell 
raignes  he  raught  from  horse  to  ground  he  doth  requite. 

t  Requi'rable,  a.  Obs,  Also  4  requer-. 
[orig.  a.  OF.  requerable  ^I275  m  Godef.);  in  later 
use  f.  REQUIRE  v.  +  -ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  re 
quired  ;  that  may  properly  be  asked  for. 

^  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  n.  pr.  vt.  41  tCamb.  MS.),  But 
which  is  thilke  yowre  dereworthe  power  bat  is  so  cleer  and 
so  requerable  [L.  expetibilis\.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl. 
Egist.  5  Looke  what  dutie  and  seruice  is  requireable  of  a 
friende  to  a  friende.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  133  Nor 
wants  this  Towne  any  fruit  requirable  for  the  Zone  tis  placed 
in.  a.  1676  HALE  Print.  Orig.  Alan.  (1677)  136  It  contains 
.  .all  Circumstances  requirable  in  a  History  to  inform. 

fRequi-ral.   Obs.  rare~°.     [-AL.]     Demand. 

1611  COTGR.,  Requisition,  a  requisition,  requirall. 

t  Requi*rance.  Obs.  rare.  [-ANCE  ;  cf.  OF. 
requerance  (Godef.).]  The  fact  or  condition  of 
requiring  something ;  requirement. 

1662  J.  CHANDLER  Van  Helmont's  Oriat.  34  Therefore, 
besides  the  ignorance  of  Nature  in  its  Root, .  .the  Schooles 
have  not  known  the  causes,  number,  requirance  of  things. 
Ibid,  280  Marking,  that  the  sensitive  soul  doth  not  govern 
man  according  to  the  requirance  of  our  Species. 

t  Requi  rant.  Obs.  [-ANT  :  cf.  F.  reqtttrant 
(i4th  c.).]  One  who  makes  a  request  or  demand  ; 
a  wooer  or  suitor. 

a  1467  Gregory^s  Chron.  (Camden)  155  For  the  surplus  of 
the  tyme  that  the  saudyers  shalle  serve,  the  requyrant  shalle 
ben  holdyn  to  sendyn  hem  at  hys  propyr  dysposycyon. 
1566  PAINTER  Pal.  Pleas.  (1890)  III.  329  A  faythfull  Louer 
and  deuout  rcquirnnt  to  this  lolly  dame.  1755  MAGENS 
Insurances  I.  294  The  Cargo  of  Wheat  arrived  from  Lon 
don,  .consigned  to  the  said  Requirants. 

Requi're,  sb.  rare.  [f.  the  verb.]  Demand, 
requisition. 

1502  Ord.  Crysten  Men  (W.  de  W.  1506)  iv.  xxvi.  Ff  j  b, 
They  be  not  bounde  after  the  requyre  of  commaundement. 
1611  H.  BftOUCKTON  (title)  A  Require  of  Agreement  to  the 
Groundes  of  Divinitie  studie.  1843  E.  JONES  Poems^ 
Sens,  ff  Event  (1879)  13  \Vhen  suddenly,  with  intenser 
utterance,  scream 'd  The  music's  wild  require. 

Require  (jrfkwafri),  v.  Also  5  requer  (Sc. 
ra-),  requeere,  5-7  requere,  Sc.  requeir;  4-7 
requyre,  6  reqwy(e)r,  7  reqire.  [a.  OF.  re- 
quer-t  reqnier-i  stem  of  requerre  (mod.F.  requirir) 
=  Prov.  requerre^  -qnerert  -ir,  Sp.  req^lerir,  Pg. 
requerer,  It.  richiedere  :— L.  requirgre,  f.  re-  RE-  + 
qus&rcre  to  seek,  ask  :  see  QUERE  v.  The  form 
require  may  be  directly  from  L. :  cf*  INQUIRE.] 

Ia_X.l.  trans.  To  ask  (one)  a  question;  to  in 
quire  of  (one)  why,  if,  etc.  Obs.  rare. 

13..  Gaw.  %  Gr.  Knt.  1056  For-£>y,  sir,  bis  enquest  I  re 
quire  yow  here,  J>at  ^e  me  telle  with  trawj^e  [etc.].  1548 
UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Matt.  xx.  99  She.. being  re 
quired  what  she  would,  sayetb  [etc.],  a  1578  LINDESAV  (Pits- 
cottie)  Chron.  Scot,  (S.  T.  S.)  II.  47  Thairfor  he  spak  the 
mair  scharplie  in  his  cause  and  requyrit  the  cardinal!  quhy 
he  keipit  nocht  promise  into  him.  1578-9  Reg.  Privy  Coun 
cil^  Scot.  III.  76  He  wes  . .  required  gif  he  wald  retene  the 
said  charge. 

fb.  To  question  (one)  ^/"something.  Obs.rare~~^* 

1535  STEWART  Cron.Stot.  II.  527  How  Culenus.  .requyrit 
the  Kirkmen  of  the  Takynis  in  the  Sky,  and  of  lhair 
A  n  sue  r. 


REQUIRE, 

t2.  To  ask  or  request  (one)  for  something. 
Usu.  const.  <7/"(rarely/0r).  Obs. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  iii.  (Andrew)  972  pane  sad  scho  : 
'  lord,  lat  be  !  of  sic  thinge  requere  nocht  me  !'  c  1400  Rom. 
Rose  5233  He  shulde  not  bide  so  long,  til  he  Of  his  helpyng 
hym  requere.  a  1450  Knt.  de  In  Tour  (18681  7  He..sware 
to  her  that  he  wolde  neuer  requere  her  of  no  suche  materes. 
1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  F  vij  b,  He  ..  enhaunceth  the 
meke  and  humble  that  requyreth  hym  of  mercy.  1500-20 
•JDuNBAR  Poems  xvi,  16  Sum  is  for  gift  sa  lang  requyrd.  1523 
LD.  BERNKRS  Froiss.  I.  ix.  7  Than  y«  quene.. required  hym 
all  wepyng  of  his  good  counsaile.  1583  STOCKER  Cir. 
Warres  Low  C.  in.  106  b,  They  had  the  night  before,  re- 
quyred  the  Ley  dens  of  certaine  horsemen,  to  discouer  the 
enemie. 

fb.  \Vith  double  obj.  To  ask  (one)  for  (a 
thing)  ;  also,  to  request  or  command  (one)  to  do 
(something).  Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  ll'ifes  T.  1052  He  plighte  me  bis  trouthe 
there,  The  firste  thyng  I  wolde  hym  requere,  He  wolde  it 
do.  c  1430  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhode  I.  cxxxiii.  (1869)  70  Wherto 
hast  bou  required  me  be  ar mures,  whan  bou.  .wok  not  bere 
hem  ?  1375  ^-"  LLOVD  Marrow  of  Hist,  (1653)  241  My  son, 
said  he,  this  I  charge  and  require  thee. 

t  3.  To  ask,  request,  or  desire  (one)  to  do  some 
thing.  With  various  constructions :  a.  \Vith 
Ma/ (sometimes  omitted).  Obs. 

1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  xn.  263  Quharfor  I  3ow  requeir  and 
pray,  That..3he  pres  ;ow  at  the  begynnyng.  1483  CAXTOS 
Gold.  Leg.  196  b/i  Requyryng  our  lord  with  sake  teris  that 
..he  wold  delyuer  them  of  this  pestylence.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sleidane's  Comm.  26  b,  He  requireth  them  therefore  that 
they  woukle  not  deale  after  this  sorte.  1613  SHAKS. 
Hen,  I'll  I,  n.  iv.  144  In  humblest  manner  I  require  your 
Highnes,  That  it  shall  please  you  [etc.]. 

fb.  With  infinitive.   Obs. 

1412-20  LVDG.  Chron.  Troy\.\\.  (1555),  First  I  the  requere 
.  .Not  to  arrecte  as  to  presumption  [etc.].  1470-85  MALORY 
A  rthur  in.  xi.  112,  I  requyre  the  as  thow  arte  a  true  knyght 
to  gyue  me  my  yefte.  1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Cosmogr. 
Glasse  83,  I  mu^ite  earnestly  require  you,  to  teach  me  some 
way  [etc.].  1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  323  Being  re 
quired  by  the  kinsemen  of  the  dead,  to  take  it  from  thence. 
1640-1  Kirkcudbr.  War-Comm.  Min.  Bk.  (1855)  75  Gif 
they  be  not  requyerit  by  you  to  come  so  prepared,  the 
blame  shall  be  imputed  to  you. 

fc.  \Vithimperative.   Obs, 

c  1450  Merlin  74,  I  pray  yow  and  requyre  telle  me  of  that 
ye  knowe  my  herte  desireth  so,  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems 
l.xix.  32  Cum  neir,  And  be  nocht  strange,  I  the  requeir. 
(  1530  Pol.  Rel,  <$•  L.  Poems  (1866)  41  Humbly  also  y  you 
Requer,  ..  Reffuse  me  nat  oute  of  your  Remembraunce. 
a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Hiton  lix.  205  Syrs,  I  requyre  you  arme 
you  quyckely.  1584  HUDSON  Du  Bartas  Judith  in.  84 
Defend  vs  mighty  Lord  wee  thee  require. 

fd.  With  ellipse  (usu.  of  the  infin.).   Obs. 

c  1400  RuleSt,  Benct  1053  Vs  aw  to;emour  tong  And  spek 
not  bot  we  be  requerde.  a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  {i86t!)  5 
It  is  an  higher.. thinge  forto  praise  and  thanke  God,  thanne 
to  requere  hym.  1485  CAXTON  Paris  fy  y.  u868)  35  Many 
tymes  he  had  ben  requyred  of  many  noble  prynces.  1561 
T.  HOBY  tr.  Castiglione's  Courtytr  n.  (1577)  K  v  b,  The 
poore  naked  soule..that  requireth  hir  with  such  passion  & 
so  instantly.  1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary^  i.  (1625)  66 
Longer  could  I  occupie  my  selfe  to  trauell  in  this  action 
with  you,  but  that  I  deeme  it  more  then  impertinent  any 
further  therein  to  require  you.  1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  \\.  ii.  160 
He  wil  require  them,  As  if  he  did  contemne  what  he  re 
quested,  Should  be  in  them  to  giue.  1611  BIBLE  2  Mace. 
vii.  10  When  he  was  required,  he  put  out  his  tongue. 

fe.  To  invite,  call,  summon  to  something.  Obs. 
1513  DOUGLAS  JEneis  xn.  viii.  54  And  hym  ailane, ..He 

askis  and  requiris  into  melle.  1600  HAKLUYT  Voy.  (1810) 
III.  233  Thus  the  poore  king.. being  required  thither  to  a 
banquet,  was  traiterously  caryed  away.  1665  J.  STENCER 
Vuig.  Propk.  59  If  the  inspired  man  required  them  to  a 
faith  of  some  Prediction  or  Doctrine. 

4.  To  demand  of  (one)  to  do  something. 

1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  163  P  13  It  was  his  practice 
to  impose  tasks  upon  me,  by  requiring  me  to  write  upon  such 
subjects.  1867  FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq,  (1877)  I.  App.  662 
The  government  required  each  county  to  find  its  quota  of 
ships.  i88a  J.  H.  BLUNT  Rcf.  Ch.  Eng.  II.  ii  The  Judges 
were  required  to  give  their  opinion. 

II.  5.  a.  To  ask  for  (some  thing  or  person) 
authoritatively  or  imperatively,  or  as  a  right;  to 
demand,  claim,  insist  on  having. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Serm.  Sel.  Wks.  I.  336  pe  blood  of  just  Abel 
shal  be  requyrid  of  Cayn.  1432-50  tr.  Higden (Rolls)  II.  97 
Lestage,  that  is  a  thynge  required  [L.  cxacta]  in  feires. 
1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  viii.  34  [They]  notefyden  vnto  the 
quene,  how  the  sayd  kyng  had  requyred  her  in  maryage. 
1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531}  28  b,  Of  all  these  benefytes 
..he  wyll  requyre  streyte  accountes.  1535  COVERDALE  Gen. 
xliii.  9,  I  wyll  be  suertye  for  him,  of  my  handes  shalt  thou 
require  him.  1581  SAVILE  Tacitus,  Hist.  in.  x.  (1591)  119 
His  death  was  now  violently  required.  1610  SHAKS.  temp, 
v.  i.  132,  I.  .require  My  Dukedome  of  thee,  which,  perforce 
I  know  Thou  must  restore.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  529  Our 
voluntarie  service  he  requires,  a  1720  SKWEL  Hist.  Quakers 
(1722)  I.  in.  80  Oliver  Cromwell  . .  requir'd,  both  of  the 
Soldiers  and  others,  the  Oath  of  Fidelity.  1856  FROUDE 
Hist.  Eng.  II.  ix.  347  The  royal  commissioners  appeared  at 
the  Charterhouse  to  require  the  submission  of  the  brethren. 
"b.  To  ask  for  (something)  as  a  favour ;  'to  beg, 
entreat,  or  request  (^of  one).  Now  rare. 

c  1430  LYDG.  Aftn.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  247  Thy  feet  em- 
bracyng.. Mercy  requeeryng,  thus  I  wyl  begynne.  £-1477 
CAXTON  Jason  12  b,  Peleus  promised  to  Jason  that  he 
sholde  accomplissr.e.  .al  that  he  had  required  of  him.  1542 
UDALL  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden)  7,  1  shall  not  require  of 
your  maistership  any  thing,  but  oonly  that  without  which 
noo  man  can  live.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  L  iii.  12  Dame  Una, 
weary  Dame,. .entrance  did  requere.  1655  STANLEY  Hist. 
Philos,  i.  (1701)  58/1  Being  thirsty  he  required  Water  of  one 

63-3 


REQUIRE. 

oi  his  Scholars.  1697  DRYDEN^W^VII.  209  They  go  com- 
mission 'd  to  require  a  Peace.  1788  Cowi'ER  New  Year's 
Gift  10  What  favour  then  not  yet  possessed  Can  I  for  thee 
require . .?  1842  TENNYSON  Gardener  s  Dan.  224  Requiring 
at  her  hand  the  greatest  gift,  A  woman's  heart. 

o.  intr.  To  make  request  or  demand. 
1423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q.  cxcv,  To  quham  for  me  thou 
pitousely  requere.  1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  v.  xii.  (1558) 
122  b,  Mekely  requiryng  vnto  Scipion  To  receyue  them  in 
thys  mortall  rage.  1556  in  Rifon  Ch.  Acts  (Surtees)  361 
Also  I  will  that  myn  executors  reqwyer  on  sute  for  my 
twentie  nobles.  1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.)  Mark  xv.  8  And  when 
the  multitude  was  come  vp,  they  began  to  require  [L. 
rogart>\  according  as  alwaies  he  did  vnto  them.  i?34  POPE 
Aw.  Man  iv.  123  Shall  burning  /Etna,  if  a  sage  requires, 
Forget  to  thunder,  and  recall  her  fires?  1819  KEATS  St. 
Agnes  vi,  They  must . .  require  Of  Heaven  with  upward  eyes 
for  all  that  they  desire. 

d.  To  ask  or  request  to  have,  etc.  Now  rare 
(common  1550-1640). 

1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  233  When  Achilles  was  slain, 
Aiax  required  to  haue  his  harnesse  and  weapen.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  SleidanJs  Comm.  322  b,  Thambassadors  require 
\L.petunt\  to  have  the  conditions  mitigated.  1582  STASY- 
HURST  .'Ends  n.  (Arb.)  68,  I  sadlye  requyred,  Too  confer 
further.  1622  S.  WARD  Life  of  Faith  (1627)  12  When 
hee  should  haue  been  tyed  to  the  stake,  he  required 
to  stand  untyed.  1640  tr.  Vcrderes  Ro»i.  of  Ront.\\.  123 
He.. was  informed  by  his  Squire,  that  a  man.. required  to 
speak  with  him.  1821  SCOTT  Kenihv.  xiv,  The  Earl's 
chamberlain.. informed  Tressilian  that  his  lord  required  to 
speak  with  him. 

6.  To  demand  as  necessary  or  essential  on  general 
principles,  or  in  order  to  comply  with  or  satisfy 
some  regulation. 

1415  Crowned  King  37  A.  .subsidie..To  be  rered  in  the 
reaume  as  reson  requyred.  1477  Sc.  A  cts  Jas.  Ill,  parl.  x.  c. 
73  That  ilk  heck  of  the  said  cruves  be  three  inch  wide,  as  the 
auld  statute  requiris.  1515  BARCLAY  Egtoges\\.  civb,  If  thou 
wilt  haue  of  mine  Then  right  requireth  that  I  haue  part  of 
thine,  a  1548  HALL  Citron.,  Hen.  VI 'II 82  The  kinges  rode 
about  the  fekle  as  honor  of  armes  required.  1562  Re%. 
Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  223  To  wair  thair  lyfes  as  thair 
dewetie  and  detfull  obedience  requyris.  1682  DRYDEN 
Religio  Laid  201  If  the  Gentiles,  whom  no  law  inspired.  By 
nature  did  what  was  by  law  required  [etc.].  1708  J.  C. 
Contpi.  Collier  (1845)  51  All  is  for  want  of  such  Admeasure 
ment  as  the  Act  required.  1770  Jitnins  Lett,  xxxviii.  (1788) 
204  The  spirit  of  their  present  constitution  requires  that  the 
king  should  be  feared.  1847  TKNNYSON  Princ.  iv.  317 
Public  use  required  she  should  be  known. 

b.  To  demand  or  call  for  as  appropriate  or  suit 
able  in  the  particular  case;  to  need  for  some  end 
or  purpose,  f  Reqtdred  tot  requisite  for. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Clerk's  T.  374  Whan  that  the  cas  required 
it,  The  commune  profit  koude  she  redresse.  c  1420  Pallad. 
on  Hnsb.  n.  359  Their  magnitude  a  larger  lond  requyreth. 
1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  i  The  condicyons  re 
quyred  to  a  pilgrym  that  entendeth  to  go  to  the  erthly 
Jerusalem.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  13  Howe  can 
men  discerne  such  vertues  in  him  as  be  required  in  a  mightye 
prynce  ?  1601  SHAKS.  All's  Wellw.  iii.  108  If  the  businesse 
bee  of  any  difficulty,.. it  requires  hast  of  your  Lordship. 
1668  WILKINS  Real  Char.  Ep.  Rdr.,  That  great  Industry, 
or  Accurate  j  udgment, . .  required  to  such  a  Work.  1687  A. 
LOVELL  tr.  Thev&nofs  Trav.  i.  12^  Every  one  of  these 
Towers,  .required  an  Army  to  take  them.  1723  CHAMBERS 
tr.  Le  Clerc's  Treat.  Archit.  I.  2  A  Computation  of  the 
expences  of  the  Building,  and  of  the  time  required  to  go 
through  with  it.  1759  BROWN  Covipl,  Partner  no  An  acre 
of  ground  will  require  ten  pound  of  seed.  1795  Gentl.  Mag. 
July  581/2  Irony,  like  Satire,  is  one  of  those  edged  tools 
which  require  skilful  handling.  1810  CRABBE  Borough  i.  8 
Cities  and  towns,  the  various  haunts  of  men,  Require  the 
pencil ;  they  defy  the  pen.  1868  LOCKYER  Eletn.  Astron. 
\\.  §  7  (1879)  39  More  than  1,200,000  Earths  would  be  re 
quired  to  make  one  Sun. 

o.  To  demand  as  a  necessary  help  or  aid;  hence, 
to  stand  in  need  of;  to  need,  want. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  iv.  53  In  grauel  wole  thei  growe 
But  moist  bothe  erthe  &  ayer  they  ther  req_uire.  c  1430 
LYDG.  Mtn.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)46Trewe  metalle  requeryth 
noon  allay.  i538Sr/\RKEY  Englandi.  i.  15  In  many  thyngys, 
..nature  requyryth  the  dylygence  of  man.  1563  WINJET 
Four  Scoir  Thre  Quest.  Wks.  (S.T.  S.)  I.  61  The  defence 
of  fraud  and  falset  necessarlie  requeris  a  cloke  of  fin^eit 
eloquence.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  46  So  doth  one  of 
these  two  alwayes  require  the  others  helpe.  1671  MILTON 
P.  R.  n.  412  Great  acts  require  great  means  of  enterprise. 
1770  GOLDSM.  Des.  Vill.  60  Light  labour..  Just  gave  what 
life  required,  but  gave  no  more.  1849  M.  ARNOLD  To  Re 
publican  Friend^  For  such  doing  they  require  not  eyes. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  1.62  The  body  which  is  in  health 
requires  neither  medical  nor  any  other  aid. 

d.  It  requires,  there  is  need  for,  it  is  necessary 
to  have,  etc.  (Usually  const,  with  inf.) 

1820  W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  I.  44  Surely  it  does  not  require 
a  palace  to  be  happy  with  Mary.  1845  M.  PATTISON  Ess. 
(1889)  I.  18  It  required  all  the  personal  influence  of  the 
king  to  check.. his  irritated  followers.  1893  Lain  Times 
XCIX.  476/2  It  requires  the  talents  of  a  Boileau.  .to  play 
the  part  of  a.JJdneur  with  any  success. 

7.  intr.  To  be  requisite  or  necessary.    Now  rare, 
c  1500  Lancelot  1962  And  pwnice  them  quhar  pwnysing 

Requeris.  1523  LD.  BERBERS  Froiss.  I.  ccxxxvi.  334  Ye 
shall  fynde  the  men  of  warr  suche  as  to  dedes  of  armes 
requyreth.  1547  Homilies  i.  Reading  Script,  i.  (1859)  8  If 
it  shall  require  to  teach  any  truth  or  reprove  false  doctrine. 
1802  BEDDOES  Hygeia  VIH.  168  It  does  not  require  to  be 
professionally  conversant  with  the  sick  to  be  sensible,  that 
[etc.].  1862  SPENCER  First  Princ.  i.  iv.  §  24(1875)  79  To 
produce  that  orderly  consciousness,  .there  requires  the  assi 
milation  of  each  impression  to  others. 

8.  a.  To  feel,  or  be  under,  a  necessity  to  do 
something. 

1805  tr.  Lafontain&'s  Hermann  fy  Emilia  I.  161  '  Louisa  ', 


500 

said  he  to  her,  *  I  require  to  behold  you  a  wife  '.    1853  G.  J.    ' 
CAYLEY  Las  Alforjas  II.  58  The  wise  man .. requires  to  be 
engaged  in  deeper  and  more  perplexing  matters.     1879  B.     ; 
TAYLOR  Stud.    Germ,   Lit.   104  This  is  all  of  the  great 
migratory  movement  which  we  require  to  know. 
b.  To  fall  necessarily,  to  need,  to  be  done,  etc. 

1842  WHEWELLIII  Life  (1881)259  It  is  a  task  which  requires 
to  be  performed.  1857  MAURICE  Ep.  St.  John  xvii.  277  In 
speaking  of  the  state  of  mankind.,  two  facts  require  to  be 
explained.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  253  The  wicked 
are  miserable  because  they  require  to  be  punished. 

III.  f  9*  trans.  To  seek  after,  search  for.  Also,    j 
to  inquire  after ;  to  call  upon,  summon.  Obs. 

4:1450  Merlin  218  These  fledde  till  thei  come  be-fore  the    ! 
yate;..and  these  other  come  vpon  hem  that  right  straytly    ' 
hem  required.     1582  STANYHURST  sEneis  I.  (Arb.)  24  They    I 
theire  lost  feloes  with  long  talck  greedye  requyred.     1609 
BIBLE  (Douay)  F.cclus.  xxxix.  13  The  meiiiorie  of  him  shal 
not  depart,  and  his  name  shal  be  required  [L.  reqtdretnr\ 
from  generation  to  generation.     1642  H.  MORJE.£aKf  4/*iSVw/    [ 
I.  in.  xxiv,  Though  the  glory  of  the    Lord  ore-flow  The     i 
earth, . .  Yet  waters  he  in  waters  doth  requere.     1666  DRYDEN    , 
Ann.  Mirab.  cclvi,  Those  who  have  none  sit  round  where    j 
once  it  was  And  with  full  eyes  each  wonted  room  require.     I 
!6<j7  —  I'irg.  Georg.  in.  160  In  vain  he  burns..  And  in  him-    ; 
self  his  former  self  requires.     1715  POPE  Iliad  II.  945  Hut 
the  brave  chiefs,  .wandering  o'er  the  camp,  required  their    ; 
lord.     1742  GRAY  West  6  A  different  Object  dp  these  Eyes    , 
require.    1797  Monthly  Mag.  III.  548  The  sheriff  is  to  cause    • 
the  defendant  to  be  required  at  five  successive  county-courts.     | 
fb.  To  search  into,  investigate,  pursue.   Ot>s.~l 

1563  MAN  Muscnlus  Commonpl.  16  It  is  needeful  also  for 
some  places  of  Scripture,  that  this  question  bee  required. 

Hence  Requi'red///.  a. 

1601  SHAKS.  AWs  Weil  n.  v.  65  The  ministration,  and    , 
required  office.     1604  —  Oth.  11.  i.  234  Now  for  want  of  these 
requir'd  Conuemences,  her  delicate  tendernesse  wil  finde  it     j 
selfe  abus'd.     a  17*0  SEWEL  Hist.  Quakers  (1722)  I.  in.  80 
Some    of    the    Soldiers ..  took   the   requir'd    Oath.      1849 
HERSCHEL  Astron.  §  198  Then  will  the  final  arc  A.  B.  C.  D. 
read  off  on  the  circle  be  ten  times  the  required  angle.    1883 
LEUDEBDORF  Cremona's  Prof.  Geotn.  291  The  points  H  and 
K  will  lie  on  the  required  conic. 

Requirement  ^r/kwaUument).     [-MENT.] 
•fl.  The  act  of  requiring  ;  a  requisition,  request.     , 
1530  GARDINER  in  Frpude  Hist,  Eng.  (1881)  I.  290  My    j 
Lord  Cardinal,  that  obtained  his  legacy  by  our  late  Sovereign    j 
Lord's  requirements  at  Rome. 

f  2.  The  fact  of  being  requisite  ;  necessity.  Obs~l 

1658-9  in  Burton's  Diary  (1828)   III.  248   Mr.   Speaker 

would  not  without  requirement  mention  the  name  Danvers. 

3.  That  which  is  required  or  needed  ;  a  want,  need. 

1662  GLANVILL  Lux  Orient,  xiii.  125  For  this  Justice  is  but 

the  distributing  to  every  thing  according  to  the  requirements 

of  its  nature.     1727  BAILEY  vol.  II,  Requirement^  the  Thing 

required.     1856  KANE  A  ret.   Expl.   II.   vii.  79   We   must 

prepare  beforehand  the   entire  daily  requirements  of  the 

sick.    1878  LECKY  .£#,£•.  in  i%t/tC.  II.  vii.  422,  j£  15,000  would 

have  amply  met  the  requirements  of  the  county. 

b.  That  which  is  called  for  or  demanded ;  a 
condition  which  must  be  complied  with. 

1841  MYERS  Cat  ft.  Tk.  HI.  §  39.  144  Has  any  individual, 
or  church,  or  nation,  ever  yet  come  up  to  their  [the  Scrip 
tures']  generally  acknowledged  requirements?  1868  M. 
PATTISON  Academ.  Org.  iv.  106  The  other  professors  are 
under  more  stringent  requirements  to  teach. 

Requrrer.  Now  tare.  [f.  REQUIRE  v.  -f  ZR  *.] 
One  who  requires. 

1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  xxxiii.  98  They  said,  they 
had  sene  and  herde  dyuers  ensamples  of  requyrers  and 
nat  requyrers.  1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay  xxiii.  395  The 
requirers  of  those  playes,  are  honored  ;  and  why  then  are 
the  plaiers  of  them  reproched?  1611  FLORIO,  Richieditore, 
a  requirer,  a  requester.  1681  STAIR  Insttt.  i.  xx.  §  22  Wod- 
sets  are  also  taken  off  by  Premonition  or  Requisition, .  .yet 
so  that  the  requirer  may  pass  from  his  requisition.  1860 
PUSEY  Min.  Proph.  (1885)  I.  71  Christ,  .a  Requirer  of  mercy,  ; 
a  Praiser  of  purity  of  heart. 

Recurring,  vbl.  sb.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING!.]   | 
Request,  demand  ;  requisition. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  313  At  be  prayer  and    i 
requirynge  of  pope  Gregory,  Gy  of  Marchia.  .chasede  him    j 
out  of  bat  londes.    c  1470  Gol.  fy  Gaiv.  1330  Schir  Gawane    : 
the  gay,  throu  requiring,  Gart  the  souerane.  .Gary  to  the 
castel.      1579  W.   WILKINSON   Confnt.   Familyt  of  Loue, 
Heret.  Affirm,  b  j  b,  The  letter  according  to  the  requiring 
of  Christ,,. leadeth  us  to  the  death  of  Sin.     1617  HIERON 
Wks.   II.  358  The  matter  may  be  so  handled,  as  that  He 
may  take  no  delight  in  His  owne  requirings.    1687  in  Magd.    , 
Coll.  ff  Jos.  II  (O.  H.  S.)  139  A  requiring  of  him  to  deliver    I 
up  his  office.      1727  BAILEY  vol.  II,  Requirement^..*,  re 
quiring.     1785  PALEY  Mor.  Philos.  in.  xx,  The  oath  lays  a    | 
snare,  .and  I  do  not  perceive,  that  the  requiring  of  it.  .pro-    i 
cluces  any  good  effect.     1871  B.  TAYLOR  Faust  (1875)  II.  n. 
iii.  128  Hear  the  requiring,  Bring  wood  for  firing. 

t  Requrry.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -Y  :  cf. 
inquiry^  Request,  demand. 

1598  FLORIO,  Requisition^  requisition,  requirie.  1641 
EARL  MONM.  tr.  Biondt's  Civil  Warres  iv.  40  To  doe 
homage  to  King  Henry.. requiring  but  3.  monthes  space 
after  requiry.  1667  WATERHOUSE  Fire  Lond.  117  Answer 
God,  O  England  !  Prince  and  people,  in  this  requiry  of  his. 

t  Requise(d, /a.///e.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  F.  re- 
quis(e,  pa.  pple.  of  OF.  requerre :  see  REQUIRE  &.] 
Required. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.t  Edw.  IV  z^  The  forme  and  maner, 
that  in  suche  a  case  is  requise  and  accustumed  to  be  done. 
"557  N-  T.  (Genev.)  Ep.  *iv,  To  drawe  as  wel  the  lewes 
as  Gentils  to  God,  it  was  requised  that  a  newe  Couenant 
shulde  be  made. 

Requisite  (re-kwizit),  a.  and  sb.  Also  5-6 
requysite,  -yte,  (6  -ytt),  requisyte,  (5  -ques-), 
6-7  requisit,  etc.  [ad.  L.  r&juisit-ust  pa.  pple. 
of  requirie  to  REQUIRE.] 


REQUISITION. 

A.  adj.    Required    by  circumstances    or    the 
nature  of  things,  necessary,  indispensable. 

1472-3  Rolls  ofParlt.  VI.  38/2  Asmany  and  such  Writtes  .  . 
as  to  hir  shal  be  requisite  in  that  partie.  1522  MORE  De 
quat.  No^<i$s.  Wks.  102  There  are  ye  wotewell  two  poyntes 
requisite  vnto  saluacion.  1592  KYD  Sp.  Trag.  in.  xa  07 
If  he  be  thus  helplessly  distract,  Tis  requisite  his  office  be 
resignde.  1611  SHAKS.  IVint.  T.  iv.  iv.  687  A  good  Nose  is 
requisite  also,  to  smell  out  worke  for  th'other  Sences.  1659 
THORN  DIKE  Wks.  (1846)  II.  504  Supposing  the  belief  of 
Christianity  to  be  a  condition  requisite  to  the  having  of 
God's  Spirit.  1761  HU.ME//W/.  Eng.\\\.  1.  97  Martial  Taw, 
so  requisite  to  the  support  of  discipline,  was  exercised  upon 
the  soldiers.  1836  KIXGSLEY  Lett.  (1878)  I.  36  One  is  ex- 
pected  to  have  obtained  all  requisite  classical  knowledge  at 
school.  1878  JEVONS  Prim.  Pol.  Econ.  28  We  can  hardly 
say  that  capital  is  as  requisite  to  production  as  land  and 
labour. 

B.  sb.  That  which   is   required   or   necessary  ; 
something  indispensable. 

1602  Archpriest  Controv.  (Camden)  II.  224  They  doe 
whollye  reste  for  meate,  drinke,  and  other  requisits  to  lyfe, 
upon  the  providence  of  God.  1665  GLANVILL  De/.  Van. 
Dogm.  p,  viii,  You  think  it  more  suitable  to  the  requisites  of 
the  present  Age,  to  depress  Scepticism.  1750  JOHNSON 
Rambler  No.  71  F  5  Till  all  the  requisites  which  imagina 
tion  can  suggest  are  gathered  together.  1810  CRABBE 
Borough  xxiii.  76  Alas  !  he  wants  the  requisites  to  rise,  The 
true  connexion,  the  availing  ties.  1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM 
Peruv.  Bark  315  The  form  of  febrifuge  which  combines.. 
the  two  requisites  of  efficacy  and  economy. 

f  Requisite,  v.  Obs.  rare~l.  [f.  as  prec.] 
trans.  To  request  or  require. 

c  14^50  Godstow  Reg.  i.  147  Paying  there-of  }erly  to  hym  & 
to  his  eyeris  or  to  his  assynys  oon  rose..whenne  bey  been 
conueniently  retjuisityd  or  Axid. 

t  Re'quisitely,  adv.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  REQUI 
SITE  a.  +  -LY  -.]  Necessarily. 

1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalini's  Advts.fr.  Parnass.  i. 
xlv.  (.1674)  60  Learning,  which  is  born  and  bred  in  poverty, 
was  requisitely  to  live  therein,  as  in  her  particular  Element. 
1683  E.  HOOKER  Pref.  Pordages  Mystic  Diy.  65  Properly 
preliminary  antecedaneous  and  very  requisitly  assistent  to 
the  advance  of  theinquisitiv  Readers  judgment. 

Requisiteness  (re'kwizitnes).  [f.  as  prec.  -f 
-NB8S.J  The  state  of  being  requisite  or  necessary  ; 
needfulness,  necessity. 

1600  SURKLET  Count  rie  Farme  v.  xxiii.  726  Which  they 
steepe  in  the  decoction  of  the  seed  or  flowers  of  hops.. 
greatly  standing  vpon  the  requisitenes  of  their  hops  there 
unto.  1663  BOYLE  Usef.  E.rp.  Nat.  Philos.  \\.  v.  xx.  303 
In  some  few  cases  the  requisiteness  and  danger  of  destruc 
tive  valour  may  make  its  Actions  become  a  yertuous  Patriot. 
1764  HARMER  Observ.  iii.  §  n.  104  An  additional  proof  of  the 
requisiteness  of  attending  to  the  customs  of  the  East.  1843 
MILL  Logic  HI.  v.  §  3  That  particular  condition  ..  whose 
requisiteness..  we  happen  to  be  insisting  on  at  the  moment. 
1876  BANCROFT  Hist.  U.  S.  IV.  xxvii.  20  The  general  re- 
ported  the  ensuing  quarrel  as  a  proof  of..  the  requisiteness 
of  troops  for  the  support  of  *  the  laws  '. 

Requisition  (rekwizi'Jan),  sb.  [a.  F.  rtquhi- 
tion  (i2th  c.),  or  zA.'L.requlsltion-em,  n.  of  action 
f.  requlrfre  to  REQUIRE.] 

1.  a.  The  action  of  (f  requesting  or)  requiring  ; 
a  (f  request  or)  demand  made  by  a  person. 

1503  in  Lett.  Rich.  Ill  $  Hen.  VII  (Rolls)  I.  201  [Our] 
instaunt  petition  to  make  an  instrument  .  .  and  the  noble  men 
standing  about  to  be  witnesses,  as]  we  made  like  requisi 
tion.  1566  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  485  Quhais  requisi- 
tioun  being  bayth  ressonalnll,  and  honorabill  [etc.].  1620  in 
Relio,  Wotton  (1672)  533  Neither  of  them  ought  to  deny  it  : 
provided  the  same  requisition  be  seasonably  made,  not  upon 
rash  and  precipitate  advice.  1752  CHESTERF.  Lett.  (1792) 
Ill.cclxx'iv.  253,  1  am  sure  you  would  have  written,  according 
to  your  engagement  and  my  requisition.  1777  ROBERTSON 
Hist.  Amer.  II.  v.  66  With  this  requisition..  Montezuma 
was  so  obsequious  as  to  comply.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE 
Italian  xxxii,  I  obey  your  requisition  and  inquire  the  pur 
pose  of  it.  1856  MERIVALE  Rom.  Emp.  xlii.  (1865)  V.  143 
The  legatus  was  compelled  to  send  his  son  to  Rome  as  the 
bearer  of  these  requisitions. 

b.  A  requirement,  necessary  condition. 

1836  J.  GILBERT  Chr.  Atonem.  vii.  (1852)  196  How 
gloriously  does  the  Christian  atonement  meet  this  requisi 


tion  !  1839  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  \\.  viii.  §  59  It  would  be.  .a 
great  mistake  to  imagine  that  the  requisitions  for  academical 
degrees  were  ever  much  insisted  on.  1856  FERRIER  Inst. 
Metaph.  Introd.  7  It  is  to  be  accounted  for.,  by  that  neglect 
of  the  chief  requisition  of  philosophy  which  has  been  already 
pointed  out. 

2.  The  (or  an)  action  of  formally  requiring  or 
calling  upon  one  to  perform  some  action,  discharge 
some  duty,  etc.  ;  f  the  fact  of  being  so  called 
upon.  Also,  a  written  demand  of  this  nature. 


of  Scotland  can  mak.  Ibid.  II.  192  Alexander.,  requirit  and 
desyrit  him  to  entir  the  said  maister  Thomas  to  the  said 
Alexander  within  sex  dayis  efter  his  requisitioun.  a  1648 
LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  VIII  (1683)  117  If  either  of  the  two 
recover  from  France,  Places  belonging  to  the  other,  he  shall, 
upon  requisition,  restore  them  within  a  month.  1747  in 
Kames  Diet.  Decis.  (1797)  IV.  161  A  tenant  ..  having 
affirmed,  that  he  made  requisition  to  the  heritor  for  that 
purpose,  it  was  questioned,  if  he  could  be  allowed  to  prove 
the  requisition  by  witnesses.  1780  BuUCE  .S^  2fcfewWfcfc 
1792  II.  sisThe  reasons  for  taking  away  the  penalties,  .and 
for  refusing  to  establish  them  on  the  riotous  requisition  of 
1780.  1840  MACAULAY  Ess.*  Clive  (1887)  558  According  to 
the  by-laws  of  the  Company,  there  can  be  no  ballot  except 
on  a  requisition  signed  by  nine  proprietors.  1892  Daily 
News  5  Apr.  3/7  He  staled  that  during  his  lesseeship  of  the 
Lyceum  he  had  spent  45,  ooo/.  on  the  house.,  some  of  thi;> 
voluntarily  and  some  under  '  requisitions1. 


REQUISITION. 

b.  Sc.  Law.  -  A  demand   made  by   a   creditor 
that  a  debt  be  paid,  or  an  obligation  fulfilled.' 

1681  STAIR  Instit,  i.  xx.  §  22.  410  Requisition  requires 
also  the  same  solemnities  that  Premonition  requires.  1693 
Ibid,  ii.  i.  §  4  (ed.  2)  162  But  even  compleat  Heretable 
Rights  themselves,  containing  personal  Clauses  of  Requisi 
tion,  become  Moveable  by  the  Requisition  or  Charge. 
a  1768  KRSKINE  fnstit.  Law  Scot.  ii.  ii.  §  16  (1773)  I.  175 
Requisition  used  by  a  creditor  upon  a  right  of  wadset. 
1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  855  In  certain  cases,  requisi 
tion  is  necessary  to  put  the  debtor  in  Jiiora ;  and  then  the 
proper  way  of  proving  requisition  is  by  a  notarial  instru 
ment. 

3.  The  action  of  requiring  a  certain  amount  or 
number  of  anything  to  be  furnished ;  a  demand  or 
order  of  this  nature,  esp.  one  made  upon  a  town, 
district,  etc.,  to  furnish   or   supply  anything   re 
quired  for  military  purposes. 

1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  iv.  vii.  (1869)  II.  201  It  has  been 
proposed ..  that  the  colonies  should  be  taxed  by  requisition. 
1790  BEATSOM  Nav.  fy  Mil.  Mem.  I.  171  A  requisition  was 
made  of  the  six  thousand  auxiliaries,  which  the  States 
General  were,  .obliged  to  furnish,  c  1806  SIR  R.  WILSON* 
CapeGd.  Hope  in  Life  (1862)  I.  App.  ix.  391  The  cavalry 
was  mounted  by  requisition  on  the  best  horses  of  the  country. 
1860  WOOLSEY  Introd.  Internet*.  Law  §  129  After  the  battle 
of  Jena.. the  requisition  upon  humbled  Prussia  was  more 
than  a  hundred  millions  of  francs.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVEN 
SON  Mi/it.  Diet.  338/1  Supplies  are  now.  .stored  in  magazines 
in  rear  of  an  army,  and  a  requisition  is  made  on  them  for 
the  daily  wants  of  the  troops.  1897  Cavalry  Tactics  xxii. 
141  When  the  inhabitants  are  hostile,  and  refuse  to  comply 
with  the  requisition,  an  intimation  that . .  they  will  be  taken 
by  force,  usually  has  the  desired  effect. 

attrib.  1806  SIR  R.  WILSON  Jrnl.  n  Feb.  in  Life  (1862) 
!•  v-  3°7.  I.. have  been  on  several  committees  to  fix  the 
price  of  requisition  horses. 

4.  The  state  or   condition    of  being   called   or 
pressed  into  service  or  use.   In  phrases:  a.   To  put 
(plate,  call}  in  (or  into}  requisition, 

1796  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Marchmont  IV.  56  His  eldest  son 
.  .having  been  put  in  requisition  :  he  was  himself,  he  said, 
too  old  for  a  soldier.  1815  HELEN  M.  WILLIAMS  Narr. 
Events  France  xi.  244  As  the  carriages  arrived  near  the 
bridge,  they  were  immediately  put  in  requisition  [to  trans 
port  the  wounded].  1827  SOUTHEY  Penins.  War  II.  477 
He  placed  all  horses  and  mares  above  a  certain  height  in 
requisition  for  the  French  armies.  1831  W.  GODWIN 
Thoughts  Man  84  When  the  first  novelty  of  his  pieces  was 
gone,  they  were  seldom  called  into  requisition.  1877  GLAD 
STONE  Glean.  (1879)  I.  152  The  old  terrors,  the  old  bug 
bears,  were  at  once  put  in  requisition. 
b.  (To  be}  in  (constant,  etc.)  requisition. 

a  1817  W.  BELOE  Sexagenarian  I.  333  The  guillotine  was 
(to  use  their  abominable  jargon)  in  constant  requisition. 
1838  LVTTOH  Alice  i.  iii,  That  duty  done,  once  more  the 
straw  hat  and  Sultan  were  in  requisition.  1868  T.  H.  KEY 
Philol.  Ess.  204  The  words.. are  with  them  in  constant 
requisition. 

Requisition  (rekwizi-Jan),  v.  [f.  prec.  Cf. 
mod.F.  reqiiisitionner  (Littre  Suppl,}.] 

1.  trans,  a.  To  require  (anything)  to  be  furnished 
for  military  purposes;  to  put  in  requisition. 

1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  III.  i.  viii,  Such  hundredfold 
miscellany  of  teams,  requisitioned  or  lawfully  owned, 
making  way,,  .rolled  here  to  right  and  to  left.  1870  Daily 
News  8  Dec.,  The  Government  authorised  the  prefects  and 
sous-prefects  to  requisition  such  horses  as  might  be  needed. 
1881  HESTY  Cornet  of  Horse  viii.  (1888)  74  A  considerable 
portion  of  the  allied  army  were  quartered,  .in  large  convents 
requisitioned  for  the  purpose. 

b.  To  make  demands  upon  (a  town,  etc.). 

1870  Daily   News   14   Dec.,    The    French  Army  of  the 
North,  after  permitting  Amiens  and  Rouen  to  be.. requisi 
tioned  by  the  enemy  [etc.].     1897  Cavalry  Tactics  xxii.  141 
When  it  is  intended  to  requisition  a  village  or  town,  all  the 
outlets  should  be  guarded. 

2.  To  make  requisition  for;  to  demand,  call  for, 
request  to  have  or  get. 

1874  BURNAND  My  Time  xiv.  113  Everything  necessary 
for  his  departure.. had  to  be  requisitioned  hastily.  1882 
BESANT  Revolt  of  Man  xii,  They,  .drove  about  the  country 
requisitioning  provisions.  1887  Pall  Mall  G.  6  Oct.  n/i 
May  I  requisition  your  fairness  to  a  political  opponent  to 
be  allowed  to  point  out  [etc.].  1892  Ibid,  3  Aug.  3/3  He 
gets  a  weekly  fist  of  all  new  publications,  and  requisitions 
what  he  thinks  he  will  be  able  to  sell. 

b.  To  press  into  service  ;  to  make  demands  on. 

1879  BLACK  Macleod  of  D.  xxxiii,  And  so  the  hospitalities 
of  the  little  inn  were  requisitioned  to  the  utmost. 
C.  To  call  upon,  call  in,  for  some  purpose. 

1887  Times  (weekly  ed.)  14  Oct.  7/4  The  military  had  to 
be  requisitioned.  1893  EARL  DUNMORE  Pamirs  II.  292 
Seven  men  with  shovels  were  requisitioned. 

Hence  Requisitioning  vbl.  sb.     Also  attrib. 

1871  Daily  AVfcjig  Sept.,  In  our  camp.,  we  are  discussing 
the  requisitioning  capabilities  of  London.  . .  In  these  latter 
days  we  do  not  call  it  plunder,  we  call  it  requisitioning. 

Requisi'tionally,  adv.  rare-1,  [f.  REQUISI 
TION  sb.~]  By  means  of  military  requisitions. 

1796  Campaigns  1793-4  II.  xii.  101  So  wonderful  are  the 
resources  of  France  when  requisitionally  called  forth. 

Requisi'tiouist.  [f.  as  pree.  + -1ST.]  One  who 
makes  a  requisition. 

1819  Ed  in.  Rev.  XXXII.  4421*0  make  each  sturdy  requi- 
sitionist  repent  of  having  set  his  hand  to  the  call.  1852 
J.  H.  NF.WMAN  Scope  Unh'.Kdnc.d-j  They  call  the  demand 
tyrannical,  and  the  rcquisitionists  bigots  or  fanatics.  1865 
Sat.  Rev.  4  Feb.  135  There  were  pledges  sufficient,  .to 
satisfy  the  mo^t  rigorous"  requisitionists. 

t  Requi'Sltive,  a.  ^and  sb.}  Obs.  rare.  [f.  as 
next  +  -IVE.]  Impressing  a  request ;  of  the  nature 
of  requiring.  Also  eliipt.  as  sl>. 


501 

1751  HARRIS  Hermes  \.  viii.  (1765)  143  If  we  interrogate, 
'tis  the  Interrogative  Mode;  if  we  require  'tis  the  Requisi- 
tive.  Ibid.  154  The  Requisitive  or  Imperative  has  no  first 
Person  of  the  singular. 

Requisitor  (r/kwi-zitpj).  rare.  [f.  requisit-, 
ppl.  stem  of  L.  requlrere  +  -OR.]  One  who  makes 
a  requisition  or  requisitions. 

1790-93  HELEN  M.  WILLIAMS  Lett.  France  (1796)  IV.  iS 
(Jod.\  It  was  now  decreed,  .that  the  property,  which  each 
individual  possessed,  should  be  at  his  own  disposal,  and  not 
at  that  of  any  publick  rcquisitors.  1894  H.  FISHWICK 
Lancashire  279  The  result  was  that  the  requisitors  them 
selves  summoned  the  meeting. 

t  Requisite-rial,  a.  Oh.  rare.  [a.  K.  nf- 
qitisitorial  (Littre).]  =  REQUISITORY  a.  i. 

1716  Land.  Gaz,  No.  5491/2  M.  Manteuffel.  .has.  .pre 
sented  Requisitorial  Letters. .,  for  the  Passage  of  the  Saxon 
Troops  through  the  King  of  Prussia's  Dominions,  1755 
MAGENS  Insurances  270  Upon  Receipt  of  a  reqiusitorial 
Order  from  the. .  Honourable  Regency  at  Oldenburg. 

Requi'Sitory,  sb.  rare.  [ad.  F.  rcquisitoire'. 
cf.  next.]  In  French  legal  practice,  the  demand 
made  by  a  public  prosecutor  for  the  punishment  of 
the  accused  on  the  charges  stated. 

1824  Examiner  494/2  The  requisitory  or  charge  was  then 
read,  and.  .the  Crown  lawyer  prayed  for  a  very  moderate 
penalty.     1890  Harper's  Mag.  Nov.  938/1  What  rendered 
his  requisitory  still  more  interesting.,  was  the  relationship 
of  the  orator  to  the  hapless  LJompard. 

Requisitory  (r/kwi-zit6ri),  a.  rare,  [ad. 
med.L.  rcquisitori-us  (see  REQUISITE  and  -OHY^, 
or  obs.  K.  rcquisitoire  (1403).] 

1.  a.  Of  the  nature  of,  expressing  or  conveying, 
a  request  or  requisition. 

1447  Rolls  of  Parlt,  V.  135/1  Havyng  the  King  oure 
Soveraigne  Lordes  gracious  Letters  of  prive  seal  requisitorie 
unto  the  Due.  1449  Ibid.  150/2  Wherfore  the  Kyng..do 
write  his  letters  requisitorie,  and  sende  his  mesages  for  due 
reformation  to  have  be  h;idde  in  this  behalve.  1855  MOTLKY 
Dutch  Rep.  II.  305  Upon  the  iSth  March,  1570,  the  Duke 
addressed  a  requisitory  letter  to  the  alcades,  corregidors. 
and  other  judges  of  Castile,  empowering  them  to  carry  the 
sentence  into  execution. 

b.  Capable  of  making  a  requisition. 

1825  JEFFERSON  Atttobiog.  Wks.  1859  \-  7%  Their  power  .. 
was  only  requisitory,  and  these  requisitions  were  addressed 
to  the  several  Legislatures. 

"("  2.  Sought  on  purpose.   Obs.  rare  ~l. 

1621  LODGE  Summary  of  Du  Bartas  n.  27  There  are  two 
sorts  of  these  dreames,  the  one,  which  are  called  curious  or 
requisitory,  to  which  are  referred  the  dreams  sought  out 
..and  obteyned,  by  wicked  vowes  and  profane  sacrifices. 

Requi't,  sb.  rare  -1.  [Cf.  next  and  QUIT  sb.~\ 
Requital. 

1786  BURNS  To  J.  Smith  vi,  The  star  that  rules  my  luck 
less  lot,  Has  fated  me  the  russet  coat,. .  But  in  requit,  Has 
blest  me  \vi'  a  random  shot  O'  countra  wit. 

t  Requi't,  v.  Obs.  [f.  RE-  +  QUIT  vl\  trans. 
To  repay,  requite. 

Reqnit  in  ^ forte  Arth.  1680  is  prob.  a  scribal  error  for 
rcknit  (  reckoned '. 

a  1553  UDALL  Royster  D.  in.  iv.  (Arb.)  52  If  ye  can  this 
reinitte,  This  gentleman  other  wise  may  your  loue  re- 
quitte.  1582  N.  LICHEFLELD  tr.  Castanlieda's  Cony.  E. 
fnd.  i.  xlviii.  104  In  the  which  thou  shalt  not  onely  shew 
me  pleasure,  but  also  binde  me  to  requit  thy  good  will.  1607 
SHAKS;  Cor.  iv.  v.  76  The  droppes  of  Blood  Shed  for  my 
thanklesse  Country,  are  requitted. 

Re-quit  (n-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  quit  again. 

1855  LYNCH  Rivulet  LXIV.  iii,  Home  flies  the  bee,  then  soon 
re-quits  the  hive. 

Requi't  able,  a.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  [f.  RE 
QUITE  v.  +  -ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  requited. 

1610  HOLLAND  Camdcn's  Brit.  i.  578  Good  turnes  are  so 
long  acceptable,  as  they  may  be  requitable.  1648  BOYLE 
Seraph. Love  xiv.  (1700)  89  God's  Favours.., how  little  they 
are  requitable,  for  we  can  give  him  nothing  but  his  own. 

Requital  (r/kwsHal).     [f.  REQUITE  v.  +-AL.] 
1.  Return   for  some   service,  kindness,  etc. ;   re 
compense  or  reward  for  action  or  exertion,    f  Also, 
power  of  making  a  return. 

1579  G.  HARVEY  Lettcr-bk.  (Camden)  62  To  minister  super 
abundant  matter  of  sufficient  requitall.  1582  STANYHURSP 
sEneis  i.  (Arb.)  35  First  begin  a  freendshippe,  for  he  wyl 
make  fullye  requital.  1639  FULLER  Holy  Warm.  i.  (1840) 
115  So  unwelcome  are  courtesies  to  them  when  above  their 
requital.  1631  HOBBES  Leviath.  i.  xL  48  To  receive  benefits 
.  .as  long  as  there  is  hope  of  requital,  disposeth  to  love.  1815 
W.  H.  IRELAND  Scribbleomania  175  Whose  bold  perse 
verance  at  length  reap'd  requital.  01871  GROTE  Eth. 
Fragm,  i.  (1876)  n  Such  and  such  behaviour  [is]  to  be 
rendered  on  his  part,  such  and  such  sentiments  to  be  mani 
fested  as  requital  on  theirs. 

b.  In  phr.  in  (f  rarely/?;-)  requital  (of }. 

1590  GREENE  Nwer  too  late  (1600)  37  Ready  for  requitall 
of  such  gracious  countenance,  to  vnsheath  my  sword.  1591 
SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  i.  i.  153  In  requital  whereof,  henceforth, 
carry  your  letters  your  selfe.  1627  SANDERSON  Serin.,  ail 
CUrum  ii.  (1681)  25  Giving  such  constructions  to  Gods  truth 
as  will  for  Requital  give  largest  Allowance  to  their  Practices. 
1634  MILTON  Comns  626  He.  .Would  sit,  and  hearken  even 
to  extasie,  And  in  requitall  ope  his  leather'n  scrip  [etc.]. 
1697  POTTER  Antiq.  Greece  i.  v.  (1715)  22  In  requital  of  all 
his  former  Kindnesses,  they  basely  deserted  him.  1817  JAS. 
.Mil  L  Brit.  India.  II.  iv.  v.  172  Requesting  a  sum  of  money 
..and  offering  in  requital  to  withdraw  from  the  province. 
1839  CAKLYI.E  Chartism  iv.  (1858)  16  There  is  not  a  horse 
willing  to  work  but  can  get  food  and  shelter  in  requital. 

c.  With  a  and  //.  A  return  or  repayment  (for 
or  <?/"  something). 

11591  H.  SMITH  fF&i.  (1867)  II.  360  The  best  requital  that 
we  can  make  for  our  good  cheer.  1613  WITHER  Epigr,  xvi. 


REQUITE. 

To  Sc/i0ol->na$tei't  Your  love  doth  well  deserve  to  have 
Better  requitalls  than  are  in  my  power.  1648  BOYLE  Seraph. 
Love  xiv.  (1700)  90  All  the  Duties  we  can  pay  our  Maker, 
are  less  properly  Requitals  than  Restitutions.  1732  LEDIARD 
Set  has  II.  ix.  285  He  fear'd  he  should  have  but  a  poor  re 
quital  from  the  king.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India  III. 
559  It  might  seem  to  be  an  ungrateful  requital  of  the  un 
questioned  services  of  the  Company. 

2.  Return  or  repayment  of  an   injury,  etc. ;   re 
taliation,  revenge.     Const,  of,  for. 

1582  STANYHL-RST. -.£««,$  n.  (Arb.  62  Doubting  thee  Troians 
blooddye  reuengment,  And  also  fearing  thee  Greekish  fyrie 
requital.  1597  HOOKER  Eccl,  Pol.  v.  xxxii.  §  3  If . .  we  should 
take  the  quarrel  of  sermons  in  hand,  and  revenge  their  cause 
by  requital,  a  1602  W.  PERKINS  Cases  Consc.  (1619)  200 
Men  are  content  to  lay  aside  all  hatred  and  requitall  of 
euill.  1641  MILTON  Animadv.  Wks.  1851  III.  189  Re 
member  how  they  mangle  our  Brittish  Names  abroad  ;  what 
trespasse  were  it,  if  wee  in  requitall  should  as  much  neglect 
theirs?  1869  FARRAR  /'«;«.  Speech  iii.  (1873)  106  In  requital 
it  may  be,  for  many  injuries.  1885  ftlanch.  E.\'am.  30  Mar. 
5/1  In  requital  of  that  shameful  act  of  perfidy. 

3.  Compensation  for  a  want.  rare. 

1885  Manch.  M'cukly  Times  7  Feb.  5  '5  The  common  sense 
which,  in  requital  for  the  want  of  more  showy  qualities,  we 
may  claim  as  the  attribute  of  Englishmen. 

Reqni'tative,  a.  rare.  [f.  KKQUITK  v.  + 
-ATivj-;.]  Serving  to  requite. 

1862  F.  HAI.L  Hindu  Philos.Syst,  150 The  pandits,  .allege, 
that  there  is  produced,  in  the  soul,,  by  good  or  by  bad  works, 
the  quality  denominated  requiiative  efficacy. 

Requrte,  sb.  rare.      [f.  the  vb.]     Requital. 

1561  PRESTON  Cawbyscs  Dj,  For  councel  giuen  vnto  the 
King  is  this  thy  iust  requite?  1862  H!SLOI'/>W.  Scot.  3  A 
drap  and  a  bite's  but  a  sma'  requite. 

Requite  (r/kwsi't),  v.  Also  6  -quyte,  -quight. 
[f.  RE-  (as  in  repay}  +  quite,  var.  of  QUIT  z>.] 

1.  trans.  To  repay,  make  return  for,  reward  (a 
kindness,  service,  etc.). 

1529  WOLSEY  in  Four  C.  Eng.  Lett.  (iBSo)  n  So  I  shal 
not  fiiyle  to  reijuyte  your  kyndnes.  1597  MOKLEY  Introd. 
JHits.  Ded.,  There  be  two  whose  benifites  to  vs  can  neuer  be 
requited:  God,  and  our  parents.  1639  FULLKR  Holy  IVar 
ii.  xlyi.  (1840)  114  They  requited  Christ's  passion,  and  died 
for  him  who  suffered  for  them.  1683  J.  (JADHUKY  Wliartons 
\l>'ks.  Pref.,  He  served  his  Soveraign  faithfully,  the  King  as 
bountifully  requites  his  Services.  1778  Cow  TEH  Let.  i  Jan., 
The  pleasure  of  requiting  an  obligation  has  always  been  out 
of  my  reach.  1819  SHELLEY  Ccnci  \\.  ii.  34  Requiting  years 
of  care  with  contumely.  1854  MACAULAY  Biog.  (1867)  16 
His  servility  was  requited  with  cold  contempt. 

refl.  1711  POPE  '2'einp.  /-ame  363  To  conceal  from  sight 
Those  acts  of  goodness,  which  themselves  requite. 

b.  To  repay,  make  retaliation  or  return  for,  to 
avenge  (a  wrong,  injury,  etc.). 

iSSS  EDEN  Decades  131  With  so  gentell  a  reuenge  re- 
quitynge  thingratitude  of  hym.  1596  SPKNSER  /•".  Q.  iv.  vi.  9 
Let  me  this  crave,.  .That  first  I  may  that  wrong  to  him  re 
quite.  1611  BIBLE  6V«.l.  15  Ioseph..\vill  certainely requite 
vs  all  the  euill  which  \\e  did  vnto  him.  1654  BKAMHALL 
Just  Vind.  vi.  (1661)  153  To  requite  their  invectives,  he 
made  the  statutes  of  provisors.  i8zu  SHEI.I.EY  Hotn.  Men. 
Ixv,  I  will  requite..  His  cruel  threat.  1874  GREEN  Short 
Hist.  vii.  §  6.  409  Drake,  .had  requited  the  wrongs  inflicted 
by  the  Inquisition  on  English  seamen. 

absol.  x6n  BIBLE  Jer.  Ii.  56  The  Lord  God  of  recompenses 
shall  surely  requite, 

2.  To  repay,  make  return  to  (one)  for  some  ser 
vice,  etc. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Slddane's  Comm.  275, 1  am  fully  determined 
to  requite  your  Prince  with  lyke  thankefulnes.  1611  MIDDLE- 
TON  &.  DEKKER  Roaring  Girle  D.'s  Wks.  1873  III.  164, 1  am 
so  poore  to  requite  you,  you  must  looke  for  nothing  but 
thankes  of  me.  1636  STANLEY  Hist.  P kilos,  vi.  (1701)  228/1 
This  place,  to  which  Aristotle  owed  his  Birth,  he  afterwards 
requited  with  extraordinary  Gratitude.  17*5  DE  FOE  /  'oy. 
round  World  (T&tp}  244,  I  was  as  well  ablejo  requite  him 
for  a  large  present  as  he  was  to  make  it.  1790  COWPER 
Mother* sPict.%6,  I  should  ill  requite  thee  to  constrain  Thy 
unbounded  spirit  into  bonds  again.  1864  SKEAT  Vhland^s 
Poems  163  [He]  Expects  from  him  some  tale  or  minstrel-lay, 
And  afterward  requites  him  with  the  like. 

b.  To  pay  back,  make  retaliation  on  (one)  for 
some  injury,  etc. 

-1590  MARLOWE  Faust,  x,  Not  so  much  for  the  injury., 
hath  Faust  us  worthily  requited  this  injurious  knight.  1627 
CAPT.  SMITH  Seatnatfs  Grant,  xiii.  61  Hee  payes  vs  shot  for 
shot ;  Well,  wee  shall  requite  him.  1656  BRAMHALL  Replic. 

7  It  is  hard  when  they  come  to  accuse  us  of  blood  guiltiness, 
_  could  requite  him  with  a  black  list  of  murthers  and  Mas 
sacres.  1819  SHELLEY  Prometh.  Unb.  i.  392  He  but  requites 
me  for  his  own  misdeed.  1853  Miss  VONGE  Cameos  (1877) 
II.  xxx.  313  The  lady  had  the  last  word,  but  was  requited 
with  a  blow. 

tc.  reft.  To  avenge  (oneself).  Obs.  rare-1.  ^ 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vii.  iii.  (1614)  669  The  Indians 
..slew  many  Tartars,  who  could  not  see  to  requite  them- 
seines  thorow  the  smoke. 

f  3.  To  repay  with  the  like  ;  to  return  (a  visit). 

1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasvi.  Par.  Matt.  xxi.  102  b,  Jesus  .. 
requited  their  question  with  an  other,    a  1648  LD.  HERBERT 
in  Life  (1886)  202,  I  spent  my  time  much  in  the  visits  of  the 
princes, .  .who  did  ever  punctually  requite  my  visits. 
fb.  To  salute  (one)  in  return.  Obs.  rare. 

1590  SPENSER  /".  Q.  i.  x.  49  They  him  saluted,  standing 
far  afore;  Who,  well  them  greeting,  humbly  did  requight. 
1591  —  M.  Hnbbcrd  587  Lowly  they  him  saluted  in  meeke 
wise ;  But  he . .  scarce  vouchsafe  them  to  requite. 

4.  To  make  return  of;  to  give  or  do  in  return 
for  something,     f  Also  with  double  obj. 

a  1547  SURREY  JEneid  ii.  185  If  I  speake  truth,  and. .  For 
gi-aunt  of  life  requite  thee  large  amendes.  1555  EDEN  De 
cades  7  They  serue  them  with  lyke  sause,  requltinge  deathe 
for  deathe.  1581  MARBECK  Bk.  oj Xotes  779  They  are  Justi 
fied  freelj'i  because  working  nothing,  and  requiting  nothing. 


f 


REQUITED. 

theyara  Justified  by  onely  faith.  1631  GOUGE  God's  Arroivs 
in.  §  60.  296  In  case  of  talio,  or  requiting  like  for  like.  1877 
C.  GEIKIE  Cfatxlxxxvi  (1870)  431  To  icquite  like  for  like 
was  assumed  as  both  just  and  righteous. 

f5.  To  take  the  place  of,  to  make  up  for,  to 
counterbalance  or  compensate.  Obs. 

1603  OWEN  Pembrokeshire  (1892)  5  Pembrokshere  reacheth 
to  the  Ryver  Taf,  and  then  Carmarthen  she  re  requiteing  it, 
reaches  to  the  Ryver  Cledde.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud. 
Ep.  n.  iii.  (1672)  80  Which  is  a  way  of  intelligence  very 
strange,  and  would  requite  the  lost  Art  of  Pythagoras,  who 
could  read  a  reverse  in  the  Moon.  1680  H.  MORE  Apocal. 
Apoc.  184  From  whence  will  naturally  flow,  .scarcity  and 
poverty  to  requite  their  luxury  before.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg. 
Past.  iv.  76  Thy  Mother  well  deserves  that  short  delight, 
The  nauseous  Qualms  of.. Travel  to  requite. 

Hence  Requi'ted  ppl.  a.  (only  in  ill-  or  well- 
requited'}  ;  Requiring  vbl.  sb.  Also  t  Requi'te- 
ful  a,,  making  due  return;  t  Req.nl  -teless  a., 
unrequited,  without  requital  ;  Bequi'temeut, 
requital,  revenge. 

1730-46  THOMSON  Autumn  899  Wallace. .,  Great  patriot 
heroe  !  ill  ^requited  chief!  1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Pert/iii\\ 
There  is  enough  of  employment  for  them  ;  well  requited 
employment,  too.  1607  MIDDLETON  Five  Gallants  n.  i,  Vet 
were  you  never  that  *requiteful  mistress  That  grac'd  me 
with  one  favour.  1607  NoRDEN.S"«rz'.  Dial.  \.  227  It  would 
not  beare  a  crop  of  requitefull  increase.  1605  J.  DAVIES 
Microcosntos  (Grosart)  68  For  this,  his  loue  *requitelessedoth 
approue,  He  gaue  her  beeing,  meerly  of  free  grace.  1606 
CHAPMAN  Gent  I.  Usher  in.  i,  Why  fayth,  deare  friend,  I 


possible  of  the  same  . .  did  gather  a  houge  armie.  1893 
Strand  Mag.  V.  347/2  Dark  deeds  of  requitement.  1553 
T.  WILSON  Rhet.  18  b,  Thankefulnesse  is  a  *requityng  of 
loue,  for  loue.  1578  GOLDING  tr.  Seneca  s  Benef.  (title-p.*, 
The  Dooing,  Receyving,  and  Requyting  of  Good  Turnes. 

Recruiter  (r/kwsi-taj).  [f.  REQUITE  v.  +  -ER  i.] 
One  who  requites. 

1593  Quest  of  Emjuirre  (1881)  19  Bee  of  good  cheare, 
Brother,  you  are  not  the  first  that  hath  trauild  for  an  vn- 
kinde  requiter.  cifin  CHAPMAN  Iliad  Pref.  A  4  b,  For 
which.  .God  made  me  amply  his  requiter.  ^1677  BARROW 
Scrm.  iv.  Wks.  1700  I.  41  Honour,  .is  a  virtue  which  renders 
a  man .  .a  grateful  resenter  and  requiter  of  courtesies.  1710 
HEARNK  Collect.  7  Mar.  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  356  His  grand 
Patron  and.. bounteous  Requiter.  1881  Atnfrteanlfl,  182 
The  ungrateful  requiter  of  the  kindness  of  such  friends. 

K*eq.UO'te  ("'-;,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  quote  again. 

1817  HAZLITT  Pol.  Ess.  (1819)  217  Mr.  Southey  requoted 
Mr.  Canning's  quotation.  1889  CHILD  Ballads  III.  305/1 
Sidney's  words,  though  perhaps  a  hundred  times  requoted 
since  they  were  cited  by  Addison,  cannot  be  omitted  here. 

Requovir,  obs.  form  of  RECOVER  v. 

Requoyle,  obs.  form  of  RECOIL  sb.  and  v. 

Rer,  obs.  form  of  REAR  v,1 

t  Re'rage.  Obs.  Also  5  rereage,  6  rearage, 
7  reradge.  [Aphetic  f.  OF.  arerage :  see  AR 
REARAGE.]  Arrears  of  payment ;  the  state  of 
being  in  arrears,  etc.  (Common  ^1400-1550.) 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  v.  246,  I  haue  mo  maneres  thorw 
rerages  than  thorw  tniseretur  et  conniiodat.  ?  a  1400  Morte 
Artfi.  1680  He  wylle  gyfe  a  rekenyng  that  rewe  salle  aft y re, 
. ,  Or  be  rereage  be  requit  of  rentez  bat  he  clay  me/,  c  1440 
Jacob's  Well  128  So  slyly,  bat  be  lord  is  in  bi  dette,  bere 
bou  schuldyst  ben  in  reragys.  1530  Proper  Dyaloge  in 
Roy's  Rede  me,  etc.  (Arb.)  139  Wheroy  the  comones  suffer- 
inge  damage  The  hole  lande  is  brought  in  to  rerage.  c  1550 
BALE  K.  Johan  1752  Shall  they  pay  no  tribute  yf  therealme 
stond  in  rerage?  1636  HEYWOOO  Challenge  iv,  i.  Wks.  1874 
V.  50,  I  needs  most  freely  must  acquit  all  debts  'Twixt  you 
and  mee,  and  there  Ingeniously  Confesse  my  selfe  in  reradge. 

Rerai'l  («"-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  re 
place  (railway  engines,  etc.)  upon  the  rails. 

1888  Lockwoo&s  Diet.  Mech,  Terms  283  Rerailing  . .  is 
done  with  screw  jacks  and  timber  blocking,  or  with  ramps. 
1889  Scribner's  Mag.  Sept.  346/2  They  are  supposed  to  .. 
have  made  possible  the  rerailing  of  the  engine. 

Rerai'Se  (r*~-)>  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  raise  again. 

1683  MOXOM  Mech.  E-verc.t  Printing  xix.  f  2  This  must 
be  mended  in  the  Matrice  by  re-raising  it  to  its  due  Thick 
ness.  1863  H.  SPENXER  Ess.  III.  34  Subsequently  he  re- 
raises  this  apparent  anomaly  when  saying  [etc.].  1884  Law 
Times  LXX.VII.  411/2  Not  only  would  this  ..  re-raise  the 
question  as  to  the  power  of  the  committee,  but  [etc.]. 

Rerd  e *  sb.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms:  1-3 
reord(e,  3  rorde,  4-5  rurd(e,  ruerde,  rewerd; 
3-4 rerde,  3-6  rerd,  5  rerid,  reryd,  6  (8-9)  reird, 
8-9  reerd ;  4  rearde,  6,  9  reard,  8  raird.  [OE. 
reord  voice,  cry,  =  OHG.  rarfa  voice,  melody, 
Goth,  razda  voice,  speech,  language,  ON.  rodd, 
radd-  voice,  song:  the  further  etym.  is  uncertain. 
After  1400  almost  exclusively  Sc.,  usually  in  senses 
2  b  and  3.] 

1 1.  Voice,  utterance,  cry.  Obs. 

Beowulf '2556  Hordweard  oncmow  mannes  reorde.  1(900 
CYNEWUI.F  CVi/*M/  510  Knglas  twegen.  .cleopedon .  .ofer  wera 
menxu  beorhtan  reorde.  c  1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Th.)  cxxxvii.  5 
Eoroan  kyningas.  .^ebyrdan  hlude  reorde,  bines  mu6es  .. 
word,  c  1200  ORMIN  16664  pu  mahht  herenn  gastess  rerd 
Wibb  erbli^  fiseshess  sere,  a  1250  Owl  ff  Night.  311  5et  thu 
..telst  tiiat  ich  ne  can  no^t  singe,  Acalmirorde[7'.r.  reordej 
is  woning.  a  1300  Vox  fy  Walf\-n  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  I.  61 
He  com  to  the  putle,  thene  vox  i-herde;  He  him  kneu  wel 
by  his  rerde.  1340  Ayenb.  211  Lhord  god  yhyer  mine  bene 
and  mine  rearde  £>et  ich  grede  to  be.  a  1400-20  Alexander 
387  With  a  renyst  reryd  ^is  reson  he  said. 

2.  A  loud  or  noisy  cry  ;  noise  or  din  made  by 
crying  or  roaring  ;  f  a  noisy  tongue. 


502 

13- .  Seuyn Sag.  (\V.)  910  He  criede  and  makede  rewli  rcrd. 
13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B,  390  Sumine..Rwly  wythaloud  rurd 
rored  for  drede.  c  1400  Ywaine  $  Gaw.  2073  Than  kest  he 
up  so  lathly  rerde,  Ful  mani  folk  myht  he  have  ferde. 
c  1425  WVNTOUN  Cron.  i.  ix.  804  pa  bestis..oyssis  wib  gret 
rerde  to  rare.  1:1480  HENRVSON  Mor.  Fab.  v.  23  Ryfand 
his  hair,  he  cryit  with  ane  reird.  1721  KELLY  Scot.  Prov. 
44  A  house  with  a  Reek,  and  a  Wife  with  a  Reerd  will 
soon  make  a  Man  run  to  the  Door.  1819  HOGG  Jacobite 
Relics,  Q,  Anne  vi,  Then  she  ga'e  a  reirde,  Made  a'  the 
smiths  to  glowr. 

b.  Uproar  or  clamour  made  by  a  number  of 
persons  (or  animals). 

1500-20  DLJNBAR  Poems  xxxiii.  94  Thik  was  the  clud  of 
kayis  and  crawis,  . .  The  rerd  of  thame  raiss  to  the  sky. 
1536  BELLENDEN  Cron.  Scot.  (1821)  II.  34  Na  man  wist 
qunat  wes  to  be  done,  throw  reird  of  men  and  beistis. 
(11578  LISDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  86 
[They]  brak  about  him  witht  sic  ane  reird  and  clamour, 
1718  RAMSAY  Chris Cs  Kirk  Gr.  in.  xix,  Sic  a  reird  run 
thro'  the  rout.  1791  J.  LEARMONT  Poems  167  Their  nurd 
rang  rudely  owr  the  lift.  1822  SCOTT  Nigel  ii,  Then  the 
reird  raise,  and . .  murdered  I  suld  hae  been,  without  remeid. 
1894  Northumbld.  Gloss.,  Reard,  Reerd^  riot,  confusion. 

3.  Noise  or  din  of  any  kind. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  12697  pe  remnond.  .Herd  be  rurde  & 
be  ryfte  of  be  rank  schippis.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vni. 
208  (Jret  rerd  thar  rais  all  samniyn  quhar  thai  ryd.  1508 
DUNBAR  Gold.  Targe  241  For  reird  it  semyt  that  the  rayn- 
bow  brak.  1536  UKI.LKNDEN  Cron,  Scot.  (1821)  I.  75  Sa 
huge  nois  rais  be  reird  and  sowne  of  bellis.  1585  JAS.  I 
Ess.  Poesie  (Arb.)  13  With  threatning  thunders,  making 
monstrous  reard.  1715  RAMSAY  Christ's  Kirk  Gr.  n.  xm, 
Back  gate.. she  loot  a  tearfu*  raird.  1806  R.  JAMIESOS 
Pop.  Ballads  I.  243  Till  far  and  near,  wood,  rock  and  cave, 
The  thunderin1  reird  return. 

Herd  e,  v.  Obs.  exc.  Sc.  Forms:  i  (riord-), 
reordian,  2  -ien,  5-6  rerde,  reird,  6  reard, 
6  (9)  raird.  [OK.  reordian,  f.  reord\  see  prec.] 

f  1.  intr.  To  speak,  discourse.   Obs. 

Beowulf  3025  Sceal  . .  se  wonna  hrefn  . .  fela  reordian. 
^900  CYNEWULF  Christ  196  pa  seo  femne..bus  reordode. 
a  1000  Genesis  1253  f>a  reordade  rodera  \valdend..i\:  J>a 
worde  cwjeS.  c  1205  LAY.  22173  He  reordien  gan  and  bas 
word  sa;ide. 

2.  To  make  a  noise  ;  to  roar,  resound,  etc. 

c  1425  WVNTOUN  Cron.  Ixxvii.  608  (Wemyss),  Syne  efter  it 
begouth  to  wax,  And  within  him  rerd  and  rax.  c  1470 
Gol.  <$•  Gaw.  914  The  rochis  reirdit  vith  the  rasch,  quhen 
thai  samyne  rane.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  vnr.  v.  68  The 
wod  resoundis  schiil,  ..The  lullis  reirdis.  1535  STEWART 
Cron.  Scot.  III.  233  With  buglis  blast  quhill  rairdit  all  the 
ryce.  1585  MONTGO.MICKIE  Sonnets  xii,  Can  thunder  rurd 
the  higher  for  a  home  ?  1824  MACTA<;GAUT  Gallovid, 
Encycl.  403  Ice  is  said  to  be  rairding,  when  it  is  cracking. 

Hence  Re'rding  vbl.  sb.  and  ///.  a.  Also 
f  Be  r dour,  clamour,  tumult.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  I.  277  Sic  reirdour  raiss  amang 
thame  vp  and  doun.  Ibid.  II.  462  Quhill  all  the  rochis 
with  thair  reirding  rang.  1591-1603  JAS.  I  Sonet* ,  Poet. 
Exercises^  The  rearding  thunders,  and  the  blustering  winds. 

t  Rere,  ^-:  Obs.  rare.  [Aphetic  for  arc  re  : 
see  ARREAR  v.  and  cf.  REIR  z;.]  intr.  or  trans. 
To  retreat,  or  cause  to  retreat. 

The  sense  in  the  second  quot.  is  not  quite  clear,  but  con 
nexion  with  OE.  lire  ran  to  move,  stir,  seems  unlikely. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  71  Non  stode  Harald 
dynt,  J?at  bifor  him  kam.  pe  rouht  of  bare  rascaile  he  did  it 
rere  &  ryme.  la  1400  Morte  Arth.  2810  Alle  that  rewlyde 
in  the  rowtte  they  rydene  awaye,  So  rewdly  they  rere  theys 
ryalle  knyghttes. 

tRere,  v.'2  St.  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin; 
app.  related  to  REERE  sb.']  intr.  To  resound ;  to 
cry,  roar. 

£1450  HOLLAND  Howlat  13  Throw  thir  cliftis  so  clelr,..! 
ra?kit  till  ane  Reveir,  That  ryallye  reird  [z'.r.  apperd].  Ibid. 
638  Thai  come..,  Thir  fowlis  of  rigour,  With  a  gret  rcir. 
Than  rerit  thir  Merl^eonis  that  mountis  so  hie.  1508 
DUNHAR  Fly  ting  2j6  Cry  grace,  tykis  face,  or  I  the  chece 
and  sley ;  Oule,  rere  [v.r.  rare]  and  ^owle. 

Rere,  adv.  rare-1,    [var.  REAR*?.!]    Rearwards. 

1814  CARY  Dante,  Inf.  xx.  43  Aruns,  with  rere  his  belly 
facing,  comes. 

Rere-,  comb,  form :  see  REAR-. 

Rere,  obs.  form  of  REAR  sb.'-^  a.2,  and  v. ; 
var.  REERE  noise.  Obs. 

t  Here-account.  Obs.  rare.  Alsos-accompt. 
[RERE-.]  A  subsequent  account  or  reckoning. 

1486  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  VII  (1896)  19  Rendered  in  the 
rereaccompt  of  stuff.  1639  FULLER  Holy  War  in.  xxii. 
149  Such  reckonings  without  the  host  are  ever  subject  to 
a  rere-account.  1650  —  Pisgah  n.  r.  v.  357  This  insinuates 
that  at  this  rere-account,  the  Talents  were  Talents  indeed. 

Ke-rea'd  (r/"-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  read 
over  again ;  to  peruse  a  second  time.  (Common 
in  iQth  c.) 

1782  Miss  RURNEY  Cecilia  vn.  i,  Cecilia  read  and  re-read 
this  letter.  1794  ANNA  SEWARD  Lett.  (1811)  III.  347,  I  am 
too  busily  employed  in  more  necessary  concerns  to  re-read 
..his  works.  1848  THACKERAY  Let.  in  Scribner's  Mag.  I. 
398,  I  have  been  re-reading  the  Hoggarty  Diamond  this 
morning.  1876  F.  HARRISON  Choice  Bks.  (1886)  78  The 
immortal,  .poets  of  our  race  are  to  be  read  and  re-read. 

Hence  Ke-rea'd  ppL  a.  •  Re-rea'ding  vbl.  sb. 

1881  Nation  (N.  Y.)  XXXII.  386  Perhaps  a  rereading  of 
'  Lear '.  1893  W.  C.  ROBINSON  tr.  Ten  Brink's  Hist.  Eng. 
Lit.  I.  80  The  often  re-read  work  of  the  Roman  philosopher. 
1898  R.  F.  HORTOS  Commandm.  Jesus  vi.  85  These  five 
re-readings  of  the  Mosaic  regulations. 

Rere-arch,  variant  ot  REAR-ARCH. 

t  Rere-ban'd.   [a.  OF.  rereban  (Wace.  etc.)-] 

obs.  var.  ARRIKRK-BAN. 


REREDOS. 

13-  •  Guy  Warw.  (A.)  3685  pi  rereban  bou  do  of-sende  ;  To 
awreke  [J>eJ  bou  haue  in  irende.  1323  [see  ARRIERE-BAN]. 
a,  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Huon  ciii.  341  Then  he  sent  for  hi* 
rerebande,  as  farre  as  his  empyre  stretched. 

t  Rere-banquet.  06s.  Also  6-7  reere-,  7 
reer-,  rear-.  [Cf.  RERE-SUPPER.]  A  *  banquet  * 
or  collation  taken  after  dinner  or  supper. 

1530  PALSGR.  262/1  Rere  banket,  ralias.  1584  R.  SCOT 
Disco?1.  }Vitchcr.  in.  xvi.  (1886)  52  The  fairies  or  witches 
being  at  a  reere  banket.  1^89  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  foesie  in. 
xxlv.  (Arb.)  288  He  came..  in  the  after  noone,  and  finding 
the  king  at  a  rere-banquet,  ..  turned  back  againe.  1606 
HOLLAND  Sneton,  235  He  devided  repast  into  three  meales 
every  day  at  the  least,  and  sometime  into  foure,  to  wit, 
Breakefast,  Dinner,  Supper  and  rere-bankets.  16*0  tr. 
Boccaccio's  Decani.  26  b,  Being  disposed  to  a  rere-banquet 
after  dinner.  1631  BRATHWAIT  Eng.  Gent  lew.  (1641)  286 
Accoutred  with  a  reere-banket  to  belull  the  abused  soule 
with  the  sleepe  of  an  incessant  surfeit.  16^9  Lady  Alimony 


Cj,  Balls,  Treats,  Reer-Banquets,  Theatral  Receipts  To 
solace  tedious  hours. 

Jig.  1602  FULBECKE  znd  Pt.  Purall.  Introd.  6  The  booke 
of  Littletons  tenures  is  their  breakfast,  their  dinner,  their 
boier,  their  supper,  and  their  rere-banquet. 

K,ere-brac6«  Obs.  exc.  Hist*  Also  rer(e)bras. 
[a.  AF.  *rerebrast  f.  rere-  back  +  bras  arm  :  cf. 
VAMBHACE.]  Armour  for  the  upper  arm  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  elbow  (originally  a  plate  protect 
ing  the  back  of  the  arm  only). 

c  1330  R.  BRUNSE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  10030  Hym  self 
was  armed.  .Wyb.  .Vaumbras  &  rerbras.  ?  111400  Morte 
Arth.  2566  An  alet  enamelde  he  oches  in  sondire,  Bristes  be 
rerebrace  with  the  bronde  ryche.  1411  E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  19 
A  pare  of  vambrace  and  rerebrace,  a  pare  of  legge  herneys. 
1441  Plumpton  Corr.  (Camden)  p.  hv,  Like  men  of  were, 
with  brest  plate,  vambrace  &  rerebrace.  1496  Dives  ty  Paitp. 
(W.  de  W.)  x.  vi.  379/2  We  sholde  take  with  us  rerebras 
and  vanbras  &  gloues  of  plate. 

1824  Archaeologia  XX.  503  In  later  times  the  armour  for 
',     the  arm  was   distinguished  into  the  vambrace,  elbow-piece, 
brassart  (the  same  as  rerebrace)  and  panldron.     1830  SKEL- 
TON  Meyrick's  Antient  Rome  PI.  ix.  5  The  rere-brace  with 
its  long  armed  gauntlet  for  the  bridle  arm. 
t  Here-brake.   06s—1     (Meaning  uncertain.) 
1  Probably  the  projection  put  on  the  crupper  to  prevent 
•    the  horseman  being  pushed  over  the  horse's  tail  by  the 
thrubt  of  a  lance  '  (Meyrick). 

1422-61  Tt  eat.  Peaceable  Joust,  in  Meyrick  Antient 
Armour  (1824)  III.  Gloss.  s.v.,  A  rerebrake  with  a  route  of 
lethir  well  stuffid. 

t  Rere-COrd.   Obs.  rare.    (Meaning  uncertain.) 
J334~S.  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  526  In  i  Rerecord  et 
reparacione   dicte   carecte,  yf.     1353-4  Ibid.  554  Et  in.. 
Whypcord  et  rerecordes  empt.,  5^.  31^. 

t  K»ere-COUHty.    06s.  rare.     [ad.  AF.   rere- 
conntt  (Anglo-L.  retro-comitatus]  :   see  COUNTY  l 
'4.]     A  subsidiary  county-court,  held  by  the  sheriff 
i    on  the  day  after  the  regular  one. 

[iz%$Act  i$Edw.  /,c.  30  (Stat.  Westing  In  plenoComitatUj 

;    vel  in  ictro  Comitatu,  ubi  fit  colleccio  denariorum  Domini 

Regis,      c  1290  Fleta   n.  Ixvii.  §  18  (1647)  151    In   pleno 

Comitatu,  vel  saltern  in  crastino  die  post  Comitatum,  qui 

i    quidem  dies  dicitur  Retro-comitatus.    1328  Act  2  Edw.  Ill, 

c.  5  Que  ceux  que  livrer  volent  lour  briefs  as  viscountcs, 

les  livrent  en  plein  Counte,  ou  en  rerecounte.] 

1641    Termes  de  la  Ley  241  b,  Rere  county  ..  seemes  by 

those  statutes  to  bee  some  publike  place  which  the  Sheriffe 

appointed  for  the  receiving  of  the  kings  mony  after  that  his 

county  court  was  done.     [18x0  Stat.  Realm  I.  258/2  That 

,    they  which  will  deliver  their  Writs  to  the  Sheriff,  shall 

j    deliver  them  in  the  full  County,  or  in  the  Rere  County.] 

Re-rede  *lve,  v.  rare  —I.  [See  KK-  4  b.]  trans. 
To  delve  a  third  time. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  ii.  i.  Ark  532  In  March  he 
delves  them,  re-re-delves,  and  dresses. 

t  Rere-deiuaiii.    06s.  rare.     In  6  -mayne, 
,    -maine.     [Later  form  of  KEKE-SIAIN  ;  the  reason 
of  the  de  is  not  clear.]     A  back-handed  stroke. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.)  Rich.  Ill  35  b,  But  al  such  plagues, 
calamities  and  troubles  .  .  I  shall  with  a  reredemayne  .  .  make 
i  them  rebounde  to  our  cominen  enemye.  1391  HARINGTON 
Orl.  Fur.  xvi.  1,  Such  a  blow  he  lent  him  as  he  past,  Vpon 
his  shoulders,  from  the  reredemaine.  Ibid.  xui.  xlvii, 
Right  blowes  and  reardemaine  he  striketh  many. 

Bere-do'rter.  rare.  Also  6  -our.  [RERE-.] 
A  privy  situated  at  the  back  of  the  dormitory  in  a 
convent  or  monastery. 

?«  1500  MS.  Amndfl  146  (Halliw.),  If  any  suster  in  the 
rere-dortour,  otherwyse  callyd  the  house  of  esemente,  behave 
her  unwomanly.  1891  W.  H.  ST.  J.  HOPE  in  Venables 
Chron.  deParcoLitde  Introd.  55  This  communicated  directly 
at  its  southern  end  with  the  reredorter.  1900  —  in  Yorks. 
Arcfaeol.  Jrnl.  XV.  354  The  rere-dorter  built  after  the  fire 
was  92  feet  long. 

Reredos    (ria'jdps).     Forms  :    4-5   rerdos(e, 

5  -doos(e  ;    5-6    reredosse,    (5    -doos,    -dose, 
-doce,  -des,  6  -doyse,  6-7  -dorse),  4-  reredos  ; 

6  reyredewse  ;  6  reerdos,  rardros,  (7  -dess)  ; 

7  reardashe,  -dorse  ;  5  redoce,  6  -doss,  -dorse, 
-drosse  ;  5  reddos.     [a.  AF.  ^reredos  (cf.  arere- 
dos,  1399  in  Rolls  of  Parit.   III.   431/2),  f.  rere- 
RERE-  +  dos  back:  see  Doss  sb.\  and  DOUSE  sb.1 
Also  in  Anglo-L.  as  retrodorsorium  (i4th  c.). 

In  eccl.  use  the  word  is  common  during  the  151(1  cent.,  rare 
in  the  i6th,  and  from  about  1550  appears  to  have  been 
practically  obsolete  until  revived  Sntheipthc.  _  The  earliest 
dictionaries  whicli  give  it  are  those  of  Craig  (1848)  and 
Ogilvie  (1850).  In  a  number  of  early  _  examples  U  is  im 
possible  to  determine  the  precise  sense  intended.] 

1.  Eccl.  a.  An  ornamental  facing  or  screen  of 
stone  or  wood  covering  the  wall  at  the  back  of 


RE-REDUCE. 

.in  altar,  frequently  of  ornate  design,  with  niches, 
statues,  and  other  decorations. 

1372-3  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  180  In  contr.  facta 
pro  le  Rerdose  ad  magnum  altare  in  ecclesia  (de  Merington). 

1376-7  Ibid.  585  In  exp.  ..pro  cariacione  del  Rerdos.     1419 

Test.  Rbor.  (Surtees)  I.  396  In  ornamentum  summi  Altaris 
tlicta;  ecclesiae  Cath.  Ebor.,  videlicet  Reredose.  1448 

Will  of  Hen.  VI  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  I.  355 

Fro  the  reredos  atte  the  high  auter  vnto  the  quere  dore. 
1463  Bury  Wills  iCamden)  19  [I  bequeath]  x.  marks  to  the 
peyntyng  rerdops  and  table  at  Seynt  Marie  avter  of  the 
story  of  Magnificat.  1519  Fabric  Rolls  York  Minster 
(Surtees)  267  The  goodly  reyredewse  is  so  full  of  dust  and 
copwebbes  that  by  lyklyode  it  shalbe  shortly  lost,  c  1541  in 
Archaeologta  (1821)  XIX.  272  The  Reredose  at  the  highe 
Altar.. ys  excellently  well  wrought  and  as  well  gylted. 

1836  PARKER  Gloss.  Archit.  (1850)  I.  384  At  Bampton, 
Oxfordshire,  a  very  perfect  reredos  remains  in  the  east  wull 
of  the  north  transept,  where  an  altar  has  stood.  1843 
Ecclesiologist  II.  22  The  reredos  is  richly  arcaded.  1879 
SIR  G.  G.  SCOTT  Lect.  Archit.  I.  181,  The  remarkably 
ancient  retable  or  movable  reredos  formerly  belonging  to 
the  high  altar. 

b.  A  choir-screen. 

1446  in  Hist.  Dunelw.  Script.  Tres  (Surtees)  p.  cclxxiii, 
Novum  opus  vocatum  le  Rerdoose,  ad  ostium  chori.  a  1490 
BOTONER  Itin.  (Nasmiih  1778)  290  Et  a  porta  chori  vocata 
le  reredos  usque  onentem  continet  47  gressus.  1861  Morning 
Post  24  Oct.,  The  five  remaining  bays  [of  the  choir].. have 
been  restored  ;  only  three  of  them,  though,  will  be  within 
the  reredos. 

•f-2.  A  hanging  of  velvet  or  silk  for  covering  the 
wall  at  the  back  of  an  altar.  Obs. 

Usually  named  together  with  a  dost  dorse^  or  vant  dorse  \ 
the  precise  distinction  from  these  is  not  clear. 

1381  in  Hist.  Dunelm.  Script.  Tres  (Surtees)  p.  cliii,  Unum 
rerdose  broudatum  cum  crucifixo  etimaginibus.  1482  Will 
Ld.  Beanchamp  (Somerset  Ho.),  An  aulter  cloth  doce  & 
redoce  of  the  same  [red  velvet],  a  1524  \VillSir  R.Sutton, 
in  Churton  Life  (1800)  521  A  Dorse  and  Redorse  of  Crymsyn 
Velvet  with  Flowres  of  Golde,  in  length,  two  yards  three 
quarters.  1552  f/iv.  Ch.  Goods  (Surtees,  No.  97)  74  A  redrosse 
and  vendrosse  of  yalowe  and  greine  saye  and  curteyns  to 
the  same.  Ibid.  163  One  rardros  and  vandros  for  trTalter. 

T"  3.  A  wooden  panelling  attached  to  a  wall 
behind  a  seat.  Obs. 

1396  Mem.  Ripon  (Surtees)  III.  12^  Et  in  iij  vayneschotes 
emp.  pro  j  selour,  et  j  reredos  facta  in  camera  capituli,  i8;/. 
1452-3  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  277  Pro  le  Sylarynge 
domus  rasturse  et  le  Rerdose  ibidem.  [1842  GXVILT  Archit. 
§  415  The  rere-dos  was  a  sort  of  framed  canopy  hung  with 
tapestry,  and  fixed  behind  the  sovereign  or  chieftain.] 

4.  The  brick  or  stone  back  of  a  fire-place  or 
open  hearth;  an  iron  plate  forming  a  fire-back. 
Obs.  exc.  arch. 

1392  Earl  Derby's  Exp.  (Camden)2i9  Item  pro  facturade 
ij  rakks  . .  Item  pro  factura  j  reredos  pro  eisdem.  1486 
Nottingham  Rec.  III.  258  Breke  for  to  make  >e  reredose  of 
J>e  same  chymney  with,  a  1500  in  Arnolde  Chron.  (1811)92 
Also  ye  shall  enquire,  .yf  ther  be  ony  chemeny  y*  hath  a 
reerdos  made  vncumly  oder  wise  than  it  ought  to  be  for 
perill  of  fire,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII  74  By  Ouens, 
harthes,  reredorses,  Chimnayes,  Ranges,  and  such  instru- 
mentes  that  there  was  ordained.  1577  HARRISON  England 
ii.  xii.  (1877)  i.  240  Ech  one  made  his  nre  against  a  reredosse 
in  the  hall,  where  he  dined  and  dressed  his  meat.  1657 
HOWELL  Londhiop.  394  All  Armorers  and  other  artificers 
. .  which  have  or  use  any  Reardorses,  or  any  other  places 
dangerous  for  fire.  1720  STRYPE  StoiusSuri'.  (1754)  II.  iv. 
ii.  34/2  In  London,  by  the  law  no  man  may  build  or  make  a 
Reredorse  for  the  fire  of  Charcoals  within  any  house.  1836 
J.  DOWNES  Mt.  Decani.  I.  308  The  'reredoss'  or  antique 
ironback  of  the  chimney  place,  still  used  in  the  Welsh 
farm  of  older  fashion.  1843  LYTTON  Last  Bar.  i.  v,  There 
was  no  rere-dosse,  or  fire-place.  1861  Our  Eng.  Home  127 
The  billets  were  heaped  against  the  reredos,  or  plate  of 
iron  fixed  against  the  back  of  the  chimneys. 
^[b.  A  brazier,  rare—1. 

1859  PARKER  Dont.  Archit.  III.  iii.  n.  57  The  reredos,  or 
brazier  for  the  fire  of  logs,  in  the  centre  of  the  hall,  continued 
in  use. 

f5.  The  back  or  rear.   Obs.  rare-*-. 

1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  ccxiv.  200  The  forsaid  erle 
marchal  was  all  arayed  with  his  batayll  at  the  reredoos  of  the 
erle  of  lancastre. 

1 6.  A  piece  of  armour  for  the  back  ;  a  back- 
plate.  Obs.  rare. 

1405  Fabric  Rolls  J  *ork  Minster  (Surtees)  g  note,  A 
breast-plate  with  '  rerodos  '  [sic],  a  pair  of  '  rerebraces ',  and 
a  pair  of'  sabatons  '.  1412-20  Lvnc.  Chron.  Troy  in.  xxii. 
(MS.  Digby  230)  If.  102  b,  And  some  chose  of  the  newe 
entaille.  .An  hole  breste  plate  with  a  rere  doos. 

Re-redtrce,  v.  rare—*.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  bring  back  again  to  a  former  condition. 

a  1676  HALE/V/W.  Orig.  Man.  n.vii.  (1677)  191  Some  great 
Continents.,  were  anciently  firm  Land,.,  and  yet  were  after 
wards  reduced  again  into  the  Dominion  of  the  Ocean,  and 
after  all  that  re-reduced  into  firm  Land. 

Re-re -ference.  rare-*.  [RE- 5  a.]  A  second 

reference. 

a  1734  NORTH  Lives  (1826)  I.  429  His  lordship  set  his  face 
also  against  the  infinite  delays  by  re-hearings,  re-references, 
and  new  trials. 

Rere-fief.  [a.  OF.  rerefiej  (Godef.).]  var. 
arriere-fief  \  see  ARRIERE. 

1766  BLACKSTOSE  Comm.  II.  57  These  inferior  feudatories 
(who  held  what  are  called  in  the  Scots  law  '  rere-fiefs '). 

Re-refi'ne  jf-),7'.    [RE-  5  a.]  To  refine  again. 

1631  MASSINGER  Emperor  East  i.  ii.  I  re-refine  the  court, 
and  civilize  Their  barbarous  natures.  1678  Yng.  Man's 
Call.  383  Gods  mingled  service  I  did  re-refine  From  Romish 
rubbish,  and  from  humane  dross.  1882  ROMANES  in  Nature 
XXV.  335  We  may  try  in  thought  to  refine  this  relation, 
and  to  re-refine  it  again  and  again. 


503 

Re-refo'rm,  v<     [RE-  5  a.]     To  reform  again. 

1705  Double  Welcome  xliii.  To  Re-reform  us  all  from  bad 
to  worse.  1858  BUSHNELL  Serin.  New  Life  417  Converted, 
reformed  and  re-reformed  in  religion.  1884  Chicago  Ad 
vance  3  Jan.,  Born  where  people  were  in  the  midst  of 
re-reforming  the  Reformation. 

So  Re-reforma'tion. 

a  1631  DONNE  in  Select.  (1840)  265  God  continue  to  us  the 
light  uf  this  Reformation,,  .and  we  shall  not  need  any  such 
re-reformation,  or  super-reformation.  1691  HKVEHLEY  Aleut, 
Kingrf.  Christ  7  The  Antichristian,  and  Turkish  Tyranny 
shall  Fall,  and  a  Great  Re-Reformation  Ensue. 

Re-re'ft, /#.///£.    [RE-  5  a.]    Torn  away  again. 

1623  COCKKRAM,  Kt-re/t,  tane  away  again.  1632  LE  GRVS 
tr.  I'fileius  Pat  ere.  171  Syria  and  other  provinces  which  he 
had  seized  upon,  being  rereft  htm,  were  part  restored  to  the 
people  of  Rome. 

Rerefy,  pbs.  form  of  RAREFY. 
Reregard,  obs.  form  of  REARGUARD. 
Re-re'gister,    v.      [RE-    5  a.]      To    register 
again.     So  Re-register  sk. ;  Re-registra'tion. 

1858  Cox  in  Key  to  Law  Rep.%  List  of  Chancery  <V  Com 
mon  Law  Forms  n   Registers  of  Judgment   and  Copies. 
Re-registers  of  do.     1883  Law  Times  Rep.  XL1X.  151/1 
The  Imperial  Hotel  Company,  .was  re-reyistered  witli  fre>h 
articles  of  association.     1894  H't-stm.  Gaz.  7  July  7/1  How 
ever,  re-registration  is  cheap  and  easy. 

Re-rehea'ring,  vbL  s/>.    [RK-  4b.]    A  third 

hearing. 

1674  STAVELEY  Rom.  Horseleach  (1769)  208  A  certain  case 
..received  a  hearing,  rehearing  and  re-rehearing  before  it 
had  its  final  resolution. 

Re-rei'gn,  f.     [RK-  5  a.]     To  reign  again. 
1589  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  \\.  xxxi,  They  A  People  shall  re- 
maine.  .and  of  that  Streene  Shall  Fine  at  length  re-raigne. 

Re-rei'terated,  ///.  a.  [RE-  5  a.]  Again 
reiterated  or  repeated. 

1859  TENNYSON  Vivien  203  Yield  my  boon,.. And  grant 
my  re-reiterated  wish. 

Re-rejoi'nder.  [Cf.  RE-  2  a.]  A  surre 
joinder. 

1884  SPENCER  in  Contemp.  Rev.  XLVI.  30  A  very  reason 
able  rejoinder  this  seems  until  there  comes  the  re-rejoinder. 

Re-rela-pse,  sb.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  second  or 
further  relapse. 

a  1618  SYLVESTER  Miracle  of  Peace  xxxv,  Our  sins  (I  feare) 
will  work  worse  afterclaps,  And  there's  most  danger  in  a 
re-relapse. 

Re-rela'te,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  relate  again. 

1782  ELIZ.  BLOWER  Gee.  Bat  em  an  II.  210  To  whom  Mrs, 
Mabberly  re-related  Cecilia's  misadventure.  1899  Review 
of  Rez>.  Mar.  (U.  S.  ed.)  332  As  related  and  rerelated  at 
soldiers'  reunions. 

t  Rere- main.  Obs.  rare-1,  [a.  AF.  *rere- 
main  (  =  awe-wain,  OF.  ariere-niain  :  see  Littre, 
s.v.arriere-tnairi),  f.  rere-  RERE-  +  main  hand.J 
=  RERE-DEMAIX. 

13..  K.  A/is.  7395  Wei  they  foughte  in  the  playn,  \Vith 
target,  and  with  reremayn,  With  overhed,  and  with  stoke, 

Reremouse  :  see  REARMOUSE. 

Re-re-nder,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trafts.  To  render 
or  return  again. 

1627-47  FELTHAM  Resolves  201,  I  would  not  if  I  could,  re 
ceive  favours  of  my  friends,  unless  I  could  re-render  them. 
1857  HEAVYSECE  Saul  (1869)  406  Before  the  sun  sets  'neath 
the  sea  Again  to  Zaph  re-render  me. 

Re-repea't,  v.  [RE-  5  a.J  trans.  To  repeat 
again.  Hence  Be-repea'ted///.  a. 

1629  GAULE  Holy  Madn.  154  How  it  tickles  him  to  re- 
repeat  the  Line.  1761  MRS.  F.  SHERIDAN  Sidney  Bidiilph 
II.  151  He  explained  them.. to  Rachel  in  English,  who  re- 
repeated  them  to  her  lady  within  her  curtains.  \&i.$Zeliica 
II.  67  He  read  the  accompanying  note  again  and  again, 
with,  .re-repeated  wonder.  1882  E.  P.  GOODWIN  Serm.  to 
Amer.  Board  For.  Missions  30  An  era  of  Pentecosts  to  be 
repeated,  and  re-repeated  with  ever  widening  range. 

Ile-repO'rt,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]  To  report  again. 

1599  R.  LINCHE  Fount.  Anc.  Fiction  I  iv,  Joying  to  re- 
report  the  least-heard  noise.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa 
(1811)  V.  71  This  fellow  reported  the  following  particulars, 
as  they  were  re-reported  to  me. 

Re-representa'tion.    [RE-  5  a.]  A  second 

representation. 

1679  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  I.  10  The  house,  .having 
made  a  representation  and  a  ^representation  to  his  majestic 
of  the  priviledge  of  the  house  in  chusing  their  speaker. 

Rere-rib,  -shaft,  van.  REAR-RIB,  -SHAFT. 

Re-reso'lve,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  resolve  again. 

1742  Yoi'NG  Nt.  Th.\.  422  Man.  .In  all  the  Magnanimity 
of  Thought  Resolves ;  and  re-resolves  1762  GOLDSM. 
Cit.  IV,  xxvii,  So  after  resolving,  and  re-resolving,  I  had 
courage  enough  to  tell  her  my  mind.  1830  W.  TAYLOR 
Hist.  Sttrv.  Germ.  Poetry  I.  15  The  senseless  indecisive 
man  Ponders  and  re-resolves  all  night. 

Re-restitU'tion.  [RE-.]  Restitution  made 
in  return. 

1729  JACOB  Law  Dict^Re-rtstitution,  is  where  there  hath 
been  a  Writ  of  Restitution  before  granted  :  And  Restitution 
is  generally  Matter  of  Duty;  but  Re-restitution  is  Matter 
of  Grace. 

Rere-supper.  Obs.  exc.  arch.  Also  4-5 
-sopei\e,  4-0-souper;  6-7  reare-,  7  rear-,reer- 
supper.  (Written  indifferently  with  or  without 
hyphen  and  as  one  word.)  [a.  AF,  rere-super\ 
see  RERE-  and  SUPPER.]  A  supper  (usually  of  a 
sumptuous  nature)  following  upon  the  usual  even 
ing  meal ,  and  thus  coming  very  late  at  night.  (App. 
in  use  down  to  the  early  part  of  the  I  yth  c.) 

1303   R.    BRUNNE   Hand/.    Synne   7360   Rere   sopers   yn 


RBET. 

pryuyte  [F.  les  rere  supers  en  priititt\.  Ibid.  7268  5Yl  arc 
fere  ouber  rere  sopers  Wyb  men  J>at  serue  kny^tys  and 
squyers,  1300  GOWER  Conf.  III.  32  Thanne  is  he  redy  in 
the  weie  Mi  reresouper  forto  make,  c  1430  LVDG.  Min. 
Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  90  He  fonde  up  first  ryot  and  dronken- 
nesse..Fonde  reresoupers  and  fetherbeddis  softe.  a  1450 
Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  8  Also  she  wold  haue  rere  sopers 
whanne  her  fader  and  moder  was  a-bedde.  1509  FISHER 
Scrm.  C'tess  Richmond  Wks.  (1876)  294  Eschewynge 
bankettes,  reresoupers,  ioncryes  betwyxe  meales.  1553  T. 
WILSON  Rhet.  nob,  With  banquetyng  from  dale  to  dale, 
with  sumptuous  reare  suppers.  1606  G.  W[OODCOCKK]  Hist. 
Irstine  xn.  55  Immediatly  vpon  a  banket,  the  Physician 


xvi,  He  was  guilty  of  the  enormity  of  rere-suppers.     1830 
JAMFS  Darnlcy  xxvi,  Prognostications  of  a  rere  supper.] 
Re-retU'rn,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  return  again. 

1609  ROWLEY  Search  for  Money  (Percy  Soc.)  9  Ale,  though 
kept  awhile  in  the  clouds  of  the  body,  yet  may  againe  per 
fectly  and  providently  returne  to  the  fatte,  and  so  re-returne 
to  the  body.  1887  Echo  21  June  3/2  The  cheers  were  now 
returned  and  re-returned  with  increasing  volume. 

Re-reveal,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  reveal  again. 

1830  SOUTHEV  in  Corr.  iv.  C.  Kent' les  (1881)  194  His  dreams 
were  old  patriarchal  truths,  long  forgotten,  and  now  re- 
revealed.  1894  Forum  (U..S.)  May  306  [The  Kible]  is  now 
being  re-revealed  as  man's  great  text-book  in  psychology. 

Re-revi'Se,  sb.     [KB-  5  a.]     A  second  revise. 

1858  O.  W.  HOLMES  Ant.  Breakf.-t,  54,  I  require  to  see  a 
proof,  a  revise,  a  re-revise,  .of  all  my  productions,  especially 
1  verse.  1895  Daily  News  27  May  8/3  ttal/ac  literally  re-wrote 
hi^,  works  on  proofs,  and  on  revises,  and  re-revises. 

Re-revi'Se,  ?'.  [HE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  revise 
again.  Hence  Re-revi'sed///.  a. 

1786  COWPER  Let.  to  Lady  Hesketk  3  Apr.,  I  thought  of 
detaining  the  third,  fouith,  and  fifth  books  till  1  should  have 
re-revised  the  first.  1806  SOUTHEY  Let.  to  G.  C.  Bedford 
17  June,  What  with  revising  and  re-revising  over  and  over 
again,  they  will  amount  to  something  like  it  at  last.  1864 
i  Realm  16  Mar.  2  We  have  had  a  code,  a  revised  code,  and 
a  re-revised  code,  each  more  in  advance  than  its  predecessor. 

So  Be-revi'sion,  fuither  revision. 

1823  J.  BADCOCK  pom.  Amnsem.  p.  iv,  The  new  articles. . 
1  stood  particularly  in  want  of  re-revision.  1881  Athenaeum 
28  May  713/2  The  result  often  years'  revision  and  re-revision 
.  .could  hardly  be  other  than  emendation. 

Re-revolu'tion.  [RE-.]  A  counter-revolu 
tion.  So  Re-revolu'tiomze  r1. 

1778  H.  WALPOI.E  Lett.,  to  Mason  Wks.  1846  V.  490  A  re- 
revolution  was  so  probable.  1800  SOUTHEV  Lett.  (1856)  I. 
89  Italy  may  very  likely  be  re-revolutionised. 

Rereward,  variant  of  REARWARD. 

t  Rerewarder.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RERE-  or 
1  REARWARD.]  (See  quot.) 

1589  PfTTFNHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xii.  (Arb.)  176  But  if  such 
supplie  be  placed  after  all  the  clauses,.. then  is  he  called  by 
the  Greeks  tiypozengma,  and  by  vs  the  Rerewarder. 

Rere- winter,  rare—*.  [RERE-.]  A  late  spell 
of  winter. 

1841  KEMBLE  in  Garnett  Phil.  Ess.  (1859)  p.  xii,  This 
rere-winter  troubles  me  :  I  was  beginning  to  think  of. . 
migrating,  when  lo  !  frost  and  snow  forbid  me. 

Reriiy,  obs.  form  of  RAREFY. 
Re-ri'ng,  v.     [RE-  53.]     To  ring  again. 
1803  SOUTHEV  Madoc  in  Azt.  xxiv,  Hark  !  from  the  towers 
of  Aztlan,  how  the  shouts  Of  clamorous  joy  re-ring  ! 
Re-ri'Se,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  rise  again. 
1798  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  V.  208  If  thrice  by 
Phoebus'    toil   re-rose  its  wall  Of  molten    brass.      1839-48 
BAILEY  Festns  xxxiv.  360  To  seize  the  nascent  souls  Ot  men 
as  they  rerose  from  death  to  life.    1855  TENNYSON  Brook  169 
We.. Arrived,  and  found  the  sun  of  sweet  content  Re-risen 
in  Katie's  eyes,  and  all  things  well. 
Hence  Re-rrsen  ///.  a.,  Re-ri'sing  vbl.  sb.  and 
ppl.  a. 

1814  SOUTHEV  Ode  to  Alex.  /,  iv,  Moscow's  re-rising  walls 

'     Had  rung  with  glad  acclaim.      1816  —  Lay  oj  Laureate 

Proem  xiv, When  that  last  and  most  momentous  hour,  Beheld 

the  re-risen  cause  of  evil  yield.     1839-52  BAILEY  Ptstus  xix. 

j    200  Some  thought  the  gates  of  Heaven  were  sealed  to  all 

I    Until  the  great  re-rising. 

Re-ri'Vet,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  rivet 
i  again.  Hence  Re-ri'veted///.  a. 

1869  SIR  E.  J.  REED  Shipbnild.  i.  11  A  stream  of  water 
,  was  then  thrown  upon  the  re-riveted  parts.  1898  Daily 
\  News  20  Aug.  7/2  It  will  be  necessary  to  re-rivet  at  least 


!  Q.  Aev.  July  209  About  250,000  tons  [of  rails]  require  to 
be  taken  up,  re-rolled,  and  re-laid.  1891  Pall  Mall  G. 
29  May  6/2  The  gelatine  strip  is  unrolled  from  one  spindle 
and  re-rolled  upon  another. 

Re-ro'iuaiiize,   v.      [RE-   5  a.]     To  make 
,    Roman-Catholic  again.     So  Re-romaniza-tion. 
1606  SYLVESTER  Du   Bartas  n.  iv.    Trofheis  163  Re- 

Romaniz'd,  so  (say  they)  Heav'n  [he]  conjures;  His  errours 
:  at  Saint  Denis  bee  abjures.  1882-3  SCHAFP  Encycl.  Relig. 
|  Kno-Ml.  I.  307/1  Immediately  after  the  battle  of  Mimlberg 
i  Ferdinand  I  sent  the  Jesuits  into  Bohemia  to  re-romanize 

the  country.  IHd.t  Ferdinand  II  ..  now  carried  through 
j  what  his  ancestor,  Ferdinand  I,  had  only  attempted,— the 
!  re-romani?ation  of  Bohemia. 

Re-roo'f,  ?'•     [K.E-  5  a.]     To  furnish  with  a 
|   new  roof. 

1867  A.  BARRY  SirC.  Barry  \\\\.  280  To  re-roof  and  re-light 
i    them.      1875   ALEX.    SMITH   Aberdeenshire   II.   1155   The 
church  was  repaired  and  reroofed  in  1829. 

fRert.     Obs.    rare~*.      (Origin   and   meaning 
obscure:  perhaps  an  error  for  cert,  certain,  sure.) 


RE-RUMINATE. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  590  Goddez  ry;t  is  redy  &  euer 
more  rert,  Ofjer  holy  wryt  is  bot  a  fable. 

He -ru' mill  ate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
ruminate  again. 

1591  HORSEY  Trar.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  213  When  you  [1  rea,t  we] 
meet  in  Polland  we  shall  reruminat  our  aquaintaince  merily. 
1617  COLLINS  Def.  Bp.  Ely  n.  x.  531  Thus  does  he  ruminate 
and  re-ruminate  his  cud  againe. 

R»e-ru'll,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  ran  (over}  again. 

1804  LARWOOD  No  Gun  Boats  8  We  must  re-run  the  gante- 
lope  of  our  Bounties  and  Recruitings.  1859  DARWIN  in 
Life  fy  Lett.  (1887)  II.  170,  I  request  you,  alter  you  have 
finished,  just  to  re-run  over  the  heads. 

Res,  variant  of  RESE  sb, 

Kesa'ddle  (n"-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  saddle  again. 

1857  DUFFERIN  Lett.  High  Lat.  (ed.  3)  50  The  horses 
were  resaddled  ;  and.. we  took  leave  of  our  courteous  en 
tertainers.  1897  Harper's  Mag.  Apr.  754/2  Diaz.,  stood  o(f 
the  attack  till  his  cavalry  could  resaddle. 

Resaf,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RECEIVE  v. 

Resagar,  -gor  :  see  RESALGAR. 

Resai(ee,  variants  of  REZAT. 

Resaif(f,  obs.  forms  of  RECEIVE  v. 

Resail  (rf-),  v.    [RE- 5  a.] 

1.  intr.  To  sail  (back)  again ;  to  set  sail  again. 
1586  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  in.  xvi,  The  Dane  inraged  sayled 

thence. .,  And  did  with  Brenn,  resayling  home,  at  great  ad- 
uantage  meete.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  iv.  931  From  Pyle  re- 
sailing  and  the  Spartan  Court.  1780  FAWKES  &  MKEN 
Rhodins'  Argonantics  iv.  1565  Discharge  this  duty,  and 
resail  to  Greece.  1898  Daily  Ne~vs  25  Oct.  6/2  The  San 
Nicholas  resailed,  followed  by  the  American  cruiser. 

2.  trans.  To  sail  (a  race)  again. 

1895  Daily  News  16  Sept.  3/3  We  beg  to  state,  .the  reason 
why  the  last  two  races  were  not  ordered  to  be  resailed. 
t  Resaille.   Obs.  rare~~l.     (Meaning  obscure.) 
c  1430  LYDG.  £  BURGH  Secrees  2279  [A  counsellor  ought] 
Oflfthyn  Rentys  knowyn  the  Resaylle. 

Resaitter,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RESETTEK. 

Resaive,  obs.  form  of  RECEIVE  v. 

Resa'lable  (n-),  a.  [RE-  5  a.]  Capable  of 
being  resold. 

1866  A.  L.  PF.RRY  Elem.  Pol.  Econ.  (1873)  85  Personal 
services,  unlike  material  products,  are  not  commonly  re- 
salable  by  the  purchaser. 

Resa'le  (n-),  sb.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  RESELL  ^.] 
The  act  of  selling  again  (something  bought). 

1625  BACON  Ess.)  Riches  (Arb.)  239  Monopolies,  and  Co 
emption  of  Wares  for  Resale,  .are  great  Meanes  to  enrich. 
1816  M.  GREF.NLEAF  District  of  Maine  71  The  remainder  [is 
held]  by  different  individuals,  who  have  purchased  solely 
with  a  view  to  the  profit  of  resales.  1852  GROTE  Greece  \\. 
Ixxiii.  IX.  365  It  was  difficult  to  keep.. what  was  bought 
and  opportunity  for  resale  did  not  seem  at  hand.  1890 
GROSS  Gild  Merck.  I.  46  This  enactment  is  particularly  di 
rected  against  buying  for  re-sale. 

t  Resa'lgar.  Obs.  Also  4-5  reys-,  ryaalgar ; 
5  rys-,  rosalgere  ;  5ras-,  ;resalger;  6resagar, 
-gor.  [ad.  Arab,  rahj ' al-ghar ^(see  REALGAR),  the 
/being  represented  by  s,  as  in  It.  risigallo^  med.  L. 
risigallum,  rssegale.  The  form  rosalger  appears 
later  as  rosager  ROSAEEB.]  Realgar,  disulphide 
of  arsenic. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Can.  Yeom.  Prol.  fy  T.  261  Oile  of  Tartre, 
Alum  glas,  berme  wort,  and  argoille,  Resalgar,  and  oure 
matires  enbibyng.  fThynne's  ed.  resagor ;  hence  in  R.  Scot 
Disc.  Witchcr.  (1584)  xiv.  i.  354;  also  in  Lyly  Galathea 
(1585)  n.  iti.  as  resagar.}  14. .  Stockholm  Med.  MS.  n.  559 
in  Anglia  XVIII.  321  Hys  jows,  medelyd  with  rosalgere 
..wyll  ben  howndys  bane.  14..  in  Ashm.  T/ieat.  Chem. 
Brit.  (1652)  271  Alume,  Atriment,  alle  I  suspende,  Rasalger 
and  Arsnick  I  defende.  [1584-5,  see  above.]  i6o7TopsEi.L 


Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  327  Then  it  is  good  to  eat  out  the 

he  powder  of  Resal^ 
n.  vj.    228   You   shall   neuer  apply..  Resalger,    Arsnicke, 


core  with  the  powder  of  Resalgar.     1610  MARKHAM  Masterp. 


Mercury  sublimate,  nor  any  such  violent  corrosiue. 

Resalient  (rf-),  a.  rare-1.  [RE-  5  a.]  Of 
angles  :  Issuing  again  after  re-entering. 

1879  SCOTT  Lect.  Archit.  II.  142  This .. suggests  the  idea 
..of  reducing  the  lower  range  to  a  smaller  width,  thus 
breaking  the  arch  section  into  resalient  angles. 

Resa'lt  (r/-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  salt  again. 

1850  O.  WINSLOW  Inner  Life  iv.  134  Jesus  speaks  of  the 
salt  being  re-salted.  1895  Daily  Nnvs  5  June  5/5  The  heads 
were  in  bad  condition,  .and  were  re-salted. 

i  Resalue,  v.  Obs.  rare-1,  [a.  F.  resaluer: 
see  RE-  and  SALUE  v.]  trans.  To  resalute. 

1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  cxix.  180  Emyrferius  put  out  his 
heed  &  salewed  them,  Si  they  resnlewed  hym. 

t  Resaluta-tion.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  resalu- 
tation-em  :  see  next  and  -ATION.]  The  return  of 
a  salutation. 

1548  ELYOT,  Resalutatio. . ,  a  resalutacion.  1603  HOLLAND 
Plutarch's  Mor.  437  Popilius  without  any  refutations  or 
greeting  againe,  delivered  him  the  letter.  1655  tr.  Sorel's 
Com.  Hist.  Franciott  iv.  24,  I  did  salute  them,  . .  and  the 
proud  resalutation  did  come  with  an  ill  will  from  them. 

Resalu'te  («-)*  v.  Now  rare.  [ad.  L.  re- 
salfttare,  or  (in  sense  2)  f.  RE-  5  a  +  SALUTE  ^.] 

1.  trans.  To  salute  in  return. 

1493  Fcstivatt  (Vt.  de  W.  1515)  nob,  Let  us  ofte  and  de 
voutly  say.. this  salutacyon  £  we  may  be  sure  yl  she  wyl 
resalute  us  agayne.  1581  PETTIK  tr.  Gitaczo's  Civ.  Com',  i. 
(1586)  13!),  If  through  heedlesnesse  you  resalute  not  a  friend, 
he  will  speake  no  more  to  you.  1631  HEY  WOOD  Eng.  Eliz. 
(1641)  164  She  was  not  behind  in  courtesie,  but  lovingly  re- 
saluted  them  again.  1697  State  Philadelph.  Soc.  21  The 
People  resalute  the  Minister  with  a  '  Lord  be  with  thy 
Spirit1.  1762  Ann,  Reg.  i.  126/1  The  knights,  .made  their 
reverences  to  his  majesty,  who.  .re-saluted  them. 


504 

2.  To  salute  again  or  anew. 

a  1586  SIDNEV  A  rcattia  (1622)  332  Hee  felt  his  breast  beat, 
and  thereafter  saw  his  vnclowded  eyes  weakely  striue  to 
shine  againe ;  thus  fir>t  resaluting  the  light.  1627  DRAYTOX 
stginaiurt,  etc.  187  Those  Birdes  we  see,  that  leaue  vs  in 
the  Prime,  Againe  in  Autumne  re-salute  our  Clime.  1667 
MII.TON  /'.  L,  xi.  134  Mean  while  To  re-salute  the  World 
with  sacred  Light  Leucothea  wak'd. 

Hence  Besalu'ted ///.  a.,  Resalu'ting  vol.  s&. 

1598  FLOKIO,  Risatitto,  a  resaluting  or  greeting  againe. 
1615  CHAPMAN  Odyss.  xn.  8  We  drew  her  vp  to  land,  And 
trod  our  selues  the  resaluted  sand. 

tResanate,  v.  06s.  rare-1,  [f.  ppl.  stem  of 
late  L.  resanare,  f.  re-  RE-  +  sanare  to  heal.] 
trans.  To  heal  again,  to  cure.  So  f  Resana'tion. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guilleinean's  Fr.  Chirurg.  46  b/i  How  ne- 


gargarisme  is  of  admirable  ope. »..*»..„,  «.,«  i<.oui<«nvi>i.  ui 
the  diseases  of  the  throte.  Ibid,  no/i  For  the  vngula  ca- 
ballina  hath  a  divers  vigor  of  resanatinge  the  Lunges. 

Resa  notify  ("-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
sanctify  again. 

1675  WOODHFAD,  etc.  Paraphr.  St.  Paul  82  All  things  .. 
unclean  before  fiod,  if  they  are  not  resanctified  in  Christ. 
1847  HfSHNELL  Chr.  Nurt.  viii.  (1861)  218  He  will  reclaim 
and  resanctify  the  great  principle  of  reproductive  order. 

t  Resa'rce,  v.  Ol>s.  rare—1,  [ad.  obs.  if.  re- 
sarcirorL.  resarare,  f.  re-  RE-  +  sarctre  to  patch.] 
trans.  To  patch  up,  mend. 

1524  St.  Papers  Hen.  Vllr,  VI.  366  That  the  Kinges 
Grace  studieth  not  a  litle,  howe  to  resarce  and  supplie  on 
his  side  al  maner  of  dcfaultes  and  errours. 

Resarcelee-,  Resa'rcelled,  a.  Her.  [See 
SARCELLED  «.]  (See  cjuots.) 

1586  FERNE  Blaz.  Centric  176  A  crosse  resarcelled  is,  as  if 
a  crosse  were  sewed  or  set  againe  to  the  other.  1725  COATS 
Diet.  Heraldry  298.  1727  HAILKY  (vol.  II),  Resarcelee,  as 
a  Cross  Resarcelee  signifies  one  Cross,  as  it  were,  sewed  to 
another,  or  one  Cross  placed  upon  another,  or  a  slenderer 
Cross  charged  upon  the  first.  1780  ED.MONDSON  Compl.  Body 
Heraldry  II.  Gloss.,  Resarcetie,  a  Cross  Resarcelee.. is  a 
cross  voided  and  open  at  each  end. 

t  Resn/rciate,  v.  Ol>s.  Also  -tiate.  [irreg. 
f.  L.  resarci-re  (see  RESARCE)  +  -ATE.]  trans.  To 
mend,  amend. 

a  1656  VINES  Lord's  Stiff.  (1677)  234  To  resarciate  the 
damage  or  injury  done  lo  thee.  1657  TOMLINSON  Renm's 
Disp.  57  We  resartiate  their  native  humidity. 

Resat,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  pple.  of  RECEIVE  v. 

Resaunt,  variant  of  RESSANT. 

Resave  (rf-),  v.  rare  -'.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
save  again. 

1581  RICH  farm'.  (1846)  107  How  greate  the  joye  of  the 
mother  was  when  she  sawe  the  honestie  of  her  daughter,  (as 
it  were)  resaved  out  of  this  yong  princes  handes. 

Resave,  obs.  form  of  RECEIVE  v. 

Resawe,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RECEIVE  v. 

Resawing  (n-),  vbl.  sb.  [RE-  53.]  The 
action  of  sawing  again.  Also  atlrib. 

1611  FLORID,  Risegatione,  a  resawing,  a  clipping.  1875 
KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1920/1  Resaiving-maclnne,  a  machine 
for  cutting  up  squared  timber  into  small  stuff  or  board?. 
1881  FKANKLYN  Glance  at  Australia  369  One  of  Fay's  large 
re-sawing  machines. 

Resay  (rf-),z;.  rare—1.  [RE-.]  trans.  To  say 
again  or  in  reply. 

1610  MARCELLINE  Triumphs  Jas.  1  B  ij,  Heresy  findeth 
daily  something  to  re-say  and  to  confound  Paper  withal!. 

Resayfe,  -sayff,  -sayve,  etc.,  obs.  ff.  RECEIVE. 

Resayt(e,  obs.  ff.  RECEIPT  sb. 

t  Resboil.  Obs.  rare—1.  [Corruptly  for  reston, 
var.  of  OF.  raston :  see  RASTON  and  RATTOON  1.] 
A  cheese-cake. 

1583  T.  DAWSON  Good  Huswives  Jewell  \.  (1596)  E  4  To 
make  good  Resbones.  Take  a  quart  of  fine  flower  [etc.]. 

Resoaille,  obs.  form  of  RASCAL. 

Rescaive,  obs.  form  of  RECEIVE  v. 

t  Reseat.  Obs.  rare-1,  [a.  Sp.  rescate:  cf. 
REESCATE  v.]  Ransom. 

1388  T.  HICKOCK  tr.  C.  Frederick's  Voy.  nb,  Euery  day 
we  were  taken  prisoners,  . .  and  euery  morning  at  our  de 
parture  we  must  pay  reseat  4.  or  5.  Pagies  a  man. 

Rescayve,  obs.  f.  RECEIVE  v.  Resceant, 
-sceaunte,  varr.  of  RESIANT  Obs.  Resceipte, 
-ceit(e,  obs.  ff.  RECEIFI  sb.  Reseeive,  obs.  f. 
RECEIVE  v.  Rescent,  obs.  f.  RESENT  v.  Rescet, 
-cett(e,  obs.  ff.  RESET  so.  and  v.  Resceve, 
obs.  f.  RECEIVE  v.  Rescew,  obs.  f.  RESCUE. 
Resceyt(e,  obs.  ff.  RECEIPT  s/>.  Resceyve, 
-schave,  -sehayfe,  obs.  ff.  RECEIVE  v.  Resche, 
obs.  f.  RUSH.  Resohebusk,  obs.  f.  RDSHBUSH. 

t  Reschette,  v.  Obs.  ran.  [OE.  rsesc^tait, 
f.  ruscan  vb.  or  rsesc  sb.  vin  comb,  llg-riesc).] 
intr.  To  crackle. 

a  1000  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wfilcker  215/16  Crepitat,  t.  resonat, 
scylb,  cyrmb,  ra:scetteb.  a  1000  Be  Domes  Dzge  152  Donne 
fyren  li^  blawao  and  braslad, . .  rajsct  and  efesteS.  Ibid.  165 
Uaet  reBe  flod  raescet  fyre.  c  1200  Mar/terete  18  The  hude 
. .  swartete  as  hit  snarchte  and  barst  on  to  blemen  that  hit 
aras  up  oueral  ant  here  leofliche  lich  reschte  of  be  leie. 

Reschew,  obs.  f.  RESCUE  sb.  Rescheyve,  obs. 
f.  RECEIVE  v.  Resehowe,  obs.  f.  RESCUE  v. 

t  Resci'de,  v.  Obs.  rare,  [irreg.  var.  of  next, 
or  for  recide,  ad.  L.  recidfre]  trans.  To  cut. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gvillemeau's  Fr.  Chirurg.  54/2  The  sagit- 


RESCISSORY. 

talle  suture  was  rescided  cleane  overthwarte.  Ibid,  54b/i  His 
Parietale  was  clean  rescided  throughe. 

Rescind  (r/srnd),  v.  [ad,  L.  rescind-ere,  f.  rc- 
RE-  -f  scindere  to  split,  divide,  etc.  Cf.  F.  re- 
scinder  (1422).] 

1.  trans.    To  cut  off,  take  away,  remove.    (Iny%". 
uses.)  f  Also  rescinding,  taking  away,  leaving  out. 

1643  PRVNNE  Sov.  Power  Parl.  App.  168  His  unnecessary 
expences  are  rescinded,  his  superfluous  cut  off.  1664  H. 
MORE  Myst.  Iniq,  xvi.  58  The  introduction  thereof  into  the 
Church  of  Christ  is  the  rescinding  so  many  Souls  from  the 
body  of  the  Church,  a  1687  PETTY  Pol,  Arith.  iv.  (1691)  69 
England  it  self  rescinding  Wales,  hath  but  Three  Acres  to 
every  Head,  according  to  the  present  State  of  Tillage  and 
Husbandry,  a  1734  NORTH  Lives  (1826)  I.  376  It  proved 
that  which  they  call  an  hemiplegia,  which  rescinded  the 
chief  use  of  one  leg  and  one  arm.  1788  V.  KNOX  Winter 
Even.  III.  ix.  ix.  280  He  who  resolves  not  to  be  entertained 
.  .will  rescind  acopious  source  of  soothing  satisfaction.  i8iz 
WOODHOUSE  Astron.  xxxiii.  315  In  order  ..  to  rescind  the 
occasion  of  ambiguity  which  might  be  attached  to  the  phrase 
of  constant  parallax. 

fb.  To  deprive  (one)  of&  thing.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1718  Entertainer  No.  42.  297  He  that  dares  not  speak  like 
an  Englishman,  .deserves  to  be  rescinded  of  his  Birthright. 

t  2.  To  cut  through,  sever.  Qbs.  rare"1. 

1651^3  JER.  TAYLOR  Serin,  for  Year  (1678)  224  To  rescind 
the  fatal  chain,  and  break  in  sunder  the  line  of  God's  anger. 

8.  To  abrogate,  annul,  revoke,  repeal,  cancel. 

1637-50  Row  Hist.  Kirk  (Wodrow  Soc.)  492  He  answered, 
He  could  grant  neither  the  one  nor  the  other  till  first  they 
should  rescinde. .their  subscryved  Covenants.  1690  LUT- 
TRELL  Brief  ReL  (1857)  H-  3^  The  parliament. .past  an  act 
for  rescinding  the  kings  supremacy  over  the  church.  1776 
ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  i.  x.  (1869)  1. 126  It  required  a  particular 
Act  of  Parliament  to  rescind  this  bye-law,  1818  HALLAM 
Mid.  Ages  (1872)  I.  461  The  council  often  had.,  power  over 
the  senate  and  other  magistrates, rescinding  their  decisions. 
1846  BATEMAN  Law  of  Auctions  (ed.  3)  91  note,  The  vendor 
shall  have  the  power  of  rescinding  the  contract.  1877 
FREEMAN  Nortn.  Cong.  (ed.  3)  II.  App.  594  The  monks 
petitioned,  and  the  vote  was  rescinded. 

Hence  Resci'nder;  Rescinding  ppl.  a.  Also 
Kesci'ndable  a.,  Resci'ndment  (Worcester,  1846, 
citing  Story). 

1876  BANCROFT  Hist.  U.  S.  IV.  xli.  161  Of  the  ninety-two 
who  voted  not  to  rescind,  eighty-one,  .were  re-elected;  of 
the  seventeen  rescinders,  only  five.  1887  Pall  Mull  G. 
9  Nov.  14/2  The  rule  that  a  rescinding  resolution  requires  a 
majority  of  two-thirds. 

t  Resci'ndent,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  pres.  pple. 
of  L.  rescindcre  :  see  prec.]  Cutting. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gitillemeau'<s  Fr,  Chirnrg.  If.  xivb/2  A  re- 
scindente  Instrumente,  the  one  end  wherof  serveth  for  a 
rasore.  1773  NUGKNT  tr.  Hist.  Fr.  Gerund\.  532  And  taught 
man  the  manuduction  of  the  rescindent  spade. 

Rescission  (r/si^an).  Also  7  rescision.  [ad. 
late  L.  rescission-em,  n.  of  action  f.  rescindcre  to 
RESCIND.  Cf.  F.  rescision  (1517).] 

T"  1.  The  action  of  cutting  off,   Obs.  rare. 

1611  COTGR.,  Recision,^  rescision  ;  a  cutting,  or  paring  off. 
a.  1626  BACON  Holy  War  (1629)  124  The  words  of  the  Prophet 
. .  which  declare  this  Rejection,  and,  to  vse  the  words  of  the 
Text,  Rescision  of  their  Estate  to  haue  been  for  their 
Idolatry. 

2.  The  action  of  annulling  or  abrogating. 

1651  JER.  TAYLOR  Serin,  for  Year  i.  iv.  43  No  ceremonial 
and  pompous  rescission  of  our  Fathers'  crimes  can  be  suf 
ficient.  1695  H.  DODWELL  Def.  Vimt.  Deprived  Bps.  97 
This  therefore  would  allow  the  Church,  .a  perfect  rescission 
of  such  a  Contract.  1727-38  CHAMREKS  Cycl.  s.v.,  A  thing's 
being  found  damaged,  or  sold  at  above  double  the  just 
value,  is  a  good  cause  of  rescission.  1776  JOHNSON  Let.  to 
Taylor  17  Feb.,  The  Case  which  you  sent  me  contains  such 
vicissitudes  of  settlement  and  rescission.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON 
Brit.  India  I.  281  Several.. counselled  the  rescission  of  the 
obnoxious  orders.  1875  POSTE  Cains  i.  (ed.  2)  142  A  power 
of  cancellation  and  rescission. 

fRescisso-rian,  #•  Obs.—°    [-AN.]  =next. 

1658  PHILLITS  s.v.  Rescind,  A  Rescissorian  Act,  is  that 
which  makes  void  a  former  Act,  or  Law. 

K-escissory  (r/si's6ri),#.  Also  7  rec-,  [ad. 
late  L.  rescissori-us,  f.  reseiss-,  ppl.  stem  of  resdn- 
dere  to  RESCIND.  Cf.  F.  rescisoire  (1579).] 

1.  Of  the  nature  of,  or  having  the  effect  of,  re 
scinding  or  revoking ;  connected  with,  or  charac 
terized  by,  rescission  : 

a.  of  legal  actions,  etc.     (Chiefly  Sc.  Law.} 

4  Rescissory  actions  are  those  actions  whereby  deeds,  &c. 
are  declared  void'  (Bell). 

1605  DANIEL  Queen* s  Arcadia  in.  i,  I  ouerwhelme  My 
practise  too,  with  darknes,  and  strange  words ;  . .  Conditions, 
Codicilles,  Acceptations,  actions  recissorie.  I754ERSKINE 
Princ.  Sc.  Law  (1809)  44^2  Rescissory  actions  are  divided, 
i.  Into  actions  of  proper  im probation.  2.  Actions  of  reduc- 
tion-improbation.  1818  COLEDROOKE  Obligations  I.  222 
Every  person  who  apprehends  himself  hurt  or  affected  by  a 
deed  is  entitled  to  a  rescissory  action  for  setting  it  aside. 
1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  829  The  action  of  simple  re 
duction  and  the  action  of  reduction-improbation,  are  the 
two  varieties  of  the  rescissory  actions  of  the  law  of  Scotland. 
Ibid.)  In  the  simple  reduction  the  summons,  like  all  rescis 
sory  summonses,  commences  with  the  Will.  1846  BATEMAN 
Law  of  Auctions  (ed.  3)65  The  first  of  this  class  of  con 
ditions  is  called  rescissory  ;  the  second  compensatory. 

to.  of  legislative  measures,  etc. ;  spec,  of  the 
act  passed  by  the  Scottish  Parliament  in  1661,  by 
which  the  acts  of  all  the  parliaments  held  from 
1633  were  rescinded. 

See  Burnet  Oivn  Time  \\.  (1724)  I.  117-119. 

1640  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  n.  (1659)  II.  1007  It  is  impos 
sible,  without  passing  the  Rescissory  Act,.. to  have  a  valid 


RESCONSE. 

Parliament.  1654  H.  L'ESTRANGE  Chas.  7(1655)  T6r  Next 
they  fell  upon  forming  an  Act  Rescissory,  whereby  former 
Acts  ..  should  be  nulled.  1671  [R.  MAC\VAKD]  True  Non- 
con/.  378  Say  not  that^the  first  part  of  the  aboyementioned 
rescissory  clause,  relative  to  the  Act.  1592.  Is  simple.  1754 
ERSKINE  Princ.  Sc.  Laiv  (1809)  57  This  act,  though  falling 
under  the  act  rescissory  of  Charles  1 1,  seems  to  have  been 
considered  as  still  in  force  by  1663,  c.  21  which  [etc.],  1861 
BUCKLE  Civiliz.  II.  283  The  parliament,  .consented  towhat 
was  termed  the  rescissory  act.  ^^DailyNews  5  Mar.  5/8 
The  rescissory  power  wielded  by  the  non-elective  peers  over 
the  legislative  acts  of  the . .  House  of  Commons. 

t  2.  Asking  for  rescission.   Obs.  rare  — 1. 

1610  SELDEN  Duello  iv.  14  S.  Lewis  and  the  rest  were  con 
strained  . .  to  yeeld  to  the  rescissory  petitions  of  their  subjects. 

t  ResCO'nse,  v.  Obs.  rare.  Also  -sconce,  [ad. 
obs.  F.  resconser  to  hide,  etc.  (Godef.).]  intr, 
To  set.  Hence  Kesco'nsing  vbl,  sb. 

1618  Kalendcr  o/Sheph.  xxxv.  heading,  Of  the  rising  and 
resconsing  of  the  signes  in  the  Orison.  Ibid,  xxxv,  Thus 
orison  [neither]  riseth  ne  resconceth.  Meridian  also  riseth 
not  ne  resconseth. 

Resconter,  -tre  :  see  RESCOUNTER  sb.  and  v. 

Rescouh,  obs.  form  of  RESCUE  z». 

t  Rescoirnter,  sl>.  06s.  Also  6  -centre,  7 
-center,  [ad.  It.  riscontro  (Sp.  rescuentro)  re- 
counter,  comparison,  balancing,  etc.,  f.  ri-  RE-  4- 
scontro  (:— *ex-contra)  encounter.] 

1.  Encounter,  hostile  meeting.  rare~l. 

1543  HARVEL  in  State  Papers  Hen.  VIII,  IX.  537  Somme 
thinkith  that  Barbarossa  wil  go  to  Alger,  or  infest  the  cost 
of  Spaine,  not  finding  other  rescontre. 

2.  Balancing  of  centra-accounts;   settlement  or 
payment  of  differences  on  accounts,  in  later  use 
spec,  on  the  Stock  Exchange.    Also//.,  and  attrib. 
as  nscounter-day ,  -settlings. 

1622  MALYNES  Anc.  Law-Mcrch.  421  Which  according  to 
the  said  computation  is  all  one  in  effect  bet  weene  them,  and 
might  by  way  of  resconnter  answere  each  other  in  account. 
1682  SCARLETT  Exchanges  222  If  any  Payments  cannot  be 
made  exactly  by  Resconter  for  the  just  Sum, . .  they  give  and 
take  from  one  another,  .a  Note  for  the  Value  that  one  or  the 
other  must  pay  1753  A.  MURPHY  Gray's  Inn  Jrnl.  No.  57 
Tickets — India-Bonds — Rescounters  —  Consolidate.  1774  [ 
COLMAN  Man  of  Business  iv.  i,  You  know  the  rescounter 
day,  sir;  and  if  Mr.  Beverley  does  not  pay  his  differences 
within  these  four-and-twenty  hours,  the  world  cannot  hinder 
his  being  a  lame  duck.  1775  T.  MORTIMER  Every  man  his 
own  Broker  39  These  are  called,  in  'Change  Alley,  the 
Rescounter  Settlings.  1796  Grose's  Diet.  I'ulgar  T.  (ed.  3), 
Rescounters,  the  time  of  settlement  between  the  bulls  and 
bears  of  Exchange-alley,  when  the  losers  must  pay  their 
differences,  or  become  lame  ducks. 

3.  An   engagement   to    pay  the   sum  due  on  a 
balance  of  accounts.  Also  atlrib.in  resconnter-book. 

1682  SCARLETT  Exchanges  222  In  other  Fairs  the  Re- 
sconters  must  be  clearly  exprest  on  Paper,  written  with  Ink, 
in  Books  for  that  purpose,  called  Resconter-Books,.  .and 
when  the  Resconter  is  once  made,  its  as  effectual  as  if  the 
Bill  were  paid  with  ready  Cash. 

t  Rescou  liter,  v.  Obs.  rare.  Also  6  -contre. 
[ad.  It.  riscontrare  (Sp.  rescontrar)  to  meet  with, 
encounter,  to  compare  or  collate,  etc.  :  cf.  prec.] 

1.  intr.  To  meet  or  encounter  with  an  enemy. 
(Cf.  RECOUMTER  v.  and  RENCOUNTER  v.) 

1543  HARVEL  in  State  Papers  Hen.  VIII,  IX.  424  Andrea 
Doria  issuid  owt  of  Geane  incontinently  with  48  galeis, .  .to 
rescontie  with  the  French  navye.  Ibid.  537  It  hath  ben 
raportid  that  Barbarossa  was  departed  from  Tolon  with  30 
galeis,  to  rescontre,  as  men  thinke,  with  Janetin  Doria. 

2.  trans.    To   balance  or   settle  in  the  way  of 
business.     Hence  Rescou'ntering  vbl.  sb. 

1606  CxsarPapers\nLansdc<ivHeMSS.  (Brit. Mus.)  CLII. 
fol.  211  The  Statute  provided  for  all  Straungers  dealing  by 
waie  of  merchaundize..for  the  rescountring  or  ballancing 
of  such  trade  as.. they  bringe  into  this  kmgdome.  1622 
MALYNES  Anc.  Law-Merest.  156  That  Merchants  assuring 
each  to  other,  may  rescounter  their  Premios,  in  the  accounts 
kept  thereof  betweene  them. 

t  Rescou -re,  v.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  OF.  rescoure, 
-cure  :  see  RESCUE  v.]  trans.  To  rescue. 

c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  8645  Thre  thousand  kny^tes  .. 
called  he  forth, . .  Fro  men  of  armes  hem  to  rescouere,  For 
thei  were  most  with-oute  Armure. 

tResCOU'rs,  rf.1  Obs.  Chiefly  Sc.  Also  5 
reskowrs.  [Alteration  of  RESCOUS,  prob.  in 
fluenced  by  cours  COURSE  sb.]  Rescue. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  2939  Bot  bou 
come,  rescours  to  make,  Neuere  in  armes  schalt  bou  me  take. 
1375  BARBOUR  Bmiccxlll.  369  Thar  sail  nane  of  all  Yngland 
lo  mak  sow  rescours  tak  on  hand,  And  but  rescours  may 
no  castele  Be  haldin  lang.  1439  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  16/2 
John  Forman.  .was  lawefully  arrested  ;.  .and  as  they  were 
going  to  bringe  hym  [to  Tutbury]  . .  cometh  one  Piers 
Venables . .  and  made  a  rescours,  and  toke  awey  the  saide 
John  Forman  fro  theym.  1536  BELLF.NDEN  Cron.  Scot. 
(1821)  II,  478  Thus  had  the-castel  bene  left  desertj  war  not 
the  Governour  declarit  to  pas.. to  the  rescours  thairof. 

t  RescOUTS, sb."  Sc.  Obs.  rare— l.  In6resk-. 
•  [Alteration  of  recourse,  after  prec.]  Recourse. 

'S3?  BELLENDEN  Livy  i.  xi.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  65  pai  were  con- 
stremt  to  haue  bare  vtir  reskours  to  be  samyn. 

t  Rescotrrs,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  rare.  [Cf.  RESCOURS 
sby\  trans.  To  rescue. 

'533  BELLENDEN  Lhy  n.  xiii.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  177  The  consulis 
send  ane  burreo  to  tak  him  ;  bot  he  was  haistelie  rescoursit 
be  be  pepill.  1536  —  Cron.  Scot.  (1821)  I.  p.  xl,  This  man, 
that  rescoursit  the  king,  wes  callit  Turnbull. 

1  Rescous,  J7'.  Obs.  Forms:  o.  4-7  rescous(e, 
rescouss(e,  4-5  rescus  e,  <;  reskuse,  6-7  res- 
VOL.  VIII. 


505 

cusse.  B.  5  rescues,  reschewes,  -scowes,  6 
reskues.  [a.  OF.  rescous(s]e,  rescusse,  etc.  (It. 
riscossa ;  Rom.  type  *re-ex-cussa),  vbl.  sb.  to  OF. 
rescourre  to  RESCUE.  The  j8-forms  may  in  some 
cases  be  taken  as  plurals  of  rescue.'] 

1.  Rescue,  assistance,  aid. 

o.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  5406  Wyder. . 
Wyp  twenty  bousand  mad  hem  rescus.  1390  GOWER  Con/. 
II.  73  In  rescouss  of  the  toun  aboute,  Which  with  the 
Giegois  was  belein.  1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  i.  ix.  (1555!, 
Of  which  slaughter  the  grekes  wer  confuse,  Tyll  Pelleus 
came  to  their  rescuse.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  39  b,  The 
whiche.. assembled  them  for  to  come  to  the  rescousse  of 
theyr  lord,  a  1348  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  II'  23  Fortifiyng 
the  same  for  fere  of  rescous  that  might  issue  from  Caleis. 
1602  CARF.W  Cornwall  125  b,  For  want  of  timely  rescouse, 
the  breath  poasted  out  of  his  body. 

0.  ta  1400  Morte  Arth.  433  Hyde  hy[m)  make  reschewes 
for  menske  of  hyme  selvene.  c  1430  Pilfr.  Lyf  Matlhode 
IV.  xxv.  (1869)  189  Driveth  hire  fro  me,  j  prey  yow,  and  belli 
me  a  rescues  for  hire.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  \.  xiv.  55 
And  whan  Gryflet  sawe  rescowes,  he  smote  a  knyght  on  the 
tempils.  1568  GRAKTON  Chron.  II.  318  The  Captaine  . . 
having  no  comfort  to  have  any  quick  reskues,  yeelded. 

2.  Law.   =  RESCUE  sb.  2. 

1451  Paston  Lett.  I.  195,  I  told  Connor  that  I  shuld 
ccrtilie  a  rescuse,  and  prayd  the  baly  of  the  hundred  that 
he  wold  record  the  same.  1485  Act  i  Hen.  VII,c,  7  If  any 
Rescous  or  Disoheysance  be  made  to  any  Person  bavin:; 
Authority  to  do  F^xecution  .  .by  any  such  Warrant.  1530-1 
Act  22  Hen.  I'llI,  c.  12  If  any  person  ..  make  rescous 
agayne  any  Mayre  . .  or  other  person.  1581  LAMBARDK 
Eiren,  n.  vii.  (1588)  231  Offence  and  felonie  ..  in  him  that 
helpeth  the  prisoner  lo  get  away,  which  is  commonly  termed 
Rescusse.  1618  DALTON  Conntr.  Just.  Ixxvii.  (1630)  196 
Every  disseisin  rescous  and  trespasse  implieth  a  force.  1632 
StarChamli.  Cases  (Camden)  337  The  Lord  Chiefe  Justice 
found  very  much  fault  with  Casen  about  Jenners  oppres 
sion,  and  his  multiplicitie  of  suites  upon  the  rescusse.  1690 
Act  2  Will,  t,  Mary  i.  c.  5  §  4  Upon  any  Pound-breach 
or  Rescous  of  Goods  or  Chattels  distrained  for  Rent.  1768 
BLACKSTONE  Coinm.  III.  r46  Being  thus  in  the  custody  of 
the  law,  the  taking  them  back  by  force  is  looked  upon  as 
an  atrocious  injury,  and  denominated  a  rescous. 

t  Rescous,  v.  Obs.  Also  4  rescouse,  5  res- 
chewse,  6-7  rescusse.  [a.  OF.  rescouser,  -ci/ser, 
{.  rescouse :  see  prec.]  trans,  (and  refl.)  To  rescue. 
Hence  Rescousing  vbl.  sb. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  13039  pe  Romayns 
Petron  wilde  rescouse,  But  Bretons  a-geyn  bem  faste  gan 
brouse.  £1400  Roll-land  fif  O.  1536  Sir  Otuell  base  thre 
kynges  slone  &  reschewsede  hym  with  honour.  1581  LAM- 
BARDE  Eiren.  II.  vii.  (1588)  232  If  a  stranger  doe.  .rescusse 
such  an  one  as  is  under  arrest  for  Felonie,  then  is  it  Felonie 
.  .in  the  straunger.  1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  n.  xxiii.  §  32 
A  readye  rescussing  of  a  mans  selfe  from  scornes.  a  1625 
SIR  H.  FI^NCH  La'.v  (1636)  355  Here  for  contempts  a  Capias 
lyeth  against  Peers  of  the  Reahne,  as  for  rescousing  of  one 
arrested  by  the  course  of  the  Law. 

Rescow(e,  obs.  forms  of  RESCUE. 
Re-scream,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  scream  again. 

1849  CLOUGH  Amours  de  Voy.  n.  161  While  men  and 
women  and  papers  Scream  and  re-scream  to  each  other  the 
chorus  of  victory. 

Rescribe  (riUtwi'b),  v.  [ad.  L.  rescribere,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  scribere  to  write.  Cf.  obs.  F.  rescripre, 
rescrire  (mod.F.  rtcrire).] 

1 1.  To  write  back,  write  in  reply.  Obs. 

1462  J.  PASTON  in  P.  Lett.  II.  89,  I  preie  yow  hertili  that 
ye  feithfully  and  truly  rescribe  to  me. .what  ye  knowe  in 
this  mater.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vn.  453  It  was  not  longe 
after,  y'  the  Frenshe  kyng  hadde  thus  rescrvbed  vnto  Kynge 
Edwarde  [etc.].  1523  CROMWELL  in  Merrfman  Life  ff  Lett. 
(1902)  I.  313  Wher  as  I  accordinglye  haue  not  in  lyke  wise 
remembrid  and  rescribid  [etc.].  1600  W.  WATSON  Dcca- 
cordon  (1602)  31  The  Author,  .being  friendly  admonished  in 
a  letter.  Describing  backe  in  a  most  saucte  and  peremptorie 
manner.  1661  J.  STEPHENS  Procurations  2r  The  said  Pope 
rescribes  thus.  1726  AYLIFFE  Parergon  220  Whenever  a 
Prince  on  his  being  consulted  by  any  one  rescribes  or  writes 
back  in  this  manner  [etc.]. 

2.  To  write  again  or  anew ;  to  rewrite.  Now 
rare.  Hence  Beserrbed  pfl.  a. 


RESCUE. 


of  the  error,  .and  then  the  same  rescribe  againe  in  the  proper 
place.  1640  HOWELL  Dodoncfs  Gr.  67  This  did  not  a  whit 
stirre  him,  but  calmely  called  for  more  Paper,  to  rescribe 
them.  1852  T.  L.  PEACOCK  Horse  Dramaticx  n.  note  Wks. 
1875  III.  356  A  careful  search  will  probably  discover  many 
morethantworescribed  leaves.  1854$.  DoBf.i.i.Convalescent 
to  Physic.,  Friend,  by  whose  cancelling  hand  did  Fate  forgive 
Her  debtor,  and  rescribe  her  stern  award. 

t  Rescribendary.  Obs.rare~°.  [ad.  med.L. 
rescribendari-us  (Du  Cange).]  (See  quot.) 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Rescribendary,  an  Officer  in  some 
of  the  Courts  of  Rome,  who  taxeth  or  valueth  supplications. 

Rescript  (rz-skript).  Also  7  pi.  rescrips. 
[ad.  L.  rescriptum,  pa.  pple.  neut.  olrescribSre  to 
RESCRIBE.  Cf.  F.  resent,  f  rescript  (ijth  c.).] 

1.  a.  A  decretal  epistle  from  the  Pope  in  reply 
to  some  question  or  difficulty  referred  to  him; 
also,  any  Papal  decision,  decree,  or  edict. 

1528  GARDINER  in  Burnet  Rec.  Re/,  (ed.  Pocock)  I.  95  All 
such  rescripts, breves,and  bulls,as  mightconduce  to  the  effec 
tual  definition.. of  the  matter.  1574  HELLOWES  Guevara's 
Fain.  Ep.  (1577)  287  With  a  rescript  from  Rome,  they  take 
degree  of  Bachelers,  Licentiats,  and  Doctors.  1635  PAGITT 
Cliristianogr.  n.  vi.  41  The  summes  of  money  which  the 
Pope  receiveth  for  first  fruits,  Palls,  Indulgences,  Bulls,.. 
Rescrips,  ..  cannot  be  counted.  1726  AYLIFFE  Parergon 
p.  xvi,  These  Determinations  [of  the  Popes]  were  stiled 


throne.  1825  SYD.  SMITH  Wks.  (1867)  II.  199  Let  him  read 
the  rescript  of  pope  Pius  VI,  of  the  i/th  of  June,  179!  1868 
FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq.  (1877)  II.  x.  511  The  rescript  of 
Pope  Leo  required  Eadward  either  to  found  a  new,  or  to 
enlarge  an  old,  monastery. 

b.  (The  original  sense.)  The  reply  sent  by 
a  Roman  emperor  to  a  magistrate  or  other  person 
consulting  him  on  a  doubtful  point  of  law  or  as  to 
the  action  to  be  taken  in  particular  circumstances. 
1605  CAMDF.N  Rent.  i2r  Men  were  not  forbidden  to 
change  name  or  surname,  by  the  rescript  of  Diocle-ian 
1685  STILUNGFL.  Orig.  Brit.  ii.  56  F.usebius  saith  ..  That 
Hadrian,  in  his  Rescript  to  Minutius.  .forbad  a  General 
Persecution  of  any  as  Christians.  1765  BLACKSTONE  Coinm. 
I.  5  We  must  not  prefer  the  edict  of  the  praetor,  or  the  re 
script  of  the  Roman  emperor,  to  . .  the  sanctions  of  an 
English  parliament.  1827  HAHK  Guesses  Ser.  l.  (187-,)  nS 
In  their  rescripts  and  other  ordinances,  the  Roman  emperors 
spoke  in  the  plural  number.  1862  I)KAI>ER  Intel/.  De-.'cl. 
Europe  x.  (1864)  I.  309  On  the  arrival  of  the  rescript  of 
Iheodosius  tlie  pagans  laid  down  their  arms. 

2.  Any  edict,  decree,  order,  or  formal  announce 
ment  made  by  a  ruler  or  governing  body,  or  having 
an  official  character.     (Common  in  igthc.) 

'545  JOYE  Exp.  Dan.  vi.  94  The  kinge  with  publyk  rescript 
and  open  recantacion  confessing^  hissynne  setteth  forth  the 
glory  of  god.  1610  WILI.ET  Htxapla  Dan.  325  Artashasht 
..sent  a  rescript  to  hinder  the  building  of  the  citie.  1652 
NF.EDHAM  Sclden's  Mare  Cl.  144  He  would  by  no  means 
determine  ought  contrary  to  those  Laws  by  any  Rescript  of 
his  own.  1716  J.  CHAMBERI.AYNE  St.  Gt.  JSrit.  I.  in.  x.  249 
The  two  Senior  Advocates.,  present  him.  with  a  short  Latin 
Speech,  and  the  Rescript  of  the  Archbishop.  1765  STF.UNE 
Tr.  Shandy  VII.  xxxiii.  It  was  a  commissary  sent  to  me 
from  the  post-office,  with  a  rescript  in  his  hand,  for  the  pay. 
ment  of  some  six  livres.  1790  BEATSOX  jV<ir'.  ,y  Mil.  Mem. 
L  56  They  prevailed  on  the  Court  of  Versailles  to  publish 
their  sentiments  and  intention^,  which  they  did  in  a  rescript. 
1858  7 fun's  29  Nov.,  The  leaders  obeyed  the  rescript,  but 
punctuality  is  impossible  lo  an  Asiatic.  1870  j'nll  Mall 
Budget  27  Aug.  31/2  The  Bavarian  bishops  have  been  for 
bidden  by  a  rescript  from  the  Minister  of  Public  Worship  to 
promulgate  the  dogma  in  any  way. 

3.  Something  written  over  again  ;  a  rewriting. 
1820  LAMB  Elia  Ser.  I.  Oxford  in  l^'ac.,  In  the  line  just 

above  that  in  which  he  is  about  to  print  his  second  name 
(his  re-script).  1853  *-•  EE°NTE  I'ilktte  xxxiii,  I  wrote  it 
three  times,  .subduing  the  phrases  at  every  rescript.  1870 
SWINBURNE  Ess.  <y  Stud.  (1875!  88  Those  glorious  rescripts 
.  .which  Surtees  of  Mainsforth  passed  oft  even  upon  Scott 
as  genuine. 

b.  La-v.  A  duplicate  or  counterpart. 
1843-56  BOUVIER  La-.u  Diet.  U.  S.  (ed.  6). 

4.  A  palimpsest  writing. 

1817  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XLIV.  326  The  poetry 
was  a  rescript,  and  the  parchment  had  originally  served  for 
a  Cicero. 

tReSCri-ption.  Obs.  [a.  F.  resmption(\yh 
c.),  or  ad.  late  L.  rescription-em,  n.  of  action  f.  re- 
scribere  to  RESCRIBE.] 

1.  A  rewriting,  writing  over  again. 

1588  J.  MELI.IS  Briefe  Instr.  Fj  b,  And  [on]  this  rescrip 
tion  into  a  new  leafe,  ye  shall  said  [  =  balance]  the  former 
accompt  in  that  place.  1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1696)  271  The 
Figural  Names..,  to  avoid  prolixity  in  the  often  rescrip- 
tion.  .are  usually  expressed  by  Marks  or  Characters.  1697 
LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  IV.  230  Unless  they  would 
ratifye  every  article . .  without  any  exception  or  rescription, 
they  might  prepare  to  depart. 

2.  The  action  of  replying  in  writing ;  a  written 
reply. 

1597  A.  M,  tr.  GifillcmcaH  s  Fr.  Chirurg.  *iij,  Certayne 
rescriptions  and  memorialles.  .touchinge  the  manuall  opera 
tions  of  Chyrurgerye.  1598  DRAYTON  Heroic.  Ep.  \.  Argt., 
In  this  Epistle  doth  her  Griefe  complaine ;  And  his  Rescrip 
tion  tells  her  his  againe.  1627  —  Aginconrt,  etc.  190  If 
you  vouchsafe  rescription,  stuffe  your  quill  With  naturall 
bountyes.  a  1657  ^-  LOVEDAY  Lett.  (1663)  31  You  cannot 
oblige  me  more  then  to  be  punctual  in  rescription. 

3.  [After  F.  rescription.]    An  official  order  for 
payment  of  a  certain  sum  of  money ;  a  promissory 
note  issued  by  a  Government. 

1796  Ann.  Reg.,  Hist.  155  A  paper,  known  by  the  name  of 
rescriptions,  had  been  given  for  advances  to  govern  ment,  and 
made  payable  in  specie  at  a  fixed  period.  1798  —  -!>'/.  Papers 
307  A  purchase  of  thirty-two  millions  of  Dutch  rescriptions. 

Rescri'ptiye,  a.  rare~°.  [f.  as  RESCRIPT + 
-1VE.]  '  Pertaining  to,  or  answering  the  purpose 
of  a  rescript;  deciding;  settling  '  (Webster  1864). 

So  Besori-ptively  adv.,  '  by  rescript '  (Webster 
1828-32,  citing  Burke). 

t  Rescrite.  Obs.-1  [a.  OF.  nstrit.]  Rescript. 

1382  WYCLIF  i  Mace.  xii.  7  For  56  ben  oure  bretheren  as 
the  rescrite  conteyneth,  that  is  vndirput. 

t  Rescry,  v.  Obs.  rare  —'.  [a.  OF.  rescrier : 
see  RE-  and  ESCRY  ».]  trans.  To  call  back. 

c  1450  LOVELICH  Grail  xiv.  136  At  that  word  his  Ax  he 
took  In  honde,  His  Meyne  to  Rescrye,  }if  he  myhte  fonde. 

Re'scuable,  a.  rare.  [f.  RESCUE  v.  +  -ABLE.] 
Capable  of  being  rescued. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rescojiable,  rescuable,  recouerable,  redeeme- 
able.  1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  in.  viii.  116  Every  thing 
under  force  is  rescuable  by  my  Function. 

Rescue  (re-skiw),  sb.  Forms  :  4-5  resoowe, 
6  -oow;  5-6  rescew(e,  reskew,  (7  resohew) ; 
5-6  rescu,  (6  -ku),  5-  rescue,  [f.  the  vb.,  in 
place  of  the  earlier  RESCOUS.] 

1.  The  (or  ans  act  of  rescuing  (esp.  persons)  from 

Cl 


RESCUE. 

enemies,  saving  from  danger  or  destruction,  etc. ; 
succour,  deliverance. 

13..  Caw.  $  Gr.  Knt.  2308  No  meruayle  ba^  hym  myslyke, 
pat  hoped  of  no  rescowe.  c  1440  Gencrydes  2549  Ther 
fought  the!  still  &  reskew  was  iher  non.  ^1450  Merlin 
156  Thider  preced  bothe  partyes  to  the  rescowe.  1475  Bk. 
Noblesse  (Roxb.)  28  At  the  rescue  of  the  cite  [of]  Averaunces. 
a  1533  LD.  BEKXEKS  Huon  Ix.  207  They  can  not  scape.. and 
they  are  without  hope  of  any  rescue.  1582  N.  LICHEFIELD 
tr.  CastanhedJs  Cong.  E.  Ind.  i.  ix.  25  b,  They  of  the 
shippe  Raphael,  came  presentlye  to  their  succour  and 
rescew.  1642  ROGERS  Naaman  19  What  rescue  hath  the 
dry  stubble  against  the  advantage  of  fire?  1653  MILTON 
Ps  vii.  6  Least  as  a  Lion . .  He  hast  to  tear  my  Soul  asunder 
Tearing  and  no  rescue  nigh.  1738  WESLEY  Ps.  xvin.  iv, 
He  heard  me  from  his  glorious  Throne,  And  sent  the  timely 
Rescue  down.  i8zo  BYRON  Afar.  Fat.  iv.  ii,  The  Genoese 
are  come— ho  !  to  the  rescue  !  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i. 
xviii.  127  Rescue  would  be  out  of  the  question,  should  the 
climber  go  over  the  edge. 

2.  Law.  The  forcible  taking  of  a  person  or  goods 
out  of  legal  custody ;   forcible   recovery   (by   the 
owner)  of  goods  distrained. 

c  1450  Godstow  Registers  (1905)  332  If  hit  happun  be  fore- 
seide  sir  Richard,  .to  deliuer  |?e  distres.  .or  to  make  rescu 
with  breteninge  [etc.].  1496  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  516/1  Any 
suche  Shire.. or  Toune,  where  any  persone  make  suche 
rescue  of  any  distres  to  be  takyn  by  suche  Collectour.  1590 
SHAKS.  Com.  Krr.  iv.  iv.  114,  I  am  thy  prisoner,  wilt  thou 
surfer  them  to  make  a  rescue?  1597  —  2  Hen.  II7,  n. 
i.  61  Fal.  Keepe  them  off,  Bardolfe.  Fang.  A  rescu, 
a  rescu.  Host.  Good  people  bring  a  rescu.  1768  BLACK- 
STONE  Comin.  III.  i.  17  In  case  the  distress  was  taken 
without  cause,  or  contrary  to  law  ..  the  tenant  may 
lawfully  make  rescue.  1769  Ibid.  IV.  131  Rescue  is  the 
forcibly  freeing  another  from  an  arrest  or  imprisonment. 
1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  iii,  Precautions  . .  justifiable  . .  from 
the  apprehensions  so  generally  entertained  of  an  expected 
rescue.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  412/2  An  indictment  for 
a  rescue  must  set  out  the  circumstances  under  which  the 
person,  &c.  was  arrested,  and  the  rescue  effected.  Ibid* 
413/1  Upon  rescue  of  goods  distrained  for  rent. 
b.  A  person  rescued  from  custody. 

1888  M.  MORRIS  Cla?erJtonse  131  [They]  marched  victori 
ously  off  with  such  of  their  rescues  as  would  go  with  them. 

3.  attrih.  a.  Connected  with  the  rescue  of  pro 
perty  or  persons,  as  rescue-appliance,  party,  race, 
t  -shot  (  *  fee). 

a  1802  Jamie  Telfer  xlix.  in  Child  RalladslV.  8/2  He  has 
paid  the  rescue-shot,  Baith  wi  gowd  and  white  monie.  1892 
ZANGWILI.  Jiosv  Mystery  153  Somehow  he  had  become  the 
leader  of  the  rescue  party.  1897  Daily  News  6  July  5/3 
There  were  rescue  races,  more  diving,.. and  water  polo. 
1898  Engineering  Mag.  XVI. 154/2  New  Rescue-Appliances 
and  Their  Use  in  Mines. 

b.  Directed  to,  aiming  at,  the  raising  of  fallen  or 
degraded  women,  as  rescue  home,  work,  worker,  etc. 

1894  Daily  News  13  Sept.  2/6  Offshoots  of  the  first  rescue 
home  have  been  planted  in  many  directions.  1896  MRS. 
CAFFYN  Quaker  Grandmother '297, 1  hope  you  enjoyed  your 
first  taste  of— rescue-work— that's  the  word,  isn't  it?  1898 
Times  16  Dec.  7/6  During  the  year  218  women  and  girls 
have  been  dealt  with  by  our  lady  rescue  worker. 

Rescue  (re-skirt),  v.  Forms:  4-7  rescow(e, 
4  -coue,  5  -cove,  5  -chow(e,  -kowe ;  4-6  res- 
kew(e,  (5  -chew),  5-7  rescew(e  ;  4  rescuwe, 
4-  rescue,  (7  reskue).  [a.  OF.  rescou-,  reskeu-, 
etc.,  stem  of  rescoure,  -cure,  -keure,  -corre,  elc. 
(F.  recoi4rre\  =  It.  riscuotere  \  —  Rom.  type  *re- 
ex-cutere  ;  see  RE-  and  Excuss  v.] 

1.  trans.  To  deliver  (a  person)  from  the  attack 
of,  or  out  of  the  hands  of,  assailants  or  enemies. 

13. .  Guy  Wanv.  (A.)  2031  With  that  com  his  folk  prikeinde 
And  her  lord  rescuweth  there.  13  -  Coerde  L.  4002  Prove 
we  thys  toun  to  wynne,  Rescue  thys  folk  that  be  withinne. 
c  1350  Will.  Palerne  1226  pe  3ong  kene  knijtes.  .rescuede 
him  rediliche  for  rinkes  bat  him  ladder),  c  1400  Destr.  Troy 
6838  Let  vs  reskew  the  Renke,  refe  hym  his  fos  !  c  1500 
Lancelot  2701  Sir  gawan  thar  reskewit  he  of  fors,  Magre 
his  fois,  and  haith  hyme  set  one  hors.  1533  BELLENDEN 
Livy  n.  vii.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  153  Of  be  remanent  plegeis  b/e  hir 
reskewit  he  tukelitill  force,  a  1548  HALLC/WW*.,  Edw.  IV 
190  She  made  hym  capitain  of  Alnewike  Castle,  whiche  he 
with  his  freshe  men  kept  till  the!  wer  rescowed.  1643 
WHITF.LOCK  Mem.  (1853)  I.  248  He  took  . .  many  horse  and 
arms,  and  rescued  all  their  prisoners.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe 
I.  (Globe)  256,  I  wish'd  . .  that  I  had  any  way  to  have  come 
undiscover'd  within  shot  of  them,  that  I  might  have  rescu'd 
the  three  Men.  1819  Scorr  Ivanhoe  xvi,  How  thou  wilt 
rescue  her  afterwards  from  the  clutches  of  Bois-Guilbert 
seems  considerably  more  doubtful. 

b.  To  liberate  by  unlawful   force   from   legal 
custody.     Also  'mfig.  context. 

1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  143  Had  not  Damain 
D'Aguiar..had  the  charge  thereof,.. there  was  so  great  a 
concourse  of  people  . .  that  the  offender  had  been  easily 
rescued.  1680  LADY  CHAWORTH  in  izt/i  Rep.  Hist.  AfSS. 
Comm.  App.  V,  55  Two  Jesuits goeing  to  prison,  .were  res 
cued  and  taken  quit  away  put  of  the  officers  hands,  a  1703 
BURKITT  On  N.  T.  Luke  vii.  17  The  Lord  of  life  arrests  the 
Serjeant  death,  and  rescues  the  prisoner  out  of  his  hand. 
1769  Junius  Lett,  xxx,  They.,  rescue  the  general,  and 
drive  away  the  sheriff's  officers.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  iii, 
When..  Wilson  ..  had  arrived  at  the  scaffold..,  there  ap 
peared  no  signs  of  that  attempt  to  rescue  him. 

2.  To  deliver  (a  castle,  town,  etc.)  from  siege. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  275  To  be  Baliol  suld  bei 
send,  ber  Castelle  to  rescue.  *375  BARBOUK  Bruce  xi.  67 
Gif  our  fay  is  assay  To  reskew  Strewilling.  1435  in  Wars 
Eng.  in  France  (Rolls)  1 1.  584  A  castel  . .  that  myghte  be 
hastelie  rescowed.  1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  ccl.  320  The 
duke  of  gloucestre  wente  ouer  the  see  to  Caleys  for  to  rescue 
the  toune.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanes  Comm.  54  After  he 
recovereth  Wireiburge  and  reskewelh  the  castel  beseged. 


506 

159*  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  K/,i.vi.  2  Rescu'd  isOrleance  from  the 
English  Wolves. 

b.  To  recover,  take  back  by  force. 
c  1450  Merlin  586  Thei  were  com  oute  to  hem  to  bateile 
for  to  rescowe  the  pray.  1568-9  Act  n  £7/2.  in  Bolton 
Stat.  Irel.  (1621)  328  Until  he  or  they  pay  to  the.  .seyser  of 
the  said  hogges  . .  the  value  and  price  of  the  swine  so 
rescowed.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q,  \.  iv.  30. But  th'  Elfin  knight, 
..him  rencountring  fierce,  reskewd  the  noble  pray.  1628 
COKE  On  I,itt.  160  b,  If  the  Tenant  rescue  the  distres  [etc.]. 
1643  WHITELOCK  Mem.  (1853)  I.  239  The  Scots  took  Coquet 
Island ..,  and  rescued  and  restored  to  the  owners  a  great 
herd  of  cattle  taken  away  by  the  king's  forces,  1768  BLACK- 
STONE  Comm.  III.  12  They  may  be  rescued  by  the  owner, 
in  case  the  distress  was  taken  without  cause.  1867  SMYTH 
Sailor's  Word-bk.  569  There  is  no  rule  prescribed  by  the  law 
of  England  in  the  ca-,e  of  foreign  property  rescued. 

3.  To  deliver  or  save  (a  person  or  thing)  from 
some  evil  or  harm.     Also  freq.  without  const. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNK  C/tron.  Wacc  (Rolls)  5255  While  bat  y 
haue.  .myght.  .pat  hymfordebO.nfrodede]  y  may  rescu  we. 
ci374  CHAUCER  Troylns  in.  808  (857)  Whan  a  chaumber 
a-fyr  is, . .  Wei  more  nede  is,  it  sodeynly  rescowe  Than  to 
dispute.  1390  GOWKR  Conf.  I.  64  As  he  al  one  alle  othre 
myhte  Rescoue  with  his  holybede.  c  1450  HOLLAND  Howlat 
433  To  the  Dowglas  that  sen}e  was  send, ..all  Scotland  fra 
scaith  to  reskewe.  1483  CAXION  Caio  A  vij,  He  supposed 
that  it  had  be  his  wyf  and  fayne  wold  haue  rescued  hir. 
(,•1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.T.  5.)  xiii.  42  Gif  $e  knew  my 
mynd  as  it  is  plicht,  5c  wald.  .mereskew.  1581  MULCASTER 
Positions  xii.  (1887)  6i"Whether  ye  meane  to  reskew  the 
patient  from  the  headache.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  29  Which 
set  accidentally  on  fire,  Lucius  Metellus  . .  did  rescue  with 
the  loss  of  his  eyes.  1678  LADY  CHAWORTH  in  izt/i  Rep. 
Hist.  .1/SS.  Coinm.  App.  V.  52  They  saw  a  man  drownding, 
and  she  made  her  boat  make  up  to  rescue  him.  1718  Free 
thinker  No.  65.  70  It. .is  sufficient  to  rescue  Mankind  from 
Tyranny  and  Oppression.  1791  COWPER  Yard  ley  Oak  58 
Thou,  .art  become  (Unless  verse  rescue  thee  awhile)  a  thing 
Forgotten.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  in.  i.  376  Some  accident 
might  interpose  f  o  rescue  him  from  what  is  now  most  sure. 
1874  GREEN  Short  Hist,  it.  §  7.  99  England  was  rescued  from 
this  chaos  of  misrule  by  the  efforts  of  the  Church. 

4.  refl.  To  save   or   deliver    (oneself)    in   some 
respect. 

ci330  R.  BRUNNE  C/mw.  Wace  (Rolls)  8878  (Petyt  MS.), 
How  bei  were  raised  bei  had  wondere, .  .With  bat  worde  bei 
bam  rescued,  pei  ne  wi.it  how  bei  suld  [be]  remued.  1390 
GowERtV«/.  III.  4  The  knihtli  David  him  ne  mihte Rescoue, 
that  he  with  the  sihte  Of  Bersabee  ne  was  bestad.  c  1460 
SIR  R.  Ros  La  Belle  Dame  91  pat  in  noo  wyse  I  couthe 
my  selfe  rescow,  But  nede  I  must  cum  In,  and  se  \>e  fest. 
1567  MAPLET  Gr.  Forest  71  Men  at  the  first e  were  faine  to 
rescue  them  selues  in  iourneying,  by  setting  thereon.  1610 
BP.  CARLKTON  Jurisd.  27  That  he  appealed  from  the  high 
Priest,  reskuing  himselfe  from  his  Judgement,.  ,is  euident. 
1775  JOHNSON  Tax  no  Tyr.  9  The  traders  of  Birmingham 
have  rescued  themselves. 

5.  ahsol.  To  afford  deliverance  or  safety,  rare. 
1390  GOWKR  Con/.  II.  195  Riht  so  no  lawe  mai  rescowe 

Fro  him  that  wol  no  riht  allowe.  c  igoo  Lancelot  517  Thar 
is  no  thing  sal  sucour  nor  reskew,  Your  worldly  honore  nedis 
most  adew.  1611  BIBLE  Dan.  vi.  27  He  deliuereth  and 
rescueth.  a  1700  DRYDEN  (I.),  Riches  cannot  rescue  from 
the  grave,  Which  claims  alike  the  monarch  and  the  slave. 

Rescued  (re'skiwd),  ///.  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -EI>I.] 
Saved,  delivered,  liberated.  Also  absol. 

1667  MILTON  /*.  /-.  xii.  199  The  Sea..Aw'd  by  the  rod  of 
Moses  so  to  stand  Divided,  till  his  rescu'd  gain  thir  shoar. 
1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  246  As  soon  as  I  nad  secur'd 
my  two  weak  rescued  Prisoners.  1781  C.  JOHNSTON  Hist. 
y.  Juniper  II.  202  Then  turning  to  the  rescued  guest,  [he] 
invited  him  politely  to  breakfast.  1814  SOUTHEY  Carmen 
Triumph,  xiv,  Raise  now  the  song  of  joy  for  rescued  Spain  ! 
1869  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1875)  III.  xiv.  364  To  enjoy 
the  congratulations  of  a  rescued  people. 

Re'scueless,  a.  rare—1,  [f.  RESCUE  sb.  + 
-LESS.]  Without  rescue. 

1586  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  u.  xii,  He  topled  ore  his  side  The 
Monstrous  King,  that  resculesse  to  flying  people  cride. 

Rescuer  (re-ski«3i).  [f.  RESCUE  v.  -t-  -EH1.] 
One  who  rescues. 

I53S  STEWART Cron.Scot.  II.  114  This  is  the  man  we  traist 
this  tyme  salbe  The  haill  reskewar  of  cure  libertie.  1553 
Act  i  Mary  Sess.  n.  c.  3  §  7  The  said  Rescuers  and  Dis 
turbers  shall  suffer  like  Imprisonment.  1614  BP.  ANDREWES 
Serm.  (1841)  IV.  79  The  rescuer  and  the  revenger  of  David. 
1665  PEPVS  Diary  5  Aug.,  Colonel  Danvers  . .  was  rescued 
from  the  captain  of  the  guard,  and  carried  away ;  one  only 
of  the  rescuers  being  taken.  1836  KANE  A  ret.  Kxpi.  I.  xvii. 
200  Nearly  all  our  party,  as  well  the  rescuers  as  the  rescued, 
were  tossing  in  their  sick  bunks.  1884  Manch.  Exam. 
i6July  5/2  The  rescuer  was  a  volunteer. 

Rescuing  (re-skiwirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  -f 
-ING1.]  The  action  of  the  verb  ;  deliverance,  help. 

"375  BARBOUR  Bruce  v.  419  He  na  hop  had  of  reskewing. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  P  731  He  delithh  him..nat  in  the 
rescowynge  ne  releeuynge  of  his  euene  cristene.  1545  (title) 
The  Rescuynge  of  the  Rormshe  fox.  1711  SHAFTESB. 
Charac,  (1737)  I.  20  The  crusades,  the  rescuing  of  holy  lands, 
and  such  devout  gallantrys  are  in  less  request  than  formerly. 

Re-scuing,///.  a.     [-ING^.]     That  rescues. 

1880  Daily  News  17  Sept.  5/2  The  rescuing  girl  was  nearly 
as  much  exhausted  as  the  rescued.  1893  Athenxum  4  Nov. 
631/3  The  vessels  ..  are  drawn  with.. just  feeling  for  the 
buoyancy  of  the  rescuing  craft, 

Rescussee*.  Law.  rare— °.  [f.  rescus  RESCOUS 
v.  +  -EE 1.]  (  The  party  in  whose  favour  the  rescue 
is  made*  (Crabb,  1823). 

Re'SCUSSer.  Law.  rare.  Also  8-9  -or.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -ER  1,  -OB.]  One  who  makes  a  rescue. 

163*  Star  Chamb.  Cases  (Camden)  130  He  is  charged,  .for 
suinge  the  rescussers,  and  for  suing  the  Sheriffes  bondes 
of  appearance  upon  some  of  them.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex. 
Techn.  I,  Rcscnssor,  is  he  that  commits  such  a  Rescous. 


RESE. 

Rescyve,  obs.  form  of  RECEIVE  v. 

Resdue,  obs.  form  of  RESIDUE. 

tRese,-^.  Obs.  Forms:  i,  srces,  ;i  hrses),  3-5 
res(6j  3,  5  rease,  4  ras),  4-6  resse,  rees(e,  5  reess, 
reys,  6  reece).  [OE.  rtes  masc.  =  ON.  rds  fern. 
(whence  RACE  sb.1),  MLG.  rds  current  :-OTeut. 
*r£s-j  of  uncertain  relationship.  In  ME.  chiefly 
a  poetic  word  (very  common  in  the  I4th  c.),  used 
with  considerable  laxity  of  meaning.] 

1.  A  rush  or  run  ;  a  swift  course  or  rapid  onward 
movement ;  the  act  of  running  or  moving  rapidly 
or  impetuously. 

a  900  CYNEWULF  Crist  727  Waes  se  bridda  hlyp,  Rodorcyn- 
inges  rxs,  ba  he  on  rode  astag.  £950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt. 
viii.  32  M  id  braes  je-eade  all  suner . .  in  sae.  —  Luke  viii.  23 
Ofduna  astag  hrses  windes  on  luh.  CIOOO^LFRIC  Horn.  II. 
514  He  het  hwilon  5a  hundas  a^tstandan,  be  urnon  on  5am 
ra:se,  deorum  jetenge.  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  873  Lyk 
fiode/  fele  laden,  runnen  on  resse.  1340-70  Alisannaer 
1189  The  steede  straught  on  his  gate  &  stired  hym  under, 
And  wrought  no  wod  res  but  his  waye  holdes.  1398  TREVISA 
Earth.  De  P.  R.  xvi.  i.  (Tollem.  MS.),  Also  be  rees  of  be 
see  is  let  with  multitude  of  grauell  and  sonde.  c  1420 
Antnrs  of  Arth.  112  He  rayked  oute  at  a  res,  for  he  was 
neuer  rad.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  256  b/2  The  deuylle 
cam  wyth  a  grete  Rese  to  the  place. 

b.  The  act  of  running  or  rushing  against  or 
upon  others ;  a  rush  in  (or  to)  battle ;  an  onset, 
assault,  attack,  sally. 

[Beoiv}tI/23$-j  SySSan  xeata  cyning  guSe-reesum  swealt.] 
c  looo  J-ELFRIC  Exod.  329  praca  w«cs  on  ore, .  .  beaduinaijnes 
rses,..baer  Judas  for.  <  1205  LAY.  21367,  I  ban  uormeste 
ra;se  fulle  rif  hundred.  (1325  Poem  Times  Ediu.  II  248  in 
Pol.  Sortgy  (Camden)  334  Hii  sholde  gon  to  the  Holi  Lond 
and  maken  there  her  res.  c  1330  Arth.  4-  Merl.  7152 
:  (Kolbing),  He  bihinde  to  ben  bi  cas,  To  susten  be  paiems  ras. 
1387  TRF-visA/ftj«fcff  (Rolls)  VIII.  348  pere  Edward  dwelled 
al  a  ^ere  wib  oute  eny  reese  of  enemyes.  1425  Rolls  of 
Parlt.  IV.  298/1  By  ye  Rees  of  a  Spaynell,  yere  was  on  a 
nyght  taken,  .a  man.  1494  FA  BY  AN  Chron.  vn.  646  Certayne 
knyghtes.  .dyuerse  and  sondry  tymes  brake  out  by  sodeyne 
resys,  and  skyrmysshed  with  the  lordes  people. 

2.  In  (or  on}  a  rese :  a.  In  a  rush  or  run  ;  hence, 
|    in  haste  (to  get  from  one  place  to  another). 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  6550  Quen  bai  war  war  o  moyses  J>ai 

fled  a-wai,  als  \v.r.  al]  in  a  res.  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P,  B. 
j  1782  penne  ran  bay  in  on  a  res,  on  rowtes  ful  grete.  13.. 

Gau'.  <y  Gr.  Knt.  1164  Rachches  in  a  res  radly  hem  fol^es. 
j  c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylns  iv.  322  (350)  For  wo  he  nyste  what 
I  he  mente,  But  yn  a  res  to  1'roylus  he  wente.  a  1400-50 
i  Alexander  2979  pai  russhyn  vp  in  a  reys,  rynnyn  into 
.  chautnbres.  ^1460  7'owneley  Myst.  iv.  255,  I  wille  ryn  on 

a  res,  And  slo  hym  here,  right  as  he  lyse. 

b.  In  a  hurry,  in  haste  (to  do  something).     So 

with . .  rese. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  25433  pofadam  raP  n*m  'n  a  fes-  -vs  a^ 
for  to  spill.  CI330  Arth.  $  Merl.  3990  (Kolbing),  King 
Nanters,  king  Lot,  king  Karodas,  pis  men  armed  wib  gret 
ras.  a  1400-50  Alexander  1996  He  bain  redis  in  a  rese  & 
reches  to  be  sedis. 

3.  Action  proceeding  from  sudden  or  violent  im 
pulse  ;  wantonness,  recklessness,  rashness. 

a  ia$o  Oiul  <$•  Night.  512  Hit  nys  for  luue  nobeles,  Ac  is 
^eos  cherles  wode  res.  a  1310  in  Wright  Lyric  P.  xxxvi. 
100  Unbold  icham  to  bidde  the  bote,  Swythe  unreken  ys  my 
rees.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  169  To  maynten  be 

Ks,  pe  foles  forto  felle,  bat  rise  wild  in  res.     1413  26  Pol. 
>ews  50  God  sende  vs  pes  !  berto  eche  man  be  boun :  To 
letten  fooles  of  here  res  [etc.]. 

b.  To  me  one's  rese,  .to  repent  of  an  act  or 
course  of  action.  Cf.  RACE  sd.1  i  b. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  4325  Reu  his  res  ban  sal  he  sare.  c  1330 
R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  237  pe  Walssh  wer  alle  day  slayn, 
nowrewes  bam  J>er  res.  a  1375  Joseph  Aritu.^gi  He  arayes 
his  riche  men.. pat  borw  him  reowen  no  res,  bat  his  red 
wroujten.  c  1400  Song  Roland  370  Thoughe  Roulond  rew 
bat  rese.  c  14*0  Avow.  Art/i.  xxii,  5fitte  Menealfe,  or  the 
mydny^te,  Him  ruet  alle  his  rees. 

C.  Hot  or  hasty  temper  ;  impatience,  anger. 
c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  4815  pe  kyng  was 
of  so  felon  rees,  He  ne  wolde  here  of  preyere  ne  pes.     1387 
j     TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  99  Emila..  wolde  nou^t  diffame 
i    here  lord,  .by  wymmen  rees  and  anger,    c  1400  Gamelyn  101 
Than  bispak  his  brother  that  rape  was  of  rees. 

d.   Natural  impulse  to  something.    rare~}. 
1398  TREVISA  Barth*  De  P.  R.  vn.  vii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  (The 
sick  man]  libe  vpright  and  if  he  yturned  is  for  a  tyme  to 
ligge  on  his  side,  bi  his  owne  rees  he  turneb-  hym  silfe  efte 
and  lij>e  vpright. 

4.  A  sudden  or  violent  impulse ;   a  fit  or  par 
oxysm  ;  an  attack  of  distraction  or  frenzy. 

<:iz7$  Lrtue Ron  roinO.E.  Misc.  93  pis  worldes  luue  nys 
bute  o  res..vikel  &  frakel  &  wok  and  les.  ^1350  Will. 
Palerne  439,  I  mase  al  marred  for  mournyng  nei^h  hondes, 
but  redeliche  in  bat  res  be  recuuerere  bat  me  falles  [etc.]. 
1387  TKF.VISA  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  149  Lucrecius.  .wroot  som 
bokes  bytwene  pe  reses  of  his  woodnesse.  1390  GOWER 
Conf.  III.  3  Halfdrunke  in  such  a  res  With  dreie  mouth  he 
sterte  him  uppe.  c  1400  Arth.  $  Merl.  820  (Kolbing),  peo 
hore  start  vp  in  a  res  And .  .Smot  hire  in  be  visage. 
b.  A  rash  or  violent  act. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  267  To  while  bise  Cardinals 
!    trauaild  for  be  pes,  Here  of  a  wikhals  how  he  bigan  a  res. 
c  1400  Gamelyn  547  Gamelyn  and  Adam  haden^doon  a  sory 
rees,  Bounden  and  y-wounded  men  ayein  the  kinges  pees. 

5.  A  short  space  or  point  of  time,  a  moment. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  8878  (Cott.),  Vte  o  bat  tre  it  brast  a 
blese  pat  brent  bam  al  wit-in  a  rese.  c  1370  Clene  Maydenhod 
26  For  monnes  loue  3if  bou  beo-holde  Hit  lasteb  but  a 
luytel  res.  c  1460  Ttnuntley  Myst.  xxii.  62  Make  rowme  in 
this  rese  I  byd  you,  belyfe.  Ibid,  xxiii.  481  Thou  shall 
haue  drynke  within  a  resse. 


RESE. 

t  Rese,  w.1  Obs.     Forms:   I   reesan,  3  rsesen    f 
3-5  rese,  4  reese  (Vrise).     [OE.  rxsan  =  ON. 
rasa   to    rush,   MDu.  r&zen  (Du.    razen},   MLG.    ' 
r&sen  (G.  rasen)  to  rage,  storm,  f.  the  stem  *rxs- :    • 
see  prec.] 

1.  intr.  To  rush  on  or  upon  a  person,  etc. ;  to 
make  a  rush,  attack,  or  assault  on  one. 

Beowulf  2691   Fyr-draca  ..  riesde  on  <5one  rofan,     0900 
O.  E.  Martyrol.  21  Jan.  28  pa;s  burh^erefan  sunn  wolde     • 
ra;san  on  hi..&  hi  bysmrian.     971  Blickling  Horn.  181  pa 
fsringa  comanpter  hundas  for^.  .&  rssdon  on  bone  apostol.     \ 
1387  TRCVIIA  Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  477   It  semede  as  beyj 
sche  schulde  have  i-resed  on  be  rebel  kyng.    1398  —  Barth.     \ 
De  P.  R.  xn. Introd.  (Tollem.  MS.),  Som  [birds]  take)?  here    I 
pray  fleyinge  in  pe  eyer,  and  reeseb  neuer  up  on  pray  on  J:e    \ 
grpunde.     ^1450   Mironr  Saliiacioun  377    No   beest    nor 
bridde  cruwell  shuld  neuer  on  man  hafe  resed. 

transf.  c  1400  Melayne  1305  The  Bischpppe  es  so  woundede 
that  tyde  With  a  spere..That  one  his  ribbis  gan  rese. 
b.  So  with  to. 

c  1205  LAV.  1679  ^Eldai  heo  raemden  &  resden  to  fcan  castle. 
c  1275  Ibid.  6496  pat  deor  vp  astod  and  resde  to  pan  stede. 
c  1400  Chron.  R.  Clone.  (Rolls)  App.  H.  55  O  dur  . .  resede 
to  be  folc  &  slou  ham  in  o  stunde. 

2.  To  make  a  rush  or  run  ;  to  spring  or  start. 

c  1205  LAV.   1004  pe  riche  haueS  muchel  rum  to  rsesen 
biforen  ban  wrecchan.     1387  THE  VISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  231 
pan  Marcus  resede  too,  and-.kau^te  hym  wib  his  honde.     ' 
Ibid.  III.  211  pe  ny^t  to  forehis  deth  his  chambre  wyndowes     , 
were  so  griselich  ..  i-oponed,  pat  lulius  resede  out  of  his 
bedde.     1495  Trevisa 's  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvm.  xliv.  806  The 
elyphaunt  hath  large  eeres.,and  reesyth  and  smyteth  ther-     , 
wyth  ful  sore  whan  he  is  wrathe. 

3.  To  show  excitement ;  to  rage. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  326  Ure  Louerd  weop..and  grisbatede,     ' 
and  meingde  his  blod  \var.  &  resede&:  mengde  him  seluen]. 
c  1440  iponiydon  1831  (Kulbing),  He  sterte  up  in  a  brayde     i 
And  bygan  for  to  rese,  As  he  wold  take  hyr  by  the  nese. 

t  Rese,  v$  Obs.     Forms :   I  hrisian,  hryaian,    • 
2  hresien,  3  risien,  3-4  rusien,  4  resye,  rese, 
[OE.  hrisian  —  OS.  hrisian  to   shake,  tremble.    ' 
Goth,  -hrisjan  to  shake.     The  phonology  of  the    i 
Eng.  forms  is  not  quite  clear.] 

1.  trans.  To  shake;  to  cause  to  shake  or  tremble. 
Also  absol. 

c  825  /  'esp.  Psalter  cviii.  25  [Hia]  gesegun  mec  &  hrisedon 
heafud  heara.    ciooo  Ags.  Ps.  (Spelman)  xxviii.  7  Stefn 
drihtnes  hrysiendis  westen.     13. .  Sir  Beues(\.)  1818  Whan     ' 
he  com  of  pat  wilde  brok,  His  gode  stede  him  resede  &  schok.     , 
\ytoAyenb.  116  pervore  bit  sainte  Pawel  his  deciples  pet     i 
hi  by  yzet  ase  tours  yroted  ase  trawes  ine  love,  zuo  bet  nou     i 
vondinge  him  ne  mo}e  resye  [/*r/«/t*</refye]  ne  rocky.    1377     : 
LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xvi.  78,  I  had  reuth  whan  Piers  rogged     j 
[A*,  bat  Piers  rused  (sc,  the  tree)],  it  gradde  so  reufully. 

2.  intr.  To  shake,  in  various  senses. 

Beowulf  226  Wedera  leode  on  wang  stigon,  Seewudu  ! 
.sasldon,  syrcan  hrysedon.  #1000  Andreas  127  (Or.)  Hse5ne  ! 
hildfrecau  heapum  brungon,  gu3searo  gullon,  garas  hry-  j 
sedon.  c  1160  Hatton  Gosp.  Mark  i.  30  SoSlice  ba  saet  . 
symones  swe^er  hresijende  [earlier  MSS.  hriSigendeJ.  j 
c  1205  LAY.  18868  Scullen  stan  walles  biuorcn  him  to-fallen.  ! 
Beornes  scullen  rusien.  Ibid.  26917  pa  riden  Rom-leoden, 
riseden  burnen  [^1275  rusede  wepne].  1340  Ayenb.  23  pe 

£"Tete   wynd  . .  be   greate   helles   makeb   to   resye.      c  1386 
HAUCER  Kntls  T.  1128  Ther-out  cam  a  rage  and  such  a     i 
vese,  That  it  made  al  the  gates  for  to  rese. 

Rese,  obs.  form  of  RAISE  v. 

Rese,  late  variant  of  REOSE,  to  fall.  Obs. 

Resea'l  («-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     trans.  To  seal    j 
again.     Hence  Resea'ling  vbl.  sb, 

a  1700  KEN  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  77  The  Faith- 
ful..Re-seal'd  for  Bliss  with  theTriunal  Name.  1820  SCOTT 
Ad&otxxxm,  '  Let  Auchtennuchty  carry  this  packet  '(which 
he  had  reseated  with  his  own  signet)  '  to  my  father '.  1884 
Pall  Mall  G.  10  June  10/2  Judge  Warren  ordered  the  re- 
sealing  of  the  probate.  1884  Manch.  Exam.  26  Nov.  4/6 
His  letters.. were  found  opened  and  officially  re-sealed. 

Reseant,  variant  of  RESIANT  Obs. 

Research  (r/sautj),  sb.^     Also  7  -serch.    [ad.    J 
obs.  F.   recerche    (1539;    mod.F.  recherche}',    see 
RE-  and  SEARCH  sb.~\ 

1.  The  act  of  searching  (closely  or  carefully)  for 
or  after  a  specified  thing  or  person. 

1577  /'".  de  Lisle's  Legendarie  G  iv  b,  Being  deliuered  of 
that  which  they  most  feared,  which  was  the  researche  for 
the  Princes  imprisonment.  1794  GODWIN  Cal.  Williams  21®, 
I  carefully  avoided  the  habitation,  .lest  it  should,  .furnish 
a  clue  to  the  researches  of  my  pursuers.  1799  SICKELMORI; 
Agnes  i"j-  Leonora  II.  rox>  His  father.. was  making  every 
possible  research  after  us.  1827  DISRAELI  Vw.  Grey\\.  in, 
Fortune  has  not  favoured  me . .  in  my  researches  after  a  bed. 
1847  C-  BRONTE  /.  Eyre  xxxiii,  She  had  left  Thornfield 
Hall  in  the  night ;  every  research  after  her  course  had  been 
vain.  1889  Nature  19  Sept.  493/2  Constant  explorations  are 
being  carried  out . .  chiefly  in  researches  after  gold  and  other 
precious  metals. 

2.  A  search  or  investigation  directed  to  the  dis 
covery  of  some  fact  by  careful   consideration  or 
study  of  a  subject ;  a  course  of  critical  or  scientific 
inquiry.     (Usu.  in//.) 

a  1639  WOTTON  Surv.  Ednc.  in  Reliq.  (1672)  85  There 
must  go  before  a  main  research,  whether  the  Child  that  I  am 
to  manage,  be  of  a  good  nature  or  no.  1675  L.  ADDISON 
Pres.  St.  jews  237  Waving  all  Critical  reserches  into  the 
word  Talmud.  17*8  YOUNG  Love  Fame  vi.  413  Ye  men  of 
deerj  researches,  say,  whence  springs  This  daring  character, 
HI  tim'rous  things?  1752  HUME  Ess.  %  Treat.  (1777)  II.  9 
These  researches  may  appear  painful  and  fatiguing.  1799 
J.  ROBERTSON  Agric.  Perth  290  Our  most  profound  re 
searches  are  frequently  nothing  better  than  guessing  at  the 
causes  of  the  phenomena.  1830  D'ISRAELI  Clias.  /,  III.  in. 


507 

z6  Such  ambiguous  facts.. often  baffle  the  researches  of  the 
historian.  1850  SIR  B.  BRODIK  Psydiol.  Inq.  I.  i.  12  Cuvier 
was  usually  engaged  for  seven  hours  daily  in  his  scientific 
researches.  1870  YEATS  Nat.  Hist.  Contm.  5  Fresh  neces 
sities  have  led  continually  to  fresh  researches. 

b.  Without  article :  Investigation,  inquiry  into 
things.  Also,  as  a  quality  of  persons,  habitude  of 
carrying  out  such  investigation. 

1694  W.  HOLDER  Princ.  Harmony  Introd.,  The  Matter 
lies  deep  in  Nature  and  requires  much  Research  into 
Natural  Philosophy  to  unfold  it.  1729  BUTLER  Serin.  \Vks. 
1874  II.  208  Men  of  deep  research  ..should  just  be  put  in 
mind,  not  to  mistake  what  they  are  doing.  1809  \V.  IRVING 
Knickerb.  Ace.  Author  (1849)  19  He  found  Mr.  Cook  a  man 
..of  great  literary  research,  and  a  curious  collector  of 
books.  1861  M.  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  30  A  writer  of  pains 
taking  research,  who  goes.. to  original  and  documentary 
authorities.  1892  Photogr.  Ann.  II.  161  Spectrum  photo 
graphy  for  the  purposes  of  photographic  research. 

C.  Research  knee-jerk^  a  knee-jerk  requiring 
special  means  to  elicit  it. 

*&&  .\UbiitCs  Syst.  Med.  VI.  521  Sternberg.. found  that 
the  research  knee-jerk  is  hardly  ever.. really  absent  in 
healthy  people. 

3.  Investigation  or  pursuit  of  a.  subject,  rare, 
1701  NORRIS  Ideal  IVvrld  \.  vii.  396  A  thing  . .  happily 

performed  in  that  admirable  one  the  Research  of  Truth. 
1759  DILWORTU  Pope  53  His  thoughts  being  quite  weaned 
from  Parnassus  to  the  research  of  truth. 

4.  Mus.    (See  quot.)     rare~°. 

1727-3,8  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  [from  the  Diet,  tie  Tre?oux\  Rt- 
f tare  A,  in  music,  is  a  kind  of  prelude  or  voluntary. .  wherein 
the  composer  seems  to  search  or  look  out  for  the  strains  and 
touches  of  harmony,  which  he  is  to  use  in  the  regular  piece 
to  be  played  afterwards.  1876  STAINER  &  BARRETT  Diet. 
Mus.  renns. 

Research  (rr-),  sb2  rare,  [RE-  5  a.]  A 
second  or  repeated  search. 

1746  Ascanus  272  Those  Parts  having  already  been 
thoroughly  ransack'd,  and  in  all  Probability  would  not  be 
exposed  to  a  Re-search.  1878  STURGEON  Treas.  Dav.  Ps. 
cvii.  4  They  wandered  up  and  down  in  vain  searches  and 
researches. 

Research  (r/s^MtJXt'.1  [ad.  obs.  F.  recercher 
(mod. F.  rechercher}  =  It.  Hcercare  (med.L.  re- 
cercdre] :  see  RE-  and  SEARCH  v.~\ 

1.  a.  trans.  To  search  into  (a  matter  or  subject); 
to  investigate  or  study  closely.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1393  G.  HARVEY  New  Letter  <^i\],  Some  thathaue perused 
eloquent  bookes,  and  researched  most  curious  writinges. 
a  1639  WOTTON  in  Gutch  Coil,  Cur,  I.  216  To  research  with 
freedom .  .all  their  proper  characters,  and  endowments.  1665 
WALTON  Life  Hooker  Introd.,  It  must  prove.. a  work  of 
much  labour  to  inquire,  consider,  research,  and  determine, 
what  is  needful  to  be  known  concerning  him.  1786  MRS. 
A.  M.  BENNETT  Juvenile  Indiscr.  I.  103  He  had  employed 
himself. ,  in  researching  history. 

b.  intr.  To  make  researches  ;  to  pursue  a  course 
of  research. 

1801  SOUTHEY  Let.  to  John  Rickman  20  Nov.  in  Life 
(1850)  II.  175  On  these  three  subjects  he  is  directed  to  read 
and  research — corn  laws,  finance,  tythe*,  according  to  their 
written  order.  1811  MOORE  Mem.  (1856)  VIII.  97  When 
you  write,  or  rather  when  you  research,  do  not  forget  [etc.]. 
1867  J.  MACFARLANK  Meat.  T.  Archer  \\.  135  He  travelled 
with  the  tourist — researched  with  the  historian. 

T"  2.  To  seek  (a  woman)  in  love  or  marriage.   Obs. 

1622  J.  REYNOLDS  God^s  Revenge  i.  Hist,  n,  Because  he 
seeth  it  labour  lost,  to  research  Christeneta,  he  will  not  bee 
obstinate  in  his  suite.  Ibid,  iv,  He  is  not  capable  to  bee 
dissuaded  from  researching  his  Mistresse.  1649  Alcoran 
23  You  will  not  offend  God  in  speaking  a  word  in  secret  to 
women  that  you  research  in  marriage. 

Hence  f  Resea'rched  ///.  #.,  refined  ;  recondite 
(obs.} ;  Eesea'rching  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1611  FLOUIO,  Ricerca,  a  search,  a  researching,  a  1639 
WOTTON  in  Reliq.  (1672)351  Your  Style,  which  seemeth  unto 
me.. full  of  Sweet  Raptures,  and  of  researching  Conceits. 
1654  H.  L'ESTRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655)  137  Men  of  the  most 
re-searched  nations  are  not  usually  the  best  qualified  for 
Government.  1676  Phil.  Trans.  XI.  639  The  clear  and 
distinct  neatness  of  its  ratiocinations  alwaies  discovers  to  it 
the  shortest  way  of  researched  Truths.  1887  Charity 
Organ  is.  Rev.  Nov.  408  A  stranger  would  be  introduced, 
who  by  his  questioning  compelled  researching  of  principles. 

Resea-rcli  (rf-),  z>.2  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and 
intr.  To  search  again  or  repeatedly. 

1760-73  H.  BROOKE  Fool  ofQnal.  (1809)  II.  76,  I  searched 
and  researched  my  memory.  1804  EUGENIA  DE  ACTON  Tale 
without  Title  II.  246,  I  have  searched  and  researched  every 
corner  of  the  house.  1861  O'CuRRv  Led.  MS.  Materials 
434  To  search  and  research  through  the  ancient  MSS.  them 
selves.  1876  '  MARK  TWAIN  '  Tom  Sawyer  xxxii,  The  lads 
searched  and  re-searched  this  place,  but  in  vain. 

Res ea* roller,  [f.  RESEARCH  vl  +  -ER'.] 
One  who  researches  ;  an  investigator,  inquirer. 

1615  MAXWELL  (title}  Admirable  and  Notable  Prophecies, 
..by  lames  Maxwell,  a  Researcher  of  Antiquities.  1670 
W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol.  Ess.  120  Whether  by  chymical  re 
searchers  it  was  ever  found.  1776  HAWKINS  Hist.  Music  I. 
in.  i.  253  The  more  sober  researchers  into  antiquity.  1802 
J.  RITSON  AHC.  Eng.  Metr.  Rom.  I.  p.  cxlii,  Thomas  Tyr- 
whitt,  so  ardent  a  researcher  into  ancient  poetry.  1833 
WHITTIER  Pr.  Wks.  (1889)  I.  292  The  researchers  of  the 
bosoms  of  men.  1879  T.  H.  S.  ESCOTT  England  II.  412 
He  is  followed  by  the  more  thoughtful  researcher,  who  goes 
beneath  the  surface. 

b.  One  who  devotes  himself  to  scientific  or  lite 
rary  research  (esp.  as  contrasted  with  one  whose 
time  is  chiefly  occupied  in  teaching  or  directly  re 
munerative  workX 

1883  E.  K.  LANKESTER  in  Times  -i  Sept.  5  Teaching  here 


RESECT. 


c.  Psychical  Researcher ^  a  member  of  the  Society 
for  Psychical  Research ;  one  who  investigates 
psychical  phenomena. 

1885  Daily  News  14  Feb.  5/2  It.  .will  sum  up  the  aspira 
tions  of  Theosophi^ts  and  Psychical  Researchers.  1888 
Pall  Mall  G.  24  Oct.  4/1  Psychical  Researchers  and  other 
students  of  the  supernatural. 

Resea-rchful,  a.  [f.  RESEARCH  .r/>.i +  -FUL.] 
Devoted  to,  characterized  by,  replete  with,  research. 

1819  COLERIDGE  in  Rent.  (1836)  II.  129  Pity  that  the  re- 
searchful  notary  has  not.  .told  us  in  what  century  ..he  was  a 
writer.  1866  Reader  No.  171.  342/1  The  researchful  sketJie^ 
of  Professor  Wilson.  1875  M.  A.  LOWKR  Eng.  Surnames 
(ed.  4)  I.  p.  xxvi,  A  more  erudite  and  researchful  book. 

Reseat  (nsrt\  v.     [UK-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  seat  again,  or  replace,  (a  person)  in 
a  former  abode,  dignity,  or  position. 

1637  ^ALTON-STALL  Enselnns  Constant  ine  35  Those  that 
have  bin  restored  to  those  offices  which  had  beene  taken 
from  them,  being  recalled  and  reseated  in  their  places. 
1654-66  EARL  OKKEKY  Parthen.  (1676)  615  The  Generals  re 
seated  them  in  those  Thrones,  of  which  they  had  been 
deprived.  1795  SOUTHEY  Lett.fr.  Spain  (1808)  I.  153  This 
morning  Manuel  was  re-seated  behind  the  coach.  1814  SIR 
R.  WILSON  Prh>.  Diary  (1862)  II.  343  This  the  pope,  how 
ever,  would  not  do.,  until  he  was  reseated  in  the  papal  chair. 
1859  TKNNYSON'  Guinei>,  521  Better  the  King's  waste  hearth 
and  aching  heart  Than  thoti  reseated  in  thy  place  of  li^ht. 

fig,     a  1690  E.  HOPKINS  Serin,  Wks.  iSocj  IV.  486  When 
they  are  most  calm,  .and  their  reason,  .again  reseated  upon 
its  throne.      1810  CRABBE  Borough  v,  If  we  could.,  that  old 
ea>e  and  harmony  re-seat,  In  all  our  meetings. 
b.  rejl.  To  scat  (oneself;  again. 

1818  SCOTT//?-/.  Midi.  .\.\i,(  True,  true',—  said  the  Monarch, 
reseating  himself.  i838LvnoN  Alice  in.  vii,  Evelyn,  having 
risen  to  shake  hands  with  Mrs.  Hare,  did  not  reseat  herself. 
1897  MARY  KINGSLEY  W.  Africa  384,  I  reseat  myself  in  the 
bottom  of  the  boat. 

2.  To  provide  with  a  fresh  seat  or  seats. 

1851  MAYMEW  Lmd.  Labour  II.  29/2  Trouser.-,  are  re 
seated  and  repaired  where  the  material  is  strong  enough. 
1871  Echo  TI  Feb.,  It  has  been  decided  to  reseat  the  choir 
of  Canterbury  Cathedral  as  a  memorial  to  the  late  Dean. 

Hence  Resea'ting  vbl.  sl>. 

1827  MALCULM  Sk.  Persia  i.v.  I.  120  The  regulation- 
of  our  risings  and  standings,  and  movings  and  reseatings. 

tRe'Secate,  pa.  pple.  Obs.  rare.  Also  6  Sc. 
resecat.  [ad.  L.  resecat-us,  late  pa.  pple.  of  rese- 
care  to  cut  back  :  see  RESECT  f.]  Cut  off  or  away. 

1530  in  Strype  Ecd.  Mem.  I.  xv.  118  Superfluities,  if  any 
such  should  be  thought  and  found,  may  be  resecate  ;  but  to 
destroy  the  whole,  it  were  great  pity.  1536  BELLENDEN 
Cron.  Scot.  (1821)  I.  54  The  cursit  pepill  war,  in  thay  dayis, 
resecat  fra  al  gud  cumpany. 

i  Reseca  tioii.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  late  L.  rese* 
cation-em^  n.  of  action  f.  resecare  :  see  prec.] 
The  action  of  cutting  off  or  away. 

1607  Tors  ELL  Four-/.  Beasts  (1658)  476  The  Holy  Fire 
which  the  shepheards  call  'the  pox  '..  neither  admit teth 
medicine  nor  resecat  ion  by  knife.  1625  JACKSON  Creed  \.  \. 
§  6  Fulness  of  felicity  did  immediately  result  from  these 
moral  abstractions  or  resecations  of  superfluities. 

Kesecre  te  (r/~-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
secrete  again. 

1859  CORNWAI.LIS  New  World  1. 131  Which  store  [of  gold] 
is  always  quietly  re-secreted  under  the  ground  of  the  tensor 
elsewhere.  1876  Trans.  Clinical  Soc.  IX.  3  A  linear  in 
cision  in  the  iris,  which  when  the  aqueous  humour  was  re- 
secreted,  gaped  sufficiently  to  form  the  required  pupil. 

So  Besecre'tion. 

1869  G.  LAWSON  Dis.  Eye  (1874)  6  Some  astringent  lotion 
to  arrest  the  resecretion  of  the  purulent  matter.  1900  J 
HUTCHINSON  in  Arch.  Snrg.  XI.  215  The  wound  had  simply 
healed  and  re-secretion  had  taken  place. 

tltese'Ct,  pa.  pple.  Obs,  rare.  [acl.  L.  re- 
sect-its^  pa.  pple.  of  resecare  :  see  next.]  Cut  off 
or  away  ;  removed  by  cutting. 

1545  RAYNOLD  Byrth  Mankynde  99  These  paries  beynge 
once  resecte  and  cutte  from  the  bod  ye,  then  turne  the  reste. 
1642  H.  ^IQW  Song  of  Soul  \\.  i.  n.  xlvl,  I  ought  reject  No 
soul  from  wished  immortalitie,  But  give  them  durance  when 
they  are  resect  From  organized  corporeitie. 

Resect  (r/se-kt),  v.  [f.  L.  resect-,  ppl.  stem  of 
resecare  to  cut  off,  f.  re-  RE-  -t-  secare  to  cut.] 

f  1.  trans.  To  cut  off  or  away  ;  to  remove.  Obs. 

1653  R.  BAILLIE  Dissuas.  Vind,  (1655!  87  You  will  take 
yourself  here  to  the  whole  Assembly  at  Westminster,  resect- 
ing  both  their  Directory  and  Confession.  1686  HORNECK 
Crucif.  Jestts  xvii.  421  He  means  no  more  than  that  the 
sins  should  be  resected  which  cleave  to  it. 

2.  Surg.  To  cut  or  pare  down ;  to  remove  a  por 
tion  of  (bone,  cartilage,  nerve,  etc.)  in  this  way ; 
to  cut  out  (in  part). 

1846  BRITTAN  tr.  Malgaigne's  Man.  Oper.  Surg.  183 
Others  have  proposed  to.. resect  the  bones  of  the  fore-arm 
without  disarticulating  the  humerus.  1879  St.  George's 
Hasp,  Rep.  IX.  656  The  whole  of  the  bones  which  form  the 
ankle-joint  had  been  resected.  1894  Lancet  3  Nov.  1033 
A  portion  of  the  sixth  rib  was  resected. 

absol.  1897  Trans.  Amer.  Pediatric  Soc,  IX.  91  In  a 
tuberculous  case  you  may  resect  repeatedly  and  yet  the 
child  will  not  get  well. 

Hence  Rsse'cted///.  a. 

1897  Syd.  Soc.  Lex.  s.v.  Resect  ion  ^  The  partially  resected 
bone  is  replaced  at  the  termination  of  the  operation. 

(54-2 


RESECTION. 

Resection  (rfte'kjan*.  [ad.  L.  resectiffn-em, 
n.  of  action  f.  resecare :  see  prec.  and  cf.  mod.F. 
resection.'] 

1 1.  The  action  of  cutting  off  or  away.   Obs. 

1611  COTGR.,  Resection,  a  resection  ;  a  cutting,  paring,  or 
shredding  off.  1650  BULWER  Anthropomet.  237  Without  re 
section  of  the  same  [band],  speech  would  become  lame  and 
imperfect.  1662  J.  CHANDLER  Van  Helmont's  Oriat.  163 
Galen.. knew  that  cutting  off  or  resection  was  privately 
opposite  to  a  Being  that  is  born. 

2.  Surg.  The  operation  of  cutting  or  paring  away 
a  portion  of  bone  or  other  structure,  esp.  the  arti 
cular  ends  of  bones. 

1775  GOOCH  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXV.  375,  I  have  been  in 
formed,  .that  a  resection  of  the  bone  is  no  uncommon  prac 
tice  at  Paris.  1846  BRITTAN  tr.  Malga-ignt's  Man.  Opcr. 
Surf.  178  Partial  and  complete  resection  of  the  bones  of  the 
upper  limbs.  1879  St.  George's  Hasp.  Rep.  IX.  317  Com 
pound  fracture  about  the  elbow-joint,  which  rendered 
primary  resection  of  the  articulation  necessary. 

attrib.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mali.,  Suppl.  751/2  Resection 
Instruments.  1895  A  mold  $  Sorts' Cateu.  104  Six  Resection 
Knives. 

Hence  Bese'ctional  a. 

1888  MASSEY  Electr.  in  Dis.  Women  i.  2  A  symptom  that 
prompts  most  of  the  plastic  and  resectional  operations. 

II  Reseda  (r/srda).  Also  erron.  resida.  [L. 
reseda,  ace.  to  Pliny  f.  the  imperative  of  resedare 
to  assuage,  allay  (the  words  reseda  morbis  having 
been  used  as  a  charm  when  applying  the  plant  to 
the  reduction  of  tumours).] 

1.  Sol.  An  extensive  genus  of  herbaceous  plants 
(typical  of  the  order  Rtstdaceie),  common  in  the 
Mediterranean  region.     The  best   known   species 
are  the  Mignonette  (K.  odorala]  and  the  Dyer's 
Weed  (A1,  luleola). 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Stiff.  s.v.,  The  species  of  reseda 
enumerated  by  Mr.  Tournefort  are  these,  i.  The  common 
reseda  [etc.  ].  1754  Catal.  Seeds  in  Ftim.  Rase  Kilrat/ock 
(Spald.  Club)  427  Sweet-scented  resida.  1785  MARTIN 
Rousseau's  Bot.  xx.  (1794)  280  Sweet  Reseda  or  Mignipnette 
has  oblong  leaves  some  of  which  are  entire.  1797  Encycl. 
Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  87/1  Reseda,  DyerVweed,  Yellow-weed, 
Weld,  or  Wild-woad.  1875  BENNETT  &  DYER  tr.  Sac/is' 
Bot.  177  Distinctly  successive  formation  of  the  members  of 
a  whorl  (as  in.  .flowers  of  Reseda,  &c.). 

2.  [Usu.  in  French  form  nfsi'tia.']     A  pale  green 
colour  similar  to  that  of  mignonette. 

1883  Contcmf.  Rev.  Sept.  424  Reseda, .  .a  pretty  pale  green 
which  came  in  some  seven  years  ago  ..,  the  soft  tint  of 
mignonette.  1889  Pall  Mall  G.  28  Feb.  4/1  Reseda  has 
been  all  the  rage  this  season,  and  reseda  it  was  in  the  streets 
till  you  got  quite.,  tired  of  seeing  it. 

attrib.  and  Comb.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  8  Apr.  4/2  A  reseda 
bkirt.  1902  West/it.  Gaz.  23  Oct.  3/1  One  sees. .dark  blue 
and  reseda-green  and  some  red  frocks  and  costumes. 

Resede,  obs.  variant  of  RESIDE  v. 

Resedew,  obs.  form  of  RESIDUE. 

Resee*  (""-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  see  again. 

a  1618  SYLVESTER  JKfa&flftt'f  Mem.  Mart.  11.  xcii,  For  a 
short  time  Thy  Sun  is  over-cast :  But,  thou  shall  once  re- 
see't  more  bright  than  ever.  1658  J.  WEBB  Cleopatra  vni. 
I.  52,  I  made  a  strong  resolution  never  to  re-see  that  unfaith- 
full  man  whilst  I  lived.  1798  JANE  AUSTEN Nortlianp.  Abb. 
v,  Catherine  was  disappointed  in  her  hope  of  re-seeing  her 
partner.  1846  TENNYSONin  Mem.  (1897)  I.  236Your  friends 
here,  who  live  in  the  hope  of  re-seeing  you. 

Resee'd  (r<"-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  sow 
again.  Hence  Kesee'ding  vbl.  sb. 

1888  Voice  (X.  Y.)  6  Sept.,  The  meadow  will  need  reseeding 
much  sooner  if  seeded  with  grain.  1891  Daily  News  25  June 
5/4  As  the  seasons  have  been  moist  very  few  acres  have 
required  re-seeding. 

Resee'k  (n-),  ».     [RE-  5  a.]     To  seek  again. 

a  i8ia  BARLOW  (cited  by  Webster).  1830  LVTTON  P.  Clif 
ford  vii,  Anticipating  the  time  when  Paul,  .would  gladly  and 
penitently  re-seek  the  shelter  of  her  roof.  1855  BAILEY 
Mystic,  etc.  132  In  loving  God  the  soul  reseeks  its  source. 
1891  A.  DE  VERE  Leg.  St.  Patrick,  Epil.,  I,  bondsman  in 
this  land,  re-sought  this  land. 

t  Resegall.  Obs.  rare—1,  [ad.  It.  risigallo 
(t^ia-),  or  med.L.  risigallum."]  =RESALGAB. 

1610  MARKHAM  Masterpiece  n.  Ixxx.  359, 1  am  to  gjue  you 
this  for  a  rule,  that  by  no  meanes  you  vse  to  a  wind-gall, 
either  arsnike,  or  resegall. 

Reseight,  obs.  form  of  RECEIPT  sb. 

t  Resei'ser.  Obs.  rare.  Also  -sir.  [See  RE- 
SEIZE  and  -EB  *.]  The  act,  on  the  part  of  an  over 
lord,  of  resuming  possession  of  estates,  property, 
or  privileges,  upon  failure  of  the  holder  to  carry 
out  or  comply  with  the  required  conditions. 

1559  in  Strype  Ann.  Ref.  (17001 1.  App.  yiii.  23  The  Meanes 
how  the  Bisshoppe  after  his  Consecration  comyth  to  his 
Temporalties ;  And  of  the  Reseiser  therof,  if  the  Bisshoppe 
procede  not  therin  in  due  Order.  1567  STANFORD  Exposicion. 
80  Reseisir  lieth  where  a  general  liuere  or  ouster  le 
wain  is  missued  by  any  person  or  persons  vnduely  and 
not  according  to  the  forme  and  order  of  the  law.  Ibid.  83  b, 
Whether  in  this  case  y0  missuing  of  ye  same  shal  be  a  cause 
of  reseiser  or  not. 

Reseit(e,  obs.  forms  of  RECEIPT  sb. 

Reseize  (rfsf-z),  v.  Forms:  5  reeeyse,  6-7 
reseise,  6-  reseize,  7-  re-seize;  5  reoease,  6 
-sease,  7  -seaze.  [ad.  OF.  resaisir  (mod.F.  res- 
saisir;  med.L.  resaistre,  etc.):  see  RE-  and  SEIZE  v.~\ 

1 1.  trans.  To  invest  or  endow  (one)  again  with, 
put  again  in  possession  of,  something ;  to  replace 
in,  or  restore  to,  a  former  position  or  dignity.  Obs. 


508 

1413  PHgr>  Sowle  (Caxton  1483)  v.  ix.  100  Full  soone  he 
shall  be  feite  oute  of  thy  hand  Receybed  shalle  he  be  with 
paradys.  1562  Burn.  Paulcs  C/t.,  Because  the  kinge  hais 
reuested  and  released  me  of  the  whole  archbishopricke. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  u.  x.  45  He  ..  therein  reseized  was 
againe.  And  ruled  long  with  honorable  state.  1607  BP. 
ANDREWES  Serm.  (1841)  II.  219  We.  .need  to  be  consecrate 
anew,  to  re-seize  us  of  the  first  fruits  of  the  Spirit  again. 
1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  xlvi.  (1739)  76  By  this 
means  he  re-seized  and  reassumed  the  English,  in  partner. 
ship  with  the  Norman  in  their  ancient  right. 

2.  To  seize,  take  hold  or  possession  of,  (some 
thing  or  person)  again. 

1567  STANFORD  Exposition  Sab,  To  come  &  shew  why 
the  land  should  not  bee  reseised.  1599  Death  Philip  II  in 
Harl.  Misc.  (Malh.)  II.  285  The  goute  reseasing  him,  ac 
companied  with  a  fever,  made  him  far  sicker  than  before. 
1602  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  ix.  xlviii.  222  The  rightfull  heire  of 


Portugale  his  Empyre  shall  re-seaze.  1666  Ormonde  A/SS, 
in  \otk  Rep.  Hut.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  21  His  Grace  re- 
seized  the  lands,  a  1700  KEN  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721 
III.  105  In  his  Cell  his  Sorrow  him  reseiz'd.  1768  BLACK- 
STONE  Comm.  III.  x.  187  The  sheriff  is  commanded  to 
reseise  the  land  and  all  the  chattels  thereon.  1817  JAS.  MILL 
Brit.  India  I.  m.  iv.  6oS  When  the  opposing  army  was 
obliged  to  retrace  IN  steps,  they  immediately  reseized  the 
country.  1845  LD.  CAMPBELL  Chancellors  Hi.  (1857)  III  28 
A  motion  about  re-seizing  the  lands  of  a  relapsed  recusant. 

absol.  1567  STANI-ORD  Exposition  82  The  kinge  may  re- 
seise  w'out  a  Scire  facias.  Ibid.  83  b,  Whether  the  king 
shal  reseise  in  that  case. 

Hence  Resei'zer,  'one  that  seizes  again.' 

1755  in  JOHNSON;  hence  in  later  Diets. 

xLeserzure  (n-).  ?  Obs.  [RE-  5  a  :  cf.  prec.] 
The  action  of  seizing  or  taking  back  again. 

(11626  BACON  Holy  War  (1629)  122  Here  we  haue  the 
Charter  of  Foundation  :  It  "is  now  the  more  easie  to  iudge 
of  the  Forfeiture,  or  Reseisure.  1647  N.  BACON  D  isc.  Goz-t. 
Eng.  II.  xxviii.  (1739)  132  This  was  one  great  Windfal  which 
the  Parliament  had  from  the  ruins  of  Rome,  not  by  way  of 
Usurpation,  but  by  re-seiziue.  a  1683  SCROGGS  Courts-Lcet 
(1714)  107  The  Defendant  ..before  this  Reseizure  laboured 
the  said  Gelding,  riding  upon  him,  and  drawing  with  him. 

Resell  (ri-)9  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  sell  again. 

1574  Galway  Anh.  in  loM  Rep.  Hist.  Jl/SS.  Comnt. 
App.  V.  424  Fleash.  .to  be  sold  and  bought  at  the  first  hand 
only  without  to  shell  or  rcshyll  it  again.  1755  MAGENS 
Insurances  I.  401  [They]  cannot  know  what  Profit  or  Loss 
they  are  to  have  on  what  they  have  so  bought  untill  they 
resell.  1771  BURROW  R^p.  HI.  1921  The  Defendant..  had 
bought  Goods  at  an  Auction,  which  were  ..  put  up  again 
and  resold.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  iii,  Oaborne  resold  this.. 
windfall  to  Dr.  Askew  for  sixty  guineas  1863  FAVVCETT 
Pol.  Econ  i.  iii.  16  The  company  has  commenced  reselling 
the  land  to  its  original  pioprietors, 

Hence  Bese'iler. 

1896  Daily  News  28  Jan.  8/7  For  American  mixed  [maize] 
re-sellers  are  asking  more  money. 

t  Rese  mblable,  a.  Obs.  [a.  OF.  resembla- 
ble  (i4th  c.)  :  see  RESEMBLE  v.  and  -ABLE.]  Capa 
ble  of  being  compared  or  likened  ;  comparable, 
similar  (to  some  person  or  thing)  ;  like. 

';  «  1366  CHAUCER  Rom  Rose  985  These  arowis..Were  alle 
fyve  on  oon  maneete,  And  alle  were  they  resemMable.  1390 
GowSR  Con/.  I.  35  For  man  of  Soule  resonable  Is  to  an 
Angel  rose  mblable.  c  1407  LYDG.  Rcson  $  Setts.  2137  They 
be  nat  reseinblable  To  my  beaute  nor  comparable.  1429 
Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  143  That  thow  mayst  be  resemblable 
founde,..  Liche  themperour  worthy  Sygesmounde.  c  1530 
LD.  BERNERS  Art/t.  Lyt.  Bryt.  (1814)  201  He  should  haue 
the  fayre  Florence,  to  whome  the  ymage  was  resemblable. 
1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trat;  (1677)253  Thales  Milesius  was 
of  opinion  that  the  Earth  floated  and  was  aptly  resemblable 
to  a  ship  swimming  in  the  Water. 

Resemblance  (r/ze-mblans),  sb.l  [a.  AF.  re 
semblance  (a  1  300  in  Manuel  dc  Pcches  4035)  = 
mod.F.  ressemblance  ;  see  RESEMBLE  v.  and  -ANCE.] 

1.  The  quality  or  being  like  or  similar  ;  likeness 
or  similarity  in  appearance  or  any  other  respect  ; 
the  fact  of  some  likeness  existing  or  being  present. 
Freq.  const,  to,  between,  or  \with  \  f  also  in  phr.  by 
or  with  resemblance. 

1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  122  Libra.  .hath  figure  and  resem 
blance  Unto  a  man  which  a  balance  Berth  in  his  bond. 
c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (.Percy  Soc.)  58  This  world  Is  ful 
of  stabilnesse,.  .  Verraily  by  resemblaunce,  So  as  the  crabbe 
gothe  forwarde.  c  1475  Lament.  Mary  Magd.  xxxiii, 
The  speare  with  euery  naile  Thirled  my  soule  by  inwarde 
resemblaunce.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xm.  (Percy  Soc.) 
51  So  is  enpiynted  in  his  propre  mynde  Every  tale  wyth 
hole  resemblaunce.  1598  R.  HAYDOCKE  tr.  Lomazzo  \.  61 
Anie  other  Goddesse,  which  hath  any  kinde  of  resemblance 
with  the  Earth.  1607  TOPSELL  Four-/,  Beasts  (1658)  95 
Either  sex  loose  every  year  their  hoofs..  that  nature  may 
show  their  resemblance  in  their  feet  to  a  Hart.  1648  BOYLE 
Seraph.  Love  xvi.  (1700)  98  This  other  Resemblance,  betwixt 
God's  Work  on  us,  and  the  load-stones  on  the  Iron.  1651 
HOBBES  Leviath.  \\.  xxiv.  130  In  this  also,  the  Artificiall 
Man  maintains  his  resemblance  with  the  Natural!.  1718 
Free-thinker  No.  63.  54  There  is  not  the  least  Resemblance 
between  Words  and  Colours.  1771  Junhts  Lett.  Ixii.  (1788) 

;3i  A  vague  comparison  between  two  things  which  have 

ittle  or  no  resemblance  to  each  other.  1820  W.  IRVING 
Sketch  Bk.  I.  189  There  are  always  general  features  of 
resemblance  in  the  works  of  contemporary  authors.  1855 
PRESCOTT  Philip  //,  n.  vii.  I.  222  The  cap,  being  red,  was 
thought  to  bear  much  resemblance  to  a  cardinal's  hat.  1871 
JOWETT  Plato  IV.  4  These  differences  are  accompanied  by 
resemblances..  to  passages  in  other  Platonic  writings. 

Comb.     1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  xciv.  VII.  364  My  re 
semblance-forming  fancy  immediately  made  it  to  be  him. 
fb.  Const,  of  =  to.  Obs.  (freq.  in  i;th  c.) 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  79  The  rocke  into  which  there  goeth 
a  tale,  that  the  ship  of  Vlysses  was  turned,  for  the  resem 
blance  it  hath  of  such  a  thing,  1638  JvttivsPairtf*  Ancients 


I 


RESEMBLANCE. 

I  21  An  image  wherein  there  might  be  perceived  some  resem 
blance  of  Pallas.  1690  LOCKE  Hutu.  Und.  II.  viii.  §  15  The 
Ideas,  produced  in  us  by  these  secondary  Qualities,  have  no 
resemblance  of  them  at  all.  1793  COWPER  Mary  50  Should 
my  future  lot  be  cast  With  much  resemblance  of  the  past. 

fc.  Congruity,  suitability.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1715  LEONI  Palladia's  Arc/iil.dj+z)  1. 64  The  Pillars  are. . 
coarsly  wrought,  as  seems  to  become  a  Country-house,  to 
which  nice  and  finish 'd  Works  bear  not  so  true  a  resemblance 
as  plain  and  natural  ones. 

fd.  To  make  resemblance,  to  appear  about  to 
do  something.  Obs.  rare  ~'. 

1634  Malory's  Arf/iur(i8i6)  I.  231  And  therewith  he  made 
resemblance  {Malory  semblaunt]  to  strike  off  his  head. 

2.  The  external  appearance,  or  characteristic 
features,  peculiar  to  an  individual  or  a  class  of 
persons  or  things. 

1390  GOWER  Con/.  I.  366  Solyns.  .seith  of  fowhles  ther  is 
on,  Which  hath  a  face  of  blod  and  bon,  Liche  to  a  man  in 
resemblance.  1483  CAXTON  Cato  Aiij,  His  sone..did  do 
make  an  ymage  to  the  resemblaunce  of  hys  fader.  1594 
SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  in.  vii.  n  His  resemblance  being  not  like 
the  Duke.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  viii.  32  Beautie,  which 
was  made  to  represent  The  great  Creatours  owne  resem 
blance  bright.  1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  II.  v.  (1611)  49  In 
ancient  roles  I  find  the  Bend  drawne  somewhat  Archwise  or 
after  the  resemblance  of  the  Bent  of  a  Bow.  1636  BRATH- 
|  WAIT  Rom.  Etnp.  339  Very  able  of  body,  of  a  beautifull  re 
semblance.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.Georg.  in.  96  She. -in  her 
|  Face  a  Bull  s  Resemblance  bears.  1712  ADDISON  Sped. 
'  No.  351  f  7  [Satan]  gliding  through  the  Garden,  under  the 
resemblance  of  a  Mist.  1781  COWPER  Cliarity  396  The  soul, 
whose  sight  all-quickening  grace  renews,  Takes  the  resem 
blance  of  the  good  she  views.  1870  DISKAELI  Lothair  iv,  A 
garden.,  which.. had  the  resemblance  of  a  vast  mosaic. 

fb.  In  resemblance  of,  after  the  likeness  or 
fashion  of.  Obs.  rare. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.\\l.  294  Thei  for  evere  in  remembrance 
Made  a  figure  in  resemblance  Of  him.  1775  AUAIR  Atner. 
[i/d.  216  Four  other  religious  places,  in  resemblance  of  the 
Jewish  synagogues.  Ibid.  217  [Benzo]  says,  they  wash  their 
new  born  infants,  in  resemblance  of  the  Mosaic  law. 
t  c.  A  specific  character  or  attribute.  Obs.  rare. 

1622  BACON  Hen.  Vll  (1876)  22  It  did  refresh  and  reflect 
upon  the  King  a  most  odious  resemblance,  as  if  he  would  be 
another  King  Richard.  1686  tr.  Chardin's  Trav.  Persia 
Ep.  Ded.,  None  of  those  Magnificent  Images  of  Divinity,  are 
equal  to  Your  Majesty  in  the  Divine  Resemblances  of  Affa 
bility,  Courtesie,  Vigilance . .  and  Constancy. 

1 3.  A  thing  having  similarity  or  likeness  to  an 
other.  Obs.  rare. 

£1386  CHAUCER  Wife's  Pro!.  368  Been  ther  none  othere 
mailer  resemblances  That  ye  may  likne  your  parables  unto, 
But-if  a  sely  wyf  be  oon  of  tho?  1413  Pilgr.  Sowlc  (Caxton 
1483)  v.  xi.  101  Though  the  dede  were  nowhere  nyghe  soo 
grete,  yett  is  hit  a  manere  of  resemblaunce.  1477  EARL 
RIVERS  (Caxton)  Dicta  7  And  sayd  Sedechias,  commonely 
euery  resemblance  delyteth  other. 

t  b.  A  symbol  or  figure  of  something.   Obs. 

1561  DAUS  tr.  Bldlingcron  Apoc.  (1573)  144  b,  Oyle  is  a 

resemblaunce  of  the  Holy  Ghost.    1597  HOOKEK  Eccl.  Pol. 

|    v.  Ivii.  §  5  We  take  not  baptisme  nor  the  Eucharist  for  bare 

1    resemblances . .  of  things  absent.     1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps. 

\    Ixii.  3  So  is  [it]  a  fit  resemblance  to  signify  him  that  is  ready 

i    to  kill  another.     1669  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  I.  i.  x.  52  Names 

are  but  pictures,  shadows,  or  ressemblances  of  things. 

t  C.  A  simile  or  comparison ;  a  thing  compared 
to  another.  (Cf.  5.)  Obs. 

1624  BEDELL  Lett.  viii.  118  Consider  those  resemblances 
taken  out  of  the  holy  Scripture,  wherein  that  godly  Father 
is  frequent,  a  1653  GOUGE  Comm.  Hell.  xi.  25  These  and 
other  like  resemblances  are  fit. .in  regard  of  the  uncertainty 
oflife  ;  it  may  on  a  sudden  vanish,  as  soon  as  the  foresaid 
resemblances.  1694  W.  HOLDER  Princ.  Harmony  77  For, 
(to  use  a  homely  resemblance)  That  our  Food  . .  may  not 
cloy  the  Palate. .the  Cook  finds  such  kinds.. of  Sawce,  as., 
please  the  Palate. 

4.  A  likeness,  image,  representation  or  repro 
duction  of  some  person  or  thing. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  83  After  what  forme  that  hem 
thoghte,  The  resemblance  anon  thei  wroghte.  1604  E. 
G[RiMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  v.  xix.  420  The  idoll 
!  which  they  called  the  resemblance  of  their  God.  1631 
WEEVER^MC.  Funeral  Man.  812  A  marble,  vpon  which  is 
the  resemblance  of  a  man  crosse-legged,  all  in  male  armour. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  IX.  538  Fairest  resemblance  of  thy  Maker 
faire,  Thee  all  things  living  gaze  on.  1697  Bp.  PATRICK 
Comm.  E.-cod.  xxii.  18  If  a  Man  see  any  where  Waxen  Re 
semblances,  made  and  set  either  at  their  Doors  [etc.].  ^1777 
SIR  W.  JONES  Ess.  Imit.  Arts  Poems,  etc.  204  What  is  an 
imitation,  but  a  resemblance  of  some  other  thing?  1802 
MAR  EDGEWORTH  Moral  T.  (1816)  I.  252  One  of  these  words 
was  an  exact  resemblance  of  the  word  tyrant.  1833  N. 
ARXOTT  Physics  (ed.  5)  II.  235  We  now  understand  how  an 
admirable  miniature  resemblance  of  the  objects  before  us  is 
produced  upon  the  retina  of  the  eye. 

fb.  An  appearance  or  show  of  some  quality; 
a  demonstration  of  affection  ;  a  likelihood  or  pro 
bability.  Obs. 

1561  T  NORTON  Calvin's  lust.  i.  Pref.,  A  certame  vame 
resemblance  of  righteousnesse  doeth  abundantly  content  vs 
in  stede  of  righteousnesse  in  dede.  1590  SPENSER  A  C'-  ">• 
vii  t6  He  ween'd  that  his  affection  entire  She  should  aread  ; 
many  resemblaunccs  To  her  he  made,  and  many  kinde  re- 
membraunces.  1603  SHAKS.  Meas.  for  M  iv.  u.  mfftt. 
But  what  likeliehood  is  in  that  ?  Duke.  Not  a  resemblance, 
but  a  certainty. 

C.  A  person  resembling  another  in  some  way ; 

(one's)  like,  rare  -1. 

1794  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Myst.  Udolpho  ix,  I  shall  never  meet 
with  his  resemblance. 

f5.  Rhet.  The  action  or  fact  of  comparing  one 
person  or  thing  to  another.  (Cf.  3  c.)  Obs. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Pocsic  III.  xix.  (Arb.)  250  When  we 


RESEMBLANCE. 

liken  an  humane  person  to  another  in  countenaunce,  stature, 
speach  or  other  qualitie,  it  is  not  called  bare  resemblance, 
but  reaemblaunce  by  imagerie  or  pourtrait. 

t  Rese'mblance,  it.'2  06s.  rare-1.  [See  RE 
SEMBLE  v.-']  Assembly. 

1662  HOUUES  Considerations  14  You  were  also  assisting 
to  the  Resemblance  of  Divines  that  made  the  Directory. 

t  Kese'mblance,  v.  Obs.  rare,  [f.jtf.l]  trans. 
To  resemble.  Hence  Rese'mblanoing  ppl,  a. 

1652  GAULE  Magastrom.  141  They  must  needs  be  taking 
special!  notice  of  it.  .for.  .a  resemblancing  configuration,  or 
a  prodigious  wonder.  1652-63  HEVLIN  Cosmogr.  in.  (1673) 
24/2  Such  a  noise,  .as  resemblanceth  at  a  great  distance  a 
clap  of  Thunder. 

Besemblant  (rfze-mblant),  a.  and  sb.  [a.  OF. 
resemblant  (mod.F.  ressemblant),  pres.  pple.  of 
resembler  to  RESEMBLE  :  cf.  SEMBLANT.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Similar,  having  resemblance  or  like 
ness,  to  something,     f  Also  const,  0/"(quot.  1786). 

1390  GOWER  Con/.  II.  85  Gold  and  selver.  .To  whiche  alle 
othre  be  degres  Of  the  metalls  ben  acordant,  And  so  thurgh 
kinde  resemblant.  1571  DIGGES  Pantmi.,  Math.  Treat. 
xxv.  Ffivb,  In  sundry  proportions  and  proprieties  so  agre- 
able  andresemblante  to  those  regulare  solides,  whose  names 
they  beare.  1586  FERNE  Blaz.  Gentrie  173  Some  Painims 
did  beare  the  like  signe  in  Armes,  very  resemblant  to  the 
playne  crosse.  1607  J.  CARPENTER  Plains  Mans  Flaugk  14 
That  part  of  the  land  of  Israel  right  resemblant  to  the  field 
of  the  foolish.  1741-1  STACKHOUSU  Hist.  Bible  (1767)  IV.  vi. 
iv.  134  A  passage  very  resemblant  to  what  we  read  here. 
1786  BIGLAND  Hist.  Mou.  f;  Gen.  Coll.  Gloucester  I.  439  This 
Figure,  which  is  very  resemblant  of  those  in  the  Temple 
Church.  1816  SINGER  Hist.  Cants  215  The  figures  in 
Mexican  hieroglyphical  paintings  also  afford  objects  very 
resemblant  to  those  on  our  court  cards.  1857  Fraser's  Mag. 
LVI.  599  In  no  work,  .is  there  such  a  gallery  of  portraits, 
and  so  resemblant  to  what  they  were  in.  .the  flesh. 

2.  Characterized  by  resemblance  or  similarity ; 
similar,  like. 

1581  PETTIE  tr.  Guazso's  Civ.  Cam.  i.  (1586)  31  The  most 
natural!  and  resemblant  picture  of  a  Gentleman.  1797 
Philanthrope  263  Presenting  to  the  eye  the  resemblant 
signs  of  its  objects.  1835  SOU'THEY  Doctor  Ixxix.  (1848)  178 
Resemblant  therefore  as  the  features  were,  the  dissimilitude 
of  expression  was  more  apparent.  1882-3  SCHAFF  Encycl. 
Rclig.  Ktio-ivl.  I.  450  The  single  features  are  often  strikingly 
resemblant. 

3.  Aiming  at  the  production  of  resemblances. 
1870  RLSKIN  Aratra  1'entcl.  iv.  (1872)  117  The  object  of 

the  great  Resemblant  Arts  is.. to  resemble  as  closely  as 
possible. 

B.  sb.  f  1.  A  semblance ;  a  show.  Obs.  rare. 
1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  xw.  vi.  649  The  lyon  sawe  that 

he  made  no  resemblaunt  to  fyghte  with  hym.  1546  LANGLEY 
tr.  Pol.  Vcrg.  De  Invent,  vil.  iii.  133  After  his  example 
other  counterfeited  a  resemblant  of  perfeccion  namyng 
themselfes  Hieronomians. 

2.  A  counterpart,  analogue,  rare  —'. 

1893  Sat.  Rev.  25  Feb.  204/2  Forms  or  scraps  or  resem- 
blants  of  it  belong,  .to  Lorch,  Brandanburg,  and  Ispahan. 

Resemble  (r/ze-mb'l),  w.l  [ad.  OF.  resembler 
(i2th  c.  ;  mod.F.  ressembler),  (.  re-  RE-  +  sem- 
bler :— L.  simildre,  simulare,  (.  similis  like :  cf. 
It.  risitn-,  risomigliare.] 

1.  trans.  To  be  like,  to  have  likeness  or  simi 
larity  to,  to  have  some  feature  or  property  in  com 
mon  with  (another  person  or  thing). 

1340  Ayeni.  61  Hi  resembleb  an  eddre  bet  hatte  serayn. 
'377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xvi.  214  pe  sone,  if  I  it  durst  seye, 
resembleth  wel  be  wydwe.  c  1420  LYUG.  Assembly  of  Gods 
1572  Mathew  in  hys  mood,  Resemblyd  an  Aungell  with 
wynges  gloryously.  1530  PALSGR.  688/1  It  is  nat  he  but  he 
resembleth  hym  moche.  1583  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Niclwlays 
Voy.  \\.  vi.  36  These  trees  doe  properly  resemble  the  Lentis- 
cus.  1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  It.  ii.  13  Had  he  not  resembled 
My  Father  as  he  slept,  I  had  don't.  1665  BOYLE  Occas. 
Refl.  in.  i.  241  A  sort  of  vain  and  flaming  Grandees,  who. . 
do  but  too  much  resemble  these  painted  Clouds.  1718  Free 
thinker  No.  75.  142  Cunning  resembles  Prudence,  as  an  Ape 
resembles  a  Man.  1771  Jiinius  Lett.  Ixvii.  (1788)  339  The 
unhappy  Baronet  has  no  friends,  even  among  those  who 
resemble  him.  1830  D'IsRAELl  Chas.  /,  III.  vi.  114  There 
was  no  Stuart  whose  countenance  resembled  that  of  Charles 
the  First.  1896  Law  Times  C.  466/2  The  coronet . .  did  not 
so  closely  resemble  a  Royal  Crown  as  to  be  likely  to  be 
taken  for  it. 

2.  To  compare  or  liken  (a  person  or  thing)  to 
another.     Now  arch. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PL  B.  xii.  265  To  lowe  lybbyng  men  be 
larke  is  resembled.  1390  GOWER  Can/.  II.  135  The  maladie 
Which  cleped  is  ydropesie  Resembled  is  unto  this  vice.  1477 
EARL  RIVERS  (Caxton)  Dicta  16  Lyff  may  be  resembled 
unto  the  fleyng  of  an  arowe.  1509  FISHER  Funeral  Serm. 
C'tess  Richmond  Wks.  (1876)  303  This  noble  prynces  whome 
we  dyde  resemble  vnto  the  blessyd  woman  Martha.  1539 
TAVERNER  Erasm.  Prov.  (1545)  93  Ydle  personnes  whiche 
nee  paynes,  who  be  very  well  resembled  to  cattes  by  the 
englysh  prouerbe.  1604  T.  WRIGHT  Passions  n.  iii.  §  3.  72 
We  may  resemble  our  Passions  to  men  affected  with  the 
dropsie.  1678  CUDWORTH  Ititcll.  Syst.  \.  iv.  §  25.  425  As 
Jupiter  and  the  world  may  be  resembled  to  a  man,  so  may 
Providence  be  to  the  soul.  1711  ADDISON  Sfect.  No.  160 
P  4  Thus  Solomon  resembles  the  Nose  of  his  Beloved  to  the 
Tower  of  Libanon.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1862)  I.  ii.  9 
The  ships,  .maybe  resembled  to  two  men.  1825 COLERIDGE 
Aids  Refl.  (Bohn)  I.  131  At  the  date  of  St.  Paul's  Epistles, 
the  Roman  world  may  be  resembled  to  a  mass  in  the  furnace 
in  the  first  moment  of  fusion.  1887  Athenaeum  31  Dec. 
807/3  Mars,  the  red  planet  to  which  that  star  [Antares]  was 
thus  resembled,  is  in  Virgo. 

tb.  To  compare  together,  or  with  another 
thing.  Also  ellipt.  Obs. 

'533  MORE  Debell.  Salem  Wks.  984/1  How  goeth  nowe. . 


509 

thys  aunswere  of  this  good  man.  .touchyng  the  point  that  I 
resemble  theim  for?  1599  J.  RAINOLD  Overthrow  Stage- 
plays  (1629)  78  A  marvellous  case,  that  I  should  compaie 
and  resemble  plaiers  together  so  absurdly.  1632  CALLIS 
Stat.  Sewers  (1647)  153  And  if  one  would  resemble  this  case 
with  other  authorities,  and  with  the  reason  of  other  Book 
cases  of  the  Law,  it  will  be  made  thereby  apparant,  that 
[etc.].  1673  MARVEI.L  Reh.  Tramp.  II.  203  The  Power 
of  Princes  is  not  improperly  resembled  and  derived  down  by 
i  Paternal  Authority. 

f  c.  To  explain  (a  thing)  in  a  certain  way. 
1592  BAUINGTONCV////;  AW^-  Gen.  xxxii.  n  Jacobs  halting 
some  haue  resembled  ..  in  this  sorte.    First  that  it  should 
betoken  an  halting  posterity. 

f3.  To  represent,  depict,  make  an  image  or 
likeness  of  (a  person  or  thing);  to  figure,  typify.  Obs. 

1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  125  This  Signe  is  verraily  resembled 
Lich  to  a  man,  which  halt  assembled  In  eyther  hand  a  water 
spou  te.  1562  LEIGH  Armorie  (1597)  70  b,  There  are  nine 
rebatlngs  of  Amies,  which  ..  are  resembled,  as  hereafter 
followeth.  1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch,  A  lexander 11612]  674 
Lysippus..hath  perfectly drawne  and  resembled  Alexanders 
manner^  of  holding  his  necke.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage 
iv.  xviii.  437  The  Chinians,.  .if  they  would  resemble  a  de 
formed  man,  they  paint  him  with  short  habite..and  a  long 
nose.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  53  Painters  and  Car 
vers  ..  when  they  were  to  resemble  the  Clods,  departed  not 
one  inch  from  the  Poets.  1705  STANHOPE  Paraphr.  I.  25 
Admitting  the  Ignorance,  .of  former  Ages  to  be  well  re 
sembled  by  the  Darkness  of  the  Night. 

fb.   To  imitate  or  copy.      06s.  rare—1. 

1613  B.  JONSON  Challenge  at  Tilt  Wk.s.  (1616)  998  In  what 
shape  soeuer  I  present  my  selfe,  thou  wilt  seeme  to  be  the 
same?  Not  so  much  as  my  chariot  but  resembled  by  thee? 

4.  To  make  like  to  some  person  or  thing.  Also 
\\\pa.  pple.,  made  like,  similar.  Now  rare. 

^1460  FURTKSCUE  Abs.  fy  Lint.  Man.  ii.  (1885)  112  Thair 
kyngdomes  bethe  than  most  resembled  to  the  kyngdome  of 
God.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Abripio^  Although  nature 
hath  not  resembled  him,  or  made  him  like  vnto  his  father. 
1586  MARLOWE  \st  Pt.  Tamburl.  \\.  vi,  I  hope  we  are  re 
sembled,  Vowing  our  loves  to  equal  death  and  life.  1665 
BOYLE  Occas.  Refl.  i.  vi.  175  Outward  Accidents,  and  Con 
ditions,  whose  restless  Vicissitudes  but  too  justly  and  too 
fitly  resemble  them  to  Wheels.  1865  BI/SHNELL  Vicar. 
Sacr.  in.  iii.  241  A  want  of  system,  .too  closely  resembled 
to  a  want  of  truth  to  allow  any  solid  title  to  respect. 

f  5.  intr.  To  seem,  to  appear.   Obs. 

'"1375  Sc.  Leg'  Saints  xxv.  (Julian)  503  He  rese_mblyt 
fore  to  be  worthy  and  gud.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  {18391  xix.  2I° 
And  thei  seyn,  that  theise  Bestes  ben  Souleb  of  wort  hi  men, 
that  resembled  in  lyknesse  of  the  Bestes,  that  ben  faire. 
1453  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  270/2  Come  unto  theym  resemblyng 
to  be  theire  grettest  frendes.  f  1475  Partcnay  4521  An 
huge  tablet  this  fair  lady  bar.. Resembling  to  be  fourged 
all  of-new.  6-1477  CAXTON  Jason  56  b,  They  ..  resemble 
well  by  theyr  countenaunce  and  habylemens  that  they 
ben  departed  from  noble  and  goode  lions,  c  1510  BARCLAY 
Mirr.Gd.  Manners  (1570)  Diij,  Reputing  in  his  thought 
By  suche  maner  giftes  thee  greatly  to  content,  Because  thou 
resembled  as  poore  and  indigent. 

6.  To  be  like  in  some  respect  to  another  person 
or  thing.  Now  rare. 

1429  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  144  God  graunt  the  grace  for 
to  resemble  in  al  Unto  these  noble  worthy  conquerours. 
a  1471  FOKTESCUE  Wks.  (1869)  485  Suche  a  compassion  re- 
sembleth  rather  to  cruelte  than  to  pyte.  1530  PALSGR.  134 
Participles . . ,  in  some  accidentes,  resemble  unto  their  verbes. 
1584  COGAN  Haven  Health  \.  8  That  which  resembleth  vnto 
cleare  water,  betokeneth  [etc.].  1715  M.  DAVIES  Athen. 
Brit.  I.  328  Fortescue's  Fate  ..  resembles  something  to 
Chancellor  Bacon's  Misfortunes.  i836LvTTON  Atktns(\%V}) 
I.  52  The  Persian  Creed  derived  from  Zoroaster  resembled 
the  most  to  that  of  Christianity. 

b.  To  have  mutual  likeness;  to  be  like  or 
similar  to  each  other. 

1751  Female  Foundling  II.  6  Few  Characters  could  re 
semble  more,  than  the  Characters  of  these  two  Women. 
1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  I.  n.  x.  431  In  one  feature  or 
two,  nations  resemble,  which  are  placed  at  stages  consider 
ably  remote.  <zi87i  GROTE  Eth.  Fragm.  ii.  (1876)  31 
Wherein  they  resemble  and  wherein  they  differ. 

Hence  Rese  "ruble  d///.  a.  rare. 

1575-85  ABP.  SANDYS  Serin,  v.  84  So  in  this  resembled 
bodie,  and  ciuil  societie,  there  must  bediuersitie  as  of  mem 
bers  so  of  functions. 

t  Rese'mble,  v2  Obs.  [f.  RE-  +  SEMBLE  v. : 
cf.  REASSEMBLE  and  F.  rassembler.] 

1.  intr.  To  assemble,  collect,  come  together. 

6'  1450  LOVELICH  Grail  xiv.  713  With  an  horn  he  gan  to 
blowe,  And  made  his  meyne  to  resemble  a^en.     1513  BKAD- 
SHAW  St.  Werbnrge  \.  3210  Than   shortly  resembled  vnto    j 
that  sayd  place  The  people  of  Hamburgens,  a  great  com-    j 
pany.     1533  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxjord  (1880)  117    j 
Resemblinge  in  a  great  multitude  together.      1596  LODGE 
Marg.  of  America  D  3  b,  Thither  likewise  resembled  the 
flower  of  the  nobilitie  and  Ladies. 

2.  trans.  To  bring  together  or  collect. 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  143  In  this  estate  was  I. .till  that  the    ' 
goddes   haue  resemblid  this  lady  and  me  by  your  grete 
defaute.     1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vi.   clxx.   165  Wherfore  y« 
Danys  resembled  theyr  people,  and  gaderyd  a  newe  boost,      j 

Resembler  (r/ze-mblai).     [f.  RESEMBLE  v±  +    j 
-EK 1.]     One  who  or  that  which  resembles  some   j    wee  to  { 

other  person  or  thing  ;  f  a  representative,  type.         (    wound.   *i637N>.  FERRARI,  ^aides' m  Consid.  (1638)49 
1581  MULCASTER  Positions  xxxviii.  (1887)  *73  Apollo  . .  to    i    They  sin  against  God,  when  they  resent  themselves,  and  are 

grieved  touching  that  which  God  doth.  1654  EARL  MONM. 
tr.  Betitivoglio's  IVarrs  Flanders  145  At  the  hearing 
whereof  the  mutiners  began  to  rescent  themselves,  and  to  be 
in  raged  both  with  anger  and  shame. 

f  2.  trans.  To  feel  (something)    as  a  cause  of 
depression  or  sorrow ;  to  feel  deeply  or  sharply. 
Obs.  (common  c  1645-1660). 
1620  SHELTON@«/.r.  n.xliv.  288  Tis  said  then,  that  Sancho 


RESENT. 

on  me  in  Weight.  1680  BOYLE  Scept,  Chon,  in.  188  A  body 
by  it  self,  that  has  few  resem biers  in  the  World.  1716  SWIFT 
Corr.  Wks.  1841  II.  531  Until  Curll  and  his  resemblers  are 
banged.  1824  LANUOR  I  mag.  Conv.,  Soutkty  <y  Parson  i. 
Wks.  1846  I.  18  Your  attempt  to  prove  Wordsworth  shall  I 
say  the  rival  or  the  resembler  of  the  ancients  T  1893  Chicago 
Advance \b  Mar.,  We  have  been  upborne,  while  our  Southern 
re^emblers  are  waiting  still  the  stirring  of  their  nest. 

t  Kese-mbliiig,  vbl.  sb.  Obs.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-IXG1.]  A  likeness;  resemblance;  comparison. 

1480  CAXTON  Trtrvisa's  Higdcn  in.  xviii.  133  b,  pe  men  of 
Athene  ..  inaden  an  yniage  of  gold,  resemblyng  and  re- 
membraunce  of  socrates.  1313  DOUGLAS  sEneis  vi.  Prol. 
156  Set  thow  to  Vulcane  haif  full  gret  resembling..  .Thuw 
art  bot  Jovis  smyth.  1533  MOKE  Debett.  Salem  Wks.  g86/j 
His  not  putting  to  answer  maketh  y  mater  of  my  re^em- 
blyng  muche  the  more  strong  for  me.  1611  COTGR.,  Re- 
semblement)  a  resembling,  representing.  1691  RAY  Creation 
i.  (1692)  172  A  resembling  of  God  to  a  proud  Man. 

Ztese'inbling,  ///.  a.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING-.] 

1.  That  resembles  or  corresponds  to  some  other 
thing  specified  or  implied  ;  similar,  like. 

1561  DAVS  tr.  Bullingcr  on  Apoc.  (1573)  184  b,  The  high 
Bishop  and  King  of  Koine  hath  in  bis  resemblyng  Empire 
obedient  children.  1645  MILTON  Teirach.  Wks.  1851  IV. 
155  In  most  resembling  unlikenes,  and  most  unlike  resem 
blance.  1654-66  EARL  OHHERY  Parthen.  (1676)  496  'Twa> 
by  many  resembling  expressions  that  the  generous  Zeiiophou 
evinc'd  to  me  his  fidelity.  1694  R.  BURTHOGGI;  Reason  265 
Schenckius.  . Reports  another  but  resembling  story.  1710 
NORKIS  Chr.  Prud.  ii.  92  Policy  or  Cunning  comes  a  great 
deal  nearer  to  Prudence,  than  Wit,  as  being  the  mOit  re 
sembling  Imitatour.  1813  W.  TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mem. 
(18431  II-  4M  It  is  not  so  resembling  a  parody. 

fb.  In  pied,  use,  const,  to  or  with  direct  obj.  06s. 

1654-66  EAKL  ORRERY  Farthest.  (1676)  188  His  resolution* 
and  flame  were  resembling  unto  mine.  Ibid.  293  My  recep 
tion  was  much  resembling  my  fathers. 

2.  Similar  to  each  other  ;  mutually  like. 

(•(1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  i.  (1605)  33  The  hounds  were  .. 
many  of  them  in  colour  and  markes  so  resembling,  that  it 
shewed  they  were  of  one  kind.  1716  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU 
Let.  to  Mrs.  .V.  Ckisu'dl  13  Aug.,  No  two  places  were  ever 
more  resembling.  1762  KAMICS  Eletn.Crit,  xvm.  ii.  (1774) 
II.  34  In  describing  two  resembling  objects  a  resemblance 
in  the  two  members  of  the  period  ought  to  be  studied.  1847 
H.  MiLLiiR  Test.  Rocks  (1857)  4Q-J  They  have  in  several  re 
spects  a  resembling  structure. 

Hence  f  Rese'mblingly  adv.   Obs.  rare. 

1661  B<ytL&Sfyfe  qfScri&t,  253  Resemblingly  transported 
with  a  like  motive.  1687  N.  JOHNSTON  Assur.  Abbey  Lands 
203  Which  I  can  compare  to  nothing  more  resemblingly, 
than  the  difficulties  [etc.]. 

Rese'miiiate,  v.  ''-arc.  [ad.  L.  reseminare 
(see  SEMINATE  v.}  ;  in  both  quots.  after  Ovid  Met. 
xv.  392.]  refl.  To  reproduce  as  from  seed. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  134  Concerning  its  genera 
tion,  that  without  all  conjunction,  it  begets  and  reseminates, 
it  selfe.  1866  J.  B.  ROSE  tr.  Ovid's  Met.  446  One  bird  there 
is,  himself  reseminates,  The  Phccnix  of  Assyria. 

Resen,  obs.  form  of  REASON  sb2 

Rese'nd  (n-),  v.  [1<E-  5  a.]  trans.  To  send 
back  or  again. 

1554  BRADFORD  Lett.  Wks.  (Parker  Soc.)  II.  116  My  book 
. .  I  did  give  unto  you ;  howbeit,  if  you  be  weary  of  it,  you 
may  re-send  it  again.  1575  G.  HARVEY  Letter-bk.  (Camden) 
90,  I  resende  you  a  furlonge  of  salutations.  ^1624  Kr.  H. 
KING  Surrender^  Thou  in  another  [kiss],  .resend  The  truest 
heart  that  Lover  ere  did  lend.  1661  in  Cost  it's  Corf.  (Surtees) 
n.  312,  I  would,  .returne  your  civility  of  sending  me  one  .. 
by  re-sending  one  inclosed  in  yours.  1829  LAMB  Let.  to 
Procter  in  Final  Mem.  xvii.  156  If  you  have  not  burned 
your  returned  letter,  pray  resend  it  me.  1894  GLADSTONE 
Sp.  Ho.  Com.  i  Mar.,  This  operation  of  sending  and  re- 
sending,  .between  the  two  Houses,  this  particular  Bill,.. has 
continued  long  enough. 

absol.  1866  R.  M.  FERGUSON  EU-ctr.  (1870)  245  It  would 
be  advisable  to.  .resend  at  the  mid-station  by  translation. 

tRese-ngle,  £••  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  OF.  re- 
sengler  (mod.F.  ressangler) :  see  RE-  and  CIRCLE.] 
trans.  To  refasten  the  girths  of  (a  horse). 

1485  CAXTON  Chas.Gt.  158  [He]  descended  fro  hys  hors 
for  to  vngyrde  and  lose  hys  sadle  and  after  resengled  hym. 

t  Rese'nt,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  Also  7  rescent.  [f. 
the  vb.]  a.  A  trace  or  flavour,  b.  A  grateful 
feeling,  c.  Resentment. 

1610  HOLLAND  Camden  s  Brit.  I.  324  The  country  people 
and  towne-dwellers  of  Kent,  aboue  all  other  Englishmen  re- 
taine  still  the  resent  of  their  ancient  worthinesse.  1663 
GERBIER  Counsel  f$  Its  but  to  expresse  the  rescents  of  my 
Obligation.  1686  t"r.  Chardiris  Coronat.  Sotyinatt  60  The 
secret  hatred  which  he  bare  them.. gave  him  a  plausible 
pretence  to  shew  his  resent. 

Besent  (rfte-nt),  v.  Also  7  ressent,  rescent, 
recent ;  ris(s)ent.  [ad.  F.  ressentirt  f  resentir 
(i3th  c.),  =  Sp.  resentir,  It.  riscntire^  f.  L.  re- 
RE-  +  sen 'lire  to  feel.] 

I.  1 1.  reft.  [  —  F.  se  ressentir,  It.  risentirsi.] 
To  have  a  feeling  ^"pain  ;  to  feel  pain  or  distress ; 
to  regret,  repent.  Obs. 

1605  Gnnp.  Plot  E  2  b,  How  infinitely  greater  cause  haue 
feele  and  ressent  our  seines  of  the  smart  of  that 


haue_the  presidencie  ouer  nyne  wymen,  the  resemblers  of 
learning.  1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay  vi.  (1592)  82  The  said 
Prouidence . .  is  the  euerlast ing  vnderstanding  of  God, . ,  and 
the  resembler  of  his  goodnesse.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  x.  Ii. 
I.  297  Surely  it  was  no  delight  and  pleasure  that  he  sought 
herein  to  content  the  tooth,  but  only  that  he  would  have 
the  name  to  eat  the  resemblers  of  mans  voice.  1654-66 
EARL  ORRERY  Parthen.  (1676)  808  Those  Happinesses  the 
gods  deny  me  in  length,  their  perfected  Resembler  confers 


RESENT. 

was  scarce  departed,  when  Don  Quixote  resented  his  soli- 
tarinebse.  1644  CHAS.  1  in  Ellis  Grig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  III.  303 
The  misfortune  of  our  forces  in  the  north  wee  know  is 
ressented  a^  sadly  by  you.  1661  FELL  Life  Hammond  222 
To  be  absent  from  any  part  of  publick  Worship  he  thus 
deeply  resented.  1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  n.  in.  200 
The  death  of  this  Cardinal  was  not  so  resented  by  the 
Court,  because  he  was  not  of  any  extraordinary  parts. 
1728  MORGAN  Hist.  Algiers  I.  vi.  170  He  so  resented  the 
Insolence  of  that.. Rebel  that  he  sickened  and  died. 
fb.  To  repent,  regret  (an  action).  Obs. 

1622  MABBE  tr.  Aleinan 's Guzman tPAlf,  i. 173  How  much 
did  I  then  risent  my  former  follies?  1630  B.  JONSON  New 
Inn  Argt,,  He . .  began,  though  over-late,  to  resent  the  injury 
he  had  done  her.  1676  Life  Father  Sarpi  in  Brent's 
Counc.  Trent  16  Because  he  had  formerly  cut  in  pieces  a 
number  of  living  creatures.. he  seemed  to  resent  it  with 
a  kind  of  compassionate  displeasure. 

f3.  To  feel  or  experience  (joy,  sorrow,  pain, 
etc.).  Obs.  (common  c  1650-1680). 

1640  tr.   Vcrdere"$  Koin.  of  Rom.  I.   87  Not  leaving  him 
without   resenting   the  griefe  which  he   saw  him  endure. 
1648  BOVI.E   Seraph.    Love  iv.    (1700)    32  God  resents  an 
infinite  satisfaction  in  the  Accomplishment  of  his  own  Will. 
1682  CREECH  Lucretius  (1683)  183  For  these  can  reap  no 
joy,  no  more  content  Than  what  these  Earth-born  Swains 
did  first  resent.      #1734  NORTH  Lives  (1826)  I.  167  He  had 
so  much  good  nature  as  to  resent  all  her  pains  as  if  they 
were  personally  his  own. 

1 4.  To  perceive  by  smell.  (Only  in  Fuller,  and 
iny?^.  contexts.)  Obs. 

1642  FULLER  Holy  fy  Prof.  St.  v.  iv.  371  This  bird  of  prey 
relented  a  worse  then  earthly  savour  in  the  soul  of  Saul. 
1655  —  Ch.  Hist.  iv.  iv.  §  6  The  dullest  nostrils  resenting  it 
done,  not  for  love  of  vertue,  but  his  own  security. 

fb.  To  smell  out  (\njig.  sense) ;  to  perceive. 

1641  BAKER  Chron.  (1653)  80  King  Henry,  .apprehending 
i  he  danger,  and  then  resenting  the  mischief  of  falling  into 
his  enemies  hands,    a  1656  Bp.  HALL  Rent.  \Vks.  (1660)  403 
Let  fooles  be  mocked  with  these  fancies,  but  you  whom 
God  hath  indued  with  singular  judgment,  .will  easily  re 
sent   the  fraud.     1665   SIR   T.    HERBERT    Trav.    (1677)   73 
Jangheer   had  immediate   notice   of  his  Sons   flight,  and 
roenting  how  dangerous  it  might  prove  [etc.]. 

II.  t5.  refl.  ;Cf.  i.)  a.  To  express  one's  re 
sentment  of  some  act.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1617  MORYSON  /tin.  u.    122    His  Lordship  shortly  after, 
wrote   a   letter   to   him,   resenting   himselfe   in   very   high 
tearmes,  of  the  wrong  he  concerned  to  be  offered  him. 

fb.  To  show  one's  resentment  by  some  act  of 
revenge ;  to  revenge  oneself.  Obs.  rare. 

1618  in  Camden' s  Lett.  (1691)  216  The  disgrace  lately  done 
to  the  French  Ambassadour.  .maketh  them  cry  here  upon  a 
helium  piraticum  :  but  they. .will  be  much  troubled  how 
to   resent  themselves.     1656  KARL   MONM.    tr.   Boccalini's 
Advts.fr.  Parnass.  n.  xciii.  (1674)  246  [He]  hath  not  heart 
enough . .  to  resent  himself. 

f  6.  intr.  To  manifest  resentment  at  something. 

1625  BACON  Ess.,  Friends/tip  (Arb.)  169  When  he  [PompeyJ 
had  carried  the  Consulship  for  a  Friend  of  his,  against  the 
pursuit  of  Sylla,  and  that  Sylla  did  a  little  resent  thereat. . 
Pompey..bad  him  be  quiet. 

7.  trans.  To  feel  oneself  injured  or  insulted  by 
(some  act  or  conduct  on  the  part  of  another) ;  to 
show  that  one  is  displeased  or  angry  at  (some 
wrong,  injury,  etc.  sustained). 

1628-9  DIGBY  Voy.  Medit.  (Camden)  33  Rissenting  my 
going  out  of  their  port  to  inuade  any  shippes  that  came 
thither.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  300  Thou  thy  self  with 
scorne  And  anger  wouldst  resent  the  offer'd  wrong.  1697 
DRYDEN  i''irg.  Georg.  in.  350  He  with  a  gen  rous  Rage 
resents  his  Wounds.  1729  BUTLER  Serm.  Wks.  1874  II. 
Pref.  20  Men  do  not  in  fact  resent  deliberately  any  thing 
but  under  this  appearance  of  injury.  1781  COWPER  Hope 
354  The  screaming  nations,  hovering  in  mid  air,  Loudly 
resent  the  stranger's  freedom  there.  1828  SCOTT  F.  M. 
Perth  xxi-v,  It  is  best  to  be  plain  at  once— resent  my  refusal 
as  you  will.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  50  The  second 
capture  of  Troy  was  deeply  resented  by  the  Assyrians. 

absol.  1717  POPE  Elo'isa  199  How  often  must  it.. hope, 
despair,  resent,  regret,  Conceal,  disdain— do  all  things  but 
forget.  1759  ADAM  SMITH  Mor.  Sent.  n.  ii.  203  That  the 
gods  neither  resent  nor  hurt,  was  the  general  maxim  of  all 
the  different  sects  of  the  ancient  philosophy.  (11814  Hor- 
tensia  \\.  iii.  in  New  Brit.  Theatre  IV.  164,  I  charge  thee 
by  that  heaven,  Not  to  resent  for  me — O  hear  me,  Leopold  \ 
b.  \Yith  inf.  as  object,  rare. 

1704  SWIFT  Batt.  Bks.  To  Rdr.,  The  town  highly  resented 
to  see  a  person  of  Sir  William  Temple's  character  and  merits 
roughly  _used.  1884  W.  C.  SMITH  Kildrostan  72  She'll 
think  It  is  her  place  to  keep  me  company,  And  will  resent 
to  see  another  here. 

f  8.  a.  To  take  or  receive  as  or  for  something. 

1642  Dedar.  Lords  $  Comm.  *  Sept.  2  The  Lords  and 
Commons  doe  declare,  that  they  rescent  the  aforesaid  ex 
pressions  of  the  people,,  .as  a  testimony  of  ..  dutifull  affec 
tion.     1642  Lancash.  Tracts  Civil  War  (Chetham  Soc.)  41 
It  will,  .be  taken  and  recented  by  the  House  for  an  accept 
able  service  in  a  time  of  great  need. 

•f  b.  To  take  or  receive  in  a  certain  way  or  with 
certain  feelings;  to  take  well  or  ill.  Obs.  (com 
mon  c  1655-85). 

1654  Message  fr.  Ld.  Protector  to  Gt.  Turk  3  This  mes 
sage  was  resented  with  so  much  terrour  and  astonishment. 
1658-9  in  Burton's  Diary  (1828)  IV.  223  This  was  presently 
noised  abroad,  and  very  ill  resented  by  the  army.  1669 
PEPYS  Diary  13  Feb.,  It  was  mighty  well  resented  and 
approved  of.  1678  W.  MOUNTAGU  in  Buccleuch  MSS. 
(Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  327,  I  confess  it's  a  tender  point, 
and  I  long  to  know  how  it  was  resented.  01734  NORTH 
Lives  (1826)  III.  136  They  came  only  to  spy  how  his  lord 
ship  (their  grandee)  was  resented  among  us. 

t  c.  To  take  favourably,  to  approve  of.  Also 
intr.  To  meet  with  acceptance.  Obs.  rare. 


510 

a  1646  J.  GREGORY  Postuma,  De  sEris  ct  Epochis  (1640) 
168  Mahomet  having  introduc'd  a  new  Superstition,  which 
the  men  of  Mecha.  .resented  not,  was  forced  to  file  that 
place.  1650  Descr.  ofFut.  Hist.  Enr.  To  Rdr.  i  There  are 
several  passages  in  it,  which  (I  know)  will  not  resent  with 
our  Great  Ones. 

f9.  To  appreciate,  to  be  sensible  of,  to  feel 
grateful  for  (a  kindness,  favour,  etc.)  ;  to  remem 
ber  with  gratitude.  Obs.  (commons  1665-90). 

1647  CHAS.  I  in  Clarendon  St.  Pap.  (1773)  II.  365  Let 
the  army  know,  that  we  highly  resent  this  their  expression  | 
to  us:  And.. we  shall  auspiciously  look  upon  their  loyal 
intentions.  ^1677  BARROW  Serin.  (1683)  II.  xxvi.  373 
Should  we  not  be  monstrously  ingratefull  if  we  did  not 
deeply  resent  such  kindness?  1702  C.  MATHER  Mag-n. 
C/ir.  in.  i.  iii.  (1852)  309  If  she  gratefully  resented  that 
small  tbing  for  the  sake  of  the  hand  it  came  from.  1765 
WAHBURTON  in  W.  cS:  Hurd  Lett.  (1809)  360,  I  was  sure 
that  this  instance  of  his  friendship  to  you  would  ever  be 
warmly  resented  by  you.  [1829  WEBSTER  Lett.  (1902)  617, 
I  shall  resent  through  life  (to  use  an  expression  of  Boyle's)  ' 
your  unwearied  and  affecting  kindness  to  me.] 

III.  flO.  To  give  forth,  exhale  (a  perfume),  , 
to  have  an  odour  or  suggestion  of,  to  show  traces  i 
of  (some  quality,  etc.).  Obs.  rare. 

1622  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  xxv.  221  Where  doth  the  pleasant 
air  resent  a  sweeter  breath?    c  1630  DIC.BY  Cure  Wounds 
by  Symp.  (1669)   2  The  said  fright,  .makes  the  Ligaments, 
and  other  parts  of  his  body  the  more  supple  to  runne;  in 
somuch,   that   he   resents    it   all    his   life    afterwards    and 
becomes  a  good  courser.     1633  DOSE  Hist.  Septnagint  37    , 
Herein  you  shall  doe  us  containable  pleasure,  and  courtesie    j 
resenting  amitie. 

f  11.  To  savour  of,  to  have  a  touch  or  taste  of\ 
to  be  characteristic  or  suggestive  of "(a  person  or 
thing).  Obs.  (common  c  1640-65). 

1638  W.  SCLATER  Serin.  Eiperiinentall  To  Rdr.,  They. . 
seemc  by  reason  of  their  long  lodging  in  the  dust,  to  resent 
something  of  the  earth.  1654  FULLER  Ephcmcris  Pref.  3 
Some  works  resent  too  much  of  their  authour.  1668  M. 
CASAUUON  Credulity  (1670)  34  O,  that  the  Tragedies,  .had 
somewhat  that  resented  of  piety  in  them.  1826  SOUTHEY 
To  Mem.  Yng  Officer  20  Therefore  doth  the  draught  Re 
sent  of  comfort  in  its  bitterness. 

Resenter  (r/ze-ntoi).    [f.  prec.  +-ER!.] 

fl.  One  who  has  a  feeling  or  appreciation  of 
something.  Obs. 

1651  Wettons  Rcliq.  (1672)  175  The  Earl  was  the  worst 
Philosopher,  being  a  great  Resenier,  and  a  weak  Dissem 
bler,  of  the  least  disgrace,  a  1657  K-  LOVEDAY /.£//.  (1659) 
212  Mention  me  to  my  Cousin  E.  as  I  am  a  grateful  resent er 
of  their  last  excellent  entertainment.  1664  H.  MORE  Myst. 
Iniq.  Pref.  8  A  due  resenter  of  the  common  Rights  and 
just  Security  of  Mankind. 

2.  One  who  feels  or  shows  resentment,  rare"1. 

1825  SCOTT  28  Nov.  in  Fain.  Lett.*  In  such  cases  there  are 
usually  some  private  motives  of  the  resenters'  own. 

Kese'utful,  a.     [f,  RESENT  sb.  or  v.  +  -FUL.] 

T"  1.  Expressive  of  feeling  ;  appreciative.  Obs.~l 

1654-66  EARL  ORRERY  Parthen.  (1676)  672  This  was  the 
civilest,  shortest,  and  resentful'st  answer  I  could  give  her. 

2.  Full  of,  inspired  by,  resentment. 

1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalini's  Adfts.fr,  Parnass.  413 
And  growing  into  great  choler,  the  Spaniards  said  that  the 
Medici  should  do  well  to  be  once  quiet.  ..Lorenzo,  without 
any  the  least  alteration,  reply'd  to  these  resentful  words. 
1726  POPE  Odyss.  xvii.  436  His  soul,  resentful  as  humane, 
Dooms   to  full   vengeance    all    the   offending   train.     1751     •, 
Affecting  Narr.  of  \Vager  145  On  this  he.  .put  on  a  terribly 
fierce  Aspect,  and  dropt  some  resentful  Expressions.     1782 
Miss  BUKNEY  Cecilia  in.  v.  With  a  look  of  resentful  mortifi-    \ 
cation.     1841  W.  SPALDING  Italy  $•  It.  Isl.  III.  255  The    ; 
present  charge  arises  from  the  undeniably  resentful  temper 
of  the  Italians.     1874  MOTLEY  Barneveld ^(1879)  II.  239  He 
was  at  that  moment  resentful.. against  the  whole  party. 

Hence  Rese'ntfully  adv. ;  Rese'iitfulness. 

1836  CHALMERS  Mor.  P kilos.  Wks.  1849  V.  340  Grim  re- 
sentfulness  of  aspect.      1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  II.  vii.  177    I 
All.. inheriting  the  pride  of  their   birth,    and   resentfully 
conscious  of  their  fallen  fortunes.     1867   MRS.  H.  WOOD    \ 
Oti'ille  Coll.  x.  141  'He  wants  to  stay  here',  she  resentfully 
cried.     1878  T.  HARDY  Ret.  Native  in.  vii,  His  colour  rose    | 
in  a  quick  resentfulness  frequent  with  him. 

i  Rese-ntieut.  Obs.  rare"1,  [ad.  L.  resen- 
tient~em,  pres.  pple.  of  resentire  to  RESENT.]  That 
which  causes  a  change  of  feeling. 

1655  VAUGHAN  Siltx  Scint.,  Timber  (*.%<$)  156  What  re- 
sentient  can  work  more  within,  Than  true  remorse,  when 
with  past  sins  at  strife? 

t  Rese'ntixnent.    Obs.  rare.     [a.  F.  resenti- 

mentt  vbl.  sb.  f.  resentirto  RESENT  :  cf.  sentiment.]    . 
=  RESENTMENT,  in  various  senses. 

1595  DANIEL  Civ.   Wars  iv.  5  Though  this  King  might  ; 

haue  resentlment  And  will  t'auenge  him  of  this  iniury  [etc.].  ! 

1651  EVELYN  Diary  %  Corr.  (1852)  111-57  The  grateful  re-  i 
sentiments  of  your  Ladyship's  favour     1661  —  Fminfiigium 

Misc.  Writ.  (1805)  i.  2ii  We  have. .a  parliament  whose  de-  ! 

crees    and    resentiments   take   their   impression    from   his  ; 
Majesties  great  genius. 

Resenting , vbl.  sb,  [f.  RESENT  v.  +-ING*.] 
The  action  of  the  vb.,  in  various  senses. 

1632  J.  L.  Woinens  Rights  231  An  elephant  in  whom.. is 
..a  wonderfull  memorie  and  recenting  of  things  past.  1635 
PERSON  Varieties  i.  viii.  31  A  perpetuall  resenting  of  a  good 
turn  received,  a  1716  SOUTH  Serm.  (1744)  XL  158  Despair 
..supposes,  .the  resentings  past,  and  the  day  of  grace  spent. 

Resetting,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  ^.] 
That  resents,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb.;  that 
conveys  or  implies  resentment ;  resentful. 

1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalini's  Advts.fr.  Parnass.  i.    I 
xxxv.  (1674)  46  [He]  in  a  resenting  manner  told  Buonfadio,    ' 
That,  .he  had  deserved  to  be  treatud  as  he  had  been.    1693    , 


RESENTMENT. 

TATE  in  Dryden's  Juvenal  xv.  (1697)  3?5  ^im  MCII»  or  niore 
resenting  Gods,  invent,  Or  Hell  inflict  propoi  tion'd  Punish 
ment  ..  ?  1695  J.  SAGE  Cyprianic  Age  Wks.  1847  II.  74  He 
wrote  in  a  yet  more  resenting  strain.  1709  ADDISON  Taller 
No.  133  F  2  The  Dignity  and  Disdain  of  a  resenting  Lover. 
1761  MKS.  F.  SHLKIDAN  Sidney  Biditlph  III.  125,  I  have  no 
more  ill  in  my  heart  than  one  of  your  children;  but  I  am 
a  little  resenting  may  be. 

Hence  Bese'ntingly  adv. 

1611  KI.OKIO,  Risfntitamcnto,  resentingly,  feelingly.  1668 
H.  MORE  Div.  Dial.  I.  xiii.  (1713)  28  Hylobares.  .does  thus 
judiciously  and  resentingly  recapitulate  your  main  Reason 
ings.  1701  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Celestina.  (ed.  2)  II.  89 
Montague. .  was  piqued  extremely,  and  would  resentingly 
have  answered. 

t  Resentive,  «.  Obs.  [f.  RESENT  v.  +  -IVK.] 
Apt  or  inclined  to  resent,  in  various  senses. 

1663  H.  STUBBE  Ind.  A'ectar  Pref.  5  Those  returns,  that 
the.. Prince  may  exspect  from  an  ingenuous  and  resentive 
Servant.  1709  MRS.  MANLEV  Secret  Metn.  (1720)  III.  183 
She  had  so  totally  subverted,  .the  resentive  faculty  in  him, 
that  [etc.].  1735  THOMSON  Liberty  iv.  1016  From  the  keen 
resentive  North, ..The  Guardian  Army  came. 

t  Rese'ntless,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RESENT 
v.  \-  -LESS.]  Destitute  of  feeling  or  affection. 

'.'1649  DKUMM.  OF  HAWTH./WW/S  Wks.  (1711)  33  The  dovef 
the  dove,  the  swan  doth  love  the  swan,  Nought  so  resent- 
less  unto  man  as  man. 

E.esentment(r/ze-ntment).  Also  7 rec-,ress-. 
[ad.  F.  ressentiment  (i6th  c.),  or  It.  risentiinento, 
f.  F.  ressentir,  It.  risentire  :  see  RESEST  v. 

The  first  occurrence  of  the  word  in  English  appears  to  be 
in  Florio  (1611)  prob.in  sense  4.} 

1.  An    indignant   sense   of  injury  or   insult   re 
ceived,  or  of  wrong  or  affront  done  to  some  person 
or  thing  to  which  one  is  attached.     Now  rare. 

1619  in  Eng.  $  Germ.  (Camden)  09, 1  had  no  will  ..to  shew 
any  ressentment  of  this  neglect  in  publike,  and  therefore 
resolved  to  swallow  it  for  a  while.  1641  BAKER  Chron. 
(1653)  145  Some  years  after.. King  Edward  begun  to  show 
his  resentment  of  the  stubborn  behaviour  of  his  Nobles 
towards  him.  1706  STANHOPE  Parapkr.  III.  351  Zeat.. 
appears  in  his  Resentment  of  the  Profanations  committed 
upon  the  Temple,  a  1754  CARTE  Hist.  Eng.  (1755)  IV.  183 
They  brought  with  them  into  the  house  of  commons  very 
keen  resentments  of  their  confinement.  MfcCoWffnA^Mfc 
328  In  just  resentment  of  his  injured  laws,  He  pours  con 
tempt  on  them  and  on  their  cause. 

2.  A  strong   feeling  of  ill-will  or  anger  against 
the  author  or  authors  of  a  wrong  or  affront ;  the 
manifestation  of  such  feeling  against  the  cauSe  of 
it.     Also  in  //.,  and  const,  against,  at. 

1634  W.  TIRWHVT  tr.  Balzat's  Lett.  335  But  I  would  you 
knew,  I  haue  no  resentments  against  forcelesse  enemies. 
1638  R.  BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  Ill)  149  The  wretched 
man.. was  not  worthy  of  so  noble  a  Resentment  as  yours. 
1675  H.  MORE  in  R.  Ward  Life  (1710)  313  Several  excellent 
Passages  . .,  that  are  very  expressive  of  a  vigorous  Resent 
ment.  1706  ESTCOURT  Fair  Example  in.  i.  Rather  than 
be  subject  to  her  Resentments,  I'll  compound  the  matter, 
and  give  'em  her  my  self.  1759  ROBERTSON  Hist.  Scot.  iv. 
Wks.  1813  I.  301  Her  resentment  against  the  king  seems  not 
to  have  abated.  1760-62  GOLDSM.  Cit.  II-'.  x,  The  Daures 
. .  feel  no  resentment  at  these  injuries.  1828  D'IsRAELI 
Chas.  /,  II.  ii.  29  The  war  with  France  has  been  traced  to  the 
personal  resentments  of  Buckingham.  1848  LYTTON  Harold 
iv.  vii,  A  victorious  effort  of  justice  over  resentment.  1883 
FROUDE  Short  Stud.  IV.  in.  263  The  shocked  conscience  of 
mankind,  .was  already  kindling  into  resentment, 
fb. //.  Remarks  expressive  of  ill-feel  ing.  Obs. 

21715   BURNET  Ou'il   Time  III.  (1724)  I.  579  Armstrong 

took  this  heavily :  and  in  one  paper  which  I  saw,  writ  in 

his  own  hand,  the  resentments  upon  it  were  sharper  than 

I  thought  became  a  dying  penitent. 

f  c.  A  cause  of  resentment ;  a  grievance.   Obs. 

1683  Agathocles  5  The  first  Resentments  that  provoke 
their  Cries  Are  Heavy  Loans,  and  frequent  Subsidies. 

1 3.  a.  A  (sorrowful)  feeling  or  sense  of  son.e 
trouble,  loss,  fault,  etc.  Obs. 

1632  SIR  T.  HAWKINS  tr.  Matliieu's  Unhappy  Prosperilit 
I.  135  Hearts  being  ever  tender  in  the  ressentment  of  cala 
mities.  1655  STANLEY  Hist.  P/iilos.  I.  (1701)  38/2  The 
Advice  he  gave  concerning  equal  Marriage. .was  out  of 
resentment  of  his  own  Troubles.  1698  TUTCHIN  ll'/iite- 
Hall  in  Flames  Ded.  2  From  a  just  Resentment  of  this 
great  Loss.. did  I  attempt  the  following  Poem. 

t  b.  A  (pleasant)  sense  of  something  enjoyed. 
Obs.  rare. 

1660  INGELO  Bentiv.  *  Ur.  n.  (1682)  146  They  were  ex 
pressing  their  mutual  Resentments  of  their  Common  Felicity. 
l68z  H.  MORE  Annot.  GlanvMs  Lux  O.  79  It  naturally 
enhances  all  the  enjoyments,  .and  makes  them  for  ever  have 
a  more  deep  and  vivid  resentment  of  them. 

f4.  A  feeling  or  emotion  of  any  kind.  Also 
without  article.  Obs.  (common  c  1650-1700). 

1632  SIR  T.  HAWKINS  tr.  Matliieu's  Unhappy  Prosperitic 
I.  96  Could  he  thinke,  that  a  Prince  who  had  so  little  re 
sentment  in  the  death  of  a  sonne,  would  care  for  the  losse  of 
hi; 


that  lov'd  you  too.  With  what  Resentments  must  he  part 
with  you?  1705  STANHOPE  Paraphr.  I.  71  The  different 
Resentments,  with  which  the  Approach  of  this  Judgment 
will  lie  entertained.  1748  HARTLEY  Obser-.:  Man  I.  in.  §  3. 
373  There  generally  remains  a  pleasing  or  displeasing  Recol 
lection  or  Resentment. 

fb.  A  feeling  of  sorrow,  joy,  etc.  Also,  a  trace 
<7/~some  feeling.   Obs. 

1632  SIR  T.  HAWKINS  tr.  Matliieu's  Unhappy  Pnspenlic 
I.  34  In  so  just  a  resentment  of  sorrow.  1638  R.  DAKBM  tr. 
Kalzac's  Lett.  (vol.  Ill)  129  The  victorious  and  triumphant 
newes.. gives  me  some  resentment  of  joy.  1652  J.  WRIGHT 


KESEQTTESTER. 

tr.  Camus'  Nat,  Paradox  IV.  87  Merinda..had  very  real! 
Resentments  of  Affection  for  Almeria.  1683  FELL  in  ff at  tort 
Corr.  (1878)  II.  26  [You]  who  know  how  solicitous  the  re 
sentments  of  friendship  are.  1757  SHERLOCK  Disc.  (1764) 
II.  333  Some  Resentments  of  the  same  Spirit  of  Joy  and 
Gratitude. 

f  c.  A  natural  or  spontaneous  feeling,  disposi 
tion,  or  inclination  (towards  something).  Obs. 

1654-66  EARL  ORRERY  Par  then.  (1676)  133  As  thou  art 
Heir  to  our  Blood,  be  so  also  to  our  generous  resentments. 
1675  R.  BURTHOGGE  Causa  Dei  81  Nor  are  we  able  to 
defend  ourselves  against  so  Good,  so  Pious  a  Resentment. 
1690  NORRIS  Beatitudes  (1694)  I.  106  "Tis  not  enough  to 
have.. some  kind  resentments  towards  Righteousness. 

t  d.  A  feeling  or  sentiment  towards  another. 
1675  R.  BURTHOGGE  Causa  Dei  107  Mr.  Hobbs,  for  whom 
you  manifest  no  good  Resentment.     i68z  PF.PYS  26  May  in 
/?/ary  (1879)  VI.  146  The  satisfaction  of  understanding  your 
healths,  and  the  kind  resentments  you  had  upon  the  notice 
of  mine.     1705  STANHOPE  Paraphr.  II.  28  Professing  the 
kindest  Resentments,  and  most  impatient  Wishes  for  the 
Safety  and  Happiness  of  their  Souls. 
j5.  Feeling  or  sensation;  susceptibility  to  sen 
suous  or  mental  impressions.  Obs. 

1653  Nissena  12  It  was  impossible  for  him.. without  the 
resentments  of  a  thousand  deaths.     1661  GLANVILL   Van. 
Dogm.  94  Our  Eyes  mis-inform  us  not,  but  faithfully  trans 
mit  their  recentment  to  the  mind.     1704  J.  TRAPP  Abra- 
Mute  Ded.,  Men  are  generally  less  capable  of  those  tender 
Impressions,  which  the  Ladies  (who  are  form'd  with  finer 
Resentments)  more  easily  receive. 

f6.  An  appreciation  or  understanding  ^/"some 
thing.  Obs. 

1638  MEDE  IVks.  (1672)  7  As  they  might  have  known,  had 
they  had  a  true  resentment  of  Morality.  1651-3  JF.R. 
TAYLOR  Serm.for  Year  i.  xxiii.  304  Sadnesse  does  in  some 
cases  become  a  Christian,  as  being  an  Index  of  a.. wise 
proper  resentment  of  things.  1678  CL'DWORTH  Intcli.Syst. 
25  Expressing  such  a  hearty  Resentment  of  the  Excellency 
of  Piety,  and  the  wretchedness  and  sottishness  of  Atheism. 
fb.  Interest  in  a  thing;  regard  for,  care  of, 
something.  Obs.  rare. 

1654  Z.  COKE  Logick  Pref.,  Which  humble  attempt  my 
Lords,  here  Imploreth  both  your  Resentment  and  Patronage. 
1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  Iniq,  546  Who  has  so  deep  a  resent 
ment  foj  Order  and  Unity  in  the  Church  [etc.].     1751  HUME 
Princ.  Mor.  v.  ii.  83  They  ask'd  if  it  was  possible  we  could 
have  any  general  Concern  for  Society,  or  any  disinterested 
Resentment  of  the  Welfare  or  Injury  of  others. 

f7.  Grateful  appreciation  or  acknowledgement 
(of  a.  service,  kindness,  etc.);  a  feeling  or  expres 
sion  of  gratitude.  Obs.  (common  c  1650-1750). 

1651  CROMWELL  Let.  4  Feb.  (Carlyle),  A  Testimony., 
which  deserves  a  fuller  return,  of  deep  resentment,  value, 
and  acknowledgement,  than  I  am  any  ways  able  to  make. 
1672  CAVE  Prim.  Chr.  i.  xi.  (1673)  348  What  more  fit  than 
thankfulnes  to  God  and  a  high  resentment  of  such  favours 
and  blessings.  1714  H.  GROVE  Sped.  No.  588  F  2  Nothing 
renders  a  Person  more  unworthy  of  a  Benefit,  than  his 
being  without  all  Resentment  of  it.  1762  Bp.  FORBES  JrnL 
(1886)  233,  I  think  myself  obliged  to  testifie  a  grateful 
Resentment  of  that  particular  Place  in  your  Regard.  1772 
Rec.  Old  Colony  Clnl>t  The  most  grateful  resentments 
for  the  immerited  honor.  1849  A'.  Amer.  Rev.  July  104 
A  farmer  in..  New  England,  who  had  recently  lost  his  wife, 
called  upon  a  lawyer  . .  remarking  that '  he  wished  to  make 
a  proper  resentment  on  the  occasion'. 

f8.  a.  Reception  in  a  particular  way.  Obs.rare~l. 

1655  CROMWELL  £/.    22   Jan.    (Carlyle),  I  have   troubled 
you  with  a  long  Speech ;  and  I  believe  it  may  not  have  the 
same  resentment  with  all  that  it  hath  with  some. 

t  b.  A  particular  idea,  opinion,  or  view  of  or 
upon  something.  Obs.  rare. 

1675  J.  SMITH  Chr.  Relig.App.  \\.  18  Has  one  man  (in  all 
this  tract  of  time)  had  other  Resentments  of  this  thing,  than 
such  as  have  been  expressed.  1688  LUTTRF.LL  Brief  Rcl. 
(1857)1.419  On  the  late  proceedings  of  the  pope,  .have  been 
very  ill  resentments  taken  in  France.  1748  RICHARDSON 
Clarissa  (1811)  IV.  194,  I  have  great  temptations  ..  to 
express  my  own  resentments  upon  your  present  state. 

T"  9.  Change  of  mind  ;  retractation  0/"sometning  ; 
regret  for  past  conduct.  Obs.  rare. 

1646  J.  GREGORY  Notes  fy  Obs.  (1650)  75  But  for  late  resent 
ments  they  are  not  much  to  be  valued.  1684  in  Hay  Flem 
ing  Six  Saints  (1901)  I.  App.  229,  I,  Arthour  Cunghame, 
adhears  to  the  resentment  of  my  given  consent  to  banish 
ment.  1705  in  Hutchison  Hist.  Ref.  Presb.  Ch.  (1893)  149 
'  He  declared  his  resentment  * — his  regretfor  havingso  acted. 

Reseque  ster  (r/-),  v.   [RE-  5  a.]  trans*  To 

sequester  again.     So  Rese  questra'tioii. 

1649  Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  1. 133  To  compound,  If  by 
employment  you  are  reingaged,  is  to  be  resequestred  againe. 
1649  Com.  Advance  Money  II.  1156  Last  August  a  re-se 
questration  was  laid  on  Branton  Sheaf...  [Mr.  Bassett] 
applies  to  know  the  cause  of  his  re-sequestration, 

t  Reserate,  z>.  Obs.    [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L.  re- 

serdre  to  unbar,  unbolt,  open,  f.  re-  RE-  2  d  +  sera 
bar,  bolt.]  trans.  To  open  up.  Hence  fRese- 
rating  vbl.  sb.  and  ///.  a. 

J597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeaus  Fr.  Chirurg.  49/1  We  must 
gentlely  and  easilye  reserate  the  same  [humors],  least  that 
in  reseratinge  of  the  same  you  increase  the  ague.  1657 
TOMLINSON  Renou^s  Disp.  179  One  made  of  solid  matter 
which  serves  to  open,  reserate  and  dilate,  .the  uterus.  1689 
G.  HARVEY  Curing  Dis.  by  Expect,  v.  34  A  Medicine., 
agreeing  with  all  Temperaments,  where  reserating  Oppila- 
tions  is  the  indication.  1710  T.  FULLER  Phann.  224  Its  use 
is  to  reserate  the  too  close  compages  of  the  Blood. 

t  Resera'tion.  Ohs.  [See  prec.  and  -ATION.] 
The  action  of  opening  ;  that  which  opens  np. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeaus^  Fr.  Chirurg.  49/1  We  must, 
before  the  reseratione,  administer  an  ounce  of  Cassie.  1627 
FELTHAM  Resoh'es\\.  [i.Jxxix.  (1677)  220  Wine  is  the  Rese- 


511 

ration  of  the  Soul  and  Thoughts.  1633  HART  Diet  of  Dis 
eased  \\\.  xvii.  296  A  temperate  warme  bath  ..  by  reseration 
of  the  pores  of  the  body  refresheth  and  cooleth. 

I  Besere'ne  (n"-),  v.  Obs.  rare-1,    [f.  RE-  5a 

+  .SERENE,  after  It.  rasserenare.]  trans.  To  make 
serene  again. 

1755  TEMPLE  Orl.  Fur.  xxxn.  xv,  She  thinks  that  this  may 
be  her  wished  Ruggier,  And  re-serenes  her  brow,  and  eyes. 

Reservable  (r/z5*ivab*l),  a.  [f.  RESEUVE  v. 
+  -ABLE.]  That  may  be  reserved. 

1665  Irish  Act  17  $  18  Chas.  II,  c.  2  §  13  A  certificate. . 

containing  the  lands  allotted.,  with,  .the  number  of  acres. . 

i    and  the  rents  reservable.     1756  AMORY  Bnncle  (1770)  I.  226 

1    Acquiescing  in  every  obstruction,  as  ultimately  reservable 

to  divine  providence. 

Reserval  (r/zauval).  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  -f-  -AL.] 
.  T"  a-  Reserve.  Obs.  b.  Reservation. 

1647  W.  BROWNE  tr.  Pole.rander  \\.  195  His  troupes  were 
.  .  appointed  to  make  a  body  for  their  last  Reservall.  1893 
R.  L.  DOUGLAS  in  Bookman  Oct.  22/2  The  reserval  of  the 
rights  of  Philip  V.  to  the  French  throne. 

t  Rese-rvance.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RESERVE  v. 
+  -ANCK:  cf.  OF.  rescruancet  It.  riserbanza.] 

1.  Reservation,  rare  ~l. 

1550  in  Burnet  Hist.  Ref.,  Rcc.  \\.  \.  1.  (Pocock)  V.  302  We 
I    are  pleased,  that  the  reservanceofour  rights  and  title-;,  men- 
I    tioned  in  our  former  articles  sent  to  our  said  commission'-'! s, 
be  in  general  words. 

2.  Capacity  of  retaining,     rare—1. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  131  The  eares  implying 
attention,,  .the  hooked  bill,  restrvance  and  tenacity. 

3.  Reserve.     (Also  in  comb.} 

1631  BRATHWAIT  \Vhimzies,  Qnestman  125  Her  foote  most 
gingerly  paced,  for  more  state-reservance.  1635 — Arc.  Pr. 
Opinion  etc.,  He  demeaned  himselfe  with  sucli  cautious  re- 
servance  and  judicious  prudence,  as  [etc.]. 

t  Rese'rvancy.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-AXCY.]  a.  Inclination  to  retain  unchanged;  con 
servatism,  b.  Reservation. 

1630  BRATHWAIT  Eng.  Gentlem.  (1641)  9  It  may  appeare 
with  what  reservancie  they  continue  their  ancient  habit : 
loth,  .to  introduce  any  new  custome.  Ibid.  76,  I  doe  think 
it  fitting,  that  gentlemen  should  be  sociably  affected,  ever 
with  a  reservancie,  with  whom  they  keep  company. 

Reservation  (rc7.3Jv(Ti-Jon).  Also  4  -cioun, 
5  -cion.  [a.  OF.  reservation  (i4th  c.),  or  ad. 
late  L.  reservat ion-em )  n.  of  action  f.  reservare  to 
RESERVE.] 

I.  1.  Keel.  a.  The  action  of  reserving  as  a  tithe. 

^1380  WYCUF  Last  Age  Ch.  (1840)  23  |>ei  [priest>]  make 
reseruaciouns,  be  whiche  ben  clepid  dymes,  fifirst  fruytis,  o(?er 
penciouns.  1645  PAGITT  llercsiogr.  (1661)265  The  reserva 
tion  of  Tythes  is  set  down  in  expresse  words,  Levit.  27.  30. 
l>.  The  action,  on  the  part  of  the  Pope,  of  re 
serving  to  himself  the  right  of  nomination  to 
a  vacant  benefice,  or  the  fact  of  this  being  re 
served  to  him  by  some  rule  or  constitution  of  the 
Church.  (Usually  in//.) 

1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  vn.  130  b,  The  kynge  send., 
ambassatours  to  y8  pope  pryenge  hym  y1  he  sholde  leue 
of  &  medle  not  in  his  courte  of  yfl  kepynge  &  reserua- 
cions  of  benefyces  in  Englande.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane^s 
Comm.  365  b,  Bishops  of  Rome. .  by  reservations  and  graces 
expectative,  as  they  name  them,  have  derived  all  the  gaine 
to  Rome.  1725  tr,  Dnpiifs  Eccl.  Hist,  i-jth  c.  I.  n.  iii.  46 
Benedict  XII  made  a  general  Reserve  of  all  the  Benefices 
in  Cnria  \ . .  Innocent  VI  was  oblig'd  to  revoke  all  the  Reser 
vations  by  a  Bull.  1845  S.  AUSTIN  Ratike's  Hist.  Ref.  I. 
493  That  the  prerogatives  of  the  papal  months, .  .reserva 
tions,  and  of  course,  annates,  should  be  abolished.  1884 
Catholic  Diet.  716/1  Reservations,  .which  depend  only  on 
a  rule  of  the  Chancery,  and  not  also  on  a  Papal  constitution. 
c.  The  action  or  fact,  on  the  part  of  a  superior, 
of  reserving  to  himself  the  power  of  absolution  in 
certain  cases.  (Cf.  RESERVED///,  a.  5.) 

1608  WILLET  Hexapla  Exod.  279  The  papall  reseruation 
of  cases,  .to  the  pope,  \WtyCatholic  Diet.  (1897)  786/2  The 
object  of  the  reservation  is  to  increase  the  shame  of  the 
penitent.  Ibid.,  This  power  of  reservation,  however,  is 
given  for  edification,  not  destruction. 

2.  Law.  The  action  or  fact  of  reserving  or  re 
taining  for  oneself  some  right  or  interest  in  pro 
perty  which  is  being  conveyed  to  another  ;  an 
instance  of  this;  a  right  or  interest  so  retained; 
the  clause  or  part  of  a  deed  by  which  something 
is  thus  reserved. 

1487  Rolls  ofParlt.  VI.  300/2  That..al!  other  Actes..be 
as  to  the  said  Fee  Ferme  onely,.. except  the  said  reserva 
tion  of  xviii  Ii  vs.  1532  Dial,  on  Laws  Eng.  n.  xxii.  43  b, 
If  a  man  make  a  fefTement  and  reserue  the  profiles. .,  that 
reseruacion  is  voyde  in  the  lawe.  1570  W.  RASTELL  Termes 
Lawes  167  b/2  Reseruation,  is  taken  diuers  waies,  and  hath 
diuers  natures.  ..  Sometimes  a  reseruation  doth  get  and 
bring  forth  an  other  thing  which  was  not  before.  ..And 
dyuers  other  such  reseruations  there  be.  1596  BACON  Max. 
<$•  Use  Com.  Lti-w  n.  (1635)  30  He  reserved  some  retribution 
of  rents,  or  services,  or  both,  to  him  and  to  his  heires  :  which 
reservation  is  that,  which  Is  called  the  tenure  of  land. 
1642  tr.  Perkins'  Prof.  Bk.  v.  §  431.  186  When  shee  had  the 
third  part  of  the  land  out  of  which  the  reservation  was 
made,  it  is  reason  [etc.].  1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  290 
The  redtienditm  or  reservation,  whereby  the  grantor  doth 
create  or  reserve  some  new  thing  to  himself  out  of  what  he 
had  before  granted.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  II'.  A",  i.  v.  (1869* 
I-  35  When  a  landed  estate,  therefore,  is  sold  with  a  reserva 
tion  of  a  perpetual  rent  [etc.].  1818  CRUISK  Digest  (ed.  2) 
IV.  223  The  reservation  was  in  the  same  terms  with  the 
power,  and  consequently  was  pursuant  to  it.  1872  YEATS 
Growth  Comm.  295  A  reservation  was  made  of  a  royalty  of 
20  %  on  all  silver  produced. 


RESERVATION. 

3.  The  action  or  fact  of  reserving  (for  oneself  or 
another)    some   right,    power,    privilege,    etc.;    a 
right,  etc.,  thus  reserved. 

1605  SHAKS.  Lear  n.  iv.  255,  I  gave  you  all.. But  kepi  a 
reseruation  to  be  followed  With  such  a  number.  162* 
MALVNES  Anc.  Laiu-Merc/i.  429  His  estate  onely  is  liable., 
and  yet  with  reseruation  of  such  neces.sarie  things,  as 
Honestie,  Honour,  Humanitie,  and  Christianitie  doth  chal- 
j  lenge.  a  1683  SIDNEY  Disc.  Govf.m.x\v.(  1704)  284  There  was 
i  therefore  a  reservation  of  the  supreme  Power  in  the  People, 
notwithstanding  the  creation  of  Magistrals  without  Appeal. 
i  1714  SWIFT  Public  Spir.  H'higs  Wks.  1751  VIII.  28  These 
are  the  Opinions  which  Steele  and  his  Faction.. are  en 
deavouring,  .to  propagnte. . ;  with  what  Reservation  to  the 
Honour. .of  the  yueen,  I  cannot  determine.  1790  BURKF 
Fr.  Rev,  18  Whilst  our  government  is  soothed  with  a  re 
servation  in  its  favour,  to  which  it  has  no  claim,  the  security 
..is  taken  away.  1848  MILL  Pol.  F.con.  n.  xii.  §  2  The 
labourers,  .have  always  done  so,  with  the  reservation  of  a 
power  to  tax  those  superfluities  for  purposes  of  public 
utility. 

b.  £/.  S.  A  tract  of  land  set  apart  by  Govern 
ment  for  some  special  purpose,  or  for  the  exclu 
sive  use  of  certain  persons,  esp.  of  a  native  tribe. 
(Cf.  RKSEKVE  sb.  5  b.) 

1830  GALT  Lawrie  T.  iv.  xii.  (1849)  iS6  Without  touching 
the  reservation  round  Jadiville.  1841  CATLIN  N.  Amer. 
Ind.  (1844)  II.  102  In  these  states,  their  reservations  be 
came  surrounded  by  white  people-.  1859  MARCY  Prairie 
Trau.  vi.  216  A  reservation  of  land  upon  which  the  govern 
ment  designed  to  establish  the  Comanches.  1883  Century 
Mag.  June  218/1  Between  these  two  lines  was  a  Govern 
ment  reservation. 

attril*.  1887  Pall  Mall  G.  31  Oct.  7/1  It  is  acknowledged 
on  all  sides,  .that  the  reservation  policy  is  a  failure.  Ibi(f.t 
The  reservation  Indians  in  that  State. 

4.  An  expressed  or  tacit  limitation  or  exception 
made  with   regard  to  something;    the   action  of 
making  an  exception  of  this  kind. 

1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  M  'orld  \\.  (1634)  189  Such  fables  argmr 
that  Josephus  is  not  to  be  believed,  but  with  discreete  re 
servations.  1676  TOU-ERSON  Decalogue  525  The  same 
school  hath  admitted  tacite  interpretations  and  reservations. 
1713  SIEELK  Guardian  No.  57  f  3  The  Father's  close 
Equivocal  Management,  so  as  always  to  keep  a  Reservation 
to  use  upon  Occasion,  when  he  found  himself  prest.  1719 
D'UnFKY  Pills  (1872)  II.  75  Dearest,  believe  without  a 
Reservation.  1788  GIBBON  Dccl.  $  F.  xlix.  V.  161  Frederic 
subscribed,  with  some  reservations,  the  freedom  of  four-and- 
twenty  cities.  1794  BLOOMFIKLD  Rep.  30  A  Bill  of  Sale, 
without  any  Condition  or  Reservation,  was  drawn  up. 
1849  MACAU I.AV  Hist.  Eng.  ii.  I.  157  With  this  highly  im 
portant  reservation,  it  had  been  resolved  to  set  up  in  Kng- 
land  a  hierarchy  closely  resembling  that  which  now  exists 
|  in  Scotland.  1856  FHOUDE  Hist.  Kng,  vi.  (1858)  II.  n  The 
t  lay  lords  replied  without  reservation  that  they  would  sup- 
I  port  the  crown.  1891  —  Divorce  Cath.  xviii.  326  The  Abbots 
and  Priors  had  sworn  to  the  supremacy,  but.. with  secret 
reservations  to  save  their  consciences. 

b.  Mental  reservation,  a  qualification  tacitly 
introduced  in  making  a  statement,  taking  an  oath, 
etc.,  when  it  is  thought  inexpedient  or  unneces 
sary  to  speak  or  dissent  openly ;  also,  the  fact  or 
practice  of  making  such  qualifications. 

1606  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xv.  xcv.  380  Tongues-Othes, 
Harts-Thoughts,  Disiunctiues,  by  a  Mental  reseruation. 
1629  WADSWORTH  Pilgr.  ii.  10  They  did  it  with  a  mentall 
reseruation.  1690  LEE  Massacre  of  Paris  \\.  i.  12  Without 
the  smallest  Mental  Reservation,  Equivocation,  or  the  least 
Reserve.  1716  ADDISON  Freeholder  No.  6  f  5  We  expressly 
disavow  all  evasions  and  mental  reservations  whatsoever. 
1824  SCOTT  Rcdgaitntlet  ch  xvii,  A  devout  helief  in  what 
ever  had  been  said  of  the  punic  faith  of  Jesuits,  and  of  the 
expedients  of  mental  reservation.  1888  J.  RICKABY  Mor. 
Pkilos.  233  This  looks  very  much  like  lying,  but. .it  is 
speaking  the  truth  under  a  broad  mental  reservation. 

*|*5.  The  action  of  keeping  back  or  concealing 
from  others ;  something  thus  kept  back  or  con 
cealed  ;  a  secret ;  a  deceptive  answer  or  excuse.  Obs. 
1598  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man  in  Hum.  in.  ii,  He  will  not 
swear,  he  has  some  reservation,  Some  conceaFd  purpose, 
and  close  meaning  sure.  1601  SHAKS.  All's  II  'ell  n.  iii.  260, 
I  most  vnfainedly  beseech  your  Lordshippe  to  make  some 
reseruation  of  your  wrongs.  1612  XAUNTON  in  Bncclench 
MSS,  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  1. 113  His  Majesty's  reservations 
having  too  many  occasions  in  this  undermining  age  of  the 
world,  c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  i.  iv.  xxi,  The  French  is  . . 


not  so  full  of  scruples,  reservations,  and  jealousies  as  the 
Spaniard,  but  deals  m 
fidence  and  gallantry. 


ons,  and  je 
-,  and  with 


a  greater  con- 


f  b.  The  fact  or  habit  of  being  reticent ;  re- 
servedness  in  discourse.  Obs.  rare. 

1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  n.  §  12.  40  His  disciples 
wondred  to  see  him  alone  talk  with  a  woman,  besides  his 
custome,  and  usuall  reservation,  a  1674  CLARENDON  Hist. 
Reb.  x.  §  115  Persons  of  all  conditions  repaired  to  his 
Majesty  of  those  who  had  serv'd  him  ;  with  whom  he  con- 
ferr'd  without  reservation. 

f  s.  Reserved  conduct,  reserve.  Obs.  rare. 
1655  tr.  Sorefs  Com.  Hist.  Francion  \\.  37  You  could 
feign  Chastity  and  Reservation  tointrap  me.  1658  PHILLIPS 
s.v.,  Also  Reservation,  or  Reservednesse,  is  used  in  Ro 
mances  for  that  distance  and  state,  which  Ladies  observe  in 
their  behaviour  toward  those  that  Court  them. 

II.  6.  Eccl.  The  action  or  practice  (in  the 
Roman  Catholic,  Greek,  and  other  churches)  of 
retaining  or  preserving  for  some  purpose  a  portion 
of  the  eucharistic  elements  (esp.  the  bread)  after 
the  celebration  of  the  sacrament;  f  also,  a  part  of 
the  elements  thus  reserved. 

a  1551  GARDINER  in  Cranmer  Ansiv.  Gardiner  (1551}  m.  165 
Justine  the  Martyr.. testifieth  a  reseruacion  to  be  sent  to 
them  that  were  sycke.  1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III. 


KESERVATIVE. 

1003/1  Item,  we  will  haue  in  our  churches  reseruation. 
a  1626  Bp.  ANDREWES  Answ.  Perron  6  So  that  Reservation 
needeth  not ;  the  intent  is  had  without  it.  1832  W.  PALMER 
Orig.  Lihirg.  II.  viii.  229  It  is  true,  that  this  reservation 
has  been  the  most  usual,  and,  perhaps,  the  most  ancient, 
practice  of  the  Church.  1862  Union  ii  Apr.  226  Another 
sufficient  reason  for  reservation  would  be  an  improved 
liturgical  arrangement  for  Good  Friday. 

f7.  a.  The  action  or  fact  of  keeping  back  a 
matter  for  further  action  or  later  decision.  Ods. 

1590  SWINBURNE  Testaments  260  Where  the  testator . .  re- 
sertieth  somewhat  to  be  done  at  another  time, .  .euen  by  the 
ciuill  law  in  this  case  the  testament  is  perfect,  notwith 
standing  such  reseruations.  1659  PEARSON  Creed  (1839) 
417  Which.. signifieth  a  reservation  of  his  sin  unto  the 
judgment  of  the  world  to  come. 

f  b.  The  action  or  fact  of  keeping  back  some 


thing  from  others  or  for  one's  own  use.    Obs. 
1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well  I.  iii.  231  He  wild  me  In 


heede- 


BP.  HALL  Occas.  Mriiit.  §  18  O  God,  thou  distillest  thy 
graces  upon  us,  not  for  our  reservation,  but  conveyance. 
1634  —  Contempt,,  N.  T.  iv.  v,  That  in  the  distribution 
of  our  goods,  we  should  expect  his  blessing,  not  in  their  en- 
tireness  and  reservation. 

t  C.  Preservation  of  a  thing.   Obs.  rare. 
1637  R.   HUMPHREY  tr.  St.  Ambrose  Pref.,  It  was  the    | 
vanity  of  Democritus  to  promise  the   reservation  _of  the    ( 
bodyes  of  men.     1641  HINDE  J.  Brucn.  xxx.  93  This  com 
memoration  of  Saints,  and  Martyrs,  did  breed  and  bring    1 
forth  reservation  of  their  Reliques. 

t  Kese-ryative,  a.   Obs.  rare.     [a.  obs.  F. 
reservatif,  -ive  (Cotgr.),  or  ad.   med.L.  *rcserva-    \ 
tivus :   see  RESERVE  v.  and  -ATIVE.]     Having  the 
quality  of  preserving  or  retaining. 

1497  BP.  ALCOCK  Mons  Perfect.  A  iij/2  Medycynes  reser- 
uatyf  agayn  all  moi tall  syknesse.  1541  R.  COPLAND  Guy- 
i/ox's Quest.  Chirurg.  E  j  b,  And  in  the  hynder  ventrycle  [of 
the  brain]  is  put  the  vertue  reseruatyfe  or  memoratyfe. 
1611  COTGR.,  Rcservatif,  reseruatiue,  reseruing. 

t  BeseTVatory,  s/>.  Ofrs.  [ad.  med.L.  re- 
servatorium  store-house,  f.  reservai-,  ppl.  stem  of 
reservare  :  see  RESERVE  v.  and  -ORY  '.] 

1.  A  receptacle  for  food ;  a  cupboard ;  a  store 
room  or  store-house. 

1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Olearius'  Voy.  Amlass.  179  Under 
their  [Cormorants']  Bills,  they  have  a  great  bag  of  shrivell'd 
skin, .  -and  they  make  use  of  it  as  a  reservatory  for  the  fish 
they  take.  1691  tr.  Emillanne's  Frauds  Rom.  Monks 
(ed.  3)  36  Every  Religious  has  in  his  own  Apartment  a 
Reservatory,  stor'd  with  Fruit  and  other  Necessaries.  1807 
ROBINSON  Archxol.  Grxcti  l.  xxiii.  101  The  Acharnensian  ' 
parasites  were  to  deposit  an  hecteum  of  their  dole  in  the 
reservatory  of  Apollo,  to  whom  they  were  to  offer  sacrifices. 

2.  A  vessel  for  liquids,  rare. 

1666  J.  DAVIES  Hist.  Caribby  Isles  195  There  must  also 
be  a  very  great  care  taken,  that  the  Reservatory  into  which 
the  squeezed  juice  falls,  .be  often  wash'd.  1720  MRS.  MAN- 
LEV  Power  of  Love  VI.  (1741)  314  A  little  Reservatory,  in 
Case  of  extream  Sickness  and  Distress,  of  some  of  the 
Vaudois  Wine,  and  a  few  Conserves. 

3.  A  reservoir  for  water,  etc.    (In  common  use 
c  1670-1740.) 

1666  J.  DAVIES  Hist.  Caribby  Isles  8  Pools  and  Reserva- 
tories  of  fresh  water,  which  supply  the  scarcity  of  Springs 
and  Rivers.  1680  MORDEN  Geog.  Reel.,  Spain  (1685)  177 
Bringing  the  Water  from  great  Reservatpries  which  they 
made  in  the  Mountains.  1704  Collect.  Voy.  #f  Trav.  III. 
4/1  The  Snow.. remains  as  it  were  in  Wells  and  Reserva- 
lories.  1715  QuiNCV/Vyj.  Diet.  (1722)  39/2  The  most  con 
venient  Springs  or  Reservatories  of  cold  Water  to  wash 
in.  1747  Act  21  Ceo.  II,  c.  8  Any  of  the  watercourses, 
canals,  reservatories,  or  pipes. 

b.   A  receptacle  for  fluids  in  animals  or  plants. 

1692  RAY  Creation  II.  (ed.  2)  125  The  Reservatories,  where 
Pliny  says,  that  Camels  do  a  long  time  keep  the  Water 
which  they  drink.  1713  DERHAM  I'liys.-Theol.  (1727)  422 
Their  leaves  are  channelled  fit  to  catch  and  convey  Water 
down  to  their  Reservatories.  1731  Hist.  Litt.  I.  30  The 
Milk,,  .rarifying  with  the  Heat,  is  no  longer  to  be  contain'd 
in  its  small  Reservatories. 

B>ese-rvatory,  a.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -OBY  2.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  reservation. 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  HI.  v.  100  An  excellent  bugbeare 
..to  set  in  one  of  Cloacina's  reservatory,  or  privie  Cham 
bers.  1693  EVELYN  De  la  Quint.  Compl.  Card.  I.  182,  I 
keep  in  a  leaning  posture  in  the  Reservatory  Baskets  those 
Trees  that  are  designed  for  the  Wall. 

Reserve  (rftSuv),  si.  [a.  F.  reserve,  £  ri- 
server  to  RESERVE.] 

I.  1.  Something  stored  up,  kept  back,  or  relied 
upon,  for  future  use  or  advantage;  a  store  or 
stock  ;  an  extra  quantity. 

a  1658  CLEVELAND  Poems  (1677)  72  Cavalier  buds,  whom 
Nature  teems,  As  a  Reserve  for  England's  Throne.  1691 
T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Itwent.  44  Not  only  for  their  present 
use.. but  for  a  Reserve  to  answer  accidents  during  their 
Voyages.  1705  ADDISON  Italy  147  The  hidden  Reserves 
and  secret  Magazines  of  the  Church.  1719  LONDON  &  WISE 
Compl.  Card.  107  How  to  order  Trees  planted  for  Reserves. 
1783  BURKE  Sp.  Nabol  Arcot  Wks.  1842  I.  321/1  Being 
made  acquainted  that  they  must  again  exert  their  influence 
for  a  new  reserve  of  the  happy  parsimony  of  their  servants. 
1806-7  J-  BERESFORD  Miseries  Hum.  Liji  (1826)  iv._  x, 
A  drunken  sailor  who.,  ejects  his  reserve  of  tobacco  against 
the  lady's  drapery.  1868  ROGERS  Pol.  Econ.  ix.  (1876)  103 
It  is  a  maxim  in  business  that  a  man.,  should  have  a  hoard 
or  reserve  from  which  he  can  draw,  when  the  times  are  un 
toward.  1876  VOVLE  &  STEVENSON  Milil.  Diet.  339/1  In 
the  artillery,  there  are  three  reserves  of  ammunition. 
b.  The  amount  of  capital  kept  on  hand  by  a 


512 

banker,  insurance  company,  etc.,  in  order  to  meet 
ordinary  or  probable  demands.     Also  pi. 

1866  CRUMP  Banking  ix.  184  The  enormous  subsidies-, 
had  caused  an  immense  drain  upon  the  metallic  reserves  of 
the  Bank  for  the  last  year  or  two.  1880  B.  PRICE  in  Frasefs 
Mag.  May  675  The  banker  does  not  lend  all  he  receives.  The 
difference  is  called  his  reserve.  1885  Jrnl.  Inst.  Actuaries 
Apr.  141  On  a  new  method  of  comparing  the  Reserves  for 
Policies. 

2.  Mil.  a.  //.  Those  troops  or  portions  of  an 
army  which  are  withheld  from  action  in  order  to 
serve  as  a  reinforcement,  or,  in  case  of  retreat,  as 
cover  to  the  main  body.  Also  sing,  in  the  same 
sense.  (Cf.  also  4  b.) 

1648  HEYLIN  Rclat.  $  Obsen:  i.  32  All  the  Sectaries  of 
England  are  invited  to  be  Reserves  to  this  Army.  1670 
COTTON  Espernon  i.  r.  7  At  the  Battel  of  Dreux,  where  he 
fought  at  the  head  of  the  Reserve,  a  1671  LD.  FAIRFAX 
Mem.  (1699)  84, 1  had  the  right  wing,  with  some  Scots  horse, 
and  lances  for  my  reserves.  1796  Instr.  ^  Reg.  Cavalry 
(1813)  191  If  a  line  with  reserves,  finds  it  necessary  to 
retire  in  face  of  an  enemy ;  the  alternate  squadrons  and 
reserves  will  retire  two  or  three  hundred  paces,  and  then 
front.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India  II.  25  The  troops 
had  been  distributed  in  four  columns  of  attack  and  a  reserve. 
1859  JEPHSON  Brittany  xii.  193  Charles  now  ordered  up 
his  reserve.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  10  Oct.  491  The  Federal  re 
serves  tinder  the  command  of  Generals  Palmer  and  Negley 
came  into  action. 

Jig.  1863  TREVELYAN  Compel.  Wallah  (1866)  315  The  time 
will  surely  come  when  we  may  bring  up  our  reserves  with 
happy  effect. 

b.  That  portion  of  the  military  or  naval  forces 
of  a  state  which  is  maintained  as  a  further  means 
of  defence  in  addition  to  the  regular  army  and 
navy,  and  is  liable  to  be  called  out  in  time  of  war 
or  emergency ;  also,  in  recent  use,  a  member  of 
this  force,  a  reservist.  Also  attrib. 

1866  Chambers* s  Encycl.  VIII.  204/2  The  reserve  of  the 
British  possessions  abroad  amounts  nominally  to  90,780  men. 
1876  VOYLE&  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  338/2  In  the  British 
army  this  force  consists  of  the  auxiliary  forces,  as  well  as 
the  army  reserves,  the  militia  reserve,  or  any  other  reserve 
and  land  forces.  1891  PATTERSON  Nant.  Diet.  368  State 
naval  reserves  are  on  about  the  same  footing  as  the  militia. 
1898  Daily  Neu's  30  Mar.  5/3  Recruits.. will  be  enlisted  for 
three  years'  army  and  nine  years'  reserve  service. 

C.  In  games,  an  additional  player  kept  in  readi 
ness  to  take  the  place  of  another  if  required. 

1900  UPWARD  Eben.  Lobb  71,  I  have  so  many  to  select 
from. . .  But . .  I  can  put  you  down  as  a  reserve. 

f3.  a.  A  certain  amount  <3/"some  quality,  feel 
ing,  etc.,  still  retained  or  remaining.  Obs.  rare. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  i.  vi.  (1686)  18  A  reserve 
of  Puerility  we  have  not  shaken  off"  from  School  1647 
CRASHAW  Poems  (1858)  176  Their  deadly  hate  lives  still,  and 
hath  A  wild  reserve  of  wanton  wrath.  1714  POPE  Epil. 
Rou<e"s  J.  Shore  20  Still  hoarding  up,  most  scandalously 
nice,  Amidst  their  virtues,  a  reserve  of  vice. 

T"  b.  A  place  or  thing  in  which  something  is  pre 
served  or  stored.  Obs. 

1644  DIGBY  Nat.  Bodies  xxiv.  §  2.  214  How  can  one  imagine 
that  such  juice  should  circulate  the  whole  body  of  an  animal], 
..and  retire  to  the  reserue  where  it  is  kept  for  generation. 
1655  MRQ.  WORCESTER  Cent.  Inv.  §  17  A  reserve  for  Snow  to 
keep  wine  in.  1659  LEAK  \Vater-iuks.  30  The  Reserve  must 
be  alwaies  full  of  Water  a  foot  high.  Ibid.  32. 

1 0.  A  thing  or  means  to  which  one  may  have 
recourse  ;  a  refuge.   Obs.  rare. 

1673  Lady's  Call.  \.  v.  p  28  'Tis.  .thought  to  be  but  the 
effect  of  destitution  and  secular  wants,  a  reserve  rather  then 
a  choice.  1699  BENTLEY  Phalaris  Pref.  51  The  only  reserve 
then  that  I  had  left  was  to  write  to  Mr.  Grcevius.  #1715 
BURNET  Own  Time  n.  (1724)  I.  320  So  he  thought, he  had  a 
sure  reserve  to  gain  England  at  any  time  over  to  them. 

4.  a.  In  reserve^  kept  or  remaining  unutilized ; 
still  available. 

1691  T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent.  91  The  only  Method  in 
reserve,  .is  this  of  Lead.  1692  BENTLEY  Boyle  Lect.  v.  153 
Still  he  hath  another  Expedient  in  reserve.  1814  CHALMERS 
E-vid.  Chr.Revel.'i.  (ed.  5)  13  There  is  still  a  second  argument 
in  reserve.  1858  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  xiii.  III.  163  He  had 
a  force  in  reserve  with  which  he  could,  .crush  them.  1887 
\R\\WLFootball-LZs  The  tactics  of  keeping  the  wing  players 
in  reserve. 

b.  Oj 'reserve ,  acting  as,  or  destined  for,  a  sup 
port  or  recourse.  Chiefly  Mil.  in  army,  body  or 
corps  of  reserve,  after  F.  arm&  or  corps  dc  reserve. 

1693  Mem.  Cf.  Teckely  it.  151  Some  pierced  even  to  the 
Body  of  Reserve.  1719  LONDON  &  WISE  Compl.  Card.  107 
That  we  may  always  have  some  [trees]  as  'twere  in  a  Body 
of  Reserve  for  that  purpose.  1763  MILLS  Pract.  Husb.  IV. 
340  The  weakest  of  the  two  bhoots..they  called  the  shoot 
of  reserve.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.  A  rt/iy,  An  army  is 
.  .generally.,  formed  into  three  lines;  the  first  of  which., 
forms  the  van-guard . .  and  the  third,  the  rear -guard  or  corps 
of  reserve.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India  1. 199  An  army 
of  reserve,  .was  prepared  to  support  the  advance.  1866 
Chamber  s's  Encycl.  VIII.  204/2  The  Army  of  Reserve  is 
a  force  incorporated  under  the  act  22  and  23  Viet.  c.  42  (1859). 

11.  5.  Something  reserved  or  set  apart  for  some 
reason  or  purpose.     In  later  use  also  in  technical 
applications  (see  quots.). 

1649  JF.R,  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  in.  ad  Sect.  xiv.  (1667)  428 
Either  they  that  remain  are  sealed  up  to  a  worse  calamity,  or 
left  within  the  reserves  and  mercies  of  Repentance.  1679  C. 
NESSE  Antichrist  146  Besides  the  reserve  of  45  y.  hereafter 
to  be  spoke  of.  1695  KENNETT  Par.  Antiq.  Gloss,  s.v. 
Chirch'Scot,  A  reserve  of  Corn  rent  paid  to  Secular  Priests, 
or  to  the  Religious.  1710  PRIDEAUX  Orig.  Tithes  ii.  72  They 
were  Maintained  out  of  the  Sacrifices,  that  were  offered,  and 
.  .had  every  time  they  officiated  a  reserve  over  and  above  for 


RESERVE. 

I    the  support  of  their  Families  also.     1799  H 'nil Advertiser  2% 
,    Dec.  2/1  The  Earl  of  Breadalbane's  woods.. contain  about 
'    two  thousand  chosen  reserves,  from  40  to  100  years  old. 
1808-25  JAMIESON,  Reserve,  the  designation  given  to  a  tree 
reserved  in  a  hag.     1860  WORCESTER  (citing  ANSTF.D),  Re- 
$erveta  part  of  a  lode  laid  bare  by  the  exploring  and  regular 
work  of  a  mine,  from  which  the  ore  can  be  at  any  time 
removed.    1876  HAMERTON  Etching  fy  Etchers  281  Reserves 
of  pure  white  amidst  dark  shading  may  be  made  anywhere. 
b.   A  district  or  place  set  apart  for  some  parti 
cular  use,   or  assigned  to  certain   persons.     (Cf. 
RESERVATION  3  b.) 

1853  MOODIE  Life  fa  Clearings  50  The  fever  of  the 
'Clergy  Reserves  question  '  was  then  at  its  height.  1867 
PARKMAN  Jesuits  in  N.  Anier.  xxxii.  (1875)  426  The 
government  of  the  United  States  at  length  removed  them 
[the  Indians]  to  reserves  on  the  western  frontier.  1882  St. 
James's  Gaz,  15  Mar.  6/1  Other  dangers  of  the  oyster  in 
the  shallow  waters  of  the  reserves  are  heat  and  cold.  1890 
4  R.  J.OLDUEWOOD'  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  251  A  reserve  for 
travelling  stock.  1892  Pall  Mall  G.  21  Apr.,  Each  monk's 
1  reserve '  contains  a  passage.. which  serves  as  his  exercise 
ground. 

attrib.  1x1843  SOUTHEV  Comnu-pl.  Bk.  Ser.  n.  (1849)627 
The  Indian  Reserve-lands  at  Gay  Head.  1880  E.  KIRKE 
Garfield  12  The  old  gentleman,  a  robust  specimen  of  a 
Western  Reserve  Yankee. 

C.  A  distinction  given  to  an  animal  or  other 
exhibit  at  a  show,  indicating  that  it  will  receive  a 
prize  in  the  event  of  another  being  disqualified. 

1867  [used  at  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society's  Show  at 
Bury  St.  Edmunds].  1895  Daily  News  25  June  3/3  The 
Duke  of  York  had  a  reserve  for  a  red-polled  cow. 

6.  An  expressed  limitation,  exception,  or  restric 
tion  made  concerning  something  ;  -f  a  condition  of 
this  nature.     Now  rare. 

1654  tr.  Scudery's  Curia  Pol.  109  With  this  reserve  and 
difference,  that  she  shall  receive  that  illustrious  honour 
from  my  hands,  and  not  I  from  hers.  1671  MILTON  P.  R. 
iv.  165,  I  give  to  whom  I  please, ..yet  with  this  reserve,  not 
else,  On  this  condition  [etc.].  1699  BENTLFY  Phalaris  258 
It  is  at  his  Service :  but  with  this  reserve,  that  he  shall  not 
abuse  me  for  Lending  it.  1729  Wottrow  Corr.  (1843)  III. 
432  All  his  declarations  seemed  to  be  yet  consistent  with 
some  favourite  scheme,  .he  had  taken  up,  and  that  led  him 
into  his  reserves  as  to  the  personal  property.  1865  M. 
ARNOLD  Ess.  Crit.  yiii.  (1875)319  How  many  reserves  must  be 
made  in  praising  either  his  poetry,  or  his  criticism  1 

b.  A  mental  limitation  or  qualification  of  the 
adherence  one  gives  to  some  principle,  article  of 
belief,  etc. 

a  1679  W.  OUTRAM  Serin.  (1682)  304  To  evade  and  escape 
the  plainest  truths  by  some  reserves.  1690  LEE  Massacre 
of  Paris  n.  i.  12  Without  the  smallest  Mental  Reservation, 
Equivocation,  or  the  least  Reserve.  1716  ADDISON  Free 
holder  No.  53  F  7  However  any  one  may  concur  in  the 
general  scheme,  it  is  still  with  certain  reserves  and  devia 
tions,  and  with  a  salvo  to  his  own  private  judgment.  1771 
FLETCHER  Checks  Wks.  1795  II.  23  Their  secret  reserves 
evidence  them  to  be  only  such  believers  as  Simon  Magus. 
1859  MILL  Liberty  i.  19  In  the  minds  of  almost  all  religious 
persons  ..  the  duty  of  toleration  is  admitted  with  tacit 
reserves.  1874  L.  STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library  (1892)  I.  vi. 
200  The.  .story,  .is  to  be  received  with  a  certain  reserve. 

C,  Without  reserve,  without  limitation  or  re 
striction  of  any  kind.  In  modern  use  chiefly  with 
reference  to  sales  by  auction. 

1700  WELLWOOD  Mem.  239  His  Subjects  were  obliged  to 
obey  him  without  Reserve.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  162 
P  4  He  that  trusts  without  reserve  will  at  last  be  deceived. 
1794  PALF.Y  Evid.  (1825)  II.  16  It  [Christianity]  denied 
without  reserve  the  truth  of  every  article  of  heathen  mytho 
logy.  1846  BATEMAN  Law  Auctions  \\.  ii.  (ed.  3)  152  Where, 
after  a  sale  has  been  declared  to  be  without  reserve,  a  single 
private  bidder  is  employed,  such  bidding  will  not,  under 
any  circumstances,  be  justifiable. 

7.  EccL  a.  =  RESERVATION  i  b.  rare**. 

1725  tr.  Dupiris  EccL  Hist,  iit/t  C.  I,  n.  iii.  46  Benedict  XII 
made  a  genera!  Reserve  of  all  the  Benefices  in  Curia. 
b.  =  RESERVATION  i  c. 

1884  CatJiolic  Diet.  718/1  He  quotes . .  from  Constitutions  of 
Richard,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  clear  cases  of  Papal  reserve. 

8.  Techn.    a.    A    preparation  used  to  prevent 
or  modify,  in  those  places  to  which  it  is  applied, 
the  action  of  colouring  matter  upon  textile  fabrics  ; 
a  resist.     Also  attrib. 


The  reserve  style,  where  the  white  cloth  is  impressed  with 
figures  in  a  resist  paste.  Ibid.  228  A  chrome  orange  reserve 
may  be  made  by  introducing  a  larger  proportion  of  sub- 
acetate  of  lead.  1873  Urc's  Diet.  A  rts  (ed.  7)  I.  641  Another 
way  of  combining  madder  or  garancin  colours  with  steam 
colours  is  by  blocking  on  the  dyed  object . .  a  reserve  paste, 
b.  A  preparation  used  for  similar  purposes  in 
electro-plating.  Also  attrib. 

1873  SPON  Workshop  Rec.  Ser.  i.  (1885)  217/2  By  reserves, 
certain  parts  of  a  metallic  article.,  are  coated  with  another 
metal.  Ibid.,  Make  a  gold  reserve,  and  use  a  silver  re 
serve.  Ibid*  218/1  Resist  or  Reserve  Varnishes. 

III.  9.  Self-restraint  ;  self-control ;  imposition 
of  some  limit  to  one's  action. 

1665  BOVI.E  Occas.  Refl.  Pref.  a  5  b,  That  noble  Figure. .  I 
should  be  loath  to  use.  .with  no  more  Reserve  than  those 
great  Orators  Tully  and  Isocrates  have  Sometimes  done 
before  me.  1760  Hist,  in  Ann.  Reg.  29/1  Notwithstanding 
this  reserve  of  the  king,  .the  victory  was  compleat.  1821 
SHELLEY  Hellas  540  He  crouches,  watching  till  the  spoil  be 
won,  And  must  be  paid  for  his  reserve  in  blood.  1860 
RUSKIN  Mod.  Paint.  V.  vin.  iv.  184  Reserve... I  mean 
by  it  the  power  which  a  great  painter  exercises  over  him 
self  in  fixing  certain  limits,  .which  he  will  not  transgress. 


RESERVE. 

b.  Abstention  from  giving  a  full  explanation  or 
expressing  one's  mind  freely ;  reticence  ;  also  spec . 
in  casuistry,  an  intentional  suppression  of  truth  in 
cases  where  it  might  lead  to  inconvenience. 

1704  NORRIS  Ideal  World  n.  xii.  512  The  reserve  of  a 
theory;  which.,  ought  not  to  attempt  to  explain  every 
thing,  but  to  have  some  clouds  mingled  with  its  light.  1725 
POPIC  Odyss.  xiv.  220  On  dark  reserve  what  better  can  pre 
vail,  Or  from  the  fluent  tongue  produce  the  tale?  1751 
JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  176  p  2  A  furious  critic,  whose  age, 
rank,  or  fortune  gives  him  confidence  to  speak  without 
reserve.  1794  PALEY  Eyid.  \\.  ii.  (1817)  58  As  to  the  rest  a 
solemn  reserve  is  maintained.  1815  KLI-HINSTONE  Ace. 
Cautntl  (1842)  I.  71  The  King,  .said  he  had  sent  for  us  that 
we  might  converse  without  reserve.  1864  NEWMAN  Apologia 
App.  67  It  was  a  duty. .to  observe  a  great  reserve  and 
caution  in  communicating  to  them  the  knowledge  of 'the 
whole  counsel  of  God  '. 

c.  Avoidance  of  too  great  familiarity;  want  of 
cordiality  or  open  friendliness. 

a  1721  PRIOR  Celitt  to  Damon  16  My  soul  surpris'd, . .  Left 
all  reserve,  and  all  the  sex  behind.  1728  YOUNG  Love  Fame 
vi.  45  There  is  no  woman,  where  there's  no  reserve.  1751 
JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  163  f5  This  frigid  reserve  somewhat 
disgusted  me.  1810  CRABBE  Borough  xxiii,  Her  trembling 
joy  appears,  Her  forced  reserve,  and  his  retreating  fears. 
1838  LVTTON  Alice  11.  v,  On  the  whole,  they  made  just 
allowance  for  his  habits  of  distant  reserve.  1879  MRS.  A.  E. 
JAMES  Ind.  Honseh.Managem.  79  English  people  in  Eng 
land  are  too  apt  to  wrap  themselves  up  in  what  they  think 
is  a  dignified  reserve. 

f  d.  On  or  upon  the  reserve :  (a)  in  a  waiting 
attitude ;  (b)  reserved ;  reticent.  Obs. 

1655  Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  II.  161, 1  cannot  make  any 
conjecture  of  Cromwells  busines  with  his  parliament,  but 
think  he  lyes  upon  the  reserve.  1701  W.  WOTTON  Hist. 
Rome  336  This  made  them  keep  themselves  upon  the  Re 
serve.  1740  tr.  De  Motthys  Fort.  Country-Maid  (1741)  II. 
352  She  took  me  in  her  Arms,  and  express'd  a  Regret  for 
being  upon  the  Reserve,  declaring  an  entire  Confidence  in 
me.  1771  T.  HULL  Sir  W.  Harrington  (1707)  HI.  159  HU 
really  of  late  has  been  very  much  upon  the  reserve,  seldom 
caring.. to  go  on  with  the  discourse.  1809  MALKIN  Gil 
Bias  VH.  i.  P  7,  I  shall,  .disclose  a  secret  to  you  ;  though 
men  in  our  profession  cannot  be  too  much  on  the  reserve. 

flO.  An  instance  of  keeping  some  knowledge 
from  another  person ;  a  fact  or  item  of  informa 
tion  kept  back  or  disguised;  a  secret.  Obs. 

1680  EURNET  Rochester  Pref.  (1692)  4  He  used  very  few 
reserves  with  me.  1714  SWIFT  Pres.  St.  Aff.  Wks.  1751 IV. 
260  Thus  he  grows  to  abound  in  Secrets  and  Reserves,  even 
towards  those,  with  whom  he  ought  to  act  in  the  greatest 
Confidence.  1768  STERNE  Sent.  Journ^  Character^  He 
insisted  I  had  a  reserve,  and  that  I  would  speak  my  opinion 
frankly.  1795  BURKE  Corr.  (1844)  IV.  296  Consult  Mr. 
Grattan,  with  whom  I  have  no  reserves,  and  I  wish  you  to 
have  none.  1797-1805  S.  &  H.  LEE  Canterh.  T.  V.  264 
Thrown  wholly  off  his  reserves  by  surprise  and  vexation. 

IV.  11.  attrib.  or  as  adj.  Kept  in  reserve,  con 
stituting  a  reserve. 

1719  LONDON  &  WISE  Compl.  Card.  v.  viii.  108  This 
Transporting  of  Reserve-Trees  may  be  done  'till  Mid 
summer.  1720  DE  FOE  Capt,  Singleton  v.  (1840)  94  Our 
reserve  men  advancing,  we  resolved  to  fire.  1828  J.  M. 
SPEARMAN  Brit.  Gunner  (ed.  2)  13  No  reserve  waggons. 
1853  STOCQUELER  Mil.  Encycl.  231/1  The  depot  companies 
left  at  home  by  infantry  regiments  embarking  for  foreign 
service  are  now  called  the  Reserve  companies.  1875  BEN 
NETT  &  DYER  tr.  Sacks'  Hot.  627  Every  cell,  tissue,  or  organ 
in  which  assimilated  substances  are  stored  up  for  subsequent 
use  is  called  a  Reservoir  of  Reserve-material.  1876  VOYLE 
&  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  339/1  The  reserve  ammunition  of 
a  regiment  is  carried  in  carts. 

Reserve  (r/zauv),  v.  Also  4  rec-,  5  ress-, 
4-5  Sc.  reserwe.  [ad.  OF.  reserver  (mod.F.  rt- 
server))  ad.  L.  reservdre^  f.  re-  RE-  +  servdre  to 
keep,  save  :  cf.  preserve.'} 

1.  trans.  To  keep  for  future  use  or  enjoyment ; 
to  store  up  for  (f  to)  some  time  or  occasion ;  to 
refrain  from  using  or  enjoying  at  once. 

1340  HAM  POLE  Pr.  Consc.  3928  pus  pardon  in  purgatory 
availles,  . .  bot  som  clerkes  counsailles  pat  we  it  spare  and 
reserve  haleiy,  Until  we  com  til  purgatory,  c  1400  LOVE 
Bonavent.  Life  Christ  (B.N.C.)  If.  60  It  is  leuefulle  to goddis 
seruauntes  forto  haue  money  and  reserue  it  to  hir  nede.  1621 
T.  WILLIAMSON  tr.  Gonlarfs  Wise  Vieillard  123  Pleasure 
seemes  to  reserue  her  dainties  to  the  last,  and  for  the  last 
seruice  and  messe.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vni.  50  Such  pleasure 
she  reserv'd,  Adam  relating,  she  sole  Auditress.  1709 
SWIFT  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden)  340,  I  shall  reserve  the 
rest  of  my  threatnings  till  further  provocation.  1718 
LADY  M.  W,  MONTAGU  Let.  31  July,  I. .have  reserved  my 
thanks  to  the  conclusion.  1824  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk. 
(1873)  II.  ii.  xi.  294  The  appeal  to  the  gentler  emotions 
of  the  soul  is  reserved.. for  the  close  of  his  oration.  1841 
LANE  Arab.  Nts.  I.  100,  I  have  not  reserved  my  tear  but 
for  the  time  of  my  difficulty. 

b.  To  keep  back  or  hold  over  to  a  later  time  or 
place  or  for  further  treatment ;  to  postpone  the 
discussion,  decision,  or  declaration  of  (a  matter). 
Const,  for,  to,  etc.,  and  f  with  infin.  as  obj. 

1382  WYCLIF  Jude  \.  6  Aungelsthat  kepten  not  his  prince- 
hed..he  reseruede  in  to  the  doom  of  greet  God,  in  euere- 
lastinge  boondis  vndir  derknesse.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law 
Arms  (S.T.S.)  74  God  reservis  till  his  jugement  all  secrete 
misdedis.  1535  COVERDALE  2  Pet.  ii.  9  How  to  reserue  the 
vniust  vnto  the  daye  of  iudgment  for  to  be  punyshed.  1581 
PRTTIE  Gnazzos  Civ.  Com',  ii.  (1586)  52  It  shall  suffice  for 
this  time  to  discourse  onelie  of  publike  Conuersation,  and 
the  other  wee  will  reserue  for  tomorrow.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham. 
i.  iii.  69  Take  each  mans  censure  ;  but  reserue  thy  Judge 
ment.  1634  W.  TIRWHYT  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  53,  I  will  re 
serve  to  speak  as  I  ought  of  this  rare  vertue,  till  my  great 
work  come  to  light.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav. 

VOL.  VIII. 


513 

i.  231  They,  .add  every  day  part  of  that  which  they  have 
reserved  to  the  real  growth  of  that  day  they  cryit  on.  1714 
ADDISON  Sfect.  No.  556  P  2,  I  shall  reserve  for  another 
time  the  History  of  such  Club  or  Clubs.  1838  THIRLWALL 
Greece  V,  217  The  great  rebellion..,  as  it  is  not  immediately 
connected  with  the  affairs  of  Greece,  we  reserve  for  more 
particular  notice  in  another  place.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr. 

,    72  Its  full  discussion  must  be  reserved  for  the  next  chapter. 
G.  reft*  To  keep  (oneself)  in  reserve  for  some 

I    occasion,  etc. 

1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn.  \.  vii.  §  6  Adrian,  .desired  to 
comprehend  all  things,  and  not  to  reserve  himself  for  the 
worthiest  things,  c  1645  HOWEI.L  Lett.  II.  76  (Cent.),  Fare- 
wel,  my  noble  Friend,  cheer  up,  and  reserve  yourself  for 
better  Days.  1876  J.  PARKER  Paracl.  i.  v.  56  Little  natures 
reserve  themselves  for  great  occasions :  majestic  natures 

;    make  all  occasions  great. 

f  d.  rcfl.  To  restrain   (oneself)  from  action  or 
participation  in  some  affair.   Obs.  rare* 

1586  JAS.  VI  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  III.  14  Reserve 
up  youre  self  na  langer  in  the  earnist  dealing  for  my 
Mother.  1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  I.  i.  16  It  is  the 
custom  of  the  Italians,  to  constrain  and  reserve  themselves 
as  much  as  possibly. 

2.  To  retain  as  one's  own ;    to  keep  to  or  for 
oneself. 

c  '375  •'>"''•  Leg-  Saints  xxxiv.  (Pclagia)  274  Scho.  .hale  hyr 
gud  to-gyddir  brocht,  reseruand  til  hyr  richt  nocht.  c  1425 
WYNTOUN  Cron.  v.  x.  1935  God  has  reserwit  tit  hym  all  [pej 
wit  of  M  bat  is  to  fal.  1464  Mann,  fy  Hottseh.  Exp.  (Roxb.) 
187  The  bayles  and  a!  hocler  thenges  resservede  to  myselfe 
as  they  ware  befor.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xviii.  67  In  suche 
a  wyse  that  no  thynge  I  haue  reserued  for  my  selfc  but  that 
it  was  alle  habandouned  vnto  the.  1530  PALSGK.  688/1  It 
is  good  to  be  lyberall  but  ever  reserve  soimvhat  to  your 
selfe.  1596  SPKNSER  State  Irel.  Wks.  (Globe)  611/1  [They] 
acknowledged  King  Henry  for  theyr  soverayne  lord,  re- 
serving  yet. .unto  themselves  all  theyr  owne  former  privi- 
ledges.  1613  HKYWOOD  Silver  Age  i.  i.  Wks.  1874  III.  95 
Onely  the  Darreine  tower  I  still  reserue  In  that  to  pennance 
me  a  life  retir'd.  1667  MILTON  /*.  L,  xii.  71  Man  over  men 
He  made  not  Lord  ;  such  title  to  himself  Reserving.  1783 
PENNANT  Tour  Chester  to  Lond.  76  It  is  conjectured,  that 
the  king  at  that  time  reserved  this  manor  to  himself.  1824 
Excursion  U.  S.  ff  Canada  408  They  are  induced  to  sell 
their  lands  ..although  they  generally  reserve  a  small  tract 
for  themselves.  1877  FKOUDE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  i.  iii. 
35  Every  question . .  in  which  an  ecclesiastic  was  a  party,  the 
Church  courts  had  endeavoured  to  reserve  for  themselves. 

t  b.  To  keep  (a  matter)  from  the  knowledge  of 
others.  Ohs. 

1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  n.  (Globe)  322  The  Ideas  of  Things 
which  we  form  in  our  Minds,  perfectly  reserved,  and  not 
communicated  to  any.  1725  Poi'E  Odyss.  in.  107  Of  all  the 
chiefs,  this  hero's  fate  alone  Has  Jove  reserved,  unheard  of, 
and  unknown.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Reservation^ 
A  proposition  which,.. if  qualified  with  something  reserved 
or  concealed  in  the  mind,  becomes  true. 

3.  To  set  apart,  keep  (f  to  or)  for  another.  Also 
occas.  without  const. 

1382  WYCLIF  Gen.  xxvii.  36  Whethir  thow  hast  not  re- 
seruyd,  he  seith,  to  me  thi  blissyng?  1382  —  2  Pet.  ii.  17 
To  whom  the  thicke  mijst  of  derknessis  is  reserued.  c  1400 
GwKR-Addr.  Hen.  IV  in  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  12  So 
schal  thin  highe  mede  be  reserved  To  him  which  al  schal 
qwiten  ate  laste.  c  1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  2088  Then 
snail  ye  haue  the  triumphall  guerdoun  That  God  resemeth 
to  euery  creature.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  i.  xiv.  15  The 
Fader . .  for  the  thirde,  Cordeilla,  reserued  no  thynge.  a  1547 
SURREY  in  Tottel's  Misc.  (Arb.)  23  And  that  I  haue  tleserued 
..Is  to  his  handes  reserued  That  neuer  felt  the  smart. 
1584  POWEL  Lloyd's  Cambria  101  After  the  death  of  Ed 
ward  to  reserue  thecrowne  to  the  dukes  use.  1605  SHAKS. 
Macb.  in.  iv.  46  Macb.  The  Table's  full.  Lennox.  Heere 
is  a  place  reseru'd  Sir.  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  VIII 
(1683)  234,  I  pray  you  give  me  by  writing,  that  you  deny  it, 
reserving  me  yet  your  safe  Conduct  to  ret  urn.  1667  MILTON 
P.L.  ix.  768  Was.. to  us  deni'd  This  intellectual  food,  for 
beasts  reserv'd  ?  1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  IV.  xxviii,  Happiness, 
I  fear,  is  no  longer  reserved  for  me  here.  1810  SCOTT  Lady 
of  L.  n.  xxxv,  Thy  churlish  courtesy  for  those  Reserve,  who 
fear  to  be  thy  foes.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  ii.  §  7.  95 
[He]  exacted  from  him.. a  humiliation  which  men  reserved 
for  the  deadliest  of  their  foes. 

b.  In  passive  with  reference  to  discoveries  or 
important  achievements. 

1732  BERKELEY  Alciphr.  ii.  §  i  This  discovery  was  reserved 
to  our  times.  1833  N.  ARNOTT  Physics  (ed.  5)  II.  100  It 
was  reserved  for  Mr.  Dalton  to  make  the  admirable  dis 
covery  [etc.].  1864  BRYCE  Holy  Rom.  Emp.  xin.  (1875)  205 
The  third  and  crowning  triumph  of  the  Holy  See  was  re 
served  for  the  thirteenth  century.  1894  J.  T.  FOWLER 
Adamnan  Introd.  56  It  was  reserved  for  Columba  to  evange 
lize  the  Northern  Picts. 

4.  Eccl.  a.  To  set  apart,  keep  back  (cases  for 
absolution)  to  be  dealt  with  by  a  superior  author 
ity.    Const,  to,  for.     (Cf.  RESERVATION  i  c.) 

^  I357  Lay  Polks"  Cafech,  (T.)  257  Yit  may  we  noght  be 
assoiled  of  our  false  athe,  Bot  of  our  bisshop  or  him  that  has 
his  power,  For  swilk  cas  is  riuely  reserved  til  him  seluen. 
1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Reserve,  Certain  cases,., 
called  reserved  cases,  as  being  reserved  to  the  bishop.  '  1846 
W.  MASKELL  Mon.  Kit.  (1882)  I.  97  In  the  Constitutions 
published  in  1367  by  Thoresby,  archbishop  of  York,  thirty- 
seven  cases  are  reserved  to  the  archbishop  himself.  1876 
Mr.  Grayfy  Neighb.  I.  97  It  would  be  a  difficult  case  of 
conscience.. that  he  should  feel  bound  to  'reserve1  for  his 
bishop.  1884  Catholic  Diet.  (1897)  786/1  Papal  cases  are 
reserved  to  the  Pope— episcopal  cases  to  the  bishop. 

b.  To  set  apart  (benefices)  for  presentation  by 
the  Pope.  rare"1.  (Cf.  RESERVATION  i  b.) 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Last  Age  Ch.  (1840)  24  For  no  more  schulde 
fatte  beneficis  be  reserved  ban  ne  smate,  ^if  no  pry uy  cause  of 
symonye  were  tretide. 

5.  a.  To  retain  or  secure  (some  right  or  profit) 


RESERVE. 

for  oneself  or  another  by  formal  stipulation  ;  f  to 
provide  or  stipulate  that.  (Chiefly  in  legal  use.) 

£•1407  LYDG.  Reson  fy  Sens.  1665  And  specialy  to  be  re 
served  That  peyse  and  novmbre  be  observed,  Throgh  re- 
thoryke,  as  in  sentence.  1442  Roils  of  Parlt.  V,  57/2 
Reservyng  to  the  seide  Feffeez  lim  Ii  yerely.  1532  Dial,  on 
Laws  Eng.  ii.  xxii.  43  b,  If  a  man  make  a  feffement  and  re 
serue  the  profiles .  .that  reseruacion  is  voyde  in  the  lawe. 
1570  Act  13  Eliz.  c.  8  §  5  Contracts.,  whereupon  is  not  re- 
served,  .to  the  Lender,  .above  the  Sum  often  Pound.  1609 
SKENE  Reg.  Maj.  35  Hot  gif  he  hes  na  wife,  the  time  of  hi* 
deceis,  the  ane  just  halfe  of  the  gudes,  is  reservand  to- him, 
to  be  disponed  as  he  pleases.  1641  Tcrmes  de  la  Ley  242  b, 
If  a  lease  bee  mad  for  yeares  of  ground,  reserving  the  great 
trees  growing  upon  the  same, ..the  lessee  may  not  meddle 
with  them.  1791  KAMES  Diet.  Decis.  (ed.  2)  I.  292  A  father 
having  reserved  a  faculty  to  burden  the  estate  with  wad- 
sets,.. this  was  found  not  a  real  burden.  1818  HALLAM 
Middle  Ages  (1872)  L  195  Military  service  dots  not  appear 
to  have  been  reserved  in  the  beneficiary  grants  made  to 
cathedrals.  1883  Law  Rep.  n  Q.  H.  Div.  575  The  tenant 
is  not  concluded  by  the  amount  of  rent  which  may  have 
been  reserved  on  the  premises. 

b.  To  set  apart  (a  portion  of  rent)  for  payment 
in  corn,  etc. 

157S~6  Act  18  Eliz,  c.  6  §  i  That  thone  thirde  parte  at  the 
leaste  of  tholde  Rente  be  reserved  and  paide  in  Corne  for 
the  saide  Colleges.  1766  BLACKSTONR  Connn.  II.  xx.  318 
Antiently  the  greater  part  of  rents  were  reserved  in  pro 
visions.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  IV.  A",  i.  v.  1. 40  The  rents  which 
have  been  reserved  in  corn  have  preserved  their  value  much 
better  than  those  which  have  been  reserved  in  money. 

6.  To  set  (a  thing)  apart  for  some  purpose  or 
with  some  end  in  view;  to  keepyO/- some  use. 

1415  E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  23,  I  woll  that  Isabell  my  wyfe 
haue.  .all  my  corne..oute  take  xl  quarters  of  wete  reserued 
to  fullfell  with  my  wille.  1463  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  31, 
I  wil  mine  fife  fit's  and  executours,  so  it  hurte  not  the  sale, 
reserve  the  gardyn  that  it  may  longe  to  the  longe  tyled  hous. 
1596  SPENSER  State  Irel.  Wks.  (Globe)  612/1  They  use  to 
place  him  that  shalbe  theyr  Captayne,  uppon  a  stone  all- 
wayes  reserved  for  that  purpose,  and  placed  commonly  upon 
a  hill.  1637  Decree  Star  Chainb.  §  33  in  Arber  Milton  s 
Areop.  23  Euery  Printer  shall  reserue  one  Book,  .and  shall 
..deliuer  it  to  the  Officer.. to  be  sent  to  the  Librarie  at 
Oxford.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  in.  253  Distinguish  all 
betimes,.  .Whom  to  reserve  for  Husband  of  the  Herd.  1788 
GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  1.  V.  175  Their  powers  are  reserved  for 
the  moments  of  flight  and  pursuit.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit. 
India  II.  iv.  v.  162  Jaffier.  .offered  to  accept  of  his  media 
tion  ;  reserving  in  his  mind  the  use  of  every  clandestine 
effort  to  accomplish  his  own  designs.  1875  (/re's  Diet.  A  rts 
(ed.  7)  I.  641  In  the  white  spaces  reserved  are  now  blocked 
steam  colours.  1892  S.  C.  SCRIVENER  Our  Fields  $  Cities 
112  The  300  acres  reserved  (for  poor  men's  gardens). 

b.  To  set  (a  person)  apart  for  some  fate,  des 
tiny,  end,  etc.  "f  Also  const,  to.  Now  rare. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  95  He  wasted  be  south 
marcne,  sleynge  be  males,  reservynge  |>e  females  to  his  lust. 
1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  477  Canutus.  .revivynge,was 
gladde  that  he  was  reservede  to  lyfe  that  he  my5hte  do 
penaunce.  1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  v.  x\.  52  O  pepill  vnhappy, 
to  quhat  mischevous  end  Fortoun  reservis  ?ow  of  this  warld 
to  wend?  1566  PAINTER  Pal.  Pleas,  n.  130  The  Gods  having 
made  all  thynges  mortall,  so  have  they  reserved  onely  them 
selves  to  bee  immortall.  1595  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  i.  cix,  Now 
reserued  In  our  age,  To  home  confusion  and  disordered  rage. 
c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1650)  1. 1.  xxvi.  42, 1  hope  God  hath  re- 
serv'd  me  for  a  better  destiny.  1667  MILTON  P.L.  ii.  161  We 
are  decreed,  Reserv'd  and  destin'd  to  Eternal  woe.  1826 
SCOTT  Woodst.  xix,  Good  God  !  for  what  am  I  reserved  ! 
a  1873  LYTTON  Paitsanias  i. !,  Worthy  of  the  destinies  for 
which  I  foresee  that  the  son  of  Miltiades  is  reserved. 

f  c.  To  make  an  exception  of,  or  in  favour  of 

a  thing  or  person);    to  except   or  exempt  (one) 

"row  something.  Obs. 

1523  LD.  BERNERS -From.  I.  ccclxxxvi.6s6  For  theyknowe 
well  ynoughe  howe  ye  were  in  Scotlande,  wherfore  they 
shulde  haue  reserued  you.  1534  MORE  Comf.  agst.  Trib, 
n.  Wks.  1204/2  There  be  very  few.  .reserued  also,  but  that 
they  set  theyr  heart  verve  sore  theron.  1613  PURCHAS 
Pilgrimage  ix.  ix.  725  The  old  Men,  Women,  and  sick 
Folks  were  reserued  from  this  Tribute.  1635  QUARLES  Embl. 
i.  i.  5  Our  great  Creator  did  Reserve  this  Tree,  and  this 
alone  forbid,  a  1806  HORSLEY  Sernt.  xxii.  (1816)  II.  211  In 
this  same  decree,  which  so  remarkably  reserves  the  ab 
stinence  from  blood,  the  Sabbath  is  not  at  all  reserved  as 
a  thing  either  of  necessity  or  expedience. 

7.  To  retain  or  preserve  alive ;  to  exempt  from 
slaughter ;  to  save /row  death.     Now  rare. 

1382  WVCLIF  Gen.  xii.  12  The!  sha!  slee  me,  and  thee  the! 
shall  reserue.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  215/1  Thou  hast 
power  ouer  my  flesshe  but  cryst  reserueth  my  soule.  1553 
EDEN  Decades  Pref.  to  Rdr.,  Reseruynge  such  as  were 
ouercome  in  the  warres  and  conuertynge  them  to  a  better 
mynde.  159*  KVD  Sp.  Trag.  i.  ii.  104  Men  of  warre.  Such 
as  warres  fortune  hath  reseru'd  from  death.  1603  SHAKS. 
Meas  for  M.  v.  i.  472  One  in  the  prison  That  should  by 

griuate  order  else  haue  dide,  I  haue  reseru'd  ahue.  1625 
ACON  Ess,,  Vidss.  Things  (Arb.)  569  In  .the  other  two 
Destructions --the  Remnant  of  People,  which  hap  to  be 
reserued,  are  commonly  Ignorant  and  Mountanous  People. 
1848  MRS.  JAMESON  Sacr.  $  Leg.  Art  (1850)  101  The  legend 
which  supposes  St.  John  reserved  alive  has  not  been  gener 
ally  received  in  the  Church. 

t  b.  To  leave  untouched  or  intact ;  to  refrain 
from  removing  or  destroying.  Obs. 

1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.*6  Some  reserue  a  lockevpon 
the  top  of  the  head,  a  1679  W.  OUTRAN  Sernt.  (1682)  304 
These  men  must  find  out  some  distinctions  whereby  they 
may.  .reserve  that  hand. 

1 8.  To  keep  or  maintain  (a  person  or  thing)  in 
a  certain  state  or  condition.  Obs. 

1514  BARCLAY  Cyt.  $  Uplondyshm.  (Percy  Soc.)  12  But 
suche  as  were  fayre,  and  of  theyr  stature  ryght  As  wyse  and 

65 


RE-SERVE. 


514 


RESERVOIR. 


subtyle  reserved  she  in  syght.  15*6  Pilgr.  Perf.  {W.  de  W. 
1531)  144  He  was  euer  more  quyet  and  restfull  in  hymselfe, 
and  reserued  his  spiryt  euer  at  liberty.  1590  C'TESS  PEM- 
IIROKE  Antonie  1353  You  euer-Huing  Gods. . which.. subiect 
to  no  chaunge  Chaunge  all,  reseruing  nothing  in  one  state. 
163^  LITHGOW  Trav.  n.  73  He  reserueth  vnder  his  com- 
maund,  fourty  thousand . .  Horse-men.  1633  H  tv  WOOD  Eng. 
Trav.  n.  i,  Till  that  day  come,  you  shall  reserve  yourself  A 
single  man* 

•f  b.  To  retain  (a  person)  in  one's  service.  Obs, 
1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.  i723Thynke  you  with  Magnyfy- 
cence  I  shal  be  reserued  ? 

fc.  To  retain  (a  thing)  unaltered.  Obs.  rare"1. 
1597  MORLEY  Introd.  Miis.  95  Phi.  You  blamed  my  be 
ginning,  yet  haue  you  altred  it  nothing.    J\fa.  I  haue  in- 
deede  reserued  your  beginning. 

t  9.  To  keep  in  store ;  to  lay  up  as  a  store  or 
stock ;  to  deposit  for  preservation.  Obs. 

1480  in  Gross  Gild  Merch.  (1890)  II.  70  Ye  shall  see  that 
all  dutis  that  lengithe  to  the  yelde  of  the  Trynnytie  be 
trewly  rerit  and  reservit  by  yowr  powers.  1538  STARKHY 
England  \\.  i.  151  A  certayn  summe..the  wych..  schold 
ever  be  reseruyd  in  a  commyn  place.  1553  EDEN  Treat. 
Neiv  Ind.  (Arb.)  25  Palaces  in  which  the  artillery  or  armure 
of  the  cytie  is  reserued.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vn.  xii. 
(1614)  707  Their  water  is  raine  water,  reserued  in  Cisternes. 
1657  S.  PURCHAS  Pol.  Flying-Ins.  205  If  wee  negligently 
reserved  hens,  or  other  food,  in  the  morning,  wee  should  have 
onely  bones.  1602  RAY  Creation  i.  (ed.  2)  200  Stagnating 
Water,  reserved  m  Pools  and  Cisterns. 

tb.  To  keep,  preserve  (things  liable  to  decay 
or  destruction).  Obs, 

1555  EDEN  Decades  57  Certeme  fruites. .  whiche  they  re 
serue  for  store  as  wee  doo  chestnuttes.  1585  T.  WASHING 
TON  tr.  Nichotay^s  Voy.  in.  i.  69  b,  The  snow.. being  re 
serued  in  these  colde  places  serueth  in  whotte  weather  too 
refreshe.  .hisdrinke.  1605  CAM  DEN  Rem.t  Epitaphs  27  The 
Egyptians  embalmed  and  filled  them  with  odoriferous  spices, 
reseruing  them  in  glasse  or  coffins.  1658  EVELYN  Fr.  Gard. 
(1675)  248  Pull  as  many  of  them  out  of  the  ground,  as  you 
desire  to  reserve.  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  51  P  6  The 
best  methods  of  conserving,  reserving,  and  preserving  fruits, 
fc.  intr.  To  remain,  to  continue  in  existence 
or  in  a  certain  state.  Obs. 

1529  MORE  Dyaloge  n.  Wks.  179/2  Yf  theyr  opinions  hadde 
any  where  continuallyc  endured  there  woulde  theyr  bokes 
haue  continually  reserued.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  vi.  258 
The  water  of  lordan . .  will  reserue  vnspoiled,  both  monetlis 
and  yeares.  1641  H.  L'ESTRANGE  God's  Sabbath  26  Re- 
cause  it  [manna]  tainted  against  nature,  and  miraculously 
reserved  upon  other  dayes. 
1 10.  a.  To  keep  in  one's  possession.  Obs. 
1533  MORENO/.  v.Wks.  851/1  Thecopye that  was  deliuered 
me  (which  copy  I  reserue  and  kepe  for  my  declaracion). 
c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  xxxii,  Though  they  be  out-stript  by 
every  pen,  Reserue  them  for  my  loue,  not  for  their  rime. 
1604  —  Oth.  in.  iil  295  She  so  loues  the  Token,. .That  she 
reserues  it  euermore  about  her. 

fb.  To  keep,  preserve  (antiquities,  relics,  etc.). 
1570-6  LAMDAKDE  Peramb.  Kent  (1826)  169  They  do  yet 
reserve.. a  Mace  and  a  Home,  assured  badges  of  an  incor 
poration.  1605  VERSTEGAN  Dec.  Intell.  iv.  (1628)  106  The 
head  whereof  which  is  yet  reserued,  myselfe  haue  seen. 
1648  J.  RAYMOND  //  Merc.  Ital.  93  In  the  next  Church  the 
Pillars  are  reserv'd  in  wodden  cases,  which  Saint  Peter  and 
Saint  Paul  were  tyd_e  too.  a  1653  GOUGE  Comm.  Heb.  xiii.  7 
An  Idolatrous  practise  of.  .offering  oblations  unto  them,  and 
of  reserving  their  Reliques.  1708  BURNET  Tray,  (ed.  3)  225 
The  vast  Vaults.. and  the  Remains  of  Antiquity,  that  are 
reserved  in  them. 

•f*  o.  Of  places :  To  contain,  retain  (things)  in  or 
on  themselves.  Obs,  rare. 

163*  LITHGOW  Trav.  vr.  255  [The  Dead  Sea]  breedeth  nor 
reserueth  no  kinde  of  fishes.     Ibid.  x.  447  The  Snowy  Alpes 
.  .reserue  continually  Snow  on  their  tops. 
11.  Eccl.  To  retain  or  preserve  (a  portion  of  the    j 
consecrated  elements)  for  certain  purposes.     (Cf. 
RESERVATION  6.) 

'548-9  Bk.  Com,  Prayer^  Communion  of  Sick,  And  if  the 
same  day  there  be  a  celebracion  of  the  holy  communion  in 
the  Churche,  then  shal  the  priest  reserue  (at  the  open  com 
munion)  so  muche  of  the  Sacrament . .  as  shal  serue  the  sicke    ' 
person.     1571   Thirty-nine  Art.  xxviii,  The  Sacrament  of    \ 
the   Lordes   Supper  was   not,  by  Christes  ordinaunce  re-    I 
serued,  caryed  about,  lyfted  vp,  or  worshipped,     a  1626  ttr.     ' 
ANDREWES  Answ.  Perron  (1854)  19  Against  the  time  of 
extremity  it  was  thought  not  amiss  to  have  it  reserved.    1832 
W.  PALMER  Orig.  Liturg.  II.  viii.  229  The  custom  of  the 
Christian  Church  has  been  to  reserve  the  sacraments  of    > 
Christ's  body  and  blood  from  the  public  liturgy,  and  not  to 
consecrate  them  in  private.    1849  ROCK  Ch.  of  Fathers  III. 
II.  xi.  41  A  portion  of  theeucharist.underone  kindalone,  was 
always  reserved  in  the  church,  from  each  mass  to  the  other.     ; 

absol.  1900  DIBDIN  Reserv.  4  Do  you  reserve  in  both  kinds  ?    i 

1 12.  To  retain  or  preserve,  to  continue  to  have, 
possess,  or  show  (a  characteristic,  quality,  mark, 
etc.).  Obs.  (common  £1585-1635.) 

1570  BUCHANAN  Cham&leon  Wks.  (S.  T.  S.)  53  [He] 
threatenit  schamefullie  (gif  he  had  reservit  any  schame)  the  ; 
quenis  maiestie  of  Ingland.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  i 
Nicholas's  Voy,  iv.  xx.  134  Armenia  the  greater,  nowe 
called  Turcomania,  and  Armenia  the  lesser,  which  yet 
reserueth  his  name.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  ix.  405,  I  had 
done  that.. which  neuer  man  had  done  before  me  reseruing 
life.  1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  305  The  Persians 
had  this  Character  of  old,,  -of  all  men  the  most  civil;  which 
disposition  they  reserve  unto  this  day.  1726  LEONI  A  Ibertis 
Arc/lit.  I.  45/2  A  liquid. .substance,  which.. when  harden'd 
. .  reserves  in  the  mass  the  original  figure  of  its  parts. 

Re-serve  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  serve 
again,  in  various  senses. 

1866  Land.  Rev.  2  June  609/2  The  papers  . .  were  obliged 
to  re-serve  the  former  dishes  which  had  pleased  their  patrons. 
1884  La.wRep.-n  Q.  B.  Div.  190  The  petition  when  amended 
must  be  re-served  within  a  week. 


Reserved  (rfza-ivd),  ///.  a.    [f.  RESERVE  z>.] 

1 1.  a.  Excepted.    Chiefly  in  prepositional  use : 
i    With  the  exception  of,  except,  save.   Obs. 

1474  CAXTON  C/tesse  (Axon)  108  Alle  worldly  thynges  ben 
i  mortifyed  and  appetissid  in  olde  men  reseruyd  auaryce 
j  only,  whiche  alleway  abideth  wyth  hym.  1481  —  Godfrey 
cxxxii,  196  They  haue  taken  it  entierly,  Reserued  a  dongenn. 
1531  ELYOT  Gov.  11.  vi,  All  men  were  abashed,  reserued  the 
chiefe  Justice.  1556  Aurelioff  Isab.  (1608)  Lvij,  Soddaineley 
..  was  Isabell  ..  stripede  of  her  attire  (reservede  a  riche 
smocke).  1570-80  NORTH  Plutarch^  Pyrrus  (1612)  405  And 
the  Sea  being  high  wrought  ..made  shipwrackes  of  them,  the 
Admiral!  onely  reserued.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  F/,  v.  iv. 
167  Onely  reseru'd,  you  claime  no  interest  In  any  of  our 
Towns  of  Garrison. 

tb.  With  due  respect  for ;  duly  regarded.  Obs. 
1526  SK ELTON  Magnyf.  1680  Vet,  syr,  reserued  your  better 
aduysement,  It  were  better  he  spake  with  you  or  he  wente. 
1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III.  1010/1  But  the  reuerence 
of  these  writers  reserued,  this  cannot  be  true  concerning 
the  church. 

1 2.  Preserved  ;  remaining  undestroyed.  Obs. 
1555  EDKN  Decades  52  They  lerned  by  the  reserued  chyl- 

dren.  1667  WATEKHOUSE  Fire  Lond.  100  Dwelling  and 
Trading  in  the  remains  of  the  Freedom,  and  in  the  reserved 
Suburbs. 

3.  Averse  to  showing  familiarity,  or  to  open  ex 
pression  of  thought  or  feeling;  cold  or  distant; 
reticent,  uncommunicative. 

a.  Of  conduct,  character,  disposition,  etc. 

1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well  in.  v.  65  All  her  deseruing  Is  a 
reserued  honestie.  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  III.  386 
Such  was  brave  Monck  in  his  reserved  mind,  A  riddle  to  his 
foes  he  did  appear.  1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxon.  II.  196  Men 
of  the  Presbyterian  perswasion  . .  generally  are  morose, 
clownish,  and  of  sullen  and  reserved  natures.  1749  FIELDING 
Tom  Jones  xin.  xi,  '  Pursuit  of  whom?'  said  Sophia, a  little 
recollecting  herself,  and  assuming  a  reserved  air.  1780 
BURKE  Econ,  Reform  Wks.  III.  336  The  judges  are,  or 
ought  to  be,  of  a  reserved  and  retired  character.  1813 
Sketches  of  Character  (ed.  2)  I.  211  [He]  was  of  a  reserved 
disposition.  1872  RUSKIN  Eagles  Nest  §  92  The  reserved 
and  proud  imagination  of  the  master-schools. 

b.  Of  persons. 

1612  BACON  Kss.^  Seeming  Wise  (Arb.)  214  Some  are  so 
close,  and  reserved,  as  they  will  not  shewe  their  wares,  but 
by  a  darke  light.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Elands  Trav.  251 
His  wife  being  very  reserv'd  and  discreet  in  her  husband's 
presence,  but  in  his  absence  more  free  and  jolly.  1685 
CROWNE  Sir  C.  Nice  \.  6  We  are  the  most  reserved  family 
in  the  world.  There  were  fourteen  sisters  of  us,  and  not 
one  of  us  married.  1746  COLLINS  Ode  Evening  5  Thy 
springs,  and  dying  gales,  O  Nymph  reserv'd.  1782  COWPKR 
Friendship  188  The  man  I  trust,  if  shy  to  me,  Shall  find 
me  as  reserv'd  as  he.  1806  SURR  Winter  in  Lond.  III.  76 
[They]  are  certainly  queer,  stiff,  reserved  sort  of  people. 
1877  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  t.  xii.  146  As  a  states 
man  he  was  reserved,  seldom  showing  his  own  thoughts. 

trans/.  1622  WITHER  Philarete  (1633!  K.4  Let  who  will 
praise  and  behold  The  reserved  Marigold. 

abspl.  1692  DRYDEN  St.  Eitretnont's  Ess.  92  So  difficult 
is  it  in  the  most  reserved,  not  to  forget  themselves  in  a  great 
Fortune.  1728  YOUNG  Love  Fame  iv.  255  Fame  is  a  bubble 
the  reserv'd  enjoy;  Who  strive  to  grasp  it,  as  they  touch, 
destroy. 

fc.  Retired,  secluded.   Obs.  rare— l. 

1653  WALTON  Angler  v\.  205  They  will  usually  lye.  .m  one 
reserved  place,  where  the  water  is  deep,  and  runs  quietly. 

4.  Restrained  or  restricted  in  some  way. 

1654  BKAMHALL  Jnst^  Vind.  \\.  (1661)  26  It  is  good  to  be 
sparing  and  reserved  in  censuring  hereticks  for  obstinacy. 
1724  SWIFT  Drapier's  Lett.  Wks.  1755  V.  n.  120  It  hath 
been  the  wisdom  of  the  English  parliaments  to  be  very  re 
served  in  limiting  the  press.     1860  GEN.  P.  THOMPSON  Audi 
Alt.  Part,  cxxxiv.   III.  101  The  early  Protestants,  from 
whom  the  Anglican  Church  makes  a  reserved  and  cautious 
profession  of  being  descended. 

5.  Set  or  kept  apart ;  specially  retained  for  some 
person  or  purpose,  etc.     (See  the  verb.) 

1616  T.  GODWIN  Moses  fy  Aaron  I.  (1641)  30  The  chiefe 
Rabbies  sate  in  reserved  chatres,  these  are  those  chiefe  seats 
in  the  Synagogues.  1625  B.  JONSON  Staple  of  News  iv.  i, 
With  all  your.. reseru'd  Questions,  and  Answers  that  you 
game  with.  1717-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Case,  At  the 
article  of  death,,  .all  reserved  cases  are  absolvable  by  the 
ordinary.  1791  VJMtaDict.  Decis.  (ed.  2)  I.  291  In  a  ques 
tion,  how  far  a  reserved  faculty ..accresced  to  a  creditor 
whose  debt  was  contracted  before  that  faculty?  1798  HUTTON 
Course  Math.  (1806)  I.  153  Divide  the  reserved  quotient  by 
the  square  of  s,  and  reserve  this  quotient.  1838  W.  BELL 
Diet.  Laiu  Scot.  858  Reserved  powers  are  of  different  sorts ; 
as  a  reserved  power  of  burdening  a  property,  or  a  reserved 


the  circumstance  of  the  Reform  Act  of  1832  having  expressly 
reserved  them.     1884  Catholic  Diet.  (1897)  786/2  Absolution 
from  a  reserved  sin  may  be  given  by  the  superior  who  re-    I 
serves  it.    1897  W.  WALSH  Sccr.Hist.O.rf.  Movem.  x.  (1898)    I 
342  The  ostensible  reason  for  restoring  the  Reserved  Sacra-    ' 
ment  is  that  it  is  then  always  ready  to  be  given  to  the  sick,    j 

b.  Reserved  seafs>  those  seats  at  a  public  enter-    ' 
tainment    or   meeting   which    may   be    specially 
engaged  beforehand.     Alsoyff. 

1858  LYTTON  What  will  He  do  i.  iii,  Happy  to  see  any  of 
your  friends  in  the  reserved  seats.    1873  HAMERTON  Intel/.    '• 
L^e  vin.  ii.  288  Reserved  seats  in  the  great  assemblage  of    > 
the  world. 

C.  Reserved  List,  a  list  of  naval  officers  re-  ' 
moved  from  active  service  but  kept  in  reserve  in  i 
case  of  being  required.  So  reserved  officer ^  pay  t  etc.  j 
1851  Land.  Gaz.  No.  21222.  1673/1  These  officers  will  be  i 
placed  on  reserved  Half-pay.  Ibid.  1673/2  In  case  of 
War,  or  of  emergency,.,  to  call  such  Officers  from  the  | 
Reserved  List  into  Active  Service.  1866  Chambers'  Encycl,  \ 


\  s.y.  Reserved  List,  In  the  remote  contingency  of  the  Active 
List  being  exhausted,,  .these  'reserved'  officers  would  be 
liable  to  be  called  upon  to  serve. 

BeservedlyCr/zauvedli),^^.  [f.prec.  +  -LY-.] 
In  a  reserved  manner  ;  with  or  in  reserve. 

x6n  FLORIO,  Rtscrbatatnente,  reseruedly,  sparingly.    1638 

.    BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  II)  130  You  should  goe  more 

reservedly  to  worke,  and  retaine  more  providence  for  the 

future.     1679  Anhnadv.  S#.  Five  Jesuits  6  He  might  use 

another  reserve  with  respect  to  the  words  private  persons, 

understanding  reservedly,  persons  that  have  no  authority 

from  the  Pope.     1710  STEELE  Tatler  No.  213  !•  i  They  are 

so  reservedly  complaisant  till  they  have  learned  to  resign 

their  natural  Passions.     1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811) 

IV.  27,  I  could  not  have  behaved  more  reservedly  to  Mr. 

i    Solmes.     1835  I.  TAYLOR  Spir.  Despot,  in.  106  Never  are 

i    such  reforms  recorded  otherwise  than  in  terms  of  commenda- 

'    tion;  never  are  they  reservedly  mentioned  as  [etc.].     1892 

i     IVclsh  Rev.  I.  718  Take  note  of  the  sentence  reservedly 

kept  by  me  to  frustrate  man's  design. 

Reservedness  (r/zSuvdnes).     [f.  as  prec.  + 
-NESS.]     The  state  or  quality  of  being  reserved ; 
reserve,  reticence,  caution. 
1609  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  vm.  Iii,  Her  lookes,  not  let  abrode 

:    (but  carefully  Kept  in,  restraind)  held  their  reservednesse. 

;    1624  BEDELL  Lett.  iti.  71  It  is  a  wise  reseruednesse  in  them. 

!  not  to  intermedle  with  that  wherein  they  might  easily  fault. 
1676  1'owERsoN  Decalogue  396  They  shall. .at  all  times  use 
. .  that  reservedness  and  modesty  in  their  outward  deport 
ment.  1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  57  f  6  A  Woman  is  too 
sincere  to.. act  with  that  Caution  and  Reservedness  which 
are  requisite  in  our  Sex.  1753  RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1781) 
II.  ix.  123  Sir  Charles's  reservedness.  .may  not  let  them 
know  the  secrets  of  his  heart  in  this  particular.  1797  JANE 
AUSTEN  Sense  fy  Setts,  xviii,  The  reservedness  of  his 
manner  towards  her  contradicted  one  moment  what  a  more 
animated  look  had  intimated  the  preceding  one.  1873  M. 
ARNOLD  Lit.  <y  Dogma  58  Is  this  reservedness  of  affirma 
tion  about  God  less  worthy  of  him,  than  the.. licence  of 
affirmation  of  our  dogmatists..? 

Rese:rvee\  rare.  [f.  RESERVE  v.  +  -EE  i.]  '  One 
to  whom  something  is  reserved'  (Worcester,  1860, 
citing  Story). 

Rese'rvefu.1,  a.  rare-*,  [f.  RESERVE  $b.  + 
-FLIL.]  Full  of  reserve  or  restraint. 

1886  Q.  Rev.  Apr.  468  The  reserveful  simplicity  with  which 
'  he  comments  upon  his  own  [services], 

Rese'rveless,  a-  rare—1,  [f.  as  prec.  +  -LESS.] 
Without  a  reserve,  having  no  reserve  in  hand. 

1882  Pall  Mall  G.  15  Nov.  5/2  Were  the  stroke  delivered 
suddenly,  it  could  not  fail  to  have  a  terrific  effect,  or  to 
teach  our  reserveless  bankers  a  very  wholesome  lesson. 

Re  server  *  (r/zauvai).    [f.  RESERVE  v.  +  ER  i.] 

1.  One  who  reserves,  rare. 

16x2-28  BP.  HALI.  Contempt  O.  T.  vin.  v.  (1820)  I.  336 
Eilher  Israel  wanted  skill,  or  our  reservers  honesty,  a  1639 
WOTTON  in  Reliq.  (1672)  370,  I  am  In  this  likewise  no  re- 
server  of  my  good  will  till  the  last.  1755  in  JOHNSON. 

f2.  =  RESERVOIR  sb.  i.  Obs. 

1670-98  LASSELS  Voy.  Italy  II.  192  Spouts  of  stone,  by 
which  they  used  to  let  the  water  from  above  into  the  vast 
Reserver.  1683  Weekly  Memorial  31  The  Reserver  of  St. 
Ferreol  is  above  2oooToises  in  Circumference.  1718  OZELL 
tr.  Tourneforfs  Voy.  II.  357  The  Reserver,  which  is  of 
Marble,  wherein  they  bathe. 

Rese'rver-.    rare~l.    [-ER*.]   A  reservation. 

1807  BENTHAM  Let.  to  Romilly  Wks.  1843  X.  425  As  to 
everything  else,  I  have  no  reservers. 

Reservery  (rfzauvari).  nonce-wd.  [f.  RE 
SERVE  sb.  +  -ERY.]  The  occupation  of  serving  as 
a  reservist ;  the  system  of  reserve  forces. 

1878  STEVENSON  Inland  Voy.  (1896)  177  '  Reservery',  said 
he,  'seems  a  pretty  mean  way  to  spend  one's  autumn  holi 
day  '.  Ibid.  181  Reservery  and  general  militarismus  (as  the 
Germans  call  it)  was  rampant. 

Reserving  (r/zauvirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RESERVE 
v.  +  -ING  1.]  The  action  of  the  vb.,  or  an  instance 
of  this ;  reservation. 

1532  Dial,  on  Laws  Eng.  H.  xxu.  43  b,  It  semeth  that  the 
reseruynge  of  suche  vse  is  prohibit  by  the  lawe.  1542-3 
Act  34  <$•  35  Hen.  VII 1 1  c.  5  §  9  The  sauinges  reserumges 
and  prouisions.  .of  the  saide  former  act.  1551  GARDINER  in 
Cranmer  Answ.  Gardiner  in.  165  Touching  reseruyng, 
whiche  Clement  might  seme  todenye.  1598  FLORIO,  Risente, 
. .  reseruings,  sparings,  hoordings.  1841  TUPPER  Twins  xxx, 
There  were  no  concealments  now  between  them,  no  re- 
servings. 

Rese-rving,  ///.  a.  [-INGS.]  -f-a.  Except 
(for),  saving.  O/'s.  b.  Containing  a  reservation. 

1540-1  ELYOT  Image  Gov.  13  He  commaunded  that  no 
man  shoulde  write  unto  hym  in  any  other  fourme,  than 
shoulde  bee  written  to  a  private  person,  reservyng  the  name 
of  Emperour.  1670  MAKVELL  Let.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  319 
The  Lords,  .have  added  a  reserving  clause  for  his  Majestie's 
ancient  prerogative  in  all  ecclesiastical  things. 

Reservist  (r/zauvist).  [f.  RESERVE  sb.  +  -IST; 
cf.  F.  r&erviste.']  One  who  belongs  to  or  serves 
in  the  reserve  forces. 

1876  World  V.  14  The  '  Reservists '  of  our  army  put  in  a 
most  creditable  appearance  when  called  out  at  the  late 
manoeuvres.  1883  Spectator  19  May  636  A  French  regiment 
is  composed  of  men  actually  with  the  colours,  and  of  the 
reservists.  1895  Daily  Tel.  13  Aug.  5/1  The  mobilisation  of 
the  Spanish  reservists. .continuts. 

Reservoir  (re'zaivwiii),  sb.  Also  8  -oire. 
[a.  F.  rhervoir,  f.  rjserver  to  keep,  RESERVE  + 
-oir :  see  -ORY  *.] 

1.  A  more  or  less  capacious  receptacle  (of  earth 
work,  masonry,  or  the  like),  specially  formed  or 
constructed  to  contain  and  store  a  large  supply  of 
water  for  ordinary  uses. 


RESERVOIR. 


515 


RESET. 


1705  ADDISON  Italy  373  A  Set  of  Galleries  that  are  hewn 
into  the  Rock. . .  Some  will  have  'em  to  have  been  a  Reservoir 
of  Water.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess,  Waters  I.  136  Water  is  con- 
veyed  from  the  reservoirs  at  Islington  to  many  different 
parts  of  our  capital.  1788  GIUBON  Decl.  fy  F.  \.  V.  177  The 
towers  of  Saana,  and  the  marvellous  reservoir  of  Merab, 
were  constructed  by  the  kings  of  the  HomerUes.  1841 
KLPHIXSTONK  Hist.  India  II.  121  He  was  constantly  taken 
up  with  aqueducts,  reservoirs,  and  other  improvements. 
1871  TYNDALL  Fragnt.  Set.  (1879)  ^1.  v.  173  At  Canterbury 
there  are  three  reservoirs  covered  In  and  protected, 
f  b.  A  tank  or  cistern  for  water.  Obs. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  reservoir  in  a  building 
is  a  large  bason,  usually  of  wood,  lined  with  lead,  where 
water  is  kept  to  supply  the  occasions  of  the  house.  1771 
J.  ADAMS  Diary  4  June,  Wks.  1850  II.  268  They  have  built 
a  shed  over  a  little  reservoir  made  of  wood,  ..and  into  that 
have  conveyed  the  water  from  the  spring.  1787  M.  CUTI.KR 
in  Li/i;  etc.  (1888)  I.  206  A  large  reservoir  of  water  is  placed 
in  the  third  loft  of  the  house. 

C.  A  place  or  area  in  which  water  naturally 
collects  in  large  quantities. 

1730-46  THOMSON  Autumn  821,  I  see  the  rocky  siphons 
stretch'd  immense,  The  mighty  reservoirs.  1756  C.  LUCAS 
Ess.  Waters  I.  32  Temporary  springs  ..  have  no  reservoir 
or  considerable  receptacle  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth.  1784 
BELKNAI'  in  />'.  Pafers(i%ji)  If.  185  These  Mountains,  then, 
are  the  grand  reservoir  of  water  for  many  parts  of  New 
England.  1822  J.  FLINT  Lett,  Aiticr.  290  The  lake,  forming 
an  extensive  reservoir,  greatly  equalizes  the  discharge  of 
water.  1866  BAKER  Albert  N'yanza  II.  95,  I  looked  down 
..upon  that  vast  reservoir  which  nourished  Egypt. 

d.  Jig*  A  place  or  sphere  where  something  is 
collected  or  tends  to  collect,  after  the  manner  of 
water. 

1690  TEMPLE  Ess.,  Learning  Misc.  II.  9  The  Ancient 
Colledges,  or  Societies  of  Priests,  were  mighty  Reservoirs  or 
Lakes  of  Knowledge.  1728  YOUNG  Love  Fame  vi.  323  Grand 
reservoirs  of  public  happiness,  Through  secret  streams  dif 
fusively  they  bless.  1839  TuiRLWAU.  Crravtf  1.  VI.  233  This 
had  been  the  principal  reservoir,  .into  which  the  tribute  of 
the  East  had  flowed.  1882  FARRAH  Early  C/tr.  II.  307 
Rome— the  reservoir,  as  Tacitus  says,  into  which  all  things 
infamous  and  shameful  flowed. 

2.  A  part  of  an  animal  or  plant  in  which  some 
fluid  or  secretion  is  collected  or  retained. 

1727-38  CHAMBKKS  Cycl.  s.v.  Receptaculum,  A  reservoir  or 
cavity  near  the  left  kidney,  into  which  the  lacteal  vessels  do 
all  discharge  their  contents.  1741  MONRO  Anat.  Bones 
(ed.  3)  24  Such  Bones  are  said  to  have  a  large  Reservoire  of 
Oil.  1849  BALFOUR  Alan.  Bot.  10  The  cavities,  .are  denomin 
ated  cysts,  reservoirs  of  oil,  and  receptacles  of  secretions. 
1855  T.  R.  JONKS  Anim,  Kingd.  (ed.  2)  513  A  large  central 
nervous  ganglion,  and  on  each  side  of  this  there  is  a  minute 
round  reservoir.  1884  BOWER  &  SCOTT  ZV  Gary's  Phancr, 
431  The  primary  arrangement  of  the  secretory  reservoirs 
presents  little  of  interest. 

b.  A  part  of  some  apparatus  in  which  a  fluid 
or  liquid  is  contained. 

1784  M.  CUTLER  in  Lift,  etc.  (1888)  I.  106  Some  particles 
of  mercury  had  exuded  through  the  leather  of  the  reservoir 
[in  a  thermometer].  1793  BEUDOES  Let.  Darwin  46  It  was 
inhaled  through  a  tube,  and  in  consequence  of  pressure  on 
the  reservoir,  a  strong  current  set  into  the  mouth.  1830 
HERSCHEL  Stud.  Nat.  Phil.  in.  i.  (1851)  229  The  pressure 
of  the  external  air  on  the  surface  of  the  mercury  in  the 
reservoir.  1859  HAWTHORNE  Marb.  Faun  xliv,  The  lamp 
required  to  be  replenished..,  though  its  reservoir  of  oil  was 
exceedingly  capacious.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1520/2 
The  reservoirs  of  ranges  are  usually  vertical  iron  boilers, 
connected  by  pipes  with  the  water  supply  of  the  city. 

c.  In  the  organ.   (See  quots.) 

1835  Penny  Cycl.  IV.  198/1  In  the  organ,  the  air  is  con- 
densed  into  a  reservoir  called  the  wind-chest,  which  supplies 
the  pipes.  1840  Ibid.  XVI.  492/2  The  registrars,  by  which 
the  equal  rising  of  the  reservoir  is  ensured.  1881  C.  A. 
EDWARDS  Organs  41  Bellows  consist  of  two  parts,  termed 
respectively  the  '  Feeder  '  and  the  '  Reservoir '. 

3.  Any  receptacle  for  fluids  (or  vapours). 

1774  J.  BRYANT  Mythol.  I.  194  ./Etna,  .being  a  reservoir  of 
molten  matter.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  IV.  307  It 
has  a  fifth  stomach,  which  serves  as  a  reservoir,  to  hold  a 
greater  quantity  of  water  than  the  animal  has  an  immediate 
occasion  for.  1792  J.  BELKNAP  Hist.  New  Hampsk.  III. 
114  Large  troughs  or  vats,  .to  serve  as  reservoirs  for  the  sap 
when  collected.  1808  Phil,  Trans.  XCVIII.  125  The  gas. . 
is  conveyed  by  iron  pipes  into  large  reservoirs,  or  gasometers. 
1854  BKEWSTER  J?/tfr<r  Worlds  iii.  49  The  fluid  matters  which 
produced  external  volcanoes,  exist  in  internal  reservoirs  of 
limited  extent,  forming  subterranean  lakes.  1880  HAUGHTON 
Pkvs.  Geog.  ii.  68  If  there  were  any  communication  between 
their  respective  reservoirs  of  molten  lava. 

fb.  A  receptacle  or  repository  for  things  or 
articles;  a  place  where  things  are  laid  up  or 
stored.  Obs. 

1739  R.  BULL  tr.  Dedekindns*  Grobianus,  114  Down  to  its 
Reservoir  the  Meat's  convey 'd  And  due  Digestion  is  the 
better  made.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v. 
/>rtji«,  A  wide  and  spacious  reservoir  for  shipping.  1786 
tr.  Beckfords  Vathek  (1868)  115  Every  reservoir  of  riches 
was  disclosed  to  their  view.  1803  Censor  i  Nov.  126,  I 
thrust  my  sweetheart  into  the  coal-cellar.  ..I  flattered  my 
self  that  he  could  remain  unseen  in  some  corner  of  that 
large  reservoir.  1836  Back'voods  of  Canada  216  The  inner 
lining  of  birch-bark  being  drawn  between  the  poles  so  as  to 
form  hollow  pouches  all  round ;  [many  articles  occupied] 
these  reservoirs. 

c.  A  store  or  collection,  a  reserve  supply,  of 
something. 

1784  COWER  Task  \\.  201  What  is  Hiscreation  less  Than  a 
capacious  reservoir  of  means..?  1813  SIR  H.  DAVY  Agric. 
Cketn.  (1814)  215  In  the  production  of  a  plant  from  a  seed, 
some  reservoir  of  nourishment  is  needed  before  the  root  can 
supply  sap.  1837  DICKENS  Pickw,  iv,  The  labours  of  others 
have  raised  for  us  an  immense  reservoir  of  important  facts. 
1860  MAI-RY  Phys.  Geoff,  vii.  §  359  There  is  in  the  upper 


regions  of  the  air  a  great  reservoir  of  positive  electricity. 
1875  BENNKTT  &  DYER  tr.  Sac/is'  Bot.  627  The  organs 
of  assimilation,  .stand  at  a  distance  from  the  reservoirs  of 
reserve-material. 

4.  attrib.  a.  Having  or  containing,  fitted  with, 
serving  as,  a  reservoir  or  receptacle  of  any  kind. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XI.  199/2  The  operator  in 
general  carries  the  matter  about  with  him  on  what  is  called 
a  reservoir  lancet.  1845  STIMPSON  Organ  in  Town  Hall 


There  is  nae  laws  now  about    reset    of  intercommuned 
persons,  as  there  was  in  the  ill  times  o'  the  last  Stuarts. 


1920/2  Reservoir'Stove.  one  having  a  large  uuuer  ;iiun.ueu. 
1884  Ibid.  Suppl.  751/2  Reservoir  Battery^  one  having  a 
reserve  of  material.  Ibid.*  Reservoir  blow-pipe,  with  air 
chamber.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  4  Oct.  4/2  The  liquid  contained 
in  the  so-called  reservoir-cells  on  the  walls  of  the  first 
stomach  [of  the  camel].  1889  Ibid,  i  Jan.  1/3  Reservoir 
pens  capable  of  deluging  an  opponent  with  ink. 

b.  Of  the  nature  of,  pertaining  to,  connected 
with,  a  water-reservoir. 

1839  Civil  Eng:.  .$•  Arch.  Jrnl.  II.  169/2  Reservoir-locks 
will  be  found  very  useful  on  slack  water  navigation.  1884 
KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  752/1  An  electrical  reservoir 
level  recorder,  used  at  Nottingham.  1890  Engineering 
16  May  596/2  The  reservoir  gauge  went  back  from  15  in.  to 
10  in.  1894  Daily  A'civs  31  July  5/3  The  construction  of  the 
reservoir  dam  at  Assouan. 

Reservoir  (re'za-ivwaj),  v.  [f.  the  sb.]  trans. 
To  store  up,  keep  in  or  as  in  a  reservoir.  Hence 
Re'servoired///.  a. 

1858  H.  W.  BEECHEK  Life  Thoughts^  (1859)  65  A  reservoired 
state  of  feeling  out  of  which  the  various  parts  of  life  ought 
to  flow.  1866  ALGKK  Snlit,  Naf.  if-  A  fan  HI.  156  Mental 
force  is.  .reservoired,  subject  to  the  summons  of  the  will. 
1887  Pall  j\lall  G.  24  Dec.  10/1  Millions  of  poods  of  oil 
have  been  lost,  owing  to  the  inefficient  way  in  which  it  is 
reservoired  and  stored.  1896  L.  ABBOTT  Chr.  <$-  Sec.  Prob. 
vi.  175  These  men  are  making  available  to  the  community 
the  reservoired  resources  of  the  globe. 

Rese'rvor.  Law.  [f.  RESERVE  v.  +  -OR.] 
'One  who  reserves '  (Worcester,  1860,  citing  Story). 

Reset  (r/se*t),  sbl  Forms:  3-5  recet,  4-5 
recett(e,  rescet,  4-6  resset(te,  4-7  resett  (5 
reyaet),  4-  reset,  [a.  OF.  recet :— L.  recept-um  : 
see  RECEPT  sbJ-  and  cf.  RECEIPT  sb."] 

•j- 1.  The  opportunity,  advantage,  privilege,  etc., 
of  being  received  or  sheltered  in  a  place ;  refuge, 
shelter,  harbour,  succour.  Chiefly  in  phrases  to 
have  (gcit  take)  reset.  Obs.  (latterly  Sc.) 

1297  R.  Gi.ouc.  Chron.  (Rolls)  8385  Sire  Reinaud..ben 
toun  wuste  bihinde,  pat  hor  men  3if  hii  nede  adde  recet  mrjte 
vinde.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  5299  To  mi  lauerd  yee  com  wit 
me.,;  I  sal  askin  yow  sum  recett.  c  1330 R.  BRUNNE  Chron. 
IVace  (Rolls)  920  He  was  on  bat  wolde  bem  saue,  &  at  his 
castles  recet  \v.r.  rescet]  to  haue.  13..  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P,  A. 
1066  per  entrez  non  to  take  reset.  £1380  Sir  Feriuub. 
1021  In  his  pauillouns  to  haue  recet  biderward  gan  he 
drawe.  1450  Rolls  of  Par  It.  V.  213/2  In  the  same  Shires 
where  such  recet te  or  comfort  shall  be  hadde.  1535  STEWART 
Cron.  Scot.  I.  297  Sailland  to  seik  qnhair  tha  mycht  get 
resset,  In  other  land  sum  duelling  place  to  get.  1685  Scot. 
Proclam.  in  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  2032/3  To  the  end  the  said.. 
Rebels  may  have  no  Reset,  Harbour,  Comfort  or  Refuge 
from  any  of  the  Subjects  of  this  Our  Realm. 

fb.  A  place  of  reception,  refuge,  shelter,  or 
accommodation ;  an  abode,  haunt,  usual  residence 
or  retreat.  Obs.  (latterly  Sc.) 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  2175  Scotlond  aj>  euere  ybe  a 
luber  recet  \v.r.  rescette]  ylome.  13..  Coer  de  L.  3156  At 
even,  whenne  the  sunne  was  sette,  Every  man  drewe  to  his 
recet.  c  1350  Will.  Palcrne  2801  To  recuuer  sum  resset 
)>ere  we  vs  rest  mi}t.  11400  tr.  Secrcta  Secret. ,  Gov. 
Lords/i.  74  Alle  Bestes  drawyn  to  her  resset,  and  neddrys 
to  her  holys.  1424  Sc.  Acts  ?<is.  7(1814)  II.  6/2  J>1  in  all 
burowis  townys  ..  quhar  comon  passages  ar  bat  J>ar  be 
sU>rdanyt  hostilaris  and  resett  is,  haifande  s.tabillis  and  chal- 
meris.  c  1470  Go  I.  fy  Gaw.  38  Resset  couth  thai  find  none 
That  suld  tnair  bute  bene.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  xm.  vi. 
190, 1,  Troian,  for  me  vp  in  this  feild,  Ane  new  resset  and 
wycht  wallys  sail  beild.  1581  Keg.  Privy  Council  Scot. 
III.  557  That  the  samin  [houses]  be  not  a  resset  to  thevis 
and  fugitives  thairefter. 

t  C.  (Chiefly  Sc.)  One  who  receives  or  shelters 
another ;  esp,  a  reseller  (of  a  thief  or  criminal). 

c  1440  Bone  Flor.  1746  A  burges  that  was  the  thefys  reyset, 
At  the  townes  end  he  them  niett.  (1470  HENRY  Wallace 
II.  17  This  gentill  man  was  full  oft  his  resett.  1552  R(£* 
Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  130  Gif  he  beis  fugitive  and  passis  to 
his  nychbour,.,  the  resett  of  him  sail  pay  the  xx  lib.  1570 
i  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xi.  97  Lat  all  that  fische  be  trapt  in 
net,  Was  counsall,  art,  part,  or  reset,.  .Or  $it  with  helping 
hand  him  met.  1641  Sc.  Acts  Ckas.  I  (1814)  V.  501^1  That 
circuit  courts  of  justiciaire  also  be  establisched.  .yeirlie  for 
i  tryell  and  punisching  of  all  theiffisj  sorneris,  robberis,  and 
ressetts  bairuf. 

2.  Sc.  {Law),  a.  Reception  or  shelter  given  to 
.  another,  spec,  to  a  thief,  criminal,  or  proscribed 
,  person ;  the  act  or  practice  of  receiving  or  har- 
:  bouring  such  persons.  Now  arch. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  246  Ony  man  that 
gevis  outhir  resset  or  favpure  to  Goddis  inymyes.  c  1470 
HENRY  Wallace  iv.  715  Than  thai  ..  Accusyt  hir  sar  of 
resset  in  that  cas.  ?  157*  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxxvi.  48 
i  Our  antecessorls.  .oft  tymes  baid  \>e  hasard  of  J>e  weir,  For 
resset  and  succouring  of  straingeris.  1603  Kef.  Pri-y 


disposing  of  the  goods.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Sc^^ 
Reset  of  Tlu'ft  ;  is  the  offence  of  receiving  and  keeping 
goods,  knowing  them  to  be  stolen,  and  with  an  intention  to 
conceal  and  withhold  them  from  the  owner.  1863  Glasgttv 
Her.  15  Apr.,  Theft  and  Reset. 

f  3.  A  receptacle.     Also  transf,     Obs.  rare. 

c  1380  WVCLIF  Set.  Wks.  III.  390  Freris  ben  ressett,  and  a 
swolowhe  of  symonye,  of  usure,  of  extorsiouns.  1388  — 
Ecclus.  xxxix.  22  As  resettis  [L.  exceptoria}  of  watris  in  the 
word  of  his  mouth. 

f4.  Sc.  The  act  of  receiving;  receipt  ^/"some 
thing.  Obs.  rare. 

1533  BKLLENDEN  Livy  iv.xiv.  (S.T.S.)  II.  95  Quhiddir  the 
tovne  of  fidena  Or  be  toun  of  veos  war  mare  ganand  for  res- 
sett  of  bare  battell.  c  1590  Hist.  Jas.  VI  (1804)  229  The 
ambassador,  eftir  the  ressett  of  this  answere,  retunut  to  the 
Regent,  quhair  they  consullit  togidder  for  a..remeid. 

f  5.  med.  A  receipt  or  recipe.   Obs.  rare  -1. 

1564-78  BuLLEYN/?m/.  agst.  /Vj/.(iSS8)  21  If  this  purging 
were  not,  we  would  dense  and  expulse  with  our  resettes 
that  whiche  should  serue  our  tourne  well  enough. 

f6.  Hunting.    «*  RECEIPT  j£.  14.   Obs.  raw~l. 

1616  SURFL.  &  MARKH.  Countrty  Farme  vn.  xxv.  686  A 
quarter  of  a  myle  before  them,  .you  shall  place  your  Reset, 
which  would  be  a  brace  of  greyhounds  somewhat  stronger 
than  the  former. 

Reset  (r/'se-t),  sb?  [f.  RESET  z>.2]  a.  '  Among 
printers,  matter  reset*  (Webster,  1847).  b.  'The 
act  of  resetting '  (Ogilvie,  1882). 

Reset  (r/se-t),  z>.l  Forms :  3-6  recette  (5 
recepte',  4-6  resette ;  4  rescet,  4-6  resset 
(6  -ett),  5-  reset  (7  -ett).  Also  as/<z.  pple.  (and 
pa.  t).  [ad.  OF.  reccter^  recettcr'.— L.  receptare^ 
f.  recept-i  ppl.  stem  of  recipZre  to  receive  :  cf. 
RECEIPT  v.^] 

1.  trans.  To  receive,  harbour,  or  shelter  (a  per 
son,  esp.  an  offender  against  the  law).    Now  arch. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  4635  J>e  kunde  men  of  \>\^  lond 
recetted  were  J?ere.  1375  BARBOUK  Bruce  ix.  282  Schir 
lohne  Mowbray  is  vith  him  gane,  And  war  resettit  with  the 
king.  1393  LANGL.  /'.  PI.  C.  iv.  501  Ac  he  J>at  receyuef> 
ol>er  recetteb  hure  ys  recettor  of  gyle.  1436  Rolls  of  Parlt. 
IV.  511/1  They  herber  and  reset  alle  maner  of  myslyvers. 
1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  246  He  dois  again 
the  precept  of  the  kirk,  .to  favour  na  resset  inymyes  of  the 
faith.  1512  Act  4  Hen.  V/IIt  c.  20  Preamble,  John  Tayler 
felonsly  and  traytoursly  resetted  one  Archbold  Armcstrong 
wich  was  proclaymed  a  Rebell.  1577-87  HoLiNSHEDC/^'f«. 
III.  842/2  The  manslaiers,  spoilers,  robbers,  &  violaters  of 
the  same  truces  and  safe  conducts,  .haue  beene recetted.  .by 
diuerse  of  the  kings  liege  people  upon  the  coasts,  1640-1 
Kirkcudbr.  War-Com>n.  Min.  Bk.  (1855)  87  William  Gor- 
done  in  Nethcr-corsock  reset  the  said  runaway.  1681  Scot. 
Act\s\Lond.  Gaz.  No.  1648/4  If  any  Man  shall  Resett.  .any 
Servant,  Tennant  or  Cottar  who  is  so  put  away,  he  shall  be 
lyable  to  pay  three  years  Fee  to  the  Master  who  did  put 
him  away.  175*  J-  LOUTHIAN  Form  cf  Process  (ed.  2)  158 
Resetting  Traitors,  or  those  who  lay  at  the  Horn  for  treason 
able  Practices.  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mort,  viii,  You  knew,  that, 
as  a  loyal  subject,  you  were  prohibited  to  reset,  supply,  or 
intercommune  with  this  attainted  traitor. 
b.  As  pa.  f  pie.  (Chiefly  A.) 

c  1470 HARDING  Chron.  cxciv,  iii, He.. rode  on al \vaye  Vnto 
Paris,  wher  he  was  faire  recepte  [rime  incite].  1513  DOUG 
LAS  sEneis  vn.  x.  81  That  sic  forloppin  Troianis  ..  Suld 
thankfully  be  resset  in  that  ring.  1570  Satir.  Poems  Re 
form,  xxvi.  127  He  was  reset  by  his  command. 

2.  To  receive  (stolen  goods)  from  a  thief  with 
intent  to  cover  or  profit  by  the  theft.     Also  absoL 

1609 SKENE  Reg.  JAy.,  Stat.Alcx.  //, xxi.  (1774)  336  Quha 
resets  theift  stollen  fra  anie  man  ;  he  sail  be  estemed  as 
ane  common  theif.  1615  in  Ferguson  &  Nanson  Rcc.  Car 
lisle  (1887)  280  She  did  recett  Michaell  Blaklocke  sheats 
that  were  stollen.  1817  Lin  toun.  Green  iv.  51  Twa  tinkler- 
gangs,  here  ither  met, ..Tosorn,  reeve,  steal,  lift,  and  reset. 
1863  Glasgow  Her.  15  Apr.,  A  woman,  named  Mary  Arnol, 
was  convicted  of  having  resetted  the  stolen  property. 

Reset  (rfse-t),  v.2  Also  re-set.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  To  set  again,  in  various  senses  of  the  verb. 

1.  To  replace  (esp.  gems)  in  a  (former  or  new) 
setting. 

1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  v.  iv.  §  7  Elizabeth,. .finding  so  fair 
a  flower.. fallen  out  of  her  Crown,  was  careful  quickly  to 
gather  it  up  again,  and  get  it  re-sett  therein.  1684  R. 
WALLER  Nat.  Exper.  Pref.,  For  a  time  they  fall  out  of 
their  Collets..,  and  [are]  worth  nothing  till,  .they  are  again 
reset  in  their  proper  places.  1830  LYTTON  /'.  Clifford  v\\, 
A  stray  trinket  or  two— not  of  sufficient  worth  to  be  re-set. 
1883  HALDANE  IVorksh.  Rcc.  Ser.  n.  371/2  The  hair  can  be 
again  reset  as  firmly  as  it  was  before  [etc.], 

b.  Surg.  To  set  (a  broken  limb)  again. 

1884  'H.  COLLIKGWOOD  *  (W.  J.  C.  Lancaster)  Under 
Meteor  Flag  \\^  We  succeeded  in  getting  the  limb  reset, 
and  the  wound  properly  attended  to. 

2.  To  plant  again,  replant. 

1716  M.  DAVIES  Athen.  Grit.  III.  85  Soon  after  the 
Gothick  Barbarity  repullulated  again,  and  was  re-set. 

3.  To  set  again  in  a  different  way  or  position. 
1776  BURNEY  Hist.  Mtts.  I.  171  The  plays  of  Shakespeare 

might  be  reset.  i88a  HOLLAND  Logic  $  Life  (1885)  268 
The  life  of  an  entire  people  is  shifting  and  resetting,  .its 
landmarks. 

4.  To  put  a  new  edge  tfn  ;  to  sharpen  again. 
18*3  BYRON"  Juan  xiv.hii,  Reset  it :  shave  more  smoothly. 

1885  Lock's  Worksh.  fiec.Gen.  Index,  Resetting  bandsaws. 

5.  Typog,  To  set  up  (type)  again  ;  to  recompose. 

65-a 


RESETMENT. 

1847  in  WEBSTER.  1884  Lpool  Mercury  14  Feb.  5/6 
Practical  printers  are  already  moving  to  see  whether  they 
cannot  save  the  cost  of  re-setting  old  editions.  1896  DE 
VINNE  Moxons  Mcch.  Exerc,,  Printing  420  The  compositor 
.  .undertook  to  reset  this  book  in  modern  style. 

6.  To  set  up  or  fix  in  proper  order  again. 

1829  ELMES  Dilapidations  (ed.  3)  App.  66  Take  down  and 
re-set  the  chimney-pots.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II. 
35  Such  an  occurrence  will  create  the  trouble  to  the  shep 
herd  of  resetting  the  whole  net.  1860  Merc.  Mar.  Mag. 
VII.  114  The  sail  can  be  reset.  1880  CARNEGIE  Pract. 
Trapping  8  Should  they  be  rained  upon,  they  will  all  re 
quire  re-betting  or  re-covering. 

Hence  Resetting,  re-se-tting  vbl.  sb. 

1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  xxii.  II.  471  The  resettings 
by  which  the  same  superficies  is  repeated.  1861  WYNTER 
Sac.  Bees  74  What  advantage  does  this  method  present 
over  a  resetting  of  the  page  in  the  usual  manner  ?  1882 
Spans"  Encycl.  s.v.  Leather,  The  next  step  is  re-setting 
(retenagc\  . .  This  is  another  setting  out  with  the  sleeker, 
1897  Daily  News  3  May  8/5  A  publication  . ,  containing 
excellent  new  tunes  and  re-settings. 

1  Rese'tment.  Obs.  rare.  In  5  recette- 
ment.  [a.  AF.  recettement  (Britton) :  see  RESET 
zj.l  and  -MENT.]  The  act  or  practice  of  unlawful 
receiving  or  harbouring.  (Cf.  RECEPTMENT.) 

1449  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  151/1  Such  takyng  or  takynges, 
recettements,  abettementes..of  such  misdedes  aforesaide. 
1450  Ibid.  213/2  That  the  same  recettours  and  Comfortours 
appere  before  you.  .to  answer.. of  the  same  recettement  and 
comfort. 

Rese'ttable  (r/-),  a.  [f.  RESET  v.'1}  Capable 
of  being  reset. 

1879  TENNYSON  Lovers  Tale  iv.  198  Some  with  gems 
Moveable  and  resettable  at  will. 

Resetter  (r/se'tw).  Forms  :  a.  4,  6  resset- 
tour,  4,  7  recettor,  5  -our.  £.  5  res3ttyr,  6 
resettar,  7  ressettare,  -er,  recetter,  6-  reset 
ter.  [a.  OF.  recetour,  -eur  :  see  RESET  z/.l  and 
-OK  2,  -ER1.]  One  who  resets,  f  a.  A  harbourer 
of  criminals,  thieves,  etc.  Obs.  b.  A  receiver  of 
stolen  goods. 

a.  £1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  III.  318  Alle  ressettours  and 
meynteneris  of  siche  wityngly  ben  cursed.  1393  LANGL. 
P.  PI.  C.  iv.  501  Ac  he  t>at  receyueb  ober  recettep  hure  ys 
recettor  of  gyle.  1449  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  151/1  To  enquere 
.  .of  all  such  misdoers,  ther  abbettours  and  Recettours.  1576 
Reg.  Priiy  Council  Scot.  II.  573  The  resettouris.  .salbe  usit 
and  demanyt  as  the  rebellis  thame  selffis.  1632  SANDYS 
Ovid's  Metam.  xiv.  Notes  481  A  pilfering  thiefe  confessed 
.  .how  by  the  aduice  of  one  of  his  recettors  he  compassed 
this  hearb. 

0.  ci44o  Alj>h,   Talcs  73  Commonlie  be  lytle  Jueff  is 
hanged,  Bod  his  resettyr  &  his  mayntynnur  is  savid.     1525 
St.  Papers^  Hen.  F///f  IV.  418  note,  Togither  with  yair 
prvrt  takaris,  assistaris,  supplearis,  wittandlie  resettaris  of  yair 
personis  [etc.].    1590  in  Noake  IVorcestcrsh,  Relics  (1877)  61 
Divers  of  them  are  common  locksters  and  resetters  of  yarne 
and  will  pilfer  from  the  owners  thereof,    a  1639  SPOTTISWOOD 
Hist.  Ch.  Scot.  vi.  (1677)  375  A  Proclamation  was  likewise 
renewed  against  the  Jesuites,  and  their  ressetters.     1675  J. 
SMITH  Chr.  Rclig.  App.  \\.  23  Let  us  think  that  both  Thief 
and  Recetter,  the  Reporter  and  Believer  of  such  Stories  are 
grievous  offenders,     a  1768  ERSKINE  Inst.  Law  Scot.  iv.  iv. 
g  63  (1773)  724  Such  as  sell  goods  belonging  either  to  thieves, 
or  to  other  lawless  persons..,  may  bejustly  considered,  .as 
resetters  of  the  goods.     1833  Act  3  $  4  W ill.  IV,  c.  46  §  52 
Being  proceeded  against  as  receivers  or  resetters  of  stolen 
goods.     1889  Standard  9  Nov.  5/2  Their  credit  with  the 
resetter  is  exhausted. 

Rese'ttle  (n-),  v .  Also  re-settle.  [RE-  5  a.J 
To  settle  again,  in  various  senses. 

1.  trans.  To  settle  (a  thing  or  person)  again  in 
a  place  ;  to  replace,  re-establish. 

1545  RAYNOLD  Byrtk  M^ankynde  65  So  that  the  hand  may 
be  r'esetteled  in  his  place.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt,  Brit.  ix. 
vi.  §  28.  491  To  resettle  peace  in  Gods  Church,  which  he 
seemed  onely  to  desire.  1654-66  EARL  ORRERY  Parthen. 
(1676)  627  He  appointed  Curio  to  resettle  Nicomedes  in 
Bithynia.  1696  WHISTON  Tk.  Eartk  in.  (1722)  277  This 
upper  Earth.. was.. not  only  the  old  one  dissolv'd,  and  re 
settled  in  its  ancient  place  again.  17*8  ELIZA  HKYWOOD  tr. 
M: me.de  Gomez's  Belle  A.  (1732)  II.  no  Peace  and  Security 
thus  resettled  in  Constantinople,  the  victorious  Emperor 
sent  word  [etc.].  1750  CARTE  Hist.  Eng.  II.  118  They.. 

§ave  out  publickly  that  he  was  bringing  over  with  him  his 
alf-brothers,  in  order  to  resettle  them  by  force  in  England. 
b.   reft.    To  reseat  (oneself)  in  or   on   some 
thing  ;  to  settle  again  in  one's  seat. 

iSai  SCOTT  Ketttlw.  xxiv,  Resettling  himself  in  the  saddle. 
1835  LY TTON  Rienzi  n.  ii,  The  Bishop,  resettling  himself  on 
his  saddle,  ambled  solemnly  on.  1857  HUGHES  Tom  Brown 
i.  viii,  They,  .heard  the  supper-party  resettle  themselves. 
C.  intr.  To  settle  down  again. 
« 1680  CHARNOCK  Attrib.  God  (1834)  I.  695  That  mud,., 
when  it  is  resettled  at  the  bottom, . .  is  not  so  much  in  quantity 
as  it  was  before.  1794  LD.  AUCKLAND  Corr.  (1862)  111.  262 
We  are  going  to  town  for  three  or  four  days,  and  shall  then 
resettle  here.  1835  LVTTON  Rienzi  II.  i,  They  ever  and 
anon  lifted,  .their  several  goblets,  and  then,. re-settled  to 
their  contemplations. 

2.  To  bring  into  order  again ;  to  restore  to  a 

settled  state  or  condition. 

1611  FLORID,  Ricomporre,  to  recompose,  or  resettle,  1640 
tr.  Verdere^s  Rom.  of  Rom.  in.  xix.  72  All  things  thus  well 
resetted,  Rozanel  and  Tristor  prevailed  ..  with  Clarisel. 
1687  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2301/2  His  Majesties  next  concern 
and  application,  has  been  to  re-settle  those  distracted 
Countries.  17*5  G.  SMITH  Distill.  14  You  will  have  no 
occasion  to  meddle  with  the  same,  lest  they  be  disturbed 
and  want  to  be  resettled.  1773  FOOTE  Bankrupt  nr.  Wks. 
1799  II.  125,  I  have  the  means  in  my  power  to  resettle  all 
our  matters  again.  1899  Daily  News  13  July  6/3  The 
-impulses  which  unsettle  and  resettle  public  opinion. 


516 

b.  To  settle  over  again  ;  to  make  a  new  settle 
ment  of  or  in  (something). 

1859  LANG  \Vand.  India,  216  Why  not  make  it  expedient 
to  do  away  with  the  perpetual  settlement  of  Lord  Corn- 
wallis,  and  resettle  the  whole  of  Bengal?  1888  BRVCE 
Amer.  Commw.  i.  xxx.  (1893)  I.  350  Similar  suggestions., 
have  been  made  for  re-settling  the  relations  of  Ireland  to 
Great  Britain. 

ref.  1857  SPENCER  Progress  (1864)  441  Things  from  time 
to  time  re-settle  themselves  in  a  way  that  best  consists  with 
national  equilibrium. 

3.  To  settle  (a  country)  again. 

1714  Fr.  Bk.  of  Rates  241  This  present  Favour,  .will  not 
contribute  at  all  to  the  resettling  the  said  Colony  with 
Success,,  .unless  the  ancient  Inhabitants  will  return. 

4.  To  assign  by  a  new  settlement. 

1858  LD.  ST.  LEONARDS  Handy-Bk.  Prop.  Law  xvii.  121 
Powers. .to  lease  the  estate.,  j  to  sell  it,  and  buy  another 
estate  with  the  money,  to  be  re-settled. 

Hence  Resettling  vbl.  sb. 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  417  Some  time  will  be  required  after 
the  Remove,  for  the  Reselling,  before  it  can  draw  the 
Juyce,  a  1758  HOWARDS  Hist.  Redemption  (1793)  III.  419 
After  the  flood  what  great  things  did  God  work  for  the  re 
settling  of  the  world.  1898  igi/i  Cent.  Apr.  pi  The  world 
just  now  is  busy  with  a  general  resettling  of  its  map. 

Resettlement.     [KK-  5  a.] 

1.  The  act  of  resettling  ;  a  fresh  settlement. 
121639  WOTTON  in  Reliq.  (1672)  103  Whenceforth  we  may 

account  a  full  Re-settlement  of  Lordship  and  propriety 
through  the  Realm.  1660  INGELO  Bentiv.  $  Ur.  11.  (1682) 
194  Necessary  for  the  Re-settlement  of  the  Affairs  of  the 
Kingdom.  1744  WARBURTON  Occas.  Rejt.  Wks.  1788  VI. 
334  The  Return  from  the  great  Captivity,  and  Resettlement 
in  the  Land  of  ludaca.  1859  LANG  Wand.  India  217  It 
is  a  great  mistake  to  suppose  that  the  whole  of  the  land 
holders  in  Bengal  would  cry  out  against  a  resettlement  of 
that  province.  1878  MORLEY  Diderot  i.  3  The  resettlement 
of  Europe  by  Charlemagne. 

t  attrib.  1897  Daily  News  8  Feb.  2/1  '  Resettlement  Day  * 
is  a  Jewish  celebration,,  .commemorating  the  return  of  the 
Jews  to  England  in  the  time  of  the  Commonwealth. 

2.  The  process  of  settling  down  again ;  the  re 
sult  of  a  resettling. 

1675  J.  ROSE  Eng.  Vineyard  Vind.  44  Others,  roll  their 
Casks  about  the  Cellar  to  blend  with  the  Lees,  and  after  few 
daies  resettlement  rack  it  off.  1839  DE  LA  BECHE  Rep. 
Geol.  Cornwall,  etc.  viii.  257  The  white  clay  there  situated 
might  be  a  resettlement  of  the  Bovey  clay. 

Reseve,  obs.  form  of  RECEIVE. 

Resew  (r/"-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  sew  again. 
Hence  Kesewing  vbl.  sb. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gmllemeatis  Fr.  Chirurg.  14/1  In  the 
resowinge  ofawounde,  we  must  note  [etc.].  Ibid.  16/1  We 
coulde  not  easyly  resowe  them  agayne.  1896  Daily  News 
23  May  6/3  There  are  fewer  stitches  to  give  way  and  need 
resewing. 

Resew,  reseyve,  obs.  forms  of  RECEIVE. 

Reseyt,  obs.  form  of  RECEIPT  sb. 

t  Resgat.  Obs.  [ad.  Pg.  resgate>  =  Sp.  rescatet 
f.  resgatar,  Sp.  rescatar  :  see  REESCATE.]  Ransom. 

158*  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  CasfanJu'da's  Cong.  E.  hid.  i.  27  b, 
Promising  also  that,  .he  would  giue  for  his  resgat,  Christian 
Pilots.  x6as  PURCHAS  Pilgrims  II.  864  The  first  had  his 
resgat  thrice  sent  for,  to  ransome  him  out  of  the  E.  Indies. 

Resh,  obs.  form  of  RUSH  (the  plant). 

Resha'pe  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  shape  anew. 

1827  CARLYLE  JafiCy  RseJuer(i£6$  11  The  character  is  as 
it  were  forcibly  crushed  into  some  foreign  mould,  in  the 
hope  of  being  thereby  reshaped  and  beautified.  1875 
WHITNEY  Life  Lang.  jv.  48  It  has  been  reshaped  to  suit 
better  the  convenience  of  those  who  used  it.  1895  Thinker 
VIII.  252  The  Church.. reshapes  its  architecture  to  accom 
modate  these  agencies. 

refl.  1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  III.  u.  i,  The  wreck  and  dis 
solution  must  reshape  itself  into  a  social  Arrangement  as 
it  can  and  may.  1897  BARING-GOULD  Bladys  Pref.  7,  I 
allowed  [the  idea]  to  re-shape  itself,  in  fresh  scenes,  with 
fresh  developments,  and  fresh  incidents. 

Hence  Resha-ping  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1882  Athenaeum  7  Jan.  27/3  A  reshaping  of  a  comedietta 
of  Haynes  Bayly.  1897  WATTS-DUNTON  Aylwin  xin.  iii, 
Not  even  the  reshaping  power  of  memory  would  suffice  lo 
appease  my  longing. 

Resha-re  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  share  again. 

1603  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Microcos.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  66/2 
Semiramis.. lusting  to  reshare  Hir  Sonne,  her  Sonne  her 
Threed  of  Life  did  share. 

Resha-rpen ;«-),  v.    To  sharpen  again. 

1884  Machinery  fy  Engineering  I.  90/1  A  small  special. . 
machine  is  made,  which  resharpens  the  milling  cutter.  1889 
Pall  Alall  G.  21  Jan.  6/3  The  cutting  knife  is  moveable, 
and  can  be  resharpened. 

Reshea'the  («-),  v.     To  sheathe  again. 

a  1700  KEN  Edmund  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  189  God,  at 
their  Pray'rs,  his  naked  Sword  re-sheath'd. 

Reshrft  (r/-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  shift  again, 
in  various  senses. 

.  1599  SANDYS  Europe  Spec.  (1632)  238  They  have  also  a 
mystery  in  shifting  and  reshiftmg  in  one  and  the  same 
Masse  from  one  Alter  to  another.  1665  PEPYS  Diary  9  July, 
So  back  again  home  and  reshifted  myself, 

Reshrne  («-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  To  shine 
again.  Hence  Reshrniug  ///.  a. 

1581  STANYHUHST  sE net's  in.  (Arb.)  87  Thee  stars  are 
darckned,  glittring  Aurora  reshined.  1591  G.  HARVEY 
Four  Lett.  Sonn.  xi,  Mirrours-.That  radiantly  display 
their  beauteous  beames  Of  glistring  Vertue,  and  reshining 
Witt.  1610  HOLLAND  Camden's  Brit.  (1637)  461  So  brightly 
re-shine  in  his  English  verses,  all  the  pleasant  graces.. of 
speech.  1662  J.  CHANDLER  Ifan  Hclmont's  Oriat.  173  Let 
it  be  an  Analogy,  or  proportionable  resemblance  re-shining 
..in  their  effects. 


BESIANT. 

Reshi  p  (rf.),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  refl.  and  intr.  To  take  ship  again. 

1654-66  EAKL  ORRERY  Par  then.  (1676)  656  A  couple  of 
ordinary  men  who  had  re-ship'd  themselves  again  for  Asia. 
1801  Dundee  Advertiser  27  Feb.,  Richardson  further  adds 
he  saw  his  vessel  in  a  wrecked  state  before  he  reshipped. 

2.  trans.  To  put  into,  or  on  board  of,  a  ship 
again  ;  to  transfer  to  another  ship. 

1714  MANDEVILLE  Fab,  Bees  (1733)  I.  113  The  merchants 

in  general   must  lose  much  more  by  this  half  that  is  re- 

shipp'd,  than  they  got  by  the  half  that  is  consumed  here. 

'     1790  BEATSON  Nai>,  <$•  Mil.  Mem.  I.  376  Several  days  were 

employed  in  reshipping  the  cannon,  mortars,  and  heavy 

j     stores.     1828  SOUTHEY  Ess.  (1832)  II.  257  When  any  of 

j     these  outcasts  are  reshipped  from  cne  port,  they  make  their 

i     way  back  to  another  as  speedily  as  possible.     1874  WAL- 

FORD  Insurance  Cycl.  III.  568  The  wool  at  the  time  of  the 

fire  was  about  to  be  re-shipped. 

3.  To  set  in  position,  tix  up,  again. 

1875  BEDFORD  Sailor's  Pkt.  Bk.  viii.  (ed.  2)  285  The 
i    apparatus,  .may.  .be  altogether  and  at  once  unshipped,  and 
re-shipped  again  at  pleasure. 

Reshrpment  (n-).    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  The  act  of  reshir 


1796  MORSE  Amer.  Geogr.  I.  636  The  inconveniences  and 
expenses  of  reshipment  at  New  Orleans.  >86i  GOSCHKN 
For.  Exc/i.  is  Produce,  on  which  the  charges  of  shipment 
or  re-shipment  are  infinitely  heavier.  1885  Law  Rep.  10 
App.  Cases  419  The  cost  of  transhipment  or  reshipment, 
as  the  case  may  be,  should  be  general  average. 

2.  The  quantity  reshipped. 

1887  Pall  Mall  G.  8  Feb.  12/1  The  reshipments  are  larger 
by  about  2  per  cent. 

Reslioe*  (r/-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  shoe 
(a  horse)  again.  Hence  Reshoe'ing  vbl,  sb. 

1856  '  STONEHENGE'  Brit.  Rural  Sports  668/t.  The  want 
of  re-shoeing  is  more  likely  to  prevent  contraction  than  to 
cause  it.  1892  Daily  News  16  Nov.  5/5  No  aluminium 
shoes  broke,  and  they  were  used  over  again  for  re-shoeing. 

ResllOO't  (r/-),  v,  [RE-  5  a.]  To  shoot  again. 

a  1618  SYLVESTER  Job  Triumphant  i.  884  Though  a  Tree 
be  felled  ;  from  the  Root,  Yet  is  there  hope  that  Branches 
will  re-shoot. 

t  ReshOTC  («-),  v.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [RE-  5  a.] 
trans.  ?  To  return  to  the  shore  of. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  495  Hauing  agayne  re-shoared 
the  Maine,  I  coasted  Galloway. 

Reshri  lie,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  enshrine  again, 

1878  GROSART  Dcd.  Sonn.  in  H.  Morels  Poems,  More,  in 
this  living  now  I  would  re-shrine  for  homage, 

Reslnrffle  (r/'-),  v.     [RE-   5  a.]     trans.   To 

shuffle  (cards,  etc.)  again. 

1830  'EIDRAH  TREBOR'  Hoyle  Made  Familiar  65  The 
cards  must  be  re-shuffled.  1875 '  CAVENDISH  '  Round  Games 
at  Cards  8  If  a  card  is  exposed  in  cutting,,  .the  pack  must 
be  re-shuffled.  1899  Westm.  Gaz.  13  June  1/2  You  just  de 
feat  the  Ministry,  reshuffle  the  Portfolios,  find  a  new  head. 
So  Hesliu-ffle  sb. 

1897  Daily  News  19  July  3/1  Queensland  has  been  con- 
!    tent  with  only  seventeen  shuffles  or  re-shuffles. 

Reshu't  (n-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]     To  shut  again. 
a  1618  SYLVESTER  Maiden's  Blush  1569  He  will'd  That 
each  man's  money  should  again  be  put  Into  his  Sack,  and 
then  the  Sack  re-shut.     1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  II. 
!     149  Reshutting  the  other  eye,  we  shall  find  that  part  of  the 
room  visible. 

t  Re*siance.  Obs.  [ad.  obs.  F.  res(s}eance  : 
see  RESIANT  and  -ANCE,]  Abode,  residence. 

1577  HARRISON  England  n.  iv.  (1877)  i.  99  Through  his  per- 

sonall  resiance,  if  he  happen  to  dwell  and  be  resident  in  the 

same.     1605  M.   SUTCLIFFE  Brief  Exam.  145  The  world 

•     knoweth,  how  they  haue  domineered  in  the  places  of  their 

:     resiance.    1632  HOLLAND  Cyrnpxdia  172  Intending  to  keepe 

resiance  in  a  Citie.     [1658  in  PHILLIPS.     1704  in  HARRIS 

:    Lex.  Techn.  I.    1867  T.  C.  ANSTEY  Notes  Repr.  People  Act 

47  The  Franchise  in  all  and  each  was  the  same,     ft  was  a 

|    simple  '  Resiance  '  (or  Residency)  Franchise.] 

So  fBe^siancy  (also  7  resc-).  Obs. 

1580-1  Act  23  Eliz.  c.  15  §  13  Upon  Certificate  made  to  the 

saide  Courte  of  Exchequer  ..  testyfieing  suche   his  most 

Resyauncy.      1588  LAMBARDE  Eiran.  iv.  xix.  606  So  much 

of  this   Statute.. as  doth   concern  the  resiancie  of  those 

1     Justices  of  the  Peace.     i6zz  CM.usStat.  Sewers  (1647)  191 

This  Statute  requireth  an  actual  habitation  or  resciancy, 

and  not  a  Mathematical   or    Imaginary  resciancy.      1673 

,     MS.  Declaration   (Yorksh.),  Inhabitants  within  the  said 

,    Duchy  do  suit  of  resiancy  unto  the  tourne  and  court  leet. 

[1867   ANSTEY   Notes   Repr.    People  Act  51   The   antient 

'  common  right '  of  Universal,  or  '  Resiancy  '  Suffrage.] 

Resiant  (re'ziant),  a.  and  sb.  Now  arch. 
Forms :  5  receande,  resceant,  -aunte,  res- 
eeaunt,  5-6  (9)  reseant  (7  ree-);  5  ressi-,  5-7 
resiaunt  (6  -aunte,  resyant,  -aunt(e),  6  re- 
siant  (6  -ante,  7  -ent,  resciant,  -ent).  [a.  OF. 
reseant  (reC't  resc-,  resseant,  etc.),  pres.  pple.  of 
reseoir :— L.  residere  :  see  RESIDE  v.1] 

A.  adj.    -f  1.  Resident,  dwelling ;  abiding.     In 
predicative  use,  or  placed  after  the  sb.,  sometimes 
in//,  form.   Obs.    (Common  c  1450- 1650.) 
a.  Of  persons. 

ci45o  St.  Cnthbcrt  (Surtees)  7544  In  durham  mynster 
l>are  he  fande  Certayn  seculers  receande.  1482  Rolls  of 
Parlt.  VI.  198/1  The  persone  ..  with  whom  they  were 
dwellyng,  reseant  or  resortyng.  154*  UDALL.£>VWM.  Apoph. 
140  In  whatsoeuer  place  of  the  worlde  he  is  resyauntc  or 
maketh  his  abode.  1584  R.  SCOT  Discov.  Witchcr.  xvi.  iv. 
401  Certaine  divells  speake  onelie  the  language  of  that 
countrie  where  they  are  resiant.  1611  B.  JONSON  Catiline 
iv.  iv,  I  have  already  Dealt,  by  Umbrenus,  with  the 
Allobroges  Here  resiant  in  Rome.  1670  Cosin's  Corr. 
(Surtees)  II.  342  The  names  of  all  the  convicted  women  re- 


RESIANTY. 


"orm  of  Process  (ed.  2)  178  If  any  Person  so  outlawed  for 
iich  Treason  shalL.be  Resiant  or  Inhabitant  out  of  the 


cusants.  .who  were  resiant  in  Durham.  1752  J.  LOUTHIAN 
For 

High   

Limits  of  the  Kingdom.  [1865  NICHOLS  Britton  II.  224  If 
the  lord  is  sure  that  the  proof  will  be  made  against  the 
villain,  that  he  was  his  astrer,  reseant  in  his  villenage.] 

//.  1491  Act  7  Hen.  VII^  c.  5  §  i  They  and  their  succes- 
sours  and  their  tenauntesand  servauntes  Resceauntes  uppon 
their  londes.  £1530  in  Burnet  Hist.  Ref.  II.  189  That  the 
said  Prelates,  .continually  should  be  abiding  and  Reseants 
upon  their  said  Promotions  within  this  Realm. 
b.  Of  things. 

1581  MULCASTER  Positions  xxxvti.  (1887)  153  The  plat  for 
the  monarchicall  learner  being  alwaye  reseant  in  the  chusers 
head.  1*1624  BP.  SMITH  Serin.  (1632)  189  A  King.. that 
hath  the  Spirit  of  the  Hiring  God  resiant  in  him.  1681  T. 
FLAT  MAN  Heraclitns  Ridcns  No.  15  (1713)  I.  101  The 
People,  .would  have  been  apt  to  believe  a  certain  Sove 
reignty  even  Paramount  to  the  Kings,  to  be  resiant  in  the 
House  of  Commons. 

*f  C.  Settled,  occupied.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1583  STUBBES  Anat.  Abns.  (1882)  140  Wee  must  refrain  all 
bodily  labours,  to  the  end  that  wee  may  the  better  be 
resiant  at  these  spirituall  exercises  vppon  the  Sabaoth  day. 

f2.  In  attributive  use  :  a.  Of  residence  or  stay. 
b.  =  RESIDENT  a.  2.  Obs.  rare. 

1593  NASHE  Chrisfs  T.  61  Is  a  Monarche  no  Monarch, 
because  hee  reareth  not  his  resiant  Throne  amongst  his 
vtmost  Subjects?  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  \.  xx.  14  To  the 
end  they  should  attend  continually  about  the  church,  as 
resiant  chaplaines. 

B.  sb.  A  resident.     Now  rare. 

1433  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  476/1  The  most  true  and  in 
different  Commoners,  Burgeys,  Resceantz,  continued  Hous- 
holders.  1533  MORE  Apol.  xxxv.  Wks.  900/2  In  the  cytye 
selfe,  eyther  of  resiauntes  therin,  or  of  resorters  thereto. 
1587  FLEMING  Contn.  Holitisked  III.  1308/1  Desirous  to  be 
a  dweller  and  resiant  in  his  countrie  where  he  was  borne. 
1624  UP.  MOUNTAGU  limned,  Addr.  103  Being  Resiants  in 
those  heauenly  habitations.  1641  HEVLIN  Hist.  Episc.  i. 
vi.  (1657)  179  [189],  A  thing  which  could  not  possibly  be 
supposed,  .had  he  beene  here  a  resiant.  1738  Hist.  View 
Crt.  Exckeq.  i.  4  All  Quarrels  that  were  moved  between  the 
Resiants  there.  1787  HAWKINS  Life  Johnson  455  To  his 
villa  at  Streatham,  in  Surrey,  Johnson  was  invited  not  as  a 
guest,  but  as  a  resiant.  1839  STONEHOUSI-:  Axholme  133 
This  John  granted  the  famous  deed.. to  his  tenants  and 
resiants  in  the  Isle  of  Axholme,  [1867  T.  C.  ANSTEV  Notes 
Repr.  People  Act  49  Sometimes  even  in  exclusion  of  the 
4  common  right  of  all  the  Resiants  '.] 

Comb.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Sitppl.,  Resiant  rolls,  are 
rolls  wherein  the  resiants  of  a  tithing,  &c.,  are  set  down. 

t  Resiauty.  Obs.  rare  -1.  In  5  reseantee. 
[f.  prec.  +-Y.]  =RESIANCE. 

1467-8  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  630/2  [This  beins)  caused  be 
reseantee  of  all  the  Kynges  Courtes  holden  and  abidyng  at 
Westminster]. 

•f  Resiccate,  v.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [f.  L.  type  *re- 
stccat-,  f.  re~  RM-+S»C£dr4  to  dry  :  cf.  desiccate^ 
absol.  To  have  a  drying  effect. 

1657  TOMLINSON  Renou's  Disp,  338  It  calefies  moderately, 
resiccates  manifestly,  and  is  somewhat  astrictive. 

So  •)•  Resicca'tion,  drying  up.   Obs.  rare. 

1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  267  The  shutting  vp  and  re- 
siccation  of  these  vessels  within  a  few  dayes  after  the  birth. 

t  Resi'de,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  the  vb.]  Resi 
dence,  sojourn.  (Only  in  Brathwait.) 

1630  BRATHWAIT  Eng.  Gentleivom.  (1641)  293  Make  no  re 
side  there  where  the  least  occasion  of  lightnesse  is  ministred. 
1635  —  Arcad.  Princ.  **3  In  the  time  of  his  reside  at  Court, 
there  were  no  Transcripts  held  so  precious  as  his  Poems. 

Reside  (r/zai-d),  v.1  Also  5  resyde,  7  recide, 
6  resede,  -cede.  [ad.  F.  r^sider  (  =  Sp.  and  Pg. 
residir,  It.  risedcre)  or  L.  residere  to  remain  be 
hind,  rest,  etc.,  f.  re~  RK-  -f  setters  to  sit.] 

fl.  intr.  To  settle;  to  take  up  one's  abode  or 
station.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1460  Maitl.  Cl.  Misc.  (1855)  III.  37  Thai  came  in  Navarn 
and  Wisbayn,  and  resydit  on  the  ryver  of  Hyber.  1490 
CAXTON  Eneydos  xix.  70  It  sholde  be  a  shame  to  me.. to 
reside  in  this  land  of  lybie,  wythoute  to  accomplishe  my 
wyage.  a  1657  W.  BURTON  I  tin.  Antonin.  (1658)  250  This 
Legion.. was  taken  into  Britain  by  Claudius  Caesar,  and 
planted  here,  where . .  it  recided  against  the  Silures. 

t  b.  To  rest  or  rely  upon  oneself.    Obs.  rare  —1. 

1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  xn.  yi.  (1620)  423  The 
iust  cause  of  the  bad  Angels  misery  is  their  departure  from 
that  high  essence  to  reside  vpon  themselues. 

2.  To  dwell  permanently  or  for  a  considerable 
time,  to  have  one's  settled  or  usual  abode,  to  live, 
in  or  at  a  particular  place. 

1578  T.  N.  tr.  Cong.  W.  Ittdia  135  Nor  yet  ever  any  hath 
come  so  neare  Mexico  where  Mutezuma  dooth  reside.  1585 
T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  \\.  xv'm.  51  The  Sarail, 
where  ordinarilie  the  great  lord  Turk  doth  resede.  Ibid. 
iv.  xxxvi.  159  b,  The  second  [patriarch]  recedith  at  Caire. 
1603  SHAKS.  Meas.  for  M.  in.  i.  277  There  at  the  moated- 
Grange  recides  this  deiected  Mariana.  1651  HOBBES 
Leviat/t.  HI.  xlii.  290  To  appoint  his  successour  in  that 
place,  in  which  he  last  resided  and  dyed.  1697  DRVDEN 
Virg.  Georg.  iv.  610  Secure  within  resides  the  various  God, 
And  draws  a  Rock  upon  his  dark  Abode.  1740  LADY  M.  W. 
MONTAGU  Lett.  xii.  III.  22,  I  purpose  to  set  out  for  Naples. 
I  am  told  by  every  body  that  I  shall  not  find  it  agreeable 
to  reside  in.  1838  LYTTON  Alice  i.  ii,  His  father  resided 
in  the  next  county.  1873  RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  V.  Iviii.  279 
Those  of  the  Companions  who  could  reside  on  the  lands 
would,  each  on  their  own  farm,  establish  [etc.]. 

transf.  16x0  SHAKS.  Temp.  in.  i.  65  The  yerie  instant 
that  I  saw  you,  did  My  heart  flie  to  your  seruice,  there  re 
sides  To  make  me  slaue  to  it.  1815  SHELLEY  Alastor  512 
Where  these  living  thoughts  reside,  when  ..  my  bloodless 
limbs  shall  waste  1'  the  passing  wind. 


517 

b.  Of  persons  having  some   special   status  or 
position.     Hence,  to  live  (at  a  place)  for  the  dis 
charge  of  official  duties ;  to  be  *  in  residence '. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  146  In  distribu- 
cioun  of  wagis  in  collegia,  is  nocht  gevin  bot  to  thame  that 
resydis.  c  1530  in  Burnet  Hist.  Ref.  I.  Rec.  n.  xxiii.  62 
You  Sir  Gregory  being  his  Ambassadour  there  continually 
residing.  ?  1667  in  Pettus  Fodina  Reg,  (1670)  39  One 
Vnder-Steward  to  reclde  at  the  Mines.  1715  Lond.  Ga~. 
No.  5324/3  James  Jefferyes,  Esq.,  to  reside  fur  His  Majesty's 
Service  with  the  King  of  Sweden.  1860  Bent  ley's  Quarterly 
I.  528  A  clergyman  resides  on  his  living  ;  a  cabinet-minister 
resides  (if  he  dues  reside)  in  Downing  Street. 

c.  Of  animals.     (Not  now  in  serious  use.) 

1748  Ansou's  Voy.  n.  iv.  157  This  place,  .abounds  with 
goats.  ..These  animals  reside  here  in  great  tranquillity. 
1794  S.  WILLIAMS  Vermont  (1809)  I.  108  The  Woodchuck. . 
resides  in  a  hole  which  he  digs  in  the  ground. 

3.  a.  Of  power,  rights,  etc.  :  To  rest  or  be 
vested  in  a  person,  etc.  \  Also  const,  with. 

1607  Stat.  in  Hist.  H'akcfield  Sc/i.  (1802)  59  That  the 
election,  .alwaies  reside  and  remayne  with  themselves. 
a  1674  CLARENDON  Surv.  Leviatk.  122  Let  us  suppose  this 
Soveraignty  to  reside,  and  be  fixed  in  an  assembly  of  men. 
1736  KbKKEi.EY  Disc.  Wks.  1871  III.  416  Power— physical 
power — resides  in  the  people.  1791  PAINE  Rights  of  Man 
(ed.  4)  21  When  despotism  has  established  itself  for  ages. . 
it  is  not  in  the  person  of  the  King  only  that  it  resides.  1832 
AUSTIN  Jnrispr.  (1879)  I.  xii.  354  Rights  are  exercised  by 
persons,  or  if  not  exercised  by  persons  reside  in  persons. 
1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  i.  §  i.  4  The  actual  sovereignty 
within  the  settlement  resided  in  the  body  of  its  freemen. 

b.  Of  qualities,  attributes,  etc.  :  To  be  present 
or  inherent  in  a  person  or  thing. 

1611  SHAKS.  Wint,  T.  i.  ii.  272  Cogitation  Resides  not  in 
that  man,  that  do's  not  thinke.  1692  BENTLEY  Boyle  J.cct. 
iv.  140  The  meanest  Plant  cannot  berais'd  without  Seed  by 
any  Formative  power  residing  in  the  Soil.  1720  WATKR- 
LAND  Eight  Serin.  199  Attributes  and  Powers  must  have 
something  to  reside  and  inhere  in.  1784  COWPMR  Tiroc.  373 
Resides  such  virtue  in  that  air,  As  must  create  an  appetite 
for  pray'r?  1828  CAKLYLE  Misc.  (1857)  !•  20°  A  man  in 
whose  heart  resides  some  effluence  of  Wisdom.  1843  MILI, 
Logic  i.  ii.  §  5  The  meaning  resides  not  in  what  they  denute, 
hut  in  what  they  connote.  1871  MOZLEY  Unh.  Scrw.  \\. 
(1876)  127  The  glory  of  nature  in  reality  resides  in  the  mind 
of  man. 

c.  To  be  physically  present  in  a  thing.     Now 
rare. 

1620  ViiNNER  Via  Recta  vii.  117  Corrupt  humors,  that 
reside  in  the  body.  1758  RKID  tr.  Macquer's  C/iym.  I.  277 
He  concluded  that  in  this  Saline  matter  resides  the  true 
Acid.  1823  J.  BADCOCK  Dom.  Ainiisem.  18  The  acid  which 
was  long  known  to  reside  in  wood.  1846  TIZARD  Brewing 
(ed.  2)  548  The  rich  nectarium  residing  in  the  lupuline  is 
prevented  by  the  dense  worts  from  exuding. 

t  4.  a.  To  remain  or  continue  in  a  certain  place 
or  position.  Obs. 

1620  VENNEK  Via  Recta,  viii.  175  The  third_  is,  that  they 
reside  not  in  the  chalre  of  intemperance,  that  18,  prolong  not 
the  time  in  eating  and  drinking  superfluously.  1775  R. 
CHANDLER  Tra-v.  Asia  AI.  (1825)  I.  100  In  Scio,  it  was  well 
known,  the  distemper  had  resided  for  some  time. 

•j*  b.  Of  things  :  To  lie,  be  placed  or  stationed, 
somewhere.  Qbs.  rare. 

1633  T.  STAFFORD  Pac.  I  lib.  ii.  viiL  (1821)  319  Her  Majes 
ties  Magazines  of  Victualls,  Munition,  and  Treasure  residing 
there  in  great  quantities.  1725  POPI-:  Odyss.  \.  237  Far  from 
your  Capital  my  ship  resides  At  Reithrus,  and  secure  at 
anchor  rides.  1742  GRAY  Profcrtins  ii.  9  Let  on  this  head 
unfadeing  flowers  reside. 

t  Resi'de,  z>.-    Obs.     [ad.  L.  rauHfrtj  f.  re- 

RE-  +  sidifre  to  sink.] 

1.  intr.  To  sink  down,  to  subside. 

^1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXXXIX.  iv,  Thy  lordlie  check 
the  seas  proud  courage  quailed,  And  highly  swelling,  lowly 
made  reside,  a  1702  CONGREVE  Birth  of  Muse,  Every  rolling 
surge  resides  in  peace. 

2.  To  sink  or  settle  down  as  a  deposit. 

1605  TIMME  Qnersit.  i.  xiii.  56  The  matter  of  meane  sub 
stance,  which  is  sulphurus,  oylely,  &  apt  toburne,  resideth 
in  the  bot  tome  of  the  glasse.  1660  SHARROCK  Vegetables 93 
The  mixt  earth  that  was  carryed  in  the  flood  being  apt  to 
reside  to  the  bottom.  1676  Phil.  Trans.  XI.  620  The  sul 
phurs  and  1  litum.s  are  alwaies  obvious  to  be  discerned  in  the 
waters  wherein  they  are,  because  they  reside  in  them,  or 
swim  on  them. 

3.  To  alight,  rare  ~°. 

1616  BULLOKAR  Eng.  Expos.,  Reside,  to  alight.  1623 
COCKER  AM  ii.  A  P  ij,  To  Alight  from  a  horse,  reside, 

Residence  (re'zidens),  j£.l  Foims:  4  resi- 
dense,  5  resydennce,  6  reel-,  resi-,  resydeus, 
reel-,  resydence,  4-  residence.  [a.  F.  r&i~ 
deuce t  —  Prov.  residensat  Sp.  and  Pg.  rtstdsitffa, 
It.  residenzat  -zia,  ad.  L.  residentia :  see  RESIDE 
v.1  and  -ENCE.] 

1.  a.  71?  have  (t  hold>  keep^  or  make}  one*$  re- 
sidence,  to  have  one's  usual  dwelling-place  or 
abode ;  to  reside.  To  take  up  one's  residence,  to 
establish  oneself;  to  settle. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Can,  Yeom.  Prol.  $•  T,  107  In  lanes  blinde, 
Wher  as  these  robbours  and  these  theves  by  kynde  Holden 
here  priye  ferful  residence.  1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  574,  I 
haue  maid  my  residence  With  hie  Princes  of  greit  puissance. 
1585  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot,  III.  747  The  parrochynnis 
quhair  they  wer  borne  or  had  thair  cheiff  residence.  1649 
Alcoran  405  The  Heaven,  where  God  kept  his  residence. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  I.  734  Many  a  Towred  structure  high, 
Where  Scepter'd  Angels  held  thir  residence.  1788  PRIEST 
LEY  Led.  Hist.  v.  xxxvi.  263  The  arts  and  sciences  took  up 
their  residence.  .atRome.  17948.  WILLIAMS  Vermont  (i%ag) 
I.  98  In  these  [forests]  a  great  variety  and  number  of  animals 


RESIDENCE. 

,  had  their  residence.  1833  CKUSE  tr.  Eusebius  iv.  xi.  139  He 
also  had  his  residence  at  Rome. 

b.  So  to  have  (etc.)  residence. 

c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  138  Whan  foure 

steedys  of  Phebus  goldene  chare,  Li^t  in  this  regioun  holde 

residence.  1432-50  tr.  Higde>t(  Rolls)  1. 179  Hit  was  not  con- 

ueniente  an  Kmperoure  to  kepe  residence  where  thapostles 

crownede  kepede  the  principals.     1508  DUNBAR  Poems  vii. 

,    30  Welcum..  Withe  us  to  Hue,  and  to  maikrecidence.     1592 

:    SHAKS.  Rom.fy  *Jul.  ir.  iii.  24  Within  the  infant  rind  of  this 

weake  flower  Poyson  hath  residence,  and  medicine  power. 

1622  FLETCHER  Sea-Voy.  n.  ii,  What  place  is  this?    Sure 

something  more  than  human  keeps  residence  here.     1667 

1    MILTON  P.  L.  n.  999,  I  upon  my  Frontieres  here  Keep  resi- 

.    dence.     1833  CHALMERSQWW/.  Man  (1835)  I.  72  Virtue,  .has 

had  everlasting  residence  in  the  nature  of  the  Godhead. 

c.  The   circumstance    or  fact   of  having  one's 
permanent  or  usual  abode  in  or  at  a  certain  place ; 
the  fact  of  residing  or  being  resident. 

1480  iQth  Rep.  Hist.  A'/SS.  Coinm.  App.  V.  315  No  manere 
fireman,  .shall  dwell.. without  the  citie  by  no  contynuell 
resydennce.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Points  Ivii.  4  Men  makis  in 
court  thair  solistationis :. -Sum  he  con  tine  wale  residence. 
1602  SHAKS.  Hani.  n.  ii.  343  How  chances  it  they  tranaile'.' 
their  residence  both  in  reputation  and  profit  was  belter 
both  wayes.  1652  NEKDHAM  tr.  Schicii's Marc  Cl.  4^9  Then 
they  were  glad  to  invite  our  Merchant's  Residence  witli  what 
privileges  they  would  desire.  1714  R.  FIDDES  Pract.  Disc. 
ll.  341  There  was  one  special  and  standing  monument  of  Ins 
residence  among  them.  1790  in  Dallas  A  met'.  Law  Rep.  I. 

.  243  There  is  an  essential  difference  between  residence  and 
abiding  in  a  particular  place.  x8zi  SCOTT  Kcnihv.  vii, 
That  he  should  move  their  sovereign  to  honour  Woodstock 
occasionally  with  her  residence  during  her  royal  progresses. 
1860  WOOI.SI:Y  Introd.  Internal.  Law  iv.  (1879)  J32  Ambas 
sadors  In  ancient  time-*  were  sent  on  special  occasions  by  one 
nation  to  another.  Their  residence  at  foreign  courts  is  a 
practice  of  modern  growth.  1883  Cent.  JHag.  Oct.  858/1  The 
next  center  of  fashionable  residence  was  Hlucker  street. 
transf.  1695  WOODWARD  Xat.  Hist.  Earth  I.  (1723)  74 

,  Those  Parts.. had  been  formerly  in  the  Possession  of  the 
Sea,  and  the  Place  of  its  natural  Residence.  1830  LVLLI. 
Princ.  C,col.  I.  43  The  marine  shells.,  demonstrate  the  former 
residence  of  the  sea  upon  the  mountains. 

2.  The  fact  of  living  or  staying  regularly  at  or 
in  some  place  for  the  discharge  of  special  duties, 

-  or  to  comply  with  some  regulation ;  also,  the 
period  during  which  such  stay  is  required  of  one. 

|    Now  freq.  in  phrase  in  residence. 

a.  .£Vc/.,with  ref.  to  the  presence  of  incumbents 
in  their  benefices,  canons  in  their  cathedrals,  etc. 

c  1380  WvcLiK.SW.  M'ks.  III.  493  No  persone  ne  vicare  ne 
prelate  is  excusud  fro  personele  residense  to  be  made  in 
fn:r  beneficys.  M44  LVDG.  in  Pot.  Poems  (Rolls)  II. 

1  217  Avaunsyd  persownys  holde  residence  Among  ther 
parysshens.  1.1449  PECOCK  Rcpr.  in.  xi.x.  406  In  the  oold 
tyme  the  bischop  and  hise  preestis.  .helden  residence  in  the 

1  modir  chirche.  a  1548  HALL  C/iron.t  Hen.  VI ll  iS3  For 
lacke  of  residence.. all  y°  parishioners  lacked  preaching. 
1370  FOXE  A.  <y  M.  (ed.  2)  1664/2  He  departed  from 
Lichefield  to  a  benefice  in  Leycester  shyre,.  .wherupon  he 
keepyng  residence,  taught  diligently.  1632  Star  Champ, 
Cases  (Camden)  105  With  the  Spanish  Divines  he  holdeth 
residence  de  jnredivino,  but  if  they  erred  in  any  thing  it  was 

I    about  personall  residence.     1699  GALE  Let.  m  Pcpjs'  Mem. 

1  (1828)  V.  255  My  residence  determines  tomorrow,  because 
my  last  sermon  could  not  be  made  till  then,  though  the  eating 
residence  terminated  a  few  days  ago.  1803  SVD.  SMITH  Wks. 
(1867)  I.  48  As  exceptions  to  the  general  and  indisputable 
principle  of  residence.  1845  WILBEKFORCE  in  Ashwell  Life 
(1879)  '•  v"-  2^3i  I  wi^h  *  was  m  residence  to  play  the  host 
to  you,  1892  KITCHIN  Coinpotus  Rolls  St.  Stuitkun's 

\    Priory  Introd.  3  The  Canon  in  Residence. .actually  gave 

j    orders  that  the  Rolls,  .should  be  thrown  into  the  fire. 

fig.  1647  FULLER  Good  Th.  in  Worse  T.  (1841)  150  It  were 

I    liberty  enough,  if  for  the  next  seven  years  all  sermons  were 

j    bound  to  keep  residence  on  this  text :  Brethren,  love  one 

!    another. 

b.  In  other  connexions,  as  with  ref.  to  colleges 
!    or  universities,  electoral  rights,  etc. 

1584-5  Extr.  Bitrgh  Rec.  Glasgow  (1876)  I.  116  The  tuelf 
puir  men  of  the  said  hospitall  sail  mak  residence. 

1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  viii.  II.  275  The  connection 
between  the  scholar  and  the  school  did  not  terminate  with 
i    liisresidence.   1867  T.C.  ANSTEV  Notes  Rebr,  People  A  ct  66 
i    '  Residence  '  was  required  in  certain  cases,  but  not  in  others. 
1868  M.  PATTISON  Acaacm.  Org.  iv.  109  The  head  is  usually 
bound  to  residence  during  term.     Ibid.  v.  315  The 'resi 
dence 'of  an  undergraduate  student  is  now  considered  to  be 
168  days  out  of  365.    1896  Academy  18  Jan.  56/1  At  Oxford 
residence  will  not  be  resumed  until  the  end  of  next  week. 

•j-3.  Continuance  in  some  course  or  action.    With 
\    residence,  with  insistence.  06s. 

<;i430  LYDG.  „!//«.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  164  The  chief  of 

foolis,..And  able  in  his  foly  to  hold  residence,      c  1450  St. 

Ciithbert  (Surtees)  862  In  be  bischope  presence  pus  cuthbert 

prayed  with  residence,     a  1602  W.  PERKINS  Cases  Consc. 

1    (1619)23  Men  are  not  simply  condemned  for  their  particular 

1    sinnes,but  for  their  continuance  and  residence  in  them.   1609 

1    TOURNEUB  Funeral  Poem  Sir  F.  V'ere  137  And  in  the  due 

performance  of  her  Lawes  His  favours  had  their  constant 

residence. 

1 4.  a.  73?  make  residence,  to  stay  at  or  in  a  place 
for  a  certain  time.  Sc.  Obs. 

c  1470  Gol.  <$•  Gaw.  503  In  his  avne  presence  Heir  sail  I 
mak  residence,  c  xgoo  Lancelot  670  If  that  I  mak  abid  or 
resydens  In  to  o  place  langar  than  o  nycht.  1571  Reg.  Privy 
Council  Scot.  II.  81  The  Lordis  of  Counsell  makis  na  resi 
dence  in  Sessioun  for  deciding  upoun  the  saidis  lettres  of 
advocatioun.  1596  DALBYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hht.  Scot.  ix. 
206  Quhen  the  king  thrie  days  thair  had  maid  recidence.., 
the  fourt  day  he  returnis  quhairfra  he  cam. 

fb.  Without  residence^  without  delay  or  tarry 
ing.  Obs.  rare. 


Wi 


RESIDENCE. 

•  1500  Lancelot  2359  Sche  gart  bryng,  withouten  Recidens,    | 

ith  grete  effere  this  knycht  to  hir  presens.  1560  ROLLAND 
Crt.  I'enus  n.  976  Thay  bad  me  pas  withoutin  residence,  I 
Vnto  the  ten  Sibillais  of  science.  1584-7  GREENE  Curie  of 
Fancie  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  24  He  trauailed  by  the  space  of 
seauen  weekes  without  anie  residence,  vntill  hee  came  to  a 
Citie  called  Barutta. 

5.  The  place  where  one  resides  ;  one  s  dwelling- 
place;  the  abode  of  a  person  (esp.  one  of  some 
rank  or  distinction). 

[  1508  KF.NNEDIE  Fly  ting  m.  D  unbar  424  Quhen  that  the 
ravyns  sail  ryve  out  bath  thine  ene,  And  on  the  rattis  salbe 
thy  residence.]  1595  SHAKS.  John  n.  i.  284  All  those  soules, 
That  to  their  euerlasting  residence,  Before  the  dew  of  euen- 


had  been  the  Retirement  of  Augustus  for  some  time,  and  the 
Residence  of  Tiberius  for  several  Years.    1781  GlBBON  Dccl. 


t,  F.  xxxi.  III.  199  One  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty 
houses,  the  residence  of  wealthy  and  honourable  citizens. 
1848  W.  H.  BARTLKTT  Egypt  to  Pal.  iv.  (1879)  67  His  resi 
dence  was  both  Palace  and  Temple.  1897  MAHY  KINGSLEY 
W.  Africa  513  Every  dangerous  place  in  West  Africa  is 
regarded  as  the  residence  of  a  god. 

transf.  1593  SHAKS.  Rica.  11,  n.  l.  119  Chasing  the  Royall 
blood  With  fury,  from  his  natiue  residence.  1615  CROOKE 
Body  of  Man  429  The  vpper  Region  or  the  Head  wherein 
the  soule  hath  her  Residence  of  estate,  guarded  by  the 
Sences.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vm.  346  Understand  the  same 
Of  Fish  within  thir  watry  residence.  1863  E.  V.  NEALE 
Anal.  Th.  fy  Nat.  196  The  regulative  will,  or  soul,,  .has  no 
special  residence  within  the  brain. 

b.  A   dwelling,  abode,   house,  esp.  one  of  a 
superior  kind  ;  a  mansion. 

1603  SHAKS.  Meat. far  M.  v.  i.  13  It  dtserues. .  A  forted  resi 
dence  'gainst  the  tooth  of  time.  1784  COWPFR  Task  v.  157 
Nor  wanted  aught  within,  That  royal  residence  might  well 
befit,  For  grandeur  or  for  use.  1794  MRS.  RADCLIFI-E  Alyst. 
Udoljtho  i,  Considerable  additions  were  necessary  to  make 
it  a  comfortable  family  residence.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON 
Brit.  India  II.  365  A  residence  was  assigned  him  at  Bithur. 

t  c.  A  settlement  (of  traders).  Obs.  rare. 
1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  36  At  the  North-west  end 
the  English  Merchants  haue  a  residence.    [1890  GROSS  Gild 
Mcrch.  I.  156  In  1687  one  of  the  principal  'residences  '  or 
marts  of  the  Company  was  at  Hamburgh.] 

d.   =  RESIDENCY  3. 

1889  Dublin  Rev.  Jan.  166  The  inhabitants  dress  differently 
in  this  residence  from  what  they  do  in  other  parts  of  Java. 

6.  fig.  The  (or  a)  seat  of  power,  liberty,  etc. 
1642  MILTON  Appl.  Smcct.  Wks.   1851   III.   297  To  call 

that  inviolable  residence  of  justice  and  liberty,  by  such  an 
odious  name.  1781  COWPER  Truth  387  The  blest  residence 
of  truth  divine.  1789  BRAND  Hist.  Newcastle  II.  218  The 
free  cities  of  Italy  ;  the  very  early  residences  of  trade  and 
manufactures.  1827  SCOTT  Napoleon  xlvi.  Wks.  1870  XIII. 
138  The  residence  of  the  supreme  authority,,  .the..  Junta. 

7.  The  time  during  which  one  resides  in  or  at  a 
place. 

1683  DRYDEN  Life  Plutarch  in  P.'i  Lives  (1700)  I.  66  He 
was  intrusted  also  with  the  management  of  puhlick  affairs 
in  the  empire  during  his  residence  in  the  metropolis.  1777 
W.  DALRYMPLE  Trav.  Sp.  ff  Port,  cli,  There  was  no  repre 
sentation  during  my  residence.  1841  MVERS  Cath.  Th.  in. 
67  The  Jews  lost  ..  their  spoken  language  ..  during  their 
comparatively  short  residence  in  Babylon. 
b.  A  period  of  residing ;  a  stay. 

1686  tr.  Chardins  Trav.  Persia.  378  During  a  residence 
of  four  months  that  I  stay'd  at  Court.  1857  GEN.  NICHOL 
SON  in  Smiles  Charac.  iii.  (1876)  73,  I  was  always  the  better 
for  a  residence  with  him  and  his  wife.  1871  HAKE  \Valks 
in  Rome  I.  Introd.  n  It  must  not.. be  supposed  that  one 
short  residence  at  Rome  will  be  sufficient  to  make  a 
foreigner  acquainted  with  all  its  varied  treasures. 

8.  atlrib.,  as  residence  house,  part,  room,  etc. 

1838  Act  i  fy  2  Viet.  c.  23  §  7  Where  the  Residence  House 
. . ,  and  Appurtenances  belonging  to  any  Benefice  shall  be 
inconveniently  situate  [etc.].  1883  Cent.  Mag.  July  335/2 
Titusville.  .is  the  favourite  residence  town  of  prosperous 
brokers.  1887  Pall  Klall  G.  19  July  16/1  The  residence 
rooms  will  be  so  designed  and  furnished  as  [etc.].  1889 
Cent.  Mag.  July  374/2  The  residence  parts  of  the  town. 
1895  Outing  XX VI  I.  183/2  She  led  him  by  the  most  im 
posing  buildings  and  through  the  finest  residence  streets. 

t  Residence,  sb.*  Obs.  Also  6  resyd-,  7 
reeid-.  [ad.  L.  type  *resideiitia,  f.  residcre 
RESIDE  v.*  :  see  -ENCE.] 

1.  That  which  settles  as  a  deposit;  sediment. 
(Very  common  in  I7th  c.) 

1541  ELYOT  Cast.  Hclthc  iv.  i,  Whan  there  appereth  in 
the  uryne  a  resydence  lyght  and  whyte.  1594  PLAT  Jewell- 
ho.  32,  I  may  not  here  omit  to  commend  the.  .residence  and 

f-oundes  of  all  Channels,.. Rivers  and  Ditches.     1646 SIR 
.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  (1650)  132  Wherein  beside    a    ter- 
reous  residence  some  salt  is  also  found.  1684-5  BOYLE  Min. 
Waters  71  The  Spontaneous  residence,  if  I  may  so  call  it, 
that  the  Liquor  lets  fall  by  meer  standing. 

//.  1662  MERRETT  tr.  Neris  Art  of  Glass  xxxviii,  Powder 
the  dregs  and  residences  of  the  Aqua-fortis.  1684-5  BOYLE 
Min.  Waters  90  To  take  notice  of  the  Residences  of  many 
of  the  Mineral  Waters  of  France. 

b.-  The   residuum   or   deposit   left    after  any 
chemical  process. 

1560  WHITEIIORNE  Ord.  Souldiours  (1588)  30  b,  If  the 

pouder  bee  good,  you  shall  see  them  all  to  fire  at  ones  ;  so 

that  there  shall  be  no  residence  remaining.    1658  R.  WHITK 

tr.  Digby's  Powd.  Symf.  (1660)  122  Cause  it  to  be  boyled 

untill  it  come  to  an  evaporation  and  see  its  residence. 

c.  Remains,  leavings,  rare  — '. 

c  1550  H.  RHODES  Bk.  Nurture  in  Babies  Bk.  (1868)  80 

Put  you  your  trenchour  in  the  same,  and  all  your  resydence, 

2.  The  settling  of  sediment  in  liquids. 


518 

i6oo  SUFFLET  Countrie  Fanne  vi.  iv.  734  Vntill  such  time    I 
as  the  earth  haue  made  his  perfect  residence  and  selling  in    < 
the  botlome  of  the  glasse.    1626  BACON  Sylva  §  302  Separa 
tion  .  is  wrought  by  Weight ;  as  in  the  ordinary  Residence 
or  Settlement  of  Liquors.     1684  tr.  Bond's  Merc.  Comfil. 
vm.  303  Boil  the  Colature,  defecated  by  residence  to  hall. 

t  Residence,  v-    Obs.  rare.    [f.  RESIDENCE  j 

j/;.l]     (Meaning  obscure.) 

1608  W.  SCLATER  Malacky  (1650^  47  Wherein  the  Prophet 
even  residenceth  the  speeches  of  these  hypocritical!  Jews. 
1611  —  Key  (1629)  229  He  shewei  that  these  things  were, 
in  many,  but  vaine  bragges  ;  residencing  their  vaine  boast 
ing  fitly  to  the  fashion  of  our  people. 

t  Reside'ncer,  -ier,  a.  and  sb.    Obs.  rare. 

[a.  AF.  rcsidencer  (1430  in   Godef.),  ad.   med.L. 
res.identia.rius  :  see  RESIDENTIARY  1.] 

A.  adj.  Residentiary.     (Also  in//,  form.) 


RESIDENT. 

O.  Of  animals  or  birds :  Remaining  in  one  place 
or  country  throughout  the  year ;  non-migratory. 

1828  FLEMING  Hist.  Brit.  Anim.  p.  xiii,  The  Resident 
Animals  are  such  as  can  accommodate  themselves  to  all  the 
changes  of  this  variable  climate,  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.\. 


and  persones  bat  ar  greable.       1486   Lichfield  Gild  Ord. 
(E.E.T.S.)  18  loan  Herwood  and.. George    Radclyf,  som- 
time  chanons  residencyeres  in  the  seid  cathedral  church. 
B.  sb.  1.  A  canon,  incumbent,  etc.,  in  residence. 

1522  Stat.  Ord.  Carter  xx,  The  Dean  or  Register,  or  the 
most  ancient  Residencer  of  the  said  College.  1628  EAKLE 
Microcosm.,  Singing-men  (Arb.)  52  Their  humanity  is  a  leg 
to  the  Residencer. 

2.  A  resident  representative. 

1541  WYATT  Declaration  Wks.  (1816)  283  A  Prince  were  as 
good  send  naked  letters,  and  to  receive  naked  letters,  as  to 
be  at  charge  for  residencers. 

Residenciarie,  -y,  obs.  ff.  RESIDENTIARY. 
Residency  (re'zidensi).  [f.  as  RESIDENCE  rf.1 : 
see  -EKCY.] 
fl.  =  RESIDENCE  sbl  in  various  senses.  Obs. 

1579  FFNTON  Guicciard.  l.  I  It  was.. greatly  honored., 
with  the  seate  and  residencie  of  the  throne  of  Religion.  Ibid. 
13  Constantinople,  the  soueraigne  residencie  of  that  Empire. 
1604  Const.  <V  Canons  Eccl.  xliv,  All  those.. shal  after  the 
dayes  of  their  Residencie.  .presently  repaiie  to  their  Bene 
fices.  1654  COKAINK  Dianea  n.  114  Constancy  may  have 
residency  in  all  things  but  the  minds  of  lovers.  1670  MAYN- 
WAKING  /  'ita  Sana  xvi.  148  Fear,  .chaseth  the  spirits  to  and 
fio  from  their  residency  and  faculties. 

tb.  Eccl.   =  RESIDENCE  sb.1  2  a.  Obs. 

1590  Humble  Motion  with  Snbiniss.  27  There  wantelh 
residensy  in  many  able  men  ;  there  is  no  practise  of  prech- 
ing  in  many  resident,  c  1613  Soc.  Condit.  l'coplc_  Anglesey 
55  Of  these  that  keep  true  residency,  some  keep  indifferent 
houses,  others  deserve  no  great  commendation.  1651  N. 
UACON  Disc.Go~.it.  Eng.  n.  xxviii.  (1739)  139  Residency,  and 
Non-residency,  was  a  Theme  formerly  learned  from  the 
Canon  Law,  in  which,  as  also  in  the  thing  it  self,  the  Clergy 
were  the  only  skilful  men. 

2.  The  official  residence  of  a  representative  of 
the  Governor-general  (formerly  of  the  East  India 
Company)  at  an  Indian  native  court. 

1800  Asiatic  Ann.  Reg.  n.  19/1  The  revenues  and  charges 
of  Fort  Marlbro',  the  chief  Residency  of  Bencooltn.  1845 
STOCQUELER  Handbk.  Brit.  India  (1854)  306  'The  Resi 
dency '.  .containing  the  establishment  of  the  Company's 
Resident  at  the  court  of  his  Highness  the  Nizam.  1877 
Scribner's  Mag.  Sept.  601  '2  We  steam  slowly  along,  past 
the  English  Residency  with  its  beautiful  gardens. 

attrib.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India.  II.  238  The 
Mahratlas  entered  the  Residency  grounds. 

3.  An  administrative  division  in  the  Dutch  East 
Indies.     Also  atlrib. 

1814  RAFFLES  Java  (1817)  I.  289  In  the  different  resi 
dencies  were  provincial  courts,  styled  landraads.  1861 
J.  W.  B.  MONEY  Java  I.  197  As  president  of  the  landraad, 
and  as  judge  of  the  residency  court.  1863  Chambers'* 
Encycl.  V.  691/2  The  island  is  divided  into  East,  West,  and 
Middle  Java,  containing  22  subdivisions,  called  Residencies. 

Residentiary,  obs.  forms  of  KKSIDENTIABY. 

Resident  (re-zident),  a.  and  sb.l  Also  5-6 
resydent  (5  -dentt),  residente,  6  reasident. 
[ad.  L.  resident-em,  pres.  pple.  of  residcre  to  RE 
SIDE  :  cf.  F.  resident  sb.  (ijth  c.),  Sp.,  Pg.,  and 
It.  residente,  It.  risedente] 

A.  adj.  1.  Residing,  dwelling,  or  having  an 
abode  in  a  place,  a.  In  predicative  use. 

1382  WYCLIF  2  Mace.  xii.  2  These  that  dwelten,  or  wern 
resident,  Tymothe,  and  Appollonye.  1423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q. 
cxv,  Say  to  the  men  that  there  bene  resident,  How  long 
think  thay  to  stand  in  my  disdeyne.  c  1485  Digby  Myst. 
III.  467  We  xat  do  your  intente,  in  thys  place  to  be  resydent 
whyle  bat  Je  be  absent.  1530-1  Act  22  Hen.  V11I,  c.  14 
He  or  she.  .shall  nat  be  taken  out  of  the  saintuary,  wherein 
the  same  person  shall  then  be  resydent.  a  1592  GKI.I.NK 
Orpharion  Wks.  (Grosart)  XII.  13  Tell  mee  whether  Venus 
is  resident  about  this  mount  of  Erecinus,  or  no.  1634  SIN 
T.  HERBERT  Trav.  19  In  no  other  part  are  those  Birds 
resident.  1686  tr.  Cliardin's  Trav.  Persia  40  The  Christian 
Princes  that  were  then  resident  at  the  Port.  1726  AYI.IFI  E 
Parergon  15  He  is  not  said  to  be  resident  in  a  Place,  who 
comes  thither  with  a  Purpose  of  retiring  immediately  from 
thence.  1792  CHIPMAN  Kep.  (1871)  25  D.  was  resident  at 
Bennington,  but  not  an  inhabitant.  1860  MOTLEY  Nctherl. 
i.  (1868)  I.  5  The  inhabitants  of  each  [country),  whether 
resident  in  France.. or  Flanders. 

fig.    1784  COWPER  Task  IV.  594  Authority  herself  not  sel 
dom  sleeps,  Though  resident,  and  witness  of  the  wrong.  1876 
J.  WEISS  Wit,  Hum.  Shaks.  v.  r?9  Ophelia  ..  is  always 
more  resident  in  his  soul  than  maintained  within  a  palace. 
b.  In  attributive  use. 

1817  Parl.  Deb.  1343/2  He  considered  resident  country 
gentlemen  the  greatest  blessing  of  this  country.  1845 
STOCQUELER  Handbk.  Brit.  India  (1854)  '34  Its  resident 
population  does  not  much  exceed  two  hundred  and  twenty 
thousand,  comprised  within  the . .  limits  of  the  city. 


as  individuals. 

2.  Staying  in  or  at  a  place  in  discharge  of  some 
duty  or  in  compliance  with  some  regulation.  (Cf. 
RESIDENCE  sb}  2.) 

1426  AUDELAY  Poems  33  Curatus  resident  thai  schul  be 
And  aid  houshold  oponly.  1436  SIR  G.  HAYE  Law  Arms 
(S.T.S.)  146  Wagis  ar  nocht  ordanyt  to  be  gevin  to  per- 
sounis  nocht  resident.  1538  STARKEY  England  I.  iv.  133 
A  nother  yl  custume,  that  prestys  be  not  resydent  apon 
theyr  bunfycys.  1560  DALS  tr.  Sleidanc's  Conim.  390 
That  every  man  be  resident  in  his  own  church,  and  that 
eche  man  shuld  have  one  benefice.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  11. 
131,  1  am  come  to  Kilkenny,  .without  anyone  Commander 
or  Captaine  of  the  Army,  hauing  left  them  all  with  coni- 
mandement  to  be  resident  on  their  charge.  1669  STUKMY 
Mariner's  Mag.,  Penalties  $  Forfeitures  8  If  any  Cus 
tomer,  Comptroller,  or  Searcher  be  not  resident  upon  his 
Place  and  Office,  a  1790  WARTON  in  Bosiuell  an.  1 754, 
There  was  only  one  other  Fellow  of  Pembroke  now  resident. 
1800  COLQUHOUN  Comm.  Thames  200  A  Marine  Police., 
under  the  particular  direction  of  the  Superintending  and 
Resident  .Magistrate.  1803  Mcd.  Jrnl.  IX.  195  Mr.  Wach- 
sell,  the  resident  surgeon.  1874  Chambers  s  Encycl.  V. 
544/1  Resident  political  agents  are  appointed  by  the 
British  government  at  the  courts  of  the  native  princes, 
f  b.  Continually  present  in  an  assembly.  Obs. 
1658  OSBORN  Adv.  Sun  n.  xxiii.  Wks.  (1673)  181  Mr. 
Hampden,  Mr.  Pirn,  &c.  were  resident  in  all  Parliaments, 
their  age  gave  them  opportunity  to  assist  in. 
3.  Of  qualities,  powers,  etc. :  Abiding,  present, 
inherent,  prevalent,  established. 

1325  Lu.  BEKNERS  Froiss,  II.  cxxix.  [cxxv.]  367  It  wyll  be 
very  harde  to  make  peace  in  that  place,  where  as  great 
hatered  and  warre  is  resydent.  1576  FLEMING  Panofl.  Lpist. 
44  Let  this  thought  be  alwayes  resident  in  your  mind.  1610 
HEALEY  St.  Aug.  Cilie  God  (1620)  225  One  ignorant  of  him 
would  not  have  thought  any  efleminat  sparke  resident  in 
him.  1668  CuLl'EPPEK  &  COLE  Barthol.  Anat.  11.  vi.  101 
The  Pulse,  which  is.  .raised  by  the  influent  Blood,  and  the  . 
Pulsifick  or  Pulsative  faculty,  there  resident.  1791  PAINE 
Rights  of  Man  (ed.  4)  9  It  exists  in  the  whole ; . .  it  is  a  right 
resident  in  the  nation.  1831  BREWSTER  Optics  xvi.  138  Some 
have  thought  that  the  particles  of  light  are.  .turned  aside  by 
the  forces  resident  in  the  particles.  1863  Bp.  EWING  Past. 
Let.  25  There  the  belief  and  practice  we  adhere  to  is  most 
fully  resident. 

t  4.  Of  things :  Situated,  lying.  Resident  site 
(see  quot.  1610).  Obs.  rare. 

1571  DIGGES  1'antom.  iv.  xxv.  Gg  iij  b,  This  Figure  also 
receyueth  the  Cube,  with  his  8  solide  angles  residerile  in 
the  8  centers  of-his  Hexagonal!  playnes.  1610  W.  FOLKING- 
IIAM  Art  of  Survey  n.  i.  47  Situation  may  be  said  to  be 
Resident,  and  Respicient.  Resident  Site  depends  vpon  the 
selling,  laying  and  lying  of  the  grounds.  1695  WOOUWAHU 
Nat.  Hist.  Earth  llLi.  (1723)  130  The  Water.. of  the  Globe, 
as  well  that  resident  in  it,  as  that  which  floats  upon  it. 
f  b.  Remaining  still ;  firm,  abiding.  Obs.  rare. 
1653  JEK.  TAYLOR  Serin,  for  year  i.  xi.  139  The  watry 
pavement  is  not  stable  and  resident  like  a  rock. 

B.  sb.  1.  One  who  resides  permanently  in  a 
place ;  sometimes  spec,  applied  to  inhabitants  of 
the  better  class. 

1487  Roils  cf  Parlt.  VI.  404/1  To  any  Inhabitauntes, 
resldentes  or  dwellers  in  any  Cite.  1833  HT.  MAHTINEAU 
Loom  »y  Lugger  l.  iii.  35  It  was  yet  more  that  he  had  been 
a  long  resident  with  his  family.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit. 
India  I.  523  It  was  agreed  that  no  persons,  except  those  in 
the  Company's  employ,  should  be  allowed  to  go  to  India  as 
residents.  1890  Spectator  5  Apr.,  In  Ireland. .' residents  ' 
will  soon  grow  as  numerous  as  in  the  thinner  'residential 
districts  '  of  Great  Britain. 

fig.  1830  HERSCKEL  Study  Nat.  Phil.  in.  iii.  (1851)  289 
The  pursuits  of  the  enlightened  resident  or  traveller  in 
every  department  of  science.  1865  MOZLEY  Mirac  iii.  70 
What  can  be.. a  more  ghostly  resident  in  nature  than  the 
sense  of  right  and  wrong  ? 
b.  A  resident  incumbent. 

1812  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  85  The  number  of  non-residents 
exceeds  the  number  of  residents.  1873  SIR  R.  PHILLIMOKE 
Eccles.  Lain  II.  1145  The  bishop  shall  provide,  that  in 
every  church  there  shall  be  one  resident. 

2.  A  diplomatic  representative,  inferior  in  rank 
to  an  ambassador,  residing  at  a  foreign  court. 
Now  only  Ilist.  (Common  in  I7th  c.) 

1650  MILTON  Lett.  Stale  Wks.  1851  VIII.  268  They,  .give 
out  threatning  language  in  a  most  despiteful  manner  against 
our  Resident.  1654  WHITELOCKE  Swed.  Ambassy  (1772) 
H.  231  It  might  be  supposed,  that.. he  should  understand 
the  difference  between  a  resident  and  an  ambassador  ex 
traordinary.  1739  GRAY  Let.  to  Mother  19  Dec.,  Mr.  Mann, 
the  resident,  had  sent  his  servant  to  meet  us  at  the  gates. 
1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  II.  xliv.  494  Sir  Henry  Nevil,  the 
English  resident  in  France.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vi. 
II.  101  The  resident  of  the  Elector  Palatine.. fitted  up  a 
chapel  in  Lime  Street. 

transf.    1663  COWLEY  Cutter   Coleman  St.  I.  vi,  He  s 

shrewdly  wrong'd  if  he  be  n't  Cromwel's  Agent  for  all  the 

Taverns  between  Kings-street  and  the  Devil  at  Temple-bar, 

i    indeed  he's  a  kind  o' Resident  in 'em.    1684  OTWAY  A  thci st 

in.  i,  You  keep  Company  with  the  Devil's  Resident. 

b.  A  representative  of  the  (t  East  India  Com 
pany  or)  Governor-general  of  India  residing  at  a 
(t  commercial  station  or)  native  court. 

1786  BURKE  Art.  agst.  W.Hastings  Wks.  1841  II.  108 
The  mischiefs  likely  to  happen  to  the  said  country  from  the 
establishment  of  a  resident.  1793  HODGES  Trav.  India  43 


RESIDENT. 


519 


RESIDUAL. 


A  factory  belonging  to  the  English  company,  where  a  com 
mercial  resident  is  constantly  stationed.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON 
Brit.  India  II.  273  The  Resident  consented,  .to  the  Raja's 
request  for  a  suspension  of  hostilities.  1863  Chambers' s 
Encycl.  V,  545/1  The  Administration  of  the  Native  States 
is  generally  vested  in  an  hereditary,  .prince, .  .controlled  in 
some  degree  by  a  British  resident. 

c.  The  governor  of  a  residency  in  the  Dutch 
East  Indies. 

1814  RAFFLES  Java  (1817)  I.  292  In  criminal  [casesj, 
the  jurisdiction  and  authority  of  the  Resident  has  been 
considerably  extended.  1861  J.  W.  B.  MONEY  Java  I.  196 
The  resident  is  the  first  local  European  authority. 

d.  An  agent  or  representative    of  the   British 
government  in  a  semi-independent  native  territory. 

1884  Nonconf.  <$-  Indef>.  29  May  529/2  The  Resident    in 
Bechuanaland  is  the  right  man  in  the  right  place. 

t  Resident,  sb$  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  rest- 
dent-,  ppl.  stem  of  residere  to  RESIDE  z/.-J 

1.  Deposit  or  sediment. 

1625  HART  Anat.  Ur.  i.  v.  47  The  next  vrine  was  of  a  pale 
straw  coloured  yellow,  with  some  whitish  residents.  1655 
Cuti'EPPER,  etc.  Rivcrins  \.  ii.  13  Shaking  it.. that  it  may 
have  some  of  the  fecies  or  residents  of  the  Pouder  in  the 
bottom  to  make  it  more  strong.  1666  BOYLE  Formes  fy 
Qua?.  129  As  much  as  one  Ounce  of  dry  Residents,  whether 
Saline  or  Earthy. 

2.  Residue,  remainder. 

a  1610  HEALEY  Cebes  (1636)  130  After  a  little  toile,  the 
whole  resident  of  their  life  shalbe  topt  with..tranquility. 

Reside  ntal,  a,  U.  S.  [f.  RESIDENT  a.  or 
sd.1  +  -AL.]  Residential. 

1875  H.  JAMES  Transatlantic  Sketches  303  The  beautiful 
residental  apartments  of  the  Pitti  Palace.  1884  American 
VIII.  238  The  Pope  has  decided  to  create  a  residental 
archbishopric  at  Carthage. 

t  Residenta-rian.  Obs.  rare  -l.  [f.  as  prec. 

+  •ariau.']     One  given  to  remaining  at  table. 

1680  T.  LAWSOM  Mite  into  Trcas.  23  The  daily  Feaster, 
such  as  the  Residentarians,  whose  Legs  can  scarce  bear 
about  his  gross  Corpulent  Body. 

t  Residentary,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ARY.]  **  RESIDENTIARY  a.1 

1686  J.  S[ERGEANT]  Hist.  KTonast.  Convent.  112  The 
Cardinals  Residentaries  in  the  Court  of  Rome,  a  1693 
Urquhart's  Rabelais  in.  1.  404  Some  Residentary  Kings 
in  Capadocia. 

Residenter  (re-zidenta-r,  Sc.  rezide-ntai).  Also 

5  resedenter,  7  recidentor.     [f.  RESIDENT.] 
T"  1.  Eccl.  A  residentiary.   Obs.  rare. 

1453  Test.  Ebor.  (Surtees)  II.  191  Sir  John  Bernyngham, 
tresorer  of  York  mynster,  and  Maister  John  Marsshall, 
resedenter  of  the  same  mynster.  1719  Brit.  Compend, 
(ed.  2)  239  The  present  Dean,  and  Residenter  of  St.  Paul's, 

2.  Sc.  and  U.  S.    A  resident,  inhabitant. 

1678  SIR  G.  MACKENZIE  Crim.  Laivs  Scot,  n.  viii.  §  i, 
The  Justice-deputs  were  not  ordinar  Residenters  in  Town. 
1746-7  Act  20  Geo.  If,  c.  43  §  3  The  inhabitants  and 
residenters  within  the  same.  1765  Phil.  Trans,  LV.  194 
The  total  of  residenters.  .being  15,734.  S8"  BRACKENRIDGE 
Views  Louisiana  (1814)  127  They  were  ceded  by  the 
Spanish  government,  as  an  appendage  to  the  possession  of 
every  residenter  in  the  village.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk. 
Farm  I.  221  The  obligations  incumbent  on  him  as  a  resi 
denter  of  the  parish.  1875  W.  MC!LWRAITH  Guide  Wig 
town.  57  In  the  memory  of  some  not  very  aged  residenters. 

trans/.  1882  Chamb.  Jml.  XIX.  89  Nor  did  the  birds 
come  merely  as  stray  visitors,  but  as  actual  residenters. 

Residential  (rezide-njal),  0.1  [See  RESI 
DENCE  sbl  and  -AL.  So  Sp.  residential^  It.  -enzia/e.] 

1.  Serving  or  used  as  a  residence ;  in  which  one 
resides.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  iv.  213  Let  him  see  The  Residen 
tial  Court  of  Chastity.  1690  MORRIS  Beatitudes  (1692)  163  To 
his  fix'd  Dwelling  and  Residential  Abode  among  us.  1718 
J.  Fox  Wanderer  No.  8.  43  The  residential  Palace  of  a 
Monarch,  beautify'd  with  a  delightful  Park.  1740  WATER- 
LAND  Regeneration  13  In  Baptism,  the  same  Spirit  fixes, 
as  it  were,  his  Dwelling,  or  residential  Abode. 

b.  Adapted  or  suitable  for  the  residence  of 
those  belonging  to  the  better  class ;  characterized 
by  houses  of  a  superior  kind. 

1878  F.  S.  WILLIAMS  Midi.  Raihv,  219  The  landowner 
alleged  that  the  line  would  injure  a  considerable  residential 
estate.  1882  Nature  XXVII.  70  Sixty  to  be  residential 
districts,  and  sixty,  .comparatively  poor  neighbourhoods. 

2.  Connected   with,    pertaining   or  relating  to, 
residence   or   residences    (in    general   or   specific 
sense). 

1856  lllustr.  Land.  News  XXIX.  172/1  It  is  thought  that 
the  locality  will  be  much  sought  after  for  villa  residences, 
and  thus  obtain  a  residential  traffic.  1857  SMILES  Stephen- 
son  (1859)  I72  Witnesses  were  called  to  prove  residential 
injury  which  would  be  caused  by  the.  .smoke  and  fire  from 
the  locomotives.  1881  Nation  XXXII.  178  Fixing  the 
residential  qualification  of  voters. 

3.  Of  or  belonging  to  a  Resident,   rare 

1885  Glasgow  Her.  4  Dec.  6/3  A  British  Resident— or,  to 
speak  correctly,  a  British  official  endowed  with  Residential 
powers,  has  been  established  in  Mandalay. 

t  Residential,  a*  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RESIDENT 
sb.-]  Left  as  a  residuum. 

1651  BIGGS  New  Disp.  p  213  As  if  the  whole  heap  of  evill 
were  taken  away  at  once,.. but  the  good  had  been  residen- 
tiall  about  the  parenchymatick  Laboratorie  of  the  Liver. 

Residentiary  (rezide'njari),^.  and  a.1   Also 

6  -sary,  -siary,  -ciarie,  7  -ciary.     [ad.  med.L. 
rtsiiientiarius  :  see  RESIDENCE  sbl  and  -ARY.] 

A.    st>.    1.    An   ecclesiastic   who   is   bound  to 


official  residence,  esp.  a  canon  of  a  cathedral  or 
collegiate  church. 

c  1525  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  in.  II.  65  Also  Dr  B.irrye 
late  residenciary  of  Southwell  is  deceased.  1570  FOXE  A. 
ff  M.  (ed.  2)  1218/1  Last  of  all  came  ye  queere  of  Paules, 
with  their  residensaries.  1:1630  RISDON  Sun1.  Devon  §  107 
(1810)  109  Being. .residentiaries.  their  livings  be  so  much 
the  more  increased.  1676  MARVELL  Mr.  Sttiirke  2  They 
cannot  transmit  it.  .to  their  most  Domestick  Chaplain,  or  to 
the  closest  Residentiary.  1713  Guardian  No.  80  ?  4  One 
of  the  Vergers  came  to  the  Residentiary  in  waiting.  1766 
ENTICK  London  IV.  30  Which  aforetime  had  been  a  house 
for  a  residentiary  of  St.  Paul's.  1837  Svo.  SMITH  }!'£s. 
(1850)  633  The  Bishop  of  London  says,  there  were  more 
Residentiaries  before  the  Reformation.  1861  BERESF.  HOPK 
Eng.  Cathcdr.  \t)tJi  C.  55  What  need  have  the  dean  and 
the  residentiary,  .of  any  great  superfluity  of  sitting  room? 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  is  resident, 

1615  T.  ADAMS  Black  Devil  44  The  inmate  and  resi 
dentiary  of  their  hearts  is  that  uncleane  vulture.  1664 
POWF.R  E.rp,  Philos.  i.  u  A  wise  and  prudent  Animal,  and 
therefore  a  fit  Residentiary  in  the  Court  of  Kings.  1691 
NOKRIS  Pract.  Disc.  331  The  Stationary  Angels  that  wait 
upon  the  Throne  of  God,  the  Residentiaries  of  Heaven. 
1825  CoLF.uinnF  Aids  Kcjl.  (Bohn)  I.  324  The  residentiary, 
or  the  frequent  visitor  of  the  favoured  spot. 
b.  transf.  andy?^. 

c  1620  1*.  ADAMS  Black  Saint  Wks.  (1629)  367  Faith,  tem 
perance,  patience,  . .  are  perpetuall  Residentiaries  in  the 
Temple  of  their  Soules.  1641  HINDF,  J.  Bruen  xl.  124 
These  [Bibles]  hee  placed  to  be  continual!  residentiaries, 
the  bigger  in  the  Parlour,  and  the  lesse  in  the  Hall. 

t  3.  A  Jesuit  house.   Obs.  rare*1. 

1626  L.  OWEN  Spec.  Jesuit.  (1629)  29  They  hnuc.  .eight 
Seminaries  and  1010  Residenciaries. 

B.  adj.   1.  a.   Canon  residentiary,  a  canon  of 
whom  residence  is  required. 

1632  in  J.  Crosse  York  Mus.  Ftstiv.  (1825)  App.  2  Pre 
centor  and  canon  residentiary  of  the  same  church.  1706 
HF.ARNE  Collect.  3  Apr.  (O.H.S.)  I.  217  He.. was  made 
Canon  Residentiary.  1847  1  •  I^AI.E  (title-p.),  The  Golden 
Psalm.  Being  an  Exposition,  .of  P^alm  xvi.  By  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Dale,  M.A.,  Canon  Residentiary  of  St.  Paul's.  1870 
Daily  News  ii  Feb.,  He  was  nominated  by  his  father  to  a 
canon  residentiary  in  Ely  Cathedral. 

b.  Involving,  relating  or  pertaining  to,  official 
residence. 

a  1662  HEYLIN  Laud  (1668)  86  A  Prebend  and  Residenti 
ary  place  in  the  Cathedral  Church  at  Lincoln.  1721  BAILEY, 
Residentiary^  belonging  to  a  Resident.  1841  Act  4  fy  5 
Viet.  c.  39  §  5  The  holding  of  a  Canonry  Residentiary, 
Prebend,  or  Office.  1886  N.  %  Q.  ?th  Ser.  II.  447/2  Dr. 
John  Taylor  died  1766,  at  his  residentiary  house. 

2.  Residing  or  resident  in  a  place. 

1640  HOWELL  Dodona?s  Gr.  73  When  hee  was  Residenti- 
arie  upon  the  skirtsof  the  Amptlona.  i6s8SuNGsnY  Diary 
(1836)  208  Whether  he  be  residentiary  in  a  Wilderness  or  in 
the  World.  1668  H.  MORE  Div.  Dial.  i.  xix.  (1713)  41  The 
same  Christ,  who  was  the  Conductor  of  the  Israelites  into 
the  Land  of  Canaan,  and  the  Residentiary  Guardian  of  that 
People.  1818  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  LXXXVII.  532 
Those  trades  which  are  commonly  exercised  by  settled  and 
residentiary  Christians.  1889  C.  EDWARDES  Sardinia  $ 
the  Sardes  90  \Ve  may  . .  excuse  the  barons  of  Sardinia, 
whether  residentiary  or  absent. 
b.  Connected  with  residence. 

1871-2  Act  34  $  35  Viet.  c.  117  Sched.  §  i  The  rights  and 
interests,  pecuniary  or  residentiary',  of  the.,  pensioners. 

t  Residentiary,  a*  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  RE 
SIDENCE  j£.2]  Residual;  of  small  value. 

1774  Projects  in  Ann.  Reg.  117/2  We  might,  likewise, 
make  it.  .into  flower-pots,  and  even  other  less  residentiary 
vessels,  for  gardens  and  parterres. 

Reside'iitiaryslrip.  [f.  RESIDENTIARY  sb^\ 
The  office  of  a  (canon)  residentiary. 

1624  LAUD  Diary  6  Dec.  155  A  matte_r  of  difference  in  the 
church  of  Hereford,  concerning  a  Residentiaryship.  1691 
WOOD  Antiq.}  Fasti  (iSis)  I.  329  The  rectory  of  Waldgrave, 
..a  Residentiaryship  in  the  church  of  Lincoln  [etc.],  1751 
T.  SHARP  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  {Camden)  375  Dr.  Tillotson 
pbtain'd  his  residentiaryship  of  St.  Pauls.  1768  WARBURTON 
in  W.  &  Hurd(Z*//.  (1809)  422  His  Residentiaryship  (half 
the  Deanship)  is  said  to  be  destined  for  Dr.  Egerton's  com- 
mendum.  1831  Examiner  601/2  The  residentiaryship  of 
St.  Paul's,  .is  bestowed  on  the  Rev.  Sidney  Smith. 

tRe'sidenting,///. a.  Obs.  rare.  [^RESI 
DENT  a.]  Residing,  resident. 

1717  IVodrow's  Corr.  (1843)  II.  339  Those  who  are  com 
plete  members  of  a  congregation,  residenting  heritors,  and 
the  elders,  in  a  special  manner,  are  to  be  regarded. 

t  Re'Sldently,  adv.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RESI 
DENT  a.~\  \Vith  continuance;  steadfastly. 

1609  TOCRNEUR  Funeral  Poem  Sir  F.  Vere  324  He.  .did 
residently  dwell  Upon  the  purpose  of  a  true  intent. 

Re-sidentship.    [f.  RESIDENT  jM  + -SHIP.] 

1.  The  office  or  post  of  a  Resident. 

1583  STOCKF.R  Civ.  IVarres  Lowe  C.  iv.  5  b,  AIL.ecclesi- 
asticall  parsons  whose  Abbaies,  Monasteries,  Foundations, 
and  Residentships.  .lye  without  the  Countries  of  Holland 
and  Zealand.  1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxpn.  II.  643  He,  loving 
Solitude,  declined  . .  the  Residentship  at  London  for  the 
City  of  Hamburgh.  1710  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  III. 
Misc.  v.  iii.  337  If  there  be  any  such  Residentship  or  Agent- 
ship  now  established ;  'tis  not  immediately  from  God  him 
self.  1794  BURKE  Sp.  agst.  W.  Hastings  Wks.  XV.  387 
When  first  the  forced  loan  was  levied  upon  them,  under  his 
residentship.  1835  Prater's  Mag.  XL  251  The  prebends  of 
Westminster  are  good  ;  so  are  theresidentshipsof  St.  Paul's. 
1890  Daily  Ne~vs  21  June  5/6  The  Residentship  at  Hyder 
abad,  the  *  blue  ribbon  '  of  the  Indian  political  service. 

2.  The  district  under  the  control  of  a  Resident. 
1805  tr.  Lafontaine's  Hermann  $  Emilia   IV.  44^  I  .. 

entreated  you  to  confer  upon  me  an  employment  m  the 
resident  ship. 


Kesi'der.    [f-  RESIDE  vl  +  -ER  1.]    A  resident. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  506  [He  is]  a  Resider  in  Eden- 
burgh.  1724  SWIFT  Drafter's  Lett.  Wks.  1755  V.  n.  35  We, 
..being  persons  of  considerable  estates  in  this  kingdom, 
and  residers  therein.  1789  MME.  D'ARDLAY  Diary  June, 
The  amazing  quantity  of  indigenous  residers  ;  old  women 
and  young  children.  1852  LD.  COCK  BURN  Circuit  Jonrn. 
(1887)  379  The  resider  in  a  good  London  house. 

Residing,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RESIDE  z/.i-f-iNG1.] 
Residence;  f  dwelling-place. 

c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXIX.  x,  Lett  not  one  be  left 
abiding  Where  such  rancor  had  residing.  i6o6SHAKS.  Ant. 
ff  Cl.  ii.  ii.  37  Ant.  My  being  in  Egypt  Cajsar,  what  was't 
to  you?  CCES.  No  more  then  my  reading  hetre  at  Rome 
Might  be  to  you  in  Egypt,  1627  SI-EEU  England  v.  §  7 
[Lambeth]  eucr  since  hath  beene  the  residing  of  all  those 
worthy  Prelates  of  our  Church.  1711  ADDISON  Spcct. 
No.  123  f  2  Since  my  residing  in  these  Parts  I  have  seen 
and  heard  innumerable  Instances.  1865  I).  SMITH  Serni.  ^j- 
Lett.  (1269)  216  It  is  a  temporary  residing  in  order  to  a 
permanent  residing. 

Residiuacion,  residivation,  obs.  forms  of 
RECIDIVATION. 
Residual  (r/zi-diw,al),  sb.     [Sec  next.] 

1.  ftlath.  a.  A  residual  quantity. 

1557  RF.CORDE  Whetst.  V  j  b,  We  maie  comprehende  vnder 
the  same  name  ..  all  other  residualles  Cossike,  whichc  be 
made  by  subtraction.  Ibid.  Pp4,  The  nombers . . that  be 
compounde  with  —  be  named  Residualles.  1673  KERSEV 
Algebra  n.  ix.  I.  239  When  the  Root  of  a  Residual  is  to  be 
added  unto,  or  subtracted  from  the  Root  of  its  correspondent 
Binomial.  1764  I.ANDEN  Residual  Analysis  Pref.  3  Such 
quantities,  and  algebraic  expressions,  as  by  Mathematicians 
are  denominated  residuals.  1796  STOKES  in  Trans.  R.  Irish 
A  cad.  (1797)  VI.  229  It  is  expedient  to  remove  the  surds  out 
of  the  denominator  by  multiplication ;  this  is  usually  done 
by  the  multiplication  of  the  denominator  taken  as  a  binomial 
or  residual.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  413/1  Residual,  an 
expression  which  gives  the  remainder  of  a  subtraction. 
b.  (See  quots.) 

1867  SYLVESTER  in  Editc.  Times  May  42  A  residuum  of 
the  second  or  any  even  order  in  such  series,  may  IK;  madt! 
to  consist  of  a  single  point,  winch  I  call  residual  of  the 
original  /i  points.  1873  SALMUN  Higher  Plane  Cnn-t^  (ed. :;) 
136  If  two  systems  of  points  a,  ft,  together  make  up  the  com 
plete  intersection  with  the  cubic  of  a  curve  of  any  order,  one 
of  these  systems  is  said  to  be  the  residual  of  the  other. 

2.  A  remainder;  an  amount  still  remaining  after 
the  main  part  is  subtracted  or  accounted  for. 

1860  MAURY  Phys.  Geegr.  ix.  §  445  These  feeble  forces  in 
the  water  received  one  of  the  quantities  of  small  value — 
residuals  of  compensation — with  which  the  astronomer  has 
to  deal.  1878  NEWCOMH  Pof>.  Astron.  in.  iv.  338  The  moon 
..is  always  held  in  that  position  by  a  minute  residual  of  the 
earth's  attraction. 

3.  A   substance  or  product  of  the  nature  of  a 
residuum. 

1885  G.  H.  TAYLOR  Pelv.  fy  Hern.  Thcra/>.  29  The  blood, 
with  its  residuals  and  products  of  waste.  1886  York  Her. 
6  Aug.  3/4  Gas-lime  was  another  residual,  and  when  used 
properly  was  a  most  valuable  fertiliser. 

Residual  (r/zi*di«ial),  a.  [ad.  med.  or  mod. 
L.  *residual-ist  f.  residmtm.  Cf.  It.  residuale^ 
F.  residue  I.] 

1.  Math.  Resulting  from,   formed  by,  the  sub 
traction  of  one  quantity  from  another. 

1570  BiLLiscsLEY£'MC//</x.prop.  73.283  If  from  a  rationall 
line  be  taken  away  a  rationall  line  commensurable  in  power 
onely  to  the  whole  line  :  the  residue  is  an  irrational)  line,  and 
is  called  a  residual!  line.  1677  KERSEY  Algebra  n.  i.  I.  138 
The  Powers  from  the  Residual  Root  a  —e  differ  only  in  the 
signs  +  and  —  from  like  Powers  formed  from  the  Binomial 
Root  a  +  e.  1700  MOXON  Math.  Diet.  142  Residual  Figure, 
the  remaining  Figure  after  Substraction  of  a  less  from  a 
greater.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tec/in.  I,  Residual  Root^ 
in  Mathematicks,  is  one  composed  of  two  Parts  or  Members 
only  connected  together  with  the  Sign—.  _  1734  J.  WARD 
Introd.  Math.  (ed.  6)  172  From  thence  will  arise  Surds  either 
Binomial,  or  Residual.  1798  HUTTON  Course  Math.  (1827) 
I.  167  A  Residual  Quantity,  is  a  binomial  having  one  of  the 
terms  negative.  As  a  —  2/>. 

b.  Residual  analysis  or  calculus  (see  quots.). 

1758  LANDEN  Disc.  Residual  Analysis  5  Which  method  I 
call  the  Residual  Analysis  ;  because,  in  all  the  enquiries 
wherein  it  is  made  use  of,  the  conclusions  are  obtained  by 
means  of  residual  quantities.  1801  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3) 
Suppl.  II.  401/1  Residual  analysis,  a  calculus  proposed  by 
the  inventor,  Mr.  Landen,  as  a  substitute  for  the  method  of 
fluxions.  [Account  follows.]  1890  Cent.  Diet,  s.v.,  R esidual 
calculus^  the  calculus  of  residuals  or  residues, 

2.  Remaining ;  still  left ;  left  over. 

1609  [Ep.  W.  BARLOW]  Answ.  Nameless  Cath.  73  Whose 
Manes,  that  is,  whose  residuall  memorie,  will  both  Manare 
and  Manere  by  diffusion  and  duration.  1801  W.  TAYLOR  in 
Monthly  Mag.  XII.  576  It  becomes  the  few  residual  friends 
of  toleration  and  humanity  to  rally  with  closer  union.  1822 
T.  TAYLOR  Apukius  172  The  remaining  space  of  the  year 
is  completed  by  the  residual  months.  1860  TVNDALL  Glac. 
124  The  sky  was  now  for  the  most  part  overcast,  but  through 
the  re-idual  blue  spaces  the  sun  at  intervals  poured  light. 
1881  WESTCOTT  &  HORT  Grk.  N.  T.  Introd.  §  184  The 
residual  Pre-Syrian  text  which  is  neither  Western  nor 
Alexandrian. 

b.  In  the  physical  sciences  :  Left  as  a  residuum, 
esp.  at  the  end  of  some  process. 

'757  Phil.  Trans.  L.  351  These.. serve  to  bring  back  the 
residual  blood  from  the  tumors.  1799  SIR  H.  DAVY  in 
Beddoes  Cotttrib.  Phys.  fy  Med.  Knoivl.  187  More  hydro 
gen  and  residual  carbon.  1807  Phil.  Traits.  XCVII.  252 
The  united  quantities  give  the  sum  of  the  residual  gas. 
1871  II.  STEWART  Heat  (ed.  2)  §  387  The  pressure  of  the 
residual  air  which  remained  In  the  vacuum,  chamber.  1896 
Pop.  Sci.  Jrnl.  L.  242  The  heat  referred  to  is  mainly,  .the 
residual  heat  of  a  cooling  globe. 


RESIDUARY. 

c.  Left  unexplained  or  uncorrected. 

1830  HEKSCHEL  Study  Nat.  Phil.  n.  vi,§  158  Leaving,  as 
it  were,  a  residual  phenomenon  to  be  explained.  /iW.,The 
residual  facts  are  constantly  appearing  in  the  form  of  pheno 
mena  altogether  new.  1867  J.  HOGG  Microsc.  i.  ii.  58  There 
will  always  be  residual  terms  in  the  general  expression 
for  the  aberration.  1871  B.  STEWART  Heat  (ed.  2)  §  141 
These  irregularities,  .are  merely  due  to  the  residual  error 
in  our  observations. 

Residuary  (r/zi'diwari),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  L. 
type  *residuari-us  :  see  RESIDUUM  and  -ARY.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Law.  a.  Of  the  nature  of  the  re 
sidue  of  an  estate.     Also  trattsf. 

1726  AVLIFKE  Parcrgon  (J.),  'Tis  enough  to  lose  the  legacy, 
or  the  residuary  advantage  of  the  estate  left  him  by  the 
deceased.  1743  Swinburne's  Testaments  i.  (ed.  6)  40  The 
Testator  devised  the  residuary  Part  of  his  Estate  to  two 
Executors.  1827  JARMAN  Powclfs  Devises  II.  102  A 
residuary  bequest,  .operates  upon  all  the  personal  estate, 
of  which  a  testator  is  possessed  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
1859  MILL  Diss.  <fr  Disc.  (1875)  II.  210 The  labourer,,  .a  mere 
bought  instrument  in  the  work  of  production,  having  no 
residuary  interest  in  the  work  itself. 

b.  Residuary  legatee  or  devisee,  one  to  whom 
the  residue  of  an  estate  is  left. 

1743  Swinburne* s  Testaments  vr.  (ed.  6)  415  Where  an 
Executor  and  residuary  Legatee  dies  before  Probate,  his 
Executor  shall  have  the  Administration,  a  1794  LD.  CAMDKN 
in  Powell's  Devises  (1827!  II.  45  Where  the  intention  of  a 
testator  is  to  devise  the  residue  exclusive  of  a  part^g'tven 
away,  the  residuary  devisee  shall  not  take  that  part  in  any 
event.  1838  W.  BULL  Diet.  Law  Scot,  858  He  is  in  effect  a 
residuary  legatee  since  he  is  entitled  to  the  whole  estate 
after  paying  the  testator's  debts  and  legacies.  1858  LD.  ST. 
LEONARDS  Handy-Bk.  Prop.  Law  xx.  154  Where  a  gift  is  to 
a  charity  of  an  estate,  which  is  void,  the  estate  will  go  to 
the  residuary  devisee.  1865  DICKENS  Mat.  Fr,  I.  ii,  If  the 
son  had  not  been  living,  the  same  old  servant  would  have 
been  sole  residuary  legatee. 

c.  Residuary  clause^  a  clause  by  which  a  re 
sidue  is  devised. 

1818  CRUISE  Digest  (*A.  2)  VI.  226  In  the  residuary  clause, 
the  testator  had  made  use  of  the  most  expressive  and  com 
prehensive  words. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  a  residuum  or  remainder  of 
any  kind :  a.  With  reference  to  chemical  pro 
cesses,  scientific  observations,  etc. 

1793  BEDDOF.S  Obs.  Obesity  97  The  oils,  ammoniac,  and 
carbone  appear  to  be  formed  from  the  residuary  azote  and 
carbone.  1800  Phil.  Trans.  XC.  197  The  residuary  gas 
being  transferred  into  another  tube.  1858  BUSHNELI.  Serin. 
New  Life  378  Mere  residuary  substances  of  a  dry  and 
fruitless  life.  1881  Nature  XXIV.  515/1  The  haze  observed 
in  miniatures  examined  by  high  magnifying  power  is  an 
invaluable  indication  of  spherical  residuary  aberration. 
b.  In  general  use. 

1798  J.  ADAMS  in  Ludlow  7/js/.  U.S.  (1862)  64  Immediately 
\ve  shall  see  a  Pennsylvania  party  and  a  Virginia  party  arise 
in  the  residuary  confederacy.  1833  CARLYLE  Misc.  (1857) 
III.  185  Picking  up  a  few  residuary  snips.  1853  KANK 
GrinnellExp.  xxxii.  (1856)  275  We  celebrated  it  by  an  extra 
dinner.,  and  a  couple  of  our  residuary  bottles  of  wine.  1881 
WF.STCOTT  &  HORT  Grk.  N.  T.  Introd.  §  2  A  small  fraction 
of  the  whole  residuary  variation. 

B.  sb.  A  residuary  legatee,  rare. 

1817  LAMB  Let.  to  Field  in  Final  Mem.  x.  102  Of  course 
you  have  heard  of  poor  Mitchell's  death,  and  that  G.  Dyer 
is  one  of  Lord  Stanhope's  residuaries. 

t  Residua "tion  l.  06s,  rare.  [Erroneous  for 
RECIDIVATION.  Cf.  RESIL(I)UATION.]  Relapse. 

1534  MORE  Com/,  agst.  Trio.  n.  Wks.  1 195/2  Far  from 
occasion  geuing  of  new  residuacion  into  his  former  sinne. 

Residua'tioii  *.    Math.    [f.  RESIDU-AL  :  see 

-ATION.]  (See  quot.  1880,  and  RESIDUAL  sb.  i  b.) 
1873  SALMON  Higher  Plane  Curves  (ed.  2)  134  Prof.  Syl 
vester's  remarkable  theory  of  residuation.  1880  SYLVESTER 
in  Amer.  Jrnl.  Math.  III.  60  The  theory  of  residuation,  in 
its  simplest  form,.. teaches  us  that  the  rule  of  the  older 
chemistry  known  by  the  name  of  double  decomposition, 
viz.  that  (a,  £),  (c,  d\  —  (a,  c},  (t>,  d)  is  applicable  to  the  same 
symbols  regarded  as  points  on  a  cubic  curve. 

Residue  (re'zidiw),  sb.  Also  4-7  resydue 
(6  reasi-),  5-7  -dew(e,  6 -du ;  5-6  resedew(e 
(6  real-);  6  resideu.  [ad.  F.  rtsidu  (^4th  c.), 
ad.  L.  residuum  RESIDUUM.] 

1.  The  remainder,  rest ;  that  which  is  left. 

a.  Of  things. 

Method  of  Residues',  see  Mill  Logic  (1843)  HI.  viii.  §  5. 

1362  LANGL,  P.  PL  A.  v.  240  With  \>e  Residue  and  Jje 
remenaunt  [of  my  living].  .1  schal  seche  seynt  TreuJ»e.  1426 
LYDG.  De  Gnil.  Pilg.  17024  To  Acomplysshe.  .the  Resydue 
in  effect,  that  Fohveth  in  the  same  vers.  i484CAXTON  Fables 
of  Poge  viii,  After  this.. the  sellar  demaunded  of  the  byar 
the  resydue.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Hnon  Ixvii.  231  In  grete 
payne  &  mysery  we  must  vse  the  resydew  of  our  lyues. 
1616  R.  C.  Times"  Whistle  v.  1716  If  with  moderate  fare 
they  were  contented  They  might.. save  the  residue  of  all 
their  wealth.  1656  SANDERSON  Sertn.  (1689)  537  In  the  resi 
due  of  the  fifth  verse.  1718  Free-thinker  No.  7.  47  Nothing 
farther  could  be  done  unless  the  Residue  was  forthcoming. 
1780  S.  J.  PRATT  EmmaCorbctt  (ed.  4)  II.  41  If  you  looked 
him  in  the  face,  or,  more  properly,,  .in  the  residue  of  his 
face.  1826  FARADAY  Exp.  Res.  (1859)  218  The  residue 
supported  combustion  a  little  better  than  common  air. 
1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  159  Others  assume  that  it  is.. the 
residue  of  the  heat  which  the  earth  originally  possessed. 

b.  Of  persons. 

1382  WYCLIF  Zeph,  ii.  9  The  residues  of  my  folc  shuln 
welde  hem.  1475  Rolls  ofParlt.  VI.  139/1  The  said  Henry 
Bodrugan.  .the  residue  of  the  same  Britons  yet  kepeth  in 
prisone.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  266  b,  On  this 
maner  the  poore  vnlerned  fysshers  Peter,  John,  Andrewe  & 
James  were  taught,  &  the  resydue  of  y8  holy  couent.  1575 


520 

TI-RBEBV.  Trag.  Tales  (1837)  40  Both . . promist  not  to  faile 
Themselves  to  come,  and  bid  the  residue.  1610  HOLLAND 
Camdens  Brit.  (1637)  113  The  residue  of  Britans  remaining 
alive,  withdrew  themselves.  1719  DE  ¥  OK  Crusoe  n.  (Globe) 
367  The  Residue  of  the  conquer'd  People  fled  to  their 
Canoes.  1836  W.  IRVING  Astoria  III.  7  A  number  of  men 
mounted  guard,  ..while  the  residue.. employed  themselves 
below  in  dragging  up  the  barges  and  canoes. 

t  c.  The  leavings  0/"a  destructive  agent.   Obs. 

1560  BIBLE  (Genev.)  Joel  i.  4  The  residue  of  the  canker, 
worm  bathe  the  caterpiller  eaten. 

fd.  Phr.  /?/,  or/?;-,  the  residue,  for  the  rest, 
as  to  the  remainder.  Obs. 

1548  BODRUGAN  Epit.  249  In  the  residue  it  was  not  my 
mynde  to  trifle  with  the  fine  flowers  of  Rethorike.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  Sleidanes  Comm.  1 1 1  b,  For  the  residue  they  coin- 
mitte  all  that  ever  they  have  unto  the  Emperour. 

2.  Law.  That  which  remains  of  an  estate  after  all 
charges,  debts,  and  bequests  have  been  paid. 

1411  E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  20  p°  residue  of  alle  my  godes. 
1454  Ibid,  134  Yf  my  seide  goodes,  Residues,  and  dettis  may 
not  suffice.  Egj^CitOMWEtL  Will  in  Merriman  Lifefy  Lett. 
(1902)  I.  63  The  residue  of  all  my  goodes,  catalles,anddebttes 
not  bequethed.  .1  will  shalbe  sold.  15.90  SWINBURNE  Testa 
ments  115  He  to  whom  all  or  the  residue  is  bequeathed,  is 
thereby  vnderstood  to  be  made  executor.  1766  BLACKSTONE 
Coiinn.  11.492  Then  the  residue  of  the  goods  shall  goto  the 
executor  to  perform  the  will  of  the  deceased.  1818  CRUISE 
Digest  (ed.  2)  V.  499  It  was  still  the  same  residue  remaining 
in  the  wife,  which  she  had  not  disposed  of  before.  1865 
DICKENS  Mitt.  Ft:  in.  vii,  He,  John  Harmon,.. gives  the 
whole  rest  and  residue  of  his  property  to  the  Crown. 

attrib.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  585  Legacy  and 
Residue  Duties. 

t3.  Math.  -=  REMAINDER  4  a.  Qbs. 

c  1430  Art  Nomhryng  17  Thow  shalt  fynde  the  same 
figures  that  thow  haddest  before;  And  so  that  nought  be 
the  residue.  And  yf  thow  have  any  residue  [etc.].  1570 
HILLINGSLEY  Euclid  v.  prop.  19.  146  If  the  whole  be  to  the 
whole,  as  the  part  taken  away  is  to  the  part  taken  away : 
then  shall  the  residue  be  vnto  the  residue,  as  the  whole  is 
to  the  whole.  1636  MELLIS  Recordes  Gr.  Aries  154  From 
the  last  subtract  the  first,  and  the  residue  diuide  by  a  num 
ber  lesse  by  i,  then  the  number  of  the  places. 

4.  =  RESIDUUM  3.     Also  attrib. 

1807  T.  THOMSON  Ghent,  (ed.  3)  II.  357  The  liquid  being 
now  filtered,  boiled,  and  evaporated  to  dryness,  left  a  re 
sidue,  which  may  be  considered  as  tannin.  1838  —  Chem. 
Org.  Bodies  287  The  aqueous  residue  was  decanted  off  a 
resinous  precipitate.  1887  A.  M.  BROWN  Anim.  Alkaloids 
82  The  tissue-residue  is  then  retreated  with  alcohol  at  99° ; 
this  when  evaporated  gives  a  new  residue.  1899  tr.  Jaksclis 
Clin.  Diagn.  (ed.  4)  418  Inflammatory  fluids  are  compara 
tively  rich  in  fibrin.. and  in  dry  residue  products. 

5.  Chem.  (See  quot.)  » 
1873  WATTS  Fownes"  Chem.  251  Suppose  one  or  more  of  the 

component  atoms  of  a  fully  saturated  molecule  to  be  re 
moved  :  it  is  clear  that  the  remaining  atom  or  group  of  atoms 
will  no  longer  be  saturated. . .  Such  unsaturated  groups  are 
called  residues  or  radicals. 

t  Re'sicVue,  a-  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  residuits  \ 
see  prec.]  Remaining,  surviving. 

1382  WYCLIF  i  Mace.  iii.  37  The  kyng  toke  to  a  part  of  the 
residue  oost.  1383  —  i  Thess.  iv.  14  We  that  lyuen,  that 
ben  residue,  or  left  [L.  qni  residui  sittttus],  in  the  comynge 
of  the  Lord.  1432-50  tr.  I  fig-den  (Rolls)  I.  29  f>at  the  weye 
may  be  patente  to  the  residu  peple  of  God. 

KesiduOUS  (r/zi-di//,3s),  a.  Now  rare.  [ad. 
L.  residmts :  see  next  and  -ous.]  Remaining. 

1626  Bi'.  H.  KING  Serin.  Deliverance  76  In  bedding  or 
garments  infected  there  is  Cant  agio  residua^  a  lurking,  re 
siduous  contagion.  1677  R.  GARY  Chronol.  I.  n.  77  That 
Difference  or  Residuous  Number  is  to  be  sought  out  in  the 
third  Table,  aijn  KEN  Hymnarinm  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II. 
12  Devoutly  numbering  my  residuous  Days,  Not  by  the 
Minutes,  but  by  Songs  of  Praise.  1789  KEIR  Diet.  C/tem. 
1 1 7/2  The  purity  of  the  residuous  or  burnt  air.  1829  LANDOR 
I  mag.  Conv.t  Dante  $•  Beatrice  Wks.  1853  II.  154/2  All 
that  is  residuous  of  a  wasted  world. 

Residuum  (r/zi-di/^/Jm).  PI.  residua  (r/v- 
zi'di//ia) ;  also  8  residuuma.  [a.  L.  residuum, 
neut.  of  residnm  remaining,  f.  residue  to  remain, 
RESIDE  z;.1] 

1.  That  which  remains ;  a  residue.     (Chiefly  of 
immaterial  things,  and   often  with  more  or  less 
direct  allusion  to  sense  3.) 

1672  T.  JACOMBE  Serin.  Rom.  (1868)  126/1  (Stanf.),  God., 
lets  out  so  much  of  these  corruptions..,  and  the  residuum  or 
overplus  he  keeps  in.  1765  BLACKSTONE  Comtn.  I.  93  That 
residuum  of  natural  liberty.  1802  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1830) 
III.  489  The  residuum  of  money  remaining  in  the  treasury. 
1848  H.  ROGERS  Ess.  (1874)  I.  vi.  287  His  reasonings.. are 
not,  therefore,  vitiated  by  the  residuum  of  error  which  we 
reject.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  136  To  us  there 
seems  to  be  no  residuum  of  this  long  piece  of  dialectics. 
b.  Applied  to  persons  of  the  lowest  class. 

1867  BRIGHT  in  Times  27  Mar.  7/4,  I  call  this  class  the 
residuum,  which  there  is  in  every  constituency,  of  almost 
hopeless  poverty  and  dependence.  1888  BRVCE  Amer. 
Commw.  (1888)  III.  71  The  ignorant  masses  of  such  great 
cities  as  New  York,  Brooklyn,  Philadelphia,  Chicago,., 
answer  better  to  what  is  called  in  England  *  the  residuum  *. 

2.  Law.   =  RESIDUE  .?<$.  2. 

1743  Swinburne's  Testaments  I.  (ed.  6)  40  One  of  the 
Daughters  of  the  Testator  sued  for  her  distributive  Part  of 
the  Residuum.  1766  BLACKSTONE  Comnt,  II.  514  When  all 
the  debts  and  particular  legacies  are  discharged,  the  surplus 
or  residuum  must  be  paid  to  the  residuary  legatee.  1842 
STEPHEN  Comm.  Laws  Eng.  II.  250  In  relation  to  the 
residuum  which  may  be  in  the  hands  of  the  administrator. 

3.  spec.  That  which  remains  after  a  process  of 
combustion,  evaporation,  etc. ;  a  deposit  or  sedi 
ment  ;  a  waste  or  residual  product. 


RESIGN. 

1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  II.  52  The  residuum  of  Tine- 
mouth  sea  water  was  some  degrees  brighter.  1779  Phil. 
Trans.  LXIX.  433  The  residuums  of  air  that  remained  un- 
absorbed  were  more  or  less  phlogisticated.  1839  URE /?«•/. 
A  rts  822  The  residuum  of  the  pyrites  is  turned  to  account  in 
Sweden.  1887  A.  M.  BROWN  Anim.  Alkaloids  p.  xv,  Of  all 
the  extractive  composite  residua  the  alkaloids  of  animal 
origin,  .are  worthy  of  the  deepest  interest. 
Jig-  X85<>  ROBERTSON  Sertn.  Ser.  in.  i.  (1872)  4  You  could 
not  evaporate  the  truth.. and  then  show  the  residuum  of 
falsehood  glittering  and  visible. 

Resiege,  v.  *  To  seat  again.  Obsolete ',  John 
son,  quoting  Spenser  F.  Q.  II.  x.  45,  where  the 
true  reading  is  RESEIZE. 

Corrected  by  Todd  (1818),  but  retained  in  some  later  Diets. 

Resiente,  obs.  form  of  RESIANT. 

Resi'ft  (r/-),  v.     [1\E-  5  a.]     To  sift  again. 

18340.  BENNETT  IVand.N.S.  IV.  II.  212  Itis  then  resifted 
at  another  bench  and  rebaked.  1870  ANDERSON  Missions 
Amer.  Bd.  II.  xix.  152  They  were  sifted  and  re-sifted,  with 
every  effort  to  separate  the  precious  from  the  vile. 

tl&esi'gn,  sb.    Obs.    [f.  the  vb.]    Resignation. 

1640  SHIRLEY  Constant  Maid  \.  i,  To  delay  The  free  resign 
of  that  your  worth  may  challenge.  1640  —  Coronation  iv. 
i,  You  havegain'd  more  in  a  royall  brother  Then  you  could 
lose  by  your  resigne  of  Epire. 

Resign  (r/"zarn),  z*.1  Forms:  4-6  resygn(e, 
6  reasygne,  4-  resign  ;  5  resyne,  5-6  resine ; 
5  res(s)yng(e,  6  Sc.  resing.  [ad.  OF.  resigner 
(i3th  c.),  t  resiner  ( —  Sp.  and  Pg.  rtsignar^  It. 
77-,  ras$egnart\  ad.  L.  resignare  to  unseal,  cancel, 
give  up,  f.  re-  RE-  2  A  +  sigiiare  to  SIGN.] 

I.  trans.  1.  To  relinquish,  surrender,  give  up,  or 
hand  over  (something).  Also  with  up  (now  rare} 
and  const,  to  a  person,  into  one's  hands. 

a.  an  office,  position,  right,  claim,  etc. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  64  pei  ..  resignen  not  here 
benefis  goten  Jms  by  symonye.  1387  TREVISA  Higden 
(Rolls)  IV.  415  He  resignede  his  dignite  to  Linus,  c  1400 
Brut  cl.  162  Here  y  resyngn  op  fc>e  crone  of  f>e  reaume 
of  Engeland  into  (w  Popis  Hande.  c  1440  CAPGRAVE 
St.  Kath.  iv.  93  But  these  same..leften  here  honour  and 
resigned  her  right.  1544  Swpplic.  Hen.  VIII  (E.E.T.S.) 
33  If  he  repent  not,  and  reasygne  vp  hys  offyce,  which  he 
can  not  execute.  1531  SPENSER  M.  Hubbtrd  573  To  whom 
their  living  they  resigned  quight  For  a  few  pence.  1631 
WEEVER  Anc.  Funeral  Man.  767  Slgebert.  .resigned  vp  his 
kingdome.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  i.  27  The  Baptist,. would 
have  resign'd  To  him  his  Heavenly  Office.  1731  FIELDING 
Lottery  Air  xx,  Resign  over  all  pretensions  in  her  to  me. 
1768  STERNE  Sent.  Jonrn.,  Paris,  I.. should  have  resigned 
all  my  places  one  after  another.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2) 
VI.  348  Upon  his  resigning  the  great  seal.  1839  KEIGHTLEY 
Hist.  Eng.  I.  92  The  see  of  York,  the  ancient  claims  of 
which  to  equality  with  Canterbury  he  was  forced  to  resign. 
1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  339/2  Non-commis 
sioned  officers  are  not  allowed  to  resign  their  situation  to 
escape  trial  by  court-martial. 

fig.  1592  SHAKS.  Ven.  fy  Ad.  1039  Her  eyes.. resign  their 
office  and  their  light  To  the  disposing  of  her  troubled  brain. 
1781  CowPU  Hope  33  Would  age  in  thee  resign  his  wintry 
reign,  And  youth  invigorate  that  frame  again. 

b.  something    pertaining  to   one   or   in   one's 
possession  or  charge. 

The  uses  in  quots.  1600  and  1615  are  uncommon. 

c\Qy>God$tow  Reg.  202  Elenore . .  resinid  &  quiet-claimyd 
. .  to  be  house  of  seint  lohn  baptiste  of  Godestowe . .  iiij .  d  of 
rente.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  713  That  all  Northum 
berland  And  Cumbria  he  sould  frelie  resing,  Into  the  handis 
of  this  Dauid  king.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  i.  i.  176  Take 
but  my  shame,  and  I  resigne  my  gage.  1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr. 
Conestaggio  207  The  Duke  exhorted  Tristan  Vaz  with  many 
reasons  to  resigne  the  forte.  1615  BRATHWAIT  Strappado 
(1878)  4  Resigne  then  what  thou  owest,  or  forbeare  To  taxe 
our  credits  when  our  skore's  not  cleere.  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
x.  749  Desirous  to  resigne,  and  render  back  AH  I  receav'd. 
1731  SWIFT  Consid.  Two  Bills  Wks.  1751  XII.  103  The  late 
Archbishop.. stipulated  with  the  Tenant  to  resign  up  twenty 
or  thirty  Acres  to  the  Minister  of  the  Parish.  1788  GIBBON 
Decl.  fy  F.  xliv.  IV.  347  The  divorced  wife  resigned  the 
bunch  of  keys,  by  the  delivery  of  which  she  had  been  in 
vested  with  the  government  of  the  family.  1838  LYTTON 
Alice  i.i,  Vou  resigned  all  that  would  have  attracted  others. 
1839  TIIIRLWALL  Greece  xlvi.  VI.  73  The  commonwealth 
was  required,  .to  resign  a  great  part  of  its  foreign  possessions. 

trans/,    a  1823  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Moonlight  in  Gaston  de 
Blondeville  (1826)  IV.  251  Who,  silent,  watch  the  bark  the 
coast  resign,  The  Pharos  lessen,  and  the  mountains  fade. 
C.  a  task,  charge,  etc. 

1513  DOUGLAS  Mneis  iv.  Prol.  211  All  sic  crymes  in  luffis 
caus  I  resing  To  the  confessioun  of  morall  Ihon  Gower. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  in.  688  Suspicion  sleeps  At  wisdoms 
Gate,  and  to  simplicitie  Resigns  her  charge.  1715  POPE 
Iliad  \\.  378  To  you  the  glorious  conflict  I  resign.  1784 
COWPER  Tiroc.  551  Then  why  resign  into  a  stranger's  hand 
A  task  as  much  within  your  own  command? 

d.  one's  life,  being,  soul,  etc. 

1588  SHAKS.  Tit.A.i.  i.  191  What  should  I  d'on  this  Robe 
..to  day,  To  morrow  yeeld  vp  rule,  resigne  my  life?  1646 
MILTON  Son*,  xiv.  3  Meekly  thou  didst  resign  this  earthy 
load  Of  Death,  call'd  Life.  1665  DRYDEN  Ind.  Emp.  v.  ii, 
If  Blood  you  seek,  I  will  my  own  resign.  1711  STEELK 
Spect.  No.  133  F  5  Noble  and  Heroick  Minds  that  have 
resigned  this  Being.  1796  MORSE  Amer.  Geogr.  I.  317  note, 
He  resigned  a  life,  which  had  been  singularly  devoted  to 
the  welfare  of  his  country.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  iv.  i.  63 
That  done,  My  soul,  which  is  a  scourge,  will  I  resign  Into 
the  hands  of  him  who  wielded  it. 

e.  something  aimed  at  or  desired. 

1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Past.  vii.  33  The  praise  of  artful 
Numbers  I  resign.  1736  GRAY  Statins  i.  23  The  palm 
despair'd  resign.  1849  M.  ARNOLD  Resignation  Poems 
(1906)  76  Be  passionate  hopes  not  ill  resign'd  For  quiet,  and 
a  fearless  mind. 


RESIGN. 


521 


KESIGNFUL. 


2.  To  give  up,  make  over,  abandon,  consign  to 
a  person,  thing,  or  condition. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Man  of  Law* s  T.  682  And  therfor  to  the 
feend  I  the  resigne,  Let  him  endyten  of  thi  treccherie.  1589 
[?NASHE]  Almond  for  Parrat  n  Whether  he  would  haue 
the  care  of  the  commonwealth .  .resigned  to  the  retorting  of 
T.  C.  his  unreuerent  railings.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xn.  301 
So  Law  appears , .  but  giv'n  With  purpose  to  resign  them  in 
full  time  Up  to  a  better  Cov'nant.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg. 
Gcorg.  i.  124  The  light  Stubble,  to  the  Flames  resign'd,  Is 
driv'n  along,  and  crackles  in  the  Wind.  1704  SWIFT  T.  Tub 
vi,  His  two  Brethren,  .for  ever  discarded  from  his  House, 
and  resigned  to  the  wide  World.  1766  GOI.DSM.  Vic.  W. 
viii,  Mr.  Burchell.  .resigned  her  up  to  the  chaplain.  1791 
MHS.  RADCLIFKE  Rotn,  Forest  viii,  Had  I  resigned  you  to 
his  will  I  should  have  remained  secure,  ci86o  BKYANT  A 
Sick-bed  xi,  Then  to  the  sleep  I  crave  Resign  me. 

b.  To  yield  up  (oneself,  etc.)  with  confidence 
to  another  for  care  or  guidance. 

c  1366  CHAUCER  A. B.C.  80  Myn  hele  in-to  thyn  hand  al  I 
resigne.  c  1430  Syr Gener.tRoxb.)  i886With  louyngchere. . 
Hir  hert  to  him  she  did  resigne.  c  1450  tr.  De  Imitatione  \\\. 
xlii.  113  Forsake  Jjjself,  resigne  upbiself,  &  [>ou  shall  fruisshe 
gret  pes.  1642  ROGERS  Naaman  130  [She]  will  not.  .resigne 
up  her  selfe  to  God.  1667  MILTON  P.  L,  x.  148  Was  shee 
made  thy  guide,,  .that  to  her  Thou  did'.st  resigne  thy  Man 
hood  ?  1751  DODDRIDGF.  in  Paraph.  Ch.  Scot.  xliv.  5  To 
thee,  as  to  our  cov'nant  God,  We'll  our  whole  selves  resign. 
1869  J.  MARTINKAU  Ess.  II.  79  He. .vows  to  resign  himself 
to  her  direction. 

c.  To  make  surrender  of  (one's  will,   reason, 
etc.),  in  reliance  upon  another. 

1585  JAS.  I  Ess.  Poesie  (Arb.)  29  Amongst  our  hands,  he 
must  hiswitts  resing,  A  holy  trance  to  highest  heauen  him 
bring.  1647  COWLEV  Mistr.,  The  Soul  Hi,  If  my  Will  do 
not  resign  All  her  Liberty  to  thine,  a  1704  LOCKE  (J.), 
Those  who  always  resign  their  judgment  to  the  last  man 
they  heard  or  read.  1781  COWIT.R  Retirem,  130  To. .  Resign 
our  own  and  seek  our  Maker's  will. 

d.  To  give   (oneself,   one's   mind,   etc.)  up   to 
some  emotion,  condition,  or  state. 

1718  POPE  Iliad  xm.  590  ./Eneas, .  for  a  space  resign'd  To 
tender  pity  all  his  manly  mind.  1738  tr.  Gnazzo's  Art 
Convers.  16  They  did  not  so  absolutely  resign  themselves 
up  to  a  solitary  Life,  as  to  be  entirely  regardless  of  their 
neighbours.  1791  COWPER  Retired  Cat  61,  I  will  resign 
myself  to  rest.  1815  SHELLEY  Alastor  628  Yet  a  little, 
ere  it  fled,  Did  he  resign  his  high  and  holy  soul  To  images 
of  the  majestic  past. 

f3.  To  give  over,  desist  or  refrain  from.  Obs. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  in.  25  The!  dredyn  shame,  and 
vices  thei  resigne.  c  1440  Partonope  3413*  Of  this  and  more 
. .  Myne  autor  seyth  which  shall  not  fyne.  Hem  to  reherse  I 
will  resyne.  1492  RYMAN  Poems  xlix.  i.  in  Archiv  Stud. 
nert.  S^r,  LXXXIX.  215  Now  is  tyme  for  to  inclyne  To 
vertue,  and  synne  to  resyne.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  xi.  5 
Whom  when  the  Gyaunt  saw,  he  soone  resinde  His  former 
suit,  and  from  them  fled  apace. 

f  4.  To  cause  (a  person)  to  give  up  his  place. 

1674  Essex  Papers  (Camden)  I.  286  That  party  made  their 
braggs  that  they  would  resigne  Arlington  at  his  Returne. 

II.  intr.  6.  To  give  up  an  office  or  position ; 
to  retire  ;  +  to  abdicate. 

c  1450  St.  Cnthbert  (Surtees)  8289  At  laste  to  reule  it  him 
thoght  herd.  He  resygned  and  went  away,  a  1470  GREGORY 
C/iron,  in  Hist.  Coll.  Cit.  Lond.  (Camden)  76  And  that  yere 
..he  resynyd,  and  Edward e  bissone..was  crounyd.  1530 
PALSGR.  688/1  He  is  contented  to  resyne,  but  he  demaundeth 
to  great  a  pencyon.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  iv.  L  190,  I 
thought  you  had  been  willing  to  resigne. 

1744  H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  II.  3  Lord  Granville  has  resigned  : 
that  is  the  term.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  III.  37  Where 
a  clerk . .  entered  into  a  general  bond  to  the  patron,  to  resign 
whenever  the  patron  should  require  him.  1860  WARTER 
Sea-board  II.  7  If  my  Lord  bishop  wants  to  resign.  1876 
VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet,  339/2  Non-commissioned 
officers.. can  resign  when  they  find  themselves  unequal  to 
perform  the  duties  of  their  rank. 
b.  U.S.  Const. from. 

1885  J.  HAWTHORNE  Love  or  a  Name  95  Is  it  true,  .that 
you  have  resigned  from  the  Compensation  Fund  Commis 
sion  ?  1905  *  M.  E.  WILKISS  '  Debtor  171  You  would  say  at 
once  they  ought  to  be  forced  to  resign  from  their  offices. 

6.  To   submit,  to  yield,  to  a  person  or  thing. 
Now  rare. 

c  1450  tr.  De  Imitatione  in.  xlii.  113  Somme  resigne}?,  but 
with  som  excepcion,  for  bei  trust  not  fully  to  god.  1592 
SHAKS.  Rom.  fy  Jnl.  in.  ii.  59  Vile  earth  to  earth  resigne, 
end  motion  here.  1701  COLLIER  M.  Anrel.  (1726)  19  That 
we  should,  .resign  to  his  wisdom,  and  adore  his  goodness. 
1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela.  IV.  173,  I  will  hope  still  the 
best,  and  resign  to  God's  Will  and  his.  1805  EUGENIA  DE 
ACTON  Nnns  of  Desert  I.  288  Sophia  and  Emily  Selwyn 
endeavoured  to  resign  to  their  destiny.  1827  Examiner 
325/2  The  sun  is  resigning  to  the  softer  sway  of  the  moon. 
1861  FLOR.  NIGHTINGALE  Nursing  ii.  (ed.  2)  23  People . .  take 
every  disease  as  a  matter  of  course,  to  be  'resigned  to  '. 

7.  To  make  surrender  or  relinquishment. 

1738  WESLEY  Ps.  cxxxix.  ii,  Thy  Voice  would  break  tbe 
Bars  of  Death,  And  make  the  Grave  resign.  1871  R.  ELLIS 
tr.  Catullus  viii,  9  Now  she  resigns  thee ;  child,  do  thou 
resign  no  less. 

t  Resi'gll,  ».2  Obs  .rare—*-,  [ad.  L.  resignare 
to  unseal :  see  prec.]  trans.  To  disclose,  reveal. 

1595  B.  BARNES  Div.  Cent.  Sonn.  xxi,  Whome  with  thine 
angels  manna  thou  didst  feede,..When  Moyses  first  thy 
statutes  did  resigne. 

Re-sign  (n-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  sign  again, 

1805  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XX.  in  A  monarch 
signs  and  resigns  his  name  so  often.  1855  PUSEV  Doctr. 
Real  Pres.  i.  (1869)  155  The  German  copy  of  the  Confession 
was.  .formally  re-signed  at  subsequent  periods. 

t  Resi'gnal.    Obs.  rare  -*.    [f.  RESIGN  z>.!  + 
-AL.]     Resignation. 
VOL.  VIII. 


1634  SANDERSON  Serm.  II.  283  A  bold  and  just  challenge 
of  an  old  judge,  made  before  all  the  people,  upon  his  resignal 
of  the  government  into  the  hands  of  a  new  king. 

t  Resi'gnant,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  F.  r&ignant, 
or  ad.  L.  resignant- :  see  RESIGN  z>.i  and  -ANT  i.j 
One  who  resigns. 

1597  Laives  Parlt.  Scot,  Table,  s.v.  Resignation^  The  pro- 
curatorie  suld  be  sealed  and  subscrived  be  the  resignant. 
1620  BRENT  tr.  Sarpi's  Hist.  Counc,  Trent  viii.  792  The 
better  sort  were  excluded  by  resignation,  and  hee  onely  pre 
ferred  who  pleased  the  resignant.  1693  HACKETT  Life  Abp. 
Williams  n.  27  Tbe  good  News  came  together,  very  welcome 
to  the  Resignant,  that  Sir  Thomas  Coventry  should  have 
that  Honour. 

Resignant,^.   Ho:  ?0bs.   [&,T?.rjsignanti 

cf.  prec.]     (See  quots.) 

1572  liossE\VELL/4rw0r;Vn.  42  Their  tayles  forked, ..re- 
signante,  reuerberante . .  and  countercoloured.  1688  HOLMK 
Armoury  \\.  vii.  138/2  The  tail  resignant,  is  when  the 
same  is  lost  or  gone,  hath  no  tail,  or  makelh  no  shew  of 
i  a  Tail.  <  1828  KKRRY  Kncycl.  Herald.  I.  s.v.,  This  term  is 
sometimes  applied  to  the  tail  of  the  lion  when  it  is  hid,  as 
tail  resignant. 

Resi'gnatary.       [ad.    F.    r&ignafaire :    see 
i    next  and  -ARY  *.]     One  in  whose  favour   some 
thing  is  resigned, 

01768  KRSKINF,  lust.  Law  Scot.  n.  vii.  §  iS  Upon  this 
j  act  a  notarial  instrument  is  taken  by  him  in  whose  favour 
|  resignation  is  made,  called  the  resignatary.  1884  Catholic 
j  Diet.  (1897)  788/1  A  conditional  resignation  ..is  of  five  kinds, 
..(3)  with  the  right  of  resumption,  if  the  resignatary  should 
!  die  before  the  resigner, 

t  Resignate,  v.  Obs.-^  [f.  L.  resignat-,  ppl. 
stem  of  resignare  :  see  RESIGN  z>.l  and  -ATE  3.]  To 
resign.  In  ///.  a.  Resignating. 

1692  W.  MARSHALL  Myst.  Sanctif.  vl.  (1764)  91  Their 
j  salvation  is  by  faith,  because  sincere  obedience  is  wrought 
in  them . . ,  and  some  call  it  the  resignating  act  of  faith. 

ResignationCrezign^i-Jan).  Also  4-5  -cio(u)n, 
6  -tioun;  5-6  resygnacyon.  [a.  F.  resignation  * 
"\-acion  (i4th  c.),  =  Sp.  resignation^  It.  riscgn-, 
rassegnazione,  med.  L.  resignation-em :  see  RE 
SIGN  vl  and  -ATION.] 

1.  The  (or  an)  action  of  resigning  an  office,  etc. 
a.  Ecd.  (See  quots.  1598  and  1680.) 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  309  Also  he  reserved 
to  hym  self  be  firste  benefice  bat  voyded  by  deeb,  by 
resignacioun,  ober  by  translacioun.  1467-8  Rolls  of  Parlt. 
V.  591/2  What  so  ever  Prebende,  that .  .by  deth,  resignation, 
dymyssion,  or  eny  other  cause  ..happeth  to  fall  voide. 
1562  Bk.  of  Prcsidentes  152  b,  An  Indenture  vpon  the  resig- 
nacion  of  a  benefice.  1598  [RASTELL]  Termes  Laives  173/1 
Resignation,  is  where  an  incumbent  of  a  Church  resigne th 
or  leaueth  to  the  Ordinarie,  which  did  admit  him  to  it,  or 
to  his  successours,  and  that  differeth  from  surrender.  1611 
COTGR.,  Regres,  a  resignation  of  a  Benefice,  vpon  condition, 
that  if  during  the  Resignors  life  it  become  voyd  by  the 
resignation  or  death  of  the  Resignee,  it  shall  returne.  ,vnto 
him.  1680  GODOLPHIN  Rep.  Can.  (ed.  2)  xxv.  §  3.  284 
Resignation  is  Juris  firoprii  spontanea  Refutatio,  or  the 
voluntary  yielding  up  of  the  Incumbent  (into  the  hands  of 
tbe  Ordinary)  his  interest  and  right,  which  he  hath  in  his 
Benefice.  1706  tr.  Dupin's  Eccl.  Hist.  i6M  Cent.  II.  v.  91 
That  Resignations  into  the  Pope's  Hands  are  null,  if  the 
Resigner  does  not  outlive  his  Resignation  Twenty  Days. 
1765  I)LACKSTONE  Cottttit.  I.  476  Archblshopricksand  bishop- 
neks  may  become  void  . .  by  resignation.  AH  resignations 
must  be  made  to  some  superior.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  ($&.  2) 
III.  38  It  was  contended  on  the  part  of  the  bishop,  that 
although  there  were  several  adjudged  cases  upon  the 
subject  of  general  bonds  of  resignation  [etc.].  1873  PHILLI- 
MORE  Eccl.  Law  I.  n.  xiii.  517  In  this  chapter  the  grave 
subject  of  the  resignation  of  an  office  or  benefice  by  a  priest 
is  considered. 

attrih.  1680  GODOLPHIN  Rt~p.  Can.  (ed.  2)  Index,  Resigna 
tion-Bonds,  whether  good  in  Law. 
b.  In  general  use. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  \.  126  For  whiche  lie  made 
a^  resygnacion  To  his  brother,  next  heyr  by  degre.  1494 
FABYAN  Chron,  vii.  547  And  for  the  sayde  resygnacyon 
shuld  haue  his  full  force  and  strengthe,  he  . .  redde  the 
scrowle  of  resygnacyon  hymselfe.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  II, 
iv,  i.  179  The  Resignation  of  thy  State  and  Crowne  To 
Henry  Bullingbrooke.  1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd,  <y  Commw. 
(1603)  ioi  Immediately  vppon  this  resignation,  with  a  loude 
voice  he  nominateth  the  partie.whome  in  his  Judgement  hee 
thinketh  woorthy  to  succeede  in  his  place.  1658-9  Burtons 
Diary  (182$)  IV.  237  Henry  II.  went  thither  and  they  made 
a  resignation  of  their  power  to  him.  1756  NUGENT  Gr.Toter, 
Netherlands  I.  217  The  chair  of  leather  gilt,  in  which 
Charles  V.  performed  the  ceremony  of  his  resignation.  1789 
Constitution  U.S.  i.  P  3  If  vacancies  [in  the  senate]  happen 
by  resignation  or  otherwise,  the  executive  may  make  tempor 
ary  appointments.  1848  W.  H.  KELLY  tr.  L.  Blanks  Hist. 
Ten  Yrs.  I.  481  When,  .the  ministers  learned  the  step  that 
had  been  taken..,  they,  .gave  in  their  resignation.  1898 
Greenes  Encycl.  Sc.  Laiu'K.  317  Resignation  of  Trustees. 

2.  Sc.  Law.   '  The  form  by  which  a  vassal  re 
turns  the  fee  into  the  hands  of  a  superior*  (Bell). 

i§SS  *SV.  Acts  Mary  (1814)  IL  494/1  All  resigna  tioun  is  to  be 
maid  be  vassallis . .  of  than-  propirteisin  the  superiouris  handis. 
1569  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  670  To  dispone  heretablie 
the  landisofStrathnaver.  .for  payment  of  thesowmeof  four 
thowsand  markis,  be  resignatioun,  to  be  haldin  of  tbe  King. 
a  1768  ERSKINE  Inst.  Law  Scot.  n.  vii.  §  17  The  proper 
symbols  of  resignation  are  staff  and  baton.  1814  SCOTT 
li-'av.  Ixxi,  It  will  cost  but  a  charter  of  resignation  in 
fevorein.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  858  Resignation 
is  made  in  virtue  of  a  procuratory  of  resignation. 

3.  A  giving  up  ^/"oneself  (to  God). 

c  1450  tr.  De  hnitatione  in.  xlii.  112  Of  pure  resignacion 
of  a  mannys  self.  1504  ATKYNSON  tr.  De  Imitatione  in. 
xlii.  23 1  If  they  make  a  hole  resygnacyon  &  adaylyoblacion 
of  them  selfe.  a  1664  FRANK  Serm.  (1672)  212  A  voluntary 


resignation  of  our  selves  and  all  that  is  ours  to  his  choice, 
order,  and  disposing. 

4.  The  fact  of  resigning  oneself  or  of  being  re 
signed;  acquiescence,  submission,  compliance. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Rcb.  \.  §  106  Though  he  was  not 
superiour  to  all  other  men  in  the  affection,  or  rather  resigna 
tion  of  the  King,..  he  had  a  full  share  in  his  Master's 
esteem.  1736  BUTLER  Anal.  i.  v.  Wks.  1874  I.  109  The 
proper  discipline  for  resignation  is  affliction.  1781  GIBBON 
Dec  1.  $  F.  xxxi.  (1787)  III.  243  Proba  supported,  with 
Christian  resignation,  the  loss  of  immense  riches.  1838 
L.YTTON  Leila  n.  ii,  '  Our  day  is  come  '  said  the  good  knight 
Villena,  with  bitter  resignation.  1881  BROOKS  Candle  of 
Lord  98  You  want  to  show  him  the  possibility  of  a  resigna 
tion  and  delight  in  suffering. 

b.  Const,  to  a  person,  his  will,  etc. 

1663  COWLEV  Cutter  Colman  St.  iv.  iv,  The  same  Obedi 
ence  and  Resignation  to  a  Father's  Will  I  found  in  my 
Aurelia.  1690  LOCKE  Hunt.  Und.  iv.  xvi.  §  4  A  blind 
resignation  to  an  authority  which  the  understanding  of  man 
acknowledges  not.  1711  STKKLE  Spect.  No.  15^  »  i  An 
abandoned  Resignation  to  their  Appetites.  1736  HTTI.KK 
Anal.  I.  v.  141  Passive  submission  or  resignation  to  his 
will.  i8iz  KNOX  &  JKBB  Corr.  II.  8y  Resignation  to  God, 
whether  in  the  way  of  obedience  or  of  suffering,  can  bi- 
substantial,  only  so  far  as  it  grows  out  of  knowledge  ami 
love. 

Hence  Resigna'tioiiism.     (See  quot.) 

1898  Contewp.  Rev.  May  736  Nietzsche.  .distinguishes 
between  the  'romantic  pessimism  '.  .and  the  'Djonysiac 
pessimism  '.  .  .  He  brands  the  former  as  Resignation  ism* 

Resigne,  obs.  form  of  RAISIN. 

t  Resi'gne,  a.     Obs.  rare-1.     (See  quot.) 

14..  Le  I't-nery  de  Tncty  in  Rel.  Ant.  I.  151  When  be 
[tbe  hartj  golh  wexyng  tyl  he  come  to  .xxxi'j.  yere,  than  is 
he  callyd  an  hert  resygne,  for  cause  his  hed  aftir  that  tyme 
wexith  no  furthers. 


Resi'gned,///.  a.     [f.  RESIGN  Z/.I 

fl.  \Yith  up.   Given  up,  abandoned,  surrendered. 

1654-66  EAKL  ORRERY  Parthen.  (1676)  221  Tbe  receiving 

a  resign'd  up   Mistriss,  is  like  losing  a  life  for  a  Friend. 

llnd.  638   He  shipt  his  Army  for  Italy  in  the  resigned-up 

Fleet  of  the  Pontick  King. 

2.  Full  of  resignation  ;  submissive,  acquiescent. 

1699  COM.IKR  Def.  Short  View  44,  I  wonder  at  his  being 
so  Resign'd.  What,  not  care  to  have  stark  Nonsense  found 
upon  him  !  1757  OKAY  Mrs,  Clarke  7  In  agony,  in  death 
resign'd.  iSizJ.  WILSON  Isle  of  Palms  in.  276Though  ever 
lost  to  human  kind  And  all  they  love,  they  are  resign'd. 
1855  MACAL-LAY  Hist,  fcng,  xviii.  IV.  170  Anne,  .assumed 
the  interesting  character  of  a  meek,  resigned  sufferer.  1894 
WOLSKLEV  ^Inrlboroiigh  I.  284  Sufficiently  philosophical  to 
be  resigned,  he  was  yet  too  ambitious  to  be  contented. 

Comb.    1856  MRS.    CARLYI.E  Lett.   II.  294  A  sad,  grey, 
resigned-looking,  suffering  woman. 
b.  Const,  to. 

1747  Man,  Nutrclnan  Crt.  II.  91  Resigned  to  death  with 
the  heroick  firmness  of  a  primitive  Christian.  1781  COWI-KR 
Charity  151  To  deep  sadness  sullenly  resign'd.  1820 
livRON  jlfttr.  Fal.  i.  ii.  43  Calm,  but  not  overcast,  he  stood 
resign'd  To  the  decree.  1838  LVTTON  Alice  n.  ii,  Evelyn.  . 
had  grown  in  some  measure  reconciled  and  resigned  to  her 
change  of  abode. 

C.  Characterized  by  resignation. 

1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  vi.  iii,  He  should  insist  on  the 
most  resigned  obedience  from  his  daughter.  1833  TENNYSON 
Two  Voices  98  Thought  resign'd,  A  healthy  frame,  a  quiet 
mind.  1885  J.  K.  JEROME  On  the  Stage  in  A  limp  horse 
that,  .looked  the  picture  of  resigned  misery. 

3.  That  has  retired  from  a  position. 

1896  Daily  News  n  Mar.  4/7  A  major,  .has  threatened 
an  action  for  libel  against  one  of  the  resigned  officers. 

Resi'gnecUy,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.]  In  a 
resigned  manner  ;  with  resignation  ;  submissively. 

1671  WOODHEAD  6V.  Teresa  i.  Pref.  19  She  advised  them, 
patiently,  and  resignedly,  to  bear  this  Cross,  a  1700  KEX 
Hymnotfao  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  386  Lovers  in  their  Arms 
resign'dly  died,  aijzi  SHEFFIELD  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  Wks. 
(1753)  I.  79  Will  any  dog.  .Resin'dly  leave  his  bitches  and 
his  bones,  To  turn  a  wheel  ?  1857  W.  COLLINS  Dead  Secret 
(1861)  251  To  face  resignedly  the  duties  and  the  sacrifices 
which  the  discovery  of  it  imposed  on  them  1887  Cornh. 
Mag.  Mar.  277  The  sports  of  the  season..  pass  slowly  and 
resignedly. 

jResi'gnedness.     [-NESS,]    Resignation. 

a  1664  FRANK  Serm,  (1672)  212  We  begin  our  Christianity 
with  the  same  resignedness.  a  1695  KETTLEWELL  Chr. 
Obed.  (1715)  533  Our  trust  and  dependence,  submission  and 
resignedness.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  I.  139  The 
example  which  my  mother  sets  of  meekness,  and  resigned- 
ness  to  the  wills  of  others.  1859  GEO.  ELIOT  Adam  Bede 
xxxix,  The  man..  going  forth  with  sad  blind  resignedness 
to  an  unreal  sorrow. 

Resignee.  t  Obs.  [f.  RESIGN  v.i  +-EE  *.]  One 
to  whom  anything  is  resigned. 

1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Snrvivante,  That  the  _Resignor  may.. 
otherwise  dispose  of  it  if  he  happen  to  suruiue  the  Resignee. 
1642  tr.  Perkins'  Prof.  Bk.  i.  §  47.  22  An  infant  may  be 
Grantee,  Lessee,  Obligee,  Resignee. 

Resi'gner.     [-ER  1.]    One  who  resigns. 

1555  Sc.  Acts  Alary  (1814)  II.  494/1  That  the  Instrument 
tbairof  be  seilit  with  the  seill  of  the  resignar.  1611  FLORIO, 
Risegnatore,  a  resigner.  1706  [see  RESIGNATION  i].  a  1768 
ERSKINE  Inst.  Law  Scot.  n.  vii.  §  20  In  resignations  ad 
remanentiam  made  ..  by  the  resigner  himself  a  special 
solemnity  is  introduced,  a  1797  H.  WALPOLE  Ceo.  II  (1820) 
I.  157  Of  all  the  resigners,  the  Duke  of  Grafton  had  treated 
his  master  with  the  greatest  decency.  1806  W.  TAYLOR  in 
Monthly  ftlag.  XXII.  32  The  resigners  of  livings,  to  be 
consistent,  must  maintain  [etc,].  1884  [see  RESIGNATARY]. 

Resi-gnful,  a.  rart.  [f.  RESIGN  z/.i  +  -FUL.] 
Expressing  resignation. 

1876  MRS.  WMrnURSfftetA/ttt,  11.419  The  faint,  tender 
little  face,  the  sweet  mouth,  the  resignful  eyes. 

66 


RESIGNING. 


Resigning  (r/z^i'nirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RESIGN 
v.1  +  -ING  l.]  Resignation, 

T39S  PURVEY  Reitwnstr,(i^i)  144  Bi  merciful  dispensacioun 
aftir  wilful  resigning.  1:1450  Godstow  Reg.  202  pat  hir 
resininge  &  quite  clairmnge  sholde  be  sure,  she  strengthid 
hit  with  t>e  puttinge  to  of  her  seele.  1482  Caxtois  Citron. 
Eng.  ccliii.  X  5  b,  The  peple  wondred  of  the  ceesing  and  re- 
signyng  of  Felix  to  hym.  1530  PALSGR.  262/1  Resyning  of 
a  thyng.  1743  Bnccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I. 
407  His  Lordship's  resigning  is  of  no  loss  to  the  service. 

Resigning,  ppl.  a.     [-ING  ^.]     That  resigns. 

1703  COLLIKR  l-.ss.  Mor.  Siilj.  ii.  99  Neither  ought  we  to 
be  too  Implicit  or  Resigning  to  Authorities.  1710  STEELE 
Tat ler  No.  198  f  2  The  peaceful,  mild,  resigning,  humble 
Inhabitant,  that  animated  her  beauteous  Body.  1894  R. 
BRIDGES  Humours  Crt.  i.  103  The  still  fresh  air  of  this 
October  morning.  With  its  resigning  odours.  1899  J.  \V.  S. 
SIMPSON  Mem.  IV,  S.  Simpson  100  This  resigning  Choir 
found  a  home  in  the  Church  of  St.  Vedast. 

Resi'giinieiit.  Now  rare.  [f.  as  next  + 
-MEXT.]  The  act  of  resigning  ;  resignation. 

c  1470  HARDING  Citron.  CLVII.  iv,  Then  his  title  he  sought 
By  resignement  and  renunciation.      1592  Nobody  <$•  Sotneb. 
in  Simpson  Scft.  Shots.  (1878)  I.  330  Give  up  thy  state  to 
these  two  princely  youthes,  And  thy  resignment  shal  pre-     ( 
serve  thy  life.     1606  G.  W[OODCOCKE]  Hist,  h'stine  xvn.  69 
With  his  life  [he]  made  resignement  of  the  kingdome  of    j 
Macedon.    1648  BOYLE  Seraph,  £0zv(i66o)  8  That  Love. . 
which  results  from  an  entire  Resignment  to  . .  the  LovM     | 
Party.    1729  BUTLER  Serin.  Wks.  1874  II.  70  Time.. begets 
in  us  that  resignment  of  temper,  which  ought  to  have  been 
produced  by  a  better  cause.     1825  SOUTHEY  Tale  Paraguay 
Poet.  Wks.  VII.  22  In  this  resignment  to  their  hopeless  case. 
1891  Q.  Reg.  Current  Hist.  (Detroit)  Feb.  10  It  was  feared 
that  the  Chancellor's  resignment  portended  a  precipitation 
of  the  inevitable  war. 

t  Resi'gnor.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RESIGN  z>.i  +  -OR.] 
One  who  resigns. 

1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Regres,  If  during  the  Resignors  life  it 
become  voyd  by  the  resignation  or  death  of  the  Resignee. 

Resile  (r/zai'l),  v.  [ad.  obs.  F.  resiler,  re- 
silir,  or  L.  resilTre  to  jump  back,  recoil,  f.  re- 
RE-  2  z  +  sa/ire  to  jump,  leap  :  see  SALIENT  a.] 

In  senses  1-3  chiefly  in  Scottish  use. 

1.  intr.  To  draw  back  from  an  agreement,  con 
tract,  statement,  etc. 

1529  State  P.  Hen.  K//7,  I.  343  If  the  Quene  wold  her- 
after  resile  and  goo  back  from  that,  she  semeth  nowe  to  be 
contented  with.  1671  [R.  MAC  WARD]  True  Noncoaf.  231 
Dare  you.  .say,  that  the  King  and  Parliament  had  power, 
either  to  resile,  or  to  loose  others,  from  the  Bonds,  which 
they  themselves  had  thus  established  ?  a  1676  BP.GUTHKIK 
Aleut.  (1702)  46  The  next  day  he  resiled  from  the  Writ  lie 
had  sign'd.  1830  SCOTT  DemcnoL  ix.  293  Much  pains  was 
taken  on  her  that  she  might  resile  from  that  confession, 
1884  Law  Times  Rep.  L.  643/1  Neither  the  company  nor 
the  landowner  can,  without  the  consent  of  the  other,  resile 
from  the.. contract. 

b.  Without  const.     To  retract,  draw  back. 

1662  J.  ELLIS  Retract.  iS,  I  was  so  weak  as  to  resile  and     |    of  t 
recal  what   I  had   said.      1754  ERSKINE  Princ.   Sc.  Law     \    pm 


522 

as  that  of  those  who  have  become  Roman  Catholics  during 
the  period  of  which  we  are  now  speaking. 

Hence  Hesi'ling  vbl.  sl>.     Also  Besi  lenient. 

1644  MAXWELL  Prerag.  Chr.  Kings  102  The  resileing  of 
one  partie  contractor  is  not  sufficient  to  void  the  contract. 


But  he  thought  it  was  too  late  to  resile. 

2.  To  draw  buck  from  a  course  of  action,  atti 
tude  of  mind,  etc. 

1637  GILLESPIE  Eng.  Pop.  Cerem.  Epist.  B,  Let  them 
resile  from  their  violent  proceedings.  1676  Row  Contn. 
Blair's  Antobwg.  xii.  (1848)  465  It  has  been  said  that 
I  have  resiled  from  my  wonted  zeal  for  Presbyterial 
Government.  1813  Examiner  22  Feb.  126/2  The  noble 
family  had  too  much  real  Jove  of  their  country  to  resile  from 
her  service. 

3.  To  shrink,  recoil,    retreat,  from   something 
with  aversion  or  non-acceptance. 

1697  CLELAND  Poems  79  (Jam.),  Read  Duram  and  Calvin 
well;  If  from  their  reasons  you  resile,  I'le  count  you  sots. 
1776  HUME  My  own  Life  in  Ess.  I.  6  The  more  I  resiled 
from  their  excessive  civilities,  the  more  I  was  loaded  with 
them.  1813  COLLINSON  Key  iii.  60  Other  persons  resiling 
with  abhorrence  from  unbelief.  1825  C.  BUTLER  Bk.  R.  C. 
Ch.  131  The  pope  resiled  from  the  salutation.  1873  J. 
HALL  Questions  of  Day  viii.  101  So  far  from  resiling  from 
the  prophecies,,  .we  regard  the  volume  of  evidence  fur 
nished  by  them  as  ever  accumulating  with  the  lapse  of  time. 
1892  BRUCE  Apologetics  u.  iii.  cot  The  modern  mind  has 
resiled  from  the  pessimistic  views  of  ethnic  religions. 

4.  Of  material   things :    To  recoil    or  rebound 
after  contact.     Also  const,  from. 

1708  KEILL  Anim.  Secretion  43  The  Particles  which  hit 
against  one  another  do  not  resile,  but  unite  together.     1738 
BAYNE  Gout  102  An  unequal  velocity  of  particles  will  hinder 
and   disturb   their  attractions,   and   by   resiling   from  one 
another,  cause  an  intestine  motion  which    prevents  their 
union.      1805  Edin.  Rev.  VII.  81  The  one  by  impinging  on 
the  other  must  be  made  to  resile,  according  to  the  common 
laws  of  motion. 

b.  Of  elastic  bodies :  To  return  to  their  original 
position  after  being  stretched  or  compressed. 

1709  Phil.  Trans.  XXVII.  81  There  needs  no  more  for 
stretching   forth  the   Proboscis    thus   contracted,    but   the 
Fibres  to  resile  to  their  former  Position.      1853  URK  Diet. 
Arts  (ed.  4)  I.  362  The  cake  of  caoutchouc,  after  being  so 
condensed,  resiles  much  more  considerably  than  after  the 
compressing  action  of  the  screw.     1898  MANSON  Trap.  Dis, 
xxiii.  374  The  drainage  tube  is  allowed  slowly  to  resile 
towards  the  fixed  end. 

5.  a.  To  turn  back  from  a  point  reached. 

1887  FERGUSON  Ogham  Inscriptions  97  Reading  up  to 
this  digit .  .and  resiling  thence, 

b.   To  return  to  one's  original  position. 

1889  Ch.  Q.  Rev.  XXVII.  351  It  is  impossible  to  specify 
any  body  of  men  of  which  so  large  a  percentage  has  resiled 


1822  C.  BUTLER  Kfunnisc.  tea.  3)  101  i>ir.  rut  s  resiling  irom 
the  coalition  .  .  will  be  mentioned  in  the  pages  of  history  with 
universal  commendation.  1884  OCILVIE  s.v.  gac&adv.  7,  In 
withdrawal  or  resilement  from  an  undertaking. 

Resi'liate,  v.  rare-1,  [ad.  F.  resilier]  trans, 
To  annul,  cancel. 

1881  Daily  News  7  Mar.  6/1  Resiliating,  at  great  cost  to 
the  State,  the  contracts  with  Heilbronner  and  other  houses. 

Resilience  (rezi-liens).  [ad.  L.  type  *re- 
silienlia.  :  see  RESILIENT  and  -ENCE,  and  cf.  It. 
rcsilicnza.] 

1.  The  (or  an)  act  of  rebounding  or  springing 
back;  rebound,  recoil.  (See  also  quot.  1656.) 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  245  Whether  there  be  any  such  Re 
silience  in  Eccho's.  1636  BI.OUNT  Glossogr,,Rtiilitncc,* 
leaping  or  skipping  back,  a  rebounding  ;  a  going  from  ones 
word.  ?  1799  COLERIDGE  Hymn  to  Earth,  Mightier  far  was 
the  joy  of  thy  sudden  resilience.  1843  CARLVI.E  Past  $  f'r. 
(1858)  79  The  Heaviest,  .has  its  deflexions,  .nayat  times  its 
resiliences,  its  reboundings.  1866  J.  MARTINEAU  Ess.  \. 
41  The  heart  does  not  always  propel  without  resilience. 

b.  Revolt,  recoil  from  something. 

1858  SEARS  Athan.  in.  ii.  267  Those  smaller  sects  whose 
fierce  resilience  from  Catholicism  isolates  them  from  the 
common  reason.  1890  GARNKTT  Milton  38  Nor  can  we 
doubt  that  the  old  Puritan  fully  approved  his  son's  resilience 
from  a  church  defined  by  Armimanism  and  prelacy. 

c.  Repugnance,  antagonism. 

1882  MOZLEY  Rtminisc.  I.  xii.  85  It  was  possibly  a  mutual 
resilience  between  him  [Hartley  Coleridge]  and  people  of 


RESIN. 

lure  is  one  which.. is  elastic,  India-rubber  like,  contracting 
quickly  after  being  dilated.  1891  MOULIN  Surf.  n.  xxiii.  1273, 

3.  Sg,  Of  persons,  their  minds,  etc. :  Rising 
readily  again  after  being  depressed ;  hence,  cheer 
ful,  buoyant,  exuberant. 

1830  Fraser's  Mag.  II.  90  One  vast  receptacle  for  the 
abode  of  resilient  and  noisy  saints  like  unto  himself.  1859 
S.  R.  HOLE  Tour Irel.  30  Nothing  but.. the  resilient  spirit 
of  roving  Englishmen  could  have  induced  us  to  sally  forth. 
1870  J.  HAMILTON  Moses,  Man  of  God  viii.  150  Resolute  and 
resilient  is  the  stout  heart  of  the  sinner. 

Hence  Resi  lieutness,  '  rebounding  Quality, 
Resiliency'  (Bailey,  vol.  II,  1727). 

t  Restlrtion.  Obs.  [f.  RESILE  v.  +  -ITION.] 
The  (or  an)  act  of  springing  back ;  recoil,  re 
bound,  resilience. 


resence    eween      m        are 

more  orderly  ways  that  prevented  him  from  standing  at 

Oriel  till  some  years  after. 

2.  Elasticity;  the  power  of  resuming  the  original 
shape  or  position  after  compression,  bending,  etc. 

1824  TREDGOLD  Cast  Iron  82  The  term  modulus  of  re 
silience,  I  have  ventured  to  apply  to  the  number  which 
represents  the  power  of  a  material  to  resist  an  impulsive 
force.  1834  Goods  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  530  The  natural 
elasticity  or  resilience  of  the  lungs.  1867  C.  T.  F.  YOUNG 
Fouling  Iron  Ships  164  To  bend  back  again.  .,  if  the  metal 
possesses  sufficient  resilience  to  do  so.  1897  Alltmtt's  Syst. 
Meti.  IV.  470  [The  skin]  giving  a  sensation  of  the  loss  of  all 
elasticity  or  resilience. 

fig.  1893  Independent  (N.  Y.)  19  Oct.,  The  resilience  and 
the  elasticity  of  spirit  which  I  had  even  ten  years  ago. 

Resiliency  (rezrlicnsi).  [Cf.  prec.  and  -ENCY.] 

1.  Tendency  to  rebound  or  recoil. 

1668  H.  MORE  Div.  Dial.  in.  xxiv.  (1713)  238  There  is  the 
more  strong  and  peremptory  Resiliency  from  this  sordid 
Region  of  Misery  and  Sin.  1676  —  Remarks  143  The  re 
siliency  of  the  Quick-silver  against  the  top  of  the  Tube. 
1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  no  p  7  The  common  resiliency 
of  the  mind  from  one  extreme  to  another.  1836  [J.  R.  BEST] 
Four  Yrs.  France  78  Disgusted  with  these  appearances  of 
distrust  and  resiliency. 

2.  Tendency  to  return  to  a  state. 

1778  Phil.  Surv.  S.  Ireland  144  Such  is  the  resiliency  of 
all  nature  to  its  original  state. 

3.  =  RESILIENCE  3. 


extraordinary  resiliency  to  the  material.  1890  w.  j. 
GORDON  Foundry  191  The  advantage  of  combining  the 
softening  influence  of  the  saccharine  with  the  resiliency  of 
the  colloid. 

4.  Buoyancy,  power  of  recovery. 

1857  R.  TOMKS  Amer.  in  Japan  xvi.  379  Notwithstand 
ing  the  calamities  caused  by  the  earthquake,  there  was 
shown  a  resiliency  in  the  Japanese  character  which  spoke 
well  for  their  energy.  1888  Leeds  Mercury  24  Feb.  4/7  The 
active  properties  of  resiliency  possessed  by  the  Russian 
rouble. 

Resilient  (rezHient),  a.  [ad.  L.  resilient- 
em,  pres.  pple.  of  resillre  to  RESILE.] 

1.  Returning  to  the  original  position ;  springing 
back,  recoiling,  etc.    Also,  looking  back. 

1644  BULWEK  Chiron.  43  The  hand  resilient  or  leapeing 
back  to  the  Northward  of  the  Body.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed. 
Kersey),  Resilient,  leaping  back,  rebounding,  or  recoiling. 
1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  III.  191  Absorbing  what 
he  calls  the  resilient  pulsations  of  sound.  1839-48  BAILKY 
Festus  xxx.  345  The  soul  in  death  resilient  Looks  back  to 
whence  its  impulse  came.  1880  BLACKMORE  Mary  Ancrlcy 
III.  iv.  60  Never  yet  looked  horse  through  bridle,  without 
at  least  one  eye  resilient  towards  the  charm  of  headstall. 

b.  Resilient  escapement ',  a  form  of  lever  escape 
ment  used  in  watches. 

1879  Casselfs  Techn.  Educ.  IV.  369/2  Another  modifica 
tion,  called '  Cole's  resilient  \  consists  in  the  bending  of  the 
extreme  points  of  the  teeth  back  [etc.].  1884  F.  J.  BRITTEN 
IVatc/i  fy  Clockm.  150  Mr.  J.  F.  Cole  devised  a  resilient 
escapement  without  any  banking  pins. 

2.  Resuming  the  original  shape  or  position  after 
being  bent,  compressed,  or  stretched. 

1674  PETTY  Disc.  Roy.  Soc,  122,  I  think  it  easiest  to  con 
sider  Elastic,  Springing,  or  Resilient  Bodies,  as  Laminae, 
Laths,  or  Lines.  1767  Goocn  Treat.  Wounds  I.  89  The 
fibrils  of  the  resilient  part  of  the  nerve.  1859  Todtfs  Cycl. 
Anat.  V.  287/2  The  power  of  the  heart  is  materially  rein 
forced  by  the  resilient  structure  which  composes  the  parietes 
of  the  aortic  bulb.  1873  Contemp.  Rev.  XXII.  181  His  con 
science  consolidates  itself,  the  original  fibres  grow  firmer, 
more  massive,  and  more  resilient. 

b.  Resilient  stricture  (see  quot.). 

1874  VAN  BUKEN  Dis.  Genii.  Organs  102  A  resilient  stric- 


^ 1708 

greater  their  Elasticity,  their  Concursions  and  Resilitions 
will  be  the  more  sensible.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cyd.,  Re 
coil,  or  Reliomid,  the  resilition  of  a  body,  chiefly  a  fire-arm. 

t  Resil(i)ua'tion.   Obs.   [Erroneous  for  RB- 
CIDIVATION.     Cf.  RESIDUATION  rf.1]     Relapse. 
1513  MORE  in  GraftonsContn.  Harding (1812)  488  There 


English  kingdome.  .,as  it  had  beene  falne  into  a  resiluation, 
came  to  extreame  ruine.  1580  LVI.Y  Euphnes  (Arb.)  316, 
I  see  now  that  as  the  resiluation  of  an  Ague  is  desperate,  and 
the  second  opening  of  a  veyne  deadly  [etc.]. 

Re-silver  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
silver  again  ;  to  replate  with  silver. 

1856  Orr's  Circ.  AV,  Pract.  Chem.  92  Re-silvering  old 
articles.  1875  BEDFORD  Sailor's  Pkl.-tk.  v.  (ed.  2)  152 
Directions  for  re-silvering  sextant  glasses  when  injured  by 
damp  or  wet. 

t Ifcesimated,  ///.  «•  Obs— l  [f.  L.  reitm-ns, 
f.  re-  RE-  +  simus  snub-nosed.]  Turned  up. 

1681  GREW  tlusxum  i.  73  These  five  Bones  are  resimated 
or  bended  upward,  with  some  resemblance  to  a  Saddle. 

Resin,  obs.  f.  RAISIN  ;  var.  REASON  sb? 

Resin  (re'zin),  sb.  Forms  :  4  recyn(e,  rey- 
sen,  4-6  resyn,  6-8  resine,  S-  resin  (9  rezin). 
[ad.  F.  rtsine,  ad.  L.  restna  (Sp.,  Pg.,  and  It. 
resina),  cogn.  with  Gr.  farivi).  See  also  ROSIN.] 

1.  A  vegetable  product,  formed  by  secretion  in 
special  canals  in  almost  all  trees  and  plants, 
from  many  of  which  (as  the  fir  and  pine)  it  exudes 
naturally,  or  can  be  readily  obtained  by  incision ; 
various  kinds  are  extensively  used  in  making 
varnishes  or  adhesive  compositions,  and  in  phar 
macy.  (Cf.  GUM-BESIN  and  OLEO-KESIN.) 

1388  WYCLI  F  Je r.  viii.  22  Whether  resyn  is  not  in  Galaad  ? 
Il'id.  Ii.  8  Take  je  recyn  to  the  sorewe  therof.  c  1450  M.  E. 
Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  225  Do  ber  to  pouder  recles,  of  resyn, 
&  a  party  of  virgyne  wex,  &  boile  hyt  wel.  1538  LELAND 
/tin.  (1769)  V.  91  The  Wood  of  them  in  Burning  savprilh  of 
Resine.  1744  BERKELEY  Sin's  §  18  A  good  pine  might  be 
made  to  yield  resin  every  year.  1807  J.  E.  SMITH  Phys. 
Bat.  27  Here  we  find  in  appropriate  vessels  the  resin  of  the 
Fir  and  Juniper.  1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  30  In 
many  of  the  more  dense  woods,  we.  .find  an  abundance  of 
gum  or  resin.  1876  HAHLEY  Mat.  Med.  (ed.  6)  409  Resin 
possesses  the  valuable  quality  of  adhesiveness,  and  it  is  also 
slightly  stimulant. 

b.  With  a  and  //.  A  particular  kind  of  resin. 

1801  Med.  Jrnl.  V.  366  Benzole  acid  has  been  hitherto 
found  in  no  other  vegetable  substance,  except  resins  and 
ba' 


Bary's  Phaner.  185  Resins  are  abundant,  e.g.  in  the  Eu 
phorbias,  and  in  Opium. 

2.  A  resinous   precipitate   obtained   by  special 
treatment  of  certain  vegetable  products  ;  a  similar 
substance  obtained  from  the  bile  ot  animals. 

1681  tr.  Wiltts'  Rent.  Med.  Wks.  Vocal).,  Resinc,zchymi- 
cal  extraction  of  several  druggs  so  called,  being  in  substance 
like  to  rosine  or  resine.  1712  tr.  Pemti'i  Hist.  Drugs  I.  29 
The  Resin  or  Magistery  of  Jalap  is  made  with  Spirit  of 
Wine.  1826  HENKY  KUm.  Chem.  I.  401  The  resin  of  bile 
may  be  obtained  by  the  following  process  . .  Berzelius,  how 
ever,.,  denies  that  it  is  a  true  resin.  1880  J.  \V.  LEGG  Bile 
2  He  also  separated  a  resin  or  fat,  to  which  he  attributed  in 
chief  the  colour  and  taste  of  the  bile. 

3.  altrib.   and    Comb.,    as   resin   acid,   candle, 
•\giim,  lac,  -oil,  -pot,  soap,  -wax  ;  f  resinasphalt, 
=  RETINASPHALT  ;   resin-bush,  a  South  African 
shrub  (see  quot.) ;   resin-flux,  an  excessive  flow 
of  resin,    occurring   as    a    disease   in   pine-trees; 
resin  gas,   illuminating    gas   made   from   resin ; 
resin  opal,  a  variety  of  opal  (see  quot.);   resin- 
plant  (see  quot.)  ;  resin- weed,  =  rosin-weed. 

1892  Photogr.  Ann.  II.  77  Rectified  turpentine  should 
always  be  used,  since  the  crude  oil  contains  *resin  acids, 
formic  acid,  etc.  1811  PINKERTON  Petral.  I.  595  In  the 
strata  of  this  substance,  Mr.  Hatchet  also  observed  small 


bush  by  t , - 

seen  on  Ihe  stem  and  leaves.     1849  JAMES  /(  aodinan  vn, 


sticken,  Harziiberfiille  ').  Note,  The  word  resin-flux  is  there- 


RESIN. 


523 


RESIST. 


fore  introduced  as  indicating  a  prominent  symptom  of  the 
disease,  although  it  is  not  an  exact  rendering  of  the  German 
terms.  1836-41  BRANDE  Chem.  (ed.  5)  556  *Resin  Gas.  1856 
Orr's  Circ.  Set.,  Pract.  Chem,  516  The  liquor  which  is  pro 
duced  by  the  compression  of  resin-gas.  1382  WVCLIF  Jer. 
li.  8  Taketh  *recyne  gumme  to  his  sore  we.  1839  URE  Diet. 
Arts  1097  The  Hindus  from  time  immemorial  have  possessed 
the  *resin  lac.  1836  Orr's  Circ.  Sci.,  Pract.  Chem.  518 
Seven  and  a  quarter  gallons  of  *resin-oil.  1868  DANA  Aftn, 
(ed.  5)  198  *Resin  opal  (Wachsopal,  Pechopal,  Germ.),  wax-, 
honey-  to  ochre-yellow,  with  a  resinous  lustre.  1884  MILLER 
Plant-n.  115/1  *Resin-plant,  Carana,  Biirsera  acuminata. 
1890  E.  H.  BARKER  Wayfaring  France  40  The  earthen 
*resin-pots  fixed  to  the  pines.  1873  Ure's  Diet.  Arts  III. 
850  Manufacture  of  Yellower  *Resin  Soap.  1891  Anthony's 
Phot.  Bull.  IV.  299  Bringing  their  undersides  in  contact  with 
the  *resin-wax  cement.  1869  PARKMAN  Discov.  Gt.  West 
xvii.  (1875)  206  The  meadows,  .spangled  with  the  yellow 
blossoms  of  the  *resin-weed  and  the  Rudbeckia. 

b.  attrib.)  in  terms  denoting  the  parts  of  plants 
in  which  resin  is  secreted,  as  resin-canal ',  -duct,  etc. 

1854  Q.  Jrnl.  Geol.  Soc.  X.  n.  4  In  form  the  amber  is  either 
like  drops,  ..or  as  the  casts  of  resin-duct-;  and  cavities.  1875 
BKNNETT  &  DYER  tr.  Sactis  Bot.  77  The  origin  of  resin 
and  gum  passages  depends  also  on  the  formation  of  inter 
cellular  passages.  1884  BowBR&  SCOTT  De  Bary"s  Phancr. 
357  In  the  angle  of  the  Y  lies  a  resin-canal.  Ibid.  441 
Among  the  Coniferje  all  investigated  species.. have  resin- 
passages  or  resin-reservoirs. 

Re  sin  (revin),  v.  [f.  prec.]  trans.  To  rub  or 
treat  with  resin.  Hence  Re'sinecl  ppl.  a. 

1865  Spohr's  Autobiog.  II.  69  The  bow,  which  she  had 
previously  resined.  1884  DANIKLL  Princ.  Physics  xiv.  395 
A  glass  rod .  .rubbed  longitudinally  by  a  resined  cloth .  .will 
produce  a  shrill  sound.  1899  UK\LK.  HAKKADEN  Fowler  225 
He  resined  his  bow,  and  began. 

Resinaceous  (tezin^jw),  a.  rare.  [ad.  L. 
resinaceus  :  see  RESIN  so.  and  -ACEOUS.]  That 
yields  resin  ;  resinous. 

1669  WORLIDGE  Syst.  Agric.  275  Resinaceous,  rosenny,  or 
yielding  Rosin.  1674  BLOUNT  Glossogr.  (ed.  4),  Resinaceous^ 
of  or  belonging  to  Rozen.  1879  LEWIS  &  SHORT  Lat.  Diet., 
Resinaceus,  resinous,  resinaceous. 

Resiuate  (re'zin/t),  sb.  Chein.  [f.  RESTN  sb.  + 
-ATE  4.  Cf.  F.  rtlsinate.]  A  salt  formed  by  the 
action  of  a  resinous  acid  on  a  base. 

1838  T.  THOMSON  Ckem.  Org.  Bodies  530  The  resinate  of 
ammonia  is  easily  formed. .  .The  resinatesof  the  earths  and 
metallic  oxides  are  powders,  insoluble  in  water,  alcohol,  and 
ether.  1868  WATTS  Diet.  Cheat.  V.  79  Resincttes^  a  general 
name  for  the  salts  of  the  acids  obtained  from  turpentine. 

Resiuate  (re'zin^t),  v.  [f.  RESIN  sb.  +  -ATE  3.] 
trans.  To  flavour  or  impregnate  with  resin. 

iSgz  in  Cent.  Diet. 

Resine,  obs.  f.  RESIGN  v. ;  obs.  Sc.  f.  risen,  pa. 
pple.  of  RISE  v. 

Resiliein  e.   Chem.  [a.  F. 
see  RESIN  sb.  and  -IN(E.]     (See  quots.) 

iSssOGii.viE  Siippl.,  Resineine,  an  oil  yielded  by  colo 
phony.  1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  V.  79  Resintfin,  or 
Re$inone\  this  name  is  given  by  Fremy  to  a  hydro-carbon 
(probably  impure  colophene. .)  obtained  by  the  dry  distilla 
tion  of  colophony. 

t  Re-sing,  vbl.  sb.  Obs.  [f.  RESE  z;.i  +  -ING  *.] 
An  attack,  assault. 

1387  TKKVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  257  Half  J>e  peple  stood 
i-armed..for  resynge  and  stekkynge  of  straunge  naciouns. 
Ibid.  V.  299  Seint  Mammertus  . .  ordeyned  . .  letanyes  . . 
a;enst  er^e  schakynge.  .and  peril  of  resynge  of  wylde  bestes. 

Resi'lig  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  sing 
again.  Hence  Resi'nging  vbl.  sb. 

1618  MYNSHUL  Charac.  Prison  Ep.  Ded.  i,  I  come  not 
nuw^to  re-sing,  but  to  re-cant  the  errours  both  of  my  pen 
and  iudgment.  1687  BEVERLEY  Expos.  Seng  of  Songs  54 
That  Song,  that  sprung  In  those  first  Times,  is  now,  as  new, 
Resung.  0:1700  KKN  Hymns  Fcstiv.  Poet.  Wks.  1721 
I.  209  Re-sing  this  Day  the  same  Angelick  Strain.  1885 
Manch.  Exam.  15  Apr.  3/1  Apollo  and  Afarsyas..i$,.an 
imaginative  resingmg  of  the  contending  chants* 

RdSing,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RESIGN  v. 

Resiuic  (rezi-nik),  a.  [f.  RESIN  sd.  +  -ic.]  Of, 
belonging  to,  or  derived  from  resin. 

1895  in  Funk's  Stand.  Diet. 

Resiiiiferous  jezinrferas),  a.  [f.  RESIN  sb.  + 
-(I)FEROUS.  Cf.  F.  rtsintftre,  Sp.f  Pg.,  and  It. 
resinifero.]  Yielding  or  containing  resin. 

1673-4  GREW  Anat.  Pl.t  Anat.  Trunks  (1684)  no  The 
utmost  are  not  Milk- Vessels,  but  Gum-Vessels,  or  Resini- 
ferous.  1676  —  Anat.  Fl.  156  As  in  Box,  and  Yew,  as 
also  Fir,  and  all  Resiniferous  Plants.  1797  Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  XV.  3/2  The  outmost  are  gum  or  resiniferous  vessels, 
destined  for  the  secretion  of  turpentine.  1881  Scrihners 
Mag.  XXII.  834  The  fragrance  of  wild  honeysuckle  and 
resiniferous  trees. 

Resinifica'tion.  [a.  F.  resinification  :  see 
RESIN  sb.  and  -(I)FICATION.]  The  act  or  process  of 
making  resinous  ;  the  fact  of  becoming  resinous. 

1800  tr.  Lagrange's  Chem.  II.  249  There  is  still  a  fourth 
operation  in  resinification.  1856  Orr's  Circ.  Set'.,  Pract. 
Client  493  Its  liability  to  smoke  ..  may  arise  ..  from  a 
resinification  of  the  camphine.  1875  Ure's  Diet.  Arts  III. 
448  The  resinification  of  the  drying  oils  may  be  effected  by 
the  smallest  quantities  of  certain  substances,  which  would 
act  in  the  manner  of  ferments. 

t  Resinifluous,  a.  Bot.  Obs.  [f.  RESIN  sb.t 
after  mellifluous.]  Producing  resin. 

1657  TOMLINSON  Renou's  Disp.  388  The  Pine-trees.. are 
all  tall,  coniferous,  resinifluous. 

Resiuiform  (re'zinifpim),  a.  [ad.  F.  rhini- 
forme  :  see  RESIN  sb.  and  -FORM.]  Having  the 
character  of  resin. 


1811  PINKERTOS  Petral.  II.  467  If  I  may  be  allowed  to 
use  the  expression,  it  is  what  Dolomieu  has  called  resini- 
form  lava.  1852  TH.  Ross  tr.  Huwboldfs  Trav.  I.  vi.  214 
A  resiniform  matter,  soluble  both  by  alcohol  and  by  water. 

Resinify  (re-zinifoi),  v.  [ad.  F.  rtsinifier;  see 
RESIN  sl>.  and  -FY.] 

1.  trans.  To  change  into  resin. 

1816  TISGRY  Varnhhers  Guide  (ed.  2)  21  What  is  called 
frankincense  is  gallipot  resinified.  1882  Athenxmn  7  Oct. 
469/2  Oxidized  or  resinified  by  the  influence  of  the  air. 

£.  intr.  To  become  resinous. 

1856  Orr's  Circ.  Sci.,  Pract.  Chem.  476  Common  nut  oil., 
is  more  apt  to  resinify  and  clog  the  wick  than  linseed.  1887 
A.  M.  BROWN  Aniiti,  Alkaloids  31  Parvoline  reunifies 
readily  on  exposure  to  the  air, 

Resinite  (re-zinait).  Min.  [f.  RESIN  sb.  + 
-ITK  i.]  Ketinasphalt. 

1849  DANA  Ccol.  x.  (1850)  542  Some  of  the  wood  is  beauti 
fully  ppalized,  though  the  greater  part  has  the  pitchy  lustre 
of  resinite. 

Resinize  (re-zinaiz),  v.  [f.  RKSIN  sb.  +  -I/E.] 
To  treat  with  resin.  Hence  He'sinized///.  a. 

1878  ABNEY  Photogr.  (1881)  145  Another  mode  of  produc 
ing  a  dull  surface.. is  to  use  fertilised  paper. 

Resi'llk  (i'i-\  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  sink  again. 

1612  J.  DAVIKS  (Heref.)  I\Itis,-'s  Sacrifice  Wks.  (Grosart) 
II.  29/2  Though  there  I  vow'd. .,  I  brake  my  vow  and  me 
re-suncke  in  sinne. 

ResillO-,  combining  form  of  RKSIN  sb.y  as  in 
resino-electric  «.,  containing  or  exhibiting  res 
inous  or  negative  electricity  (Webster,  1828-32, 
citing  URE)  ;  resino-extractive  ci.,  designating 
extractive  matter  in  which  resinous  matter  pre 
dominates  (ibid.} ;  resino- vitreous,  partaking 
of  the  characters  of  resin  and  glass. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  40  The  texture  of  amber  is  resino- 
vitreous,  Its  fracture  conchoidal,  and  lustre  glassy. 

Resinoid  (re'zinoid),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  RESIN  sbt  + 
-OID.  Cf.  F.  rlsino'ide!\ 

A.  adj.  Resembling  resin. 

1830  LINDLEV  Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  232  A  bitter  resinoid 
matter,  slightly  soluble  in  water.  1894  Wcstin.  Gaz. 
18  June  8/1  Cyona  Tincture  is  an  alcoholic  extract  which 
has  been  found  to  contain  a  resinoid  substance. 

B.  sb.  A  resinous  substance. 

1880  Libr.  Univ.  Knowl.  VIII.  SiSThe  resinoid  extracted 
from  it  has  the  name  of  Ic-ptandrin.  1894  Times  n  Aug. 
n/2  The  woody  fibre  disappears  first,  leaving  a  residue 
richer  in  resinoids. 

t  ResillOSe,  a.  Ob$~l  [ad.  L.  restno$-us  :  see 
next  and  -OSE.]  Resinous. 

1712  PETIVER  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXVII.  424  A  Milk,  which 
smells  Resinose. 

Resinous  (re-zinas),  a.  [ad,  L.  rcslnos-tis  \  see 
RESIN  sb.  and  -ous.  So  F.  resinettx^  Sp.,  Pg.,  and 
It.  resinoso.'] 

1.  Of  the  nature  of  resin. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  51  As  all  resinous  bodies, 
Turpentine,  Pitch,  and  Frankincense.  1694  SALMON  Bate's 
Dispens.  (1699)  229/1  This  Tincture  is  only  the  resinous 
Parts  of  the  Balsam  di-ssolv'd  in  the  Spirit  of  Wine.  1791 
HAMILTON  Berthollefs  Dyeing  I.  1. 1. 1.  15  It  has  been  pro- 
posed  to  divide  the  colouring  particles  into  extractive  and  I 
resinous.  1838  T.  THOMSON  Chein.  Org.  Bodies  288  Sul-  | 
phuric  acid,  .dissolves  the  corydalina,  and  leaves  the 
green  resinous  matter.  1878  A.  H.  GREEN,  etc.  Coal'i.  21 
The  resinous  character  also  prevents  the  spores  from  being 
wetted..,  and  tends  to  preserve  them  from  decay. 

2.  Of  plants  or  their  parts :  Containing  resin. 
1656  lii.ouNT  Glossogr.,  Resinous,    full  of  rozen  or  gum. 

1673-4  GREW  Anat.  Pl.t  Anat.  Trunks  (1684)  no  The 
Barque  of  Oak  it  self  is  also  somewhat  Resinous.  1712  tr. 
Pomefs  Hist,  Drugs  I.  146  The  Fruit.. more  resinous,  and 
falls  easily  when  ripe.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVII. 
692/2  Made  of  the  most  porous  and  resinous  wood  to  be 
found.  1811  A.  T.  THOMSON  Lond.  Disp.  (1818)  35  The 
root  is  biennial,  thick,  fleshy,  and  resinous.  1858  CAR 
PENTER  Veg.  P/tys.  §  51  A  peculiar  form  of  woody  fibre  is 
found  in  the  stems  of  resinous  woods. 

3.  Of  properties,  etc. :  Properly  belonging  to,  or 
characteristic  of,  resin. 

i8ix  A.  T.  THOMSON  Lond.  Disp.  (1818)  217  It  is  in  brittle 
fragments  of  an  almost  black  colour,  having  a  shining, 
resinous  fracture.  1838  T.  THOMSON  Client.  Org.  Bodies  550 
Has  a  resinous  and  aromatic  smell.  1884  MRS.  C.  PRAED  Zero 
xiii,  The  atmosphere  was  pungent  with  a  resinous  odour. 

4.  Made    or  compounded  of  resin ;  affected  or 
produced  by  the  burning  of  resin. 

1808  S.  YOUNG  in  Med.  Jrnl.  XIX.  567  A  convenient  slip 
of  firm  linen,  uniformly  covered  by  a  resinous  plaster.  1862 
DICKENS  Uncomm.  Trai'.  xxviii,  I  can  smell  the  heavy 
resinous  incense  as  I^pass  the  church.  1871  IJ.  TAYLOR 
Faust  (1875)  II.  n.  iii.  140  The  resinous  atmosphere  Gives 
hint  of  pitch.  1871  TYNDALL  Fragm.  Sci.  (1879)  I.  iv.  122 
The  resinous  fumes  slowly  diminished. 

5.  EUctr.  =  NEGATIVE  a.  7. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VI.  421/2  Mr  Du  Fay  dis 
covered  the  difference  between  positive  and  negative,  or,  as 
they  were  for  some  time  called,  the  vitreous  and  resinous 
electricities.  1840  CABLVLE  Heroes  (1858)  198  Thunder 
was  not  then  mere  Electricity,  vitreous  or  resinous.  1860 
EMERSON  Cond.  Life,  Wealth,  The  genius  of  reading  and 
of  gardening  are  antagonistic,  like  resinous  and  vitreous 
electricity.  1885  WATSON  &  BURBURY  Math.  The.  EUctr. 
•S-  Magn.  I.  94  A  superficial  electrification  on  the  inner  sur 
face,  the  total  amount  of  which  will  be  resinous. 

6.  Comb.)  as  resinous-tike,  -looking  adjs. 

1807  T.  THOMSON  Chem.  (ed.  3)  II.  449  It  converts  the 
drying  oils  into  a  yellow  resinous-like  mass.  1832  HREWSTER 
Nat.  Magic  xiii.  339  The  dense  fluid  ..quickly  hardeiu 
into  a  transparent  and  yellowish  resinous-looking  substance. 


Hence  Re'sinously  (uh'.}  (a)  with  resinous  elec 
tricity;  (&)  with  an  impregnation  of  resin.  Also 
Re'sinousness,  *  resinous  or  rosiny  quality ' 
(Bailey,  vol.  II,  1727). 

1794  <i.  ADAMS  Nat.  <y  Kxp.  Phil.  IV.  xlvi.  264  Bodies 
electrified  resinously  repel  each  other.  1830  LINDLFY  Nat. 
Syst.  Hot.  53  Shrubs  with  alternate,  toothed,  resinously 
glandular,  exstipulate  leaves.  1873  MAXWELL  Electr.  A> 
Magn.  (1881)  I.  32  All  electrified  bodies  are  found  to  be 
either  vitreously  or  resinously  electrified. 

Resiiiy  (re'zini),  a.     [f.  RESIN.]     Resinous. 

1576  NEWTON  Lemnies  Complex,  (1633)  234  It  is  blacke 
like  pitch,  and  shineth  like  to  I  eat,.. and  as  certaine  re.siny 
stuffe.  1847  in  WEBSTKR.  1893  Times  13  Dec.  3/5  Shellac 
. .  resiny  blocky. 

ResipisceUCe  (resipi-scns).  [a.  F.  rtsip- 
iscence^  or  ad.  L.  resipiscentia,  f.  re$ipi$c%re  to 
recover  one's  senses,  come  to  oneself  again,  f.  ;v- 
RE-  +  sapcrc:  see  SAPIENT.]  Repentance  for  mis 
conduct  ;  recognition  of  errors  committed  ;  return 
to  a  better  mind  or  opinion. 

1570  T.  NORTON  tr.  NoweCsCatech.  (1853)  177  Sinners.. 
have  need  of  repentance,  which  some  like  better  to  call 
resipiscence  or  amendment.  1606  in  Spot ti.-. wood  Hist.  Ch. 
Scot.  vii.  (1677)  499  Nothing  had  appeared  m  them  but  an 
obdured  obstinacy,  without  any  token  of  resipiscence,  1657 
W.  MOKICE  Ci'c'tia  t/ieasi  Kou'»j  .\.\iii.  2^1  If  iheir  return  be 
upon  the  score  of  resipiscence,  far  be  it  from  me  to  bt:  such 
an  one  as  lie/a  complains  of. 

1827  HALLAM  Const.  Hist.  (1876)  II.  viii.  67  They  drew  a 
flattering  picture  of  the  resipi^ccnce  of  the  Anglican  party. 
1864  MI:KIVAIJ;  Cow.  AVw.  Ewp.  37  Full  of  horror  at  hi-, 
own  backsliding,  full  of  hnpe  for  his  tardy  resipihcence. 
1881  SAINTSBURY  Dryden\\.  127  These  prefaces  and  dedica 
tions  show  an  ever-growing  command  of  prose  style,  and, 
very  soon,  the  resipiscence  of  Dryden's  judgment. 

So  f  Resipi'scency.   Obs. 

c  1540  tr.  /W.  I't'rg.  Eng.  Hist.  (Camden  No.  36)  122 
[Gildas]  somtimes  gentlie  exerting  them  to  goodnes  and 
resipiscentie,  1672  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Let.  to  l'rii-nd  §  40  So 
closely  shut  up  within  the  holds  of  vice  and  iniquity,  an 
not  to  find  some  escape  by  a  postern  of  resiptscency. 

Resipiscent  (resipi-sent),  a.  [ad.  L.  rcsip- 
{scent-em^  prcs.  pple.  of  resipisctre'.  sec  RKSIP- 
ISCK.NCE.]  Returning  to  a  sound  state  of  mind. 

1872  F.  HALL  False  Philol.  67  Grammar, .  .resipiscent  and 
sane  as  of  old.  1880  Sat.  Rev.  26  June  821/2  Mr.  Martin, 
at  last  resipiscent,  and  even  like  '  a  prophet  new  inspired  '. 

Resist  (r/zi-st),  sb.     [f.  the  vb.] 

f  1.  Resistance.  Obs. 

1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  III.  411  Makand  heirschip  fra 
blude  and  fyre  also,  Without  resist  quhair  euir  tha  list  till 
go.  1584  LODGE  Forbonius  fy  Prise.  H  j  b,  I  make  no  resist 
in  this  my  louing  torment.  1608  DAY  Hum.  out  of  Breath 
v.  ii,  Proud  his  assault,  as  proud  be  our  resist.  1630  J.  LANK 
Contn.  Sqr.'s  T.  x.  437  (Ashm.  MS.),  Camball  tooke  (with 
out  resiste)  the  town. 

2.  In  calico-printing,  a  preparation   applied  to 
those   parts  of  the  fabric   which  are   not  to    be 
coloured,  in  order  to  prevent  the  dye  from  affect 
ing  them.      Also  attrib. 

1836  Penny  Cycl.  VI.  156/1  White  resist  for  deep  blue,  to 
be  applied  by  the  cylinder.  Ibid.,  After  printing  on  the 
resist  pastes,  the  goods  should  be  hung  up.  1860  SMILES 
Self  Help  ii,  The  process  for  producing  what  is  called  resist 
work  in  calico  printing.  1890  W.  J.  GORDON  Foundry  175 
A  style  where  a  'resist '  is  printed  on  the  blank  cloth,  the 
'  resist '  being  a  substance  that  is  unaffected  by  the  dye. 

3.  Any  composition  applied  to  a  surface  to  pro 
tect  it  in  part  from  the  effects  of  an  agent  employed 
on  it  for  some  purpose.     Also  resist-varnish. 

1839  URL:  Diet.  A  rts  218  The  copper  is  covered  by  a  resist 
varnish  while  being  heated  by  the  transmission  of  steam 
through  its  axis.  1873  SPON  IVorksh.  Rec.  Ser.  i.  199/1 
[Steel]  requires  to  be  preserved  against  the  action  of  the 
cleansing  acids  and  of  the  graining  mixture,  by  a  composi 
tion  called  resist,  1890  Pall MallG.  20  Feb.  3/1  When  the 
'resist'  has  been  sufficiently  applied,  the  instrument  is 
again  passed  over  the  plate. 

Resist  (r/zi'st),  v.  Also  5  Sc.  rasyst,  5-6 
resyst^e.  [ad.  F.  r^sistcr^  "\resistir  (  =  It.  rc-t 
risistere,  Sp.  and  Pg.  resistir),  or  L.  resisttre, 
f.  re-  RE-  +  sistere,  redupl.  form  of  stare  to  stand.] 

1.  trans.  Of  things :  To  stop  or  hinder  (a  moving 
body) ;  to  succeed  in  standing  against ;  to  prevent 
(a  weapon,  etc.)  from  piercing  or  penetrating. 

ci374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  i.  met.  vii.  (iS6S)  29  pe  fletyng 
streme.  .is  arestid  &  resisted  ofte  tyme  by  |>e  encountrynge 
ofastoon.  111533  LD.  BERNERS  Hnon  Iv.  186  Sorbryn.. 
strake.  .such  a  stroke  that  the  buckles  nor  ony  thynge  elles 
coude  resyste  the  stroke.  1658  PHILLIPS  s.v.  Resistence,  A 
solid  body,  which  resisteth  and  opposeth  whatsoever  comes 
against  it.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xir.  491  Spiritual  Armour, 
able  to  resist  Satans  assaults.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v. 
Respiration^  The  air  presses  the  lungs  as  much  as  the 
thorax  resists  them.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VII.  363/1 
They  made  the  towers  round  instead  of  square,  imagining 
this  figure  to  be  the  strongest  to  resist  the  battering  engines. 
1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  \\.  xix.  332  It  quite  resisted  the  edge  of 
a  knife.  1894  H.  S.  MAXIM  in  Daily  News  4  June  5/7  It 
is  quite  true  that  I  used  a  steel  plate  to  resist  my  projectiles. 
D.  To  withstand  the  action  or  effect  of  (a 
natural  force  or  physical  agency). 

1567  MAFLET  Gr.  Forest  2  b,  It  maketh  it  able  to  resist 
fire.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thei'enot's  Trav.  i.  6  A  white  soft 
Rock.. does  not  long  resist  the  Sea  Winds.. that  eat  it 
away.  1766  Compl.  Farmer  s.v.  Madder  5  G  2/1  That 
which  was  dyed  with  the  madder,  .resisted  during  thirty 
minutes  a  boiling  which  the  other  could  not  bear  during 
ten.  1784  Gown  Task  m.  465  The  stable  yields  a  ster- 
coraceous  heap, . .  potent  to  resist  the  freezing  blast. 

66-2 


RESIST. 


524 


RESISTE3STCE. 


C.  Of  immaterial  things. 

1726-31  TINDAL  Ragin's  Hist.  Eng.  (1743)  II.  xvii.  5:  If 
the  interest  and  solicitations  of  the  Kins;  her  Husband  had 
not  strongly  resisted  her  zeal  for  her  Religion.  1836  EMEU- 
SON  Eng.  Traits,  Race  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  21  But  whilst  race 
works  immortally  to  keep  its  own,  it  is  resisted  by  other 
forces. 

2.  Of  persons:  To  withstand,  strive  against, 
oppose  :  a.  a  person,  his  will,  etc. 

i432~$o  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  333  This  philosophic 
Demostines  resistede  the  legates  of  the  Molosynes  coinmen 
to  Athenes.  4:1460  FORTESCUE  Abs.  #  Liin.  Man.  (1385) 
115  Wherfor  thai  "ben  myghty,  and  able  to  resiste  the 
aduersaries  of  this  reaume.  1530  PALSGK.  68S/i  He  in- 
tendeth  to  take  possessyon  here  agaynst  my  wyll,  but  he 
shall  be  resysted.  1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  VIy  n.  v.  79  Thou 
that  so  stoutly  hath  resisted  me,  pine  me  thy  Gold.  1651 
HOBBES  Leviaik.  11.  xxi.  ITO  Their  Representative  had  the 
Libertie  to  resist,  or  invade  other  people.  1672  PETTY  Pol, 
Anat.  (1691)  47  This  Force  I  take  to  be  sufficient  to  resist 
any  number  of  men.  1717  POPE  Iliad  xi.  955  Shall  Greece 
yet  stand?  Resists  she  yet  the  raging  Hector's  hand? 
1771  Junius  Lett.  xliv.  (1788)  248  They  knew,  that  the  pre 
sent  house  of  commons,  .were  likely  enough  to  be  resisted. 
1817  SHELLEY  AVz-.  Islam  x.  xxviii,  C)  King  of  Glory!  thou 
alone  hast  power !  Who  can  resist  thy  will?  1864  URYCE 
Holy  Rom.  Etnp.  xiii.  (1875)  211  The  Lombard  league  had 
successfully  resisted  Frederick's  armies. 

b.  an  attack,  invasion,  blow,  or  hostile  action 
of  any  kind. 

1533  BKLLESOKN  Liry  in.  ii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  247  pe  Inemyis.. 
assale^et.  .f>e  Romane  pussance,as  Insufficient  to  resist  ^are 
Invasions.  1535  COVEKDALK  Matt.  v.  39,  I  saye  vnto  you  : 
that  ye  resist  not  euell.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholays 
Voy.  n.  xiii.  48  Constantine.  .seeking  to  resist  the  courses 
and  robberies  which  the  Parthes  dayly  vsed  towards  the 
Romahis.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  \,  ii.  465,  I  will  resist  such 
entertainment,  till  Mine  enemy  ha's  more  pow'r.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  n.  814  That  mortal  dint,  Save  he  who  reigns 
above,  none  can  resist.  1840  THIKLWALL  Greece  VII.  355  He 
felt  himself  unable  to  resist  the  attack.  1874  GREEN  Short 
}list.  iv.  §  3.  184  Pardon  was  freely  extended  to  all  who  had 
resisted  the  invasion. 

c.  a  moral  or  mental  influence  or  suggestion. 
1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  TVwrfiijb,  Be  ye  thenne  strong 

..to  resist  and  ouercome  them  [temptations].  1529  MORE 
Dyalogc  cone.  Hcresycs  i.  Wks.  153/2  So  muste  reason  not 
resyste  faithe  but  walke  with  her.  1577  NORTH  Guevara's 
Diall  f'r.  37  The  favour  that  God  wil  geve  you.  .no  man 
can  resist  it.  x656jEANES  Fain.  Christ  112  His  grace., 
can  resist  the  strongest,  and  most  restlesse  temptations. 
1670  COTTON  Espernon  in.  x.  522  With  all  these  advantages 
he  was  not  able  to  resist  four  words.  1717  LADY  M.  W. 
MONTAGU  Lett.  II.  35  The  Greeks,  .resist,  with  incredible 
fortitude,  the  Conviction  of  their  own  eyes.  1786  BURNS 
To  ttnco  Gtiid  viii,  What's  done  we  partly  may  compute, 
But  know  not  what's  resisted.  1817  KEATINGE  Trav.  I. 
81  It  is  hard  to  resist  the  surmise  that  Caesar's  account  is 
drawn  up  with  quite  as  much  regard  to  effect  as  to  reality. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  33  Those  who  had  never  been 
taught  to  resist  pleasure  would  be  equally  at  the  mercy  of 
those  who  could. 

d.  something  proposed  to  be  done  or  likely  to 
happen,  a  law  or  command,  etc. 

'593  SHAKS.  Rich.  If,  iv.  i.  148  It  will  the  wofullest 
Diuision  proue. .  .Preuent  it,  resist  it,  and  let  it  not  be  so. 
1607  —  Cor.  in.  i.  267  He  hath  resisted  Law  And  therefore 
Law  shall  scorne  him  further  Triall.  1771  Junius  Lett. 
xliv.  (1788)  254  If  the  process  of  the  courts  of  Westminster- 
hall  be  resisted.  1781  Cow  PER  E.vjost.  540  Thy  parliaments 
..  Whate'er  was  asked,  too  timid  to  resist,  Comply 'd  with. 
1810  in  Craufurd  Gen.  Craufurd  (1891)  108  This  arrange 
ment  . .  had  before  now  been  proposed  to  me,  and  I  had 
resisted  it.  1837  DICKKNS  Pickiu.  v,  The  dismal  man,.. re 
sisting  Mr.  Pickwick's  invitation  to  breakfast..,  walked 
slowly  away.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India  II.  403  The 
disinclination  of  the  native  Princes  to  submit  to,  or  their 
ability  to  resist,  its  dictation. 

e.  a  natural  force,  weakness  or  disease,  etc. 
1393  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  K7,  iv.  iii.  59  It  boots  not  to  resist 

both  winde  and  tide.  15915  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  v.  43  Fleshly 
weaknesse,  which  no  creature  may  Long  time  resist.  i8o5 
Med.  Jrtil.  XV.  545  A  case.. where  the  inoculation  was 
resisted  till  the  twenty-ninth  time. 

f  3.  To  prevent.     Const,  with  inf.  or  from.  Obs. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxvii.  105  To  put  this  in  re- 
memberance,  Mycht  no  man  me  resist,  a  1586  SIDNEY 
Arcadia  n.  (1605)  139  Beautifull  trees,  which  resisted  the 
sunnes  darts  from  ouer-much  piercing  the  naturall  cold- 
nesse  of  the  River. 

f4.  To  repel,  affect  with  distaste.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1608  SHAKS.  Per.  u.  iii.  29  These  cates  resist  me,  she  but 
thought  upon. 

6.  intr.  fa.  To  stand  against  ^  to  make  opposi 
tion  to,  a  person  or  thing.  Obs. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxii.  (Laurence)  16  It  has  vertu. . 
fore  to  resyst  a-gane  fyre-slacht.  Ibid,  xxxiiu  (George}  12 
To  resyst  ay  to  sathane  &  to  lordis  of  mykil  mycht.  c  1425 
WYNTOUN  Cron.  v.  xi.  3548  Bot  Valentynyane  pe  emperoure 
Resistyt  ay  til  his  erroure.  1483  CAXTON  Cato  bij  b,  Thou 
oughtest..to  haue  strengthe  for  to  resiste  ageynst  alle 
aduersytees.  1538  STARKEY  England  n.  i.  165  Except  man 
wyth  cure,..&  labur,  resyste  to  the  same,  they  ouer-run 
reson.  1563  Mirr.  Mag.^  Blacke  Smyth  175  b,  That  no 
man  should  resist  agaynst  his  kyng.  1609  BIBLE  tDouay) 
Dent.  ix.  2  A  great  people  and  tal,.. against  whom  no  man 
is  able  to  resist.  1651  tr.  De-las-Coveras"  Don  Fenise  274 
She  forced  herselfe  to  resist  against  the  excesse  of  her 
affliction. 

b.   Without  const.  To  offer  resistance. 

a  1547  SURREY  Ecclesiastes  iv.  31  What  can  he  doo  but 
yeld,  that  must  resist  aloone  ?  1582  STANYHURST  AZneis  i. 
(Arb.)  21  Thee  storme  dyd  conquoure,  thee  ships  scant 
weaklye  resisted.  1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  i.  ii.  80  Lay  hold 
vpon  him,  if  he  do  resist  Subdue  him,  at  his  perill.  1653 
HOLCROFT  Procopiu$t  Goth.  Wars  i.  30  The  Horse-men,.. 


having  nothing  to  resist  with,  are  easily  shot.  1771  Jnnius  ' 
Lett.  Txiii.  (1788)  332  That  the  counsel  did  not  resist,  is  true. 
1822  SHELLEY  tr.  Caldcroris  Mag.  Prodig.  in.  125  How 
wilt  thou  then  Resist,  Justina?  a  1862  BUCKLE  C  wills. 
(1873)  II.  viii.  573  The  nation  not  daring,  and  what  was 
still  worse,  not  wishing,  to  resist,  gave  way. 

f  c.  To  refuse  to  do  something.  Obs.  rare  ~l. 

1339  Act  31  Hen.  I'll! i  c.  4  In  case  it  happen  the  Mayer 
. .  make  defaulte  of  pay  men  te  of  the  saide  recompence  & 
satisfaction,  and  resiste  to  paye  the  same. 

f  0.  To  stop ;  to  rest.   Obs. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vin.  1090  Eot  I  rasyst  [z>.r.  desist) 
throw   chargis   off  our  consaill,   The  southmaist  part  off    ; 
Ingland  we   sail  se.     1556  Aurelio  $  Isab.  (1608)  Ov,  In    ; 
yowere  handethe  goode  and  the  ill  of  the  ladies  resistethe. 

Hence  Resrsted  ppl.  a. 

1713  M.  HENRY  Folly  Despising  Wks.  1853  !•  I79/1  The 
rejected  Saviour  and  the  resisted  Sanctifier.  1753  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Resistance^  When  the  compression  of  the 
fluid  is  just  sufficient  to  prevent  a  vacuum  behind  the  re 
sisted  body.  1842  GWILT  Archit.  1024  The  resisting  and 
resisted  parts  are  not  only  contiguous,  but  cohere. 

t  Resistable,  a.  Obs.    [f.  RESIST  v.  +  -ABLE.   | 
Cf.  RESISTIBLE.] 

1.  That  may  be  resisted  ;  resistible. 

1608  TOPSELL  Serpents  (1658)  601  The  Serpents  of  Europe    \ 
are.. more  resistable  for  their  weakness  and  strength.     1689 
Thoughts    Gentlemen's    Undertaking    at    York    16    The    : 
Chimney-man  that  is  Irresistable  in  his  Office,  is  Resistable 
if  he  gather  the  Corn  in  the  Town-fields.     1752  CARTE  Hist.     , 
Eng.  III.  71  Henry  thought  Charles's  power  ..scarce  resist 
able  by  the  rest  of  Europe. 

2.  Capable  of  resisting.     Const,  of.  rare—*-. 

1670    PETTUS  Fodinx  Reg.   Introd.,    I   speak  of  Fire,    ' 
I    might   also   Discourse   of  the  strange   nature  of  Bone- 
Ashes,  .  .so  resistable  of  that  Element. 
Hence  fBesistabi'lity;  Besrstableness.  Obs.    '< 
1622  A".   Jas.  Direct,  cone.  Preachers  in  Rushw.  Hist. 
Coll.  (1659)  I.  65  The  Universality,  Efficacy,  Resistability 
[1642  Resist ibility],  or  Irresistibility  of  Gods  Grace.      1784 
J.  BROWN  Hist.  Brit.  Ch.  (1820)  I.  205  The  universality, 
efficacy  or  resistableness  of  God's  grace. 

tResi'stal.    Obs.rare-^.    [f.  as  prec.  + -AL.]   ; 
Resistance. 

1631  T.  HEVWOOD  Fair  Maid  of  West  n.  iv.  i,  All  re- 
sistals,  Quarrels,  and  ripping-up  of  injuries,  Are  smothered 
in  the  ashes  of  our  wrath. 

Resistance  (r/zi-stans).  Also  6  -aunce,  6 
resystaunce.  [a.  F.  resistance,  later  form  of  re- 
sistence  RESISTANCE:  see  RESIST  v.  and  -ANCE.] 

1.  The  act,  on  the  part  of  persons,  of  resisting, 
opposing,  or  withstanding.     Const,  to,  \of. 

1417  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  11.  I.  59  To  putt  therwith  a 
greate  fortificacion  aboute  the  same  for  resistance  of  the 
sayd  enimies.  1535  COVERDALE  Reel,  iv.  12  One  maye  be 
ouercome,  but  two  maye  make  resistaunce.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sleidane's  Comin.  72  They  tende  to  a  publique  peace,  and 
to  the  resistaunce  of  Christes  ennemies.  1651  HOBBKS 
Leviath.  n.  xxx.  175  Such  is  all  resistance  to  the  essential! 
Rights  of  Sovereignty,  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thcvenot's 
Trav.  I.  229  They  met  with  a  stout  resistance.  1729 
BUTLER  Serm.  Wks.  1874  II.  95  Cases. .in  which  sudden 
resistance  is  the  only  security.  1769  Junius  Lett.  xvi. 
(1788)  99  There  is  yet  a  spirit  of  resistance  in  this  country, 
which  will  not  submit  to  be  oppressed.  1827  SOUTHEY 
Hist.  Penins.  War  II.  596  The  efforts.. for  organizing  a 
civic  and  national  resistance.  1874  GRELN  Short  Hist. 
viii.  §  5.  409  The  threat,  however,  failed  to  break  the 
resistance  of  the  Commons. 

b.  Passive  resistance^  simple  refusal  to  comply 
with  some  demand,  without  active  opposition. 

In  recent  use  spec,  refusal  to  pay  voluntarily  the  cduca-     J 
tion  rate  imposed  by  the  Education  Act  of  1902. 

1819   SCOTT   IvanJwe  xxiii,    In    this  humour  of  passive    \ 
resistance  ..  Isaac  sat  in  a  corner  of  his  dungeon.      1844 
H.    H.    WILSON   Brit.   India   I.   467   Their  conduct  was    ; 
uniformly   peaceable ;     passive    resistance   was    the    only 
weapon  to  which  they  trusted.      1869  FREEMAN  Norm.    \ 
Conq,  (1875)  III.  58  The  resistance  was  probably  passive. 

attrib.  1845  LD.  CAMPBELL  Chancellors  xc.  (1857)  IV. 
227  By  a  partial  scrutiny  Pritchard,  his  passive-resistance 
competitor,  was  placed  in  the  civic  chair. 

2.  Power  or  capacity  of  resisting. 

1590  SIR  J.  SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  4  b,  If  they  were  of 
diuerse  lengths,  .and  thereby,  .of  lesse  force  and  resistance. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  838  They  astonisht  all  resistance  lost, 
All  courage.  1703  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.  256  When  the 
Earth  on  which  we  would  make  Pillars  or  Piers  is  of 
[un]equal  resistance,  that  is  to  say,  not  good.  1753 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.,  In  the  comparing  together 
the  resistances  to  all  velocities.  1894  H.  S.  MAXIM  in 
Daily  Ncivs  4  June  5/7  Provided  he  can  produce  some 
thing  which  has  greater  resistance  for  its  weight  than  steel 
or  copper  bronzes.  1897  MARY  KINGSLEY  W.  Africa  637 
Not  that  these  good  people  have  a  greater  resistance  to  the 
fever  than  the  Jamaica  Christians. 

3.  Opposition  of  one  material  thing  to  another   ! 
material  thing,  force,  etc. 

1625   N._  CARPENIER   Geogr.    Del.    \.  iv.    (1635)    80   The    ! 
Heauens  in  their  motion  find  no  resistance.     1645  WALLER    ' 
My  lady  Isabella,  Musick  so  softens  and  disarms  the  mind, 
That  not  an  arrow  does  resistance  find.     1659  HAMMOND    i 
On  Ps.  Ixxxix.  13  Above  all  the  oppositions  and  resistances 
in  nature.   1715  GREGORY  Elem.Astron.  (1726)  II.  710  They 
are  stopp'd  and  repel  I'd  by  the  Resistance  of  the  neighbour 
ing  Vortices.  1838  Civ.  Eng.fyArch.  Jrnl.  I.  374/2  Whereby    I 
he  imparts  great  additional  strength  or  power  of  resistance    ' 
to  the  said  metal  rails  and  bars.     1880  GEI  KIE  Phys.  Geogr. 
iv.  284  The  rocks  offering  many  varying  degrees  of  resist 
ance  to  erosion,  they  are  worn  down  unequally. 

b.  esp.  in  the  physical  sciences,  the  opposition 
offered  by  one  body  to  the  pressure  or  movement 
of  another. 

1636  tr.  Hobbef  EUnt.  Fhilos.  (1839)  2x1,  I  define  resist 


ance  to  be  the  endeavour  of  one  moved  body,  .contrary  to 
the  endeavour  of  another  moved  body.  1690  LOCKE  Hum. 
Und,  n.  iv.  §  3  All  the  Bodies  in  the  World,  pressing  a  drop 
of  Water  on  all  sides,  will  never  be  able  to  overcome  the 
Resistance  it  will  make.  1710  J.  CLARKE  Rotiaulfs  Nat. 
Philos.  (1729)  1. 123  If  I  put  my  Finger  to  any  of  its  Parts,  I 
ought  to  feel  the  Resistance.  1777  PRIKSTLEY  Matt.  $ 
Sfiir.  (1782)  I.  ii.  16  The  cause  of  all  resistance  is  repulsive 
power.  1831  LARDNER  Hydrost.  ix.  192  The  resistance  of 
different  fluids  will  be  different  according  to  their  specific 
gravities,  c  1860  FAKADAY/fenca  Xat.  i.  41  The  resistance 
of  the  air  having  been  avoided.  1883  Encycl.  Brit.  XV. 
751/1  Where  the  line  representing  the  total  resistance  ex 
erted  at  that  joint  intersects  the  joint. 

pl.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Svppl,  s.v.,  Though  the  hy 
pothesis  of  a  fluid  ..  be  of  great  use  in  explaining  the 
nature  of  resistances.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI. 
92/2  Of  all  the  resistances  of  bodies  to  each  [other],  there 
is.. none  of  greater  importance  than  the  resistance  or  re 
action  of  fluids.  1840  Civ.  Eng.  %  Arch.  Jrnl.  III.  89/2 
To  overcome  what  are  called  the  friction  and  resistances 
of  the  engine.  1855  J.  R.  LEIFCHILD  Cornwall  186  A  steam 
pressure  of  150  Ibs,  exclusive  of  engine  resistances. 
c.  Hence  Line  of  resistance. 

1851  Catal.  Gt.  Exhib.  374  Forming  a  diagonal  line  of 
traction  in  the  direct  line  of  resistance.  1851  RUSK  IN 
Stones  yen.  (1874)  I.  x.  122  This  moral  character  of  the 
arch  is  called  by  architects  its  '  Line  of  Resistance  '. 

4.  Non-conductivity   in    respect    of   electricity, 
magnetism,  or  heat. 

1860  G.  PRESCOTT  Electr.  Telegr.  279  A  conductor,  in  fact, 
whose  resistance  is  nothing.  1871  B.  STEWART  Heat  (ed.  2) 
§  282  To  determine  the  thermal  resistance  of  various  liquids. 
1888  P kilos.  Mag.  XXV.  422,  I  will  now  for  a  moment 
compare  the  case  of  magnetic  resistance  with  a  natural  case 
of  ordinary  resistance. 

b.  A  part  of  an  electrical  apparatus  used  to 
offer  a  definite  resistance  to  a  current. 

1878  Encycl.  Brit.  VIII.  45/2  In  the  quicksilver  agometer 
of  Mi'iller..  the  resistance  is  formed  by  a  column  of  mercury 
of  variable  length.  1894  Daily  News  6  Sept.  6/2  Lowering 
electric  lights  after  the  manner  applied  to  gas,  and  without 
the  use  of  resistances. 

5.  Piece  of  resistance,  —  F.  piece   de   resistance 
(see  PifccE  b). 

1797  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  iv.  Wks.  IX.  7  Our  appetite 
demands  a  piece  of  resistance,  1858  HOGG  Life  Shelley  \. 
459  The  good  girl  liked  a  piece  of  resistance,  a  solid  tome. 
1894  Du  MATJRIEK  Trilby  I.  239  The  pieces  of  resistance 
and  plum-pudding  and  mince-pies. 

6.  attrib.  and  Comb.t  as  resistance-attribute,  pile  \ 
resistance -box,  Electr. ,  a  box  containing  one  or 
more  resistance  coils  (Knight  Diet.  Mech.  1875)  ; 
also  transf.\   resistance   coil  (see  quot.  1873); 
so  resistance  helix ;  resistance-piece,  =  sense  5. 

i86a  H.  SPENCER  First  Princ.  \\.  iii.  §  48  (1875)  166  The 
'resistance-attribute  of  matter  must  be  regarded  as  prim 
ordial.  1899  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  VII.  250  The  great 
splanchnic  area  forms  the  Resistance  box  of  the  circulation. 
i86z  Catal.  Internal.  Exhib.^  Brit.  II.  No.  2867  *Resist- 
ance  Coils,  for  testing  the  position  of  a  fault  in  telegraph 
conductors  from  a  distant  station.  1873  MAXWELL  Electr. 
<r  Magn.  (i8Si)  I.  429  A  Resistance  Coil  is  a  conductor 
capable  of  being  easily  placed  in  the  voltaic  circuit,  so  as  to 
introduce  into  the  circuit  a  known  resistance.  1884  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  752/2  Such  unequal  action  is  remedied 
by  the  provision  of  a  high  Resistance  helix  shunting  the 
arc.  1895  C.  SCOTT  Apple  Orchards  87  The  Resistance 
piece  was  in  the  wicker  basket.  1838  Civil  Eng.  fy  Arch. 
Jrnl.  I.  374/1  What  is  called  a  Resistance  pile,  with  one 
of  the  patentee's  blocks  or  chairs. 

I  Resi'Staucy.  Obs.  rare—1,  [f.  as  prec.: 
see  -ANCY  and  cf.  RESISTENCV.]  Resistance. 

1656  JEANES  Fnln.  Christ  88  If  we  take  the  word  _(irresist- 
ably)  in  opposition  unto  a  final,  complete,  and  victorious 
resistancy. 

Resistant  (r/zi-stant),  a.  and  sb.  [a.  F.  rt- 
sisfant,  pres.  pple.  of  rtsister  to  RESIST.  Cf. 
RESISTEM-.] 

A.  adj.  That  makes  resistance  or  opposition. 
i6ioGuiLLiM  Heraldry  in.  xyii.  (1611)  159  The  rending 

and  ruine  of  all  that  were  resistant.  1668  HOWE  Bless. 
Righteous  (1825)  52  There  is  no  resistant  principle  remain 
ing,  when  the  love  of  God  is  perfected  in  it.  1768-74 
TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  462  It  is  the  essence  of  matter 
to  be  solid,  that  is,  resistant  and  moveable.  1840  Tail's 
Mag.  VII.  389  The  aristocratic. .elements,  .are  become 
resistant,  conservative,  or  inactive.  i86oTvNDALL  Glac.  n. 
v.  252  Each  portion  of  the  ice  is  surrounded  by  a  resistant 
mass.  1884  Contcinp.  Rev.  Oct.  528  The  pressure  of 
resistant  wills  now  becomes  incalculable. 

B.  sb.  One  who  or  that  which  resists ;  a  resister. 
Now  rare. 

1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  2  The  thunder-bolt 
fell  vpon  the  afflicted  Priests. .,  striking  all  resistants  with 


^884  Health  Exhib.  Catal.  p.       , 

powerful  resistant  of  acids  or  acid  gases.  1903  ll'estm. 
Gaz.  3  June  7/1  To  issue  summonses  against  Nonconformist 
passive  resistants. 

b.  In  calico-printing,  =  RESIST  sb.  2. 

1879  Sfons*  Encycl.  Manuf.  i.  50  The  first  crops  of  citric 
acid  crystals,  .are  used  largely  by  the  calico-printer  as  a 
'resistant '  for  iron  and  alumina  mordants. 

Hence  f  Besi'stantly  adv.,  resistingly.  Obs.~l 

1611  SPEED  Theat.  Gt.  Brit.  x.  (1614)  19/1  Brightrik.  .sent 
the  Steward  of  his  house  to  know  their  intents,  whom  resist- 
antly  they  slew. 

t  Resi'Stence.  Obs.  Also  5-6  -ens,  resyst-, 
recistence,  -ens.  [a.  OF.  rvo&Muy.«Sffc  and 
Pg.  resistencia,  It.  re-t  risistinzat  ad.  late  L.  re- 


KESISTENCY. 


525 


RESOLIDATE. 


sistentia  (Augustine),  f.  rcsistt-re  to  RESIST:  see 
-ENCE,]  ^RESISTANCE.  (In  common  use  to  c  1530.) 
c  1374  CHAUCER  7'roylus  in.  990  Lone,  a-yeyns  J?e  which 
J?at  no  man  may  Ne  oughte  ek  goudly  make  resistance. 
c  j.j86  —  Can.  Yeow.  Prof,  fy  T.  356  Thise  metales  ben  of 
so  gret  violence,  Our  walles  may  not  make  hem  resistence. 
1450  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  200/2  For  suche  distres  takyng,  and 
yn  resistens  therof,  ther  is  grete  assembles.  1494  FABYAN 
Chron.  vi.  clxxi.  165  After  many  resistences  by  hym  doon,  to 
auoyde  ye  temptacion  therof.  1512  Act  4  Hen.  VIII,  c.  20 
Preamble,  Then  e  adherentes  made  extreme  resistens  ayenst 
your  said  Beseecher.  a  1548  HAU.  Chron. ,  Hen.  I' I  If  176 
The  Spaniardes  so  defended  them  with  ordinaunce  &  re 
sistences  that  they  slew  .v.  or  vi.  M.  Frenchmen.  1596 
SPENSER  F,  Q.  vi.  xi.  43  Where  the  bold  knight  Encountring 
him  with  small  resistence  slew.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tec/in. 

I,  Resistence  of  the  Medium,  is  the  opposition  against,  or 
hindrance  of  the  Motion  of  any  Body  moving  in  a  Fluid. 
1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  A  greater  weight  is  required 
to  overcome  their  united  resistence,  than  to  overcome  their 
several  resistences  one  after  another. 

t  Resi'stency.  Obs.  [ad.  late  L.  resistcntia  : 
see  prec.  and  -ENCY.]  Resistance,  repulsion. 

1640  WILKINS  New  Planet  ix.  (1707)  250  It  will  easily 
follow,  that  these  Bodies  have  resistency  from  one  another. 
a  i688CumvoRTH  Immut.  Mor.  (1731)  77  We  feel  things  at  a 
Distance  in  the  dark,  by  the  Resistency  which  they  make 
upon  the  further  end  of  the  Staff  that  we  hold  in  our  hands. 

Resistent   (r/zi-stent),    a.    and   sb.     [ad.    L. 
resistent-em,  pres.  pple.  of  resistcrc  to  RESIST.] 
A.  adj.  =  RESISTANT  a. 

1640  G. WATTS  tr.  Bacon's  De  A  ugni.  Set,  in.  iv.  149  A  Pes- 
tilentiall  aire  seizeth  on  bodies  more  open  and  lesse  resistent. 
1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  n.  xxvii.  377  The  more  resistent  ones 
[sc.  laminae]  stand  out  in  ridges  after  the  softer  parts 
between  them  have  been  eaten  away.  1887  W.  G.  PALGRAVE 
Ulysses  255  Native  Indian  tribes,  .resistent  to  the  last., 
against  every  Argentine  attempt  at  civilising,  .them. 
fB.  sb.  =  RESISTANT  sb.  Obs. 

16130  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  15  The  foresaid  re. 
sistance  was  not  schisme  in  the  Resisten[t]s.  1644  DIGBY 
Nat.  Bodies  xiii.  §  5  The  resistance  . .  weakned  by  the 
thinnenesse  of  the  resistent  there. 

Resister  (r/zi-stai).  Also  5  resistour.  [f.  RE 
SISTS.  +  -ER1.] 

1.  One  who  resists.     Passive  resister  (see  RE 
SISTANCE  i  b). 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xvm.  2i4Quhen  the  feld  wes  clengit 
cleyne,  Sa  that  na  resisteris  wes  seyne.  1459  Rolls  of  Parlt. 

II.  370/1    Lyve  and  dye  with  the   said    Erie,  ayenst  his 
resistours.    1558  GOODMAN  How  to  Obey  176  To  counte 
your  selues  therin  no  rebells,  but  lawful!  resisters.      1579 
W.  WILKINSON  Confut.  Fam.   Love  Heret.  Affirm,  bij  b, 
Disputation.. with  the  unwillyng  ones  and  resisters.     1611 
SPEKD  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xxiv.  (1623)  1158  [They]  slew  no 
small  numbers  of  their  resisters.     a  1656  HALES  Gold.  Rent. 
(1677)  29  To  resist  the  truth  which   is.. believed  by  the 
resister  himself  is  a  direct  contradiction.     1710  A.  B.  Annv. 
to  Argts.    Bp.   Oxford's   Resistance  18   That  they  never 
consider'd  the  Matter  at  all,  and  therefore  assisted  these 
Resisters.      1832  Examiner  97/1  The  resisters  of  an  exac 
tion.     1873  SMILES  Huguenots  France  vi.  (1881)  100  The 
resisters  of  the  policy  were  in  both  cases  Calvin  ists.     1903 
Westni.  Gaz,  29  May  5/1  At  Hastings,  where  the  Passive 
Resisters  are  numbered  by  hundreds. 

2.  That  which  resists ;  a  resisting  body  or  force. 
a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia   in.   (1724)    II.    575    Philoclea's 

shamefaced  ness  and  humbleness  were  as  strong  resisters  as 
choler  and  disdain.  1596  T.  JOHNSON  Cornucopia  IJj  b, 
Organy  and  Rue  are  ,yreat  resisters  of  poyson.  1656  [  ?  J. 
SERGEANT]  tr.  T.  White's  Perifiat.  Inst.  73  If  a  Moveable 
be  struck  violently  against  a  hard  resister.  1686  GOAD 
Celest.  Bodies  i.  ix.  28  If  \Varmth  be  the  producer  of  Mois 
ture,  Cold  must  be  the  Resister.  1739  Phil.  Trans.  LI.  84 
You  see,  that  animal,  vegetable,  and  metallic  bodies.. are 
easily  changed  into  resisters  or  non-conductors. 

Resi'stful,  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -PUL.]  Capable  of, 
or  inclined  to,  resistance. 

1614  C.  BROOKE  Rich.  Ill,  Poems  (1872)  132  The  wrong- 
incensed  peeres,  augment  his  band,  And  glue  his  weakenes, 
a  resistfull  force.  1846  HAWKSLEY  in  Helps  Friends  in  C. 
(1847)  I.  134  The  human  constitution  becomes  gradually 
more  resistful  and. -hardened.  1870  J.  HAMILTON  Moses t 
Alan  of  God  vii.  120  The  resistful  only  supplied  victims. 

Resistibi'lity.  [f.  as  next  +  -iTv.  Cf.  F. 
reststibititt*.'] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  resistible. 

1617  DONNE  Serm.  cxxxii.  Wks.  1839  V.  365  Resistibility 
and  Irresistibility  of  Grace,  which  is  every  Artificers  wear 
ing  now.  1642  [see  RESISTABILITY].  a  1656  HALES  Gold. 
Rein.  (1688)  510  The  Bremenses  who  handled  the  Head  de 
gratia,  &  libcro  arbitrio  in  general,  and  in  particular  over 
threw  resistibiltty  of  Grace.  1850  J.  BROWN  Disc.  -V  Sayings 
Our  Z.o«f  (1852)  II.  xx.  300  This  character  of  resistibility 
the  evidence  in  favour  of  Christianity  possesses. 

2.  Power  of  offering  resistance. 

1646  SIR!'.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  3  Whether  the  resistibility 
of  his  reason  did  not  equivalence  the  facility  of  her  seduc 
tion.  1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  iv.  vii.  §  13  The  complex 
Idea  of  Extension  and  Resistibility,  or  Solidity.  1820 
Blackiv.  Mag.  VIII.  251  Such  was  its  innate  and  surpassing 
resistibility  of  temperament,  that  it  could  not  be  over 
whelmed. 

Resistible  (r/zi-stib'l).  [f.  RESIST  v.  +  -IBLE. 
Cf.  F.  r&istiblet  Sp.  resistible].  Capable  of  being 
resisted ;  to  which  resistance  can  be  made. 

1643  PRYNNE  Sov.  Power  Part.  in.  (ed.  2)  121  Our 
Opposites  must.,  make  Kings  as  resistible,  censurable,  de- 
privable,.  .as  far  forth  as  they.  1673  BAXTER  Catk.  Thepl. 
IK  i.  172  They  make  Gods  Grace  a  resistible  thing,  which 
Man  can  frustrate.  1759  JOHNSON  Rasselas  xxxi,  Earth 
quakes  themselves,  the  least  resistible  of  natural  violence. 
1813  SIR  R.  WILSON  Priv.  Diary  (1862)  II.  235  A  tempting 
booty,  but  I  feel  confident  resistible,  if  not  tangible  with 


honour.  1884  Ch.  Times  14  Nov.  858/4  A  genuine  outbreak 
.  .would  be  no  more  resistible  than  James  II  found  it. 

Hence  Kesi'stibleness  ;  Resi'stibly  adv. 

1674  HICKMAN  Qninquart.  Hist.  (ed.  2)  125  God  by  his 
Spirit  shall  only  resistibly,  indifferently  and  remotely., 
regenerate  and  renew  our  selves.  1847  WEBSTER,  Resistible- 
ness.  1888  J.  MAKTINEAU  Study  Relig.  II.  in.  ii.  272  A 
dynamical  resistibleness  to  a  numerical  law, 

Resisting  (r/zrstirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RESIST  v.  r 
-ING  !.]  The  action  of  the  vb.  RESIST. 

1482  Monk  of  Evesham  (Arb.)  89  Chesyng  rather  to 
dyssymylle.  .than  by  her  blamyng  and  resysting  stere  and 
moue  agenste  hem  the  wrathe..of  suche  euyl  dysposyd 
persons.  1558  GOODMAN  Hoiuto  Obey  123  There  is  nothing 
in  this  saying ..  which  can  condemns  lawful!  resisting  of 
vngodlie  Rulers.  1614  DONNE  Biaeavaros  (1648)  no  The 
Devill  is  overcome  by  Resisting,  but  the  World  and  the 
Flesh  by  running  away.  1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela  III.  86 
This  Passion  had  been  heighten'd  by  my  resisting  of  it. 
1760-73  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qaal.  (1809)  IV.  91  Here  has 
been  a  large  body  of  the  gens  d'armes  sent  for  them,  so 
that  there  was  no  resisting. 

Resisting,  ppl.  a.  [f.  RESIST  T>. +  -ix<;-.] 
That  resists  or  offers  resistance.  Resisting  medium 
(see  MEDIUM  sb.  4). 

Freq.  in  modern  use  as  the  second  element  in  Combs.,  as 
colt/-,  disease-,  dust-.,  fire-resisting,  etc. 

X593  Q-  ELIZ.  Boctk.  n.  25  These  be  not  yetremedyes  for 
thy  disease,  but  serues  for  bellowe*  against  the  cure  of  thy 
resisting  sorpwe.  1595  SHAKS.  John  n,  i.  38  Against  the 
browes  of  this  resisting  townt:.  1625  K.  LONG  tr.  Barclay's 
Argenis  i.  xx.  60  Neither  did  lesse  feare  invade  his  re 
sisting  thoughts.  1694  SALMON  Bate's  Dispcns.  (1699)  402  T 
It  would  be  presently  duH'd..by  the  resisting  Sulphur. 
1743  EMEKSON  P"luxions  288  The  Resistance  of  a  Globe 
moving  in  a  resisting  Medium.  1798  HUTTON  Curs.  Math. 
(1807)  II.  357  The  resisting  force  is  equal  to  the  weight 
that  urges  it.  1862  SPENCER  First  Princ.  n.  v.  §  56  (1875) 
182  Uniform  motion  in  a  straight  line,  implies  the  absence 
of  a  resisting  medium.  1863  GKO.  ELIOT  Romola  xl, 
But  the  resisting  thoughts  were  not  yet  overborne.  1898 
Alttuitt's  Syst.  Med.  V.  329  Anything  which.. tends  to 
diminish  the  resisting  power  of  the  individual. 

Hence  Resrstingly  adv. 

1548  UDALL  Erasm.  Par,  i  John  ii.  46  b,  Doth  not  he,  that 
lyueth  after  such  sorte,  resist! ngly  denie  Christ?  1905 
Westm.  Gaz.  i  July  17/2  The  mob  ..  fell  back  slowly  and 
resistingly  before  the  rifle  volleys  of  the  troops. 

Resistive  (r/zi'stiv).  [f.  RESIST  v.  +  -IVE.] 
Capable  of  or  inclined  to  resistance. 

1603  B.  JONSON  St'jattus  n.  i,  Resistiue  'gainst  the  sunne, 
the  raine,  or  wind.  1646  Sm  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  lip.  iv. 
v.  191  The  mos.t  vigorous  part  protecting  it  selfe,  and  pro 
truding  the  matter  upon  the  weaker  and  lesse  resistive 
side.  1837  CAKI.YLK  /->.  Rev.  III.  vii.  iii,  Pardoning  the 
submissive,  cutting  down  the  resistive.  1870  E.  L.  HULL 
.Serm.  Ser.  n.  153  Every  dark  temptation  makes  us  strong 
in  resistive  might.  1897  Allbntt's  Syst.  Med.  III.  271  One 
man  is  more  resistive  than  another,  according  to  his 
strength  of  constitution. 

Hence  Besi'stively  adv.  \  Besi'stiveness, 
1803  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XIV.  491  Resistiveness, 
or  the  capability  of  becoming  an  object  of  sensation.     1864 
A.   LEIGHTON  Afyst.  Legends  Kdin,  (1886)  238  Persistive- 
ness  draws,  as  it  were,  a  power  from  the  wearing  out  of 
!    resistive  ness.     1887  Buctfs  Handbk.  KfctL  Sd.  IV.  649/1 
I     Flexion   and   extension   of   the    leg  at   the    knee,    either 
i    passively  or  resistively. 

Besistrvity.  [f.  prec.  +  -ITY.]  Ekctr.  The 
:  specific  resistance  of  a  substance. 

1890  Nature  9  Oct.  577/2  The.. diameter  of  any  of  the 
:  conductors,  .divided  by  its  electric  resistivity. 

Resistless  (rfci-stles).  [f.  RESIST  v.  +-LESS.] 

1.  That  cannot  be  resisted  ;  irresistible. 

1586  MARLOWE  ist  Pt.  Tantburl.  v.  ii,  So.  .Must  Tambur- 
'  laine  by  their  resistless  powers .  .Conclude  a  league  of  honour. 

1638  MAYNE  Lucian  (1664)  390  It  must  be  of  a  strong  and 
j  resistlesse  vertue.  1656  JEANES  Fuln.  Christ  112  It  can 
i  subdue  the  most  raging,  and  resistlesse  lusts.  1693  S. 
I  HARVEY  in  Dryden  Jit-venal  \x.  (1697)  237  Try  to  Imprison 
!  the  resistless  Wind.  1748  JOHNSON  Van.  Hunt.  Wishes 

137  Resistless  burns  the  fever  of  renown.  1813  PARR  Let. 
;  Wks.  1828  VIII.  496  So  peerless,  so  resistless,  and  upon 

this  occasion  so  guileless  an  advocate,  .as  Mr.  Burke.  1874 
j  GKO.  ELIOT  Coll.  Break/.  /*.  114  That  resistless  weight 
•  Obstinate,  irremovable  by  thought. 

2.  Powerless  to  resist ;  unresisting. 

1591  SPENSER  Muiopot.  436  He  seized  greedelie  On  the 
resistles  pray.  i6ia  W.  PARKES  Curtaine-Dr.  (1876)  44 
Vpon  whose  breasts  are  charactred  and  insculpt  the  ensignes 
of  weaknesse  and  resistlesse  impotency.  1818  KEATS 
Etidym.  in.  266  O  misery  of  hell !  resistless,  tame,  Am  I  to 
be  burnt  up  ?  1892  Cornh.  Mag.  May  559  She  was  quite 
resistless,  quite  gentle. 

Resi'Stlessly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.]  In  a 
resistless  manner ;  irresistibly. 

1737  BLACKWALL  Sacr.  Class.  (1740)  I.  61  'Tis  resistlessly 
plain,  that  the  divine  writers  do  not  always  confine  them* 
helves  to  plain  and  common  grammar.  1813  T.  BUSBY 
Lucretius  II.  24  note  (Jod.),  He.. displays  to  us  in  colours 
resistlessly  strong  one  of  the  most  dreadful  instances  of 
human  affliction.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Touts  C.  xl.  346 
Had  not  this  man  braved  him— steadily,  powerfully,  re 
sistlessly?  1890  'R,  BOLDREWOOD  '  CoL- Reformer  (1891) 
103  The  chestnut  . .  dropped  with  his  mouth  wrenched 
resistlessly  from  the  rider  s  hold. 

So  Resi  stlessness. 

1870  Echo  5  Dec.,  The  self-confidence  and  resist lessness  of 
the  men  in  the  road. 

t  Resi'stment.  Obs.  rare  -l.  [f.  RESIST  v.  + 
-MENT.]  Resistance. 

1605  Ansu'.  Discov.  Romish,  Doctr.  39  The  resistment  of 
this  present  King  of  that  countrie,  the  Bull  of  Pius  Quintus 
against  Queene  Elizabeth. 


Resetting  n-).    [RE-  5  a.]    A  second  sitting. 

1661  J.  DA  VIES  Civ.  Warrcs  367  Lenthalls  legal  and 
conscientious  objections  against  their  re-sitting  were  never 
answered.  1754  H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  (1846)  III.  38  The 
grand  juries  are  going  to  petition  for  the  resitting  of  the 
Parliament.  1889  Anthony  s  Photogr.  Bull.  II.  385  The 
cost  of  the  merchandise  used  in  a  resitting. 

Resi'zer  (r/"-).  [f.  RE- 5  a  + SIZE  v.  +  -EKI.] 
,  '  A  tool  for  restoring  an  object,  as  a  cartridge- 
shell,  to  its  original  size'  (Funffs  Stand.  Diet. 
1895.)  So  Resizing-tool. 

1882  Wore.  Exhib.  Catat,  III.  57  Rifle  with. .resizing 
tools. 

t  Reskippeson  :  see  SKIPPESOX. 

Reskus^e,  variants  of  RESCOUS  sb.  Obs. 

Resla'sh.  (r*~-)>  v.    [RE-  5  a.]   To  slash  again. 

1718  OZELL  tr.  Tourneforfs  Voy.  II.  184  Leaves,  .slash'd 
into  three  principal  parts,  and  reslash'd  again  almost  like 
the  other  leaves. 

Reslay  (r/'-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  slay  again. 

1791  ANNA  SEWAKD  Lett.  (iSn)  III.  49,  I  am  not  at  all 
tempted.. to.  .re-slay  the  already  slam.  1839  Standard 
24  Aug.,  Lord  B—  re-slew  the  ilain  in  a  speech  of  great 
brilliancy  and  sarcasm. 

Resli'de  (n-},  v.    [RE-.]    intr.  To  slide  back. 

1592  WVKLEY  An/ton  f,  Ld,  Chaudos  29  Slow  Lidian 
brooke,.  .Staying  in  doubt  th'ocean  t 'enter  in,  Or  to  realide 
where  tir;it  it  did  begin. 

Resme'lt  (r/"-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  smelt  again. 
Also  _/?;/•.  Hence  Resme-lting  vbl.  sb. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1248  Those  of  the  third  class  c.  .are 
set  apart,  and  re-smelted.  1858  GRKKNEK  Gunnery  103 
Thousands  of  tons  have  been .  .re-smelted  by  two  adjoining 
iron-works,  1875  STEIJMAN  Victorian  Poets  (1887)  453 
That  magic  transmutation  which  alone  justifies  a  resmelting 
of  the  antique. 

Resmi'le  (n~-),  v.    [RE-.]    To  smile  back. 

1708  OZKI.L  tr.  Boilearfs  Lntrin  (1730)  in.  38  The 
smirking  Barber  brandishes  on  high  A  Bumper,  which 
re-smiles  with  mutual  Joy. 

ResmoO'th.  ;r/-)>  v>  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
1  smooth  again. 

1830  LYTTON  /'.  Clifford  iii,  The  treasury  of  Mrs.  Lobkins 
resmoothed,  as  it  were,  the  irritated  bristles  of  his  mind. 
1847  TEKNYSON  Princ.  \\\.  225  And  thus  your  pains  May 
only  make  that  footprint  upon  sand  Which  old-recurring 
waves  of  prejudice  Resmooth  to  nothing. 

Resnabel,  -yl,  obs.  forms  of  RENABLE. 

ResnU'b  (n-J,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  snub  again. 

1735  HKRVEY  Mem.  II.  35  And  then  carried  the  Queen  to 
walk  and  be  resnubbed  in  the  garden. 

t  Resoi'gn,  v.  Obs.  rare  -1.  In  5  resoyngne. 
[ad.  OF.  re$oigniery  etc.,  f.  re~  RE-  +  soign&r  to  be 
anxious,  careful,  f.  soin  care.]  intr.  To  fear. 

c  1500  Mclusine  140  Our  enmys..are  come  to  assay  11  v*, 
without  cause  vnto  our  right  herytage  and  also  we  ought 
not  to  resoyngne  ne  clylaye  therfore. 

Resoil  (r/-},  v.     [RE-  5  a  and  5  c.] 

1.  trans.  To  soil  or  dirty  again. 

1591  SYLVESTER  Die  Bartas  \.  Ittry  29  Neither  shall  my 
Pen  Re-purple  Lisle  ;  nor  with  dead  Grease  agen  Re-bolle 
the  Soile  atCourtras. 

2.  To  cover  again  with  soil.     Hence  Resoi'l- 
ing  vbl.  sb. 

1842  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  ?>«/.  V.  85/2  The  top  surface 
of  cuttings  and  the  seat  of  embankment  are  usually  un- 
callowed  for  the  purpose  of  resoiling  the  slopes.  185* 
WIGGINS  Embanking  117  For  soiling  and  re-soiling,  id. 

Resojourn  («"-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  To 
i  sojourn  again. 

1648  HEKRICK  Hester. ^  To  Dean-bourn*  A  people.. rude 
I     (almost)  as  rudest  Salvages,  With  whom  I  did,  and  may 
re-sojourne  when  Rockes  turn  to  Rivers. 

ReSO'lder  (r/"-),  v.     [RE-  5  a  :    in  early  ex 
amples  after  F.  resouder,  f  rcsoder^  It.  risaldare.'} 
I    trans.     To   solder  again.       Also  absol.  and  fig. 
:    Hence  Reso'ldering  vbl.  sb. 

1598  FLORIO,  Risaldatura^  a  resoldring,  a  refastning. 
i6osSvLVESTER  (Jrania\xx,  I'ld  rather  sing,  .the  Bethanian 
Lazarus  reuiuing.Then  valiant  Theseus  Sonnes  re-sodering. 
1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  v.  45  We  twain,  with  mutual  pardon 
ask  d  and  given  For  stroke  and  song,  resolder'd  peace. 
1900  HASLUCK  Model  Engineer's  Handybb.  75  Turn  the 
outer  end  of  the  cylinder  true, ..then  reverse  and  resolder 
on  the  chuck. 

ReSO'le  (r/"-),  v.  [RE-.]  trans.  To  furnish 
(a  boot,  shoe,  etc.)  with  a  new  sole. 

a  1853  ROBERTSON  No  Church  iv,  His  boots  had  come 
j  home,  resoled  and  heeled.  1863  W.  C  BALDWIN  Afr. 
\  Hunting  iii.  65  A  day  employed  in  re-soling  shoes. 

Reso'lemnize  (r/"-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans. 

'   To  solemnize  again. 

1621  G.  SANDYS  Oz'itfs  Met.  xiv.  (1626)  28?  His  fathers 
funeralls  re-solemniz'd,  He  puts  to  Sea,  with  ships  well- 
nigh  surpriz'd  By  Iris  flames.  1654-66  EARL  ORRERV 
Parthen.  (1676)  617  The  Nuptials  were  re -solemnized. 

Resoli'Clt  (n-),  v.  [ad.  It.  risollecitaret  =  Y. 
I  ressollicittr.~\  trans.  To  solicit  again. 

1641  EARL  MOMM.  tr.  BiondCs  Civ.  Wars  in.  117  The 
'    second  messengers,  who  with   a  herald  were  sent  to  re- 
sollicite  him. 

t  Resoli'citude.  Obs.  rare  ~\  [From  the 
Fr.  original.]  Renewed  solicitude. 

1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xxvi.  92  Thou  hast  broughte  me 
from  solysitude,  &  remysed  into  resolysitude. 

t  ResO'lidate,  pa.  pple.  Obs.-1  [ad.  med.L. 
resolidatuS)  pa.  pple.  of  resoliddre  to  strengthen 
again.]  Made  solid  again ;  reunited. 


RESOLIDIFY. 

1485  CAXTON  St.  Wenefryde  4  In  the  place  of  her  necke 
where  as  her  heede  was  smyten  of  and  after  by  dyuyne 
bperacion  was  sett  on  ageyn  &  resolydate. 

Besoli'dify  (if-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  intr.  To  become  solid  again. 

1861  Chambers^  Etuycl.ll.  546/1  The  Cfamphor] sublimes 
and  resolidifies  in  the  interior  upper  part  of  the  flask.  1875 
CROLL  Climate  >r  T.  xxxi.  523  The  moment  that  it  parts 
with  the  heat  received,  it  will  of  course  resolidify. 

2.  trans.  To  make  solid  again. 

1898  Westin.  Cat:.  12  Dec.  9/2  Improving  low  grade 
butters  by  washing  them  in  a  melted  state  and  then  re 
solidifying  them  with  buttermilk. 

So  Re  solicUfica,  tion. 

1871  TVNDALL  f'rafta.  Sci.  (1879)  II.  v.  66  Watch  its 
subsequent  resolidification. 

Resolubi'lity.  [f.  as  next  +  -ITY.  Cf.  F.  rt- 
solubilitJ.~\  The  quality  of  beini;  resoluble. 

1855  H.  J.  S.  SMITH  in  Oxford  £ss.  123  In  assigning 
reasons  for  his  disbelief  of  the  universal  resolubility  of 
nebulae.  1879  Kn.?cl.  Brit.  X.  48/1  Researches  on  the 
resolubility  of  algebraic  equations  by  radicals. 

Resoluble  (re'z(71i«b'l),  a.  [ad.  late  L.  rc- 
solMilis  (41)1  e.) :  see  RE-  and  SOLUBLE,  and  cf. 
F.  rlsohtble  (1577).]  Capable  of  being  resolved, 
in  various  senses ;  resolvable. 

1601  FtiLBECKE  2«rf  I't.  1'nr.itl.  62  Though  the  sale  be 
pure  and  vncondilionall,  yet  it  is  resoluble  and  defeasible. 
1660   R.  COKE  Justice  yfiul.  5  We  see  all  things  are  in 
their    individuals   resoluble   into    their   first    composition. 
1665-6  /'/?//.  Trans.  I.  204  The  two  first  sorts  are  made  of 
a  matter  easily  resoluble.      11705  BKKKELF.Y  in  Fraser  Life 
(1871)  421  Qu.  if  extension  be  resoluble  into  points  it  does 
not  consist  of1?     1871  EARLE  Philol.  Eng.  Tongue  §  649  The 
ilistinctiveness  of  all  that  which  we  call  brogue,  accent,  &c. 
is  ultimately  resoluble  into  a  speciality  of  modulation.    1871 
Daily  Art?ws  30  June,  One  of  those  mysteries  resoluble  only 
by  a  knowledge  of  the  fact  that  [etc.]. 

Hence  Be'solubleness. 

1670  BOYLE  Tracts,  Temp.  Snlterr.  Reg.  ix.  34  Many  of 
them  may  be  wrought  on,,  .even  by  moist  Air,  which  argues 
the  resolublenesse  of  their  Constitution. 

Re-soluble  ,r%'li«b'l),  a.  [RE- 5  a.]  Capable 
of  being  dissolved  again. 

1839  UBE  Diet.  Arts  ^541  A  solution  that  lets  fall,  with 
caustic  soda,  a  precipitate  partly  re-soluble  in  carbonate  of 
ammonia.  1846  POE  Willis  Wks.  1865  III.  30  All  which 
claims  to  be  new.. is  re-soluble  into  the  old. 

Resolucion,  obs.  form  of  RESOLUTION. 

•f  Resolutative,  error  for  RESOLUTIVE  a. 

1582  HESTER  Seer.  F/iiorav.  I.  xliv.  54  The  [remedy]., 
hath  a  penetratiue  vertue  and  resolutative. 

Re  solute,  sl>.  rare.     [See  next.] 

fl.  A  payment.  Obs. 

1534  Yorks.  Chantry  Sum.  (Surtees)  II.  512  In  Resolutes 
yeiely  going  forthe  of  the  same  v»  ij1'.  1573  ABP.  PARKER 
Corr.  (Parker  Soc.)  455  Subsidies,  free  rents,  new-year's  gifts, 
and  other  such  resolutes  cccc1.  1610  W.  FOLKINGHAM  Art 
of  Survey  iv.  iv.  84  In  this  Rancke  may  be  Marshalled  al 
Resolutes,  Dechashes,  Decrements. 

2.  A  resolute  or  determined  person. 

1602  SHAKS.  Hani.  i.  i.  98  Young  Fortinbras..Hath.. 
Shark 'd  vp  a  List  of  Landlesse  Resolutes.    1799-1800  COLE 
RIDGE  tr.  Schiller's  Piccolomini  i.  iii.  62  Many  a  resolute, 
who  now  appears  Made  up  to  all  extremes. 

Resolute  (re-z<H'wt),  a.  (and  fa.  pple.}.  [ad. 
L.  resoliitus,  pa.  pple.  of  resolvfre  to  RESOLVE.  So 
It.,  Sp.,  Pg.  resolute^  F.  rholu^ 

I.  fl.  Dissolved.  Obs.  rare— \ 

c  1420  Paltad.  on,  Hnsb.  i.  1119  For  bathis  hoot,  ammon'iak 
is  tolde  Right  good,  with  brym-,toon  resolute. 

t2.  Of  loose  texture;  friable.  Obs.  rare. 

-1420  Pallad.on  Husb.  ur.  12  Now  wold  also  thi  puls  be 
sowen  there  As  thynne,  &  resolute,  .hit  were.  Ibid.  iv.  51 
Panyk  &  mylde  in  hoot  &  drie  is  sowe  As  now.  Light  re 
solute  lond  they  desire. 

f  3.  Morally  lax,  dissolute.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1432-50  tr.  Htgden.  (Rolls)  III.  191  He  wente  to  the 
cite  of  Crotines,  resolute  moche  in  vertues  and  in  honeste, 
techenge  men,  women,  and  childer  vertuous  life. 

•f4:.  Relaxed,  weak,  infirm.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1607  TOPSELL  Fon r-f.  Beasts  (1658)  148  The  weak,  resolute, 
or  paralytike  members  being  therewith  anointed,  they  are 
much  eased,  if  not  recovered. 

II.  f  5.  Of  rents :  Paid,  rendered.  Obs. 

e  1466  in  Bedfordsh.  N.  <$•  Q.  (1886)  I.  361  Rent  resolute  to 
our.  .lord  the  kyng,  as  to  his  manor  of  Bycleswade.  1534 
Liber  Regis  (1786)  p.  ix,  What  annuell.  .rents. .and  Fees. . 
ben  yerly  accustumed  to  be  resolute  and  paid.  1670  Act 
22  C/tas.  //,  c.  6  §  9  Allowances  to  be  made  of  divers  Pen 
sions,  Portions,  Rents  Resolute,  or  other  Things  of  the  like 
Nature. 

III.  f6.  Determinate,  decided,  positive,  abso 
lute,  final.   Obs. 

1501  Lett.  Rich.  Ill  <$•  Hen.  VII  (Rolls)  I.  169  The  same 
commissioners  ..promysid  us  ..  to  shewe  us  the  resolute 
mynde  of  the  said  king.  153*  MORE  Confut.  Tindale  Wks. 
524/2  Wherin  what  hys  finall  and  resolute  sentence  is,  ye 
shall.. very  scantly  perceiue.  1597  HOOKER  Eccl.Pot.v. 
xlix.  §  3  The  answere  of  God  was  a  resolute  denyall  of 
favour  to  them  for  whom  supplication  was  made.  1606 
BRYSKETT  Civ.  Lije  122  His  resolute  opinion  in  that  matter 
cannot  be  picked  out  of  his  writings. 

t  b.  Esp.  resolute  answer.  (Common  in  i6th  c.) 

1513  MORE  Rich.  III.  Wks.  66/1  If  he  woulde  geue  them 
a  resolute  aunswere  to  the  contrarye.  1581  J.  BF.LL  Haddotts 
AHSW.  Osor.  503  To  satisfie  this  place  of  S.  Paule,  here  is 
an  easie  and  a  Resolute  aunswere.  1629  MASSINGER  Picture 
iv.  i,  I  expect  now  Your  resolute  answer:  but  advise  ma 
turely  Before  I  hear  it.  Vi  1656  HALES  Gold.  Kem.  (1688) 
420  The  Praeses  eagerly  urged  them  to  give  their  resolute 
answer. 


526 

t  7.  Of  persons :  Decided  with  regard  to  matters 
of  doubt  or  opinion.  Obs.  rare. 

1581  N.  BUKNE  Dispnt,  in  Catk.  Tract.  (S.T.S,)  148  Sua 
(they]  vald  be  na  mair  resolut  be  the  judgement  of  the  bellis, 
nor  thay  var  befoir.     1631  WEEVER  Ane.  Funeral  A/on.  797    [ 
He  . .  sot  the  surname  Doctoris  resoluti,  of  Resolute  or 
Resoluing  Doctor. 

8.  Of  persons,  their  minds,  etc. :    Determined, 
having  a  fixed  resolve,  constant,  firm :  a.  Const. 
against,  f  or  ^  in,  f/0,  \  upon,  and  with  inf. 

1533  BELLENDEN  Liiy  II.  vii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  155  pai  war  all    [ 
resolute  of  ane  mynde,  to  put  ane  end  als  sone  to  bare  ciete    I 
as  to  bare  liberte.      1579  LYLY  Euphues  (Arb.)  134  They    : 
would  neuer  haue  ben  so  dissolute  in  their  life,  or  so  resolute 
in  their  owne  conceipts.      1634  W.  TIRWHYT  tr.  Balzac's 
Lett.   187,  I  am  determined    to  continue  resolute  in  well 
doing.     1670  COTTON  Espertton  \.  i.  20  His  Majesty,  .con- 
ceiv'd  a  mortal  animosity  against  him,  and  was  resolute  to 
his  ruine.     1715  DE  FOE  Fam.  Instruct.  \.  iv.  (1841)  I.  93 
Are  you  so  resolute  against  yourself?     1719  —  Cntsoc  n. 
(Globe)  519  Seeing  ihey  were  resolute  for  Mischief.     1838 
WORDSW.  Blest  Statesman  He,  Him  who  holds  his  ministry, 
Resolute,  at  rill  hazards,  to  fulfil  Its  duties.     1874  GREKN 
Short  Hist.  vii.§  6.  406  If  the  Queen  was  resolute  for  peace, 
England  was  resolute  for  war. 

b.  Without  const.,  in  predicative  or  attrib.  use. 

1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch,  Agis  <s-  Cleomenes  (1657)  666 
Agi^.. shewed  himself  in  his  counsel)  then,  no  rash,  but  a 
resolute  and  valiant  man.     1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  v.  ii.  705 
Clo.   He  do  it  in  my  shirt.      Duin.  Most  resolute  Pompey. 
1604  T.  WRIGHT  Passions  in.  ii.  84  In  most  vehement  pas- 
sions  the  resolutest  minds  are  best  prooued.  1652  J.  WRIGHT    I 
tr.  Camus  Nat.   Paradox  337  Liante.  .placed  himself  at 
the  head  of  this  resolute  Party.     1729  BUTLER  Serm.  Wks.    | 
1874  II.  TOO  A  certain  determination,  and  resolute  bent  of    ; 
mind,  not  to  be  convinced  or  set  right.    1817  SHELLEY  Kct>. 
/slam  ix.  iv,  They  were  few,  but  resolute.   1863  GEO.  ELIOT    j 
Komola  xxix,  The  simple,  resolute  man  looked  round  him 
with  grave  joy. 

9.  Of  actions,  etc.  :  Characterized  by  determina 
tion  or  firmness  of  purpose. 

1603  SHAKS.  Meas.for  M.  n.  i.  12  That  the  resolute  acting 
of  [yjour  blood  Could  have  attain'd  th'  effect  of  your  owne 
purpose.  1632  LITHGOW  Tntv.  n.  65  After  a  most  resolute 
deliberation.  1784  COWPER  Task  v.  619  His  master-lust  Falls 
first  before  his  resolute  rebuke.  1813  SHELLEY  (?.  Mai'  in. 
153  He. .leads  Invincibly  a  life  of  resolute  good.  1874 
GKKEN  Short  Hist,  ii.  §  8.  101  Young  as  he  was,  Henry 
mounted  the  throne  with  a  resolute  purpose  of  government. 

Resolute  (re'z<51'«t),  v.  Now  U.  S.  [orig. 
f.  resoliit-,  ppl.  stem  of  L.  resolvere  to  RESOLVE, 
but  in  mod.  use  a  back-formation  from  resolution,] 

t 1.  re/I,  To  resolve,  decide  (oneself)  upon  a  per 
son.  Ol>s.  rare-1. 

^1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII  184  b,  After  long  debate    j 
the  kyng  resoluted  him  selfe  vpon  sir  Thomas  More  [to  be 
liis  Chancellor]. 

f  2.  trans.  To  resolve,  dissolve  into  something. 

1727  BRADLEY  Fam,  Diet,,  Hail,  a  cloudy  Vapour  resoluted 
in  to  Water  which  in  the  Fall  through,  .the  Air  is  congealed, 
and  so  made  Hail. 

3.   U.  S.  intr.  To  draw  up  or  pass  resolutions. 

1860  in  De  Vere  Aiftericanisins  (1871)  655  When  you  have 
done  resoluting,  you  will  only  have  lost  your  time.  1888 
KRYCE  Ainer.  Connnw.  v.  xc.  III.  233  The  discontented., 
flocked  every  Sunday  afternoon  to  cheer  denunciations  of 
corporations  and  monopolists,  and  to 'resolute1  against  the 
rich  generally. 

Resolutely  (re-zfl'wtli),  adv.  [f.  RESOLUTE 
a.  +  -LY  -.]  In  a  resolute  manner. 

f  1.  Determinately,  positively,  definitely.  Obs. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron,,  Hen.  VIII  258  He  tolde  them  reso 
lutely  that  onelesse  thei  would  yelde  vp  the  toune  franckly 
[etc.],  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  ii.  225  Hee  resolutely  beleeuing 
they  were  intended  for  Ireland.  1661  BOYLE  Spring  of  Air 
in,  xxxi,  Possibly  he  would  have  spoken  less  resolutly  if  he 
had  made  all  the  trials. 

2.  With  fixed  purpose,  boldly,  determinedly. 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen,  IV,  i.  it.  38  A  Purse  of  Gold  most 
resolutely  snaich'd  on  Monday  night,  and  most  dissolutely 
spent  on  Tuesday  Morning.  1647  CLARENDON  hist.  Reb.  \. 
§  40  Frankly  and  resolutely  to  enter  into  a  war  with  Spain. 


Ralegh  I.  i.  9  Traditions  which  are  resolutely,  .upheld  by 
the  inhabitants  of  the  village. 

Resoluteness  (re-z^l'wtnes).  [f.  as  prec. + 
-NESS.]  The  fact  or  character  of  being  resolute ; 
firm  determination. 

"593  G.  HARVEY  Pierce"s  Super.  38  Pollicy  deemeth  that 
vertue  a  vice,,  .that  resolutenes,  dissolutenes.  1599  SANDYS 
Europze  Spec.  (1605)  Fiv,  Men  who  with  incessant  industry 
and  resolutenes  incredible . .  leave  no  exploite . .  vnattempted. 
1675  BROOKS  Gold.  AVyWks.  1867  V.  169  A  willingness  and 
resoluteness  to  suffer  for  him  when  we  are  called  to  it.  1840 
ARNOLD  Hist.  Rome  II.  375  The  plain  resoluteness  of  his 
character,  .caused  him  to  be  elected  tribune  of  the  commons. 
1890  Spectator  25  Jan.,  To  make  his  resoluteness  serve  the 
purpose  of  extricating  the  great  German  from.. a  difficult 
and  ambiguous  crisis. 

Resolution  (rezfl'/Hsn).  Also  4-6  -cioun, 
5-7  -cion,  5-6  -cyon.  [a.  OF.  resolution,  -tion 
(I4th  c. ;  mod.F.  rt*solutiont=fy.  resolution.  It. 
re-,  ri$ohizione\  or  ad.  L.  resolution-em^  n.  of 
action  f.  resolvSre  to  RESOLVE.] 

I.  fl.  a.  =  DISSOLUTION  8.  Obs.  rare. 

1382  WYCLIF  2  Tim.  iv.  6  The  tyme  of  my  resolucioun  [L. 
resolutionis\,  or  deeth,  is  ny}.  c  1449  PF.COCK  Rej>r.  \.  xi.  57. 
1582  N.  T.  (Khem.)  2  Tim.  iv.  6  The  time  of  my  resolution 
is  at  hand. 


RESOLUTION. 

jb.  A  state  of  dissolution  or  decay.  Obs^ 
1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  n.  xiv.  (S.T.S.)  I.  184  J>e  membris 
.  .brocht  baith  bame  self  and  all  J?e  body  to  extreme  resolu 
cioun  [L.  take!)/]. 

2.  The   process   by  which  a  material   thing  is 
reduced  or  separated  into  its  component  parts  or 
elements ;  a  result  of  this.     Also  attrib. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  iv.  xxxv,  The  flawme.  .queynt, 
that  they  ne  mygbt  se  Nought  but  smoky  resolucions.  1513 
BRADSHAW  St.  Werbnrge  i.  3327  Our  sauiour.  .presented 
her  body.. Both  hole  and  sounde  from  naturall  resolucion. 
1555  £UEN  Decades  (Arb.)  239  It  dooth  preserue  the  same 
from  resolution  &  putrefaction.  1626  BACON  Sylva  §  400 
The  Immediate  Cause  of  Death,  is  the  Resolution  or  Ex 
tinguishment  of  the  Spirits,  a  1676  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Alan. 
in.  vi.  (1677)  278  The  Resolution  or  Maceration  of  Frogs  and 
Worms  will  reproduce  Individuals  of  the  same  species.  1707 
Curias,  in  Hitsb.  fy  Card.  230  By  their  Resolution,  or  the 
true  Anatomy  I  made  of  them,  I  found  them  to  be  compos 'd 
of  much  Sulphur,  a  little  Mercury,  and  less  Salt.  1794 
HUTTON  Philos.  Light^  etc.  297  The  decomposition  or  reso 
lution  of  phlogistic  substances. .is  now  well  understood. 
1822-34  Good*s  Study  Mcd.  (ed-4)  I.  12  The  high  tempera 
ture  in  the  stomach  produces  a  concretive  resolution.  1881 
Nature  XXIV.  397/2  A  simpler  or  fundamental  group  being 
the  resolution  product. 

traitsf.  1856  EMERSON  Eng.  Traits,  Race,  All  our  ex 
perience  is  of  the  gradation  and  resolution  of  races. 

b.  Const,  to,  into.    Also,  conversion  into  some 
thing  else,  or  into  a  different  form. 

1519  Inter!.  Four  Eleni.  in  Hazl.  Dodsley\.  12  Corruption 
of  a  body..  Is  but  the  resolution.  .Of  every  element  to  his 
own  place.  1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps.  xc.  3  The  resolution  of 
the  body  to  dust,  may  be  fitly  exprest.  1812  SIR  H.  DAVY 
Chem.  P kilos.  51  Their  resolution  into  the  supposed  ele 
ments  of  the  chemists  of  those  days.  1867  H.  MACMILLAN 
Bible  Teach,  vii.  (1870)  134  Instances  of  the  resolution  of 
the  stem  into  a  rolled  and  compressed  leaf  may  be  seen  in 
grasses  and  bulbous  plants. 

c.  The  effect  of  an  optical  instrument  in  making 
the  separate  parts  of  an  object  (esp.  the  stars  of  a 
nebula)  distinguishable  by  the  eye. 

1860  Ohnsted's  Mech.  Heavens  396  The  resolution  of  this 
nebula.  1867  J.  HOGG  Microsc.  i.  ii.  72  Resolution,  or  the 
power  of  showing  clearly  minute  details.  1868  LOCKYER 
Gnilletnin's  Heavens  (ed.  3)  396  Each  new  triumph  of  optical 
skill  results  in  a  resolution  of  some  nebulee,  before  irreducible. 

3.  Med.  t&-  Dissolution  or  dispersion  of  hum 
ours  or  of  morbid  matter  in  the  body.  Obs. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvm.  Ixxxvii.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
In  somer  [though]  bere  be  giette  resolucion  of  humours  her 
is  grete  wastinge  hereof.  (1400  Lan/ranc's  Cirurg.  353 
It  wole  make  be  mater  moll  ifi  cat  if,  &  make  \>e  poris  open 
to  resolucioun.  1543  TRAHERON  Vino's  Chirnrg.  n.  65  It 
causeth  the  humours  to  breath  out  wyth  gentyll  resolution, 
and  sedation  of  payne.  1620  VENNER  Via  Recta  viii.  190 
Through  paruity  of  exercise,  and  resolution  of  superfluous 
matter  by  the  pores  many  crude . .  humours  are  bred.  1778 
R.  James"  Diss.  Fevers  (ed.  8)  7  To  bring  about  a  concre 
tion  or  resolution  of  the  humours  which  excited  the  fever. 
t  b.  Conversion  into  purulent  matter.  Obs. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillenicau  s  Fr.  Chirnrg.  17  b/i  The  sup- 
puratione,  or  resolution  to  matter,  beinge  finished.  1676 
WISEMAN  Snrg.  Treat. ,  If.  .the  Struma;  [be]  recent  and 
but  moderately  hard,  the  Resolution  or  Suppuration  of 
them  is  seizable. 

c.  Disappearance  of  inflammation  without  com 
ing  to  suppuration. 

1783  W.  CULLEN  First  Lines  §  249  Wks.  1827  II.  8  If  an 
inflammation  be  cured  while  the  state  and  texture  of  the 
part  remain  entire,  the  disease  is  said  to  be  terminated  by 
Resolution.  1833  Cycl.  Pract.  Med.  II.  790/2  Resolution 
is  not  only  the  most  favourable,  but  the  most  common  ter 
mination  of  inflammation.  1853  MARKHAM  tr.  Skodas 
Auscult.  286  When  resolution  of  the  inflammation  com 
mences,.,  the  bronchial  respiration  returns. 

f4.  Conversion  to  a  fluid  state.   Obs. 

1644  DIGBY  Trent.  Bodies  \.  x.  77  In  the  hoat  springes  of 
extreme  cold  countries,  where  the  first  heates  are  vnsuffer- 
able,  which  proceede  out  of  the  resolution  of  humidity  con 
gealed.  1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  \\.  ii.  174  It  must  be 
caused  by  the  resolution  of  the  Snow  which  was  dissolved 
the  Week  before. 

5.  Relaxation  or  weakening  of  some  organ  or  part 
of  the  body.  Now  rare. 

1547  BOORDE  Brev.  Health  cclxxi.  90  b,  A  palsey  doth 
come.. by  resolucion  or  els  compression  of  the  nervous  or 
sinewes.  1558  Br.  WATSON  Sev.  Sacram,  xvi.  c,  What 
resolution,  and  as  it  were  a  meltinge  of  his  bodie  and 
bowelles.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  49  Those  that  haue  the 
palsie  or  resolution  of  the  nerues.  1661  LOVELL  Hist. 
Anim.  f  A/in.,  Isagoge,  Fear.. causeth  loosenesse,  resolu 
tion  of  the  muscles,  and  sometimes  death  with  a  small 
pulse.  1708  Brit.  Apollo  No.  45.  2/1  A  Resolution  of  the 
Nerves  may  ensue,  and  this  faltring  of  the  Tongue  bev 
caused.  1779  JOHNSON  Let.  to  H.  Thralc  23  June,  Weari 
ness  is  itself  a  temporary  resolution  of  the  nerves.  1899 
Allbutt"s  Syst.  Med.  VII.  618  Owing  to  the  complete 
muscular (  resolution  '  the  cheeks  will  be  flaccid. 

II.  6.  The  process  of  resolving  or  reducing  a 
non-material  thing  into  simpler  forms,  or  of  con 
verting  it  into  some  other  thing  or  form. 

With  quots.  1662  and  1677  compare  1656  in  b. 

1388  Prol.  lyyclif  Bible  xv.  (1850)  ^7  In  translating  into 
English,  manie  resolucions  moun  make  the  sentence  open. 
Ibid.,  I  Englishe  it  thus  bi  resolucioun.  1570  BiLLINOSLKY 
Euclid  i.  prop.  i.  9  The  first  principles  and  grounds, 
which  are  indemonstrable,  and  for  theyr  simplicity  can 
suffer  no  farther  resolution.  i66»  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacraf 
ii.  iii.  §  3  The  infallible  veracity  of  God  in  the  Scriptures, 
as  the  last  resolution  of  faith.  1677  J.  OWES  Reason  of 
Faith  Wks.  1852  IV.  114  Those  of  the  Roman  church  who 
are  the  most  averse  from  that  resolution  of  faith  which 
most  Protestants  acquiesce  in.  1786  H.  TOOKE  Parley 
(1829)  I.  96  Though  your  method  of  resolution  will  answer 


RESOLUTION. 

with  most  sentences,  yet  I  doubt  much  whether  it  will  with 
all.  1797  Encycl.  tirit.(tA.  3)  X.  193/2  Of  the  Composition 
and  Resolutions  of  our  Ideas,  and  the  Rules  of  Definition 
thence  arising.  1845  Proc.  Phitol.  Sec.  II.  167  This  form 
furnishes  a  complete  and  intelligible  resolution  of  the  phrase. 
1893  CHASE  in  A  rckiv  Stud.  neu.  Sprache  C.  252  Resolution 
of  contractions  is  denoted  by  italics. 
b.  Const,  into  or  f  in. 

1530  PALSGR.  79  The  pronownes  derivatyves  have  thre 
accidentes, .  .by  whiche  their  gendre  and  nombre  is  ex 
pressed,  and  resolucyon  in  to  their  primityvcs.  1597 
MORLEY  Introd.  J\his.  Annot.,  Black  or  halfe  black  liga 
tures,.. with  the  resolution  of  the  same  in  other  common 
notes,  1656  BRAMHALL  Replic.  vii.  44  What  that  Catholick 
Church  is,  into  the  authority  whereof  they  make  the  last 
resolution  of  their  Faith.  1660  R.  COKE  Justice  Vind. 
Pref.  12  This  sensless  resolution  of  all  things  into  Reason. 
1706  W.  JONES  Syn.  Palmar,  Matkeseosvi  The  Resolution 
of  Powers  into  their  Roots  is  called  Evolution  or  the 
Analysis  of  Powers.  1837  WHEWELL  Hist.  Indnct.  Set. 
(1857)  I.  140  The  Resolution  of  the  apparent  motions  of 
the  heavenly  bodies  into  an  assemblage  of  circular  motions. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  14  The  resolution  of  justice 
into  two  unconnected  precepts. 

C.  In  prosody,  the  substitution  of  two  short 
syllables  in  the  place  of  a  long  one. 

1884  HADLEV  &  ALLEN  Grk.  Gram.  §  1080  A  tribrach 
stands  by  resolution  in  place  of  the  first  trochee. 

7.  fa.  Math,  and  Logic.    (See  quots.  and  ANA 
LYSIS  7,  8.)  Obs. 

1557  RECORDE  Whetst.  Cc.  ij,  Proue  theim  bothe  byresolu- 
tion  :  and  then  shall  you  knowe,  the  reason  of  their  agre- 
mente.  1370  BILLINGSLEY  .£«<://</ 1.  prop.i.  9  A  demonstration 
a  posteriori^  or  resolution  is,  when  contrariwise  in  reasoning, 
we  passe  from  the  last  conclusion  made  by  the  premisses  . . 
til  we  come  to  the  first  principles  and  grounds.  Ibid. 
xili.  prop.  5.  396  Resolution,  is  the  assumption  or  taking 
of  the  thing  which  is  to  be  proued,  as  graunted,  and  by 
t hinges  which  necessarily  follow  it,  to  passe  vnto  some 
truth  graunted.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Teclin.  I,  Resolution 
(in  Mathematicks)  is  a  Method  of  Invention,  whereby  the 
Truth  or  Falshood  of  a  Proposition  ..is  discover'd,  in  an 
Order  contrary  to  that  of  Synthesis,  or  Composition. 
1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  business  of  resolution  is, 
to.. examine  the  truth  or  falshood  of  a  proposition,  by 
ascending  from  some  particular  known  truth, ..by  a  chain 
of  consequences,  to  another  more  general  one  in  question. 

b.  Logic.     (See  quot.) 

1855  AUP.  THOMSON  Laws  T/t.  §  71  (1860)  118  Resolution, 
where  the  marks  of  the  definitum  are  made  its  definition  : 
as  in  '  a  pension  Is  an  allowance  for  past  services'. 

8.  Mus.  f  a.     (See  quots.)     Obs.  rare. 
1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.t  Resolution,  in  music,  is  when  a 

canon  or  perpetual  fugue  is  not  written  all  on  the  same 
line,  or  in  one  part ;  but  all  the  voices  that  are  to  follow 
the  guida,  or  first  voice,  are  written  separately.  x8n 
BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.  (ed.  3)  s.v.,  Formerly  also,  a  Canon  was 
said  to  be  resolved,  or  written  in  Resolution,  when  instead 
of  being  comprised  in  a  single  stave,  all  the  parts  were 
given  on  separate  staves. 

b.  The  process  by  which  a  discord  is  made  to 
pass  into  a  concord. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Discord,  These  discords., 
must  be  succeeded  by  concords :  which  is  commonly  called 
the  resolution  of  the  discord.  i76oSiERNE  Tr.  S handy  \\.  vi, 
The  preparation  and  resolution  of  the  discord  into  harmony. 
1838  Penny  Cycl.  XII.  50/1  Sometimes  the  resolution  is 
brought  about  by  the  base,  as  in  the  instance  of  the  discord 
of  the  znd.  1889  PBOUT  Harmony  ix.  §  198  The  interval 
of  a  seventh  is  always  a  dissonance,  and  therefore  requires 
resolution— that  is,  to  be  followed  by  a  consonance. 

9.  Mech.  (See  quots.  1798  and  1830.) 

1798  HUTTON  Course  Math.  (1807)  II.  137  The  Resolution 
of  Forces  is  the  finding  of  two  or  more  forces  which,  acting 
in  any  different  directions,  shall  have  the  same  effect  as  any 
given  single  force.  1830  KATER  &  LARDNER  Afech.  \.  52  It 
is  frequently  expedient  to  substitute  for  a  single  force  two 
or  more  forces,  to  which  it  is  mechanically  equivalent,  or 
of  which  it  is  the  resultant.  This  process  is  called  '  the 
resolution  of  force*.  1882  MISCHIN  Unipl.  Kinemat.  124 
The  equations.. expressing  the  components  of  the  given 
strain  with  reference  to  a  new  set  of  axes,  .constitute  the 
resolution  of  strain. 

fig.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tom's  C,  xxxii,  292  Legree 
.  .governed  his  plantation  by  a  sort  of  resolution  of  forces. 
III.  10.  The  answering  of  a  question;  the 
solving  0/a  doubt  or  difficulty,  f  Also,  the  sup 
plying  0/"an  answer.  Now  rare.  (Freq.  in  I7th  c.) 

1548  GESTE  Pr.  Masse  103, 1  wyl  addresse  me  to  the  ful 
answere  and  resolution  of  the  same.  1577  HANMER  Anc. 
Eccles.  Hist,  v.  xii.  (1619)  85  Rhodion  promised  also  to 
publish  the  resolutions  of  his  Problemes.  His  Comment 
aries  upon  the  six  dales  works  are  at  this  day  extant.  1604 
E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  \\.  xi.  106  Whoso 
woulde  neerely  consider  the  causes ..  shall  finde  them  in 
sufficient  for  the  full  resolution  of  this  point.  1651  BAXTER 
tnf.  Bapt.  275  In  resolution  of  the  question  of  universal! 
Redemption.  1705  STANHOPE  Paraphr,  I.  350  Fora  resolu 
tion  of  this  enquiry,  the  case  of  Abraham  will  be  of  great 
use  to  us.  1758  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  24  F  2  Of  this  question 
..we  must  be  content  to  live  without  the  resolution.  1845 
LEWES  Hist.  Phiios.  in.  ii,  The  resolution  of  that  problem 
..had  left  him  unsatisfied.  1847  MILLER  First  Impr.  ling. 
x.  (1857)  164  Several  antagonist  theories  have  been  promul 
gated  in  attempted  resolution  of  the  puzzle. 

b.  The  solution  of  an  arithmetical  or  mathe 
matical  problem.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch  (1676)  20  [He]  gathered  it  out  by 
certain  accidents,  as  they  do  in  the  resolutions  of  certain 
Geometrical  questions.  1636  M  ELLIS  Recordes  Gr.  Artss 
160  For  the  resolution  whereof,  and  of  all  such  other  like, 
reduce  23  pound  8  shillings,  all  into  shillings,  1715  tr. 
Gregory"1  s  Astron.  (1726)  1.  317  Concerning  the  Resolu 
tion  of  the  most  considerable  Problems  of  the  First  Motion 
by  Calculation.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  fed.  3)  I.  431/2  Of  the 
Resolution  of  Equations.  1817  H.  T.  CoLEBROOKE/J/f^ra 


527 

207  T^e  resolution  of  these  equations  is  so  named,  because 
it  is  in  general  effected  by  making  the  middle  term.. dis 
appear  from  between  two  square  terms.  1845  Encycl, 
Ulctrpp.  I.  543/1  The  resolution  of  this  equation  gives  the 
solution  of  the  proposed  problem.  1875  Encycl.  Brit.  I. 
517/1  A  problem  subservient  to  the  resolution  of  indeter 
minate  problems  of  the  first  degree. 

-j-  c.  Without  const.  An  answer  or  solution. 
Obs.  (Freq.  in  I7th  c.) 

^1542  WVATT  in  Tottel's  Misc.  (Arb.)  50  It  liketh  me 
(quod  she)  to  haue  hard  your  question,  But,  lenger  time 
doth  ask  a  resolucion.  1581  PETTIK  Guazzos  Civ.  Conv.  \. 
(1586)  6  Your  resolutions,  doe  me  content  so  well,  That  I 
delight,  .to  aske.  1643  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Relig.  bled,  \.  §  9, 
I  can  answer  all  the  objections,  .with  that  odde  resolution 
I  learned  of  Tertullian,  certuni  est  quia  impossibile  est. 

f  d.  In  phr.  of. .  resolution,  (hard  or  easy)  to 
resolve.  Obs.  rare. 

1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Ilydriot.  i.  (1736)  n  How  the 
Romans  left  so  many  Coins  seems  of  hard  Resolution.  1675 
BAXTER  Cath.  Thcol.  \.  i.  no  A  strange  dispute,  and  of 
most  easie  resolution. 

11.  A  statement  upon  some  matter ;  a  decision  or 
verdict  on  some  point.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1581  MARBECK  Bk.  Notes  1055  The  Lord  hath  gmen  a 

§enerall  resolution,  that  no  man  can  enter  into  the  king- 
ome  of  heauen,  vnles  [etc.].  1588  FKAI-NCI-:  Lai^icrs  I.cg. 
i.  iv.  25  Which  last  resolution  of  his  I  follow  at  this  present. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  143  He  speaketh  so  confidently 
thereof,  as  I  will  not  altogether  discredit  his  resolution  in 
this  behalfe.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNF.  Fsend.  Ep.  \.  \.  (i636)  3 
He  hath  reserved  many  things  unto  his  own  resolution. 
1674  Essex  Papers  (Caniden)  I.  197  [He]  promiseth  to  give 
his  resolution  about  y«  petitioners  before  his  departure. 

1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  VI.  506  The  established  law  in 
cases  of  this  nature  was  according  to  the  resolution  in  the 
Duke  of  Norfolk's  case. 

b.  A  formal  decision,  determination,  or  ex 
pression  of  opinion,  on  the  part  of  a  deliberative 
assembly  or  other  meeting ;  a  proposal  of  this 
nature  submitted  to  an  assembly  or  meeting. 

1604  Jrnls.  Ho.  Comm.  28  June,  No  Resolution  or  further 
Speech  in  it  [a  question]  at  that  Time.  1651  HOBBKS 
Levinth.  n.  xxii.  119  Present  at  all  the  Deliberations,  and 
Resolutions  of  the  Body,  a  1715  BURXKT  Oivn  Time  (1897) 
I.  98  When  these  resolutions  were  passed  with  this  protesta 
tion,  a  great  many. .met,  and  formed  an  association  apart. 
1771  Jnnius  Lett,  xlviii.  (1788)  264  Yet  now  you  confess  that 
parliaments  are  fallible,  and  that  their  resolutions  may  be 
illegal.  1833  HT.  MARI  ISEAU  j\lanck.  Strike  iv.  41  To  hold 
a  meeting. .in  order  to  prepare  resolutions  to  be  laid  before 
the  masters.  1872  FKKEMAN  f'".ng.  Const,  iii.  1 55  The  passing 
by  the  House  of  Commons  of  such  a  resolution  as  this. 
C.  A  solution  or  settlement  of  a.  dispute. 

1890  Spectator  15  Mar.,  The  Italian  Government,  though 
it  is  strong,  hardly  hopes  to  see  a  resolution  of  its  quarrel 
with  the  Papacy. 

f!2.  An  explanatory  account  <?/"  something.  Obs. 

1582  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  536  [The  safeconduct 
had  been  obtained,  and  directed   to  him]  togidder  with  a 
resolution  of  the  forme  and  tyme  appointit  for  his  depart 
ing.    1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Hydriot.  19  We  much  deplore  the 
loss  of  that  Letter  which  Cicero  expected  or  received  from 
his  Brother  Quintus,  as  a  resolution  of  Brittish  customes. 

IV.  f  13.  a.  The  removal  of  doubt  on  some 
point  from  a  person's  mind.  Obs.  rare. 

1578  LVTE  Dodoens  To  Rdr.,  For  thy  instruction  and 
resolution  in  these  matters  I  referre  the  to  the  same 
Authors,  1635  PAGITT  Christianogr.  m.  (1-636)  73  A  Ger 
man  Monke  adviseth  him  that  doubteth  of  Purgatory,  for 
his  resolution  to  make  his  iourney  into  Scotland  the 
;reater.  1644  J.  COTTON  Keyes  Kingd.  Heaven  iv.  18  The 
,,'hun. h  of  Antioch  sent  messengers  to  lerusalem  for 
resolution  and  satisfaction  in  a  doubt  that  troubled  them. 

fb.  Confidence;  conviction,  certainty,  positive 
knowledge.  Obs.  rare. 

1590  GREENE  Never  too  Late  Wks.  (Grosart)  VIII.  98, 
I  haue  such  resolution  in  thy  constancie,  that  [etc.].  1605 
SHAKS.  Lear  \.  ii.  108,  I  would  vnstate  my  selfe,  to  be  in  a 
due  resolution,  a  1637  HOLLAND  (Webster),  Little  resolution 
and  certainty  there  is  as  touching  the  islands  of  Mauritania. 

14.  The  (or  an)  act  of  resolving  or  determining ; 
anything  resolved  upon ;  a  fixed  determination. 

_  1590  GKEENE  Orl.  Fur.  (1599)  15  Trust  me.  .1  will  sacke 
it,  or  on  this  Castle  wall  He  write  my  resolution  with 
my  blood.  1617  MORYSON  /tin.  i.  55  Suddenly  al  the 
passengers  resolued  to  leaue  the  ships. .  ;  at  which  resolu 
tion  the  Masters  of  the  ships  stormed.  1647  CLARENDON 
Hist.  Reb.  in.  §  30  Mr.  Pimm  was  looked  upon  as.. not  of 
those  furious  resolutions  against  the  Church  as  the  other 
leading  men  were.  1709  STEELE  Toiler  No.  7  F  24  He  hopes 
they  will  come  to  a  Resolution  to  send  for  no  more  Bulls  to 
Rome.  1753  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  193  p  3  To  be  praised 
then  every  man  resolves;  but  resolutions  will  not  execute 
themselves.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  iv.  v.  202 The 
Nabob, . .  fully  persuaded  of  the  resolution  of  the  Council  to 
depose  him  [etc.].  1874  GREKN  Short  Hist.  n.  §  8.  104 
Neither  warning  nor  desertion  moved  the  resolution  of  the 
Primate. 

b.  Const,  for,  of. 

1633  FOHD />>-(?&:«//>/.  1. 1,  A  resolution  for  a  last  ing  league 
Betwixt  your  families,  was  entertained.  1647  CLARENDON 
Hist.  Reb.  in.  §  42  A  sincere  resolution  of  amity  and  unity 
between  the  two  nations. 

15.  Determination;    firmness   or   steadiness   of 
purpose;  unyielding  temper. 

1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  in.  i.  239  Thy  griefes  [are]  their 
sports:  Thy  resolution  mockt.  1592  —  Lucr.  352  My 
will  is  back'd  with  resolution.  1636  E.  DACRES  tr. 
MachiaveFs  Disc.  Livy  II.  329  On  each  part  he  makes 
the  Armyes  equall  for  their  order,  valour,  resolution,  and 
number.  1667  MILTON  P.L.  vi.  541  He  comes,  and  settl'd 
in  his  face  I  see  Sad  resolution  and  secure,  a  1703  BUKKITT 
On  N.  T.  Matt,  iv.  10  A  great  temptation  must  be  withstood 


e; 


RESOLUTIVE. 

with  great  resolution.  1754  JOHNSON  in  Boswell,  He  was 
..a  coward,  because  he  had  not  resolution  to  fire  it  off  him 
self.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  i.  iii.  173  Be  thou  the  resolution 
of  quick  youth  Within  my  veins.  1870  DICKENS  E.  Drood\\\^ 
You  seem  to  have  resolution  and  power  enough  to  crush  me. 

f!6.  A  resolute  person.  Obs.  rare-*-. 

1643  Sm  T.  BROWNE  Relig.  Med.  i.  §  3  Those  desperate 
Resolutions,  who  had  rather  venture  at  large  their  decayed 
bottome  then  bring  her  in  to  be  new  trim'd  in  the  dock. 

E.e-S0lution  (rfs<tt'w'Jan).  [Re-  5  a.]  Re 
newed  or  repeated  solution. 

1802  Phil.  Trans.  XCUI.  14  On  re-solution  in  water,  and 
crystallization,  this  saline  matter  proved  to  be.. vitriol  of 
/inc.  1850  ROBERTSON  Scrui.  Ser.  m.  v.  (1872)  61  There  arc 
questions  which,  having  been  again  and  again  settled,  still 
from  time  to  time  present  themselves  for  re-solution.  1874 
GARROD  £  BAXTKK  Mat.  Mcd.  (1880)  132  The  former  is 
dissolved  out  and  crystallized,  and  purified  by  re-solution 
and  crystallization. 

Resolutioiier  (rez^l'w'Janai).  [f.  RESOLU 
TION  +  -ER!.] 

1.  Hist.  A  member  of  that   party   in   Scotland 
|    which  accepted  the  resolutions  passed  in  1650  for 
I    rehabilitating  those  persons  who  had  not  taken 

part  in  the  struggle  against  Cromwell. 

1693  A/'ol.  Clergy  Scot.  78  The  Publick  Resolutioners  had 

made  defection,      a  1715  BCKNKT  O^>n  Time  i.  (1897)  I.  97 

Those  who  adhered  to  these  resolutions  were  called   the 

Public  Resolutioners.     Ibid,   in  The  Resolutioners  were 

known  to  have  been  more  in  the  king's  interests  :  so  they 

j     were  not  so  kindly   looked  on   as   the    Protestors.      1816 

i    SCOTT  Old  Mort.  v,  They  had  parted  in  some  imkindnevs 

I    at  the  time  when  the  kingdom  uf  Scotland  was  divided  into 

Resolutioners  and  Protestors.     1872  Contetitj>.  Rev.  XXI. 

76  Resolutioners  like  Dickson  and  Protesters  like  Patrick 

Gille&pie. 

2.  One  who  joins  in  or  subscribes  to  a  resolution. 
1816   SOL-THEY  Ess.  (1832)    I.  364   They   say,.. the   said 

resolutioners  of  Bishopsgate-waru, .  .*  We  claim.. a  constitu 
tional  voice  in  the  House  of  the  people  '.  1854  H.  MILLER 
Sch.  $  Schm.  xxiv.  (1855)  535  The  parochial  resolutioners, 
amounting  in  all  to  ten. 

Resolutionist  (rezdl'w-Janist).  [f.  as  prec.  + 

-IST.]     One  who  makes,  or  joins  in,  a  resolution. 

1846  Life  Gnthrie  in  Lives  Henderson  $•  G.  145  This 
attack  was  unpalatable  both  to  the  courtiers,  and  the 
Kesolutionist  Presbyterians.  1856  Chamb.  Jrnl.  V.  136 
[They]  had  declared  their  high  resolves  to  confront  the 
superstition.  ..Simon,  .was  the  loudest  among  these  resolu- 
tionists.  1891  Daily  News  i  Jan.  3/4  My  directors  are  as 
anxious  as  the  resolutionists  can  be  to  secure  for  those  in 
their  service  equitable  conditions  of  labour. 

Resolutive  (re'z^i'wtiv),  a.  and  sb.  [ad. 
med.L.  ^resohltiv-us  (sec  RKSOLUTK  v.  and  -IVK), 
whence  also  It.  and  Sp.  resolntivo,  F.  r&ohttif,] 

A.  adj.  1.  a.  Having  the  power  to  dissolve. 

r  1400  Lanfranc's  Ciritrg.  334  pan  leie  bervpon  |>e  medy- 
cyn  resolutif.  Ibid.^  Of  medicyns  resolutitiis,  summe  ben 
simple.  1528  PAYNF.LL  Salcrnes  Rcgint.  dd  iij,  The  .iiij. 
is  baynyng  specially  resolutive,  for  that  lelteth  blond 
lettyng.  1566  WAKDE  tr.  Alexis'  St'cr.  in.  i.  (1568)  49  A 
Repeicussiue  and  Resolutiue  oyntment  against  the  Canker. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  557  Astringent  it  is,  and  yet 
resolutiue.  1651  BIGGS  New  Disp.  ?  133  There  ariseth 
from  the  bottome  a  resolutive  power.  1712  tr.  Potnefs 
Hist.  Drugs  I.  196  Gum  Tucamahaca  is  digestive,  resolu 
tive,  neurotick.  a  1774  GOLDSM.  tr.  Scarraris  Com.  Rom. 
(1775)  I.  309,  1  just  now  applied  to  him  an  anodyne  and 
resolutive  cataplasm  on  a  livid  tumour.  1873  R.  BARNES 
Dis.  Women  xl.  517  So-called  resolutive  pessaries  of  iodine, 
made  up  into  conical  balls,  with  cocoa-nut  butter  or  other 
ingredients. 
b.  Path.  Terminating  by  resolution. 

1861  KUMSTEAD  yen.  Dis.  (1879)  544  The  tubercular 
syphilide.  .disappears  by  interstitial  absorption;  hence,  it 
has  been  called  non-ulcerative  or  resolutive. 

2.  Law.  a.  Resolutive  condition,  a  condition  by 
the  happening  of  which  a  contract  or  obligation  is 
terminated. 

a  1623  SWINBURNE  Spousals  (1686)  138  Forasmuch  as  this 
Condition  is  not  suspensive,  but  resolutive  or  extinctive. 
Ibid.  144  [He]  adviseth  his  Pupil  to  contract  Matrimony 
conditionally,.. under  some  like  Resolutive  Condition.  1832 
AUSTIN  Jurispr.  liii.  (1879)  II.  899  Rights -subject  to  a  con 
tingency  or  condition  resolutive.  1875  POSTE  Cains  m.  384 
Conditions  are  Suspensive  or  Resolutive. 

b.  Resolutive  claitse,  in  Sc.  Law,  a  clause  ex 
tinguishing  the  right  of  the  person  who  contra 
venes  the  conditions  laid  down  in  the  deed. 

1765  Act  5  Geo.  ///,  c.  26  Preamble,  [They]  should 
convey,  settle,  and  intail  the  lands. .with  all  the  proper, 
prohibitive,  irritant,  and  resolutive  clauses.  1838  W.  BELL 
Diet.  La~,v  Scot.  164  By  the  resolutive  clause,  the  right 
of  the  person  contravening  is  resolved  and  extinguished. 
i868Act  31  #  32  y/ct.c.  ioi§9  It  shall  not  be  necessary., 
to  insert.. prohibitory,  irritant,  or  resolutive  clauses. 

3.  Logic.  Analytical.  ?  Obs. 

1654  Z.  COKE  Logick  4  It  is  delivered  by  an  Analytical 
and  Resolutive  method,  proceeding  from  the  object  and 
end  foreknown.  1656  tr.  Hobbts"  Elem.  Phiios.  (1839)  66 
There  is  therefore  r; "  method,  by  which  we  find  out  the 
causes  of  things,  but  i:»  either  compositive  or  resolutive. . . 
And  the  resolutive  is  commonly  called  analytical  method, 
as  the  compositive  is  called  synthetical. 

B.  sb.  A   medical   application  or  drug  which 
serves  to  resolve  or  dispurse  morbid  matter. 

c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg.  234  Rasis  forbedi)?  |>at  jxm 
schalt  leie  fwrto  no  repercussiuis,  ne  noon  resolutiuis  but  if 
J>e  mater  be  avoidid  tofore.  1562  BULLKIN  Btthuarke,  Dial. 
Sorenes  <$•  Chir.  13  b,  Whose  cure  must  be  in  drawing  forthe 
from  the  matter,  with  resolutiues,  or  softening  medicenes. 
1725  BRADLEY  Fain.  Die  f.  s.v.  THtnour,\QM  must  neither  use 
Convulsive^  nor  Repercusives,  but  only  gentle  Resolutives. 


RESOLUTORY. 

1756  P.  BROWNE  Jamaica  (1789)  121  The  root  Is  warm,  and 
may  be  successfully  administered  as  a  resolutive,  sudorific, 
or  diaphoretic.  1873  R.  BARNES  Dis.  Wont,  xl.  519  It  has 
been  recommended  to  establish  a  set  on  in  the  vaginal- 
portion  as  a  derivative  and  resolutive. 

Re'SOlutory,  a.  rare.  [ad.  late  L.  resolut- 
ori-tts  (cf.  prec.  and  -ORY).  Hence  also  Sp.  and 
Pg.  resolutorioy  F.  r&ohttoire  (i5th  c.).] 

fl.  Explanatory,  enlightening.    Obs. 

1609  DOULAKD  Ornith.  Microl.  45  A  Resolutorie  Table, 
shewing  the  value  of  the  Signes,  by  the  beholding  of  every 
figure.  1669  HOPKINS  Serin.  (1685)^4  Out  of  these  dis 
tinctions,  I  shall  form  several  propositions,  resolutory,  as  I 
hope,  to  my  subject  in  hand. 

2.  Law.  =  RESOLUTIVE  2  a. 

1818  COLEBROOKE  Oblig.  ff  Contr.  10  If  an  agreement 
bear,  that  the  obligation  shall  have  present  operation  and 
effect,  but  cease  upon  a  certain  event,  that  is  a  subsequent 
and  resolutory  condition  ;  and  the  conditional  obligation  is 
called  a  resolutory  one.  1875  POSTE  Cains  in.  384  Tradi 
tion,  coupled  with  a  Resolutory  condition,  operates  two 
transfers  of  ownership. 

ResolvabHity.  [f.  next  + -ITY.]  The  capa 
bility  of  being  resolved  into  parts. 

1845  HERSCHEL  Ess.  (1857)  661  The  character  of  easy 
resolvability  into  separate  and  distinct  stars.  1865  MASSON 
Kec.  Brit.  Phil.  36  The  resolvability  of  all  Truth,  or 
Knowledge,  .into  Experience.  1871  SchellerisSpectr.Anal. 
§  41.  163  The  D-line..is  separated  into  two  lines  and 
shows  besides  a  cloudy  line  of  still  further  resolvability. 

Resolvable  (r^'lvab'l), a.  Also  7-8 -veable. 
[f.  RESOLVE  v.  +  -ABLE.  Cf.  KESOLVIBLE.]  Capable 
of  being  resolved,  in  various  senses  of  the  verb. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  316  The  causes  [are] 
surely  best  resolvable  from  observations  made  in  the 
Countries  themselves.  1688  NORRIS  Lcve  i.  v.  60  All  Love 
is  not,  as  some  pretend,  resolvable  into  Self-love.  1755 
YOUNG  Centaur  ii.  Wks.  1757  IV.  159  Want  of  faith.  All  is 
resolveable  into  that  alone.  1770  Pkil.  Trans.  LX.  435 
The  force  of  every  particle,  which  impinges  obliquely,  is 
resolvable  into  two.  1816  GiLCHRiST  P  kilos.  Etyin,  p.  xxi, 
AH  words  are  resolvable  into  a  few  primitives.  1877  E.  R. 
CONDER  Bas.  Faith  ii.  55  Bold  surmise  ..  asks  whether 
atoms  may  not  themselves  be  resolvable  into  force. 

b.  Resolvable  nebula,  a  nebula  which  admits  of 
resolution  by  a  powerful  telescope. 

1783  HKRSCHEL  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXV.  251  Clusters  of 
stars  also  may  become  resolvable  nebula.  1853  WHEWELL 
Plur.  Worlds  go  When  we  have  thus  to  reckon  as  many 
galaxies  as  there  are  resolvable  nebulae.  1870  PROCTOR 
Other  Worlds  xii.  (1872)  291  The  stellar  nebula — resolvable 
and  irresolvable. 

Hence  Reso'lvableness  (Bailey,  vol.  II,  I727)' 

t  Rescvlvance.  Obs.  rare"1,  [f.  RESOLVE 
v.  +-ANCE.]  Resolve,  decision. 

1603  in  Lismore  Papers  Ser.  n.  (1887)  I.  45  To  vnderstand 
their  resoluance  what  they  ment  to  do  therin. 

t  Resolvative,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RE 
SOLVE  Z/.  +  -ATIVE.]  =  RESOLUTIVE  a.  i  a. 

1577  FRAMPTOX  Joyful  News  n.  (1596)  2  CopalL.is  re- 
soluatiue,  and  softneth  by  some  watrish  partes  that  it  hath. 

Resolve  (r/zp-lv),  sb.     [f.  the  vb.] 

1.  A  determination  or  resolution. 

159*  SHAKS.  Rom.  fy  Jut.  iv.  i.  123  Get  you  gone,  be 
strong  and  prosperous  In  this  resolue.  1600  W.  WATSON 
Dseacordon  (1602)  350  A  catholike  resolue  for  our  Romane 
faith.  1667  WATERHOUSE  Fire  London  135  The  common 
affection  of  Countrymen  soders  them  into  a  common  resolve 
of  kindness  each  to  other.  1700  DRVDEN  Cymon  fy  fph.  526 
Speak  thy  resolves  ;  if  now  thy  courage  droop,  Despair  in 
prison,  a  1794  GIBBON /1/m:.  Wks.  (1814)  1. 125  My  private 
resolves  were  influenced  by  the  state  of  Europe.  1847 
HELPS  Friends  in  C.  (1851)  I.  43  Mere  stoicism,  and  resolves 
about  fitting  fortune  to  one's  self.  1889  JFSSOPP  Coming  of 
Friars  ii.  78  She  made  up  her  mind  never  to  marry  again, 
and  she  kept  her  resolve. 

2.  Firmness  or  steadfastness  of  purpose. 

1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI^  v.  v.  75  A  Lady  of  so  high  resolue, 
(As  is  faire  Margaret).  x6oa  MARSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  iv. 
v.  We  must  be  stiffe  and  steddie  in  resolve.  1789  BURNS 
To  Dr.  Blacklock  viii.  Come,  Firm  Resolve,  take  thou  the 
van.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mab  iv.  155  Man  is  of  soul  and 
body,  formed  for  deeds  Of  high  resolve.  1873  SYMONDS 
Grk.  Poets  ix.  296  We  find  in  them  no  hesitancy  and 
difficult  resolve, 

3.  A  determination  of  a  deliberative   bodyj   a 
formal  resolution.     Now  U.  S. 

1656  Burton's  Diary  (1828)  I.  270  A  short  vote  or 
resolve  of  this  House.. would  haply  give  satisfaction  for 
the  present.  1657  Ibid.  II.  94  The  several  resolves  of 
Parliament  touching  the  matter.  1713  ADDISON  Cato  n.  i, 
Caesar's  approach  has  summon'd  us  together,  And  Rome 
attends  her  fate  from  our  resolves.  1775  FRANKLIN  in 
Burke's  Corr.  (1844)  II.  28,  I  hear  your  proposed  resolves 
were  negatived  by  a  great  majority.  1794  S.  WILLIAMS 
Vermont  296  That  part  of  the  resolves  in  which  the  state 
was  threatened.  1859  BARTLETT  Diet.  Atner.  (ed.  2)  362 
Resolves  are  usually  private  acts,  and  are  often  passed 
with  less  formality.  1865  H.  PHILLIPS  Amer.  Paper  Curr. 
II.  55  These  resolves  were  ordered  to  be  published. 

f4.  Answer,  solution.   Obs. 

a  1625  Faithf.  Friends  n.  ii,  I  crave  but  ten  short  days  to 
give  resolve  To  this  important  suit.  1643  MILTON  Divorce 
i.  viii,  In  hope  to  give  a  full  resolve  of  that  which  is  yet  so 
much  controverted.  1670  W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol.  Ess.  25  If 
you  consult  what  I  say.  .you  may  find  a  sufficient  resolve 
thereof. 

t5.  Mus.     (See  quot.)     Obs.  rare"1. 

1721  BRADLEY  Philos.  Ace.  Wks.  Nat.  160  The  progressive 
Tones  from  that  Ground-Note  to  the  Octave,  which  is  the 
Resolve  of  the  Ground-Note,  declares  the  Key. 

Resolve  (r&p'lv),  v.  Also  4-7  resolue.  [ad. 
L.  resolv$ret  i.  re-  RE-  t  solvfre  to  loosen,  dissolve. 


528 

Cf.  It.  re-,  risolvere,  Sp.  and  Pg.  resofver,  obs.  F. 
resolver,  -vir  (mod.F.  rgsoudre).] 

I.  fl.  trans.  To  melt,  dissolve,  reduce  to  a 
liquid  or  fluid  state.  Obs. 

For  examples  with  const,  into,  to,  see  6  and  9. 

CI374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  iv.  metr.  v.  (1868)  133  No  man  ne 
wondrej>  whan  be  wey}te  of  J>e  snowe  yhardid  by  be  colde 
is  resolued  by  be  brennynge  hete  of  phebus.  1388  WYCLIF 
Job  xxviit.  2  A  stoon  resolued,  ethir  meltid,  bi  heete,  is 
turned  in  to  money,  c  1420  Pallad.  onHnsl.  xn.  526  Whit 
wex  is  to  resolue  In  fynest  oil.  1530  PALSGR.  688/1  This 
metall  can  nn.t  be  resolved  without  a  marvayllous  sharpe 
fyre.  1555  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  141  Cleopatra  resolued  a 
pearle  in  vineqer  &  drunke  it.  1609  HOLLAND  Amm. 
Mat-cell.  1 17  Euphrates  was  risen  by  reason  of  snow  newly 
thawed  and  resolved.  1678  DRYDEN  All  for  Loi-e  in.  i,  He 
could  resolve  his  Mind,  as  Fire  does  Wax,  From  that  hard 
rugged  Image, melt  him  down  [etc.}.  1738  ARBUTHSOT^//- 
wentst  etc.  i.  270  Soaps  which  resolve  solid  Substances. 

trans/.  1582  BATMAN  Darth.  De  P.  R.  XL  iii.  159  And 
the  west  winde  ..  resolveth  and  unbindeth  winter.  1638 
KAVVLEY  tr.  Bacons  Life  fy  Death  (1650)  5  The  Drying 
caused  by  Cold,  is  but  weak,  and  easily  resolved. 

2.  To  disintegrate ;  to  break  up  or  separate  into 
constituent  or  elementary  parts.  'Kowrare  or  Obs. 

1398  TRFVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  in.  xix  (1495)  65  The 
smoke  that  is  resoluyd  and  comyth  from  the  thynge  that  is 
smell  yd.  c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Cov.  Lordsh,  68  pe 
bodyes  [of  men]..ar  resoluyd  by  kyndly  hete,  |>at  makes 
drye  be  moystnes  of  }>e  body,  c  1490  Pallad.  on  Hitsh.  i. 
365  The  see  erauel  ;s  lattest  for  to  drye, ..The  salt  in  hit 
thi  werkU  wol  resolue.  1577  B.  GOOGE  HeresbacKs  Husk. 
(1586)  17  b,  A  mellow  ground  that  is  fat,  and  will  soone  be 
resolved.  1584  COGAN  Haven  Health  ccxviii.  (1636)  251 
The  fumes  and  vapors  of  ale.. cannot  bee  so  soone  resolved 
as  those  that  rise  up  of  wine.  1620  VENNER  Via  Recta  in. 
52  They  will  too  soon  resolue  the  iuyce  of  lighter  meats. 
1633  KARL  MANCH.  Al  Mondo  (1636)  94  It  is  well  for  man 
that  his  bodie  by  death  becomes  putrid,  resolved  and 
crumbled  to  nothing.  1776  BOWDEN  Farmers  Director  18 
By  the  assistance  of  alternate  rain  and  drought,  to  resolve 
and  break  the  hard  clods. 

fb.  To  analyse,  examine  (a  statement).  Obs. 
1594  HOOKER  Reel.  Pol.  n.  vii.  §  g  Examine,  sift,  and 

resolve  their  alledged  proofs,  till  you  come  to  the  very  root 
whence  they  spring. 

fc.  Math.  To  solve  , 'an  equation).  Obs. 

1743  EMERSON  Fluxions  36  Then  we  had  been  obliged  to 
substitute  a+z  or  a— z  for  x  in  the  given  Equation  before 
it  could  be  resolved.  1798  HCTTON  Course  Math,  (1827)  I. 
269  The  form  that  a  cubic  equation  must  necessarily  have, 
to  be  resolved  by  this  rule. 

d.  To   analyse   (a  force   or  velocity)   into  its 
components.     (Cf.  RESOLUTION  9.) 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Oferat.  Mechanic  5  Each  of  those 
portions  may,  by  a  similar  process,  be  again  divided, 
resolving  the  original  force  to  infinity.  1866  HERSCHEL 
Fain.  Lect.  Set.  go  This  force  then  being  resolved  in  radial 
and  tangential  directions  [etc.]. 

e.  Of  optical   instruments    (or   persons   using 
them) :  To  separate,   break  up   (an  object)   into 
distinguishable  parts. 

1785  HERSCHEL  \nfliil.  Trans.  LXXV.  219  When  he 
resolves  one  nebula  into  stars,  he  discovers  ten  new  ones 
which  he  cannot  resolve.  1868  LOCKYER  Elem.  Astron. 
§  77  Star-clusters  ..  so  distant  that  even  in  telescopes  of 
great  power  they  could  not  be  resolved.  1870  EMERSON 
Sec.  fy  Sol.  Wks.  (Bohn)  III.  3  The  remoter  stars  seem 
a  nebula  of  united  light;  yet  there  is  no  group  which  a 
telescope  will  not  resolve. 

3.  Med.  To   soften    (a  hard   tumour);    to  dis 
perse  or  dissipate  (humours,  swellings,  etc.).   tObs. 
c  1400   Lanfranc's    Cirurg,    210  If  J»ou   mi;t   not   wib 
repercussiuis  do  awe!  j?e  enpostym  ne  resolue  him.    Ibid. 
353  Whanne  be  mater  ^at  pou  wolt  resolue  is  swibe  hard. 
1541  COPLAND  Galyerfs  Terap.  Hh  iv,  When  ecchymosis 
is  all  dygested  &   resolued,  than  it  is  parmytted  to  drye 
the  broken  flesshe.      1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  274  Those 
j     plasters  which  resolue  or  maturat  any  impostumed  place. 
1683  SALMON  Doron  Med.  ii.  427  For  it  resolves  all  hard 
,    humors.  1748  HARTLEY  Obsero.  Man  i.  ii.  §  1. 127  Embroca- 
I    tions  are  of  Use  in  resolving  Obstructions.  1786  J.  HUNTER 
I     Ven.  Dis,  iv.  vi.  404  This  method  of  resolving  buboes 
occurred  to  me  at  Belleisle  in  the  year  1761. 

absol.  1562  TURNER  Herbal  ii.  (1568)  117  Oyl  that  is 
made  of  vnrype  oliues..doth  myghtely  resolue.  1610 
MARKHAM  Masterp.  n.  clxxiii.  483  It  burneth,  draweth, 
and  resolueth,  and  is  goode  for  scurfe.  1708  Brit.  Afollo 
No.  93.  2/2  Green  Tea.  .Resolves,  and  Attenuates. 

f  b.  To  dissipate  or  allay  (pain,  etc.).  Obs.  rare. 
1573  Treas.  Hid.  Secrets  xix,  Oyle  of  Rue  is  hot,  resolv 
ing  pain.  1600  SURFLET  Countrie  Fanne  n.  xlviii.  306  An 
oyle .  .which  hath  power  to  resolue,  soften,  and  appease  the 
griefe  of  colde  rheumes  or  distillations,  a  1617  BAYNE  On 
Eph.  (1658)  130  Fire.. hath  not  onely  heat  resolving  numb- 
nesse,  ..but  it  hath  light. 

C.  To  remove  (inflammation)  by  resolution. 
173*  ARBUTHNOT  Rules  Diet  in  Aliments^  etc.  321  Such  a 
Fever  is  often  resolv'd  by  a  bleeding  at  the  Nose.  1898 
AllbutCs  Syst.  Med.  V.  361  When  empyema  follows  upon 
pneumonia,  the  pulmonary  inflammation  sometimes  is  never 
resolved. 

f4.  To  slacken,  relax  (the  limbs,  etc.) ;  to 
weaken.  Obs. 

1483  CAXTON  Fables  of  ^E  sop  3  By  cause  the  water  was 
hote  and  their  stomake  [was]  resolued  by  the  water.  1540-1 
ELYOT  Image  GOTJ.  (1556)  30  Lyke  as  by  the  other  the 
strengthe  of  bodie  is  resolvyd.  1588  KYD  Househ.  Phil.  Wks. 
(1901)  248  The  night.. [in  which]  we  may  sufficiently  restore 
our  bodies  resolued  with  the..heateof  the  day.  1644  BCLWKR 
Chiron.  35  The  Hand  collected,  the  Fingers  looking  downe- 
wards,  then  turned  and  resolved.  1715  ROWE  Lady  Jane 
Grey  u,  Every  moving  accent  that  she  breathes  Resolves 
my  courage,  slackens  my  tough  nerves. 

f  to.  To  render  lax  in  feeling  or  conduct.  Ob$t 


RESOLVE. 

c  1550  H.  RHODES  Bk.  Nurture  in  Babees  Bk.  (:868)  106 
It  is  a  very  hard  work  of  continence  to  repell  the  paynting 
glose  of  flatterings  whose  words  resolue  the  hart  with 
plesure.  1611  B.  JONSON  Catiline  in.  iii,  Each  house 
[being]  Resolved  in  freedom. 

f  c.  To  relax  or  withdraw  (a  law).  Obs. 

1537  State  Papers  Hen,  VIII,  VII.  706  The  act  made  for 
money  by  exchange,  the  wiche,..onles  it  be  resolvid,  wilbe 
a  great  ocacion . .  to  cawse  a  stey  for  salis  of  wolen  clothis. 

5.  t  a.  To  cause  (discord)  to  pass  away.   Obs. 

1526  PiJgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  282  b,  It  resolueth  dis- 
corde,  reconsyleth  ennemyes,  &  maketh  them  frendes. 

b.  Mus.  To  cause  (a  discord)  to  pass  into  a 
concord.  (Cf.  RESOLUTION  8  b.) 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  CycL  s.v.  Discord^  The  discord  is 
resolved  by  being  immediately  succeeded  by  a  concord. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  125/1  There  is  no  possible 
manner  of  resolving  a  dissonance  which  is  not  derived  from 
an  operation  of  cadence.  1838  Penny  Cycl.  XII.  50/1 
Most  discords  require  to  be  prepared,  and  all  must  be 
resolved.  i868t>L-SELEY  Harmony  ii.  (1875)  20  When  the 
discords  have  thus  been  rendered  agreeable  to  the  ear,  they 
are  said  to  be  resolved. 

II.  6.  To  separate  (a  thing)  into  its  component 
parts  or  elements ;  to  dissolve  into  some  other 
physical  form,  f  Also  const,  in. 

^1430  Life  Sf.  Kath,  99  My  body  whyche  aftur  |?e  in 
evitable  lawe  of  nature  abydeth  to  be  resolued  into  de}>. 
1477  NORTON  Ord.  Alch.  v.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  79  Liquors 
departeth  Qualities  asunder,  Substance  resolving  in 
Attomes.  1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  i.  xv.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  85 
Becaus  ^e  stoupis  and  pillaris  bareof  war  all  of  tre,  they 
war  haistelie  brynt  and  resoluit  in  powder.  1598  BARCKLEY 
Felic.  Man  (1631)  706  God  will  rayse  up  His  worke  that 
is  resolved  into  dust.  1635  SWAN  Spec.  M.  v.  §  2  (1643)  138 
Green  clouds  . .  are  altogether  watery,  and  as  it  were 
resolved  into  water.  1668  CULPEPPER  &  COLE  Barthol. 
Anat.  i.  xxvii.  65  The  sooty  Vapors  are  condensed,  and 
being  resolved  into  water,  are  [etc.].  1781  COWPER  Charity 
562  He  ordains  things.. To  be  resolv'd  into  their  parent 
earth.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  I.  n.  x.  446  The 
Empire  of  the  Mahrattas.. would  have  been  resolv'd.. into 
its  primitive  elements.  1891  Spectator  4  July  5/2  A.  .cam 
paign  intended  to  break  up  Italy,  or  to  resolve  the  German 
Empire  back  again  into  its  elements. 

b.  In  figurative  contexts. 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  60  His  herte  shall 
yerne  and  melte,..&  be  hole  resolued  in  to  teares.  1568 
WILMOT  Tancred  $  Gismonda  n.  iii,  A  resolution  that 
resolues  my  bloud  Into  the  Ice-sie  drops  of  Lethes  flood. 
1607  SHAKS.  Timon  iv.  iii.  442  The  Seas  a  Theefe,  whose 
liquid  Surge,  resolues  The  Moone  into  Salt  teares. 

c.  To  convert,  transform,  alter  (a  thing)  into 
some  other  thing  or  form. 

1570-6  LAMBARDE  Peramb.  Kent  (1826)  327^  A  Towne 
called  Horsmundene,  which  name  (resolved  into  Saxon 
Orthographic)  is  [etc.].  (21623  SWINBURNE  Spoiisals  (1686) 
27  By  the  same  means.. are  those  Spousals  by^  them  con 
tracted  in  their  Minority,  .resolved  or  turned  into  Matri 
mony.  1641  Jrnls.Ho.  Comnr.  31  Dec.,  That  the  House  be 
resolved  into  a  Committee,  to  take  into  Consideration  the 
Militia  of  the  Kingdom.  1743  TOMLINSON  Prof.  Birthright 
13  Into  whose  Authority  all  Christians  have  resolved  their 
Faith  and  Obedience.  1861  DICKENS  in  All  Year  Round 
i  June  221  The  spectral  figure,  .seemed  all  resolved  into  a 
ghastly  stare.  1889  Standard  9  Apr.,  Emin..has  seen 
islands  resolved  into  headlands. 

7.  To  reduce  by  mental  analysis  into  more  ele 
mentary  forms,  principles,   or  relations.     fAlso 
const,  in. 

1388  Prol.  Wyclif  Bible  xv.  (1850)  57  An  ablatif  case 
absolute  may  be  resoluid  into  these  thre  wordis.  157° 
BILLINGSLEY  Euclid  i.  prop.  32.  42  Euery  right  lined 
figure  is  resolued  in  two  triangles.  1628  T.  SPENCER 
Logick  284  When  the  causes  doe  argue  the  effect,  the  effect 
is  resolued  into  the  causes,  a  1674  CLARENDON  Snrv. 
Leviath.  (1676)  8  He  resolv'd  all  Wisdom  and  Religion 
itself  into  a  simple  obedience  and  submission  to  it.  1719 
DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  204  After  I  had  entertain'd 
these  Notions,  and,  by  long  musing,  had  as  it  were  resolv'd 
them  all  into  nothing.  1774  PENNANT  Tour  Scotl.  in  1772, 
233>  t  was  f°r  resolving  this  phenomenon  into  Ship-wrecks. 
1841  MYERS  Catk.  Th.  iv.  §  2.  184  Why  may  we  not., 
resolve  Christianity  into  a  system  of  practical  Morality? 
1873  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  239  All  sensation  is  to  be  re 
solved  into  a  similar  combination  of  an  agent  and  patient. 
fb.  To  reduce  or  convert  (a  quantity)  into 
some  other  denomination.  Obs. 

1571  DIGGES  Pantom.  i.  xxi.  G  j  b,  Then  resolue  20  foote 
into  inches.  1660  STURMY  Mariners  Mag.  H.  vi.  66  The 
Degrees  resolved  into  Hours  and  Minutes,  is  i  Hour 
49  Min.  1672  PETTY  Pol.  Anat.  (1691)  352  The  victuals.., 
resolved  into  money,  may  be  estimated  35.  6rf.  per  week, 

8.  refl.    Of  things:    To   pass,   by   dissolution, 
separation,  or  change,  into  another  form  or  into 

simpler  forms. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  i.  ii.  130  Oh  that  this  too  too  solid 

Flesh   would  melt,  Thaw,  and  resolue  it  selfe  into  a  Dew. 

1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  World  i.  i.  §  7  (1634)  9  The  Waters  .. 

resolved  their  thinner  parts  into  Aire.     1799  SOUTHEY  Cool 

Rt'Jl.  during  Midsummer  Walk^  For  the  flesh  upon  them  ; 

It    hath    resolved    itself   into    a    dew.      1814    CHALMERS 

Evidences  ii.  46  The  argument,  .resolves  itself  into  four 

parts.     1868  HERSCHEL  in  People's  Mag.  Jan.  63  Its  pileus 

has  the  singular   property   of   resolving   itself . .  into  a 

j    black  liquid.     1879  LUBBOCK  Addr.  Pol.  #  Ednc.  in.  44 

i    His  complaint  resolves  itself  into  two  parts. 

b.  Of  a  deliberative  body :  To  convert  (itself) 
i    into  a  committee. 

1710  Lomi.  Gaz.  No.  4699/3  The  House  resolved  it  self 
into  a  Committee  of  the  whole  House.     1753  [see  COM- 
!     MITTEE  3].     1818  Parl.  Debates   1422/1 1   The    house  then 
!    resolved  itself  into  a  committee  on  the  bill.     1885  Manch. 
Exam.  7  Oct.  5/3  The  meeting  unanimously  resolved  U: 
into  a  committee, 


RESOLVE. 

9.  To  reduce,  transform,  or  change  (a  thing)  to 
something  else.  Also  refl.  Now  rare. 

1538  STARKEY  England  \.  i.  16  Yf  ther  be  any  cyuyle  law 
ordeynyd  wych  can  not  be  resoluyd  therto,  hyt  ys  of  no 
value.  1593  NASHL-:  Christ's  T.  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  67  The 
Snow  on  thy  Mountaines,  by  the  Sunne  is  re^olued  to 
water.  1633  Br.  HALL  Hard  Texts,  N.  T.  321  O  ye  my 
faithfull  ones  who  are  now  resolved  to  the  very  dust  of  the 
earth.  1665  DRYDKN  hid.  Emf.  n.  i,  Ye  Immortal  Souls, 
who  once  were  Men,  And  now  resolv'd  to  Element  agen. 
1799  SOUTHEY  Miitor  Poems  Poet.  Wks.  II.  202  Earth, 
air,  and  water's  ministering  particles  Now  to  the  elements 
Resolved,  their  uses  done.  1856  LEVER  Martins  of  Cro  M. 
xxiii,  All  resolves  itself  to  some  question  of  a  harm  to  one 
side.  1875  STEDMAN  Victorian  Poets  387  The  succeeding 
chorus,  .resolves  attention  to  enchantment. 
III.  flO.  To  untie,  loosen.  Ol>s.  rare. 

1558  PHAICR  sEtteid  vir.  155  Resolue  [L.  solvitc}  your 
heades  attyre,  &  celebrate  this  daunce  with  me.  1609 
BULK  (Douay)  Dan.  v.  16  Thou  canst  interpret  obscure 
thinges,  and  resolve  [L.  dissolverc}  tbinges  bound. 

11.  To  answer  (a  question,  argument,  etc.) ;  to 
solve  (a  problem  of  any  kind). 

1577  tr.  Bullinger's  Decades  (1592)  458  Mee  thinketh 
therefore  that  this  question  canne  bee  none  otherwise 
resolued.  1581  J.  BELL  Httddoifs  Ansiv.  Osarins  212 
Least  he  exclayme  agayne  that  his  argumentes  are  not 
throughly  resolved,  I  will  answere  in  few  wordes.  1647 
SPRIGGE  Anglia.  Rediv.  n.  i.  (1854)  ?2  This  resolved  the 
question  at  the  council  of  war  without  putting  it.  1685 
BAXTER  Par.  JV.  T.  Matt.  xxii.  18  He  answered  so  cautel- 
ously  as  not  to  resolve  the  third  question.  1750  JOHNSON 
Rambler  No.  19  P  15  After  a  great  part  of  life  spent  in 
enquiries  which  can  never  be  resolved.  1793  SMEATON 
Eay stone  L.  §  219  A  curious  question,  which  being  myself 
unable  to  resolve,  I  must  leave  to  the  learned.  1830  Sin  J. 
HERSCHEL  Study  Nat.  Phil,  in.  i.  (1851)  221  We  are  called 
upon  to  resolve  the  important  and  difficult  problem. 

refl.    1800  STUART  in  Owen  Wellesleys  Desp.  (1877)  576 
This  question  of  war  will  soon  resolve  itself. 
b.   With  double  object. 

1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  v.  Hi.  35  Resolue  me  this,  Was  it 
well  done.. To  slay  his  daughter?  1596  —  Tain.  S/ir.  iv. 
ii.  7  What  Master  reade  you  first,  resolue  me  that?  1687 
T.  BROWN  Saints  in  Uproar  Wks.  1730  I.  75  Resolve  me  a 
question  or  two.  1706  ESTCOL'RT  Fair  Example  i.  i,  Pray 
will  you  resolve  me  one  Question?  1781  MRS.  INCHRALD 
fit  tell  you  what  iv.  i,  If  you  can  resolve  me  that . .  I  have 
no  censure  for  you. 

C.  To  explain ;  to  make  clear. 

£1585  Faire  Eut  i.  314  In  friendship  then  resolue  What 
is  the  cause  of  your  uniookt  for  stay?  1633  FoRD*7Yjt  Pity 
i,  ii,  What's  the  ground?  Sor.  That,  with  your  patience, 
signiors,  I'll  resolve,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  III. 
424  Some  resolve  allthis  passion  on  a  point  of  mere  revenge. 
1718  PRIOR  Solomon  in.  838  The  Man  who  would  resolve 
the  Work  of  Fate,  May  limit  Number,  and  make  Crooked 
Strait.  i8ai  WORDSW.  Eccl.  Sonn.  i.  xxix,  The  full-orbed 
Moon,  .doth  appear  Silently  to  consume  the  heavy  clouds  ; 
How  no  one  can  resolve.  1866  BUSHNF.LI.  yicar.  Sacr. 
Introd.  14  Attempts  have  been  made,  in  all  ages,,  .to  assert 
what  is  called  '  the  moral  view  '  of  the  atonement,  and 
resolve  it  by  the  power  it  wields  in  human  character. 

12.  To    remove,  clear   away,  dispel   (a   doubt, 
difficulty,  or  obscurity). 

1571  DIGGES  Pantom.  \.  xix.  F  ij,  Small  practize  will  re 
solue  all  doubles.  1593  SHAKS.  3  ffen.  I7/,  iv.  i.  135  But 
ere  I  goe,  Hastings  and  Mountague,  Resolue  my  doubt. 
1643  SIR  T.  BROWSE  Relig.  Med.  48  Myself  can  shew  a 
catalogue  of  Doubts  which  are  not  resolved  at  the  first 
hearing.  1666-7  MARVELL  Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  210  If 
you  find  any  thing  perplext  in  it,  I  shall.. resolve  any 
scruple  that  you  may  have  of  its  exposition.  1706  VAN* 
BRUGII  Mistake  n.  Wks.  1893  II.  254  You  must  resolve 
one  doubt,  which  often  gives  me  great  disturbance.  1776 
GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  xvii.  I.  464  He  was  frequently  requested 
to  resolve  the  doubts  of  inferior  iudges.  1817  JAS.  MILL 
Brit.  India  II.  iv.  v.  165  All  doubts  might  be  resolved  by 
the  interrogation,  .of  the  commander.  1873  BLACK  Pr. 
Thule  xiii.  198  She  had  bravely  resolved  her  doubts  and 
made  up  her  mind. 

fb.  To  dissipate,  dispel  (fear).    Obs.  rare. 

1595  SHAKS.  John.  n.  I.  371  Kings  of  our  feare,  vntill  our 
feares  resolu'd   Be  . .  purg'd.      c  1605  ?  ROWLEY  Birth    of 
Merlin  v.  ii,  Speak,  learned  Merlin,  and  resolve  my  fears. 
•f  c.  To  satisfy  (a  person's  curiosity).  Obs.^ 

1749  FIELDING  Tout  Jones  vn.  iii,  Indeed  we  cannot  re 
solve  his  curiosity  as  to  this  point. 

13.  To   decide,    determine,   settle    (a   doubtful 
point). 

1611  T.  TAYLOR  Comnt.  Titus  i.  g  Resolmng  all  doubtful 
cases.  i66a  PLAYFORD  Skill  Mits.  n.  (1674)  no  Which  of 
these  two  is  the  test  way,  may  easily  be  resolved.  1704 
SWIFT  Mech.  Operat.  Spirit  Misc.  (1711)  274,  I  have  been 
perplex'd  for  some  time  to  resolve  what  would  be  the  most 
proper  Form  to  send  it  abroad  in.  1740  FIELDING  Tom 
Jones  iv.  xii,  Whether  Mrs.  Honour  really  deserved  that 
suspicion.,  is  a  matter  which  we  cannot  indulge  the  reader's 
curiosity  in  resolving.  1842  COLE  ll'estm.  Abbey  107 
Whether  or  not  they  [sc.  mandates]  were  executed,  our 
antiquaries  have  not  yet  resolved. 

b.  With  dependent  clause  (or  equivalent)   ex 
pressing  the  decision  arrived  at. 

1586  LEICESTER  Corr.  (Camden)  401  The  surgion  doth 
fully  resolue.. he  is  without  danger  for  this  blowe.  1621 
LADY  M.  WROTH  Urania  40  They  all  beheld  this  place 
with  great  wonder,  Parselius  resoluing  it  was  some  En- 
chauntment.  1642  J.  M[ARSH]  Argt.  cone.  Militia,  18  It  is 
resolved  by  the  Judges  that  the  King  may  hold  his  Parlia 
ment  without  the  Spirituall  Lords,  a  17x9  ROGERS  (J.), 
Happiness,  it  was  resolved  by  all,  must  be  some  one 
uniform  end.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  II.  3°9  1*  was 
resolved,  that  the  remainder  limited  to  B.  was  good. 

t  c.  To  set  down  decisively  as  being  of  a  cer 
tain  character.  Obs.  rare. 

1609  B.  JONSON  Sit.  Wont,  iv,  ii,  But  he  loses  no  reputa- 
VOL.  VIII. 


529 

tion  with  us,  for  we  all  resolv'd  him  an  asse  before.  1623 
BP.  MOUNTAGU  App.  Cxsar  2  All  things.. so  Delivered., 
are  Errors  actual)  in  themselves  ;  and  so  stand  resolved  and 
accounted  of  in  the  Doctrine  of  the  Church. 

t  d.  To  conclude,  to  settle  (a  thing)  in  one's 
mind.  Obs. 

a  1618  RALEIGH  Rent.  (1644)  237  He  left  me  so  weak  that 
he  resolved  not  to  find  me  alive.  1658-9  Burtons  Diary 
(1828)  IV.  55,  I  was  some  days  since  to  seek  what  to  resolve 
in  this  great  debate.  1703  J.  LOGAN  in  Pennsylv.  Hist. 
.SVc.  Mem.  IX.  122  Having  solicitously  resolved  several 
things  in  my  thoughts  relating  to  it,  I  endeavoured  to  stave 
them  off. 

fe.  To  fix  on,  choose  (a  person\   Obs.~l 

1709  MRS.  MANLEY  Secret  Mem.  (1736)  3  She  had,. re 
solved  him  for  her  peculiar  Pleasures. 

14.  To  determine  or  decide  upon  (a  course  of 
action,  etc.).  Also,  with  oneself. 

Const,  with  direct  object,  or  with  {that  and)  clau.se. 

1523  HEN".  VIII  in  Lett.  Kings  Eng.  (Halliw.)  L  204 
We.. have  resolved  and  determined  that.. ye  shall  then 
have  your  letters  of  discharge.  1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  n,  i. 
105  So  must  you  resolue,  That.  .You  must  perforce  accom 
plish  [it]  as  you  may.  1609  B.  Jossox  Sil.  ll'ow.  m.  i,  It 
shall  be  done,  that's  resolved.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  \.  66.; 
Warr  Open  ov  understood  must  be  resolv'd.  Ibid.  i\.  830 
Confirm'd  then  I  resolve,  Adam  shall  share  with  me  in  bli-s 
or  woe.  1682  BCNYAN  Holy  ll'ar  (1905)  198  Wilt  thou. . 
suffer  thy  priviledges  to  be  invaded  and  taken  away?  or  what 
wilt  resolve  with  thy  self?  1699  BKNTI.EY  Phal.  Pref.  p.  iii, 
'Twas  very  well  resolv'd  of  them,  to  make  the  Preface  and 
Book  all  of  a  piece.  1710  SHAFTESLU-RY  C/iarac,  (1737''  I. 
Advice  i.  i.  153,  I  have  resolv'd  with  myself,  that  the 
maxim  might  be  admitted.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  $•  /''.xxix. 
III.  125  As  soon  as  they  had  resolved  his  death,  they  con 
descended  to  flatter  Ins  pride.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  in.  i. 
169  All  must  be  suddenly  resolved  and  done.  1842  R.  I. 
WILBERFORCK  Rittiliiis  fy  Lucius  265  He  had  seen  enough 
of  the  Christians  to  resolve  that  nothing  should  induce  him 
to  stain  his  hands  with  their  blood. 

b.  To  adopt  or  pass  as  a  resolution. 

1590  CAKTWRIGHT  in  Fuller  Ch.  Hist.  ix.  (1655)  201  At 
some  of  such  meetings,  .it  was  resolved.,  that  such.,  con 
ferences  in  severall  Shires  should  be  erected.  1604  frills. 
Ho.  Contnt,  26  June,  Resolved,  upon  further  Motion, 
That  Mr.  Speaker.. should  present  Thanks  to  his  Majesty 
[etc.].  1806  Med.  Jrnl.  XV.  253  Resolved  unanimously, 
that  this  meeting.. entertains  the  most  firm  conviction  that 
[etc.].  1849  MACAULAY  Hist,  Eng:  ii.  I.  175  The  Commons 
began  by  resolving  that  every  member  should,  on  pain  of 
expulsion,  take  the  sacrament  [etc.].  1866  LOWELL  Seivard~ 
Johnson  Reaction  Prose  Wks.  1890  V.  288  The  Convention 
might  almost  as  well  have  resolved  the  multiplication  table 
article  by  article. 

c.  To  put  (a  person)  out  of  a.  condition  by  a  re 
solution. 

1798  I.  ALLEN  Hist.  Vermont  237  The  inhabitants  of 
Vermont  had  lived  in  a  state  of  independence . . ,  and  could 
not  now  submit  to  be  resolved  out  of  it. 

•f  15.  To  free  (one)  from  doubt  or  perplexity ; 
to  bring  to  certainty  or  clear  understanding.  Oos. 
(Common  in  I7th  c.) 

1548  GESTE  Pr.  Masse  81  The  broken  bread  and  blessed 
wyne  is  institute  purposely  to  resolve  and  ascertayn  our 
senses.  1570-6  LAMBARDE  Peramb.  Kent  (1826)  360  If  you 
yet  doubt,  conferre  (I  pray  you)  his  report  with  theirs,  and 
it  shall  resolve  you.  1603  SHAKS.  Meets,  for  M.  iv.  ii.  225 
Vet  you  are  amaz'd,  but  this  shall  absolutely  resolue  you. 
1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exeinp.  ii.  Ad  Sect.  xii.  98  To 
strengthen  the  weake,  to  resolue  the  scrupulous,  to  teach 
the  ignorant.  1719  Dr  For.  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  305  We  knew 
not  what  Course  to  take,  but  the  Creatures  resolv'd  us  soon. 
fb.  Const,  of  or  in  the  matter  of  doubt.  Obs. 

1567  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  515  That  thai  being 
certinit  of  the  veritie  may  be  resolvit  of  all  doubt.  1583 
STUBBES  Anat.  Abits.  n.  (1882)68  Ask.. and  I  will  doe  the 
best  I  can,  to  resolue  you  in  anything  you  shall  demand. 
1648  GAGE  West.  Ind.  6  To  resolve  the  Pope  himself  of 
whatsoever  difficult  points  in  Divinity  may  be  questioned. 
1651  CULPEPPER  Astrol,  Jndgem.  Vis.  (1658)  6,  I  know  you 
would  be  resolved  in  one  particular.  1767  S.  PATERSON 
Anoth.  Trav.  II.  23  You  may  ask  whatever  questions  you 
please,  and  you  shall  be  resolved  of  everything  within  my 
power. 

*}•  c.  With  dependent  clause  introduced  by 
•where t  which t  ivhyt  etc.  (Passing  into  1 7  b.)  Obs. 

1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  I '/,  n.  i.  9,  I  cannot  ioy,  vntill  I  be 
resolu'd  Where  our  right  valiant  Father  is  become,  a  1648 
LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  I'llf  (1683)  582  He  sent  to  Spain  to 
be  resolv'd.  .which  of  the  two  Marriages  were  most  con 
venient.  1690  LOCKE  Goi't.  \.  xi.  §  147  It  will  always 
remain  a  Doubt.. till  our  A.  resolves  us,  whether  Shem.. 
had  right  to  Govern.  17*0  DE  FOE  Capt.  Singleton  xvi, 
(1840)  276  Whether  we  ...may  come  off  any  better,.,  I  can 
not  resolve  thee.  1756  WASHINGTON  Lett.  Writ.  1889  I.  253, 
I  wish  your  Honor  would  resolve  me,  whether  the  militia 
. .  must  be  supplied  out  of  the  public  stocks  of  provisions. 

1 16.  a.  To  convince  (one)  0/" something.  Obs, 

1576  FLEMING  Panopl,  Epist.  403  For,  thus  bee  you  fully 
resolved  of  my  nature,  that  with  such  reverence  I  remember 
you.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen,  yf,  in.  iv.  20  Long  since  we  were 
resolued  of  your  truth,  a  1604  HANMER  Chron.  Irel.  (1633) 
153  This  Lacy  behaved  himselfe  so  discreetly  ..  that  the 
King  was  resolved  of  his  truth  and  fidelity.  1744  FIELDING 
Tumble-down  Dick  Argt.,  She  advises  him  to  go  to  the 
Roundhouse, ..and  there  be  resolved  from  his  own  mouth 
of  the  truth  of  his  Sire. 

f  b.  To  assure  (one)  that.     Also  with  of.  Obs, 

1590  WEBBE  Trav.  To  Rdr.,  They  doubtles  will  resolue 
them  that  it  is  true  which  is  here  expressed.  1594  HOOKER 
Eccl.  Pol.  ii.  iv.  §  2  Nothing  but  only  the  word  of  God  can 
..resolve  us  that  we  do  well.  1642  ROGERS  Naametn  830 
It  is  said  of  Hanna,  that  ere  EH  had  resolved  her  from  God 
of  a  sonne,  shee  was  full  of  trouble.  1650  R.  STAPYLTON 
Strada's  Low  C.  Wars  vm.  30  And,  when  they  resolved 
him  no  danger  should  accrue  to  either  [etc.]. 


RESOLVE. 

1 17.  To  inform,  tell  (a  person)  t>/a.  thing.   Obs. 

1568  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  629  It  is  thocht  con 
venient  to  resolve  all  personis  of  the  same,  that  nane  heir- 
eftlr  sail  pretend  occasioun  of  ignorance.  1594  SHAKS. 
Rich.  ///,  iv.  v.  19  My  Letter  will  resolue  him  of  my  minde. 
1632  LITHUOW  Trav.  x.  451  He  went  back,  resoluing  them 
of  my  stiffe  denyall. 

t  b.   With  dependent  clause.   Obs. 

1591  MARLOWE  Massacre  Paris  in.  iv,  The  wound,  I 
warrant  you,  is  deep,  my  lord.  Search,  surgeon,  and  resolve 
me  what  thou  seest.  1601  15.  JONSON  Poetaster  iv.  ii,  Pray 
you,  resolue  mee,  why  giiic  you  that  heauenly  prayse,  to 
this  earthly  banquet  ?  1690  LOCKE  Govt.  \\.  ii.  §9,  I  desire 
them  to  resolve  me,  by  what  Right  any  Prince,  .can  put 
to  death,. an  Alien.  1697  UKVDES  sEneidwu.  150  Resolve 
me,  Strangers,  whence  and  what  you  are. 

f  C.  \Vith  direct  question,  or  ellipt.  Chiefly  in 
imperative,  asking  for  an  answer.  Obs. 

1607  NORLIEN  Sit)"-'.  Dial.  n.  56, 1  pray  thcc,  if  thou  canst, 
resolue  me.  Whether  is  the  heriot  payd  [etc.]'-'  1687'!'. 
BROWN  Saints  in  Uproar  Wks.  1730  I.  76  Who  was, 
your  father?  Come,  resolve  me  immediately.  1709  PKIOI; 
Jlfeseray's/fzsf,,Ca.n  Sense  this  Paradox  endure?  Resolve 
me,  Cambray,  or  Fontaine.  1772  WESLEV  Jrnl.  31  Oct.. 
They  asked  me,  '  whether  they  were  good  or  bad  spirits?  ' 
Uut  I  could  not  resolve  them.  1819  SCOTT  Ivanhoc  xvii. 
Resolve  me,  Holy  Clerk,  hast  thou  never  practised  such  a 
pastime  ? 

fd.  To  answer  (one) ;  to  make  answer  to.   Obs. 

1586  VOUXG  Gnazzo's  Civ.  Com'.  \\~.  219,  I  resolue  thee 
(fciire  Ladie)  thus,  that  many  times  I  tried  [etc.]. 

18.  fa.  To  advise  (one)  to  a  decision.  Obs. 
17:1648    Ln.    HERBERT    Hen.    I'lll   (1683)   458    He   was 

resolv'd  by  his  Council  rather  to  weary  and  famish  the 
Emperors  Army.  1656  Burton's  Diary  (1828)  I.  32, 1  would 
have  the  Committee  to  resolve  you  how  you  will  proceed. 

b.  To  determine  (a  person)  on  a  course  of 
action.  Also  with  inf. 

1836  F.ROWNiNG  &  FOHSTER  Lift'  Strafford  (1892)  15  The 
events  of  the  interim  had  resolved  the  leaders  of  the  house 
on  abandoning  the  terms  proposed.  1890  SIR  C.  RUSSELL 
in  Daily  News  24  July  2/7  The  know  ledge  of  this  marriage 
resolved  Lord  and  Lady  C...to  send  their  son  abroad. 

19.  refl,  fa.  To  make  up  one's  mind.  Obs, 

a  1528  Fox  Let.  to  ft'cisey  in  Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  V.  406 
Of  whom  his  ho.  wll  resolve  hymself,  we  cannot  yet  tell. 
1587  FLEMING  Conin.  Holinshed  III.  1351/1  Resolue  your 
selfe  my  lord,  you  haue  a  good  lie  soule.  1600  K.  13  LOU  NT 
tr.  Conestaggio  25  Sollicking  Sebastian  to  resolue  himselfe 
either  to  enter  or  be  excluded.  1626  FLETCHER  X obit  Gent. 
iv.  iv,  Tell  me,  have  you  resolv'd  yourself  for  court? 
T  b.  To  join  oneself  to  another's  opinion.  Obs.—1 

1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  648  The  Erie  of  Salisbury  and 
other  his  fHendes,  seyng  his  courage,  resolued  themselues 
to  his  opinion. 

fc.  To  free  (oneself)  of  a.  doubt.   Obs.  rare. 

1580  LYLY  £*W/j4«W  (Arb.)  418  If  thou  resolue  thy  selfe  of 
a  doubt,  I  cannot  thinke  thee  very  sharpe.  1597  MORLEY 
Introd.  Mus.  4  If  you  remember  that  which  before  you 
tolde  mee  you  vnderstood  :  you  would  resolue  your  selfe  of 
that  doubt. 

d.  To  assure,  satisfy,  or  convince  (oneself)  on 
some  point. 

1593  LODGE  William  Longbeard  C  3  In  youth  be  true, 
and  then  in  age  resolve  thee,  Friends  will  be  friends. 
a  1618  RALEIGH  Rein.  (1644)  237  If  I  live  to  return,  resolve 
your  self  that  it  is  the  care  for  you  that  hath  strengthened 
my  heart.  165?  S.  PCRCHAS  Pol.  Flying-Ins.  74  If  you  taste 
it,  you  will  easily  resolve  your  self.  1710  SHAFTESB. 
C/iarac.  (1737)  II.  n.iii.  276  We  apprehend  a  larger  Scheme, 
and  easily  resolve  our-selves  why  Things  were  not  com- 
pleated  in  this  State.  1814  CARV  Dante,  Par.  xxvm.  7  [As 
one  who]  turneth  to  resolve  him,  if  the  glass  Have  told  him 
true.  1869  GOULBURN  Purs.  Holiness  vi.  48  He  must 
resolve  himself  on  the  question. 

IV.  intr.  f20.  To  take  rise.  Obs.  rare-1. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  v.  metr.  i.  (1868)  151  Tigris  and 
eufrates  resoluen  and  spryngen  of  a  welle  in  pe  kragges  of 
|>e  roche  of  be  centre  of  achemenye. 

21.  To  melt,  dissolve,  become  fluid.  ?  Obs. 

c  1400  tr.  Sccreta,  Secret.^  Gov,  Lordsh,  72  In  bis  tyme.. 
be  wyndes  blowyn,  pe  snow  resoluys.  £1440  Alph.  Tales 
443  pis  yse  resoluyd  into  watir.  1536  BELLENDEN  Crort. 
Scot.  (1821)  I.  p.  xxxiii,  Ony  frosin  thing  that  is  cassin  in  it, 
meltis  and  resolvis  hastilie.  1595  SHAKS.  John  v.  iv._  35 
Euen  as  a  forme  of  waxe  Resoluetli  from  his  figure  'gainst 
the  fire.  1611  B.  JONSON  Catiline  in.  iii,  May  my  brain 
Resolve  to  water,  and  my  blood  turn  phlegm.  1665  Phil, 
Trans.  I.  106  After  a  while  it  resolves  again,  and  grows 
dilute.  1731  ARBUTHSOT  Aliments  iv.  104  When  the 
Pjlood  stagnates  in  any  part  of  the  Body,  it  first  coagulates, 
then  resolves,  and  turns  alkaline.  1759  B.  MARTIN  Nat. 
Hist.  Eng.  I.  19  Congealed  (as  it  were)  in  Clusters,  which 
resolve,  and  the  frozen  Swallows  revive  by  the  Warmth. 
fig.  1696  SOUTHERNS  Oroonoko\.  v,  Our  honours,  interests 
resolving  down,  Run  in  the  gentle  current  of  our  joys. 

22.  To  undergo  dissolution  or  separation  into 
elements ;  to  pass  into,  return  or  change  to,  some 
form  or  state. 

c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  68  It  ys  to  wete 
pat  mannysbody.  .continuely  er  dimunisshed  and  resoluyn 
a;eyn.  1509  FISHER  Serm.  Ctess  Richmond  Wks.  (1876) 
304  Fyrst  it  \sc.  the  body]  anone  begynneth  to  putrefye  & 
resolue  in  to  foule  corrupcyon.  1589  GREENE  Mtnapkon, 
(Arb.)  58  Pleusidippus  eyes  at  ibis  speach  resolued  into  fire. 
1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinarch^  Hen.  7K  Ixxvii,  This  Insect.. 
Resolues  to  dirt  againe  in  the  next  Storme.  1653  T. 
STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  (1701)  5/1  He  conceived  Water  to  be 
the  first  principle  of  all  natural  Bodies,  whereof  they  con 
sist,  and  into  which  they  resolve.  1715  POPE  Iliad  n.  44 
The  phantom.. Resolves  to  air,  and  mixes  with  the  night. 
1716  Ibid,  vn.  113  Go  then,  resolve  to  earth,  from  whence 
ye  grew.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyrexx\\\t  The  roof  resolved 
to  clouds,  high  and  dim.  1878  M.  A.  BROWN  tr.  Runeberg's 
Nadcschda  66  The  marble  then  In  transformation  dire  into 
speech  resolved, 

67 


RESOLVED. 

b.  Of  non-material  things. 

1679  DBYDEN  Trail,  fy  Cress,  i.  i,  Then  every  thing  resolves 
to  brutal  Force,  And  headlong  Force  is  led  by  hoodwink'd 
Will.  1711  SHAFTKSB.  Charac.  (1737)  II.  in.  i.  345.  I., 
celebrate  the  Beautys  which  resolve  in  Thee,  the  Source., 
of  all  Perfection.  175*  HUME  Ess.^  Balance  Trade  (1817) 
I.  315  These  cases,  when  examined,  will  be  found  to  resolve 
into  our  general  theory.  1818  SCOTT  Br.  Lamm,  xv,  It 
would  resolve  into  an  equitable  claim.  1852  SIR  W.  HAMIL 
TON  Discuss.  533  What  would  otherwise  resolve  into  a 
conscious  outrage  of  the  most  sacred  obligations. 
C.  Path.  To  undergo  resolution. 

i8a*-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  II.  285  Regular  fit  of 
gout,  .gradually  resolving,  and  leaving  the  constitution  in 
its  usual  or  improved  health.  1898  P.  MANSON  Trap.  Dis 
eases  xxvii.  434  These  drugs  have  undoubtedly  the  power 
of  causing  the  eruption  in  yaws  to  resolve. 

d.  Law.  To  lapse ;  to  become  void. 

1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  695  On  his  failure  to  pay 
within  the  time  limited,  the  sale  resolves,  and  the  property 
..returns  to  the  seller. 

e.  Mus.  To  change  from  discord  to  harmony. 
1889  PROUT  Harmony  xiv.  §  332  All  chords  of  the  ninth 

can  resolve  upon  their  own  generator.      1898  STAINER  & 
BARRETT  Diet.  Mus.  Terms  310/2  The  note  on  which  the 
suspension  resolves  is  not  heard  with  the  suspension. 
23.  To  come  to  a  determination  ;   to  make  up 
one's  mind  ;  to  take  a  firm  purpose  or  decision. 

1590  SIR  J.  SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  Ded.  8  To  know,  how 
of  himselfe. . with  valour  to  resolue  and  performe.      1597 
BACON  Coulers  Good  fy  Evill  Ess.  (Arb.)  143  As  he  sayth 
well,   Not  to  resolue,  is  to  resolue,  and  many  times  it., 
ingageth  as  farre  in  some  other  sort  as  to  resolue.     1622 
FORD,  etc.  Witch  of  Edmonton  i.  i,  Upon  what  certainty 
shall  I  resolve  ?     1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  97  Thus  he  resolv'd, 
but  first.. His  bursting  passion  into   plaints  thus  pour'd. 
1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol,  n.  Ixii,  Resolve  !  resolve  !  and 
to  be  men  aspire  !     1760-1  GOLDSM.  Cit.  W.  xxvi[i],  So  after 
resolving,  and  re-resolving,  I   had   courage  enough  to  tell 
her  my  mind.      1832  AUSTIN    Juris^r.    (1879!  I.  xxi.   452 
When  such  expressions  as  '  resolving  '  and  *  determining  ' 
are  applied  to  a  present  intention  to  do  a  future  act. 

b.  Const,  with  inf. 

1570-6  LAMBARDE  Peramb,  Kent  (1826)  p.  vi,  I  resolved 
(for  sundrie  iust  respectes)  to  begin  first  with  that  Shire. 
1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  iv.  iii.  371  Shall  we  resolue  to  woe 
these  girles  of  France  ?  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  viu.  iii. 
(1614)  741  He.  .committed  many  errours,  especially  in  re- 
soluiug  to  winter  in  that  desolate  place,  ijip  DE  FOE  Crusoe 
i.  (Globe)  45,  I  resolv'd  to  hold  fast  by  a  Piece  of  the  Rock. 
1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  I.  iii.  252  At  one  time  he 
had  resolved,  .to  give  way. 

c.  With  on  or  upon  ;  also  f  of,  f  in. 

1586  MARLOWE  i^^  Pt.  Tamburlaine  ii.  vi,  Since.. He 
dares  so  doubtlessly  resolve  of  rule.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  $  Cl. 
in.  xi.  9,  I  haue  my  selfe  resolu'd  vppn  a  course,  Which  has 
no  neede  of  you.  1659-60  PETVS  Diary  23  Jan.,  This  day 
the  Parliament.. resolved  of  the  declaration  to  be  printed 
for  the  people's  satisfaction,  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  i. 
(1724)  I.  36  The  course  they  all  resolved  on  was,  that  [etc  ]. 
1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  viu.  iv,  Cecilia,  .had  still  the., 
good  sense.. to  resolve  upon  making  the  best  use  [etc.], 
1809  Susan  II.  103  Mrs,  Howard.. immediately  resolved 
in  going  with  him.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romola  xx,  The 
ceremony  had  been  resolved  upon  rather  suddenly. 

fd.  To  decide  on  setting  out  for  a  place.    Obs. 

'597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  /K,  n.  iii.  67,  I  will  resolue  for  Scot 
land,  a  1643  CARTWRIGHT  Ordinary  v.  v,  Let's  swear 
Fidelity  to  one  another,  and  So  resolve  for  New  England. 
1734  tr.  Rollings  Anc.  Hist.  xvu.  vii.  (1827)  VII.  204  He 
resolved  for  Sicily  which  would  open  him  a  passage  into 
Africa.  1760  Impostors  Detected  iv.  iii.  II.  189  We  were 
obliged  to  separate,  and  every  one  take  his  chance. .  .As  for 
me  I  resolved  for  Lisbon. 

T"  24.  a.  To  be  satisfied  or  convinced.  Obs. 

1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  i.  xx.  24  The 
Gouernor  by  the  counsell  of  those  that  had  perswaded  him 
too  surrender,  resolued  vppon  so  smal  an  assurance  of  the 
Bascha.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  yi,  i.  ii.  91  Resolue  on  this, 
thou  shalt  be  fortunate,  If  thou  receiue  me  for  thy  Warlike 
Mate.  1598  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man,  in  Hum.  I.  v,  Bob.  For 
doe  you  see,  sir,.  .1  could  not  extend  thus  farre.  Mat.  O 
Lord,  sir,  I  resolue  so.  1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps.  610, 1  have 
allwayes,  since  I  knew  any  thing  of  thee,  resolved  of  the 
truth  of  it. 

fb.  To  consult,  take  counsel.  Obs. 

1591  SPENSER  M.  Hubberd  123  It  behoves,  ere  that  into 
the  race  We  enter,  to  resolve  first  hereupon.     1641  HINDI; 
Life  J.  Bruen  xviii.  56  He  made  them  sometimes  as  his 
counsellors,  to  advise,  conferre,  consult,  and  resolve  with 
them,  in  matters  of  conscience.     1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i. 
(Globe)  260  Let  us  retreat  out  of  their  View  or  Hearing, 
least  they  awake,  and  we  will  resolve  further. 

Resolved  (r/z^-lvd),///.  a.     [f.  prec.  +  -ED  1.] 

1.  Of  persons  :  Determined,  decided,  settled  in 
purpose.  Also  const,  with  inf.,  that,  etc. 

1520  HEN.  VIII  in  Lett.  Kings  Eng.  (Halliw.)  I.  246 
Whereunto . .  none  of  our.  .ancestors  were  ever  so . .  determin 
ate  resolved  as  we  be  at  this  time.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's 
Comm.  6  He  was  fully  resolved  to  stire  up  no  further 
disputation.  1611  BIBLE  Luke  xvi.  4,  I  am  resolued  what 
to  doe.  1687  T.  BROWN  Saints  in  Uproar  Wks.  1730  I. 
83,  I  am  resolved  to  undeceive  mankind.  1737  BERINGTON 
Mem.  G.  de  Lucca  (1738)  51  These  Considerations  made  me 
as  good  as  resolv'd  to  go  along  with  him.  1760-2  GOLDSM. 
Cit,  W.  xxvii,  He  was  resolved  they  should  have  learning. 
1819 SHELLEY  Ccncim.  I.  341  That  word  parricide,  Although 
I  am  resolved,  haunts  me  like  fear.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J". 
Eyre  xxxv,  He  was  in  deep  earnest,  wrestling  with  God, 
and  resolved  on  a  conquest. 

b.  Const,  wither,  -\against ',  f_/>w«,  f  of  (  =  on). 

1582  T.  WATSON  Cent,  of  Love  xcvj,  I  liue  secure,  .. 
Fully  resolu'd  from  louing  any  more.  1639  FULLER  Holy 
War  iv.  xvii.  198  About  this  time  many  thousands  of 
the  English  were  resolved  for  the  Holy  warre.  1641  W. 
MOUNTAGU  in  Buccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.Comm.)  I.  289 


530 

The  Temple  is  resolved  of  a  Christmas.     1659  HAMMOND 
On  Ps.  610  My  enemies  are  maliciously  resolved  against  me. 

f2.  Convinced,  satisfied.  Obs. 

1577  WHETSTONE  Gascoigne  ii,  Vet  trust  me  frends . . ,  I  am 
resolu'd,  I  neuer  liu'd  til  now.  1595  RALEIGH  Discov. 
Guiana  (1887)  106  For  mine  own  part  I  am  resolved  it  is 
true.  1608  MIUDLETON  Trick  to  catch  Old  One  in.  i,  Since 
you  are  so  well  resolved  of  my  faith  toward  you.  1719 
D'URFKY  Pills  (1^2}  III.  97  Being  well  resolved  that  none 
Could  see  her  Nakedness. 

f3.  Of  the  mind,  etc.:  Freed  from  doubt  or 
uncertainty;  fixed,  settled.  Obs. 

1497  Lett.  Rich.  Ill  fy  Hen.  Vll  (Rolls)  I.  no  Our  fynal 
and  resolved  mynde  is  that  ye  obteyne  al  thes  articles  com 
prised  in  the  second  parte.  1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  \. 
82  To  passe  this  point  with  a  cleare  resolued  mynde.  1643 
SIR  T.  BROWNE  Relig.  Med.  i,  §  3,  I  could  never  per 
ceive  . .  that  a  resolved  conscience  may  not  adore  her 
Creator  anywhere.  1660  INCKLO  Bentiv.  <$•  Ur.  n.  (1682)  76 
It  is  difficult  to  suppose  that  he  hath  any  resolved  thoughts 
concerning  God. 

b.  Of  actions,  states  of  mind,  etc.  :  Fully  de 
termined  upon,  deliberate. 

1595  SHAKS.  John  n.  i.  585  From  a  resolu'd  and  honour 
able  warre,  To  a  most  base  and  vile-concluded  peace.  1638 
A.  READ  Chirurg.  xxxi.  230  A  doubtfull  hope  is  better 
than  a  resolved  despaire.  1694  KETTLF.VVELL  Comp.  for 
Penitent  92  Confess  them  to  him  with  a  resolved  aversion : 
being  resolved  in  heart  to  forsake  all.  a  1716  SOUTH  Serm. 
(1744)  X.  185  A  settled,  constant,  resolved  living  in  sin. 
1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  *  Miner's  Right  (1899)  13/1  A  great 
and  often  resolved  scheme. 

fc.  Deliberately  adopted  or  accepted.  Obs. 

1659  RISHW.  Hist.  Coll.  1. 176  They  shew  that  some  of  the 
Opinions  which  offended  many,  were   no   other  then  the 
resolved  Doctrine  of  this  Church. 
d.   That  has  been  decided  on. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  VIII.  273  Not  a 
resolved-on  case. 

4.  Of  persons,  the  mind,  etc. :  Characterized  by 
determination  or  firmness  of  purpose  ;  resolute. 

1586  MARLOWE  ist  Pt.  Tambnrl.  i,  ii.  What  strong  enchant 
ments  tice  my  yielding  soul  To  these  resolved,  noble 
Scythians.  1612  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  viii.  272  Brave  Voa- 
dicia  made  with  her  resolued'st  men  To  Virolam.  1681 
H.  MORE  Postscf.  to  GlanvilVs  Sadducismus  (1726)  17  Of 
whom  he  is  sworn  Advocate  and  resolved  Patron,  right  or 
wrong.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  xvi.  iv.  Here  stands 
your  resolved  daughter.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  i.  The  hat 
pulled  over  his  resolved  brows.  1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng. 
(1858)  I.  iii.  207  Men  of.  .broad  resolved  temper. 

Comb.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD'  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  202 
A  subdued,  bronzed,  resolved-looking  man. 

fb.  Confirmed  (in  some  practice  or  course).  Obs. 

1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  World  n.  (1634)  183  A  nation  of 
valiant  and  resolved  Idolaters.  1692  BENTLEY  Boyle  Lect. 
ii.  32  No  wonder  the  resolved  Atheists  do  so  labour  and 
bestir  themselves  to  fetch  Sense  and  Perception  out  of  the 
Power  of  Matter. 

tc.  Openly  or  sincerely  attached  to  some  party 
or  body,  Obs. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  vi.  §  261  Which  drove  all 
resolved  men  from  their  houses  into  York,  where  they  only 
could  be  safe.  1657  BAXTER  Present  Thoughts  33  The  one 
sort  were  never  hearty  resolved  Christians.  1731  NEAL 
Hist.  Purit.  I.  55  A  yoke  which  some  of  the  most  resolved 
Protestants  could  not  bear. 

f  5.  Melted,  dissolved.   Obs. 

1582  T.  WATSON  Cent,  of  Love  Ixxvii,  Time  brings  a  fludd 
from  newe  resolued  snowe.  1666  BOYLE  Orig.  Formes 
<S-  Qnal.  300  Dropping  a  little  resolv'd  salt  of  Tartar  upon 
the  solution  of  common  Sublimate. 

t6.  Of  parts  of  the  body:  Soft,  relaxed.   Obs. 

1576  BAKER  Jewell  of  Health  162  The  extenuation  of 
resolved  and  weake  members.  1650  BULWER  Anthropomet. 
182  Lips  are  soft  and  resolved. 

7,  Separated,  broken  up,  analysed. 

1812  WOODHOUSE  Astron.  xxxiii.  (1823)  682  Oneeffect,  from 
a  resolved  part  of  the  Sun's  disturbing  force.  1818  T.  BUSBY 
Gram.  Mus.  429  There  is  the  resolved  Canon,  the  unre 
solved  Canon.  1868  LOCKYER  Gnillemin's  Heavens  (ed.  3) 
307  Another  point  of  resemblance  between  the  resolved 
globular  clusters,  and  the  nebulae  of  the  same  form. 

Resolvedly,  adv.    [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.] 

fl.  Definitely,  determinately.  Obs. 

1611  BEAUM.&  FL.  Kingty  NoKingiu.  ii,  All  the  kindness 
I  can  shew  him,  is  to  set  him  resolvedly  in  my  rowle,  the  two 
hundred  and  thirteenth  man.  1646  S.  BOLTON  Arraignm. 
Errors  353  Who  is  it  that  saith  resolvedly,  we  must  be 
one,  we  cannot  live  without  you?  1677  GILPIN  Demonol. 
(1867)  55  The  will  doth  not  resolvedly  embrace  any  object 
till  the  light  of  the  understanding  hath  made  out  . ,  the 
goodness  or  conveniency  of  the  object. 

2.  In  a  determined  manner ;  resolutely. 

IS95MUNDAY  John  a  Kent  19  But  when  no  answere  either 
could  receive,  Resolvedly  thus  we  set  downeour  rest.  1636 
SANDERSON  Serm.  II.  49  The  greatest  blame  must  remain 
upon  the  untowardness  of  the  will,  resolvedly  bent  upon  the 
eviL  1689  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2484/1  We. .do  most  heartily 
and  resolvedly  offer,  and  engage  our  Lives  and  Fortunes  to 
Your  Service. 

i8»6  SCOTT  Woodst.  iv,  The  young  common  weal  th's-man 
turned  and  walked  sternly  and  resolvedly  forth.  1876 
BANCROFT  Hist.  U.  S.  V.  xhx.  79  Resolvedly  blind  to  conse 
quences,  George  III.  scorned  to  dissemble. 

Resolvedness.  [f.  as  prec.  + -NESS.]  Re 
solution,  determination ;  firmness,  fixedness  of 
purpose. 

1611  W.  SCLATER  Key  (1629)  219  In  things  substantial!,  I 
loue  resoluednesse.  1686  HORNECK  Critcif.  Jesus  xxii.  680 
How  mightest  thou  have  shamed  the  devil  by  a  continued 
resolvedness  ! 

1856  RUSKIN  Mod.  Paint.  IV.  v.  App.  ii,  This  resolvedness 
to  break  into  shell-shaped  fragments.. is  only  characteristic 


RESOLVIBLE. 

of  the  rock  at  this  spot.  1873  BUSH  NELL  Serm.  Living 
Subj.  60  What  can  he  do  by  mere  will-force  and  resolved- 
ness,  when  the  heavenly  trust  is  wanting? 

Resolyend  (r/zp'lvend),  sb.  Arith.  [ad.  L. 
resolvend-uni)  neut.  gerundive  of  resolvcre  to  RE 
SOLVE.]  The  number  formed  by  extending  the 
remainder  after  subtraction  in  the  process  of  ex 
tracting  the  square  or  cube  root. 

1675  COLLINS  in  Rigaud  Corr.  Sci.  Men  (1841)  I.  215 
Offering  any  resolvend . .  whatever,  he  could  by  direct  opera 
tions  give  the  logarithm  of  the  root  sought.     1709  J.  WARD 
Introd.  Math.  i.  xi.  (1734)   128  It  very  often  happens  that 
the    Resolvend   is   not   a    true    Figurate   Number.      1798 
HUTTOS  Course  Math.  (1827)  I.  88  From  the  resolvend  take 
the  subtrahend,  and  to  the  remainder  join  the  next  period 
of  the  given  number  for  a  new  resolvend.     1811  Self  I n- 

•  structor  165  Bring  down  the  next  point,  57,  which  call  the 
resolvend. 

So  f  Resolvend  a.  (See  quot.)   Obs. 

1694  OUGHTRED  Key  to  Math.  [161  The  (Power  to  be 
resolved  or)  Potestas  Resolvenda.  Ibid.}  164  All  the  punc 
tilious.,  must  be  made  in  the  Potestas  Resolvend. 

Resolvent  (r/Vlvent),  «•  and  sb.  [ad.  L. 
resolvent-em,  pres.  pple.  of  resolvere  to  RESOLVE.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Chiefly  Med.    Having  the  power  to 
resolve ;  causing  solution.     Also  const,  of. 

1676  WISEMAN  Surg.    Treat,  i.  xix.  94,  I.. applied  the 
milder  resolvent    Emplaster.      1732   ARBUTHNOT  Rules  of 
Diet  in  Aliments^\.c.  i.  249  A  Juice,  .resolvent  of  the  Bile. 
jy6z  R.  ClL'Y  Pract.  Obs.  Cancers  75  The  resolvent  Applica 
tions  taking  no  effect.     1822-34  LnMdTi  Study  Med.  led.  4) 

•  II.  463  All  the  chylific  organs  secrete  an  unusual  quantity 
of  resolvent  juices.     1866  DOLING  Anim.  Chem.  158  The  so- 
called  resolvent  action  of  alkalies  upon  the  animal  economy. 

2.  Of  a  proposition :  That  merely  asserts  what  is 
already  included  in  the  conception  of  the  subject. 

1856  FERRIER  Inst.  Metaph.  (ed.  2)  25  note,  The  proposition 
adds  nothing  to  our  knowledge  :  it  is  merely  explicative,  or 
resolvent. 

3.  Math.,  in  resolvent  equation,  product,  etc. 
1859  R.  HARLEV  in  Mem.  Lit.  %  Phil.  Soc.  Manchester 

(1860)  XV.  173  The  product ..  which  may  be  called  the  sym 
metric  or  resolvent  product,  according  as  it  is  or  is  not 
symmetric.  1861  CAYLEY  in  Phil,  Trans.  (1862)  CLI.  263 
Then,  .fw  is  the  root  of  an  equation  of  the  order  24  called 
the  Resolvent  Equation.  1882  —  in  Quart.  Jrnl.  Math. 
XVIII.  60  Transformation  of  the  JTacobian  Sextic  into  the 
i  Resolvent  Sextic  of  a  special  quintic  equation. 

B.  sb.    1.    Med.    A  medicine  or  application  to 
cause  the  resolution  of  a  swelling ;  a  discutient. 

1676   WISEMAN  Surg.   Treat,    i.  xix.  92  Young  people. . 

require  to  be  treated  with  milder  Resolvents  then  those  who 

live  a  labouring  life.     1758  WOOD  Farriery  16  As  soon  as 

Resolvents  take  effect  [etc.].      1797  Encycl.  Brit.   (ed.  3) 

j     XVII.   567/2  Soap  is  also   externally  employed  as  a  re- 

i    solvent.     1834  J.  FORBES  Laennec's  Dis.  Chest  (ed.  4)  193 

|     Blood-letting,  derivatives,  and  resolvents  or  stimulants  of 

the  absorbent  system, ..retard  the  progress  of  the  disease. 

1883-4  Med'  Ann.  9/2  He   believes  the  drug  to  be  an 

aplastic  or  resolvent  of  great  energy. 

2.  Something  capable  of  resolving;  a. solvent. 

1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Resolvents,  in  Chymistry,  cer 
tain  Liquors  that  are  us'd  for  the  dissolving  of  Metals,  or 
Minerals.  1708  J.  KEILL^M/>«.  Secretion  Pref.  xv,  Different 
Substances  require  different  Resolvents.  1900  Q.  Rev.  July 
55  The  whole  earth,  the  one  disinfectant  and  resolvent  of 
death  and  decay. 

3.  A   means  of  removing  difficulties,   settling 
problems,  etc.     Const  of* 

1851  WILLMOTT  Pleas.  Lit.  ii.  6  The  harsher  resolvents  of 
|  digamma  and  allegory.  1880  R.  G.  WHITE  Every-Day 
;  English  142  A  coin  which  would  serve  as  a  common 
:  resolvent  of  all  accounts.  1892  Critic  (U.S.)  i  Oct.  186/2 
But  those  who  know  the  man.. scarcely  look  for  such  a 
.  resolvent  of  Samoan  troubles. 

4.  Alath.  A  resolvent  equation,  function,  etc. 
1859  Phil.  Mag.  XVIII.  54  One  of  the  roots  of  its  resol 
vent.. is  a  rational  function  of  another.     1860  Rep.  Brit. 

i    Assoc.  (1861)  147  Let  us  consider  the  function  F(a,  x),  which 
'.    is  a  particular  case  of  the  resolvent  [etc.]. 

Resolver  (r/zp'lvw).    [f.  RESOLVE  v.  +  -ER*.] 

*t*  1*   A  resolvent  substance.    Also  with  of.  Obs. 

c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirnrg.  6  Cap.  ij.  of  resolueres. 

1632  tr.  BrueCs  Praxis  Med.  92  Heere  strong  resolvers 
are  requisite,  .because  the  Impostume  cannot  by  other 
meanes  be  resolued.  1663  BOYLE  Use/.  Exp.  Nat.  Philos. 
n.  v.  xviii.  276  Opium.. proves  sometimes  a  great  resolver, 

•  and  commonly  a  great  Sudoriiick.    1756  BUKKE  Snbl.  $  B. 
w.    xxi,   Water.. is   found    when    not  cold   to  be  a  great 
resolver  of  spasms. 

2.  One  who,  or  that  which,  answers  a  question, 
!    solves  a  doubt  or  difficulty,  etc. 

1609  [  Bp.  W.  BARLOW]  A  nsw.  Nameless  Cath.  27  Hee  is  a 

sound  Re-soluer.    1683  E.  HOOKER  in  Pordage"s  Alystic  Div, 

88  A  better  Resolver  thereof  in  all  cases  England  never 

saw,    ''1715  BURNET  Own  Time  (1766)  II.  116  It  was  said, 

,    that  the  serving  an  end  was  a  good  resolver  of  all  cases  of 

i    conscience.     1775   Chron.    in    Ann.   Reg.    82/2   A  woman 

i    applied  to  a  resolver  of  lawful  questions,  .to  be  satisfied  in 

relation  to  some  future  events. 

3.  One  who  makes  a  resolve ;  one  who  supports 
a  resolution. 

1749  LAVINGTON  Enthus.  Meth.  <$•  Papists  (1752)  18 
Though  from  human  Infirmity  the  Resolver  himself  has 

1  sometimes  forgot  his  vow.  1839  Fraser's  Mag.  XIX.  757 
All  these  addressers  and  resolvers  were  taken  in.  1894 

|    WOOLLEY  in  Voice  (U.  S.)  13  Sept.,  It  improves  a  resolution 

I    to  have  the  resolver  mean  it. 

Resolvible,  «•  [f-  RESOLVE  v.  +  -IBLE.] 
i  Capable  of  being  resolved ;  resolvable. 

1691  NoRRis/Vflc/.  Disc.{^\i]  III.  uSThe  whole  misery 

of  man  is  resolvible  into  Pain  and  Grief.  1701—  Ideal  World 

I    i.  ii.  43  This  is  the  first  of  those  principles  into  which  the 


BESOLVING. 

deficiencies  of  nature  are  resolvible.  1816  tr.  Lacroix's 
Dijf.  <V  hiiegr.  Calc.  102  This  equation,  .is  resolvible,  both 
with  respect  to  x  and  to y.  1869  K.  W.  NEWMAN  Misc.  14 
We  may  construct  some  Geometrical  propositions  which 
are  purely  Verbal,  resolvible  by  a  comparison  of  Definitions. 
Resolving  (r/z/rlvirj),  vbl,  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
•ING  '.]  The  action  of  the  verb  in  various  senses. 


531 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  sounds:  Re-echoing,  resounding ; 
continuing  to  sound  or  rinf;. 

1592  Conspir.  Pretended  Ref,  Pref.  iv,  An  heape  of  earnest 
and  resonant,  but  vndigested  wordea.  1667  MILTON  P.L. 
xt.  559  His  volant  touch.. Fled  and  pursu'd  transverse  the 
resonant  fugue.  1860  W.  J.  C.  MuiR  Pagan  or  Christian  .' 


-ING  '.]      The  action  of  the  verb  in  various  senses.         105  The  clear  dignity  of  its  resonant  expression  [is]  becoming 
c  1400  Lanfrancs  Cirurg,  200  A  resoluyng  in  an  vnclene        a  feeble  whisper.    1873  S.  TAYLOR  Sound  <y  Music  (1896)  80 
bodi  drawif>  more  matere  bertopan  it  resolueb.    1513  BRAD-        A  column  of  air  is  easily  set  in  resonant  vibration   by  a 


SHAW  St.  We>burge  \.  130  But  after  the  resolving  of  his 
blessed  body  He  raised  deed  men  to  lyfe  agayne  truely. 
1609  MS.  Ace.  St.  John's  Hosp.,  Canterb.,  Layd  owt  to 
John  Kevell  towardes  his  resollving  of  him  at  the  court,  \}S. 
1659  HAMMOND  O>i  Ps.  Pref.  9  Sufficient  to  recommend  it 
to  the  Readers  most  diligent  resolving.  17..  RAMSAY 
C  caller's  Daughter  iii,  After  mature  resolving. .  He  ten 
derly  thus  tell'd  her.  1889  Pall  Mall  G.  16  Jan.  6,  2  It  is 
strange  that  all  the  Unionist  speaking  and  resolving  before 
hand  was  in  opposition  to  them. 

Comb.  -A-]^Lond.ffC.  Phil.  Mag,  VIII.  262  The  rcsolving- 
power  of  a  telescope  on  a  double  star. 

Resolving,  ppl.  a.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  -.] 

That  resolves.     (Chiefly  Med.) 

c  1400  Lanfrancs  Cirurg.  230  pou  schalt  do  J?erto  sum- 
tyme  mollificatiuis  &  sumtyme  resoluyng  bingis.  1563  T. 
GALE  Antidot.  i.  3  Of  resolving  medicines  :  Symple  and 
compounde.  1639  Lo.  DIGBY  Lett.  cone.  Relig.  (1651)  43 
For  either  of  us  there  is  no  resolving  evidence  to  be  taken 
from  the  Fathers.  1663  BOYLE  Usef.  Exf>.  Nat.  P kilos,  it. 
xiv.  247  Unlesse  they  be  of  such  a  resolving  and  abstersive 
nature,  as  to  be  able  to  make  way  for  themselves  into  the 
recesses  of  the  body.  1758  J.  S.  tr.  Le  Draft's  Observ. 
Snrg.  (1771)  259,  I  prescribed  resolving  Fomentations. 

Resommon,  obs.  form  of  RESUMMON. 
Reson(e,  obs.  forms  of  RAISIN,  REASON  sbl 
t  Reson,  obs.  form  of  REASON  sb2 

1449  in  Cal.  Proc.  Chanc.  Q.  Eliz.  (1830)  II.  Pref.  54 
The  which  fiores  wfc  ^e  resons  above  shullen  accord  in  heith 
wl  the  fiores  and  resons  of  an  other  hous  there. 

Resonance  (re-z^nans).  Also  5  resonn-. 
[a.  OF.  resonance,  resonnance  (i5th  c. ;  mod.F. 
resonance}^  =  It.  risonanza^  Sp.  and  Pg.  reson 
ant  'ia,  ad.  L.  resonant  ia  echo  (Vitruvius),  f.  re* 
sondre  to  resound  :  see  -ANCE.J 

1*  The  reinforcement  or  prolongation  of  sound 
by  reflection,  or  spec,  by  synchronous  vibration. 

1491  CAXTON  I'itas  Pair.  (W.  de  W.  1495)  I.  xlviii.  92/1 
Merueyllous  howlynges  and  waylynges  ..,  wherof  the 
resonnaunce  or  sonne  was  soo  horryble  that  it  semyd  it 
wente  vppe  to  heuen.  1502  Ord.  Crystal  Men  (W.  de  W. 
1506)  v.  vii.  PPij,  For  the  beaute,  for  the  force  and  for  the 
resonaunce.  1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  67  Let  us 
see  (I  say)  what  resonance  and  melodic  bare  wood  may 
yeeld.  1608  HEYWOOD  Lttcrece  \.  i,  Ther's  no  resonance  In 
a  bare  stile:  my  title  beares  no  breadth.  1776  BURNMV 
Hist.  Music  (1789)  I.  viii.  149  Resonance  is  but  an  aggre 
gate  of  echos  or  of  quick  repetitions  and  returns  of  the 
same  sound.  1833  Cycl.  Pract.  Med.  I.  219/1  If  percussion 
be  practised  on  a  soft  and  inelastic  surface,  the  impulse. . 
will  elicit  no  resonance  from  it.  1876  tr.  Blasernas 
Sound  \\.  41  A  room  in  which  sound  shall  be  considerably 
strengthened  without  degenerating  into  resonance. 

fig.  1607  R.  QARKU-J  tr.  Estiennes  World  of  Wonders  298 
So  ought  our  hearts.. to  haue  no  other  resonance  but  of 
good  thoughts.  1828  CAHLVLE  Misc.  (1857)  I.  207  He  has 
a  resonance  in  his  bosom  for  every  note  of  human  feeling. 
1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  n.  xvii,  Hints  of  this,  intended 
to  be  complimentary,  found  an  angry  resonance  in  him. 

b.  Path.  The   sound  heard  in  auscultation  of 
the  chest  while  the  person  is  speaking,   or  that 
elicited  by  percussion  of  various  parts  of  the  body. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  II.  526  [Auscultation] 
affords,  under  different  circumstances,  four  different  kinds 
of  measure,  as  that  of  its  degree  of  intensity,  which  M. 
Laennec  has  denominated  resonance.  1845  P.  M,  LATHAM 
Lect.  Clitt.  Med.  1. 1.  15  There  are  other  sounds,  .entirely 
produced  by  our  percussion  of  the  praecordial  region.  These 
should  rather  be  called  resonances  than  sounds.  1897 
Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  IV.  655  When  the  alveoli  are  filled 
with  coagulum,  although  the  bronchi  still  contain  air,  the 
resonance  is  completely  lost. 

c.  Electr.  The  effect  produced  by  an  oscillatory 
current  upon  one  of  equal  period. 

1889  FLEMING  Altern.  Current  Trans/.  I.  420  In  order  to 
determine  whether,  .the  oscillations  were  of  the  nature  of  a 
regular  vibration,  he  availed  himself  of  the  principle  of 
resonance.  1893  SLOANE  Electr.  Diet.  470  When  exposed 
to  electric  resonance,  or  to  a  sympathetic  electric  oscillatory 
discharge,  a  spark  passes  from  across  the  gap. 

2.  The  quality  of  reinforcing  or  prolonging  a 
sound  by  vibration. 

1669  BOYLF,  Physiol.  Ess..  AbsoL  Rest  §  7  Some  famous 
Lutes.. attained  not  their  full  seasoning  and  best  resonance, 
till  they  were  about  fourscore  year  old.  1835-6  Todays  Cycl, 
Anat.  I.  481/1  Intended  for  the  reception  of  the  sounds 
produced  by  the  resonance  of  the  bony  case  just  described. 
1875  ELMS  tr.  Helmholts"  Sensat.  Tone  i.  v.  §  7  The  in 
vestigation  of  the  resonance  of  the  cavity  of  the  mouth  is 
of  great  importance. 

3.  attrib.y  as  resonance  apparatus  >  box,  etc. 

1873  S.  TAYLOR  Sound.  <V  Music  (1896)  85  This  con 
venient  adjunct  to  a  tuning-fork  goes  by  the  name  of  a 
resonance-box,  a  1879  RANDEGCER  Singing-  n  The  chest, 
mouth,  or  head.. only  act  respectively  as  the  'resonance 
apparatus'  of  the  voice.  1896  CURTIS  Voice  Building 
(1901)  74  The  condition  and  shape  of  the  resonance  cavities 
.  .give  to  the  human  voice  a  peculiar  beauty  and  timbre. 

So  Re'sonancy.  rare~l. 

1681  H.  MORE  Expos.  Dan.  Pref.  10  There  might  be  a 
Paronomasticall  Resonancy  of  words  in  his  mind. 

Resonant  (re-z&iant),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  pres. 
pple.  of  L.  resonare  to  resound.  Cf.  F.  rfconnant 
(t  resonant)t  Sp.  and  Pg.  resonante^  l\.,ri$onante.~\ 


A  column  of  air  is  easily  set   in  resonant   vibration   by  a 
note  of  suitable  pitch.    1877  BLACK  Green  Past,  iv,  Although 
he  had  never  made  the  gallery  of  the  Union  tremble  with 
resonant  eloquence. 
Jig.   1842  MRS.  BROWNING  Bk.   Poets  Wks.  (1904)   641/2 

,  Massinger's  more  resonant  majesty.  1883  TYNDALL  in 
Contcmp.  Rm.  XLIV.  38  The  name  and  fame  of  Rumford 

I     .  .were  resonant  in  Europe  at  the  beginning  of  this  century. 

2.  Of   bodies  :    Causing    reinforcement    or   pro 
longation  of  sound,  esp.  by  vibration. 

1685  BOYLE  Effects  Motion  vii.  87  The  peculiar  kind  of 
tremulous  motion  into  which  the  parts  of  the  resonant  body 
are  put.  1850  MRS.  BROWNING  Poems  II.  98  The  resonant 
steam-eagles  Follow  far  on  the  direction  of  her.  .  hand.  1871 

1  TYNDALL  Fragm.  Sci.  (ed.  6)  I.  iii.  81  Mounted  thus  upon 
their  resonant  cases,  you  hear  them  loudly  sounding  the 

:  same  musical  note.  1897  Allbntfs  Syst.  Med.  IV.  655  The 
lungs  remain  resonant  when  the  larger  bronchial  tubes  are 
filled  with  gelatine. 

3.  Of  places  :    Echoing    or    resounding    with 
something. 

1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mab  viii.  103  Fertile  valleys,  resonant 
with  bliss.     1872  YEATS   Tec/in.  Hist.  Comtn.  194  As  the 
Greek  and  Roman  music  passed  away,  the  sombre  groves 
of  ancient  Germany  became  resonant  with  sound. 
B.  sh.   A  nasal  consonant. 

1875  WHITNEY  Life  Lang.  iv.  63  The  result  is  the  class  of 
nasals  for  '  resonants  '),  m,  n,  and  ng  (as  in  singing),  1899 
Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VII.  449  Voiced  Nasal  Resonants. 

Hence  Resonantly  adv. 

1685  BOYLE  Effects  Motion  vii.  83  To  which  note  it 
answered  very  resonantly,  and  not  sensibly  to  others,  which 
we  made  trial  of.  1865  Daily  Tel.  28  Oct.  3/5  Now  shrilly 
ringing,  now  resonantly  surging  through  nave  and  aisle. 
1880  L.  WALLACE  Ben-Hnr  426  To  get  to  the  Praetorium, 
as  the  Romans  resonantly  styled  the  palace  of  Herod  on 
Mount  Zion. 

Resonate  (re-zfeit),  v.  [f.  L.  resonare  to  re 
sound  :  see  -ATE  •'*.]  intr.  To  produce  or  exhibit 
resonance.  Hence  Re'sonating///.  a. 

1873  S.  TAYLOR  Sound  fy  Music  (1896)  117  The  wires  of 
the  corresponding  note  will  of  course  resonate  with  it.  Ibid. 
135  A  reed  does  not  need  to  be  associated  with  a  resonating 
column  in  order  to  produce  a  musical  sound.  1896  CURTIS 
i  Voice  Building  (\yQ\)  140  In  exit  the  tone  should  be  allowed 
to  resonate  in  all  the  natural  acoustic  cavities. 


po 
fu 


Resonator  (re'aJrtf'tai).  [Agent-noun,  on  L. 
types,  f.  resonare  to  resound.] 

1.  An  instrument  responding  to  one  single  note, 
and  used  for  its  detection  when  combined  with 
other  sounds. 

a  1869  DONKIN  Acoustics  i.  (1870)  92  In  order  to  distin 
guish  the  higher  and  fainter  ones  [sc.  harmonic  tones],  it  is 
necessary  to  put  the  ear  in  communication  with  resonators. 
1876  tr.  Blascrna's  Sound  viii.  171  The  apparatus,  .is  com 

osed  of  8  resonators  adapted  to  the  harmonic  series  of  the 
undamental  note  C.  1898  Allhntt's  Syst.  Med.  V.  467  It 
has  been  shewn..  by  means  of  resonators  that  the  normal 
heart-sound  consists  of  two  notes. 

2.  An  appliance  for  increasing  sound  by  reson- 
I    ance  ;  a  body  or  object  which  produces  resonance. 

1871   DARWIN   Dcsc.   Man,  n.  xiii.   (1890)  376  The  ceso- 

!    phagus  .  .  becomes  much  swollen  ;  and  this  probably  acts 

as  a  resonator.      1873  S.  TAYLOR  Sound  fy  Music  (1896)  120 

The  sound-board  of  the  pianoforte,  .is  in  fact  a  solid  reson- 

j    ator.     1894  BOTTONE  Electr.  Instr".  176  A  paper  resonator 

i     ..greatly  reinforces  the  sound  when    the  phonograph    is 

!    speaking. 

b.  spec.  (See  quot.) 

1888  Pall  Mall  G.  4  May  1/3  These  primary  or  laryngeal 
vocal  tones  are  reinforced  by  the  resonators,  that  is,  by  the 
portion  of  the  larynx  above  the  vocal  cords,  the  upper 
throat  or  pharynx,  the  nose,  and  the  mouth. 

3.  Electr.  An  apparatus  used  for  the  detection  of 
|   Hertzian  waves. 

1893  SIR  R.  BALL  Story  of  Sun  121  A  photographic  plate, 
or  a  Hertzian  resonator,  to  astonish  us.  1898  Eitiu.  Rev. 
Oct.  301  With  a  '  resonator  '  of  similar  construction  .  .  he  was 
able  to  detect  answering  sparks. 

Re'sonatory,  a.  rare-1.  [See  RESONATE  v. 
and  -OKY.]  Producing  resonance. 

1879  SAYCE  Sci.  Lang.  (1881)  I.  iv.  231  The  partial  tones.  . 
may  be..  detected  by  the  help  of  resonatory  instruments. 

Resonn,  obs.  form  of  RAISIN. 
Resorb  (r&p-rb),  v.     [ad.  L.  resorbere,  f.  re- 
:    RE-  +  sorbere  to  drink  in.     Cf.  F.  resorber,  Sp.  and 
Pg.  resorber^  It.  risorbire.]     To  absorb  again. 

1640  R.  BAILLIK  Canterb.  Self-conn,  Postscr.  20  Their.. 

[    aspersions,  which   yet   ye   have  a  stomach  to  resorbe,  to 

j    spew  them  out  once  againe.    1730  SHORT  Diss.  Tea  57  The 

1    Liquids..  are  neither  exhaled  nor  resorbed  by  the  Veins. 

1773  PRIESTLEY  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXII.  190  The  generation 

of  air,  ..except  what  might  be  absorbed  by  quicksilver  or 

resorbed  by   the  substance    itself.      i8a6  SOUTHEY   Vind, 

Eccl.   Angl,  177  Human  souls,  which  like  sparks  ..  were 

borne  aloft,  and  then..  were  resorbed  into  the  pit.      1876 

I    SwrNBURNE  Erechtheus  1563  [The  host]  Drew  seaward  as 

;    with  one  wide  wail  of  waves  Resorbed  with  reluctation. 

igozfirit.  Med.  Jrnl.  No.  2154.  918  The  extravasated  blood 

was  resorbed. 

So  Beso'rbence,  reabsorption,  backward  flow. 
Beso-rbent  a.,  absorbing  again. 

a  1800   WODHULL    (T.),   Again    resorbent    ocean's   wave 
,    Receives   the  waters,   which   it   gave.     1803   Med.    Jrnl. 


RESORT. 

IX.  95  Digitalis,  .augments  the  oscillation  of  the  resorbent 
vessels.  1881  W.  CORY  Lett.  <y  Jmls.  (1897)  472  Ihe 
forward  plunge  and  resorbence  of  a  wave. 

Resorcin  (rezpusin).  L'hem,  Also  -ine.  [f. 
RES(IN)  +OBCJN.] 

1.  A  compound,  formerly  produced  by  the  action 
of  potash    upon   galbanum   or  other  resins,   now 
generally    prepared    synthetically.      It    is    chiefly 
used  as  a  dye-stuff,  but  is  occasionally  employed 
in  medicine  and  photography. 

1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chew.  V.  82  Resorcin,  CfiH6Oa,  a  com 
pound  homologous  with  orcin.  .produced  by  the  action  of 
potash  on  galbanum.  1880  Jrnl.  Soc.  Arts  Apr.  446/2 
The  same  body  will  act  on  resorcine  to  produce  a  colour 
only  differing  from,  the  last  in  that  it  contains  liydroxyl 
instead  of  atmdo  groups.  1899  AllbutCs  .Syst.  Med.  VIII. 
517  Sulphur  has  a  peculiar  action  of  its  ownj  but  allied  to 
it  are  ichthyol  and  perhaps  resorcin. 

2.  attrik.  and  Comb.,  as  resorcin-ammonia,  -snl- 
P/ionic,  etc. ;   resorcin  brown^  green. 

1872  WATTS  Diet.  Chew,  ist  Suppl.  993  Resorcin-ammo- 
nia.  .is  formed  by  passing  dry  ammonia  gas  into  a  solution 
of  resorcin  in  anhydrous  ether.  1881  Nature  XXIV.  48 
The  salts  of  resorciusulphonic  acid.  1897  Atlt'utfs  Syst. 
Med.  III.  558  Boas'  resorcin  test  is  also  useful.  1899  Ibid. 
VIII.  705  Resorcin  pastes  ..  are  excellent,  if  temporary, 
remedies.  1905  CAIN  &  THORI-E  Synth.  Dyes  tuffs  42  The 
fast  green  or  Resorcin  green  is.. produced  by  the  action  of 
nitrous  acid  on  resorcinol.  I  hid.  62  The  first  ..disazo-dyc 
stuff  was  the  Resorcin  brown  discovered  by  \Vallach  in  iSSi. 

Reso'rcinol.  Chem.  [f.  KESOKCIN  +  -OL.] 
A  form  of  resorcin  ;  a  compound  of  resorcin  with 
other  substances. 

1881  WAI  TS  Diet.  Chew.  3rd  Suppl.  1747  Resorcinol  intro 
duced  into  the  animal  organism  is  converted  into  a  sul- 
phonic  acid.  1892  Phot.  Ann.  II.  94  A  small  proportion 
of  resorcinol  greatly  increases  the  stability  of  the  solution. 

attrib.  1892  Phot.  Ann.  II.  108  Derivatives  in  which  a 
halogen  is  substituted  in  the  resorcinol  residue  [etc.]. 

Resorcylic  (rez^asHik),  a.  Chem.  [f.  RE- 
SORC-IN  +  -YL  +  -1C.]  Pertaining  to,  derived  from, 
resorcin. 

1894  MORLEY  &  MUIR  Watts  Diet.  Chem.  IV.  400/2 
Resorcylic  acid.  Ibid.,  Resorcylic  aldehyde. 

t  ReSQ're,  v.   Obs.  rare,     (^See  quot.  1486.) 

1486  Bk.  St.  A  ll'ans  K  viij  b,  And  after  when  he  dowblith 
and  turnyth  agaynne  Then  he  resoorth  as  goode  hunteres 
saynne.  1602  -2nd  Pt.  Return  fr.  Parnass.  \\.  v.  937  By  that 
I  knewe  that  they  had  the  hare  and  on  foote,  and  by  and  by 

I  might  see  him  sore  and  resore,  prick  and  reprick. 

f  Resorp,  variant  of  (or  error  for)  RESOHB  v. 

1656  KLECKNOE  Ten  Years  Trav.  119  These  must  unsay 
what  they  have  said,  and  like  venomous  Beasts,  resorp 
their  own  poyson. 

Resorptiou  (i/s^upjan).  [Noun  of  action,  on 
L.  types,  f.  L.  resorbcre  RESORB  v.  So  F.  rtsorp- 
tion.']  The  fact  or  process  of  reabsorption,  spec,  of 
an  organ,  tissue,  or  excretion. 

1818-20  E.  THOMPSON  tr.  Cullen's  Nosology  (ed.  3)  239 
Scrophula  fugax  :  very  simple . . ,  generally  occurring  on  re- 
sorption  from  ulcers  of  the  hand.  1876  DUHRING  Dis,  Skin  66 

I 1  may  terminate  either  in  resorption,  suppuration,  or  hyper 
trophy.  1902  Brit.  Med.  Jrnl.  No.  2154.  918  App.ia  Resorp 
tion  of  body  cells  (liver,  kidney,  &c.)  frequently  takes  place. 

ResO'rptive,  «.  rare.  [Cf.  prec.  and  -IVE.] 
Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  resorption. 

1889  Science  XIII.  232  The  resorptive  phenomena  of 
porphyritic  quartz  and  other  minerals  in  eruptive  rocks. 

Resort  (r/zput},  sb.  Also  4-6  resorte.  [a. 
OF.  resort^  ressort  resource,  aid,  spring,  etc.,  f. 
resot'fir  :  see  next.] 

I.  1.  That  to  which  one  has  recourse  for  aid  or 
assistance,  or  in  order  to  accomplish  some  end. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  in.  134  In  trowth  alway  to  don}ow 
my  seruyse,  As  to  my  lady  right,  and  cheif  resorte.  1433 
Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  441/2  He  ne  lean,  .other  resort  have  for 
salvation.  1691  T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  Neiv  Invent.  43  Nor. .do 
we  offer  this  as  a  new  Resort  whereto  this  Report.,  may  be 
thought  to  have  driven  us.  1781  COWPER  Hope  378  Between 
justice,  as  my  prime  support,  And  mercy,  fled  to  as  the  last 
resort,  I.. steal  alonj*  with  heav'n  in  view.  1840  R.  H. 
DANA  Bef.  Mast  xxiii,  A  knowledge  of  the  expedients  and 
resorts  in  times  of  hazard,  which  was  remarkable.  1860 
TYNDALL  Glac.  \.  xxvii.  196  A  fit  one  [sc.  sledge]  was  not  to 
be  found,  and  a  carriage  was  therefore  the  only  resort. 
yb.  Means  or  way  of  escape.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Prk\  153  Al  men  hit  [sc. 
death]  haue  in  mynde,  Of  that  there  is  noone  resorte. 

2.  t  a-  The  right  or  privilege  of  having  final 
decision  or  appeal  vested  in  one.  Obs. 

1475  Bk.  Aftwmc*<Rexlk)M  To  holde  frelyin  souvereinte 
and  resort  of  none  creature  but  of  God.  1523  LD.  BERNERS 
Froiss.  I.  ccxii.  257  His  eldest  son,  shulde  renounce  all 
maner  of  soueraynte,  resorte,  and  rightes,  that  he  shulde 
haue  of  any  of  theym. 

b.  Recourse  to  some  person,  thing,  or  expe 
dient,  for  aid  or  assistance,  for  the  settlement  of 
some  difficulty,  or  the  attainment  of  some  end. 

1474  Rolls  of  Par  It.  VI.  117/2  The  same  persones..to 
have  resort  unto  the  collectours  of  the  same  xlh  part,.. to 
understond. -in  whoos  kepyng  the  same  sommes.  .resten. 
1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps.  Ixi.  i  O  GratiousGod,  to  thee  is  my 
only  resort.  1668-9  STII.LINGFL.  Serm.  (1673)  I.  vii.  123 
For  the  design  that  was  laid  for  that,.. we  must  have  resort 
to  the  account  that  is  given  of  it.  1710  PRIDEAUX  Orig. 
Tithes  ii.  73  The  constant  resort  which  is  had  unto  them 
..is  not  without  its  expence.  18x8  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2j 
V.  572  For  the  true  idea  of  seisin,  resort  must  be  had  to  the 
ancient  system  of  feudal  tenures.  1884  Manch.  Exam. 
19  June  5/1  It  will  be  impossible  to  close  the  Committee 
to-night  without  resort  to  a  sitting  of  unusual  length. 


BESORT. 

c.  In  the  last  resort  [after  F.  en  dernier  res-   ' 
sort\,  orig.  as  a  judge  or  court  from  which  there  is 
no  appeal ;  hence,  as  a  last  expedient,  in  the  end, 
ultimately.     (Cf.  DEBNIER  b  and  RESSORT  2.) 

1672  TEMPLE  Ess.,  Gov.  Wks.  1720  I.  97  All  Government 
is  a  Restraint  upon  Liberty;  and  under  oil,  the  Dominion 
is  equally  Absolute,  where  it  is  in  the  last  Resort.  1727- 
38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Presiiiial,  a  tribunal,  or  bench  of 
judges,  established  ..to  judge  ultimately,  or  in  the  last 
resort,  of  the  several  cases  brought  before  them  by  way  of 
appeal  from  the  subaltern  judges.  1765  BI.AI  ICSTONE  Comm. 
I.  ii  Arbiters  of  the  property  of  all  their  fellow-subjects, 
and  that  in  the  last  resort.  1858  J.  MARTINEAU  Stud.  Chr. 
352  Life,  indeed,  is  just  the  one  thing . .  on  whose  disposabll- 
ity  in  the  last  resort ..  the  very  existence  of  society  depends.  , 
1884  tr.  Loire's  Mctaph.  121  If  in  the  last  resort  it  is  the 
greatest  perfection  which  determines  the  divine  choice  [etc.]. 

d.  Without  resort,  without  appeal,  rare     . 
1827  SCOTT  Napoleon  Introd.,  Wks.  1870  IX.  10  The  people 

were  judges  without  resort. 

e.  Court  of  first  resort  (cf.  2  c). 

1863  H.  Cox  histit.  n.  ii.  308  Parliaments  relinquished 
much  of  their  wonted  authority  as  a  court  of  first  resort. 

1 3.  a.  Opportunity  for  repair  or  access  to  a  place. 
b.  Return.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1420  LYDG.  Assembly  ff  Gods  68  So  that  the  deere  shall 
haue  no  resort  Withyn  short  tyme  to  no  maner  shade. 
1430-40  —  Boehas  vni.  viii.  (1494)  C  vij,  In  this  resort  [he 
was]  receyued..In  greate  noblesse  by  cause  of  that  viage. 

4.  General  or  habitual  repair  of  persons  to  some 
place  or  person. 

a.  In  phr.  to  make  (or  have}  resort. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I V.  427  In  suche  festes  peple  of 
alle  the  lewery  hade  resorte  un  to  hit.  1473  Rolls  pfParlt. 
VI.  66/1  The  same  Marchauntes  have  be  encoragcd  to  make 
and  contynue  their  resort  unto  this_  his  Lande.  1563  AY^. 
Privy  Council  Scot.  1.  353  Intending  thair  to  mak  thair 
resort  and  residence.  1577  HARRISON  England  n.  i.  (1877) 
I.  6  Great  resort  also  was  made  unto  them  from  all  places 
of  the  realme.  c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xi.  723  To  th'  Altars 
of  the  Gods  they  made  diuinc  resorts.  1662  STILLINGFL. 
Orig.  Sacrx  n.  iv.  §  8  Many  other  Prophets  and  Seers,  .to 
whom  the  people  made  their  resort. 

b.  Const.  </(the  persons  resorting).    fAlso//. 
1470-83  MALORY  Arthur  xvm.  i.  725  Syre  Launcelot  had 

many  resortes  of  ladyes  and  damoysels  that  dayly  resorted 
vnto  hym.  1531-2  Act  23  Hen.  F///.C.  12  Those  townes.. 
where  there  is  moste  resorte  and  repaire  of  people.  1579 
SPENSER  Sliepli.  Cal.  Aug.  157  Resort  of  people  doth  my 
.reefs  augment.  1630  PAGITT  Cliristianogr.  I.  ii.  (1636)  58 
-n  which  are  many  languages  spoken,  by  reason  of  the  resort 
of  abundance  of  merchants,  a  1682  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Tracts 
(1683)  133  By  frequent  resort  of  the  French,  who  to  the 
number  of  some  thousands  came  over.  1766  in  Ellis  Orif. 
Lett.  Ser.  n.  IV.  485  Where  was  a  great  resort  of  French 
company.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  I.  in.  i.  491  He 
patronized  learning  and  encouraged  the  resort  of  learned 
men.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India  I.  543  An  unre 
strained  and  unregulated  resort  of  persons  to  India  for 
religious  purposes. 

c.  In  phr.  of  (great,  public,  etc.)  resort,  applied 
to  places. 

1585  T.  WASHINGTON-  tr.  .\'icholay's  Voy.  n.  xi.  45  b,  A    ; 
towne  of  great  resort  aswel  from  the  firme  land  as  the  sea.    ; 
1603  SKAKS.  Meas./orM.  i.  ii.  104  But  shall  all  our  houses 
of  resort  in  the  Suburbs  be  puld  downe  ?     1683  Brit.  Spec. 
104  Encouraging,  .to  build  Houses,  Temples,  and  Places  of 
Publick  Resort.     1709  STEELE  Taller  No.  83  ?  i  It  is  my 
frequent  Practice  to  visit  Places  of  Res_ort  in  this  Town.    \ 
1725  THOMAS  in  Portland  Papers  VI.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.) 
1 13  There  is  a  large  colliery  of  great  resort.    1849  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  vii.  II.  214  The  Five  Mile  Act  had  banished 
him.. from  almost  all  place*  of  public  resort.     1853  KANE 
Grinnell  Exp.  x.  (1856)  76  Their  seats  of  favorite  resort,  in 
the  early  part  of  the  season. 

f5.  Concourse  or  assemblage  of  people.  Obs. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  vi.  xvi.  209  Syre  launcelot  gate 
al  his  armour.. and  put  hit  vpon  hym  for  drede  of  more 
resorte.  1513  MOKE  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  777  The 
Protector  had  the  resort,  and  the  King  in  maner  desolate. 
1577  B.  GOOGE  Heresbach's  Hush.  iv.  (1586)  191  b.  The 


I 


Ajax  ff  Ulyss.  320  Secure,  I  enter'd  through  the  hostile 

Court,  Glitt'ring  with  steel  and  crowded  with  resort. 

b.  An  assemblage,  gathering,  throng,  crowd. 

c  1550  CHEKE  Matt.  ix.  8  And  when  y  resort  saw  this  yei 

marveild.     1597  J.  PAYNE  Royal  Exch.  9  The  greate  resorte 

to  that.  .Edifice  are  of  sundrie  titles  and  degrees,     1628 

WITHER  Brit.  Renicnio.  iv.  370  Gaming-houses  whither 

;reat  resorts  Were  wont  to  come.    1698  FRYER  Ace.  E. 

'itilia  f;  P.  55  For  a  long  time  the  Portugal*,  .drew  a  great 
.  esort  hither.  1703  PRIOR  Erasm.  Imit.  9  Folly  with  her  wild 
Resort  Of  Wit  and  Jest  disturbs  the  solemn  Court.  1760- 
72  H.  BROOKE  FoolofQual.  (1809)  I.  94,  I  daily  frequented 
Maikham's  coffee-house,  amidst  a  promiscuous  resort  of 
swords-men,  literati,  beaus,  and  politicians.  1806  R. 
CUM  BERLAND  Mem.  286  A  great  resort  of  men  of  talents  now 
nocked  around  him. 
t  6.  Repair  of  one  person  with  others  or  to  some 

place.  Obs. 

1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  242  And  out  of  Rome  hes  baneist 
Chastity,  Quha  with  our  Prelats  can  get  na  resort.  1607 
SHAKS.  Timon  i.  i.  127  loyne  with  me  to  forbid  him  her 
resort,  My  selfe  haue  spoke  in  vaine.  1635  HEYLIN 
Sabbath  n.  (1636)  18  Calvin ..  makes  this  the  speciall  cause 
of  Saint  Pauls  resort  unto  the  places  of  assembly.  1671 
MILTON  P.  R.  \.  367  Nor  from  the  Heav'n  of  Heav'ns  Hath 
he  excluded  my  resort  sometimes. 

f  b.  Those  with  whom  one  associates.   Obs.-1 

1579  LYLY  Euphues  (Arb.)  42  As  touching  my  residence  and 
abiding  heere  in  Naples,,  .my  resorte  and  companye  [etc.]. 

7.  A  place  to  which  persons  repair. 

Now  freq.  in  comb,  with  health,  holiday,  seaside,  etc. 


532 

1754  YOUNG  Centaur  u.  Wks.  1757  IV.  140  This  intel 
lectual  cloud,  which  hangs,  like  a  fog,  over  every  gay  resort 
of  our  moral  invalids,  a  1796  BURNS  Caledonia  i^  Chiefly 
the  woods  were  her  fav'nte  resort,  1856  STANLEY  Sinai 
ft  Pal.  i.  i.  (1858)  18  Wherever  these  springs  are  to  be 
found,  there.. must  always  have  been  the  resort  of  wan 
derers  In  the  Desert.  1885  Klanch.  Exam.  10  Sept.  5/3  The 
houses  licensed  were  the  resort  of  thieves. 

II.  *i"8.  ?  A  channel  or  arm  (of  the  sea).  Ol>s.~l 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  68  By  this  yle  is  a  resorte  of  the  see 
unto  an  other  litill  yle. 

f  9.  Mus.  (Meaning  uncertain.)  Obs.  rare~l. 

1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  i.  xii,  Dupfat,  triplat,  diatesseriall,     ' 
Sesqui  altera,  and  decupla  resortis,  Diapason  of  mony  sin- 
drie  sortis. 

f  10.  A  mechanical  spring.  Obs.  (Cf.  RESSORT  i.) 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gmllemeaus  Fr.  Chirurg.  17  b/2  A  re 
sorte,  or  springe,  because  it  \sc.  forceps]  might  allwayes  be 
aperte.  1662  J.  BARGRAVE  Pofie  Alex.  K//  (1867)  130  The 
hand,  .returned  to  its  place  with  force,  as  if  it  had  a  resort 
or  spring  to  force  it  to  its  proper  place.  1714  MANDEVII.LE 
Fab.  Bees  (1733)  II.  177  The  motion  of  the  hands,  what 
number  of  resorts  soever  it  is  communicated  by,  is  origin 
ally  owing  to  something  else  that  first  moves  within. 

fig.  1666  DRYDEN  Ann.  Mirab.  cc,  Pathless  destiny; 
Whose  dark  resorts  since  prudence  cannot  know,  In  vain  it 
would  provide  for  what  shall  be.  1676  —  State  Innoc.  Pref., 
If  you  can  enter  more  deeply.. into  the  causes  and  resorts 
of  that  which  moves  pleasure  in  a  reader. 

Resort  (i/zpMt),  v.     Also  5-6  resorte,  6  rea- 
sorte.     [ad.  OF.  resortir  (mod.F.   ressortir)  to 
rebound,  retire,  etc.,  f.  re-  RE-  +  sortirto  issue,  go 
out,  etc.,  of  obscure  etymology.] 
f  1.  intr.  To  issue,  to  come  out,  again.  Obs.  rare, 

,1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  xiii.  148  That  Ryvere  comethe 
towardes  Vnde,  undre  Erthe,  and  resortethe  [F.  rcssortist] 
in  to  the  Lond  of  Altazar.  1480  CAXTON  Ovid's  Met.  xii.  x, 
The  stronge  poynte  of  his  darte  folded  and  resorted  agayn. 
f  2.  a.  To  return  to  oneself;  to  revert  to  a 
former  condition  or  custom.  Obs* 

c  1400  Dcsti'.  Troy  3553  When  he  past  of  his  payne.  .And 
resort  to  hym  selfe..,  He  pfainted  full  pkiously.  c  1420 
LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  63  Where  any  wood  ys,  he  [.Eolus] 
bhall  make  hyt  pleyn,  Yef  he  to  hys  lyberte  may  resorte 
ageyn.  1441  Pluinpton  Corr.  (Camden)  p.  Ixi,  He  was  long 
tyme  afterward  in  dUpare  of  his  life,  &  shall  now  never 
resort  to  the  bodyly  strength  &  heale  of  his  person  that  he 
was  in  before.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Pocsie  in.  xxiy. 
(Arb.)  290  All  such  persons  as  take  pleasure  to  shew  their 
Hmbes.  .should  be  inioyned  either  to  go  starke  naked,  or 
else  to  resort  backe  to  the  comely  and  modest  fashion  of 
their  owne  countrie  apparell. 

fb.  To  return  (to  a  place,  or  home}.  Obs. 

L  1430  LYDG.  Jlfin.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  186  He  is  a  fole 
that  scaped  is  daunger, ..and  fled  is  fro  prisoun,  For  to 
resorte.  c  1450  LOVELICH  GVa/Vxiv.  583  Whanne  that  Alle 
I-taken  they  were.. He  gan  to  Resorte  to  that  batayjle 
There  Seraphe  fawht.  a  1529  SKELTON  Sp.  Parrot  281  Go, 
luell  quayre,..Home  to  resorte  Jerobesethe  perswade. 

t  c.  To  return  to  a  subject  or  matter ;  also,  to 
go  back  in  a  discourse  or  in  time.  Obs. 

c  1430  LYDG.  J//«.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  140  But  to  resorle 
ageyn  to  my  mateere.  c  1450  —  decrees (E.E.T.S.)  10  Here 
the  Translator  resortith  ageyn  to  set  in  a  prologe.  c  1460 
FORTESCUE  Abs.  fy  Lim.  Mon.  xiv.  (1885)  142  It  be  houyth 
bat  we  nowe  resorte  to  the  poynte  in  wich  we  lafte.  1547 
J.  HAKKISON  Exhort.  Scottes  in  Compl.  Scot,  (1872)  216 
livi  to  resorte  to  our  purpose,  how  can  it  stand  with  reason 
[etc.]?  1654  G.  GODDARD  Introd.  Burton's  Diary  (1828) 
I.  42  Some  would  have  resorted  back  again  to  the  business 
of  the  Council,  and  put  a  full  period  to  that.  1749  FIELDING 
Tom  Jones  xi.  vii,  He  was  obliged  to  resort  above  a_  year 
..back,  to  find  any  object  for  this  unwarrantable  passion. 
t  d.  To  revert  or  fall  to  one's  lot  or  share.  Obs. 

1430  LYDG.  St.  Margaret  361  Whan  it  falleih  thei  haue  of 
me  mastrie,  Ageyn  to  me  resorteth  al  the  wrak.  1492  in 
Somerset  Med.  Wills  (IQOI)  299  If  hit  so  happe  that  Johanne 
my  doughter  fortune  to  deye.  .then  I  will  that  the  40 //before 
to  her  bequeithen  resorte  and  turne  to  the  use  and  profit 
of  all  my  next  children  then  living,  a  1676  HALE  Hist. 
Common  Law  vi.  (1713)  122  The  Rule  of  Descents  in 
Normandy  was . .  That  the  Descent  of  the  Line  of  the  Father 
shall  not  resort  to  that  of  the  Mother. 

fe.  To  retire  or  retreat.  Obs.  rare. 

£•1450  Merlin  391  Thei  dide  presse  to  the  rescowe . .  and 
made  hem  resorte  bakke  more  than  a  bowe  draught. 

f  3.  To  turn,  direct  one's  attention,  to  a  subject. 

c  1450  LYDG.  Secrees  308  Till  I  abrayde,  in  purpoos  to 
Resorte  To  hym  that  drough  this  processe  moost  devyne. 
1494  FABYAS  Chron.  2  Of  Fraunce  and  other  I  myght  fyke 
wyse  reporte..,  But  to  Englande  if  I  shall  resorte,  Ryght 
mysty  storyes  [etc.].  1534  MORE  Coin/,  agst.  Trib.  \,  Wks. 
1 149/1  This  first  kinde  of  tribulacion  haue  you  to  my  minde 
opened  sufficiently,  &  therfore  I  pray  you  resort  now  to  the 
second.  1581  LAMBARDE  Eireti.  n.v.  (1588)  183, 1  will  leave 
them,  and  resort  to  those  other. 

4.  To  betake  oneself,  to  repair  or  go,  to  a  per 
son  for  aid.  (Now  only  as  in  c.) 

c  1460  Wisdom  942  in  Macro  Plays  66  Wyche  be  owur  selff 
neuer  may  be  a-mendyde  With-owt  Code . . ;  Therfor  to  by  in 
i  let  vs  resort.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  u.  xxx,  22  Brenne..nat 
hauynge  any  comfort  how  he  myght  attayne  to  his  former 
dygnyte,  lastly  resorted,  .vnto  the  Duke.  1533  COVERDALE 
Ps.  cxlii[i].  9  Delyuer  me  (o  Lorde)  fro  myne  enemies,  for  I 
resorte  vnto  the.  1579  TOMSON  Calvin's  Sertn.  Tim.  930/2 
If  we  will  profit  in  the  holy  scripture,  let  vs  learne  to  resort 
to  our  Lord  lesus  Christ.  1667  POOLE  Dial.  betw.  Protest, 
ff  Papist  25  Not  so  much  as  giving  notice  to  his  people 
who  they  were  to  whom  they  must  resort  for  justice. 

fb.  To  refer  or  turn  to  a  document,  book, 
author,  etc.,  for  information  or  guidance,  Obs. 

1439  E.  E.  Wills  (1882)  128  If  ther  be  eny  clause  or 
matier  in  his  olde  will .  .to  the  wich  it  shall  seme  to  the  saide 
executours.  .for  to  be  necessary   to    resorte,  and  to  take 
1    remembraunce  of.    1571  DIGGES  Pantout*  i.  xxxv.  Lijb, 


RESORT. 

Now  it  behouelh  you  to  resorte  to  your  plattes,  searching 
out  as  nigh  as  you  can  by  estimation  the  middlemost  place. 
1613  PUKCHAS  Pilgrimage  i.  vii.  (1614)  40  If  any  would 
entertaine  longer  dispute  ahout  this,  he  may.. resort  vuto 
Geropius  Becanus  his  Gigantomachia.  1738  MORGAN 
Algiers  I.  Pref.  v,  This  gentleman,  to  whom  I  often  resort, 
has  only  saved  me  so  much  labour. 

c.  To  have  recourse  to  something  for  assistance 
or  furtherance  of  an  object. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  n.  §  21  The  King  thought  it 
time  to  resort  to  other  counsels.  1754  SHERLOCK  Discourses 
(1759)  I.  i.  14  Men  should  have  other  Helps  to  resort  to, 
besides  their  own  Strength  and  Reason.  1790  KURKE  Fr. 
Reval.  84  The  Revolution  which  is  resorted  to  for  a  title, 
on  their  system,  wants  a  title  itself.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit. 
India.  III.  ii.  67  The  evidence  to  which  the  nature  of  the 
circumstances  compelled  the  complainants,  .to  resort.  1860 
TVNDALL  Glue.  n.  ix.  270  At  length  we  resort  to  actual  ex 
periment.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  55  The  Persian 
kings,  .resorted  to  mercenaries  as  their  only  salvation. 

5.  To  repair,  to  make  one's  way,  to  come  or  go 
to  a  person. 

1447  BOKENHAM  Seynlys  (Roxb.)  101  Of  thi  lyfe  here  in 
the  last  our . .  My  sustrys  and  I  shul  to  the  resorte.  1470-85 
MALORY  Arthur  vi.  i.  183  Thenne  alle  the  knyghtes  of  the 
table  round  resorted  vnto  the  kyng  &  made  many  lustes  & 
turnementes.  1530  PALSGR.  688/2,  I  wyll  resorte  to  hym  to 
morowe  for  your  cause,  c  1595  CUT.  WVATT  R.  Dudley  s 
Vay.  U'.  Inti.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  39  He  approched  our  hole  in  the 
night,  which  our  Captaine  would  in  noe  wyse  permitt,  but 
willed  that  they  shoulde  resorte  unto  him  the  next  dale. 
1637  Prynnc  Papers  (Camden)  67  The  persons  and  disposi 
tions  of  those  that  resorted  to  the  said  Prynne  and  Burton 
in  their  way  to  their  said  imprisonment.  1871  R.  ELLIS  tr. 
Catullus  Ixviii.  137  What,  to  Catullus  alone  if  a  wayward 
fancy  resort  not?  1878  SIMPSON  6V//.  Sliaks.  I.  54  On  his 
arrival  Stucley  resorted  to  him  to  congratulate  him. 
b.  To  repair  to  one  frequently  or  habitually. 

1470-85  MALOKY  A rthur  xvm.  i.  725  Thenne.  .syr  launce 
lot  heganne  to  resorte  vnlo  queue  Gueneuer  ageyne.  1535 
COVERDALE  Ps.  cxli[i].  7  Which  thinge  yf  thou  wilt  graunte 
me,  then  shal  the  rightuous  resorte  vnto  my  company.  1591 
SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  ill.  i.  no  No  man  hath  accesse  by  day  to 
her.  Val.  Why  then  I  would  resort  to  her  by  night.  1607 
ROWLANDS  Diogincs  Lanth.  (Hunt.  CI.)  25  Crowes  will  to 
carrion  still,  Like  euer  vnto  like  resort,  The  bad  embrace 
the  ill.  1617  MORYSON  //«'«.  in.  48  To  her  that  at  the  drink 
ing  bench  challengeth  loue,  the  Dutch  resort. 

fO.  To  consort  or  associate  with  others.  Obs. 

1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  iv.  i.  114  b,  They 
resorted  with  the  elders  and  were  no  more  subiect  to  goe 
vnto  the  warres. 

6.  To  repair  ordinarily  or  frequently  to  a  place. 
1433  Rolls  of Parli.  IV.  405/1  Certaines.  .charges  to  be.. 

payed,  unto  the  sustenyng  of  ye  saide  warkes.  of  every 
Shipp  and  Boole  resortyng  thider.  1509  FISHER  Funeral 
Serin.  Ctess  Xic/UHOHiiVfks.  (1876)  295  At  nyght  before  she 
wente  to  bedde,  she  faylled  not  to  resorte  vnto  her  chappell. 
1563  ChiM-Marriagcs  (1896)  61  The  banes  were  not  askid 
in  the  church  wherto  he  doth  resort.  1611  BIBLE  Ps.  Ixxi. 
3  Bee  thou  my  strong  habitation,  whereunto  I  may  continu 
ally  resort.  1633  G.  HERBERT  Temple,  Cli.  Porch  Ixix,  Re 
sort  to  sermons,  but  to  prayers  most :  Praying's  the  end  of 
preaching.  ifyzTENNVsoN  Will  Waterpr.mo  Head-waiter 
of  the  chop-house  here,  To  which  I  most  resort. 
b.  With  plural  subject. 

1479  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  424  And  that  the  Bakers  lak  no 
stuffe.  .at  suche  tymes  as  many  straungers  resortith  to  the 
towne.  1511  State  P.,  CarewMSS.  (1867)  I.  20  This  is  the 
very  land  of  refuge  that  English  pirates  resort  most  unto. 
1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  I.  viii.  7b,  They 
haue  two  market  dayes..,  to  the  which  resort  an  infinite 
number  of  people.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  V.  v.  (1614) 
473  Emanuel  Pinner  at  Cambaia  obserued  many  to  resort 
thither  on  pilgrimage.  1669  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  i.  i.  n.  12 
When  Plato  was  in  Egypt,  the  lews  resorted  thither.  1712- 
14  POPE  Rape  Lock  in.  9  Hither  the  heroes  and  the  nymphs 
resort  To  taste  awhile  the  pleasures  of  a  Court.  1782 
PRIESTLEY  Corrupt.  Chr.  II.  vi.  29  The  churches  could  not 
contain  those  that  resorted  to  them.  1867  SMILES  Huguenots 
Eng.  iv.  (1880)  59  The  heads  of  the  Reformed  party.. re. 
sorted  to  Paris  in  large  numbers.  1894  J.  T.  FOWLER 
Adamnan  Introd.  33  A  cave  in  an  island ..  whither  Irish 
pilgrims  still  resort. 

7.  To  proceed  or  go  to  (or  towards)  a  place ;  to  re 
spond  to  a  call  or  summons,    t  Also  without  const. 

c  1450  LOVELICH  Grail  Iv.  46  Aleyn  Remevede  from  that 
plas  and  his  bretheren  with  hym  gonnen  Resort.  1496 
Naval  Accts.  Hen.  VII  (1896)  167  Proclamacion  to  cause 
the  maryners  that  hade  takyn  wages  to  Resorte  to  the  Ship. 
1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xxi.x.  (Percy  Soc.)  139  On  a  day, 
for  hys  owne  dysporte,  To  the  court  of  Rome  he  gan  to 
resorte.  I568GRAHON  Chron.  II.  677  After  this  battaile  the 
Northren  men  resorted  towarde  Warwike.  1613  PUBCHAI 
rilfnniage  I.  vii.  33  Noah. .entered  the  Arke  at  Gods 
appointment,  to  which  by  Diuine  instinct  resorted  both 
birds  and  beasts.  1667  JNIiLTON  P.  L.  xi.  8;  The  Sons  of 
Light  Hasted,  resorting  to  the  Summons  high,  And  took 
thir  Seats.  1703  POPE  Thebais  668  To  Argos'  realms  the 


lemsiea  inaij  on  LUIS  UVWHUWUI  n-^un.  *•"  *•«->  *,*...  i  —  - 
1804  LAUDERDALE  Publ.  Wealth  (1819)  357  The  advantages 

- 


.  . 

years,  he  resorted  to  Italy,  for  the  purpose  of  studying 
astronomy,  where  he  resided  a  number  of  years. 

•j-  b.  Of  blood  :  To  flow  to  some  part.  Obs. 
1531  ELYOT  Gov.  n.  xii,  The  quicke  bloode  somwhat  re 
sorted  unto  his  visage.  1566  DRANT  Horace,  Sat.  I.  viii. 
I)  viii  b,  The  blood  resorted  to  an  hole,  purple,  and  smoking 
new.  1607  TOPSELL  Four-f.  Keasts  (1658)  273  The  other 
Authors..  say,  that  the  madness  of  a  Horse  Cometh,,  by 
some  hot  bloud  resorting  to  the  panicles  of  the  brain. 

fo.  Of  a  stream,  etc.  :   To  flow  to  (another 
stream).     Obs,    (Comm.  in  Leland.) 


RE-SORT. 

1538  LELAND  I  tin.  (1745)  I.  99  Ther  cam  doun  a  Broke 

from  West,  resorting,  as  one  said,  to  Wilebek  streme. 
t  d.  Const,  with  inf.   Obs. 

1460  Pol.,  Rel.,  <5"  L.  Poems  194  In  connaunt,  wreche,  Jjou 
art  one-trewe,  And  Redy  also  to  Resorte,  To  folowe  vyces 
andsle  vertu.  c  1471  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  11.279  O  tnat  nobill 
pry  nee  and  emperour  flouere,  To  sitt  at  Londone  resorte  he 
than.  1509  FISHER  Funeral  Serin.  C'tess  Rickmff*dVf\c&. 
(1876)  296  The  straungers  of  honeste,  whiche  of  theyr  curtesy 
resorteth  for  to  vysyte  the  souerayne,  must  be  consydered. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  54  Mo  Bowres  resorted  to 
aide  y-  others. 

•f*  e.   Without  const.     To  come.   Obs.  rare. 
1550  BALK  Image  Both  Ch.  in.  Kkvb,  For  whan   I  sbal 
resorle,  be  certaine  and  sure  of  it,  mi  iuste  rewarde  shal  come 
with  me.   #1553  UDALL  RoysterD.  n.  iii,  When  wtl  our  new 
master  come?. .  I  would  it  were  to  morow  :  for  till  he  resorte 
Our  mistresse  being  a  Widow  hath  small  comforte. 
tf.  To  retire  or  withdraw  into  (a  place).   Obs. 

1535  COVERDALE  2  Sam.  xvii.  13  But  yf  he  resorte  in  to  a 
cite,  then  shal  all  Israel  cast  roapes  aboute  the  same  cite. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  341  They  resort  every  man 
with  his  family  into  his  owne  chamber. 

8.  To  have  repair,  to  stay,  in  a  place. 

J453  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  230/2  Repairyng  or  resortyng  by 
the  space  of  vi  wokys  withinne  youre  said  Reaume.  1523 
FITZHERB.  Hnsb.  §  10  If  it  be  very  ranke  grounde,.  .where 
catel  doth  resort,  plowe  not  that  lande,  tyll  ye  wyll  sowe  it. 
1590  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  v.  i.  28  "1'is  pUty  that  thou  liu'st  To 
walke  where  any  honest  men  resort.  1632  LIIHCOW  Trav. 
in.  85  His  Nauy  which  sometimes  resort  in  the  Leuante. 
1727  Philip  Quarll  (1816)14,  I.,  believe,  that.,  these  habita 
tions  belong  to  their  captain,  and  that  the  company  resort 
in  caves  up  and  down  these  rocks.  1773  HAN.  MORE  Search 
aft.  Happiness  ii.  138  A  court,  Where  pleasures,  dress'd  in 
every  shape,  resort. 

f9.  trans.  To  frequent,  to  haunt  (a  place).   Obs. 

i$7$Gawm.  Gurion\\\.\\\.  76  Seeke  him  at  Hob  Fylchers 
shop,  for,  as  charde  it  reported,  There  is  the  best  ale  in 
nl  the  towne  and  now  is  most  resorted.  1640  BKOMU 
Sfiaragns  Garden  n,  ii,  A  pallace  of  pleasure,  and  daily 
resorted  and  filled  with  Lords  and  Knights,  and  their 
Ladies.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  I.  35  Our  Thames,  .is 
tainted  with.. the  scarce  numerable  ships  and  other  vessels 
that  resort  her  port. 

Re-sort,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  sort  afresh. 

1889  Pall  Mall  G.  25  Nov.  2/2  She  re-sorts  the  various  , 
loving  couples,  makes  every  one.  .happy. 

Resorter  (x/z^itei).  [f.  RESOHT  v.  +  -ER.]  One 
who  resorts  (to  a  place  or  person) ;  a  frequenter 
or  visitor. 

1S3J  MORI-:  Afiol.  xxxv.  Wks.  900/2  All  that  hathe  bene 
punished  in  this  diocise..or  in  the  cytye  selfe,  eyther  of 
resiauntes  therin,  or  of  resorters  thereto.  1575  BARET  Alv. 
s.v.  Smel^  A  common  resorter  to  euery  inans  table  :  a  smell 
feast.  1648  C.  WALKER  Hist.  Independ.  i.  134  How  to 
carry  himselfe  in  his  charge  towards  the  King,  His  Servants 
and  all  Resorters  to  Him.  1798  ANNA  SEWARD  Lett.  (1811) 
V.  148  Of  absurdity  and  bad  taste,  the  politer  resorters  to 
Matlock  cannot  surely  be  acquitted.  1812  COLMAN  Br. 
Grins,  L&w  Amb.  Ixvli,  A  pasteboard  elephant,  .was  formed 
lo.. charm  the  sage  theatrical  resorters. 

t  ResO'rtible,  a.  Obs.  rare  -1.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-IDLE.]  Open  or  possible  to  one. 

1586  KERNE  Blaz.  Centric  314  Anye  trade  of  life,  misterye, 
or  facultye  which  is  not  resortible  ne  conuenable  to  a 
gentleman. 

ResO'rting,  vbL  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  -f  -ING*.]  • 
The  action  or  fact  of  having  repair  or  recourse  (to  , 
some  place  or  thing,  etc.);  an  occasion  of  this. 

1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  Ixv.  164  Ascanyus  buylded  firste 
the  towne  or  cyte  of  Albe  in  lombardye.   And  there  was  his    •• 
resortynge.      1530  PALSGR.  262/1   Resortyng  to,  actraict, 
rcconrs.     1579    NORTHBROOKE   Dicing  (1843)   89    Let    the    j 
people,  and  especially  women,  giue  eare  to  Pagan  Ouid,..     ! 
speaking  of  those  common  resortings  vnto  playes.      1660 
A.   BROME  Songs  ii.   xiv.  7    We1!   in    our   own  faces  our 
colours  display,  And  hallow   our  yearly  resorting.     1887 
Pall  Mall  G.  2  Aug.  7/1  There  has  been  no  rough  horse-    \ 
play,  and  no  resortings  to  election  irregularities. 

attrib.  1540  PALSGR.  Acolastus  n.  iv,  Howe  mete  or  howe  | 
redy  (at  hande)  a  resortynge  place,.,  haue  I  gotten  me. 

Resoun,  obs.  form  of  REASON  sb.1 

t  Resou  ndt  sb.  Obs.  [f.  the  vb.]  A  returned 
or  re-echoed  sound  ;  a  resonance. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  iv.  Eel.  iv,  And  you,  O  trees,,  .re- 
ceaue  The  strange  resound  of  these  my  causeful  cryes.    1615 
JACKSON  Creed  v.  xx.  Wks,  IV.  177  The  pleasant  spectacle     ; 
and  sweet  resounds  which  woods  and  shady  fountains  afford. 
1682  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Chr.  Mor.  (1716)  40  Virtuous  actions    . 
have  their  own  trumpets,  and  without  any  noise  from  thy    i 
self  will  have  their  resound  abroad.    1701  BEVERLEY  Praise 
Glory  53  The  whole  State  of  that  Kingdom,  shall  be  fill'd     ' 
with  the  Highest  Resounds  of  that  Perfected  New  Song. 

Resound  (rftamid),  v.    Forms  :  4-6  resoun, 
resown(e  ;  6  resounde,  resownd,  6-  resound.    \ 
[f.  RE-  +  AW;Z(£  SOUND  Z'.,  after  F.  resonner  (OF.    i 
resoner\  or  L.  resondre  (Sp.  and  Pg.  resonar.  It. 
risonare).] 

I.  intr.  1.  Of  places  :  To  ring  or  re-echo  with 
(or  t<2/")  some  sound. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Sgr.'s  T.  413  There  sat  a  faukoun . . That    j 
with  a  pilous  vois  bigan   to  crye,  That  al  the  woode  re-    i 
sowned  of  hire  cry.     1508  Dumu  Gold.  Targe  240  Thay    ' 
fyrit  gunnis  wyth  powder  violent, .  .The  rochis  all  resownyt 
wyth  the  rak.  a  1547  SURREY  Prisoner  Windsor  Castle,  The    ; 
secrete  groues  which  oft  we  made  resounde,  Of  pleasaunt     ' 
pjaynt,  and  of  our  ladies'  praise.     1610  HOLLAND  Camdens    , 
Brit.  (1637)  51  Their  Theatre  resounded  with  hideous  howl-    j 
ings.     1671   MILTON  P.  R.  \\.  290  A  pleasant  Grove,  With    j 
chaunt  of  tuneful   Birds  resounding  loud.     1697  DRYDEN 
Virg.  Eel.  v.  90  For  this,  with  chearful  Cries  the  Woods    i 
resound.     1788  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.  xlix.  V.  135  The  dome 
resounded  with  the  acclamations  of  the  people.    i8ia  COMBE    i 


533 

i    Syntax,  Picturesque  it.  44  While  ev'ry  hedge  and  ev'ry  tree 
|     Resound  with  vocal  minstrelsy.     1867  SMILES  Huguenots 
Eng.  vii.  (1880)  128  They  daily  made  the  vaults  resound 
i    with  their  prayer  and  praise. 
b.   Without  const. 

c  1450  Merlin  274  The  nyghtingale  and  these  other  briddes 
songen  solowde  that  the  wodeand  the  river  resovned.  c  1500 
Lancelot  3436  Hornys,  bugillis  blawing  furth  ttiar  sownis, 
That  al  the  cuntre  resownit  hath  about.  1591  Si'KNSicK 
Ruins  of  Time  597  When  all  his  mourning  melodie  He 
ended  had,  that  both  the  shores  resounded.  1605  SHAKS. 
Macb.  iv.  iii.  6  New  sorowes  Strike  heauen  on  the  face,  that 
it  resounds  As  if  it  felt  with  Scotland.  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
vi.  218  Together  rush'd  Both  Battels  maine..;  all  Heav'n 
Resounded.  1784  COWPKR  Task  i.  586  Yet  even  these,  .can 
. .  with  dance,  And  music  of  the  bladder  and  the  bag,  Beguile 
their  woes,  and  make  the  woods  resound.  1848  BUCKLEY 
Iliad 28  The  waves.. roar  against  the  lofty  beach,  and  the 
deep  resounds. 

2.  Of  things :  To  make  or  produce  an  echoing 
sound. 

1530  PALSGR,  688/2  Harke  howe  this  home  resoundeth. 
c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  cxxvi.  ii,  Tongues  with  gladd- 
nes  lowdly  resounded.  1610  HOLLAND  Cantden's  Brit. 
('^37)  306  Hammer  milles,  which  beating  upon  the  iron 
rewound  over  all  the  places  adjoyning.  i7i8PopE//;Wxnr. 
470  His  arms  resounded  as  the  boaster  fell.  1784  Cowi-nu 
Task  i.  357  Thump  after  thump  resounds  the  contain  fhiil, 
1810  SCOTT  Lady  ofL.  i.  x,  Then  thiough  the  dell  his  horn 
resounds.  cx8£o  Arab.  Xts.  (Rtldg.)  187  Instruments  of 
music  resounded  through  the  building.  1873  S.  TAYLOR 
Sound  tf  Music  (1896)  86  The  air  contained  ni  the  ball  re 
sounds  very  powerfully  to  a  single  note  of  different  pitch, 

3.  Of  sounds  :  To  echo,  to  ring. 

a.  1547  SURREY  sKneid\\.  383  Lowder  more  and  more  The 
din  resouned  with  rattling  of  armes.  1590  Si'icxsER  /'".  Q. 
in.  vili.  30  When  those  pittifull  outcries  he  heard  Through 
all  the  seas  so  ruefully  resownd.  1626  T.  H[AWKINS]  tr. 
Canssins  Holy  Crt.  75  Strooken  with  the  hammer,  the 
noyce  wherof  will  resound,  through  all  the  earth.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  vm.  334  The  rigid  interdiction,  which  resounds 
Vet  dreadful  in  mine  care.  1781  Cou  TEK  Jlcroism  62  And 
echoing  praises.. resound  at  your  return.  1828 SCOTT /'". M. 
Perth  iv,  These  words,  which  resounded  far  through  the 
streets,  were  accompanied  by  as  many  fierce  blows.  1849  - 
go  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  VIII.  Hi.  §  64.  365  The  sound  of 
these  cannon  resounded  from  one  end  of  the  Peninsula  to 
the  other. 

b.  To  be  much  mentioned  or  repeated ;  to  be 
celebrated  or  renowned. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  vm.  no  Many. .whose  names 
on  earth  resounde  as  ecchoes  from  the  ruckus.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  i.  579  And  what  resounds  In  Fable  or  Romance  of 
Uthers  Son.  1836  THIRLWALL  Greece  xii.  II.  163  The  fame 
of  Croesus  resounded  through  Greece.  1864  TENNYSON 
Milton  4  Milton,  a  name  to  resound  for  ages, 
f  c.  To  answer  to  something.  Ohs.  rare. 

1560  HOLLAND  Crt.  Venus  m.  328  Bot  to  ressoun  that  ^our 
Serinone  resound.     1741  MIDDLETON  Cicero  (ed.  3)  III.  xii. 
305  The  consenting  praise  of  all  honest  men, ..which   re 
sounds  always  to  virtue,  as  the  eccho  to  the  voice. 

II.  trans.  4.  To  proclaim,  repeat  loudly  (one's 
praises,  etc.) ;  to  celebrate  (a  person  or  thing). 

1561  in  Googe  Eglogs  (Arb.)  8  If  Homerehere  might  dwell, 
whose  praise  the  Grekes  resounde.     1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav. 
19  Happie,  that  had  such  a  trumpet  as  Homer,  to  resound 
his  venues.      1633  G.  HERBERT  Ch.  Milit.  64  The  Warrier 
his  deere  skarres  no  more  resounds.     1697  I)RYDEN  Vir^. 
Georg.  n.  543  To  Bacchus.. let  us  tune  our  Lays,  And  "in 
our  Mother  Tongue  resound  his  Praise.     1725  POPE  Odyss. 
i.  2  The  man . .  Long  exercised  in  woes,  oh  Muse  !  resound. 
1856  MERIVALE  Rom.  Einp.  xii.  (1871)  V.  118  Horace  re 
sounds  the  praises  of  Italy  in  strains  not  dissimilar  to  those 
of  Virgil. 

t  b.  With  complement.  Obs.  rare. 

1600  ABBOT  Jonah  6:5  Their  owne  stories  resound  them 
to  have  bene  exceeding  filthie.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  m.  149 
Th'  innumerable  sound  Of  Hymns  and  sacred  Songs,  where 
with  thy  Throne  Encompass'd  shall  resound  thee  ever  blest. 

6,  To  repeat  or  utter  (words,  etc.)  in  a  loud  or 
echoing  manner.  Now  rare. 

1594  SPENSER  Xmvrv/tfxix,TlM  quyre  of  Byrds  resounded 
Their  anthemes  sweet.  1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps.  xx.  9  Let  all 
the  congregation  resound  Amen.  1715  E.  SMITH  Serin,  at 
Wisbeech  15  As  soon  as  the  sound  is  out  of  your  ears,  to 
graft  the  profitable  sense  upon  your  hearts  and  resound  it  at 
home  in  your  conscience.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  vii.  176 
Tho'  nations,  which  consult  Their  gain,  at  thy  expence, 
resound  applause.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  111.  xv,  The., 
matrons  round  The  dismal  coronach  resound.  1882-3 
SCHAFF  Encycl.Rel.  Knoivl.  II.  13 26  They  repeat  aloud  the 
oratio  domwtca  (the  Lord's  Prayer),  they  resound  the  creed 
and  the  doxology. 

t  b.  To  sound  or  din  into  one's  ears.  Obs.—1 

1641  SIR  S.  D'EWES  in  Rushw.  //«•/.  Coll.  (1692)  1. 111.312 
They  resound  nothing  into  the  Ears  of  the  old  Emperor 
Matthias,  but  his  Cousin  Ferdinand's  high  Merits. 

6,  Of  places :  To  re-echo,  to  give  back  or  repeat 
(a  sound)  again. 

i579  SPENSER  Shcph.  Cat.  Aug.  159  The  forest  wide  is 
fitter  to  resound  The  hollow  Echo  of  my  carefull  cryes. 
1594  MARLOWE  &  NASHE  Dido  iv.  ii,  Whose  hideous  echoes 
make  the  welkin  howl,  And  all  the  woods  Eliza  to  resound  ! 
1630  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Flowers  Sie»t  Many  an  Hymne 
they..Teacht  Groues  and  Rocks,  which  did  resound  their 
Layes.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  789  Hell  trembl'd  at  the  hideous 
Name,  and  sigh'd  From  all  her  Caves,  and  back  resounded 
'  Death  ! '  1741  MoMRoXiuA  AVrtwCwt  3)  86  Serving  as.. 
Vaults  to  resound  the  Notes.  1809  WORDS  w.  Sonn.  Liberty 
n.  x,  Cliffs,  woods  and  caves,  her  viewless  steps  resound. 
1821  CLARE  Vill.  Minstr.  II.  37  Fancy's  echo  still  yon 
field  resounds  With  noise  of  blind-man's  buff. 

•f  b.  To  return  in  response  or  answer  to  some 
thing.  Obs.  rare. 

<zi6i7  BAYKE  Lect.  (1634)  100  The  faitbfull  heart  re 
soundeth  to  Gods  command  an  answer  of  desire.  1681-6 


RESOURCE. 

!    J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Life  (1747)   III.  544    To    which   welcome 
Sentence   they  will   doubtless  all  immediately  resound  a 
joyful  Choir  of  Hallelujahs. 
7.  To  cause  (a  thing)  to  sound  again. 
»775  S.  J.  PRATT  Liberal  Of>in.  xxiii.  (1783)  I.   158  The 
coachman,  .resounded  the  whip,  and  drove  us  upon  the  full 
trot  to  the  door. 

Re-SOUnd,  v.     [RE-  53.]     To  sound  again. 

1897  Dfiify  A  etus  5  May  3/1  Soon  the  alarm  was  sounded, 

and  re-sounded,  and  sounded  again  all  over  Aouri.     1899 

ll'estm.  Ga^.  5  Aug.  1/3  Every  available  chair  \VHM  utilised 

as  a  temporary  rest  ere  the  bells  sounded  and  re-sounded. 

t  Resou  lldable,    a.    Ufa;    rare~l.     [f.  RE 
SOUND  v.  +  -ABLE.]     Capable  of  resounding. 
r  1485  Dig-by  Myst.  (1882)  in.  904,  I  be-seche  thyn   hey 
•    paternyte,  that  my  prayour  be  resowndable  to  \<\  faihyrod 
In  glory,  to  opyn  J)eyn  erys  to  bi  son. 

ReSOU'llding,  vbl.  sb.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -ixc  '.] 
j    The  action  of  the  vb.  RESOL*XJ>. 

£1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  in.  met.  xii.  (E.E.T.S.)  107  pere 
1    he  temprede  hys  blaundissyng  songes  by  reioutiyng  of  hys 
:    strenges.     1483  CAXTON-    Cato   a  vj  b,  Whan  the  huiboml 
:    herde  the  noyse  and  resownyng   of  the  stone  within  the 
water  [etc.].     1611  COKVAT  Crudities  27  Vpon  the  resound- 
'    ing  of  the  Eccho  there  seemed  three  to  sound  together. 
1626  I'.At.ON  Syl-'a  §  817  The  Resounding  of  the  Sea  vpun 
the  Shoare,  And  the  Murmur  of  Winds  in  the  Wood*,  with 
out  apparent  Wind  ;  shew  Wind  to  follow. 

Resou  ndixig  (rfzairndirj),///.  a.  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -ING  ^.]  That  resounds  or  re-echoes  ;  sonorous. 
c  1374  CHAUCER  Bocth.  in.  met.  .\ii.  (Chaucer  Soc.)  15 

1    There  he  temprede  hise  blaundyssynge songes  by  renown- 

<  ynge  strengcs.  1412-20  LYIH;.  Chron.  Troy  Prol.  49  The  wer- 
blus  of  his  resownyng  harpe  Appese  dyde  the  bitter  wyrdys 
scharpe.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  M.  xix.They  feare  mightily 
that  resounding  noise,  comming  with  a  double  stroke.  1634 
MILTON  Counts -2*,-$  Somaistthou  be  translated  to  the  skies, 
And  give  resounding  grace  to  all  Heav'ns  Harmonies.  1733 
POPE  Ess.  Man  in.  155  In  the  same  temple,  the  resounding 
wood,  All  vocal  beings  hynin'd  their  equal  God.  1794  T.  j. 
MATH  i  AS  Purs.  Lit.  (1798)  429  In  the  resounding  language 
of  the  poet  of  PanopoHs.  1860  TVNDAI.L  Glaciers  n.  xxv.  362 

;  A  perpendicular  shaft.. into  which  a  resounding  cataract 
discharged  itself.  1897  MARY  KINGSI.EY  II ".  Africa  542  A 

.    village  that  enjoyed  the  spacious  and  resounding  name  of 
Rumpocheinbo,  from  a  celebiated  chief. 
Hence  Resou  ndingly  adv. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rfsonttatmncnt^  resound  ing  Iv,  lowdly, . . 
melodiously.  1885  D.  C.  MURRAY  Rainbow  Gold  111.  vi. 
ii.  196  He  suffered  both  hands  to  fall  resoundingly  upon  his 
thighs.  1889  HEKKING  &  Ross  Irish  Cousin  in.  i,  She  also 
began  by  kissing  it  resoundingly, 

Resoune,  obs.  form  ot  REASON  s/>i 

t  Re  sour.    Ol>s."~l    (App.  a  variant  of  or  error 

for  reson,  resun,  REASON  s/>,-') 
1493  in  Chandler  Life  Waynjlete  369,  vi  coople  refters  in 

oon  bay  wt  dooble  syde  resours. 

Resource 


Also  7  ress-.  [ad.  !•'. 
ressottrce,  ^ressoursc,  i.  OF.  re^s\sourdrc  to  rise 
again,  f.  re-  ^X>-  +  sourdre  :— L.  sitrgZre  to  rise.] 

1.  A    means   of  supplying   some  want  or   defi 
ciency  ;   a  stock   or  reserve  upon  which  one  can 
draw  when  necessary.     Now  usually//. 

sing.  1611  COTGR.,  Ressoierce,  a  resource,  new  spring. 
c  1650  DENHAM  Of  Old  Age  107  For  whatsoever  from  our 
hand  she  [sc.  the  earth]  takes,  Greater,  or  less,  a  vast  return 
she  makes.  Nor  am  1  only  pleas'd  with  that  resource. 
1760  Hist,  in  Ann.  Reg.  ip/i  Out  of  the  general  want  a 
resource  arose  to  their  armies,  who  were  the  more  readily 
recruited,  because  the  scanty  pay. .of  a  soldier  became  an 
object  of  envy  to  the  wretched  peasantry.  1849-50  ALISON* 
His  I*  Europe  I.  iv.  §  96.  534  The  treasure  of  the  Hotel  de 
Ville  presented  an  immediate  resource. 

pi.  1797  BEWICK  Brit.  Birds  Introd.  9  The  Ostrich,  .runs 
with  amazing  rapidity,  and  consequently  requires  similar 
resources  of  air.  1800  COLQUHOUN  Cotnm.  Thames  vi.  237 
It  was  limited  with  respect  to  pecuniary  Resources.  1874 
CIREKN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  5.  392  The  new  resources  of 
thought  and  language  which  literature  felt  to  be  at  its 
disposal. 

b.  pi.  The  collective  means  possessed  by  any 
country  for  its  own  support  or  defence. 

1779  BURKE  Corr.  (1844)  11.302  The  first  thing  to  be  done 
for  the  defence  of  a  country,  is  to  have  its  resources  and  its 
arms  in  honest  and  able  hands.  1818  COLRBROOKE;  Import 
Col.  Corn  124  That  period,  .when,  .the  country  shall  be 
reduced  to  its  own  insulated  resources.  1870  YEATS  Nat. 
Hist.  Contin.  2  In  speaking  of  the  natural  resources  of  any 
country  we  refer  to  the  ore  in  the  mine,  the  stone  un- 
qnarried,  the  timber  unfelled  [etc.]. 

2.  Possibility  of  aid  or  assistance.    (Chiefly  in 
phr.  •without  resource ',  after  F.  sans  ressource.'} 

1697  DRYDEN  ACneid\\.  477  Vanquish 'd  without  resource ; 
laid  flat  by  fate.  1749  SMOLLETT  Regicide  n.  iv,  Nor  by  an 
oath  precipitate,  involve  Thy  fate  beyond  resource.  1796 
MORSE  Amer.  Geogr.  II.  322  '  Geneva',  says  the  historian 
of  this  revolution,  'is  lost  without  resource,  in  respect  to 
religion,  to  morals  '.  1819  SHELLEY  Cettci  111.  i.  204  For  we 
cannot  hope  That  aid,  or  retribution,  or  resource  Will  arise 
thence.  1854  J.  S.  C.  ABBOTT  Napoleon  (1855)  II.  xxiv.  443 
The  flower  of  the  French  army  was  lost  without  resource, 
f  b.  Recourse  to  one  for  aid.  Ofa.  rare~l, 

1720  MRS.  MANLEY  Power  ofLoi'f  236  But  Hymen  was 
his  first  Relief,  he  had  no  resource  to  any  other  Deity. 

3.  An  action   or  procedure  to  which  one  may 
have   recourse  in  a  difficulty  or  emergency;   an 
expedient,  device,  shift. 

1697  DRYDEN  sEneidyi.  512  [He]  Us'd  threatnings,  mix'd 
with  pray 'rs,  his  last  resource.  1748  Anson's  I7oy.  (ed.  4) 
in.  ii.  426  We  had  no  other  resource  left  than  chincing  and 
caulking.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  xxvj.  II.  12  Many  are 
the  resources  of  courage  and  poverty.  1790  BURKE  Fr» 
Rev.  44  A  revolution  will  be  the  very  last  resource  of  the 


RESOURCEFUL. 

thinking  and  the  good.  1853  MACAULAY  Biogr.^  Atterbury^ 
A  mind  inexhaustibly  rich  in  all  the  resourcesof  controversy. 
1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romoia  xxix,  Tito  began  to  think  that 
flight  was  his  only  resource. 

b.  Applied  to  persons  or  places,  rare. 
I734  tr-  Rollins  Anc.  Hist.  (1827)  II.  n.  46 Taking Syphax 
himself  prisoner  who  was  the  most  powerful  resource  the 
Romans  had.  iBoz  tr.  Ducray-DumimCs  Victor  IV.  222 
This  holy  mansion  was  the  resource  of  young  lovers,  and 
the  terror  of  parents. 

4.  A  means  of  relaxation  or  amusement. 

[1751  CHF.STKRF.  Lett,  cclxxiv.  (1792)  255  Sloth,  indolence, 
and  moliessewcs  pernicious  and  unbecoming  a  young  fellow; 
let  them  be  your  ressotircc  forty  years  hence  at  soonest.] 
1776  GIBBON  Decl.fy  f-  xiii.  I.  394  "1'he  amusements  of  letters 
and  of  devotion,  which  afford  so  many  resources  m  solitude. 
1837  DISRAELI  Venetia  i.  iii,  Reading  had  been  her  chief 
resource.  1853  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk.  (1873)  II.  i.  i.  3 
He  has  a  resource  in  the  chase,  an  occupation,  ever  ready 
at  hand.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  221 
We  are  not  over  supplied  with  resources,  .as  yet...  I  have 
bent  for  some  books  and  ordered  the  weekly  papers. 

5.  Capability  in  adapting  means  to  ends,  or  in 
meeting  difficulties. 

1853  KANE  Grinnell  Ext>.  xxii.  (1856)  171  They  are  a 
gentlemanly,  well-educated  set  of  men..,  full  of  personal 
resource.  1877  MRS.  OLIPHANT  Makers  Flor.  v.  143  He 
was  a  man  of  a  keen  and  bitter  wit,  full  of  resource  and 
readiness.  1879  FROUDE  Carsar  xxii.  371  Resource  in 
difficulties  is  the  distinction  of  great  generals. 

Resou'rceful,  a.    [f.  prec.  +  -FUL.] 

1.  Full  of  resource  ;  fertile  in  expedient. 

1851  D.  G.  MITCHELL  Fresh  Glean.  67  What  is  five  francs 
a  day  to  a  man  of  such  resourceful  spirit  ?  1868  GLADSTONE 
JUT.  M umii  x.  (1869)  389  His  distinguishing  intellectual 
endowment  is  to  be.  .resourceful,  elastic,  versatile.  1891 
E.  PEACOCK  A".  Brendon  I,  12  She  was  a  strong-willed, 
resourceful  woman. 

2.  Rich  or  abounding  in  resources. 

1880  SIR  R.  TEMPLE  India  in  1880,  95  The  Government, 
again,  finding  the  money  market  in  London  so  conveniently 
resourceful,  resorted  to  it.  1888  BRYCE  A  met:  Comnnv. 
v.  xcvi.  III.  346  The  economical  conditions  of  a  new  and 
resourceful  country,  with  an  abundance  of  unoccupied  land 
and  mineral  wealth. 

Hence  Resoivrce fulness. 

1869  FARRAR  Faui.  Speech  \.  (1873)  35  With  all  our 
energy  and  resourcefulness.  1899  Allbutfs  Syst.  Hied. 
VIII.  942  Experiments  characterized  by  a  sagacity,  a 
resourcefulness,  and  a  perseverance  rarely  excelled. 

ReSQUTCelesS,  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -LESS.]  With 
out  resource ;  destitute  of  resources. 

1787  Generous  Attachut.  IV.  113  The  resourceless  Mr. 
Traffic,  confounded  and  silent,  is  the  picture  of  despair  ! 
1826  W.  JAY  Chr.  Contempt,  vi.  197  He  is  laid  waste,  but  he 
is  not  resourceless.  1886  A.  WEIR  Hist,  Basis  Mod.  Europe 
(1889)  540  Resourceless  youths  who  managed  to  exist.. on 
the  patronage  of  the  public. 

Hence  Resou'rcelessness. 

18*7  A.  W.  FONBLANQUE  Eng.  nttder  7  Administr.  (1837) 
I.  84  We  are  only  to  look  around  us,  and  wonder  at  our 
utter  resourcelessness.  1866 Content}.  Rev.  II.  202  Poverty, 
.  .thinking  on  her  own  resourcelessness,  sought  his  company. 
1897  WESTCOTT  Chr,  Aspects  of  Life  413  The  temptations 
and  resourcelessness  of  the  poor. 

t  Resourd,  v.  Obs.  rare.  Also  resword, 
resourdre.  [ad.  OF.  resourdre  :  see  RESOURCE.] 
intr.  To  rise  or  spring  up  again. 

c  1440  MYRC  Festial  203  Scho..dyde  penawnce  for  her 
synnes,  and  soo  reswordyd  agayne  to  grace,  c  1477  CAXTUN 
Jason  27  Yf  a  herte  infortunate  . .  may  resourdre  whan 
fortune  wyll  fauoure  and  ayde.  1481  —  Myrr.  \\.  iii.  67 
Gyon  or  nylus..renneth  vnder  the  erthe  so  ferre  that  it 
resourdeth  in  to  the  longe  see  whiche  enuyronneth  alle 
Ethiope.  1483  —  Gold,  Leg.  290/1  From  whens  that  the 
dethe  grewe,  from  thens  the  lyf  resourded. 

Resou'veiiance.     Obs.  rare~l.     [a.  Y.re- 
souvenance,]     Recollection,  memory. 

£1430  Pilgr.  Lyf  Matthodc  n.  cxxvii.  (1869)  123  This  mir- 
rour  is  resouenaunce  and  acordaunce  to  that  that  men  seyn. 

ResOW  («"-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  sow  again. 

1611  FLORIO,  Riseminaret  to  resowe,  to  sowe  againe. 
1626  BACON  Sylva  §  66^  They  are  forced  to  Resow  Summer- 
corn  where  they  Sowed  Winter-corn.  1766  Coinpl.  Farmer 
s.v.  Rye  6  M  2/1  The  chief  use  of  this  sort  is  to  re-sow  lands 
where  the  autumnal  crop  has  failed.  1778  [\V.  MARSHALL] 
Minutes  Agric.t  Obsen'.  78  Resowing  Clover,  when  the 
Oats  were  in  Haw,  was  of  no  perceptible  service.  1859 
DARWIN  Qrig.  Spec.  iii.  75  If  several  varieties  of  wheat  be 
sown  together,  and  the  mixed  seed  be  resown  [etc.]. 

Resowne,  obs.  form  of  REASON  st>.1 

Resoyngne :  see  RESOIGN. 

Reap,  Sc.  var.  RASP  j^.1  and  v.1;  var.  RASP  v? 

Resp.  dial.  Also  8  respe.  [Of  obscure  origin. 
Connexion  with  G.  raspe,  raspe  (hence  Da.  raspe, 
Sw.  rasp\  malanders,  is  very  doubtful.]  A  dis 
temper  in  sheep,  the  red-water. 

1789  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  VII.  77  The  disorder.. resembles 
what  is  termed  in  Lincolnshire,  amongst  the  sheep,  the 
Resp.  1799  A.  YOUNG  Agric.  Line.  376  About  Louth,  the 
loss  in  feeding  rape,  by  the  respe  is  very  great.  1805  R.  W. 
DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  1169  The  Resp  or  Red-water  is 
another  disorder  to  which  sheep  are  exposed. 

Hence  Re-spy  a.,  afflicted  with  the  resp. 

1836  P.  THOMPSON  Hist.  Boston  720  Respy  mutton.— The 
flesh  of  respy  sheep. 

t  Respair,  v.  and  sb.  Obs.  rare. 

Rendering  L.  spem  habere,  and  so  app.  intended  as  the 
converse  of  despair,  but  other  MSS.  have  respire. 

11425  WYNTOUN  Ckron.  iv.  xvi.  1590  (Cotton),  Sa  Rome, 
befor  dispayrit,  J>an  Respayr  in  gud  hope  began  [Edinb? 
Respaii  hade  in  gude  hope  agane]. 


534 
Respa'rklc,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  sparkle  again. 

1708  OZELL  tr.  Boikmt  s  Lutrin  52  Your  Eyes  resparkle 
with  their  wonted  Fires. 
Respass,  obs.  f.  KASPIS  *,  variant  of  RASPIS  -. 

Respea-k  (n-),  *'•    [1<E-  5a-J 

1.  To  re-utter,  re-echo,  resound. 

i6oz  SHAKS.  Hani.  i.  ii.  128  The  Kings  Rouce,  the  heauens 
shall  bruite  againe,  Respeaking  earthly  Thunder.  1855 
SINGLETON  Virgil  \.  £4  We  sing  not  to  the  deaf:  respeak 
the  forests  all.  1898  Longni.  Mag.  Jan.  226  Every  meanest 
mound  Respeaks  the  word  that  cries  To  Lazarus,  Arise  ! 

2.  To  speak  again  or  further. 

1620-6  QUARLES  Feast  for  Worms  1665  The  Lord  to 
lonah  thus  respake. 

Respect  (r/spe-kt),  sb.  Also  3-6  respecte  ; 
Sc.  5,  9  respek,  g  respeck.  [ad.  L.  respect-us, 
f.  ppl.  stem  of  respicere\  see  next.  Hence  also 
K.  respect,  Sp.  respecto,  respeto,  It.  re-,  rispetto, 
Pg.  rtspeito.] 

I.  In  phrases  (usually)  without  article. 

These  are  chiefly  direct  adoptions  of  L.  uses,  as  habere 
respectuw,  res/>ectnt  sine  respectu. 

1.  To  have  respect  to :  a.  To  have  regard  or  rela 
tion  /£?,  or  connexion  with,  something. 

c  1391  CHAUCF.K  Astrol.  \.  §  21  Euerich  of  thise  12  Signes 
[of  the  zodiac]  hath  respecte  to  a  certein  parcelle  of  the  body 
of  a  man  and  hath  it  in  gouernance.  1398  THEVISA  Bartit. 
De  P.  R.  xix.  vi.  (Bodl.  MS.),  For  euen  femes  ha|>  alwey 
respect  to  ye  vttermoste  parties.  1541  ELYOT  Cast.  Helthe 
K  vj  b,  Sanguyne  and  fleumatyke  men  have  more  respecte 
unto  drythe;  coleryke  andmelancolye,  untomoysture.  1551 
WILSON  Logicke  (1580)  12  b,  The  ground  of  every  thyng,  and 
the  ende  whereunto  it  hath  respecte  or  consideracion.  1652 
EARL  MONM.  tr.  Bcntivoglio's  Hist.  Relat.  8  Other  such 
like  important  affairs,  all  which  have  respect  to  the  Generall 
Union.  1699  SALMON  Bate's  Dispcns.  (1713)  134/2  This 
Spirit  is  opening,  and  has  Respect  to  the  He;;d  and  Womb. 
1759 SARAH  FIELDING CtessofDelt'ivyn  11.37  Perhaps  Lady 
Dellwyn's  restless.  .Movement  might  have  more  Respect 
to  the  shewing  of  her  Shadow,  than  even  herself,  a  1842 
ARNOLD  Lect.  Mod.  Hist.  (1845)  125  The  limits  ..  have, 
often,  respect  to  no  natural  boundaries,  but  are  purely 
arbitrary.  1877  M.  ARNOLD  Last  Ess.  on  Church  105  They 
all  have  a  useful  end  to  serve,  and  have  respect  to  that  end 
solely. 

b.  To  have  reference,  to  refer,  to  something. 
1542    UDALL   Erasm.   Apoph.  243   This    latine   diccion, 

pnesens, .  .hath  respecte  vnto  three  tymes.  1584  R.  SCOT 
Discov.  Witchcr.  551  This  name  hath  not  al waits  a  respect 
unto  the  generation  of  the  sonne  of  God.  1608  W.  WILKES 
Sec.  Menu  13  Those  rules.,  have  respect  more  to  your 
owne  private,  then  reference  to  the  publicke,  good.  1641 
L'EsrKANGKGW'.s/>W'/>a//i  126  The  truth  is,  all  ceremoniall 
laws  have  respect  to  the  latitude  of  Jury.  1724  A.  COLLINS 
Gr.  C/ir.  Rt'lig.  49  The  expressions,  .have  only  in  a  second 
ary  sense  a  respect  to  that  destruction.  1819  G.  S.  FABKR 
Dispcns,  (1823)  I.  i6'7  We  may  be  sure,  that  it  had  respect 
to  some  special  pornt  of  doctrine.  1849  S.  R.  MAITI.ASD^W, 
19,  I  will  here  offer  only  a  single  remark,  which  has  respect 
to  the  use  [etc.]. 

2.  70  have  respect  to:  fa.  To  turn  to,  refer  to, 
for  information.   Obs. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  115  As  for  other  meruayles 
of  the  temple  haue  respecte  to  the  bokes  of  Kynges. 

t  b.  To  have  an  eye  to,  to  give  heed  to,  by 
looking  at.  Obs. 

a  1483  Liber  Niger  in  Househ.  Ord.  (1790)  45  This  maistyr 
sittith  in  the  halle,  next  unto  these  Henxmen,  at  the  same 
boarde,  to  have  his  respecte  unto  theyre  demeanynges.  1335 
CovKRDALt  Gen.  iv.  4  The  Lorde  had  respecte  vnto  Abell 
and  to  his  offer ynge.  — .Eccles.  xi.  4  He  that  regardeth 
ye  wynde,  shal  not  sowe :  and  he  that  hath  respecte  vnto  the 
cloudes,  shal  not  reape.  1611  BIBLE  Isa.  xvii.  7  At  that  day 
shall  a  man  looke  to  his  Maker,  and  his  eyes  shall  haue 
respect  to  the  Holy  one  of  Israel. 

c.  To  give  heed,  attention,  or  consideration  to 
something ;  to  have  regard  to ;  to  take  into  account. 
Also  const,  ellipt.  with  that.     (Cf.  13.) 

1483  Lett.  Rich.  Ill  ft  Hen.  VII  (Rolls)  I.  45  To  endent 
with  his  grace  as  it  shall  mowe  be  best  accorded  betwene 
thaim,  havynjj  respecte  as  well  to  the  ease  of  this  tymes  as 
to  othere  presidentes.  c  1500  Lancelot  381  To  dremys,  sir, 
shuld  no  man  have  Respek.  1584  R.  Sco r  Discov.  Witchcr. 
(1886)  7  Whosoever  shall  onllie  have  respect  to  the  constancie 
of  their  words  uttered,  would  easille  beleeve  they  were 
true  indeed.  1625  PURCHAS  Pilgrims  II.  vn.  vi.  1125  But 
hauing  respect  that  night  began  to  come  on,.,  we  tooke  in 
our  sailes.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  m.  339/1  Of  Weights,  I 
have  had  respect  to  that  of  Troy  only.  1864  J.  H.  NEWMAN 
ApoL  App.  84  In  an  oatli  one  ought  to  have  respect  to  the 
intention  of  the  party  swearing, 

d.  To  have  in  view ;  to  allude  to. 

1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  59  To  this  had  the  poete 
Horatius  respecte,  in  thus  saiyng.  1583  FULKE  Def.  Trans. 
Script.  (Parker  Soc.)  566  What  folly  it  is  to  think  our 
translators  had  respect  to  your  popish  devotions,  by  the 
name  of '  devotion  '  ! 

1824  HEBER  Lift  Jer.  Taylor  p.  cxxxviii,  He  tells  us  that 
Balaam,  when  he  prayed  to  die  the  death  of  the  righteous, 
had  only  respect  to  length  of  days.  1873  J.  H.  NEWMAN 
Idea  Univ.  328  When  I  speak  of  the  formation  of  a  Catholic 
school  of  writers,  I  have  respect  principally  to  the  matter  of 
what  is  written. 

t  3.  In  respect  of,  in  comparison  with.   Obs. 

Common  in  the  i6th  and  i7th  centuries. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  84  t>e  sunnebemez  [were]  bot  bio 
&  blynde,  In  respecte  of  >at  adubbement.  >43*~5°  tr. 
Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  149  Brennynge  flammes..,  in  respecte 
of  [L.  respectu}  the  heete  of  whom  this  fyre  matenalle  is  but 
as  warme  warm  water  unto  scaldynge  water.  15*6  Pilgr. 


WROTH  Urania  85  His  spirit  U  so  much  greater,  as  com- 


RESPECT. 

monly  a  mans  is,  in  respect  of  a  womans.  1687  A.  LOVELL 
tr.  'J 'hcvenot 's  Trav.  i.  152  A  well  of  indifferent  good  Water, 
at  leaat  in  respect  of  the  other  Waters  of  Mecha.  1749 
LAVINGTON  JLntluts.  Metli.  fy  Papists  n.  (1754)  14  Tlieir 
respect  to  him,  he  says,  is  nothing  in  respect  of  what  they 
ought  to  shew.  1751  R.  PALTOCK  P.  It'ilkins  xxii,  What 
can  she  bring  from  it,  says  I  to  myself,  in  respect  of  what 
must  be  left  behind  ? 

t  b.  So  in  (or  to)  the  respect  of.  Obs. 
1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  77  That  the  altitude  and 
eminence  scholde  beschewede  excellente,  and  incomparable 
in  the  respecte  of  [L.  respectit]oute  places  habitable,  a  1533 
LD.  BF.KNEKS  Gold.  Bit.  M.  /J«?W.  (1546)4  b,  I  write  to  thee 
but  littell  to  the  respecte  of  that  I  would  write.  1550 
CRANMER  Defence  87  He  is  but  a  yonge  newe  author  in  the 
respect  of  those  which  we  haue  brought  in  for  our  party. 

t  c.  Also  in  respect  to.  06s. 

1526  Pilgr.  Ptrf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  7  Englande,  whiche  is 
but  a  small  yle  and  a  lytell  corner  in  reipecte  to  ye  hole 
worlde.  1690  CHILD  Disc.  Trade  (1608)218  The  productions 
of  the  Spanish-West-India  commodities  are  so  inconsiderable 
in  respect  to  the  English.  1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Print.  130 
Printing  at  this  city  was  early,  in  respect  to  other  places  in 
this  kingdom. 

t  d.  In  respect,  in  comparison.  Obs. 

1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  148  Bondemenne  are  in  re 
specte  and  comparison,  the  feete  of  their  maisters.     1591 
SYLVESTER  Du  Hartas  \.  iii.  513  What  will  remaine?_   Ah  ! 
nothing  (in  respect).     1621    BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  it.  iii.  in. 
(1651)  326  That  all-commanding  country  is  possessed  by 
petty  Princes,  Rome  a  small  Village  in  respect. 

4.  In  respect  (c/)  :  a.  \\  ith  reference  to ;  as 
relates  to  or  regards,  t  Also  with  the. 

1530  TIN'DALE  Answ.  More  (Parker  Soc.)  175  The  axe 
doth  nothing  in  respect  of  the  hand  that  heweth,_  save 
receive.  1591  SHAKS.  T'ivo  Gent.  lit.  i.  327  Item,  shee  is  not 
to  be  fasting  in  respect  of  her  breath.  1620  BRATHWAIT 
Five  Senses  in  Archaica(\Z\^  II.  VI. Table,  He  aggravates 
.  .the  misery  of  this  life  in  respect  of  Sin.  1654  R.  CODRING- 
ION  tr.  Instineix.  139  This  day  did  set  a  period  to  all  Greece, 
in  the  respect  of  their  antient  liberty.  1748  HARTLEY  Obsen: 
Man  I.  Pref.,  The  great  Freedom  which  I  have  used  in 
respect  of  all  Orders  of  Men.  179*  OSDALDISTON  Brit. 
Sportsman  5 1  Bedding  in  respect  of  horses  and  other  cattle, 
denotes  straw  or  litter  spread  under  them  to  lie  on.  1825 
MOORE  Sheridan  I.  236  In  respect  of  mere  style,  too,  the 
workmanship  of.  .Sheridan  is  well  worth. .attention.  1868 
VISCT.  STKANGFORD  Select.  (1869)  II.  240  These  letters  are 
undated  both  in  respect  of  time  and  place. 

t  b.  In  view  of,  by  reason  or  because  of.  Obs. 

1583  FfLKE  De/.  Trans.  Script,  xviii.  473  Oecumenius, .. 
a  Doctour  of  as  little  authoritie,  as  anye  other,  in  respect 
of  the  late  season,  in  whyche  he  liued.  1632  LlTHOOW 
Trav.  n.  75  Serigo..was  aunciently  called.. Schotera,  in 
respect  of  the  line  Marble  that  is  got  there.  1669  STURMY 
Mariner's  Mag.  II.  vi.  68  This  Quadrant.. I  hold  to  be  as 
necessary  an  Instrument  as  Seamen  can  use,  in  respect  of 
its  plainness,  and  brevity.  1738  tr.  Giiazzo's  Art  Convert. 
132  Their  Juniors  do  them  Honour  in  Respect  of  their 
being  older. 

c.  Considering,  seeing,  since  (that}. 

1580  FI-LKE  Dang.  Rock  xii.  Wks.  (Parker  Soc.)  II.  319 
Rather  in  respect  that  he  had  greater  cause  to  love  Christ. 
1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  III.  ii.  17  In  respect  it  is  in  the  fields, 
it  pleaseth  mee  well,  a  1641  BH.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  ff  Man. 
(1642)  105  Nor  was  it  conferred  upon  him  by.  .Darius  His- 
taspes,  in  respect  that  he  was  heire  apparant  unto  the 
former  Kings  of  Judah.  1649  EVELYN  Diary  f>  Con:  (1852) 
III.  53  How  to  prevent  future  ruin,  in  respect _some  of  us 
are  for  an  universal  toleration  :  others,  for  English  freedom 
only?  1876  GLADSTONE  Glean.  (1879)  II.  350  To  a  bad 
clergyman  this  may  be  an  advantage,  in  respect  that  it 
allows  him  to  remain  bad,  and  to  grow  worse  with  impunity, 
t  d.  In  case.  Ohs.  rare  — *. 

1597-8  BACON  Kss.,  Of  Expense,  Some  forbeare  it  not 
vpon  negligence  alone,  but  doubting  to  bring  themselues 
into  Melancholy  in  respect  they  shall  findeit  broken. 
e.  \Yith  respect  to  something.  (Cf.  70.)  rare. 

1841  LATHAM  F.ng.  I.ang.  II.  x.  178  Unless  we  admit  the 
supposition  in  respect  to  g,  that  has  been  indicated  in  re 
spect  to  c.  Ibid.  184. 

t5.  I-'or  (the)  respect  of:  a.  For  the  sake  of, 
because  of.  b.  In  respect  of.  Obs. 

1543  UDALL  Erastn:  Apoph.  05  To  geue  a^mocke  to  the 
feloe  that  stood  so  highly  in  his  owne  conceipte  for  the  re 
specte  of  suche  trifleyng  bagguage.  1549  LATIMER  Ploughers 
(Arb.)  25  Who  wyll  susteyne  any  damage  for  the  respecte  of 
a  publique  commoditie?    1566  PAINTER  f'al.  Picas.  II.  315 
And  verily  his  prophecy  was  to  true  for  respect  of  that 
which  followed. 

6.  Without   respect :    t  a.  Without  discrimina 
tion  or  consideration.   Obs. 

c  1540  tr.  Pol.  I'crg.  Kng.  Hist.  (Camden  Soc.  No.  36)  211 
Thus  the  barbarus  people,  withowte  respecte,  polluted  bothe 
thinggs  divine  S:  humaine.  1594  BEDINGRELD  tr.  Machia. 
vtllCs  Florentine  Hist.  (1595)  203  Murthenng  both  guiltie 
and  unguiltie  people  without  respect. 

b.  Without  consideration  of,  or  regard  to,  some 
thing.  Also  const,  ellipt.  with  what. 

1549  LATIMER  Ploughers  (Arb.)  19  A  fayth  that  rnaketh  a 
man  rightuous  wythout  respecte  of  workes.  1590  SPENSER 
F  O  III  ii  7  Onely  for  honour  and  for  high  regard,  Without 
respect  of  richesse  or  reward.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks 
(1621)  38  The  Emperour  ..  adventured  his  owne  person, 
without  respect  what  danger  might  thereof  ensue.  1651 
JANE  Image  Untr.  59  Iconoclastes  heapes  up  untruths 
without  respect  to  the  apparence  of  their  detection. 

7.  With  respect :  f  »•  Relatively  ;  in  due  pro 
portion.  Obs.  rare. 

1597  J.  KING  On  Jonas  (1618)  224  In  part,  not  wholly^ 
with  respect,  not  absolutely.    1646  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Bwndi  s 
Civ.   Wars   IV.  3   Their  governours  ..ought  to  make  use 
thereof  alternatly,  and  with  respect,  but  not  excesse. 
b.  With  reference  or  regard  to  something. 

1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  it.  iGlobe)  409  After  this,  the  Colony 


RESPECT. 

enjoy'd  a  perfect  Tranquillity  with  Respect  to  the  Savages. 
1765  A.  DILKSON  Treat.  Agric.  (ed.  2.1  32  With  respect  to 
the  tiiit  of  these  questions,  there  are  three  opinions.  1824 
SIR  J.  MACINTOSH  Sp.  15  June,  Wks.  1846  III.  439  With 
respect,  .to  the  State  Papers  laid  before  us,  I  see  nothing  in 
them  to  blame  or  to  regret.  1871  B.  STEWART  Heat  (ed.  2) 
§  12  A  body,  .changes  its  state  with  respect  to  heat, 
f  c.  In  regard  ^/"something.  Obs.  rare  — l. 
1642  EATON  Honey -c.  Free  Jnstif.  472  Not  drawne  thereto 
with  the  terrours  of  the  Law,  or  hireling-like  with  respect 
ofourowne  profit.  1721  BRADLEY  Philos,  Ace.  Wks. Nat. 
162  At  a  vast  Distance  from  one  another,  with  respect  of 
Magnitude. 

II.  8.  f  a.  An  aspect  of  a  thing ;  a  relative 
property  or  quality  ;  a  relationship.  Obs,  (Common 
in  1 7th  c.) 

1495  Trevisa's  Barth.  DC  P.  R.  (W.  de  W.)  in.  v.  52  The 
soule  that  is  one  is  callyd  by  dyuers  names  in  dyuers  re 
spectes  and  highte  anima  while  he  is  in  the  body  and  yeuyth 
it  lyfe.  1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  \\.  (1625)  104  [The 
secretary]  is  at  the  pleasure  and  appointment  of  another  to 
be  commanded,  and  being  in  a  second  respect  as  a  friend 
[etc.].  1599  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man  out  of  Hum.  iv.  v,  Things 
of  consequence  must  haue  their  respects,  where,  how,  and 
to  whom.  1653  H.  MORK  Conject.  Cabbal.  (1662)  3  The 
logos, ..in  which  all  ideas  and  their  respects  are  contained. 
a  1670  RUST  Disc.  Truth  (1682)  157  If  there  be  no  immutable 
respects  in  things,  but  Just  and  Unjust.. are  respects  made 
by  meer  arbitrarious  Will.  1748  G.  WHITE  Serin.  (MS.), 
Doth  Relation  to  us  alter  the  Case,  and  that  Respect  alone 
impart  worth?  1753  JOHNSON  Adventurer  No.  107  F  5 
Whatever  has  various  respects,  must  have  various  appear 
ances  of  good  and  evil,  beauty  or  deformity. 

b.  A  particular,  a  point,  a  detail.  Only  in 
phrases  with  ///,  as  in  all,  many,  or  some  respects > 
in  this  respect,  etc. 

1581  J.  BELL  H  addons  Ansiv.  Osoriiis  179  Let  us  compare 
with  this  blynd  Philosophy  of  Cicero,  the  Divinity  of  Osorius 
in  all  respectes  as  bussardlyke.  1583  STUBBES  Anat.  Abus. 
\\.  (1882)  76  Dooing  the  dutie  of  a  good  shcpheard  in  euerie 
respect.  1611  BIBLE  Transl.  l'r<-f.  F  15  Neuer  scorne  those 
that  be  not  in  all  respects  so  complete  as  they  should  bee. 
1671  MILTON  P.  R,  iv.  521  Yet  thee  I  thought  In  some  re 
spect  far  higher  so  declar'd.  1736  BUTLER  Anal.  i.  L  Wks. 
1874  I,  30  Death  may,  in  some  sort,  and  in  some  respects, 
answer  to  our  birth.  1777  SHERIDAN  Sc/i.  Scattt/.  iv.  iii,  She 
shalL.be  her  own  Mistress  in  that  Respect  for  the  future. 
1800  COLQUHOUN  Coinni,  Thames  Pref,,  The  Subject  is  in 
many  respects  new.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  463,  I 
should  like  to  know  in  what  respect  the  argument  is  not 
sufficient, 

9.  A  relationship  of  one  person  or  thing  to  an 
other  ;  a  reference  to  some  thing  or  person. 

a.  In  phr.  To  have  a  (. .)  respect  to. 

1551  T.  WILSON  Lo^ike(\^&o)  12  Relatives  are  those  whiche 
. . ,  as  a  man  would  saie,  have  a  mutual  respect  one  to  an 
other.  1587  GOLDIN'G  D?  Mar  nay  XVL  (1617)286  Punish 
ment  and  sin  haue  a  mutuatl  respect  one  to  another,  as  a 
sore  and  a  salue.  i68z  BELON  New  Myst.  Physick  12  The 
Fourth  thing  to  be  observed,  has  a  Respect  to  the  certainty 
of  the  Cure,  a  1706  EVELYN  Hist.  Relig.  (1850)  II.  29  The 
observance  of  the  seventh  day  had  a  peculiar  respect  to  the 
Israelites.  1710  BERKELEY  Princ.  Hunt.  Knowl.  i,  §  143 
It  having  a  like  respect  to  other  spirits  that  blueness  or  heat 
by  me  perceived  has  to  those  ideas  perceived  by  another. 
x8x6  FABER  Qrig.  Pagan  Idol.  II.  288  The  pretended  nurses 
of  Jupiter  have  all  a  similar  respect  to  the  deluge.  1850 
McCosH  Div,  Gout.  in.  i.  (1874)  322  A  worldly  morality 
which  has  no  respect  to  God. 

b.  In  other  uses.     Also  with  betwixt, 

1607  J.  NORDEN  Surv.Dial.  \.  12  An  indifferent  Surueyor, 
namely,  such  a  one  as  carieth  equall  respects  to  Lord  and 
Tenant.  1644  DIGBY  Xat.  Soul  359  We  shall  find,  that  all 
they  do  consist  i«,  or  o/certaine  respects  betwixt  two  thinges. 
1729  BUTLER  Sertn.  Wks.  1874  II.  13  The  very  terms,  .imply 
a  relation  or  respect  of  parts  to  each  other.  1748  G.  WHITE 
Sertn.  (MS.),  To  be  careful  of  our  respects  to  him  and  care 
less  of  those  to  men,  is  to  be  defective  in  one  half  of  our 
Religion. 

f  10.  Relationship ;  reference.   Obs, 

1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  v.  i.  99  Ner.  It  is  your  musicke 
Madame  of  the  house.  Por.  Nothing  is  good  I  see  without 
respect,  Methinkes  it  sounds  much  sweeter  then  by  day  ! 
1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  in.  iv.  i.  iii,  Whether  he  can  pro 
duce  respect  without  a  foundation  or  terme.  1662  PLAYFORD 
Skill  Mus.  in.  (1674)  34  Relation,  or  reference,  or  respect 
not  harmonical. 

fb.  Bearings,  results.   Obs.  rare~l. 

tigB'DWBKSSt.IZttnttlWtffStt,  14  The  First  Wars  of  the 
Romans  were  of  very  great  Importance  in  their  respect,  but 
little  remarkable. 

HI.  f  11.  A  respite.  Obs.  Cf.  RESPET(T  sb. 

^1440  Alph,  Tales  221  And  J>an  sho  askid  of  l?e  law  a 
respecte,  &  had  it  grawntid.  1533  in  Marsden  Set.  PI.  Crt. 
Admiral.  (Selden  Soc.)  II.  65  AH  other  letters  of  grace, 
respectes,  and  other  impetracions  of  favour.  1567  Keg.  Privy 
Council  Scot.  I.  540  Eschetis  of  gudis,.  .respectis,  remis- 
sionis,  supersedereis. 

t!2.  a.  Appearance,  aspect.   Obs*  rare. 

1581  BATMAN  Barth.  De  P.  R.  iv.  x,  There  is  holownes  of 
eyen  with  moyst  respect  [L.  cum  hnmido  asfectu],      1615 
SANDYS    Trav.  (1627)  216  Tyrus,  is  now  no  other  than  an 
heape  of  rulnes  ;  yet  have  they  a  reuerent  respect. 
f  b.  A  view;  a  backward  survey.   Obs.  rare. 

154*  BOORDE  Dyetary  ii.  (1870)  23^  I  had  rather  not  to 
buyld . .  a  howse,  than  to  buylde  one  without  a  good  respecte 
in  it,  to  it,  and  from  it.  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Wales 
iv.  (1662)  7  The  Welsh  travailers,  when  they  have  climed  up 
a  hill,,  .rain  their  horses  backward,  and  stand  still  a  while, 
taking  a  prospect  (or  respect  rather)  of  the  Country  they 
have  passed. 

13.  Regard,  consideration.     Const,  of  m  to, 

c  '53°  Crt.  of  Love  xxiii.No  respecte  hauyng  what  was  beste 
todone.  1551  ROBINSON  tr. Morels  Utopia\\.  (1895) 305 TtM 
respecte  of  euery  mans  priuate  commoditie.  1593  SHAKS. 
Liter,  275  Then,  childish  fear,  avaunt !. .  Respect  and  reaso^ 


535 

wait  on  wrinkled  age  !  1605  A.  WOTTON  Answ.  118  They 
will  do  nothing,  but  with  especial  respect  to  themselves. 
1606  G.  W[OODCOCK]  Hist.  Ivstine  v.  25  The  Athenians., 
tooke  more  respect  to  their  safety,  then  care  of  their  honour. 
1652  NEEDHA.M  tr.  Selden's  Mare  Cl.  25  Wee  shall  next  see 
what  respect  hath  been  had  unto  the  Sea,  either  in  the 
very  first  or  any  more  antient  Distribution  or  Division  of 
things.  1791  COWPER  Iliad  xix.  314  For  no  respect  of 
amorous  desire,  Or  other  purpose,  have  I  lay'd  mine  hand 
On  fair  Briseis.  1814  CARV  Dante,  Par.  xxii.  35,  I  will 
make  answer  even  to  the  thought,  Which  thou  hast  sucli 
respect  of.  <i  1834  COLERIDGE  Lit.  Ron.  (1839)  IV.  396 
Have  no  respect  to  what  nation  a  man  is  of, 

b.   Discrimination,   partiality,  or   favour  in    re 
gard  ^persons  or  things.     (Ci.  PERSON  sb.  13.) 

1535  COVERDALE   Prm'.  xxiv.  23  It  is  not  good,  to  haue 
respecte  of  any  personne    in    Judgment.       1558    GOODMAN 
I/ovj  to  Obey  170   Gods  vengeance,    which    he   with   out 
respecte  of  personeswil  powre..vponall  transgressors.  1601 
SHAKS.  Twel.  N.  n.  iii.  98  Is  there  no  respect  of  place,  per 
sons,  nor  time  in  you?     1641  THORNOIKK  Govt.  Ch.  38  We 
see  the  reason  why  there  is  no  respect  of  Timothy,  in  his 
instructions  to  the  elders  of  Ephebus.    1837  HT.  MARTINEAU 
Soc.  Amer.  III.  33  Those  who  are  brought  up  to  have  any 
respect  of  occupations, — to   regard  a  grocer  as  beneath  a 
banker.     1874  SIDGWICK  Meth.  Ethics  in.  v.  239  It  is  of  the 
highest  importance  that  judges  and  administrators  should 
never  be  persuaded  by  money  or  otherwise  to  shew '  respect 
of  persons'. 

"|*  C.  Meed,  care,  attention.  Obs, 
1557  NORTH  Gitettaras  Diall  Pr.  (1568)  23  Women  must 
take  great  respect,  least  they  geve  straungers  occasion  to 
speake  of  them.  1596  BACON  Max.  fy  Use  Coin,  /.art' Pref., 
When  men  shall  carry  a  respect  not  to  descend  into  any 
course  that  is  corrupt.  1615  W.  LAWSON  Country  HOUSCTU. 
Gard.  (1626)  22  At  the  setting  of  your  plants  you  must  ham; 
such  a  respect,  that  the  distance  of  them  [etc.].  1647  LM.I.Y 
Chr.  Astral,  clxvii.  723  Having  care  and  respect  to  give 
February  29.  dayes  in  the  Leap-yter. 

f  d.  //.    Attention    or   consideration  given   to 
more  than  one  point  or  matter.    Obs. 

1612  BACON  Ess,t  Of  Ceremonies  ff  Respects,  It  is  lossealso 
in  businesse  to  be  too  full  of  respects,  or  to  be  to  curious  in 
obseruing  times  and  opportunities.  1640  E.  DACRES  tr. 
Afac/ti.ivelli's  Prince  205  We  see  that  men . .  proceed  therein 
diversly ;  some  with  respects,  others  more  bold.  1655 
EVELYN  Mem.  (1857)  111.73,1  shall,..!  hope,  prevail  with 
you  that  I  may  have  the  honour  to  see  you  again  at  my  poor 
villa,  when  my  respects  are  less  diverted. 

fe.  An  opinion  or  view.    Obs. 

1662  GBRBIER  Princ.  28,  I  must  proceed  and  conclude 
with  my  humble  respects  concerning  Palaces  of.  .Princes. 

14.  A  consideration ;  a  fact  or  motive  which 
assists  in,  or  leads  to,  the  formation  of  a  decision  j 
an  end  or  aim.  (Very  common  in  I7th  c.) 

1549  LATIMER  Plottghcrs  f  Arb.)  37  He  was  not  moued  wyili 
these  worldlie  respectes,  with  these  prudente  considerations. 
1595  SHAKS.  John.  in.  i.  318,  I  muse  your  Majesty  doth 
seeme  so  cold,  When  such  profound  respects  doe  pull  you 
on.  1632  BROMR  Northern  Lnss  I.  vii,  What  Respect  Moves 
you  to  make  this  strong  disswasion?  1673  TEMPLE  Observ. 
United  Prffu.  Wks.  1720  I.  26  These  Respects  gave  the  first 
Rise  to  a  Treaty  of  Peace.  1705  ADDISOS  Italy  511  The 
same  Respect  that  made  him  quit  this  Government,  might 
at  another  time  tempt  him  to  give  up  that  of  Neuf-Chatel. 
1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qnal.  (1809)  IV.  64  All  the 
honours  and  worldly  respects,  for  which  I  formerly  risked 
my  life.  1846  TRENCH  Alirac.  i.  (1862)  105  Higher  respects 
than  those  of  flesh  and  blood  moved  Him  to  thechoosingof 
the  present  moment. 

b.  WitJ^/fcr.     (Common  c  1550-1650.) 

1536  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Life  fy  Lett.  (1902)  II.  16 
Whiche. -compelled  his  Maiesti**  to  staye  in  the  graunting 
of  any  contribucion  for  the  respectes  expressed.      1570-6 
LAMBARDE  Perainb.  Kent  (1826)  p.  vi,  I  resolved  (for  sundrie 
iust  respectes)  to  begin  first  with  that  Shire.    1632  LITHGOW 
Trav.  v.  221  He  saw  the  guide,  .send  a  Moore  before  him, 
for   what    respect   he   knew   not.      1662    BARGRAVK  Pope 
Alex.  ^77(1867)  36  At  his  return  he  was  for  several  respects 
promoted  to  a  Cardinal's  cap. 

IV.  f!5.  ?  Dread,  fear.   Obs. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  147,  Y  lawde  and  com- 
mende  thy  manhode  that  thou  dredes  God  moore  then  me, 
and  the  respecte  of  hevyn  moore  then  thy  cuntre. 

16.  Deferential  regard  or  esteem  felt  or  shown 
towards  a  person  or  thing. 

1586  T.  B.  La  Printaud.  Fr.  Acad.  i.  (1589)  680  We  have 
the  temples  in  great  respect  and  reverence.     1596  SHAKS. 
i  Hen.  Il*t  i.  iii.  8  That  Title  of  respect,  Which  the  proud 
soule  ne're  payes,  but  to  the  proud.     i6n  BIBLE  Transl. 
Pref.  p  i  Zeale  to  promote  the  common  good..deserueth 
certainly  much  respect  and  esteeme.      1690  TKMPLE  Ess., 
Heroic  Virtue   Wks.    17^20  I.  205  So  grea*  a  Respect,  or 
rather  Veneration,  is  paid  to  this  wise  and  admirable  Con 
stitution.     1712  STEELE  Sped.  No.  406  p  i  A  Friend,  for 
whom  he  has  a  very  great  Respect.    i788GiRBON  Dec/.  $•  f.     ' 
xlii.  IV.  220  Some  voluntary  respect  was  yielded  to  age  and 
valour.     1839  KEIGHTLEY  Hist.  Eng.  11.35  Her  character    | 
remains  the  object  of  respect  to  all  parties.     1878  R.  W.     ! 
DALE  Lect.  Preach,  viii.  222  There  is  a  certain  measure  of    i 
respect  due  from  the  people  to  their  pastor. 

Comb.  1833  CARLYLE  Diderot,  Misc.  Ess.  (1888)  V.  9  In 
this  French  Sheffield,  Diderot's  father  was  a  cutler, ..  a 
much  respected  and  respect -worthy  man.  1876  MRS.  OLI- 
PHANT  Phoebe,  Junior  xxxviii,  His  clergyman,,  .an  awful 
and  respect-inspiring  personage. 

b.  The  condition  or  state  of  being  esteemed  or 
honoured. 


N.  T.  32  For  they  are  in  so  high  and  deare  respect  with 
God.  1655-60  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  (1701)  78/2  What 
wants  reason,  wants  respect.  1772  Junius  Lett.  Ixviii. 
(1788)  343  You  stand  degraded  from  the  respect  and 
authority  of  your  office.  1820  BYRON  Mar.  Fal.  v.  iii,  Youth 


RESPECT. 

without  honour,  age  without  respect.  1865  M.  ARNOLD 
Ess.  Crit.  iL  (1875)83  By  which  he  may  be.  .held  in  respect 
when  he  himself  is  inclined  to  take  liberties. 

fc.  Rank,  standing;  station  in  life.  Obs. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  106  The  townes  of  any  respect  he 
Da:dala  and  Crya,  peopled  onely  with  banished  persons.  1601 
SHAKS.  Jut.  C.  i.  li.  59,  I  haue  heard,  Where  many  of  the 
best  respect  in  Rome  .,  Haue  wish'd,  that  Noble  Brutus 
had  his  eyes.  1651  tr.  De-las-Coveras'  Don  Fenise  295 
Although  it  was  night,  I  saw  that  which  made  me  judge 
her  to  be  a  person  of  respect. 

trans/.  1652  CULPKI-H-.R  Eng.  Physic.  (1656)  83  The 
greater  wild  Daisie  is  a  Wound  Herb  of  good  respect. 

jd.  A  coach  ;or  litter)  of  respect,  V  one  used  on 
occasions  of  state.  Obs. 

1676  LADY  FANSHAWB  Memoir  (1829)  281  Then  a  coach 
of  respect,  lined  with  cloth  of  gold,  mixed  with  green.  Then 
a  litter  of  respect,  lined  with  the  same  stuff. 

17.  pi.  "t*  a<  Deferential  or  courteous  attentions  ; 
actions  expressive  of  respect  for  a  person  ;  polite 
nesses,  courtesies.  Obs. 

1612  UACON  Ess.,  Of  Praise.  .Some  praises  come  of  good 
wishes  and  respects,  which  is  a  forme  due  in  ciuility  to 
Kings  and  great  persons.  1648  CiAUE  \\\rst  Ind.  25  We. . 
gave  hearty  thanks  to  the  Indians  for  their  kind  respects 
unions.  (11656  Bi'.  HALL  AY///,  ll'ks.  (1660)  46  The  Pro 
moters  of  the  petitions  were  entertained  with  jireat  respects. 
1707  Reji.  vpott  Ridicule  352  The  Science  of  Respects,  is 
as  1  may  say,  the  Soul  of  Society. 

t  b.   Deferential  salutations.   Obs.  rare~]. 

111674  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  xn.  §  101  When  they  had 
made  their  several  respects,  and  came  to  the  King,  lie 
lightly  moved  his  hat,  and  bade  them  cover. 

C.  In  complimentary  formula,  usually  conveying 
a  message  expressive  of  regard  or  esteem. 

c  1645  HOWCLL  Lett.  iv.  xxvi,  So  with  my  very  kind 
respects  to  my  Sister,  I  rest  Your  loving  brother,  J.  H. 
a  1657  R.  LGVKDAY  Lett.  (1663)  35,  I  pray  do  my  due 
respects  to  those  you  think  my  friends.  1729  SWIFT  Let. 
to  Cay  19  Mar.,  You  are  the  first  to  present  my  mo-t 
humble  respects  to  the  duchess  of  Queensberry.  1780  i:i 
Nichols  Anted,  (1815)  IX.  263  The  Lord  Chancellor  pre 
sents  his  best  respects  to  Mr.  Thicknesse.  1782  Miss 
]JI;KNKV  Cecilia,  vn.  i.\,  Pray  give  my  respects  to  him. 
1833  Hi.  MAKMNEAU  Loom  t?  Lugger  it.  iv.  77  And  give 
my  respects  to  the  Lieutenant's  lady.  1894  RAYMOND  Satn 
fy  Sabina  -\,  '  Here's  luck  ! '  said  Ashford.  '  My  respects  !  ' 
drank  Christopher. 

d.  To  pay  ones  respects,  to  show  polite  attention 
to  a  person  by  presenting  oneself  or  by  making  a  call. 

1668  ETHKRKDGI-;  She  ivoud  if  she  con'd  i.  i,  If  I  can  I  will 
slip  away,  and  pay  my  respects  to  your  lady.  1734  tr. 
Rollings  Anc.  Hist.  (1827)  V.  2  The  Gauls,  .came  to  pay  their 
respects  to  that  general.  1771  SMOLLETT  Humph.  Ci.  (iSisi 
188  When  he  came  home,  he  expressed  great  eagerness  to 
pay  his  respects  to  his  master.  1833  HT.  MARTISEAU  Brooke 
Farm\.  2, 1  generally  choose  tins  road,  and  pay  my  respects 
to  the  rookery  before  doing  the  same  to  the  lady.  1886 
W.  J.  TUCKKR  E.  Europe  116,  I  came  out  here  the  day 
before  yesterday  to  pay  my  respects  to  the  Count. 

Respect  (r/spe'kt),  v.  [f.  L.  respect-^  ppl. 
stem  of  respiccre  to  look  t^back)  at,  regard,  con 
sider,  or  acl.  the  frequentative  of  this,  respectare. 
Cf.  F.  respecter  (i6th  c.),  Sp.  respe(c]tar9  Pg.  re- 
speitar,  It.  rispettare.~\ 

f  1.  trans.  To  respite ;  to  put  off,  neglect.   Obs. 

1542-3  Act  34  <$•  35  Hen.  I'/ If,  c.  16  §  2  Soondrye  soomes 
of  money  been  respected  to  many  persones.whiche  haue  ben 
ShirierTes. .  vpon  theyre  acconiptes.  1549  DK.  SOMERSET  in 
Strype  Keel.  Mem.  (i-j-zi)  II.  292  We. .addressed  our  letters 
to  you  for  due  execution  to  be  don , .  upon  Paget . . :  which,  as 
we  be  informed,  is  not  don  but  respected.  1613  PURCHAS 
Pilgrimage  194  If  he  respect  washing  after  these,  if  he  be 
learned,  he  shall  forget  his  learning.  1620  J.  WILKINSON 
Coroners  $  Sherifes  10  There  they  respected  execution  of 
him  to  the  intent  they  might  procure  his  pardon. 

f  2.  To  regard,  consider,  take  into  account.  Obs. 
(In  common  use  c  1560-1660.) 

1548  GESTE  Pr.  Masse  76  Is  it  not  a  deadely  remorse  to 
respect  the  worthy  clerkes  in  thys  realme  and  ye  greate 
number  of  them  and  yet  not  one  to  wryte  agaynste  hyr? 
1581  J.  BELL  H  addon*  s  Answ,  Osoriiis  139  Not  bycause  it 
is  of  itselfe  nothyng  (if  you  respect  the  substaunce  of  it). 
1606  G.  W[OODCOCK]  Hist.  Ivstine  n.  13  For  if  ye  respect 
the  king,  he  had  a  great  deale  more  wealth  then  valour. 
1668  CULPEPPER  &  COLE  Barthol.  Anat.  i.  xvii.  45  The 
Kidney  is  shaped.. like  an  Asarum  leaf,  if  you  respect  the 
plane  surface. 

f  b.  To  heed,  pay  attention  to ;  to  observe  care- 
fnlly.  Obs.  (Frequent  c  1575-1630.) 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane*s  Comm.  317  b,  I  respected 
nothinge  els,  than  that.. I  might  enjoy  the  inheritance  of 
the  heavenly  kingdome.  1579  W.  WILKINSON  Confnt.  Fant. 
Love  i6b,  The  cunnyng  Archer  respecteth  more  to  hittethe 
marke  than  the  curious  watchyng  of  the  clouen  ayre.  1614 
MERITON  Chr.  Mans  Assuring-ho.  34  He  little  respecteth 
where  he  clappes  himselfe  downe.  i66a  PLAYFORD  Skill 
Mus,  (1674)  29  Respect  not  the  fourth  below,  but  look  to 
your  fifth  above. 

f  c.  To  regard,  consider,  look  upon,  as  being 
of  a  certain  kind,  etc.  Obs.  rare, 

1591  MARLOWE  Massacre  Paris  11.  v,  Her  gory  colours  of 
revenge,  Whom  I  respect  as  leaves  of  boasting  green.  1598-9 
B.  JONSON  Case  Altered  iv.  ii,  To  whom  my  father  gave 
this  name  of  Gasper,  And  as  his  own  respected  him  to 
death.  1601  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xin.  Ixxviii.  322  Corrup 
tion  not  Production  should  we  Euelnesse  respect. 

3.  To  be  directed  to ;  to  refer  or  relate  to ;  to 
deal  or  be  concerned  with. 

1563  Homilies  \\.  Fasting  i.  (1859)  284  For,  when  it  \sc. 
fasting]  respecteth  a  good  end,  it  is  a  good  work.  1598 
BACON  Sacr.  Medit.*  Miracles,  His  doctrine  respected  the 
soule  of  man.  1663  PATRICK  ParaJ?,  Pilgr,  xxviii.  (1668) 


RESPECT. 


536 


RESPECTANT. 


333  The  greatest  wits  want  perspicacity  in  things  that 
respect  their  own  interest.  1704  HEARSE  Duct.  Hist. 
Pref.,  The  two  parts  of  Knowledge  which  in  a  more 
eminent  degree  respect  the  Common  Good  and  Convenience 
of  Mankind.  1759  JOHNSON  Rassclas  xxx,  Even  love  and 
hatred  respect  the  past,  for  the  cause  must  have  been  before 
the  effect.  1819  G.  S.  FADER  Dispcns.  (1823)  I.  183  The 
primary  question.. would  obviously  respect  the  nature  of 
that  serpent.  1866  Reader  July  676  The  remaining  part  of 
the  book  respects  man's  position. 

b.  In  pres.  pph.  With  reference  or  regard  to. 
1732  POPE  Ess.   Man   i.  51    Respecting    Man,  whatever 

wrong  we  call,  May,  niu^t  be  right,  as  relative  to  all.  1782 
PAINE  Let.  Abbe  RayacKi-jgi)  73  Respecting  Canada,  one 
or  other  of  the  two  following  will  take  place.  1802  MAK. 
EDGEWORTH  Moral  T.  (1816)  I.  xii.  95  He  could  not  agree 
with  him  respecting  the  price.  1874  GRKES  Short  Hist.  \\. 
§  8. 103  The  legislation  respecting  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction. 
t  C.  To  resemble.  Obs.  rare  ~l. 

1604  T.  WRIGHT  Passions  (1620)  219  The  heart.. of  man 
triangularly  respecteth  the  blessed  Trinitie ;  every  corner  a 
Person,  and  the  solide  substance  your  common  essence. 

f  d.  To  relate  to,  as  regards  the  effect  or  result 
produced.   Obs. 

1614  LATHAM  Falconry  (1633)  95  This  scowring.  .resisteth 
rottennesse,  also  it  greatly  respecteth  the  head.  1655  CUL- 
PEPPHR,  etc.  Rivenus  Printer  to  Rdr.,  For  the  use  of  these 
Uooks  respects  chiefly  the  Poor  of  this  Nation.  1700  FLOYF.R 
Cold  Baths  i.  ii.  36  Moistening  respects  the  Skin,  but  heat 
ing  and  cooling  shews  the  Effects  it  has  on  the  Humours. 

4.  To  treat  or  regard  with  deference,  esteem,  or 
honour ;  to  feel  or  sho\v  respect  for. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane  s  Comm.  34  b,  He  did  not  one 
whit  respecte  the  highnes  or  dignitie  of  any  parson.  1595 
DANIKL  Civ.  Wars  in.  xxxviii,  Which  meaner  wights  of 
trust,  and  credit  bare  Not  so  respected  could  not  looke 
t'  effect.  1612  BACON  £ss.,  fortune,  Fortune  is  to  bee 
honoured  and  respected,  and  it  be  but  for  her  daughters, 
Confidence  and  Reputation.  1657  \V.  RAND  tr.  Gassendi's 
Life  Peiresc  \\.  181,  I  can  truly  bear  him  witness,  that  he 
most  dearly  respected  them  all.  1727  SWIFT  Let.  to  Gay 
27  Nov.,  I  always  loved  and  respected  him  very  much. 
1780  COWTER  Nightingale  <y  Glo-M-worm  33  Respecting  in 
each  other's  case  The  gifts  of  nature  and  of  grace.  1828 
D' ISRAELI  C/ias.  /,  II.  298  Who  could  imagine  that  such  a 
patriot  would  not  be  respected  even  by  bis  enemies?  1879 
R.  K.  DOUGLAS  Confucianism  iv.  96  If  he  should  be  unable 
to  govern  with  dignity,  the  people  will  not  respect  him. 

rejJ.  1784  COWPEK  Task  n.  377  To  such  I  render  more 
than  mere  respect,  Whose  actions  say  that  they  respect 
themselves,  a  1863  HUCKLE  Misc.  Wks.  (1872)  I.  112  When 
any  class  of  men  cease  to  be  respected  by  the  nation,  they 
soon  cease  to  respect  themselves. 

fb.  To  esteem,  prize,  or  value  (a  thing).   Obs. 

1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  \.  ii.  134  Shall  these  papers  lye,  like 
Tel-tales  here?  If  you  respect  them  ;  best  to  take  them  vp. 
1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vn.  xii.  (1614)  712  Iron  they  had 
not :  Gold  they  respected  not.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients 
177  They  did  respect  gemmes  more  than  to  mangle  them 
with  cutting. 

c.  To  treat  with  consideration ;  to  refrain  from 
injuring  or  interfering  with  ;  to  spare. 

1621  T.  WILLIAMSON  tr.  Goulart's  Wise  Vieillard  146 
Death  respects  neither  babe,  young  nor  old,  man  nor 
woman,  rich  nor  poore.  a  1721  SHEFFIELD  (Dk.  Uuckhm.) 
Wks,  (1753)  1.  4  Who..respectest  none,  And  neither  spar'st 
the  laurel,  nor  the  crown  !  1745  POCOCKE  Descr.  East  II. 
152  In  the  excursions  which  they  make  for  pleasure  they 
are  commonly  respected  by  the  Arabs.  1849  MACAULAY 
Hist,  Eng.  vi.  II.  17  Lewis  had,  like  James,  repeatedly 
promised  to  respect  the  privileges  of  his  Protestant  subjects. 
1877  A.  B.  EDWARDS  Up  Nile  xii.  316  A  dynasty  that  not 
only  lightened  the  burdens  of  the  poor  but  respected  the 
privileges  of  the  rich. 

t  d.  To  toast ;  to  drink  the  health  of.  Obs.  rare. 

1708  J.  PHILIPS  Cyder  i.  519  Whoever  tastes,  let  him  with 
grateful  Heart  Respect  that  ancient  loyal  House.  1766  A. 
NICOL  Poems  50  (E.D.D.),  Good  ale  and  usque  ga'd  about 
In  healths,  as  they  respected  Their  friends  that  day. 

*|"  5.  To  expect,  anticipate,  look  (for).  Obs.  rare, 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanc's  Comm.  285  b,  He  would  in  no  wyse 
assente  to  that,  ..&  herein  respected  no  daunger.  1601  K. 
JONSON  Poetaster  \\.  i,  Gaine  sauours  sweetly  from  any 
thing;  He  that  respects  to  get,  must  relish  all  commodities 
alike.  1623  PEMBLE  Wks,  (1635)  i,  I  verily  suppose  there 
is  none  among  you,  who  respects  to  heare  his  owne  praises; 
if  there  be,  I  come  not  hither  to  give  satisfaction  to  such. 

6.  a.  Her,  Of  charges  :  To  look  at,  face  (esp. 
each  other). 

1562  LECH  Armory  (1597)46  A  Lyon..is  returned  from 
his  pray  and  taketh  his  rest,  respecting  his  enemies.  1610 
GVILLIM  Heraldry  in.  xxiL  (1611)  169  Fishes  are  borne 
hauriant,  both  respecting  each  other  and  also  endorsed. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  m,  28/2  A  Philip  and  Mary  shilling 
hath  a  Man  and  Womans  head  respecting  each  other.  1780 
EDMONDSON  Heraldry  II.  Gloss,  s.v.,  When  beasts,  birds 
or  fish,  are  placed  in  armory  to  face  each  other,  they  are,  by 
some  mod.  Heralds,  termed  respecting  each  other.  1847 
[see  RESPECTANT  i]. 

•(•  b.  To  regard  ;  to  look  upon.   Obs. 

1567  Trial  Treas.  (1850)  28  God  doth  so  guide  the  hartes 
of  the  juste,  That  they  respect  chiefly  the  celestiall  trea 
sure.  1596  Thanksgiving  in  Liturg.  Serv.  Q.  Eliz.  (1847) 
663  Graciously  respecting  us  in  the  merits  of  thy  dear  Son. 
1620  E.  BLOUNT  Horse  Subs.  115  Wise  men  will  not  view 
such  persons  but  with  scorn,  nor  respect  them  but  with  dis- 
esteem. 

to.  To  look  towards  (a  certain  direction);  to 
face  (a  specified  place).  Obs. 

1583  STUBBES  Anat.  Abus.  \\.  (1882)  4  Upon  the  south  side 
it  respecteth  Germanic.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621) 
795  lhat  side  of  Malta  which  respecteth  Sicilia,  hath  in  it 
many  good  harbours.  1668  CULPEI'PER  &  COLE  Barthol. 
Anat.  i.  xvii.  47  With  their  sharp  and  lunary  part  they 
respect  the  kidneys.  1707  MORTIMER  Husb.  (1721)  I.  374 
The  Rooms  that  respect  each  particular  Coast,,  .as  those 


Rooms,  .that  regard  the  East.    41734  NOKTIJ  Lives  (1826). 

II.  104  The  latter  stands,  on  a  sharp  cliff  respecting  the  north. 

d.  intr.  To  face  or  look  to  or  towards,    rare. 

1585  T.   WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas's   Voy.  \.  iv,  These 

Hands  by  a  small  diulsion  of  the  Sea,  respect  towardes  the 

South  and  North.    1612  URERKWOOD  Lang.  $  Relig.  (1635) 

96  The.. east  s>ide,  that  respecteth  toward  Europe.     1864 

BOUTELL  Her.  Hjst.  fy  Pop.  xxxii.  (ed.  3)  470  An  eagle 

rising  and  respecting  to  the  sinister. 

Respectability  (r&pektibttltf).  [f.  RE 
SPECTABLE  a.  +  -ITY.  Cf.  mod.F.  respectability.] 

1.  The  state,  quality,  or  condition  of  being  re 
spectable  in  point  of  character  or  social  standing. 

1785  TKCSLEK  Mod.  Times  I.  p.  vi,  He  is  very  sensible  that 
there  are  in  all  classes  of  life,  men  of  honour  and  respect 
ability.  1802  MRS.  J.  WEST  Infidel  Father  II.  157  He  is 
said  to  have  passed  through  the  ordeal  of  a  military  life 
with  high  respectability.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J,  Eyre  xt  A 
model  of  elderly  Knglish  respectability.  1898  G.  B.  SHAW 
You  never  can  tell  n.  Stage-direct.,  The  excellent  quality 
and  condition  of  these  garments,  the  gold-rimmed  folding 
spectacles,,  .all  testify  to  his  respectability. 
b.  concr.  Those  who  are  respectable. 

1808  Spirit  Public  Jrnls.  X 1 1.  327  All  the  weight,  talent, 
and  respectability  of  the  country.  1891  S.  C.  SCRIVENER 
Our  Fields  .$•  Cities  87  Respectability  pooh-poohs,  but 
'  Respectability  '  does  not  visit  the  north-east  corner  of  the 
cemetery  Pere  la  Chaise  at  Paris. 

2.  a.  A  person  of  respectable  character. 

1840  CARLVLE  fit-roes  (1858)  342  Smooth-shaven  Respect 
abilities  not  a  few  one  finds,  that  are  not  good  for  much. 
1888  Times  20  Sept.  7/2  Irishmen,  .laugh  in  their  sleeve 
when  the  dull  respectabilities  of  the  Gladstonian  party  take 
the  thing  seriously. 

b.  pi.  Those  features  of  life  and  conduct  which 
are  regarded  as  respectable. 

1843  CARLYLS  Past  <y  Pres.  i.  v.  41  With  his  cash-accounts 
and  larders  dropping  fatness,  with  his  respectabilities, warm 
garnitures,  and  pony-chaise.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I. 
1 9 1  Out  of  a  regard  to  the  respectabilities  of  life. 

3.  Importance,  rare. 

1817  T.  DWICUT  Tra-j.  AVw*  Eng.t  etc.  (1821)  II.  241  The 
District  of  Maine  is  fitted  to  derive  its  respectability 
especially  from  fishing,  and  commerce.  1824  L.  MURRAY 
Eng.  Gram.  (ed.  5)  I.  223  The  diversity  of  sentiment  on  this 
subject,  and  the  respectability  of  the  different  opponents, 
will  naturally  induce  the  readers  to  pause  and  reflect,  before 
they  decide. 

Respe  ctabilize,  v.    rare.    [f.  next  +  -iz£.] 

trans.  To  render  respectable. 

1843  Biackiv.  Mag.  LIV.  529  It  took  a  long  time  to 
respectabilize  its  neighbourhood.  1879  Miss  BRAUDON  Clov. 
Foot  xxvii,  Mr.  Desrolles  left  the  Manor  House  a  new  man. 
. .  He  was  respectabilised  by  a  full  purse. 

Respectable   (r&pe-ktib'l),  a.  and  sb.    [f. 

RESPECT  sb.  +  -ABLE.  Cf.  F.  respectable,  Sp.  re- 
spetable,  It.  rispettabik,  -evo/e,  Pg.  respeitavel.] 

A.  adj.  fl.  Worthy  of  notice,  observation,  or 
consideration.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  in.  Wks.  1724  II.  598  This  unex 
pected  adventure,  or  vehemently  respectable  misadventure. 
1605  VERSTEGAN  Dec.  Intell.  i.  (1628)  10  It  is  also  respectable 
that  the  most  antient  Germans  being  pagans,  .ordained  [etc.]. 

2.  Worthy  or  deserving  of  respect  by  reason  of 
some  inherent  quality  or  qualities. 

1599  SANDYS  Europx  Spec.  (1605)  F  ij,  The  prince  in 
mates ty . . ;  and  the  people  in  their  multitude  are  respectable 
and  honourable. 

1750  CHESTERF.  Lett.  ccxv.  (1792)  II.  326  Your  studies,  the 
respectable  remains  of  antiquity.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F, 
xxvii,  III,  42  The  wisdom  of  his  laws,  and  the  success  of 
his  arms,  rendered  his  administration  respectable  in  the 
eyes  both  of  his  subjects,  and  of  his  enemies.  1801  ELIZ. 
HELME  St.  Klarg.  Cave  II.  56  His  sorrows  appear  to  me 
not  only  respectable  but  sacred.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit. 
India  II.  v.  iv.  450  He  had  a  personal  antipathy  to  Hyder 
AH,  which  in  a  mind  like  his  was  capable  of  weighing  down 
more  respectable  motives,  a  1859  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng, 
xxiii.  V.  28  There  might  be  a  large  respectable  minority 
whose  recollections  might  materially  differ  from  the  recol 
lections  of  the  majority. 

b.  Considerable  in  number,  size,  quantity,  etc. 
1755  MAGENS  Insurances  II.  475  They  see  a  respectable 

Marine  kept  up  in  their  Country  ready  to  succour  each  other 
in  Case  of  War.  1780  S.J.PRATT  EmmaCorbctt(t&,4)  II. 
44  He  has  the  good  fortune  to  conceal  under  his  hat.. a 
respectable  contusion.  1840  BARHAM  Ingot.  Leg.  Ser.  i. 
Pref.,  A  beautiful  green  lane,  .will  carry  them,  .to  the  foot 
of  a  very  respectable  hill.  1869  TOZER  Highl.  Turkey  II. 
337  Modern  authorities — whose  writings  amount  to  a  re 
spectable  literature. 

c.  Of  comparative  excellence ;  tolerable,  fair. 
"775  J-  JEKYLL  Corr.  ii.  (1894)  49  At  five  the  spectacles 

commence;  and  first  the  comedy,  which  is  very  respect 
able.  1799  MRS.  J.  WEST  Tale  Times  I.  155  He  was  said 
to  possess  very  respectable  literary  talents.  1824  DIBDIN 
Libr.  Comp,  p.  xv,  The  typographical  execution. .is  de 
lightful,  and  the  engraved  frontispieces  are  very  respectable. 
1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  #  It.  Note-bks.  I.  155  It  is  at  best 
but  a  respectable  production.  1903  Athen&nm  24  Oct. 
552/1  Other  places  have  had  respectable  weather. 

d.  Of  writers,  in  respect  of  authority  or  literary 
merit. 

1781  C.  JOHNSTON  Hist.  J.  Juniper  II.  100  A  question, 
both  sides  of  which  are  supported  by  such  respectable 
authorities.  1796  H.  HUNTER  tr.  St.-Pierre*s  Stud.  Nat. 
(1799)  II.  436  An  anonymous  English  Author,  highly  respect 
able  for  the  soundness  of  his  judgment.  1824  L.  MURRAY 
Eng.  Grant.  I.  277  The  practice  of  many  writers,  and  some 
even  of  our  most  respectable  writers,  appears  to  be  erroneous. 
1866  FITZGERALD  Lamb  (ed.  2)  193  The  complete  collection 
of  the  more  respectable  English  essayists. 

3.  Of  persons :  Worthy  of  respect,  deserving  to 
be  respected,  by  reason  of  moral  excellence. 


'       *755  J-  SHEBBEAKE  Lydia  (1769)  II.  436  An  example  to  be 
followed  by  no  man  who  would  appear  respectable  in  the 

f-eat  world.      1770  LANGHORNE  Plutarch  (1879)   I.  179/2 
hucydides  was  a  great  and  respectable  man.      1816  COLI;- 
KIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  II.  665  If  a  balance  and  harmony  of 
powers,  .render  womanhood  amiable  and  respectable.    1831 
SIB  J.  SINCLAIR  Corr.  II.  236  The  inhabitants  of  Norway 
'    are  a  most  respectable  race  of  people. 

b.  Used  as  a  commendatory  epithet. 
1755  Man  No.  9.4  We  shall  endeavour.. to  ingratiate  this 
respectable  order  [the  clergy]  with  the  people.     1780  S.  J. 
PRATT  Emma  Corbett  (ed.4)  II.  i52,Icaught  the.  .affection 
..from  the  respectable  authors  of  my  being.     1804  PARK  in 
Barker  Life  (1829)  II.  560, 1  am  no  won  a  visit  to  my  respect 
able  friend,  Mr.  Rye.     1815  Paris  Chit-chat  (1816)  II.  174 
|    Nor  would  the  painter  fail  to  give  a  conspicuous  place  to 
|    the  respectable  sister  Blgnan. 

f  c.  As  a  term  of  address.   Obs. 

1768  Woman  of  Honor  I.  205  My  ever  respectable  Aunt. 
1808  Mem.  Female  Philos.  I.  73  My  respectable,  my  tender 
j    mother. 

4.  Of  persons  :  Of  good  or  fair  social  standing, 
|    and  having  the  moral  qualities  naturally  appro 
priate  to   this.     Hence,   in  later  use,  honest  and 
decent  in  character  or  conduct,  without  reference 
to  social  position,  or  in  spite  of  being  in  humble 
|    circumstances. 

1758  MRS.  LENNOX  Henrietta  v.  viii.  (1761)  II.  260  It  will 
,     be  more  for  your  reputation  to  have  it  known  that  you  lived 
,    in  such  a  respectable  society.     1771-2  Ess.  fr.  Batchelor 
,    (1773)  I.  120  His  secretary, .  .the  Provost,  and  many  other 
respectable  persons  came  to  consult  with  him.      1806  R. 
•    CUMBERLAND  Mem.  (1807)  II.  338  Visitors  so  respectable  a* 
the  Lord  Chief  Justice  Mansfield,  the  Ex-Premier   Lord 
I     North.     1845  FORD  Handbk.  Sj>ain  i.  54  The  best  plan  for 
:    those  who  want  to  buy  a  horse  is  to  apply  to  some  respect 
able  private  person.     1879  FRQUDE  Cxsar  viii.  86  He  .ex 
pressed  the  opinions  of  the  respectable  middle  classes,  who 
had  no  sympathy  with  revolutionists. 

b.  So  of  appearance,  character,  institutions,  etc. 
1760-73  H.  BROOK  H  Fool  ofQitat.  (1809)  IV.  4  A  man. .of 

a  very  respectable  appearance.  1788  Trifler  No.  u.  140 
He  sent  us  to  the  most  respectable  schools  he  could  select. 
1803  MAKY  CHARLTON  Wife  <$•  Mistr.  IV.  32  The  loss  of  the 
provision  which  might  have  afforded  you  a  respectable 
maintenance.  1854  Hr.  MARTINEAU  Moral  i.  3  All  labour 
for  which  there  is  a  fair  demand  is  equally  respectable. 
1889  A.  LANG  Lett.  Lit.  i.  (ed.  2)  7  The  '  Idyls'.,  are  full  of 
:  a  Victorian  respectability,  and  love  of  talking  with  Vivien 
about  what  is  not  so  respectable. 

c.  Of  decent  or  presentable  appearance. 

1775  S.  J.  PKATT  Liberal  Opin.  Iv.  (1783)  II.  154, 1  believe 
I  have  a  pair  of  respectable  metal  buckles  in  the  house. 
1855  DICKENS  Dorrit  i.  xxxv,  It  will  be  necessary  to  find  a 
milliner,  my  love..  .Something  must  be  done  with  Maggy 
too,  who  at  present  is. .barely  respectable. 

t  d.  Creditable ;  of  a  good  or  superior  kind. 

1775  S.  J.  PRATT  Liberal  Opin.  Ixxxv.  (1783)  III.  126  It  will 
not.  .redound  much  to  my  credit,  or  inspire,  .any  respectable 
ideas  of  my  understanding.  1786  MRS.  A.  M.  BENNETT  JUT. 
Indiscr.  III.  i88Of  whom  he  entertained  a  very  respectable 
opinion.  1800  Asiatic  Ann.  Reg.  III.  18/1  Judging  that  a 
respectable  address  of  congratulation  on  the  occasion  will 
be  becomingly  proper,  as  well  as  dutiful  from  us. 

*)-5.  Convenient,  suitable.  Obs.  ran~l. 

1773  J.  WESTWORTH  in  Chase  Hist.  Dartmouth  Coll, 
(1891)  I.  440  An  advertisement  in  your  name,  notifying  a 
meeting  on  the  day  of  your  appointment,  and  at  a  place  and 
spot  most  respectable  to  the  College. 

6.  Cowb.,  as  respectable-looking. 

1808  COLERIDGE  in  Edin.  Rev.  XII.  370  A  very  respect 
able-looking  man  had  been  up  these  rivers.  1820  SCOTT 
Abbot  xx,  He  then  addressed,  by  the  title  of  Sir  Robert,  an 
elderly  and  respectable-looking  gentleman.  1874  J.  W. 
LONG  Amer.  Wild-fowl  ix.  153  That  makes  quite  a  respect 
able-looking  flock. 

B.  sb.  A  respectable  person. 

1814  MOORE  Mem.  (1853)  II.  23  We  have  been  visited  by 
some  of  the  respectables  in  this  neighbourhood.  1841  J.  T. 
HEWLETT  Parish  Clerk  I.  293  To  show  his  respect  for  the 
respectables  by  touching  his  hat.  c  1890  Fred  Wilson* s 
Fate  97  It  was  an  assembly  of  the  respectables,  and  they 
were  not  his  '  crowd  '. 

Hence  Be  spe-ct  able  ness. 

1760-73  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qua?.  Ded.,  May  it  please 
your  Respectableness.  1771  WHITAKER  Hist.  Manch.  I. 
165  The  pencil  of  Age  may  justly  be  allowed  to  throw  a 
shade  of  respectableness..over  the  productions  of  very 
antient  Art. 

Respectably  (r/spe-ktabli),  adv.  [f.  prec.-f- 
-LY^,]  In  a  respectable  way  or  manner;  to  a 
respectable  degree. 

X775  S.  J.  PRATT  Liberal  Opin.  xlii.  (1783)  II.  210  On  the 
credit  side  of  his  books,  where,  no  doubt,  the  silver  buckles 
figured  respectably.  1790  Bystander  286  The  author  of  that 
piece  can  write  respectably,  but  not  for  the  stage.  1805 
EMILY  CLARK  Banks  Donro  I.  74  The  business  by  which  he 
so  respectably  supported  himself.  1850  SMEDI.EY  F.  Fair. 


leigh  xlix,  I  rang  for  breakfast,  and  set  resolutely  to  work  to 
demolish  it,  in  which  I  succeeded  very  respectably  -°°- 
MRS.  RIDDELL  Prince  of  Wales' s  Garden-p.  146 


demolish  it,  in  which  I  succeeded  very  respectably.  ^88 
MRS.  RIDDELL  Prince  of  Wales' s  Garden-p.  146  What  a 
mother  she  was  !.. Through  what  troubles  she  struggled  to 


bring  up  her  children  respectably. 

t  Respextance.    nonce-wd.  =  RESPECT  sb. 

1820  T.  MITCHELL  Aristoph.  I.  230  Your  snug  coffer  to 
fill.  Undisturbed  by  respectance  or  pity. 

Kespe'ctant,  a,    rare.    [-ANT.] 

1.  Her.  Of  animals :  Facing  each  other. 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  n.  xix.  470/2  He  beareth  Argent, 
two  Snakes  in  Salter  respectant.  ci8a8  BERRY  Encycl. 
Her.  I.  s.v.,  Respectant,  in  triangle.  Three  birds,  or  other 
animals,  with  their  beaks,  or  heads,  meeting  in  triangle. 
1847  Gloss.  Heraldry  267  Respectant,  or  Respecting  each 
other:  terms  used  in  describing  two  animals  face  to  face. 
Rampant  beasts  of  prey  so  bornej  are  said  to  be  combatant, 


RESPECTED. 


537 


RESPECTIVELY. 


2.  Looking  backward, 

1830  TENNYSON  Poems  99  Three  shadows,  fronting  one, 
One  forward,  one  respectant,  three  but  one. 

Respe'cted,  ///•  «.    [f.  RESPECT  v.  +  -ED1.] 
Held  in  respect. 


Stein  III.  342  The  part  which  is. .unruly,  can  only  be  re 
strained  by  the  power  of  a  respected  Government. 

Respecter  (r/spe*ktaj).  [f.  RESPECT  v.  + 
-ER1.]  One  who  respects:  a.  In  phr.  respecter 
of  persons  (see  PERSON  sb.  13). 

1611  BIBLE  Acts  x.  34  Of  a  trueth  I  perceiue  yl  God  is  no 
respecter  of  persons,  a  1715  BUKNET  Own  Time  in.  (1900) 

II.  457  He  was  going  to  be  judged   by  one  that  was  no 
respecter  of  persons.      1802  MAR.    EDGEWORTH  Moral  T, 
(1816)  I.  xix.  166  The  law. .is  no  respecter  of  persons.    1871 
FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  IV.  128  To  teach  them  that 
their  King  was  no  respecter  of  persons. 

b.  In  general  use. 

1670  EACHARD  Cont.  Clergy  104  Whereby  they  may  become 
his  diligent  attenders,  and  hearty  respecters.  1797  MRS. 
RADCLIFFE  Italian  xvii,  This  accusation  is  brought  against 
you  by  a  respecter  of  truth.  1801  HELEN  M.  WILLIAMS 
Manners  Fr.  Repnb.  I.  Hi.  25  This  venerable  respecter  of 
the  rights  of  man.  1853  HERSCHKL  Pop.  Lect.  Sci.  iii.  §  7 
(1873)  99  They  are  no  respecters  of  boundaries. 

Respectful  (nspe-ktful),  a.     [f.  RESPECT  sb.} 

fl.  Mindful,  heedful,  careful  ((^something).  Obs. 

1598  CHAPMAN  Iliad  i.  151  O  thou  impudent  !  of  no  good 
but  thine  owne,  Euer  respectful!.  ci6n  Ibid.  xxin.  63 
Being  aliue,  I  found  thy  memorie  Euer  respectfull.  1650 
VENNER  Via  Recta  280,  I  advise  all  such  as  are  respectfull 
of  their  health.  1663  GERBIER  Counsel  (1664)  34  All  those 
who  have  made . .  their  respectfull  observations  of  the  Dimen 
sions  the  Creatour  bath  been  pleased  to  give  to.  .Man. 
fb.  Considerate  (to  something).  Obs.  rare. 

1650  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Renault's  Man  bee.  Guilty  372  It  is 
the  most  perverse  and  least  respectful  punishment  of  all 
those  that  befall  sinfull  man.  a  1665  GOODWIN  Filled  iv. 
Spirit  (1867)  225  If..  God  were  so  far  indulgent  or  respectful 
to  the  zealous  desires  of  men. 

T"  2.  Worthy  of,  or  commanding,  respect.   Obs. 

1650  GENTIUS  Consid.  64  Alcibiades.  .strives  to  become 
great  and  make  himselfe  respectfull  by  contending  with 
great  ones.  1659  FULLER  App.  Inj.  Innoc.  n.  x.  94  The  like 
is  frequent  in  many  respectfull  Families  in  England,  1702 
C.  MATHER  Alagn.  Chr.  in.  Introd.  Rem.  7/1  Both  of  these 
[persons]  have  a  respectful  Character  in  the  Churches  of 
this  Wilderness. 

3.  Full  of,  exhibiting,  or  marked  by  respect. 

1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav.  \.  87  The  People 
with  a  low  and  respectful  Voice,  wished  him  all  Happiness 
and  Prosperity.  1707  NORRIS  Treat.  Humility  vi,  244 
Humility  is  the  most  respectful  inferiour,  and  the  most 
obedient  subject  In  the  world.  1737  [S.  BERINGTON]  Mem. 
G.  de  Lucca  (1738)  60,  I .  .stood  gazing,  tho'  at  a  respectful 
Distance,  at  the  Bassa's  beautiful  Daughter.  1794  MRS. 
RADCLIFFE  Myst.  Udolpho  xliv,  Ludovico  received  the 
sword  with  a  respectful  bow.  1830  Miss  MITFORD  in 
L'Estrange  Life  (1870)  II.  xiii.  296  The  funeral  was,  of 
course,  quite  private— only  ourselves,  in  a  mourning  coach 
— but  handsome  and  respectful.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2) 
III.  7  The  respectful  attention  shown  to  him  by  Socrates. 
b.  Const,  of. 

1846  D.  JERROLD  Citron.  Clovernook  Wks.  1864  IV.  444, 
I  must . .  above  all  make  it  respectful  of  money.  1892 
Harper's  Mag.  Sept.  504/2  A  moderate  man,  respectful  of 
tradition  and  of  the  established  order  of  things. 

Respectfully  (r/spe-ktfuli),  adv.  [f.  prec.  + 
•LY  2.]  In  a  respectful  or  deferential  manner. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  \.  ii.  (1891)  8b,  Kalander  soone 
iudged  that  his  guest  was  of  no  meane  calling ;  and  therefore 
the  more  respectfullie  entertaining  him.  a  1667  COWLBV 
Ess,*  Of  Avarice,  These  really  Poor  men,  who  are  (methinks) 
to  be  respectfully  treated  in  regard  of  their  quality.  1687 
A.  LOVELL  tr.  ThevenoCs  Trav.  \,  53  So  soon  as  the  Grand 
Signior  perceives  him,  he  rises  up,.. and  salutes  him  very 
respectfully.  1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  IV,  xiv,  A  youth,  who, 
entering  the  room,  respectfully  said  something  softly  to  the 
old  stranger.  1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  xii,  She 
returned  his  compliment  respectfully.  1842  MIALL  in 
Nonconf.  II.  i  Grateful  acknowledgements  are  respectfully 
tendered.  1885  S.  Cox  Expos,  xiii.  160  He  was.. respect 
fully  familiar  with  Moses  and  the  prophets. 

Respectfulness,   [f.as  prec.  +-NESS.]  The 

fact  of  being  respectful. 

1636  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  (1650)  I.  239  He  hath  also  heard 
with  what  duty  and  respectfulness  to  his  Majesty  their  Lord 
ships  have  proceeded  therein.  1676  TOWERSON  Decalogue 
240  From  respectfulness  in  our  language  pass  we  to  respect 
fulness  in  our  actions.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811) 

III.  325  Her  respectfulness  seems  too  much  studied.      183* 
L.  HUNT  Sir  R.  Esher  (1850)  386,  I  took  the  opportunity  of 
kissin;  her  hand  with  a  respectfulness  which  I  felt  at  the 
bottom  of  my  heart.  189*  Daily  News  8  Nov.  6/8  Respect 
fulness  to  wards  those  to  be  ruled  was  nine-tenths  of  effective 
administration. 

t  R.espe  ctioil.  Obs.  Also  5  respeccioun, 
6  respeccyon.  [ad.  late  L.  respection-em^  n.  of 
action  f.  respicere  to  RESPECT.]  Sight ;  aspect; 
regard ;  respect  (of  persons). 

c  1400  26  Pol.  Poems  133,  I  may  nat  from  thy  respeccioun 
By  no  way,  lorde,  hyde  now  me.  c  1500  Melnsine  319 
Melusyne  iu  her  lamentable  place.. was  vpon  the  wyndowe 
hauyng  respection  toward  Lusynen.  1509  HAWES  Past. 
Pleas,  xiii.  (Percy  Soc.)  50  For  it  beboveth  to  have  respec 
cyon  Unto  the  tale.  1527  TINDALE  Wks.  (1573)  78/2  Then 
sayd  Christ,  goe  thou  and  do  likewise,  that  is,  without 
difference  or  respection  of  persons. 

Respective  (rrspe-ktiv),  a.  [ad.  late  L.  re- 
spectw-us  :  see  RESPECT  v.  and  -IVE.  Hence  also  F. 
respectift  Sp.  andPg.  respeclivo.  It.  ri-t  respettivo.] 
VOL.  VIII. 


1 1.  Of  persons  :  Regardful,  attentive,  considerate, 
careful.  Ohs.  (Very  common  1600-1630.) 

ISZS  BP.  CLERK  Let.  to  Wolsey  (MS.  Cott.  Vit.  B.  vir. 
fol.  i68\  His  Holynes  semyd  to  be  vfery]  respective  and 
waare  lest  he  shold  speke  to  farre.  1596  SHAKS.  I\Ierch,  V. 
v.  i.  156  Though  not  for  me,  yet  for  your  vehement  oaths. 
You  should  haue  beene  respectiue  and  haue  kept  it.  1603 
Bnccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  237  Wishing  you 
both  to  be  respective  that,  .you  raise  as  small  numbers  as 
may  be.  a  1643  J.  SHUTE  Judgcm.  fy  Mercy  (1645)  206 
Thus  respective  the  children  of  God  have  ever  been  to  bring 
Glory  to  God  in  all  their  Actions. 

b.  Careful  or  regardful  ^/something.  Now  rare. 

1599  Warn.  Faire  Wotn.  I.  249  He's  very  wise,  she  very 
circumspect,  Very  respective   of  her   honest  name.      1620 
VENNER  Via  Recta  iv.  79, 1  aduise  all  such  as  are  respectiue 
of  their  health,  vtterly  to  abandon  the  vse  of  them.     1651 
CARTWRIGHT  Cert.  Relig.  i.  314  Bel lar mine  was  more  curious 
and  critical!, .  .then,  .tender  and  respective  of  the  credit  of 
these  antient  Doctours. 

1847  EMERSON  Kepr.  Mcn^  Swedenborg  Wks.  (Bohn)  I.  316 
But  Swedenborg  is  systematic,  and  respective  of  the  world 
in  every  sentence. 

t  c.   Attentive  to  a  person  or  thing.   Obs. 

1600  A  HP.  ABBOT  Jonah  222  So  respective  is  the  Lord  to 
those  who  fly  to  him.     1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  459  Hauing 
no  more  Religion  (and  lesse  respectiue  to  deuotion)  than  an 
externall  presumptuous  show.     1644  VICARS  God  in  Mount 
177  The  inhabitants,  .were  very  kind  and  respective  to  the 
Souldiers.      1705  Lawyer's  Fortune  in.  ii,  I  grant  that  a 
man  with  no  estate  would  be  more  respective  to  her  than 
he  that  has. 

2.  Of  conduct,  etc. :  Marked  by  regardful  care 
or  attention  ;  heedful.  Now  rare. 

1598  R.  HAYDOCKE  tr.  Lomazzo  n,  65  To  be  very  pleasant, 
but  with  such  respectiue  moderation,  that   their  laughter 
exceed  not.     1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxvi.  xlix.  623, 1  would.. 
haue  a  respectiue  consideration,  that  no  one  thing  among  us 
should  suffer  abuse.      1609  HEVWOOD  Brit.  Troy  v.  xviii, 
Then  view  that  Saturne  with  Respective  Eies.     1652  COT- 
TERELL  tr.  Calprenede's  Cassandra  ii.  23  The  most  holy 
zeal,  and  the  most  respective  passion  that  ever  was. 

1854  PATMORE  Angel  in  Ho.  vii.  98  How  spoil'd  the  bread 
and  spill'd  the  wine,  Which,  spent  with  due,  respective  thrift, 
Had  made  brutes  men  and  men  divine, 
t  b.  Discriminating  ;  partial.  Obs. 

1592  SHAKS.  Rom.  $•  Jul.  in.  i.  128  Away  to  heauen  re 
spectiue  Lenitie,  And  fire  and  Fury,  be  my  conduct  now. 
x6o8  WILLET  Hexafla  Exod.  it.  Bed.,  Your  lordships  re 
spectiue  care  in  preferring  men  of  desert.  1643  SIR  T. 
BROWNE  Relig.^Med.  i._§47  The  day  that  must ..  reduce 
those  seeming  inequalities,  and  respective  distributions  in 
this  world,  to  an  equality. .in  the  next. 

f3.  Respectful,  courteous,  civil  (to  or  towards 
one).  Obs.  (Very  common  1600-1650.) 

1579  FENTON  Guicciard,  i.  32  They  were  told  with  wordes 
reuerent  and  respectiue,  with  what  naturall  deuocion  the 
people  of  Florence  honored  the  house  of  Fraunce.  1599 
SANDYS  E uropx  Spec.  (1632)  19  Being  a  people  for  the  most 
part  of  a  grave  and  stayed  behaviour,  very  respectiue  and 
courteous.  1628-9  DIGBV  Voy.  Medit.  (Camoen)  34  He 
desired  me,  in  a  faire  and  respectiue  manner,  to  make  what 
hast  I  could  to  be  gone  from  thence.  1648  GAGE  Westlnd. 
148  But  above  all  unto  their  Priest  they  are  very  respective. 
1709  MRS.  MANLEY  Seer.  Mem.  (1736)  II.  234  He  enter'd  the 
Chamber  with  a  respective  Boldness  becoming  the  Charac 
ter  of  a  Servant,  faithful  to  his  Master.  1785  T.  POTTER 
Moralist  1 1.  33, 1  veiled  these  shining  talents  under  the  mask 
of  a  most  respective  politeness. 

t  4.  Worthy  of  respect  or  deference ;  respectable. 

1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  iv.  iv.  199  What  should  it  be  that 
he  respects  in  her,  But  I  can  make  respectiue  in  my  selfe? 
1611  SpEEoHisf.Gt,  Brit.vi.  Hi.  §6.  53  This  Prince  to  make 
his  estate  more  respectiue,  caused  his  owne  Image  to  bee 
stamped  thereon.  1633  GERARD  fart.  Descr,  Somerset 
(iqoo)  3  The  ancient  and  respective  family  of  Wrothe  Knights 
who  till  this  day  live  at  Durants. 

5.  t  a.  Having  relationship  or  reference  to  some 
thing  ;  correspondent,  Obs. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  ii.  xiii.  [xviii.]  (Arb.)  145 
The  monosillable  me  being  respectiue  to  the  word  others. ., 
ought  not  to  baue  the  same  accent,  as  when  he  hath  no  such 
respect.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  iv.  xlvtii.  170  Some  speech 
..framed  rather  to  the  time  and  present  occasion,  than 
respective  to  their  owne  high  place  and  dignitie.  1697  J. 
SERGEANT  Solid  P kilos.  127  To  which  are  Respective.. one 
way  or  other,  all  our  other  Notions  of  the  Thing  which  we 
have,  or  can  have. 

b.  Without  const.     Relative.     Now  rare. 

1599  BLUNDEVIL  Logicke  i.  xi.  33  Which  are  said  to  be 
relatme  or  respectiuel    Those  that  cannot  be  well  under 
stood  of  themselues  without  hauing  relation  to  some  other 
thing.     1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  12  Respectiue  appre 
hension  is  of  things  relatiuely.     1668  CULPEPPER  &  COLE 
Barthol.  A  nat.  i.  iii.  5  The  Cause  Efficient.,  is  the  coldness 
of  the  Membranes,  not  simple  but  respective. 

1865  PUSEY  T-ntth  Eng.  Ch.  185  But  this  adoration  is  not 
absolute,,  .but  diminished,  participated,  and  respective. 
t  c.  Proper,  due,  fitting.    Obs.  rare. 

1605  CAMDE.N  Rent.  195  The  Northerne  people  brought  to 
the  field  the  Earl  of  Albemarle  the  only  respective  heire  of 
those  partes.  1612  T.  TAYLOR  Comm.  Titus  ii.  9  When 
occasion  of  speach  is  offred,  as  by  questions  asked,  they 
must  make  respectiue  answers. 

6.  Properly  pertaining   to,   or   connected  with, 
each  individual,  group,  etc.,  of  those  in  question ; 
separate,  several,  particular. 

a.  With  possessive  pronoun,  usually  their. 
1646  (title),  An  Ordinance  of  the  Lords.. for  the  Ordina 
tion  of  Ministers.. within  their  respective  Bounds.  1663 
BUTLER  Hud.  i.  ii.  666,  I  charge  ye  all.. to  those  places 
straight  repair  Where  your  respective  dwellings  are.  1696 
WHISTON  The.  Earth  iv.  (1722)323  The  Waters  under  the 
heavens  were  now  gathered  together  into  their  respective 
and  distinct  places.  1743  EMERSON  Fluxions  100  Taking. . 


each  of  the  Terms  in  the  Quantity.. and  multiplying  each 
by  its  respective  Coefficient. .,  you  will  at  last  obtain  this 
Form.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  /list.  (1776)  VII.  277  All  the.se 
live  upon  their  respective  plant.  1844  STEPHENS  />'£.  Farm 
II.  289  Those  pannels.  .may  be  permanently  fixed  in  their 
respective  places.  iS&lBRYCB  Holy  Rom.  Emp.  vi.  (1866)  85 
The  practical  sovereignty  of  all  three  brothers  was  admitted 
in  their  respective  territories. 
b.  With  the,  -^ every j  -\  a. 

1647  CROMWELL  in  Carlyle  App.  C.  ix,  After,  .a  Copy  of  the 
Votes  [had  been]  delivered  to  the  Chief  Officer  of  every 
respective  Regiment.. we  desired  [etc.].  1678  Ci'mvoimt 
Intel!.  Syst.  863  This  seeming  very  absurd,  that  the  Souls 
of  Brutes  also  should,  .subsist  after  the  Deaths  of  the  Re 
spective  Animals,  1694  SALMON  Bate's  Dispens.  (1713)  87/1 
There  is  no  reason,  that  Metals  and  Minerals  should  be 
exempted  from  being  replent  with  a  respective  Oil  also. 
1701  LUTTRELL  Brief  Res.  (1857)  V.  45  In  boroughs  where 
are  not  fifty  electors  the  respective  hundred  is  to  join  in 
chu.sing  members.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.N.  i.  xi.  in.  (1869) 
I.  221  These  will  always  be  nearly  in  proportion  to  the 
respective  produce  of  different  years.  1833  HT.  MAKTIXEAU 
Charmed  Sea  i.  2  To  distinguish  the  respective  rank  and 
quality  of  those  \vbo  externally  so  nearly  resembled  each 
other.  1866  FREEMAN  Hist.  Ess.  (1872)  25  We  cannot  fix 
the  respective  amounts  of  truth  and  falsehood  fr-m  direct 
evidence. 

f  7.   a.  Looking,  facing  to  a  certain  quarter.  Cbs. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  501  Virgill  condemned  altogether 
the  planting  of  any  trees,  respective  to  the  We.st. 

f  b.  Respective  point^  line  :   (see  qnots.).   Obs. 

1381  R.  NORMAN  -\V:<.'  Attractive  15  This  poincte  Re 
spectiue,  is  a  certaine  poincte,  whiche  the  touched  Needle 
doeth  alwaies  Respecte  or  shewe.  Ibid.  20  The  other  [line] 
crossyng  the  line  Respectiue  at  ri^ht  angles  is  the  false 
East  and  West  that  the  varying  Needle.. sheweth.  1625 
CARPESTKR  Ceogr.  Del.  i.  ii.  25  The  center  of  tbe  Earth  is 
not  an  Atlractiue,  but  ameere  Respectiue  point,  llnd.^  A 
Respectiue  point  is  that,  which  the  Bodies  in  their  motions 
doe  respect  and  conforms  themselues  vnto. 

t  Respective,  adv.  Sc.  Obs.  [Prob.  a.  L. 
respective.'}  Kespectively. 

1547  Rt'g.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  76  Tak  diligent  inquisi- 
tioun  of  the  personis.,that  ranndens  nocht  agane  the  said 
taxtto  thesaidis  tennentis  respective.  1565  Ibid,  328Takand 
the  burding  upoun  us  ..,  ilkane  of  us  for  ourc  a  win  part 
respective.  1634  in  Cochran-I'atrick  Rec.  Coinage  Scot. 
(1876)  Introd.  37  As  gif  the  samyn  gifts  and  ilk  ane  of  thame 
respectiue  wer  herein. .  incorpor.it.  1642  DKUMM.  OF  HAVVTH. 
Skiamachia  Wks.  (1711)  193  The  Peace,  .which,  .we  enjoy; 
and  have  established  unto  us.  .by  the  Laws  Ecclesiastical, 
&  Civil  Laws  of  this  Kingdom,  respective. 

Respectively  (r/spe'ktivli  tadv.  [f.  RESPECT 
IVE  a.  -t-  -LY  -.  Ci".  F.  respectivenunt.] 

fl.  Carefully,  attentively.   Obs. 

1556  OI.DE  A  ntichrist  24  In  case  we  marke  respectiuely  the 
apostles  tymes,..it  shall,  .appeare,  that  ..many  rose  [etc.]. 
1589  Late  Voy.  Spain  fy  Portugal  (Grosart)  71  Which 
good  example  . .  caused  the  commandement  to  be  more 
respectivelie  regarded  all  the  Journey  after,  1614  LATHAM 
Falconry  x.  38  She  will  be  as  soone  reclaimd  and  made  a 
certaine  hawke,  . .  if  she  be  well  vsed,  and  respectiuely 
handled.  1620  tr.  Boccaccio's  Decani.  (1625)  II.  157  They 
quickly  caught  great  store  of  fish  to  the  King's  high  con 
tentment,  who  observed  their  behaviour  very  respectively. 
f  b.  With  due  consideration  of  facts  or  circum 
stances.  Obs. 

1607  in  Haringtoris  Nngze  Ant.  (1804)  II.  216  Which  text 
he  handled  so  well,  so  learnedly,  and  so  respectively.  1612 
T.  TAYLOR  Comm.  Titus  iii.  i  The  second  part  of  the  Chap 
ter  warneth  Titus,  how  to  carrie  himself  more  respectiuely 
..in  contentious  questions,  a  1677  BARROW  Wks.  (1686)  I. 
281  The  decision  of  such  matters  is  to  be  reserved  to  those 
who,  by  study  and  experience,  have  attained  peculiar  facul 
ties  to  doe  it  respectively. 

f  2.  Respectfully ;  with  becoming  respect,  de 
ference,  or  courtesy.  Obs.  (Common  in  i;th  c.) 

1583  FOXE  A.  4-  M.  (1684)  III.  920/1  The  Kings  will 
was  that  none  of  the  Religion  should  be  molested,  but 
respectively  used.  15936.  HARVEY  Pierce 's  Super,  n.  Wks. 
(Grosart)  II.  251  Might  I  respectiuely  presume  to  intimate 
my  slender  opinion,  without  flattery,  or  other  vndecency. 
1607  MIDDLETON  Five  Gallants  \\.  i,  Gentlemen,  you  are  all 
most  respectively  welcome.  1649  in  Def.  Rights  Univ. 
Oxford  (1690)  9  Towards  whom  we  ever  have  and  shall 
respectively  comport  ourselves.  1720  MRS.  MANLEY  Power 
of  Love  142  Persons  began  to  think  and  speak  less  respec 
tively  of  that  Passion,  than  in  the  Days  of  their  Forefathers. 

f  3.  Relatively ;  comparatively.  Obs. 

1570  FOXE  A.  $  M.  (ed.  2)  1470/2  After  numbryng  of  the 
Articles,  then  come  they  and  say  that  some^be  respectiuely 
hereticall,  some  erroneous,  and  some  oflfensiue.  1587  GOLD- 
ING  De  Mornay  vi.  (1592)  74  They  must  differ  respectiuely 
and  not  essentially.  1635  SWAN  Spec.  M.  v.  §  2  (1643)  80  It 
is  not  absolutely  cold,  but  respectively.  1664  PoWE*  Exp. 
Philos.  i.  47  Its  exiguity  is  to  be  respectively  understood,  of 
such  Seeds  as  extend  to  large  productions. 
fb.  Const,  to  something.  Obs. 

1601  BP.  W.  BARLOW  Defence  167  Austen  conclucleth  that 
bee  is  called  the  sonne  respectively  to  his  father.  1656  BRAM- 
HALI.  Replic.  iii.  129  They  neither  say  nor  intend  this  abso 
lutely,  but  comparatively;  not  universally  but  respectively 
to  some  particular  controverted  points.  1759  B.  STILLING- 
FLEF.T  Misc.  Tracts  (1762)  349  But  this  is  only  respectively 
to  the  species  of  animals. 

4.  Relatively  to  each  of  several  persons  or 
things ;  individually,  singly,  separately ;  each  to 
each,  severally. 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  228  The  Impressions  from  the  Objects 
of  the  Senses,  doe  mingle  respectiuely,  euery  one  with  his 
kinde.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  322/1  Into  [these]  Grooves 
the  taps  or  screw-pins  respectively  fit.  1736  BUTLER  Anal, 
i.  iii.  68  Virtue  and  vice  are  naturally  rewarded  and  punished 
as  beneficial  and  mischievous  to  Society  ;  and  rewarded  and 
punished  respectively  as  such.  1779  FORREST  Voy.N.Guinea 

68 


RESPECTIVENESS. 

ai8  Hospitality  must  prove  similar  in  countries  and  times,  | 
that  respectively  could  never  hear  of  each  other.  1854 
RONALDS  &  RICHARDSON  Client.  Tecknol.  (ed.  2)  I.  167  The 
parts  of  the  furnaces  from  which  the  gases  should  be  taken 
are  respectively  20  ft.  above  the  blast  in  the  former,  and  22  ft. 
in  the  latter.  1891  Law  Rep.  Weekly  Notes  79/2  Of  the 
three  defendants  ..,  two  were  respectively  president  and 
secretary  of  the . .  Society. 

Respe  Ctiveness.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -NESS.] 

fl.  Consideration  of  circumstances;  care,  atten 
tion,  heedfulness.  Obs. 

1598  R.  HAYDOCKE  I.omazzo  To  Reader  iiij  b,  So  that  hee 
shall  find  neither  a  Paraphrasticall,  Epitomized,  or  meere 
Verbal!  translation, ..  but  such  a  mixed  respectiuenesse,  as 
may  shewe  I  indevoured  nothing  more,  then  the  true  vse, 
benefit,  and  delight  of  the  reader.  1601  YARINC-TON  Two 
Lament.  Trag.  v.  i.  in  Bullen  O.  PI.  IV,  It  shall  be  done 
with  all  respectivenesse  ;  Have  you  no  doubt  of  that,  my 
crratious  Lord.  1616  LD.  BUTTEVANT  in  Lismore  Papers 
Ser.  n.  (1887)  II.  16  Not  doubting  of  youre  discreet  Respec- 
tyvnes  herin,  I  betake  youe  to  God. 

+  2.  Deference,  respect ;  respectfulness.   Uos. 

1609  \s?  ABBOT  Exam.  Sprot  38  The  minister  of  the 
Gospell,  who.. is  made  to  teach  obedience  and  respective 
nesse  unto  Kings.  1645  RUTHERFORD  Tryal  %  fri.  faith 
Ep  Ded  I  rest,  Your  Honours  at  all  Obliged  Respective 
nesse  in  the  God  of  Grace,  S.R.  1709  MRS.  MANLEY  Seer. 
Mem.  (1736)  I.  in  The  Respectiveness  of  his  llame  and 
unwearied  Silence. 

f3.  Relationship.  Obs. 

1650  O.  SEDGWICK  Christ  the  Life  14  All  this  hath  a  special 
and  peculiar  Respectiveness  and  Serviceableness  to  your 
Good.  1686  W.  DE  BRITAINE  Hum.  Prud.  xxxil.  122  Another 
Mans  too  much  Sufficiency . .  is  a  diminution  of  their  Respec 
tiveness,  and  therefore  dangerous. 

4.  The  condition  or  fact  of  being  relative;  re 
lativity.  rare—1. 

1659  H.  L'  ESTRANGE  A  lliance  Div.  Off.  267  The  Absolute 
ness,  or  Respectiveness  of  Gods  Decrees. 

t  Respe 'Ctivist.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RESPECTIVE 
a.  3  +  -IST.]  One  who  uses  the  term  '  respectively '. 

1570  FOXE  A.  f,  M.  (ed.  2)  1473/2,  I  aske  of  you,  good 
Maisters  Respectiuistes,  whiche  make  these  Articles  re- 
spectiuely,  some  to  be  hereticall,  some  erroneous.  _  Iota., 
But  what  haue  these  our  respectiuistes  to  do  with  the 
Apostle  Paul. 

Respectless  (rfspe-ktles),  a.  [f.  RESPECT 
sb.  +  -LESS.  Very  common  in  I  yth  cent.] 

fl.  Regardless;  heedless,  reckless;  unheeding, 
careless.  Obs. 

a  1542  WYATT  Ps.  Ii.  in  Anglia  XIX.  436  He  knowth  well 
to  mercy  is  ascrybid  respectles  labour.  1598  B.  JONSON  Eti. 
Man  in  Hum.  i.  i,  He  thats  so  respectlesse  in  his  course, 
Oft  sels  his  reputation  vile  and  cheape.  111639  BURTON 
Anat.  Mel.  I.  ii.  in.  xv.  (1651)  132  "fis  the  common  fortune 
of  most  Scholars  to  be  servile  and  poor..,  and  lay  open  their 
wants  to  their  respectless  Patrons. 

f  b.  Const,  of.  (Passing  into  2  a.)  Obs. 
1607  T.  WALKINGTON  Optick  Glasse  Ep.  Ded.  3, 1  might 
seeme.. respectlesse,  both  of  mine  owne  good  name,^  and 
your  better  desert.  1621  BURTON  Anal.  Mel.  m.  i.  in.  i.  526 
Wee  are  so  vncharitable  one  towards  another,  so  respectlesse 
of  God.  1643  MILTON  Divorce  i.  x.  (1645)  24  The  sixt  place 
declares  this  prohibition  to  be  as  respectlesse  of  humane 
nature  as  it  is  of  religion. 

•(•  c.  With  dependent  clause,  or  inf.  Obs. 
1592  WYRLEY  Armarie,  Ld.  Chandos  iv.  31  Tossing  light 
things  subiected  to  great  might,  Respectles  where  or  when 
so  ere  they  light.  1611  TOURNEUR  Ath.  Trag.  in.  iv,  I  am 
as  much  respectlesse  to  enjoy  Such  pleasure  as  ignorant 
what  it  is.  1620-6  QUARLES  Feast  for  Iforms  1120  Daunt- 
lesse  he  his  dreadfull  voice  extends,  Respectlesse  whom  his 
bolder  cry  offends. 

2.  a.  Devoid  of  respect  or  deference ;  discour 
teous,  disrespectful.  Also  const,  of.  Now  rare. 

1591  FLORIO  md  Fruites  109  [The]  cittie  of  Genoua. . . 
Where  you  shall  haue.. men  respectles,  and  women  grace- 
lesse.  1617  ASSHETON  Jrnl.  (Chetham  Soc.)  13  This  fellow 
being  in  drinke,  gave  us  manie  insolent  respectless  speeches. 
a  1656  HALES  Gold.  Rein.  I.  (1673)  28  To  prevent  all  incon 
venience,  that  might  arise  out  of  disdainful  and  respectless 
carriage. 

c  1825  BEDDOES  Poems,  Second  Brother  iv,  The  unfashion 
able  worm,  Respectless  of  the  crown-illumined  brow,., 
creeps  courtier-like,  .to  his  food. 

f  b.  Unworthy  of  respect.   Obs.-1 

1621  HAKEWILL  David's  Vow  96  How  shall  the  people 
reuerence  him,  whom  his  owne  family  respects  not,  and  his 
owne  behaviour  therein  makes  him  respectless? 

f  3.  Impartial,  unbiassed.   Obs.  rare. 

1598  MARSTON  Sco.  Villanie  n.  vi.  201  Oh  indignity  To 
my  respectless  free-bred  poesie.  Ibid.  in.  viii.  211  The 
stroaks  Of  my  respectlesse  rude  Satyrick  hand.  1612  W. 
PARKES  Curtaine-Dr.  59  Respectlesse  death,  what  may  thy 
dwelling  be,  That  equals  all? 

f  4.  Devoid  of  limitation;  unrestricted.   Obs. 

a  1660  HAMMOND  Serm.  Wks.  1684  IV.  569  All  our  tenure 
or  plea,  to  grace  or  glory,  to  depend  not  on  any  absolute, 
respectless,  though  free  donation. 

Hence  t  Bespe'ctlessly ;  •(•  Bespe-ctlessness. 

1612  SHELTON  Qtiix.  iv.  vi.  (1620)  I.  358  Desiring  Camila 
to  beare  with  his  respectlessnesse  therein.  1627  DOUGHTY 
Serm.  Div.  Myst.  (1628)  12  How  respectlessely  doe  they 
thrust  into  the  most  hidden  secretes  ?  1668-9  PEPYS  Diary 
4  Jan.,  They  do  carry  themselves  very  respectlessly  of  him. 

t  Respe'Ctuous,  a.  Obs.  [f.  RESPECT  sb.  + 
-(u)ous,  perh.  after  F.  respectueux,  Pg.  respect-, 
respeiluoso,  Sp.  respet(u~)oso,  It.  rispett(u}oso\ 

1.  Worthy  of  respect. 

1603  KNOLLES  Hist,  of  Turks  (1621)  1217  Neither  is  it  to 
be  maruelled . .  if  they  [sc.  p_rinces]  become  respectuous  and 
admirable  in  the  eyes  and  sight  of  the  common  people.  1686 


538 

F  SpENCEtr.  Varillaf  Ho.  Medicis  151  He  endeavoured  to 
evade  it,  by  shewing  that  it  departed  from  a  more  mean, 
and  less  respectuous  hand. 

2.  Respectful,  deferent. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  62  A  certaine  respectuous 
reverence  which  they  bare  unto  their  Reader  and  Doctour. 
1673  S.  C.  Art  of  Complaisance  167  They  are  also  modest 
and  respectuous.  1683  D.  A.  Art  Converse  35  Our  superi- 
ours  we  ought  to  reverence  by  a  respectuous  silence. 

Respe'll  (""-) ,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  spell  again. 
esp.  according  to  some  phonetic  system.  Hence 
Bespe'lling  vbl.  sb. 

1806  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  IV.  613  Yuhidthiton  might 
be  respelt  into  the  familiar  English  phrase  'You  hit  the 
tone '.  1839  WORCESTER  Diet.  Pref.  p.  xxiii/2  In  giving  the 
authorities  for  pronunciation. .,  neither  the  respelling  nor 
the  notation  of  the  orthoepists  cited  has  generally  been  ex- 
hibited.  1865  Philol.  Soc.  Trans.  254  Each  word  is  respelt 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  represent  what  the  author  supposes 
to  be  the  correct  pronunciation. 

tReSpe-rse,  ?.  Obs.  [f.  L.  respen-,  ppl. 
stem  of  resperglre  to  besprinkle,  f.  re-  RE-  +  sparg- 
ere  to  sprinkle,  scatter.] 

1.  trans.  To  sprinkle,  spot,  stain,  rare—1. 

1482  Monk  ofEvcsham  (Arb.)  89  He  was  right  feyre  and 
sembly  in  whyte  clothyng  thawghe  they  were  resperste  and 
had  on  hem  a  few  spottys. 

2.  To  asperse,  accuse,  rare—1. 

1563  FOXE  A.Sr  M.  865 b,  A  man.. not  excommunicated, 
nor  interdicted, . .  noted,  respersed,  or  conuicted, 

3.  To  scatter,  disperse.     (Only  in  Jer.  Taylor.) 
1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  Pref.  r  47  Those  excellent 
discourses  which . .  we  find  respersed  and  thinly  scattered 

in  all  the  Greeke  and  Roman  Poets.  1634—  RealPres.il.  187 
As  appears  in  the  instances  above  reckoned  and  in  others 
respersed  over  t^iis  Treatise. 

Hence  t  KespeTsed  ppl.  a.  Obs. 

1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  n.  Disc.  viii.  67  This  we 
gather,  as  fragments_  are  gathered,  by  respersed  sayings.. 
recorded  in  holy  Scripture. 

t  Respe'rsion.  Obs.-1  [ad.  L.  respersion-em, 
n.  of  action  f.  respergere  :  see  prec.]  The  action 
of  sprinkling. 

1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  i.  Ad  Sect.  7.  109  All  the 
joyes  which  they  should  have  received  in  respersion  and 
distinct  emanations. 

Respe  rsive,  a.  rare-'1,  [f.  as  KESPERSE  v. 
+  -IVE.]  Tending  to  scatter. 

1898  MEREDITH  Odes  Fr.  Hist.  74  Our  nature  arises 
rejuvenescent  from  Earth,  However  respersive  the  blow. 

t  Respet(t,  sb.  Obs.  Also  respete.  [An 
intermediate  form  between  RESPECT  sb.  (sense  n) 
and  RESPITE  sb.]  A  respite. 

14..  Customs  of  Malton  in  Surlees  Misc.  (1890)  59  The 
sayd  Burgese  schall  haffe  hys  viij  days  respett.  £1440 
York  Myst.  x.  285  Do  with  me  what  ?e  will. . .  I  aske  no 
more  respete.  1512  Nottingham  Rec.  III.  338 That  he  mey 
not  hafe  a  respette  till  his  offeyce.  1581  Reg.  Privy  Conn. 
cilScot.lll.  395  Hedisassentit  to  the  passing  of  ane  respett 
cravit  to  Thomas  Ker.  1:1639  SIR  W.  MURE  Ps,  cii.  5  By 
reason  of  my  groans,  Whose  noise  no  respett  gives. 

Hence  t  Bespet(t,  v.  a.  intr.  To  pause,  stop 
speaking,  b.  trans.  To  put  off,  reserve.  Obs. 

1561  T.  HOBY  tr.  Castiglione's  Cottrtyerl.  (1577)  D.  ivb, 
Here  the  Count  respeting  a  while,  M.  Bernard  Bibiena 
saide  merely  [etc.].  1588  R.  HOVENDEN  in  Collect.  (O.H.S.) 
I.  227,  I  maye  respett  my  answeare  till  1  maye  confer  with 
my  companye. 

Respew,  v.  rare—1.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To 
vomit  back  again. 

1608  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas,  Vocation  412  Because  the 
flood.  .Re-spews  them  still  into  themselves. 

Resphe're  (r?-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To 

replace  in  the  proper  sphere. 

1835  J.  HARRIS  Gt.  Teacher  (1837)  43  Principles,  which 
had  faded, ..as  stars  are  said  to  have  become  extinct,  he 
rekindled  and  resphered.  1861  LYTTON  &  FANE  Tantt- 
hduser  36  What  now  re-spheres,  After  deflection  long,  our 
errant  orb. 

Respice,  obs.  form  of  RASPIS  1. 

t  Respi'Cient,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  respi- 
cient-em,  pres.  pple.  of  respicere  to  RESPECT.] 
Having  respect  to  something  outside. 

1610  W.  FOLKINGHAM  Art  of  Survey  n.  i.  47  Situation 
may  be  said  to  be  Resident,  and  Respicient.  Ibid.  ii.  49 
Respicient  Situation  hath  dependance  upon  Boundage  and 
Neigh  bourage. 

Respies,  variant  of  RASPIS  a. 

Respight,  obs.  form  of  RESPITE. 

Respi'u  (K-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  spin  anew. 
Hence  Resprnning  vbl.  sb. 

1608  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iv.  Schisme  490  That  fruit- 
full  Worm,  Which  (of  it  selfe)  fine  shining  Sleaves  doth 
form, ..  Re-spins  a-fresh  [etc.].  1611  FLORIO,  Refilare,  to 
spin,  to  respin.  1846  McCuLLOCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (^^ 
I.  685  The  waste  of  the  finer  numbers  is  re-spun  into  a 
second  quality.  1880  L.  WALLACE  Ben-Hur  401  Witli  the 
spinning  and  re-spinning  of  this  slender  thread. 

Respirabrlity.  [f.  next  +  -ITY.]  The  quality 
of  being  respirable  (Webster,  1847). 

Respirable  (r/spaio'rab'l,  re'spirab'l),  a.  [a. 
F.  respirable  (i6th  c.),  or  ad.  late  L.  respirdbilis 
(Boeth.) :  see  RESPIRE  and  -ABLE.] 

1.  Capable  of,  or  fit  for,  being  respired. 

1779  Phil.  Trans.  LXIX.  343  Into  this  tube.. I  introduce 
two  measures  of  respirable  air.  1807  T.  THOMSON  Chem. 
(ed,  3)  II.  138  Though  this  gas  be  respirable,  it  is  much  less  so 
than  common  air.  1863  Pilgr.  over  Prairies  I.  254  The 
air  became  every  moment  less  respirable.  1898  AUbutt's 


BESPIRATO-. 

Syst.  Mcd.  V.  7  Irritant  gases  have  been  classified  as  non- 
respirable  and  respirable. 
2.  Capable  of  respiring. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Jled.  (ed.  4)  I.  471  In  both  diseases 
the  nerves  of  the  respirable  organ  are  alone  in  a  morbid 
condition.  1862  WRAXALL  tr.  Hugo's  Les  Miserable!  iv.  xxii, 
All  of  us,  whoever  we  may  be,  have  our  respirable  beings. 
Hence  Bespirableness  (Webster,  1847). 

i- Respiracle.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  late  L.  re- 
spirdculum  respiration,  breathing,  f.  respirare  to 
RESPIKE.]  A  breathing-place. 

1555  EUKN  Decades  (Arb.)  362  Except  it  receaue  the  ayer 
by  sum  respiracle  or  breathynge  place. 

i  Respiraxit,  a.  Obs.  rare-1.  In  6  -aunt, 
[ad.  L.  nspirant-em,  pres.  pple.  of  respirare  to 
RESPIRE.]  Respiring,  breathing. 

1575  LASEHAM  Let.  (1871)  50  The  sweetnes  of  sauoour  on 
all  sidez,  made  so  respiraunt  from  the  redolent  plants  and 
fragrant  earbs. 

Re'Spirating,  ///.  a.  rare.  [f.  *respirate, 
ad.  L.  respirat-,  ppl.  stem  of  respirare  to  RE- 
SPIKE  +  -ING  2.]  Respiring. 

1649  J-  ECLISTON  tr.  Bellmen's  Epist.  vi.  (1886)  66  A 
former  of  the  re-expressing  or  re-spirating  Will.  1839  J.  E. 
READE  Deluge,  etc.  145  The  respirating  breath  withheld, 
On  which  she  lived.  1887  Homeop.  World  i  Nov.  507  In 
the  bronchitis  of  typhus  when  the  respirating  muscles 
seemed  to  be  paralyzed. 

Respiration  (respW-jan).  Also  5  -oioun, 
6  -cion.  [ad.  L.  respiration-em,  noun  of  action 
f.  respirare  to  RESPIKE.  So  ¥.  respiration  (isthc.), 
Sp.  respiracion,  It.  re-,  rispirazione.'] 
I.  The  action  of  breathing  (font)  ;  the  inspiration 
and  expiration  of  air. 

c  1430  LYDG.  Mia.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  196  Ayer  of  nature 
yevith  inspiracioun, . .  Off  kyndly  heete  gevyth  respiracioun. 
1543  TRAHERON  Vigo's  Chirurg.  95/1  It  swageth  payn, 
and  clenseth  the  place,  and  aydeth  respiration,  or  breathing. 
1577  HARRISON  England  ill.  ix.  (1877)  I.  65  Liuelie  creatures 
shut  vp  in  the  hard  stones,  and  liuing  there  without  respira 
tion  or  breathing,  as  frogs,  todes,  &c.  1615  CROOKE  Body 
of  Man  793  Life  cannot  bee  maintayned  without  Respira 
tion,  neither  can  Respiration  bee  performed  without 
motion.  166^-6  PEPYS  Diary  22  Jan.,  What,  among  other 
fine  discourse,  pleased  me  most,  was  Sir  G.  Ent  about 
Respiration.  1710  J.  CLARKE  tr.  Rohaulfs  Nat.  Philos. 
(1729)  I.  77  The  sucking  in  of  Air  through  a  Quill  is  done 
in  the  same  manner  as  Respiration.  1774  GOLUSM.  aft, 
Hist.  (1776)  VI.  171  Though  this  be  the  general  method  of 
explaining  respiration  in  fishes  [etc.].  1826  S.  COOPER  ftrsl 
Lines  Surg.  (ed.  5)  422  Unless  he  bend  his  body  very  much 
forwards,  in  order  to  facilitate  respiration.  1878  HUXLEY 
Physiogr.  80  The  respiration  of  animals  depends  upon  the 
presence  of  oxygen. 

trans/.  111649  CRASHAW  Carmen  Deo  Nostro  Poems 
(1904)  289  A  long  and  dayly-dying  life,  which  breaths  A 
respiration  of  reviving  deaths.  1684  Contempt.  St.  Man 
11.  vi.  (1699)  196  That  Fire  of  Sulphur,  being  pent  in  with 
out  vent  or  respiration,  shall  send  forth  a  poysonous  scent. 
1878  LONGF.  Birds  of  Passage  v.  Vittoria  Colonna  viu. 
The  respiration  of  the  sea,  The  soft  caresses  of  the  air. 
b.  A  respiratory  murmur. 

1834  J.  FORBES  Laennec's  Dis.  Chest  475  In  the  same 
place  imperfect  pectoriloquy,  and  also  cavernous  respiration, 
existed.  , 

o.  Bat.  The  process  by  which  a  plant  absorbs 
oxygen  from  the  air,  and  gives  out  carbon  dioxide. 

1831  BURNETT  in  Jrnl.  R.  Institution  I.  100  This  function, 
which  is  performed  chiefly  by  the  leaves  and  petals,.. is 
attended  with.. the  conversion  of  oxygen  into  carbonic 
acid ;  it  is  the  respiration  of  plants.  1849  J.  H.  BALFOUR 
Man.  Bot.  §  282  The  changes  which  are  produced  in  the 
atmosphere  by  living  plants  have  been  included  under  the 
title  of  Vegetable  Respiration.  1882  VINES  tr.  Sachs  Bot. 
717  The  dried  weight  of  the  plant  is  very  small,  .because  a 
portion  of  the  substance  has  been  destroyed  in  the  process 
of  respiration. 

2.  A  single  act  of  breathing. 

ci6n  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xxii.  413  When  again  her  respira. 
tions  found  Free  pass.  1648  WILKINS  Math.  Magic  n.  v.  184 
In  an  hower  a  man  will  need  at  least  360  respirations.  1707 
FLOYER  Physic.  Pulse-Watch  431  Measuring  the  Number 
of  Pulses  by  the  Number  of  Respirations.  1836  LANDOR 
/;«af.  Comi.,  Pericles  f,  Aspasia  Wks.  1846  II.  393  These 
are  not  regrets,  Cleone  ;  they  are  respirations,  necessary  to 
existence.  1876  BRISTOWE  Th.  f,  Pract.  Med.  (1878)  186 
The  respirations  are  generally  slightly  increased  in  number 
during  the  earlier  period  of  the  disease. 

3.  Opportunity  for  breathing  again  (ct.  RESPIRE 
v.-fi;  a  breathing-space  ;  a  respite.  ?  Obs. 

i6ii  BIBLE  Esther  iv.  14  Then  shall  there  enlargement 
[mare,  respiration]  and  deliuerance  arise  to  the  lews.  1649 
BP  HALL  CasesConsc.  IV.  vi.  (1654)  34^  Some  meet  respiration 
of  a  more  full  triall  and  inquiry  into  each  others  condition. 
1606  S.  PATRICK  Comm.  Exod.  xxiii.  (1697)  448  God  now 
gave  them  some  rest,  and  respiration,  .from  their  employ 
ments  I7S2  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  205  T  13  Such  were 
the  days  which  Seged  of  Ethiopia  had  appropriated  to  a 
short  respiration  from  the  fatigues  of  war. 

t 4.  An  inspiration.   Obs.  rare  -*. 

1622  DONNE  Sinn.  cliv.  Wks.  1839  VI.  184  Sometimes  it 
is  hard  to  distinguish  between  a  Respiration  from  God  and 
a  Suggestion  from  the  Devil.  . 

Hence  Respira'tional  a.,  relating  to  respiration 

COgilvie  Suppl.  1855). 

>Respirative,«.  Obs.  rare-1.  [See  RESPIRE 

v.  and  -ATIVE.]     Respiratory. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  iv.  53  Not  natural!  but  volun- 
tary  (sayth  Galen)  is  the  respiratiue  motion. 

Respirato-,  used  as  a  comb,  form,  with  the 
sense  of '  respiratory  as  well  as',  etc. 

1835  KIRBY  Hat.  ff  Inst.  Anim.  II.  xvn.  104  Whenever 


RESPIRATOR. 


539 


RESPITE. 


*re- 
Cf. 

the 


the  animal  is  alarmed  it  withdraws  this  gorgeous  apparatus 
of  respirato-prehensory  organs  within  its  tube. 

Respirator  (re'spir^taj).  [a.  L.  type 
spirator,  agent-n.  f.  respirdre  to  RESFIRE. 
F.  re$pirateur.~\ 

1.  them.    An   apparatus   used    for   testing 
composition  of  exhaled  air.     ?  Obs. 

1792  A.  YOUNG  Trail.  France  153  A  respirator,  with  vital 
air  in  ajar  on  one  side,  and  lime-water  in  another. 

2.  A  device  of  gauze  or  wire  covering  the  mouth, 
or  mouth  and  nose,  and  serving  to  warm  the  in 
haled  air  or  to  prevent   the   inhalation  of  dust, 
smoke,  or  other  noxious  substances. 

The  earliest  form  of  this  was  invented  by  Julius  Jeffreys 
in  the  autumn  of  1835. 

1836  JEFFREYS  Patent  Specif.  No.  6988.  5  The  above  is 
a  description  of  the  instrument  which  is  adapted  to  the 
mouth  alone,  and  which  may  be  named  the  oral  respirator. 
1838  MRS.  CARLYLE  in  New  Lett.  <$•  Mem.  (1903)  I.  72  A 
thing  made  of  black  silk  with  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  brass 
wire  in  it.  ..They  call  it  a  respirator.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet. 
A/ec/t.  1923/1  Respirators  are  used  by  cutlers  and  other 
grinders  to  exclude  the  dust  from  the  lungs.  ifafiAllbittfs 
Syst.  Med.  V.  232  Respirators  worn  over  the  mouth  are 
not  now  so  much  in  vogue  as  formerly, 

Hence  Re'spiratored  ///.  a.,  provided  with,  or 
wearing,  a  respirator. 

1887  Story  of  a  Kiss  I.  xi.  171  A  wan,  yellow  lady,  closely 
veiled  and  respiratored. 

Respiratory  (r&ppUltori,  re'spiratari),  a. 
[ad.  mod.L.  rcsplrdtorins^  or  F.  resplratoire  (Sp. 
and  It.  -orio).]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  serving  for 
respiration. 

1790  SMELUE  Phil.  Nat.  Hist.  I.  124  The  stigmata,  or 
respiratory  organs,  of  caterpillars  and  other  insects.  1816 
KIRBY  &  SP.  Entoinol.  iv.  (1818)  I.  140,  I  could  discover,  in 
this  animal,  no  respiratory  plates.  1834  J.  FORBES  Laen- 
nec's  Dis.  Chest  425  The  respiratory  sound  became  much 
more  perceptible  at  the  roots  of  the  left  lung.  1881  MIVART 
Cat  278  The  external  respiratory  nerve  of  Bell. 

t Respire,  sb.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  next.]  A  re 
spiration  ;  a  breath. 

1645  G.  DANIEL  Poems  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  68  My  close- 
breathing  tires  My  Lungs,  in  oft  respires. 

Respire  (r&paiou),  v.  Also  5-6  respyre.  [ad. 
F.  respirer  (i3th  c.),  or  L.  resptrdre,  f.  re-  RE-  + 
splrdre  to  breathe.  So  Sp.  and  Pg.  respirar,  It. 
re-,  rispirare.] 

I.  intr.  f  1.  To  come  up  to  the  surface  to 
breathe.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test,  Love  I.  v.  (Skeat)  1.  35  He..in-to 
water  entreth  and  anon  respireth. 

2.  To  breathe;  to  inhale  and  exhale  air. 

1592  DAVIES  Iminort.  Soul  xxiv.  ii,  (1714)  80  This  makes 
the  Pulses  beat,  and  Lungs  respire.  1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabel- 
houer's  Bk.  Physicke  40/1  Impose  that  into  the  Nose  of  the 
Patient,  but  not  to  close,  because  he  might  respire.  1603 
T.  DAVIKS  (Heref.)  Microcos.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  24/1  Man, 
and  Beast,  and  what  doth  els  respire.  1692  BENTLEY 
Boyle  Lcct.  vii.  224  The  ordinary  Air  in  which  we  live  and 
respire.  1721  BRADLEY  P kilos.  Ace.  Wks.  Nat.  105  It 
respires  by  the  Gills,  which  are  Lungs  peculiar  to  Fishes. 
1769  E.  BANCROFT  Guiana  192  This  Fish  frequently  respires. 
1803  Med.  yml.  X.  251  The  patient  appearing,  .to  have 
much  difficulty  in  respiring.  1835-6  Todd's  Cycl.  Anat.  I. 
143/1  Quadrupeds  and  birds  respire  universally  by  means 
of  lungs.  1882  SWINBURNE  Tristram  of  Lyonesse  10  These 
. .  Saw  love  and  wrath  and  light  and  night  and  fire  Live  with 
one  life  and  at  one  mouih  respire. 

fig,  1805  WORDSW.  Prelude  HI.  132  All  That  I  beheld 
respired  with  inward  meaning. 

D.  To  draw  breath,  to  live.  rare"1. 

1619  DRAYTON  Bar.  Wars.  n.  55  Yet  the  braue  Barons, 
whilst  they  do  respire,  With  Courage  charge. 

t  C.  To  breathe  a  word  against  something.  Obs. 

1621  QUABLES  Argalus  $  P.  (1678)  26  Parthenia  should 
obey,  and  not  respire  Against  their  sacred  counsels)  or  with 
stand  The  plot. 

3.  jig.  To  breathe  again,  after  distress,  trouble, 
etc. ;  to  recover  hope,  courage,  or  strength. 

c  1423  WYNTOUN  Cron.  iv.  xvi.  1587  (Royal  MS.),  Sa  Rome 
before  dispayrd  than  Respyre  m  to  gud  hope  began.  1525 
St.  Papers  Hen.  VIII,  VI.  430  He  shalbe  able  to  do 
no  feate  on  the  see,  ne  so  sone  to  respire  and  inquiet 
tfaEmperour,  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  92  Syne  at  the 
last  thair  spreitis  did  respyre.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  iii. 
36  Then  shall  the  Britons.. From  their  long  vassalage  gin 
to  respire.  1673  TEMPLE  Obs.  on  United  Proz>.  Wks.  1720 
I.  29  The  Arch-Duke,  newly  respiring  from  so  long  a  War. 
1717  POPE  Iliad  XL  424  Stern  Hector's  conquest  in  the 
middle  plain  Stood  check'd  awhile,  and  Greece  respired 
again.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Columb.  iv.  242  Quell'd  by  his 
fame,  the  furious  seeks  accord,  Europe  respires  beneath  his 
guardian  sword.  1816  WORDSW.  Siege  Vienna  raised,  The 
Imperial  City  stands  released  From  bondage  threatened  by 
the  embattled  East,  And  Christendom  respires. 

4.  To  take  breath ;  to  rest  or  enjoy  relief  from 
toil  or  exertion. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  ix.  8  Ah,  Love  !  lay  down  thy  bow, 
the  whiles  I  may  respyre.  1633  P.  FLETCHER  Purple  Isl. 
xi.  1,  But  let  our  weary  Muse  a  while  respire.  1671  MILTON 
Samson  n  But  here  I  feel  amends..;  here  leave  me  to 
respire.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  ix.  1741  Pause,  then  ;  and, 
fora  moment,  here  respire. — If  human  thought  can  keep  its 
station  here.  1769  WILKIE  Epigoniad  m.  39  The  Spartan 
bands.  .The  fight  maintained  ;  nor  from  their  toils  respired. 
1819  SHELLEY  Prometh.  Unb.  \\.  v.  2  On  the  brink  of  the 
night  and  the  morning  My  coursers  are  wont  to  respire. 

f5.  a.  Of  wind:  To  blow.  Obs.  rare. 

"43«-5o  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  59  The  wyndes  respirenge 
and  restenge  in  the  profundite  of  hit.  1597  A.  M.  tr. 
Guffitmtatft  Fr.  Chirurg.  51  b/i  If  there  respire  a  south 


west  wind,  with  warmishe  showres  of  rayne.  1762  HOOI.E  tr. 

Tasso  MIL  401  Alone  the  wind  from  Libya's  bands  respires. 

*t*b.  Of  smell  or  vapour:  To  exhale,  transpire,  Obs. 

c  1460  Bk.  Quintessence  4  pe  seel  of  lute  of  wijsdom,  maad 
of  be  sotiilest  flour,,  .ymeyngid  so  bat  no  bing  respire  out. 
1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  34  b,  To  whome  the 
ennemy  caused  oftentymes  whan  he  was  at  masse  a  meruay- 
lous  bwete  sauour  to  respyre  and  smell  aboute  his  fyngers. 
II.  trans.  6.  To  breathe ;  to  inhale  and  ex 
hale  tair,  etc.). 

1548-77  VICARY  Anat.  v.  (1888)  42  The  ayre  is  respyred  and 
drawen  to  the  lunges,  a  1618  SYLVESTER  Hymn  of  Alms 
276  A  sighfull  Air  (though  Soule-less)  to  respire.  1651  T. 
STANLEY  Poems  172  O'erjoyd  are  they  To  breathe  the  air 
which  she  respires.  1711  GAY  Rural  Sports  \.  12, 1  ..Long 
in  the  noisy  Town  have  been  immur'd,  Kespir'd  its  smoke. 
1784  COWPER  Task  L  138  That  play  of  lungs,  inhaling  and 
again  Respiring  freely  the  fresh  air.  1827  I).  JOHNSON  Ind. 
field  Sports  238The  dogs  received  the  poison . .  by  respiring 
the  effluvia  arising  from  them.  1853  W.  GREGORY  Inorg. 
Client.  154  The  air  will  certainly  destroy  life  if  respired. 
Jig.  1601  B.  JONSON  Poetaster  iv.  viii,  Mee  thinkes,now  I 
come  neere  her,  I  respire  Some  aire  of  that  late  comfort 
I  receiu'd.  1824  W.  IRVING  T.  Trav.  II.  n,  I  seemed  to 
respire  hope  and  comfort  with  the  free  air.  1829  LYTTON 
Devereux  iv.  iii,  The  very  breath  which  a  literary  man 
respires  is  hot  with  hatred. 

7.  To  breathe  or  give  out,  to  exhale  (an  odour, 
etc.).     Chietlyy^-. 

1577  FRAMPTOS  Joyful  News  in.  (1596)  88  The  selfesame 
[cinnamon].. being  ground,  respiring  out  from  it  the  same 
smel  which  the  most  fine  Cinamon  hath.  1601  B.  JONSON- 
Poetaster  \.  iii,  The  ayre  respires  the  pure  elyzian  sweets, 
In  which  she  breathes.  1669  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  i.  i.  j.  6 
Every  Art  doth  respire  a  sweet  science  to  the  glasse  of 
our  understanding.  1794  COLEBROOKE  Asiatic  Res.  VIII. 
(Cent.),  From  this  great  being  were  respired  the  Rigveda, 
etc.  1807  J.  ROBINSON  Archseol.  Grse^a  in.  xix.  310  Men 
who,  armed  with  lances  and  bucklers,  seemed  only  tore- 
spire  war.  1841  L.  HUNT  Seer  (1864)  74  In  the  south  of 
Europe,  where  every  thing  respires  animal  sensibility. 

8.  To  breathe  (a  thing)  into  a  person's  ear. 

1846  LANDOR  Imag.  Conv.,  Dante  fy  Beatrice,  Are  you 
willing  that  the  Tempter  should  intercept  it  [love],  and 
respire  it  polluted  into  your  ear? 

Hence  Resprred  ///.  a.  \  Resprring  vbl.  sb. 
and  ///.  a. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guilleweait's  Fr.  Chirurg.  10/1  Beinge 
smitten  [she]  without  an  ye  respiringe,  is  fallen  into  a  Verti- 
ginem.  c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xvi.  102  He  wrought  it  out 
With  short  respirings,  and  with  sweate.  1697  CONGREVE 
Mourn.  Bride  n.  ix,  When  I . .  felt  the  balm  of  thy  respiring 
lips.  1822  GOOD  Study  Afed.  I.  447  The  diminution  in  the 
bulk  of  respired  air.  .may  be  accounted  for. 

t  Respi'remeilt.  Obs.  rare-1,  [a.  obs.  F. 
respirement  (Godef.).]  Recovery. 

CJ477CAXTON  Jason  123  Peleus..cam  unto  the  kyng  in 
the  renoueliite  of  this  noble  respyrement. 

Respi-rer.    rare~°.     One  who  respires. 

1611  COTGR.,  Respireur,  a  breather,  a  respirer. 

Respi  rit  («-),».  rare.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To 
inspire  with  fresh  spirit  or  courage. 

1609  HEYWOOD  Brit.  Troy  xiv.  ix,  When  Re-spirited 
Greece  had  Dominear'd  And  brav'd  the  Sieged  Troians. 
1890  Illustr.  Loud.  A'eius  15  Nov.  618/1  These  cool  in 
fluences  somewhat  respirited  me. 

Respis,  variant  of  RASPIS  2. 

Respite  (re-spit),  sb.  Forms :  3-7  respit, 
6  -itt(e  ;  4-6  respyt(e,  5-  respite ;  4  respijt, 
7-8  respight.  See  also  RESPET(T.  [a.  OK.  re- 
spit  (mod.F.  rtpit} :— L.  respect-its  RESPECT  sb.] 

I.  1.  Delay,  or  extension  of  time,  asked  or 
granted  for  some  reason  (orig.  for  further  con 
sideration  of  a  matter).  Also  in  phr.  to  put  in 
respite^  =  RESPITE  v.  5. 

c  1290  Beket  631  in  -i'.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  124  So  bat  respit  was 
bar-of  I-nome,  and  ech  wende  In  his  side.  a.  1300  Cursor 
M.  21508  Her  I  f>e  higt  Of  a  dai  respit  and  a  night,  c  1325 
Song  o/Merci  185  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  124  Graunt  vs  repent- 
aunce,  and  respi^t,  And  schrift  and  hosel,  or  we  day.  c  1386 
CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  p  104  lobpreyde  respit  a  while  to  biwepe 
and  waille  his  trespas.  c  1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods 
an  Yef  I  had  respyte,  Her  to  an  answere  cowde  I  counter- 
fete.  1494  FABVAN  Chron.  vii.  471  To  assygne  certayne 
indyflferent  persones  to  agre  the  sayd  eiles,  and  they  to 
haue  halfe  a  yere  of  respyte  for  to  quyet  y«  matyer.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  Sleidane"s  Comm.  112  b,  The  Prince  called  them 
before  hym,geving  them  two  monethes  respite  to  deliberate. 
1591  SPENSER  M.  Hnbberd  326  The  Foxe  then  counsel'd 
th'  Ape  for  to  require  Respite  till  morrow  t'  answere  his 
desire.  1622  MALVNES  Anc.  Law-Merc/i,  94  Vpon  proofe 
made,  that  he  did  will  another  to  craue  the  said  respite  of 
time  for  the  paiment.  1676  DRYDEN  Aurcngz.  v.  i,  Give  me 
some  Respight,  I'll  discharge  the  Debt.  1768  HLACKSTONK 
Comm.  III.  App.  it.  p.  x,  The  process  therein. .is  put 
between  them  in  respite .  .until!  the  day  of  Easter  in  fifteen 
days.  1770  Jnniits  Lett,  xxxvi,  (1788)  189  If  I  had  followed 
the  dictates  of  my  own  opinion,  I  should  never  have  allowed 
you  the  respite  of  a  moment.  1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng. 
(1858)  I.  iv.  288  The  authorities  of  the  church.. were  now 
allowed  a  respite  of  two  years.  1875  STUBBS  Const.  Hist. 
II.  xiv.  21  The  articles  that  concerned  the  debts  of  the 
Jews,  the  right  of  entering  and  leaving  the  kingdom,,  -were 
likewise  put  in  respite  until  fuller  counsel  could  be  had. 

fb.  Respite  of  homage,  the  postponement  of  the 
act  of  personal  homage,  for  which  a  small  sum 
was  paid  at  intervals  into  the  Exchequer.  Ohs. 

1541  Act  33  Hen.  VIII,  c.  22  Euerie  person. .suing  for 
any  general!  Huerie.  .shall  paie.  .for  the  respite  of  homage  in 
the  hanaper. . \\\\~d.  1621  ABP,  WILLIAMS  in  I''ortescue  P. 
(Camden)  169  Soe  I  may  be  restored  to  my  temporalties  with 
a  respite  of  homage  (which  the  King  grants  every  day  to 
laymen)-  [1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr,t  Respite  or  Res/tight  of 


Homage  was  the  forbearing  of  Homage  which  ought  first  of 
all  to  be  performed  by  the  Tenant,  that  held  by  Homage; 
which  Respite  was  paid  upon  divers  good  reasons.] 

C.  Delay  specially  granted   in  the  carrying  out 
of  a  capital  sentence  ;  a  reprieve. 

1722  DE  FOE  Moll  Flanders  (1840)  342  A  poor  convict 
i    ordered  to  be  transported  in  respite  from  the  gallows,    1777 
|     JOHNSON  in  Boswelt  28  June.  I  obtained,  .an  account  of  the 
disposition  of  the  court  towards  him,  with  a  declaration  that 
there  was  no  hope  even  of  a  respite.     1861  TKENCH  Connn. 
Ep.  Churches  Asia  n  There  was  for  them  no  repeal  of  the 
sentence  of  death,  but  a  respite  only.    1869  BROWNING  Ring 
fy  Bk.  xi.  474  Much  respite  did  1  grant !     Why  grant  me 
respite  who  deserve  my  doom  ? 

trantf,  1703  PBIOR  Ode  to  Col.  Villiers  30  Wisdom  and 
Eloquence  in  vain  would  plead  One  Moment's  Respite  for  the 
learned  Head.  1784  COWPER  Task  \\.  67  But  giant  her  end 
More  distant,  and  that  prophecy  demands  A  longer  tcnpiu:. 
1879  FROUDE  Ca>sary.\\\.  i  So  The  annihilation  of  those  hoi  den 
had  given  Rome  a  passing  respite. 

d.  One  who  is  respited  or  reprieved,  rare. 
1774   Ann.  Reg.    169  The   following  capital    respites   in 
Newgate  have  received  his  majesty's  mercy  on  condition  of 
transportation. 

2.  Temporary  cessation  of  labour,  suffering,  \vai , 
l    etc.;   (an)  interval  of  rest. 

13..   Coer  de  L.  5433   He  doos  hymself  gret  dishonour, 

That  he  sehal  Sarezynes  respyt  gyve.     13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P. 

1    A.  644  To  dy?e..&  sy^en  wende  to  helle  hete,  per-inne  to 

won  with-oute  respyt.    c  1430  Syr  Gener.  (Roxb.)  5343  Lille 

i    respite  at  mych  nede  Falleth  som  tyme  wele  to  spede.  C  1481 

CAXTOS  Dialogues  29  He  sayde  to   me  That    it   shall  be 

respyte  Bitwene  the  englisshmen  And  the  scottes.      1513 

DOUGLAS  sEneis  xi.  iii.  heading,  Quhow  Eneas  onto  the 

Latynis  gave  Twelf  days  of  respyt  the  deid  corps  to  grave. 

1573  TUSSER  Hush.  (1878)  162  Some  respit  to  husbands  the 

weather  may  send,     1641  J.  JACKSON  True  fa'ang.  T.  \.  -^2 

The  short  respite  the  Church  had  between  the  second  and 

i     third  Persecution.     1677  LORD  DANHY  in  Bucclcnch  Jl/SS. 

\    (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  523  Our  master  will  take  the  two 

t    months'  respite  of  amis,  .as  an  act  of  pure  kindness  to  him- 

|    self.     1726  LEON  i  Albert  fs  Archil.  I.  49/2  When  you  think 

1    it  time  for  a  respite,  cover  the  top  of  the  Wall  over  \\iih 

Straw.      1790  BUHKK  Fr.  Rev.  Sel.  Wks.  II.  84  The  king 

and  queen.. lay  down ., to  indulge  nature  in  a  few  hours  of 

respite,  and  troubled,  melancholy  repose.     1856  EMKHSON 

Eng.   Traits,  Religion,  The  clergy  obtained  respite  from 

labour  for  the  boor  on  the  Sabbath.     1873  W.  MATHKWS 

Getting  on  in  World  xvi.  285  When  shall  we   learn.,  that 

frequent  respites  from  toil  are  the  very  safety-valves  of  pro- 

!    fessional  men? 

t  3.    Delay  in  action ;  stay.  Obs. 
1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  viii.  344  Quhen  thai  of  the  reirward 
l    saw   Thair  vawarde  be  sa  discomfit,  Thai   flede  vithouten 
i    mair  respit.    1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  220  The  god  bad  make 
I    no  respit,  That  he  ne  scholde  him  sien  anon,     c  1430  Syr 
Gener.  (Roxb.)  3147  Therfor  send  him  hir  without  respit, 
!    Thou  shall  it  finde  for  thi  profit,     c  1477  CAXION  ja*on  42, 
[I]  wolde  that  I  were  there,  .withouie  ony  respyte.     1591 
SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  iv.  i.  170  Our  Selfe,  my  Lord  Protector, 
and  the  rest,  After  some  respit,  will  returnc  10  Calice. 
f  4.  Leisure;   opportunity  for  doing  something. 
1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1874)  II.   316  The  payne 
were  longe,  and  great  sholde  be  the  charge,  And  to  the 
,    same   I   haue  to  small  respyte.     1577  Test.  12  Patriarchs 
\    (1604)62  We  fell  upon  the  men  of  Jobel..,  so  as  we  gave 
j    them  no   respite  to   return  again  upon    us.      1611   BIBLE 
i  Mace.  xii.  25  Hee.  .met  them  in  the  land  of  A  ma  this  :  for 
he  gaue  them  no  respite  to  enter  his  countrey. 

f5.  Time  granted  to  one  until  the  coming  of  a. 
certain  date.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L,  xi.  272  Where  I  had  hope  to  spend, 
Quiet  though  sad,  the  respit  of  that  day  That  must  be 
mortal  to  us  both. 

6.  Mil.  (See  quot.  and  cf.  RESPITE  v.  7  b.) 

1823  CRABB,  R espitc .. signifies,  in  military  accounts,  a  cer 
tain  sum  of  money,  which  is  directed  to  be  withholden  from 
the  issue  of  pay,  in  order  to  make  up  the  several  stoppages 
in  regimental  distributions. 

II.  f7.  Respect;  regard;  comparison.   Obs. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troyltt$\.  137  Not  I  nat  whi,  but  out  of 

more  respit,  Myn  herte  hath  for  tamende  it  grete  delit.    138* 

WVCLIF  Ps.  Ixxii.  4  For  ther  is  not  respit  to  the  deth  of  hem. 

—  Ecclus.  xxxiv.  14  In  respyt  of  hym  it  shal  be  blissid. 

(1400  26  Pol,  Poems  132  Mennes  dayes  ben  shorte,..For 

in  respyte  of  tyme  euermare  They  beth  notbyng  equlpolent. 

Respite  (re-spit),  v.     Forms:  4-5  respiten, 

i  4-  respite,  5-7  respyt(e,  6  Sc.  resput,  7-8 
respit(t ;  6  respyght,  7  respight.  Also  5  pa. 
pple.  respite,  [a.  OF.  respiter,  respoitier  \— L. 

:   respcctdre  to  RESPECT.] 

I.  1.  trans.  To  giant  a  respite  to  (one). 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Frankl.  T.  854  But  wolde  ye  vouche  sauf 
vp  on  seuretee  Two  yeer  or  thre  for  to  respiten  me.  c  1400 
Rom.  Rose  6084,  I  have  fele  dyverse  wonyng,  That  I  kepe 
not  rehersed  be,  So  that  ye  wolde  respiten  me.  1430-1 
Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  385/2  The  saide  tenantz.  .be  respitid  as 

'  wele  of  the  taxe.  ^1500  Lancelot  1162  Wharfor,  me  think 
It  best  is  to  delay,  And  resput  hyme  for  a  luelmoneth  day. 
1530  PALSGR.  688/2, 1  maye  well  respyte  hym  for  awhylebut 
he  shall  paye  it  every  penny.  i6aa  MALVNES  Anc.  Laiv~ 
Merck.  94  To  desire  the  creditor  to  respit  him  some  time 
for  the  paiment  of  it.  1768  BLACKSTONE  Connti.  III.  xxiii. 
354  The  entry  therefore  on  the  roll  or  record  is,  '  that  the 
jury  is  respited,  through  defect  of  the  jurors,  till  the  first  day 
of  the  next  term '. 

b.  esp.  from  death  or  execution. 
13..  Seuyn  Sag.  (W.)  1005,  *  I  schal  him  respite/ saide  th' 
emperour.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  \.  77  And  be  this  cause  he 
was  respited,  So  that  the  deth  him  was  acquited.  c  1450 
Merlin  39  When  they  herde  hym  sey  that  thei  sholbe  re 
spited  fro  deth  thei  were  gladde.  1474  CAXTON  Chesse  n 
Thus  he  respited  hym  of  his  deth  by  his  debonayrte.  1533 

|    LD.  BERNEKS  Huon  Ixxxiv.  264  All  the  golde  that  is  in  the 

,    worlde  shall  not  respyte  them  fro  thedelh.      £1586  C'TESS 

68-3 


RESPITE. 

PEMBROKE  Ps.  XLIX.  iii,  Tell  me  whome,  but  longer  time  hee 
[death]  leaves  Respited  from  the  tombe  for  treasures  meed? 
1608  SHAKS,  Per.  i.  i.  116  Forty  days  longer  we  do  respite 
you.  1648  BP.  HALL  Breathings  Devout  Soul  (1851)  163 
It  is  for  something,  sure,  that  thou  hast  thus  long  respited 
me  from  my  grave.  1704  PRIOR  Let.  to  Boiieau  Despreaux, 
Alcides  respited  by  prudent  Fate,  Sustain 'd  the  Ball.  1814 
SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  n.  v,  As  some  poor  criminal  might  feel, 
When,  from  the  gibbet  or  the  wheel,  Respited  for  a  day. 
1869  BROWNING  Ring  %  Bk.  xi.  360  Respite  me,  save  a  soul, 
then,  curse  the  world  ! 

transf.  1748  HARTLEY Observ,  Ma  ft  n.  iv,  369  All  Bodies 
Politic  seem,  .to  be  respited  for  certain  Intervals  by  partial, 
imperfect  Reformations.  1866  CRUMP  Banking  ix.  189  It 
was  deemed  wise  to  respite  the  small  notes  till  1833. 

absol.  1788  PRIESTLEY  Lect.  Hist.  v.  xlvii.  350  Our  mode 
of  respiting  for  the  sake  of  benefiting  the  souls  of  the  crim 
inals.  1841  \*xsKArab.Nis.  1. 98  Herespiteth,  butsuffereth 
not  to  escape. 

f  c.  To  save  or  prolong  (one's  life).   Obs. 

1474  CAXTON  Cheise  64  Put  hym  self  in  parelle  of  deth  for 
to  respyte  hys  maysters  lyf.  1483  —  G.  de  la  Tour  N  nj  b.  , 
I  neuer  shold  respyte  ne  saue  to  no  man  hys  lyf,  whiche  had 
deserued  to  deye.  1603  SHAKS.  Meat. for  .17.  11.  iii.  41  Oh 
iniurious  LoueThat  respits  me  a  life,  whose  very  comfort  Is 
still  a  dying  horror. 

1 3.  To  relieve  by  an  interval  of  rest.   Obs. 

1563  GOLDISG  Cxsnrv.  (1565)115  In  doyng  herof  he  spent 
ten  dayes,  not  respltyng  hys  souldiers  from  their  labour  so 
muche  as  the  nyght  tyme.  1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  40 
Then  all  the  faculties  are  respited  and  cease  from  their  func 
tions.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  232  From  the  heat  of  Noon 
retir'd,  To  respit  his  day-labour  with  repast,  Or  with  repose. 
1670  —  Hist.  Eng.  ii.  43  With  a  dreadful  industry  of  ten 
days,  not  respiting  his  Souldiers  day  or  night. 

II.  4.  To  grant  delay  or  postponement  of  (a 
sentence,  punishment,  obligation,  etc.). 

1390  GOVVER  Cow/:  I.  n6Thus  be  we  come  furtopreie  That 
ye  mi  worldes  deth  respite,  c  1440  Generydcs  1641  Thanne 
to  the  Sowdon  furth  with  all  they  went,.  .And  prayed  hym 
to  respite  the  lugement.  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  143 


ance  was  respited ;  and  I  now  remain  as  a  man  in  .suspense. 
1621  ELSING  Debates  Ho.  Lords  (Camden)  79  The  Kinge 
hathe  respyted  his  going  to  the  Tower  in  this  tyme  of  his 
greate  sicklies.  1668  J.  OWEN  Expjs.  Ps.  cxxx.  Wks.(i8si 
VI.  481  The  full  and  final  punishment  of  these  angels  is  re 
served  and  respited  unto  the  appointed  season.  1758  Ann. 
Reg.  i.  100/2  A  reprieve  was  brought  to  Newgate  for  Dr. 
Hensey,  respiting  his  sentence  for  a  fortnight.  1760  1. 
HUTCHINSON  Hist.  Mass.  (1765)  343  The  execution  was  only 
respited  a  few  months.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  H- 54* 
The  conveyances  to  be  made  in  pursuance  of  the  partition, 
are  respited,  till  the  infant  comes  of  age.  1885  Daily  Tel. 
3  Feb.,  The  recognisances  of  the  witnesses  for  the  prosecu 
tion  were  respited  sine  die. 

t  b.  To  remit  (a  penalty).  Obs.  rare. 

1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  in.  xvii.  207  The  law  ought  to 
be  respited  to  hym,  and  the  lyf  saued.  11533  LD.  BERNKKS 
HUGH  xxxi.  95  Thou  shall  neuer  departe  hense  alyue,  I  shall 
neuer  respyght  thy  dethe. 

t  c.  To  allow  to  remain  unpaid  for  a  time.   Obs. 

1640  Recorders  Gr.  A  rtes  609  By  this  Table  you  may  know 
what  any  Annuitie  being  respited  or  forborn  for  any  number 
of  veers.. will  come  unto.  1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  iv. 
§  i  They  were  promised  payment  upon  the  public  faith  in 
November  following;  till  which  time  they  were  to  respite  it, 
1757  BURKE  Abridgm.  Eng.  Hist.  Wks.  X.  213  The  taxes 
..extorted  without  mercy,  and  even,  when  respited,  made 
utterly  ruinous  by  exorbitant  usury. 

5.  To  delay,  postpone,  put  off. 

c  1430  Syr  Gener.  (Roxb.)  1851  No  lenger  put  ye  in  delay 
His  desire  to  Respite,  c  1450  Merlin  105  Thei  seide,  '  We 
wolde  that  his  sacringe  and  coronacion  be  respite  to  Penti- 
coste  '.  1521  St.  Papers  \.  33  Ye  mowght  have  respit  yd  the 
directyng  of  your  letters.  1610  DONNE  Pseudo-martyr 
Advt.  to  Rdr.,  To  giue  my  Reasons,  why  I  respited  the 
handling  of  the  two  last  Chapters.  1683  PETTUS  Fleta  Min. 
Ded-,  I  must  respit  that  intention,  for  I  have  not  done  with 
this  Subject.  1707  J.  STEVENS  tr.  Qitevedtfs  Com.  IVks. 
(1709)  5  If  you  please,  Reader,  to  respit  your  other  Business, 
..I  will  relate  some  Passages  that  will  not  be  unpleasant. 
1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng,  (1806)  IV.  Iv.  269  He  had  not  now 
leisure  to  consider  a  matter  of  so  great  importance,  and  must 
therefore  respite  his  answer  till  his  return.  1834  WORDSW. 
Even.  Volunt.  iv,  Care  may  be  respited,  but  not  repealed. 
1865  BUSHNELL  Vicar,  Sacr.  n.  iv.  (1868)  203  His  whole 
feeling  is  now  loose  upon  him,  respited  by  no  occupation. 

6.  To  cease  from,  give  up  (o&s.)  ;  to  suspend. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Anel.  fy  Arc.  259  Your  manly  Rayson 
aught  it  for  to  Respite  To  slee  your  frende.  c  1430  Syr 
Gener.  (Roxb.)  3101  More  worship  ye  might  Acheve  To 
respite  youre  wilfulnes,  And  by  youre  counsel  you  redres. 
(-1460  SIR  R.  Ros  La  Belle  Dame  409  But  J?at  sykenes 
will  sone  be  remedyde.  Respyte  your  thought,  and  put  all 
bis  a-syde.  1570  1 .  NORTON  tr.  NoweFs  Catech.  (1853)  I29 
That,  after  respiting  their  work  awhile,  they  may  return 
more  fresh  and  lusty  to  it  again.  1726  LEONI  AlbertCs 
Archit,  I.  49/2  At  what  distances  it  is  proper  to  respite  the 
Work,  we  may  gather  from  the  thickness  of  the  Wall.  1817 
T.  SCOTT  Paris  Revisit,  (ed.  4)  83  As  if  all  the  common 
rules  of  intercourse  had  been  respited,  and  the  usual  calls 
of  industry,  .overpowered  by  more  inspiring  invitations. 

7.  Mil.  a.  To  suspend  (one)  from  pay. 

1705  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4:06/3  Our  Officers  are  all  com 
manded  to  repair.,  to  their  respective  Posts,  on  pain  of  being 
Respited.  1708  Ibid.  No.  4419/6  Such  as  shall  not  then 
appear  will  be  Respited,  and  receive  no  more  Pay  from  that 
time.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet,  s.v.,  To  be  respited  on  the 
muster  roll,  to  be  suspended  from  pay,  &c.  during  which 
period  all  advantages  of  promotion,  pay,  &c.  are  stopped. 
b.  To  keep  back,  withhold  (pay). 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet,  s.v.,  The  money  which  is  respited 
upon  the  muster-roll  is  accounted  for  by  the  muster  master 
general.     1844  Regul.    " 
Officers,  who  do 


540 

of  their  Leave  of  Absence,  is  to  be  withheld,,,  and  the  pay 
so  respited  is  not  to  be  issued  to  them  [etc.J. 

f  8.  intr.  a.  To  refrain,  desist.   Obs.  rare. 

1300  GOWFR  Conf.  I.  91  Men  schal  respite  As  now  to  take 
vengement.  Ibid.  369  Thelaphus  .  .preith  his  fader  to  respite. 
Achilles  tho  withdrawn  his  hond. 

t  b.  To  rest  ;  to  recover  from  something.    Obs. 

1575  TURBERV.  Trag.  T.  (1837)  28  For  I  and  mine  will 
respite  here  a  space,  I  like  the  seate,  and  fancie  well  the 
place.  1769  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Route  (1786)  I.  390  It  was  hoped 

that  the  commonwealth  would  have  time  to  respite  from 
the  calamities  it  had  sustained. 

Re'spiteless,  a.  [f.  RESPITE  sb.]  Without 
respite  or  relief  (Webster,  1864,  citing  Baxter). 

t  Resplaid,  pa.  pple.  Sc.  Obs.  [App.  f.  RE-  + 
SPLAY  v.]  ?  Embroidered. 

1560  ROLLAND  Crt.  Venus  i.  121  His  hois  tliay  war  of  the 
reid  Skarlet  maid,  .  .Of  nedill  wark  richt  richelie  all  resplaid. 

t  Besplait,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  Also  resplate,  res- 
plete.  [a.  ONF.  respleiter^  OF.  resfloit(i',er,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  ^r//0sV  EXPLOIT  sb.  5.]  trans.  To  ad 
journ  ;  to  defer  consideration  or  payment  of. 

1448  Burgh  Rec.  Aberdeen  (Spalding  Cl  )  I.  401  The 
quhilk  avtsit,  .  .  resplaitit  this  quhil  thai  be  forthir  avisit  with 
men  of  law.  1456/^/^.404  Thai  resplatit  the  said  soume 
of  gold  to  the  nowmer  of  vi  nobillis,  till  thai  spek  with 
Androw  Child.  ^1557  Diurn.  Occurr.  (Bann.  Cl.)  41  In 
this  Parliament  was  foirfaltit  the  erle  of  Lennox,..  and  the 
laird  of  Tulibarden  wes  respletit. 

So  f  Resplait  ^respliet)  sb.,  adjournment.   Obs. 

1609  SKENE  Reg.  Maj.  no  Gif  any  judgement  for  any 
cause  before  ane  Judge  be  asked.  .[to]  be  put  to  the  next 
Court  in  respliet,  because  of  better  advisement. 

Respleiid  (r/sple'nd),  v.  [ad.  L.  resplcnderc, 
{.  re-  Rv-  +  splendere  to  shine.  So  F.  resplendir, 
It.  risplendere]  intr.  To  be  resplendent  or  radiant  ; 
to  shine  brightly. 

1492  RYMAN  Poems  ui.  3  in  Archiv  Stud.  ncn.  Spr, 
LXXXIX.  276  This  sterre  bright  .  .  is  shynyng  With  beames 
of  light  resplending.  1560  ROLLAND  Crt.  Venus  i.  103  Ane 
Charbukill  sa  cleir  Quhilk  did  resplend  as  the  ster 
Mfaiutine].  1622  REYNOLDS  Gods  Revenge  \\.  57  He  se 
IJerinthia's  modesty  resplend  and  shine  in  her  affectio 
1688  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2343/1  And  the  Glory  of  Your 
Majesty's  Favours  so  much  the  more  resplends  towards  us. 
1852  THACKKUAY  Esmond  n.  xv,  The  dowager,  .resplended 
in  velvet  and  gold  lace.  1890  STEVENSON  Vailima  Lett. 
29  The  house  was  a  picture:  it  resplended  of  propriety. 

Hence  Kesple'iiding  ppl.  a. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  i.  30  That  resplending  Image. 

t  Resple'lldailt,  a-  Obs.  [a.  OF.  resplend- 
ant-,  cf.  prec.  and  -ANT.]  ^RESPLENDENT. 

1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1570)  245  Pure  and  resplend- 
annt  is  all  thy  apparayle.  1589  GREENE  Menaphon  (Arb.) 
68  The  radiant  glory  of  this  resplendant  face.  1687  E.  F. 
Hist,  Edit'.  II  (1680)  i  In  the  most  resplendant  pride  of  his 
age.,  crowned  King  of  England. 

Resplendence  (r/sple'ndens).  [ad.  late  L. 
resplendentia  (Aug.)  :  see  RESPLEND  v.  and 
-EXCE.]  Brightness,  brilliance,  lustre,  splendour. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  7  The  chere  of  theyme  dothe 
^iffe  grete  resplendence  lyke  to  an  angelle.  Ibid.  VI.  91 
Etheldreda.  .^afe  grete  resplendence  thro  ^miracles.  1555 
EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  367  When  also  it  [silver]  is  founde 
lyinge  ..amonge  certeine  scales  or  cloddes  of  earth,  they 
save  that  it  is  perfecte,  although  it  haue  not  to  the  eye 

_     _i__    .  ___  i__j_*  __  *_  A  ..*     S7-  ___  •_    -     ::     TU_    . 


sees 
ion. 


legitl.^  Ord.   Army  87   The   Pay  of  all     I     1883 
not  join  their  Regiments  on  the  expiration    j    from 


most  pure  resplendence.  1676  MARVELL  Mr.  Sniirke  34 
[He]  shuts  his  eyes  as  not  being  abletoindure  the  resplend 
ence  of  those  evident  Truths.  1794  G.  ADAMS  Nat.  $•  Exp. 
Phitos.  II.  xx.  382  A  hue  and  resplendence  similar  to  that 
of  white  metals,  c  1850  NEALE  Hymns  East.  Ch.  134  Fill'd 
with  celestial  resplendence  and  light.  1878  BAYNE  Purit. 
Rev.  i.  19  The  lighting  up  of  the  soul  with  the  very  re 
splendence  of  heaven. 

Resplendency.     [See -ENCY.]   =prec. 

1611  COTGR.,  Resplendeur,  resplendencie,  . .  brightnesse. 
a  1618  SYLVESTER  Panaretns  830  Nay  nothing,  nothing 
under  Heav'n,  may  misse  The  Minds-guide  rayes  of  my 
Resplendencies.  1661  BURNEY  KepSioToy  Ao>pof  26  The 
resplendencie  of  all  Scepters  was  at  the  coming  of  Shiloh. 
1737  Bp.  BROWN  Proc.  Understanding  \.  ix.  (ed.  3)  140 
Light  in  its  greatest  Resplendency  is  Material,  and  an 
Object  of  Sensation.  1760  SARAH  FIELDING  Ophelia  \.  vii, 
I  could  not  help  being  struck  at  the  resplendency  of  all  the 
ornaments.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  I.  iii.  37  Making  the 
ice  around  us  one  great  resplendency  of  gemwork.  1878 
BROWNING  La  Saisiaz  78  Any  more  than  thy  resplendency, 
Jean -Jacques. 

Resplendent  (r/sple-ndent),  a.  [ad.  L.  re- 
;  splendent-em ,  pres.  pple.  of  resplendere  to  RE- 
'  SPLEND.  Soobs.}?,  resplendent tlt.risplend^ente.] 
|  Shining,  brilliant,  splendid. 

1448  Craft  of  Lovers  v.  in  Stave's  Chaucer  (1561)  341  O 
Courfin  figure,  resplendent  with  glory.  1500-20  DUNBAR 
Poems  Ixxxvii.  25  Roys  red  and  quhit ,  resplendent  of  colour. 
1513  BRADSHAW  St.  Werlmrge  i.  659  This  fayre  prynces, 
resplendent  in  vertue.  1593  G.  HARVEY  Pierce's  Super. 
n.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  266  The  resplendentest  mirrour  of 
Feminine  valour.  1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)36 
All  now  adding  lustre  to  the  Moguls  rich  resplendent 
diadem.  1669  GALE  Crt.  Gent.  i.  i.  i.  7  A  more  resplendent 
and  bright  beam  of  Divine  Revelation.  1709  MRS.  MANLEY 
Secret  Mem.  (1736)  II.  271  The  most  resplendent  Sight 
upon  Earth.  1784  COWPER  Task  v.  743  His  are  the  moun 
tains..  And  the  resplendent  rivers.  1820  HAZLITT  Lect. 
Dram.  Lit.  145  If  I  have  done  them  injustice,  the  resplen 
dent  passages  I  have  to  quote  will  set  everything  to  rights. 
J.  GILMOUR  Mongols  xviii.  211  A  temple,  .resplendent 
from  afar  in  colours  and  gold. 


RESPOND. 

Besple'ndently,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.]  in 
a  resplendent  manner  ;  brilliantly. 

1736  BAILEY  (fol.),  Resplcntienlly,  shiningly,  brightly, 
i  1800  FOSTER  Life  $•  Corr.  (1846)  I.  174  A  still  pool., 
shining  resplendently  in  the  morning  sunshine.  1859  SALA 
Tw.  round  Clock  (1861)  160  Miserable  dogs  mostly,  for  all 
their  fine  clothes — always  resplendently,  though  dirtily, 
attired.  1875  W.  S.  HAYWARD  Love  agst.  World  4  With 
the  squire's  red  coat  shining  resplendently  on  the  box. 

So  Resple'udidly  adv.    rare~l. 

1796  Campaigns  1793-4,  I.  1.  iii.  23  So  in  arms  has  desert 
been  resplendidly  crown'd. 

t  Resple'ndish,  v .  06s.  Also  5  respleridis, 
-issh,  5-6  -yssh,  6  rysplendyssh.  [ail.  F.  re- 
splendtss-,  lengthened  stem  of  resplendir  to  RE- 
si'LEND.]  inlr.  To  be  resplendent.  \\so_fig. 

c  1475  Parf'tiay  1196  As  shinyng  fire  his  uisage  semynge 
be,  With  wonder  rednesse  so  resplendising.  c  1500  KUlnsine 
230  Helmets  &  salades  wel  garnysshed  with  fyn  gold  & 
syluer,  which  resplendysshed  full  clere.  154°-'  ELYOT  Image 
Gov.  149  Some  most  do  resplendishe  in  aaes  that  bee 
honest,  other  seme  quickest  in  malice.  1549  CHALONKR 
Erasin.  on  l~'oliy  I  j,  Good  folkes  in  whom  the  image  of  the 
sprite  of  God  resplendisheth. 

t  Resple-ndishant,  a.  Obs.  Forms :  5  re- 
splendisant,  -isshaunt,  5-6  -ys(s)haunt(e,  6 
-isaunt,  -izaunt.  [ad.  F.  resplendissant,  pres. 
pple.  of  resplendir:  see  prec.]  Resplendent. 

c  1477  CA.XTON  Jason  101  The  riche.  .shepe  of  gold  which 
was  so  resplendisant  that  it  rejoyced  all  the  yle.  1509 
HAWZS  Past.  Pitas.  79  In  the  myddle  there  was  resplend. 
yshaunte  A  dulcet  spring  . .  Of  golde  and  asure.  Ibid. 
(Percy  Soc.)  57  The  golden  rayes  . .  Through  windowes 
was  resplendyshaunt.  1581  J.  BELL  Haddon's  Answ.  Osar. 
331  b,  The  resplendizaunt,  and  most  orient  excellency  of 
his  Majesty. 

So  f  Besple-ndislient  a.    Obs.  rare. 

1586  FEKNE  Bias.  Centric  48  The  charge  of  the  feeld  being 
gold  maketh  a  most  resplendisent  and  glorious  shew. 

t  Resple-ndishing,  -vbl,  sb.  Obs.  [-ING*.] 
Splendour. 

1611  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Muse's  Sacr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II. 
7/2  So,  your  cleare  Eyes  doe  giue  resplendishing  to  all 
their  Objects  be  they  ne'er  so  vile. 

tBesple-ndishing,///.  a.  Obs.  [-ING  2.] 
Resplendent. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  348/1  Crowned  with  a  ryght 
resplendysshyng  crpwne.  1489  —  FaytesofA.  iv.  xvn.  279 
Gold  of  his  nature  is  veray  clere  and  resplendishyng.  1567 
MAPLET  Gr.  Forest  5  b,  The  Diamond  is . .  in  colour  almost 
Christallike,  but  somewhat  more  resplendishing.  1593  G. 
HARVEY  New  Letter  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  268  Like  the  shining 
Sun  in  his  resplendishing  Chariot. 

t  Besple  ndishure.    Ol>s.    In  5  -ysshour. 

[ad.  OF.  resplendissottr,  -issur,  etc.]    =next. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  281/3  BV  'he  resplendysshour  of 
his  grete  and  many  myracles  and  vertues. 

t  Besple  ndour,  sb.  Obs.  Also  5  -eur,  7 
-or.  [a.  OF.  resplendor,  -ur,  -e«r,  =  Sp.  and  Pg. 
resplendor,  It.  rispkndore :  cf.  RESPLEND  v.  and 
SPLENDOUR.]  Splendour,  brightness. 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  20  Your  resplendour  is  clere  among 
the  women  as  the  sonne  is  among  the  sterres.  1483  —  Gold. 
Leg.  422/3  In  resplendour  or  lyghte  of  alle  good  vertues. 
1560  HOLLAND  Crt.  Venus  n.  575  Of  phebus  the.  .resplend 
our  Refreschit  him.  1581  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  Castanhtda 's 
Conq.  E.  Ind.  \.  79  b,  Out  of  it  there  came  such  a  resplend 
our  or  brightnes,  that  it  blinded  mens  eyes.  i6zz  MABBE 
It.  Altaian's  Guzman  tTAlf.  II.  2  Reaching  forth  such  a 
Resplendour  and  fullnesse  of  light  unto  us.  1646  SIR  T. 
BROWNE  Pseud.  Ef.  vi.  xi.  (1686)  270  The  resplendor  and 
ray  of  some  interior.  .Beauty. 

Hence  t  Besple'ndour  v.,  to  make  resplendent. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  500  Soiles  so  abundant  in  all 
things,  fit  to  illustrate  greatnesse,  Resplendour  Gentry,  and 
succour  Commons. 

Resplete,  variant  of  RESPLAIT  v.  Obs. 

Respli'Ce  («-),  »•  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  splice 
(a  rope  or  yard)  again. 

1834  M.  SCOTT  Cruise  Midge  (1863)  15  The  large  lateen 
sail  with  its  long  elastic  spliced  and  resp'iced  yard.  1875 
MARTIN  Winding  Mach.  69  The  practice  in  Belgium  is  to 
cut  and  resplice  the  thickest  section  of  the  rope. 

Respliet :  see  RESPLAIT  sb.  Obs. 

Respond  (r/sp?-nd),  sb.  Also  4-6  responde. 
See  also  RESPOUN(D,  sb.  [a.  OF.  respond  (Godef.), 
f.  resfondre :  cf.  next  and  RESPONSE  sb.] 

1.  Eccl.  a.  =RESPONSOBY  sb.  i.  (See  also  quot. 
1710.) 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  39  He  made  in  preys- 
inge  of  oure  lady  be  respondes  [L.  rcsponsoria\  '  Stirps 
lesse  '  and  '  Solem  iusticie  '.  c  1394  P.  PI.  Crede  377  A 
ribaut .  .bat  can  noujt  wel  reden  His  rewle  ne  his  respondes 
but  be  pure  rote,  c  1431  Rec.  Si.  Mary  at  //»'// (1905)  16 
To  go  on  procession  to  the  tombe  . .  syngyng  a  Respond 
of  Seynte  Stephen  with  the  prose  therto.  1494  FABYAN 
Cliron.  vi.  cciii.  213  He  made  dyuers  impnes,  sequenses,  and 
respondes.  1547  Injunct.  Edw.  VI  in  Card  well  Doc.  Ann. 
(1839)  I.  14  When  ix  lessons  should  be  read  in  the  church, 
three  of  them  shall  he  omitted,  and  left  out  with  the 
responds.  1579  FULKE  Refut.  Rastcl  743  The  very  sound 
and  sense  of  the  Anthemnes,  Respondes,  and  Versicles, 
declare  whence  they  proceeded.  1662  Bk.  Coin.  Prayer 
Cone.  Service  Ch.  r  2  This  godly.. Order  of  the  ancient 
Fathers  hath  been  so  altered.. by  planting  in  uncertain 
stories,  and  Legends,  with  multitude  of  Responds,  Verses, 
vain  Repetitions  [etc.).  1710  WHEATLEY  Bk.  Com.  Prayer 
(1759)  ill!  128  note,  A  Respond  is  a  short  Anthem,  interrupt 
ing  the  middle  of  a  chapter,  which  is  not  to  proceed  till  the 
Anthem  is  done.  The  long  Responses  are  used  at  the  close 
of  the  Lessons.  1855  PROCTER  Hist.  Bk  Com.  Pr.  167  mare., 


RESPOND. 

The  Responded  Anthem.      1888  Tablet  g  June  532  Con- 
secutive  readings  of  Holy  Scripture,  instead  of  fractional 
portions  interrupted  by  incongruous  responds. 
b.  A  response  to  a  versicle. 


cecding  with  the  Verses  and  Responds,  so  that  the 

' 


209  They  went  to  church,  and  would  answer  the  parson  in 
responds.  1862  GOULBURN  Pers.  Kelig.  n.  x.  (1870)  139  The 
audible  respond  is  valuable. 

trans/.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vnr.  vii.  (1614)  775  The 
King  and  his  Magician  stand  neerest  the  tree  and  begin,  all 
the  people  following  with  their  Responds. 

2.  An  answer,  a  response.     Now  rare. 

1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxxviii.  xiii.  990  The  priests  and 
prophets  there  deliuer  the  responds  and  answeres  of  the 
Oracle  in  uerses.     1675  J.  SMITH  Ch>'.  Relig.  Apfi,   n.  45 
The  same  Platonick  mtroduceth  Apollo,  giving  Responds 
against  the  hair.    1868  J.  K.  HUNTER  Retrospect  Artist's 
Life  xxvi.  248  A  grand  respond  to  my  appeal. 

fb.  A  part  in  singing.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  286  Of  late  we  haue  known  many 
of  them  taught,  .to  sing,  .and  keepe  their  responds  in  course 
after  others,  in  good  consent  and  harmony. 

3.  Arch.  A  half-pillar  or  half-pier  attached  to  a 
wall  to  support  an  arch.     Cf.  RESPOUN(D,  sh.  2. 

1448  HEN.  VI  Willvn.  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge (1886)  I. 
354  The  same  Quere  shal  conteyne  in  brede  from  side  to 
.side  within  the  respondes  .xxxij.  fete.  /£/</.,  The  yle..fro 
respond  to  respond  .xv.  fete. 

1838  BRITTON  Diet.  Archit.  393  From  these.. passages  it 
appears  that  a  half  column,  or  a  pilaster  attached  to  a  wall, 
or  to  a  pillar,  and  responding,  or  corresponding,  to  another 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  building,  was  called  a  respond. 
1851  TURNER  Dom.  Archit.  If.  ii.  29  There  are  no  responds, 
the  arches  at  the  ends  springing  from  corbels.  1881  FREE 
MAN  Snbj.  Venice  208  The  four  responds  have  the  four 
evangelistic  symbols. 

attrib.  1847  HADFIELD  EccL,  Castell.,  fy  Dom.  Archit.  5 
The  respond-corbel  at  the  west  end  of  the  north  side.  1886 
WILLIS  &  CLARK  Cambridge  II.  1 19  The  respond-shafts  and 
wall-ribs  still  adhere . .  to  the  sides  of  that  noble  quadrangle. 

Respond    (r/sp^-nd),   v.     [ad.   L.    respondere, 
f.  re-  RE-  +  spondere  to  pledge,  promise,  warrant.    I 
So  OF.  respondre  (mod.F.  rtpondre],  Sp.  and  Pg.    j 
responder.  It.  re-,  rispondere.     For  early  forms  in 
Eng.  see  RESPOUN(D  v.} 

fl.  trans.  To  provide  with  a  corresponding 
entry.  Obs.  rare. 

1588  J.  MELLIS  Brief  e  Instr.  Dviij,  That  each  parcell  ' 
both  in  your  Debitor  and  Creditor  be  orderly  noted  and  j 
responded  in  your  Journall. 

2.  To  answer  or  correspond  to  (something)  ;  to    i 
reciprocate.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1600  FAIRFAX  Tasso  x.  xl,  His  great  deedes  respond  his 
speeches  great.     Ibid.  xiv.  x,  The  water.  .Which  sea  some 
time  is  call'd,   sometime   the   maine,   Yet   nought  therein     ; 
responds  a  name  so  great.      1642  J.   M[AKSH]  Argt,  cone.     I 
Militia  4  The  king  should  not  be  denied  the  means,  by    ! 
which  he  may  respond  the  great  confidence  placed  in  him.    j 
1804  Something  Odd  111.  gg  The  sweet  smiles  she  bestowed    ! 
on  him,  were  now  responded  by  each  countenance. 
b.   U.  S.  To  answer,  satisfy. 

1890  Cent.  Diet.  s.v.,  The  prisoner  was  held  to  respond 
the  judgment  of  the  court. 

3.  intr.  a.  To  correspond  to  something,  rare. 
1591   SPARRY  tr.   Cattans   Geomancie    i.  xxviii.  41  The 

principal]  pointes..do  diuide  the  Zodiacke  into  foure  partes 
or  quarters,  responding  to  the  foure  parts  and  seasons  of 
the  yeare.  1838  [see  RESPOND  sb.  3], 

b.  To  make  answer,  to  give  a  reply,  in  words. 


1719  WATERLAND  Vind.  Christ's  Div.  7  Your  Business 
was  not  to  oppose,  but  to  respond,  a  1734  OLDISWORTH  in 
Johnson  L.  P.,  Smith)  \  remember  him  in  the  divinity 
school  responding  and  disputing  with  a  perspicuous  energy. 
1816  SHELLEY  Daemon  i.  51  When  west  winds  sigh  and 
evening  waves  respond  In  whispers  from  the  shore.  1832 
PALMER  Qri*.  Liturg.  II.  21  A  long  litany,  in  which  the 
deacon  directed  the  people  to  pray  for  many  different 
objects,  and  the  people  responded.  1878  BROWNING  La 
Satsiaz  24  Mine  is  but  man  s  truest  answer  —  how  Were  it 
did  God  respond  ? 

c.  To  answer  by  some  responsive  act  ;  to  act 
in  response  to  some  influence. 

1726  W.  BKOOME  To   Pope^  Poems  (1727)  97  To  every 
Theme  responds  thy  various  Lay.     1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE 
Rom.  Forest  i,  Her  mind  responded  but  too  easily  to  the 
apprehension    of   new    misfortunes.     1862   SPENCER    First 
Prtnc.  i.  [v.  §  25  (1875)  ^3  Chemical  actions  responding  to    j 
the  co-existence  of  light,  heat,  water,  and  carbonic  acid    | 
around  it.     1872  HUXLEY  Physiol.  ix.  221  A  defect  in  the    ' 
retina,   which   renders   that   organ   unable   to   respond   to 
different  kinds  of  luminous  vibrations. 

d.  U.  S.  To  give  satisfaction. 

1890  Cent.  Diet,  s.v.,  The  defendant  is  held  to  respond  in 
damages. 

II  Responde  (rrspp-nd?).  Sc.  Law.  [L.,  a  sing. 
imp.  of  respondere.  Cf.  RESPONDIE.] 

a.  (With  book.}  'A  book  kept  by  the  Directors 
of  Chancery,  in  which  are  entered  all  non-entry  ; 
and  relief  duties  payable  by  heirs  who  take  pre 
cepts  from  Chancery*  (Bell),  jb.  A  single  entry 
in  this  book,  f  c.  The  amount  of  the  duties 
specified  in  any  entry. 

1587  Act  Jos.  VI,  Parl.  xi.  c.  73  In  case  Schirefles, 
Stewardes  and  Baillies,  make  not  their  conipls,  at  the  , 


541 

ordinar  time  of  checker.  .That  vpon  the  sight  of  the  bulk 
of  Responde,  letters  be  directed,  to  charge  the  persons,  to 
quhome  precepts  of  .seasing  hes  bene  granted.. To  pay  the 
summescontemed  in  the  Ktspondecs.  IJ^SKENK  De  I'trv, 
Sign,  s.v.,  Respond* p,  or  thebuikeof  Responde..  .It  is  called 
'responde',  quhilk  is  the  first  worde  of  like  artickle  of  the 
said  bnike.  Ibid.,  He  suld  come  again  to  the  Chancellarie, 
and  raise  ane  new  precept,,  .and  ane  new  memorial  or 
'  responde '  is  maide  thereof.  1676  LAUDER  Decisions 
Stippl.  III.  (1826)  109  Because  the  sheriff  must  be  answer 
able  for  the  respond[e]  contained  in  these  precepts.  1687 
Acts  Scdentnt  30  June,  The  respondc-book  shall  make 
mention  of  the  date  of  the  decreet  extracted,  as  the  same 
stands  in  the  minut-book.  a  1768  EKSKINE  Inst.  Law  Scot. 
ii.  v,  §  50  The  sums  due  to  the  crown  for  the  nonentry 
and  relief  duties,  which  are  all  stated  in  the  responde 
book..,  and  are  chargeable  upon  the  sheriff,  who  must 
account,  .for  them  to  the  exchequer.  1838  \V.  BELL  Diet. 
Law  Scot.  850. 

Respondence  (r/spp-ndens).     [a.  obs.  F.  re 
spondence  t  =  Sp.  and  Pg.  respondencia>  It.  rispond- 
enza  :  see  RESPOND  v.  and  -ENCE.] 
1.   fa.  ? Responsibility,  liability.    01$.  rare—1, 
1586  BURGHLEY  in  Leicester's  Corr.  (Camden)  358 The  states 
commissaries  haue  not  been  made  privie  to  our  musters  and 
paiements,  whearebie   the   issue   will   be,   respondence  for 
repaiment  to  bee  made  hereafter  to  hir  majesty. 

b.  (See  INTENDENCE.) 

f2.   Answer,  response,  to  a  sound.   Obs. 

1590  SPENSER  /'"*.  Q  n.  xii.  71  Th1  Angelicall  soft  trembling 
vuvco  made  To  tti'  instruments  divine  respondence  meet. 
1600  FAIKKAX  Tassp  xi.  v,  With  sweet  respondence  in  har 
monious  kinde  Their  humble  song  the.-aire  doth  beat. 

3.  Correspondence,  agreement,  concord. 

1598  Bi'.  HALL  Sat.  v.  i.  57  His  rent  in  fairs  respondence 
muj-t  arise.  1633  T.  ADAMS  Exp.  2  Peter  i.  21  In  fit 
respondence  to  the  work  of  our  redemption.  1673-4  GKKW 
Anat.  PI.)  Anat.  Roots  vii.  140  The  suitableness  and 
respondence  betwixt  the  several  Parts  of  the  Stock  and 
Cyon.  1794  ANNA  SEWARU  Lett.  (1811)  III.  381  With  such 
a  guest,  the  respondence  uf  intellect,  .must  have  added  zest 
to  the  delight  of  gazing  on  scenery  so  lovely.  1863  NEALE 
Ess.  Liturg:  v.  125  The  five  great  epochs  of  the  Church.. 
bear  no  mutual  respondence. 

b.  Response  to  some  stimulus. 

1867  MAUDSLEY  Physiol.  Mind  92  The  act  is  consensual, 
or  . .  instinctive,  in  respondence  to  a  visual  sensation  or 
picture.  1874  CARPENTER  Alent.  Pliys.  \.  ii.  (1879)  44  Move 
ments  in  respondence  to  the  impressions  made  by  external 
agencies. 

RespO'ndency.  [Sec  prec.  and  -ENCV.]  Cor 
respondence,  congruence. 

1603  DANIEL  Panegyric  to  King  Ixvi,  To  stand  Against 
all  th'  interplaced  respondencies  Of  combinations.  1629  T. 
ADAMS  Fool  $  his  Sport  Wks.  774  Thus  you  see  the  respond- 
encieof  the  spirituall  to  the  naturall  Foole,  in  their  qualities. 

1826  E.  IRVING  Babylon  vi.  II.  m'We  begin  to  observe 
the  respondency  of  this  to  the  former  parts  of  the  prophecy. 
1833  CHALMERS  Const.  Alan  (1834)  II.  ix.gi  He  whose  hand 
did  frame  our  internal  mechanism,  has  attuned  it  in  the 
most  correct  and  delicate  respondency. 

Respondent  (r^sp^ndent),  sb.  [f.  as  next: 
so  obs.  F.  respondant  (mod.F.  rtpondanf}^ 

1.  One  who  answers;  spec.)  one  who  defends  a 
thesis  against  one  or  more  opponents. 

1538  TINDALE  Obed.  Chr.  Man  Wks.  (1573)  171/2  Ego 
nego,  Doinine  Doctor ;  said  the  respondent.  1536  Act  28 
Hen.  VIII,  c.  13  §  2  Suche  beneficed  persons,  .shall,  .be 
apponent  and  respondent  in  the  same  [disputations].  1603 
FLORIO  Montaigne  i.  xx.  (1632)  45  Magitians  are  but  ill 
respondents  for  me.  1648  JEXKYN  Blind  Guide  iii.  43  Are 
you  not  respondent  ?  Was  it  not  your  part  to  answer  what 
was  brought  against  your  wicked  Position  ?  1721  AMHERST 
Terrx  Fil.  No.  20  (1726)  103  The  respondent  sits  over- 
against  the  opponent,  and  is  prepared  to  deny  whatever  he 
affirms.  1753-4  RlCBAJUIBOKWawdfiMW  (1781)  III.  119  Take 
care,  Charlotte,  that  you  make  as  free  a  respondent.,  as  you 
are  a  questioner.  1816  COLERIDGE  Lay  Serm.  (Bohn)  336 
Each  person  must  be  herein  querist  and  respondent  to  him 
self.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  8  When  Thrasymachus 
has  been  silenced,  the  two  principal  respondents,  .appear 
on  the  scene. 

t  b.  One  who  makes  himself  answerable  for 
another,  Obs.  rare—1. 

1673  R.  MONTAGU  in  Buccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.) 
I.  517,  I  shall  come  away  with  so  good  a  character  from 
this  place,  that  I  shall  not  have  shamed  my  respondent. 

c.  A  rhyme-word,   rare—1. 

1804  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Conversat.,  etc.  II.  137  Some  word 
of  great  force  to  close  his  couplet,  to  which  there  are  not, 
perhaps,  above  two  or  three  respondents. 

2.  A  defendant  in   a  lawsuit;    now  spec,  in   a 
divorce  case. 

1562  Child  Marriages  (1897)  73  This  respondent  sais, 
that  he  &  Margaret  Alat  were  maried  in  Weuerham 
church.  1651  G.  W.  tr.  Cowets  Inst.  224  If  we  respect  the 
persons,  they  are  both  complainants,  and  respondents. 
1752  J.  LOUTHIAN  Form  of  Process  250  The  said  A.  B. 
Appellant  to  make  Payment  to  the  said  D.  E.  and  H.  I. 
Respondents.  1857  Act  20  #  21  Viet.  c.  85  §  28  The  Court 
..may  direct  that  the  Person  with  whom  the  Husband  is 
alleged  to  have  committed  adultery  be  made  a  Respondent. 
1871  13.  TAYLOR  Faust  (1875)  I.  xxiii.  205  To  crush  to 
pieces  the  innocent  respondent— that  is  the  tyrant-fashion 
of  relieving  oneself  in  embarrassments. 

3.  Math.  (See  quot.) 

1888  Encycl.  Brit.  XXIII.  7/1  In  any  table  the  results    \ 
tabulated  are  termed  the  'tabular  results'  or  *  respondents', 
and   the   corresponding  numbers   by  which   the   table    is 
entered  are  termed  the  'arguments  '. 

Respondent  (rftjyndfat),  a.  [ad.  L.  re 
spondent-,  pres.  pple.  of  respondere  to  RESPOND. 
So  obs.  F.  respondent,  -ant  (mod.F.  rtpondant*}) 
Sp.  respondunte^  It.  rispondcnte.] 


RESPONSAL. 

f  1.  Correspondent  (to  something  else).  Obs. 

^533.  BELLENDEN  Livy  u.  xxi.  (S.T.S.J  I.  213  pai  thocht 
na  thing  mare  respondent  to  re-son  and  equite.  Ibid.  215 
pat  be  end  of  bare  vayage  mycht  be  respondent  to  bare 
begynnyng.  1588  PAKKE  tr.  Mendoza's  Hist.  China  24 
The  which.. seemeth  .somwhat  to  be  respondent  to  our  holy 
sacred  and  Christian  religion.  1671  GREW  Anat.  PL  (1682) 
9  Seeing  the  even  verges  of  the  Lobes  of  the  Seed  hereto 
respondent.  1672  FLAMSTKED  in  Rigaud  Corr.  Sci.  Men 
(1841)  II.  128,  I  .shall  not  fail,  .to  do  my  endeavour  to  make 
respondent  observations.  1726  POPE  Odyss.  xvn.  315  Well 
may  this  Palace  admiration  claim,  Great,  and  respondent 
to  the  master's  fame  ! 

2.  Answering  ;  making  reply.     Also,  having  the 
position  of  defendant  in  an  action. 

1726  AYLII  i  E  Parergon  67  It  is  nect^ary,  That  the  Party 
Respondent  should  be  present  in  Court.     #1797  11.  WAI.- 
POLE  Mem.  Ceo.  Ill  (18451  J-  ^i-  87  To  hear  the   King's 
Speech,  and  the  respondent  Address  read.     i8oz-i2  HEN- 
THAM  Ration.  Jitdic.  Et-uL  (1827)  I.  502  Either  amicable  or 
adverse  in  relation  to  such  respondent  witness.     1899  Daily 
News    7   Jan.    4/5   Counsel   representing   the    respondent 
magistrate. 

3.  Responsive  to  some  influence. 

1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  //-'.  xxviii,  My  heart  is  repondent  only 
to  softer  emotions.  1792  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Desmond  II. 
143  Her  heart  finds  respondent  sentiments  only  in  yours. 
1867  MAUDSLEY  Physiol.  .Mind  147  Many  of  the  remaining 
actions,  .arc  really  respondent  to  an  idea  or  emotion.  1874 
CARPENTER  Ment.  Phys.  (1879)  81  Sensations  are  excited  by 
impressions,,  .and  respondent  motions  are  (.ailed  forth. 

I!  Bespondentia  (resppnde-npa).  [mod.L.] 
A  loan  upon  the  cargo  of  a  vessel,  to  be  repaid 
(with  maritime  interest)  only  if  the  goods  arrive 
safe  at  their  destination.  (Cf.  HOTTOMKY.' 

1727  A.  HAMILTON  New  Ace.  E,  Ind.  II.  xxxiii.  14  There 
was  one  Captain  Perrin  Master  of  a  Ship,  who  took  up  about 
500^   on  respondentia. .,  payable  at  his  Return  to  Bengal. 
1755    M.\C;KNS   Insurances    II.    353    Merchants    and    oilier 
Traders  frequently  lend  Money  on  Bottomree  or  at  Respond" 
entia  and   cause   their   Vessels  with   their  Cargoes   to  be 
injured.      1803  Ann.  Rcz\  I.  382/2  He  begins  money  with 
Homer's  oxen,  and  respond  en  tia-bonda  in  the   Cimmerian 
BosphofUS.     1867     S.MVI  H     Sailers     Word-bk.    570    Upon 
respondentia  the   lender  must  be  paid   his   principal   and 
interest,  though  the  ship  perish,  provided  the  goods  be  safe. 
1898   Green's  Encycl.  Law  Scot.  X.  32^  It  is  essential   to 
the  validity  of  a  bond  of  respondent ia  that  it  should  have 
been  granted  for  the  benefit  of  thu  cargo. 

Respo'iicler.  [f.  KESPONJJ  v.  •+•  -Kit1.]  One 
who  responds  or  replies  ;  a  respondent. 

1879  Daily  News  19  Sept.  2/1  A  reference  which  was  very 
gratefully  recognised  by  one  of  the  responders  [to  the  toast1. 
1894  Forum  Aug.  710  Imaginary  responders  were  set  up  if 
there  were  no  real  ones. 

tRespO'ndie.  Sc.  Obs.     (See  RESPONDE.) 

1645  Sc.  Acts  Chas.l  (1814)  VI.  180/1  To  call  for  payment 
and  compt  of  all  Respondies  and  Debts  addebted..to  the 
publike.  Ibid.  181/1  The  Clerk,  .shall  have  the  trust  and 
keeping  of  the  Respondie-Books,  and  of  all  the  Accompts. 

Responding,///,  a.  [f.  RESPOND  f.  +  -ING.] 
Corresponding ;  responsive. 

1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc,>  Printing  xxii,  ?  7  He..re- 
nioves  them  to  the  responding  Quarter  of  the  Form  Impos 
ing,  into  the  responding  places.  1819  T.  CHALMERS  Serin, 
(1836)  I.  232  A  responding  affection  can  be  deposited  in  the 
heart  of  man.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Ronwla  x.xiv,  A  loud  re 
sponding  sob  rose  at  once  from  the  wide  multitude. 

1  RespO'nsable,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [  =  F.  and 
Sp.  responsable,  It.  responsabiU,  med.L.  respons- 
abilist  f.  re  spans  Cm.]  Responsible. 

1641  'SMECTY.MNUUS  '  Ansiv.  xviii.  (1653)  76  But  now  since 
Episcopacy  comes  to  be  challenged  as  a  Divine  Ordinance, 
how  shall  wee  be  responsable  to  those  Texts.  1648  ASH- 
HURST  Reasons  agst.  Agreemt.  n  Men  that  can  neither 
write,  read,  nor  have  any  estates  responsable. 

t  XtespO'XLSali  *b.  Obs.  Also  5-7  respons- 
all(e,6  Sc.  responsaill.  [ad.  med.L.  responsalis 
(see  next),  used  as  sb.  in  various  senses.] 

1.  A  response,  reply. 

1432-50  tr.  Higdcn  (Rolls)  V.  395  The  tenors  of  whiche 
letters..,  with  the  responsallcs  [L.  resfonsis]  of  Gregory,. . 
were  putte  in  the  registre  of  Gregory.  <  1480  HENRYSON 
Test.  Cres.  127  Ye  gave  me  anis  ane  devine  responsaill 
That  I  suld  be  the  flour  of  luif  in  Troy.  1609  ARMIN 
Maids  of  More-Cl.  (1880)  96  T" would  allay  his  hot  endeau- 
ours  with  a  cold  responsalf.  1624  F.  WHITE  Reft.  Fisher 
241  The  determination.. is  like  Apollo  his  riddles  and 
responsalls.  1652  N.  CULVERWEL  Lt.  Nature  \.  xiii.  (1661) 
109  How  cautelous  they  were  in  their  Oracular  Responsals. 
b.  A  liturgical  response  or  respond. 

a  1652  J.  SMITH  Scl.  Disc.  iv.  123  The  responsals  or 
antiphons  wherein  each  of  them  catcheth  at  the  other's 
part.  1688  Ansiu.  Dissenter's  Objections  to  Bk.  Common 
Prayer  n  The  Responsals  of  the  Congregation  are  Matters 
of  Offence  to  some.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Anti- 
phony,  St.  Ambrose  [calls  antiphony]  responsoria^  or  singing 
by  responsals.  [1893  J.  CHRISTIE  Ace.  Parish  Clerks  15 
Ability  to  read  the  Epistles  and  Lessons,  to  sing  Responsals, 
Grails,  and  other  parts  of  the  Service.] 

2.  The  respondent  in  a  disputation.    Also  attrlb. 
c  1500  in  Peacock  Stat.  Cambridge  (1841)  App.  p.  xxxviii. 

The  Responsall  shall  have  a  Deske  ordeyned  lor  hym  byfore 
the  Father,  c  ifigx  BP.  GARDNER  Explic.  Cath.  Faith  130 
One  was  answered  at  Cambridge  when  he  pressed  the  re- 
sponsall,  what  saye  ye  to  myne  argumente.  1574  in  Peacock 
Stat.  Cambridge  (1841)  App.  p.  xi,  A  Sophister  provided  by 
the  Proctour  shall  knele  before  the  Responsall  sett  [  -  seat}. 

3.  One  appointed  by  a  prelate  to  give  or  send 
replies  to  questions ;  an  apocrisiary. 

1570  FoxEX.ifr  M.  (ed.2)  308/2  The  Archbyshopreceauyng 
this  appellation,  and  saying  that  he  would  aunswere  to  the 
same  either  by  him  selfe  or  by  his  resp^onsall.  1610  DONNE 
Pseudo-martyr  23  He  suspended  him,  vntill  he  might 


RESPONSAL. 

vnderstand  from  his  Responsall  with  the  Emperor,  whether    | 
that  pretended  Commandcment . .  were  not  subreptitious. 

tKespo*nsal,  a.    Obs.    Also  4  -ailL    [ad.  i 

late  L.  responsalis  (6th  c.),  f.  responsare  to  reply. 
Cf.  OF.  responsal,  -eL] 

1.  Answerable,  responsible. 

c  1400 Beryn  2623  Such  answers  vs  purvey,  (?at  }?ey..shull 
be  rcsponsaill  For  of  [sic]  wele.      1530  Reg.  Privy  Council    \ 
Scot.  I.  106  Giff  he  be  nocht  responsall  for  the  said  spwme,     . 
that  the  Schereff,  .putt  him  in  the  irnis.     1587   Ibid.  IV. 
192  His  complices  nawayes  being  responsall  in  law  to  answer 
for  thair  deid.     1641  HEYLIN  Hist.  Episc.  n.  (1657)  442  The 
Presbyters,  .in  the  Countrey  villages,  should  be  responsall 
to  the   Bishop.     1653  Consid.  Dissolving  Crt.  Chanc.  44 
[They]  will  want  that  wisdom  and  estates,  which  the  other 
have  to  make  them  responsal. 

2.  Responsive ;  of  the  nature  of  responses. 

1607  S.  COLLINS  Serin.  (1608)  25  They  should_haue  beene 
like  an  Oracle  responsall,  without  any  Philippizing.     1653 
R.  LOVEDAY  Lett.  (1663)  45  "Pis  but  an  easie  task  for  your 
Pen,  and  will  engage  mine  to  be  responsaL     1680  BAXTER    | 
Cath.  Commjtn.  (1684)  A  2  That  the  Primitive  Churches 
had  some  Responsal   Forms  ..  I  shall   recite  an  evidence    j 
out  of  Chrysostom.     1738  NEAL  Hist.  Purit.  IV.  416  The 
Liturgy  to  be  abbreviated,  .by  omitting  all  the  Responsal    • 
prayers. 

3.  Correspondent,  appropriate,  rare—1. 

1647  SPRIGGE  Anglia  Rediv.  in.  vi.  (1854)  168  Would  thou    , 
hadst  took  that  leisure  time  To  visit  some  responsal  clime,      i 

RespO'nsary.  rare.  [ad.  med.L.  respons- 
d)iitm^\  =  RESFONSOKY  sb. 

c  1557  ABP.  PARKER  Ps.  G  ij,  And  after  that,  .make  a  great 
noise  by  the  responsaries.  .of  the  Psalmes.  1715  M.  DAVIES 
Athen.  Brit.  I.  256  The  Pagans  had  not  only  such  certain 
forms  of  Prayer,  but  also  Repetitions  and  Responsaries. 
1866  Liturgy  Ch.  Sarum  88  The  Ten  Commandments,  and 
their  re>ponsaries. 

Response  (r&jyns).  Forms:  4respouns(e, 
4,  6  respons,  5-6  responce,  7-  response.  [In 
ME.,  a,  OF.  respuiis,  respons  (mod.F.  rfyons] 
masc.  or  response  (mod.  r^ponse),  fem.  In  later 
use  directly  ad.  L.  responsuin  neut.  (also  late  L. 
responsus  masc.),  f.  respondere  to  RESPOND.] 

1.  An  answer,  a  reply. 

c  1300  Bckct  825  In  a  chambre  faste  iloke  alle  hi  were 
ibrou5t,  That  hi  ne  scholde  ascapie  11031  er  hi  respounse 
sede.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  \Vace  11924  pe  chartre  }:ey 
schewed  |>er  barouns,  &  seide,  *  swich  ys  Arthures  respouns  '. 
1338  —  Chron.  (1810)  98  What  was  his  respons  writen,  I  ne 
sauh  no  herd.  1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  \.  xix.  (S.T.S.)  I.  109 
It  is  said  ^at  Turnus  was  na  thinj*  satifyit  on  his  respons. 
1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xix.  (Arb.)  214  Ye  haue  a 
figuratiue  speach  which  the  Greeks  cal  Antipophora,  I 
name  him  the  Responce.  1604  R.  CAWDREY  Table  Alph. 
(1613),  Responses,  answers.  1673  CAVE  Prim.  Chr.  \.  \\\.  192 
The  Author  of  the  Questions  and  Responses.  1675  BAXTER 
Cath.  Theol.  I.  113  He..needeth  no  more  of  mine  for  the 
confutation  of  his  vain  responses.  1712  STEELE  Sped. 
No.  266  f  4,  I  heard  an  old  and  a  young  Voice  repeating 
the  Questions  and  Responses  of  the  Church-Catechism. 
1751  HARKIS  Hermes  Wks.  (1841)  161  With  respect  to  the 
interrogative,  the  return  is  necessarily  made  in  words., 
which  are  called  a  response  or  answer.  1798  COLERIDGE 
Anc.Mar.  411  But.  .speak  again,  Thy  soft  response  renew 


ing.  1869  A.  HARWOOD  tr.  E.  de  Pressense"  Early  Yrs. 
Chr.  in.  iii.  404  We  know  the  response  of  ancient  philosophy 
to  this  question, 

b.  transf.  andy?^.  An  action  or  feeling  which 
answers  to  some  stimulus  or  influence. 

1815  SHELLEY  Alastor  564  A  pine,. .to  each  inconstant 
blast  Yielding  one  only  response.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i. 
§  15.  103  A  joyous  rush  was  the  creature's  first  response  to 
the  signal.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  130  Something 
which  found  a  response  in  his  own  mind  seemed  to  have 
been  lost. 

2.  EctL  a.  =  RESPONSORY  sb.  i . 

1450-1530  Myrr.  our  Ladye  107  After  lessons  foloweth 
Responces.  Ibid.t  Thys  fyrste  responce  ys  songe  in  faythe 
and  in  praysynge  of  the  blyssed  Trynyte.  1592  tr.  Jnnins 
on  Rev.  xix.  3  The  song  of  the  Antiphonie  or  response. 
18x1  BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.  (ed.  3),  Response^  or  Response.  The 
name  of  a  kind  of  anthem  sung  in  the  Roman  church  after 
the  morning  lesson.  1836  Tracts  for  Times  No.  75,  Lesson  8. 
(Homily  continued.) . .  Response  8  (used  on  the  Sundays  after 
Trinity).  1879  SIMMONS  Lay  Folks  Mass  Book  200  The  ! 
laity . .  were  not  allowed  to  read  the  lessons  in  church,  nor  to 
say  the  Alleluia,  but  only  the  psalms  and  the  responses 
(r esponsor  ia}^  without  the  Alleluia. 

D.  A  part  of  the  liturgy  said  or  sung  by  the 
congregation  in  reply  to  the  priest.  (Correlative 
to  VEBSICLB.) 

1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps.  xxxi.  6  Observing  their  responses 
most  superstitiously.  1710  STEELE  TatlerNo.  213  p  2  [He] 
was  seen  soon  after  reading  the  Responses  with  great 
Gravity  at  Six  of  Clock  Prayers.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE 
Italian  x\,  Again  he  fancied  her  voice  spoke  in  a  part  of 
the  plaintive  response  delivered  by  the  nuns.  1810  CRACBE 
Borough  ii.  16  Where  priest  and  clerk  with  joint  exertion 
strive..;  That,  by  his  periods  eloquent  and  grave  ;  This,  by 
responses,  and  a  well-set  stave.  1886  RUSKIN  Prgsterita  I. 
354  The  responses  of  the  morning  prayer. 

3.  An  oracular  answer. 

1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  x.  i.  76  Sa  fey  11  responsis  of  the 
gpddis  abufe.  ai66o  HAMMOND  (J.),  The  oracles, .. from 
giving  responses  in  verse,  descended  to  prose.  1687  A. 
LOVELL  tr.  Theyenofs  7'rau.  i.  37  He  that  demands  the 
response,  roles  it  [sc.  a  piece  of  wood]  three  times.  1762 
WARBURTON  Doctr.  Grace  i.  v,  In  the  Mosaic  dispensation 
..,  where  the  church  was  conducted  in  every  step, at  first 
by  oracular  responses,  and  afterwards  by. .  Prophets.  1822 
SHELLEY  tr.  Calderon's  Mag.  Prodig.  \.  138  Consider  the 
ambiguous  responses  Of  their  oracular  statues.  1869  TOZER 
HighL  Turkey  11.  219  The  ancient  oracle,  .from  which. . 
the  Greeks  of  his  time  used  to  seek  responses. 


542 

4.  Mus.  '  In  a  fugue,  the  repetition  of  the  given 
subject  by  another  part'  (Busby). 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VII.  491/2  Every  fugue  finds 
its  response  In  the  part  immediately  following  that  which 
commenced.  1854  CHERUBINI  Connterp.  <$•  Fugue  63  It  may 
be  said  that  the  Response  decides  the  particular  kind  and 
nature  of  the  fugue. 

5. //.  =  RESPOKSION  3. 

1810  Oxford  Univ,  Cat.  p.  ii,  Feb.  21,  Responses  com 
mence. 

Hence  Bespo'nseless  a.,  giving  no  response  or 
reply  ;  Bespo  nser,  one  who  makes  response. 

1845  Blackw.  Mag.  LVIII.  36  The  base,  cold  crowd.. 
Stood  round,  responseless  to  his  fire.  1845  JANE  ROBINSON 
Whitehall  xix.  221  Mistress  Chaloner  looked  at  him,. to 
ascertain  who  this  lively  responser  was. 

Responsibility.  [See  next  and  -ITY.  So 
F.  responsahilitt)  It.  -ita,  Sp.  -idad.~\ 

1.  The  state  or  fact  of  being  responsible. 

1787  HAMILTON  Federalist  No.  63  II.  193  Responsibility 
in  order  to  be  reasonable  must  be  limited  to  objects  within 
the  power  of  the  responsible  party.  1796  BURKE  Regie. 
Peace  iii.  Sel.  Wks.  (1892)  258  Where  I  speak  of  responsi 
bility,  I  do  not  mean  to  exclude  that  species  of  it  [etc.]. 
1827  SOUTHEY  Hist.  Penins.  War  II.  746  He  was  made  to 
understand  that  any  risk  which  he  incurred  would  be  upon 
bis  own  lesponsibility.  1874  SAVCE  Comfar.  Philol.  viii. 
305  It  is  only  when  the  conception  of  the  individual  has  been 
reached  that  the  idea  of  responsibility  begins. 
b.  Const,  tf/'the  thing  done  or  to  be  done. 

1840  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  xvii,  Then  the  entertainment 
began..;  Mr.  Codlin  having  the  responsibility  of  deciding 
on  its  length.  1847  PRF.SCOTT  Peru  (1850)  II.  137  He  still 
shrunk  from  the  responsibility  of  the  deed.  1881  \V.  COLLINS 
Black  Robe  viii,  I  took  the  responsibility  of  leaving  him 
undisturbed. 

2.  With  a  and  //.   A  charge,  trust,  or  duty,  for 
which  one  is  responsible. 

1796  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  iii.  Sel.  Wks.  (1892)  258  That 
confidence  . .  fixes  a  responsibility  on  the  Ministers  entire 
and  undivided.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  iv,  Anxious  to 
be  relieved  of  a  responsibility  that  was  becoming  irksome. 
1880  igt/t  Cent.  Apr.  687  As  the  responsibilities  became 
greater  and  warfare  more  scientific. 

b.  A  person  for  whom  one  is  responsible. 

1832  MARRYAT  A7".  Forster  xxxvi,  [He]  would  hand  over  to 
Newton's  charge  any  one  of  the  unmarried  responsibilities. 

3.  U.  S,  '  Ability  to  answer  in  payment ;  means 
of  paying  contracts'  (Cent.  Diet.  1890). 

Responsible  (r/sp^'nsib'l),  a.  (and  sb>;.  [a, 
obs.  F.  responsible  (1502),  f.  L.  respons-,  respond' 
ere  to  RESPOND.  Cf.  RESPONSABLE.] 

A.  adj.  f  1.  Correspondent  or  answering  to 
something.  Obs. 

1599  B.  JONSON  EV .  Man  out  of  Hum.  n.  i,  The  admira 
tion  of  your  Forme  ;  to  which  (if  the  bounties  of  your  minde 
be  any  way  responsible)  [etc.].  1629  MAXWELL  tr.  Herodian 
(1635)  140  If  you  expect  a  Doome,  or  Death,  responsible  to 
your  blacke  deeds,  and  detestable  Villanies  ;  the  World 
cannot  afford  it.  1698  FKYEK  Ace.  E.  India  #  P.  14  The 
Mouth  large,  but  not  responsible  to  so  large  a  Body. 

f  2.  Capable  of  being  answered.   Obs.  rare  ~J. 

1647  LILLY  Chr.  A&trol.  Iviii.  383  This  is  a  difficult 
Question,  and  yet  by  Astrologie  responsible. 

3.  Answerable,  accountable  (to  another  for  some 
thing)  ;  liable  to  be  called  to  account. 

1643  PRYNNE  Sov.  Power  Part.  in.  App.  12  To  hold  this 
Popish  erronious  opinion,  that  they  are  in  no  case  re 
sponsible  to  their  whole  Kingdomesor  Parliaments  for  their 
grossest  exorbitances.  1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Olearius1  Voy. 
Ambass.  405  Being  responsible  to  the  King  for  what  might 
happen  to  us.  1720  WATERLAND  Doctr.  Trin.  v.  Wks.  1823 
V.  115  Willing  or  not  willing,  every  man  is  responsible,  at 
last,  for  the  doctrines  he  teaches.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  42 
Our  constitution  has  made  no  sort  of  provision  towards 
rendering  him,  as  a  servant,  in  any  degree  responsible.  1850 
McCosH  Div.  Gout.  in.  i.  (1874)  2?8  Man  is  a  free  agent  and 
morally  responsible  to  his  Governor.  1868  FREEMAN  Norm. 
Conq.  (1877)  II.  321  The  country  was  left,  .without  any 
single  responsible  chief. 

b.  Morally  accountable  for  one's  actions; 
capable  of  rational  conduct. 

1836  J.  GILBERT  Chr.  Atoncm.  ii.  (1852)  50  The  great  God 
has  treated  us  as  responsible  beings.  1858  FKOUDE  Hist. 
Eng.  IV.  xviii.  35  James  arrived  at  an  age  when  he  could 


IS 

4.  U.  S.  Answerable  to  a  charge. 

1650  in  T.  Hutchinson  Hist.  Mass.  (1765)  452  You  are  re 
quired  to  altach  the  goods  or  lands  of  William  Stevens  to 
the  value  of  one  hundred  pounds,  so  as  to  bind  the  same  to 
be  responsible  at  the  next  court  at  Boston. 

5.  Capable  of  fulfilling  an  obligation  or  trust; 
reliable,  trustworthy ;  of  good  credit  and  repute. 

1691  LOCKE  Consid.  Money  Wks.  1714  II.  12  Not  know 
ing  that  the  Bill  or  Bond  is  true  or  legal,  or  that  the 
Man  bound  to  me  is  honest  or  responsible,  a  1817  JANE 
AUSTEN  Persuasion  iii,  Could  not  be  a  better  time,  Sir 
Walter,  for  having  a  choice  of  tenants,  very  responsible 
tenants.  1853  C.  BRONTE  Villette  xiv,  There  was  about  him 
a  manly  responsible  look,  that  redeemed  his  youth.  1884 
J.  QUINCY  Figures  of  Past  345  The  collection  and  delivery 


1 


of  parcels,  .might  be  undertaken  by  one  responsible  person. 
1806  H.  JOHNSTON  Dr.  Congalton's  Legacy  ix.  icj  Respons 
ible  land-owners,  bonnet-lairds,  farmers,  otherwise  a  non 
descript  crowd. 

Comb.    185*  DICKENS  Bleak  Ho.  xxviii,  A  responsible- 
looking  gentleman  dressed  in  black.    1891  MOSTYN  Cvratica 
57  When  the  meeting  was  dissolved,  1  joined  myself  to  a 
responsible-looking  brother,  and.. begged  an  explanation. 
b.  Of  respectable  appearance. 


RESPONSIVE. 

1780  S.  G.  PRATT  Emma  Corbctt  (ed.  4)  I.  98  A  new  wig 
.  .to  be  made  so  as  to  resemble  a  responsible  head  of  hair. 
1852  DICKENS  Bleak  Ho.  Iviii,  His  linen  is  arranged  to  a 
nicety,  and  he  is  wrapped  in  a  responsible  dressing-gown. 

6.  Involving  responsibility  or  obligation. 

1855  PRLSCOTT  PhUip  //,  I.  i.  ii.  12  He  selected  two  per 
sons  for  the  responsible  office  of  superintending  his  educa 
tion.  1880  igM  Cent.  Apr.  707  Native  officers  so  appointed 
to  high  and  responsible  positions. 

B.  sb.  pi.  An  actor  who  undertakes  to  play  any 
part  which  may  be  temporarily  required. 

1885  JEROME  On  the  Stage  80  In  the  provinces,  thirty 
shillings  is  a  high  figure  for  a  good  all-round  '  responsibles '. 
Ibid.  121  Hearing  that  one  of  their  *  responsibles  '  had  just 
•left,  I  went  straight  to  the  manager,,  .and  was  accepted. 

Hence  Respo'nsibleness. 

1727  in  BAILEY  (vol.  II).  i8iz  G.  CHALMERS  Dom.  Econ. 
Gt.  Brit.  138  At  this  crisis. -every  bill  was  suspected,  as 
being  of  doubtful  responsibleness.  1856  EMERSON  Eng. 
Traits  v.  Ability \  They  have  solidarity,  or  responsibleness, 
and  trust  in  each  other. 

RespO'iisibly,  adv.  rare.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.] 
In  a  responsible  manner. 

1847  in  WEBSTER.  1891  KIPLING  Light  thai  Failed  (1900) 
240  Mr.  Beeton  stood  by  with  the  air  of  an  ambassador  and 
breathed  responsibly. 

Re  Sponsion  (r&pp'njsn).  Also  6  -cion.  [a. 
F.  responsion  (\responcion} y  =  ^.  responsion,  It. 
re-,  risponsione-t  or  ad.  L.  respon$ion-emt  n.  of 
action  f.  respondere  to  RESPOND.] 

1.  An  answer  or  reply ;  a  response.     Now  rare. 
1502  ARNOLDE  Chron.  (1811)  10  By  ony  responcions  or 

peticions  of  them  in  parlement.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas. 
xi.  (Percy  Soc.)  42  Seven  sophyms.  .Thys  ydre  used.  .Unto 
the  people,  and  was  full  rigorious  To  devoure  them,  where 
lacked  responsion.  1555  W.  WATREMAN  Fardle  Facions 
Pref.  13  By  obscure  and  doubtfully  attempred  Responcions, 
and  voices  of  spirites.  1656  S.  HOLLAND  Zara  (1719)  123 
To  the  first  he  yielded  a  ready  responsion,  but  to  the  other 
he  answered  in  very  obscure  terms.  1677  GALE  Crt.  Gen 
tiles  in.  99  To  confer  among  themselves  by  Questions  and 
Responsions  or  Answers.  1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic. 
Evid.  (1827)  II.  10  Fourth  point — responsion  performed  in 
the  presence  of  the  judge.  1880  Cent.  Mag.  XIX.  294 
(Cent),  Everywhere  in  nature,  Whitman  finds  human  rela 
tions,  human  responsions. 

1 2.  A  sum  falling  to  be  paid ;  esp.  an  annual 
payment  which  was  required  from  knights  of  the 
military  orders.  Obs. 

c  1470  ED\V.  IV  in  Ellis  Ortg.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  I.  143  A  Lum- 
bard.  .shalbe  bounde..in  the  said  somme,  to  bepaied..to 
such  as  the  saide  Bisshopp  ..  wol  assigne  to  receyve  the 
same,  be  it  for  the  responsion  of  the  Commandeur  of  Tpr- 
fischyn.  1480  Acta  Dom.  Cone.  (1839)  50  J>e  soume  of  vj" 
pund,  of  pe  Responsioune  of  f>e  said  Trestramys  landis, 
aucht  to  our  souuerain  lorde.  1540  Act  32  Hen.  VIIl^  c. 
24  Commanderies,  preceptories,  contribucions,  responsions, 
rentes. .which  appertained. , to  the  priours.  [1706  PHILLIPS 
(ed.  Kersey),  Responsions^  a  Word  us'd  among  the  Knights 
of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  for  certain  Accounts  made  to 
them,  by  such  as  held  their  Lands,  or  Stocks.  1727-38 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Such  a  knight  Templar  paid  a  respon 
sion  of  fifty  pounds  per  annum  to  his  order,  on  account  of 
such  a  commandery.J 

3.  //.  The  first  of  the  three  examinations  which 
candidates  for  the  B.A.  degree  at  Oxford  are  re 
quired  to  pass. 

1813  Oxford  Univ.  Cal.  p.  ii,  Feb.  17,  Responsions  com 
mence.  1845  WILLIAM  GRESLEY  Frank's  Trip  to  Continent 
2  He  had  just  come  home  from  Oxford  after  having., 
passed  his  responsions.  1881  Truth  6  Oct.  443  The  new 
examination  in  lieu  of  responsions  at  Oxford,  which  has  just 
been  instituted. 

4.  A  public  university  disputation. 

1841  PEACOCK  Stat.  Cambr.  9  When  they  had  kept  two 
responsions .. under  the  regency  of  a  master  of  arts.. they 
were  presented.. as  candidates  for  admission. 

Responsive  (r/sp^-nsiv),  a.  and  sb.  [a.  F. 
responsifj  -/£'£,  =  Sp.  and  It.  responsivoj  or  ad.  late 
L.  responsiv-uSj  f.  respons- ^  respondere :  see  RE 
SPOND  v.  and  -IVE.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Answering,  responding ;  making 
answer  or  reply,  fa.  Of  letters  or  epistolary 
replies.  Also  in  pi.  form.  Obs. 

1529  WOLSEV  in  Burnet  Hist.  Ref.  (1679)  I,  Rec.  If.  xxiii. 
62  Shewing  unto  the  same  how  ye  have  received  Letters 
from  the  King's  Highness  and  me,  responsives  to  such  as 
ye  wrote.  c*s6o  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.T.S.)  ix.  3  Suppois  I 
am  not  eloquent  To  wryt  }ow  answer  responsyve.  1620 
BRENT  tr.  Sarpfs  COMIC.  Trent  n.  (1676)  126  When  there 
shall  be  occasion  to  write  some  Letter,  missive,  or  respon 
sive.  1726  AVLIFFE  Parergon  157  A  Certificate  ..  is  a 
Responsive  Letter,  or  Letter  by  way  of  Answer. 
b.  In  other  uses.  Also  const,  to. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  683  Celestial  voices  . .  Sole,  or 
responsive  each  to  others  note.  1715  POPE  Odyss.  \.  200 
High  strains  responsive  to  the  vocal  string.  1747  COLLINS 
Passions  37  A  soft  responsive  voice  was  heard  at  every  close. 
1781  COWPER  Charity  177  Responsive  to  the  distant  neigh 
he  neighs.  1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Jitdic.  Evid.  (1827) 
III.  48  By  the  responsive  testimony  of  the  defendant,  the 
existence  of  the  criminative  fact  cannot  be  established. 
1850  BLACKIE  JEschylus  I.  26  There  the  grey  heath  lit  the 
responsive  fire.  1889  Daily  News  25  July  7/2  The  proctors 
for  the  Bishop  of  Lincoln  were  assigned  to  bring  in  their 
responsive  allegation  within  a  fortnight. 

2.  Correspondent  or  corresponding,  rare. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  v.  ii.  159  Three  of  the  carriages  in- 
faith  are.. very  responsiue  to  the  hilts.  1634  CANNE  Necess. 
Separ.  (1849)  34  The  bishops,  .do  not  maturely  consider  the 
responsive  conclusions  which  follow  upon  their  principles. 
1867  MACFARREN  Harmony  \.  i7i.He  extended  it  by  the 
addition  of  four  responsive  or  relative  modes. 


RESPONSIVELY. 

3.  Responding  readily  to  some  influence. 

1761  FALCONER  Shipwr.  n.  45  Thus,  and  so  quick,  the 
helm  responsive  (lew.  1791  A.  YOUNG  Trav.  France  205 
The  vibrations  of  pleasurable  emotions  seemed  more  respon 
sive  than  common.  1841  D'IsRAELI  Amen.  Lit.  (1867)  584 
The  imaginative  critic  has  described  the  excursions  of  our 
muse  with  responsive  sympathy.  1868  DICKENS  Let.  29 
Jan.,  They  are  a  bright,  responsive  people  here.  1871 
HOLME  LEE  Miss  Harrington  II.  xv.  232  Felicia  seemed 
attentive  and  responsive. 
b.  Const,  to. 

1768  BEATTIE  Rtinstr.  i.  Iv,  Responsive  to  the  sprightly 
pipe,  when  all  In  sprightly  dance  the  village  youth  were 
join'd.  1793  Minstrel  II.  55  The  heart  of  Eleanor  did  not 
beat  responsive  to  his  warm  attachment.  1850  McCosti 
Div.  Gfft't.  n.  ii.  (1874)  210  There  is  no  living  being  to  feel 
responsive  to  his  feelings.  1884  J.  M.  MATHER  I,ife  ff 
Teaching  Rnskin  (ed.  2)  5  His  nature  was  responsive  to 
the  influences  brought  to  bear  upon  it. 

4.  Characterized  by  the  use  of  responses. 

1778  Bp.  LOWTH  TransL  Isaiah  xxvii.  2  In  that  day,  To 
the  beloved  Vineyard,  sing  ye  a  responsive  song.  1848 
R.  I.  WILBERFORCE  Doctr.  Incarnation  xii.  (1852)  326 
Where  this  responsive  system  of  worship  is  lost,  the  nature 
of  a  public  service  will  soon  be  forgotten.  1882  J.  H.  BLUNT 
Rtf.  Cli.  Eng.  II.  565  The  alternation  of  the  responsive  sys 
tem  of  prayer  into  that  of  prayer  by  the  minister  alone. 

t5.  Responsible,  answerable.   Obs.  rare. 

1642  JER.  TAYLOR  Episc.  (1647)  371  For  all  of  it,  he  is 
responsive  to  God  Almighty.    1646  —  Apol.  Liturgy  §  133 
Such  persons.  .for  whom  the  Church  her  selfe  may  safely 
be  responsive,  that  is,  to  men  learned  and  pious. 
B.  sb.  fl.  An  answer,  a  response.   Obs, 

1683  CAVE  Ecclesiastici,  Epipk.  429  In  answer  to  both  he 
wrote  Ai-re;ri9ToAv7  .  .a  large  Responsive,  wherein  he  particu. 
larly  opens  the  Doctrine  of  the  Catholick  Church. 

2.  A  responsory.  rare~'. 

1855  MILMAN  Lat.  Ckr.  xiv.  iv.  (1864)  IX.  178  note.  The 
mixture  ..  of  Latin  Responsives  and  Sequences  with  the 
chief  passages  in  the  dialect  of  Thuringia. 

Hence  Bespo-nsively  adv. 

1778  BP.  LOWTH  Transl.  Isaiak  Notes  vi.  3  This  hymn, 
performed  by  the  seraphim,  divided  into  two  choirs,  the 
one  singing  responsivety  to  the  other,  a  1851  MOIR  Bass 
Rock  in.  Wks.  1852  I.  204  And  linnets  from  each  brake 
responsiyely  Piped  to  each  other.  1866  LIDDON  Div.  Our  • 
Lord  vii.  (1875)  391  The  primitive  Christians  sang  among 
themselves  responsively  a  hymn  of  praise  to  Christ  as  God. 

Responsiveness.  [f.  prec.  +  -NESS.]  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  responsive. 

1847  in  WEBSTER.  1877  E.  R.  CONDER  Bos.  Faith  ii.  So 
Without  dulling  their  responsiveness  to  each  new  impres 
sion.  1882  A.  W.  WARD  Dickens  vii.  205  A  swift  respon 
siveness  to  the  impulses  of  humour  and  pathos. 

So  Responsi  vity  .    rare  ~l. 

1866  DORA  GREENWEI.L  Ess.  132  This  responsivity  within 
the  human  Soul. 

t  Respo-nsor,  obs.  var.  RESPONSORY  sb.  \  b. 

111649  CRASHAW  Poems  (1904)  218  The  Versicle..  .The 
Responsor.  Ibid.  219-229. 

Response  rial,  sb.  [a.  med.L.  responsoriale, 
f.  responsoria  RESPONSOKY  sb.  So  F.  responsoriale 
(Godef.).]  A  book  of  responsories. 

1853  ROCK  Ch.  of  Fathers  III.  n.  xi.  18  Out  of  the  Anti- 
phoner-.came  forth  the  full  song-book  ..  for  the  canonical 
hours,  .  .  the  responsorial  or  book  of  responses. 


543 

t  Besponspry,  a.     Obs.     Also^-ary.     [ad. 
med.L.  responsSrius :  see  prec.] 
1.  Of  the  nature  of  an  answer  or  reply ;  relating 
or  pertaining  to  answering. 

1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  i.  (1625)  22  To  these  and  to 

j    many  others,  .are  many  Epistles  Responsorie.     1602  Fur.- 

|    BECKK  ist  PL  Parall.  58  Before. .the  libel  [is]  exhibited  in 

;    Court,  is:  notice  taken  thereof  by  the  def.  by  some  responsory 

acte.     1638  MEDE  ll'^s.  (1672)  791  Divers  other  Letters 


,  .  .  . 

Responsrrrial,  a.     [See  next  and  -AL.] 

1.  Making  answer  or  reply  ;  responsive. 

1820  SOUTHEY  \Veslcy  I.  204  note,  Rimius's  Narrative 
of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Herrnhuters,  and  the 
Responsorial  Letters  of  the  Theological  Faculty  of  Tubin 
gen,  annexed  to  it. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  responses. 


-    ,    , J  portions  ot  Morning 

Evening  Prayer. 

Responsory  (r/spp-nsori),  sb.  [In  sense  I, 
ad.  late  L.  responsoria  pi.  (in  med.L.  also  sing. 
-orium  neut.,  -aria  fern.),  f.  respons-,  respondere  to 
RESPOND  :  see  -OHY.  Cf.  F.  respmsoire  (Godef.).] 

1.  Eccl.  a.  An  anthem  said  or  sang  after  a  lesson 
by  a  soloist  and  choir  alternately. 

Often  applied  to  the  gradual  (which  follows  the  epistle  at 
mass). 

1431-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  39  [He]  made  in  the  lawde 
of  that  blissede  virgyn, . .  these  ij.  responsoryes,  Stirps  Jesse, 
and  Solem  justitiEe.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  248 
In  matyns  communly  be  iii  orbes,..of  ye  whicheeuery  orbe 
conteynelh  iij  psalms,  iii  lessons,  and  iii  responsories.  1563 
FOXE  A.  <r  M.  895/2  The  Responsorie,  which  is  called  the 
Gradual  (being  wont  to  be  songe  at  the  steps  going  vp), 
with  alleluya.  1638  MEUE  Wks.  (1672)  60  The  Jews  in  their 
Divine  Lauds  were  wont  to  praise  God  after  this  manner, 
in  Antiphons  or  Responsories.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  in. 
190/2  1  he  Responsory  being  sung,  and  some  Prayers  said, 
they  return  from  Church.  1763  BURN  Eccles.  Law  I.  38 
Thejnvitatories,  responsories,  verses,  collects,  and  whatever 
is  said  or  sung  in  the  quire.  1844  LINGARD  Anglo-Sax.  Ch. 
(1858)  II.  App.  A.  332  The  responsories.  .indicated  by  the 
initial  words  of  each  versicle.  1877  J.  D.  CHAMBERS  Div. 
Worship  90  The  Clerks  ought  continually  to  stand  unless 
when  a  Responsory  is  sung. 

transf.  1649  MILTON  Eikon.  xxiv.  Wks.  1851  III.  491 
Which  if  I  should  repeat  again,  would  turn  my  answers  into 
Responsories,  and  begett  another  Liturgie.  1684  Contempt. 
St.  Man.  n.  ii.  (1699)  144  What  shall  it  be  to  be  celebrated 
by  all  the  Angels  and  Saints  in  Celestial  Responsories? 
t  b.  A  response  to  a  versicle.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1649  CRASHAW  Poems  (1904)  217  The  versicle.  ..The  re 
sponsory. 

t2.  An  oracle.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1677  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  HI.  58  The  ephod  of  the  Idolatrous 
lews  which  they  consulted  as  their  Responsorie. 


:    part  which  concerns  the  responsory.     1737  L.  CLARKE  Hist. 
j    Bible  (1740)  I.  i.  106  Job.  .maintains  his  virtue  in  responsory 
•    speeches  successively  to  every  one  of  theirs. 
b.   ;Cf.  RESPONSORY  sb.  i.) 

1641  R.  B.  K.  Parall.  of  Liturgy  w.  Mass-bk.  28  The 
Versicle  responsory  to  this  is  the  fourth  verse.  1650 
H.  L'ESTRANGE  Alliance  Div.  Off.  146  The  first  part  of  it, 
whose  responsory  terminations  aro  '  Have  .Mercy  upon  us  '. 

2.  Responsive,  grateful. 

1641  J.  SHL-TF.  S.irali  S,  Hagar  (16^)  57  The  dull  earth  is 
responsory  for  that  it  received)  :  onely  men  are  unthankful. 
a  1643  —  Jtidgtni.  f,  Mercy  (1645)  202  He  thinks  not  him 
self  so  obliged  to.. be  responsary  for  such  a  favour. 

t  Respo  nsure.     Obs.  rare  -'.     Response. 

1600  TOURNEUR  Trans/.  Metam.  Ixxvii.  5^7  Towhom  they 
moue,  black  todes  give  responsure. 

t  Resport.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  resport  i^Godef.).] 
Regard. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troyhis  iv.  86  (Campsall  M.S.),  Hauyng 
vn-to  my  tresour  ne  my  rente  Right  no  resport.  Ibid.  '850 
Whi  ne  hastow  to  bi-seluen  som  resport? 

t  Respost,  obs.  form  of  REPOST,  RIPOST(E. 

1692  SIR  W.  HorE  Fencing  Master  7  Respost  is  when  a 
Man  hath  given  in  a  Thrust,,  .then  he  is  said  to  receive 
a  Thrust  upon  the  respost  or  Lack  of  the  I'arrade. 

tRespOun(d,  sb.  Obs.  Also  respuu,  -on, 
-owne,  -owud.  [ad.  OF.  respuns  RESPONSE,  or 
f.  OF.  respundre :  see  next.] 

1.  =  RESPOND  sb.  i  a. 

c  1400  Rule  St.  Benet  (Prose)  16  By-tuixe  be  lescuns  bre 
respuns;  and  eftir  be  bridde  respun  be  vers.  Ibid.,  Foure 
lescuns  red  wid  respuns.  c  1440  Promp.  Pat-;'.  43i/r  Re. 
spowne  (A',  respounde,  P.  respon),  rcsponsorinm.  1466  in 
Arc/txol.  L.  (1887)  45  The  responnys  of  the  trinite. 

2.  =  RESPOND  sb.  3. 

1435  Indent.  Fotheringhey  Ch.  in  Dugdale  Monast.  (1830) 
VI.  Ml.  1414/2  The  cler-story..shal  be  made  of  cltne  asheler 
growndid  upon  ten  mighty  pillars,  with  four  respounds. 
Ibid.,  To  the  two  respownds  of  the  sayd  qwere  shal  be  two 
perpeyn-walls. 

tRespOUIl  d,  v.  Obs.  [a.  OF.  respundre, 
repr.  L.  respondere  to  RESPOND.]  To  reply. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  12181  Maister  leui.  .Teched  him  a  letter 
ban,  And  badd  him  bar-to  respond  (rime  stund  ;  Fairf.  re 
spounde).  c  1325  Songo/Yesterday  Si  in  E.  E.  Poems  (1862) 
135  pe  most  fool,  i  herde  respounde,  Is  wysore,  whil  he  lyue 
may,  pen  he  bat. .was  buried  }usterday.  r  1330  R.  BRUSNE 
Chron.  Wace  4238  By  letteres  woly  hem  first  somoune,  To 
here  ber  wyl,  what  bey  respoune. 

Resprea'd,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  spread  anew. 

1651  Fuller's  Abel  Rediv.,  Luther  53  He,  by  Gods  Word 
and  Spirits  inspiration,  The  Gospels  Light  re-spred,  for 
every  Nation,  a  1711  KHN  Psyche  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  293 
Primeval  Night  and  Chaos  would  re-spread  Nature  untun'd, 
should  Love  continue  dead.  1868  H.  LAW  Beacons  Bible 
(1869)  129  The  old  temptation  respreads  its  wily  bait.  1879 
MRS.  A.  E.  JAMES  hid.  Househ.  Managem.  67  We.. had 
the  floor  respread  with  mud. 

Respri-ng,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  spring  up  again. 
Hence  Bespri-nging  vbl.  sb. 

1617  HIERON  Wks.  II.  233  The  seasonable  falling  of  raine 
furthereth  the  re-springing  of  the  languishing  corne.  1816 
SOUTHEY  Poet's  Pitgr.  Proem  13  Vet  at  the  present  object 
love  re-springs. 

t  Resprise,  variant  of  REPRISE  v.,  to  recover. 

'49'  CAXTON  Vitas  Pair.  (W.  de  W.  1495)  i.  xlvii.  83/1 
ine  lordes  ..  were  incontynent  moeuyd  to  wepynge  £ 
waylynge ;  And  a  lytyll  after  that  they  had  resprysed  theyr 
spyrytes,  the  emperour  desyred  [etc.], 

t  Re-spuate,  v.  Obs.  rare  -'.  [iireg.  f.  obs. 
F.  respuer  or  L.  resptilre :  see  next.]  To  reject. 

1657  TOMLIXSON  Kenan's  Disf.  418  Another  stone,  .which 
repels  and  respuates  Iron. 

Respue',  v.  rare.  [ad.  L.  respnfre.]  trans. 
To  reject  strongly. 

1818  Blackui.  Mag;.  IV.  329  These  I  failed  not  to  reject 
and  respue  with  indignation.  1823  T.  L.  BEDDOES  Poems 
(1851)  224  Teaching  him  to 'respue'  this  effeminate  style 
of  versification. 

Respun,  var.  RESPOUN(D  sb.  Respy,  a. :  see 
RESP.  Respyce,  obs.  f.  RASPIS!  ;  var.  RASPIS  2. 
Ressaif,  -aive,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  RECEIVE.  Ressait, 
obs.  f.  RECEIPT  sb. 

II  Ressalah  (resa'la).  Also  8  rissalla,  9  risa- 
lah,  russala(h),  rusala.  [ad.  Urdu  (Arab.)  JL^ 

risalah,  i.  Arab,  arsala  he  sent.]  In  India,  a 
squadron  of  native  cavalry. 

1758  W.  HASTINGS  Let.  in  Gleig  If  em.  (1841)  I.  70  Sho- 
kum  Sing  and  Harroon  Cawn  (formerly  of  Roy  Doollub's 
Rissalla).  1800  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Disp.  (1844)  I.  147 
Charged  with  having  endeavoured  to  seduce  from  the  sen-ice 
of.  .the  Rajah  of  Mysorearussalahof  horse.  1849  EASTWICK 
Dry  Leaves  89  Four  days  later  came  two  Risalahs  of  Bengal 
Irregular  Cavalry.  1862  BEVERIDGE  Hist.  India  III.  vm. 
iv.  366  Ghuznee  to  be  garrisoned  by  the  i6th  native  infantry, 
a  ressalah  of  Skinner's  horse  [etc.]. 

Ressaldar  (resaldau).  Also  ressaladar,  ris- 
saldar, russalahdar.  [ad.  Urdu  jljJU>,  riialadar, 


REST. 

'   f.  prec.  +  </<«'having,  possessing.]   A  native  captain 

i    in  an  Indian  cavalry  regiment. 

1800  Asiatic  Ann.  Reg.  34/1  A  certain  Ressaladar  of  his, 
whom  he  had  often  deceived,  came  one  day  to  the  Durbar. 
1863  Cornh.  Mag.  Jan.  55  One  ressaldar  (a  rank  answering 
to  that  of  captain  of  cavalry)  was  granted  the  rank  of 
Bahadur.  1892  KIPLING  fiarnuk-r.  Ballads,  F.ast  ff  ll'est 
76  Then  up  and  spoke  Mahommed  Khan,  the  son  of  the 

•     Ressaldar. 

Re'Ssant.  Arch.  Also  5  res's>unt.  [Of 
j  doubtful  origin  ;  adopted  in  Igth  cent,  from  quot. 
;  1478-]  An  ogee  moulding. 

1478  BOTOXF.R  ///».  (Nasmith,  1778)  220  A  felet.  A  double 
resaunt.  A  boutel.  Ibid.  269  A  resaunt  lorymer.  1844 
WILLIS  Archit.  Nomen.  42  note,  The  ogee  or  ressant-shaped 
arch.  1860  llandbk.  Ludlow  (1865)  17  A  moulding  peculiar 
to  the  East  of  England,  the  double  ogee  or  double  resaunt. 

Ressate,  -ayt,  obs.  ff.  RECEIPT.  Ressave, 
-awe,  -ayf,  etc.,  obs.  ff.  RECEIVE.  Resale,  obs. 
ff.  RUSH  sb.  Resseaunt,  obs.  f.  RESIANT. 
Resseit,  -eyt(e,  obs.  ff.  RECKIPT  sl>.  Ressent, 
obs.  variant  of  RESENT  v.  Ressett,  obs.  Sc.  pa. 
pple.  of  RECEIVE  v. ;  obs.  f.  RESET  rf.l  and  z'.l 
Resseve,  -eyve,  obs.  ff.  RECEIVE.  Resshe, 
Resshy,  obs.  ff.  Rrsn(Y.  Ressiaunt,  obs.  f. 
RESIANT.  Resson^e,  obs.  ff.  REASON  st>.l  Res- 
son,  obs.  Sc.  f.  REASON  v. 
Resscrrt.  Now  rare.  [a.  F.  ressort.] 
tl.  A  mechanical  spring.  (Cf.  RESORT  sb.  10.) 

1658  R.  WHITE  tr.  Digby's  Pcr.nl.  Symp.  (1660)  144,  I  see 
|  wheels,  ressorts,  and  counterpoises.  1676  TE.MPLE  Let.  to 
Sir  J.  Williamson  Wks.  1720  II.  391  This.. might  be  very 
material  for  his  Majesty  and  Ministers  to  know,  as  the  main 
Ressort  of  the  present  Government.  1692  M.  MORGAN  Lute 
Victory  over  French  Fleet  Dcd.  iii,  They  who  are  behind  the 
Curtain,  and  play  the  Ressorts  of  the  Machine,  laugh  at 
the  Easiness  of  their  Votaries, 

2.   =  RESORT  sb.  2  c. 

[1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Presidials  judge  in  the  last 
ressort  of  all  criminals  prosecuted  by  the  provosts  of  the 
marshals.]  1878  STEVENSON  Inland  I'oy.  170  Every  man  is 
his  own  doctor  of  divinity  in  the  last  ressort. 

Ressoun,  obs.  form  of  REASON  s6.1 
Ressyng,  obs.  variant  of  RESIGN. 
Rest,  sb.1  Forms :  i  ra?st(e,  hrasst),  I,  4- 
rest,  1-6  reste;  4-5  rist,  ryst,  5  riste,  ryste. 
ruste.  [OK.  nestle,  rest(e  fern.,  =  Fris.  rest(e, 
rest,  ni'st,  MDu.  reste  (crste),  OS.  resta  bed, 
MLG.  reste,  OHG.  resta,  testi  (MHG.  reste)  rest. 
It  is  possible  that  the  OE.  form  rsest  corresponds 
more  directly  to  OS.  rasta,  MHG.  raste,  rast 
(G.  rast;  hence  also  in  Sw.  and  Da.),  which 
agree  in  form  with  Goth,  rasta  mile,  OHG.  rasta 
(MHG.  raste,  rast)  league,  ON.  rost  (pi.  rastir, 
Now.  rast,  rost,  Sw.  rast)  league,  app.  = '  a  dis 
tance  after  which  one  rests'.  Another  set  of 
forms  appears  in  MDu.  ruste  (Du.  rust),  MLG. 
roste,  rusle,  G.  riist(e,  rust,  etc.,  which  seem  to 
imply  an  ablaut-series  rest-,  rast-,  rust-. 

The  usual  form  in  ME.  is  resl(e,  but  some  texts  have  rist, 
ryst.  This  change  of  vowel  is  found  also  in  other  words 
ending  in  -est,  as  lest,  (be^quest,  so  that  there  is  no  direct 
connexion  with  Da.  rist,  which  is  prob.  from  LG.  reste.]  / 

I.  1 1.  A  bed  or  couch.  Obs.  (OE.  only.) 
a  900  O.  E.  Martyrol.  4  Mar.  34  pa  jenam  heo  sancte 
Adrianes  hand..&  asette  set  hire  heafdum  on  hire  rasste. 
£950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt,  xxiii.  6  [Hia]  lufao°..5a  formo 
resto  vel  oae  foresedlo  in  farmum.  971  Blickl.  Horn,  ii 
Salomones  reste  WECS  mid  weardum  ymbseted.  1054  O.  E. 
Chron.  (MS.  C)  an.  1054,  pyylcan  geara  swealt  Osgod.  .swa 
swa  he  on  his  reste  Ijej. 

2.  The  natural  repose  or  relief  from  daily  activity 
which  is  obtained  by  sleep. 

c82g  Vesp.  Psattercxxxi.  5  Jif  ic  sellu  slep  ejum  minum, 
.  .o6oe  reste  Sunwengum  minum.  £960  Rule  St.  Benet 
(Schroer)  47  Be  muneca  reste.  ^Inlypije  munecas  jeond 
aenlypi^e  bed  restan.  c  1200  ORMIN  6492  pew  tokenn  nihhtess 
resste  \>xr.  13. .  K.  Alis.  5338  (Weber),  Thoo  was  the  folk 
to  rest-ward.  Ac  now  hem  cometh  a  wonder  hard,  c  1350 
Ipom.  7220  (Kolbing),  Goo  to  thy  bedde,  I  comaunde  the, 
And  lett  me  haue  my  reste.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  9213  pen 
he  rose  fro  his  rest  in  a  Rad  hast.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur 
X.  xxix.  461  Thus  they  fought  tyl  it  was  nyghte  and., 
eueryche  party  drewe  to  their  reste.  1513  T.  MORE  in 
Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  765  His  maistergaue  him  in  charge 
not  to  forebeare  his  rest.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm. 
130  b,  John  Leidane  gave  him  self  to  reste,  &  slepeth  thre 
whole  daies  together.  1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  n.  ii.  12  The 
Crickets  sing,  and  mans  ore-labor'd  sense  Repaires  it  selfe 


(Globe)  577  The  People  seemed  to  be  all  at  their  Rest. 
1761  GRAY  Odin  36  Who  is  he.. That  calls  me  from  the  bed 
of  rest?  1833  HT.  MARTISEAU  Loom  ff  Lugger  I.  iv.  62 
Nicholas  was  permitted  to  depart  to  his  rest.  1896  BADEN- 
POWELL  Matabele  Campaign  xv,  Overhead,  in  the  darkening 
sky,  ..the  matron  evening  star  beams  calmly  on  our  rest. 

b.  In  phr.  to  go  to  (one's)  rest,  to  betake  one 
self  to  repose  for  the  night.  Also  transf.  of  the 
snn  (sometimes  with  other  verbs),  etc. 

^900  tr.  Bxda*s  Hist.  m.  ii.  156  pa  he  to  reste  code,  ba 
foi^et  he  [etc.].  1205  LAY.  28328  To  reste  code  ba  sunn*. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  6317  pat  night  yod  moyses  to  rest.  On. 
slepe  he  lai  in  bat  forest,  c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  ly'.  Prol. 
198  This  floure  gan  close,  and  goon  to  rest  For  derknesse  of 
the  nyght.  Ibid.  201  Home . .  I  me  sped  To  goon  to  reste 
and  erly  for  to  ryse.  a  1400-50  A  lexandlr  686  Quen  be  son 
is  to  reste  [».r,ristj.  c  1429  Aitttirs  ij/'/lrM.  xxxvi.Whene 


BEST. 

the  ryalle  renke  was  gone  to  his  ryste.  1535  LYNDI:SAV 
Satyre  3967  That  beand  done,  I  hauld  it  best  That  everie 
man  ga  to  his  rest.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholays 
Vqy.  IL.  xi.  46  Euery  one  had  prepared  himselfe  too  goe  to 
his  rest.  1614  HP.  HALL  Recoil.  Treat.  118  An  other. .goes 
to  his  rest,  not  breaking  an  houres  sleepe  for  that  which 
would  break  the  heart  of  some  others.  1678  BUNYAN  Pilgr. 
i.  (1900)  52  This  done,  they  went  to  their  rest  again.  1848 
Scottish  Jrnl.  o/Topogr.  II.  13/2  The  sun  had  been  lang 
to  rest  before  John  thocht  aboot  steerin'. 
c.  In  phr.  to  take  (one's)  rest. 

^X37S  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxv.  (Julian}  744  Quhen  lulyane 
In-to  be  oste  his  rest  had  tane.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Merck.  T. 
1856  My  reste  wol  I  take  Now  day  is  come,  I  may  no  lenger 
wake.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xxiv.  89  The  tyme  after  the 
daye  is  paste  and  goon  is  couenable . .  for  the  bodyes  humayn 
that  haue  traueylled,  to  take  reste.  1535  COVKRDALE  Matt. 
xxvi.  45  Then  came  he  to  his  disciples,  and  sayde  vnto 
them:  Slepe  on  now,  and  take  youre  rest.  1610  SHAKS. 
Temp.  ii.  i.  197  We  two.  .will  guard  your  person,  While  you 
take  your  rest,  and  watch  your  safety.  1820  KEATS  Eve  St. 
Agnes  xxxviii,  Here  will  I  take  my  rest  After  so  many  hours 
of  toil  and  quest. 

t  d.  Iii  phrases  wishing  one  good  repose.  Obs. 
14..  Guy  Wanu.  6687  (Cambr.  MS.),  Also  so  god  gene 
yow  reste,  Fylle  the  cuppe  of  the  beste.  1535  LYNDESAY 
Satyre  4628,  I  will.. pray  to  God  omnipotent,  To  send  sow 
all  gude  rest.  1590  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  iv.  iii.  33  One  that 
thinkes  a  man  alwaies  going  to  bed,  and  sales,  God  giue 
you  good  rest.  1599  —  /'ass.  Pilgr,  iSi  Good  night,  good 
rest.  Ah,  neither  be  my  share. 

3.  Intermission  of  labour  or  exertion  of  any 
kind ;  repose  obtained  by  ceasing  to  exert  one 
self.  Day  of  rest,  the  sabbath.  In  later  use  also 
with  a  and  //. 

c  888  K.  /ELFRED  Boeth.  xxxiv.  §  8  past  is  sio  an  ra;st  eallra 
urra  ^eswinca.  c  1000  /ELFRIC  Exod.  xvi.  23  Sseterndsses 
rest  ys  drihtne  ^ehal^od.  r  1200  ORMIN  4169  pe  sefennde, 
£>e  lattste  da}},  he  sette  be^m  to  resste.  c  1250  Gen.  fy  E.v. 
252  God  sette  ois  dal  folk  bitwen,  Dai  of  blisse  and  off  reste 
ben.  f  1290  B^ket  1122  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  138  Sethbe  he 
wende.  .fiue  and  tuenti  Mile  al-so.  .are  he  wolde  reste  i-fo. 
c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  II7.  1112  (Dido},  Vnto  hys  chambre 
was  he  led  anon,  To  take  hys  ease,  and  for  to  haue  hys  rest. 
c  1400  Land  Troy  Bh.  17016  The!  fau^l  to-geder  a  ful  foure 
woke  That  thei  neuere  reste  ne  toke.  1470-85  MALORY 
Arthur  xviu.  xxi.  764  There  he  thoughte  to  repose  hym 
and  to  take  alle  the  rest  that  he  myghte.  1530  PALSGR. 
262/2  Rest  of  the  body  or  mynde,  rcpos.  1601  SHAKS. 
Jitl.  C.  v.  v.  80  So  call  the  Field  to  rest,  and  let's  away,  To 
part  the  glories  of  this  happy  day.  1645  MILTON  Colast.  21 
Whosoever  doth  most  according  to  charity, . .  liee  breaks  the 
holy  rest  of  Sabbath  least.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot's 
Trav.  \.  131  We  came  down ..  ,and  having  taken  a  little  rest, 
came  to  the  Door  of  the  Pyramide.  Ibid.  168  After  several 
rests,  we  got  to  the  top  about  nine  a  clock,  a  1805  PALKV 
Reasons  Cont.  Wks.  1838  II.  523  The  rich  see.  .therefresh- 
mentand  pleasure  which  rest  affords  to  the  poor.  1816  J. 
WILSON  City  of  Plague  i.  i.  64  It  is  the  Sabbath-day— the 
day  of  rest.  1861  F.  METCALFE  Oxonian  in  Iceland  xxii. 
(1867)  331  The  tired  nags  will  have  a  comparative  rest  to 
day.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Millt.  Diet.  340/1  In  all 
campaigns  certain  pauses  have  to  be  noted  in  the  march  of 
an  army..  .These  are  known  as  rests  and  halts. 
b.  transf,  in  various  applications. 
c  1000  ALLFRIC  Lev.  xxvi.  35  And  J>aet  land  liS  on  reste. 
c  1500  Plumpton  Corr.  (Camden)  106  We  have  rest  ;  & 
past  this  summer,  I  wyll  pray  you  to  come  &  kill  a  bucke 
with  me.  1533  BKLLF.NDEN  Livy  iv.  xi.  (S.T.S.)  II.  85  The 
pestilence  was  sa  vehement  in  fc>is  3ere  bat  it  gaif  rest  to  all 
other  besines.  1535  COVERDALE  Le^>.  xxv.  4  In  the  seuenth 
yeare  the  londe  shal  haue  his  Sabbath  of  rest. 

C.  In  phr.  without  (or  f  but)  rest,  without  inter 
mission  or  delay. 

a  1225  St.  Marker.  9  pe  sunne  recched  hire  rune  euch 
buten  reste.  ^1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxxviii.  (Adrian)  652, 
And  fra  scho  wiste,  Yddir  scho  sped  but  ony  riste.  c  1470 
Gol.  Kf  Ga-w.  458  Thair  wes  restlingand  reling,  but  rest  that 
raught  1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  1506  Now  I  will  rin,  but 
rest,  And  tell  that  all  is  ready.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in. 
iv.  6  So  forth  she  rode,  without  repose  or  rest,  Searching  all 
lands  and  each  remotest  part. 

d.  Restored  vigour  or  strength,  rare. 
1596  SHAKS.  i  lien.  IV,  iv.  iii.  27  So  are  the  Hot       of  the 
Enemie.  .bated,  and  brought  low:  The  better  part  of  ours 
are  full  of  rest.     1601  —  Jnl.  C.  iv.  iii.  202  We  lying  still, 
Are  full  of  rest,  defence,  and  nimblenesse. 
4.  Freedom  from  or  absence  of  labour,  exertion, 
or  activity  of  any  kind. 

c  825  Vesp.  Psalter  xciv.  n  Ic  swor  in  eorre  minum,  ^if 
ingaS  in  reste  mine,  r  1200  ORMIN  5208  pzr  he  shollde 
libbennWibJ?  resste  &  ro,  wi^Jmtenn  swinnc.  £1250  Owl 
$  Night.  281  Me  is  leof  to  habbe  reste  And  sine  stille  in 
myne  neste.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  25452  Ful  derf  i  was  to  bidd 
vndo,  pat  luued  i  neuer  rest  na  ro,  c  1366  CHAUCER  A.  B.  C. 
14  pou  art  largesse,  of  pleyn  felicitee,  Hauene  of  refute,  of 
quiete,  and  of  reste.  c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.^  Gov.  Lordsh. 
75  Thes  fattyth  &  moistea  be  body,  Rist, .  .ettyng  of  swete 
incites,  &dryngkyngofswete  mylke.  £1491  Chast.  Goddes 
Chyld.  21  Suche  men  unresonaoly..encline  to  the  rest  and 
commodyte  of  the  body.  1526  Pttgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531) 
2  b,  All .  .creatures  in  this  worlde  hath  place  deputed . .  wrier - 
in  theyr  propre  quietacyon  &  rest  is.  1597  SHAKS.  -zHen.Il^^ 
iv.  v.  212  Least  rest,  and  lying  still,  might  make  them  looke 
Too  neere  vnto  my  State.  1773  Observ.  State  Poor  80  There 
are,  indeed,  some  who  are  impatient  of  rest  in  every  situa 
tion.  1784  COWPER  Task  \.  394  That  love  of  rest  To  which 
he  forfeits  ev'n  the  rest  he  loves. 

transf.  1784  COWPER  Task  vi.  739  The  working  of  a  sea 
Before  a  calm,  that  rocks  itself  to  rest.  1813  SCOTT  Rokeby 
ii.  i,  The  gale  had  sigh'd  itself  to  rest. 

b.  The  freedom  from  toil  or  care  associated 
with  the  future  life. 

a  1000  Boeth.  Metr.  xiii.  71  pat  is  orsorjnes  &  ecu  rest. 
ci»oo  ORMIN  4190  AH  batt  resste  &  ro  pat  halljhe  sawless 
brukenn  Inn  oberr  werelld.  c  1250  Gen.  <$•  Ex.  400  Summe 
sulen  of  )u..ben  in  to  reste  numen.  a  1300  Cursor  M. 


544 

29169  Pai  sal..bren  in  |?e  fier  of  purgatori,.  .  Bot  eft  er- ward 
...Sal  bai  be  borun  in  to  re^t.  a  1340  HAMPOLL:  Psalter  vii. 
17  pat  he  neuer  rise  til  be  rist  uf  heuen.  1485  CAXTON 
Chas.  Gt.  239  Receyue  my  soule,  and  brynge  me  to  reste 
perdurable,  a  1586  SIDNEY  Ps.  xv,  Lord  of  thy  holy  hill, 
who  shall  the  rest  obtaine  ?  1611  BIBLE  Heb.  iv.  Q  There 
remaineth  therefore  a  rest  to  the  people  of  God.  1631 
MILTON  Epit.  March.  Winchester  50  After  this  thy  travail 
sore  Sweet  rest  sease  thee  evermore.  1784  COWPER  Task 
v.  841  Ordain'd  to  guide  th'  embodied  spirit  home  From 
toilsome  life  to  never-ending  rest.  1827  KEBLE  Chr.  Y.  3 
Only,  O  Lord,  in  Thy  dear  love  Fit  us  for  perfect  Rest 
above.  1863  R.  W.  DALE  Jew.  Temp.  vi.  (1877)  71  Our 
final  blessedness  will  be  a  rest  from  toil. 

C.   Freedom  from  distress,  trouble,  molestation, 
or  aggression. 

a  900  CVNKWULF  Christ  1655  Haslu  butan  sare;.  .Rasst 
butan  jewinne.  c  XOOO/&LI-KIC  Horn.  II.  578  Se  3e  for^eaf 
reste  &  stilnysse  his  folce  Israhel.  a  1225  Ancr.R.  166  per 
5e  schulen  beon  ine  brunge,  auh  reste  and  peis  is  in  me. 
it  1300  Cursor  M.  7305  Nu  ar  yee  bath  in  rest  and  pees, 
Vow  langes  certes  haf  malees.  c  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr,  Cotisc. 
6792  In  helle  sal  be  whar  never  es  rest,  Endeles  hungre  and 
endeles  threst.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  13387  Mony  dayes  he 
endurit,  all  in  due  pes,  And  had  rest  in  his  rewme  right  to 
his  dethe.  £'1430  LVDG.  Alin.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  18  In 
bothe  his  remes  pees,  and  rest,  and  unite,  a  1533  Li\ 
BERNERS  Huon  Ixvi.  228,  1  haue..maynteyned  the  countre 
in  peace  &  rest  and  good  iustyce.  1597  DANIEL  Ch\  ll'ars 
yi.  Ixiv,  The  cause  in  managing  Is  more  than  yours;  't 
imports  the  publique  rest.  1611  BIBLE  Josh.  xiv.  15  And 
the  land  had  rest  from  warre.  1781  COWPER  Expost.  581 
Thy  foes  implacable,  thy  land  at  rest.  1855  KINGSLKY 
IVestw.  Ho!  xxvii,  The  poor  Quashies,  in  danger  of  their 
lives,  complained  to  Amyas,  and  got  rest  for  a  while. 

d.  Spiritual   or  mental   peace ;    quiet   or  tran 
quillity  of  mind. 

^825  Vcsp.  Psalter  cxiv.  7  Jecer,  sawle  mine,  in  reste 
|  dine,  foroon  dryhten  wel  dyde  me.  ^050  Lindisf.  Gosp. 
!  Matt.  xi.  29  Leornas  from  me..&  £e  onnndes  rest  saulum 
[  iurum.  c  xzoo  ORMIN  4972  Swa  ^e  mujheon  resste  8:  ro  Till 
i  ^ure  sawless  findenn.  t  1250  Gen.  <y  Ex.  n  Dan  sal  him 
almi-htin  luuen..And  giuen  him  blisse  and  soules  reste. 
(7  1300  Cursor  M.  3762  Mi  hert  bes  neuer  broght  in  rest, 
Bituix  and  bis  iacob  be  slan.  c  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc. 
3053  To  abate  bat  fire,  ba  thre  tr  best,  For  ba  thre  may 
bring  be  saul  to  rest,  c  1400  Rowland  <V  O.  669  That  I  for 
Sorowe  goo  nere  wode,  And  I  may  hafe  no  nste.  c  1430 
Syr  Gener.  (Roxb.)  7604,  I  shal  you  counsel  for  the  best, 
Som  what  to  set  youre  liert  in  rest,  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos 
xxvi.  92  Thou  hast  taken  rest  fro  me,  &  hast  brought  me 
in-to  ryght  grete  turbacion.  1530  [see  3].  1601  SHAKS. 
Twel.  N.  v.  i.  136,  I  most,  .willinglie,  To  do  you  rest,  a 
thousand  deaths  would  dye.  1611  —  Winter  T.  \\.  i.  191 
Yet  shall  the  Oracle  Giue  rest  to  th1  mindes  of  others. 
1782  Miss  BURNKY  Cecilia,  viii.  iii,  What  continual  disturb 
ance,  .keeps  me  thus  forever  from  rest !  1814  CARY  Dante, 
Par.  xxvin.  100  Thettuth,  wherein  rest  is  For  every  mind. 
1883  DRUMMOND  Nat.  Law  in  Spir.  \V.  (1884)  361  Infalli 
bility  . .  gives  rest ;  but  it  is  the  rest  of  stagnation. 

e.  Quietness,  peacefulness,  tranquillity  in  nature. 
1820  SHELLEY  Sensit.  PL  i.  99  The  Earth  was  all  rest,  and 

the  air  was  all  love.  1855  KINGSLEY  Westw.  Ho  !  xix,  In 
creasing  the  impression  of  vastness  and  of  solemn  rest, 
which  was  already  overpowering.  1866  RUSK  IN  Eih.  Dust 
227  A  gradual  advance  to  lovelier  order,  and  more  calmly, 
yet  more  deeply,  animated  Rest. 

5.  Place  of  resting  or  residing;  residence,  abode. 
f  Also,  abiding,  stay. 

cBzs  Vesp.  Psattercxxxi.  14  Deos  [isl  rest  min  in  weoruld 
weorulde.  cizoo  ORMIN  12091  patt  he  Jmrrh  Hali}  Gast 
inn  hemm  Himm  wollde  takenn  resste.  1x1225  Ancr.  R. 
130  HabbeS  up  an  heih,  ase  briddes  of  heouene,  iset  hore 
nest,  J>et  is  hore  reste.  ti  1300  Cursor  M.  23091  Quen  i  was 
will  and  vte  o  rest,  Godh  toke  yee  me  to  gest.  c  1381 
CHAUCER  Parl.  Foules  376  In  hire  was  eueri  vertu  at  his 
reste.  c  1450  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  252  Lufie,  luffe,  where 
is  thi  reste  .'  Of  Englond  I  am  oute  keste,  Thurgh  sir  Envye. 
c  1475  RanfCoifyear  59,  I  pray  the,  bring  me  to  sum  rest, 
the  wedder  is  sa  schill.  c  1586  CTESS  PEMBROKE  Ps. 
LXXVII.  iii,  Whole  troupes  of  busy  cares.. Tooke  up  their 
restlesse  rest  In  sleepie  sleeplesse  eies.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham. 
n.  ii.  13,  I  intreat  you  both,.  .That  you  vouchsafe  your  rest 
heere  in  our  Court  Some  little  time.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x. 
1085  Till  we  end  In  dust,  our  final  rest  and  native  home. 
1722  MBS.  S.  OSBORN  Pol.  #  Soc.  Lett.  (1890)  24  Jack,  I 
think,  knows  when  he  is  well  off,  for  he  has  taken  up  his 
rest  at  Danbury.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE -.^Fool  o/Qual.  (1809) 
III.  123  We  took  up  our  rest  for  the  night,  at  a  house  that 
had  no  sign.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  vi,  It  makes  eternity 
a  rest — a  mighty  home,  not  a  terror  and  an  abyss. 
fb.  A  landing  on  a  staircase.  Ods.  rare. 

1653  URQUHART  Rabelais  I.  liii,  The  just  number  of  twelve 
[steps  being]  betwixt  every  rest  or  (as  we  now  terme  it) 
landing-place.  1713  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's  Gardening 
125  A  Half-Pace,  or  Rest  of  two  Paces  broad. 

c.  An  establishment  for  the  purpose  of  pro 
viding  shelter  or  lodging  for  persons  belonging  to 
certain  classes  during  their  spare  time  or  when 
not  following  their  usual  occupation. 

1892  Daily  fffUU  13  May  5/4  It  is  the  object  of  the  League 
to  provide  them  with  a  place  in  which  to  spend  this  off-time, 
and  there  are  now  five  '  Rests  '  in  London.  1899  Ibid.  3  May 
5/5  These  three  Rests  are,  in  a  word,  well-managed  temper 
ance  clubs  for  Jack  ashore. 

6.  The  repose  of  death  or  of  the  grave.     Chiefly 
in  phrases,  as  to  go^  be  laid,  to  rest. 

1382  WYCLIF  Ecclus.  xxxviii.  24  In  the  reste  of  the  deade 
mac  to  resten  the  mynde  of  hym.  1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  x. 
xii.  139  Tho  Orodes  the  hard  rest  doith  oppres,  The  cauld 
and  irny  slepe  of  deidis  stres.  1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  I.  i.  133 
Alarbus  goes  to  rest,  and  we  suruiue  To  tremble  [etc.]. 
1595 —  John  v.  vii.  24  This  pale.  .Syren,  .sings  His  soule 
and  body  to  their  lasting  rest.  1611  BIBLE  Job  xvii.  16 
They  shall  goe  downe  to  the  barres  of  the  pit,  when  our 
rest  together  is  in  the  dust.  1700  DRYDEN  Charac.  Gd, 
Parson  23  David  left  him,  when  he  went  to  rest,  His  lyre. 


REST. 

1855  KINGSLEY  \Vest-w.  Ho!  xxvii,  Long  ere  they  were 
within  sight  of  land,  Lucy  Passmore  was  gone  to  her  rest 
beneath  the  Atlantic  waves.  1888  BURGON  Lives  12  Gd. 
Men  11.301  Hedirected  that  he  should  be  laid  to  rest  in  the 
cemetery  of  Chester. 
b.  At  rest  (cf.  9  a). 

1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  109  Henry  is  at  his  reste, 
his  soule  at  Criste's  wille.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane*s  Comm. 
116  The  soules  of  dead  men  were  at  quiet  rest.  1611  BIBLE 
Job  iii.  1 3  For  now . .  I  should  haue  slept ;  then  had  I  bene 
at  rest.  1708  MRS.  CENTLIVRE  Busy  Body  i.  i,  A  father  at 
rest  with  his  ancestors,  1784  BURNS  JAz«  was  made  to 
mourn  xi,  Welcome  the  hour,  my  aged  limbs  Are  laid  with 
thee  at  rest ! 

7.  a.  Jl/us.  An  interval  of  silence  occurring  in 
one  or  more  parts  during  a  movement,  frequently 
of  all  the  parts  together ;  a  pause  ;  also,  the  char 
acter  or  sign  by  which  this  is  denoted. 

1579  GOSSON  Sc/i.  Abuse  (Arb.)  28  How  many  noates,  how 
many  restes,  how  many  querks.  1397  MORLEY  In  trod,  ft  fits. 
Annot.,  Some  restes  also  (as  the  minime  and  crotchet  restes) 
were  deuised  to  auoid  the  harshnesse  of  some  discord.  1639 
N.  N.  tr.  Du  Bosq's  Compi,  Woman.  \.  20  Pauses  well  used 
in  discourse  make  appeare,  as  rest  in  Musicke,  what  is  the 
best  and  sweetest  in  it.  1662  PLAYFORD  Skill  AIus.  i.  viii. 
(1674)  26  Pauses  or  Rests  are  silent  Characters,  or  an  artificial 
omission  of  the  Voyce  or  Sound,  proportioned  to  a  certain 
Measure  of  Time.  1752  AVISON  Mns.  Express.  117  If  there 
are  any  Rests  succeeding  the  Pause.  1795  MASON  Ch.  Mtts. 
i.  13  Ina  musical  movement  we  usually  find  various  rests,., 
answering  to  commas  in  verbal  punctuation.  1806  CALLCOTT 
Mus.  Gram.  iv.  46  The  Rests  of  the  white  Notes  are  made 
in  the  middle  of  the  Staff.  1868  OI/SELEY  Harmony  \.  5 
A  dot  after  a  note  or  rest  makes  it  half  as  long  again. 
Jig.  1592  BRETON  C'/ess  Pembroke's  Passion  cvi,  Lett  all 
your  restes  be  hopes  of  happynes,  Which  mercye's  musicke 
in  the  soule  requires.  1872  HOLMES  Poet  Breakf.-t.  ii.  (1906) 
29  The  Master  is  apt  to  strike  in  at  the  end  of  a  bar,  instead 
of  waiting  for  a  rest. 

b.  Rhet.  (See  later  quots.) 

1612  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  iv.  186  Observing  yet  in  all  Their 
uantities,  their  rests,  their  ceasures  metrical,  a  1637  B. 
, ONSON  tr.  Horace  Art  Poet.  371  Two  rests,  a  short  and 
long,  th'  Iambic  frame.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Csesnre, 
in  the  modern  poetry,  denotes  a  rest  or  pause  towards  the 
middle  of  a  long  Alexandrine  verse.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  III. 
548/2  Res^  in  poetry,  is  a  short  pause  of  the  voice  in  read 
ing,  being  the  same  with  the  caesura.  1824  L.  MURRAY 
Eng:  Grain,  (ed.  5)  I.  iv.  i.  364  Pauses  or  rests,  in  speaking 
and  reading,  are  a  total  cessation  of  the  voice  during  a  per 
ceptible.. space  of  time. 

8.  Absence,  privation,  or  cessation  of  motion; 
continuance  in  the  same  position  or  place. 

c  1475  Babees  Bk.  80  Your  heede,  youre  hande,  your  feet, 
holde  yee  in  reste.  1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixx.  §  4  Rest 
is  the  end  of  all  motion.  1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  109 
Rest  is  a  priuation  of  moouing.  a  1676  HALE  Print.  Orig. 
Man.  i.  v.  (1677)  114  Rest  must  needs  be  antecedent  to  his 
Motion.  1715  tr.  Gregory's  Astron.  (1726)  I.  115  The  com 
mon  Centre  of  Gravity  of  them  all  does  not  change  its  state 
of  Motion  or  Rest.  1869  PHILLIPS  Vesuv.  vii.  180  About 
the  usual  angle  of  rest  in  loose  materials.  1879  THOMSON  & 
TAIT  Nat.  Phil.  I.  i.  §  245  The  meaning  of  the  term  Rest, 
in  physical  science,  is  essentially  relative.  Absolute  rest  is 
undefi  nable. 

9.  At  rest.  a.  In  a  state  of  (physical  or  mental) 
repose,  quiescence,  or  inactivity.     (See  also  6  b.) 

CI374  CHAUCER  Troylus  \\.  760  pough  |?at  I  myn  herte 
sette  at  reste  Vpon  ^is  knight, ..it  may  do  me  no  shame. 
1533  COVERDALE  Dan.  iv.  i,  L.beynge  at  rest  in  myne 
house,  ..sawe  a  dreame,  which  made  me  afrayed.  1587 
GOLDING  De  Mornay  iv,  (1592)  43  Forasmuch  as  God  is 
euermore  dooing,  he  is  euer  at  rest.  1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  11. 
i.  12  What  Sir,  not  yet  at  rest?  the  King's  a  bed.  1629 
MILTON  Nativity  216  Nor  is  Osiris  seen . . :  Nor  can  he  be  at 
rest  Within  his  sacred  chest.  1774  M.  MACKENZIE  Maritime 
Surv.  50  When  the  Plummet  is  at  Rest,  and  both  Stars  are 
seen.  1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  vi.  i,  Had  her  heart  not 
interfered  in  this  matter,  she  might  now  have  been  perfectly 
at  rest.  1839  G.  BIRD^V-T/.  Philos,  99  General  properties  of 
fluids  at  rest.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  xxxyit,  He  sat  in 
his  chair,  still,  but  not  at  rest :  expectant  evidently.  1869 
PHILLIPS  Vesuv.  iii.  48  After  this  terrific  disturbance  Vesu 
vius  has  never  been  really  at  rest. 

b.  To  set . .  at  rest,  to  satisfy,  assure ;  to  settle, 
decide  finally.  At  rest,  settled.  Also,  to  lay  . . 
to  rest,  to  allay  completely. 

1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  n.  i.  121  Set  your  heart  at  rest.  The 
Fairy  land  buyes  not  the  childe  of  me_.  1817  SHELLEY  Pro 
posal  Prose  Wks.  1888  I.  361  The  decisive  effort  to  set  their 
hopes  and  fears  at  rest.  1826  SOUTHEY  Vind.  Eccl.  Angl. 
286  It  might  have  been  thought  that  the  question  ..  had 
been  set  at  rest.  1847  MARRYAT  Childr.  N.  Forest  xii,  I 
never  can  take  any  office  under  the  present  rulers  of  the 
nation  ;  so  that  question  is  at  rest.  1855  KINGSLEY  Wcstw. 
Ho!  viii,  But  set  your  mind  at  rest.  I  know  no  more  of 
that  lady's  mind  than  you  do.  Ibid,  xxxi,  His  fears,  such  as 
they  were,  were  laid  to  rest.  1884  Manch.  Exam.  21  May 
4/7  The  enormous  majority. .  should  set  that  question  at  rest. 

II.  flO-  Some  part  of  the  iron-work  of  a 
gate.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  vn.  iv.  78  Of  rych  citeis  jettis, 
stapiUis,  and  restis,  Gret  lokis,  slotis,  massy  bandis  squayr. 
11.  a.  A  support  for  a  fire-arm,  employed  in 
steadying  the  barrel  to  ensure  accuracy  of  aim, 
esp.  that  used  for  the  old  heavy  musket,  which  was 
forked  at  the  upper  end,  and  provided  with  a  spike 
to  fix  it  in  the  ground. 


the  heauinesse  thereof  is  many  times  eased.  1622  F.  MARK- 
HAM  Bk.  War\.  ix.  35  He  shall  have  for  his  right  hand  a 
handsome  Rest  of  Ash  or  other  light  wood,  with  an  yron 
pike  in  the  nether  end,  and  an  halfe  hoope  of  yron  aboue  to 


REST. 

lay  the  musquet  in  when  hee  rests  it.  a  1662  HEVLIN  Land 
(1668)  492  Shouldering  a  Musket.. in  one  hand,  and  a  Rest 
in  the  other.  1833  HOLLAND  Manttf.  in  Metal  II.  92  The 
rest  is  still  generally  used  in  shooting  with  the  duck  gun. 
1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  Suppl.  753/1  Rest,  a  support  fora 
gun  in  test  firing. 

fb.  (See  quot.)   Obs.  rare—*. 

17*6  Gentleman  Angler  154  A  Rest,  is  a  forked  Piece  of 
Stick  with  the  forked  End  standing  upright,  and  the  other 
end  fasten'd  upon  the  Ground.     It  is  called  a  Rest,  because 
one  Part  of  the  Angler's  Rod  lies  upon  it. 
c.  A  support  for  a  cue  in  billiards. 
1868  PARDON  Billiards  59  The  rest  needs  to  be  held  tightly 
in  the  left  hand.    1873  BENNETT  &  CAVENDISH  Billiards  27 
The  rest  is  4  feet  10  in.  in  length.      It  consists  of  a  handle 
of  wood  with  a  cross  or  grooved  piece,  of  ivory,  boxwood,  or 
brass,  fixed  on  the  head,  to  rest  the  cue  in, 

12.  A  thing  upon  which  something  else  rests,  in 
various  specific  uses  (see  quots.). 
The  rest  of  a  lance  belongs  to  REST  s/v1 
1609  C.  BUTLER  Fern.  Mon.  (1623)  M  j,  Your  Hiue  being 
fitted  and  dressed,  you  must  haue  also  in  a  readinesse  a 
Mantle,  a  Rest,  and  a  Brush— A  Rest  is  either  single  or 
double.  1611  BIBLE  i  Kings  vi.  6  Without  in  the  wall  of 
the  house  hee  made  narrowed  rests  round  about.  1617  in 
Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  I,  205  Seasoned  board  of 
oake  layd  uppon  sufficient  rests  of  oake  tymber  for  the 
grounde  floare.  1707  MORTIMER  Hash.  (1721)  I.  275  Having 
spread  a  Mantle  on  the  Ground,,  .set  a  Pair  of  Rests,  or 
two  Supporters  for  the  Hive.  1723  CHAMBERS  tr.  Le  Clerc's 
Treat.  Archit.  1. 135  Pedestals  shou'd  be  continued  so  as  to 
form  Rests  or  Leaning- Places  for  the  Windows.  Ibid.  136 
The  Windows  have  no  Rests,  but  reach  down  to  the  Pave 
ment.  1881  RAYMOND  Mining  Gloss.,  Rests,  the  arrangement 
at  the  top  and  bottom  of  a  pit  for  supporting  the  shaft-cage 
while  changing  the  tubs  or  cars.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek. 
Suppl.  753/2  Resti  a  support  or  a  guide  for  stuff  fed  to  a  saw. 
.  b.  That  part  of  a  lathe  on  which  the  cutting- 
tool  is  supported  in  the  operation  of  turning. 

1680  MOXON  Meek.  Exer.  x.  180  The  Rest  is  a  square 
piece  of  Stuff.  ..Its  Office  is  to  rest  the  Tool  upon,  that  it 
may  lie  in  a  steddy  position  while  the  Workman  uses  it.  i 
1780  Phil.  Trans.  LXX.  382  In  the  turning  of  ovals,  the  top 
of  the  rest  which  supports  the  tool  is  always  made  to  pass 
through,  .the  two  centers  round  which  the  oval  engine  turns. 
1882  Mech.  World  4  Mar.  138  The  rest  on  which  the  tool  is 
supported  appears  to  be  on  the  near  side  of  the  line  of 
centres,  a  position  that  could  scarcely  be  correct. 

13.  Something  upon  which  one  rests,  rare. 

^4'  J-  JACKSON  True  Evang.  T,  iii.  190  Surely  that  is  a 
very  aery  soule,  whose  chiefe  rest  and  stay  is  not  his  Religion. 
1648  R.  WILKINSON  Saint's  Trav.  (1874)  7  Several  Rests  of 
Creatures  discovered  and  laid  open.  Delow  the  Coming  of 
Christ  in  Spirit,  who  is  the  alone  Rest  of  Saints. 

b.  A  projection  for  the  foot  to  rest  on. 

1869  Daily  News  15  Apr.,  There  are  no  fastenings  for  the 
foot — simply  a  rest  which  projects  out  from  the  axle-trees. 
1897  Outing  XXIX.  506/2  Throwing  my  weary  feet  on  the 
coasting  rests,  I  started. 

c.  (See  quot.) 

1888  GOODS  Amer.  Fishes  250  All  vessels  regularly  en 
gaged  in  this  fishery  are  supplied  with  a  special  apparatus, 
called  a  '  rest '  or  '  pulpit ',  for  the  support  of  the  harpooner 
as  he  stands  on  the  bowsprit. 

14.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  In   senses  3  or  4,  as 
rest  camp)  cure,  system ;  rest -ordained,  -refreshed, 
-seeking  ;  f  rest-field,  a  fallow  ;  f  rest  man,  one 
who  leads  an  inactive  life. 

1890  Daily  News  8  Sept.  3/1  For  the  men  a  healthier  *rest 
camp  could  hardly  be  desired.  1896  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med. 
'•  375  General  massage,  such  as  is  used  for  convalescent 
patients  or  '  *rest-cure '  cases.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  248  The 
second  kinde  groweth  in  this  countrie  in  *rest-fieldes. 
i54z  BOORDE  Dyetary  ix.  (1870)  251  Two  meales  a  daye  is 
sufFycyent  for  a  *rest  man  ;  and  a  labourer  maye  eate  thre 
tymes  a  day.  1391  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  i.  iii.  313  Know 
ing  th'  use  aright  Of  Work-fit  Day,  and  *  Rest-ordained 
Night.  1603  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Microcos.  Wks.  (Grosart) 
I.  23/1  Be'ng  *rest-refresht  therefore,  now  forwards  run 
With  bright  Apollo.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  xx,  The 
wandering  and  sinful,  but  now  *rest-seeking  and  repentant 
man.  1899  Atlbutfs  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  415  The  Vest  system 
of  treatment  of  recent  cases  of  insanity. 

b.  In  sense  12,  as  rest-auger ,  -carriage,  -frame, 
-holder^  'plate^  -'wimble. 

1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  5  A  pyn-awgur,  a  *rest-awgur,  a 
fiayle.  1833  HOLLAND  Manuf.  Metal  II.  145  The  chain  is 
fastened  on  one  side  to  a  part  of  the  *  rest -carriage . . ,  which 
descends  and  occupies  the  space  between  the  sides  of  the 
frame,  Ibid.^  The  chain  operates  upon  the  *rest-frame, 
to  which  it  is  attached.  1881  YOUNG  Ev,  Man  his  (nun 
Mechanic  §  553.  258  The  little  piece  S  is  the  *rest-hokler. 
Ibidn  The  *rest-plate  R  which  is  made  of  iron  can  be  moved 
up  and  down.  1446  Wills  ty  fnv.  N.  C.  (Suttees,  1835)  95, 
ij  yoke  wymbils,  j  "restwymbyll. 

Rest,  sb2    Also  5  reste,  6  Sc.  rist.     [a.  F. 

reste  (1395),  =  It.  and  Sp.  resta,  resto,  Pg.  reste, 
resto,  f.  rester  REST  v?  Hence  also  MDu.  and 
MLG.  reste  \  Du.,  G.,  Da.,  Sw.  rest.] 

1 1.  That  which  remains  over;  a  remainder  or 
remnant.  The  auld  rest,  the  name  of  some 
disease  (cf.  quot.  1669  in  b).  Obs. 

c  14*0  Pallad.  on  Husb.  xu.  603  Thus  bokis  twelue  anende, 
and  oon  is  rest.  1484  CAXTON  Curtail  2  The  reste  thenne 
is  thys,  that  thou  shalt  haue  labour  wythout  fruyt.  a  1585 
MONTGOMERIE  Flyting  323  The  rot,  the  roup,  and  the  auld 
rest,  c  1610  in  Gutch  Coll.  Cur.  II.  13  That  every  barrel  of 
good  Ale  hold  and  contain  xv  gallons,  xiiij  gallons  of  clear 
Ale,  and  one  gallon  for  the  rest.  111652  BROME  Queenes 
Exch.  i.  ii.  Wks.  1873  III.  469  The  Queen  has  done  me 
favour  , .  To  make  my  rest  of  life  all  holiday es.  1693 
Humours  Town  124  Thou  hast  too,  yet,  I  hope,  a  Rest  of 
Reputation. 

b.  //.  Remains,  remnants,  relics.     Now  rare. 
VOL.  VIII. 


545 

c  1467  Noble  Bk.  ofCookry  (1882)  26  Take  restes  of  motton 
choped  and  put  them  in  a  faire  pot.  1669  GALE  Idea  Jan* 
senistnc  93  The  best  remedie  to  extirpate  the  rentes  of  this 
contagious  Maladie.  1677  —  Crt.  Gentiles  in.  199  They 
endeavored  to  gather  up  the  least  pieces,  if  the  rage  of 
persecutors  had  left  any  restes  or  reliques.  a  1694  SIR  A. 
BALFOUB  Lett.  (1700)  54  Its  a  Town  of  Roman  antiquity,  of 
which  there  are  yet  some  rests  to  be  seen,  as  aqueducts,  <!\:c 
1897  AllbntCs  Syst.  Med.  IV.  527  Others,  .may  with  prob 
ability  be  regarded  like  suprarenal  '  rests '  as  isolated  and 
outlying  fragments  of  the  mesoblastic  tissues, 
t  C.  Arith.  A  remainder.  Obs.  rare. 

1608  R,  NORTON  Stcyiris  Dismc  A  4  b,  If,  from  things 
equal!,  equal!  things  bee  substracted,  their  rests  shall  be 
equal.  1636  MKLLIS  Recorders  Gr.  Arts  6 $  Therefore  in 
the  place  of  the  rest  or  remaine,  right  vnder  the  denomina 
tion,  I  set  down  0. 

2.  fa.  A  sum  remaining  to  be  paid ;  balance 
or  arrears  of  money  due.  Obs.  (Chiefly  Sc.} 

1474  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  I.  12,  xxxiiij  li  resauit.  .of 
the  aid  rest  of  his  faderis  compt  and  his  a  win,  1523-4  Rec. 
St.  Mary  at  //*//(  1005)  325  There  Remayneth  in  ther  box 
with  the  Rest  of  this  Acompte  . .  iij  li.  viijs.  1549  Rec. 
Elgin  (New  Spalding  Cl.)  I.  99  The  saidis  personis  fmdaml 
souerte  for  the  auld  rist  and  malis  in  tyme  coming.  //»«/., 
Souerte  for  the  restis  and  malis.  1581-2  Reg.  Prizy 
Council  Scot.  III.  458  For  satisfying  and  outredding  thairof, 
be  the  restis  to  be  gottin  in  and  utherwyse, 

b.  The  reserve  or  surplus  fund  of  a  bank,  esp. 
of  the  Bank  of  England. 


REST. 


under  the  name  of  rest,  lias  increased  with  the  business  of 
the  house.  1882  A.  S.  MICHIE  GilbarCs  I/ist.  Banking  I. 
370  The  Rest,  from  being  looked  upon  merely  as  a  fund 
to  equalize  the  dividends,  is  now  regarded  as  a  reserve  to 
meet  exceptional  losses.  1895  ]Vestnt.  Gaz.  6  Sept.  6/1 
This  amount  will.. still  leave  the  '  Rest '  above  three  mil 
lions,  below  which  it  is  never  allowed  to  fall. 
fig.  1858  J.  MARTISKAU  Stud.  Chr.  352  Life,  indeed,  is 
just  the  one  thing — the  reserved  capital,  the  rest,  the  ul 
timate  security. 

c.  (See  quots.) 

1825  C.  BUTLER  Bk.  R.  C.  CA.  154  It  may  not  be  improper 
to  make  what,  in  mercantile  transactions,  is  termed  a  rest ; 
and  thus  show,  as  it  were  on  a  balance  sheet,  which  side. . 
has  the  preponderance.  1856  GILBART  Pract.  Treat.  Bank 
ing  (ed.  6)  258  Amount  of  Cash-Book  last  night.  (This  is 
usually  called  the  Rest.)  ?  1889  WATERSTON  Manual  Com 
merce  286/2  Rest)  a  term  applied  both  to  the  period  of  stock- 
taking  and  balancing  of  a  merchant,  and  to  the  balance 
of  undivided  profit  at  that  period. 

3.  The  remainder  or  remaining  part(s)  <?/" some 
thing. 

1530  PALSGR.  262/2  Rest  that  leaveth  of  a  thynge, 
dctnevrant.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Conun.  139  They 
passed  away  the  rest  of  the  wynter  there.  1585  T.  WASH 
INGTON  tr.  Nickolay's  Voy.  n.  xi.  45  b,  The  rest  of  the 
promontory  is  ful  of  ruines.  1617  MORYSON  Itin,  i.  33  While 
I  liued  here  the  rest  of  this  summer,  I  made  a  Journey  of 
pleasure.  1718  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  Abbt  Conti 
31  Oct.,  I  pray  God  I  may  think  so  for  the  rest  of  my  life. 
1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.(i?76)  III.  220  The  hair  about  the 
neck,  .is  not  different  from  that  on  the  rest  of  the  body.  1861 
PATTISON  £ss.  (1889)  I.  32  When  England,  in  common  with 
the  rest  of  Europe,  was  Catholic. 

b.  The  remainder  of  a.  number  of  persons,  animals, 
or  things. 

'535  LYNDESAY  Satyrs  1207  Lo !  quhair  thair  sits  ane 
Pnores  of  renown  Amangs  the  rest  of  Spiritualitie.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Conun.  2i6b,  The  same  judgement  hath 
he  also  of  the  rest  of  the  ministers  of  the  churche.  z6zx 
BIBLE  Neh.  xi.  i  The  rest  of  the  people  also  cast  lots,  to 
bring  one  of  tenne,  to  dwell  in  lerusalem.  1651  HOBBES 
Leviath.  n.  xxvi.  137  To  distinguish  it  from  the  rest  of  their 
own  Civill  Lawes.  1732  BERKELEY  Alciphr.  vi.  §  i  The 
rest  of  us  went  to  church,  c  1765  GRAY  Satire  34  The 
Master  of  John's  Like  the  rest  of  the  Dons.  z839  KR.  A. 
KEMBLE  Resid,  in  Georgia  (1863)  27  The  rest  of  the  twenty- 
four  hours  were  allowed  to  the  laborer  to  employ  as  he 
pleased.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  299  Like  the  rest  of 
the  world,  I  am  in  doubt. 

c.  (All)  the  rest  of  it,   everything   else   which 
might  be  mentioned  or  included. 

zSss  KINGSLEY  Westw.  Ho  I  v,  With  their  holy  water, 
and  their  moppings  and  their  scourings,  and  the  rest  of  it. 
1888  BALFOUK  in  Times  2  Oct.  10/4  He  was  treated  as  an 
ordinary  prisoner,  plank  bed  and  all  the  rest  of  it. 

4.  The  remainder  or  residue  of  something  spe 
cified  or  implied  in  the  context. 

1530  PALSGR.  262/2  Rest  or  resydue,  demourant.  1590 
SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  ii.  18  Therewith  upon  his  crest  With  rigor 
so  outrageous  he  smitt,  That  a  large  share  it  hewd  out  of 
the  rest.  1602  2nd  Pt.  Return  fr.  Parnass.  Pro!.  65  Con- 
ceiue  of  this  and  guesse  of  all  the  rest.  1665  MANLEY 
Grotius*  Low  C.  Wars  123  The  present  necessity  forced 
the  United  Dutch  to  rest  satisfied  onely  with  words,  and 
only  to  hope  for  the  rest.  Z76z  GRAY  Williams  n  Gallant 
youth  !  this  marble  tells  the  rest.  1820  KEATS  Isabella  vii, 
She  ceas'd  her  timid  quest,  But  in  her  tone  and  look  he  read 
the  rest.  1895  Law  Times  Rep.  LXXIII.  691/2  To  accept 
the  office  as  to  some  part  of  the  estate  and  not  accept  it  as 
to  the  rest. 

b.  As  //.  The  remaining  persons,  animals,  or 
things ;  the  others. 

1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  1458  Ladie  Sensualitie  Sen  syne 
hes  gydit  this  cuntrie,  And  monie  of  the  rest.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sleidane's  Comm.  62,  The  Byshop  of  Rome  with  al  the 
reste,  stampe  &  stare  at  it.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vm. 
iii.  (1614)  739  They  leapt  off  the  Rockes  into  the  Sea..  .The 
rest  fled.  1670  DRYDEN  Cong.  Granada  I.  i,  One  Bull,  with 
curl'd  black  Head  beyond  the  rest.  Z7zx  ADDISON  Sped. 
No.  44  F  8  Some  of  which  [inventions]  I  could  wish  entirely 
rejected,  and  the  rest  to  be  used  with  Caution.  1769  SIK 
W.  JONES  Palace  Fortune  Poems  (1777)  15  A  lovely  strip- 


each  deity  as  independent  of  all  the  rest. 

5.  In  phrases:  a.  (As) for  the  rest,  as  regards, 
with  regard  to,  what  remains. 

1545  KAYNOLD  Byrtk  Mankynde  82  As  for  the  rest  how  to 
open,  dense,  dry,  and  hele  suche  apostumations,  ye  must 
consult  with  sum  phisition.  1593  SHAKS.  3  //,•«.  K/,  m.  iii. 
92  Hut  for  the  rest :  you  tell  a  Pedigree  [etc.].  1609  HOL 
LAND  A  mm.  Marccll.  314  Let  it  suffice  for  this  present . . :  for 
the  rest,  I  shall  not  cease  to  admonish  thee  accordingly. 
1655  tr.  lord's  Com.  Hist.  Francion  vm.  6  For  the  rest,  all 
these  debauchments  are  very  true.  1760-2  GOLDSM.  Ci't.  H'f. 
No.  25  IP  i  Riches  are  the  strength  of  a  nation  ;  and  for  the 
rest,  our  ships.. will  protect  u.s.  1784  R.  HACK  Barham 
Downs  II.  344  For  the  rest,  it  is  I  believe  as  compleat  as 
human  nature,  .will  permit.  1847  C.  BKONTK  J.  Eyre  xiv, 
For  the  rest,  you  are  not  my  conscience  keeper,  so  don't 
make  yourself  uneasy.  1851  BORROW  Lavengro  xliv,  As  for 
the  rest,  I  could  not  exactly  make  it  out. 

b.  As  to  the  rest,  also  f  (in)  the  rest,  in  other 
respects,  otherwise. 

1590  SIR  J.  SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  Ded,  3  And  in  the  rest 
to  take  their  aduentures,  and  sometimes  to  starue.  1667 
MILTON  /'.  L.  ix.  653  Of  this  Tree  we  may  not  ta>tc  nur 
touch. .  j  the  rest,  we  live  Law  to  our  selves,  our  Reason  is 
our  Law.  1745  ELIZA  HEY  WOOD  Female  Spect.  No.  8  (1748) 
II.  87  As  to  the  rest,  he  has  a  very  good  estate  [etc.],  1771 
WARBURTON  in  W.  &  Hurd  Lett.  (1809)  464  As  to  the  rest, 
you  shall  live  to  yourself.  1819  SHELLEY  Cyclops  307,  1 
know  not  that  his  strength  is  more  than  mine.  As  to  the 
rest  I  care  not. 

f  c.  Above  the  rest,  especially.   Obs. 

1605  SHAKS.  Lear  iv.  i.  50  Do  as  I  bid  thee,  or  rather  do 
thy  pleasure  :  Aboue  the  rest,  be  gone. 

f  ti.  In  primero,  the  stakes  kept  in  reserve,  which 
were  agreed  upon  at  the  beginning  of  the  game, 
and  upon  the  loss  of  which  the  game  terminated ; 
the  venture  of  such  stakes.  Obs. 

1561  T.  HOBY  tr.  Castiglione's  Courtyer  n.  y  ivb,  [They] 
fell  to  gamynge.  And  not  longe  after,  one  of  the  Pistoiens 
losinge  his  reste  had  not  a  farthynge  left  him  to  bles^e 
himselfe.  1591  FI.ORIO  ind Fruitcs  69  A.  Let  us  agree  of 
our  game,  what  shall  we  plaie  for?  .V.  One  shilling  stake, 
and  three  rest.  1614  TO.MKIS  Albiimazar  in.  v,  I  set  ten 
shillings  six  pence,  You  see't?  my  rest,  fiue  and  fifty.  1670 
COTTON  ttspernon  \.  iv.  156  The  Duke  ..  being  at  that 
instant  bow'd  down  upon  the  Table,  to  draw  the  money  he 
had  newly  won  upon  a  rest,  escap'd  that  fatal  blow. 

Jig,  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  K,  n.  i.  17  When  I  cannot  Hue  any 
longer,  1  will  doe  as  I  may  :  That  is  my  rest.  1630  R. 
JOHNSON  Kingd.  <$•  Commw.  155  The  King  thought  it  no 
policie  to  play  all  his  Rest  at  once,  where  hee  might  have 
lost  more  at  one  Game,  than  he  had  got  in  eight  yeares. 

f  b.  Jn  phr.  to  set  {up)  ones  rest,  to  venture  one's 
final  stake  or  reserve.  Obs. 

1575  GASCOIGNE  Herbes,  Supposes  in.  ii,  Of  whom  some 
one  peraduenture  shal  lte.se  a  great  sum  of  money  before  he 
win  one  stake,  &  at  last  halfe  in  anger  shal  set  vp  his  rest. 
c  1597  HARINGTON  On  Play  in  Nug&  A nt.  (1804)  I.  222  The 
kinge,  55  eldest  hand,  set  up  all  restes.  1656  EARL  MONM. 
tr.  Boccalini's  Pol.  Touchstone  (1674)  288  [The]  advantage 
which  he  had  of  three  Sevens  in  hand,  had  enforced  him  to 
set  his  Rest. 

f  7.  To  set  (iip)  one's  rest,  in  fig.  uses.  Now  Obs. 
except  perhaps  as  in  f. 

a.  To  stake,  hazard,  or  venture  one's  all  on  or 
ttpon  something ;  to  set  one's  final  hope  or  trust 
upon  or  in  something. 

1587  GREENE  Penelopes  Web  Wks.  (Grosart)  V.  181  Least 
ay ming  more  at  y8  weale  of  our  countrey  then  our  own 
Hues,  we  set  our  rest  on  the  hazard  and  so  desperately  throw 
at  all.  1599  SANDYS  Eitrt>p&  Spec.  (1632)  68  If  the  Pope. . 
were  brought  to  this  last  hand  to  set  uppe  his  rest  upon 
these  men.  1635  R.  N.  tr.  Camden's  Hist.  Eliz.  i.  59  The 
Queen  of  Scots  being,  .one  which  set  up  her  rest  in  hope  of 
England.  1670  COTTON  Espernon  i.  iv.  174  The  greatest 
part  of  those  who  had  set  up  their  rest  upon  the  Fortune 
of  the  Duke  his  Father.  1684  BURNET  tr.  Mores  Utopia 
(1685)  ii  They  would  set  up  their  Rest  on  such  an  Answer. 

b.  To  do  one's  utmost,  rare—1. 

1589  [?  LYLY]  Fappe  iv.  Hatchet  Wks.  III.  398  Wee'le  set 
vp  all  our  rests,  to  make  you  all  restie. 

C.  To  have  or  take  a  resolution;  to  be  resolved 
or  determined. 

1590  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  iv.  iii.  27  He-that  sets  vp  his  rest 
to  doe  more  exploits  with  his  Mace,  then  a  Moris  Pike.   1596 
—  Merck.  V.  ii.  ii.  no  As  I  haue  set  vp  my  rest  to  run 
awaie,  so  I  will  not  rest  till  I  haue  run  some  ground.     1633 
FORD  'Tis  Pity  v.  iii,  Despair,  or  tortures  of  a  thousand 
hells,  All's  one  to  me  ;  I  have  set  up  my  rest.     1646  SIR  J. 
TEMPLE  Irish  Reb.  4,  I  have  cast  up  my  accounts,  1  have 
set  up  my  rest,  and  determine  rather  to  displease  any  other 
man  than  offend  my  own  conscience. 

d.  To  fix  or  settle  upon,  to  decide  for,  to  place 
one's  whole  aim  or  end  in,  something. 

1589  GREENE  Menaphon  Wks.  (Grosart)  VI.  86  Haue  ye 
alreadie.  .set  your  rest  vpon  some  higher  personage?  1633 
B.  JONSON  Tale  of  a  Tub  n.  i,  Arrested,  As  I  had  set  my  rest 
up  for  a  wife  !  1663  PEPYS  Diary  19  Jan.,  He  seems  to  set 
up  his  rest  in  this  plenty,  and  the  neatness  of  his  house. 
a  1674  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  xin.  §  169  When  this  address 
was  made  by  the  Dutch,  he  set  up  his  whole  rest  and 
interest,  that  it  might  be  well  accepted.  1702  S.  PARKER  tr. 
Cicero's  De  Finihns  v.  327  Those  very  Men  who  have  set 
up  their  rest  in  Pursuit  of  External  Profit  and  Pleasure. 
1740-1  RICHARDSON  Pamela  (1883)  I.  417  As  if  I  believed  I 
ought  to  set  up  my  rest  in  rny  mean  self  and  think  nothing 


further  to  be  done.  [1826  SCOTT  Jrnl.  (1890)  I.  305  She  has 
a  good  heart,. .but  unhappily.. she  has  set  up  the  whole 
staff  of  her  rest  in  keeping  literary  society  about  her.] 


e.  To  be  certain,  assured,  convinced. 
1623-4  MIDDLETON  &  ROWLEY  Sp.  Gipsy  iv.  ii,  Could  I 

69 


REST. 

set  up  my  rest  That  he  were  lost,  or  taken  prisoner,  I  could    j 
hold  truce  with  sorrow. 

f.  To  take  up  one's  (permanent)  abode. 

1590  LODGE  Rosalynde  (Hunterian  Cl.)  50  Aliena  resolucd 
there  to  set  vp  her  rest. .,  and  so  became  Mistres  of  the 
farme.  1621  HAKEWILL  David's  l-'mv  251  Hee  may  chance 
to  come  into  my  sight,  but..hee  shall  not  set  up  his  rest 
there.  1676  ETHEREDGE  Man  of  Mode  n.  n,  Should  I  have 
set  up  my  rest  at  the  first  inn  I  lodged  at,  I  should  never 
have  arrived  at  the  happiness  I  now  enjoy.  1760-72  H. 
BROOKE  Fool  ofQual.  (1809)  III.  9'  Here  I  counted  to  set 
up  my  rest  for  life.  1771  SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl.  20  Sept.  S  8, 
I  firmly  believe  he  will  set  up  his  rest  in  Monmouthshire. 
1810  L^mLett.  (1888)  I.  256  Here  I  hope  to  set  up  my  rest. 
1840  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  Ixxi,  We.. will  set  up  our  rest 
again  among  our  boyish  haunts. 

g.  To  make  an  end.  rare  •"*. 

1663  PEPYS  Diary  8  Jan.,  So  home  ;  with  much  ado..,  and 
now  resolving  to  set  up  my  rest  as  to  plays  till  Easter. 

1 8.   To  set  down  one's  rest :  a.  To  stop,  make 
an  end  (also  with  lay] ;  to  take  up  residence.  06s. 
1586  A.  DAY  Etig .  Secretary  n.  (1625)  74  Here  as  a  limit 
sufficient  to  that  determined  labour  doe  I  lay  downe  my    | 
rest.     1591  GREENE  Conny  Catch.  II.  Wks.  (Grosart)  X.  127    • 
Whereupon  he  thought  this  night  to  set  downe  his  rest.    , 
a  1617  BAYNE  Led.  (1634)  202  That  man  that  comes  in  this 
life  to  the  end  of  his  walk,  and  there  setteth  down  his  rest 
from  going  any  further,     a  1665  DIGBY  Prk'.Mtm.  (1827) 
282,  I  have  set  down  my  rest  where  piety  forbiddetn  not  to 
live  according  to  nature. 

t  b.  To  make  up  one  s  mind ;  to  determine.  06s.    , 
1589  NASHE  Martin  Marprelate  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.   no 
Where  you  sette  downe  your  reste,  you  are  very  resolute. 
1633  BP.  HALL  Hard  Texts,  N.  T.  312  They  that  set  down 
their  rest  and  resolution  that  they  will  be  rich. 

9.  In  tennis  and  battledore,  a  spell  of  quick  and 
continuous   returning  of  the  ball   maintained  by 
the  players.     Alsoy?£. 
Cf.  F.  reste  (sense  13  in  Littre). 

r  1600  BEAUMONT  Letter  to  K.  Jonsoti,  For  wit  is  like  a 
rest  Held  up  at  tennis  !  which  men  do  the  best  With  the 
best  gamesters.  1682  SHEFFIELD  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  Ess.  Poetry 
13  But  O  !  the  Dialogues,  where  jest  and  mock  Is  held  up 
like  a  rest  at  Shittle-cock.  1704  CIBBER  Careless  Husband1 
iv,  Knock  me  down,  if  ever  I  saw  a  Rest  of  Wit  better  Play 'd, 
than  that  last  in  my  Life.  1740  —  Apol.  (1756)  I.  rii  They 
return 'd  the  ball  so  dexlrously  upon  one  another  that  every 
scene  between  them  seem'd  but  one  continued  rest  of  ex 
cellence.  1889  in  Heathcote  Tennis,  etc.  (1890)  43  not?.  In 
the  first  of  these  matches,  there  were.  .159  rests.  1890  Ibid. 
257  The  longest  rest  on  record  in  a  double  match.. con 
sisted  of  no  fewer  than  thirty-eight  volleys. 

Kest,  sb?  Forms :  a.  4-  rest,  5-6  reste.  /3. 4-5 
reeste,  5  reest,  reyst(e,  6  reist,  reast.    [Aphetic 
form  ot  arest  ARREST  sb. ;  cf.  REST  v.%  In  sense  2  = 
It.  resta,  Pg.  reste,  riste,  Pg.  and  Sp.  ristre.] 
f  1.  A  means  of  stopping  or  checking  a  horse. 
1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  353  pey  dryueb  hir  hors 
wib  a.-3erde.  .instede  of  barnacles  and  of  britels  of  reest. 
1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.  137  It  were  a  myschefe,  yf  lyberte 
lacked  a  reyne,  Where  with  to  rule  hym  with  the  wrythyng 
of  a  rest. 

t  b.  Arrest  of  persons  or  goods.  06s. 
1423  Coventry  Leet  Bk.  (E.E.T.S.)  58  Allso  it  is  ordenyd 
bat  noo  Constable  within  the  Cite  take  no  syluer  for  no  rest  ^ei 
make  by  way  offber  office,  oberwais  ben  be  Law  wyll.  1509 
HAWES  Past.  Pleas.  XL.  (Percy  Soc.)  203,  I  obeyed  his  rest ; 
there  was  no  remedy,  c  1373  Durh.  Dep.  (Surtees)  258  The 
reast  that  one  Toppyn  had  maid  of  the  Egiptiens  goods. 
*S77~^7  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III.  916/1  What  authoritie haue 
you  to  arrest  me  ? . .  I  will  not  obeie  your  rest. 

t  c.  Fixed  purpose ;  resolve.  06s. 
c  1450  St.  Cnthbert  4975  When  morne  come,  fast  bai  prest 
To  be  batell,  of  a  reest  To  take  be  chaunce  myght  fall. 

2.  In  mediaeval  armour,  a  contrivance  fixed  to 
the  right  side  of  the  cuirass  to  receive  the  butt-end 
of  the  lance  when  couched  for  the  charge,  and  to 
prevent  it  from  being  driven  back  upon  impact. 

In  quot.  1697  applied  to  the  butt-end  of  the  lance  itself; 
cf.  quot.  a  1661  in  b. 

a.  1391  Earl  Derby's  Exped.  (Camden)  92  Pro  j  rest  pro 
domino,  vij  scot.  1480  Robt.  Devyll  43  Into  the  reste  he 
threwe  hys  speare.  c  1500  Melusine  361  And  whan  the 
knight  vnderstod  this,  he  sette  the  spere  in  the  rest.  1540 
Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  VII.  287  Gevin  to  the  Frenche 
armorar  for.  .iiij.restisto  the  justing  sadills.  i6o3KNoLLF.s 
Hist.  Turks  (1621)  517  The  Turkish  horsemen,.. couching 
their  staves  in  their  rests.  1697  DRYDEM  SEneid  xn.  64t 
This  gripes  the  lance,  and  with  such  vigour  shakes,  That  to 
the  rest  the  beamy  weapon  quakes.  1814  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles 
vi.  xxii,  Each  ready  lance  is  in  the  rest.  1859  TENNYSON 
Geraint  fy  Enid  782  A  knight . .  who  laid  his  lance  In  rest, 
and  made  as  if  to  fall  upon  him. 

ft.  £1470  HENRY  Wallace  v.  260  A  sper  in  reyst  he  kest 
with  all  his  mayne.  1470-85  MALORY  A  rthur  vn.  xvi.  237 
Thenne  they  putte  their  speres  in  their  reystes  and  came 
to  gyders.  c  1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Aymon  iii.  107  He 
broughte  his  speere  in  the  reeste.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis 
XI.  Prol.  43  This  Prince.. sustenit.. Sic  strife  in  stoure  so 
oft  with  spere  in  reist.  a  1586  MONTGOMERIE  Misc.  Poems 
xli.  45  Stitf  speiris  in  reistis..Ar  brok  on  thair  breistis. 

b.  Her.  A  charge  supposed  to  represent  the 
above  (but  also  differently  named  and  interpreted). 
a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  I.  328  What  usually  are 
termed  therein  rests,  being  the  handles  of  spears  (most 
honourable  in  tilting  to  break  them  nearest  thereunto)  are 
called  by  some  critics  surflues.  1727  BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet. 
S.V.  Clarion,  Guillim  takes  these  Clarions  to  be  a  Kind  of 
old-fashion  Trumpet ;  but  others  think  they  rather  represent 
the  Rudder  of  a  Ship,  or,  as  some  say,  the  Rest  for  a  Lance. 
1849  PI.ANCHK  in  Jrnl.  Archcaol.  Assoc.  IV.  349  On  the 
charge  in  heraldry,  called  a  'rest',  or  'clarion'.  1868 
CUSSANS  Her.  (1893)  121  My  own  opinion  is,  that  the  Rest 
or  Clarion  was  a  rude  type  of  a  musical  instrument. 


546 

f3.  (See  quot.)  06s.  rare~°. 

1611  COTGR.,  Garde-serre,  the  rest  of  the  locke  of  a 
Harguebuse. 

Rest  (of  a  plough)  :  see  REEST. 

Rest,  variant  of  WREST  sb. 

+  Kest,  a.  06s.  Also  5  reest.  [Perh.  ad.  OF. 
resti  (see  RESTY  a.),  but  cf.  also  FrerOese  rxst-ur 
in  the  same  sense.  The  later  form  is  REESED.] 
Rancid,  reasty. 

14..  Med.Rcc,  in  Reliq.  Ant.  1.53  For  brynnyng  with 
wilde  fyre:  tak  rest  bacon,  and  do  hit  on  a  grene  hesill 
styk.  £1440  Pronip,  Pan1.  431/1  Reest,  as  fiesche.., 
'rancidus.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  304/2  To  be  Reste,  rancere. 

Kest,  v.1  Forms  :  i  reestan  (hrsest-),  3 
reesten,  5  rast;  i  restan,  2-5  resten  (Orm. 
resstenn),  5  restyn,  4  resti,  4-6  reste,  4- 
rest;  6  reast,  9  Sc.  reist;  5  rist(e,  ryst(e, 
ruste  (9  Sf.  rist).  Pa.  t.  r  reeste,  1-4  reste 
(5  ryste),  4  rest;  also  4  restede,  -ide,  -yde,  4- 
rested  (4-5  -id,  etc.)-  Pa.  pple.  3-4  y->  i-rest, 
4  rest ;  4-  rested  (4-5  -id,  -yd).  [OE.  rxstan, 
restan,  =  OFris.  resta,  OS.  restian,  OHG.  restan 
(MHO.  resten},  related  to  OHG.  raston,  rastfn, 
and  MDu.,  MLG.  rusten  (G.  rasten,  Du.  rtislen). 
For  the  variation  in  these  forms,  and  in  ME.,  see 
the  etym.  note  to  REST  sb.*] 

1.  intr.  1.  To  take  repose  by  lying  down,  and 
esp.  by  going  to  sleep  ;  to  lie  still  or  in  slumber. 
Also  in  later  use  with  adverbs,  to  have  (good  or 
bad)  repose. 

Beowulf  (Z.)  1794  Wolde  blondenfeax  beddes  neosan,.. 
rofne  randwi^an  restan  lyste.  1:950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Mark 
xiv.  41  And  [he]  cuom  Sirdda  sioe  &  cuoeS  Asm . . '  slepaS 
jt.ee  &  rastas  '.  ciaxSax.Leechd.  II.  118  Drince ealles bone 
drenc  britijj  nihta, ..bonne  bu  restan  wille.  1340  Aye nb.  31 
Huanne  be  man  is  zuo  heui  bat  ne  loueb  bote  to  hgge  and 
resti  and  slepe.  ^1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxv.  (Julian)  304 
Scho.  .lad  bame  in  a  bed  to  reste,  &  bad  bame  slepe.  c  1430 
LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  35  Whan  thou  art  dead,  in 
thi  bed  slial  he  rest,  c  1450  Merlin  138  And  so  were  they 
departed,  and  eche  yede  to  his  ostell  to  resten.  1509  HAWES 
Past.  Pleas,  xxxvin.  (Percy  Soc.)  199  La  Bell  Pucell  to  a 
fayre  chambre  bryght,  Dyde  me  than  brynge  for  to  rest  all 
nyght.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  232  He..laieth 
hym  downe  againe  to  rest.  1605  SHAKS.  Lear  in.  vi.  87 
Now  good  my  Lord,  lye  heere,  and  rest  awhile.  1669 
PEPYS  Diary  23  Mar.,  Being  sleepy,  fell  soon  to  rest,  and 
so  rested  well.  1742  WESLEY  E.ftr.  of  Jrnl.  (1749)  24,  I 
ask'd  her,  How  have  you  rested?  1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE 
Rom.  Forest  viii,  She  had  not  rested  well.  1802  Med.  Jrnl. 
324  When  he  has  quietly  and  well  rested,  [he  hears]  worse 
than  after  a  restless  night.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  xvi, 
Too  feverish  to  rest,  I  rose  as  soon  as  day  dawned. 
b.  To  lie  in  death  or  in  the  grave. 
ay>oO.E.  Martyrol.  25  Dec.  4  Hyre  lichama resteS  nu on 
Romebyris.  £962  O.  E.  Chron.  (Parker  MS.)  an.  962,  Her 
forSferde  JElfgar..&  his  lie  rest  on  Wiltune.  c  1205  LAY. 
17231  penne  pi  lif  endeS,  per  (>u  scalt  resten.  c  1225  Leg. 
St.  Kath.  2481  StrikeS  a  stream  ut  of  bet  stanene  bruh  bet 
ha  in  resteS.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  1079  pe  bodi  moght  he  nan- 
1  gat  hide,  For  vnder  erth  most  it  not  rest.  1387  TREVISA 
Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  401  Seint  Edburgh  bat ..  resteb  at 
Wynchestre.  1535  COVERDALE  Ecclns.  xlvii.  23  Thus  rested 
Salomon  with  his  fathers.  1582  STANYHURST  /Eneis  I. 
I  (Arb.)  21  Wheare  lyes  strong  Hector..  .Wheare  stout 
i  Serpedon  dooth  rest,  a  1604  HANMER  Chron.  Irel.  (1633)  63 
He  builded  Cels  and  Monasteries,  but  chiefly  at  Achadha, 
where  he  resteth.  1671  MILTON  Samson  598, 1  shall  shortly 
be  with  them  that  rest.  1742  GRAY  Spring  40  Their  airy 
dance  They  leave,  in  dust  to  rest.  1782  Miss  BURNEY 
Cecilia  V.  ix,  A  set  of  poor  souls  you  won't  let  rest  in  their 
coffins.  1813  BYRON  Diary  23  Nov.,  Why  should  Junius  be 
dead?. .would  he  rest  in  his  grave?  1855  KINGSLF.Y  H'estm. 
\  Ho  1  xxix,  Into  her  merits  or  demerits  I  do  not  enter  deeply 
here.  Let  her  rest  in  peace. 

2.  To  take  repose  by  intermission  of  labour  or 
exertion  of  any  kind ;  to  desist  or  refrain  from 
effort  or  activity  ;  to  become  or  remain  inactive. 

cgso  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Mark  vi.  31  And  [he]  cuoeS  to  him, 
j  '  cymes  sundri^  in  woestig  styd  &  restas  huon  '.  c  1000 
i  ^ELFRIC  Exod.  xx.  ii  On  six  da^um  god  jeworhte  heofenan 
and  eoroan . . ,  and  reste  by  seofooan  daeje  and  jehalsode 
hyne.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  3635  Four  hondred  men  ar  he 
I  reste  is  owe  honde  he  slou.  c  1315  SHOREHAM  VI.  58  pou  ert 
emaus,  be  ryche  castel,  par  restep  alle  werye  :  Ine  be  restede 
emanuel.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  1. 125  pere  is  lacobus 
welle,  bat  Cnste  reste  by.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  5862  He . . 
Hade  laburt  so  longe,  hym  list  for  to  rest,  And  bowet  fro  the 
batell.  c  1475  Raitf  Coilyar  404  Vpon  Solempnit  ^ule  day 
quhen  ilk  man  suld  rest.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  833 
Neuer  restyng  nor  themselues  refreshing,  except  the  bait- 
yng  of  their  horses.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  in.  iii.  6,  I.. am 
my  selfe  attach 'd  with  wearinesse  To  th'  dulling  of  my 
spirits :  sit  downe,  and  rest.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  ii.  292 
Thither  he  bent  his  way,  determin'd  there  To  rest  at  noon. 
1732  POPE  Ess.  Ulan  n.  7  He  hangs  between  ;  in  doubt  to 
act,  or  rest.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Italian  \,  They  rested 
to  recover  their  breath.  1855  KINGSLEY  H'estTv.  Ho  t  xxxiii, 
!  Now  set  me  where  I  can  rest  among  the  rocks  without  fear 
of  falling.  1806  BADEN-POWELL  Matabele  Campaign  xv, 
Our  men.  .had  orders  not  to  let  the  enemy  rest. 

Comb.  1843  Peter  Parley's  Ann.  IV.  114  They  set  them 
selves  down  upon  a  rest-and-be-thankful  stone  to  survey  the 
glen.  1894  IrtetfM.  Gaz.  15  Sept.  3/1  A  few  who  adopt 
rather  too  much  of  the  rest-and-be-thankful  principle. 
b.  Of  things,  in  various  contextual  uses. 
Betnuttlf(Z.)  1858  pset  bam  folcum  sceal.  .sib  xemaenum 
&  sacu  restan.  a  looo  Andreas  1576  pa  se  aeoeling  het 
stream  fare  stillan,  stormas  restan.  £1330  Arth.  ft  Merl. 
8570  (Kolbing),  Lete  we  bis  rest,  in  godes  name,  &  telle 
forb..Hou  Merlin  doth  [etc.].  1382  WYCLIF  Jer.  xlvii.  6 
O  !  thou  swerd  of  the  Lord,  hou  longe  shalt  thou  not  reste  ? 


REST. 

1388  —  E.rod.  xxiii.  1 1  Sixe  seer  thou  schalt  sowe  thi  lond, 
.  .in  the  seuenthe  ^eer  thou  schalt  leeue  it, and  schalt  make 
to  reste  [1535  COVERDALE,  let  it  rest  and  lye  still].  1414 
BRAMPTON  Penit.  Ps.  (Percy  Soc.)  38  Whan  alle  the  planetys, 
that  turnyn  abowte,  At  the  day  of  dome  schul  cese  and 
reste.  c  1450  LOVELICH  Grail  Ivi.  37  Now  Of  this  scheld 
Resteth  this  Storye.  c  1500  Mehtsine  338  And  here  resteth 
thystorye  of  them  and  retourneth  to  shewe  of  Raymondyns 
men.  1603  OWEN  Pembrokeshire  viii.  (1892)  60  Barlie. . 
resteth  in  the  ground  not  past  three  dayes  but  up  he 
starteth.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.\\\.  595  The  Harp  Had  work 
and  rested  not.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  III.  333/1  When  these 


-. .  was  reopened  last  night. 


phrase  of  the  profession 


pIlrHSe    Ol     UIC    plUlCSalUll .  .  \YO3    EwflwJOM    Ittok   lll&UL. 

C.  \\ith  negatives,  and  followed  by  till. 
c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxiii.  (Seven  Sli-epers)  263  pane 
ferlyt  he,  &  wald  noclit  ryst  til  he  agane  come  to  be  fyrst. 
c  1420  Chron.  Vilod.  4737  Y  nyl  neuer  from  preynge  here 
after  rast  Tylle  bey  ben  forjeue  to  herre.  c  1450  LOVELICH 
Merlin  339  Thou  wost  neuere  resten  ne  dwelle,  Tyl  mannes 
feleschepe  56  comen  vntylle.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Hvon 
Ixiv.  220  He  went,  &  restyd  not  tylT  he  cam  to  Burdeux. 
"593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  VI,  i.  ii.  32,  I  cannot  rest  Vntill  the 
White  Rose  that  I  weare,  be  dy'de  [etc.],  a  1618  RALEIGH 
War  F  viij  b,  They  rested  not  untill  they  had  made  the 
Empire  stand  headlesse  about  seaventeene  years.  1759 
JOHNSON  Rasselasy.\x,  I  have  often  heard  of  the  Pyramids, 
and  shall  not  rest  till  I  have  seen  them.  1782  Miss  BURNEY 
Cecilia  vn.  i,  I  hastily  set  out  for  Suffolk,  and  rested  not  till 
I  arrived  at  Mrs.  Charlton's.  1819  JAS.  MORTON  in  Leydett's 
Poetical  Remains  5  He  never  rested  until  he  had  obtained 
this  literary  treasure. 

d.  To  cease  from,  to  have  intermission  or  cessa 
tion  f  of,  something. 

1382  WYCLIF  Josh.  xi.  23  And  the  loond  restyde  frobateil. 
1382  —  Rev.  xiv.  13  Fro  hennus  forth  now  the  spirit  seith, 
that  thei  reste  of  her  trauelis.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xxii. 
(Percy  Soc.)  105  The  sevent  day  he  restes  of  hys  werke.  1526 
TINDALE  Rev.  xiv.  13  They  maye  rest  from  their  laboures. 
1611  BIBLE  Gen.  ii.  2  And  he  rested  on  the  seuenth  day  from 
all  his  worke.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  802  Here  stand  Ye 
Angels  arm'd,  this  day  from  Battel  rest.  1813  SHELLEY 
Q.  Mab  ix.  21  The  souls. .There  rest  from  the  eternity  of 
toil.  1833  TENNYSON  Goose  16  She..bless'd  herself,  and 
cursed  herself,  And  rested  from  her  labours. 

f  e.  To  cease  to  do  (or  doing)  something.  06s, 
1382  WYCLIF  fsa.  i.  16  Resteth  to  do  shreudely,  lerneth  to 
do  wel.  a  1425  Cursor  M.  20803  (Trin.),  She  resteb  nouber 
day  ny  ny^t  To  preye  forsynful  mennes  pli}t.  1542  UDALL 
Erasm.  Apoph.  296  Leosthenes . .  would  not  rest  prouokyng 
the  people  to  make  warre  vpon  the  residue  of  Grece.  1573 
G.  HARVEY  Letter-Ik.  (Camden)  20  And  here  I  rest^to  be 
trubblesum  unto  you.  1600  HOLLAND  Liry  n.  xviii.  56 
Such  old  babes  as  they. .,  who  neuer  rested  to  sow  debate. 
3.  To  be  at  ease  or  in  quiet ;  also  (of  persons  or 
things),  to  continue  without  change  or  removal ; 
to  stay,  remain,  lie,  have  place  or  station. 

971  Blickl.  Horn.  159  Eadige  beob  bearfena  gastas  &  hie 
restab  on  heofena  rice,  c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  Luke  x.  6  Jyf 
bar  beo5  sybbe  bearn,  reste  bar  eower  sib.  c  1200  ORMIN 
13025  Swa  fatt  me  binnkebb  god  inn  hemm  To  biggenn  & 
to  resstenn.  a  1225  St.  Marker.  6  Mi  sawle  schal  resten 
mit  te  rihtwise.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  23652  lesu  crist..giue 
vs  grace  sua  here  to  do,  Pat  wit  his  we  mai  rest  in  ro.  1362 
LANGL.  P.  PL  A.  iv.  95  Bote  Reson  haue  reube  of  him,  he 
resteb  in  be  stokkes  Also  longe  as  I  lyue.  c  1400  MAUNDEV. 
(Roxb.)iv.  12  Sum  saise  bat  he  dyed  nojt,  bot  bat  he  restez 
bare  to  be  day  of  dome.  1477  EARL  RIVERS  (Caxton)  Dictes 
15  Ypocras  rested  in  the  lie  of  Than.  1500-20  DUNBAR 
Poems  Ixxxviii.  13  Pryncesse  of  townes, ..A  richer  restith 
under  no  Christen  roy.  a  1548  HM.\.Chron.,  Hen.yi,  i5ob, 
That  the  citezens  hearing  where  the  place  of  the  ieopardye 
rested,  might  occurre  their  enemies.  1593  SHAKS.  Kick.  II, 
v.  i.  5  This  way  the  King  will  come  : . .  Here  let  vs  rest.  161 1 
BIBLE  Josh,  iii.  13  Assoone  as  the  soles  of  the  feete  of  the 
Priestes ..  shall  rest  in  the  waters  of  Jordan.  1620  T. 
GRANGER  Div.  Logike  in  A  stone  neither  mooueth  nor 
resteth.  1658  R.  NEWCOURT  Title  to  Map  of  London, 
Under  ye  Roman  Regencie  then  rested  this  Citie  &  King- 
dome  by  ye  space  of  neere  490  yeares.  1740  PITT  /Kneid 
x.  1183  The  wretched  father  (father  now  no  more  !)  In  sullen 
sorrow  rested  on  the  shore.  1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  ix. 
iii,  O,  then,,  .it  is  not  on  the  side  of  the  young  woman  that 
the  difficulty  seems  to  rest?  1838  TREVELYAN  in  Macanlay 
(1876)  II.  i.  5  Mr.  Wallace  did  not  choose  to  rest  quietly 
under  a  castigation  in  excess  of  his  deserts. 

fb.  In  phr.  Kest  you  merry,  fair,  happy.  (Cf. 
7  b  and  8  c,  to  which  this  may  properly  belong.) 

1548  ELYOT,  Ane,  bee  thou  gladde :  or  ioyfull,  as  the 
vulgare  people  saie  Reste  you  mery.  1592  SHAKS.  Rom.  «r 
Jul.  I.  if.  86  Rest  you  merry.  1596  —  Merck.  V.\.  ill.  60 
Rest  you  faire  good  signior,  Your  worship  was  the  last  man 
in  our  mouthes.  1606  —  A  nt.  $  Cl.  I.  i.  62  But  I  will  hope 
of  better  deeds  to  morrow.  Rest  you  happy. 

C.  To  stop  or  cease  at  a  certain  point  and  re 
main  otherwise  inoperative  or  inactive.  To  let . . 
rest,  to  pursue  or  prosecute  no  further. 

1577  HANMER  Ane.  Eccles.  Hist.  (1619)  392  Neither  rested 
he  with  this,  but  destroyed,  as  much  as  [etc.].  1591  SHAKS. 
i  Hen.  VI,  iv.  i.  121  Nay,  let  it  [the  quarrel]  rest  where  it 
began  at  first.  1633  BP.  HALL  Hard  Texts,O.  T.  548, 1  will 
send  a  destruction  upon  the  house  of  Hazael-.w" shall  not 
rest  in  his  person,  but  [etc.].  1706  STANHOPE  Paraphr.  III. 
196  Charity . .  must  never  rest  in  the  thoughts  and  Affections 
of  the  Soul.  But  how  shall  it  exert  itself  in  becoming  Words 
and  Actions?  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  19  F  15  bo  much 
remains  in  the  power  of  others,  that  reason  is  forced  at  las 
to  rest  in  neutrality.  1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  x.  IL  3* 
considered,  however,  that  the  matter  could  not  rest  here. 
1862  Miss  BRADDON  Lady  Audl,-y  xxii,  If  I  could  let  the 
matter  rest. .,  I  would  do  it. 

d.  To  be  at  peace ;  to  have  quiet  of  mind. 
1782  Miss  BURNKY  Cecilia  vi.  ii,  Cecilia  had  now  but  little 


BEST. 

leisure,  for  Lady  Honoria  would  hardly  rest  a  moment 
away  from  her.  Ibid.  ix.  i,  I  could  not  rest  till  I  had  the 
honour  of  assuring  you  [etc.].  1803  tr.  P.  Le  Bruit's  Mons. 
Botte  I.  23  Mr.  Horeau,  without  whom  he  could  not  rest 
long  together. 

4.  To  have  place  or  position,  to  settle,  lie,  be 
diffused,  etc.,  on  or  upon  some  person  or  thing. 

riooo  ^ELFRIC  Numb.  .\i.  25  pa  se  gast  jereste  on  him, 
his  witejodon  and  siSSan  ne  geswicon.  c  xzoo  Trin. 
ColL  Horn.  217  Uppe  ^are  blosme  [sal]  resten  be  holie 
gost.  1382  WYCLII-  Isa.  xi,  2  Ther  shal  resten  vp  on  hym 
the  Spirit  of  the  Lord,  c  1400  LOVE  Botiavent.  Mirr. 
(B.N.C.  MS.)  If.  15  b,  For  hot  marie  had  ben  meke  J?e 
holy  gost  had  not  rested  vppon  hir.  1535  COVERDALI-; 
Ecclus.  xliv.  23  Couenaunt  dyd  he  stablysh  with  Isaac,  and 
made  it  to  rest  vpon  the  heade  of  lacob.  1611  BIBLE 
Ecclus,  y.  6  Mercy  and  wrath  come  from  him,  and  his 
indignation  resteth  vpon  sinners.  1711  ADDISON  Sficct. 
No.  128  r  4  The  Man  and  the  Woman  are  joined  together 
for  Life,  and  the  main  Burden  rests  upon  the  former.  1782 
Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  ix.  ii,  That  attack  rested  upon  her 
mind,  in  defiance  of  all  her  endeavours  to  banish  it.  1819 
SHELLEY  Cenci\.  iii,  How  gently  slumber  rests  upon  her 
face.  1862  Miss  BRADDON  Lady  Audley  xxix,  His  pale 
face,  haggard  under  the  deepening  shadow  that  had  rested 
upon  it  so  long. 

b.  Of  material  objects  supported  by  something. 
1611  BIBLE  i  Kings  vi.  10  Then  hee  built  chambers. .:  and 

they  rested  on  the  house  with  timber  of  Cedar.  1687  A. 
LOVELL  tr.  Thevenots  Trav.  i.  125  This  stone  rests  upon  a 
marble-Pillar.  1798  COLERIDGE  Anc.  Afar.  in.  vi,  Almost 
upon  the  western  wave  Rested  the  broad  bright  sun.  1819 
SCOTT  IvanJtoe  xvii,  The  roof,  .rested  upon  four  concentric 
arches.  1857  HENFREY  Bot.  §  40  The  stem  of  such  plants 
rests  upon  some  foreign  body,  such  as  the  branch  of  a  tree. 

c.  Of    the    eyes    in    relation    to    the    object 
looked  at. 

1813  Sketches  of  Character  (ed.  2)  I.  104  Her  eyes  resting 
on  a  lace  cap  she  had  been  making.  1847  C.  BRONTE  y. 
Eyre  x,  My  eye  passed  all  other  objects  to  rest  on  those 
most  remote,  the  blue  peaks. 

d.  Of  a  wing  or  division  of  an  army. 

1844  H.  H.  WiLS9N  Brit.  India.  II.  238  Their  left  resting 
on  the  hills,  their  right  on  the  Residency. 
6.  To  lie  as  a  charge  or  stigma  on  one, 

1678  Hatton  Corr.  (Camden)  162  It  shall  not  rest  upon 
him  if  I  be  not  made  a  brigadeere.  1814  SCOTT  Ld.  of 
Isles  in.  xviH,  Enough  of  blood  rests  on  my  head. 

5.  To  lie  or  lean  ctt,  upon,  or  against  a  person  or 
thing  to  obtain  repose  or  support,     f  Also  said  of 
Christ  hanging  on  the  cross. 

1382  WYCLIF  5f^«xxi. 20 Thilke disciple.. which  restide  in 
the  souper  on  his  brest.  c  1425  Cast.  Persw.  2452  pat  Lord 
J?at  restyd  on  J>e  rode  is  maker  of  an  ende. 

1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  vn.  vii, '  Oh  then  rest  on  me ! ' 
cried  he,  still  holding  her;  'rest  but  upon  me  till  the  cere 
mony  is  over  ! '  1802  JAMES  Mil.  Diet.  s.v.,  The  soldiers, 
belonging  to  the  firing  party,  rest  upon  the  butt  ends  of 
their  firelocks.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xxix,  In  a  half- 
sitting  posture,  with  her  back  resting  against  the  door  of 
the  hovel.  1862  Miss  BRADDON  LadyAndley\\\,  With 
her  little  hand  resting  lightly  upon  the  opposite  post. 

b.  To  rely  on  or  upon,  to  trust  toy  some  thing 
or  person. 

1382  WYCLIF  Isa.  vii.  2  Siria  restede  vp  on  Effraym.  1526 
PUgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  35  b,  To. .set  at  nought  the 
counseyle  of  other,  &  to  lene  &  rest  all  togyder  to  thyne 
own  reason.  1583  STOCKER  Civ.  Warres  Lowe  C.  i.  20  One 
Magistrate  . .  upon  whose  fidelttye  your  Excellencie  may 
rest.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  I.  141  I  rested  much  vpon  the 
Cardinals  promise.  1633  T.  ADAMS  Exp.  2  Peter  \\.  9  If  he 
covenant  with  us,  *  I  will  be  your  God ' ;  we  must  restipu- 
late,  'Then  will  we  rest  upon  thee'.  1856  F.  E.  PAGET 
Owlet  ofOwlst.  150  Each  rests  a  good  deal  on  the  greatness 
of  her  own  connexions. 

c.  To  depend  upon,  to  be  based  or  founded  on, 
something. 

1530  PALSGR.  Introd.  26  The  chefest  poynt.. resteth  upon 
the  knowledge  of  the  gendre  and  nombre  of  the  substanty  ve. 
a  1704  LOCKE  (J.),  Sometimes  it  rests  upon  testimony.  178* 
Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia,  in.  iv,  All  his  hopes  now  rested  upon 
one  friend  and  patron.  t8ai  SCOTT  Kenilw*  vii,  Thus 
establishing  in  him  an  interest  resting  both  on  present  and 
past  services.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  v.  I.  662  The 
case  against  him  rested  wholly  on  the  evidence  of  Rumsey 
and  Goodenough.  1884  F.  TEMPLE  Relat.  Rclig.  <y  Sci.  h. 
(1885)  63  Science  rests  on  phenomena  observed  by  the  senses. 

d.  To  dwell  upon  (a  word) ;  to  settle  or  decide 
on  (a  person),  rare. 

1530  PALSGR.  Introd.  15  Thirdly  to  gyve  every  worde 
that  they  abyde  and  reste  upon,  theyr  most  audible  sounde. 
1700  DRYDEN  Sigismonda  <$•  G.  469  On  him  I  rested  after 
long  debate,  And  not  without  considering  fixed  my  fate. 

6.  a.  To  remain  confident  or  hopeful,  to   put 
trust,  in  something. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Set.  Wks.  III.  363  In  o  bileve  men  resten,  J>at 
day  shal  come  of  |>e  laste  jugement.  1387  TREVISA  Higden 

(Rolls)  VII.  163  In  whos  counseilles  J»e  kyng  hym  self,  .so  > 

mocbe  rested  [Is.adquievit].  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidands  Comm.  \ 

62  Committyng  my  cause  into  Goddes  handes,  I  rested  wholy  ; 
in  his  protection.    1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  i.  ii.  in.  xv. 

(J6si)  134  These  men  fail  as  often  as  they  rest  in  their  pro-  j 

jects,  and  are  as  usually  frustrate  of  their  hopes.      1675  , 

TRAHERNE  Chr.  Ethics  50  Rest  not  in  the   helps    and  > 

remedies  that  it  [religion]  bringeth.     1781  BURNS  Winter  j 

iii,  Here,  firm,  I  rest,  they  must  be  best,  Because  they  are  • 

Thy  Will !     1859  TENNYSON  Geraint  <$•  Enid  973  Nor  did  j 

he  doubt  her  more,  But  rested  in  her  fealty.     1870  J.  H.  ! 

NEWMAN  Gram.  Assent  n.  viii.  307  We  must  patiently  rest  in  ! 

the  thought  of  the  Eternal,  Omnipresent,  and  All-knowing.  \ 
•f  b.  To  be"  vested  in  a  person.  Obs. 
1483  Rolls  ofParlt.  VI.  247/2  That  the  right  and  tytle. . 
of  and  in  alt  suche  Londs.  .be  and  rest  in  every  of  the  said 

Wyfes.      1577  HARRISON  England  n.  ii.  (1877)  i.  64  The  i 

gift  of  this  prelacie  resteth  in  the  carles  of  Darbie.     a  1645  i 


547 

|  HABINGTON  Surv.  Worcs.  (Worcs.  Hist.  Soc.)  I.  it.  168 
!  Cofton  Haket  came,  .to  Mr.  Skinner,  in  whose  family  nowe 
1  it  restethe. 

t  c.   To  lie  or  consist  in  something.   Obs. 
i5.«3T.   MORE  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  760  Yee  see 
i     their  youth,  of  which  1  rekon  the  onely  suretie  to  rest  in 
'    your  concord.      1530  PALSGR.  Introd.  15  The  diffyculte  of 
the  frenche  long,  .resteth  chefely  in  thre  thynges.      1551 
ROBINSON  tr.  Mare's  Uiop.  n.  (1895)  188  Pleasure,  wherin 
I    they  determine  other  all  or   the  chiefyste  parte  of   mans 
;    felycytye  to  reste.      1602  Narcissus  (1893)   2  Heerin  the 
matter  rests. 

d.  To  lie  in  or  remain  with  one,  as  something 
:    to  be  accomplished  or  determined. 

'593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  VI,  in.  ii.  45  What  you  command, 

that  rests  in  me  to  doe.     1601  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  vi,  Ixxiv, 

|     It  restes  within  your  iudgmentes  to  vpright,  Or  els  to  mine 

vtterly  the  land.     1603  SHAKS.  Meas.  for  M.  i.  iii.  32  It 

rested  in  your  Grace  To  vnloose  this  tyde-vp  lustice. 

1819  SHELLEY  Ccnci  iv.  ii.  37  As  to  the  ho\v  this  act  lie 
;  warranted,  it  rests  with  you.  1867  RUSKIN  Time  <y  Tide 
§  98  Always  to  think  of  things  as  they  truly  are.  .as  far  as 
in  us  rests.  And  it  does  rest  much  in  our  power.  1874 
GREEN  Short  Hist,  vi.  §  5.  317  The  whole  direction  of  home 
and  foreign  affairs  rested  with  Wolsey  alone. 

II.  reft.  7.   To  give  (oneself)  rest  or  repose. 
In  early  use  with  simple  reflexive  pronoun  ;  in  later  use 
usually  with  self. 

6-890  Laws  A'.  sElfrcd  in  Schmid  Gesetze  (1898)  26 
Wyrceao  eowvi  dagas,  &  on  ham  siofofon  rest  ad  eow.  971 
Blickl.  Horn.  227  ponne  he  reste  hine,  bonne  wa;s  his  seo 
ffibeleste  ra^st-.on  nacodre  eorSan.  ^1175  Lamb.  Hour.  47 
pet  o3er  mihte  is  on  heotiene,  for-Jn  ba  engles  heom  rested 
mare  benn  on  sum  oSer  dei.  c  1220  Bestiary  241  De  mire. . 
renneS  rapelike,  and  resteo  hire  seldum.  c  1250  Gen.  <$• 
E.rod.  1369  At  a  welle  wi5-uten  3e  tun.  .Dor  he  wulde  him 
resten.  c  1350  Will.  Paleme  2801  Go  we  on  oure  gate . .  to 
recuuer  sum  resset,bere  we  vs  re^t  niijt,  4:1400  MAUNDEV. 
(Roxb.)  ix.  36  Whare  oure  Lady  restid  hir  when  scho  was 
delyuer  of  hir  childe.  c  1440  Alpk.  Talcs  360 '  If  you  like  ye 
may  go  vnto  your  bed  and  riste  you.1  And  so  he  did.  1530 
PALSGR.  688/2  You  may  rest  you  here  a  while  in  this  wyn- 
dowe.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VIt  n.  v.  2  Kind  Keepers..,  Let 
dying  Mortimer  here  rest  himselfe.  1610  —  Temp.  in.  i. 
18  Pray  set  it  downe,  and  rest  you.  1662  J.  DA  VIES  tr. 
Olearius"1  Voy.  Ambass.  205  We  rested  our  selves  upon  the 
Rock.  1716  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  Ctess  Mar 
21  Nov.,  I  was  very  glad  to  stay  there  a  day  to  rest  myself. 
1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  i.  vi,  He  then  begged  him  to  be 
seated,  to  rest  himself.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  xxi,  Will 
you  rest  yourself  here  an  hour,  Miss?  Ibid,  xxvii,  When 
I  got  there  I  was  forced'to  sit  to  rest  me  under  the 
hedge. 

fig.  c  1200  ORMIN  9598  Clene  bohht  iss  Godess  bedd,  & 
taere  he  wile  himm  resstenn.  a.  1310  in  Wright  Lyric  /'. 
xvi.  52  He  that  reste  him  on  the  rode. 

transf.     c  1425  Found.  St.  Bartholomew's  (E.E.T.S.)  53 
The  trowblys  tempestuous  wyndis  vttirly  rested  them. 
b.  \Vithadjectival  (for  adverbial)  complement. 
a  1400  Floriz  $  Bl.  (E.E.T.S.)  85  And  so  him  sede  child 
floriz,  '  Rest  be  murie,  sire  daris  '.    c  1420  Chron.  Vilod.  485 
By  hym  come  an  olde  hore  mone  And  sayde  :  'syrkyng, 
rest  jqv  wylle  !'     1610  SHAKS.  7Vw/.  v.  i.  144,  I  haue  her 
soueraigne  aid,  And  rest  myselfe  content.     1633  Bp.  HALL 
Hard  Texts,  O.  T.  324  He  that  believes  shall  rest  himselfe 
contented  with  this  alsufficient  meanes.     1813  SHELLEY  Q. 
Mab  vi.   26  Oh  !   rest  thee  tranquil ;    chase  those    fearful 
doubts.     1833  TENNYSON  (Enone  156  Oh!   rest  thee  sure 
That  I  shalllove  thee  well  and  cleave  to  thee. 
t  c.  To  rely  upon.     (Cf.  5  b.)     06s*  rare. 
1611  BIBLE  2  Chron.  xxxii.  8  The  people  rested  themselues 
vpon  the  words  of  Hezekiah  king  of  ludah.   1633  BP.  HALL 
Hard  Texts,  O.  T,  295  As  this  people  have   not   rested 
themselves  upon  the  Gracious  promise  of  Gods  protection. 
IH.  trans.  8.  To  give  (one)  rest  or  repose ;  to 
relieve  or  refresh  by  rest;  to  lay  to  rest. 

(izos  LAY.  17229  pu  seolf  scalt  ber  in  pine  ban  resten. 
a  13*00  Cursor  M.  2733  Quen  bai  war  rest  wel,  vp-ras  bai. 
c  1330  Arth.  #  Merl.  7482  (Kolbing),  Doun  of  her  destrers 
^ai  listen,  Her  stedes  to  rest,  her  armes  rijten.  1495 
Trevisas  De  P.  R.  (W.  de  W.)  v.  xxvi.  135  Somtyme  the 
sholders  bengreuyd..and  thenne  they  ben  curyd  and  restyd. 
a  1586  SIDNEY  Ps.  xxiu,  i,  He  rests  me  in  greene  pasture. 
1594  SHAKS.  Rick.  Ill,  iv.  iv.  33  Then  would  I  hide  my 
bones,  not  rest  them  heere.  1662  j.  DAVIES  tr.  Mandelsltfs 
Trav.  8  So  that  I  had  the  convenience  of  resting  my  back. 
1697  DRYDEN  sEneid  i.  236  A  grot  is  form'd  beneath,  with 
mossy  seats,  To  rest  the  Nereids.  1781  COWPER  Retirem.  451 
He.. seeks  a  more  convenient  friend,.. On  whom  he  rests, 
well-pleas'd^  his  weary  pow'rs.  1830  SCOTT  Auchindrane 
n.  i,  The  grim  sexton.. Made  him  the  bed  which  rests  his 
head  for  ever.  1855  LYNCH  Rivulet  vi.  i,  It  rests  us  to 
look  on  their  calm.  1872  HOLMES  Poet  Breakf.-t.  ii,  Wears 
goggles  very  commonly ;  says  it  rests  his  eyes.  1896 
BADEN-POWELL  Matabele  Campaign  xlii,  I  told  Poore  to 
rest  the  men  and  horses,  while..  I  went  on  ahead. 

absol.  1400  Pol.t  Rel.j  <$•  Love  Poems  (1866)  31  Hit  resteb 
and  hit  quemeb. 

b.  In  phr.  (God  or  heaven}  rest  his  sottl,  kirn, 
etc.     Now  arch, 

c  1412  HOCCLEVE  De  Reg.  Princ,  2107  O  maister,  maister, 
god  pi  soule  reste  1      1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  n.  ii.  75  Is  my 
boy,  God  rest  his  soule,  aliue  or  dead  ?     1603  —  Macb.  iv. 
iii.  227  Not  for  their  owne  demerits.. Fell  slaughter  on 
their  soules :  Heauen  rest  them  now.     1775  S.  J.  PRATT 
Liberal  OJ>in.  cxxxiii.  (1783)  IV.  203  They  are  a  set  of 
fellows  who  are  not  worth  a  resurrection,  and  therefore    \ 
God  rest  'em  and  rot  'em  for  us.     1805  SCOTT  Last  Minstr.    \ 
I.  Introd.  50  And  he  began  to  talk  anon.. of  Earl  Walter, 
rest  him,  God  !     1818  —  Br.  Lamm,  xxi,   Fill  a  brimmer    ! 
of  my  auld  auntie's  claret,  rest  her  heart !     1875  TENNYSON 
Q.  Mary  i.  v,  My  good  mother  came  (God  rest  her  soul)  Of    , 
Spain. 

f  C.  God  rest  you  merry  (cf.  3b  and  7  b).    Obs.     \ 
1568  FULWEL  Like  will  to  Like  Hazl.  Dodsley  (1874)  III.    , 
342  God  rest  you  merry  both,  and  God  be  your  guide.  1600 
SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  v.  i.  65  God  rest  you  merry,  sir. 


KEST. 

d.  To  allow   (a  thing)  to  rest  ;  to  permit  to 
(    remain  undisturbed,  quiescent,  or  inactive. 

1580  BLUNDEVIL  Horsemanship  v.  vii.  5  The  water  of  an 

|     Oxe,  that  hath  beene  rested  a  certaine  time.     1592  SHAKS 

i    Rom.  $  Jul.  n.  iv.  22  He  fights  as  you  sing  pricksong,.  .he 

rests  his  minuni,  one,  two,  and  the  third  in  your  bosom. 

1737  WATERLAND   Eucharist  33  A  learned. .Writer,  .has 

i    with  great  appearance  of  Probability  brought  it  down  to 

i    A.  D.  y6:  And   there  I  am  willing  to  rest  it.     1763  MILLS 

Pract.  Husb.    II.   18  Instead  of  resting,  or  fallowing,   a 

whole  field, ..the  fallow  here  is.  .interposed  by  means  of 

,    alleys,  which  are  the  part  rested.     1860  RKADE  Cloister  -V 

I    H.  xxxvii,  He  had  never  budged  nor  even  rested  his  knife 

at  all  this  fracas.     1892  Illustr.  Lend.  News  21  May  615/1, 

I  doubt  if  it  is  wise  to  '  rest '  a  fish  that  has  missed  a  fly. 

6.  To  hold  (weapons)  in  an  easy  position.  Also 
transf.  of  a  commandei  of  troops. 

1682  Land.  Gnz.  No.  1684/1  Both  sides  of  the  Bridge.. 
being  Lined  with  Grenadiers  with  their  Muskets  rented. 
1706  Ibid.  No.  4253/2  A  Company  of  Her  Majesty's  Foot- 
Guards..,  who  rested  their  Arms  as  the  Ambassador  paWd 
by.  1770  LANGHORSE  Plutarch  (1879)  I.  577/r  As  Nicias 
was  drawing  up  against  him,  Gylippus  rested  his  arms,  and 
sent  a  herald.  1802  JAMES  Mil.  Diet,,  To  Rest  arms,  to 
bring  the  firelock  to  the  same  position  as  in  present  arms. 
f.  $c.  To  make  up  (a  fire)  for  the  night. 
a  1774  [see  RESTED///,  a.].  1845  STILL  Cottars  Sunday 
145  There's  nocht  ado  but  bar  the  door  An'  rest  the  fire. 
1881  GRKGOR  Folk-lore  i6ol'he  last  thing  done  on  the  last 
day  of  the  year  was  to  'rist '  the  fire,  that  is,  cover  up  the 
live  coals  with  the  ashes. 

9.  To  lay  (the  head,  etc.)  on  or  upon  something 
for  support. 

ai22$  Ancr.  ^?,  260  SeoSen.  .nefde  he  hwar  he  muhte 
resten  bis  heaued.  a  1300-1400  Cursor  M.  16762+  113  Man 
son  has  nothing  apon  his  bed  to  rest,  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints 
xiii.  (Mark)  84  Restand  his  hed  one  cristis  kne.  1590 
SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  n.  ii.  40  Finde  you  out  a  bed,  For  I  vpon 
this  banke  will  rest  my  head,  a  1659  WALLKK  Panegyric 
Cromwell  xlii,  England  now  does.. Her  weary  head  upon 
your  bosom  rest.  1750  GRAY  Elegy  117  Here  rests  his  head 
upon  the  lap  of  Earth,  A  Youth,  1782  Miss  BURNEY 
Cecilia  iv.  ii,  He  rested  one  arm  upon  the  table.  1835  URE 
P kilos.  Manitf.  350  Resting  their  hands  on  the  lay  or 
shuttle-bearer.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  xxviii,  A  large  old 
pointer  dog  rested  its  massive  head  on  the  knee  of  one  girl. 
fig.  ^1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  n.  1326  Sumwhat  he  byheld 
On  which  him  boughte,  he  myghte  his  herte  reste. 

b.  To  place,  lay,  or  set  (a  thing)  upon  some 
thing  to  support  it  or  keep  it  in  position. 

1422  In  Surtecs  Misc.  (1890)  17  Hafe  rowme  and  space., 
to  ryste  hys  tymbre  apon.  1660  Guillitiis  Heraldry  iv.  xiii. 
(ed.  4)  328  A  thing  whereon  to  rest  their  Lances.  1680 
MOXON  Mec/t.  E.rerc.  x.  180  Its  office  is  to  rest  the  Tool 
.  upon,  that  it  may  He  in  a  steddy  position  while  the  Work 
man  uses  it.  1776  G.  SEMPLE  Building  in  Water  50  On 
those  set-off's  stretch  your  Plates,  and  on  them  rest  your 
Spur-braces.  1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  299  Its  ground 
sill  was  rested  upon  a  bed  of  lead.  1855  KINGSLEY  Westiv. 
Hoi  xxlv,  Amyas  rested  the  point  of  his  sword  on  the 
ground,  and  his  hands  upon  the  hilt. 

c.  To  throw  (some  weight)  on  a  thing. 

1809  ROLAND  Fencing  5  You  will  thereby  possess  more 
freedom ..  than  if  you  had  rested  your  body  mostly  on  the 
right  [foot].  1872  HOLMES  Poet  Brcakf.-t.  vi,  I  try  the 
ground  to  find  out  whether  it  is  firm  or  not  before  I  rest  my 
weight  on  it. 

d..  To  make  or  allow  to  depend  on  something. 

1732  POPE  Hor.  Sat.  n.  i.  141  This  is  my  plea,  on  this  I 
rest  my  cause.  1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  255  It  was 
determined  not  to  rest  the  matter  solely  upon  the  efforts  of 
our  seamen.  1832  LEWIS  Use  $  Ab.  Pol.  Terms  yi.  56  The 
point  on  which  ne  intended  to  rest  the  distinction.  1885 
Law  Times  LXXX.  136/2  The  plaintiff  in  her  statement  of 
claim,  .rested  her  case  on  equitable  grounds. 

1O.  To  place  or  settle  in  something. 

ci375  Cursor  M.  23948  (Fairf.),  Bot  bat  in  hertis  rote  is 
rest,nede  ways  out  mote  hit  brest.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  III. 
184  So  that  in  reste  Mihte  every  man  his  herte  reste. 
a  1586  SIDNEY  Ps.  n.  They  that  in  him  their  only  trust  dp 
rest,  O,  they  be  rightly  blest !  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  i.  i. 
44  Cease,  cease  these  larres,  &  rest  your  minds  in  peace. 
1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  i,  The  hereditary  jurisdictions, 
which  . .  rested  the  investigation  of  crimes  in  judges, 
ignorant,  partial,  or  interested.  1858  BUSHNELL  Serin. 
New  Life  22  You  are  called  to  have  a  will  perfectly  har 
monized  with  God's  and  rested  in  his. 

Rest,  v.'2  [ad.  F.  rester  (i2th  c.),  =  Sp.  and 
Pg.  restar^  It.  restare,  ristare :— L.  restdre^  f.  re- 
RE-  behind  +  stare  to  stand.  Hence  also  Du.  and 
G.  resten^  Da.  reste.] 

1.  intr.  fa.  To  remain  due  or  unpaid.  Obs. 
(Chiefly  Sc*  and  in  pres.  pple.) 

1463  Exch.  Rolls  Scot.  VII.  165  note}  Certane  soumes  of 
moneye  restande  upon  oure  lovete  familiar  clerk . .  that  time 
that  he  was  oure  chaumerlane.  1590111  Xw/feiw? XXXII. 
118  [Received]  in  part..xj. ;  restes,  xxs,  iiijW.  1600  Act 
Sedernnt  20  June,  That,  .his  Hienes  may  see  the  said  Erie 
satisfeit  of  the  saidis  superexpensis,  restane  be  his  Majestic 
to  his  said  umquhill  father.  1640-1  Kirkcudbr.  War-Comm. 
A/in.  Bk.  (1855)  31  Being  requirit  to  put  out  the  troupe 
horss  restand  by  that  paroche,  the]  refuissit  to  doe  the 
samyn.  1698  Acts  Part.  Scot.  (1814)  X.  152  Resolved  that 
they  will  be  carefull  to  have  the  forsaid  arrears  and  debts 
payed  in  so  far  as  they  are  stilj  resting,  a  1781  WATSON 
Philip  ///,m.  (1793)  I.  273  Considerable  arrears  being  now 
resting  to  the  soldiers. 

t  b.  To  remain  or  be  left  over,  after  subtraction, 
diminution,  etc.  Obs. 

1530  PALSGR.  688/2  Al  that  resteth,  take  it  for  your  selfe. 
1542  RECORDE  Gr.  Artes  128  b,  Then  take  I  100  twyse 
from  300,  and  there  resteth  100.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr. 
NicJwIay's  t^oy.  n.  xx.  57  b,  If  the  moneye.  .for  the  poore 
is  not  there  bestowed,  the  almes  masters  do  send  y*  which 
resteth  into  the  hospitals  of  the  Leapers.  1647  LILLY  Chr. 
69-2 


BEST. 

Astrol,  v.  43  Substract  20  degr.  54  min.  from  30  degr. . .,  and 
there  rest  9  degr.  6  min.  1700  DRYDEN  Ceyx  fy  Ale.  96  By 
this  the  Vessel  half  her  Course  had  run,  And  as  much  rested 
till  the  rising  Sun. 

c.  To  remain,  be  left,  still  undestroyed  or  un- 
removed.  Now  rare. 

1495  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  460/1  As  by  their  severall 
Grauntes  resting  of  Record  more  pleynly  apperith.  IS35 
STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  261  Ane  castell  callit  Doun-bervie, 
Quhairof  the  fundament  restis  git  to  se.  1596  DALRYMPLK 
tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  i.  29  In  quhilke  onlie..war  the 
quhyte  kye  fund,  of  quhilkes  now  restes  verie  few,  or  nane. 
1602  MARSTON  Ant.  #  Mel.  in.  Wks.  1856  I.  32  Alas,  what 
country  rests,  What  sonne,  what  comfort  that  she  can 
deprive?  1711  PRIOR  Henry  fy  Emma  670  What  rests  of 
both,  one  sepulchre  shall  hold.  1717  PorE  Iliad  ix.  480 
My  beauteous  captives  thither  I'll  convey,  And  all  that  rests 
of  my  unravish'd  prey.  1814  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  i.  xx,  For 
if  a  hope  of  safety  rest,  Tis  on  the  sacred  name  of  guest. 
1867  INGELOW  Story  of  Doom  in.  271  A  helm  for  covering 
of  the  scars  That  seamed  what  rested  of  a  goodly  face. 

2.  With  complement.  To  remain  or  be  left  in 
a  specified  condition. 

Sometimes  approximating  in  sense  to  REST  v1. 

1472-5  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  159/2  For  every  moneth.. 
that  the  same  defaute  resteth  and  abideth  uncorrected. 
1488  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  VII  (1896)  81  The  said  William 
Comersall  restith  accomptable  to  the  Kyng.  1545  Reg. 
Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  6  Quhat  is  payt  thairof  and  quhat 
restis  unpayt.  1590  GKEENE  Orl.  Fur.  Wks.  (Rtldg.)  92 
As  one  that's  neuter.. And  covets  to  rest  equal  friend  to 
both.  1611  in  Picton  L'pool  Munic.  Rec.  (1883)  ^1. 157  And 
so  rested  due  unto  him  xiv1'.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Past. 
in.  169  Both  have  won,  or  both  deserv'd  the  Prize.  Rest 
equal  happy  both.  1784  Cow  PER  Task  HI.  217  Neither  can 
I  rest  A  silent  witness  of  the  headlong  rage.  1849  M. 
ARNOLD  '  TV  Harmony  with  Nature '  14  Fool,  if  thou  canst 
not  pass  her,  rest  her  slave.  i86z  Miss  BKADDON  Lady  A  nd- 
hy  xxi,  To  let  his  son's  fate  rest  a  dark  and  cruel  mystery. 

b.  With  assured,  satisfied,  etc. 

1601  SHAKS.  Jul.  C.  v.  iii.  17  That  I  may  rest  assur'd 
Whether  yond  Troopes,  are  Friend  or  Enemy.  1697 
DRYDEN  SEneid  x.  1239  After  such  a  lord,  I  rest  secure, 
Thou  wilt  no  foreign  reins,  or  Trojan  lord,  endure.  1782 
Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  i.  xi,  The  account,  .determined  her 
not  to  rest  satisfied  till  she  saw  them  [sc.  injuries]  redressed. 
1872  J.  L.  SAN  FORD  Estimates  Eng.  Kings  394  His  mind 
was  much  too  active  and  powerful  to  rest  satisfied.  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  37  To  rest  assured  that  the  more 
wise  and  temperate  you  are,  the  happier  you  will  be. 

c.  In  valedictory  formulas.     Now  arch. 

1580  LYLY  Euphues  (Arb.)  361  Thus.,  resting  thy  friend  If 
thou  rest  thy  sute,  I  ende.  1590  SIR  H.  LEE  in  Archxologia 
LI.  172  So  1  umbly  take  my  leve,.  .restyng  to  serve  you  as 
your  Lordshipe  hathe  moste  bounde  me.  1613  SHAKS. 
Hen.  V/ff,  v.  i.  55  Many  good  nights,  my  Lord,  I  rest 
your  seruant.  1660-1  MARVELL  Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart)_IL 
50,  I  shall  giue  you  a  larger  trouble;  in  the  mean  time 
resting  Your  most  affectionate  [etc.].  1765  STERNE  Tr. 
Shandy  vm.  xxxiv,  I  rest  thy  affectionate  brother,  Walter 
Shandy.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xlviii,  I  rest  your  affec 
tionate  sister,  E.  i8art5  —  Woodst.  xxvii,  I  kiss  your  hand, 
sir,  and  rest  yours,  under  a  sense  of  obligation. 

d.  To  owe  (something).     Chiefly  Sc.     ?  Obs. 
[1474  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  I.  12,  xxxinj  //.  resauit...he 

restis  awand  lij  //.  vi  s.  viij  d.}    1586  in  Antiquary  XXXII. 

76  Hew  chamler  restes  for  wares,  xvjj.  ij<-/.    Barbarie  beane 
restes  for  wares,  iij^.    1666  in  Peterkin  Notes  Orkn.  fy  Zetl. 
(1822)  I.  189  The  sheriffdom  of  Orkney  and  Zetland  were. . 
resting  22  months  mentenance.  1773  FERGUSSON  Poems  (1785) 
225  I'm  restin'  you  a  pint  o'  yale.  1787  BEATTIE  Scotidsms 

77  He  rests  me  nothing.     1808  JAMIESON  s.v.,  What  am  I 
restand you  ?    How  much  do  I  owe  you? 

f3.   a.  To  remain  to  be  done.   Obs. 

1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  Iviii.  156  The  conuenauntes  were 
deuysed  and  made  and  theyre  rested  nothynge  but  for  to 
goo  bothe  togyder.  1563  B.  GOOGE  Eglogs,  etc.  (Arb.)  79 
What  resteth  now  ?  but  onely  God  to  prayse.  c  1^86  C'TESS 
PEMBROKE  Ps.  cxix.  i,  This  now  resteth  that  I  learne.. 
Good  from  evil!  to  discerne.  a  1618  RALEIGH  Introd,  Brev. 
Hist.  Eng.  (1693)  50  Now  there  rested  nothing.. but  only 
the  Suppression  of  Malcolm  King  of  Scots.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  x.  48  Now  What  rests,  but  that  the  mortal  Sentence 
pass  On  his  transgression  ? 

t  b.  To  remain  to  be  dealt  with.   Obs. 

1577  tr.  Bellinger's  Decades  (1592)  84  Those  things  which 
rest  to  be  spoken  of  y°  Catholike  Church  of  God.  1603 
BACON  Adv.  Learn,  u.  viii.  §  6  Thus  have  we  now  dealt 
with  two  of  the  ^three  beams  of  man's  knowledge.  ..There 
resteth  radius  reflexus,  1636  M  ELLIS  Recorde's  Gr.  Aries 

H6  Now  resteth  the  proofs  of  Multiplication,  and  also 
iuision. 

fc.  It  rests  (to  or  that).  Obs. 

1591  Troub.  Raigne  K.  John  (1611)  61  It  resteth  we 
throughout  our  territories  Be  reproclaimed  and  inuested 
King.  1615  MARKHAM  Country  Contentm.  i.  x,  It  now 
resteth  that  we  speak  of  other  necessary  implements.  1620- 
SS  I.  JONES  Stone- Heng-^j^)  43  It  rests  now,  to  endeavour 
the  discovering  by  whom  Stone-Heng  [was]  built.  1700 
DRYDEN  Cymon  <$•  I  ph.  427  It  rested  to  dismiss  the  down 
ward  weight  Or  raise  him  upward  to  his  former  height. 

fd.  (There}  rests  (to  m  that}.  Obs. 

1530  PALSGR.  21  Nowe  ..  resteth  to  shewe  ..  howe  they 
sounde  theyr  consonantes.  1547  ).  HARRISON  Exhort. 
Scottes  D  vij  b,  There  restethe  to  disproue  the  fayned  alii- 
gacions  of  the  contrary  part.  1563  Homilies  ii.  (1859)  42^ 
Now  resteth  to  shew  unto  you  [etc.].  1625  BACON  £ss.t  Of 
Ambition,  There  resteth  to  speake,  how  they  are  to  be 
brideled.  1683  W.  PENN  in  R.  Burton  Eng.  Emp.  Anier. 
(1685)  121  There  rests,  that  I  speak  of  the  Condition  we 
are  in. 

Rest,  f.3  Now  dial.  Also  5  reste,  9  'rest, 
Sc,  'reest,  reest,  reist.  [Aphetic  form  of  arest 
ARREST  v.  In  sense  4  perh.  a.  OF.  res/er."] 

1.  trans.  To  stop,  check,  arrest.   Obs.  rare. 

c  1440  York  Myst.  xlvi.  31  Ther  rancoure  was  raised,  no 


548 

renke  might  it  reste.    c  1471  Pul.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  278  God 
restid  thayre  malice,  the  wille  of  hym  was  soo. 

2.  To  arrest  or  apprehend  (a  person). 

c  1470  GREGORY  Chron.  in  Hist.  Coll.  Citizen  Loud. 
(Camden)  158  Thenne  he  sende  for  the  Mayre  of  London 
and  hys  aldermen.  And  there  he  restyde  many  worthy  men 
ofthecytte.  1514  BARCLAY  Cyt.%  Ufilondyshm.  Divb,  Some 
rest  men  giltlesse,  and  cast  them  in  prison.  1590  SHAKS. 
Com.  Err.  iv.  iv.  3  He  give  thee.  .so  much  mony  To  war 
rant  thee  as  I  am  rested  for.  1622  ROWLANDS  Good  Nerves 
&  Bad  (Hunteriati  Cl.)  26  They'Ie  salute  you  with  a  fright- 
full  phrase  As,  Gentleman,  at  such  a  suit  I  rest  you. 

1900  N.  LLOYD  Chronic  Loafer  178  I  was  'rested — 'rested, 
mind  ye,  fer  the  murder  o'  Noah  Punk. 

3.  To  arrest  or  seize  (goods).     Chiefly  Sc. 

1565  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  i.  590,  I  rested  there  goodes 
and  disposed  there    landes.      c  1573  Dnrh.  Dep.  (Surtees 
Soc.)  259  Such  geir  as  he  had  restyd  of  the  Egipcians  con 
cerning  the  corsinge  of  a  horse.     1821  GALT  Ann.  Parish 
viii,  The  coal-carts  from  the  Douray  moor  were  often  reested 
in  the  middle  of  the  causey.     1868  J.  SALMON  Gowodean  I. 
ii,  The  chiel  that  gaed  to  'reest  his  guids  for  debt. 

t4.  intr.  To  stop  ;  to  come  to  a  decision.    Obs. 

c  1500  Melusine  356  And  it  came  to  an  article  where 
he  vnderstod  that  xs.  were  payed  euery  yere..he  anone 
rested  there  and  asked  [etc.]-  1530  PALSGR.  689/1,  I  rest,  or 
conclude,  or  byde  upon  a  thyng,  Je  me  arreste. 

1 5.  trans.  To  lay  (a  lance)  in  rest.   Obs. 

1632  J.  HAVWARD  tr.  Biondis  Eroniena  77  The  Corse 
Captaine.  .ranne  with  his  launce  rested  fully  at  him. 

tBesta'ble,  v.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  OF.  re- 
stablir  :  see  next.]  trans.  To  re-establish. 

c  1540  Order  in  Battayll  B  ij,  Suffer  him  neyther  to  reste 
nor  to  Testable  hys  strength. 

t  Resta'folisll,  v.  Obs.  [f.  re$tabliss-t  length 
ened  stem  of  OF.  restablir  (mod.F.  r&ablir),  f.  re- 
J&Sr'^est&blir  to  ESTABLISH.  In  later  use  perh. 
directly  f.  RE-  5  a+  STABLISU  vJ\ 

1.  trans.  To  re-establish ;  to  restore. 

1413  Pilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton,  1483)  iv.  ii.  59  Ryght  it  is  that 
thou  knowe  clerely  how  that  this d rye  tree  was  restablysshed. 
1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  247/2  Seynt  laurence  promysed  to 
hym  to  rystablysshe  his  Sight.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I. 
ccxxxvii.  338  To  restablysshe  hym  agayne  into  his  real  me. 
1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xix.  (Arb.)  253  So  did 
K.  Edward  I  restablish  Baliol  rightfull  owner  of  the  crowne 
.  .against  Robert  le  brus.  1650  Bounds  Publ.  Obed.  52  It  was 
in  their  power  to  re-stablish.  .Kingly  Government. 

2.  To  make  good,  repair. 

c  igoo  Melusine  196  Yf  ye  wyl  restablysshe  the  dommage, 
&  to  make  raysounable  &  lawful  amendes  of  the  Iniury. 

Hence  f  Resta'blishing  vbl.  sb. 

1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  cccxlix.  226  b,  The  erles  ser- 
uauntes  brought  agayne  the  prisoner..,  &  so  yelded  him 
agayne  as  by  the  waye  of  rest  ably  sshing. 

i  Resta'blislimeiit.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  OF. 
restablissement  (mod.F,  ?v/-).]  Restoration. 

1413  Pilgr.  SoT.ule  (Caxton,  1483)  iv.  vi.  61  For  to  haue 
restablysshement  of  my  fruyte,  whiche  was  fro  me  de- 
sppilled.  1653  Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  II.  181  Some 
prince,  .that  were  of  ability  to  contribute  usefull  assistance 
towards  his  Majesties  restablishment. 

t  Resta'gnant,  a.  Obs.  [a.  obs.  F.  restag 
nant,  or  ad.  L.  restagnant -em,  pres.  pple.  of  re- 
stagndre :  see  next.] 

a.  (See  quot.  1656.)     b.  Stagnant,  stagnating. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Restagnant^  running  over,  over 
flowing  [cites  Dr.  Charl(eton)  ].  1660  BOYLE  New  Exp. 
Phys.  Mech.  i.  33  The  Air  which  bears  against  the  restag- 
nant  Quick-silver.  1664  POWER  Exp.  Pkilos.  I.  20  There 
are  bred  in  most  restagnant  Waters.. an  innumerable  com 
pany  of  little  whitish  Animals.  1676  H.  MORE  Remarks 
Pref.,The  restagnant  mercury  and  the  mercury  in  the  tube. 

t  Resta'gnate,  v.  Obs.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L. 
restagndre  to  overflow;  the  confusion  with  stag 
ndre  appears  also  in  obs.  F.  restagner^\  intr. 
To  stagnate ;  to  become  or  remain  stagnant. 

1655  VAUGHAN  Silex  Scint.  n.  Water-fall^  As  this  loud 
brook's  incessant  fall  In  streaming  rings  restagnates  all. 
1676  GREW  Mns&umt  Anat.  Stomach  vii.  28  Many  little 
Venters,  in  which  the  meat  restagnates  for  some  time. 

Hence  f  Hesta'gnating  ppl,  a. 

1665  HOOKE  Microgr.  32  The  vessel  that  holds  the  restag- 
nating  mercury. 

t  Restagna  tion.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  restagndtio 
the  action  of  overflowing :  see  prec.] 

1.  (See  quots.) 

1623  COCKERAM  n,  Restagnation,  a  running  ouer  of  a 
thing,  chiefly  of  water.  1658  PHILLIPS,  Restagnation^  an 
overflowing,  a  bubling  up.  1706  —  (ed.  Kersey),  Restagna- 
thn,  an  over-flowing,  or  running  over  ;  a  being  all  in  a  Plash. 

2,  Stagnation. 

*fi53  HARVEY  Anat.  Excrc.  n.  (1673)  153  The  blood., 
would  at  last,  by  restagnation  and  intrusion,  break  the 
vessels  which  contain  it.  1676  WISEMAN  Surg.  Treat,  i. 
xiv.  64  It  proceedeth  from  the  restagnation  of  gross  Bloud. 

Rest ai' 11  (r/-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  stain  afresh. 

1843  Civil  Eng.  %  Arch.  Jrnl.\l.  357/2  They  have  also 
been  re-stained  and  varnished.  1905  Macm.  Mag.  Dec.  95 
She  could  have  fairly  considered  the  respective  merits  of 
old  oak  or  walnut  for  re-staining  the  floor. 

t  Re'Stall.  Obs.  Also  7  restiall.  [App.  a 
variant  of  LAYSTALL  (sense  i),  perh.  by  association 
with  REST  sb.^}  A  burial-place  for  a  person. 

1566  Shrewsbury  Abbey  Ace.  in  ^V.  fy  Q.  Ser.  i.  IX.  539 
Received  for  restall  and  knyll.    1577  lbid,t  Item  for  a  restall 
of  Jane  Powell  for  her  grandmother.  [From  1593  the  form 
Is  lastiall',  from  1621  to  1645  restiall.]     163.4  /«££  in  Miss 
Jackson  Shropshire  Word-bk.  (1879)  350  Paid  to  the  Lord 
Bishop's  secretary  . .  to  procure  a  mitigation  of  Restalls 
within  our  Church. 


RESTAURATEUR. 

Resta  mp,  v.     [RE-  53.]     To  stamp  again.  ., 

121711  KEN  Hymnariutn   Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.   32  From 

;    Vanity  to  Vanity  I  roll,  Thy  Likeness,  Lord,  restamp  upon 

'    my  Soul.  1884  Law  Times  Rep.  LI.  222/2  Inferior  Swedish 

,    iron  has  been  used,  the  brand  cut  off,  and  then  restamped. 

t  KiG'Stancy.     Obs.  rare~l.  [ad.  med.L.  rest- 

ancia  (obs.  F.  restance) :  see  next.]     Remainder. 

1667  WATKRHOUSE  Fire  London  70  Rewarded  with  a  fixed 
Pension  during  the  little  restancy  of  his  life. 

Restant    (re-stant),   a,     [a.    F.   restant  (Sp., 
i    Pg.,  and  It.  restante],  or  ad.  L.  restant-em,  pres. 
pple.  of  restare  to  remain.] 
tl.  Remaining.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1687  BEVERLEY  Expos.  Song  of  Songs  48  Now  Philadelp, 
with  smallest  Humane  strength  Of  Laws,  or  Power  supports 
the  Restant  length  Of  Time. 
2.  Bot.  Persistent. 

1828-32  WEBSTER  (citing  Lee).  1853  G.  MACDONALD  &  J. 
ALLAN  Botanist's  \Vord~bk. 

t  Restare,  obs.  variant  of  RESTORE  v. 

Perh.  arbitrarily  altered  to  rime  with  spare. 
(71380  Sir  Ferumb,  1439  On  myn   half  say  him  J>at  he 
me  restare  J?at  he  ha^  mystaken  away. 

Hesta'rt  («"-)»  sb.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  fresh  start ; 
a  beginning  again. 

1888  Daily  News  27  Aug.  2/4  The  restart  of  additional 
ironworks  that   have   long   been   standing.     1897    IVestm. 
Gaz.  8  Mar.  9/2  From  the  re-start  Wales  took  the  ball  down 
into  Irish  quarters. 

Kesta-rt  («-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  start  again. 
Hence  Resta'rted///.  a. ;  KestaTting  vbl.  sb. 

trans.  1843  You  ATT  Dog\\.  33  The  hare,  the  re-starting  of 
which  is  left  to  the  spaniel.  -&&$Cornk.  Mag.\\\.  389  The 
time  by. .the  restarted  chronometer.  1884  Alanch.  Exam. 
ii  Oct.  4/3  We  do  not  find  any  disposition  to  re-start  looms. 

intr.  1851  C.  L.  SMITH  tr.  Tasso  xi.  Ivii,  The  enemy  gains 
fresh  vigour,  hope  re-starts  within  him.  1885  Manch.  Exam. 
3  Jan.  5/1  The  engines  had  only  re-started  yesterday  morning 
after  a  serious  stoppage. 

t  Restate,  z>.A  Obs.  rare.  =  RE-ESTATE  v. 

1625  BP.  MOUNTAGU  App.  Cssaryx*  As  if.  .Popery  [were] 
ready  to  be  restated  in  Church  and  Common-wealth.  1657 
PETTOS  in  Lovedays  Lett.  (1663)  Aiv,  I  confess  I  wish  we 
were  restated  in  our  primitive  Innocency. 

Resta'te  ("-),  v?  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  state 
or  express  over  again  or  in  a  new  way. 

a  1713  ELLWOOD  Autobiog.  (1714)  310  A  Broad-side..,  in 
which,  having  re-stated  the  Controversie..,  I  offered  a  fair 
Chalenge  to  them.  1814  CALHOUN  IVks.  II.  94  Before  I  pro 
ceed  further,  it  will  be  necessary  to  restate  the  propositions 
with  which  I  commenced.  1848  MILL  Pol.  Econ.  i.  ix.  §  i 
(1876)  84,  I  have  restated  this  exposition,  which  has  already 
been  made  in  a  former  place.  1876  LOWELL  Among  my 
Bks.  Ser.  n.  247  Wordsworth  has  this  fault  of  enforcing  and 
restating  obvious  points. 

So  Kesta'tement. 

1803  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ami.  Rev.  I.  307  Curious  intelligence 
has  been  obtained,  and  satisfactory  vouchers  are  given  for 
most  of  the  re -statements.  1886  Athenaeum  30  Jan.  167/3 
A  restatement  of  the  old  mythical  descent  of  the  Dukes  of 
Norfolk. 

t  Restau'r,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  restawdrv.] 

trans.  To  restore. 

1513  BRADSHAW  St.  Werburge  i.  2078  [She]  Restaured 
temples  vnto  chrystes  honour.  Ibid.  2834  By  her  prayer. . 
They  were  restaured  to  helthe  and  saluacyon. 

t  Restaurance.  Obs.  rare-1,  [a.  OF.  re- 
staurance.  Cf.  RESTORANCE.]  Restitution. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  6772  If  mi  aght  be  stolen  wit  chaunce, 
J>ou  sal  me  mak  restaurance. 

Restaurant  (re-stgrant,  Urgstoran).  [a.  F. 
restaurant,  substantive  use  of  the  pres.  pple.  of 
restaurer  to  RESTORE.]  An  establishment  where 
refreshments  or  meals  may  be  obtained. 

The  use  of  F.  restaurant  in  this  sense  is  stated  to  have 
originated  in  Paris  in  1765. 

1827  J.  F.  COOPER  Prairie  II.  ii.  28  At  the  most  renowned 
of  the  Parisian  restaurans.  1835  WILLIS  Pencilling*  I.  vi. 
39  A  newly-painted  and  staring  restaurant.  1859  SALA  Tiv. 
round  Clock  (1861)  147  At  these  restaurants  they  give  you 
things  with  French  names.  1885  MABEL  COLLINS  Prettiest 
Woman  ii,  We  will  not  sup  at  a  public  restaurant,  but  in  a 
private  room  at  the  Grand  Hotel. 

attrib.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek,  1923/2  Restaurant-car, 
one  adapted  for  affording  meals  to  passengers  on  board  while 
traveling. 

Re'staurate,  v.  rare.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L.  re* 
staurare  :  see  RESTORE  v.  In  sense  2  suggested 
by  prec.,  or  by  F.  se  restattrer.] 

1 1.  trans.  To  restore ;  to  set  in  place,  or  set 
up,  again.  Hence  f  Restaurated  ///.  a. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeau's  Fr.  Chirurg.  44/2  Those 
ligamentes  which  are  too  loose  cause  that  the  restauratede 
partes  which  are  situatede,  move  therout.  1632  VICARS  tr. 
Virgil  xi.  352  If  one  repulse  hath  us  quite  ruinated,  And 
fortune  never  can  be  restaurated. 

2.  intr.  To  partake  of  refreshments  or  of  a  meal. 
Hence  Re'staurating  vbl.  sb. 

1889  F.  PIGOT  Strangest  Journ.  21    Being  a  man  with 
acquaintances  everywhere,  he  took  me  into  the  Yacht  Club, 
where  we  restaurated.     Ibid.  163  The  mules  that  carried  the 
restaurating  baskets.  _ 

II  Restaurateur  (rgstorator).  [F.,  agent-n. 
f.  restattrer'.  cf.  RESTAURATOR.] 

1.  A  keeper  of  a  restaurant. 

1796  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  iv.  Sel.  Wks.  (1892)  305, 1  should 
still  think,  .that  the  same  power,  which  furnished  all  their 
former  restaurateurs,  sent  also  their  present  cooks.  1826 
BEST  Four  Yrs.  France  160  We  returned  to  the  restaur 
ateur's  to  dine.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xliii[i],  Didn't 


RESTATJRATION. 

I  take  opera-boxes  and  give  her  dinners  at  the  restaur 
ateur's?  1882  Miss  BRADDON  Mt.  Royal  II.  ix.  185  A  little 
dinner  given. .at  a  choice  Italian  restaurateur's  not  very  far 
from  South  Belgravia, 

2.  A  restaurant. 

1804  European  Mag.  XLV.  360/2  That  some  should  be 
restaurateurs,  eating-houses,  and  others  coffee-houses,,  .is 
excellent.  1830  WH  EATON  yrnl,  385  The  Restaurateurs  are 
the  houses  where  the  Parisians  dine,  as  they  breakfast  at 
the  cafe's. 

Restauration  (reBtjr^i'Jan).  Now  rare.  Also 
4-5  -acion(e,  6  -acyon,  restawracion.  [a.  F. 
restauration  (1314;  —  Sp.  restanracion,  It.  re-, 
ristaurazione),  or  ad.  L.  restauratidn-em^  n.  of 
action  f.  restaurare  to  RESTORE.] 

f  1.  a.  The  reinstatement  of  man  in  the  divine 
favour  or  in  a  state  of  innocence.  Obs. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  iii.  (Andmv)  401  Sic  turment  was 
be  preuete  mare  and  lese  of  manis  restauracione.  1334  MOKE 
Treat.  Passion  Wks.  (1557)  1279/2  The  determinacion  of  the 
trinity  for  the  restawracion  of  mankynde.  1597  HOOKER 
Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ivi.  §  7  Christ  as  the  cause  originall  of  restaura 
tion  to  life.  1635  JACKSON  Creed  vm.  Wks.  VI II.  139  Their 
confidence  and  hope  of. .  exaltation  or  restauration  into  God's 
most  special  favour.  \£T]Q  Devout  Commun.  {1688)33  Have  I 
a  sanctified  knowledge,  .of  man  in  his  creation,  fall,  restau 
ration,  and  perfection? 

fb.  The  restoration   of  a  person  to  a  former 
status  or  position.  Obs. 

1577  F.  de  Lisle  s  Legendarie  B  ij,  To  wrest  from  the 
Dauphine  Henrie  a  promise  of  restauration  vnto  the  coun 
ties  of  Prouence  and  Anjou.  160*  WARNER  Alb.  Eng. 
Epit.  352  Not  reckoning,  .any  ioynt  Raignes,  ..nor  the 
Depriuations  and  Restaurations  of  Archigallo  and  Elidure. 
1694  KETTLEWKLL  Comp.  Penitent  101  The  method  of  the 
Church  in  the  restauration  of  Penitents.  1718  HICKES  & 
NELSON  Kettle-well  m.xcvii.  430  Dr.  Francis  Turner. .was 
. .  most  Vigorous  and  Active  by  attempting  the  Restauration 
of  the  late  King  f  James  II]. 

fc.  Hist.  =  RESTORATION  2  a.  Obs. 

1660  BLOUNT  Boscobel  i.  (1680)  77  Since  His  Majesties 
happy  Restauration.  .hundreds  of  people.. have  flock'd  to 
see  the  Famous  Boscobel.  1695  SIBBALD  Autobiog.  (1834) 
129  Who  was  first  Bishop  of  Dumblane  upon  the  restaura 
tion  of  King  Charles  the  2nd. 

fd.  The  bringing  back  of  the  Jews  to  Palestine. 
[1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  133  b,  As  after  the  cap- 

tivitie  of  Babylon,  so  nowe  also  the  tyine  of  restauration  is 
at  hande.]  1613  JACKSON  Trutk  of  Script,  i.  in.  v.  §  4  For 
by  their  strange  deliuerance  and  restauration  [the  Jews] 
might  haue  learned  that  their  God  was  a  God  of  Gods.  1665 
WITHER  Lord's  Prayer  59  Who  apply  their  predictions  to 
such  a  carnal  Restauration  of  the  Jews  as  is  now  expected. 
1727  in  Earbery  tr.  Burnet's  St.  Dead  App.  5  The  Prophets 
often  foretold  the  Captivities  and  Restaurations  of  the 
children  of  Israel. 

2.  f  a.  The  restoration  of  something  material  to 
its  proper  condition.  Also,  a  restorative.  Obs. 
••  1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  23  Yit  phisique  of  his  conserve 
Makth  many  a  restauracioun  Unto  his  recreacioun.  1398 
TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  vi.  xxi.  (Tollem.  MS.),  pertonede> 
continuel  restauration  to  restore  what  is  wast  id  and  spende. 
c  1440  LYDG.  Horst  Shepe  $  G.  372  His  fleessh  is  natural 
restauracion,  As  summe  men  seyn  aftir  gret  siknesse.  1460 
CAPGRAVE  Chron.  (Rolls)  42  The  Kyng  comaunded  that  the 
offering  schuld  be  put  in  a  comon  box  and  kept  to  restaura 
cion  of  the  Temple.  1584  R.  SCOT  Discov.  Witcttcr.  vi.  ii. 
(1886)  92  The  resurrection  and  restauration  of  the  bodie. 
1604  MARSTON  &  WEBSTER  Malcontent  n.  iii,  Trust  me 
the  ingredients  are  very  cordiall,.  .and  most  powerfull  in 
restauration.  1665  GLASVILL  Scepsis  Set.  xxi.  134  The 
restauration  of  gray  hairs  to  Juvenility. 

b.  The  restoration  of  an  institution,  art,  doc 
trine,  etc.,  to  its  pristine  condition. 

1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  i.  iii.  §  2  lulius  Caesar,  -to  begin 
his  restauration  of  the  State  [etc.].  1660  SHARROCK  Veget 
ables  53  Not  willing  thence  to  make  any  motion  towards 
the  restauration  of  the  ancient  doctrine.  170*  ECHARD  Eccl. 
Hist.  (1710)  259  The  Nobility  as  violently  promoting  the 
restauration  of  their  ancient  privileges.  1726  Craftsman 
No.  i.  4  The  Restauration  of  our  ancient  established  govern 
ment  under  King  Charles  II. 

1901  Sat.  Rev.  12  Jan.  53/2  Appreciation  for  his  restaura 
tion  of  Hutcheson's  memory. 

t  C.  Reparation  of  defects,  etc.  Obs.  rare  ~l. 

1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  i.  vii.  §  6  So  that  his  whole  time 
was  a  very  restauration  of  all  the  lapses  and  decayes  of 
former  times. 

f3.  Restoration  of  stolen  goods.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1678  SIR  G.  MACKENZIE  Crim.  Laws  Scot.  i.  xix.  §  vi. 
(1699)  99  Many  Thieves  would  restore,  if  they  thought 
Restauration  might  be  made  with  safety  of  their  life. 

4.  A  restaurant.     [So  G.  restauration.'] 

1862  TYNDALL  Mountaineer.  i.  3  We  finally  reached  Bou 
logne,  and  sought  to  reconstitute  our  shattered  energies  at 
the  restauration.  1886  W.  J.  TUCKER  E.  Europe  5  The. . 
strains  of  the  gipsy  band  playing,  .in  the  restauration  below, 
enticed  me  to  enter  the  locality  to  supper. 

t  Restairrative,  a.  and  sb.    Obs.    In  4-5 

-if,  6  -iue.  [a.  OF.  restauratif^  -zvet  or  ad. 
med.L.  *restatirativ-usj]  =  RESTORATIVE  a.  and  sb. 

'39O  GOWER  Conf.  III.  30  Al  the  metes  and  the  spices.. 
Ne  be  so  lusti  forto  take  Ne  so  ferforth  restauratif.  1398 
TKEVISA  Barth.  De  P.R.  vn.  Ixix.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Whan  kinde 
is  comforted  he  vseb  certeyn  medicyns  resumpdue  and 
restauratiue.  ^1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  49,  I 
sought  lechis  for  a  restauratif.  tbid.  95  Oure  helthe,  oure 
foode  and  oure  restauratif.  1620  VENNER  Via  Recta  iii.  60 
By  reason  of  the  pure  and  restauratiue  nourishment,  which 
it  giueth. 

tRestaurator.     Obs.     [ad.   L.    restaurdtor, 
agent-n.  from  restaurare.]     One  who  restores. 
1652-62  HEYLIN  Cosmogr.  n.  (1682)  74  That  great  Herbalist 


549 

and^Restaurator  of  Phy.sick.  1654  tr.  Scudery's  Curia  Pol. 
123  The  multitudes  could  not  be  restrained  from  calling  me 
the  Restaurator  of  his  Empire.  1680  Relig.  Dutch  iii.  26 
Sandius..was  the  Restaurator  of  the  Arrian  Sect  in  this 
Country. 

t  Restairrer.  Obs.  rare-1.  [Cf.  obs.  F. 
restaureur.'\  Restorer. 

1557  N.T.  (Genevan)  Epistle  *iiii,  lesus  Christ,.. who 
shulde  be..geuen  to  men  to  be  the  restaurer  of  the  worlde. 

t  Restay,  v.  Obs.  Also  4-5  resteie,  -eye, 
-e;e.  [Ptob.  ad.  OF.  resteir  to  resist  (Godef.).] 

1.  trans.  To  check,  restrain,  keep  back,  hold  in. 

13..    E.   E.  Allit.  P.  A.  716    His  dessypelez.  .wyth   her 

;    resounez  ful  fele  restayed.     1338  R.  KHUNNE  Chron.  (1810) 

292  pei  hoped  be  tojjer  day  be  barons  resteie.     c  1400  Land 

Troy  Bk.  7755  Ther  is  no  man.  .that  may  restay  Ther  hors 

lenger.    Ibid.  10483  Off  his  chasyng  he  him  restayed. 

2.  iittr.  To  stop,  stay. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  437  JJenne  ros  ho  vp  S:  con  restay, 
S;  spcke  me  to  ward  e  in  (jat  space.  1382  WYCLII--  2  Sam. 
xix.  39  And  whanne  al  the  puple,  and  the  kyng  was  passid 
oner  Jordan,  he  resteiede  [v.r.  reste;ede]. 

Hence  f  Restayed ///.  a.     (Sec  qtiots.)   Obs. 

c  1410  Master  of  Came  (MS.  Digby  182)  xiii,  per  beth  oj>er 
maneres  of  wyse  houndes,  be  which  men  clepeth  byyonde 
be  see  hert  houndes  good  and  resteyed.  //>/>/.,  |?ei  be  cleped 
resteyed,  because  bat  if  an  hert  falle  ainonge  be  chnunge, 
bei  shull  abyde  stille,  till  an  hunter  come. 

Re'St-balk,  sb.  Also  9  rist-baulk.  [f.  REST 
sb.1  or  v^  +  BALK  sir.  3.]  A  ridge  left  nnploughed 
between  two  furrows,  esp.  in  the  process  of  rafter 
ing  or  ribbing.  Also  attrib.  or  Comb. 

1523  FITZHEKB.  Hitsb.  §  4  A  restc-balke  is  where  the  plough 
byteth  at  the  poynte  of  the  culture  and  share,  and  cutteth 
not  the  ground  cieane  to  the  forowe,  that  was  plowed  laste 
before,  but  leaueth  a  lyttell  rydge  standyngebetwene.  1794 
A.  YOUNG  in  Driver  Gen.  View  Agric.  Hants.  68  Also 
raftering  the  land,  which  is  a  sort  of  rest  baulk  ploughing. 
1850  yrnl.  R.  Agrtc.  Soc.  XI.  i.  140  Breast-ploughed  and 
burnt  and  succeeded  by  turnips,  or  rist-baulk  ploughed  and 
burnt  and  afterwards .  .sown  with  turnips. 

Hence  Be'st  balk  v.  trans. ,  to  plough  (land) 
with  rest-balks  ;  to  rib  or  rafter. 

J523  FITZHERB.  Ilitsb.  §  16  Make  a  depe  holowe  forowe 
in  the  rydge  of  the  lande,  and  loke  wel,  thou  rest-balke  it 
nat  1850  yrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XI.  i.  137  The  land  is 
again  rist-baulked..  .Some,  therefore,  rist-baulk  or  half- 
plough  their  sainfoin  ley. 

Re'St-day.  [OK.  ra>st(e}da%t  f.  rxslj  RKST 
sl>.l  +  d%g  DAY.  Cf.  Du.  rusldag,  Da.  rastdag, 
G.  rasttag^\ 

1.  The  day  of  rest ;  the  Sabbath.     Now  rare. 
c8g?   K.  ALFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  Hi.  407  Da  oe  be- 

healdaS  minne  raestedaes.  c  950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Mark  ii.  27 
Restdaes  fore  menu  xeworden  wies  &  na?s  monn  fore  ra2st- 
daige.  6  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  Matt.  xii.  5  pa  sacerdas  on  reste- 
da^um  on  bam  temple  £ewemma3  bone  reste-dacg.  <;izoo 
ORMIS  4186  pe  sefFnde  daj?  iss  Ressteda^. 

1894  Daily  News  8  Sept.  3/7  This  determination  of  rich 
publishers  to  trade  on  Sundays  kept  a  great  industry  at 
work  on  the  rest  day. 

2.  A  day  of  rest  on  a  march. 

1813  SIR  R.  WILSON  Priv.  Diary  (1862)  II.  206  We  shall 
march  on  without  any  rest-day  to  Frankfort.  The  army 
will  then  repose  if  the  enemy  permits. 

t  Reste.  Obs.  rare.  [var.  of  REST  sb.-]  (See 
quot.  1788.) 

1776  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thrale  22  May,  Mr.  Thrale's 
resolution  to  take  up  his  restes  in  person.  1788  MRS. 
Piozzi  note  to  above,  When  the  master  brewer  goes  round 
to  his  victuallers  once  a  year,  in  order  to  examine.. the 
stock  left  on  the  hands  of  the  alehouse-keeper,  the  expres 
sion  used  in  the  profession  is,  *  that  he  takes  up  his  restes '. 

Re'Sted,///.  a.  [f.  REST  v.1  +  -ED.]  Refreshed 
by  repose  or  sleep.  Also  used  of  land  that  has 
lain  fallow  for  some  time,  and  (Sc.}  of  a  fire. 

c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  5737  Priamus  then  his  men  calles, 
He  brought  thre  thousand  fresch  &  rested,  a  1586  SIDNEY 
Arcadia,  Sonn.  (1605)  473  The  Nightingale  as  soone  as 
April  bringeth  Vnto  her  rested  sense  a  perfect  waking, . . 
Sings  put  her  woes.  1600  SURFLET  Countrie  Farme  n.  xlix. 
317  Bishops  weede.  .groweth  chiefly  in  rested  grounds. 
i6it  COTGR.,  Re^osJ,  reposed,  rested;  lyen  fallow  a  great 
while,  a  1774  FERGUSSON  Fanner's  Ingle  xii,  The  cruizy 
too  can  only  blink  and  bleer.The  restit  ingle's  done  the  maist 
it  dow.  1890  C.  W.  R.  COOKE  4  Yrs.  in  Par/.  64  Epigrams 
are  the  product  of  a  rested  brain.  1894  H.  GARDINER  Unob. 
Patagonia  277  A  sudden  onrush  of  fresh,  eager,  rested, 
enthusiastic  men. 

Resteel  (rf-)f  v.  [RE-  5  c.]  trans.  To  fit 
or  point  with  steel  again.  Alsoy?^. 

1844  Regul.  <$•  Ord.  Army  102  Hammer,  re-steeled  and 
hardened.  1851  C.  L.  SMITH  tr.  Tasso  xi.  Ivii,  Hope  re 
starts  Within  him,  and  his  valour  is  re-steeled.  1868 
HAMERTON  Etching  iv.  31  After  which  the  plate  may  be 
re-steeled. 

Reste'in  (n-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  stem  again. 

1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  \.  iii.  37  Of  thirtie  Saile ;  and  now  they 
do  re-stem  Their  backward  course. 

Re'Ster1.  [f.  REST  Z/.I  +  -EB!.]  One  who  rests. 

1435  MISYN  Fire  of  Love  55  More  truly  it  is  in  restars 
J>en  laborars.  1614  MERITON  Christian  Mans  Assuring-ho. 
20  We  have  heere  the  perfection,  not  of  resters,  but  of 
runners,  a  1680  CHARNOCK  Attrib.  God  (1834)  I.  256  As  the 
law  itself  is  called  flesh,  so  the  observers  of  it  and  resters 
in  it  are  called  Israel  after  the  flesh. 

tRe'ster-.    Obs.  rare-0,    [f.  REST  v.X]   One 

who  arrests. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  431/1  Restare,  or  a-restare,  arestator. 
Restey,  obs.  variant  of  RESTY,  restive, 
Re'Stfol,  a.   Also  4  resteuol.  [f.  REST  sb?\ 


RESTIFP. 

1.  Characterized  by,  of  the  nature  of,  productive 
j    of,  rest  or  repose ;  free  from  strife  or  disturbance. 

1340  Ayenb.  199  pe  o}>er  is  y-hote  resteuol  (contemplatiue), 
i  vor  het  hi  is  reste  of  workes  wyb-oute.  1388  WYCLIF 
!  Wisdom  xviii.  14  Whanne  alle  thingis  helden  re*tful  silence. 
iW^Pilgr.  &np/f  (Caxton)  v.  i.  (1859)  68, 1  had  ben  brought 
to  another  more  restfull  place.  (71460  G.  ASHHV  Dicta, 
Philos.  loor  Eke  kepe  your  Roialme  in  tranquillile,  Restful 
peas,  comfort  &  feelicite.  1535-6  Act  27  Hen.  K///,  c.  63 
The  good  restefitll  and  politike  governaunce  of  the  same 
Town.  1586  J.  HOOKEK  Hist.  Irel.  in  Holinshcd  II.  176/1 
To  Hue  thensefoorth  in  some  dutiful!  and  rest  full  order. 
1616  W.  FORDE  Semi.  38  It  is  in  vaine  to  expect  the  rest- 
full  comfort  of  forgivenesse  heereafter.  1726  POPE  Otfyss. 
xix.  598  A  while.  .Suspend  the  restful  hour  with  sweet  dis 
course.  1860  WAKTEK  Sea  Hoard  II.  428  When  the  service.-, 
of  the  holy  restful  clay  are  over.  1878  I'KSANI  &  RICE 
Cclia's  Art>.  I.  iii.  31  It  hasa  restful  sound,  the  talk  of  rooks. 
Comb.  1607  I.  DAVIKH  (Heref.)  Sumuia  Totalis  Wks. 
(Grosarl)  I.  11/2  Their  Mouer  moues  not,  but  doth  rest  In 
restful-restlesse  perfect  Action. 

2.  Quiet ;  peaceful ;  taking  or  enjoying  rest. 
1388  \\  YCLIF  Daniel  iv.  i,  I,  Xabugodono.sor,  was  restful 

in  myn  hous.  c  1425  HOCCLEVK  Min.  Poems  209/837  Now 
restfullere  in  thy  goost  be  withynne,  f>at  ouer  fcrd  art. 
1450-1530  Myrr.  our  Ladyc  152  His  holy  sernyce  oughte 
to  be  saydc  wyth  clene  and  reslefulle  hartes.  1547-64 
BAULDWIN  Mor,  P kilos.  (Palfr.)  103  That  man  seemethgooa 
that  is  meeke  &  gentle  of  condition,  soft  in  words,  8:  rest- 
full  in  person.  1594  KYD  Cornelia  iv.  j.  124  The  re^tfull 
Allmaynes  with  his  crueltie  He  rashly  styrd  against  vs. 
1625  K.  LONG  tr.  Barclay's  Argenis  i.  i.  i  A  shrill  noyse 
di>turl>cd  with  umjuiet  fancies  his  rchtfull  minde. 

1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN  Mystics  (i&bo)  II.  vn.  ii.  16  Tis  not 
discipline,  Wiiih  them  a  will  so  restful  and  so  blest.  1859 
BOYD  Recrcat.  Country  Parson  i  Somewhat  tired  with  the 
duty  of  yesterday,  but  feeling  very  restful  and  thankful. 

Re'Stfuily,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  -.]  la  a  rest 
ful  manner ;  quietly,  peacefully. 

1433  Roll*  ff  Parlt.  IV.  423  Restfully  gpvernyng  hyin 
self.  1450-1530  Myrr.  our  Ladye  i&o  Whiche  ye  say  in 
scylencc  for  to  gather  the  more  restfully  your  mynde 
togyther.  1531  ELYOT  Gov.  (1580)  192  Lyuing  reblfully  and 
in  helth  unto  extreme  age. 

1828-32  in  WEBSTER  (citing  Herbert).  1873  Miss  BROUGH- 
TON  Xancy  II.  66  In  it,  leaning  restfully  back ..,  is  the  lady 
I  noticed  in  church.  1883  tlarper's  Mag.  Apr.  749/2  He  is 
sleeping  naturally  and  restfully. 

Re'stfulness.  [f.  as  prec.  + -NESS.]  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  restful. 

a  1400  HYLTON  Scala  Pcrf.  (W.  de  W.  1494)  i.  Ixxvii,  In 
pees  of  glad  conscience  with  a  sad  rest  f  nines.  1489  Rolh 
of  Parlt.  VI.  431/2  For  the  more  quiete  and  resifulne.ss  of 
the  Kyngs  Suligietts.  1503  in  Lett.  Kick.  Ill  $  Hen.  VI f 
iRplls)  I.  212  The  restfulnes  and  profile  of  your  grace  in 
evityng  of  the  daunger.  c  1557  Am1.  PARKER  Ps.  cvii.  309 
Who.  .found  no  way  to  dwelling  townc  to  stay  in  restful- 
nes.  1643  PRYNSE  Sov.  Power  Parl.  \.  (ed.  2)  85  He  not 
only  safe  guardeth  himselfe,  but  also  holdeth  the  people  in 
a  surety  of  restfulne.sse. 

1865  Pall  Mall  G.  16  Sept.  n/i  Restfulness  is  the  key 
note  of  its  calming  music.  1870  MORRIS  Earthly  Par.  II. 
in.  255  Yet  still  no  less  did  love  with  him  abide,  Tempered 
with  quiet  days  and  restfulness. 


Re'st-harrow.  [f.  l\E 
cf.  med.L.  resta  bovis,  OF.  reste  beof.]  A  field- 
shrub  (Ononis  arvensis]^  with  tough  roots,  also 
called  CAMMOCK. 

c  1550  LLOYD  Treas.  Health  Oiij,  Take  of  Plantayne, 
Starewort,  Scabiouse  and  of  the  rote  of  restharrowe.  1567 
MAI-LET  Gr.  Forest  35  b,  In  some  place  for  hindring  and 
staying  the  Husbandman  it  is  called  Rest  harrow.  1600 
SURFLET  Countrie  Farme  v.  v.  667  The  couchgrasse,  and  that 
which  is  called  rest-harrow,  make  shew  to  be  more  standing 
tenants,  a  i68z  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Tracts  (1683)  88  Bindweed, 
Restharrow  and  other  mtia  segetum.  1728  GARDINER  tr. 
Rapines  Gardens  \.  (ed.  3)  41  Restharrow,  whose  tough 
Root  obstructs  the  Plough.  1785  MARTYN  Rousseau's  Bot. 
xxv.  (1794)  352  Restharrows  are  low.ly  shrubs,  or  rather 
undershrubs,  with  purple  flowers.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk. 
Farm  III.  944  On  light  soils,  the  rest-harrow,  .is  a  great 
pest.  1880  JEFFERIES  Gt.  Estate  131  Some  bushy  plants  of 
the  rest-harrow,  whose  prickly  branches  repel  cattle. 

Re'St-house.  [f.  REST  J<M]  In  India,  a 
building  in  which  travellers  may  obtain  rest  and 
shelter ;  a  choultry,  a  dawk-bungalow, 

1807  CORDINER  Desc.  Ceylon  I.  205  The  children  assemble 
in  the  rest-house,  as  their  parish  school  has  fallen  a  sacrifice 
to  the  ravages  of  time.  1829  Blackw.  Mag.  XXVI.  45 
There  is  moreover  an  empty  rest-house  or  two,  merely 
sufficient  to  shelter  the  weary  traveller  from  the  rays  of  the 
sun.  1871  ALABASTER  WJieel  of  Law  280  Half  that  distance 
is  accomplished,  which  we  know  by  finding  a  rest-house  in 
the  jungle. 

t  Re'Stible,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  restibi!is.\ 
(See  quot.  1656.) 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Restible.^  which  beareth  every 
year,  that  is  sown  or  delved  every  year,  that  springs  up 
again,  and  quickens  after  it  was  thought  to  be  dead.  1657 
TOMLINSON  Renou's  Disp.  324  They  grow  in  many  places 
in  France.. in  fat  and  restible  soyl. 

Restie,  obs.  variant  of  RESTY,  restive. 

RestifF  (re'stif),  a.  Also  5  restyf(e,  -yffe  ; 
6-7  restif(f)e;  8-9  restif.  [a.  OK.  restif  (mod. 
F.  rtfif}  :— pop.  L  *resttv-utttt  f.  restart  REST  v.2 
Now  more  usually  RESTIVE.  Cf.  RESTY  a.1] 
1.  Of  animals :  Stationary  (obs."} ;  refusing  to  go 
forward  ;  resisting  control  of  any  kind. 

c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Dtgby  182)  xiii,  JJei  be  not 
so  wyse  forto  disseuer  be  hert  fro  be  chaunge,  for  bei  abyde 
styll  and  restyflfe.  14..  Lat.-Eng.  Voc.'m  Wr.-W*ncker 
608  Retrogradust  restyfe.  1577  B.  GOOGE  Heresbach's 
Husb.  in.  (1586)  ii&  b,  Too  long  rest  will  cause  them  to  be 


RESTIFFNESS. 


550 


RESTITUTE. 


restife,  and  to  tyer  sooner.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  \.  v,  33 
Like  restife  Horses,  they  went  the  worse  for  Beating.  1697 
DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  in.  324  The  pamper *d  Colt..,  Im 
patient  of  the  Lash,  and  rest  iff  to  the  Rein.  1747  RICHARD 
SON  Clarissa  (1811)  I.  185  Like  a  restiff  horse. .he  pains 
one's  hands,  .to  rein  him  in.  1778  (W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes 
Agric.  14  Mar.  an.  1775,  The  bull,  broke-in  yesterday,  had 
likewise  become  restiff.  1843  WORDSW.  Prose  Wks.  (1876) 
HI.  58  We  were  stopt  by  one  of  the  horses  proving  restiff. 
1869  Echo  ii  Feb.,  A  fine  young  heifer.. appeared  rather 
rest  if. 

b.  transf.  Of  persons. 

1581  G.  PETTIE  tr.  Gnazzo's  Civ.  Conv.  m.  (1586)  134 
There  are  some  such  restife  iades,  that  they  will  not  at  any 
time  be  commaunded.  1676  ETHEMKDGE  Man  of  Mode  \.  i, 
Was  there  ever  such  a  restiff  bawd  ?  1685  DRYDEN  TArtu. 
A  itgHst.  472  So  James  the  drowsy  Genius  wakes  Of  Britain 
...Restiff  and  slumbring  on  its  Arms.  1719  GAY  Polly  i, 
But  husbands,  like  colts,  are  restif ;  and  they  require  a  long 
time  to  break  them,  1788  WOLCOT  (P.  Pindar]  Peters 
Pension  Wks.  1812  II.  19  Your  favourite  Minister,  I'm  told 
runs  restiflT.  1822  SCOTT  Peveril  xxvii,  But  how  if  the 
youth  proved  restiff  J 

_/if.  1687  DRYMEN  Hind  fy  P.  in.  1026  The  way  to  win  the 
restiff  world  to  God.  1831  W.  GODWIN  Thoughts  Man  395 
Restiff  and  uncomplying  nature  refuses  to  conform  herself 
to  his  dicta. 

c.  Of  conditions  or  character,  rare. 

1692  R.  L'EsTRASCE  Fables  ccccliv,  This  Restiff  Stub 
bornness  is  never  to  be  Excus'd.  1827  D.  JOHNSON  hid. 
Field  Sports  162  An  obstinate  restiff  disposition. 

t  2.  Of  land  :  Lying  fallow.   Obs.   rare  -l. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  x.  73  Now  first  the  ficche  is 
sowen  ;..Farrage  in  restyf  loud  [L.  loco  stcrili],  ydonged 
eek,  Is  doon. 

Re'stiffhess.     rare.    [f.  prec.]     Restiveness. 

1607  MARKHAM  Caval.  i.  (1617)  34  Neither  shall  you  finde 
restifenesse  or  churlishnesse,  except  it  spring  from  your 
owne  furie.  1663  S.  PATRICK  Parab.  Pilgf.  xxx.  (1668)  351 
He  began  to  be  so  lazy  and  listless.  ..He  cured  himself  of 
this  re.stiffness  of  spirit.  1827  Miss  SEDGWICK  H.  Leslie 
(1872)  I.  36  She  made  her  own  destiny  conformable,  not 
without  some  restiffness. 

Restifprni  (re-stif^irn),  a.  Anat.  [a.  mod.L. 
restifarm~ist  f.  resits  a  cord.  So  F.,  Sp.,  Pg.  resti- 
fornitl\  Cord-like;  in  restiform  body,  one  or 
other  of  two  rounded  bundles  of  fibrous  matter 
lying  on  each  side  of  the  medulla  oblongata  and 
connecting  it  with  the  cerebellum.  So  restifonn 
column,  tract. 

1831  R.  K.NOX  Cloqucfs  Anat.  417  They  commence  by  a 
rather  indistinct  line  between  the  olivary  eminence  and  the 
restiform  body.  1856  TODD  &  BOWMAN  Phys.  Anat.  II.  105 
The  floor  of  this  fossa  is  formed  by  the  restiform  column. 
1873  M iv ART  Elem.  Anat.  367  Behind  each  of  these.. is  a 
band  named  the  restiform  tract.  1899  Altbitti's  Syst.  Med. 
VII.  388  A  case  of  tumour  of  the  left  restiform  body. 

Resti-gmatize,  v,  [RE-  5  a.]  To  mark  again. 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  in.  vhi.  122  In  the  Parchments 
of  his  body. .much  of  his  History  was  to  be  read,. .which 
upon  solemne  dayes  was  seen,  and  the  part  re-stigmatiz'd 
according  to  order. 

f  Re-Stily,  adv.     Obs.~°     Stubbornly. 

1611  COTGR.,  Restivement)  restily,  stubbornely. 

t  Resti'nction.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  restinctio^ 
f.  restinguere  to  quench.]  (See  quots.) 

1612  WOOD  ALL  Surg.  Mate  Wks.  (1653)  273  Restitution  is 
a  gradation,  whereby  metals  or  the  like,  candified  by  fire, 
are  restinguished  in  liquor  of  exaltation,  and  thereby  made 
more  noble.     [1678  PHILLIPS,  Restriction,  in  Chymistry,  is 
the  quenching  of  any  metal  in  some  exalting  liquor,  to  bring 
it  up  to  its  designed  perfection.] 

i  Re*stiness  \  Obs.  [f.  RESTY  al  +  -NESS.] 
The  quality  of  being  resty ;  restiveness. 

c  1540  tr.  Pol.  Verg.  Eitg.  Hist.  (Camden  Soc.  No.  36)  128 
In  noe  wise  abiding  the  restines  of  ease.  1571  GOLDING 
Calvin  on,  Ps.xxx.  7  The  fa ythfulL.  shake  of  restynesse,  and 
exercyse  themselves  in  the  warfarre.  1610  MARKHAM 
Masterp.  i.  liv.  116  A  horse  tireth.. through  dull  cowardli- 
nesse  or  restinesse.  1673  O.  WALKER  Educ.  54  Nor  doth 
he  strive  to  make  himself  known  to  be  a  Gentleman,  .by 
disobedience,  and  restines  towards  Superiors.  1708  tr. 
Petronius  Arbiter  18  All  on  fire  at  Lycurgus's  Restmess. 

tRe'stiness2.  Obs.—°  [f.  RESTY  a.'*  +  -NESS.] 

Rancidity. 

1499  Promp.  Paru.  (Pynson),  Restynesse  of  flesshe,  rancor. 
1611  COTGR.,  Rattcissure,  mustinesse,  fustinesse,  reasinesse, 
restinesse,  a  taint. 

Re'Sting,  vhl.  sb.^  Also  4-6  restyng;  4 
ristynge  ;  5  resteng.  [f.  REST  v.l  +  -ING  l.] 

1.  Rest,  repose,  inactivity. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  6846  Ox  and  ass,  womman  and  knaue, 
pat  dai  sal  pai  resting  haue.  1382  WYCLIF  Lev.  xxv.  4  The 
seuenthe  ..  geer  of  the  loond  shal  be  the  saboth  of  the 
restynge  of  the  Lord,  c  1450  LOVELICH  Grail  Iv.  306  Sire 
kyng,  I  warne  the  here  behoveth  non  Resteng  forto  be.  1590 
STOCKWOOD  Rules  Const.  54  Verbes  that  "betoken  bodily 
moouing,  going,  resting,  or  dooing.  1611  COTGR.,  Rclaschc- 
ttient,  a  reposing,  resting,  refreshing.  1660  THORNDIKE  Due 
Way  §  39  No  man  dare  to  maintain  that  both  were  or  are 
tied  to  the  same  measure  of  resting.  1703  tr.  Van.  Oostetfs 
Dutch  Gardener  18  The  resting  of  a  Tree,  you  commonly 
perceive  on  a  Bud.  1850  BROWNING  Christmas- Eve  y\\^Q 
..enjoy  the  gentle  resting  From  further  tracking.  1877 
Cornh.  Mag.  Oct.  389  I'm  quite  ready  to  rest  as  long  as 
you  like.  1  consider  resting  my  strong  point. 
b.  A  pause  or  stop  for  rest. 

1662  R.  MATHF.W  Unl.  Alch.  52  A  very  aged  woman,  who 
.  .through. .weakness  made  five  or  six  restings  by  the  way. 

2.  Rest  in  a  particular  place ;  a  place  where  one 
rests  or  may  rest,  a  resting-place. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synnc  6654  Abrahams  bosum  ys 
a  owellyng  pat  holy  men  haue  yn  restyng.  1382  WYCLIF 


Ps.  cxxxi[i].  8  RIs,  Lord,  in  to  thi  resting;  thou  and  the  arke 
of  thin  halewing.  1587  GOLDING  De  Momay  iv.  (1592)  43 
God.  .hath  not  his  resting  in  another  but  in  him  selfe.  1593 
SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  v.  i.  6  Here  let  vs  rest,  if  this  rebellious 
Earth  Haue  any  resting  for  her  true  Kings  Queene.  1611 
SPEED  Theat.  Gt.  Brit.  (1614)  87/1  To  seeke  their  resting 
among  the  vast  mountaines.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  \.  237  Such 
resting  found  the  sole  Of  unblest  feet. 
b.  A  rest-house. 

1879  MRS.  A.  E.  JAMES  hid.  Housch.  Managem.  27  Huts 
and  restings,  or  dak-bungalows,  are  usually  furnished  with 
a  bed,  a  table,  and  two  or  three  hard  chairs. 

3.  Reliance,  confidence  ;  a  remaining  satisfied. 
1607  HIERON  Wks.  L  221  There  is  no  building  vpon  our 

selues,  but  a  hopefull  resting  vpon  the  Lord.  1650  BAXTER 
Saints'  R.  HI.  §  2.  40  marg.,  It  is  a  Resting  on  the  deceiv. 
ing  promise  of  the  Devil  for  Justification.  1739  WATER- 
LAND  Wks.  (1823)  VIII.  279  In  order  to  guard  the  more 
strongly  against  a  common  failing,  viz.  the  resting  in  a 
string  of  unmeaning  words. 

4.  attrib.     a.  In  sense  *  of  rest  *,  as  resting-day, 
-hour,  -tiniCj  -while. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  i.  pr.  iv.  (1868)  14  po  binges  bat  I 
hadde  lerned  of  pe  among  my  secre  restyng  whiles.  1387-8 
T.  USK  Test.  Love  i.  ix.  (Skeat)  1.  24  Suche  as  I  have 
lerned  thee  m  our  rest inge- why les.  1577  tr.  Bullinger's 
Decades  (1592)  139  For  things  that  lacke  a  resting  time,  can 
neuer  long  indure.  1598  SYLVESTER  Dit  Bartas  11.  i.  iv. 
Handicrafts  678  The  Last  shall  be  the  very  Resting-day. 
1840  BREMNER  Excursion  Denmark,  etc.,  II.  357  The  rest- 
ing-hour  of  noon. 

b.  In  sense  *  serving  for  rest  *,  as  resting-chaii; 
-fold,  -house,  -point,  -room,  etc. 

c  1817  HOGG  Talcs  fy  Sk.  I.  328  Fling  herself  on  the 
*resting-chair.  c  1878  G.  STEWART  Shctlaitd  Tales  (1892)  6 
Pointing  to  a  settle  or  'restin'  chair'  which  stood  at  one 
side  of  the  fireplace.  1821  CLAKE  Vill.  Minstrel  I.  ui 
The  mellow  low  and  bleat,  Greeting.  .*Resting-fold  and 
milking-pail.  1879  MRS.  A.  E.  JAMES  Ind.  Househ. 
Managem.  33  At  a  dak-bungalow,  or  travellers'  Nesting- 
house...  These  resting-houses  are  found  in  every  station. 
1587  GOLDING  De  M  or  nay  xviii.  323  Both  of  them  together 
being  the  ":restingpoint  of  the  whole  man.  1866  J.  H. 
NEWMAN  Gerontins  §  3.  24  And  memory  lacks  its  natural 
resting-points,  Of  years,  and  centuries,  and  periods.  1660  F. 
BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  A  ij,  I  petition  you  would 
afford  our  aged  Traveller  to  take  up  a  ^resting  room  at  last 
in  your  .study.  1674  J.  B[RIAN]  Ifarv.  Home  vii.  48  An 
everlasting  "resting  seat.  1813  BYRON  Corsair  i.  vi.  In 
pensive  posture  leaning  on  the  brand,  Not  oft  a  Nesting- 
staff  to  that  red  hand. 

C.  With  condition,  state,  etc.,  passing  into///,  a. 

1857  HKNFREY  Bot.  §  797  In  the  resting  condition  they 
contain  oil  and  albuminous  matters.  1885  GOODALE  Physiol. 
Bot.  (1892)  389  The  '  resting '  state  of  some  plants  cannot  be 
shortened  by  any  increase  in  the  amount  of  oxygen  fur 
nished.  1899  A  llbutCs  Syst.  Med.  VI.  828  The  eyes  remain 
in  their  static  or  resting  position. 

t  Re'Sting,  M.  sb.-  Obs.  [f.  REST  v.*]  The 
action  of  checking  or  arresting.  Also  attrib. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  vii.  xxxvii.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
Whanne  bodies  be|?  not  fulle  clensed  in  resting  of  fc>e 
feuer.  2465  3Ia,nn.  fy  Househ.  Exp.  (Roxb.)  285  Paid  for 
entrynge  of  a  pleynt  in  the  Cownter. .,  and  the  restynge, 
xij.  d.  c  1500  ARNOLDECAr0«.  (1811)95  To  helpe  the  officers 
of  the  cite.. for  resting  of  mysdoers.  1523  LD.  BERNERS 
Froiss.  I.  ccxii.  261  TaTcynge  of.. prisoners,  or  restynge  of 
any  persone,  their  goodes  or  marchandyses.  157$  CHURCH 
YARD  Chippes  (1817)  75  For  fear  off  restyng  I  lye  in  the 
sentuary.  1616  Shetland  Witch  Trial  in  Dal  yell  Darker 
Supcrst.  Scot.  (1834)  118  He  tauld  Garth  that  thair  wasane 
woman  in  Delting..quhaculd  give  him  ane  resting  threid. 

t  Re'Sting,  vbl.  sb$  Obs.-1  [f.  REST  a.  Cf. 
REESE  v.1]  Becoming  rancid. 

c  1420  Liber  Cocorum  (1862)  33  For  to  save  venysone  fro 
restyng. 

Ke'sting,  ppl.  a.    [f.  REST  z\i] 

1.  That  rests  or  is  taking  a  rest. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  vi.  xx.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Rest- 
ing  men  shul  etc  and  drinke  lasse  panne  trauailfing  men. 
1648  HLKRICK  Hcsper.,  Rest  Refreshes,  A  resting  field  Will, 
after  ease,  a  richer  harvest  yield.  1878  HARDY  Ret.  Native 
i.  it,  As  the  resting  man  looked  at  the  barrow.  1898  C. 
HYNE  Ca£t.  Kettle  213  Fishing  craft,  dredgers,  and  the 
other  resting  traffic  of  the  Tyne. 

b.  Botn  in  resting  spore,  cell,  etc. 

1857  HENFREY  Bot.  §  796  Seeds  and  resting-spores.  .are 
organized  in  a  manner  especially  adapted  to  preserve  the 
latent  vitality  from  injury  by  external  influences.  1861 
BENTLEY  Man.  Bot.  388 These  true  spores.. may  be  called 
resting  or  inactive  spores. 

2.  Remaining  stationary. 

1601  SHAKS.  Jul.  C.  in.  i.  61  The  Northerne  Starre,  Of 
whose  true  fixt,  and  resting  quality,  There  is  no  fellow  in 
the  Firmament. 

Hence  Re'stinffly  adv. 

a  1400  HYLTON  Scala  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1494)  n.  xxi,  That 
there  be  no  thynge  of  thyn  own  worchynge  that  thou  wolt 
lene  vpon  restyngly. 

Re'sting-place.  [f.  RESTING  -vbl.  $b.\] 
1.  A  place  where  one  rests  or  may  rest. 
1338  R-  BRUNNE  Chrcn.  (1810)  16  Myght  he  neuer  noure 
fynd  a  restyng  place.  1426  LYDG.  De  Gitil.  Pilgr.  16540  A 
Pylgrym  or  a  passagour.  .reioyseth  whan  he  Kesorteth  to 
his  restynge  place.  ifia6  Pilgr.  /V#7(W.  de  W.  1531)  i  That 
he  sholde  neuer  thynke  this  worlde  his  fynall  habitacyon 
and  restyng  place.  1587  GOLDING  De  Morttay  xix.  (1592) 
303  Like  as  the  lewes  betokened  the  Restingplace  of  the 
blessed  sort  by  a  goodly  Garden,  a  1627  SIR  J.  BEAUMONT 
Dial,  betiv.  World^  Pilgr.  <y  Vertite  ii,  Weary  passengers, 

:    whose  desp'rate  case  I  pitie,  and  prouide  a  resting-place. 
i68a  OTWAY  Venice  Preserved  in.  ii,  Can  Belvidera  want  a 

'    Resting-place  When  these  poor  Arms  are  open  to  receive 
her?    1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  291  The  various 

:    conveniences  and  accommodations  provided  for  the  brutes, 


their  feedings  and  resting-places.  1814  SOUTHEY  Carmen 
Triumph,  xviii,  Then  when  the  waters  of  the  flood  abate 
The  Dove  her  resting-place  secure  may  find.  1875  MANNING 
Mission  H.  Ghost  \.  23  That  this  world  is  not  his  resting- 
place,  that  his  home  is  in  eternity. 

b.  Jig.)  in  various  uses. 

c  1369  CHAUCEK  Dtthe  Blannchc  1005 Trouthe.. chose  hys 
maner  principalle  In  hir  that  was  his  restynge  place.  1589 
PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poes'tc  (Arb.)  88  As  a  resting  place  and 
perfection  of  so  much  former  speach  as  had  berie  vttered. 
1712  ADDISON  Sfect.  No.  333  f  22  As  he  knew  all  the  Arts  of 
affecting  the  Mind,  he  knew  it  was  necessary  to  give  it  cer 
tain  Resting-places.  1789  LD.  AUCKLAND  Corr.  (1861)  II. 
185  The  sameness.. is  such,  that  there  are  no  periods  or 
resting-places  for  the  mind.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  2  May  554  The 
French  Academy  is  now  the  last  resting-place  in  France  of 
freedom  of  thought.  1876  R.  H.  HUTTON  Ess.  (ed.  2)  I. 
Pref.  8  The  final  resting-place  of  the  moral  reason  of  man. 

c.  The   place  where  a  dead  person  is  laid  to 
rest.     Freq.  with  last. 

1808  SCOTT  Mann.  n.  xiv,  His  body's  resting-place,  of  old. 
1833  TENNYSON  May  Queen  ii.  x,  If  I  can  I'll  come  again, 
mother,  from  out  my  resting-place.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl. 
\,  xix.  240  The  chapter  from  Job  which  has  consigned  so 
many  to  their  last  resting-place. 

2.  A  break  or  landing  in  a  staircase. 

1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  439  The  floor  between 
the  two  flights  is  termed  a  half-space  or  resting-place.  1825 
J.NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  594  Where  the  height  of  a 
story  is  considerable,  resting  places  are  necessary.  1875 
KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  s.v.  Half-pace. 


t  Resti'nguish,  v.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  restingucre^ 
after  EXTINGUISH.]  trans.  To  extinguish,  sup 
press,  subdue ;  to  quench. 

'578  J.  JONES  Preserv.  Bodic  fy  Sonle  i.  xxxix.  84  It  is 
not  so  necessary  for  vs  to  beware  of  vice,  as  to  restlnguish 
and  keepe  backe  the  increase  of  euils.  1597!.  KING  On 
Jonas  (1618)  557  If  lonas  had  restinguished  and  choked  the 
feruour  of  his  wrath.  1612  [see  RESTINCTION].  a  1616 
R.  FIELD  in  N.  Field  Z//*  (1716)  41  Hence  the  Thirst  of 
languishing  Soules  is  Restinguished. 

Resti'pulate,  v.  Now  rare.  [f.  ppl.  stem 
of  L.  restipulari.\  trans,  and  intr.  To  promise 
or  engage  in  return. 

1633  T.  ADAMS  Exp.  2  Peter  ii.  5  If  he  covenant  with  us, 
( I  will  be  your  God  ' ;  we  must  restipulate,'  Then  will  we  rest 
upon  thee '.  1683  Case  Inf.  Bapt.  87  But  how  can  Infants 
restipulate..,  who  have  not  the  use  of  reason  ?  a  1708  BEVE- 
RIDGE  Priv.  Th.  i.  (1730)  53  What  can  God  stipulate  more 
to  us,  or  we  restipulate  more  to  him.  1880  MUIRHEAD  Gains 
iv.  94  For  the  same  reason  the  defender  does  not  restipulate. 

Re-sti-pulate  ("-)»  v*    [KK-sa.]  intr.   To 

stipulate  anew. 

1847  MRS.  KEFK  tr.  Ranke's  Hist.  Servia  343  To  re-stipu 
late  for  the  conditions  of  peace  formerly  proposed. 

Restipula'tiou.  [ad.  L.  restipuldtio,  f.  resti- 
pularl  to  RESTIPULATE.]  The  action  of  restipu- 
lating ;  a  counter-engagement. 

1611  W.  SCLATER  Key  (1629)  340  If  webaue  performed  our 
restipnlation,  carrying  our  selues  in  all  thinges,  as  the 
people  of  God.  1649  BP.  REYNOLDS  Hosea  i.  16  In  the 
promise  or  Restipulation  we  have  first  the  Covenant.  1720 
Wodrovu  Corr.  (1843)  ^  493  Your  thoughts.. as  to  the  re- 
stipulation,  and  the  nature  of  allegiance.  1760  T.  HUTCHIN- 
SON-  Hist.  Mass.  iv.  (1765)  420  The  constitutive  part  of  a.. 
church  ought  to  be,  a  restipulation  or  mutual  covenanting. 
1880  MUIRHEAD  Gains  iv.  §  13  The  amount  of  the  sponsion 
or  restipulation  under  the  present  system. 

Kesti  pulatory,  a.  rare.  [f.  RESTIPULATE 
v.  +  -DRY  -.]  Per  aming  to  restipulation. 

1880  MUIRHEAD  Gains  iv.  §  180  A  restipulatory  penalty  is 
also  imposed  in  certain  cases. 

Resti'tch  (r/"-)»  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
stitch  or  sew  again. 

16x1  FLORID,  Ripunto,  repricked.  Also  restiched.  i86a 
S.  LUCAS  Secularia  386  No  number  of  bayonets  can  restitch 
the  rent  which  runs  across  an  immense  continent.  1887 
Mission.  //fr<x/rf(Boston,U.S.)  Mar.  122  Nearly  all  of  them 
show  signs  of  having  been  taken  to  pieces  and  restitched. 

t  Restitue,  v.  Obs.  Also  5-6  restytue.  [ad. 
!  F.  restituer  (i4thc.)  or  L.  restitucre>  f.  re-  RE-  + 
;  stalttcre  to  set  up,  etc.]  a.  intr.  To  make  resti- 
I  tution.  b.  trans.  To  restore.  Also  in  pass.,  to 
'  have  restitution  made  to  (oneself). 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PL  B.  v.  281  Alle  pat  haue  of  pi  good.. 

1     Ben  holden  at  pe  heighe  dome  to  helpe  ^e  to  restitue.   Ibid. 

297  And  if  bow  wite  neuere  to  whiche  ne  whom  to  restitue, 

i    Bere  it  to  ^4  bisschop  and  bidde  [etc.].  1393  Ibid.  C.  xi.  54 

!     Raber  haue  we  no  reste  til  we  restitue  Our  lyf  to  oure  lord 

J    god  for  oure  lykames  guiles.     14*5  Rolls  of  Par  It.  IV. 

304/2  The  said  Merchantz..yat  have  lost,  .any  Woll.. may 

be  restitued  and  allowed  of  ye  Subsidee  of  yat  so  perished 

..or  lost.      1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  4280/2  Two  dombe 

chyldren  and  dyuers  other  that  had  loste  the  use  of  the 

tongue  were  restytued  of  theyr  spekyng.    1484  —  Fables  of 

Atfoitce  iv,  Who  someuer  had  fond  a  thowsand  Crownes.. 

he  shold  restitue  and  brynge  them  to  hym  ageyne.    1530 

PALSGR.  689/1,  I  restytue,  I  restore. 

t  Restitute,  pa.ppk.  Ohs.  [ad.  L.  restitut-us, 
pa.  pple.  of  restitute  :  see  prec.  In  quot.  1643 
after  AF.  restitutz  in  i  Hen.  IV.  c.  5.]  Restored. 
c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  cxxiv.  vi,  Sone  after  kyng  Dunkan 
of  Scotland  slayn  By  treason  was,  and  Dunwall  restitute 
Vnto  the  croune  of  Scotlande  ther  agayne.  [1643  rarra 
S0v.  Power  Parl.  in,  42  It  is  ordained  and  assented,  that 
the  Lords  and  other . .  shall  be  wholly  restitute  and  restored 
to  their  names,,  .inheritaments  and  possessions.] 

Restitute  (re-stitiwt),  v.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of 
L.  restititere  :  cf.  prec.] 

1.  trans.  To  restore  to  a  position  or  status ;  to 
reinstate,  rehabilitate.  Now  ran. 


RESTITUTED. 

c  1500  ARNOLDE  Chron.  (iSn)  42  To  alle  her  fraunches 
and  free  usagis..be  they  restituted.  1330  CROMWELL  in 
Merriman  Life  fy  Lett.  (1902)  I.  328  The  King  did  restitute 
your  Grace  before  He  was  intitled.  1370  LEVINS  Manip. 
196  To  restitute,  rcstituere.  1855  LORENZ  tr.  Van  der 
Kecsscfs  Select  T/teses  dcccxxix,  A  debtor  who  has  become 
impoverished  by  mere  change  of  fortunes,  and  has  not  acted 
fraudulently,  is  discharged  from  all  liability,  and  restituted, 
provided  one  half  of  the  creditors  to  whom  a  half  of  the 
debt  is  due  consent  to  such  restitution. 

2.  To  restore,  hand  back,  refund.  Also  ahsol. 
to  make  restitution. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Restitution,  The  Lutheran 
and  Calvinist  princes  were  obliged  to  restitute,  restore 
what  they  had  taken.  1885  Field  17  Oct.  542/1  The  in. 
closures  which  would  be  affected  and  'restituted'  by  Mr. 
Jesse  Collings's  regulations.  1893  Ibid.  4  Mar.  334/1 
Having  promised  to  restitute  expenses  to  professionals  if 
they  did  not  win.  1907  Westnt.  Gaz,  17  Aug.  4/1  If.  ,he  acts 
to  the  detriment  of  someone's  interest,  he  must  be  compelled 
to  restitute. 

Hence  Re'stituted///.  a. 

1727-38  [see  RESTITUTION  7].  1757  OVER  Fleece  n.  347 
Restituted  trade  To  every  virtue  lent  his  helping  stores. 

Restitution  (reatitiw'Jan).  Also  5-6  restyt-. 
[a.  OF.  restitution,  -ncion  (Sp.  -ncion^  It.  -nzione]^ 
or  ad.  L.  restitution-em,  n.  of  action  f.  restitute : 
see  RESTITUE  z>.] 

1.  The  action  of  restoring  or  giving  back  some 
thing  to  its  proper  owner,  or  of  making  reparation 
to  one  for  loss  or  injury  previously  inflicted. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  27279  For  slikin  suik  agh  wit  resun  Re 
mad  of  restituciun.     1377  LAXGL.  P.  PI.  B.  v.  235  '  That 
was  no  restitucloun,'  quod  repentance.     1413  Pilgr.  Sowle 
(Caxton,  1483)  iv.  v.  60  This  that  felyth  hyr  seluen  wronged 
and  asketh  restitucion  shal  fyrst  haue  audyence  to  make 
hyr  compleynt.     1494  Act  n  Hen,  VII,  c.  21  For  the  Re 
covery  and  Restitution  of  the  same  Debt,  Damages,  and 
Costs,   the    Plaintiff  ..may  ..sue.     <z  1548    HALL  Chron., 
Hen.  Vni,  90  b,  Kuer  the  Frenche  Ambassadours  promised 
restitucion  of  euery  thyng,  but  none  was  restored.     1593 
SHAKS.  2  Hen,  VI,  in.  i.  118  Many  a  Pound  of  mine  owne 
proper  store..  Haue    I    dis-pursed   to  the  Garrisons,  And 
neuer  ask'd  for  restitution.    1625  T.  GODWIN  Moses  fy  Aaron 
v.  (1641)  204  Restitution  in  identitie,  was  and  is  principally 
required.     1681  STAIR  [nstit.  (1693)  i.  vii.  61  Restitution  of    ' 
things  belonging  to  Others,  may  seem  to  be  an  Effect  of 
Property.     1727    POPE  £    GAY  What  passed  in  London, 
He   was  advised  to  restitution,   but  I   never   heard   that     • 
he  complied  with  it.      1772  Junius  Lett.  Ded.,  A  death-     i 
bed  repentance  seldom  reaches  to  restitution.     1836  THIRL-     ! 
WALL  Greece  III.  337  The  three.,  important  points  on  which     ' 
the  Athenians  felt  themselves  aggrieved  :  the  restitution  of    | 
Amphipolis  [etc.].     1877  Ywovm  Short  Studies  (1883)  IV.     \ 

1.  ix.  106  He  had  been  promised  restitution  of  his  property,     j 
but  it  had  been  given  back  to  him  in  ruins. 

b.  In  phr.  to  make  restitution. 

c  '375  Cursor  M.  27279  (Fairf.),  For  suche  kin  ping  with 
gode  resoun  sulde  men  make  restitucioun.  1377  LANGL. 
P.  PI.  B.  v.  232  Repentedestow  £»e  euere, ,.ne  restitucioun 
madest  ?  c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  143,  I . . 
Made  in  my  liffe  no  restitucioun.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vi. 
clx.  152  He  shulde-.make  restitucion  of  all  thynges  that 
he  before  had  takyn  from  the  churche.  1545  BRINKLOW 
Lament.  (1874)  113  Thou  must. .make  restytucion  to  thy 
power.  1598  SHAKS.  Merry  W.  v.  v.  33  Why,  now  is 
Cupid  a  child  of  conscience,  he  makes  restitution.  1611 
BIBLE  Exod.  xxii.  5  Of  the  best  of  his  owne  vineyard  shall 
he  make  restitution.  1685  BAXTER  Parapkr.  N.  T.  Matt. 
v.  23,  24  Go  presently  and  make  restitution,  a  1720 
SEWEL  Hist.  Quakers  (1795)  I.  39  They  had  wronged  her 
..,  therefore  they  ought  to  make  her  restitution.  1835 
THIRLWALL  Greece  ix.  I.  345  The  Spartan,  instead  of  making 
restitution,  took  away  the  life  of  his  companion.  1871  j 
FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  IV.  56  Though  their  tenure  i 
might  be  changed  and  the  restitution  not  made  without  a 
price  paid  to  the  new  lord. 

c.  Restitution  of  conjugal  rights  (see  quot.  1768    • 
and  CONJUGAL  a.).    Also  ellipt.  in  attrib*  use. 

1768  BLACKSTONF.  Comm.  III.  94  The  suit  for  restitution 
of  conjugal  rights  is  ..  another  species  of  matrimonial 
causes  :  which  is  brought  whenever  either  the  husband  or 
wife  is  guilty  of  the  injury  of  subtraction,  or  lives  separate 
from  the  other  without  any  sufficient  reason.  1858  LD.  ST. 
LEONARDS  Handy-Bit.  Prop.  Law  xii.  73  Restitution  of 
conjugal  rights  may  be  granted  by  the  Court.  1894 
Westm.  Gaz.  6  Dec.  1/2  Whatever  is  an  answer  to  a  resti 
tution  suit  is  also  a  ground  for  judicial  separation. 

2.  With  a  and//.     A  restoration  of  something 
taken  from  another. 

f  1440  Alph.  Tales  32  He.  .made  a  restitucion  &  become  a 
gude  man.     1442  Roils  of  Par/ 1.  V.  59/1  All   restitutions 
of  Londes  . .  made  by  you.    1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  v.  i,  16  He 
calles  me  to  a  restitution  large  Of  Gold,  and  lewels,  that  I     ' 
bob'd  from  him,  As  Guifts  to  Desdemona.     1662  PETTY    • 
Taxes  58  It  will  be  asked  with  how  manifold  restitutions    \ 
should  picking  a  pocket  (for  example)  be  punished?     1729 
BUTLER  Serm.  Wks.  1874  II.  119  David  passes  sentence..     | 
that  there  should  be  a  fourfold  restitution  made,    a  1781 
WATSON  Philip  III  (1839)  31  To  procure  a  restitution  of 
some  towns  on  the  German  frontier. 

f3.  Reparation  of  hurt  or  loss.   Obs.  rare. 

c  \qttopestr,  Troy  xit.  heading,  How  the  Grekys  sent  two 
Kinges  in  Message  to  Kyng  Priam  For  Restitucion  of  paire 
harme.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  (1637)  85  The  English 
consull  of  Aleppo  is  absolute  of  himselfe.. whose  chiefe 
employment  is.  .to  labour  a  revenge  of  wrongs,  and  a  resti 
tution  of  losses. 

4.  The  action  of  restoring  a  person  or  persons   , 
to  a  previous  status  or  position ;  the  fact  of  being 
thus  restored  or  reinstated ;  a  document  authoriz-    i 
ing  such  restoration.     Now  rare. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  163  He  hadde  lettres 
of  >e  pope  to  pe  kynges  of  Engelond  to  his  restitucioun.    j 
#1450  Mankind  (Brandl)  17,  I  haue  be  (?e  very  mene  for    . 


551 

yowur  restytucypnc.  1483  Rails  ofParlt.  VI.  307/2  The 
Acte  of  Restitucion  of  the  said  late  Viscount,  made  or  to 
be  made  in  thys  present  Parlement.  1503-4  Act  19  Hen. 
VII,  c.  28  §  i  The  restitucions  and  enhablements  of  the 
seid  perspnes.  1570  6  LAMBARDE  Peramb.  Kent  (1826)  317 
The  restitution  of  the  English  bloud  to  the  crowne.  1610 
WII.LET  Dan,  138  The  effect  of  this  his  restitution  to  his 
reason.  1621  Am'.  WILLIAMS  in  Fortescue  P.  (Gulden) 
169  Soe  I  may  be  restored  to  my  temporalities.. if  his 
Majestic  will  be  pleased  to  signe  this  restitution.  1662 
r  ULLER  Worthies  (1840)  II.  417  His  pietyand  patience  were 
rewarded  by  God,  with  a  happy  restitution  to  his  undoubted 
dominions.  1703  DK  FOE  Poor  Alan's  Plea  Misc.  291  After 
the  Restitution  of  King  Charles  Ihe  Second.  1797  Encycl. 
Brit.  (eel.  3)  IX.  637/1  A  peremptory  mandamus,  or  writ  of 
restitution.  1855  [see  RESTITUTE  7:  i], 

b.  Restitution  in  bhvd  (see  quots.  and  BLOOD 
St.  13). 

a  1633  COKE  On  I.itt.  in.  (1648)  240  Of  restitutions  by  Par- 
.liament  some  be  in  blood  onely. ..And  some  be  generall 
restitutions.  1666111  Strype  Keel.  Meni.(i72i)  III.  103  Abill 
was  ordered . .  for  the  restitution  in  blood  of  Edward  Sei- 
mour,  son  and  heir  of  the  late  duke,  attainted.  1769  IJLACK- 
STONE  Comm.  IV.  xx-.x.  385  Sometimes.. the  merits  of  the 
criminal  s  family  shall  afler  his  death  obtain  a  restitution 
in  blood,  honours,  and  estate,  or  some,  or  one  of  them,  by 
act  of  parliament.  1863  H.  Cox  Instil.  I.  vi.  43  Bills  for 
reversal  of  attainder  and  for  restitution  in  blood. 

5.  The  action  of  restoring  n.  thing  or  institution 
|  to  its  original  state  or  form.  (In  later  use  only  in 
1  echoes  of,  or  with  reference  to.  Acts  iii.  21.) 

1382  WVCLIF  Acts  iii.  21  Whom.. it  bihoueth  heuene  for 
to  resceyue,  til  into  the  tyme  of  restitucioun  of  alle  thingis. 
I575~8s  ABP.  SANDYS  Serm.  44  Nehemias.  .gaue  thanlces 
unto  the  Lord. .for  restitution  of  religion.  1605  VKRSTEGAM 
Dec.  Intcll.  Pref.  Ep.,  A  new  worke  vnder  the  name  of  A 
restitution  of  decaied  intelligence,  in  Antiquities  concern 
ing  our  nation.  1659  HARRINGTON  Art  La-.vgiving  m.  i. 
•  (17°°)  444  We  find  in  the  restitution  of  the  Sanhedrim  by 
Jehoshaphat,  that  there  was  Amariah  chief  in  all  matters 
of  the  Lord.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  479/1  It  will  not  be  at 
rest. ..till  it  be  restored  to  its  original  equality;  and  this 
restitution  cannot  be  made  through  the  substance  of  the 
glass.  1781  WINCHESTER  Seed  of  Hainan  35  Proving  to 
a  Demonstration  the  Doctrine  of  the  Restitution  of  all 
Things  to  their  first  State  of  Perfection.  1860  J.  BROWN 
Rub,  Let.  to  J.  Cairns  (1906)  245  They  two  saw  her  open 
her.,  true  eyes. .,  and.  .close  them  till  the  time  of  the  resti 
tution  of  all  things.  1867  JUKES  Rcstit.  all  Tilings  (1869) 
io6,_  I  have  thus  noticed  what  Reason  is  supposed  to  say 
against  the  doctrine  of  final  restitution. 
t  b.  Correction  of  an  error.  Obs.—1 
1636  MF.LLIS  Records' s  Gr.  Arts  330,  I  will  give  you 
a  Table  for  the  restitution  of  those  errours,  as  may  suffice 
for  this  present  time. 

6.  f  a.  Reposition,  replacement.  Obs.  rare. 
1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  n.  40  The  Luxation  of  the 
shoulder  hath  difficulte  restitution.     1658  SIR  T.  I!KOWXE 
Hydriot.  i.  2  If  Adam  were  made  out  of  an  extract  of  the 
Earth,  all  parts  might  challenge  a  restitution. 

b.  Tendency  to  return  to,  or  resume,  a  previous 
position  by  virtue  of  elasticity  or  resilience. 

1656  tr.  Hoboes'  Elem.  Pliihs.  (1839)  478  When  any  thing 
is  bent,  as  a  plate  of  steel,  and.  .restores  itself  again,  it  is 
evident  that  the  cause  of  its  restitution  cannot  be  referred 
to  the  ambient  air.  1669  BOYLE  Contii.  Ne-M  E.tp.  \.  (1682) 
50  The  cause  of  the  Motion  of  Restitution  in  Bodies  and 
consequently  of  that  which  makes  them  springy.  1701 
GREW  Cosmol.  Sacra  \.  iv.  17  That  so  their  Roots  may 
yield  to  Stones,  and  their  Trunks  to  the  Wind,  or  other 
force,  with  a  power  of  Restitution.  1727-38  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.,  Contraction  being  the  proper  and  natural  action 
of  muscular  fibres,  some  authors  ascribe  dilatation  to  a 
motion  of  restitution.  1865  TAIT  &  STEELE  Dynamics  of 
Particle  x.  §  271  (ed.  2)  288  The  coefficient  of  proportion 
ality  . .  may  be  conveniently  termed  the  Coefficient  of  Resti 
tution.  1884  A.  DANIELL/V/WI:.  Physics  237  At  the  moment 
of  complete  restitution  the  energy  possessed  by  the  body 
(if  perfectly  elastic)  has  wholly  assumed  the  kinetic  form. 
7.  Numism.  (See  quot.  1727-38.) 
1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Restitutions  of  medals,  or 
Restituted  medals,  is  a  phrase  used  by  antiquaries,  for 
such  medals  as  were  struck  by  the  emperors,  to  renew  or 
retrieve  the  memory  of  their  predecessors.  1853  HUM 
PHREYS  Coin-coll.  Man.  xxiv.  327  Such  restitutions,  by 
Titus  and  his  two  immediate  successors,  were  of  bronze. 

Restitu'tionalist.     [f.  prec.]    (See  quot.) 

1888  CAVE  Insfir.  O.  T.  128  The  so-called  Restitution- 
ahsts,  who  confine  the  Scriptural  account  of  the  six  days  to 
this  present  late  phase  of  the  earth's  history..  .According  to 
this  theory,  .the  Mosaic  six  days  record  the  restitution  of  a 
preceding  creation  which  had  been.. overwhelmed. 

Restitu'tionism.   =  RESTORATIONISJJ. 

1896  GLADSTONE  Condii.  Man  in  Fnt.  Life  i.  19  Upon 
this  scheme  of  Universalism  or  Restitutionism..!  cannot 
but  speak  in  terms  of  repugnance. 

Restitu'tionist.     [-IST.] 

1.  Theol.  One  who  accepts  in  some  form  the 
doctrine  of  the  'restitution  of  all  things';  a  re- 
storationist.     Chiefly  U.  S.     (See  quots.) 

"773  J-  BOUCHER  Amer.  Reyol.  (1797)  261  note.  Those 
who,  during  their  connexion  with  Great  Britain,  were  con- 
tented  to  be  called  Dissenters  or  Independents,  are  now 
pretty  generally  become,  or  are  becoming,  either  Univer 
sal  Restitutionists,  Arians  or  Socinians.  1859  BARTLETT 
Diet.  Amer.  (ed.  2)  362  Restittitionists,  a  religious  sect 
which  has  recently  sprung  up  in  Worcester  and  some  other 
places.  l87»_DE_VERE  Americanisms  242  The  more  pre 
tentious  Restitutionists  of  Massachusetts  believe  in  an  im 
mediate  return  of  all  things  to  their  original  form  and 
purity. 

2.  One  who  advocates  restitution  (of  property). 
1885  Pall  Mall  G.  7  Oct.  1/1  The  Restitutionists  of  the 

Chamberlain  school  and  the  Rights  of  Property  men  who 
swear  by  Lord  Hartington. 


RESTIVELY 

Restitutive  (re-stiti/^tiv),  a.  [ad.  L.  type 
*restitf(ttvust  f.  restitut-,  ppl.  stem  of  restitute  : 
see  RESTITUTE  v.  and  -IVE.  So  Sp.  restitutivo.] 

f  1.  Of  a  character  consequent  or  dependent  on 
restitution,  or  restoration  to  a  former  status. 

1658-9  Burtons  Diary  (1828)  IV.  26  The  question  now  is, 
what  that  house  shall  be,  whether  constitutive  or  resti 
tutive.  Restitutive  is  dangerous. 

2.  Tending  to  restore  to  a  former  position. 

a  1774  GOLDSM.  Sun'.  Kxp.  Philos.  (1776)  I.  190  The 
restitutive  force  acting  upon  it  constantly,  it  will  acquire 
such  an  accelerated  velocity,  as  to  drive  it  into  the  opposite 
ellipse  CO.  1884  A.  DANIELL  Princ.  Physics  235  Under  any 
given  distortion  within  the  limits  of  restitutive  powur,  the 
restitution-pressure  is  equal  to  the  product  of  the  coefficient 
of  restitution  into  the  distortion. 

Re'Stitu  tor.  rare,  [a,  L.  rcstitutor, agent- 
noun  from  rcstihicre  to  RESTITUTE.  Cf.  K.  resti- 
tuteur  (isth  c.\  It.  re-t  ristittitort,  Sp.  restitutor.] 
A  restorer. 

1654  OAYTOM  Pleas.  Notes  in.  viii.  124  They  all.. took 
part  with  their  Rescuer,  or  Restitutor  Quixote.  1682 
WHEI.RR  Journ.  Greece  n.  207  If  I  were  to  be  its  Resti- 
tutor,  I  would  write  it  Dh'o  Caesari  Avgvsto. 

Resti'tutory,  a,  [ad.  I,,  restitfttotwts:  sec 
RESTITUTE  v.  and  -ORY.  So  It.,  Sp.,  Pg.  restitn- 
torio.~\  Of  or  relating  to  restitution. 

1880  MUIRHEAD  Gains  iv.  §  142  The  principal  division  then 

of  interdicts   is   this, — that    they   are    either   prohibitory, 

i    restitutory,orexhibitory.     1886  T.  HARDY  Mayor  Casterbr. 

I.  xiii.  154  I'o  castigate  himself  with  the  thorns  which  these 

,    restitutory  acts  brought  in  their  train. 

Restive  (re'stiv),  a.    [Later  form  of  RESTIF(F, 
assimilated  to  adjectives  in  -IVE.] 
1.    Inclined    to    rest    or   remain   still ;  inactive, 
inert.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1599  RAxnvs  Europx  Spec.  (1632)  35  What  great  imploy- 
ment  with  stirring  and  metlald  spirits,  what  perpetuall 
quiet  with  heavie  and  restive  bodies.  1620  B.  JONSON 
News  fr.  Kew  World,  [He]  went  to  Edenburgh  o'  foot, 
and  came  backe  :  marry  he  has  been  restive.. ever  since  for 
we  have  had  nothing  from  him.  1699  L.  WAFER  Voy.  (1729) 
347  Notwithstanding  their  being  thus  sluggish,  and  dull, 
and  restive  in  the  day-time,  yet  when  moon-shiny  nights 
come,  they  are  alMife  and  activity.  1726  SWIFT  Gulliver 
in.  viii,  That  positive,  confident,  restive  Temper,  which 
Virtue  infused  into  Man,  was  a  perpetual  Clog  to  Publick 
Business.  1752  MUMR  Ess.  .5-  Treat.  (1777)  II.  179  The 
imagination  is  extremely  quick  and  agile  ;  but  the  passions, 
in  comparison,  are  slow  and  restive.  1833  LAMB  Let.  to 
Ttilfourd  in  Final  Mem.  viii.  273  Of  my  old  friends,  I  have 
lived  to  see  two  knighted,  one  made  a  judge,  another  in  a 
fair  way  to  it.  Why  am  I  restive  ? 

f2.  Persistent,  obstinate,  settled  or  fixed,  in  an 
opinion  or  course  of  action.  Obs. 

1633  Certaine  Learned  ^  Elegant  Wks.  286  (Cent.),  Be 
not  restive  in  their  weake  stubburnness  that  will  either 
keepe  or  lose  all.  1660  WATERHOUSE  Arms  fy  Arm.  56  Every 
one  being  restive  in  his  opinion,  there  can  nothing  infallibly, 
as  to  the  time,  be  concluded,  a  1782  SIR  J.  REYNOLDS  Lit. 
Writ.  III.  102  He  will  fall  into  the  habit  of  acquiescing  in 
the  partial  opinions  of  a  few;  he  will  grow  restive  in  his  own. 
1826  E.  IRVING  Babylon  yi.  II.  69  The  world  is  so  restive  in 
its  evil  conditions,  and  ill-disposed  towards  the.  .ministers 
of  reformation. 

3.  Of  horses  :  Refusing  to  go  forward  ;  stub 
bornly  standing  still ;  obstinately  moving  back 
wards  or  to  the  side  when  being  driven  or  ridden ; 
hence,  resisting  control,  intractable,  refractory. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.^  Restive  or  Resty..,  stubborn, 
drawing  backwards,  that  will  not  go  forward.  1676  HOBBRS 
Iliad  66  The  horses  us'd  thereto  will  you  obey:  To  me, 
it  may  be,  they  will  restive  stand.  1727-38  CHAMBF.RS 
Cycl.  s.v.,  A  restive  horse  is  a  rebellious,  refractory,  ill- 
broken  horse,  which  only  goes  where  it  will,  and  when 
it  will.  1756  IVorld  No.  207.  293  I  fear  he  has  not  been 
accustomed  to  drive  a  set  so  restive  as  mine  are,  especially 
in  bad  roads.  1804-6  SYD.  SMITH  Mor.  Philos.  (1850)  279 
The  mind  advances  in  its  train  of  thought,  as  a  restive 
colt  proceeds  on  the  road  in  which  you  wish  to  guide  him. 
1849  MACAU  LAY  Hist.  Eng.  v.  I.  647  The  beasts  which 
were  to  drag  him  to  the  gallows  became  restive  and  went 
back.  1896  Law  Times  C.  508/1  His  lordship's  horse  be 
came  restive,  and  attempted  to  throw  its  rider. 

b.  transf.  of  persons  or  things. 

1687  Death's  Vision  Pref.,  Tis  true  such  Matter  is  Rest 
ive,  Refractory  and  Unpohshable  enough.  1693  DRVDEN 
Disc.  Satire  Ess.  (ed.  Ker)  II.  32  The  arch-angel,.. when 
Discord  was  restive,.. has  the  whip-hand  of  her,  drags  her 
out  with  many  stripes.  1785  MRS.  H.  COWLEY^/O/V  Ways 
than  One  v,  Nay,  don't  be  restive,  Miss.  1794  GODWIN 
Caleb  Williams  15  He  proved  as  ready  a  scholar  as  he  had 
been  indocile  and  restive  to  the  pedant  who  held  the  office 
of  his  tutor.  1820  BYRON  Jnan\\\.  Hx,  It  is  a  hard  although 
a  common  case  To  find  our  children  running  restive.  1863 
'OuiDA  '  Held  in  Bondage  (1870)  6  He  turned  restive  at 
the  least  attempt  at  coercion.  1873  HALE  In  His  Name 
viii.  69  The  child  was  more  restive,  and  her  stomach 
seemed  likely  to  reject  the  draught. 

4.  Of  actions,  etc.  :  Characterized  by  unwilling 
ness  or  resistance  to  control. 

1806-7  J.  BERESFORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life  II.  233  At  the 
time  of  leaving  off  fires,  to  which  you  have  given  a  restive 
consent.  1826  SCOTT  \Voodst.  ix.  The  outward  man  yielded 
a  reluctant  and  restive  compliance.  1846  BRITTAN  tr. 
Malgaigne*s  Man.  Oper.  Snrg.  291  The  hooks  are  liable  to 
prick  the  lids . .  in  the  restive  motions  of  some  patients. 
Hence  Re'stively  adv.,  in  a  restive  manner. 
1866  HOWELLS  Ven.  Life  xx.  329  Gentlemen  restively  im 
prisoned  in  dress  coats  and  white  gloves.  1874  RUSKIN 
Fors  Cla-u.  xliii.  (1896)  II.  153  [She]  obeyed — not  with  her 
heart,  but  restively,  like  an  ill-bred  dog  or  mule. 


RESTIVENESS. 

Re  stiveness.  [f.  prec.  + -NESS.]  The  quality 
or  condition  of  being  restive. 

,605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  ll.  xxiii   §  33  From  whatsoever 

roots  or  cause  this  Restiuenesse  of  mind  proceeded,  it  is 

a  ihlng  most  prejudicial!.      1660  GAUDEN  Brmvnnf  127 

The  coy  reserve  and  supercilious  restiveness  of  some  who 

envy  others  this,  .freedom.     .798  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  \ng. 

plulos    \    '5  M^s  Goldthorp.. found  herself  exposed..to 

the  double  danger  of  the  storm,  and  the  resliveness  of  the 

horses      1820   BVUON   tr.    Fidel's   Morg.   Mag.    xxvn,   Of 

res  riveness  he'd  cure  him.     189*  J.  TAIT  Mind  in  Matter 

ed .  T**  The  last  symptom  of  restiveness  manifested  by 

the  Jews  against  their  burdens  related  to  the  tithe. 

Restle,  variant  of  RISTLE  sb. 

Restless   (re-sties),  a.     [f.  REST  rf.l  + -LESS. 

Cf.  Fris.  restleas,  G.  rastlos  (Da.  and  Sw.  rasttos), 

Du.  rusteloos.] 

1.  Deprived  of  rest ;  finding  no  rest ;  esp.  uneasy 
in  mind  or  spirit. 
In  some  contexts  passing  into  sense  2.  .....iilnrl 

a  1000  Rule  SI.  Bcnet  (Schroer)  Ixiv.  121  A  bio  unsesllllod 
and  restleas,  be  mid  bam  un|>eawum  beled  bio.  cijBo 
("HAUCFR  Pard  T.  72  I  Thus  walke  I  lyk  a  restelees  (v.r. 
rislehjTkaityf  <:  1430  Pol.,  Rel.,  *  L.  Poems  (,903)  .80  In 
a  valey  of  As  restles  mynd'e  I  sou,te  Truslynge  a  Irewe 
loue  for  to  fynde.  1513  MOKE  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II. 
805  So  was  his  restlesse  heart  continually  tossed  and 
lombled  c  IS90  GREENE  Fr.  Bacon  (1630)  58  How  restlesse 
are^he  ghosts  of  hellish  Sprites,  When  euery  Charmer 
Cals vs  from  nine-fold  trenched  Phlegiton.  .666  DRYDHN 
Ann.  Mirab.  cii,  Restless  he  passed  the  remnanls  of  the 
night  1805  SCOTT  Last  Minstr.  vi.  xxvu,  That  he  a  piU 
grfmage  would  take  To  Melrose  Abbey,  for  the  sake  Of 
Michael's  restless  sprite.  .856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN  Mysttel. 
vi.  i.  179  His  cares  were  thrown  off,  and  he  was  restless  and 
anxious  no  longer  about  little  things. 

b.  Marked  or  characterized  by  unrest ;  affording 
or  Yielding  no  rest. 

,<k,5  SHAKS.  Mack.  in.  ii.  22  Better  be  with  the  dead, 
..Then  on  the  torture  of  the  Mmde  to  lye  In  restlesse 
extasie.  177°  JOHN-SON  Let.  2,  Oct.  m  Bonotll,  My  night! 
are  very  restless  and  tiresome.  1784  CowHWTVKji  1.44  Rest 
less  was  the  chair;  the  back  erect  Distress d  the  weary 
a  1806  H  K.  WHITE  To  the  Morning,  Now  let  me 
leave  my  restless  bed.  182,  SHELLEV  Hellas  2  We  strew 
these  opiate  flowers  On  thy  restless  pillow.  _ 

2.    Of   persons  (or  animals) :   T  aking  no   rest ; 

constantly  stirring  or  acting,  or  desirous  to  be  so ; 

averse  to  being  quiet  or  settled. 

c  1475  RaufCoilvar  819  Thir  rich. 

out  full  raith.     1503  DUNBAR  Tlustlt 

Suallow  commandit   scho   also  To   ic^nc  «..   .~ -jj-» 

COVERDALE  Jcr.  xlvi.  25,  I  will  vyset  that  restlesse  people 
off  Alexandria.  1582  BENTLEV  Mon.  Matrons  lo  Rdr., 
I  haue  laboured  ..with  restlesse  Ruth  to  go  after  the 
maidens  in  the  haruest.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  I  urks  (1658) 
,5  Where  these  restlesse  people  ceased  not  by  all  meanes 
to  enlarge  their  Empire.  1649  MILTON  Eikon.  Pref.,  \\  e 
choose  that  interpretation  which  may  best  mind  us  of  what 
our  restless  enemies  endeavor.  1718  free-thinker  No.  42. 
306  Poverty  and  Avarice  are  the  restless  Companions  ol 
Prodigality.  1781  COWPER  Retirem.  21  Cities,  humming 
with  a  restless  crowd.  1836  THIRLWALL  Greece*™.  III. 
n5  Alcibiades,  ..restless  and  sanguine,  had  much  more  to 
hope  than  to  fear  from  war.  1888  FERGUS  HUME  Mn-c. 
Midas  i.  i,  She  was  too  restless  and  ambitious  a  nature,  to 
be  content  with  an  idle  life. 

b.  So  of  the  thoughts,  mind,  etc 


552 


RESTORATION. 


^rlw^yS^isysr^,,^ 

The  rude  plunderers'  restless-rolling  tide. 

4    Ouasi-a<fo.  =  RESTLESSLY. 

,3  E.  R.  A  Hit.  P.  B.  527  Sesounez  schal  yow  neuer  sese 
of  sede  ne  of  heruest,..Bot  euer  renne  restlez.  -'-"SO* 
CHtiJcER  Rom.  Rose'w  The  lyme,  that  passe  th  nyg  it 
and  daye  And  restlesse  trauayleth  aye  c  147°  Go',  f,  Iraw. 
,,i  The  renk  resiles  he  raid  to  Arthour  the  king.  1810 
SfU^id  Allies  II.  1,9  Emily  Camelion  slept  very  restless. 

Re-stleSSly,    adv.     [f.    prec.  +  -LT».]     ] 
restless    manner;    without    resting    or    pausing, 
unceasingly ;  uneasily. 


C,, lira  RePlicant's Complaint  10  How  restlesly  active  tl.ey 
al  ire  1676  CCDWOHTH  Serm.  i  Cor.  XV.  57  Which  every 
nue  Christian  ought. .to  endeavour  after,  and  restless  y  c 


MILTON  P.  L.  II.  52°  wnere  ne  may  UK  "'",,„ 

his  reslless  Ihoughls.  I759  DILWORTH  Pope  71  Mr.  Pope 
is  much  indebled  lo  ihe  restless  spirit  of  correction  Swift 
was  possessed  of.  1778  Miss  BURNEY  Evelina  Ixxxil,  Great 
ioy  is  as  restless  as  sorrow.  1807  CRABBE  Par.  Reg.  ill.  512 
All  Ihe  reason,  by  himself  assign  d  For  so  much  rambling, 
was,  a  reslless  mind.  1868  FREEMAN  Norm.  Com;.  .(1877) 
II.  496  Bolh  of  ihem  parts  of  one  scheme  devised  m  Ihe 
restless  brain  of  the  Mercian  Earl. 

Comb,    c  1712  Dangerous  Present  i  The  malicious  and 
dangerous  Designs  of  Ihe  reslless  Spiriled  Whigs. 

+  0    Const,  to  (with  inf.)  or  of:  Impatient.  06s. 
1710  DE  FOE  Crusoe  n.  (Globe)  511  When  I  was  at  Home, 
I  was  restless  to  go  abroad  i  and  now  I  was  abroad,  1  was 
restless  to  be  at   Home.     1723  POPE  Odyss.  ll.  9   By  his 
Heralds,  restless  of  delay,  To  council  [he]  calls  the  Peers. 
d.  spec,  in  animal  and  bird  names,  as  restless 
cavv,  fly-catcher,  or  thrash. 

1771  PENNANT  Syn.  Quadrup.  243  'Restless  Cavy.     1838 
Penny  Cycl.  XI.  480/2  Guinea-Pig.. (Restless  Cavy),  the 
well-known  Brasilian  rodent  now  domesticated  in  Europe. 
1876  Encycl.  Brit.  V.277  The  Restless  Cavy(Caz</a  afeiea), 
found  Ihroughout  Uruguay  and  Brazil,  is  supposed  to  be 
the  wild  form  of  the  Guinea-pig  of  Europe.     1848  GOULD 
Birds  Australia  II.  pi.   87   Seisura  Inquieta,  "Restless 
Flycatcher ;  The  Grinder,  of  the  Colonists  of  Swan  River 
and  New  South  Wales.     1898  MORRIS  Austral  Eng.  122/2 
Dishwasher,.. applied  in  Australia  to.. the   Restless   Fly 
catcher.    1801  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  2nd  Suppl. .181 
'Restless  Thrush.    1817  J.  F.  STEPHENS  in  Shaw  Gen.  Zool. 
X.  I.  263  T'he  Restless  Thrush  inhabits  New  Holland. 
3.  Of  conditions :  Unceasing,  continuous. 
c  1398  CHAUCER  Fortune  70  This  world  hath  euer  resteles 
irauayle.     1588  GREESE  Pandosto  (1843)  10  Those  which 
were  the  cause  of  his  restles  sorrow.    1594  SHAKS.  R  ich  III, 
I.  iv.  8,  Princes.. often   feele  a  world  of  restlesse  Cares. 
1634   MILTON  Comus  596   It   shall   be   in   elernal   restless 
change  Self-fed,  and  self-consum'd.     1691  T.  H[ALE] \Acc. 
Nfiu  Invent.  6  By  their  Arts .  .were  Sir  Philip  Howard,  and 
Company  in  a  restless  manner  urged  lo  gjve  Answers.    1701 
F.  IVlANNiNG  Poems  8  What  compensation  will  you  make 
For  giving  me  Love  s  reslless  Pains  ? 

b.  Of  things  :    Continually  moving  or  operat 
ing  ;  never  ceasing  or  pausing. 
1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  x.  33  Wilh  resllesse  force  Into  his 


, .  lo  ejiuc.ivuiii  ,       ,       , 

nursue  .814-3  SHELLEY  Mutability  2  How  restlessly  they 
f^dm-ds]  sVed  !  .847  C.BKONTE  J.  Eyre -xxi,  Turning 
restlessly,  she  drew  the  bed-clothes  round  her.  «*«£ 
PEACOCK  If.  Brmdon  I.  12  Letting  her  fingers  play  rest 
lessly  with  an  ivory  paper-cutter. 

Re'StlessneSS.     [f-  as  prec.  +  -NESS.] 
state  or  character  of  being  restless. 

,633  G.  HERBERT  Temple,  The  Pulley,  Let  him  keep  the 
rest  But  keep  them  with  repining  restlesnesse.  1665  I.OVLK 
ofc'as  Reft.  205  The  heat,  and  thirst,  and  restlessness  of 
an  Ague  a  ,72,  SHEFFIELD  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  Ms.  (i7S3>  I- 
205  Yet  a  restlessness  attends  such  deeds,  Tho'  ne  er  so 
I  just.  .763  Phil.  7>««.LI1I.  349  She  often  complained  of 
a  swimming  in  her  head,  and  a  restlessness  in  the  night. 
1798  EDGEWORTH  Pract.  Educ.  (1811)  II.  163  Much  may  be 
done  by  education  lo  prevent  this  boyish  restlessness.  1840 
DICKENS  Barn.  Rudge  xvi.  This  constant  restlessness  and 
flitting  to  and  fro,  gave  rise  to  strange  stories.  iWoGEIKlE 
Phy>.Gtogr.  iii.  139  The  restlessness  of  Us  water  is  one  of 
the  features  of  the  sea  which  first  impress  the  onlooker. 

t  Re-Stling,  'M.  s6._  Sc.  Obs.-^  (Origin  and 
precise  meaning  uncertain.) 

c  1470  Col.  f,-  Can:  458  Thair  wes  resiling  and  relmg,  but 
rest  that  raught. 

•fRe-stly,  adv.  Obs.  ran-1,  [irreg.  f.  REST 
J*.I+-LY-.]  Restfully. 

,561  HOLLYBUSH  Horn.  Apoth.  6  The  same  maye  be  geuen 
a  yonge  childe,  and  il  causeth  to  slepe  fast  and  restlye. 

t  Re  stness.     Obs.     [f.  REST  a.]     Rancidity. 

c  1440  Promp.  Pan:  431/1  Restnesse  of  flesshe, .  .rancor. 
1483  Calh.  Aiigl.  304/2  A  Restnes,  rancor. 

Re-stO'Ck  (rf-),  K.1  [RE-  5  »•]  trans.  To  stock- 
again,  to  replenish. 

a  1680  CHARNOCK  Attrib.  God  (1834)  II.  350  Thus  were. . 
the  immense  riches  of  a  Deity  expended  to  re-stock  man. 
1780  G.  WHITE  Seloorne  vii.  18  A  late  Bishop  of  Winchester, 
when  urged  to  re-stock  Waltham-chase,  refused.  1868  A  cp. 
U  S.  Comm.  Agric.  (1869)  319  Many  curious  facts  have 
demonstrated  the  feasibility  of  restocking  the  salmon  rivers. 

Hence  Ee-sto-cking  vbl.  sb.  Also  Be-sto'ckage. 

1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  1223  Where  the 
ponds  are  suilable  for  tench..,  the  re-stockmgs  [may  be) 
considerably  more.  1884  Thorley's  Farmers'  Almanack  31 
The  wherewilhal  lo  purchase  sheep  in  making  autumnal 
re-stockages.  1885  Munch.  Exam.  10  June  4/5  The  only 
iransactions  being  small  re-stocking  orders. 

Re-stcvck  (»"-),  v.t  [RE-  5  c-]  trans.  To  hi 
with  a  new  stock. 

1892  GREENER  Breech  Loader  1,8  Restocking  hammerless 
guns,  ..about  one-seventh  of  the  actual  cost  of  the  gun. 

Restorable  (rfstoo-rab'l),  a.  [f.  RESTOKE  v. 
+  -AISLE.]  That  can  be  restored  or  brought  back 
to  a  former  condition. 


1611  COTGR.,  Rendable,  rendible,  renderable,  yeeldable, 
restorable.  1662  Irish  Act  ,4  ft  15  Chas.  ll,  c.  2  §  21  The 
just  and  legal  title  of  any  person,  that  is  restoreable  by  Ihis 
ower  declaration.  1724  SWIFT  Drapier's  Lett.  vii.  Wks. 
1751  IX.  107  Thai  absurd  Praclice.  .whereby  greal  Quanti 
ties  of  restorable  Land  are  made  utterly  desperate.  1875 
POSTE  Gains  n.  205  So  that  they  are  no  longer  separable 
and  restorable  to  their  former  condition.  1878  LECKY  I'-ng. 
in  J.8M  C.  (1884)  II.  vi.  ,79  Such  of  the  adventurers.. as 
were  to  be  dispossessed  to  make  way  for  reslorable  persons. 

Hence  Besto'rableness. 

1672-3  GREW  Anal.  PI.,  Anat.  Roots  (1684)  63  They  are 
very  Dilalive ;  as  is  also  manifest  from  its  restorableness  to 
its  former  ' 


,ts  lormer  bulk  again. 

Restoral  (nstos-ral).  [f.  RESTORE  v.  +  -AL.] 
Restoration,  restitution. 

1611  COTGR.,  Recreance,  a  restorall,  restitution,  gluing 
backe  of.  a  1677  BARRO'.V  Serm.  (1810)  I.  ,31  The  promises 
of  pardon  to  our  sins,  and  restoral  into  God's  favour. 

1845  JANE  ROBINSON  Whitehall  xxxiii,  Is  it  for  me,  deem 
you,  to  labour  in  the  restoral  of  a  power  which  declares  my 
mother's  memory  infamous?  1878  P.  BROOKS  Myst.  Iniq. 
xi.  197  The  true  picture  of  Peace  is . .  the  restoral  of  true 
relations. 

t  Resto'rance.  Obs.  Also  5  restour-,  6 
restorr-.  [a.  OF.  restorance,  f.  restorer  to  RE- 
STOKE  :  cf.  RESTAURANOE.]  =  prec. 

c  J375  Cursor  M.  6772  (Fairf.),  If  hit  be  stollyn  wib  chaunce, 
pou  sal  lo  me  make  restoraunce.  c  1450  Mirour  Saluacioun 
(Roxb.)  87  Til  aungels  restourance  and  of  seinls  delyvring 
He  saide  Ihis  king  shuld  be.  1466  Cat.  Rec.  Dublin  (1889) 
I.  323  All  manner  cosies  done  for  Ihe  restorauns  of  the 
Spaynardes  shippe.  1525  \oth  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm. 


[ohnne  Flemyng  in  '"-"•  .—•-•-.,•-• 

Restoration   (restore! -Jan).     [Later  form   of 
RESTAUEATION,  after  RESTORE  z/.] 
1    The  action  of  restoring  to  a  former  state  or 
position ;  the  fact  of  being  restored  or  reinstated. 
Also  const,  to.     a.  Of  persons. 

,660  Jrnli.  Ho.  Comm.  30  May  The  happy  R«'orat'°n 
of  Ws  Majesty  to  his  People  and  Kingdoms.  1678  i2</« 
Ret  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  52  The  joy  I  ought  to 
shew  for  my  owne  restoration  to  His  Majestys  favour. 
i«4  WATERLAND  Atha».  Creed  x.  §  39  The  Opinion  that 
wkked  Men,  and  even  Devils,  after  a  certain  Revolution, 
shouk 1  have  Iheir  Release  and  Restoration.  ,843  LVTTON 
'last  Bar  iv.  i,  While  seeking  your  restoration,  I  have 
never  neglected  ihe  facilities  for  flight.  1878  STUBBS  Const. 
Hist  xvTii  HI.  214  The  nation  without  regret  and  without 
enthusiasm  recognised  ihe  Lancastrian _  restoration ,  .802 


of  man  and  ihe  restoration  of  nature  are  placed  side  by  side. 
b  Of  territory,  conditions,  or  things. 
,661  BOYLE  Exp.  Hist.  Colours  iii,  Though  Ihis  may  be 
said  to  be  rather  a  restoration  of  a  body  to  its  own  colour 
fete  1  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  f,  F.  xhx.  V.  140  Europe  dates  a 
new  kra  from  his  restoration  of  the  Western  empire.  1837 
WHEWELL  Hist.  Induct.  Sci.  (1857)  I.  '35  This  motion  in 
latitude  would  be  sufficiently  known  if  we  knew  the  period 
of  its  restoration.  1841  DTsRAELl  Amen.  Lit.  (1867) .99 
That  period  which  has  been  distinguished  as  the  restoration 
of  letters.  .872  YEATS  Techn.  Hist.  Comm.  i  ,o  We  owe  to 
the  monks  the  agricultural  restoralion  of  a  great  part  o 

^c^Theol.   (Cf.  RESTITUTION  5.) 

,781  WINCHESTER  Seed  of  Woman .  ig,  I  shall  set  down 
such  Passages  as  the  Friends  of  the  Universal  Restoration 
generally  bring  to  prove  the  same.  1833  J.  MARTINEAU 
Ess  *  Addr  (1890)  I.  13  Beginning  with  the  question 
respecting  the  person  of  Christ,  and  ending  wilh  the 
Universal  Restoration.  1834  DEAN  in  B.  D.  Edwards 
Encycl.  Relig.  Knowl.  (1851)  1018  The  restoration  was  in 
troduced  into  America  about  ihe  middle  of  Ihe  eighleenth 

C2.U/rYrf.  a.  The  re-establishment  of  monarchy 
in  England  with  the  return  of  Charles  II  in  1660  ; 
also,  the  period  marked  by  this  event. 

I7I8  Afol.  Ch.  Eng.  21  The  Office  for  the  Twenty  Ninth 
of  May  thankfully  commemorates  the  Blessings  of  the  Re 
storation.  ,725  B.  HIGGONS  Rent.  Burnt  1 1.  Wks.  ,736  1 1. 67 
The  Restoration,  a  Blessing  thai  slicks  in  his  Gizzard.  1825 
MACAULAY  Ess.,  Milton,  For  many  years  after  the  Kesti 

'  lion,  [the  Puritans]  were  the  theme  of  unmeasured  invective 
and  derision.  1869  ROGERS  Hist.  Glean  I.  10  The :  ex 
pedient  by  which  Ihe  landowners  of  the  Restoration  freed 
themselves  from  their  ancient  contributions  to  Ihe  public 
revenue.  1886  Eng.  Hist.  Rer:  Oct.  .682  The  Laudian 

;    school  of  divines,  who  at  the  Restoration  remodell 

Pra««2.°i87S  GROSART  in  Marvell's  Wks.  II.  p.  xxiv,  Any 
thing  more  dishonest.. is  scarcely  lo  be  matched  outside  ol 
the  vilest  Resloralion  pamphleteer  and  partizan. 

b.  The  reinstatement  of  the  Bourbons  in  tt 
sovereignty  of  France  in  1814. 

1848  W.  H.  KELLY  tr.  L.  Blanc's  Hist.  Ten  Y.  I.  49  The 
first  ministry  of  the  Restoration  overthrown  by  the  mere 
approach  of  the  chamber. 

3.  The  action  of  restoring  a  person  to  health  or 
consciousness ;  recovery  of  physical  strength. 

1760^72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qua!.  (1809)  iy.  127  During 
these  short  senlences   and   difficull  restorations.     1826  S. 
COOPF.R  First  Lines  Surg.  (ed.  5)  85  Instances  of  restoratio 
from  a  state  in  which  suspension  of  sensation ..  had  been 
induced  by  cold.     1870  ANDERSON  Missions  Amir.  Bd  1. 
iii.  70  Toward  the  close  of  the  voyage  the  eldest,  whose 
restoralion  had  been  ihe  principal  objecl,  died  of  fever. 
b.  A  restorative.  rare~l. 

1823  I.  SIMPSON  Ricardothe  Outlaw  I.  2ooEvery  restora- 
lion  was  adminislered  lhat  ihe  affection  of  Ellen  cc 

S4.gtThe  action  or  process  of  restoring  something 
to  an  unimpaired  or  perfect  condition. 

1801  Mtd.  Jrnl.  V.  467  The  restoration  of  feeling  [is  kept 
up],,  .and,  finally,  the  natural  power  of  action  is  completely 
.^restored.     1835  FIELD  Chromatography  216  The  reslora- 
i    lion  of  disfigured  and  decayed  works  of  art  is. .  next  m  im- 
'    portance  to  their  production.     1840  DICKENS  Old  L.^nop 
xii,  She  saw  in  this . .  the  restoralion  of  the  old  man  s  healt 
and  peace,  and  a  life  of  tranquil  happiness.     1874  SFBDDIMO 
Lett,  f,  Life  Bacon  VII.  Pref.  4  For  the  passages  which 
restoralion,  blank  spaces  would  be  left  wilh  some  mdicalio 
of  their  apparent  exlenl.  u 

b.   Arch.  The  process  of  carrying  out  altei 
tions  and  repairs   with  the   idea   of  restoring  a 
building  to  something  like  its  original  form;  a 
general  renovation. 

,824  BYRON  ?«n»xvi.  Iviii,  A  plan  whereby  to  erect  E 
)uildings..And  throw  down  old,  which  he  call'd  restoration. 


. .  own  o,  wc      e 

1849  PARKER  Gothic  Archil.  (1874)  n.  29;  Unfortunately 
restoration   generally   destroys   the   historical   value   ot   a 
building.     1852  RUSKIN  Arrows  «/C/m«(i88o)  1.6?  Under 
Ihe  name  of  '  resloralion  '  ihe  ruin  of  Ihe  noblest  architec- 
lure  and  painling  is  conslanl  ihroughout. Europe,     i 
STAINER  Music  of  Bible  82  When  ihe  munimenl-room 
being  removed  for  the  purposes  of  restoration. 

c.  A  representation   of  the  original  torn 
ruined  building,  extinct  animal,  etc. 

1836  BUCKLAND  Geol.  f,  Min.  II.  29  Conjectural  Keslora- 
lion  of  the  Skeleton  of  Plesiosaurus.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  Ai  A. 
420/1  Restorations,  in  Architeclure,  a  lerm  applied  to  draw 
ings  intended  to  show  anlient  buildings  according   o  tneir 
original  design. . .  In  some  cases  the  building  itself  will  atto 
sufficient  dala  for  a  complele  resloralion  of  it  upon  paper. 
!878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  xvii.  282,  Fig.  81  represents  : 
storation  of  this  extinct  elephant. 


RESTORATIONEK. 

5.  The  action  of  restoring  something  to  one  who 
has  been  previously  deprived  of  it. 

1788  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.  xlix.  V.  134  He  recovered  his 
speech  and  sight;  and  this  natural  event  was  improved  to 
the  miraculous  restoration  of  his  eyes  and  tongue.  1837 
DICKENS  Pickw.  ii,  The  restoration  was  soon  made.  1877 
FBOUUE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  i,  iii.  29  He  demanded  the 
restoration  of  estates  that  his  predecessors  had  alienated. 

Hence  Restora-tioner,  -  KESTOIUTIONIST. 

1855  OGILVIE^K///. 

Kestora'tionism.    [f.  prec.  +  -ISM.]    The 

doctrine  that  all  men  will  ultimately  be  restored 
to  a  state  of  happiness  in  the  future  life. 

1834  DEAN  in  B.  B,  Edwards*  Encycl.  Relig.  Knowl. 
(1851)  1019  The  Independent  Messenger,  .is  devoted  to  the 
cause  of  Restorationism.  1879  J-  COOK  Marriage  98  There 
is  very  little  difference  between  Universalism  and  Restora- 
tionism,  1896  Tablet  Mar.  408  Rest  oral  ion  ism  is  difficult 
to  harmonize  with  the  Bible. 

Restora'tionist.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -IST.] 

1.  A  believer  in  restorationUm. 

1834  DEAN  in  B.  B.  Edwards  Encycl.  Relig.  Knowl.  (1851) 
1018  Though  the  Rest  oral  ion  ists,  as  a  separate  sect,  have 
arisen  within  a  few  years,  their  sentiments  are  by  no  means 
new.  1892  Critic  (U.  S.)  Oct.  177/2  He  is  a  restoratiomst 
and  this  optimistic  view.. imparts  a  certain  tinge  to  his 
handling  of  all  themes. 

2.  One  who  restores  dilapidated  buildings. 

1880  Si'ribners  M.ag.  July  466  Not  any  of  its  towers  have 
escaped,  where  '  restoratiomst' s '  chisel  could  cut. 

Restorative  (restfrrativ),  a.  and  sb.  Also 
5  restoratif,  -atyf(f,  -etyffe,  -atyve.  [a.  OK. 
*restoratif,  variant  of  n\r/rt«;"rt///"RESTAURATiVE.] 

A.  adj.  Pertaining  to  restoration  (of  strength  or 
health) ;  capable  of  restoring  or  renewing. 

c  1400  Lanfranc's  Ciritrg.  354  It  wole  be  a  good  oyne- 
ment  restoratif.  c  1430  LVDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  103 
Yowre  restoratyf  celestial  manna.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems 
xxv.  ii  O!  5e  heremeitis  and  hankersaidilis,  That..eitis 
nocht  meit  restoratiue.  1584  COGAN  Haven  Health  x.  (1636) 
34  Rise-pottage.. is  verie  pleasant  and  easie  of  digestion 
and  restorative.  1606  DEKKER  Seven  Sins  (Arb.)  24  The 
very  shadow  of  thee  hath  beene  to  them  a  restoratiue  Con 
solation.  1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  69  The  air 
for  eight  months  is  very  pure  and  restorative.  1807  Life 
Fielding  in  Tom  Jones  I.  p.  xix,  To  try  if  there  was  any 
restorative  quality  in  the  more  genial  air  of  that  climate. 
1868  BROWNING  Ring  %  Bk.  i.  So  The  thing's  restorative, 
I'  the  touch  and  sight,  1875  MCL,AREN  Serni.  Ser.  u.  iv.  67 
The  depth  of  our  need  determines  the  strength  of  the 
restorative  power  put  forth. 

B.  sb.  1.  A  food,  cordial,  or  medicine,  which 
has  the  effect  of  restoring  health  or  strength. 

1:1430  LYDG.  Min,  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  101  Repast  ay 
lusting,  restoratyf  eternal.  1446  LYDG.  Nightingale  Poems 
u.  247  He  gaf  his  body.  .Restoratif  best  in  the  forme  of 
brede,  c  1485  Digby  Myst,  (1882)  in.  486  Here,  lady,  is 
wyn,.. to.  .woman  a  good  re>toratyff.  1547  BOORDE  Brev. 
Health  §  86  All  maner  of  cordyalles  and  restoratiues..doth 


. .  calling  for  some  cordials  and  restoratives,  gave  the:..  . 
her.  1747-96  MRS.  GUSH  Cookery  xv.  271  Knuckle  | 
broth . .  is  a  certain  restorative  at  the  beginning  of  a  decline,  j 
1806  A.  HUNTER  Culina  (ed.  3)  222  In  cases  where  restora 
tives  are  required,  a  basin  of  milk  [etc.].  1861  FLOR.  NIGHT-  I 
INCALE  Nursing  (ed.  2)  53  Coffee  is  a  better  restorative  than  i 
tea,  but  a  greater  impairer  of  the  digestion. 

trans/.  1633  G.  HERBERT  Temple.  To  AH  Angels  <$• 
Saints,  Thou  art  the  holy  mine,  whence  came  the  gold,  The 
great  restorative  for  all  decay  In  young  and  old.  a  1680 
BUTLER  Rein.  (1759)  I.  91  And  Sleep,  Death's  Brother,.. 
Gave  weary'd  Nature  a  Restorative.  1748  YOUNG  Nt.  Th. 
ix.  2184  Rest,.. Man's  rich  restorative. 

b.  A  means  of  restoring  one  to  consciousness. 
1851  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tom's  C.  xxviii.  268  St.  Clare  had 
fainted, ..but  as  Miss  Ophelia  applied  restoratives,  he  re 
vived,  opened  his  eyes.     1869  H.  AINSWORTH  Hilary  St. 
Ives  II.  iv,  Fortunately  there  were,  .restoratives  at  hand. 

1 2.  Restorative  or  nourishing  power ;  restora 
tion,  nourishment.  Obs. 

15*6  PAVNELI.  Salerne's  Regim.  (1557)  31  b,  These  three 
foresayde  thynges  are  comfortable  and  of  greate  restoratiue 
for  mans  bodye.    Ibid.  40  If  wyne  be  dronke  for  nourysh- 
ment,  for  restoratiue  of  the  body. 
f3.  Restitution,  repayment.  Obs. 
c  1485  Dif/y  Myst.  (1882)  in.  651  [Two  debtors,]  be  whych 
wher  pore,  and  myth  make  no  restoratyf. 
4.  (See  quot.) 

1810  BENTHAM  Packing  (1821)  ziS  The  remedy  here  ven 
tured  to  be  proposed  is  stiled  without  scruple  a  restorative  : 
a  plan  for  the  restoring. .the  original  composition  of  Juries. 
Hence  Besto'ratively  adv. ;  Besto'rativeness, 
'a  restoring  quality'  (Bailey,  vol.  II,  1727). 

1835  Btackui.  Mag.  XXXVIII.  162  How  restoratively  on 
our  temples,  .were  the  blessed  dews  distilled!  1851  G.  S. 
FABER  Many  Mansions  in.  i,  After  the  Resurrection,  Man's 
Spirit.. will  be  again  restoratively  clothed  with  a  material 
body. 

Besto  ratory,  a.  rare-".  [Cf.  prec.  and  -ORY.] 
•Restorative"  (Webster,  1847). 
t  Besto  re,  sb.     Obs.     [f.  the  vb.,  perh.  after 
OF.  restor,  restotir.  It.  risloro,  med.L.  rtstaurum.] 
Restoration,  restitution. 

£1450  St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  6122  Seke  men  of  heele  had 
restore.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  v.  18  Till  he  had  made 
amends,  and  full  restore  For  all  the  damage  which  he  had 
mm  doen  afore.  1640  SHIRLEY  St.  Patrick  I.  i  Let  the  first 
use  I  make  of  their  restore  be  To  bend  my  knees  to  you. 
1646  SmT.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  147  Disputes  at  Law,  and 
contestations  concerning  a  restore  of  the  dowry. 
VOL.  VIII. 


553 

Restore  (rfttoa'j),  v.  Also  5  restour,  -oyre, 
6  Sf.  -oir.  [a.  OF.  restorer,  =It.  ristorare  :—  L. 
restattrdre  :  see  RESTAUR  V.] 

1.  trans.  To  give  back,  to  make  return  or  resti 
tution  of  (anything  previously  taken  away  or  lost). 

1297  R.  GLOU-C.  (Rolls)  10287  We  essel>..pat  ^ou  suerie 
vpe  be  bok  clanliche  to  restore  Holi  chirche  bat  bou  hast 
him  binome.  1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  99  Roberd., 
bisouht  be  kyng  po  fees  he  fro  him  nani,  restore  ageyn  ^at 
bing.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  113  Neuerbeles 
vnder  Kenulph^e  kyng  it  was  restored  toCaunterburya^en. 
c  1450  St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  5653,  I  pray,  he  says,  my  belt 
restore.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  sEsop  v.  ix,  Your  helthc 
shalle  be  restored  to  yow.  1530  PALSGR.  689/1  He  shall 
restore  hym  all  hisgoodes  agayne.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanes 
Coinm.  nb,  The  Spaniards  wil  hardly  at  any  time  restore 
unto  us  again  this  diginiie  of  thempire.  1634  MILTON  Comns 
607  He  find  him  out,  And  force  him  to  restore  his  purchase 
back.  1697  DRYDBN  Virg,  Georg.  iv.  212  For  ev'ry  Bloom 
his  Trees  in  Spring  afford,  An  Autumn  Apple  was  by  tale 
restored.  1738  WKSLEY  Hymns,  Father  of  Mercies  ii,  Their 
Alms  in  Blessings  on  their  Head  A  thousand-fold  restore. 
1765  BLACKS  TON  F:  Coinm.  I.  56  The  law..  will  make  Gaius 
restore  the  possession  to  Titius.  iBzi  SHELLEY  Adonais  iii, 
Dream  not  that  the  amorous  Deep  Will  yet  restore  him  to 
the  vital  air.  1841  ELPHINSTOSE  Hist.  Ind.  II.  577  To 
restore  all  the  forts  in  his  possession  within  that  tract.  1884 
F.  TEMPLE  Relat.  Relig.  $  Sci.  iv.  (1885)  121  The  doctrine 
of  Evolution  restores  to  the  science  of  Nature  the  unity 
which  we  should  expect  in  the  creation  of  God. 

afool.  c  1440  Jacob*  s  Well  66  Had  I  restoryd,  as  J?ou 
taw^tyst  me,  I  had  be  sanyd  to  ioye.  1611  BIBLE  Isa.  xlii. 
22  They  are  for  a  praye,  &  none  deliuereth;  for  a  spoile, 
and  none  saith,  Restore. 

2.  To  make  amends  for  ;  to  compensatej  to  make 
good  (loss  or  damage).     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

13..  A".  Alts.  7909  Y  geve.  .everiche  knyght  a  thousand 
pound,  or  more,  Youre  harmes  to  restore,  a  1340  HAMTOLE 
Psalter  cxlvi.  2  Restorand  wib  bairn  be  fallynge  of  aungels. 
1390  COWER  Con/.  II.  186  Bot  Crist  restorelh  thilke  lost, 
And  boglite  it  with  his  fieissh  and  blod.  c  1460  PlaySacram. 
963  Now  wylle  we  walke  by  Centre  &.  cost  owr  wyckyd 
lyuyng  for  to  restore.  1463  in  Somerset  Med.  Wills  (1901) 
198  Item,  that  my  dettes..or  wronges  dieuly  proued  be 
restored  as  may  be  moost  to  the  helth  of  my  soule.  a  1533 
LD.  BERNERS  Huon  ly.  185  Thou  to  restore  all  ye  domages 
that  thou  hast  done  him.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist. 
Scotl.  I.  123  His  maister  receiueng  the  slane  beist,  sal  restore 
the  skaith  to  his  nychtbour.  1643  FULLER  Holy  fy  Prof.  St. 
in.  viii.  170  Time  may  restore  some  losses. 

b.  To  set  right,  repair  (decay,  etc.\  rare. 

1567  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  iii.  in  Restoir  againe  ?our 


foule  polluted  fame,  a  1586  SIDNEY  Ps.  xxvu.  ix,  Though 
fathers  care  ..  Abandon'd  me,  yet  my  decay  Should  be 
restor'd  by  hym  above.  1657  G.  STARKEV  tr.  Helmont's 


Vindic,  To  Rdr.,  Yet  so  in  no  long  time  may  the  Disease  be 
restored,  1820  SHELLEY  Witch  Atl.  Ixx,  On  the  night  when 
they  were  buried,  she  Restored  the  embalmers1  ruining. 

3.  To  build  up  again  ;  to  re-erect  or  reconstruct. 
Now  spec,  to  repair  and  alter  (a  building)  so  as  to 
bring  it  as  nearly  as  possible  to  its  original  form. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  6508  [He]  restorede  abbeis,  bat 
destrued  were  biuore.  (,-1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xi.  42 
Adrian,  .reparailed  be  citee  of  lerusalem  and  restored  J?e 
temple  and  made  it  new  agayne. 

1611  BIBLE  Dan.  ix.  25  The  commandement  to  restore  and 
to  build  lerusalem.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xn.  3  Heer  the 
Archangel  paus'd  Betwixt  the  world  destroyed  and  world 
restor'd.  1776  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.  xx.  I.  539  His  liberality 
restored  and  enriched  the  temples  of  the  gods.  1820  Miss 
MITFORD  in  L' Estrange  Li/£(iBjo)  II.  v.  115  At  Winchester, 
where  they  are  restoring  the  cathedral. 

absol.  1861  Ecclesiologist  XXII.  311,  I  could  multiply 
instances  in  which  the  French  are  restoring  when  they  ought 
to  be  preserving. 

b.  To  bring  back  to  the  original  state ;  to  im 
prove,  repair,  or  retouch  (a  thing)  so  as  to  bring 
it  back  to  its  original  condition. 

.1679  EVELYN  Cider  in  Sylva  409  To  restore  decay'd 
Liquor  ;  if  flat,  and  vappld  from  a  too  free  admission  of  Air. 
1764  FOOTE  Mayor  ofG.  i,  As  soon  as  my  dress  is  restored. 
1823  J.  BADCOCK  Dom.Amutgm.  154  M.  Thenard,  of  Paris, 
succeeded  lately  in  restoring  a  picture  of  Raphael  d'Urbino. 
1861  DuTToN-CopK  Paul  Fosters  Daughter  i,  Imagine, 
please,  that  the  picture  has  been  'restored*. 

c.  To   reproduce  or  represent  (something   an 
cient,  an  extinct  animal,  etc.)  in  its  original  form. 

1771  Charact.  in  Ann.  Reg.  260/2  Mr.  Berenger's  account 
of  tnis  machine,  has,  to  use  the  language  of  the  virtuosi, 
restored  a  piece  of  antiquity.  1836  BUCKLANDC?^/.  <$•  Min. 
I.  204  The.. discovery  of  skeletons,  such  as  he  had  con- 
jecturally  restored  from  insulated  bones. 

4.  a.  To  replace  (mankind)  in  a  state  of  grace ; 
to  free  from  the  effects  of  sin. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  1596  Wit  his  grace.  .}>at  he  suld  restore 
man-kind  with.  Ibid.  19112  Be  his  fader  silt  he  sal,  Til  he 
restord  haf  us  all.  c  14x0  HOCCLEVE  Mother  of  God  87 
By  thee  the  world  restored  is  pardee.  1552  Bk.  Com. 
Prayer,  Gen.  Confession,  Restore  thou  them  that  be  penitent. 
1567  Gnde  $  Godlie  B.  (S.T.S.)  17  We  suld  to  God,  giue 
pryse  and  gloir,  That  sched  his  blude  vs  to  restoir.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  in.  288  In  thee  As  from  a  second  root  shall 
be  restor'd,  As  many  as  are  restor'd.  a  1716  SOUTH  Serin. 
(1842)  III.  Ixiv.  431  It  ought  to  be  owned  for  an  eminent 
act  of  grace  to  restore  one  actually  fallen. 

absol.  1903  A.  MACLAREN  Last  Leaves  90  We  may  be  the 
stronger  for  our  sins,  not  because  sin  strengthens,  ..  but 
because  God  restores. 

b.  To   reinstate   or   replace    (a   person)   in    a 
former  office,  dignity,  or  estate. 

To  restore  in  blood:  see  BLOOD  sb.  13. 

c  1450  St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  5309  Of  bair  bischop,  bat 
lange  whyle  had  bene  fra  his  kirke  exile,  pai  herde  he  was 
restorde.  1503  Rolls  of  Parlt,  VI.  526/1  To  haue  the  said 
Attayndours  reversed,  and  the  same  persones  so  attaynted,  to 


RESTORE. 

be  seuerally  restored.  1530  PALSGR.  689/1  His  processewas 
almoste  lost,  but  he  is  restored  agayne.  1594  PARSONS 
Confer.  Success  n.  vii.  145  As  we  see  that  many  houses 
attainted  are  restored  daylie  in  blood,  without  restorement 
of  their  titles  and  dignities.  1656  WALLEH  Panegyr.  Crom 
well  82  Less  pleasure  take  brave  minds  in  battels  won,  Than 
in  restoring  such  as  are  undone.  1817  W.  SELWYN  Law 
Nisi  /*n"wj(ed.  4)  II.  1017  The  court  refused  a  mandamus 
to  restore  a  minister  of  an  endowed  dissenting  meeting 
house.  1851  HUSSEY  Pa^al  Po-t-cr  i.  4:  Zozimus,  as  it 
seems,  restored  Apiar'ms. 

c.  To    bring   (a   person   or  part  of  the  body) 
back  to  a  healthy  or  vigorous  sLnte.     Also  reft. 

'  '375  $c-  L?g-  Saints  Prol.  118  pai  fc>at  tynt  had  u-ittis 
fyfft,  pai  re^toryt  bainc  allswa.  1382  WYCLIF  Mark  viii. 
25  He  big;m  for  to  M:,  and  he  is  restorid,  so  that  he  sy^ 
clerely  alle  thingis.  c  1430  LYDG.  I\lin.  Pofins  (Percy  Soc.) 
133,  I  will,  .seclie  for  my  food  no  more,  Ne  for  vitaile  me  to 
restore.  (11440  Alph.  Tales  l.xxxi.  64  pis  aungell  tuchyd 
his  fute,  &.  it  was  restorid  agayn.  1530  PALSGR.  689/1  The 
man  is  brought  very  lo\ve,  he  had  nedc  to  restore  hym 
ag.iyne.  1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well  11.  iii.  154  That  you  are 
well  restor'd  my  Lord,  I'nie  glad.  1632  j.  HAYVVARD  tr. 
Biondis  Erotnettei  128  Having  restored  me  with  fresh  egges, 
and  anointed  my  feete  and  legges.  1729  T.  COOKE  Tnlcs, 
etc.  31  Soon  a.s  the  Maid  was  from  her  Wound  restor'd,  Her 
all  she  yielded  tu  her  plighted  Lord.  1807  WORHSW.  White 
Doe  vii.  158  There  may  Emily  restore  Herself,  in  spots 
unseen  before.  1838  DICKKNS  O.  Twist  xxxii,  The  quiet 
place,  the  pure  air.. will  restore  you  in  a  few  days.  1871 
\\.  TAYLOR  J-'atist  (1875)  II.  i.  i.  4  Thou  art  whole;  let  faith 
restore  thee  ! 

absol.  1694  SALMON  Bate's  Dispcns.  (1713)  269/1  Ii 
admirably  re^toies  in  Consumptions,  and  eases  Pains  in  any 
Part  of  the  Body,  whether  inward  or  outward. 

d.  To  bring  back  to  mental  calm.  Now  rare. 
1582  N.  LICHEI-IELD  tr.  CastanhedasConq.  E.  hid.  i.  Ixxix. 

163  The  king,  .remained  so  ill  contented,  that,  .for  a  good 
while  after,  he  could  not  restore  himself.  1617  MORYSON 
/tin.  i.  159,  I  was  much  astonished  at  this  accident,  till  I 
was  restored  by  vnderstanding  this  happie  euent.  1697 
DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  \\.  671  Th1  unhappy  Husband  .. 
sought,  his  mournful  Mind  with  Musick  to  restore.  1697 
—  Past.  vii.  5^  Come  charm  thy  Shepherd,  and  restore  my 
Soul.  1867  M.  ARNOLD  Swit set-land ^  Ah  !  calm  me,  restore 
me  ;  And  dry  up  my  tears. 

5.  To  renew ;  to  set  up  or  bring  into  existence 
again  ;  to  re-establish,  bring  back  into  use,  etc. 

a  1300  Cursor  !\I.  1658  Wit  bine  oxspring..i  haue  mynt 
Restore  ^e  werld  bat  sal  be  tint.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  XL 
253  After  that  bitter  barke.  .Is  a  kirnelle  of  conforte,  kynde 
to  restore.  1:1400  Destr.  Troy  5885  The  cuntre-men. . 
restoret  the  slitlie  fight  stuernly  agayn.  ('1450  HOLLAND 
Jiowlat  658  The  stern  Kmpriouris  style  thus  staitly  restord 
is.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasni.  Par.  Luke  162  The  same  bodye 
to  bee  restored  again  by  the  power  of  god  at  the  resurrection. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidane"s  Comiit.  13  b,  He  restored  Thempire 
that  was  ful  weak.  1611  BIBLE  2  Kings  xiv.  25  Hee  restored 
the  coast  of  Israel,  from  the  entring  of  Hamath,  vnto  the 
sea  of  the  plaine.  1672-5  COMBER  Comp.  Temple  (1702)  148 
With  this.. the  true  Reformed  Religion  of  tne  Church  of 
England  was  restored.  1718  Free-thinker  No.  90.  249  Being 
wearied  with  Change,. .  They  restored  the  Ancient  Form. 
1781  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.  xxvii.  (1787)  III.  68  The  loss  of 
armies,  .ineffectually  solicited  the  successors  of  Gratian  to 
restore  the  helmets  and  cuirasses  of  the  infantry.  1820 
IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  I.  83  It  was  with  great  difficulty  that  the 
self-important  man  in  the  cocked  hat  restored  order.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ii.  I.  176  To  bring  in  a  bill,  which. . 
should  restore  the  Star  Chamber  and  the  High  Commission. 
b.  re/I.  To  return  to  the  original  position. 

1656  tr.  Hobbes'  Elem.  Philos.  (1839)  2I1  A  body. .is  said 
to  restore  itself,  when. .the  parts  which  were  moved  do.. 
return  every  one  into  its  own  place,  a  1774  GOLDSM.  Swrv. 
E*p.  Philos.  (1776)  II.  87  Some  have  compared  the  air  to 
watch  springs  or  hoops,  which  coiled  up  by  pressure,  restore 
themselves  again.  1835  LYELL /'r/wr.  Geol.  (ed.  4)  u,  xix.  II. 
380  The  part  of  the  earth  that  is  first  raised,  being  bent  from  its 
natural  form,  will  endeavour  to  restore  itself  by  its  elasticity. 
C.  To  replace  or  insert  (words  or  letters  which 
are  missing  or  illegible  in  a  text). 

1855  C.  BADHAM  Plato's  Philebus  27  note,  It  is  so  probable 
that  o-jj  was  lost  in  consequence  of  its  nearness  to  Vf,  and  it 
seems  so  necessary  for  the  sense,  that  I  have  restored  it  con 
jectural  ly. 

6.  To  bring  back  (a  person  or  thing")  to  a  pre 
vious,  original,  or  normal  condition. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  cl.  i,  He  restorid  J»aim  til  his 
ymage.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  254  The  colour,  which  erst 
was  pale,  To  Beaute  thanne  was  restored,  c  1440  LYDG. 
Hors,  Shepe  $  G.  389  It..Dede  synnewis  restorith  a-geyn 
to  live.  1515  BARCLAY  Egloges  iii.  (1570)  Cjb/2  Then  his 
olde  fauour  did  them  agayne  restore  To  greater  pleasour. 
a  1548  HALL  Chron. ^  Hen.  t^ff,  34  b,  In  conclusion,,  .the 
kynge.. restored  them  to  their  libertie.  1624  USSHER  in 
Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden)  131  When  it  shall  please  God  to 
restore  me  to  my  health.  1686  tr.  Chardin's  Trav.  Persia 
130  My  Comrade,  whom  I  found  restoring  to  order  the  con 
fusion  which  those  Robbers  had  made.  1727-38  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.\.  Revivification,  Resuscitation,  in  chemistry, [is]  the 
art  of  restoring  a  mixed  body  to  its  first  state.  1771  Encycl. 
Brit.  II.  479/1  It  will  not  be  at  rest.. till  it  be  restored  to 
its  original  equality.  1822  SHELLEY  tr.  Calderon's  Mag. 
Prodig.  i.  239  Thou  canst  not  Restore  it  to  the  slumber  of 
the  scabbard.  1840  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  xlvi,  He.. en 
deavoured,  by  such  simple  means  as  occurred  to  him,  to 
restore  her  to  herself.  1882  Med.  Tcrnf.  Jrnl.  L.  79  The 
application  of  faradic  electricity  quickly  restored  the  patient 
to  consciousness, 

absol.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars. T.  F  238  Contncion.. restorith 
to  alle  goodes  espiritueles. 

b.  To  grant  to  or  obtain  for  (a  person)  rein 
statement  to  former  rank,  office,  or  possessions. 

a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Hnon  Ixxxi.  251  It  is  reason  that 
Huon  DC  restoryd  to  all  his  londes.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanc1* 
Connn.  19  b,  [He]  restored  the  Cardinals  to  theyr  former 
dignitie.  1600  J.  PORY  tr.  Lto's  A/rica\.  239  By  the  Kings 

70 


RE-STORE. 

aide  he  was  restored  to  his  former  gouernment.  1671 
MILTON  P.  R.  ill.  381  These  if  from  servitude  thou  shall  re- 
storTro  thir  inheritance.  ,77«  GIBBON  Decl.  «F.  *«.  I. 
540  The  innocent  were  restored  to  their  rank  and  fortune*. 
,849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ii.  I.  .76  The  Bishops  were 
restored  to  their  seats  in  the  Upper  House.  1877  FROUDI, 
Start  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  I.  ix.  93  By  the  terms  of  the  peace  . 
the  archbishop  was  to  be  restored  to  his  estates  and  dignity. 
c.  To  take  or  put  back  into,  to  convey  or  hand 
back  to,  a  place. 

c  1450  HOLLAND  Hmolat  53=  Thai  maid  it  hame  be  restord 
In  to  Scotland.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  93  »,  1  h 
drone  bees  desyre  to  be  restored  into  the  hyve.  1703 
MAUNDRELL  Jour*.  Jews.  (1732)  145  We  were  «?tor  d  aM 
in  safety  to  our  respective  Habitations.  1860  TENNYSON 
Tithonus  72  Release  me,  and  restore  me  to  the  ground. 

t  7.  To  recompense  or  compensate  (a  person). 
Const,  o/the  damage  or  wrong.   Obs.  rare. 


554 

t  BestO'rity.    Obs.    Also    5    restorete,  6 
-ytee.     [var.   of  RESTORATIVE.]     A   restorative. 


1 8.  To  store ;  to  stock  (again).    Obs.  rare. 

c  iwo  Will.  P.ilcrne  2846  A  park  as  it  were,  bat  whilom 
wib  wilde  bestes  was  wel  restored,  c  1400  Laud  fray  bk. 
14574  Euery  man  his  tentis  restons  Off  mete  &  drynke  & 
other  store,  Wel  better  than  thei  were  ore. 

1 9.  intr.  To  recover,  revive.   Obs. 

r  1400  Deslr.  Troy  10399  His  strenkith  restons  stithly 
agayn,  And  he  fore  to  be  fight  with  a  fell  wyll.    c  1550  hi 
D.  LYNDESAY  (MS.),  Scho..garris  the  blude  skayle  vpone 
hir  birdis,  quhairthrow  thai  restoir  and  turms  to  lyf  agane. 

Hence  Kesto-red  ///.  a. 

1806  SURK  Winter  in  Land.  II.  257  The  first  sounds  that 
strike  upon  restored  reason.  1836  BUCKLAND  Geol.  f,  Mm.  . 
II  ig  Four  species  of  fossil  animals,  whose  restored  figures 
are  given  in  the  last  Plate.  1845  S.  AUSTIN  Ranke  s  Hist. 
Kef.  III.  359  The  restored  unity  of  Latin  Christendom. 
1855  MACAULAY//*/.  Eng.  xvi.  III.  701  A  grateful  affection 
such  as  the  restored  Jews  had  felt  for  the  heathen  Cyrus. 

Re-stcyre,  v.    [RE- 5  a.]     To  store  again. 

1828  32  in  WEBSTER. 

t  Restorement.  Obs.  [a. OF.  restorement -. 
see  RESTORE  v .  and  -MENT.]  The  act  of  restoring ; 
restoration,  restitution. 

13..  St.  Erkenwolde  280  i 
272  Sayme  of  bi  soule.  .Am 
hyr  oure  lorde.  1440  Wars  Eng.  in  France  (Rolls)  1 1  448 
He  gate  hym  a  restorement  therof  for  the  loone  ot  a  litel 
parcell.  c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  ccx.  heading,  Of  the 
restorement  of  ryght  heyres  to  the  Crowne.  1523  Lu. 
BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  cxlvii.  176  They  had  no  restorement  o: 
the  frenche  Kyng,  for  whose  sake  they  lost  all.  IS7' 
GOLDING  Calvin  on  Ps.  xviii.  19  From  whence  came  so 
soodein  restorement  from  Death  to  lyfe.  1613-18  DANIEL 


13    Ihis  pi 

dominion  of  all  things  lost  in  Adam. 

Restorer  (rfcto»Toi).  [f.  RESTORE  v.  +  -ER. 
Cf.  OF.  restoriere,  restoreor,  etc.]  One  who  re 
stores  or  re-establishes. 

1313  LD.  BURNERS  Fniss.  I.  Ixxii.  38  b,  Se  here  my  lytell 
chylde,  who  shalbe,  by  the  grace  of  god,  his  restorer.  1545 
JOVE  Exp.  Dan.  vi.  82  b,  The  prophecies  that  went  vpon 
him.  .to  be  the  restorer  of  his  people.  Cl6li  CHAPMAN  Iliad 
Pref.  p.  Ixix,  God . .  be  his  honorable  family's  speedy  and 
full  restorer.  1651  HOBBES  Lcviath.  in.  xxxiii.  204  Of 
which  line  was  to  spring  the  restorer  of  the  Kingdome  of 
God.  1731  BERKELEY  Alciphr.  v.  §  25  A  greater  and  more 
renowned  patron  and  restorer  of  elegant  studies.  1776 
GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  xi.  I.  287  Diocletian  and  his  colleagues 
..deserved  the  glorious  title  of  Restorers  of  the  Roman 
world.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  v.  I.  579  The  son  and 
heir  of  George  Monk,  the  restorer  of  the  Stuarts.  1886 
Encycl.  Brit.  XXI.  544/1  As  a  'restorer'  of  ancient  build 
ings  he  was  guilty  of.. the  most  irreparable  destruction. 

So  RestOTess,  a  female  restorer.  rare~l. 

1863  PUSEY  Truth  Eng.  Ch,  158  [Mary]  is  rightly  called 
Redemptress,  Restoress,..and  Cause  of  our  Salvation. 

Restorete,  variant  of  RESTORITY,  Obs. 

Restoring  (rfstoo-rirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RESTORED. 
+  -ING  I.]  The  action  of  the  vb. ;  restoration. 

a  1350  St.  Nicholas  441  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881) 
16  Trowand  so.. Of  his  gudes  to  haue  restoring.  1382 
WYCLIF  Pro/,  to  i  Sam.,  The  restorynge  of  the  temple 
vndur  Zorobabel.  c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirnrg.  48  per  schal 
be  maad  a  maner  of  restorynge  in  place  of  the  boon  bat  was 
broken.  1538  STARKEY  England  i.  iv.  142  To-morow,  when 
we  schal  speke  of  the  restoryng  of  thes  fautys  rehersyd 
before.  1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay  xxxii.  (1592)  522  And 
what  is  the  restoring  of  sight,  but  the  restoring  of  a  sub 
stance?  1617  HIERON  Whs.  II.  63  There  hee  doth  desire 
the  restoring  thereof.  Restoring  is  properly  the  rendring 
backe  of  a  thing  lost.  1662  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacrx  n.  vi. 
§  13  Abimelechs  restoring  of  Sarah  was  the  ground  why  the 
sentence.. was  not  executed  upon  him.  1748  Anson's  Voy. 

III.  ix.  393  A  walk  upon  the  land  would  contribute  greatly 
to  the  restoring  of  his  health.    1861  TRENCH  Comm.  Ep. 
Churches  Asia  60  A  restoring  of  harmony  between   the 
sinner  and  the  outraged  law  of  God.     1893  F.  F.  MOORE 
I  forbid  Banns  (1899)  108  The  building  had  not  been  sub 
jected  to  that  system  of  spoliation  known  as  '  restoring '. 

attrib.  1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xvn.  ii.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
bouje  he  here  manye  bowes  in  be  restoringe  tyme,  jitte  he 
beret>  but  litel  frute. 

Restoring,  ppl.  a.  [-ING  2.]   That  restores. 

1661  BOYLE  Style  of  Script,  49  By  him,  who. .is  pleased  to 
make  restoring  grace  operate.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg. 

IV.  399  Boil  this  restoring  Root  in  gen'rous  Wine,     c  1715 
DUNTON  (title),  Frank  Scammony,  or  the  Restoring  Clergy 
Detected.     1818  KEATS  Endym.  MI.  644,  I.. next  tell  How 
a  restoring  chance  came  down  to  quel!  One  half  of  the 
witch  in  me.      1904  Black™.  Mag.  Apr.  575/1    He   is  as 
violent  an  iconoclast  as  a  '  restoring '  architect. 


.ur.,  i  lie   ijic  wi    u  -  o        p  oti 

jmfort,  as  his  death  was  an  vlcer  or  wound  of  sorrow.  1586 
B.  YOUNG  Guazzo'sCiv.  Conv.  IV.  219  b,  In  y«  meane  while 
Hue  &  vse  this  good  hope  as  a  restoritie  for  you  1590 
T.  DAWSON  Good  Huswifes  Jewell  n.  48  The  stilling  of 
a  capon,  a  great  restority. 

b.  Without  article,  chiefly  predicative. 
IS53  Rfspublica.  889  Nowe  lett  vs  sing,  yf  ytt  please 
Authoiitee,  to  refreshe  oure  spirttes,  yt  ys  restorytee.  1563 
CALFHILL  A  nnu.  Marliall  iv.  94  b,  Such  a  drug,  as  I  would 
wysh  no  worse  for  my  Lords  own  holinesse, .  .for  doubtlesse 
it  is  restoritie  to  such,  a  1612  HARINGTON _  Epigr.  n. 
Ixxxviii  A  lie,  well  told  to  some,  tastes  ill  restoritie.  1620-0 
QUARLES  Feast  for  Wormes  1759  These  precious  vyands 
are  Restoritie,  Eate  then,  a  1644  -  Virg.  Widow  ill.  I, 
D'ye  want  Restority !  Are  the  plummets  of  your  soule 
downe  ? 

Restour,  obs.  form  of  RESTORE  v. 

Restow  (n-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]     To  stow  again. 

1834  MARRYAT  P.  Simple  (1863)  112  We  had  refitted  the 
rigging  fore  and  aft,  restowed  and  cleaned  the  hold,  and 
painted  outside.  1840  —  Poor  Jack  xxii,  We  were  busy 
restowing  the  upper  tier  of  the  cargo.  187*  Daily  News 
19  Jan.,  [He]  told  Captain  Thrupp  to  report  to  him  when 
ship  was  restowed. 

Hence  Restowing  vbl.  sb. ;  also  Bestowal. 

1882  CLARK  RUSSELL  My  Shipmate  Louise  xiv,  [He]  got 
on  the  deck  alongside  of  me  to  superintend  the  reslowal  of 
the  broken-out  goods.  1894  Outing  XXIV.  35  The  re- 
stowing  of  the  ballast  had  been  a  tedious  job. 

t  Restrai-n,  sb.  Obs.    [f.  the  verb.]    Restraint. 

c  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  HI.  xvii.  394  Therfore  thei  mowe  not 
eny  punysching  or  eny  restreyne  sette  to  preestis  or  clerkis. 
1601  .Vary  Magd.  Lament.  Concl.  (Grosart)  139  1  hough 
Thou  did  forbid,  'twas  no  restraine.  1643  HERLE  Answ. 
Feme  18  The  King  is  able  to  doe  Justice,  .without  restraine. 
1677  Hatton  Corr.  (Camden)  146  It  looked  as  if  they  were 
guilty  of  confederacy  for  w<"  they  were  under  soe  close  a 
restraine, 

Restrain  (rfttrflii),  v.  Forms :  4-7  re 
streyne,  4-5  restreyn,  4-6  restreigne,  4-7 
restreign;  5  restren  (5-6  Sc.  restren;;e),  6 
restrean;  4-7  restrayne,  5-7  restrayu  [6  re- 
straygne),  5  restrane,  5-6  restraine,  6-  re 
strain,  [a. 'OF.  restrei(g]n-,  restrai(g)n-,  stem 
of  restreindre,  restraindre  (cf.  Prov.  reslrenher, 
Sp.  restreiiir,  It.  ristrignere) :— L.  reslringere  :  see 
RESTRINGE  z».] 

I.  trans.  To  check,  hold  back,  or  prevent  (a  per 
son  or  thing)  from  some  course  of  action,     f  Also 
const,  of,  and  with  infin. 

£1340  HAM  POLE  Prase  Tr.-/  Mare,  .thane  to  restreyne  me 
fra  all  thoghtes  bat  I  knewe  agaynes  Goddes  will,  c  1374 
CHAUCER  Troylus  IV.  872  For  which  Pandare  myght  not 
restreyne  The  terys  from  hise  eyen  for  to  reyne.  c  1386  — 
Mflib.  P  46  Ther  ben  ful  manye  thynges  that  shul  restreyne 
yow  of  vengeance  takynge.  14x3  Pilgr.  Sozule  (Caxton  1483) 
iv.  xx.  66  How  may  ye  now  fro  wepynge  you  restreyne? 
1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  a  viij,  Fastyng.  .restreyneth  the 
flessh  from  euylle  dcsyres.  1577  B.  GOOGE  Heresbach's 
Husb.  n.  (1586)  55  b,  The  sweeter  also  they  will  be,  the 
more  you  restrain  the  stalke  from  shooting  vp.  1599 
HAKLUYT  Voy.  II.  II.  98  Certaine  of  the  common  people 
were  restrained  from  false  superstition.  1617  MORYSON 
/tin.  I.  171,  1 ..  restrained  my  curiositie  from  attempting  to 
view  this  Castle.  1729  BUTLER  Serm.  Wk*.  1874  II.  9  This 
faculty  tends  to  restrain  men  from  doing  mischief  to  each 
other.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  ty  F.  I.  V.  245  The  weakness  of 
their  Arabian  brethren  had  restrained  them  from  opposing 
his  ambition.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  I.  147  The  Court 
of  Chancery  will  also  restrain  a  tenant  for  life,  .from  cutting 
down  timber.  1880  L.  STEPHEN  Pope  iii.  77  This  independ 
ence  did  not  restrain  him  from  writing  poetry. 

absol.  c  1400  Rom.  Rose  4955  But  Eelde  gan  ageyn 
restreyne  From  sich  foly,  and  refreyne. 

b.  Without  const.  To  keep  (one)  in  check  or 
under  control.  Freq.  reft. 

1390 GOWER  Conf.  III.  273, 1  mai  miselve  noght  restreigne, 
That  I  namevere  in  loves  peine.  1424  A  cts  Part.  Scot.  (1814) 

II.  7/2  He  sajl.  .do  his  besines  to  restren^e  sic  Irespassouns 
and  mis-doaris.  c  1440  Alph.  Tales  253  Vnnethis  his  felows 
myght  restren  hym  to  spare  it.    1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot. 
II.  102  Without.. that  oure  wnworlhines  Restren^e  ws,  we 
ma..Baith  land  and  law,  and  libertie  agane. .reskew.    1591 
SPENSER  M.  Hubberd  1073  Hardly.. were  they  restrayned 
so,  Till  that  the  Foxe  [etc.].    1663  COWLEY  Ess.,  Liberty, 
If  1  want  skill  or  force  to  restrain  the  Beast  that  I  ride 
upon.     1678  BUNYAN  Pilgr.  Progr.  (ed.  2)  2  In  this  plight 
therefore,  he  went  home,  and  restrained  himself  as  long  as 
he  could.      1715  DE  FOE  Fam.  Instruct.  \.  iii.  (1841)  I.  63 
Because  I  have  not  restrained  them  and  showed  them  their 
duty.    1827  SOUTHEY  Hist.  Penins.  War  II.  67  The  officers 
made  not  _the  slightest  attempt  at  restraining  the  wretches 
und_er  their  command.   1877  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV. 
I.  vii.  82  Alexander  told  him  that,  unless  peace  was  made, 
he  could  not  restrain  the  archbishop  longer. 

absol.  ijyt  POPE  Ess.  Man  II.  54  Two  Principles  in  human 
nature  reign  ;  Self-love,  to  urge,  and  Reason,  to  restrain. 
1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  xxxiy.  His  praise  and  notice  were 
more  restraining  than  his  indifference. 

C.  To  place  under  arrest  (f  or  embargo)  or  in 
confinement ;  to  deprive  of  personal  liberty  or  free 
dom  of  action  (cf.  RESTRAINT  sb.  2  c,  2  d)  ;  also,  to 
shut  in  by  material  barriers. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vii.  (1542)  699  This  yere  corn  was 
verie  dere,  &  had  ben  dearer  if  marchauntes  of  y«  styliarue 
had  not  been,  &  Dutche  shippes  restrined.      a  1548  HALL 
!    Chron.,  Hen.  VIII,  172  b,  [She)  caused  all  the  Englishe- 


RESTRAIN. 

men  and  their  goodes  and  shippes  to  be  restrained.  1587 
GOLDING  De  Mornay  \.  (1592)  10  Nature  and  conscience 
(which  thev  would  haue  restreaned  and  imprisoned).  1620- 
55  I.  Jon  Stone-Heng  (1725)  8  They  thought  it  not  fit 
tc>  restrain  their  Deities  within  compacted  Walls.  1703 
MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  243  As  the  Moderns  restrain  Water, 
and  contain  it,  so  the  Antients,  this  liquid  Mettal.  1708 
T  CHAMBERLAYNE  St.  Gt.  Brit.  I.  HI.  iv.  (1710)  194  No 
Freeman  of  England  ought  to  be  impnson'd,  or  olher- 
wise  reslrain'd,  without  Cause  shewn.  1838  Proc.  Lincoln 
Asylum  (1847)  30  Number  of  Patients  Restrained  or  Se 
cluded,  and  of  the  Instances  and  Hours  of  Restraint  or 
Seclusion.  1844  in  State  Lincoln  Asylum  (1846)  18  One  oi 
them  had  been  restrained  for  two  months. 

d.  To  deprive  (one)  of  liberty  by  restraint. 
1530  PALSGS.  689/1  It  is  a  sore  thyng  to  restrayne  a  man 
of  his  libertye.  1583  Exec,  for  Treason  (1675)  10  Yet  was 
he  not  restrained  of  his  liberly.  a  1653  GOUGE  Comm.  Heb. 
xiii  3  At  another  time  we  may  be  bound  and  restrained  of 
liberty.  1785  PALEY  Mar.  Philos.  n.  xi,  The  pain .  .which 
we  occasion  lo  brutes  by  restraining  them  of  their  liberly. 
2.  To  check,  to  put  a  check  or  stop  upon,  to  re 
press,  keep  down  (a  desire,  feeling,  activity,  etc.). 
a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xvii.  43  All  my  vile  desires  bou 
reslreynde  with  vertu  of  luf.  c  1374  CHAUCER  Anel.  S,  Arc. 
iv,  I  ne  can  myneherle  noughl  Restreyne,  That  I  ne  love 
him  alway.  1:1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxv.  116  He  sendez 
his  oste  bider  lo  restreyne  be  malice  of  his  enmys.  ci44o 
Partonope  3306*  Thus  shall  I  my  body  peyne  Merthe  and 
joye  my  herl  resstrayne.  1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  295  He 
Erauely  reslreigned  and  slaied  the  heddie  vndiscrelenesse 
of  ihe  oralours.  1560  DAUS  Ir.  Sleidane's  Comm.  134  Yet 
hathe  God  helherto  reslrayned  ihe  force  and  violence  of 
Sathan.  1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  91  Ganges.. a 
whiles  forbad  them,  reslrayning  eilhers  fury.  1725  DE  FOE 
Voy  round  IVorlii  (1^40)  278  It  would  have  been  impossible 
for  me  to  have  restrained  my  curiosity.  1743  PITT  in 
Almon  Avecd.  I.  v.  124  The  ardour  of  our  British  troops 
was  restrained  by  the  cowardice  of  the  Hanoverian.  1839 
FR.  A.  KEMBLE  Rcsid.  in  Georgia  (1863)  37,  I  could  hardly 
reslrain  my  feelings.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  6.  400 
As  Elizabeth  passed,  .from  suspicion  to  lerror,  she  no  longer 
chose  lo  reslrain  the  bigotry  around  her. 

b.  (a  physical  agent  or  force,  etc.)  Also  absol. 
c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxviii.  (Margaret}  ^  Vertu  It  is 
blud  to  restrenje,  &  flux  of  wame  refrenje.  1390  GOWER 
Conf.  III.  128  The  water  mai  the  fyr  restreigne.  1481 
CAXTON  Myrr.  in.  viii.  149  Somlyme  ihey  reslrayne  his 
heeles,  and  after  they  enlarge  them.  1611  BIBLE  Gen.  vin. 
2  The  windowes  of  heauen  were  slopped,  and  ihe  raine  from 
heauen  was  reslrained.  1706  ADDISON  Rosamond  n.  vi,  O 
Queen,  your  lifted  arm  restrain  !  1848  MILL  Pol.  Econ.  I. 
227  The  necessily  of  reslraining  populalion.  1889  Anthony  s 
Photogr.  Bull.  II.  74  The  solulion  must  be  slrong  in  pyro 
and  well  restrained.  Ibid.  417  If  loo  long  an  exposure  is 
found  to  have  been  given,  restrain  with . .  potassium  bromide. 
3.  To  restrict,  limit,  confine. 

c  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Cause.  2327  For  God  has  restreyned 
bair  powere  pat  bai  [K.  devils]  may  na  man  temple  ne 
greve.  c  14*0  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  1013  He  seyd  he 
wold  nat  reslrayne  hys  lyberle.  <ri46o  FORTESCUE  AM,  Sf 
Lim.  Man.  vi.  (1885)  121  Be  reason  hereoff  he  will  be  more 
reslrayn  his  yeflis  off  ober  off  his  livelod.  Ibid.,  This  may 
in  nolhinge  reslrane  the  Kyngis  pover.  1576  FLEMING 
Panopl.  Efist.  150,  I  restraine  this  accusation  from  being 
universall.  1654  BRAMHALL  Just  Vind.  i.  (1661)  2  Thai 
they  did  use  in  all  ages.  .10  limit  and  restrain  the  exercise 
of  Papal  power.  1699  LUTTRELL  Brief  R  el.  (1857)  IV.  497 
The  bill  for  restraining  the  number  of  officers .silling  in  Ihe 
house  of  commons.  1738  tr.  Guazzo's  A  rl  ofConvers.  136 
The  Denomination  of  Gentry  was  much  more  reslrained  by 
Diogenes.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  n.  x.  237  This  trade.. is  con 
fined  by  very  particular  regulations,  somewhat  analogous 
to  those  by  which  the  trade  of  Ihe  regisler  ships  from  Cadiz 
to  ihe  West-Indies  is  restrained.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2) 
I  IV.  420  Condilions  to  restrain  those  powers,  generally,  were 
void,  as  being  repugnant  to  the  estate  limited. 
b.  Const,  to.  Now  rare. 
1509  FISHER  Funeral  Serm.  Ctess  Richmond  Wks.  (1876 


198  me  tearme  ol  noDiime  amongst  vs,  is  restrained  to  one 
order.  1644  C.  JESSOP  Angel  of  Ephesus  50  When  the  title 
of  Bishop  was  restrained  unto  one  of  the  Presbyters.  1691 
BENTLEY  Boyle  Lect.  ix.  321  The  conditions  of  Salvation 
are  restrain'd  to  those  times  and  countries  only.  1711 
ADDISON  Sfect.  No.  418  r  7  His  Soil  is  not  restrained  to  any 
particular  Sett  of  Plants.  1785  PALEY  Mar.  Philos.  HI. 
t.  xvii,  He  swears  'to  speak  the  whole  truth  .without 
restraining  it,  as  before,  to  the  questions  that  shall  be  asked. 
1846  TRENCH  Mirac.  xxvii.  (1862)  369  The  language  shows 
that  the  rebuke  is  not  restrained  to  him,  but  intended  to 
pass  on  to  many  more. 

1 4.  a.  To  withhold,  to  keep  back,/?w«  one.  Obs. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  1. 108  Sche  wolde  him  nothing  elles  sein 
Bot  of  hir  name.. ;  Alfe  othre  thinges  sche  restreigneth. 
1480  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  59,  [I]  charge  myne  executourez 
that  they  . .  kepe  and  restrayn  from  hym  or  them  there 
legatis  and  byquestis.  1538  STARKEY  England  i.  iv.  102 
Bettur  hyt  ys..to  restreyne  from  the  prynce  such  hye 
authoryte.  1594  WEST  -2nd  Ft.  Symbol.,  Chancerie  §  144 
The  rents,  issues,  and  profiles  therof  [they]  have  wrongfully 
i  restreyned,  perceyved,  and  taken  to  their  owne  use. 

absol.    1433  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  420/2  Yat  the  Tresorer  of 
England.. have  power  and  auctorile  to  restreigne  of  alle 
maner  of  assignementz..to  the  somme  of  MM.  Ii. 
t  b.  To  save,  keep  free.   Obs.—1 

£1430  LYDG.  Minor  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  62  O  welle  of 
swetnes . . ,  That . .  al  oure  joye  fro  langour  didest  restrayne. 
i     f  5.  a.  To  forbid  or  prohibit  (a  thing)  to  one. 

iSz6Pi/fr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  238  b,  In  the  whiche 
-;od  restrayneth  or  forbyddeth  man  ony  thynge.     c  1533  in 

•'.His   Orig.    Lett.   Ser.  n.   II.    53  The   said  blake  rentes 


BE-STBAIN. 


555 


KESTRIAL. 


•  f  b.  To  forbid  or  prohibit  (one)  to  do  something  ; 
to  keep  back/r<?/«  something  desired,    Obs. 

1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch,  Theseus  (1656)  7  Restraining 
all  manner  of  people  to  bear  saile  in  any  vessel  or  bottom. 
1611  BIBLE  Gen.  xvi.  2  Behold  now,  the  Lord  hath  restrained 
me  from  bearing.  1649  in  Def.  Rights  Univ.  Oxford  '(1690) 
7  Restrained  all  bakers  and  brewers..  to  bake  and  brew 
within  the  city  except  [etc.].  1667  MILTON/'.  L.  ix.  868  The 
Serpent  wise,  Or  not  restraind  as  wee,  or  not  obeying,  Hath 
eat'n  of  the  fruit.  1791  MRS.  INCHBALD  Simple  Story  I.  i.  8 
He  still  restrained  him  from  all  authority. 

•  t  6.  a.  To  draw  tightly.   Obs.  rare. 

£1430  Syr  Getter.  (Roxb.)  5817  His  bridel  thoo  he  can 
restreyn.  1596  SHAKS.  Tain.  Shr.  in.  H.  59  A  headstall  of 
sheepes  leather,  which  being  restrain'd  to  keepe  him  from 
stumbling,  hath  been  often  burst. 

fb.  To  confine,  keep  ;  to  bind,  secure.   (9/;j.~*1 
1460-70  Bk.  Quintessence  7  fe  pbilosophore  seij?,  |?at  wiyn 

hath  also  be  propirtee  to  restreyne  in  it  J>e  influence  and 
vertues  of  gold.  1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeaus  Fr.  Chirurg. 
lob/i  Those  vaynes  which  there  doe  rest  ray  ne  that  mem 
brane  fast  vnto  the  sculle. 

fc.  To  compel  or  constrain.   Obs.  rare. 

1621  ELSING  Debates  //<'.  Lords  (Camden)  103  The  Sub- 
jecte  is  restreyned  by  prxmunire  to  receive,  though  the 
Kinge  be  not  restreyned  to  gyve.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist. 
ix.  185  By  antient  custome  no  Vestal  Virgin  or  Flamen  of 
Jupiter  was  restrained  to  swear. 

7.  intr.  a.  To  refrain  {from  something  ;  f  also 
with  infin.).  Now  rare. 

1594  DRAYTON  Idea  337  O,  Why  should  Nature  niggardly    ! 
restraine  !     1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gailleineaits  Fr.  Chintrg.  39/2     j 
We  muste  suffer  it  to  bleede  till  it  of  it  selfe  restraygneth 
and  stoppeth.      1623  MASSINGER  Dk.  Milan  v.  ii,  Thrice     j 
his  desperate  hand  was  on  his  sword,  T'have  killed  them 
both  :  but  he  restrained.  1640  Petit.  Loud,  in  Rushw.  Hist. 
Coll,  (1692)  I.  in.  94  Hence  it  Is  that  the  Prelates  here  in 
England  .  .  have  restrained  to  pray  for  the  Conversion  of  our 
Soveraign  Lady  the  Queen.      1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair    i 
Ix,  It  was  impossible  to  restrain  from  laughter. 
fb.  To  limit  or  confine  oneself.   Obs.~l 

1599  SANDYS  Eurof>&  Spec.  (1632)  15  Not  to  enlarge  In  j 
Moderne  graunts,  but  to  restraine  to  one  Pope  of  renowmed  ! 
fresh  memorie. 

Re-strain  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  strain  again.    \ 

1874  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  fy  Mining  414  The  quick 
silver  collected  in  kettles  outside  the  settler  is  strained 
through  canvas  sacks,  the  amalgam  collected  is.  .re-strained. 

X&estraiuable  (r/str^-nab'l),  a.  [f.  RESTRAIN 
v.  +  -ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  restrained. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  262  Nor  is  the  hand  of  the    i 
Painter  more  restrainable  than  the  pen  of  the  Poet.     1649 
CANSE  Golden  Rule  30  Such  a  power  is  restrainable  and    j 
punishable  by  the  subject.     1837  CARLVLE  Fr.  Rev.  in.  i.  i,     ! 
Mad  movements  both,  restrainable  by  no  known  rule.    1859 
HAWTHORNE  Marb.  Faun  (1878)  II.  i.  10  Never  quite  re- 
strainable  within  the  trammels  of  social  law.     1891   Pall 
Mall  G.  15  Sept.  6/2  That  such  people  should  be  detainable 
and  restrainable  in  such  public  institutions. 

Restrained  (r/str/'-nd  },///.  a.   [f.  as  prec,  + 
-ED  i.]    Checked  ;  repressed  ;  kept  under  control  ;    , 
confined  ;  f  restricted. 

1580  J.  STUBBS  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden)  43  Pray  for     ; 
your  old_  poore  restrained  frend.     1650  JER.  TAYLOR  Holy     \ 
Living  iv.  §  i  (1727)  187  In  a  more  restrained  sense  it  is 
taken  for  that  part  of  duty  which  particularly  relates  to  God.     I 
a  1676  HALE  Print.  Orig.  Man.  (1677)  241,  I  shall  consider    \ 
the  more  restrained  Perswasion  of  the  Learned.     1727-38 
CHAMBERS   Cycl.    s.v.    Restriction^   Arguing   affirmatively 
from   a   non-restrained  to  a  restrained   term.     1791   MRS. 
RADCUFPB  Rom.  Forest  v,  Her  conversation  was  restrained.     ! 
1856  FHOUDE  Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  I.  iv.  343  The  bishop  was 
heard  out  with  hardly  restrained  indignation.     1865  TYLOR     j 
F.arly  Hist.  Man.  ii.  33  The  sober,  restrained  looks  and 
gestures. 

lience  Restrai'uedness. 

1571  GOLDISG  Calvin  on  Ps.  Ixii.  9  A  certeine  peevish 
restrynednesse..casteth  them  at  last  into  despayre.  1853 
TaiCs  Mag.  XX.  388  An  enthusiasm  which  contrasts  with 
the  usual  restrainedness  of  his  style. 

Restrai-nedly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LT  2.]  With 
restraint;  t  restrictedly. 

15?'  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Ps.  xxxvii.  19  Bycause  our  flesh 
woold  streit  fall  to  loocenes,  God  dealeth  more  restryenedly, 
with  us.  1620  T.  GRANGER  Dlv.  Logike  295  Strictly  and 
restrainedly  vsed,  or  largely.  1684  T.  BURNET  The.  Earth, 
n.  164  More  particularly  and  restrainedly,  the  government 
of  Christ  is  opposed  to  the  kingdom.  .of  Antichrist,  a  1703 
BtllKlTT  On  N.  T.  Luke  vi.  30  These  and  the  like  precepts 
of  our  Saviour,  are  not  to  be  taken  strictly,  but  restrainedly. 
1890  Daily  News  4  Oct.  3/1  The  gilt  designs  that  cover  in 
some  cases  exuberantly,  in  others  restrainedly,  the  sides  of 
tKe  volumes. 

Kestrai'ner.    [f.  RESTRAIN  v.  +  -ER.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  restrains. 

1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  940  These  two  persons  were  euer 
res  tray  tiers  and  refrayners  of  the  kinges  wilfull  scope.  1609 
BIBLE  (Douay)  Isa*  ix.  14  The  perverter  and  restrayner. 
1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  45  Wee  must  with  patience 
submit  unto  that  restraint,  and  expect  the  will  of  the  Re- 
strainer.  1711  SHAFTESB.  Charac.  (1737)  I.  25  Even  that 
prince  ..  was  a  great  restrainer  of  persecution.  1760-72 
H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  QuaL  (1809)  III.  34  To  restrain  the 
restrainers  from  injustice.  1816  J.  SCOTT  Vis.  Pan's  (ed.  5) 
84  Those  great  correctors  and  restrainers  of  human  conduct, 
shame  and  remorse.  1844  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  691 
Accompanied  with  a  few  restrainers  of  reins  and  ropes. 
1888  HRYCE  Artier.  Cotmnw.  I.  299  A  jealous  observer  and 
restrainer  of  the  others. 

2.  Photogr.  A  chemical  used  to  retard  the  action 
of  the  developer. 

1878  ABNEY  Pkotogr.  (1881)  in  No  restrainer  such  as 
bromide  is  employed.  1892  Photogr.  Ann.  II.  47  Over- 
doses  of  pyro  act  as  restrainers. 


Restraining,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  *.] 
The  action  of  the  verb,  in  various  senses. 

1398  TRKVISA  Bartk.  De  P.  R.  vn,  xviii.  (Bodl.  MS.\ 
Restreynyng  schal  be  made  aboute  ^e  temples  ..  asens 
rennyng  of  teeres.  a  1400  Minor  Poems  fr.  l-'ernon  MS. 
531  porw  moub  £>ei  passen  wty-outen  restreyning.  c  1450 
Lay-Folks  Mass  Bk.  69  pat  itt  may  be..senchyp  to  ouer 
cnmyse,  gay  [islanding  and  restrenyng  of  bare  power.  150* 
ATKYNSON  tr.  De  hnitatione  \.  xvii,  165  Thou  muste  make 
a  restrayninge  in  many  thynges  of  thyne  owne  wylle.  1596 
SPENSER  State  Irel.  \Vks.  (Globe)  622/2  For  restrayning  of 
a  fowle  abuse,  which  then  raigned  commonly  among  that 
people.  1604  HiERON  Wks.  I.  548  The  yoking  and  hamper- 


I.  56  The  warning,  and  striving,  and  restraining  of  the  Holy 
Ghost  shall  then  be  over. 

Restraining,  ppl.  a.  [-ING  2.]  That  re 
strains  or  checks ;  f  restringent. 

1541  ELYOT  Cast.  Helthe  n.  xxix.  46  Take  hedc..that 
stiptikor  restrainyng  meatesbe  [not]  taken  at  the  beginnyng. 
1659  PEARSON  Creed  (1839)  197  The  ancient  heretics,  who 
would  have  the  restraining  term  only  to  belong,  not  to  the 
Son,  but  to  the  Father.  1678  RYMER  Trag.  last  Age  126 
Amintor  was  ..  endu'd  with  a  restraining  grace,  and  had 
his  hands  ty'd.  1704  TRAPP  Abra-Mulc  n.  i,  It  ne'er  con 
quers  the  restraining  Bounds  Of  Reason.  1765  BLACKSTONK 
Coinm.  I.  87  This  has  occasioned  another  subordinate 
division  of  remedial  acts  of  parliament  with  enlarging  and 
restraining  statutes.  Ibid.,  Let  us  instance  again  in  the 
same  restraining  statute  of  the  13  Kliz.  1890  \V.  J.  GORDON 
Foundry  90  The  directors  of  these  legal  and  restraining  in 
stitutions. 

Hence  Restrai'ningly  adv. 

1863  Not  an  Angel  II.  230  No  less  restraining!}-  his  sted- 
fast  eyes  seemed  to  hold  her.  1890  Universal  Rev.  Aug. 
633  'My  dear  Mary?'  he  said  slowly,  interrogatively, 
restrainingly. 

t  Kestrai'ument.  Obs.  [f.  RESTRAIN-  v.  + 
-MENT.  Cf.  obs.  F.  restrendewent  (Godef.).]  The 
act  of  restraining ;  restraint. 

1579  TOMSON  Calvin's  Serin,  Tint.  145/1  Without  any  re- 
stramement  or  holding  backe.  1607  W.  SCLATER  3  Serin. 
(1629)  ii  Temporall  paines  remaine  as  preuentions,  as  ad 
monitions,  as  restrainments.  1688  Entltus.  Ch.  Rome  40 
From  the  restrainment  of  his  Tears  no  other  effect  could 
follow. 

Restraint  (r/str#'nt),  sb.  Also  5-6  re- 
straynt(e,  6  -strainte ;  5  restreint(e,  -streynt^e. 
[a.  OF.  restrainte  fern,  (also  restraint  masc.), 
verbal  sb.  f.  restraindre  to  RESTRAIN,] 

1.  The  action  of  restraining  or  checking  a  thing, 
operation,  etc.  ;  an  instance  of  this,  a  stoppage. 
Without  restraint^  freely,  copiously. 

c  1400  Coinmandm.  Lore  x.  in  Stows  Chaiiccr  (1561) 
452  b,  There  let  your  pitle  spred  without  restreinte.  1470-85 
MALOKY  Arthur*.  Ixxxvi.  567Thenne  syr  Tristram.,  made 
a  restraynte  of  his  anger.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vi.  cxc.  193 
In  conclucyon  a  restreynt  of  warre  was  graunted.  1561 
HOLLYBUSH  Hoitt.  Apoth.  31  b,  Somtyme  happeneth  a 
restraynt  in  the  small  guttes.  1577  B.  GOOGE  HeresbacKs 
Hush.  iv.  (1586)  190 b,  The  roote  and  the  water  thereof.. is 
good  against  the.  .restraint  of  womens  Purgations.  1617 
MORYSON  I  tin.  i.  240  The  restraint  of  the  money,  not  to  be 
payed  but  vpon  a  testimony  brought  vnder  our  hands,  was 
a  good  caution.  1671  GUMBLE  Life  Monk  12  The  great 
reason  of  God's  restraint  of  his  Blessing  upon  many  of  these 
worthy  Endeavours.  1791  MRS.  RADCHFI-E  Rom.  Forest  ii, 
Her  tears  flowed  silently  and  fast.  That  she  might  indulge 
them  without  restraint,  she  went  [etc.].  1863  H.  Cox  Instit,  i. 
ii.  279  A  bill  for  the  restraint  of  the  Press  was  brought  into 
the  House  of  Commons.  1878  ABNEY  Photogr.  (1881)68,  i  to 
2  drops  of  this  solution  suffices  to  give  sufficient  restraint, 
tb.  A  means  of  retaining,  or  controlling.  Qhs.~~^ 

1693  KESNETT  Par.  Antiq.  Gloss.,  Sera,  a  Lock  or  re 
straint  of  water  on  a  river. 

2.  A  means    of  restraining  or  checking  persons 
from  a  course  of  action,  or  of  keeping  them  under 
control ;  any  force  or  influence  which  has  a  re 
straining  effect ;  an  instance  of  restraining  or  of 
being  restrained. 

1421-2  HOCCLEVE  Dialog  207  A  bettar  restreynte  know  I 
none  fro  vice.  1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  259  There 
was  no  restraint  could  hold  them.  1625  BACON  Ess.,  Mar 
riage  fy  Single  Life,  So  sensible  of  euery  restraint,  as  they 
will  goe  neare,  to  thinke  their  Girdles,  and  Garters,  to  be 
Bonds  and  Shackles.  1672  TEMPLE  Ess.,  Gov.  Wks.  1720 
I.  97  All  Government  is  a  Restraint  upon  Liberty.  1765 
BLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  144  Where  the  laws  of  our  country 
have  laid  them  under  necessary  restraints.  1784  COWPER 
Task  vi.  49  He  could  now  endure, ..And  feel  a  parent's 
presence  no  restraint.  1844  THIRLWALL  Greece  Ixvi.  VIII. 
427  The  insolence  of  Charops  now  began  to  break  through 
every  restraint.  1890  Spectator  n  Jan.,  Subjected  to  the 
strong  restraints  of  officers  in  a  Queen's  ship  at  sea. 

b.  Without  article.     Restraining  action  or  in 
fluence,  as  applied  to  persons. 

Moral  restraint :  see  MORAL  a.  loc. 

1567  Trial  Treas.  (1850)  24  So  sharpe  is  this  snaffell  called 
restrainte  That  it  maketh  me  sweate.  1611  BIBLE  Lev. 
xxiii.  36  It  is  a  solemne  assembly  \marg.  day  of  restraint). 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  HI.  87  Now  Through  all  restraint  broke 
loose  he  wings  his  way.  Ibid.  ix.  1184  Restraint  she  will 
not  brook.  1729  BUTLER  Serrtt.  Wks.  1874  II.  34  Neither  is 
restraint  by  any  means  peculiar  to  one  course  of  life.  1751 
JOHNSON  Rammer  No.  151  fg  To  the  happiness  of  our  first 
years  nothing  more  seems  necessary  than  freedom,  from 
restraint.  1820  SHELLHY  CEd.  Tyr.  i.  74  Moral  restraint 
I  see  has  no  effect.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ii.  I.  179 
Still  less  restraint  was  imposed  by  the  government. 

c.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  restrained  ; 
esp.  abridgement  of  liberty,  confinement. 


I  a  1547.SURREY  in  TotteVs  Misc.  (Arb.)  14  Thus  I  alone.  . 
In  prison  pyne,  with  bondage  and  re.strainte.  1595  SHAKS. 
John  iv.  ii.  52  Th'  infranchisement  of  Arthur,  whose  re 
straint  Doth  moue  the  murmuring  lips  of  discontent  [etc.]. 
1663  BUTI.KR  Htttiwras  \.  iii.  1017  Tis  not  Restraint  or 
Liberty  That  makes  Men  prisoners  or  free.  1676  DRVDKN 
Aureiigz.  in.  i,  Though  Int'rcst  his  Restraint  hns  justify'd 
Can  Life  and  to  a  Brother  be  deny'd?  1701  DE  FOE  Tnteborti 
Eng.  Misc.  v.  21  Restraint  from  III,  is  Freedom  to  the  Wise. 
1766  FORDYCE  Serin.  Yng.  ll'm.  (1767)  II.  xii.  191  Perpetual 
restraint  is  perpetual  wretchedness.  1846  TKENCH  Mirac. 
Introd.  (1862)  17  Continually  we  behold  in  the  world  around 
us  lower  laws  held  jn  restraint  by  higher.  1857  RUSK  IN 
Two  Pjaths  v.  244  You  will  find..  that  it  is  his  Restraint 
which  is  honourable  to  man,  not  his  Liberty. 

d.  spec,  (in  above  senses)  with  reference  to  the 
treatment  of  refractory  lunatics  or  prisoners. 

1829  in  Proc.  Lincoln  Asylum  (1847)  22  The  Governors 
have  particularly  directed  their  views  to  the  subject  of 
Coercion  and  Restraints.  1840  Ibid.  37  Restraint  rapidly 
weakens  and  depresses  the  vital  powers  of  the  unhappy 
victim.  1847  Ibid.  28  note,  Patients  are  frequently  brought 
to  this  Asylum  under  distressing  restraints. 

attrib.  1846  State  Lincoln  Asylum  39  Restraint  Rooms, 
Seclusion  Rooms,  Padded  Rooms  [etc.].  1897  '  E.  L. 
PRI-SCOTT  '  Scarlet  $  Steel  xxxv\\\,  Restraint  jacket.  Made 
of  No.  3  sail  canvas,  doubled  and  quilted  with  Dutch  twine 
in  squares  of  about  four  inches. 

3.  "fa.   A  prohibition.   Obs. 

1463  M,uin.  <y  1/mtseh.  Exp.  (Roxb.)  187  Any  restraynt 
or  ordenaunce  made  to  the  contrary  nat  wythstandyn.^. 
i48z  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  222/2  A  restreint  was  made  th;it 
certain  thyngs  of  Silkewerk  ..  shuld  not  be  brought  into 
this  Reame  redy  wrought.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  \V.  15^1) 
238  b,  The  seuenth  commaundement.  .&  the  last  of  the  x, 
in  maner  also  doubleth  the  restraynt  of  thefte.  1594  PLAT 
Jeivell-ho.  i.  55  To  force  the  sopeboilers  (after  they  had 
procured  a  generall  restrainte)  to  growe  to  composition  with 
them. 

b.  An  embargo.     Usually  restraint  of  princes. 

1480  CAXTON  Chron,  Eng,  ccxlviii.  317  This  same  yere 
was  a  restraynt  of  the  wullys  of  Caleys  made  by  the 
Soudyours.  1622  MALYNES  Anc.  Law-Merck,  i.  xxv.  150 
Arrest,  Restraints  and  Detainements  of  Kings  and  Princes. 
1752  BKAWES  Lex  Mercat.  Kcdiv.  244  Of  Embargoes,  or 
Restraint  of  Princes.  1769  Molloy*s  DC  Jure  Marit.  (ed. 
9)  II.  n.  vii.  §  7.  50  A  Policy  against  Re>traint  of  Princes, 
will  not  extend  to  Practices  against  the  Laws  of  Countries. 
1848  AKNOULD  Marine  Insitr.  II.  in.  i.  788  When  the  fur 
ther  prosecution  of  the  voyage  is  rendered  hopeless.  .by 
blockade,  ..and  the  voyage  is  accordingly  wholly  abandoned, 
that  is  a  loss,  by  restraint  of  princes,  within  the  policy. 

4.  Constraint  ;  reserve. 

1601  SHAKS.  All's  Wellv.  iii.  213  She  knew  her  distance, 
and  did  angle  for  mee,  Madding  my  eagernesse  with  her 
restraint.  1791  GOUVR.  MORRIS  in  Sparks  Life  <$•  Writ. 
(1832)  I.  357,  1  rind  that  there  is  much  restraint  and  etiquette 
here.  1798  FERKIAR  Illustr.  Sterne,  etc.  ii.  41  He  ventured 
to  break  through  his  restraint.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  i.  i.  60 
One  thing,  I  pray  you,  recollect  henceforth,  And  so  we 
shall  comerse  with  less  restraint.  1877'  RITA'  l^ivienne 
i.  ii,  We  are  reconciled  again,  but  there  is  a  restraint 
between  us  now. 

f5.  Restriction  or  limitation.   Obs. 

1594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  in.  xi.  §  6  The  positive  laws 
which  Moses  gave,  they  were  given  for  the  greatest  part 
with  restraint  to  the  land  of  Jewry.  1597  Ibid.  v.  Ixxi.  §  i 
This  restraint  of  Easter  to  a  certaine  number  of  dayes.  1656 
EARL  MONM.  tr,  BoccalinCs  Pol.  Touchstone  (1674)281  The 
Patent  of  his  admission..;  with  a  restraint..  that  [etc.]. 
1746  WESLEY  Princ.  Methodist  33  Before  those  words  which 
you  suppose  to  imply  such  a  Restraint  were  those  spoken 
without  any  Restraint  or  Limitation  at  all. 

t  Restraint,  /£.///£.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  F.  re- 
streintj  f  restraint,  pa.  pple.  of  restreindre  to 
RESTRAIN.]  Restrained,  restricted. 

1444  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  115/2  That  be  this  Act  the 
punischement.  .in  no  wise  be  restreint.  1502  Ord.  Crysten 
Men  (W.  de  W.  1506)  i.  i,  Ye  puyssaunce  of  god  is  not 
restraynt  nor  bounde.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531) 
112  The  nexte  day  this  pyt  or  well  wyll  be  as  full  as  it  was, 
yf  it  be  not  restreynt.  1555  EDEN  Decades  vn.  (Arb.)  127 
The  libertie  of  free  passage  was  restraynt. 

t  Restrai'ntive,  #•    Obs.    [a.  obs.  F.  re- 

straintif,  -ive  :  see  prec.  and  -IVE.]     Restrictive. 

1541  COPLAND  Gnydotfs  Quest.  Chirurg.  1  ij  b,  The  other 
seame  sowyng  hyght  restrayntyfe  of  blode.  1566  WARDE  tr. 
Alexis'  Seer.  in.  i.  28  Annoynt  it  rounde  about  with  some 
restrayntiue  oyntment.  a  1603  T.  CARTWKIGHT  Confut. 
RJtem.  N.  T.  (1618)  623  It  is  not  rightly  compared  with 
Mark  16  and  Acts  2,  which  are  more  restraintiue  to  the 
Apostles  times  and  persons  then  this  is. 

Restrea'm,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  stream  back. 

a  1711  KEN  Hyntnarium  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  8  From 
Bondage  I  my  Love  redeem'd,  And  all  my  Powers  to  God 

re-stream'd. 

Bestre-ngthen  («-),»•    [Rs-  53.]    trans. 

To  strengthen  again,  put  new  strength  into. 

1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.,  Hist.  Scotl.  I.  333/1  Where- 
vpon  he  .  .  dooth  restrengthen  the  towne  and  sleeple  of 
Glascow.  16x1  FLORIO,  Riforzo,  a  re-enforcing  or  restrength- 
ening.  1645  WITHER  Vox  Pacific*  108  They,  strength 
receiving,  from  our  false-ones,  here,  Restrengthen  them. 
1877  Public  Of  in.  j  July  10  The  restrengthening  of  her 

freat   position   as   a    Power  of  Central    Europe.      189* 
TEVENSON  Lett.  (1899)  II.  273  Some  beer..  to  restrengthen 
the  European  heart. 

Restreynje,  obs.  forms  of  RESTRAIN  v. 

t  Restrial,  n.  Her.  Obs.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
Of  a  shield  :  Having  dividing  bands  which  extend 
to  (or  include)  the  point,  the  colour  of  the  latter 
being  that  of  the  field. 

The  varieties  are  described  as  barry,  paly,  and  'sentry*. 

1486  Bk.  St.  Albans,  Her.  bivb,  Here  shall  be  shewed 
what  Cootarmuris  restryal  ben  and  weer  the  blaser  shall 

70-  j 


RESTRICT. 

begyn  to  blase.     Ibitt.,  Thre  cootarmuris  be  ther  called    I 
restryall  in  armys.  1586  FERNK  Bias.  Gentrie  204  There  were    ! 
also  coates  of  Armes,  called  with  olde  Blazonners  Restriall    ! 
or  Rest-triall,  because  if  they  were  touched  or  pressed,  yet 
were  they  able  to  abide  the  triall.     [Similarly  in  Guillim 
(1611)  n.  vii.  73.) 

Restrict  (r/stri-kt),  v.  Also  8-  $e.  restrick. 
ff.  L.  restrict-,  ppl.  stem  (cf.  next)  of  restringfre 
to  RESTRINGE.] 

Designated  by  Johnson  (1755)  as  'a  word  scarce  English  ', 
and  included  by  Dr.  Beattie  among  his  Scotichnts  (1787). 

1.  trans.  To  confine  (some  person  or  thing)  to 
or  within  certain  limits;   to  limit  or  bound. 

1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  3813  Vertepus  men  that  labours  with 
thair  hands,  Resonabill'ie  restrictit  with  sic  bands.  That 
thay  do  service.  1570  FOXE  A.  <y  M.  (ed.  2)  1474/1  Neither 
shoulde  we  haue  any  more  wherwith  to  vexe  them  with 
confessions,  cases  reserued,  restricted,  or  ampliated  for  our 
gayne.  1731  ARHUTHNOT  Aliments  vi.  (1735)  218  In  the 
Enumeration  of  Constitutions.. there  is  not  one  that  can  be 
limited  and  restricted  by  such  a  Distinction.  1776  ADAM 
SMITH  W.  N.  \\\.  ii.  (1904)  I.  430  The  common  law  of  Eng 
land,  .is  said  to  abhor  perpetuities,  and  they  are  accordingly 
more  restricted  there  than  in  any  other  European  monarchy. 
1836  J.  GILBERT  Chr.  Atonem.  viii.  (1852)  224  God  himself 
is  yet  restricted  in  the  exercise  of  his  compassion.  1874 
GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  i.  351  The  power  of  preaching 
was  restricted  by  the  issue  of  licences  only  to  the  friends  of 
the  Primate. 

b.  To  restrain  by  prohibition. 

1835  Penny  Cyd.  III.  381/1  The  act  of  1797,  which 
restricted  the  Bank  from  making  payments  in  gold. 

2.  To  tie  up,  confine  by  tying,  rare—1. 

1824  WIFFEN  Tasso  xvi.  xxiii,  Gathering  up.. Her  hair, 
restricting  each  resplendent  tress. 

3.  To  withhold   or  keep  (a  thing)  front  some 
person's  knowledge.  rare~~*. 

1802  MRS.  E.  PARSONS  Myst.  Visit  I.  38  It  is  a  very  bad 
compliment  paid  to  your  wife,  that  this  secret  business  of 
your's  should  be  restricted  from  her  knowledge. 

Hence  Restrrcting///.  a. 

1848  R.  I.  WILBERFORCE  Doctr.  Incarnation  \\.  (1852)  258 
Such  restricting  conditions  as  at  present  interfere  with  the 
growth  of  the  Church.  1894  IVestm.  Gaz.  17  Sept.  2/3  A 
minimum  of  restricting  conditions  and  the  slenderest  pos 
sible  examination  test. 

t  Restri'Ct,  ///.  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  re- 
strict-its :  see  prec.  So  Sp.  and  Pg.  restricto,  It. 
ristrstto.]  a.  Strict,  b.  Limited.  Also  restrict 
line  (see  quot.  1678). 

11654  GATAKER  Just  Man  224  (Latham),  Men.. in  some 
one  or  two  things  demeaning  themselves  as  exceedingly 
restrict,  but  in  many  others,  or  the  most  things,  as  remisse. 
1678  PHILLIPS  {ed.  4),  Restrict  Line  (in  Chiromancy)  is  that 
which  distinguisheth,  and  separates  the  hand  from  the  arm, 
either  by  a  simple  or  double  transcursion.  1681  H.  MOKE 
Exp.  Dan.  vi.  232  Which  Time  of  the  End  here  has  a  more 
restrict  signification, 

Restri'cted,///.  a.  [f.  RESTRICT  v.+  -EDI.] 

Limited,  confined. 

1830  D'lsRAEL!  C/ias.  /,  III.  v.  77  All  men  of  the  learned 
professions,  who  live  in  one  restricted  circle,  are  liable  to 
suffer.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  II.  xxviii.  282  The  men's 
strength  was  waning  under  this  restricted  diet.  1876  HOL 
LAND  Sev.  Oaksx\.  147  Dividends  that  will  add  permanently 
to  our  somewhat  restricted  sources  of  income. 

Hence  Restri'ctedly  adv. ;  Restrrctediiess. 

i8s9GuLHCK  &  TIMBS  Paint.  72  This  style. .in  him. .ap 
pears  most  decidedly  in  all  its  restrictedness.  1870  RUSKIN 
Lect.  Art  98  Whatever  is  truly  great  in  either  Greek  or 
Christian  art,  is  also  restrictedly  human.  1899  Speaker 
29  July  105/2  Lake  was  essentially  an  Educator,  Goulburn 
restrictedly  an  Evangelist. 

Restriction  (r/strrkfan).  Also  5  restric- 
cioun.  [a.  F.  restriction^  or  ad.  late  L.  restric- 
f  ton-em,  noun  of  action  f.  restringere  to  RESTRINGE. 
Cf.  Sp.  restriction,  It.  re-t  ristrizione.] 

1.  A  limitation  imposed  upon  a  person  or  thing; 
a  condition  or  regulation  of  this  nature. 

£•1411  HOCCLEVE  De  Reg.  Princ.  4792  Crist  scheelde  fiat 
your  wil  or  your  entente  Be  sette  to  maken  a  restriccioun 
Of  paiement.  1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  2807  That  al  the  tern- 
poral  lands  Be  set  in  few. .,  With  sic  restrictiouns  as  sail  be 
devysit.  1590  SWINBURNE  Testaments  264  The  restrictions 
of  this  former  conclusion  are  these.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE 
Pseud.  Ep.  225  It  necessarily  suffering  such  restrictions  as 
take  of  generall  illations,  1693  LUTTRELL  Brief  Ret.  (1857) 
III.  190  Giving  security  to  export  yearly  150,000,6  worth  of 
English  manufacture,  with  some  other  restrictions.  1718-9 
Swiff  s  Lett.  (1768)  IV.  19  All  restrictions  of  marriage  are 
odious  in  the  civil  law.  and  not  favoured  by  the  common 
law,  especially  after  the  age  of  one  and  twenty.  1772 
PRIKSTLEY  Inst.  Reiig.  (1782)  II.  117  The  restrictions  under 
which  our  first  parents  were  laid.  1822  SCOTT  Peveril  x\v\\\, 
A  restriction  which  he  supposed  as  repugnant  to  his 
Majesty's  feelings  as  it  was  to  his  own.  1855  MACAU  LAY 
/fist,  Eng.  xix.  IV.  371  That  one  restriction  of  the  royal 
prerogative  had  been  mischievous  did  not  prove  that  another 
restriction  would  be  salutary.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii. 
§  6.  398  The  old  restrictions  on  the  use  of  the  pulpit  were 
silently  removed. 

b.  The  action  or  fact  of  limiting  or  restricting. 

1629  H.  BURTON  TrutKs  Triumph  q$  With  speciall  restric 
tion  too,  as  iustifying  a  man  onely  from  originall  sinne. 
1660  R.  COKE  P<nuer  fy  Subj.  76  The  law  of  nature  gives 
Fathers  a  power  over  their  children  without  restriction. 
1766  BLACKSTONE  Corntn.  II.  145  Yet  this  must  be  under* 
stood  with  some  restriction.  1829  I.  TAYLOR  Enthus.  iv. 
(1867)  QI  There  is  something  incongruous  in  the  idea  of  a 
revelation  enveloped  in  menace  and  restriction.  1840 
DICKENS  Old  C .  Shop\x.\'\\,  It  was  the  day.  .which  threatened 
the  restriction  of  Mr.  Quilp's  liberty.  1874  GREEN  Hist. 
Eng.  ix.  §  2. 604  Not  only  was  the  Monarchy  restored,  but  it 
was  restored  without  restriction  or  condition. 


556 

C.  attrib.y  as  restriction  act,  order. 
1835  fenny  Cyd.  III.  380/2  Not.. until  1797,  when  the 
celebrated  Bank  Restriction  Act  was  passed.     1875  Encyd, 
Brit.  III.  319/1  Program  of  Banking  in  England  down  to 
Restriction  Order  of  1797. 

2.  a.  Logic.  (See  later  quots.) 

1551  ROBINSON  tr.  Mores  Utopia  \\.  (1895)  185  Ihey  haue 
not  deuysed  one  of  all  those  rules  of  restryctyons,  amply- 
fycatyons,  and  supposytyons,  very  wittelye  inuented  in  the 
small  Logycalles,  whyche  heare  oure  chyldren  in  euerye 
place  do  learne.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Restriction, 
among  logicians,  is  understood  of  the  limiting  a  term,  so  as 
to  make  it  signify  less  than  it  usually  does.  1850  SIR  W. 
HAMILTON  Disc.  (1853)  App.  n.  692  Table  of  the  mutual  re 
lations  of  the  eight  propositional  forms.. .Restriction,  sub- 
alternation.  1864  K.  BOWEN  Legicvi.  169  In  some  cases  the 
Restriction  (Subalternation)  and  the  Integration  may  he 
bilateral. 

b.  =  RESERVATION'  4b.     (Usu.  with  mental.) 

1691  tr.  Emilianne"s  Frauds  Rom.  Monks  (ed,  3)  169 
Making  use  to  this  purpose  of  their  mental  Restriction.  1882 
Encycl.  Brit,  XIV.  6jS/2  They  have  now  divided  mental 
restriction  into  two  main  heads.  1884  Catholic  Diet.  (1897) 
620/2  If  the  restriction  is  of  such  a  nature  that  it  cannot  be 
perceived  by  the  hearer,  then  the  person  who  uses  it  cer 
tainly  sins. 

3.  f  a.  Med.    Constipation  ;  suppression.   Obs. 
1597   A.  M.   tr.  Guillemea.il1  s  Fr.   Chirurg.  47  b/i   The 

Chohcke,   the   restrictionc   or   constipatione.      1599  —  tr. 
GabelJioners  Bk.  Physickc  219/1   For  restrictione  of  the 
flowers,  and  for  the  corroboratione  of  the  Harte. 
b.  Constriction,  compression,  rare, 

1758  J-  S.  Le  Draft's  Observ.  Snrg.  (1771)  99  An  Uneasi 
ness,  .that  was  attended  with  a  slight  Restriction  of  Breath. 
1871  Figure  Training  31  Notwithstanding  that  severe 
restriction  of  the  waist  suddenly  applied  appears  likely  to 
prove  most  irksome,  if  not  injurious. 

Hence  Bestri'ctionary  a.,  imposing  restrictions. 

1828  Examiner  184/1  Their  restrictionary  measures.. may 
have  arisen  from  a  wish  to  take  advantage  of  the  circum 
stances  of  the  time. 

Restri 'ctioiiist.  [f.  prec.  +  -IST.]  One  who 
advocates  the  restriction  of  some  practice,  institu 
tion,  etc.,  such  as  the  liquor-trade.  Also  in  pred. 
with  adj.  force. 

1849  Bfackw.  Mag.  LXVI.  596  He  contrives  to  combine    j 
the  hitherto  antagonistic  qualities   of  free-trader  and  re-    : 
strtctionisL      1863   H.    SPENCER   Ess.    II.    322   The   whole    I 
system  of  currency-legislation  is  restrictionist  from  begin- 
ning  to  end.     1887  Voice  9  June  4  The  restrictionists  say, 
they  wish  to  cut  down  the  number  of  saloons  by  one-half. 

Restrictive  (r/stri-ktiv),  a.  and  sb.     Also  6    i 
restryct-.     [ad.  F.  restridtf,  -tve,  =  Sp.  and  Tg. 
restrictive^  It.  restrittivo,  ad.  late  L.  restrictiv-us : 
see  RESTRICT  v.  and  -IVE.] 

A.  adj.  fl.  =  RESTRINGENT  a.  i.  Obs. 

c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xviii.    81    Men-.vsez  certayne  ; 

oynementz  calde   and   restrictiue.      c  1550    LLOYD    Treas.  \ 

Health  Kj,  Immoderate  exercyse,  or  lacke  therof,  wyth  | 

vsynge  of  restryctyue  meates.     1607  TOPSEI.L  Hist.  Four-f.  \ 

Beasts  (1658)  323  This  Plaister  being  restrictive,  will  force  : 

the  humors  to  resort  all  downward.     1676  WISEMAN  Surg.  \ 

(J.),  I  applied  a  plaister  over  it,  made  up  with  my  common  , 
restrictive  powder.     1727  BRADLEV  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Hoof' 
loosening^  Put  a  Restrictive  Charge  about  it,  and  heal  it  up 
with  Turpentine  and  Hogs  Grease  melted  together. 

2.  Of  terms,  expressions,  etc. :    Implying,  con-  j 
veying,  or  expressing  restriction  or  limitation. 

1579  G.  HARVEY  Let.  to  Spenser  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  23  He    : 
might  haue  spared,  .that  same  restrictiue,  and  streight  laced 
terme,  Precisely.     1612  T.  TAYLOR  Titus  ii.  n  That  was  a 
more  restrictiue  doctrine  to  the  lewes  only,    a  1660  HAM 
MOND  Serin.  (1850)  581  The  particle  *  but '  in  the  front  of  my 
text.. is  exclusive  and  restrictive.     1697  tr.  Burgersdicius' 
Logic  i.  xxxiii.   115   Enunciations  that  are  exclusive  and 
restrictive  receive  contradiction  from  a  negation  added  to 
the  exclusive  or  restrictive  particles.     1727-38  CHAMBERS 
CycL  s.v.  Proposition,  Restrictive,  or  limitative  Proposition,    \ 
is  that  affected  with  a  restrictive  sign  ;  as,  according  tot..     • 
considered  as.     1827  JARMAN  Powell's  Devises  II.  125  In    i 
order  to  restrain  the  devise . .  it  was  necessary  to   shew 
restrictive  words.    1866  CRUMP  Banking  v.  124  [He]  should 
show  in  the  indorsement  to  what  purpose  it  was  to  be  applied, 
which  is  termed  a  'restrictive  indorsement '.    1878  C.  STAN 
FORD  Amfc  Christ  \.  22  To  save  sinners  !    True,  this  is  a 
restrictive  term. 

3.  Restricting ;  having  the  nature  or  eft'ect  of  a 
restriction ;    limitative  of  the  power  or  scope  of 
something  or  some  one. 

1652  FKLTHAM  Low  Countries  (\fa-j\  56  Their  wisdom  is., 
rather  narrow  and  restrictive,  as  being  a  wisdom  but  for    , 
themselves.     1670  CLARENDON  Ess.  Tracts  (1727)  163  But 
this  is  only  the  restrictive  negative  power  of  conscience,  the    • 
affirmative  power  hath  not  that  force.      1775  DE  LOLME 
Bug-  Const.  Pref.,The  restrictive  oath  imposed  on  Members    j 
of  Parliament.     1818  HALLAM  Mid.  Ages{\%T2)  II.  155  This 
capitulary  seems  to  be  restrictive  of  the  prelates.     1865  H. 
PHILLIPS  Amer.  Paper  Curr.  II.  181  Restrictive  laws  pro 
duce  dishonesty  and  idleness.    1880  Our  Nat.  Responsibility    , 
for  Opium  Trade  6  Its  monopoly  is  equivalent  in  effect  to 
a  heavy  restrictive  tax. 

B.  sb.  fl.   =  RESTRINGENT  sb.  2.  Obs. 
1460-70  Bk.  Quintessence  14  So  I  seie  of  comfortatyves, 

digestyves,  restrictives.     i6xa  WOODALL  Surg.  Mate  Wks. 


DC  sure  yuur  icuui^ lives  uc  reauy  mixt  in  One  Jiason. 

2.  A  term  or  expression  having  the  force  of,  or 
implying,  a  restriction  or  qualification. 

1671  [R.  MACWARD]  True  Nonconf.  4  To  hear  the  glorious 
subject . .  narrowed  within  its  Scriptural  acceptation,  by  such 
a  Cold  restrictive,  a  1832  BENTHAM  Ess.  Lang.  Wks.  1843 
VIII.  315  In  English,  what  thickens  the  confusion  is,  the 
indeterminate  ubuiacter  of  the  restrictives,  alone  and  only* 


RESTRING-ENT. 

1864  BOWEN  Logic  v.  145  These  [i.e.  Exponibles]  are 
divided  into  Exclusives,  Exceptives  and  Restrictives. 

Restrictively  (n'stri-ktivli),  adv.  [f.  prec. 
+  -LY  2.]  In  a  restrictive  way ;  with  limitations. 

1610  J.  HEALEV  St.  Aug.  CiticofGodiifce)  344  The  Poets 
..fictions,  .were  not  spoken  universally  but  restrictively. 
1655  FULE.KK  Ch.  Hist.  ii.  135  Take  the  term  [martyr)  in  a 
large  acception,  otherwise  restrictively  it  signifies  such  an 
one,  as  suffers  for  the  Testimony  of  the  Truth,  a  1676  HALE 
Wks.  (1805)  I.  398  This  subject  may  be  considered  two 
ways:  i.  absolutely,.. 2.  Relatively,  or  restrictively. 

1864  lioWEN  Logic  viii.  266  Thus, Restrictively,  in  affirming 
that,  if  A  is  B,  C  is  D.  1884  Law  Reft.  14  Q.  B.  Div.  264  The 
Charter  should  be  construed  restrictively. 

So  Bestri-ctiveness.  rare—1. 

1679  C.  NKSSE  Antichrist  192  We  find  Mr.  Brightman 
blain'd  fur  his  overmuch  restrictiveness  of  interpretation. 

t BiCStri'Ctory.  Obs.  rare—1.  [Cf.  RESTRICT 
IVE  and  -OUT.]  A  restringent. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  vn.  xv.  (Bodl.  MS.),  The 
teeres  shall  be  astinte  [by  a]  restrictorie  and  stintyng. 

Restri  ke  (r/"-),  s/>.  [f.  the  vb.]  A  reimpres- 
sion  of  a  coin. 

1902  Connoisseur  Feb.  131/2  Till  lately. .the  Paris  Mint 
has  afforded  unusual  facilities  for  restrikes  of  rarities  from 
the  existing  dies. 

Restri'ke  (n-)>  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
strike  again ;  esp.  to  stamp  (a  coin)  afresh. 

1887  HEAD  Hist.  Nun:.  125 These  coins  belong  to  the  age 
of  Timoleon,  and  are  restruck  over  coins  of  Syracuse.  1901 
BLACK  Carpent.  fy  Build.  19  These  can  be  afterwards  re- 
struck  with  the  striking  knife. 

Hence  Kestnrck  ///.  a. 

1885  Trans.  Lane.  8,  Chesh.  Antij.  Sac.  III.  64  These 
re-struck  coins  of  Catherine  II  are  much  more  frequently 
met  with  than  the  coins  of  Peter  [III]. 

Eestrine,  obs.  form  of  RESTRAIN  v. 

Restri -ng  («-),».  [RE-  5  a.]  To  string  again. 

1809  W.  TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mem.  (1843)  II.  281  A  quar 
terly  magazine,,  .wholly  quit  of  gossip  re-strung  out  of  the 
newspapers,  would  succeed.  1884  Catholic  Diet.  (1897) 
486/1  A  rosary  may  be  restrung  and  some  of  the  beads . .  may 
be  replaced  by  others  without  forfeit  of  the  indulgences. 

Restringe  (r/'stri-ndg),  v.  [ad.  L.  reslringerc 
to  bind  fast,  confine,  f.  re-  RE-  +  stringers  to  draw 
tight.  So  Sp.  and  Pg.  restringir,  It.  ristringere.] 

f  1.  trans.  To  affect  (a  person)  with  costiveness  ; 
to  have  an  astringent  effect  upon  (a  part  of  the 
body).  Obs.  Cf.  KESTRINGING  fpl.  a. 

11597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeau's  Fr.  Chintrg.  2?b/2  If_the 
patient  be  restringed  and  bounde  in  his  belly,  and  hath  in  a 
longe  time  not  binne  at  stool.  1657'foMLiNsoN  Kcnou's  Disp. 
j  38  Whether  he  be  most  commonly  laxative  or  restringed. 
1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  To  Restringe,  to  bind  hard,  to 
make  costive  ;  as,  Quinces  restringe  those  Parts  which  they 
are  apply'd  to.  1758  J.  S.  Le  Dratl's  Observ.Snrg.  (1771) 
204  The  Intestine  is  less  restringed. 

absol.  1710  T.  FULLER  Pharm.  Extcinp.  122  It  \sc.  an 
electuary]  Incrassates,  Restringes,  Heats. 

2.  To  confine,  limit,  restrict.     Now  rare. 

1604  T.  WRIGHT  Passions  it.  iii.  59  Of  Passions. .some., 
dilate,  and  some  compresse  and  restringe  the  heart.  1651 


decline  making  any  Act  that  may  in  the  least  seem  to  re 
stringe.  .this.  .Great  Charter  of  the  Liberties  of  England. 
1839  J .  ROGERS  A  ntifopopr.  xii.  §  5.  278  The  fear  of  hell  being 
found.. too  Httle  to  bind  and  restringe  the  bad  inclination 
of  the  great  majority. 

t  Restri'iigency.  Obs.  [f.  next :  see  -ENCY.] 
The  quality  or  property  of  being  restringent. 

1667  PETTY  in  Sprat  Hist.  R.  Soc.  293  The  Dyers  use  this 
Water  in  Reds,  and  in  other  colours  wanting  restringency. 
1729  Evelyn's  Pomona  Gen.  Advt.  98  The  Juice  being  pressed 
out,  is  immediately  pleasant  in  Taste,  without  any  thing  of 
that  restringency  which  it  had.  1759  B.  MARTIN  Nat. 
Hist.  Eng.  I.  340  By  its  Restringency  it  strengthens  the 
Stomach.  1799  UNDERWOOD  Diseases  Children  (ed.  4)  I. 
54  Rhubarb  will  not  be  a  fit  purgative,  though  it  be  joined 
with  magnesia,  which  will  not  sufficiently  correct  its  re- 
stringency. 

t  Restri'Ugent,  a.  and  sb.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  re- 
stringent-em,  pres.  pple.  of  restringSre  :  see  RE- 
STBINGE  v.  and  -ENT.  So  F.  restringent,  It.,  Sp., 
Pg.  restringente."] 

A.  adj.  1.  Having  astringent  or  binding  pro 
perties;  of  an  astringent  nature;  esp.  tending  to 
restrain  the  action  of  the  bowels. 


Verl 

Pliny  II.  158  The -   - 

good.. to  restraine  or  stop  any  flux.  1620-55  I-  JONES 
Stoue-Heng  (1725)  25  The  Sand.. doth  (by  the  restringent 
Quality  . .  of  the  salt  Water)  become  a  Stone,  a  1664 
FRANK  Serin.  (1672)  211  The  nature  of  Frankincense  is 
binding  and  restringent.  1717  Phil.  Trans.  XXX.  568,  I 
think  we  can  much  better  demonstrate  that  the  Chalybeat 
Waters  do  contain  Stiptic  and  Restringent  Virtues.  1709 
UNDERWOOD  Diseases  Children  (ed.  4)  I.  223  This  will  be 
found  to  vary  frequently,  sometimes  calling  for  restringent, 
and  at  others,  opening  remedies. 

b.  Of  outward  applications  :  Styptic. 
1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeau's  Fr.  Chirurg.  38  b/2  We  must 
as  then  strowe  some  restringent  poulder  one  that  parte  and 
therone  an  ordinarye  restringent  or  defensive  plaster.  1689 
MOYLE  Sea  Chyrurg.  i.  18  Let  your  Restringent  Powde 
be  there  likewise  with  the  rest  of  your  first  intentions.  1715 
BRADLEY  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Scalibed  Heels,  After  which  apply 
a  restringent  Charge  of  Powder  of  unslack'd  Lime.  l8a»-34 
Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  IV.  444  Dr.  Bateman  was  in  the 
habit  of  using  a  gently  restringent  lotion  or  ointment. 


RESTRINGING. 

C.  Having  an  astringent  taste,  rare—1. 

1746  in  Han  way  Trav.  (1762^  I.  iv.  liv.  251  [Water]  which 
appears  to  be  impregnated  with  allom,  being  so  acid  and 
restringent  as  not  to  be  borne  long  in  the  mouth. 

2.  Constipated,  costive.  rare—*. 

1634-5  BRERETON  Trav.  (Chetham)  191  My  body  was  not 
costive  and  restringent,  but  soluble  and  laxative  sufficient. 
B.  sl>.  1.   A  word  which  has  a  limitative  or  re 
stricting  force. 

a  1626  BP.  ANDREWES  96  Sentt.,  Holy  Gkost  x.  (1661)  461 
But  if  you  wilt  have  patipcrihus  a  restringent,  you  may  : 
but  then  you  must  take  it  for  poor  in  spirit.  1671  [R.  MAC- 
WARD]  True  Nonconf.  4  Non-conformists,  .do  indeed  tell  us 
of  the  death  of  our  Lord  Jesus,  not  with  your  ill  appropriat 
and  restringent  only,  but  do  preach  to  us  alwayes  and 
principally  this  doctrine  of  his  Cross. 

2.  A  medicine  or  application  which  possesses 
astringent  or  styptic  properties. 

1666  G.  HARVEY  Morb.  Angl.  xxxv.  (1672)  no  The  two 
latter  indicate  Phlebotomy  for  revulsion,  restringents  to 
stench,  and  incrassatives  to  thicken  the  blood.  1668 
DKYDEN  Drain.  Poesy  Ess.  (ed.  Ker)  I.  58  Would  you  not 
think  that  physician  mad,  who  having  prescribed  a  purge, 
should  immediately  order  you  to  take  restringents  upon  it  ? 
1754-64  SMELLIE  Midwifery  II.  219  This  happened  twice 
after,  and  blooding  with  restringents  were  as  often  repeated. 
1792  Childr.  Thespis  208  He's  been  fed  on  restringents,  and 
Curtain  rod  diet. 

So  f  Hestri-nging///.  a.  Obs. 

1562  BULLEIN  Bnlwarke,  Bk.  Similes  (1579)  55  Endive  is 


and  these  are  more  then  first  qualities,  and  such  are  these 
that  are. .restringing. 

tRestri'ngitive,«-  Obs.  -  RESTRINGENT  a.i. 

1530  LYNDESAY  fest.  Papyngo  737  The  swyft  Swallow., 
wald  my  bleding  stem,  belyue,  With  hir  moste  verteous 
stone  restringityue. 

Restri  ve  (rf-),  v.   [RE-  5  a.]  To  strive  anew. 

1613  SIR  E.  SACKVILLE  Let.  in  Guardian  No.  133  Restri  v- 
ing  again  afresh,  with  a  Kick  and  a  Wrinch  together,  I 
freed  my  long  captived  Weapon. 

Restruck :  see  RKBVBIKE  v. 

Restudy  (r/-)  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  study  again. 

iSzx  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  LXV.  i  The  thought 
that  is  uttered  cannot  be  re-studied  by  the  audience.  1899 
COTTERILI,  Goethes  Iphigenie  aitf  Tanris  Life  p.  Ivi, 
Through  Herder  Goethe  was  induced  to  re-study  Homer. 

Restu'ff  (r/"-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  stuff 
again  or  anew.  Hence  Hestu'ffing  ubl.  si'. 

1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  400  The  paddings., 
should  be  restufled  every  half-year.  1856  KANE  Arct. 
E.\-pl.  II.  ii.  32,  I  made  my  way  back  to  our  miserable  little 
cavern,  and  restuffed  its  gaping  entrance  with  the  snow. 
1883  COL.  ALEXANDER  S#.  in  Part.  20  Aug.,  The  re-stuffing 
of  an  old  armchair. 

Re'Sty,  a.1  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  6  restye, 
6-7  -ie,  7  -ey ;  9  dial,  reasty,  reesty.  [Variant 
of  RESTIFP  (and  RESTIVE)  a. ;  cf.  hasty  t  tardy.  In 
senses  2-4  perh.  associated  to  some  extent  with  REST 
sbl  or  T/.I  :  cf.  Fris.  restich,  Du.  rwj/^qniet.] 

1.   =  RESTIVE  a.  3.   a.  Of  horses  or  other  animals. 

1515  BARCLAY  Egloges  (1570)  Bivb/a  A  bad  horse  resty 
and  flinging  Oft  casteth  a  man  though  he  be  well  sitting. 
1530  PALSGR.  322/2  Restye  as  a  horse  is,  restif,  rest  if  tie. 
1605  SYLVESTER  Du  fiartas  n.  i.  iv.  Lawe  339  Th'  Ox, 
over-fat,  too-strong,  and  resty,  leaps  About  the  Lands, 
casteth  his  yoke,  and  strikes.  1673  O.  WALKER  Edtic.  12 
Beasts  grow  fierce  and  resty  if  not  tamed  and  broken  in 
youth.  1702  DE  FOE  More  Reformation  730  An  Author 
who  we  can  not  understand,  Is  like  a  Resty  Horse  at  no 
Command.  1782  Miss  BL-RNEY  Cecilia  \.  vi,  My  horse  has 
been  so  confounded  resty,  I  could  not  tell  how  to  get  him 
along.  1883  Almondbury  Gloss.)  Reaster^  reasty  fiorsct  or 
raist-horse,  a  horse  which  will  not  draw  ;  a  restive  horse. 

transf.  1733  TULL  Horse-hoeing  Unsb.  xix.  131  When 
that  rich  Land .  .is  grown  too  vigorous  and  resty,  they  may 
soon  take  down  its  Mettle,  by  Sowing  it  a  few  Years  in  their 
Old  Husbandry. 

b.  Of  persons. 

1603  DRAYTON  Bar.  IVarsw.  In,  Which  restie  growne,  with 
your  much  Power,  withdraw  Your  stifTned  Necks  from  th' 
yoke  of  Civill  Awe.  1627  E.  F.  Hist.  Edw.  II  (1680)  79  The 
resty  minds  that  kick  at  present  greatness.  1686  GOAD  Celest. 
Bodies  in.  i.  377  He  must  be  very  Resty  that  will  not  allow 
it  for  probable  at  least.  1710  S.  PALMKR  Proverbs  16  Some 
children  are  naturally  resty  and  stubborn,  even  at  three  or 
four.  1748  CHESTERF.  Lett,  clxviii.  (1792)  II.  125  Whatever 
Court  he  went  to  (and  he  was  often  obliged  to  go  himself  to 
some  resty  and  refractory  ones)  he  as  constantly  prevailed. 
1794  GOUVK.  MORRIS  in  Sparks  Life  fy  Writ.  (1832)  II.  411 
If  Paris  runs  resty,  the  revolution  is  done.  1846  SPURDEN 
Suppl.  Forby"s  East  Anglian  Gloss.)  Reasty,  restive,  un 
ruly;  also  pettish,  quarrelsome,  in  a  bad  humour. 

c.  Of  actions,  conduct,  etc, 

a  1586  SIDNEY  A  sir.  fy  Stella  Ixxx,  But  now  spite  of  my 
heart  my  mouth  will  stay,  And  no  spurrecan  his  restie  race 
renew.  1693  LOCKE  Editc.  §  35  The  ill  and  resty  tricks,  they 
have  learn'd  when  young.  1719  D'URFEV  Pills  (1872)  I. 
343,  I  often  have.. to  sing  denied,  But  not  through  resty 
Peevishness,  nor  Pride. 

st2.  Disinclined  for  action  or  exertion;  sluggish, 
indolent,  lazy  ;  inactive.   Obs. 

1565  COOF'ER  T/icsaurnsts.v.  Desttetitdo,  Resides^ ,  .tardit 
restie  a_nd  slow  for  lacke  of  vse.  1571  GOLDING  Calvin  on 
Ps.  Ixxiv.  10  Thyne  enemies  surmyze  thee  to  be  restie  and 
ydle  bycause  thou  bestirrest  thee  not.  1609  B.  JONSON  Sil. 
Worn.  i.  i,  Hee  would  grow  resty  else  in  his  ease.  His  vertue 
would  rust  without  action.  1649  MILTON  Eikon.  Wks.  1851 
III.  192  Some  great  household,  .where  the  Maisler  is  too 
restie  or  too  rich  to  say  his  own  prayers.  1673  DRYDEN 
Marr.  a  la  Mode  iv.  iii,  O  what  a  difference  will  she 
find  betwixt  a  dull  resty  husband  and  a  quick  vigorous 


557 

'  lover.  1711  SHAFTKSB.  Charac.  (1737)  II.  in.  i.  377  The 
1  Sun,  and. .the  fresh  Air  of  fanning  Breezes. .exercise  the 
i  resty  Plants,  and  scour  the  unactive  Globe. 

Comb.  1596  Edw.  ///,  in.  iii,  Presently  they  are  as  resty- 
'    stiff  As  'twere  a  many  over-ridden  jades. 
t  b.  Of  conditions.   Obs. 

1602  SUTTON  DisceVivere  x. (1847)  171  In  continual  Ease, 
in  a  resty  slothfulfiCSS,  void  of  all  travail.      x6zo  VENNKK 
I'ia  Recta  (1650)  72  To  those  that  lead  a  resty  or  studious 
kind  of  life,  it  is  very  hurtful!.     1624  CAI-T.  SMITH  l-'irginia 
107  You  might  shortly  behold  the  idle  and  restie  diseases  of 
a  divided  multitude,  .substantially  cured. 
f3.  Unoccupied,  idle.   Obs.  rare  ~~l. 
CI540  tr.  Pal.  Ver.^Rng.  Hist.   (Camden  No.  36)  84  The 
Roniaine  soldiers,  beinge  restie  [I,,  a  laborious  ~'aati\,  bee- 
ganne  to  quarrell  emonge  them  selves, 
f  4.  Of  land  :  Fallow,  unfilled.   Obs.  rare. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xvin.  xix,  It  is  thought  sufficient  for 
a  teem  of  oxen  to  breake  up  (at  the  first  tilth)  in  one  day  of 
restie  or  ley  ground,  one  acre.     1649  BLITHE  Kng,  fwfiro-'. 
f»if>r.  (1653)  I32  AH  old  Kesty  Land,  that  hath  not  been 
Tilled  of  late. 

t  Re-Sty,  «.2  O/'s.  [a.  OF.  restf  left  over,  pa. 
pple.  of  rester  REST  v.~  Sec  also  REST  #.]  Stale, 
rancid,  REASTY. 

a  1300  Gloss.  It',  dc  Riblts-wth  in  Wright  I'ocab.  (1857)  I. 
155  Chars  restcz^  resty  flees.  1499  Pronip.  Paw.  (Pynson,1, 
Resty  as  flesshe,  rancidtts.  1508  Bk.  Kernynge  in  Babees 
Bk.  (1868)  272  Beware  of  fumosytees  sake,  senewe,  fatte, 
resty  &  rawe.  1547  BOORDE  Introd.  Kncnvl,  ix,  (1870)  149 
Barelled  butter,  the  whych  is  resty  &  salt.  1575  TI'KHKRV. 
Fanlconrie  297  Put  thereto  Larde  that  is  neither  icstie,  nor 
ouersalted.  1657  R.  LIGOX  Bar  dadoes  (16^3)  30  This  butter 
..is  not  then  to  be  endured,  it  is  so  restie  and  loathsome. 
1671  H.  M.  tr.  Erastn.  Colloq.  232  O  happy  beggars  !  my 
wife  boyled  nothing  here  this  day,  besides  Coleworts  and 
resty  Bacon. 

Resubjext,  v.   [KK-sa.]  To  subdue  again. 
r  1840  WORDSXV.  Seel.  Sonn.  in.  xviii,  For  re-subjecting  to 
divine  command  The  stubborn  spirit  of  rebellious  man.  1883 
Goitl.  At  tig.  Nov.  486  The  last  attempt  to  resubject  Switzer 
land  to  the  dominion  of  the  Empire  had  failed. 

Resubje-Ction(rf-).  [RE- 5  a.]  A  fresh  sub 
jection  ;  a  renewed  subjugation. 

1620  BP.  HALL  Hon.  Married  Clergy  \,  iii,  This  liberal! 
dispensation  from  his  Holy  Father  of  Rome,  vpon  the  con 
ditions  of  our  re-subiection.  1757  Herald  No.  14  (1758)  I. 
231  He..,  from  a  re-subjection,  had  to  apprehend  encounter, 
ing  the  severest  indignation.  1899  CoL.  B  ALDOCK  CVttwif f // 
as  Soldier  361  One  of  the  first  matters  considered  in  Parlia 
ment  after  the  execution  of  the  King  was  the  re-subjection 
of  Ireland. 

Resu'bjugate  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5a.]  To  subjugate 
anew. 

1864  Daily  Tel.  15  Aug.,  They  were  undeceived  very  soon. 
Oudh— India — was  resubjugated.  1877  BROCKETT  Cross  fy 
Crescent  326  Omar  Pasha  finally  re-subjugated  the  country 
for  the  Sultan. 

Resublima-tioii  (r/-).  [RE-  53.]  The  re 
newed  action  or  process  of  sublimation. 

1663  BOYLE  Uscf.Exp.  Nat.  Philos.  ii.  v.  iii.  137  Mercury 
sublimate  maybe,  .prepar'd  into  a  Medicine  inoffensive  even 
to  Children,  by  bare  resublimations  with  fresh  Mercury.  1693 
W.  SALMON  Bate's  Dispens.  (1713)  398/2  The  same  Sublimed 
Mercury.. needs  no  Resublimation.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts 
245  Little  jets.. which  soil  it,  and  render  its  re-sublimation 
necessary. 

Resubli'me  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
sublime  again.  Hence  Besubli-med///.  a. 

1651  BIGGS  New  Di$p.  Eulog.  Verses  4  And  resublime  the 
spirits  of  the  blood.  1663  BOYLE  Usef.  Exp.  Nat.  Philos. 
ir.  ii.  164  If  you  re-sublime  it  oftner.you  may. .impair  the 
Colour.  1704  NEWTON  Optics  (1721)  360  When  Mercury 
sublimate  is  resublimed  with  fresh  Mercury.  1839  URE 
Diet.  Arts  56 The  arseniousacid..is  not  marketable  till  it 
be  re-sublimed  in  large  iron  pots.  I&JQ  Anthony1  s  Photogr. 
Bull.  11.262  Into  an  ounce  vial  put  eleven  grains  of  re- 
sublimed  iodine  and  fifteen  grains  of  iodide  of  potassium. 

Resubmi'SSion  (r/--).  [RE-  5  a.]  A  renewed 
submission. 

1641  BAKER  Chron.  (1653)  140  The  Archbishop  of  Canter 
bury.. had  laboured  to  bring  him  and  his  brother  David  to 
a  re-submission.  1888  I'oice  (N.Y.)  8  Mar.,  The  prayers  of 
the  temperance  forces  for  its  resubmission. 

So  Resubmi't  £>.,  to  submit  again. 

«i8«  A.  KNOX  Rent.  (1844)  I.  62  There  could  be  no 
thought  of  re-submitting  to  the  long  dissolved  chains. 

Resnbsta'ntiate,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  f  To  change 
(a  thing)  back  into  the  original  form. 

1584  R.  SCOT  Discov.  Witehcr.  v.  vii.  (1886)  83  Lo,  what 
an  easie  matter  it  is  to  resubstantiate  an  asse  into  a  man. 

Resuccee'd,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]   To  succeed  again. 

1599  LINCHE  Anc.  Fict.  Eivb,  Pestilences. .are  chased 
away,  and  healthie  aires  and  naturall  increases  spring  up 
and  re-succeed. 

HeSU'ck,  v.     [RE-  5  a.J     To  suck  back  again, 

1603  FLORID  Montaigne  n.  xii.  (1632)  321  As  the  Ocean 
flowing.. Now  swift  return's,  the  stones  rould  back  from 
strand  By  tide  resuck's. 

t  Kesudate,  v.  Qbs.  rare.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of 
L.  resudare.]  intr.  To  sweat,  perspire. 

1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhouer's  Bk.  Physicke  97/2  Administre 
then  therof  vnto  him  the  quantity  of  a  Walle-nutt,  being 
intermixed  with  wine,  and  let  him  resudate  theron'. 

t  Resuda-tion.  06s.  [ad.  L.  rcsudatton-em, 
noun  of  action  f.  resudare.  So  F.  r4sudationt 
Sp.  resttdacion.']  The  process  of  sweating ;  the 
fluid  produced  by  this  or  by  exudation  of  moisture. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  v.  84  Certaine.  .haue  neuerthe- 
lesse  had  the  boldnes  to  affirme  that  y*  Urine  was  gathered 
into  the  bleddar  by  resudation.  1635  SWAN  Sfec.  Mundi  v. 
|  2  (1643)  151  There  is  a  kind  of  resudation  of  juice  proceed- 


RESULT. 

1  ing  from  them  at  a  certain  convenient  time  of  their  growth. 
Ibid.  152  When  ordinary  dew  falleth  upon  any  of  those  leaves 
which  yield  such  a  resudation  or  sweat. 

Resuery,  obs.  form  of  REVERIE. 

Resu'ffer,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  suffer  again. 

1548  GESTI-:  Priv.  Masse  115  Not.;yt  the  lord  in  very 
dede  agayne  ryseth  in  thone  and  resuffreth  in  thother. 

So  Resivfferaiice. 

1865  MRS.  WIIITNKY  Gayitvrthys  11.63  -\  certain  quick 
spasm  of  keen  re-sufferance  came  over  her. 

Resugge'St,  v.  [!\E-  5  a.]   To  suggest  again. 

aijit  KEN  HyinnotJieo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  38  Striving 
:  in  various  Forms  to  re-suggest  That  Ghostly  Pride,  which 
John  before  suppress 'd.  1832  AUSTIN  Jnrispr.  (1879)  II. 
xlii.  744  The  true  nature  of  the  idea  of  status,  .resuggested. 
1892  ZANGWILL  Binu  Mystery  41  Pot's  solution  wa*,  re- 
suggested  by  '  Constant  Reader  '  as  an  original  idea. 

Resui't,  v.     [I\E-  5  a.]     To  clothe  again. 

1614  SYLVESTER  Bethnlia's  Rescue  \\.  203  If  the  native 
sap  again  re-suit  The  naked  Trees  with  comely  Leaves. 

Result  (r/ztrlt),  sb.  [f.  the  verb.  Cf.  Sp.  and 
|  Pg.  resulta] 

fl.  The  action  of  springing  back  again  to  a 
!  former  position  or  place.  Obs.  rare. 

i6z6  BACON  Syh-a  §  137  The  sound  being  produced  be- 

!     tweene   the  String  and  the  Aire.  .by  the  Returne  or  the 

Result  of  the  String,  which  was  strained  by  the  Touch  to  his 

former  place  :  which  .Motion  of  Result  is  quicke  and  sharpe. 

•|  2.  An  impulse, inclination,orprompting.  Obs.—1 

1663  J.  HEAIH  F  Inge  Hum  (ed.  2)  6  His  Scholar  growing 
insolent  and  {incorrigible  from  those  results  and  swasions 

|  within  him,  to  which  all  other  dictates  and  Instructions  were 
u.sdesse,  and  as  a  de.id  letter. 

3.  A  decision  or  resolution  ;  the  outcome  of  the 
deliberations  of  a  council  or  assembly.  Now  U.  S. 
1647  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  II.  iv.  835  A  report  was  made 
of  the  Results  of  the  general  meeting.  1667  MILTON  P.L, 
vi.  619  If  our  proposals  once  again  were  heard  We  should 
compel  them  to  a  quick  result.  1701  S\\  ii  T  Contests  Nobles 

1  <5*  Comm.  v.  Wks.  1751  IV.  55,  I  have  been  often  amazed  at 
the  rude,  passionate,  and  mistaken  Results,  which  have  at 
certain  Times  fallen  from  great  Assemblies.  1859  BARTLETT 

i  Diet.  Atfit'r.  (ed.  2)  362  Result^  the  decision  or  determination 
of  a  council  or  deliberative  assembly. 

b.  The  effect,  consequence,  issue,  or  outcome  of 
some  action,  process,  design,  etc. 

1651  BAXTER  Inf.Bapt.  218  Duty  only  is  the  Object  (or 
rather  immediate  result  or  product)  of  Precept.  1696  Wins- 
ION  The.  Earth  iv.  (1722)  365  The  primary  State  here  men- 
tion'd  is  but  a  proper  result  from  the  first  Formation  of  tlie 
Earth.  1754  YOUNG  Centaur  i.  Wks.  1757  IV.  106  For  Faith 
is  intirely  the  re.suft  of  Reason.  1786  BunKK.4^.  agst.  ii'. 
Hastings  Wks.  1842  II.  233  The  whole  proceedings  of  the 
said  resident  were  the  natural  result  of  the  treaty  of  Cluinar. 
1821  CRAIG  Lect.  Drawing^  etc.  ii.  113  The  result  is  entirely 
a  matter  of  calculation,  and  very  much  a  matter  of  chance. 

,  1846  GROVE  Corr.  Phys.  Forces  77  This  is  an  ordinary 
chemical  action,  the  result  of  a  double  chemical  affinity. 
189^  Law  Times  XCV.  5/2  Other  persons.. discontinued 

!     their  custom,  the  result  being  that  his  profits  diminished. 

c.  The  quantity,  formula,  etc.,  obtained  by  cal- 
,    dilation  in  arithmetic  or  algebra. 

1771  Eiicyct.  Brit.  I.  112/1  If  you  substitute  2  for  .t',  the 

result  will  be  24.  1845  Penny  Cycl.  Suppl.  I.  522/1  We  might 

i     then  eliminate  between  the  first  and  second  power,  and  pro- 

;     duce  the  result  in  the  form  A2-B=0.     1886  G.  CHRYSTAL 

Algebra  I.  v.  93  We  see  that  the  proper  result  will  be  ob- 

,     tained  by  operating  throughout  as  before,  using  —2  for  our 

;     multiplier  instead  of  +2. 

t4.  Humorously  used  for  ( trousers '.  rare"1. 
1839  LADY  LYTTON  Cheveley  (ed.  2)  II.  v.  145  His  dress. . 
consisted,  all  the  year  round,  of  a  snuff-coloured  coat,  mud- 
coloured  results,  and  gaiters  of  the  same. 

Result  (r/zzrlt),  v.  [ad.  L.  result-are  to  spring 
;  or  leap  back,  f.  re-  RE-  +  saltare  to  leap.  So  F. 
]  r£$itltery  Sp.  and  Pg.  resultar^  It.  re-t  risultare.] 

1.  intr.  To  arise  as  a  consequence,  effect,  or 
I  conclusion  from  some  action,  process,  etc. ;  to  end 
1  or  conclude  in  a  specified  manner. 

1432-50  tr.  ///£v/ix(RolIs)III.  211  In  the  mpnocorde,  when 
the  wire  extendede  on  a  holowe  body  is  dlstreynede  dia- 
met rally  by  an  instrumente. .,  then  diapason  resultethe  on 
either  parte  of  the  wire.     1570  J.  DEE  Math.  Prcf.  *iiij,  Let 
two  pound  of  Liquor  be  geuen,  hole  in  the  4  degree :  &  one 
pound,  .hole  in  the  third  degree.     I  would  gladly  know  the 
Forme  resulting,  in  the  Mixture  of  these  two  Liquors.  1647 
CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  \.  §  65  He  did  not  enough  consider 
the  Value  of  the  obligation..;  from  which  much  of  his  Mis- 
,     fortune  resulted.  1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  i.  i.  §  i  From 
,     whence  by  a  Series  of  Causes  doth  unavoidably  result  what 
soever  Is  now  done  in  it.  1732  BERKELKY^/.:/)*/^.  iii.  §  13  The 
pure  delight  which  results  from  order  and  decorum.     1773 
.     Observ.  St.  Poor  53  That  evil  effects  will  result  from  evil 
causes, . .  must  be  readily  acquiesced  in.    1813  BROOKE  Crys- 
tallogr.  1 1 5  The  planes  resulting  from  classes  /',  and  c,  would 
I    produce  a  great  variety  of  dodecahedral  solids.     *86o  TYN- 
DALL  Glac.  n.  xvii.  315  Crevasses. .result  from  the  motion 
of  the  glacier.     1885  Law  Rep.  29  Chanc.  Div.  797  There 
has  been  a  grave  breach  of  duty  resulting  in  heavy  loss. 
t  b-  To  turn  out,  become.  Obs.—* 
1626  BACON  Sylva  §  481  Rew  doth  prosper  much.. if  it 
be  set  by  a  Figge-tree;.  .the  one  Drawing  luyce  to  result 
sweet,  the  other  bitter. 

f  c.  reft.  To  resolve  into  something.  Obs.  rare**1. 
x6iotr.  Marcelline^s  Triumphs  Jas.  f  32  It  is  the  number 
of  Justice,  because  that  first  of  all  it  resulteth  itself  into 
numbers  of  paire-like-parity. 

d.   c7.  S.  To  decide  or  resolve  tka£t  etc.  rare  -1. 
a  1859  in  Bcrtlett  Diet.  Amer.  (ed.  2)  s.v.,  The  Council  of 
Nice  resulted,  in  opposition  to  the  views  of  Arius,  that  the 
Son  was  peculiarly  of  the  Father  [etc.]. 
-f*2.  a.  To  disagree  or  diverge  in  opinion.  Obs. 
«57»  /•  JONES  Bathes  of  Bathes  Ayde  Ep.  Ded.  3  The 


RESULTANCE. 

second  sheweth  the  diversitie  of  opinions,  etc.,  how  and 
wherein  the  Physicions  and  Philosophers  resulte. 

tb.  To  yield  ground;  to  give  way.  Obs. rare-1. 

1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chrou.  II.  55  That  the  kings  battell, 

. .  finding  sturdie  resistance,  began . .  to  result  or  give  backe. 

t  c.  To  recoil ;  to  rebound  or  spring  back.  Obs. 

1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warres  n.  i.  16  Which  he  must  doe 
with  such.-warie  meanes,  that  they  result  not  against  him. 
1616  BULLOKAR  Eng.  Expos.,  Result,  to  rebound,  to  leape 
backe.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  xi.  737  The  huge  round  stone 
resulting  with  a  bound  Thunders  impetuous  down.  _  1757 
DARWIN  in  Phil.  Trans.  L.  247  As  by  the  percussion  of 
their  angles  they  must  result  further  from  each  other.  1784 
COWPER  Task  v.  802  Praise.. from  Earth  resulting,  as  il 
ought  To  Earth's  acknowledg'd  sov'reign. 

t  d.  To  return  upon  one  by  reflection.  Oft. 

1610  B.  JONSON  Alchemist  n.  vi.  18  Whose  radij.. Shall 
by  a  vertuall  influence  breed  affections,  That  may  result 
upon  the  partie. 

t  e.  To  spring  up  or  rise  again.   Obs.  rare    '. 

1600  J.  DAVIES  Holy  Roode  I,  Hee,  like  the  glorious,  rare 
Arabian  Bird,  Will  soone  result  from  his  incinderment. 

f3.  To  issue  or  spring  forth.   Obs.  rare-1. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guille mean's  Fr.  Chirurg.  28  b/2  The  bloode 
could  not  resulte  out  of  the  apertione. 

4.  a.  Law .  To  revert  to  a  person. 

1768  BLACKSTONE  Coinnt.  III.  426  Upon  the  abolition  of 
the  court  of  wards,  the  care.. resulted  to  the  king  in  his 
court  of  chancery.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  I.  438  It  was 
resolved  that  the  use  resulted  to  the  feoflbr  till  he  made  an 
appointment.  1875  DIGBY  Real  I'rap.  vi.  (1876)  293  The 
use  was  said  to  result  or  come  back  to  the  donor. 

f  b.  To  appertain  or  fall  to  a  person.  Obs.  rare. 

1780  BENTHAM  Pritu.  Legisl.  xviii.  §  49  To  the  parent, 
then,  in  quality  of  guardian,  results  a  set  of  duties.  1793 
JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  IV.  68  It  resulted  to  the  executive 
to  interfere  in  it. 

Hence  Kesu-lting  vbl.  sb. 

1599  J.  DAVIES  Iinmort.  Soul  u.  i.  (1714)  27  Of  the  Forms 
which  Fancy  doth  inroll ;  A  quick  Resulting,  and  a  Conse 
quence. 

Resultance  (r/z»-ltans).  Now  rare.  Also 
5  -auns,  -ans.  [Prob.  ad.  med.L.  *resultantia 
(cf.  Sp.  and  Pg.  resultancia),  f.  restiltare :  see 
RESULT  v.  and  -ANCE.] 

fl.  Origin,  beginning.   Obs.  rare—1. 

c  1440  CAFGRAVE  Life  St.  Katk.  in.  704  For  of  man  & 
godd  hys  persone . .  hath  take  resultauns. 

f2.  a.  The  result  of  deliberation;  a  decision. 

1610  DONNE  Psendo-martyr  Pref.  Cj,  It  is  easie  to 
obserue,  what  the  Collection  and  resultanse  vpon  this  con 
clusion  will  be. 

t  b.  The  result  of  combination  or  condensa 
tion  ;  the  sum  or  gist  of  something.  Obs. 

1610  DONNE  Pseudo-martyr  245  He  speakes  out  of  the 
strength  and  resultance  of  many  lawes  and  Canons  there 
alleadged.  a  1639  WOTTON  Ediic.  in  Relia.  (1672)  82  If  in 
these  external  marks,  or  signatures  there  be  any  certainty, 
it  must  be  taken  from  that  which  I  have  formerly  called  the 
Total  Resultance.  1640  WALTON  Life  Donne  (1670)  62  He 
left  the  resultance  of  1400  Authors,  most  of  them  abridged 
and  analysed  with  his  own  hand. 

3.  t  a.  Something  which  issues,  proceeds,  or 
emanates  from  another  thing.  Obs. 

1615  JACKSON  Orig.  Unbelief  xiii.  99  Sensible  obiects.. 
grant  a  resultance  of  such  a  form  or  stampe  of  them  in  the 
eye.  1x1631  DONNE  Poems  (1650)  212  He  would. .thence 
inferre  that  soules  were  but  Resultances  from  her.  1680 
WALLER  Div.  Medit.  (1839)  23  That  placency  which  we 
take  to  be  in  them,  is  but  a  resultance  of  our  own  Minds. 
tb.  A  reflection  (of  light).  Alsoyfj;  Obs. 

1629  T.  ADAMS  Happiness  Ch.  Wks.  574  Let  a  looking- 
glasse  be  set  before  him,  it  will  reflect  it  to  his  eyes,  hee 
shall  read  it  by  the  resultance.  1638  Randolphs  Muses 
Looking-Gl.  Prefatory  Verses,  I  confesse  that  power  which 
workes  in  mee  Is  but  a  weake  resultance  tooke  from  thee. 
1652  BENLOWES  Theoph.  Author's  Design,  I'm  but  a  faint 
Resultance  from  Thy  Light  Which,  at  Sol's  Rise  and  Set 
enchears  my  Sight. 

C.  A  result,  effect,  or  outcome.  Now  rare. 

1635  HOWEI.L  Lett.  (1892)  II.  655  According  to  y°  result 
ance  of  his  particular  deeds.  <x  1648  Lu.  HERBERT  Hen. 
y{U  (1683)  342  Yet  this  good  Resultance  followed,  that  it 
made  him  take  the  more  care  to  be  Just.  1664  POWER  Exp. 
Philas.  in.  193  The  old  Dogmatists,  .that  onely  gaz'd  at  the 
visible  effects  and  last  Resultances  of  things. 

1881  Blackw.  Mag.  May  564/2  In  all  these  resultances 
..the  sword  invariably  maintained  ..  the  great  striking 
characteristic  of  its  form  of  proceeding. 

f  4.  The  fact  of  issuing  or  resulting  (from  some 
thing)  ;  esp.  by  resultance,  derivatively.  Obs. 

had' 

resu , - 

607  We  may  not  think  so  vulgarly  of  Scripture,  as  to  dream 
that  any  title  of  it  came  by  resultance  or  casually  into  the 
world.  1680  Counterplots  ^  Whatever  is  properly  and 
essentially  good  must.. be  so  by  its  resultance  from  this 
Holy  Being. 

f5.  Resilience,  rise.  Obs.  rare—1. 

a  1633  AUSTIN  Medit.  (1635)  85  Most  of  the  Seers.. of  this 
world  goe  (first)  by  the  ground-line  to  seeke  a  false  loy  on 
Earth,  whence  it  is  not  possible  there  should  be  any  Result 
ance  to  make  an  Angle  up- ward. 

t  Resu  Itancy.   Obs.  [See  prec.  and  -ANCY.] 

1.  =RESULTANCB  3  a. 

1615  T.  ADAMS  Tivo  Sous  68  Our  children,  as  the  sweete 
resultancies  and  living  pictures  of  ourselves.  1628  EARLE 
Microcosm.  (Arb.)  71  A  Herald  is  the  spawne,  or  indeed 
but  the  resultancie  of  Nobility.  1675  BAXTER  Cath.  Theol. 
n.  viii.  186  As  a  resultancy  from  those  Gifts.  1701  NORRIS 
Ideal  World  I.  ii.  59  The  very.. nature  of  relation.,  is  not  a 
thing  intended  by  itself,  but  a  meer  resultancy. 


558 

b.  =  RESULTANCE  3  b. 

1628  T.  SPENCER  Logick  ip  A  resultancy  or  reflection,    I 
proceeding  from  a  being  objected  to  our  vnderstandmg. 
a  1641  BP.  MONTAGU  Acts  f,  Mon.  (1642)  119  In  the  firma-    , 
ment  of  heaven  be  many  Starres;.. of  sundry  resultancies 
and  apparitions ;  of  the  first,  second,  third  magnitude,  as 
they  use  to  speak. 

2.  =  RESULTANCE  4. 

1630  PRYNNE  Anti-Armin.  115  If  Gods  fore-sight  and 
euerlasting  Decrees  haue  their  resnltancie  from  the  wills  of 
men.  1640  Bp.  REYNOLDS  Passions  xxxii.  399  From  Nature 
generated,  .by  secret  and  ineffable  Resultancy  and  kmana-  , 
lion  1683  J.  CORBET  Free  Actions  n.  xh.  20  Which  Rela 
tion  .  .follows  the  uad/nildamtlttu/H  by  a  bare  Resultancy, 
without  any  further  Causation. 

3.  =  KESULTANCE  2  b. 

1637  HEYLIN  Brief  Ansvi.  26  By  way  of  Corollarie,  or 
tesultancie  out  of  all  the  premisses.  1651  Raleigh's  Ghost 
73  From  all  which,  this  one  true  resultancy  or  conclusion 
may  infallibly  be  gathered.  1682  Foxes  <j-  Firebrands  II. 
86  The  resultancy  of  this  Story  is  home  and  pat. 

Resultant  (r/zo-ltant),  sb.     [See  next.] 

1 1.  Arith.  The  total  or  sum.  Obs.  rare. 

£1430  Art  Nombryng  4  The  resultant  10.  To  whom  it 
shalle  be  addede  7.  The  nombre  to  be  addede  3. 

2.  Meek.  That  force  which  is  the  equivalent  of 
two  or  more  forces  acting  from  different  directions 
at  one  point.     Also  generally,  the  composite  or 
final  effect  of  any  two  or  more  physical  forces. 

1815  O.  GREGORY  Mechanics  (ed.  3)  I.  n.  31  The  resultant  is 
situated  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  axis.  1836  WHE- 
WELL  Mechanics  ii.  (ed.  5)  24  If  two  forces  act  in  opposite 
directions,  the  resultant  will  be  the  difference  of  the  two,  and 
in  the  direction  of  the  greater.  1842  BLACK  Homavpathy 
iv.  5^  All  action  in  the  living  body  is  the  resultant  of  two 
co-efficients.  1856  Orr's  Circle  Sci.,  Slech.  Phil.  173  To 
determine  the  resultant  of  all  the  pressures  of  a  fluid.  1879 
PKESCOTT  Sp.  Telephone  18  Its  motion  will  be  the  resultant 
of  all  the  sound  waves. 

b.  transf.  of  other  than  physical  forces. 

1848  H.  ROGERS  Ess.  (1860)  III.  319  The  conflict  between 
the  two  opposite  forces  will  probably  compel  our  statesmen 
to  move  in  the  path  of  their  resultant.  1856  FROUDE  Hist. 
E'tg.  (1858)  II.  192  The  resultant,  not  of  the  victory  of 
either  of  the  extreme  parties,  but  of  the  joint  action  of  their 
opposing  forces,  1874  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  I.  i.  i  The 
resultant  of  three  forces,  whose  reciprocal  influences  are 
constant,  subtle,  and  intricate. 

c.  The  product  or  outcome  of  something. 

1847  HELPS  Friends  in  C.  (1851)  I.  9  See  of  how  large  a 
portion  of  the  character  truth  is  the  resultant.  1871  TYLOR 
Prim.  Cult.  I.  12  Collective  social  action  is  the  mere  re 
sultant  of  many  individual  actions.  1890  HUMPHRY  Old 
Age  30  Most  of  these  habits,  -are  the  resultants  of  health, 
as  well  as  the  promoters  of  it, 

3.  Math.  (See  quot.  1856.) 

1856  A.  CAYLEY  in  Phil.  Trans.  CXLVI.  636  The  function 
of  the  coefficients,  which,  equalled  to  zero,  expresses  the  re 
sult  of  the  elimination. .,  is  said  to  be  the  Resultant  of  the 
system  of  qualities.  The  resultant  is  an  invariant  of  the  sys 
tem  of  qualities.  1860  H.  J.  S.  SMITH  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc. 
(1861)  162  If  R  be  the  Resultant  of  <f>i(x)  and  foCO,  [etc.]. 
1867  BRANUE  &  Cox  Diet.  Sci.  III.  266/1.  1881  [see 
ELIMINANT  B]. 

Resultant  (rfto-ltant),  a.  [ad.  L.  resultant- 
em,  pres.  pple.  of  resultare :  see  RESULT  v.  and 
-ANT.  So  F.  resultant.  It.,  Sp.,  and  Pg.  resultanle.~\ 

1 1.  Issuing  or  shining  by  reflection.   Obs. 

1615  T.  ADAMS  Spiritual  Navigators  45  Seeing  the  re 
sultant  light  of  the  starres  shining  in  the  water  about  him. 
1661  R.  BURNEY  A'.  Chas.  presented  4  §  2  Tis  a  beam  result 
ant  from  Gods  Majestic,  and  reflects  upon  the  people  for 
their  good. 

2.  That  results,  resulting  ;  consequent. 

1639  LD.  DIGBY  Lett.  cone.  Relig.  (1651)  112  Accepting 
alike  the  Faith  resultant  from  the  dark  mists  of  the  Ignorant, 
and  from  the  clearest  intelligence  of  the  Learned.  1672 
BOYLE  Orig.  Gems  Postscr.,  By  reason  of  the  figure  of  the 
resultant  corpuscles.  1855  BAILEY  Mystic  24  All  soul-sin 
seems  a  missing  of  the  mark  Resultant  from  imperfect  force 
or  aim.  1856  Orr's  Circle  Sci.,  Mech.  Phil.  173  If  this 
simple  resultant  pressure  act  upward  [etc.].  1883  FARRAR 
Early  Chr.  II.  275  The  overthrow  of  the  tenth  part  of  the 
city,  and  the  resultant  terror  and  repentance. 

b.  Resultant  axis,  point :  (see  quots.). 

1831  BREWSTER  Optics  xxiii.  204  The  lines  or  axes  along 
which  there  is  no  double  refraction  or  polarisation,  .have 
been  called  optical  axes,  .or  resultant  axes.  1878  PREECE 
&  SIVEWRIGHT  Telegraphy  203  That  point  where  the  whole 
force  which  itjs  intended  to  counteract  may  be  supposed  to 
be  collected,  .is  known  in  mechanics  as  the  resultant  point. 

c.  Resultant  note  or  tone  :  (see  second  quot.). 
1876  tr.  Blaserna's  Sound  v.  82 Those  notes,  .to  which  the 

name  of  resultant  notes  or  sometimes  difference  notes  is 
usually  given.  1876  BERNSTEIN  Five  Senses  280  When  two 
tones  are  sounded  together,  tones  of  an  entirely  new  nature 
are  produced,  which  have  been  called  resultant  tones.  1898 
ELLISTON  Organs  (ed.  3)  52  The  Quint  stop,  combined  with 
the  16  ft.,  gives  a  resultant  undertone  of  32ft.  pitch. 

Hence  Besultantly  adv. 

1865  BUSHNELL  Vicar.  Sacrif.  in.  iii.  234  The  retributive 
causes  go  their  way  and  do  their  work,  not  arrested  in  their 
action,  but  only  qualified  resultantly. 

t  Resultat(e.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  F.  resulted  or 
It.  risultato.]  =  RESULT  si. 

1620-1  BACON  in  Spedding  Life*,  Lett.  VII.  172  Although 
some  particular  members  of  Parliament  may  have  their 
private  ends,  yet  one  man  sets  another  upright ;  so  that  the 
resultate  of  their  counsels  is  for  the  most  part,  .sincere. 

t  Resulta'tion.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  resultation-em, 
noun  of  action  from  resultare :  see  RESULT  v.  and 
-Anew.]  =  RESULTANOE  33,  3  b. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  1175  The  resultation  of  a 


RESUME. 

light  from  the  water  upon  some  wall.  1624  Bp.  MOUNTAGU 
Immed.  Addr.  123  That  which  they  know  . .  by  way  of 
Resultation  from  his  alsufficiencie.  1649  ROBERTS  Clavis 
Bibl.  350  A  Psalm  is.. the  noise  of  pleasantnesse,  the  re- 
sultation  of  gladsomnesse. 

t  Resultatively,  adv.  Obs.  rare  -*,  [f.  RESDLT 
v.  +  -ATIVE  +  -LY  2.]  By  way  of  conclusion. 

"*57  W.  MOEICE  Coena  quasi  Koi^i  iv.  184  These  men. . 
are  resultatively  and  interpretatively  as.. earnest  to  exclude 
men  from  the  Sacrament. 

Resultful,  a.  [f.  RESULT  sb.  +  -FUL.]  Rich 
or  abounding  in  results  ;  fruitful. 

1876  FAIRBAIEN  in  Contemp.  Rev.  June  132  His  own  work 
had  been  of  the  most  resultful  sort.  1892  Month  Feb.  234 
Controversies ..  more  likely  to  be  endless  than  resultful. 

Hence  Besu'ltfully  adv. 

1881  FAIRBAIBN  Stud.  Life  Christ  viii.  148  The  relation 
..was  most  deeply  and  resultfully  experienced  by  the  men. 

Resulting  (r/zo-ltin),  ///.  a.  [f.  RESULT  v.  + 
-ING  -.]  Arising,  produced,  or  obtained  as  a  result ; 
resultant,  consequent. 

1666  BOYLE  Orif.  Formes  ff  Qua!.  194  The  resulting 
Qualities  and  Attributes  of  the  small  particles  of  Matter. 
1684-5  —  Min.  Waters  35  By  putting  a  much  greater,  or  a 
much  lesser,  quantity  of  Galls,  into,  .the  Mineral  Water,  the 
resulting  colour  maybe  more  or  less  intense.  1743  EMERSON 
Fluxions  145  Put  the  Equation  of  the  Curve  into  Fluxions, 
and  the  resulting  Equation  into  Fluxions  again.  1766 
BLACKSTONE  Couiiii.  II.  335  The  use  ..  returns  back  to 
him  who  raised  it,  . .  and  is  stiled  a  resulting  use.  1797 
Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  II.  317/2  The  second,  because  the 
divisor  is  9,  repeats  the  resulting  figure  after  the  dividend 
is  exhausted.  1827  JARMAN  PowelCs  Devises  II.  41  There 
would  either  be  a  resulting  trust,  or  it  would  belong  to  the 
person  who  takes  the  estate.  1885  C.  G.  W.  LOCK  Work- 
'  shop  Rec.  Ser.  iv.  361/1  A  general '  flatness '  in  the  resulting 
photographs  is  noticeable. 

Hence  Besu'ltingly  adv. 

1863  C.  M.  SMITH  Dead  Lock  46  Her  education,  .was 
]    conducted  under  their  superintendence,  and  it  resultingly 
differed  somewhat  from  the  usual  routine. 

t  Restrltive,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RESULT  v. 
+  -IVE.]  Resultant. 

1655  FULLER  Clt.  Hist.  n.  Ded.,  There  is  such  a  Sympathy 
betwixt  several  Sciences,  .that  (as  in  a  Regular  Fortification 
one  Piece  strenglheneth  another)  a  resultive  Firmness 
ariseth  from  their  Complication. 

Resultless,  a.  [f.  RESULT  sb.  +  -LESS.]  Devoid 
of,  or  without,  result ;  ineffectual. 

1846  Blackw.  Mag.  LX.  336  Disgust  at  the  resultless 
strife  has  not  yet  replaced  the  interest  and  excitement  it 
creates.  1880  MUIRHEAD  Gains  n.  §  30  The  cession  is  held 
in  that  case  to  be  resultless. 

Hence  Resvrltlessly  adv. ;  Besu'ltlessness. 

1858  TRENCH  Synonyms  xlix.  (1876)  174  The  aimlessness, 
or,  if  we  may  use  the  word,  the  resuhlessness,  of  that  to 
which  this  epithet  is  given.  1900  Academy  18  Aug.  137/2 
Bulwer  Lytton  is  clever  without  depth,  and  resultlessly 
interesting. 

t  Resu'ltment.  Obs.  rare— *.  [f.  RESULT  v. 
•f  -MENT.]  =  RESULT  sb. 

1683  SALMON  Dot-on  Mfd.  \.  xx.  131  The  Quota's  are  the 
resultment,  which  is  always  of  the  same  with  the  greater 
Product. 

ResumabHity.  [f.  next  +  -rrv.]  Capacity 
for,  or  possibility  of,  being  resumed. 

1835  L.  HUNT  Land.  Jrnl.  4  Feb.  36  The  magician  has  a 
fatal  lock  of  hair  on  his  head  which  if  once  cut  off  puts  an 
1    end  to  the  resumability  of  the  head. 

Resumable  (rfzi«-mab'l),  a.  [f.  RESUME  v.  + 
j   -ABLE.]     Capable  of  being  resumed. 

1644  BP.  MAXWELL  Prerog.  C/ir.  Kings  viii.  93  This  same 
Soveraignty  and  Majesty  is  resumable.  (11676  HALE  (J.), 
This  was  but  an  indulgence,  and  therefore  resumable  by 
the  victor,  unless  there  intervened  any  capitulation  to  the 
contrary.  1818  H ALLAH  Mid.  Ages  (1872)  I.  160,  I  am  not 
convinced  that  beneficiary  grants  were  ever  considered  as 
resumable  at  pleasure.  1883  Law  Times  Kef.  L.  103/2  The 
land,  .should  not  be  resumable.  .because  it  had  been  built 
upon,  or  was  used  as  garden. 

Resume  (r/z'/rm),  v.  Also  7  Sc.  resoom. 
[ad.  OF.  resumer  (F.  rhumer.  It.  re-,  risumere, 
Sp.,  Pg.  resumir),  or  L.  resfimere,  f.  re-  RE-  + 
siimire  to  take.] 

I.  trans.  1.  To  assume,  put  on,  or  take  to  one- 
:  self  anew  (something  previously  lost,  given  up,  or 
;  discarded) : 

a.  courage,  hope,  or  other  feeling. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Citron.  Troy  in.  xxiv,  Grekes  reioysynge 
And  in  all  haste  their  hertes  resumynge  Began  them  sclfe 
for  to  recomforte. 

1602  MARSTON  Ant.  S,  Mel.  in.  Wks.  1856  I.  32  Come 
soule,  resume  the  valour  of  thy  birth.  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
i.  278  If  once  they  hear  that  voyce,  ..they  will  soon  resume 
New  courage  and  revive.  1671  —  P.  R.  II.  58  Thus  they 
;  out  of  their  plaints  new  hope  resume.  1737  WHISTON 
Josephus,  Hist.  n.  xix.  §  7  When  the  robbers  perceived  this 
unexpected  retreat ..  they  resumed  their  courage.  1765  H. 
WALPOLE  Otranto  iv.  (1798)  65  For  mercy's  sweetest  self,. . 
resume  your  soul,  command  your  reason.  1812  BYRON  Cn. 
Har.  n.  Ixxiii,  Who  that  gallant  spirit  shall  resume,  Leap 
from  Eurota's  banks,  and  call  thee  from  the  tomb?  1871 
BLACK  Adv.  Phaeton  xiii.  180  Bell  rapidly  resumed  her 
ordinary  good  spirits. 

b.  strength,  power,  influence,  etc. 

c  1425  Found.  St.  Bartholomew's  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  59  And  a 
litill,  her  myghtys  that  she  hadde  lost  she  resumyd,  and 
forthermore,  anoone  aftir,  ful  helth  optenyd. 

1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixxvii.  §  3  They  which  have 
once  received  this  power  may  not  think.. to  take  it,  re- 
iect,  and  resume  it  as  often  as  they  themselues  list.  1654 
tr.  Martini's  Conq.  China  113  Only  to  amuse  them  with 


RESUME. 

a  Peace,  whilst  they  could  resume  their  strength  and  force. 
»747  Col.  Rec.  Pennsylv.  V.  84  They  resume  the  same 
Power  with  their  President  as  if  the  Governor  was  here. 
1771  J unfits  Lett.  xliv.  (1788)  255  They  have  advised  the 
King  to  resume  a  power  of  dispensing  with  the  laws  by  royal 
proclamation.  1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  vii, 
Could  I  see  your  natural  good  sense  resume  its  influence 
over  passion.  1821  SHELLEY  Remembrance  10  The  owlet 
night  resumes  her  reign.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  iii.  §  6. 
147  Theology  in  its  scholastic  form,  .resumed  its  supremacy 
in  the  schools.  1883  Manch.  Guard.  3  Nov.  7/6  Religious 
animosity.. has  resumed  its  hold  on  both  sides. 
C.  some  appearance,  form,  or  condition. 

1605  SHAKS.  Lear  i.  iv.  331  He  resume  the  shape  which 
thou  dost  thinke  I  haue  cast  off  for  euer.  1697  DKYIJEN 
Virg.  Georg.  iv.  640  Having  shifted  ev'ry  Form  to  scape, 
Convinc'd  of  Conquest,  he  resum'd  his  Shape.  1742  COLLINS 
Eel.  1. 14  The  radiant  Morn  resum'd  her  orient  pride.  1781 
COWPER  Conversat.  401  We  come,  As  from  a  seven  years 
transportation,  home,  And  there  resume  an  unembarrass'd 
brow.  1837  DICKENS  Pickw.  xxvii,  Mr.  Pickwick's  coun 
tenance  resumed  its  customary  benign  expression.  1850 
TENNYSON  In  Mem.  xc,  Could  the_dead,  whose  dying  eyes 
Were  closed  with  wail,  resume  their  life. 

d.  To  take  again,  re-occupy  (a  place  or  seat). 

1633  P.  FLETCHER  Purple  Isl.  \\.  iv,  A  new-born  Phoenix 
flies,  and  widow'd  place  resumes.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xn. 
456  He  shall  ascend,.  .Then  enter  into  glory,  and  resume 
His  Seat  at  Gods  right  hand.  1700  DRYDEN  Pal,  fy  Arc. 
ii.  349  Reason  resum'd  her  place,  and  passion  fled.  1867 
AGASSIZ  Jonrn.  Brazil  ii.  (1871)  63,  I  resumed  my  seat, 
trying  to  look  as  if  it  were  my  habit  to  mount  horses  on  the 
tops  of  high  mountains  and  slide  down  to  the  bottom. 

2.  To  take  up  or  begin  again,  to  recommence 
(some  interrupted  practice  or  occupation),    f  Also 
const,  to. 

c  1440  Alph.  Tales  252  And  (jai  tuke  J>aim  to  cowncell  att 
bai  wald  resume  hospitalite,  &  giff  almos  agayn  as  |rai  war 
wunte.  1624  S.  H.  Present.  Health  46  In  the  morning 
when  you  rise  againe,  resume  to  your  selues  your  former 
dayes  thoughts  and  cares.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients 
208  Nothing  is  easily  resumed  after  a  great  discontinuance. 
1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol.  I.  xlviii,  My  Muse  !  resume  the 
task  that  yet  doth  thee  abide.  1784  COWPER  Task  vi.  535 
With  looks  of  some  complacence  he  resum'd  His  road.  1820 
IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  I.  90  Rip  now  resumed  his  old  walks  and 
habits.  1853  C.  BRONTE  l/illette  x,  I  resumed  some  work 
I  had  dropped.  1883  Manch.  Guard.  17  Oct.  5/5  That  Par 
liament  should  resume  its  labours  upon  the  Criminal  Code. 

b.  esp.  To  go  on  again  with  (a  discourse,  discus 
sion,  remark,  etc.). 

1600  J.  PORY  tr.  Leo's  Africa  ii.  70  Hauing  made  sufficient 
digression,  let  us  resume  the  matter  subject  where  we  left. 
1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  i.  §  27  The  Prince,  .prevailed 
..that  the  debate  was  again  resumed  upon  the  journey. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L,  xn.  5  Heer  the  Archangel  paus'd, 
.  .Then  with  transition  sweet  new  Speech  resumes.  1732 
BERKF,LEY^//a;*/fr.  i.  §  3  Finding  that  nobody  made  answer, 
he  resumed  the  thread  of  his  discourse.  1795  Abridgm, 
Deb.  Congress  (1857)  I.  525/1  The  Senate  resumed  the  con 
sideration  of  the  Treaty.  1845  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  26 
As  if  merely  resuming  the  broken  thread  of  the  previous 
day's  argument.  1894  HALL  CAINE  Manxman  67  Ross  had 
resumed  his  conversation  with  Kate. 

c.  To  reassemble  or  bring  together  again  for 
the  transaction  of  business. 

1472-3  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  42/1  If.,  it  shall  be  thought 
..necessary  and  behovefull,  to  resume,  assemble,  and  have 
apparaunce  of  this  his  seid  Parlement.  1800  Asiatic  Ann. 
Reg.  II.  49/2  The  House  being  resumed,  the  report  was 
ordered  to  be  received  to-morrow. 

3.  To   take    back    to   oneself   (something   pre 
viously  given  or  granted). 

1450  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  183/2  [To]  take,  resume,  seise  and 
reteine  in  your  handes.  .all  Honoures.  .the  which  ye  hafe 
graunted.  1480  IVaterford  Arch,  in  xoM  Rep.  Hist.  MSS. 
Cotntn.  V.  314  Them  that  occupied  the  same  befor  they  were 
resumed.  1542-3  Act  34  $•  35  Hen.  Vffl,  c.  18  It  shall 
be  laufull  to  our  said  soueraigne  lord.. to  seise  or  resume 
any  of  the  saiQe  franchises.  1641  PRYNNE  Antipathic  18 
The  custody  of  Rochester  Castle  and  other  Forts,  which 
the  King  for  securing  his  State,  had  resumed  into  his  owne 
hands,  a  1672  WII.KINS  Nat.  Relig.  (1675)  246  They. .will 
not  murmur  against  Him,  when  He  is  pleased  to  resume 
any  thing  from  them.  1713  SWIFT  Cadenus  $•  Vanessa  260 
Gods  of  whatsoe'er  Degree  Resume  not,  what  themselves 
have  giv'n.  1754  SHERLOCK  Disc.  (1759)  I.  ii-  76  Why 
should  God  resume  this  Authority  out  of  the  Hands  of  His 
Son  ?  1821  SCOTT  Pirate  Advt.,  Touching  the  hand  of  the 
corpse,  she  formally  resumed  the  troth-plight  which  she  had 
bestowed.  1875  MAINE  Hist.  Inst,  \.  7  It  is  expressly 
stated  that  in  the  case  of  an  association  of  villeins  the  lord 
did  not  resume  their  land. 

fb.  To  abrogate,  withdraw.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1549  Act  3  <$•  4  Edw.  Vf,  c.  20  §  3  The  said  Act.. shall 
from  henceforth  be  resumed,  repealed,  adnulled . .  and  utterly 
made  void  for  ever. 

4.  a.  To  take  back  (a  person)  to,  or  into  some 
relation  with,  oneself. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vii.  ccxliii.  285  Seinge  they  myght 
not  enduce  the  Kynge  to  noone  conformytie  or  agrement, 
to  resume  his  lawfull  wyfe,  and  to  refuse  that  other.  1601 
B.  JOSSON  Poetaster  v.  i,  We . .  Resume  into  the  late  state  of 
our  loue  Worthy  Cornelius  Gallus.  1653  VAL'GHAN  Si  lex 
Scint.  n.  138  Resume  thy  spirit  from  this  world  of  thrall. 
1821  SHELLEY  Hellas  102  If  Heaven  should  resume  thee, 
To  Heaven  shall  her  spirit  ascend.  1850  MRS,  JAMESON 
Ltf.  Monast.  Ord.  (1863)  287  She.. holds  her  veil  extended 
as  if  to  resume  her  divine  Child. 

b.  To   take   or   pick  up   (a  thing)   again ;    to 
return  to  the  use  of. 

1596  SPKNSER  F.  Q.  v.  xi.  56  My  former  shield  I  may  resume 
againe.  1716  POPE  Iliad  v.  405  Then,  mounting  on  his 
car,  [he]  resum'd  the  rein.  1822  [MARY  A.  KELTY]  Osmond 
\.  19  She  continued,  resuming  the  picture.  1873  BLACK  Pr. 
Thule  viii,  So  he  was  content  to  resume  his  pipe  and  listen. 


559 

5.  To  repeat  (a  sentence  or  word),  rare. 

1535  JOVE  Apol.  Tindale  (Arb.)  37  He  resumeth  the  same 
sentence  yet  agen  the  thirde  tyme.  1592  tr.  Junto  son  Rev. 
xx.  6  A  return  unto  the  Intended  history  by  resuming  the 
words  which  are  in  the  end  of  the  4  verse.  1824  L.  MURRAY 
Eng.  Gram.  (ed.  5)  I.  302  In  many  of  these  instances,  the 
nominative  must  be  repeated  ;  and.. in  most  of  the  others, 
it  may  be  resumed  with  propriety  and  advantage. 
b.  To  recapitulate  or  summarize  (facts,  etc.). 

1676  TOWERSON  Decalogue  73  The  unreasonableness  where 
of  will  appear,  if  we  resume  those  things  which  we  have  said 
to  the  object  of  love.  1685  BURNET  tr.  Mores  Utopia  21 
The  Counsellor  had  resolved  to  resume  all  that  I  had  said. 
1715  IVodrow's  Corr.  (1843)  II.  38  The  sub-committee 
brought  in  their  overtures  as  to  Mr.  Simson's  affair.  I  can 
not  resume  them.  1769  ROBERTSON  Chas.  F,  x.  III.  231 
After  resuming,  at  great  length,  all  the  facts  and  arguments 
upon  v/hich  they  founded  their  claim.  1869  Pall  Alall  G. 
6  Sept.  12  Concerning  '  Kathrina '(  let  us  finally,  and  in 
brief,  resume,  that  in  its  purport  it  is  unsatisfactory  and 
unconvincing.  1878  DowDBN  Stud.  Lit.  346  A  philosophy 
which  should  resume  all  his  views  upon  nature,  man,  and 
society. 

II.  absol.  6.  To  reassume  possession. 

71565  in  Pettus  Fodina;  Reg.  (1670)  59  The  Queen  to 
have  power  to  resume,  paying  to  Humfrey  and  Shutz..such 
recompence  as  shall  be  adjudged  by  6  Citizens.  1611  SHAKS. 
Cynib.  in.  i.  15  That  opportunity  Which  then  they  had  to 
take  from's,  to  resume  We  haue  againe.  1738  WFSLF.Y 
Hymns,1  The  Lord!  how  fearful  is  his  Name!'  vi,  Tis 
sov'reign  Love  that  lends  our  Joys,  And  Love  resumes  again. 

7.  To  give  a  resume  or  summary. 

1770  Bp.  FORBES  Jrnl.  (1886)  309  Preached  from  Acts  8.  14. 
&c.,  Mr.  Allan  Cameron  resuming  in  Galic. 

8.  a.  To  begin  to  speak  again  ;  to  continue  one's 
discourse. 

1802  MAR.  EDGKWORTH  Moral  T.  (1816)  I.  228  When  he 
could  again  be  heard.  .,he  resumed, as  follows.  1837  DICKONS 
PickWt  xxvii,  Mr.  Weller  smoked  for  some  minutes  in 
silence,  and  then  resumed. 

b.  To  recommence  work  or  business. 

1817  Parl.  Debates  1351  The  House  then  resumed,  and 
the  Report  was  ordered  to  he  received  to-morrow.  1849 
MACAUI.AV  Hist,  Eng.  x.  II.  625  The  discussion  was  soon  in 
terrupted  by  the  reappearance  of  Hampden  with  another 
message.  The  House  resumed  and  was  informed  that 
[etc.].  1903  Daily  Chron.  7  Oct.  6/3  The  London  County 
Council  resumed  after  the  holidays. 
C.  To  continue  ;  to  begin  again. 

1815  Zeluca  II.  238  She  picked  ..  up  [the  letters],  and 
resumed  at  the  only  words  of  her  own  she  had  seen.  1866 
CRUMP  Banking  ix.  200  If  a  bank  of  issue  should  discontinue 
issuing, .  .it  should  not  be  lawful  to  resume. 

Hence  Resu'med  ppl.  a. ;  Resinning  vbl.  sb. 
and  ppl.  a. 

c  1470  G.  ASHBV  Active  Policy  726  To  he  wele  aduised  in 
your  grauntyng  Any  fee  or  office.. That  it  securly  stande 
withoute  resumyng.  1672  R.  MONTAGUS  in  Bncclench 
MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  518  One  quarter's  allowance 
is  stopped  by  the  last  resuming  of  the  assignments.  1681 
DRYDEN  Abs.  $  Ac/tit.  767  Then  this  resuming  Cov'nant 
was  declar'd  When  Kings  were  made,  or  is  for  ever  bar'd. 
1800  Asiatic  Ann.  Reg.  II.  12/1  The  major  part  of  the 
present  excess  has  arisen  from  the  arrears  of  police  taxes, 
and  the  rent  of  resumed  Tannadaree  lands.  1890  DILKE 
Probl.  Greater  Brit.  \\.  ii.  I.  270  The  lessee  was.  .given  a 
preferential  right  of  obtaining  an  annual  occupation-license 
for  the  resumed  area. 

I]  Resume  (rezume),  sir.  [Fr.,  pa.  pple.  of  rt- 
sumer  to  RESUME.]  A  summary,  epitome. 

1804  Edin.  Rev.  IV.  98  After  a  short  resume  of  his  obser 
vations  on  coffee-houses  and  prisons,  Mr.  Holcroft  leaves 
Paris.  1861  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  31  Some  of  the  papers 
are  mere  r/surrt/s  of  English  books.  1885  Laiv  Rep.  29 
Chanc.  Div.  457  The  report  contained  a  resume  of  the 
evidence. 

Hence  Resum6  z>.,  to  epitomize,  rare. 

iSS&Atner.  Jrnl.  Psychol.  May  535  A  disjointedness.  .that 
makes  it  difficult  to  read,  and  still  more  so  to  resume'. 

Resunier.   rare.  [f.  RESUME  z>. +  -ER  *.]   One 

who  resumes. 

a  1656  USSHER  Power  Princes  \.  (1683)  18  The  founder  of 
all  rule,  authority  and  power  at  the  beginning,  and  the 
resumer  thereof  into  his  own  hands  again  at  the  end  of  the 
World. 

Hesu'iumon  («-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  OF.  re- 
soumondre,  resemondre  (Godef.).] 

fl.  trans.  To  issue  (a  writ)  again.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1594  WEST  -2nd  Pt.  Symbol.  §  61  If  the  king  die  after  the 
writ  of  Couenant  be  returned,.. and  before  the  fine  be  in- 
grossed,,  .the  writ  of  couenant  shalbe  resomoned  and  the 
fine  ingrossed. 

*t*  2.  To  recall  fa  thing)  to  mind.    Obs.  rare. 

1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  H.  xiii.  §  6  To  inuent  is  to  dis- 
couer  that  we  know  not,  and  not  to  recouer  or  resummon 
that  which  wee  alreadie  knowe. 

3.  To  summon  (a  person)  anew;  to  convene  (an 
assembly)  again. 

1643  PKVNNE  Sov.  Pmver  Parl.  i.  (ed.  2)  31  But  the  King 
re-summoning  them  at  quindena  Pasc/tt,  granted  all  things 
absolutely  according  to  their  desire.  1696  LUTTRELL  Brief 
Rel.  (1857)  IV.  66  They  were  this  morning  resummoned  to 
attend  their  excellencies.  1741  FIELDING  J.  Andrews  I.  vii, 
She  re-summoned  Mrs.  Slipslop  into  her  presence.  1830 
LYTTON  Paul  Clifford  xix,  The  pawnbroker  was  re-sum- 
moned.  1885  L.  p.  PIKE  Yrbks.  12  $  13  Edw.  Ill  (Rolls) 
Introd.  47  The  original  assise-men  were  re-summoned  to 
give  a  verdict  on  the  points  of  the  assise. 

Besu-nimons  (W-).  Law.  [a.  AF.  resomons 
(Godef.).]  A  second  or  renewed  summons. 

1495  Act  ii  Hen.  VII,  c.  24  §  i  In  the  same  atteynte 
there  shalbe  awarded  ageynst..the  party.. som[mons]  and 
resom[mons]and  distres  infynyte.  1547  Act  r  Edw.  K/,c.  7 
Preamble,  The  Demandants.. were  compelled. .to  prose- 


RESUMPTIVELY. 

cute  and  sue  Resummons.  .to  revive.. their  said  Actions. 
1598  MANWOOD  Lawes  Forest  \xv.  (1615)  257  The  plees  may 
be  reuiued  againe  by  the  Kings  writ  of  roummons.  1641 
Termes  de  la  Ley  243  b,  Resummons  is  a  second  summons 
of  a  man  to  answer  to  an  action  where  the  first  summons. is 
defeated  by  the  demise  of  the  King,  or  such  other  cause.  1671 
F.  PHILLITS  Reg.  Necess.  401  Whereupon  by  advice  of  the 
Judges  a  resummons  was  granted.  [1865  NICHOLS  Britton 
II.g2  Neither  does  a  resummons  ever  lie  after  an  essoin.  Ibid. 
338  There  is  summons,  after-summons,  and  resummons.] 

Resumption  (r/z#'rnjan).  [a.  F.  resumption 
or  ad.  L.  resumption-em ,  n.  of  action  f.  resumere  to 
RESUME.  So  Sp.  resuncion.  It.  risztnzzone.'} 

1.  Law.  The  action,  on  the  part  of  the  Crown  or 
other  authority,  of  reassuming  possession  of  lands, 
rights,  etc.,  which  have  been  bestowed  on  others ; 
a  case  or  instance  of  this. 

1449  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  167/1  As  sone  as  that  office  to 
your  hand . .  by  deth,  cession,  amocion,  resumpcion, . .  or  elles 
in  eny  othir  maner  it  be,  next  then  to  come.  1489  Ibid.  VI. 
429/1  By  force  of  an  Acte  of  Parliament  called  a  Resump 
tion.  1503  Act  19  Hen.  Vll^  c.  _io  The  said  Act  of  Re 
sumption,  or  any  Articles  therein  contained.  ?  1565  '" 
Pettus  Fodiwe  Reg.  (1670)  57  If  after  Resumption  the 
Queen  shall  decline  the  working, then  William  Humfrey. .to 
have  the  preference  of  Farming  it  [etc.].  1614  SEI.DEN  Titles 
Hon.  248  By  the  Statue  of  Resumption  vnder  Hen.  VIII. 
most  of  the  Royalties  of  our  English  Counties  Palatin 
were  diminisht,  and  taken  into  the  Croun.  1663  PEPYS 
Diary  29  Mar., The  late  discourse  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
concerning  resumption  of  Crowne  lands.  1723  Pres.  Si. 
Russia  I.  3  They  entertained  Hopes  of  being  restored  to 
their  former  Estates  which  they  lost  by  the  late  Resumption 
during  the  Swedish  Administration*  1792  A.  YOUNG  Trav. 
France  46  This  great  work  stands  still  at  present  through 
a  fear  of  resumptions.  1831  MACKINTOSH  Sp.  Ho.  Cottint. 
4  July,  Wks.  1846  III.  552  To  represent  our  resumption  of  a 
right  of  suffrage  as  a  precedent  for  their  seizure  of  lands  and 
possessions.  1873  BURTON  Hist.  Scot.  VI.  78  They  knew 
that  the  benefit  of  the  resumption  was  not  to  be  for  them. 

b.  In  general  use,  the  action  of  taking  back  or 
recovering  something. 

1702  E'ig.  Thepphrastns  195  Resumption?;  are  as  ordinary 
with  this  lady  [fortune]  as  with  a  House  of  Common-;.  1836 
EMERSON  Nature,  Prospects  Wks.  (l.ohn)  II.  171  This  is 
such  a  resumption  of  power,  as  if  a  banished  king  should 
buy  his  territories  inch  by  inch.  i8$z  GROTE  Greece  n. 
Ixxix.  X.  356  Now  that  the  power  of  the  latter  was  broken, 
the  Eleians  aimed  at  resumption  of  their  lost  supremacy. 
1885  G.  MACUONAI.U  Diary  Old  Soul  26  Oct.,  So,  Lord,  if 
Thou  tak'st  from  me  all  the  rest,  Thyself  with  each  resump 
tion  drawing  nigher. 

2.  The  action  of  resuming,  taking  up,  or  com 
mencing  again. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xix.  (Arb.)  229  The  re 
sumption  of  a  former  proposition  vttered  in  generalise  to 
explane  the  same  better  by  a  particular  diuision.  1655 
STANLEY  Hist.  Philos,  (1701)  258/1  Reminiscence  is  not  a 
Resumption  or  Assumption  of  Memory,  but  differs  specifi 
cally  from  both  these.  1659  PKARSON  Creed  (1839)  432  This 
word, '  I  believe  ',  is  taken  here  only  by  way  of  icsumpiion  or 
repetition.  1821  BYRON  Tito  J-'osctiri  i.  i,  The  hour's  past— 
fix'd  yesterday  For  the  resumption  of  his  trial.  1863  H.  Cox 
Instit.  i.  x.  239  The  first  instance  of  resumption,  after  long 
disuse,  of  impeachments  of  ministers  on  account  of  advice  to 
the  Crown.  1884  Weekly  Notes  p  Feb.  28/2  Both  funds  must 
be  treated  as  belonging  to  the  wife  for  her  separate  use  upon 
the  resumption  of  cohabitation. 

b.    Banking.    A    return    to   specie    payments. 
Also  attrih. 

1866  CRUMP  Banking  \x.  182  We  will  take  the  price  [of 
bank  stock]  every  five  years  down  to  the  final  resumption 
in  1821.  1878  A".  Amer.  Rev.  CXXVI.  156  Despite  the 
stoppage  of  the  resumption  policy  preparing  by  Secretary 
McCullough.  1880  E.  KIRKE  Life  Garfield  30  Resumption 
came  at  last,.. when  the  Government,  for  the  first  time  in 
seventeen  years,  made  its  payments  in  coin. 
C.  (See  quot.) 

1856  J.  WILLIAMS  Gram.  Edeyrn  §  1784  Resumption  [in 
Welsh  prosody]  is  the  practice  of  beginning  every  verse 
with  the  same  letter,  which  is  sustained  throughout. 

3.  a.  Recapitulation,  resume,  rare. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Resumption,  in  the  schools, 
a  summary  repetition,  or  running  over,  of  an  argument,  or 
of  the  substance  thereof,  in  order  to  refute  it.  1836-7  SIR 
W.  HAMILTON  Metaph.  xliii.  (1859)  II.  444  A  theory,  in  fact, 
which  is  the  resumption  and  complement  of  them  all. 
b.  (See  quot.)  rare-0. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Resumption  is.. used  by 
logicians  for  the  reduction  of  some  figurative,  or  quaint 
proposition,  to  a  more  intelligible  and  significant  one. 

Resumptive  (r/zzrmtiv),  a.  and  sb.  [orig.  ad. 
L.  resumptiv-us  restorative.  In  later  use  a  new 
formation.  Cf.  Sp.  resuntivo,  Pg.  resumptive^ 

tl.  Med.  a.  adj.  Restorative.   Obs.  rare. 

1398  TREVISA  Bartk.  DeP.R.w.  Ixix.  (Bodl.  MS.), Whan 
kinde  is  comforted  he  vseb  certeyn  medicyns  resumptiue 
and  restauratiue.     1657  TOMLINSON  Renous  Dispens.  122 
Differences  of  unguents. .  from  their  effects  as  resumptive, 
•f  b.  sb.  A  restorative  medicine.  Obs. 

c  1550  LLOYD  Treas.  Health  R  v,  If  it  be  of  ouer  muche  labor 
or  of  ouer  muche  emptines  he  must  be  nouryshed  wyth 
resumptiues  and  confortatyues.  1736  BAILEY  (folio),  A  Re- 
sitwptive,  (in  Pharmacy)  an  unguent  for  recruiting  and 
restoring  languishing  constitutions  :  Resumptive*)  (in  Phy- 
sick)  medicines  serving  to  restore  decay'd  nature. 

2.  That  repeats,  or  summarizes. 

1854  Praser's  Mag.  XLIX.  372  Whether  he  ought  to  be 
slower,  more  explanatory,  more  systematic,  more  resumptive. 
1884  CHEYNE  Isaiah  I.  246  The  statement  is  resumptive. 

Hence  Resu'mptively  adv. 

1716  M.DAVIES  A  then.  Brit.  II.  170  We  also  resumptively 
add.  1903  Westm.  Gaz.  5  Feb.  1/3  '  You  see  my  point  7  he 
remarks  resumptively. 


BESUP. 

Besun(e,  obs.  forms  of  REASON. 
Besvrp,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  sup  again. 

a.  1700  KEN  Hymiwtheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  119  As  Dogs, 
the  tllthy  Vomits  they  cast  up,  In  a  short  Space. .resup. 

Besupinate  (r/WJ*pln/H),  a.  [ad.  L.  resu- 
pinat-um,  pa.  pple.  of  resupitiare  to  bend  back. 
Cf.  F.  rlsupini,  Sp.  and  Pg.  resupinado] 

1.  Chiefly  Bot.   Turned  or  twisted  upwards. 
1776  I.  LEE  Introd.  Bo!,  Explan.  Terms  382  Resupinate, 

when  the  lower  Disk  of  the  Leaf  looks  upwards.  1815  E.  J. 
BURROW  CoiKhol.  16  Raufiaata,  resupinale  i  turned  up 
wards.  1830  LINDLKV  Nut.  Syst.  Bot.  240  The  aestivation 
of  the  corolla.. is  an  important  consideration  in  determining 
whether  a  flower  is  resupinate  or  not.  1884  iglli  Cent.  \  eb. 
243  The  leaves  are  long..,  having  sharp-pointed  blades, 
barbed  sides,  and  resupinate  bark. 

2.  (See  quot.) 

1836  RAFINESQI-K. 4 »/>•>•.  Nations  I.  ii.  66 The  Resupinate 
or  Reflexed  Group  [of  American  language^]:  where  the  roots 
or  nouns  substantive  are  reversed,  following  the  adjectives 
or  epithetes,  which  are  prefixed. 

So  Besu'pinated  ppl,  a. 

1661  l,o\'f.u.Hist.Aiiiiii.  t,  Mill.  Isagoge,  Their  mouth  is 
downwards,  that  the  fishes  might  escape,  when  they  are 
resupinated.  1751  HILL  Hist.  A  nlm.  584  The  I!os,  with  very 
large,  crooked  and  resupinated  horns,  the  Buffaloe. 

Besupination  (rft'«pinJI'Jun).  [See  prec.  and 
-ATION.  So  F.  rtsupination,  Sp.  -acioii.'} 

1 1.  a.  The  effect  of  height  upon  the  proportions 
of  a  standing  figure.  Obs.  rare. 

1624  WOTTOM  Arc/lit,  in  Reli,(.  (1651)  292  Our  Vitruvius 
calleth  this  affection  in  the  Lye,  a  resupination  of  the 
Figure  :  For  which  word  (being  in  truth  his  own,  for  ought 
I  know)  we  are  almost  as  much  beholding  to  him,  as  for 
the  Observation  it  self.  1638  JL'XIUS  faint.  Ancients  233 
Phidias.. did  consider  that  the  whole  shape  of  his  image 
should  change  according  to  the  height  of  the  appointed 
place,  and  therefore  made  her  lips  wide  open.. and  all  the 
rest  accordingly,  by  a  certaine  kinde  of  resupination. 

fb.  The  action  of  putting  into  an  inverted 
position.  0/>s.  rare~l. 

1661  LOVEI.I.  Hist.  Aniin.  f(  Min.  Isagoge,  Some  [birds] 
drink.,  with  intermission,  and  resupination  of  the  head. 

t  c.  The  fact  of  lying  on,  or  the  action  of  turn 
ing  upon,  the  back.  Obs. 

1658  PHILLIPS,  RcsitpinatioH,  a  lying  along  on  the  back 
with  the  face  upward.  1661  LOVELL  Hist.  A  nim.  fy  Min. 
Isagoge,  Amongst  Fishes,.  .Some  have  their  mouth  up 
wards,,  .and  cannot  take  the  prey,  without  resupination. 

2.  Bot.  Inversion  of  parts. 

1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  in.  xiv.  (1765)  203  A  Resupina 
tion  ;  which  is,  when  the  upper  Lip  of  the  Corolla  looks 
towards  the  Ground,  and  the  under  Lip  towards  Heaven. 


ng  inferior  ovary  of  most  Urchids  undergo* 

(resupination)  at  the  time  of  the  opening  of  the  flower. 

Rssupine  (r/V'wpai'n),  a.  [ad.  L.  resupin-us\ 
see  RE-  and  SUPINE  a.  So  obs.  F.  resHpin,  Pg.  re- 
suptno,  It.  re-y  risupino.] 

fl.  Listless,  apathetic.  Obs.  rare. 

1628-9  DIGBY  l-'oy.  Medit.  (Camden }  13  note,  A  most  re- 
supine  patience  in  their  sufferance.  1643  —  Qottro,  Relig. 
Med.  (1644)  63  In  what  a  tortured  condition  they  must  bee 
.  .for  their  most  resupine  and  senselesse  madnesse. 

2.  Lying  on  the  back  ;  inclined  backwards. 

1669  BOYLE  Cont.  New  Exf.  it.  (1682)  88  A  fourth  Fly 
being  thrust  in,,  .at  last  suffering  some  convulsion,  she  lay 
unmoved  and  resupine.  1753  N.  TORRIANO  Midwifery  35 
Where  the  Womb  is.  .resupine.  1791  COWPKR  Odyssey  vni. 
458  One,  resupine,  Upcast  it  high  toward  the  dusky  clouds. 
1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  vii.  i.  (1871)  III.  245  Sansculottism 
.  .was  flung  resupine  the  next  instant.  1837  —  Misc.  Ess., 
Diamond  Necklace,  The  very  Concierge  resupine. 

Resupply  (H-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  supply 
again  or  anew;  to  provide  with  a  fresh  supply. 

1636  G.  SANDYS  Paraphr.  Ps.  civ,  Agame  created  by  thy 
quick'ning  breath,  To  resupply  the  Massacres  of  Death. 
1805  SOUTHEY  Madoc  u.  xv,  Fast  they  fell,  And  fast  were 


resupplied,  man  after  man  Succeeding  to  the  death.  1862 
LVTTON  Sir.  Story  II.  357,  I  resupplied  their  nutriment  from 
the  crystal  vessel.  1880  BURTON  Reign  Q.  Anne  II.  ix.  So 
What  had  been  expended  in  the  taking  of  Gibraltar  not 
having  been  re-supplied. 

So  Besupply   sb. 

1875  WHITNEY  Life  Lang.  vi.  98  The  growth  of  organic 
beings  consists  in  removal  as  well  as  in  resupply.  1880 
Bible  Soc.  Rec.  (1883)  May  67  A  faithful  and  thorough  re- 
supply  of  the  United  States,  .with  the  Scriptures. 

Besuppre-ss  (r/-),  v.  [Re-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
suppress  again. 

1654  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Bentivoglio's  Wars  Flanders  6  Mary 
was  not  more  resolute  in  restoring  the  Catholick  faith  in 
England,  then  Elizabeth  was  in  resuppressing  it. 

Besurge  (n'suudg),  v.  [ad.  L.  resurg-ere,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  surgere  to  rise.  So  Sp.  and  Pg.  rc- 
surgir,  It.  risurgere,  -sorgere.]  intr.  To  rise  again. 
Hence  Kesu-rging  vbl.  sb. 

1575  R.  B.  Appius  $  Virg.  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  IV.  127  For 
follow  my  counsel,  so  may  you  me  please,  That  of  careful 
resurging  your  heart  shall  have  ease.  1606  J.  CARPENTER 
Solomon's  Solace  xxxi.  130  By  a  godly  repentance  striue  to 
resurge  vnto  that  from  whence  he  was  fallen.  1633  EARL 
MANCH.  Al  Mondo  (1636)  92  Divine  and  quickening  vertue 
shalt.. cause  them  to  resurge  from  graue  to  life  eternal). 
1657  TOMLINSON  Renou"s  Disf.  524  It  is  good  for  such  as' 
resurge  from  long  diseases.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Columb.  ™ 

.__«;i /-.__! * *•_. _*.i__  _._L»  c°L_ii  _:u 


ing  !     1891  Sat.  Rev.  2  July  23/2  The  New  Zealand  docu 
ment  disappeared  and  Mr.  Huxley's  stout  tome  resurged. 


560 

Re-SU'rge  ("-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  To  surge 
back  again.  Hence  Be-su*rging  vbl.  sb. 

1887  C  W.  HUTSON  Beg.  Civiliz.  xx.  206  [Kelts]  swept  over 
Etruria..,  then  re-surged  and  poured  through  the  Illyrian, 
Macedonian  and  Thracian  regions.  1899  Q.  Rev.  Jan.  193 
It  is  impossible  to  keep  in  mind  the  surging  and  resurging 
of  the  tide  of  war. 

So  Be-su*rffe  sb. 

1895  J«  SMITH  Perm.  Message  Excd.  ix.  122  The  surge 
and  resurge  of  the  soul  are  laid  bare. 

Resurgence  (r/szrjdgens),  [See  RESURGENT 
and  -ENCE.]  The  act  of  rising  again.  Also  fig. 

a  1834  COLERIDGE  in  Lit.  Rem.  (1836)  II.  153  That  nappy, 
humble,  clucking  under,  yet  constant  resurgence  against, 
the  check  of  her  superiors!  1863  GEO.  ELIOT  ^Romola 
xxxviii,  The  events  oft  he  night  all  came  back  to  him  :..the 
crowding  resurgence  of  facts  and  names.  1886  SYMONDS 
Rentriss,  It.,  Cath.  React,  (1898)  I.  i.  40  The  resurgence  of 
popular  literature  and  the  creation  of  popular  theatrical 
types  deserve  to  be.  .noticed. 

So  KesuTgrency.  rare  ~l. 

a  1834  COLERIDGE  Aids  Re/I.  App.  C  (1858)  I.  403  The  per 
petual  reconciliation,  and  as  perpetual  resurgency  of  the 
primary  contradiction. 

Resurgent  (r&zJ'idgent),  sb.  and  a.  [ad.  L. 
resurgent-cm  j  pres.  pple.  of  re surgfre  to  RESOBGE.] 

A.  sb.  One  who  has  risen  again. 

1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  411  We,  who  are  alive, 
shall  be  caught  up  in  the  clouds  together  with  the  resurgents. 
1808  SYD.  SMITH  IVks.  (1850)  114/1  Scarcely  a  day  elapsed 
in  which  the  degraded  resurgent  did  not  appear  before  the 
European.  1875  KING  LAKE  Crimea  V.  vi.  xvi.  156  The 
resurgents  on  their  part,  whilst  sheering  off  by  the  flanks, 
took  care  to  give  no  offence. 

B.  adj.  That  rises,  or  tends  to  rise,  again. 

1808  SYD.  SMITH  W&s.  (1850)119/2  To  extinguish,  if  pos 
sible,  that  resurgent  principle  which  has  so  often  disturbed 
the  serious  businessof  the  country.  1854  TatfsMag.  XXI. 
490  Resurgent  Poland,  he  says,  means  resurgent  Hungary, 
and  even  resurgent  Italy.  1878  DOWDEN  Stitd.  Lit.  241 
The  strife  is  not  ended,  the  pain  may  still  be  resurgent. 

ResuTging,  ///.  a.  [f.  RESURGE  v.  +  -ING  2.] 
That  resurges  ;  rising  again. 

1594  ?  GKEENE  SfKtttUS  Prol.  12  You  shall  behold  him.  .like 
a  sea  or  high  resurging  floud.  a  1843  SOUTHEY  Comm.-pl. 
Bk.  (1851)  IV.  170  This  resurging  part  of  the  island  is  called 

0  Breasul,  or  O  Brazil.     1874  Content^.  Rev.  XXIII.  350 
The  unerring  instinct  of  resurging  Paganism. 

Resurpri'se,  sb.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  fresh  or  new 
surprise  (of  a  place  or  person). 

a  1626  BACON  Consiif.  touching  IVartv,  Spain  (1629)  7  The 
Processe  of  this  Action  drew  on  a  Resurprise  of  the  Castell 
by  the  Thebans,  a  Recouery  of  the  Tovvne  [etc.],  a  171 1  K  EN 
Psyche  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  203  O  that  I  had  a  Cherub's 
mmiVous  Eyes  To  guard  me  from  a  Re-surprise. 

Resurpri'se,r'.  [RE- 5  a.]  To  surprise  again. 

a  1700  KEN  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  274  Some 
times  he  Seven,  sometimes  a  Legion  sends,  Who,  when  cast 
out,  the  Soul  who  careless  lies  With  seven-fold  Force  and 
Malice  re-surprise. 

Re'SUrrect,  sb.  rare—1,  [ad.  L.  resurrect-us : 
cf.  next.]  One  who  has  risen  from  the  dead. 

1892  G.  HAKE  Mem.  80  Yrs.  Ixv.  278  Wohey,  he  rose; 
the  Bonapartes  rose;.  .Lazarus  rose;  but  no  man,  priest, 
soldier. .or  resurrect,  ever  rose  in  death,  as  did  St.  Peter. 

Resurrect  (rez#re*kt),  v.  [A  back-formation 
from  RESURRECTION.] 

1.  trans.  To  raise  (a  person)  from  the  dead  or 
from  the  grave  ;  to  restore  to  life  or  to  view  again. 

1772  Misc.  in  Ann.  Reg.  174/1  As  fast  as  we  knock  them 
on  the  head,  this  cursed  Tunestrick.  .resurrects  them  again 
in  a  squirt,  a  1864  HAWTHORNE  Dr.  Grimshaivt  (1883)  8 
Dead  men's  almost  intangible  atoms,  resurrected  from  the 
adjoining  graveyard.  1898  BF.NHAM  Fourth  Napoleon  162 
When  they  are  dead,  they  are  dead,  and  all  the  counting  in 
the  world  won't  resurrect  them. 

b.  fig.t  with  reference  to  persons. 

1856  BENTON  Abridgm.  Deb,  Congress  (1858)  VI.  712  note, 

1  resurrect  the  whole  !  put  them  in  scene  again  on  the  living 
stage.    1876  MRS.  OLIPHANT  Makers  Flor.  29  This  could 
not  be  the  Forese  Donati  resurrected  and  torn  above  ground 
by.  .darkling  moles. 

c.  fig.)  with  reference  to  things. 

1863  Morn.  Star  26  Dec.,  Slavery  is  already  dead,  and 
cannot  be  resurrected.  1892  Blacky  White  2  July  10/1  He 
.  .resurrects  recollections  of  the  good  old  times. 

2.  intr.  To  rise  again  from  the  dead. 

1823  BENTHAM  Not  Paul  but  Jesus  279  Jesus  resurrects; 
therefore  all  men  will  do  the  same.  1890  Harpers  Mag, 
Nov.  870/1  It  is.. the  one  day  upon  which  the  cemeteries 
resurrect  out  of  the  things  they  are,  and  become  the  things 
they  should  be. 

Hence  Besurre'cted,  Besurre-cting///.  adjs. 

1853  KANE  Grinnell  Exped.  xxxiv.  (1856)  299  The  long 
line  of  resurrected  coast  was  duplicated  in  the  clouds.  1877 
A.  B.  EDWARDS  Up  Nile  xii.  326  The  resurrected  Osiris  was 
wont  to  be  worshipped  according  to  the  most  sacred  mys 
teries  of  the  Egyptian  ritual.  1887  SERVICE  Life  Dr.  Duguid 
270  Sweet  love,  like  the  resurrecting  dawn,  awoke  the  birds. 

Resurrection  (rezore-kfan),  sb.  Also  4-5 
resur(r)ectioun,  4-6  -eccio(u)n,  4-5  -exio(u)n, 
etc.  [a.  OF.  resurreeciun,  -ection  (F.  resurrection^ 
—  Sp.  resurrection.  It.  re~,  risitrres  stone  t  -ezione}t 
or  ad.  late  L.  resurrection-em ,  n.  of  action  f.  re- 
surgere  to  RESURGE.] 

I.  1.  The  rising  again  of  Christ  after  His  death 
and  burial. 

£1320  Cast.  Love  1201  For  nou^t  worb  weore  his  passion, 
Neore  his  resurexion.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  II.  96  And 
bis  was  don  in  Cristis  dep  and  his  resurreccioun.  c  1400 
MAUNDEV.  viti.  (1839)  91  There  appered  first  oure  Lord  to 


BESITRRECTION. 

his  Disciples,  afire  his  Resurrexioun.  £14*5  WYNTOUN 
Cron.  v.  iu  330  Crist  tholit  bar  his  passion,  And  made  his 
resurreccion.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  J3  Forty 
dayes  after  his  resurreccyon  that  blessed  lorde  ascended. 
1563  Homilies  n.  xiv.  (1869)  429,  I  come  to  declare  that 
great,  .article  of  our  Christian  religion  and  faith,  the  resur. 
rection  of  our  Lord  Jesus.  1643  CARYL  Expos.  Job  103  Which 
words  are  applied  by  Paul. .to  the  resurrection  of  Christ. 
1681-6  J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Life  (1747)  III.  599  How  is  it  con 
ceivable  that  so  many  Persons  as  pretended  to  see  him  after 
his  Resurrection,  should  for  40  Days  together  imagine  that 
they  saw  him?  1794  PALKY  Evid.  (1825)  II.  321  The  history 
of  the  resurrection  of  Christ  is  a  part  of  the  evidence  of 
Christianity.  1892  J.  TAIT  Mind  in  Matter  (ed.  3)  297  The 
men  that  condemned  Christ  were  the  first  to  be  made  aware 
of  His  resurrection. 

b.  The  church-festival  by  which  this  event  is 
commemorated. 

In  early  examples  =  Easter  ;  with  quot.  1838  cf.  resurrect  fa 
in  Du  Cange. 

c  1290  St.  Brendan  368  in  S.  Rng.  Leg.  I.  229  An  ester  cue 
heore  procuratour  bad  heom  heore  schip  take  And  heore 
resurrection  opon  be  fisches  rugge  make.  1377  LANGL.  P. 
PL  B.  xviii.  425  Tyl  \>e  daye  clawed  bis  damaiselesdaunced, 
That  men  rongen  to  )>e  vesurexioun. 

1838  SIR  H.  NICOLAS  Chronol.  Hist.  169/1  Resurrection 
of  our  Lord,  March  27. 

t  c.  A  dramatic  or  material  representation  of 
this  event.  Obs. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  IfandL  'Synne  4642  He  may  yn  be 
cherche,  Jmrgh  bys  resun,  Pley  \te  resurreccyun.  1466  in 
A  rchaeologia  (1887)  L.  34  The  resurreccion  of  our  lorde  with 
the  avyse  in  hys  bosum  to  put  J>e  sacrament  ber-in.  llid.% 
Item,  anothir  grete  branche  be-for  the  Resurreccion.  1521 
Clntrchiv.  Acct.  St.  Giles^  Rending  (ed.  Nash)  14  For  nayles 
cord  &  sope  for  the  resurrexcion. 

2.  The  rising  again  of  men  at  the  Last  Day. 
Frequently  termed  ttie  general  resurrection.     For  first 

resurrection  see  Revelations  xx.  4-6. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  19292  A  naciun  [that]  Wald  trau  na 
resurrecciun  Suld  be  o  man  on  domes-dai.  1382  WYCLIF 
Mark  xii.  23  Thanne  in  the  resureccioun,  whanne  thei 
schulen  rise  asen,  whos  wyf  of  these  schal  sche  be  ?  1413 
Pilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton)  v.  xiv.  (1859)  81  So  shalt  thou  ioye- 
fully  abide  the  general  resurection.  1432-50  tr.  Higden 
(Rolls)  III.  in  Moyses  and  Aaron  schalle  brynge  furthe 
that  arke  of  the  testamente  in  the  firste  resurreccion.  1548 
CRANMER  Short  Instritct.  (1829)  126  We  must  beleue  the  re 
surrection  of  the  fieshe.  1569  JEWEL  Exp.  i  T/iess.  Wks.  1848 
VII.  93  They  shall  come  forth  of  their  graves  to  the  resur 
rection  of  condemnation.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  in.  xxxiv. 
214  In  the  resurrection  men  shall  be  Permanent,  and  not 
Incorporeal!.  1746  HERVEY  Medit.  (1818)  76  Resurrection 
will  be  no  privilege  to  them  ;  but  immortality  itself  their 
everlasting  curse.  1788  GIBBON  DecL  $  F.  \.  V.  216  The 
doctrine  of  the  resurrection  was  first  entertained  by  the 
Egyptians.  1858  SEARS  A  than.  in.  ix.  329  The  resurrection 
is  the  emergence  of  the  spiritual  body  out  of  mortal  decay 
into  immortal  existence.  1884  Catholic  Diet.  (1897)  790/1 
All  the  Creeds  confess  the  resurrection  of  the  body. 

3.  The  action  or  fact  of  rising  again  from  sleep, 
decay,  disuse,  etc. ;   revival ;   restoration  to  pre 
vious  status  or  vogue. 

(-1385  CHAUCER  L,  G.  II7.  Prol.  no  For  to  ben  at  the 
resureccion  Of  this  flour  whan  yt  shulde  vnclose. 

1649  Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  146  Never  to  admit  y* 
resurreccion  of  the  olde. .  Parliament  by  vertue  of  the  Bill 
for  Continuaunce.  1657  TRAPP  Comtn.  Job  xix.  27  See  we 
not  a  yearly  Resurrection  of  grasse,  herbs,  grain,  flowers, 
fruits  every  Spring  tide?  1769  BURKE  Corr.  (1844)  1.202 
Though . .  Lord  Chatham  has  had  a  wonderful  resurrection 
to  health,  his  resurrection  to  credit  and  consequence,  .must 
be  owing  to  your  lordship.  1796  BURNEY  Mem.  Metastasio 
1.  35  The  Italians,  proud  of  the  resurrection  of  their  drama, 
began  to  challenge  all  the  rest  of  Europe.  1849-50  ALISON 
Hist.  Europe  XIV.  xcv.  §  84.  175  The  unanimous  resurrec 
tion  of  all  the  nations  of  Europe  against  the  French  domina 
tion.  1879  FROUDE  Csesar  xxi.  365  If  the  life  of  Caesar  alone 
stood  between  his  country  and  the  resurrection  of  the  con 
stitution. 

4.  a.  A  resurrected  thing,  rare  -*. 

1771  SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl.  10  July,  His  horse  was.  .a 
resurrection  of  dry  bones.  1871  R.  ELLIS  tr.  Catullus  xvu. 
3  The  rotten  Legs  too  crazily  steadied  on  planks  of  old 
resurrections. 

b.  A  disinterred  corpse.     (Cf.  6.)     rare  -1. 
»775  S.  J.  PRATT  Liberal  Opin.  cxxxiii.  (1783)  ivva°3 
The  doctor  is  attending  a  lady  of  your  parish,  who  is  troubled 
with  a  complication, ..and  she  is  expected  to  be  as  fine  a 
resurrection  as  ever  the  doctor  handled. 

II.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

5.  In  various  attrib.  uses,  as  Resurrection  day, 
•\gild,  morning,  piece )  place,  sermon,  etc. 


tyme.  1654  EVELYN  Diary  20  Mar.,  Mr.  Owen  preached  in 
my  Library,  .a  Resurrection  Sermon,  and  after  it  we  all  re 
ceived  the  Holy  Communion.  1728  MORGAN  Alp  mil.  iv. 
266  Resurrection-Day  falling  out  soon  after,  the  Christians 
were  all  at  High-Mass.  1742  De  Foe's  Tour  Gt.  Brit.  II. 
214  A  cloathed  Resurrection  Piece,  painted  by  Sir  James 
Thornhill.  1864  PUSEY  Lect.  Daniel  (1876)  501  The  great 
Resurrection-morning.  1875  W.  P.  MACKAY  Grace  tr  Truth 
161  In  resurrection-life  we  are  sent  back  to  it,  to  be  here 
as  specimens  of  saved  sinners.  1891  A.  DE  VERE  Leg.  St. 
Patrick,  St.  P.  ft  Impostor,  Our  resurrection  place  is  here. 
b.  Resurrection  body,  the  form  in  which  men 
will  appear  at  the  general  resurrection. 

1681-6  J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Life  (1747)  III.  512  What  a  Change 
will  it  make  in  our  Resurrection-Body,  which  being  incom 
parably  more,  .subtile  than  this,  will  be  far  more  pliable  to 
the  Motions  of  the  Soul  ?  1684  T.  BURNET  The.  Earth  n. 
216  We  have  great  reason  to  hope,  that  the  soul  will  have  a 
greater  dominion  over  the  resurrection-body,  than  she  hath 
over  this.  1704  MORRIS  Ideal  Wirld  n.  iii.  163  Who  knows 


RESURRECTION. 

what  may  be  the  privilege  of  a  Resurrection-body  joined  to    | 
a  beatified  and  glorified  soul  ?  i8s8SiiAKS--JMa«.  i.  xviii.  158 
The  bced-.spark  of  our  resurrection-body  will  not  appear. 

c.  Resurrection  plant,  (a)  a  California!)  plant,    ! 
Selasinella  Icpidophylla,  the  dried  fronds  of  which    ] 
unfold  again   when  moistened ;  (6)   the  Rose  of   j 
Jericho,  an  Eastern  plant  having  similar  proper 
ties.     Also  called  resurrection  flower, 

(a)  1870  MASTERS  Henfrcy's  Bot.  413  One  or  two  of  the    j 
species  [of  SdaginelkeJ  roll  up  their  fronds  when  dry,  and     ' 
unfold  them  again  when  placed  in  water,  owing  to  the  rapid 
absorption   of  the   fluid,    whence    they   have    been   called    ' 
Resurrection   plants.      1885  GOOUALK  Physiol.  Bot.  (1892) 
400  Good  examples.. are  afforded  by  the  so-called  Resurrec-    : 
tion  plant  of  California.      1893  G.  D.  LESLIE  Lett,  tlfarco 
xviii.  119  'A  resurrection  plant,',  .some  sort  of  large  lichen     i 
or  spleenwort  from  Colorado. 

(b)  1884  MILLER  Plant-n.  115/2  Resurrection-plant,  Ana-     , 
statica    Hierochuntina.      188.    Oxford    Bible-Helps    121 
The  'rose  of  Jericho'  is  also  called  'Mary's  flower '  and 
'resurrection  flower '. 

d.  Resurrection  pie )  a  pie  made  out  of  the  re 
mains  from  previous  meals.     Also  transf. 

1869  FURNIVALL  Forewords  to  Q.  E/iz,  Acini,  p.  xxiii,  A     [ 
kind  of  Resurrection  Pie  like  we  used  to  have  once  a  week     ; 
at  school,  in  which  we  declared  old  left  bits  reappeared.     ' 
1881  K.  J.  WORBOISE  Sissie  xx,  Dr.  Heaviside's  housekeeper 
is  too  fond  of  giving  us  resurrection-pie  ! 

6.  Resurrection  man,  one  who  made  a  trade  of 
exhuming  bodies  in  order  to  sell  them  to  anat 
omists  ;  a  corpse-stealer,  resurrectionist. 

1781  R.  KING  Mod.  Land.  S£y  106  Persons  (under  the 
name  of  resurrection-men)  continue  their  business,  getting     ' 
from  i  guinea  to  5  or  6,  according  to  the  value  set  upon  the 
corpse  they  take  up.     1798  SOUTHEY  Ball,  fy  Mctr.  T.  Poet. 
Wks.  VI.  187  Five  guineas  if  he  shoot  A  Resurrection  Man. 
1860  DICKENS  Uncomm.  Trav.  xjv,  He  had  carried  up  every 
separate  article  in  the  dead  of  the  night,  and.  .had  felt  as     ( 
wicked  as  a  Resurrection  Man, 

fb.  §0  Resurrection-cove^  -jarvcy,  -woman.  Obs.    \ 
1812  J.  H.  VAUX  Flash  Diet.,  Resurrection-cove,  a  stealer     , 
of  dead  bodies.     1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  Ivi,  They  were,  you     ; 
remember,  resurrection-women,  who  had  promised  to  pro 
cure  a  child's   body  for  some  young  surgeons.       1825  C. 
WF.STMACOTT  Eng.  Spy  I.  249  A  hackney  night  coachman,    , 
known,  .as  the  resurrection  Jarvey. 
So  Kesurre'ction  v.  trans.,  to  resurrect. 
1628  FKLTHAM  Resolves  r,  Ixxxiv,  Then  also,  let  men  see,     I 
how  the  Sacred  wheel  of  Providence  hath  resurrection'd  all 
our  joys.     1837  MARRY  AT  Dog  Fiend  xxxii,  There  you  be 
resurrectioned  up  again. 

Resurre'ctional,  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -AL.]  Re 
lating  to,  or  concerned  with,  resurrection. 

1832  Eraser's  Mag.  V.  85  Resurrectional  Recreations.  By 
a  Poor  Devil.  1860  All  Year  Round  388  Spallanzani 
especially.. gave  an  immense  celebrity  to  the  resurrectional 
hypothesis.  1899  Q.  Rev.  Apr.  430  With  the  frippery  of 
despair.,  did  such  resurrectional  ghosts  actually  invest 
themselves. 

Resurre'ctionary,  a.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -AKY.] 

1.  Of  the  nature  of  resurrection;  restoratory. 
1860  DICKENS  Uncotnnt.  Trtti'.  vii,  Old  men  and  women, 

ugly  and  blind,  who  always  seemed  by  resurrectionary  pro 
cess  to  be  recalled  out  of  the  elements. 

2.  Concerned  or  connected  with  the  disinterment 
of  bodies  for  anatomical  purposes. 

1837  SOUTHEY  in  C.  C.  Southey  Life  (1849)  VI.  359  A 
medical  student  . .  expressed  his  satisfaction  at  having 
escaped  being  taken  upon  a  resurrectionary  party.  1859 
G.  WILSON  Life  F..  Forbes  iv.  (1861)  92  A  fellow-student,., 
with  a  gunshot  wound  received  in  a  resurrectionary  expedi 
tion  to  Musselburgh  churchyard. 

Resurre  ctioner.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -KB1.]  =  RE 
SURRECTIONIST. 

1828  MOIR  Afansie  Waitch  90  Did  ye  no  ken  of  three  young 
doctors. .,  alang  with  some  resurrectioners . .,  firing  shottie 
for  shottie  with  the  guard  at  Kirkmabrecke  ?  a  1843 
SOUTHEY  Comm.-pl.  Bk.  (1851)  III.  784  A  resurreciioner 
tried  at  Leicester  10  Jac.  I. 

Resurre 'ctionism.  [-ISM.]  The  practice  of 

body-snatching. 

1859  G.  WILSON  Life  E.  Forbes  iv.  (1861)  92  The  law.. in 
regard  to  resurrectionism  generally,  was  Justice  without  the 
scales  and  with  a  very  thick  bandage  over  her  eyes. 

Resurre'ctionist.  [f.  RESURRECTION  sb.  + 
-1ST.  Hence  F.  rhurrectionniste.~\ 

1.  An  exhumer  and  stealer  of  corpses ;  a  resur 
rection  man. 

\yfiAnn.  Reg.  129  One.. who  makes  open  profession  of 
dealing  in  dead  bodies  and  is  well  known  by  the  name  of  the 
Resurrectionist.  1831  Times  7  Nov.  6/5  Here  2  or  3  con 
stables  . .  exclaimed  that  they  knew  Ray  to  be  a  noted 
'  resurrectionist '.  1869  Latest  News  5  Sept.  10  A  tale 
entitled  'The  Baron's  Coffin',  the  subject  of  which  is 
divided  between  spectres  and  resurrectionists. 

attrib.  iSsoTHACKERAY/VWt-wwiVxxxti],  Poor  Cos's  ditty 
.  .was  sung  but  to  a  few  admirers,  who  might  choose  to  re 
main  after  the  tremendous  resurrectionist  chant.  1896  BAILEY 
Diary  of  a  Resurrectionist  137  He  continued  in  the  resur 
rectionist  business  up  to  the  time  of  the  passing  of  the  Ana 
tomy  Act. 

2.  One   who  revives   or  brings  to  light   again. 
(Chiefly  transf.  from  prec.) 

1834  Miss  EDGEWORTH  Helen  xi,  He  was  merely  a  resur 
rectionist  of  obsolete  heresies.     1850  WHIPPLE  Ess,  fy  Re^>. 
(ed.  3}  II.  157  He  has  shown  more  industry  and  acuteness 
than  almost  any  other  contemporary  resurrectionist  in  the 
grave-yards  of  deceased  books.     1890  Spectator  28  June, 
The  literary  resurrectionist  digs  them  up  again,  and  an 
author's  worst  work  is  brought  into  almost  as  much  pro 
minence  as  his  best. 
b.  spec.  (See  quots.) 
VOL,  VIII. 


561 

1888  Longmans  Mag*  July  256  Some  of  the  habitual 
buyers  [of  ostrich  feathers]  have  nicknames,  and  those  who 
do  a  local  business  and  buy  for  re-selling  are  known  as 
'resurrectionists'.  1894  Westm.  Gazette  4  Jan.  6/3  The 
Gnokurs  or  'blocking  resurrectionists'  skilfully  touch  up 
battered  silk  hats  from  over  the  Channel. 

3.  A  believer  in  resurrection. 

1860  All  Year  Round  389  Schultze  made  considerable 
efforts  to  increase  the  number  of  resurrectionists. 

4.  Horse-racing.  (See  quot.) 

1883  Standard  23  Oct.  3/2  There  is  a  class  of  horses  called 
'  resurrectionists ', . .  and  they  either  recover  early  form . . ,  or 
..become  animated,  when  they  wi-re  supposed  to  be  gone 
altogether,  with.  .life  and  vigour. 

Resurre ' ctioniz e,  v.  [- 1 ZE.]  trans.  To 
resurrect,  in  various  senses. 

1804  SOUTHEY  Let.  to  Coleridge  14  Mar.,  You  will  stare  at 
the  catalogue  of  dead  authors  whom  I  shall  have  to  resur- 
rectionise.  1834  New  Monthly  Mag.  XLI.  544  The  ingenuity 
deserves  praise,  which  thus  resurrectioimes  cloth,  and  gives 
it  a  second  existence.  1867  Church  fy  .SV.  Rev.  i  June  508 
Discarding  such  obvious  topiqs..,  he  has  resurrectionised 
'the  man  of  sin  '.  1889  BKL-CE  Kingd.  God  Introd.  4  We 
cannot  at  this  date  resurrcctionize  a  lost  apostolic  document. 

Hence  Resurre'Ctionized  ///.  a. ;  Resurre'C- 
tionizing  vbl.  sb. 

1854  Blackw,  Mag,  LXXVI.  427  An  occasional  junior., 
might  be  admitted  to  act  a  subordinate  part  in  a  'resurrcc- 
tionising  affair'.  1861  Sat.  Rev.  14  Sept.  276  The  social  and 
spiritual  advantages  of  modern  or  resurreclionizecl  Roman 
ism.  1871  in  De  Vere  Americanisms  6y$  The  leading  gen  tie- 
man  of  the  resurrectionizing  profession  is  one  Cunningham. 

ReSUrre'Ctive,  a.  rare.  [f.  L.  resurrect-, 
ppl.  stem  of  rcsurgcre  +  -IVE.]  Pertaining  to  or 
causing  resurrection. 

16^6  G.  DANIEL  Poems  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  21  To  consume 
Bodies,  which  againe  shall  take  Being  and  forme ;  (a  Resnr- 
rective  Tipe  From  dust  and  Ashes).  1885  Homilet.  Rez>. 
Aug.  149  While  the  lips  spoke  the  words  of  resurrective 
power. 

Resurre'ctor.    [f.  RESURRECT  v.  +-OR.] 

1.  =  RESURRECTIONIST  i. 

1861  QfiNN  Heather  Lintie  (1863)  187  Sin1  he  has  fled  his 
daddy's  trade,  Wha  genuine  Resurrector  Was  mony  a  day. 

2.  One  who  recalls  the  dead  to  life. 

1890  TALMAGE  From.  Manger  to  Throne  575  Is  this  Jesus, 
the  comforter  at  Bethany,  the  resurrector  at  Nain? 

Resurre'nder  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  sur 
render  or  give  up  again. 

1544  tr.  Littletons  Tenures  (1574)  no  Him  behoveth  that 
the  deede  of  the  grauntee  of  the  rent  charge  for  terme  of 
life,  bee  resurrendred  or  cancelled.  1621  QUARLKS  Argaliis 
$  P.  in,  By  this  the  pale-fac'd  Empresse  of  the  night  Had 
re-surrendred  up  her  borrowed  light,  a  1700  KEN  Edmund 
Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  41  The  Prince,  who  to  his  Midnight 
Pray' r  arose,  Himself  had  resurrendred  to  Repose, 

So  Resurre'nder  sb. 

1891  Stamp  Act,  54  $  55  Viet.  c.  39  §  87  A  reconveyance, 
release,  discharge,  surrender,  re-surrender,,  .or  renunciation 
of  any  such  security.     1898  IVcsttn.  Gas.  8  July  3/1  The 
Republicans. .'oppose  the  re-surrender  to  Spanish  "misrule 
of  any  territory  taken  or  to  be  taken'. 

t  Resirrse,  v.  St\  O&s.-1  [f.  OF.  resurs-,  pret. 
stem  of  resonrdre :  see  RESURGE  ^.]  To  rise  again. 

1513  DOUGLAS SEneis  ix,  ix.  84  Lyke  as  the  egill.  .resursyng 
heich  vp  in  the  ayr. 

Resu'ryey,  sb.     [RE-  5  a,]    A  fresh  survey. 

1662  Virginia  Stat.  (1823)  II.  ipi  The  ffifty  seaventh  act 
prohibiting  resurveighs  not  applying  the  expected  remedies. 
1702  Reft,  on  Case  of  IV.  Penn  9  The  next  thing  to  be  con- 
sider'd  is  the  Over-plus  Land  upon  a  Re-survey.  1768  in 
Picton  L'pool  Munic.  Rec.  (1886)  II.  244  A  resurvey  of  the 
intended  navigation  from  Leeds  to  Liverpoole.  1806  Phil. 
Trans.  XCVI.  349  By  repeated  re-surveys  these  lines  are 
kept  up.  1862  SMILES  Engineers  III.  156  The  re-survey  of 
the  line  would  occupy  at  least  four  weeks,  1892  Pall  Mall  G. 
5  May  2/2  A  re-survey  has  for  some  time  been  taking  place. 

Resurvey  (rf-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  read   over  again;   to  examine  or 
consider  afresh. 

1599  SHAKS.  Hen,  Vt  v.  ii.  81  To  appoint  some  of  your 
CouncelL.To  sit  with  vs  once  more,  with  better  heed  To 
re-suruey  them.  1661  BOYLE  Style  of  Script.  251  When 
upon  a  greater  Familiarity  with  . .  the  apphcablenesse  of 
Scripture,  I  came  to  resurvey  it.  a  1711  KEN  Prcparativ 
Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  ii  My  Cyphers  I  to  Figures  change,. . 
But  when  I  resurvey  the  Score,  I  still  find  more.  1873  M. 
ARNOLD  Lit.  <$•  Dogma.  (1876)  117  Collins,  and  the  whole 
array  of  writers. .,  greatly  need  to  be  re-surveyed  from  the 
point  of  view  of  our  own  age. 

2.  To  survey  (land,  etc,)  again. 

1747  Col.  Rec.  Pennsylv.  V.  107  That  the  said  Road  shall 
be  Resurveyed  and  laid  out  according  to  the  Courses  it  now 
runs.  1784  R.  BAGE  Bar/tarn  Downs  II.  74  An  eminent 
surveyor . .  had  been  employed  by  the  young  Earl  to  resurvey 
his  estates.  1806  Phil.  Trans.  XCVI.  350  The  old  estates 
have  been  often  re-surveyed.  1861  SMILES  Engineers  II. 
151  He  found  it  necessary  to  resurvey  the  whole  line.  1876 
C.  T.  DAVIS  Polaris  Exp.  xiii.  301  The  coast-line,  .does  not 
seem  to  be  correct,  and  ought  to  be  resurveyed. 

t  ReSTTSCe,  v.     Obs.  rare-1.    To  resuscitate. 

13..  Cursor  M.  14363  (Gott.),  Sone  ouerall  bis  ti^and  ras 
Of  lazar  J?at  resusced  was. 

t  Resu-scitable,  a.  Obs.  rare  -'.  [Cf.  F. 
ressitscitable  (i6th  c.).]  Capable  of  being  resus 
citated  or  restored  to  life. 

a  1691  BOYLE  Wks.  (1774)  V.  605  The  apothecary  told  the 
virtuoso,  that  he  had  really  prepared  resuscitable  plants,  a 
different  way  from  that  which  others  pretended  to. 

Resu'scitant,  sb.  and  a.  [Cf.  F.  ressuscitant.] 

a.  sb.  'One  who  resuscitates*  (Worcester,  1860). 

b.  adj.  '  Resuscitating*  (Ogilvie,  1882). 


RESUSCITATION. 

t  ReSTTSCitate,  pat  pplc.  (and  5/7.).  Obs.  [ad. 
L.  resitscitat-itSj  pa.  pple.  of  resuscitare  \  see  next.] 
Revived,  restored  to  life. 

1520  St.  Papers  Hen.  /'///,  VI.  59  All  the  worlde  here 
is  resuscitait  fro  dethe  to  lyfl".  1567  Trial  Treas.  (1850)  29 
So  rule  that  at  the  last  you  may  be  resuscitate  And  raigne 
with  the  Almightie  with  perfect  continuance.  1637-50  Row 
Hist.  A7rX:(  1842)  265  If  that  spirit  of  act  ion,  zeal,  and  Courage, 
were  resuscitat  and  raised  up  again.  1642  H.  MORE  Song 
of  Soul  in.  ii.  xxi,  Her  body  new  resuscitate  From  sleep. 
b.  absol.  as  sb. 

1814  LAMB  Let.  to  Coleridge  in  Life  (1837)  91  Dear  Re 
suscitate,.,  there  comes  to  you  this  day  a  volume  of  German. 

Resuscitate  (r&arsit^t), ».  [f.  ppl.  stem  of 
L.  resuscitdrCy  f.  re-  RE-  +  suscitare  to  raise,  re 
vive,  etc.] 

1.  trans.  To  restore  (a  person)  to  life  (physical 
or  spiritual)  or  to  consciousness. 

1532  MORE-:  Confnt.  Tindalc  Wks.  700/1  First  In  soule, 
and  after  in  bod  ye,  which  the  father,  .shal. .  reise  and  re- 
su--citat  to  blysse.  1546  GARDINER  Declar.  Joye  63  Re- 
suscitatinge  man  In  iustificacion  from  the  death  of  synne  to 
lyfi-'.  1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gftbclhoiter* s  Bk,  Physicke  40/1  Some 
times  renue  the  Gotten,  till  such  time  as  he  is  resuscitatede, 
1663  H.  COGAN  tr.  Pinto's  Trav.  l.xi.  251  These  little 
children  ..  went  on  singing  praises  to  God,  and  praying 
him  to  resuscitate  this  defunct  to  a  new  life.  1720  W ELTON 
Suffer.  Son  of  God  II.  xvii,  478  Why  dost  Thou  not 
resuscitate  and  quicken  me,  ()  Thou  Life  of  my  Soul ! 
1839  JAMES  Louis XIV,  IV.  82  Her  mother  perceived  that 
life  was  not  extinct,  and  took  means  to  resuscitate  her  child. 
1895  DOYLE  Stark  Jfunro  Lett,  ii,  Then  I  was  to  die.  .and 
all  Scotland  was  to  resound  with  how  Dr.  Cullingworth. . 
had  resuscitated  me. 

fig.  1845  LEWES  Hist.  Philos.  (1867)  I.  377  Plotinus,  its 
real  founder,  resuscitated  Plato.  1869  Echo  8  Apr.,  The 
Everett  Rooms  Service,  with  Edgar  Poe  resuscitated,  vice 
the  Bible. 

2.  To  revive,  renew,  restore  (a  thing). 

1532  MORE  Confut.  Tindale  Wks.  385/2,  I  warne  the  that 
thou  resuscitate  and  styrre  vp  the  grace  of  god  that  is  in  the. 
1633  PKVNNF.  Histrio-m.  i,  80  If  then  these  Playes..haue 
propagated  Idolatrie,  and  Paganisms  heretofore;  they  may 
likewise  resuscitate,  and  foment  it  now.  a  1676  HALE 
Print.  Orig.  Man.  I.  ii.  (1677)  5^  In  that  it  can  resuscitate 
and  stir  up  it  self  to  remember  and  call  together  other 
Images,  a  1734  NORTH  Exam.  n.  v.  §  159(1740)417  There 
was  still  the  same  lurking  faction, which  lost  no  Opportunity 
to  resuscitate  a  new  Flame  out  of  the  old  Embers.  1751 
JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  85  F  9  The  vital  functions  are  re 
suscitated.,  by  vigorous  motion.  1820  LAMB£//VZ  i.  South- 
sea  House,  No  wind  has  resuscitated  the  face  of  the  sleep 
ing  waters.  1851  HELPS  Comp.  Solit.  i.  (1874)  9  No  one  dis 
covery  resuscitates  the  world.  1872  MINTO  Eng.  Prose  Lit. 
i.  ii.  143  He  resuscitates  all  the  Court  gossip  of  the  period. 

3.  intr.  To  revive,  to  come  to  life  again. 

1652  BEN'LOWES  Theoph.  x.  xii,  Tell  me  no  more,  Th'  art 
sweet, ..And  canst  with  jovial  mirth  resuscitate  from  Care. 
1661  FELTHAM  Lusoria  §  35  Those  birds,  that  yearly  sleep 
a  Winters  death,  Each  Spring  to  mighty  Love  resuscitate. 
1727  P>RADLEY/aw.  Did.  s.v.  Gnat,  These  Nymphae..from 
that  State  resuscitate  and  fly  away.  1787  WINTER  Syst, 
Ifusb.  74  Every  plant  will  earlier  or  later  resuscitate.  1804 
Something  Qdd\\\.  258  Mr.  Marriott,  whom  I  must  leave 
resuscitating  in  the  new  world.  1862  THACKERAY  Philip 
xxviii,  Our  griefs,  our  pleasures,  our  youth,  our  sorrows,. . 
resuscitate.  1871  TYLOR  Prim.  Cult.  I.  321  That.. men 
only  quitted  life . .  and  resuscitated  as  from  a  peaceful  sleep. 

Hence  Resu'scitating  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1554  Act  i  #  2  Phil.  <$•  Mary  c.  8  §  50  The  Resuscitating 
of  Alms,  Prayer,  and  Example  of  good  Life  in  this  Realm. 
1707  Curios,  in  Husb.fy^  Gard.  345  Some.. have  not  been 
satisfied  with  resuscitating  of  Plants  from. .their  Ashes. 
1731  Hist.  Lit.  III.  351  Which  Resolution  may  be  effected 
by  Mercury,  a  resuscitating  Salt,  or  Fire.  1864  Daily  Tel. 
17  Aug.,  We  have  seen  the  resuscitating  energy  of  the  Don 
show  itself  in  Morocco. 

Resu-scitated,///.  a.  [f. prec.  + -EDI.]  Re 
vived,  restored. 

1596  Foxfs  A.  $  M.  789/2  O  Sonne  of  God,  crucified  for 
vs,  and  resuscitated  Emanuell. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.SuppI.  s.v.  Resuscitation^  Many., 
have  shewn  resuscitated  plants  in  vials.  1781  COWPER 
Reiirem.  64  A  thousand  insect  forms,  These  hatched,  and 
those  resuscitated  worms.  1840  HOOD  Up  Rhine  238  Com 
municating  with  a  resuscitated  Roman,  or  a  Roman  Ghost. 
1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage  334  By  a  possibly  resuscitated 
Tyre  or  by  the  new-born  Alexandria. 

Resuscitation  (r/sosit^-Jan).  [ad.  late  L. 
resusciiatidn-em,  n.  of  action  f.  tesuscitare  to  RE 
SUSCITATE.  So  F.  ressuscitatioH)  Sp.  resttataaon^ 
It.  re-,  risu(s]citazionel\ 

1.  Restoration  to  life.     Also_/%; 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  223  b,  Resurrecyon  or 
resuscitacyon  of  body,  and  lyfe  eternall.  1545  JOYE  Exp. 
Dan.  A  vij  b,  Here  we  haue  a  cleare  testimonie  of  the  re 
suscitation  of  the  dead  to  come.  1597  J.  KING  On  Jonas 
(1618)  511  In  this  spiritual  resuscitation  from  the  death  of 
the  soule.  1660  H.  MORE  Myst.  GodL\\,  xviii.  277  The 
Resuscitation  of  all  his  Saints  into  that  Eternal  Happiness 
which  they  had  fallen  from,  a  1806  HORSLEY  .SVrm.XX. 
(1816)  II.  167  The  word  'quickened'  is  often  applied  to 
signify,  not  the  resuscitation  of  life  extinguished,  but  the 
preservation  and  continuance  of  life  subsisting.  1847  LYTTON 
Lucretia.  (1853)  347  It  was  as  a  resuscitation  from  the  grave. 
1858  SEARS  Aihan.  n.  xii.  249  The  resuscitation  of  a  dead 
body.  1864  BURTON  Scot.  Aor.  n.  224  The  author  has  been 
.  .most  easily  tracked  by  the  biographical  detective.  The 
soldier  has  less  chance  of  resuscitation. 

b.  spec.  Restoration  of  life  or  consciousness  in 
one  almost  or  apparently  drowned  or  dead. 

1788  New  London  Mag.  190  Every  additional  instance  of 
resuscitation  is  a  further  confirmation  of  the  real  importance 
of  the  Humane  Society.  1835-6  Todays  CycL  Anat.  1. 260/2 

71 


Res_ 

body 


BESUSCITATIVE. 

itiscitation  has  occasionally  taken  place  in  the  human 
y  after  fifteen  minutes'  immersion.    1869  CLARIDGE  Cold 


should  be  kept  up  for  at  least  two  hours. 


ihould  be  kept  up  tor  at  least  two  Hours. 
atlrit>.    1805  Wcstm.  Gaz.  4  Nov.  7/2  To  go  through,  .re- 

iuscitation  drill,  in  addition  to  rescue  work  in  the  water. 
c.  Restoration  to  health.  rare~l. 
17..   POPE  Let.  (J.),  Your  very  obliging  manner  of 
uiring  after  me,  at  your  resuscitation,  should  have 
ooner  answered  ;  I  sincerely  rejoice  at  your  recovery. 


tion  of  secret  documents,  over  which  the  dust  ot  three 
centuries  has  gathered.  1874  H.  R.  REYNOLDS  John  Baft. 
iii.  §  4.  218  Isaiah  represents  the  resuscitation  of  their 


reproducing  n  plant  from  its  ashes. 

Resuscitative  (r/swsiti-itiv),  a.  [See  RE 
SUSCITATE  -'.  and  -IVE.  So  F.  ressuscitatif.]  Tend 
ing  to  resuscitate  ;  revivifying,  reviving. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rfsitscittitif,  resuscitatiue,  reuiuing,  raising 
vp  from  deatli  to  life.  1805  Spirit  Pull.  Jrnls.  IX.  127 
They .  .had.  .recourse  to  the  resuscitative  process  of  the 
Humane  Society.  1816  HP.  JF.BB  Let.  in  Life  553  Our  Lord's 
three  resuscitative  miracles.  1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMILTON 
Metaph.  xxxi.  (1850)  II.  227,  I  am  not  satisfied,  I  say,  with 
the  term  reproduction  for  the  process  by  which  the  dormant 
thought  or  affection  is  aroused. .  .Perhaps  the  Resuscitative 
Faculty  would  have  been  better.  1891  J.  AITCHISON  Sigtia 
( 'hristi  vi.  237  The  self-renewing  or  resuscitative  power  of 
Christianity. 

Besu-scitator.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -on.]  One  who 
resuscitates  or  revives. 

1847  in  WEBSTER.  1877  SVMONDS  Reiiaiss.  in  Italy  522 
Regarding  themselves  as  resuscitators  of  a  glorious  past. 
1882-3  SCIIAFF  Encycl.  Relig.  A'tiowf.  2573/2  Zinzendorf,. . 
the  resuscitator  of  the  Moravian  Church. 

t  Restrscite,  »•  Obs.  [ad.  OF.  nsusciter  or 
L.  resusa'tiire.] 

1.  trans.  To  resuscitate,  bring  back  to  life. 

r  1375  .Vc.  Leg.  Saiii/sv.  (John)  372  In  his  name  to  resuscit 
;ow.  a  1430  Knt.  de  lit  Tour  (1868)  144  Oure  lorde  Ihesu 
Crist  was  resuscited.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  27  Hit  semeth 
to  us  that  fortune  hath  brought  hym  unto  your  handes  for 
to  resuscite  and  reyse  yow.  1535  JOYF.  Afol.  Tindale 
(Arb.)  8  He  englissheth  resuscitantur  shal  ryse  agen  and 
not  are  reuiued  or  resuscited. 

2.  intr.    To  return  to  life. 

n  1450  Knt.  dela  Tour  (1868)  125  Bi  the  praier  of  the  said 
holy  man  the  child  resuscited,  and  releued  ayen  from  dethe 
to  lyft". 

Resustai-n,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  support  anew. 

1632  VICARS  Virgil  in.  55  Alas  !  what  chance  thee  chas'd 
from  such  a  Pheere,  Now  resustains  ? 

Eesverie,  -y,  obs.  forms  of  REVERIE. 

Reswa'llow  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
swallow  again. 

1818  BENTHAM  Ch.  Eng.,  Catech.  Exam.  379  It  is  not— this 
bitter  dose— ..brought  up  again  and  re-swallowed.  1871 
B.  TAYLOR  Faust  in.  (1875)  II.  170  If  now  that  shape  the 
ancient  Night  hath  not  at  once  Re-swallowed. 

Reswa'rm,  v.     [Rs-  5  a.]     To  swarm  again. 

1616  J.  LANE  Contn.  Sar.'s  T.  vn.  86  Soddainlie  the  Fre- 
gihens  rann  to  armes,  and  vp  and  down  the  streetes  in 
heaps  reswarms. 

Reswea-r,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  swear  again. 

a  1693  Uryithart's  Rabelais  in.  xxxvi.  303,  I  swear,  re- 
swear,  forswear,  abjure,  and  renounce.  1802  ELDON  Vesey 
Rep.  VIII.  32  The  Witness  would  stand  pledged  to  re-swear 
what  she  had  sworn.  1844  Regitl.  fj  Ordin.  Army  226  The 
Court  is  to  be  re-sworn  at  the  commencement  of  each  trial 
1885  Law  Times  LXXIX.  7/1  The  Court.. allowed  the 
affidavit  to  be  resworn  and  again  filed. 

Reswe-11  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  To  swell 
again.  Hence  Keawe-lling  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rigonsiamento,  a  reswelling.  Rigonsiante. 
reswelling.  1855  LYNCH  Rivulet  xxix.  ii,  And  all  my  hopes 
re-swell. 

Res  will,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  swill  again. 

1614^  SYLVESTER  BettuKa's  Rescue  in.  291  A  Souldier  here 
re-swils  again.  .Th'  unsavoury  water. 

Resword,  variant  of  RESOURD  v.  Resyant, 
resyaunt(e,  obs.  forms  of  RESIANT.  Resyde, 
obs.  f.  RESIDE  v.  Resyden(n^ce,  resydens, 
obs.  ff.  RESIDENCE.  Resydent(t,  obs.  ff.  RE 
SIDENT.  Resydiuation,  etc.,  obs.  ff.  RECIDIVA- 
TIOX.  Resye,  variant  of  RESE  0.2  to  shake.  Obs. 
Resygn(e,  obs.  ff.  RESIGN  v.  Resyn,  obs. 
f.  RAISIN,  RESIN.  Resyne,  obs.  f.  RESIGN  v. 
Resyng,  obs.  f.  RAISIN,  RESIGN  v.  Resyte, 
obs.  f.  RECITE  v. 

Ret,  sb.     [f.  RET^.2]     Retting. 

1849  JrnI  R.  Agric.  Soc.  X.  i.  178  If  the  stem  then 
breaks  freely,  and  the  fibre  leaves  it  easily,  it  will  have  sot 
a  good  ret,  as  it  is  called. 


562 

1      T  Ret,   v.1     Oiis.    In   4-5    rette    (5  rettyn, 

rectyn)  ;  fa.  t.  4  retted(e,  -id,  rett ;  pa.  pple.  4 

retttd,  6  reoted;  5  ret,  5-6  rette.     [ad.  OF. 

\    retter,  recter,  reter,=7rov.,  Sp.,  and  Pg.  reptar 

|    (mod.  Sp.  also  retar) :— L.  reputare :  see  REPUTE  v. 

and  cf.  ARET  ».] 

1.  trans.  To  impute,  ascribe,  or  attribute  to  one ; 
to  regard  as  resting  in  or  lying  on  one. 

13. .  K.  Alis.  7247  Al  theo  lore  in  him  Y  rette  :  Y  schal 
yeilde  wel  his  dette  !  a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psaller  xxxi.  2  Blis- 
fill  man  til  whaim  lord  rettid  noght  synn.  c  1400  Laud  Troy 
Bk.  978, 1  schal  therfore  haue  harm  and  schame,  For  men  wol 
rette  on  nie  the  blame,  c  1450  Mirour  Saluticioun  (Roxb.) 
32  In  hire  may  noght  be  rette  bot  vertuouse  honoure. 

2.  To  accuse,  charge  (a  person).     Const,  of,  to. 
1338  R.  BRI-NXE  Cliron.  (1810)  64  For  Gospatrik  was  slayn, 

bei  blamed  him  her  in.  ..Tostus  of  Cumbirland  retted  God- 
wyn  her  tille.  1527  RASTELL  Abridg.  Stat.  s.v.  Maymprise. 
[If  he]  be  not  rette  of  other  felonie  before  or  rette  of 
reseuynge  of  felones  [etc.]. 

3.  To  reckon,  repute. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  357  Men  shulden  rette  hem 
eretikis,  &  so  not  comyne  wi|j  hem.  r  1386  CHAUCER  Prol. 
726,  I  preye  5Owe..That  ;e  ne  ret  it  nowht  my  velenye. 
c  1400  Laud  Troy  Rk.  888,2  Thei  se  now  me  on  bak  he-set, 
Mi  vylony  it  wol  be  ret. 

Ret,  T'.2  Forms:  a.  5  rettyn,  retyn,  9  ret; 
/3.  6  rayte,  7-  rate,  rait.  [Of  somewhat  obscure 
history.  The  E.  Anglian  ret  (earlier  inf.  ret/en,  reten) 
resembles  MDu.  reeten,  reten  (still  in  use)  ;  but 
the  northern  forms  rayt,  rail,  rate  appear  rather 

;    to  indicate  an  OX.  *reyla  (represented  by  mod. 

!  Norw.  reyta,  Sw.  rota,  Da.  rede),  which  corre 
sponds  to  MDu.  rooten,  roten  (Du.  rolen;  dial,  also 
rb'ten,  reuteii),  MLG.  rSten,  r&ten,  MHG.  rf^en, 
rceyn  (G.  rb'tzen,  riisten,  etc.).  These  forms  are 
connected  with  the  stem  of  ROT  v.,  but  it  is 
difficult  to  regard  Du.  reten  as  a  variant  from  the 
same  stem.] 

1.  trans.  To  soak  (esp.  flax  or  hemp)  in  water, 
or   expose   to   moisture,    in   order   to    soften    or 

I   season.     (Cf.  DEW-RET  and  WATER-RET.) 

a.  c  1440  Proiiip.  Ptirv.  431/1  Rettyn  tymbyr,  hempe, 

I  or  ober  lyke  (K.P.,  retyn  tymbyr,  flax  or  hempe),  n'go, 
in/undo.  1710-  [cf.  DEW-RET  and  WATER-RET].  a  1825 
FORBV  Voc.  K.  Ang-lia,  Ret,  to  soak,  to  macerate  in  water. 
1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  483  Prior  to  being  retted,  the  flax 
should  be  sorted  accordingto  the  length,  .of  itsstalks.  1897 

,    Daily  News  i  June  i/i  Threshing  the  hemp  and  flax... 

!    Tanks  for  retting  the  straw. 

£•  '533  F-ng-  Misc.  (Surtees,  1800)  34  That  no  man  shall 
rayte  nowther  hempe  ne  lyne.  1607 '  N.  Riding  Rec.  I.  85 
Presented  for  watering  or  rating  their  hemp.  1691  RAY 
N.  C.  Words,  To  Rait  Timber  ;  and  so  Flax  and  Hemp,  to 

'  put  it  into  a  Pond  or  Ditch,  to  water  it,  to  harden  or  season 
it.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Hemp,  They  proceed  to 
water  or  rate  it,  by  laying  it  five  or  six  days  in  a  pool,,  .to 
rot  the_bark.  1788  W.  MARSHALL  Yorksh.  II.  74  Here  it 
lies  until  it  be  sufficiently  '  rated  '  ;  namely  until  the  wood- 
like  substance  of  the  stems  will  separate  freely  from  the 
filaments  or  flaxen  fibres.  1839  STONEHOUSE  Axholme  20 
Putting  their  hemp  to  he  rated  in  the  waters  of  the  said 
wastes.  1876  ROBINSON  Mid-Yorks.  Gloss,  s.v.  Rate,  Timber 
is  rated  by  being  exposed  through  all  seasons. 

2.  Of  hay,  etc.    In  passive :  To  be  spoiled  by 
exposure  to  wet. 

1641  BEST  Farm.  Kks.  (Surtees)  34  Then  sure  it  is  to 
be  rated,  and  beinge  rated  looseth  both  the  goode  smell  and 
goode  taste.  1788  W.  MARSHALL  Yorkslt.  Gloss,  s.v.  Rait, 
Hay  is  said  to  be  raited  when  it  has  been  much  exposed  to 
an  altemacy  of  wet  and  dry  weather.  1877  N.  W,  Line. 
Gloss,  s.v.  Rate,  Hay  or  clover  is  said  to  be  rated  when  by 
exposure  to  rain  it  has  become  well-nigh  worthless  for  fodder. 

3.  trans,  and  intr.  To  rot. 

1846  BROCKF.TT  ff.  C.  Gloss,  (ed.  3)  s.v.  Kate,  Quicklime 
rates  the  sods  in  a  compost  heap.  Sods  rate  fast  in  that 
heap.  1869  Lonsdalc  Gloss.,  Rate,  to  become  rotten. 

Hence  Bet-pit  (rate-pit),  a  retting-pit. 

1571  in  N.W.  Line.  Gloss.  (1877). 

t  Ret,  v.s  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
intr.  (See  quot.  a  1670.) 


Like  Spaniels  that 'rett  after  Lart's  and" Sparrows 'in.  the 
Field,  and  pass  over  the  best  Game. 

Ret,  obs.  3  sing.  pres.  indie.  READ  v.,  REDE  z>.l 
Retable  (rn^-b'l).  Eccl.  [a.  F.  rf table,  retable 
(l6th  c.),  =Sp.  retablo,  Pg.  retabolo,  -tabula, 
-tavolo,  mod.L.  retabulum.  Earlier  and  fuller 
forms  are  OProv.  reiretaule  (1218),  reirotanh 
(1284),  med.L.  retrotabulum  (1294  in  DuCangeV 
see  REAB-,  RETRO-,  and  TABLE  si.']  An  append 
age  to  an  altar,  consisting  of  a  shelf  or  ledge  raised 
above  the  back  of  it  (on  which  ornaments  may  be 
placed),  or  a  frame  enclosing  painted  or  other 
wise  decorated  panels. 


of  being  c  osed  1877  J-  D.  CHAMBERS  Div.  Worship  295 
The  movable  Retable  upon  the  Altar  is  quite  a  modern 
invention  1884  Bath  *  Wells  Diocesan  Mag.  Aug.  85  A 
new  oak  altar,  with  re-table, . .  has  lately  been  placed  in  the 
church. 

So  [|  Beta-bio,  ||  Beta-bulnm. 

1843  FORD  Handtk.  Spain  I.  41,  The  Retatlo  is  full  of 


RETAIL. 

!  old  carvings.  1861  SIR  G.  SCOTT  Glean.  Westm.  Abb.  (1863) 
61  The  retabulum  from  the  high-altar,  now  preserved  in  a 
glass  case 

Reta  ck  (rf-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  tack  again. 

1794  Rigging  ^  Seamanship  363  The  lee  column.,  re-tacks 
together.  1801  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1850)  II,  164  We  tacked 
and  retacked  with  a  hard-hearted  wind. 

Retail  (rrt^l),  sbl  (and  a.}.  Also  5-8  retaile, 

j    5-7  -tayle,  6  -taylle,  6-7  retale ;    6  rytaile.     [a. 

OF.  retail  masc.  ( =  It.  ritaglio,  Pj;.  relalho,^. 

retajo}   or   rstaille    fern.,    a   piece   cut    off,    etc., 

i   f.  retaillier,  f.  re-  RE-  +  taillier  to  cut ;  see  TAIL  v. 

The  English  sense  of  the  word  is  found  in  AF. 

>   in  the  first  half  of  the  I4th  c.    The  older  stressing 

retai'li  as  in  the  verb,  is  still  usual  in  Scotland.] 

1.  The  sale  of  commodities  in  small  quantities. 

a.  In  adv.   phrases  with  fy,  at,  f/»,  f  to,  or 
used   adverbially   without    prep.     (After   AF.   a 
retail^  a  or  en  retaitte.)     Also_/?^. 

1433  Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  478/2  No  BaillvfT.bye,  ne  selle, 
no  maner  vitaill  to  retaile.  1433  M'at erf ord  Arch,  in  loM 
Rt*f>,  Hist.  AfSS.  Coinm.  App.  v.  296  If  the  said  marchan- 
dise  be  solde  by  retaile.  1467  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  397  That 
no  persone . .  sille  no  Fysshe  watrd  at  relay le.  1503-4  Act  19 

!  Hen.  t'ff,  c.  32  §  10  Every  persone.  .that,  .usith  to  by  and 
sell  any  goodis  or  catalles  at  retayle.  1598  BARCKtBY/V&f. 
Ufati  iv.  (1603)  309  Without  scruple  they  sell  that  justice  by 
retaile  that  was  bought  in  grosse,  1615  RRATHWAIT  Straf>- 
fndo  11878)  218  Both's  to  be  bought :  no  difference  in  the 
sale ;  The  one  in  grosse,  the  other  in  Retaile.  1631  R.  Bv- 
FIFLD  Doctr.  Sabb.  216  Von  set  forth  slanderous  reports  of 
Master  Byfield.  which  you  tooke  in  by  retayle.  1709 
STEELE  TfttterNo.  106  §  2, 1.  .asked  him,  Whether  he  would 
break  Rulk,  and  sell  HIS  Goods  by  Retail  ?  1784  Ar&v  Spec- 

\    in  tor  No.  17.  3  What  barbarous  parents,,  .to  oblige  a  person 

I  of  my  figure  to  deal  out  tea  and  sugar  retail !  1848  MILL 
Pol.  Econ.  i.  ii.  §  6  (1876)  25  Even  when  things  are  destined 
to  be  at  last  sold  by  retail,  convenience  soon  creates  a  class 
of  wholesale  dealers.  1886  WAYLAND  &  CHAPIN  Pol.  Econ. 

I  x.  121  It  is  ordinarily  more  economical  to  purchase  supplies 
..at  retail,  than  at  wholesale,  though  the  prices  are  higher. 
1883  Law  Times  Rep.  XLIX.  727/1  Clearly  inviting  the 
public  to  come  and  buy,  both  wholesale  and  retail. 

b.  In  other  constructions. 

1553  GRESHAM  Let.  in  Burgon  Life  (1839)  I.  464  That  the 
retayller  shall  occupy  onely  his  retayle,  and  the  merchaunt 
adventorer  his  feat.    1367  DRANT  Horace^  Eft.  vii.  D  v,  Goe 
make  your  marchandize,  God  sendeyou  good  retayle.    1588 
J.  M ELLIS  BHe/e  Instr.  Fv,  Of  that  accompte  make  the 
i    shoppe  of  retaile  Creditor,  as  though  it  were  a  Debitor. 
[    1605  TIMME  Qnersit.  in.  190  To  make  retale  of  candels, 
I    lanternes,  and  all  mercerie-wares.    a  1660  HAMMOND  Serin. 
\    Wks.  1683  IV.  569  Our  best  contrivance  will  be  to  shorten 
the  retail,  for  the  encreasing  of  the  gross,     a  1683  OLDHAM 
Wks.   (1685)   16  He  scorn 'd  Retail  I'th'  Trace  of  death  : 
;    whole  Myriads  died    by  th'  great.     1736  Gentl.  Mag.  VI. 
631/1    By  prohibiting  the  Retaile  of  Punch,  some  small 
Addition  may  be  made  to  our  Consumption  of  Wines.    1809 
PINKNF.Y  Tra"',  France  80  There  was  no  appearance  of  busi 
ness,  not  even  of  a  brisk  retail,  or  of  a  lively  thoroughfare. 
1888  S.  DOWRLL  Taxes  in  Eng.  II.  41  The  duties  on  the 
retail  of  drinks  made  from  tea,  coffee,  and  chocolat* 
f2.  Detail  (of  a  matter).   Obs. 
1654-66  EARL  ORRERY  Parthen.  (1676)  534  Unsuccessful 
,     Sallyes,  whose  retail  I  decline  telling  you.     1678  MARVELL 
;    Growtx  Popery  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  263  Should  I  enter  into 
i    a  particular  retail  of  all  former  and  latter  transactions, . . 
there  would  be  sufficient  for  a  just  volume  of  History, 

3.  A  retailer,  a  retail  dealer. 

1884  Pall  Mall  G.  19  May  6/1  There  is  said  to  be  a  suburb 
where  the  retired  wholesales  will  not  visit  the  retired  retails. 
1892  Ibid,  25  Nov.  2/2  The  idea  of  the  retails  is  to  amend 
the  Food  and  Drugs  Act  by  making  an  invoice  count  as  a 
warranty. 

4.  attrib.  (passing  into  adj.}  Of  or  pertaining  to, 
connected  with,  engaged  in,  the  sale  of  commodi 
ties  in  small  quantities. 

1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  $  Commw.  (1603)  116  They.. 
haue  betaken  themselues  to  Hue  by  retaile  and  mechanical 
trades.     1689  in  Picton  IS/wil  Mnnie.  Rec.  (1883)  I.  297  To 
drive  some  small  retail  trade.    1716  M.  DAVIKS  A  then.  Brit. 
III.  78  There  may  have  been  such  Retalle-Coyn,  set  forth 
by  some  Retail-Dealers,  in  all  Reigns  perchance.     1760  T. 
HUTCHINSOK  Hist.  Mass.  iii.  (1765)  317  Sold  to  the  Indians 
at  the  retail  price.     1812  SIR  J.  SINCLAIR  Syst.  Hnsb.  Scot. 
ir,  22  Farmers  in  the  vicinity  of  large  towns,  may  be  com 
pared  to  retail  shopkeepers.    1848  MILL  Pol.  Econ.  (1876)  13 
;    The  retail  dealings,  which  collectively  occupy  a  verjj  great 
j    amount  of  capital.     1865  DICKENS  M<ut.  Fr.  \.  vii,  The 
1    poorer  shops  of  small  retail  traders  m  commodities  to  eat 
;    and  drink  and  keep  folks  warm. 

b.  transf.  Parcelled  out ;  piecemeal,  rare. 
1669  STURMY  Mariners  Mag.  C  2,  Who  thinks  by  Retail- 
I    pow'r  his  Kind  to  keep. .  May  of  a  Kingdom  soon  a  Cottage 
!    make.     1679  Establ.   Test  41   What   Hngring  and  retail 
deaths  would  they  think  enough  for  such..  Heretiques. 
C.  Petty,  trivial.  rare~l. 

x8n  Svn.  SMITH  Wks.  (1859)  I.  211/2  As«uch  his  superior 
in  the  retail  qualities  which  small  people  arrogate  to  them 
selves,  as  he  was  in  every  commanding  faculty  to  the  rest  of 
his  fellow-creatures. 

t  Retail,  sb£     Obs.  rare-1.     Retaliation. 
1615  T.  ADAMS  Lycanthropy  Wks.  (1629)  385  He  that  doth 
iniury,  may  well  receiue  it.     To  looke  for  good,vand  doe 
!    bad,  is  against  the  law  of  Retaile. 

Retail  (rn^'l),  v.  Also  5-6  retayll,  5-7  re- 
I  taile,  -tayle,  8  retale.  [See  RETAIL  sb.  OF. 
retailler  app.  does  not  occur  in  this  sense.] 

1.  trans.  To  sell  (goods,  etc.)  in  small  quantities. 

1365  [see  RETAILING  vbl.  sb.}.  147*  Paston  Lett.  III.  71, 
I  truste  be  Ester  to  make  of  money,  .at  the  leest  1.  marke 
for  to  retayle  the  wode  our  selfe.  Ibid.  To  brynge  it.. to 
as  goode  proffe  as  thowe  we  retayled  it  oure  silfTe.  1503-4 


RETAILED. 

Act  19  Hen.  VII,  c.  32  §  jo  Goodis  or  cattalles.  .that., 
he  or  theysoretaylleth.  1540-1  ELYOT  Image  Cov.  (1556) 
60  They  that  retayle  that  which  is  bought  of  the  craftes- 
nian  that  worketh  it.  1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  v.  ii.  317 
He  is  Wits  Pedler,  and  retailes  his  Wares,  At  Wakes,  and 
Wassels.  1617  MORYSON  fiin.  ill.  95  Not  shaming  to  retaile 
any  commodity  in  small  parts.  1712  AKUUTHNOT  John  Bull 
i.  Pref.,  Stamping  the  Queen's  Image  on  viler  Metals, 
which  he  retales  for  Beef.  1778  ADAM  SMITH  \V.  N.  v.  ii. 
(1904)  II.  506  The  keepers  of  ale-houses  pay  for  a  licence  to 
retail  ale  and  spirituous  liquors.  1829  LYTTON  Dwercux 
II.  iii,  Retailing  the  mixture  as  soon  as  lie  had  filled  his  box. 
absol.  1523  FITZHERB.  a ust.  §  36  Therfore  he  that  byeth 
grosse  sale,  and  retayleth,  muste  nedes  be  a  wynner.  1554 
HASSE  in  Hakluyt  Yoy.  (1598)  I.  256  Like  as  we  doe  vse  to 
retaile  by  the  ounce. 

b.  transf.  oijig. 

1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  234,  I  wil  regard  your  com- 
modltie, . .  leaste  in  steade  of  thankes,  hate  be  retailed.  1597 
}.  KING  On  Jonas  (1618)  427  Hee  shall  retale  their  doings 
into  their  bosomes,  and  giue  them  their  rewarde.  a  1661 
PULLER  Worthies  (1840)  III.  253  The  abbot  refused  to 
retail  his  men  out  in  such  parcels.  1728  POPE  Dime.  n.  134 
As  the  sage  dame . .  By  names  of  Toasts  retails  each  batter'd 
jade.  1758  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  7  p  1 1  How  six  morning  and 
six  evening  writers  might  agree  to  retail  their  articles. 

absol.  1777  SHERIDAN  Sell.  Stand,  iv.  i,  We  shall  be  all 
day  retailing  in  this  manner  ;  do  let  us  deal  wholesale. 

c.  iutr.  To  be  sold  by  retail. 

1881  Lit.  World  (U.  S.)  22  Oct.  375/1  Mr.  Bartlett's 
compilation.. retails  for  three  dollars.  1897  Daily  AVaw 
22  May  5/4  Turbot,  brill,  and  halibut  retail  at  yi.  per  Ib. 

2.  To  recount  or  tell  over  again;  to  relate  in 
detail ;  to  repeat  to  others. 

1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  in.  i.  77  Me  thinkes  the  truth 
should  hue  from  age  to  age,  As  'twere  retayl'd  to  all 
posteritie.  Ibid.  iv.  iv.  335  To  whom  I  will  retaile  my 
Conquest  woone.  1654-66  EARL  ORRERY  Partluil.  (1676)  797, 
I  will  not  retail  particularities.  1732  BERKELEY  Alcip/tr. 
ill.  §  2  He  would  retail  to  them  part  of  a  conversation  lie 
once  heard.  1766  GOLDSM.  yic.  H'.  xvi,  He  could  repeat  all 
the  observations  that  were  retailed  in  the  atmosphere  of  the 
play-houses.  1808  SCOTT  Alarm,  v.  vii,  The  licensed  fool 
retail'd  his  jest.  1850  KINGSLKY  Alt.  Locke  (1876)  1. 14  The 
company  seemed  puzzled  to  whom  he  smilingly  retailed  my 
question.  1899  KIPLING  Stalky  193  They  overtook  Foxy, 
speeding  down  to  retail  the  adventure  to  Keyle. 

absol.  1621  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Diatribe  151  They  say  you 
haue  neither  read  nor  scene  all  that  you  cite,  but  are  con 
tented  to  retaile  with  your  neighbours  sometime. 

Hence  Retailed  ppl.  a. 

ifiji  COTGR.,  Detaille,  retailed,  sold  by  retaile.  1654-66 
EARL  ORREKY  Parthen.  (1676)  574  The  Battel ..  merits  a 
retailed  Relation. 

Retailer  (rfte'-lsi).  Also  a.  5-6  retaillour, 
6  -tailour,  6-7  -taylor.  0.  5-7  retainer,  6 
-tayl(l)er.  [f.  prec.  +  -OB  2,  -EB  1.] 

1.  A  retail  dealer  or  trader ;  one  who  sells  goods 
in  small  quantities. 

o  1444  Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  108/2  The  pouere  common  re- 
talllours  of  vitailles.  1542-3  Act  34  4-  35  Hen.  VIII,  c.  7 
I  he  saide  Retailloures  of  Wynes.  1591  FLORID  mdfruius 
121  You  retailours.  .may  finde  in  your  hart  to  deceaue  any 
bodle.  1631  T.  POWELL  Tarn  of  all  Trades  164  The  Maker 
was  before  the  Retaylor.  1666-7  MARVELL  Corr.  Wks. 
(Grosart)  II.  203  A  Bill  has  bin  read  for  setting  the  prices 
of  wine  as  well  upon  the  merchant  as  retaylor. 

P.  1488  Rolls  ofParlt.  VI.  421/2  Any  Merchant,.  Arty- 
ficer,  Retailler,  Inholder  [etc.].  1547  Act  t  Edw.  VI,  c.  6 
§  i  Certaine  parsons  called  Retaylers  of  the  same  Wooles. 
1577  HARRISON  England  n.  v.  (1877)  1-  134  The  fourth  and 
last  sort  of  people.,  are  daie  labourers..,  and  some  retailers. 
1633  (title],  A  Proclamation  restraining  the  abusive  Venting  i 
of  Tobacco.. .that  Retailers  must  take  out  a  License.  1662 
PETTY  Taxes  13  It  ought  to  be  known . .  how  many  retaile] 


1781  GIBBON  Dec!,  f,  >.  xvii.  (1787)  II.  70  The  diligent 
mechanic,  and  even  the  most  obscure  retailer  of  a  sequestered 
village.  1837  M.  DONOVAN  Dam.  Ecmi.  II.  337  The  retailers 
almost  invariably  roast  their  coffee  too  little.  1875  JOWETT 
Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  30  Retailers  sit  in  the  market-place  to 
save  the  time  of  the  producers. 

2.  One  who  repeats  or  relates. 

1707  Reflex,  upon  Ridicule  16  Retailers  of  Fooleries, 
Dealers  in  Scandal.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  xvn.  vii, 
Mrs.  Miller,  .had  received  a  full  account  from  the  faithful 
retailer  Partridge.  1815  W.  H.  IRELAND  Scribbleomania 
150  The  catalogue  of.  .retailers  of  the  wonderful.  1874  L. 
STEPHEN  Hours  in.  Library  (1892)  I.  x.  346  No  one  is.  -so 
generally  unpopular  as  a  clever  retailer  of  gossip. 

Retailing,  vbl.  sb.    [f.  RETAIL  v.  +  -ING  l.]   ; 
The  action  of  the  verb,  in  various  senses. 

1365  Waterford  Arch,  in  \athRep.Hist.MSS.Comm.  \ 
App.  V.  292  The  retailyng  or  salis  of  the  commene  wyne 
callid  prisage.  1592  GREENE  Upst.  Courtier  E  iv  b,  You 
will ..  sell  them  to  poore  shomakers  at  an  vnreasonable  rate, 
by  your  false  retaylinge.  1609  DEKKER  Gull's  Horn-bk.  vi,  j 
When  your  Groundling,  .buyes  his  sport  by  the  penny,  and 
..is  glad  to  vtter  it  againe  by  retailing.  1724  in  Picton 
L'pool  Mimic.  Rec.  (1886)  II.  54  That . .  Hopkins  be  stopp'd 
from  going  on  in  retailing.  1736  Gentl.  Mag.  VI.  632/1 
The  Retailing  of  Punch  will  be  confined  to  Houses  where 
other  strong  Liquors  are  by  Licence  to  be  sold. 

Retai'ling,  ppl.  a.     [-ING  ^.]     That  retails. 

1588  J.  MELLIS  Briefe  Instr.  F  v,  All  such  goods  which 
daily  you  put  to  the  retailing  shoppe.  1593  NASHE  Christ's 
r.  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  225  Any  of  these  shee  retayling 
bodie-traffiquers.  1603  STOW  Surv.  (1842)  204/1  Which  I 
may  call  the  keeping  of  a  retailing  or  standing  shop. 

Retai'lment.  [-JIENT.]  The  act  of  retailing. 

1843  J1'.  E.  PAGET  Warden  of  Birkingholt  121  By  morning 
and  evening  retailments  of  all  that  was  going  on  in  the 
neighbourhood.  1889  H.  F.  WOOD  Englishman.  Rue  Cain 
Kill,  Priority  in  the  retailment  of  frivolous  news. 


563 

t  Retai'U,  sb.     Obs.  ran.     [f.  the  vb.] 

1.  Retention ;  retainment. 

1455  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  307/1  Content  and  satisfied  by 
waye  of  retayn  of  the  seid  summe.  1621  ELMNG  Debates 
Ho.  Lords  (Camden)  99  Reteyn  of  Stranger. 

2.  Retinue. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII,  81  b,  The  kyngc  of  Eng- 
lande.  .and  his  retain  in  sute  lyke.  Ibid.  82  Thus  the  two 
kynges  &  their  retaine  toke  the  felde. 

Retain  (rft^i-n),  v.  Forms  :  5-6  reteign(e, 
(5  reteyign) ;  5  reteyene,  5-7  reteyn(e  ;  5-7 
reteiue,  7  retoin;  5-7  retayn,  6-7  retaine, 
6-  retain;  5  reteune,  retene  (6  Sc.},  retiue 
I  (7  Sc.),  6  reteane.  [ad.  OF.  retenir  (  =  Sp.  rc- 
tener,  It.  ritenere,  L.  retinere),  f.  re-  RE-  and 
tenir  to  hold.  For  the  vowel  of  the  stem  cf. 
contain,  detain,  etc.] 

I.  trans.  1 1.  To  restrain ;  to  hold  back,  check, 
or  stop  ;  to  prevent  or  hinder.  Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Alelili.  r  46  (Lands.  MS.),  fere  bue 
niony  binges  bat  shold  reteyne  ;owe  of  vengeance  take- 
Inge,  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  8  Whan . .  hercules  and . .  Jason 
had  retayned  the  Centaurs,  they  had  eche  of  them  a  bowe 
whiche  they  bende.  1481  —  God/,  xlviii.  88  They  armed 
them  and  reteyned  theyr  peple  that  began  to  flee,  a  1548 
HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  I' III,  101  b,  He  is  bound  that  he 
should  neuer  retayne  the  Swyches  from  the  Emperor.  1594 
PARSONS  Confer.  Success,  n.  ii.  10  It  is  hard  to  retayne  a 
mans  consent  from  that  which  is  said  vntil  he  haue  read  the 
reasons  of  the  other  party.  1639  S.  Du  VEKGF.K  tr.  Camus' 
Atintir.  Events  279  Barsimee  retained  by  a  Certaine  shame- 
fastnesse.  .would  by  no  meanes  yeeld  to  marry.  i695Tt-.Mi'l  E 
Introd.  Hist.  Eng.  (1699)  287  He.. had  killed  him  if  his 
Brother  Robert  had  not  retained  him.  1737  Gcntl.  Alag. 
VII.  35/1  The  untouchable  foot  retain'd  the  grave  Spaniards 
from  mtermedling  in  so  delicate  an  Affair. 

b.  reft.  To  restrain  or  contain  (oneself),  rare. 

c  1440  Gcncrydcs  1543  For  your  wurchippe  yow  most  your 
self  reteyne,  And  take  a  good  avise  in  this  mater.  1869 
Daily  News  30  Oct.,  Lord  Stanley,  who  retained  himself 
during  the  greater  part  of  the  service,  was  completely 
overcome. 

c.  To  keep  in  custody  or  under  control;   to 
prevent   from  departing,    issuing,    or  separating ; 
to  hold  fixed  in  some  place  or  position. 

«"S33  LD.  BERNERS  Huon  Ixix.  237  My  brother  and  his 
wyf.  .1  haue  retayned  them  in  my  pryson.  c  1550  RHODES 
Bk.  Nurture  740  in  Babces  Ilk.  102  For  empty  fystes,  men 
vse  to  say,  cannot  the  Hawke  retayne.  1599  B.  JONSON  Ev. 
Man  out  of  Hum.  in.  i,  I  can  make  this  Dog  take  as  nmny 
Whiffes  as  I  list,  and  he  shall  retain,  or  effume  them,  at  my 
pleasure.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  i.  51  On  this  and  the  East 
sides,  are  two  Mils  to  retaine  the  water  when  the  Sea  cbs. 
1674  BKEVINT  Saul  at  Endorz-zT,  May  not  one  as  well  curse, 
whom  God  blesses,  as  retain  or  bind  whom  God  remits  ? 
1720  OZELL  Vertot's  Rout.  Rep.  II.  xn.  242  Cicero,  .sends 
immediately  certain  Senators,  to  retain  the  People  in  their 
Duty.  1809  A.  HENKY  Trav.  123  The  skin,  which  alone 
retained  his  hand  to  his  arm,  he  cut  through.  1853  KANE 
Griiatell  A>>.xliii.  (1856)  400  It  acted  like  a  camel,  retaining 
the  brig's  stern  high  in  the  air.  1873  G.  FLEMING  Pract. 
Horse-shoeing  (ed.  2)  100  The  extra  strain  on  the  nails 
retaining  it  [the  bar  shoe]  to  the  hoof. 

absol.  1634  J.  LEVETT  Ordering  of  Bees  59  They  haue  no 
Intraylls  or  other  inward  Organs,  by  which  either  to  retaine 
or  evacuat. 

d.  To  keep  free/;w«  something,  rare  — ]. 

1863  COWDEN  CLARKE  Shaks.  Char.  viii.  197  He  has 
retained  the  two  women  from  the  remotest  charge  of  un- 
feminity. 

2.  f  a.  To  entertain.  Obs.  rare. 

1:1400  Destr.  Troy  10936  The  grekes  fayne  of  bat  freike.. 
Retaymt  bym  with  Reuerence.  1447  BOKENHAM  Seyntys 
(Roxb.)  33  A  relygyous  place.. wher  wurshepfully  Austyn 
was  reteynyd  and  cherytabylly.  c  1550  RHODES  Bk.  Nurture 
745  in  Babces  Bk.  102  Retayne  a  straunger  after  his  estate 
and  degree, 
woont  euer  tc 
godlie  religious  strangers. 

b.  To  keep  attached  to  one's  person  or  en 
gaged  in  one's  service. 

1450  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  178/2  The  said  Duke..beyng 
retelgned  with  you,  in  your  wages  of  werre  in  your  seid 
Reame.  1489  CAXTON  Faytcs  of  A.  in.  viii.  182,  I  suppose 
that  a  capytayne  with  a  companye  of  folke  be  reteyned  in 
to  the  kynges  wages.  1536  CROMWELL  in  Merrinian  Life 
«r  Lett.  (1902)  II.  38  The  kinges  pleasour  is  ye  shal  there 


I  degree.      1575-85  ABP.  SANDYS  Serin,  xi.  235  God  is 
woont  euer  to  blesse  the  countrie,  for  reteining  and  releeuing 


reteyne  onely  foure  clerkes.  1545  BRINKLOW  Comfl.  37  b, 
Many  noble  men ..  retayne  seruantys  &  neuer  gyue  them 
peny  wages.  1623  T.  POWELL  Attourn.  Acad.  123  If  this 
bee  done  with  a  single  Vowcher,  you  are  to  retaine  three 
Sergeants.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  $•  P.  376  The  Suffee 
retains  several  [physicians]  in  Ordinary  and  others  in  Extra 
ordinary^  1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  viii.  I.  168  A  great  num 
ber  of  knights  were  retained  in  his  service.  1882  PEBODY 
Eng.  Journalism  xix.  145  Mr.  Levy  . .  retained  as  con- 
tributors  and  critics  men  who  were  at  least  equal  to  those 
upon  the  staff  of  either  of  its  contemporaries. 

absol.   1540  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Life  $  Lett.  (1902)  II. 
267  Syr  ther  was  also  layde  vnto  my  Charge  at  myne  ex- 
amenacyon  that  I  hadde  retaynyd  contrarye  to  your  lawse. 
f  o.  To  engage,  hire.   Obs.  rare  — l. 

Hl6Procl.  in  YorkMysl.  Introd.  p.xxxvii,  pat  noplaier.. 
be  conducte  and  reteyned  to  plaie  but  twise  on  be  day  of  be 
saide  playe.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav.  I.  161 
Having  retained  Mules  for  myself  and  Company,  I  made 
Provisions  of  Bread,  Wine  [etc.]. 

d.  To  engage  (a  barrister)  by  the  payment  of  a 
preliminary  fee,  in  order  to  secure  his  services  for 
one's  own  cause  if  necessary. 

1548  ELYOT,  Cliens.  .is  also  he  whiche  hath  retayned  a 
lawyer  to  susteyne  his  matter.  1550  CROWLEY  Last  Trumpet 
922  Whye  wylt  thou  be  retained  of  playntyfe,  or  of  defend- 


RETAIN. 

aunt?  1602  ind  Pt.  Return  fr.  Parnass,  iv.  ii  Let  me 
retaine  you  this  terme  for  my  cause.  1644  BULWER  Chiron. 
52  In  those  large  pewes,  where  those  that  were  retained  in 
ir Uue\  i  Plead-  '775  J-  RAY.NER  Readings  OH  Statutes  1 16 
It  the  Matter  was  communicated  to  the  Attorney  or  Solicitor 
as  a  Secret,  before  he  was  employed  or  retained  in  the  Cause. 
1837  DICKENS  Picktu.  xxxi,  'Mr.  Pickwick  is  the  defendant 


trausf.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  2  May,  The  Neapolitan  bishops. . 
may  occasionally  be  ashamed,.. since  the  fall  of  the  hateful 
power  which  they  were  retained  to  support. 

3.  To  keep  hold  or  possession  of;  to  continue 
having  or  keeping,  in  various  senses. 

c  1450  Godstow  Reg.  337  pat  he  sholde  haue  power  to  dis- 
treme  hem  in  all  be  maners  a-fore-seide  &  holde  or  reteine 
be  distreminge.  1490  Plumpton  Corr.  (Camden)  102  To 
deliver  one  pane  to  Mr.  Mount,  &  retine  another  parte  for 
you  with  the  obligation,  a  1542  Wv.vrr  in  Tottcfs  Misc. 
(Arb.)  55  My  lone  to  skorne,  myseruice  to  retayne,  Therein 
(me  thoughu  you  vsed  crtieltie.  1583  STUUBES  Anat.  Alms. 
ll.  (1882)95  [He]  will  yet  not  withstanding  reteane  the  same 
charge  and  function  to  himself  still.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv. 
x.  10  Taking  downe  the  shield  with  me  [1]  did  it  retaine. 
1622  J.  REYNOLDS  God's Revtnrt  i.  12  Retayning a  fine  little 
white  Finland  dogge,  which  his  Page  had  stolne  from  her. 
1667  MILTON  /'.  /..  x.  532  His  Power  no  less  he  seem'd 


retain  the  water.  1841  Miss  MITFORD  in  L'Estrange 
Ll/eMja)  111.  115  Lord  Sidmouth  retains  his  unmarried 
daughter.  ,1877  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  27  He  still 
aimed  at  retaining  the  most  lucrative  of  his  benefices. 
nbsol.  1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  II.  511  An  executoi  of  his 
own  wrong  is  not  allowed  to  retain.  1847  MRS.  A.  KERH  tr. 
Ranks  S  Hist.  Scmia  288  Some  men  are  more  competent  to 
acquire  than  to  retain. 

b.  In  renderings  or  echoes  of  John  xx.  23  (av 
v.vuv  KfarTJri,  Kf/tpdTijvTai  ;  quorum  relinucritis, 
rctenla  sum}. 

IS?6,  TINDALE  John  xx.  aj.  1567  Cade  $•  Godtie  J,'. 
(h.  l.S.)  7  Quhais  slums  ^e  retene,  ar  retenit  vnto  thame. 
1606  Up.  HALL  Mcdit.  $  Icon's  121,  I  will  so  remit  wrongs, 
.  .and  so  reteine  them,  as  I  may  not  induce  God  to  reteine 
mine  to  him.  1651  HOBBES  Lcaiath.  III.  xlii.  277  Refuse 
entrance  into  his  Kingdom,  to  those  whose  Sins  were  Re 
tained.  1674  BREVINT  Said  at  Endomt  Where  the  power 
of  Loosing  and  Remitting,  follows  close  to  that  of  Retaining 
and  Binding. 

c.  To  continue  to  use,  practise,  recognize,  etc. 

1548-9  (Mar.)  Bk.  Com.  Prayer,  Offices  35  b,  Some  [cere 
monies]  be  retayned  and  kept  still.  1596  DRAYTON  Legends 
iii.  385  When  the  Barons  found  me  to  retayne  Th'ambitious 
course  wherein  I  first  began.  <:i6i3  ROWLANDS  More 
knaves  Vet  -  5,  I  thinke  before  the  Conquest  many  yeares, 
\\  e  wore  the  fashion  which  we  still  retaine.  1654  BRAMHILL 
Just  Vind,  ii.  (1661)  7  Vet  both  retein  Communion  with  the 
universal  Church.  1737  Centl.  Mag.  VII.  142/1  We  have 
good  Reason  to  exclude  the  330  Kings..  and  retain  only 
those  who  have  left  standing  Monuments.  1855  PUSEY 
Doctr.  Real  Presence  (iStf)  ii.  174  The  Eastern  Liturgies 
still  for  the  most  part  retain  the  form  of  asserting  the  Real 
Presence.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  224  It  seemed  better 
.  .  to  retain  the  order  in  which  Plato  himself  has  arranged  this 
and  the  two  companion  dialogues. 

d.  To  continue  to  have  or  possess  (some  attri 
bute,  quality,  etc.). 


1582  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  Castanhcda's  Cong.  E.  Ind.  i  b, 
He  gaue  to  the  Ports..  theyr  names,  which  at  this  present 
they  doe  retaine.  1634  MILTON  ComiisS^  Still  she  retains 
Her  maid'n  gentlenes.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenofs  Tra-c. 
I.  10  A  kind  of  Stone  that  long  retains  its  whiteness.  1756 
C.  LUCAS  Ess.  ll'atei-s  I.  Pref.,  Shall  we  borrow  and  retain 
the  faults,  the  corruptions  of  the  French?  1799  SHERIUAN 
Pizarro  ll.  iv,  Oh,  had  I  still  retained  my  sight,  I  might 
now  have  grasped  a  sword.  1841  D'!SRAELI  Amen.  Lit. 
(1867)  64^  The  hills,  the  forests,  and  the  rivers  retain  their 
old  Celtic  names.  1871  B.  STEWART  Heat  (ed.  2)  §  12  They 
always  retain  unchanged  their  state  with  respect  to  heat. 

e.  To  allow  to  remain,  in  place  of  discarding 
or  removing  ;  to  preserve. 

1802  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart  (1837)  I.  xi.  357  Many  of 
the  old  words  are  retained,  which  neither  the  reciter  nor  the 
copyer  understood.  1835  LYTTON  Ritnzi  n.  i,  But  still  to 
this  day  are  retained  the  massive  walls. 

4.  To  keep  or  bear  in  mind  ;  to  remember. 

1474  CAXTON  Chesse  159  Longe  talis  &  historyes  whiche 
they  can  not  al  reteyne  in  her  mynde.  c  1500  Melusine  38 
Now  vnderstand  &  reteyne  wel  my  wordes.  1509  HAWES 
Past.  Pleas,  n.  13  If  you  wyl  do  as  I  shall  you  saj-e,  And 
all  my  lesson  retayne  in  memory.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrim 
age  I.  vii.  (1614)  40  The  people  haue  retained  the  tradition 
hereof  [the  flood].  1666  Act  18  #  19  Chas.  II,  c.  8  §  26  That 
the  said  Citizens..  may  retaine  the  Memoriall  of  soe  sadd  a 
Desolation.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Past.  ix.  62  The  Tune  I 
still  retain,  but  not  the  Words.  1731-8  SWIFT  Polite  Conv. 
Introd.  78  With  what  Attention  I  listened  to  all  their  Dis 
courses,  the  better  to  retain  them  in  my  Memory.  1782 
PRIESTLEY  Corrupt.  Chr.  I.  i.  113  It  requires  a  pretty  good 
memory  to  retain  these  distinctions.  1812  J.  WILSON  Isle 
of  Palms  I.  322  In  waking  thoughts  she  still  retains  The 
memory  of  these  wildering  pains.  1883  WAGE  Gospel  $ 
Witnesses  iv.  85  The  mind..  unable  to  retain  any  but  the 
simplest  thought. 

absol.  1581  MULCASTER  Positions  v.  (1887)  27  That  witte 
maie  conceiue  and  learne  well,  memorie  retaine  and  hold 
fast.  1748  GRAY  Alliance  30  With  Sense  to  feel,  with 
Mem'ry  to  retain.  1784  COWPER  Tiroc.  524  A  well-con 
structed  brain,  Keen  in  pursuit,  and  vig'rous  to  retain. 

II.   inlr.  5.  To  refrain/>w«  something. 

1536  BELLENDEN  Cron.  Scot.  (1821)  I.  102  Vespasian  .,  had 
sic  compassion,  that  he  inicht  not  retene  fra  teris.  x6oa 

71-2 


BET  AIN  ABILIT  Y . 

MARSTON  Antonio s  Rev.  v.  i,  They  can  scarce  retaine  from 
bursting  foorth  In  plaine  revolt. 

f  6.  To  adhere,  belong,  be  attached,  or  be  a  re 
tainer  to  one.  Also  trans/,  Obs. 

1548  ELYOT,  dims,  is  he  that  belongeth  or  reteyneth 
to  som  man  in  authoritee,  to  haue  his  defence  and  assist- 
ence  in  honest  causes.  1348  UDALL,  etc.  Erasin.  Par.  Acts 
if,  b,  He  was  reteynyng  to  Sergius  Paulus,  wluche  was 
proconsull.  a  1591  H.  SMITH  Serin.  (1637)  156  As  many 
retaine  unto  Noblemen,  not  to  doe  them  any  service,  but  to 
have  their  countenance.  1612  DBAYTON  Poly-alb,  vill.  44J 
Those  other  Rils  to  Seuerne  which  retaine,  And  tended 
not  on  Teame.  1646  SIR  T.  BKOWXE  Pseud,  tp.  4=  Not 
only  the  Sadduces  and  such  as  retaine  unto  the  Church 
of  God.  1681  NEVILE  Plato  Rediv.  135  Most  of  the  Men., 
bers.. thought  it  an  honour  to  retain  to  some  great  Lord, 
and  to  wear  his  blew  Coat.  1711  SHAFTKSB.  Lluirac.  (1737) 
I.  320  Idea!  wait  a  while  till  I  have  examin'd  thee,  whence 
thou  art,  and  to  whom  thou  retain 'st.  Art  thou  of  ambi- 


564 

2.  t  a.  Engagement  of  a  person  as  a  servant  or  ! 
for  some  other  office.  Obs. 


RETAKEN. 


tlon  I  train  .' 


t  7.  To  continue,  remain.   Obs.  rare 

a  1631  DONNE  Ep.  C'tess  Huntingdon  109  No  more  can 

impure  man  retain  and  move  In  that  pure  region  of  a 

worthy  love. 

Retainabi'lity.  [See  next  and  -ITY.]  Capa 
bility  of  being  retained. 

1855  HAIN  Senses  f,  Int.  in.  i.  §  Si  We  have  generally 
understood  the  retainability  of  an  impression  to  mean  the 
power  of  recalling  it  at  any  future  time. 

Retai  nable,  a.  [f.  RETAIN  v.  +  -ABLE.] 
Capable  of  being  retained. 

1706  in  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey).  1806  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann. 
AY?-.  IV.  257  Half  the  enterprises  of  our  antijacobin  minis 
ters,  .would  only  serve  to  restrict  the  French  within  retain- 
uble  limits.  1836-41  BRANDE  Cltem.  (ed.  5)  526  The  box  is., 
made  retainable  together  by  two  obliquely  grooved  holders. 
1889  Dublin  Rev.  Jan.  190  Their  collection  in  this  retain 
able  form  will  be  welcomed. 

Hence  Retai  nableiiess. 

i83tl!i-:NTHAM  Ess.  on  Lang,  Wks.  1843  VIII.  305  Concise 
ness  is,  in  many  instances,  contributory  to.  .retainableness. 

Retarnal.     [f.  RETAIN'  v.  +  -AL.]     Retention. 

1804  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  II.  631  A  discussion.. of 
the  claims  of  each  to  retainal  or  dismissal.  1807  Ibid.  V. 
zoi  In  their  retainal  of  the  militia. 

t  Retarnder.  Obs.  Forms :  5  retein-,  5-6 
reteyndre ;  5  reteign-,  reteyndour ;  5-6  re- 
teyn-,  6  retayn-,  7  retainder.  [f.  RETAIN  v.> 
app.  on  the  analogy  of  attainder^  remainder.  Cf. 
R.KTAINEB1.] 

1.  Retention.     (Cf.  RETAINER!  i.) 

1467-8  Rolisof  Parlt.  V.  616/1  Reteindre  and  perceyvyng 
of  Custumes  and  Subsidies.  1473  Ibid.  VI.  01/2  Any 
Graunte . . ,  Ratifications,  Confirmations  or  Reteyndres  of  any 
Uette  or  Duetie.  1503  Ibid.  523/1  Endentures  to  be  made 
of  all  suche  reteynders,  recey  vyngs  and  percey  vyngs. 

2.  A  token  of  retainership. 

1472  Cov.  Leet  Bk.  If.  215  That  noo  Reteindres,  lyuerees, 
signes  ne  tokenys  of  clothing,,  .be  taken,  had  nor  vsed  by 
thinhabitauntesof  our  Citie.  1474  Ibid,  If.  222, 1  schall.  .for- 
bere  to  yeve,  take  or  resceyve  any  lyueree,  reteigndour  or 
cognesaunce.  1529  Act  21  Hen.  frill,  c.  20  Unlawfull 
mayntenaunces,  gyvyng  of  lyvereys,  signes,  tokens,  and 
retaynders.  1651  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  n.  xxxi.  (1739) 
142  Matters  concerning  Maintenance,  Liveries,  Retainders. 

3.  =  RETAINER!  2. 

1494  FABVAN  Chron.  vn.  626  Temporal!  lordes,  in  those 
dayes,  kept  other  maner  of  housholdes  and  other  maner  of 
reteyndour  of  housholde  seruauntes.  1545  State  Papers 
Hen.  K///(i836)  V.  iv.  408  Charging  all  the  saide  tenauntes 
. .  in  no  wise  to  agre  to  anye  suche  reteynder  with  anye 
other  mane. 

Hence  f  Retai'nder  ship.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1651  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  11.  xxx'i,  (1739)  143  Vet 
was  it  the  policy  of  these  Kings  to  make  them  all  of  their 
own  Livery  and  Retaindership. 

Retained  (r/V'nd),  ///.  a.     [f.  RETAIN  z;.] 

1.  Restrained ;  kept  back  or  in  check. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guilletneaifs  Fr.  Chirurg.  32  b/2  When  we 
desire  to  provoacke  the  retayned  and  kept  backe  men- 
struosityes,  1651  tr.  De-las-Cweras1  Don  Fenise  63  What 
astonishment  was  it  to  those,  who  had  before  seen  her  in  her 
retained  course  of  life,  a  1684  LEIGHTON  Coinm.  i  Pet,  Wks, 
1857  II.  479  Persons  that.. have  not  that  holy,  retained, 
bridled  way  of  using  their  repast.  1876  T.  HAKDY  Ethel- 
berta  (1890)  186  With  her  eyes  over-full  of  retained  tears. 

2.  Kept  on  ;  preserved. 

1861  M.  ARNOLD  Pop.  Educ.  France  204  Great  eagerness 
was  manifested  to  be  nominated  one  of  these  retained 
scholars.  1875  WHITNEY  Life  Lang.  iv.  55  The  alteration 
of  the  retained  elements  of  words. 


Bk  xi  §  615.  311  The  retainer  of  a  servant  according  unto 
the'  Statute  of  Labores  upon  condition  is  good  without  deed. 
f  b.  Entertainment  or  maintenance  of  depend 
ents  or  adherents.  Obs. 

ieoi-4  Act  19  Hen.  VII,  c.  14  i  i  That  all  his  statutes., 
made  ayenst  such  as  make  unlaufull  reteynours  and  such 
as  so  be  reteyned  . .  be  pleynly  observed.  «  1548  HALL 
Clttvn  Rich.  Ill  39  Wilde  Weleshmen,  whome  he  . .  had 
rather.. compelled  by  lordely  and  streite  commaundemente 
then  by  liberall  wages  and  gentle  reteynoure. 

c.  The  fact  of  being  retained  in  some  capacity.     , 
'775  J-  RAYNER  Rcadingson  Statutes  \if>  The  meaning  of 

'before  Retainer',  must  be  that  such  Discovery .. is .. not 
within  the  Rule  of  Secrecy.  1781  ATKYSS  Re  forts  Cases  in 
Chancery  II.  525  note,  1 1  appearing  that  this  discovery . .  had  ; 
been  made  before  the  retainer  of  him  as  solicitor,  the  court 
were  of  opinion  that  he  might  be  sworn.  1848  ARNOULD 
Marine  Insur.  i.  iv.  (1866)  1. 156  The  giving  of  such  notice 
was  part  of  the  common  law  duty  of  the  defendants,  to  be 
implied  from  their  retainer  as  Commission  Agents. 

d.  An  authorization  given  to  an  attorney  to  act 
in  a  case.     Chiefly  U.  S. 


Retainer1  (rftfi'naj).  Forms:  5  reteignour, 
6  reteynour(e;  5  reteigner,  reteyner,  7  re 
tainer,  7-  retainer,  [f.  RETAIN  v.  +  -EB  4.  Cf. 
RETAINDER.] 

1.  The  act  or  fact  of  retaining,  withholding,  or 
keeping  for  oneself;  an  authorization  to  do  this. 
Now  rare.  (Cf.  RETAINDER  i .) 

1453  Rolls  o/Parll.  V.  235/2  Eny  Assignement,  Graunte 
or  Reteignour  made . .  to  eny  persone . .  uppon  the  seid  xvmo 
.  .for  money  lent.  1471-3  Ibid.  VI.  60/1  The  same  Letters 
Patentes,as  to  the  reteyner,  havyng,and  perceyvyng  of  Cus 
tumes.  1641  tr.  Perkins'  Prof.  Bk.  v.  §  303.  134  The  woman 
shall  be  endowed  of  the  third  part  of  the  rent  by  way  of  re 
tainer.  1768  BLACKSTONE  Comin.  III.  18  The  one  [instance 
being]  that  of  retainer,  where  a  creditor  is  made  executor  or 
administrator  to  his  debtor.  Ibid.  IV.  Index,  Retainer  of 
servant  by  another.  1846  BATEMAN  Law  Auctions  (ed.  3) 
270  There  was  no  averment  that.. the  goods  were  put  up 
to  sale  at  the  request  of  the  defendant  or  on  his  retainer, 
and  that  there  was  no  retainer  shewn  at  the  time  of  Ihe 
request  to  put  up  the  goods  to  sale. 


indispensable  that  the  retainer  should  be  in  writing, ..it  is 
very  expedient.  1874  ACBOTT  U .  S.  Digest  (Ser.  i)  II.  340/1 
A  mere  parol  retainer  is  sufficient  to  authorize  an  attorney 
to  commence  a  suit. 

a/trio.  1836  CHITTY  Practice  of  the  Law  III.  i.  117  Since 
the  Stamp  Duty  on  the  Warrant  has  been  repealed,  noretainer 
fee  is  allowed. 

3.  A  fee  paid  to  a  barrister  to  secure  his  services ; 
engagement  by  a  retaining-fee. 

1818  BYRON  "Juan  i.  xv.  note,  After  taking  my  retainer,  he 
went  over  to  them.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX  I.  272/1  A  retainer, 
if  for  a  particular  cause,  and  for  a  particular  stage  of  that 
cause,  is  called  a  common  retainer,  and  it  now  consists  in 
the  payment  of  the  sum  of  one  guinea.  1869  Daily  News 
6  July,  A  general  retainer  gives  to  the  person  who  so  retains 
a  counsel  the  right  to  a  refusal  of  his  services.  1892  1'all 
Mall G.  4  July  2/2  The  new  rules  ior  regulating  the  prac 
tice  of  counsel  as  to  retainers. 

trans/.  1784  HORNE  Lett.  Infidelity  xiv.  215  You  are  men 
of  too  much  sense, .to  take  a  retainer  from  Simon  Magus. 
1870  LOWELL  Study  Wind.,  Gd.  Word  Winter,  I  happen 
to  hold  Winter's  retainer  this  time.  1890  John  Bull  5  Apr. 
220/2  He  has  been  extolled  by  authors  holding  no  retainer 
as  biographers. 

b.  A  sum  paid  to  secure  special  services  if 
required. 

a  1859  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xxiii.  V.  25  The  House  re 
solved  to  grant  half-pay  to  the  disbanded  officers. ..The 
half-pay  was  meant  to  be  a  retainer  as  well  as  a  reward. 
1891  N.  GOULD  Double  Event  iti  I'm  paying  you  a  big  re 
tainer  for  the  Melbourne  events. 

Retainer  -  (rftt'^naj).  Also  6  reteyn-,  re- 
taynour,  6-7  reteyner,  7  -tayner,  -teiner.  [f. 
RETAIN  v.  +  -ER  i  (and  -OR  2).] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  retains  or  holds;  a 
rnaintainer,  preserver. 

1548  ELYOT,  Clien.tello.ris,  the  homage  that  the  clientes 
make  to  theyr  reteynours.  1583  BABINGTON  Cominandni. 
329  To  see  that  they  bringe  not  sinne  vpon  them,  by  making 
them  vniust  retainers  of  other  mens  goods.  1616  SURFL,  & 
MARKH.  Country  Farme  vn.  xxii.  679  It  is  to  be  vnderstood, 
that  it  is  hard  to  haue  one  spannefl . .  to  be  an  excellent 
raunger,  an  excellent  finder,  and  an  excellent  retainer. 
1693  [see  RETENTION  3].  1704  SWIFT  T.  Tub  ix,  One  that 
has  forgot  the  common  Meaning  of  Words,  but  an  admirable 
Retainer  of  the  Sound.  1825  New  Monthly  Mag.  XIV. 
517  The  inciter  to  mirth,  yet  the  retainer  of  order.  1855 
Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XVI.  i.  179  Limestone  soils. .are  bad 
retainers  of  water.  1882  Pall  Mall  G.  24  July  2/1  The 
arbitrator  is  to  impose  what  conditions  he  thinks  fit  on  the 
retainer  of  enclosures. 

2.  A  dependent  or  follower  of  some  person  of 
rank   or  position  ;    one  attached  to  a  house,  or 
owing  it  service.     Now  only  Hist,  or  arch. 

'  Retainer,  .signifieth  in  the  common  law,  a  seruant  not 
meniall  nor  familiar,  that  is  not  continually  dwelling  in  the 
house  of  his  Lord  or  Master,  but  onely  vsing.or  bearing  his 
name  or  liuery  '  (Cowell,  1607). 

1540  CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Life  tr  Lett,  (1902)  II.  267, 
I  resayuyd  thayr  Chyldren  and  Freendes  not  as  Retaynours. 
1570  LEVINS  Afanip.  80  A  Reteyner,  cliens.  1598  FLORIO 
Diet.  Ep.  Ded.  4  The  retainer  doth  some  seruice,  that  now 
and  then  but  holds  your  Honors  styrrop.  1606  DFKKER 
Newcsfr.  Hell  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  123  The  great  Lord  of 
Tartary  will  shortly  haue  no  roome  for  all  his  retayners. 
1607  HIERON  Wks.  I.  337  Retayners.. are  willing  to  belong 
to  a  gentleman,  but  yet  it  is  but  for  their  owne  priuate 
aduantage.  1712  SWIFT  Let.  Eng.  Tongue  iv.  Wks.  1755 
II.  I.  184  Harry  the  Second. .was  always  attended  with  a 
number  of  his  countrymen,  retainers  at  his  court.  1759 
ROBERTSON  Hist.  Scot.  vi.  Wks.  1813  I.  439  This  design 
was  revealed  to  the  two  earls  by  one  of  Morton's  retainers. 
1815  ELPHINSTONE  Ace.  Caubul  (1842)  I.  332  None  have 
resided  there  but  great  men  and  their  retainers,  who  are 
drawn  thither  by  the  court.  1863  DICKENS  Mnt.  Fr.  i.  v, 
He . .  was  one  of  the  house's  retainers  and  owed  vassalage  to 

|    it.    1878  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  III.  xxi.  551  A  swarm  of  armed 

;    retainers  whom  the  lord  could  not  control,  and  whom  he 

•    conceived  himself  bound  to  protect. 

b.  transf.  or  fig.     AUo  const,  to. 
1613  SHAKS.  lien.  VIII,  n.  iv.  113  Where  Powres  are  your 
Retainers,  and  your  words  (Domestickes  to  you)  serue  your 

|    will.    1651  BAXTER  Inf.  Baft.  25  All  Church-members  are 


Ch 
207  It 

I  1^3, 'i,'  like'you,  ha've  long'been  a  retainer  of  the  muses, 
as  you  may  see  by  their  livery.  1831  LAMB  Elia  II.  News- 
tapers  35J*rs.  ago,  In  those  days  every  Morning  Paper,  as 
an  essential  retainer  to  its  establishment,  kept  an  author, 
who  [etc.].  1864  C.  GEIKIE  Life  in  Woods  vi.  (1874)  118 
For  the  benefit  of  our  fourfooted  retainers. 

C.  U.  S.  A  person  irregularly  attached  to  an 
army  ;  a  sutler,  camp-follower.  (Cent.  Diet.) 

Retai-nership.  [f.  prec.  +  -SHIP.]  The  state 
or  position  of  being  a  retainer;  the  system  of 
having  retainers. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  141  A  Reteynership,  clientele.  1855 
MIL.MAN  Lat.  Chr.  vm.  viii.  (1864)  V.  31  His  household  was 
on  a  scale  vast  even  for  that  age  of  unbounded  retainersbip. 
1868  Daily  Tel.  7  Sept.,  With  the  farce  of  retainership,  the 
Highland  '  gatherings  '  are  an  insult  to  manhood. 

Retaining,  vbl.sb.  [f.  RETAIN  v.  +  -ING1.] 
The  action  of  the  verb,  in  various  senses. 

c  1450  Godstmv  Reg.  257  Without  ony  reteynyng  or  with- 
holdyng-agayn  to  hym  or  to  his  heires.  1472-3  Rolls  of 
Parlt.  VI.  49/2  Tyll  by  reteignyng  of  the  same  rent,  .he  or 
they. .be  contented,  c  1500  in  I.  S.  Leadam  Star  Chamber 
Cas.  (1903)  97  He  neyther  can  ne  may  defende  them. .by- 
cause  of  the  saide  reteynyng  in  warde.  a  1568  ASCHAM 
Sclioltm.  II.  (Arb.)  88  Here  his  witte  shalbe  new  set  on 
worke  :  . .  his  memorie,  for  sure  reteyning,  better  exercised. 
1638  BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  II.)  37  Italian  examples 
of  being  captious  and  retaining  of  spleene.  1726  LEONI 
Alberti's  Archil.  II.  104/2  A  kind  of  vessel  ready  prepared 
for  the  retaining  of  water.  1892  [see  RETAIN  v.  2  dj. 

Retaining,  ///.  «•     [-ING  -.]     That  retains. 

1.  Serving  to  retain  or  hold  by  physical  force  or 
resistance ;  esp.  retaining  wall,  a  wall  built  to 
support  a  mass  of  earth  or  water. 

1611  COTGR.,  La  Retentive,  the  retaining  force  of  nature 
whereby  food  is  held  in  the  stomacke.  1827  STEUART 
Planter's  G.  (1828)  285  Forming  a  sort  of  circular  Retaining- 
bank.  1838  Civil  Eng.  fy  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  380/2  In  the  back 
ing  of  retaining-walls  . .  it  may  in  many  cases  be  advan 
tageously  applied.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  753/2 
Retaining  King  (Railway),  a  metallic  ring  which  secures 
the  wheel-center  to  the  tire  Ibid.,  A  retaining  valve. 

2.  Retaining  fee,  =  RETAINER  i  3.    Also  bribe. 
1694  CONGKEVE  Double  Dealer  II.  vii.  While  I  plead  for 

you,  your  aunt  has  given  me  a  retaining  fee.  1709  MRS. 
CENTLIVRE  Gamester  i.  i,  I  find  Dorante,  my  master's  Uncle, 
has  given  you  a  retaining  fee.  1727  POFE  &  GAY  What 
passed  in  London  Swift's  Wks.  1751  VI.  272  Imagining  a 
Pension  was  only  an  annual  retaining  Bribe.  1802  MRS. 


Retamment  (rft^-nment).    Also  5  retene- 
reteign-,   6  reteygue-,   retayne-,   7  reteine-. 
j   [f.  RETAIN  v.  +  -JIENT.]     The  (or  an)  act  of  re 
taining  ;  retention  ;  t  entertainment,  maintenance. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  456  Brennynge  mony 
ryalle  maners.  .and  places  of  the  retenement  of  the  duke  of 
Lancastre.  1449  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  151/1  Such  takyng  or 
takynges,  recettements,  abettementes  or  reteignementes.. 
shuld  be  adjugged  grete  Treson.  1548  GUSTE  Pr.  Masse 
139  Lesse  we  through  reteygnemente  and  usage  therof  be 
occasioned  to  resume.. the  sayd  bishop.  1595  DANIEL  Civ. 
Wars  iv.  Ixiv,  Though  hee  hjd  those  inforcements  of  ex- 
pence  Both  for  offence,  retaynements,  and  defence. 


which  the  deceased  had  here,  unless  there  be  some  special 
reason  to  change  it.  1842  G.  S.  FABER  Prov.  Lett.  (1844) 
I.  230  Correctly  insisting  upon  the  Romish  Retainment  of 
the  great  Catholic  Articles  of  Faith. 

Reta-ke  (n-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  take  again ;  to  take  back. 

1436  [see  RETAKING),  a  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  IX.  i, 
1  O  God  be  reconcil'd,  Our  leading  now  retake.  1609  J. 
DAVIES  Holy  Roode  D2,  Wilt  haue  those  Soules  which 
thou  in  vs  didst  settle?  Retake  them  as  thine  owne.  1647 
CLARENDON  Hist.  Ret.  iv.  §  50  A  day  should  be  appointed, 
i  .  .and  the  Remonstrance  to  be  then  retaken  into  considera 
tion.  1681  BELON  New  Myst.  Physic  68  Thus  the  Remedy 
being^  re-taken,  after  some  time  of  rest,  makes  a  greater  Im 
pression.  1721  BRADLEY  Philos.  Ace.  Wks.  Nat.  79  They 
retook  the  Blue  Colour  they  had  at  first.  1782  Miss  BURNEY 
Cecilia  ix.  v,  The  expectations  she  had  crushed,  retook 
possession  of  her  heart.  1814  JANE  AUSTEN  Mansf.  Park 
vi,  She  retook  her  chosen  place  at  the  bottom  of  the  table. 
1885  Lam  Times  Rep.  LII.  876/2  It  is  not  a  declaration  that 
the  vendor  intends  to  retake  possession. 

2.  To  recapture. 

1645  WHITELOCKE  Mem.  13  Aug.,  Major-general  Langhere 
. .  retook  Haverfordwest.  1686  PLOT  Stajfordsh.  274  Who 
retook  the  Standard  of  Guyen. .,  lost  to  the  French  in  a  fierce 
charge.  1724  RICHERS  Hist.  Royal  Gencal.  Spain  186 
Gibralter,  which  the  Christians  endeavour'd  afterwards  in 
effectually  to  retake,  a  1732  SWIFT  William  II  Wks.  1768 
IV.  256  The  king,  .retook  his  prisoner,  and.  -sent  him  into 
Normandy.  1822  LAMB  Elia  II.  Confessions  i'/a  Drunkard, 
The  devil  could  not  have  devised  a  more  subtle  trap  to  re 
take  a_  backsliding  penitent.  1884  Spectator  4  Oct.  1286/1 
The  siege  had  been  raised  and  Berber  retaken. 

absol.  1766  BURROW  Rep.  II.  689  Our  Ships  of  War.. 
cruise,  in  order  to  re-take,  as  well  as  to  take. 

3.  absol.  To  take  in  return. 

1847  STAUNTON  Chess  Player's  Handbk.  203  If.. he  take 
the  B.  with  Kt.,  you  retake  with  your  Q. 

Hence  Beta-ken  ///.  a. 

1692  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2793/4  Yesterday  came  into  this  Port 
the  Deptford  Frigat  from  Falmouth,  with  a  re-taken  Mer 
chant-man.  1710  Ibid.  No.  4702/3  The  third  [is]  a  re-taken 
Virginia  Ship.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  Re 
prise,  a  retaken  ship. 


BETAKEB. 
Reta'ker.  [f.  prec.  f  -EB'.]  One  who  retakes. 

1689  Treaty  in  Magens  Insurances  (1755)  !*•  473  The 
Estimation  shall  be  made  by  the  Retaker.  1766  BVBXOW 
Rep.  II.  689  So,  the  Right  of  Re-taking,  is  not  personal  to 
the  Re-taker,  but  national,  to  any  Subject  of  the  Re-taker's 
Nation.  1826  KENT  Coinm.  i.  v.  (1858)  I.  119. 

Beta-king,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RETAKE  W.  +  -ING!.] 
The  action  of  the  verb ;  recapture. 

1436  HEN.  VI  in  Rymer  Fadera  X.  635  Touching  the  Pro 
rogation  of  the  same  Trewes,  or  elles  Retakyng  of  newe. 
1611  FtORio,  Rappigliatione,  a  retaking.  1640  MAY  Hist. 
Part.  i.  iv.  38  The  first  was  a  re-taking  word  for  word  of 
that  old  Covenant.  1693  LYDE  (titte)t  A  True..  Account 
of  the  Retaking  a  Ship  [etc.].  1766  [see  RETAKER].  1790 
BEATSON  Nav.  $  Mil.  Mem.  I.  304  The  retaking  of  Louis- 
burg  was  their  first  and  grand  object.  1853  R.  S.  SURTEES 
Sponge's  Sp.  Tour  xi.  56  The  mere  retaking  of  an  animal 
that  one  has  had  in  hand  before*. 

Retaliate  (rftce-li^t),  vl  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  late 
L.  retaliare  (Gellius),  f.  re-  RE-  +  /fl/w  such-like  : 
cf.  tdtio,  -onis  a  punishment  or  penalty  similar  to 
the  injury  done.] 

1.  trans.  To  requite,  repay  in  kind,  make  return 
for:  a.  a  kindness,  civility,  etc.  Now  ran1. 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  x.  i.  §  29  Neither  lesse  was  his 
Maiesties  desire  to  retaliate  the  Citizens  and  other  his 
Subjects  true  affections.  1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  137 
Our  Ambassador  sent  word. .to  the  Dukes  son,  his  visit 
should  be  retaliated.  1683  TRYON  Way  to  Health  27  They 
love  to  retaliate  Kindnesses,  and  hate  any  should  think  they 
are  of  a  churlish  nature.  1718  LAWSON  Carolina  Ded., 
I  cannot,  in  the  least,  pretend  to  retaliate  Your  Lordships 
Favours  to  me.  1876  BANCROFT  Hist.  U.  S.  II.  199  The 
Spaniards  retaliated  the  benevolence  of  Archdale. 

b.  injury,  ill-treatment,  etc. 

a  1631  DONNE  Prohibition  ii,  Not  that  I  shalbe  mine  owne 
officer,  And  hate  with  hate  againe  retalliate.  1671  [R. 
MAC  WARD]  True  Nonconf.-$  Thus  you  have  forced  me  tore- 
taliat  your  provocation.  1697  POTTER  Antiy.Greece  in.  .\viii. 
(1715)  143  They  should  retaliate  the  Injuries  receiv'd  from 
the  Barbarians,  by  carrying  the  War  into  their  own  Country. 
1760  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  114/1  The  Dutch  Commodore., 
resolved  to  retaliate  the  supposed  injury  he  had  received. 
1771  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Eng.  in  Lett.  (1772)  IV.  250  In  order 
to  retaliate  these  hostilities,  the  Spaniards  undertook  the 
Mege  of  Gibraltar.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  iv.  v.  200 
The  native  officers,  .imagined  they  had  now  authority  for 
retaliating  some  of  the  indignities.  1857  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  I. 
xii.  686  They  used  their  abilities  to  retaliate  the  injury. 

c.  Const,  upon  (a  person).      Also,  to  inflict  in 
return,  to  cast  back,  upon  (one). 

1676  I.  MATHER  K.  Philip's  JTrtr  (1862)  185  Thus  did  the 
Lord.. retaliate  upon  him  the  innocent  blood  which  he  had 
shed.  1690  CHILD  Disc.  Trade  (1698)  132  May  not  other 
Princes  account  it  hard  and  unreasonable,  and  consequently 
retaliate  the  like  upon  us?  1788  GIBBON  Dccl.  <y  F.  xlix.  V. 
143  He  retaliated  on  the  Avars,  .the  same  calamities  which 
they  had  inflicted  on  the  nations.  1839  JAMES  Louis  X I V^ 
IV.  157  An  opportunity.. for  retaliating  the  charge  of  out 
rageous  ambition  upon  William  himself. 

t  2.  To  give  in  return  or  reply.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1634  SiR^T.  HERBERT  Trav.  73  This  wretch  so  blazed  him 
self,  and  In  requital!  ..  had  no 'other  language  retaliated 
him,  saue  teares,  sighes, ..and  strange  feares. 

f3.  To  repay  or  requite  (a  person).  Obs.  rare. 

1642  R.  HARRIS  Sermon  27  Yea,  hee  will,. retaliate  our 
Adversaries  and  justify  our  Cause.  1656  S.  H.  Gold.  Law 
87  Consider  with  your  selves  how  you  have  retaliated  me  ! 

4.  intr.  To  make  return  or  requital :  fa.  of  a 
kindness,  civility,  etc.  Obs. 

1658  FKANCK  North.  Mem,  (1821)  126  This  your  kindness 
obliges  me  to  retaliate  with  as  much  piety  as  becomes  a 
Christian.  1675  TEONGE  Diary  i  Aug.,  Our  Capt.  would 
not  salute  the  cytty,  except  they  would  retaliate.  1691  T. 
H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent,  p.  xii,  It  comes  in  my  way  here 
to  retaliate  to  him  by  the  just  mention  [etc.].  1760-2 
GOLDSM. Cit.  IV.  Ixvi,  Well-placed  liberality.. may  load  the 
person  obliged  with  the  sense  of  the  duty  he  lies  under  to 
retaliate  ;  this  is  gratitude. 
b.  of  injury,  insult,  etc. 

1668-9  MARVELL  Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  245  If  our  act 
ly  heavy  upon  them,  'tis'  but  reason  that  they  may  retaliat. 
1736  BUTLER  Anal.  i.  in.  Wks.  1874  I.  57  Men. .retaliate., 
under  the  notion  of  having  received  harm.  1771  GOLDSM. 
Hist.  Eng,  in  Lett.  (1772)  IV.  385  To  retaliate  for  the 
affront  he  pretended  to  have  received.  1836  THIRLWALL 
Greece^  xiv.  II.  230  The  /Eginetans  retaliated  by  the  capture 
of  their  sacred  vessel.  1855  BKEWSTER  Newton  II.  xv.  70 
He  was  now  more  anxious  to  explain  his  own  conduct  than 
to  retaliate  upon  his  adversaries.  1875  JOWETT/Y«/<»  (ed.  2) 
I.  390  Then  we  ought  not  to  retaliate  or  render  evil  for  evil 
to  any  one. 

Hence  Retaliated,  Retaliating  ppl.  adjs. 

1623  FLETCHER  Reward  of  Faithf.  Ep.  Ded.,  I  am  glad 
your  Estates  will  be  alwayes  beyond  any  retaliating  kind 
nesses  of  mine.  1764  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Eng.  in  Lett.  (1772)  I. 
208  She  treated  his  passion  with  retaliated  contempt.  1836 
J.  GILBERT  Chr,  Atonem.m.  (1852)78  In  the  act  of  inflicting 
such  retaliated  suffering,  a  vent  is  opened  for  the  passions 
struggling  within.  1862  THOKNBURY  Turner  I.  271  The 

'Liber  Studiorum1  was  begun  by  Turner  in  retaliating 
rivalry  of  Claude's  '  Liber  Veritatis'. 

t  Beta-Hate,  v*     Obs.-1    trans.  To  retail. 

1640  FULLER  Joseph's  Coat  viii.  180  Lavishing  by  whole 
sale,  all  honour  on  one,  and  scarce  Retaliating  out  any 
respect  to  the  other. 

Retaliation 


Jan),  [See  RETALIATE 
f.1  and  -ATION.] 

1.  The  action  of  retaliating ;  the  return  of  like 
fur  like  ;  repayment  in  kind  ;  requital,  reprisal. 

1581  LAMBARDE  Eiren.  i.  xii.  (1602)  57  The  Romanes  vsed 
specially,  eight  sortes  of  chastisements,  . .  imprisonment, 
stripes,  retaliation,.. and  death.  1656  MILTON  Lett.  State 
Wks,  1851  VIII.  370  If  intreaty  and  fair  means  will  nothing 


565 

avail, ..  the  severity  of  Retaliation  must  take  its  course. 
1692  BENTLEY  Boyle  Lect.  i.  29  Contentiousness  and  Cruelty 
seldom  fail  of  Retaliation.  1729  BUTLER  Serin,  Wks.  1874 
II.  106  If  bare  retaliation,  .always  begets  resentment  in  the 
person  upon  whom  we  retaliate,  what  would  that  excess  do  V 
f??1  Junius  Lett.  Ixvii.  (1788)  341  The  just  law  of  retalia 
tion  has  at  last  overtaken  the  little  contemptible  tyrant. 
1815  EtfUIMSTONB  Ace.  Caitbiil  (1842)  I.  221  Retaliation 
thus  exercised,  of  course,  leads  to  new  disputes.  1858 
FKOUDE  Hist.  Eng.  IV. . \viii.  9  Where  justice  could  only  be 
executed  by  crime,  each  act  of  violence  provoked  fresh 
retaliation.  1872  YEATS  Growth  Comtn,  182  They  in  're 
taliation'  attacked  the  Indian  colonies. 

2.  An  instance  of  this ;  a  return  or  requital : 
a.  of  injuries,  etc. 

1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Hydriqt,  In  trod.,  Sylla.. , who  having 
thus  served  the  Body  of  Marius  could  not  but  fear  a  Retalia 
tion  upon  his  own.  1683  TRYON  Way  to  Health  478  We 
have  caused  them  to  be  burned  as  a  Sacrifice  or  Retaliation. 
1776  GIBBON  Dccl.  <y  F.  xiii.  I,  270  A  severe  retaliation  was 
inflicted.  1847  MRS.  A.  KLRR  tr.  Ranke's  Hist.  Senna  179 
No  Servian  song  commemorates  this  sanguinary  retaliation 
on  the  Turks.  1891  ROSEBERY  Pitt  ,\i.  187  It  does  not  come 
within  the  compass  of  this  narrative  to  describe  that  insur 
rection,  its  massacres  and  retaliations. 
t  b.  of  kindness  or  civility.  06s. 

^1645  HOWELL  Lett,  (1650^  II.  10,  I  pray  let  me  injoy  it 
in  that  fair  proportion  that  I  desire  tu  return  unto  you  by 
way  of  correspondence  and  retaliation.  1656  S.  HOLLAND 
Zara  (1719)  32  note,  Meaning  a  retalliation  of  Love.  1675 
COCKER  Morals  23  He  that  receives  a  Courtesie,  remain^ 
Till  his  Retaliation,  bound  in  Chains.  1700  ASTRY  tr. 
Saavcdra*Faxardo  I.  335  "fis  a  kind  of  Avarice  to  do  good 
in  hopes  of  a  Retaliation.  1731^-8  Swu  T  Polite  Com*.  Introd. 
5,  I  entertained  Four  of  each  Sex  at  my  own  Lodgings  once 
a  Month,  by  way  of  Retaliation. 

Hence  Retalia'tionist,  one  who  advocates  re 
taliation,  esp.  against  tariffs  imposed  by  other 
countries.  Also  attrib. 

1881  Nation  (N.  Y.)  XXXII.  381  If  the  treaty  be  not  con- 
eluded  soon  the  retaliationist  cry  may  become  too  strong  to 
be  resisted. 

Reta  liative,  «•  [See  RETALIATE  z1.1  and  -IVE.] 
Tending  to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  retaliation  ;  vin 
dictive,  revengeful. 

1819  Metropolis  I.  260  My  retaliative  spirit,  .told  me  that 
it  was  beneath  my  dignity.  1833  ],  MAKTINEAU  Ess.  tyAddr. 
(1890)  I.  8  Unitarians  are  beginning  to  perceive  the  error  of 
this  retaliative  logic. 

Retaliator.     [-OR  2.]     One  who  retaliates. 

1898  Month  Aug.  215  The  memory  of  the  cruelties.. must 
have  been  keen  in  the  memories  of  the  retaliatory. 

Retaliatory,  a.  [f.  RETALIATE  z/.1 +  -oiiv.] 
Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  retaliation. 

1813  Gen.  Hist,  in  Ann.  Keg-.  190/1  We  are  obliged  to  con 
clude  our  account  of  the  American  campaign  with  tlie  notice 
of  some  retaliatory  measures.  1861  Sat.  Rev.  XI.  170/2 
Putting  an  end  to  incessant  raids  on  the  one  side,  and 
retaliatory  invasions  on  the  other.  1885  Manch.  Kxain. 
6  Nov.  5/2  If  Lord  Salisbury  is  bent  upon  a  retaliatory 
policy  he  must  not  stop  with  Spain. 

t  Reta-ling,  vbl.  sl>.  Ot>s.~l  [f.  late  L.  retail- 
are.']  Retaliation. 

1626  W.  SCLATER  Three  Serui.  (1629)  10  If  desires  of  re 
venge  and  retaling  of  wrongs  [arise],  doe  good  for  evill. 

t  Retalion.  Obs.-1  [f.  L.  taliSii-eui,  after 
retdliare.~\  Retaliation. 

1610  WILLET  Daniel^  187  The  law  of  retalion  required  that 
false  accusers  should  indure  the  same  punishment. 

Beta-Ik,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  talk  over  again. 

1798  H.WALFOLE  £«</.,  J?<w«x. (1857)  I.  p.  cxxx,  Sometimes 
the  King  would  quash  the  proposal  in  question,  and  yield 
after  retalking  it  over  with  her. 

t  Reta'Uy,  v .  Obs.  rare  -'.  [ad.  late  L.  retdli- 
dre.~\  trans.  To  retaliate  ;  to  give  in  return. 

1639  SALTMARSHE  Policy  161  If  you  would  returne  and 
retally  favours  for  favours  received. 

II  Beta  iua.  [Sp.  retdma,  ad.  Arab,  retain, 
pi.  of  retem.]  A  class  of  shrubby  plants,  chiefly 
found  in  the  Mediterranean  region,  related  to  the 
broom,  and  usually  referred  to  the  genus  Genista. 

[1771  J.  R.  FORSTER  tr.  Osbeck's  Voy.  I.  42  Spartiuiu 
iiloiusfermum,  which  the  Spaniards  call  Relamas,  grows 
like  willow  bushes  along  the  sea-shore.]  1852  TH.  Ross  tr. 
Humboldfs  Tran.  I.  ii.  66  In  the  midst  of  this  plain  are 
tufts  of  the  retama,  which  is  the  SpartiutH  nubigenum  of 
Alton.  1876  Encycl.  Brit.  IV.  797/2  The  region  of  Retama 
(Cytisus  nubigenus)t  a  species  of  white-flowering  and  sweet- 
scented  broom,  which  is  found  as  high  as  11,000  feet.  1895 
Westm.  Gaz.  18  July  2/1  The  retama  bushes  gave  no  shade 
from  the  hot  attack  of  the  sun  in  the  zenith. 

Retard  (rftaMd),  sb.  [a.  F.  retard  (  =  Sp.,  Pg. 
retardo,  It.  ritardo],  {.  retarder :  see  next.] 

1.  Retardation,  delay.     In  retard,  retarded,  de 
layed  ;  in  the  rear  of. 

1788  JEfFERsON  Writ.  1859  II.  353  A  single  day's  retard. 
1865  CARLYLE  Pnik.  Gt.  xv.  x.  (1872)  VI.  65  The  rearward 
regiments.. are  in  painful  retard.  1886  RUSKIN Prztcrita  I, 
iv.  132,  I  was  far  in  retard  of  them  in  real  knowledge. 

2.  Retard  of  the  tide  or  of  high  water,  the  interval 
between  the  moon's  transit  and  the  high  water 
following  upon  this.     Also  ellipt. 

1833  P hit.  '/Vwu.CXXIII.  19  The  retard.,  at  Portsmouth 
appears  to  be  intermediate  between  that  at  Brest  and  at 
London.  1843  Encycl.  Mctrof.  V.  257'  niarf.,  Retard  of 
high  water  upon  the  moon's  transit.  1862  Km  Ainer.  Cycl. 
XV.  471  At  Boston,  this  delay,  which  is  called  the  retard, 
or  age  of  the  tide,  is  nearly  36  hours. 

Retard  (rftaud),  v.  [ad.  F.  relariier(  I  Jth  c., 
—  Sp.  and  Pg.  reiardar,  It.  ritardare},  or  L.  re. 
tardare,  f.  re-  RE-  +  lardits  slow.] 


RETARDATION. 

1.  trans.  To  keep  back,  to  delay,  hinder,  impede 
(a  person  or  thing  in  respect  of  progress,  move 
ment,  action,  or  accomplishment). 

c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  xxiii.  75  Here  is  one  double 
that  retardeth  myne  ymagynacyon.  1636  DUNHAM  Dcstr. 
Troy  423  The  one  retarded  was  By  feeble  age,  the  other  by 
a  wound.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  260  The 
sight  of  this  fishing  retarded  us  above  an  houre.  1694 
CKOWNE  Rcgulus  iv.  41,  I  must  retard  her  while  1  get  my 
pardon.  1728  YOUNG  LrM  Famcn.  281  Since  smallest  thingt, 
can  give  our  sins  a  twitch,  As  crossing  straws  retard  a  pac 
ing  witch.  1733  LEDIAKD  Sctltos  II.  ix.  291  This  fleet. .wa^ 
extremely  retarded  by  the  winds.  1823  F.  CLISSOW  Ascent 
Mt.  Blanc  21  We  had  been  much  retarded  by  difficulties, 
and  waiting  for  wearied  guides.  1860  TvNDALL(7/rtr.  n.  vi. 
253  When  these  waves  [of  li:;ht]  enter  a  prism  of  glass  ttiey 
are  retarded.  1868  OUSELEV  Harmony  ix,  When  the  fifth 
is  retarded,  the  dissonance  of  the  second  by  retardation  is 
produced. 

2.  To  delay  the  progress  or  accomplishment,  to 
impede  the  course,  of  (an  action,  movement,  etc.;. 

1572  Keg.  Pri-.y  Council  Scot.  II.  158  That  sa  haly  a  work 
be  not  retardit.  1610  }'.  JONSON  Alck.  iv.  v,  This'll  relaid 
The  worke, a  month  at  least.  1642  C.VICRNON  Consul.  E.\\k. 
oi  The  principal!  causes  which  have  hindred  and  retarded 
the  due  answering  of  the  Kings  Revenues  and  Debts.  1692 
BENT-LEY  Boyle Lcct.  viii.  268  They  neither  assist  norrelaid 
the  Revolutions  of  the  Planets.  1725  Poi'E  Oilyss.  xv.  40 
Nor  let  the  night  retard  thy  full  career.  1776  ADAM  SMITH 
IV.  N.  11.  v.  (1869)  I.  371  They  would  retard  instead  of 
accelerating  the  further  increase.  1822  LAMB  Elia  \.  Old 
Actors,  He  seemed  to  keep  back  his  intellect,  as  some  have 
had  the  power  to  retard  their  pulsation.  1844  THIKLWALL 
Greece  Ixv.  VIII.  379  The  patriots  endeavoured  to  avert 
or  retard  the  ruin  of  the  League.  1871  B.  SIEWAKT  1 1  cat 
(ed.  2)  §  98  Capillary  attraction  appears  to  retard  the  forma 
tion  of  ice. 

b.  To  defer,  postpone,  put  off.  rare. 

1735  in  Pope's  Lett.  Suppl.  1 1  He  retarded  his  Edition  of 
Mr.  Cromwell's  Letters  till  the  Twenty-Secund  of  Maich. 
1820  SCOTT  JMonast.  xvi,  If  we  were  now  either  to  advance 
or  retard  the  hour  of  refection  beyond  the  time. 

3.  i/ifr.   To    be  delayed ;  to  come,   appear,    or 
happen  later ;  to  undergo  retardation. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  194  Putrefaction,  .shall 
retard  or  accelerate  according  to  the  subject  and  season  of 
the  year.  1665  Phil.  Trans.  I.  38  The  Comet  advances. . 
towards  the  East,  and.. retards  towards  the  West.  1738 
Ibid.  XL.  312  The  next  Evening  it  retarded  two  Hours. 
1797  Encycl.  JS>it.(ed.  3)  XVIII.  520/2  Its  motion  from 
Q  to  o  must  retard  by  the  same  degrees  as  it  aci-deiat^d 
in  passing  from  i-  to  Q.  1807  PIKK  ^Sources  Missis.  App. 
(1810)  61  Until  the  arrival  of  my  sergeant  and  the  balance 
of  the  party  (should  they  not  retard  more  than  20  days).  1849 
HERSCHEU  Otitl.  Astran.  §  681  Through  BE  the  force  re 
tards,  and  the  moon  approaches. 

b.  To  delay  to  do  something,  rare  ~'. 

a  1732  GAV  Tales,  Apparition,  Call  loud  on  Justice,  bid 
her  not  retard  To  punish  murder. 

t  BetaTdaiice.  Ol>s.  rare.  [a.  obs.  F.  /•<:- 
tardancc:  see  prec.  and -ANCE.]  Retardation. 

IS56  Aitrelio  <y  Isab.  (1608)  Evij,  Suche  retardance,  som 
fooles  and  withoute  practy.se,  thincketh  it  to  proceade  of 
honesty.  1586  Q.  Euz.  in  Lett.  Q.  Eliz.  g,  Jas.  VI 
(Camden)  38,  I  hope  that  my  many  waighty  atTayres.  .may 
make  my  lawful  excuse  for  the  retardance  of  the  answer. 

BetaTClailt,  a.  rare.  [Cf.  prec.  and  -ANT  ; 
also  RETARUENT.]  Retarding,  tending  to  hinder. 

1642  SIR  E.  DERING  Sp.  on  Relig.  i  If  any  thing  I  have 
said  or  done  be. .dissonant  or  retardant  to  a  most  severe 
Reformation.  1885  STKDMAN  Poets  Anicr.  468  We  know 
the  retardant  effect  of  society  upon  artists  of  exalted 
sensibility. 

t  Beta 'relate,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  retardat- 
us,  pa.  pple.  airctardare  to  RETAKD.]  Retarded. 

*S97  A-  M-  tr.  Guilleineau's  f-'r.  Chinirg.  4/1  They  have 
verye  retardate  breathe.  Ibid.  41/2  The  operations.. is  vn- 
certayne,  retardate  and  slowe. 

Hence  f  Beta  rdately  adv.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  GuilleHieau's  Fr.  Cliirurg.  48  b/2  The 
aquosity  which  is  verye  retardatelye  expelled. 

t  Reta-rdate,  v.  Obs.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L. 
retarJdre.]  trans.  —  RETARD  v. 

1613  JACKSON  Creed  i.  To  Rdr.  d  3  That,  .which  fora  long 
time  did  retardate  my  perswasion.  1633  HART  Viet  of 
Diseased  in.  xxx.  366  The  blood  might  a  little  retardate 
and  hinder  this  operation.  1684  H.  MORE  Answer ^135  The 
Entireness  of  the  Turkish  Empire  may  retardate  Anti 
christ's  ruine. 

Retardation  (r/taid^-Jsn).  Also  5  retard- 
acion,  -acioun,  -acyoun.  [a.  F.  retardation, 
•\-acion  (i4th  c.,  =  Sp.  retardacion,  It.  -azione), 
or  ad.  L.  retardation-em,  n.  of  action  f.  relardare 
to  RETAKD.] 

1.  The  action  of  retarding,  delaying,  or  making 
slower  in  respect  of  action  or  movement,  or  later 
in  happening ;  an  instance  of  this. 

1426  LYDG.  De  Guit.  Pilgrim.  12362  Sythe  thys  bodyes 
celestyal.  .Ben  let  thus  in  ther  mocyouns,  And  han  swych 
retardacyouns.  147^2-5  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  161/1  To  grete 
delay  and  retardation  of  procedyng.  1508  in  Lett.  Rich. 
Ill  f,  Hen.  VII  (Rolls)  I.  431  The  retardacion  of  their 
ambassade.  1513  HEN.  VIII  in  Strype  £ccl.  Mem.  (1822) 
I.  n.  6  By  the  retardation  of  our  said  ship  she  now  lately 
fell  into  the  danngier  &  hands  of  the  Mores.  1597  I.  1. 
Serin.  Paules  Crosse  66  Retardation  of  death,  of  this  saith 
Ezechiel,  I  will  not  the  death  of  a  sinner,  but  rather  that 
hee  turne  and  Hue.  1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  n.  xv.  §  I 
Causing  a  retardation  of  reading,  and  some  sloth  or  relaxa 
tion  of  memory.  iWl  COWLEY  College,  All  manner  of 
Experiments  concerning  Plants,  as  their  Melioration,  Ac 
celeration,  Retardation.  1702  C.  MATHER  Magn.  Chr.  i.  ii. 
CiSjj)  46  Finding  the  Reformation  of  the  Church,  .to  labour 


RETARDATIVE. 

under  a  sort  of  hopeless  retardation.  1759  B.  STILLING- 
tLEET  Misc.  Tracts  (1762;  253  In  order  to  determine  accur 
ately  the  acceleration  or  retardation  of  the^vlnter.  1817 


566 

Reta-rding,  vbl.  sb.    [(.  as  prec.  +  -ING  J.] 
The  action  of  RETARD  v.  in  various  senses. 


nought  but  obstructions  and  retardations,  where  all  is  buoy 
ancy  and  progress.  1891  C.  L.  MORGAN  Anita.  Life  >,•  In- 
tell.  223  This  retardation  or  decreased  rate  of  growth. 

..J,.  .  •      „!__!_! 1         /~)l,r-       *tftva—~>- 


fb.  Lingering  or  staying  behind.  Obs.  rare    . 

1633  T.  ADAMS  Expos.  2  Peter  iii.  18  Think  upon  his 
[Lot's]  wife's  retardation  and  retrospection. 

2.  In  the  physical  sciences  in  various  special 
applications:  a.  of  motion  or  moving  bodies. 
(Opposed  to  acceleration.') 

1642  H.  MOKE  Song  of  Soul  Notes,  Wks.  (Grosart)  152/1 
The  acceleration  or  retardation  of  the  motion  of  the  Earth  will 
make  the  sea  fluctuate.  1665  I'hil.  Trans.  I.  106  The  cause 
of  this  acceleration  and  retardation  of  their  true  Motion. 
1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  retardation  of  moving 
bodies  arises  from  two  great  causes,  the  resistence  of  the 
medium,  and  the  force  of  gravity.  1794  G.  ADAMS  Nat.  * 
E \'p.  Philos.  III.  xxvii.  119  Accelerations  and  retardations 
may  be  considered  as  quantities,  and  are  measured  by  the 
changes  of  velocity.  1823  I.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  3  | 
From  a  clear  comprehension  of  the  acceleration  of  motion 
in  bodies  the  retardation  of  motion  will  be  easily  conceived. 
1862  SPENCER  First  I'rinc.  ll.  v.  §  56  (1875)  182  In  an  ellip 
tical  orbit  there  is  now  acceleration  and  now  retardation. 
1878  HUXLEY  I'hysiogr.  172  The  retardation  of  the  deeper  j 
part  of  the  wave  by  friction  against  the  sea  bottom. 

b.  of  the  tides :  (a)  The  excess  of  periods  of 
high  water  above  the  solar  day.  (b)  =  RETAHD  sl>.  2. 

1797  Ettcycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI II.  521/1  The  difference 
between  a  solar  day  and  a  tide  day  is  called  the  priming  or 
the  retardation  of  the  tides.  1843  Encycl.  Metrcp.  V.  241* 
The  average  retardation  from  day  to  day  being  about  40 
minutes.  Hid.  257*  The  retardation  of  high  water  after  the 
moon's  passage  over  the  meridian.  1888  Encycl.  Brie. 
XXIII.  366/2  When  the  mean  semi-range  and  retardation 
of  any  tide  are  known  its  height  may  be  computed  for  any 
instant. 

C.  of  celestial  bodies.     (Cf.  quot.  1426  in  I.) 

1812-16  PLAYFAIR  Nat.  Phil.  (1819)  II.  183  The  amount 
of  the  retardation,  from  the  opposition  to  the  conjunction, 
is  I6"1  26'  nearly.  1849  HEHSCHEL  Oittl.  Astron.  §  683 
Over  quadrant  AD,  approach  and  retardation,  therefore 
advance  of  apsides.  1873  PROCTOR  Moon  93  Retardation 
ceases  to  act  when  the  moon  is  at  Mg. 

d.  of  rays  or  waves  of  light,  heat,  etc. 

1831  BREWSTER  Optics  xxiv.  213  They  will,  .produce  a 
colour  or  a  fringe  corresponding  to  the  retardation  of  one  uf 
the  rays  within  the  plate.  1866  R.  M.  FERGUSON  Elcctr. 
(1870)  245  The  retardation  increases  with  the  square  of  the 
length  of  the  line.  1882  MINCHIN  Unipl.  Kinemat.  18  A 
retardation  of  a  whole  wave  length.. is  tantamount  to  no 
retardation  at  all. 

.  3.  Music,  a.  (See  quots.  1 868  and  1 899.) 

1818  BUSBY  Gram.  Mus.  339  This  Discord,  the  dissonant 
note  of  which  is  but  a  retardation  of  the  Kij^hth,  is  liable 
to  four  changes.  1868  OUSELEY  Harmony  ix,  When  an 
interval  of  a  melody  (or  of  an  inner  pan)  is  kept  back  in 
ascending,  it  is  called  a  retardation.  1899  BRIDGE  & 
SAWYER  Harmony  xiii,  A  Retardation  is  formed  when  a 
note,  which  should  ascend  in  its  progression  one  degree,  is 
delayed. 

b.  A  slackening  of  the  tempo. 
1853  Charles  Aiichester  II.  180  The  slightest  possible  re 
tardation  at  its  close  brought  us  to  the  refrain  of  the  simple 
adagio. 

Retardative,  a.  [  =  F.  retardatif,  It  ri- 
lardativo  :  see  RETARDATE  v.  and  -IVE.]  Tending 
or  having  power  to  retard. 

1847  in  WEBSTER.  1839  F.  A.  GRIFFITHS  Artil.  Man. 
(1862)  327  Accelerative,  or  retardative  force, ..is  that  by 
which  the  velocity  is  accelerated  or  retarded.  1873  PROCTOR 
Moon  93  As  the  moon  passes  over  the  arc  M<jM4,  the  tan 
gential  force  is  again  retardative. 

Reta'rdatory,  a.  [Cf.  prec.  and  -OBY.] 
Having  a  retarding  effect  or  influence. 

1833  Tail's  Mag.  XX.  540  Not  a  breath  of  wind,  retard- 
atory  or  otherwise,  to  interfere  with  the  regular  steam-power 
of  the  vessels.  1877  ROSENTHAL  Muscles  <y  Nerves  282  Re- 
tardatory  nerves  have  been  recognised  in  almost  all  automatic 
apparatus.  1882  Edin.  Rev.  Oct.  444  The  nearer  the  angle 
between  the  rudder  and  the  keel  approaches  a  right  angle, 
the  more  direct  is  the  retardatory  action. 

Retarded  (rfta-jded),  ppl.  a.  [f.  RETARD  v.  4- 
-ED  l.]  Checked ;  impeded  ;  delayed. 

1810  CRABBE  Borough  xxiii.  320  The  timid  girls ..  Dip  the 
small  foot  in  the  retarded  brine.  1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama 
Set.  <$•  Art  I.  398  Retarded  motion  is  when  the  velocity  con 
tinually  decreases.  1871  DARWIN  Desc.  Man  II.  xvii.  259 
Male  birds  have  acquired  ornamental  plumes  at  the  cost  of 
retarded  flight.  1899  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VII.  765  The 
first  fits  occur  during  retarded  dentition. 

Reta-rdent,  a.  [f.  RETARD  v.]  =  RETABDANT. 
Also  as  sb.  A  retarding  thing  or  force. 

1500  Nature  16  Aug.  376/1  The  protection  afforded  by 
various  retardent  materials.  Ibid.,  The  necessity  of  apply 
ing  fire  retardent  material  in  at  least  two  thicknesses.  1900 
Pop.  Sci.  Monthly  LVI.  508  Materials  which  are  not  goud 
as  neat  retardents. 

Reta'i'der .  [f.  as  prec.  +  -EH  1.]  One  who 
or  that  which  checks  or  delays. 

1644  R.  BAILLIE  Lett.  *,  Jrnls.  (184:)  II.  139  They  have 
Men  the  retarders  of  the  Assemblie.  1688  Land.  Gaz.  No. 
2469/2  Who  were  retarders,  or  obstructers  of  the  Designs  of 
the  Estates.  1760  SARAH  FIELDING  Ophelia  II.  xiv,  Those 
.  .sensations  are  great  retarders  of  a  lover's  progress.  1810 

f^.^lil    Fun-      X.      A  ~~l.       <Y I      11  I      ml  «       V         °  .J' 


that  is  threatened.     1693  J.  EDWARDS  Perfect.  Script.  3 
The  retarding  of  the  work  under . .  the  kings  of  Persia.  171 
Phil.  Trans.  LXXV.  140,  I  fixed  therefore  the  retarding  ol 
the  clock  i'  35".  Q  _ 

Reta-rding,   ///•  a.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  -.J 
That  retards ;  that  tends  to  delay  or  check. 


counterpart  to  the  anticipating.    1833  KANE  Grinnell  Exf. 
xxxi.  (1856)  273  The  host  of  retarding  influences  that  belon 


retarder. 


ilpha 


Thomson's  electric  meter  for  retarding  the  revolutions  of 
the  motor  shaft. 

Hence  Beta,Tdin£ly  adv. 

1881  Academy  3  Sept.  174/1  M.  Stapfer,  at  times  diffuse, 
is  nowhere  retardingly  dense. 

Reta  rdive,  a.   rare.    [-1VE.]    Retardative. 

1798  HUTTON  Course  Math.  (1828)  II.  141  Accelerative,  or 
Retardive  Force,  is  commonly  understood  to  be  that  which 
affects  the  velocity  only.  Ibid.  (1807)  II.  357  The  retard- 
ive  force.  1813  GREGORY  Meeh.  (ed.  3)  I.  v.  v.  541  There- 
tardive  force  ofy. .  —  [etc.]. 

Retardment  (rftaudmtot).  [a.  F.  retarde- 
inenl  (i/fth  c.),  =  Sp.  retardamiento,  It.  ritarda- 
mento :  see  RETARD  v.  and  -MENT.]  The  act  of 
retarding ;  retardation  ;  delay,  check. 

1646  R.  BAILLIE  Anabaptism  Pref.,  The  retardment  and 
frustration  of  everything  which  may  advance  the  truth  of 
God.  11 1678  WOODHEAD  Motives  Holy  Living  30  The  great 
retardments  he  receives,  who  hath  made  some  progress  in 
holiness.  1728  PEMBEKTON  Newton's  Philos.  219  That  alter 
nate  acceleration  and  retardment  of  the  moon's  motion,., 
stiled  the  variation.  1772-84  Cook's  Voy.  (1785)  II.  5,  I  was 
desirous  of  avoiding  every  possibility  of  farther  retardment. 
l8r4  SOUTHEY  Roderick  v.  361  The  urgency  of  our  return 
will  brook  of  no  retardment.  1887  CLARK  RUSSELL  Frozen 
Pirate  ii,  My  retardment  by  the  washing  seas. 

bo  Beta'rdure.  rare~l. 

1774  in  Doran  Manit.  %  Manners  (1876)  11.256  The  posts 

..sometimes  fail. .owing  to  the  retardure  of  the  Packet 
boat  at  Ostend. 

t  Reta'ry,  v.  Obs.  [app.  f.  RE-  +  TARRY  v., 
perh.  after  OK.  retarger.]  trans.  To  retard. 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  28  As  burthens  or 
clogges  retaryenge  or  lettynge  them  in  theyr  iourney. 

Reta-ste  (,«-),  v.   [RE-  5  a.]   To  taste  again. 

1655  tr.  Sorel's  Com.  Hist.  Francion  n.  49  Desiring  to 
retaste  his  ordinary  Dishes  when  he  listed.  1796  ELIZA 
HAMILTON  Lett.  Hindoo  Rajah  (1811)  1. 168  We  shall  renew 
the  studies,  and  retaste  the  pleasures  of  our  youth,  1809 
SYD.  SMITH  Serin.  II.  294  You  shall  re-taste  again  all  the 
tumultuous  pleasures  of  youth.  1826  Q.  Rev.  XXXIV. 
505  Both  have  already  tasted  and  re-tasted  blood. 

Reta'ttle,  v.  nonce-wd.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  tattle  or  talk  over  again. 

1710  STEELE  Tatler  No.  229  P  3,  I  have  been  l  annotated, 
retattled,  examined,  and  condoled*. 

Retail'  nt,  sb.  [RE- 5  a.]  A  repeated  or  re 
newed  taunt. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.t  Rich.  Ill  34  b,  He.. gave  me  such 
unkynde  woordes  with  suche  tauntes  and  retauntes. 

Retail'llt,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  taunt  again. 

1579  LYLY  Eitphues  (Arb.)  109,  I  shall  be  accompted  a 
;  Mecocke,  a  Milksop,  taunted  and  retaunted  with  check  and 
checkmate,  fiowted  and  reflowted  with  intollerable  glee. 

t  Retch,  sb.i  Oi>s.  [Cf.  RETCH  v.1}  A  variant 
of  REACH  sbJ-  in  various  senses. 

1545  ASCHAM  Toxoph.  (Arb.)  33  The_re  was  nothing  within 
his  retche  and  shote,  but  he  wolde  hit  it  in  what  place  he 
wolde.  1582  N .  LICHEFIELD  tr.  Castanhcdas  Cong.  E.  hid. 
4  b,  Matters  that  passed  common  capacitie  of  man,  and 
aboue  the  retch  of  naturall  knowledge.  1607^  HIERON 
Defence  i.  107  His  wordes  are  set  vpon  the  tainter,  and 
stretcht  beyond  their  retche.  c  1630  RISDON  Surv,  Devon 
§  256  (1810)  265  Whose  park  is  in  a  manner  insulated  by  the 
river's  winding  retches. 

Retch,  sb.'t    [f.  RETCH  v.-]   =  REACH  sb? 

1837  W.  IRVING  Capt.  Bonneville  (1849)  3°9  The  morning 
found  him  still,  .with  many  a  retch  and  spasm. 

t  Retch,  sb£  Obs.  rare.  [?f.  RETCH  K.I]  A  bent 
piece  of  iron  fastening  the  sheat  of  a  plough  to 
the  beam. 

1733  Tuu.  Horse-Hoeing  Huso.  xxi.  (Dubl.)  302,  Z  is  the 
double  Retch,  which  holds  up  the  Sheat.  1766  Compl. 
Farmer  s.v.  Sheat  6  T  1/2  The  sheat . .  fastened  to  the  beam 
bya  retch  (a  piece  of  iron  with  two  legs). 

Retch  (retf),  I/.1  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  4 
recehe,  5  retchyn,  5-6  retche.  [Var.  of  REACH 
».l  (cf.  RATCH  z/.l),  but  the  trans,  use  might  also 
represent  OE.  reccan.] 

1.  intr.  a.  To  stretch,  expand. 

1387  TREVISA  Hidden  (Rolls)  IV.  317  A  craft.. to  make  be 
glas  tough  i-now  to  bende  and  wende,  and  to  recehe  out  wi}> 
strokes  of  hameres.  1381  G.  PETTIE  tr.  Guazzo' s  Civ.  Cam. 
(1586)  l.  1 1  The  greatest  Boote  was  made  of  such  leather  as 
woulde  shrinke  in  the  wearing,  and  the  other  of  a  Hyde  that 
would. .retch.  16*1  BOYLE  Spring  of  Air  in.  ix.  (1682)  73 
Such  thin  Vials  are  subject  upon  the  withdrawal  of  the 
ambient  Air  to  retch  a  little.  1668  WILKINS  Real  Char.  191 
Let  there  be  a  String  to  hang  it  upon,  the  smallest,  lim- 
berest,  and  least  subject  to  retch. 
•f-b.  To  extend_/>w«  (one  place)  to  (another).  Obs. 

1489  CAXION  Faj'tes  of  A.  i.  xvii.  49  Ropes  that  shal  retche 


RETE. 

in  trauersfrom  that  one  stake  to  that  other.  1495  Trtvisa's 
Earth  De  P.  R.  xvii.  clxiii.  710  Trabs  hath  that  name  of 
traho,  that  is  to  drawe  other  to  retche,  for  they  retche  fro 
one  walle  to  a  notherand  is  joyned  and  styckyd  therm. 

fo.  To  attain  to  (a  certain  place),  above,  or 
beyond  (a  certain  limit).  Obs. 

1363  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  i.  144  That  curre  favell  in  the 
court  might  retche  to  higher  rowme.  1384-7  GREENE  Card 
of  Fancie  To  Rdr.,  So  Gentlemen,..!  haue  before  time 
rashlie  retcht  aboue  my  pitch.  1635  QUARLES  Embl.  u.  ii, 
How  our  hands  can  retch  Beyond  their  distance  ! 

2.  trans.  To  stretch  or  draw  out.    Also  refl.,  to 

stretch  (oneself)- 

c  1473  Promp.  Parv.  (MS.  K)  425/2  Retchyn,  or  drawyn 
owt.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  &  sop  v.  x,  After  that  he  was 
rysen  vp  fro  his  bedde,.  .he  retched  hym  self.  1573  Chr. 
Prayers  in  Priv.  Prayers  (1851)  509  Drawing  and  retching 
out  thy  body  to  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  cross.  1608 
PANKE  Fal  of  Babel  16  Canonists. .wrest  the  holy  scrip- 
tures,  as  shomakers  doe  wrest  &  retch  their  leather  with 
their  teeth.  1650  lip.  HALL  Balm  of  CiUad  (ed.  3)  3  His 
patience  is  retched  so  farre  as  to  curse  . .  his  Nativity. 
1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  & Selv .  30  If  the  Soul  be  not  retched 
out  with  the  body,  but  settles  in  some  room  whence  it  may 
..sway  the  whole  body;  then  [etc.],  a  1711  KEN  Hymns 
Evan?.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  1.  160  His  tender  Hands  and  Feet 
with  Cords  they  retch.  18. .  in  N.  f,  Q.  6th  Ser.  (1883)  VII. 
415/1  When  he  had  tanned  [the  hide)  and  retched  it, 
b.  To  succeed  in  touching  (something). 

1330  PALSGR.  689/2,  I  retche  with  a  weapen  or  with  my 
hande,  ye  attains. 

Retch  (retf,  mj),  f.2  [Var.  of  REACH  v.*,  to 
which  form  the  pron.  (rftf)  properly  belongs.] 

1 1.  inlr.  To  hawk,  bring  tip  phlegm.  Obs  ~° 

1348  [see  RETCHING  -M.  so.*]  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v. 
Excreatio,  [It]  maketh  men  spitte  and  retche  vp  easely. 
1623  COCKEUAM  i,  Excreate,  to  retch,  or  spit  out. 

2.  a.  intr.  To  make  efforts  to  vomit. 

1830  P.  CROOK  War  of  Hats  37  It  made  me  almost  retch 
To  hear  the  tedious  dullard  prate  and  preach.  1861  G.  F. 
BERKELEY  Eng.  Sportsman  xi.  172  A  fellow.. who  was  in- 


a  fetid  odour  is  immediately  strengthened  in  a  curious 
manner  by  some  degree  of  habit. 

b.  trans.  To  throw  up  in  vomiting. 

1888  Pall  Mall  G.  13  Oct.  2/2  Some  not  able  to  carry 
their  load  of  beer  further  than  the  gutter  into  which  they 
retch  the  foul-smelling,  poisonous  liquid. 

t  Retch,  w.3  Obs.  rare-1.  [Perh.  repr.  OE. 
reccan  to  rule,  direct.]  trans.  ?  To  guide,  lead. 

'535  Goodly  Prymcr,  Ps.  xxiii.  S  ij  b,  He  made  me  to  feedc 
in  a  full  plentuouse  batle  grounde,  and  dyd  dryue  and  retche 
me  at  leasure  by  the  swete  ryuers. 

Retche,  obs.  form  of  RECK  v. 

Re  telling',  vbl.  sbl  rare.  [f.  RETCH  t/.1] 
The  action  ofstretching  or  drawing  out. 

1601  J.  WHEELER  Treat.  Comm.  82  The  said  English 
Aduenturers  do  not  sell  their  Clothes  after  they  haue  beene 
i  wet,  and  put  in  the  water,  without  retching,  or  stretching. 
1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  .J-  Selv.  To  Rdr.,  The  one  had  wrackt 
and  limm'd  my  thoughts,  with  endless  tenters  and  boundless 
retchings  out. 

Retching,  vbl.  sb?  [f.  RETCH  z>.2J  fa. 
j  Hawking,  or  clearing  of  the  throat.  Obs.  b. 
!  Vomiting,  or  making  efforts  to  do  this. 

1348  ELYOT,  Excrco,  to  spette  out  with  retchyng.  1607 
TOPSELL  four-/.  Beasts  (1658)  401  The  same  medicine.. 


.  retching.  1801  Med.  Jrnl.  V.  540  He  had  also  nausea 
and  retching,  violent  head-ach.  1843  BUDO  Dis.  Liver  295 
The  water  abates  the  severity  of  the  retching.  1899 

'    Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  84  A  feeling  of  nausea,  .often 

i    going  on  to  violent  retching. 

Re'tching,  ///.  a.  [f.  RETCH  i*.1]  Capable 
of  stretching. 

c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg,  163  pe  lungis  ben  maad  of  .iij. 

substauncis :   of  fleisch  bat  is  recchinge,  &   braunche  of 

arterijs.    1611  COTGR.,  Marroqnin  chanssant,  gentle,  yeeld- 

'    ing,  retching.    1613  BRATHWAIT  Strappado  (1878)  60  Nor  is 

!    his  conscience  made  of  retching  lether.    1650  HUBBERT  Pill 

Formality  24  They  have  their  consciences  made  of  retching 

leather. 

Retchlesnes(s,  obs.  varr.  RECKLESSNESS. 

t  Retchless,  obs.  variant  of  REACHLESS  a. 

1638  RAW-LEY  tr.  Baron's  Life  $  Death  (1650)  24  For  those 
Philosophies,  which.. had  Retchlesse,  and  High,  and  Mag 
nanimous  Thoughts,  .were  good  for  lengthening  of  life. 

Retchless,  obs.  variant  of  RECKLESS  a. 

II  Rete  (r»-ti).  PI.  retia  (rrtia,  rrjia).  Also 
4  riet,  6  ret  lie.  [L.  rele  net.] 

fl.  a.  An  open-work  metal  plate,  affixed  to  an 
astrolabe,  and  serving  to  indicate  the  positions  of 
the  principal  fixed  stars.  Obs. 

c  1391  CHAUCER  Astral,  i.  §  3  Thi  Riet  shapen  in  manere 
of  a  net  or  of  a  webbe  of  a  loppe.  1394  BLUNDEVIL  Exerc. 
vi.  (1636)  604  And  though  there  be  cut  out  in  the  Rete  but 
30  Almicanteraths.  1613  M.  RIDLEY  Magn.  Bodies  106 
Place  the  horizon  of  the  rete  to  the  altitude  of  the  pole  for 
that  place. 

to.  A  graduated  scale  affixed  to  an  astrono 
mical  telescope.  Obs. 

1663  HOOKE  Microgr.  236  These  [telescopes]  should  be 
fitted  with  a  Rete  or  divided  Scale.  1677  PLOT  Oxfordsh. 
227  To  which  Instrument  he  has  added  many  sorts  of  Rete's, 
Screws,  and  Apertures. 


RETEACH. 


567 


RETENTIVE. 


2.  Attat.    a.    Rete  mirabile^  an  elaborate  net 
work  or  plexus  of  blood-vessels;  in  early  use  spec. 
that   of   Galen,   which   is    formed   by  the   intra- 
cranial  part  of  the  internal  carotid  artery  in  some 
animals,  and  was  supposed  to  exist  also  in  man. 

1541  COPLAND  Guydorfs  Quest.  Chirurg.  D  iv,  The  sondry 
ensuyng  withinforth  ben  the  dura  mater  and  the  pia  mater, 
and  than  rethe  myrable.  1548-7?  VICARV  Anal.  iv.  32  Rete 
mirabile,  or  wonderful  caule  vnder  the  Pannicles.  1615 
CROOK £  Body  of  Man  (1631)  470  The  Rete  mirabile. .is 
made  of  soporary  arteries,  which  arising  upward  from  the 
heart  through  the  chest  climbe  vnto  the  head  and  at  the 
Basis  of  the  braine  neere  the  originall  of  the  opticke 
Nerues,  do  make  this  web  or  Net.  1727-38  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.,  Vieussens  asserts,  with  many  other  anatomists, 
that  there  is  no  rete  mirabile  in  man.  1848  Qrtaitis  A  tint. 
(ed.  5)  I.  p.  ccxliii,  Of  such  retia  mirabilia  there  are  many 
examples  in  the  lower  animals.  Ibid.  II.  1196  An  artery 
breaking  up  into  a  rete  mirabile.  1883  Encycl,  Brit.  XV. 
300/1  The  principal  arteries  form  very  extensive  and  com 
plex  retia  mirabilia. 

b.  The  under  portion  of  the  epidermis,  in  which 
the  pigment-cells  are  situated.  Usually  in  full, 
rete  mucosum,  or  rete  Malpighii. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  I.  700/1  The  colour  of  the  body 
is  found  to  depend  on  the  colour  of  this  rete  mucosum.  1824 
Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edin.  X.  250  A  structure.. quite  analogous 
to  the  coloured  portion  of  the  rete  mucosum  of  the  skin. 
1842  PRICHARD  Nat.  Hist.  !\fan  88  Those  parts  of  the  rete 
which.. correspond  with  the  furrows  on  the  surface  of  the 
cutis.  1899  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  865  The  female.. 
penetrates  the  horny  layer  of  the  skin  and  then  wriggles 
through  the  rete. 

3.  Ent.  (See  quot.) 

1871  T.  R.  JONES  Anim.  Kingd.  (ed.  4)  382  The  whole 
body  of  the  larva  is  filled  with  a  peculiar  fatty  tissue.. called 
by  entomologists  the  rete,  epiploon,  or  fat-mass.  This 
material.,  consists  of  an  oily  or  greasy  substance  enveloped 
in  a  most  delicate  cellulosity. 

Retea'Ch.  (if-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  teach  again. 

1674  ALLEN  Danger  Enthits.  105  They  would  not  have 
needed  to  have  been  taught  and  re-taught  which  are  the 
first  principles  of  the  Oracles  of  God.  1846  BROWNING 
Luria  v,  Whose  life  re-teaches  us  what  life  should  be.  1888 
Home  Missionary  Aug.  156  Both  lessons  must  be  reviewed 
and  repeated,  and,  to  new  generations,  retaught. 

Hence  Betea  ching  vbl.  sb. 

1870  SMITH  Syn.  <$•  Antony  MS t  Admonish^  In  Old  English 
this  word  had  the  sense  of  simply  teaching . . ;  afterwards  of 
reteaching  or  reminding. 

Rete'cious,  a.  [Irreg.  f.  L.  rfle  net.]  (  Re 
sembling  net-work*  (Webster,  1847;  hence  in 
subsequent  Diets.). 

t  Itete'Ction.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  late  L.  re- 
tection-emt  noun  of  action  f.  retegere  to  uncover, 
disclose.]  Disclosure ;  uncovering. 

1642  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  u.  iii.  in.  xl,  Tis  not  impos 
sible  one  thing  to  move  Contrary  wayes,  which  by  a  fit 
retection  I  strongly  will  evince  and  clearly  prove,  1663 
BOYLE  E.rp.  Hist.  Colours  iii,  Though  this  may  be  said  to 
be  rather  a  restoration  of  a  body  to  its  own  colour,  or  a  re 
tection  of  its  native  colour  than  a  change,  yet  still  [etc.]. 

Reteer(e,  obs.  Sc.  forms  of  RETIRE  v. 

Reteform,  variant  of  RETIFOBM. 

1851  RICHARDSON  Geol.  (1855)  216  Their  skeleton  assumes 
a  vast  variety  of  forms,  being  horny  or  calcareous,,  .stellate, 
porous,  or  reteform. 

Reteignew,  obs.  form  of  RETINUE. 

Bete-legraph  (»-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  tele 
graph  again  ;  to  transmit  anew  by  telegraph. 

1838  DICKF.NS  Nick.  Nick,  vii,  '  Certainly,'  said  Squeers, 
re-telegraphing  in  the  same  manner.  1899  Daily  News 
6  Nov.  6/7  An  official  dispatch,  .telegraphed  to  Sir  Redvers 
Buller,  and  retelegraphed  to  the  War  Office. 

Retell  («-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  (raits.  To  tell 
again;  to  relate  anew;  also,  to  count  again. 

'593  G.  HARVEY  Pierces  Super.  145  Teach  Chawcer  to  re 
tell  a  Canterbury  Tale.  1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  i.  iii.  372,  I  haue 
told  thee  often,  and  I  re-tell  thee  againe,and  againe,  I  hate 
the  Moore.  1646  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Biondis  Civil  Wars  iv. 
52  She  said  some  things  to  the  King  which  were  never  by 
him  retold  to  any.  1807  G.  CHALMERS  Caledonia  I.  n.  §  6. 
302  This  story  is  retold  by  Buchanan,  and  by  the  other  per- 
verters  of  the  Scottish  history.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng. 
xiii.  III.  339  Had  his  life  been  prolonged  one  fortnight,  his 
history  would  have  been  the  history  of  Mont  rose  retold. 
1885  Spectator  25  July  977/1  The  stories,  which  are  here  re 
told  so  attractively. 

Hence  Retelling1  vbl.  sb. 

1644  PLATTES  in  Hartlitfs  Leg.  (1655)  296  Mony  it  self,  .is 
not  nt  for  daily  use  in  great  summes,  in  respect  of  the 
trouble  of  tellingand  re-telling.  1883  FURNIVALLIII  J.LanJs 
Contn.  Sqr's  T.  I.  vii,  Lane's  re-telling  of  the  Romance  of 
Cluy  of  Warwick.  1887  Athenxitm  5  Nov.  598/1  It  has  lost 
nothing  of  its  horror  in  the  retelling. 

Rete'mper  (it-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
temper  again. 

1598  FLORIO,  Rattewperarti  to  retemper,  to  temper.  1815 
J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sci.  fy  Art  I.  31  Some  keep  them  fora 
short  time  red  hot..,  then  retemper  them  before  they  use 
them  in  this  way.  1885  R.  W.  CHURCH  Discipline  Chr. 
Char,  iv.  109  Do  we  not  need.. to  retemper  our  slack  souls, 
to  refresh  our  hopes? 

Hence  Rete'mpered///.  a. 

1880  A.  C.  SWINBURNE  Studies  Song  38  Keen-edged  as  ice- 
retempered  brand.  1883  MYERS  Mod.  Ess.  i,  49  Storm-beaten 
and  bleeding  indeed,  but  with  re-tempered  soul. 

t  Retenance.  Obs.  Forms :  4  retyn-,  re 
tain-,  4-5  retenance.  Also  4-5  -aunce,  -auns, 
-awns.  [a.  AF.  retenaunce^  OF.  retenance^  -ence, 
f.  retenir  to  retain  :  see  -ANCE.] 


1.  =  RETINUE. 

1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  ir.  35  Allc  bis  Riche  Retenaunce    i 
bat  Regneden  with  Fals  Weoren  bede  to  be  Bruyt-ale.   1390 
GOWEK  Conf.  I.  212    He  with  al  his  retenance  Ne  mihte 
noght  defende  his  lif.    <  1400  Brut  ccxviii.  258  And  to  he    i 
assemblede  al  his  retynance  [v.r.  retenauntz],  and  went  & 
spake  vnto  ham  of  f>e  Kyngus  honour,     c  1460  Wisdom  689 
in  Macro  Plays  58  Now  wyll  we  thre  do  make  a  dance  OrT 
thow  J?at  longe  to  owur  retenaunce. 

2.  To  or  at  (on£s)  retenance^  at  one's  service  or   \ 
command. 

1340-70  Alheutnder  154  Him..truUch  to  serue,  For  to  : 
wend  at  his  wyll,  whereso  hym  liked,  And  redy  to  his  re- 
tainaunce  ryght  as  hee  wokle.  c  1430  HOCCLMVK  A/iit.  • 
Pocmsf  71  The  flessh,  the  world,  &  eek  the  fcend  my  fo,  ! 
My  wittes  alle  han  at  hir  retenance.  1:1485  Digby  Myst.  \ 
(1882)  in.  362  As  a  kyng  ryall  I  sette  at  my  plesavns,  with  i 
wroth  and  Invy  at  my  ryall  retynawns. 

t  Ret  en  ant.     Obs.     [a.   OF.    rctcnant,   pres.    I 
pple.  of  retenir  :  cf.  prec.  and  -ANT.]     A  retainer,    ' 

c  1330  R.  BKUNNK  Chron.  M'ace  (Rolls)  15985  Hegadered    , 
alle  his  retenauntz,  Knyghtes,  squiers,  &  seriaunt/.     6-1380 
WYCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  III.  478  Let  al  bo  worlde  deme  wisely 
by  ber. .  tirauntry  on  retenauntis,  ande  sittynge  in  parlement    ' 
above  grete  lordis.    <:  1400  [see  RETENANCB  ij. 

t  Rete'nd,  v.     Obs.  rare"1,     [f.  re-  RK-  +  L. 
tendere  to  proceed.]     intr.  To  return. 

c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  Ded.  i.  4  A  Captain  right  woorthie 
and  auenturous,  And  from  Scotland  euen  newely  retended, 

Rete'ttder,  v.     [RE-.]     trans.  To  offer  back. 


1637  HEYWOOD  Roy  all  King  v.  Wks.   1874  VI.  77  \Vitli 
rvhat    an    humble    zeale  ..  He 
Daughters  Dower. 


what    an    humble    zeale  ..  He    did    retender   your    faire 


Retene  (retrn).  Chem.  [f.  Gr.  fyrivij  resin  : 
see  -ENE.]  A  hydro-carbon,  polymeric  with  ben 
zene,  obtained  from  resinous  (esp.  fossil)  pine-wood. 

1867  Chem.  N<nvs  XV.  253/1  Retene.. is  distinguishable 
from  naphthalene,  which  it  resembles  in  aspect,  by  having    : 
no  odour,  by  its  lesser  solubility  in  alcohol,  and  by  its  melting 
at  95°.     1873  Foivnes'  Chemistry  (ed.  n)  796  Retene  forms    j 
similar  needles  of  an  orange  yellow  colour. 

Rete'nt,  sb.  rare*  [ad.  L.  relent- urn t  neut.  j 
pa.  pple.  of  retinere  to  retain.]  (See  quot.) 

1796  IClRWAM  Eletn.  Min.  (ed.  2)  I.  495  The  quantity  of  iron  | 
they  retain  (and  which  I  therefore  call  their  retent).  Ibid.  '• 
504  And  if  the  retent  be  variable. 

t  Rete'nt,  v.  Obs.  rare—*,  [ad.  \\rctcnt-ir 
to  resound.]  trans.  To  cause  to  resound. 

1584  HUDSON  Dii  Bart  as*  Judith  iii.  134  Their  Pagans 
fell,  with  clamor  huge  to  bear,  Made  such  a  dinne  as  made 
the  heaven  resound,  Relented  hell, and  tore  the  fixed  ground.  ' 

t  Rete'nt,  pa.  pple.1     Obs.     [ad.  L.  retciit-nst 
pa.  pple.  of  retinere  to  retain.]      Reserved ;  re-    j 
strained,  kept  back. 

16*3  tr.  Favines  Theat.  Hon.  in.  xi.  478  Very  modest  and    j 
retent  in  all  his  actions.     1642  H.  MOKE  Song  Sou/  n.  n.  iii.    ' 
26  Things  that  be  fluent,  As  flitting  time,  by  her  be  straight 
retent  Unto  one  point.    1656  BLOUNT  Gtossogr.,  Retent  ^ 
..kept  or  holden  back,  staied,  retained,  kept  in. 

t  Rete'nt,  pa.  pple?  Obs.  fad.  L.  retent-us,  \ 
pa.  pple.  of  retendere  to  unbend.]  *  Unbent.' 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr. 

Retention  (r/te'njan).  Also  5  -cion,  -cioun, 
7-8  -sion.  [a.  OF.  retencion,  ~tion\—\-,.  retention- 
em,  noun  of  action  f.  retinere  to  keep  back,  retain. 
So  Sp.  retencion,  It.  ri-,  retentions^ 

1.  Med.  a.  The  fact  of  retaining  within  the  body    • 
one  of  the  secretions  (esp.  the  urine)  which  are 
normally  evacuated  ;  a  case  or  instance  of  this. 

c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg.  266  If  be  cause  come  of  reten-    ! 
cioun  of  menstrue,  ^an  bou  schalt  ;eue  hir  medicyns  for  to    ' 
bringe  out  be  menstrue.     1543  TRAHERON  Vigo's  Chintrg.    -. 
109/2   Retention   of  vryne,  &  costyfnes.      1603   HOLLAND    , 
Plutarch 's  Mar.  623  The  reliques  or  retensions  of  ventos-    1 
ities,  whiche  staie  not  for  naturall  ejections.    1725  BRADLEY    | 
Fant.  Diet.  II.  G  4  b,  The  Retention  of  Urine  is  very  painful 
and  very  dangerous  :   It's  a  Collection  or  Retention  of  ill 
Humours  that  is  the  Cause  of  it.     1804  ABERNETHY  Surg.    '. 
Obs.  237  A  gentleman . .  had  a  retention  of  urine  from  an  en-    ; 
larged  prostate  gland.       1833  Cycl.  Pract.  Med.   I.  67/2 
Amenorrhcea  has  been  usually  divided  into  retention  and 
suppression  of  the  menses.      1876  BRISTOWE  Th.  <y  Pract. 
Med.  (1878)  828  The  presence  of  the  biliary  acids  in  the    \ 
urine  is  characteristic  of  jaundice  from  retention  of  bile. 

attrib.   1871  T.  H.  GREEN  Introd.  Pathol.  189  In  the 
retention-cysts  they  [the  contents]  will  vary  with  the  nature 
of  the  normal  secretion, 
b.  (See  quot.  1727-38.) 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Pocsie  in.  xxv.  (Arb.)  309  Help 
ing  the  naturall  concoction,  retention,  distribution,  expul 
sion,  and  other  vertues,  in  a  weake  and  ynhealthie  bodie. 
1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  296  The  third  action  of  the 
wombe  is  the  Retention  of  the  seedes.    1727-38  CHAMBERS    i 
Cycl.  s.v.,  Retention  is  also  used,  in  medicine,  &c.  for  the    ! 
state  of  contraction  in  the  solids,  or  vascular  parts  of  the  body, 
which  makes  them  hold  fast  their  proper  contents, 

2.  a.  The  fact  of  retaining  things  in  the  mind;    ; 
the  power  or  ability  to  do  this  ;  memory. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  306/2  Theyr  fruycion  whiche  is.. 
In  profounde  cognycion  as  to  Cherubyn,  and  in  perpetuel 
retencion  as  touchynge  the  thrones,  c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn. 
cxxii,  That  poore  retention  could  not  so  much  hold,  Nor 
need  I  tallies  thy  deare  loue  to  skore.  1624  HEYWOOD 
Gunaik.  vii.  314  That  nation. .hath  beene  remarkable  for 
their  admirable  retention,  who.. had  all  the  passages  of 
former  ages  by  heart.  1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  n.  x.  (1695)  70 
The  next  Faculty  of  the  Mind.,  is  that  I  call  Retention;  or 
the  keeping  of  those  simple  Ideas,  which  from  Sensation  or 
Reflection  it  hath  received.  1745  J.  MASON  Self- Knowledge 
i.  xv.  (1853)  "5  A  ma.n  tnai  knows  himself  will  have  a  regard 
to  the  Furniture  of  his  memory...  If  the  Retention  be  bad,  do 
not  crowd  it.  1791  BOSWELL  Johnson  (1816)  I.  255  note,  I 


knew  him  a  few  years  apo..,  high  in  fancy,  and  strong 
in  retention.  1836-7  SIK  \V,  HAMILTON  Aletafh.  xxx.  II. 
411  The  faculty  of  Retention  would  be  useless  without  the 
faculties  of  Reproduction  and  Representation.  1891  L.\DI> 
PhysioL  Psychol.  xvii.  418  The  'retention'  which  ib  com 
monly  spoken  of  as  necessary  to  the  phenomena  of  memory, 
cannot  be  con.sidered  as  a  mental  act. 

b.  The  fact  of  maintaining,  keeping  up,  or  con 
tinuing  to  use  something. 

i6zs  BACON  Ess.,  Of  Innovations  (Arb.)  527  A  Froward 
Retention  ofCustome,  is  as  turbulent  a  Thing,  ;:s  an  Inno- 
uation.  1811  PINKICUTON  Pcttal.  Introd.  p.  xiti,  The  reten 
tion,  in  their  sy>tems,  of  the  four  gradual  divisions  of  tin- 
logicians.  1861  STANLEY  East.  Ch.  vi.  (1869)  193  The  reten 
tion  of  the  old  Pagan  name  of  Dies  Solis  for  the  weekly 
Christian  festival. 

3.  The  action  or  fact  of  keeping  to  oneself  or  in 
one's  own  hands,  under  one's  power  or  authority. 

1540  Act  32  Hen.  /'"///,  c.  25  A  deduction  and  retencion 
of  the  sayde  J\\\\.s.  be  made  in  the  handes  of  the  payers  of 
the  sayd  pencion.  1580-1  Keg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III. 
362  Nathcr  can  the  said  Bischop  have  actioun  aganis  tli<-- 
s;iid  David  for  reteiitiuiin  of  the  thrid  of  the  said  pension!!. 
1601  SHAKS.  Tivel.  N.  v.  i.  84  His  life  I  gaue  him,  and  did 
thereto  adde  My  loue  without  retention,  or  restraint.  1644 
UULWKK  Chirol.  65  An  uncharitable  retention,  which  doth 
not  love  to  scatter,  but  to  snatch  away.  1693  STAIR  Institiii. 
i.  xviii.  (ed,  2)  157  Retention  is  not  an  absolute  extinction 
of  the  Obligation  of  Re-payment,  or  Restitution,  but  rather 
a  Suspension  thereof,  till  Satisfaction  be  made  to  the  Re 
tainer.  1766  W.  GOKDON  Gen.  Counting-Jio.  114  Allowed 
retention  uf  the  premium.  1809-10  COLKRIDGK  l<'rit-nd 
(1865)  171  A  mere  acquiescence  on  his  part  in  our  retention 
of  Malta.  i874GKMKN  •S/iort  Jlisf,  viii.  §  9.  563  The  Hou^ 
at  once  insisted  on  the  retention  of  its  power. 

fb.  Law.  (See  quot.)  Obs. 

1658  PHILLIPS,  Retention^  in  Common-law, ..when  a  Court 
pronounctth  not  a  full  arrest,  or  judgement,  but  reser\e-, 
somewhat  to  be  afterwards  ordered. 
e.  (See  RETAIN  v.  3  b.) 

1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  m.  xlii.  274  The  Power  of  Remis 
sion,  and  Retention  of  Sinnes,..is  a  consequence  of  the 
Authority  to  Baptize. 

4.  f  a.  Detention  of  persons  by  forcible  or  other 
means.   Obs. 

1579  Reg.  Privy  Council Scof.  III.  248  Tuicheing  the  re- 
tentioun  of  the  said  Laurence  and  putting  of  him  to  libeitie 
as  a  frie  persoun.  1605  SHAKS.  Lear  v.  iii.  47,  I  thought  it 
fit,  To  send  the  old  and  miserable  King  to  some  retention. 
1615  CHAPMAN  Odyss.  iv.  336,  I  haue  within  this  lie  bene 
held  for  winde  A  wondrous  time ;  and  can  by  no  meaner 
find  An  end  to  my  retention. 

b.  The  action  or  fact  of  holding  fast  or  keeping 
fixed  in  a  place  or  position ;  the  fact  or  property 
of  being  kept,  or  remaining,  in  place. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guiltemeau's  Fr.  Chirm g.  24/1  Of  the  re- 
tentione  of  the  tunge,  which.. we  nowe  call,  .tungetyed. 
1653  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  (1701)  65/2  Falling  Stars  are 
Ccelestial  Bodies  failing  of  their  retention  by  the  ordinary 
course  of  Heaven  thrown  down.  1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  n. 
§  26.  373  The  frontal  slopes. .have  a  northern  aspect,.. 
which.. causes  the  retention  of  the  tnow  upon  them.  1887 
Brit.  Med.  Jrnl.  26  Feb.  454  The  treatment  consisted  of 
..the  retention,  just  within  the  neck  of  the  bladde^  of  a 
gum-elastic  catheter. 

fc.  Restraint,  check.  Obs. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mar.  1213  To  consume,  cut  off 
and  chastice  them  by  all  means  of  repressions  and  reten 
tions  that  be  reasonable.  1633  P.  FLF.TCHER  Purple  Is!,  in, 
xv,  Which  wer't  not  surely  held  with  strong  retention,  Would 
stirre  domestick  strife,  and  fierce  contention. 
d.  Self-restraint  or  control,  rare. 

1626  T.  H[AWKINS]  tr.  Caitsshfs  Holy  Crt.  507  What 
life  more  mortifyed,  then  to  behold  so  much  humility  in 
soueraingne  greatnesse?.  .In  an  absolute  power  to  do  all, 
so  much  retention?  1802  GIFFORD  tr.  Jurcnal  (1817)  I. 
p.  Ixxvi,  In  a  man  of  such  lively  passions,  the  retention  with 
which  he  speaks  of  them  all,  is  to  be  admired. 
fe.  Restriction  of  expenditure.  Obs.  rare. 

1647  CLARKNDON  Hist.  Rto.  i.  §  4  The  Excess  of  the  Court 


he  was  excessfve  liberal, yea  though  the  exigence  of  his  own 
wants  pleaded  retention. 

5.  Power  to  retain;  capacity  for  holding  or 
keeping  something. 

1601  SHAKS.  Tivel,  N.  \\.  iv.  99  No  womans  heart  So  bigge, 
to  hold  so  much,  they  lacke  retention.  1613  M.  RIDLEY 
Magn.  Bodies  100  Where  a  smaller  strength  Magneticatl 
altereth  quickely  the  retention  of  the  whole  more  vigorous 
Magnet.  1656  tr.  Hobbes"  Elem.  Philos.  (1839)  215  If  the 
retention  of  the  radius  cease,  that  endeavour.. will  now  be 
in  the  tangent.  1730  Phil.  Trans.  XXXVI.  307  Steel  can 
not  be  seasoned  too  hard  for  Retension  (nor,  as  I  think,  for 
Reception}of  Magnetism.  18*3  J.  BADCOCK Dom.  Amusem. 
141  Stone  is  the  only  material  upon  which  you  can  operate, 
because  of  its  ready  absorption  and  retention  of  water. 
1870  ROLLESTON  Anim.  Life  143  Having  indeed  scarcely 
any  limit  short  of  the  retention  of  the  stomach. 

Hence  Bete'ntionist,  one  who  advocates  the 
retention  of  territory. 

1899  Contemp.  Rev.  June  795  At^once  an  unyielding  re- 
tentionist  and  an  irrepressible  and  insatiable  expansionist. 

t  Kete*ntivef  sb.  Obs.  Also  4-5  retentif, 
5  -yf,  -ywe,  5-6  -y ve.  [a.  OF.  retentive  fern. ; 
or  from  the  adj.] 

1.  The  power  of  retaining  things  in  the  mind ; 
recollection,  memory. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xl.  (Ninian]  42  In  his  hart  [he]  wele 
held  it — sic  retentywe  he  had  of  wit.  c  1407  LYUG.  Reson  $• 
Sens.  3735  Al  that  she  taught  him  for  his  prowe  Was  voyde 
out  of  hys  retentyf.  1454  Rolls  of  Par  It.  V.  240/1  Theire 
good  retentyve  and  wyse  remembraunce. 


RETENTIVE. 

2.  Retention,  rare—1. 

1471  RIPI.EY  Comp.  Alch.  iv.  xiii.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  147 
Water  to  Erth  hath  given  ingressyon, . .  And  Water  of  Erth 
hath  purchasyd  retentive. 

3.  A  restraining  force  ;  a  means  of  restraint. 
1608  Br.  ANDKF.wiis  Serin.  (1841)  IV.  25  Then  upon  tins 

double  charge  followeth  a  double  reason  ;  two  retentives,  as 
it  were,  against  the  first  motion.  1627  UP.  HALL  Epist. 
vi  iii  387  Feare  is  a  retentiue  as  necessane,  not  so  in 
genuous.  1650  TRAIT  Comm.  Dent.  i.  17  Cato  seeth  you, 
was  an  ancient  watchword  among  the  Romans,  and  a  great 
retentive  from  evil. 

4.  //.  The  organs  by  which  the  natural  excretions 
of  the  body  are  regulated. 

1678  JONES  Heart  ff  its  Right  Soveraign  499  A  weather- 
cock  in  the  English,  or  the  retentives  of  a  suckling  in  the 


Weapons  ever  after. 

Rete-ntive  (nle-ntiv),  a.i  Also  4 -if,  5  -yf  (6   , 
-yfe),  -yue,  -ywe.    [a.  OK.  retentif,  -ive  (It,  Sp., 
Pg.  retcntivo\   repr.   L.   type  *retentnnt$t  f.  ppl. 
stem  of  retinerc  to  hold  back,  retain.] 

In  the  following  passage  the  word  employed  in  the  French 
original  is  latcntiw.    1490  CAXTON  Encydos   xxvni.    no    , 
LProserpine]  shorteth  theyr  retentyue  brethe. 

1.  Of  the  mind  or  memory  :  Tenacious  ;  good 
at  remembering. 

c  1375  .sv.  f-eg-  Saints  xxvii.  (Macfior)  338  In  his  hart  wele 
held  [he]  It,  Ay  retentywe  he  had  a  wyt.  1474  CAXTON 
C/iesse  159  The  memory  of  the  peple  is  not  retentyf.  1509 
HAWFS  Past.  Pleas,  xvi.  (Percy  Soc.)  60  Whan  she  was 
gone,  inwardly  than  wrought  Upon  her  beaute  my  mynde 
retentyfe.  1553  T.  WILSON  Rlu-t.  112  Memorie  is  _the  I 
power  retentive  of  the  mynde  to  kepe  those  thinges  wtuche  • 
by  marines  wit  are  conceived.  1607  NORDEN  Sun1.  Dial. 
iv.  173  Many  unlearned  men  haue  better  and  more  reten- 
tine  memories,  than  haue  some  Schollers.  1665  GLASVII.L 
Scepsis  Sci.  vi.  29  Those  Musical  Accents  which  our  re 
tentive  faculty  is  preserver  of.  1784  TVKRS  in  Johnsoniana 
(1884)  186  So  retentive  was  the  memory  of  this  man,  that  he 
could  always  recover  whatever  he  lent  to  that  faculty.  1821  : 
CRAIG  Lect.  Drawing^  etc.  i.  57  The  student  in  history,  un 
less  possessed  of  a  mind  uncommonly  retentive  [etc.].  1873 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  287  Those  who. .have  quick  and 
ready  and  retentive  wits,  have  generally  also  quick  tempers. 

b.   Of  persons  :   Possessed  of  a  good  memory. 

1758  JOHNSON"  Idler  No.  i  P8  The  Idler  is  always  inquisi 
tive  and  seldom  retentive.      1868  E.  EDWARDS   Ralegh  I. 
xxv.  612  Twenty-one  years  had  then  passed  since  those  re-     j 
tentive  Indians  had  seen  his  face. 

t2.  The  retentive  virtue  or  faculty,  the  ability 
to  retain  the  physical  secretions,  or  to  keep  food 
within  the  stomach.  Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  Fgi3  The  humours  been  to  ranke 
and  habundaunt  in  the  body  of  man  ;  Somtyme  of  inferm- 
etee,  for  the  fieblesse  of  the  vertue  retentif,  as  phisik 
maketh  menclon.  1398  TRKVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R,  xvir. 
xxiv.  (Bodl.  MS.),  The!  helpeb  a;ens  the  fluxe  of  the 
womb  b1  come^  of  defaute  of  be  vertu  retentyue.  c  1532  Ou 
WES  Introd.  Fr.  in  Palsgr.  1053  The..appetityve,  the 
retentyve,  the  digest yve,  and  expulsive  [virtues].  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  Words  of  Art,  Rctentine  facultie^  i.  the 
naturall  power  that  ech  part  or  member  of  the  body  hath  to 
hold  that  which  is  committed  vnto  it,  [for]  the  due  time. 
1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anini.  <y  Min.  Isagoge,  The  fat  hinders 
appeiite..and  decayeih  the  retentive  powers.  1683  TRYON 
Way  to  Health  72  Then  also  the  Retentive  and  Digestive 
Faculties  do  cease  from  their  natural  Operations.  [1727-38 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Faculty^  Others  subdivide  the  vege 
tative  faculty  into  attractive,  retentive,  concoctive,  and 
expulsive.] 

Jig>  *597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  xxii.  §  7  It  keepeth  sermons 
in  memory,  and  doth  in  that  respect,  .help  the  retentive 
force  of  that  stomach  of  the  mind,  a  1680  BUTLER  Rem. 
(1750)  II.  456  His  Soul  has  no  retentive  Faculty,  but  suffers 
every  Thing  to  run  from  him,  as  fast  as  he  receives  it.  1683 
CAVE  Ecclesiastici  Introd.  63  The  old  doting  Nile  had  lost 
his  retentive  faculty,  and  could  no  longer  hold  his  Water. 

f3.  Sparing,  niggardly,  disinclined  to  spend.  Obs. 

c  1412  HOCCLEVE  De  Reg.  Princ.  4504  Sche  is  a  couetyse 
excessyf  Of  othres  good  ;  &  of  hire  owne,  sche  So  streit  and 
hard  is,  and  so  retentyf,  That  it  profyte  may  in  no  degree. 
1654  H.  L'ESTRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655)  130  Never  was  King 
more  frugal,  never  King  more  retentive  in  his  largesses. 
1678  MARVELL  Growth  Popery  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV,  254  He 
had  indeed  of  late  been  somewhat  more  retentive  than 
formerly  as  to  his  faculty  of  disposing  of  kingdomes. 

4.  Having  the  property  of,  tending  or  inclined 
to,  the  retention  or  keeping  of  something. 

1582  HESTER  Seer.  Phiorav.  in.  xxxii.  47  The  oyle  of 
Honnie  hath  a  vertue  preseruatiue  and  retentiue  of  the 
haire.  1650  BULWER  Anthropomet.  141  More  thankful  to 
Nature  and  retentive  of  her  benefits  are  they  of  Fez.  1661 
J.  CHILDREV  Brit.  Bacon.  57  Unless  that  kind  of  ground  be 
more  retentive  of  stains  than  others.  1722  DE  FOE  Plague 
(1884)  271  Woolen  manufactures  are  ..  retentive  of  infec 
tion.  1780  HOWARD  Prisons  fcng.  <y  Wales  88  Neither  the 
sides  nor  floors.. were  wood,  that  being  more  retentive  of 
scents  or  infection  than  tarras  or  brick.  1806  Gazetteer 
Scot.  (ed.  2)  55  A  stiff,  rich,  deep  clay,  lying  on  a  bed  of 
limestone,  which  is  very  retentive  of  moisture.  1843 
DICKENS  Christm.  Carol  n.  49  Nor  was  it  more  retentive  of 
its  ancient  state  within.  1871  EAHLK  Philol.  Eng.  Tongue 
§  314  The  verb  is  most  retentive  of  antiquity. 

5.  Holding  or  confining  ;  keeping  firm  hold. 
1601  SHAKS.  Jut.  C.  i.  iii.  95  Nor  ayrelesse  Dungeon,  nor 

strong  Linkes  of  Iron,  Can  be  retentiue  to  the  strength  of 
spirit.  1607  —  Timon  in.  iv.  82  What,  are  my  dores  op- 


568 

redoubled  might  Through  each  vain  passive  form  [do  thou]    r 
constrain  his  (light. 

b.  Stay.    Serving  to  keep  (a  dressing,  organ, 
etc.)  in  the  proper  place. 

1507  A.  M.  tr.  Ciiillcmcaiis  f'r.  Cliirurg.  45/1  That  liga 
ment  which,  .curelh  through  his  continuance  of  the  reme- 
dyes  applyed  vnto  the  dissease,  wherfore  we  may  call  It  the 
retentive  Ligament.  1634  T.  JOHNSON  Party's  Cliirurg. 
ix.  v.  (1678)  219  The  Retentive  Ligature  is  fit  for  such  parts 
as  cannot  suffer  strait  binding.  1767  GOOCH  Treat.  Wounds 
I.  205  To  alter  the  bandage,  making  it  only  retentive.  1897 
Allbutt's  Syst.  Meii.  IV.  347  Many  forms  of  special  re-  ] 
tentive  apparatus  [for  movable  kidney]  have  been  devised. 

c.  Apt  to  retain  or  hold  moisture. 

1730-46  THOMSON  Autumn  815,  I  see  the  sands,  The 
pebbly  gravel  next,  the  layers  then  Of  mingled  moulds,  of 
more  retentive  earths.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  I.  485 
The  water  supplied  from  rain  or  snow  is  interrupted  in  its 
progress  by  the  retentive  beds.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  37 
The  lower  part  of  the  chalk  which  becomes  stiff  and  re 
tentive. 

d.  Cohesive  ;  hard  to  separate,  rare. 

1721  BRADLEV  Pliilos.  Ace.  Wks.  Nat.  4  The  Soap  and 
Sand  will  be  more  retentive,  and  will  not  separate  without 
some  difficulty. 

1 6.  Restrained,  cautious,  reticent.   Obs. 


there  be  any  place  in  the  consideration  of  the  secrets  of 
(lod,  where  we  ought  to  be  retentive,  warie  and  discret,  it 
is  in  this.  1616  T.  H[A\VKINS]  Canssins  Holy  Crt.  513 
These  harts  formerly  vnited,  were  now  vpon  breach,  which 
notwithstanding  neuer  outwardly  appeared,  so  retentiue 
they  were  on  both  sides. 

Hence  Bete'ntively  adv. 

1816  SOUTHEY  Poet's  Pilgr.  i.  8  One  dear  girl,  just  ripe 
enough  of  age  Retentively  to  see  what  I  should  see. 

t  Retentive,  a.2  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  asRETENT 
i>.  +  -IVE.]  That  reverberates  or  resounds. 

1728  POPE  Dune.  11.  263  Long  Chanc'rv-lane  retentive  rolls 
the  sound,  And  courts  to  courts  return  it  round  and  round. 

Rete'iitiveiiess.  [f.  RETENTIVE  a.1  +•  -NESS.] 
The  state  or  quality  ot  being  retentive ;  the  fact 
of  possessing  retention. 

a  1676  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  in.  vi.  (1677)  282  The 
great  retentiveness  of  his  Memory.  1685 Gfacian'sCou rtie r's 
Orac.  261  When  one  finds  himself  moved,  retentiveness 
should  beat  the  retreat,  lest  the  choler  maybe  more  heated. 
1768  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  II.  301  The  acuteness  of  our  senses, 
. .  the  retentiveness  of  our  memory.  1855  BAIN  Senses  ty 
Int.  I.  i.  §  3  A  third  fact  or  property  of  the  intellect  is  re 
tentiveness.  1879  Cassdfs  Techn.  Ednc.  II.  172  The  clay- 
land  farmer  endeavours  to  counteract  the  heaviness  and 
retentiveness  of  his  land. 

Retenti'vity.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ITT.]  (See  quot. 
1881.) 

1881  S.  P.  THOMPSON  Electr.  f,-  Magn.  ii.  g  90  This  power 
of  resisting  magnetisation  or  demagnetisation,  is  sometimes 
called  coercive  force  ;  a  much  better  term,  due  to  Lamont,  is 
retentivity.  The  retentivity  of  hard-tempered  steel  is  great. 
1887  Proc.  Physic.  Soc.  Apr.  (1888)  120  This  experiment 
was  made  with  a  view  of  ascertaining  whether  the  reglow 
would  occur  at  a  lower  temperature  the  greater  the  amount 
of  retentivity  of  the  specimen. 

II  Reteiiue  (wwnw).  [F.  retenue,  f.  retenu,  pa. 
pple.  of  retenir  to  restrain.]  Reserve,  restraint, 
caution,  self-control. 

1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  li,  The  delighted  Prince, 
having  less  retenue  than  his  French  diplomatic  colleague. 
1873  H.  ROGERS  Orig.  Bible  (1874)  214  This  lack  of  retenue 
and  self-possession.  1889  A.  LANG  Lett,  on  Lit.  iii.  34 
How  Tom  Jones  combined  these  sentiments,  .with  his  own 
astonishing  lack  of  retenue.  .is  just  the  puzzle. 

Reteration,  variant  of  REITERATION  2. 

Retere,  obs.  variant  of  RETIRE  v. 

Retest  («-),  sb.     [RE-  5  a.]     A  renewed  test. 

1887  Daily  Neius  20  May  3/3  Those  only  which  passed  the 
re-test  will  be  placed  in  store.  1891  Imperial  Tariffing 
On  a  warrant  for  the  re-gauge  or  re-test  of  Wine . . ,  the  officer 
is  to  allow  the  regauge  or  re-test  thereof. 

Rete'St  (it-},  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  test 
again.  So  Kete'sted ///.  a.  •  Rete'sting  -obi.  sb. 

1863  E.  T.  OLVER  Shilling  Tariff '92  Wine  which  has  been 
fortified,  .after  assessment  will  be  re-tested.  1884  The  Voice 
(N.  Y.)  6  Sept.,  The  committee  calls  for  a  retesting  of  plates 
on  the  Monadnock.  1887  Daily  News  20  May  3/3  Troops 
at  home  are  of  course  all  armed  with  re-tested  bayonets. 

t  Bete-x,  v.  Obs.-1  [ad.  L.  retextre  to  un 
ravel.]  To  unweave,  unravel ;  fig.  to  undo,  annul. 

1623  COCKERAM  l,  Retexed,  vnweaued.  31670  HACKET 
Abp.  Williams  i.  (1692)  57  Neither  King  James,  King 
Charles,  nor  any  Parliament,  .did  ever  appoint  that  any  oi 
his  Orders  should  be  retexed. 

Bete-xtive,  a.  Logic.  [t.  L.  relext-,  ppl. 
stem  of  retcxere  (see  prec.)  +  -IVE.]  Synthetical. 

1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  295  Method,  is  either  con- 
textiue,  or  retextiue.  1850  BAYNES  tr.  Port-Royal  Logic 
(1851)  p.  xxx,  Analysis  and  synthesis  (termed  in  it  the  con- 
textive  and  retextive  methods). 

Bete'xture  (r»"-).     [RE-  5  a.]     Reweaving. 

1831  CARLYLE  Sartor  Res.  in.  ii,  My  Second  Volume,., 
treating  practically  of  the  Wear,  Destruction,  and  Re- 
texture  of  Spiritual  Tissues,  or  Garments. 

Reteyne,  obs.  form  of  RETAIN  v. 

Retha'iik  (if-],  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  thank  again. 

1653  R.  LOVEDAY  Lett.  (1663)  82  But  to  quit  Metaphor, 
I  re-thank  you  for  the  vigilance  of  your  active  endeavours 
in  behalf  of  my  recovery. 

Retha/tch,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  thatch  again. 
1850  B.  TAYLOR  Eldorado  ii.  8  The  canoes  were  beached 
on 


RETIARIUS. 

covers  with  split  leaves  of  the  palm.  1899  WERNER  Captain 
Locusts  iSo  There  was  that  house  spoilt,  and  her  back  nearly 
broken  with  cutting  grass  to  re-thatch  it. 

Re  the,  a.  Obs.  (?exc.  .5V.).  Forms:  i  refie 
(hre«e,  roeCe,  rafle),  3-4  rel>e>  4  re*h.  5  Sc. 
rethe,  retht,  retthe,  (9)  reith(e,  reyth(e.  [OE. 
retse  (rceSe),  of  uncertain  relationship.] 

1.  Of  persons  (or  disposition)  :   Fierce,  cruel, 
harsh;  stern,  severe;  strict. 

Bcown(/'(Z.')  122  [Grendel]  WKS  reoc  &  re)>e.  c  goo  Bxda's 
Hist.  in.  v,  pa  was  him  sended  jerest  oSer  biscop,  re5es 
modes  monii.  1:950  Lindisf.  Cosp.  Matt.  viii.  28  Tuoeje 
hsebbende  diobles  of  byrjennum  nt^e-eadpn,  hroeoo  suioe. 
c  looo  jtiLFRlc  Cram.  \.  (Z)  294  ponne  bi3  he  tyraitnus, 
\>xi  is  refie  o68e  wslhreow.  *  noo  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud 
MS.)  an.  iioo,  He  WECS  swi5e  strang  &  reSe  ofer  his  land  & 
his  mxnn.  a  1300  Cursor  At.  2^84  (Antichrist)  sal  cumme 
reth  raisand  in  pride.  ^1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  v.  xii.  3819 
[Thou]  rageande  retthe  in  wodnes  Helde  noucht  ordyr  off 
richtwisnes. 

b.  Sc.  Keen,  eager,  zealous. 

1818  HOGG  Brownie  of  Bodsbeck  vii,  '  Is  your  master  a 
very  religious  man  ?  '  '  He  's  weel  eneugh  that  way— no 
that  very  reithe  ont.' 

2.  Of  things  :  Severe,  terrible,  dreadful,  furious. 
c9z$  I'esp.  Hymn  xi.  7  Fael  gewynsumie  roe5e  [L.  casiis 

SKHiidet  asperos}.  c6m  K.  /KLFRED  Gregory's  fast.  C.  xliii. 
316  Se  reoa  &  se  ejeshca  Axf,.  971  Blickl.  Horn.  95  ponne 
he  him  sylfum  rebne  doin  8:  heardne  geearnab  &  be^yteh. 
c  1175  Lamb.  How.  15  Moni  hit  forlet  for  ba  re6a  dome  be 
ba  wes.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  21962  His  first  comme  it  was  ful 
smeth,  be  to)>er  sal  be  rush  and  reth.  ci4»S  WVNTOUM 
Cron.  v.  x.  1902  Bot  ay  withe  roris  reythe  he  rerde. 
b.  esp.  of  rain,  the  sea,  floods,  etc. 

c888  K.  /EI.FRF.D  Boeth.  vii.  27  ponne  hi  strong  dreceS 
wind  under  wolcnura..,  obbe  hi  eft  se  re5a  ren  onhrereS. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  22145  lirathli  to  do  be  se  be  reth,  And 
brathlitodo  it  be  smeth.  Ibid.  24838  (Edin.),  pe  wedirals  in 
somer  smebe  Son  bigan  be  rug  and  rebe.  £1415  WVNTOUN 
Cron.  i.  viii.  396(Wemyss  MS.),  rioggisbeillitoutandbristit, 
And  ranys  reith.  Ibid.  iv.  xiii.  1412  ^Royal  MS.),  Off  Tybere 
the  rywere  Sa  retht  off  spate  wyth  watrys  sere  Ras. 

Rethe,  variant  of  RATHE  adv.  Obs. 

Re  theiiess.  Obs.  exc.  Sc.  [See  RETHE  a.] 
Fierceness,  roughness,  asperity.  Also  Sc.  eager 
ness,  ardour  (Jam.  1882). 

1:897  K.  .rEi.FRED  Grfgor^'s  Past.  C.  xvii.  125  Sua  eac  Sam 
lareowe  is  to  monianne  oa  lieonesse  wi6  oa  re5tiesse.  c  qoo 
Bxda's  Hist.  v.  i,  To  bon  Sztte  burh  all  sio  roeSnis  5a5s 
stormes  wjes  blinnende.  971  Blickl.  Horn.  43  pone  laeddon 
feower  awyrjde  englas  mid  mycelre  rebnesse.  c  looo  Sax. 
Lecclid.  I.  372  Wi5  hunda  re5nysse&  wiSerra:dnysse.  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  22667  Pe  angels  bat  in  heuen  sal  be . .  For  bat 
rethnes  sal  bai  be  radd.  c  1450  HOLLAND  Howlat  239  Thir 
ar  na  foulis  of  ref,  nor  of  rethnas. 

Rether,  obs.  f.  RATHER  ;  variant  of  ROTHEK,  ox. 

Rethi'nk  (n~-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  think  again ; 
to  consider  afresh,  a.  trans. 


in  Todhunter  Ace.  Writ.  (1876)  II.  174  Having  been  re 
thought  and  re-written  since,  it  is  much  more  beautiful. 
1865  J.  H.  STIRLING  Secret  of  Hegel  I.  97  Hegel  examined 
all,  rethought  all,  and  completed  all. 
b.  intr. 


age  \vnen  sullen  Philomel  escapes,  her  notes  She    .       1850  B.  TAYLOR  Eldorado  ii.  8  The  canoes  were  beached 
varies.     1715  POPE  Odyu.  iv.  567  Yet  still  retentive,  with    '    on  the  mud,  and  their  owners  engaged  in  re-thatching  their 


island  so  heroically.  1853  LYNCH  Self-lmprov.  vi.  148  You 
must  think  and  observe  ;  re-think  and  re-observe. 

Hence  Bethi-nking-  vbl.  sb. 

1881  R.  ADAMSON  Fichte  122  Philosophy  is  thus  the  re 
thinking  of  experience. 

t  Rethmetitian,  obs.  form  of  ARITHMETICIAN. 

1614  R.  TAILOR  Hog  hath  lost  Pearl  m.  E  j  b,  I  finde  my 
braines  too  shallow  farre  for  study.  What  neede  I  care  for 
being  a  Rethmetitian. 

Rethor,  Rethoric,  Rethorie,  etc.,  obs.  ff. 
RHETOR,  RHETORIC,  RHETORY,  etc. 

Rethrograte,  obs.  form  of  RETROGRADE  a. 

Rethrcriie  (r/"-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  en 
throne  again.  Hence  Bethro'ned  ppl.  a. 

1820  Blackw.  Mag.  VII.  482  The  attempt  to  rethrone  the 
princes  of  the  house  of  Stuart.  1839-48  BAILEY  Festus  83 
Truth  shall  reign,  Nature  shall  be  rethroned,  and  man 
sublimed.  1901  A.  E.  W.  MASON  four  Feathers  viii,  Like 
a  rethroned  king. 

Bethu-nder  (n-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  intr.  To  sound  or  echo  again  like  thunder. 
1741  YOUNG  Nt.   Th.  vii.  1070  Re-thunder'd  hell,  and 

darted  all  her  fires.  1700  A.  WILSON  Ef.  to  Mr.  A.  Clarke 
Poet.  Wks.  (1846)  50  While  harsh,  the  huge  machine  shot 
loud  rethundering  past,  a  1849  J.  C.  MANGAN  Poems  (1859) 
58  And  now,  ere  the  din  rethunders,  the  youth  Invokes  the 
great  name. 

2.  trans.  To  declaim  (something)  again. 

1893  Advance  (Chicago)  15  June,  In  that  thinking  which 
he  kept  up  while  you  were  rethundering  Cicero's  orations 
against  Catiline. 

Retia'rian,  a.  and  sl>.  rare.  [f.  next  +  -AN.] 
a.  adj.  Composed  of  retiarii.  b.  sb.  A  retiarius. 

1730  A.  GORDON  Maffeis  Amphith.  159  A  Gladiator. .of 
the  Ketiarian  Class.  1801  GIFFOSD  tr.  Juvenal  \\u.  294  The 
wonder  is,  they  turn  not  fencers  too,  Secutors,  Retiarians. 

II  Retiarius  (rfti,eo-rifc,  rfj-).  [L.  retiarius,  f. 
rete  a  net.]  A  Roman  gladiator  who  carried  a 
net  with  which  to  entangle  his  adversary. 

1647  R.  STAPYLTON  Juvenal  267  And  there  Gracchus, 
Romes  infamy,  doth  arm'd  appear,  A  Retiarius.  1693 
STEPNEY  in  Dryden  Juvenal  (1697)  209  As  Retiarius  he 


RETIARY. 


arius  trap'd  his  foe.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVII. 
241/2  The  retiarius  attempled  to  cast  his  net  over  the  head 
of  the  secutor.  1858  BIRCH  Anc.  Pottery  II.  289  Another 
lamp  in  the  same  collection  has  a  retiarius  holding  his 
trident.  1880  MEREDITH  Tragic  Coin.  (1881)96,  Rencoun 
tered  a  retiarius,  and  the  meshes  are  on  my  head  and  arms. 
Retiary  (rrfiari),  sb.  [See  prec.  and  -ARY.] 

1.  =RKTIAHIUS.  rare—0. 

1661  BLOUNT  Glossogr.  (ed.  2),  Retiary,  he  that  casts  a 
net,  properly  in  fighting  to  take  his  enemy. 

2.  A  net-making  or  geometrical  spider. 

1835  KIROV  Hob.  ft  Inst.  Anim.  II.  xvii.  184,  I  shall  con 
sider  those  [spiders]  I  intend  to  notice,  under  the  usual 
names  of  weavers  and  retiaries. 

Retiary  (irjiari),  a.    [f.  as  prec.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  making  of  webs, 

nets,  or  net-like  structures. 
1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Garden  of  Cyrus  ii.  41  And  beside 

this   kinde    of  work  in    Retiarie    and    hanging  lectures, 


in  the  retiary  art. 
2.  Fighting  with  a  net ;  using  a  net  like  a  re 
tiarius.  - 


1682  —  C/ir,  Mar.  i.  §  24  Our  inward  Antagonists, . .  like 
Retiary  and  Laqueary  Combatants,  with  Nets,  Frauds  and 
Entanglements  fall  upon  us.  1810  COLERIDGE  in  Lit.  Run. 
(1838)  III.  298  Let  not  the  surpassing  eloquence  of  Taylor 
dazzle  you,  nor  his  scholastic  retiary  versatility  of  logic 
illaqueate  your  good  sense. 
3.  Retiary  spider,  a  spider  which  constructs  a 


)  214  We  will 

.  .    -  .  --  1    ~, s,  and  their 

position  in  the  Web.  1638  —  Card.  Cyrus  ii.  42  The  neat 
Retiarie  Spider,  which  seems  to  weave  without  transversion. 
1815  KIRBY  £  Sr.  Entatnol.  xiii.  (1818)  I.  421  note,  May  not 
the  spinners. .be  peculiar  to  the  retiary  spiders,  and  furnish 
this  viscid  thread?  1835  KIRBV  Hat.  f,  Inst.  Anim.  II.  185 
Jhe  organs  by  which  the  retiary  spiders  form  their  curious 
geometric  snares. 

Reticence  (re-tisens),  sb.  Also  7,  9  -euse. 
[a.  F.  reticence  ( =  Sp.  and  Pg.  reticencia,  It.  re- 
ttcenza),  or  ad.  L.  reticentia,  f.  relicere  to  keep 
silence:  see  -ENCE.]  Maintenance  of  silence; 
avoidance  of  saying  too  much  or  of  speaking 
freely ;  disposition  to  say  little. 

Not^in  common  use  until  after  1830. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mar.  841  (R.),  Many  times,  I 
wis,  a  smile,  a  reticence  or  keeping  silence,  may  well  express 
a  speech,  and  make  it  more  emphatical.  1656  BLOUNT 
dlossogr.,  Reticence,  silence,  concealment,  councel-keeping 
when  one  holds  his  peace,  and  utters  not  the  thing  he  should 
tell.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Reticence,  a  Rhetorical 
figure,  when  something  is  conceal'd  that  ought  to  be 
declar  d ;  Concealment,  or  passing  over  in  Silence.  1831 
CARLYLE  Sari.  Res.  n.  x,  A  man  so  known  for  impenetrable 
reticence  as  Teufelsdruckh.  1865  TROLLOPE  Belton  Est.  xii. 
130  That  frankness  of  hers  had  not  been  successful,  and  she 
regretted  that  she  had  not  imposed  on  herself  some  little 
reticence.  1884  J.  TAIT  Mind  in  Matter  (1892)  8  Divine 
wisdom  betrays  itself  by  reticence  about  the  unseen  world. 
ft'  l873  STEVENSON  Ess.  Trav.,  Roads  (1905)  233  We 
learn, .  through  one  coquettish  reticence  after  another, . .  the 
whole  loveliness  of  the  country.  1873  SWINBURNE  Ess.  <$• 
AIM.  277  The  Lac  de  Gaube,.. with  a  strange  attraction 
for  the  swimmer  in  its  cold  smooth  reticence  and  breath, 
less  calm. 

b.  Const,  of  (the  thing  kept  back).     Also/%-. 

1838  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Logic  xx.  (1866)  I.  391  On  no 
principle  can  it  he  shown,  that  our  modern  logicians  are 
correct  in  denying  or  not  contemplating  the  possibility  of 
the  reticence  of  the  conclusion  [of  a  syllogism).  1856  Miss 


subtlety  of  touch,  the  same  noble  reticence  of  colour.' 
c.  pi.  Instances  of  silence  or  reserve. 

1814  W.  TAVLOR  in  Rpbberd  Mem.  (1843)  H.  449,  I  need 
not  dwell  on  the  judicious  selection  of  matter.. or  on  the 
decorous  purity  of  his  very  reticences.  1833  f'raser's  Mag 
VII.  55°  '1'his  naughty  flower-scene  ..  is  among  his  lord- 
sh'P  s  reticenses.  I8?8  MORLEY  Carlyle,  Crit.  Misc.  Ser.  i. 
185  1  he  reticences  of  men  are  often  only  less  full  of  meaniig 
than  their  most  pregnant  speech. 

Hence  Be'ticence  v.,  to  pass  over  in  silence. 
' 


i833  Fraser's  Mag.  VII.  532  Some  choice  passages., 
wmcn  from  other  motives  he  had  purposely  reticensed. 

Re-ticency.    [-ENCY.]  =  RETICENCE  sb. 

a  1617  BAYNE  On  Eph.  (1643)  '57  The  words  have  a 
rhetorical  reticency  in  them,  and  are  thus  laid  down.  1652 
GAULE  Magastrom.  51  Wherefore,  then,  use  they  so  mani- 
lold  ..  obscurities,  insignificancies,  reticencies?  1727-38 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Reticency,.. a  figure  in  rhetoric,  whereby 
we  make  oblique  mention  of  a  thing,  in  pretending  to  pass 


STEVENSON  Master  ^Sa//a»/r«'j6=5'*That'unhappyand 
secretive  fault  of  reticency. 

Reticent  (re'tisent),  a.  [ad.  L.  reticent-em, 
pres.  pple.  of  relicere,  f.  re-  RE-  +  tac?r<;  to  be 
silent.]  Reserved;  disinclined  to  speak  freely; 
given  to  silence  or  concealment. 
.  a  t834  LAMB  Letter  to  Coleridge  (Latham),  Upon  this  he 
is  naturally  reticent.  1856  EMERSON  Eng.  Traits,  Result, 
1  hey  are  slow  and  reticent.  1860  GEO.  ELIOT  Mitt  on  Fl. 

VOL.  VIII. 


569 

'•  *"•,  ^'r'  Glegg..was  extremely  reticent  about  his  will. 
l873  OYMOKOS  Gr.  Pacts  iii.  89  Theognis  recommends  Cyrnus 
to  be  reticent,  and  not  to  communicate  the  whole  of  his 
plans  even  to  his  friends. 

Hence  Be'ticently  adv. 

1869  ROSSETTI  Mem.  Shelley  p.  cxv,  The  '  moral  causes  ' 
thus  reticently  referred  to  are.  .[not]  distinctly  apparent. 

Reticle  (re-tik'l).  [ad.  L.  reticulum,  dim.  of 
rate  net :  cf.  RETICULE.] 

fl-  a.  'A  little  net,  or  casting  net.'  Obs. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr. 
t  b.  A  structure  resembling  a  net.   O&i.  rare  -1. 

1790  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXI.  23  The  texture  of  animal  and 
vegetable  fibrous  substances  must  be  a  sort  of  reticle. 

2.  A  set  of  parallel  wires,  threads,  etc.,  with 
others  intersecting  them  at  right  angles,  or  of  lines 
similarly  ruled  upon  a  sheet  of  glass,  placed  in  the 
object-glass  of  a  telescope,  in  order  to  facilitate 
accurate  observations. 

1731  BAILEY,  vol.  II.  (ed.  2),  Retiatla,  Reticle, .  .a  contriv 
ance  for  the  exact  measuring  the  quantity  of  eclipses.  1797 
kncycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  II.  590  In  the  common  focus  of  the 
object-glass  and  eye-glass  is  placed  a  reticle,  .consisting 
of  three  horizontal  and  parallel  fine-stretched  silver  wires, 
..with  a  fourth  vertical  wire.. passing  through  the  centre. 
1829  W.  PEARSON  Pract.  Astron.  II.  133  La  Lande  has 
called  reticles  (reticules)  the  most  simple  kind  of  micro 
meter.  1879  NEWCOMB  &  HOLDEN  Astroi:.  76  The  reticle 
is  a  network  of  fine  spider  lines  placed  in  the  focus  of  the 
objective^  [of  a  telescope].  1890  Anthony's  Photogr.  Bull. 
III.  155  To  detect  shrinkage  of  the  film,  we  impress  the 
image  of  a  reticle  ruled  in  squares,  on  the  negative  before 
exposure,  and,  on  development,  we  have  these  squares 
displayed. 

Reticmlar  (r/ti-kirflai),  a.     [ad.  mod.L.  reti-    '• 
cular-is,  f.  reticulum  :  see  prec.     So  F.  rtficulaire, 
It.  reliculare,  Sp.  and  Pg.  reticular] 

1.  Resembling  a  net  in  appearance  or  construc 
tion;  consisting  of  closely  interwoven  fibres  or 
filaments;  net-like:  a.  Anat. 

.  1597  LovVE  Ckintrg.  (1634)  143  The  nerve.. doth  dilate 
itselfe,  and  maketh  the  tunicke  reticular.  1682  GIBSON  Anat 
12  There  is  spread  over  the  surface  of  the  skin,  a  certain 
mucous  and  reticular  body.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat. 
(1834)  I.  388  The  auditory  nerves  are  represented  to  us  by 
anatomists  as  expanded  in  a  reticular  form  at  the  bottom 
of  the  ear.  1787  Phil.  Trans.  LXXVII.  389  This  reticular 
net-work  in  the  Seal  is  very  coarse.  1803  Ibid.  XCV.  5  : 
The  heart  is  always  compacted  together  by  a  delicate 
reticular  membrane.  1855  OWEN  Skel.  $•  Teeth  6  A  reticular 
disposition  of  the  bony  substance.  1876  DUHRING  Dis.  Skin 
22  I  he  papillary  layer  merges  into  the  reticular  layer  with 
out  distinct  line  of  demarcation. 
b.  In  other  applications. 

1720  Phil.  Trans.  XXXI.  85  He  found  it  intirely  coagu 
lated,,  .with  a  reticular  Pellicle  upon  the  Surface  exposed 
to  the  Air.  1769  E.  BANCROFT  Guiana  265  Contenting 
themselves  either  with  the  bark  of  trees,  or  the  reticular 
covering  of  a  coco-nut.  1796  KIRWAN  Eletn.  Min.  (ed.  2) 
11.83  Hepatic  Pyrites.. is  found  crystallized,  .or  reticular 
1802-3  tr-  Pallas's  Trav.  (1812)  II.  403  It  has.. a  slightly 
serrated,  reticular  leaf. 

2.  Arch.  Of  masonry :  Constructed  of  lozenge- 
shaped  stones,  bricks,  etc.,  or  of  square  pieces  set 
diagonally  instead  of  vertically. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  140/2  This  structure  con 
sists  of  small  pieces  of  baked  earth  cut  lozengewise,.  and 
was  called  reticular,  from  its  resemblance  to  fishing-nets 
1823  [see  RETICULATED  2]. 

3.  Resembling  a  net  in  effect  or  operation ;  intri 
cate,  entangled. 

1818  PEACOCK  Nightmare  Abbey  Wks.  (1875)  366  Cutting 
the  (jordian^  knot  of  his  reticular  envelopment.  1822  BYRON 
Juan  xn.  lix,  Yet  many  have  a  method  more  reticular— 

Fishers  for  men ',  like  sirens  with  soft  lutes.  1883  Cent. 
Mag.  Oct.  822/1  The  law  is  blind,  crooked,  and  perverse . .  ; 
its  administration  is  on  the  practice  of  by-gone  ages,  slow 
reticular,  complicated. 

Hence  Beti'ctUarly  adv.,  like  a  net. 

1835-4  Todd~s  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  382/2  It  is  owing  to  this 
reticularly  arranged  stratum  of  muscular  fibres  that  the 
bladder,  .presents  its  peculiar  irregular  surface.  1875  BLAKE 
Zool.  331  In  Retepora  the  polypary  is. .  perforated  reticularly. 

Reti'Culary,  a.    rare.     [-ART.]     Net-like. 

1852  CARLYLE  Let.  in  Froude  Life  in  London  (1884)  II. 
loo  The  Rhine,  of  a  vile,  reddish-drab  colour,  and  all  cut 
into  a  reticulary  work  of  branches,,  .was  far  from  beautiful 
about  Rotterdam. 

Reticulate  (rtti-kirflA),  a.  [ad.  L.  reticulat- 
us,  f.  reticulum  :  see  RETICCLE.  So  It.  reticulate, 
Sp.  and  Pg.  reticulado,  F.  rilictil^  Reticulated. 

1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Card.  Cyrus  iii.  147  The  like  Reticu 
late  grain  is  observable  in  some  Russia  Leather.  1658  — 
Hydriot.  Ded.,  We  pretend  not  to  multiply  vegetable 
divisions  by  Quincuncial  and  Reticulate  plants.  1688 
HOLME  Armoury  in.  457/1  Reticulate,  or  Net  Worke,  walls 
made  Net-wayes  or  Loseng-wise.  1703  Phil.  Trans. 
XXIII.  1419  The  branches  of  this  [coral]  run  one  into 
another  without  any  reticulate  order.  1785  MARTYN 
Rousseau's  Bat.  xxxii.  (1794)  502  Morel  is  a  fungus  that  is 
reticulate  or  netted  all  over  the  outside  or  upper  surface. 
1826  GOOD  Ilk.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  21  The  neuropterous  insects, 
or  those  with  4  reticulate  or  net-work  wings.  1864  NEALE 
Seatonian  Poems  86  With  light  and  shade  reticulate.  1897 
Altbutfs  Syst.  Med.  III.  944  When  the  inner  surface  is 
magnified  it  appears  to  be  reticulate. 

Comb.  1870  HOOKER  Stiui.  Flora  377  Stem  with  1-2  whorls 
of  reticulate-veined  leaves.  1880  HOGG  &  JOHNSON  Wild 
Fl.  XI.  PI.  811  Reticulate-leaved  willow,  Salix  Reticulata. 

Reticulate  (rfti-ki/ZU't),  v.  [Back-formation 
from  RETICULATED  a.] 


RETICULATO-. 

1.  trans.  To  divide  or  mark  in  such  a  way  as  to 
resemble  network. 

1787  JEFFERSON  H'rit.  (1859)  II.  136  Spurs  or  ramifications 
of  high  mountains, .  .as  it  were,  reticulating  these  provinces' 
1833  LYELL  Prim.  Geol.  III.  356  The  granite,  in  this  locality 
olten  sends  forth  so  many  veins  as  to  reticulate  the  limestone 
and  schist.  1853  KANE  Grinnell  E.rf.  xlii.  11856)  385  Dark 
rivers,  exhaling.. frost-smoke,  reticulated  the  entire  surface 
1871  ALABASTER  Wheel  of  Lam  252  The  numerous  canals 
and  branches  of  the  river  which  reticulate  the  flat  alluvial 
plain. 

b.  To  form  or  make  (a  net),  rare  -'. 
1832  DOWNES  Lett.  I.  244  Access  to  it  was.  .prevented  by 
a  horrible  net  of  cobweb,  and  a  band  of  the  hideous  artificers 
by  which  it  had  been  reticulated. 

2.  intr.    To  divide  so  as  to  form  a  network,  or 
something  having  that  appearance. 

1863  M.  HOPKINS  Hawaii  26  After  pursuing  the  great 
stream  for  some  miles  it  reticulated  into. .many  rivulets. 

Hence  Heti 'eulating ///.  a, 

1841  FORBES  Hist.  Brit.  Star-fishes  102  The  disk  and  rays 
are  covered  with  oblong  reticulating  tubercles.  1850  DANA 
Geol.  App.  i.  717  The  veins  do  not  so  completely  lose  their 
reticulating  character.  1876  PAGE  Adv.  Tcxt-bk.  Geol.  iii. 
54  Showing  a  thousand  reticulating  fissures. 

Reticulated  (r/ti-kirfleUed),  a.  [f.as  RETICU 
LATE  a.  +  -ED.] 

1.  Constructed  or  arranged  like  a  net ;  made  or 
marked  so  as  to  resemble  a  net  or  network. 

In  predicative  use  also  const,  by  or  with. 

attri/i.  a  1728  WOODWARD  Kal.  Hist.  Fossils  (1729)  49  The 
Intervals  of  the  Cavities,  rising  a  little,  make  a  pretty  kind  of 
reticulated  Work.  1796  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXVI.  260  A  small 
piece  of  fine  cambric,  or  reticulated  silver  wire  stretched 
before  it.  1802  UISGLF.Y  Anim.  Biog.  (1813)  III.  479  Some 
are  composed  of  reticulated  fibres,  or  masses,  of  small 
spines.  1857  LIVINGSTONE  Trav.  612  The  absence  of  both 
these  rhinoceroses  among  the  reticulated  rivers  in  the 
central  valley  may  easily  be  accounted  for.  1885  Law 
Times  LXXIX.  247/1  A  parallelogram  covered  with  reticu 
lated  lines. 

prcdic.  1755  JOHN-SON,  Network,  any  thing  reticulated  or 
decussated,  at  equal  distances,  with  interstices  between  the 
intersections.  1796  WITHERING  Brit.Plants(?A.$\\\.  885 
Leaves  smaller  and  shorter  than  in  i  ;  fine  gteen,  not  shin 
ing,  not  reticulated.  1802  J.  PLAYFAIK  lliitton'an  The.  3or 
The  strata  are.  .reticulated  by  the  veins.  1842  EMERSON 
Transcemifiitalist  Wks.  (liohn)  II.  290  This  pretty  web., 
will  at  last  be  overshot  and  reticulated  with  veins  of  the  blue 
1877  THOMSON  Voy.  Challenger  I.  195  Black  oval  bodies 
about  an  inch  long,  with  the  surface  reticulated. 

b.  spec,  in  names  of  varieties  of  animals,  plants, 
or  minerals. 

1777  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  IV.  PI.  Ixxii.  No.  92  Reticu 
lated  Whelk.  1783  BARBUT  F«-«/«86  The  Reticulated  Sea 
Star.,  is  stellated  with  reliculated  sharp-pointed  rays.  1816 
CLEAVELAND  Min.  539  What  has  been  called  reticulated 
cobalt  appears  to  be  native  silver.  1855  Miss  PRATT  Flo-,vtr 
PI.  V.  91  Reticulated  Willow,  or  Netted  or  Wrinkle-leaved 
Willow.  1883  Standard  3  Aug.  5/6  One  of  the  reticulated 
pythons  managed  to  escape. 

2.  Arch.     a.  (Cf.  RETICOLAK  a.  2.) 

1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  306  They  [the  ancients) 
had  their  reticular  or  reticulated  walls.  1851  TURNER  Dom. 
Archit.  III.  II.  vii.  321  A  timber  house,  dating  apparently 
from  the  fourteenth  century,  as  it  has  reticulated  panelling. 
b.  Of  tracery:  (see  quot.). 

1849  SHARPS  Decorated  iV_indo-M  Tracery  107  A  very  large 
class  of  Windows,  .containing  what  has  been  called  Reticu 
lated  Tracery,  or  Tracery  formed  by  the  repetition  of  the 
same  foliated  opening. 

3.  Divided  into  small  squares.   (See  quot.  1867.) 
1867  G.  F.  CHAMBERS  Astron.  vn.  i.  621  The  simplest  form 

is  that  known  as  the  Reticulated  Micrometer,  it  consists 
of  an  eye-piece  of  low  power,  having  stretched  across  it  a 
number  of  wires  at  right  angles  to  and  at  equal . .  distances 
from  each  other.  1877  Ibid.  (ed.  3)  vn.  viii.  726  For  most 
amateurs  a  reticulated  micrometer  will  suffice. 

Reti'culately, adv.  [f.REiicuLATE<z.  +  -LT2.] 
In  a  reticulate  fashion  or  manner;  like  network. 

1821  W.  P.  C.  BARTON  Flora  N.  Amer.  I.  26  One,  some 
times  two  of  the  calicine  segments  dilated  into  large  bractei- 
form  appendages,  reticulately  veined  with  green  beneath. 
1846  DANA  Zooph.  (1848)  266  Disks  seriately  and  reticulately 
budding.  1882  VINES  tr.  Sachs'  Bot.  407  A  few  not  very 
broad  vessels  thickened  reticulately. 

Comb,  1870  HOOKER  Stud.  Flora  468  A  barren  oblong 
linear  or  lanceolate  reticulately-veined  blade. 

Reticulation  (rrtikitflfi'Jan).  [See  RETICU 
LATE  a.  and  -ATION.]  A  network  ;  an  arrange 
ment  of  lines,  etc.,  resembling  a  net ;  reticulated 
structure  or  appearance. 

1671  GREW  Anat.  PI.  (1682)  47  Small  Branches,  .all  meet 
ing  and  making  a  kind  of  Reticulation.  1841  FORBES  Hist. 
Brit.  Star-wishes  84  At  the  angles  of  the  reticulations  arise 
conical  blunt  spines.  1863  M.  J.  BERKELEY  Brit.  Mosses  44 
The  reticulation  of  the  leaves  is  often  indicative  of  natural 
affinity.  1886  Ibis  July  225  Charadriida?  having  the  tarsus 
covered,  .with  a  network  of  fine  hexagonal  reticulations. 

fig.  1839  CARLYLE  Chartism  ii.  14  The  question,  Is  thrift 
increasing?  runs  through  the  reticulation,  and  is  as  water 
spilt  on  the  ground.  1855  MOTLEY  Dutch  Kef.  I.  243  The 
minute  reticulations  of  tyranny  which  he  had  begun  already 
to  spin  about  a  whole  people.  1878  BAVNE  Purit.  Rev.  iii. 
82  Penetrating  with  the  fine  reticulation  of  its  common 
Christian  sentiment  into  recesses  of  the  German  forests. 

Reti'Culato-,  combining  form  of  RETICULATE 
a.,  as  in  reticulato-coalescent,  -granulate,  -ramose, 
-venose.  (Cf.  RETICULO-.) 

1846  DANA  Zooph.  (1848)  447  Branches  openly  reticulato- 
coalescent.  1856-8  W.  CLARK  Van  der  He-even's  Zool.  II. 
378  Covering  of  tarsus  reticulato-granulate.  Ibid.  I.  93 
Polypary  reticulato-ramose.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  967/2  Reti- 
culato-i-'enose,  having  veinswith  the  appearance  of  network. 

72 


RETICULE. 

Reticule  (re-tiki;/!),  [a.  F.  reticule,  ad.  L. 
reticulnm  :  see  RETICULDM  and  -CULE.] 

1.  =  RETICLE  2. 

1717-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  reticule  is  a  little  frame, 
consisting  of  thirteen  fine  silken  threads,  equidistant  [etc.J. 
1773  Phil.  Trans.  LXIV.  33  Two  object-glasses,  with  a 
reticule  at  the  focus.  1839  Penny  Cyd.  XV.  176/1  The  re- 
ticule,  or  diaphragm, ..is  any  fixed  arrangement  of  wires  or 
bars  which  can  be  applied  to  a  telescope  for  the  purpose  ot 
measurement.  1878  LOCKVER  Stargazing  221  Hooke  and 
Auzout.  .pointed  out  how  valuable  the  reticule  of  Malvasia 
would  be  if  one  of  the  wires  were  movable. 

2.  A  small  bag,  usually  made  of  some  woven 
material,  for  carrying  on  the  arm  or  in  the  hand, 
used   by   ladies   as   a   pocket   or   workbag.    (Cf. 
RIDICULE  si>.2) 


570 

1730  CHAMBERLAYNE  Relig.  Philos.  I.  xiv.  §  10  Encom 
passed  and  fastened  together  by  a  Rett-formous  Body  lying 
between  the  Cutis  and  Cuticula. 
Reti'll,  v.     [RE-  5a.J    trans.  To  till  again 
,6,4  SYLVESTER  Bethulia's  Rescue  i.  187  These  fat  r  .elds 
wee  have  but  now  re-lild. 

Reti-mber  («-),  ».    [RE-  5  c.]    trans.  To 

furnish  again  with  timber  or  woodwork. 
1877  RAYMOND  Statist,  Mines  *  Mining  .59  The :  pumps 


•ely  i 
the  place. 

Re-tin  («-),  v.    [RE-  5c.]    trans.  To  plate 
afresh  with  tin.     Hence  Be-ti'nning  vbl.  sb. 


RETINUE. 

um  [f.  Gr.  faTivri  resin  +  L.  asphallum  AS 
PHALT.  So  F.  rttinasphalte.']  A  fossil  resin 
found  with  lignite. 


.Ill   I1CI    iH,uuaiiUJin,^-         •"*»/    •" 

ii  25  The  lady,  about  to  pay  her  fare,  suddenly  misses  her 
reticule.  1885  Morn.  Post  13  June  2  Stealing  a  leather 
hand-bag,  a  red  plush  reticule,  and  a  piece  of  sponge. 

b.  Keticuk-baskct,  a  small  basket  resembling, 
or  serving  the  purpose  of,  a  reticule. 


309  You  came  tnppi 
me  little  cakes. 

3.  Astr.  One  of  the  southern  constellations, 
situated  near  Hydra.  (Named  by  Lacaille.) 

1868  LOCKYEK  Guillemin's  Heavens  (ed.  3)  335  From  the 
Ship  we  pass,  .by  the  Flying  Fish,  Doradus,  and  the  Reti 
cule,  and  we  arrive  at  Eridanus. 

Re  ticuled,  a.  rare-1.    =  RETICULATED  a. 

1861  WYNTER  Sac.  Bees  501  The  reticuled  bed  of  capillary 
vessels  of  the  cutis  and  sub-cutaneous  tissue. 

Reti'CUlO-,  combining  form  of  L.  reticulnm,  as 
in  reticulo-ramose,  -venose.  (Cf.  RETICULATO-.) 

'775  J-  JENKINSON  tr.  Linnxiif  Brit.  PI.  Gloss,  s.v.,  A 
reticulo-venose  leaf,  is  a  leaf  whose  surface  is  full  of  veins 
somewhat  like  net-work.  1875  BLAKE  Zool.  331  In  Retepora 
the  polypary  is  reticulo-ramose,  or  perforated  relicularly  and 

Reticulose  (rfti-ki;Zl<J"s),  a.  [f.  L.  riticul-um 
+  -OSE.]  Of  the  nature  of,  resembling,  network. 

1826  KIRBY&  SP.  Entomol.  IV.  xlvi.  271  Retic ulosc,.. 
having  a  number  of  minute  impressed  lines  which  intersect 
each  other  in  various  directions.  1879  Encycl.  Brit.  IX. 
373/1  The  testaceous  Foraminifera.  .afford  the  best  means 
of  studying  the  life-history  of  the  '  reticulose '  type. 

II  Reticuluni  (rrti-ki«l#m).  [L.  riticulum, 
dim.  of  rite  net :  cf.  RETICULE.] 

1.  Anat.  a.  The  second  stomach  of  a  ruminant. 
1638  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Card.  Cyrus  iii.  55  The  Reticulnm, 

or  Net-like  Ventricle  of  ruminating  horned  animals.  1676 
GREW  Musxum,  Anat.  Stomach  -y  Guts  vi.  27  The  Reli- 
culum  forthwith  throws  it  up  into  the  Gulet  and  Mouth, 
1787-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Ruminant,  The..reticulum, 
which  we  call  the  honeycomb.  1781  A.  Monroes  Compar. 
Anatomy  76  The  second  stomach. .is  called,  .reticulum, 
honeycomb,  the  bonnet  or  king's-hood.  1859  Todays  Cycl. 
Anat.\.  537/1  In  the  reticulum  the  walls  remain  smooth 
and  do  not  exhibit  any  very  evident  traces  of  the  contained 
water-cells.  1878  BEI.L  Gegenbanr's  Comp.  Anat.  559  The 
reticulum  is  succeeded  by  the  psalterium  (omasus). 
ft).  The  omentum  or  mesentery.  06s. 
1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tec/in.  I,  Reticulum,  the  same  wiih 
Omentum.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Reticulnm,  the  caul, 
or  omentum  ;  a  name  sometimes  given  this  part  from  its  net- 
like  structure. 

2.  a.  Arch.  Reticulated  work.  rare~l. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  140/2  In  the  city  of  Salino 
are  still  to  be  seen  remains  of  some  walls,  evidently  of  Roman 
origin  from  the  reticulum. 

b.  Hot.  (Seequots.) 

1835  LINDLEY  [ntrod.  Bot.  (1839)  144  The  fibrous  sheath 
at  the  base  of  the  leaves  of  Palms,  called  reticulum  by  some. 
1856  HENSLOW  Diet.  Bot.  Terms  157  Reticulum,  the  debris 
of  crossed  fibres  about  the  base  of  the  petioles  in  Palms. 

c.  A   net-like    structure ;    a  membrane,    etc., 
having  a  reticulated  form  or  appearance. 

1858  CARPENTER  Veg.  Phys.  §  199  The  ribs  forming  a  reti 
culum,  or  minute  net-work.  1878  BELL  Gegenbaur's  Comp. 
Anat.  82  A  very  fine  supporting  reticulum  is  arranged 
around  the  radial  spicula. 

3.  Aslr.   =  RETICULE  3. 

1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  422/1.  1870  PROCTOR  Other 
Worlds  than  Ours  xii.  287  The  extension  of  some  of  these 
streams  in  the  constellations  Grus,  Hydra,  Reticulum,  &c. 

Retie  (r»-),  v.  Also  8  -tye.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  tie  (something)  again. 

17x1  GAY  Rural  Sports  134  Let  the  fisherman..  Encrease 
his  tackle,  and  his  rod  retype.  1864  MEREDITH  Sandra 
Belloni  xxiv,  Having  untied  it,  he  relied  it  with  care.  1892 
MRS.  H.  WARD  David  Grieve^  \\.  vii,  She  came  up  to  her 
father's  chair,  put  his  hair  straight,  re-tied  his  tie. 

Retiform  (rrtifpjm),  a.  [ad.  mod.L.  reti- 
form-is,  f.  rete  net :  see  -FORM.  So  F.  rttiforme.  It., 
Sp.,  and  Pg.  reliforme.]  Having  the  form  of  a  net. 

1691  RAY  Creation  n.  (1692)  27  The  retiform  tunicle  is 
whitish,  for  the  better  and  more  true  Reception  of  the 
Species  of  things.  1704  Ibid.  ted.  4)  292  If  any  [light]  be  by 
the  retiform  Coat  reflected.  1777  T.  PEKCIVAL  Ess.  I.  15  A 
;  .canal, .  .divided  into  similar  lesser  ones,,  .at  last  collected 
into  a  retiform  contexture.  1803  Med.  Jrnl.  X.  238  The 
most  beautiful  retifonn  distribution  I  ever  beheld.  1838 
Penny  Cycl.  XII.  106/2  Organs  of  respiration  retiform  or 
aerian.  ^6  BRISTOWE  Th.  «,  Pract.  Med.  (1878)  21  The 
central  nervous  organs  and  the  lymphatic  glands  possess  a 
peculiar  form  of  connective  tissue,  termed  '  retiform '. 

Hence  fBeUfo-rmons  a.  Ol>s.  rare-'. 


possible.     1895  ^>wi 
Retinning  Old  Copper  Pans. 

Retina  (re'tina).  Also  5-6  reth-.  [ad.med.L. 
retina  (?  f.  L.  rite  net).  So  It.,  Sp.,  and  Pg.  re 
tina,  F.  rJtine  (1314).]  The  innermost  layer  or 
coating  at  the  back  of  the  eyeball  (esp.  of  verte 
brates),  which  is  sensitive  to  light  and  in  which 
the  optic  nerve  terminates. 

c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cimrg.  241  Of  be  substaunce  of  dura 
matris  is  engendrid  rethina,  bat  is  be  binne  skyn  bat  goi|> 
without  be  ije,  bat  is  clepid  be  vilm  of  be  i?e.  1525  tr. 
Jerome  of  Brunswick's  Surg.  Bjb/2  The  thyrde  [coat] 
groweth  of  the  senowe  optico;  the  inner  parte  therof  is 
named  retina.  1541  R.  COPLAND  Giiydon's  Quest.  Chirnrg. 
Eiij  b,  Of  the  inwarde  party  is  called  rethina  and  of  the 


,  . 

Retina  was  also  streaked  with  very  apparent  sanguineous 
Vessels.  1748  HARTLEY  Obscrv.  Man  i.  iii.  §4-  379  lne 
Pictures  made  by  Objects  upon  the  Retina.  1777  PRIESTLEY 
Matt,  f,  Spir.  (I782)  I.  x.  129  The  brain  is  of  the  very  same 
substance  with  the  retina,  and  optic  nerves.  1811  WOOD 
Optics  vi.  139  The  images  cannot,  in  both  cases,  fall  upon 
corresponding  points  of  the  retinas.  1851  MAYNE  REID 
Scalp  Hunt.  xii.  90, 1  found  that  the  objects  before  me^made 
duplicate  impressions  upon  my  diseased  retina.  1897  Nature 
i  Feb.  296/1  Kiihne's  observations  were  made  on  the  retina: 
of  frogs  and  rabbits. 

fig-  '759  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  n.  v,  This  identical  bowling- 
green,  .became  curiously  painted.. upon  the  retina  of  my 
uncle  Toby's  fancy.  1807  Hied.  Jrnl.  XVII.  45  The  more 
just  refraction  of  the  rays  shall  paint  the  picture  in  its  true 
colours  on  the  retina  of  his  mind.  1854  BREWSTEK  .More 
Worlds  i.  8  The  image  of  the  future  is  the  last  picture 
which  is  effaced  from  the  retina  of  the  mind. 

Retinacular  (retin;e'ki;<la.i),  a.  [f.  next.] 
Relating  to,  of  the  nature  of,  a  retinaculum. 

1888  ROLLESTON  £  JACKSON  Ailim.  Life  157  They  fre- 
quently  possess  the  retinacular  apparatus  binding  the  fore- 
and  hind-wings  together. 

II  Retinaculum  (retinse-kizfl^m).  Pl.-ula.  [L. 
retinaculum,  f.  retinere  to  hold  back,  retain.] 

1 1.  Surg.  (See  quot.)  Obs.-" 

T753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suppl.,  Retinaculum,  the  name  of  a 
chirurgical  instrument  used  in  castration,  and  in  the  opera 
tion  for  a  hernia,  to  prevent  the  intestines  from  falling  into 
the  scrotum. 

2.  Ent.  a.  (See  quot.  1826.) 

1825  T.  SAY  Explan.  Terms  Entom.  29.  1826  KIRBY  & 
SP.  Entomol.  III.  xxxiii.  391  The  Retinaculum,  a  minute 
horny  moveable  scale  or  plate  with  which  the  d_arts  are 
furnished,  which  prevents  their  dislocation  by  being  shot 
forth  too  far. 

b.  An  arrangement  of  hooks,  or  of  hooks  and 
bristles,  whereby  the  fore  and  hind  wings  of  in 
sects  are  interlocked  when  in  fljght. 

1856-8  W.  CLARK  Van  tier  Hoeven's  Zool.  I.  393  Wings 
horizontal  for  the  most  part  or  deflected,  guarded  by  a 
retinaculum  with  few  exceptions.  1888  ROLLESTON  &  JACK 
SON  Anim.  Life  500  The  fore  and  hind  wings  may  be  con 
nected  together  by  retinacula,  either  a  series  of  booklets  on 
the  fore-edge  of  the  hind  wings . . ,  or  a  hook  and  bristle  with 
a  bundle  of  stout  hairs. 

3.  Bot.  (See  quot.  1849.) 

1849  BALFOUK  Man.  Bot.  §  421  In  Orchids,  each  of  the 
pollen  masses  has  a  prolongation  or  stalk,  . .  which  often 
adheres  to  a  prolongation  at  the  base  of  the  anther.. by 
means  of  a  viscid  tenacious  matter  secreted  by  cells,  and 
denominated  retinacula.  1857  HENFREY  Bot.  119.  1861 
BENTLEY  Bot.  262. 

Retinal  (re-tinal),  a.  [f.  RETINA +  -AL.]  Per 
taining  or  relating  to  the  retina. 

1838  Penny  Cycl.  X.  138/2  There  is  no  doubt  of  the 

existence  of  the  retinal  membrane,  which  was  discovered  by 

Dr.  Jacob  of  Dublin.     1855  BAIN  Senses  i;  Int.  II.  ii.  §  5 

It  is  immaterial  whether  the  retinal  presentations  be  two. . 

1    or  thousands.     1872  HUXLEY  Physiol.  ix.  223  The  red  lines 

I     are  the  retinal  blood-vessels. 

Retinalite  (re-tinabit).  Min.  [f.  Gr.  far'trr; 
resin  +  -LITE.]  A  variety  of  serpentine  which  has 
a  resinous  lustre. 

1836  T.  THOMSON  Min.,  Geol.,  etc.  I.  201  Retinalite . .  is . . 
totally  different  from  Serpentine.  It  often  contains  mixed 
with  it  a  quantity  of  carbonate  of  lime.  1896  CHESTER 
Diet.  Min.  s.v. 

Retinaphtha  (retins-tya).  Chem.  [f.asprec. 
+  NAPHTHA.]  A  hydrocarbon  formed  during  the 
distillation  of  resin  ;  toluene. 

1838  R.  D.  THOMSON  in  Brit.  Ann.  329.  1857  MILLER 
Elem.  Cliem.,  Org.  (1862)  655  Tolnol,  or  benzoene, .  .appears 
to  be  identical  with  the  retinaphtha  obtained  by  Pelletier 
.  .from  the  distillation  of  rosin. 


1826  HENRY  Elem.  Chem.  II.  318  Retinasphaltum . . has  no 
elasticity  ;  but  is  brittle,  and  breaks  with  a  glassy  fracture. 
Its  colour  is  pale  ochre  yellow  ;  its  specific  gravity  1-135. 

8  1816  JAMESON  Syst.  Min.  (ed.  2)  II.  411.  1818  W. 
PHILLIPS  Outlines  Min.  f,  Geol.  (ed.  3)  71  Retinasphalt..is 
brittle  and  soft,  and  consists  of  resin,  asphalt  and  earth. 
1857  MILLER  Elem.  Cliem.,  Org.  (1862)  124  Fossil  Resins, 
and  Bitumen.— These  substances  include  amber,  relm- 
asphalt,  asphalt,  relinite. 

Reti'ucture,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  intr.  To  effect 
a  second  tincture. 

1664  POWER  E.tp.  t'/tilos.  i.  74  By  a  super-addition  of  the 
oyl  of  Vitriol  you  may  re-tincture  as  before. 

tRetinence.  Obs.  rare-1.  [ad.  L.  re- 
tinentia,  f.  retitti-re  to  retain  :  see  -ENCE.]  Power 
of  coherence. 

1642  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  ill.  I.  xin.  Wks.  (Grosart)  105 
When  once  an  end  Is  put  unto  this  life,  and  fate  doth  rend 
Our  retinence  ;  what  follows  nought  at  all  Belongs  to  us. 

tRe'tinency.  Obs.  rate.  [Cf.  prec.  and 
-ENCY.]  The  fact  or  capability  of  retaining  some 
thing;  retentiveness. 

a  1640  JACKSON  Creed  x.  x.  Wks.  IX.  55  Original  sin., 
is  a  positive  retinency  of  the  flesh  or  corrupt  nature  of 
man.  1700  F.  HAUKSBEE  Phys.-Mech.  Exper.  v.  (1719)  117 
The  Canals  will  restore  themselves  so  far  forth  by  their 
Elasticity,  till  the  Momentum  of  their  Retinency  becomes 
equal  to  that  of  the  diminish'd  Pressure. 

Reti-nian,  a.    rare.     [f.  RETINA.]    Retinal. 

1881  Athenxum  2  July  19/2  One  [form  of  Daltonism]  is 
named  retinian  torpor,  persons  affected  with  which  are  as 
if  in  poor  light ;  other  rays  than  blue  are  indistinct. 

Reti-niC,  a.  Chem.  [f.  Gr.  M<*J  resln-J 
Ketinic  acid,  an  acid  found  in  retinasphalt. 

1844  FOWNES  Chem.  541  The  soluble  portion,  the  retime 
acid  of  Prof.  Johnston,  contains  C'aiHuOs. 

Retinite  (re'tinait).  Min.  Also -it.  [a.  t. 
re.tinite  (1795),  f.  Gr.  ^T/«J  resin  + -ITE.]  a. 
Retinasphalt.  b.  A  mineral  resin  derived  from 
brown  coal.  C.  Pitchstone. 

1821  URE  £>;V/.C/iOT.,tfe««*V«,retin-asphalt.  ..It  is  found 
at  Bovey  Tracey  in  Devonshire,  adhering  to  brown  coal.  1853 
—  Diet.  Arts  I.  892  Resin,  pitch,  tar,  oil,  retinite,  or  other 
substance.. capable  of  yielding  carburetted  hydrogen  gas. 
1862  SCROPE  Volcano*  90  Clay  is  occasionally  turned  into 
jasper  ;  marl  into  pechstein  or  retinite. 

Retinitis  (retinai-tis).  Path.  [f.  RETINA  + 
-ITIS.]  Acute  inflammation  of  the  retina 

1861  BUMSTEAD  yen.  Dis.  (1879)  723  Retinitis  is  by  no 
means  as  frequent  a  symptom  of  secondary  syphilis  as  iritis. 
1870  St.  Georges  Hasp.  Rep.  IX.  532  A  specimen  of  pig 
mentary  retinitis,  with  commencing  lenticular  opacity. 
1800  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VI.  828  The  retinal  degeneration 
ofdiabetes,  constituting  the  '  diabetic  retinitis '  of  some 

aRe-Sti-nker  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  patch  up ; 
to  try  to  improve.  Hence  Keti'nkered  ///.  a. 

1864  Spectator  440  He  only  sent  the  reports  back  for  the 
Inspectors  to  re-tinker.  1868  BROWNING  King  f,  Bit.  XI. 
364  Our  fire-pew  gospel  is  re-tinkered  law. 

Re-tinoid,  a.  rare-",  [f.  Gr.  fa-rivr,  +  -OID.] 
'Resin-like,  or  resiniform  ;  resembling  a  resin  with 
out  being  such'  (Webster,  1847). 

Retinol  (irtfad).  Chem.  Also  -ole.  [f.  Gr. 
AiTiVn  resin  +  -OL.]  (See  quots.  1875  and  1893.) 

1838  R.  D.  THOMSON  in  Brit.  Ann.  330  Retmole.  1857 
MILLEK  Elem.  Chem.,  Org.  (1862)  585  Common  rosin  is 
thus  found  to  furnish  ..  Terebene,  Colophene,. .  Retinol, 
Naphtbalin.  1875  Ure's  Diet.  Arts  III.  702  R'tmole, 
a  hydrocarbon,  obtained  from  the  turpentine-resins.  1893 
ALLEN  Handbk.  Local  Therapeutics  389  Retmol,  when 
pure,  is  simply  a  hydrocarbon ..  in  the  form  of  a  viscid  fluid 
similar  in  appearance  to  castor  oil,  with  a  peculiar  odor. 

RetinoSGO'piC,  a.  [See  next  and  -sconc.J 
Of  or  pertaining  to,  performed  by,  retinoscopy. 


Hence  Retinosco-plcally  adv. 
1902  Brit.  Med.  Jrnl.  i  Feb.  267  At  the  end  of  a  week 
she  was  examined  retinoscopically  for  the  glasses. 

Retinoscopy  (retinp-sk^pi).  [f.  RETINA  + 
-SCOPY.]  The  method  of  examining  the  eye,  lor 
refraction,  by  the  observation  of  the  movement  of 
a  shadow  on  the  retina,  caused  by  the  rotation  of 
the  mirror  of  the  ophthalmoscope. 

1884  Encycl.  Brit.  XVII.  787/1  Retinoscopy.  .is  useful 
in  delermining  and  correcting  the    refraction    where    tl 
patients  are . .  too  stupid  to  assist  with  their  answers.     1893 
Brit.  Med.  Jrnl.  30  Sept.  73^  A  patient  for  whom  a  corre< 
tion  could  not  be  found  by  the  ordinary  method  of  retmo- 

II  Retinospora  (retin^spora).  Bot.  [mod.L., 
from  Gr.  farivri  resin  +  aitopa.  seed.]  A  variety  ol 
cypress,  so  called  from  the  resinous  channels  with 
which  the  outer  surface  of  the  seeds  is  covered. 

1882  Garden  20  May  351/1  The  Retinosporas  as  a  class 
succeed  better  than  any  other  Conifers  under  pot  culture. 


Retinasphalt  (retinarsfalt).  Also  -asphalt-       (5  -w),  4-6  retenue,  5-  retinue  (6  retyn-);  4-5 


RETINUE. 

retenewe  (5  -ev,  -ew,  reteiguew),  5-6  retyn- 
ew(e,  5-7  retinew  (6  -ewe),  [a.  OF.  retenue, 
fern,  of  retenu,  pa.  pple.  of  retenir  to  RETAIN. 
In  French  the  word  has  been  current  in  a  number 
of  meanings  which  have  not  been  adopted  in 
English.  The  usual  stressing  in  the  i6-i8th  cen 
turies  appears  to  have  been  retvmie. 

The  forms  rctcn,  rctene,  which  appear  in  a  few  instances 
in  ME.  texts,  are  probably  due  to  scribal  misreadings  of 
retenu(c  as  rctcnn(c.} 

1 1.  The  fact  of  being  retained  in  the  service  of 
another ;  a  relationship  of  service  or  dependency. 

1390  GOIVER  Can/.  I.  86  This  is  a  wonder  retenue,  That 
malgre  wher  sche  wole  or  non  Min  herte  is  everetnore  in 
on.  Ibid.  318  That  I  scholde  will  remue  And  put  him  out 
of  retenue.  1488-9  Act  4  Hen.  VII,  c.  4  Yf  eny  persone. . 
reteyned  in  the  seid  arme  or  viage  resorte . .  yn  to  this  reame  \ 
discharged  of  the  seid  retinue  arme  and  viage.  1535  Act 
27  Hen.  VIII,  c.  14  §  6  Any  captaine  of  any  shippe  in  the 
time  of  warre,  being  in  the  retinue  and  seruiceof  the  kinges 
highnes.  1606  HOLLAND  Sitcton.  44  The  Bononians  also., 
were  dependantes  of  the  Antonii  and  in  there  retinue  and 
protection.  1607  TOI'SKLL  Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  557  Never 
rising  against  them,  but  proud  of  their  dependence  and 
retinue. 

tb.  Of  retinue,  in  service.   Obs. 

^X375  Sc~  Leg-  Sai'its  xl.  (Ninian)  1103  Ymang  vthire 
ane  bar  wes  bat  of  retenu  wes.  .of  bat  land  til  a  mychtty 
man.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt.'s  T.  2502  Knyghtes  of  retenu, 
and  eek  squieres.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  351  So  that 
Danger,  which  slant  of  retenue  With  my  ladi,  his  place  mai 
remue. 

tc.  To  make  (ones)  retinue,  to  take  service 
•with  one ;  to  do  service.  Obs.  rare. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  in  But  Slowthe,  which  is  evele 
affaited,  With  Slep  hath  mad  his  retenue.  1415  SIR  T. 
G«EV  in  Rep.  Deputy  Keeper  Kec.  (1882)  583  Quen  1  hade 
made  my  retenu  withe  ;ow  at  Waleyway  ye  tyme  of  yat 
retenu  makyng.  1444  Reg.  Mag.  Sig.  (1882)  63/2  Service 
till  us  to  be  done  as  is  contenit  in  the  lettrez  of  retenew 
till  us  maid. 

1 2.  At  (one's)  retinue,  at  (one's)  service  or  com 
mand.  Obs. 

c  1380  WVCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  348  [If  the  king]  hi?t  bee  greet 
eritage  to  be  at  hijs  retenu  &  serue  hym  treuly.  c  1386 
CHAUCER  Friar's  T.  1355  He  hadde  eek  wenches  at  his 
retenue.  c  1400  Brut  ccxxii,  pe  same  }er  bat  be  Mortymer 
was  taken,  he  hade  at  his  relynu  ix  [score]  knyehtz.  £1412 
HOCCLEVF.  De  Reg.  t'rinc.  652  Ryght  nyce  gules  at  my 
retenue  Hadde  I  an  heep. 

t  b.  To  make  a  retinue,  to  keep  retainers.  To 
have  retinue,  to  have  the  services  of  one.  Obs. 

1399  Rolls  of  Parlt.  III.  452/1  That  thei.  .gyf  no  Liverees 
of  Sygnes,  no  make  no  Retenue  of  men  bot  of  Officers  neces 
saries  wythin  her  Household.  1487  Act  3  Hen.  VII,  c.  15 
§  i  By  the  unlawful!  reteyners  and  retinews  made.. by  the 
seid  Officers.  1490  Act  7  Hen.  VII,  c.  i  §  i  Every  Cap- 
teyn..and  all  other  havyng  under  them  retynue  of  any 
Soldeour  or  Soldeours  atte  the  Kinges  Wages. 

3.  A  number  or  company  of  persons  retained  in 
the  service  of  some  one,  or  attached  to  and  follow 
ing  one,  esp.  a  sovereign,  noble,  or  person  in 
authority  ;  a  train  or  suite. 

1375  BAKBOUR  Bruce  xv.  429  His  retennew  than  gaderit 
he,  1'hat  war  gud  men  of  gret  bounte.  1390  GOWER  Conf. 
III.  222  To  make  of  suche  his  retenue  Whiche  wise  ben,  and 
to  remue  The  foles.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv. 
127  Alexander,  .passyd  wyth  his  retenue  towarde..Inde. 
1472-3  Rollsof  Parlt.  VI.  58/1  Other  persones  beyng  in  the 
said  Tresorer's  of  Calice  retenue.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de 
W.  issr)  7  The  damned  spirytes  in  hell,  with  all  theyr  ad- 
herentes,  retynue  &  seruauntes.  1593  SPENSER  Col.  Clout 
460  So  many  Nymphs,  which  she  doth  hold  In  her  retinew. 
1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1638)  58  Hauing  sent  away  his 
army,  and  trauelling  with  his  ordinary  retinue  to  Tiberias. 
1662  EVELYN  Chalcogr.  Table,  Painters  chiefe  of  the  court 
and  retinue  to  the  Emperour  of  Japan.  1691  WOOD  Ath. 
Oxon.  II.  793  His  Majesty. .and  their  royal  Highnesses 
went  from  their  Lodgings  with  their  respective  Retinews. 
1748  Ansmfs  Voy.m.  ix.  srs  Three  Mandarines,  with,  .a  I 
vast  retinue,  came  on  board  the  Centurion.  1791  MRS.  j 
RADCLIFPK  Rom.  Forest  vi,  The  Marquis  passed  on  to  the 
hall,  where  his  retinue  awaited.  1840  THIHLWAI.L  Greece 
Iviii.  VII.  285  Philip  was  immediately  taken  with  all  his 
retinue.  1877  FROUnp.  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  I.  iv.  49  The 
hall  was  thronged  with  the  retinues  of  the  King  and  the 
barons. 

tram/.  1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IV,  iv.  iii.  121  Their  Cap 
taine,  the  Heart,,  .pufft  vp  with  his  Retinue,  doth  any  Deed 
of  Courage.  1642  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  n.  App.  Ivii.  Wks. 
(Grosart)  96  For  right  it  is  that  none  a  sun  debarre  Of 
Planets,  which  his  just  and  due  retinue  are.  1685  DRYDEN 
Thrm.  A  ugust.  507  There  appears  The  long  Retinue  of  a  1 
Prosperous  Reign,  A  Series  of  successful  Years,  a  1740 
WATERLAND  Diss.  Argt.  A  priori m.  Wks.  1823  IV.  467  This 
whole  train  of  suppositions,  or  assertions,  brought  in  as  part 
of  the  retinue  to  wait  upon  the  argument  a  priori.  1850  MRS. 
BROWNING  Crowned  t,  Wedded  iii,  While  loving  hopes,  for 
retinues,  about  her  sweetness  wait. 

b.  Const,  of  (the  persons,  etc.,  composing  it). 
1592  tr.  Junins  on  Kev.  xiv.  i  The  standing  of  the  lambe 

with  his  army  and  retinue  of  men.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v. 
355  The  tedious  pomp  that  waits  On  Princes,  when  thir 
rich  Retinue  long  Of  Horses  led . .  Dazles  the  croud.  1770 
LANGHORNE Plutarchdf,^  I.  115/1  He  always  had  about 
him.  .a  numerous  retinue  of  servants.  1878  STUBBS  Const. 
Hist.  III.  xxi.  538  The  barons  kept  an  enormous  retinue  of 
officers  and  servants. 

c.  Collectively,  without  article  or  pronoun. 

a.  1665  EARL  OK  MARLBOROUGH  Warn.  Careless  World  13 
He . .  had . .  multitudes  of  Attendants  and  Retinue  of  all  sexes. 
1665  GI.ANVILL  Sapsis  Sci.  xviii.  109  Worth  is  not  to  be 
judg  d  by  Success,  and  Retinue,  a  1729  ROGERS -Scr;/*.  (J.), 
Neither  pomp  nor  retinue  shall  be  able  to  divert  the  great, 


571 

nor  shall  the  rich  be  relieved  by  the  multitude  of  his 
treasurers.  1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  m.  179  To  horse  we 
got,  and  so  Went  forth  in  long  retinue  following  up  The 
river.  1863  LONCF.  Wayside  />/«,  Robt.  Sicily  4  With  re 
tinue  of  many  a  knight  and  squire. 

1 4.  a.  The  act  of  retaining  or  keeping,  rare. 

1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  i.  xii,  Comyssaryes  that  gode 
hede  shal  take  that  for  couetyse  of  the  payement  of  the 
souldyours  noo  decepcion  be  made  byretenue  of suche  that 
be  vnable.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII,  145  All  the 
men  of  war  re,  that  were  aboute  the  retinue  of  Calice . .  and 
Guysnes,  wer  called  home. 

*j-b.  The  limits  or  bounds  of  a  town.   Obs. 

i$3&-&  Act  27  Hen.  K///,c.63  Ye  shall  not.  .admytte  any 
persoune..into  eny  row  me  within  the  retynue  of  the  said 
Towne  belongyng  to  your  admyssion. 

f  c.  Restraint;   restraining  force.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1651  tr.  De-las-Coveras'  Don  Fenhe  133  There  is  no 
retinue  nor  limits  to  a  woman  that  suffers  herself  to  be 
blinded  with  that  foolish  passion. 

t  5.  Tenor,  purport.  Obs.  rare~~l. 

1484  in  Lett.  Kick.  Ill  $  Hen.  VII  (Rolls)  I.  77  Two 
other  lettres  of  the  same  reteignew. 

Hence  Re'tirme  v.  trans.,  to  furnish  with  a  re 
tinue  ;  to  accompany  as  a  retinue. 

1827  POLLOK  Course  T.  vii.  (1860)  189  A  chosen  number, 
brought,  to  retinue  His  great  ascent  on  high.  1883  J.  G. 
BUTLER  Bible  Work  II.  186  Along  the  great  Appian  Way, 
retinued  by  this  humble  band  of  Christian  disciples. 

Retinula  (reti'nirfla),  Biol,  Pl.-ulee.  [Dimin 
utive,  on  L.  types,  of  RETINA.]  One  of  the 
pigmented  cells  from  which,  in  certain  compound 
eyes  of  Arthropods,  the  rhabdom  arises. 

1878  UKI.L  tr.  Gegenl>aitrs  Comp.  Anat.  264  The  retinal 
cells  which  give  rise  to  the  rhabdom  constitute  a  retinula. 
1883  Q.  Jrnl.  Microsc.  Sci.  XXIII.   186  What  Grenacher 
has  called,  in  the  multicorneal  eye  of  Insects  and  Crusta 
ceans,  a  'retinula1.     1888  ROLLESTON  &  JACKSON  Anita. 
Life  168  A  basement  membrane,  .separates  the  retinulae 
from  the  optic  ganglion. 

Hence  Keti  nular  a. ;  Beti'nulate  a. 

1883  Q.Jrul.  Mtcrosc.  Sd.  XXIII.  211  Retimtlate,  of  an 
ommateuin  in  which  the  nerve-end  cells  are  segregated 
to  form  definite  groups,  or  '  retinuht '.  1888  ROLLESION  & 
JACKSON  Anim.  Life  516  Scutigera  has  a  retinulate  omma- 
leum.  Ibid.  525  In  Limulus  the  central  eyes  have  groups  of 
five  retinular  cells. 

Retiracy  (r/tap*rasi).     U.  S.    [f.  RETIRE  v.~\ 

1.  Retirement,  seclusion,  privacy. 

1842  FR.  A.  KEMBLE  Kec.  Later Li/e  (iBBz)  II.  228, 1  enjoy 
a  considerable  portion  of  retiracy.  1860  MRS.  BYRNE  Under- 
cnrrents  Overlooked  \\.4T,n0te,\V\\<ttt\.\iw£\?,  but  little  more 
retiracy  than  upon  a  public  common.  1873  L.  WALLACE 
Fair  God  in.  i,  He  left  the  house,  and  once  more  sought 
the  retiracy  of  the  gardens. 

2.  (See  quot.  1859.) 

1859  UARTLETT  Dict.Amer.  (ed.  2)  363  It  is  said,  in  New 
England,  of  a  person  who  left  off  business  with  a  fortune, 
that  he  has  a  retiracy;  i.  e.  a  sufficient  fortune  to  retire 
upon.  1860  in  De  Vere  Americanisms  (1871)  628  When 
Mr.  Watson  found  he  had  a  sufficient  retiracy,  he  gave  up 
his  lucrative  business. 

Hence  Retrracied  ppl.  a. 

1856  in  Bartlett  Diet.  Atner.  (1859)  363  There  are  no 
places  in  the  world  similarly  retiracied  which  are  less  pro 
vincial  or  more  agreeable. 

t  Retirade.  Obs.  [a.  F.  retirade,  =§?•  and 
Pg.  retirada,  It.  ritirata  retreat,  f,  ritirare  to  RE 
TIRE.]  (See  quots.  1704  and  1727.) 

1684  tr.  Siege  Luxembourg  22  That  the  Prince  de  Chimay 
made  the  Women  and  Children  work  upon  the  Reurades, 
and.. was  still  resolved  to  make  a  vigorous  Defence.  1704 
J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  Retirade,  in  Fortification,  is  a 
kind  of  Retrenchment  made  in  the  Body  of  a  Bastion  or 
other  Works,  which  is  to  be  disputed  Inch  by  Inch,  after 
the  first  Defences  are  Dismantled.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s.v.,  When  a  breach  is  made  in  a  bastion,  the  enemy  may 
also  make  a  retirade  or  new  fortification  behind  it.  1802 
JAMES  Milit.  Diet,  s.v.,  The  body  of  a  retirade  should  be 
raised  as  high  as  possible,  and  several  fougasses  should  be 
laid  beneath  it. 

Retiral  (rtUUffiX     [f.  RETIRE  v.  +  -AL.] 

1.  The  act  of  retreating  or  withdrawing,  rare. 
1611  COTGR.,  Escart..,  a  place  of  solitarie  retirall.    /lnd.% 

Retirade. .,  a  place  of  retrait,  of  a  retirall,  for  defendants 
behind  a  breach.  1904  A.  C.  BRADLEY  Shaks.  Traif.  50 
All  through  the  conflict  we  shall  find  a  regular  alternation 
of  smaller  advances  and  retirals. 

2.  The  act  or  fact  of  withdrawing  from,  or  of 
giving  up,  an  office,  position,  or  vocation. 

1879  Brit.  £  For.  Evang.  Rev.  XXVIII.  73  His  retiral 
was  no  doubt  succeeded  by  an  over-powering  sense  of  the 
importance  of  biblical  study.    1894  Catholic  News  i  Dec. 
8/5  Lord  Ripon.. alluded  to  the  retiral  of  Mr.  Gladstone. 

3.  *  The  act  of  taking  up  and  paying  a  bill  when 
due'  (Ogilvy,  1882,  and  in  later  Diets.). 

So  f  Reti 'ranee  ;  f  Retira  tion.  Obs.  rare. 

1637  BASTWICK  Litany  1. 1  It  was.  .a  most  excellent  meanes 
of  the  soules  retiration  from  the  loue  of  these  sublunary 
things.  _  i66a  J.  CHANDLER  Van  Heimonfs  Oriat.  155  It 
was  spoiled  of  naturall  endowed  vertues,  as  well  in  its  own 
body,  as  in  the  places  of  its  retirances. 

Retire  (rftai»u),  sb.  Also  6-7  -tyre,  6  Sc. 
-tear,  -teir,  7  -tere.  [f.  the  verb.  Cf.  OF.  retire, 
retyre,  Sp.  and  Pg.  retiro.] 

1.  Retirement ;  withdrawal  from  the  world  or 
the  society  of  others.  Now  rare. 

"540-54  CROKE  13  Fs.  (Percy  Soc.)  12  Lo  my  retyre,  And 
waylyng,  is  not  hyd  from  the.  1596  SPENSER  /''.  Q*  vi.  ix. 
27  All  this  worlds  gay  showes..Be  but  vaine  shadowes  to 
this  safe  retyre  Of  life,  which  here  in  lowlinesse  ye  lead. 
1639  G.  DANIEL  Ecclits.  xxxviii.  60  Learning  is  not  Rest, 


RETIRE. 

But  a  retire  from  noise,  from  worldly  Care,  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  xi.  267  Eve.. with  audible  lament  Di.scover'd  soon 
the  place  of  her  retire.  1820  KEATS  Lamia  t.  230  By  some 
freak  fill  chance  he  made  retire  From  his  companions,  and 
set  forth  to  walk. 

t  2.  The  act  of  retiring  or  withdrawing  to  or 
from  a  place  or  position.  Obs. 

1570  FOXE  A.  -y  M.  (ed.  2)  232/1  Vnderstandyng  the  false 
feare  of  the  pope,  and  of  his"  retire  to  Canusium.  1577-82 
BKETON  Flourish  upon  Fancie  Pref.,  And  many  limes  I 
thought  to  make  retire,  IJut  m  the  ende  obtained  my  desire. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  44  The  Moone. .in  her  approch  and 
comming  toward,  filleth  bodies  ful ;  and  in  her  retire  and 
going  away,  emptieth  them  again,  a  1676  HALE  Narr. 
CnstoHies  vi.  in  S.  A.  Moore  Foreshore  (1888)  362  Recessits 
tnaris  I  take  to  bee  the  retyre  of  the  sea  from  the  usual  low 
water  mark. 

t  b.  Return  to  a  place.   Obs. 

1567  MAI'LET  Gr.  Forest  103  Isidore  saith,  that  he  is  so 

named   .for  often  turning  and  retire  had  to  one  and  the  same 

!     place.     1599  H'arn.  Faire  Worn.  \.  131  Knlreat  thy  mistress 

!     ..to  make  retire  Hither  again,  for  I  will  speak  with  her. 

1615  JACKSON  Creed  v.  1.  Wks.  IV.  411  That  is  our  country 

i    whence  we  came,.. But  what  is  the  means  or    manner  of 

1    our  retire? 

transf.     1578  R.  EDWARDS  Farad.  Dainty  Devices  21  b, 
I  hope,  what  happe?  her  happy  healthes  retyre. 
t  C.  Return  to  a  subject.   0/>s.  rare. 
1589   PUTTF.NHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.   xix.   (Arb.)  229  This 
I     figure  of  retire,  .resumes  both  the  matter  and   the  tcrmcs, 
j    and  is  therefore  accompted  one  of  the  figures  of  repetition. 
J597  J-  KING  On  yonat(i6iS)  50  Once  againe  hee  repeateth 
j     the  cause,  and  by  a  retire  to  his  former  speech,  maketh  the 
publication  of  his  crime  both.. the  first  and  the  last  of  the 
,    sentence. 

f  3.  The  act  of  drawing  back  or  yielding  ground 
in  warfare;  retreat.  Obs.  (Common  1550-1600.) 

1548  PATTKN  Exped.  Scot.  H  j,  [They]  didY.turne  them- 
:  seines  and  made  a  soft  retyre  vp  towarde  the  liyll  agayne. 
1599  HAKLUYT  I'oy.  II.  11.  9  The  Spaniarde.s  perceiuing 
this,  returned,  and  in  our  mens  retire  they  slew  sixe  of  them. 
1606  G.  W[OODCOCK]  Hist.  Ivstine  v.  28  The  Tyrantes  were 
put  vnto  the  worst,  and  making  their  retire  into  the  City 
[etc.].  [1831-40  K.  H.  DiGW  Mores  Catholici  (1846)  iii.  182 
Enough  of  Dallies  and  retires,  of  palisados,  for  tins,  paiapets.] 

b.  Jn  phr.  to  sound  (a  or  the}  retire. 
In  mod.  use  the  imperative  of  the  verb  (sense  2  a)  used 
subslantively. 

rtiSgi  H.  SMITH  irks.  (1867)  I.  472  Therefore  he  might 
well  sound  the  retire  of  wisdom.  1596  Edw.  ///,  iv.  vi, 
Our  drums  stuke  nothing  but  discouragement,  Our  trumpets 
sound  dishonour  and  retire. 

1885  Ludy  Bcilairs  Transvaal  War  249  An  ambuscade 
being  feaied,  the  *  retire  '  was  sounded  from  the  fort.  1899 
Daily  A'cws  20  Nov.  4/5  To  our  astonishment,  we  heard 
the  '  Cease  fire  '  and  '  Retire  '  sounded  by  buglers. 
4.  A  place  of  retirement ;  a  retreat.  Now  rare. 
1595  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  in.  xxi,  This  sacred  place  our 
Auentine  Retire,  our  holy  Hill.  1620  URATMWAIT  Five 
Senses  in  Atchaica  (1815)  II.  vj.  40  What  retire  or  retreat 
could  he  find  in  any  place?  1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinanh. 
Ded.  2  When  I  am  Earth,  and  what  was  counted  fire  Knitts 
to  its  Source,  the  naturall  retire  Of  Elements.  1865  LEWIS 
GIDLEY  Aides  66  Save  what  winds  inspire,  And  forests 
minister,  in  whose  cool  retire  Are  sombre  glades. 

Retire  (r/taiou),  v.  Forms:  a,  6-7  retyre, 
-tier,  6-  retire.  /3.  Sc.  6  retere,  6-7  -teir;e, 
-teere.  [ad.  F.  retirer  (OF.  retyrer)  to  with 
draw,  f.  re-  RE-  +  tirer  to  draw :  cf.  Sp.  and  Pg. 
retirar,  It.  ritirare.] 

I.  intr.  1.  To  withdraw  to  or  into  a  place  (or 
way  of  life)  for  the  sake  of  seclusion,  shelter,  or 
security. 

1538  STARKEY  England  n.  i.  150  Certnyn  monasterys.. 
to  the  wych  al  such.,  may  retyre,  and  from  the  besynesand 
vanyte  of  the  world  may  wylhdi  aw  themselfe.  1610  SHAKS. 
Temp.  iv.  i.  161  If  you  be  pleas'd,  retire  into  my  Cell,  And 
there  repose.  1672  WYCHERLEY  Love  in  a  Wood  in.  i,  That 
my  neighbours  . .  should  have  retired  into  the  country,  sick 
with  envy  of  my  prosperity  and  greatness.  1697  DRYDEN 
yirg.  Georg.  in.  578  The  Men  to  subterranean  Caves  retire, 
Secure  from  Cold.  17*9  BUTLER  Sertn.  Wks.  1874  II.  79  The 
sacrifice  being  over,  he  retires  alone  to  a  solitude  sacred  to 
these  occasions.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  <$•  F.  xli.  IV.  154  The 
abdicated  monarch  retired . .  to  a  life  of  peace,  of  affluence, 
and  peihaps  of  content.  1848  L.  HUNT  Jar  of  Honey  ix. 
121  Shakspeare. .retired  to  his  native  place  before  he  was 
old.  1855  MACAU  LAY  Hist.  Eng.  xiii.  III.  267  He.,  there 
fore,  when  the  Rye  House  plot  was  discovered,  thought  it 
expedient  to  retire  to  the  Continent. 

Jig.  1704  NORRIS  Ideal  World  \\.  xiii.  571  The  most 
natural  way  for  the  discovery  of  truth,  is,  instead  of  going 
abroad  for  intelligence,  to  retire  into  ourselves. 

b.  To  withdraw  to  one's  usual  place  of  abode, 
or  some  customary  occupation. 

1584  Sc.  Acts  Jos.  yi  (1814)  III.  333/2  Quhome  the 
estaitis  of  parliament  ordanit  to  reteir  to  thair  lugeingis. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  it.  viii.  7  Life  ere  long  shall  to  her  home 
retire.  16x3  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  n.  xx.  (1614)  223  The 
Emperour  requested  his  helpe,  to  cause  him  to  retire  to  his 
den.  1695  CONGREVE  Love  for  L.  in.  iv,  I'll  retire  to  my 
own  chamber.and  think  of  what  you  have  said.  1731-8  SWIFT 
Polite  Conv.  Introd.  29  After  Dinner,  when  the  Ladies  re 
tired  to  their  Tea,  and  left  us  over  a  Bottle  of  Wine.  1774 
GOLDSM.  Nat.  Htst.  (1776)  II.  321  As  soon  as  the  morning 
..appears,  the  carnivorous  animals  retire  to  their  dens. 
1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xl,  Harry,  .retired  to  his  own 
apartments,  where  he  stretched  himself  on  his  ottoman. 

C.  To  withdraw  from  company  and  betake  one 
self  to  rest  or  bed. 

1670  PKYDEN  Cong,  Granada  iv.  iii,  Let  him,  in  pity,  to 
rest  retire.  1730  FIELDING  Rape  upon  Rape  n.  xi,  She  had 
taken  leave  of  me  to  retire  to  rest.  1775  A.  BURNABY  Trav. 
83  At  their  usual  time  the  old  couple  retire  to  bed.  1813 
H.  SHELLEY  in  Dowden  Life  Shelley  (\%%b)  I.  352  On  Friday 

72-2 


RETIRE. 

night.. we  retired  to  bed  between  ten  and  eleven  o'clock. 
1867  Crim.  Ckron.  York  Castle  175  The  wife  of  the  de 
ceased,  thinking  him  late,  retired  to  rest. 

d.  ellipt.  in  the  same  sense. 

1753  FIELDING  Atttelia  x.  iii,  They  then  sat  down  to  half 
an  hour's  cheerful  conversation,  after  which  they  retired  all 
in  the  most  perfect  good  humour.  1775  C.  JOHNSTON 
Pilgrim  181  Our  fatigue  making  us  want  rest  more  than 
any  other  refreshment,  we  soon  retired.  1823  MOORE  Mem. 
(1853)  IV.  72  The  rest  of  the  day  he  is  at  the  disposal  of 
everybody,  and  rarely  retires  at  night  till  others  do.  1860 

0.  \V.  HOLMES  Elsie  K  xxv,  At  an  hour  when  most  of  the 
Rockland   people   had   'retired',   or,  in  vulgar   language, 
'gone   to   bed'.     1886   DOWDEN    Shelley  I.  67  When  the 
college  clock  struck  two,  Hogg  would  rise . .  and  retire  for 
the  night. 

e.  f  o  withdraw  from  office  or  an  official  posi 
tion  ;  to  give  up  one's  business  or  occupation  in 
order  to  enjoy  more  leisure  or  freedom  (esp.  after 
having  made  a  competence  or  earned  a  pension). 
Also  const,  from. 

1667  PEPVS  Diary  30  Aug.,  He  did  not  tliink  any  man  fit 
to  serve  a  prince  that  did  not  know  how  to  retire  and  live 
a  country  life.  1669  R.  MONTACU  in  Bucdcuch  A1SS.  (Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.)  I.  424  You  and  the  Duke  of  Buckingham., 
would  both  desire  leave  to  retire.  1712  ARBUTHSOT  John. 
Bull  i.  xvi,  1  have,  indeed,  a  small  Pittance  left,  with  which 
I  might  retire.  1781  COWPKR  Retirein.  514  The  unpitied 
victim  of  ill-judg'd  expence.  .Shakes  hands  with  business, 
and  retires  indeed.  1806  McJ.  Jrnl.  XV.  360  Let  the 
surgeons  of  the  former  retire  upon  an  annuity,  and  let 
those  in  the  latter  be  continued.  1863  TRAFHOKD  IVorldiii 
Church  III.  273  He  felt  as  a  trader  feels  when  he  retires 
from  business.  i876VoYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milif.  Diet.  340/2 
After  30  years'  service . .  an  officer  can  retire  on  full  pay. 

f.  Sport.  To  go  out ;  to  leave  the  field. 

1884  Lillywhite's  Cricket  Ann.  5  G.  B.  Studd  retiring  for 
six. 

2.  Of  an  army,  commander,  etc.  :  To  withdraw, 
fall  back,  or  retreat,  esp.  in  the  face  of  opposition 
or  superior  force.     Also  const,  to,  into  (a  place), 

from  (an  enemy,  etc.). 

1533  RELLKNDEN  Livy  11.  xxvi.  (S.T.S.)  I.  236  He  had 
commandit  his  army  to  retere  abak  fra  be  tentis  of  Inemyis. 
1560  DACS  tr.  Sleidanc's  Coltuit.  323  b,  By  little  and  little 
they  retire  and  on  the  bridge  over  the  Rhine  they  foughte 
a  longe  time.  1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  q-  Cottunw,  (1603) 
1 60  In  their  encounters,  .they  retire  as  repulsed  for  feare,  so 
to  draw  their  enemies  within  danger.  1697  DRVDEN  Virg. 
Gcorg.  in.  348  The  vanquish'd  Bui!.. from  his  proud  Fo^ 
retires.  1717  Col.  Rec.  Pennsylv.  III.  20  About  as  many 
Indians,  from  whom  they  retired.  1743  PITT  in  Almon 
Atiecd.  (1810)  I.  v.  121  The  French  not  only  re-passed  the 
Rhine,  but  retired  quite  out  of  Germany.  1840  THIRLWALL 
Greece  VII.  121  They  soon  found  themselves  threatened 
with  violence,  and  obliged  to  retire.  1888  Eticycl.  Brit. 
XXIV.  363/1  The  task  of  a  rear  guard  retiring  before  a  vic 
torious  enemy,  .is  one  of  the  most  delicate  of  operations. 

b.  Fencing.  To  give  ground  before  one's  adver 
sary;  to  take  one  or  more  steps  backward. 

1594  I.  G.  Di  Grass?*  Artc  tif  Defence  N  4  b,  The  enimie 
hath  no  other  remedie  to  safe  himselfe,  then  to  retire  backe. 
'595  SAVTOLO  Practise  I.  *  4  b,  To  hit  and  retire  is  not  dis 
commendable.  1705  H.  BLACKWELL  Compl.  Fencing  Master 
v.  17  No  more  [than  two  feints]  are  convenient,  except  your 
Adversary  letires  on  a  good  Guard,  and  you  approach  on 
him.  1707  SIR  W.  HOPE  New  Method  Fencing  iv.  122  It 
will  be  fit  for  you  to  retire  a  little  with  a  single  Step.  1861 
G.  CHAPMAN  Foil  Pract.  39  Advance  one  pace  as  I  retire. .; 
retire  in  quarte.  1893  Fencing  ( Badminton  Libr.)  Ced.  3)  vi. 
106  Fencers  of  this  kind  hope  to  force  the  adversary  to  retire. 

3.  To  withdraw,  go  away,  remove  oneself  {from 
a  place,  etc.). 

a  1583  MO.JTGOMERIE  Cherrie  q  Sloe  603  Quhyle  Danger 
and  Dispaire  retyrit,  Experience  came  in.  —  Misc.  Poems 
xxxii.  2t  If  I  mis  to  mend  it  as  I  micht,  I  can  reteir  vhan 
resone  thinks  it  richt.  c  1614  SIR  W.  MURE  Dido  n  JEncas 
"•  33°  Till  last  the  prise  is  wonne,. .  And  honour  prostrate, 
blushing  did  reteare.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  237  Whom 
not  to  offend,  With  reverence  I  must  meet,  and  thbu  retire. 
1697  DRVDEN  Virg.  Georg.  I.  202  Jove  ..  from  the  Rivers 
bade  the  Wine  retire.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  vi.  258  To  them 
the  king  :  No  longer  I  detain  Your  friendly  care :  retire, 
ye  virgin  train  !  1794  PALEY  Evid.  n.  ii.  (1817)  48  The  true 
virtue  is  that.. which  retires  from  them  all  to  the  single 
internal  purpose  of  pleasing  God.  1833  TENNYSON  Lady 
Clara  Vere  de  Vert  6  At  me  you  smiled,  but  unbeguiled 
1  saw  the  snare,  and  I  retired.  1837  LOCKHART  Scott  IV.v. 
145  When  the  ladies  retired  from  the  dinner-table  I  hap 
pened  to  sit  next  him. 

b.  To  move  back  or  away ;  to  recede,  or  have 
the  appearance  of  doing  this. 

£1585  MONTGOMERIE  Soaafts  ii.  7  Bright  Titan,  to  the 
tropiks  that  reteirs.  1592  DANIEL  Cornel.  Rosamund  610 
What,  stand  you  now  amaz'd,  retire  you  backe?  1604  E. 
G(RIMSTONE)  tr.  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  III.  ix.  145  The 
farther  we  go  into  the  sea,  and  retyre  from  land,  the  more 
we  are  touched  and  dazeled  with  this  sicknes.  1666  DRYDEN 
Ann.  Mirab.  ccxlv,  The  amazed  flames  stand  gathered  on 
a  heap,  And  from  the  precipice's  brink  retire.  1703  MAUN- 
DRELL  Journ.  Jems.  (1732)  12  The  Mountains  at  some 
places  approach  nearer  the  Sea ;  at  other,  retire  farther  off. 
173°.  A.  GORDON  Maffeis  A mphith.  216  The  Wall  always 
diminishes  on  the  Inside,  and  retires  and  is  lessened  but 
little  on  the  exteriour  _Surface.  1837  DISRAELI  Venetia  v. 

1,  An  undulating  margin  that  now  retired  into  bays  of  the 
most  picturesque  form.      1859  GULLICK  &  TIMES  Paint. 
228  In  the  foreground,  and  in  parts  not  intended  to  '  retire  ' 
the  'impaste' should  be  bold.    1867  H.  MACMILLAN  BMe 
leacn.\\.  116  As  science  advances  superstition  retires. 

c.  To  disappear/row  sight ;  to  vanish. 

1697  DRYDE!^ \  Virg  Gtorg.  w.  723  From  his  Eyes  the 
fleeting  Fair  Retir'd  like  subtle  Smoke  dissolved  in  Air. 
"i!7Ii?  PA,BNE.LI:  Night-Piece  on  Death,  The  grounds 
which  on  the  right  aspire,  In  dimness  from  the  view  retire 


572 

1864  TENNYSON  Voyage  17  How  oft  we  saw  the  Sun  retire, 
And  burn  the  threshold  of  the  night ! 

1 4.  To  return  ;  to  come  back.   Obs. 

1567  DRANT  Horace*  Ep.  x.  D  viij,  Expulse  nature  with 
aforke  Yet  she  will  still  retire.  1579  LYLY  ^uP!lues  (ArbJ 
41  Though  the  Fawfcon  be  reclaimed  to  the  fist,  she 
retyreth  to  hir  haggard nesse.  1605  CAMDEN  Rent,  (1623) 
126  But  to  retire  to  our  purpose.  1613  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.) 
Muse's  Teares  \Vks.  (Grosart)  I.  4/1  Princely-perfection 
being  past  the  prime.. Is  turn'd  into  the  Roote,..Ner'e  to 
retire  till  God  in  Flesh  returne  ! 

f  5.  In  preceding  senses  formerly  conjugated 
with  is,  was,  etc.,  in  place  of  has,  had,  etc.  Obs. 

c  1540  tr.  Pol.  Verg,  Hist.  (Camden  No.  36)  78  Scotlond . . 
whereuntD  noe  small  number  of  fugitives  wear  retiered. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  109  After  the  Turke  was 
retyred  with  his  armie.  1581  PETTIE  tr.  Guazzd*s  Civ. 
Conv.  in.  (1586)  171  b,  It  is  his  part,  being  retired  into  his 
owne  house,  to  Ipoke  more  pleasantly  vppon  them.  1607 
SHAKS.  Cor.  in.  i.  n  On  safegard  he  came  to  me..:  he  is 
retyred  to  Antium.  1671  MILTON  Samson  25^  Seeking 
mee,  who  then  Safe  to  the  rock  of  Etham  was  retir'd.  1710 
TatlerNo.  157?  3, 1  was  no  sooner  retired  to  my  Lodgings, 
but  [etc.],  i788MRS.HucHES//£«?j'<y/^c/AzIV.2oSShe 
was  scarce  retired  with  her  mother,  before  the  counsellor., 
was  desired  to  walk  into  his  chamber. 

b.  \npa.pple*)  —  having  retired. 

1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug.  Citie  of  Cod  i.  ii.  (1620)  3  A.. foe 
that  would  spare  any  that  they  found  retired  into  the 
Temples  of  their  gods.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  611  All 
things  now  retir'd  to  rest  Mind  us  of  like  repose.  1774  D. 
JONES  Jrnl.  (1865)  114  When  retired  to  my  bed-chamber, 
thoughts  crowded  into  my  soul.  1791  Cowi'ER  Iliad  xx. 
176  Let  us,  retired  To  yonder  hill,  distant  from  all  resort 
There  sit.  1830  TENNYSON  Ode  to  Memory  v,  Whither  in 
after  life  retired.  .We  may  hold  converse. 

II.  reft.  6.  To  withdraw  or  remove  (oneself) ; 
to  betake  (oneself)  away. 

Very  common  in  i6th  and  i7th  centuries ;  now  rare. 

a,  1539  Ckron.  of  Calais  (Camden)  170  The  king's  . . 
pavilion,  and  certain  others  for  other  noble  persoiKiges,  to 
retire  themselves  into  after  they  shalbe  presented  to  his 
highnes.  1360  DAUS  tr.  Slcidane's  Comm.  357  b,  The 
spoylerswere  wont  to  escape  that  waye,  and  to  retyre  them 
selves  out  of  daunger.  1647  WARD  SimJ>.  Cooler  61  You 
will  please  to  retire  your  Selfe  to  your  Closet.  1692  O. 
WALKER  Grk.  <y  Rom.  Hist.  240  He  sent  her  word  to  retire 
her  self  whither  she  pleased.  1706  ESTCOURT  Fair  Example 
n.  i,  Here  comes  my  Lady,  retire  you,  'tis  not  proper  you 
shou'd  be  seen  first  with  me.  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  6 
P9  My  desire,  .has  been. .to  retire  myself  to  some  of  our 
American  plantations.  1833  ROCK  Ch.  of  Fathers  III.  H. 
194  Both  the  acolytes,  .retired  themselves  into  the  choir. 

0.  1567  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  560  Evir  thinking  at 
his  plesour  to  reteir  him  to  oure  said  Soveranis  Castell  of 
Dunbar.  c  1620  SIR  W.  MURE  Misc.  Poems  xxi.  m  My 
solitarie  Muse  her  selfe  reteirs,  Un-usd  abroad  to  haunt  such 
pompous  throngs.  1637-50  Row  Hist.  Kirk  (Wodiow  Soc.) 
488  Some  fled  to  Ingland,  some  reteered  themselves  and 
keeped  quyet. 

III.  trans.  7.  To  withdraw,  lead  back  (troops, 
etc.),  esp.  before  a  superior  force. 

1550  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  86  That  his  Hienes 
had.  .thairthrow  constrenit  thame  to  retere  the  maist  part 
of  thair  army.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslies  Jfist.  Scot.  ix. 
255  Tha  began  to  reteir  and  draw  back  thatr  force  til  Ing- 
land.  1597  BEARD  TheatreGods  Judgem.  (1612)  170  Whilst 
their  embassadors  were  retiring  their  garrisons  out  of  Misia 
. .  he  set  forward  his  armie.  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Hen.  VIII 
(1683)  457  He  appointed  him  twentydays  time  to  retire  his 
Army  out  of  Piedmont.  1693  Mem.  Cnt.  Teckely  iv.  39  The 
General  Veteranie.. retired  all  his  Troops  to  Nissa.  1796 
Instr.  <y  Reg.  Cavalry  (1813)  141  The  half  Squadrons.. may 
be  retired  at  any  named  distance  behind  each  other.  1813 
SIR  R.  WILSON  Priv.  Diary  (1862)  II.  456  The  enemy  had 
retired  their  centre  and  left,  so  that  the  engagement  on 
these  points  commenced  necessarily  later.  1841  LEVER  C. 
O'Malley  lui,  The  French  were  soon  seen  to  retire  their 
heavy  guns,  1897  SIR  E.  WOOD  Achievements  Cav.  i.  16  No 
cavalry  can  be  expected  to  fight  if  it  is  retired  at  speed  with 
an  enemy  at  its  heels. 

T"b.  To  rally,  bring  back.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  x.  299  Al  the  rest 
he  had  put  to  flicht,  gif  be  the  Erie  of  Varuik  they  had  not 
bene  helpet,  reteired,  and  with  a  stout  courage  put  in  ordour 
agane. 

t  8.  To  put  away  ;  to  withdraw,  remove,  lead 
away  (a  person  or  thing)  from  or  to  a  place.  Also 
const,  into,  withint  or  ellipt.  Obs. 

1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas's  Voy.  i.  xix.  22  b, 
The  gouernours  lodging,,  .hauing  vnderneath  it  the  cellars 
to  retyre  the  munition,  could  not  be  repayred.  a  1586  SIDNEY 
Ps.  XL.  i,  Me..  From  dungeon  he  retired,  Where  I  in  horrors 
lay.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  362  The  Valachies 
before  his  comm'mg,  had  retired  their  wives  and  children., 
into  their  strong  cities.  1664  EVELYN  Kal.  Hort.  (1729)  218 
Retire  your  choice  Greens  and  rarest  Plants.. into  your 
Conservatory.  1690  LADY  R.  RUSSELL  Lett.  I.  68  Happy 
are  those  whom  God  retires  in  his  grace.  1719  DE  FOK 
Crusoe  n.  (Globe)  333  When  they  had  been  retir'd,  Lodgings 
provided  for  them  as  well  as  our  Ship  would  allow,  and  they 
had  slept  heartily. 

fb.  To  withdraw  the  mind,  thoughts,  etc.,  from 
some  object  or  sphere.  Obs. 

1594  T.  B.  La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad.  n.  145  When  our  ex- 
ternall  senses  are  retired  and  withdrawen  from  doing  their 
dueties.  1607  HIERON  Wks.  I.  156  To  labour  to  pull  and 
retire  our  affections  from  earthly  things.  1619  W.  SCLATER 
Exp.  i  Thcss.  (1630)  Ep.  Ded.  A  2  b,  To  retire  my  mind 
from  the  tumultuous  hurly-burlies  it  is  tossed  withal.  1699 
PF.NN  Adv.  Children  ii.  p  i  So  soon  as  you  wake,  retire 
your  mind  into  pure  silence  from  all  thoughts  and  ideas 
of  worldly  things. 

c.  To  withdraw  (a  thing)  from  notice ;  to  hide 
away,  put  into  obscurity. 

1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  ii.  iv.  §  4  For  that  tendeth  to 


RETIRED. 

demonstrate,  and  illustrate  that  which  is  taught,,  .this  other 
to  retire  and  obscure  it. 

1893  Harper's  Mag.  Dec.  161  To  retire  your  comely  feat 
ures  in  the  meshes  of  a  veil.  1899  HOBSON  Ruskin  123 
Professors  Marshall  and  Sidgwick  retire  this  '  fundamental 
proposition  on  capital '  into  the  obscurity  of  foot-notes. 

9.  To  draw  or  pull  (a  thing)  back  (again). 

1593  SHAKS.  Lucr.  303  The  lockes..Ech  one  by  him 
inforst  retires  his  ward.  1597  LOWE  Citirurg.  (1634)  171 
Then  retire  the  needle  the  way  that  it  went  in.  1631  R. 
BOLTON  Comf.  Ajft.  Consc.  i.  (1635)  4  All  the  creatures  then, 
pull  in  their  homes,  retyre  their  stings,  bite  in  their  poyspn. 
[1886  SHELDON  tr.  Flaubert's  Salammbd  vii.  178  Straining 
their  arms  in  the  effort  to  retire  from  its  rings  the  enormous 
bar  securing  the  door.] 

f  b.  To  bring  or  hold  (one)  back  from  some 
course ;  to  dissuade,  restrain.  Obs.  rare. 

1598  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man  in  Hunt.  i.  i,  How  happy  would 
I  estimate  my  selfe,  Could  I.. retyre  my  sonne  From  one 
vayne  course  of  study  he  affects.  ci6n  CHAPMAN  Iliad 
xxn.  68  Thus  wept  the  old  king,  and  tore  off  his  white  hair  ; 
yet  all  these  Retir'd  not  Hector. 

t  c.  To  bring  or  get  back ;  to  regain,  recover. 

1600  Engl.  Helicon  Z  ij  b,  Of  death  so  sweet,  so  happy,  su 
desired,  That  to  die  so  againe  their  life  retired.  1682  WAK- 
BURTON  Hist.  Guernsey  (1822)  92  In  two  cases,  inheritance 

fjven  to  rent  may  be  retired,  or  redeemed  by  the  next 
indred. 

10.  To  withdraw  from   operation  or  currency  ; 
to  take  up  or  pay  (esp.  a  bill). 

1681  STAIR  Institut.  i.  yii.  80  This  presumption  is  stronger 
in  relation  to  Bonds,  which  are  most  ordinarly  taken  away, 
by  retiring  the  same  without  taking  Discharge.  1693  Ibid. 
(ed.  2)  iv.  xlv.  713  It  was  not  a  Right  to  be  Retired  upon 
payment.  1766  W.  GORDON  Gen.  Counting-ho.  12  Bills  are 
..credited  as  they  are  retired.  1824  SCOTT  St.  Ronarfs  xy, 
Two  of  his  notes  for^ioo  each,,  .which  he  thinks  nae  mair 
of  retiring,  than  he  does  of  paying  the  national  debt.  1849- 
50  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  IV.  xxiv.  §  10.  366  Territorial 
mandates,  .were  to  retire  the  assignats  at  the  rate  of  thirty 
for  one.  1854  Comm.  Bench  Rej>,  XV.  94  If  an  acceptor 
retires  a  bill  at  maturity,  he  takes  it  entirely  from  circula 
tion,  and  the  bill  is  in  effect  paid. 

11.  To  remove  (an  officer)  from  active  service. 
1870  Daily  News  27  June,  That  a  flag  officer.. should  be 

compulsorily  retired  on  attaining  a  certain  age.  1894  Times 
29  May  1 1/3  Admiral ..  Hamilton  ..was  retired  from  the 
active  list  under  the  age  clause. 

b.  To  withdraw  from  the  usual  sphere  of  act 
ivity;  to  take  off. 

1883  Lisbon  (Dakota)  Star  12  Oct.,  Eighteen  packet  boats 
have  been  retired  by  several  of  the  packet  lines ..,  owing  to 
the  low  stage  of  water.  1888  Amer.  Humorist  2  June  5/2 
The  Sale,  after  this  race,  became  known,  and  Mr.  Bonner 
retired  him  [the  horse]  from  the  track. 

Retired  (rttai«Md),  ///.  a.    [f.  prec.  +  -ED!.] 

1.  Withdrawn  into  seclusion  or  away  from  con 
tact  with  the  world  :  a.  of  persons. 

1590  J.  SMYTH  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden)  61,  I .  .do  live 
almost  continually  retired  in  my  howse.  1632  MILTON 
Pcnseroso  49  Adde  to  these  retired  Leasure,  That  in  trim 
Gardens  takes  his  pleasure,  c  1648-50  BRATHWAIT  Barna* 
bees  Jrnl.  in.  (1818)  143  Here  the  retyred  Tanner  builds 
him  bowrs.  1691  HARTCLIFI-E  Virtues  282  The  retired  and 
solitary  Student.  1706  LONDON  &  WISE  (title),  The  Retir'd 
Gard'ner..  .Being  a  Translation  of  Le  Jardinier  Solitaire. 
1783  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thrale  21  Oct.,  You  are  now 
retired,  and  have  nothing  to  impede  self-examination  or 
self-improvement.  1813  SCOTT  Rokeby  iv.  xx,  Few  months 
we  lived  retired,  unknown,  To  all  but  one  dear  friend  alone, 
1885-94  R.  BRIDGES  Eros  ff  Psyche  Feb.  xix,  Stern  Ares, 
with  his  crisp  hair  helmeted,  Came,  and  retired  Hestia. 

absol.  1653  JER.  TAYLOR  Serin,  for  Year  Ep.  Ded.  AS  b. 
The  faith  of  Martyrs,  and  the  hardinesse  of  Confessors,  and 
the  austerity  of  the  Retired. 

b.  of  life,  conditions,  occupations,  etc. 


Oh  happiness  of  sweet  retir'd  content  !  1090  STANHOPE 
Chr.  Pattern  (1711)  19  It  is  our  duty,  .to  fill  up  the  empty 
spaces  of  life  with  these  holy  and  retired  exercises.  1711 
ADDISON  Spect.  No.  93  P  5  Employment  for  those  Retired 
Hours  in  which  we  are  altogether  left  to  our  selves.  1746 
HERVEY  Met/it.  (iSi&)  216  What  a  pleasing  awe  is  awakened 
by  such  a  reflection  !  How  venerable  it  renders  my  retired 
walks  !  1820  KEATS  St.  Agnes  xxxi,  Sumptuous  they  stand 
In  the  retired  quiet  of  the  night.  1856  SIK  B.  BRODIE 
Psychol.  Inq.  I.  iv.  132  It  is  a  great  mistake  made  by  some 
sentimental  writers,  when  they  speak  of  the  advantages  of 
a  retired  life. 

2.  Secluded,  sequestered ;  removed  from  places 
frequented  by  people. 

1593  Q.  ELIZ.  Boeth.  i.  pr.  iii.  6  My  nurs  I  saw,  in  whose 
retired  Romes  in  my  Youthe  I  dwelt.  1621  BRATHWAIT 
Nat.  Embassie  (1877)  28  The  retiredst  angle  or  corner  can- 
not  giue  vice  a  couer.  1672  WYCHEKLKY  Love  in  a  Wood  in. 
i,  A  small  house,  in  an  obscure,  little,  retired  street.  1719 
DE  FOE  Crusoe  ii.  (Globe)  391  To  lead  them,  .to  their  retir'd 
Place  in  the  Woods.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  I.  40 
They  are  found.. in  the  most  retired  and  inward  parts  of  the 
most  firm  and  solid  rocks.  1860  H.  AINSWORTH  Ovingdean 
Grange  301  A  small  cottage  somewhat  retired  from  the  road. 
1871  L.  STEPHEN  Playgr.  Eur.  (1894)  iv.  92  Swiss  enterprise 
has  begun  to  penetrate  these  retired  valleys. 

3.  Withdrawn  into  oneself;  reserved. 

1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  iv.  iv.  62  You  are  retyred,  As  if  you 
were  a  feasted  one  :  and  not  The  Hostesse  of  the  meeting. 
1627  J.  DOUGHTY  Serin,,  Divine  Myst.  (1628)  n  For  this 
cause  wee  finde  the  Fathers  euermore  cautelous  and  very 
retir'd.  1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  n.  in.  200  Whilst  he 
was  Cardinal  he  was  retir'd,  shun'd  all  conversation  as  much 
as  was  possible.  1780  BURKE  Uicon.  Reform  Wks.  III.  336 
The  judges  are,  or  ought  to  be,  of  a  reserved  and  retired 
character.  18*8  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  x,  You  have  censured 
me  in  your  kindness  for  being  too  gentle,  too  retired. 


RETIREDLY. 

t  4.  Of  thoughts,  etc.  :  Carried  on  in  seclusion 
or  quiet  ;  private.  06s. 

1626  JACKSON  Humiliation  Son  of  God  vii.  66  To  doe  that 
which  in  his  retired  and  sober  thoughts  he  did  most  dislike. 
1670  CLARENDON  Contempl.  Ps.  Tracts  (1727)  627  Arguments 
..which,  .operate  more  in  the  publick  agitation  of  them 
than  in  a  private  and  retired  speculation,  a  1718  PENN  in 
Life  VVks.  I.  132  A  Subject  that  requires  your  retired  Con- 
sideration.  1731  ABP.  STONE  Serin,  i  Kings  xii.  15  A  Com 
pliance  with  innocent  Customs,  which  in  their  retired  Judg 
ment  they  might  not  altogether  approve. 

fb.  Inward,  inner,  recondite,  hidden.   Obs. 

1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Excmf.  Pref.  T  48,  1  was  lesse  carefull 
to  make  it  strict  in  retired  senses.  1695  WOODWARD  Nat. 
Hist.  Earth  II.  (1723)  94  If  we  look  into  its  retired  Move 
ments,  and  more  secret  and  latent  Springs.  1713  ADDISON 
Cato  i.  vi.  Disburthen  all  thy  cares  on  me,  And  let  me  share 
thy  most  retired  distress.  1737  WATERLAND  Eucharist  429 
In  its  retired,  mystical  meaning,  it  figured  out  the  Spiritual 
Covenant.  1773  J.  ALLEN  Serin,  at  St.  Mary's,  Oxf.  12 
I  he  most  sublime  and  retired  mysteries. 

5.  a.  That  has  receded  or  subsided,   rare—1. 
.'595  SHAKS.  John  \:  iv.  53  We  will.  .like  a  bated  and  re 

tired  Flood  ..  Stoope  lowe..And  calmely  run  on. 
fb.  ?  Contracted,  shrunk.  Obs.  rare-  •'. 
1603  B.  JONSON  Volpone  n.  i,  Crampes,  Convulsions,  Para- 
lysies,  Epilepsies,  Tremor-cordia,  retired-Nerues. 
O.  Retired  flank  :  (see  quot.  1802). 
1696  PHILLIPS  (ed.  5),  Orillon,  a  mass  of  Earth  lin'd  with 
a  Wall..  to  secure  the  Canon  in  the  retir'd  Flank.     1704 
J.  HARRIS  Lex.   Tec/in.  I.  s.v.  Flank,  The  Low,  Covered, 
or  Retired  Flank,  is  the  Platform  of  the  Casemate,  which 
lies  hid  in  the  Bastion.     1771  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  618/2  The 
onllons  are  very  useful  in  covering  the  retired  flanks,  which 
cannot  be  seen  but  directly  in  the  front.    1802  JAMES  Milit. 
Diet.  s.v.  Fortification,  Retired  flanks,  are  those  made  be 
hind  the  line  which  joins  the  extremity  of  the  face  and  the 
curtain,  towards  the  capital  of  the  bastion.    1858  GREENER 
Gmuury&i  Their  principal  use  is  on  board  ship;  but  they  are 
sometimes  used  in  casemates,  or  retired  flanks  of  fortresses. 
d.  Drawn  back  ;  receding,  rare  ~i. 
»802  PALEY  Nat.  Theol.  (1804)  242  The  retired  under  jaw 
of  a  swine  works  in  the  ground,  after  the  protruding  snout. 

6.  Withdrawn  from,  no  longer  occupied  with, 
business  or  official  duties.     (Cf.  RETIRE  v.  i  e.) 

1824  Miss  MITFORO  Village  Ser.  i.  (1863)  3  The  tidy, 
square,  red  cottage..  belongs  to  a  retired  publican  from  a 
neighbouring  town.  1831  Land.  Gas.  No.  2122.  1673/1  The 
List  of  Commanders  promoted  to  the  Rank  of  Retired  Cap 
tain.  1881  Times  ii  Jan.  9/6  A  retired  Viceroy  is  naturally 
and  by  common  consent  an  authority  on  Indian  affairs. 
b.  Retired  list,  a  list  of  retired  officers. 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Retired  list,  a  list  on  the  marine 
establishment  upon  which  superannuated  officers  are  placed 
1851  Land.  Cos.  No.  2122.  1673/1  The  Retired  List  then  to 
be  diminished  by  only  retiring  one  in  two  vacancies  1887 
rimes  (weekly  ed.)  14  Oct.  12/2  [He]  had  consented  to  place 
him  on  the  retired  list. 

o.  Retired  allowance  or  pay,  the  pension  given 
to  a  retired  officer  or  official. 

1817  Parl.  Debates  582  Salaries  and  retired  allowances 
were  very  unequally  distributed.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's 
Word-bk.  570  Retired  Pay,  a  graduated  pension  for  retired 
officers.  1890  Daily  News  8  Jan.  3/8  Col.  G.  A.  White, 
Irom  lieutenant-colonel,  half-pay,  retires  on  retired  pay. 

Reti-redly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +-LT  2.]  Jn  a  re 
tired  or  secluded  manner  ;  privately. 

1599  1  Sidney  Papers  II.  140  If  he  kepe  him  self  humble  and 
retiredly.  i6n  COTGR.,  En  son  prive,  priuately,  secretly 
closely,  retiredly,  a  1641  Bp.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  *  Man 
(1642)  416  The  Sadduces..  were..  desirous  to  live  retiredly 
and  privately  to  themselves.  1701  W.  WOTTON  Hist.  Rome 
349  bhe  lived  there  very  retiredly. 

Reti-redness.  Also  7  retyr-.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-NESS.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  retired  ; 
privacy,  seclusion  ;  reserve.  (Very  common  in  the 
i  ^th  century.) 

a.  of  disposition,  character,  or  conduct. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia,  n.  (1605)  127  A  tode-like  retired- 
nesse,  and  closenesse  of  mind.  1598  DALLINGTON  Meth 
Jrav.  Bnj  b,  Neither  to  dis-taste  them  by  a  too  much  re. 
tirednesse,  nor  to  hinder  bimselfe  by  too  much  familiaritie. 
1694  Lu.  DELAMERE  in  Maniet[s  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  42  The 
lowest  condescentions  and  meanest  familiarity  cannot  loose 
a  Prince  so  much  as  too  much  retiredness,  or  being  over- 
reserved.  01713  ELLWOOD  Autobiog.  (1765)  40  We  spent 
much  of  the  Evening  in  Retiredness  of  Mind.  1839  PUSEY 
Let.  m  Liddon  Life  (1893)  H.  xxiv.  142  There  seems  in  this 
a  spirit  foreign  to  the  retiredness  and  absence  of  self—  of 
real  Catholicity.  1894  N.  Y.  Tribune  5  July,  A  humility 
of  speech,  and  general  retiredness  of  character  almost  incom. 
patible  with  the  newspaper  character  of  the  man. 

b.  of  manner  of  living. 

1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  n.  47  In  his  nature  he  loued  priuate 
retirednesse,  with  good  fare,  and  some  few  choice  friends. 
1666  J.  SMITH  Old  Age  (1676)  18  Men  begin  to  leave  off 
their  employments,  and  betake  themselves  to  retiredness 
a  1703  BURKITT  On  N.  T.  Luke  ii.  45  Our  Blessed  Saviour 
when  on  earth,  did  not  take  pleasure  in  a  wild  retiredness 
1827  CARLYLE  Germ.  Rom.  II.  142  Her  retiredness  did  not 
lease  him,  and  he  feared,  that  in  the  end,  it  might  make 
er  silly.  1834  WORDSW.  To  C'tess  Lonsdale  41  Thus,  Lady 
is  retiredness  a  veil  [etc.]. 

c.  of  places. 

1660  T.  BLOUNT  Boscotel  36  His  Majesty  .  .  commended  the 
place  for  Us  retiredness.  c  1670  WOOD  Life  (O.H.S.)  I.  270 
lo  refresh  his  mind  with  a  melancholy  walke,  and  with  the 
retiredness  of  the  place.  1727  HEARNE  in  Reliq.  ^897)  II. 
073  lo  have  a  better  notion  of  the  ancient  solitariness  and 
retiredness  of  the  place.  1803  ALMON  Wakes'  Corr.  III.  61 
A  grove  of  venerable  old  elms  near  the  house  with  the  re- 
tiredness  of  the  mansion  itself,  made  it  as  sweet  a  retreat  as 
the  most  poetical  imagination  could  create. 

Retirement  (r/tai<>ument).  Also  6-7  retyre-. 


pl 
h 


573 

[a.  F.  retirement  (1576),  =  Sp.  retiramiento,  Pg. 
-menlo,  It.  ritiramtnio :  see  RETIRE  v.  and  -MENT.] 
1.  The  act  of  falling  back,  retreating,  or  receding 
from  a  place  or  position.  (Somewhat  rare;  in 
mod.  use  chiefly  Jl/if.) 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  ly,  v.  iv.  6, 1  beseech  your  Maiesty  make 
i    vp,  Least  you[r]  retirement  do  amaze  your  friends.    1643 
MILTON  Divorce  viii.  Wks.  1851  IV.  40  Against  reiterated 
scandals  and  seducements  which  never  cease,  much  more 
can  no  other  remedie  or  retirement  be  found  but  absolute 
i    departure.     1649  _  Eikon.  xxviii.  240  A  sort  of  moodie.. 
I    consciences   apt    to   engage   thir   Leaders  into   great   and 
dangerous  affaires  past  retirement,  and  then  . .  to  betray 
them  basely.     1847  GROTE  Greece  n.  xxxiii.  (1862)  III.  207 
Oil  the  retirement  of  the  Lacedemonian  force,  the  Saniian 
exiles  were  left  destitute.     1877  M.  FOSTER  Physiol.  HI.  ii. 
(1878)  404  The  approach  and  retirement  are  more  readily 
appreciated  than  is  a  simple  change  of  size. 
b.  A  receding  part ;  a  recess,  rare  -1. 
1726  LEONI  Alberti's  Archil.  II.  71/2  The  height  of  the 
semi-circular  retirements,  .was  only  equal  to  their  breadth. 
2.  The   act    of  withdrawing  into   seclusion   or 
privacy;  withdrawal  from  something. 

1399  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  i.  i.  58  Any  retyrement,  any  seques 
tration,  From  open  Haunts  and  Popularitic.  1613  G.  SANDYS 
Prim.  252  [Caprae]  which  he  variously  beautified  and 
honoured  with  his  retirements.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  ix.  250 
For  solitude  somtimes  is  best  societie,  And  short  retirement 
urges  sweet  returne.  a  170$  LOCKE  (J.),  In  this  retirement 
of  the  mind  from  the  senses,  it  retains  a  yet  more  incoherent 
manner  of  thinking.  1794  Mus.  RADCLIH-E  J/fsl.  Uaolflto 
I  ',.1  he  first  interruptions  to  the  happiness  he  had  known 
i  since  his  retirement,  were  occasioned  by  the  death  of  his 
two  sons.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  viii.  §  i.  4S3  In  Milton 
we  note,  .a  proud  retirement  from  the  meaner  and  coarser 
life  around  him.  1892  GUNTER  Miss  Dividends  (1893)  157 
A  proper  retirement  from  society  is  due  to  it. 

b.  Withdrawal  from  occupation,  office,  or  busi 
ness  activity.  (Cf.  RETIRE  v.  i  e.)  Also  collect. 
the  total  of  retired  officers. 

1648  CROMWELL  Lett.  25  Nov.  (Carlyle),  When  Robert 
Hammond,  through  dissatisfaction  too,  desired  retirement 
from  the  Army,  a  1799  WASHINGTON  (Webster),  Retirement 
is  as  necessary  to  me  as  it  will  be  welcome.  1818  J.W. 
CKOKER  in  C.  Papers  13  July,  To  induce  you  to  abandon  the 
thoughts  of  a  retirement  from  business.  1851  Land.  Gaz. 
No.  2122.  1673/1  By  keeping  up  the  Retirement  of  1846,  to 
the  number  of  200.  1885  ilanch.  Exam.  12  Mar.  4/7  The 
retirement  .of  Mr.  Beith  from  the  chairmanship  of  the 
Executive  is  a  just  cause  for  regret. 

C.  The  act  of  retiring  to  rest.  rare—1. 
1801  Lnsignan  III.  87  Emily  had  exceeded  the  usual  hour 
of  retirement. 

d.  Aloofness,  distance,  reserve.  rare—1. 
1800  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1856)  I.  114  Their  lieutenants,  .ob 
serve  too  rude  a  retirement  towards  the  English. 

3.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  withdrawn 
from  society  or  publicity ;  seclusion,  privacy. 

1603  SHAKS.  Meas.for  M.  v.  i.  130  For  certaine  words  he 
spake  against  your  Grace  In  your  retirment,  I  had  swing'd 
him  soundly.  1654  WHITLOCK  Zootomia  17  They  are  one 
thing  in  their  retirement,  another  on  the  stage  of  publick 
view.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  n.  (Globe)  371  They  lived  two 
Years  after  this  in  perfect  Retirement.  1742  FRANKLIN  Ess. 
Wks.  1840  II.  84  If  I  delight  in  a  private  life,  have  they  any 
right  to  drag  me  out  of  my  retirement  ?  1828  SCOTT  F.  M. 
Perth  xxxi,  As  the  Duchess  lived  in  close  retirement,  she 
was  little  surprised  at  this.  1873  JOWETT  Pinto  (ed.  2)  IV 
227  [He]  is  reluctantly  drawn  from  his  retirement  to  defend 
his  old  master. 

b.  A  time  or  occasion  of  seclusion  or  privacy. 
In  some  quots.  not  clearly  distinct  from  sense  4. 
1632  STKAFFOKD  Let.  to  Earl  of  Carlisle  24  Oct.,  In  my 
cheefest  Exaltation  before  men,  and  my  fullest  contentment! 
in  my  inmost  retirementts.     1668  DRYDEN  Maiden  Queen  I. 
in,  It  is  a  saucy  boldness,  thus  to  press  On  my  retirements. 
a  1708  BEVERIDGE  Priv.    T/t.  i.  (1730)   91  All  the  secret 
Thoughts,  the  inward  Motions  and  Retirements  of  my  Soul 
—are  exactly  known  before  Him.     1738  tr.  Giiazzo's  Art  of 
Convers.  22  Those  who  are  in  pursuit  of  Learning,  seek  it. . 
in  their  Studies  and  Retirements.      1801  STRUTT  Sports  #    i 
Past.  Introd.  i  When  we  follow  them   into  their  retire 
ments.,  we  are  most  likely  to  see  them  in  their  true  state 
1832  LD^COCKBL-RN  Life  Jeffrey  I.  270  Dearlydid  he  enjoy    i 
these  retirements. 

to.  An  occupation  of  one's  leisure  time.  rare-1.    | 
1641  R.  BROOKE  Eng.  Episc.  Ded.  A  3  The  Worke  then  of   j 
these  Lines,  is  to  lay  prostrate  at  Your  Feet,  .the  Retire-    '• 
ments  of  Your  Humble  Servant  in  the  Last  Recesse. 

4.  A  place  or  abode  characterized  by  seclusion   j 
or  privacy  ;  a  retreat.     Also  jig.  and  trans/. 

1632-62  HEYLIN  Cosmogr.  n.  (1682)  106,  20  Royal  Castles 
and  Palaces,  .as  the  private  Retirements  of  the  King.  1670 
MAYNWARING  Pharin.  Phys.  Rep.  57  This  Medicine .. 
searcheth  the  inpst  intimate  recesses,  and  closest  retirements 
of  our  bodies.  1707  MORTIMER  Husb.  (1721)  I.  259  Decoy- 
Ducks..will  bring  whole  Flights  of  Fowl  to  their  Retire 
ments.  1772  WILKES  Corr.  (1805)  IV.  131  Exmouth  ;  where 
he  has,  as  they  say,  a  sweet  countryretirement.  1823  HONE 
E-aery-day  Bk.  I.  638  The  gardens ..  were  covetable  retire 
ments.  1846  TRENCH  Mirac.  xix.  (1862)  326  He.  .withdraws 
..to  his  safer  retirements  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood 
of  the  sea  of  Galilee. 

5.  The  act  of  withdrawing  from  circulation. 
1863  Sat.  Rev.  23  Dec.  777  His  estimate  is  that  4o,ooo,ooo/. 

employed  in  the  retirement  of  notes  will  certainly  suffice  to 
bring  them  to  par,  1897  Daily  News  22  Nov.  7/6  A  pro 
vision  for  the  retirement  of  all  paper  currency  of  a  lower 
denomination  than  ten  dollars. 

Retirer  (rftaio-raj).  [f.  RETIKE  v.  +  -EB  1.]  One 
who  retires  or  retreats. 

c  1573  GASCOIGNE  Fruites  Warre  civ,  The  willing  drumme 
a  lustie  marche  to  sounde,  Whiles  ranke  retyrersgaue  their 
enimies  ground.  1633  HOLCROFT  Procofius,  Goth.  Wars  I. 


RETORQUED. 

23  The  Enemy  therefore  coming  with  multitudes     charged 
the  retlrers.     1655  VALGHAN  Silex  Scint.  u.  (1883)  "62  No 
busie  worldling  hunts  away  The  sad  retirer  all  the  day  ! 
Retiring  (rftsio-rirj),  vii.  si.     [-ING  l.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  verb  in  various  senses  : 

a.  In  intransitive  uses. 

1348  ELYOT,  Recessus,  goyng  awaie  or  backc  ;  retyryng 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  ll.  xxxv.  I.  39  By  the  retiring  and 
going  l.acke  of  the  sea.  1604  E.  GKIMSIOXE  Hist.  Siege 
Ustciii/62  In  their  retiring  there  were  many  of  them  stayed 
1642  FULLER  Holy  «,  Prof.  St.  v.  xviii.  §  4  Soon  after  his 
retiring,  he  ended  his  life.  1707  SIR  W.  Horn  A'ew  Method 
Fencing  iv.  122  Breaking  of  Measure  is  but  a  Genteel 
Term  Sword-Men  have  given  to  a  Modcrat  Retiring,  or 
Giving  of  Ground.  1730  A.  GORDON  Majfei's  Amphitk. 
406  I  he  Retiring  of  the  Wall  ..  is  both  towards  the  inner- 
Side  and  the  out-side  too.  1808  HELEN  ST.  VICTOR  Ruins 
|  of  Kigonda  III.  6  Previous  to  my  retiring,  I  was  employed 
in  my  vespers.  1861  G.  CHAPMAN  Art  Fencing  16  Retiiin- 
is,  however,  occasionally  performed  by  first  withdrawing  the 
right  [foot]. 

b.  In  transitive  uses. 

1594  I.  G.  Di  Grassfs  A  He  of  Defence  O  ij  b,  Without 
any  other  retyring  of  himselfe.  1399  B.  JONSON  Cynthia's 
Re-.'.  II.  i,  Supplies  for  retyring  of  his  old  ward-robe  from 
pawne.  1681  STAIR  Institnt.  I.  vii.  So  An  Executor  for 
whom  simple  retiring  of  the  Bond  will  not  be  sufficient 
without  Discharge  or  Assignation. 

2.  atlrib.   a.  Of  places :  Devoted  to  retirement 
or  privacy. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  i.  (1605)  8  Hard  by  was  a  house  of 
pjeasure  built  for  a  sommer  retiring  place.  1610  HOLLAND 
Camdens  Brit.  (1637)  494  Downham  where  the  Bishop 
hath  his  retyring  House  with  a  Parke.  1621  ELSING 
Dcl'ates  Ho. Lords  (Camden)  u  The  Prynce  came  and  wente 
into  his  retyrmge  roomes,  and  having  putt  on  his  roabes 
went  and  melt  the  King,  a  1700  EVELYN  Diary  8  Feb. 
1645,  It  was  once  the  retyring  place  of  Julius  Caisar.  1719 
DE  FOE  Crusoe  n.  (Globe)  412  [The]  handsome  Rooms., 
which.. served  as  Closets  or  retiring  Rooms.  1778  Eng. 
Ga-.ctUer  (ed.  2),  Havering  at  Bower,  Essex,  ..  was  the 
ancient  retiring-place  of  the  kings  of  England.  1818  SCOTT 
Br.  Lamm.  XXVT,  The  cooper's  house  was  so  roomy,  that 
each  guest  had  his  separate  retiring  room.  1884  I'all  Mall 
G.  14  May  4/1  The  erection  of  public  retiring  rooms  for 
both  sexes  in  the  streets. 

b.  Consequent  upon,  or  connected  with,  retire 
ment  from  office  or  employment. 

1837  LOCKHART  Scott  II.  iii.  84  In  those  days  there  was 
no  system  of  retiring  pensions  for  the  worn-out  functionary 
of  this  class.  1855  THACKKKAY  Newcomes  viii,  Binnie  had 
his  retiring  pension,  and,  besides,  had  saved  half  his  allow 
ance  ever  since  he  had  been  in  India.  1839  RUSSELL  Diary 
India  (1860)  I.  87  They  say.. that  every  Indian  officer  has 
a  right  to  a  good  retiring  allowance. 

c.  Connected  with  retirement  (from  a  room,  etc.) 
1880  MEREDITH  Tragic  Com.  (1881)  152  He  delivered  his 

retiring  bow  to  the  Fran  von  Riidiger's  shoulder.     1901 
Scotsman  \  Mar.  7/3  A  retiring  collection  after  a  concert. 

Retiring  (r/taio-rin) , ppl.  a.  [f.  the  vb.  +  -ING  -.] 

1.  That  retires,  in  various  senses  of  the  verb. 

c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  cvu.  viii,  How  many 
mounting  winged  tree  For  traffique  leave  retiring  land  V 
1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  m.  iii.  455  The  Ponticke  Sea,  Whose 
Icie  Current,  and  compulsiue  course,  Neu'r  keepes  retyr 
ing  ebbe.  1690  tr.  Blaucard's  Phys,  Diet.  2  Abductores 
Attacuti,..lhe  retiring  brauwns.  1707  SIR  W.  HOPE  New 
Method  Fencing  iv.  124  Several  Warlike  Nations  have 
made  use  of  a  Retiring  and  Flying  way  of  Fight,  as  a  thing 
of  singular  Advantage.  1796  Itistr.  $  Reg.  Ca-valry  (1813) 
208  A  retiring  line  may  also  throw  back  a  wing, . .  by  the 
echellon  march,  or  some  other  of  the  modes  already  pre 
scribed.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  in.  xiv,  The  far  sound 
Of  their  retiring  steps.  1853  KANE  Grinnell  E.rp.  xxxi. 
(1856)  271  So  high  that,  with  its  retiring  flanks  on  either 
side,  it  can  be  none  other  than  the  projecting  Cape  War- 
render.  1890  GROSS  Gild  Merch.  I.  146  To  appoint  the 
retiring  mayor  of  the  town  mayor  of  the  staple. 

2.  Characterized  by  retirement ;  reserved,  shy. 

1766  FORDYCE  Serin.  Yng.  Win.  (1767)  I.  iii.  96  The  retir- 


"-*»-»      llatv;     UO4UVUKBU     iuvc.        loul     o.lHLt-S     H.HgtneCrS     Ii. 

280  He  was  an  exceedingly  modest,  unpretending,  and 
retiring  man. 

Comb.  1839  F.  FRANCIS  Newton  Dogvane  (1888)  60  A 
fair,  retiring-looking  girl,  with  chestnut  hair. 

Hence  Beti-ringly  adv. 

1861  MEREDITH  Evan  Harrington  III.  viii, She  answered, 
retiringly  :  '  Indeed  I  cannot  say  '.  1883  Sat.  Rev.  12  Dec. 
769  Sir  William,  .was  not  at  all  to  the  fore,  but,  on  the  con 
trary,  very  retiringly  to  the  back. 

RetiTiugness.  [f.  prec.  +  -NESS.]  The 
quality  of  being  retiring. 

1801  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XI.  289  The  word  coy 
is  metaphorically  applied  to. .the  stillness  of  reserve,  to 
moral  retiringness.  1831  Blactcw.  Mag.  XXX.  213  The 
retiringness  of  self-depreciating  delicacy.  1887  Spectator 
17  Sept.  1241  The  retiringness  of  wealth  on  which  the 
'rimes  descants. 

Reti'the,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]   f  To  decimate  again. 

1610  HOLLAND  Camden's  Brit.  i.  297  Hee  let  the  tenth 
man  goe  by  ;  and  euen  these  tenth  men  thus  reserued,  bee 
went  ouer  agailie,  and  most  cruelly  retithed  them. 

Reto  nib,  v.     [Rje-  5  a.]     To  entomb  again. 

1391  SYLVESTER  Dit  Bartas  \.  vi.  319  The  Beast.. Re- 
whelps  her  whelps,  and  in  her  tender  womb  She  doth  as  oft 
her  living  brood  re-tomb. 

Retorician,  Retorik,  obs.  ff.  RHETORICIAN, 
RHETOKIC.  Retorn(e,  obs.  ff.  RETURN  sb.  and  v. 
Retornel,  -nella,  obs.  ff.  RITOBNEL(LO. 

t  RetO -reined,  ppl.  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  F. 
retoryuer  or  L.  reiorquere;  see  REIOBT  p.1] 
Turned  backwards. 


RETORRID. 

1586  MARLOWE  is/  Pt.  Tamburl.  •:  ii,  Shall  we  in  this  ' 
detested  guise,  With  shame,  with  hunger,  and  with  horror  ( 
stay,  Griping  our  bowels  with  retorqued  thoughts. 

t  RetO'rrid,  a.  0/>s.  rare.  [ad.  L.  retorrid- 
ns.~\  Burnt  up,  dried  up. 

1684  tr.  Band's  Merc.  Compil.  xvi.  567  When  the  Brain  ! 
by .  too  frequent  use  becomes  sharp  and  retoi rid.  1710  1 .  • 
FULLER  Pharm.  Extemp.  56  Fevers,  that  have  boil'd  up  j 
the  Blood  into  a  retorrid  Crasis. 

Retorsion  (rtt/Mjsn).  Now  rare.  [a.  F.  re 
torsion  (i3-i4thc.),  or  ad.  med.L.  nlorsion-ein, 
var.  of  retortion-em  RETOKTION.  So  Sp.  retorsion, 
It.  riiorsione.]  Retortion  (of  an  argument,  etc.). 

1657  W.  MORICE  Cotna  quasi  Kon-i  242  By  retorsion,  as 
in  a  College,  all  that  are.. of  the  Foundation,  doe  partake 
of  the  Donatives  of  the  Founder  [etc.],  a  1670  HACKET 
Cent  Serin.  (1675)  241  God  hath  a  retorsion  in  store,  a 
f,,llere  fallentem.  1693  Apol.  Clergy  Scot.  88  The  reason. 
ings  of  it  are  so  clear,  the  historical  retorsions  so  undeniable. 

1880  Encycl.  Brit.  XIII.  194/1  '  Retorsion,'  or  retaliating 
on  the  foreign  nation  or  its  subjects,  by  similar  injuries  to 
those  inflicted  on  us.  1890  Sat.  Rev.  14  June  748/1 1  he  first 
requisite,  .of  all  satire,  and  especially  of  political,  IS  that, 
like  a  good  dilemma,  it  should  be  incapable  of  '  retorsion  . 

Retort  (rAjJ-jt),  sl>.i    [f.  RETORT  v.1] 
1 1.  Afiis.  A  '  retorted '  mood.   Obs.  rare. 
1597  MORLEV  Inli-mi.  Mas.  27  The  first  must  serue  you  in 
your  first  singing  till  yon  come  to  this  sign  :||:  where  you 
must  begin  again  and  sing  by  the  retort  in  half  time. 

2.  A  sharp  or  incisive  reply,  esp.  one  by  which 
the   first  speaker's   statement   or  argument  is  in 
some  way  turned   against  himself,   or  is  met  by 
some  counter-charge.     Also/Iff. 

App.  not  in  very  common  use  before  the  igth  c. 

1600  SHAKS.  A.Y.L.  v.  iv.  76  He  sent  me  word,  if  _I 
said  his  beard  was  not  cut  well,  hee  was  in  the  minde  it 
was  :  this  is  callM  the  retort  courteous.  1734  tr.  Rollins 
Anc.  Hist.  (1827)  VIII.  xix.  242  The  mockers  were 
mocked  by  that  retort.  1777  SHERIDAN  Trip  Scarb.  m. 
ii,  Well  then,  let  Loveless  look  to  his  wife,  'twill  be  but 
the  retort  courteous  on  both  sides.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE 
Italian  xvi,  The  priest  interrupted  Vivaldi's  retort.  1824 
BYRON  Dt-f.  Trans/,  i.  ii,  That's  a  fair  retort,  For  I  pro 
voked  it.  1852  ROGERS  Eel.  Faith  (1853)  269  If  you  give 
up  that  principle,  you  lay  yourself  open  at  once  to  the 
retort  that  your  position  is  insecure.  1870  BURTON  Hist. 
Scot.  VI.  Ixx.  496  It  was  suggested,  as  a  sort  of  retort 
against  the  new  demand,  that  it  would  be  more  suitable  for 
the  king  himself  to  sign  the  Covenant. 

3.  The  act  or  practice  of  replying  in  a  sharp  or 
incisive  manner  (see  prec.).     Also  transf. 

1791  BOSWELL  Johnson  an.  1783,  Johnson's  dexterity  in    j 
retort ..  was  very  remarkable.      1808  Med.  Jrnl.  XIX.  518    i 
Dr.  Kentish.. has  laid  himself  very  open  to  animadversion 
and  retort  from  me.   1845  STOCQUELER  Handbk.  Brit.  India 
(1854)  99  It  is  cowardly  to  raise  a  hand  to  one  who  is  in 
capable  of  physical  retort.     1848  DICKENS  Dombcy  xxiii, 
Mrs.  MacStmger  in  retort,  looked  at  her  all  over. 
b.  Const,  of  something. 

1820  W.  IRVING  Sketch  L>k.  I.  in  Nothing  is  so  easy  and 
inviting  as  the  retort  of  abuse  and  sarcasm.  1847  R.  W.  ! 
HAMILTON  Rewards  fy  Piinishni.  viii.  (1853)  357  The  retort 
of  an  objection  is  no  positive  argument.  1877  JKCOxScrtyt. 
Prov.  xi.  115  Experiencing  a  retort  of  the  ill-usage  they  had 
formerly  inflicted. 

f4.   =KETOHTIONI.  Obs.  rare—1. 

X755  J-  CLUBBE  Misc.  Tracts  (1770)  100, 1  found  Iviopaterx 
not  cemented,  but  skrewed  together. ..Having  opened  it  by 
retort  of  the  skrew,  I  discovered  an  incrustated  surface. 

Retort  (rftf;-.it),  sb2     [a.  F.  retorte  ( =  It.,  Sp.,    I 
Pg.  retorla},  ad.  med.L.  retorta,  fern,  of  L.  re- 
lortits,  pa.  pple.  of  retorquere  :  see  RETORT  vl~\ 

1.  A  vessel  generally  made  of  glass,  but  occa 
sionally  of  metal  or  earthenware,  and  provided 
with   a   long   neck,    bent   downwards,   in   which 
liquids,  etc.,  subjected  to  distillation  are  heated. 

[1558  WARDE  tr.  A  lexis'  Seer.  (1568)  9  b,  A  crooke  necked 
violle.. which  the  french  cal  Retorte.  a.  1608  DEE  Re/at. 
Sfir.  ii.  (1659)  12  The  Still  where  he  had  the  Spirit  of  Wine 
distilling  over  out  of  a  Retorto.] 

1605  '1  IMME  Qncrsit.  i.  v.  21  Those  saltes,  being  put  into  a 
retort,,  .stilleth  forth  a  volatile  salt.  1651  FRENCH  Distill. 
i.  35  Let  it  be  put  into  a  Retort,  and  distilled  in  sand.  1712 
tr.  Pomet's  Hist.  Drugs  I.  164  The  black  Oil  of  Tartar  by 
the  Retort  is  admirable  for  the  Cure  of  Scabs.  1796  ELIZA 
HAMILTON  Lett.  Hindoo  Rajah  (1811)  II.  107  My  friend 
had  forgotten  the  necessary  management  of  a  retort,  which, 
for  want  of  his  attention,  burst  in  pieces.  1812  SIR  H.  DAVY 
Chetn.  Philos.  227  The  bottom  of  the  retort  is  then  gently 
heated  by  means  of  a  lamp,  and  the  extremity  of  its  neck 
introduced  under  an  inverted  cylinder  filled  with  water. 
1871  B.  STEWART  Heat  (ed.  2)  §  140  The  vapour  is  condensed 
as  fast  as  it  is  formed,  and  trickles  back  into  the  retort. 

fig.  1874  SAYCE  Compar.  Philol.  vi.  217  We  must  throw 
our  words  into  the  retort  of  the  comparative  method. 

2.  A  vessel  in  which  mercury  is  separated  from 
amalgam  or  impurity  by  volatilization. 

Several  forms  are  now  employed  for  this  purpose.  In  early 
useperh.  not  distinct  from  sense  i. 

1683  PETTUS  Fleta  Min.  i.  314  Put  it  [quicksilver  ore]  into 
a  Retort  or  other.  .Instrument.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s.v.  Mercury,  Compounded  of  crude  mercury  driven  over 
from  sea-salt  in  a  retort.  1839  URE  Diet.  A  rts  805  Large 
retorts,  styled  cucurbits,  of  cast  iron,  in  which  the  ore  of 
mercury  is  subjected  to  distillation.  1873  SPON  Work 
shop  Rec.  Ser.  i.  222/1  The  amalgams,  .are  then  distilled  in 
cast-iron  retorts  of  a  peculiar  shape.  1879  Casselfs  Techn. 
Educ.  IV.  191/1  The  soft  cake  of  amalgam  is  transferred  to 
a  retort,  to  have  the  mercury  distilled  out  of  it. 

3.  A  clay  or  iron  receptacle,  forming  a  cylinder 
or  segment  of  one,  in  which  coal  is  heated  for  the 
production  of  gas. 


574 

i8o8  Phil.  Trans.  XCVIII.  117  About  one-third  of  the 
above   quantity  ..  is  required  for  fuel  to  heat  the 


coal  to  the  action  of  heat  in  an  air-tight  vessel,  commonly 
called  a  '  retort '. 

4.  A  furnace  in  which  iron  is  heated  with  carbon, 
in  order  to  produce  steel. 

1868  JOYNSON  Metals  76  By  introducing  bars  of  wrought- 
iron  along  with  carbon  into  retorts.  1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD 
Steel  ft  tron  227  For  tne  purP0^e  0*  cooling  the  reduced 
metal,  the  retorts  were  made  slightly  larger  at  the  lower 
than  at  the  upper  end. 

5.  attrib.,   as    retort    bench,  cap,    -end,    -_fiask, 
glass,  -house,  -neck,  etc. ;  retort  carbon,  carbon 
which  remains  as  a  residue  in  the  retort  when  the 
gas  has  been  extracted  from  coal. 

'  1688  HOLME  Armoury  III.  xi.  424/1  He  benreth  Sable,  a 
Siillers  Retort,  or  a  Retort  Glass,  Argent.  1827  FARADAY 
Client.  Manip,  xv.  359  Retort  caps  are  cylinders  of  thin 
brass  plate.  1839  Mechanic's  ting.  XXXI.  7/2  The  pipes 
leading  from  the  retort-house  to  the  reservoirs.  1841  Civil 
Eng.  ff  Arch.  Jrnl.  IV.  100/2  Each  retort-house  contains 
one  stack  and  four  sections  of  retort  benches.  1863  TVNDALL 
Heat  viii.  §  297  (1870)  229  Attach  to  each  end. .a  piece  of 
retort  carbon.  1881  —  Ess.  on  Floating  Matter  of  A  ir  143 
Experiments  with  pipette-bulbs  and  retort-flasks. 

Retort  (rftput),  v.1  [f.  L.  retort-,  ppl.  stem  of 
retorquere,  f.  re-  RE-  +  torquere  to  twist,  turn  : 
cf.  contort,  distort,  etc.] 

1.  1.   trans.     To  make  return  of  (something 
clone  to  one,  esp.  an  injury);  to  repay  or  pay  back  ; 
to  requite  by  retaliation. 

<:i557  A  UP.  PARKER  Ps.  xxviii.  65  As  is  tlieyr  deede  so  let 
them  speede  ;  retort  their  craftes.  1598-9  K.  JONSON  Case 
Altered  i.  ii,  We  shall  retort  these  kind  favours  with  all 
alacrity  of  spirit,  c  1620  Z.  BOYD  Zion's  Planers  (1855)  154, 
)  will  retort.. that.. wrong.  1645  MILTON  Tetrach.  Wks. 
1851  IV.  206  So  Christ  to  retort  these  arrogant  inquisitors 
their  own,  tooke  the  course  to  lay  their  hautinesse  under  a 
severity  which  they  deserv'd.  1726  POPE  Oifyss.  XXI.  142 
How  shall  this  arm,  unequal  to  the  bow,  Retort  an  insult, 
or  repel  a  foe?  1777  SHERIDAN  Sch.  Scant/,  v.  ii,  Let  them 
laugh,  and  retort  their  malice  only  by  showing  them  you 
are  happy  in  spite  of  it.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  \\. 
v.  iii.  395  It  was  now  his  time  to  retort  the  humiliation. 
1856  MERIVALE  Rom.  Emp.  xlvi.  (1865)  V.  412  They  never 
dared  to  retort  in  concert  the  invasions  under  which  they 
had  suffered. 

b.  To  cast  back,  to  cause  to  return,  upon  or 
against  the  offending  party. 
c  1559  AIIP.  PARKER  in  Burnet  Hist.  Kef.  II.  Rec.  n.  HI. 

S9  And  then  both  the  Devil  and  Man.. shall  have  their 
alices  retorted  upon  themselves  again,  a  1618  SYLVESTER 
Panaretus  873  Heav'ns  Right-hand  ..  retorting  all  upon 
your  Foes.. Sends  Terrors.  1718  Free-thinker  No.  90  P  5 
They. .retort  upon  the  Aggressour  the  Injury,  which  they 
parry  from  themselves.  1760  C.  JOHNSTON  Chrysal  (1822) 
II.  152  Not  only  escape  the  ruin  meditated  against  him, 
but  also  retort  it  on  the  machinators.  1781  COWPER  Truth 
502  Hear,  then,  how  mercy,  slighted  and  defied,  Retorts 
th'  affront  against  the  crown  of  pride.  1810  LAMB  Good 
Clerk,  Retorting  upon  the  grave  citizens  of  London  their 
own  arts.  1860  PUSEY  Min.  Profit.  373  The  aggression 
against  God  is  retorted  upon  the  aggressor. 

t  c.  To  bring  as  a  return  to  one.  06s.  rare  ~*. 
1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  vm.  349  Wars.. the  issue  whereof, 
but  retorted  to  the  Duke  a  redoubling  disaduantage. 
f  d.  To  do  (something)  in  retaliation.  Obs.~l 
1637  R.  HUMFREY  tr.  St.  Ambrose  I.  12  Yet  did  hee  not 
retort  ought  savouring  of  revenge. 
e.  intr.  To  reply  by  retaliation,  rare  -'. 
1883  C.  READS  Tit  for  Tat  vi,  He  threatened  violence. 
They  prepared  to  retort  to  it. 

2.  To  cast  or  hurl  back  (a  charge,  accusation, 
epithet,  etc.).    Freq.  const,  on. 

1596  HAHINGTON  Metam.  Ajax  (1814)  128,  I  shall  straight 
retort  all  the  blame.. upon  yourself.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V, 
It.  i.  54,  I  do  retort  the  solus  in  thy  bowels.  1650  FULLER 
Pisgah  iv.  v.  86  The  Egyptian  Authors  slanderously  retorted 
these  loathsome  diseases  on  the  Israelites.  1766  GOLDSM. 
Vic.  W.  ii,  He  asserted  that  I  was  heterodox ;  I  retorted  the 
charge.  1781  COWPER  Conversat.  767  Retort  the  charge, 
and  let  the  world  be  told  She  boasts  a  confidence  she  does 
not  hold.  1804  Med.  Jrnl.  XII.  189  The  accusation  of 
sinister  motives  is  easily  made,  and  as  easily  retorted.  1816 
J.  WILSON  City  of  Plague  n.  v.  81  Fool  !  villain  !  liar  !  thus 
do  I  retort  Thy  insupportable  words.  1874  GREEN  Short 
Hist.  viii.  §  6.  $22  He  was  still  resolute  to  retort  the  charge 
of  treason  on  his  foes. 

abspl.  1737  Gentl.  Mag.  553/1  May  not  we,  with  equal 
Justice,  retort  upon  them,  when,  laying  aside  their  natural 
Characters,  they  assume  those  which  are  appropriated  to  us  ? 

3.  To  reply  in  kind  to  (a  jest,  sarcasm,  etc.)  ;  to 
answer  with  the  like.    Also  const,  on. 

1602  MARSTON  Antonio's  Rev,  I.  iii,  I  scorne  to  retort  the 
obtuse  jeast  of  a  foole.  1665  GLANVILL  Def.  Van.  Dogiit. 
p.  xiv,  Nor  shall  I  retort  with  animosity  those  less  obliging 
passages.  1734  tr.  Kollin's  Rom.  Hist.  (1827)  III.  85  Hip- 
ponax  retorted  their  pleasantry  with  such  keen  strokes  of 
satire  that  they  hanged  themselves.  1754  CHATHAM  Lett. 
Nephew  iv.  24  Retort  their  raillery  with  raillery,  always 
tempered  with  good  breeding.  1814  D'ISRAELI  Quarrels 
Autli.  (1867)  306  With  what  good-humour  he  retorts  a  piece 
of  sly  malice  of  Pope's.  1848  H.  ROGERS  Ess.  (1874)  I.  vi. 
311  If  it  were  worth  while  to  retort  the  sarcasm  on  the  mul 
titude,  it  were  easy  to  do  so.  1875  JOWETT Plato  (ed.  2)  II. 
408,  1  retort  your  reproach  of  me. 

b.  To  say  or  utter  by  way  of  (sharp  or  aggres 
sive)  reply  ;  fto  return  (an  answer  of  this -kind) ; 
f  to  allege  in  return. 

1615  BUKGES  Pen.  Titties  13  If  we  vrge  them  with  con- 


RETORT. 

science,  they  retort  a  captious  answere.  1625-8  tr.  Camdeifs 
Hist.  Elis.  in.  (1688)  358  She  owneth  her  allowing  a  Pension 
to  Morgan,  and  retorteth  Pensions  granted  to  the  Scots. 
1649  MII.TON  Eikon.  xii.  119  He  thinks  to  evade  that  by  re 
torting,  that  some  in  England  fight  against  him.  1735-6 
SHERIDAN  Let.  to  Swift  23  Feb.,  I  cannot  help  retorting, 
that  I  never  knew  any  person  so  unadviseable  as  you  are. 
1838  DICKENS  Nick.  Nick,  xiii, '  What  do  you  mean  by 
that?'  retorted  Squeers  in  great  perturbation.  1866  G. 
MACDONALD  Ann.  Q.  Neighb.  i.  (1878)  14,  I  will  retort  that 
it  is  just  as  true  of  the  sun  as  of  man.  1891  H.  HERMAN 
His  Anfcliii  'You  need  have  no  fear  of  that,  my  dear,' 
retorted  her  husband. 

c.  intr.  To  make  a  retort  or  retorts. 
1838  PRESCOTT  Ferd.  ff  Is.  n.  i.  II.  380  Charles,  who  could 
not  dissemble  his  indignation  during  this  discourse,  retorted 
with  great  acrimony  when  it  was  concluded  on  the  conduct 
of  Ferdinand.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Roniola  I.  xvi,  He  must 
smile  and  retort,  and  look  perfectly  at  his  ease. 

4.  To  meet  or  answer  (an  argument,  etc.)  by  a 
similar  argument  to  the  contrary ;  to  turn  or 
direct  (his  own  statement)  against  an  opponent. 

1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug.  Citie  of  Cod  32  This  kinde  of 
Argument  either  by  overthrowing  one  of  the  parts,  or  by 
retorting  it,  called,  .a  conversion.  1660  BOYLE  New  Exp. 
Phys.  Mcch.  xxxiii.  255  Our  Experiments  may.. enable  us 
to  retort  their  Arguments  against  themselves,  a  1713  ELL- 
WOOD  A  Htobiog.  (1714)  349  So  apt  is  the  Comparison  in  most 
Respects.. that  my  Adversary  in  vain  Labours  to  Retort  it. 
1785  REID  Intelt.  Powers  n.  vii.  267  They  are  capable  of 
being  retorted  against  his  own  system.  1788  —  Aristotle's 
Logic  iy.  §  7.  102  A  remarkable  property  of  the  Dilemma 
is  that  it  may  sometimes  be  happily  retorted.  1852  SIR  W. 
HAMILTON  Discuss.  518  Not  a  single  voice  was  raised  in 
either  House.. to  retort  the  argument.  1894  Wtttm,  Gaz. 
30  March  1/2  The  answer  they  make  to  us  may  very  easily 
be  retorted. 

II.  t  5-  To  throw  or  hurl  back  (a  weapon) ; 
to  turn  back  (a  blow)  upon  the  striker.  Obs. 

1592  KYD  .^p.  Trag.  n.  iv.  41  Thus  I  retort  the  dart  thou 
threw*!  at  me.  1621  G.  SANDYS  Ovid's  Met.  XII.  104  The 
Heroe  caught  it,  and  retorts  againe  The  singing  steele. 
1667  Decay  Ckr.  Piety  iii.  F  i  Satan  lias  not_only  evaded, 
but  even  retorted  those  blows  which  were  aim'd  at  him. 
1771  WESLEY  Wks.  (1872)  VI.  33  To  observe  how  we  may 
retort  these  fiery  darts  of  the  Wicked  One. 
t  b.  Const,  upon  the  agent.  Obs. 
1626  JACKSON  Humiliation  Son  of  God  x.  94  The  Sonne  of 
God.. with  this  scripture.. retorts  Satan's  attempted  blow 
upon  himselfe.  1675  TKAHERNE  Chr.  Ethics  300  If  wild-fire 
be  thrown,  I  will,  .not,  by  throwing  it  back,  give  myenemy 
the  advantage  of  retorting  it  upon  me.  1712  BUDGELL 
Sptct.  No.  389  r  22,  I  think  the  best  way  of  dealing  with 
them,  is  to  retort  their  own  Weapons  upon  them. 

1 0.  To  reflect  (heat  or  light);  to  return  or  re-echo 
(a  sound) ;  to  drive  back,  etc.  Obs. 

1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  *  Cr.  in.  iii.  101  As  when  his  vertues 
shining  vpon  others,  Heate  them,  and  they  retort  that  heate 
againe  To  the  first  giuer.  1611  COTGK.,  Heliotrope,.,  a. 
precious  stone  which,  as  a  burning  glasse,  receiueth,  and 
retorteth  the  Sunne-beames.  1655  STANLEY  Hist.  I'hi/os. 
(1701)  607/2  Crying  and  howling  whil'st  the  Locrian  Stones, 
And  high  Eulxean  Hills,  retort  his  Groans.  1662  J. 
CHANDLER  Van  Helmont's  Oriat.  63  Which  vapour  ..  is 
nothing  but  water  made  thin, .  .and  therefore  being  retorted 
or  struck  back  by  an  Alembick,  it  returns  into  its  antient 
weight  of  water. 

f  b.  To  transmit  by  reflection.   Obs.  rare. 

1649  S|R  R'  TEMPEST  Solitariness  4  When  the  body,  .is 
distempered,  it  retorts  and  shoots  backward  its  indispositions 
to  the  minde.  1713  DEKHAM  Phys.-  Theol.  vi.  vi.  368  When 
any  thing  affects,  or  alters  the  Heart,  those  Impressions  are 
.  .retorted  to  the  Brain. 

t  7.  a.  To  reject  or  refuse  (an  appeal).   Otis.—1 

1603  SHAKS.  Meas.for  M.  v.  i.  303  The  Duke's  vniust, 
Thus  to  retort  your  manifest  Appeale. 

tb.  To  cast  or  throw  (one)  out.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1641  BROME  Joviall  Crew  i.  Wks.  1873  III.  361  Dear  Sir, 
retort  me  naked  to  the  world,  Rather  then  lay  those  burdens 
on  me. 

t  8.  To  turn  back  or  backwards ;  to  bend  or 
twist  back.  Obs. 

1621  G.  SANDYS  Ovid's  Met.  in.  (1632)  68  Rabid  with 
anguish,  he  retorts  his  looke  Vpon  the  wound.  1648  J. 
BEAUMONT  Psyche  xvi.  ccxviii,  Retort  thine  eyes  into  thy 
Self,  my  Dear.  1688  HOLME  A  rmonry  n.  xix.  470/1  T  wo 
Serpents  bowed  at  the  heads  to  the  joyning  in  the  middle, 
from  thence  to  the  ends  of  the  Tails  Retorted.  1718  PRIOR 
Solomon  in.  516  For  Dread  and  Pain  And  Grief  will  find 
their  Shafts  elanc'd  in  vain,  And  their  Points  broke,  retorted 
from  the  Head. 

t  9.  To  give  in  return.   Obs.  rare-1. 

1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1638)  260  Gifts  also  and  re. 
ciprocall  presents  are  retorted  up  and  down. 

flO.  To  multiply  again.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1655  STANLEY  Hist.  Pliilos.  (1701)  427/1  Two  multiplied  in 
itself  produceth  four  ;  retorted  into  itself  (by  saying  twice 
two  twice)  makes  the  first  Cube. 

1 11.  intr.  To  spring  or  fly  back ;  to  rebound, 
recoil ;  to  twist.  Obs. 

1631  J.  TAYLOR  Turn  Fortune's  Wheel  Pref.,  Doth  time 
retort  or  fortune  play  the  Jade,  Or  doth  the  course  of  fate 
run  retrograde.  1673  PENN  Spir.  Alex,  tlie  Coppersmith 
Rebuked  7  It  all  retorts  from  our  Impenetrable  Armour 
upon  himself.  1710  CONGREVE  An  Impossible  Thing,  This 
line.  .Render,  .so  direct,  that  in  no  sort  It  ever  may  in  rings 

"Retort  (rftjJut),  f.2  [f.  RETORT  ^.2]  trans. 
To  purify  (an  amalgam,  mercury,  etc.)  by  subject 
ing  to  heat  in  a  retort. 

1879  Encycl.  Brit.  X.  748/2  In  California  the  amalgam 
is  retorted  in  cast-iron  pans.  1890  Pall  Mall  G.  21  May 
2/1  The  quicksilver  is  at  intervals  scraped  off  the  copper 
plates  and  retorted. 


RETORT. 


575 


RETOUB. 


+  Reto'rt,  pa.  ppte*  Obs."1  [ad.  L.  retort~ust 
pa.  pple.  of  retorquere  :  see  prec.]  Turned  back. 

1431  50  tr,  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  55  Then  the  see  Elesponte 
retorte  with  grete  passage  turnethe  to  the  northe. 

Reto-rtable,  a.  [f.  RETORT  v±  +  -ABLE.] 
Capable  or  admitting  of  retortion. 

1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  in.  viii.  (1632)  523  Our  arguments 
and  matter  controversed,  are  ordinarily  retortable  unto  us. 
1611  COTGR.,  RetorquablCi  retortable. 

Retorted  (routed),  ///.  a.1     [f.  RETOHT  z;.i] 

tl.  Mus.  Reversed.  (See  quot.)   Obs.  rare. 

1597  MORLEY  Introd.  Mus.  27  Phi.  What  do  you  terme  a    , 
retorted  Moode?    Ma.  It  is  a  Moode  of  imperfect  time  set    , 
backward,  signifying  that  the  Notes  before  which  it  is  set 
must  be  sung  as  fast  againe  as  they  were  before. 

2.  Recurved ;  twisted  or  bent  backwards. 

1599  LINCHE  Anc.  Fiction  \.  iv,  It  is  at  one  end  somewhat 
crooked  and  retorted.  1605  TIMME  Quersit.  in.  166  By  very 
long  cunduites  and  pipes  of  brasse  retorted.  1648  HEKRICK 
Helper.^  To  live  merrily,  Th1  Arabian  Dew  besmears  My  j 
uncontrolled  brow,  And  my  retorted  haires.  1661  TATHAM 
Land.  Triumphs  m  Heath  Groc.  Co.  (1869)  478  TwoTryt.ms 
playing  on  retorted  Pipes.  1808  Med.  Jrnl.  XIX.  568  By 
drawing  the  integuments  over  the  wound  till  the  retorted 
edges  are  brought  in  contact.  1859  RUSKIN  Perspective  x\v, 
123  If  the  curve  of  profile  A  B  is  complex  or  retorted. 

f3.  ? Refuted,  rejected.   Obs.  rare-1 

1632   LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  484  He  rashly  aduentured  the    ; 
credite  of  Leager  honour  in  a  single  Combat  against  me  a 
retorted  Plaintiue. 

4.  Thrown  or  cast  back  ;  returned.    Alsoyf^. 

1621  G.  SANDYS  Ovid*s  Met.  v.  42  Vp  fierce  Perseus  starts. 
And  his  retorted  Speare  at  Phineus  darts.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  v.  903  With  retorted  scorn  his  back  he  turn'd.  1745 
J.  MASON  Self -Knowledge  i.  ix.  (1853)  68  Such  retorted 
Scorn  is  more  becoming  the  Character  of  a  Stoic  than  a 
Christian.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  II.  xii.  120  Now  comes 
the  accused,  with.. countercharge  and  retorted  abuse. 
fb.  Forced  or  driven  back.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1658  tr.  Porta's  Nat.  Magic  vi.  ii.  179  Take  river-pebbles 
and  put  them  intoafornace,  in  that  place  where  the  retorted 
flame  is  most  intense. 

6.  Reverted ;  turned  in  a  backward  direction. 

1720  POPE  Iliad 'xvn.  120  He.  .threatens  as  he  flies,  With 
heart  indignant  and  retorted  eyes,  a  1763  SHENSTONE 
Elegies  x.  36  And  with  retorted  eye  forsakes  the  dome. 
1807  J.  BARLOW  Columb.  v.  15  And  now  impatient,  with  re 
torted  eye,  Perceives  his  station  in  another  sky.  a  1843 
SOUTHEY  (Ogilvie),  Sometimes,  with  retorted  bead,  [they] 
pruned  themselves  as  they  floated. 

Retorted  (routed), ppl.  a*  [f.  RETORT  v2] 
Refined  or  purified  in  a  retort. 

1890  '  R.  BOLUKEWOOD  '  Miners  Right  xliii,  She  tried  to 
lift  again.. the  mass  of  retorted  gold  which  had  come  in 
from  the  quartz  reef.  1897  Daily  News  28  July  4/7,  680  tons 
of  ore,  which  yielded  376  ounces  of  retorted  gold. 

RetoTter1.  rare.  [f.  RETORT  z;.1]  One  who 
retorts. 

1611  COTGR.,  Retordeur,  a  twister,  twiner  ;  a  wrester,  a 
retorter.  1660  GAUDEN  God^s  Gt.  Demonstr.  10  No  men 
are  more,  .imperious  retorters  upon  God  and  man,  than 
those  who  are  most  defective  in  their  duties  to  both. 

RetO'rter-.  [f.  RETORT  v.-]  One  employed 
in  retorting  metals. 

1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  fy  Mining  415,  2  amal 
gamators,  2  retorters  and  boiler-men. 

t  RetO'rtible, a.  Obs.  rare-1.  =  RETORTABLE. 

1609  [Up.  W.  BARLOW]  Ansiv.  Nameless  Cath.  283  His 
arguments  are.  .easely  retortlble  against  him. 

Reto  rting,  vbl.  sb±  [f.  RETORT  z/.i]  The 
action  of  bending  or  throwing  back,  etc. 

1589   [see    RESIGN   f.1  2].       1622   MALYNES   Anc.  Law* 
Merth.  422  There  are  three  waies  to  dissoluean  argument, 
Deniall,  Retorting  and   Distinction.      1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.     j 
CiitJius1  Nat.  Paradox  vi.  131  Hearing. .by  tne  ictortlng  of    i 
the  Eccho's  the  confused  noyse  of  the  Hunts-men,  ..they    I 
resolved    to  direct   their   steps   that    way.     1710  ADDISON    i 
Tatler  No.  239  r  13  As  for  those  little  Retortings  of  my  own 
Expressions,  ..they  are  the  common  Cavils  of  every  Witling.    • 

RetOTtiiig,  vbl  sb*  [f.  RETORT  sb*  or  v.'2] 
The  action  of  treating  in  a  retort. 

1858  Times  i  Dec.  9/3  All. .make  six  ounces  of  '  amalgam' 
a  man  per  day,  which  they  value  after  retorting  as  worth 
three  ounces  of  gold.  1883  Science  I.  102  It  was  surmised 
that  the  change  was  due  to  imperfect  retorting. 

Reto  rtincf,  ///.  a.     [f.  RETORT    v.1}     That 
retorts,  in  senses  of  the  verb. 
1588  GREENE  Perimedes  Wks.  (Grosart)  VII.  80  Wan  is 

her  lookes,  her  cheekes  of  Azure  hue,  Hir  haires  as  Gorgons 
foule  retorting  Snakes.  1781  CRABBE  Library  526  The 
wordy  variance  of  domestic  life  ;  The  tyrant  husband,  the 
retorting  wife.  1896  Daily  News  27  Mar.  3/1  His  answer 
was  also  a  retorting  question. 

Retortion  (r/i/  ,ij^n).  [ad.  med.L.  retortion- 
enij  noun  of  action  f.  L.  retoi  quere  :  see  RETORT  v.^ 
and  cf.  RETORSION.] 

1.  The  action  or  fact  of  bending  or  turning  back 
wards  ;  an  instance  of  this.  Also _/?£•. 

1591   SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  i.  in.  100  Our  Sea:  whuse 
divers-branch'd  retortions  Divide  the  World  in  three  un- 
equall  portions.     1654  tr.Scudery's  Curia  Pol.  35  Since  the 
beginning  of  all  ages,  the  Rivers  have  glyded  quietly  with-    j 
out  retortion  towards  their  Fpuntaines.     1663  J.  SPENCER    j 
Prodigies  (1665)  253  They  will  appear  (like  the  Staff  of    , 
Egypt)  either  to  break  under,  or,  by  an  easie  retortion,  to    j 
pierce  and  wound  it  self.     1813  FORSYTH  Excursion  Italy 
234  The  age,  the  expression,  the  retortion  of  head  [etc.]. 
1836-7  Sm  W.  HAMILTON  Metaph.  xiv.  (1859)  II.  497  Some    | 
occupation  which,  by  concentrating  our  attention  on  ex 
ternal  objects,  shall  divert  it  from  a  retortion  on  our:*elves.    i 
t  b.  The  process  of  treating  in  a  retort.    Obs~l    '. 


1657  TOM  LISSOM  RtnoJts  Dis$.  92  It  is  also  called  a  dis 
tillation  by  retortion. 
t  2.  a.  A  reply  of  the  nature  of  a  retort.   Obs. 

1609  [Bp.  W.  HARLOW]  Ansiu.  Nameless  Cath.  304  Neuer 
could  this  Censurer  haue  made  a  more  vntimely  and  vnfitting 
retortion  then  at  this  instant.   1646  R,  J&MLLl&AHabaptism 
(1647)  159  Their  retortion  here  upon  us  is  very  silly,  that  we 
do  put  Christian  infants  in  as  evill  a  condition  as  they.    1682 
G.  VERNON  Life  Hey /;'«  235  The  Retortion  that  Mr.  Selden 
made  to  one  in  the  House  of  Commons. 

fb.  An  answer  made  to  an  argument  by  con 
verting  it  against  the  person  using  it.  Obs. 

1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug.   Cilie  of  God  (1620)  28  The  old 
Rhetoritians  vsed  to  dissolue  this  kinde  of  argument,  .by 
retorting  it,  called  in  Greeke  acrurrpoi^)],  a  conuersion  or 
retortion.     1642  FULLER  Holy  fy  Prof.  St.  u.  vii.  73  There 
are  Syllogismes,  long  swords  ;  Enthymems,  short  daggers  ; 
.  .Retortions,  which  are  targets  with  a  pike  in  the  midst  of 
them,  both  to  defend  and  oppose.     1741  WAR  BURTON  Div, 
Legat.  (1765)  II.  51,  I. .cannot  profit  by  it,  the  argument 
lying  exposed  to  so  terrible  a  retortion. 

tc.  The  method  or  device  of  meeting  an  argu 
ment,  etc.,  by  retorting  it.  Obs. 

1622  MALYNES  Anc.  Law-Merck.  422  Deniall,  is  too 
hostile, . .  Retortion,  is  more  wittie  than  profitable.  1654 
Z.  COKE  Logick  181  Answer  by  Retortion,  is  when  we  shew 
that  the  mean  cr  proof  brought  by  the  adversary  maketh 
for  us.  1679  C.  NESSE  Antid.  agst.  Popery  132  'Twas 
justly  charged  by  way  of  retortion  upon  them.  1732  K. 
EKSKINE  Serin.  Wks.  1871  II.  49,  I  might  answer  by  way 
of  retortion. 

t  d.   Conversion  of  an  argument,  charge,  etc., 
against  another,  or  into  an  opposite  sense.  Obs. 

1610  UP.  HALL  A  Pol.  Brownists  116  For  your  retortion  of 
my  Zoar  and  Sodome :  I  can  giue  you  leaue  to  be  wittie. 
1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  x.  xvii.  §  42  Mr.  George  Herbert. . 
made  a  most  ingenious  retortion  of  this  Hexastick. 

3.  Return  for  something  done  ;  retaliation.  Now 
spec,  in  international  law  (see  quot.  1885). 

1654  tr-  Scndi'ry^s  Curia  Pol.  126  He  violated  all  rights . . ; 
And  what  I  have  done,  was  on  equall  retortion  to  his  merit. 
1762  Gent!.  Mag.  322  In  natural  defence,  and  necessary  re 
tortion,  they  be  treated  as  aggressors,  a  1852  WEBSTER 
Gibbons  $  Ogden  Wks.  1858  VI.  5  (Funk),  This  act  of  New 
Jersey  is  called  an  act  of  retortion  against  the  illegal  and 
oppressive  legislation  of  New  York.  1885  P.  COBBETT 
Cases  Internal.  Law  100  Retortion  consists  in  treating  the 
subjects  of  another  State  in  the  same  way  as  that  State  has 
treated  one's  own  subjects.  Ibid.,  It  is  commonly  laid  down 
that  retortion  only  extends  to  imperfect  rights  or  mere 
rights  of  comity. 

Retortive  (rft^utiv),  a.  rare.  [f.  L.  retort- 
(see  RETORT  z/.1)  +  -IVE.] 

1 1.  Of  the  nature  of  squeezing.   Obs.  rare  — '. 

1660  tr.  Paracelsus'  Archidoxis  i.  iv.  55  Separate  this  (by 
a  Retortive  process  or  pressing)  from  the  feces. 

2.  Turned  backwards.    (Cf.  RETORTED///,  a.  5.) 
1807  .J.  BARLOW  Colunib.  v.  466  From  all  his  guileful  plots 

the  veil  they  drew,  With  eye  retortl\e  looked  creation  thro. 

3.  Of  the  nature  of  a  retort. 

1826  G.  S.  FABKR  Diffic.  Romanism  (1853)  238  The  apt 
answer  of  Btandma,  though  thrown  into  the  form  of  a  re- 
tortive  question,  is  implicatively  a  palpable  denial. 

t  Reto'rtmeut.  Obs.  rare  — '.  [f.  RETORT 
z'.l  +  -MENT.]  Retortion. 

1649  LILBUKNE  Liberties  People  Eng.  (ed.  2)  39  Which 
procured  them  from  me  a  i>harp  re  tort  men  t  of  their  own 
basenesse. 

RetO'SS  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  toss 
back  or  again  (esp.  in  phr.  tossed  and  retossed}. 

1549  CHALONER  Erasm.  on  Folly  K  iv  b,  What  Invectives 
than  are  tossed  and  retossed  betwixe  theim.  1575  GASCOIGNE 
Wks.  (1587)  203  She  had.. turned  over  and  retossed  every 
carde  in  this  sequence.  16x1  FLOHIO,  Riuoltolato^  tossed, 
retossed.  1700  DRVDEN  Cymon  fy  Iph.  370  The  wand'nng 
Vessel  drove  before  the  Wind  :  Toss'd  and  retoss'd,  aloft, 
and  then  alow.  1745  WARTON  Ecloges  v,  All  around  the  roar 
of  war  was  up,  From  rock  to  rock  retost,  from  wood  to  wood. 

Retouch,  (r/tzrtj),  sb.  [Prob.  ad.  F.  retouche 
(1507):  cf.  next.]  A  second  or  further  touch 
given  to  some  part  of  a  picture,  composition,  etc., 
with  a  view  to  improving  it. 

1703  STEELE  Tender  Husb.  iv.  i,  Then  so  many  Touches 
and  Retouches,  when  the  Face  is  finish'd.  1793  ANNA 
SEWARD  Lett.  (1811)  III.  237  Dr.  Vyse  received  it  with 
these  retouches,  praised  the  epitaph,  and  thanked  me.  1843 
Civil  Eitg .  <y  Arch.  Jrnl.  VI.  391/1  Some  parts,  which  it 
may  reasonably  be  inferred  are  retouches,,  .are  quite  flat 
and  dim.  1878  tr.  Viliarfs  Machiav£lli{\%<fi)  I.  157  Those 
retouches  opened  the  way  to  new  and  original  creation. 

Retouch  (n'tznj),  v.  [Prob.  ad.  F.  retoucher 
(i3th  c.,  =  Sp.  and  Pg.  retocar.  It.  ritoaare]  :  see 
RE-  and  TOUCH  z;.] 

1.  trans.  To  touch  again  with  a  view  to  im 
proving  ;  to  amend  or  improve  by  fresh  touches ; 
to  touch  up. 

1685  BUKNET  Let.  in  Trav.  (1687)  i.  97  All  [the  monastery] 
was  retouched  by  the  famous  Guldo  Reni,  yet  it  is  now  again 
much  decayed.  1686  Ibid.  in.  8,  I  have  reloucht  the  Letter 
that  I  writ  to  you  last  year.  1711  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  83 
p  10  One . .  who  was  very  busie  in  retouching  the  finest  Pieces, 
tho'  he  produced  no  Originals  of  his  own,  1751  JOHNSON 
Rambler  No.  176  p  7  When  the  book  has  once  been  dis 
missed  into  the  world,  and  can  be  no  more  retouched.  1797 
HOLCKOFT  tr.  Stolbergs  Trav.  II.  xlvi,  He  has  retouched 
a  copy,  that  was  painted  by  one  of  his  scholars.  1847  C. 
BRONTE  J.  Eyre  xiv,  I  was  myself  in  my  usual  Quaker 
trim,  where  there  was  nothing  to  retouch.  1892  rhotogr* 
Ann,  II.  201  The  negative  to  be  retouched  is  prepared  [etc.]. 
b.  absol.  To  give  retouches. 

1735  POPE  Prol.  Sat.  64  Lintot..  will  think  your  price  too 
much  :  Not,  Sir,  if  you  revise  it,  and  retouch.  1757  GRAY 


Let.  to  Wharton  7  Oct.,  The  difficult  part  is  now  got  over, 
and  nothing  now  remains  but  to  polish,  and  retouch  a  little. 
1843  Civil  Eng.  (5-  Arch.  Jrnl.  VI.  391/1  It  was  the  practice 
to  retouch  when  the  fresco  was  dry. 

2.  a.  To  touch  upon,  to  speak  of,  to  introduce 
or  bring  in,  again,  rare* 

1701  NORRIS  Ideal  \Vorldi.  397  It  may  not  be  unexpedient 
more  expressly  to  retouch  what  lias  been  so  often  insinuated. 
1752  AVISON  Mtts.  Express.  133  The  accidental  Subjects 
are  ..  generally  repeated,  or  at  least  so  retouched  in  the 
Progress  of  the  Fugue  as  to  render  them  easily  known. 
b.  To  magnetize  afresh,  rare. 

1730  /'////.  Trans.  XXXVI.  325,  I  took  off  the  Armour 
and  bound  it  to  that  which  was  newly  touched,  and  there 
with  retouched  that  which  I  had  disarmed. 

Hence  Ketoirched///.  a, 

1843  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  Jrtil.  VI.  391/1  The  retouched 
parts  are  invariably  dim.  1892  Photogr.  Ann.  II.  202  There 
is  no  reason,  .why.  .the  individual  style  of  the  worker  should 
be  more  apparent  than  in  a  retouched  negative. 

Retou'cher  (n-).  [f.  the  verb.  +  -ER1.]  One 
who  retouches,  esp.  one  whose  occupation  is  to 
retouch  photographs. 

1878  Scribners  Mag.  Mar.  687  The  tot  Is  of  the  retoucher 
are. .fine  brushes  and  delicate  instruments  with  which  he 
removes  the  imperfections  from  each  article  or  fills  in  what 
may  be  lacking.  1889  Anthony  s  Photogr.  Bull.  II.  372 
The  Retoucher  who  is  compelled  lo  approach  within  eight 
or  nine  inches  of  the  negative,  is  damaging  the  sight.  1892 
Photogr.  Ann.  II.  202  The  method  or  style  dear  to  tlic 
retoucher's  heart. 

Retoivching (r/~-),z>£/. sb.  [f.  the  verb  +  -ING !.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  veib  in  various  senses. 

1730  Phil.  Trans.  XXXVI.  323,  I  tried  it  without  re 
touching,  and  found  it  perfectly  cured,  the  Polarity  regular 
throughout.  1816  SINC.EU  Playing  Cards  79  After  having 
printed  thirty  or  forty  thuusand  copies  these  blocks  will 
again  bear  retouching.  1885  C.  G.  W.  LOCK  Workshop 
Rcc.  Ser.  iv.  422/1  Retouching  can  be  done  more  quickly 
and  finer  upon  this  coating  than  upon  any  other. 

2.  A  case  or  instance  of  this. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  465  He.,  gives  to  the 
whole  the  several  touclungs  and  retouchings  requeue  for 
finishing.  1842  Civil  Eng.  fy  Arch.  Jrnl.  V.  308/2  Such 
retouchings  are  useless  in  frescos  painted  in  the  open  air. 
1881  WtsTcoTT  &  HURT  Crk.  Test.  Introd.  §  19  Ancient 
authority  was  allowed  to  furnish  not  scattered  retouchings 
but  the  whole  body  of  the  text. 

3.  at  t  rib.,  as  retouching-desk^  -easel,  -medium^  etc. 
1873  KNIGHT /?/£/.  Mech.  1925/2  Retouch  ing- table.     1884 

Ibia,t  Suppl.  754/1  Retouching  Frame.  1890  Anthony's 
Photogr.  Bull.  III.  180  An  ordinary  retouching  easel. 

Retou'climeiit.     ran'~L.    Retouching. 

1882  W.  tiHAHP  Rossetti  iii.  155  The  Death  of  Breuse  sans 
Pitie — as  it  now  appears,  .after  its  retoucbment— is  the 
crudest  in  colour  and  most  grotesque  in  treatment. 

Retour  (i/Ui^-i),  sb.  Also  6  retoure,  retowre. 
[a.  OF.  letour^  verbal  sb.  vfret&umer  to  RETURN. 
In  later  use  paitly  readopted  from  mod.r/.] 

In  the  following  passage  reionrs  is  perhaps  an  alteration  of 
recours  RHCOURSE  (but  cf.  OK.  sans  retonr) :  13. .  A'.  Alis. 
602  (I3odl.  MS.),  He  shal  be  poysond  ^aunz  retours  {Weber 
saun  return]  Of  his  owtn  traytoures. 

1.  Return  (to  a  place).     Now  only  arch.  Sct 
13..    Senyn  Sctff.  (W.)  436  Scho.-dtde  here  mene  make 

re  tour,  c  1330  R.  BKUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  5482 
Hamoun.  .spirde  after  J>er  enperour,  Winder-ward  he  made 
his  retour.  1426  LYDG.  De  Cuil.  Pilgr.  21643  But  Youthe 
than,  in  hyr  Retour,  Was  to  myn  helpt:  gret  .locuur.  a  1533 
Lu.  BERNI.RS  JInon  cxxx.  479  For  fere  lest  y°  false  emper- 
oure  cause  you  to  dye  or  my  retoure.  1567  TURBERV.  Ovid's 
Ep.  112  Come  hither,  come  and  to  my  bosume  make  re- 
tuwre.  [1703  FAKO.UHAK  Inconstant  Pref,  To  have  the 
lady,  upon  her  retour  to  Paris,  boast  of  their  splendid 
entertainment  in  England.]  1822  (_>ALT  Prcn'ost  xxi,  Mr. 
Secretary  of  State  wrote  me  back  by  retour  of  post,  thank 
ing  me  for  my  zeal  in  the  public  service.  189^  BEATTV 
Sucre  tar  viti.  68  See  ye  keep  that  auld  carle  Oeddes  in 
gude  ward  till  my  retour. 

2.  Sc.  Law.    A  return  made  to  Chancery  of  the 
brieve  of  inquest  relative  to  the  service  of  an  heir, 
with   the  verdict   of  the  jury  upon  it;   also,   an 
extract  or  copy  of  the  return. 

1471  Reg. Mag.  Sig.  (1882)  215  The  King's  breif  of  inquest 
diret.it  to  the  Schircf  of  Forfare  to  give  him  possensioun 
eftir  the  lenour  of  this  retour  undirwirlin.  1546  Reg.  Privy 
Council  Scot.  I.  37  With  the  seibingis,  retouris,  and  all  that 
followit  thairupoun.  1579-80  Ibid.  III.  258  Ane  seizing  of 
Johnne,  Lord  JJernlie,  uf  the  landis  of  Evimlaill,  past  upoun 
a  retour.  1630  Acts  Sedernnt  31  July,  All  summonds  of 
reduction  of  retouris  . .  sail  be  formed  in  Latine  be  an 
advocat.  1678  Ibid.  15  Feb.,  To  direct  or  give  out  any 
precepts  to  Shirriffs  ..  for  granting  infeftmenl  upon  re- 
tours.  1754  ERSKISE  Princ.  Sc.  Law  (1809)  383  Retours 
upon  general  services  are  not  properly  transmissions  of  an 
estate.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  La-w  Scot.  004  From  the 
Chancery  a  certified  copy  is  given  out,  which  is  called  a 
retour.  1868  Act  31  %  32  l^ict.  c.  100  §  101  A  retour  of  the 
verdict  and  service  of  the  jury  before  the  Judge  Ordinary. 

b.  A   return   of  this   kind,   as   specifying   the 
yearly  value  of  the  lands  in  question. 

In  first  quot.  applied  to  a  special  return. 

1580-1  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  346  That,  be  advise 
of  the  schireffis.  .of  the  schires  within  the  wardenrie,  thair 
be  a  stent  and  retour  of  all  landis  within  the  same.  1681 
STAIR  Instit.  i.  xiv.  304  Which  sums  would  be  Liquid,  and 
known  according  to  the  new  retour,  and  the  Feu  or  Blensh- 
duty.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  LawScot.  861  Where  there  is  no 
retour  of  lands,,  .the  superior  is  entitled  to  the  valued  rent. 

c.  attrib.  with  duty  or  mail,  =  RETOURKD///.  a. 
1681  STAIR  Instit.  i.  xiv.  304  The  relief  which  is  debititin 

fundi,  must  only  be  the  retour  duty.  1693  Ibid.  (ed.  2)  iv. 
vili.  574  The  Retour-mails,  or  Feu-duties  of  the  same. .  did 
belong  and  pet  tain  to  the  said  Pursuer  as  Donatar.  1746-7 


RETOTTR. 

Act  20  Get.  II,  c.  so  t  2  Lands.. no  longer  liable  to  the 
annual  payment  of  the  new  extent  or  retour  duty.  1838  \V. 
BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  861  Blanch-holdings  . .  are  liable  in 
a  retour  duty  of  one  per  cent,  of  the  valued  rent. 

3.  attrib.  with   ship,   waggon,   denoting  return 
from  a  destination.     Also  ellipt.  a  vehicle  which 
returns  to  its  original  starting-place. 

Only  in  echoes  of  continental  usa^e. 

1731  M  F.DLEY  Koltetts  Cape  G.  Hope  1 1.  325  The  Company 
has  put  her  Retour  Ships  under  the  following  Regulation, 
with  Regard  to  the  Cape.  1838  C.  M.  YOUNG  in  J.  C. 
Young  Mem.  (1871)  II.  33  A  rope  providentially  lent  us  by 
the  driver  of  a  retour  waggon.  1839  W.  CHAMBERS •/'>">' 
Belgium  48/1  A  vehicle,  .with  the  words  '  Retour  a  Koln  , 
or  whatever  else  may  be  the  name  of  the  place  to  which 
they  are  about  to  return,  written  on  paper,  and  stuck  upon 
their  sides.  These  retours  may  be  hired  at  something  be 
low  the  full  charge,  but  even  the  highest  price  is  not  great. 

4.  A  returned  part. 

1863  KINGLAKE  Crimea  (1877)  IV.  xiii.  346  The  two 
saliems  being  connected  by  a  curtain,  .and  having  retours 
towards  the  gorge. 

Betour    r/tii»M),  v.     Chiefly  Sc.     [f.  the  sb.] 

fl.  intr.  To  return  or  revert  to  a  person.  Oh. 

1456  SIR  G.   HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  133  Quhen  the 
terme  cummys,  the  landis  retouris  agayne  to  the  lord.    1535 
STEWART  Cron.  Scat.  II.  229  Efter  his  deid  the  croun  suld     j 
than  retonr  To  schir  Modred. 

t 2.  To  return  to  a  place.   UOS.  rare. 

1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  xi.  i.  101  Sa  that  thou  suld  nocht.. 
as  victor  with  prosperite  Onto  thy  faderis  cite  hame  retour. 
„  ,533  Ln.  BERNERS  Huon  Ixxxv.  269  [He]  toke  leue  of  the 
kynge  &  retouryd  to  Burdeux. 

3.  trans.  Sc.  Law.  To  return  (a  person)  as  heir. 
(Cf.  RETOUR  sb.  2.) 

1515  in  Sir  W.  Fraser  Sutherland  Bit.  (1892)  III.  59 
Elizabeth  Sutherland,,  .quhilk  is  full  and  haill  retouryt  of 
the  said  ..  landis.  1546  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  37 
Albeit  thai  be  nocht  servit  nor  retourit  the  saidis  airis. 
1507  SKENE  De  Verb.  Sign.  s.v.  Breue  de  mortc  antecessoris, 
His  aire  being  serued  and  retoured  to  the  superioritie  of 
the  samin  lands.  1678  SIR  G.  MACKENZIE  Crim.  Laws 
Scot.  I.  xix.  §  xii.  (1099)  102  Some  think  an  Heir  served  and 
retoured,  doth  fall  within  this  signification.  1752  MeDouALL 
Inst.  Law  Scot.  m.v.  II.  334  [Precepts  are  granted]  to  the 
sheriff. . ,  commanding  him  to  give  infeftment  to  the  person  , 
retoured.  1868  MAIDMENT  Scot.  Gall.  I.  29  James  Spens 
was  retoured  as  heir  of  his  father  Alexander.  1880  EARI. 
OF  CRAWFORD  Earldom  of  Mar  (1882)  I.  259  An  inquest  of 
the  leading  gentlemen  of  the  county,  .retoured  Sir  Robert 
[Erskine]  as  lawful  heir  to  the  Earldom  of  Mar. 

to.  To  make  a  return  to  Chancery  of  or  relative    | 
to  (lands,  etc.) ;  to  state  the  value  of,  in  a  retour. 

1581-1  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  452  The  said  haill 
landis. .nevir  being  stentit  nor  retourit.  1597  SKENE  DC 
Verb.  Sign.  s.v.  Breue  tie  trtorte  antecessoris,  The  mailles  ! 
and  dewties  of  the  landes,  sa  lang  as  they  ar  retoured  to 
haue  bene  in  the  handes  of  the  King.  1693  STAIR  Ins/if. 
(ed.  2)  ill.  v.  473  For  ordinarly  the  Fee  is  Retoured,  to  be  in 
the  hands  of  the  Superior  by  reason  of  Non-entry,  a  1768 
ERSKINE  fust.  Law  Scot.  n.  v.  §  36  In  feu  holdings,  the 
yearly  feu-duty  contained  in  the  Reddendo  is  retoured  as 
the  new  extent.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  La;v  Scot.  861  Feu- 
holdings  are  retoured  to  the  feu-duties  specified  in  the  charter. 

c.  To  return,  send  in  (the  brieve  or  verdict, 
etc.!  to  Chancery. 

1597  SKENE  De  Verb.  Sign.  s.v.  Breue  de  morte  anteces- 
sorts,  This  their  answere. .,  and  the  brieue  inclosed  therein 
..,  is  sent  back  &  retoured  to  the  chancellarie.  1630  Acts 
Sederttnt  31  July,  Summonds  of  reductioun  of  retours  that 
has  bene  retourit  to  the  Chancellary.  1813  SCOTT  Guy  M. 
Iviii,  [NVe  have]  got  our  youngster's  special  service  re- 
toured  into  Chancery.  We  had  him  served  heir  before  the 
macers.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  113  Their  sentence 
is  attested  by  the  judge,  and  retoured  by  the  clerk  of  the 
court,  to  Chancery.  1868  Act  3r  <$•  32  Viet,  c.  100  §  101 
The  verdict  and  service  of  the  jury  shall  be  retoured  to 
Chancery. 

Hence  Retovvred  fpl.  a. ;  EetouTing  vbl.  sb. 
Also  Retou-rarjle  a. 

'597  SKENE  De  Verb.  Sign.  s.v.  Extent,  Quhilk.  .suld  be 
generallie  vsed  in  retouring  of  landes  to  the  Kingis  Chan 
cellarie.  Ibid.,  The  reliefe  of  landes  is  the  retoured  maill 
according  to  the  new  extent.  ci63o  DALLAS  Stiles  (1697) 

g7  Serving  thereof  and  Retouring  of  the  same  to  our 
lancellary.  1681  STAIR  Instit.  I.  xiv.  304,  I  have  never 
heard  of  one  retoured  Duty  demanded  for  the  Non-entry. 
31768  ERSKINE  Inst.  Law  Scot.  11.  v.  §  37  Because  the 
new  extent  or  retoured  duty  is  presumed  to  be  the  rent. 
Ibid.  in.  viii.  §  61  The  brief  of  inquest  has  been  from  the 
beginning  a  retourable  brief.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law 
Scot.  861  The  brieve  of  inquest.. is  retourable  to  Chancery 
whence  it  issued.  Ibid.,  Where  there  is  no  retour  of  lands, 
and  no  means  of  proving  their  retoured  duties. 

Retourn(e,  obs.  forms  of  RETURN  sb.  and  v. 
Retrace   (rftr^'-s),  v.    [ad.  F.  retracer:  see 
RE-  and  TRACE  v.'] 

1.  trans.  To  trace  back  to  an  origin  or  source ; 
to  track  through  preceding  stages.     Also  refl. 

1697  DRVDEN  SEneid  vu.  520  Then  if  the  Line  of  Turnus 
you  retrace;  He  springs  from  Inachus  of  Argive  Race. 
1801  A.  HAMILTON  Wks.  (1886)  VII.  219  Retracing  our 
financial  system  to  its  commencement.  1805  FOSTER  Ess. 
I.  vii.  87,  I  am  supposing  a  man  to  retrace  himself  through 
his  past  life.  1841  D'IsRAELi  Amen.  Lit.  (1859)  H-  16  The 
orthography  of  others . .  was  as .  .eruditely  whimsical . .  in  the 
attempt_to  retrace  the  etymology,  or  to  modify  exotic  words 
to  a  native  origin. 

2.  To  trace  again  with  the  eyes ;  to  look  over 
again  with  care  or  close  attention. 

1726  POPE  Odyss.  xxiv.  270  The  chief  divine  Gaz'd  o'er 
his  sire,  retracing  ev'ry  line.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Coltmtb.  I. 
'45  Retrace  the  banks  yon  rushing  waters  lave.  1823  DE 
QUINCEY  Lett.  Edttc.  \.  (1860)  6  The  same  book  left  in  your 


576 

possession,  and  open  at  any  hour,  to  be  consulted,  re 
traced,  collated,  and  in  the  fullest  sense  studied. 
b   To  trace  again  in  memory  ;  to  recall. 

1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol.  i.  xlviii,  What  transport,  to 
retrace  our  boyish  plays.  1784  COWPER  Task  IV.  183  While 
we  retrace  with  mem'ry's  pointing  wand.. The  dangers  we 
have  'scap'd.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  ix.  vi,  1  should  be 
puzzled  to  retrace  a  single  sentiment.  1871  O.  W.  HOLMES 
Wind-Clauds  f,  Star-Drifts  iv,  Let  me  retrace  the  record 
of  the  years  That  made  me  what  1  am. 

3.  To  go  back  upon  (one  s  steps,  way,  etc.). 

1794  MRS.  RADCI.IFFE  Myst.  Udolplw  vi,  Michael  was  re 
tracing  his  way  with  alacrity.  1814  CARY  Dante,  Inf.  I.  33 
With  purpose  to  retrace  my  steps,  1  turn'd.  1844  H.  H. 
WILSON  Brit.  India  II.  293  The  nature  of  the  country  pre 
cluding  a  forward  movement,  he  retraced  his  march.  1872 
RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  $  Mining  260  One  or  two  pro 
specting  parties  have  also  ventured  into  this  country,  but 
were  compelled  soon  to  retrace  their  steps. 
b.  In  figurative  context. 

1839  KF.IGHTLEY  Hist.  Eng.  II.  33  If  Henry  did  not  retrace 
his  steps.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  viii.  II.  368  The 
ministers  were  appalled.  Even  Jeffreys  would  gladly  have 
retraced  his  steps.  1875  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  II.  xv.  296 
When  he  had  taken  the  step  he  did  not  retrace  it. 

Hence  Retra'cing  fpl.  a. 

1822  T.  CHALMERS  ty'ks.  XVI.  186  The  retracing  move 
ment.,  is  imitable  in  other  parishes.  1848  J.  RITCHIE  in 
Mem.  G.  J.  Mackenzie  52  He  preaches  to  you  this  day.  .in 
your  retracing  memory. 

Re-trace  j'-},v.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To  trace, 
or  go  over,  again  with  some  marking  instrument. 
Msojig. 

1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qua!.  (1809)  III.  32  That 
eternal  law.  .was  written  and  again  retraced  in  the  bosom 
of  the  first  man.  1772-84  Cov^s  Voy.  (1790)  I.  249  An 
Indian .  .drew  the  figure  upon  my  skin  ;  he  then  retraced  it, 
by  pricking  the  lines  with  needles.  1868  BROWNING  RingH 
Bk.  in.  752  This  letter  traced  in  pencil-characters  Guido  as 
easily  got  re-traced  in  ink  By  his  wife's  pen. 

Retrack  ("-),  v.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To  track 
or  trace  again. 

1835  BROWNING  Paracelsus  v.  391  After-ages  shall  retrack 
thy  beams.  1839-48  BAILEY  Festits  xxiii.  (1848)  298,  I  now 
retrack  my  course  to  earth.  1869  J.  CONINGTON  Horace, 
Sat.  (1874)  30  Should  Fate  this  moment  bid  me  to  go  back 
O'er  all  my  length  of  years,  my  life  retrack  To  its  first  hour. 

t  Retra'ct,  sb.  Obs.  [f.  the  verb,  or  ad. 
med.L.  retractus] 

1.  Retractation  (of  errors,  statements,  etc.). 

1553  EDEN  Treat.  Newt  Ind.  (Arb.)  10  He  wrytte  also  a 
Booke  of  retractes  in  whych  he  correcteth  hysowne  errours. 
1584  [R.  PARSONS]  Leicester's  Commoma.  (1641)  29  For 
this  cause  hee  hath  his  tearmes  and  pretences,  .of  Con 
tracts,  Precontracts,  Postcontracts,  Protracts,  and  Retracts. 
1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  1199  Metaphors  aenig- 
maticall,  and  covert  words,.. were  but  shifts,  retracts  and 
evasions,  a  1656  HALES  Gold.  Rem.  (1677)  22  St.  Austine, 
in  a  retract,  concludes  we  must  despair  of  no  man . .  as  long 
as  he  liveth. 

2.  Retreat  on  the  part  of  an  army  or  force. 

1587  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III.  1431/1  Skinke  was  forced 
to  give  place..,  and  in  his  retract  spoiled  and  burnt  the 
countrie.  1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  fy  Commiv.  (1603)  177 
He  is  constrained  euen  in  the  course  of  victory  to  sound  the 
retract,  and  surcease  his  protects.  1614  RALEIGH  Hist. 
World  iv.  ii.  S  4.  179  These  Grecians  also  that  made  the  re 
tract,  aduised  Darius  to  retire  his  Armie  into. .  Mesopotamia. 

3.  That  which  is  rejected  ;  refuse,  rare  — *. 

1575  FENTON  Gold.  Epist.  (1582)  169,  I  am.  .the  reproch, 
retract,  and  shame  of  men,  and  the  scorne  of  the  people. 

4.  Farriery.  =RETRAIT  s/>.1  5. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  When  the  farrier,  in  shoeing, 
perceives  the  horse  to  shrink  at  every  blow  on  the  nail ;  it  is 
a  sign  of  a  retract. 

Retract  (rftrarkt),  n.1  Also  6  Sc.  retrak. 
[f.  L.  retract-,  ppl.  stem  of  retrahere,  f.  re-  RE-  + 
trahere  to  draw.] 

I.  trans.  1.  To  draw  or  pull  (something)  back. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  59  The  occean . .  auber . . 
flowethe  furthe  or  retractethe  the  sees  in  to  hit.  1597  A.  M. 
Guillemeaits  Fr.  Chirnrg.  4ob/i  They  retracte  and  drawe 
backe  the  humors  which  trouble  those  partes.  1646  SIR  T. 
BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  231  The  heat  of  the  Ayre  attracting  the 
humours  outward,  and  the  action  of  the  Medicine  retracting 
the  same  inward.  1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  869  He 
affirmed  every  Irrational  Power  or  Soul,  to  be.  .Retracted 
and  Resumed  into  the  Deity.  1791  COWPER  Iliad  XX.  396 
From  the  shield,  himself  Of  brave  tineas  the  bright-pointed 
ash  Retracting,  placed  it  at  Achilles'  feet.  1830  HERSCHEL 
Study  Nat.  Phil.  334  Let  the  piston  be  suddenly  retracted 
and  the  air  restored  to  its  original  volume  in  an  instant.  1846 
BRITTAN  tr.  Malgnigne's  Man.  Oper.  Surg.  221  If  you 
retract  the  skin  dividing  the  cellular  bridles  [etc.].  1874 
MASSON  Three  Devils  92  The  soul,  retracting  its  thoughts 
from  the  far  and  physical,  dwells  disgustedly  on  itself. 

trans/.  1873  KINGLAKE  Crimea  (11577)  V.  i.  311  The  com 
mander  . .  retracted  all  at  once  the  right  shoulder  and  wheeled 
his  squadrons  half  back. 

b.  To  draw  back  or  in  (some  part  of  the  body). 

Used  esp_.  of  lower  forms  of  animal  life,  having  parts  or 
organs  which  may  be  protruded  and  drawn  in  again. 

1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos.  I.  8  [The  butterfly's  tongue] 
being  drawn  up  into  an  Helix,  and  retracted  into  the  mouth. 
Ibid.-ifc  The  Eyes.. are  sheathed  in  her  horns  which  she 
can  retract  or  protrude.  1835-6  TodiFs  Cycl.  Anat.  1. 297/1 
Birds  which  have  sharp  claws,  .retract  them  when  they  hope 
to  prevent  their  being  blunted.  1851  RICHARDSON  Geol. 
(1855)  293  The  head  is  proportionally  large,  and  cannot  be 
retracted  within  the  carapace.  1872  DANA  Corals  i.  26  A 
kind  of  case  or  jacket,  into  which  the  upper  extremity . .  may 
be  retracted. 

fo.  To  draw,  bring,  or  call  back  (a  person) 
from  or  to  a  place,  or  to  reality.   Obs. 


RETRACT. 

1650  COWLF.Y  Guardian  iv.  viii,  When  a  dead  man  from 
Orcus  I  retract,  a  1652  BROME  New  Acad.  in.  i,  .My  great 
love  unto  the  Nation . .  Retracts  me  hither.  1636  STANLEY 
Hist.  Philos.  v.  150  It  is  the  same  in  undistracted  phantasy, 
which  they  admit,  when  there  is  nothing  that  can  retract  us. 

t  d.  To  draw  out  of  or  up.  Obs.  rare. 

1608  Ussher'sLctt.  (1686)  App. 20 A  Knowledg.. which  Ex 
perience  might  produce,  if  we  would  assay  to  retract  it  out  of 
Nature  by  particular  Probations.  1698  Phil.  Trans.  XX. 
119  They  may  retract  it  up,  and  the  easier,  because  passing 
over  these  Bones  like  a  Pully,  their  force  is  more  augmented. 

i  2.  a.  To  delay  or  retard  (one).  Obs.  rare—1. 

1324  State  Papers  Hen.  VIII,  VI.  364  The  Duke  and  his 
armye  was  so  tarded  and  retracted,  that  finally  the  French 
King,  .had  leisour.  .to  gadie  strength. 

•)•  b.  To  restrain ;  to  hold  back  or  prevent  from 
some  course.  Also  reft,  and  absol.  Obs. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VII,  16  Whiche  secret  serpent 
caused  their  fury  to  wade  farther  then  reason  coulde  retract 
or  restreyne.  Ibid,  16  b,  Euery  one  wished  that  this  tumult 
were  retracted  and  quenched.  1568T.  HowELL/Ir/'.  Amitie 
(1879)  22  And  let  not  want  of  welth  in  place  Retract  thy 
loue  to  runne  his  race.  1608  DOD  &  CLEAVER  Expos. 
Frov.  ix-x.  112  Godly  men.. haue  sometimes  a  pronenesse 
and  inclination  to  euill  ;*  yet  they  may  be  easily  retracted  by 
counsell  and  admonition.  1633  ROWLEY  Match  at  Midn. 
III.  i,  He  lookes.  .like  one  that  could  retract  himselfe  from 
his  mad  starts.  1670  Conclave  wherein  Clement  VIII_  was 
elected  Pope  1 1  Hoping . .  by  their  presence  and  authority  to 
retract  some  one  from  giving  their  Vote. 

f  c.   To  restrict  or  limit  to  something.   Obs. 

1668  H.  MORE  Div.  Dial.  Schol.  (1713)  562  Therefore  the 
seven  Vials  cannot  be  retracted  to  the  sixth  Trumpet,  much 
less  be  coextended  with  the  seven  Trumpets. 

f  3.  To  withdraw,  remove,  or  take  away  (a  per 
son  or  thing).  Obs. 

1368  T.  HOWELL  Ne-.u  Sonn.  (1879)  155  When  faithful!  man 
hath  thus  long  serued, ..in  them  shall  vice  ingratytude,  re 
tracte  his  iust  desarte.  1398  BARRET  Thcor.  Warres  iv.  iii. 
109  To  retract  and  draw  foorth  of  the  squadrons,  such  men 
as  be  hurt.  1693  WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Earth  II.  (1723)  102 
That  Excess  of  Fertility.. was  retracted  and  cut  off.  1728 
T.  COOKE  Hesiod,  The  Theogony  1057  Before  the  gates  the 
son  of  Japhet  stands,  Nor  from  the  skies  retracts  his  head 
or  hands. 

f  b.  To  withdraw,  turn  away  (the  eye).  Obs. 

1637  HEYWOOD  Pleas.  Dial,  xvin,  Such  admirable  parts 
in  all  I  spye,  From  none  of  them  I  can  retract  myne  eye. 
II.   intr.  f  4.  To  retire,  retreat.  Obs.  rare. 

1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  585  This  ilk  Malcolme  than 
thocht  he  wald  retrak  Quhill  on  the  morne,  and  hald  the 
feild  abak.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  698  They  were  fully 
determined,  and  bent  to  compell  him  to  retract  with  dent 
of  sworde. 

5.  To  undergo  or  exhibit  retraction  ;  to  admit  of 
being  drawn  back. 

1784  Med.  Comm.  II.  12  The  protrusion  had  entirely  re 
tracted  within  the  os  externum.  1846  BRITTAN  tr.  Mai- 
gaigne's  Man.  Oper.  Snrg.  101  The  cicatrix  which  forms. ., 


retracting,  and  all  bleeding  points  were  secured  at  once. 

f6.  To  revert  to  (one).  Obs.  rare-1. 

1783  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  203/1  A  very  considerable  tract 
of  land  in  that  district  shortly  retracts  to  government. 

Hence  Retra'cting  vbl.  sb.1  and///,  a. 

1620  VENNER  Via  Recta  viii.  175  By  reason  of  the  retract 
ing  of  the  spirits  to  the  head.  1661  BOYLE  Style  of  Script. 
(1675)  in  The  forciblest  motives  to  the  several  duties,  and 
the  most  retracting  disswasives  from  the  contrary  vices. 
1707  SIR  W.  HOPE  New  Method  Fencing  iv.  131  This  is  to 
be  done  without  the  least  Retracting  of  your  Right  Legg. 

Retract  (rttrse-kt),  ».2  [ad.  L.  retrattare,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  tractare  to  draw,  pull.  So  F.  ri!tra(ter, 
Sp.  and  Pg.  retractar.'] 

1.  trans,  a.  To  withdraw,   recall,   revoke,  re 
scind  (a  decree,  declaration,  promise,  etc.). 

'545  J°YE  Exp.  Dan.  vi.  93  Here  be  emprour  and  kinges 
taught  to  retract  and  call  in  ayen  their  vniust  lawes.  1394 
R.  ASHLEY  Leys  le  Roy  54  b,  They  haue  power  to  retract  the 
ordinances  of  the  Sultans.  1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  in.  n. 
vi.  v.  (1651)  581  Pope  Gregory.. retracted  that  decree  of 
Priests  marriages.  1634  BRAMHALL  Just  Vind.  i.  (1661)  2 
That  our  Kings,  .had  power  to  revoke,  retract  and  abrogate 
whatsoever  they  found  ..insupportable  to  their  Subjects. 
1786  BURKE  Art.  agst.  IV.  Hastings .  Wks.  II.  96  In  that 
year  he  retracted  his  own  act  of  resignation  of  his  office. 
1794  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Myst.  Udolpho  xxxiii,  Withdraw  to 
your  chamber  before  I  retract  my  promise.  1814  SCOTT 
Wav  Ixv,  Edward  was  desirous  of  retracting  the  suit  he 
had  made  to  his  sister.  1847  MRS.  A.  KERR  tr.  Ranke's 
Hist.  Servia  256  A  declaration  of  that  nature  might  at  any 
moment  be  retracted.  1873  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  7  The 
permission,  .has  been  given,  and  cannot  be  retracted. 

b.  To  withdraw  (a   statement,  etc.)   as  being 
erroneous  or  unjustified. 

1360  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  29  b,  Yet  wyll  I  retracte 
nothynge  in  these  same.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  4-  Cr.  n.  u.  141 
Were  1  alone..,  And  had  as  ample  power,  as  I  haue  will, 
Paris  should  ne're  retract  what  he  hath  done.  1647  N. 
BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  I.  Ivii.  (1739)  104  Quietly,  said  I  ? 
that  1  must  retract ;  for  he  never  bad  quiet  during  his  life. 
1703  MAUNDRELL  Jimrn.  Jerns.  (1732)  141  He  both  re 
tracted  his  Apostacy  and  dyed  to  attone  for  it.  1730  JOHN 
SON  Rambler  No.  31  p  16  As  all  error  is  meanness,  it  is 
incumbent  on  every  man  who  consults  his  own  dignity,  to 
retract  it  as  soon  as  he  discovers  it.  1879  MCCARTHY  Own 
Times  xviii.  II.  32  He  had  nothing,  he  said,  to  retract  or  to 
ask  pardon  for. 

2.  intr.  a.  To  make  withdrawal  or  disavowal 
(of  a  statement,  opinion,  error,  etc.). 


RETRACT. 

c  1645  HOWELI.  Lett.  (1650)  II.  2  If  your  spirit  will  not  let 
you  retract,  yet  you  shall  do  well  to  repress  any  more  copies 
of  the  satyr.  1675  G.  R.  tr.  Le  Grand's  Man.  without 
Passion,  249  He  retracts  from  his  errors.  174*  YOUNG  Nt. 
T/t.  iv.  398  What  mean  these  questions? — Trembling  I 
retract.  1833  LYTTON  Mug.  fy  English  \.  iv,  The  affront 
once  given,,  .they  fight  first  and  retract  afterwards.  1865 
PUSEY  Truth  Eng.  Ch.  74  When  detected,  he  retracted. 
He  acquiesced  outwardly  without  giving  up  his  belief. 

b.  To  draw  back  (from  a  promise,  resolve,  etc.). 
1700  DRYDEN  Cymon  <f-  ipk.  252  Tho1  both  repenting, 

were  by  Promise  bound,  Nor  could  retract,  a  1733  LANDS* 
DOWNE  To  Myra  Poems  (1790)  64  She  will,  and  she  will 
not,  she  grants,  denies,  Consents,  retracts,  advances,  and 
then  flies.  1808  ELEANOR  SLEATH  Bristol  Heiress  III.  320 
Caroline  had  not  retracted  from  her  resolution.  1853  J*  H. 
NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk,  (1873)  II.  i.  iii.  142  Alfonso  of  Portugal 
promised  to  join  in  a  Holy  War,  and  retracted. 

c.  Card-playing.     To  draw  back,  change  one's 
mind,  after  having  agreed  or  declined  to  play  with 
a  certain  hand. 

1830  '  EIDRAH  TREBOR  '  Hoyle  Made  Familiar  71  (Loo), 
No  one  can  retract  after  declaring  his  intention  to  stand 
or  not.  1878  '  CAVENDISH  '  Laws  of  Ecartc  n  The  dealer 
having  accepted  or  refused  cannot  retract. 

Hence  Retra'cting  vbl.  sb.% 

1643  Decl.  Comm.  Rebell.  Ireland  26  These  directions 
given  by  His  Majesty  for  the  retracting  of  this  Order. 

t  Retra'ct,  v$  Obs.-1  [ad.  L.  retractare,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  tractare  to  handle.]  trans.  To  repeat. 

01699  Wodraw  Soc.  Select  £«£>-.  (1847)  11.321  The  office 
and  acts  of  such,  as  ordination  and  baptism,  though  in 
themselves  null,  yet  they  are  effectual  to  godly  persons, ,. 
and,  therefore,  are  not  necessary  to  be  retracted. 

Retractable  (rrtroe-ktab'l),  a.  [f.  RETRACT  v.i 
and  v*  +  -ABLE.  Cf.  OF.  and  Sp.  retractable.] 

1.  That  may  be  retracted  or  disavowed. 

1620  DONNE  Semi.  Wks.  1839  V.  423  Not  in  finite  and 
retractable  speeches,  but  in  fiery  tongues. 

f2.  ?  Inclined  to  be  shy  or  reluctant.  Ofc.~~l 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  426,  I  set  Pen  to  Paper,  drawing 
from  the  distaffe  of  the  Retractable  Muses,  a  Poeticall 
Pamphelet. 

3.  Capable  of  being  drawn  in  ;  retractile. 

1769  COOK  ist  Voy.  round  World  \.  i,  Very  sharp  talons, 
which  resemble  those  of  a  cat,  and,  like  them,  were  retract 
able  into  a  sheath  of  skin. 

Hence  Betractabi'lity,  capacity  for  retraction. 

1890  Med.  News  LI  1 1,  159  (Cent.),  Tannin,  which  acts  on 
the  re trac lability  of  the  mucous  membrane. 

t  Retra'Ctate, pa.pple.  Obs.  rare—1,  [ad. 
L.  retractat-usj  pa.  pple.  of  retractdre  RETRACT 
z*.3]  Treated  again,  revised. 

1623  BACON  Let.  to  Matthew  in  Spedding  Life  VII.  429 
Those  works,  which  I  had  formerly  published,.. being  re- 
tractate  and  made  more  perfect. 

t  Retra'Ctate,  7'.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  ppl.  stem 
of  L.  retractart.  RETRACT  z>.2]  trans.  To  retract. 

1611  BIBLE  Transl.  Pref.  p  13  The  same  S.  Augustine  was 
not  ashamed  to  retractate,  we  might  say  reuoke,  many 
things  that  had  passed  him. 

Retractation  (rftnektJl*Jan),  [ad.  L.  re- 
tractdtidn-em,  noun  of  action  f.  retractare  RETRACT 
v.%  and  v.%  So  F.  retractation,  Sp.  retractation^ 
It.  retrattazione,] 

1.  //.  The  title  of  a  book  written  by  St.  Augus 
tine  containing  farther  treatment  and  corrections  of 
matters  treated  in  his  former  writings. 

1451  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Ang.  (E.E.T.S.)  31  All  |>is  J>ing 
witnesseth  him-selue  in  his  first  book  of  his  Retractaciones. 
1532  MORE  Confnt.  Tindale  Wks.  733/2  Saynt  Austyne.. 
found  no  faut  in  that  saieng  when  he  was  after  bishop  at  the 
time  of  his  retractations.  1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst. 
in.  xx.  229  b,  He  telleth  also  in  his  seconde  boke  of  Re- 
tractations  that  it  was  in  his  time  receiued  in  Africa.  1614 
RALEIGH  Hist.  World  i.  (1634)  20  St.  Augustine. .in  his 
Retractations  maintaineth  the  same  opinion.  1651  C.  CART- 
WRIGHT  Cert.  Relig.  i.  49  Saint  Augustine  had  written  so 
many  errors,  as  occasioned  the  writing  of  a  whole  booke  of 
retractations.  1888  SALMON  Infallib.  Ch.  xviii,  St.  Augus 
tine's  '  Retractations '  does  not  mean  retractations  in  our 
modern  sense  of  the  word,  but  a  re-handling  of  things  pre 
viously  treated  of. 

b.   Used  similarly  of  other  works,  rare. 

1583  FULKE  Def.  Trans.  Script.  Answ.  Pref.  54  The  same 
Beda,  in  his  preface  vnto  his  retractation  vpon  the  Acts  of 
the  Apostles. 

fc.  Rhet.  (See  quot.)  Obs.  rare"0. 

1678  PHILLIPS,  Retractation.. in  Rhetorick..is  the  same 
figure  with  that  which  is  called  in  Greek  Ploce. 

2.  a.  Withdrawal  or  recantation  of  an  opinion, 
statement,  etc.,  with  admission  of  error. 

1548  ELYOT,  Retractatio,  a  retractacion ;  a  reuokyng  of 
ones  opinion.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  200  b,  He 
had  at  the  fyrste  made  hys  retractatyon  nothynge  playnlye. 
1643  DIGBV  Observ.  Rtlig.  Med.  (1644)  98  What  censure 
upon  himselfe  may  wee  expect,  .if  euer  hee  make  any  re 
tractation  of  this  Discourse  concerning  his  Religion?  1674 
HICKMAN  Quinqnart.  Hist.  (ed.  2)  24  Retractation  is  when 
a  man  out  of  conviction  of  judgement  revokes  his  errour. 
1752  CARTE  Hist.  Eng.  III.  293  Such  are  the  effects  of 
forced  retractations  falsly  termed  conversions.  1839  HAL- 
LAM  Hist.  Lit.  iv.  iii.  §  31  He  had  been  for  many  years,  .a 
favourer  of  Cartesianism,  but  his  retractation  is  very  com 
plete.  (11873  S.  WILBERFORCE  Ess.  (1874)  II.  226  Their 
very  retractations  witness  to  the  gradualness  with  which 
the  new  light  dawned  upon  them. 

b.  Withdrawal  from  an  engagement,  promise,  etc. 

1654  tr.  Sciiderys  Curia  Pol.  115  Faith  is  obligatory,  and 
binding,  and  no  retractation  to  be  admitted.  1818  COLE- 
BROOKE  Obligations  190  On  the  question  of  the  right  and 
effect  of  retractation,  opinions  of  jurists  differ.  1865  MILL 

VOL.  VIII. 


577 

|  Liberty  v,  There  are  perhaps  no  contracts  or  engagements 
!  .  .of  which  one  can  venture  to  say  that  there  ought  to  be  no 
j  liberty  whatever  of  retractation. 

1 3.  ?  Disinclination,  reluctance.  Obs.  rare  ~'. 

1563  WINJET  tr.  Vincent.  Lirin.  Wks.  (S.  T.  S.)  II.  70 
Without  al  haesitatioun  or  dout  bayth  lat  it  be  maid 
patent,  and  without  ony  retractatioun  be  condemnit. 

f4.  ?  A  rejoinder,  retort.   Obs.  rare*1. 

1637  GiLLESHB  Eng.  Pop.  Cerent,  in.  i.  15  If  so,  my  re 
tractation  is,  that  if  he  be  excused  one  way,  hee  must  be 
accused  an  other  way. 

5.  Retransformation.  rare—1. 

1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Metapk.  xl.  (1859)  II.  406  We 
can  only  imagine  this,  as  a  retractation  of  an  outward  energy 
into  power. 

t  Retractative,  a.    06s.-1    [f.  ppl.  stem  of 

L.  retractare  RETRACT  Z*.:!  +  -IVE.]     Revisional. 

1726  AYUFFK  Pnrergon  489  But  when  there  is  no  Retract- 
ative  Remedy  by  an  Appeal,  it  is  called  Res  Judicata. 

Retractatively,  adv.  rare-1.  [Cf.  prec. 
and  RETRACTATE  &.J  In  a  retracting  manner. 

1851  G.  S.  FABER  Many  Mansions  23  The  earlier  form  of 
Purgatory,  which  was  hesitatingly  and  often  relractatively 
introduced  by  Ambrose  and  Augustine. 

Retraxted,  ppl.  a.1  [f.  RETRACT  w.1  +  -KD  i.] 
Drawn  or  pulled  back  ;  drawn  or  turned  inwards. 

1643  J-  STEER  tr.  E.rf.  Chyrnrg.  xv.  57  Of  the  retracted 
Nerves  and  crooked  Juncturs  after  Combustions.  1682 
SIR  T.  BROWNE  C/ir.  Mar.  n.  |  12  Men  not  of  retracted 
Looks,  but  who  carry  their  Hearts  in  their  Faces.  1791 
COWPER  Ilicui  i.  564  Their  retracted  necks  First  pierced. 
1826  KIRBY  &  Sp.  Entowol.  IV.  308  Feeders  retracted,  when 
. .  the  Trophi  are  not  capable  of  being  much  pushed  out  or 
drawn  in.  1875  DARWIN  Insectiv,  PI.  xviii.  450  A  worm 
with  retracted  horny  jaws. 

Retraxted,  ///.  a?-  [f.  RETRACT  v.z  +•  -ED  i.] 
Revoked,  withdrawn,  cancelled. 

1713  C'TESS  WINCHELSEA  Misc.  Pveins  281  All  in  vain  are 
PrayVs,  extatick  Thoughts,  Recover'd  Moments,  and  re 
tracted  Faults.  1847  J.  CAIRNS  Let.  in  Life  (1895)  xi.  281 
The  Saviour  could  not  have  repeated  twice  over  a  retracted 
prayer. 

Retractile (r/trarktil,  -ail),  <z.l  [a. F.  retractile, 
or  ad.  L.  type  "relractilis :  see  RETRACT  z>.l  and 
-ILE.]  Admitting  of  retraction  ;  capable  of  being 
drawn  in  or  back ;  exhibiting  the  function  or 
power  of  retraction  :  a.  of  parts  of  animal  or  veget 
able  organisms.  (The  usual  application.) 

1777  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  IV.  51  Sea-Star, .  .furnished 
with  five  or  more  rays,  and,  numerous  retractile  tentacula. 
1808  WILSON  Anier.  Ornitli.  1. 115  The  tongue,  .is  attached 
by  a  very  elastic  retractile  membrane  to  the  base  of  the 
right  nostril.  18*7  D.  JOHNSON  Ind.  Field  Sports  55, 1  have 
heard  it  said  that  their  claws  are  retractile.  1849  BALFOUR 
Man.  Bot.  §  59  The  retractile  hairs  of  Campanula.  1872 
NICHOLSON  Palxont.  87  Round  the  circumference  of  the  disc 
are  placed  numerous  tentacles,  usually  retractile. 

b.  of  bodies,  parts  of  mechanism,  etc. 

1871  SPENCER  Print.  Psychol.  (1872)  II.  vi.  xii.  156  Of 
bodies  that  resist  in  different  modes.. we  have.. the  Re 
tractile  and  Irretractile.  1879  G.  PRESCOTT  Sp,  Telephone 
26  The  armature  levers  are  retained  inadefinite  position,., 
and  no  retractile  spring  whatever  is  required. 

c.  Med.  (See  quot.) 

1896  AUbutfs  Syst.  Med.  I.  800  The  urine  in  these  cases 
contained  albumin,  which  on  precipitation  settled  at  the 
bottom  of  the  test-tube  (retractile  albuminuria). 

Retra'Ctile,  a*  rare-1,  [f.  RETRACT  v.-, 
after  prec.]  Exhibiting  or  evincing  retractation. 

1888  R.  W.  DIXON  Hist.  Cti.  Eng.  xvii.  III.  228  Cranmer 
himself  published  his  Defence  of  the  true  and  Catholic 
Doctrine  of  the  Sacrament :  a  long  treatise,  with  a  charac 
teristically  retractile  title. 

Retracti'lity.  [f.  RETRACTILE  a.1  +  -ITY. 
Cf.  F.  Htrattiliti^\  The  fact  of  being  retractile. 

l839~47  Todd"s  Cycl.  A  nat.  1 1 1. 524/1  This  tendency  to  con 
tract  has  been  distinguished  by  the  term  retractility.  1846 
BKITTAN  tr.  Malgaigne's  Man.  Ofer.  Surf.  100  They  both 
become  covered  at  the  same  time  by  a  membrane . , ,  the  re 
tractility  of  which  draws  them  together.  1897  Allhntt's 
Syst.  Med.  IV.  307  Various  conditions  of  the  urine,  such  as 
its  acidity  for  example,  influencing  the  retractility  of  the 
coagulum. 

Retraction    (rftroe-kfan).     [ad.    late    L.   re 
traction-em,  n.  of  action  f.  retract-,  retrahlre  :  see 
RETRACT  f.l    So  F.  retraction,  Sp.   retraccion, 
It.  re-,  ritrasione.    In  senses   1-3  used  for  re-   \ 
tractatioti."] 

1.   =  RETRACTATION  2  a. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  r  1085  Crist  haue  mercy  on  me  and 
foryeue  me  my  giltes,  and  namely  of  myn  translacions  and 
enditynges  of  worldly  vanitees,  the  whiche  I  reuoke  in  my 
retracciouns.  a  1586  SunmArw&a  n.  (1605)  113  Certaine 
verses,  which . .  she  would  haue  adioyned  as  a  retraction  to 
the  other.  1678  SIR  G.  MACKENZIF.  Criin.  Latvs  Scot.  (1699) 
151  Nor  did  her  Retraction  proceed  from  Repentance,  but 
Confrontation.  1693  R.  FLEMING  Fulfilling  Script.  (1801) 
App.  I.  452  Hath  not  the  greatest  reproacher  sometimes  been 
forced  to  give  in  his  retraction  ?  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler  No. 
31  fi6Such  as  have  adopted  his  errors  should  knowhis retrac 
tion.  1775  C.  JOHNSTON  Pilgrim  4  Nor  would  I  to  save  the 


RETRACTOR. 

as  matters  remain  entire,  there  is  room  for  after  thought 
and  retraction.  1847  AYTOUN  Talcs fr.  Black™.  IV.  ^8  He 
would  even  go  the  length  of  treating  his  victim,  .until  the 
fatal  mandate  was  given,  and  retraction  utterly  impossible. 

f2. //.   =  RETRACTATION  i.  Obs. 

1526  Pilgr.   Per/.   (W.  de  W.   1531)  270  Saynt  Austyn, 

i    spekynge  of  the  mortificacion  of  the  senses  in  his  boke  of 

\     Retraccyons.     1617  R.  FENTON  Serm.  in  Treat.  Ch.  Rome 

j    97  S.  Augustine,  .doth   retract  that  point  in  his  booke  of 

Retractions.     1734  tr.  Roll  in' s  Anc.  Hist.  Pref.  (1827)  I.  15 

St.  Austin,  in  his  Retractions,  repents  his  having  lavished  so 

many  encomiums  on  Plato. 

3.  Withdrawal,  recall    or  revocation,  of  some 
thing  decreed,  determined,  advanced,  etc. 

1583  FOXE  A.  <jr  M.  (1596)  74/1  The  imperial  proclama- 
tiqns,  .conteining  the  retraction  or  countermand  of  those 
things  which  against  the  Christians  were  before  decreed. 
1641  in  Urwick  Nonconf.  Worcester  35  His  consent  ob 
tained  to  a  retraction  of  the  petition.  1678  CI/DWORTH 
Intell.  Syst.  Pref.,  We  have  no  more  to  adde,  but  onely  the 
Retractation  or  Retraction  of  one  Passage.  1756  World 
No.  161  V.  188  He  thought  the  retraction  of  an  error  a 
deviation  from  honour.  iSaBSoUTHEV  in  Q.  Rev.  XXXVII  I. 
574  There  is  even  a  canon  foi  bidding  the  retraction  of  any 
thing  that  has  once  been  decreed  against  any  heresy  what 
soever,  1838  WIIKWELL  in_  Tod  hunter  Ace.  Writ.  (1876)  II. 
271,  I  have  seen  no  retraction  of  these  purposes. 

4.  The  action  of  drawing  or  pulling  back  or  in  ; 
the  fact  or  condition  of  being  drawn  in  or  con 
tracted  ;  retractile  power. 

c  1550  H.  LLOYD  Trcas.  Health  O  j,  The  weaknesse  of  the 
retraction  and  great  strengthe  of  attractyon  in  the  reynes. 
1578  LYTE  tr.  Dodocns  451  The  sayde  herbes.  .bring  to  the 
sicke.. intolerable  Crampes  and  retractions  ofsinewes.  1615 
CROOKS  Body  oj  Man  40  Sleep  is  nothing  el^e  but  a  re 
traction  or  calling  backe  of  the  heate  to  the  heart  fioin  the 
other  paries.  1636  tr.  Hoblvs*  EUm.  Philos.  (1839)  408  The 
impulsion  into  the  nerves  and  retraction  again  of  animal 
spirits.  1723  BiiADLEY  Fata.  Dict.^  Strabism  ..  consists 
in  the  Retraction  of  the  Eye  towards  one  side.  1818- 
20  E.  THOMPSON  tr.  Cnllens  Nosologia  (ed.  3)  224  Colica 
$pa&modica\  with  retraction  of  the  navel.  1862  FULLER 
Dts.  Lungs  n  Retraction  or  falling  in  of  the  chest  may  be 
either  general  or  local.  ibftAUbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VI.  126 
Retraction  has  been  noticed  on  the  side  opposite  to  that  on 
which  a  lung  was  the  seat  of  morbid  growths. 
b.  spec,  of  retractile  parts  or  organs. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  155  To  assist  the  protru 
sion,  and  retraction  of  their  homes.  1821  W.  P.  C.  BARTON 
Flora  N.  Auter.  I.  23  They  open  in  the  evening,  just  after 
sunset,  by  a. .retraction  of  the  calix  leaves.  1881  Nature 
XXIV.  338/2  The  most  peculiar,  .of  all  the  chameleon's 
actions — the  emission  and  retraction  of  its  tongue. 
C.  fig.  of  mental  influences  or  operations. 

a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  II.  324  There  is  a  spirit  of 
retraction  of  one  to  his  native  country.  1694  MOTTEUX 
Rabelais  iv.  Ixvi,  (1737)  272  I  feel  a. .Retraction  in  my 
Soul,  which,  .admonishes  me  not  to  land.  1831  T.  HOPK 
Ess.  Orig.  Man  II.  354  The  same  cause  producing  volun 
tary  impulses  outward,  or  voluntary  retraction  from  without. 
fd.  Withdrawal,  retreat.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1684  T.  BuKN'ET  The.  Earth  I.  20  They  make  him  do  and 
undo,  go  forward  and  backwards  by  such  countermarches 
and  retractions. 

1 5.  The  action  or  fact  of  taking  away ;  detrac 
tion.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1635  NAUNTOX  Fragm.  Reg.  (Arb.)  20  Without  retrac 
tion  from  the  Honour  of  sogreat  a  Princesse.  a  1636  LYNDK 
Case  for  Spectacles  (1638)  128  As  you  have  purged  many 
places,  so  likewise  you  have  forged  and  falsified  others  by 
addition  or  retraction. 

Retractive  (r/tne-ktiv),  a.  and  sbf  [a.  OF. 
retractif  (mod.F.  rttractif},  or  ad.  med.L.  *re~ 
tract wus:  see  RETRACT  v.i  and  -IVE.  So  It. 


MORGAN  Budget  Farad.  (1872)  344  The  authorship  should 
be  denied  or  a  proper  retraction  made. 
b.   <=  RETRACTATION  2  b. 

1642  Ordin.  $  Declar.  Lord's  Day  7  This  doubtfull  re 
traction  in  the  Captaine  animated  one  lohn  Keeve  a  Cooke 
to  be  forward  in  this  designe.  1666  SPURSTOWE  Spir.  Chytii. 
(1668)  104  A  Covenant  of  Marriage.. requires  Performances, 
not  retractions.  1818  COLEBROOKE  Obligations  43  So  long 


A.  adj.  1.  Serving  to  retract  or  pull  back. 

c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.^  Gov.  Lordsh.  96  Of  stryngthe 
attractyue,  and  retractyf.  1614  TO.MKIS  Allntmazar  v.  i, 
An  engine  ..  whose  qualitie  Of  strange  retractiue  vertue 
may  recall  Desperate  debts.  1815  Hist.  John  Decastro  1. 
199  The  retractive  muscles  of  the  upper  lip  gave  him 
astonishing  powers  of  grimace. 

2.  Inclined  to  draw  back  ;  f  backsliding,  rare. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas.  45  The  erryng  people,  that  are 
retractif,  As  to  the  ryght  way  to  bryng  them  agayne.  1869 
tr.  Kenan's  AfostUs  x\\\.  191  To  win  over  this  great  retrac 
tive  and  susceptible  soul. 

f  B.  $b.  A  dissuasive.  Obs. 

1616  BEARD  (title),  A  Retractive  from  the  Romish  Religion. 
1644  BP.  HALL  Re>n.  Wks.  (1660)  139  To  be  a  strong  re 
tractive  from  any,  even  of  our  dearest,  and  gainfullest  sins. 

Retractor  (rrtrse-ktai).  [See  RETRACT  z^.1  and 
-OR,  and  cf.  F.  rttractettr^ 

1.  Stirg.  A  bandage  or  other  appliance,  used,  in 
various  operations,  to  hold  back  parts  that  would 
impede  the  operator. 

1846  BKITTAN  tr.  Malgaigne's  Man,  Oper.  Snrg.  214  He 
isolates  the  bones,  carrying  the  knife  round  them  in  a  figure 
of  eight,  and  puts  on  the  retractor  or  split  bandage  with 
three  ends.  fbid.  288  Instead  of  passing  the  retractors 
under  the  lids,  Guerin  prefers  in  each  case  applying  them 
on  the  cutaneous  surface.  1879  St.  George's  Hasp.  Rep. 
IX.  482  The  upper  lid  was  raised  with  Noyes's  retractor. 

2.  Anaf.  A   muscle  which  serves  to   retract    a 
limb  or  member. 

1837  FARRE  in  Phil.  Trails.  CXXVII.  401  The  muscular 
apparatus  consists  of  the  gastric  and  tentacular  retractors. 
1851  WOODWARD  Mollusca  27  It  corresponds  to  the  pos 
terior  retractors  in  the  bivalves.  1883  D'A.  W,  THOMPSON  tr. 
MiilUr's  Fertil.  Fl.  59  The  bee  by  rotating  the  retractors 
..draws  back  the  mentum,  and  with  it  the  tongue. 
"b.  So  retractor  muscle. 

1837  FARRE  in  Phil.  Trims.  CXXVIII.^oo  It  appeared  to 

73 


RETBADITION. 

be  distinct  from  the  retractor  muscles.  1883  HUXLEY  Eleni. 
Biol.  194  Within  these  is  a  retractor  muscle  with  similar 
attachments,  ensheathing  the  optic  nerve. 

3.   =  EXTRACTOR  3. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1925/2  Retractor,  a  device  by 
which  the  metallic  cartridge-cases  employed  in  breech-load 
ing  guns  are  withdrawn  after  firing. 

Retradi'tion.  rarer1,  [f.  L.  retrad-ere  to 
give  back.]  The  action  of  handing  back. 

1873  POSTE  Gains  in.  384  The  retransfer  of  dominion 
follows  without  any  retradition  or  reconveyance  by  the 
interim  proprietor. 

t  Retralr,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  retrahlrt, 
f.  re-  RE-  +  trahlre  to  draw.]  trans.  To  draw  back, 
retract.  Also  Retrah'ing  vbl.  sb. 

1407  Patent  Roll  12  Hen.  VII  n,  The  retrahyng  of  his 
most  noble  viage  and  royall  arme  prepared  toward  Scot 
land.  1578  BANISTKR  Hist.  Man  i.  33  The  bones  of  Coccix 
are  in  childbirth  retrahed. 

Re'trahent,  a.  rare.  [f.  L.  retrahent-em, 
pres.  pple.  of  retrahlre  :  see  prec.]  Retractive. 

1713  DERHAM  Phys.-'rheol.  iv.  iii.  116  Mr.  Cowper  makes 
them  to  be  three  one  Atollent,  and  two  Retrahent  muscles. 
1849-52  Todd's  Cycl.  Anal.  IV.  1143/2  In  the  Nautilus  the 
tongue  is.  .embraced  anteriorly  by  two  retrahent  muscles. 

I  Retrahibi'tion.  06s.  rare-'.  [See  RBTBO-.] 
A  withdrawal  of  a  previous  prohibition. 

a  1572  KNOX  Hist.  Re/.  Wks.  1846  I.  392  Be  hir  consent 
and  retrahibitiouu  was  the  preching  stuleis  brokm  in  the 
Kirk  of  Leith,  and  idolatrie  was  erectit  in  the  samyn, 
tnth.iir  it  was  befoir  suppressit. 

t  Retraict,  sb.i  Obs.  [a.  F.  ret  rate t(e,  obs. 
variants  of  ret  rait  (e:  see  RETBAIT  ii.1] 

1.  The  act  of  retreating,  in  various  senses.    Also 
place  cf  retraict,  =  sense  2. 

1570-6  LAMBAHDE  Pcram'j.  Kent  (1826)  401  The  Saxons 
..used  them  as  receptacles,  and  places  of  secret  retraict,  for 
their  wives,  children,  and  portable  goodes.  1596  DANETT 
tr.  Cominei  (1614)  62  They  were  repulsed,  and  in  their 
retraict.. one  or  two.. of  their  captaines  were  hurt.  1640 
HOWE.L.I.  Vaiimta's  Gr.  40  The  woods  and  places  of  fastness, 
whence  they  made  eruptions  and  retraicts  at  pleasure. 
b.  Possibility  of  retreat,  rare—1. 

1622  BACON  Hen.  I'll,  33  The  Earle  of  Lincolne.  .seeing  the 
businessc  past  Retraict,  resolued  to  make  on  where  the 
King  was. 

2.  A  place  of  retreat  or  refuge,  rare     . 

1596  RALEIGH  Discov.  Gviana  23  Their  chiefest  strengths 
and  retraicts  are  in  the  Hands  scituate  on  the  south  side  of 
the  entrance.. of  the  said  river. 

tRetrai'Ct,  sb*  Obs.  rare-1.  =  RETRAIT  sb? 

1634  C.  DOWNING  State  Eccl.  Kingd.  54  The  Retraict  is 
formed  like  waxe  to  take  the  impression  of  the  present 
aspect  and  necessitie  of  affaires. 

tRetrai'Ct,  v.  Obs.  rare-1.  [Cf.  RETBAICT 
.si.ij  =KETUAIT  v.  2. 

a  1604  HANMER  Chron.  Irel.  (1633)  92  A  Priests  sonne.  .in 
the  beginning  of  the  battaile..perswaded  him  to  retraict ; 
saying  further,  that  there  was  no  hope  of  good  successe. 

t  Retrai'r.  Obs.  rare.  Also  retrayr.  [a.  F. 
retraire  :— L.  retrah!re."\  Return ;  drawing  back. 

c  1475  Partenay  2824  Hys  brother  the  erle  knew  at  hys 
retrair  That  he  better  wo  in  hertte  had  profounde.  Ibid. 
5149  At  Mpntfarrant  bide  is  my  hole  plesaunce,  Ther  be 
come  hermite  with-out  any  retrayr. 

t  Retrained,  pa.  pple.  (?  Error  for  retraited: 
see  RETRAIT  s6.1  5.) 

1723  BRADLEY  Fain.  Diet.,  Prict,  otherwise  call'd  An- 
cloy'd,  Cloy'd  and  Retrained,  a  Misfortune  which  befalls 
Horses,  when.,  they  are  prick 'd  in  driving  the  Nails. 

t  Retrai't,  *6.1  Obs.  [a.  F.  retrait  masc.,  or 
retraite  fern.,  noun  of  action  f.  retraire  :— L.  re 
trahlre  :  see  RETBACT  v.1  Cf.  RETRAICT  s6.1  and 
RETBEAT  sb.] 

1.  A  place  of  retreat  or  refuge.     Also  trans/. 

1481  CAXTON  God/,  cxlviii.  220  Somme  they  slewe  and 

many  moo  toke  prysonners,  and  bonde  them,  and  retorned 

to  theyr  retrayte.     1587  GREENE  Penelope's    Web  Wks. 

(Grosart)  V.  204  Tyme  is  a  retrayte  from  vanitie  and  vyce. 


578 

etrait,  a  gentle  reluctancy,  a  smiling  threat.  1633  EARL  | 
MANCH.  Ii  Mondo  (.636)  4°  They  counted  death'Kut  the 
retrait  of  life.  i«5S  Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  II.  273  His 
Majestic  had  desired  the  Duke  might  come  to  him,  which 
s  doutlesse  a  handsomer  way  for  his  relraite  then  if  be 
were  sent  away. 

4.   =  RETREAT  sb.  6  a.     rare  ~\ 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  557  In  Greece  and  Asia,  they  sow 
all  indifferently  at  the  retrait  or  occultation  of  Virgiliffi. 
5    Farriery.   (See  quot.,  and  cf.  RETRACT  sb.  4.) 
1610  MARKHAM  Master?.  H.  xcv.  382  A  Retrait  is  when  a 
orse  by  the  ill  government  of  the  smith,  is  prickt  in  the 
oote  with  some  ill  driuen  naile,  yet  in  such  sort  that  it  is 
mmediaely  espied,  and   the  naile  drawne  backe  agame. 
Ibid,  xcvi-i.  389  Quitterbone,  retraite,  grauelling,  or  cloy- 
ng,  or  such  like  accident. 
6.  ? Return;  restoration,     rare-1. 
1618  Weakest  faet/i  fa  the  Wall  i.  i.  in  Webster's  Whs. 
(1857)  IV.  225  This  [reconciliation]  joys  my  soul ;  and  more 
to  let  you  know  How  pleasing  this  retrait  of  peace  doth 
eem  [etc.].  r    , 

t  Retrai't,  sb?  0!>s.  rare.  Also  retrate.  [ad. 
It.  rilratto,  Sp.  and  Pg.  retrato,  on  analogy  of 
prec.  or  of  portrait]  Portraiture,  portrait,  picture. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  H.  iii.  25  Under  the  shadow  of  her 
even  browes,  Working  belgardes  and  amorous  retrate. 
Ibid.  ix.  4  Shee  is  the  mighty  Queene  of  Faery,  Whose 
iaire  retraitt  I  in  my  shield  doe  beare. 

t  Retrai't,  pa.  pple.  and  ///.  a.  Obs.  rare. 
[a.  F.  retrait,  pa.  pple.  of  retraire  :  see  RETBAIT 
rf.l]  Reserved,  set  apart ;  secluded. 

1440  in  Wars  Eng.  in  France  (Rolls)  II.  500  The  most 
notable  tonnes  and  placis.  .shuld  be  retrait  lor  the  saide 
capitaineries  and  there  feleshippes  be  geven.  1603  HARS- 
NETT  Popish  Impost.  61  Some  of  theyr  lodges  so  obscure, 
and  retrayte,  as  none  but  a  priest  or  deuil  could  eucr  haue 
sented  it  out. 

t  Retrai't,  v.  Obs.  Also  6-7  retra(i)te, 
retrayt(e.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  F.  retraire  :  cf.  prec. 
and  KETKAIT  sb.1] 

1.  trans.  To  withdraw,  take  away,  remove. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  34  b,  No  relenting  thought  of 
mine,  shall  retraite  you  [sc.  hands].  1611  SPEED  Hist. 
Ct.  Brit.  vn.  xliv.  §  36.  365  Which. .caused  him  to  retrait 
his  Host  into  a  place  of  securitie.  1614  RALEIGH  Hist, 
World  111.  (1634)  45  Artaphernes..had  no  other  hope  of 
safetie,  than  by  retraiting  himselfe  into  the  Castle. 

2.  intr.  To  retreat,  retire. 


RETRAXIT. 

1632  VICARS  tr.  Virgil  vi.  169  Cseneus  now  a  woman,  once 
a  lad,  Yet  re-transfigur'd  for  her  follies  bad. 

Retransfo-rm  (r/-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans. 

To  transform  or  change  (a  person  or  thing)  again, 
or  back  to  a  former  condition. 


Capuchines.  .could  not  fmde.  .any  conuement  retrait,  so  as 
many  of  them  died  for  want  of  sustenance. 

2.  Mil.  The  signal  for  retiring.  =  RETKEAT  sb.  2  a. 
1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  7ob/2  Thenne  loab  tromped  and 

blewe  the  retrayt.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  ccxxi.  287 
Than  they  caused  their  trumpettes  to  sowne  the  retrayt. 
1568  GKAFTON  Chron.  II.  457  Wherefore  he  caused  a  re 
trayte  to  beblowen.  a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  111.  (1605)291  As 
soon  as  they  heard  the  retraite.  1610  HOLLAND  Caniden's 
Brit.  ii.  136  Soone  after  by  his  bagpipers  [he]  sounded  the 
retraite.  1648  FANSHAWE  //  Pastor  Fido  n.  i,  The  Mega- 
rensian  this  perceiving,  straight  To  the  disordered  Troops 
sounds  a  retrait. 

3.  The  action  or  fact  of  retiring  or  retreating,  on 
the  part  of  military  forces. 

1523  Lp.  BERNERS Froiss.  I.  Ixxxvi.  uoThanall..lefte  the 
assaut :  in  the  retrayte  ther  were  two  knyghtes . .  taken.  1590 
SIR  J.  SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  5b,  Vpon  a  hnstie  retraite 
they  may  verie  well  saue  and  keepe  their  peeces.  1614 
RALEIGH  Hist.  World  w.  ii.  §  4.  179  Old  Souldiers  are  not 
easily  dismaied  :  we  reade  in  Histories  . .  what  braue  re- 
traits  haue  beene  made  by  them.  1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE 
Garden  Cyrus  i,  The  occasion  of  that  memorable  work,  and 
almost  miraculous  retrait  of  Xenophon. 

b.  Retirement,  retreat,  in  various  senses. 

«>533  LD.  BERNF.RS  Golden  Bk.  M.  Aurcl.  (1559)  n3 
Forgette  not  the  honestie  that  ought  to  be  in  a  Romayne 
woman,  nor  retrayte  that  is  requisite  in  a  wydowe.  1621 
BURTON  Anal.  Mel.  in.  ii.  in.  iv.  (1651)  490  With  a  regaining 


.„ — :ge  again.     1590 

wisedome  warnes,  whilest  foot  is  in  the  gate,  io  stay  the 
steppe,  ere  forced  to  retrate.  1624  QUARI.ES  Sfon's  Elegies 
n.  ix,  loy  is  departed  from  the  holy  Gates  Of  deare  leru- 
salem,  and  peace  retraits  From  wasted  Sion. 

b.  To  draw  back,  retract,    rare—1. 

1606  I!P.  HALL  Mcdit.  ft  Vowes  i.  §  io  Some  promise  what 
they  cannot  doe,  as  Satan  to  Christ ;.  .some,  what  they 
meant  for  the  time,  and  after  retrait,  as  Lahan  to  Jacob. 

c.  To  return,  rare—1. 

1625  lip.  H.  KING  David's  Enlargement  26  I  retrait  to 
my  text  in  S.  Ambrose  his  words. 

d.  To  have  recourse  to  something,    rare  ~*. 
1650  FULLER  Pisgali  n.  xii.  260  Yet  such  as  will  justifie 

Jonathans  act  herein. .must  retrait  to  divine  inspiration. 
Retral  (rf'tral).  a.  [f.L.  retro  backwards  +  -AL.] 

1.  Posterior ;  situated  at  or  towards  the  back ; 
directed  backwards. 

1875  Encycl.  Brit.  III.  705/1  Beneath  the  retral  ethmoidal 
spike  is  seen  the  olfactory  groove.  1881  Jrnl.  Microsc.  Sci. 
Jan.  66  Septal  ridges  and  retral  bars  forming  a  coarse .. 
raised  network. 

2.  Taking  a  backward  direction. 

1885  American  Assoc.  Advanc.  Science  XXXIV.  211  The 
special  pull  caused  a  slight  retral  slipping  of  the  tidal  crust 

Hence  Be'trally  adv. 

1841  Prac.  Berw.  Nat.  Club  I.  No.  9.  273  Peristome  in 
complete  retrally. 

t  Retra'ncll,  v.  rare.  [ad.  F.  relrancher  : 
see  RETRENCH  &.]  trans.  To  cut  short,  cut  down. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  n.  xi[i].  (Arb.)  118  This  im 
measurable  ambition  of  the  Spaniards,  if  her  Maiestie.  -had 
not  with  her  forces,  prouidently  stayed  and  retranched  [etc.]. 
1653  HOLCROFT  Procopius,  Goth.  Wars  HI.  91  At  first  Bessas 
and  Conon .  .retranched  their  own  allowances,  and  sold  Corn 
to  the  richer  sort  at  huge  rates. 

Retra'iiquillize  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans. 
To  make  tranquil  again. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  109  And  if  at 
any  time  it  were  warre-threatned,  thy  right  arme  should 
haue  retranquilliz'd  and  reioyc't  it.  i598ToFTE/l#a(i88o) 
86  Thy  hart  gainst  me,  not  still  induratize,  But  my  sad 
thoughts  in  me  retranquillize. 

Retra-iisfer  (rf-),  sb.  [RE-  5  a.]  The  (or 
an)  act  of  retransferring. 

1849  NOAD  Electricity  (ed.  3)  22r  If.,  this  deficiency  of 
acid  were  owing  to  the  mechanical  re-transfer,  mechanical 
means.. would  stop  it.  1884  Law  Times  LXXVI.  323/2 
His  bond  and  warrant  of  attorney  to  secure  a  retransfer  on 
demand.  1887  Athenxum  9  July  49/2  The  retransfer  of 
the  imperial  crown  from  the  East  to  the  West. 

Retransfe'r  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
transfer  (something)  again  or  back. 

1842  Civil  Ens.  *  Arch.  Jrnl.  V.  355/1  Several  of  these 
works  when  re-transferred  to  canvass  were  sold  in  England 
in  1838.  1850  GROTE  Greece  n.  Ixiv.  VIII.  236  It  was  into 
his  hands  that  the  command  was  re-transferred.  1885  Law 
Times  Rep.  LII.  570/1  The  offer,  .to  re-transfer  the  mort 
gage  to  the  defendants. 

Re  transfigure  (i.-;,  r.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans. 
To  transfigure  (a  person)  again. 


into  a  Beast,  and  again  of  a  beast  re-transformed  into  a 
man.  1850  SIR  A.  AGNEW  in  Mem.  (1852)  iv.  97  Men  are 
retransformed  to  the  image  of  God  by  the  renewing  of  their 
minds.  1878  STEWART  &  TAIT  Unseen  Univ.  iii.  §  102.  112 
As  the  ball  descends  its  energy  is  retransformed  from  the 
potential  into  the  kinetic  variety. 

So  Betransforma'tion. 

1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  xiv,  My  final  re-transformation 
from  india-rubber  back  to  flesh.  1884  CHILD  Ballads  n. 
336/2  The  retransformation  of  Tarn  Lin. 

Retransftrse,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
transfuse  again. 

1709-11  KEN  Anodynes  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  469  When 
Death  my  Spirit  shall  unchain,  Which  soon  as  'tis  unloos  d, 
Shall  into  God  be  retransfus'd.  111711  —  Preparatives 
ibid.  IV.  32  On  God  to  retransfuse  the  Mind,  And  live  with 
\V  ill  resign'd. 

Retransla-te  (r?-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 

translate  again,  or  back  into  the  original  language. 

1861  J.  PYCROFT  Ways  ff  Words  157  Of  Cicero  . .  he  had 
translated  and  retranslated  every  extant  oration.  1882 
FAKRAR  Early  Chr.  I.  209,  I  have  thought  it  best  to  re 
translate  the  whole  of  it  as  closely  as  I  could. 

Hence  Retranslating  vbl.  sb. 

1867  Ch.  Times  4  May  156/4  Words  that  have  for  a  long 
time  been  controversial  watch-words  have  lost  all  intelligible 
meaning  for  the  mass  of  hearers,  and  want  retranslating. 

Retransla-tion  («-).  [RE-  53.]  a.  A 
fresh  or  new  translation,  b.  Translation  back 
into  the  original  language. 

a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Cornwall  I.  (1662)  204  Wicklife 
and  Trevisa  agreeing  so  'veil  in  their  judgements,  it  was 
much  he  would  make  a  Retranslation.  1804  SOUTHEY  Lett. 
(1850)  II.  269  A  retranslation  of  what  they  say  is  translated. 
1849  EASTWICK  Dry  Leaves  233  Re-translation  of  a  Persian 
translation  of  a  Letter  from  F.  Currie,  Esq.  1888  MORLEY 
Etig.  Writers  III.  xi.  266  I  adopt. .the  re-translation  of  the 
word  into  its  right  native  form. 

Retransmission  (rf-).  [RE- 5  a.]  Trans 
mission  back  to  a  source  or  to  a  fresh  destination. 

1868  Act  31  ff  32  Viet.  c.  ioi  §  36  The  transmission  and 
re-transmission  to  the  sheriff  clerk.  1876  PREECE  &  SIVE- 
WRIGHT  Telegraphy  282  The  message  received  at  a  telegraph 
office  by  wire  for  retransmission  by  wire  to  some  other  tele 
graph  office. 

So  Retransmi'ssive  a. 

1891  J.  AITCHISON  Signa  Christ!  vi.  248  The  transmiss- 
ibility  of  Christian  truth  is  connected  with  a  retransmissive 
influence. 

Retransmit  (rf-),  v.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  Io 
transmit  back  again  or  further  on. 

1868  Act  31  <$•  32  Viet.  c.  ior  §  51  The  warrants  shall, 
after  extract,  be  retransmitted  to  the  sheriff  clerk  of  Chan 
cery.  1873  F.  JENKIN  Electr.  f,  Magn.  (1881)  309  The  Relay 
is  an  instrument  which  retransmits  the  original  signal  from 
a  fresh  battery. 

Retransmu-te  (r?-).  •"•     [R£-  5  H     To 

transmute  again,  or  back  to  a  former  condition. 

a  1711  KEN  Preparatives  Poet.  Wks.  1721  IV.  46  God  all 
their  Shiftings  can  compute,  And  into  Dew  them  re-trans 
mute.  1823  BENTHAM  OJfic.  Apt.  Maximized.  Indications 
(1839)  7  note,  The  third  person  is  here  all  along  retrans- 
muted  into  the  first. 

Retranspla-nt  ("-),».  [RE-  53-]  trans. 
To  transplant  again  or  back.  Also  trans/. 

1763  MILLS  Pract.  H-usb.  IV.  162  They  must  be  re-trans 
planted  on  the  ridges  where  they  are  to  remain.  1880 
Fortn.  Rev.  Feb.  212  It  would  be  as  impossible . .  to  retrans- 
plant  the  emigrants  and  their  descendants  to  Irish  soil. 

RetranspOTt  (rf-),  v.  [RE- 5  a.]  trans.  To 
transport  back  again.  Also  reft. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Kelt.  ill.  §  34  He  unsatisfied  with 
them  and  they  with  him,  he  retransported  himself  into 
England.  1834  SIR  F.  B.  HEAD  Bubbles  /r.  Brmmn  8 
Remote  distances,  to  which  even  fancy  could  now  scarcely 
re-transport  us.  1892  MRS.  H.  WARD  David  Grieve  n.  x, 
The  old  Frenchman,.. fairly  re-transported  to  the  world  of 
his  youth. 

Hence  Betransporta'tion. 

1790  A.  HAMILTON  Wks.  (1851)  III.  in  Whence  the  trans 
portation  and  re-transportation  of  the  metals  are  obviated. 

Retra-vel  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  *•]  trans.  To 
travel  over  again. 

1808  SOUTHEY  Let.  in  Life  (1850)  III.  196  We  will  talk 
about  Spain,  and  retravel  your  route,  a  part  of  which  I  re 
member  as  vividly  as  I  do  my  father's  house. 

Retra-verse  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
traverse  again  or  repeatedly. 

GLADSTONE  Glean.  (1879)  V.  69  Dr.  Pusey,  in  a  work 


.llllSUL    UIllll    IlllUlllgUl-llUUl    111   iC-Him,l.ini£j    "•-  -..,,—. — 

tRetra'xit.  Obs.  Law.  [L.  retraxit,  3rd 
pers.  sing.  perf.  ind.  of  retrahere  :  see  RETRACT  v.] 
The  formal  withdrawal  of  his  suit  by  a  plaintiff. 

[1321-2  Rolls,  of  Parlt.  I.  404/r  Illeges  les  fit  a  force 
entrer  un  Retraxit  en  la  dite  assise.] 

1579  [RASTELL]  Termes  Lames  168/1  Retraxit . .  is  when 
the  partie  plaintife  or  demaundant  commeth  in  proper  person 
into  the  Court  where  hys  plee  is,  and  sayth  that  he  will  not 
proceed  any  farder  in  the  same.  1594  WEST  fnd  Pt. 
Symbol.,  Chancerie  §  43  An  award  that  the  parties  shall 


BETKAY. 


579 


RETREAT. 


make  discontinuance  and  retraxits  is  not  good.  1635 
Borough  Deeds  Matdon,  Essex  (Bundle  80  fol.  i),  With 
drafts:  for  licences  of  concord,  Retraxits  made,  and  amercia- 
ments  for  not  prosecutinge.  1713  AUBUTHNOT  John  Bull 
n.  xvi,  To  Esquire  South 's  Accpmpt  for  post  Terminums... 
To  ditto  for  Noli  Prosequi's,  Discontinuance,  and  Ketraxit. 
1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  296  A  retraxit  is  an  open  and 
voluntary  renunciation  of  his  suit,  in  court,  and  by  this  he 
for  ever  loses  his  action. 

t  Betray,  z>.  Obs.  [ad.  F.  retrai-re  :— L. 
retrahfre  :  see  RETRACT  z>.] 

1.  trans,  and  reft.  To  withdraw,  draw  back. 
1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  vn.  xii.  230  Syr  Beaumayns  smote 

hym.  .&  thenne  he  retrayed  hym  here  &  there  &  knyghtly 
mayntened  his  batail.  1562  PHAER  &neid  ix.  A  a  iij  b, 
The  streatnes  eke  stayde  Their  waters  hoarce  of  sound,  and 
Tyber  tremt)ling  foote  retrayed. 

2.  intr.  To  return ;  to  retire,  retreat. 

1479  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  418  And  then,  euery  man  taking 
his  leeve  of  the  Maire,.  .to  retray  home  to  their  evensong. 
15*3  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  xviii.  25  Than  euery  man  had 
leaue  to  retraye  to  their  lodgyng.  a  1533  —  Hit  on  cli.  575 
Then  he  made  his  men  to  retraye  backe  fro  the  almayns. 

Retrea'd  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and  intr. 
To  tread  again  or  anew. 

trans.  1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  \\.  \.  Columns  740  So 
that  re-treading  their  eternall  trace,  Th'  one  bears  the 
Trebble,  th'  other  bears  the  Base,  a  1769  J.  G.  COOPER 
Tkeagenes  to  Sylvia  59  The  pleasing  paths  of  Venus  I  re 
trod,  No  more  a  mortal.  1795  SOUTHEY  Joan  of  Arc  iv. 
168  The  warlike  Virgin  pass  d  along,  And  much  revolving 
in  her  troubled  mind,  Retrod  the  court.  1816  BENTHAM 
Chrestom.  36  At  this  next,  and  other  succeeding  stages,  the 
same  ground  will  be  retrodden.  1833  MRS.  BROWNING 
Prometh.  Bound  1140  For  thyself,  depart,  Re-tread  thy 
steps  in  haste.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  n  Their  life  is  one  of  per 
petual  change.  They  never  re-tread  the  same  ground. 

intr.  a  1847  ELIZA  COOK  Don't  yon  remember?  i.  7  We 
re-tread  where  young  Passion  first  stealthily  rambled. 

Retreat  (rftrft),  sb.  Forms :  a.  4-6  retret 
(5  Sc.  ratret),  5-6  retrete  (6  -tte),  6-  retreat 
(7  -te).  /3.  6  retreyte,  6-7  retreit.  [a.  OF.  retret 
masc.,  or  retrete  fern.,  variants  of  ret  rait  ^  retraite^ 
f.  the  pa.  pple.  of  retraire  :— L.  retrahcre  to  draw 
back  :  see  RETRAIT  sbj-  So  Sp.  and  Pg,  retrsta^ 
It.  ritratta.~\ 

f  1.  ?  A  backhanded  blow.  Obs.  rare. 

13. .  Sir  fienes  (A)  2537  Ascopard  wib  a  retret  Smot  after 
Beues  a  dent  gret.  1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  xv.  49  Thai.. sic 
rowtis  till  othir  raucht  With  stok,  with  stane,  and  with 
retrete,  as  athir  part  can  othir  bet. 

2.  Mil.9t.  The  signal  to  retire.  Chiefly  in  phr.  to 
blow  or  sound  the  (or  d}  retreat. 

"•  J375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xvn.  460  Thai  gert  blaw  the 
retret  m  by.  Ibid.  471  Qwhen  thai  had  blawen  the  ratret. 
a  1548  HALL  Chron,,Hen.  ¥111, 113}},  Sir  Willyam.  .caused 
his  trompet  to  blowe  a  retrete.  1556  J.  HEYWOOD  Spider  fy 
Fly  Ivi,  At  retret  of  trompet,  they  retyred  a  meyne.  1665 
MANLEV  Grotiits"  Law.  C.  Wars  812  Then  the  Prince 
..sounded  the  retreat.  1686  SOUTH  Serm.  (1727)  II.  353 
Deception.. sounds  a  Retreat  instead  of  a  Charge.  1719 
D'URFEY  Pills  (1872)  II.  270  Blow  a  Retreat,  blow,  blow, 
Tantivee.  1838  THIRLWALL  Greece  xxxviii.  V.  45  Agesilaus 
thought  it  prudent  to  sound  a  retreat. 

/3.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Huon  xciii.  302  He  wolde  sease 
the  batayle  &  blowe  the  retreyte.  1579  DIGGES  StraHot. 
123  Whosoeuer  retireth  not  immediatly  vpon  the  sound  of 
the  Retreit.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  \.  9  The  trumpet  of 
Antiquity,  sounding  at  the  same  time  a  March  and  a 
Retreit. 

f  b.  The  recall  of  a  pursuing  force.     Obs.  —l. 

'597.  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IV,  w.  iii.  78  lohn.  Haue  you  left 
pursuit?     West.  Retreat  is  made,  and  Execution  stay'd. 
O.    (See  quots.) 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.Sttppl.  s.v.,  Retreat,  .is  a  beat  of  the 
drum  in  the  evening,  at  the  firing  of  a  piece  called  the 
warning  piece.  1823  Regitl.  fy  Orders  Army  213  The 
Retreat  is  to  sound  or  beat  at  Sun-set.  1876  VOYLE  & 
STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  340/2  The  term  retreat  is  given  to 
a  bugle-sound,  followed  by  a  roll  of  the  drums..;  it  is 
sounded  every  day  at  sunset, 

3.  The  act  of  retiring  or  withdrawing  in  the  face 
of  opposition,  difficulty,  or  danger. 

1390  GowERCtf«/T  III.  356  Er  thou  make  enysuche  assaies 
To  love,  and  faile  upon  the  fet,  Betre  is  to  make  a  beau  retret. 
(-1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  1063  He  was  constreynyd 
clerely  by  duresse  A  lytyll  tyne  abak  to  make  a  bew  retret. 
1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y*  L,.  HI.  ii.  170  Come  Shepheard,  let  vs 
make  an  honorable  retreit.  1609  TOURNEUR  Funeral  Poem 
77  Before  it  was  too  late  to  give  retreat  To  their  proceed 
ings.  1686  tr.  Chardin's  Coronat.  Solyman  85  The  Rabble, 
who  had  put  him  to  a  Retreat  with  their  stones.  1735  POPE 
Moral  Ess.  \\.  225  But  Wisdom's  triumph  is  welT-tim'd 
Retreat,  As  hard  a  science  to  the  Fair  as  Great !  1774 
GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  IV.  131  It  requires  some  patience 
and  skill  to  intercept  their  retreat.  1839  KEMBLE  Resid,  in 
Georgia  (1863)  53  [I]  at  length  made  good  my  retreat.  1860 
TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  xi.  66  If  I  could  cross  a  certain  crevasse, 
my  retreat  would  be  secured. 

Jtg.  1815  SCOTT  Let.  to  Mrs.  W.  Scott  23  Mar.  in  Lock- 
hart  Ixii,  Seeing  him  m  full  retreat,  I  then  ventured  to 
make  the  civil  offer  of  a  dinner. 

b.  esp.  of  an  army  or  armed  force  after  defeat 
or  to  avoid  an  engagement.  To  beat  a  retreat 
(see  BEAT  z>.i  30  b). 

In  quot.  1600  made  is  app.  used  in  the  sense  of  covered, 

»579  DIGGES  Stratiot.  145  If  the  Enimie  vpon  our  retreite 
pursue  vs,  the  Generall  muste  giue  order  to  lay.  .Ambush- 
ments  of  Shotte.  1600  DYMMOK  /rvfewf  (1843)  33  The  rest 
of  the  horse  troupes  fell  in  before  the  rearewarde,  except  30 
which,  .made  the  retreit  of  the  whole  army.  1690  TEMPLE 
Heroic  Virtue  Wks.  1720  I.  231  The  famous  Retreat  of 
Xenophon.  .was  made  at  the  Head  of  ten  thousand  Greeks. 
1769  ROBERTSON  C/tas.  lr,  iv.  Wks.  1813  V.  413  To  have 


mentioned  a  retreat  to  his  soldiers  would  have  been  danger- 
pus.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  142/1  A  good  retreat 
is  esteemed,  by  experienced  officers,  the  masterpiece  of  a 
general.  1817  J.  SCOTT  Paris  Revisit,  (ed.  4)  132  Personal 
heroism. .shewn  by  the  commanders  of  our  cavalry,  who 
covered  the  retreat.  1841  KI.PHINSTONE  Hist.  Ind.  I.  615 
He  was  so  hard  pressed  on  his  retreat  that  he  could  not 
avoid  an  action.  1897  MARY  KINCSLEY  W.  Africa  366  Six 
of  his  men  were  wounded,  and  the  expedition  was  obliged 
to  beat  a  retreat. 

c.  Fencing.  (See  quots.) 

1809  ROLAND  Fencing  vi.  On  the  Retreat.  Tiiis  motion  is 
only  just  the  contrary  to  that  of  the  advance,  being  made 
by  carrying  the  left  foot. .in  a  line  backward  [etc.],  1861 
CHAPMAN  A  rt  of  Fencing  \\.  47  note,  By  feigning  to  recover 
in  withdrawing  the  body  by  a  spring  of  the  knees  termed 
'  the  retreat  of  the  body  '. 

d.  Recession,  retrogression,  rare. 

1781  GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  xxx.  (1787)  III.  159  The  gradual 
retreat  of  the  sea  has  left  the  modern  city  at  the  distance  of 
four  miles  from  the  Hadriatic.  1815  PHILLIPS  Min,  fyGcol. 
74  There  have  been  successive  irruptions  and  retreats  of  the 
sea.  1833  HERSCHEL  Astron.  Ivi.  215  The  nodes  of  its  \sc. 
moon's]  orbit  are  in  a  continual  state  of  retreat  upon  the 
ecliptic. 

4.  The  act  of  retiring  or  withdrawing  into 
privacy,  or  into  some  place  of  safety.  Also  in 
place^  etc.,  of  retreat. 

c  1475  Partenay  3944  Into  a  chambre  ther  made  he  retret, 
bit  mishit  entring,  the  dore  after  drew.  1601  HOLLAND 
Pliny\\.  143  A  city.. into  which  the  sicke  and  feeble  soul- 
diers  of  our  armie  were  conueied,  as  to  a  place  of  retreat  and 
repose.  1617  MORYSON  /tin.  i.  231  The  Italian  Friers  haue 
chambers  of  retreat  within  the  Church,  in  which  we  did  eate 
and  rest.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.India  $  P.  44  They,  .have these 
places  as  sure  Asylums  of  Retreat.  1716  LADY  M.  W.  MON 
TAGU  Lett.  I.  21  I  saw  the  great  towns,  .famous  for  the  retreat 
of  the  imperial  court  when  Vienna  was  besieged.  1719  DE 
FOE  Crusoe  n.  (Globe)  412 That  Walk  was.. divided  into  six 
equal  Parts,  which  serv'd  not  only  for  Retreat,  but  to  store 
up  any  Necessaries  which  the  Family  had  Occasion  for. 
1820  KEATS  Lamia  i.  n  From  high  Olympus  had  he  stolen 
light,  ,.and  made  retreat  Into  a  forest. 

b.  The  act  of  withdrawing  from  society,  public 
life,  business,  or  office  ;  retirement,  seclusion. 

1646  Hamilton  Papers  (Camden)  116  I  lyke  not  your  re- 
treate,  and  will  not  forbeare  to  dissuade  it.  1651  WALTON 
Life  IVotton,  [He]  freely  gave  up  his  Crown..,  making  a 
holy  retreat  to  a  Cloysteral  life.  1738  POPE  F.pil.  Sat.  n. 
78  In  the  clear,  still  Mirror  of  Retreat,  I  study'd  Shrews 
bury,  the  wise  and  great.  1769  Jnniits  Lett.  \.  (1788)  37  No 
expence  should  be  spared  to  secure  to  him  an  honourable 
and  affluent  retreat.  1800  WELLESLEY  in  Owen  Desp.  (1877) 
652  Prohibiting  the  grant  of  pensions  of  retreat  to  the  civil 
service.  1853  MACAULAY  Hist.Eng.  xii.  III.  168  His  death, 
which  took  place  not  long  after  his  retreat  from  public  life. 
1870  DICKENS  E.  Drood  xvii,  An  air  of  retreat  and  solitude 
bung  about  the  rooms,  and  about  their  inhabitant. 

c.  Eccl.  A  period  of  complete  seclusion  devoted 
to  religious  exercises. 

1756  Gcntl.  Mag.  XXVI.  342  Such  retirement  being  in  the 
language  of  Roman  Catholics  called  a  retreat,  and  on  the 
last  day  of  such  a  retreat  Bower  writes  his  letter.  1862 
Union  Neivspaficr  n  Apr.,  There  was  some  hope  of  a  re- 
treat  being  held  for  laymen  in  London.  1874  R.  S.  WILBER- 
FORCE LifeBp.  lW/hr/trrce(iBBy:)s6nc(t.',  When  the  Retreat 
was  over., the  Bishop  of  Capetown,  who  had  been  present 
throughout  the  Retreat,  sent  to  the  college. 

6.  A  place  of  seclusion  or  privacy ;  a  retired 
place  or  residence  ;  f  a  private  chamber. 

1423  JAS.  I  Kittgis  Q.  xcvi,  In  a  retrete  lytill  of  compas, 
Depeyntit  all  with  sighis..,  Fond  I  Venus  vpon  hir  bed. 
c  1500  Melusine  294  pey  conduyted  hym  vnto  a  leghe  nygh 
to  the  sayd  geauntis  retrette  or  pryue  dwellyng.  1638 
BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  II.)  156,  I  am  promised  a 
retreate  three  miles  from  Bloys.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg. 
Gcorg  iv,  216  With  spreading  Planes  he  made  a  cool  Re- 
treat,  To  shade  good  Fellows  from  the  Summer's  Heat. 
(71709  PRIOR  Callimachns  to  Jupiter  16  Holy  Retreat! 
Sithence  no  Female  hither. .Must  dare  approach.  1766 
in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  IV.  487, 1  still  long  after  a  retreat 
somewhere  about  you,  or  in  Normandy,  if  a  proper  place 
could  be  found.  1831  LYTTON  Eugene  Aram  i.  x,  But 
note  how  far  more  pure  and  lovely  are  its  waters  in  these 
retreats.  1869  TOZER  Highl.  Turkey  I.  54  Hermitages  and 
retreats  existed  there  at  a  very  early  time. 

transf.  1850  W.  ScoRKSBv  Cheeyer's  Whalent.  Adv.  v. 
(1858)  66  Into  this  odorous  retreat  it  is  the  duty  of  one  man 
immediately  to  descend. 

b.  A  place  of  refuge  or  resort. 

1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Mandelslo's  Trow.  116  It  serves  for  a 
retreat  to  all  Vessels  which  are  constrained  to  quit  the  Coast 
of  Gusuratta  during  the  Winter  season,  1697  DRYDEN 
Mneid  x.  1306  Let  my  Body  have,  The  last  Retreat  of 
Human  kind,  a  Grave.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  146  p  7 
Nor  is  it  certain,  that  even  of  these  dark  and  narrow  habita 
tions,  these  last  retreats  of  fame,  the  possession  will  be  long 
kept,  1796  H.  HUNTER  tr.  St.-Pierre's  Stud.  Nat.  (1799) 
III.  592  This  territory  might  be.  .transferred  to  the  unfor 
tunate  of  all  Nations,  to  serve  them  as  a  retreat.  1840 
THIRLWALL  Greece  VII.  227  To  make  themselves  masters 
of  a  part  of  the  southern  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  so  as  to  pro 
vide  a  retreat  for  either  in  case  of  need.  1855  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  xix.  IV.  243  That  the  building  commenced  by 
Charles  should  be  completed,  and  should  be  a  retreat  for 
seamen  disabled  in  the  service  of  their  country. 

trans/.  1669  R.  MONTAGU  in  Buccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.)  I.  465  The  Commissionaire's  place  in  the  Treasury 
..will  be  a  good  retreat  for  me  when  the  King  shall  have 
no  more  occasion  of  my  service  here.  1769  Junins  Lett. 
xxxv.  (1788)  176  The  mistakes  of  one  sex  find  a  retreat  in 
patriotism,  those  of  the  other  in  devotion. 
O.  A  hiding-place  ;  a  lair  or  den. 

1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  IV.  131  At  no  time  are 
they  found  at  any  great  distance  from  their  retreats.  1831 
R.  &  J.  LANDER  Exped.  Niger  I.  v.  201  In  my  progress  I 
disturbed  a  tiger-cat  from  his  retreat  among  the  rocks. 


1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iii.  I,  285  It  was  often  found  im 
possible  to  track  the  robbers  to  their  retreats  among  the  hills. 
fd.  A  privy.   Obs.  rare—1. 

I653URQUHART  Rabelais  \.  xl,  The  jakes  and  retreats  of 
a  house. 

e.  An  establishment  to  which  insane  persons  or 
habitual  inebriates  are  admitted  in  order  that  they 
may  be  under  proper  supervision  or  control. 

1797  [W.  TL-KE]  (title)*  The  State  of  an  Institution  near 
York,  called  the  Retreat,  for  persons  afflicted  with  Disorders 
of  the  Mind.  1835  SOUTHEY  Let.  Apr.,  I  was  under  the 
necessity  of  taking  my  poor  wife  to  the  Retreat  fur  Lunatics 
near  York.  1850  $t/i  Ann.  Rep.  Comm.  Lunacy  $  'Claxtoii 
Grange  Retreat,'  near  York,  has  been  licensed,  .for  private 
and  pauper  patients.  1879  Act  42  .y  43  Viet.  c.  19  §  3  '  A 
retreat  '  means  a  house  licensed . .  for  the  reception,  control, 
care,  and  curative  treatment  of  habitual  drunkards. 

f6.  a.  The  setting  of  a  constellation,  star,  etc. 
(Cf.  KETUAIT  ^.1  4.)  Oh$~l 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xvn.  xviii,  I.  522  All  other  sorts  [of 
trees].. arc  to  be  planted  in  mid- Winter,  namely,  after  the 
retreat  of  the  starre  called  Sa^itta. 

fb.  Return,  revenge.  Obs.  rare"1. 

1615  CHAI-MAN  Odyss.  i.  59  As  now  /Egisthus, ..to  shunnc 
his  ill,  Incurr'd  it.. In  slaughtering  Atrides  in  retreate. 

t7.  Farriery.  (See  quot.  and  KETBATT  J/'.'s.)  Ol>s. 

1580  I'I.UXDKVIL  Horsemanship  iv.  cxlvii,  Of  a  Ri-trenle. 
This  is  the  pricking  of  a  nnile,  not  well  driuen  in  the  shooing, 
and  therefore  pulled  out  againe  by  the  Smith. 

8.  Arch.  Recessed  work  ;  a  recess  or  recessed 
part  in  a  wall,  etc. 

1687  A.  LOVEI.L  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav.  n.  145  There  are  six 
Figures  on  each  side.. and  as  many  on  the  border  in  right 
Angle  :  all  this  in  retreat.  1723  CHAMHKRS  tr.  Le  Clcrc's 
Archit.  I.  96  A  little  Indenture  or  Retreat,  IJC,  not  exceed 
ing  a  Minute  in  depth.  1727-38  —  Cycl.  s.v.,  Where  the 
foundation  is  very  large,  they  usually  make  two  or  three 
retreats.  1859  Ir-  A.  GRIFFITHS^?-///.  Man.  (1862)  269  The 
retreat  or  lessening,  has  a  width  of  i  foot. 

f9.  Law.  Redemption,  recovery.  (See  quots.)  Obs. 

1682  WARBURTON  Hist.  Guernsey  (1822)  90  Retreat  of  in 
heritance  is  taken  from  the  custom  of  Normandy.  Ibid. 
QI  The  next  of  kin  shall  have  but  a  year  and  a  day  lo  bring 
bis  enrollment,  and  if  he  neglects  that  time,  he  will  be 
excluded  from  Ins  retreat. 

Retreat  (r/trrt),  v.  Forms:  4-5  retrete, 
5-6  retret,  6  retreyte,  6-7  retreitft,  6-  retreat 
(6  -te).  [ad.  OF.  retraire  (pa.  pple.  retraif]  or 
rctraiter  to  withdraw,  ictraiticr  to  retract,  with 
vowel  accommodated  to  the  sb.] 

1.  intr.  To  withdraw,  retire,  draw  back. 

1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  242  Whyle  that  a 
man  slepyth,  al  the  wittis  restyth;  and  than  retretith  the 
natural  hette  that  spredyth  abrode  throgh  al  the  body. 
a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VUI,  33  b,  Then  the  kynge  re- 
treted  to  Gingate.  1642  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  \\\.  i.  6  When 
base  worms  have  eat  His  mouldring  brains,  and  spirits  have 
retreat  From  whence  they  came.  1671  GREW  Anat.  PI,  i.  ii. 
(1682)  15  The  remainder,  though  not  united  to  it, ..thus 
retreats,  that  is,. .is  in  part  carried  off  into  the  Cortical 
I>ody  back  again.  1704  POPE  Summer  86  But  see,  the 
shepherds  shun  the  noonday  heat,  The  lowing  herds  to 
murm 'ring  brooks  retreat.  1769  Jnniits  Lett.  xv.  (lySS*  89 
You  have  now  carried  things  too  far  to  retreat.  1843  Ln. 
COCKBURN  Jrnl.  II.  8  It  may  be  predicted  with  absolute 
certainty  that  all  these  judgments  will  be  retreated  from. 
1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  xvi.  112  Sometimes,  .we  were  com 
pelled  to  retreat  to  the  highest  cliffs. 

b.  Of  an  army  or  a  combatant :   To  retire  be 
fore  superior  force  or  after  a  defeat. 

1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  vi.  15  She  him  forced  backward  to 
retreat,  And  yeeld  unto  her  weapon  way  to  pas.  a  1604  HAN- 
MER  Chron.  Irel.  (1633)  156  The  souldiers  take  hart,  and  drive 
the  Irish  to  retreit.  1645  WHITKLOCK  Mem.  3  Mar.,  Major 
BlundelL.came  up  and  charged  the  enemy,  retreated,  and 
came  on  again.  1716  POPE  Iliad  v.  863  Slow  they  retreat, 
and,  e'en  retreating,  fight.  1762  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy 
vi.  xxxiv,  We  will,  .demolish,  .the  rest,  one  by  one,.,  as 
we  retreat  towards  the  town.  i8oz  JAMES  Milit.  Diet. 
s.v.,  The  several  component  parts  of  a  line  or  battalion, 
which  alternately  retreat  and  face  in  the  presence  of  an 
enemy.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India  II.  286  He.,  is  said 
..to  have  shed  tears  when  he  saw  his  troops  retreat  from  the 
field.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  341/1  To  re 
treat  with  a  harassed  and  broken  army  is  the  most  difficult 
position  a  commander  can  be  put  in. 

c.  In  pa.  pple.  with  is,  was,  etc. 

1648  Hamilton  Papers  (Camden)  224  The  enemy  is  re 
treated  from  Stanwick«  this  morninge.  1660  BOYLE  New 
Exp.  Phys.  Mech,  xvii.  126  There  was  some  Air  retreated 
thither  that  kept  the  Mercury  out  of  the  unreplenish'd  space. 
1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  n.  547  Others  more  milde,  Retreated  in 
a  silent  valley,  sing  With  notes  Angelical . .  Thir  own  Heroic 
deeds  and  hapless  fall.  1793  SMKATON  Edystone  L.  §  241 
The  tide  being  then  retreated.  1843  CARLYLE  Past  4-  Pr. 
(1858)  154  King  Henry  and  his  force  got  safely  retreated. 

d.  To  recede. 

1863  HAWTHORNE  Our  Old  Home  1.113  The  forehead. .re 
treats  somewhat.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage  230  Between 
these  two  rxunts  the  hills  retreat  from  the  lake  in  the  form 
of  a  semicircle. 

2.  trans.    To  draw  or  lead  back  ;  to  remove, 
take  away.     Now  chiefly  in    Chess,  to  move  (a 
piece)  back  from  a  forward  or  threatened  position. 

1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  cxc.  225  He  retreated  all  his 
menne  as  soberly  as  he  might,  a  1548  HALL  Chron. , 
Hen.  VIII,  121  b,  He  did  what  he  might  to  retreate  the 
souldiers.  1589  GREENE  Tallies  Love  Wks.  (Grosart)  VII. 
161  Thinking  by  retreating  Terentia  from  the  chace,  to  be 
mistresse  of  the  game  hir  selfe.  1650  EARL  MONM.  tr. 
Senaulfs  Man  bee.  Guilty  57  When  Originall  righteousness 
was  retreated  the  Elements  began  to  mutiny.  1719  DE  FOE 
Crusoe  n.  (Globe)  319  The  most  agreeable  Life  that . .  a  Man 
always  bred  to  Misfortunes  was  capable  of  being  retreated 

73-J 


BE-TBEAT. 

to     1714  —  Mem.  Cavalier(\Z^)  66  As  they  were  wheeled, 
or  marched,  or  retreated  by  their  officers.     1847  SJAU?.T°N 
Ckcss  Players  Hdbk.  203  Provided  Black  retreats  his  B.  to 
Q.  Kt.'s  3rd.     1886  Illustr.  Loud.  News  28  Aug.  235  H 
had  no  choice  but  to  retreat  the  bishop. 

f  b.  reft.  To  retire,  withdraw.  Obs.  rare. 
1495  Act  11  Hen.  VII,  c.  7  Preamble,  Suche  P^sones  as 
50  refret  and  absent  theymself.  1532  MoR»C«(flrf.  Jl*"" 
Wks.  447/1  They  flee  by  night  and  retrete  themself  in  the 
darke  1572  Deposit,  in  Old  Ways  (.892)  32  Therfore  this 
deponent  did  retreat  herself  unto  the  other  man,  with  whom 
she  hath  now  married. 

c.  To  retrace,  go  back  on  (one  s  course),  rare     . 
ISQI  SYLVESTER  Du  Barlas  \.  iii.  79  His  dreadful!  voice. . 
toward  the  Crystal!  of  his  double  source  Compelled  Jordan 
to  retreat  his  course. 

fd.  To  diminish,  reduce.   Obs.  rare-1. 
1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  it.  xvi.  §  5  And  so  again,  by  abs 
tracting  an  unit  from  each  Collection,  retreat  and  lessen  them. 

1 3.  Sc.  To  retract,  revoke.  Obs. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xiv.  51  Sa  mony  ane  sentence  re- 
treilit,  for  to  win  Geir  and  acquenlance.  1558  KNOX  first 
Blast  (Arb.)  49  Wilh  common  consent  theyoght  to  retreate 
that,  which  vnaduisedlie. . they  haue  pronounced.  i5<«-2 
Rir.  Pnry  Council  Scot.  III.  454  [The  king]  revokis,  re- 
ssis  and  annullis,  all.  .rateficatioms  of  the  said  tak. 


meir  SUUSCIIPLUJIIO.  »w/~  ~-"  ~-  - -; — .  ,  . 

Scot.  i.  i.  §  ill-  (1699)  4  The  L.  of  Session  thought  it  not 
derogatory  from  their  Honour,  to  retreat  a  Sentence  after 
Debate. 

•fi.  Law.  To  redeem.    Also  absol.     Obs.  rare. 

1682  WARBURTON  Hist.  Guernsey  (1822)  91  A.  does  by  reason 
of  proximity,  enroll  himself  to  retreat  such  an  inheritance  as 
B  has  purchased  of  C.  his  kinsman.  Ibid.,  The  next  of  km 
to  the  seller  shall  have  but  a  year  and  a  day  to  retreat. 

Hence  Ketrea'ted  ppl.  a. 

1665  DRYDEN  Indian  Queen  \.  i,  Rather  to  your  retreated 
Troops  appear,  And  let  them  see  a  Woman  void  of  Fear. 

Be-trea'fc  («-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  treat  again. 

1882  U.  S.  Rep.  Prec.  Metals  462  No  regular  and  system 
atic  work  has  been  accomplished  for  producing  bullion 
except  to  re-treat  old  tailings.  1887  A.  M.  BROWN  A  mm. 
Alkaloids  82  The  tissue-residue  is  then  retreated  with 
alcohol  at  99 J. 

Betrea'tant.    [f.  RETREAT  ZI.H--AHT.]    One 

who  takes  part  in  a  religious  retreat. 
1880  Echo  18  Sept.  1/5  One  [prayer]  which  asks  for  a 


Anglican  priesthood.  1899  Month  May  466  The  nuns  have 
placed  large  rooms  and  dormitories  at  the  disposal  of  the 
retreatants. 

Betrea  ter.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER  ».] 

1.  One  who  retreats. 

1643  Prince  Rupert's  beating  up  the  Rebels  Quarters  8 
He  stopt  and  drew  the  Retreaters  up  into  a  body.  1812 
Examiner  14  Dec.  799/1  The  Russians  cannot  bring  the  re- 
treaters  into  any  great.. scrape. 

2.  =  RETREATANT. 

1889  Pall  Mall  G.  2  Oct.  6/1  Many  of  the  '  retreaters  '  are 
ladies  who  play  no  small  part  in  London  society. 

Betrea'tful,  a.  rare  -'.  [f.  RETREAT  sb.  + 
-FUL.]  Furnishing,  or  serving  as,  a  retreat. 

a  1634  CHAPMAN  (Webster),  Our  retreatful  flood. 

Eetrea'ting,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RETREAT  v.  +  -ING  i.] 
The  action  of  the  verb  in  various  senses. 

1589  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  IV.  388  Divers  utheris 
personis.  .ties  obtenit  certane  pretendit  retreitingis  of  the 
saidis  sentenceis.  1664  BUTLER  Hud.  11.  ii.  579  To  secure, 
by  swift  retreating,  Themselves  from  danger  of  worse  beat 
ing.  1707  Curios,  in  Husb.  ff  Card.  19  He  justifies  himself 
for  his  retreating  to  his  House.  1805  WORDSW.  Waggoner 
in.  141  Such  retreating  and  advancing  As.  .was  never  seen 
In  bloodiest  battle.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet. 
341/1  The  increased  range  of  ordnance  and  small-arms 
nowadays  renders  retreating  still  more  precarious. 

atlrib.  1659  Clarke  Papers  (Camden)  IV.  289  In  case 
you  showld  reseave  anie  foyle,  your  retreating  place  is  lost. 
1730-46  THOMSON  Autumn  493  When  the  retreating  horn 
Calls  them  to  ghostly  halls  of  grey  renown.  1820  BYRON 
Juan  v.  cvii,  The  lady.. bade  Baba  retire,  which  he  obey'd 
in  style,  As  if  well  used  to  the  retreating  trade.  1828-43 
TYTLER  Hist.  Scot.  (1864)  1.  118  The  minds  of  the  Scottish 
commanders  were  not  in  a  retreating  mood.  1876  VOYLE  & 
STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  341/1  To ..  overcome  all  obstacles 
incidental  to  a  retreating  march. 

Betrea-ting,  ///.  a.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.] 

1.  That  retreats ;  retiring. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  XL  850  Witfi  clamor  thence  the  rapid 
Currents  drive  Towards  the  retreating  Sea  thir  furious  tyde. 
1810  CRABBE  Borough  xxiii.  284  Her  trembling  joy  appears, 
Her  forced  reserve,  and  his  retreating  fears.  1836  THIRL- 
WALL  Greece  xxiii.  III.  279  Who  were  all.  .unwilling  to 
attack  the  retreating  enemy.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng. 
xviii.  IV.  239  The  English.. set  them  [sc.  men-of-war]  on 
fire,  and.. retreated  at  a  late  hour  with  the  retreating  tide. 

2.  Receding. 

1840  DICKENS  OldC.  Shop  xi,  A  protruding  forehead,  re 
treating  eyes.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage  230  Along  these 
retreating  hills  Hannibal  placed  the  main  part  of  his  army. 
1887  Brit.  Med.  Jrnl.  8  Jan.  49/1  Typical  examples  of  the 
negroid  family,  with,  .the  puffy  lips,  and  retreating  chin. 

Hence  Betrea'tiiigiiess. 

1897  SLADEN  in  Windsor  Mag.  Jan.  277/2  The  boldness 
of  these  bow-windows  and  the  retreatingness  of  the  roof. 

t  Betrea-tment.   Obs .  rare  -'.    [f.  as  prec. 
+  -MENT.]     Retirement,  retreat. 
a  1721  D  URFEY  Operas,  etc.  236  Our  Prophet's  great 
Retreatment  we  From  Mecca  to  Medina  see. 

Be-trea'tment.  [KE-  5 a:  cf.  RE-TREAT^.] 
Further  or  renewed  treatment. 


580 

1882  U  S  Rep.  Prec,  Metals  602  Nearly  all  the  sand  and 
dust,  .is  periodically  removed  for  retreatment,  as  it  contains 
a  notable  quantity  of  gold.  .895  WORKMAN  Algerian 
Mem.  xii,  A  road  deteriorates  rapidly,  which  renders  a  re 
treatment  with  stone  necessary. 

Betree  (rftrf).  [?ad.  F.  retret,  obs.  variant 
of  retrait  (cf.  relrait  tie  moulitre  refuse  flour),  or 
F.  retire",  pa.  pple.  of  retirer  to  RETIRE.]  In  paper- 
making,  the  damaged  or  defective  sheets  of  paper. 

1807  in  Ure  Diet.  Arts  (1839)  93*  The  quantity  of  broken 
paper  and  retree  is  almost  nothing  compared  with  what  is 
made  at  the  vats.  1867  Philol.  Soc.  Trans.  74  Ihere  are 
different  degrees  of  Retree,  having  reference  to  different 
degrees  of  defectiveness.  1884  Stationery  I  rode  Rev. 
Sept.  216/1  Those  sheets  which  contain  spots,  or  are  other 
wise  imperfectly  made,  are  separated  from  the  well-authenti 
cated  sheets,  and  the  broken  make  is  called  retree. 

Betrench  (rttre-nf),  v.1    [ad.  F.  retrencher, 

obs.  variant  of  retrancher :  see  RE-  and  TRENCH  it., 
and  cf.  RETRANCH  v.] 

f  1.  trans.  To  cut  short,  check,  repress.   Ol>s. 
1607  EARL  STIRLING  "}.  Cxsar  ii.  ii,  Whose  rising  hopes 
must  be   retrench'd   so   soone.     a  1661    FULLER    Worthies 
I  (1662)  21  Since  their  violence  hath  (blessed  be  Ood)  been 
seasonably  retrenched.     1688   S.  PARKER   Rcas.  Abrogat. 
Test  89  Under  the  pious  Reigns  of  David  and  Solomon 
the  Sin  of  Idolatry  was  competently  well  retrench  d. 
t  2    To  cut  off,  bar  (a  way  or  passage).   Obs. 
1614   RALEIGH  Hiit.    World  iv.  i.  (1634)  460  They  re 
trench'd  his  passage  at  the  streights  of  Thei  mopilis.    a  1618 

Prerog.  Pctrl.  Ep.  Ded.,  Notwithstanding  my  restraint 

hath  retrenched  all  wayes..,  yet  hath  it  left  with  me  my 
cogitations. 

3.  To  cut  down,  reduce,  diminish,  m  extent, 
amount,  or  number. 

1625  Ho.  Comm.  Debates  (Camden)  86  Annuityes  which  . . 
former  parliaments  have  used  to  retrenche.  1649  Alcoran 
3  Such  as  retrench  his  Commandments,  and  defile  the  Earth, 
are  damned.  1673  [R.  LKIGH]  Tramp.  Kelt.  98  They  have 
..confer'd  too  large  a  power  in  civil  affairs. .;  they  will  be 
sure  to  retrench  it  in  spirituals.  1711  ADDISON  Spcct.  No.  7 
?4  It  is  the  chief  Concern  of  Wise-Men,  to  retrench  the  Kvils 
of  Life  by  the  Reasonings  of  Philosophy.  1763  MILLS  Syst. 
Pract.  Husb,  III.  267  It  is  now  some  time  since  I  have  fed 
my  coach-horses  with  it,  and  have  retrenched  their  oats. 
1853  C.  BRONTE  Villetlc  xvi,  Even  with  them,  all  had  not 
gone  smoothly,  and  fortune  had  retrenched  her  once  abun 
dant  gifts. 

b.  esp.  To  reduce,  curtail  (one  s  expenses,  etc.) 
by  the  exercise  of  economy. 

1709  STEELE  &  ADDISON  Taller  No.  101  f  7,  I.. must  be 
forced  to  retrench  my  expensive  Way  of  Living.  1732 
'FIELDING  Miser  I.  vii,  If  you  would,  .retrench  your  ex 
travagance  on  this  occasion,  perhaps  the  difference.. might 
be  made  up.  1796  MORSE  Amer.  Geogr.  I.  295  The  colonies 
therefore  entered  into  measures  to  . .  retrench  the  use  of 
foreign  superfluities.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  11.  I.  263 
He  could  retrench  his  expenses  by  giving  up  the  costly  and 
useless  settlement  of  Tangier.  1863  FAWCETT  Pol.  Econ, 
l.  iv.  43  If  the  people.. are  induced  to  retrench  their  ex 
penditure,  trade  will  suffer. 
4.  To  cut  short ;  to  reduce  in  size.  ?  Obs. 
(11667  COWLEY  Of  Plants  Pref.,  The  very  Lowness  of 
your  Subject  has  retrenched  your  Wings.  1705  in  Lett. 
Lit.  Men  (Camden)  314,  I  was  forced  to  retrench  it  half  a 
sheet  to  make  it  of  the  same  price  of  others.  1711  ADDISON 
Spect.  No.  129  P6  That  all  Women  of  Fashion  were  clitting 
their  old  Muffs  in  two,  or  retrenching  them,  according  to 
the  little  Model  which  was  got  among  them.  1784  CowreR 
Task  n.  318  It  may  correct  a  foible, ..  Retrench  a  sword- 
blade,  or  displace  a  patch. 

fb.  To  deprive^ (the  thing  removed).  Obs. 
1664  BUTLER  Hud.  n.  ii.  23  Many  a  face  Retrench'd  of 
Nose,  and  Eyes,  and  Beard.  1698  T.  FROGER  Voy.  Pref., 
I  have  retrench!  it  of  those  tedious  particulars.  1721  BRAD- 
LEY  Philos.  Ace.  Wts.  Nat.  76  The  Vegetables,  which  the 
Winter-Frosts  retrenched  of  their  Beauties,  are  enlivened. 


5.  To  cut  off,  remove,  take  away. 

c  1650  DENHAM  Old  Age  iii,  The  primer's  hand,  with  let 
ting  blood,  must  quench  Thy  heat,  and  thy  exuberant  parts 
retrench.  1672  MARVELL  Reh.  Tramp,  i.  28  He  retrenches 
.  .on  our  part  more  than  he  hath  Authority  for.  1718  Free- 


retrench. 

.  .on  our  J. ... 

thinker  No.  96.  294  It  is  easier  to  retrench  what  is  Super 
fluous,  than  to  supply  what  is  Deficient.  1723  CHAMBERS 
tr.  Le  Clerc's  Archil.  I.  118,  I  retrench  one  Modillion 
from  the  Corniche.  1773  GOLDSM.  Stoops  to  Conquer  II,  Is 
there  anything  else  you  wish  to  retrench  or  alter,  gentle 
men  ?  1812  Gen.  Hist,  in  Ann.  Reg.  135  In  others  \sc.  Parlia 
ments]  a  year  only  had  been  retrenched  from  their  term  of 
existence.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vi.  II.  14  He  gradu 
ally  retrenched  all  the  privileges  which  the  schismatics 
enjoyed. 

b.  To  do  away  with  (an  item  of  expense). 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  I.  §  108  His  Credit  was  ample 
enough  . .  to  Retrench  very  much  of  the  late  unlimited 
Expences.  1680  DRYDEN  Prol.  to  Lee's  Cxsar  Borgia  28 
So  big  you  look,  though  claret  you  retrench,  That,  armed 
with  bottled  ale,  you  huff  the  French.  1714  Spect.  No.  622 
P  9  To  retrench  one  Dish  at  my  Table,  till  I  have  fetched 
it  [j£io]  up  again.  1741  LADY  M.W.  MONTAGU  Lett.  III.  37 
It  is  true,  as  all  equipages  are  forbidden,  that  expense  is 
entirely  retrenched.  1853  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xv.  HI. 
566  When  every  gentleman,  every  farmer,  was  retrenching 
something  from  the  charge  of  his  table  and  his  cellar. 

c.  To  cut  out,  omit,  excise,  delete  (some  portion 
of  a  book  or  document) . 

c  1645  HOWELL  Lett,  vi.  To  Rdr.,  Therfore  the  Author  hath 
taken  pains  to  retrench  such  redundant,  unnecessary  Letters 
in  this  Work.  1704  Swirr  Mech.  Operat.  Spir.  Misc.  (1711) 
271,  I  retrench'd;  those  Parts  that  might  give  most  Offence; 
and  have  now  ventur'd  to  publish  the  Remainder.  174* 
WATTS  Improv.  Mind  \.  iv,  Where  he  is  redundant,  mark 
those  paragraphs  to  be  retrenched.  1839  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit. 
iv.  vi.  §  18  The  structure  of  his  style  is  such  that  nothing 
could  be  displaced,  nothing  added,  nothing  retrenched. 


BETBENCHMEN  T. 

,869  SWINBURNE  Ess.  f,  Stud.  (1875)  268    His  '  Ode  to 
Tranquillity '.beginning  with  two  stanzas  since  retrenched. 

6.  intr.  To  economize,  reduce  expenses. 

1663  PEPYS  Diary  26  July,  For  his  family  expenses  and 
others  he  would  labour,  however,  to  retrench  in  many 
things  convenient.  1737  PfmJff*-.  Epist.  i.  vn.  75  Can 
I  retrench  ?  Yes,  mighty  well,  Shrink  back  to  my  Paternal 
Cell  c  1820  S.  ROGERS  Italy  (1836)  170  If  rich,  -they  go  to 
enjoy;  if  poor,  to  retrench.  1855  MACA.UL&Y  Hist.  Eng. 
xviii.  IV.  121  Every  man  who  lived  ..  on  the  fruits  of  his 
own  industry  was  forced  to  retrench. 

b.  To  make  excisions  or  diminutions,  rare. 

1700  ROWE  A  ml>.  Step  Math.  Ep.  Ded.,  I  was  led  into 
an  Error  in  the  writing  of  it,  by  thinking  that  it  would 
be  easier  to  retrench  than  to  add.  1813  J.  C.  HOBHOUSE 
Journey  (ed.  2)  1039  The  Vizier  openly  avowed  his  resolu 
tion  of  abolishing  the  Janissaries,  or  at  least  of.  .retrenching 
upon  their  privileges. 

Hence  Retre-nched  ///.  a.1;  Retre'nchmg  -vbl. 
sb.  zn&ppl.  a. 

1681  OWEN  Design  Judgments  Wks.  1851  VIII.  632  They 
cannot  go  about  it  without  great  retrenchings  of  that  which 
they  have  esteemed  their  liberty.  1780  HARRIS  Pkilol. 
Enq.  Wks.  (1841)  396  All  ancient  books.. were  liable.. to 
be  corrupted  in  three  different  ways ;  that  is  to  say,  by 
retrenchings,  by  additions,  and  by  alterations.  1831  LADY 
GRANVILLE  Lett.  (1894)  II.  81  A  retrenching  and  vexatious 
public.  l8S9  J-  TAYLOR  Logic  Thcol.  322  These  figures, 
ought  they  then  to  receive  a  retrenched  interpretation  '! 
1866  Morn.  Star  26  July,  When  the  history  of  retrenching 
Administrations  in  this  country  comes  to  be  written. 

Retrench  (ntre'n|),f. 2  [f.  asprec.]  trans. 
(and  ;•$/?.).  To  protect  by,  to  furnish  with,  a 
retrenchment.  Also  absol.  and^f. 

1598  BARRET  Mod.  Warres  131  To  rampire,  repaire,  and 
to  retrench  against  batteries.  1600  R.  CHURCH  Fiimce  s 
Hungary  147  They  perceived  how  the  Turks  were  retrenched 
within.  1675  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  1019/3  The  Besiegers  had  per 
fectly  retrenched  themselves  between  the  said  Abby  and 
the  place.  1690  Great  Scanderberg  116  He.  .saw  Mussel- 
man  retrenched  in  a  steep  Rock.  1705  ADDISON  Italy 
Sis  To  retrench  themselves  within  the  Convemencies  and 
Necessities  of  Life.  1828  J.  M.  SPEARMAN  llrit.  dinner 
(ed  2)  210  When  the  ravelin  has  no  reduit,  it  may  be  re 
trenched  by  a  parapet  en  tenaille  ;  but  the  narrow  ravelins 
of  Cormontaingne  can  only  be  retrenched  by.coupures,  across 
their  faces.  1863  KINGLAKE  Crimea  II.  50  But  when  they 
sprang  a  mine,  they  ever  found  that  behind  the  ruins  the 
Turks  stood  retrenched. 
Hence  Betre'nched///.  a.2 

1776  LEE  in  Sparks  Corr.  Amer.  Rev.  (1853)  I.  152  To 
prepare  a  post,  or  retrenched  encampment, . .  opposite  to  the 
city.    1828  J.  M.  SPEARMAN  Brit.  Gunner  (ed.  2)  215  When 
a  retrenched  camp  is  to  be  formed  under  the  walls  of  a 
fortified  place,  the  works  may  be  continuous.    1876  VOYI.E 
&  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  341/1  So  that  the  capture  of  the 
lines  shall  not  involve  that  of  the  retrenched  post. 
Be-tre'nch,  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  trench  again. 
1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minnies  Agric.,  Obsera.  106  They 
were  thoroughly  harrowed,  and  presently  afterwards  re 
trenched  and  cross-furrowed  for  the  winter. 
Betre 'richer.     [-EB1.]     One  who  retrenches. 
1882  C.  D.  WARNER  Irving  \\.  135  Merciless  retrenches 
of  beauty  and  enjoyment.     1884  A.  A.  PUTNAM  10  Yrs. 
Police  Judge  v.  32  The  knock-down  argument,  .emanating 
from  the  most  conspicuous  retrencher. 

Betrenchment  *  (rAre-nJment).     [a.  F.  re 
trenchement,  obs.  variant  of  retrauchemenl:   see 
RETRENCH  v.1  and  -MENT.] 
1.  The  act  of  cutting  down,  off,  or  out ;  curtail 
ment,  limitation,  reduction. 

c  1600  SIR  F.  VEKE  Czsar's  Caium.  47  By  a  retrenchment 
of  the  condition  I  was  to  hold  in  this  journey.    1654  jr. 
Snidery's  Curia  Pot.  151  If  I  should  deprive  her  of  the 
Crown  without  the  retrenchment  of  her  head.    1691  DRYDEN 
St.  Euremonfs  Ess.  12  It  was  not  a  retrenchment  of  super 
fluities,  or  a  voluntary  abstinence  from  things  agreeable. 
•    1713  Guardian  No.  149  The  men  have  contented  themselves 
1    with  the  retrenchment  of  the  hat,  or  the  various  scallop  oi 
the  pocket.     1765  Museum  Rust.  IV.  20  These  retrench 
ments,  made  in  the  proper  time,  are  likely  to  strengthen., 
both  fruit  and  branch.     1827  STEUART  Planters  G.  (1828) 
!    443  Such  retrenchment,  however,  must  always  be  modified, 
by  the  actual  wants  of  the  Trees.  .    . 

b.  The  act  of  excising,  deleting,  or  omitting ; 

an  instance  of  this. 

'ish  than 


IIILU  H   I.U11CIC1H  U13\,WUIO*.,        •/—  ~     /T     —  '  .        ,' 

II  423  Additions  have  been  made  every  now  and  then  to 
our  [divine]  offices,  but  never  any  retrenchments.  1820 
SCOTT  Abbot  Introd.  Ep.,  I  admit  that  my  retrenchments 
have  been  numerous,  and  leave  gaps  in  the  story-  J1"? 
Morn.  Star  17  Sept.  3  Besides  this  one  retrenchment  ol  the 
text,  the  changes  made  are  very  trifling. 
2.  The  act  of  economizing  or  cutting  down  ex 
penditure  ;  a  case  of  this. 

1667  PEPYS  Diary  9  Aug.,  We  did  talk  of  many  retrench 
ments  of  charge  of  the  Navy  which  he  will  put  in  practice. 
1675  MARVELI.  Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  433,  I  have  made 
a  considerable  retrenchment  upon  my  expences  in  candles 
and  charcoal.  01731  ATTERBURY  (J.),  I  would  rather  be 
an  advocate  for  the  retrenchment,  than  the  encrease  of  this 
charity.  1792  A.LUoxAMCti.e/lr'.  Pitt  I.  xx.  332  Amongst 
Pitt's  other  retrenchments  were  his  coach  horses,  which  were 
sold  by  public  advertisement.  1834  HT.  MAKTINEAU  Moral 

1  iv.  137  The  cry  for  retrenchment  is  a  righteous  cry  ;  but  all 
power  of  retrenchment  does  not  lie  with  the  Government. 
1868  HELPS  Realmah  iii,  Reform  has  gone  too  far  m  the 

'    way  of  retrenchment.    1899  Daily  Nems  19  April  5/1 1  here 

I    are  two  things  which  bring  about  a  desire  for  national 
retrenchment — new  taxation  and  bad  trade. 
Retrenchment2  (rttre-njment).  Mil.    [t.  as 

,   prec.]     A  work,  generally  consisting  of  a  trench 


KETBET. 

and  parapet,  constructed  for  the  defence  of  a  posi 
tion  ;  esp.  an  inner  line  of  defence  within  a  large 
work.  Alsoy?^.  and  transf, 

1589  P.  IVE  Fortification  25  At  which  may  a  retrenchment 
bee  made  when  need  requireth,  and  the  same  well  flanked. 
1642  ROGERS  Naaman  101  In  the  defence  of  a  City,  .there 
be  some  out-workes,  halfe-moones  and  retrenchments  to  hold 
the  enemy  at  larger  distance.  1683  Lend.  Gas.  No.  1856/6 
We  have  made  in  the  middle  of  the  Ravelin  a  good  Re 
trenchment  with  a  good  Ditch.  1709  SWIFT  &  ADDISON 
Taller  No.  32  F  7  The  Enemy  lay  encamped  behind  a  strong 
Retrenchment.  1739  ELI  z.  CARTER  tr.  Algarotti  <?«  New- 
toil  s  The.  (1742)  II.  211  Des  Cartes,  .is  attacked  in  his  very 
last  Retrenchments.  1828  J.  M.  SPEARMAN  Brit.  Gunner 
(ed.  2)  209  To  permit  the  ditch  of  the  reduit  to  be  defended 
from  the  rear  of  the  retrenchment.  1879  Encycl.  Brit.  IX. 
447/1  In  bastions  strengthened  by  a  cavalier  retrenchment, 
a  coupure  is  formed  perpendicularly  across  the  faces  of  the 

t  Retre't,  sb.  Obs.  rare  ~l.  [Cf.  next.]  Re- 
handling  of  a  subject. 

1556  J.  HEYWOOD  Spider  ,$•  F.  xiv.  36, 1  shall  (for  a  season) 
set  that  apart,  And  partly  peruse,  by  way  of  retret,  Sum 
part  of  this  matter  graunted  before. 

tRetre'te,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  OF.  *retrctert 
var.  of  retraiKi^er-.—L,,  retractare  to  rehandle.] 
trans,  a.  To  relate,  recount,  b.  To  treat  of  again. 

13 ..  E.E.A  Hit.  P.  A.  92  Fowlez  ber  flowen . . ,  boj>e  smale 
&  grete,  Bot  sytole  stryng  &  gyternere  Her  reken  myrbe 
inojt  not  retrete.  c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  v.  Met.  iii.  (Skeat) 
136  Him  remembreth  the  somme  of  thinges  that  he  with- 
holdeth,  and  axeth  conseil,  and  retreteth  deepliche  thinges 
y-seyn  biforn. 

Retri/al  («-).  [RE-  53.]  The  act  of  retrying; 
a  second  or  new  trial. 

1875  POSTE  Gains  iv.  578  The  re-trial  of  the  more  import 
ant  issue  would  be  barred.  1898  Westm.  Gas.  17  Mar.  2/3 
Much  of  the  material  at  present  considered  by  the  Home 
Office  in  reconsidering  a  sentence  would  be  excluded  from 
the  re-trial. 

tRetribuer.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  OF.  retri- 
biteur:  see  next.]  —  RETRIBUTOR. 

1512  Helyas  in  Thorns  Prose  Rom.  (1828)  III.  40  God  that 
is  the  true  iudge  and  only  retribuer  of  good  and  evil. 

Retributary,  variant  of  RlTfilBUTOET. 

Retribllte(r/tri<biwt,reItr/'bi«t))z'.  Now  rare, 
[f.  L.  retribut-t  ppl.  stem  of  retribztcre^  f.  re-  RE- 
+  tribtti*re  to  give,  assign.] 

1.  trans.  To  give  in  return  ;  to  make  return  of; 
to  retaliate  (something)  on  one. 

>S75  FENTON  Gold.  Epist.(i$fa)  9,  I  haue  retributed  that 
recompence  \\hiche  belongeth  to  the  power  of  so  pore  a 
friend.  1579  —  Gmcciard,  ix.  (1599)  356  To  whom  in  par 
ticular  were  retributed  no  small  rewardes.  1621  S.  WARD 
Life  Faitk  64  Hath  Christ  giuen  himselfe  for  thee,.  .and 
what  hast  thou  to  retribute?  1643  G.  CHUDLEIGH  Declara 


from  retributing  the  like  measure  on'themselves.  1866  J.  B. 
ROSE  tr.  Ovid's  Fasti  \.  352  She  retributed  slight  on  friend 
and  foe. 

2.  To  make  return  for ;  to  repay. 

1612  T.  TAYLOR  Comvi.  Titus  i.  i  Ready  to  retribute  our 
fidelitie  with  infinite  aduantage.  1633  BP.  HALL  Hard 
TextS)N.  T.  330  Neither.. can  God  be  unrighteous  in  not 
perfecting_and  retributing  that  your  patnfull  love.  1663 
ORMONDE  in  Carte  Life  (1736)  II.  273  Injuries  to  be  remem 
bered  upon  all  occasions,  and  retributed  by  crossing  my 
desires,  when  they  nim,  at  just  things. 

3.  intr.  To  make  a  return  or  requital. 

1612-5  Br.  HALL  Contempt.,  O.  T.  xvn.  vi.  1224  It  is  dis 
honourable  to  take  from  equals,  and  not  to  retribute.  1643 
SIR  T.  BROWNE  Relig.  Med.  (1682)  29  All  wherein  an  humble 
Creature  may  endeavour  to  requite,  and  some  way  to  retri 
bute  unto  his  Creator.  1689  POPPLE  tr.  Locke's  \st  Let. 
Toleration  L.'s  Wks.  17231 ;  II.  250  God., is  the  only  Judge 
in  this  Case,  who  will  retribute  unto  every  one  at  the  last 
Day.  a  1731  DE  FOE  Mrs.  Veal  Pref.,  A  just  God  who 
will  retribute  to  every  one  according  to  the  deeds  done  in 
the  body. 

Hence  Ketributing  vbl.  sb, 

a  1660  HAMMOND  Serm.  Wks.  1850  III.  355  What  Christian 
soever  can  indulge  himself  the  enjoyment,  .of  revenge,  or 
retributing  of  injuries  [etc.].  1686  W.  DE  BRITAINK  Hum. 
Prud.  ix-42  But  I  can  admit  the  re-tributingof  good  turns. 

t  Retribute, ppl.a,  Obs.-1  [ad.  L.  retH£>fit-us, 
pa.  pple.  of  retribuere'.  see  prec.]  Returned. 

1673  KIRKMAN  Unlucky  Citizen  266  Here  was  Retalliation, 
absolute  Revenge,  Resolute,  and  Justice,  Retribute. 

Retribution  (retribi/?Jan).  Also4-bucioun, 
4-5  -ion,  5  -yon(e.  [a.  OF.  retribucion,  -ntion 
(mod.F.  retribution,  =  Sp.  retribucion,  It.  re-,  ri- 
tribuzione),  or  ad.  L.  retribution-em,  noun  of 
action  f.  retribuere  :  see  RETRIBUTE  z>.] 

1.  Repayment,  recompense,  return,  for  some  ser 
vice,  merit,  etc.  Now  rare. 

1382  WYCLIK  Col.  iii.  24  Witinge  that  of  the  Lord  ;e  schulen 
take  retribucioun,  or  }eldinge  a^en,  of  heritage.  1393  LANGL. 
P.  PI.  C.  iv.  340  Of  hem  coined  retribucion,  pat  ys  |?e 
;ifte  bat  god  3vue|?  to  alle  leeile  lyuynge.  1412-20  LYDG. 
Chron.  Troy  v.  xxxvi,  By  merytorye  retrvbucyon.  c  1460 
G.  ASHBY  Dicta  P kilos.  576  Your  benefetis  geuen  to  goode 
men  Asken  daily  grete  retribucion.  1594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol. 
i.  xi.  §  5  Sith  possession  of  blisse,  though  it  should  be  but 
for  a  moment,  were  an  aboundant  retribution.  1612-5  Br. 
HALL  Conteinpl.^  O.  T.  xix.  ix,  Never  did  a  charitable 
act  go  away  without  the  retribution  of  a  blessing.  1642 
R.  CARPENTER  Experience  n.  viii.  195  God  naturally  hath 
no  obligation  to  make  retribution  to  a  creature.  1672 
JOSSELYN  A'«v  Eng.  Rarities  31  Your  bounty  hath  engaged 
a  retribution  of  my  gratitude.  1702  ROWE  Tamerl.  iv.  i, 


581 

When  a  King  rewards,  'tis  ample  Retribution.  1776  ADAM 
SMITH  \V.  N,  \,  x.  (1869)  I.  in  The  counsellor  at  law.,  ought 
to  receive  the  retribution,  .of  his  own  so  tedious  and  expen 
sive  education  [etc.].  1811  Phil.  Tram.  CI.  175  It  is  but  a 
feeble  and  just  retribution  of  respect  for  the  service  which 
he  has  rendered  to  science.  1826  MARGR.  OF  ANSPACH  Mem. 
II.  xii.  403  Deprived  of  the  retributions  due  to  her  as  widow 
of  the  Prince  of  Butera. 

fb.  Restitution,  rendering  back.  Obs.  rare. 
1583  BABINGTON  Comtnandni,  221  Wee  honour  them.,  in 
reuerence,  obedience,  and  mayntainance  of  their  state  by 
retribution  of  some  parte  of  that  wee  haue  got  by  them. 
1627  HAKKWILL  Apol,  (1630)  113  Notwithstanding  their  [the 
elements]  continual!  transmutation,  or  transelementation,. . 
of  one  into  another,  yet  by  a  mutuall  retribution  it  still 
remaines  the  same. 

2.  Day  of  retribution,  the  day  on  which  divine 
reward  or  punishment   will  be  assigned   to  men 
(now  usually  associated  with  sense  3)  ;  also  gener 
ally,  any  day  of  punishment  or  nemesis. 

1526  nisr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  200  b,  To  preche  the 
yere  of  grace  &  acceptacyon  to  god,  &  the  daye  of  retri- 
bucyon.  1555  BRADFORD  in  Coverdale  Lett.  Martyrs  (1564) 
278  Praying  God  our  deare  father  in  the  day  of  his  retribu 
tion  to  remember  it.  1624  Br.  MOUNTAGU  Immed.  Addr. 
157  The  full  accomplishment  of  their  consummation  in 
Christ,  in  the  day  of  the  retribution  of  the  Righteous.  1808 
PIKE  Sources  ZUsshs.  in.  (1810)  App.  13  The  day  of  retribu 
tion  will  come  in  thunder  and  in  vengeance.  1856  SIK  B. 
BttODi&PsycJiet./ttg.ll.iv.  114, 1.  .am  led  to  believe  that  even 
in  this  world  the  day  of  retribution  rarely  fails  to  come  ?t  last. 

Comb.  1801  SOUTHEY  Thalaba  vn.  xxv,  As  though  the 
Retribution-day  were  come. 

b.  Recompense,  in  another  life,  for  one's  good 
or  bad  deeds  in  this  world. 

1633  B,  JONSON  Underwoods,  Enphciue  Ix.  49  Whither  they 
must  come.. To  have  that  finall  retribution,  Expected  with 
the  fleshe's  restitution.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  HI.  454  All  who 
have  thir  reward  on  Earth,  .here  find  Fit  retribution,  emptie 
as  thir  deeds.  1736  BUTLER  A  nal.  i.  iii,  The  proof  of  a  future 
state  of  retribution  would  rest  upon  the  usual  known  argu 
ments  for  it.  1809-10  COLERIDGE  />/*.'«</ (1865)  III.  354  The 
doctrine  of  retribution  after  death.  1858  NEALE  Bernard dc 
Morlaixy  And  divers  retributions  That  divers  merits  claim. 

3.  A  recompense  for,  or  requital  of,  evil  done; 
return  of  evil,  etc. 

1570  FOXE  A.  #  M.  (ed.  2)  223/1  To  consider  and  learne 
the  righteous  retribution  and  wrath  of  God  from  heatien 
vpon  all  iniquitie.  1651  HOBHES  Leviath.  \.  xv.  76  In  Re 
venges  (that  is,  retribution  of  Evil  for  Evil).  1658  T.  WALL 
Charact.  Enemies  Ck.  43  It  is  the  just  retribution  of  God. 
1702  ROWE  Tamerl.  iv.  i,  And  curse  me,  Prophet,  if  I  not 
repay  His  hate,  with  retribution  full  as  mortal.  1781  Cow- 
i-ER  Expost.vw  If  vice  receiv'd  her  retribution  due  When 
we  were  visited,  what  hope  for  you?  1840  MACAULAY  C/zVe 
Ess.  (1897)  518  Then  was  committed  that  great  crime,., 
memorable  for  the  tremendous  retribution  by  which  it  was 
followed.  1876  FARRAR  Marlb.  Serin,  ii.  13  The  retribution 
which  dogs  the  heels  of  vice. 

Retributive  (rftrrBiiftiv),  a.  [f.  as  RETKI- 
BUTE  z/.  +  -IVE  :  cf.  OF.  retributif)  Sp.  retributivo, 
By  Southey  and  Shelley  stressed  on  the  first  and 
third  syllables,after  retribution.]  Characterized  by, 
of  the  nature  of,  retribution.  Freq.  with  justice. 

1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  Pref.,  A  Distributive  or 
Retributive  Justice,  dispensing  Rewards  and  Punishments 
throughout  the  whole  World.  1801  SOUTHEY  Thalaba  v. 
xxx'i,  O  hard  of  heart !  whom  not  the  visible  power  Of  retri 
butive  Justice  .  .Deterr'd  from  equal  crime  !  1813  SHELLEY 
Q.  Mob  i.  174  The  sting  Which  retributive  memory  im 
plants.  1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  I.  iv.  346  It  was  not 
intended,  .they  should  escape  the  retributive  consequences 
of  those  crimes.  i88a  FARRAR  Early  Chr.  I.  232  note.  The 
fire  of  God's  retributive  wrath  which  burns  eternally  against 
unrepented  sin. 

Hence  Betri'butively  adv. 

1836  DORAN  Knts.  fy  their  Days  \.  20  If  the  married  knights 
were  retributively  slain  for  talking  about  the  wooing  of  a 
comrade's  widow.  1865  Pall  Mall  G.  4  Aug.  11/2  To  find 
his  old  place,  .retributively  filled  by  another. 

Retributor  (rrtri-bi/nsi).  [a.  L.  retributor, 
agent-noun  f.  retribuere  to  RETRIBUTE.  Cf.  F. 
rttributeur,  It.  retributore.]  One  who  makes  re 
tribution;  a  repayer. 

1612-5  BP.  HALL  Contempt.,  O.T.  xii.  iv, They  had  learned, 
that  thankfulness  was  not  to  be  measured  of  good  men  by 
the  weight,  but  by  the  will  of  the  retributor.  1614  T. 
ADAMS  Devil's  Banquet  ii.  85  God  is  a  iust  ludge,  a  retri 
butor  of  euery  man  his  owne.  1844  TAPPER  Crock  of  G. 
xlvii,  Those  who  in  this  world  were  mutual  workers  of 
iniquity  may  find  themselves  in  the  next  sworn  retributors 
of  wrath.  1860  PUSEY  Min.  Proph.  22  The  most  just 
Retributor  of  those  who  persevere  in  rebellion  against  Him. 

Retributory  (ntrrbi/ftari),  a.  Also  -ary. 
[f.  as  RETRIBUTE  v.  +-ORY.  Cf.  obs.  F.  retri- 
butoire,  Sp.  retributorio.~\  Involving,  producing, 
or  characterized  by  retribution  or  recompense. 

i6iz-5  BP.  HALL  Contempt.,  O.  7".  xvn.  vi,  A  price,  not 
counteruailable  to  what  hee  seekes,  but  retributorie  to  him  of 
whom  hee  seekes.  a  1656  —  Rent.  Wks.  (1660)  183  Neither 
is  it  the  pleasure  of  the  Almighty  to  deferr  the  retribu- 
tory  comforts  of  Kis  mourners  till  another  World.  1748 
RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  VIII,  256,  I  have  already 
begun  my  retributory  purposes.  1771  PENNANT  Tour  in 
Scot.  (1774)  86  That  sect,  which  in  their  prosperity  shewed 
no  mercy,  now  met  with  retributory  vengeance.  1837  DE 
QumCKYAtfP,  Tartars  \V\ns.  1854  IV.  171  The  price  exacted 
by  a  retributary  Providence  for  their  vindictive  cruelty. 
1890  &.  PRINCE  Of  Joyous  Card  ii.  415  Loud  calling  for 
retributory  knight  To  quell  the  raging  wrongs. 

Retri  butress.    rare.    [f.   RETKIBUTK  v.  + 
-TRESS.]     A  female  retributor. 
1798  \V.  TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mem,  (1843)  I.  219  Not  yet 


RETRIEVE. 

the  great  retributress  has  closed  The  book  of  fate.     1830 
Hist.  Surv.   Germ.   Poetry  II.   87    Night   cf  destruction, 
dread  retributress,  Be  dear  and  holy  to  a  nation  freed. 

Retricion,  obs.  form  of  RHETORICIAN. 
Retrrcked,  ppl.  a.    [RE-  5  a.]    Restored. 

1833  MRS.  BROWNING  Prometk.  Bound  28  The  sun  [shall] 
Disperse  with  retrickt  beams  the  morning-frosts. 

Retrievable  (r/trrvab'l),<z,  [f.  RETRIEVE  v. 
+  -ABLE.]  Capable  or  admitting  of  being  retrieved. 

1711  SHAFTESB.  CAarac.  (1737)  III.'Misc.  ui.'ii.  179  Those 
whose  Relish  is  retrievable,  and  whose  Taste  may  yet  be 
form'd  in  Morals.  1760  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  vn.  xvi,  Still 
is  sweet  sleep  retrievable.  1863  COWDEN  CLARKE  Shak*. 
Char.  xx.  504  Even  in  the  hardened  Barnardine,  the  worthy 
Provost  can  discern  that  .spark  of  retrievable  matter  wlnxh 
should  be  fostered  into  hope  of  reformation,  ityo  Spectator 
6  Sept.,  Steps  which  are  either  irretrievable]  or  are  retriev 
able  only  after  terrible  suffering  and  loss. 

Retrieval  (r/trrval).  Also  7  retrival(l.  [f. 
RETRIEVE  v.  +  -AL.] 

1.  The  act  of  retrieving  or  recovering ;    an  in 
stance  of  this. 

(11643  W.  CARTWRIGHT  Poems  (1651)  233  Methinks  the 
first  Age  comes  again,  and  we  See  a  Retrivall  of  Simplicity. 
1683  CAVE  Ecclcsiastici,  Ambrose  382  Rome.. is  an  humble 
suppliant  for  the  retrival  of  her  ancient  Rites.  1751  SMOL- 
LEM-  Pet:  Pic.  xc.  III.  265  She  ..  implored  his  advice 
touching  the  retrieval  of  her  reputation.  1788  BUKKE  Sp. 
ngst.  IV.  /fastiugs\\k*.  1813  XII.  429  To  exert  themselves 
for  the  retrieval  of  the  national  loss.  1853  C.  BRONIK 
I'illctte  xxxvii,  He  had  managed  his  affairs  wi;ll,..his  for 
tunes  were  in  the  way  of  retrieval.  1871  MKS.  WHIINLV 
Real  Folks  xix,  He  dwelt  on  that  word  '  child  ',  reminding 
her  of  her  short  mistaking  and  of  the  long  retrieval. 

2.  =  RETRIEVE  Sb.  3. 

1707  Reflexions  -upon  Ridicule  286  Ruin'd  beyond  re 
trieval.  1730  FIELDING  Authors  Farce  Wks.  1775  I.  187 
Matrimony  clenches  ruin  beyond  retrieval.  1858  CARLYLE 
Frcdk.  Gt.  in.  iii.  (1872)  I.  150  And  so  the  Teutsch  Hitters 
are  sunk  beyond  retrieval.  1860  FROUDE  Hist.  F.ng.  V.  368 
The  Duke  of  Somerset  had  neglected  the  debts  of  the  realm 
till  they  were  past  retrieval. 

So  t  Itetrieva'tion.  Obs.  rare"*1. 

1806  Simple  Narrative  I.  160  Rendering,  thereby,  its  re- 
trievation  more  difficult,  by  attending  circumstances. 

Retrieve  (rftrrv),  $b.  Also  6  retrife,  7  re- 
triefe,  retrive.  [f.  the  verb.] 

f  1.  The  second  discovery  and  flight  of  a  bird 
(esp.  a  partridge)  which  has  already  been  sprung. 

iS7STuBBERV,  Vencrie  173  The  houndes  will  in  and  striue 
who  may  first  gette  in  like  Spaniels  at  retrife  of  a  Partriche. 
1616  SURFL.  &  MARKHAM  Countrey  Farme  vn.xliv.  715  The 
long-winged  hawke.  .gathereth  vp  againe  to  her  first  pitch, 
and  there  expecteth  the  retriue.  1644  DIGBY  Nat.  Bodies, 
xxxvii.  321  A  fawkeners  manning  of  a  hawke,  and  trayning 
her  to  kill  partridges,  and  to  fly  at  the  retriue.  1671  K. 
PANTON  Spec.  Jitv,  66  The  Covey  was  sprung  again  and  the 
Hawks  let  fly,  I  spurr'd  into  the  retrieve. 
fb.  In  fig.  contexts.  Obs. 

1625  B.  JONSON  Staple  of  N.  in.  i,  We'll  haue  a  flight  at 
Mortgage,  Statute,  Band,  And  hard,  but  we'll  bring  Wax 
to  the  retriue.  1673  DRVDEN  Man;  a  la  Mode  v.  i,  It 
vexes  me  to  the  Heart,  to  leave  all  my  Designs  with  Doralice 
unfinished;  to  have  flown  her  so  often  to  a  Mark,  and  still 
to  be  bobb'd  at  retrieve. 

f2.  A  return  ^/"something.   Obs.  rare"1, 

1657  G.  THORNLEV  Daphnis  %  Chloe  112  They  desired  no 
thing  so  much  as  a  quick  retrive  of  the  Spring. 

3.  Possibility  of  recovery.     With  beyond,  pastt 
•\withoitt  (cf.  RETRIEVAL  2). 

1697  BURGHOPE  Disc.  Rel'tg.  Assemb.  81  Grown  men  and 
vicious,  and  incorrigible  beyond  retrieve.  1700  BLACKMORE 
Isaiah  xl.  273  We're  ruin'd  and  undone,  past  all  retrieve. 
1706  DE  FOE  Jure  Divino  in.  10  He's  damn'd  without 
Retrieve,  if  he  lets  go  The  Reins  of  Life.  1748  RICHARD 
SON  Clarissa  (1811)  III*  181  A  detected  invasion,  in  an 
article  so  sacred,  would  ruin  me  beyond  retrieve.  1842 
BROWNING  Soliloq.  Sp.  Cloister  ix,  Such  a  flaw  in  the  in 
denture  As  he'd  miss  till,  past  retrieve,  Blasted  lay  that  rose- 
acacia.  1886  W.  J.  TUCKER  /;.  Europe  60  In  an  unguarded 
hour  [he]  ruined  himself  beyond  retrieve. 

b.  The  act  of  recovering ;  retrieval.    Now  rare. 

1701  Expedient  P ropes'1  d^  23, 1  have  done  my  part  towards 
a  retrieve  of  our  Ecclesiastical  Constitution.  1704  M.  HENRY 
Friendly  Visits  Wks.  1853  I.  276/2  To  devise  all  means 
possible  for.,  the  repair  and  retrieve  of  it  [friendship]  where 
it  is  withering  and  ready  to  die.  1853  Y^wv.Grinnell Exp. 
xxii.  (1856)  170  He  had  volunteered  RU  services  for  an  ex 
pedition  of  retrieve. 

Retrieve  (r/lrrv),  v.  Also  5-6  retreve,  5-7 
retrive  (5  retryue),  7-8  retreive.  [ad.  OF. 

refroev-j  the  stressed  stem  of  ret  rover,  retrouver, 
f.  re-  RE-  +  trouver  to  find.  The  normal  ME. 
representative  of  this,  retreve t  appears  in  the 
earliest  examples  ;  but  the  usual  form  during  the 
i6th  and  i7th  centuries  was  ret  rive  ,vr\\h  the  same 
unexplained  change  of  vowel  as  in  CONTRIVE. 
The  modern  retrieve  seems  to  date  from  about 
1650,  but  did  not  become  the  usual  form  till 
about  1680-90.] 

I.  trans.  1.  Of  dogs :  a.  To  find  or  discover 
again  (game  which  has  been  temporarily  lost);  esp, 
to  flush  or  set  up  (partridges)  a  second  time. 

c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182}  xxxiii,  To  blawe 
a  moote  for  \>e  lymer  and  late  hym  sewe  till  he  haue  re* 
treued  hym.  Ibid,  xxxiv,  If  it  happe  J>at  she  be  sqwate  to 
fore  hem  and  at  f>ei  retreue  hir  nought  so  sone  as  (jei  wolde. 
1486  Bk. St.  Albans\>\\\$,  Whan  she  hath  done  anyoftheys, 
.  .go  and  retriue  moo  and  she  will  nym  plente.  1579  LYLY 
Enphues  (Arb.)  41  The  whelpe  of  a  Mastife  wyll  neuer  be 
taught  to  retriue  the  Partridge.  1607  TOPSELL  Four-f, 


RETRIEVE. 

Hcasls  (1658)  122  These  are  taught  by  Falconers  to  retrive 
and  raise  Partridges.  1630  BRATHWAIT  Eng.  Gcntlem.  (1641) 
113  These  are  dogges,  said  he,  and  necessary  for  Hawking, 
to  find  and  retrive  my  game. 

1826  SIR  I.  S.  SEBRIGHT  Hawking  34  If  a  young  hawk 
does  not  take  the  bird  in  his  first  flight,  and  if  it  cannot  be 
retrieved  in  a  short  time  after  he  has  put  it  in  [etc.]. 

fiir.  1592  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  ix.  xlix.  227  Popes  vse  Poten 
tates  but  to  retriue  their  Game.  1601  DAN  no.  Def.  hymc 
Wks.  G6b,  [He]  must  either  giue  off  vnsatisfied,  or  vncer- 
tainely  cast  backe  to  retriue  the  escaped  sence.  1648  J. 
BEAUMONT  Psyche  xxn.  clxxx,  Their  Pnsner..they  tie  li 
that  grim  Hound  which  him  retriev'd. 

b.  To  find  and  bring  in  (a  bird,  etc.)  that  has 
been  wounded  or  killed. 

1856  '  STONEHENGE  '  Brit.  Rur.  Sports  36/1  He.  .will  re 
trieve  any  game,  from  the  snipe  to  the  pheasant.  iS»i 
Klacm.  Ma?.  XLIV.  476/2  The  late  Fiirst's  favourite  re. 
triever  retrieving  a  fox.  1899  Blacky.  Mag.  Feb  420/1 
The  black  dog . .  looked  as  if  he  had  retrieved  the  whole  nine. 

2.  To  recover  by  study  or  investigation,  esp.  o: 
the  past ;  to  restore  to  knowledge.     Now  rare. 

ie67  GOLDINO  Oz'irfxv.  188  They  haling  out  hishartstnngs 

,  And  poring  on  them,  seeke  therein  Godcles  secrets  too 
rctrvue  1501  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  I.  11.  79*  Where 
fore  do  ye  strive  With  reach  of  Sense,  God's  wonders  to 
retrive?  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Rutlandsh.  (1662)  j47 
All  that  I  can  retrive  of  her  is  digested  into  these  following 
particulars.  1686  Phil.  Trans.  XV.  2  Ihe  following  Dis- 
courses:  Some  of  which  retrieve  lost  Pieces  of  Antiquity. 
1697  COLLIER  Ess.  Mor.  Snbj.  I.  (1703)  66  I  hey  often., 
explain  History  and  retrieve  us  several  material  Parts  of 
Learning.  1774  J.  BRYANT  Mytl,ol.  I.  69  An  ancient  word 

grown  so  obsolete  that  the  original  purport  could  not  be 
retrieved.  1837  HAI.LAM  Hist.  Lit.  I.  i.  §  45  No  industry 
has  hitherto  retrieved  so  much  as  a  few  lines  of  real  Italian 
till  near  the  end  of  the  I2th  century. 

b.  To  recover  by  an  effort  of  memory ;  to  recall 
to  mind. 

1644  DIGBY  Nat.  Bodies  358  We  can  not  retriue  wordes  to 
e.vpresse  in  what  manner  we  conceiue  it.  1663  STILLINGFL. 
<  V/V.  Sacrx  III.  i.  §  18  For  according  to  this,  it  is  impossible 
for  the  mind  to  retrieve  any  object  without  mutilation  of  it. 
1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  n.  xxvii.  (1695)  186  Suppose  I 
wholly  lose  the  memory  of  some  parts  of  my  Life,  beyond 
a  possibility  of  retrieving  them.  1779  JOHNSON  L.  P., 
Coii'lcy  (1868)  10  In  perusing  the  works  of  this  race  of 
authors,. .something  already  learned  is  to  be  retrieved,  or 
something  new  is  to  be  examined.  1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMILTON 
Mctafh.  xxxi.  (1859)  II.  230,  I  have  now  to  shew  you,  how 
these  thoughts,  retained  in  memory,  may. .  be  again  retrieved, 
f  c.  To  rediscover ;  to  find  again.  Obs. 

r  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1650)  I.  348  They  consulted,  that  if 
they  lost  one  another,  how  they  might  be  retrieved  and 
meet  again.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.^  Ships 
lost  in  their  road,  by  means  of  the  sent,  retrive  their  way. 

3.  To  recover,  regain,  get  or  take  possession  of 
(a  thing,  etc.)  again. 

1589  NASHF.  Martin  Mar/mlate  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  81  O 
how  my  Palfrey ..  daunced  the  Goates  iumpe,  when  I  ranne 
the  ring  round  about  him  to  retriue  him.  1651  HOUSES 
Lc-'iatli.  in.  xxxiii.  203  Esdras..by  the  direction  of  Gods 
Spirit  retrived  them,  when  they  were  lost.  1684  J.  PKTKR 
Siege  I'ienna  70  That  part  of  the  Ravelin  being  thus  re 
trieved  was  wholly  abandoned  by  the  Enemy,  c  1710  CF.LIA 
FIF.NNKS  Diary  (1888)  217  Tho'  he  had  gotten  quite  down 
his  head  and  all,  yet  did  retrieve  his  feete,..with  me  on  his 
Back.  1751  SMOLLETT  Per.  Pic.  (1779)  II-  xli.  50  A  warrant 
..to  search  for  and  retrieve  the  fugitive.  1832  W.  IRVING 
Alliambra  I.  215  They  would  be  enabled  to  return  and 
retrieve  their  treasuresat  some  future  day.  1885  R.  BRIDGES 
Nero  in.  ii,  Would'st  thou  now  Retrieve  thy  purchase  money? 

1 4.  To  bring  back  ;  to  cause  to  turn  back  or 
return.  Also  const,  into,  to.  Obs. 

a  1597  PEELE  David  ff  Bethsabe  iv.  ii.  H  i  b,  Take  but  your 
Lute,  and.. Retriue  the  sunnes  sphere,  and  restraine  the 
clouds.  1605  B.  JONSON  Volpone  Epist.  p  3  To  see.;those 
antique  reliques  of  IJarbarisme  retriu'd  with  all  other  ridicul 
ous  and  ex_ploded  follies,  1623  MASSINI;EK  l>ondman  II.  i, 
But  if  retrivd  into  his  hack  again,  Would  keep  him  warmer 
than  a  Scarlet  wast-coat.  1652  I'ENLOWES  Theoph.  XIII.  xciv, 
Which  might  our  iron  age  to  its  first  gold  retrive.  1662 
STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacrx  II.  v.  §  2  Till  a  new  blast  from  the 
Spirit  of  God  doth,  .retrieve  it  into  its  former  heat. 

b.  To  bring  backy>w«  or  out  of  a.  place  or  state ; 
to  rescue  or  save. 

ci6n  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xxm.  71  From  hel's  low  region., 
soules  never  are  retriu'd  To  talke  with  friends  here,  c  1656 
WALLER  Of  a  War  with-  Spain  99  All  labour  now  to  save 
their  Enemies ;..  And  their  young  foes  Endeav'ring  to  re 
trive,  With  greater  hazard  than  they  fought,  they  dive. 
1693  WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Earth  n.  (1723)  99  To  reclaim 
and  retrieve  the  World  out  of  this  wretched  and  forlorn 
State.  1712  ARBUTHNOT  John  Bull  I.  viii,  One  that  had .. 
retrieved  his  Family  from  the  Oppression  of  old  Lewis 
Baboon.  1738  WESLEY  Hymns,  Father,  1  stretch  my 
Hands  iii.  Now  my  poor  Soul  Thou  wouldst  retrieve,  Nor 
let  me  wait  one  Hour. 

c.  To  save  (time)  from  other  occupations. 
1687-8  LADY  R.  RUSSELL  Lett.  I.  liv.  129  Just  after  I  had 

retrieved  time  enough  to  scribble  to  you.  1706  LOGAN  in 
Pennsylv.  Hist.  Soc.  Mem.  X.  165  Therefore  must  beg  her 
excuse  till  I  can  retrieve  one  minute  or  two  of  liberty  to 
think  again.  1879  HARE  Life  B'ness  Bunsen.  1.  ix.  322  The 
time  of  study  which  Bunsen  could  retrieve  from  the  Descrip 
tion  of  Rome. 

5.  To  restore,  revive;  to  bring  back  to  the 
original  state  or  to  a  flourishing  condition. 

1676  J._  WORLIDGE  Cyder  (1691)  150  Sharp  or  acid  cider. . 
may  easily  be  retriv'd  by  a  small  addition  of  new  spirits. 
1715  tr.  Pancirollus'  Rerttm  Mem.  1.  I.  xiii.  33  By  the  help 
of  Iron,  we  plant  Orchards,  and  retrieve  the  Youth  of 
decaying  Vineyards.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  n.  iii.  144  The 
retrieving  the  freedom  of  a  single  family.  1839-52  BAILEY 
Festus  477  Ye.  too,  lose  Your  place,  in  place  :  retrieve  your- 
selves  in  good.  1854  BROWNING  Twins  vi,  Would  ye  re- 


582 

trieve  the  one?  Tryand  make  plump  the  other!  1861  BUCKLE 
Civiliz.  II.  viii.  542  The  spirit  of  the  country  was  broken, 
and  nothing  could  retrieve  it. 

b    etf  one's  fortunes,  honour,  credit,  etc. 
1725  DE  FOE  Voy.  round  World  (1840)  59  Tp^ merit  mercy 
and  retrieve  his  circumstances  by  his  futur-  c 


very  man  nnea  uy  U»MM»  "*••»*•".'-•  ,,-,  V          •;; 

of  her  beloved  province.     1853  MACAL'LAY  Hist.  Eng.  xlli. 
Ill  373 The  regular  army  would  retrieve  the  honour  wnicn 
had  been  lost  at  Killiecrankie.    1880  MCCARTHY  Own  1  imes 
IV.  Ix.  325  No  courage,  no  patriotism,  could  now  re 
the  fortunes  of  the  field.  r 

6    fa-  To  make  amends  or  atone  for  (a  fault). 

a  1679  W.  OWTRAM  Serin.  (1682)  385  It  is  as  well  to  re 
trieve  a  sin  by  true  repentance  for  it. 

b.  To  make  good,  repair,  set  right  again  (a  loss, 
disaster,  error,  etc.). 

1688  PRIOR  Ode  St.  John's,  Cam!,,  ix,  Grace  s  Presence 
[shall]  Nature's  Loss  retrieve.      1703  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett. 


1  'CSCI  ILJC    t\    «J*l  V  \\J\l\    o    v-iu.'-i  —  -•  r  * ..  ,         rpi- 

his  loss.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  v.  11.  362  This 
disaster  the  majority  of  the  Council  deemed  it  an  easy 
matter  to  retrieve.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India :  II. _2<J3 
He  endeavoured  to  retrieve  the  error  he  had  committed  by 
the  most  solemn  assurances.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  6  June  716 
Until  he  has  retrieved  his  late  disaster,  his  pretensions  will 
by  no  means  embarrass  his  rivals. 

t  c.  To  discharge  or  pay  (a  debt).   Obs.  rare    '. 
1711  STEELE  Spcct.  No.  109  F  5  That  Debt  lay  heavy  on 
our  House  for  one  Generation,  but  it  was  retrieved  by  a 
Gift  from  that  honest  Man  you  see  there. 

II.   intr.  1.  Of  dogs  :  t  a.  To  find  and  set  up 
game  again.     Also_/ff.     Obs.  rare. 


45  What?  will  her  rambling  Fits  be  never  past?    Forever 
ranging?  never  once  retrive? 

b.  To  find  and  bring  in  wounded  or  dead  game. 
Also  said  of  a  person. 

1856  '  STONEH  F.NGE  '  Brit.  Rur.  Sports  36/1  A  little  rough 
terrier,  expressly  broken  to  retrieve,  and  kept  for  this  alone. 
1880  H.  C.  ST.  JOHN  Wild  Coasts  Nipon  312,  I  used  to  get 
a  boat-girl  to  retrieve  for  me,  and  very  well  she  did  it.  1884 
Basaar  24  Dec.  2287/2  Well  bred  fox  terrier,,  .good  worker, 
and  retrieves  tenderly. 

8.  To  recuperate ;  to  recover. 

1673  COCKER  Morals  4  Dp  not  always  strive,  For  some 
times  to  Retreat,  is  to  Retrive.  1739  MILLER  Card.  Diet. 
(ed.  7)  s.v.  Grove,  To  destroy  these  [trees],  which  will  require 
an  Age  to  retrieve.  1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Printing  459 
Towards  the  time  of  Decius  the  character  began  to  lose  its 
roundness  and  beauty  ;  some  time  after  it  retrieved,  and 
subsisted  tolerably  till'the  time  of  Justin.  1775  H.  WALPOLE 
Lett.  (1904)  IX.  134  The  whole  caravan  were  forced  to  go 
abroad  to  retrieve. 

Hence  Ketrie'ved  ///.  a. 

1648  G.  SANDYS  Faraphr.  Lament,  iii.  7  My  Soule  like  a 
retrived  Partridge  Ithey]  chace.  1729  WIGHTMAN  Pref.  to 
Boston's  Fourfold  St.  5  Human  nature.. in  its  depraved 
condition,  in  its  retrieved  state.  1807-8  W.  IHVIKI;  Salmag. 
No.  13  (1860)  299  My  fancy  echoed  to  the  applauding  voices 
of  a  retrieved  generation.  1892  GRKKNER  Breech  Loader 
237  The  retrieved  birds  should  be  placed  on  or  near  the 
hampers  containing  the  living  pigeons. 

Retrie  veless,  a.    rare.     [f.  RETRIEVE  sb.  + 
-LESS.]     That  is  past  retrieval. 
1850  BI.ACKIE  SEschylus  I.  28  In  woe  retrieveless  lost. 

Retrie  "vement.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  + -JIENT.] 
=  RETRIEVAL. 

1677  GILPIN  Detnonol.  (1867)  363  It  is  discovered  to  be  a 
special  retrievement  of  it,  by  many  and  signal  convincing 
evidences,  a  1706  EVELYN  Hist.  Relig.  (1850)  I.  239  Now 
excited  and  stirred  up  to  act,  by  the  suggestion,  ministry, 
and  retrievement  of  the  senses.  1883  Contemp.  Rev.  Aug. 
174  Chance  for  moral  retrievement  in  England  there  is  none. 
The  stigma  of  penal  servitude  is.  -lasting. 

Retriever  (rftrrvaj).  Also  5-7  retriver. 
[f.  RETRIEVE  v.  +  -ER  i.] 

1.  A  dog  used  for  the  purpose  of  retrieving : 
t  a.  One  employed  to  set  up  game  again.   Obs. 

1486  />'£.  S/.  Albatis  b  iij  b,  A  chastised  hounde  that  will 
be  rebuket  and  is  a  Retriuer,  vncouple  him.  1624  QUARLES 
Sion's  Elegies  i.  iii,  Meanewhile,  the  treason  of  the  quick 
Retriuers,  Discouers  nouell  dangers,  and  deliuers  Her  to 
a  second  feare.  1626  BRETON  Fantastikes,  Haruest  Wks. 
(Grosart)  II.  7/1  A  good  Retriuer  is  a  Spantell  worth  the 
keeping. 

trans/.  1592  GREENE  Blaclte  Booke's  Messenger  Table  of 
Words,  The  verser  in  conny-catching  is  called  the  Retriuer. 
1606  WARNER  Alt.  Eng.  xiv.  Ixxx.  339  Seauenth  Henry.. 
Of  his  Retriuers  Proolings  much  (as  well  he  might)  re 
pented.  1636  R.  JAMES  tr.  Minucius  Felix  Octavius  80 
They  seeme  to  finde  the  litle  infant,.. her  dogge-headed  re 
triver  glories  in  his  invention. 

b.  One  of  a  breed  specially  adapted  for  finding 
and  bringing  in  dead  or  wounded  game. 

1841  MARRY  AT  P^ir/^rxvii,  Tell  them  to  come  down  with 
their  retrievers.  1861  E.  JESSE  Lect.  Nat.  Hist.  45  He 
sent  his  retriever  after  it,  who.  .caught  and  killed  the  hare 
and  returned  with  it  in  his  mouth.  1898  SIR  H.  SMITH  Re 
trievers  15  Retrievers  are  singularly  docile  and  tractable. 

Comb.  1897  AUImtfs  Syst.  Mcd.  II.  888  The  troop  of 
those  '  neurotics',  .who  scent  intoxicants  from  afar  with  a 
retriever-like  instinct. 


RETRO-. 

2    One  who  retrieves  or  recovers. 

,658  HARRINGTON  Oceaaa  20  Machiavill  the  sole  retreiver 
of  this  ancient  Prudence.  1672-5  COMBER .Comp.  Temple 
(1702)  69  As  the  Retrivers  of  Ancient  things  are  often 
thought  the  Inventors.  1715  M.  DAVIES  A  the*.  Br,l.  I. 
124  As  to  that  famous  Retriever  of  polite  Literature, 

Retrieving  (rttrz-virj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ING  1 1  The  action  of  the  verb  in  various  senses. 

ciiio \  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xiii,  Se  lie  good 
recouerynge  and  retreuynge  and  be  maystreys  and  pe 
sotiltees  M  be  in  goode  houndes.  ci64S  HOWELL  Lett. 
(1650)  I.  348  Take  heed  you  do  not  lose  me,  for  if  you  do,. . 
there  is  no  retrieving  of  me.  a  1680  BUTLER  Rein  1750)  I- 
205  All's  laid  out  upon  Retrieving  of  the  Curse  of  Babylon 
1712  ADDISON  Sfcci.  No.  44°  r  2  lhe  Establishment  which 
we  have  here  made  for  the  retrieving  of  good  Manners. 
1710  W.  WOOD  Sum.  Trade  p.  vii,  To  this  we  owe  the 
Retrieving  of  the  lost  Condition  our  Trade . .  was  generally 
in  1856  '  STONEHENOE  '  Brit.  Rur.  Sports  46/2  Nothing 
requires  so  much  practice  as  retrieving.  1886  C.  bcolT 
Slieep-f arming  205  A  sheep-dog.,  that  inclines  to  retrieving 
is  invariably  a  fool  among  sheep. 

attrib.  1856  EMKRSON  Eng.  Trails,  Literature,  I  know 
that  a  retrieving  power  lies  in  the  English  race. 

Retrie- villg,  fpl.a.  [-ING*.]  That  retrieves. 

1856  '  STONF.HENGE  '  Brit.  Rur.  Sports  46/1  You  must  pay 
about  £s  a  brace  more  for  the  retrieving-setters.  1895 
Q.  Rev.  Jan.  93  The  stalking  horse  and  the  Egyptians 
retrieving  cat. 

Retri-m  (»-),  v.     [RE-  5  a-]     To  trim  again. 

1868  BROWNING  King  ft  Bk.  n.  1217  The  Canon..,  then, 
was  sent  To  change  his  garb,  re-trim  his  tonsure.  1876 
T.  HARDY  Ethelberta.  xxvi,  Sunday  hats  and  bonnets  had 
been  re-trimmed.  1880  STEVENSON  Lett.  (1899)  1. 173, 1  shall 
hear  you,  years  from  now,  timidly  begin  to  retrim  your 
feathers  for  a  little  self-laudation.  _ 

t  Re'triment.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  ran- 
mcnt-itm.]  Dross,  refuse. 

1614  BARGRAVE  Serin.  (1615)  B  ij,  Then  suppose  all  things 
under  the  moone  to  bee  but.  .retriment  and  dung  [etc.). 
Ibid.  F  ij,  The  retriment  of  the  people.  1656  BLOUNT 
Clossogr.,  Retriment,  the  dregs  of  a  thing,  the  dross  ol 
mettal,  all  kinde  of  superfluities  and  rubbish. 

Retri'p.     [1<E-  5  a.]    A  return  or  second  trip. 

1760  Projects  in  Aim.  Keg.  147/2  The  time  in  making  a 
compleat  trip  and  retrip  with  the  40  ton  barge.  1788  ANNA 
SEWARD  Lett.  (1811)  II.  151  Your  purposed  re-trip  to  Lich- 
field  .  .will,  I  trust,  be  realized. 

II  Re'tro,  adv.  rare.  [L.  retro:  see  next.]  Back 
wards  ;  into  past  time. 

1771  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  931/1  The  compensation,  after  it  is 
admitted  by  the  judge,  operates,  retro,. .  to  the  time  that,  by 
the  parties  acknowledgment,  the  debt  became  due.  1885 
Lav.  Rep.  10  App.  Cases  383  note,  Such  presumption  of 
use  retro  may  be  re-argued. 

Retro-  (rf-tro,  re'tro),  prefix,  repr.  the  Latin 
adverb  retro  backwards,  back,  which  in  the  post- 
Augustan  language  appears  in  combination  with 
various  verbs  and  verbal  nouns,  as  retroagcre, 
-calefre  (-cessio,  -cessus) ,  -gradare  (-gradatio),  -gradi 
{•gressus},  -spiclre,  and  more  rarely  in  adjectival 
forms  as  retrogradus.  The  use  of  the  prefix  was 
widely  extended  in  medieval  Latin  (see  examples 
in  Du  Cange),  but  most  of  the  important  words 
in  English  which  begin  with  it  are  derived  from, 
or  modelled  on,  the  more  classical  types.  The 
earliest  to  appear  is  the  adj.  retrograde,  before 
1400,  followed  in  the  ijth  and  i6th  centuries  by 
other  forms  from  the  same  stem.  Retroccdent  and 
ntroversion  also  appear  in  the  i6th  cent.,  but  the 
main  additions  to  the  number  are  made  in  the 

1 7th  and  following  centuries.  In  the  I9th,  esp. 
the  latter  part  of  it,  retro-  has  been  very  freely 
used  as  a  prefix,  chiefly  in  scientific  terms  (see 
examples  under  3  below). 

2.  The  pronunciation  of  retro-  is  to  some  extent 
unsettled,   and   lexicographers  vary  in   their   re 
cognition  of,  or  preference  for,  the  short  or  long 
vowel.     Walker  gives  only  the  short,  Smart  only 
the  long,  while  Webster  admits  both  in  all  cases. 
Recent  dictionaries  which  attempt  to  discriminate 
between  the  various  words  usually  favour  (n-tro), 
except  in  retrograde  and  retrospect. 

3.  All  the  earlier  or  more  important  combs,  of 
retro-  are  given  below  as  main  words  ;  the  follow 
ing  are  illustrations  of  the  extended  use  of  the 
prefix  in  the  igth  century. 

a.  Miscellaneous  terms,  as  Betrocogni-tion, 
knowledge  of  the  past  supernaturally  acquired  ; 
so  Eetroco'gnitive  a.  Betrocou-pling  a.,  join 
ing  backwards  or  behind.  Be'trodate  v.,  to  put 
back  to  an  earlier  date.  Be'troflux,  a  backward 
flow.  Be-troform  v.  (see  quot.).  Betromigra'- 
tion,  migration  back  again.  Betro-o-perative 
a.,  having  a  retrospective  effect.  Be'troplexed 
a.,  folded  back  upon  itself.  Betroposi'tion, 
change  of  position  in  a  backward  direction.  Be- 
tropre-sbyteral  a.,  lying  behind  the  presbytery 
(or  choir  and  altar)  of  a  cathedral  or  other  large 
church.  Betrorece-ption,  the  action  of  receiving 
back  again.  Betrorefle'ctiveo.,  capable  of  look 
ing  back  and  reflecting.  Betrosee-r,  one  who  sees 
into  the  past.  Ketrosusce  ption,  the  action  of 


RETROACT. 


583 


RETROCOPULATION. 


taking  back.     Betrotra'nsfer,  -transference, 

the  act  of  transferring  back  again.    Ketrovi'sioii, 
vision  into  or  of  the  past. 

A  number  of  similar  forms  are  given  in  some  recent  Diets., 
as  retroctusion,  -curved*  -deflect  vb.,  -deviation^  -duct  vb. 
•jection,  -location,  -morphosis^  etc. 

a  1901  MYERS  Human  Personality  (1903)  I.  31  Our 
*retrocog  nit  ions  seem  often  a  recovery  of  isolated  frag 
ments  of  thought  and  feeling.  1897  Daily  Neius  5  Feb. 
6/7  *Retrocognitive  clairvoyance.. is  thus  explained.  1828 
London* s  Gardener's  Mag.  III.  414  Description  and  Use 
of  Dyer's  *Retro-coupHng  Bee-boxes.  1862  LOWELL  Lett. 
(1894)  I.  iv.  346,  I  send  it  now  that  my  thanks  may  be 
antedated  (or  V£/r0dated  rather)  more  than  a  year.  1889 
MATTHEWS  Dis.  Women  (ed.  4)  xv.  116  Hence  the  *retroflux 
through  a  tube.  This  retroflux  sometimes  occurs  before 
the  operation.  1848  DE  QUINCEY  in  Tait's  Mag.  XV.  85 
They  were  reforming  the  Church..,  viz.,  *retroforming\\.t 
moulding  it  back  into  compliance  with  its  original  form  and 
model.  1894  Lancaster  (Pennsylv.)  Daily  Intell.  8  Feb., 
The  most  recent  *retromigration  of  disheartened  Germans 
from  the  West.  1863  KLNGLAKE  Crimea  (1876)  I.  xiv.  311 
Prince  Louis  Bonaparte  and  Morny.  .issued  a  *retro-opeva- 
tive  decree.  1858  DE  MORGAN  in  Graves  Life  Sir  !^. 
Hamilton  (1889)  III.  539  Cauchy's  proof. .is  Argand's, 
much  complexed,  perplexed,  *retroplexed,  and  omniplexed. 
1843  WHEWELL  in  Todhunter  Ace.  Writ.  (1876)  II.  311  The 
propagation  of  the  tide  from  place  to  place  by  free  waves 
gave  a  further  *retroposition.  1845  Encycl.  Metroj>.  V. 
363*  The  effect  of  friction  will  he  a  retroposltion  of  tides. 
1849  Ecclt'siologist  IX.  274  The  propriety  of  the  term 
whereby  you  describe  this  *retropresbyteral  space.  1829 
BENTHAM  Justice  $  Cod.  Petit.,  Abr.  retit.  Justice  65 
Now,  as  to  retro  transference  and  *retroreception,  or  say, 
return  of  the  suit  to  the  originating  judicatpry.  1851  I. 
TAYLOR  Wesley  fy  Method,  (1852)  193  His  mind  might  be 
adduced  as  a  singular  instance,  .of  the  absolute  absence  of 
the  *retro-reflective  faculty.  1821  R.  POLLOK  in  D.  Pollok 
Life  117  May  not  these  our  * retro-seers  have  made  some 
mistake  in  consulting  the . .  past  ?  1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration. 
Judic.  Evid.  (1827)  IV.  139  Practice  of  the  ecclesiastical 
courts  :  transmission  and  *retro-susception,  as  in  the  equity 
courts.  1830  —  Offic.  Apt.  Maximized  Pref.  p.  xiii,  For 
the  purpose  of  retro-susception  or  say  resumption.  1869 
W.  S.  DALLAS  tr.  Miiller's  Facts  for  Darwin  xii.  123  A 
*retro-transfer  of  late-acquired  advantages  to  this  early 
period  of  life.  1829  BENTHAM  Justice  fy  Cod.  Petit.^  Abr. 
Petit.  Justice  60  Transference  is  followed  by  *retrotrans- 
ference.  1830  CUNNINGHAM  Brit.  Painters  II.  176  They 
had  precisely  the  same  *retro-visions  and  prophetic  visions 
with  himself. 

b.  Terms  of  Anat.  and  Path,  in  which  retro- 
is  combined  with  an  adj.  denoting  some  part  of 
the  body,  and  has  the  sense  of  *  situated  behind* 
(the  part  in  question),  as  retro-mastoid^  -maxil 
lary ,  -ocular,  -sternal,  -tarsal,  -uterine,  etc. 

1872  DARWIN  Emotions  vi.  161  This  is  due  to  the  dilata 
tion  of  the  retro-ocular  vessels.  1875  WALTON  Dis.  Eye  846 
The  oculo-palpebral  portion,  called  also  the  retro-tarsal  fold. 
1878  HARTLEY  tr.  Topinanfs  Aut/trafi.ijiThe  retro-mastoid 
sutures  are  complicated.  1879  Sf,  Georges  Hosp.  Rep.  IX. 
439  A  retro-uterine  dermoid  cyst.  1891  MOULIN  Surg,  869 
Retromaxillary  growths.  1898  AllbutCs  Syst,  Med.  V.  n 
The  sensation  is  almost  always  retrosternal. 

Ketroact  (mre-,  retwiarkt),  v.     [ad.   L.  re- 
troact-,  ppl.  stem  of  retroagcre :  see  RETRO-  and 
ACT  v.    So  F.  retroagir.]    intr.  To  react ;  also,  to 
operate  in  a  backward  direction  or  towards  the  past. 
1795  HUSSEY  in  Burke' s  Corr.  (1844)  IV.  279  The  very 
ghost  of  that  bill  would  retro-act,  and  put  down  the  House 
of  Peers.     1856  MRS.  BROWNING  Aitr.  Leigk\\.  330  A  simple 
shade  or  image  of  the  brain,  Is  merely  passive,  does  not  retro- 
act,  Is  seen,  but  sees  not.    1877  Scribners  Mag.  XV.  223/2 
That  woman  could  not  retroact  and  touch  the  memory  of  Ida. 
Retroaction  (rftro-,   retwise'kfan).     [ad.  L. 
type  *retroactio :    see  prec.   and  ACTION.     So  F. 
retroaction^  Sp.  retroaction^  It.  retroazione.~\ 
•f*  1.  (Meaning  not  clear.)  Ods.""1 
1570  FOXE  A.  $•  M.  (ed.  2)  540/2  To  proceed  against 
them,  .concerning  the  foresaide  heretical!  and  erroneous 
conclusions,  accordyng  to  the  forme  of  retroactions  and 
qualitie  of  the  busines  in  this  behalfe  had  and  vsed. 
f2.  ( A  driving  backward1  (Phillips,  1658),  Obs. 

3.  A  retrospective  action. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Retroactive,  We  have  some 
instances  of  laws  that  have  a  retrospect  or  retroaction,  i.e. 
are  made  with  express  design  to  extend  to  things  already 
past,  a  1816  BENTHAM  Ojjfic.  Apt.  Maximized,  Introd. 
(^iew(iByo)  20  In  the  frugality  here  recommended,  no  retro 
action  is  comprised. 

4.  Return  action ;  reaction. 

1829  J.  STERLING  Ess.  (i84_8)  I.  71  The  design  which  occu 
pies  by  a  necessary  retroaction  modifies  the  means  whereby 
we  seek  to  attain  it.  1874  G.  MACDONALD Malcolm  III.  iii. 
34  The  hatred  of  the  grand  old  man  had  an  element  of  un« 
selfishness  in  its  retroaction,  of  power  in  its  persistency  [etc.]. 
1884  BIGGS  Magti.  Dyn.  Elcctr.  Mack.  267  Retro-action  of 
the  moving  circuit  on  the  fixed. 

Retroactive  (nlw-,  retn7,ae'ktiv),  a.  [Cf.  prec. 
and  ACTIVE.  So  F.  r^troaclif^  -ivet  Sp.  and  Pg. 
retroactive.  It.  retroattivo^\ 

1.  Of  enactments,  etc. :  Extending  in  scope  or 
effect  to  matters  which  have  occurred  in  the  past; 
retrospective.  Also  transf. 

1611  COTGR.,  Retroactif,  retroactiue  ;  casting,  driuing,  re- 
kiting,  backward.  1668  Persec.  Re/.  Ch.  in  France  1 1  They 
have  given  it  a  Retroactive  Power  (as  they  call  it)  by 
putting  it  in  Execution  against  persons  who  returned  to  us 
a  long  time  before  the  Declaration  was  In  being,  a  1751 
HOLING  BROKE  Fragtn.  Ess.  xxxvtii,  As  the  death  of  Christ 
had  a  retroactive  effect  on  those  that  lived  and  died  before 
they  were  redeemed.  1794  EARL  MALMESBURY  Diaries  $ 
Corr.  III.  60,  I  objected  to  the  date  to  be  fixed  to  the 


Treaty,  particularly  if  in  addition  to  the  giving  it  this  retro 
active  force,  an  advance. .was  to  be  required.  1811  W.  R. 
SPENCER  Poems  131  Must  I,  for  follies  past  assess'd  By 
retro-active  laws  be  fin'd  ?  1847  R.  W.  HAMILTON  R&uards 
fy  Punishm.  v.  (1853)  215  The  resurrection  of  Christ.. is  re 
presented  as  possessing  a  retroactive  influence.  1897  Times 
22  Apr.  6/1  The  retroactive  clause  in  the  Dingley  Bill  will 
be  either  cancelled  or  amended. 

b.  Directed  backwards  in  time. 

1822  Blackw.  Mag.  II.  165  We  may  say  century,  without 
stretching  our  retroactive  foresight  to  any  extraordinary 
degree. 

2.  Operating  in  a  backward  direction,  rare. 

i6n  [see  above].  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Retroactive 
(Lat.  in  Phtlos.),  driving  back;  as  A  retroactive  Motion. 
1797  Monthly  Mag,  III.  383  In  the  centre  of  the  axle  is 
placed  a  retroactive  fulcrum,  to  which  chains  are  made  fast. 

t  3.  Reactive.   Obs.  rare. 

1799  MRS.  J.  WEST  Tale  of  Times  1 1.  264  The  odium  with 
which  you  bespatter  a  neighbour's  reputation  has  a  retro 
active  effect  in  furbishing  your  own.  1802  BEDDOES  Hygeia 
n.  68  The  total  abstraction  of  the  mind  from  all  regard  to 
the  retroactive  tendency  of  conduct. 

Hence  Betroaxtively  adv. 

1828-32  in  WKUSTKR  (citing  Wheaton).  1879  Daily  News 
5  Nov.  5/6  That  the  amnesty  did  not  retroactively  affect 
the  material  fact  of  six  months'  residence  in  Paris  required 
by  the  law.  1887  Contemp.  Rev.  May  703  Unfortunately 
for  the  public,  the  laws  do  not  apply  retroactively. 

Retroacti'vity.  [Cf.  prec.  and  ACTIVITY. 
So  Sp.  rctroactividadj  Pg.  -idade.~\  The  condi 
tion  or  fact  of  being  retroactive  or  retrospective. 

1829  BENTHAM  Justice  fy  Cod.  Petit,  no  In  the  case  of 
judge-made  law,  this  retro-activity  is  of  the  very  essence  of 
this  species  of  law.  1894  Daily  News  5  Nov.  7/1  The  re- 
troactivityof  all  treaties,  provided  that  reciprocity  is  agreed 
upon,  will  accordingly  be  admitted  henceforth. 

Retroa-spect.  rare-1,  [f.  RETRO-  +  AS 
PECT.]  Retrospect. 

1638  JACKSON  Creedix.xxxvii,  The  relation  or  retro-aspect 
unto  the  solemnities  used  by  Earak. 


Retrocalcula-tion.     rare  - 


[f.  RETRO-.] 


The  process  of  calculating  backwards. 

1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos.  in.  188  Which  by  retro-calcula 
tion  will  point  out  the  time  of  the  World's  Nativity  to  be 
about  5000  years  ago. 

Retrocede  (re'tws/d,  r/~  tw-),  f.1  [ad.  L.  re- 
trocedHret  f.  retro  RETRO-  +  cedfre  to  yield,  go  back. 
So  obs.  F.  retrocedery  Sp.  and  Pg.  -ceder,  It.  -cedere.] 

1.  intr.  To  go  back  ;  to  retire  ;  to  recede. 

1654  VILVAIN  Epit.  Ess.  v.  Ixxxii,  One  ran  t'  his  Cave,  th' 
other  trembling  hid,  And  went  home  glad,  but  would  not 
retroced.  1681  H.  MORE  Exp.  Dan.  iii.  70  He  durst  proceed 
no  further  but  retroceded  from  his  enterprise  on  ./Egypt. 
1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tec/in.  I.  s.v.  Precession,  The  Equi 
noctial  Points,  .do  retrocede  or  move  backwards  from  East 
to  West,  about  50  Seconds  each  Year.  1850  BROWNING 
Easter  Day  xvi,  I  felt  begin  The  Judgment-Day :  to  retro 
cede  Was  too  late  now.  1878  i$t/i  Cent.  Dec.  1051  When 
we  retrocede  further  into  the  secondaries  it  seems  rather 
doubtful  whether  birds,  as  we  now  understand  them,  had 
even  come  into  being  at  that  period. 

2.  Med.  Of  gout  :  To  strike  inwardly. 

1866  AITKEN  Pract.  Med.  II.  53  If  acute  gout  should  have 
*  retroceded ',  as  it  is  called,  and  the  stomach  or  intestinal 
canal  be  inflamed,  leeches  should  be  applied. 

Retrocede  (ntr<?s?d),  z>.2  [ad.  F.  r£troctder\ 
see  RETRO-  and  CEDE  z/.]  trans.  To  cede  (terri 
tory)  back  again  to  a  country,  etc. 

1818  Genii.  Mag.  LXXXVIII.  11.  172  By  a  treaty  of  1783, 
Great  Britain  retroceded  to  Spain  all  the  territory  which 
Spain  and  France  had  ceded  to  her  in  1763.  ifafiAbridgm. 
Deb.  Congress  (\%<$)  II.  741/2  note,  In  1846,  the  Virginia 
part  of  the  District  was  retroceded  to  that  State.  1879 
Spectator  20  Sept.,  The  valuable  province  of  Kuldja..has 
been  retroceded  to  China. 

Hence  Betroce'ded///,  a. 

1883  Pall  Mall  G.  8  Mar.  1/2  The  most  important  of  these 
chiefs..,  who  has  always  been  a  partisan  of  the  Boers,  occu 
pied  the  central  portion  of  the  retroceded  country. 

Retroce'dence.  [See  next  +  -ENCE.]  Retro 
gression  ;  retrocession. 

1796  BAGE  Hermstrong  xxxv,  Love  has  its  fits  of  progres 
sion  and  retrocedence.  1866  AITKEN  Pract.  Med.  II.  47 
Besides  metastasis  to  the  stomach  and  intestines,  this  retro 
cedence  may  take  place  to  other  parts. 

Retrocedent  (ntr0-,  retr0srdent),  a.  [ad.  L. 
retrdcedent-em,  pres.  pple.  of  retrocedZre  RETRO 
CEDE  v.1] 

1.  Astr.  =  RETROGRADE  a.    rare. 

1383  R.  HARVEY  Astrol.  Disc.  A  8  b,  All  which  time 
frowning  Saturne  shal  be  retrocedent  also.  1686  GOAD 
Celest.  Bodies  ir.  i.  142  The  Retrocedent  Aspect  is  brisker 
according  to  his  more  fixed  Stint  of  fewer  (i.e.  but  Three 
Days)  for  the  most  part. 

2.  Med.  a.  Retrocedent  gout  (see  first  quot.). 
1776-84  CULLEN  First  Lines  Physic  §  522  Another  state 

of  the  disease  I  name  the  retrocedent  gout.  This  occurs 
when..[thej  pain  and  inflammation  [of  the  joints].,  suddenly 
and  entirely  cease, while  some  internal  part  becomes  affected. 
1822-54  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  1 1.  299  In  the  two  ensuing 
varieties,  constituting  atonic  and  retrocedent  gout,  we  have 
a  podagric  diathesis  grafted  upon  an  unsound  frame.  1866 
AITKEN  Pract.  Med.  II.  53  If  the  chronic  or  atonic  gout 
should  become  retrocedent,  and  the  stomach  and  intestinal 
canal  be  the  seat  of  the  spasmodic  form  of  the  disease. 
b.  Of  tubercle:  Retrograding  or  caseating. 

1898  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  V.  264  Some  change  in  the 
lungs,  such  as  collapse  or  retrocedent  tubercle  ..  preceded 
the  establishment  of  emphysema. 

Retrocession1  (r/ln?-,  retrose'Jan).  [ad.  late 
L.  retrocession  noun  of  action  f.  retraced?™  RETRO 


CEDE  z;.l  So  F.  (med.)  retrocession,  Sp.  retro- 
cesiony  It,  -cessione!] 

1.  The  action  or  fact  of  moving  backward,  re 
tiring,  or  receding ;  retrogression. 

a  1646  J.  GREGOKY  Postkunta  (1650)  37  If  it  be  said  that 
the  Retrocession  of  the  Sun  and  shadow  in  the  Diall  of 
Ahaz  was  as  great  a  wonder  as  anie.  1659  H.  MORI: 
Immort.  Soul  \\\.  iii.  66  This  argument  is  drawn  from  the 
stars  retrocession.  1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  n.  i.  124  What 
is  the  return  of  the  Luminaries  from  the  Tropiques,  but  a 
kind  of  Retrocession.  1779  JOHNSON  L.  /'.,  Milton  (iS6S) 
i  57  These  transient  and  involuntary  excursions  and  retro- 
|  cessions  of  invention.  1818  HALLAM  Mid.  Ages  (1872)  II. 
233  The  retrocession  of  the  Roman  terminus  under  Adrian. 
1863  TYNDALL  Heat  i.  25  This  retrocession  of  the  index  \-~> 
due. .to  the  lowering  of  the  temperature  within  the  bulb. 
1882  Contemp.  Rev.  Aug.  309  An  appeal  to  the  present  rate 
of  the  retrocession  of  waterfalls. 

b.  Eccl.  The  return  of  the  priest  or  clergy  to 
the  vestry  after  divine  service. 

1877  J.  i),  CHAMBERS  Div.  Worship -2<&  Psalms  were  sung 
in  the  Retrocession.  Ibid.  419  Retrocession  of  Celebrant. 

f2.  Astr.   =  RECESSION  i.     Obs. 

1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tcchn.  I.  s.v.  Precession,  This  motion 
backwards  is  by  some  called  the  Recession  of  the  Fijui!,<j\. 
by  others  the  Retrocession.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v. 
Precession^  Which  retrograde  motion  is  called  the  preces 
sion,  recession,  or  retrocession  of  the  equinoxes. 

3.  Path.  The  action  or  fact,  on  the  prut  of  a 
disease,  of  striking    inward,  so  as  to  affect  the 
internal  organs  ;  the  *  going  in  '  of  an  eruption. 

1771  T.  PEKCIVAL  Ess.  (1777)  I.  147  The  retrocession  of  tin: 
morbid  acrimony  in  the  measles,  is  prevented  by  nothing 
more  powerfully  than  by  the  cortex.  1799  UNI>KK\\OOI> 
Diseases  Children  (ed.  4)  I.  99  The  reader  is  reminded  of 
this,  from  the  great  importance  of  attending  to  such  retro 
cession.  1822-34  Good's  Study  filed,  (ed-4)  I.  481  Retro 
cession  of  gout.  1876  Du\iKiKGDis,S~/citt  236  No  fears  need 
be  entertained  concerning  danger  from  retrocession.  1899 
A  Jibuti's  Syst.  Med.  VII.  470  The  sudden  retrocession  ot 
an  extensive  eruption  of  phlegmonous  scrofulides. 

4.  Med.  Replacement  (of  an  intestine).  rare~l. 
1822-34  Good"1*  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  311  A  much  larger 

portion  of  the  gut  will  be  exposed,  and  its  retrocession  will 
be  more  difficult. 

Retrocession2  (niw-,  retr0se*Jan).  [See 
I  RBTKOOKDB  v£  and  CESSION.  So  F.  retrocession, 
I  whence  prob.  sense  2.] 

1.  Sc.  Law.     (See  quots.) 

1681  STAIR  tnstit.  n.  xxiii.  4  Retrocessions,  which  are 
returning  back  of  the  Right  assigned  from  the  a^igrury 
to  the  Cedent,  which  are  also  called  Repositions,  ti  1768 
ERSKINE  Inst.  Law  Scot.  m.  v.  g  i  If  the  assignee  makes 
over  his  right  to  a  third  person,  the  deed  is  called  a  transla 
tion  ;  and  if  that  third  person  conveys  it  back  to  the  ceilenl, 
it  is  called  a  retrocession.  1838  W.  I  JELL  Diet.  Law  Sfot. 

2.  The  action  or  fact  of  ceding  territory  back  to 
a  country  or  government. 

1796  EARL  MALMESBURY  Diaries  $  Corr.  III.  310  We 
want  much  to  know  what  retrocessions  you  intend  for  us 
and  our  allies.  1826  MACKINTOSH  Case  Donna  Maria  Wks 
1846  II.  415  The  Portuguese  plenipotentiaries  ..  required 
the  retrocession  of  Olivenza,  which  had  been  wrested  from 
them  at  Badajos.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  n  Jan.  i/i  The 
retrocession  of  Basutoland  to  the  Imperial  Government. 

t  Retroce-ssional,  a.  and  sb.  rare.  [f.  RE 
TROCESSION  1.]  a.  adj.  Of  or  pertaining  to  retro 
cession,  b.  sb.  =  RECESSIONAL  B  (Cent.  Diet.}. 

1887  in  CASSELL.  1897  Westm.  Gaz.  28  July  6/3  At  the 
close  they  retired  singing  a  fine  ret  recessional  hymn. 

Retroce'ssive,  a.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L.  retro- 
cedcre\  see  RETROCEDE  v^-  and  z;.2]  a.  Retrograde. 
b.  Characterized  by  restoration  of  territory, 

1816  T.  L.  PEACOCK  Headlong  Hall  x, (  All  things,'  says 
Virgil,  'have  a  retrocessive  tendency'.  1869  WILMOT  & 
CHASE  Ann.  Cape  Colony  439  The  fifth  Kafir  war. . .  Fitting 
legacy  of  the  retrocessive  policy  of  1836  ! 

Retrochoir  (rrtn?-,  re'twkwoiai).   Ecd.    [ad. 

med.L.  retrochonts  (Du  Cange) :  see  RETRO-  and 
CHOIR.]  That  part  of  a  cathedral  or  large  church 
which  lies  behind  the  high  altar. 

1848  B.  WEBB  Cont.  Ecclesiol.  2^  It  Is  cruciform,  with  an 
apse,  but  has  no  retrochoir  or  choir-aisles.  1849  FREKMAN 
Archit.  412  That  most  exquisite  and  lovely  retrochoir  at 
Peterborough.  1889  Athenxum  16  Mar.  352/1  The  pave 
ment  of  the  retro-choir.. is  being  relaid  preparatory  to  the 
use  of  that  portion  of  the  Minster. 

Retroch.0  rally,  adv.  rare—1.  [See  prec. 
and  CHORALLY  adv.]  With  a  retrochoir. 

1848  li.  WEBB  Cont.  Ecclesiol.  117  In  most  churches,  not 
retrochorally  aisled,  the  choir  is  lower  than  the  nave. 

Retrocoient,  a.  rare.  [f.  RETRO-  +  L.  coient- 
em,  pres.  ppl.  of  colre  to  copulate.]  =next.  Also 
as  sb.,  an  animal  which  copulates  backwards. 

1709  Phil.  Trans.  XXVII.  60  Some  asserting,  that  it  is 
Retrocoient  and  Retromingent.  Ibid.  61  There  can  be  no 
such  thing  as  a  Retrocoient  Animal.  1801  Ibid.  XCI.  149 
Which  proves  that  this  animal  must  be  a  retro-coient. 

Retroco-pnlant,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  RETIIO-  + 
COPULANT  a.]  That  copulates  backwards. 

1819  W.  LAWRENCE  Lect.  Physiol.  Zool.  (1823)  196  They 
are,  consequently,  retromingent  and  retrocopulant. 

Ketroco'pulate,  v.  rare  —°.   [Cf.  next.]  intr. 
To  use  retrocopulation.     (Ogilvie,  1882.) 
Retrocopula'tion.   rare.  [f.  RETRO-.]  The 

action  or  fact  of  copulating  backwards. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  151  From  the  nature  of 
this  position,  there  ensueth  a  necessitie  of  Retrocopulation. 
Ibid.  261  It  will  be  hard  to  make  out  their  retrocopulation. 


RETRODUCTION. 


584 


RETROGRADE. 


Retrod  (den  :  see  RETREAD. 
Retrodu-ction.  rare  -°.  (See  quot.) 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.^  Retroduction,  a  bringing,  leading 
or  drawing  back. 

Retrofle'cted,  a.  [f.  RETRO-  +  FLECTED  a.] 
Bent,  directed,  or  turned  backward. 

1812  Edin.  Rev.  XX.  84  The  words  '  retroflected  diverg 
ence'  are  therefore  purely  ornamental.  1853  G.  JOHNSTOW 
Nat.  Hist.  E.  Bora.  I.  126  The  spines  on  their  margins.. 
are  all  retroflected. 

Re  troflex,  a.  Bot.  [ad.  mod.ormed.L.  retro- 
Jlex-us,  pa.  pple.  of  retroflcctZre]  (See  quots.) 

1776  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot,  Explan.  Terms  381  Retroflexi, 
retroflex,  bending  backward  and  forward  towards  the  Trunk. 
1793  MARTVN  Lang.  Bot.  (1796),  Retroflexus^  retroflex... 
Bending  this  way  and  that,  in  different  directions,  usually 
in  a  distorted  manner. 

So  Be-troflexed  a.     Also  Path.  (cf.  next). 

1806  GALPINE  Brit.  Bot.  83  Cor.  retrofiexed  :  L.  cordate, 
angular,  denticulate.  1871  PEASLEE  Chwrian  Tumors  61 
Frequently  the  uterus,  being  also  carried  backward  by  the 
traction  of  the  ovary,  is  for  the  time  retroflexed. 

Retroflexion  (r/tra-,  retr^fle'kj^n).  [ad.  mod. 
L.  retroflexio.  So  F.  rtft 'reflexion,  Sp.  retro- 
Jlexion^\  The  fact  or  state  of  being  turned  back 
or  retorted.  Chiefly  /'«///.,  retroversion. 

1845  EncycL  Metrop.  VI.  541/1  The  stratified  limestones 
of  these  localities  are  bent  into  such  extraordinary  retro- 
flexions,  as  to  imply  repeated  operations  of  the  most  violent 
Mechanical  agency.  1860  TANNER  Pregnancy  iii.  136  The 
patient  was  suffering  from  retroversion  or  retroflexion  of 
the  uterus.  1879.57.  Georges  Hasp.  Rep.  IX.  458  Having 
suffered  from  symptoms  of  retroflexion  for  about  a  year. 

Re  trofract.ed,  a.  Hot.  [ad.  mod.!,,  retro- 
fract-us  :  see  RETRO-  and  REFRACT  v.]  (See  quots.) 

1793  MARTYN  Lang.  Bot.  (1796),  Retrofractus^  retro- 
fracted.  Applied  to  the  Peduncle. . .  Reduced  to  hang  down 
as  it  were  by  force,  so  that  it  appears  as  if  it  had  been 
broken.  1797  EncycL  Brit.  (ed.  3)  III.  445/2  A  Peduncle  is 
.  .retrofract,  broken  backward,  reduced  to  a  depending  state 
us  if  by  force. 

f  Retrogate,  erroneous  f.  RETROGRADE  a.   Obs. 

1584  LODCK  Alarum  24  Appollonius.  .hauing  calculated     ; 
theGentlemansnatiuitie,  and  seeing  some  planets  retrogate. 
1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Printing  385  Making  the  last  lines  of 
two  retrogate  pages  to  fall  on  the  Back  of  each  other. 

t  Retrogation,  erroneous  f.  KETROGHADATIOX. 

1646  Game  at  Sc.  $  Eng.  6  Whereby  you  would . .  utterly    > 
debar  them  in  this  difference  from  all  retrogations  beyond 
the  Covenant.      1708  Brit.  Apollo  No.  85.  2/1  Stations  and     j 
Retrogations  of  the  Planets. 

Retroge'iierative,  a.  rare.  [f.  RETRO- + 
GENERATIVE  a.]  =  KETROCOPULANT. 


is  a  motion  of  the  line  of  the  nodes,  whereby  it  continually 

,    shifts  its  situation  from  east  to  west,  contrary  to  the  order 

of  the  signs.     1855  BRKWSTER  Newton  I.  xii.  328  He  showed 

that  the  retrogradation  of  the  nodes.,  arose  from  one  of  the 

elements  of  the  solar  force  being  exerted  in  the  plane  of  the 

I    ecliptic,  and  not  in  the  plane  of  the  moon's  orbit. 

2.  The  action  or  process  of  going  back  towards 
some  point  in  investigation  or  reasoning. 

1377-87  HOLINSHED  Chron,  I.  141/2  As  you  shall  find  it  by 
retrogradation  from  the  32  verse  vnto  the  first  of  the  fift 
chapter  of  Genesis.  1637  A.  WARWICK  Spare  Min.  (ed.  6) 
no  What's  a  City  to  a  Snire?  What  a  Shire  to  the  whole 
Island  ?. .  And  so  by  a  retrogradation  how  little,  how  nothing 
is  this  poor  glory?  1690  LEYBOUHN  Curs.  Math.  349  Then 
by  Retrogradation  orderly  one  might  come  to  the  said 
Aequation.  1799  W.  TOOKE  View  Russian  Emp,  I,  481 
Without  being  able,  whatever  retrogradations  we  might 
make,  to  discover  their  first  generation.  1819  FOSTER  Ess. 
Evils  Pop.  Ignorance  j  You  cannot  perform  in  imagination 
a  series  of  acts  of  unlearning,  realizing  to  yourselves,  through 
out  the  retrogradation  [etc.]. 

3.  The  action  or  fact  of  moving  or  drawing  back 
or  backwards ;  retirement,  retreat. 

1644  DIGHV  Nat.  Bodies  xx.  (1658)222  Atoms.. in  a  motion 
of  retrogradation  back  to  their  own  north  pole,  a  1646  J. 
GREGORY  Posthuma  (1650)  37  The  most  visible  part,. .that 
which  would  bee  most  of  all  observed  was  the  Retrogra 
dation  of  the  shadow.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  IV. 
xxxvii.  229  She.  .did  it  before  she  was  aware,  Lady-pride, 
Belford  '.—Recollection,  then  Retrogradation  !  1790  Phil. 
Trans.  LXXXI.  22,  I  have  said  above,  that  hemp  and  gut 
have  only  a  very  little  retrogradation.  1821  New  Monthly 
Mag.  II.  60  The  retrogradation  of  the  American  Indians 
upon  their  woods  and  wildernesses.  1843  SEDGWICK /,(•/.  in 
Clark  &  Hughes  Life  (1890)  II.  63  Never  having  once 
fallen  during  my  retrogradations  before  the  face  of  theQueen. 

4.  fa.  Reversion  from  one  state  to  another.  Obs. 
1639  SIR  R.  BAKER  in  Spurgeon  Treas.  David  Ps.  Ii.  7 

How,  then,  is  it  possible  that  my  sins  which  are  as  red  as 
scarlet  should  ever  be  made  as  white  as  snow?  Indeed  such 
retrogradation  is  no  work  of  human  art. 

b.  The  action,  fact,  or  condition  of  falling  back 
in  development;  retrogression,  decline. 

In  first  quot.  directly  trans/,  from  sense  i. 

1748  HARTLEY  Observ.  Man  ii.  i.  29  We  ought  to  suppose 
ourselves  in  the  Centre  of  the  System,  and  to  try.,  to  reduce 
all  apparent  Retrogradations  to  real  Progressions.  1768-74 
TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  360  Improvement  admits  of  fre 
quent  intermissions  and  retrogradations.  1794  G.  ADAMS 
Nat.  <$•  Exp.  I'hilos.  IV.  xxxvii.  29  A  similar  instance  of  the 
retrogradation  of  science  occurs  in  the  history  of  the  micro 
scope.  1814  Ann.  Reg.  Pref.  p.  iv,  The  singular  mixture  of 
advance  and  retrogradation  which  the  events  of  the  year 


it-  Trans.  X  LI  I.  53  5  He  is  a  retromingent  Animal, 
and  consequently  retro  generative. 

t  Retrogradant,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  late 
L.  retrdgradant-em,  pres.  pple.  of  retrogradare  : 
cf.  next.]  Retrograding. 

1523  SKELTON  Garl.  Laurel  4  When  Mars  retrogradant 
reuersyd  his  bak.     1558  G.  CAVENDISH  Poems  (1825)  II.  3    , 
Whan  Phebus  in  Gemynys  had  his  course  overgon  And    I 
entered  Cancer,  a  sygne  retrogradant. 

t  Retrogradate,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [ad.  late  ' 
L.  retrogradat-m,  pa.  pple.  of  retrogradare  \  see  . 
RETROGRADE  a.]  Having  retrograded. 

1471  RIPLEY  Camp,  Alch.  it.  i.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  135  Into  i 
ther  owne  fyrst  nature  kyndly  retrogradate. 

t  Retrogradate, z>.  Obs.  rare-1.  [Cf.prec.] 
intr.  =  RETROGRADE  v. 

1599  T.  M[OUFRT]  SUkwormts  Ded.,  Nay,  heau'ns  them- 
selues  (though  keeping  stil  their  way)  Retrogradate,  and 
make  a  kind  of  stay. 

Retrogradation(retr<?-,  rtograd^-Jan).   [ad.    ' 
L.  retrogradatio,  n.  of  action  f.  retrogradare'.  see 
RETROGRADE  a.    So  F.  retrogradation^  Sp.  retro- 
gradation.  It.  retrogradazione.] 

1.  Astr.  The  apparent  backward  motion  of  a 
planet  in  the  zodiac ;  motion  of  a  heavenly  body 
from  east  to  west ;  a  case  or  instance  of  this. 

1554  F.  VAN  BRUNSWIKE  tr.  De  Montnlmo's  Fades  Cceli 
E  vj,  Mars. .  signifieth  that  mortal  war  shall  happen  amongest 
men,  and  the  more  because  of  his  retrogradacion      1581  R 
HARVEY  Astral.  Disc.  A8b,  Saturne  shal  be  retrocedent 
also,  beginning  his  retrogradation  the  25th  day  of  June. 
1601    HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  12  The   starres   themselues  are    i 
thought  to  returne  more  speedily  in  their  retrogradation,     i 
than  in  their  direct  course  forward.     #1641  Bp.  MOUNTAGU     ! 
Acts  -V  Men.  (1642)  124  The  Retrogradation  of  the  Sun  in    ' 
Ezechias  time.      1670    CUDWORTH    Serin,   i   John   ii.    3-4    \ 
(ed.  3)  58  These  upper  Planets,  .have  their  Stations  and 
Retrogradations  as  well  as  their  direct  motion.     1715  tr.     ! 
Gregorys  Astron.  (1726)  I.  449  Of  the  greatest  Elongation    ' 
of  the  Planets  from  the  Sun,  their  Direction,  Station,  and    \ 
Retrogradation.      1755  B.  MARTIN  Mag.  Arts  ff  Sci.  83,  I 
have  no  Occasion  to  ask  concerning  his  Conjunctions,  Oppo 
sitions,  Retrogradations,  &c.     1839  MOSELEY  Astron.  liv. 
(1854)  169  This  retrogradation  will  continue  until  about  the 
28th.     1861  LEWIS  Astron.  Anc.  iii.  14  The  theory  of  epi 
cycles  accounted  by  circular  movements  for  the  stations    i 
and  retrogradations  of  the  planets. 

fig.    1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  n.  xii.  (1632)  301  There  is  no 
more  retrogradation,  trepidation,.,  than  they  have  fained     in    , 
this  poora  seely  little  body  of  man.    (71630  DoNMiAVrw     I 
Ixxu.  731  Ihere  is  a  Going  behind  Christ,  which  is  a  Casting 
out  of  his  presence  without  any  future  following,  and  that  is  a 
fearefull  Station,  a  fearefull  Retrogradation.  tfl6fl«  T.SlflTH 
bet.  Vise.  v.  140  No  such  tbbings  and  flowings,  no  such  di- 
versity  of  stations  and  retrogradations  as  that  love  hath  in  us. 
t).    1  he  backward  movement  of  the  lunar  nodes 
on  the  ecliptic. 

17*7-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Retrogradation  of  the  nodes, 


1873  H.  ROGERS  Orig.  Bible  ix.  (1875)  378  Amidst  all  the 
fluctuations  and  apparent  retrogradations  of  the  world. 

Retrogradatory,  a.  rare  -1.  [Cf.  prec.  and 
-DRY.]  Serving  to  reverse  motion. 

1797  Monthly  Mag.  III.  383  The  Retrogradatory  Machine 
consists  of  an  axle,  suspended  horizontally  on  its  centre 
points  [etc.J. 

Retrograde  (re-trogr^'d,  rftnj-),  a.  and  sb. 
Also  6  rethro- ;  4,  7  -grad,  6  -garde  (?),  -grat(e, 
Sc.  -graid.  [ad.  L.  retrograd-us^  f.  retro  RETRO- 
+gradiis  step:  cf.  next.  So  F.  retrograde,  Sp., 
Pg.,  and  It.  retrograde.] 

A.  eufy\  1.  Astr.  a.  Of  the  planets:  Appar 
ently  moving  in  a  direction  contrary  to  the  order 
of  the  signs,  or  from  east  to  west. 

c  1391  CHAUCER  Astral,  n.  §  35  This  is  the  workinge  of  the 
conclusioun  to  knowe  yif  J?at  anyplanete  be  directe  or  retro 
grade,  c  1400  Treat.  Astron.  (Bodl.  MS.  B.  17)  If.  8  Hit  is 
to  wete  also  bat  ?ef  be  planetes  regnen  retrograde.. f>ey 
myght  neuer  be  made  evene  as  by  her  cours.  c  1480  HENRY- 
SON  Mor.  Fab.  iv.  (Fox's  Con/ess.)  iii,  The  pIaneitis..Sum 
retrograde  and  sum  stationeir.  1503  HAWES  Exanip.  Virt. 
\.  6  Myxt  withvenus  that  was  not  retrograte.  1509  —  Past, 
Pleas,  xxii.  N  iiij  b,  He  sette  in  werking  The  bodies  aboue  to 
haue  their  mouing,.  .Some  rethrogarde,  and  some  dyrectly. 
1574  W.  BpURNE  Regiment  for  Sea  iii.  (1577)  12  The  Sunne 
and  the  Moone  be  neuer  retrograt,  as  the  other  5.  planets 
or  lyghts  be.  1589  GREENE  Tallies  Love  Wks.  (Grosart) 
VII.  139  Fonde  are  those  women  that  are  inquisitiue  after 
Astrologers,  whether  Venus  be  retrograde  or  combust  in  their 
natmities.  1671  BLAGRAVE  Astrol.  Pract.  Phys.  91  By  no 
means  let  the  Moon  be  aspected  of  any  retrograde  planet. 
1715  tr.  Gregory's  Astron.  (1726)  I.  9  Venus,  when  Retro- 

frade,..is  nearer  to  the  Earth,  and  consequently  appears 
igger  than  at  other  Times.  1760  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  in. 
xxiti,  I  would  have  sworn  some  retrograde  planet  was 
hanging  over  this  unfortunate  house  of  mine.  1808  SCOTT 
Marm.  in.  xx,  His  zone..  Bore  many  a  planetary  sign, 
Combust,  and  retrograde,  and  trine.  1880  SHORTHOUSE  John 
tnglesant  I.  282  Jupiter,  lord  of  the  ascendant,  and  Saturn 
being  retrograde. 

b.  Actually  moving  from  east  to  west. 

1853  HERSCHEL  Pop.  Lect.  Sci.  iii.  §  13  (1873)  106  Retro 
grade  comets,  or  those  whose  motion  is  opposite  to  that  of 
the  planets,  are  as  common  as  direct  ones. 

2.  Of  movement :  a.  Astr.  Apparently  or  actually 
contrary  to  the  order  of  the  signs ;  directed  from 
east  to  west,  f  Also  transf.  of  aspect. 
,  r4*3  JAS.  I  King's  Q.  clxx,  Though  thy  begynnyng  hath 
ben.e  retrograde.  1549  Compl.  Scot.  vi.  55  The  mune..is 
moir  sum  in  hyr  retrograid  cours  nor  the  soune  is.  ^1585 
taire  Km  in.  670  But  planets  ruled  by  retrograde  aspect 
Foretold  mine  ill  m  my  nativity.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vm. 
127  Ihir  wandnng  course  now  high,  now  low,  then  hid, 
progressive,  retrograde,  or  standing  still.  1693  J.  EDWARDS  i 
or.  O.  9f  N.  Test.  201  The  Chaldean  astronomers.. 


g 
h 


,833  HE 


Astron.  ix.  299  Contrary  to  the  unbroken  analogy  of  the 
whole  planetary  system. .,  in  these  orbits  their  motions  are 
retrograde.  1868  G.  B.  AIRY  Pop.  Astron.  iv.  124  The 
planets  sometimes  move  in  a  retrograde  direction. 

Comb.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl,  s.v.  Dragon,  These  points 
. .  have  a  motion  of  their  own  in  the  zodiac,  and  retrograde- 
wise,  almost  three  minutes  a  day. 

b.  Directed  backwards  ;  in  a  direction  contrary 
to  the  previous  motion  ;  retiring,  retreating. 

1622  MALYNES^HC.  Laiv-Merch.  400  The  partie  who  tooke 
this  Bill ..  must  goe  a  retrograde  course  heerein.  1676 
WORLIDGE  Cyder  (1691)  57  The  sap.  .will  expend  itself  by  a 
retrograde  as  well  as  by  a  direct  motion.  1745  ELIZA  HEY- 
WOOD  Female  Sped.  No.  10  (1748)  II.  208  They  seem  rather 
like  buckets  in  a  well,  that  are  always  in  a  retrograde 
motion.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Kalian  xxi,  Every  step 
that  he  had  taken.,  was  retrograde.  1803  WELLINGTON  in 
Gurw.  Desp.  (1835)  II.  35  A  retrograde  movement  is  always 
bad  in  this  country.  1847  PRESCorr/Vr«  (1850)  II.  326  The 
sufferings  endured  by  the  Spaniards  on  their  retrograde 
march  to  Quito.  1880  GUNTHER  Fishes  44  Retrograde 
motions  can  he  made  by  fish  in  an  imperfect  manner  only. 

3.  Tending  or  inclined  to  go  back  or  to  revert ; 
moving   or   leading   backwards,  esp.  towards   an 
inferior  or  less  flourishing  condition. 

^1530  Compl.  of  them  that  ben  to  late  Maryed  (Collier, 
1862)  1 8  Both  yonge  and  olde  must  haue  theyr  sustenaunce 
Euer  in  this  worlde,  soo  fekyll  and  rethrograte.  1595 
DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  vi.  xxxvi,  Weary  the  Soul  with  contrar 
ieties;  Till  all  Religion  become  retrograde.  1612  BACON 
Ess.i  Ambition  (Arb.)  224  Ther-fore  it  is  good  for  Princes, 
if  they  vse  ambitious  men,  to  handle  it  soe,  as  they  be  stil 
progressiue,  and  not  retrograde.  1664  EVELYN  Pomona  iv. 
13  Nature  does  more  delight  in  progress,  then  to  be  Retro 
grade  and  go  backwards.  ^ogSACHEVERELL^SVrw,  22  Who 
.  .is  agen  ready  to  be  Retrograde,  whenever  the  Wind  shall 
Change,  and  Veer  about.  1773  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs. 
Thrale  21  Sept.,  His  retrograde  ambition  was  completely 

ratified.    1816  T.   L.   PEACOCK  Headlong  Hall  x,  The 

unian  mind,  which  will  necessarily  become  retrograde  in 
ceasing  Jo  be  progressive.  1868  ROGERS  Pol.  Econ.  vi.  57 
The  capital  of  a  country  may  be  stationary,  progressive,  or 
retrograde. 

t  b.  Backward ;  slow.  Obs.  rare. 

1695  CONGREVE  Love  for  L.  ii.  i,  You  know  my  aunt  is  a 
little  retrograde  (as  you  call  it)  in  her  nature.  1760  STERNE 
Tr.  Shandy  v.  xvi,  He.. would  often  say,  especially  when 
his  pen  was  a  little  retrograde  [etc.]. 

c.  Bot.  Of  metamorphosis :  (see  quots.). 

1839  Penny  Cycl.  XV.  135/1  Retrograde  metamorphosis 
..,  when  organs  assume  the  state  of  some  of  those  on  the 
outside  of  them,  as  when  carpels  change  to  stamens  or 
petals, . .  and  the  like.  1861  BENTLEY  Man.  Bot.  356  I  f  any 
of  these  organs  become  transformed  into  a  leaf,  this  is 
called  retrograde  or  descending  metamorphosis. 

d.  Path.  Tending  to  disintegration. 

1876  tr.  Wagner  s  Gen.  Path.  287  In  retrograde  changes 
attention  has  until  now  been  turned  more  in  both  directions. 
1897  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med,  II.  33  Obsolescent  or  retrograde 
tubercle  in  the  lungs  occurs  in  about  nine  per  cent  of  all 
necropsies. 

4.  Moving  backwards  (in  literal  sense) ;  returning 
upon  the  previous  course. 

1564  CHALONER  in  Froude  Hist.  Eng.  (1881)  VIII.  45  [I 
am]  now  further  from  wealth.. than  I  was  eighteen  years 
agone.  Methinks  I  became  a  retrograde  crab.  1599  B. 
JONSON  Cynthia's  Rev.  v.  ii,  I'  faith,  master,  let's  go;  no 
body  comes..;  let's  be  retrograde.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trar, 
191  The  gate  of  Saint  Steuen  (where  on  each  side  a  Lion 
retrograde  doth  stand).  1662  PLAYFORD  Skill  Mus.  \.  (1674) 
59  This  Mood  had  its  derivation  from.. the  winding  retro 
grade  Meander. 

b.  Of  order  in  enumeration,  etc. :  Inverse,  re 
versed. 

1664  H.  MORE  Apology  557  We  will  now  take  a  Sum 
mary  view  of  all  the  Objections. .,  which  we  shall  doe  in  a 
retrograde  order,  beginning  with  the  last,  and  then  con 
clude.  1686  PLOT  Stajffbrdsh.  421  The  Dominical  and  other 
Letters  vary  every  year  in  a  retrograd  order.  1727-38 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Retrograde  ordert  in  matters  of  numera 
tion,  is  when,  in  lieu  of  accounting  i,  2,  3,  4,  we  count  4,  3, 
2,  i.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  86  F  14  Here  the  third 
pair  of  syllables  in  the  first,  .verse  have  their  accents  retro 
grade  or  inverted  ;  the  first  syllable  being  strong  or  acute, 
and  the  second  weak.  1851  Monthly  Jrnl.Med.  Sci.  XII, 
39  The  incuse  and  retrograde  form  of  these  inscriptions. 

c.  Mus.  Of  imitation,  etc.  :  (see  quots.). 
1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Imitation,  Sometimes  the 

movement,  or  the  figure  of  the  notes,  alone,  is  imitated  ;  and 
that,  sometimes,  even  by  a  contrary  motion,  which  makes 
what  they  call  a  retrograde  imitation.  1869  OUSELFY 
Counterp.  xv.  103  Imitation  may  also  be  retrograde,  i.  e. 
the  consequent  may  be  produced  by  reading  the  antecedent 
backwards.  1887  H.  C.  BANISTER  Mus.  Anal.  vii.  153 
Imitation  may  be  by  contrary  or  inverse  motion..;  and  by 
retrograde  motion,  from  the  end  to  the  beginning.  1891 
PROUT  Counterpoint  (ed.  2)  243  Another  even  more  intricate 
kind  of  canon  is  the  Reverse  Retrograde  Canon. 

d.  Of  verses:  (see  quot.).    rare~°. 

*7*7~3&  CHAMBERS  Cycl.t  Retrograde  verses  are  such  as 
give  the  same  words,  whether  read  backwards  or  forwards ; 
called  also  reciprocal  verses,  and  recurrents. 

e.  Operating  in  a  backward  direction,  rare. 
1797  Monthly  Mag.  III.  384  It  will  be  of  infinite  service 

for  every  species  of  retrograde  machinery. 

t  5.  Opposed,  contrary,  or  repugnant  to  some 
thing.  Obs. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  i.  ii.  114  For  your  intent  In  going 
backe  to  Schoole  in  Wittenberg,  It  is  most  retrograde  to  our 
desire.  1643  MILTON  Soveraigne  Salve  4  Preferred  the 
means  before  the  end;  which  is  retrograde  to  reason.  1704 
Elegy  xxxv.  31  Malice  is  always  Retrograde  to  Sense. 
(11776  JOHNSON  in Bosivell  (1903)  651/1, 1  would  not.  .for  ten 
pounds  have  seemed  so  retrograde  to  any  general  observance. 
1797  MRS.  A.  M.  BENNSTTA(fif«rG£r/(i8i3)  IV.  117  There 
was  something  in  trade.. very  retrograde  to  her  feelings. 


RETROGRADE. 

6.  As  quasi-a&.  In  a  backward  or  reverse 
direction. 

a  1619  FOTHERBY  Atli€0in.  ii.  x.  §  4  (1622)  307  If  wee  will 
but  walke  retrograde,  the  same  way  backe  againe.  1634 
Sm  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1638)  188  IThe  priest]  crab-like 
goes  retrograde  from  the  Idoll.  1709  Reft,  on  Sacheverell's 
Scrm.  21  The  Reformation  begun  to  go  retrograde  in  Q. 
Elizabeth's  time.  1771  EncycL  Brit.  I.  438/1  Her  horary 
motion  from  the  sun  3  57".  13  retrograde.  1822-34  Good"s 
Study  Med,  (ed.  4)  IV.  367  It  has  been  supposedthat  the 
chyle  flows  retrograde  from  the  thoracic  duct  into  the  lym 
phatics  of  the  kidney.  1868  LOCKVER  Elem.  Astron.  §381  It 
will  appear  to  us  to  travel  from  left  to  right,  or  retrograde. 

B.  sb.  1.  One  who  falls  away  or  degenerates. 
1593  T.  KELWAY  tr.  Ferrier's  Judgem.  Nativities  26  If 

the  sayd  lords  of  the  sayd  part  be  retrogrades  or  otherwise 
ill  disposed.  1633  PKYNNE  Histrio-ni.  TOO  Our  Play-hunters 
would  haue  been  good  proficients,  not  retrogrades,  in  the 
schoole  of  Virtue.  1897  Chr.  Her.  (N.  Y.)  i  Sept.  663/1 
These  retrogrades  are  to  be  pitied  quite  as  much  as  those 
who..  have  not  enjoyed  any  training  advantages. 
2.  A  backward  movement  or  tendency,  rare, 
1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  (1614)  27  As  if  with  an  imperfect 
retrograde  he  [man]  would  return  into  his  first  elements. 
1643  Plain  English  18  The  designe  must  on,  the  authours 
are  impatient  of  this  retrograde  they  have  suffred  these 
three  yeeres.  1830  A.  W.  FONBLANQUE  Eng.  under  ^  Ad- 
Diinistr.  (1837)  II.  14  What  Sir  Robert  [WUson]  styles  the 
retrograde  of  intellect  would  be  the  breaking  up  of  these 
meshes  of  thraldom. 

Retrograde  (re'tn?gn?'d,  rftw-),  v.  [ad.  L. 
retrogradi  or  retrogradare  (hence  F.  rtirograder, 
Sp.  and  Pg.  retrogradar  p,  It.  retro-,  ritrogradare], 
f.  retro  RETRO-  +gradus  step.] 

1.  trans.  To  turn  back,  reverse,  revert;  to  make, 
or  cause  to  become,  retrograde.     Now  rare. 

1582  BENTLEY  Man.  Matrones  n.  25  And  euen  as  the  feare 
of  death  doth  retrograde  us  ;  so  ought  loue  to  giue  us  a  desire 
to  die.  1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  i.  i.  Eden  502  The 
Firmament  shall  retrograde  his  course.  1610  W.  FOLKING- 
HAM  Art  of  Survey  n.  v.  55  To  Rectifie  the  Table  :  retro- 
grade  the  Ruler.  1653  R.  SANDERS  Physiogit,  Moles  37  Say 
these  letters  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  G,  H,  I,  K,  and  retrograde  them 
from  K  to  B.  1847  EMERSON  Kefir.  Ment  Montaigne  Wks. 
(Bohn)  I.  351  We  see,  now,  events  forced  on,  which  seem  to 
retard  or  retrograde  the  civility  of  ages. 

2.  intr,  Astr.  Of  the  planets,  etc.  :  To  go  back 
ward  (in  apparent  motion)  in  the  zodiac  ;  to  seem 
to  travel  from  east  to  west. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  \\.  ii.  iv.  Columns  391  Then 
Southward  Sol  doth  retrograde,  Goes  (Crab-like)  backward. 
1601  DOLMAN  La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad.  (1618)  III.  745  The 
Moone  .  .  which  retrogradeth  thirteenth  parts  of  the  Zodiacke 
in  foure  and  twenty  houres.  1654  CULPEPPER  Opus  Astro/., 
Aphorisms  §  30  If  a  Planet  retrograde,,  .he  denotes  much 
discord  and  contradiction  in  the  business.  1706  PHILLIPS 
(ed.  Kersey)  s.v.,  Mars  retrogrades  more  than  Jupiter. 
1833  HERSCHEL  Astron.  viii.  255  The  former  [sc.  Mercury] 
continues  to  retrograde  during  about  22  days.  1875  Encycl. 
Brit,  II.  758/2  Seeing  that  this  luminous  point.  .had  been 
stationary  and  retrograded  within  comparatively  small 
limits  like  the  planets. 

t  3.  Of  gout  :  To  become  retrocedent.  Obs."1 
"599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhouer's  Bk.  Physicke  203/1  The  Goute, 
whicn  chaunceth  to  one  in  anye  of  the  Joynctes,  and  retro 
gradeth  this  way,  or  that  way,  with  greate  greefe. 

4.  To  move  backwards,  to  take  a  backward  course; 
to  retire,  recede,  etc.     f  Also  with  //. 

1613  HEYWOOD  Bras.  Age  n.  ii,  I  can  by  Art  make  riuers 
retrograde,  Alter  their  channels,  run  backe  to  their  heads. 
1656  S,  H.  Gold.  Laiv  14  His  Sun  of  glory  may  decline  and 
retrograde  it,  as  on  the  Dyal  of  Ahaz.  1796  State  Papers 
m  Ann,  Reg.  192  The  armies  ..  retrograded  towards  our 
frontiers.  1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed,  4)  I.  200  Some 
portion  of  it  retrogrades,  and  is  carried  by  absorption  into 
the  system.  1863  LYELL  Antiq.  Man.  292  The  marks 
which  a  glacier  leaves  behind  it  as  it  retrogrades. 
b.  To  go  back  in  time  or  succession. 

1819  SCOTT  Ivanhoe  xxix,  Our  history  must  needs  retro- 

g-ade  for  the  space  of  a  few  pages.    1825  —  Talism.  xxii, 
ur  narrative  retrogrades  to  a  period  shortly  previous  to 
the  incidents  last  mentioned.    1877  BP.  BUTCHER  Eccl.  Cal, 
37  The  Sunday  Letter  retrogrades,  .one  place,  or  two. 

C.  To  draw  back  from  a  position. 

1859  MILL  Diss.  <$•  Disc.  (1875)  II.  169  All  sorts  of  con- 
fusecf  voices  called  for  different  things,  and  most  of  the 
assailants  wished  to  retrograde  rather  than  to  advance. 

5.  To  fall  back  or  revert  towards  a  lower  or 
less  flourishing  condition. 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vil.  xi.  (1614)  710  Thus  you  see 
one  Retrograde  from  a  sensitiue  to  a  vegitatiue  life.  1788 
GIBBON  Dec/,  fy  F.  Ixxi.  VI.  622  All  that  is  human  must 
retrograde  if  it  do  not  advance.  1816  T.  L.  PEACOCK  Head 
long  Hall  v,  Where  one  man  advances,  hundreds  retrograde. 
1845  MCCULLOCH  Taxation  \.  Hi.  (1852)  106  Compared  with 
the  latter  the  labourers  may  be  truly  said  to  have  retro 

raded.    1875  LUBBOCK  Orig.  Cimtiz.  App.  465  Some  races 

ave  been  stationary,  or  even  have  retrograded. 

Hence  Retrograding  vbl.  sb,  and///,  a.  Also 
Retrogra-diugly  adv.  (Ogilvie  Suppl.  1855). 

1860  Olmsteds  Meek.  Heavens  179  marg..  Retrograding  of 
the  nodes  on  the  ecliptic.   1891  Athenaeum  25  Apr.  529/2  A 
theory  of  previous  progressive  or  retrograding  existences. 

Re'trogradely,  adv.     [f.  the  adj.  +  -LY2.] 

In  a  retrograde  way  or  manner. 

1658  BROMHALL  Treat.  Specters  iv.  264  The  water  making 
a  reflux  and  flowing  retrogradely.  1813  T.  BUSBV  Lucre- 
titts  I.  n.  325  Some  powerful  agent  struggles  in  the  heart, 
And  sends  the  spirits  swift  to  every  part;  Till  checked 
again,  they  retrogradely  fly.  1894  Idler  Sept.  199,  I  dare 
say  it's  all  very  foolish  and  retrogradely  sentimental. 

Re'trogradeness.  rare—0,  [f.  the  adj.]  'The 
faculty  of  going  backwards  '  (Bailey,  vol.  II,  1727). 
VOL.  VIII. 


g 

h 


585 

tBetrogra'dient,  a.    Obs.  rare.   [ad.  L.  re- 
1    trogradient-eni)  pres.  pple.  of  retrogradi.]    Astr. 
=  RETROGRADE  a.  i. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Chron,  Troy  iv.  xxxiii,  Tyll  Phebus  chare 

i     ..Out  of  the  Crabbe  towarde  the  Lyon  Holdeth  his  course 

in  the  fyrmament,  I  mean  whan  he  is  retrogradyent.     1426 

—  De  Gnil.  Pilgr.  12351  In  the  Epicicles  whan  they  be, 

j    They  make  hem  retrogradyent. 

Retrogradisni.    rare  ~~1.  [f.  RETROGRADE  a. 
\    +  -ISM.]     Adoption  of  reactionary  principles. 

1836  Chamb.  Jrnl.  VI.  322  The  old  Marchese  Testafer- 
i    rata,  the  strongest  advocate  of  retrogradism  in  the  societu. 
So  Retrogradist,  a  reactionary. 
1851  Frascr's  Mag.  XLIV.  250  The  principal  employ 
ments  were  occupied  by  retrogradists.    1869  Contemp.  Rei'. 
XI.  507  Madame.. had  been  imprisoned  as  the  '  wife  of  an 
,    abominable  retrogradist '. 

t  Retrogradous,  a.  Obs.  rare  ~\  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -GUS.]  =  RETROGRADE  #. 

a  1660  HAMMOND  Serm.  Wks.  1683  IV,  603  This  conversible 
retrogradous  Sorites  may  shut  up  all. 

t  Re  trogration,  error  for  RETROGRADATION. 

1574  W.  BOURNE  Regiment  for  Sea  Hi.  (1577)  12  So  doth  all 
the  seuen  lyghtsor  planets,  [except]  that  it  be  in  their  retro- 
gration  :  but  the  Sunne  and  the  Moone  be  neuer  retrograt. 

t  Retr  ogre 'client.  Obs.—1  [f.  RETRO-,  after 
progredienL\  One  who  retrogrades. 

1650  HUBBF.RT  Pill  Formality  54  He  that  is  no  Pro- 
gredient,  must  needs  be  a  Retrogredient. 

Re'trogress,  sb.  rare.  [ad.  L.  retr$gress-us  : 
see  next.]  A  retrogression. 

1814  COLERIDGE  in  Cottle  Early  Recoil.  (1837)  II.  164 
After  a  sad  retrogress  of  nearly  twelve  years.  1867  SPKNCER 
Princ.  Biol.  vi.  iii.  II.  410  Progress  in  bulk,  complexity,  or 
activity  involves  retrogress  in  fertility. 

Retrogress  (rrtn?-,  re'tn?gres),  v.  [f.  L.  re 
trogress -^  ppl.  stem  of  retrogradi  to  RETROGRADE.] 
intr.  To  move  backwards;  to  go  back. 

1819  H.  BUSK  Vestriad  iv.  21  Night  retrogressing  from 
her  daily  tour.  1861  J.  NICHOL  in  Memoir  (1896)  32,  I  am 
retrogressing  into  a  period  which  we  have  closed.  1882 
FARRAR  Early  Chr.  \.  439  This  was  the  system.. to  which 
some  of  them  were  even  tempted  to  apostatise  or  retrogress  ! 

Retrogression  (rzln?-,  retr^gre-Jan).  [ad.  L. 
type  * retrogressiot  f.  ppl.  stem  of  retrogradi'.  cf. 
prec.  and  progression,  etc.  So  F.  retrogression.] 

1.  Astr.    -RETROGRADATION  I. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  288  Thus  we  see  the 
account  established  upon  the  arise  or  descent  of  the  starres 
can  be  no  reasonable  rule  unto  distant  Nations  at  all,  and 
by  reason  of  their  retrogression  but  temporary  unto  any 
one.  1794  G.  ADAMS  Nat.  fy  Exp.  Philos.  III.  xxiv.  46 
Sufficient  to  account  for.. the  retrogression  of  the  equi 
noctial  points.  1869  DUNKIN  Midn.  Sky  141  These  four  stars 
no  longer  hold  these  prominent  offices,  as  the  equinoxes  and 
solstices  are  now  in  very  different  parts  of  the  heavens,  on 
account  of  their  retrogression.  1873  PROCTOR  Exp.  Heaven 
94  His  [Saturn's]  slow  advance  alternating  with  yet  slower 
retrogressions. 

2.  Movement  in  a  backward  or  reverse  direction. 
In  early  use  Math. 

1704  HAYES  Treat.  Fluxions  vi.  153  The  use  of  Fluxions 
in  Investigating  the  Points  of  contrary  Flexion  and  Retro 
gression  of  Curves.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Retrogra* 
datioH)  The  retrogression  of  curves  may_  be  thus  conceived.  I 
1753  —  Cycl.  Suppl.t  Point  of  reflexion^  in  geometry,  is  com 
monly  used  instead  of  point  of  retrogradation,  or  retrogression. 

1857  WOOD  Comm.  Obj.  Sea-shore  121,  I  should  rather 
have  said,  that  the  tail  was  the  organ  of  retrogression.  1861 
G.  MUSGRAVE  By-Roads  France  296  What  at  first  was  mere 
retrogression. .became  eventually  a  rapid  flight. 

b.  Mns.  Retrograde  imitation.  (Cf.  RETRO 
GRADE  a.  4  c.) 

1869  OUSELEY  Connterf.  xvii.  148  Counterpoints  also  may 
be  devised  by  contrary  motion,  or  by  augmentation  or 
diminution,  or  by  retrogression, 

3.  The  action  or  fact  of  going  back  in  respect  of 
development  or  condition ;  return  to  a  less  advanced 
state  or  stage ;  a  case  or  instance  of  this. 

1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  6^4  Concurring  by 
slow  and  imperceptible  degrees,  and  sometimes  with  tempor 
ary  retrogressions,  to  advance  the  grand  design.  1800  W. 
TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  VIII.  597  .Retrogression  they 
prefer  to  any  untried  innovation.  1840  MACAULAY  Ranke's 
Hist.  Ess.  (1851)  II.  145  We  find  at  best  a  very  slow  progress 
and  on  the  whole  a  retrogression.  1875  JOWETT  Plato 
(ed.  2)  V.  190  There  are  many  traces  of  advance  as  well  as 
retrogression  in  the  Laws  of  Plato. 
b.  Path.  The  disappearance  of  an  eruption. 

1899  AllbutfsSyst,  Med.V\\\.  478  In  the  course  of  retro^ 
gression  they  become  pale,  polished,  angular  in  outline. 

Hence  Retrogre'ssional  a.,  of  a  retrograde 
character. 

1889  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly  May  23  Some  of  these  [manipula 
tions],  from  a  technical  point  of  view,  seem  retrogressional. 

Retrogre'ssionist.  [f.  prec.  +  -IST.]  One 
who  is  inclined  to  be  retrograde. 

1865  Standard  Tp  Sept.  4/6  Nothing  but  the  forebodings 
of  a  retrogressiomst,  suspicious  of  the  advance  of  civilization. 
1874  F.  HALL  in  M  Amer,  Rev.  CXIX.  331  Neither  from 
studious  ret  regression  ists  nor  from  studious  innovators  can 
we  hope  for  a  stamp  of  English  superior  to  what  we  now 
possess. 

Retrogressive  (rAw-,  retr^gre-siv),  a.  and  sb. 
[f.  as  RETROGRESS  v.  +  -IVE.]  A.  adj. 

1.  Working  back  in  investigation  or  reasoning. 

1817  COLERIDGE  Biog.  Lit,  xxii.  II.  141  When  the  succes 
sive  acts  of  attention  have  been  completed,  there  is  a  retro- 
?ressive  effort  of  mind  to  behold  it  as  a  whole.  1835 
.  TAYLOR  Spir.  Despot,  vi.  283  Our  retrogressive  enquiry. 


BETROPHARYNGEAL. 

1871  BLACKIE  Four  Phases  Mar.  i.  75  The  slow  retrogressive 
process  of  induction. 

2.  Moving  or  directed  backwards. 

1830  Blackw.  Maff.  XXVII.  523  He  sent  orders. .to  stop 
his  retrogressive  march.  1868  LYELL  Princ.  Ceol.  (ed.  10) 
II.  n.  xxvi.  35  In  addition  to  the  retrogressive  excavation 
of  the  head  of  the  ravine. 

3.  Retrograde ;   tending  to  return  to  an  inferior 
state  ;  going  back  to  a  worse  condition. 

1801  PINKERTON  Mod.  Gcogr.  I.  Pref.  6  It  is  a  lamentable 
circumstance  that  geography  is  at  times  retrogressive  in 
some  points,  while  it  advances  in  others.  1860  FREER  Hist. 
Hen.  IV,  II.  it.  iv.  68  His  son.. protested  against  this  retro 
gressive  policy.  1891  Sat.  Rev.  18  July  82/2  Spain, ..with 
the  exception  of  Turkey,  is  the  most  obstinately  retrogres 
sive  of  European  countries. 

b.  spec,  in  Path,  or  Anat.  of  changes  in  tissues 
or  organs. 

1871  T.  H.  GREEN  Ititrod.  Path.  190  The  contents  are  the 
products  of  retrogressive  tissue  metamorphosis.  1877  HUXLEY 
Anat.  In"'.  Anitn.x.  610  In  the  same  position  as  that  occu 
pied  by  the  remains  of  this  appendage,  when  it  has  under 
gone  retrogressive  metamorphosis.  1899  AllbntCs  Sysl. 
Med.  VI.  893  Retrogressive  changes  may  occur,  as  in  true 
gummatous  formations. 

B.  sb.  One  with  retrograde  tendencies. 

1892  Star  19  Mar.  1/6  The  Retrogressives  are  themselves 
invading  barbarians. 

Hence  Betrogre'ssively  adv.  (Ogilvie,  1850). 
Also  Betrogre-ssivism  (iionce-ivd.}. 

1893  Fortn.  Rev.  Feb.  277  His  peculiar  type  of  Retro- 
gressivism  (it  would  be  flattery  to  call  it  Conservatism). 

t  Retroguard.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  med.L.  re- 
trogtiardia,  -garda  (Du  Cange),  obs.  Pg.  relro- 
guarda.]  =  REAR-GUARD!. 

1574  H.  G.  Most  Briefe  Tables  H  ij  b,  And  let  another 
parte  bee  for  a  Vantgarde  and  Retroguarde  to  the  raye. 

t  Retro-infi-nity.  Obs.  rare-1.  [RETRO-.] 
An  infinite  series  backwards. 

1678  CUDWORTH  Intel!.  Syst.  850  And  so  backward  In 
finitely  ;  from  whence  it  would  follow,  that  there  is  no  First 
in  the  Order  of  Causes,  but  an  Endless  Retro-Infinity. 

t  Retroi'tion.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  type  *re- 
troitio,  vbl.  sb.  f.  retroire.~\  The  action  of  return 
ing  or  reverting ;  re-entrance. 

1651  BIGGS  New  Disp.  168  F  230  The  whole  retinue  of 
menstrua's,  about  that  peculiar  monarchy  of  the  womb,.. are 
then  segregated  by  the  destructive  knife  of  phlebotomy,  and 
make  their  retroition  into  the  whole.  1671  J.  WEBSTER 
Mctallogr,  xii.  190  In  which  retroition  of  solution,  the 
heterogeneous  juices  are  separated  on  their  own  accord. 

Re'troject,  v.  [f.  RETRO-  +  -ject,  after  project 
vb.]  trans.  To  cast  or  throw  back. 

1866  Pall  iHall  G.  18  May  i  The  ridiculous  position  into 
which  it  projected,  or,  rather,  retrojected,  an  aspiring  and 
ambitious  candidate.  1881  SULLY  Illusions  10  Whether  a 
man  projects  some  figment  of  his  imagination  into  the 
external  world, ..or  whether.. he  retrojects  it  into  the  dim 
region  of  the  past. 

So  Retroje-ction,  the  action  of  putting  back  to 
an  earlier  date. 

1900  Expositor  Jan.  14  The  Priests'  Code  contains  one  of 
the  most  conspicuous  of  these  retrojections. 

t  Retromi'ngency.    (See  next  and  quot.) 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  150  The  last  foundation 
[for  the  belief]  was  Retromingency  or  pissing  backward. 

Retroillillgeilt  (r  in)-,  retomi-ndgent),a.  [f. 
RETRO-  +  MINGENT  a.]  That  urinates  backwards. 
Also  as  sb.,  an  animal  which  does  this. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  147  Except  it  be  in  Re- 
tromingents,  and  such  as  couple  backward.  [1727-38  CHAM 
BERS  Cycl.,  Retromingents,  in  natural  history,  a  class  or 
division  of  animals,  whose  characteristic  is,  that  they  stale . . 
backwards.] 

1704  Phil.  Trans.  XXIV.  1585  If  (as  in  other  Creatures 
that  are  retromingent  also)  the  Penis  here  had  been  fastned 
to  the  Ossa  Pnbis.  1747  Gcntl.  Mag.  209/1  He  is  a  retro 
mingent  animal,  and  consequently  retrogenerative.  1817 
KEATINGE  Trav.  I.  318  The  nobler  animals,  the  lion,  the 
elephant,  are  retromingent.  1874  VAN  BUREN  Dis.  Genit, 
Org.  39  The  patient  is  usually  retromingent. 

Hence  Betroml'ngently  adv.  (Ogilvie,  1882). 

t  Retl'Opa  linage.  Obs.  [ad.  med.L.  retro- 
pannagium.~\  (See  quot.  1727-38  and  PANNAGE.) 

1679  BLOUNT^WC.  Tenures  92  Retrppannage  begins  at  St. 
Martyns  and  ends  at  Candlemass.  Ibid.,  This  Retropannage 
Isuppose  is  the  latter  or  after  Pannage.   1717-38  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.,  Retropannage,   in    our    antient    law-books,    after- 
pannage  ;  or  what  is  left  when  the  beasts  have  done,  or  eat 
the  best. 

Re:troperitoiieral,  a.  Anat.  and  Path.  [See 
RETRO-  3  b.]  Occurring  or  situated  behind  the 
peritoneum. 

1874  Janes  ft  Sievekine's  Pathol.  Anat.  424  The  retro- 
peritoneal  glands  of  the  abdomen.  1879  St.  George 's  Hasp. 
Rep.  IX.  430  A  large  retroperitoneal  cyst  filled  up  com 
pletely  the  hollow  space  by  the  side  of  the  lumbar  vertebrz. 
1897  A ttbiitt 't  Syst.  Med.  III.  570  Retroperitoneal  suppura 
tion  sometimes  usurps  a  subphrenic  position. 

Hence  Re^troperitone'ally  adv. 

1899  Allfaitfs  Syst.  Med.  VI.  856  Echinococcus  cysts,  if 
they  develope  retroperitoneally,  ..  may  invade  the  neural 
canal  in  the  same  way  as  new  growths. 

Re:tropharyngeal,  a.  Anal,  and  Path. 
[See  RETRO-  3  b.]  Occurring  or  situated  at  the 
back  of,  or  behind,  the  pharynx. 

i86«TANNER/»rf«T.D!«aiM23iRetro.pharyngeal  Abscess. 
1872  COHEN  Dis.  Throat  148  These  abscesses,  most  gener. 
ally  known  under  the  name  of  retro-pharyngeal  abscesses, 
occur  at  all  ages.  1901  KEITH  Hughes'  Pract.  Anat.  III. 

74 


RETROPULSION. 

xiii.  202  The  Retro-Pharyngeal  Lymph  Gland  lies  below 
the  jugular  foramen,  behind  the  pharynx. 

Retropu'lsion.  Path.  [See  RETKO-  and 
PULSION.  So  F.  retropulsion.'] 

1.  Transference  of  an  external  disease  to  some 
internal  part  or  organ.     (Cf.  REPULSION  2  b.) 

1794-6  E.  DARWIN  Zoott.  (1801)  III.  356  This  supposed  re- 
tropulsion  of  erysipelas  on  the  brain.. has  prevented  the  free 
use  of  the  lancet  early  in  this  disease.  1804  ABERNETHY 
Surg.  Obs.  n.  184  Those  ophthalmics..  which  have  generally 
been  ascribed  to  a  retropulsion  of  that  disorder.  1822-34 
Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  479  Repelled  eruptions.  From 
retropulsion  of  some  cutaneous  affection. 

2.  (See  quot.) 

1899  Alltntt's  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  77  A  patient  [with  para- 
lysis  agitans]  who  is  made  to  walk  backwards  will  then  also 
present  a  similar  tendency  to  move  by  short  quick  steps  and 
may  have  some  difficulty  in  stopping  himself;  this  symptom 
has  been  called  '  retropulsion  '. 

Retropirlsive,  a-  rare.  [Cf.  prec.  and  re 
pulsive]  Causing  backward  or  reverse  movement. 

1828-32  WEBSTER  (citing  Med.  Refos.),  Kctrofulshie, 
driving  back ;  repelling,  a  1901  MYERS  Human  Personality 
(1903)  I.  226,  I  shall  avoid  postulating  any  '  retropulsive 
current '  from  brain  to  retina. 

RetrOTsal,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  as  next  +  -AL.J 
Backward,  return. 

1840  G.  S.  FABER  Christ's  Disc.  Capernaum  234  Let  her 
navigate  her  retrorsal  course  to  the  country  whence  she  came. 

Retrorse  (r/'tr/rjs),  a.  rare.  [ad.  L.  rttrors- 
us,  contracted  form  of  retroversus  :  see  RETRO- 
VERSE  a.}  Turned  backwards ;  reverted. 

1825  T.  SAY  Explan.  Terms  Enlom.  29.      1849  BALFOUR 
Man.  Bat.  636/3.      1872   COUES   Key  to  N.  A.  Birds  29 
Bristles  or  feathers  thus  growing  forwards  are  called  retrorse. 

Hence  Betrcrrsely  adv. 

1828-32  WEBSTER  (citing  Eaton)  s.v.,  A  stem  retrorsely 
aculeate.  1882  Jrnl.  Hot.  XI.  No.  230.  46  Another  unnamed 
species  was  gathered  by  Dr.  Lyall  long  ago  in  Central 
Madagascar,  with  retrorsely  hispid  branchlets. 

Retrose'rrate,  a.  Hot.  [f.  RETRO-  +  SEB- 
BATE  a.]  (See  quots.) 

1857  HENFREY/?<^.  55  The  margins  of  the  leaf  are. -retro- 
serrate,  when  sharp  teeth  point  back  towards  the  base.  1887 
BENTLEV  Man.  Bot.  164  If  similar  teeth  point  towards  the 
base,  the  leaf  is  described  as  retroserrate. 

Retrose-rrulate,  a.  Ent.  [f.  RETRO  +  SER 
RULATE.]  Provided  or  furnished  with  small  barbs. 

1826  KIKBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  IV.  xlii.  156  The  darts  usually 
run  in  two  grooves  of  the  sheath,  and  at  their  apex  are     i 
retroserrulate.     Ibid,  xlvii.  376  Ovipositor  5 — 6-valved,  the 
vagina  darting  forth  two  retroserrulate  spiculas. 

Retrospect  (re-trospekt,  rrtro-),  sb.  [ad.  L. 
type  * relrdspect-us,  f.  retrospect-,  vbl.  stem  of 
retrospicire  to  look  back  :  cf.  prospect.] 

1.  a.  A  regard  or  reference  to  some  fact,  authority, 
precedent,  etc.     Also  without  const. 

1602  FULBECKE  rst  Pt.Parall.  58  In  euerie  action  the 
iudgement  hath  a  retrospect  to  the  original.  1651  N.  BACON 
Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  n.  xxx.  (1739)  138  [They]  so  continued,  until 
these  times  of  Henry  the  Eighth,  wherein  they  have  a  Retro 
spect  to  the  Rock,  from  whence  they  were  first  hewn.  1703 
DE  Fot.Explan.  Shortest  Way  Dissenters  Misc.  436  With 
out  the  least  retrospect  to,  or  concern  in  the  Publick  Bills  in 
Parliament,  now  depending.  1774  I.  BRYANT  Mytliol.  I.  168 
They  explained  everything  by  the  language  in  use  ;  without 
the  feast  retrospect  or  allowance.  1799  KIRWAN  Geol.  Ess.  2 
The  latter  cannot  be  properly  understood  without  a  retro 
spect  to  the  former.  1844  Queen's Regitl.  4-  Ord.  Army  3  In 
case  two  Commissions  of  the  same  date  interfere,  a  retrospect 
is  to  be  had  to  former  Commissions.  1895  PHILLIMORE  Eccles. 
Law  (ed.  2)  I.  320  And  these  words  of  the  Canon . .  seem  to 
have  some  reference  or  retrospect  to  that  determination. 
b.  Application  to  past  time. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Retroactive,  We  have  some 
instances  of  laws  that  have  a  retrospect  or  retroaction,  i.  e. 
are  made  with  express  design  to  extend  to  things  already 
past.  1792  N.  CHIPMAN  Rep.  (1871)  38  The  deed  given  in 
1762.  .becomes  good  from  the  date  by  retrospect. 

2.  A  backward  look  or  view.  rare. 

i6?5  Art  Contentment  v.  vii.  205  Every  impious  act  would 
like  the  prohibited  retrospect  of  Lots  wife,  fix  us  perpetual 
monuments  of  Divine  vengeance,  a  1817  T.  DWIGHT  Trav. 
New  Eng.,  etc.  (1821)  II.  152  At  the  South-Eastern  extremity 
of  this  farm,  we  had  a  new,  and  very  interesting,  retrospect 
of  these  mountains. 

b.  A  view  or  survey  of  past  time,  esp.  with  re 
ference  to  one's  own  life  or  experiences. 

1678  R.  L'EsTRANGE  Seneca's  Mar.  (1702)  237  The  Passage 
of  Time  is  wonderfully  quick,  and  a  Man  must  look  back 
ward  to  see  it :  And  in  that  Retro-sped  he  has  all  past  Ages 
at  a  View.  1712  STEELE  Sfect.  No.  374  p  i  To  sit  still  and 
throw^  away  the  Time  in  our  Possession,  by  Retrospect  on 
what  is  rjast.  1759  JOHNSON  Rasselas  xlv,  My  retrospect  of 


586 

H.  PHILLIPS  Anter.  Paper  Curr.  II.  136  A  short _ retrospect    I 
is  now  necessary  to  view  what  Congress  determined  upon,    j 
iKb^Kncyd.  Brit.  XVII.  96/1  Then  for  the  first  time  the    , 
music  reverts  to  the  primary  key  for  a  retrospect  of  the 
entire  matter  of  the  first  part. 

3.  a.  attrib.)  passing  into  adj.     Directed  or  re 
ferring  to  the  past ;  retrospective. 


not  dwell  with  a  regretful  retrospect  on  a  lost  Paradise, 

c.  A  survey  or  review  of  some  past  course  of 
events,  acts,  etc.;  esp.  a  comprehensive  or  sum 
mary  view  of  what  has  betfi  done  or  has  taken 
place  in  a  particular  sphere  or  line  of  things. 

1663  MARVELL  Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  91  The  Com 
mittee.,  was  orderd  to  continue  the  retrospect  to  all  [offices] 
that  have  been  sold  since  29th  June,  1660.  1787  J.  BARLOW 
Oration  tfh  July  4  A  modest  retrospect  of  the  truly  dignified 
part  already  acted  by  our  countrymen.  1803  Med.  Jrnl.  X. 
571  If  this  little  tract  were  drawn  up  by  a  common  hand, . . 
we  should  not  have  introduced  it  into  our  Retrospect  1865 


agree  that  Christ's  death  hath  a  retrospect  view.  1804  J. 
POOLE  Irreg.  Trans.  Dept.  For.  Corps  63  Such  claims  as 
present  themselves  on  the  retrospect  or  deferred  list.  1804 
COLLINS  Scripscrap  171  Could  we  boast  Pre- existence,  and 
retrospect  Sight.  1898  IVestm.  Gaz.  7  Oct.  2/1  The  hint. . 
that  the  liking  is  due  to  the  glamour  of  the  retrospect  view,  i 

fb.  In  predicative  use.     (Cf.  i  b.)     Obs.  rare. 
1709  Taller  No.  67  F  2  My  Jurisdiction,  which  extends  not    I 
only  to  Futurity,  but  also  is  retrospect  to  Things  past.    1755 
Monitor  No.  20  I.  175  Nor  can  any  one  shew  me  how  this 
clause  can  be  said  to  be  retrospect. 

Re  trospect,  v.  [f.  prec.,  or  ad.  ppl.  stem 
of  L.  reirospic^reA 

1.  intr.  To  indulge  in  retrospection. 

1659  Burton's  Diary  (1828)  IV.  270,  I  came  here  with  a 
resolution  not  to  retrospect.     1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa    ' 
(1811)  II.  267  If  I  could  not  thus  retrospect  and  argue. 
b.  To  look  or  refer  back  to  \  to  reflect  on. 

1689  PI.UNKKT  Charac.  Good  Commander  48  They  '11  not 
retrospect  to  any  thing  Of  Truth,  when  meekly  urg'd.  1742 
RICHARDSON  Pamela  III.  413  Would  perhaps  have  thought 
it  derogatory.. to  my  present  Station,  and  too  much  retro- 
specting  to  my  former.  1764  Mem.  G.  P Salmanazar  65  To 
retrospect  with  shame  and  remorse  on  a  life  so  basely  spent. 
a  1804  A.  HAMILTON  Let.  to  "J.  Adams  (Bartlett),  To  give 
a  correct  idea  of  the  circumstances..,  it  may  be  useful  to 
retrospect  to  an  early  period. 

2.  trans.  To  consider,  regard,  or  think  of  (some 
person  or  thing)  retrospectively. 

a  1734  NORTH  Lives  (1826)  I.  336  The  matters,  by  way  of 
inquisition  retrospected,  are  reducible  to  two  heads.  1748 
RICHARDSON  Corr.  (1804)  IV.  232  We  find  this  to  be  true  by 
retrospecting  that  part  of  it  we  have  passed  over.  1804 
EUGENIA  DE  ACTON  Tale  -without  Title  I.  156  Whenever  I 
retrospect  this  circumstance,  my  mind  is  too  full  to  make 
any  comments.  1815  Zeluca  II.  i  The  envy  that  always 
ensued  from  retrospecting  those  pleasures  that  had  failed  in 
promised  enjoyment.  1896  LUMSDEN  Poems  52  Morosely, 
by  a  glowing  fire  I  retrospect  the  babble. 

Retrospection  (retr^spe'kjan,  ntiv-).  [ad. 
L.  type  *retrospection-em,  n.  of  action  f.  retro- 
spiccre  :  cf.  RETROSPECT  sb.] 

1.  The  action  of  looking  back.  rare"~l. 

1633  T.  ADAMS  Ex£.  2  Pet.  iii.  18  Think  upon  his  [i.  e. 
Lot's]  wife's  retardation  and  retrospection. 

2.  Retrospective  or  retroactive  action.  rare~l. 
1657  Burton's  Diary  (1828)  I.  310  By  the  Bill,  you  punish 

men  wholly  for  an  offence  before  committed.  It  lies  alto 
gether  upon  retrospection. 

3.  The   action  of  looking  back  or  referring  to 
something.      Also   without    const.,    reference   or 
allusion  to  past  events. 

1674  JEAKE  Arith,  (1696)  374  A  Retrospection  thither  may 
save  a  large  Repetition  of  the  Rules  here.  1711  G.  HICKES 
Tiuo  Treat.  Chr.  Priesth.  (1847)  II.  360  Without  any  retro 
spection  to  old  principles.  1765  FOOTE  Commissary  i.  Wks. 
1799  II.  17  It  is  best,  Polly,  in  order  to  prevent  all  retro* 
spection,  that  we  settle  accounts  before  you  change  your 
condition.  1796  MRS.  E.  PARSONS  Myst.  Warning  IV.  68 
Studious  to  avoid  any  retrospection  to  unpleasant  scenes. 
1807  G.  CHALMERS  Caledonia  I.  i,  i.  2  Yet,  must  all  these 
topics  be  introduced  to  the  attention.. by  retrospection  to 
the  pristine  ages. 

f  b.  Reference  or  regard  to  a  person.  Obs.  rare. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  II.  263  Such  a  retrospec 
tion  in  her  arguments  to  him.  1753-4  —  Grandison  (1781) 
II.  iv.  46, 1  should  abhor  myself,  .if  I  had  any  retrospection 
to  myself. 

4.  The  action  or  fact  of  looking  back  upon,  or 
surveying,  past  time. 

1729  SWIFT  To  Janus  on  N.  Yearns  Day  Misc.  (1735)  V. 
231  When  thy  Retrospection  vast,  Sees  the  glorious  Ages 
past.  1755  YOUNG  Centaur  v.  Wks.  1757  IV.  215  A  man 
can  see  himself  in  retrospection  only.  1832  L.  HUNT  Sir  R. 
£s/ier(i8$o)  128, 1  am  confounding  prophecy  with  retrospec 
tion.  1847  YEOWELL  Anc.  Brit.  Church  Pref.  iv,  He  looks 
back  on  its  earliest  dawn  with  pleasing  retrospection.  1860 
W.  COLLINS  Worn,  in  White  III.  vi.  82  The  narrative  which 
goes  far  enough  back.. to  avoid  all  impediments  of  retro 
spection  in  its  course. 

b.  An  instance  of  this;  esp.  a  survey  of  past 
life  or  experiences. 


For  myself,  a  retrospection  on  the  past,  and  the  prospect  of    • 
the  future,  was  so  dark.    1806  SURH  Winter  in  Land.  II.  28     I 
Edward,  .passed  the  greater  part  of  the  journey  in  a  retro 
spection  of  his  past  life  and  feelings.    1875  HELPS  Soc.  Press.     \ 
xxiv._36o  The  most  remarkable  change  that,  on  this  retro 
spection,  we  discover  in  ourselves. 

C.  A  review  of  past  events  or  of  some  matter. 

.x753-4  RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1781)  IV.  xv.  112  He  and 
his  nephew  were  both  determined  to  procure  a  retrospec 
tion  of  all  former  proceedings.  1844  J.  MACFARLANE  Mem. 
J.  Campbell  II.  34  Doing  so  would  lead  to  the  discussion  of 
topics  rather  apart  from  the  design  of  this  retrospection. 

5.  A  retrogressive  course  of  thought. 

1870  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Gram.  Assent  n.  viii.  262  The  long 
retrospection  lodges  us  at  length  at.  .first  principles. 

Retrospective  (retr0spe-ktiv,  rilw-),  a.  (and  ] 
sb.}.  [See  RETROSPECT  sb.  and  -IVE.  So  F.  r£-  •• 
trospectif,  -ive,  It.  retrospettivo>  Pg.  retrospectivo.]  | 


RETROVERSE. 

1.  Directed  to,  contemplative  of,  past  time. 

1664  (title}t  A  Faithful  Testimony . .  or  a  Retrospective  Glass 
for  the  Legislators,  .who  are  found  persecuting  the  Inno 
cent.  1732  POPE  Ep.  Cobham  i.  99  In  vain  the  Sage,  with 
retrospective  eye,  Would  from  th1  apparent  What  conclude 
the  Why.  1804  J.  GRAHAME  Sabbath  (1839)  26/1  To  think 
be'll  cast,  midway  the  vale  of  years,  A  retrospective  look, 
bedimm'd  with  tears.  1831  HOOD  Playing  at  Soldiers  vi, 
Ah  me  !  my  retrospective  soul !  As  over  memory's  muster- 
roll  I  cast  my  eyes  anew.  1873  PROCTOR  Exp.  Heaven  178 
Beyond  the  limits  to  which  our  powers  enable  us  to  reach 
in  our  retrospective  researches. 

2.  Of  statutes,  etc. :   Operative  with  regard  to 
past  time ;  retroactive. 

^1768  ERSKINE  hist.  Law  Scot.  n.  vii.  §  15  It  hinders 
the  confirmation  from  having  that  retrospective  quality. 
1828  MACAULAY  Ess.,  Haltam,  That,  .the  State  may  justi 
fiably  pass  a  retrospective  act  against  an  offender,  we  have 
no  doubt  whatever.  1831  Ibid^  Hampden^  Sentencing  a 
man  to  death  by  retrospective  law.  1856  FROUDE  Hist. 
En£.  (1858)  I.  v.  433  Our  instincts  tell  us  that  no  legislation 
should  be  retrpspective.  1873  Sat.  Rev.  9  Aug.  36/1  It  is 
a  retrospective  alteration  of  a  contract  by  one  of  the  parties 
to  the  detriment  of  the  other. 

trans/.  1899  Allbntt's  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  321  The  amnesia, 
however,  is  not,  so  to  speak,  retrospective. 

3.  Backward  ;  lying  to  the  rear. 

1796  COOMBR  &  BOYDELL  Hist.  Thames  II.  29  In  this  part 
of  the  river  the  retrospective  view  possesses  every  charm  of 
elegant  landscape,  1845  FKARNSIDE  Vie^vs  Thames  fy  Med- 
ii>ay  71  The  retrospective  view  is  very  picturesque.  1872 
JENKINSON  Guide  Eng.  Lakes  (1879)  13  Allowing  of  fine 
retrospective  views  of  Ambleside. 

b.  sb.  The  backward  prospect,  rare  "1. 

1825  C.  WESTMACOTT  Eng.  Spy  I.  25  The  retrospective 
affords  a  view. 

Retrospectively,  adv.     [f.  prec.  +  -LY  ^.] 

1.  By,  or  with,  retrospection  on  past  time. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  in.  117  Which  former  times  if  a  man 
would  retrospectiuely  measure,  he  might  easily  find  [etc.]. 
1790  Phil.  Trans.  LXXX.  569  The  supposed  conjunction 
was,  at  a  later  period,  sought  for  as  an  epoch,  and  calculated 
retrospectively.  1847  DICKENS  Haunted  M.  i,  '  May-be  as 
high  as  that,  no  higher,'  said  the  old  man,  holding  out  his 
hand..,  and  looking  retrospectively  at  his  questioner.  1868 
E.  EDWARDS  Ralegh  I.  xxi.  462  The  briefest  narrative  will 
need  to  begin  somewhat  retrospectively. 

2.  With  retrospective  effect  or  force. 

1800  Asiatic  Ann.  Reg.\\.  92/1  It  is  given  (as  in  justice  it 
ought  to  be)  retrospectively.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot. 
382  An  ex  post  facto  law,  is  a  law  which  operates  retrospec 
tively.  1885  Law  Times  LXXVIII.  242/1  It  makes  the 
Act  to  operate  retrospectively. 

So  Jtetrospe'ctiveness.  rare—1. 

1881  Daily  Tel.  12  Feb.,  The  Government  had  only  asked 
for  unlimited  retrospective  ness  in  order  that  they  might 
throw  a  sop  to  the  Radicals. 

t  RetroSpe'Ctory,  a.    Obs~l   Retrospective. 

1812  Gen.  Hist,  in  Ann.  Reg.  49  [He]  took  a  very  ex 
tended  view  of  the  state  of  public  affairs,  foreign  and 
domestic,  both  retrospectory  and  present. 

t  Retrospi*cian(t.  Sc.  Ol>s.  rare.  [ad.  pres. 
pple,  of  L.  retrospiccre  (cf.  next),  prob.  after  re- 
spidens  retro  in  Luke  ix.  62.]  One  who  turns 
back ;  a  renegade. 

<*i6io  SIR  J.  SEMPLE  in  Sempill  Ball.  (1872)  246  All 
thinges  againe  deformed  in  chaos  masse  shalbe  Befoir  ane 
retrospiciante  I  sail  ceas  from  Loving  the.  1611  Reg.  Privy 
Counc.  Scot.  IX.  209  He..callit  the  said  Erll  ane  retro- 
spitiane,  wbdme  God  has  speuit  furth  of  his  mouth. 

Retrosprcient,  a.  rare~\  [f.  as  prec.] 
—  RETROSPECTIVE  a. 

1887  GARNETT  Carlyle  vi.  loS^Such  a  fanciful  preference 
would  have  suited  the  retrospicient  Newman. 

Retro-spring.     rare~\     A  backward  spring. 

1719  BAVNARD  Health  (1731)  29  And  with  a  nimble  retro- 
spring  Contracts,  and  brings  them  back  again. 

RetrO't  (r/-),  v.  rare-1.  [RE- 5  a.]  intr.  To 
trot  again  or  back. 

1616  T.  LANE  Contn.  Sqr.'s  T.  iv.  345  Wheare  in  hee  trottes, 
vnto  the  pathes  farr  ende,  but  theare.  .turnes  to  rewend  : 
thence  retrottes  tailewise  backwardes. 

Retrotra'Ction.  rare—1.  [See  RETRO-  and 
TRACTION.]  Retraction,  withdrawal. 

1673  SIR  J.  LAUDER  Deck.  (1826)  Suppl.  III.  79  A  retro- 
traction  of  the  real  right  to  the  inhibition  and  fiction,  sup 
posing  them  both  of  one  date,  is  a  motion  that  surely  no 
lawyer  can  be  guilty  of. 

[]  Retrouss6  (rrtrws*),  a.  [F.,  pa.  pple.  of  re- 
trousser,  f.  re-  \<K- +  trousser  to  TRUSS.]  Turned 
up.  (Chiefly  of  the  nose.) 

1837  BARHAM  Ingol.  Leg.  Ser.  i.  Grey  Dolphin,  His  eyes 
a  little  bloodshot,  and  his  nose  PVfpVKM/ With  a  remarkably 
red  tip.  i86a  Miss  BRADDON  Lady  Audley  viii,  The  red 
and  pouting  lips,  the  pert  little  nr&WVfl/noiM.  1884  Graphic 
20  Sept.  306/2  Her  nose,  albeit  not  the  least  of  the  retrousst 
order,  was  not  unimpeachable.  1898  Westttt.  Gaz.  3  Nov. 
3/2  The  retrouss^  toque  (cleft  in  the  centre)  for  covering  or 
partially  covering  with  fur. 

Retro- vaccina-tion.  [RETRO-.]  (Seequot.) 
Also  Retro-va'cclne  a. 

Some  recent  Diets,  also  give  retrovaccinate  vb. 

1868  SEATON  Hdbk.  Vaccination  20  Retro-vaccination,  or 
inoculation  of  cows  with  vaccine  lymph  that  has  been  passed 
through  the  human  body.  Hid.,  Retro-vaccine  lymph,  or 
humanized  lymph  that  had  been  passed  through  the  cow, 
then  retransferred  to  the  human  subject. 

Retrove'rse,  a.  rare.  [ad.  L.  relrovers-us, 
f.  retro  RETRO-  +  versus  turned.  Cf.  RETROBSE  a.] 
Turned  or  directed  backwards  ;  reversed. 

1849-31  TodcTs  Cycl.  Anat.  IV.  1139/1  These  processes 
are  true  hairs,  and  only  differ  from  other  hairs  in.  .having 


EETBOVERSION. 

-  the  imbrication  retroverse  instead  of  directed  forwards. 
1887  FERGUSON  Ogham  Inscriptions  7  Several  other  retro- 
verse  and  inverted  readings  of  the  same  kind. 

Retroversion  (riua-,  retrova-jfan).  [ad.  L. 
type  " 'retriiversio  :  see  RETRO-  and  REVERSION.] 

fl.  Sc.  Reversal,  rescission.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1587  in  T.  MORRIS  Provosts  of  Metliveti  (1875)  69  Full 
power  to.. put  the  said  John  and  Cristiane  his  spous,  in., 
"possession  of  the  foirsaid  manse . .  to  be  brukit  be  thame . .  in 
all  punctis,  but  [  —  without]  retrouersione. 

2.  Path.  The  fact  of  (the  uterus)  becoming  re- 
troverted. 

1776  GARTHSHORE  in  Med.  Obs.  $  Inquiries  V.  386  Not 
withstanding  the  situation  of  the  as  tincx  was  so  little 
altered,  I  still  suspected  a  retroversion  of  the  uterus. 
1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  IV.  no  Retroversion  is 
mostly  met  with  in  the  third  and  fourth  months  of  preg 
nancy.  1872  THOMAS  Dis.  IVowcn  (ed.  3)  45  One  of  the 
symptoms  of  such  inflammation  he  considers  to  be  retro- 
version  of  the  uterus. 

3.  The  action  of  turning  or  looking  back. 

1820  LAMB  Elia  I.  Oxford  in  Vacation,  What  mystery 
lurks  in  this  retroversion  ?  1853  HERSCHEL  Pop.  Led.  Sci. 
viii.  §  133  (1873)  345  By  a  necessary  consequence  of  that 
general  law  of  retro-version.  1861  J.  A.  ALEXANDER  Gospel 
Jesus  Christ  xvii.  238  There  is  something  fearful  in  the 
length  to  which  this  retroversion  may  be  carried. 

4.  Ketranslation  into  the  original  language. 

1888  Jrnl.  Educ.  i  Oct.  468/2  Giving  a  free  English  trans 
lation  of  some  foreign  original  for  retroversion.  1892 
Classical  Rev.  Feb.  71/2  The  Latin  texts  from  which  the 
exercises  for  retroversion  are  drawn. 

Re-trovert,  sb.  rarer-1,  [f.  RETRO-,  after  convert, 
pervert.]  One  who  reverts  to  his  former  faith, 

1873  F.  HALL  Mod.  Eng.  308  The  goats,  if  they  come  back 
to  the  old  sheep-fold,  to  be  reovilized,  are  now,  in  pious 
phrase,  denominated  retroverts. 

Retrove-rt,  v.  rare.  [ad.  late  L.  retro- 
vertSre,  f.  retro  RETRO-  t  vertcre  to  turn.]  intr. 
and  trans.  To  turn  back  ;  to  revert. 

1639  G.  DANIEL  Ecclns.  xxvi.  105  He  who  retroverts  To 
Sin  againe  ;  such  to  their  owne  deserts,  God  marks  for 
vengeance.  1828-32  in  WEBSTER.  1848  GOULD  Birds 
Australia  I.  in.  Emu  Wren,  The  tail  is  carried  in  an  erect 
position,  and  is  even  occasionally  retroverted  over  the  back. 

Retro  verted  (rftro-,  re-trovsited),  ///.  a. 
{f.  prec.  +  -ED  !.]  Turned  backwards,  reverted. 

a.  Path.  Of  the  uterus. 

1776  GARTHSHORE  in  Med.  Obs.  %  Inquiries  V.  381  The 
singular  and  dangerous  disease,  now  known  by  the  name  of 
retroverted  uterus.  1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  IV. 
108  Retroverted  womb.  Ibid.  129  It  is  this  which  consti 
tutes  a  retroverted  uterus.  1897  A  Mutt's  Syst.  Med.  III. 
835  Thus  the  bowel  may  be  compressed  by  a  retroverted  or 
retroflexed  uterus. 

b.  In  general  use. 

1828  Blackw.  Mag.  XXIV.  47  With  retroverted  eye,  open 
jaws,  and  blown  belly.  1842  MANNING  Serin,  iii.  (1848)  45 
Beware  of  a  retroverted  heart,  and  of  the  glancing  aside  of 
the  imagination.  1887  READE  Griffith  Gaunt  4  Glaring  out 
between  his  retroverted  ears. 

t  Retroyl,  ?  error  for  RECOIL  v. 

CI400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  8907  '  Thow  hast,'  he  seide, '  my 
men  defouled,  Me  and  myne  bakward  retroyled  '. 

t  Retru'de,  v. ,  Obs.  rare  -'.  [ad.  L.  retrud- 
fre.]  trans.  To  thrust  (something)  backward. 

1647  H.  MORK  Song  Soul  ii.  ii.  ii.  6  The  term  of  latitude 
is  breadthlesse  line;  A  point  the  line  doth  manfully retrude 
r  rom  infinite  processe. 

t  Retrirse,  a.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  retriis-us,  pa. 
pple,  of  rctriulere :  see  prec.]  Concealed,  recondite. 

1633  HEVWOOD  Hierarchy  n.  Comm.  80  To  thinke  it, 
Heauen  forbid  ;  Since  from  our  Frailties  'tis  Retruse  and 
hid.  1662  H.  MORE  Plulos.  Writ.  Pref.  Gen.  (1712)  7, 1  have 
a  sense  of  something  in  me.. which  I  must  confess  is  of  so 
retruse  a  nature,  that  I  want  a  name  for  it.  1697  J.  SER 
GEANT  Solid  Philos.  369  These  Maxims  lie  retruse  in  the 
most  Inmost  Recesses  of  our  Judging  or  Intellective  Power. 

Retrusion  (rttra^an).  rare.  [ad.  L.  type 
*retrusio,  n.  of  action  f.  retrudere :  see  RETRUDE  v.] 
The  action  of  putting  away  or  back. 

1657  REEVE  God's  Plea  x.  144  Oh.  .that  all  the  sins  of  the 
Land  without  diminution,  retrusion,  substraction,  could  be 
bewailed  in  our  lips  with  one  National  yell.  1826  COLE 
RIDGE  in  Lit.  Rein.  (1839)  IV.  2  Being  assumed  to  be  eternal, 
in  virtue  of  an  endless  remotion  or  retrusion  of  the  con 
stituent  cause. 

t  Retru'SS,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  F.  retrousser : 
see  TRUSS  v.}  trans.  To  put  or  take  on  (a  load) 
again ;  to  load  or  burden  again. 

1426  LYDG.  De  Guil.  Pilgr.  9899  Thow  mayst  nat  chesyn, 
111  certeyn,  Wyth-Innen  hym  to  entre  Ageyn,  Retrussen 
SP"!.  ..  recharge.  Ibid.  9944,  I  was  retrussyd,  £  a-geyn 
Wyth  the  body  that  I  kam  fro. 

Retrivst  (n-),  v.  rare -*.  [RE-  5 a.]  trans. 
To  trust  or  commit  again. 

1642  CHAS.  I  Answ.  to  19  Prop.  21  Affairs  of  State,  .being 
retrusted  to  some  close  Committee. 

Retry  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  try 
again,  in  various  senses  of  the  verb. 

a  1673  CARVL  in  Spurgeon  Treat.  David  Ps.  cxxxix.  23-4 
Now  he  would  be  re-tried  that  he  might  come  forth  purest 
gold.  1830  GEN.  P.  THOMPSON  Exerc.  (1842)  I.  289  ft  was 
not  long  before  an  opportunity  arose,  for  re-trying  the  old 
question.  1852  GROTE  Greece  n.  Ixxii.  IX.  280  Assuming 
the  same  experiment  to  have  been  retried  by  Sparta.  1887 
spectator  9  July  gI9/2  To  re-try  a  case  already  tried  by 
competent  authority. 

Retrycyan,  obs.  form  of  RHETORICIAN. 
Rette,  obs.  form  of  RATE  z>.2 


587 

|  Re'tted,///.  a.  [f.  RET  z/.2  +  -ED  1.]  Prepared 
by  retting. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  487,  loo  pounds  of  the  stalks  of 
retted  flax.. afford  from  45  to  48  pounds  of  broken  flax. 
1894  Times  12  Mar.  13/5  The  ordinary  retted  flax  is  fed  into 
the  breaker,  where  the  woody  portion  is  loosened  and 
partially  detached. 

Re'tter.     rare~l.     One  engaged  in  retting. 

1817  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  LXXXIII.  501,  I.  .see 
the  boys  bathe,  or  watch  the  retters  of  flax. 

Re'ttery.  Also  9  -ory,  raitory.  [f.  RET  v.% 
+  -ERY.]  A  place  where  flax  is  retted. 
'853  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XIV.  i.  197  Gaseous  exhalations, 
which  far  and  near  stamp  the  unpleasant  proximity  of  a 
rettery.  1865  W.  WHITE  K.  Eng.  II.  98  A  well-built  and 
well-conducted  rettory,  or  flax-dressing  establishment.  1883 
Times  24  Oct.  3  On  account  of  the  pestilential  emanations 
from  the  retteries. 

Re'tting,  vbl.  sb.  Also  S  raiting,  8-9  rating. 
[f.  RET  v.'-*  +  -ING  i.]  The  preparation  of  flax, 
etc.,  by  steeping  or  watering. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Raiting,  or  Rating,  the  laying 
of  hemp,  flax,  timber,  &c.  when  green,  in  a  pond,  or  running 
water,  to  season  and  dispose  it  for  future  uses.  1825  J. 
NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  416  The  hemp-plant.. has  to 
undergo  a  variety  of  processes.  The  first  of  these  is  retting, 
that  is,  exposing  it  to  the  action  of  the  dew,  or  water.  1883 
R.  HALHANE  Workshop  Rcc.  Ser.  n.  321/1  A  few  hours  then 
suffice  for  the  retting'or  maceration  of  the  gut. 
b.  attrib.,  as  rttting-grifund,  -pit,  -process. 

1788  W.  MARSHALL  Yorksh.  II.  74  The  'rating-ground', 
a  piece  of  unbroken  aftergrass,  where  the  sheaflets  are  un 
tied,  and  the  flax  spread  thin  upon  the  grass,  a  1825  FORBY 
Voc.  E.  Anglia,  Rettiug-pit,  a  pond  used  for  soaking  hemp. 
1883  Times  24  Oct.  3  Moreover  the  retting  process.. is  a 
delicate  operation. 

t  Re'ttish,  obs.  variant  of  RADISH. 

1638  A.  READ  Chirurg.  xv.  109  Iron  may  bee  hardened,  if 
it  be  quenched  in  vineger,  and  the  juyce  of  the  Rettish. 

Retu'be  (n-),  v.  [R.E-  5  c.]  trans.  To  pro 
vide  with  a  new  tube  or  tubes.  Hence  Ketu'bing. 

1864  Daily  Tel.  3  June,  The  150  breech-loader  7O-pounder 
guns.. will  be  retubed  with  a  bore  of  the  size  to  take  a  32 
Ib.  ball.  1879  Siege  .5-  Garrison  Arlill.  Excrc.  i.  8  It  is 
applied. .to  Mark  I.  and  II.  of  the  same  calibre  when  re- 
tubed.  1896  Daily  News  27  July  4/2  Complete  re-tubing 
of  any  boiler  can  be  readily  carried  out  without  shifting  its 
position. 

Retu-mble  (r/-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
tumble  or  roll  back  again. 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  in.  i.  67  As  if  a.. Leviathan 
himselfe  had  been  cast  a-shore,  and  could  not  retumble  his 
vast  hulk  into  the  maine  Sea  againe. 

Retume'SCence  (n-).  [RE-  5  a.]  Reswelling. 

1665  Phil.  Trans.  I.  115  Upon  the  like  conflux  and  re- 
tumescence  of  Waters,  they  are  absorbed. 

Retuud  (rfto-nd),  v.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  [ad.  L. 
retund-Zre,  f.  re-  RE-  +  tundere  to  beat,  strike.] 

1.  trans.  To  weaken   (some  physical  quality  or 


1657  TOMLINSON  Return's  Disp.  38  Watry  humidity  doth 
much  retund..the  strength.  1684^  tr.  Bonet's  Merc.  Coinpil. 
xix.  79o_  It  needs  no  other  Medicin  to  be  mixed  with  it  to 
retund  its  ill  quality.  1710  FULLER  Phann.  Extctnp.  308 
The  Pectoral  Decoction  . .  retunds  the  Acrimony  of  the 
Blood,  a  1734  NORTH  Examen  \.  ii.  |  85  To  try  if  any 
Thing  would  retund  the  Efficacy  of  that  mishapen  Engine 
of  Mischief. 

2.  To  beat  back,  repress  (malice,  etc.). 

1642  NEWCO.MEN  Craft  Ch.  Advers.  (1643)  12  God  could 
..retund   even   the  Devills  own  malice,      a  1677   BARROW 
Serin.  (1686)  II.  499  Hence  we  see  how  we  may  retund  the 
importunity  of  the  Macedonians. 
b.  To  put  down  or  refute. 

I6S3GATAKER  Vind.  Annot.  Jer.  41  Mentioned  onely  to 
retund  a  litle  this  mans  insolent  vauntings.  1678  CUDWORTH 
Intell.  Syst.  627  This  ignorant  and  conceited  confidence  of 
both  may  be  retunded  and  confuted  from  hence.  Ibid.  869 
We_have  Sufficiently  retunded  the  Force  of  that  Objection 
against  the  Ingenerabilityof  all  Souls,  a  1734  NORTH  Lives 
(1826)  I.  6  Calumny  which  riseth  after  a  mari  s  death. .needs 
most  a  friend  to  retund  it. 

3.  To  dull  or  blunt  (the  edge  of  a  weapon). 
1691  RAY  Creation  n.  (1692)  12  To  quench  and  dissipate 

the  force  of  any  stroke  that  shall  be  dealt  it,  and  retund  the 
edge  of  any  Weapon.  1724  WARUURTON  Tracts  (1789)  9 
Now, — was  thy  Sword  employed,,  .in  whose  Quarrel  was  its 
Edge  retunded  >  1795  SOUTHEY  Joan  of  Arc  vn.  594  How 
then  might  shield,  or  breast-plate,  or  close  mail  Retund  its 
edge? 

fig.  1702  C.  MATHER  Magn.  Chr.  n.  App.  (1852)  171  None 
of  all  these  things  could  retund  the  edge  of  his  expectations 
to  find  the  wreck. 

4.  To  drive  or  force  back. 

1654  VILVAIN  Epit.  Ess.  v.  ix.  94  Jordan  and  Ouse  two 
Rivers  were  retunded  Whos  waters  som  space  stood  on  both 
parts  sundred.  1668  H.  MORE  Div.  Dial.  n.  xxii.  (1713) 
158  Like  the  Beams  of  the  Sun,  that  retunded  from  this 
Body  are  received  by  another,  and  nothing  is  lost.  1709 
BERKELEY  Th.  Vision  §  69  Vapours  and  exhalations  fitted 
to  retund  and  intercept  the  rays  of  light. 

Retiviie  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  tune 
(a  musical  instrument)  again.  Also  fig.  and  transf. 

1606  SYLVESTER  Du  Bar/as  n.  iv.  Trophies  1040  Whose 
sacred  Art  retuneth  excellent  This  rarely-sweet  celestial! 
Instrument,  a  1711  KEN  Hymnarium  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II. 
119  Their  Discords  in  God's  Praise  unite,  Retun'd  by 
providential  Might,  a  1806  H.  K.  WHITE  Poems  (1837)  84 
Retune  thy  strings  for  Jesus'  sake.  1890  Spectator  i  Feb., 
War,  which  may  retune  the  nerves  of  the  people  and  bleed 
out  their  fullness  of  habit. 


RETURN. 

BetuTf  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  lay 
with  new  turf. 

1850  '  BAT  '  Cricket.  Man.  83  A  great  portion  of  this  has 
been  re-turfed.  1895  Daily  N  civs  6  July  5/5  Here  also  the 
ground  has  been  returfed. 

B»eturge*scency.  ran  -1.  [RE-  5  a.]  The 
fact  of  becoming  turgid  again. 

1664  H.  POWER  Exf.  Philos.  95  The  most  full  evidence 
against  this  pretended  vacuity  is  from  the  returgescency  of 
the  empty  bladder  suspended  in  this  vacuity. 

Return  (r/t/Jun),  sb.  Also  4-7  retorn,  5-6 
retorne ;  4  retourn,  5  7  retourne,  returne. 
[a.  AF.  retorn,  retourn,  return,  vbl.  sb.  f.  re- 
torner,  etc.  :  see  next.  Cf.  Sp.  and  Pg.  rctorno^ 
It.  ritorno,  and  F.  retourne  fern.] 

I.  1.  The  act  of  coming  back  to  or  from  a  place, 
person,  or  condition,  f  To  make  return,  to  return, 
to  come  back. 

1390  GOWKR  Cotif,  III.  230  Sowerethei  for  everemoOf  no 
retorn  withoute  espeir  Departed  fro  the  rihtfull  heir.  1413 
Pilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton,  1483)  v.  xiii.  104  The  seconde  retorne 
was  fro  dethe  to  the  lyf,.  .the  thyrdde  retourne  was  fro  erthe 
in  to  lieuene.  c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  xlvi.  177  Pray- 
eng  humbly  that  a  goode  retorne  &  a  shorte  he  myght  make. 
a  1533  LD.  BEKNERS  Huon  Ixvi.  226, 1  wyl  leue  it  here  with 
you  to  kepe  tyll  my  retourne.  1588  J.  MELI.IS  Briefe  Instr. 
Fvlj,  Note  that  yee  register  as  well  the  day  you  send  your 
letters,  as  the  returne  of  them.  1626  BACON  NetvAtl.(iyx>)  15 
Wee  never  heard  tell . .  of  any  Shipp . .  that  had  made  returne 
from  them.  1670  \ztli  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  V. 
15  Uppon  the  King's  returne  from  his  recreations  att  New- 
marketL  1725  N.  ROBINSON  Th.  Physick  161  The  Languid- 
ness  of  the  Blood's  Motion  in  its  Return  from  nourishing 
the  Body.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  FoolofQual.  (1809)  III.  147 
When  our  company  were  on  the  return  to  their  lodgings. 
1845  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  24  Immediately  on  my  return 
to  Rouen,  I  put  one  of  the  packages  into  the  hands  of  the 
servants.  1874  GKKKN  Short  Hist.  viii.  §  3.  479  His  return 
was  the  signal  for  a  burst  of  national  joy. 

pl'  15I3  DOUGLAS  sEneis  v.  x.  69  Sindry  coursis  and  re- 
turnis  maid  thai.  1612-24  Capt.  Smith's  Wks.  (Arb.)  429 
In  our  returnes  we  visited  all  our  friends.  1686  tr.  Chardins 
Trav,  Persia  no  It  was  late,  and  the  Vessels  rid  about  a 
mile  from  the  shoar ;  nor  could  they  make  above  two  Re 
turns.  1721  BRADLEY  Fliilos.Acc.  Wks.  Nat.  15  They  may 
probably  be  assisted  in  their  Vegetation  by  the  frequent 
Returns  of  the  Sea  Water. 

fb.   Coach  of  return,  a  return  vehicle.    Obs.~~l 

1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  i.  7  If  a  man  goe  thence  to  Luneburg, 
he  may  easily  light  on  a  coach  of  returne  at  a  lesse  rate. 

c.  In  phr.  by  (fM^)  return,  by  return  of  '(f  the} 
post.     (See  POST  sb.'*  8  c.) 

1643  FULLER  Holy  fy  Prof.  St.  v.  xviii.  14  And,  by  the 
next  return,  the  news  would  be,  that  it  was  fallen  off.  1753 
HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  I.  vn.  xcii.  422  By  the  return  of  the 
post  he  may  expect  an  answer.  1812  in  Col.  Hawker  Diary 
(1893)  I.  56  You  may  answer  letters  by  return  of  post.  1885 
Bookseller  July  650/2,  I  wrote  to  the  publisher,  and  had 
the  book  sent  to  me  by  return. 

d.  A  signal  for  return.  rare~l. 

1835  LYTTON  Rienzi  i.  i,  What  ho,  there—'  sound  a  return ' ! 

e.  ellipt.  A  return-ticket.     (Now  common.) 
1868  Routledges  Ev.  Boy's  Ann.  250,  I  just  arrived  in 

time  to  catch  the  train,  and  took  a  return  for  C— . 

f.  ellipt.  (See  quots.) 

1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal  Mining  202  Return^  the  air- 
course  along  which  the  vitiated  air  of  the  mine  is  returned 
or  conducted  back  to  the  upcast  shaft.  1894  Lah.  Commis 
sion  Gloss.,  Returns,  an  abbreviation  for  return  airways,  i.e., 
the  passages  through  which  the  air  passes  to  the  upcast  shaft. 
2.  The  fact  of  (a  certain  time  or  thing)  recurring 
or  coming  round  again  ;  "f1  a  spell  of  some  action. 

1589  GREENE  Menaphon  (Arb.)  30  The  hope  of  times  re 
turne  shal  be  the  ende  of  my  thoughts.  1611  BIBLE  i  Kings 
xx.  22  At  the  returne  of  the  yeere,  the  king  of  Syria  will 
come  vp  against  thee.  a  1706  EVELYN  Hist.  Relig.  (1850)  I. 
26  Contemplate  we  the  periodical  returns  of  the  equinoxes 
and  solstices.  1709  POPE  Ess.  Crit.  349  While  they  ring 
round  the  same  unvary'd  chimes  With  sure  returns  of  still- 
expected  rhymes.  1763  J.  BROWN  Poetry  fy  Mus.  iii.  35 
The  Dance  is  composed  of  several  Returns  :  Each  Return 
lasts  till  the  Dancers  are  out  of  Breath.  1855  HOPKINS 
Organ  209  A  '  return  '  or  '  repeat '  is  caused  in  the  series  of 
Pedal  sounds.  Ibitt.t The..* return  '  that  takes  place  on  the 
half-octave  of  keys  below.  1887  BANISTER  Mus.  Anal.  i.  5 
The  third  part  of  the  movement.. is  the  Recapitulation 
indicated  by  the  return  of  the  (first)  Subject. 

b.  In  phr.  to  ivish  (one)  many  (Ji&ppy)  re 
turns  of  the  day,  or  variations  of  this. 

1779  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Aston  2  Jan.,  Now  the  new 
year  is  come,  of  which  I  wish  you  and  dear  Mrs.  Gastrel 
many  and  many  returns.  1821  LAMB  Elia.  Ser.  i.  All  Fools' 
Day,  Many  happy  returns  of  this  day  to  you.  1846  DICKENS 
Battle  of  Life  i,  The  notion  of  wishing  happy  returns  in 
such  a  farce  as  this.. is  good  !  1870  —  E.  Drood  ii,  We 
must  drink  Many  happy  returns  to  her. 
3.  The  recurrence  or  renewal  of  some  condi 
tion  ;  esp.  a  recrudescence  or  renewed  attack  of 
illness  or  indisposition. 

1648  DUNCON  (/zW*),The  Retvrns  of  Spiritual  comfort  and 
grief  In  a  Devout  Soul.  Represented  by  entercourse  of 
Letters  to..  Ladie. .  Falkland.  x68a  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Chr. 
Mor.  n.  xi,  To  continue  us  in  goodness  there  must  be 
iterated  returns  of  misery.  1694  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857) 
III.  403  The  King  had  yesterday  some  returns  of  his  ague. 
1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  n.  (Globe)  320  Like  the  Returns  of  a 
violent  Distemper,  [it]  came  on  with  an  Irresistible  Force. 
1797  Monthly  Mag.  III.  23  It  was  the  return  of  the  frost 
that  did  all  the  mischief.  1840  Miss  MITFORD  in  L'Estrange 
Life  (1870)  III.  vii.  108,  I  am  better,  but  have  had  two  or 
three  returns  of  sickness.  1879  HARLAN  Eyesight  vi.  69  Old 
people  who  have  been  using  glasses.. are  sometimes  sur 
prised  by  a  return  of  the  ability  to  read  without  them. 

74-2 


RETURN. 

II.  4.  A  side  or  part  which  falls  away,  usually 
at  right  angles,  from  the  front  or  direct  line  of  any 
work  or  structure. 

a.  In  cornices,  pilasters,  windows,  etc. 
1450  Script.  Tres  (Surtees)  p.  cccxxv,  Pro  factura,..re- 
tournes,  corbels,  transowms.      1665  J.  WEBB  Stonc-Hcng 
(1725)  88  The  Pylasterswere  by  the  Tool  and  Mallet  wrought, 
-  -  " :-  -ome  of  them 


588 

o.  The  fact  of  bringing  value  in  exchange, 


1815  I.  NICHOLSON  Optrat.  Mechanic  616  Internal  and 
external  mitres,  and  small  returns,  or  breaks,  are  afterwards 
modelled  and  filled  up  by  hand.  1859  RUSKIN  Perspective 
ix.  106  The  lines  which  regulate  the  inner  sides  or  returns  of 
the  windows.. are  drawn  to  the  vanishing-point. 

b.  In  appendages  to,  or  minor  parts  of,  build 
ings,  walls,  or  other  structures. 

1463  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  15  My  body  to  be  beryed  by 
the  awter  of  Seynt  Martyn..vnder  the  percloos  of  the  re- 
tournc  of  the  candilbeem.  1718  S.  SEWALL  Diary  23  Feb., 
The  Return  of  the  Gallery  where  Mr.  Franklin  sat  was  a 
place  very  Convenient  for  it.  1771  C.  HUTTON  Bridgts  87 
They  [sc.  abutments)  must  be  well  reinforced  with  proper 


to  this  branch.    1897  F.  J.  BURGOYNE  Library  Constr.  218 
A  counter  with  returns  running  across  it. 

O.  A  wing  or  side  of  a  building ;  T  a  side-street. 
1615  BACON  Ess.,  Building  (Arb.)  549,1  vnderstand_  both 


tourne..in  length  fifty  and  two  foot.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Kss. 
Waters  II.  104  Cheltenham  is  a  village,  .with  a  very  few 
returns  and  lanes  or  adjoining  houses.  1814  Reg.  Park  28 
Keeping  free  the  terminations  of  the  streets  and  the  returns 
of  the  houses.  1839  Civil  Eng.  %  Arch.  Jrnl.  II.  249/1 
Architects  often  fail  from  the  poverty  and  meagreness  of  the 
masses  and  returns.  They  compose  their  buildings  out  of 
screens  and  facades. 

5.  A  bend  or  turn  (in  a  line,  etc.) ;  a  portion 
extending  between  two  bends  (see  qnot.  1859). 

1655  MARQ.  WORC.  Cent.  Inv.  §  3  A  Cypher  and  Character 
so  contrived  that  one  line,  without  returns  and  circumflexes, 
stands  for  each  and  every  of  the  24  Letters.  1731  Phil. 
Trans.  XXXVII.  29  We  then  put  up  a  Line  that  was  666 
Feet  in  Length,  by  eight  Returns.  1859  F.  A.  GRIFHTHS 
A  rtil.  Man.  (1862)  107  Each  separate  part  of  the  fall  con 
tained  between  two  blocks,  or  between  either  extremity  and 
a  block,  is  called  '  a  return  of  the  fall '.  1892  Span's  Work 
shop  Rec.  Ser.  v.  379/1  To  prevent,  .twisting,  a  bar  is  some 
times  placed  through  a  part  of  the  blocks,  or  at  right  angles 
to  the  '  returns '  close  to  the  block. 

b.  A  bend,  turn,  or  winding  in  a  stream,  trench, 
gallery,  etc.  ?  Obs. 

1681  CHETHAM  Angler's  Vade-m.  x.  §  r  Sometimes  in  the 
Eddies  betwixt  two  Streams  and  in  the  Returns  of  a  stream  he 
lies.  1702-11  Mil.  fy  Sea  Diet.,  Returns  of  tlie  Trench,  the 
several  Bendings  and  Oblique  Lines  of  the  Trenches,  drawn 
in  some  measure  parallel  to  the  sides  of  the  Place  attack'd. 
1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Trench,  This  carrying  of  the 
trenches  obliquely,  they  call  carrying  them  by  coudees,  or 
returns.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet,  s.v..  Returns  of  a  mine,  are 
the  turnings  and  windings  of  the  gallery  leading  to  the  mine. 
Ibid.,  These  returns,  when  followed,  make  a  long  way  from 
the  end  of  the  trench  to  the  head. 

6.  A  consignment  or  cargo,  an  aggregate  or  class 
of  commodities,  which  comes  back  (to  one)  in 
exchange  for  merchandise  sent  out  as  a  trading 
venture  ;  the  value  or  profits  represented  by  this. 
(Now  merged  in  next.) 

1543-4  Act  35  Hen.  VIII,  c.  7  §  i  The  sayde  venturers . . 
abyde  a  greate  tyme  before  they  can  haue  any  returne  to 


his  Store.  1663  GERBIER  Counsel  log  A  very  gainful!  re 
turne  of  Amber  Greese  and  vendible  commodities  in  exchange 
of  Iron  Tools.  1717  BOLINGBROKE  Let.  to  IVindham  (1889) 
23  The  merchant  who  brought  riches  home  by  the  returns 
of  foreign  trade.  1758  BINNELL  Descr.  Thames  13  How 
abounding  in  its  Merchandize !  And  how  immensely  rich  in 
its  Produce  or  Returns  !  1853  PRESCOTT  Philip  If,  i.  viii. 
(1857)  139  Forced  loans  were  exacted  from  individuals, 
especially  from  such  as  were  known  to  have  received  large 
returns  by  the  late  arrivals  from  the  New  World. 
fig.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  vi.  (1739)  14  Their 
merchandise  was  made  of  the  Policies  and  Councils  of  all 
Kingdoms  and  States,  and  such  returns  proceeded  as  were 
still  subservient  to  the  Roman  interest.  1747  CHESTER*'. 
Lett.  cxix.  (1792)  I.  322  Pain  and  shame,  instead  of  pleasure, 
are  the  returns  of  their  voyage. 

b.  Pecuniary  value  resulting  to  one  from  the 
exercise  of  some  trade  or  occupation  ;  gain,  profit, 
or  income,  in  relation  to  the  means  by  which  it  is 
produced;  also  (in//.),  proceeds,  results. 

1691  LOCKE  Lowering  Interest,  etc.  Wks.  1714  II.  9  If  the 
Merchant's  Return  be  more  than  his  Vse,  (which  'tis  certain 
it  is,  or  else  he  will  not  Trade).  1776  ADAM  SMITH  IV.  N. 
n.  v.  (1869)  !•  373  The  returns  of  the  foreign  trade  of  con 
sumption  are  very  seldom  so  quick  as  those  of  the  home 
trade.  1804  T.  THORNTON  Sporting  Tmr(iSg6)  83  Returns 
of  the  day :  six  snipes  and  one  duck.  1833  Mr.  MARTINEAU 
Manc/i.  Stride  v.  58  Vour  wages  consist  of  the  proportion 
you  receive  of  the  return  brought  by  the  article  you  manu- 
•CtSur,e'  I88J  Lxm  T"'<"  2°  Oct-  410/1  The  Profession 
will  always  afford  at  least  a  sufficient  return  to  the  really 
competent  man. 

fit-  1650  JER.  TAYLOR  Holy  Living  i.  Inlrod.,  From  the 
few  hours  we  spend  in  prayer.,  the  return  is  great  and 
profitable.  1748  GRAY  Alliance  34  The  soft  returns  of  Grati 
tude  they  know. 


quick  return.    A  pi 
co-instantaneous. 

7.  Mohammedan  Law  :  (see  quot.  1825). 

1815  MACNAGHTEN  .Mooham.  Law  23  The  return  is  where 
there  being  no  residuaries,  the  surplus,  after  the  distribution 
of  the  shares,  returns  to  the  sharers.  1895  SIR  R.  K.  WILSON 
Digest  Anglo-Mnham.  Law  viii.  §  238.  201  The  wife  or 
husband  of  the  deceased  has  no  share  in  the  Return  as 
against  '  Distant  Kindred  '. 

III.  8.  The  act,  on  the  part  of  a  sheriff,  of 
sending  back  a  writ  to  the  court  from  which  it 
issued,  together  with  a  statement  of  how  far  he 
had  been  able  to  carry  out  its  instructions  ;  hence, 
the  report  of  a  sheriff  upon  any  writ  directed  to 
him.  Also  //.,  forms  for  making  such  reports 
(quot.  1620). 

1419  Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  346/1  Touching  the  retourne,  ser- 
vise,  and  alle  executions  of  the  Writtcs,  Processe  and  Jugge- 
mentz,  in  and  of  the  saide  actions.  1458  Coventry  Leet  Bk. 
(E.E.T.S.)  303  pat  the  shirrifs  of  bis  Citie  from  hensfurth 
fauour  all  maner  persones  of  bis  Citie  in  makyng  their  re- 
turnes  as  ferre  as  they  goodely  may  savyng  theym  self. 
1541-3  Act  34  ff  35  Hen.  VIII,  c.  27  §  79  The  shirefe  shall 
haue  for  the  retourne  of  euery  such  byll  foure  pence.  1581 
LAMBARDE  Eiren,  n.  ii.  (1588)  n6Then  must  the  lustice  of 
the  Peace,  .make  retourne  of  the  Writ.  1620  J.  WILKINSON 
Coroners  «t  Sherifes  56  You  shal  find  in  this  booke  good 
retorns  for  all  maner  of  writs  now  in  use, ..and  also  apt 
retornsof  all  your  Exchequer  proces.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist. 
IX.  x.  184  Any  person  whom  (ill  discretion)  they  suspected 
to  have  dealt  lewdly,  about  any  Writ,  Returne,  entrie  of 
Rule,  pleading,  or  any  such  like  Matter.  1712  ARBUTHNOT 
John  Bull  i.  xi,  Fees  . .  for  Enrollings,  Exemplifications, 
Bails,  Vouchers,  Returns.  1810  BENTKAM  Packing  (1821) 
161  The  sheriff  was  and  is  the  person,  by  whom,  in  all  cases, 
what  is  called  the  return,  was  and  is  made.  1884  Law  Rep. 
25  Chanc.  Div.  341  The  sheriff.,  made  a  return  of  nulla 
bona  to  the  writ  of  ft.  fa. 

b.  Day  of  (the)  return,  =  RETURN  DAY.  Also 
with  ellipse  of  day. 

1455  Rolls  ofParlt.  V.  336/1  Yf  at  eny  of  the  seid  daies  of 
retourne,  it  be  retourned  by  the  seid  Shireffes.  1472  Ima. 
VI.  52/r  At  the  day  and  dales  of  the  retourne  conteyned  in 
the  same  Writte  and  Writtes.  1531  Dial,  on  Laws  Eng.  II. 111. 
8  So  longe  daye  of  returne  that  fyue  counties  myghte  be  holden 
before  the  returne  therof.  1703  Modern  Cases_  (1716)  59 
He  coming  in  upon  a  Habeas  Corpus,  and  pleading  to  the 
Writ,  at  the  Day  of  the  Retorn  of  it,  the  Court  could  not 
deny  his  Plea.  1768  BLACKSTONE  CottuH.  III.  275  The  day 
.  .on  which  the  sheriff  is  to  bring  in  the  writ  and  report  how 
far  he  has  obeyed  it,  is  called  the  return  of  the  writ. 
C.  el lipt.  (See  quots.) 

1577  HARRISON  England  m  Holiaslied(\s^T>  '•  i?i  A  per 
fect  rule  to  know  the  beginning  and  ending  of  euerie  terme, 
with  their  returnes.  1607  COWELL  Intcrpr.  s.v.,  Hilary 
terme  is  said  to  haue  4  returnes, . .  and  Easter  terme  to  haue 
5  returnes.  1669  STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  n.  101  Each  of 
these  Terms  hath  several  Returns,  and  each  Return  hath 
four  Days  belonging  to  it.  \fA^Spelman'sLnw  Terms  §11.6 
The  Eight  days  wherein  the  Court  of  the  Exchequer  sits, 
..are  to  be  accounted  as  parts  of  the  Terms,  for  that  they 
fall  within  the  first  Return.  1830  Act  i  Will.  IVc.  70!  6  In 
Easter  Term  there  shall  be  but  four  Returns  instead  of  five. 

9.  The  official  report  made  by  a  returning  officer 
(originally  the  sheriff)  as  to  the  election  of  a 
member  or  members  of  Parliament ;  hence,  the 
fact  of  being  elected  to  sit  in  Parliament. 

t  Double  return,  the  fact  of  two  or  more  candidates  being 
provisionally  returned. 

1459  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  367/1  For  eny  maner  elections  of 
Knyghtes, .  .and  for  Retournes  of  the  same,  and  for  almaner 
Retournes  of  Citezeyns  and  Burgeyses  in  their  severall 
Shires,  for  this  present  Parlement. 

1698  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  IV.  409  Elections  since 
my  Iast...Weobley,  Mr.  Price,  Mr. Thomas  Foley,  and  Mr. 
Birch,  it  being  a  double  return.  1736  Gentl.  Mag.  VI.  437/2 
A  Petition.. complaining  of  an  undue  Election  and  Return 
for  the  said  County,  was  presented  to  the  House.  1769 
BURKE  Late  St.  Nat.  Wks.  II.  140  How  will  this  great 
politician  preserve  the  rights  of  electors,  the  fairness  of 


and  qualifications  of  its  own  members.  1827  HALLAM  Const. 
Hist.  xvi._(i876)  III.  273The  house  of  Commons  had  an  un 
doubted  right  of  determining  all  disputed  returns  to  the  writ 
of  election.  1853  LYTTON  My  Novel  I.  x,  Having  procured 
Audley's  return  to  Parliament.  Ibid.  XI.  v,  Audley  Egerton 
hadno  chance  of  return  for  hisown  seat.  1863  H. Cox  Instit. 
i.  viii.  114  The  return,  is  made  by  indenture,  which  names 
the  persons  chosen,  is  signed  and  sealed,  and  returned  to  the 
Crown  office  in  Chancery,  tacked  to  the  writ  itself. 

t  b.  A  response  to  a  demand ;  a  reply  to  a  letter 
or  dispatch.  Obs. 

1640  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  (1692)  I.  in.  45  The  King's 
Remembrancer.. shall  make  a  Certificate  of  the  last  Sub 
sidy,  as  it  was  Assessed  upon  the  several  Counties,.. and 
to  Certifie  the  Returns  of  every  County.  1652  NEEDHAM  tr. 
Selden's  Mare  Cl.  471  In  a  letter  of  the  said  Ambassador., 
wee  find  this  Return,  touching  the  business  of  the  Fisherie. 
1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  ix.  r43  The  true  estate  of  Ecclesias 
tical!  affairs . .  may  be  extracted  out  of  the  following  dis 
patches,  and  their  returns. 

c.  A  report  of  a  formal  or  official  character 
giving  information  as  to  the  numbers,  amounts, 
etc.,  of  the  subjects  of  inquiry;  a  set  of  statistics 
compiled  by  order  of  some  authority. 

1756  WASHINGTON  Lett.  Writ.  1889  I.  398  A  return  of  the 
stores  at  this  place  is  enclosed.  1787  NELSON  4  July  in 
Nicolas  Dist.  (1845)  1. 241  Having  given  Commodore  Parker  a 
Return  of  the  Squadron  and  the  services  they  were  employed 


RETURN. 

upon.  «8o8  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1835)  IV.  i«  You 
will  direct  the  regiments  to  make  returns  for  the  number  of 
canteens  and  havresacks  that  they  may  require.  1863  H. 
Cox  Instit.  I.  ix.  154  Many  accounts  and  papers  are  obtained 
from  public  departments  as  returns  to  orders  of  either  House. 
1871  C.  DAVIES  Metric  Syst.  in.  284  The  table  of  a  return 
from  the  various  Custom  houses. 

transf.  1784  J.  BARRY  Led.  Art  vi.  (1848)  206  The  con 
traction  or  extension  of  our  sphere  of  vision  depends  upon 
other  considerations  than  the  simple  return  of  our  mere 
natural  optics. 

10.  fa-  Recovery  of  something  taken.  Obs. 
1544  Ld.  Hertford's  Exptd.  Scot.  (1798)  15,  Ix  oxen  [were] 

brought  away  :  for  y°  retorne  wherof  a  nomber  of  Scottysh- 
men  pursued  very  ernestly. 

b.  Restoration  (/something  to  a  person  ;  spec. 
in  Law  (see  quots.). 

1641  Termes  tie  la  Ley  241  Then  hee  that  tooke  the  dis- 
tresse  shall  have  againe  the  distresse,  and  that  is  called  the 
returne  of  the  beasts.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  Re. 
titrnum  irreplegiabile,  is  a  Writ.,  for  the  final  restitution  or 
return  of  Cattle  to  the  Owner,  unjustly  taken  by  another. 
1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  423/2  Return  of  Cattle,  £c.  is  a  term 
applied  to  the  restoration  of  cattle,  &c.  distrained,  to  the 
party  by  whom  they  were  distrained,  after  it  has  been  ascer 
tained  that  the  distress  was  rightfully  taken. 

11.  The  act  of  giving,  or  (more  usually)  that 
which  is  given  or  received,  by  way  of  recompense, 
acknowledgement,  or  reciprocity. 

111543  WYATT  in  Toilets  Misc.  (Arb.)  92  By  which  re 
turne  be  sure  to  winne  a  cant  Of  halfe  at  least.  1602 
SMAKS.  Hani.  n.  ii.  60  King.  What  from  our  Brother 
NorweyV  Volt.  Most  faire  returne  of  Greetings,  and 
Desires.  1668  DAVENANT  Man's  the  Master  in.  ii,  That's  a 
valuable  return  of  intelligence  from  us  for  what  he  gave  of 
himself.  1700  ROWE  Amt.  Step- Moth.  i.  i,  You  out-bid  my 
Service  And  all  returns  are  vile,  but  Words  the  poorest. 
1788  GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  xliv.  IV.  395  A  grateful  return  is 
due  to  the  author  of  a  benefit.  1807  SOUTHEY  Lett,  (i  850)  1 1 1. 
106  Mr.  Aikin  has  sent  me  no  returns  either  for  this  year's 
reviewing  or  the  last.  1884  Manch.  Exam.  17  May  4/7  The 
Church  does  not  get.  .any  adequate  return  for  the  sacrifices 
she  is  compelled  to  make. 

b.  The  yield  of  some  productive  thing  considered 
in  relation  to  the  original  amount  or  expenditure. 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  409  In  some  Grounds  which  are 
strong,  you  shall  haue  a  Raddish,  etc.  come  in  a  month ;  That 
in  other  grounds  will  not  come  in  two;  And  so  make  double 
Returnes.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg .  Ceorg.  n.  642  The  Swain .. 
Receives  his  easy  Food  from  Nature's  Hand,  And  just 
Returns  of  cultivated  Land.  1710  PRIDEAUX  Orig.  Tithes 
ii.  105  Wheat.. produceth  ten  Bushels  in  the  return.  1764 
BURN  Poor  Laws  156  One  loom,  .will  make  fourteen  returns 
the  first  year  of  cloth  ready  for  sale,  and  sixteen  returns 
every  year  after.  1799  J.  ROBERTSON  Agric.  Perth  174  One 
hundred  and  twenty  one  bolls,  an  acre,  being  thirty-eight 
returns  of  the  quantity  of  seed  planted.  1886  C.  SCOTT 
Sheep-farming  Introd.  p.  xvi,  In  the  course  of  a  year  they 
give  two  returns, — the  lamb,  and  the  fleece. 

c.  In  phr.  in  return. 

1607  SHAKS.  Timon.  iv.  iii.  517  As  rich  men  deale  Guifts, 
Expecting  in  returne  twenty  for  one.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe 
l.  (Globe)  309,  I  wrote  to  my  old  Friend  at  Lisbon,  who  in 
Return  gave  me  Notice,  that  he  could  easily  dispose  of  it 
there.  1754  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  iv.  (1812)  I.  289  In  return  he 
promised  that  he  would  assist  his  brother.  1781  COWPER 
Charity  92  No  land  but  listens  to  the  common  call,  And  in 
return  receives  supply  from  all.  1827  ROBERTS  Voy.  Centr. 
Anter.  68  The  Indians,  .brought  me  a  present,,  .and  in 
return,  I  induced  my  friends  to  follow.  1896  Law  Times 
C.  360/2  He  paid  his  fare  to  the  conductor,  and  in  return 
received  a  ticket. 

d.  In  return  for,  t  "f>  or  t  to. 

1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalini's  Pol.  Touchstone  (1674)  268 
In  return  of  so  prostrated  a  patience.  1749  FIELDING  Tom 
Jones  vi.  i,  In  return  to  all  these  concessions,  I  desire  [etc.J. 
1760-72  H.  V,wx>Ke.FoolofQnal.  (1809)  III.  143  Herearefive 

tuineas  in  return  of  the  pleasure  you  have  given  me.  1793 
MEATON  Edjtstonc  L.  §  249  In  return  for  our  continued 
interruption . . ,  our  works  had  an  uninterrupted  progression 
for  eighteen  days.  1840  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  xliii,  They 
covered  her,  in  return  for  her  exertions,  with  some  pieces  of 
sail-cloth  and  ends  of  tarpaulin.  1857  LIVINGSTONE  T 'rav. 
x.  196  A  present  is  usually  given  in  return  for  the  hospitality. 
12.  A  reply,  answer,  or  retort.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 
1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  n.  iv.  127  If  my  Father  render  faire 
returne,  It  is  against  my  will,  a  1617  SIR  J.  MELVIL  Mem. 
(1683)34, 1  answered  as  I  thought  most  pertinent.  When  he 
had  heard  my  returns,  he  was  pleased  to  say  [etc.],  1677 
YARRANTON  Eng.  Improv.  104  If  any  Gentleman,  .please  to 
put  Pen  to  Paper,  in  opposition  to  what  is  here  asserted ; 
I  shall  give  him  a  Civil  return.  1702  C  MATHER  Magn. 
Chr.  vil.  16/2  Unto  those  Replies  he  gave  Returns ;  and 
unto  those  Returns  the  Synod  gave  Rejoinders.  1751 
HARRIS  Hermes  Wks.  (1841)  161  Whose  verses  are  these? 
the  return  is  a  sentence,  These  are  verses  of  Homer.  1796 
MRS.  E.  PARSONS  Myst.  Warning  III.  260  They  had  no 
return  to  the  letters  they  had  written. 

b.  A  thrust,  stroke,  volley,  etc.,  given  in  reply 
to  one  from  an  opponent  or  enemy. 

1703  BLACKWELL  Fencing-Master  15  These  are  the  Returns 
upon  those  Thrusts  without  Faints.  1809  RoLAND/V««Xr 
60  Being  much  nearer  your  adversary's  body  to  deliver  your 
return  (called  the  riposte).  1837  MARRYAT  Pen.  AMWXBi 
The  Stella  was  put  about,  and  the  other  broadside  given 
without  a  return  from  her  opponent.  1863  WHYTE-MELVILLE 
Gladiators  I.  30  If  your  guard  is  an  inch  too  high,  your 
return  a  thought  top  slow. 

o.  Card-playing.    (Cf.  RETURN  v .  2 1  c.) 

1742  HOYLE  Whist  16  You  may  wait  to  finess  your  Ten 
upon  the  Return  of  Trumps  from  your  Partner.  1830 
'  EIDRAH  TREBOR  '  Hoyle  Made  Familiarly  You  may  wait 
the  return  of  that  suit.  Ibid.  19  Wait  the  return  from  your 
partner. 

d.  The  act  of  sending  back  to  one. 

1841  HOPE-SCOTT  in  Ornsby  Mem.  (i  884)  1 1. 3  Your  speedy 
reply  and  return  of  my  proofs  was  very  kind.  1897  [see  15). 


BETUEN. 

e.  The  act  of  returning  (a  ball)  to  an  opponent 
or  to  another  player  ;  skill  in  doing  this. 

1886  Field  19  June  794/1,  Mr.  R.  D.  Walker  seemed  for 
once  to  have  lost  his  power  of  return.  1891  GRACE  Cricket 
258  The  first-named  had  a  wonderfully  good  return,  and 
knew,  .at  which  end  there  was  a  greater  chance  of  a  run-out. 
1897  Sportsman  16  Dec.,  The  return,  .being  a  poor  one,  the 
first  '  scrum  '  was  formed  on  the  Oxford  '  25 '. 

13.  The  act  of  bringing  a  thing  back  to  a  former 
position. 

1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  294  In  admiration  we  hold 
the  hand  up, ..with  all  the  fingers  closed,  which  in  the 
returne  we  do  both  spread  and  turn  in  one  motion.  1787 
BKST  Angling  (ed.  2)  122  Wave  the  rod  in  a  small  circum 
ference  round  your  head,  and  never  make  a  return  of  it 
before  it  has  had  it's  full  scope.  1867  F.  FRANCIS  Angling 
vii.  (1880)  277  In  bringing  out  the  line  behind  over  the 
shoulder,  the  return  must  not  be  made  so  abruptly. 
b.  A  part  of  a  ribbon-loom.  (See  quot.) 

1782  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  IX.  6711/2  The  returning-sticks, 
or  as  others  call  them,  the  returns,  or  the  tumblers,  or 
pulleys,  to  which  the  tires  are  tied,  to  clear  the  course  of 
cords  through  the  high-lisses. 

14.  //.  a.  Refuse-tobacco  (obs.~).   In  later  use,  a 
mild,  light-coloured  tobacco  for  smoking. 

1789  Evidence  Comm.  for  repealing  Duties  on  Tobacco  1 50 
The  returns  are  the  edges  of  the  boxes  after  they  are  gone 
through  the  engines.. and  the  trimmings  after  finishing,  the 
shag  smalls,  and  the  sand.  1789  Act  29  Ceo.  lit,  c.  68  §  155 
All  returns  of  Spanish  shall  be  deemed.. to  be  returns  of 
tobacco  within  the  meaning  of  this  Act.  1835-6  Encycl. 
Metrop.  (i845)VIII.  396/2  Both  [shag  and  returns]  are  made 
from  the  same  cask  of  tobacco,  the  lighter  leaves  being  chosen 
for  the  returns,  and  the  darker  ones  for  the  common  tobacco. 
'893  '  Q.'  Delect.  Ducky^  322  Who  . .  smoked  threepenny 
Returns  in  his  Louis  Quinze  library. 
b.  Brewing.  Return  worts.  (See  16  d.) 

1846  TIZARD  Brewing  (ed.  2)  xx.  555  By  steeping  it  in 
sour  beer,  such  as  returns.  Ibid.,  That  which  is  the  most 


highly  concentrated  may  be  added  to  weak  returns. 
15.   A  thing  or  person  sent  back.     Chiefly//. 
1873  JEVONS  Money  (1878)  266  Any  cheques  or  bill  refused 


payment  are  called  'returns'.  1893  IVestin.  Gaz.  18  May 
2/3  '  The  returns  '  leave  Queensland  in  good  health.  1807 
N.  tf  Q.  8th  Ser.  XI  I.  215  Many  of  the  papers  being  sent '  for 
sale  or  return  '.and  the  unsold  copies  referred  to  as 'returns'. 
IV.  ait  rib.  and  Comb. 

16.  Denoting  return  (of  a  person  or  thing)  to 
a  place,  as  return  box,  cargo,  chaise,  journey, 
passenger,  voyage;  return-case,  a  case  of  in 
fectious  disease  occurring  after  the  return  home 
of  a  patient  from  hospital. 

1852  C.  BRONTE  in  Mrs.  Gaskell  Life  (1857)  1 1.  247,  I  have 
.  .sent  off  to-day,  per  rail,  a  'return-box  of  Cornhill  books. 
1827  ROBERTS  Voy.  Centr.  Amer.  51  Sufficient  for  a  "return 
Cargo.  1838  Penny  Cycl.  XI.  23/2  The  return  cargo  was 
generally  more  valuable  than  the  investments.  1897  A  Mutt's 
Syst.  Med.  II.  130  In  spite  of  everyprecaution  these  so-called 
'•return  cases '  will  occasionally  appear.  1824  Miss  MIT- 
FORD  Village  Ser.  i.  (1863)  6  A  sort  of  open  square,  which  is 
the  constant  resort  of  carts,  waggons,  and  *return  chaises. 
1865  Daily  Tel.  13  Dec.  5/4,  I  found  that  everybody  was 
coming  back  again,  and  I  performed  the  "return  journey. 
1864  M.  J.  HIGGINS  Ess.  (1875)  187  The  "return  passengers 
by  the  Palmaria  almost  always  have  to  walk  home  from  the 
port  on  foot.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-bit.  570  A  ship  on  a 
'return  voyage  is  not  generally  liable  [to  conhscation], 

b.  In  scientific  or  technical  uses,  as  return  air, 
charge,^  current,  shock,  smoke,  stroke,  wave. 

1883  GEESLEY  Gloss.  Coal  Mining  202  * Return  Air,  the 
air  or  ventilation  which  has  been  passed  through  the  work 
ings.  1849  NOAD  Electricity  (ed.  3)  68  Faraday  first  observed 
the  singular  phenomenon  of  the  "return  charge.  He  found, 
that,  if.,  the  apparatus  ..  was  suddenly  and  perfectly  dis 
charged,,  .it  gradually  recovered  a  charge.  1873  F-  JENKIN 
Electr.  f,  Magn.  (1881)  313  The  "return  current  is  especially 
great  when  any  portion  of  the  line  L  is  formed  of  wire  coated 
with  india-rubber.  1881  S.  P.  THOMPSON  Electr.  $  Magn. 
i.  §  26.  28  When  a  charged  conductor  is  suddenly  discharged, 


City  ff  Suburb  I.  ii.  29  A  fire-board  which  had  been  put  up 
with  the  friendly  intention  of  preventing  any  occupant  being 
suffocated  with  "return  smoke.  1845  Encycl.  Metrop.  VIII. 
301/1  On  the  "return  stroke  the  air  enters  into  the  cylinder 
below  the  piston.  1881  S.  P.  THOMPSON  Electr.  f,  Magn. 
iv.  §  304.  257  The  '  return-stroke '  experienced  by  persons  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  a  flash.  1808  Westm.  Gaz.  22  June 
7/1  Visitors  were  specially  warned  by  placards  in  various 
directions  against  the  dangers  of '  the  "return  wave ', 

C.  Allowing  or  causing  return  of  something,  as 
return  pipe,  spring,  valve. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  509  The  small  re 
turn-spring  should  be  as  thin  as  possible  at  the  end  fastened 
to  the  other  spring.  1839  Civil  Eug.  f,  Arch.  Jrnl.  II. 
306/2  H  the  return-pipe.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1926/2 
Return-valve,  a  valve  which  opens  to  allow  reflux  of  a 
fluid  under  certain  conditions. 

d.  Brewing.  Return  wort,  a  weak  wort  blended 
with  the  following  mash. 

1845  TIZARD  Voice  from  Mash-  Tun,  I.  38  Examples  of  four 
brewings  by  the  ordinary  practice,  from  which  the  usual 
lengths,  with  Table- Beer  or  Return  Wort,  are  drawn.  1848 
—  Brewing  (ed.  2)  186,  etc. 

17.  Denoting  change  of  direction  or  recedence, 
esp.  at  right  angles  (see  sense  4),  as  return  angle, 
arm,  crease,  desk,  piece,  side,  wall. 

1676  MOXON  Print.  Lett.  51  Placing  one  Foot  of  your 
Compasses  on  the  "Return  Angles.  1870  F.  R.  WILSON  CIi. 
Lindisf.  94  The  masonry  at  the  return  angle  of  the  nave  is 
likewise  Saxon.  1861  SMILES  Engineers  1 1.  219  The  moment 
the  vessel  gets  within  the  outer  angles  of  the  two  "return 
arms  or  kants,  she  may  be  said  to  be  in  or  out  of  the  harbour. 


589 

1787  Laws_  of  Cricket  in  Waghorn  Cricket  Scores  (i  899)  p.  x, 
The_Bowling-crease  must  be  parallel  with  the  stumps,  three 
feet  in  length,  with  a  " return-create.  16..  in  Parker  Gloss. 
Arck.  (1850)  1.386  Ye  chapel. .w"»  iij  stooles  on  y  one  side 
and  a  "re  tome  desk  at  the  ende.  1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc., 
Printing  xx.  F3  Its  end.  .hath  a  small 'Return  piece,  .made 
square  to  the  under-side  of  the  Rod.  1679  Ibid.,  Carp.  ix. 
171  Either  the  adjoyning  sides  of  the  Front  of  an  House  or 
Ground-plot,  is  called  a  'Return-side.  1683  ll>id.,  Printing 
x.  P  9  A  square  Iron  Plate.,  with  Return  Sides  about  six 
Inches  long  each  side.  1838  Civil  Eng.  tj  Arch.  Jrnl.  I. 
330/1  Opposite  the  "return  walls,  and  sometimes  at  certain 
distances  in  the  length. 

18.  Denoting  a  doubling  back  upon  the  former 
direction,  as  return  bend,  block,  jlue. 

1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  Suppl.  754/2  Return  Bend,  a 
U-shaped  pipe  coupling  for  uniting  the  ends  of  pipes.  1888 
Lochwoofl  Diet.  Terms,  Return  Block,  a  snatch  block. 
Ibid.,  Return  Flues,  the  flues  of  Cornish,  Lancashire,  and 
Wagon  boilers. 

19.  Played,    given,   etc.,   in    return,    as   return 
Iniffet,  match,  stroke,  thrust. 

1772  in  Waghorn  Cricket  Scores  (1899)  84  The  return  match 
at  cricket  was  played  at  Wye.  1861  CHAPMAN  Art  Fencing 
l.  19  The  direct  return  thrust  (Repost).  .should  be  delivered 
with  the  greatest  rapidity.  1873  Routlcdge's  Yonng 
Centlm.  Mag.  Dec.  100/2  We  can't  have  the  return  match 
before  Wednesday.  1883  R.  W.  CHURCH  in  Ward's  Kng. 
Poets  (1883)  II.  280  The  men  who.  .dealt  the  return  buffet 
to  Spanish  pride  in  the  harbour  of  Cadiz. 

Return  (ritu'in),  v.  Forms :  4-6  retorne 
(5  Sc.  ratorn,  6  reatorn) ;  4-6  retourne,  6-7 
retourn;  5-7  returno  (5  Sc.  raturn),  7-  re 
turn,  [ad.  OF.  retomer,  relourncr,  returner 
mod.F.  retourner),  —  ^.  and  Pg.  retornar,  It. 
I'itornare :  see  RE-  and  TURN  #.] 

I.  intr.  1.  To  come  or  go  back  to  a  place  or 
person. 

?  a  1366  CHAUCER  R  out.  Rose  385  As  watir  that  doun 
renneth  ay,  But  neuer  drope  Retourne  may.  c  1420  Lvnc. 
Assembly  of  Gods  in,  I  might  nat  thedyr  crepe  Before  my 


retourne.  104  .  RIMSTONK]  tr.  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies 
II.  iv.  87  The  heat  and  drought  comes  whenas  the  Sunne 
returnes.  1685  DRVDEN  Tlimwd.  August.  140  Thus,  at 
half-ebb  a  rolling  sea  Returns,  and  wins  upon  the  shore. 
1768  STERNE  Sent.  Journ.,  Temptation,  She  return  'd  back 
and  went  into  the  room.  1781  LOUAN  in  Seott.  I'araflir. 
viii.  9  But  man  forsakes  this  earthly  Scene,  Ah  !  never  to  re 
turn.  1855  KINGSLKY  IVestiv.Ho!  xiv,  He  had  gone  out  to 
say  his  prayers,  and  had  not  returned.  1860  TYNDALL  C-lac. 
I.  xxii.  153  He  returned,  and  I  went  on  alone. 

b.  Const,  to,  into,  or  front.  Also  home,  whence. 
c  1400  Rom.  Rose  4918  Al  his  lyf  he  doth  so  morne,  ]!y- 
cause  he  dar  not  horn  retourne.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  xxii. 
245  And  aftre..thei  retournen  to  hire  owne  Housholdts. 
1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  A  If  once  viii,  As  he  was  retornynge 
fro  the  feyre.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  17  liut 
caused  them  to  returne  backwarde  in  to  the  wyldernesse. 
1 


external  Air  to  return  into  the  Receiver.  1712-14  POPE 
Raff  Lock  111.23  The  merchant  from  th'  Exchange  returns 
in  peace.  1776  Trial  of  Nundocomar  30/1  He  went  from 
Calcutta  to  Jaggernaut,  from  whence  he  returned  to  Cal 
cutta.  1847  MAKRYAT  Childr.  N.  Forest  vi,  Jacob..  returned 
home  well  satisfied  with  the  profit  he  had  made.  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  3  Aristotle,  .returned  to  Athens 
after  the  death  of  Plato. 

C.  transf.  of  immaterial  things,  as  time,  etc. 
la  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  383  The  tyme  that  may  not 
soiourne,  But  goth  and  may  neuer  Retourne.  1549  Coinpl. 
Scot.  85  Vald  3e  al  perpend  ^our..querrel,  than  hardines 
and  curage  vald  returne  vitht  in  3our  hartis.  1591  SPENSKR 
AL  Hnbberd  306  Ere  the  yeare  .  .  doo  returne  from  whence  he 
first  begun.  l6\Z]vn\\]sl'aint.  Ancients  246  That  is  great 
indeed,  .which  doth  still  returne  into  our  thoughts.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  531  Till  many  years  over  thy  head  return  :  So 
maist  thou  live.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georgics  in.  429  With 
the  Spring  their  genial  Warmth  returns,  a  1832  MACINTOSH 
Bacon  ff  Locke  Wks.  1846  I.  329  Their  argument  must  re 
turn  to  the  point  from  which  it  set  out.  1859  TENNYSON 
Geraint  f,  Enid  1182  Nor  will  ye  win  him  back,  For  the 
man  s  love  once  gone  never  returns.  1880  SHORTHOUSE 
J.  liiglaaiti  xxxvii,  The  scenes  and  forms  of  death  with 
which  he  had  _been  familiar  in  Naples,  returned  again  and 
again  before  his  eyes. 

d.  Const,  upon  (a  person). 

c  1450  Merlin  597  The  saisnes  were  grete  and  stronge, 
and  .  .  often  thei  returned  vpon  hem  that  hem  pursued.  1484 
CAXTON  Fables  of  &  sop  HI.  vi,  Synne  retorneth  euer  vpon 
his  mayster.  1611  BIBLE  i  Kings  ii.  33  Their  blood  shall 
therefore  returne  vpon  the  head  of  loab.  1719  WATERLAND 
Vind.  Christ's  Div.  21  Let  it  stand,  to  support  the  Second 
Query  ;  which  returns  upon  you,  and  expects  a  fuller  Answer. 
1864  TENNYSON  En.  Ant.  619  When  the  beauteous  hateful 
isle  Return'd  upon  him.  1866  DALE  Disc.  Spec.  Occ.  iii.  68 
Your  sins  after  injuring  others,  often  return  upon  yourselves. 

e.  In  pa.  pple.  with  is,  was,  etc.     Now  rare. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidant's  Comm.  153  He  a  lytle  before  at 

the  beginning  of  Maye,  was  retorned  home  with  his  wyfe. 
1581  LAMUARDE  Eiren.  i.  iv.  (1588)  21  After  such  time  as 
Queene  Isabel!..  was  returned  ouer  the  Seas  into  England. 
ifioi  WEEVER  Mirr.  Mart.  E  v  b,  Through  many  paines  and 
perils  past,  I'm  safe  returned  back  to  Wales  at  last.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  401  Shee  to  him  as  oft  engag'd  To  be 
returnd  by  Noon  amid  the  Bowre.  1795  JEFFERSON  Writ. 
(1859)  IV.  118  After  the  middle  of  May,  by  which  time  I 
hope  to  be  returned  from  Bedford.  1823  LINGARD  Hist. 
Eng.  VI.  227  The  business  languished  till  the  earl  of  Wilt 
shire  was  returned  from  Bologna. 


RETURN. 

f.  With  cognate  object,  rare. 

1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Iff,  i.  i.  117  Go  treade  the  path  that 
thou  shalt  ne're  return. 

t  2.  a.  To  have  respect  or  relation  to.  Ohs^ 

1390  COWER  Conf.  III.  133  The  tail  of  Scorpio. .to  Mer 
curic  and  to  Srttorne  Be  weie  of  kinde  mot  retorne  After  the 
preparacion  Of  due  constellacion. 

fb.  To  turn  round  (to  one) ;  to  face  about.  Obs. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  463  When  this  noble  yonge 
man  Inlian  huntede..,  and  folowede  an  herle,  the  h<me 
returnede  to  hym.  c  1470  HKNRV  Wallace  n.  59  Wallace 
raturnd  as  man  of  mekyll  niayne ;  And  at  a  straik  the  formast 
has  he  slayne. 

t  C.  To  turn  back,  retire,  retreat.   CAr. 

c  14*0  LVDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  1098  Ye  shall  yourchaunce 
Take  as  hit  fatleth,  wherfore  returne  ye  must,  c  1470  HKNRY 
Wallace  x.  672  The  erll  of  $ork  consaillyt  the  king  to  fle ; 
Than  he  ratornd,  sen  na  succour  thai  se.  1470-85  MALOIJY 
Arthur  i.  xv.  57  These  two  knyghtes  were  in  grete  daunger 
of  their  lyues  that  they  were  fayn  to  retorne. 

f  d.  To  turn  away ;  to  go  away  again.   Obs. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  25  In  the  whiche  yere  Kdont 
returnede,  in  that  he  woltle  not  be  vnder  luda,  and  made  ;t 
kynge  to  theyme.  16x1  BIBLE  2  Kings  xviii.  14,  I  haui: 
offended,  returne  from  me  :  that  which  thou  pattest  on  me, 
wii  I  beare. 

te.  Arch*  Of  a  moulding,  etc.:  To  continue 
at  an  angle  to  the  previous  direction,  rare  ~l. 

1613-39  I.  JONES  in  Leoni  Palladia's  Arc/n't,  (1742)  II.  49 
This  Architrave,  .does  return  over  the  Pilasters. 

3.  To  go  back  in  discourse;  to  revert  to  or  re 
sume  a  topic  or  subject. 

c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  v.  53  Now  will  I  retourne  a^en,  or 
I  procede  ony  ferlhere,  for  to  declare  }ou  the  othere  weyes, 
that  drawen  toward  Babiloyne.  a  1450  Knt.  n't.'  la  Tour 
(1868)  137  Atte  this  tyme  y  passe  ouer  to  ^pekemore  of  these 
good  ladyes,  and  retorne  ayen  to  other  thingges.  a  1533  Ln. 
BfiRNKRS  fltton  Iv.  189  Let  vs  leue  spekynge  of  them  tyll  we 
returne  therto  agayne.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  377  But 
to  returne  where  we  left :  After  the  Duke  was  fled,  as  afore- 
sayde  [etc].  1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  Vft  in.  i.  322  Suf.  But  now 
returne  we  to  the  false  Duke  Humfrey.  Card.  No  more  of 
him.  1656  HARRINGTON  Oceana  (1658)  155  It  is  not  so  much 
my  desire  to  return  upon  haunts,  as  theirs  that  will  not  be 
satisfied.  1662  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacrx  \.  iii.  §  9  liut  to 
return  to  Kircher.  1719  DK  FOE  Crusoe  \\.  (Globe)  371,  I 
return  to  the  Story.  1799  HAN.  MORE  Feni.  Educ.  (ed.  4) 
I.  105  To  return,  however,  to  the  subject  of  general  educa 
tion.  1838  T.  THOMSON  Client.  Org.  Bodies  807  Let  us  now 
return  to  the  aqueous  solution  from  which  the  resinous-look 
ing  matter  had  separated.  1856  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng,  (1858) 
I.  i.  74  The  subject  is  one  to  which.  .1  shall  have  more  than 
one  occasion  to  return. 

tb.  To  proceed  or  begin  again  to  do  something. 
Ols.  (Only  in  translations  from  Spanish  and  Italian.) 

1574  HKLLOWES  Gnevards  Fain.  Ep.  (1577)  236  Which.. 
after  I  had  read,  and  returned  againe  to  reade  the  same  [etc.]. 
1594  T.  BEDIMCFIBLD  tr.  Machuwelli's  Florentine  Hist. 
(1595)  63  Whereuppon  they  returned  to  admonish  more 
bold  lie  ttien  they  were  woont.  1626  C.  POTTER  tr.  Sar^fs 
Hist.  Quarrels  120  A  few  daies  after,  hauing  changed  his 
minde . . ,  he  returned  to  treat  with  him  as  before. 

4.  To  revert,  go  back  again,  to  (or  into}  a  pre 
vious  condition  or  state ;  to  come  back  to  oneself. 

1484  CAXTON  Msop  ii.  x,  A  lytyll  whyle  after  this,  this  man 
retourned  and  felle  ageyne  in  togrete  pouerte.  1526  TIN  DALE 
Acts  xiii.  34  He  reysed  him  vp  from  deeth,  now  no  more  to 
returne  to  corrupcion.  1611  BIBLE  Gen.  iii.  19  Dust  thou 
art,  and  vnto  dust  shalt  thou  returne.  1651  HOBBKS  Lmiath. 
n.  xxx.  175  The  Common-wealth  is  thereby  dissolved,  and 
every  man  returneth  into  the  condition  and  calamity  of  a 
wafre  with  every  other  man.  1710  STEELE  Tatter  No.  198 
F  4  Upon  proper  Applications  to  revive  her,  the  unhappy 
young  Creature  returned  to  her  self.  1796  in  Burke  Regie. 
Peace  i.  Sel.  Wks.  (1892)  39  To  engage  Prussia.. to  return 
into  the  coalition.  1852  M.  ARNOLD  Etnpedocles  Poems 
(1906)  109  To  the  elements  it  came  from  Everything  will  re 
turn.  1892 Speaker  3  Sept.  290/1  The  roses,  .will  deteriorate 
year  after  year,  returning  gradually  to  wildness. 
b.  To  revert  to  some  practice,  opinion,  etc. 

1534  MORE  Treat.  Passion  Wks.  1309/2  They,  .retourned 
of  frowardnes  to  their  errours  agayne.  1552  ABP.  HAMILTON 
Catech,  (1884)  47  He.. will  nocht  returne  to  the  catholike 
faith.  1611  COTGH.,  Recoguiner,  to  fall  a  begging,  to  returne 
to  beggerie.  ijyjGentl,  Mag.  VII.  288/2  Finding  that  she 
absolutely  must  resolve  to  die,  or  return  to  wearing  Petticoats. 
1745  ELIZA  HEYWOOD  Female  Spect.  No.  19  (1748)  IV.  26 
Heaven  forbid  that.. I  should,  .advise  them  to  return  to 
that  old  fashioned  way  of  spending  time.  1881  JOWETT 
Thucyd*  I.  72  The  Byzantians  too  agreed  to  return  to  their 
allegiance. 

•fo.  To  become  (something)  again.   Obs.  rare. 

1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  427  Into  his  owne  countre, 
the  which  newly  was  retourned  Frenche.  1618  Camdett's 
Lett.  (1691)  210  The  Count  of  Candale  is  suddenly  returned 
Papist  again.  1692  O.  WALKER  Grk.  $  Rom.  Hist.  330  She 
turned  Arrian. . .  Afterwards  she  seemed  to  return  CathoHck. 
f  d.  Se.  To  change  or  turn  into  something  else. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xii.  4  All  erdly  joy  returnis  in 

pane.     1513  DOUGLAS  AZneis  iv.  viii.  100  Scho  gan  behald 

In  blak  adill  the  hallowit  wattir  cald  Changit  and  altir, 

and  furth  ;et  wynis  gude  Anon  returnit  into  laithlie  blude. 

5.  To  go  back  or  revert  to  a  previous  owner. 

c  1460  FORTESCVJB  Abs.  fy  Litti.  Mon.  xi.  (1885)  136  Thai 
rewarded  with . .  offices,  and  some  with  livelode  terme  off  lyff, 
wich  aftir  thair  dethis  wolde  than  retorne  to  the  Crowne. 
1524  Test.  Ebor.  (Surtees)  VI.  10,  I  bequeathe..a  litilc 
howse  with  a  yerde  the  terme  of  his  lyfe,  and  then  to  return 
to  the  right  heires.  1631  SIR  J.  DODERIDGE  Eng.  Lawyer 
70  Never  like  to  return  to  the  Lord  by  Escheat  or  Donor 
by  Reverter.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot's  Tra-v.  l.  115 
The  Saracens  took  it  from  the  Greeks, ..  then  it  returned 
to  the  Christians,  and  afterwards  to  the  Saracens. 

f  6.  a.  To  result  or  fall  out  to  a  person.  Obs. 
1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  I.  (1595)  140  Consider  with 


RETURN. 

your  selfe  how  grieuous  the  thing  you  go  about  to  com- 
passe  may  returne  vnto  her. 

+  b.  To  amount  to  a  certain  sum.  Obs.  rare     . 
1621  Ca.pt.  Smith's  Wks.  (Arb.)  777,  5000.  persons,  whose 
labours  returne  yeerely  to  about  135000.  pound  sterling. 

II.  1 7-  r*fl'  T°  turn  or  E°  bac'c  to  an  occu" 
nation,  place,  etc.   Obs.  rare, 

1413  Pilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton)  v.  i.  (1859)  68,  I  retourne  me 
ageyne  to  my  fyrst  purpoos.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  1 10  h, 
Whan  the  Ouene  Ysiphyle  had  salde  these  wordes  she  re- 
torned  her  unto  the  cite.  1612  SHELTON  Quix.  (1620)  I. 
iv.  136  That  which  we  might  do  best  were  to  return  us 
again  to  our  village. 

fb.  To  turn  round  (to  a  person)  or  back.   Obs. 


stayncd  Spots.  , 

8.  trans,   fa.  To  reverse,  return   upon  (ones 
course).   Obi. 

c  1410  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Cods  100  Thys  Eolus  hath  oft 
Made  me  to  retourne  my  course  agayn  nature  With  hys 
Kiel  blaslys.  1382  N.  LlcHEHKi.l)  tr.  Castanhcda.  s  Conq. 
E.  Ind.  I.  ii.  5  They  lost  each  other,  and  therefore  they  re- 
tourned  their  course  towardes  Cabo  Verde. 

fb.  To  turn  round  (a  horse,  ship,  etc.);  to 
cause  to  face  the  other  way.  Obs. 

c  1500  Mclusine  309  But  whan  he  cam  in  to  the  feldes  he 
retourned  hys  hors,  &  beheld  toward  thabbaye.  1553  EDEN 
Treat.  tffivc  Inti.  (Arb.)  35  Returninge  his  shyppes  towarde 
the  West,  he  found  a  more  holesome  ayre.  1607  ROW 
LANDS  Karl  of  H'nrwick  (Hunterian  Cl.)  53  Then  very 
lightly  Guy  returns  his  Horse,  And  comes  up  on  him  with 
redoubled  might. 

c.  To  take  or  lead  back  upon  the  former  direc 
tion  ;  to  turn  at  an  angle  to  the  previous  course. 

1^i3-39  1.  JONF.S  in  Leoni  PaUa^lio's  Archit.  (1742)  II. 
45  The  Cimasium.  .return'd  to  the  Wall.  1731 1'/iil.  Trans. 
XXXVII.  28  We  then  thought  of  trying  whether  the 
Attraction  would  not  be  stronger  without  doubling  or 
returning  the  Line.  1731  MILLEK  Giird.  Diet.  s.v.  Stoves, 
Over  this  the  second  flue  must  be  return'd  back  again. 
1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  545  The  trouble  of 
plumbing  and  returning  the  quoins,  is  considered  equiva 
lent  to  the  deficiency  of  materials.  1874  MlCKLETHWAITE 
.Mod.  far.  Clmrclies  59,  I  propose  that  the  upper  row  of 
stalls  should  be  returned  at  the  west  end  of  the  chancel. 

9.  t  a.  To   turn   (one's   heart,   thoughts,   etc.) 
back  or  away  (Jroni  something).   Obs. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  117/2  Their  hertes  [were  so] 
mollified  that  almost  were  retorned  fro  the  crysten  faith. 
t 1500  Lancelot  1266  So  mokil  to  hir  lady  haith  she  vroght 
That  at  that  tyme  she  haith  Returnyt  hir  thocht,  1700 
FARQUHAR  Constant  Couple  in,  Such  ungenerous  usage  will 
soon  return  my  tir'd  heart. 

b.  To  turn  or  direct  (one's  eyes,  sight,  mind) 
back,  or  towards  something. 

1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  1'olys  (1570)  P  P  vj,  Returne  your 
sight,  beholde  vnto  the  shore.  1590  SPENSEK  /•'.  Q.  n.  iii.  19 
Each  bad  other  flye  :  Both  fled  attonce,  tie  ever  backe  re- 
tourned  eye.  Ibid.  in.  viii.  18  Braggadochio,  ..Once  having 
turnd,  no  more  returnd  his  face.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc. 
Govt.  Eng.  I.  Ivii.  (1739)  106  The  King.. then  returns  his 
thoughts  for  France.  1839-48  BAILEY  Festus  xix.  214  And  I 
returned  mine  hungry  eyes  to  the  light. 

to.  To  pull  back  (one's  hand).   Obs.  rare—'. 

1697  POTTER  Antiq.  Greece  ni.  iv.  (1715)  45  The  Grecians 
..,  placing  their  Bows  directly  before  them,  return'd  their 
Hand  upon  their  right  Breast. 

10.  To  bring  or  convey  back  to  a  place  or  per 
son.    Const,  to,  from,  etc. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  425  Whiche  ston  brou^hte 
from  that  place  by  a  certeyne  space  of  eny  man  is  retui  nede 
to  his  propre  place  ageyne  in  the  nyjhte.  c  1500  Melusine 
114  Goo  thanne  fourth  on  your  waye,  vnder  trie  sauegarde 
of  god,  who  kepe  you,  lede  &  retourne  you  agayn  with  joye. 
1538  BALE  Thre  Lawes  133  Thou  shalt  my  people  returne 
from  farre  exyle.  1994  MARLOWE  &  NASHE  Dido  i.  i, 
Changing  heavens  may  those  good  days  return,  Which 
Pergama  did  vaunt  in  all  her  pride.  1650  W.  BROUGH  Sacr. 
Princ.  (1659)  473 This  heals  sill..,  returns  thee  both  to  God 
and  thy  self.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  VH.  16  With  like  safetie 
guided  down  Return  me  to  my  Native  Element.  1727 
DE  FOE  Secrets,  etc.  (1840)  337  All  these  cases,  however, 
return  me  back  to  the  advice  above.  1359  STERNE  Tr. 
Shantiy  n.  xvii,  Here  Trim  kept  waving  his  right  hand.., 
returning  it  backwards  and  forwards  to  the  conclusion  of 
the  paragraph. 

b.  To  bring  back  or  restore  (something)  to  or 
into  a  former  position  or  state ;  to  restore  to  a 
normal  state ;  -f  to  retransform. 

1462  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  268  Henry  hys  sone  of  Wynde- 
sore,  by  gret  foly,  Alle  hathe  retourned  unto  huge  langoure. 
1525  LD.  BERNF.RS  Froiss.  II.  509  To  retourne  all  the  landes 
agayne  to  the  governynge  of  the  kyng  of  Englande.  1584 
R.  SCOT  Discov.  Witchcr.  v.  iii.  (1886)  75  Of  a  man  turned 
into  an  asse,  and  returned  againe  into  a  man  by  one  of 
Bodins  witches.  1662  PLAYFORD  Skill  Mus.  ill.  (1674)  23  If 
you  return  the  eight  of  the  Treble  into  a  third  again.  1697 
COLLIER  Ess.  Mor.  Sti&j.  i.  (1703)  167  A  man  cannot  always 
stand  bent;  so  that  either  negligence,  or  passion, ..will 
sometime  or  other  return  the  posture.  1883  JEFFERIES  Story 
my  Heart  v.  (1891)  91  Torso  and  limb,  Dust  and  neck  in 
stantly  returned  me  to  myself. 

t  c.  To  make  or  render  again.    Obs.—1 

"559  in  Strype  Ann.  Re/.  (1709)  I.  xiii.  174  Pretending  that 
Q.  Mary  of  famous  memory  had  returned  the  realm  wholly 
Catholic. 

1 11.  To  induce  (one)  to  come  back.  Obs. 

*523  LD.  BERNF.RS  Froiss.  I.  ccclxxv.  624  To  retourne 
agayne  the  fleers,  and  to  fyght  with  theyr  ennemies.  a  1547 
BURHKV  Mmm  iv.  634, 1  have  found  the  way  Himto  returne, 


590 

or  lose  me  from  his  love.  .59'  Trout.  Raigne  K.  John :  To 
Rdr  We  left  .Hubert  postingto returne  those  Lords,  Who 
deem'd  him  [Arthur]  dead,  and  parted  discontent. 

+  12.  To  withdraw,  recall,  summon  back.  Obs. 

1590  LLOYD  ist  Pt.  Diall  of  Dales  160  Seeing  that  hee 
could  do  no  good  hee  returned  his  siege  and  marched  with 
his  army  toward  Apulia.  1617  buccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  Mbi. 
Comm.)  I.  187  The  calling  away  the  armada,  and  returning 
it  again  in  that  manner. 

13.  To  bring  back  in  exchange ;   to  yield  in  re 
turn.     Now  rare. 

1596  RALEIGH  Discov.  Gviana  P  iij,  I  was  not  bounde  to 
satisfie  anie  man  of  the  quantitie,  but  such  onely  as  aduen- 
tnred,  if  any  store  had  been  returned  thereof.  1610  HEALEY 
St.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  I.  xiv.  (1620)  22  If  the  worship  of 
these  gods  returne  mens  happinesse  in  the  life  to  come.  1612 
DAVIES  Why  Ireland,  etc.  132  Ireland  had  beene.  .Planted, 
and  Improoued ;  and  returned  a  rich  Reuennew  to  the 
Crowne  of  England. 

1866  ROGERS  Agric.  f,  Prices  I.  iii.  51  Rye  returns  at 
Maldon  rather  more  than  three  times. 

f  b.  To  turn  over  in  business.   Obs.  rare. 

1677  YARRANTON  Eng.  Improv.  23, 1  do  know  four  persons 
that  are  in  a  great  Trade,  and  I  believe  they  Return 
more  moneys  in  Trade  than  any  two  Merchants  or  Traders 
in  England.  1761  Cliarac.  in  Ann.  Reg.  63/1  From  the  time 
of  his  opening  this  shop,  till  the  year  1759,  he  returned 
annually  about  two  thousand  pounds. 

14.  To  put  back  in  or  into  something;  to  re 
store  to  some  receptacle. 

1611  BIBLE  Gen.  xliii.  18  Because  of  the  money  that  was 
returned  in  our  sackes  at  the  first  time  are  we  brought  in. 
J759  STERNI-:  Tr.  Shandy  11.  xvii,  Trim  wiped  his  face,  and 
returned  his  handkerchief  into  his  pocket.  1763  MILLS 
System  Pract.  fjusb.  IV.  404  The  mould  which  is  to  be  re 
turned  into  them  should  also  be  mixed  with,  .wood-ashes. 
1821  BYRON  Sardanap.  n.  i,  Arbaces  and  Salemenes  return 
their  swords  to  the  scabbards.  1848  MlLL/W.  Econ.  III. 
xxiv.  II.  195  The  notes,  .would,  if  not  wanted  for  current 
transactions,  be  returned  into  deposit. 

b.  Mil.  To  replace  (arms,  etc.)  in  the  usual 
receptacle. 

16915  R.  H.  Sell.  Rccreat.  53  Return  your  scowrer.  [i.  c.] 
Put  it  up  in  its  proper  place.  Ibid.  57  When  by  command 
your  Swords  are  returned,  stand  upright  to  your  Arms. 
1799  hair,  ff  Reg.  Cavalry  (1813)  271  They  form  to  the 
reserve,  returning  their  pistols  and  sloping  their  swords. 
1833  Ibid,  i.  84  Young  horses  must  be  gradually  accustomed 
.  .to  drawing  and  returning  swords.  1847  Infantry  1(1  an. 
(1854)  40  After  returning  ramrods,  the  whole  remain  steady. 
III.  15.  To  send  (a  person  or  thing)  back  again. 

1459  Kails  of  Parlt.  V.  368/1  That  the  said  Shirref  or 
Shiirefs,  deuly  serve  and  retourne  the  said  Writte.  1582 
STANYIIURST  SEneis  n.  (Arb.)  61  Achilles.. me  to  my  king- 
doom  both  gently  and  truely  returned  [L.  reniisit}.  CI595 
CAPT.  WYATT  R.  Dudley's  Voy.  W.  Ind.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  39  The 
commaunder  of  that  place,  returninge  our  niessingers  the 
next  daie . . ,  promised . .  to  com.  1642  tr.  Perkins'  Prof.  l>k. 
xi,  §  260.  333  If.. the  Sherife  returne  the  writ  at  the  day. 
1711  BUDGELL  Sput.  No.  116  P  3  A  Gentleman  having  made 
him  a  Present  of  a.  .fine  hound,,  .the  Knight  returned  it  by 
the  Servant  with  a  great  many  Expressions  of  Civility.  1726 
POPE  Odyss.  xix.  542  Autolycus  . .  from  the  Delphic  dome 
With  added  gifts  return'd  him  [Ulysses]  glorious  home. 
1765  R.  ROGERS  yrnl.  (1769)  156  He  saw  at  Montreal  two 
Rangers,. -that  were  returned  by  Col.  Haviland.  1877 
RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  ty  Mining  108  The  loaded  buckets 
or  cars  coming  down  and  emptying  themselves  would  return 
the  empty  ones.  1886  Field  19  June  794/1  He  did. .now 
and  then  return  balls  which  almost  all  players  would  have 
found  impracticable. 

b.  To  turn  back ;  to  force  (one)  to  return  to  a 
place,  rare. 

1545  BRINKLOW  Compl.  42  If  he  passe  the  second,  he  shal 
be  returnyd  at  the  thyrd,  onlesse  ne  be  rych  or  haue  great 
fryndys.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xn.  219  Least. .Warr  terrific 
them  inexpert,  and  feare  Return  them  back  to  Egypt.  1829 
G_EN.  P.  THOMPSON  Exerc.  (1842)  I.  52  Till  Vishnu  array 
himself. .,  to  return  him  to  his  deep. 

O.  To  send  back  or  reflect  (sound  or  light). 

1693  DRYDEN  Persiits  (1697)  439  A  flaw  is  in  thy  ill-bak'd 
Vessel  found ;  'Tis  hollow,  and  returns  a  jarring  sound. 
1711  BUDGELL  Sped.  No.  116  P  7  The  Chiding  of  the 
Hounds,  which  was  returned  upon  us  in  a  double  Eccho, 
from  two  neighbouring  Hills.  1728  POPE  Dune.  n.  264  Long 
Chanc'ry-lane  retentive  rolls  the  sound,  And  courts  to 
courts  return  it  round  and  round.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L. 
in.  xxxi,  And  lake  and  fell  Three  times  return'd  the  martial 
yell,  ft  1832  —  Parapltr.  Exod.  xiii,  Arabia's  crimsoned 
sands  Returned  the  fiery  column's  glow. 

16.  To  report  in  answer  to  a  writ  or  to  some 
official  demand  for  information ;  to  state  by  way 
of  a  report  or  verdict. 

1425  Rolls  of  'Parlt.  IV.  306  Writtes.  .to  enpanell  diverses 
persones  to  passe  in  enquestes  bytwene  parties,  and  her 
names  to  retourne.  .into  the  Kynges  Court.  1483  Ibid.  VI. 
262/2  After  office  therof  retourned  into  the  seid  Court  of 
Chauncery.  1524  in  Archxol.  jfrnl.  (1874)  XXXI.  64 
Reatorning  and  testifieing  your  doing  in  the  premises. 
c  161 1  CHAPMAN  Iliad  ix.  580  Let  these  lords  then  return  th' 
event,  and  do  thou  here  repose.  1678  CUDWORTH  [ntcll. 
Syst.  366  Jupiter.. is  said  to  appoint  other  Inferiour  Gods 
under  him,  over  all  the  parts  of  the  earth, ..to  return  the 
names  both  of  bad  and  good  to  him.  1702  Modern  Cases 
(1716)  59  There  were  two  other  Writs  out,  and  the  Sheriff 
retorned  upon  the  Habeas  Corpus,  that  he  had  him  in 
Custody  upon  both  of  them.  1^68  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III. 
273  Whatever  the  sheriff  does  in  pursuance  of  this  writ,  he 
must  return  or  certify  to  the  court  of  common  pleas.  1802 
JAMES  Milit.  Diet,  s.v.,  To  be  returned  upon  the  surgeon's 
list  as  unfit  for  duty.  1844  LINGARD  Anglo-Sax.  Cli.  (1838) 
I.App.  I.  363  The  church,  .of  Loiton.  .is  returned  in  posses 
sion  of  five  hides.  1891  Laiv  Times  XC1I.  97/2  The 
liabilities  were  returned  in  the  statement  of  affairs  at 
jCl5ii&3\  with  assets  at  j£  1042. 

b.  Of  a  sheriff:  To  report  (certain  persons)  as 


RETURN. 

having  been  appointed  to  serve  on  a  jury  or  to  sit 
in  Parliament.  Hence,  in  later  use,  of  constituen 
cies  :  To  elect  as  a  member  of  Parliament  or  other 
administrative  body. 

1436  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  501/2  That  no  Shirreve.. retourne 
ne  empanell  in  noon  Inquisition  lie  Enquest,  no  persones 
but  thoo  enhabitauntz  wlthynne  his  Baylie.  1472-3  Ibid. 
VI.  42/1  All  Knyghtes  of  Shires,,  .returned  in  this  present 
Parlement,  personally  appere.  1544  tr.  Littleton's  Tenures 
(1574)  48  A  Pannel  by  force  of  the  same  writte  ought  to  be 
retourned.  1687  Col.  Rec.  Pennsylv.  1. 196  Joseph  Urowdon 
was  Returned  to  serve  for  three  years  in  Prov[incia]!l  Coun- 
cill.  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  (1724)  II.  242  All  juries  were 
returned  by  the  sheriffs.  1770  GOLDS.M.  liolitigbroke  Wks. 
(Globe)  452/1  Upon  the  election  of  a  new  Parliament  . . 
Bolingbroke  was  not  returned.  1807  SYD.  SMITH  Peter 
Plymley's  Lett.  Wks.  1859  II.  172/1  The  100  Irish  members 
who  are  returned  to  parliament  will  be  Catholics.  1845 
LD.  CAMPBELL  Chancellors  Ixxiv.  III.  117  Hyde. .was  re- 
turned  both  by  Shaftesbury  and  Wootton  Basset. 

t  c.  To  send  in  or  remit  (sums  levied  under  a 
writ).  Obs.  rare~l. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Re!>.  I.  §  148  Instead  of  a  ship, 
he  should  levy.. a  sum  of  money,  and  return  the  same  to 
the  Treasurer  of  the  Navy  for  his  majesty's  use. 

17.  To  send  or  turn  back,  to  visit,  (something) 
upon  a  person.  Now  rare. 

a  1547  SURREY  SEneid  n.  242  Which  fate  the  Gods  first  on 
himself  return.  1611  BIBLE  i  Kings  ii.  32  The  Lord  shall 
returne  his  blood  vpon  his  owne  head.  Ibid.  44  The  Lord 
shall  returne  thy  wickednesse  vpon  thine  owne  head.  1666 
DRYDEN  Ann.  Klirab.  cclxiv,  If  mercy  be  a  precept  of  Thy 
will,  Return  that  mercy  on  Thy  servant's  head. 

1848  MILL  Pol.  Econ.  in.  xxiii.  II.  183  Deposits  are  with 
drawn  from  banks,  notes  are  returned  on  the  issuers  in  ex 
change  for  specie. 

f  b.  To  retort  (a  charge,  argument,  etc.)  to  or 
upon  a  person.  Obs. 

1562  COOPER  Answ.  Def.  Truth  (1850)  192  The  same 
crimes  may  be  more  justly  returned  to  yourself  and  yours. 
1608  WILLET  He.tapla  Exod.  455  This  reason  may  be  re 
turned  againe  vpon  him.  1681  DRYDEN  Abs.  «r  A  chit.  To 
Rdr.,  I  expect  you  should  return  upon  me  that  I  affect  to  be 
thought  more  impartial  than  I  am.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe 
;i.(Globe)432  But  recollecting  what  hehad  said,. .  I  return'd 
it  back  upon  him. 

c.  alisol.  To  retort  or  reply  (to  or  upon  a  person). 

1652  CROMWELL  Let.  30  July  (Carlyle),  My  occasions  will 
not  permit  me  to  return  to  you  as  I  would.  1693  Humours 
Town  31  By  all  means  Sir,  Object  and  Return,  as  often  as 
you  please.  1888  STEVENSON  Popular  Authors  iv,  A  plain- 
spoken  and  possibly  high-thinking  critic  might  here  perhaps 
return  upon  me  with  my  own  expressions. 

IV.  18.  To  give  or  render  back  (to  one). 

1607  SHAKS.   Timon  I.  ii.  6,  I  do  returne  those  Talents 


1007    OHAKS.     /  IJIIOH    1.    11.    U,    1    wo    iclulllt    HRMVB     -i**n-iii:> 

Doubled  with  lhankes  and  seruice,  from  whose  helpe  I 
deriu'd  libertie.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Teclm.  I.  s.v.  Returno 
habenda,  A  Writ  that  lies.. for  returning  to  him  the  Cattle 


to  any  person  wno  cuirics  uicn  j^um  miu.,ii«*-i  i«  .."•  »ww>i 
1853  LYTTON  My  Novel  IX.  xvii,  I  hope  to  return  some  day 
what  you  then  so  generously  pressed  upon  me.  1867  H. 
MACMILLAN  Bible  Teach,  viii.  154  We  are  constantly  return 
ing  to  the  earth  the  materials  we  receive  from  It. 

"b.  To  give  or  send  in  return  ;  to  reply  with. 

1599  HAKLUYT  Voy.  II.  96  The  commodities  which  they 
returned  backe  were  . .  Muskadels,  and  other  wines.  1611 
BIBLE  i  Sam.  vi.  3  Send  it  not  empty;  but  in  any  wise 
returne  him  a  trespasse  oflring.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le 
Blanc's  Tra-a.  260  They  brought  us  a  good  part  of  their  fish, 
.  and  we  returned  them  two  tine  horns  excellently  wrought. 
1705  E.  BLACKWELL  Fencing-Master  15  When  Tierce  is 
thrusted,  return  Tierce  or  Sagoone.  iSso'EiDRAH  IRE- 
BOR  '  Hoyle  Made  Familiar  18  Play  the  ace,  and  return 
the  knave ;  the  knave  is  returned  in  order  to  strengthen 
your  partner's  hand.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  570 
Admirals  are  saluted,  but  return  two  guns  less  for  each  rank 
that  the  saluting  officer  is  below  the  admiral.  1885  Manch. 
Exam.  15  May  5/3  They  will  not  be  slow  to  return  him 
like  for  like. 

19.  To  give  or  send  (an  answer). 

1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  n.  v.  20  We  sent.. vnto  his 
Chamber,  And  answer  was  return'd,  that  he  will  come. 
1601  —  T'Mel.  N.  I.  i.  25,  I  might  not  be  admitted,  But 
from  her  handmaid  do  returne  this  answer.  1624  Capt. 
SmitKs  Wks.  (Arb.)  519  [He]  desired  me  to  vrge  him  no 
further,  but  returne  his  brother  this  answer.  1709  STEELE 
Tatter  No.  78  P  12  If  any  one  returns  me  an  Answer  to  a 
Letter.  1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  l,  No  answer 
was  returned.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  Ixxxl,  But  Death 
returns  an  answer  sweet. 

b.  To  say  or  state  by  way  of  reply  or  answer. 

1593  SHAKS.  Kick.  II,  in.  iii.  121  Northumberland,  say 
thus :  The  King  returnes,  HisNoble  Cousin  is  right  welcome 
hither.  1642  FULLER  Holy  .•(•  Prof.  St.  v.  xviu.  8  i  He  re 
turned,  that  learning  was  beneath  the  greatness  of  a  prince. 
1691  T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent.  18  Whereto  we  hold  it 
unnecessary  here  to  return  any  thing  in  opposition  more. 
1726  POPE  Odyss.  xvi.  61  The  swain  returns.  A  tale  of 
sorrows  hear/  1782  COWPER  Gilpm  179  '''he  calender.. 
Return'd  him  not  a  single  word.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  hnf. 
xii.  III.  228  Signals  were  made  from  the  steeples  and  re 
turned  from  the  mast  heads,  but  were  imperfectly  understood 
on  both  sides.  1889  Cornh.  Mag.  Feb.  129,  1  wish  you 
would '. .,  returns  Frances  pettishly. 

t  C.  To  give  in  answer  to  a  request.  Obs. 

1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1638)  169  Forced  by  inordin 
ate  thirst  to  call  for  water,  she  returnes  me  old  intoxicating 
Shiraz  Wine. 

20.  To  give  or  render  (thanks). 

1591  SHAKS.  «  Hen.  VI,  n.  ii.  51  And  therefore  tell  her,  I 
returne  great  thankes,  And  in  submission  will  attend  on  her. 
1653  Cloria  $  Narcissus  l.  223  To  return  a  dissembling 
thanks  for  the  Princes  favour.  1689  RAY  in  Lett.  Lit,  Mm 


RE-TURN. 

(Camden)  196, 1 ..  returned  you  many  thanks  for  the  present 
of  seeds.  1736  Gcntl.  Mag.  VI.  435/1  To  return  his  Majesty 
the  Thanks  of  that  House  for  his  most  gracious  Speech 
from  the  Throne.  1780  in  Nichols  Anccd.  (1815)  IX.  263 
The  Lord  Chancellor . .  returns  him  many  thanks  for  a  very 
agreeable  morning's  amusement. 

21.  To  repay  or  pay  back  in  some  way,  esp.  with 
something  similar. 

1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  I7,  iv.  vii.  189,  I  doe  know  Fluellen 
valiant,  And  toucht  with  Choler,  hot  as  Gunpowder,  And 
quickly  willreturnean  iniurie.  1605  —  Lean.  i.  99  You  haue 
begot  me,  bred  me,  lou'd  me.  I  returne  those  duties  backe  as 
are  right  fit.  1686  PARR  Life  Usslier  48  Which  Present  was 
also  returned  by  the  Lord  Primate,  by  a  Letter  of  thanks, 
with  a  handsome  present  of  Irish  Grey-hounds.  1710  STEELE 
Taller  No.  227  F  i  He  returns  my  Envy  with  Pity.  1713 
—  Englishm.  No.  10.  67  Men  strove  not  to  excel  in  Justice, 
but  to  return  Injuries.  1828  SCOTT  Tales  Grandfatke r  Ser. 
n.  xxxv,  As  Herbert  did  not  return  the  blow,  no  scuffle., 
actually  took  place.  1859  TENNYSON  Elaine  1077  He  loves 
the  Queen,  and  in  an  open  shame  :  And  she  returns  his  love 
in  open  shame.  1862  Sat.  Rev.  i  Feb.  isr  We  might  per 
haps  ask.  .whether  rabid  abuse  of  England  need  he  returned 
by  equally  rabid  abuse  of  America. 

absol.  1675  W.  MOUNTAGU  in  Biiccleuch  MSS.  (Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.)  I.  321  He  ill  returns  to  me  for  all  the  care 
and  pains  I  have  taken. 

b.    To    repay,    or   respond    to,    by   a   similar 
courtesy,  compliment,  etc. 

a  1674  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  vm.  §  243  The  earl  of  Pem 
broke  came  to  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer's  lodging  to 
return  him  a  visit.  1741  S.  SPEED  in  Bucclench  MSS.  (Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.)  I.  395  We.  .gave  three  broadsides. .  .They 
returned  the  compliment.  1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  W.  xvi,  My 
wife  and  daughters  happening  to  return  a  visit.  1824 
MACAULAY  in  Trevelyan  Life  (1876)  I.  iii.  141  To  return 
courtesies  which  are  little  else  than  the  blessings  of  a 
beggar.  1888  ANNIE  S.  SWAN  Doris  Cheyne  i,  Mr.  Penfold 
.  .returned,  with  some  stiffness  perhaps,  the  bow  and  bland 
smile  with  which  the  intruder  favoured  him. 

C.  In  games  :  To  respond  to  (the  play  of  one's 
partner  or  opponent).  See  also  LEAD  sb2  4. 

1742  HOYLE  Whist  30  As  soon  as  Trumps  are  played  to 
you,  return  them  upon  your  Adversary.  Ibid.  33  After  he 
has  clear 'd  the  Board  of  Trumps  he  returns  his  Partner's 
Lead.  1837  DICKENS  Fickiu.  xxxiv,  Why  Mr.  Pickwick 
had  not  returned  that  diamond,  or  led  the  club.  1882  Daily 
Tel.  18  July  2  This  was  one  of  the  best  games  in  the  match, 
deuce  occurring  four  times,  the  hard  play  of  both  being 
well  returned. 

Re-turn  (n-},  v.  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  TURN  v.  In 
early  examples,  however,  identical  with  prec. 
Usually  in  phr.  turn  and  re-turn.] 

1.  trans.  To  turn  (a  thing  or  person)  over,  round, 
or  back  again.     Also  refl. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  v.  1023  Retournynge  in  hire  soule 
ay  up  and  doun  The  wordes  of  this  sodeyn  Diomede.  1484 
CAXTON  Fables  of  JE sop  v.  x,  He  fond  a  grete  pyece  of 
bakon  wel  salted,  the  whiche  he  tourned  and  retourned  vp 
sodoune.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  740  He  was  turned 
and  retourned,  to  se  what  hurtes  or  woundes  he  had.  1609 
B.  JONSON  Alchemist  iv.  vii,  Fac.  O,  you  must  follow,  sir, 
..Hee'll  turne  againe  else.  Kas.  I'll  re-turne  him,  then. 
1660  BOYLE  New  Exp.  Phys.  Mech.  xvii.  no  By  Turning 
and  Returning  the  Key.  1720  POPE  Iliad  xvn.  8  Anxious 
[the  heifer].  .Turns,  and  re-turns  her,  with  a  mother's  care.  . 
1857  MRS.  GORE  Castles  in  Air  xviii,  [He]  turned  and  re 
turned  it  in  his  hands..— examining  the  handwriting  and 
the  seal. 

2.  intr.  To  turn  again ;  to  turn  back. 

1413  Filer.  Sowle  (Caxton)  i.  xxv.  (1859)  30  Suche  maner 
of  penaunce  that  torneth  and  retorneth,  maye  wel  be  re 
sembled  to  the  whele  of  a  mylle.  1592  SHAKS.  yen.  %  Ad. 
704  Then  shall  thou  see  the  dew-bedabbled  wretch  Turn, 
and  return.  1605  B.  JONSON  Volpone  I.  iii,  Men  of  your 
large  profession  . .  That,  with  most  quick  agilitie,  could 
turne,  And  re-turne;  make  knots,  and  vndoe  them.  1725 
POPE  Odyss.  vm.  414  In  dance  they  skim  the  strand,  Turn 
and  re-turn,  and  scarce  imprint  the  sand.  1853  C.  BRONTE 
Villette  xxviii,  He  turned  to  the  door. ..He  «-turned  on 
his  steps. 

Returnable  (rftgunab'l),  a.  Also  5-6  re- 
tourn-,  5,  7  retornable.  [a.  AF.  retornable, 
OF.  retournable  :  see  RETURN  v.  and  -ABLE.] 

L  Of  writs,  etc. :  Appointed  to  be  returned  (to 
the  issuing  court). 

1425  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  306  That  every  Sheref.  .retourne 
his  Writtes  into  ye  Kynges  Court,  at  such  dales  as  yei  buth 
retournable.  1467  in  Eug.  Gilds  (1870)  394  Yf  he  wolle 
comyn  and  appere  at  the  day  of  the  venire  facias  retornable. 
1531-2  Act  23  Hen.  VIII,  c.  12  Attachementes  . .  again 
euerie  suche  collectour.  .to  be  returnable  afore  the  saide 
Justices  of  peace.  1594  WEST  ?nd  Pt.  Symbol.,  Chancerie 
§  45  When  this  or  any  other  commission  retournable  in  this 
Court  is  executed  and  retourned.  1648  PRYNNE  Plea  for 
Lords  38  They  award  two  writs, . .  retornable  in  the  Kings 
Bench.  1682  LUTTRELL  Brief ' Rel.  (1857)  I.  109  The  court 
of  kings  bench  granted  a  habeas  corpus..,  which  was  re 
turnable  immediate.  1752  J.  LOUTHIAN  Form  of  Process 
(ed.  2)  280  The  Powers  of  Sheriffs, .  .with  the  Nature  and 
Import  of  the  several  Writs  returnable  by  them.  1817 
SELWYN  Law  Nisi  Prius  (ed.  4)  II.  1097  But  the  writ  of  re 
plevin  was  in  the  nature  of  a  justicies,  not  returnable.  1894 
Solicitor's  Jrnl.  XXXIX.  3/1  The  defendant.. offers,  on 
the  day  before  the  summons  is  returnable,  to  pay  the  debt 
and  costs. 

b.  That  is  (or  are)  to  be  returned,  in  various 
senses  of  the  verb. 

1658  Bp.  REYNOLDS  Rich  Man's  Charge  15  These  riches 
are  returnable  into  Heaven  ;  to  be  rich  in  faith.. will  stand 
us  in  stead,  when  the  World  hath  left  us.  1758  J.  BLAKE 
Plan  Mar.  Syst.  14  The  said  letter,  .being.. indorsed,  re 
turnable  to  the  pay-office.  1812  J.  SMYTH  Pract.  of  Customs 
(1821)  334  The  goods  may  be  abandoned  and  destroyed : 
in  which  case,  the  duties  are  returnable  by  special  Certi- 


591 

ficate.  1885  jl/anc/i.  Exam.  7  Oct.  4/7  All  the  electors  in 
a  Department  were  to  vote  for  all  the  members  returnable 
for  that  Department.  1891  S.  C.  SCRIVENER  Our  Fields^  ft 
Cities  99  That  unearned  increment  is  to  be  put  along  with 
the  returnable  empties. 

2.  Capable  of  being  returned,  in  various  senses 
of  the  verb. 

a  1542  WVATT  in  Toilets  Misc.  (Arb.)  34  Sins  that  disceit 
is  ay  returnable,  Of  verye  force  it  is  agreable,  That  ther- 
withall  be  done  the  recompence.  a  1643  LD.  FALKLAND,  etc. 
Infallibility  (1646)  101  He  must  needs  see  there  was  more 
matter  returnable  than  either  could  be  gratefull,  or  they 
could  justify.  1654  GAYTON  Picas.  Notes  iv.  xxiii.  278,  I  my 
selfe  but  lately  was  inchanted,  and  I  know  not  how  soon 
returnable  unto  that  condition.  18078.  COOPER  First  Lines 
Surg.  387  The  congenital  hernia,  when  returnable,  ought 
like  all  other  ruptures  to  be  reduced. 

3.  Able  to  return,  rare. 

1654  GAYTON  rleas.  Notes  m,  iv.  91  His  chiefe  adver 
saries. .were  dislodg'd,  and  never  returnable.  i784Cowi-ER 
Let.  to  Umuin  20  Nov.,  Lady  A.  is  neither  returned  nor  re 
turnable  :  she  has  taken  a  house  at  Bristol,  and  furnished  it. 

4.  Admitting  of  return. 

'853  Chamb.  Jrnl.  XX.  280  Two  longer  trips..,  both  re 
turnable  in  periods  of  about  eight  days.  1856  Brytieu's 
Kailw.  Direct.  4  Return  tickets  at  one  fare,  .returnable  by 
the  7.30,  8. 20  and  8.55  a.m.  trains  only. 

t  Retu'rnal.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  the  verb  + -.XL.] 
=  RETURN  sb. 

1657  J-  OWEN  Communion  ?«.  Father,  etc.  i.  i  As  we  had 
deprived  ourselves  of  all  power  for  a  returnal,  so  God  had 
not  revealed  any  way  of  access  unto  Himself.  Ibid.,  His 
communication  of  Himself  unto  us,  with  our  returnal  unto 
Him  of  that  which  He  requireth  and  accepteth. 

Retirrn-day.  [Cf.  RETURN  sb.  8  b.]  Law.  The 
day  on  which  a  writ  is  appointed  to  be  returned. 

1651  SIR  J.  DAVIES  Abridg.  Rep.  11.  53  If  the  Prisoner  by 
force  of  Habeas  Corpus  &c.  be  brought  to  Westminster  at 
the  Return  day  [etc.].  1766  Burrow's  Rep.  II.  815  The 
Truth  of  the  Return  must  be  taken  to  be  what  was  true  at 
the  Return-Day  of  the  XVrit,  1797  Monthly  M^ag.  III. 
549/2  [To]  return  to  the  court  from  whence  the  writ  issued, 
on  the  return  day,  what  he  has  done  with  it.  1825  HONE 
Every-day  Bk.  I.  100  All  original  writs  are  returnable  on 
these  days,  and  they  are  therefore  called  the  return  days, 
•843-36  BOUVIER  Law  Diet.  (ed.  6)  475/2  The  sheriff  is  in 
general  not  required  to  return  his  writ  until  the  return  day. 

Betu-rned,  fpl.  a.    [f.  the  verb  +  -ED  i.] 

1.  Bent  or  turned  back  in  some  way;   esp.  made 
with  a  return. 

c  1425  Found.  St.  Bartholomew's  (E.E.T.S.)  35  A  certeyne 
Damsell  deyf  and  dumm,  lackyng  si^ht  of  boeth  yen  and 
with  returnyd  leggis  contract.  i6os~B.  JONSON  Masque  of 
Blackness  Wks.  (1616)  894  The  attyie  of  Masquers  was  alike 
in  all, ..but  returned  on  the  top  with  a  scroll  and  antique 
dressing  of  feathers.  1858  Skyring's  Build.  Prices  77  All 
returned  beads,  double  price.  1874  MICKLETHWAITE  Mod. 
Par.  ChurcJies  60  The  returned  stalls  are  all  about  equally 
advantageously  placed. 

2.  That  has  (or  have)  come  back. 

1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  v.  iv.  180  Euery  of  this  happie  num 
ber..  Shal  share  the  good  of  our  returned  fortune.  1611 
SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xv.  §  32.  629/2  The  treason  had 
successe,  and  their  returned  ambassadors  told  it  for  cer- 
taine.  1837  T.  HOOK  Jack  Brag  v,  When  she  saw  the 
sunken  eye  of  her  beloved  parent  fixed.. on  her  returned 
child.  1864  LOWELL  Fireside  Trav.  292  More  refreshing 
was  the  talk  of  a  tall  returned  Californian. 

3.  Sent  or  brought  back.     Keturned  empty,  an 
empty  cask,   case,  etc.,  returned  to  the  sender; 
also  transf.  a  colonial  clergyman  who  has  come 
back  to  Great  Britain. 

In  quot.  1722  the  precise  meaning  is,  '  to  be  returned  ', 

1712  DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  vii,  A  man.. wanted  to  know  if 
he  could  hear  of  any  returned  horses  for  England.  1749 
FIELDING  Tom  Jones  x.  vi,  The  coach.. was  indeed  a  re 
turned  coach  belonging  to  Mr.  King  of  Bath.  1890  Pall 
MallG.  12  Apr.  6/3  They  were  Colonial  Bishops— returned 
empties,  as  the  profane  scoffingly  call  them.  1896  Strand 
Mag.  XII.  339/1  Reaching  its  destination  without  being 
dealt  with  by  the  Post  Office  as  a  returned  item. 

1 4.  Of  a  match  :  Played  in  return.   Obs.  rare. 

1773  in  Waghorn  Cricket  Scores  (1899)  95  The  returned 
match  of  cricket  between  the  above  elevens,  [bid.  96. 

5.  Stated  in  a  return  or  official  record. 

1892  Pall  Mall  G.  18  May  3/1  He  won  the  100  yards 
championship  in  returned  time  9  3-5  seconds. 

Returnello,  obs.  form  of  RITOHNELLO. 

Retu-riier.     [f.  the  verb  +  -EB  i.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  comes  back  or  returns, 
in  various  senses  of  the  verb. 

1611  COTGR.,  Reconvoyer,  to. .  bring,  or  lead,  a  returner  on 
ward  on  the  way.  1658  J.  OWEN  Of  Temptation  Wks.  1851 
VI.  121  Some  few  returners  from  folly.  1775  in  Stone  In 
vasion  Canada  (1867)  67  Col.  Enos,  who  more  immediately 
commanded  the  division  of  returners.  1820  T.  L.  PEACOCK 
Four  Ages  Poetry  Wks.  1875  III.  334  Mr.  Wordsworth,  the 
great  leader  of  the  returners  to  nature.  1890  Illustr.  Land 
Newsg  Aug.  170/1  O  marvellous  returner  from  the  dim  seas 
of  the  past. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  gives  or  brings  back. 
1691  LOCKE  Raising  Value  Money  Wks.  1714  II.  84  The 

Goldsmiths  and  returners  of  Money  will  give  more  for 
Bullion  to  export,  than  the  Mint  can  give  for  it  to  coin. 
1829  BATHER  Strm,  II.  65  Be  not  only  placable  and  for 
giving  but  returners  of  good  for  evil.  i839  UEE  Diet.  Arts 
1197  The  returner  guiding  the  canes  between  the  top  and 
delivering  rollers. 

Retu-rning,  vbl.  sb.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  1.] 
1.  The  action  of  the  verb,  in  various  senses. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt.'s  T.  2095  The  day  approcheth  of  fair 
retournynge.     1483  CAXTON  C/ias.  Gt.  34  In  retournyng  he 
deraaunded . .  lycence  to  dcparte.   1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss. 


RETUSION. 

1  I.  cvi.  127  At  the  retournynge  of  therle  of  Derby  to  Bor 
deaux,  a  1569  KlNGKSMYLL  Confl.  :u.  Satan  (1578)  29  Re 
pentance,  or  Returning  is  the  hatred  of  sin  and  love  of 
righteousness.  1613  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Cypress  Grove 
Wks.  (1711)  i2i  A  never  again  returning  to  the  Works  and 
dolorous  Felicity  of  Life.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  i.  32  To 
visite  Venice,  in  his  returning  home  for  Scotland.  1719 
DE  FOE  Crusoe  I.  (Globe)  14  They  are..asham'd  of  the  re 
turning,  which  only  can  make  them  be  esteem'd  wise  Men. 
1747  tr.  Aslruc's  Fevers  135  Being  always  attended  with 
bad  digestions,  these  returnings,  anxieties,  &c.  are  insepar 
able  from  a  slow  fever.  1827  SCOTT  Napoleon  Introd.,  Wks. 
1870  IX.  317  A  late  returning  to  ancient  opinions.  1847 
C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  xxii,  Neither  of  these  returnings  were 
,  very  pleasant  or  desirable.  1871  R.  ELLIS  \.i. Catullus  Ixiv. 
210  Fair  token  of  happy  returning. 

2.  A  return  ;  a  backward  turn  or  bend. 

1613-39  !•  JONKS  in  Leoni  Palladia's  Archit.  (1742)  II.  44 
The  returning  of  the  Basso-relievo.  1676  Moxox  Print  Lett. 
50  The..  Returnings  of  Angles,  .are.  .seen.  1715  tv.Panci- 
rollus1  Rennn  Mem.  I.  n.  xv.  TO3  This  Labyrinth,  .had  only 
one  Entrance,  but  innumerable  Turnings  and  Returning. 
1893  SHEDLOCK  tr.  Riemann's  Diet. "  Mils,  810/1  Even 
trumpets  of  the  i6th  century  show  no  returnings,  but  only 
winding. 

Retu  ming,  fpl.  a.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.] 

1.  That  comes  back  or  returns,  in  various  senses. 
1694  KF.TTLEWKU.  Comp.  Penitent  92  With  a  contrite  and 

a  returning  Heart.  1702  ROWF.  Tauierl.  l.  i,  Hail  to  the 
Sun  !  from  whose  returning  Light  [etc.).  \74&  Anton's  I'oy. 
in.  viii.  370  He.. resolved  to  cruise  for  these  returning 
vessels.  1778  Miss  BURNEY  Evelina  iii,  How  grateful., 
must  he  your  returning  health  !  1855  MACAULAY///J/.  Knf. 
xxii.  IV.  705  The  first  faint  signs  uf  returning  prosperity. 
iSyi  Allbutts  Syst.  Med.  I II.  819  The  innermost  cylinder 
[in  an  intussuscepted  bowel]  is  known  as  the  entering  layer 
and  the  middle  one  as  the  returning  layer. 
b.  Situated  on  a  return. 

1776  SEMPLE  Building  in  Water  102  The  Grooves  on  the 
corner  Pile,  and  the  Tongue  on  the  next  returning  Pile. 

2.  Returning  officer,  the  official  xvhose  duty  it  is 
to  conduct  or  preside  at  an  election,  and  to  report 
the  result  to  the  proper  authority. 

1729  Act  2  Geo.  II,  c.  24  §  2  Every  Sheriff,  Mayor,  Bailiff 

.  .or  other  Person,  being  returning  Officer  of  any  Member  to 

j     serve  in  Parliament,  .shall  take,  .the  following  Oath.     1764 

j     FOOTE  Mayor  ofG.  I,  If  your  Worship  has  any  objection  to 

Crispin  Heeltap  the  cobler's  being  returning  officer?     1818 

Parl.  Debates  644  He  objected.. to  the  power  given  to  the 

returning  officers  to  appoint  any  number  of  constables.   1863 

H.  Cox  Instit,  i.  vi.  62  An  elector  might  bring  actions  at 

law  against  returning  officers  for  refusing  his  vote. 

3.  Elective ;  having  the  power  to  elect. 

1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  354  This  right  to  preside 
remained  in  the  same  burgh  during  the  entire  Parliament, 
that  burgh  being  what  is  called  the  returning  burgh.  1876 
Daily  News  20  Nov.  5/2  The  Returning  Board  in  Florida 
is  a  mixed  one,  in  which  the  Democrats  are  understood  to 
have  a  majority. 

4.  Returning  sticks  :  (see  RETURN  sb.  13  b). 
RettiTiiless,    a.     [f.    RETURN    sb.  +  -LESS.] 

Devoid  of,  not  admitting  of,  a  return ;  that  is 
without  return. 

1615  CHAPMAN  Odyss.  xin.  512  All  thy  Friends,  I  knew,  as 
well,  should  make  returnlesse  ends.  1823  lilackw.  Mag. 
XIII.  48  France  went  down  an  almost  returnless  depth  of 
misery  and  crime,  1855  BAILEY  Mystic,  etc.  46  Through 
the  returnless  and  thick- branched  Forest. .they  thrid  their 
way.  1875  LOWELL  Under  the  Old  Elm  i.  ii,  The  mould. . 
whither  all  that  be  Vanish  returnless. 

Hence  Betu'rnlessly  adv.  rare  -1. 

1840  Blacltw.  Mag.  XLV1II.  238  Elliston  at  length  was 
utterly,  unequivocally,  returnlessly  ruined. 

t  RetuTinneiit.  Obs.  rare  -'.  [f.  RETURN  v. 
+  -MENT.]  =  RETURN  sl>. 

1606  HEYWOOD  If  yon  kno~,v  me  not  App.,  Sometimes  we 
yeelded ;  but  like  a  ramme  That  makes  returnment  to  re 
double  strength.  Then  forc'd  them  yeeld. 

Retirrn-tvcket.  A  railxvay  (or  other)  ticket 
which  is  available  for  the  journey  back  from,  as 
well  as  to,  the  place  specified  upon  it. 

1857  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  i,  Going  round  Ireland,  with  a 
return  ticket,  in  a  fortnight.  1867  TROLLOPE  Chron.  Barset 
xxxii,  He  could  get  a  return-ticket  at  a  third-class  fare. 
1892  E.  REEVES  Homeward  Bound  133  We  took  second- 
class  return  tickets  to  Kandy. 

Retuse  (rftiw-s),  a.  [ad.  L.  retus-tts,  pa.  pple. 
of  retunilfre :  see  RETUND  v.  So  F.  ritns,  retuse.] 
Terminating  in  a  broad  or  rounded  end  with  a  de 
pression  in  the  centre. 

a.  Bot.  Of  leaves,  petals,  etc. 
I753CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Leaf,  Retuse  leaf,,  .a  leaf 

whose  extremity  is  terminated  by  an  obtuse  line.  1785 
MARTYN  Rousseau's  Bot.  xxv.  (1794)  359  The  leaves  are 
retuse.  Ibid.,  The  lower  leaflets  retuse.  1847  W.  E.  STEELE 
Field  Bot.  37  Pet.  roundish,  retuse,  with  an  involute,  broad, 
retuse  point.  1870  HOOKER  Stud.  Flora  331  Bttxus  semper- 
•virens. ..  Leaves  | — i  in.,  obtuse  or  retuse. 

b.  Ent.  Oi  parts  of  insects. 

1824  T.  SAY  in  Jrnl.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  III.  II.  298 
Eyes  elongated,  retuse  behind  the  antenna:.  1825  —  Explan. 
Terms  Entont.  29  Retttse,  ending  in  an  obtuse  sinus,  or 
broad  shallow  notch ;  terminated  by  an  obtuse  hollow. 
1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  III.  xxxvi.  711  At  its  base  it 
is  truncated  in  Sirex;  retuse  in  most  bees. 

Retvrseuess.  rare-1.  [See prec.]  Hoarseness. 

1657  TOMLINSON  Renou's  Disp,  396  It  [gum  Tragacanth) 
emends.,  retusenesse  of  voice  and  other  defluxions. 

Retu-sion.  rare-0,  [ad.  L.  type  *retfisio  :  cf. 
RETUSE  a.]  (See  quot.) 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,Retusi(m..,  a  dulling  or  making 
blunt. 


RETUSO-. 

Retuso-,  used  as  comb,  form  of  RETUSE  a. 

1815  BURROW  ConcJtol.  37  Retii&o-umbilicatc\  the  spire 
being  so  much  impressed  as  to  seem  rather  concave  than 
convex.  1856-8  W.  CLARK  Van,  der  Hoeveits  Zoot.  I.  790 
Shell  univalve,  covering  body  entirely  above,  clypeate  or 
retuso-conical. 

Re-twist  («--)>  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  twist  again. 

1835  URE  Philos.  Manuf.  248  The  cost  of  re-winding  and 
re-twisting.. [is]  about  $s.  1839  —  Diet,  Arts  1115  The 
throwster  re-winds  and  re-twists  it  upon  the  spinning  mill. 
1868  Rep.  U.S.  Commissioner  Agric.  (1869)  286  A  second 
machine  to  retwist  together  two  threads  already  twisted 
separately,  thus  producing  organzine. 

Re-type  (rf-),  v.    [HE-  5  a,  5  c.] 

1.  trans.  To  typify  anew. 

1839-48  BAILEV  Festus  xix.  215  The  father  of  the  faithful 
and  the  first  Of  men  was  each  in  Him  retyped. 

2.  To  recopy  with  a  typewriter. 

1898  MITTON  Bachelor  Girl  vi,  Once  or  twice  she  had  to 
re-type  a  page. 

3.  absol.  To  acquire  a  stock  of  new  type. 

1896  Westm.  Gaz.  ra  Oct.  i/i  In  re-typing  we  have  made 
certain  alterations  which  we  hope  will.  .be.  .improvements. 

Reu,  obs.  form  of  RUE.  Reualing,  obs.  Sc. 
form  of  REVELLING. 

t  Reuall.  Sc.  Obs.  Also  riwell.  (Of  obscure 
origin  and  meaning  ;  the  n  and  w  may  stand  for  ?'.) 

c  1470  HFNRY  Wallace  ix.  106  His  cot  armour  is  seyn  in 
mony  steid,  Ay  battaill  boun,  and  i  Swell  ay  offreid.  c  1475 
RarifCoilyar  670  The  hall  was  properly  apperrellit. ..The 
rufe  reulit  about  in  reuall  of  Reid. 

Reuar,  Reuart,  obs.  So.  ff.  RIVER,  REVERT  v. 
Reuay:  see  REVAY  sb.  Reubarb(e,  obs.  ff. 
RHUBARB.  Reucht,  obs.  Sc.  f.  ROUGH  a.  Reue, 
obs.  f.  REAVE  v.  Reueil(l,  obs.  ff.  REVEAL  v. 
Reueir,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RIVEK  sb.  Reueis,  obs.  f. 
RAVISH.  Reuel(e,  obs.  ff.  RAVEL  sb.-,  REVEL, 
RIVEL,  RULE.  Reuelaic(k,  etc.  :  see  REFLAC. 
Reuelat :  see  REVELATE  pa.  pple.  Reuelioh, 
obs.  f.  RULY  a.  Reuelin,  obs.  f.  RAVELIN. 
Reuen,  obs.  f.  RAVEN  rf.i  Reuer(e,  obs.  ff. 
REAVER,  RIVER.  Reuere,  var.  REAVERY,  Obs. 
Reuery,  var.  REVERIE.  Reuesohe :  see  RE- 
VESH  v.  Reuet,  obs.  f.  RIVET.  Reufol,  -ful, 
obs.  ff.  RUEFUL. 

t  Reugle.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  reugle,  riugle, 
variant  of  rittle,  etc.,  RULE.]  Rule,  discipline  ;  a 
rule  or  regulation. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  ir2  The  secund 
nedefull  thing  [in  battle]  is  gude  reugle,  and  gude  ordyn- 
aunce.  Ibid,  221  By  a  reugle  of  the  canoun  lawe. 

ReuMSe,  obs.  f.  RUTH.  Reuin,  obs.  Sc.  pa. 
pple.  of  RIVE  v.  Reuir(e,  obs.  ff.  RIVER.  Re- 
uis(s,  obs.  ff.  RAVISH  v.  Reuk,  obs.  f.  ROOK. 
Reul,  obs.  f.  RULE.  Reular,  obs.  f.  RULER. 

Reu'lcerate  («-),  v.  [RE.  5  a.]  trans.  To 
cause  to  ulcerate  again.  In  qnots.  fg. 

1601  [Bp.  W.  BAHLOW]  Serin.  Panics  Crosse  32  Their  falles 
and  faultes  should  not  be  reulcerated  nor  reuiued  after 
death.  1621  QUARLES  Esther ;xix,  Lest  the  gaulled  Persians 
should. .re-vlcerate  In  after-times,  their  formermisery.  1624 
—  Sim's  Elegies^  i.  12  Evills,  which  my  offended  God  Re- 
ulcerates,  with  his  enraged  Rod, 

Reuilde,  obs.  f.  RIVELLED  a.    Reule,  reulle, 
obs.  ff.  RULE  sb.  and  v.   Reuli(ohe,  reuly(che,   ! 
obs.  ff.  RULY  a.  Reulor,  obs.  f.  RULER.  Reume, 
obs.  f.  REALM,  RHEUM.    Reumy,  obs.  variant  of  , 
RHEUMY  a. 

Reu  ndulate  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  53.]  trans.  To 
cause  to  undulate  again. 

1698  FRVER  Ace.  E.  India  *  P.  J2q  The  bandying  Eccho 
still  persecutes  with  terrible  repeated  Sounds,  meeting 
fresh  Objects  to  reundulate  it.  1839-31  BAILEY  Festus  168 
Spear  after  spear  And  line  on  line  reundulating  light. 

So  Heundula'tion. 

1671  Phil.  Trans.  VI.  3057  As  the  Tube  enlarges  it  self,. . 
the  Circles  both  of  Reundulation  and  Reverberation  become 
greater. 

Reunes,  variant  of  REWNESS,  Obs. 

Reunfold,  v.     [RE-  5  a.]    To  unfold  again. 

1594  DANIEL  Cleopatra  i.  i,  What  Power  should  be  of   I 
Power  to  reunfold  The  Arms  of  our  Affections  lock'd  so  fast  ?    • 

Reunifica-tion  (rf-).  [RE-  5  a.]  The  action 
of  reunifying  ;  a  state  of  reunion. 

1880  Encycl.  Brit.  XI.  619/1  To  clasp  the  discordant  facts 
and  establish  a  reunification.  1891  Daily  Nnvs  26  Nov.  5/3 
The  division  of  that  kingdom  was  deplored,  and  proposals 
made  for  its  reunification. 

So  Reu-nify  v.  (Cent.  Diet.  1890). 

Reunion  (r/iyK-nian).  [  =  F.  rtunion  (1549), 
Sp.  reunion,  It.  riunione:  see  RE-  5  a,  and  UNION.] 

1.  The  action  of  reuniting  or  coming  together 
again  ;  the  state  of  being  reunited. 

1610  DONNE  Pseudo-martyr  23  The  Emperours  were  euer 
forwardest  to  labour  a  re-union  and  concurrence  of  their 
powers.  _  1681  tr.  Belon's  Neiu  Myst.  Physick  28  Which 
interruption  never  ceases,  but  by  the  Re-union . .  of  all  those 
parts.  1701  STEELE  Funeral  iv,  There's  no  Middle  way,  I 
SS*»It*S*JBfl»JS««»«S«  ^practicable.  1780 


592 

2.  The  fact  of  (persons)  meeting  again  after 
separation! 

1703  MAUNDRELL  Jonrn.  Jems.  (1732)  144  [We)  congratu 
lated  each  other  upon  our  happy  reunion.  1835  LYTTON 
Ricnzi  i  x.  ii,  For  some  minutes  the  young  lovers  surrendered 
themselves  to  the  delight  of  re-union.  1843  J.  MARTINEAU 
Clir.  Life  (1867)  455  His  reunion  with  his  disciples. 

3.  A   meeting   or   social   gathering   of  persons 
acquainted  with  each  other,  or  having  some  pre 
vious  link  of  connexion. 

1820  BYRON  Blues  \.  139  Tis  a  sort  of  reunion  for  Scamp, 
on  the  days  Of  his  lecture.  1856  MERIVALE  Rom.  Einp. 
xxxvii.  (1865)  IV.  271  The  exquisites  of  the  day  were,  .the 
oracles  of  coteries,  the  observed  of  aristocratic  reunions. 
1873  HOLLAND  A.  Bonnie,  xii.  204  The  little  reunion  was 
given  to  Henry  and  myself,  in  token  of  our  departure. 

attrib.  1842  HOWITT  Rur.  Life  Germ.  257  The  fitting  up 
of  the  ball-room  and  of  a  re-union  room  at  the  right  hand  end. 
b.  In  this  sense  freq.  in  Fr.  form  rtunion. 

1835  GREVILLE  Diary  80  (Stanf.),  Music  is  here  much  in 
fashion,  and  there  are  constant  large  reunions  of  amateurs. 
1847  Ilhtstr.  Land.  News  2  Jan.  2/1  At  the  last  Ministerial 
reunion  at  M.  Guizot's.  1855  THACKERAY  Nezvcomes  yiii, 
All  the  lions  present  at  Mrs.  Newcome's*r//«/0«  that  evening. 

Hence  Reu-nionism.     (Cf.  next.) 

1893  Tablet  20  Apr.  611/2  To  what  extent  the  new  Re- 
unionism  may.. alter  the  accents  of  the  prelates  of  the 
Established  Church. 

Reu-nionist  (i/'-).  [f.  prec. +  -IST.]  One  who 
desires  the  reunion  of  the  Anglican  with  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church. 

i86S  T.  N.  HARPER  Peace  through  Truth  Ser.  I.  rj.  xcii, 
The  difficulties  which  beset  the  Reunionists  in  their  chi 
merical  efforts,  multiply.  1896  Daily  !\'e-vs  i  June  6/7  A 
definite  pronouncement  against  them,  by  dashing  the  hopes 
of  the  Re-Unionists  to  the  ground,  would  widen  the  breach 
between  the  two  Churches. 

attrili.  1898  Westm.  Gas.  10  Jan.  2/1  That  the  Cardinal 
and  his  friends  have.. inflicted  a  signal  discomfiture  on  the 
'  reunionist '  party. 

Hence  Rennioni-stic  a.,  aiming  at,  or  desirous 
of,  reunion  with  Rome. 

1867  Ess.  on  Reunion  210  The  Bishop  of  Oxford.. quoting 
in  support  of  his  thoroughly  Re-unionistic  sentiments  the 
remarkable  3oth  Canon  of  1603.  1883  Sat.  Rev.  LVI.  no 
The  religious  and  especially — if  the  word  may  be  allowed — 
the  Reunionistic  movements  of  the  age. 

Reuiii'table  (n-),  a.  [Cf.  REUNITE  v.  and 
-ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  reunited. 

1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol.  Chym.  14  Having  its  parts,  only 
forcibly  severed  by  the  fretting  corrosive,  reunitable.  1828 
CARLYLE  Misc.  (1857)  I.  162  Some  composite,  divisible,  and 
reunitable  substance. 

t  Reuni'te,  pa.  ppk.  Obs.-1  [ad.  pa.  pple.  of 
med.L.  reunire  :  see  next.]  Reunited. 

'•1450  Mirour  Saluacioun  (Roxb.)  140  At  Domesday 
bodyes  and  sawles  shal  be  revnit  certayne. 

Reunite  (rr,y«n3i-t],  v.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  med.L. 
reunire :  see  RE-  and  UNITE  v.    Cf.  F.  rhtnir, 
Sp.  and  Pg.  reitnir,  It.  rcunire.'] 
_  1.  trans.  To  unite  or  bring  together  again ;  to 
join  together  after  separation. 

1591  SAVILE  Tacitus,  Hist.  iv.  Ivi.  211  Hee  would.. re 
unite  the  greatest  part  of  the  cuntrey  againe  to  the  Roman 
Empire.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  ifoThc  young  tendrils,  .do 
re-ioyn  and  re-vnite  the  skin  of  the  head  which  was  departed 
from  the  bones  of  the  skull.  1681-6  J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Life 
t'747)  III-  S°6  It  is  God  that  must  recollect  this  Matter, 
reduce  it  into  a  Body  again,  and  re-unite  it  to  its  ancient 
Soul.  1720  WELTON  Suffer.  Son  of  God  II.  xxx.  795  Who 
Reunites!  all  our  Hearts  within  the  Bond  of  Thy  Love. 
1781  GIBBON  Decl.  *  F.  xxvi.  (1787)  II.  586  As  they  had  been 
divided  by  prosperity,  they  were  easily  re-united  by  the 
common  hardships.  1835  LYTTON  Rienzi  ix.  ii,  She  but  felt 
that  they  were  reunited.  1879  MEREDITH  Egoist  xlvii,  Clara 
could  reunite  him,  turn  him  once  more  into  a  whole,  .man. 

reft.  1396  RALEIGH  Disco-:  Gtiiana  (1887)  145  Whatso 
ever  companies  shall  be  afterwards  planted  within  the  land 
..shall  be  able  to  reunite  themselves  upon  any  occasion, 
1636  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalints  Advts.fr.  Parnass.  n.  Ii. 
(1674)  202  Anything  which,  .might  makethe  people  re-unite 
themselves  with  the  Nobility.  1712  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's 
Gardening  168  That  the  Sap  may  rise  and  reunite  itself 
entirely  above. 

2.  mlr.  To  come  together  again  and  unite. 

1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  97  Believing  that 


Univ.  Serin,  v.  115  There  were  the  fragments  of  a  mighty 
nation  determined  to  reunite. 

Hence  Beuni'ted  ppl.  a. ;    Reuui'tedly  adv. ; 
t Reuni'tement;  Reuni-ter;  Reuniting vbl. sb. 

'397  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeau's  Fr.  Cliirnrg.  23/2  Thrust  a 
needle  through  both  the  "revnited  partes.  1896  McKlNLF.Y 
in  Westm.  Gaz.  6  Nov.  7/1  We  have  demonstrated  to  the 
world  that  we  are  a  re-united  people.  1847  WEBSTER,  *Ki- 
unitedly,  in  a  reunited  manner.  1611  COTGR.,  Reunion,  a 
reunion,  "reumtement,  reconcilement,  a  1849  J.  C.  MANGAN 
Poems  (1859)  176  The  grave  is  the  great  "Reuniter.  a  1586  I 
CARTWRIGHT  in  Answ.  to  Cartiuright  86  Your  first  page  had 
raysed  me  vnto  some  hope  for  the  'reuniting  of  your  selfe 
vnto  vs.  1673  AYRF.S  (title),  The  Re-uniting  of  Christianity, 
or  The  manner  how  to  rejoin  all  Christians  under  one  sole 
Confession  of  Faith.  1872  RAINY  Lect.  CA.  Scat.  i.  (1883) 
47  A  reuniting  movement,  .set  in  and  prevailed.  1883  Edin. 
Dmly  Rev.  6  June  3/7  Would  not  this  be  the  happy  re 
uniting  of  our  broken  ranks? 

Reuni'tion.  rare.  [Cf.  prec.  and  -TION.]  The 
action  of  reuniting ;  reunion. 


BEVALING. 

1635  JACKSON  Humiliation  Son  of  God  xvii.  190  The  dis 
solution  of  Christ's  body  and  soule,  and  their  reunition  in 
flory  and  immortality.    1693  KNATCHBULL  Annot.  N.  T.  93, 
believe  the  Resurrection  of  the  body,  and  its  reunition 
with  the  Sou!.     1893  Columbus  (Ohio)  Disp.  12  June,  He 
argues  for  the  reunition  of  the  English-speaking  peoples. 

Reuni'tive,  a.     rare"1,     [f.  as  REUNITE  v.  + 
-IVE.]     Causing  or  marked  by  reunion. 
1851  S.  JUDD  Margaret  i.  xiv,  A  social  and  reunitive  epoch. 

Reuolde,  obs.  pa.  t.  of  REVOLVE  v. 

Reuour,  obs.  form  of  REAVER. 

Re-trrge  (n-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  urge  again. 

1701  NORRIS  Ideal  World  i.  i.  18  Whose  arguments,  .are 
sufficiently  known,  and  need  not  here  be  re-urged.  1748 
RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  III.  248,  I  re-urged  her  to 
make  me  happy.  1782  Miss  BNWSnefCtciH*  vu.  vi,  Delvile 
..re-urged  all  his  arguments  with  redoubled  hope  and 
spirit.  1814  JANE  AUSTEN  Mans/.  Park  xxxiv,  In  the  same 
low,  eager  voice.. he  went  on  re-urging  the  same  questions 
as  before.  1816  —  Emma  i.  ix,  He  re-urged — she  re- 
declined.  1881  DARWIN  in  Life  \  Lett.  (1887)  111.246,  I 
hope  that  you  will  re-urge.. your  view. 

Re-use  (rf|y«-s),  sb.  [RE-  5  a.]  Further  use; 
using  over  again. 

1866  G.  STEPHENS  Runic  J\Ton.  I.  xviii,  Add  to  this  the 
endless  destruction  during  1800  years  from  greed,  for  build 
ing,  . .  for  re-use  as  palimpsest-stones.  1882  [/.S.  Rep.  Prec. 
Metals  650  The  water  is  pumped  up  to  the  stamps  again 
for  re-use. 

Re-use  (riiyfi-z),  v.  [RE-  53.]  To  use  again. 

1843  Civil  Eng.  fy  Arch.  Jrnl.  VI.  304/1  The  water  is  to 
be  re-used  for  forming  the  solution.  1865  Ch.  Times  n  Feb. 
46/1  The  fittings  have  been  entirely  re-used,  and  the  carv 
ings  preserved.  1889  HANNAY  Capt.  Marryat  85  He  had 
to  rely  on  his  power  of  re-using  well-worn  materials. 

Reuse,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  ROOSE  v. 

fReusful,  a.     Obs.-1     [Cf.  next.]     Rueful. 

c  1230  in  O.  E.  Misc.  186  So  reusful  [v.r.  reu}>rul]  dede 
idon  neuer  non  nas. 

t  Reu'sie,  v.  Obs.  Forms  :  i  (h)reowsian, 
2  reusien,  3  r(e)ous-,  reos-.  [OE.  hreowsian,  f. 
hreow  RUE  sb.]  intr.  To  feel  sorrow  or  penitence. 

1:893  K.  ALFRED  Oros.  vi.  ii.  256  f>aet  J>a  heora  synna 
sceoldon  hreowsian  &  daedbote  don.  c  xooo  Ags.  Gasp. 
Matt,  xxvii.  3  f>a  ongann  he  hreowsian  [Hatton  reowsian], 
f  ii6p  Hatton  Gosp.  Mark  viii.  12  |>a  cwaeft  he  reowsiende 
on  his  gaste  [etc.],  c  1175  Lamb.  Horn.  27  For  heore  sunne 
to  beten  &  to  reusien.  c  1205  LAY.  29477  Pa  reousede 
Gregori, . .  and  Jjas  andsware  saide. 

t  ReU'Sing,  vbl.  sb.  Obs.  [f.  REUSIE  z».]  Penit 
ence,  repentance ;  pity. 

c  897  K.  ALFRED  tr.  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xxi.  165  Dast  he 
fturh  fta  hreowsunga  ^emete  forjiefnesse.  c  1000  Ags.  Gosp. 
Luke  x.  13  Hig  on  hseran  &  on  axan  hreowsunge  [Hatton 
reowsunge]  dydon.  c  1200  ORMIN  5563  J>e  sexte  ?ife  off 
Halij  Cast  Iss  an  rihht  god  reowwsunnge.  13..  Song  of 
Prisoner  in  Rel.  Ant.  I.  275  Bisech  thin  sone,  that  swete 
thing,  That  he  habbe  of  us  rewsing. 

Reuth(e,  obs.  ff.  RUTH.  Reutheful,  -les,  obs. 

ff.  RUTHFDL,  -LESS. 

Reu'tter  (""-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]   To  utter  again. 

1855  BROWNING  Old  Pict.  Florence  xi,  The  truth.  .Which 
the  actual  generations  garble,  Was  re-uttered.  1874  H.  R. 
REYNOLDS  John  Bapt.  iv.  §  6.  270  He  reuttered  the  sternest 
enactments  of  the  law. 

Reuu,  reuwe,  obs.  ff.  RUE.  Reuwele, 
obs.  f.  RULE  v .  Reuylde,  variant  of  RIVELLED  a. 
Reuyll,  obs.  f.  RULE.  Reuyn,  obs.  f.  RAVEN 
i*.i,  RIVEN.  Reuys,  obs.  f.  RAVISH.  Reuyue, 
obs.  f.  REVIVE  v.  Reuze,  variant  of  ROOSE  v. 
Rev,  obs.  f.  RUE.  Rev.,  abbrev.  for  REVEREND. 

Reva 'cciiiate  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.  So  F.  re- 
vafciner,  It.  rivaccinare.']  To  vaccinate  again. 
Hence  Reva'coinated^/.  a. 

1843  SIR  T.  WATSON  Lect.  Pract.  Med.  Ixxxvii.  II.  738 
Both  of  them  have  lately  been  revaccinated.  1863  Manch. 
Guard.  6  May,  An  almost  entirely  revaccinated  population. 
1868  SEATON  Hdbk.  Vaccination  273  Recruits,  .who  were 
incubating  smallpox  when  they  were  re-vaccinated. 

Revaccina  tiqn  ("-).  [Re-  5  a.  Cf.  prec. 
and  F.  revaccinalion,  It.  rivaccinazione.~\  The 
action  of  revaccinating  or  fact  of  being  revac 
cinated. 

1843  SlR  T.  WATSON  Lect.  Pract.  Med.  Ixxxvii.  II.  739 
The  practice  of  revaccination  is  a  safe  and  advisable  pre 
caution.  1869  E.  A.  PARKES  Pract.  Hygiene  (ed.  3)  485 
The  evidence  from  foreign  armies  proves  the  necessity  of 
careful  re-vaccination. 

t  Revai'led,  a.  Obs.  [f.  REVALE  v. :  cf. 
REVEAL  ji.2]  Having  a  reveal  or  reveals. 

1637  in  Fowler  Hist.  C.  C.  C.  (O.  H.  S.)  359  For  a  chest 
of  Miter  round  and  revayled  with  lapts  and  pendants  to  put 
in  the  vestments  belonging  to  the  Chapell.  1688  HOLME 
Armoury  in.  112/2  Revailed,  is  in  the  same  way  of  work, 
but  in  this  the  joynts  are  but  champhered,  so  that  it  is  two 
edges  of  the  joynt  taken  off.  1703  T.  N.  City  4-  C.  Pur- 
chaserm  Revailed  and  Pilaster-peers,  from  10  to  14  Pounds 
a  pair. 

Revale,  obs.  form  of  REVEAL  sb.2 

t  Reva'le,  v.  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  revayle.  [ad. 
OF.  revaler,  f.  re-  RE-  +  -valer :  see  AVALE,  DE- 
VALL,  and  VAIL  z>.]  trans.  To  lower,  bring  down. 

14. .  Wars  Eng.  in  France  (Rolls)  II.  527  The  oppynyouns 
and  reasouns.  .sent  to  the  said  councelle  of  Arras,  in  reval- 
yng  and  adnullyng  the  seide  grete  adversaries  demaundes. 
1475  Bk.  Noblesse  74  Suffre  ye  not  the  prelates.. to  be 
oppressid,  revaled,  ne  vileyned. 

Hence  fKeva-ling  vbl.  sb.  Obs. 

14..    Wars  Ens,  in  France  (Rolls)  II.  524  A  pere  of 


REVALENTA. 

Fraunce.,shuld  have  be  regente,  whiche  myghte  have  bene 
a  grete  revaylyng  to  the  noblesse  of  thys  youre  realme. 

Revalenta  (revale'nta).  [Arbitrary  altera 
tion  of  ervalenta,  f.  e>  vitm  lens  the  LENTIL.]  A 
preparation  of  lentil  and  barley  flour. 

1850  URE  in  Lancet  7  June  (1851)  Advt.,  Having  also 
examined  Du  Harry's  Revalenta  Arabica,  I  find  it  [etc.], 
1864  N.  <$•  Q.  3rd  Ser.  V.  24/1,  I  remember  the  first  intro 
duction  of  the  Article  now  called  Revalenta.  I  knew  the 
man  who  first  prepared  it  and  advertized  it  under  the  name 
'  Ervalenta'.  1866  Trcas.  Bot.  466/1  The  so-called  invalids' 
food,  which  under  the  names  Ervalenta  and  Revalenta  has 
attained  no  little  celebrity. 

Revale'SCence.  rare  -'.  [f.  L.  revalesc-ere  •+ 
-ENCE.]  Convalescence. 

1810  COLERIDGE  in  Lit.  Rein.  (1838)  III.  301  Would  this 
prove  that  the  patient's  revalescence  had  been  independent 
of  the  medicines  given  him? 

So  Bevale'scent  a.t  'beginning  to  grow  well' 
(Webster,  1864). 

Revalidate  («-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    trans.  To 

validate  or  confirm  anew. 

1602  T.  FITZHERBERT  Apol.  13  That  his  confession  vpon 
torment  was  voyd  in  Law  and.. that  bis  ratification  therof 
at  the  barre  could  not  reualidate  the  same.  1893  Month 
Mar.  319  The  intrusion  was  ordinarily  revalidated  by  a 
formal  ceremony  of  election  duly  conducted. 

Revalley,  -ie,  obs.  forms  of  REVEILLE. 

Revalua'tion.  [RE-sa:  cf.next.]  A  second 
or  revised  valuation. 

1611  COTGR.,  Raprecy^  reualuation,  or  new  price  made,  of. 
1714  Fr.  Bk.  Rates  25  The  Five  Shillings  per  Ton, .  .with 
the  Revaluation  of  those  Duties.  1851  I)E  QUINCEY  Pope 
Wks.  1858  IX.  ii  In  making  a  revaluation  of  Pope  as  re 
gards  some  of  his  principal  works.  1884  Law  Rep.  13  Q.  B. 
Div.  376  An  alteration  in  the  name  of  the  occupier  might 
require  a  revaluation  of  the  property. 

Revalue  («-),  v.  [RE-  53.]  To  value  anew. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rinalere,  to  reualue.  1682  SCARLETT  Ex- 
changes-2g$  If  in  such  a  case  the  Drawer. .hath  ordered  his 
Acceptant  to  revalue  upon  him.  1874  WALFORD  Insurance 
Cycl.  III.  526  The  house  property  over  which  the  ins[ur- 
ance]  extends  is  revalued  every  7  years. 

Reva'mp  (rJ-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  vamp  or 
patch  up  again.  Hence  Reva'mping  vhl.  sb. 

1859  G.  P.  MARSH  Lect.  Eng.  Lang.  447  The  revamping 
of  our  own  writings,.. after  an  interval  so  long..,  is  a  dan 
gerous  experiment.  1876  LOWELL,  Among wyBks.  Ser.  u.  19 
Some  of  them  at  least  fifteen  centuries  old  when  revamped. 

So  Reva'mp  sb. 

1881  Philadelphia  Rec.  No.  3418/1  All  that  has  been  pub 
lished  is  simply  a  revamp  of  what  came  out  in  the  Con 
gressional  investigation. 

Revar(e,  obs.  forms  of  REAVER,  RIVEE. 

Revard,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  REWARD. 

Reva'rnish  (n-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.    So  F.  re-   \ 
vernir.~\     trans.  To  varnish  again.     Also  _/%>•. 

1851  MOGFORD  Handbk.Preserv.  Pict.  (ed.  3)  n.  54  To  re-  | 
varnish  the  picture,  take  two-thirds  of  mastic  varnish  [etc.], 
1863  Quart.  Rev.  Jan.  262  There  is  no  more  certain  recipe 
for  revarnishing  a  Liberal  reputation  that  has  grown  a  little 
rusty.  1876  T.  HARDY  Ethelberta  (1890)  295  Imitations  in 
paint  and  plaster,  .recently  repaired  and  re-varnished. 

Revart,  obs.  variant  of  REVERT  v. 

Reva'ry  (r/"-)f  v.    [RE-  5  a.]     To  vary  again. 

1608  SYLVESTER  Spectacles  xlix,  Vary,  re-vary  ;  tune,  and 
tune  againe  Thy  One  same  Subject  in  a  sundry  Strain. 

t  Revay,  sb.  Obs~l  [f.  next.]  Hunting  or 
hawking  on  the  banks  of  rivers. 

c  1470  Gol.  %  Gaiv.  1343  With  reualing  and  reuay  all  the 
oulk  hale,  Also  rachis  can  ryn  vndir  the  wod  rise. 

t  Revay,  v.  Obs.  Forms :  reuaye,  revay, 
revey ;  ryu-,  ryvaye.  [ad.  ONF.  riveter,  OF. 
rivoier,  f.  rive  bank.]  intr.  To  hunt  or  hawk 
along  the  banks  of  rivers. 

?<T  1400  Morte  Arth.  3275  [To]  reuaye,  and  reuelle,  and 
rawnsone  the  pople.  Ibid.  3999,  I  salle  neuer  ryvaye,  ne 
racches  vn-cowpylle  At  roo  ne  rayne-dere.  a  1440  Sir 
Degrei'.  50  He  wold  be  upp  or  the  day  To  honte  and  to 
revay.  Ibid.  659  By  that  the  masse  was  i-seid, ,  .The  eorlle 
hadd  i-revayd,  And  in  hys  gerd  lyjthus. 

Hence  f  Revaying  vbl.  sb.  Obs. 

(1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxiii.  105  When  be  Grete  Caan 
will  hafe  his  disporte  in  ryuaying  or  huntyng,  he  may  wylde 
fewle  slayne  with  hawkes.  .and  passe  no?t  his  chaumbre. 

Reve,  obs.  f.  REAVE  z>.,  REEVE  sb.1  and  sb* 
Reveal  (rJvrl),  sb.1   rare.    [f.  REVEAL  v.]    A 

revealing,  revelation,  disclosure. 

16*9  WADSWORTH  Pilgr.  iii.  22  He  vtterly  disclaimed 
their  superstitious  reueales.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep. 
195  In  nature  the  concealment  of  secret  parts  is  the  same 
in  both  sexes  and  the  shame  of  their  reveale  equall.  1858 
BAILEY  Age  41  Faith  her  first  law,  knowledge  her  last  reveal. 

Reveal  (rzVf  1),  s/>,2  Also  7  revale,  9  revel(e. 
[f.  REVALEZ/.  Cf.  also  REVAILED  a.}  A  side  of 
an  opening  or  recess  which  is  at  right  angles  to  the 
face  of  the  work  ;  esp,  the  vertical  side  of  a  door 
way  or  window-opening  between  the  door-  or 
window-frame  and  the  arris. 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  HI.  354/2  Of  two  other  sorts  of 
Moulds,  .the  second  is  a  square  with  a  swelling  Frize  and 
revale.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  O  per  at.  Mechanic  593  In  the 
clear  of  the  reveals  on  the  outside.  1845  G.  PF.TRIE  Round 
Towers  Irel.  n.  iii.  236  The  reveal,  which  divides  the  outer 
compound  archway,  from  the  inner  one.  1881  YOUNG  Every 
Man  his  (nun  Mech.  §  1384  Any  recess  in  the  wall  where  the 
two  surfaces  of  the  wall  and  the  reveal  meet  at  right  angles. 

attrib.     1838  London" s  Archit.  Mag.  V.  580  A  variety  of 
other  bricks,,  .such  as  bat-headers,  closers,  reveal-headers. 
VOL.  VIII. 


593 

Reveal  (r/V/T,  v.  Forms  :  4-6  reuele,  5  Sc. 
rewele,  5-7  revele  ;  5  Sc,  reweil,  6  Sc.  reu-,  re- 
veil(l;  6  rea-,  6-7  reueal(e,  reveale,  6-  reveal, 
[ad.  OF.  reveler  (l4th  c.,  mod.K.  ;•*£/#<?>•,  =  Sp. 
and  It,  revdar,  It.  re-,  rivelare],  or  L.  revelaret 
f.  re-  RE-  2  d  +  velum  VEIL.  See  also  REVEIL  v.] 

1.  trans.  To  disclose,  make  known  (to  one)  in  a 
supernatural  manner. 

r  137,5  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxxvii.  (Vincent")  378  Hot  son  in  til 
a  vysione  reuelit  it  wes  til  a  matrone.  £1450  Myrr.  our 
Ladye  18  Myn  angel  that  shall  reuele  £  endyte  vnto  the 
the  legende  that  shall  be  redde.  1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour 
c  ij  b,  There  it  was  shewed  and  reueled  to  hym  that  she 
shold  be  saued.  1574  tr.  Marlorafs  Apocalips  3  Although 
these  two  kyndes  of  reuealing  haue  ben  very  rare  since  the 
tyme  that  Christ  was  reueled.  1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  i. 
vii.  §  4  A  matter  revealed  and  prefigured  unto  Domitian  in 
a  dream.  1671  MILTON  Samson  29  O  wherefore  was  my 
birth.. from  some  great  act  Or  benefit  reveal'd  to  Abra 
ham's  race?  1781  COWFER  Expost.  236  The  plan  That 
truth  and  mercy  had  reveal'd  to  man.  1865  R.  W.  DALE 
yew.  Temp,  xviii.  (1877)  206  The  Spirit  revealed  Divine 
truth  by  inspired  prophets.  1875  MANNING  Mission  //. 
Ghost  iii.  71  God  has  revealed  the  fact  that  He  made  the 
heaven  and  the  earth. 

2.  To  disclose,  divulge,  make  known  (to  one)  by 
discourse  or  communication. 

c  1435  WYNTOUN  Cron.  v.  xi.  2919  pai  walde  bar  mwrmur 
Reweil  til  hym.  1508  DUNBAR  Tita  Mariit  Wemen  43 
Reueill  gif  serewit  that  rakles  conditioun?  1540  CKOMWKLL 
in  Merriman  Life  $  Lett.  (1902)  II.  266  A  mattyer  of  gret 
Secresye  which  I  dyde  Reaueale.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  \. 
ix.  8,  I  will  revele  what  ye  so  much  desire.  1617  MORYSON 
I  tin.  i.  16  A  Bishop,  who  being  the  Queenes  Confessour, 
was  cast  into  Molda  because  he  would  not  reueale  her 
confession  to  her  husband.  1671  MILTON  Samson  383 
Did  not  she.. reveal  The  secret  wrested  from  me?  1725 
DE  FOE  Voy.  round  World  47  They  would  not.. reveal  to 
me  all  the  Particulars  of  the  Conspiracy.  1784  New  Spec 
tator  No.  15.  6  His  attendance  gave  birth  to  a  passion  which 
he  dared  not  to  reveal.  1856  FctoUDE  /list.  Eng.  (1858)  I. 
ii.  126  Wolsey  has  revealed  to  us  fully  his  own  objects  in  a 
letter.  1880  L.  STEPHEN  Pope  vi.  138  Having  no  characler 
to  lose,  he  could  reveal  his  own  practices  without  a  blush. 

absol,  1671  MILTON  \rtWJ0w  782  But  I  to  enemies  reveal'd, 
and  should  not.  1837  HT.  MARTINKAU  Soc.  in  Amer.  III. 
167  A  dozen  boys  and  girls,  .crowded  round  me,  question 
ing,  .  .speculating,  revealing  in  a  way  which  enchanted  me. 
fb.  To  betray.  Obs.  rare. 

1640  YORKE  Union  Hon.  92  A  servant  of  his,  by  whom., 
hee  was  revealed  and  there  taken  and  beheaded.  1657  MAY 
Life  Sat.  Puppy  22  Crying  blood,  blood !  the  Villain  will 
reveal  us,  the  Villain  will  reveal  us. 

3.  To   display,   show,    make   clear   or  visible, 
exhibit.     (Also  with  complement.) 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxxvii.  37  Or  Phebus  dirknes  him 
Goddis  Sone  reveild.  1590  SPENSKR  F.  Q.  in.  ii.  48  Earely, 
the  morrow  next,  before  that  day  His  joyous  face  did  to  tin.* 
world  revele.  1605  ROWLANDS  Heirs  Broke  Loose  (Hun- 
terian  Cl.)  26  Our  inward  louet  let  outward  deedes  reueale  St. 
i6o,7l)RYDEN  Virg.Georg.  11.432  When  the  Golden  Spring  re 
veals  the  Year.  1738  GRAY  Propertius\\.  9  If  the  thin  Coan 
Web  her  shape  reveal.  1781  J.  LOGAN  in  Scott.  Paraph. 
ix.  4  Nature's  universal  frame  its  Maker's  power  reveals, 
1832  TKNNYSON  CEnone  12  The  gorges,  opening  wide  apart, 
reveal  Troas  and  Ilion's  column VI  citadel.  1866  G.  MAC- 
DONALD  Ann.  Q.  Neighb.  i,  An  infinite  love,  revealed  in  the 
mystery  of  man.  18716  MOZLEY  Univ.  Serm.  64  The  evening 
light  reveals  the  real  landscape,  though  it  may  reveal  it  dimly. 
b.  refl. 

1404  in  Househ.  Ord.  (1790)  116  The  chamberlai'ne  to  see 
that  he  reveale  himselfe  at  all  tymes.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  V/t 
I.  ii.  83  In  compleat  Glory  shee  reueal'd  her  selfe.  1603 
—-Meas.forM.v.  \.  28  Here  is  Lord  Angelo..,ReueeIeyour 
selfe  to  him.  1833  TENNYSON  Eleanors  2  Thy  dark  eyes 
open'd  not,  Nor  first  reveal'd  themselves  to  English  air. 
1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  ii.  13  A  position  where  the  mechanical 
conditions  of  the  glacier  revealed  themselves.  1894  A. 
MORRISON  M.  Hewitt*  Investigator  iv,  I'll  tell  you  exactly 
how  the  thing  revealed  itself  to  me. 

Revealabi  lity.  rare-0.  [See  next  and 
-ITY.]  *  The  possibility  or  capacity  of  being  re 
vealed  ;  revealableness/ 

1864  WEBSTER  (citing  Coleridge ;  cf.  REVELABILITY). 

Revealable,  «.  [f.  REVEAL  v.  +  -ABLE.] 
Capable  of  being  revealed. 

1672  PENN  Spir.  Truth  Vind.  29  The  Blessed  Things 
which  God  hath  prepared.. are  not  revealable,  but  by  his 
Spirit.  1716  M.  DAVIES  At/ten.  Brit.  II.  75  Reverend 
Paradoxes  and  reverable  (tho1  not  revealable  to  the  Pro- 
phane)  Errors  of  some  true  Sons  of  the  Church.  1807  COLE 
RIDGE  To  a  Gentleman  8  Thou  hast  dared  to  tell  What 
may  be  told,  to  the  understanding  mind  Revealable.  1870 
LOWELL  Among  my  Bks.  Ser.  i.  (1873)  347  That  Truth  which 
is.  .the  more  loved  because  never  wholly  revealable. 

Hence  Rovea  lableness  (Webster,  1847). 

Revealed  (r/vrld),///.  a.   [f.  REVEAL  V.] 

1.  Brought  to  light,  disclosed  ;  esp.  made  known 
by  divine  or  supernatural  agency. 

1562  WINJET  Last  Blast  Wks.  (S.T.S.)  I.  44  The  reuelit 
wyl  of  God.  1594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  HI.  viii.  §  13  Scrip, 
ture  teacheth  all  supernatural  revealed  truth.  1643  MILTON 
Divorce  n.  iii,  Tis  wonderd  how  there  can  be  in  God  a 
secret,  and  a  reveal'd  will.  1736  BUTLER  Anal.  n.  i,  The 
whole  moral  law  is  as  much  matter  of  revealed  command, 
as  positive  institutions  are.  1828  P.  CUNNINGHAM  N.  S. 
IVales^  (ed.  3)  II.  306  From  revealed  specimens  of  the  con 
versation  on  these  occasions,  it  would  appear  [etc.].  1894 
MICREDITH  Ld.  Orntont  xxx,  Her  brother  Rowsley's  revealed 
human  appearance  of  the  stricken  man. 

b.  Revealed  religion  (cf.  NATURAL  a.  4b). 

1719  WELWOOD  Pref.  to  Rowe's  Lucan  p.  xlvii,  He  ex- 
prest  on  all  occasions  his  full  persuasion  of  the  truth  of 


REVEILLE. 

Reveal'd  Religion.  1755  YOUNG  Centaur  \.  Wks.  1757  IV. 
122  Therefore  revealed  religion  rejected,  proves  natural 
religion  disobeyed.  1859  MILL  Liberty  \.  19  Every  one 
who  believes  in  a  revealed  religion.  1865  Ecclesiastic  Aug. 
345  Natural  and  revealed  religion  bear  mutual  witness  one 
to  the  other. 

2.  Ent.  Not  hidden  by  other  parts. 

1826  KIRBV  &  SP.  Entomol.  IV.  330  Revealed..,  when  it 
[sc.  the  alitrunk]  is  not  so  covered,  but  is  equally  conspicuous 
with  the  Prothorax,  or  even  more  so. 

Hence  Revealedly  adv.  rare. 

1624  Bi1.  MOUNTAGU  Immed.  Addr.  139  Here  wee  beholde 
as  in  a  glasse :  There.. our  lieholding  is  reuealedly,  and 
Face  to  face,  a  1641  —  Acts  •)•  Mon.  (1642)  222  His  dispen 
sation  of  grace,  which.. he  more  and  more  revealedly  did 
discover. 

Revealer.    [f.  REVEAL  v.  +  -ER  i.]    One  who 

or  that  which  reveals. 

i^4S  JOYE  Exp.  Dan.  iii.  40  b,  The  lorde  of  all  kingis  and 
reueler  of  all  secretes.  1580  LuPTON  Sivqila  137  The  one 
halfe..shal  be  to  the  Kings  use,  and  the  other  halfe  to  the 
use  of  the  revealer.  1633  A.  STAFFORD  Fein.  Glory  io^j 
Having  no  other  revealer,  nor  prompter  than  the  holy 
Spirit.  rti66o  HAMMOND  Serm.  (1850)  534  How  ..  this 
truth  may  be  deduced,  I  leave  to  the  revealer  of  revelations. 
1728  .MORGAN  Algiers  II.  iv.  276,  I  must  not  forget  taking 
Notice  of  the  Revealer  of  this  notable  Conspiracy.  1807  (i. 
CHALMERS  Caledonia  \.\\\.  vii.  4ooTime, the  great  reveak-rof 
secrets,  has  at  last  disclosed  the  manner  of  his  death.  1841 
EMERSON  Rss.,  Over-Soul^  The  soul  is  the  perceiver  and 
revealer  of  truth.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  34  Set  up  the 
true  prophet  in  their  place  as  the  revealer  of  the  future. 

Revealing,^/,  sb.  [f. REVEAL  z/.]  The  action 
of  the  verb,  in  various  senses;  revelation. 

1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  x.  738  Throw  reveling  Of  him 
that  knawis  and  wnt  all  thing,  c  1450  Mironr  Saluacioun 
(Roxb.)  154  Thilk  Frere . . hadde  reveling*  dyvine  and  con- 
solacionnes.  1561  T.  NOKTON  Calvin  s  Inst.  n.  viii.  §  29 
For  whiche  cause  the  faithful  did..martielous!y  esteme  the 
reuelyng  of  the  Sabbat.  1573  J.  BRIDGES  Supremacy  Chr. 
Princes  1084  The  Prophete  . .  had  especial!  warrant  by 
Gods  especial  reuealing,  so  to  bidde  them,  a  1649  DRUMM. 
OF  HAWTH.  Hist.  Jas.  I',  Wks.  (1711)  108  The  Revealing  of 
which  to  the  World  was  a  Secret,  .derogatory  to  the  ponti- 
ficial  State.  1830  TKNNYSON  Madeline  ii,  Revealings  deep 
and  clear  are  thine  Of  wealthy  smiles.  1875  J.  P.  HOITS 
Princ.  Rflig.  xviii.  58  These  also  take  then  place  among 
the  revealings  of  God  to  man. 

Revealing,  ppl.a.    [-IN'«2.]    That  reveals. 

1593  SHAKS.  Liter,  clvl,  Revealing  day  through  every 
cranny  spies. 

Hence  Revealingly  adv. 

1868  N.  Brtt.  Re?>.  XLIX.  366  There  are  descriptive 
patches  or  belts  that  lie  revealingly  on  objects  like  [etc.], 

Revealmeiit.  [f.  REVEAL  v.  +-MENT.]  The 
act  of  revealing  ;  disclosure,  revelation. 

1584  Mirr.  Mag.  Epist.,  A  Physition..  vpon  ReuealemenL 
may  applie  a  curable  Medicine  for  a  bidden  Disease.  1664 
H.  MORE  Exp.  ^  Epist.  Pref.  aviij,  As  regardfull  of  due 
Concealment  as  of  certainty  of  Revealment.  1681  —  Exp. 
Dan.  App.  n.  287  1'hat  Divine.  .Artifice  of  Conceal  mm  t, 
as  well  as  Revealment.  1750  RICHARDSON  Corr.  (1804)  IV. 
356  It  is  yet  ..  in  your  power  to  oblige  me  greatly,  by  a 
thorough  revealment.  1807  JKFFERSON  Writ.  (1830)  IV. 
73  We  expect  no  revealments  from  the  accomplices  of  the 
chief  offender.  1846  BROWNING  Lnria  v,  All,  their  reveal 
ment  taught  us  so  long  since  That  [etc.].  1878  MI--S 
BRADDON  Open  Verdict^  xxx,  Mrs.  Dulcimer  forced  him  to 
n  revealment  of  his  feelings. 

Iteve'getate  (r/"-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    intr.  To 

vegetate  or  grow  again.  Hence  Reve'getatiug 
///.  a.  and  Revegeta'tion. 

1769  Phil.  Trans.  LIX.  33  Whole  tracts  of  them  may  be 
destroyed  without  their  revegetating.  \%o^SomcthitigOdd 
II.  124  When  revegetating  Nature  invites  us  to  enjoy  her 
endless  charms.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  III.  960 
The  drill-harrows  or  grubber  will  be  found  necessary  to 
prevent  a  re-vegetation  of  the  weeds. 

Reve'lieilt,  a.  [ad.  pres.  pple.  of  L.  revehtre  : 
cf.  DEVEHENT  a.]  Conveying  back. 

iSTfiSHARPEY^wa/w'j^/^w.  Anat.  II.  163  The  blood  gets 
into  the  commencing  branches  of  the  veins  or  revehent  vessels. 

t  Revei'l,  v.  Obs.  Forms:  sreuaile,  reueyle, 
5-6  reueile,  7  reveil.  [var.  of  REVEAL  v.,  with 
the  second  element  assimilated  to  VEIL  v.~\  trans. 
To  reveal,  disclose. 

1546  Supplic.  Poore  Commons  (E.E.T.S.)  69  God  shall  re- 
uaile  vnto  your  Highnes  moch  moreoftheyrsubtyll  imagina 
tions.  1555  HARPSFIELD  in  Banner's  Homilies  45  Fleshe  and 
bloude  hath  not  this  reueiled  and  opened  vnto  the.  1588 
GREENE  Pandosto  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  281  Feare  of  his 
Fathers  displeasure  [would  not  let  him]  reueyle  it  to  any 
secrete  friend.  1652  GATAKER  Antiuont.  9  It  is  plainly. . 
reveiled.  Ibid.  36  His  old . .  way  of  revelling  himself.  1678 
CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  i.  iv.  §  16.  292  This  Philosophy  of 
Pythagoras  [was]  first  divinely  delivered  or  reveiled  by  the 
gods. 

Reveil,  reveil,  variants  of  next.  rare. 

Smart  and  some  later  Diets,  recognize  the  pronunciation 
(r?v<?H)  or  (rfve'l)  for  reveille. 

1830  MANGAN  Poems  (1903)  284  The  reveil-call  which  on 
Fame's  deep  drum  Time's  Hands  beat  for  some  lost  hero  of 
the  Past.  1884  J.  COLBORNK  Hicks  Pasha  31  Next  morn 
ing  at  five  the  reveil  sounded. 

Reveille  (rrv^'ly*).  Forms  :  a.  7  (9)  revelly, 
revalley,  8  revallie,  8-9  revally.  fi.  7-  reveille, 
9  reveille,  reVeille",  reveille",  9  re-,  re"veille"e. 
[ad.  F.  rt?veitteztimpeT.  pi.  of  rtveiller  \.Q  awaken, 
f.  re~  RE-  +veiller\—\.t  vigilare  to  keep  watch.] 
A  morning  signal  given  to  soldiers,  usually  by 
beat  of  drum  or  by  bugle,  to  waken  them  and 
notify  that  it  is  time  to  rise. 

75 


BEVEILLE. 

The  usual  military  pronunciation  is  (rlve'li) ;  in  the  U.S. 

'r'lLaln'r.  C.  Hine  Nottingham  (1876)  App.,  After  the 
•ure  of  nyne  of  the  clock  at  night, . .  untill  the  Revelly  hath 
aten  the  next  morninge.  1696  R.  H.  Sc*.  Rccrcat.  59 


594 

employing.. three  [days!  more  at  every  parish.wake,  feast, 
r  revel.    1806  BOWLES  Bmwcll  Hill  ill.  276  William  passed 


ho 
bea 


to  hear  the  drums  beat  revally  under  the  vines. 

8.  1651  DAVKNANT  Gondibcrt  n.  iii.  33  Now  the  Drums, 
the  Camp's  low  Thunder,  make  War's  thick  united  Noise    j 
from  every  Guard  ;  Though  they  Reveillees  scorn,  whom 
grief  does  wake.     1700  DRVDEN  Secular  Masque  63  bound 
a    Reveille,   Sound,   Sound,   The   Warrior  God    is    come. 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  X  x  2  Rattre  a  Diane, 
to  beat  a  reveille  on  the  drum,  as  at  day-break.    iSio 
SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  l.  xxxii,  While  our  slumbrous   spells    I 
assail  ye,  Dream  not  ..  Bugles  here  shall   sound  reveille,    j 
1816  —  Old  Mort.  xxxv,  The  hoarse  voice  of  men,  and  th 
wild  sound   of  the   trumpets  blowing   the  reveille.      1842 
LONGF.  in  Life  (1891)  1.434  A  bivouac.. and  the  reveille 
are  things  to  make  an  impression  upon  one  for  evermore. 
1896  BADEN-POWELL  Matabele  Campaign  ix,  That   night 
reveille'  was  whispered  at  11.30,    It  was  a  curious  time  for 
reveilW,  and  utterly  puzzled  our  cook. 

attrit.  and  Comb.  177$  4»"r.  Archives  Ser  iv.  (1846) 
IV  224  The  enemy..,  this  morning,  after  reveille  beating, 
crossed  the  bridge.  1894  Outing  XXIV.  313/1  Not  much 
attention  on  the  part  of  some  companies  seemed  to  be  paid 
to  reveille  roll-call. 
b.  transf.  a.nc\f7g. 

1651  DAVENANT  Gondibcrt  ill.  v.  i  So  soon  Love  beats 
Revellies  in  her  Breast.  1818  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entonwl.  II. 
xxiv.  384  They  sometimes  beat  such  a  reveille,  that  only 
good  sleepers  can  rest  for  them.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem. 
Ixviii,  All  the  bugle  breezes  blew  Reveillce  to  the  breaking 
morn.  1862  CHRISTINA  ROSSETTI  Goblin  Market  (1884)  25 
'  Up, .  .Up,'  called  the  watchman  lark  In  his  clear  reveillce. 

So  ||  Revei'llez.  rare. 

17..  Comforts  c/Wooingfn  in  Brand's  Pop.  Antiq.  (1813) 
II.  97  Next  mornine,  come  the  Fidlers,  and  scrape  him  a 
wicked  Rei'eillez.  1840  J.  B.  FRASF.R  Koordistan  I.  viii.  23r 
This  is  followed  by  the  lively  beat  of  the  '  reveillez '  from 
the  Sepoys'  quarter. 

t  Reveille-matin.  Obs.  ra>-e~}.  [¥ .  rteeille- 
matin  alarm-clock,  etc.]  An  awakening. 

a  1617  SIR  D.  CARLETON  in  Brand's  Pop.  Anliif.  (1813)  II. 
97  They  were  lodged  in  the  Councill  Chamber,  where  the 
King  gave  them  a  Reveille  Matin  before  they  were  up. 

Reveir,  obs.  form  of  RIVER. 

Bevel  (re'vel),  st>.1  Forms:  4-7  reuel  (4 
-ele,  5  -eyl,  6  -il),  5-7  reuell  (5  -elle,  -yll), 
revell(e,  6  -yll,  ravelle),  4-  revel,  [a.  OF. 
revel  (rcviel,  rive!,  etc.),  verbal  sb.  f.  reveler:  see 
REVEL  z>.l  The  development  of  sense  in  OF.  is 
'  rebellion,  tumult,  disturbance,  noisy  mirth '.] 

1.  Riotous  or  noisy  mirth  or  merry-making. 

13 ..  (7(iH<.  q  Gr.  Knt.  538  He  made  a  fare  on  bat  fest . . 
With  much  reuel  &  ryche  of  be  rounde  table.  1387  TREVISA 
Higden  (Rolls)  III.  273  pis. .  Assuerus.  .made  greet  revel  and 
feste  to  his  princes,  c  1425  Thomas  of  Erceld.  268  Reuelle 
amanges  bame  was  full  ryfe. .. There  was  revelle,  gamene, 
and  playe.  c  1450  Merlin  448  Ladyes  and  maydenes  carol- 
inge  and  daunsinge,  and  the  moste  reuell  and  disport  that 
myght  be  made.  1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1570)  156 
Eate  we  and  drinke  we.  .With  reuell  without  measure  as 
lone  as  we  may.  1541  HYRDE  tr.  Vives'  Instr.  Chr.  Worn. 
in.  i.  127  b,  Whan  we  couple .  .vnto  sober  vertue,  reuell  and 
dronkennes.  1621  S.  *N  t&v  Happiness  Pract.  (1627)  44  Lest 
if  wee  play  reuell  and  ryot  by  it,  the  Candlesticke  be  remoued, 
and  the  light  put  out.  1812  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  I.  ii,  He  was 
. .  Sore  given  to  revel  and  ungodly  glee.  1855  TENNYSON 
Maud  I.  xxil.  v,  The  brief  night  goes  In  babble  and  revel 
and  wine.  1887  HALL  CAINE  Son  Hagar  n.  xvi,  That  night 
there  was  high  revel  at  the  Ghyll. 

2.  An  occasion  or  course  of  merry-making  or 
noisy   festivity,   with   dancing,   games,    masking, 
acting,  or  other  forms  of  lively  entertainment. 

c  1350  Will.  Palerne  1953  And  alle  merbe  bat  any  man 
euer  mi^t  deuise  ;  and  alle  real  reueles.  1377  LANGL.  P.  f'f. 
B.  XIII.  442  For-tlii  1  rede  ;ou  riche  reueles  whan  }e  maketh 
For  to  solace  ^oure  soules  suche  ministrales  to  haue.  1483 
CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  k  vj  b,  In  those  dayes.  .were  holden 
grete  festes  and  reueyls.  1540  J.  HEYWOOD  Four  P.  P. 
Dj,  Now  marke  for  here  beginneth  the  reuel.  1572  in 
Feuillerat  Revels  Q.  Eliz.  (1908)  179  [Two]  men  going  to 
the  Coorte  to  sett  up  frames  for  the  seide  Revells.  1582 
STANYHURST  SEneis  i.  (Arb.)  21  These  vnrulye  reuels, . . 
thee  sea  king  Neptun  awaked.  1633  FORD  Broken  H.  iv.  iii, 
A  wedding  without  revels  is  not  seemly.  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
l.  782  Faerie  Elves,  Whose  midnight  Revels.. some  belated 
Peasant  sees.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Past.  v.  46  Daphnis  did 
rites  to  Bacchus  first  ordain  ;  And  holy  Revels  for  his  reel 
ing  Train.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  xn.  4  Here  the  gay  Morn. . 
keeps  her  revels  with  the  dancing  Hours.  1820  W.  IRVING 
Sketch  Bk.  I.  208  Life  was  to  her  a  perpetual  revel ;  it  was 
one  long  lord  mayor's  day.  1846  KF.BLE  Lyra  Innoc.  (1873) 
69  Making  thy  rites  a  revel  and  a  show.  1871  B.  TAYLOR 
Faust  (1875)  I.  xxi.  187  Wilt  thou,  to  introduce  us  to  the 
revel,  Assume  the  part  of  wizard  or  of  devil  1 

transf.    1892  Daily  Neivs  30  April  2/2  It  is  indeed  a  revel 
of  colour,  almost  daring  in  its  richness  and  brilliancy. 
b.  spec.  A  parish  festival  or  feast ;  a  fair. 

App.  limited  to  the  southwestern  counties. 

'478  Church-in.  Accts.,  Croscomte  (Somerset  Rec.  Soc.)  7 
Of  the  Kyng's  revell  of  thes  yere  past  xiii".  j'.  wherof  was 
stole  away  ij'.  vijd.  1504-5  Ibid.  27  Presentyd  in  of  the  King 
revyll.  c  1550  Disc.  Com.-weal  Eng.  (1893)  16  Enterludes, 


ants  of  the  parish  called  it. 

c.  Master  of  the  Revels,  a  person  (permanently 
or  temporarily)  appointed  to  organize  or  lead 
revels,  esp.  in  the  Royal  Household  or  the  Inns  of 
Court.  Also  the  Revels,  a  former  office  in  the 
Royal  Household;  Children  of  the  Revels  (quot. 
1664).  Now  only  Hist. 


1664  FLECKNOE  Love'sKingd.,Eng.StageGv,1te  Theatre 

of  the  Children  of  the  Chappel  [was]  converted  to  the  use 
of  the  Children  of  the  Revels.  1677  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  1170/4 
Charles  Killegrew  Esq.;  now  Master  of  the  Revels.  1706 
PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Master  oftlie  KfHlll,..vho  in  the 
Inns  of  Court  is  some  young  Student  chosen  for  that  Pur 
pose.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.y.,  The  officer  who  has  the 
direction,  .of  the  revels  at  court,  is  called  the  master  of  the 
revels.  1822  W.  IRVING  Braceb.  Hall  xxvi.  227  Slingsby, 

who  is  not  merely  lord  of  misrule  in  his  school,  but 
master  of  the  revels  to  the  village.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  ; 
429/2  In  the  royal  household,  .the  master  of  the  revels  was  j 
a  permanent  officer.  1880  Encycl.  Brit.  XIII.  89/1  A  \ 
master  of  the  revels  was  appointed,  commonly  designated  ; 
Lord  of  Misrule. 

t  3.  Riot,  disturbance.  Obs.  rare. 

1461  I'aslox  Lett.  II.  50  Ther  is  gret  noyse  of  this  revell 
that  was  don  in  Suffolk  be  Yelverton  and  Jeney.  1465  Ibid. 
201  Ric.  Calle  hath  told  you  what  revell  ther  was  by  the 
Bayllyf  of  Coshayand  his  felaw  uppon  your  men  that  shold 
have  servyd  the  replevyn, 

4.  altrib.,  as  revel-coil,  -cup,  dash,  day,  -gaiety, 
master,  night,  rex,  -shout.  Also  REVEL-BOUT. 

1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water-P.)  Wks.  (Nares),  To  dance,  sing, 
sport,  and  to  keepe  "revell-coyles.  1653  Bp.  WEDDE  Pract. 
Quiet.  210  He  maketh  all  unquiet  persons  to  keep  revell 
quoile,  like  the  two  Gergasens.  1873  SYMONDS  C,k.  Poets  xi. 
350  Withered  crowns  and  ^revel-cups  are  laid  upon  the 
shrine  of  Lais,  c  1590  GREENE  Fr.  Bacon  vii,  Out  with  i 
your  blades, ..  Have  a  flurt  and  a  crash,  now  play  *reuell  j 
dash.  1613-16  W.  BROWNE  Brit.  Past.  i.  ii,  Those  buskins 
hee  had  got..  For  dancing  best  vpon  the  "Reuell  day.  1712 
STEELE  Sped.  No.  358  r  2  The  best  Man  that  I  know  of  for 
heightening  the  'Revel-Gayety  of  a  Company.  1839  Penny 
Cycl.  XIV.  151/1  This  Lord  of  Misrule,  or  *revel-master, 
was  sometimes  termed  a  Christmas  prince.  1828  SCOTT 
F.  M.  Perth  xvi,  '  1  have  sworn,'  said  Henry,  '  that  this 
shall  be  no  *revel  night  in  my  house.'  1566  STUDLEY 
Agamemnon  v.  i,  Within  a  *reuell  rexe  is  kept,  as  sore  as 
euer  was.  1576  NEWTON  Lemnies  Complex.  (1633)  89  A 
Nation  and  people  whose  fashion  and  ordinary  custome 
was  to  keepe  revell  rex.  1813  SCOTT  Trierm.  I.  xvii,  With 
*revel-shout,  and  triumph-song. 

U  In  the  following  quotation  reuell  is  an  error 
for  releve  =  Fr.  relevee  '  rising  up  '. 

a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  109  Atte  the  day  of  her 
Reuell  and  purificacion,  that  she  shulde  be  cherisshed,  she 
lete  it  be  do  simply  withoute  gret  noye. 

t  Be'vel,  sb.2  Sc.  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure 
origin.]  '  A  severe  blow ;  often  applied  to  a  back 
stroke '  (Jam.). 

1603  Philotus  cxxxiv,  With  my  Neiues  I  sail  the  nauell ; 
Auld  custrone  Carle,  tak  thair  a  reuell,Than  do  as  I  command. 

Revel,  variant  of  REVEAL  sb£ 

Bevel  (re'vel),  v.1  Forms  :  4-6  reuel(e,  5-7 
reuell(e ;  4  revelen,  5-7  revell(e,  5-  revel, 
[a.  OF.  reveler  to  rebel,  raise  tumult,  make  noise, 
etc. :— L.  rebellare  to  REBEL.] 

1.  intr.  To  make  merry ;  to  indulge  in  pastime 
or  festivities ;  to  take  part  in  a  revel. 

c  1325  Song  of  Yesterday  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  133  l>is  day 
as  leef  we  may  be  liht  . .  To  Reuele  with  bise  buyrdes 
briht.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  93  Whan  that  he  seth  the  lusti 
knyhtes  Revelen,  wher  these  wommen  are.  c  1407  LYDG. 
Resonty  Sens.  2396  He  kan..Maisterly  revel  and  Daunce, 
Pipe  and  floyte  fustely.  tc  1475  Sqr.  lowe  Degre  1078  In 
chambre  revelyng  all  the  lordes,  Unto  morne  that  it  was 
dayc.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII,  84  b,  These  lusty 
maskers.. daunced  and  reuelled.. at  the  Emperors  request. 
1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  n.  (1625)  12  The  hall  was  full  of 
all  sorts  of  people  revelling,  playing,  and  occupyed  in  pas 
time.  1601  SHAKS.  Jul.  C.  n.  it  116  See,  Antony  that 
Reuels  long  a-nights  Is  notwithstanding  vp.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  iv.  765  Here  Love  his  golden  shafts  imploies, . .  Reigns 
here  and  revels.  1719  YOUNG  Revenge  iv.  i,  It  will  cut  my 
poor  heart  thro'  and  thro'  To  see  those  revel  on  your  sacred 
tomb.  1763  J.  BROWN  Poetry  4-  Mas.  193  The  Patrician 
Ladies,  who  lately  had  reveled  amidst  the  Spoils  of  a  sub 
jected  World,  now  begged  before  their  own  Doors.  1836 
W.  Ivmn  AttOri*ll.m  Here,  then,  they  revelled  and  re 
posed  after  their  hungry  and  weary  travel.  1853  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  xii.  III.  233  It  was  suspected  that  Walker  had 
laid  up.  .a  secret  store  of  food,  and  was  revelling  in  private. 

fig.  1648  ].  BEAUMONT  Psyche  iv.  cxcii,  Loud  rung  the 
Ruin,  and  with  boistrous  fear  Strait  revel'd  in  the  Queen's 
amazed  ear.  1699  POMFRET  Love  triumphant  over  Reason, 
No  strong  passion  revels  in  my  breast.  1787  BURNS  Tarn 
Samson's  Elegy  iii,  By  their  nose  the  tears  will  revel,  Like 
ony  bead. 

D.  So  to  revel  it.     Now  arch. 

1580  2«rf  f,  yd  Blast  ofRetraitfrom  Plaies  in  Hazl.  Eng. 
Drama  (1869)  119  The  people  disperse  them  selues  in  Thea 
ters,  the  whole  multitude  reuel  it  out  at  stages,  c  1590 
GREENE  Fr.  Bacon  v,  Go  revel  it,Till  I  and  Friar  Bacon  talk 
awhile,  a  1641  Bp.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  4-  Man.  (1642)  435  Thus 
they  revell  it  all  night,  till  morning.  1679  Obs.  on  Dutch 
Wars  14  A  parcel  of  Brewers,  Draymen,  ancf  Coblers  revell'd 
it  upon  the  sweat  of  our  Brows.  1772  B'hain  Counterfeit 
l  I.  177  The  husband  may  revel  it  with  his  mistress,  and  the 


BEVELATION. 

wife  with  her  gallant.  1822  Score  Nigel  xxxvi,  Thou  must 
needs  leave  duty,  and  decency,,  .to  revel  it  gaily  with  the 
wild  and  with  the  wicked. 

c.  To  enjoy  oneself  greatly,   to  take  intense 
pleasure  or  delight,  in  something. 

1754  GRAY  Poesy  80  Alike  . .  the  pomp  of  tyrant  Pow'r, 
And  coward  Vice,  that  revels  in  her  chains.  1801  PALEY 
Nat.  Tlieol.  xix.  (1819)  307  Maggots  revel  in  putrefaction. 
1821  BYRON  Sardanap.  n.  i,  To  the  delighted  west,  which 
revels  in  Its  hues  of  dying  glory.  1884  J.  GILMOUK  Mangels 
139  The  government  in  carrying  out  the  extreme  penalty  of 
the  law.. deliberately  revels  in  ingenious  cruelty. 

2.  trans,  a.  To  spend  or  waste  (time)  in  revelry. 

1628  FORD  Lover's  Mel.  iv.  iii,  An  age  of  pleasures,  re- 

vell'd  out,  comes  home  At  last,  and  ends  in  sorrow.     1691 

DRYDEN  King  Arthur  iv.  i,  The  ringlets  round  her  trunk 

declare  her  guilty  Of  many  midnight-sabbaths  revelled  here. 

b.  To  squander  (money)  in  revelling. 

1813  SCOTT  Rokcby  i.  xvii,  If  gold  he  gave,  in  one  wild 
day  I  revell'd  thrice  the  sum  away. 

t  3.  To  drive  out  by  revelling.  Obs. 

a  1652  BROME  Queenes  Exch.  n.  i,  Let  work  no  more  he 
thought  on,  We  will  revel  it  out  Of  remembrance. 

t  Bevel,  n?  Obs.  Also  7  revell,  reuell.  [ad. 
L.  revell-ere,  f.  re-  RE-  +  velllre  to  pull.] 

1.  trans.  To  draw  back  (humours  or  blood)  from 
some  part  of  the  system. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeau's  Fr.  CMrttrg.  43/2  It  then 
revelleth  and  drawethe  backe  agayne  those  humors  which 
concurre  towardes  the  Eyes.  1651  BIGGS  New  Disp.  169 
r  232  Unlesse  the  confluent  bloud,  avelling  the  pleura,. .be 
revelled  by  a  large  effusion  of  bloud.  1684  tr.  Bond's  Merc. 
Compil.  xix.  699  There  is  more  of  vicious  Humours  than  can 
be  revelled  by  the  Bath  toward  the  Skin.  1752  DALE  tr. 
Freind's  Emmcnologia  xi.  121  By  opening  a  vein  in  the 
arm,  since  some  part  is  revelled  upwards,  the  Uterine  pas 
sages  are  indeed  freed  from  Pressure. 

absol.  1610  BARROUGH  Meth.  Pliysick  v.  ix.  (1639)  284  In 
all  members  of  the  body,  whether  you  intend  to  revell,  that 
is,  to  draw  back  againe  another  way  [etc.].  1684  tr.  Bonefs 
Merc.  Compil.  xix.  809  We  must  revel,  if  the  humours  run 
whither  they  should  not. 

2.  To  pull  out  (a  weapon)  from  a  wound. 

1621  G.  SANDYS  Ovid's  Met.  xiu.  (1626)  265  His  brest.. 
The  deadly  sword,  where  it  could  enter,  bor'd.  Nor  could 
his  strength  the  fixed  steele  reuell. 

Hence  f  Keve'lling  ppl.  a. 

1684  tr.  Band's  Merc.  Comfit,  xi.  379  Vomitories  are  very 
profitable,  as  being  a  greatly  revelling  medicine. 

Revel,  variant  of  KIVEL  v.,  to  wrinkle,  etc. 

Bevelabi'lity.  rare  -1.  [f.  L.  rcveldre :  cf. 
REVEALABLE  a.]  Capability  of  being  revealed. 

111834  COLERIDGE  Church  St  State  (1839)  295  The  ante- 
cedent  credibility  (may  we  not  add  even  the  revelabihty?) 
of  the  Articles  in  question. 

Revelaik :  see  REFLAC. 

Reve-land :  see  REEVE  rf.i  3. 

t  Bevelate,  v.  Obs.  Also  as  pa.  t.  and  pa. 
pple.  [ad.  ppl.  stem  of  L.  revelare.]  To  reveal. 

1514  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  I.  102  He  graunttide  that 
mony  tymes  he  revelate  my  lords  secretts  unto  the  said 
busshop.  a  1533  FRITH  Ansm.  More  (1548)  A  vij,  Abraham 
..sawe  it  in  faith  and  had.. all  those  thinges.  .playnelye 
Reuelated  vnto  hym.  1360  ROLLAND  Crt.  limits  in.  420 
We  half  siclike  exempill  reuelat,  Of  lust  loseph. 

Revelation  (revelf'-Jan).  Forms:  4-6  reuela- 
oiou  (4  -eiun,  -oyun,  4-5  -cioun,  5-6  -oyon, 
6-7  -tion) ;  6  reuealation ;  4-5  reveloeio(u)n 
(6  -oyon) ;  5-  revelation,  [a.  OF.  revelaciun, 
-don,  -tion  (mod.F.  relation},  =  Sp.  revelation, 
It.  re-,  rivelazione,  or  ad.  L.  revelation-em,  n.  of 
action  f.  revelare  to  REVEAL.] 

1.  The  disclosure  or  communication  of  know 
ledge  to  man  by  a  divine  or  supernatural  agency. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Hand!.  Synne  441  pys  ys  clepyd  reuela- 
cyun,  To  shewe  byfore  what  ys  to  doun.  a  1340  HAMPOLF. 
Psalter  Ixxxviii.  19  When..bou  spak  in  visyon,  j>at  is,  ln 

Sryue  reuelacioun  til  prophetis.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  111.277 
tetodre  seith  to  this  matiere,  As  he  be  revelacion  It  hadde 
upon  avision.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  343  Seynte 
lohn  Baptiste  schewede  his  hedde  by  reuelacion  to  i). 
monkes.  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vi.  cxcii.  195  Whan  he.  .hadde 
vnderstandynge  of  the  dethe  of  this  Edwynne,  by  reuelacyon 
or  otherwyse.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidaae's  Comm.  55  b,  _He 
sayd,  how  he  had  all  thinges  shewed  him  by  revelation. 
1610  B.  JONSON  A  Ich.  in.  ii,  A  man,  by  reuelation,  That  hath 
a  competent  knowledge  of  the  truth.  1681-6  J.  SCOTT  Chr. 
Life  (1747)  III.  75  The  Gift  of  Revelation.. seems  to  have 
been  continued  no  longer  than  till  the  whole  New  Testament 


Appearances.     1794- T. 

of  revelation  is  to  influence  human  conduct  in  this  life.  1845 
Encycl.  Metrop.  II.  692/1  A  distinction  has  frequently  been 
taken  between  the  law  of  nature  and  revelation,  to  which  we 
cannot  assent.  1892  J.  TAIT  Mind  in.  Matter  (ed.  3)  p.  v, 
On  the  supposition  of  an  eternal  universe,  science  would 
necessarily  antagonize  Revelation. 

t  b.  A  source  of  enlightenment.   Obs.  rare  —  . 

a  1400  Prymer  (1891)  33  Lijt  and  reuelacioun  of  heben 
men,  &  glorie  to  bi  puple  Israel. 

2.  An  instance  of  such  communication  of  know 
ledge  to  man ;  something  disclosed  or  made  known 
by  divine  or  supernatural  means. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Trcyltis  v.  366  For  prestes  of  be  temple 
telle  f>is,  That  Dremes  bene  the  reuelaciouns  Of  Goddes. 
I387TRKVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  V.77panneCristen  men.,  hadde 
a  revelacioun  and  a  schewynge  of  God  bat  be  grettere  bones 
were  be  fischeres  bones.  1402  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  100 
To  seint  Joon..it  was  bodun  also,  that  privy  revelacion  to 
writun  in  his  book,  c  1491  Chast.  Goddes  Chyld.  xx.  53  Tbe 
prophecye  of  the  deuyll  may  be  knowen  fro  reuclacyons  of 


REVELATIONAL. 

god.  1326  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  dc  W.  1531)  3  The  seruaunt  of 
god  Moyses  had  moost  hye  reuelacyons  &  visyons.  ft  1598 
ROLLOCK  Passion  (1616)  418  Away  with  these  fantasticke 
reuelations  of  the  Anabaptistes.  1687^  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Tkevc- 
not's  Trav.  r.  168  A  good  Monk,  having  had  in  the  Night 
time  a  Revelation,  that  the  Body  was  in  the  top  of  the  Hill, 
went  [etc.].  1727  DE  FOE  Syst.  Magic  \.  iii.  (1840)  60  Magic 
.  .was  not  a  revelation  from  hell,  made  at  once  to  mankind. 
1788  GIBBON  Dcci.  fy  F.  1.  V.  205  Six  legislators  ..  have 
announced  to  mankind  the  six  successive  revelations  of 


various  rites.  1847  EMERSON  Rcpr.  Men,  Swcdenbor. 
(Bohn)  I.  332  His  revelations  destroy  their  credit  by  running 
into  detail.  1892  WESTCOTT  Gospel  of  Life  86  If  anything 
human  lies  without  the  scope  of  a  revelation  to  man,  that 
revelation  cannot  be  final. 

b.  A  striking  disclosure  of  something  previously 
unknown  or  not  realized. 

i86a  SPENCER  First  Priiic.  I.  i.  §  5  (1875)  20  Be  there  or 
he  there  not  any  other  revelation,  we  have  a  veritable  reve 
lation  in  Science.  1877  E.  R.  CONDER  fias.  Faith  vii.  294 
The  daily  life  of  every  one  of  us  is  a  perpetual  revelation  of 
his  inner  self.  1883  Cent.  Mag.  Oct.  812/1  The  exquisite 
revelation  of  tree  systems  which  stripped  boughs  give. 

3.  The  Revelation  (of  St.  Joint),  the  last  book  of 
the  New  Testament  ;  the  Apocalypse. 

ci4tx>  Wycliffite  Bible  (1851)  IV.  681/1  Heere  endith  the 
Apocalips,  or  Reuelacioun  of  Seynt  Joon  the  euangelist. 
"535  _COVERDALE  Rev.  (heading),  The  summe  of  the  Re- 
uelacion.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Coniin.  36  b,  They  call 
the  Bishop  of  Rome,  -the  whore  of  Babilon,  described  in  the 
Revelation.  £1583  R.  BROWSE  Anna.  Cartwrie/it  43  In 
the  Reuelation,  the  twelue  Apostles  are  called  the  twelue 
foundations,  a  1638  CLEVELAND  Wits.  (1687)  49  What  Scrip 
tures  call  The  Revelation,  is  most  mystical.  1683  BAXTER 
Faraphr.  N.  T.  Rev.  i.  I  It  is  eminently  call'd  the  Revela 
tion.  1833  CRUSE  tr.  Euubilts  v.  viii.  i83  These  are  what  he 
states  respecting  the  Revelation.  1846  TENNYSON  in  Mem. 
I.  238  There  was  no  more  sea,  says  St.  John  in  Revelation. 
b.  So  in  pi.,  the  Revelations. 

1656  A.  WRIGHT  Five  Scrtn.  211  Many  prophesies  are  to 
be  fulfilled.  .,  among  which  that  in  the  Revelations  is  one 
1680  DODWELL  Two  Lett.  (1691)  81  The  scandalous,  licen 
tious  person  is  like  the  Dragon  in  the  Revelations.  1755 
AMORY  Mem.  (1769)  I.  28  As  St.  John..  expresses  it  in  the 
third  chapter  of  the  Revelations.  1806  SOUTHEY  in  Life 
(1850)  III.  34  Reading  the  Revelations,  .was  my  favourite 
part  of  the  Christian  religion,  a  1871  DE  MORGAN  Budget 
Parod.  (1872)  358  For  myself,  .  .  I  am  the  first  Beast  in  the 
Revelations. 

C.  PI.,  without  article.  Also  Book  of  Revelations. 

1691  SIR  T.  P.  BLOUNT  Ess.  15  The  Rhemists  in  their  An 
notations  upon  Revelations  the  i4th.     1705  HICKERINGILL 
Priest-cr.  ii.  Wks.  1716  III.  106,  1  have  heard  a  little  Domine 
or  Curate..  tell  the  People  from  Revelations.      1818  T.  L.     [ 
PEACOCK  Niglittttare  Abbey  i,  He  would  condole  with  Mr.     ' 
Glowry,  .  .quote  Revelations  with  Mr.  Toobad.     1842  R.  I. 
WILBERFORCE  Rutilius  ff  Lucius  8r  In.,  the  book  of  Reve 
lations,  they  are  called  the  angels  of  the  Churches.      1883 
L.  OLIPHANT  Haifa  (1887)  3r3  They  profess  to  find  it  clearly 
indicated  in  Ezekiel,  Daniel,  Revelations..,  that  [etc.]. 

traits/.  1898  SIR  G.  PARKER  Battle  of  the  Strong  x,  He 
saw..  the  gracious  figure  of  a  girl  ;  and  a  book  of  revela 
tions  was  opened  and  begun. 

d.  Applied  to  other  works  of  a  similar  kind. 
17*7-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Afocalyfse,  Porphyry  .  . 
makes  mention  of  the  Apocalypses  or  revelations  of  Zo 
roaster,  Zostrian,  .  .&c.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  I.  546/2  The 
apocryphal  books  of  the  New  Testament  are.,  several 
spurious  gospels,  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  and  Revelations 
1843  KITTO  Cycl.  Bibl.  Lit.  (1849)  II.  628/1  We  shall  first 
treat  of  the  apocryphal  revelations  no  longer  extant.  1875 
Encycl.  Brit.  II.  179/2  A  fragment  of  the  apocryphal 
Revelations  of  St.  Bartholomew. 

4.  Disclosure  of  facts  made  by  a  person;  exposure 
of  something  previously  disguised  or  concealed. 

1c  1473  Sqr.  l<nue  Degre  989  He  made  revelation  unto  me, 
T  hat  he  knewe  all  your  pryvyte.  c  1331  in  PoL,  Rel.,  If  L, 
Poems  62  (title),  The  Revelation  of  Antechriste. 

1863  MORRIN  (litle\  Record  Revelations  :  a  letter,  .on  the 
Public  Records  of  Ireland.  1880  MCCARTHY  Own  Time  Ix. 
IV.  326  This  astounding  revelation  excited  alarm  and  anger. 

5.  atlrib.,  as  revelation-discovery  ;  t  revelation- 
day,the  Day  of  Judgement;  frevelatiou-gate  (?). 

14  .  Rule  Syon  Monast.  xiii.  in  Collect.  Tofogr.  I.  (1834) 
31  The  keper  of  the  grates,  the  keper  of  the  revelacion 
gate,  the  keper  of  the  cloyster  and  dortour  dores.  1634 
WHITLOCK  Zootoinia.  270  As  I  beleive  on  Revelation  Day 
will  appeare  in  civill  History.  1674  BOYLE  Excell.  Thcol. 
i.t  i.  19  Meer  natural  reason..  not  excited  by  Revelation. 
discovery. 

Hence  Revela-tional  a.,  of  or  pertaining  to  re 
velation  ;  Bevela'tioner. 

1701  BEVERLEY  Apoc.  Question  25,  I  will  now  give  the 
Schematic  History  of  the  Beast,  in  the  Revelational  Pro- 
phecy.  1874  SIDGWICK  Meth.  Ethics  iv.  vi.  467  It  seems.. 
unnecessary  to  discuss  the  precise  relation  of  different  Reve 
lational  Codes  to  Utilitarianism.  1892  HORTON  Revelation 
f*f  Bible  v\\.  193  The  notion  of  all  the  writings.,  in  our  Hebrew 
Canon  _  being  a  Revelation,  or  even  of  a  revelational  char 
acter,  is  quite  arbitrary.  1898  Blackw.  Mag.  Jan.  134/2 
Some  of  the  revelationers  insinuate  distinctly  enough  that 
the  great  Chancellor  was  no  more  mistaken  in  that  matter. 

Revela'tionist.  [f.  REVELATION  +  -IST.  So 
F.  rtvtlationiste.] 

1.  One  who  makes  a  revelation  ;  esp.  the  author 
of  the  Apocalypse. 

1657  J.  WATTS  find.  Ck.  Eng.  1  1  1  The  Revelationist  joyns 
them  both  together  saying,  He  hath  made  us  Kings  and 
Priests.  1863  tr.  Straus  f  Life  Jesus  I.  11.  xiii.  92  The 
Revelationist  sees  in  Jerusalem  the  central  point  of  the 
millennial  Kingdom  of  Christ.  1883  J.  PARKER  A  tost.  Life 
II.  206  Athens  had  to  climb  its  Mount  Zion  foot  by  foot..; 
but  the  Christian  revelationist  came  down  upon  it  from  the 
clouds. 

2.  One  who  believes  in  revelation. 


595 

1888  Atketixtint  3  Mar.  272/2  Matter  for  contention 
between  evolutionists  and  revelationists. 

Revela  tive,  a.  [f.  as  REVELATE  v.  +  -IVE.] 
Conveying  a  revelation. 

1864  W.  RUSSELL  Eccent.  Personages  I.  73  There  were 
Hashes  nevertheless  revelative  of  a  high  and  generous,  if 
erratic  disposition.  1887  Lit.  World  25  Mar.  275/2  The 
subject  is  of  such  a  nature,  that  somehow  it  becomes  more 
luminous  and  revelative. 

Reyelator  (revelJi-tai).  [a.  late  L.  revelator. 
So  F.  rfyJla/ciir,  Sp.  and  Pg.  revelajor,  It.  re-, 
rivelatore.]  One  who  or  that  which  makes  a 
revelation  ;  a  revealer. 

1849  WHITTIER  Prase  Wks.  (1889)  I.  142  Nay,. .it  should 
rather.. call  to  mind  what  the  Revelator  hath  said  of  the 
Holy  City.  1873  GRINDON  Life  i.  9  Light  is  the  great 
and  universal  Revelator.  1884  HAWEIS  .!/;«.  Life  II.  420 
Mendelssohn  has  been  to  me.  .a  revelator  of  the  beautiful. 

Re'Velatory,  a.  [f.  as  REVELATE  v.  +  -our.] 
Serving  to  reveal ;  yielding  a  revelation. 

1882  igl/i  Century  May  711  The  poetry  of  Buddhism., 
centres  round  the  noble  figure  of  its  founder,  instinct  with 
the  supernatural,  revelatory  of  the  unseen.  1884  J.  W. 
REYNOLDS  Myst.  Univ.  vi.  229  The  predictions  are  by  a 
revelatory  supernatural  power. 

Revel-bread  :  see  RAVEL  BKEAD. 

t  Revelicion,  ?  for  REVOLUTION-,  debate. 

1465  Paston  Lett.  II.  234  Also  another  inquerry  howe  ys 
patorne  of  the  seyd  chyrche  ;  and  thys  is  leke  to  come  in  re- 
velicion  but  yf  thcr  be  gret  labore  mad  to  morowe  be  tymys. 

Revelin,  obs.  form  of  RAVELIN. 

Reveling,  variant  of  RIVELIKG. 

t  Reyell,  obs.  variant  of  REVEAL  v. 

c  1560  in  H.  Hall  Elis.  Koc.  (1887)  254  Whar  as  you  say 
you  will  kepe  ye  burde  in  your  breste  saiffe  and  [the)  othe 
that  you  have  sworne  never  to  revelle  nor  breake.  1616  J. 
LANE  Contn,  Si/r.'s  T.  v.  14  Lopke  what  ncwes  the  post 
hathe  not  to  tell,  they  dare  supplie,  and  to  the  world  revell. 

Revellent,  sb.  Mcd.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  Also 
9  -aut.  [See  next.]  A  revulsive  agent. 


II.  35,  I  thought  proper  to  abstain  from  revellents.  1822-34 
Good's  Study  SU-d.  (cd.  4)  I.  38  The  erythematic  inflamma 
tion  ..  proves  often  useful  as  a  revellant.  Ibid.  1 1 1. 493  Hence 
the  plant  has  a  claim  to  be  considered  as  an  active  pro 
moter  of  absorption  as  well  as  a  revelient. 

Reve-llent,  a.  rare.  [ad.  I.,  revelient-,  rc- 
vellens,  pres.  pple.  of  revellHre :  see  REVEL  v.'^\ 
Drawing  or  pulling  back ;  revulsive. 

1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  II.  239  Sudden  chills 
on  the  surface  are  possessed  of  a  revelient  power.  1838  AVrc 
Monthly  Mag.  LIV.  25  Human  associations,  like  natural 
bodies,  must  be  held  together  by  attractive  forces  stronger 
than  the  revelient. 

Reveller  (re'velai).  Also  4  reuelour,  5  re- 
uelowre,  7  -our;  6-7  reuel(l)er;  6  revellar. 
[f.  REVEL  W.I  +  -EB.I.] 

1.  One  who  takes  part  in  a  revel,  merry-making, 
or  festivity  ;  one  who  is  given  to  revelling,  or  leads 
a  disorderly  life. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Wife's  T.  Prol.  453  Myfourlhe  housbonde 
was  a  reuelour,  This  is  to  seyn,  he  hadde  a  paramour,  c  1440 
Promp.  Para.  431/2  Reuelowre.  1530  PALSGR.  262/2  Re 
vellar,  carellevr.  a  1348  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII,  80  b, 


SHAKS.  Cymb.  i.  vi.  61  He  is  call'd  The  Britaine  Reueller. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vn.  33  The  barbarous  dissonance  Of 
Bacchus  and  his  Revellers.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  ix.  678 
For  other  ends  they  shine,  Than  to  light  revellers  from 
shame  to  shame.  1707  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Italian  xvii,  The 
jokes  and  laughter  of  the  revellers.  1843  LYTTON  Last  Bar. 
I.  ii,  They  were  now  passing  by  the  stunted  trees,  under 
which  sat  several  revellers.  1871  B.  TAYLOR  Faust  (1875) 
I.  v.  98  The  revellers  start  and  separate. 

2.  One  who  delights  in  something. 

1860  WARTER  Sea-Board  II.  205  Finding  me.  .a  reveller  in 
the  exquisite  scenery. 

Revelling  (re-velirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  REVEL  z>.l  + 
-ING!.]  Riotous  or  disorderly  merry-making  or 
festivity ;  a  revel ;  also,  great  delight  or  joy. 

c  1470  Got.  ff  Gaw.  Z343  With  reualing  and  reuay  all  the 
oulk  hale.  1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  ccxliii.  284  There  they 
casten  to  slee  the  kyng  in  here  reuelyng.  1591  SPENSER  M. 
ffubberddg^  All  that  els  pertaines  to  reveling.  1606  DEKKEK 
7  Deadly  Sinnes  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  67  What  a  weeke  of 
Sinfull  Reueling  hath  heere  bin.  1665  MANLEY  Grotius' 
Lffw-C.  Wars  651  As  the  Court  grew  burthensome  even  in 
time  of  Peace  by  Princely  Revellings.  1731  LAVINGTON 
Button.  Meth.  «r  Papists  in.  (1754)  75  His  Brother  Thomas, 
..who  from  following  Revellings  and  Hurlings  became  a 
Methodist  Preacher.  1826  DISRAELI  Viv.  Grey  n.  vi,  The 
young  scholar  in  the  revelling  of  his  enthusiasm. 

attrib.  1394  MARLOWE  &  NASHE  Dido  1075, 1  thinke  it  was 
the  diuels  reuelling  night.  1632  COLLINGES  Caveat  (1653) 
iii.  17  It.. was  revelling  time,  the  time  for  drinking. 

Re'velling,  ppl.  a.     [-ING  2.]    That  revels. 

c  1475  Lerne  or  be  Lemde  in  Babees  Bk.  (1868)  10  [Be  not] 
To  Riotous,  to  Revelyng,  ne  Rage  nat  to  muche.  1760-72 
H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qual.  (1809)  IV.  42  Youth  and  health, 
and  a  revelling  flow  of  blood  and  spirits.  1816  HOLLAR 
Dana  of  Death  2  Holbein .  .was  given  to  wine  and  revelling 
company.  1892  LD.  LYTTON  King  Poppy  vii.  53  Thro'  its 
roses,  and  its  revelling  leaves. 

Re1  velment.  rare.  [f.  REVEL  sb.i  +  -MENT.] 
The  act  of  revelling ;  revelry. 

1822  Blackw.  Mag.  XI.  397  His  school-boy  tricks,  his  col 
lege  revelment  1877  '  H.  A.  PACE  '  De  Qtiincey  I.  v.  90  These 


REVENGE. 

,    dreams . .  yield  themselves  to  pure  revelment  among  shadows 
of  the  fancy. 

Re  velous,  a.  rare.  Also  6  reuellous.  [a. 
OF.  revelous,-eiis,  etc.  :  see  REVEL  si.i  and  -ous.j 
Given  to  or  marked  by  revelling. 

c  1586  CHAUCER  Sliipman's  r.  4  A  wyf  he  hadde  of  excel 
lent  beautee  And  compaignable  and  reuelous  was  she     1562 
.    J.  HEYWOOD  Prov.  *  Epigr.  (1867)  66  By  your  reuellous 
rydyng  on  euery  royle.     1804  STRUTHEKS  Poor  Man's  Sab- 
,    bath  Poet.  Wks.  1850  I.  48  A  day  of  revelous  dissipation. 

Re'vel-rout.  Now  arch,  or  Obs.  [f.  KEVKI. 
rf.l  +  ROUT  sb.~\ 

1.  Uproarious  revelry ;   boisterous  merriment. 
Frequently  with  vbs.  to  keep,  make,  or  play. 
"  '553  UDALL  Roystcr  D.  i.  i,  Sometime  Dauy  Dice-player 
..Keepeth  reuell  route  as  long  as  it  will  last.    1591  Si'ENsn; 
M.  Hnbterd  558  Then  made  they  revell  route  and  goodly 
glee.    1613  PUKCHAS  Pilgrimage  iv.  xvi.  (1614)  430  After  ail 
this  reuel-rout  they  demaund  againe  of  the  Demoniake,  if 


Wks.  (1849)  "48  Revel-rout  is  usual  where  there  is  a  negli 
gent  government.  1742  SHENSTONE  Sclioolmistr.  266  With 
boist  rous  revel  rout  and  wild  uproar. 

b.  An  occasion  of  revelling  ;  a  revel. 

a  1652  DHO.MK  Quecncs  E.tcli.  n.  ii,  Then  who  shall  daunce 
The  hobby  horse  at  our  next  Revel  rout  ?  1713  ROWK  Jam- 
Shore  i.  i,  My  Brother..  Is  gone  to  his  Account,  For  this,  his 
Minion,  The  Revel-rout  is  done. 

2.  A  crowd  or  party  of  revellers,    rare. 

•  '653  Frier  fy  Boy  n.  (Nares),  Ay,  that  we  will,  we'll  break 
your  spell,  Rtply'd  the  revel-rout.  1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth 
xyn,  'Our  monarch  has  abdicated  sooner  than  usual  this 
night,1  said  one  of  the  revel  rout. 

Revelry  (re'velri).     Also  4,  7  reuelrie,  6  re- 
uellrie.     [f.  REVEL  sb.  +  -KY.]     The  act  of  revel 
ling,  merry-making ;    boisterous  gaiety  or  mirth  ; 
:    also  transf.,  joyous  song. 

14. .  Chaucer's  Reeves  T.  4033  (Lansd.  MS.),  Oonely  for 
her  mirbe  and  reuelrie  Vppon  be  wardeine  besely  bei  eric. 
1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  v.  iv.  183  Meane  time,  forget  this 
new-falne  dlgmtie,  And  fall  into  our  Rusticke  Reuelrie. 
1634  MILTON  Comns  103  Mean  while  welcom  Joy,  and  Feast, 
Midnight  shout,  and  revelry.  1727-46  THOMSON  Sntiniicr 
1673  T'he  fairy  people  throng,  In  various  ;ame,  and  revelry, 
to  pass  The  summer-night.  1784  COWPER  Task  n.  79  Revelry, 
1  and  dance,  and  show,  Suffer  a  syncope.  1810  SCOTT  Lady 
|  ofL.  in.  ii,  The  lark  sent  down  her  revelry.  1840  DICKENS 
Barn.  Radge  xvi,  A  something  in  the  midst  of  their  revelry 
and  riot  that  chilled  and  haunted  them.  1875  JowETT/Ytf/o 
(ed.  2)  V.  34  There  is  no  drunken  revelry  in  Sparta. 

Reven,  obs.  form  of  RAVEN  sA.1 ;  RIVEX. 

t  Revenant :.  Obs.  rare  -'.  [a.  OF.  revtnaul, 
'  f.  as  next.]  That  which  is  pleasing. 

CTI440  Parloiwfe  3125  Where  he  fonde  alle  such  stm- 
blaunt  As  he  was  wont  and  alle  reuenaunt. 

II  Revenant  a  (nnvnan).  [F.,  pres.  pple.  of  re- 
venir  to  return.] 

1.  One  who  returns  from  the  dead ;  a  ghost. 
1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xxiv,  Nor  of  taking  the  fatal 

leap,  had  my  revenant  the  slightest  recollection.  1846 
TRENCH  Mirac.  xxix.  411  note,  Lazarus,  as  a  revenant,  is 
often  used  by_the  religious  romance-writers  of  the  middle 
ages  as  a  vehicle  for  their  conceptions  of  the  lower  world. 
1880  SHORTHOUSE  jf.  Inglesant  II.  xiii.  274  The  yellow 
glamour  of  the  sunset ..  clothed  in  transparent  radiance  this 
shadowy  revenant  from  the  tomb. 

transf.  1864  JjOWBLLStVffy  Windows,  Gt.  Public  Charac., 
The  Opposition  to  which  he  belonged  [was]  a  helpless  re 
venant  from  the  dead  and  buried  Colonial  past. 

2.  One  who  returns  to  a  place. 

1886  MRS.  LYNN  LINTON  Paston  Carew  viii,  They  would 
not  visit  this  undesirable  revenaiu  with  his  insolent  wealth 
and  discreditable  origin.  1893  Daily  News  31  Aug.  4/7  The 
undergraduates,  our  fogey  revenant  observes,  look  much  as 
they  did..,  in  outward  aspect, 

Reve-licl  (r/~-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  vend  or  sell 
again.  Hence  Bevc-nder  ;  Reve'nding  vbl.  sl>. 

1787  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  II.  186  The  residue  to  be  re- 
vended  toother  nations.  1832  MARRYAT^.  Forsteriv,  There 
is  no  chance  of  getting  rid  of  this  latter  speculation  by  re- 
vending.  1868  BROWNING  Ringfr  Bk.  i.  52  That  palace-step 
.  .Now  serves  re-venders  to  display  their  ware. 

t  Reve'ndicate,  v.  Obs.  rare,  [variant  of 
REVINDICATE,  after  F.  revendiquer.']  trans.  To 
claim  back  ;  to  recover  by  a  formal  claim. 

1760  tr.  Vattefs  Law  Nations  ill.  xiv.  §  212.  86  Should 
some  subsequent  fortunate  revolution  deliver  it  from  the 
conqueror's  yoke,  it  can  [not]  revendicate  them.  1796  KIR- 
WAN  Elem.  Mitt.  (ed.  2)  I.  435  Many  were  revendicated  to 
Neptune's  antique  demesne. 

Revenclica'tion.  [a.  F.  revendicalion :  cf. 
REVINDICATION.]  The  action  of  claiming  back  or 
recovering  by  a  formal  claim. 

1760  tr.  Vattel's  Law  Nations  HI.  xiv.  §   209.  84  The 
endless  disputes  which  would  spring  from  the  revendication 
of  them.    1826  KENT  Cointn.  v.  xxxix.  (1858)  II.  753  This 
was  also  the  law  of  France,  until  the  commercial  code., 
rejected  the  old  law  of  revendication.     1864  Daily  Tel.  18 
May,   Would  there  be  no  danger  of  another  '  revendica 
tion  '  of  lost  territories  ?    1863  Sat.  Rev.  18  Nov.  640  Our 
ultimatum  was  to  include . .  the  revendication  of  the  frontier 
line  traced  in  the  Viceroy's  programme, 
t  Reve-ne,  v.    Obs.—°    [ad.  L.  revemre.']   '  To 
come  again,  to  return '  (Blount,  1656). 
Revenew,  obs.  form  of  REVENUE. 
Revenge  (r/ve-ndg),  sb.    Also  7  revendge. 
[f.  the  vb.,  or  a.  obs.  F.  revenge,  var.  of  revenche, 
mod.  revanche :  see  the  vb.] 
1.  The  act  of  doing  hurt  or  harm  to  another  in 

75-2 


BEVENGE. 

return  for  wrong  or  injury  suffered;   satisfaction 
obtained  by  repayment  of  injuries. 

1566  STUDLEY  Agamemnon,  Eitribates,  Can  not  remem- 
hraunce  of  reuenge  out  of  thy  breast  be  reft?  159° 
SHAKS.  Milts.  JV.  n.  i.  89  The  Windes,  .  .  As  in  reuenge,  haue 
suck'd  vp  from  the  sea  Contagious  fogges.  1591  KYD 
Mnrthcr  I.  Bremen  Wks.  door)  287  The  blood  of  the  lust 
Abel  cried..  for  vengeance  and  reuenge  on  the  murderer. 
1609  li.  JONSON  Sil.  Worn.  iv.  v,  O  reuenge,  how  sweet  art 
thou  !  1690  NORRIS  Beatitudes  (1694)  78  Private  Revenge 
therefore  isuniversally  to  becondemned.asutterlyunlawful. 
1721  YOUNG  Revenge  I.  i,  What  is  revenge,  but  courage  to 
call  in  Our  honours  debts?  1771  GOI.DSM.  Hist.  Eng.iH 
Lett.  IV.  404  A  desire  of  revenge  upon  the  plunderers  of  his 
country.  1818  BYRON  yuan  l.  cxxiv,  Sweet  is  revenge- 
especially  to  women.  1855  TENNYSON  Maud  \.  in,  lami 
revenge  too  Jeep  for  a  transient  wrong.  1877  C.  GEIKIE 
Christ  (1879)  431  Plato  held  that  revenge  was  wrong. 

A,*,,,//:  .588  SHAKS.  Tit.  -4.V.  ii.  146  Tarn  .Reuenge 
now  goes  To  lay  a  complot  to  betray  thy  Foes.  1  it.  I  know 
thou  doo'st,  and  sweet  reuenge  farewell.  1747  COLLINS 
Passions,  Revenge  impatient  rose,  He  threw  his  blood- 
stain'd  sword  in  thunder  down.  1821  SHELLEY  Hellas  729 
Revenge  and  Wrong  bring  forth  their  kind,  The  foul  cubs 
like  their  parents  are. 

b.  A  desire  to  repay  injuries  by  inflicting  hurt 
in  return,     t  Also  in  //. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  A  rcadia  m  (1605)  299  Fury  in  his  eyes  and 
reuenge  in  his  heart.  1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well  v.  in.  10,  I 
haue  forgiuen  and  forgotten  all,  Though  my  reuenges  were 
high  bent  vpon  him.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  i.  35  Th'  infernal 
Serpent..,  whose  Kuile  Stird  up  with  Envy  and  Revenge, 
deceiv'dThe  Mother  of  Mankinde.  iSgoNoRRls  Beatitudes 


596 

6.   An  opportunity  of  retaliation  or  retrieval ; 
spec,  in  cards,  chess,  etc.,  a  return  game,  esp.  m    ; 
phr.  to  give  one  (A  is)  revenge. 


eceve      oer  o  . 

(1694)  186  That  he  be  free  from  Revenge,  which  is  another 
great  Trespasser  against  Peace,  a  1703  BORKITT  OnN.  T. 
Luke  vi.  29  Revenge  is  a  very  troublesome  and  vexatious 
passion.  1800  COGAN  Passions  II.  ii.  (1802)  166  Revenge  is 
an  insatiable  desire  to  sacrifice  every  consideration  of  pity 
and  humanity  to  the  principle  of  vindictive  justice.  1866 
G.  MACDONALD  Ann.  Q.  Neighb.  xxviii.  (1878)  490  Revenge 
had  passed  away,  but  revenge  is  of  death  and  deadly. 

2.  With  possessive  pron.     a.  One's  desire  to  be 
revenged,  or  the  gratification  of  this. 

«i547  SURREY  ^Eneid  n.  118  What  if  my  chaunce  were 
euer  to  return  Victor  to  Arge,  to  folowe  my  reuenge. 
^11586  SIDNEY  Arcadia.  III.  (1605)  303  Being  resolued  to.. 
satisfic  hcrownc  reuenge  in  their  punishment.  1596  SHAKS. 
Mere/I.  K.  in.  i.  56  If  it  will  feede  nothing  else,  it  will  feede 
my  reuenge.  1611  BIBLE  Jer.  xx.  10  We  shall  preuailo 
against  him,  and  we  shall  take  our  reuenge  on  him.  1651 
HOBBKS  Leviath.  \\.  xxvii.  r55  [He]  breaks  the  Law,_  and 
protects  himselfe  for  the  future,  by  the  terrour  of  his  private 
revenge,  a  1771  GRAY  Dante  15  Hear  My  Wrongs,  and  from 
them  judge  of  my  Revenge.  1797  NELSON  in  Duncan  Life 
(1806)  44  The  Spaniards  threaten  us  they  will  come  out  and 
take  their  revenge.  1841  EMERSON  Ess.,  Prudence  Wks. 
(Bonn)  I.  97  On  him  who  scorned  the  world,  as  he  said,  the 
scorned  world  wreaks  its  revenge.  1887  RIDER  HAGGARD 
Allan  Qnatermain  iv,  I  shook  my  fist  in  his  face  and  vowed 
to  have  my  revenge. 

f  b.  The  avenging  of  a  person.  Obs.  rare. 
1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  i.  v.  35  You  all  consented  vnto 
Salisburies  death,  For  none  would  strike  a  stroake  in  his 
reuenge.    1633  Bp.  HALL  Hard  Texts,  N.  T.  32  His  angels 

.  .doe  ever  attend  either  to  their  safeguard  or  revenge.  1653 
Nissetia  151  Hearing  that  her  beloved  Doralbo  had  run 
hazard  of  his  life,  onely  in  her  revenge. 

3.  A  particular  act  of  repaying  injuries  or  wrongs. 
t  Also  const.  o/"(  =  on). 

1582  N.  LICHEHELD  tr.  Castanheda!s  Cong.  E.  Ind.  l. 
vii.  19  b,  He  ment  to  visit  the  town  of  Mousambick,  and 
the  dwellers  therein,  with  some  sufficient  reuenge.  1625 
BACON  Ess.,  Revenge,  Publique  reuenges  are,  for  the  most 
part,  Fortunate.  .  .  But  in  priuate  Reuenges  it  is  not  so. 
a  1653  GOUGE  Comm.  Heb.  x.  28  In  regard  of  the  violent 
revenge  he  sought  to  do  to  the  professors  of  the  Christian 
Religion.  1771  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Eng.  in  Lett.  II.  179  Led 
them  up  to  London,  to  take  a  signal  revenge  of  his  enemies. 
1819  SHELLEY  Cyclops  702,  I  have  taken  A  full  revenge  for 
your  unnatural  feast.  1855  MII.MAN  Lat.  Chr.  iv.  vi.  II. 
(1864)  310  The  revenge  suggested  by  the  malice  of  Sabini- 
anus  was  the  public  destruction  of  the  works  of  Gregory. 

4.  Repayment  of  some  wrong,  injury,  etc.,  by 
(he  infliction  of  hurt  or  harm. 

1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  (r637)8sWhose  chiefe  employment  is 
.  .  to  labour  a  revenge  of  wrongs,  and  a  restitution  of  losses. 
1625  BACON  Ess.,  Of  Revenge,  The  Reuenge  of  that  wrong, 
putteth  the  Law  out  of  Office.  1633  Bp.  HALL  Hard  Texts, 
N.  T.  163  Which  God  in  his  mercy  would  not  take  speedy 
revenge  of.  1847  M  RS.  A.  KERR  tr.  Ranke's  Hist.  Servia  59 
It  is  remarkable  that  the  revenge  of  murder  is  unknown. 

b.  In  phr.  in  revenge  of,  in  return  or  retalia 
tion  for.  t  Also  (in  good  sense),  in  recompense 
for  (obs.'}. 


SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  I.  ii.  1  10  As  in  reuenge  of  thy  ingratitude, 
I  throw  thy  name  against  the  bruzing-stones.  1602  Pal- 
merin  of  Eng.  i.  1,  Palmerin  delivered  the  castle  againe  to 
DramcUiand,  who  both  in  revenge  of  his  worthinesse,  and 
memorie  of  his  owne  good  lucke  called  it  the  Invisible  Fort 
of  Fortune.  1680  MORDEN  Geogr.  Reel.,  Asiatic  Tartary 
(1685)  391  Destroyed  in  revenge  of  so  great  a  danger.  1819 
SHELLEY  Cyclops  616  Fire  will  burn  his  lamp-like  eyes  In 
revenge  of  such  a  feast! 
1  5.  Punishment  ;  chastisement.  Obs. 
1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.)  i  Pet.  ii.  14  Rulers  as  sent  by  him 
[GodJ  to  the  revenge  of  malefactors.  1592  GREENE  Philo 
mela  Wks.  (Grosart)  XI.  167  Therfore  haue  I  here  pro 
duced  them  in  open  court,  that  my  dishonours  may  end  in 
their  reuenge.  1633  Bp.  HALL  Hard  Texts,  N.T.  183  That 
my  powerfull  and  miraculous  revenges  of  thee  [Pharaoh) 
might  be  declared  abroad.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  iv. 
660  Nor  (if  the  Fates  assist  not)  canst  thou  scape  The  just 
Revenge  of  that  intended  Rape. 


oFnb"i85o  VHACKERAY°/V»*K'«M  xliii,  Three  hundred 
[gold  napoleons]  which  I  had  lost  when  I  had  my  revenge. 
Revenge  (r/ve-nds),  v.  Also  5  Sc.  reweng, 
raweng(e  ;  6  reueng.  [a.  obs.  F.  revenger  (var. 
of  revencher,  mod.F.  revancher),  f.  re-  RE-  + 
venger  to  VENGE.] 

1.  a.  refi.  To  avenge  oneself;  to  take  revenge  on 
or  npmi  (rarely  of)  a  person  >>•  (or  t  of)  a  wrong, 
injury,  insult,  etc.,  received  or  resented.  Also 
without  const. 

1373  BARDOUR  Bruce  xvm.  232  He  tuk  purpos  for  to  ryde 
in-till  Scotland,  Till  revenge  hym,  with  stalward  hand, 
Of  the  tray,  travaill,  and  of  teyne.  1456  SIR  G.  HAYE 
Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  199  Quhethir  gif  ane  abbot  wald  slaa 
ane  of  his  monkis,  quhethir  aw  he  to  defend  him  agayn 
his  abbot,  and  to  revenge  him.  1530  PALSGR.  690/1  Who  so 
ever  doth  me  a  displeasure,  I  wyll  revenge  me  and  I  can. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidanc's  Comm.  275  In  the  whiche  thing 
verely,  I  will  so  revenge  me  upon  you.  a  1593  MARLOWE 
Edw.  II,  v.  i,  Methinks  I  should  revenge  me  of  my  wrongs. 
1633  lip.  HALL  Hard  Texts,  N.  T.  322  Know  my  omni 
potence,  and  how  easily  I  can  revenge  my  self.  1672 
WYCHERLEY  Love  in  a  WoodM.  vi,  You  would  not  revenge 
yourself  upon  the  parson?  1818  J.  C.  HOTHOUSE  Hist, 
lllnstr.  (ed.  2)  435  Monti  at  least  revenged  himself  of  Pius 
for  placing  him  below  Metastasio.  1874  STUBBS  Const. 
Hist.  I.  xii.  520  He  saw  that  his  true  policy  was  not  to 
revenge  himself  by  executions  and  confiscations. 

b.  In  passive.  Chiefly  const,  of,  on,  or  upon. 
c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  iv.  v.  524  Hir  awantagis  for  to  se 
How  best  scho  mycht  rawengit  be.  1526  Pilgr.  I'trf.  (W. 
de  W.  1531)  30  b,  Josue  commaunded  the  sonne  to  stande 
styll  in  one  place,  vnto  he  were  reuenged  vpon  his 
ennemyes.  1598  SHAKS.  Merry  Wives  it.  i.  30  How  shall  I 
be  reueng'd  on  him?  for  reueng'd  I  will  be?  1602  —  Ham. 
in.  iii.  75  Now  He  doo't,  and  so  he  goes  to  Heauen,  And  so 
am  I  reueng'd.  1683  W.  PENN  Ace.  in  Burton  Eng,  Em/>. 
Amcr,  (1685)  116  In  this  they  are  sufficiently  revenged  on 
us.  1736  Centl.  Mag.  VI.  331/2  Failing  in  that,  she  was 
amply  revenged  upon  him  in  the  next  Reign.  1773  Observ. 
State  of  Poor  67  The  poor  are  but  too  often  revenged  on 
their  oppressors,  by  making  reprisals  on  their  property. 
1820  SCOTT  Let.  in  Loctliart  (1837)  IV.  xi.  382  She  has.. 
a  most  decided  desire  to  be  revenged  of  him. 
2.  trans.  To  inflict  punishment  or  exact  retri 
bution  for  (an  injury,  harm,  wrong,  etc.,  done  to 
oneself  or  another). 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  199  He  is  behaldin 
to  defend  him[selfl,  and  to  revenge  his  dede  at  all  his 
powere  agayn  him  that  wald  sla  him.  1470-83  MAI.OKY 
Arthur  xx.  x.  814  Therfor  lete  vs  shape  a  remedy  for  to 
reuenge  their  dethes.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xi.  (Percy 
Soc.)  44  Who  is  opprest  with  a  lytell  wrong,  Revengyng  it 
he  may  it  soone  encrease.  1573  L.  LLOYD  Marrow  of  Hist. 
(1653)  242  Princes  ought  not  to  do  wrong,  nor  yet  revenge 
wrong  with  wrong.  1639  S.  Du  VERGER  tr.  Cuintts'  Admir. 
Events  25  One  of  the  wounded  desirous  to  revenge  his  hurt 
[etc.].  (11727  NEWTON  Chronol.  Amended  (1728)  246  Her 
brother . .  was  slain,  and  she  revenged  his  death.  1779  JOHN- 
SON  L.  P.,  West  (5787)  IV.  201  They  revenged  the  disap 
pointment  by  calling  him  a  Methodist.  1819  SHELLEY 
Cyclops  704, 1  should  have  done  ill  to  have  burned  down 
Troy  And  not  revenged  the  murder  of  my  comrades.  1865 
KINGSLEY  Herew.  ix,  So  Hereward  went  off  to.. revenge 
the  wrongs  of  the  Countess  Gertrude. 
b.  Const,  on  or  uj>on  (a  person). 
1608  SHAKS.  Per.  in.  ni.  24  The  gods  revenge  it  upon  me 
and  mine,  To  the  end  of  generation  !  1665  MANLEY  Grotius' 
Low-C.  Wars  275  Supposing,  .that  the  Clemency  of  the 
Enemy  would  not  break  its  wonted  bounds,  and  revenge 
the  injury  upon  the  innocent  pledges.  1721  SWIFT  Proposal 
Irish  Mann/.  7  18  When  my  Betters  give  me  a  Kick  I 
am  apt  to  revenge  it  with  six  upon  my  Footman.  1840 
DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  vi,  Kit.  .felt  more  than  half-disposed 
to  revenge  the  fact  upon  him. 

o.  To  maintain,  uphold,  or  vindicate  (one's  cause, 
etc.)  by  some  act  of  retribution  or  punishment. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  51  As  communly  pas 
sionate  persones  doth,  tyke  wood  beestes,  in  reuengynge 
theyr  owne  quarelles.  1579  LYLY  Eitphues  (Arb.)  169  That 
his  authoritie  was  so  miraculously  reuenged  with  the 
horrible  destruction  of  Chorah,  Dathan,  and  Abiron.  1592 
GREENE  Conny  Catch.  23  The  woman  wept  for  anger  that 
she  had  not  some  one  by  that  might  with  iustice  reuenge  her 
quarrell.  1697  POTTER  Antiq.  Greece  in.  v.  (1715)  51  Who 
undertook  to  revenge  the  Quarrel  of  Athens  on  the 
Boeotians. 

3.  To  avenge  (a  person,  etc.). 
1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  ix.  xxxii.  389,  I  wille  be  in  the 
feld  with  you  and  reuenge  you  of  youre  enemyes.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  90  To  the  intent  he  myght  re. 
venge  his  kynsfolkes.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas's 
Voy.  in.  ii.  71  b,  [He]  reuenged  and  set  at  libertie  his  countrie 
and  people.  1799  SHERIDAN  Pizarro  n.  i,  He  may  revenge, 
but  cannot  save  thee.  1841  ELPHINSTONE  Hist.  Ind.  I.  593 
The  brother  of  the  deceased  immediately  took  up  arms  to 
revenge  him. 

1 4.  To  punish,  to  exact  punishment  for  (a 
wrong,  crime,  or  sin).  Obs. 

1563  Homilies  n.  xvii.  i.  (1640)  236  What  is  the  cause  ol 
penury  and  scarceness,  .but  a  token  of  Gods  yre  revenging 
our  wrongs  and  injuries  done  one  to  another.  1579  LYLY 
F.uphuti  (Arb.)  160  If  there  were. .a  God  that  woulde  re- 


BEVENGEMENT. 

uence  the  oppression  of  the  widdowes  and  fatherlesse.  1611 
BIBLF  Ecclus.  v.  3  The  Lord  will  surely  reuenge  thy  pride. 
1697  DRYDF.N  Virg.  Georg.  in.  709  Revenge  the  Crime,  and 
take  the  Traytor's  Head.  1713  GARTH  hpll.  to  Addisou  i 
Cato  8  Would  you  revenge  such  rash  resolves— you  may. 
f  b.  To  inflict  punishment  or  take  revenge  upon 

(a  person).  Obs. 

1573  L.  LLOYD  Marrow  of  Hist.  (1653)  237  Dion  of  Alex- 
andria,  who  with  silence  revenged  more  his  foes  than  with 
words.  1580  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  II.  III.  95  She  is 
without  a  lawful  heire..who  may  either  reward  her  fnnds 
or  revenge  her  enemies,  a  1653  GOUGE  Comm.  Heb.  iv.  13, 
[  will  rescue  my  childe,  and  revenge  the  wrong-doer. 

5.  absol.  To  take  vengeance  or  revenge. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAYE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  199  Agayn  him 
selff  he  will  nocht  geve  him  noulhir  leve  na  glide  will,  to 
revenge  agayn  him.  1573  L.  LLOYD  Marrow  of  Hist. 

1653)  240  Princes  that  revenge  hastily,  and  especially 
wrongfully.  1598  GRENEWEY  Tacitus,  Ann.  \.  xi.  (1622)  20 
Germanicus..had  an  armie  in  readinesse  to  reuenge  vpon 
the  rebels.  1611  BIBLE  Nahnm  i.  2  The  Lord  reuengeth, 
and  is  furious.  1633  Bp.  HALL  Hard  Texts,  N.T.\d  In  that 
be.. was  both  grievously  displeased  with  these  sinnes  and 
yet  loath  to  revenge. 

Reve-ngeable,  a.    ?  Obs.    [f.  REVENGE  z>.] 

f  1.  Revengeful.  Obs. 

1513  DOUGLAS  Mneis  xi.  xi.  126  Out  of  my  cais  That  ilke 
revengeabill  arow  thou  owt  rais.  1552  LATIMER  Strut,  ff 
Kem.  (Parker  Soc.)  2r2  [They]  have  been  backbiters  and 
slanderers,  wrathful  and  revengeable,  and  so  continue,  with 
out  amendment.  1689  SHERLOCK  Death  iii.  §  7  (1731)  '6o 
The  Laws . .  allow  Scope  enough  to  satisfy  the  most  revenge- 
able  Man. 

2.  Worthy  or  capable  of  being  revenged. 

1592  WARNER  Alt'.  Eng.  vn.  xxxvii.  (1602)  185  Through 
blinde  bace  Loue  induring  wrong  reuengeable  in  season. 

t  Reve'ngeance.    Obs.    Also  5  Sc.  rewen- 

geauce,  -eans(se  ;  5-6  revengeaunce.  [a.  obs. 
F.  revengance,  -ence,  etc.,  f.  revenger  to  REVENGE. 
Cf.  VENGEANCE.]  Revenge,  vengeance.  (Common 
in  i6th  cent.) 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  i.  (Peter)  410,  I  sallger  myn  angehs 
tak  of  hym  reuengeance.  Ibid.  vii.  (James  the  less)  235 
Ierusalem..In  rewengeans  dystroyt  wes.  c  1425  WYNTOUN 
Cron.  in.  ii.  467  And  he  prayit  to  God  of  mycht  That.. A 
rewengeansse  he  mycht  wyn  Off  al  his  fais.  1456  SIR  G. 
HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  192.  I  past  efterwart  and  tuke 
revengeaunce  thare  apon.  1541  HYRDE  tr.  Vims'  [nstr, 
Chr.  Worn.  II.  v.  (1592)  R  ij,  He  . .  wil  remember  injurie 
longest,  and  seeke  for  vengeance  most  violently,  nor  can  be 
content  with  a  meane  reuengeaunce.  1565  JMVEL  Repl. 
llarding(\(!i\)  373  God  strooke  lulians  Image  fiom  Heauen 
with  lightning, . .  in  token  of  his  reuengeance. 

Revengeful  (rtVe-ndjfiil),  a.  [f.  REVENGE  sb. 
+  -FUL.]  Full  of  revenge  ;  vindictive. 

(11586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  in.  (1605)  345  Her  words  were 
choakt  vp  with  the  rising  of  her  reuengefull  heart.  1593 
SHAKS.  Rich.  II,  iv.  i.  50  If  I  do  not,  may  my  hands  rot 
off,  And  neuer  brandish  more  reuengefull  Sleele.  1613  — 
lien.  VIII,  i.  i.  rog  You  know  his  Nature,  That  he's  Re 
uengefull.  1640  E.  REYNOLDS  Hosea  iii.  45  These  Lascivious 
or  Revengeful!  speeches.  1728  MORGAN  Algiers  n.  iv.  276 
The  revengeful  Traytor  amply  discovered  who  were  Ring- 
Leaders  of  the  Plot.  1771  in  Ann.  Reg.  (1772)  I9V'.  I 
hope  my  countrymen  will  not  think  me  a  man  of  revenge 
ful  disposition.  1809-10  COLERIDGE  Friend (i&tis)  106  By. . 
the  downcast  look  of  dark  and  revengeful  resolve.  1848 
MACAULAY  Biog.,  Atterl-ury,  No  creature  is  so  revengeful  as 
a  proud  man  who  has  humbled  himself  in  vain.  1884  Truth 
13  Mar.  377/2  Having  borrowed  money  from  a  revengeful 
clerk  on  a  forged  bill. 

Hence  Reve'ug-efnlly  adv. 

1645  MILTON  Tetrach.  Wks.  1851  IV.  227  Though  for  the 
most  part  maliciously,  covetously,  rigourously,  revengeful  y. 
1670  Devout  Commun.  (1688)  117,  I  have  dealt  heinously, 
thou  art  revengefully  smitten.  1808  Westm.  Gaz.  15  June 
6/3  The  notion  that  the  Secret  Police  and  not  the  Nihilists 
..are  acting  revengefully. 

Beve-ngefulneSS.  [f.  prec.]  The  quality 
of  being  revengeful ;  vindictiveness. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  ii.  (1605)  131  A  Tyrant  also,  not 
through  suspition,  greedinesse,  or  reuengefulnesse.  a  1639 
W.  WHATELEY  Prototypes  l.  iv.  (1640)  42  To  polygamie 
Lamech  addeth  a  notorious  revengefullnesse.  1676  CUD- 
WORTH  Serai,  r  John  ii.  3.  56  Too  many  do  still,  .harbour 
malice,  Revengefulness  and  cruel  hatred.. in  your  hearts. 
1841  SPALDING  Italy  f,  It.  1st.  I.  24  We  charge  the  Italians 
in  the  mass,  with  superstition,  ignorance,,  .revengefulness, 
or  dishonesty.  1889  Spectator  2  Nov.,  Those  creatures 
which  suggest  to  us  a  shadowy  anticipation  of  human  cruelty 
and  revengefulness. 

Beverngeless,  a.    [f.  REVENGE  rf.  + -LESS.] 

1.  Free  from,  devoid  of,  revengefulness  or  vindic 
tiveness  ;  unrevenging. 

1604  T.  WRIGHT  Passions  v.  §  4.  234  After  that  Saul  vnder- 
stood  the  revengelesse  heart  of  David.. hee  wept  for  loy. 
1656  DAVENANT  Siege  Rhodes  n.  v.  iii,  If  Roxolana  thus  re- 
vengeless  proves.. It  does  denote  she  Rivals  can  endure. 
1796  MORSE  Amer.  Geogr.  I.  283  They  call  themselves  the 
Harmless  Christians,  Revengeless  Christians. 

2.  Deprived  of  revenge  ;  unrevenged. 

1604  WEBSTER  &  MARSTON  Malcontent  iv.  iii,  We,  full  of 
heartie  teares,.  .Cannot  so  lightly  over-jumpc  his  death,  As 
leave  his  woes  revengelesse. 

Reve'ugement.  Now  rare.  [f.  REVENGE  v. 
+  -MENT.]  Revenge,  retribution;  t  punishment. 
(Very  common  c  1540-1650.) 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  iv.  Ixiii.  43  He  ferynge  y»  Sequell  and 
Reuengement  of  the  same,  laft  that  Countree.  1540  MORY- 
SINF.  Vive?  Introd.  Wysd.  L  iv,  Leave  the  revengement  of 
thyne  enemyes  to  me.  and  I  wyll  se  them  payde.  1581  RICH 
Farew.  (1846)  153  Neither  to  take  thy  life  nor  thy  purse,  but 
to  minister  revengemente  for  thy  large  speeches.  1613-8 
DANIEL  Coll.  Hist.  Eng.  (1626)  13  Ethefred..to  increase 


REVENGER. 

the  summe  of  reuengement..  caused  many  of  the  Danique 
Nobility  to  be  murthered.  1666  BUNYAN  Grace  Abound. 
§  192  A  strong  and  hot  desire  of  revengement  upon  myself 
for  the  abuse  I  had  done. 

1891  A.  HARTSHORNE  Hanging  in  Chains  72  This  post 
mortem  revengement  was  thought  to  be  a  singular  great 
comfort  to  the  relatives. 

Revenger  (rrve-ndgaj).  Also  6  Sc.  -eoure, 
-ear.  [f.  REVENGE  v.  +  -ER  1.  Cf.  F.  revancheur, 
f  revencheur,  revangeur,]  One  who  revenges  ; 
an  avenger.  (Common  in  i6th  and  i7th  c.) 

1513  DOUGLAS  /Kneis  iv.  xi.  85  Of  our  levingis  sum  reven- 
gear  mot  spring,  a  1540  BARNES  Wks.  (1573)  326  Let  not 
men  doubt,  .that  God  wyll  bee  a  reuenger  of  such  wrongfull 
violence.  1611  TOURNEUR  Attt.  Trag,  v.  ii,  Whose  gracious 
motiues  made  me  still  foibeare  To  be  mine  owne  Revenger. 
1693  DRYDEN  Jm>enal  xiv.  (1697)  361  Since  Mars,  whom 
we  the  great  Revenger  call,  Lost  his  own  Helmet.  1748 
RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  II.  360,  I  will  face  them  all; 
but  not  as  a  revenger,  if  they  provoke  me  not  too  much. 
1865  Reader  30  Sept.  365/3  Panderers  to  the  envy  or  reven 
gers  of  the  fear  of  deceased  greatness.  1899  L.  PIIILL- 
FOTTS  Hn man  Boy  193  A  terrible  revenge  which  doesn't 
come  off,  is  pretty  sickening  for  the  revenger, 

attrib.  1567  TURUEKV.  Ovid's  Ep.  i6ob,  For  this  rape 
there  arre  Revenger  Greckes,  with  wreak  full  ships. 

Reve  iigeress.  [f.  prec.  +  -tss.]  A  female 
revenger ;  an  avengeress. 

1569  J.  SANFORD  \x.Agri£fa%$  Van.  Aries  162  Whiche  if  it 
be.,  the  reuengeresse  of  wicked  men,  it  is  a  good  discipline. 
1636  E.  DACRF.S  tr.  Machiavcfs  Disc.  Livy  I.  120  Athens,., 
remembring  the  wrong  she  had  receiv'd,  and  the  slavery 
she  had  indur'd,  became  a  sharpe  revengeresse. 

Reve'iiging,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  REVENGE  z/.]  The 
action  of  the  verb,  in  various  senses  ;  vengeance. 

1530  PALSGR.262  Revengyng, vindication.  1568  GRAFTON 
Chron.  II.  754  Inwardly  nothyng  but  reuenging  and  con 
fusion  was  in  the  kings  stomacke.  1611  BIRLE  Ps.  Ixxix.  10 
By  the  reuenging  of  the  blood  of  thyseruants.  1619  HIF.RON 
Wks,  I.  32  Men  naturally  are  inclinable  to  contention,  de 
bate,  quarrelling,  reuenging. 

Revenging,  ppt.a.  [-1x02.]  That  revenges ; 
avenging. 

1568  Gismondof  Salerne  vi.  i,  Hell  shall  send  revenging 
paine  to  those  whome  Shame  from  shine  can  not  restraine. 
1592  GREKNE  Philomela  Wks.  (Gro&art)  XI.  131  For  doubt 
of  her  reuenging  husband,  and  thy  protested  enemie.  1632 
SANDERSON  Serin.  307  Revenging  Justice  shall  haue  nothing 
to  doe  with  vs.  1658  ROWLAND  tr.  MonfeCs  Theat.  In*. 
Ep.  Ded.,  In  the  tail  there  is  a  horny  sting  full  of  revenging 
poyson.  1700  DRYDEN  Meleager  <y  Atalanta  295  Come, 
come  revenging  sisters. 

Hence  Reve'iighigly  adv. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  v.  ii.  4,  I  haue  belyed  a  Lady,  The 
Piincesse  of  this  Country;  and  the  ayre  on't  Reuengingly 
enfeebles  me. 

t  Reve'ngive,  a-  Obs.  rare-1,  [irreg.  f.  RE 
VENGE  v.  +  -IVE.]  Revenging,  vindictive. 

1608  SHAKS.  Lear  n.  i.  48  (Qq.),  I  told  him  the  reuengiue 
Gods,  gainst  Paracides  did  all  their  thunders  bend. 

Reve'nt,  v±     [RE-  5  a.]     fTo  vend  again. 

1593  NORDEN  Spec.  Brit.,  Cornwall (1728)  23  Their  Pickled 
Pilchardes.. are.  .from  the  coaste  reuented  to  their  great 
piofil  in  the  Inland  Townes. 

Reve'nt,  v£  [RE-  5  c.]  trans.  To  provide 
(a  cannon)  with  a  new  vent. 

1864  Daily  Telegr.  18  May,  It  was  found  necessary  to  re- 
vent  the  shunt  gun.  1880  Times  27  Dec.  9/2  The  whole  of 
the  guns  may  have  to  be.  .sent  to  Woolwich  to  here-vented. 

i  Re ve unable.  Obs.  rare—*-,  [f.  next  + 
-ABLE.]  A  possible  source  of  revenue. 

1610  W.  FOLKINGHAM  Art  of  Survey  iv.  Concl.  88  Rents 
(instant  and  improueable),  Perquisites,  Parallels  and  other 
Reuenewables  and  Respectiues. 

Revenue  (re*veni«).  Forms :  a.  5-6  reu-, 
revenu,  5-  revenue;  //.  5  -us(e,  5-6  -u(e)z, 
-uys.  £.  5  reu-,  6  revenow ;  //.  5  -owis,  6 
-os,  -ous.  7.  7  reu-,  revenew ;  //.  6  -euos, 
-ewys,  -ewse,  6-7  -ewes.  5.  5-7  reu-,  reven- 
new(e ;  pi.  5  -ewis,  6-7  -ewes,  7  revennues, 
-u's.  [a.  OK.  revenu  masc.  (so  in  mod.F.)  or 
revenue  fern.,  substantive  use  of  the  pa.  pple.  of 
revenir  to  return. 

The  stressing  reve'tiue,  common  or  usual  during  the  i7th 
and  i8th  centuries  and  until  recently  in  legal  and  parlia 
mentary  usage,  is  now  obsolescent.  Cf.  the  following  :  1760 
LD.  HOLLAND  in  Life  %  Lett.  LadyS.  Lennox  1. 14  He  [the 
king]  laid  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable  of  Allys  and 
Revenues,  which  is  after  the  Scotch  pronunciation.  1828 
WALKER  s.v.,  This  word  seems  as  nearly  balanced  between 
the  accent  on  the  first  and  second  syllable  as  possible.  1840 
SMART  s.v.,  Re-ven'-ue  is  an  etymological  pronunciation,  but 
extensive  custom  does  not  sanction  it.  1860  Cornh.  Mag. 
Nov.  589  Revenue — which,  by  the  way,  every  parliamentary 
speaker  insists  upon  pronouncing  'revennue'.j 

T" 1.  Return  to  a  place.  Obs.  rare. 

2422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  175,  I  kno  well  my 
fiende,  that  he  atte  no  tyme  couaunt  wold  breke  ..,and 
Sertayne  I  haue  of  reuenine  [sic}.  1532  in  Ellis  Orig. 
Lett.  Ser.  i.  II.  24  We  can  do  no  lesse  but  now  uppon  the 
Kyngs  revenue  into  his  owne  realme  to  gyve.. thanks  to 
Almightie  God. .for  his  prosperous.. revenue. 

t  2.  The  return,  yield,  or  profit  of  any  lands, 
property,  or  other  important  source  of  income. 
Also//,  in  the  same  sense.  Obs. 

sing.  14*7  Rolls  of  Par  It.  IV.  318/2  Ye  Collectours  of 
ye  goode  and  revenue  of  ye  saide  Grauntes.  1565  COOPER 
Thesaurus  s.v.  Abeo,  Whervpon  is  the  reuenew  of  my  fermes 
spente  or  wasted?  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  i.  iv.  46  We  are  in- 
forc'd  to  farme  our  royall  Realme?  The  Reuennew  whereof 
shall  furnish  vs  For  our  affayres  in  hand.  1604  E.  G[niM- 
STONE]  tr.  D'Acosta's  Hist,  indies  HI.  xvi.  172  The  revenue 


51)7 

of  this  Lake  is  worth  three  hundred  thousand  duckets  a 
yeere.  1649  JER,  TAYLOR  Gt.  Excmp,  \\.  Disc.  ix.  109  One 
gave  all  his  goods  to  the  poore  at  once,  the  other  kept  all 
the  inheritance  and  gave  the  revenue. 

//.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xxi.  F  iij,  I  shalle  make  the  myn 
heyre,  to,.receyue,  after  my  deth,  b"  re[ue]nues  of  all  my 
londe.  c  1515  Pluwpton  Corr.  (Camden)  214  The  Kinge. . 
hath  granted  it  [the  lordship  of  Harwoud]  to  me,  with  all 
the  revenos  &  profitts  thereof.  1546  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870) 
196  How  the  Revenuez  and  proffuytes  of  the  possessioncs  of 
the  same  hen  vsed.  1600  J.  PORV  tr.  Leo's  Africa  in.  162 
He  appointeth  a  newgouernour  ouer  euery  citie,  vnto  whom 
all  the  tributes  and  reuenues  of  the  same  place  redound. 
1654  WHITLOCK  Zootouria  404  His  fifty  Millions  a  yeare, 
standing  Revenewes  of  his  Crown  Land. 

fig*  *576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  124  Which  thing  if  you 
doe  (as  I  heare)  the  reuenues  of  your  vertues  wilbc  inualu- 
able.  1613  PUHCHAS  Pilgrimage  i.  ii.  5  Neither  do  I  know 
any  thing  wherein  a  man  may  more  improue  the  reuenuei 
of  his  learning.  1641  MILTON  Animadr.  Wks.  1851  111.217 
What  are  they  but  the  black  revennues  of  Purgatorie,  the 
price  of  abus'd,  and  murderVl  soules. 

3.  That  which  comes  in  to  one  as  a  return  from 
property  or  possessions,  esp.  of  an  extensive  kind ; 
income  from  any  source  (but  esp.  when  large  and 
not  directly  earned). 

1433  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  432/2  No  yift  ne  Graunte  of 
lyfelod,  Revenue  or  good,  balangyng  to  yonre  Hiene-.se. 
1599  SHAKS.  Mills.  N.  \,  \.  158,  I  haue  a  Widdow  Aunt,  a 
dowager,  Of  great  reuennew.  1600  J.  POKY  tr.  Leo's  Africa 
in.  140  Amongst  his  other  livings,  he  gathereih  out  of  a  cer- 
taine  mountaine  seuen  thousand  duckats  of  ycertly  icuenue. 
a  1699  TKMH.K  (J.),  Many  offices  are  of  .so  small  revenue,  as 
not  to  furnish  a  man  with  what  is  sufficient  for  the  support 
of  his  life.  1765  J)LACKSTO\K  Comm.  I.  viii.  319  A  twelfth 
branch  of  royal  revenue.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  IV.  N.  i.  vi, 
(1869)  I.  55  Wages,  profit,  and  rent,  are  the  three  original 
sources  of  all  revenue.  1845  McCi'LLOCH  Taxation  (1852) 
40  It  is  not  from  capital,  therefore,  but  from  revenue,  that 
permanent  taxes  should  be  derived.  1878  SIMPSON  Sch. 
Shaks.  I.  28  The  sale  of  heiresses  was  a  common  source  of 
revenue  to  courtiers  in  those  days. 

fig.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $  Cr.  n.  lii.  31  The  common  curse  of 
mankinde,  follie  and  ignorance,  be  thine  in  great  reuenew. 

b.  With  possessive  pron.  or  genitive. 

1483  CAXTON  Cato  giiij,  Thou  ouj; litest,  .to  holdc  thyn 
estate  after  thy  rente  and  reuemie.  1580  Reg.  Privy  Council 
Scot.  III.  294  His  majesteis  yeiilie  revenew  and  patrimony 
of  his  croun.  1597  HOOKER  Reel.  Pol.  v.  Ixxiv.  §  4  As  the 
life  of  the  Cleargie  is  spent  in  the  seruice  of  God,  so  it  is 
sustained  with  his  reuenew.  1634  HEYWOOD  Alaidenh.  well 
lost  i.  Wks.  1874  IV.  109  Much  of  his  own  reuenue  He  hath 
expended,  all  to  pay  his  Souldiers.  a  1687  PETTY  Pol.  A  rith. 
(1690)  loo,  I  might  add  that  his  Majesties  Revenue  is  near 
tripled.  1728  YOUNG  Love  of  Fame  \.  21  When  men  grow 
great  from  their  revenue  spent,  And  fly  from  bailiffs  into 
parliament.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  IV.  N.  i.  vii.  (1869)  I.  58  His 
profit,  besides,  is  his  revenue,  the  proper  fund  of  his  sub 
sistence.  1815  ELPHINSTONB  Ace.  Canbttl  (1842)  II.  71  His 
authority  is  loosely  exercised,  and  be  seems  quite  indifferent 
to  every  tiling  but  his  revenue.  1877  FROUDE  Short  Stud. 
(1883)  IV.  i.  iii.  37  Appeals  to  Rome  were  the  most  lucrative 
source  of  the  pope's  revenue. 

fig*  *594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  in.  vii.  158  If.  .my  Path  were 
euen  to  the  Crownc,  As  the  ripe  Reuenue  and  due  of  I'.ii  th. 
1819  SHELLEY  Cencii.  i.  33  The  deeds  which  are  the  stewards 
Of  their  revenue. 

c.  With  the.     Also_/£. 

1581  PETTIE  tr.  Guazzo's  Civ.  Conv,  n.  (1586)  54  That 
answere  gaue  me  occasion,  to  attribute  to  the  eares,  the 
reuenew,  and  to  the  tongue,  the  expense.  1614  RALEIGH 
Hist.  IVorld  ir.  (1634)  286  To  whom  a  third  of  the  revenew 
was  given  in  recompence.  1648  J.  BEAUMONT  Psyche  vii. 
ccxxxix,  Nor  shall  the  arts  Of  rude  and  peevish  Heresy  sup 
press  That  Worship  which  the  due  Revenue  is.  c  1727  SWIFT, 
etc.  Thoughts  Var.  Subj.  Wks.  1751  IV.  288  'Tis  like  spend- 
ing  this  year  part  of  the  next  yeat's  Revenue.  1776  ADAM 
SMITH  IV.  jV.i.vi.fiox^)  1. 58 The  revenuederived  from  labour 
is  called  wages;  that  derived  from  stock. .is  called  profit. 
a  1852  MOORE  Periwinkle  <y  Soc.  7  Every  year,  the  Revenue 
From  their  periwinkles  larger  grew,  a  1862  BUCKLE  Ctviliz. 
(1869)  III.  ii.  101  The  clergy  knew  full  well,  that  if  they 
established  their  power  the  revenue  would  quickly  follow. 

4.  //.  The  collective  items   or  amounts  which 
constitute  an  income,  esp.  that  of  a  person  having 
extensive  landed  possessions,  a  ruler,  city,  state, 
etc.     t  Also  with  a  (quot.  1627). 

1433  AW/s  of  Parlt.  IV.  478/1  Other  profit*  or  revenuz 
that  longeth  to  the  seid  cominaltee.  1494  FABVAN  Chron. 
vii.  305  He. .caused  the  partyes  to  be  contented  with  such 
reuenuse  &  profytes  as  they  had  resayued.  1546  Supplic. 
Poore  Commons  (E.E.T.S.)  2  The  yearely  reuenewse  &  pos 
sessions  of  this  your  Highnes  realme.  1591  SPENSER  Tears  of 
Muses  469  Their  great  revenues  ail  in  sumptuous  pride  They 
spend.  1627  HAKEWILL  Apol.  (1630)  356  A  man  of  a  great 
revenewes.  1687  DRYDEN  Hind  $  P.  in.  148  They  gape  at 
rich  revenues  which  you  hold.  1704  NELSON  Fest.  $  J'*ast$ 
n.  iii.  d739)  472  They  took  Care  of  the  Church's  Revenues. 
1779  J-  MOORE  View  Soc.  Fr.  (1789)  II.  Ixxii.  204  The  re 
venues  of  this  monarch  are  much  greater  than  is  generally 
imagined.  1845  McCuLLocH  Taxation  Introd.  (1852)  17  The 
burden  of  taxation  should  be  made  to  press  on  individuals 
in  proportion  to  their  respective  revenues.  1872  YEATS 
Techn.  Hist.  Connn.  172  The  earls  of  Cornwall  derived  a 
considerable  part  of  their  revenues  from  the  produce  of  the 
tin-mines. 

fig.  c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  cxlii,  Those  Hps  of  thine,  That 
haue . .  Robd  others  beds  reuenues  of  their  rents. 

5.  An  income;   an  amount  of  money  regularly 
accruing  to  one  ;  fa  stipend,  salary. 

1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  World  n.  (1634)  418  Though  parsi 
mony  itselfe  be  a  great  revenue,  yet  [etc.].  1653  JER.  TAYLOR 
Serm.  for  Year  Ded.,  S.  Paul  ..esteemed  it  his  honour 
to  preach  to  them  without  a  revenue.  1709  STEELE  Tatler 
No.  101  p  4  After  having  laid  out  a  Princely  Revenue  in 
Works  of  Charity  and  Beneficence.  1779  JOHNSON  L.  P., 
Dryden  Wks.  II.  315  A  revenue  in  those  days  not  inade 
quate  to  the  conveniences  of  life.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist. 


REVERB. 

Eng.  iii.  I.  309  A  thousand  a  year  was  thought  a  large 
revenue  for  a  barrister.  1876  L.  STEPHEN  En%.  Th.  \Wi  C. 
II.  313  Here  then  in  Turgot's  language  was  a  'disposable' 
revenue,  a  fund  differing  in  kind  from  the  wealth  of  other 
classes. 

b.    A  separate  source   or  item  of   (private  or 
public)  income. 

1624  CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  in.  iv.  53  The  sale  of  the 
Stores  commodities  maintained  his  estate,  as  an  inheritable 
revenew.  1626  Galway  Arch,  in  tot/t  Rep.  Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.  App.  V.  473  The  grace  of  God  is  the  best  revennewc 
of  this  towne,  and  his  blessings  our  greatest  rentes.  1692 
R.  L'ESTRANGK  Fables  ccxlvii,  If  the  Woman  could  have 
been  Contented  with  Golden  Eggs,  she  might  have  kept 
That  Revenue  on  still.  1797  ICncyil.  llrii-.  (ed.  s)  XVI. 
145/2  Another  maritime  revenue. .is  that  of  shipwrecks. 
1846  MCCULLOCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  II.  397  The 
capacity  of  a  tax  on  a  commodity  to  raise  a  revenue.  1879 
Encycl.  Brit.  IX.  175/1  This  form  of  conveyance  also  sup 
plied  a  revenue  to  the  crown.  1885  W.  D.  CHKSTEK  Chron. 
Customs  <.fi  Revenues  are  let  to  those  who  will  bid  for  them. 

6.  The  annual  income  of  a  government  or  state, 
from  all  sources,  out  of  which  the  public  expenses 
are  defrayed.     (Cf.  INLAND  a.  2.) 

1690  LOCKE  Consift.  Raising  Money  •&  The  Revenue  now 
in  time  of  Peace,  will  yield  above  all  charges  1500000 /.  ptr 
An.  1735  HOLING  BROKE  On  Parties  17  They  broke  the 
Army,  stinted  the  Revenue,  and  threw  their  Master  on  the 
Affections  of  his  People.  1797  in  Norton  'J'opiis  (1858)  202 
Revenue,  having  readied  its  lowest  point  of  depression,  will, 
after  next  year,  begin  to  rise  regularly  and  uniformly.  1844 
H.  H.  WILSON  lirit.  India  in.  vi.  111.263  Other  changes  were 
made,  .in  the  constitution  of  the  Commissioners  of  revenue 
and  circuit.  1901  Empire  Rev.  I.  369  Obtaining  this  revenue 
in  such  a  manner  as  will  conduce  towards  the,. extension 
of  national  industries. 

b.  The  department  of  the  civil   service  which 
deals  with  the  collection  of  the  national  funds. 

1700  MAIDWELL  in  Collect.  (O.H.S.)  I.  312  All  forms  or 
papers  with  blancs  to  be  used  in  any  branch  of  his  majesties 
revenue.  1708  SWIFT  Death  of  Partridge  Wks.  1751  IV. 
109,  I  had  some  sort  of  knowledge  of  him  when  I  wa^  em- 
ploy'd  in  the  Revenue.  1871  C.  DAVIES  Metric  Syst.  in. 
125  Hut  this  calculation  could  not  long  suit  the  revenue. 
1879  I'.ncycl.  Brit.  IX.  175/1  The  exchequer  hunted  up  and 
punished  offences  against  the  revenue,  and  through  both 
agencies  assisted  the  revenue. 

c.  U.  S.  A  revenue  officer. 

1901  Mittisey's  Mag.  XXV.  613/1  Once  the  'revenues' 
had  dragged  him  from  his  lair,,  .and  he  had  been  sent  to 
State's  prison  for  two  years. 

7.  attrib.  and   Comb,  (sense  6).   a.  Attributive, 
as  revenue  act,  board,  cruiser,  cutter,  law,  man, 
officer,  police,  vessel. 

1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  xi,  'Revenue  acts  of  parliament. 
1846  MCCULLOCH  Brit.  Emp.  (1854)  II.  408  The  number 
of  commissioners  in  the  different  ^revenue  boards  was., 
greater.  1830  MARKVAT  King's  Own  xiii,  I  trust  she's  a 
•revenue  cruiser.  1801  NKLSON  in  Duncan  Life  (1806)  195 
The.. *revenue  cutters  kept  under  sail.  1776  ADAM  SMITH 
IV.  N.  v.  v.  (1904)  II.  563  A  manifest  encouragement  to  the 
violation  of  the  *  revenue  laws.  1841  J.  T.  HEWLETT  Parish 
Clerk  II.  258  By  giving  information  to  the  "revenue-men. 
1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  y.  ii.  (1904)  II.  565  The  levying  of 
this  tax  requires  a  multitude  of  *revenue  officers.  1885 
W.  D.  CHESTER  Chron.  Customs  viii.  92  The  interference. . 
was. .attended  with  some  danger  to  the  revenue  officers. 
1848  9  Act  ii  (5-  12  Viet.  c.  121  §  25  Any  Officer  of  Excise  or 
Customs,  or  of  the  *Revenue  Police  in  Ireland.  1814  SCOTT 
Diary  26  Aug.  in  Lockhart,  The  people  here  were  much 
irritated  against  the  men  of  a  *revenue  vessel. 

b.  Ohj.  and  objective  genitive,  as  revenue-col 
lector,  -defender',  revenue-earning,  -producing. 

1849  OTTE  tr.  Hmnboldfs  Cosmos  II.  597  Persians  were 
established  at  that  period  as  revenue-collectors  on  the 
Indus.  1885  W.  D.  CHESTER  Chron.  Customs  viii.  94  This 
..does  not  redound  to  the  valour  of  the  revenue  defenders. 
1893  Pall  MallG.  23  Mar.  2/3  The  Treasury  insists  on  re 
garding  the  Post  Office  as  a  revenue-earning  institution. 
1892  Daily  News  18  Apr.  3/4  The  peasant,  .is  simply  re 
garded  as  a  revenue-producing  unit. 

Hence  Be-venued  a.,  in  well  or  richly  revenued, 
having  large  or  rich  revenues.  Now  rare. 

1637  HEYWOOD  Royall  King  if.  ix,  Are  we  not  rich?  are 
we  not  well  revenew'dV  1649  Alcoran  p.  ix,  They  haue 
Temples,  Colleges,  and  Hospitales  well  revenued.  a  1661 
FULLER  Worthies^  Lanes,  it.  (1662)  122  Knights,  .anciently 
descended,  and  richly  reveneued  in  this  County. 

Rever,  anglicized  variant  of  REVERB. 


a  bright  rever  on  each  corner. 

Rever(e,  obs.  ff.  REAVER,  RIVER,  ROVER. 

Reverable  (r^vio-rab'l),  a.  rare.  [f.  REVERE 
v.  +  -ABLE.  Cf.  F.  referable  (Cotgr.).J  Worthy 
of  reverence  ;  deserving  to  be  revered. 

1716  M.  DAVIES  Athen.  Brit.  II.  159  How  little  more 
learned  or  reverable  soever  were  those  three  Welsh  Prelates 
than  these  three  English  Monks.  1760-72  H.  BHDOKE  Fool 
of  Qital.  (1809)  I.  90  The  character  of  a  gentleman  is  the 
most  reverable — the  highest  of  all  characters.  Ibid.  176  To 
treat  so  reverable  a  subject  with  all  possible  delicacy.  1867 
F.  W.  LUDLOW  Fleeing  to  Tarshish  109  He  was  just  out  of 
the  Theological  Seminary— Reverend,  and  thinking  himself 
reverable. 

Reveray,  obs.  form  of  REVERIE  sb. 

Reverb  (rfvaub),  v.     [irreg.  ad.  L.  reverber- 

dre\  in  modern  examples  prob.  only  after  Shake 
speare.]  trans,  and  intr.  To  reverberate,  re-echo. 
trans.  1605  SHAKS.  Lear  i.  i.  156  Nor  are  those  empty 
hearted,  whose  low  sounds  Reuerbe  no  hollownesse.  1854 
F.  TENNYSON  in  Memoir  Tennyson.  (1897)  I.  382,  I  believe 
him  [Browning]  to  be  a  man  of  infinite  learning..,  and 


BEVEBBATING. 

moreover  a  sterling  heart  that  reverbs  no  hollowness.    1885 
DELL  Dawning  Grey,  Songs  of  the  Surges  97  The  rock, 


Reverbing  the  rhythm  of  breakers. 


intr.  1830  W.  PHILLIPS  Mt.  Sinai  n.  33  The  potential 
peal,.  .Tremendous  rolling, over  space  reverbs.  1896  Dundee 
Advertiser  15  Aug.  4  The  country  which  groaned  before 
still  groans  till  the  hills  reverb. 

Reverbating,  var.  of  REVERBERATING///,  a. 

1868  JOVNSON  Metals  57  A  reverbating  furnace,  that  is  so 
arranged  as  to  cause  the  flames  and  healed  air  to  be  thrown 
down  upon  the  metal  placed  in  it. 

Reve'rbatory,  reduced  f.  REVERBERATORY  a. 

1594  PLAT  Je-,vel3w.  35  By  a  reveibatory  furnesse  he 
turned  all  this  great  matter  into  a  precipitate.  1613  ROVEN- 
ZOM  Treat.  Mft.  C  iij  b,  The  furnaces  may  bee  made 
..merely  reuerbalory.  1780  J.  T.  DILLON  Trav.  Spain 
(1781)  199  By  roasting  the  ore  in  a  reverbatory  furnace. 
1868  JOVNSON  Metals  58  The  cast-iron  being  run  directly 
from  the  blast  furnace  in  the  reverbatory  puddling  furnace. 
iSoSTvACK  Bk.  about  Bells  ii.  36  The  furnace.. employed 
being  that  known  as  a  reverbatory  furnace. 

So  t  Beve-rbatory  sb.  0/>s. 

1657  TOMLINSON  Renou's  Disp.  67  Others  [sc.  burnings) 
in  an  Alcumists  Reverbatory  and  crucible. 

Reverberant  (rftra-jberant) ,  a.  [a.  F.  rever 
berant  (  =  Sp.  and  Pg.  reverb-,  It.  nverberanle),  or 
ad.  L.  reverberant-em,  pres.  pple.  of  reverberare 
to  REVERBERATE.] 

1.  Her.  Of  a  lion's  tail:    Turned  up  like  the 
letter  S,  with  the  end  outwards. 

1572  EOSSEWELL  Armorie  II.  42  Their  tayles  forked, 
nowed,  resignante,  reuerberante  . .,  and  countercoloured. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  n.  vii.  §  10  A  Lion  rampant  regard 
ant,  the  tail  reverberant  or  beaten  back,  or  reboundant,  as 
having  beaten  it  to  his  back,  and  it  hath  rebounded  again 
from  thence.  [Cf.  Berry  Eucycl.  Her.  s.v.  Reboundant.} 

2.  Reverberating;  resonant. 

1807  J.  BARLOW  Coluinb.  ix.  5  Like  one  surrounding  sky 
I.amp'd  with  reverberant  fires.  1847  LONGF.  Ev.  II.  ii.  57 
Multitudinous  echoes  awoke  and  died.. Beneath  the  rever 
berant  branches.  1887  HALL  CAINE  Deemster  xxxvi,  So 
reverberant  [was]  the  air,  that  they  could  hear  the  man's 
footsteps  on  the  stony  hillside. 

Beve-rberate,  fa.  pple.  and  ///.  a.    [ad.  L. 

i-evcrberat-ns,  pa.  pple.  of  reverberare  :  see  next.] 

1.  Reverberated,     a.  As /«.///<:. 

1589  LODGK  Scillacs  Metam.  (Hunterian  Cl.)  33  The  aire 
.  .Which  once  reuerberate,  straight  yeelds  a  noice.  1590 
MARLOWE  •znd  Pt.  Tamburl.  v.  iii,  That  his  tear-thirsty  and 
unquenched  hate  May  be  upon  himself  reverberate.  1626 
BACON  Sylra  §  261  Both  of  them  [visibles  and  audibles]  will 
be  Reverberate  ;  as  in  Mirrors,  and  in  Echoes. 
b.  As  adj. 

1603  DEKKER  King's  Entertainiti.  Wks.  1873  I.  321  With 
reuerberate  shoutes  our  Globe  shall  ring.  1612  DRAYTON 
Poly-olb.  ix.  58  Such  ecchoing  shoutes,  which.  .With  the  re 
verberate  sound  the  spacious  ayre  did  fill.  1678  PHILLITS 
(ed.  4),  Reverberatory^  a  Furnace  used  by  Chymists  for  the 
Calcining  of  their  Minerals.,  by  a  Reverberate  flame.  1867 
SWINBURNE  Ess.  ft  Stud.  (1875)  160  Steady  surges,  regular  in 
resonance,  not  fitful  or  gusty  but  antiphonal  and  reverberate. 

f2.  Reverberating.   06s.  rare. 

1601  SHAKS.  Twel.  N.  i.  v.  2gr  Hallow  your  name  to  the 
reuerberate  hilles.  1603  B.  JONSON  Masque  of  Blackness, 
Which  skill  Pithagoras  First  taught  to  men,  by  a  reuer 
berate  glasse. 

BiCVCrberate  (rfvSubere't),  v.  [f.  L.  rever- 
berat-,  ppl.  stem  of  reverberare,  f.  re-  RE-  + 
verberare  to  strike,  beat.  So  F.  rh>erb(rer,  Sp. 
and  Pg.  reverberar,  It.  re-,  ri-,  rinverberare.'] 

I.  trans.  1.  To  beat,  drive,  or  force  back ;  to 
repel,  repulse.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1547  BOORDE  Brev.  Health  ccxcii.  96  b,  Reverberate  not 
the  cause  inwarde  with  no  oyntment.  1611  CORYAT  Crudi- 
ties  160  A  strong  wall  to  repulse  and  reuerberate  the  violence 
of  the  furious  waves  of  the  sea.  1670  Phil.  Trans.  V.  1049 
The  Exhalation  from  the  Bath,  reverberated  by  the  Cupola 

.  .and  by  the  Capitals  of  the  Pillars,  formeth  long  Stones 
like  Ice-icles.  1771  SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl.  I.  23  Apr.,  By 
the  gusts  of  wind  reverberated  from  tne  hill.  1782  V.  KNOX 
Ess.  cxiii.  (1819)  II.  278  As  the  billows  are  reverberated 
from  the  rock. 

b.  To  send  back,  return,  re-echo  (a  sound  or 
noise).     Alsoyff'. 

1591  GREENE  Maiden's  Dream  326  The  groanes  are  lesse 
at  hels  black  gate,  Then  Eccho  there  did  then  reuerberate. 
1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  (1632)  263  The  hilles,  to  heav'n,  re 
verberate  their  voyce.  1655  STANLF.Y  Hist.  Philos.  (1701) 
333/1  Voice  is  moved  and  reverberated  from  smooth  Places, 
as  a  Ball  against  a  Wall.  1685  Roxb.  Ballads  (1885)  V.  540 
Passing. .from  Sphere  to  Sphere  !.. Which,  Hark!  rever 
berates  and  multiplies  the  sound  !  1774  BEATTIE  Minstr. 
n.  viii,  Oft  did  the  cliffs  reverberate  the  sound.  1807  J. 
BARLOW  Colunib.  V.  812  Hellgate  rocks  leverberate  the 
war.  1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  $  It.  Note-bks.  II.  247  The 
evening  gun  thundered  from  the  fortress,  and  was  rever 
berated  from  the  heights.  1863  COWDEN  CLARKE  Shaks. 
Char.  xix.  477  There  are  few  whose  breasts  do  not  rever 
berate  the  exultation  of  Volumnia. 

c.  To  cast  back,  reflect  (light,  heat,  etc.). 

1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  135  Guilder!  crescents  or 
spires  which  gallantly  reverberate  Apollo's  yellow  flames. 
1668  CULPEPPER  &  COLE  Barthol.  Anat.  n.  vi.  101  Fleshy 
Pillars,  wherewith  the  heat  is  both  more  easily  preserved 
and  reverberated.  1704  SWIFT  Mech.  Operat.  Spir.  Misc. 
(1711)  293  These, ..by  reverberating  the  Heat,  prevent  the 


Spirit  from  evaporating.      17^5  P." THOMAS  jrnl.  Anson's 
'.  86  On  which  the  Sun  shining..,  its  Rays  were  rever- 


Voy 


berated  as  from  another  Sun.  1821  SHEI.LEY  Hellas  332 
The  far  flashing  of  their  starry  lances  Reverberates  the 
dying  light  of  day.  1843  RUSKIN  Mod.  Painters  I.  II.  M. 
n.  1 9.  160  The  full  glory  of  a  tropical  sunset,  reverberated 
from  the  sea. 


598 

d.  To  cast  back  upon  something ;  to  force  or 
direct  (flame,  heat,  etc.)  back  on  a  thing. 

1618  GAINSFORDE  Hist.  Perkin.  Warbcck  53  From  a  con 
tinual  melancholy,  reuerbcrating  mislike  and  hate  vpon  his 
staggering  conceits.     1758  REID  tr.  Macouers  Chym.\.  71     , 
ThTs  calx  further  calcined  by  a  moderate  fire,  the  flame    i 
being  reverberated  on  it,  soon  grows  white.     1766  Compl. 
Fanner  s.v.  Madder  5  H  3/2  It  would  be  of  great  use  to 
reverberate  the  steam  on  malt  and  madder-roots. 

e.  absol.  To  cause  reverberation. 

1763  MILLS  Pract.  Husl>.  I.  62  Kilns  thus  built,  swelling 
at  or  about  the  middle,  and  contracting  again  at  the  top, 
reverberate  more  strongly,  .than  those  which  grow  wider 
and  wider. 

f  2.  Of  light  or  sound  :  To  fall  or  strike  upon 
(something).  06s.  rare. 

1561  EDEN  Artc  Navig.  Pref.  f  f  iij  b,  His  beames  reuer- 
beiatyng  heauen,  represente  suche  a  maner  of  lyght  [etc.]. 
1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bar/as  II.  i.  iv.  Handicraft*  596  How 
still  your  voyce  with  prudent  discipline  My  Prentice  ear 
doth  oft  reverberate. 

f  3.  To  beat  or  strike  (a  thing)  frequently  or 
repeatedly.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gal-clluuers  Bi:  Physickc  45/1  Reverberate 
the  same  dilligentlye  with  the  Spatula,  and  it  will  be  the 

4.  To  subject  (a  substance)  to  the  heat  of  a  rc- 
verberatory  furnace.  Also  absol.,  to  employ  the 
process  of  reverberation. 

1610  B.  JONSON  Alc/t.   il.  iii,  Sub.  Out  of    that   calx,    I 
I'  ha'  wonne  the  salt   of   Mercury.      Ham.    By   powring 
on  your  rectified  water?     Sub.  Yes,  and  reuerberating  in    i 
Athanor.    1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  n.  ii.  (1686)  49    [ 
Steel  corroded  with  Vinegar, ..and  after  reverberated  by    [ 
fire.     1631  FRENCH  Distill,  i.  9  It  may  be  done.  .By  rever 
berating.     1710  T.  FULLER  Pharm.  Extemp.  367  And  then 
washing  it  and  reverberating  it  a  little.     1712  tr.  Comet's 
Hist. Drugs  I.  109  Take  impalpable  Powder,,  .calcine  and 
reverberate  twenty-four  Hours. 

II.  intr.  5.  fa.  To  turn  or  bend  back.  rare. 

1578  BEST  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1600)  III. 49  For  the  perpen 
dicular  beames  reflect  and  reuerberate  in  themselues,  so  that 
the  heat  is  doubled,  euery  beame  striking  twice,  a  1608 
DEE  Relat.  Stir.  I.  (1659)  356  On  the  top  of  this  fiery  trunk, 
seemeth  the  fire  to  be  in  form  of  a  fiery  Globe,,  .which  fire  ( 
rcverberateth  and  rolleth  in  itself. 

b.  To  recoil  upon,  to  have  a  respondent  effect 
on,  to  appeal  responsively  to,  something,  rare. 

1713  Hist.  Grand  Ret.  II.  227  Thus  does  the  malice,  levell'd    ' 
at  ttie  great  By  fools,  upon  themselves  reverberate.     1797 
MRS.  A.  M.  BENNETT  Beggar  Girl  (1813)  I.  119  All  the 
blessings  which,  under  heaven,  he  conferred  on  her,  rever-    | 
berated  on  his  own  feelings.      1839  DE  QUINCEV  Recoil.    I 
Lakes  Wks.  1862  II.  136  The  sympathy,  .by  which  she  made 
all  that  one  could  describe  reverberate  to  one's  own  feelings, 
by  the  manifest  impression  it  made  upon  hers. 
C.  Of  material  objects  :  To  rebound. 

1837  W.  IRVING  Capt.  Bonnevillc_  I.  282  A  stone  dropped 
into  one  of  them  reverberated  against  the  sides  for  appar 
ently  a  very  great  depth.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  I.  vi.  56 

Our  rifle-balls  reverberated  from  their  hides  like  cork  pellets 
from  a  pop-gun  target. 

6.  To  shine  or  reflect  from  a  surface,  etc. 

1598  YONG  Diana.  171  Diuers  colours,  which  reuerberated 
from  the  flowers.  1686  True  Fortune-Teller  xli.  (ed.  2)  176  j 
The  Beams  being  shott  direct,  reverberate  or  are  beaten 
back,  making  a  round  Circle  or  Halen.  1770  BARETTI 
Jonrn.  to  Genoa  II.  116  The  rage  of  the  sun  that  reverber 
ated  from  the  continued  rocks.  1808  PARSONS  Trav.  Asia, 
etc.  iv.  101  The  heat  of  the  sun,  which  reverberated  again 
from  the  water. 

f  b.  To  shine  or  glow  on  (something)  with  re 
flected  beams.  Alsoyf^.  Obs. 

c  1645  HqWELtifW.  (1650)  I.  36  You  seemed  to  reverberate 
upon  me  with  the  beams  of  the  sun.     1650  Ibid.  II    116  In 
regard  the  rays  of  Christianity  first  reverberated  upon  her.    ( 
c  1650  Don  Bcllianis  223  The  sun  reverberating  on  them 
made  the  city  seem  of  a  burning  flame. 

7.  Of  sound :  To  resound,  re-echo. 

1613  HEVWOOD  Silver  Age  n.  i,  Shootes  from  each  side 
reuerbcrat  gainst  heauen.  1725  DE  FOE  Voy.  round  World 
(1840)  253  That  sound  echoed  and  reverberated  from  in 
numerable  cavities  among  the  rocks.  1759  GOLDSM.  Polite 
Learn,  v,  They  wait  till  something  new  comes  out  from 
others;,  .and  reject  it,  or  make  it  reverberate  through  the 
rest  of  Europe.  1813  BYRON  Giaour  624  The  shock,  the 
shout,  the  groan  of  war,  Reverberate  along  that  vale.  1872 
BLACK  Adv.  Phaeton  xvii.  236  The  roar  of  the  stream  rever 
berating  through  the  woods. 

fig-  "855  SPENCER  Psychol.  I.  i.  v.  (1872)  92  The  disturb 
ance  of  a  single  nerve-fibre ..  reverberates  throughout  the 
entire  nervous  system. 

8.  Of  flames,  etc. :  To  strike  upon,  to  pass  over 
or  into,  as  the  result  of  being  forced  back. 

1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techti.  1.  s.v.,  The  Chymists  say, 
Make  the  Flame  Reverberate  on  the  Coppel.  1799  G.  SMITH 
Laboratory  I.  144  So  that  the  fumes  of  the  coals  may  re- 
verberate  over  them.  1894  Harper's  Mag.  Jan.  420  The 
flames  pass  over  this  bridge,  and  reverberate  into  the 
laboratory,  where  they  act  on  the  charge. 

9.  To  undergo  reverberation,  rare. 

1799  G.  SMITH  Laboratory  I.  125  Let  them  reverberate  and 
calcine  in  a  crucible  in  a  furnace  for  twenty-four  hours. 

Hence  Reve-rberating  vbl.  sb. 

1836  MARRYAT  Midsh.  Easy  (1863)  263  The  reverberating 
of  the  heavy  cannon  on  both  sides  over  the  placid  surface 
of  the  water. 

Beve'rberated,  ///.  a.    [f.  the  verb  +  -ED.] 

1.  Driven  or  forced  back  ;  re-echoed,  reflected,  etc. 

1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  98  The  Northern  winds.. resist  the 

current,  and  force  the  reuerberated  streames  to  retire.    1663 

BOYLE  Use/.  Exp.  Nat.  Philos.  II.  xix.  288  A  stone  so  fixed, 

that  it  will  sustaine  the  violence  of  reverberated  fire.     1678 

CVDWORTH  Inlcll.  Syst.  i.  i.  19  The  Sounds  made  by  those 


BE  VEBBEBATION . 

Bodies.. or  their  reverberated  Eccho's.  1742  YOUNG  Nt. 
Th  ii.  517  Reverberated  pleasures  fire  the  breast.  1796  H. 
HUNTER  tr.  St.  Pierre's  Stud.  Nat.  (1799)  II.  112  The  re- 
verberated  perpendicular.. collects  on  the  antherz  of  the 
flowers  an  arch  of  light.  1832  BKEWSTER  Nat.  Magic  vli. 
158  The  reverberated  sounds  arising  from  the  mere  open 
ing  and  shutting  of  the  doors  themselves.  1896  HOWELI.S 
Impress.  #  Exp.  205  The  tables,  .showed  their  reverberated 
labyrinth  in  the  mirrors. .at  either  end  of  the  hall. 

f  2.  Subjected  to  reverberation  ;  treated  in  a  re- 
verberatory  furnace.  Obs. 

1650  FRKNCH  tr.  Paracelsus  Nat.  Things  I.  12  The  quint 
essence  of  Sulphur,  which  is  extracted  out  of  reverberated 
Sulphur.  1651  —  Distill,  v.  118  Pour  it  upon  the  rever 
berated  earth.  1694  SALMON  Bate's  Dispens.  (1713)  369/2 
Ky  subliming  the  Sal-Armoniack  from  the  Reverberated 
Crocus  Martis. 

t  ta.  Reverberatory.   Obs.  rare     . 

1678  Lett.  Patent  to  Vise.  Graudison  No.  206 To  melt  and 
refine  lead  oare  in  close  or  reverberated  furnaces. 

Reverberating,///.  «•  [f.the  verb +  •  ING  2.] 

That  reverberates,  in  various  senses  of  the  verb. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.,  The  Reuerberating  Eccho  auoyded 
the  sense  of  our  words.  1746  HERVEY  ATedit.  (1818)  192 
While  reverberating  Clouds  return  the  roar.  1821  SOUTHEY 
King's  Visit  to  Ireland,  With  the  still  reverberating  din, 
The  walls  and  solid  pavement  seem'd  to  shake.  1857 
DUFFERIN  Lett.  High  Lat.  (ed.  3)  134  To  witness  the  event 
which  the  reverberating  earth  and  steaming  water  seemed 
to  prognosticate. 

b.  Reverberating  furnace,  fire,  etc.     (Cf.  RE- 

VERBEKATORY  a.  2.) 

1650  FRENCH  tr.  Paracelsus'  Nat.  Things  vm.  85  Thou  shall 
boil  this  Metalline  regulus  in  a  reverberating  furnace.  1694 
SALMON  Bate's  Dispens.  (1713)  80/2  Change  your  Receiver, 
and  distil  with  a  reverberating  Fire  for  twenty  four  Hours 
more.  1758  REID  tr.  Macfjuer's  Chym.  I.  253  The  retort 
must  be  placed  in  a  reverberating  furnace.  1821  URE  Diet. 
Cliem.  s.v.  Laboratory,  Fig.  2  is  a  reverberatory  furnace,.. 
c  c  dome  or  reverberating  roof  of  the  furnace.  1831  HOLLAND 
Manuf.  Metal  I.  81  These  are  then  placed  in  a  reverberating 
furnace. 

Reverberation  (nvajberci-Jan).  [a.  OF.  re 
verberation  (mod.F.  reverberation,  =  Sp.  reverbera- 
cion,  It.  re-,  ri-,  rinverberazione),  or  ad.  late  1^. 
reverberation-em,  n.  of  action  f.  reverberdre  to 
REVERBERATE.] 

1.  a.  The  fact,  on  the  part  of  a  thing,  of  being 
driven  or  forced  back,  esp.  after  impact,  rare. 

£1386  CHAUCER  Sompn.  T.  2234  Euery  soun  Nis  but  of 
Eir  reuerberacioun.  1577  FROBISHER  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1600) 
III.  81  We  suppose  these  great  indrafts,  .are  made  by  the 
reuerberation  and  reflection  of  that  same  current.  1579 
FENTON  Guicciard.  iv.  (1539)  178  Being  nothing  amazed  to 
see  many  of  their  companies  slaine  directly  with  the  bullet, 
and  many  wounded  with  the  reuerberation  of  the  same. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xi.  xix.  I.  321  The  sound  made  by  re 
verberation  of  the  aire,  which  men  call  Eccho. 

b.  Reflection  of  light  or  heat. 

1460-70  St.  Quintessence  6  Sette  ;oure  vessel  forseid  to  \>t 
strong  reuerberacioun  of  be  sunne  in  somer  tyme,  and  lete  it 
stonde  bere.  1555  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  287  The  days  are., 
hot  by  reason  of  contynuall  reuerberation  of  the  beames  of 
the  soonne.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  7  In  the  reflection  and 
reuerberation  of  the  Sun-beames  from  the  water.  1662  J. 
BARGAVE  Pope  Alex.  K//(i867)  136  The  reverberation  of 
the  light  from  the  steel  through  the  crystal  sendeth  forth., 
a  radiant  light  in  a  dark  night.  1705  ADDISON  Italy  42 
Like  the  several  Reverberations  of  the  same  Image  from 
two  opposite  Looking-Glasses.  1778  Bp.  LOWTH  Transl. 
Isaiah  Notes  (ed.  12)  300  That  false  appearance.. is  occa 
sioned  by  the  reverberation  of  the  sun  beams.  1856  KANE 
A  ret.  Expl.  I.  ix.  98  Fostered  by  the  reverberation  of  solar 
heat  from  the  rocks,  c  1879  STEVENSON  Ess.  Trav.  (1905) 
222  The  plump  sunshine  from  above  and  its  strong  rever 
beration  from  below  colour  the  skin. 

fig.  iSS4  H.  L'EsTRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655)  54  To  feel  as  strong 
reverberations  of  envie  and  ill  will  from  beneath,  as  they  do 
irradiations  of  grace  and  favour  from  above.  1870  LOWELL 
Among  my  Books  Ser.  i.  (1873)  184  The  throng  which  is  but 
the  reverberation  of  his  supremacy. 

c.  Return  or  re-echoing  of  sounds. 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  270  To  the  Reverberation  of  Audibles 
are  required  greater  spaces.  1655  FULLER  Cli.  Hist.  I.  30 
Cowardice  often  resounded  the  same  Shout  in  their  Breasts, 
till  beaten  with  the  Reverberation  thereof,  without  striking 
a  Stroak,  they  confusedly  ran  away.  1866  J.  G.  MURPHY 
Comiii.,Ext>d.x\x.  iSThewhole  mountain  trembled  greatly 
with  the  reverberations  of  the  thunder.  1870  J.  H.  NEWMAN 
Gram.  Assent  I.  v.  101  The  perceptive  powerwhich  identi 
fies  the  intimations  of  conscience  with  the  reverberations  or 
echoes  (so  to  say)  of  an  external  admonition. 

t  2.  a.  The  action  of  something  in  reflecting 
light  or  heat.  06s. 

1432-50  tr.  //<£*«  (Rolls)  VII.  497  The  sijhte  of  the  peple 
segenge  that  cite  was  deludede  by  the  reverberation  of  snawe. 
1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  140  His  caske  burnt  with 
the  sunne  and  the  reuerberation  of  the  Sands . .  did  breake. 
1686  U.Chardin's  Trail.  Persia  413  A  high  Mountain.. 
The  Reverberation  of  which.,  furiously  heats  the  place. 

t  b.  The  action  of  a.  thing  in  returning  a  sound, 
or  the  result  of  this.  Obs. 

1596  DANETT  tr.  Cpmines  (1614)  300  The  reuerberation  of 
these  great  mountaines..made  this  thunder  seeme  greater 
than  in  deede  it  was.     1617  MORVSON  I  tin.  n.  84, 1  sensibly 
heard  by  reuerberation  of  the  wall,  the  sound  of  the  vollies 
of  shot  in  that  skirmish.     1657  REEVE  God's  Plea  33  Is  it 
not  the  cry  in  every  Congregation  ?  the  reverberation  of  the 
very  walls  of  the  Sanctuary? 

3.  The  action  of  driving  or  sending  back,  re 
flecting  light,  returning  a  sound,  etc. ;  the  fact  of 
being  reflected,  returned,  etc. ;  an  instance  of  this. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeau's  Fr.  Chiritrg.  30  b/i   In  this 
tumefactione  Iher  is  a  continual!  reverberation.    1601  HOL- 


HBVEBBERATIVE. 


599 


REVERENCE. 


LAND  Pliny  I.  526  It  beeing  driuen  backe,  returneth  down- 
ward ;  howbeit,  in  that  reuerberation,  breaketh  out  vnder 
those  knots,  a  1702  HOWE  Living  Temple  n.  v.  Wks.  1835 
I.  81  What  wounded  him  did,  by  a  strong  reverberation, 
wound  them  back  again.  1758  H.  WALPOLE  Mem,  Geo.  //, 
III.  84  He  did.. give  such  a  reverberation  to  our  stagnating 
Councils  as  exceedingly  altered  the  appearance  of  our  for 
tune.  1773  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thrale  6  Sept.,  A  mighty 
flood,- .frequently  obstructed  by  protuberances  and  exas 
perated  by  reverberation.  1834  MRS.  SOMERVILLE  Connex. 
Phys.  Sci.  xvi.  (1849)  153  The  rolling  noise  of  thunder  has 
been  attributed  to  reverberation  between  different  clouds. 
1876  MELLOR  Priesthood  ii.68  Music.. that  steals  from  arch 
to  arch  in  long  reverberation. 

b.  The  fact  or  process  of  subjecting  to  heat  in 
a  reverberatory  furnace.  Also  in  \ furnace^  or  oven, 
of  reverberation. 

1460-70  Bk.  Quintessence  13  pe  rijt  blak  erbe..In  be  fur- 
neys  of  glas. .,  or  ellis  reuerberacioun,  xxj.  dayes  calcyne. 
1605  TIMME  Qxersit.  I.  xiii.  161  Their  colours  may  be  taken 
away  by  cementation  and  reverberation.  1683  PETTUS  Fleta 
Min.  ii.  5  The  Lime,  .being  well  calcin'd  in  an  oven  of  Re 
verberation  makes  the  Amel.  1694  SALMON  Bate's  Dispens. 
i.  ii.  94/2  Then  it  [the  fire]  ought  to  be  increas'd  by  degrees 
to  the  second  and  third  degree  of  Reverberation  for  eight 
Hours  more.  17*7-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Calcination, 
Actual  calcination  is  subdivided  into  incineration,  and 
reverberation.  1799  G.  SMITH  Laboratory  I,  156  Take  of 
that  iron  powder  prepared  by  reverberation. 

4.  a.  A  re-echoing  sound. 

1845  LONGF.  The  Arsenal  at  Springfield  12  The  cries  of 
agony. .  Which,  through  the  ages  that  have  gone  before  us, 
In  long  reverberations  reach  our  own.  1858  HAWTHORNE 
Fr,  <J-  It.  Note-bks.  I.  277  Petrarch's  house  stands,  .within 
hearing  of  the  reverberations  between  the  strokes  of  the 
Cathedral  bell. 

b.  A  reflection  of  light  or  colour. 

1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  203  The  colour  is,  no  doubt,  due  to 
the  optical  reverberations  which  occur  within  a  fissure  or 
cavity  formed  in  the  snow.  1883  R.  L.  &  F.  STEVENSON 
Dynamiter  Wks.  1895  II.  55  A. .lean-to  shed..,  in  strong 
contrast  to  the  room,  was  painted  with  a  red  reverberation 
as  from  furnace-doors. 

Reverberative  (r/vaubew'tiv),  «.  [f.  RE- 
VERBEKATE  v.  +  -IVE.]  Inclined  or  disposed  to 
reverberate ;  having  the  nature  of  a  reverberation. 

1716  M.  DAVIES  At/ten.  Brit.  II.  334  Nothing  is  more 
common  than  to  hear  a  Reverberative  Repercussion  of 
alternative  Ex  probations  of  Atheism  and  Irreligion.  1833 
I.  TAYLOR  Fanat.  ii.  42  What  may  be  termed  a  reverberative 
process... That  quick  sympathy  which  vivifies  the  impres 
sions  of  anger,  by  attributing  an  ill  intention  to  him  who 
assails  us.  1858  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xvii.  vii.  (1872)  VII. 
67  Borne  by  the  echoes,  gloomily  reverberative,  into  every 
dell  and  labyrinth. 

Reverberator  (rtVSMMwHw).    [-OR  2.] 

1.  A  reflector ;  a  reflecting  lamp. 

1794  G.  ADAMS  Nat.  fy  Exp.  Pkilos.  II.  xvi.  215  It  is  on 
this  principle  that  reverberators  are  constructed.  1831 
Fraser^s  Mag.  II.  677  Apprentices  rushed  up  the  streets. . 
smashing  the  lamps  and  reverberators,  and  left  Paris  in  total 
darkness.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl,  II.  i.  10  Sundry  devices  in 
the  way  of  metal  reverberators  conduct  and  diffuse  the  heat. 

2.  One  who  reverberates. 

1803  Ann.  Reg.  254  The  demands.. were  echoed  back, 
through  innumerable  reverberators  of  the  same  nature, 

Reve'rberatory,  sb.    [See  next.] 

1.  A  reverberatory  furnace  or  kiln. 

1651  FRENCH  Distill,  iii.  71  Give  fire  by  degrees  in  a  close 
reverberatory.  1662  R.  MATHEW  Unl.  Alch.  178  Put  it  into 
a  strong  Crusible,  and  calcine  it  in  a  Reverberatory  for  six 
hours.  17*0  GIBSON  Dispens.  n.  (1734)  74  Their  parts  can- 
not  be  elevated  without  a  very  strong  impulse,  which  is 
therefore  made  in  the  Reverberatory.  1784  Phil.  Trans. 
LXXV.  193  The  flames  of  sulphu,-.. when  suddenly  exposed 
to  the  heat  of  a  reverberatory,  change  their  blue  appearance, 
1839  \1  we.  Diet.  Arts  824  The  fuel  is  laid  upon  a  grate  above 
an  ash-pit,  and  below  the  arch  of  a  reverberatory.  1882 
Rep,  Prec.  Met.  U.  S.  219  Six  reverberatories  capable  of 
roasting  30  tons  of  ore  per  day. 

Comb.    1669  WORLIDGE  Syst.  Agric.  159   Let  down  this 
Cover  within  a  Foot  or  less  of  the  Hops,  which  (Reverber- 
atory-like)  will  reflect  the  heat  upon  them. 
fig.  1716  M.  DA  VIES  A  then.  Brit.  II.  335  Such  Fiery-hot 
Reverberatories  of  Self-pretensions  to  Religion. 

•f-  2.  The  focus  of  a  burning-glass.  Obs.  rare— l. 

1684  R.  WALLER  Nat.  Exp,  158  Likewise  Paper,  and  fine 
white  Holland,  when  exposed  flat  to  the  Reverberatory  of 
a  large  Concave,  at  length  Fire. 

f  3.  A  lamp  fitted  with  a  reflector.  Obs. 

1790  Phil,  Trans.  LXXX.  163  Single  reverberatories  were 
provided,  with  specula  of  ten  inches  diameter,  and  they  were 
supplied  with  still  larger  burners. 

Reverberatory  (r/Va-jberatori),  a.  Also  8 
reverbratory.  [See  REVERBERATE  v.  and  -ORY. 
So  F.  r^verberatoire^  Pg.  reverberatorio^\ 

1.  Of  fire :  Forced  or  driven  back  by  some  con 
trivance  upon  the  substance  which  is  subjected  to 
its  operation. 

1605  TIMME  One  f  sit.  in.  174  Thou  shall  calcine  at  a  reuer. 
beratorie  fire  the  feces  which  thou  reseruedst  before.  1651 
FRENCH  Distill,  v.  168  Iron  must  be  made  into  a  Crocus  in 


_  By  fiu ... 

reverberatory  fire  [it]  becomes  a  brighter  brown. 
b.  Of  heat :  Produced  by  reverberation. 
1799  G.  SMITH  Laboratory  1. 107  Give  the  crucible  a  strong 
reverberatory  heat,  until  in  fusion.    1819  H.  BUSK  Vestriad 
iv.  255  Charr'd  by  red  reverberatory  heat. 
2.  Of  a  furnace,  kiln,  etc.  :  So  constructed  that 
the  flame  is  forced  back  upon  the  substance  ex 
posed  to  it. 


'      1672  BOYLE  New  Exfi.  Weight  Atmosphere  \\.  v,  To  melt 
them.. is  wont,  even  in  our  reverberatory  furnaces,  to  cost 
;    the  active  flames  a  pretty  deal  of  time.    1694  SALMON  Bate's 
1    Dispens.  76/1  This  Liquor  put  into  a  Reverberatory  Fur 
nace.    1703  MOXON  Mfch.  Exerc.  241  All  kinds  of  Flints 
j     .  .are  hard  to  burn  except  in  a  Reverbratory  Kilne.     1799 
j    G.  SMITH  Laboratory  I.  354  Put  it  into  a  reverberatory  fur- 
,    nace,  or  other  place  where  it  is  surrounded  with  a  strong 
i    heat  and  flame.     1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  577  The  pots.. are 
I    annealed  during  4  or  5  days,  at  a  red  heat  in  a  small  rever 
beratory  vault.   Ibid.  580  The  reverberatory  oven  for  anneal 
ing  the  pots.     1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  fy  Iron  xviii. 
429  Small  narrow  reverberatory  furnaces  are  sometimes  em 
ployed,  into  which  various  numbers  of  crucibles  are  inserted. 
f3.  Reflecting;  fitted  with  a  reflector.  Obs.  rare-1. 
1790  PhiL  Trans.  LXXX.  113  A  great  number  of  white 
lights,  fitted  for  long  distances,  and  several  reverberatory 
lamps  had  been  previously  provided. 

Reve'rbering,///.  a.  rare.  [f.  L.  reverber- 
dre :  cf.  REVERB  z/.]  Reverberating. 

1690  tr.  Blancard's  Phys.  Diet,  324  Ignis  Reverberii, . . 
AngL  Reverbering  Fire.  i8zz  Blackw.  Mag.  XII.  62  While 
Ocean  rose,  and  with  reverbering  roar  Dash'd  its  high 
billows  o'er  the  rocky  strand. 

t  Reve-rbitory,  obs.  var.  REVERBERATOR!  sl>. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossoffr.t  Rt:verbitoryt.  .a  Lymbeck,  or  Fur 
nace,  in  which  materials  are  calcined  by  the  fire  or  flame. 

Reverdie  :  see  note  to  REVERIE  sb.  i. 

Reverdure,  z>.  rare—1,  [a.  OF.  reverditrer] 
trans.  To  clothe  again  with  verdure. 

1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  Il.clix.  [civ.]  438  Whan  the  swete 
tyme  of  Marche  was  come,  and  that  the  \vyndes  were 
apeased,  and  ye  waters  swaged  of  their  rages,  and  the  wodes 
re-verdtired. 

Revere  (r/vi*'j),  v.  [ad.  F.  rtvtrer  or  L.  re- 
vereri,  f.  re-  RE-  +  vereri  to  fear.] 

1,  trans.  To  hold  in,  or  regard  with,  deep  re 
spect  or  veneration. 

1661  in  BLOURT <C&u&3£r,  1665  GLANVILL  Def.  Van.  Dogm. 
53  If  Aristotle  were  vicious  and  immoral,  there  is  much  the 
less  reason  why  we  should  revere  his  Authority.  1691  HART- 
CLIFFE  Virtues  137  Sudden  Anger  reveres  or  stands  in  awe 
of  no  Man.  1717  POPE  Iliad  ix.  754  Revere  thy  roof,  and 
to  thy  guests  be  kind.  1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  liii.  III.  174 
The  people,  .generally  abhorred  the  Convocation  as  much 
as  they  revered  the  Parliament.  1837  WHEWELL  Hist.  In. 
duct.  Sci.  (1857)  I.  213  Works  which  were  long  revered  as  a 
code  of  science.  1864  BRYCE  /foty  Rom.  Emp.  v.  (1875)  68 
For  all.  .had  heard  of  Rome's  glories,  and  revered  the  name 
of  Oc&ar. 

absol.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Italian  xvii,  Tremble,  there 
fore,  and  revere.  1848  LYTTON  Harold  vii.  v,  The  love  that 
reveres. 

f2.  With  inf.  To  be  reluctant  to  do  something, 
through  a  feeling  of  respect.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1689  HICKERINGILL  Ceremony-Monger  v,  If  I  did  not  re 
vere  to  cast  Dirt  upon  the  Ashes  of  the  Dead,  I  could  [etc.]. 

Hence  Reve'red///.  a. 

1787  BURNS  Addr.  to  IV.  Tytler  i  Revered  defender  of 
beauteous  Stuart.  1818  SHELLEY  Hymn  Earth  24  Such 
delights  by  thee  Are  given,  rich  Power,  revered  Divinity. 
1836  THIRLWALL  Greece  xxiv.  III.  311  The  treaties  were.. 
preserved  in  the  most  revered  sanctuaries.  1875  JOWETT 
Plato  (ed  2)  I.  327  As  I  was  saying,  revered  friend,  the 
abundance  of  your  wisdom  makes  you  indolent. 

Reverence  (re-verens),  sb.  Also  3-7  reuer- 
ence;  4-6  reu-,  reverens  (5  -ense),  5-6  Sc. 
-ans.  [a.  OF.  reverence  (mod.F.  rfyt rente),  or 
ad.  L.  reverentta  (cf.  Sp.  and  Pg.  reverencza.  It. 
re-,  riverenza,  -zia) :  see  REVERENT  a.  and  -ENCE.] 

1.  Deep  or  due  respect  felt  or  shown  towards 
a  person  on  account  of  his  or  her  position  or  rela 
tionship;  deference.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

f  1290  Beket  1311  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  144  J>e  kmg..hauez 
us  hidere  i-send  to  schewi  furst  be  reuerence  and  grete 
loue  also  J>at  he  hath  to  eov  i-bore.  1340  Ayenb.  20  Uor  bet 
me  ne  ber^  na^t  worss'ipe  and  reuerence  ber  bet  me  ssolde. 
1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xiv.  204  pere  bat  richesse  regneth 
reuerence  folweth,  And  bat  is  plesaunte  to  pryde  in  pore 
and  in  riche.  a  1400-50  Alexanderi^  Lordis.  .la we  to  him 
bowid,  In  reuerence  of  ^>e  riche  kyng  at  had  ber  rewme 
gydid.  £1450  HOLLAND  Howtat  869  Quhom  thai  ressaif 
with  reuerens.  1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  500  Vnto  thy  Celsi- 
tude  I  gif  gloir,  honour,  laud,  and  reuerence.  1572  in  Ellis 
Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  III.  8  In  speakynge  of  my  Princes  I  must 
use  a  due  reverence  and  regarde.  1617  MORYSON  /tin.  1. 181 
By  his  comely  person,  sweete  aflabilitie  and  grauitie,  he 
would  haue  extorted  reuerence  from  those  that  least  loued 
him.  1668  STEELE  Husbandman's  Calling  vii.  (1672)  186 
There  is  nothing  harder  than  for  an  indiscreet  man  to  com 
mand  due  reverence  in  his  house.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler 
No.  98  P  1 1  The  forms  of  salutation,  the  different  gradations 
of  reverence,  and  all  the  adjustments  of  place  and  preced 
ence.  iSosjANE  PORTER  Thaddeus  v.  (1831)  48  With  rever 
ence  to  my  father  and  yourself,  Your  truly  affectionate  son, 
b.  Deep  respect  and  veneration  for  some  thing, 
place,  or  person  regarded  as  having  a  sacred  or 
exalted  character. 

c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  268  pou  art  a  preost :  knculi  ne 
schalt  J»ou^  nou^t,  for  reuerence  of  f>at  hoh  bing.  13. .  E.  E. 
Allit.  P.  B.  10  Thay  teen  vnto  his  temmple. .,  Reken  with 
reuerence  bay  rechen  his  auter.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Sompn.  T. 
1932  Hir  p^reyere  is  of  ful  greet  reuerence.  c  1400  MAUNDEV. 
(1839)  xxxi.  307  No  man  [is]  so  hardy  to  schede  Blode..for 
the  reverence  of  an  Ydole,  that  is  worschipt  there.  1431  in 
Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  274  In  y»  worchippe  and  reuerence  of  y« 
blysful  trinite.  1526  PHgr.Per/.(*W.fa\>J.  1531)9  b,  Euery 
creature  sholde  honour,  loue,  and  worshyp  with  all  reuer 
ence  that  blessed  sacrament.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane^s 
Comm.  5  b,  He  protesteth  that  he  beareth  all  dew  reverence 
to  the  holy  churche  of  Rome.  1647  HERRICK  Noble  Num 
bers,  Reverence,  True  rev'rence  is.  .The  feare  of  God,  com- 
mixt  with  cleanly  love.  1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  \.  iv.  §  23 


After  all,  the  greatest  Reverence  is  due  to  Truth.  1781 
GIBBON  Dtcl.  fy  /"'.  xxviii.  (1787)  III.  75  The  absurd  rever 
ence  for  antiquity,  which  could  only  tend  to  discourage  the 
improvements  of  art.  1820  W.  IRVING  Sketch  Kk.  II.  221  The 
Indians  are  remarkable  for  the  reverence  which  they  enter 
tain  for  the  sepulchres  of  their  kindred.  1856  STANLEY  Sinai 
<$•  Pat.  n.  i.  (1858)  76  The  real  reverence  due  to  the  place,  a^ 
the  scene  of  the  first  great  revelation  of  God  to  man.  1897 
MARY  KINGSLEY  IV.  Africa  526  The  undoubted  fact  that 
women  are  notably  deficient  in  real  reverence  for  authority. 
Comb.  1648  J.  BEAUMONT  Psyche  xx.  cl.xxxviii,  The  con 
secrated  Body  of  the  Priest  With  reverence-commanding 
Gems  and  Gold.. invest. 

c.  In  phr.  to  have  or  hold  (a  person  or  thing) 
in  (great,  etc.)  reverence, 

^1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  IV.  I*rol.  32  And  in  myn  hcrte  haue 
hem  in  reuerence.  c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  66  b.  Saying  that 
none  euyll  ne  trouble  mighte  come  to  him.. as  long  as  he 
kept  and  helde  hem  in  reuerence.  1553  KUEN  Trent.  Neio 
Ind.  lArb.)  17  Next  after  the  King,  ye  priestes  which  serue 
ye  Idols  are  had  in  chiefe  reuerence.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl. 
Epist.  206  We.. haue  that  man  in  great  reuerence,  leaning 
to  his  doctiine  and  precepts  Philosophicall.  1613  PURCUAS 
Pilgrimage  (1614)  828  These  dried  carkasses  they  held  in 
great  reverence.  1643  TRAIT  Cotum.  Gen.  xii.  18  Bradford 
was  had  in  so  great  reverence  and  admiration  for  his  holi 
ness.  1771  BUKKK  Corr.  (1844)  I.  303,  I  hold  his  memory 
in  a  reverence  that  is  almost  superstitious.  1848  LYTTOX 
Harold  ii.  ii,  I  hold  the  church  in  holy  reverence. 

d.  In  phr.  to  pay,  ^do>  or  ^  make  reverence  /o, 
to  show  respect  or  veneration  for  (a   person  or 
thing)   by  some  action.     (In  early  use  implying 
sense  2.) 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Shipmates  T.  1196  Al  the  cluere  and  re 
uerence  That  men  Iiem  doon  at  festes  or  at  daunces.  c  1400 
MAUNDEV.  (1839)  viii.  94  Seynt  John  stered  in  his  Mod  res 
Wombe,  and  made  reverence  to  his  Creatour.  c  1460 
Vrbanitatis  36  in  Balecs  Bk.  (1868)  16  To  be  nexte  degre 
loke  Jjoii  wysely  To  do  hem  Reuerence  by  and  by.  c  1489 
CAXTOM  Sonnes  of  Ay  man  \.  40  Assoone  as  the  messager 
sawe  hym,  he  made  hym  due  reuerence.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sleidane's  Comm.  292  b,  Whan  he  came  agayn  to  the  aultar, 
the  king  rysing  out  of  his  seate,  doeth  him  reverence.  1568 
TILNKY  Disc,  Mariage  D  ij,  To  whome  after  our  rever 
ence  accordingly  done,  we  drew  neere.  1671  MILTON  P.R. 

I.  So,  I  saw  The  Prophet  do  him  reverence.     1693  DRYDKN 
Ded.  Ex  amen  Poet.  Ess.  (ed.  Ker)  II.  4  'Tis  not  with  an 
ultimate  intention  to  pay  reverence  to  the  Manes  of  Shake 
speare  [etc.].     1725  DE  FOE  Voy.  round  World  (1840)  154 
Paying  their  reverence  in  a  manner  much  more  rational. 
1879  H.  PHILLIPS  Worship  of  Sun  (1880)  5  The  reverence 
paid  to  the  heavenly  orbs. 

2.  A  gesture   indicative  of  respect ;    an  obeis 
ance;  a  bow  or  curtsy.     (Cf.  prec.) 

1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  x.  191  Al  bat  holy  eremytes  hateden 
and  despisede,  As  rychesses  and  reuerences.  c  1489  CAXTON 
Sonnes  of  Ay  man  xvi.  382  Whan  they  sawe  the  kyng  they 
made  him  the  reverence.  1521  COPLAND  Introd.  French  16 
All  bace  daunces  begyn  by  syngles  or  reuerence,  and  endi: 
with  braule.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  732  The  Fiench 
king  made  to  him  an  humble  reuerence,  but  after  his  fashion 
somewhat  homely.  1590  SIR  J.  SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  Ded. 
13  They  will  with  many  new  conges,  ceremonies  and  reuer 
ences,  drinke  to  the  health  and  prosperitie  of  Princes.  1655 
Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  II.  308  Att  his  thirde  reuerence, 
as  likewise  att  his  taking  leaue,  Crom[\vellJ  did  him  the 
honor  to  embrace  him  ouer  the  shoulder.  1672  MARVELL 
Reh.  Transp.  i.  85  As  oft  as  he  had  occasion  to  bow,  he 
directed  his  Reverence  towards  the  Gentle-Womens  Pew. 
1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  n.  ii,  [I]  made  my  Reverence  to  my 
Master's  Guest.  1775  M.ME.  D'ARBLAY  Early  Diary  (1889) 

II.  69,  I  now  made  a  more  formal  reverence  of  the  head. 
1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Vanderput  <^  S.  ix.  135  [He]  had 
never  seen  his  friend  offer  so  low  a  reverence.     1853  DALE 
tr.  Baldeschis  Cerent.  63  Having  again  genuflected  while 
the  Officiant  makes  the  proper  reverence.     1870  DISRAELI 
Lothair  iii,  Lothair  had  had  only  time  to  make  a  reverence 
of  ceremony  before  dinner. 

3.  The  condition  or  state  of  being  respected  or 
venerated. 

13..  Gaw.  <$•  Gr.  Knt.  1243  To  reche  to  such  reuerence  as 
3e  reherce  here  I  am  wy$e  vn-woiby.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Man 
of  Law's  T.  116  If  thou  be  poure,  farwel  thy  reuerence. 
^1412  HoccLEVE/te  Re%.  Princ.  448  Yf  twixtyow  and  youre 
men  no  difference  Be  in  array,  lesse  is  youre  reuerence. 
c  1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  7  Next  her  komythe 
hir  suster  callid  Grace,  Passing  famos,  and  of  grete  rever 
ence.  1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  i.  viii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  47  To  mak 
him  in  mare  reuerence  to  be  pepill  he  cled  him  with  riche 
&  riall  abiljementis.  1551  ROBINSON  tr.  Mare's  Utopia 
(1895)  164  The  sage  grauitie  and  reuerence  of  the  elders 
should  kepe  the  yongers  from  wanton  licence.  1606  G. 
W[OODCOCK]  Hist.  Ivstine  xxxix.  124  To  regester  himselfe 
a  sanctuary  man,  hoping  the  reuerence  of  the  place . .  might 
preserue  his  life.  1700  ROWE  Atnb.  Step-Moth.  \\.  ii,  Nor 
shall  thy  Sword  prophane  With  Brawls  or  Blood  the  Rever 
ence  of  this  Place.  1738  Hist.  Crt.  Excheq.  iv.  66  One  that 
had  got  Reverence  amongst  the  People.  0l8H ALLAH  JfiK 
4f*r(i87B)  II.  121  Two  reigns.. passed  in  external  glory 
and  domestic  reverence.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  Ixxxiv, 
All  the  train  of  bounteous  hours  Conduct  bypaths  of  grow 
ing  powers,  To  reverence  and  the  silver  hair. 

fb.  The  solemnity  of  a.  Church  festival.   Obs-1 

c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  CLXXH.  iv.The  Wendesdaye  before 
Easters  reuerence. 

to.  A  reverend  or  venerable  person.  Obs.  rare—1. 

a  1616  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Wit  sev.  Weapons  ii.  ii,  Does  he 
mean  As  he  seems  to  say  unto  that  reverence  ?  He  does  woo 
her,  sure. 

f4.  At  (the}  reverence  of,  out  of  respect  for,  in 
honour  of,  for  the  sake  of  (a  person).  Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  .Sire.  Nun's  T.  82  The  wordes  and  sentence 
Of  him,  that  at  the  seintes  reuerence  The  storie  wroot.  141 1 
Rolls  of Parlt.  111.650/2  That  at  reverence  of  the  Kyng.  .he 
will  nothyng  take  of  the  forsayd  Robert.  1425  Paston  Lett.  I. 
21  The  same  John,  atte  reverence  of  your  right  worthy  per- 
sone.hathe  cesedof  his  sute.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  y.\\\.\. 


REVERENCE. 


*JKAI-IUIX  \*'tlvi..    »»'3«v   »•  -  -"to"  —  *       i  ^     J  I   f 

frcy  Duke  of  Gloucester,  at  the  reuerence  of  God,  and  !o 
the  good  of  the  king..,  agreed  him  [etc.], 
t  b.  In  adjurations.   Obs. 

c  1450  Merlin  114  By  yow.  .am  I  come  to  this  that  I  am 
atte  and  therfore  at  the  reuerense  of  god  haue  pite  of  me. 
1515  Plumpton  Corr.  (Camden)  212  Wherfore,  at  the  rever 
ence  of  God, ..remember  how  we  stand  unto  you.  c  1530 
WOLSEY  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  II.  II.  27  At  the  reverens 
of  God  take  summe  payne  now  for  me,  and  forsake  me  nat. 
fc.  Similarly  in  the  reverence  that,  in  (the) 
reverence  of.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1450  Knt.  dela  'four(iKS)  10, 1  haue  forborn  flesshe  on 
the  Wednesday  in  the  reverens  that  God  was  solde  that 
day  /Mi/.  It  is  good  to  fast  the  Saterday  for  the  loue  ot 
oure  ladi,  and  in  the  reuerence  of  her  wrginite.  16:18 
HOUSES  Thttcydides  (1822)  137  In  reverence  therefore  of  the 
hopes  which  the  Grecians  have  reposed  in  you. 

1 6.  Save  (one's)  reverence.  An  apologetic 
phrase  introducing  a  criticism,  contradiction,  or 
some  remark  that  might  offend  the  hearer.  Obs. 
(See  also  SIR-,  SCR-KEVEREXCE.) 

I387TRKVISA  lligden  (Rolls)  VI.  179  Save  reverence  of 
seynt  Aldelyn,  bis  seme))  non  holynesse  nober  wisdom.  1447 
BoKENHAM.SVv«/vJ(Roxb.)3S  In  this  matere  Methynklth 
best  were  saf  youre  reverence  That  ye  youreself  to  hym 
dede  appere.  1591  SHAKS.  Rom.  f,  Jut.  I.  iv.  42  Week  draw 
thee  from  the  mire.  Or,  saue  your  reuerence,  loue,  wherein 
thou  slickest  Vp  to  the  eares.  1596  HAKINGTON  Melam. 
Ajax  (1814)  61  Be  it  spoken  with  save  the  reverence  of  all 
women  that  are  or  were,  save  herself. 

•f  b.  So  saving  (one's)  reverence.  Obs. 
c  1400  MAUNDF.V.  (1839)  xvii.  185  liut  aftre  my  lytylle  wytt, 
it  semethe  me,  savynge  here  reverence,  that  it  is  more.  1455 
Kolls  of  Parll.  V.  281/1  Defaime,  untruly  (savyng  youre 
reverence)  leyed  upon  us.  c  1563  jack  Juggler  (Grosart)  67 
Nay  then  wer  I  a  knaue.  misteris,  sauing  your  reverence. 
1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  H.  li.  27  Who,  sauing  your  reuerence, 
is  the  diuell  himselfe.  1610  HOLLAND  Camdcns  Brit.  (1637) 
557  A  Cave  or  hole  within  the  ground,  called,  saving  your 
reverence,  The  Deviles  Arse.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  vi. 
275  Calling  his  Book  Charta  Cacata,  which  (saving  rever 
ence  to  the  Reader)  may  he  returned  on  the  foul  mouth  of 
him  who  first  tittered  it. 

c.  Similarly  under  the  reverence  of,  and  with 
reverence. 

'533  HEI.LENDKN  Lhy  in.  vii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  271  Forder  vnder 
he  leucrence  of  Claudius  &  Valerius,  now  deceissit,  I  say 
}e  war  enterit  with  victorius  ensen^eis  in  be  capitoll.  1828 
SCOTT  /'.  M.  Perth  xi,  Your  Highness  may  know  other 
craftsmen,,  .but,  with  reverence,  you  know  not  Henry  Gow. 
6.  Your  reverence.  A  respectful  form  of  address, 
now  only  used  by  the  lower  classes,  esp.  in  Ire 
land,  in  speaking  to  a  clergyman. 

1390  GOWKR  Con/.  I.  153  Thus  with  your  hihe  reverence 
Me  thenkelh  that  this  evidence  As  to  this  point  is  sufficant. 
1432-40 1'astoti  Lett.  III.  4i6Ryght  wursshipfullsire,.  .after 
dyw  recommendacion  to  yowr  reverens,  please  hit  yow  to 
know  [etc.].  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  I.  ii.  20  How  many  now  in 
health  Shall  drop  their  blood,  in  approbation  Of  what  your 
leuerence  shall  incite  vs  to.  1762  STEHNK  Tr.  Shandy  vi. 
vii,  A  soldier,  an'  please  your  reverence,  said  I,  prays  as 
often  (of  his  own  accord)  as  a  parson.  1780  COWPER  1'rogr. 
Err.  105  Will  av'i  ice  and  concupiscence  give  place,  Charm'd 
by  the  sounds — Your  Rev'ience,  or  Your  Grace?  1818 
SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xxxii,  '  Very  true,  your  Reverence,' 
replied  the  beadle.  1853  LYTTON  My^  Novel  I.  vi,  Lord 
MKSS  your  reverence  !  he  does  not  mind  it,  he  likes  it. 
1870  DICKENS  E.  Drood  ii,  1  have  stayed  for  him,  your 
Reverence. 

b.  His  reverence,  as  the  designation  of  a  clergy 
man.  Also  jocularly  of  a  lady,  her  reverence. 

1762  STEKNK  Tr.  Slmndy  vi.  xxv,  Now  that  I  can  do  this 
in  spite  of  their  reverences — the  occasion  is  lost.  1802  SCOT  r 
Let.  in  Lockhart  (1837)  I.  x.  340  Returning  Lady  Juliana 
Berners,  with  my  very  best  thanks  for  the  use  of  her  rever 
ence's  work.  1807  CRABBE  Par.  Rsg.  in.  897  To  a  new  style 
his  reverence  rashly  took.  1859  JF.PHSON  Brittany  xii.  212 
A  boat  containing  two  Abbe's  was  in  the  same  predicament 
as  we,  and  I  could  not  believe  that  a  Breton  sailor  would 
cheat  their  Reverences.  1881  BF.SANT  &  RICE  Chapl.  of 
Fleet  1.  91  His  reverence  will  be  found  up  and  ready  for  good 
works. 

t  7.  a.  The  study  or  consideration  ^/"something. 
1390  GOWER  Con/.   III.  136  Is  Rethorique   the  science 
Appropred  to  the  reverence  Of  wordes  that  ben  resonable. 
fb.  The  opinion  or  judgement  of  some  one. 
1390  GOWER  Con/.  I   13  Bot  in  the  worldes  reverence  Ther 
ben  of  suche  manie  glade,  Whan  thei  to  thilke  astat  ben  made. 
8.  In  or  out  o/^one's)  reverence,  in  or  out  of  one's 
power  or  hands.     Also  out  of  the  reverence  of,  be 
yond  dependence  on  (something).   Sf.  10hs. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  III.  87  Which  Serpents., being  all 
three  rolling  within  the  couerture  of  the  dry  sands,  my  right 
legge  was  almost  in  their  reuerence  before  I  remarked  the 
danger.  1645  King*sCabinet  Opened  in  Hart,  Misc.  (1746) 
VII.  515  A  little  more  Wit.  .than  to  put  myself  into  the  Re 
verence  of  perfidious  Rebels.  1677  SIR  J.  LAUDER  Decisions 
Suppl.  (1826)  III.  128  To  put  wrong  out  of  his  reverence, 
they  do  not  allow  him.,  to  execute  the  law  alone.  iSaiGALT 
Legatees  viii,  Great  reason  have  I  to  be  thankful  that  the 
legacy  has  put  me  out  of  the  reverence  of  my  stipend.  1822 
—  Sir  A.  Wylie  v,  When  your  birsies  are  up— 1  would  na 
come  in  your  reverence  then  for  something. 

Reverence  (re-verens),  v.     Also  4-7  reuer 
ence  (4-6  -ense).     [f.  prec.     Cf.  F.  revfremier 
(i6th  c.),  Sp.  and  Pg.  reverenciar,  It.  riverenzinre.] 
fl.  trans.  To  salute  (a  person)  with  deep  re 
spect;    to   show   respect   for   (one)   by   bowing, 
kneeling,  etc. ;  to  make  obeisance  to.  Obs. 
13.  .Cam  f,  Gr.  Knt.  251  penn  Ardour  bifore  be  hi}  dece 


600 

bat  auenture  byholdez,  &  rekenly  hym  reuerenced.  '393 
LANGU  P.  PI.  C.  x.  123  And  bauh  he  mete  with  be  meyre 
amyddes  be  strete,  He  reuerenceb  hym  ryght  nouht  no 
raber  ban  anober.  1530  PALSGR.  690/1,  I  reverence,  or  do 
obeyssaunce  or  honour  to  any  other  person,  or  make  curtesye 
to  him.  a  1562  G.  CAVENDISH  Wolsey  (1893)  166  He  most 
humbly  reverencyd  hyme  uppon  his  knee.  1607  ROWLANDS 
Cur  of  H'anu.  (Hunterian  Cl.)  81  This  said,  in  humble  duty 
Guy  reverenceth  the  King,  and  so  departs.  1686  tr. 
Cknrdin's  Trav.  Persia  215  Shanavas-Can,  when  people 
approach'd  near  him,  caus'd  himself  to  be  Reverenc  d  the 
first  time,  like  the  King  of  Persia  Himself. 

t  b.  To  treat  with  respect  or  deference.  06s. 
1377  LANGI  .  P.  PI.  B.  xiv.  206  And  be  riche  is  reuerenced 
by  resoun  of  his  richchesse,  pere  be  pore  is  put  bihynde. 
1388  WVCLIF  Barnch  iv.  15  A  folk,  .that  reuerensiden  not  an 
eld  man,  nether  hadden  merci  on  children.  1587  GOLDING 
De  Mornay  ii.  (1592)  18  Infinite  trades  which  serue  one 
another,  the  smaller  reuerensing  the  greater.  1592  GREENE 
Groat's  W.  Wit  8  How  I  haue  bin  reuerenst,  thou  seest, 
when  honester  men,  I  confesse,  haue  beene  set  farre  off. 

t  c.  To  esteem  ;  to  value  highly.  Obs. 
'377  LAN<;L.  P.  PI.  B.  xn.  260  pus  be  poete  preues  bat  be 
pecok  for  his  fetheres  is  reuerenced.    Ibid.  xv.  502  And  now 
is  routhe  to  rede  how  be  red  noble  Is  reuerenced  or  be  Rode. 

2.  To  regard  with  reverence   or  veneration  as 
having  a  divine  or  sacred  character  ;  f  to  worship 
in  some  manner. 

a  1350  St.  Thomas  211  in  Horstm.  Altcngl.  Leg.  (1881)  23 
He  bad  hym  reuerence  right  A  maumet  bat  bai  cald  '  god  of 
light '.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PL  C.  xx.  259  Euery  maner  good  man 
may  be  lykned  to  a  torche, ..to  reuerence  with  be  trinite. 
c  1400  Destr.  Troy  4377  At  Rome  bai  Reuerenst  vppon  riche 
wise  One  qwirion,..&  qwemly  did  serue.  153°  PALSGR. 
690/1  It  is  a  joy  to  any  good  subject  to  se  howe  our  prince 
reverenseth  almygthy  God.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicko- 
lay's  Voy.  n.  x.  43  b,  The  temple  of  Neptune  [was]  greatly 
reuerenced.  1611  BIBLE  Lev.  xix.  30  Ye  shall  keepe  my 
Sabbaths,  and  reuerence  my  Sanctuary.  1654  BRAMHALL 
just  Vind.  i.  (1661)  5  The  famous  Canon  of  the  Generall 
Councel  of  Ephesus,  which  Gregory  the  Great  reuerenced 
as  one  of  the  four  Gospels.  1685  BAXTER  Paraphr.  N.  T. 
Mark  iv.  39  How  greatly  should  he  be  reverenced  and 
obeyed  by  man,  whom.. all  Creatures  must  obey.  1820 
SHEI  LEY  Hymn  Merc.  Ixiv,  I  reverence  the  divine  Sun  and 
the  Gods.  1877  FKOUDE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  l.  i.  14 
While  they  could  feel  no  respect  for  the  clergy  as  men,  they 
feared  their  powers  and  reverenced  their  office. 

b.  To  hold  in  high  respect  or  esteem ;  to 
venerate  as  being  of  an  exalted  or  superior  kind. 

1548  ELYOT  s.v.  Colo,  To  loue  and  reuerence  one  as  it 
were  his  owne  father.  1555  W.  WATREMAN  Fardle  Facions 
Pref.  12  Their  successours  so  woundered  at  their  wisedomes, 
and  so  reuerenced  their  loue  and  endeuours.  1560  DAUS 
tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  18  The  greatest  part  of  Germany 
.  .reverence  him  as  their  chief  ornament  and  refuge.  1606 
WARNER  All'.  Eng.  xv.  xcix.  390  There  is  an  Academic, 
which  I  reuerence  so  much.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  II.  xxx. 
185  When  the  Soveraign  himselfe  is  Popular  ;  that  is  rever 
enced  and  beloved  of  his  People.  1725  WATTS  Logic  (1726) 
311  Some  wise,  great,  or  good  Men,  whose  Authority  we 
reverence  and  hardly  dare  oppose.  1784  COWPER  Task  v. 
300  Such  dupes  are  men  to  custom,  and  soproneTorev'rence 
what  is  ancient.  1822  LAMB  Elia  I.  Praise  Chimncy- 
s^veepers,  1  reverence  these  young  Africans  of  our  own 
growth— these  almost  clergy  imps.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng.  iv.  I.  452  Work  was  to  be  done,  however,  which  could 
be  trusted  to  no  man  who  reverenced  law. 

3.  With  over.  To  overpower  with  reverence.  ?  Obs. 
1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  IV.  141  The  moment  I  beheld 

her,  my  heart  was  dastardiz'd,  damp'd,  and  reverenced  over. 

Hence  Referenced ///.  a. ;  Referencing  vbl. 
sb.  and  ///.  a. 

1561  DAUS  tr.  Bullingeron  Apoc.  (1573)  136  b,  The  reuer 
encing  of  the  eternall  and  onely  God.  Ibid.  260  To  worship 
is  to  fall  downe  at  ones  feete  with  a  reuerencing  myude. 
1616  \vtAnalecta  Scotica  II.  4  Accept  it  now  with  my  richt 
humble  and  reuerencing  dewtie.  1680  OTWAY  Orphan  in, 
By  the  reverenc  d  soul  Of  that  great  honest  man  that  gave 
me  being.  1703  MAUNDRELL  Journ.  jferus.  (1721)  9  The 
only  difficulty  was  how  to  get  admission  into  so  reverenc 'd 
a  place.  1897  Westm.  Gaz.  4  Dec.  3/1  Take  another  of  our 
so-called  reverenced  birds,  the  wren. 

Revereiicer(re'verensaj).  [f.  the  verb  +  -ER!.] 
One  who  reverences;  a  respecter  of  some  thing  or 
person. 

1577  tr.  Bullingtr's  Decades  (1592)  449  Thase  fellowes  are 
not.. the  reuerencers  of  the  euangelicaf  doctrine.  1654-66 
EARL  ORRERY  Parthen.  (1676)  560  The  Inhabitants  of  this 
City  are  so  great  Reuerencers  of. .  the  Arsacian  blood.  1677 
GARY  Chron.  n.  11.  xiv.  252  As  becometh  a  Devout  Re- 
verencer,  and. .an  Upright  Advocate.  1701  SWIFT  Contests 
Nobles  fy  Comm.  ii,  The  Athenians.. were  become  great 
reverencers  of  crown'd  Heads.  1828  CARLYLE  Misc.  (1857) 
I.  189  He  is  not  a  questioner  and  a  despiser,  but  a  teacher 
and  a  reverencer.  1847-8  DE  QUINCEY  Protestantism  Wks. 
1858  VIII.  in  It  is  a  situation  of  public  scandal  even  to 
the  deep  reverencers  of  the  Bible. 

t  Re'verency.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  reverentia : 
see  -ENCY.]  =  REVERENCE. 

1548  HOOPER  Declar.  Commandm.  x.  164  The  reuerencie 
of  matrimonie  is  not  dew  vnto  him  that  contemnithe  the 
autour  of  matrimonie.  1576  Bp.  WOOLTON  Chr.  Man.  I  v  b, 
They  breede  in  them  fyercenesse,  boldnesse,  and  impud- 
encye  :  they  neglect  reuerency,  comelinesse,  and  honesty. 

Reverend  (re'verend),  a.  and  sb.  [a.  OF. 
reverend  (mod.F.  reverend,  =  Sp.,  Pg.,  and  It. 
reverendo),  or  ad.  L.  rcverend-us,  gerundive  of 
revereri  to  REVERE.] 

1.  Of  persons:  Worthy  of  deep  respect  or  re 
verence  on  account  of  (f  rank,)  age,  or  character  ; 
f  commanding  respect  by  personal  ability  or  great 
learning. 

1449  J.  METHAM  Amor.  #  Cleopes  306  Enterly  me  co- 


REVEREND. 

mende  to  my  lord  and  mastyr  eke,  And  to  hys  ryght  reuerend 
lady,  c  1470  Gol.  <v  Caw .  402  He  is  the  riallest  roy,  reuerend 
and  rike.  1598  YONG  Diana  221,  I,  with  a  yoong  and 
courteous  Shepherd  ;  he,  with  an  old  and  reuerend  Shep. 
herdesse.  1612  WOODALL  Surg.  Male  Wks.  (1653)  66  It  is 
already  in  use  by  divers  reverend  Physitians.  1637  MILTON 
Lycidas  103  Next  Camus,  reverend  Sire,  went  footing  slow. 
1704  SWIFT  T.  Tub  Wks.  1768  I.  142  To  the  Reverend  the 
judges ;  to  the  clergy  and  gentry.  1717  POPE  Iliad  ix.  517 
If  heaven  restore  me  to  my  realms  with  life,  The  reverend 


filial  breast. 

b.  As  a  courteous  or  respectful  form  of  address. 

1486  Henry  VII  at  York  in  Snrlees  Misc.  (1890)  54 
Most  reverend,  rightwose  regent  of  this  rigalitie.  1492 
Kolls  o/ Parlt.  VI.  454/2  Right  Reverend  and  Worship- 
full  Sir.  1508  DUNBAR  Gold.  Targe  253  O  reuereud  Chau- 
cere,  rose  of  rethoris  all.  1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  IV.  L  226 
Por.  I  pray  you  let  me  looke  vpon  the  bond.  lew.  Heere  'tis, 
most  reuerend  Doctor,  heere  it  is.  1634  HEYWOOD  Maidenh. 
•well  lost  i.  Wks.  1874  IV.  100  Yet  Reuerend  Madame, 
but  forget  what's  past,  a  1668  DAVENANT  Poems  Wks.  (1673) 
335  O  rev 'rend  Death  !  whose  looks  can  soon  advise  Even 
scornfull  Youth.  1715  ADDISON  Drummer  v.  i,  Coachman 
[to  a  conjurer], '  I  have  brought  you,  reverend  Sir,  the  largest 
elbow  chair  in  the  house'.  1832  W.  IRVING  Alhambra.  II. 
71  (  What  mean  you,  most  reverend  owl  ? '  said  Ahmed. 

2.  As  a  respectful  epithet  applied  to  members 
of  the  clergy.  Also  Very  Reverend  (of  deans), 
Right  Reverend  (of  bishops),  and  Most  Reverend 
(of  archbishops). 

1485  Exch.  Rolls  Scot.  IX.  645  note,  A  maist  reverend  and 
reverend  faderis  in  God  William  Archibischop  of  Sanct- 
androis,  Robert  bischope  of  Glasgw  [etc.].  1492  Rolls  o/ 
Parlt.Yl.  455/1  Graunted  unto  him  by  the  Right  Reverend 
Fadre  in  God,  maister  Piers  Courtenay,  sometyme  Bishop 
of  Excestre.  1509  FISHER  Funeral  Serm.  C'tess  Richmond 
Wks.  (1876)  294  In  the  handes  of  the  reuerende  fader  my 
lorde  of  London.  1588  Marprel.  Epist.  (Arb.)  5  Take  heed 
brethren  of  your  reuerend  and  learned  brother  Martin 
Marprelate.  1613  SHAKS.  Henry  VIII,  IV.  ii.  18  The  reuerend 
Abbot  With  all  his  Couent  honourably  receiu'd  him.  1653 
Sarum  Church-iv.  Accts.  (1896)  330  The  Death  of  our  Re 
verend  and  Godlie  Minister  M'.  John  Connant.  1737 
Gentl.  Mag.  VII.  464/1  How  any  one.  .should  blame  me,  I 
own  I  am  at  a  Loss  to  find  out,  unless  it  be  the  four  Rev. 
Brethren  and  their  Followers.  1780  COWPER  Progr.  Err. 
371  And  thence,  with  all  convenient  speed,  to  Rome,  With 
rev'rend  tutor,  clad  in  habit  lay.  1835  I.  TAYI.UR  Spir. 
Despot,  v.  218  These  bishops  and  reverend  Fathers  removed 
only  by  two  hundred  years  from  the  Apostolic  age.  1849 
JAMES  Woodman  ii.  In  their  train  there  is  a  reverend  friar. 

absol.     1727  DE  FOE  Syst.  Magic  I.  Hi.  (1840)  67  Let  us 

recommend  it  to  our  Most  Reverend  and  Right  Reverend  to 

put  our  own  ecclesiastic  affairs  into  such  a  good  posture  [etc.]. 

b.  Used  in  addressing  a  member  of  the  clergy. 

1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  Page  v,  Ryght  reuerende  fader,  ye 
ought  wel  to  knowe  that  [etc.].  1552  Bk.  Com.  Prayer, 
Ordering  of  Deacons,  Reuerende  Father  in  God,  I  presente 

•nto  you,  these  persones  presente  [etc.],     1713  SWIFT  To 


1820  SCOTT  Monast.  xvi,  '  And  O,  reverend  sir,'  said  the 

food  widow,  detaining  him.    1882  Guardian  18  Oct.  1461/3, 
am,  rev.  sir,  yours  faithfully, '  Clericus  '. 
O.  Prefixed  to  the  name   (and  designation)  of 
the   person,  and   frequently  abbreviated  as  Kev. 
f  In  early  use  without  the. 

1642  FULLER  Holy  $  Prof.  St.  iv.  293  That  wofull  and 
unhappy  discord  betwixt  him  and  reverend  Bishop  Hooper. 
(11656  BP.  HALL  Rev.  Unrenealcd  S  i  Reverend  Calvin.. is 
willing  to  construe  this  of  the  last  desolation  of  the  Jews. 
1657  TRAPP  Comm.  Job  ix.  9  But  I  had  rather  (saith  Reverend 
Mr.  Be/a)  retain  still  the  Hebrew  words.  1711  HEARNK 
Collect.  (O.H.S.)  III.  218  The  Reverend  I>  Atterbury  was 
made  Dean  of  X'  Church  on  this  day  sennight.  1785  (////<•), 
Lectures  on  the  Canon  of  the  Scriptures,.. by  the  late  Rev. 
John  Blair.  1824  SCOTT  St.  Ronan's  xxi,  Let  me  name  my 
self  as  the  Reverend  Josiah  Cargill,  minister  of  St.  Ronan's. 
1847  CARUS  Mem.  C.  Simeon  833  Recollections  of  the  Rev. 
Chas.  Simeon,  by  the  Right  Rev.  Daniel  Wilson.  1884 
Catholic  Diet.  (1897)  590/1  The  Very  Reverend  Father 
Colin  died . .  at  the  age  of  eighty-five. 

d.  sb.  A  clergyman;  a  cleric  or  divine.     Also 
Right  Reverend,  a  bishop. 

1608  SYLVESTER  Du  Barlas  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  254  Much 
more  Then  the  Right-Reverend  whom  they  taxt  before. 


out  two  or  three  in  a  year.  1804  EUGENIA  DE  ACTON  Tale 
without  Title  II.  132  That  is  the  object  of  solicitude  among 
our  Right  Reverends.  1844  DICKENS  Mart.  Chuz.  xvi, 
Those  who  had  not  attained  to  military  honours  were  either 
doctors,  professors,  or  reverends.  1894  BLACKMORE  Per/a 
cross  18  We  are  not  so  meddlesome  as  you  reverends  are. 

3.  Of  things,  places,  etc. :  Worthy  of,  or  in 
spiring,  reverence ;  deserving  to  be  revered. 

1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  (1595)  18  The  reuerend 
maiestie  of  Emperours,  Kinges  and  Princes.  1590  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  i.  viii.  32  His  reverend  heares  and  holy  gravitee  The 
knight  much  honord.  1613  PORCHAS  Pilgrimage  in.  viii. 
(1614)  282  He  conquered  Nice,  the  name  whereof  is  reuerend 
for  the  first  generall  Councell  of  Christendome.  1643 
MILTON  Divorce  i.  Wks.  1851  IV.  47  Yet  next  to  that  what 
can  be.  .a  greater  violence  to  the  reverend  secret  of  nature. 
a  1718  PENN  Tracts  Wks.  1726  I.  673  So  much  more  Re 
verend  is  Suffering,  than  making  Men  suffer  for  Religion. 
1753  RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1781)  I.  xxxvii.  264  The  big 
tears,  .straying  down  his  reverend  cheeks.  1820  IRVING 
Sketch  Bk.,  Widow  <$  Son  §  2  Its  dark  oaken  pannelling, 
all  reverend  with  the  gloom  of  departed  years.  1846  KEBLE 
Lyra  Innoc.  (1873)  70  Write  in  young  hearts  thy  reverend 
lore.  1873  BROWNING  Red  Colt.  Nt.-cap  226  No  day  but 


REVERENDIZE. 

pilgrim.. flings  crutch  away,  Or  else  appends  it  to  the  re 
verend  heap  Beneath  you. 

fb.  Sacred,  hallowed,  holy.  Obs. 
1563  Homilies  n.  (1859)  445  When  thou  goest  up  to  the 
reverend  Communion  to  be  satisfied  with  spiritual  meats. 
1631  HOWES  Stow's  Annalcs  999/1  Diuers  Church-yards 
new  layd  apart,  dedicated  for  reuerend  places  to  bury  the 
dead.  1693  CREECH  in  Dryden  Jiwenal  xiii.  (1697)  332 
Bold  Sacriledge.  .destroys  a  Shrine,  The  Reverend  Goblets, 
and  the  ancient  Plate. 

4.  Connected  with,  characteristic  of,  belonging  to, 
the  clergy. 

1645  MILTON  Tetracft.  Wks.  1851  IV.  229  As  there  is 
nothing  more  violent  and  boistrous  then  a  reverend  ignor 
ance  in  fear  to  be  convicted.  1742  (.title}  Ecclesiastical 
Transactions  ;  or  a  Collection  of  Reverend  Jokes.  1748 
SMOLLETT  Rod.  Rand.  Ixii,  This  was  a  man  in  years,  who 
wore  a  reverend  periwig.  1842  MRS.  BROWNING  Gk.  Chr. 
Poets  Poems  (1904)  603/1  So  that  reverend  brows  grew  dark 
to  hear  women  with  musical  voices  sing  them  softly. 

5.  =  REVERENT  a.  2.    Now  somewhat  rare.    (In 
common  use  c  1590-1660.) 

15..  in  Dun  bar's  Poems  (1893)  328  Inclyne  befoir  the 
Cristin  Conquerour, .  .With  reverend  feirdoun  on  gour  facis 
ly-  1555  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  65  The  reveiende  and 
thanckefull  antiquite  was  accustomed  to  esteme  those  men 
as  goddes.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Egisi.  116  There  is  in  him 
singular  honestie,.  .passing  liberalitie  towardes  straimgers, 
and  plentie  of  reuerend  behauiour.  1615  W.  HULL  Mirr. 
Maiestie  33  The  minde  beholdeth  God  with,  .ioy  of  heart, 
and  reuerend  admiration.  1686  PARR  Life  lfssfier%$  From 
whence  you  may  observe  the  reverend  esteem  he  had  for 
our  Liturgy.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)111.364X0 


SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xxxii,  'Ay,  ay,  we'se  ha'  reverend  care  on 
thee  ..',  answered  the  man  of  constituted  authority.  1855 
FROUDE  in  Oxford  Ess.  54  When  nature  shall  be  studied  in 
a  more  reverend  spirit.  1874  PUSF.Y  Lenten  Sernt.  90  That 
reverend  awe,  amid  which  by  God's  grace  we  are.  .to  work 
out  our  own  salvation. 

Hence  Re'verendize  v.  (iionce-w<f.) 

1841  EMERSON  in  Corr.  Carlyle  fy  Emerson,  I.  Ivi.  320  You 
see  the  bookseller  reverendizes  me  notwithstanding  your 
laudable  perseverance  to  adorn  me  with  profane  titles. 

Reverendly(re-verendli),rtt/z>.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY2.] 

1  1.   —  REVERENTLY  adv.  Obs. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  ii.  (Paul)  396  Sone  with  worschipe 
\>e  body  bai  enclusit  full  reuerendly.  c  1470  Got.  fy  Caw. 
331  Ressaue  him  reuerendly,  as  resoun  in  lyis.  1553  EDEN 
Decades  (Arb.)  215  Men  whom  they  reuerendely  esteme. 
1635  HEYLIN  Sabbath  (1636)  n.  go  Reverendly  kneeling  on 
their  knees,  when  they  received  the  Sacrament  of  the 
Lords  Supper.  1689  HICKERINGILL  Ceremony-Monger  i, 
My  crafty  Ceremony-Monger..  passes  most  religiously  for 
one  of  the  Order,  and  Reverendly  with  a  Mask  does  his 
Business.  1731  AMHERST  Terrse  Fit.  No.  47  (1726)  252 
Every  undergraduate  is  bound  to  pay  all  becoming  defer 
ence  to  a  bachelor  of  arts.  .by.  .salutinghim  very  reverendly. 

2.  In  a  way,  to  a  degree,  that  inspires  reverence. 

a  1640  MASSINGER,  etc.  Old  Law  iv.  ii,  Thou'rt  a  man  of 
sorrow,  But  reverendly  becom'st  it.  1699  GARTH  Dispen 
sary  n.  19  Here,  Mummies  lay  most  reverendly  stale. 

Re'verendiiess.  rare—1,  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.] 
=  REVERENTNESS  b. 

1639  F,  ROBARTS  God's  House  #  Service  ix.  65  By  the 
reverendnesse  of  his  behaviour  in  the  worship  of  God. 

Re'Verendship.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -SHIP.]  Re 
verend  or  clerical  character  or  standing.  In  early 
use  wHhtfttr,  as  a  form  of  address. 


1609  [Bp.  W.  BARLOW]  Ansiu.  Nameless  Cath.  203  Either 
your  Reuerendships  brother,  or  your  Reuerend  Brother. 
1653  CHISENHALE  Calk.  Hist,  Ep.  Ded.,  And  withal,  give 
your  Reverendships  a  view  of  the  wilde  Thistles  that  bear 
no  Figgs.  1739  Let.  in  Whitefield  Life  $  Jrnls.  (1756)  222, 
I  discouraged  it  before  your  Reverendship  came  to  this  town. 

1870  Pall  Malt  G.  19  Aug.  5  A  clergyman  writing  to  a 
stranger  should  notify  his  reverendship  in  some  manner,  but 
how  to  do  it  is  not  clear. 

Reverent  (re-verent),  a.  [In  sense  i  ,  a.  OF, 
reverent  for  reverend,  or  after  med.  L.  reverends- 
SIMMS  =  reverendissimus.  In  sense  2  ,  ad.  L.  reverent- 
em,  pres.  pple.  of  revererl  to  REVERE  :  cf.  Sp.  and 
Pg.  reverente^  It.  re-,  riverente.] 

1.  =  REVEREND  a.,  in  various  uses.     Now  rare. 
(Very  common  in  i6-i7th  cent.) 

4:1380  WYCLIP  Sel.  Wks.  II.  229  pat  J>e  pope  wole  be 
clepid  '  nioost  hooly  fadtr  '  here,  and  bishop  '  moost  rever 
ent  '  man  !  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  Trav.  (1839)  X3£i-  23°  ^n  alle 
the  remenant  of  the  World,  ne  myghte  a  man  fynde  a  more 
reverent  man,  ne  highere  in  worschipe.  01447  Shilling'- 
jTortfs  Lett.  (Camden)  133  The  suyt  of  the  reverent  fader 
in  God  Edmond  Bysshop  of  Excestre.  1533  MORE  Apol. 
8  1  b,  The  sacred  prynces  and  prestes.  Agaynste  any  of 
whyche  two  reuerent  orders  [etc.].  1584  Mirr.  Mag.  36 
Reuerent  personages  were  in  danger  of  dishonour,  and 
innpcentes  in  hazarde  of  death.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  216 
This  once  famous  Tyrus  is  now  no  other  then  an  heape  of 
ruines,  yet  haue  they  a  reuerent  respect.  i66a  COKAINE 
Ovid  in.  ii,  The  more  the  merrier,  my  reverent  Mo[ther]. 
1796  MOSER  Hermit  of  Caucasus  I.  98  No  harm  is  intended 
to  the  reverent  sage  of  the  mountain.  1860  WARTER  Sea 
board  II.  443  Preach  as  did  John  Wesley  at  Wmchelsea 
beneath  some  reverent  tree. 

2.  Characterized  by,   exhibiting   or  feeling,   re 
verence;  deeply  respectful. 

1486  Bk.  St.  A  tbanst  Her.  a  iv  b,  To  be  gracious  to  his  pre- 
soner,  to  be  reuerent  and  faythfull  to  his  god.  1509  FISHER 
Funeral  Serm.  Ctess  Richmond  Wks.  (1876)  302  He  was 
herde  of  almyghtye  god  in  his  prayer  and  askynge  .  .  ,  for  his 
reuerente  behauoure.  1549  UD  ALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  Sob,  Dio 
genes  had  muche  reuerente  attendaunce  dooen  to  hym  by 
the  saied  children.  1633  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  Biondfs  Eromena 

VOL.  VIII. 


601 

i.  38  Putting  then  his  hat  off  in  a  reverent  manner,  he 
proceeded.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  in.  349  Lowly  reverent 
Towards  either  Throne  they  bo\v.  1692  E.  WALKER  tr. 
Epictettts  Mor.  xxxvii,  'Tis  not  likely  you  should  have  this 
Sense,  These  reverent  Notions  of  their  Providence.  1820 
SHELLEY  Hymn  Merc.  Iv,  Hermes  and  Apollo  reverent 
stood  Before  Jove's  throne.  1869  M°LAREN  Serin.  Ser.  n. 
,  x.  189  We  shall  exclaim  with,  .more  reverent  wonder, 'What 
is  man . .  that  Thou  visitest  him  ? ' 

b.  Const,  0/"(the  object  revered). 

1858  HAWTHORNS  Fr.fylt.  Note-bks.  II.  4  Reverent  of  the 
•     human  soul.    1869  LOWELL  Cathedr.  326, 1  entered,  reverent 
i    of  whatever  shrine  Guards  piety  and  solace  for  my  kind. 
i     1890  HALL  CAINE  Bondman  it.  .\iu,  This  rude  chamber  so 
'    reverent  of  law. 

c.  U.  S.  (See  quot.) 

1859  BARTLETT  J7«tf.  Amer.  (ed.  2)  364  Reverent,  strong  ; 
as,  '  reverent  whiskey  ',  i.  e.  not  diluted. 

t  Re'Verent,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  prec.,  or  by 
misreading  of  -ence  as  -ente.~\  trans.  To  reverence. 
1565  King  Daryus  (Brandl)  698  We  reuerent  thee  with 
fauour  great  For  this  thy  foode  and  precyous  meat.  1567 
Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  543  That  thai,  .obey,  serve,  and 
reverent  his  Hienes. 

Reverential  (revure-nfal),  a.  (and  j/;.).     [ad. 
med.L.  *reverentikl-is9  f.  L.  reverentia  reverence  : 
see  -AL.     So  F.  r&Jrencielt  f  reverential,  Sp.  and 
j    Pg.  reverential^  It.  re~t  riverenziale  J\ 

1.  Of  the  nature  of,  inspired  or  characterized  by, 
reverence ;  reverent. 

fi555  HARPSFIELD  Z?/zww  7/fW.  VIII  (Camden)  148  He 
did  it  for  a  reverential  fear  he  had  of  his  father,    a  1631 
DONNE  Poems  (1650)  4  Wilt  thou  say.. that  oaths  made  in 
|     reverentiall  feare  of  love . .  any  may  forsweare  ?     1676  GLAN- 
]    VILL  Ess.  Philos.  fy  Relig.  \.  26  Their  Progress  hath  not  been 
!    retarded  by  this  reverential  awe  of  former  Discoveries. 
1714  R.  FIDDES  Pract.  Disc.  n.  150  A  filial  and  reverential 
!    fear  of  God  is  necessary.     1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Italian  xx, 
He  was  rather  to  be  looked  up  to  with  reverential  admira 
tion.     1826  SCOTT  Woodst.  i,  Their  behaviour  in  the  church 
was  any  thing  but  reverential  or  edifying.     1855  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  xix.  IV.  37^7 The  members,  .returned an  answer  in 
reverential  and  affectionate  language.   1876  FREEMAN  Norm. 
Cong.  V.  xxiv.   388  To  change  this  reverential  preference 
for  the  kingly  stock  into  a  definite  rule  of  hereditary  descent. 

f  2.   =DIMISSORY  a.  2.     Obs.  rare—1. 

1570  FOXE  A.  <$•  M.  (ed.  2)  1518/2  Desiring  instantly.., 
accordyng  to  the  lawes,  letters  reuerenciall  or  demissories, 
to  bee  geuen  and  deliuered  vnto  me  in  this  behalfe. 

3.  Inspiring  reverence  ;  venerable,  reverend,  rare. 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  in.  vi.  106  The  Reverentiall 
Lady  Meredina,  and  many  more  of  her  traine.  1656  Art  if. 
Handsaw.  187  Of  which  [a]  fatherly,  prolixe  and  reveren 
tiall  beard  is  a  solemne  sign  and  majestick  Embleme.  1790 
UMFREVILLE  Hudson's  Bay  24  Innumerable  stars.,,  added 
to  the  beautiful  appearance  of  the  moon,  make  a  most  rever 
ential  and  splendid  appearance.  1804  EUGENIA  DE  ACTON 
Tale  without  Title  II.  133  The  office  of  a  spiritual  instruc 
tor,  .being  so  endearing  as  well  as  reverential. 

b.  sb.  pi.  Those  attributes  or  qualities  which 
command  respect,  nonce-use* 

1740-1  RICHARDSON  Pamela  IV.  301  If  she  would  lay 
Claim  to  her  Reverentials,  as  I  may  say,  and  not  endeavour 
to  conceal  her  Age. 

Hence  Reverentiality. 

1835  SIR  H.  TAYLOR  in  Corr.  (1888)68, 1  laughed  inwardly 
at  the  reverentiality  of  the  Editor  of  Blackwood  '. 

Reverentially  (revere-njali),  adv.  [f.  prec. 
+  -LY  2.]  In  a  reverential  manner  ;  reverently. 

1657  THORNLEY  tr.  Lougus*  Dafknis  $  Chloe  50  They 
would  sit  down  by  them  reverentially  in  the  Cave.  1664 
H.  MORE  Myst.  Iniq,  viii.  24  Thus  royally  adorning  and 
reverentially  courting  his  Ape.  #1751  BOLINGBROKE  £ss.t 
Hum.  Knowledge  Wks.  1754  III.  459  He  [Plato]  made  the 
system,  .as  absurdly  as  many  others,  but  more  reverentially 
toward  the  supreme  Being.  1834  L.  RITCHIE  Wand,  by 
Seine  no  If  the  traveller  is  a  Protestant,  let  him  bend  his 
head  reverentially.  1881  Macm.  Mag.  XLV.  114/1  Not  a 
voice  but  spoke  lovingly  and  reverentially  of  him. 

Revere-ntialness.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.] 
The  quality  of  being  reverential. 

1854  Taifs  Mag,  XXI.  520  Those  essays,  .will  be  admired 
for  the  ..  reverential  ness  and  sanctity  of  the  spirit  that 
breathes  through  them.  1890  Spectator^  5  Apr.,  It  suggests 
a  total  absence,  not  of  reverentialness  in  the  writer,  but  of 
the  very  capacity  for  being  reverential. 

Reverently  (re-verentli),  adv.  [f.  REVERENT 
a.  +  -LY  2.]  In  a  reverent  manner ;  with  reverence 
or  profound  respect. 

1382  WYCLIF  Eccl.  viii.  12, 1  kne?  that  ther  was  good  to 
men  dredende  God,  that  reuerentli  dreden  the  face  of  hym. 
1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  ix.  44  In  heuene  . .  He  worth  ra^er 
receyued  and  reuerentloker  sette.  c  1400  LOVE  Bonavcnt. 
Mirr.  (1008)  24  Gabriel .. vppon  his  knees  knelynge  and,, 
reuerentfy  bowynge.  c  1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Aymon 
xvii.  397  They  saluted  hym  reverently.  1538  STARKEY 
England  \.  ii.  55  Gyuyng  also  reuerently  to  theyr  pryncys 
and  lordys  al  humbul  seruyce.  1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stujffe 
Wks.  (Grosart)  V.  228  Not  any  where  is  the  word  seuerer 
practised,  the  preacher  reuerentlierobserued  and  honoured. 
1635  A.  STAFFORD  Fern.  Glory  143  Reverently  and  inten- 
tively  look  on  him  who  descended  from  Heaven  to  Earth. 
1688  PRIOR  Ode  Exodits  iii,  95  Low,  reverently  low,  Make 
thy  stubborn  Knowledge  bow.  1792  BURKE  Let.  to  Sir  H. 
Langrishe  Wks.  I.  557  If  the  subject  think  so  highly  and 
reverently  of  the  sovereign  authority,  as  not  to  claim  any 
thing  of  right.  1842  MIALL  in  Nonconf.  II.  2  An  authority 
to  which  sceptres  must  reverently  bow.  1871  TYNDALL 
Fragttt.  Set.  (1879)  II.  vii.  94  It  is  the  inner  works  of  the 
universe  which  science  reverently  uncovers. 

Re'verentness.  rare.  [f.  REVERENT  a.  i.] 
t  a.  Reverend  personality  or  character.  Obs.  b. 
The  quality  of  being  reverent. 


KEVERIE. 

!  1566  STAI-LKTON  Ret.  Untr.  Jewel  iv.  36  Bicause  your 
Reuerentnes  shall  ea^ely  see  that  this  is  not  defined.  1584 
Alirr.  Mag.  25  b,  Places,  of  much  Honour,  ..at,  well,  in 

\  respect  of  the  Reuerentnesse  of  the  Personages,  which 
gouerne  them,  as  (also)  for  the  exercise  of  the  Lawes. 

Reverer  (r/VioTai).     [f.  REVERE  ZI. 
!   One  who  reveres ;  a  reverent  admirer. 

1674  Govt.  Tongue  iii.  30  The  Jews  were  such  scrupulous 
reverers  of  it.  1825  COLKRIDGE  Aids  Refl.  (1848)  I.  166  As 
often  os  I  read  what  every  reverer  of  Holy  Writ  ..ought  to 
read,  his  admirable  Vindidds  Hcbraicx.  1859  MEREDITH 
R.  Feverel  x\x.\\\\,  The  reverer  of  the  Royal  Martyr.  1884 
Manch.  Exam.  27  Dec.  6/1  Upon  which . .  the  reverer  of  the 
poetic  past  might  hang  a  serious  homily. 

Reverie  (re'vcri,  re-vcr/),  sb.  Forms  :  4-5  re- 
uerye,  5  -errye,  -eri,  6  -ery;  5-6  reu-,  reveray ; 
7-  reverie,  8  reVerie,  reverie,  8-9  revery ; 
also  7-8  resuerie  (8  resuery),  resverie,  -very 
(7  -fery).  [In  early  use  a.  OF.  reverie  rejoicing, 
revelry,  wantonness,  wildness,  rage,  f.  revcr  to  re 
vel,  act  or  speak  wildly:  cf.  RAVE  z/.l  In  ifth  c. 
readopted  from  the  later  F.  forms  resverie ^  reverie. 

The  fully  Anglicized  form  revery  is  comparatively  rare.] 

1 1.  a.  A  state  of  joy  or  delight.  Obs.  rare~^. 

The  French  text  in  Mcon's  ed.  has  reverdit',  employed  in 
an  unusual  sense,  for  which  Chaucer  may  have  read  or  sub 
stituted  the  more  usual  reverie. 

a  1366   CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  720  The  swetnesse  of  her 
melodye  Made  al  myne  herte  in  reuerye  \Thynne  reuelryej. 
t  b.  \Vantonness ;  wildness.   Obs.  rare. 

4:1386  CHAUCER  Reeve's  T.  85  And  oonly  for  hire  myrthe 

and   reuerye  Vp  on   the  wardeyn  bisily  they  crye.     1535 

STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  370  Into  Scotland  thair  wes  richt 

mony  lordis,  5°ung  and  wantoun,  and  full  of  reuery. 

t  c.  A  state  of  anger  or  irritation.   Obs.  rare. 

1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  xxiv.  57  They  had  a  Capytayne. . 
whiche  brought  them  in  suche  reuerye  [F.  €nreaerie\  and 
murmur  that  they  spake  largely  and  rudely  ayenst  the 
knyghtes.  Ibid.  cxvi.  174  Therle  of  tholouse,  whiche,  in  a 
reuerrye  wheryn  he  was,  sayde  that  he  wold  not  acquyte 
hU  part,  ne  gyue  it  ouer  to  noman  lyuyng. 

j2.  a.  Violent  or  rude  language.   Obs.  rare. 

CI40O  Destr.  Troy  7651  Ephistafus  hym  presit  with  his 
proude  wordes,  As  a  ribold  with  reueray,  in  his  Roide 
speche.  c  1400  Land  Troy  Bk.  14255  He  at  him  hadde 
gret  dispit  For  his  wordes  £  his  reueri  Bothe  of  falsnes  & 
losengeri  That  he  on  him  bare. 

f  b.  Sf.  Noise,  din.  Obs.  rare. 

1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  x.vii.  117  Than  he.  .Behaldis  quhou 
that  the  low  dois  mak  deray,  Blesand  and  crakand  with  a 
nice  reuery.     Ibid.  xi.  xiii.  32  The  wemen  rowtis  baldly  to 
the  assay,  With  felloun  bruyt,  gret  reveray,  and  deray, 
c.  Sc.  A  report  or  rumour,  rare. 

1787  W.  TAYLOR  Sc.  Poems  59  This  rev'rie  spread  about 
the  Cummer.  1867  W.  GRFGOR  Banffsh,  Gloss,  143. 

3.  A  fantastic,   fanciful,  unpractical,  or  purely 
theoretical  idea  or  notion. 

«.  1653  DOROTHY  OSBORNE/.I//.  xxiii  [xxvi].  It  may  bee  I 
(1  ream  pi  it. .,  or  Klse  it  was  one  of  the  Resuery 's  of  my  Ague. 
a  1687  PETTY  Pol.  Arith.  (1690)  65,  I  indeed  desire  Men  to 
look  upon  [this]  rather  as  a  Dream  or  Resvery  than  a  rational 
Proposition.  1710  PALMER  Proverbs  325  The  most  Ridicu 
lous  Bigot  thinks  himself  in  the  Right,  and.  .Believes  his 
Resveries  acceptable  to  God.  1759  SARAH  FIELDING  Ctess 
of  Dellivyn  II.  29  The  Moral  of  the  Play  seems  to  be., 
that  the  most  frantic  Resverie  is  the  highest  Virtue. 

/3.  1758  CHESTERF.  Lett,  cccxlviii.  (1792)  IV.  156  This 
reverie  of  mine,  I  hope,  will  be  tried,  and  I  wish  it  may 
succeed.  1774  J.  BRYANT  Mytkol.  I.  453  Some  of  them., 
have  rendered  their  works,  .little  better  than  the  reveries  of 
Monsr.  Voltaire.  1802  PLAYFAIR  Huttonian  The.  480  The 
author  of  this  strange  and  inconsistent  reverie  is,  neverthe 
less,  an  excellent  observer.  1841  BREWSTER  Mart.  Set,  143 
Tycho  delivered  a  course  of  lectures,  in  which  he . .  defended 
and  explained  all  the  reveries  of  astrology. 

4.  A  fit  of  abstracted  musing ;  a  '  brown  study  * 
or  day-dream. 

a.  1657  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Voiture's  Lett.  I.  3,  I  am  to  learn 
whether  the  resueries  of  a  soul  so  Elevated  as  yours  is,  are 
not  too  serious.. to  descend  to  any  reflection  on  me.    1668 
H.  MORE  Div.  Dial.  I.  Publ.  to  Rdr.,  Men.. obnoxious  to 
Raptures  and  exalted  Resveries.   1709  MRS.  MAULEY  Secret 
Mem.  121  Seeing  her  Cousin  had  left  crying,  and  was  fall'n 
into  a  profound  Resuery.    1759  SARAH  FIELDING  C'tess  of 
Delhvyn  I.  268  At  last  a  Petit-maitre,  after  having  been  in 
a  long  Resverie,  crosses  the  Circle,  and  throws  all  into  Con- 
fusion. 

ft.  1731  MEDLEY  Kolbetfs  Cape  G.  Hope  (1738)  I.  165 
Their  Drone  of  a  Father,  who  lies  stretch'd  at  his  Ease  in  a 
profound  Reverie.  1753-4  RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1781) 
VI.  28,  I  was  sometimes  ready  to  doubt  whether  I  were  not 
in  a  reverie.  1781  COWPER  Retirem.  637  But  reveries.. 
Attain  not  to  the  dignity  of  thought.  1820  IRVING  Sketch 
Bk,  I.  145  Walking  about  in  a  sad  reverie,.. unconscious 
of  the  world  around  her.  1871  BLACKIE  Phases  Mor.  L  14 
Whether  he  would  remain  all  night  standing  in  that  reverie. 

b.  With  possessive  pron. 

a..  17H  SHAFTESBURY  Ckaract.  I.  162  If  their  Meditation 
and  Resvery  be  obstructed  by  the  fear  of  a  nonconforming 
meen  in  Conversation.  175374  RICHARDSON  Grandison  V. 
174  She  never  hinted  at  marriage  in  her  resveries. 

p.  1714  POPE  Lett.  (1735)  I.  *22i  My  Reverie  has  been  so 
deep,  that  I  have  scarce  had  an  Interval  to  think  myself 
uneasy.  1778  Miss  BURNEY  Evelina  Ix,  I  started  from 
my  reverie.  1810  H.  MATTHEWS  Diary  Invalid  235,  I  en 
deavoured  in  vain  to  rouse  him  from  his  revery.  1853  C. 
BRONTE  Gillette  vi,  In  my  reverie,  methought  I  saw  the 
continent  of  Europe,  .far  away. 

c.  Mus.  An  instrumental  composition  sugges 
tive  of  a  dreamy  or  musing  state. 

1880  Miss  RITTER  tr.  Schumann's  Music  fy  M.  527  There 
is  only  one  number  among  the  reveries  in  which  the  com 
poser  has  nearly  refrained  altogether  from  any  mixture  of 
virtuoso  accessories. 

76 


BEVERIB. 

5    The  fact,  state,  or  condition  of  being  lost  in 
Also  persomf. 


Reverse  (r 


602 

is),  sb.  Also  4-6  reuers  (4  ry-), 
,  6  -sse) ;  4-5  revers.    [a.  OF. 


REVERSE. 

nav  make  a  stand  upon  the  reverse  when  it  happens  to  be 
ittacked  by  a  sortie  of  the  enemy. 

5.  The  butt-end  of  a  lance,  rare. 

whom  he  wished  to  oppose  himself. 

6.  fit  reverse:  fa-  Inverse.  Obs.  rare-' 


reverie  independent  of  the  will. 
Hence  Be  verie  v.,  to  indulge  m  reveries. 
1880  H  WERGAL  Mem.  vii.  98. 1  used  to  reverie  about  them. 

Reverifica-tion  (n-).  [RE-  5  »•]  The  action 
of  verifying  again. 


*GU    nlV    UlcEllHC    ucin,u-iiun.,-«,    •»"  _«          ,j- 

fel  Pall  Mall  ff.  23  Aug.  9  The  illegal. practice  of  locally 
.•everifying  county  standards.. after  official  verification. 

Revering  (rtVI-Tirj),  ///.  a.    [f.  REVERE  v.  + 
-ING  2.]     Reverent;  paying  reverence. 
1639  S.  Du  VERGED  tr.  Camus'  Admir.  Evenly 


patrarc,        ow    reau 

18  Dec.  7/7  The  dog  barks  from  sheer  sympathy  with  the 

delighted  revering  men  and  angels. 

Reverist  (re-varist).  rare.  [f.  REVEBIE  +  -IST.] 
One  who  indulges  in  reveries  ;  a  dreamer. 

i8«  Tail's  Mag.  XXII.  81  Retrospections  of  a  Reverist. 
1884  PF.ECHEK  in  Chr.  World  Pulpit  XXV.  212  They  were 
reverists,  idealists. 

I!  Revers  («vfr).  [F.  revers  REVERSE  st>.]  A 
part  of  a  coat,  vest,  bodice,  etc.,  of  which  the  edge 
is  turned  back  so  as  to  exhibit  the  under  surface ; 
the  material  covering  this  reversed  edge.  (Most 
commonly  used  as  a//.  Cf.  REVER.) 

1869  Latest  News  5  Sept.  7  Very  short  veste,  with  revers 
of  black  velvet.  1889  John.  Bulls  Mar.  150/2  The  bodice 
made  with  revers  of  white  velvet  brocade.  1853  1  he  Lady 
10  Aug.  146  The  Victorian  revers  are  also  partially  covered 
with  a  frill  of  lace. 

t  Reversable,  obs.  variant  of  REVERSIBLE  a. 

1581  Act  23  Eliz.c.  3  |  a  No  Fyne..shalbee  reversed  or 
reversable  by  any  writte  of  Errour,..for  false  or  incongrue 
Lattin,  rasure  [etc.]. 

Reversal  (r/vausal),**.  [f.  REVERSE  v.  +  -AL.] 
1.  Law.  The  act  of  reversing  or  annulling  a  de 
cree,  sentence,  punishment,  etc. ;  the  fact  of  being 
reversed  or  annulled. 

1488  Kails  of  Parlt.  VI.  413/1  The  Acte  of  Restitution  or 
Reversal!,  made  in  the  said  Parliament.  1503  Ibid.  526/2 
Rehersyng  the  said  Reversall,  Repelle,  Adnullacion  and 
Avoydaunce,  of  this  said  Acte.  1562  Act  5  Eliz.  c.  9  §  i 


fS  ICHOLSO.N  L'ytrllt.   J'icu'.w  ----  T 

..the  balance  is  in  favour  of  the  increased  lengths,  but  in 
the  vertical  castings,  it  is  the  reverse.  1882  MINCHIN  Umpl. 
Kinemat.  193  In  this  case  the  stream  function.. is  single- 
valued.  The  reverse  takes  place  in  the  case  of  a  squirt. 

b.  Card-flaying.  (See  quol.  1740.) 
1742  HOYLE  Whist  77  If  you  are  weak  in  Trumps,  you 
musi  play  the  Reverse.    1746  1M-  M.  6)  69  Playing  at  any 
time  the  Reverse,  means  only  the  playing  your  Hand  in  a 
different  manner. 

f  c.  On  the  reverse,  on  the  contrary.  Obs. 
1753  A.  MURPHY  Gray's  Inn  Jrnl.  No.  xxxvi,  Mr.  Such- 
a-one  is  a  Man  of  very  good  Sense  ;  or,  on  the  Rev"??!  •; 
he  has  not  common  Sense.     1763  W.  ROBERTS  Nat.  Hist. 


d  in  reverse,  a  pyramiu  upon  A  yuun. 

1880  Athenxum  25  Dec.   873/1  The  inedited  manuscript? 
by  Da  Vinci,  twelve  in  number,  written  in  reverse,  as  was 
customary  with  the  painter. 
d.  In  contrast  to  something,   rare. 
1860  F  W  NEWMAN  Misc.  163  The  Hungarians. .are  not 
onlytall  and  well  grown,  in  reverse  to  the  squat  Huns,  but 
are  politically  constitutional. 

II    +  7-  A  back-handed  stroke  or  cut.  Obs. 
Cf.  Egerton  Castle  Schools  S,  Masters  of  Fence  (1885)  72. 


377  Hu 

flewe  fro  the  body  a  great  waye  of.   1594  1 


2.  The  opposite  or  contrary  of  or  to  something 
specified.  Also  with  possessive  pron. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Nun's  Pr.  T.  4167  Men  may  in  olde  bookes 
rede  Of  many  a  man.. That  al  the  reuers  seyn  of  this  sen 
tence  c  1392  —  Compl.  Venus  32  Al  be  Reuers  of  any 


passages  - 

wit ;  the  reverse  in  face  or  wry-mouth. 

8.    An  adverse  change  of  fortune ;  a  disaster ; 
esp.  in  mod.  use,  a  defeat  in  battle. 

1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.  1509,  I  folowe  m  Wycy'^  W£'[J^' 


..had  his  will.  1640  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  (1692)  I.  in.  57 
An  Act  for  Reversal  of  a  Decree  made  in  Chancery.  1768 
BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  284  Which  reversal  may  be  had  by 
the  defendant's  appearing  personally  in  court.  1797  Month. 
Mag.  III.  552/2  The  effect  of  the  reversal  of  an  outlawry  in 
a  civil  action.. has  been  before  mentioned.  1818  CRUISE 
Digest  (ed.  2)  II.  328  It  seems  that  the  reversal  of  a  fine 
by  act  of  parliament  will  restore  a  contingent  remainder 
destroyed  by  that  fine.  1861  MAY  Const.  Hist.  (1863)  I. 
vii.  460  Believing  the  judgment  of  the  court  to  be  erroneous, 
they  might  have  sought  its  reversal  by  a  writ  of  error.  ^884 
Law  Rep.  12  Q.  B.  Div.  439  The  Queen's  Bench  Division 
reversed  his  decision,  and  the  present  case  is  an  appeal  from 
that  reversal. 

trans/.  1818  G.  S.  FABER  Horx  Mosaics!  I.  59  note,  He 
cannot  mean  a  reversal  of  any  imaginary  sentence  of 
annihilation.  1869  HUXLEY  in  Scientific  Opinion  21  Apr. 
464/1  Whether  they,  .appeal  for  a  reversal  of  the  sentence 
to  that  higher  court  of  educated  scientific  opinion  to  which 
we  are  all  amenable. 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  reversing,  in  various 
senses  of  the  verb  ;  an  instance  of  this. 

iSg&P/iil.  Trans.  XX.  416 Tornadoes.,  which  made  some 
small  Reversal,  though  it  was  but  for  Two  or  Three  Hours. 
1794  SULLIVAN  View  Nat.  II.  84  Doctor  Franklin  proved 
particularly . .  the  effects  of  the  reversal  of  the  poles  of 
magnets,  as  caused  by  lightning.  1814  GARY  Dante,  Par. 
XVH.  87  He  shall  cause  Reversal  of  their  lot  to  many  people. 
1833  HERSCHEL  Astron.  v.  197  The  reversal  of  the  seasons  in 
the  northern  and  southern  hemispheres.  1880  HAUGHTON 
Phys.  Geogr.  iv.  187  The  Monsoons  are.  .produced  by  a  re 
versal  of  the  north-east  trade  winds. 

attrit.  1698  Phil.  Trans.  XX.  415  Very  high  Lands,  that 
of  themselves  doth  most  commonly  give  Reversal  or  Westerly 
Winds  at  Night. 

3.  Reversion  to  some  practice,  etc.    rare.. 

1862  REICHEL  Cathedral  v)th  Cent.  21  What  I  propose.. 
is  no  reversal  to  antiquated  and  unsuitable  modes  and  forms 
of  thought  and  worship.  1893  lllustr.  Land.  Neius  i  Apr. 
398/2  They  had  Nonconformity  in  the  blood,.. with  occa 
sional  'throwings  back',  or  reversals,  to  Conformity. 

t  Reve'rsal,  a.  06s.  rare.  [a.  F.  reversal  or 
ad.  med.L.  rtversalis  (Du  Cange).]  Revocatory. 

1656  HF.YLIN  Sun.  France  77  Special!  letters  reversall. 
a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  (1766)  I.  439  After  his  death  there 
were  reveisal  letters  found  among  his  papers. 


The  application  which  Homo  makes  of  all  this,  is  the  very  re 
verse  to  what  his  mother  intended.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON 
Milit.  Diet.  335/1  The  front  of  the  army  forming  a  re-entering 
or  enclosing  angle,  and  the  reverse  of  the  salient  formation. 
b.  Used  with  general  terms  or  with  adjectives 
to  express  more  than  a  mere  negation.  (Common 
in  recent  use.) 

1783  BURKE  Rep.  Aff.  India  Wks.  II.  3  Against  this  evil 
large  pecuniary  interests  were  rather  the  reverse  of  a  remedy. 
1860  C.  A.  COLLINS  Eyewitness  vi.  81  [He]  will.. come  in 
for  certain  remarks  which  are  the  reverse  of  complimentary. 
1865  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xvitl.  xi.  (1872)  VIII.  15  A  cuncta- 
tory  haggling  mortal,  the  reverse  of  a  General.  1875  JOWETT 
Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  33  Their  tales  are  untrue,  and  the  reverse 
of  inspiring  to  heroes. 

3.  That  side  of  a  coin,  medal,  or  seal  which  does 
not  bear  the  main  device  or  inscription ;  the  back. 
(Opposed  to  OBVERSE  sb.  i.) 

a  1625  in  Gutch  Coll.  Cur.  I.  210  Upon  the  reverse  King 
Solomon  in  a  throne,  visited  by  the  Queen  of  Saba.  1658 
SIR  T.  BROWNE  Hydriot.  (1736)  n  Silver  Pieces.. with  a 
rude  Head  on  the  Obverse,  and  an  ill  formed  Horse  on  the 
Reverse.  1711  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  59  F  4  He  placed  the 
Figure  of  an  Elephant  upon  the  Reverse  of  the  Publick 
Mony.  1788  PRIESTLEY  Led.  Hist.  IV.  xxv.  193  To  celebrate 
their  exploits  on  the  reverses  of  their  coins.  1845  FORD 
Handbk.  Spain  i.  47  Every  coin.. has  its  reverse  and  every 
rose  its  thorn.  1853  HUMPHREY  Coin-coll.  Man.  v.  39  The 
punch  mark  of  the  reverse  assumed  a  somewhat  regular  form. 

attrib.  1887  Proclam.  in  Standard  18  May  3/2  Every  Six 
pence  should  have  the  same  obverse  and  reverse  impression. 

fig.  1868G.  ~Dvff  Pol.Siirv.  195  Then  for  the  reverse  of  the 
medal  you  have  Mr.  Christie's  Notes  on  Brazilian  Questions. 

b.  The  design,  etc.,  on  the  reverse  side. 

1623  CAMIJKN  Rent.  170  As  for  the  Romans, as  they  did  set 
downe  the  Image  and  inscription  of  the  Consul. .,  afterward 
of  the  Emperour  on  the  one  side,  so  they  changed  the  re 
uerse  alwayes  vpon  new  euents.  1646  J.  GREGORY  Notes  fy 
Obs.  (1650)  27  The  Reverse  a  crocodile  enchained  to  Palme- 
tree.  1702  ADDISON  Dial.  Medals  ii.  77  Our  next  reverse  is 
an  Oaken  Garland.  1739  Learned  Wks.  I.  87  As  appears  by 
the  Reverses  of  two  curious  Medals,  struck  by  the  Samians. 
1817  in  Archaeol.  XVIII.  457  Three  ancient  seals,  with 
their  reverses.  1841  ELPHINSTONE  Hist.  Ind.  I.  471  The 
inscriptions,  the  figures,  the  reverses,  and  the  workmanship 
are  pure  Greek. 

c.  The  back  or  verso  of  a  leaf  (in  a  book). 

1824  J.  JOHNSON  Typogr.  I.  228  On  the  recto  of  the  first 
leaf  is  a  wood-cut  of  the  Virgin  and  Child,  and  on  the  re 
verse  a  Crucifixion.  1885^  ntiquary  Sept.  89/1  On  the  reverse 
of  the  same  folio,  Meres  goes  on,  '  So  in  England  we  have 
also  these '. 

d.  In  general  use,  as  the  correlative  of  obverse. 
1831-47  (see  OBVERSE  sb.  z\    1874  [see  FACE  sb.  13  a], 
4.  The  back  of  a  mountain,  mound,  etc. 

1777  DONKIN  Milit.  Coll.  51  All  military  persons  ought 
to  know,  that  there  are  few  mountains  (be  they  ever  so 
horrible)  which  have  not  reverses  where  men  may  pass. 
1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.  Revers,  One  or  two  banquettes 
are  generally  thrown  up.. in  order  that  the  trench  guard 


sharp  reverse. 

b.  Const,  of  fortune,  etc. 

1735  J.  HUGHES  tr.  Fontenelle's  Dial.  I.  vii.  (ed.  3)  =7 
A  terrible  Reverse  of  Fortune  !  And  pray  who  perform  d 
this  noble  Exploit  1  1773  J.  ALLEN  Serin.  S.  Mary  s,  OxJ. 
25  Let  this  reverse  of  things  teach  us  not  to  be  highminded. 
1826  Miss  MITFORD  in  L'Estrange  Life  (1870)  II.  226  But 
what  is  his  reverse  of  fortune  compared  with  Napoleon  s ! 

9.  =  REVERSAL  sb.    Now  rare  or  Ohs. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xxiii.  (Arb.)  282  This 
pleasant  and  speedy  reuers  of  the  former  wordes  holpe  a 
the  matter  againe.     1602  MARSTON  Antomos^  Rev.  nt.  in. 
Sir 


op"posite,"that"the"reverse  was"  so  vigorous,  they  would 
founder,  .a  ship.  1698  Phil.  Trans.  XX.  414  1  he  Reverse 
or  Rebounding  back  of  the  Wind,  which  is  occasioned  by 
the  calming  of  the  Trade-Wind. 

b.  A  complete  change  or  alteration.    ?  Obs. 


a  reverse  of  conduct. 

C.  Mus.  An  inverted  phrase  or  passage,  rare     . 

1752  AVISON  Mus.  Express.  66  Such  as  admit  of  a  Variety 
of  Subjects,.. and  which,  with  their  Imitations,  Reverses, 
and  other  relative  Passages,  are  conducted  throughout  tn 
whole,  in  Subordination  to  their  Principal. 
d.   =  REVERS.  rare—1. 

1839  THACKERAY  Virgin.  Ixv,  And  what,  pray,  are  lapels 
but  reverses? 

10.  t  a-  =  REVEHSI  i .   Obs. 

1798  Sporting  Mag.  XI.  318  The  game  of  reverse ..  is 
called,  because  he  that  makes  the  least  tricks  wins  the  cards, 
which  is  the  reverse  of  most  other  games. 

b.  */.  =  REVERSI  2. 

1886  Sat.  Rev.  LXII.  254/2  Reverses... It  gets  its  n: 
as  we  suppose,  from  the  continual  turning  over  or  revel  s, 
of  the  counters  (or  men)  used  in  playing  it 

11.  The  act  of  reversing  in  dancing. 


Reverse  (r/vaus),  a.  and  adv.  Also  4  reuers, 
4  (6)  revers.  [a.  OF.  revers,  or  ad.  L.  revers-us, 
pa.  pple.  of  revertfre  to  REVERT  :  cf.  next.] 

1.  Opposite  or  contrary  (to  something  else,  or  to 
each  other)  in  character,  order,  succession,  etc. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Hand!.  Synne   11,112  pese  are  PO  yche 
twey  verse,  pat  to  holynes  are  reuers.     1387-8  1 .  L  SK 
Love  III.  iv.  84  Wbych  things  ben  more  revers  than  ci 
men  and  gone?    1390  GOWER  Con/.  I.  230  To  feigne  ana 
schewe  thing  withoute  Which  is  revers  to  that  withinne. 

1762  J.  WOOLMAN    Wks.  (1840)   225  Others   choose  tl 
which.. proves  utterly  reverse  to  true  happiness.     ITS* 
BURKE  Corr.  (1844)  IV.  37, 1  hear  that  the  Bellmgham  sto 
is  the  contrary  to  truth,  and  happened  in  the  very  rev 
i    manner.    1826  London's  Card.  Mag.  (1828)  I.  274  Obse 


REVERSE. 


603 


REVERSE. 


tions  on  Reverse  Grafting.  1836-41  BRANDK  Client,  (ed.  5) 
321  Decomposition  of  the  iodide  at  x  occurred,  but  in  a 
reverse  order.  1884  tr.  Lotze"s  Logic  103  The  mind  . . 
employs  them  to  form  an  inference  which  is  just  like  the 
one  described  above,  only  in  the  reverse  direction. 
f  b.  Of  winds  :  Contrary,  adverse.  06s  ~l 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  49  Fro  Troie  as  he  gpth  horn  ayein     ' 
.  .he  fond  the  See  divers,  With  many  a  wyndi  storm  revers. 
o.  Lying  behind  or  to  the  back. 

1851  MOGIORD  Preserv.  Pict.  (ed.  3)  n.  47  What  would 
become  of  a  fine  Rembrandt.,  if  subjected  to  violent  blows 
on  the  reverse  side  from  a  weighty  mass  of  iron  ? 

t2.  Of  blows,  etc. :  Back-handed.  Ohs. 

1591  FLOKJO  -2nd  Fruites  119  Hee  will  hit  any  man.. with  j 
a  right  or  reverse  blowe,..even  as  liketh  him.  1599  K. 
JONSON  Cynthias  Rev.  v.  ii.  Stooping  over  his  shoulder, 
your  hand  on  his  breast,.  .You  give  him  the  reverse  stroke. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  326  With  swift  wheele  reverse,  [the 
sword]  deep  entring  shar'd  All  his  right  side. 

3.  a.  Arith.   =  INVERSE  a.  30.  ?  Obs. 

1594  ULUNDEVIL  Exerc.  I.  xix.  (1636)  43  Proportion  Re 
verse  differeth  not  from  the  Rule  of  Three,  called  Regula 
rez>ersa.    1766  Complete  Farmer  s.v.  Surveying  7  G  1/2  In    , 
the  same  manner  you  may,  by  the  rule  of  three  reverse,    ] 
obtain  your  desire. 
b.  Arch.  Inverted.     (See  note  to  CYMA  i.) 

1730  A.  GORDON  Maffeis  Amphith.  230  The  Architrave  is 
next  divided  into  four  Parts,  two  Stories,  a  Reverse  Gula, 
and  a  List.  /bid.  234  Nor  does  it  cause  the  reverse  Gulee 
to  appear  exceedingly  narrow. 

0.  Ent,   (See  quot.) 

1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  IV.  209  Reverse^  when  an 
object  is  viewed  with  its  anus  towards  you. 

4.  Mil.    a.    Connected  with,   commanding,    or 
facing  towards,  the  rear. 

1702-11  Milit.  <y  Sea  Diet.  s.v.  Commanding-Ground, 
A  Reverse  Commanding-Ground,  an  Eminence  which  plays 
upon  the  back  of  a  Post.  Ibid.  s.  v.  Reverse,  So  we  say, 
a  Reverse  View,  a  reverse  Commanding  Ground,  a  Reverse 
Battery.  1802  JAMKS  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.  Battery,  Reverse 
Batteries  are  those  which  play  on  the  rear  of  the  troops 
appointed  to  defend  the  place.  1879  Encycl.  Brit.  IX.  449/1 
The  ravelin  has,.  8  casemated  guns  in  its  reverse  battery  of 
the  salient.  1879  Cos-self  s  Tec/in.  Ednc.  II.  130/1  Reverse 
or  counterscarp  galleries,  .are  placed  under  the  glacis,  their 
front  wall  being  the  counterscarp)  of  the  ditch. 

b.  Reverse  flank :  (see  quots.). 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet,  s.v.,  The  reverse  or  outward 
wheeling  flank  ;  which  is  opposite  to  the  one  wheeled  to  or 
upon.  1803  British  Soldier's  Guide  40  The  proper  pivot 
flank  is  that  which,  .forms  the  line  in  its  proper  order  ;  the 
other  is  called  the  Reverse  Flank.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's 
Word-bk.  571  The  flank  at  the  other  extremity  from  the 
pivot  of  a  division  is  termed  the  reverse  flank. 

c.  Reverse  fire  \  (see  quots.). 

(a)  1828  J.   M.  SI-EARMAN  Brit.  Gunner  (ed.  2)  209  The 
lunettes  before  the  bastions  should.. be  as  little  advanced 
as  possible,. . that  they  may.. be   themselves  subject  to  a 
reverse  fire   from  the  flanks  of  those  works.     1853  STOC- 
QUELER  Mil.  Encycl.  s.v.,  The  Reverse  fire  is  the  fire  on  the 
enemy's  rear,  whilst  he  is  engaging  your  army  in  front. 
1879  Cassell's  Techn.  Educ.  I.  223/1  Reverse  fire  is  that 
which  is  brought  to  bear  on  the  interior  of  a  work  by  guns 
firing  into  it  from  the  rear. 

(b)  1834-47  J-  S.  MACAULAY  Field  Fortif.  (1851)  43  Reverse 
fire  [is]  when  the   shot   strikes  the  interior   slope   of  the 
parapet  at  an  angle  greater  than  30°.    Ibid.  303  Two  faces 
will  be  seen  by  slant  and  two  by  reverse  fire. 

5.  Acting  in  a  way  contrary  or  opposite  to  that 
which  is  usual  or  customary. 

a  1860  ALB.  SMITH  Med.  Student  (1861)  117  Having  been 
squirted  at  through  the  keyhole  five  distinct  times,  with  a 
reverse  stomach-pump  full  of  beer.  1880  Marine  Engin. 
2  Feb.  I.  212/1  Reverse  valves  fitted  on  pipes  leading  from 
the  boiler  to  the  sea.  1888  Lockwood's  Diet.  Terms  285 
Reverse  Keys,  keys.. made  and  used  not  with  the  object 
of  holding  machine  parts  together,  but  for  the  purpose  of 
driving  them  asunder. 

6.  adv.  In  a  reverse  way  ;   reversely. 

1434  MISYN  Mending  Life  120  Sum-tyme  J>abat  semys  in 
|>e  hyar  ar  in  pe  lawar,  &  reuers.  1649  MILTON  Observ. 
Peace  Ormond  Wks.  1851  IV.  580  The  edg  of  their  own 
Proverb  falls  reverse  upon  themselves.  1728  R.  MORRIS 
Ess.  Anc.  Arc/tit.  22  Some.. act  reverse  to  their  own  Ideas 
and  Sentiments. 

Reverse  (r/Vaus),  v.1  Forms  :  4-7  reuerse 
(5  -ce,  -ase,  6  Sc.  rewers) ;  4  revers(se,  4-6 
reverce,  4-  reverse,  [a.  F.  reverser,  t  reversser^ 
-cer  (i2th  c.),  =  Sp.  reve(r}sar,  Pg.  reversary  re- 
vessar,  It.  ri{ri)versaret  f.  L.  re-  RE-  +  versdre  freq. 
of  vertfre  to  turn  :  cf.  REVERT  v.~\ 

1.  trans,  fl.  a.  To  bring  back  to   or  into  a 
state  or  condition,  a  place,  the  mind,  etc.   Obs. 

£1315  SHOREHAM  i.  446  f>anne  gode,  J>at  his  so  god,  Anon 
Mstrongemakeb,.  .And  hie  god  fey  takeb,  Reuersed.  c 1500 
Melttsine  316,  I  am.  .ouerthrowen  &  ayen  reuersed  in  the 
greuouse  and  obscure  penytence,  where  long  tyine  I  haue  be 
in.  1555  W.  WATREMAN  Fardle  Facions  Pref.  15  Some  he 
reuersed  into  their  former  abuses  and  errours.  157°  FOXE 
A.  ty  M.  (ed.  2)  1040/1  From  thence  he  was  reuersed  to 
Ville  Franche,  where  he  was  condemnedj  degraded,  and 
burned.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  \.  ix.  48  The  knight . .  to  his. .  re- 
membraunce  did  reverse  The  ugly  vewof  his  deformed  crimes, 
t  b.  To  send  back  to  a  place  ;  to  cause  to  revert 
to  a  person,  Obs,  rare. 

1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apofh,  189  b,  At  what  tyme  Alex- 
ander  reuersed  backe  again  to  the  sea. .as  many  of  the 
Macedonians  as  wer  slckely.  Ibid.  244  The  young  manne 
with  a  tryce  reuersed  the  suspicion  to  the  mother  of 
Caesar,  or  els  to  his  sustur. 

t  c.  To  hand  over  by  reversion.   Obs.  rare~~\ 

1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stujjfe  26  The  newe  fanglest  raritie.. 
after  three  dayes  gazing  is  reuerst  ouer  to  children  for 
babies  to  play  with. 


f  d.  To  remove  or  put  away;  to  divert  or  turn 
away.  Obs.  rare. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  m.  Si.  48  That  old  Dame  said  many 
an  idle  verse,  Out  of  her  daughters  hart  fond  fancies  to 
reverse.  1592  GREENE  Philomela  Wks.  (Grosart)  XI.  136 
A  small  resolution  to  reuerse  your  thoughts  from  this  dis- 
ordinat  folly  of  loue.  1639  G.  DANIEL  Ecclus.  ix.  17  Reverse 
thy  burning  Eye  from  the  desir'd  Obiect  of  Beau  tie,  though 
to  be  admir'd. 

f  2.  To  overthrow,  overturn,  upset,  or  throw  down 
(a  person  or  thing).  Obs. 

*375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xy.  191  Schir  Eduard.  .Reversit 
hym,  and  with  a  knyff  Richt  in  that  place  him  reft  the 
Hff.  Ibid.  xvi.  417  On  hym  arestit  the  Dowglas,  And  him 
reuersit.  c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  7415  How  he  the  Gregeis 
ther  reuerced,  Helmes  and  hauberk  how  he  persed.  ^1477 
CAXTON  "Jason  8  Pyritheon  with  somme  other  began  to  re- 
uer.se  their  metes  and  tables  fighting  with  hem  with  pottes 
and  platters,  c  1500  Melnsinc  142  They  within  the  toune 
..reuersed  them  fro  the  ladders  vnto  the  botome  of  the 
dyches.  Ibid.  241  Thenne-.trompettes  sowned,  &  knightes 
reuersed  eche  other.  1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III.  406/1 
The  prince,  .caused  the  walles  to  be  vndermined,  and  quite 
reuersed  into  the  ditch. 

f  b.  To  overthrow,  cast  down,  bring  to  nought. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg,  Saints  xxv.  {Julian)  690  pis  cite  hale  I  sal 
revers,  &  mak  It  for  to  bere  corne.  c  1400  Rom.  Rose  5468 
Froward  Fortune.  .Whanne  hiy;h  estatis  she  doth  reverse, 
..Thus  kan  she  maken  high  and  lowe.  1402  Pol.  Poems 
(Rolls)  II.  61  In  which  ech  religion  perfitli  is  groundid, 
reversynge  the  soorie  synnes  notid  of  the  postle.  /•/ 1618 
SYLVESTER  Little  Bartas  207  How  often  hath  Hee  seen 
Empires  reverst  ?  1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2}  103 
Hee  is  convicted,.. his  honour  reverst,  himselfe  manacled. 

t  c.  To  overthrow  by  argument,  etc. ;  to  con 
fute.  Obs,  rare. 

fijSoWYCLiF  Wks.  (1880)  266  pel  seyn  pat  be  speche  of 
holy  writt  is  fals  bat  reuersib  here  owene  fonnydnesse. 
c  1440  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  iv.  1396  There  shal  no  man 
haue  myght  me  to  reuers,  Though  ?e  brynge  a  grettere 
multitude.  1581  MARBECK  Bk.  Notes  515  Afterward  he  doth 
reuerse  the  arguments  and  obiections  of  the  aduersaries, 
which  he  aunswereth  by  and  by. 

fd.  To  upset,  disorder.  Obs,  rare""1. 

1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qual.  (1809)  II.  95  A  sudden 
sickness  relaxed  and  reversed  my  whole  frame. 

3.   To  turn  or  place  upside  down  ;  to  invert. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  3  Men  se  the  world  on  every  syde 
In  sondry  wyse  so  diversed,  That  it  welnyh  stant  al  reversed. 
c  1400  Brut  ccix.  240  One  Symunde  of  Redyng  bifore  ham 
bar  her  armes  oppon  a  spere  reuersede.  a  1500  Bernardus 
De  Cura  re  if  ant.  282  pan  nedis  thow  nocht  to  rewerss  hate 
na  hude,  To  crafe  pine  awne  hot  haf  it  at  pi  wyl.  a  1548 
HALL  Citron.^  Hen.  K//7,  40  They  make  of  hym  an  Image 
paynted  reuersed  with  his  heles  upwarde.  1634  MILTON 
Comus  816  Without  his  rod  revers't,  ..We  cannot  free  the 
Lady.  ^1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Reversed,  a  Man 
set  (by  Bullies)  on  his  Head,  and  his  Money  turn'd  out  of 
his  Breeches.  1708  J.  CHAMBERLAYNE  St.  Gf.  Brit.  i.  in. 
iv.  (1710)  190  When  a  Knight  is  to  suffer  Death  for  any  foul 
Crime,  .his  Sword  [is]  taken  away..,  his  Gauntlet  plucktoff, 
and  his  Coat  of  Arms  reversed.  1718  POPE  Iliad  xm.  688 
His  shield  revers'd  o'er  the  fallen  warrior  lies;  And  ever 
lasting  slumber  seals  his  eyes.  1781  COWPER  Hope  468  No 
fertilizing  streams  your  fields  divide,  That  show,  revers'd, 
the  villas  on  their  side.  1808  SCOTT  Marttt.  i.  xii,  We  saw 
..On  the  gibbet-tree,  revers'd,  His  foeman's  scutcheon  tied. 
1843  TENNYSON  Will  Waterproof  159,  I  sit,  my  empty  glass 
reversed.  And  thrumming  on  the  table. 

b.  To  hold  or  carry  (a  weapon)  in  the  position 
contrary  to  that  in  which  it  is  ready  for  use. 

1650  R.  STAPYLTON  Strada's  Low  C.  Wars  x.  22  A  Regi 
ment  of  Foote..  went  before,  with  their  Pikes  and  Muskets 
reversed.  1787  BURNS  Elegy  J.  H.  Blair  vi,  Revers'd  that 
spear,  redoubtable  in  war,  Reclined  that  banner,  erst  in 
fields  unfurl'd.  1833  Reg.  %  Instr.  Cavalry  \.  34  The 
officers'  swords  are  reversed  under  the  right  arm.  1854 
STOCQUELER  Milit.  Encycl.  232/2  Arms  are  said  to  be  re 
versed  when  the  butts  of  the  pieces  are  slung  or  held  up 
wards.  1864  TENNYSON  Voyage  71  And  now,  the  bloodless 
point  reversed,  She  bore  the  blade  of  Liberty. 
C.  Her,  (See  quots.) 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.^  Reversed',.. a  term  in  Heraldry, 
when  Arms,  or  any  part  of  them,  are  turned  the  lower  part 
upward.  1717-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Abatement^  In  the 
case  of  treason,.,  the  escutcheon  is  totally  reversed,  to  inti 
mate  a  total  suppression  of  the  honour.  1868  CUSSANS  Her. 
(1893)  103  In  the  Arms  of  the  See  of  Hereford  the  Lions' 
faces  are  Reversed,  that  is,  turned  upside  down. 

t4.  To  turn  back  or  trim  (a  garment)  with  some 
other  material.  Obs. 

138*  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  I.  265  Somme  frers  beren  pelure 
aboute,  For  grete  ladys  and  wenches  stoute,  To  reverce  with 
thair  clothes  withoute.  a  1400  Morte  Art  A.  3255  In  a  sur- 
cott  of  sylke-.alle  redily  reversside  with  rebanes  ofgolde. 
1:1420  AntursofArth.  ii,  Inneagliderand  gyde,  thatglemit 
so  gay  That  was  with  rebans  reuersut.  15..  Jerusalem 
Reioss  14  in  Dunbars  Poems  II.  322Thre  Kingis..  All  drest 
with  dyamantis  but  dout,  Reverst  with  gold  in  every  hem. 
ijaj  Test.  Ebor.  (Surtees)  V.  172  To  Elinor  Studeley  my 
sanguyne  gowne  reversid  velvitt. 

1 5.  a.  To  oppose,  resist.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1380  WVCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  II.  75  Who  woot  how  many  per- 
sones  assentiden  to  pis  synne,  and  how  myche  helpe  men 
hadden  of  obers  )>at  reversiden  it?  £1380—  Wks.  (1880) 
286  For  job  seiih  in  his  book . .  pat  no  man  reuersip  god  but 
3if  he  haue  vnpees. 

fb.  To  contradict  (oneself).  Obs.  rare. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Set*  Wks.  II.  319  Sib  God,  pat  reversip  not 
himsilfe,  biddip  pat  men  shulde  love  her  enemyes.  140* 
Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  86  Alas,  Jak,  for  shame  I  whi  art 
thou  so  fals,  For  to  reverse  thi  silf  in  thin  owne  sawes  ? 

6.  To  revoke,  abrogate,  annul  (a  decree,  act, 

measure,  etc.).     t  Also  with  personal  object. 

1395  PURVEY  Remonstrance  (1851)  46  The  ij  principle,  A 


peere  hath  not  power  on  his  peere,  is  fal&li  applied  to  the 
Iattere  pope  rcuersinge  the  for  mere  pope.  //W.,  Thanne 
the  Iattere  pope  . .  reuersith  Goddu  doom,  c  1420  LYDG. 
Assembly  of  Gods  492  For  a  goddes  wrytyng  may  nat 
renersyd  be.  1611  BIBLE  Num.  xxiii.  20,  I  haue  receiued 
commandement  to  bles.se  :  and  hee  hath  blessed,  and  I  can 
not  reuerse  it.  a  1656  HALES  Gold.  Ron.  (1673)  lop  It  is  not 
to  be  thought  that  St.  Peter  had  revers'd  with  himself  the 
confession  that  he  had  formerly  made  of  Christ.  1703  POPF, 
Thebais  396  Reverse,  O  Jove,  thy  too  severe  decree.  1727 
DE  FOE  Syst.  Magic  \.  iv.  (1840)  112  Hut  the  Devil  and  he 
together  were  not  able  to  reverse  the  blessing.  1836  THIRL- 
WALL  Greece  III.  141  The  enemies  of  Pericles  believed  that 
they  might  overthrow  him,  though  they  could  not  reverse  his 
measures.  1869  TOZER  Highl.  Turkey  II.  284  As  she  could 
not  reverse  the  curse,  .shedid  what  she  could  to  mitigate  it. 

b.  esp.   in   legal  use,  with  reference  to  judge 
ments,  decrees,  forfeitures,  etc. 

1485  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  290/2  The  said  Acte  of  Attaindre 
.  .be.  .reversed,  adnulled,  void,  and  of  noon  effecte  ne  force. 
1487  Act  3  lien.  J-Y/,  c.  10  Writtes  of  errour  toadnulle  and 
reverse  the  seld  jugement.  1531  ELYOT  Gov,  ii.  v.  Wherby, 
he  fyndynge  the  poure  woman  to  sustaine  wrpnges,  he 
reuersed  his  iugement.  1560  DAI  s  tr.  Slcidane's  Coiinti. 
108  b,  He  desyreth  that  this  sentence  of  outlawerye  maye  be 
reversed.  1666  PKPYS  Diary  26  Aug.,  It  was  hoped  by  the 
party  grieved,  to  get  my  Lord  Chancellor  to  reverse  a  decree 
of  his.  1689  LUTIRELL  Brit-f  Rel.  (1857)  I.  522  The  earl  of 
Macclesfeild  hath  revers'd  bis  outlawry  in  the  court  of  kings 
bench.  1754  SHERLOCK  Disc.  i.  (1759)  I.  45  They  cannot 
reverse  a  Forfeiture  once  incurred.  1768  BLACKSTONK  COIIIM, 
III.  xxv.  411  Each  court  of  appeal,  in  their  respective 
stages,  may.  .reverse,  or  affirm  the  judgment  of  the  inferior 
courts.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  VI.  212  Whereupon  the 
judgment  of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench  was  reversed.  1855 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xiv.  III.  380  A  bill  for  reversing  the 
attainder  of  Lord  Russell  was  presented  to  the  Peers. 

c.  To  undo  (work). 

1725  POPK  Odyss.  n.  uSThe  work  she  plied;  but,  studious 
of  delay,  By  night  reversed  the  labours  of  the  day.  1816-60 
WHATELY  Coww.-pl.  Bk.  (1864)  91  All  the  work  undone  and 
reversed  at  which  he  had  been  labouring. 

7.  To  turn  the  other  way,  in  respect  of  position 
or  aspect ;  to  transpose,  turn  inside  out,  etc. 

£-1380  Lay  Folks  Catech.  (Lamb.  MS.)  184  The  furste 
word,  bat  is  aue,  reuersys  be  name  of  Eua.  (71400  Morte 
Arth.  2070  He. .  Braydez  owt  his  brande  with  a  blyth  chere, 
Revers^ede  it  redelye,  and  awaye  rydys. 

1596  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xii.  Ixxiii.  (1602)  304  Reuer^e 
the  Cope.  1615  SANDYS  Trai>.  55  At  which  time  they 
reuerse  their  faces,  fir.st  ouer  the  right  shoulder,  and  then 
ouer  the  left.  1669  STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  n.  ii.  52  The 
Diameter  of  the  Circle,  or  the  Line  of  Sines  Reversed.  1698 
FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  #  P.  319,  I  saw  the  Old  Moon  go  out 
on  the  Hills  at  Lhor,  and  the  Night  following,  the  Horns 
reversed.  1784  COWPER  Tiroc.  443  And  he,  that  seem'd 
our  counterpart  at  first,  Soon  shows  the  strong  similitude 
revers'd.  1840  LARDNER  Geom.  70  F>ecause  the  position  of 
the  triangles  on  either  side  of  the  diagonal  is  reversed.  1878 
ABNEY  Pkotogr.  (1881)  187  It  will  be  found  that  as  regards 
right  and  left  the  pictures  will  be  reversed. 
fb.  To  turn  (the  back).  Obs.  rare-1. 

1523  SK  ELTON  Garl.  Laurel  3  When  Mars  retrogradant 
reuersyd  his  bak. 

8.  To  convert  into  something  of   an    opposite 
character  or  tendency ;  to  turn  the  contrary  way ; 
to  alter  or  change  completely. 

c  1500  Melusine  316  Oure  solace,  playsire  &  joye  ben  re 
uersed  in  byttir  teerys  &  contynuel  wepynges.  164*  FULLER 


C. 

rev< 
a  si 


ersed.  1781  COWPER  Hope  519  The  wretch. .Has  wept 
_  .;ilent  flood,  revers'd  his  ways.  1827  D.  JOHNSON  Ind. 
Field  Sports  231  This  heaviness  and  want  of  appetite  is 
soon  reversed,  and  they  become  more  than  usually  lively. 
1841  MYERS  Cath.  Th.  m.  §  7.  23  It  is  only  asking  why  the 
conditions  of  man's  existence  were  not  reversed  before  he  was 
redeemed.  1875  GLADSTONE  Glean.  (1870)  VI.  233  We  fear 
it  is  not  likely  that  the  Court  of  Rome  will  reverse  its  policy. 
b.  To  employ,  perform,  etc.,  in  a  way  oppo 
site  to  the  former  or  usnal  method. 

1738  R.  MORRIS  Ess.  Anc.  Arckit.  113  Let  us  just  remark 
on  the  reversing  the  Use  of  the  Table.  1833  N.  ARNOTT 
Physics  (ed.  5)  11-53  On  reversing  the  experiment,  a  pound 
of  hot  mercury  will  be  cooled  thirty  degrees.  1873  RICHARDS 
Operator's  Handbk.  53  Reversing  the  rule,  from  4  inches 
diameter,  with  4000  feet  of  cutting  movement ;  deduct  750 
feet  of  the  movement  [etc.]. 

9.  To  turn  in  the  opposite  direction ;  to  send  on 
a  course  contrary  to  the  previous  or  usual  one. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xxxvn.  (Percy  Soc.)  103  At  the 
last  I  did  his  body  perce  With  my  good  swerde,  he  might  it 
not  reverce.  1530  PALSGR.  690/1  The  thynge  went  forwarde 
a  whyle  marvayllously,  but  nowe  it  is  reversed  we  wotte 
nat  howe. 

1781  COWPER  Retircm.  327  The  screws  revers  d..,  Ten 
thousand  thousand  strings  at  once  jjo  loose.  1814  R.  STUART 
Hist  Steain  Engine  49  The  ingenious  mode  of  consuming 
smoke  by  reversing  the  flame.  1860  PRESCOTT  Electr. 
Telegr.  395  A  peculiar  arrangement,  by  which  the  direction 
of  the  current  can  be  reversed  by  a  single  pressure  of  the 
finger.  1891  S.  C.  SCRIVENER  Our  Fields  <$•  Cities  5  Watch 
it  approaching  us  without  wind.  The  mighty  stream  is 
being  reversed ! 

b.  To  cause  (an  engine,  etc.)  to  work  or  revolve 
in  the  contrary  direction.     Also  absol. 

1860  Merc.  Mar.  Mag.  VII.  274  Stopped  the  engines,  and 
reversed  full  power.  1875  BEDFORD  Sailor's  Pocket  Bk. 
(ed.  2)  §  iii.  65  She  must  stop  and  reverse  if  necessary.  1883 
Law  Times  Rep.  XLIX.  332/1  The  engines  of  the  Clan, 
Sinclair  were  stopped  and  reversed  full  speed. 

II.  intr.  10.  To  draw  back  or  away;  to  move 
backwards,  rare. 

ci43o  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhode  n.  cxix.  (1869)  119  Adam.. 
mihte  bi  no  wise  taste  it  but  he  wente  reuersinge  [en  recul- 

76-3 


REVERSE. 

lant\ ;  and  reuer»e  miht  he  nouht  but  he  hadde  first  the 
spore.  <ri440  CAVGRAVE  Life  St.  Kath.  v.  529  The  more 
bcnyngnely  that  we  trete  ?ow  heere,  As  me  semeth  be  more 
?e  reuers.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xxii.  (Percy  Soc.)  158 
With  many  mo  that  1  do  not  rehearse;  My  time  is  short,  1 
must  from  them  reverse.  1692  Capt.  Smith's  Seaman  s 
Gram.  n.  iv.  92  He  ought  to  see.,  whether  one  Wheel  be 
higher,  or  reverse  faster  than  the  other. 

b.  In  dancing,  esp.  waltzing :  To  move  or  turn 
in  a  contrary  direction. 

1884  WALLACE  Man.  Dancing  32  The  four  Gentlemen 
walk  round  the  outside,  reversing  when  the  Ladies  reverse. 
1892  E.  SCOTT  Dancing  198  It  is  comparatively  easy  for  a 
lady  to  reverse  if  she  will  but  remember  to  put  her  left  foot 
forward  instead  of  backward. 

f  11.  To  fall  over,  fall  down.   Obs. 

CI4JO  Merlin  157  Whan  the  kynge.. saugh  the  kynge 
Tradelyuaunt  reuerse  to  the  erthe,  he  was  right  wroth. 
1470-85  MALOKY  A  rtlmrn.  xiii.  204  Syre  launcelot  charged 
so  sore  vpon  hym  that  his  hors  reuersed  vp  so  doune.  f  1500 
Melusine  227  The  kynge.  .fell  &  reuersed  deed  fro  his  hors 
to  the  ground,  c  1530  LD.  BEKNERS  Arth.  Lyt.  Bryt.  (1814) 
290,  I  ensure  you  1  shall  make  hym  reuerse  from  his  horse. 

f  12.  To  return  back  or  home.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1540  tr.  Pol.  Verg.  Eng.  Hist.  (Camden  No.  36)  198  Kinge 
Ethelwolphus,  after  hee  hadd  made  his  abode  at  Rome  the 
greatest  parte  of  the  yeare,  he  reversed  homewarde.  1591 
SI'ESSER  Ruins  Koine  305  The  bands  of  th'  elements  shall 
backe  reverse  To  their  first  discord.  1647  H.  MOKE  Sang 
Soul  in.  App.  ix,  Transgressing  souls  are  sorely  scourged 
And  back  again  are  forced  to  reverse  By  Nemesis  deep- 
biting  whips  well  urged. 

tReve'rse,  v.~,  incorrect  form  of  revess  RE- 
VESH  v.,  to  revest.  Obs. 

13..  Cursor M.  10949  (Giitt.),  Zachari..reuersid  him  on  his 
manere,  Siben  he  went  vnto  be  autere.     a  1400  R.  Glouc. 
Chron.  8392  (MS.  Digby  205,  If.  no),  Byschopes  &  prestes  & 
menof  religioun. . Reuersede horn  in  Churche.    £1450  LOVE- 
LICK  Grail  xlvi.  234  losephes,  that  of  the  Cristene  Maister 
was,  him  gan  to  Reversen  In  that  plas. 
Revers6,  variant  of  REVERSI. 
Reversed  (rJvsust),  ///.  a.    [f.  REVERSE  v?- 
+  -ED !.]     Turned  backwards,  or  placed  the  con 
trary  way ;  inverted,  etc. 

a  1400  Minor  Poems  fr.  Vernon  MS.  I.  281  Heore  re- 
uersede  gydes  on  hem  are  streyt  drawe. 

1594  I.  G.  Grassis  Art  Def.  I  ib,  To  discharge  a  thrust 
at  the  enimies  thigh,  the  which  withstandeth  the  fall  of  the 
reuersed  blowe.  1610  GUILLIM  Her.  i.  viii,  Reuersed  Coats 
for  Treason.  1615  SANDYS  Trav.  34  The  darts  not  lighting 
in  iest  on  their  naked  necks,  and  reuersed  faces.  1669 
STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  II.  ii.  52  By  the  side  thereof  must 
be  placed  the  Reversed  six  Northern  Signs.  1766  Complete 
Fanner  s.v.  Madder  5  H  4/1  Underneath  the  floor  should 
be  a  reversed  pyramid,  somewhat  obtuse  at  bottom.  1799 
Naval  Chron.  I.  342  She  hoisted  a  reversed  ensign  as  a 
signal  of  distress.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xviii.  IV.  242 
Footguards  with  reversed  arms  escorted  the  hearse.  1880 
HAUGHTON  Phys.  Geogr.  iv.  188  The  southwest  monsoons. . 
are  reversed  Trades.  1892  Photogr.  Ann.  II.  95  Plates 
that  are  liable  to  fog.  .as  a  rule  give  reversed  images  with 
comparatively  short  exposures. 

b.  In  various  special  uses :  (see  quots.). 

1682  GIBBON  Ess.  Blason  141  In  English  he  calls  it  a  "Cross 
reversed,  which  Leigh  terms  Sarcele".  1876  A.  H.  GREEN 
Phys.  Geol.  ix.  §  4.  366  *Reversed  fault,  when  the  hade  or 
slope  is  not  towards  the  down-throw  side.  1871  TYLOR 
Prim.  Cult.  II.  133  An  old-fashioned  English  conchologist's 
delight  in  a  *reversed  shell.  1888  ROLLESTON  &  JACKSON 
Anim.  Life  108  When  the  spire  of  a  shell  turns  in  a  direc 
tion  opposite  to  what  is  normal,  it  is  said  to  be  '  reversed '. 
1886  Paul's  Fish  Culture  Dec.  120  A  specimen  of  what  is 
known  as  the  '  "reversed  sole  ',  one  with  the  left  side  brown 
and  the  right  side  white.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I. 
s.v.  Talon,  The  Talon  consists  of  two  Portions  of  a  Circle, 
one  without,  and  the  other  within  ;  and  when  the  Concave 
Part  b  uppermost,  it  is  called  *Reversed  Talon.  1847  FREE 
MAN  in  Ecclesiologist  VIII.  37  'Reversed  Tracery,  in  which 
the  piercings  seem  to  hang  down  from  the  top  towards  the 
centre.  1822  Hortits  Anglicus  II.  271  "Reversed  or  Sala 
manca  Trefoil.  Heads  of  flowers  roundish ;  flowers  reversed. 

Hence  Heve'rsedly  adv. 

1777  BP.  LOWTH  Life  of  William  of  WykeJiam  (ed.  3)  ix. 
286  Over  the  direction,  which  now  stands  among  the  notes, 
intermixed  reversedly  with  them,  [he]  noted  from  Dr.  Lon 
don's  mouth  the  account,  which  he  had  to  communicate. 
1798  in  Cockburn  Life  Jeffrey  (1852)  II.  xviii  Dr.  Thomas 
Brown  and  J — propose  to  travel  in  your  track  (only  rever 
sedly)  through  Cumberland. 

Reve'rseful,  a.  rare.  [f.  REVERSE  sb.}  Full 
of  reverses  or  vicissitudes. 

1875  FORTNUM  Maiolica  iv.  39  He  died  from  poison  in 
1538  at  Pesaro,  whither  he  had  retired  after  a  reverseful  life 
and  reign. 

Reve'rseless,  a.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -LESS.] 
Incapable  of  being  reversed. 

1796  ANNA  SEWARD  To  Thomas  Erskinc  xi,  The  urn, 
whence  Fate  Throws  her  pale  edicts  in  reverseless  doom  ! 

Reversely  (rfvsusli),  adv.  [f.  REVERSE  a.  + 
-LY  -.]  In  a  reverse  manner. 

1659  PEARSON  Cmii(i^g)  3  That .  .which  is  not.  .certainly 
to  be  collected,  either  antecedently  by  its  cause,  or  reversely 
by  its  effect.  1732  J.  LOUTHIAN  Form  of  Process  (ed.  2)  159 
[They]  battered  on  the  Cross  the  said  armorial  Bearing 
reversely  (which  was  the  Top  or  Chief  of  the  Shield  under 
most).  1797  Gen.Hist.  in  Ann.  Reg.  166/2  This  countryand 
France  have  reversely  consumed  their  capital  of  the  present, 
and  that  of  future  generations.  1860  MILL  Repr.  Govt.  (1865) 
14/1  And,  reversely,  if  their  machinery  is  so  badly  con 
structed  that  they  do  their  own  particular  business  ill,  the 
effect  is  felt  in  a  thousand  ways.  1879  H.  GEORGE  Progr. 
It  Pov.  in.  ii.  (1881)  153  Stated  reversely,  the  law  of  rent  is 
necessarily  the  law  of  wages  and  interest  taken  together. 

Reve  rsenient.  Now  rare.  [a.  F.  reverse- 
Hunt  (14-isth  c.),  or  f.  REVERSE  v.  -r  -MENT.]  The 


604 

act  of  reversing,  or  fact  of  being  reversed,  in 
various  senses;  reversal. 

I57S  FENTON  Cold.  Ep.  (1582)  215  The  others  being  transi- 
tone  suffer  reuercement  and  dissolution.  1590  BARKOUGH 
Meth.  Physick  i.  xxxvi.  (1639)  59  Ih?  W"  cure  you  shall 
use  when  the  reversement  of  the  eye-lids  is  caused  of  super- 
fluitv  of  blood.  1607  G.  WILKINS  Miseries  Enforced  Mar 
riage  i.  in  Hazl.  Dodflty  IX.  478  Sue  for  reversement,  and 
say  the  deed  was  done  under  age.  1720  STUKELEY  Mem. 
(Surtees)  I  60  Such  a  reversement  of  the  order  of  Nature  as 
succeeding  ages  can  have  no  idea  of.  1738  WARBURTON  Div. 
1  crat  I.  288  The  Reversement  of  the  Laws  of  Humanity. 
1818  Blackw.  Mag.  III.  301  Which  finds  its  harvest,  .in  the 
reversement  of  the  true  bearings  of  objects  and  feelings. 

Reverser  (rfvaMsai).    [f.  REVKKSE  v.  +  -EH  i.] 
1.  One  who  or  that  which  reverses  (in  various 

senses  of  the  transitive  verb). 
a  1743  L°-  HERVEV  in  Dod^ley  Collect.  Poems  (1782)  IV. 

too  Dreams,  the  kind  reversers  of  my  pain.     1868  COFFIN 


Encycl.  Relig.  Knowl.  1470  Manu,  'the  great,  the  reverser 
of  fate  '. 

2.  Sc.  Law.  One  who  borrows  money  on  secur 
ity  of  land ;  a  mortgager. 

1754  ERSKINE  Princ.  Sc.  La-.u  (1809)  91  Wadsets,  upon  re 
demption  by  the  reverser.  a  1768  —  Inst.  Law  Scot.  n.  vlii. 
§  3  The  debtor,  who  receives  the  money,  and  grants  the 
wadset,  is  called  the  reverser  because  he  is  intitled  to  the 
right  of  reversion.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  1030  The 
lender  is  called  the  wadsetter.and  the  borrower  the  reverser. 

Reve-rseways,  -wise,  adv.  [f.  REVEESE 
a.]  In  the  reverse  or  opposite  way  or  direction. 

1792  SIBLY  Occult  Sci.  I.  145  In  a  line  reverseways  to  the 
order  of  the  zodiac.  1855  DICKENS  in  Foster  Life  (1907)  674 
The  musket  carried  reversewise  with  the  stock  over  the 
shoulder. 

II  Reversi  ("vgrsz,  rtVs-asz).  Also  reversed 
[a.  F.  reversi,  earlier  reversin  (1601),  ad.  It.  roves- 
cino  (Sp.  revesino),  i.  rovescio  reverse,  wrong  side. 

Cotgrave  defines  reversi  as  'a  kind  of  Trumpe  (played 
backward,  and  full  of  sport)  which  the  rjuke  of  Savoy 
brought  some  ten  yeares  agoe  into  France '.] 

1.  An  obsolete   card-game   in  which  the  object 
was  to  avoid  winning  the  tricks.     (See  also  RE- 
VERSIS  and  REVERSE  sb.  10  a.) 

1815  Paris  Chit-chat  (1816)  I.  189  Monsieur  Descourtils. . 
is  always  ready  for  a  hand  at  boston,  whist,  or  reversi. 
1826  Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  n.  (1863)  297  Trictrac 
superseded  chess  or  backgammon,  reversi  took  the  place  of 
whist.  1870  L'ESTRANGE  Life  Miss  Mitford  I.  ii  note, 
These  suppers,  .were  followed  by  tric-trac  and  reverse.  _i898 
LADY  MARY  LOYD  tr.  O.  Uzanne's  Fashion  in  Paris  ii.  24 
The  fair  Parisian . .  loved  to  sit  up  late, ..  and  play  her  game 
of  bouitlotte  or  reversi. 

2.  A  game  played  upon  a  draught-board  by  two 
persons,  with  counters  having  one  side  different 
in  colour  from  the  other. 

The  object  of  the  game  is  to  enclose  as  m'any  of  the 
opponent's  counters  as  possible  between  one's  own,  and  by 
so  doing  to  have  the  right  to  reverse  them,  so  that  they 
show  the  same  colour  and  are  '  taken  '  as  one's  own. 

1888  Daily  Tel.  23  Apr.  5/3  The  issue  was  connected  with 
the  game  called  ( reversi ',  which  was  described  as  being 


analogous  to  draughts.  iSgSHoFKMANNZJX.'.fl/C'rtrrt't'j-  Table 
Games  633  Reversi  is  played  upon  an  ordinary  draught-board. 

Reversibility,  [f.  next  +  -ITY.  Cf.  F.  rever 
sibility,  Pg.  reversibilidade,  It.  riversibilita.]  The 
fact  or  condition  of  being  reversible ;  capacity  for, 
liability  to,  reversion  or  reversal. 

1849  Fraser's  Mag.  XXXIX.  206  A  subsequent  treaty., 
regulated  the  reversibility  of  Parma,  Placentia,  and  Guas- 
talla.  1869  TYNDALL  Notes  Led.  Light  §  124  The  principle 
of  reversibility  which  runs  through  the  whole  of  optics  finds 
illustration  here.  1876  TAIT  Rcc.  Adv.  Phys.  Sci.  V.  113 
Reversibility  is  the  sole  necessary  condition  of  the  equi 
valence  between  two  engines. 

Reversible  (rfva-jsib'l),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  RE 
VERSE  v.  +  -IBLE.  Cf.  F.  reversible,  Sp.  reversible, 
Pg.  reversivel,  It.  riversibile.]  Admitting  of  being 
reversed ;  capable  of  reversing. 

1648  HAMMOND  Wks.  (1683)  1. 81  The  fate  and  state  of  this 
Kingdom  might  beareversible  mutable  state.  1685  J.  DUNTON 
Lctt.fr.  Nem-Eng.  (1867)  18  If  it  was  not  Fate,  and  so  might 
be  reversible,  then  there  was  nothing  certain  in  his  Art.  1828 
STARK  Elem.  Nat.  Hist.  I.  247  Tarsus  short,  the  hind  toe 
reversible.  1861  Miss  BROMLEY  Woman's  Wand,  in  West. 
World^  20  These  benches  have  reversible  backs ;  so  that  you 
may  sit  fronting  the  engine  or  not  as  you  prefer.  1878 
STEWART  &  TAIT  Unseen  2/nni.  in.  §  106. 118  That  an  engine 
whose  cycle  of  operations  is  reversible  is  a  perfect  engine. 

b.  sb.  A  cloth  which  is  faced  on  both  sides,  so 
as  to  allow  of  its  being  turned. 

1892  Daily  News  10  Aug.  2/7  For  the  country  districts 
tweeds,  serges,  reversibles,  and  cheap  ladies'  materials  are 
the  most  wanted. 

Reversify  («-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To 
turn  into  verse  again. 

1804  SOUTHEY  in  Ann.  Rev.  II.  S49  Thus  the  following 
sonnet  is  reversihed  from  Mr.  Bowles.  1826  —  in  Corr 
w.  C.  Bowles  (.881)  107  The  Sherwood  versification,  and  the 
mode  of  practice  by  translating  or  reversifying  into  it. 

Reve-rsing,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  REVERSE  ».i  +  -ING  i.] 
The  action  of  the  verb,  in  various  senses. 


REVERSION. 

so  desires,  .the  reversing  of  the  divine  institution.  1727-38 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Reversing  is  frequently  practised  in 
figurative  counterpoint.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xii. 
III.  202  By  the  reversing  of  old  attainders,  and  by  new 
creations,  seventeen  more  Lords.. were  introduced  into  the 
Upper  House.  1892  E.  SCOTT  Dancing  198,  I  would  par 
ticularly  caution  the  pupil  not  to  attempt  reversing  in  public 
until  he  has  thoroughly  mastered  the  art  in  private. 

Reversing,  ppl.  a.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.] 

1.  That  reverses  or  causes  reversal. 

Freq.  in  technical  use,  of  parts  of  machinery :  see  Knight 
Diet.  Mec/t.  (1875)  and  Lockwood's  Diet.  Mech.,  etc.  (1888). 

1864  PERCY  Metall.  709  Reversing  rolls  have  been  em 
ployed,  so  that  immediately  the  iron  has  passed  through, 
the  motion  of  the  rolls  is  reversed.  1870  ROSCOE  Spectrum 
Annl.  (ed. 2)  298  This  has  been  partially  accomplished  by 
Zollner  in  his  reversing  spectroscope.  1896  Westjn.  Gaz. 
18  Mar.  8/2  During  the  trip  the  starboard  reversing-geat 
broke  down. 

b.  Reversing  layer  or  stratum,  a  stratum  of 
the  solar  atmosphere  (first  noticed  in  1870),  re 
versing  the  dark  lines  of  the  ordinary  solar 
spectrum. 

1873  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  XXI.  51 2  Strontium,  cadmium, . .  and 
uranium  would  seem,  .to  exist  in  the  solar  reversing  layer. 
1882  C.  A.  YOUNG  Sun  83  This  atmosphere,  containing  in 
gaseous  form  the  substances  whose  presence  is  manifested 
by  the  dark  lines  of  the  ordinary  spectrum — the  sun's  re- 
versing  layer,  as  it  is  now  often  called.  Il'id.  280  Above  the 
( reversing  stratum '  lies  the  scarlet  chromosphere. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of,  characterized  by,  reversal 
(of  an  action,  process,  etc.). 

1878  ABNEY  Photogr.  (1881)  274  The  red  rays,  .have  exerted 
a  negative  or  reversing  action  on  the  sensitive  plate.  1892 
Daily  News  5  April  7/5  The  reversing  process  necessitated 
in  ordinary  engraving. 

Re ve'r singly,  adv.    rare-1.    [-LY'-V]    In  a 

contrary  or  opposed  manner. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  I.  360  And  Crist  wiste  bat  men 
shulden  ordeyne  reversingeli  to  Cristis  dede. 

Reversion  *  (nva'jfan).  Forms  :  5-7  reuer- 
sion  (5  -syon,  6-7  Sc.  -sioun),  5-  reversion ; 
5-6  reu-,  revercion  (6  -cyon) ;  6  reu-,  6-7 
revertion.  [a.  OF.  reversion,  -cioun  (mod.F. 
r Aversion},  =  Sp.  reversion,  It.  re-,  riversione :— L. 
reversion-em,  n.  of  action  f.  revers-,  revertlre  to 
REVERT. 

In  legal  use  the  word  is  found  in  AF.  before  1300.] 
I.    1.    Law.  The  return   of  an  estate  to  the 
donor  or  grantor,  or  his  heirs,  after  the  expiry  of 
the  grant ;    an  estate  which  thus  returns  to  the 
donor  or  his  heirs. 

Chiefly  in  legal  definitions  of  the  term,  the  common  appli 
cation  in  actual  use  being  as  in  b. 

1442  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  42/2  Title  and  Interesse  of  rever 
sion  of  Fee  simple  that  bene  fallen,  .be  cause  of  the  seide 
forfaiture,  aftre  the  seide  taillez  dispended.  1523  FITZHEHB. 
Surveying  ii  If  the  gyfte  were  in  the  tayle  and^no  remayn- 
der  in  fe  euer  nowe  the  reuercyon  resteth  styll  in  ye  donor. 
1396  BACON  Max.  $  Use  Com.  Law  (1635)  49  The  Reversion 


and  Tenements  be  in  the  Donor  or  Lessor.  1727-38  CHAM 
BERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  A  reversion  is  to  himself,  from  whom  the 
conveyance  of  the  land,  &c.  proceeded,  and  is  commonly 
perpetual  as  to  his  heirs  also.  1766  BLACKSTONE  Comiu.  II. 
112  Vesting  in  the  donor  the  ultimate  fee-simple  of  the  land, 
expectant  on  the  failure  of  issue;  which  expectant  estate 
is  what  we  now  call  a  reversion.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX. 
438/1  If  a  man  seised  in  fee  simple  conveys  lands  to  A  foi 
life,  or  in  tail,  he  retains  the  reversion  in  fee  simple.  1894 
Times  6  Mar.  7/1  The  Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Forests 
had  failed  to  establish  the  right  of  the  Crown  to  a  reversion 
in  the  particular  denominations  mentioned. 

b.  An  estate  of  this  kind  as  granted  or  trans 
ferable  to  another  party,  esp.  upon  the  death  of 
the  original  grantee;  hence,  the  right  of  succeed 
ing  to,  or  next  occupying,  an  estate,  etc. 

1426  E.  E.  Wills.  (1882)  74, 1  will  bat  Richard,  my  brother, 
haue  half  be  Cok  and  be  garlond  in  Colmanstrete,  be  terme 
of  his  life,  and  be  Reuersion  to  Richard  Burdon, . .  the  terme 
of  his  life,  c  1460  FORTESCUE  Ait.  S,  Lim.  Man.  xx.  (1885) 
156  Ellis  importune  suters  wil  gape  vpon  suche  reuersiouns, 
and  oftentymes  asken  hem  or  they  befall.  1486  Rtc.  St. 
i  Maty  at  Hill  (1905)  13, 1  bequethe  to  Beatrice  my  wyf  the 
I  reuersion  of  all  those  londes  &  tenementes.  1529  WOLSEY 
I  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  II.  13,  1  wold  gladly.. grawnte 
onto  hym  the  revercion  of  such  thinges  as  the  lorde  Sands 
hath  ther.  1587  LADY  STAFFORD  in  Collect.  (O.H.S.)  I.  209 
A  reversion  of  the  best  lease.  1650  R.  STAI'YLTON  Strada's 
Low  C.  Wars  11.  30  By  the  Kings  procurement,  Bishops 
were  entituled  to  the  reversions  of  Monasteries,  after  the 
abbots  deceases.  1699  GARTH  Disfens.  v.  6r,  I  give  Rever 
sions,  and  for  Heirs  provide.  1765  H.  WALPOLE  Otranto  v. 
(ed.  2)  179  The  principality  of  Otranto  was  a  stronger  temp 
tation,  than  the  contingent  reversion  of  it  with  Matilda. 


.UILLIM  neraiary  i.  vin.  (ion)  3S  Reuersing  is  a  prepos- 
terous  manner  of  location  of  a  Coat-armour,  by  turning  of 
the  whole  Escocheon  vpside  downe,  contrary  to  the  vsuall 
forme  of  bearing.  1676  TOWERSON  Decalogue  536  He  who 


iii.  III.  148  Henry  showed  a  sense  of  his  great  services  by 
granting  him  the  reversion  of  three  manors  in  Essex. 

C.  In  phr.  in  reversion,  conditional  upon  the 
expiry  of  a  grant  or  the  death  of  a  person. 

IS57  Order  of  Hospitalls  C  iv  b,  That  there  be  no  Leases 
let  in  revertion  but  one  year  before  the  ould  Lease  be  ex 
pired.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Covin,  As,  if  a  tenant 
for  life  conspire  with  another.. in  prejudice  to  him  in  rever 
sion.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  I.  318/1  An  annuity  is  said  to  be 
in  reversion,  when  the  purchaser,  .does  not  immediately 
enter  upon  possession.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  430/1  A  con 
tract  to  nay  ico/.  at  the  death  of  a  given  individual  is  iooA 
in  reversion  to  the  executors  of  that  individual.  1858  LD. 


BEVERSION. 

ST.  LEONARDS  Handy-Bk.  Prop.  Law  \\.  72  The  observation 
applies  only  to  annuities,  or  interests  for  life,  or  interests  in 
reversion. 

d.  A  sum  which  falls  to  be  paid  upon  the 
death  of  a  person,  esp.  as  a  result  of  life-insurance. 
1771  Encycl.  Brit.  I.  323/1  What  is  the  reversion  worth, 
reckoning  interest  at  4  per  cent.?  1792  R.  PRICK  Observ. 
Reversion.  Paym.  (ed.  5)  I.  281  Data  for  computing  accur 
ately  the  values  of  all  life-annuities  and  reversions.  1841 
Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  430/1  The  value  of  a  reversion  depends 
in  a  very  easy  manner  upon  the  value  of  the  corresponding 
annuity.  1858  LD.  ST.  LEONARDS  Handy-Bk.  Prop.  Law  ii. 
72  The  Act  already  passed  must  give  great  satisfaction  to 
purchasers  of  reversions. 

2.  transf.  The  right  of  succeeding  to  the  posses 
sion  of  something  after  another  is  done  with  it, 
or  simply  of  obtaining  it  at  some  future  time ;  a 
thing  or  possession  which  one  expects  to  obtain. 

1:1530  LD.  BERNERS  Arth.  Lyt.  Bryt.  (1814)  93  Ye  he  but 
lytell  worth. .whan  ye  are  fayne  to  lake  the  reuersion  of 
these  ladyes  olde  clothynge.  1579  GOSSON  Sch.  A  buse  (Arb.) 
39  The  very  hyerlings  of  some  of  our  Players,  which  stand 
at  reuersion  of  vi..r.  by  the  weeke.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV, 
iv.  i.  53  Where  now  remaines  a  sweet  reuersion,  We  may 
boldly  spend,  vpon  the  hope  Of  what  is  to  come  in.  1634 
SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  16  They  haue  all  the  trickes  possible 
to  disfigure  themselues,  and  to  proue  their  Patrimony  and 
Reuersions  in  Acheron.  1690  CKOWNE  Eng.  Frier  \\\^  Here 
are  now  several  [ladies]  wayting  in  their  coaches  to  have 
the  reversion  of  him.  1717  POPE  To  Mem.  of  Unfort.  Lady 
9  Is  there  no  bright  reversion  in  the  sky,  For  those  who 
greatly  think,  or  bravely  die?  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat. 
(1834)  II.  352  He  that  suffers  voluntarily  in  a  righteous 
cause,  .purchases  the  reversion  of  an  immense  estate.  1:1830 
DE  QUINCEY  Dice  Wks.  1862  X.  307  The  Medical  Institute 
was  in  the  habit  of  purchasing  from  poor  people ..  the  rever 
sion  of  their  bodies.  1871  MACDUI-F  Mem.  Patmos  xiii.  171 
It  assures,  .of  a  reversion  of  glory — a  fulness  of  bliss  and  joy. 
b.  The  right  of  succession  to  an  office  or  place 
of  emolument,  after  the  death  or  retirement  of  the 
holder.  Const,  of. 

1623  WEBSTER  Duchess  Malfi  in.  i,  You  have  not  been., 
in  prison,  nor  a  suitor  at  the  court,  Nor  begg'd  the  reversion 
of  some  great  man's  place.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenofs 
Trav.  n.  158  Each  Basha  in  his  own  life-time  easily  pro 
curing  the  Reversion  for  his  Son  by  means  of  good  Presents. 
1703  POPE  Thebais  181  Impotent  Desire  to  reign  alone,  That 
scorns  the  dull  reversion  of  a  throne.  1807  SYD.  SMITH  Lett. 
Catholics  (1808)  171  If  Ireland  is  gone,  where  are  jobs? 
where  are  reversions  ?  1879  Cassell's  Tachn.  Educ.  IV.  291/1 
He  wrote  many  letters,  requesting  his  friend's  permission  to 
apply  for  a  grant  of  the  reversion  of  it,  and  even  offered 
to  resign  in  his  favour. 

Comb.  1809  E.  S.  BARRETT  Setting  Sun  III.  3  Can  one  of 
these  reversion  mongers  stand  forward,  and  assert  without 
blushing,  that  his  services  merit  even  the  place  he  holds  in 
possession  ! 

C.  In  phr.  in  (also  by)  reversion.     (Cf.  I  c.) 

1555  W.  WATRE.MAN  Fardle  Facions  n.  xii.   262  Simon 
Petre  (to  whom  long  afore  he  had  surrendred  the  gouern-    i 
aunce  and  chiefteinshippe  of  his  Churche,  as  in  reuercion 
aftre  him).     1594  NASHK  Unfort.  Trav.  87  The  soule  which    ' 
is  in  mee,  is  the  verie  soule  of  lulius  Caisar  by  reuersion.    j 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  161   The  Queen.. made  ouer  the    j 
kingdome  and  crown  in  succession  and  reuersion  to  whom 
she  thought  good,     a  1680  BUTLER  Rem.  (1759)  1. 408  A  Cat,    , 
you  know,  is  said  to  have  nine  Lives,  that  is  eight  in  Rever-    ! 
sion  and  one  in  Possession.     1709  SWIFT  Vind.  Bickerstajf    \ 
Wks.  1751  IV.  222  Time,  .gives  them  a  Lease  in  Reversion,     j 
to  continue  their  works  after  their  death.     1758  JOHNSON 
Idler  No.  15  P  i  The  prospect  of  too  good  a  fortune  in  rever-    ' 
sion  when  I  married  her.     1801  Lusignan  III.  44  Thinking 
she  would   be   sooner  reconciled  to  an  event   which   had 
actually  taken  place.. than  to  one  in  reversion. 

3.  Sc.  Law.  A  right  of  redemption  operative  in 
the  case  of  a  legal  adjudication  or  a  wadset. 

1563-4  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  262  To  ressave  the 
sowmes  of  money  and  lettres  of  tak  contenit  in  the  lettres 
of  reversioun  maid  thairuppun.  1599  A  cts  Sedtmnt  3  Nov., 
Ane  act  anent  the  registering  of  seasingis,  reyersiounis,  and 
sindrie  utheris  wreittis.  1681  STAIR  Institut.  i.  x.  148 
In  Sale  there  may  be  Earnest  interposed,  or  Reversion 
granted.  1708  J.  CHAMBERLAYNE  St.Gt.Brit.  n.  in.  v.  (1710) 
443  The  Scottish  Wadsets  and  Reversions  answer  to  the 
English  Mortgages  and  Defeasances,  a  1768  ERSKINE//^. 
Law  Scot.  \\.  viii.  §  2  Reversions  are  either  legal,  which 
arise  from  the  law  itself,,  .or  conventional,  which  are  con 
stituted  by  the  agreement  of  the  parties.  1838  W.  BELL /Me*. 
Law  Scot.  828  The  power  of  redemption  is  not  lost  by  the 
currency  of  the  forty  years,  provided  the  right  of  reversion 
has  been  recorded  in  the  register  of  sasines. 

fig'  c  1590  MONTGOMERIE  Sonnets  xxxv.  8  Suppose  my 
silly  saull  with  sin  be  seasde,  $it  the  reversiones  rests  that 
it  redemes. 

II.  f4.  The  remains,  that  which  is  left  over, 
of  any  dish,  drink,  or  meal.  Obs. 

c  1440  Alpk.  Tales  247  He  bad  a  childe  go  feche  J>e  reuer 
sion  of  a  pulett  bat  was  sett  in  a  kiste,  &  giff  hir  it.  Ibid. 
364  When  he  felid  bat  it  was  venom,  he  garte  hur  drynke  of 
pe  reuercion.  1526  in  Househ.  Ord.  (1790)  171  The  said 
gentleman-usher,  sewer,  ..&  yeomen-ushers,,  .to  have  the 
reversion  of  the  said  service.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasnt. 
Par.  Mark  vi.  48  After  the  feast  was  done,  the  Apostles- 
gathered  together  the  reuersion.  1615  BRATHWAiT.S7nz/- 
Pado  (1878)  i  Nor  do  I  feare,  But  my  poore  fragments  shall 
be  made  of  there,  For  good  reversions  by  thy  scrambling 
crew.  1650  FULLER  Pisgak  n.  vii.  159  The  dogs  eat  her  up 
to  the  reversion  of  her  skull,  palmes  of  her  hands,  and  feet. 

1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  ix,  Let  Lovel  and  me  have  forthwith  the 
relics  of  the  chicken-pie,  and  the  reversion  of  the  port. 
1824  — .  St.  Ronatfs  iv,  Men  who  scorned  that  the  reversion 
of  one  bottle  of  wine  should  furnish  forth  the  feast  of  to 
morrow. 

t  b.  The  rest,  residue,  or  remainder  of  some 
thing  ;  also,  a  remnant,  small  number.   O&s. 
c  1440  Alph.  Tales  475  Sodanly  ber  come  a  grete  wynd  & 


605 

blew  all  down,  and  efter  ^at  ^er  come  ane  erde-quake 
&  shuke  down  be  reuersyon.  1596  LODGE  Wits  Mis.  fy 
Worlds  Matin,  (Hunterian  Cl.)  33  In  his  bosom  he  beare.s 
his  handkerchiefe  made  of  the  reuersion  of  his  old  table 
cloth.  1608  TOPSLLL  Serpents  (1658)  595  That  the  re 
versions  of  their  bodies  should  after  death  turn  into 
Serpents.  1650  FULLKK  Pisgak  409  The.. whole  company 
of  this  Remnant,  or  rather,  Reversion  of  the  Jews. 

t 5.  The  action  or  fact  of  returning  to  or  from 
a  place.  Obs. 

1570  FOXE  A,  fy  Af.  (ed.  2)  219/2  After  his  reuersion 
home,  [he]  was  spoyled  also  of  al  yl  he  brought  with  him. 
1696  BROOKHOUSE  Tesnple  Open,  14  This.. was  the  Sign  of 
Dispersion,  and  it  will.. be  the  Sign  of  their  Reversion. 
1707  HBARNB.CW&f/.  (O.  H.  S.}  II.  17  The  Bp... homeward 
made  Reversion.  1741  tr.  Cicero  s  De  Nat.  Dcorutn  n.  144 
The  Sun  ..every  Year  makes  two  contrary  Reversions  from 
the  extreme  Part. 

b.  The  action  or  fact  of  returning  to  a  certain 
condition,  practice,  or  belief;  an  instance  of  this. 

1582  BENTLEY  Men.  Matrones  42  Christ  rejoiced  in  the 
conversion  of  sinners,  and  I  was  not  greeued  to  see  their 
reuersion  to  sinne.  1661  H.  \V.  Ckaract.  Conceited  Cox 
combs,  Polititian,  That  army,  whose  idle  lives  hate  the 
mention  of  a  revertion  to  their  wonted  druggery. 

1860  PUSEY  Min.  Proph.  24  It  is  not  conversion  only,  but 
reversion  too,  a  turning  back  from  the  unbelief  and  sins. 
1865  Sat.  Rev.  24  June  750  The  intelligence,  .of  two  rather 
remarkable  'reversions'  marks  a  critical  point  in  the  his 
tory  of  the  Church  of  Rome.  1876  MOZLEY  Univ.  Serin. 
xv.  256  There  is  a  sudden  reversion,  a  reaction  In  the 
posture  of  his  mind. 

c.  Biol.    The  fact,  or  action,  of  reverting    or 
returning  to  a  primitive  or  ancestral  type  or  con 
dition  ;  an  instance  of  this. 

1859  DARWIN  Orig.  Spec.  v.  (1860)  162  We  could  not  have 
told,  whether  these  characters  in  our  domestic  breeds  were 
reversions  or  only  analogous  variations.  1868  LYELL  Princ. 
Gcol.  (ed.  10)  II.  in.  xliii.  478  The  power  of  re-growth  of 
the  supernumerary  digits  in  man  may  be  an  instance  of  re 
version  to  an  enormously  remote  and  multidigitate  pro 
genitor.  1890  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  973. 

f6.  The  return  of  a  courtesy.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1642-4  V\cwsGodin  Mount  (1844)  133  The  Cavaliers  were 
more  wise  and  craftie,  than  to  stay  and  wait  upon  their  so 
eager  enemies  reversion  of  courtesie. 

7.  The  act  of  turning  something  or  fact  of  being 
turned  the  reverse  way.  Also  attrib. 

1677  PLOT  Oxfordsh.  230  A  pretty  stiff  string.. may  turn 
the  hand  upon  change  of  weather  in  the  punctutn  of  re 
version.  1698  Phil.  Trans.  XX.  412  Which  goes  from  the 
North  to  the  South-East  all  the  Year  about;  except  where 
there  are  Reversions  of  Breezes,  and  In-Letts  near  the 
Land.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Abatement ;  Rever 
sion  is  either  turning  the  whole  escutcheon  upside-down ; 
or  the  adding  another  escutcheon,  inverted,  in  the  former. 
1802  WOLLASTON  mPAit.  Trans.  XCII.  373  With  heavy  spar, 
the  instances  of  reversion  are  very  numerous.  1836-7  SIR  \V. 
HAMILTON  Metaph,y.V\.  (1859)  II.  416  By  a  total  reversion 
of  the  whole  analogy  of  his  psychology.  1872  W.  S.  SYMONDS 
Rec,  Rocks  viii.  262  There  is  a  fault  along  the  course  of  the 
river  and  a  reversion  of  dip  takes  place,  1885  ROSCOE  Sfec- 
tritin  Anal.  (ed.  4)  160  Zollner  has  examined  these  lines 
with  his  reversion-spectroscope. 
b.  Math.  (See  quots.) 

1698  Phil.  Trans.  XX.  191  This  Theorem  may  be  applied 
to  what  is  called  the  Reversion  of  Series,  such  as  finding  the 
Number  from  its  Logarithm  given  ;  the  Sine  from  the  Arc. 
1737  Gentl.  Magt  VII.  135/1  When  v  is  found  by  the  Re 
version  of  Series,  and  substituted  in  the  first  Equation. 
Ibid.)  He  himself  has  given  us  the  Value  of  v  above  by  Re 
version.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVII.  297/2  Reversion 
of  Series  is  the  method  of  finding  the  value  of  the  quantity 
whose  several  powers  are  involved  in  a  series,  in  terms  of 
the  quantity  which  is  equal  to  the  given  series.  i8oa  Phil. 
Trans.  XCII.  102  What  does  reversion  of  series  mean? 
Merely  this  ;  a  certain  method  or  operation,  according  to 
which,  one  quantity  being  expressed  in  terms  of  another, 
the  second  may  be  expressed  in  terms  of  the  first.  1841 
Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  437/1  \f  y  be  a  given  series  of  powers  of 
A;  the  determination  of  x  in  a  series  of  functions  of  y  is  not 
called  inversion,  but  reversion. 

Reve'rsion'^  (n-).  rare  -1.  [RE-  5  a.]  Trans 
lation  back  into  the  original  language. 

1814  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  LXX1V.  311  The  task 
of  version  and  reversion  is  not  to  be  recommended  merely 
to  the  linguist,  but  also  to  the  poet. 

Rever  sicmable,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  REVER 
SION  1.]  Capable  of  reversion. 

1681  H.  NEVILE  Plato  Rediv.  191  For  it  was  proposed, 
that  whatsoever  Security  we  were  to  receive  should  be  both 
Conditional  and  Reversionable. 

Reve'rsional,    a.     [f.  REVERSION  1  + -AL.] 

—  REVERSIONARY  fl.  2. 
1675  Conn.Col.  Rec.  (1852)  II.  250  His  deed  of  guift..so 

makeing  over  the  reversionall  distribution  of  his  estate  to 
posterity  as  that  his  present  necessities  canot  be  releiued. 
1679  Answ.  Appeal  from  County  to  City  36  They  have 
their  Reversionall  prospects  too.  1847  CLOUGH  Poems,  etc. 
(1869)  I.  285  Their  lands  come  to  them  saddled  with  inde 
finite  rent-charges,  reservations,  and  reversional  interests. 

Hence  Seve'rsionally  adv. 

1858  DE  QUINCEY  Wks.  VIII.  325  Modern  Christendom, 
under  which  idea  I  comprehend  Europe,  and  reversionally 
the  whole  continent  of  America. 

Reversionary  (rftra-ifanari),  a.  (and  *<$.). 
[f.  REVERSION  *  +  -ABY.] 

1.  Entitled  to  the  reversion  of  something,  rare. 

1651  WALTON  Life  Wotton  in  Reify.  W.  (1672)  d  i  By 
which  means,  and  quitting  the  King  of  his  promised  re 
versionary  Officers,  and  a  piece  of  honest  policy, . .  he  got  a 
Grant  of  it  from  His  Majesty.  1889  Spectator  9  Nov.,  The 
maritime  Powers  cannot  settle.. who  shall  be  reversionary 
heir  to  the  gateway  of  the  Black  Sea. 


KEVEET. 

b.  sb.  A  reversioner.  rare. 

1660  PEPVS  Diary  24  July,  Baron  had  got  a  grant  beyond 
sea,  to  come  in  before  the  reversionary  of  the  Privy  Scale. 
1905  Hibbert  Jrnl.  Oct.  76  He  becomes  the  reversionary 
therefore  of  all  its  claims  on  the  race. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of,  connected  with,  a  reversion. 
1720  Land.  Gaz.  No.  5864/4  Reversionary  Annuities  upon 

the  14  per  Cents.  1753-4  RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1781)  I. 
xlii.  304  She  has,  it  is  true,  reversionary  expectations.  1818 
CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  IV.  215  It  was  argued,  that  this  was 
a  reversionary  lease,  to  take  effect  after  the  determination 
of  another  lease  then  in  existence.  1845  LD.  CAMPBELL 
Chancellors  Jvi.  (1857)  III.  124  On  his  releasing  a  rever 
sionary  grant  of  the  Mastership  of  the  Rolls.  1876  FREK- 
MAN'  Norm.  Cong.  V.  xxii.  19  A  Norman  grantee.. was  not 
always  ready  to  respect  the  reversionary  rights  of  the  church. 
b.  (Cf.  REVERSION1  4.) 

1816  SCOTT  Old  Mort.  xix,  Your  person  would  be  with  me, 
and  your  mind  with  the  cold  meat  and  reversionary  pasties. 

3.  Biol.  Relating  to  reversion  to  type ;  tending 
to  revert ;  atavistic. 

1873  DARWIN  Orig.  Spec.  v.  (ed.  6)  127  We  cannot  dis 
tinguish  between  reversionary  and  analogous  characters. 
iBg/6Al$utfs  Syst,  Med.  1. 114  This  is  what  may  be  termed 
reversionary  degeneration. 

Reversioner  (r/vsujanai).  [f.  REVERSION  i 
+  -EK  !.]  One  who  possesses  the  reversion  to  an 
estate,  office,  etc. ;  an  heir  in  reversion.  Also /;•«//$/". 

1614  RALEIGH  Hisf.  World  n.  (1634)  450  It  were  the 
wisest  way  to  designe  by  his  authority  not  only  his  suc- 
cessour,  but  also  the  reversioner.  1678  MARVELL  Growth 
Popery  25  Might  not  his  Reversioner  justly  expect  to  be 
put  into  present  Possession  of  the  Office?  1766  BLACKSTONK 
Comment.  II.  :  13  The  grantee,  .by  his  alienation  may  bar 
the  heir  or  reversioner.  1816  Stat.  Realm  11.38  marg.,  In 
case  of  Covin  by  the  particular  Tenant,  the  Reversioner 
shall  recover  the  Land.  1885  La?v  Times  Rep.  LIII.  228/2 
The  Legislature  intended  to . . put  reversioners  and  re 
maindermen  on  the  same  level.  1891  Times  30  Jan.  9/1 
In  the  interests  of  the  nation — the  ultimate  reversioner  of 
the  tithe. 

Reve'rsionist.     [-IST.]     =  REVERSIONER. 

iBizArtn.  Reg.  33  The  only  two  members  who  had  spoken 
against  the  bill  were  two  very  principal  reversionists.  1869 
Daily  News  20  Aug.,  Policy-holders,  and  more  reversion- 
ists  in  expectancy,  would  be  affected  by  its  downfall. 

II  Reversis.  Now  only  Hist.  [a.  F.  reversis, 
variant  of  reversi.]  =REVERSI  i. 

1814  Hoy  Us  Games  163  (Stanf.),  Reversis  is  played  by 
four  persons...  For  this  game  the  tens  must  be  taken  out 
from  a  pack  of  cards.  1816  SINGER  Hist.  Cards  266  Re 
versis  is  a  French  game,  which,  Bullet  imagines,  was  in 
vented  in  the  Court  of  Francis  the  First.  1876  Catal.  Cards 
Brit.  Mas.  51  A  game  termed  Mawe  succeeded  Primero, 
then  cameGleek,  Hombre,  Quadrille,  Reversis,  and  Bassett. 
b.  To  make  the  reversis  (see  quot.). 

1830  '  EIDRAH  TRKBOR  '  Hoyle  Made  Familiar  40  When 
every  trick  is  made  by  the  same  person,  there  is  no  party, 
and  this  is  called  making  the  Reversis. 

t  ReveTSive,  a.  Obs.  [ad.  med.L.  *revers- 
ivus  :  see  REVERSE  v.  and  -IVE.]  ?  Retrahent. 

c  1400  Latifrancs  Cirurg.  152  pe  senewe  bat  is  clepid 
reuersif,  bat  is  vndir  boj>e  sidis  of  pe  eere. 

f  Reverso,  obs.  variant  of  RIVERSO. 

1598  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man  in.  Hum.  iv.  vii,  Your  Punto, 
your  Reuerso,  your  Stoccata,  your  Imbroccata. 

Revert  (rJvaut),  sb.  [f.  the  vb. ;  in  sense  2 
after  convert  and  pervert."} 

1.  fa.  Mus.     (See  quot.  1597.)     Obs. 

1597  MORLEY  Introd.  Mns.  85  The  reuerting  of  a  point 
(which  also  we  terme  a  reuert)  is,  when  a  point  is  made 
rising  or  falling,  and  then  turned  to  go  the  contrarie  waie, 
as  manie  notes  as  it  did  y^  first.  1622  PEACHAM  Comfl. 
Gent.\\.  103  Hath  not  Musicke  her  figures,  the  same  which 
Rhetorique?  What  is  a  Reuert,  but  her  Antistrophe? 
b.  A  return  to  some  means,  etc. 

1895  Daily  News  4  Jan.  5/3  A  watery  gravel  will  here  be 
encountered,  necessitating  a  revert  to  pneumatic  pressure  as 
a  means  of  keeping  out  the  water. 

2.  One  who  returns  to  his  previous  faith. 

1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  n.  84  An  active  promoter  in 
making  the  East-Saxons  Converts  (or  rather  Reverts)  to 
the  Faith.  1880  Church.  Times  26  Feb.  143  Perversions  are 
now  few,  and  the  percentage  of  reverts  has  been  consider 
able.  1898  ZANGWILL  Dreamers  of  Ghetto  III. 96  The  faith 
of  the  revert  was  quite  fixed. 

3.  <  That  which  is  reverted '  (Cent.  Diet.  1890). 
Reve'rt,/s.///i?.     [irreg.  f.  next.]     Reverted. 
1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  1.5,  L.strain'd  to  assume..  A  dying 

life,  reuert  in  liuing  death.  1854  S.  DOBELL  Balder  xxih. 
117  If  who  descried  The  deep  sea-gulph,  with  sudden  gaze 
revert,  Sees.. A  great  white  cloud. 

Revert  (r/v5ut),  v.  Also  4  roverte,  5-7 
reuerte,  5  reverte,  Sc.  rewert ;  5  revart,  6  Sc. 
reuart,  rewairt.  [a.  OF.  revertirt  =  Sp.  and  Pg. 
revertery  It.  re-,  rivertere  :— L.  revertere  (revert?), 
i.  re-  RE-  +  vertere  to  turn.] 

I.  intr.  f  !•  To  recover  consciousness  ;  to  come 
to  oneself  again.  Obs. 

13..  K.Alis.(7%9$\nRoulandt%  Vernaeu  (1836)  p.xxiii, 
The  king  reuerted  in  this  gredeinge,  And  gaf  hem  al  com- 
fortinge.  c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  3077  He  lay  in  swone 
longe,  or  he  spak  ought,.. But  whan  he  reuerted  and  ros 
a;eyn,  *Alas,'  he  seyde.  c  1485  Digby  Myst.  (1882)  in. 
782  A  !  no  lengar  now  I  reverte  !  I  yeld  vp  pe  gost !  1560 
HOLLAND  Crt.  Vcnu$  \.  686  ?it  for  faintnes..The  quhile 
twfoir  fra  time  he  did  reuert  [etc.]. 

fb.  To  recover,  recuperate.  Obs.  rare"1, 
c  1480  HENRVSON  Orfrh,  $  Eurydice  365  War  scho  at 
hame..Scho  wald  rewert  full  sone  in  fax  and  face. 

t  c.  Of  plants,  etc. ;  To  spring  up  afresh.  Obs. 


REVERT. 

.  1470  HARDING  Chron.  xcv.  xii,  The  grasse  and  corne,  that 
wolked  were  afore. .,  waxed  grene  and  gan  reuert.  1500-20 
DUNBAR  Poems  x.  42  Now  spring  vp  flouris  fra  the  rule, 
Reuert  jow  vpwart  naturaly.  1513  DOUGLAS  .Uneis  xll. 
Prol.  =30  Throu  kynd  ilk  thyng  springis  and  revertls. 
,  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.T.S.)  v.  5  May  caussis  curage 
frome  the  splene,  And  every  thing  in  May  revartis. 

2.  To  return,  to  come  or  go  back,  to  or  from  a 
place  or  position.     Now  rare. 

(-1400  Rfincdic  of  Loue  xiv.  in  Chaucer's  Wks.  (1561) 
322  b  By  the  path  of  penaunce  yet  woll  I  reuert  To  the 
well  of  grace,  c  1450  Mankind  405  in  .Macro  Plays  1 5,  I  xall 
eo  felt  corn  for  my  londe ;  1  prey  yow  of  pacyence  ;  Ryght 
sone  I  xall  reverie.  1509  HAWES  Com:  Swearers  xvm, 
Come  vnto  my  Joye  and  agayne  reuerte  Frome  the  deuylles 
Snare.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  842  After  that  the  trie 
and  he  had  commoned  no  long  lime  logether,  he  reuerted 
to  his  souldiors.  1579  SPENSER  Sheph.  Cal.  Nov.  191  Make 
hast,  .thether  to  reuert.  1608  SYLVESTER  Dn  BartasU.  iv. 
Decay  243  The  Ten  Tribes,  transported  To  a  far  Clime 
(whence  never  they  reverted)  Sojourn  in  forreign  soyl. 
1642  H.  MORE  Song  Soul  n.  in.  iv.  33  I'll  ..  force  Ihy 
feeble  feet  back  to  revert,  That  cannot  climb  so  high  a 
mystery,  a  1729  CONGREVE  Impassible  Thing,  Old  ocean 
.  .The  child  of  his  own  bed  receives,  Which  oft  as  dipt  new 
force  exerts,  And  in  more  vig'rous  curls  reverts.  1765 
Univ.  Maf.  XXXVII.  108/2  The  lightning,  .reverted  back 
through  a  strong  wall. 

1905  GAKNETT  Shaks.  105  Needs  musl  I  follow  Inis. .,  And 
then,  unlo  my  native  place  reverting  [etc.]. 

t  b.  To  recur;  to  happen  again.   Ol's.  rare    '. 

1678  B.  R.  Let.  Popish  Friends  4  The  Fit  will  certainly 
Revert,  as  soon  as  the  malignant  Humours  can  gather  Head. 

3.  Law.  To  return  to  the  former  possessor  or 
his  heirs.     (Cf.  REVERSION  '  i.) 

1447  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  135/2  Al  maner  possessions.. 
bhalle.  .descende  and  reverie  lo  such  persones  or  persone, 
as  lhay  shuld  doo  and  the  saide  Alianor  were  dede.  1495 
Act  ii  Hen.  VII,  c.  52  §  i  Heredilamentis  whiche  to  him 
discended,  remayned,  or  reverted.  1544  Sci.  Cos.  Crt. 
Requests  (Selden  Soc.)  108  After  whose  dethe  Ihe  said 
colage . .  reuerlyd  and  came  into  the  handes  and  possessyon 
of  the  said  defendaunt. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Formedon,  \Vhose  land  is 
entailed  to  certain  persons,  and  their  issue,  with  condition, 
for  want  of  such  issue,  to  revert  to  ihe  donor,  and  his  heirs. 
1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  609  In  this  case  their  lands  and 
tenements  shall  reverl  lo  Ihe  person,  or  his  heirs,  who  granted 
them  to  the  corporalion.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  VI. 
361  The  said  premises,  .should  from  Ihenceforth  revert  over 
and  go  to  such  of  his  grandchildren  as  should  be  living. 
1876  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  V.  xxiv.  379  It  might  be  for 
feited  to  Ihe  Stale  by  a  process  of  law  ;  il  could  nol  reverl 
lo  a  personal  lord. 

transf.  1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Rel>.  n.  §  103  The  projects 
of  Wineand  Iron, .  .the  entire  profit  of  which  allways  reverted 
lo  himself.  1737  Gentl.  Mag.  VII.  509/2  Lei  nine  parts  of 
IheTylhe  revert  From  Gownsmen  lo  Ihe  Poor.  1844  H.  H. 
WILSON  Brit.  India  II.  337  The  managemenl  of  Ihe  polilical 
interests.. reverted  to  the  functionaries  in  whom  they  had 
been  vcsled  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  1870  Evening 
Stand.  12  Nov.,  Alsace  and  all  Lorraine  are  to  revert  to  Ihe 
conqueror. 

4.  To  return  to  a  person  or  party  after  estrange 
ment  or  separation.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

c  1440  Alph.  Tales  46  He  askid  hur  husbond  if  he  wold 
reverie  agayn  to  Criste.  £1485  Digby  Myst.  (1882)  II.  502 
Let  vs  departe,  Hys  delh  lo  devyse,  syth  he  wyl  nol  revart. 
1567  Glide  f,  Godlie  B.  (S.T.S.)  126  The  sinfull  lhan  lo  Ihe 
reuarl,  Sail  in  to  gudlie  haist. 

b.  To  return  to  a  custom,  practice,  idea,  etc. 

1612  BACON  Ess.,  Expense  (Arb.)  55  He  lhal  cleeres  al 
once  will  relapse  :  For  finding  himselfe  oul  of  straught,  hee 
wil  reuert  lo  his  customes.  1836  LANE  Mod.  Egypt.  II.  341 
The  Christians  at  thai  lime  had  reverted  to  the  habit  of 
wearing  the  white  turban.  1861  MAY  Constit.  Hist.  (1863) 

I.  i.  14  To  reverl  lo  a  policy  under  which  kings  had  governed, 
and    minislers    had    executed    their    orders.     1897   MARY 
KINGSLEY  W.  Africa  364  He  reverted  lo  his  old  idea,  that 
he  had  had  to  abandon  tesling  when  leaving  Brazzaville. 

f  5.  To  turn  away  again,  so  as  to  leave  or  desert 
one.  Obs.  rare. 

a  1542  WYATT  in  Anglia  XVIII.  501,  I  Irust  to  temper  it 
so,  not  for  to  care  which  do  reverl ;  All  shall  be  one.  1557 
Totters  Misc.  (Arb.)  182  Truely  lo  serue  wilh  all  my  hart, 
Whiles  life  doth  last  not  to  reuart.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron. 

II.  527  The   Magislrales,  ..  knowing  that  the  Duke  of 
Britaine  and  his  brother  were  reuerted  and  turned  to  the 
French  partie,  beganne . .  to  mourne. 

6.  To  go  back,  to  recur,  to  a  former  subject  of 
discourse. 

1587  M.  GROVE  Pelops  tr  Hipp,  (i  878)  49  But  leaue  we  them 
..And  reuerl  lo  Ihe  Pallace,  where  no  wight  doeth  idle 
sland.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  I.  26  This  much  in  general.., 
and  so  I  reuerl  to  mine  itinerary  relalion.  1660  F.  BROOKE 
tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  246  Now  I  will  revert  to  ihe  Town  of 
Barua,  which  I  left  for  this  short  digression. 

a  1817  JANE  AUSTEN  The  Watsons  (1879)  359  His  attention 
was  so  totally  engaged  in  the  business, ..as  never  to  revert 
to  what  he  had  been  saying  before.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON 
Brit.  India  III.  31  In  the  mean  time,  il  will  be  convenienl 
to  revert  to  the  more  recent  occurrences  on  the  confines  of 
Chitlagong.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  70  Plalp  lakes 
occasion  lo  reverl  to  his  old  proposal  of  the  use  of  wine. 

b.  To  return  to  a  subject  of  thought. 

1822  SCOTT  Peveril  vi,  His  ideas.. naturally  reverted  lo 
his  neighbour.  1842  TENNYSON  Day-Dream  248  My  fancy, 
ranging  thro1  and  thro',.  .Perforce  will  still  revert  to  you. 
1895  C.  KERNAHAN  God  \-  the  Ant  Apol.  (ed.  4)  9  In  my 
wakingmoments  my  thoughts  reverted  to  my  dream. 

c.  To  look  back.  rare~l. 

1820  LAMB  Elia  I.  Oxford  in  Vac.,  What  half  Tanuses  are 
we,  that  cannot  look  forward  with  the  same  idolatry  with 
which  we  for  ever  reverl. 

7.  To  return  to  a  former  condition.     Also  ellipt. 

l6]8  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  219  The  Persians  kept 


606 

it  till  the  yeere  of  our  Lord  1605,.. when  it  reverted  to  I 
Turkish  thraldome.  1642  H.  MORE  Song  Soul  m.  App.  xl. 
Wks.  (Grosart)  122  But  those  of  aire  can  easily  convert  Into 
new  forms  and  then  againe  revert.  1723  WATERLAND Serin. 
Wks  1823  VIII.  458  All  things  reverted  to  their  primitive 
order  and  regularity,  calm, quiet,  and  composed.  1786  Ann. 
Kc°  Hist  3"/2  The  United  States,  .have  reverted  to  the 
situation  in  which  England  was  placed  before  the  acquisi 
tion  of  Canada.  1842  L.  HUNT  /  he  I'alfrcy  iv.  =7  They.. 
sit,  one  moment,  bolt  upright,  lint  soon  reverts  each  nod 
ding  crown.  ...  , 

ta.  To  return  to  an  earlier  or  primitive  lorm ;  to 
reproduce  the  characteristics  of  an  ancestral  type. 
i8«  DARWIN  Orig.  Spec.  i.  (1860)  14  That  our  domestic 
varieties,  when  run  wild,  gradually  but  certainly  revert  in 
character  to  their  aboriginal  stocks.     1870  HENFREV Bot. 
8  878  The  plants  revert.. to  the  type  of  one  or  the  other  of 
the  parents.     1892  Gardeners  Chron.  27  Aug.  236/3,  I  have 
endeavoured  to    raise    it   from   seed  many  limes,  but  it 
generally  reverts  to  the  White  Broom. 
c.  To  fall  back  into  a  wild  state. 
1884  JFFFERIES  Red  Deer  (1892)  14  When  ploughed  and 
laid  down  to  grass,  unless  broken  up  from  time  to  time,  the 
ground  will  revert  and  yield  nothing  but  rushes. 

II.  trans,  f  8.  a.  To  recall  to  mind.  Ol<s~l 
\-aaAycHb.  128  pe  holy  gost..him  breng)>  ayen  to  him- 
zelue^zuo  bet  he.  .him  reuerteb  huet  guodes  he  heb  uerlore 
and  ine  huet  poverte  he  is  y-ualle  be  his  zenne. 

f  b.  To  cause  to  return,  esp.  to  bring  back  or 
restore,  to  a  person,  place,  etc.      Obs. 

c  1400  Rom.  Rose  7188  That  doth  the  synfulle  folk  con 
vene,  And  hem  to  Ihesu  Crist  reverie.  1432-50  tr.  Htgdcn 
(Rolls)  III.  197  The  sawles  begynne  ageyne  after  dethe  to 
wylle  to  be  reuertede  in  to  theire  bodies.  1494  FABYAN 
Cliron.  VII.  ccxxxix.  279  If  the  sayd  yonge  Henry  dyed 
without  issue. .,  than  the  sayd  castellys  and  holdis  to  be  re 
uerted  vnto  the  crowne  of  Fraunce.  1545  RAYNOLD  Byrth 
iMankynde  Hh  vj,  Physicions..set  boxing  glasses vnder  the 
brestes,  meanynge  therby,  to  reuert  and  returne  vpward,  ye 
matter  enclined  to  much  downewarde.  c  1560  _A.  SCOTT 
Poems  (S.T.S.)  ix.  44  Bot  jour  hairt  to  my  hairt  rewert, 
And  send  me  hairt  for  hairt  agane.  1651  JER.  TAYLOR 
Serin,  for  Year  I.  iv.  49  Those  unprofitable  and  hurtful 
branches  which,  .revert  evil  juice  to  the  very  root  it  self. 
9.  ta.  To  turn  away,  withdraw.  Obs. 
c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.T.S.)  xxiii.  31,  I  sail  in  tyme  re- 
wairt  My  luve  frome  hir  agane.  1566  PAINTER  Pat.  Pleas. 
I.  89,  I  wyll  giue  ouer  this  vnsemely  loue,  and  reuerting 
my  mynde  to  some  other  wyght,  I  wyll  [etc.]. 

fb.  To  turn,  force,  or  drive  back  ;  also  transf. 
to  refute.  Obs.  rare. 

1575  R.  B.  Appim  t,  Virg.  in  Hazl.  Dodslcy  IV.  129,  I 
will  not  sure  reverted  be,  my  heart  shall  have  no  ruth.  1598 
FLORIO,  Smentire,.  .to  confute,  to  reuert,  to  make  one  say 
'toong,  thou  lyest!'  1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinarch.,  Hen.  V, 
ccxv,  Firme-written  destinie  Reverts  the  Breath  of  Kings ; 
and  playes  with  it.  1664  [see  REVERTING  vbl.  sb.\ 

c.  To  turn  (one's  eyes  or  steps)  back  ;  to  direct 
backwards. 

1632  BROME  Northern  Lasse  i.  vii,  And  wearilie  chance  to 
revert  a  look  Upon  the  price  you  gave  for  this  sad  thraldom. 
1645  G.  DANIEL  Poems  ^yks.  (Grosart)  II.  20  If  you  would 
behold  A  Beautie  to  Entice  ;  Revert  your  pur-blind  Eyes  ; 
Too  blind,  and  yet  too  bold.  1716  POPE  IJiad  VI.  641  His 
princess  parts  with  a  prophetic  sigh,  Unwilling  parts,  and 
oft  reverts  her  eye.  1729  SAVAGE  Wanderer  II.  117  In 
stedfast  Gaze  his  Eyes  her  Aspect  keep,  Then  turn  away, 
a-while  dejected  weep;  Then  he  reverts  'em;  but  reverts  in 
vain.  1814  GARY  Dante,  Inf.  x.  123  But  I  my  steps  toward 
the  ancient  bard  Reverting,  ruminated  on  the  words.  1832 
G.  DOWNES  Lett.  Cont.  Countries  I.  98  On  reverting  our 
eyes,  every  step  presented  some  new  and  admirable  scene. 
10.  To  turn  the  other  way ;  to  reverse,  invert, 
turn  up.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

?rt  1400  Morte  Arth.  2918  Thane  sir  Priamous.  .Presez 
to  his  penowne,  and  pertly  it  hentes,  Reuertede  it  redily, 
and  a-waye  rydys.  c  1500  Melusine  319  The  lustes  &  play- 
sirs  that  I  was  wonnt  to  haue  shal  be  reuertid  in  tribula- 


REVERTURE. 

Reve  rtal.  rare-1,  [f.  prec.]   Reversion. 
1858  J.  K.  NORTON   Topics  192  As  to  any  prospect  of 
reverlal  to  the  village  system  at  some  future  period  [etc.]. 

Revertant,  a.   Her.  rare-",    [f.  REVERT  "'. 

+  -ANT.1     (See  quot.  1828.) 

1688  HOLME  Acad.  Armoury  11.484/2.  1828  BERRY  Encycl. 
Her  I  Revertant,  or  Rwertctl,  that  is,  flexed  and  reflexed, 
or  bending  in  the  form  of  an  S  ;  though  it  is  sometimes  used 
for  a  bending  in  the  manner  of  a  cheveron. 

Reverted  (rfvSuted),  ppl.  a.     [f.  REVERT  V.} 

1.  Turned  backwards  or  the  wrong  way;  bent 
back  ;  reversed. 

1300  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  ill.  ii.  126  Ant.  Where  France? 
Di-o.  In  her  forhead,  arm'd  and  reuerted,  making  warre 
against  her  heire.  1621  QUARLES  Argalm  f,  P.  i.  Wks. 
(Grosart)  III.  242/1  Downe  each  side  of  his  reverted  chmne 
A  lock  of  black  neglected  haire.  168;  GREW  Mnsxum  \\. 
§  iii.  iv.  237  The  lesser  ground  Mosse  with  Reverted  Leaves. 
1708  Brit.  Apollo  No.  91.  2/2  We  may  observe  a  Reverted 
Scene  1765  Treat.  Dam.  Pigeons  112  Its  feathers  stand 
all  reverted.  1843  Encycl.  Mctrop.  II.  88  This  reverted 
series.. may  be  put  under  a  very  elegant  and  remarkable 
form.  1870  HENFREY  Hot,  §  880  In  some  cases  it  has  been 
found  that  the  reverted  or  pure  shoots  bore  perfect  seeds. 

2.  Of  the  eyes,  etc. :  Directed  backwards. 
1741-2  Ge.>.lAgrif.  198  Yielding  modesty,  And  oft  reverted 

eye.  1754  —  /'leasurc  28  With  forward  and  reverted  eyes. 
?  1815  COLERIDGE  Time,  Real  *r  Itnag.  7  Yet  ever  runs  she 
with  reverted  face,  And  looks  and  listens  for  the  boy  behind. 
1858  LONGK.  Jew.  Cemetery  Newport  xiv,  Thus  for  ever 
with  reverted  look  The  mystic  volume  of  the  world  they 
read.  1870  SWINBURNE  Ess.  f,  Stud.  (1875)  333  The  bull., 
looking  back  with  reverted  horn  and  earnest  eye. 

t  Revertence.   06s.~l  [f.  REVERT  z'.]  Return. 

c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  Ixviii.  jJThey]  Besought  the  Kyng 
they  myght  haue  his  lycence,  To  Germany  to  make  their 
revertence. 

Reverter J  (rrva-Jtai).   [I.  REVERT  v.  +  -ER  +.] 

1.  Law.  Reversion  (of  lands,  etc.). 

1491  Act  7  Hen.  VII,  c.  2  §  4  Londes.  .which  to  theym  be 
commen  by  discent,  reverter  or  remaynder.  1544  tr.  Little- 
tan's  Tenures  (1574)  "sb,  Hee  in  the  reversion,  .is  put  to 
his  action  of  Formedon  in  the  reverter.  1618  J.  SMYTH  Lives 
Berkeley*  (1883)  II.  416  This  family  was.,  enriched  with  the 
reverter  of  their  Barony  of  Berkeley,  a  1628  SIR  J .  DODERIDCE 
Eng.  Lawyer  70  Never  like  to  return  to  the  Lord  by  Escheat 


Armoury  n.  xix.  481/2  Others  [bear]  a  Leg  in  fesse,  the 
Thigh  couped  and  reverted.  1755  H.  MARTIN  Mag.  Arts 
•  ff  Sci.  331,  I  apply  my  Finger,  .upon  the  Top  of  the  Tube, 
and  then  invert  it ; . .  then  I  revert  the  Tube,  or  turn  it 
up  again.  1799  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXIX.  269  Since  they 
express  the  nature  and  form  of  a  quantity  which,  by  involu 
tion  or  reverting  the  operation,  reproduces  it.  1801  STRUTT 
Sports  <$•  Past.  I.  i.  r,  I  shall ..  revert  the  arrangement  of 
those  amusements,  and  begin  with  hunting.  1807-10  TANNA- 

1    HILL  Poems  (1846)  36   In  many  a  dogg'rel  epitaph.. Our 
4  ahs  !— alases  ! '  raise  the  laugh,  Revert  the  tide  of  pity, 
b.  Math.  (Cf.  REVERSION  l  7  b.) 
1737  Cmtl.  Mag.  VII.  549  Find  the  Value  of  i  in  v,  and 
then  revert  the  Series.     1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.   3)  XVII. 
297/2  Let  it  be  required  to  revert  the  series  ax+bx1+cx*  + 

\    ax*  +  c.v*,  &c.=y.     1827  Mutton's  Course  Math.   I.  228 
Assume  a  series  for  the  value  of  the  unknown  quantity, 
of  the  same  form  with  the  series  which  is  required  to  be 
reverted.     1842  BRANDS  Diet.  Sci.,  etc.  s.v.  Reversion  of 
Series,  The  original  series  will  be  reverted  on  determining 
the  coefficients  A,  B,  C,  D,  etc. 
1 11.  To  reverse,  revoke,  recall,  annul.  Obs. 
1544  tr.  Littleton's  Tenures  (1574)93  He  shal  reuert  such 

'  outlawrye  by  writ  of  Error  [etc.].  1563  FOXE  A .  %  M.  843 
Which  byl  being  red  according  to  the  order  of  the  House, 
was  reuerted.  1606  Jrnl.  Ho.  Comm.  n  Apr.,  Merchants 
the  Guides  of  Princes  for  raising  Customs  :— When  they 
devise  it  [imposition  of  customs]  quiet ;  when  it  is  reverted, 

,    they  startle  and  stir.    1639  G.  DANIEL  Venic.  67  My  name 

j    preserve  By  force  of  Numbers,  which  revert  the  Lawes  Of 

'    Destinie. 

t  12.  To  turn  over  (in  the  mind).  Obs,—^ 
1751  EARL  ORRERY  Remarks  Swift  (1752)  150  As  I  have 
often  reverted  in  my  mind  certain  particulars  relating  to  my 
two  poetical  friends,  I  have  always  thought  [etc.]. 


1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  VI.  287  A  limitation  of  a  term  to 
one  for  life . .  leaves  a  possibility,  .of  reverter  in  the  executors 
of  the  testator.  1896  Act  59  f,  60  Viet.  c.  28  §  15  The  pro 
perty  shall  not  be  deemed ..  to  pass  by  reason  only  of  its 
reverter  to  the  disponer  in  his  lifetime. 

+  2.  Return.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1667  WATERHOUSE  Fire  London  115  The  advantage  that 
accrewed  to  His  Majesty  upon  his  reverter. 

Reverter2  (rtVS'Jtti).  [f.  REVERT  z/.i  +  -ERI.J 
One  who  or  that  which  reverts. 

1890  Spectator  15  Nov.,  An  exact  reverter  to  the  wild 
type  in  both  respects  sometimes  occurs. 

Revertibi-lity.  [f.  next  +  -m-.]  The  quality 
of  being  revertible. 

1816  F.  H.  NAYLOR  Hist.  Germany  I.  I.  viii.  295  [His] 
dominions  had  been  seized  without  any  pretext,  except  that 
of  their  probable  revertibility  to  the  chief  of  the  empire  in 
quality  of  an  imperial  fief. 

Revertible  (reva-itib'l),  a.  [f.  REVERT  v.\ 
Capable  of  reverting;  admitting  of  reversion. 

1472-5  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  162/2  As  long  as  the  said 
Grauntes  or  Giftes.  .stond  and  be  in  their  force,  and  not 
determyned  nor  revertible  to  the  Kyng.  1727-38  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Revert,  All  honours  and  royal  fees,  alienated, 
revert  to  the  crown,  or  are  revertible.  1801  RANKEN  Hist. 
France  1. 1.  iii.  252  The  whole  lands  of  the  Kingdom  were  still 
considered  as  revertible  annually  to  the  general  assembly. 
1807  BARROW  Life  Macartney  I.  259  In  prevailing  upon 
some  of  the  Company's  servants  to  unite  these  offices  for  a 
time,  the  nabob,  .succeeded  only  upon  a  revertible  condition. 

Reve-rticle.  rare~°.  [ad.  L.  reverticulum.] 
•  A  place  to  return  unto'  (Blount,  1656). 

Reve'rting,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  REVERT  v.  +  -ING  '.] 
The  action  of  the  verb,  in  various  senses. 

1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Cosmogr.  Glasse  34  After  this 
somerlye  reuerting..:  for  which  cause  this  circle  is  called 
a  tropike  (or  circle  of  reuerting  and  turning  back).  1597 
MORLEY  Introd.  Mns.  85  The  reuerting  of  a  point  (which 
also  we  terme  a  reuert).  1612  SELDEN  Illustr.  Drayton  s 
Poly-olb.  ii.This  Eagle,  .foretold  of  areverting  of  the  Crown, 
after  the  Britons,  Saxons,  and  Normans,  to  the  first  again. 
1664  EVELYN  Kal.  Hort.  (1729)  192  To  apply  the  Collateral 
Branches  as  near  as  possibly  he  can  (without  Violation  and 
unnatural  bending  and  reverting)  to  the  Earth  or  Borders. 

Reve-rting,  ///.  a.  [-ING  ^.]  That  reverts 
or  turns  back. 

1815  SHELLEY  Alastor  395  Shall  the  reverting  stress  Of 

that  resistless  gulf  embosom   it?     1868  H.  LAW  Beacons 

Bible  (1869)  153  The  reverting  eye  betrays  the  heart.     1887 

RUSKIN  Prxterita  II.  59  At  the  top  of  a  long  flight  of 

i    squarely  reverting  stair. 

Reve'rtive,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  REVERT  v.  +  -IVE.] 
Retreating,  turning  back. 

1727  THOMSON  To  Mem.  Nemton  55  Till  again  The  tide  re- 
vertive,  unattracted,  leaves  A  yellow  waste  of  idle  sands 
behind.  .  9 

Hence  Beve-rtively  adv.,  '  by  way  of  reversion 
(Webster,  1847). 

t  Reve  rture.     Obs.  rare.    [f.  REVERT  v.  +• 
!   -URE  :  cf.  REVERTER  !.]     Reversion ;  return. 

1495  Act  n  Hen.  VII,  c.  63  §  i  When  the  seid  descent, 
remaynder  or  reverture  shall  mowe  fall  or  growe.  a  1529 
SKELTON  Death  K.  Edw.  IV  14,  1  slepe  now  in  molde,  a« 


BEVESH. 


607 


REVETMENT. 


it  is  naturall  That  erth  vnto  erth  hath  his  reuerture.  1602 
WARNER  A16,  Eng.  Epit.  372  From  this  present  Reuerture 
of  the  English  Diadem  to  the  next  Innouation. 

Revery,  variant  of  REAVERY,  REVERIE. 

Beveryng,  obs.  form  of  RIVERING. 

t  Reve'sh,  reve'ss,  v.    Obs.    Forms:  a.  5 

reuesche,  rewessh-,  6  reuessch-  ;  4  reuysh-, 
revyssh-,  5  rauasch-,  6  rauissh-.  $.  5  reuess-, 
revesc-,  Sc.  rawess,  6  revess-.  Cf.  also  RE- 
VEKSE  v.'*  [Back-formation  from  next,  the  t  being 
apprehended  as  a  participial  ending.]  —REVEST 
v.  (Chiefly  in  pa.  t.  or  pa.  pple.) 

«.  c  1375  Lay  Folks  Mass  Jlk.  (MS.  B)  34  When  \n  auter 
is  nl  dight,  &  ^o  preste  is  reuysht  [r.r.  re-wesshut]  right. 
c  1400  Melayne  889  The  Bischoppe  sone  gane  hym  reuesche. 
,  \\taChron.  Vilod.  4695  pen  twey  prestes  weron  reuysshede 
at  hurre  byddyng.  c  1450  MYRC  Festial  61  Then  segh  scho 
a  prest  and  too  dekens  honestly  reueschet.  1513  BRADSHAW 
St.  IVerburge  \.  3424  The  bysshops  were  reuesshed  in  ponti 
ficalibus.  1555  W.  WATREMAN  Bardie  Facions  IT.  xii.  270 
With  the  wniche  aftre  he  hath  rauisshed  him  selfe  in  the 
vestrie,.  .he  commeth  forth  to  the  aultare. 

ft.  a  1440  Sir  Degrev.  1830  Solempnely  a  cardinal,  Re- 
vescyd  with  a  pontifical,  Sang  the  masse  ryal.  c  1470  HENRY 
Wallace  vni.  1197  Maister  Jhon  Blar  was  redy  to  rawess. 
1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  ccxliv.  t  vij  b,  There  mette  with 
hym  xiiij  bisshoppes  reuessed  and  mitered.  1523  Pleadings 
Duchy  Lane.  (1896)  XXXII.  1  16  [The  priest  being]  reversed 
at  messe. 

t  Reve'St,  v.^  Obs.  Forms  :  3-6  reueste  (4 
-en,  -yn,  5  Sc.  raueate),  3-7  reuest  (4  reuist, 
5  Sc.  rew-,  rawest),  4-  revest,  [a.  OF.  re- 
vestir^  revistir  (mod.F.  w#rr),~Sp.  and  Pg.  re- 
vestir^  It.  rivestire  \~-  late  L.  revest  ire  t  f.  re-  RE- 

+  vestire  to  clothe.  In  ME.  the  stem  is  also 
employed  as  pa.  t.  and  pa.  pple.  (see  0),  in  atldi- 
tion  to  the  normal  forms  in  -ed.  Cf.  also  prec.] 

1.  trans,  a.  In  pa.  pple.  Of  priests,  etc,  :  Ar 
rayed    in   ecclesiastical   vestments,    esp.   for   the 
purpose  of  performing  mass  or  other  office. 

a.  c  1290  St.  Brendan  274  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  227  Monekes 
it  weren  ech-on,  And  yreuested  faire  and  in  queor-copes. 
c  1305  St.  Swithin  139  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  47  To  ]>e  mynstre 
hi  gonne  wende  Ireuested  faire  ynou}.  c  1350  Will.  Palerne 
5047  pe  patriarkes  &  ober  prelates  prestli  were  reuested. 
£1435  WYNTOUN  Cron.  v.  x.  1891  pe  prest,  rawestyt  on  his 
wysse  For  to  ressaiff  hir  sacryfyce.  1481  CAXTON  Godf,  cxl. 
209  Emonge  the  men  of  armes  were  the  men  of  the  Chirche 
reuested  with  awbes  and  stooles.  a  1548  HALL  Chron., 
Hen,  yilf,  90  b,  The  Cardinall  beyng  reuested  to  syng 
Masse,  the  Erie  of  Essex  brought  the  Bason  with  water. 
1588  ALLEN  Adman.  14  She  hath  caused  the  Priests..  to  be 
caried  in  scornefull  manner  reuested  through  the  streates, 
1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Lev,  vi.  10  The  priest  shall  be  revested 
with  the  tunike. 

ft.  *$.  .Settyn  Sag.  (W.)  3356  To  kirk  thai  led  that  faire 
lady  ;  A  pries  te  was  ieuist  hastily.  1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron. 
(1810)  36  pe  bisshop  Owald  herd  of  bat  miracle  speke,  Reuest 
[printed  Renst  ;  F.  revestuz]  at  ^e  toumbe,  he  tok  vp  be 
bones.  (11400-50  Alexander  1500  pou  &  ^i  prelatis  & 
prestis  of  ^e  temple,  Raueste  \Dubl.  Reuest]  all  on  a  raw. 
c  1475  Raitf  Coilyar  346  The  gentill  Bischop  Turpine 
cummand  thay  se,  With  threttie  Conuent  of  Preistis  reuest 
at  ane  sicht.  ^1530  LD.  BERNERS  Art/i.  Lyt.  Bryt.  (1814) 
402  The  byshop  of  Pancopone,  reuest  in  his  pontificalibus, 
..there  dydde  axe  the  banes  betwene  them.  1593  Rites  <y 
Mon.  Durham  (Surtees  Soc.)  7  They  were  always  revest 
in  the  same  place. 

b.  In  general  use  :  To  clothe,  apparel,  attire. 

1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  \\.  iv.  98  Toke  theyr  garmentes 
fro  them  and  reuested  theyre  owne  folke  with  the  same. 
1513  DOUGLAS  ^£  net's  vi.  ix.  46  Tisiphone.  .In  bludy  caip 
revestit  and  oursyld.  1590  SPENSER  f.  Q.  11.  i.  22  Her 
nathelesse  Th'enchaunter  ..Did  thus  revest,  and  deckt  with 
dew  habiliments.  1616  MIDDLETON  Civitatis  Amor  Wks. 
(Bullen)  VII.  285  They  departed,  .to  be  disrobed  of  their 
hermits'  weeds,  and  were  revested  in  robes  of  crimson  taffeta. 
1648  J.  BEAUMONT  Psyche  xv.  xcvi,  He  first  revests  his  arms 
and  breast,  which  by  Their  naked  valour  did  his  foes  defy. 
1664  EVELYN  tr.  Freart^s  Arc/tit.  n.  i.  91  Revested  with  the 
most  rich  and  splendid  Apparel  which  Art  can  invent. 

transf.  121547  SURREY  in  Tottefs  Misc.  (Arb.)  n  The 
pleasant  plot  reuested  green  with  warme.  1590  ALEX.  HUME 
Hymns  i  etc.  (Bann.  Cl.)  45  Quhen  darknes  hes  the  heauen 
revest.  1601  DOLMAN  La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad,  (1618)  in. 
647  The  bodie  it  selfe.  .in  the  resurrection  .  .shall  be  reuested 
with  the  nature  of  the  soule.  1649  Alcoran  26  See  the 
bones  of  thine  Asse  ;  I  will  recollect  and  revest  them  with 
flesh. 

2.  reft.  To  dress   or  apparel   (oneself),  esp.  in 
ecclesiastical  vestments. 


^ 

Q,  i«97  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  11,114  Pe  godeman  vor  drede 
to  churche  wende.  .&  reuestede  him  bi  J>e  auter.  c  1374 
CHAUCER  Troylns  in.  51  Right  so  as  thes  holies  and  thes 
hayes..Revestyn  hem  in  grene  whan  that  May  is.  «  1400 
Minor  Poems  fr.  I'ernon  MS.  347/726  Reuesten  him  J>enne 
wole  be  wel  \V\\>  riche  pftl  and  sendel.  a  1450  Knt.  de  la 
Tour  (1868)  49  That  signifiethe  that  ye  had  made  man! 
preestes  reuest  hem,  and  synge  masses  for  thaire  soules. 
1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  iv.  xvii.  280  Therfore  it  was 
ordeyned  that  rehgiouse  should  reueste  and  clothe  hemself 
of  the  same,  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Hnon  Ixiii.  219  He.. 
chargyd  them,  .to  reuest  them  selues  with  crosse  and  myter 
&  copes.  1574  HELLOWES  Gueuara's  Fain.  Efr.  (1577)  42 
It  is  as  necessarie  that  the  knight  doe  arme,  as  the  priest 
reuest  himselfe.  1603  Coronat.  Jas.  I  (1685)  5  The  Arch- 
Bishop.  .revesteth  himself.  1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus'  Nat. 
Paradox  vi.  127  As  hee  was  revesting  himself  in  Almeria's 
Robes. 

ft,  (71300  Cursor  M.  10949  Zachari  ••  reuest  him  on  his 
maner,  Sit«n  he  went  vnto  be  auter.  ciy*&Metr.  Horn.  78 
This  bisschope,  als  the  manere  es,  Reueste  him  to  synge  his 
messe. 

3.  To  invest  or  endow  with  property,  rare  ~~l. 


c  1500  Mcliisine  97,  I  enjoyne-.that  ye  doo  edefye._.a  ' 
pryorye  with  viii  monkes,  and  that  ye  reueste  them  with  ; 
rentes  and  reuenues, 

4.  To  put  on  (attire)  again.     Also_/*£. 

1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  \.  i.  440  Those. .shall  rise,  and 
all  revest  The  flesh  and  bones  that  they  at  first  possest. 
1605  —  Sonu.  late  Peace  iv,  Revest  (yee  States)  your  Robes 
of  djgnitie.  a  1639  WOTTON  Ps.  civ.  10  Again,  when  Thou 
of  Life  renew'st  the  Seeds,  The  withered  Fields  revest  their 
chearful  weeds.  1645  City  Alarum  4,  If..  I  could  awake  all  : 
those.. to  shake  off  that  frozen  timidity,,  .and  revest  their 
wonted  courage.  1867  I.ONGF.  Dant£t  I>if.  xiii.  104  Like 
others  for  our  spoils  shall  we  return  ;  But  not  that  any  one 
may  them  revest. 

5.  refl.  and  absoL  To  clothe  oneself  again. 

1605  SYLVESTER  DH  Bartas,  Spectacles  viii,  When  Trees 
with  Leaves  and  Blossoms  them  re-vest.     1660  F.  BROOKE    • 
tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  190  Being  disrobed;..he  receives  from 
the  Kings  own  hand  certain  .stripes..  .Which  done  he  revests.    | 

Hence  fBeve-sting  vbl.  sbl  Obs. 

a  igoo  in  Archaeol.  LI  I.  213  The  Revestyng  of  the  abbot  i 
of  Westminster  att  evensong, 

Revest  (nve-st), v*     [f.  RE-  5  a  +  VEST  r.} 

1.  trans.  To  reinvest  (one)  with  power,  owner-    , 
ship,  or  office;  to  reinstate. 

1561  PILKINGTOM  Bnrnynge  Patties  Ch.  K  vj  b,  Because 
the  kinge  hais  reuested  and  reseased  me  of  the  whole  arch- 
bishopncke.     1570  FOXF.  A.  $  M.  ted.  2)  243/1  Commaund- 
ing  him  y*  Anselme.  .shuld  be  reuested  agayn  into  his  arch- 
bishopricke.     1594  ?GKKENK  Selimus  1497  We  will  thrust 
Selimus  from  his  throne,  And  reuest  Acomat  in  the  Empiric. 
1643  PRYNNE  Popish  R.  J-anourife  57  [Was  not]  then.. the    j 
Pope  revested  in  his  long  exploded  usurped  supremacie  in     j 
our  Real  me  ? 

2.  To  vest  (something)  again  in  a  person,  etc. 

1697  LUTTREI.L  Brief  R  el.  (1857)  IV.  195  The  lords  yester 
day  read  the  bill.. for  revesting  the  sinecure  of  Landinam 
in  Wales  in  John  Spademan  in  trust  for  Joseph  Hill.     1799 
Public  Characters  58  A  Bill  to  revest  in  the  Universities  the 
monopoly  in  Almanacks.     1823  J.  MARSHALL  Const.  Opin. 
(1839)267  The  whole  effect  allowed  to  this  judgment  was  to 
revest  in  the  crown  ihe  powers  of  government.     1885  Act 
48  #  49  Viet,  c.  48  Preamble,  To  restore  to  and  re-vest  in  him    ; 
the  lands  belonging  to  the  said  ancient  territorial  earldom. 

ellift.  1826  KENT  Comm.  \.  v.  (1858)  I.  112  If  a  captured  I 
ship  escapes  from  the  captor,  or  is  retaken,  or  if  the  owner  ' 
ransoms  her,  his  property  is  thereby  revested. 

3.  '  To  lay  out  in  something  less  fleeting  than    i 
money  ;  as,  to  revest  money  in  stocks/ 

1828-32  in  WEBSTER. 

4.  intr.  To  become  reinvested  (in  one). 

1651  SIR  J.  DAVIKS  Abridg.  Reports  \,  ^  Had  A  been  dis 
seised,  there  the  right  remaines  and  the  possession  may 
revest.  1765  Act  5  Ceo.  ///,  c.  26  Preamble,  The  right  of 
the  said  mines  royal  revested  in  his  then  Majesty  King 
George  the  Second.  1766  BLACKSTONB C0JKJH.  II.  434 [They] 
shall  go  to  his  executors  or  administrators,,  .and  shall  not 
revest  in  the  wife.  1886  Laiv  Rep.  Weekly  Notes  189/1  He 
obtained  his  discharge  in  March,  1883,.. and  the  equity  of 
redemption  revested  in  him. 

Hence  Revesting  vbl.  sb.% 

1766  BURROW  Rep.  II.  1214  Speculative  Refinements., 
concerning  the  Change  or  Re-vesting  of  Property. 

t  Reve'Bt,  z>.3,  obs.  f.  REVET  v .  So  Reve-sted 
///.  a. ;  Reve'stment. 

1684  tr.  Siege  Luxembourg  17  They  have  three  stories  of 
Battlements,  with  a  revested  Ditch,.. in  the  Revestment 
whereof  are  Caponieres.  1745  Nova  Scotia  Arch,  (1869)  150 
Two  Bastions  have  almost  entirely  been  revested ;. .  the  old  re- 
vestments,  .would  in  a  little  while  longer  have  tumbled  down. 

t  Reve'ster,  sb.t  obs.  var.  REVESTHY  $b.  i. 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  vn.  xii.  §  5.  272  The  Crosse  of 
Lead.. was  kept  in  the  Treasury  or  Reuester  of  Glasten- 
bury  Church.. till  the  Suppression  thereof. 

t  Reve'ster,  vl  Ob$.—1  [Cf.  prec.  and  RE- 
VESTRY  v.]  trans.  To  replace  in  the  vestry. 

1466  in  Archaeol.  1. 1. 49  To  light  J>e  tapers  to  the  sensours 
and  to  see  them  borne  or  revesterid  and  the  quier  to  be  senced. 

t  Reve-ster,  v?  Obs.  [var.  of  REVEST  v.\ 
after  vesture  or  vestry ^\  trans.  To  array,  robe, 
dress.  Also  reft. 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  vn.  ccxxi.  243  Where  the  stole  is  worne 
nexte  vnto  the  albe,  whan  the  preest  is  reuestred  to  masse. 
1533  CRANMER  Let.  in  Misc.  Writ.  (Parker  Soc.)  245  Which 
all  revestred  ourselves  in  our  pontificalibus.  c  1540  tr.  Pol, 
I7erg.  Eng.  Hist.  (Camden  No.  36)  So  Having  a  place  feetlie 
selected  for  the  plantinge  of  their  tents,  theye  revestred  their 
Yowthe  in  armowre. 

Reye'Stiary.  [ad.  F.  revestiaire  or  tried. L. 
revestiarinm :  see  REVEST  vl  and  VESTIARY  st>.] 
=  REVESTBY. 

c  1440  Alph.  Tales  423  When  he  come  in-to  (>e  revestiarie,    ' 
&  saw  Jre  stole  and  pe  vestiment  at  was  layd  furth  for  |?e    '• 
dekyn.     1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  357  b/2  Whanne  he  was    , 
secretely  in  the  reuestyarye  he  hadde  no  chayer.      1605 
CAMUEN  Rent.  27  The  impious  lewes  ascribed  all  miracles 
to  a  name  . .  ingravened  m  the  revestiarie  of  the  Temple. 
[1715  M.  DAVIES  At/ten.  Brit.  I.  297  The  latter  Rabimcal     j 
Jews  us'd  to  ascribe  all  Miracles  to  a  Name  which  was    | 
engrav'd  in  the  Reyestiary  of  the  Temple.]     i8ao  SCOTT     | 
Monast.  xvi,  We  will.. despatch  a  servant  express  to  the    j 
keeper  of  our  revestiary  to  send  us  such  thingsas  he  may  want.    I 

Revestry    (r/ve'stri),    sb.     Forms :    5-6   re- 
vestre,  5  rewystre,  6  reuestre ;   5  reuestery ; 
6-7  reu-,  revestrie  (6  -rye)  ;  5-7  reu-,  5-  re-    i 
vestry,     [ad.   OF.  revestiaire  (see   prec.),   after    ; 
vestry  :  see  also  REVESTER  sb,  and  REVESTURE.] 

1.  The  vestry  of  a  church  (f  or  temple). 

In  common  use  during  the  15-171*1  centuries. 

1412  Catterick  Ch.  Contract  (Raine,  1834)  9  And  the  for- 
saide  Richarde  salt  putte  out  tusses  for  the  makyng  of  a 
Reuestery.  1484  Churchw,  Ace,  IVigtoft^  Line.  (Nichols,  j 


1797)  70  In  makyng  of  the  crosse  trUtles  and  scttyng  on  a 
grete  almery  in  the  reve.stry.  1517  in  Fidcles  Wolsey  (1726) 
II.  103  Oon  man  is  not  able  both  to  attende  and  kepe  the 
revestryanddoall  things  in  the  churche.  1577-87  HOLISSIIED 
Chron.  III.  1185/1  One  of  the  southdores  of  S.  Dioni>e 
church . . ,  with'  the  dorc  cf  the  reuehtrie  of  the  same  church, 
were  both  striken  through  and  broken.  1621  Hi1.  MOUNTAGU 
Diati'ibie  12  The  Priest  and  /Kdituus.  .led  the  man  alon^ 
thorow  Courts,  Porches,  lies,  Chancels,  &c.  into  their  in 
most  Reuestries.  1683  CAVE  Mcclesiastici  Introd.  p.  xiv, 
The  Commissioners  enter'd  every  where  into  the  Temples., 
and  threw  open  the  Doors  of  their  most  secret  Revestries. 

1844  PA  LEY  Ch.  Restorers  106,  I  wi^h  you  could  see  the 
exquisite  decorated  reveslry  at  Willinyliam  near  Cam 
bridge.  1880  Sat.  Rev,  No.  1292.  135  The  revestry,  which 
had  been  walled  up..,  when  again  opened,  disclosed  the 
copes,  alb.s,  chasubles,  and  other  garments  of  the  priests. 

atlrib,  1539  Lett.  Suppress.  Monast.  (Camden)  276  Item, 
the  lytle  cundyt  standyng  at  the  reve.strye  dore,  sold  to 
George  Stonyng. 

transf.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  vi.  i.  154  To  the,  also, 
within  our  realmis,  sal  be  Mony  secret  closet  and  revestre. 
a  1641  lip.  MOUNTAUU  Actsff  yl/o«.  (1642)  7  It  is  laid  up  with 
(Jod  in  a7roKpu<£ois,  in  the  Revestries  of  eternity. 

1 2.   A  vestry  meeting.     In  quot.  attrib.   Obs. 

1631  BKATHWAIT  IVhintzies^  Qnestman  79  Some  orders.. 
which  he  pnrposeth  the  next  revestrie  day  to  present  to  tiie 
rest  of  his  worshipful]  brethren. 

Hence  t  Beve'stry  v,,  to  lay  up.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1624  He.  MOUXTAGU  Gagg  312  The  Arke  was  reve.stried  in 
the  most  holy  place. 

t  Reve'Sture.  Obs.  rare.  [Cf.  REVEST  z'.1  and 
VESTUBE.] 

1.  =KEVESTRY  i.     (Cf.  REVESTER  sb.} 

1527  Lane.  Wills  (Chetham  Soc.)  I.  16  My  bod  ye  to  be 
bured  w'in  the  white  freris  of  Chester  in  thare  Chansell 
affore  the  revesture  durr. 

2.  Vesture ;  vestments. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII,  73  b,  The  Aultars  of  this 
Chapell  were  hanged  with  riche  reuesture  of  cloth  of  gold. 
1621  I>P.  MOUNTAGU  Diatribas  554  The  persons  initiated 
were  ia£oi.  And  so  were  the  places  and  Reuestures  in 
which  they  were  initialed. 

Revet,  obs.  form  of  RIVET. 

Revet  (r/Ve-t),  v.  [ad.  F.  rev£tir\  see  next.] 
trans.  To  face  (an  embankment  or  wall)  with 
masonry  or  other  material,  esp.  in  fortification. 

1812  WELLINGTON  inGurw.  Dcsp.  ( 1 837)  IX.  197  Works  in 
earth  are  equally  good,  if  not  better.. than  those  revetted 
in  masonry.  1859  K.  A.  GRIFFITHS  Artil.  A/an.  (1862)  250, 
2  .sappers,  with  6  assistants,  to  revet  the  work.  1880  V.  L. 
CAMERON  Our  Future  Highway  II.  xii.  250  The  face  of  the 
river  bank  was  revetted  with  faggots  of  brushwood.  1884 
Mi  lit.  Engin.  I.  u.  26  In  flying  trench-work  gabions  are  used 
to  revet  the  interior  slope  of  the  parapet. 

Revete  (r/VJ'-t),  v.  Also  revete.  [ad.  F.  re- 
vetir:—Q¥.  revest ir:  see  REVEST  z'.1]  =prec. 

1828  J.  M.  SPEARMAN  Brit,  Gunner  (ed.  2)404  To  find  the 
Number  of  Turfs  required  to  Revete  [sic]  a  Work,  1832 
SOUTHEY  Hist.  Penins.  War  III.  396  When  they  came  10 
the  escarpe,  which  was  not  reveled,  the  men  scrambled  up. 
1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  347/2  The  exterior  of  the  parapet 
and  the  escarp  of  the  ditch  are  covered  or  reveled  with  sods. 
1865  J.  FERGUSSON  Hist.  A r chit.  I.  157  The  great  mass  of 
the  palace. .was  raised  by  artificial  means  to  a  height  of 
30  ft.,  .and  carefully  reveted  with  stone. 

II  Revetement  (r?\vtman).  Also  revete- 
ment.  [F.  rev§tement :— OF.  revestiment,  =  Sp. 
revestimientO)  Pg.  -mentot  It.  rivestimento  :  see 
prec.  and  -MENT.] 

1.  Fortif.   =  REVETMENT  i. 

1771  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  620/1  s.v.  Fortification,  To  pre 
vent  the  earth  of  the  parapet  (which  seldom  has  any 
revetement  [1779  revetment])  from  falling  into  the  ditch. 
1790  BEATSON  Nav.  <y  Mil.  Mem.  II.  163  Having  only  a 
rampart,  with  a  revetement  flanked  with  redans.  1804 
WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desf.  (1835)  III.  277,  I  am  inclined 
to  be  of  opinion,  .that  the  revetement  would  not  bear  those 
pieces  of  a  heavy  calibre.  1879  Encycl.  Brit.  IX.  443/2  A 
massive  envelope; ..  formed  of  earth  with  thick  masonry 
revetements  both  in  front  and  in  rear. 

2.  Civil  Eng.   —REVETMENTS. 

1838  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  380/2  In  the  backing  of 
retaining-walls,  revetements,  &c.,  it  [sc.  concrete]  may.  .be 
advantageously  applied.    1886  Daily  News  10  Dec.  3/4  The 
sea  was  yesterday . .  breaking  over  the  revetements  and  pier 
in  great  quantities. 

3.  Arch.   =  REVETMENT  3. 

1839  Civil  Eng.  $•  Arch.  Jrnl.  II.  244/1  The  stone  for  the 
revetement,  or  casing  of  the  exterior  [of  the  pyramid], . .  is  a 
compact  limestone.     1888  New  Princeton  Kev.  V.  141  The 
absence  of  any  fragments  of  columns,  friezes,  cornices,  etc. 
(except  terra-cotta  revetements),  confirms  the  theory  that 
the  Etruscan  temple  was  built  of  wood. 

4.  attrib.)  as  revt'tement  wall. 

1828  J.  M.  SPEARMAN  Brit.  Gunner(e&,  2)  351  The  manner 
of  determining  the  strength  of  revetement  walls.  1889 
Harper's  Mag,  June  92/1  Back  of  all  this  rises  a  stone  re 
vetement  wall  supporting  the  river  street. 

Revetment  (Wve-tment).  \w\.T.rev£tewent\ 
see  prec.  and  cf.  REVET  v.] 

\.  Fortif.  A  retaining- wall  (of  masonry  or  other 
material)  supporting  the  face  of  an  earthen  ram 
part  or  the  side  of  a  ditch. 

1779  [see  REV&TEMENT  i].  1838  Penny  Cycl.  X.  375/2 
The  cordon.. at  the  top  of  the  revetment.  1863  KINGLAKR 
Crimea  (1877)  III.  v.  365  The  fort  was  surrounded  by  a 
ditch, . .  with  revetments  in  masonry.  1876  VOVLE  &  STEVEN 
SON  Milit.  Diet.  341/2  In  field  fortification,  the  materials 
used  for  the  revstments  are  gabions,  fascines,  sandbags  [etc.]. 

2.  Civil  Eng.  A  facing  of  masonry,  concrete, 
sods,  etc.,  supporting  or  protecting  a  bank  or 
embankment. 


REVETTED. 


608 


over  a  less  durable  substance. 

1801  SELLERS  tr.  Scliuclstiardt's  Schliemanns  Excav.iv 
ThV  slabs,  .were  originally  the  mere  outward  revetment  of 
a  massive  wall. 

4   attrib.,  as  revetment  wall,  system,  etc. 

1818  Penny  Cycl.  X.  10/1  In  large  fortresses' the  escarp  is 
Ihe  exterior  surface  of  the  revetment,  wall  whlch_.suDPorts 


IIKU    SU.   I*   T9m**»*  '    ~'J  -     - 

.  In  card-playing,  a  higher  stake  ventured  by  a 
player  against  that  proposed  by  an  opponent. 

1SQ2  GREENE  Conny  Catch,  n.  Wks.  (Grosart)  X.  99  At 
lasfto  maintain  the  main  and  to  checkevies  with  remes  he 
laidehishor.se  in  the  hazard,  and  lost  him.  rt  j6i8  J.  UAVIES 

Heref)  Wittei  Pilgr.  Wks.  (Grosartl  II.  38/1  Some  Elders, 
for  re-uies,  passe  fare.  andPo*.  When  lo.^Yongr 


1680  [see  REVIE  v.  3). 


jhwQ^H  cSHySSSr-K  Rdr.;  They  haue  their    i       l654  BRAMHALL  ?«,/  Vind  i 
,ies  and  reuies  vppon  the  poore  Cunnies  backe,  till  [etc.].  justice,  that  is,  to  receive  the  1 

2.  transf.  a.  A  return  blow  or  thrust.  jects,  without  fear  of  any  revie. 


mattress  at  Council 

Revette,  obs.  form  of  RIVET. 

Reve'tted,  ///.  a.     [f.  REVET  r.]    Provided 

wi.th  ySSlwto.  EdHC.  IV.  ,36/2  A  deep  ditch  with 

THAR  H    ()  Hi'TcHissoN  Field  Foriif.  owne  minde  nan,..*,  .. — 

a  revetted  escarp.  _            "'    hVasiire with  revetted  cheeks  so  deepe  a  reuie  that  hee  held  affection  at  the  swordes  point 

•      2  h 'un.portion  *>•  A  repetition  ;  a  renewed  inspection. 

"'•tj'J.l. a'Vti-ncr  '  "A/  sb      Ff  REVET  t'.l     a.  The  in  quot.  1621  perh.  associated  with  revi™. 

aeUoJ  ofS  with  masonry,  etc. ;  also  attrit.  J^^S^Sff!^S^  '  nci  && 

b    The  materials  used  to  form  a  revetment.  ies    she^  'ceased.     ,62,  QL.ARLES  Esther  vi,  He  lik  t 

,880  in  Knisht  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  755/'  The.WWtting  ,hem  aUi  but  when  with  strict  reuye  He  viewed   Esters 

should  be  put'on  so  as  to  extend  [etc.].   1884  Milit.  r-"g<».  face  his  wounded  eye  Sparkl'd. 
I  ii  17  The  revetting  of  this  step  is  done  after  the  parallel 
is  completed.    Ibid.  19  Revetting  materials  should  not  be 
made  up  in  the  park. 

Revi-brate  («-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  intr.  To  vibrate  again. 

a  1763  SIIENSTONE  Economy^  I.  46  Jhia  open'd  soul,  This 


REVIEW. 

the  first  impression,  and  reviewe  of  those  whiche  have  sithens 
travailed  therin.  i6zzJ*GGARD  Note  to  hrooke  s  Disc.  Err. 
Catal.  Nobility,  The  sight  alone  of  such  a  Reuerend  man . . 
would  do  more  good  for  keeping  the  presse  in  order  then 
the  view,  and  review  of  twentie  proofes  by  himselfe.  1638 
IUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  A  3  Some  things  having  passed 
therein,  which.. in  the  review. . I  wished  might  be  altered. 
1710  WHEATLY  Bk.  Com.  Prayer  Pref.,  Some  particular 
Alterations  in  after  Reviews  it  will  not  be  necessary  to  enter 
into  the  Detail  of.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  354  What  we 
have  left  standing  in  our  several  reviews  and  reformations, 
as  well  as  to  what  we  have  altered  or  superadded. 
f  b.  A  revise  in  printing.  Obs.  rare  . 

1622  JAGGARD  Note  to  Brooke's  Disc.  Err.  Catal  Nobility, 
Though  hee  came  not  in  person  to  ouer-looke  the  Presse, 
yet  the  Proofe,  and  Reuiewes  duly  attended  him,  and  he 
perused  them.. in  the  maner  he  did  before. 

2.  Law.  Revision  of  a  sentence,  etc.,  by  some 
other  court  or  authority. 

1654  BRAMHALL  Just  Vind.  iii.  (1661)  34  To  render  final 
eceive  the  last  appeals  of  his  own  bu 


.„.„ ,  .-.-jwfrom  Rome.    1689  BL-RNET 

Tracts  (1689)  I.  79  The  Decisions  of  this  Court  can  never 

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^^TV,^rWkMGro,art)^,h2.Inhis    ;    ^SSKsS^SK^WS^ 
?X^**S^Ztt3E&JSS£&S5££L        §  •«  M?™*™,  reductions  or  suspensions  of  the  sentences 


206  Which  caused.. earth  revibrate  to  her  inmost  base. 

2.  trans.  To  cause  to  vibrate  again. 

1808  Daily  News  13  Apr.  8/3  If  the  record  of  these  vibra 
tions  were  retraced  over  the  needle  it  would  re-vibrate  the 
diaphragm. 

So  Revibra-tion,  '  the  act  of  vibrating  back  . 

1818-32  in  WEBSTER. 

tRevi'ct,  v.  Obs.  rare-*,  [f.  revtet-,  ppl. 
stem  of  L.  reviitrfre.']  trans.  To  recover. 

a  1656  Br.  HAI.I.  Specialities  Life  Rem.  Wks.  (1660)  28 
Lord  Chancellor  Kllesmere.. adjudged  these  two  sued  for 
Prebends,  clearly  to  be  return'd  to  the  Church,  untlll  by 
common  law  they  could . .  be  revicted. 

t  Revi'Ction T.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  late  L.  re 
liction-em,  n.  of  action  f.  revinche :  see  prec.] 

1.  Refutation,  disproof. 

1677  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  m.  124  The  invaliditie.  .of  the 
evasion  we  have  already  in  part  demonstrated.  But  for  a 
more  satisfactory  reviction  thereof  let  us  a  little  examine  it 
according  to  rules  both  of  Philosophic  and  Theologie. 

2.  Reconquest,  recovery. 

1679  HAHBY  Key  Sacr.  Serif  t.  i.  9  To  heal  the  Churche's 
almost  deadly  wounds..;  and  to  procure  the  Peace,  Con 
version,  and  Reviction  of  all  Sects  and  Nations, 
t  Kevi-ction  2,  error  for  REVIVICTION.  Obs. 
1652  BP.  HALL  Gr.  Myst.  of  Godliness  §  9  Do  we  live  to 
see  a  reviction  of  the  old  Sadducisme,  so  long  since  dead 
and  forgotten  ? 

Revictual  (rm't'l),  v.  Forms:  a.  6  re- 
vitaille,  revi-,  reui-,  reuytayle ;  revittell, 
6-7  revittle.  0.  6-7  reuiotual,  reviotuall,  7- 
revietual.  [f.  RE-  5  a  +  VICTUAL  ».] 
1.  trans.  To  supply  (a  place,  fleet,  etc.)  with  a 
fresh  stock  of  provisions.  Also  re/I. 

a.  1523  LD.  BERNEHS  Froiss.  I.  ccxlii.  336  Perauenture  ther 
be  some  that  are  comynge  to  reuitayle  y«  castell.  1543 
Slate  Papers  IX.  437  The  Prynce  wyth  his  armye,  havyng 
revytayled  Heynsborgh,.  .are  retorned  home.  1587  FLEMING 
Contn,  Holinshed  III.  1402/1  When  sir  Richard  Greenefield 
had.  .reuittelled  himselfe,  and  laden  his  ships  with  horsses. 
B.  1579  FENTON  Guicciard.  (1618)  246  [He]  reuictualled 
Pisa  continually  with  a  Gallion  and  other  Brigandines. 
1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  1188  Having  revictualled 
Buda,  his  purpose  was  for  this  yere  to  returne.  1693 
LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  III.  172  Orders  are  sent  to  the 
admiralls . .  to  revictuall  the  smaller  ships.  1750  CARTE  Hist. 
Eng.  II.  722  The  siege  lasted  several  months;  the  place 
being  revictualled,  and  the  garrison  relieved  five  different 
times.  1813  SIR  R. WILSON  Priv.Diary(it6z)  II.  139. 1  would 
sweep  through  Berlin,  revictual  the  fortresses,  and  return 
via  Magdeburg.  1861  GOLDW.  SMITH  Led.  Mod.  Hist.  iv. 
16  This  colony  did  not,  like  Virginia,  require  to  be  refounded, 
not  even  to  be  re-victualled.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage 
107  The  Roman  fleet  after  it  had  been  revictualled  and  re 
paired,  stood  right  across  the  Mediterranean. 
2.  absol.  To  procure  or  take  in  a  fresh  supply  of 
provisions. 

1618  RALEIGH  Let.  in  Rem.  (1661)  236  You  shall  hear  from 
me.. from  the  New-found  Land,  where  I  mean  to  make 
clean  my  Ships  and  revictual.  1656  MILTON  Lett,  of  State 
Wks.iBsi  VIII. 351  In  regard  he  had  design'd  to  revittle  in 
Portugal,  from  whence  he  was  driven  by  contrary  Winds. 
1721  Land.  Gaz.  No.  6000/2  A  Frigate.. is  arrived  at  the 
Texel.  .to  revictual.  1849-50  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  VII. 
xliL  §  39.  120  He  watered  and  revictualled  at  Bahia.  1870 
Daily  Nnvs  25  Oct.,  An  invading  army  . .  is  therefore 
greatly  harassed  and  cannot  easily  revictual. 
Hence  Revi'otualling  vbl.  sb.  and  ///.  a.  Also 
Revi  ctualment. 

1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  clxix.  195  It  was  fournysshed 
with  vytayles  to  haue  been  kepte  seuen  yere  without  any 
•  reuytaylynge.  1602  CAREW  Cornwall  236  No  small  quan- 
titie  for  the  revitailing  of  weather-driuen  shippes.  1870 


tReviev-  Obs.  Also  5-7  reuye,  6-7  reuie, 
revy.  [ad.  F.  renvier,=Sp.  and  Pg.  revidar, 
It.  rinvitare,  late  L.  reinvitdre,  f.  L.  n-  RE-  + 
invitare  to  invite.] 

1.  trans.  To  return  (an  invitation),  rare     . 

c  1430  Pilgr.  LyfManhodc  in.  xliii.  (1869)  159  If  it  bifalle 
that  he  drinke  first,  that  oother  wole  drinke  also,  and  seyth 
anoon,  j  reuye  it. 

2.  To  challenge  in  return.     Also  inlr.,  to  make 
return  of  a  challenge  on  another,    rare. 

c  1470  HARDING  Citron,  civ.  2  For  whose  beautie  it  should 
the  knyghtes  moue  In  armes  so  echeone  other  to  reuie,  To 
get  a  fame  in  play  of  chiualry.  Ibid,  clxxviu.  20  Echeone 
on  other  of  pride  so  reuied  Without  rule  of  marciall 
gouernaunce,  Thei  smored  wer,  by  their  contrariaunce. 

3.  In    card-playing:    To   meet  by  venturing  a 
larger  stake  than  that  proposed  by  an  opponent. 
Also  in  fig.  context. 

1591  FLOHIO  2>i,{  Friiites  69  S.  I  vye  it,  will  you  hould  it  ? 
A  Yea  sir,  I  hold  it,  and  reuie  it,  but  dispatch.  1591 
GREENE  Canny  Catch.  (1859)  25  He  vie  and  revie  every  card 
at  my  pleasure  till  eyther  yours  or  mine  come  out.  1598 
B.  JOXSON  Ev.  Man  in  Hum.  iv.  i,  S'light,  here^s  a  trick 
vyed,  and  reuyed  !  1635  QUARLES  Emkl.  n.  v.  3  Thy  cun 
ning  can  but  pack  the  cards ;.  .Thy  game  at  weakest,  still 
thou  vy'st ;  If  seen,  and  then  revy'd,  deny'st.  1680  COTTON 
Compl.  Gamester  (ed.  2)  66  The  first  or  eldest  says,  Tie  vye 
the  Ruff,  the  next  says,  I'le  see  it,  and  the  third,  I'le  see  it 
and  revie  it :  I'le  see  your  revie,  says  the  first. 

transf.  1597  J.  KING  On  Jonas  (1618)  282,  I  cal  to  tninde 
an  auncient  historie  of  vowes  vied  and  reuied  between  the 
citizens  of  Croto.  1609  ROWLEY  Search  for  Money  (Percy 
Soc.)  13  She  vied  and  revied  othes  to  the  contrary  that 
it  was  not  so.  1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  IV.  ix.  235  All 
this  time  the  Knights  play'd  it  at  Dutch  Gleek,  and  had  so 
vied  it,  and  revied  it,  that  they  were  all  Honours  in  their 
faces.  1673  [R.  LEIGH]  Transf.  Kelt.  100  To  vye  him,  and 
see  him,  and  re-vye  him  in  contradictions.  This  figure  now 
is  lost  to  any  man  that  is  not  a  gamester. 
4.  intr.  To  make  a  revie  or  revies. 
1591  GREENE  Canny  Catch.  'Wks.  (Grosart)  X.  27  So  they 
vie  and  reuie  till  some  ten  shillings  bee  on  the  stake,  a  1618 
J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Wittes  Pilgr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  38/1 
Some,  beeing  Pa-rial!,.. Vy,  and  re-uy,  and  weene  they  all 
shall  winn.  a  1640  JACKSON  Creed  x.  xl.  Wks.  IX.  395  Like 
a  wilful  chafing  gamester  who  after  once  he  hath  begun  to 
vie  upon  or  provoke  his  adversary  resolves  to  revie  upon 
him  and  to  provoke  him  further.  1680  COTTON  Compl. 
Gamester  (ed.  2)  67  I'le  see  it  and  revie,  saith  one  ;  I'le  see 
it  and  revie,  saith  another. 

fig.  1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  lit.  v.  96  Where  he  plaied 
his  cards  so  well,  and  vied  and  revied  so  often,  that  he  had 
scarce  an  eye  to  see  withall. 

b.  transf.  To  make  counter-bids. 
1602  CAHEW  Cornwall  37  A  farme.  .can  no  sooner  fall  in 
hand,  then  the  Suruey  Court  shalbe  waited  on  with  many 
Officers,  vying  &  reuying  each  on  other. 
C.  To  retort  o.-  retaliate. 

a  1610  BABINGTON  Wks.  (1622)  401  Not  multiplying  words 
with  your  husband,,  -vying  and  revying,  and  will  he,  nill  he 
still  hauing  the  last  word.  1629  J.  M.  tr.  Fonseca's  Devout 
Contempt.  533  He  that  vpon  the  vying  of  an  inimie  will  not 
..reuie  vpon  him  but  let  it  passe.  11734  NORTH  Exam, 
in.  vi.  §  53  (1740)  462  The  other  revyed,  and  denied  his 
Facts  ;  and  so  too  and  fro,  vying  and  revying  with  perpetual 
Contradiction,  little  less  than  giving  each  other  the  Lye. 
Hence  t  Revy'mg  vbl.  sb.  Obs. 
1633  QUARLES  Embl.  i.  vi.  5  True  rest  consists  not  in 
the  oft  revying  Of  worldly  drosse.  1680  COTTON  Compl. 
Gamester  (ed.  2)  67  For  which  seeing  and  revying  they 
reckon  but  two,  after  that  it  is  at  once  come  to  eight.  1689 
Tryal  Bishops  62  We  must  not  have  vying  and  re-vying, 
for  then  we  shall  have  no  end. 

Review  (riVi«-),  sl>.  Also  re-view.  Also  6 
reveu,  6-7  rev-,  reuiewe,  7  reuiew.  [a.  older 
F.  reveue  (mod.F.  revue),  verbal  sb.  f.  revoir,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  vi>ir:— L.  videre  to  see.] 

I.  1.  The  act  of  looking  over  something  (again), 
with   a  view  to   correction   or  improvement ;    a 
revision  (of  a  book,  etc.).  Now  rare. 
1565  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden)  27  We  think  so  well  of 


§  12  All  reviews,  i*.uu~..*.....  —  — t - 

in  maritime  cases.  1765  HLACKSTONE  Comm.  I.  n  Their 
sentence  is  final,  decisive,  irrevocable  :  no  appeal,  no  cor 
rection,  not  even  a  review  can  be  had.  1807  Act  48  Geo.  Ill, 
c.  151  S  16  To  submit  the  said  Interlocutor.. to  the  Review 
of  the 'Division  to  which  the  said  Lord  Ordinary  belongs. 
j8«  Act  3  *  4  Will.  Hr,  c.  46  §  70  The  decision  of  the 
magistrate  shall  be  final,  and  not  subject  to  review  in  any 
court.  1864  POMEROY  Munic.  Law  §  283  There  is  ample 
provision  made  for  a  review .  .of  the  rulings  of  law  made  by 
the  judge  at  the  trial. 

b.  Bill  of  review,  (see  quot.  1838). 


•w  may  be  had  upon  apparent  error  in  judgment, 
appearing  on  the  face  of  the  decree  ;  or,  by  special  leave  of 
the  court!  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  IIL  508  Upon  a  bill 
of  review  brought  between  30  and  40  years  after  the  decree 
pronounced.  1838  STORY  Equity  Pleadings  15  A  Billot 
Review,  which  is  brought  to  examine  and  reverse  a  decree 
made  upon  a  former  Bill,  which  has  been  duly  enrolled,  and 
thereby  become  a  record  of  the  Court. 

c.  Commission,  Court,  of  review  :  (see  quots.). 
a  1633  COKE  Inst.  iv.  Ixxiv.  (1648)  341  Upon  a  sentence 
given  by  the  High  Commissioners,  a  Commission  of  Review 
may  be  granted  to  and  for  the  party  grieved.  1766  t-NTick, 
London  IV.  33  The  king  has  it  in  his  power  to  grant  a  com 
mission  of  review  under  the  broad  seal,  for  the  delegates  to 
consider  and  judge  again,  what  has  been  decreed  in  the 
court  of  delegates.  1831  Act  T.  *  2  Will.  //.,  c.  56  §  2  The 
said  Judges  or  any  Three  of  them  shall,  .form  a  Court  of 
Review,  and  shall  have  Superintendance  and  Controul  in 
all  Matters  of  Bankruptcy.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Lam  Scot. 
144  The  court  of  review,  in  all  questions  connected  with  the 
representation  of  the  peerage  of  Scotland,  is  the  House  of 
Lords.  .  ,. 

3.  A  formal  inspection  of  military  or  naval  forces 
by  the  sovereign  or  other  high  personage,  or  by  the 
general  in  command. 

[1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's.  Voy.  i.  n,  We  made 
reuiewe  of  the  gentlemen,  souldiers  and  other  of  our 
company.]  1683  £™rf.  Gas.  No.  1839/3  On  Thursday  last  his 
Most  Christian  Majesty  took  a  Review  of  the  Cavalry.  1713 
Ibid  No.  5106/3  Their  Lordships  will  meet  at  the  Horse- 
Guards,  .to  finish  the  said  Review.  1771  Jiinius  Lett.  xhi. 
(1788)  242  It  is  not  probable  that  he  would  appear  again 
before  his  soldiers,  even  in  the  pacific  ceremony  of  a  review. 
1837  DICKENS  Pickw.  iv,  A  grand  review  was  to  take  place 
urin  the  Lines,  a  1878  PRINCESS  ALICE  B,ogr.  Sk.t,  Lett. 
(1884)  164 The  Sultan, ..  in  whose  honour  a  great  naval  review 
at  Spithead  was  held.  .  „. 

atlrib.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Mtltt.  Diet.  244/2  When 
a  regiment  or  any  larger  body  of  men  pass  in  review  order 
before  the  sovereign  or  reviewing  officer. 

transf.  1762  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  vi.  vu  At  the  great  and 
general  review  of  us  all,  corporal,  at  the  day  of  judgment. 
?706  Grose's  Diet.  Vulgar  T.  (ed.  3),  Review  of  the  Black 
Cuirassiers,  a  visitation  of  the  clergy.  1840  M  RS.  1  ROLLOPE 
Widow  Married  i,  She  had  made  up  her  mind  that  day  to 
have  a  general  review  of  all  her  children  s  heads  1865 
DICKENS  M«t.  Fr.  i.  vi,  The  guests  filed  out  in  the  best 
order:  Miss  Abbey  standing  at  the.. door..,  to  hold  a 
ceremony  of  review  and  dismissal. 
b.  In  phr.  to  march  or  pass  in  review. 
1728  POPE  Dune.  in.  Argt.,  Some  of  the  persons  he  causes 
to  pass  in  review  before  his  eyes.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler 
No\l7o  F  2  The  little  family  passed  in  review  before  him 
1769  T.  NEVILE  /mil.  Juvenal^  She  sees  him  now  m  bash 
and  Solitaire  March  in  Review. 
4.  An  inspection,  examination.  In  review,  unclei 

examination. 

1611  COTGR.,  Revisit,  a  review  taken  by  the  King  of  hi 
Officers  accounts.    1765  Museum  R»st.l\.  iv.  23  At  the 
end  of  May  I  make  a  second  review,  and  if  I  find  one  branch 
.. stronger _than  the  other,  I,_cut..it  off.  .  ,i?93   SMEATON 
Edysi 


Astroti.  viii.  276  Umiiua  *•.«  «•- •-  -*  - 

in  1781,.. in  the  course  of  a  review  of  the  heavens.  1863 
WHYTE  MELVILLE  Gladiators  I.  298  As  the  crowd  pass  the 
different  combatants  in  review,  none,  .have  more  backers 
than  their  old  favourite. 

5.  A  general  survey  or  reconsideration  of  some 
subject  or  thing. 

1604  PARSONS  Review  Ten  Pullike  Disput.  Pref.,  I  have 
thought  good  here  to  examine  all  together  in  this  Re-view. 
1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  I.  xiii.  (1614)  71  Let  "  'ake  a 
little  reuiew  of  some  principal!  occurrents  in  the  former 
Catalogue.  1715  M.  DAVIES  A  then.  Brit.  I.  Pref.  i  Totake 
a  Review  of  the  old  and  new  Game  of  Pamphlets,  play  d 
and  penn'd  by  the  meaner  sort.  1736  BUTLER  Anal.  n.  in. 
380  They  amount  to  a  much  higher  degree  of  proof  upon 


REVIEW 

such  a  joint  review.  1774  BURKE  5/>.  Amer,  Tax.  Pref., 
Wks.  II.  348  He  has  taken  a  review  of  the  effects  of  all 
the  schemes  which  have  been  successively  adopted.  1871 
C.  DAVIES  Mitric  Syst.  in.  178  The  review  of  the  proceed 
ings  in  Great  Britain  and  France  . .  presents  the  general 
subject  under  two  very  different  aspects. 

b.  Without  article,  esp.  in  or  under  review. 

1719  BUTLER  Serm.  Wks.  1874  II.  Pref.  6  Review  and 
attention,  and  even  forming  a  judgment,  becomes  fatigue. 
1811  SHELLEY  St.  In'yne  x,  It  would  unfold  a  tale  of  too 
much  horror  to  trace,  in  review,  the  circumstances  as  they 
then  occurred.  1878  BROWNING  La.  Saisiaz  25  Passing 
lightly  in  review  What  seemed  hits  and  what  seemed  misses. 
1888  Pall  Mall  G.  7  Feb.  u/i  Passing  under  review  the  war 
dangers  to  which  Germany  and  Prussia  have  been  exposed. 
C.  Const,  of  (the  agent). 

1800  COI.^UHOUN  Cotiun.  Thames  Pref.  p.  vi,  A  variety 
of  offences.. have  been  brought  under  the  review  of  the 
Reader.  1875  WHITNEY  Life  Lang.  ii.  15  Directions  given 
but  not  executed  under  the  review  of  consciousness. 

6.  A  retrospective  survey  of  past  actions,  etc. 
1673  Rein.  Humours  Town  20  The  reviews  of  their  own 

vertuous  actions  may  give  them  content.  1773  JOHNSON 
Let.  if  Mrs.  Thrale  27  Apr,  I  have  lived  a  life  of  which 
I  do  not  like  the  review.  1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  184 
Mem'ry's  pointing  wand,  That  calls  the  past  to  our  exact 
review.  1853  M.  ARNOLD  New  Sirens  xvii,  Is  the  pleasure 
that  is  tasted  Patient  of  a  long  review? 

7.  a.  A  general  account  or  criticism  of  a  literary 
work  (esp.  a  new  or  recent  one)  either  published 
separately   or,  more  usually,  as  an  article  in  a 
periodical  or  newspaper. 

1649  R.  BAIM.IF  (title),  A  Review  of  Doctor  Bramble.,  his 
Faire  Warning.  1712  HEARNE  Collect.  (O.H.S.)  IV.  44 
When  I  wrote  last,  I  had  not  seen  w'  honour  y°  have  done 
me  in  y»  Review  of  Leland.  1772  WESLEY  Jral.  n  July,  I 
was  presented  with  Mr.  Hill's  Review.  1824 W.  E.  ANDREWS 
(title),  Critical  Review  of  Fox's  Book  of  Martyrs.  1850 
THACKERAY  Pendennis  xlii,  If  a  review  of  his  work  was  very 
laudatory,  it  was  a  great  pleasure  to  him  to  send  it  home 
to  his  mother  at  Fairoaks.  1898  L.  STEPHEN  Stud.  Biogr. 
II.  ii.  69  The  fuller  reviews,  which  in  the  Edinburgh  sup 
planted  the  old  meagre  analysis  of  books. 

b.  A  periodical  publication  consisting  mainly 
of  articles  in  which  current  events  or  questions, 
or  literary  works,  are  discussed  or  criticized. 

1705  Hndibms  Rednm>«f  it.  10  No  matter  whether  false 
or  true,  Take  pattern  by  D[e]  F[oe]'s  Review,  a  1721  PRIOR 


Ann.  Rtg.  Pref.  vi,  Endeavouring  to  be  as  extensively 

as  possible,  we  aimed  at  uniting  the  plan  of  the  Magazines 
with  that  of  the  Reviews.  1813  SOUTHEY  March  to  Moscow 
v,  They  all  of  them  knew  Mr.  Jeffrey's  Review,  Which 
with  Holy  Writ  ought  to  be  reckon'd.  1865  Sat.  Rev. 
5_  Aug.  169/1  There  were  no  reviews  in  which  he  might 
either  suggest  his  own  improvements  or  be  censured  for  his 
plagiarisms. 

C.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

1781  COWPER  Let.  to  jf.  Newton  17  Dec.,  I  would  not  appear 
a  dunce  in  matters  that  every  Review-reader  must  needs  be 
apprized  of.  1807  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1850)  III.  115, 1  will  seek 
more  review  employment, . .  and  scribble  verses  for  the  news- 

?apers.    1820-1  BYRON  in  Westm.  Gaz.  (1901)  5  Feb.  3/2 
'our  review  people  have  no  more  right  to  kill,  than  any 
other  footpads. 

II.  8.  A  second  or  repeated  view. 

This  would  now  be  taken  as  re-view  (rf-). 

1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trail.  (1677)  156  Abbas,  .having  in 
that  sort  satisfied  his  passion,  returned.. to  take  a  re-view 
of  his  cruel  execution.  1683  KENNETT  tr.  Erasm.  on  Folly 
37  That  which  at  first  blush  seems  alive,  is  in  truth  dead ; 
and  that  again  which  appears  as  dead,  at  a  nearer  review 
proves  to  be  alive.  1704  SWIFT  T.  Tub  Ep.  Ded.  to  Prince 
Posterity,  Returning  in  a  very  few  Hours  to  take  a  Review, 
they  were  all  torn  down,  and  fresh  ones  in  their  Places. 
1703  ATTERBURY  Serm.  ii.  (1726)  II .  65  The  Works  of  Nature 
will  bear  a  Thousand  Views,  and  Reviews,  and  will  still 
appear  new  to  us. 

fb.  The  fact  of  seeing  some  place  or  person 
again.    Obs.  rare. 

1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus'  Nat.  Paradox  vi.  127  As  the 
weary  Pilgrim  after  a  tedious  travaill  rejoyceth  at  the  re 
view  of  his  Native  Soil.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's 
Trav.  211  Our  fellows,  .found  us  at  Carboran,.  .where  you 
may  imagine  the  joy  this  review  diffused  through  all  of  us. 

Review  (r/Via-),  v.  Also  6-7  reuiew.  [f. 
RE-  and  VIEW  v.  (cf.  prec.),  after  F.  revoir,  Sp. 
and  Pg.  rever.  It.  rividere,  L.  revidlre.] 

1 1.  trans.  To  see  or  behold  again.  Obs. 

1591  Troub.  Raigne  K.  John  (i6ri)  28  Twise  will  I  not 
reuiew  the  mornings  rise,  Till  I  haue  torne  that  trophic 
from  thy  backe.  1613  PLRCHAS  Pilgrimage  ix.  iv.  (1614) 
842  Long  it  was  before  his  longing  could  be  satisfied  to  re 
uiew  his  Countrey  and  friends.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  VL  347 
Would'st  thou  soon  review  thy  native  plain '?  1762  FALCONER 
Shijnar.  i.  401  Where,  anxious  to  review  his  native  shore, 
He  on  the  roaring  wave  embark'd  once  more.  1796  PEGGE 
Anonym.^  (1800)  4  Upon  reviewing  a  place  after  an  absence 
of  some  time,  the  several  actions  which  formerly  have  passed 
there  are  wont  to  occur  to  the  mind. 

2.  To  view,  inspect,  or  examine  a  second  time  or 
again.  (In  contrast  to  view.) 

This  would  now  be  pronounced  with  (rf-)  and  usually 
written  re-tnevt. 

1576  FLEMING  Pancpl.  Efist.  q  v,  To  such  a  one  I  giue 
counsel.. to  view  and  reuiew.. such  weapons  as  he  shall 
finde  in  this  our  Panoplie.  1591  SAVILE  Tacitus,  Hist.  I. 
xhv.  24  No  heade  did  he  [Otho]  view  and  reuiew  so  insati 
ably.  1616  R.  C.  Time's  H'luMe  (1871)  2  Many  hundred., 
eyes  View,  and  review,  each  line,  each  word,  as  spies.  1653 
GREAVES  Seraglio  153  These  slaves  are  bought,  and  sold,  as 
beasts,  and  cattle  are,  they  being  viewed,  and  reviewed. 
1762  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  VI.  i,  How  they  viewed  and  re 
viewed  us  as  we  passed  over  the  rivulet  !  1816  SCOTT  Old 
VOL.  VIII. 


609 

Mort.  xxv,  [They]  were  on  the  battlements  again,  viewing 
and  re-viewing  the  state  of  their  preparations. 

t3-  a.  To  look  over  or  through  (a  book,  etc.) 
in  order  to  correct  or  improve  ;  to  revise.  Ohs. 

i6<>3_  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  1274  Dionysius  had  put 
into  his  hands  a  tragedy  of  his  owne  making,  commanding 
him  to  review  and  correct  the  same.  1639  N.  N.  tr.  Die 
Eosq's  Compl.  Woman  i.  B,  This  is  certain,  they  have  put 
the  Author  of  this  booke  upon  it,  to  review  it  well.  1695 
J.  EDWARDS  Perfect.  Script.  360  Ezra,  .reviewed  the  copies, 
and  amended  all  errata's,  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  Pref., 
I  am  now  beginning  to  review  and  write  over  again  the 
History  of  my  own  time. 

absol.  1622  JAGGARD  Not?,  to  Brookes  Disc.  Err.  Catal. 
Nobility,  He  viewed,  reuiewed,  directed,  corrected,  or 
whatsoeuer  els. 

fb.  To  re-examine;  to  reconsider.    Obs.  rare. 

1607  NORDEN  Surv.  Dial.  i.  31  Euery  Lord  of  a  Mannor 
should  cause  his  Lands  to  be  duly  scene,  and  truly  sur- 
ueyed  and  certifyed,  and  once  in  seuen  or  tenne  yeares  to 
haue  it  reuiewed.  1672  PETTY  Pol.  Anat.  (1691)  18  Those 
who  think  154,000  were  so  destroyed  ought  to  review  the 
grounds  of  their  Opinion. 

4.  Law.  To  submit  (a  decree,  act,  etc.)  to  ex 
amination  or  revision. 

1621  ELSING  Debates  Ho.  Lords  (Camden)  120  All  my  de 
crees  have  ben  reviewed  :  yea,  all  my  orders  and  petitions. 
1771  J-uniits  Lett.  Ix.  (1788)  323  That  parliament  may  review 
the  acts  of  ministers  is  unquestionable.  1817  Parl.  Debates 
731  Praying  that  the  Act. .,  regarding  conveyancers,  might 
be  reviewed  for  the  purpose  of  being  repealed  or  amended. 
1858  LD.  ST.  LEONARDS  Handy- Bk.  Prop.  Law  xii.  77  The 
order  may  be  reviewed  or  may  be  appealed  from.  1892  La:\* 
Times  Rep.  LXVII.  211/1  The  court,  on  appeal,  can  review 
the  exercise  of  his  discretion  by  the  County  Court  Judge. 

5.  To  survey  ;  to  take  a  survey  of. 

<ri6oo  SHAKS.  Sonn.  Ixxiv,  When  thou  reuewest  this,  thou 
doest  reuew,  The  very  part  was  consecrate  to  thee.  1632 
LlTHGOW  Trav.  viu.  347  After  ten  dayes  feasting,  reviewing 
Heidleberg,  [we].,  set  forward.  1678  BUNVAN /Y4rr.  i.  (1900) 
26  The  which  [parlour],  after  he  had  reviewed  a  little  while, 
the  Interpreter  called  fora  man  to  sweep.  1725  Poi'E  Odyss. 
m.  127  Shall  I  the  long,  laborious  scene  review,  And  open 
all  the  wounds  of  Greece  anew  ?  1787  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859) 
II.  291  When  I  review  his  dispositions,  and  review  his  con- 
duct,  I  have  little  hope.  1800  MRS.  HERVKV  Monrtray Fan?. 
1.164  With  his  eyes  seemingly  cast  down,  he  was  employed 
in  reviewing  the  charms  of  her  lovely  daughter.  1862  SIR 
B.  BRODIE  Psychol.Inq.  II.  i.  28  [He]  reviews  the  whole  of 
the  facts,  .before  he  ventures  to  draw  any  conclusions  from 
them.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  viii.  §  2.  461  We  must  cur 
sorily  review  the  fortunes  of  Protestantism  during  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth. 

absol.  1717  POPK  Ep.  to  Mr.  Jervas  21  How  oft  [do  we] 
review ;  each  finding  like  a  friend  Something  to  blame,  and 
something  to  commend  ! 

b.  To  look  back  upon  ;  to  regard  or  survey  in 
retrospection. 


BEVIPY. 

how  they  have  in  part  prognosticated  the  present  troubles. 
1665  BARROW  in  Corr.  Sci.  Men  (1841)  II.  45,  I  shall  hardly 
ever  induce  myself  to  take  the  pains.. requisite  for  the  re- 


1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  141  P  2  Whoever  shall  review 
his  life  will  generally  find  [etc.].  1779  —  L.  P.,  Duke 
(1868)  205  Some  of  his  compositions  are  such  as  he  must 
have  reviewed  with  detestation  in  his  later  days.  1807 
WORDSW.  White  Doe  \\.  IDS  The  past  he  calmly  hath  re 
viewed.  1850  THACKERAY  'Pendennis  liv,  As  from  a  pre 
cipice  down  which  he  might  have  fallen,,  .he  reviewed  the 
Fanny  Bolton  snare,  now  that  he  had  escaped  out  of  it. 

6.  To  make  a  formal  inspection,  to  hold  a  re 
view,  of  (troops,  etc.). 

1712-4  POPE  RapeLockiu.  45 The  skilful  Nymph  reviews 
her  force  with  care.  1713  Lotid.  Gaz.  No.  5106/3  The  Lords 
..have  Revtew'd  the  greater  Part  of  the  Out- Pensioners. 
1727-38  CHAMBERS  CycL  s.v.  Order  of  battle,  In  order  to 
engage  the  enemy,  or  to  be  reviewed  by  the  general.  1828 
CAMPBELL  Departure  of  Emigrants  /or  N.S.  W.  73  Hosts 
review'd  in  dazzling  files  and  squares.  1840  DICKENS  Old 
C.  Shop  Hi,  He  charged  the  boy  to  run  off  and  bring  his 
schoolmates  to  be  marshalled  before  their  new  master,  and 
solemnly  reviewed.  1889  Infantry  Drill  w§  When  troops 
are  reviewed  in  line  of  quarter  columns,  the  brigadier  only 
will  accompany  the  reviewing  general. 

7.  To  write  an  appreciation  or  criticism  of  (a 
new  literary  work) ;  also  a&sol.,  to  write  reviews ; 
to  follow  the  occupation  of  a  reviewer. 

1781  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  TJtrale  12  Nov.,  I  would  never 
review  the  work  of  an  anonymous  authour.  1783  COWPER 
Let.  to  Univin.  Wks.  1836  11.30,  I  am  reviewed,  and  my 
book  forwarded  in  its  progress  by  a  judicious  recommenda 
tion.  1809  BYRON  Bards  $  Rev.  549  See  honest  Hallam. . 
Resume  his  petij  review  his  Lordship's  work.  1839  HALLAM 
Hist.  Lit.  iv.  vii.  §  24  The  first  book  ever  reviewed . .  was  an 
edition  of  the  works  of  Victor  Vitensis  and  Vigilius  Pap- 
sensis.  1891  DOBSON  \%th  Cent.  Vignettes  59  He  drew  up 
the  '  Proposals '  for  a  complete  edition  of  her  works,  and 
he  reviewed  her  repeatedly. 

Hence  Beviewed  ///.  a. 

1840  HOOD  Up  Rhine  Introd.  3  It  is  the  fashion  now  for 
the  reviewed  to  retaliate  on  the  reviewers. 

Reviewable.  [f.  prec.  +  -ABLE.]  That  may 
be,  capable  of  being,  reviewed. 

1846  m  WORCESTER  (citing  Story).  1869  Contemp.  Rev. 
XI.  153  The  first  and  only  reviewable  part  of  his  volume. 
1891  Sat.  Rev.  11  July  32/2  The  Emperor,  .has  reviewed 
most  things  reviewable. 

Reviewage.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -AGE.]  Re 
viewing,  or  reviews,  of  books. 

1807  W,  TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mem.  (1843)  II.  214  What- 
ever  you  order  down  to  me  in  the  way  of  reviewage,  I  shall 
of  course  execute  as  speedily  as  may  be.  1809  Ibid.  281  A 
quarterly  magazine,  wholly  quit  of  reviewage. 

Reviewal  (r/viw-al),     [f.  as  prec.  +  -AL.] 

1.  The  act  of  reviewing  or  revising ;  an  instance 

of  this. 
1650  Descr.  Fut.  Hist.  Europe  ii  He  that  returns  back  in 

reviewall  of  the  cgnjunctions  and  fiery  Triplicities,  may  see 


on  the  faults  of  tbe  British  cavalry.  1883  Law  Times 
LXXVIII.  340/2  A  summons  was  taken  out,. to  have  a 
reviewal  of  the  taxation  of  his  bill  of  costs. 

2.  A  review  of  a.  book.     Also  without  article. 
1798  W.  TAYLOR  in  ( Robberds  Mem.  (1843)  I.  229  How 

angry  the  Anti-jacobin  Magazine  is  with  a  reviewal  of 
D'lvernois  in  the  appendix  to  the  Monthly  !  1805  SOUTH KY 
Let.  in  Life  (1850)  II.  355,  I  perceive  that  the  reviewals  of 
Madoc  have  in  a  certain  degree  influenced  you.  1834 
Blackw.  Mag.  XXXVI.  273,  I  treat  his  offer  of  a  reviewal 
of  Mr.  Hunt's  London  Journal  with  disdain.  1863  Monthly 
Packet  Dec.  718  A  fair  subject  for  reviewal  in  a  magazine. 

Reviewatory,  a.  noncc-wd.  [f.  as  prec.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  writing  of  reviews. 

1822  L.HI-ST  Liberal I.  70  It  is  the  fault  of  the  'accursed 
critical  spirit'  that  is  the  bane  of  these  times,  that  \ve  are 
obliged  to  be.. base  and  reviewatory  like  the  rest.  1831 
Eraser's  .1/rt£'.  III.  101  A  candour  most  unusual  in  person-; 
of  the  reviewalory  profession.  1837  Ibid.  XVI.  666  He  has 
passed  unnamed  by  the  ordinary  guardians  of  the  gates  re 
viewatory. 

Reviewer  (rJViw-ai).    [f.  REVIEW  v.  +  -ER  i.] 
fl.  One  who  revises  ;  a  reviser.   Ohs. 
1611  FLORIO,  Riuisort\  areuisor,  a  reuiewer.     1710  BEVF- 
RIDGE  Wks.  (1846)  VIII.  628  The  composers  and  reviewers 
of  the  old  translation.     1720  WHEATLY  Bk.  Com.  Prayer 
(ed.  2)  ii.  §  5. 1 14 This  Rubrick.  .may  perhaps  have  slipt  into 
the  present  Book  thro'  the  Inadvertency  of  the  Reviewers. 
f2.  One  who  looks  back  upon  something.  0/>s.~l 
1654  WHITLOCK  Zootomia  517,  I  am  ashamed  of  nothing 
more  than  the  Crosse  of  Christ,  as  I  believe  those  Reviewers 
are,  whom  the  Prophet  speaketh  of,  They  shall  look  back  on 
him  whom  they  have  peirced. 

3.  One  who  criticizes  new  publications  ;  a  writer 
of  reviews.     In  early  use,  the  author  of  a  special 
pamphlet  criticizing  another  work. 

1651  R.  WATSON  Second  Faire  Warning  Answ.  Ep.  Ded. 
2  The  prejudice  the  Reviewer  would  here. .cast  upon  the 
person  of  the  Bishop  will  advance  his  own  reputation  but  a 
litle.  1722  WODROW  Corr.  (1843)  II.  660  You'll  have  heard 
of  a  printed  letter  by  a  Jacobite  reviewer,  .upon  my  first 
volume.  1756  GRAY  Let.  in  Poems  (1775)  246  It  has  cer 
tainly  worse  nerves  than  mine,  if  your  Reviewers  have 
frighted  it.  £1785  BURNS  Capt.  Riddel  ii,  Our  friends,  the 
reviewers,  Those  chippers  and  hewers.  1837  LYTTON  E.  Mai- 
iravers  i.  xii,  The  coteries  cried  him  up  and  the  reviewers 
adored  him.  1871  TYNDALL  Fragm.  Set.  (1870)  II.  xv.  401 
Free  discussion  should  not  be  prevented,  either  by  the 
ferocity  of  reviewers  or  the  arm  of  the  law. 

Hence  Revieweress,  a  female  reviewer. 

1830  CARI.YLE  in  Fraser^s  Mag.  I.  28  To  review  a  re- 
vleweress  of  two  literatures  is  not  easy. 

Reviewing1,  M.  $!>•    [f.  REVIEW  v.  +  -IXG  1.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  verb,  in  various  senses. 

1573  Reg.  Privy  Council^  Scot.  II.  250  The  revewing  of 
ony  decreittis  or  processis  in  that  or  the  lyke  caissis.  1598 
FLORIO,  Recensione>  a  rehearsing:  a  reuiewing  or  examina 
tion  of  an  account  or  number.  1680  GODOLPHIN  Rep.  Can. 
(ed.  2)  119  Then  such  a  Reviewing  shall  be  final  without 
further  Appeal.  1719  LONDON  &  WISE  Compl.  Gard.  173 
This  reviewing  must  be  continued  for  the  following  Months 
for  all  other  Fruits ;  and  in  reviewing  remove  such  as  begin 
to  rot.  1865  PUSEY  Truth  Eng.  Ch.  67  The  reviewing  of  the 
judicial  sentences  of  its  Bishops. 

attrib.  1897  Boston  (Mass.)  Jrnl.  15  Jan,  6/5  The  erection 
of  reviewing-stands  for  spectators  on  the  occasion  of  pro 
cessions  on  the  next  inauguration  day. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  writing  reviews. 

1797  COLERIDGE  Lett,  (1895)  I.  215  Fifty  pounds  you  might 
..gain  by  reviewing.  1819  SHELLEY  Peter  Bell  yd  vn. 
xvi.  The  Reviewers  who  were  hired  To  do  the  work  of  his 
reviewing.  1888  A  thenxnm  19  May  631/3  In  no  case 
did  I  observe  anything  beyond.. the  customs  of  ordinary 
reviewing. 

attrib.  1883  BLACK  Shandon  Bells  xxx,  We  could  not  have 
one  of  our  own  reviewers  abused  in  our  own  reviewing 
columns.  1894  Idler  Sept.  165  'Reviewing'  work  is  too 
badly  paid  for  any  reasonable  being  to  think  of  making  it 
either  an  art  or  a  business. 

Reviewing,  ///.  a.    [f.  REVIEW  «/.  +  -INQ  2.] 

f  1.  Looking  backwards.  Obs.  rare~l* 

1643  DENHAM  Cooper's  H.  263  So  fast  he  flies,  that  his  re 
viewing  eye  Has  lost  the  Chasers,  and  his  ear  the  Cry. 

2.  Holding  a  review  of  troops,  etc. 

1735  SOMERVILLE  Chase  i.  273^  Reviewing  Generals  his 
Merit  own.  1769  Junins  Lett.  iii.  (1788)  47  The  reports  of 
reviewing  generals  comprehend  only  a  few  regiments  in 
England.  1831  Regul.  iff  Instr.  Cavalry  in,  56  The  Review- 
ing-General  presents  himself  before  the  centre.  1876  [see 
REVIEW  so.  3].  1889  [see  REVIEW  v.  6]. 

Reviewish,  a.  [f.  REVIEW  sb.]  Character 
istic  of  reviews  (of  books). 

1835  R.  H.  FROUDK  Rem.  (1838)  1.416  M.'s  [pamphlet] 
improves  on  acquaintance.  The  style  is  pedantic  and  re- 
vie  wish. 

Review  less,  a.  [f.  REVIEW  sb.  7  b.]  Destitute 
of  a  review. 

1849  SIR  J.  STEPHEN  Eccl.  Biog.  II.  375  What  is  a  party.. 
without  a  Review  ?. .  Reviewless,  Clapham  had  scarcely  been 
known  beyond  her  own  Common. 

t  Revification,  erroneous  form  (peril,  mis 
prints)  for  REVIVIFICATION.  (Cf.  REVIVICATION.) 

1677  CARYC^W*.  n.  143  In  the  revificationofthe  Chaldaean 
Empire  under  Nabon-asser.  1712  STEELE  Spect.  No.  426 
p  2  So  long  are  these  Medicines  of  Revification  in  preparing. 

So  t  Bevify  v.  =  REVIVIFY. 

1598  FI.ORIO,  Rfviftcare,  to  reu'me,  or  reuifie, 

77 


REVIGORATE. 

Revi-gorate,  fa. ppk-  rare-1.  [Cf.  next.] 
Reinvisjoratcd. 

1814  SoiniiEY  Roderick  vn,  The  fire  which  seemed  extinct 
Hath  risen  revigorate. 

Revi-gorate,  "     rrf-  v-  reviwrtr,  PC.  rt- 


I'igorar,  med.L.  revigorare.]     To  reinvigorate. 

,";"  %%%£"$?%{%  r^rxfx'e5"  °HU  fen" 


610 


REVISE. 


me  revncrs  ui    me  »ui*.  .«««—  .  ----  ;;""  **  '     **i 

ance?    i87S  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V   .66  Ihe  reviler  who 

The 

«.».*  „  speech. 


,  3/  vould  We  in  every  diocese  a  body  of 

clergy..  to  reinforce  and  revigorate  the  parochial  system. 
t  Revi-gour,  v.  Obs.  [See  prec.  and  VIGOUR.] 

1.  trans.  To  restore  to  vigour. 

c  .440  Lnfs  Bonai'cnt.  Mirr.  (MS.  e  Musao  35)  If.  ='3 
The  day  in  the  which  he  hadde  receyuede  the  forseide  brede 
and  wJrevigorede.  I447  BOKENHAM  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  200 
Allc  here  spyrytys  begunne  to  amende  And  were  reuyguryd 
in  wundyr  wyse. 

2.  intr.  To  recover  vigour. 

I447BOKENHAM  Seyntys  (V.o*!a.)  12!  Dede  men  reuyguryn 
1  da?  wele  seyn.  CtU*  St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  539'  He 
reuygourd  in  strenth  of  cors. 

t  Revi'le,  sb.    Obs.   Also  reveile.    [f.  the  vb.J 

1    A  reviling  speecli  or  remark. 

1579  TOMSON  Cabin's  Serm.  Tim.  985/2  Hee  mus 


ust  heare 


niaw  uemca  v^ui  !**««.*»  •  •  -— —  .   ,  , ,    — 

MILTON  Tetrach.  Wks.  1851  IV.  139  Since  he  waigh  d  so 
little  what  a  grosse  revile  that  was  to  give  his  equall. 
2.  Revilement,  reviling. 


Pilgr,  11.  (1862)  194  Render  them  not  reviling  for  revile. 

Revile  (r/vai-l),  v.  [a.  OF.  reviler,  f.  re-  RE- 
+  nil  VILE  a.  Cf.  later  F.  ravilir.  It.  rawilire] 

f  1.  trans.  To  degrade,  abase.  Obs.  rare. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  11546  POU  dysonourest 
hym  yn  bat  outrage,  And  reuylyst  hys  feyre  ymage.  1390 
COWER  Can/.  II.  221  Thou  hast  bothe  hire  and  me  beguiled 
And  ek  thin  oghne  astat  reviled. 

2.  To  subject  to  contumely  or  abuse ;  to  assail 
with  opprobrious  or  abusive  language. 
In  early  quots.  more  with  reference  to  action  than  speech. 
c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  11677  fey..seye 
hit  ys  ber  heritage  To  haue  oure  godes,  &  vs  to  reuille  ! 
1390  GOWER  Can/.  III.  247  His  fader  and  hise  brethren 
bothe ..  H  im  hadde  beten  and  reviled.  1432-50  tr.  Higden 
(Rolls)  VII.  97  Also  he  revilede  moche  and  detracte  seynte 
Edmunde.  c  1460  Wisdom  989  in  Macro  Plays  68  By  holy 
chyrch  to  be  reconsylyde,  Truslynge  verely  ye  xall  neuer  be 
revylyde.  1530  PALSGR.  690/1  He  is  a  marvaylouse  hastye 
man  in  his  fume,  he  revyled  me  and  I  had  ben  a  dogge. 
1591  SPENSER  M.  Hubberd  365  The  man . .  with  reproachful! 
tearmes  gan  them  revile.  1648  WILKINS  Math.  Magic  I. 
xi.  69  He  did  not  revile  the  gods  of  ingratitude.  1687  A. 
LOVELL  tr.  nevenofs  Tra-.:  I.  249  [The  Arabs]  hate  the 
Persians,  they  revile  every  thing  that  concerns  them.  1729 
SAVAGE  Wanderers.  411  They  jar,  accus'd  accuse,  revil'd 
revile,  And  wrath  to  wrath  oppose.  1780  COWPER  Love  of 
Worlds  Revil'd  and  lov'd,  renounc'd  and  follow'd,  Thus, 
bit  by  bit,  the  world  is  swallow'd.  1833  HT.  MARTINEAU 
Tale  of  Tyne  ii.  40  He  reviled  heaven  and  earth  when  he 
saw  his  wife  sinking  from  want.  1875  JOWETT  Ptato  (ed.  2) 
I.  185  Ctesippus  then  says  that  he  is  not  reviling  the  two 
Sophists,  he  is  only  contradicting  them. 
fig.  1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  VIII,  i.  i.  126,  I  read  in  's  looks 
Matter  against  me,  and  his  eye  reuil'd  Me  as  his  abiect 
obiect.  a  1616  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Bonduca  n.  iv,  No  ill  words  ! 
let  his  own  shame  first  revile  him. 

3.  intr.  To  use  opprobrious  language ;  to  rail 
at  a  person  or  thing. 

1526  TINDALE  i  Pet.  ii.  23  When  he  was  reviled,  reviled 
not  agayne.  1621  BRATHWAIT  Nat.  Embassie  (1877)  141 
This  short  Satyre..reuilingatthecouetousnesse.  .of  women. 
1659  B.  HARRIS  Parival's  Iron  Age  58  It  was  then,  that  the 
doctrine  of  the  Jesuits  was  carped,  and  reviled  at.  1797 
MRS.  M.  ROBINSON  Wahinghatn  111.6s  While  the  tithe- 
pamper'd  churchman  reviles  at  the  poor.  1871  B.  TAYLOR 
Faust  (1875)  I.  xvii.  165  How  scornfully  I  once  reviled, 
When  some  poor  maiden  was  beguiled. 

Hence  Revi'led  ppl.  a. 

1855  KINGSLEY  West-M.  Ho  t  vii,  The  Lord's  people  were 
always  a  reviled  people  and  a  persecuted  people. 

Revilement  (rA^Hment).     [f.  REVILE  v.'] 

1.  The  act  of  reviling;  the  fact  or  practice  of 
employing  abusive  language. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  iv.  12  Yet  n'ould  she  stent  Her 
bitter  rayling  and  foule  revilement.  1612  T.  TAYLOR  Comm. 
Titvs  iii.  2  If  any  man  prouoke  thee  by  reuilement  and  re 
proaches,  returne  not  euill  for  euill.  1649  tr.  Wttrn.fr.  J. 
Beem  Iviii.  25  He  doth  not  push  with  the  horn  o_f  revilement 
and  scorne.  1780  BENTHAM  Princ.  Legisl.  xviii.  §  34  And 
thus  we  have  two  genera  or  kinds  of  offences  against  re 
putation  merely ;  to  wit,  i.  Defamation  and  2  Vilification  or 
Revilement.  1881  Harper's  Mag.  LXIV.  216  It  is  devoted 
by  custom  to  the  particular  revilement  of  Judas. 

2.  An  fnstance  of  this ;  a  reviling  speech. 

1637  R.  HuMFREYtr.  SI.  Ambrose  i.  12  Hewasnot.  .moved 
with  whatsoever  revilements.  1660  H.  MORE  Myst.  Cadi. 
VI.  ii.  217  Christ  will  then  vindicate  himself  from  all  those 
scorns  and  revilements.  1873  L.  WALLACE  Fair  God  vtl.  xiv, 
Again  the  people  broke  put  in  revilements.  1880  —  Ben  Hvr 
viii.  x,  Laughter  and  ribaldry  and  revilements,  all  for  the 
Nazarene. 

Reviler  (r Jvai-lsi) .     [f.  as  prec.  +  -EB l.]     One 
who  reviles  or  abuses. 
1598   HAKLUYT  Voy.  I.   553  [Those]  who  haue  applied 


,          ,        (      -i...  c.  r.uilers     I    The  True  Religion,  .is  Revirescent  in  your  tender  yearcs. 
themsclues.  .to  shake  off  tne  yoke  01     niers  «  "=  .     "jj        ,„,  T.  MAURICE  Hindustan  (1820)  I.  i.  ix.  270  A  Miake,  or 

D^rSo^eur^  igijotUod^tobe        '^^«^^±^^^'^ 
a  true  worshipperof  the  drunken  God  BUgOB.^  «7»^  °"  Revis,  obs.  form  of  RAVISH  V. 

Revisable  (rfvai-zab'l),  a.  [f.  REVISE  v.  + 
-ABLE.  So  F.  revisable.1  Capable  of  being  re 
vised  ;  liable  to  revision. 

1802  Daily  WMS  16  Mar.  5/7  This  is  the  ideal  system- 
State  ownership  of  the  minerals  with  fair  and  revisable 
royalties.  1893  H'eslm.  Gaz.  29  June  1/3  The  tariff  estab 
lished  by  the  treaty  was  to  be  revisable  every  10  years. 

Hence  Revi'sableness. 

1873  Contemp.  Rev.  XXI.  910  The  revisableness  of  the 
Confession  has  always  been  an  axiom. 

Revisal  (r/Varzal).  [f.  next  +  -AL.]  The  act 
of  revising  or  looking  over  again  ;  a  revision,  re- 
examination. 

1612  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Muse's  Sacrifice  Wks.  (Grosart) 
II.  18/2  Let  me  not  enter  in  this  strict  reuisall  of  my  Sinne 
and  grace.  1672  MARVEI.L  Reh.  Transp.  (1673)  II.  289  The 
good  inclination  of  my  Lords  the  Bishops.. as  to  a  revisal 
of  themselves.  1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela  111.  79  She  has 
written  a  Letter  to  you,  which  passed  Mr.  Peters's  Revisal 
before  she  had  the  Courage  to  send  it.  1771  LUCKOMBE 
Hist.  Printing  389  Titles  should  have  the  revisal  of  one 
that  is  allowed  to  have  a  good  judgment.  1807  WRANGHAM 
Serm.  Transl.  Script.  29  Let  these  separate  labours  sub 
sequently  undergo  the  careful  revisal.  .of  the  entire  body. 
1860  WHYTE  MELVILLE  Mkt.  Harb.  (1861)  36  A  thorough 
revisal  of  gloves,  neckcloths,  etc.,  is  soon  made.  1873 
BURTON  Hist.  Scot.  VI.  Ixvi.  56  He  had  not  submitted  his 
dispatch  to  official  revisal. 

Revise  (r/vai-z),  sb.  Also  6  re-vise,  7  reuize. 
[f.  the  vb.] 

1 1.  The  fact  of  being  seen  again.  Obs.-1 

1589  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  (1602)  Prose  Addit.  341  Of  the 
drowning  and  Reuise  of  Palinurus ..  I  omit. 

2.  The  act  of  revising  or  reviewing;  a  revision, 
a  looking  over  or  examining  again. 

1591  SYLVESTER  Dti  Bartas  i.  i.  487  We  should  not  heed- 
less-hastily  beslow  us  In  any  Work,  but  patiently  proceed 
With  oft  re-vises.  1615  JACKSON  Creed  v.  x.  Wks.  IV.  84 


OtHIrV  l^»S.     l.tu.    i-vwi;    J.*.   «tJ     -~"  nj          j-T-  J 

growth  of  all  nations.  1795  COLERIDGE  Plot  Discovered  1 5 
An  abusive  fellow  followed  Pericles  home  with  much  pane- 
cvrical  reviling.  1853  Bp.  WILBERKORCE  in  R.  b.  Wilber- 
Force  Life  (iSSi)  II.  182,  I  will  not  return  any  of  your 
reviling.;.  1875  E.  WHITE  Life  in  Christ  i.  i.  (1878)  5  A 
persistent  reviling  of  the  animals,  and  a  resolute  exaltation 
of  humanity. 

Revi'ling,  ///.  a.  [-ING*.]  That  reviles; 
given  to  reviling  ;  abusive. 

1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  i  John  ii.  44  He  gaue  no 
reuilynge  worde  agayne  to  any  man.  c  1586  C  TESS  PEM 
BROKE  Ps.  XLIV.  viii,  By  reviling  slaundrmg  foe  Inly 
wounded  thus  I  languish.  1645  MILTON  Tetrach.  Wks. 
1851  IV.  139  To  smite  so  keenly  with  a  reviling  tongue. 
1655  FULLER  Cli.  Hist.  ix.  196  They  came  to  bitterness,  and 
reviling  tearms  amongst  themselves,  a  1716  BLACKALI.  Wks. 
I.  230  The  use  of  any  sort  of  scurrilous  or  reviling  language.  ! 
1833  TENNYSON  Two  I'mces  22oHeheeded  not  reviling  tones. 

Hence  Bevi'lingly  adv. 

1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  i  John  ii.  44  He  prayed  to 
the  father  for  them  that  spake  reuilyngly  agaynste  him. 
1681  BAXTER  Ace.  Sherlock  iii.  177  [They)  talk  revilmgly  of 
persons  and  things  which  they  never  knew. 

Revin,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RAVEN  sb.1  and  riven  pa. 
pple.  of  RIVE  v . 

t  Revi-nce,  v.    Obs.    [ad.  L.  rtvinctrt,  f.  re- 

RE-  +  vincere  to  conquer,  subdue.] 

1.  trans.  To  refute,  disprove. 

1529  MORE  Dyaloge  iv.  Wks.  254/2  The  king,  .effectually 
reuinced  and  confuted  the.  .pestilent  boke  of  Luther.  1570 
FOXE  A.  ff  M.  (ed. 2)  976/2  When  he  shoulde  see  his  errour 
by  manifest  and  sound  testimonies  of  scriptures  reuinced. 
1640  G.  WATTS  tr.  Bacons  De  Aug.  Sci.  iv.  i.  178  The 
opinion  of  Copernicus, ..because  it  is  not  repugnant  to  the 
Phenomena, cannot  berevincedby  Astronomicall  Principles. 
1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  I.  xii.  44  As  if  Astrology  were  a 
close  and  cunning  Faculty,  and  afraid.. to  be  revmced  by 
ordinary  experience. 

2.  To  restore  to  a  possession. 

1584  Sc.  Acts  Jas.  VI  (1814)  III.  355.The  saidis  personis.. 
to  he  consolidat  and  revincit,  likas  his  hienes  consolidatis 
and  revincis  thame  to  be  saidis  beneficis. 

t  Revrncible,  a..  Obs.  rare—',  [f.  prec.,  or 
ad.  late  L.  revincibilis.~\  Refutable. 

1633  T.  ADAMS  Exp.  2  Peter  iii.  16  They  are  raised  out  of 
the  Scriptures,  though  they  be  revincible  by  the  same  letters. 

t  Revi'nct, ,fa. pple.  06s.~l  [ad.  L.  revinct- 
us,  pa.  pple.  of  rev  i nc  ire.']  trans.  Hound  up,  girt. 

1650  BULWER  Antkropomet.  191  Wherewith  children  in.. 
Summer  revinct  with  swaith-bands,  are  as  it  were  stew'd. 

Revindicate,  v.  [f.  RE-  and  VINDICATE  v., 
after  F.  revendiquer.  Cf.  REVENDICATE  and  med.L. 
revindicare."\  trans.  To  vindicate  anew ;  to  re 
claim,  recover,  or  restore,  as  a  rightful  possession. 

1828-31  in  WEBSTER  (citing  Mitford).  1842  DE  QUINCEY 
Philos.  Herodotus  Wks.  1858  IX.  179  Having  thus  said 
something  towards  revindicating  for  Herodotus  his  proper 
station  [etc.].  1864  BURTON  Scot  Abr.  II.  i.  52  There  was 
no  other  country  to  which  they  could  be  revindicated.  1872 
SWINBURNE  Ess.  ft  Stud.  (1875)  27  In  vain  he.  .rebuked  the 
untimely . .  haste  of  Paris  to  revindicate  this  right  for  herself. 

Reviiidica'tion.  [Cf.  prec.  and  REVENDICA- 
TION.]  The  action  of  revindicating. 

1643  [PRYNNE]  (title),  A  Revindication  of  the  anoynting  and 
priviledges  of  faithfull  subjects.  1652  COLLINGES  (.title), 
Responsoria  ad  Erratica  Pastoris, . -the  Shepherds  Wand- 
rings  discovered,  in  a  Revindication  of  the  Great  Ordinance 
of  God. 

1818  COLEBROOKE  Obligations  43  So  as  no  injury  be  caused 
by  unseasonable  retraction  and  untimely  revindication. 
1851  GALLENGA  Italy  v.  288  The  aim  of  all  Italian  revolu 
tion  is  the  revindication  of  this  natural  frontier.  1877  E. 
CAIRO  Pliilos.  Kant  iii.  28  The  Renaissance  was  the  re 
vindication  of  nature  and  human  nature. 

Reving,  obs.  f.  REAVING,  REEVING  vbl.  sis. 

Revir,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RIVER. 

t  Revire,  w.1  Obs.  rare—1,  [ad.  L.  revir- 
escfre.]  intr.  To  recover  freshness. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husli.  n.  258  And  when  the  list,  in  water 
hoote  revire  They  wil,  and  taste  ene  as  the  list  desire. 

t  Revire,  v.-  Obs.  rare— l.  \z.¥.revirer:  see 
RE-  and  VIBE  z/.]  intr.  To  swing  back. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Amis  (S.T.S.)  119  As  the  dure 
turnis  about  apon  the  herre,  ..and  vyris  and  revyris. 

Revire  scence.  rare.  [See  next  and  -ENCE.] 
i  Return  to  a  youthful  or  flourishing  condition. 

1741  WARBURTON  Div. Leffat.  iv.iv.  II.  112  A  Serpent  repre 
sented  the  Divine  Nature,  on  account  of  its  great  Vigour 
and  Spirit,  its  long  Age  and  Revirescence.  1880  SWINBURNE 
Stud.  Shaks.  126  A  faded  archaic  style  trying  as  it  were  to 
resume  a  mockery  of  revirescence. 

Revire  scent,  a.  rare.  [ad.  L.  revirescent- 
etn,  pres.  pple.  &i  revirescere^\  Flourishing  anew. 

1644  R.  HARWOOD  King  David's  Sanctuary  Ep.  Ded., 


The  reflexed  apprehension  or  revise.. by  which  their  ex 
amination  should  be  tried.  1692  R.  I/ESTRANGE  Josephns, 
Antiq,  ii.  (1733)  306  They  came  to  this  Resolution,  that  the 
Book  might  be  subjected  to  a  careful  Examination  and 
Revise.  1710  Ace.  Distemper  Tom  Whigg  n.  50  Let  it  be 
the  frequent  Subject  of  your  Revise  and  Meditation.  1811 
GIFFORD  in  M.  Napier's  Sel.  Corr.  (1879)  4,  I  am  greatly 
pleased  with  your  additions,  and  indeed  with  the  whole  of 
your  revise.  1832  BABBAGE  Econ.  Manuf.  xxi.  (ed.  3)  209 
The  corrections  have  been  unusually  large,  and  the  revises 
frequent. 

b.  A  revised  version  or  form. 

1894  Current  Hist.  IV.  283  Shortly  after  the  revise  of  the 
Wilson  bill  came  up.  .in  the  Senate  on  April  2. 

3.  Typog.  A  revised  or  corrected  form  of  prool- 
sheet ;  a  further  proof  submitted  by  the  printer 
after  having  made  the  required  corrections,  altera 
tions,  or  additions.  Also  attrib. 

1612  T.  JAMES  Corrupt.  Scripture  in.  24  There  was  no 
sheete  printed  off,  before  either  the  proofe,  or  the  reuize  (as 
they  call  it)  was  brought  vntohim.  1644  PRYNNE&  WALKER 
Fiemies'  Trial  56  When  he  read  the  printed  proofe  and 
revise.  1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  xvii.  264 
After  the  Second  or  Third  Proof  he  has  a  Revise,  which  is 
aUo  a  Proof-sheet.  1753  RICHARDSON  GrartdisanVl.  417 
He  had  hardly.. composed  any  other  Copy  but  first  proofs, 
revises  £c  ,  clandestinely  obtained  from  England.  1778 
JOHNSON  in  Boswcll  II.  345  Let  me  have  the  revises  as 
soon  as  can  be.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  xi,  [He]  pulled  off  the 
first  proof  as  clear  and  free  from  errors,  as  if  It  had  been  a 
tiiple  revise  !  1887  RUSKIN  Prxlerita  1 1.  338  The  revise  of 
the  last  sheet  was  sent  to  piinter.  1892  A.  OLDFIELD  Man. 
Typog  iii,  When  all  the  corrections  have  been  made  a 
Revise  Proof  'will  have  to  be  pulled  and  submitted  to  the 

Revise  (rtoi-z),  v.  [a.  F.  reviser  (also  reviser}, 
i.  re-  RE-  +  viser  to  look  at,  aim  :-pop.  L.  *visare. 
Cf.  advise,  devise,  and  L.  revtsfre.'] 

fl.  intr.  To  look  again  or  repeatedly  at,  to 
look  back  or  meditate  on,  something.  Obs. 

1567  Reception  of  Q.  Eliz.  at  Cambridge  (Harl.  MSS. 
7037),  The  Queen  following ..  and  marvellously  revising  at 
the  beauty  of  the  chapel.  1627  LEVER  Q.  F.liz.  Teares  ix, 
Waking,  or  not,  1  oft  reuise  thereon,  a  1640  JACKSON 
Creed  x.  xxxi.  Wks.  IX.  217  Surely  the  thoughts  of  a  mere 
natural,  civil  or  moral  man  are  free,  .and  able  to  revise  and 
work  upon  these  occurrences. 

t  2.  trans.  To  see  or  behold,  to  look  at,  again. 

a  1618  SYLVESTER  Job  Triumphant  n.  305  Th'  Eye  that 
hath  seen  him,  shall  not  see  him  twise,  Nor  shall  his  Places 
him  againe  revise.  1687  BEVERLEY  Exposition  Song  of 
Songs  66  So  long  forgotten,  1  by  Love  revis'd  Would  now 
from  future  Forfeiture  Fore-pris'd,  Stand  sealed.  '7»7 
FOXTON  in  Earbery  Burnefs  St.  Dead  App.  75  »  any 
doubt  it  they  may  revise  what  we  have  there  written. 
'  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  ofQval.  (1809)  1 1.  63  She  reserves 
this.. for  her  own .. inspection ;  to  revise  it,  to  gaze  and 
dwell  upon  it  in  secret.  . 

3.  To  look  or  read  carefully  over,  with  a  view  to 
improving  or  correcting. 

1611  BIBLE  Transl.  Pref.  1 14  Neither  did  we  disdaine  to 
reuise  that  which  we  had  done.  1693  FREKK  Sn.  Ess. 
Apol.  3  What  I  have  done  of  late  has  been  only  to  Correct 
and  Revise  them  [sc.  essays]  a  little  for  the  Press.  1743 
POPE  Let.  to  Warburton  12  Jan.,  Whatever  very  little 
respites  I  have  had.. have  been  employed  in  revising  th 
papers  on  the  use  of  Riches.  1796  KIRWAN  Elem.  Min. 
(ed.  2)  I.  Pref.  xii,  Upon  the  decease  of  Mr.  Leske,  It  was 
revised,  corrected,  and  enlarged,  by  Mr.  Karsten.  1828 
D'IsRAF.l.1  Ctua.  /,  I.  iii.  30  The  King  carefully  revised  the 


BEVISED. 

papers  which  tie  commanded  others  to  write.  1847  DE 
QUINCEY  6'/.  Mil,  Nun  viii.  \Vks.  1853  III.  16  Pussy,  how 
ever,  saw  no  use  in  revibing  and  correcting  the  text  of 
papa's  remembrances. 

absol.    1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  xv.  xi,  I  am  prevented 
from  revising  ;— Perhaps  I  have  said  more  than  I  meant. 

b.  To  go  over  again,  to  re-examine,  in  order  to 
improve  or  amend ;  f  to  condense  by  revision. 

1596  BACON  Max.  $  Use  Com.  Law  (1630)  Ep.  Ded.  2  To 
revise  the  Romane  lawes  from  infinite  volumes,  .into  one 
competent  and  uniforme  corps  of  law.  1651  BAXTER  Inf. 
Rapt.  120  That  they  would  be  pleased  in  the  foremen- 
tioned  particulars  to  revise  the  Directory.  1764  BURN  Poor 
Laws  274  There  is  great  reason  to  revise  the  game  lu\vs, 
and  to  reduce  them  into  some  order  and  compass.  1768 
ULACKSTONK  Comm,\\\.  67  A  commission  sometimes  granted 
..to  revise  the  sentence  of  the  court  of  delegates.  1819 
I.  MARSHALL  Const.  Of>in.  (1839)  189  The  opinion  of  the 
highest  law  tribunal  of  the  state  is  to  be  revised.  1847 
POWER  LawQualif.tf  Kegistr.  113  Every  revising  banister 
is  required  to  notify  his  appointment  to  the  clerk  of  the 
peace  of  tlie  county,  .which  he  has  been  appointed  to  revise. 
1876  HOLLAND  Sev.  Oaks  xi,  People  began  to  revise  their 
judgments  of  the  man  whom  they  had.  .condemned. 
Hence  Revi'sed///.  a. 

Revised  Version,  the  version  of  the  Bible  made  in  1870-84 
as  'a  Revision  of  the  Translation  published  in. .1611,  and 
commonly  known  by  the  name  of  the  Authorised  Version  '. 
1837  LoeKHART»SV0//  II.  vi.  223,  I  suspect  this  had  been  a 
revised  edition.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ii.  I.  159  There 
might  be  a  revised  liturgy  which  should  not  exclude  extem 
poraneous  prayer.  1880  N.  T.  (Revised  Version)  Pref.,\Ve 
forwarded  to  them  the  Revised  Version  in  its  final  form. 

Revisee*.  [f.  REVISE  v,  +-EE.]  One  whose 
work  is  subjected  to  revision. 

1884  Spectator  4  Oct.  1289/1  We  may  by  hypothesis  want 
such  an  institution  [i.e.  a  Second  Chamber],  even  if  the 
Revisers  are  inferior  men  to  the  Revisees. 

Reviser  (r/Vai-zaj).    [f.  REVISE  v.  +  -EH*.    Cf. 

KEVISOR.]  One  who  revises  or  makes  corrections. 
1694  SALMON  Bate's  Dispens.  (1713)  475/2  The  Commen 
tator  or  Reviser,  in  his  Notes  upon  the  same.  1738  T. 
BIRCH  Life  Milton  in  M.'s  ll'ks.  1738  I.  48  It  is  not  im 
probable  Milton  trusted  much  to  the  Care  of  the  Printer 
and  Reviser.  1778  JOHNSON  L.  P.,  Milton  I,  251  Verbal 
inaccuracies,  which  Bentley.  .imputed  to  obtrusions  of  a 
reviser.  1846  MASKELL  Man.  AW.  II.  121  «<;/*?,  The  Prymer 
of  1545  corrected  it,  and  was  followed  in  later  years  by  the 
revisers  of  Q.  Mary's  Book.  1870  Graphic  25  June  703/3 
The  revisers  of  the  authorised  version  of  the  New  Testa 
ment  met  for  the  first  time  on  Wednesday. 

Revrsership.  [f.  prec.  +  -SHIP.]  The  office 
of  reviser,  or  spec,  of  a  revising  barrister. 

1882  Pall  Mall  G.  5 .July  4/1  Every  kind  of  legal  office  in 
England— recorderships,  reviserships,  judgeships,  &c. 

t  Revrsible,  a.1     Obs.  rare~l.     [Re-  5  a.] 

Visible  again. 

Y  a  1500  Chester  PI.  (E.  E.  T,  S.)  I.  103  Here  will  I  bide 
now  in  this  place. .;  to  be  revisible  in  short  space,  yt  is  my 
will  in  this  same  hower. 

Revi'sible,  «.2,  variant  of  REVISABLE  a. 

1882  Frasers  Mag.  XXV.  781  Any  hold  beyond  that  of  ex-    ' 
pediency,  revisible  like  all  expediencies  from  time  to  time. 
1898  Daily  News  2  July  7/2  To  insist  that  every  arrange 
ment  between  railway  companies  shall  be  revisible  under 
the  general  law. 

Revi'sing,  vbl.  sb,  [f.  REVISE  v.]  The  action  [ 
of  the  verb ;  revision. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rcuisione,  a  reuising  or  reuiewing,     1621 
KLSING  Debates  Ho.  Lords  (Camden)  103  Moved,  whether    ; 
there  may  not  be  a  newe  revysing  of  this  Bill  to  that  pur-    j 
pose.     1673  S.  PARKER  Reproof  R eh.   Tramp,  528  The 
authour  had  not  the  revising  of  the  sheets. 

Revi'singf,  ///.  a.    [f.  REVISE  v.}    That  re-  i 

vises.     Revising  barrister,  a  barrister  appointed 
to  hold  local  courts  at  stated  periods  for  the  pur-    ' 
pose  of  revising  the  lists  of  parliamentary  electors. 

183*  G.  PRICE  CompL  Election  Guide  ix.  (heading^  Re- 
visa!  of  Lists  of  Voters,  Appointment  and  Business  of 
Revising  Barrister,  1847  POWER  Law  Qualif.  fy  Registr, 
113  The  like  duty  devolves  upon  the  senior  judge  of  assise 
on  the  summer  circuit  to  appoint  revising  barristers  to  act 
for  each  circuit.  1875  E.  WHITE  Life  in  Christ  Pref.  (1878) 
-x,  In  preparing  the  present  edition  I  have  been  again  much 
indebted  to  the  revising  accuracy  of  my  friend.  1898  S.  LEE 
Life  Sliaks.  v.  (1899)  59  In  both  these  plays  Shakespeare's 
revising  hand  can  be  traced. 

Revision  (rM'gan).  [ad.  late  L.  revision-em^  . 
f.  revise're :  see  REVISE  v.  So  F.  and  Sp.  revision^  \ 
It.  re-y  rivisione.'] 

1.  The  action  of  revising  or  looking  over  again  ; 
esp.  critical  or  careful  examination  or  perusal  with    *• 
a  view  to  correcting  or  improving. 

1611  COTGR.,  Revision^  a  reuision,  reuise,  reuiew,  reex.    | 
animation,    looking    ouer    agame.       1662   J.    DAVIES    tr. 
Olearius1    I'oy.   Ambass.  To   Rdr.   A  3  Considering   this    ' 
Revision,  what  is  now  publish'd  is  both  a  more  curious, 
and  more  compleat  Piece.     1771  JOHNSON  in  Boswell  29    . 
Aug.,  I  am  engaging  in  a  very  great  work,  the  revision  of    i 
my  Dictionary.    1797  M ALONE  Mem.  Reynolds  R.'s  Wks.    ! 
I.  p.  xxvii,  Though  they  are  only  detached  thoughts,  and    \ 
did  not  receive  Ins  final  revision  and  correction,  I  am  un-    ] 
willing  to  suppress  them.    1817  Parl.  Deb.  14  Our  comrner-    j 
cial  situation  and  system  deserved  and  required  revision.    ! 
1830  DISRAELI  Chas.  /,  III.  i.   12  Few  letters  or  papers 
passed  his  revision  without  being  returned  with  marginal 
notes.     1876  Contemp.  Rev.  June  96  Revision  [of  the  New 
Testament]  has.. become  a  public  question. 

attrib.    1884  O.  T.  (Revised  Version)  Pref.,  The  Rules  laid    i 
down  by  the  Revision  Committee  of  Convocation  for  the 
guidance  of  the  Revisers. 
b.  A  product  of  revising  ;  a  revised  version. 

1845  KITTO  Cycl.  BibL  Lit.  (1849)  H.  919/1  A  revision  of 
it.  .is  now  wanted,  or  rather,  a  new  translation.  1880  N.  T. 


611 

(Revved  Version)  Pref.,  The  English  Version  of  the  New 
Testament  here  presented  to  the  reader  is  a  Revision  of  the 
Translation  published  in.  .1611. 

2.  The  fact  of  seeing  some  person  or  thing  again. 
1796  OWEN    Trav.   Eurofe   II.  310,    I    was   particularly 

gratified  in  this  ascent  by  a  revision  of  that  prodigious  rock, 
the  Aiguille  de  Dm.  1838  S.  JACKSON  tr.  Strauss'  Kcuiia. 
Life  Lutheran  Clfrgym.  in.  286  Heaven  and  earth  beheld 
each  other,  and  seemed  to  be  astonished  at  the  revision. 
1891  E.  L.  ARNOLD  Pkra  the  riuruician  xi,  A  sweet  re 
vision  of  Blodwin,  my . .  British  wife  ! 

3.  A  retrospective  survey. 

1833  MACKKAUV  Reinin.  Diary  3  Jan.,  Let  my  revision  of 
this  day  enable  me  to  be  more  resolute  in  my  resistance  of 
future  temptations. 

Hence  Revi'sional,  Bevi'sionary  aiijs. 

1828-33  in  WEBSTER.  1856  W.  H.  THOMPSON  in  A.  Butler 
Hist.  Anc.  Philos.  I.  362  It  probably  would  not  have  sur- 


BEVIVAL. 

Let.  Wks.  1720  II.  335  All  Revisions 
1  hr 


should  be  made  by 


spirit,.. which  carried  a  great  reform. 

Revisionist  (rtVi-jsnist).  [f.  prec.  +  -IST. 
Cf.  F.  rfvisioimisle  adj.] 

1.  One  who  advocates  or  supports  revision. 

1865  Reader  No.  151.  567/3  The  Revisionists  and  the 
ultra-Ritualists.  1884  Xfeitator  4  Oct.  1305/2  The  more 
impatient  political  revisionists  among  ourselves  should.. 
reflect, — and  hesitate. 

attril',  1866  Church  Times  17  Feb.,  The  Revisionist 
party  states  its  opinion  [etc.).  1888  Times  i  Oct.  5/4  The 
calling  together  of  a  Revisionist  Congress. 

2.  //.  The  revisers  of  the  Bible. 

1881  Q.  AY-<.  Oct.  309  The  result  at  which  the  Revisionists 
of  the  New  Testament  have  arrived.  1885  FFOULKES  Prim. 
Consecration  ii.  16  The  Revisionists  much  more  correctly 
translate  [etc.]. 

Revisit  (r/vi'/it),  sb.  [RE-  5  a.]  A  repeated 
or  second  visit. 


,  Three  of  the  first  Judges,  and  Four  Revisors  joined  with 
|  them.  1723  /'res.  St.  Kussia  1  1.  202  Hrigadier  and  Revisor- 
(jeneral,  basih  Zatoff.  1790  COWPER  Iliad  Pref.,  Mr.  Fuseli 
..voluntarily  and  generously  offered  himself  as  my  revisor 
1825  JKFKERSON  AutoHog.  Wks.  1859  I.  45  The  Kevisors 
had  adopted  these  opinions.  1850  FOKSHALL  &  MADDEN 
Wfelffifi  Bible  I.  Pref.  p.  xxxi,  The  revisor  seems,  as  he 
proceeded,  to  have  grown  weary.  1891  Pall  Mall  G.  i  Apr. 
2/3  The  revisers  of  the  population  report  ..  about  72,000 
genuine  Pagans  in  the  Government  province  of  Irkutsk. 

Revisory  (r/vai-zori),  a.  [f.  KEVISE  v.  +  -OHY. 
;  Cf.  med.L.  revlsorius  (Du  Cange).]  Having  power 
i  to  revise  ;  engaged  in,  of  the  nature  of,  revision. 

1846  in  WORCESTER  (citing  Story).  1884  BKVCE  in  Co>itemp. 
Rev.  Nov.  723  A  revisory  body  is  needed  for  all  legislation. 

1891  Times  29  Jan.  5/1  The   law  ..  conferred   no  revisory 
power  upon  the  Supreme  Court. 

Kevissar,  -ing,  obs.  Sc.  ff.  RAVISHEH,  -ING. 

Revitaliza'tion.  [f.  next.]  The  action  (.1 
revitalizing,  or  the  fact  of  being  revitalized. 

1872  NICHOLSON  />'W.  16  This  is  a  mere  instance  of  revival 
and  not  of  revitalisation.  1890  S.  J.  DUNCAN  .'inc.  Depar 
ture  235  It  was  a  revitalisation  of  a  certain  large  round  tin 
box  associated  with  the  home  store-room. 

Revi-talize  («-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  irons.  To 
restore  to  vitality;  to  put  new  life  into.  Hence 
Revitalized  ///.  a.,  Revitalizing  vbl.  sb. 

1858  r.fsiiNKi.i.  Serin.  .Vtii-  Life  374  The  returning  sun.  . 
sets  them  creeping  forth,  revitalized  and  re-empowered  with 
life.  1862  REICHEL  Callicd.  o/igC/i  C.  25  The  regenerated 
and  revitalized  restoration  or  product  of  this  century.  1869 
Microsc,  Jtnl,  May  294  There  are  organisms  which  we  can 
devitalise  and  revitalise  —  devive  and  revive—  many  tirne^. 

1892  Daily  Writ's  25  Oct.  6/2  This  revitalising,  if  I  may  so 
express  myself,  in  municipal  life. 

Revittle,  obs.  form  of  KEVICTUAL. 
Revivabi'lity.    [f.  next  -f  -n  y.]    The  quality 
of  being  revivable. 


1623  in  Birch  Crt  f.  Times  fas.  /  (1848)  II.  385  So  par-  ,855  BAIN  Senses  f^ Int.  n.  ii.  5  ,6  The  property  of  mental 

t.cular  a  relation  of  all  thejrvisitsand  revisits,  that     it  tells         persistence  and  revivability.    ,868  SPENCER /'%',. t™M. 
™,r  A,Sv,bf«a^S  i?  o£:i£,'""TT  J':n-7'-^>  2°6  Albe't         <'8?2>  ':  !'•  V.  229  We  have  to  inquire  what  determines  this 


our  Ambassadour  in  civility  sent  to  visit  him','he  returned 
a  sleight  thanks  without  a  re-visit.  1699  R.  L'ESTRANGE 
Krasm.  Colloq.  (1725)  13,  I  have  been  on  a  visit. .to  the 
famous  Lady,  .in  England  (which  in  truth  was  a  revisit \ 
1817  J.  SCOTT  Paris  Revisit,  (ed.  4)  307  The  spirit  of  female 
intrigue.. was  very  instrumental  in  bringing  about  there- 
visit  from  Elba.  1889  Daily  News  10  May  2/2  The  pro 
posed  revisit  of  the  Russian  pianist,  .has  been  abandoned. 
Revisit  (r/vi-zit),  v.  [ad.  F.  rcvisiter,-*Sp. 
and  Pg.  revisitar,  It.  rivisitare,  L.  revlsitare,  or 
f.  RE-  5  a  +  VISIT  v.] 

fl.  trans.  To  revise,  reinspect,  re-examine.    Obs, 

1525  Ln.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  ccxxiii.  [ccxviii.]  691  They 

saye,  that  ye  haue  not  dilygently  reuisyted  nor  ouersene 

the  letters  patentes.     1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warres  IV.  i.  105 

To  visit  and  reuisit  all  the  before  appointed  matters  and 

orders.     1712  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's  Gardening  156  You 

then  revisit  your  Parterre  from  one  End  to  the  other,  and 

new  furnish  with  Box  the  Places  that  require  it. 

2.  To  visit   again,  to  return  or  come  back  to 

(a  place,  person,  etc.). 

1602  MARSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  in.  iii,  Now  gapes  the 
graves,  and  through  their  yawnes  let  loose  Imprison'd 
spirits  to  revisit  earth.  1633  P.  FLETCHER  Poet.  Misc.  60 
But  then  revisit  our  long-long'd-for  Kent.  1667  MILTON 
P.L.  in.  1 3  Thee  I  re-visit  now  with  bolder  wing.  1729  POPE 
Let.  to  Harley  24  Dec.,  I  have  been  twice  revisited  with 
this  distemper.  1776  GIBBON  Decl.tfF.  xii.(i782)  1.405  It  was 
time  that  the  emperor  should  revisit  Rome.  1817  SHELLEY 
Rev.  Islam  i.  xlvi,  My  pale  lip  quivers  When  thought  re 
visits  them.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  ii,  I  began  to  recall 
what  I  had  heard  of  dead  men.  .revisiting  the  earth.  1869 
TOZER  Highl.  Turkey  II.  324  The  young  mother  longs  to 
revisit  the  infant  she  has  left  behind  her. 


I  f: 


b.  absol.  To  pay  a  visit  or  visits  again. 

1737  Gentl.  Mag.  VII.  312/2  Nanny  revisits,  and  disgrac'd 

fall.  1862  LVTTON  Sir.  Story  II.  73  Rejoiced,  at  least, 
that  Margrave  had  not  revisited  at  Mrs.  Ashleigh's. 

Hence  Kevrsiting  vbl.  sb. 

1598  FLORIO,  Rintsita,  a  reuisiting,  a  reuiewing. 

Re  visitant,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  prec.  + -ANT.] 
Returning  to  a  place. 

1852  HAWTHORNE  lUithedale  Romance  xxiii,  A  kind  of 
medium  fit  for  spirits  departed  and  revisitant,  like  myself. 

Revisita  tion  (n-).  [a.  obs.  F.  revisitation 
(Godef.),  or  f.  REVISIT,  after  visitation.] 

1 1.  Revisal,  revision.  Obs.  rare. 

1549  PACET  in  Strype  Eccl.Mem.  II.  258  We  thought  best 
to  put  you  in  mind  of  the  confirmation  and  revisitation  of 
the  treaty.  1611  COTGR.,  Revisitation,  a  reuisitation ;  or.  .a 
reuising,  reuiewing,  recognizing,,  .overlooking  againe. 

2.  The  action  or  fact  of  visiting  again. 

1828-32  in  WEBSTER.  1859  J.  A.  ALEXANDER  On  Mark  vi.  6 
A  regular  concerted  plan  of  periodical  revisitation.  1889 
STEVENSON  Art  Writing,  Pref.  Master  Ballantrae  145 
There  are  few  things  more  strange,  .than  such  revisitations. 

t  Revi'Sitor.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  obs.  F.  revis- 
iteur  (Godef.),  f.  revisiter  to  REVISIT.]  An  ex- 
aminer,  inspector. 

1594  R.  ASH  LEV  tr.  Lays  le  Roy  29  b,  Controllers,  reuisitors, 
and  serchers.  1611  COTGR.,  Revisiteur,  a  reuisor,  reuiewer, 
reuisitor,  ouerlooker,  ouerseer. 

Revisor  (r/vai-z£i).  Also  7  -our.  [See  RE 
VISE  v.  and  -OR.  So  F.  reviseur,  Sp.  and  Pg. 
revisor,  It.  revisore.']  One  who  revises ;  a.  reviser. 

In  quots.  1723  and  1891  after  Russ.  peBII30pl>. 

1598  FLORIO,  Rittisorc,  a  surueyer,.  .a  reuisor.  c  1620  Z. 
BOYD  Ziott's  Flowers  (i&5$)  Introd.  23  Referring  to  the  said 
revisours  to  make  choose  of  such  of  my  Workis.  1675  TEMPLE 


. 
revivability. 

Revivable  (r/V->i-vab'l),  a.  [f.  REVIVE  v.  + 
-AISLE.]  Capable  of  being  revived. 

1810  W.  TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mem.  (1843)  II.  288  My 

zeals,  however,  though  never  lasting,  are  always  revivable. 

1860  All  Year  Round  No.  43.  390  Living  animalcules.. 

,    are  revivable  in  this  state.     1890  MAIIEK  Psycliol.  79  The 

very  revivable  and  associable  character  of  its  sensations. 

Hence  Bevi'vably  adv. 

1884  il//«rfIX.  350  What  kind  of  agency  can  it.  .be..  that 
revivably  stores  up  the  memory  of  departed  phenomena? 

Revival  (r/vai-val).     [f.  REVIVE  v.  +-AL.] 
1.  The  act  of  reviving  after  decline  or  discontinu 
ance  ;  restoration  to  general  use,  acceptance,  etc.  ; 
an  instance  or  result  of  this. 

1651  DA\  ENANT  Gondibert  m.  iv.  68  The  King  has  now 
his  curious  sight  suffis'd  With  all  lost  Arts,  in  their  revival 
view'd.  1693  DRYDEN  Disc.  Satire  Ess.  (ed.  Ker)  II.  29 
Unnecessary  coinage  [of  words],  as  well  as  unnecessary 
revival,  runs  into  affectation.  1731-8  SWIFT  Polite  Com: 
Introd.  58  The  happy  Revival  of  Masquerading  among  us. 
1780  COWPER  Let.  to  Rev.  J.Neiuton,  12  July,  I  have  often 
wished..  for  the  revival  of  the  Roman  custom—  salutis  at 
top,  and  vale  at  bottom.  1865  FREEMAN  Hist.  £ss.  Ser.  i. 
vi.  (1871)  160  The  new  German  Empire  is  a  fair  revival  of 
the  old  German  Kingdom.  1874  MICKLETHWAITE  Mod.  Par. 
diuretics  179  The  modern  revival  of  extempore  preaching. 
b.  The  act  of  restoring  an  old  play  to  the 
stage,  or  of  republishing  an  old  literary  work. 

1664  J.  WILSON  Cheats,  Another  [prologue],  intended, 
upon  the  revival  of  the  Play,  but  not  spoken.  1779  JOHNSON 
L.  P.t  Otivay,  Friendship  in  Fashion  .  .  was,  upon  its  revival 
..in  1749,  hissed  off  the  stage.  1815  HASLEWOOD  Mirr. 
Mag.  Ded.,  The  Mirror  for  Magistrates  :  A  Popular  Pro 
duction  of  the  Reign  of  Elizabeth  which  merited  Re 
vival.  1863  Sat.  Rev,  16  May  633  The  preservation  of 
hundreds  of  plays,  and  names  which  deserve  remembrance 
andjustifyrevival.  1888  Century  Mng.  Feb.  544  note,  Some 
of  Mr.  Daly's  revivals  have  been  beautifully  costumed. 

C.  Revival  of  learning,  letters,  or  literature,  the 
Renaissance  in  its  literary  aspect. 

1785  MARTYN  Rousseau's  Bot.  Introd.  (1794)  3  At  the 
revival  of  learning,  every  thing  disappeared  to  make  room 
for  the  works  of  antiquity.  1812  SIR  H.  DAVY  Chem.  Philos. 
20  Till  the  revival  of  literature  in  Europe  there  was  no 
attempt  at  philosophical  discussions  in  any  of  the  Sciences. 
1835  MACAULAY  in  Trevelyan  Coinpet.  Wallah  (1866)  323 
The  great  revival  of  letters  among  the  Western  nations  at 
the  close  of  the  fifteenth  and  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  1872  MOHLEY  Voltaire  (1886)  i  The  names  of  the 
great  decisive  movements  in  the  European  advance  like  the 
Revival  of  Learning  or  the  Reformation. 

d.  Arch.  The  reintroduction  of  Gothic  Archi 
tecture  towards  the  middle  of  the  igth  century. 

1850  SIR  G.  SCOTT  AHC.  ChurcJies  20  One  of  the  most  dis 
couraging  features  in  the  revival  which  has  happily  com- 
menced  among  us.  1855  —  Sec.  tr  Dom.  Arc/lit.  (1858)  17 
We  have  so  generally  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  best 
period  of  our  national  architecture  was  the  latter  half  of  the 
thirteenth  and  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  centuries, 
that  we  have  insensibly  adopted  that  as  the  groundwork 
of  our  revival.  1872  EASTLAKE  Hist.  Gothic  Rei'ival  209 
The  year  in  which  the  foundation  stone  of  the  Parliament 
Houses  was  laid  may  be  taken  as  a  turning  point  in  the 
History  of  the  Revival. 
2.  a.  Restoration  to  vigour  or  activity. 
i752MRS.DELANYZ.£/t($.CVr>*.  (i86i)III.  151  A  month's  visit 
would  have  been  such  a  revival  tome!  1772  WESLEY  Jrnl. 
4  Sept.,  There  had  been  a  fresh  revival  or  the  work  of  God 
among  them.  1783  BURKE  Rep.  Aff.  India  Wks.  1  1.  33  The 
revival  of  trade  in  the  native  hands  is  of  absolute  necessity. 

77-2 


REVIVALISM;. 

1866  G.  MACDONALD  Ana.  Q.  KeigU.  (i578)  491  This  was 
the  first  time  he  had  shown  such  a  revival  of  energy.     1874 


.,_)  GIBBON  Ded.  $•  F.  xlix-.  V.  1.54  On  his  revival  from 
the  swoon..,  he  recovered  his  speech  and  sight.  1810 
CKABBE  Borough  xx.  253  His  son  .suspended  saw  him, 
long  bereft  Of  life,  nor  prospect  of  revival  left.  1856  KANT. 
Arct.  Erfl.  II.  xxiv.  240  Ohlsen  was  no  more.  He  had 
shown,  a  short  half-hour  before,  some  signs  of  revival.  1875 
IOWETT  Pinto  (ed.  2)  I.  446  And  revival,  if  there  be  such  a 
thing,  is  the  birth  of  the  dead  into  the  world  of  the  living  ! 

c.  Client.  Revivification. 

1788  Phil.  Trans.  LXXIX.  14,  I  mentioned  some  in- 
stances  of  the  revival  of  red  precipitate  in  inflammable  atr. 

d.  The  fact  of  renewing  or  raising  again. 

i88s  Act  48  Viet,  c.  15  §  ;  Any  notice.. relating  to  the 
withdrawal  and  revival  of  objections. 

3.  A  general  reawakening  of  or  in  religion  in  a 
community  or  some  part  of  one. 

1701  C.  MATHER  Magit.  Chr.  III.  71  There  was  a  not- 
able  Revival  of  Religion  among  them.  1757  E.  WHEKLOCK 
Mint.  (1811)  215  We  rejoice  to  hear  of  a  revival  of  religion 


has  been  of 'late,  in  Hartford  and  its  vicinity,  what  is  called  a 
revival  in  religion. 

b.  ellift.  for  prec. ;  freq.  in  depreciatory  use  in 
reference  to  the  excitement  and  extravagance  which 
tend  to  accompany  such  movements. 

1818  J.  PALMER  Jrnl.  76  The  Methodists  of  Cincinnati  are 
very  zealous,  and  have  what  they  call  '  a  revival  '  in  the 
country.  1849  C.  BRONTE  Shirley  i,  In  the  Methodist 
chapel  down  yonder,  where  they  are  in  the  thick  of  a  re 
vival.  1877  FKOUDE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  n.  i.  166  The 
number  of  those  who  recollect  the  beginnings  of  the  Oxford 
revival  is  shrinking  fast. 

attrib.  1843  J.  C.  in  Baptist  Reporter  Feb.  56  A  series 
of  revival-meetings  were  held.  1859  STOPFOKD  Work  <y 
Counter-work  7  A  bodily  illness  which  has  come  to  be 
co-existent  with  this  revival  movement. 

Revivalism  (r/Vai-valiz'm).    [f.  prec.  +  -ISM.] 

1.  The  state  or  form  of  religion  characteristic  of 
revivals.     (Cf.  prec.  3  b.) 

1815  in  Polwhele  Trad,  ff  Recoil.  (1826)  II.  679,  I  verily 
believe  that  Revivalism  has  had  this  effect  in  some  degree. 
1859  STOPFORD  Work  <V  Connter.-Mork  37,  I  say,  that  hys 
teria,  in  connection  with  revivalism,  is  now  commonly  pro 
duced  and  propagated  by  man.  1883  Pall  Mull  G.  8  Nov., 
Revivalism  in  general  and  American  revivalism  in  par 
ticular,  is  despeiately  vulgar. 

2.  Tendency  or  desire  to  revive  what  has  gone 
out  of  use  or  belongs  to  the  pasl. 

1874  L.  STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library  I.  245  However  far 
the  rage  for  revivalism  may  be  pushed,  nobody  will  ever 
want  to  revive  the  nineteenth  century.  1876  K.  HARRISON 
Choice  Bbs.  (1886)  247  A  whited  sepulchre,  where  spruce 
revivalism  is  still  scraping,  .the  emptyand  ruined  tombs. 

Revivalist  (rJvai-valist).     [f.  as  prec.  -I-  -IST.] 

1.  One  who  promotes,  produces,  or  takes  part  in, 
a  religious  revival. 

1820  R.  POLWHELE  Introd.  Bp.  LavingtotCs  Entkus.  of 
Method,  f,  rapists  p.  cxiii,  The  Irish  Shouters,  the  Welsh 
Jumpers,  and  the  Cornish  Revivalists.  1859  All  Year 
KoundNo.  28. 33  Much  stress  has  been  laid  by  the  Revivalists 
..on  the  decrease  of  drunkenness.. among  the  converted. 
1889  jtssorv  Coming  o/ Friars  vi.  272  With  the  dawn  of  the 
thirteenth  century  came  the  great  revivalists — the  friars. 

attrib.  1859  All  Year  Round  No.  28.  33  During  a  Re 
vivalist  meeting.  1864  Realm  27  Apr.  2  'A  lay  teacher ' 
appointed  by  some  revivalist  clergyman.  1890  Times  20 
l)ec.  9/3  The  Salvation  Army  as  a  revivalist  agency. 

2.  One  who  revives  or  reintioduces  former  con 
ditions,  methods,  etc. 

1856  MERIVALE  Rom.  Emp.  Ixviii.  (1865)  VIII.  364  The 
place  they  hold  between  the  teaching  of  the  earlier  philo 
sophers,  and  that  of  the  revivalists  of  the  third  century. 
•870  RUSKIN  Crmvn  Wild  Olive  n.  (1898)  96  The  Revival 
ist  worshipped  Beauty  of  a  sort  and  built  you  Versailles 
and  the  Vatican,  a  1878  SIR  G.  SCOTT  Lect.  Archil.  (1879) 
I.  349  The  error  of  the  French  revivalists  in  selecting  an 
earlier  type  for  their  groundwork. 

attrib.  1875  ROSSETTI  Hoofs  Poet.  Wks.  Ser.  n.  Pref. 
p.  xvii,  A  most  astonishing  example  of  revivalist  poetry  : 
it  is  reproductive  and  spontaneous  at  the  same  time. 

Hence  Bevivali'stic  a. 

1882  Macm.  Jlfag.  XLVI.  413  What  will  be  the  position 
of  this  great  revivalistic  movement  in  the  year  1900  ?  1886 
Century  Mag.  XXXI.  438  Spiritual  preaching  is  reviving ; 
it  is  not  necessarily  revivalistic. 

Revitalize,  v.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -IZE.]   intr.  To 
conduct  or  bring  about  a  religious  revival. 
1882  Ch.  Rev.  73  Where  Messrs.  Moody  and  Sankey  arc 


revivalismg. 


t  Revi've,  st.  06s.  rare,  [f.  the  verb.]  a. 
Revival,  restoration  to  life.  b.  A  revival  (of  a 
play)  on  the  stage. 

1589  GREENE  Menaphon  (Arb.)  50  Hee  is  dead,  and  there 
fore  grieue  not  thy  memorie  with  the  imagination  of  his 
new  reuiue.  1663  PEPVS  Diary  22  July,  He  grew  very 
proud,  and  demanded  2o/.  for  himself  extraordinary.. upon 
every  ne_w  play,  and  io/.  upon  every  revive. 

Revive  (r/Vai-v),  v.  Also  5  revyfe,  5-6  re- 
uyue,  revyue,  6  revyve,  6-7  reuiue,  7  reviue. 
lad-  F.  rtvivre  (loth  c.,  =  Prov.  revinre,  Pg.  re 
viver,  Sp.  revivtr,  It.  rivivere}  or  post-classical 
L.  revivfre,  {.  re-  RE-+  z7W>v  to  live.  The  trans, 
use  (expressed  in  Italian  by  rivivarc].  probably 


originated  in  the  conjugation  of  the  perfect  and   • 
past  tenses  with  is,  was,  etc.] 

I.  intr.  1.  To  return  to  consciousness ;  to  re 
cover  from  a  swoon  or  faint. 

1432-50  tr.  Iligden  (Rolls)  VI.  477  Canutus..lay  on  the 
grownde  as  dedde  ;  whiche  revivynge,  was  fjladde  that  lie 
wasreservede  to  lyfe  [etc.].  1530  PALSGK.  690/1  He  is  in  ; 
suche  a  swonnde  that  1  wene  he  wyll  never  revyve  agayne. 
1611  BIBLI:  Jung.  xv.  19  When  he  had  diunke,  his  spirit 
came  againe,  and  he  reuiued.  1634  MILTON  Collins  840  And 
through  the  porch  and  inlet  of  each  sense  [they]  Dropt  in 


dead,  the  criminal  be  not  thoroughly  killed,  but  revives,  the 
sheriff  must  hang  him  again.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle 
Tom's  C.  xxyiii.  268  St.  Clare  had  fainted, ..but  as  Miss 
Ophelia  applied  restoratives,  he  revived,  opened  his  eyes. 
1884  PAE  Eustace  n  'She  is  reviving,'  exclaimed  Eustace. 

2.  To  return  or  come  back  to  life  ;  to  regain 
vital  activity,  after  being  dead;  to  live  again. 

1526  TISDALE  Rom.  xiv.  9  Christ  therfore  dyed  and  rose 
agayne  and  revived.  1567  MAI-LET  Gr.  Forest  25^  [Their 
parts]  being  once  so  discerped..can  neuer  after  reuiue  and 
quicken  againe.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  i.  i.  18  Henry  is 
.d,  and  neuer  shall  reuiue.  1628  T.  SPENCER  Logic*  128 


REVIVE. 

c.  To  return,  come  back  again,  after  a  period 
of  abeyance. 

1759  GOLUSM.  Polite  Leant,  iii,  Happy  country,  whtrc 
the  pastoral  age  begins  to  revive  !  1809  SCOTT  Let.  ill 
Lockhart  (1837)  II.  v.  194  The  days  of  William  Wallace,. 
seem  to  be  reviving  there.  1881  STEVENSON  Lett.  (1899)  1. 
226  IHlt  the  old  time  is  dead  also,  never,  never  to  revive. 

II.  trans.  5.  To  restore  to  consciousness;  to 
bring  back  from  a  swoon  or  faint,  or  from  a  state 
of  suspended  animation. 

In  sonic  instances  with  «'iu,ctc.,  peril,  intr.  (cf.  etym.  note). 

c  1430  Syr  Getter.  (Roxb.)  9745  On  swounyng  she  fel  him 
beforn  ;  Whan  that  she  tevived  was,  She  called  hir  doghtre 
Lucidas.  a  1533  Lp.  BEPNERS  Huon  cl.  570  Huon  and  she 
.  .fell  downe  botne  in  a  traunce  .  .  :  then  the  lordes  reuyued 
them.  1548  ELVOT,  Reuiuisco,  to  be  reuined  ;  to  recouer 
life  agayne.  1684  BUNYAN  Pilgr.  n.  (1900)  176  They  fetcht 
her  a  Bundle  of  Myrrh,  and  awhile  after  she  was  revived. 
1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  243  This  Water  revivd  his 
Father  more  than  all  the  Rum  or  Spirits  I  had  given  him. 
1737  WHISTON  Josephus,  Anti</.  II.  vii.  §  5  Jacob  almost 
fainted  awayat  this..  great  joy;  however  Joseph  revived  him. 

6.  To  restore  to  life  ;  to  resuscitate  or  reanim 
ate  ;  to  bring  back  from  death  or  the  grave. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  xvi.  xiii.  682  The  blood  that  the 
grete  foule  bled  reuyued  the  chyckens  from  deth  to  lyf.  1526 
Pilgr.  J\-r/.(\V.  de  W.  1531)  139  b,  Caused  the  spiryt  of 
man  after  deth  to  returne  to  the  body  &  reuyue  the 
same.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  iii.  22  Hable  to  heale  the 
sicke,  and  to  revive  the  ded.  1603  Englatufs  Welcome  to 
*jas.  I,  in.  ix,  He  Lazarus  reuiued  from  the  |>raue.  1655 
FLLLKR  Ch.  Hist.  n.  x.  129,  1  remember  not  in  Scripture 
that  God  ever  revived  a  brute  Beast.  1700  DRVDEN  Pal.  % 
revivenisson. 


every  half  century,  to  record  the  fleeting  manners  of  the  age. 
1861  TRENXH  Comm.  Ep.  Churches  Asia,  n  Who  revived  at 
the  touch  of  Elisha's  bones. 

fig.  a  1661  HOLYDAY  Jwrenal(i6j$  ToJRdr.,The endeavor 
of  such,  as  would  prove  that  Martial.. in  his  later  age  re- 
viv'd  into  Christianity.     1888  Pop.  Set.  Monthly  XXXIII. 
386  Emotionally  we  revive  in  our  children. 
b.   Chem.  To  return  to  the  metallic  state. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  765  When  the  lead 
revives,  it  separates  the  gold  from  the  sand. 

3.  To  assume  fresh  life  or  vigour  after  nearly 
dying  or  becoming  extinct.     Alsoy?,^. 

1526  TINDALE  Phil.  iv.  10,  I  reioyse.  .greatly  that  now 
at  the  last  ye  are  revived  agayne  to  care  for  me.  1530 
PALSGR.  677/1,  I  quycken,  I  revyve,  as  a  thyng  dothe 
.  .that  was  wyddered,  or  almoste  deed,  and  retourneth  to 
lyfe  agayne  1592  SHAKS.  Ven.  $  Ad,  338  Even  as  a  dying 
coal  revives  with  wind.  1611  BIIILE  Hosea  xiv.  7  They  that 
dwell  vnder  his  shadow  shall  returne:  they  shall  reuiue  a.s 
the  corne.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  493  If  chance  the  radiant 
Sun. .Extend  his  ev'ning  beam,  the  fields  revive.  rti763 
SHENSTONE  Elegies  iii.  30  The  sweetest  bud  that  blows  Re 
vives  less  lovely  from  the  recent  show'r.  1776  GIBBON  Decl. 
iff  F.  xli.  1.1782)  I.  396  The  strength  of  Aurehan  had  crushed 
on  every  side  the  enemies  of  Rome.  After  his  death  they 
seemed  to  revive  with  an  increase  of  fury  and  of  numbers. 
i8«  SHELLEY  When  passion's  trance  is  overpast^  After  the 
slumber  of  the  year.. AH  things  revive  in  field  or  grove. 

b.  To  resume  courage  or  strength ;  to  recover 
from  depression. 

1530  PALSGR.  677/1,  I  quycken  or  revyve,  I  take  hertj/e 
deuiens  vif.  1535  COVEKDALE  Gen,  xiv.  27  Whan  he  sawc 
y«  charettes  that  loseph  had  sent  to  fetch  him,  his  sprete 
reuyued.  1611  BIBLE  i  Mac.  xiii.  7  As  soone  as  the  people 
heard  these  words,  their  spirit  reuiued.  1667  MTLTON  P.  L. 
XL  867,  I  revive  At  this  last  sight,  assur'd  that  Man  shall 
live.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  iv.  xxxiii,  My  powers  re 
vived  within  me,  and  I  went. .Through  manyavale.  1860 
WARTER  Sea-board  II.  200  When  this  was  done,  his  spirits 
seemed  to  revive. 

4.  Of  feelings,  dispositions,  etc. :   To  become 
active  or  operative  again. 

f  1494  FABYAN  Chron.  \.  cxv.  89  His  olde  condicions  began 
in  him  to  reuyue  and  quycken,  soo  that  at  length  he  re- 
tournyd  to  his  olde  accustomed  vycys.  1526  TINDALE  Rom. 
vii.  9  When  the  commaundement  came  synne  revyved  and 
I  was  deed.  1621  T.  WILLIAMSON  tr.  Gonlarfs  Wise  Vieil* 
lard  69  There  are  sinnes,  which  doe  not  grow  old,  nor  dye 
in  old  age,  but  commonly  grow  young,  and  reuiue  againe. 
1746  HERVEY  Medit.  (1818)  271  Anon,  sin  revives^  and  leads 
our  souls  into  a  transient,  though  unwilling  captivity.  1779 
COWPER  Human  Frailty  8  But  Passion  rudely  snaps  the 
string  [of  the  bow],  and  it  \sc.  vice]  revives  again.  1814 
SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  vi.  ix,  And  Love,  howe'er  the  maiden 
strive,  Must  with  reviving  hope  revive !  1849  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.y.  I.  544  Ambitious  hopes  which  had  seemed  to 
be  extinguished,  had  revived  in  his  bosom.  1859  GEO. 
ELIOT  A.  Bede  xxvi,  The  jealousy  and  fret  fulness  which 
had  revived  when  Adam  came  to  tell  her  that  [etc.], 

b.  To  return  to  a  flourishing  state  ;  to  assume 
fresh  life  or  vigour  after  decline  or  decay;  also  in 
Law,  to  become  valid  again. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Resurgo,  Maiestas  Pop.  Rom. 
resiirrexit^  reuiued,  or  came  to  the  olde  state  agayne.  1576 
FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  124  Such  is  the  kinde  of  your 
cause,  that,  together  with  the  commonwealth,,  .it  must  of 
necessitie,  as  it  were,  revive.  1709  POPE  Ess.  Crit.  701  Then 
Sculpture  and  her  sister-arts  revive  ;  Stones  leap'd  to  form, 
and  rocks  began  to  live.  1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  i  F  6  It 
is  not  now  doubted  but  Plays  will  revive,  and  take  their 
usual  Place  in  the  opinion  of  Persons  of  Wit  and  Merit. 
1737  Genii*  Mag-  VII.  3/2 Therefore  I  do  not  doubt.  .Trade 
will  here  again  ^revive.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  910/2  Upon 
the  vassals  resignation,  the  superior's  right  of  property 
revives.  1840  MACAULAY  dive  Ess.  (1897)  541  The  abuses 
which  he  had  suppressed  began  to  revive.  1858  LD.  ST. 
LEONARDS  Handy-Bk.  Prop.  Law  xix.  149  If. .you  desire 
i  the  gift  to  the  legatee  to  revive  also,  you  should  expressly 
j  declare  such  to  be  your  intention.  1891  Sat.  Rev.  24  Oct. 
471/2  It  looked  as  if  speculation  there  was  once  more 
j  reviving ;  but  it  fell  away  again. 


Sped.  No/97  f  2  A  Prince  could  not  revive  a  Dead  Man  by 
taking  the  Life  of  him  who  killed  him.  1818  SHELLKY  On 
a  Faded  Violet  u(  I  weep,— my  tears  revive  it  not !  I  sigh, 
— it  breathes  no  more  on  me. 

absol.  c  1440  Found.  St.  Bartholomew's  (E.E.T.S.)  27  He 
roys  vp  hole  And  wente  to  his  owne,  yeldynge  thankynges 
to  God  that  mortifieth  and  revyuyth,  smytytb  and  helyth. 

trans/,  c  1450  Cm'.  Myst.  (Shaks.  Soc.)  256  Into  this 
werd  Goddys  sone  hath  sowth  For  veray  love  man  to  revyfe. 
1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IVt  iv.  i.  200  To  end  one  doubt  by 
Death  Reuiues  two  greater  in  the  Heiies  of  Life.  1742 
GRAY  Adversity  45  The  gen'rous  spark  extinct  revive, 
Teach  me  to  love  and  to  forgive. 

7.  To  restore  from  a  languid,  depressed,  or  morbid 
state;  to  infuse  fresh  life  or  vigour  into,  f  Also 
const,  with  inf. 

«i547  SURREY  in  ToiieTs  Misc.  (Arb.)  7  Reuiued  with  a 
qlinuse  of  grace  olde  sorowes  to  let  fall.  1567  TtTBHERV. 
Oriifs  Ep.  67  In  fayth  I  was  revivde  At  those  thy  cheerfull 
words.  1591  SPENSER  M.  Hubberd  756  He. .with  sweete 
delight  Of  Musicks  skill  revives  his  toyled  spright.  1612 
BKINSLEY  Lud.  Lit.  5  The  Lord  will  reuiue  you,  I  hope, 
and  all  of  us  also  who  labour  in  this  toyling  kinde.  1697 
DRYDEX  JEncid  I.  633  What  first  ^Eneas  in  this  plate  be 
held,  Reviv'd  his  courage,  and  his  fear  expell'd.  171* 
BLACKMORE  Creation  iv.  446  IV  admitted  Nitre. -Revives 
the  Fire,  and  referments  the  Blood.  1725  DE  FOE  l'o%. 
round  World  (1840)  316  Our  men  were  revived  with  this 
discovery.  1794  MKS.  RADCLIFFE  Myst.  Udolpho  v,  St. 
Aubert  was  revived  by  rest,  and  by  the  serene  air  of  this 
summit.  1806  Med.  JritL  XV.  16  The  turpentine  revives 
the  function  of  the  liver.  1824  \V.  IRVING  7'.  Trav.  L  251 
Like  a  summer  cloud,  which.. revives  the  fields  over  which 
it  passes.  1898  J.  GEIKIE  Earth  Sculpt.  306  The  erosive 
energy  of  the  rivers  is  renewed,  and  they  are  said  therefore 
to  be  revived. 

fb.  To  restore  (persons)  to  a    flourishing  or 
thriving  state.   Obs.  rare. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  304  b,  Thus  beyng  againe 
revived  [L,  amtns\  he  forgot  the  benefit  received.  1573 
TUSSER  H-nsb.  (1878)  31  What  helpes  to  reuiue  the  thriuing 
to  thriue?  Plough,  fense,  and  store,  aught  else  before. 

C.  To  renew;    to  restore  again  from   or  after 
decline  or  decay. 


lat 


1631  WEEVER  Anc.  Ftineral  Man.  369  His  Monument  is 
tely 


death  revives  his  morning  lay.     __.  — 

Persia  1 1  The  War  in  Candy . .  encourag'd  'em  to  revive  their 
Commerce  in  the  Territories  of  the  Grand  Signior.  1731-8 
SWII-T  Polite  Com>.  Introd.  62  When  Conversation  appears 
in  Danger  to  flag,.. I  took  care  to  invent  some  sudden 

9uestion..tp  revive  it.  1759  GOLDSM.  Polite  Learn,  iii, 
wo  poets  in  an  age  are  not  sufficient  to  revive  the  splen 
dour  of  decaying  genius.  1799  Med.  Jrnl.  II.  175  Those 
who  are  endeavouring  so  meritoriously  to  revive  the  reputa 
tion  of  digitalis.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  127  Plato 
is  not  disposed  to  encourage  amateur  attempts  to  revive 
religion  in  states. 

8.  To  set  going,  make  active  or  operative,  again. 

1494  FABVAN  Chron.  vii.  ccxxiv.  250  Malcolyn  departyd 
from  the  Kyng  in  great  dyspleasure,  for  the  which . .  y* 
warre  atwene  Englonde  and  Scotlande  was  reuyued.  1547 
Act  i  Ediv.  VI,  c.  7  Preamble,  The  Demandants.. were 
compelled.. to  prosecute  and  sue  Resummons..to  revive 
their  said  Actions.  1598  MANWOOD  Lames  Forest  xxv. 
(1615)  257  The  plees  may  be  reuiued  againe  by  the  Kings 
writ  of  resummons.  1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  303 
Yet  the  estates  did  not  forbeare..to  reuiue  the  demaunds 
made  at  the  estates  helde  at  Tomar.  1696  PHILLIPS  s.v., 
To  Revive  an  old  grudge.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl,  s.v. 
Reviver,  Praying  the  former  proceedings  may  stand  re 
vived,  and  be  put  in  the  same  condition  as  at  the  time  of 
the  abatement.  184$  S.  AUSTIN  Rankers  Hist.  Re/.  I.  349 
Supported  by  the  nation,  he  would  have  been  able  to  revive 
the  ancient  opposition  to  the  papacy.  1856  FROUDE  Hist, 
f.ng.  (1858)  1 1.  vii.  176  The  attempts  which  during  that  time 
were  made  to  revive  the  feuds  of  the  houses. 

b.  To  re-enact  (a  law,  etc.) ;  to  renew  or  re- 
validate  ;  to  reopen  (an  election). 

aiS48HAi.LC/i>-ff«.,£rfH;./(-',225b,SucheLawes..askyng 
Henry  the  sLtte  had  caused  to  be  abrogated..,  he  again 


EEVIVE. 


613 


REVIVIFICATION . 


reuiued  and  renouated.  1641  BAKER  Citron.  (1653)  226  A 
Parliament  is  holden,  in  which  the  Acts  made  in  the  eleventh 
year  of  king  Richard  were  revived.  1655  Clarke  Papers 
(Camden)  III.  24  His  Highnesse.  .hath  past  an  ordinance 
for  reviveing  the  former  ordnance  acainst  horse  races  for  6 
monthes  longer.  1736  Genii.  I\Iag.  VI.  301  The  best  Way  to 
remedy  this  Grievance  would  be  by  reviving  and  pursuing 
the  Design  of  the  Act.  1747  Col.  Rcc.  Pennsylv.  V.  101 
The  last  Act  only  [is]  repealed,  by  which  means  the  former 
stands  revived.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2}  II.  65  A  writ  of 
scire  facias,  for  the  defendant  to  shew  cause  why  the  judge 
ment  should  not  be  revived.  1839  MONTAGU  &  NEALE  Law 
Par/.  Elect.  I.  28  When  once  the  poll  is  formally  concluded 
by  public  announcement  ..the  election  is  complete,  arid 
cannot  be  revived.  1858  LD.  ST.  LEONARDS  Handy-Bk. 
Prf>p.  Law  xix.  148  You  may  wish  to  revive  your  will  after 
you  have  revoked  it. 

absol.    1838  STORY  Equity  Pleadings  393  In  each  of  these 
cases,  if  the  appropriate  Bill  is  not  brought  by  the  party 
seeking  to  revive  a  demurrer  will  lie. 
C.  To  reawaken  (a  desire,  etc.). 

1590-6  SPKNSER  F.  Q.  (J.),  Noise  of  arms..  Might  not  re 
vive  desire  of  knightly  exercise,  a  1771  GRAY  Dante  4 
Would'st  thou  revive  the  deep  Despair.  1838  PKKSCOI  r 
Ferd.  fy  fs.  n.  ix.  III.  36  The  beautiful  specimens  of  pearls 
..revived  the  cupidity  of  the  nation.  1859  FIT/GKKALD 
Omar  iv.  Now  the  New  Year  reviving  old  Desires,  The 
thoughtful  Soul  to  Solitude  retires. 

9.  To  bring  into  existence   or   use,   to  set   up, 
again  ;  to  restore  or  re-establish  (something  which 
has  been  discontinued  or  out  of  use). 

1495  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  469/2  That  the  same  Manours . . 
be  reuiued  and  reannexed  to  the  said  Duchie  of  Corn 
wall.  1516  Birgette  in  Myrr-.  Ovr£rt</x(E.E.T.S.)  p.  1,  And 
loo  a  ineruaylous  thyng,  the  olde  myracle  was  reuyued. 
1582  STANYHUKST  ;-Ett£is  i.  (Arb.)  24  Theare  must  tliee 
kingdoom  with  Troian  fame  be  reuiued.  1617  MORYSON 
I  tin.  ir.  246  The  end  of  our  prosecution  is  to  reforme  the 
Kingdome,  to  reuiue  Justice  and  order,  a.  1653  GOUGE 
Comm.  Heb.  x.  10  This  demonstrated  the  great  danger. . 
of  reviving  Jewish  ceremonies.  1712  PRIDEAUX  Direct,  to 
C/t.-ivardcns  (ed.  4)  81  It  may  cost  the  Parish  a  Chancery 
Suit  again  to  revive  the  Trust.  1776  GIBBON  Dccl.  $  F.  x. 
(1782)  I,  301  To  execute  this.. arduous  design,  he  first  re 
solved  to  revive  the  obsolete  office  of  censor.  1826  DISRAELI 
t/fo.  Grey  v.  xv,  Vie  might  all  retire  to  this  valley,  and 
revive  the  feudal  times  with  great  success.  1866  SKEI.EY 
E.CCC  Homo  iii.  (ed.  8)  28  In  what  new  form  he  proposed  to 
revive  the  ancient  monarchy,  a  1878  SIR  G.  SCOTT  f.cct. 
A  refill.  (1879)  I.  348  If  the  revivers  went  on  the  principle  of 
now  reviving  one  style  and  now  another. 

b.  To  bring  back  again  into  knowledge,  notice, 
or  currency. 

In  quot.  1577  perh.  used  for  reviewed^  revised. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  i.  (Percy  Soc.)  9  Their  great  actes 
agayne  to  revive,  In  flaming  tongues  for  to  abyde  on  lyve. 
1577  Vicarys  Anat.  (title-p.),  Which  work  is  newly  reuyued, 
corrected,  and  published  by  the  Chirurgions  of  the  same 
Hospital.  1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  ii.  vii.  §  i  That..  I  may 
reviue  and  reintegrate  the  nrisapplyed.  .name  of  Natural 
Magicke.  1630  Pwtma  Aft&Arm&t*  124  It  reuiues  the  old 
Pelagian  Tenet.  1693  DRYDEN  Dine.  Satire  Ess.  (ed.  Ker) 
II.  29  In  my  opinion,  obsolete  words  may  then  be  laudably 
revived,  c  1730  SWIFT  Verses  on,  Deatk  of  Dr.  Swift 
Wks.  1751  VII.  249  He'll  treat  me,  as  he  does  my  Betters, 
. .  Revive  the  Libels  born  to  die.  1778  Miss  BURSEY 
Evelina  Ixxvii,  Have  you,  Madam,  been  prevailed  upon 
to  revive  that  ridiculous  old  story?  1837  LOCKHART  Scott 
I.  xi.  416  Scott's  object  and  delight  was  to  revive  the  fame 
of  the  Rhymer.  1882  AINGER  Lamb  vi.  99  The  publishers 
brought  out.. a  new  monthly  journal,  reviving  in  it  the 
name  of  an  earlier,  and  extinct  periodical. 

c.  To  put  (an  old  play)  upon  the  stage  again. 
1833  Examiner  845/1  Do  the  managers  'revive  '  some  of 

the  standard  plays?  1899  A.  W.  WARD  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.  I. 
ii.  248  Thersytes. .  was  printed  at  some  date  not  earlier  than 
1561 ;  it  may  have  been  revived  under  Queen  Elisabeth. 

10.  To  bring  again  before  the  mind  ;  to  renew 
the  memory  of  (a  person  or  thing)  ;  to  recall. 

1638  SIR!'.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  160  The  Citizens.. send 
him  a  choking  message  reviving  the  cruelty  done., his 
brother.  1670  PETTUS  Podinx  Reg.  Ep.  Ded.,  At  every 
70  Years  some  signal  Occurrence  revived  them  to  our 
Memories.  1690  LOCKE  Hum,  Und.  n.  x.  §  2  The  mind  has 
a  power,  .to  revive  perceptions  which  it  has  once  had.  1711 
STEELE  Sped.  No.  192  F  8  You  cannot  recal  your  Father  by 
your  Grief,  but  you  may  revive  him  to  his  Friends  by  your 
Conduct.  1759  DILWORTH  Pope  85  Some  of  the  letters 
served  to  revive  past  scenes  of  friendship.  1813  SHELLEY 
Q.  Mab  n.  246  The  Spirit.. felt  All  knowledge  of  the  past 
revived.  1855  BAIN  Senses  fy  Int.  HI.  i.  §  8  Take  first  the 
recovery  of  feelings  of  energetic  action,  as  when  reviving  the 
exploits  and  exertions  of  yesterday.  1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  i. 
iii.  24  The  surrounding  scene  revived.. all  the  impressions 
of  my  boyhood. 

rejj.  1774  JOHNSON  Let.  to  W.  Hastings  30  Mar.,  I  cannot 
omit  this  opportunity  of  reviving  myself  in  your  memory. 

b.  To  renew  or  freshen  up,  to  bring  back  to 
one  (the  memory  of  some  person  or  thing). 

1591  NASHE  P.  Pennilesse  i8b,  Vpbraiding  me  for  re- 
uiuing  in  an  epistle  of  mine  the  reuerend  memory  of  Sir 
Thomas  Moore.  1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Reft.  Pref.  (1848) 
p.  xxx,  The  Objects.. do  revive  the  Memory  of  those  good 
Thoughts.  '7'3  STEELE  Guardian  No.  5  F  2  This  Con 
versation  revives  to  us  the  Memory  of  a  Friend.  1781 
GIBBON  Dccl.  $  F.  xxvii.  (1787)  III.  66  Every  disgraceful 
moment  of  the  unfortunate  reigns  of  Arcadiusand  Honorius 
revived  the  memory  of  their  irreparable  loss. 

11.  Chem,  To   convert,    restore,    or   reduce    (a 
metal,  esp.  mercury)  to  or  into  its  natural  con 
dition  or  form ;  to  restore  from  a  mixed  to  a 
natural  state  ;  to  revivify. 

1677  W.  HARRIS  tr.  Lottery's  Course  Chem.  17  Thus 
Cinnaber  and  the  other  preparations  of  Mercury  are 
Revived  into  Quick-silver,  tt  1691  BOYLE  Notes  $  Exper, 
Mercury  Wks.  1743  I.  645  Divers  philosophical  Spagyrists . . 


,    order  it  [mercury]  to  be.  .sublimed  with  acid  salts  or  sul- 

'    phurs,  and  then  revived  with  alkalies.      1727-38  CHAMBERS 

i  Cycl.  s.v.  Mercury^  By  diluting  the  whole  with  an  ounce  of 
aqua  stygia,  the  whole  grain  of  mercury  will  be  revived, 
1784  Phil.  Trans.  LXXIV.  160  If  a  solution  of  luna  cornea 
in  volatile  alkali  be  triturated  with  mercury,  the  silver  will 
be  revived.  1812  SIR  H.  DAVY  Chem,  Pliilos.  40  Bayen 

i  shewed  that  mercury  converted  into  a  calx  or  earth.. could 
be  revived  without  the  addition  of  any  inflammable  sub 
stance.  1839  URB  Did.  Arts  1116  Silver.. was  formerly 
called  a  perfect  metal,  because  heat  alone  revived  its  oxide. 
1878  Encycl.  Brit.  VIII.  114  It  was  observed  ..  that  certain 
metals  could  be  'revived1  from  solutions  of  their  salts  on 
the  passage  of  a  current  of  electricity, 
12.  a.  To  treat  (faded  clothing,  etc.)  with  a  rc- 

;    viver ;  to  renovate,    rare. 

1836  DICKKNS  Sk.  Boz^  Characters  x,  It  \sc.  the  hat]  was 

1    as  black  as  the  coat.   The  truth  flashed  suddenly  upon  ua — 

'     they  had  been  '  revived  '. 

b.  To  restore  to  clearness;  to  bring  out  clearly. 
1861  O'CuKRY  Led.  on  HIS.  Materials  150,  I   took  the 

;     necessaiy  means  of  reviving  the  ink.     i87sScRivicNKR  Lett. 

;    Grk.  Test,  18  Attempts  have  been  made  to  revive  the  faded 
characters. 
Revived  (r/Vai-vd),  ppl.  a.     [f.  prec.] 

1.  Restored  to  life  or  health  ;  brought  up  again, 
!    reintroduced  ;  renewed  or  renovated ;  etc. 

1613  CHAPMAN  Odyss.  iv.  127  So  my  heart  were  easde  of 

i    sorrowes.  .by  their  reuiued  breaths.    1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix. 

440  Spot  more  delicious  then  those  Gardens  feign VI  Or  of 

reviv'a  Adonis,  or  renownd  Alcinous.     1728  POPE  Dime. 

\     i.   284  A   vast,   vamp'd,    future,   old,   reviv'd,    new   piece, 

Twixt  Plautus,  Fletcher,  Shakcspear,  and  Corneillc.     1748 

RICHARDSON   Clarissa   IV.    228    How   would    the   revived 

1    patient  covet  the  physic  !     1835  DICKENS  Sketches,  Tales  i, 

:     The  boy,  who  now  appeared.. in  a  revived  black  co:it  of 

i    his  master's.      0:1878   SIR   G,   SCOTT  Lect,  Archit.  (1879) 

I.  351  Your  revived  style  and  its  developments  should. « 

be    based  on  the  earlier,  .half  of  Mediaeval  architecture. 

1884  J.  FISKE  Mem.  Evolutionist  327  A  plexus  of  optical 

sensations  with  sundry  revived  states  of  mind. 

2.  Chem.   Restored  to  the  natural  metallic  state. 
1666  BOYLE  O rig.  Formes  fy  Qital.  279  The  Whitenesse 

did  not  indeed  appertain  properly  to  the  whole  Mixture, 
but  to  a  huge  multitude  of  little  Corpuscles  of  the  reviv'd 
Concrete.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XI.  465/2  The  calcined 
matt  is  to  be  fused  with  litharge,  and  the  silver  incorpnr- 
ated  with  the  revived  lead.  1798 /Y»Y.  Trans.  LXXXVIII. 
451,  I  searched,  but  in  vain,  for  traces  of  revived  gold,  in  its 
reguline  form  and  colour.  1849  NOAD  Electricity  (ed.  3} 
203  The  fused  globules,  .serving  as  the  continuation  of  the 
pole,  until  a  wire  or  thread  of  revived  silver. .is  produced. 
Re vi* veiueiit .  Now  rare,  [f.  the  vb.  -f  -MEN T, ] 

1.  The  (or  an)  act  of  reviving;  revival. 

x6n  COTGR.,  Remise,  a  restorall,  reuiuement,  recouerie, 
setting  vpagaine.  1637  FELTHAM  Lnsoria,Lctt.  xvii.  (1661) 
84  We  have  the  sacred  Scriptures,  ..the  purer  Primitive 
Times,  and  the  late  Reformation,  or  Revivement  rather,  all 
on  our  side.  1670  G.  H.  Hist,  Cardinals  i.  n.  54  It  would 
be  only  a  renovation  and  revivement  of  the  memory  of. . 
antient  sorrows. 

1843  For.  Q.Rev.  II.  351  The  various  and  vaunted  system?) 
of  Greece  and  Rome,  and  their  modern  German  revive- 
merits  and  imitations. 

2.  A  reviving  or  restoring  influence. 

1598-9  E.  FORDE  Parismusn.  (1661)  114  All  this  while  his 
beloved  Lady  was  his  physician,  .whose  presence  was  more 
revivement  to  him  than  any  thing  else.  1628  FELTHAM 
Resolves  i.  xxiv,  His  with-drawings  are  our  miseries;  his 
presence  is  joy,  and  revivement.  a  1708  BEVERIDCK  Priv. 
Th.  i.  (1730)  133  To  lie  down  still  and  quiet,  is  a  great  Re- 
freshment  and  Revivement  to  them. 

Reviver  (rWarvai),  sbJ-     [f.  the  verb  4-  -ER  1.] 

1.  That  which  revives,  restores,   or  invigorates; 
also  slang,  a  stimulating  drink. 

1592  NASHE  P.  Penilesse  16  b,  Hee  saith,  it  [sc.  learning] 
is . .  the  reuiucr  of  vices,  and  mother  of  coward ize,  1638  SIR 
T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  344  The  mirthfull  sunne  (the 
provoker  and  reviver  of  decayed  nature).  1762  BEATTIE 
Elegy  ii,  Hail,  kind  reviver !  that  canst  lull  the  cares,  And 
every  weary  sense  compose  to  rest.  1844  DICKENS  A/art. 
Chnz.  xxiii,  '  Now,  Mr.  Tapley,'  said  Mark,  giving  himself 
a  tremendous  blow  in  the  chest  by  way  of  reviver.  1876 
BESANT  &  RICE  Gold.  Butterfly  63  It  was  but  twelve 
o'clock,  and  therefore  early  for  revivers  of  any  sort. 

b.  A  preparation  for  restoring  a  faded  colour, 
polish,  or  lustre. 

1836  DICKENS  Skt  Boz^  Characters  x,  It  is  a  deceitful 
liquid  that  black  and  blue  reviver.  Ibid.,  The  transient 
dignity  of  the  unhappy  man  decreased,  in  exact  proportion 
as  the  'reviver'  wore  off.  1885  LOCK  Workshop  Rec.  Gen. 
Index,  French  Polish  Reviver. 

2.  One  who  revives  or  restores  that  which  has 
lapsed,  become  obsolete,  or  fallen  into  disuse. 

1607  Sc/tot.  Disc,  agst.  Antichr.  n.  v.  2  The  Magistrate 
must  be  a  remoouer,  or  reviver  of  the  Ceremonies  contro- 
versed.  1673  MILTON  True  Relig.  Wks.  1851  V.  410  The 
Authors  or  late  Revivers  of  all  those  Sects  or  Opinions. 
1741  MIDDLETON  Cicero  II.  479  The  head  and  reviver  of  the 
Marian  cause.  1797  GODWIN  Enquirer  i.  vi.  38  We  are  in 
debted  to  the.  .revivers  of  letters  for  more  than  we  can 
express.  1835  LYTTON  Rienzi  iv.  i,  To  grace  the  palace  of 
the  Reviver  of  the  old  Republic.  1878  LECKY  Eng.  in  i8//< 
C.  II.  vii.  325  The  first  considerable  reviver  of  Shakespeare. 

b.  (See  quot.  and  cf.  REVIVAL  3). 

1824  W.  E.  ANDREWS  Crit.  Rev.  Fox's  Bk.  Mart.  I.  228 
Religious  frenzy,  imbibed  by  her  connexion  with  a  sect  of 
Methodists  called  Revivers. 

c.  One  who  touches  up  or  renovates  old  clothes. 
1864  Times  2  Nov.  (Farmer),  Revivers,  who  rejuvenate 

seedy  black  coats,  and,  for  the  moment,  make  them  look  as 
good  as  new. 

t  Hevi'vei?i  sb-~    Ob$.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -ER  *.] 
L  Revival,  restoration,  re- establishment. 


<ri6i7  BACON  Digest  of  Laws  (1629)  143  The  Lawes  of 
those  three  Law-Giuers  had  great  Prerogatiues. . .  The  third, 
of  a  Spirit  of  Reuiuer ;  To  bee  often  oppressed,  and  often 
restored.  1637  HEYLJX  Brief  Answ.  i.jo  A  reviver  and 
continuance  onely  of  the  antient  usages.  1641  —  Help  to 
///i/.  (1671)  176  That  act  was  totally  repealed,  and  a  re 
viver  made  of  the  said  late  dissolved  BUhopri'_k. 

2.  Bill  of  reviver  \  (see  quots.  and  RKVIVOK-  2  . 

a  1631  Doxsi;  Lett.  (1651)  19  It  was  like  a  Dill  of  Rt:vi\-jr, 
by  way  of  crosse-suits.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tcchn.  I,  Bill 
of  Reviver^  is  when  a  Bill  hath  been  exhibited  in  Cliancci  y, 
against  one  who  answers,  and  before  the  Cause  is  heard,  or 
if  heard,  before  the  Decree  enrolled,  either  Parly  die>  :  In 
this  case  a  Bill  of  Reviver  must  be  brought,  that  the  former 
Proceedings  may  stand  revived,  and  the  Cause  be  finally 
determined. 

Revi'ver,  v.  nonce-wd.  [f.  RKVIVEK  j//.1  i  b.] 
trans.  To  treat  with  a  reviver;  to  renovate. 

1861  S.ALA  Dutch  Pict.  .\xi.  3  $7  dollies  good  enough  to  be 
revivered.  .and  sold,  .as  superior  second- hand  garments. 

Revive-scence,  variant  of  RKVIVISCENCE. 

1794-6  E.  DAKUIN  Zcon.  (iSuii  III.  97  Does  the  revive?- 
cence  of  these  affected  parts,  or  their  torpor,  recurring  at 
intervals,  foini  the  paroxysms  of  these  fcvtrs?  1875  H. 
KUCLKS  tV/X*".  />//>/(,•  (td.  3 1  147  The  superstition  on  which  tht> 
empire  was  founded  had  a  curious  property  of  revivescence. 

Revive-scent,  variant  of  RKVIVISCENT  a. 

1801  SOLIHKY  Lett.  (1856)  I.  183  The 'Anthology*  is  re- 

vi\e~cciit  under  the  eye  of  Blind  Tobin. 

Revi  vicating,  ///.  «-.,  for  revivtficating. 

1814  MKS.  J.  Wi-sr  Alice  de  Lacy  II.  171  The.. sonorous- 
trumpet,  whose  thrilling  tone  is  even  deemed  significant  of 
the  revivicating  summons  of  the  Arch-angel. 

Revivication,  erroneous  form,  perhaps  mispr. 
for  REVIVIFICATION.  Cf.  REVIFICATIOX. 

1831  Ho\\  111  Seasons  70  If  you  plunge  into  their  solitudes, 
there  me  symptoms  of  revixication  under  your  fee  t.  1839 
E.  A.  POK  Ligeia  Wks.  1865  I.  467  This  hideous  drama  of 
revivication  was  repeated  J .. each  terrific  relapse  was  only 
into  a  sterner,  .death.  1844  STJ:I-HKNS  Bk.  l-'arni  II.  428 
Spring,  .is  the  season  of  revivication. 

t  Revivi'Ction.  Ofis.  rare,  [irreg.  f.  L.  re- 
t'frcre  or  revivisccre^\  Keviviseencc. 

1646  SIR  T.  UROWNK  Pseud.  Ep.  in.  .\ii.  134  If  the  Rabbine- 
prophesie  succeed  [the  ph<eni\]  j.ha.11  conclude  its  dayes,  not 
in  its  owne,  but  the  last  and  getitrall  flames,  without  all  hope 
of  Reviviction.  1652  SI-ARKE  Print.  De-'ot.  (1663)  301  His 
bitter  cup  of  death  and  crucifixion !  Sweetned  (you  bee)  by 
•speedy  levivktiun, 

t  Revivificate,  *'.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  ppl.  stem 
of  late  L.  rcvivificare  :  cf.  REVIVIFY  v.~\ 

1.  trans.  To  restore  to  life.     Also  const,  into. 
1660  H.  MORE  ftlyst.  Godl.  vi.  vi.  231  The  same  individual 

Persons  shall  be  revivificated  body  and  soul,  and  made 
happy  \viih  Eternal  life.  1685—  Illustr.  351  Much  less 
were  [they]  revivificated  into  celestial  bodies. 

2.  intr.  'To  recover  life  again*  (Bailey,  i727)- 
Revivification  (rWvifik£J3n).  _[See  prec. 

So  F.  revivification,  Sp.  -acion^  It.  -azioiie,] 

1.  Restoration  or  return  from  death  to  life. 

1638  SIR  T.  HKRBKRT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  265  At  the  first  sound 
[of  the  trumpet]  will  ensue  a  revivification  of  angells  and 
men.  1675  WOODHEAU,  etc.  ParapJir.  S.  Paul  1 16  The  soul 
owes  its  happy  immortality  as  much  to  Christ's  rising  again, 
as  the  body  doth  its  revivification.  1756  Geutf,  Mag. 
XXVI,  213  The  earthquake  is  said ..  immediately  after 
wards  to  be  after  their  death  and  revivification.  1838  POK 
A.  G,  Pym  Wks.  1864  IV.  77  A  doubt  that  the  apparition 
of  Rogers  was  indeed  a  revivification  of  his  disgusting 
corpse.  1875  E.  WHITE  Life  in  Christ  it.  ix.  (1878)  96 
Christ's  own  resurrection  was  the  revivification  even  of  the 
body  which  had  died. 

fig.  1807  E.  S.  BARRETT  Rising  Sun  I.  192  As  the  revivi 
fication  of  nature  from  the  death  of  winter  had  again  brought 
round  the  season.  1848  DICKENS  Dombcy  xxvii,  The  maid 
. .  collected  the  ashes  of  Cleopatra  and  carried  them  away . . , 
ready  for  to-morrow's  revivification. 

b.  Nat,  Hist.  Recovery  or  awakening  from  a 
state  of  torpidity. 

1801  Encycl.  Brit.  Suppl.  II.  401/2  Revivification^  in 
physiology,  the  recalling  to  life  of  animals  apparently  dead. 


or  even  years,  of  arrested  life. 

2.  Chem.   Reduction  or  restoration  of  a  metal, 
etc.,  after  combination,  to  its  original  state. 


206  SatsorSuiphufs..  when  "the  Quicksilver  is  driven  from 
them  in  the  revivification.  1782  Phil.  Frans.  LXXMII. 
64  Which  contributed  to  the  revivification  of  a  larger 
quantity  of  mercury.  z8u  SIR  H.  DAVY  Chcm.Philos.  41 
The  same  air  is  produced  during  the  revivification  of 
metallic  calces  by  charcoal.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1123  As 
soon  as  the  revivification  is  complete,  the  casks  must  be 
filled  with  water. 
b.  (See  quot.) 

zSSz  LOCK  Sports  EncycL  v.  1853  By  'revivification  of  the 
[animal]  charcoal,  is  meant  the  separation  frpin  it  of  those 
saccharine  and  other  matters  which  it  absorbs  in  the  niter- 

"3.  Revival,  restoration;  renewal   of  vigour  or 
activity. 

1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  III.  89  The  milkiness  and  re. 
vivification  of  color  ensued.  1812  SHELLEY  Proposals  Prose 
Wks.  1888  I.  280  One  truth  that  has  been  discovered  can 
never  die,  but  will  prevent  the  revivification  of  its  apportioned 


all  this,'  replied  Nigel. 


iking  of  wl 
'A  great  revivification.* 


REVIVIFIED. 

Revivified,  ///.  a.  [f.  REVIVIFY  V.  +  -EDI.] 
a.  Reduced  to  a  metallic  state;  revived,  b.  Re 
surrected,  c.  Restored,  renewed. 


miinied  to  the  lost  soul  !     1891  GUNIER  Miss  Dividends 
(1893)  183  His  pulse  bounding  with  revivified  hope. 

Revivifier.  rare.  [f.  REVIVIFY  v.  +  -KB!.] 
An  apparatus  used  in  the  revivification  of  animal 
charcoal. 

1882  LOCK  Spoil's  Encycl.  \:  1853  The  black,  .descends 
into  the  driers.  .,  enters  the  revivifiers..at  about  90  . 

Revivify  (rfvi-vifoi),  v.  [ad.  F.  rtmm/Ur 
(i6th  c.),  ^-Sp.  and  I'g.  revivificar,  It.  rt-,  rivivi- 
fcare,  or  late  L.  revtoijtcart  :  cf.  KEVIVIFICATE  ».] 

1.  trans.  To  restore  to  animation  or  activity  ;  to 
revive  or  reinvigorate  ;  to  put  new  life  into. 

1675  COCKER  Morals  53  Sleep..  Revivifies  the  Brain,  the 
Spirits  chears.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mab  vi.  22  Will  not  the 
universal  Spirit  e'er  Revivify  this  withered  limb  of  Heaven? 
1863  Miss  BRADDON  J.  Mankmoxfi  Legacy  II.  i.  .3  Last 
night's  festivities  seem  to  have  revivified  me.  1883  H.  WAGE 
Cosp.  f,  its  Witnesses  v.  102  We.  .can.  .revivify  the  nervous 
foices  of  life  by  galvanic  currents. 

trans/.  1762-71  H.  WALPOLE  Vertuis  Anted.  Paint. 
(1786)  IV.  6  The  arts,  when  neglected,  always  degenerate. 
Encouragement  must  keep  them  up,  or  a  genius  revivify 
them.  1859  THACKERAY  Virgin,  i,  I  have,  .endeavoured  to 
revivify  the  bygone  times  and  people. 

absol.  1840  THACKERAY  ParisSk.-tk.  (1872)  186  It  is  a  food 
.  .which  when  it  does  not  revivify,smothers.  1879  H.GEORGE 
t'rogr.  %  I'm.  x.  v.  (i83i)  495  The  struggle  that  must  either 
revivify,  or  convulse  in  ruin,  is  near  at  hand. 

2.  To  restore  to  life  ;  to  make  alive  again. 

1744  STACKHOL'SE  Hist.  Bible  Apparatus  p.  xii,  That  the 
^ross  Matter,  which  they  saw,  laid  in  the  Grave..,  should 
ever  be  rais'd..and  revivify  'd.  1824  LAMU  Elia  Ser.  n. 
Rtakcs.noor  in  II  —  shire,  A  germ  to  be  revivified,  a  1849 
J.  C.  MANGAN  Points  (1903)  85,  I  would  spring  up  revivified, 
reborn,  A  living  soul  again.  1883  H.  DRUMMOND  .\'at. 
Law  in  Spir.  \V.  (1884)  86  The  biologist  cannot  devitalise 
a  plant  or  an  animal  and  revivify  it  again. 

.3.  Chcm.   =  REVIVED.  11. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cjicl.  s.v.  Revivification,  Gold,  and 
other  metals,  it  is  said,  m^y  be  recovered  or  revivified  into 
running  mercury.  1770  Phil.  Trans  LX.  221  If.  .a  degree 
of  heat  be  applied  greater  than  is  necessary  to..  revivify  a 
metal.  1890  THORPE  Dict.Appl.  Client.  I.  171  A  description 
of  the  kilns  most  generally  in  use  for  revivifying  char. 
b.  intr.  —  REVIVE  z/.  2  b. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Revivification,  Having  re 
duced  it  [meicury]  into  water,,  .into  ashes,  &c.,  it  revivified, 
and  resumed  its  first  form.  1758  Elaboratory  laid  open  211 
1  he  operation  -should  not  be  too  much  prolonged;  lest  the 
quicksilver  revivify,  or  reassume  its  fluid  state. 

Hence  Revrvifying  vbl.  sb.  and  ppl.  a. 

1782  H.  WALPOLE  Let.  to  Rev.  Mr.  Cole  21  June,  Swelled 
unreasonably  with  large  collops  of  old  authors,  most  of  whom 
little  deserved  revivifying.  1818  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  iv.  ly, 
Thy  decay  Is  still  impregnate  with  divinity,  Which  gilds  it 
with  revivifying  ray.  1878  STEVENSON  Inland  Voy.  192 
Even  the  showers  of  rain  had  a  revivifying  effect. 

Reviving  (r/vai'virj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  REVIVE  v.  + 
-1XG  1.]  The  action  of  the  vb.,  in  various  senses. 

1486  Hen.  I'll  at  York  in  Snrtees  Misc.  (1890)  57  New 
reviving  in  comforth  to  attaine  your  asstate.  1539  MORE 
Dyaloge  I.  Wks.  x.  132/1  Cause  can  I  se  none,  whye  we 
shoulde  of  reason  more  meruaile  of  the  reuyuyng  of  a  dede 
man,  1577  HANMER  Anc.  Ecdes.  Hist.  (1619)  79  This  they 
did  to  the  end  they  might  .  .  hinder  the  reviving  of  the  Saints. 
1612  BRINSLEY  Lud.  Lit.  3  This  I  thankefully  acknowledge 
.  -to  give  you  likewise  some  reuiuing.  1677  W.  HARRIS  tr. 
Lemery's  Course  Chem.  (1686)  158  Reviving  of  Cinnabar 
into  Quick-silver.  1710  STEELE  TatlerNo.  118  F  12,!  shall 
not  allow  the  reviving  of  any  one  Part  of  that  antient  Mode. 
1741  J.  EDWARDS  in  Mem.  E.  Wlteelock  (1811)  210  There  has 
been  a  reviving  of  religion  amongst  us  of  late.  1814  ANN 
SMITH  in  Life  (1851)  32  Return  to  thy  Church  in  this  corner. 
Grant  some  new  revivings.  1865  CasseU's  Illustr.  Fain. 
Paper  15  Apr.  i8i/3_  They  are  now  past  '  clobbering  ',  '  re 
viving',  or  translating  '. 

attrib.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1122  All  ores  which  contain 
more  than  7  Ibs.  of  lead,  or  i  Ib.  of  copper,  per  cent.,  are 
excluded  from  this  reviving  operation. 


614 

b.  Renewing  an  enactment. 

1769  HLACKSTONE  Comiii.  IV.  70  The  suspending  and  re-    I 
pealing  acts.. and  also  the  reviving  act  of  29  Hen.  VI. 

Hence  Bevi  vingly  adv. 

1847  in  WEBSTER  (citing  Coleridge:.  1886  Miss  LINSKILL 
Haven  under  the  Hill  II.  ix.  107  The  south-west  wind  blew 
revivingly. 


. 

Revi'ving,  ///.  a.    [f.  REVIVE  v  .  4-  -ING  2.] 

1.  That  revives,  or  regains  strength,  vigour,  or 
consciousness. 

1392  SHAHS.  Ven.  !,  Ad.  977  For  now  reuiuing  ioy  bids  her 
reioyce.  1667  DRYDEN  Prol.  Tempest  4  So,  from  old 
Shakespeare's  honour'd  dust,  this  day  Springs  up  and  buds 
a  new  reviving  Play.  1682  TATE  Abs.  ft  Ac/lit,  n.  64 
Cherished  _by  her  bounty's  plenteous  spring,  Reviving 
widows  smile  and  orphans  sing.  1781  COWPER  Heroism  73 
Increasing  commerce  and  reviving  art  Renew  the  quarrel. 
1789  H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  (1859)  IX.  200  Their  King..  may 
prove  their  tyrant  if  reviving  loyally  does  not  in  a  new 
frenzy  force  him  to  be  so.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  II.  i,  All 
Nature's  children  feel  the  matin  spring  Of  life  reviving 
with  reviving  day.  1897  RHOSCOMYL  White  Rose  Arno  125 
With  one  hand  upon  the  collar  of  the  reviving  man. 

2.  That  refreshes,  strengthens,  or  infuses   fresh 
life;  stimulating,  reinvigorating. 

1601  SHAKS.  Jul.  C.  n.  ii.  88  From  you  great  Rome  shall 
sucke  Reuiuing  blood.  1656  E.  REYNEB  R  tiles  Government 
Tongue  255  Comforts  are  reviving  cordialls.  1709  MRS.  E. 
SINGER  Lovefy  Friendsk.  4  While,  .closing  Flowers  reviving 
Odors  yield.  1750  MRS.  DELANY  Li/if,  cW.(i86i)  II.  570, 
I  don  t  pity  you,,  .who  have  such  trees  to  shade  and  such 
reviving  cascades  to  cool  you.  1878  STEVENSON  Inland  Voy. 
79,  I  sat  in  a  drift  of  rain  by  the  side  of  the  bank,  to  have 
»  reviving  pipe.  1881  Miss  BRADDON  Asphodel  II.  253  After 
a  reviving  cup  of  tea. 


1   See  also  REVIVESCEN-CE.] 

1.  Return  to  life  or  animation. 

1626  DONNE  Serin.  Ixxiii.  746  Corne  that  hath  in  nature  a 
disposition  to  a  RevivLscence  and  a  Repullulation  1669 
BOYLE  Contn.  Neiv  F.xp.  n.  (1682)  93  The  Adder  remained 
"  the  same  state,  and  gave  no  hope  of  reviviscence.  1677 


I, XIV.  432  On  the  Reviviscence  of  some  Snails  kept  15  years. 
1836-9  TodiTs  Cycl.  Anat.ll.  774/1  The  calls  of  hunger  are 
probably  the  principal  cause  of  revivi>cence. 

transf.  1703  WHITBY  Acts  xvii.  32  Stoicks  who  asserted  a 
Conflagration,  and  Reviviscence  of  the  World.  1786  A. 
M'LEAN  Christ's  Commiss.  Wks.  1846  II.  112  Our  revivis 
cence,  or  resurrection  to  a  new  life  of  holiness. 

2.  Revival;  restoration  to  a  flourishing  or  vigor 
ous  condition. 

1711  I  'ind.  Sachci'cnll  w  If  you  can  bury  this  in  Oblivion,    ! 
you  think  it  would  be  a  ^ood  Step  to  your  own  Reviviscence.    j 
1782  R.  CL-MBKRLAND  Anccd.  Painters  II    184  A  spectator    ! 
naturally  regards  these  instances  of  reviviscence  in  the  art 
\\ithfa\our.     1814  I'.ERiNGTON  Lit.  1/isf.   Middle  Ages  \. 
(1846)   39  The  encouragement   which  the  Antonines  gave 
to  the  Arts  was.. only  that  apparent  reviviscence  which  is 
|    the  precursor  of  death.     1844  in  MacEwen  Life  J. Cairns 
\    (1895)  186  This  spurious  reviviscence  of  paganism  is  a  blot 
upon  the  whole  Munich  School  of  Art.     1875  M.  PATTISON 
Casaubon  379  The  hagiological  temper,  .which  had  enjoyed 
a  forced  reviviscence  during  the  catholic  reaction. 

Revivi'scency.     tSee  -ENCY.]  =  prec. 

1659  PEARSON  Creed (1839)  533  If  we  look  upon  it  under    ; 
the  notion  of  reviviscency, . .  it  proves  as  much  ;  for  nothing 
properly  dieth    but    the    body.     i68z   H.    MORE    Annot. 
G/anviefs  Lnx  0.  38  But  the  changing  of  our  Earthly 
Body  for  an  Aereal  or  /Ethereal,  this  is  not  Death,  but  Re- 
!    viviscency.     1788  Trifler  No.  25.  322  Cases.. where  their 
i    vivifying  power  has  actually  caused  reviviscency  to  those 
I     who  had  apparently  sunk  into  everlasting  slumber.     1816 
i     KIKBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  xxvi.  (1818)  II.  446  Their  [sc.f  bees]     | 
1     partial  reviviscency,  and  consequent  need  of  food  in  our    ; 
'',    climate,  are  owing  to  its.  .comparative  mildness  in  winter. 

Reviviscent  (revivi-scnt),  a.   [ad.  pres.  pple.    j 
|    of  L,   rtvivisefrt.     So  F.   reviviscent,  Pg.  revi- 
\    viscente.    See  also  REVIVESCENT.] 

1.  Returning  to  life  or  animation  ;  reviving. 

1778  J.  AIKIN  Thomson's  Seasons^  Ess.  p.  xxi,  The  poet. .  i 
begins  with  representing  the  reviviscent  plants  emerging. .  I 
in  numbers.  1835  KIRBY  Hab.  fy  Inst.  Anint,  I.  xi.  322  ; 
These  pseudo-leeches ..  possess  the  same  reviviscent  powers. 
1854  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk.  (1872)  I.  51  How  irrepressible  ! 
was  that  desire,  how  reviviscent,  how  indestructible. 

2.  Causing  renewed  life. 

1886  T.  HARDY  Mayor  Casterbr.  II.  ix.  122  The  piece  of 
news  acted  as  a  reviviscent  breath  to  that  old  view  of  his. 

Revivi'scible,  a.  [f.  L.  rtviviscfre :  see 
-IDLE.]  Capable  of  returning  to  life. 

1860  All  }'ear  Round  No.  43.  389  Certain  persons  have 

gone  so  far  as  to  credit  the  existence  of  reviviscible  serpents. 

Revi'VOr1,  rare.  Also  6  reuiuour,  7  reuiuor. 

[f.  REVIVE  v,  +  -OR1.]     One  who  revives,  renews, 

l    or  restores;    a  reviver. 

a  1540  BARNES  \Vk$.  (1573)  369  Hee  hath  therfore  his  re- 
,  uiuour  present  with  him,  and  dwellyng  within  hym.  1611 
I  COTGR.,  Renoitt'elltttr,  a  renewer,  ..  reuiuor,  beginner 
:  ag.iine,  of.  1841  S.  FENTON  Salted  Brandy  Pref.  p.  vii  note, 
1  He  positively  denies  himself  to  be  either  the  inventor  or 
j  revivor  of  it. 

Revivor3  (cfat*v£i}.    [f.  REVIVE  v.  +  -OR  2.] 
+  1.  Renewal,  revival.  Obs.  rare. 
1602  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  Epit.  363  He  commaunded  that 
his  whole  Dominion  heere  should  bee  called  Angel,  ..  in 
Reuiuor  of  the  name  of  the  Countrie  from  which  his  Aun- 
!    cestors.  .scaled.     1741  T.  ROBINSON  Gam-lkind  v.  74  The 
Nature  of  Gavelkind  Land  cannot  be  entirely  changed,  nor 
the  Custom  extinguished  beyond  a  Possibility  of  Revivor 

2.  A   proceeding   for   the   revival   of  a   suit  or 
i    action  abated  by  the  death  of  one  of  the  parties, 
or  by  some  other  circumstance.     Chiefly  in  phr. 
!    bill  of  revivor  (cf.  REVIVER  sb?  2). 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  In  this  case,  a  bill  of  revivor 
must  be  brought,  praying  the  former  proceedings  may  stand 
revived.  1768  BI.ACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  448  There  may  be 
al>o  a  bill  of  revivor,  when  the  suit  is  abated  by  the  death 
of  any  of  the  parties;  in  order  to  set  the  proceedings  again 
in  motion,  without  which  they  remain  at  a  stand.  1828  LE 
MARCHANT  Rep.  Claims  to  Barony  of  Gardner  370  The  bill 
of  revivor  brought  after  the  death  of  Ann  Smyth.  1884  Law 
Times  Rep.  LI.  333/2  Revivor  was  not  allowed  merely  for 
the  purpose  of  appealing  against  a  decree. 

Revie,  obs.  form  of  RULE.  Revlin,  variant  of 
RIVELING.  Reyly,  variant  of  RULY  adv* 

Re^VOCabi'lity.  [f.  next  +  -lTY.]  The  pro 
perty  of  being  revocable. 


1860  in  WORCESTER  (citing  N.  Brit.  Rev.).      1883 
ep.  q  App.  Cases  312/2  Re 
away  by  delivery. 


.          .          .. 
Rep.  q  App.  Cases  312/2  Revocability  will  not  be  taken 


Revocable  (re-v^kab'l),  a.  [a.  OF.  revocable 
(mod.K.  revocable t  =  Sp.  revocable^  Pg.  -awel,  It. 
rt-t  rivocabile],  or  ad.  L.  revocabilis:  see  REVOKE 


REVOCATION. 

v.  and  -ABLE,  and  cf.  REVOKABLE.]  Capable  of 
being  revoked  or  recalled. 

111471  FORTESCUE  \Vks.  (1869)  484  Nothyng  ellys  but  a 
commyssion  revocable  atte  pleasir.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron. 
11.391  The  Prelates  were  of  lyke  opinion,,  .that  it  [a charter] 
was  reuqcable.  1578  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  48  All 
the  saidis  alienationis.  .quhilkis  of  the  law  ar  revocabill. 
1612  T.  TAYLOR  Contiii.  Titus  i.  2  The  decree  of  God  had 
been  absolute,  and  so  not  revocable.  1660  R.  COKE  Power 
A>  Subj.  237  Any  Grant  or  Lease,  .not  revocable  at  the  will 
and  pleasure  of  the  offender.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa 
(1811)  IIL  324  Give  me  leave  to  chide  you. .for  your  rash, 
and  I  hope  revocable  resolution.  1786  BURKE  A rt.apst.  W. 
Hastings  Wks.  1842  II.  212  Hastings,  .did  maintain,  that 
the  acts  done  in  consequence  of  that  measure  were  not 
revocable  by  any  subsequent  authority.  1841  GLADSTONE 
Stale  in  Rel.  to  Church  iv.  (ed.  4)  I.  200  Where  the  clergy 
are  supported  by  annual  and  revocable  votes.  1884  Law 
Times  LXX .VIII.i 70/1  The  deed  having  been  executed  by 
several  creditors  is  not.  .revocable  by  the  debtor. 

Hence  Re'vocableness.  Also  Be'vocaWy  adv. 
'  in  a  revocable  manner'  (Webster,  1847). 

1695  Def.  Vindic.  Deprived Bps.  97  [It]  is  expressly  men 
tioned,  even  in  our  Modern  Contracts, ..purposely  to  pre 
vent  their  revocableness.  1866  Victoria  Mag.  Nov.  4  The 
revocableness  of  conventual  vows  was  another  topic. 

t  Re'VOCate,  pa.  pple.  Obs.  [ad.  pa.  pple.  of 
I,,  revocare  to  REVOKE.] 

1.  Recalled  ;  brought  back. 

<ii4oo  Add.  Prologues  in  liycHjfite  Kiole  IV.  68:,b,  Aftir 
that  Joon  was  reuocate  fro  the  exile  of  Pathmos.  1432-50 
tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  113  After  whiche  yeres  he  was 
reuocate  to  hym  selfe,  neuerthelebse  he  reignede  not. 

2.  Repressed  ;  rescinded. 

c  nzo  Pal/ad,  on  Hud'.  III.  256  About  his  thegh  let  no 
tliyng  grovvyng  be,  Hut  if  hit  axe  to  be  reuocate.  1533 
liELLENDEN  Livy  III.  vii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  273  Ilk  thing  bat  was 
afore  done..mycht  ban  be  abrogate  and  revocate  be  public 
commites. 

f  Re'VOCate,  v .  Obs.  [ad.  ppl.  stem  of  L. 
revocare  to  REVOKE.] 

1.  trans.  To  recall,  call  back. 

1540  COVERDALE  Wks.  (Parker  Soc.)  II.  490  If  it  like  your 
favour  to  revocate  to  your  memory  the  godly  communica 
tion.  (21548  HALL  Chron.  Hen.  I'l,  158 b,  To  appeace  the 
furious  rage. ., and.. to  reuocate  him  into  his  olde  estate. 

2.  To  do  away  with,  repress,  rare—1. 

1547  BOORDF.  Brev.  Health  xlii.  21  b,  To  revocate  this  in 
ordinate  appetide  I  wolde  that  a  cockrel  or  a  pullet  myght 
be  sodyn  or  rosted. 

3.  To  revoke,  rescind. 

1564  Richmond  Wills  (Surtees)  116,  I  do  revocate  and 
make  frustrat  all  other  wills  and  testaments.  1595  DANIEL 
Civ.  Wars  in.  Ixxxix,  His  successor,  .nullifies  Many  his 
patents,  and  did  revocate  And  re-assume  his  liberalites. 

Hence  f  Ke-vocating  vbl.  fl>.  Obs. 

1570  FOXE  A.  ff  M.  (ed.  2)  1222/2  Vnles  the  kyng  would 
recompense  and  requite  the  same  by  reuocatyng  of  such 
statutes  as  were  made,  .in  the  hygh  Courte  of  Parlament. 

Revocation  (revok^'-Jan).  [a.  OF.  revocacion, 
-ation  (mod.F.  revocation,  -  Sp.  revocation,  It. )'«-, 
rivocazione},  or  ad.  L.  revocatio,  n.  of  action  f.  re- 
vitcare  to  REVOKE.] 

1.  The  action  of  recalling;  recall  (of  persons); 
a  call  or  summons  to  return.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

In  i7-i8lh  cent.  esp.  the  recall  of  a  representative  or 
ambassador  from  abroad  ;  also  in  letters  f/rmealifil. 

c  1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Cods  1746  Then  sesyd  the  Tyme 
of  Deuyacion, . .  Entryng  the  Tyme  of  Reuocacion.  1432-50 
tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  V.  161  Themperour.  .callede  Liberius 
from  exile,,  .whiche  beenge  gladde  of  bat  revocation,  .de- 
clinede  hym  selfe  to  bat  heresy.  1570  6  LAMIIARDE  Peramb. 
Kent  (1826)  179  They  armed  vessels  to  the  Sea  and  sought 
to  compel!  the  King  to  their  revocation.  1592  UNTON  Corr. 
(Roxb.)  412,  I  perceave-.howe  willingly  you  vouchsaffe  to 
assent  to  my  revocation.  1612  Bucclcttcli  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.)  1.  115  There  may  some  stay  be  made  of  your  re 
vocation  by  reason  of  the  necessary  use  of  your  presence 
there,  c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  i.  xxxi.  (1650)  I.  87  Don  lulian 

got  letters  of  revocation,  and  came  back  to  Spain.      1686 
tr.  C/iarain's  Trav.  Persia  n  The  whole  Establishment.. 
had  utterly  gone  to  ruine,  by  the  recalling  of  their  Resident 
,  had  they  not  been  better  advis'd  then  to  make  that  Re 
vocation.     1710  Loud.  Gaz.    No.    47'3/'   The  Envoy  de 
livered  his  Letters  of  Revocation,  and  is  preparing  to  leave 
this  Court.    1782  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Dr.  Taylor  22  July,  Sir 
Robert  Chambers  slipped  this  session  through  the  fingers  of 
revocation,  but  I  am  in  doubt  of  his  continuance. 
b.  transf.  with  reference  to  things. 

1649  BP.  HALL  Cases  Cause,  i.  iv.  (1654)  29  The  incon- 
venience  or  losse  whereunto  he  is  put  upon  the  sudden  re 
vocation  of  that  money.  1684  tr.  Sonet's  Merc.  Comfit. 
vi.  197  The  Italians.. apply  Cupping-glasses  to  the  lower 
parts,  for  revocation  of  the  poisonous  matter  from  the 
Heart.  1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Metafh.  xxi.  (1859)  "• 
25  The  faculty  of  which  this  revocation  is  the  energy,  I 
call  the  Reproductive.  1881  Nature  XXIV.  572/1  When 
the  second  patch  is  placed  on  an  independent  tube,  where 
no  such  revocation  is  possible,  phosphorescence  actually 
appears,  showing  that  the  revocation  is  no  mere  supposition. 

2.  The  action  of  revoking,  rescinding,  or  annul 
ling  ;  withdrawal  (of  a  grant,  etc.). 

c  1415  WYNTOUN  Cron.  v.  ii.  281  Qwhen  his  procuratouris 
ordanyt  he.  .,Seyldyn  reuocacion  He  made  of  bar  commys 
sion.  1488-9  Act  4  Hen.  Wt,c.  5  This  Act  of  adnullacion, 
resumpcion,  revocacion,  or  voidaunce  of  lettres  patentes. 
1568  LD.  SCROPE  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  i.  II.  240  Synce  thoroe 
hyr  pryvye  revocation  theroff  within  full  aege  they  cowld 
not  injoye  the  same  by  lawe.  1590  SWINBURNE  Testaments 
268  The  former  testament  may  be  the  more  easily  reuoked, 
without  any  such  precise  obseruation  of  speciall  reuocation. 
1639  FULLER  Holy  War  iv.  xix.  (1840)  212  These  [laws]  were 
those  of  the  grand  charter,  which  admitted  of  no  revocation. 
1671  FLAVEL  Fount.  Life  xii.  34  It  expiates  all  fully  without 


BEVOCATIVE. 

Exception  and  finally  without  Revocation.  1710  PRIDEAUX 
Orig.  Tithes  i.  21  The  Law  of  Tithe.s.. could  not  cease  with, 
out  a  particular  revocation  under  the  Gospel.  1788  Gcntl. 
Mag.  LVIII.  198/2  He  foresaw  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantz,  several  years  before  it  happened.  1844  H.  H. 
WILSON  Brit.  India  I.  281  The  persuasion  that  the  revoca 
tion  of  the  Government  order  would  alone  prevent  a  general 
and  fatal  insurrection.  1861  LD.  BROUGHAM  Brit.  Const. 
xiv.  211  The  Queen  sent  a  message  to  promise  a  general 
revocation  of  all  such  grants. 

f3.  Recantation;  withdrawal  (of  statements).  Obs. 

1533  MORE  Confut.  Tindale  Wks.  510/2  When  he  wist  uel 
his  reuocacion  could  not  saue  his  body  :  yet  reuoked  he  Ins 
heresies.. for  to  saue  his  soule.  1540  COVERDALE  Confut. 
Standish  Wks.  (Parker  Soc.)  II.  345  What  revocations 
ye  make  in  men's  name*,  they  being  absent,  I  cannot 
tell.  i6«  BRINSLEY  Lnd.  Lit.  xiii.(i627)  184  Those  figures 
of  Sentences. .,  as  of  Exclamations,  Revocations,  Apostro- 
phees.  1684  T.  BURSET  The.  Earth  I. 150,  I  affirm  nothing 
therein  but  with  a  power  of  revocation,  and  a  liberty  to 
change  my  opinion  when  I  shall  be  better  inform'd. 

f4.  Reformation.   Obs.  rare—1. 

1579  FULKE  Heskins's  Piirl.  484  Basil  speaketh  not  of 
wicked  men.,,  but  of  such  as  be  not  zealous  and  earnest 
ynough,  to  practise  mortification,  &  reuocation. 

Re'VOCative,  a.  rare.  [Cf.  next  and  -IVE.] 
Possessing  the  power  of  recalling. 

1836-7  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Mefap/i.  xx.  (1859)  II.  16  The 
Reproductive  or  Revocative  Faculty. 

Revocatory  (re-vJkatari;,  a.  and  sb.  [ad. 
late  L.  revocatori-us  :  see  REVOCATE  i>.  So  F.  rtf- 
vocatoire  (1419),  Sp.,  Pg,,  and  It.  revocatorioJ] 

A.  adj.  Tending  or  pertaining  to,  expressive 
of,  revocation  ;  esp.  revocatory  letters,  after  med.L. 
Ktter$&  revocatorigs. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  405  For  diverse  of  those 
monkes,  knowynge  the  wille  of  thabbot,  purchasede  letters 
revocatory  of  the  pope.  1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III. 
437/1  The  king.. directed  his  letters reuocatorie  into  euerie 
countie.  1590  SWINBURNE  Testaments  267  The  force  and 
effect  of  these  clauses  derogatorie,  and  reuocatorie.  1611 
SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xii.  §  67.  683  To  these  reuocatorie 
lines  King  Edward  made  this  wise  and  noble  answere. 
1700  TVRRELL  Hist.  Eng.  II.  899  The  Pope.. sent  his  Re 
vocatory  Letters  to  him.  1878  FR.  A.  KEMBLE  Rec.  Girl 
hood  II.  i.  33  Upon  this  view  of  her  epistle,,  .she  would 
(instead  of  rewriting  it)  tack  on  to  it.. a  sort  of  revocatory 
codicil,  in  the  shape  of  a  postscript, 
f  B,  sb.  Revocation.  Obs.  rare. 

1636  ABP.  WILLIAMS  Holy  Table  (1637)  66  To  make  De- 
claratories  and  Revocatories  of  their  Common  Law. 

t  Revo*ce,  obs.  variant  of  REVOKE  v. 
1528  Test.  Ebor.  (Surtees)  V.  269  All  testamentis  and  willes 
bifore  maide..  I  revoce  and  utterly  forsakes. 

Re voi'ce  (r/~-)?  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  voice  again  or  in   return.     Hence 
Revoi'cing///.  a. 

1610  G.  FLETCHER  Christ's  Viet.  ir.  Ixii,  To  the  windes  the 
waters  hoarcely  call,  And  Eccho  back  again e  revoyced  all. 
1640  FULLER  Joseph's  Coat  (1867)  219  The  revoking  echo 
with  replies  Did  descant  on  the  plain-song  of  the  cries. 

2.  'To  refurnish  with  a  voice*;  to  readjust  the 
tone  of  (an  organ-pipe), 

1847 i"  WEBSTER.  1898  ELLISTON  Organs  $•  Tuning  (ed.  3) 
112  If  space  permits,  stops  of  too  small  scale  may  perhaps 
be  shifted  upwards  one  or  two  pipes,  and  be  cut  down  and 
re- voiced. 

Revocable  (fMrUttrtlLA  Also  revokeable. 
[f.  REVOKE  v.  +  -ABLE.]  =  REVOCABLE  a. 

o.  1584  Copie  of  Letter  y)  The  Lord. .,  to  do  him  good,  no 
doubt,  if  he  were  reuokeable,  hath  laid  his  hand  upon  him. 
1611  FLORID,  Riuocahilet  reuokeable.  1648  ASHHURST 
Reasons  agst.  Agreement  g  A  Magistrate  with  no  power 
but  such  as  is  alterable  and  revokeable  at  the  pleasure  of 
any  multitude.  1752  HUME  Ess,  $  Treat.  (1777)  I.  68  A 
misguided  prince  arose  who  deemed  all  these  privileges., 
revokeable  at  pleasure 


ii.  27  AH  oruinance  uy  nign  auinomy  not  revokable,  not 
repealable.  1670  Conclave  wherein  Clem.  VIII  was  elected 
Pope  13  Which  occasion  being  once  omitted,  would  never 
be  revokable.  1710  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4668/3  Which  Assign- 
ment  is  not  revokable.  1750  CARTE  Hist.  Eng.  II.  588  For 
they  thought  it  revokable,  and  in  every  part  of  it  erroneous, 
Revoke  (r/Wu'k),  sb.  [f.  the  vb.] 

1.  Cards,  esp.  Whist.  An  act  of  revoking;  a  failure 
to  follow  suit  when  a  proper  card  can  be  played. 

1709  Brit.  Apollo  No.  36.  2/1  If  one  side  make  a  Revoke. 
1742  HOYLE  Games  8  No  Revoke  to  be  claimed  'till  the 
Trick  is  turned.  1821  LAMB  Elia.  Ser.  i.  Mrs.  Battlers 
Opinions  on  ly'/u'sf,  She  never  made  a  revoke,  nor  ever 
passed  it  over  in  her  adversary  without  exacting  the  utmost 
forfeiture.  i86a  'CAVENDISH'  lt''aist  (ifyy)  2  The  penalty  for 
a  revoke  takes  precedence  of  all  other  scores.  1874  H.  GIBBS 
Ombre  iv.  36  The  other  players  have  to  show  their  hands, 
so  that  he  may  see  that  there  has  been  no  Revoke. 

attrib.  1810  Splendid  Follies  III.  8  Spank  flew  another 
revoke  card  from  the  hand  of  Samuelina.  1862  '  CAVENDISH  ' 
Whist  (1863)  13  If  they  mix  their  tricks,  the  revoke  penalty 
can  be  scored  against  them. 

2.  Revocation,  recall. 

a  1881  ROSSETTI  Soothsay  xi,  How  callous  seems  beyond 
revoke  The  clock  with  its  last  listless  stroke  ! 

Revoke  (r/v<?u'k),  v.  Forms :  4-7  reuoke 
(5  rewoke),  4-  revoke  (4  revokyrO ;  5  re- 
uoque,  6  reuolk,  Sc.  rewolk,  revoik,  rewoik  ; 
6-7  revock.  [ad.  OF.  revoquer  (mod.F.  rjvoqiter, 
=  Sp.  and  Pg.  revocar^  It,  re-,  rivocare]^  or  L.  re- 
zware,  f.  re-  RE-  +  vocarc  to  call.] 

I.   trans,  fl.  To  recall,  bring  back,  to  a  (right) 
belief,  way  of  life,  etc.     Also  without  const.   Obs. 


615 

1381  WVCLIF  Rom.  Pro!.,  Thes  reuokith  the  apostle  to  the 
verrcy  and  the  go=pels  bileuc.  1412-20  I.YDG.  Chron.  Troy 
u.  2509  To  reuoke  to  be  ri^te  weye  Swiche  as  wrongly  fro 
troope  do  forveye.  153*  MORE  Confut.  Barnes  vm.  Wkx 
8n/i  Reuoking  them  that  erred,  setting  vp  agayne  those 
that  were  querthrowen.  1577  F.  de  Lille's  Lcgcndarie 
H  iij,  By  this  meanes  may  such  be  quailed  and  reuoked  to 
their  dueties.  1687  Assurance  of  Abbey  Lands  134  They 
had  Conference,  how  the  Kingdom  of  England  might  be 
revoked  to  the  Unity  of  the  Church. 

f  b.  To  recall,  draw  back  or  away,_/vw//  some 


REVOKING. 

f  d.  To  reduce  tot  bring  into,  something.  Obs, 

1605  TIMMK  Qitcr&it.  I.  xv.  78  What  puwer  or  virtue  soeuer 
in  in  the  nature  of  medicines  and  of  sicknesses,  ..the  same  i~ 
to  bee  reuoked  to  tho:>e  three  beginnings.  1652  J.  WHICH  i 
tr.  Camus'  *\W.  Paradox  x.  246  Which  clause  was  offensive 
to  her  Ears,  a>  revoking  into  doubt  her  constancy. 

4,  To  annul,  repeal,  rescind,  cancel. 

^1380  WVCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  III.  363  pe  pope  may  grauntc 
to  day,  and  to  morowe  perseyve  his  folye,  and  revoke  \>t. 
formere  errour.  c  1400  Krut  clxxxvii,  f>e  Kyng.  .bihight  tu 
J>e  peple  of  Engeland,  bat  be  exiling  of  J>e  forsaide  Pier* 
shulde  bene  reuokede.  c  1449  PECOCK  Kept:  n.  vi.  175  The 
gouei  naunce  of  Laban . .  was  not  reuokid,  as  w  as  the  gouern- 
aunce  and  lawe  of  the  lewis.  1489  CAXFON  Faytes  of  A. 
iv.  xii.  264  The  prynces  and  lordes  shuld  not  sufTre  to  re- 


pepil  from  her  heresyes.  c  1450  tr.  De  tmtiatione  in.  vii.  iv.  xii.  264  The  prynces  and  lordes  shuld  not  sufTre  to  re- 
73  pat  he  [the  devil]  mowe.. reuoke  be  fro  praier  &  holy  uoque  nor  calle  ayen  theire  sentences.  1578'!'.  N.tr  Con,) 
redyng.  1542  UDALL  Erastn.  Apoph.  177  b,  The  woordes  W.  India  99  If  by  chaunce  his  .Majestic  had  alreadie  "iven 


of  Demaratus  meaned  to  reuuke  hym  from  ire  and  wraihe, 
to  takyng  better  wayes.  1590  GREENE  Ncuer  too  Late  Wks. 
(Grosart)  VIII.  95  Hce  was  in  loue..so  deepely,  that  no 
perswasion  might  reuoke  him  from  that  alluring  curtizan. 
1603  Sin  C.  HKVDON  Jud.  Astral,  ii.  24  The  Prophet  euen 
here,  .reuoketh  the  lewes  from  worshipping  the  heauenly 
bodies,  a  1619  FOTHERUY  Atheom.  i.  xii.  §  3  (1622)  128 
Visions,  which  God..sendeth  him,  to  reuoke  and  deterre 
him  from  that  his  vngodlinesse. 

absol.  c  1440  Alph.  Tales  464  When  we  synd,  J>ou  nowder 
reuokid  with  nowder  gude  wurde  nor  exsample. 

f  C.  To  induce  (one)  to  desist  or  refrain  from 
some  purpose  or  action;  to  restrain  or  prevent 
from  something.  Also  reft.  Obs. 

1491  CAXTON  Vitas  Pair.  (W.  de  W.  1495)  i.  xxxvi.  33/r 
All  thyse  thynges  putt  he  in  his  mynde  for  to  haue  reuokyd 
hym  from  his  good  purpoos.  1494  FABVAS  Chron.  vn.  546 
By  whose  polycies,  not  without  great  dyfTycultee,  they  were 
reuokyd  frome  theyr  euyll  purpose.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl. 
Epist.  36  You  did.  .reuoke  your  selfe  from  continuing  to  the 
end,  not  unaduisedly.  1582  STANVHURST  SEneis  in.  (Arb.) 
92  From  foloing  oure  ships  thee  fluds  hye  reuockt  hym. 
1600  HOLLAND  Lh>y  x.  xlii.  384  He  could  not  be  revoked 
from  battaile,  albeit  there  was  some  question,  .about  the 
auspice.  x6o8_WiLLET  Hexapfa  Exod,  732  He.  .commanded 
them  hard  things,  to  reuoke  them  from  their  intention, 
fd.  Without  CODBt.  To  check,  restrain,  rare. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  \\.  ii.  28  Yet  she  with  pitthy  words, 
and  counsell  sad,  Still  strove  their  stubborne  rages  to  re 
voke.  1637  R.  HUMPHREY  tr.  S.  Ambrose  r.  46  Abigael  by 
her.  .deprecation  pacified  and  revoked  David  and  his  army. 

2.  fa.  To  bring  back  into  or  unto  life;  to  re 
store  to  consciousness.   Obs. 

ci374  CHAUCER  Troylus  m.  1118  Him  to  revoken  sche 
dide  al  hir  peyne;  And,  at  the  last,  he  gan  his  breeth  to 
drawe.  1528  Rov  Rede  me  (Arb.)  40  Doynge  all  that  ever 
he  canne  To  revoke  masse  vnto  lyfe  agayne.  1613  PURCMAS 
Pilgrimage  11.  xxi.  (1614)  221  Messias  Ben  Dauid  with  Elias 
shall  reuoke  into  life  that  Messias  Ben  loseph.  1664  POWER 
Exp.  Philos.  i.  6  By  virtue  of  the  Sun.. they  [sc.  flies]  will 
be  revoked  into  life  and  perform  its  functions  again. 

b.  To  call  back  to  memory.  Also  const,  to, 
into.  Now  rare. 

1565  HAWKINS  Voy.  (HakL  Soc.)  42  Reuoking  to  minde 
the  former  talke  betweene  the  captaine  and  him.  1586  A. 
DAY  Eng.  Secretary  \.  (1625)  42  The  man  I  know  is  not 
cleane  out  of  your  conceit,  and  therefore  I  will  cease  in 
further  speeches  at  this  present  to  revoke  him.  a  1618 
SVLVESTER  Mottoes  45  When  Them  I  to  my  Minde  revoke 
[etc,],  a  1716  SOUTH  (Cent.),  By  revoking  and  recollecting 
..certain  passages.  1838  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Logic  xxx. 
(1866)  II.  121  If  the  faculty  by  which  they  [sc.  cognitions] 
are  revoked  into  consciousness  be  inert. 

•j"  C.  To  bring  back  into  use ;  to  revive.  Obs. 

1574  tr.  Marlorat's  Apocalips  47  Wicked  Je/abel,  which 
reuoked,  stablished,  and  increaced  the  abhominable  seruing 
of  Baal.  1627  HERRICK  Hester.,  Dial.  Horace  <y  Lydia  v, 
Say  our  first  loves  we  sho'd  revoke,  And  sever'd  joyne  in 
brazen  yoke.  1644  BL'LWER  Chiron.  131  We  are  not  to 
tread  in  their  steps  so  far,  as  to  revoke  the  whole  Art  of 
their  obsolete  Rhetorique. 

3.  To  recall ;  to  call  or  summon  back  : 

a.  a  person,  esp.  from  exile  or  from  some  office 
abroad.     Now  rare.     (Common  c  1540-1640.) 

1521  State  Papers,  Hen.  V/II,  I.  m  Hys  owne  affayris 
doith  not  succede  wyth  thEmperour..,  and  that  therfore  he 
intendith  schortly  to  revoke  the  M'.  of  the  Rollys  1535  in 
Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  in.  II.  361,  I. .trussed  his  male,  and 
was  canying  it  to  his  horse,  and  he  revoked  me  and  seied 
[etc.],  a  1361  G.  CAVENDISH  Wolsey  (1893)  48  Mistress 
Anne  Bolleyn  was  revoked  unto  the  court,  where  she 
florisshed  after  in  great  estimacion.  1617  MORVSON  I  tin. 
n.  8  Shortly  after.. Sir  John  Perrot  being  reuoked.  Sir 
William  Fitz-williams  was  sent  Lord  Deputy  into  Ireland 
ai66i  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  III.  306  Had  he  not  been 
suddenly  revoked  into  England,  he  would  have  perfected 
the  project.  1709  STRVPE  Ann.  Ref.  Introd.  I.  21  Now  the 
English  forces  were  revoked  from  the  marches  of  Scotland. 
Ibid,  xxxviii.  398  Sir  Thomas  Chaloner,  being  dangerously 
sick,  without  nope  of  recovery  but  by  returning,  was  re 
voked.  1828-43  TYTLER  Hist.  Scot.  (1864)  III.  330  Sussex. . 
having  assumed  to  himself  some  credit  for  revoking  the 
army.  1887  Pall  Mall  G.  16  Feb.  2/1  The  Directory  would 
nominate  and  revoke  the  Ministers. 

b.  an  animal  or  thing.     Chiefly  fig. 

1576  FLEMING  tr.  Cains'1  Dogs  (1880)  8  These  Hounds., 
being  acquainted  with  their  masters  watchwordes,  ey ther  in 
reuoking  or  imboldening  them  to  serue  the  game.  1596 
SPENSER  F.  Q.  vi.  iii.  28  The  faint  sprite  he  did  revoke  againe 
To  her  fraile  mansion  of  mortality.  1599  DAVIES  Itnmort. 
Soul  Introd.  xxxiv,  Seas  as  troubled,  when  they  do  revoke 
Their  flowing  Waves  into  themselves  again.  1648  HERRICK 
Hester.,  Hock-cart^  Ye  must  revoke  The  patient  Oxe  unto 
the  Yoke.  1784  COWPER  Task  vi.  25  How  readily  we  wish 
time  spent  revok'd,  That  we  might  try  the  ground  again. 
fc.  To  refer  (one)  to  some  authority.  Obs.  rare. 

1599  Bronghton*s  Let.  ix.  30  Thither  you  reuoke  vs.  1601 
[P.p.  \V.  BARLOW]  Defence  181  Againe,  he  reuoketh  us  to 
Church  and  Councels. 


the  sayde  office  of  Gouvernement  to  any  other  person,  that 
it  might  please  him  to  revoke  it.  1590  SWINHUHNE  Testa- 
nicntsz(&  Vet  is  not  the  testament  presumed  to  be  reuoked 
by  the  course  of  so  long  time.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  143 
Antipater  the  Iduniuean  procured)  him  to  revoke  his  re 
signation.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  nr.  126,  I  else  must  change 
Thir  nature,  and  revoke  the  high  Decree  Unchangeable, 
Eternal.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  III.  xvii,  109. 
I  doubled  not  but  the  letter  was  to  revoke  or  suspend  your 
resolution.  1786  BURKE  Art.  ngst.  !!'.  Hastings  Wks.  II. 
162  Knowing,  that  the  said  Sullivan's  appointment  had  been 
condemned  and  revoked  by  the  court  of  directors.  1837 
LOCKIIART  Scott  II.  v.  187  Her  only  son,  who  stood  by, 
implored  her  to  revoke  the  malediction  ;  but  in  vain.  1873 
S.MILKS  Huguenots  France  i.  i.  (iSSi)  10  Louis  XIV  lived 
for  thirty  years  after  the  Edict  of  Nantes  had  been  revoked. 

transf.  1534  WHITINTON  Tnllyes  Offices  \.  (1540)  5  Where 
as  profyte  semeth  to  plucke  and  catch  to  hymselfe,  honestie 
on  the  contrary  parte  semeth  to  revoke  and  reverse  such 
thynges.  1655  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  (1701)  99/2  Cicero., 
saith,  when  Euripides  made  his  Play  Otrsies,  Socrates  re 
voked  the  three  hrst  Verses. 

fb.  To  break  up,  dismiss.   Obs.  rare~l. 

1675  HOBBI:S  Odyss.  (1677)  14  I!y  Jove  I  you  adjure  and 
Themis,  who  Convokes  assemblies,  and  revokes  again. 

t  5.  To  retract,  withdraw,  recant.   Obs. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  340  b/2  Whanne  he  seie  this,  He 
reuoked  hit  in  his  retractions.  1529  MORE  Dyaiogne  11. 
Wks.  184/1  Therefore  he  bpunde  his  preachers  to  stande 
thereby  and  not  to  reuoke  his  word  for  no  pain.  1560  DAI-S 
\r.SleidanesCoinai,  ^  TheCardinall.  .at  the  fyrste  metynge 
commaunded  him  to  revoke  his  workes.  1581  G.  PKTIIT 
Gnazzo's  Civ.  Conv,  in.  (1586)  141  Then  revoke  your  first 
sentence,  and  conclude  that  the  fault  is  in  the  father.  1611 
BIBLE  Transl.  Pref.  F  13  The  same  S.  Augustine  was  not 
ashamed  to  retractate,  we  might  say  reuoke,  many  things 
that  had  passed  him.  1656  COWLEV  Pindar.  Odes,  To  Dr. 
Scarborough  v,  The  first  fam'd  Aphorism  thy  great  Master 
spoke,  Did  he  live  now  he  would  revoke.  1671  MILTON 
P.  R.  in.  356  Prediction  still  In  all  things,  .supposes  mean1;, 
Without  means  us'd,  what  it  predicts  [it]  revokes. 
fb.  To  yield  or  give  up.  Obs.  rare~l. 

1599  Sir  Clyom.  in  Peele's  Wks.  (Rtldg.)  517/1  Take  with 
thee  that  mortal  blow  or  stroke  The  which  shall  cause  thy 
wretched  corpse  this  life  for  to  revoke. 

t  6.   To  take  back  to  oneself.  Obs. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  27  Suche  sedes  that  we 
haue  layde  out  of  our  spiritual!  barnes  for  his  loue,  let  \s 
neuer  reuoke  or  call  agayne.  1557  Totters  Misc.  (Arb.)  144 
Wherby  is  lost  my  Hbertie  :  Which  by  no  meanes  I  may 
reuoke.  1560  DAUS  tr.  S/ef Jane's  Comni,  425  Wherefore 
the  Byshop  . .  revoketh  the  suite  to  him  selfe.  1600  K. 
BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  94  Beseeching  him  to  reuoke  the 
cause  vnto  himselfe,  and  to  be  the  onely  iudge  thereof. 
f  b.  To  draw  back,  withdraw.  Obs.  rare. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  viii.  39  Vet  with  his  troncheon  he 
so  rudely  stroke  Cymochles  twise,  that  twise  him  forst  his 
foot  revoke.     1644  BULWER  Chiron.  41  Who.. doe  also  re 
voke  and  bow  back  their  whole  body. 
II.  intr.  7.  To  make  revocation. 

1500-20  DL'NBAR  Poems  ix.  70,  I  rewoik  in  thir  quhair  I 
miswent.  1581  J.  BELL  H  addon's  Answ.  Osor.  411  It  is. . 
an  other  thing  to  revoke  in  season,  assoone  as  a  man  doth 
know  his  error.  1641  MILTON  Reform,  n.  81  To  compasse 
sinister  ends,  and  then  revoke  when  they  see  their  time. 
1817  SELWYN  Law  Nisi  Prins  (ed.  4)  II.  828  On  the  ground 
of  an  intention  to  revoke,  to  be  presumed.  1819  CRABBE  T. 
of  Hall  xn.  356,  I  make  a  promise,  and  will  not  revoke. 

8.  Cards,  esp.  Whist*  To  fail  or  neglect  to 
follow  suit  when  a  proper  card  can  be  played. 

1592  Defence  Conny  Catch.  (1859)  6  As  thus  I  stood  look 
ing  on  them  playing  at  cros-rufle,  one  was  taken  revoking. 
1680  COTTON  Coinpl.  Gamester  (ed.  2)  102  You  must  not  re 
voke,  if  you  do  you  payallon  the  Table.  1741  HOYLE  Games 
8  A  revokes;  Query,  what  is  the  Penalty.  1841  J.  T. 
HEWLETT  Parish  Clerk  I.  261  A  noisy  rubber,  in  which 
Esau  accused  Jacob  of  having  revoked.  1874  H.  GIBBS 
Ombre  84  If  either  of  the  Adversaries  revoke..,  he  who 
revoked  pays  his  penalty. 

fig.    1791  BURKE  App.  ftftfr*  Wki.  I.  535  And  shall  we 
Englishmen  revoke  to  such  a  suit  ? 
Hence  Kevo'ked///.  a.     Also  Bevo'keless  a. 
1461  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  491/1  The  pretended  and  revoked 
Parlement  last  holden  at  youre  Toune  ofCoventre.     i6z8 
LAYTON  Sioris  Plea  aest.  Prelacy  (ed.  2)  20  According  to 
that  formerly  revoked  Statute  of  Henry  4.     1773  Poetry  in 
Ann.  Reg.  239  Why  call  us  to  revokeless  doom? 

t  Revo'kement.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  prec.  +  -MEXT.] 
The  act  of  revoking ;  revocation. 

1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  £'///,  I.  ii.  106  Let  it  be  nois'd,  That 
through  our  Intercession,  this  Reuokement  And  pardon 
comes.  1651  Ho  WELL  Venice  137  The  revokement  wherof 
wold . .  utterly  overthrow  the  very  fundamentalls  of  the  State. 

RevO'ker.  rare.  [f.  REVOKE:-.  -T-ER*.]  Cants. 
One  who  re-okes. 

1886  Field  13  Mar.  313  If  the  stand  hand  loses,  the  re- 
voker  does  not  receive  anything. 

RevO'king,  vbl.  sb.    [f.  REVOKE  V.  +  -I 
The  action  ot  the  verb,  in  various  senses. 


BE  YOKING. 

'547  J-  C.  (titled  Melancthon's  Epistle  made  unto . .  Kynge 
lleury the  Eight  for  the  revoking  and  abolishing  of  the  Six 
Articles.  >6ao  SANDERSON  Sewn.  I.  159  In  the  revoking  of 
His  threatnings,  Gods  mercy  and  His  truth  go  hand  in 
hand  together.  1646  EVANCE  Noble  Order  2  Gods  revoking 
of  his  promise.  1746  HOYLE  Whist  (ed.  6)  10  He  can  avoid 
tt  without  revoking.  1830  '  EIURAH  TREUOR  '  Hoyk  Mad* 
ifamiliar  4  Renouncing  or  trumping  suit. .is  in  this  case 
termed  Revoking. 

Revo'kiiig,  ppl  a.  [-ING  -.]  Cards.  That 
revokes  or  has  revoked. 

1746  HOYLE  Whht  (ed.  6)  8  The  revoking  Party. .must 
remain  at  9.  1830  '  EIDRAH  TREBOR  '  Hoyle  Made  Familiar 
12  If  a  revoke  happens  to  be  made,  the  adversaries  may. . 
take  tricks  from  the  revoking  party.  1862  'CAVBKD1BH  ' 
Whist  (1879)  i6The  revoking  player  and  his  partner  may., 
require  the  hand  in  which  the  revoke  has  been  detected  to  be 
played  out. 

So  BeTO'kingly  adv.t  f  by  way  of  revocation  * 
(Webster,  1847). 

Re' volant,  a.  rare~v,  [ad.  L.  revolant-em, 
pres.  pple.  of  revolting  Flying  back. 

1780  K.  DARWIN  Rot,  Card.  \\.  (1791)  106  No  refluent 
ftu  the  unpeopled  stream  divides,  No  revulant  pinion 
cleaves  the  airy  tides. 

Revolet,  obs.  variant  of  RIVULET. 

Revolt  (m-tni-lt,  r/v^-H),  sb±  Also  6-7  reuolt, 
6  revolts,  [a.  F.  rtvolte  (1501,  =  Pg.  revolta,  It. 
rivolta,)  Sp.  rcvitelta),  vbl.  sb.  from  rfvotter:  see 
KKVOI.T  £-.] 

1.  An  instance,  on  the  part  of  subjects  or  sub 
ordinates,  of  casting  off  allegiance  or  obedience  to 
their  rulers  or  superiors;  an  insurrection,  rising, 
or  rebellion,     f  7*0  give  (one)  the  revolt,  \.v  revolt 
against  (one). 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sfo  if/a  tie's  Comm.  310  marg^  A  revoke. 
1561  BRKNDE  Q.  Cnrtins  (1570)  184  For  they  had  not  lost 
the  battaile  at  such  tyine  as  the  messengers  were  dispatched 
that  brought  the  newes  of  their  reuolt.  1567  Satir.  Poems 
Reform,  v.  IOQ  Reuoltis  lies  bene  ma  nor  fyftene.  1605 
SMAKS.  Macb.i.  ii.  2  He  can  report,  As  seemeth  by  his  plight, 
of  the  Reuolt  The  newest  state.  Ibid.  v.  iv.  12  Both  more 
and  lesse  haue  giuen  him  the  Reuolt,  And  none  serue  with 
him.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  48  Whereby,  .the  Empire  [is] 
strengthened  both  against  forraine  inuasions,  and  reuolt s  of 
the  subdued.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  I.  33  Who  first  seduc'd 
them  to  that  fowl  revolt  ?  Th*  infernal  Serpent.  1737 
WHISTON  Josephus,  Antiq.  xx.  vi.  §  3  The  authors  of  this 
revolt  from  the  Roman  government.  1838  THIRLWALL 
Greece  V.  n  To  engage  the  Macedonian  towns  in  a  revolt 
against  their  sovereign.  1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seamatis  Man. 
245  Every  person  so  offending.. shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a 
revolt  or  mutiny  and  felony,  1871  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong. 
IV '.  xvii.  75  William  chose  as  his  companions  the  men  whose 
power  he  dreaded.,  .In  their  absence  revolts  would  be  less 
to  be  feared. 

b.  An  act  of  this  nature  on  the  part  of  an  indi 
vidual  ;  a  movement  of  strong  protest  against,  or 
refusal  to  submit  to,  some  condition,  practice,  etc. 

1599  PEELE  David  fy  Beth.  i.  iii.  308  O  prowd  reuolt  of  a 
presumptions  man,  Laying  his  bridle  in  the  necke  of  sin. 
1621  FLETCHER  Isl.  Princ.  v.  ii,  Tis  in  their  wills,  their 
mercies,.  .And  these  revolts  in  you  shew  mere  rebellions. 
1710  STF.RI.R  Tatler  No.  135  f  4  We  frequently  see  the 
Apostates  turning  from  their  Revolt  toward  the  End  of  their 
Lives.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  <V  F.  xlix.  V.  127  The  images,  the 
first  cause  of  their  \sc.  the  popes]  revolt,  were  restored. 
1844  EMERSON  NtW&tlf.  Reformers  Wks.  (Bohn)  I.  264  The 
revolt  against  the.  .inveterate  abuses  of  cities  did  not  appear 
possible  to  individuals.  1888  Bibliotheca  Sacra  Oct.  717 
The  iconoclasm  of  Protestantism  was  not  a  revolt  against 
art,  but  against  a  misuse  of  art. 

o.  A  change  of  sides,  or  of  opinion ;  an  emphatic 
withdrawal  from  a  party,  etc. 

1596  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xi.  Ixv.  (1602)  280  She  did 
obserue  his  soone  Reuolt  from  friend  to  friend,  c  1600 
SUU.&MM.  xcii,  Thou  canst  not  vex  me  with  inconstant 
minde,  Since  that  my  life  on  thy  reuolt  doth  lie.  1668 
URVDEN  Dram,  Poesy  Ess.  (ed.  Ker)  I.  24  'Tis  a  revolt, 
without  occasion,  from  your  party. 

2.  The  act  of  revolting  or  casting  off  allegiance  ; 
also,  language  tending  to  this  (quot.  1611). 

c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXXX,  v,  Then  we  preserv'd 
thy  name  shall  magnify  Without  revolt.  1611  BIBLE  Isa. 
lix.  13  Departing  away  from  our  God,  speaking  oppression 
and  reuolt.  1781  COWPER  Hopei^i  Man  is  the  genuine  off 
spring  of  revolt.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  %  F.  xxx.  (1787)  III. 
173  The  spirit  of  revolt,  which  had  formerly  disturbed  the 
age  of  Gallienus,  was  revived.  1801  Encycl.  Brit.  Suppl. 
II.  404/1  They  fixed  upon  the  2oth  of  May  as  the  day  of 
revolt.  1854  MILMAN  Lat.  Chr.  iv.  vii.  II.  158  An  act  of 
direct  revoltj  as  prohibiting  the  payment  of  tribute  by  the 
Italian  province. 
b.  hi  revolt,  in  a  state  of  rebellion. 

1602  MARSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  v.i,  They  can  scarce  retaine 
from  bursting  foorth  In  plaine  revolt.  1821  SHELLEY  /fellas 
580  The  Christian  tribes  Of  Lebanon  and  the  Syrian  wilder 
ness  Are  in  revolt.  1860  MBS.  BROWNING  Little  Mattie  Jii, 
She  will  lie  there  in  default  And  most  innocent  revolt. 
fc.  Revulsion  of  appetite.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1601  SHAKS.  Ttoel.  N.  n.  iv.  102  No  motion  of  the  Liuer. 
but  the  Pallat,  That  suffer  surfet,  cloyment,  and  reuolt. 

t  Revolt,  sb*  Obs.  [?ad.  F.  rtvoltt,  pa.  pple. 
of  rfwlter :  see  next.]  A  revolter  or  rebel. 

1585  FETHFRSTONE  tr.  Calvin  on  Acts  vii.  i  He  was 
accused  as  an  Apostate  or  reuolt.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy 
xui.  Ixv.  1154  Having  intelligence  by  a  rennegate  revolt, 
that  the  Romans  were  scattered  all  over  the  fields  16*7 
W.  SCUTEB  Exp.  2  Thess.  (1629)  3,  All  equally  suffer ;  as 
much  Pagamsh  Infants,  as  Christian  Rebels  or  Reuolts 

Revolt  (rJVjMt,  r/Vlt),  v.  Also  6  reuoltfe, 
revolte.  [ad.  F.  rfrolttr  (i5-i6th  c.),-Pg. 


616 


revoltar,  ad.  It.  rivoltare  :—  L.  type 
f,  re-  RE-  +  volute  re  to  roll,  revolve,  etc.] 

I.  intr.  1.  To  cast  off  (for  change)  allegiance; 
to  rise  against  rulers  or  constituted  authority. 

1548  ELVOT,  Deficio,  to  go  from  one  capitayne  to  an 
other,  to  reuolte.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  424  b, 
Al  men-.bycause  they  served  against  their  wylles,..do  re- 
volte.  1573  P.  MOKE  Almanack  $  Prognost.  Eivb,  Some 
noble  men  shall  intende  to  reuolt.  16x3  PURCHAS  Pilgrim 
age  iv.  ix.  (1614)390  The  sword  signifieth  death,  if  he  reuolt 
againe.  1651  HoBUEsLeviaf/i.  11.  xx\  iii.  163  Such  as  are  they, 
that  having  been  by  their  own  act  Subjects,  deliberately 
revolting,  deny  the  Soveraign  Power.  1727  DE  FOE  Syst. 
Magic  i.  iii.  (1840)  71  Nor  are  the  people  we  come  to  speak 
for,  inclined  to  revolt  or  rebel.  1743  BULKELEY  8:  CUMMINS 
I'oy.  S.  Seas  183  If  they  should  revolt  at  this  Juncture,  we 
shall  stand  a  very  bad  Chance.  1836  THIRLWALL  Greece  xiv. 
II.  210  Aristagoras  opened  these  singular  credentials,  and 
read  an  invitation  to  revolt.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V. 
49  The  youth  revolted  and  refused  to  receive  theirown  fathers. 
fiS'  159I  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  HI.  ii.  59  You  are  already 
loues  finne  votary,  And  cannot  soone  reuolt,  and  change 
your  minde. 

b.  To  fall  away  from  a  ruler,  obedience,  etc.  ; 
to  rise  against  a  person  or  authority. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidtines  Chron.  466  He  sollicited  the 
Emperour  to  make  it  frustrate  :  For  he  sawe  how  many  re- 
volted  daily  from  his  kingdome.  1610  HOLLAND  Camdcns 
Brit.  (1637)  587  After  he  had  revolted,  .from  King  Henry 
the  Third.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  740,  [I]  shall  soon..  rid 
heav'ti  of  these  rebell'd  .  .  That  from  thy  just  obedience  could 
revolt,  a  1727  NKWTOH  Chronol.  Amended  (1728)  36  The 
Western  nations..  revolt  from  the  Assyrians.  1768  Swiff  s 
Hen.  /,  S.'s  Wks.  IV.  285  The  principal  towns  in  Flanders 
revolted  from  him.  1838  THIRI.WALL  Greece  xlii.  V.  193 
Pydna,.had  revolted  from  Archelaus.  1839  Ibid.  VI.  105 
Little  encouragement  could  be  necessary  to  induce  him 
to  revolt  against  the  sovereign  whom  he  had  unpardon- 
ably  offended.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  8.  430  The 
national  spirit  of  France  revolted  more  and  more  from  the 
rule  of  Spain. 

trans/.  1749  SMOLLETT  Gil  Bias  (1750)  II.  31  It  was  feared 
.  .that  he  would  revolt  against  the  condition  of  the  will. 

c.  To  go  over  to  a  rival  power,  etc.     f  Also 
with  on  (one's  side). 

1560  DAI'S  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  202  He  revolted  unto  the 
tentes  of  his  adversaries.  Ibid.  350  How  much  better  were  it, 
to  abide  thextreme  peril,  than.  .to  revolte  to  the  Romish 
Antichrist.   1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  II,  \  I.  ii.  89  The  Commons  they 
are  cold,  And  will  I  feare  reuolt  on  Herfords  side.     1665 
MAN  LEY  Grothts'  Low  C.   Wars  224  The  hopes  of  great 
plunder  allured  many  to  revolt  to  the  Enemy.   1692  WASH 
INGTON  tr.  Milton's  Def.  People  Eng.  M.'s  Wks.  1851  VIII. 
232  To  revolt  to  the  common  Enemy  in  their  hearts  is  the 
worst  sort  of  absence. 

t  d.  In  pa.  pple.  with  is,  was,  etc.  Obs. 

1561  BRENDE  Q.  Curtius  (1570)  iob,  He  made  al  such  feare 
him,  as  before  were  reuolted,  and  regarded  him  little.    1574 
tr.  Marlorafs  Apocalips  37  As  the  mynd  of  man,  \vhych 
is  reuolted  from  God,  is   miserable   or   wretched,     a  1618 
RALEIGH  Mahomet  (1637)  128  Valentia  was  revolted  from 
his  obedience.     1664  MARVELL  Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  124 
When  his  Subjects  were  generally  revolted,  His  Friends  as 
it  is  usual  most  of  them  failed. 

t  2.  a.  To  go  over  to  another  religion  ;  to  be*- 
come  a  pervert  (from  some  faith,  etc.).  Obs. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  36  If  they  revolte  unto 
Papistrie.  1563  SANDYS  in  Strype  Ann.  Ref.djaq)  I.  xxxv. 
356  He  upon  displesure  departed  from  Mr.  Goodrick,  and 
revolted  in  religion.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  135  Julian 
was  first  a  Christian,  but  reuolted  and  became  a  most  bitter 
and  constant  Persecutour  to  all  that  honoured  Christ.  1673 
CAVE  Prim.  Chr.  i.  ii.  19  Revolting  from  a  way  of  Worship 
which  had  been  universally  received.  1681-6  J.  SCOTT  Chr. 
Life  (1747)  III.  132  All  other  Kings  that  were  cotemporary 
with  him  were  revolted  to  Idolatry. 

t  b.  To  draw  back  from  a  course  of  action, 
etc.  ;  to  return  to  one's  allegiance.  Obs. 

1570  FoxEA.fyAf.  (ed.2)i55  It  is  better  not  to  take  good 
things  in  hand,  than  after  they  be  begune  to  thinke  to  reuolte 
backe  from  the  same  againe.  £1590  MARLOWR  Fausltts 
xiii,  Thou  traitor,  Faustus...  Revolt,  or  I'll  in  piece-meal 
tear  thy  flesh.  1610  G.  CARLETON  Jurisdict.  171  The  Pope 
.  .commanded  the  Archbishop  to  yeeld  to  the  King  without 
exception  :  whereupon  nee  did  so,  but  afterward  reuolted 
from  that  promise. 

fc.  To  depart  from  the  truth.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1585  FETHERSTONE  tr.  Calvin  on  Acts  xv.  37  Paul  might 
hauc  granted  something  to  the  importunatnesse  of  his 
fellow  apostle  and  yet  haue  not  reuolted  from  the  trueth. 

3.  To  feel  revulsion  or  disgust  at  something. 

1760-2  GOLDSM.  Cit.  W.  cx[i]x,  The  observer  revolts  at  this 
mixture  of  important  and  paltry  claims.  1771  MRS.  GRIFFITH 
Hist.  Lady  Barton  III.  261  My  heart  revolted  at  the  mean 
idea.  1802  BEDDOES  Hygeia  Advt.  7  Errors,  at  the  gross- 
ness  of  which  common  sense  .  ,  revolts.  1839  Times  27  July, 
Nature  revolts^  at  its  complete  infliction.  1878  BROWNING 
La  Saisiaz  47  'Tis  just  the  main  assumption  reason  most 
revolts  at  t 


Desmond  III.  10  A  preference  against  the  indulgence  of 
which  her  principles  must  revolt.  1829  SOUTHEY  Sir  T. 
More  (1831)  II.  119  The  heart  instinctively  revolts  against 
the  unnatural  privations  which  are  imposed  upon  it.  1860 
HOLLAND  Miss  Gilbert's  Career  ix,  Her  whole  nature,  she 
felt,  would  revolt  against  the  adverse  judgment  at  once. 
c.  To  turn  in  loathing  from  something. 


_  ..proporl 

1796  SOUTHEY  Lett.fr.  Spain  (1799)  209  How  do  we  revolt 
from  appearances,  instead  of  from  realities !  1806  H.  SIDDONS 
Maid,  Wife,  $  Widow  I.  51  Every  feeling  of  his  heart  and 
mind  revolted  from  what  he  heard.  1863  Gi-;o.  ELIOT  Romola 


REVOLTMENT. 

MI.  xxiv,  He  knew  well  that  her  mind  revolted  from  that 
means  of  escape. 

f4.  To  return  to  a  place.   Obs.  rare-1. 

1567  GOLDING  Ovid's  Met.  x.  68  Shee..then  reuolted  too 
the  place  in  which  he  had  her  found. 

II.  trans,  t  5.  a.   To  turn  back.    Obs,  rare  ~l. 

1590  SPENSER  /-'.  Q.  in.  xi.  25  As  a  thonder  bolt,  .doth  dis 
place  The  soring  clouds. .;  So  to  her  void  the  flames,  and 
did  their  force  revolt. 

fb.  To  withdraw  by  revolting.   Obs.  rare"1. 

1607  DEKKEK  &  WEBSTER  Sir  T.  Wyatt  Wks.  1873  III. 
98  Then  they  reuolt  the  allegiance  from  my  Daughter,  And 
giue  it  to  another. 

f  c.  To  cause  to  revolt.  Obs.  rare. 

i574_  HELLOWES  tr.Gnenara'sFam.E^.iiyjj')  236  Whether 
of  vs  is  moste  culpable,  I  in  following  and  obeying  the  King, 
or  you  in  altering  and  reuolting  ye  kingdome.  1624  BEDELL 
Lett.  x.  136  Pope  Constantino ..  reuolted  Italic  from  the 
Greeke  Emperours  obedience. 

6.  To  affect  (a  person,  etc.)  with  disgust  or  re 
pugnance  ;  to  nauseate. 

1751  Female  Foundling  1. 170  From  that  time  [I]  avoided 
the  low  Name  of  Nancy,  which  revolted  my  Pride  and 
Vanity.  1790  Bystander  284  Lest  it  should,  .revolt  the 
feelings  of  the  public  to  see  it  turn  about  so  suddenly.  1828 
SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xvii,  Why,  man,  thy  policy  were  enough 
to  revolt  a  heathen  divan.  1855  MILMAN  Lat.  Chr.  vin. 
viii.  (1864)  V.  32  Grave  churchmen.. who  were  revolted  by 
these  achievements  in  an  ecclesiastic.  1867  FREEMAN  Norm. 
Cong.  (1877)  I.  vi.  496  The  cruelties  wrought  on  his  captives 
deeply  revolted  the  public  opinion  of  the  time. 
b.  absol.  To  cause  revulsion. 

1898  Daily  News  24  Jan.  8/5  You  may  not  treat  of  a 
subject  until  it  disgusts  and  revolts. 

Revolted,  ///.  a.    [f.  prec.  +  -ED  i.] 
1.  That  has  cast  off  allegiance ;  rebel,  insurgent. 
1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  u.  ii.  57  Why  haue  you  not  pro- 
claim'd  Northumberland  And  the  rest  of  the  reuolted  fac- 
!    lion,  Traitors?     1611  —    "/*"'*?*  ^«  !-  **•  !99  Should  all 
j    despaire  That  haue  reuolted  Wiues,  the  tenth  of  Mankind 
'    Would  hang  themselues.     1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  835  Think 
not,  revolted  Spirit,  thy  shape  thesame.  1704  SWIFT  T.  Tub 
\     In  trod.,  By  the  revolted  and  new-fangled  Writers  most  per 
fidiously  ascribed  to  the  others,    a  1781  WATSON  Philip  III 
!    (1839)  31  No  other  effectual  remedy  could  be  applied,  .but 
i    an  accommodation  with  the  revolted  states.    1837  THIRL 
WALL  Greece  IV.  99  He  restored  the  Athenian  sovereignty 
in  most  of  the  revolted  cities.     1871  FREEMAN  Hist.  Ess. 
I    Ser.  i.  viii.  213  The  Emperor  was  leading  an  expedition 
1    against  the  revolted  Bretons. 

absol.  1653  (title),  Legenda  Lignea,  with  Pleadings  to  the 
]  Revolted  to  the  Churcljof  Rome. 

t  2.  Torn  or  pulled  out.   Obs.  rare"1. 
a  1668  DAVENANT  Poems  Wks.  (1673)  234  Slender  Ropes, 
I    on  which  instead  Of  Pearle,  Revolted  Teeth  they  thred. 
3.  Disgusted ;  outraged. 

1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  i.  i.  14  The  deeds  Which  you  scarce 
hide  from  men's  revolted  eyes.  1896  BLACK  Briseis  xvii, 
Her  revolted  judgment  had  hardly  a  word  in  reply. 

RevO'lter.  Also  6  reuolter.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
:  -ER  !.]  One  who  revolts,  or  has  revolted ;  a  rebel, 
:  insurgent,  or  renegade. 

1602  FULBECKE  Pandects  46  Fugitiues,  reuolters,  rebels 

i    and  traitors  he  may  not    bring  with  him.     a  1641    BP. 

;    MOUNTAGU  Acts  «$-  Man.  (1642)  469  The  revolters  with 

,    Jeroboam  from  the  house  of  David.    1682  NORRIS  Itteroclts 

31  Reclaiming  the  revolters  from  Vertue  by  the  laws  of  his 

|    justice.    1749  SMOLLETT  Regicide  n.  viii,  There  is  no  fame— 

i    no  glory  to  be  won  From  a  revolter's  brow.     1796  STED.MAM 

Surinam  I.  76  These  new  revolters  were  now  distinguished 

I    by  the  name  of  the  Cottica  Rebels.     1849  GROTE  Greece  u. 

,    xfv.  V.  432  Their  fleet,  by  invitation  of  the  revolters,  sailed 

j    up  the  Nile.     1868  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1877)  U-  x-  499 

Harold  tried  in  vain  to  reconcile  the  revolters  to  his  brother. 

Revolting,  vbl.  sb.     [-ING  *.]    The  action  of 

the  verb  ;  rebellion,  insurrection. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  443  Fardinando  alledgeth 
the  revoltinge  of.,  divers  Townes  from  him.  1577  tr. 
Bittlinger's  Decades  (1592)  478  Sundrie  names,  which  do 
impart  and  signifie..a  fault,  an  error,  a  reuolting.  1603 
KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1638)  144  For  which  his  reuolting, 
Othoman  presently  gaue  him  an  ensigne.  1612  SELDEN 
Illnstr.  Drayton's  Poly-olh.  ix,  After  uncertain  fortune  of 
war,  on  both  sides,  and  revolting  of  Southwales.  1898 
Daily  Nevus  25  June  6/3  The  peasant's  revolting  against 
the  noble  is  easily  explained. 

Revolting,  ///.  a.    [-ING  2.] 

1.  That  revolts  or  rebels;  insurgent,  rebellions. 
IS93  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  in.  iii.  163  Our  sighes.. shall  lodge 

the  Summer  Corne,  And  make  a  Dearth  in  this  reuolting 
Land.  1595  —  John  m.  i.  257  Let  the  Church  our  Mother 
breathe  her  curse.,  on  her  reuolting  sonne.  16x1  BIBLE  Jer, 
v.  23  But  this  people  hath  a  reuolting  and  a  rebellious  heart. 
1842  MANNING  Senn.  (1848)  I.xiii,  182  We.. shall  best  spread 
His  kingdom  in  an  evil  and  revolting  world.  1878  HANNA 
Resurrection  of  Dead  79  This  last  revolting  province  in  the 
domains  of  the  Most  High. 

2.  That  repels ;  repulsive,  disgusting. 

1806  A.  KNOX  Rcm.  (1844)  I.  63  Nothing,  having  the 
Christian  name,  could  be  more  uncouth  or  revolting.  1849 
MAITLAND  Ess.  67  There  is,  to  us,  something  so  revolting  in 
the  very  idea.  1863  LONGF.  Wayside^  Inn,  Roht.  Sicily 
101  In  the  corner,  a  revolting  shape,  Shivering  and  chatter 
ing  sat  the  wretched  ape.  1890  Sat.  Rev.  12  Apr.  446/1 
The  revolting  inflictions  which  were  abolished  in  1814. 

a&sol.  1888  STEVENSON  Puh'is  et  Umbra  i,  This  moun 
tain  mass  of  the  revolting  and  the  inconceivable. 

Hence  Revo'ltingly  adv. 

1835  HOOD  Poetry ,Pr<jse,%  Worse  xxxiii,  With  gore  made 
revoltingly  florid.  1855  MILMAN  Lat.  Chr.  xiv.  ii.  (1864) 
IX.  74  Its  adoration  in  its  intensity  became  revoltingly  pro 
fane.  1876  MEREDITH  Branch.  Career  xxxii,  A  confused 
recollection  ..surged  up  in  her  mind  revoltingly. 

t  Revrrltment.  Obs.  [-MENT.]   =  REVOLT  sb. 

a  1572  KNOX  /fist,  Ref.  Wks.  1846  I.  363  Sche  had  bruted 


REVOLTRESS. 

..that  we  sought  nothing  hot  hir  lyef,  and  a  plane  revolt- 
inent  from  the  lawfull  obedience  dew  to  our  Soverane.  1600 
HOLLAND  Livy  xxix.  xvii.  721  The  cause  of  our  double 
revoltment  and  chaunge. 

Revoltress.  [Cf.  REVOLTER  and  -ESS.]  A 
woman  who  revolts. 

1868  WHITMAN  Chants  Democratic  Poems  171  To  a  foiled 
Revolter  or  Revoltress.  1875  DOWDEN  Shaks.  vii.  (1886) 
342  The  foiled  revoltress  against  the  law  of  sex. 

t  RevO'lture.  Obs.  [f.  REVOLT  v.  +  -UBE, 
or  ad.  It.  rivoltura.]  a.  Reflow  or  return. 
b.  Revolt. 

1633  P.  FLETCHER  Purple  hi.  iv.  xxiv,  Three  fair  nymphs 
. .  Draw  down  the  stream  which  all  the  isle  suffices,  But  stop 
back-ways,  some  ill  revolture  fearing,  a  1660  —  Father's 
Test.  (1670)  55  After  that  by  our  treacherous  revolture,  and 
rebellion,  we  had  broken  Covenant. 

Revolubi'lity.  [See  next  and  -ITY.]  A  tend 
ency  to  roll  back. 

1835  GRESWELL  Exp.  Parat.  II.  38  Nothing  but  the  fatal 
revolubility  of  the  stone  itself. 

Revoluble,  a.  rare.  [ad.  L.  revolftbilis .  So 
obs.  K.  revoluble.}  Revolving ;  rolling. 

1598  CHAPMAN  Iliad  n.  256  Us  then,  to  whom  the  thrice 
three  year  Hath  fill'd  his  revoluble  orb  since  our  arrival 
here.  1873  L.  MORRIS  Childr.  of  Street  ix,  Thus  the  re- 
voluble  Assonant  echo  Again  they  shout  breathlessly. 

Revolute  (nrMlWt),  a.  [ad.  L.  revolfit-tts, 
pa.  pple.  of  revolvlrt  to  REVOLVE.  Cf.  Pg.  and 
It.  re-,  It.  rivoluto,  F.  rtvolu.~\ 

t  1.  Having  completed  a  full  revolution.  Obs.— ' 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  275  From  the  xxv.  day  of 
December,  is  complete  and  finischede  un  to  that  tyme  the 
yere  revolute. 

2.  In  scientific  use  (chiefly  Sot.) :  Rolled  back 
wards,  downwards,  or  outwards. 

'753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suffl.  s.v.  Leaf,  Revolute  leaf,,  .a 
leaf,  the  upper  part  of  which  rolls  itself  downward.  1760 
].  LEE  Introd.  Hot.  i.  xii.  (1765)  28  Rnolnte,  rowled  back,  as 
in  Asparagus.  1^85  WMt,i\H  Rousseau  s  Bot.  xxii.  (1794)  309 
Garden  Thyme  is  an  erect  plant,  with  its  ovate  leaves  re- 
volute.  1826  KIRBY  &  Sp.  Entomol.  IV.  318  [Antennae  are] 
Revolute,_when  they  roll  outwards.  1846  DANA  .?<*>//<.  (1848) 
178  Margin  of  calicle  not  revolute,  subacute.  1876  HAFLEV 
Mat.  Med.  (ed.  6)  469  Leaves  oblong,  linear  or  lanceolate, 
entire,  when  young  revolute. 

So  Re'voluted  ///.  a.  rare  — ' . 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  III.  447  Revoluted,  rolled  back 
wards,  having  the  edges  on  both  sides  rolled  spirally,  so  as 
to  be  nearly  met  on  the  back  of  the  leaf. 

t  Re'volute,  v\  Obs.  rare.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of 
L.  revolvers.]  trans,  and  intr.  To  revolve. 

"553  T.  WILSON  R/iel.  86  b,  Ponderyng,  expendyng,  and 
reuolutyng  with  my  self  your  ingent  affabilitee.  .for  mund 
ane  affaires,  a  1630  EARL  PEMBROKE  Poems  (1660)  50 Then 
he  frames  a  second  notion  From  the  revoluting  eyes. 

Revolute  (rev^li/7-t),  v.2  [Back-formation 
from  REVOLUTION.]  intr.  To  engage  in  revolution. 

1890  'R.  BOLDREWOOD'  Miner's  Right  (1899)  96/2  It  looks 
bad  when  old  Mark  Thursby  begins  to  'revolute1.  1891 
Sat.  Rev.  5  Sept.  263/1  It  is  almost  impossible  to  imagine  a 
better  arranged  country  for  '  revoluting  '  in  than  Chili. 

Revolution  (revfli»-Jan),  sb.  Also  4-7  reu-, 
and  -oion,  5  -oioun(e.  [a.  OF.  revolution,  -lion 
(mod.F.  rfyoIu/ion,  =  Sp.  revolution,  It.  re-,  ri- 
•voluzione),  or  ad.  late  L.  revolution-em,  noun  of 
action  f.  revolvers  to  REVOLVE.] 

I.  1.  Astr.  The  action  or  fact,  on  the  part  of 
celestial  bodies,  of  moving  round  in  an  orbit  or 
circular  course;  the  apparent  movement  of  the 
sun,  stars,  etc.,  round  the  earth. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  61  Per  cas  the  revolucion  Of  hevene 
and  thi  condicion  Ne  be  noght  yit  of  on  acord.  1413  Pilgr. 
Sowle  (Caxton,  1483)  v.  xiii.  104  Suo  thenne  whan  this  Cercle 
hath  made  his  reuolucion  thenne  they  enforcen  them  to 
syngen  and  to  ioyen.  1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Costnogr. 
Glasse  24  In  whiche  the  other  Planetes,  as  well  as  the  Sonne, 
do  finyshe  their  reuolution  and  course  according  to  their 
true  tyme.  1376  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  211  To  marke  the 
course  of  starres,  and  viewe  the  reuolutions  of  the  heauens. 
1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  II.  iv.  (1614)  iiSThe  whole  re. 
uolution  of  the  Sunnes  motion.  1678  HOBBES  Decant,  iv.  40 
In  what  time  do  they  make  the  whole  Revolution  through 
the  Ecliptique  of  the  Sky  1  171511-.  Gregory's  Astron.  (1726) 
I.  409  The  Number  of  Revolutions  of  the  Earth  about  the 
Sun  made  in  the  mean  time.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  1.  442/1 
Jupiter's  three  nearest  moons  fall  under  his  shadow,  and 
are  eclipsed  in  every  revolution.  1812-16  PLAYFAIR  Nat. 
Phil.  (1819)  II.  31  The  cause  of  the  apparent  diurnal  re 
volution  of  the  heavens.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  xx.  337 
A  movement  of  revolution  whereby  it  progresses  through 
space,  and  is  carried  round  the  sun. 

attrib.  1554  BRUNSWIKE  tr.  Montalmo's  Fades  Cceli 
C  iij  b,  Because  of  Venus,  beying  impedite  in  the  reuolu- 
cion  figure  in  the  sixte  house. 

b.  The  time  in  which  a  planet  or  other  heavenly 
body  completes  a  full  circuit  or  course. 

c  1391  CHAUCER  Astral,  n.  §  7  The  day  natural,  bat  is  to 
seyn  24  houris,  is  the  reuolucioun  of  the  equinoxial.  1669 
STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  ir.  115  To  count  the  Year  or  the 
Revolution  of  the  Sun  in  even  Days.  1696  WHISTON  The. 
Earth  u.  (1722)  212  The  Moon  accompanies  our  Earth, 
and  has  her  Annual  Revolution  exactly  equal  to  that  of 
the  Earth.  1727  DE  FOE  Syst.  Magic  i.  i.  (1840)  25  Who. . 
searched  into  and  calculated  all  astronomical  difficulties, 
the  motions  and  revolutions  of  heavenly  bodies.  1819  J. 
WILSON  Diet.  Astral.  351  Revolutions,  the  time  in  which  a 
star  revolves  round  the  Sun  or  the  Earth. 

2.  The  return  or  recurrence  of  a  point  or  period 
of  time;  the  lapse  of  a  certain  time,    f  By  re 
volution,  in  due  course  of  time. 
VOL.  VIII. 


617 

14..  in  Tundale's  Vision  (1843)  85  Hit  befell  then  by  re* 
volucyon  By  just  a  cowntyng  in  the  kalendere.  c  1430  LYDG. 
Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  24  By  revolucion  and  turnyng  of 
the  yere,  A  gery  march  his  stondis  doth  disclose.  1494 
FABYAN  Chron.  4  AH  suche  actes  as  by  Reuoluciowne  In 
theyr  dayes  fyll.  1553  BRENDE  Q.  Curtius  (1570)  78  b,  They 
vnderstanding  verie  well  the  reuolutions  of  the  time,  and 
theire  appointed  courses.  1589  PasquiFs  Ret.  D  iij  b,  From 
the  day  of  the  date  heereof,  to  the  full  terme  and  reuolu. 
tion  of  seuen  yeeres  next  ensuing.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II. 
349  To  deliuer  vnto  the  world  those  medians  which  are  not 
to  be  but  once  in  the  reuolution  of  a  thousand  yeres.  x66a 
HOPKINS  Funeral  Serm.  (1685)48  The  Naturalists  affirm., 
that  the  revolution  of  a  few  years  gradually  wears  away  the  for 
mer  body.  1741  WATTS  Imfrov.  MindPref.  (1801)  4  And  did 
not  increase  half  so  much  m  the  revolution  of  a  year.  1822 
SHELLEY  tr.  Calderons  Mag.  Prodig.  u.  1 86  The  winged 
years  speed  o'er  the  intervals  of  their  unequal  revolutions. 
1842  H.  ROGERS  Introd.  Burke's  Wks.  I.  i  They  recur.. at 
long  intervals;  they  depend  on  the  slow  revolutions  of  ages. 
1889  Pop.  Science  Monthly  XXXV.  573/1  The  period  for 
the  '  revolution '  of  felling  is  fixed  at  forty  years. 

trans/  1605  CAMDEN  Rem.  (1637)  199  AH  things  runne 
round,  and  as  the  seasons  of  the  yeare,  so  mens  manners 
have  their  revolutions. 

tb.  A  cycle,  or  recurrent  period  of  time ;  an 
epoch.  Obs. 

1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v  Ixx.  §  9  The  day.  .changed  in 
regard  of  a  new  reuolution  begunne  by  our  Sauiour  Christ. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  it.  597  Thither. .At  certain  revolutions 
all  the  damnd  Are  brought:  and  feel  by  turns  the  bitter 
change  Of  fierce  extreams.  1706  J.  LOGAN  in  Penmylu, 
Hist.  Soc.  Mem.  X  164,  I  am  sick  of  the  world  unless  it 
would  mend,  which  I  scarce  expect  this  revolution. 

fc.  The  recurrence  or  repetition  of  a.  day,  event, 
occupation,  etc.  Obs. 

1669  STURMY  Mariners  Mag.  n.  121  The  Change  of  the 
Moon  ..hapneth  again  upon  the  same  Days,  for  several 
Revolutions  of  the  Piime  or  Golden  Number.  1670  MILTON 
Hist.  En%.  yi.  Wks.  1851  III.  301  To  fear  from  like  Vices. . 
the  Revolution  of  like  Calamities.  1713  Guardian  No.  147 
At  every  revolution  of  her  wedding  day,  she  makes  her 
husband  some  pretty  present.  1751  EARL  ORRERY  Remarks 
Sivi/t  (1752)  44  He  seldom  deviated  many  minutes,  in  the 
daily  revolution  of  his  exercises  and  employments.  1784 
COWPER  Task  i.  462  It  is  the  constant  revolution,  .of  the 
same  repeated  joys,  That  palls  and  satiates. 
1 3.  A  turn  or  twist ;  a  bend  or  winding.  Obs. 
1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydons  Quest.  Chirurg.  Liij,  Fyrste 
knyt  it  with  two  reuolucions.  Secondly  with  one,  &  than 
cut  the  threde  fer  fro  the  knot.  1545  RAYNOLD  Byrth  Man- 
kynde  19  Vaynes  infynytely  intricate  and  writhid  with  a 
thousand  reuolutions  or  tur[n]agayns.  1615  CFOOKE  Body 
of  Man  454  The  braine.  .is  foulded  vp  in  so  many  convolu 
tions  and  revolutions.  1648  WILKINS  Math.  Maeic  i  ix.  57 

/"•„„.: j  i i__i: 11   __"i._.: _i .   _    *-i__i-      i  .   . 


tance  from  each  other.  1737  WHISTON  Josephus^  Antig, 
xv.  x.  §  i  For  these  roads  are  not  strait,  but  have  several 
revolutions. 

fb.  The  action  of  turning  something.  Obs.~~l 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gmllemeait"  s  Fr.  Chirurg.  15  b/i  When  as  in 
manner  of  revolutione  we  turne  the  needle,  as  the  furriers  doe. 

4.  The  action,  on  the  part  of  a  thing  or  person, 
of  turning  or  whirling  round,  or  of  moving  round 
some  point. 

1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos.  in.  157  They  recoyl  again,  and    j 
return  in  a  Vortical  Motion,  and  so  continue  their  revolu 
tion  for  ever.     1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  814  That  fear  Comes 
thundring  back  with  dreadful  revolution  On  my  defensless 
head.    1714  R.  FIDDES  Pract.  Disc.  n.  134  To  cause  a 


volution.  1877  R.  J.  MORE  Under  the  Balkans  xv.  216 
Pausing  on  the  completion  of  each  revolution,  to  kiss  the 
book  of  the  Gospels.  1882  VINES  tr.  Sacks'  Bot.  864  The 
shoot  will  retain  its  spiral  form  for  a  time,  but  will  then 
straighten  itself  and  recommence  the  revolution  at  its  apex, 
b.  esp.  Movement  round  an  axis  or  centre; 
rotation. 

1710  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  II.  s.v.,  In  Geometry  the 
Motion  of  any  Figure  quite  round  a  fixt  Line  (which  is 
called  therefore  its  Axis)  is  called  the  Revolution  of  that 
Figure,  a  1791  KEILL  Maupertuis*  Diss.  (1734)  51  The  Dia 
meter  of  the  Equator  would  infinitely  exceed  the  Axis  of 
Revolution.  1831  BREWSTER  Optics  vi.  56  Part  of  a  hyper- 
boloid  formed  by  the  revolution  of  a  hyperbola.  1840 
LARDNER  Geom,  222  All  the  surfaces  of  revolution  com 
posing  the  same  vessel  having  a  common  axis. 
C.  A  single  act  of  rotation  round  a  centre. 

1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey)  s.v.  Rota.  Aristotelica.  A 
Wheel.. moving.. till  it  has  made  one  entire  Revolution. 
£•1790  IMISON  Sck.  Arts  I.  30  The  number  of  revolutions 
a  millstone  4$  feet  diameter  ought  to  have  in  a  minute. 
1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  488  The  pinion  will 
make  10  revolutions  while  the  wheel  performs  one.  1879 
Casselfs  Teckn.  Educ.  IV.  358  The  bobbin-wheel  E  would 
make.,  the  same  number  of  revolutions  as  the  main  shaft. 

II.  f5.  a.  The  action  of  turning  over  in  dis 
course  or  talk  ;  discussion.  Obs.  rare. 

1456  PastonLett.  I.  388, 1  pray  you.  .bring  not  the  matier 
in  revolution  in  the  open  Courte.  1533  BELLENDEN  Livy 
n.  xxiv.  (S.T.S.)  I.  228  The  thing,  .be  revolution  of  diuers 
tretyis  was  differrit  to  >e  begynnyng  of  )>e  nixt  jere. 

f  b.  The  action  of  turning  over  in  the  mind ; 
consideration,  reflection.  Obs. 

1586  A.  DAY  Enr.  Secretary  n.  (1625)  17  In  the  revolution 
of  the  same  you  also  doe  grant  that  in  all  his  behaviour  you 
never  saw  so  much  as  one  suspect.  1599  B.  JONSON  Cyn 
thia  s  Rev.  v.  ii,  Answerable  to  anyhourefy  or  half-hourely 
change  in  his  mistris  reuolution.  a  1610  HEALEY  Cedes 
(1636)  160  To  which  ende  you  must  continue  an  often  reuo 
lution  thereof  in  your  meditation.  #1793  ORME  in  Boswell 
Johnson  an.  1775,  Thoughts  that  by  long  revolution  in  the 


BEVOLUTION. 

great  mind  of  Johnson  have  been  formed  and  polished  like 
pebbles  rolled  in  the  ocean. 

fc.  An  idea,  opinion,  notion.   Obs.  rare—1. 
1675  R.  BURTHOGGE  Causa  Dei  23  A  Revolution   and 
Hypothesis  to  which  the  Origenium  is  so  like,  that  I  believe 
it  a  Daughter. 

III.  6.  Alteration,  change,  mutation,  rare. 

c  1400  Rom.  Rose^f>&  It  is  I,  that  am  come  down  Thurgh 
change  &  revolucioun  !  i6oa  SHAKS.  Ham.  v.  i.  98  Heere's 
fine  Reuolution,  if  wee  had  the  tricke  to  see 't.  1611  C. 
TOURNEUR  Atk.  Trag.  i.i,  Obseru'st  thou  not  the  very  self- 
same  course  Of  reuplution,  both  in  Man  and  Bea^t  1  a  1704 
T.  BROWN  Ptnius  \.  Prol.,  For  thus,  sir,  modern  revolution 
Has  split  the  wits,  t'  avoid  confusion,  a  1718  PENN  Maxims 
Wks.  1726  I.  841  Being,  as  to  our  Bodies,  composed  of 
Changeable  Elements,  we,  with  the  World,  are  made  up  of 
and  subsist  by  Revolution. 

b.  An  instance  of  great  change  or  alteration  in 
affairs  or  in  some  particular  thing. 

c  1450  LYDG.  Secrees  1156  Of  Elementys  the  Revoluc'iouns, 
Chaung  of  tymes  and  Complexiouns.  1617  MORYSON  /tin. 
ii.  188  We  haue  vpon  cuery  important  reuolmion  of  our 
businesse.  dispatched  vnto  your  Lordships  both  our  estate 
and  desires.  1663  H.  COGAN  tr.  Pinto's  Trav.  Hi.  206 
Whereby  one  may  see,  how  great  the  revolutions  of  time 
and  fortune  are.  1685  EVELYN  Diary  22  May,  I  chanc'd  to 
pass  just  as  execution  was  doint;  on  him  [Gates].  A  strange 
revolution  !  _  1707  Reji.  vpon  Ridicule  104  There's  a  general 
Revolution  in  his  Temper,  he's  grown  haughty.  1751  JOHN 
SON  Rambler  No.  92  r  3  The  changes  which  the  mind  of 
man  has  suffered  from  the  various  revolutions  of  knowledge. 
1830  LYFLL  Princ.  Geol.  I.  461  He  must  feel  at  once  con 
vinced  that,  in  the  interval  of  ten  centuiies,  a  great  revolu 
tion  in  the  language  had  taken  place.  1863  FROUDB  Hist. 
Eng.  VIII*  425  A  vast  intellectual  revolution,  of  which  the 
religious  reformation  was  rather  a  sign  than  a  cause.  1870 
YEATS  Nat.  Hist.  Comm.  3  This  one  material  has  been  the 
main  cause  of  a  complete  revolution  in  our  national  industry. 

7.  A  complete  overthrow  of  the  established 
government  in  any  country  or  state  by  those  who 
were  previously  subject  to  it;  a  forcible  substitu 
tion  of  a  new  ruler  or  form  of  government. 

x6ooE.  BLOUNTtr.  Conestaggio  175  Assuring  those  quarters 
fiom  all  reuolutions  that  might  be  feared.  1655  Clarke 
Papers  (Camden)  IV.  303  Hee  was  very  jealous  of  the  in 
tended  revolucion  of  governm1  to  his  Ma"*1  advantage.  1688 
EVELYN  Diary  2  Dec.,  The  Papists  in  offices  lay  down  their 


ticable.  1776  GIBBON  Dee  I.  fy  F.  I.  281  The  apprehensions 
of  Saturninus  were  justified  by  the  repeated  experience  of 
revolutions.  1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  v.  vii.  (1872)  I.  174 
'  Sire ',  answered  Liancourt, '  it  is  not  a  revolt,  it  is  a  revolu 
tion  \  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.Eng.  xi.  III.  6  The  mobt  just 
and  salutary  revolution  must  produce  much  suffering.  1879 
FROUDE  Caesar  xiii.  171  Revolutions  are  the  last  desperate 
remedy  when  all  else  has  failed. 
b.  Without  article. 

1796  tr.  St.-Pierre's  Stiid.  Nat.(i-}^))  III.  668  Rebellion 
Is  the  subversion  of  the  laws,  and  Revolution  is  that  of 
tyrants.  1819  SHELLEY  Peter  Bell  yd  in.  vi,  There  is 
great  talk  of  revolution— And  a  great  chance  of  despotism. 
1861  MOTLEY  in  Times  23  May,  The  right  of  revolution  i.s 
indisputable,.  .British  and  American  history  is  made  up  of 
rebellion  and  revolution.  1892  Speaker  3  Sept.  278/1  In 
Uruguay  it  is  said  that  revolution  is  kept  down  only  by  the 
army. 

8.  £ng.  Hist,  fa.  The  overthrow  of  the  Rump 
Parliament  in  1660,  which  resulted  in  the  restora 
tion  of  the  monarchy.    Obs. 

a  1674  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  xt.  §  209  Many  of  these  ex 
cluded  members,  .forbore  coming  anymoretothe  House  for 
many  years,  and  not  before  the  revolution.  1725  B.  HIGGONS 
Rem.  Burnet  i.  Wks.  1736  II.  67  And  now  he  approaches 
the  Restoration,.. at  which  not  daring  openly  to  repine,  he 
vents  all  his  Spleen  on  the  happy  Instrument  [Monk]  of  that 
glorious  Revolution. 

b.  The  expulsion  in  1688  of  the  Stuart  dynasty 
under  James  II,  and  the  transfer  of  sovereignty  to 
William  and  Mary. 

1688  EVELYN  in  Pepys  Diary  %  Corr.  (1879)  VI.  163,  I., 
send  on  purpose. .to  know  if,  in  any  sort,  I  may  serve  you 
in  this  prodigious  Revolution.  1689  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rcl. 
(1857)  I.  550  There  has  been  also  another  addresse  presented 
to  his  majestic  from  the  tinners  of  Cornwall, .  .congratulating 
them  on  this  great  revolution.  1710  STEELE  Tatler  No.  208 
P  8  Upon  Lady  Autumn's  disputing  with  him  about  some 
thing  that  happened  at  the  Revolution,  he  replied  with  a 
very  angry  Tone.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  Sel.  Wks.  II.  20  If 
ever  there  was  a  time  favourable  for  establishing  the  prin 
ciple,  that  a  king  of  popular  choice  was  the  only  legal  king, 
..it  was  at  the  Revolution.  1825  MACAULAY  Milton  Ess. 
(1897)  15  The  principles  of  the  Revolution  have  often  been 
grossly  misrepresented.  1855  —  Hist.  Eng.  xi.  HI.  15  The 
Revolution  had. .placed  England  in  a  situation  in  which 
the  services  of  a  great  minister  for  foreign  affairs  were 
indispensable. 

attrib.  1708  Reply  to  '  Bickerstajf  Detected '  Swift's  Wks. 
1755  II.  1. 16*  A  Briton,  born,  a  protestant  astrologer,  a  man 
of  revolution  principles.  1738  Gentl.  Ma$.  VIII.  485/2.  I 
mean  those  Nominal  Whigs,  whose  Principles  destroy  the 
old  Revolution-Whiggism.  1736  TOLDERVY  Hist.  2  Orphans 
II.  145, 1.. put  a  revolution  crown  into  his  hand,  in  order  to 
his  returning  me  the  proper  change,  which  be  refused  to  dox 
1827  HALLAM  Const.  Hist.  xiv.  (1876)  III.  90  The  liberal 
principles.. were  necessarily  involved  in  the  continuance  of 
the  revohition-seUlement.  1898  PAYNE  Burke' s  Sel.  Wks. 
11.295  The  Tories  who  supported  the  Hanoverian  succes 
sion.. called  themselves  'Revolution  Tories'. 

9.  French  Hist.  The  overthrow  of  the  monarchy, 
and  establishment  of  republican  government,  in 
1789-95. 

1790  Ann.  Reg.  Pref., They  will,  .be  enabled  to  trace,  .the 
steps  which  have  led  to  the  late  astonishing  Revolution. 

78 


REVOLUTION. 

1801  Encycl.  Brit.  Suppl.  II.  404/1  In  all  the  turbulent  days  j 
of  the  revolution,  the  women  of  Paris  have  never  failed  to 
act  a  conspicuous  part.  1847  EMERSON  Ripr.  Men,  Napoleon, 
The  Revolution  entitled  . .  every  horse-boy  and  powder- 
monkey  iu  the  army,  to  look  on  Napoleon,  as  flesh  of  his 
flesh.  1857  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  xii.  (1903)  II.  196  The  people 
remained  in  slavery  until  the  Revolution  actually  occurred. 

10.  A  i/ter.  Hist.  The  overthrow  of  British  su 
premacy  by  the  War  of  Independence  in  1775-81. 

1789  D.  RAMSAY  Hist.  Aintr.  Rev.  II.  317  The  Geography 
of  the  United  States  before  the  Revolution.      1797  Kmyei 
Brit  (ed  3!  XVIII.  928/1  Since  the  revolution  the  literature 
of  the  State  [of  New  York]  has  engaged  the  attention  of  the 
legislature.     1833  Penny  Cycl.  I.  112/1  Samuel  Adams  was    , 
one  of  the  firmest  and  most  active  patriots  of  the  Revolu 
tion      1881  Encycl.J3i-it.KlV.  201/1  This  lad.  .presented    I 
himself  to  the  Congress  of  the  Revolution,  then  sitting  in    , 
Philadelphia. 

Hence  Bevolu'tlon  v.,  to  revolutionize,   rare. 

1805  SOUTHEV  in  Robberds  Mem.  W.  Taylor  (1843)  II. 
117  It  would  not  grieve  me  to  see  the  Austrian  dominions 
revolutioued.     1831  Examiner  803/1  England  was  revolu-    , 
tioned  and  all  things  turned  topsy-turvy. 

Revolutioiial  (rev<fli»-j3nal),  a.    [f.  prec.] 

1 1.  Astr.   Pertaining  to  the  revolution   of  the 

planets.    Obs. 

1658  GADBI-RY  Dactr.  Nativities   211   A  perpetual  Re-    [ 
volutional  Table.    1693  W.  FREKE.SW.  Ess.  iv.  29  One  tells     ' 
you  your  Fortune  by  a   Horary  Question ;  another  by  a 
Revolutional  Figure.    1696  PHILLIPS,  Lord  of  the  1  ear,  is 
that  Planet  that  has  most  Testimonies  of  Fortitude  in  a 
Revolutional  Figure. 

f  2.  Pertaining  to,  approving  or  supporting,  the 
Revolution  of  1688.  Obs. 

1695  Rein,  on  some  Late  Semi.  (ed.  2)  27  He  hath  made 
good.. every  Word  of  his  Revolutional  Declaration.  1733 
(title),  The  Loyal :  or  Revolutional  Tory.  1773  Gentl.  Mag, 
XLIII.  438  Dr.  Sherlock,  then  Master  of  the  Temple, 
preached  a  most  loyal  revolutional  sermon.  ijSsArin^Rcg., 
Chron.  278/1,  I  was  called  forth  as  your  representative,  in 
support  of  revolutional  principles. 

3.  Revolutionary. 

1890  FAIRBAIRN  Ctithol.  Rom.  %  Angl.  (1899)  285  Changes 
that  were  as  to  the  English  State  constitutional,  but  as  to 
the  English  Church  revolutional. 

Hence  Revolu'tionally  adv. 

1839  Fraser's  Mag.  XIX.  127  He  lived  ..  with  kings,  : 
monarchically  ;  with  the  people,  democratically ; .  .with  the  , 
revolution,  revolutionally. 

Revolu'tionariness,  a.  [f.  next  +  -NESS.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  revolutionary. 

a  1866  J.  GROTE  Exam.  Utilit.  Phil.  (1870)  227  The  same    I 
determined  reforminess,.. or,  as  it  was  considered  by  enemies, 
revolutionariness,  belongs  to  all.     1884^  Spectator  2  Aug.    j 
1001   Lord  Salisbury's   fiercely  superstitious   belief  in  the    ; 
aggressive  revolutionariness  of  Mr.  Gladstone. 

Revolutionary,  a.  and  sl>.    [f.  REVOLUTION 
s/>.  +  -ABY.      Cf.    F.   rivolutionnaire   (1794),   Sp.    | 
and  Pg.  revolucionario.'] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  connected  with ,  characterized 
by,  of  the  nature  of,  revolution. 

1774  Gouv.  MORRIS  in  Sparks  Life  <$•  Writ.  (1832)  I.  27,  I 
think  government  should  be  founded  on  stationary  and  not 
revolutionary  principles.  1796  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  Wks. 
IX.  95  Every  thing  we  hear  from  them  is  new,  and,  to  use  a 
phrase  of  their  own,  revolutionary.  1827  HALLAM  Const. 
Hist.  xv.  (1876)  III.  in  A  new  and  revolutionary  govern 
ment  is  seldom  fairly  dealt  with.  1838  STORY  Equity 
Pleadings^  x.  305  Which  stock  had  been  confiscated  by  the 
State  during  the  Revolutionary  war.  1874  GREEN  Short 
Hist.  vii.  §  3.  362  The  Calvinistic  refugees  were  pouring 
back  from  Geneva  with  dreams  of  revolutionary  change  in 
Church  and  State. 

b.  sb.  One  who  instigates  or  favours  revolution ;   | 
one  who  takes  part  in  a  revolution. 

1850  KINGSLEY  Alt.  Locke  Pref.  (1879)  p.  xcviii,  It  is  well 
. .  for  every  student  of  history  to  know  what  manner  of  men 
they  are  who  become  revolutionaries.  1899  Allbutfs  Syst. 
Med.  VIII.  293  That  this  degree  of  enthusiasm  has  been 
.  .reached  by  sane  revolutionaries,  history  demonstrates. 

2.  Revolving  ;  marked  by  rotation. 

1832  BREWSTER  Nat.  Magic  ii.  27  Cattle  grazing  in  a  field 
might  make  part  of  the  revolutionary  landscape.  1880  SIR 
E.  REED  Japan  II.  116  The  Russian  frigate. .was  spun 
round.. and  was  thrown  high  and  dry,  a  useless  wreck,  at 
the  end  of  the  revolutionary  period. 

Bevolutionee-ring,  vbl.  sb.  [See  -EER.]  ' 
The  carrying  out  of  revolutions. 

1803  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  I.  348  From  no  former  ex 
periment,  therefore,  can  the  philosophy  of  revolutioneering 
be  expected  to  derive  so  important  an  improvement. 

Revolu-tioner.    [f.  REVOLUTION  sb.  +-ER.] 
1.  a.  A  supporter  or  approver  of  the  Revolution 
of  1 688.     Now  only  Hist. 

1695  Whether  Preserving  Prot.  Relig.  etc.  22  Nor  can  his 
Majesty's  Authority,  .be  questioned  by  our  Revolutioners 
and  Abdicators  themselves.  1706  in  Maidment  Bk.  Scot. 
Pasquils  (1868)  372  The  staunch  Revolutioners  pretend  all 
their  care  is  securing  religion,  c  1728  EARL  OF  AILESBURY 
Mem.  (1890)  620  A  member  of  the  House  of  Commons,  sup 
ported  by  all  the  revolutioners,  brought  thither  the  sermon 
in  print.  1758  SMOLLETT  Hist.  Eng.  (1800)  1.175  The  people 
were  divided  into  three  parties,  namely,  the  Williamites,  the  | 


618 

2.  A  revolutionary. 

1803  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  I.  351/2  It  is  but  too  true, 
that  there  have  I'een  very  honest  revolutioners  of  the  most 
exaggerated  sentiments.  1831  Lincoln  Herald  22  July  3/6 
Take  a  Revolutioner  from  Belgium  or  France. 

Revolu'tionism.  [-ISM.]  Advocacyor  spread 
of  revolutionary  principles. 

1877  A.  M. SULLIVAN  New  Irel.  xiv.  164  He  had  seen  the 
evil  work  which  Revolutionism  had  wrought  elsewhere. 
1893  Current  Hist.  II.  374  The  daily  increasing  growth  of 
Revolutionism,  Socialism,  and  Anarchy,  is  producing  one 
result  in  Europe. 

Revolutionist.  [-IST.]  An  advocate  or 
favourei  of  revolution  ;  a  revolutionary. 

1710  PLACE  (title),  The  True  English  Revolutionist.  1727 
WARBURTON  Tracts  (1789)  104  The  Title  of  Savage,  restless, 
turbulent  Revolutionists.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  83,  I  state 
here  the  doctrine  of  the  Revolutionists.  1831  SIR  J.  SIN 
CLAIR  Corr.  II.  97  There  is  no  person  at  present,  in  whose 
favour  the  revolutionists  would  unite,  and  choose  as  a 
leader.  1856  FROUDK  Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  II.  vi.  21  The  Lol 
lards  had  become  political  revolutionists  as  wejj  as  religious 
reformers.  1879  MCCARTHY  Own  Times  xviii.  II.  25  He 
was  cast  in  the  very  mould  of  the  genuine  revolutionist. 

Revolutionize  (revfliS'fanaiz),  v.  [f.  RE 
VOLUTION  sb.  +  -IZE.] 

1.  trans.  To  bring  (a  country  or  state)  under  a 
revolutionary  form  of  government. 

1797  RUFUS  KING  in  Life  ft  Corr,  (1895)  II.  195  You  will 
perceive  by  newspapers  that  all  Italy  will  be  overturned. 
Venice  is  no  more;  and  Genoa  has  been  completely  revolu 
tionized.  1797  NELSON  25  Jan.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  III. 
238  Naples  must  be  revolutionized  unless  the  Emperor  acts 
with  vigour  and  speed.  1815  WELLINGTON  5  Jan.  in  Gur\v. 
Dtsp.  (1838)  XII.  237  He  [Murat]  knows  he  can  revolutionize 
Italy,  and  will  do  so  if  it  is  necessary.  1849  COBDFN 
Speeches'^,  It  was  not  an  unnatural  thing  that  men. .should 
have  been  seized  with  the  idea  of  revolutionising  the  coun 
try.  1868  G.  DUFF  Pol.  Sur^'.  39  The  object  of  these  in 
vaders  has  been  to  revolutionize  Bulgaria. 

2.  To  convert  into  revolutionary  forms  ;  to  infect 
with  revolutionary  principles  or  ideas. 

1797  EARL  MALMESBURY  Diaries  <$•  Corr.  III.  380  They 
have  not  revolutionized,  .diplomatic  forms  and  ceremonies. 
1801  SOUTHF.Y  Lett.  (1850)  II,  175  Sometimes  the  poet  is 
called  a  Jacobin  ;  at  others  it  is  said  that  his  opinions  are 
revolutionised.  1827  Ann.  Reg.,  Hist.  255/2  Officers  who 
had  revolutionized  their  regiments  and  joined  the  rebels. 
1870  ANDERSON  Missions  Atner.  Bd.  II.  xii.  95  A  reported 
threat,  .that,  .he  would  seize  the  prince  and  his  sister,  and 
revolutionize  the  government. 

3.  To  change  (a  thing)   completely   or   funda 
mentally  ;  to  reorganize  or  reconstruct  upon  alto 
gether  new  lines. 

1799  SOUTHEY  in  Life*!  Corr.  (1850)  II.  32  My  father  had 
..revolutionised  two  adjoining  cottages  into  a  dwelling- 
house.  z8i2  COLERIDGE  in  Lit.  Rein.  (1836)  I.  298  A  violent 
motive  may  revolutionize  a  man's  opinions  and  professions. 
i86x  M.  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  42  The  opening  of  the 
Indies,  .revolutionized  the  channels  and  the  direction  of 
commerce.  1881  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  11.  i.  163 
Mysteries  . .  were  now  preached  again  . .  and  had  revolu 
tionised  the  ritual  in  our  churches. 

absol.  1877  OWEN  Welleslcy's  Desp.  p.  xliv,  He  revolu 
tionizes  under  the  guise  of  conservative  readjustment. 

4.  intr.  To  engage  in  revolutions. 

1854  Seini-Centennial  Anniv.  I'ermont  98  Boys  like  men 
will  revolutionize,  And  put  to  straits  the  wisdom  of  the  wise. 

Hence  Revolutionized  ppl.  a. ;  Revolution 
izing  vbl.  sb.  and  pfl.  a.  Also  Bevolu'tiomze- 
meiit ;  Bevolu-tiouizer. 

1815  Q.  Rev.  XIV.  54  The  moral  or  political  virtues  of 
the  "revolutionized  part  of  that  country.  1851  GALLENGA 
Italy  331  Woe  to  him  who  teaches  a  revolutionized  nation 
that  there  are  two  issues  to  an  engagement !  1882  Standard1 
5  Oct.  3/2  To  prevent . .  the  "revolutionising  and  distracting 
of  that  country.  1861  G.  MOORE  Lost  Tribes  92  The  *re- 


and  Cameronian  alike. 

b.  One  who  took   part  in  the  American   Re 
volution. 

.1835  D.  CROCKETT  Tour  52  General  Morton  is  a  revolu- 
tioner.and  an  officer  in  the  society  of  old  soldiers  called  the 
'Cincinnati  bociety'. 


IV.  308  The  share  of  all  ill-timed  and  unfortunate  *revolu- 
tionizers.  1868  BOYD  Less.  Mid.  Age  289  Conservatism 
is  ever  the  wall  to  be  battered  :  aggressive  reformers  or  re. 
volutionisers  are  the  head  of  the  battering-ram.  1895 
Blackw.  Mag.  Feb.  181/1  Saint.Malo  bore  the  revolu- 
tioniser  of  prose  decades  before  any  other  town  in  France 
could  boast  a  coadjutor  to  him. 

Re-volutive,  a.  rare.  [ad.  F.  r/!volutifor 
L.  type  "revoliitiv-us :  see  REVOLUTE  a.  and  -IVE.] 

fl.  (See  quot.)    Obs.  rare—". 

1611  COTGR.,  Periodic,  reuolutiue,  comming  or  going  by 
course,  or  fits. 

t  2.  Contemplative,  meditative.   Obs.  rare  -1. 

1637  FELTHAM  Lett.  xyii.  in  Lusoria  (1661),  By  being  so 
conceived,  aweth  the  inquisitive  and  revolutive  Soul  of  man. 

3.  Bot.  =  REVOLUTE  a.  2. 

1866  Treas.  Bot.  968/1. 

Revolvable,  a.  [f.  REVOLVE  v.  +  -ABLE.] 
Capable  of  being  revolved. 

1889  Nature  3  Oct.  543/2  The  upper  cap  of  the  mill  is 
revolvable. 

Revolve  (rfy>'lv),  sb.    [f.  the  verb.] 

t 1.  Meditation,  determination.    Obs. 

1595  MARKHAM  SirR.  Grinuile  D  iij,  When  Midelton  saw 
Grmuills  hie  reuolue,  Past  hope,  past  thought, .  .Once  more 
to  moue  him  flie,  he  doth  resolue. 

2.  Revolution ;  rotation. 

1641  CRABTREE  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXX.  608  If  the  Screws 
keep  an  exact  Equality  of  Motion  forward  in  each  Revolve, 
it  is  a  most  admirable  Invention.  1696  WHISTON  The. 
Earth  ii.(i722)  no  In  365  Revolves  the  difference  is  scarce 
sensible,  a  1806  H.  K.  WHITE  Timt  279  Each  revolve  Of 


REVOLVE. 

the  recording  sun  conducts  us  on.  1821  B.  W.  PROCTER  Two 
Dreams  43  The  stars  Went  round  and  round,  their  circles 
lessening  At  each  revolve. 

fig.  1690  D'URKEYCW//«'j  Walk  \.  31  In  all  revolves  and 
turns  of  State  Decreed  by  (what  dee  call  him)  Fate. 

3.  Theat.  (See  quot.) 

1900  Westm.  Gnz.  18  May  4/2  In  the  course  of  the  change 
a  massive  piece  of  scenery,  -is  moved  bodily  from  one  side 
of  the  stage  to  the  other.  Nearly  at  the  top  of  this  '  re- 
volve  ',  as  it  is  technically  called,  is  the  window. 

Revolve  (riV'lv),  v.  Also  5-7  reuolue,  6-7 
revolue  (6  Sc.  reuolfe).  [ad.  L.  revolv-lre,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  volvtre  to  roll,  turn.  So  Sp.,  Pg.,  and 
obs.  F.  revolver,  It.  rivolvere.} 

I.  trans.  t 1-  To  turn  (the  eyes  or  sight)  back 
or  round.   Obs. 

1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  l.  vii.  (Ske_at)  I.  72  For  if  such 
men  wolden  their  eyen  of  their  conscience  revolven,  they 
shulden  seen  the  same  sentence  they  legen  on  other  springe 
out  of  their  sydes.  1523  SKELTON  Garl.  Laurel  664  Then 
furthermore  aboute  me  my_  syght  I  reuolde.  1655  LD. 
PRESTON  Boeth.  in.  147  Let  him  into  himself  revolve  his  Eye. 

1 2.  To  roll ;  to  move  by  rolling.  Obs.  rare. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Citron.  Troy  \.  3919  And  from  he  hil  be 
water  is  revolvid  Of  snowys  white,  bat  Phebus  hath  dis- 
soluyd.  1541  COPLAND  Gitydon's  Quest. Chyrurg.  Pivb,  Let 
them  be  applyed  vpon  the  sayde  places  in  reuoluynge  them 
tontynually  from  one  place  to  another  that  they  cleue  nat 
to  the  flesshe. 
t  b.  To  bring  round  in  course  of  time.  Obs.—1 

a  1591  H.  SMITH  Wks.  (1867)  II.  487  [I]  yet  desire  to  be 
dissolv'd  (When  my  due  date  shall  be  revolv'd)  As  more 
happy  far  for  me. 

t  3.  a.  To  restore ;  to  turn,  bring,  or  roll  back 
(into  a  place  or  state,  or  upcm  a  person).  Obs. 

In  the  first  quot.  perh.  an  error  for  renffveld. 

1430-^1  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  371  Ye  saide  Prison.. was 
throwen  doune ;  and  . .  revolved  and  made  agayn  in  a 
better  manner.  1622  MISSF.LDEN  Free  Trade  127  The  Cur 
rent  once  diuerted  will  hardly  bee  reuolued  into  its  genuine 
Source  and  Course  againe.  1653  MILTON  Hirelings  To 
Parl.,  The  care  and  tuition  of  whose  Peace  and  Safety,  .is 
now  again  by  a  new  dawning  of  God's  miraculous  Pro 
vidence  among  us,  revolv'd  upon  your  shoulders.  1665  SIR 
T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  53  And  the  four  Elements,  .shall 
maintain  a  dreadful  fight,  so  long  and  so^ fiercely  ..that  at 
last  all  will  be  revolved  into  a  dark  confusion. 

tb.  To  bring  round  again  to  some  position.  Obs. 

1653  MANTON  Exp.  James  v.  17  This  plainly  revolveth  you 
to  the  tenor  of  the  old  covenant,  and  maketh  works  the 
ground  of  your  acceptance  with  God.  1675  BAXTER  Cath. 
Theol.  i.  in.  32  As  for  predisposition,  the  question  will  be 
revolved  to  the  same  point. 

4.  To  turn  over  (something)  in  the  mind,  breast, 
thoughts,  etc. 

c  1460  G.  ASHBY  Dicta  Philos.  125  So  ye  may  Reuolue  in 
cogitacion  That  here  ther  is  no  longe  habitacion.  1474  CA  x- 
TON  Chesse  46  How  be  hit  ye  may  reuolue  hit  in  your  mynde. 
1513  DOUGLAS  rfZneis  v.  xiii.  34  Venus, ..  Amyd  hir  breist 
revoluying  monya  thocht,  Spak  to  Neptune,  a  1548  HALL 
Chron.,  Rich.  Ill,  23  b,  When  he  reuolued  in  his  wauerynge 
mynde  how  greate  a  fountayne  of  mischiefe  towarde  hym 
shoulde  sprynge.  1671  MILTON P.R.  i.  185  Musingand  much 
revolving  in  his  brest,  How  best  the  mighty  work  he  might 
begin.  1704  PRIOR  Let.  to  Boileait  128  The  great  Design 
revolving  in  his  Mind.  1748  Ansons  Voy.  n.  vii.  210  The 
projects  which  the  Commodore  revolved  in  his  thoughts. 
1820  SHELLEY  Hymn  Merc,  xi,  Revolving  in  his  mind  some 
subtle  feat  Of  thievish  craft.  1859  GEO.  ELIOT  A.  Bede  ii, 
The  problem  that  Mr.  Casson  had  been  revolving  in  his 
mind  for  the  last  five  minutes. 

b.  To  consider,  think  over,  ponder  or  meditate 
upon  (something). 

c  1423  Found.  St.  Bartholonmu's  (E.E.T.S.)  20  He,  re 
uoluynge  his  relikys  that  he  hadde  of  the  Crosse, . .  depid 
them  yn  water,  and  wysshe  the  tonge  of  the  pacient  ther 
with.  1509  HAWES  Conv.  Swearers  xlvi,  I  shall  encrease 
And  brynge  you  whiche  reuolue  inwardly  This  my  com- 
playnt  to  eternall  glory.  1530  LYNDESAY  Test.  Papyngo  507 
Off  Flodoun  feilde  the  rewyne  to  reuolfe.. I  nyll,  for  dreid 
that  dolour  jow  dissolfe.  1584  COGAN  Haven  Health  ii. 
(1636)  17  For  the  residue  of  the  day ..  [rather  J  to  revolve 
things  reade  before,  than  to  reade  or  muse  of  new._  1609 
HOLLAND  Amm.  Marcell.  xxn.  xvi.  216  If  any  man  wil  with 
a  quicke  understanding  revolve  the  manifold  introductions 
into  the  intelligence  of  Divinitie.  a  1674  CLARENDON  SUIT. 
Leviath.  (1676)  134,  And  I  cannot  enough  recommend  Mr. 
Hobbes,  that  he  will  revolve  his  own  judgment  and  deter 
mination  in  this  chapter.  1718  POPE  Iliad  vi.  364  Here,  as 
the  queen  revolved  with  careful  eyes  The  various  textures 
and  the  various  dyes.  1756  AMORY  Buncle  (1825)  III.  76 
While  I  revolved  the  case  of  these  unfortunate  young  ladies. 
1823  DE  QUINCEY  Lett.  Educ.  i.  (1860)  5  Even  as  I  find, 
who  have  revolved  the  principal  points  almost  daily  for 
many  years.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  II.  v.  61,  I  have  plenty 
of  time  to  revolve  my  most  uncomfortable  thoughts, 
to.  To  destine,  purpose.  Obs.  rare—1. 

1313  DOUGLAS  Mneis  i.  i.  33  The  fatale  sisteres  reuolue 
and  schew,  sche  kend,  Of  Troiane  blude  ane  peple  suld 
descend. 

5.  To  turn  over,  search  through,  study,  or  read 
(a  book,  or  the  works  of  an  author).     Now  rare. 

ci48oHENRYSON^/on  Fat. ,  Sheep  $  Dog 7iOfCiuile  Law 
volumis  full  mony  thay  reuolue.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Cold. 
Bk.  M.  Aurel.  liiijb,  As  I  reuolued  the  registers  in  the 
Capitol,  I  redde  a  ryght  meruailous  thynge.  1593  NASHE 
Christ's  T.  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  179  From  thy  byrth  to  thys 
moment  of  thine  vnbeliefe,  reuolue  the  diarie  of  thy  memory. 
1644  MILTON  Bitcer  on  Divorce  Wks.  1851  IV.  340  Of  the 
clear  judgment  of  your  Royal  Majesty  I  nothing  doubt, 
revolving  the  Scripture  so  often  as  ye  do.  1671  —  P.  R.  l. 
259  This  having  heard,  strait  I  again  revolv'd  The  Law  and 
Prophets.  1718  PRIOR  Solomon  i.  46  Around  my  Throne 
the  Letter'd  Rabbins  stand,  Historic  Leaves  revolve,  long 
Volumes  spread.  1805  RICHARDSON  Poems  t  Plays  I.  32, 


REVOLVED. 

I  trim  my  lamp,  revolve  the  page  And  scan  the  labours 
of  the  sage. 

t6.  To  bind  round,  tie  or  wrap  up.   Alsoyf.f.  06s. 

1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhoiter1  s  Bk.  Physicke  21/2  A  certayn 
kind  of  ligament,  as  is  that  wherwith  we  revolve  a  fracture 
of  a  Legge,  that  the  one  half  therof  cover  the  other.  1632 
LITHCOW  Tray.  vi.  250  These  three  reuolu'd  in  one,  Points 
forth  the  Pope.  Ibid.  vn.  334  The  commendation  of  which 
Cities  rest  reuolu'd  in  these  following  verses. 

f7.  To  upset  by  revolution.   Obs.  rare. 

1615  WADSWORTH  in  Bedell's  Lett.  (1624)  10  His  vnquiet- 
nesse  and  ambition,  reuoluing  the  Commonwealth,  and  so 
vniustlyexpelliiig.  .the  Bishop,  [Hence  1624  BEDELL/.*//. 
x.  126  Caluin  by  his  vnquietnes  and  ambition  reuolued  the 
State  of  Geneua.] 

8.  To  cause  (something)  to  travel  in  an  orbit 
around  a  central  point ;  to  rotate  (something) 
upon  an  axis. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vn.  381  Then  in  the  East  her  turn  she 
chines,  Revolvd  on  Heavn's  great  Axle.  1692  BENTLKY 
Boyle  Led.  220  There  could  not  possibly  arise  in  the  chaos 
any  vortices.. either  to  form  the  globes  of  the  planets,  or  to 
revolve  them  when  formed.  1715  tr.  Gregory's  Astron. 
(1726)  II.  473  The  body,  which  is  ur^'d  by  a  centripetal 
Force,,  .is  revolv'd  along  with  L.  imMan  No.  50.  3  When 
he  stretches  out  his  arm  it  serves  as  a  bar  of  defence,  which, 
when  he  revolves  it,  acts  as  a  sling.  1858  GRKENER  Gunnery 
15  Some  mechanical  adjunct  for  revolving  the  chamber. 
1880  Encycl.  Brit.  XI.  312/2  It  [the  gun]  is  placed  opposite 
the  loading  gear  by  revolving  the  turn-table. 

II.  intr.  t 9.  To  return  to  a  person  or  place.  Obs. 

1586  J.  HOOKKR  Hist.  Irel.  in  Holinshed  II.  142/1  What 
should  be  the  cause  that  they  should  thus  rage,  and  so 
wickedlie  and  suddenlie  reuolue,  ns  dogs  to  their  vomits,  so 
they  to  their  treasons,  a  1700  KKN  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks. 
1721  III.  in  As  soon  might  the  Autumnal  Sun  To  Libra, 
when  its  Course  was  run,  Revolve,  till  it  to  Aries  reel'd. 
1726  AYLIFFE  Parergon  81  The  Jurisdiction  does  if  so  Jure 
revolve  to  the  Judge  a  Quo.  1755  H.  WALPOLE  Let.  to 
Mann  21  Dec.,  You  will  smile  at  seeing  Doddington  again 
revolved  to  the  court. 

f  1O.  To  deliberate  or  consider  ;  to  meditate  or 
think  upon  something.  Obs. 

1601  SHAKS.  Twel.  N.  n.  v.  155  If  this  fall  into  thy  hand, 
reuolue.  1622  J.  REYNOLDS  God's  Revenge  \\.  ix.  157  With 
a  hellish  ratiocination  ruminating  and  reuoluing  on  the 
manner  thereof,  hee., at  last  resolves  to  poyson  her.  1699 
POMFRET  Fortunate  Compl.  3  As  Strephon.  .Revolving  lay 
upon  his  wretched  state.  1785  PALEY  Mor.  P kilos.  (1818) 
II.  247  To  a  mind  revolving  upon  the  subject  of  human 
jurisprudence. 

11.  To  perform  a  circular  motion ;  to  move  in  a 
regular  orbit  aboitt  or  round  a  fixed  point. 

1713  BERKELEY  Guardian  No.  126  F  2  Those  bodies  that 
revolve  round  the  sun.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  I.  449/2  It  will 
then  be.. forced  to  revolve  about  S  in  the  circle  BYTU. 
1801  CHARLOTTK  SMITH  Lett.  Soltt.  Wand.  II.  84  Whose 
beams  enlighten  and  cherish  the  unknown  worlds  which  re 
volve  around  them.  1854  BREWSTER  More  Worlds  iv.  (1874) 
93  Our  Earth  and  Mars,  Venus  and  Mercury..,  revolve 
nearest  to  the  Sun.  1868  LOCKYER  Elem.  Astron.  §  142 
The  only  satellite  which  takes  a  longer  time  to  revolve  round 
its  primary  than  our  Moon. 

b.  To  rotate  or  move  upon  an  axis  or  centre. 
1717-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.s.v.  Earth,  For  a  body,  revolving 

on  its  axis,  the  parts. .are  continually  endeavouring  to  re- 
cede  from  the  centre.  1823  SCOTT  P  even  I  \\l\\.  The  wheel 
appears  to  be  again  revolving.  1849  JAMES  Woodman  ix, 
It  was  made  to  revolve  upon  hinges.  1885  LEUDESDORF 
Cremona's  Proj.  Geom.  205  If  a  straight  line /revolve  round 
a  fixed  point  E. 

c.  To  wind  spirally.   Obs  .rare-*. 

1772-84  Cook's  ?,rd  Voy.  iv.  vii,  From  above  and  behind 
each  eye  arises  an  elegant  yellowish-white  crest,  revolving 
backward  <is  a  ram's  horn. 

12.  To  come  round  again,  to  move  round,  in 
various  senses. 

1769  BURKE  Late  St.  Nat.  Wks.  II.  78  Publick  accounts 
formerly  printed  and  re- printed  revolve  once  more,  and  find 
their  old  station  in  this  sober  meridian.  1787  M  ME.  D'ARBLAY 
Diary  5  Jan.,  My  plan  having  long  been  revolving  m  my 
head,  I  had  ventured,  .to  hint  at  it  [etc.].  1807  CRABBE  Par. 
Reg.  I.  i  The  year  revolves,  and  I  again  explore  The  simple 
annals  of  my  parish  poor.  1822-56  DE  QUINCEY  Confess. 
(1862)  131  A  world-wearied  man  could  not  do  better  than 
revolve  amongst  these  modest  inns. 

Hence  Revolved///,  a. 

1692  RAY  Disc.  iii.  (1732)  14  The  Sea  with  revolved  Waves. 
1760  P.  MILLER  Introd.  Bot.  35  When  it  is  turned  back  or 
rolled  . .,  [it  is]  a  revolved  leaf.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Oferat. 
Mechanic  573  Roofs  on  circular  bases.. are  called  roofs  of 
revolution  or  revolved -roofs. 

Revolvency  (r/v^-lvensi).  [f.  prec.  +  -ENCY.] 
Tendency  to  revolve  ;  capacity  for  revolution. 

1784  Cowi'ER  Task  i.  372  Its  own  revolvency  upholds  the 
world.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1033  Revolvency  is  the  leading 
law  in  the  system  of  the  universe. 

Revolver  (rftytai),  [f.  REVOLVE  v.  +-EB.] 
1.  A  pistol  provided  with  mechanism  by  which 
a  set  of  loaded  barrels,  or  (more  usually)  of  car 
tridge-chambers,  is  revolved  and  presented  in  suc 
cession  before  the  hammer,  so  as  to  admit  of  the 
rapid  discharge  of  several  shots  without  reloading. 
1835  COLT  in  Abridgm.  Patent  Specif,  Fire-arms  (1859) 
84.  1844  DICKENS  Mart.  Chuz.  xxxiii,  Ripper,  Tickler, 
and  the  revolvers,  all  ready  for  action  on  the  shortest  notice. 
1848  A.  SEDGWICK  in  Life  %  Lett.  (1890)  II.  143  Bring 
your  patent  revolvers  with  you  to  take  care  of  Lady  H. 
1861  T.  L.  PEACOCK  GryllG.  160  See  the  complications  and 
refinements  in  modes  of  destruction — in  revolvers  and  rifles. 
1887  BESANT  &  RICE  Gold.  Butterfly  Prol.  i  If  a  search 
had  been  made,  a  revolver  would  have  been  found. 

b.  attrib.  and  Comb.t  as  revolver  cartridge ^  shot, 
etc. ;  revolver  camera  (see  quot.)- 


619 

I  1879  Cassette  Techn.  Edttc.  I.  272/2  The  old  skin  or  paper 
I  revolver  cartridge,  which  was  in  vogue  until  a  few  years  ago. 

1885  Sat.  Rev.  17  Jan.  74/1  Revolver-carrying  is  fast  be- 
,  coming  ..  a  practice  here.  1887  Pall  Mall  G.  23  Feb., 

Several  revolver  shots  were  fired  at  them.  1890  WOOUBURY 
j  Encycl.  Photogr.,  Revolver  Camera,  a  small  instantaneous 
.  camera  made  in  the  form  of  a  revolver. 

2.  A  revolving  furnace.     Also  attrib. 

1879  LOCK  Spans  Encycl.  i.  292  The  '  revolvers '  bid  fair 
.  .to  supersede  the  old  hand  furnaces.  1880  LOMAS  Alkali 
Trade  4  A  turn-out  of  at  least  130  tons  of  salt-cake  per 
week,  with  eight  or  nine  hand-ball  furnaces,  or  one  revolver. 
1880  Rep.  Alkali  ./I  e/j  (1881)63  On  one  occasion  the  escape 
of  HCL  from  the  Revolver  chimney  was  high. 

3.  In  miscellaneous  uses  :  (see  quota.). 

1888  Lockwood's  Diet.  Mcch,  Terms  286  Revolvers, 
rotary  pistons.  1899  tr.  JakscKs  Clinical  Diagnosis 
(ed.  4)  x.  436  The  tube  of  the  microscope  is  provided  with  a 
'revolver'  or  'nose-piece',  to  which  lenses  of  different 
magnifying  powers  are  fixed. 

Hence  Revolverer,  one  who  uses  a  revolver  ; 
Revo'lvering  vbl.  sb. 

1885  Sat.  Rev.  17  Jan.  74/1  The  revolverer  never  reflects; 
he  is  moved  by  his  own  fears.  1889  Ibid.  23  Mar.  335/1 
'  Revolvering '..is  nearly  as  great  a  curse  of  the  present 
moment  as  democracy  or  anti-religious  maundering. 

Revolving  (rn-^-lvin),  vbl.  sb.  [-IXG  l.]  The 
action  of  the  verb,  in  various  senses. 

1387-8  T,  USK  Test.  Love  n.  ix.  (Skeat)  I.  138  These 
transitory  tymes  that  maketh  revolving  of  your  yeres  thus 
stondmele.  1514  BARCLAY  Cyt.  .y  Uplondyshm.  (Percy 
Soc.)  28  Processe  of  yeares,  revolvynge  of  season,  Bryngtth 
all  these  soone  in  oblyvyon.  1555  EL»EN  Decades  (A^b.)  106 
They  were  greatly  i-yuen  to  ..  continuall  reuoluinge  of 
dyuers  autours.  c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1650)  II.  37  In  my 
small  revolving  of  Authors  I  find  as  high  examples  ofvertue 
in  Women  as  in  Men.  1670  CLARENDON  Ess.  Tiacts  (1727) 
145  Without . .many  unnecessary  revolving?  which  men  of 
sharp  and  pregnant  parts  stand  in  no  need  of.  1867  LONGF. 
Dante,  Par.  xiv.  24  The  holy  circles  a  new  joy  displayed  In 
their  revolving. 

Revolving  (r/v^lvin),^/.  a.  [-ING  2.]  Turn 
ing  round  ;  making  revolutions  ;  rotating:  a. poet, 
Of  time  or  seasons,  or  with  reference  to  these. 

1697  DRYDKN  •/£?«#&  1. 386  An  age  is  rip'ning  in  revolving 
fate,  When  Troy  shall  overturn  the  Grecian  state.  1704 
WATTS  in  Sc.  Parqfk,tHytnns"\v.  2  The  revolving  skies  had 
brought  the  third,  th1  appointed  day.  1738  WESLEY  We  lift 
our  Hearts  to  Thee  v,  And  live  this  short  revolving  Day  As 
if  it  were  our  last.  1781  Cow  PER  Heroism  25  Revolving 
seasons,  fruitless  as  they  pass.  1825  WATKRTON  Wand.  S. 
Atner.1^2  For  three  revolving  autumns.  1887  BOWEN  Virg. 
sEncid  i.  269  Thrice  ten  glorious  years  of  revolving  months. 

b.  Of  moving  bodies,  etc. 

1715  tr.  Gregorys  Astron.  (1726)  II.  475  The  point  D 
(the  Place  of  the  Body  describing  the  revolving  Orbit). 
1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Center,  That  point  to  which 
a  revolving  planet,  or  comet,  is  impelled.  l0Xl-l6PLAYFAiR 
.Vat.  Phil.  (1819)  II.  235  The  velocity  of  the  falling  body  at 
L,  as  well  as  of  the  revolving  body  at  P.  1822  SHELLEY  tr. 
Calderons  Mag.  Prodig,  ui.  68  Thou  Who  gazest..On  the 
sun's  revolving  splendour!  1867  J.  HOGG  Microsc.  H.  i.  275 
This  little  cell  so  well  known  to  the  older  observers  as  the 
globe-animalcule  or  revolving-cell. 

c.  Of  mechanical  apparatus  or  parts  of  mach 
inery.     (Cf.  Knight  Diet.  Mcch.) 

1814  SCOTT  Diary  29  July  in  Lockhnrt^  It  [a  beacon-grate] 
is  to  be  abolished  for  an  oil  revolving-light,  1844  DICKENS 
Mart,  Chitz.  xxxiii,  He  usually  carried  a  brace  of  revolving 
pistols. . ,  with  seven  barrels  a- piece.  1892  Photogr.  Ann*  II. 
60  A  revolving  wheel  cutler  for  cushion  or  round  shapes. 

Hence  Revo'lvingly  adv. 

1611  COTGR.,  Periodiqnement,.  .reuoluingly,  by  course  or 
fits,  or  with  a  continuall,  and  interchanged  course. 

tRevO'me,  ^.  Obs.  rare—1,  [ad.  L.  revom- 
£re :  see  RE-  2  d.]  trans.  To  swallow  up  again. 

1596-7  in  Hist.  Croydon  App.  (1783)  153  This  tienche 
revomed  those  small  stones  that  lay  in  the  court  yarde. 

Revo'mit,  v.  rare.  [RE-  5  a.  Cf.  It.  re- 
votnitare.]  trans.  To  vomit  up  again. 

'545  JOVE  Exp.  Dan.  vi.  87  Pillis,  medecyns  or  pocions, 
which  if  y*  syke  bodye  reuomite  there  is  no  helth  to  be 
loked  fore.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xiv.  xxii.  I.  426  Vomiting 
and  revomiting  twice  or  thrice  together  that  which  they 
have  drunke. 

Revon,  obs.  form  of  RAVEN  st>.1 

KevO'te  (n-),  sb.  [RE-  5  a:  cf.  next.]  A 
second  or  repeated  vote  ;  a  renewed  grant. 

1865  GLADSTONE  in  Morn.  Star  9  June,  These  are  revotes 
of  money  granted  on  former  occasions.  1891  Daily  News 
7  Apr.  3/1  The  sum  spent  on  the  house  was  really  a  re-vote 
from  last  year. 

RevO'te  (n-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  grant, 
settlej  or  decree  again  by  a  new  vote. 

1865  GLADSTONE  in  Morn.  Star  9  June,  The  Treasury 
should  express  its  willingness,  on  a  fair  case  being  made 
out,  to  ask  Parliament  to  reyote  the  money.  1880  BURTON 
Reign  Q.  Anne  II.  xii.  261  The  signs  of  the  times  rendered 
it  desirable  to  have  that  point  settled  by  redebating  and  re» 
voting  the  settlement  of  the  throne.  t^yjPof.Sci.  Monthly 
IV.  724  Certain  expenditures.. are  not  revoted  every  year. 

Revow  («"-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  vow 
(something)  again. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1768)  I.  248,  I  kneel  not  re 
penting  of  what  I  have  vowed  in  such  a  case  as  that  I  have 
supposed.  I  revow  it,  at  your  feet.  1784  Unfortunate 
Sensibility  I.  143  For  the  sake  of.. hearing  him  vow  and 
revow  ten  thousand  soft  enchanting  things. 

Revu'lsant.  Med.  [ad,  F.  revuhant  pres. 
pple.  of  rtvulser  (see  next),  or  L.  type  *revttlsant~ 
em."}  A  revulsive. 

1875  H.  C.  WOOD  Therap.  (1870)  560  The  general  law  for    | 
deep-seated  parts  is  that  the  revulsant  should  be  put  directly    j 


REVULSIVE. 

over  the  part.  1899  AlllmtCs  Syst.  Med.  VII.  42  Cups  or 
leeches  to  the  spine  may  be  useful  to  some  extent  as  rtvulsants. 

t  Revu'lse,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  L.  revu/s-,  ppl. 
stem  of  reveltire  :  see  REVEL  v.-  So  F.  rtvitlser^ 
trans.  To  drag,  draw,  or  pull  back  ;  to  tear  away. 

1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol.  Chym.  78  This  virulent  acri 
mony,  .becomes  by  a  retrograde  motion  revulsed  into  the 
veins.  1673  HARVEY  Anat.  Exerc.  ir.  123  To  take  away 
the  blood,  .that  it  might  be  revulsed  from  the  lungs,  c  1690 
BEVEKLEY  Kingd.  Christ  9  Any  of  the  Ten,  though  if  not 
Revuls'd  from  the  Beast,  they  are  in  Prophetic  Language, 
Horns  of  the  Papacy. 

Revirlsent,  variant  of  REVULSANT. 

1882  in  Quain  Diet.  Med. 

Revulsion  (rJVtrljan).  Also  6-7  reuulsiou, 
6  revulsione,  7  -tion.  [a.  F.  revulsion  (i6th  c., 
—  Sp.  revulsion^  It.  revulsione})  or  ad.  \^.revulsiot 
noun  of  action  f.  revelle're;  see  REVEL  v2] 

1.  Med.  The  action   or  practice  of  diminishing 
a  morbid  condition  in  one  part  of  the  body  by 
operating   or  acting   upon    another.     (Cf.  DEUI- 
VATIOX  i  c.) 

1541  COPLAND  Calyen's  Terap.  Ggiij,  Yf  the  fiuxyon  be 
impetuous  &  great  we  shal  make  reuuUion  in  the  contrary 
partyes.  _  1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gmllemeans  Fr.  Chirurg.  40  b/r 
As  oftentimes  as  we  desire  to  make  any  derivatione,  revul 
sione,  interceptione  or  evacuatione  of  anye  matter.  1643  J. 
STI.KR  tr.  Exj>.  Chyrurg.  v.  19  Let  there  be  used,  .blood 
letting,  cupping,  and  other  revultions.  1684  tr.  lionet's 
Merc.  Commit,  iv.  123  When  a  Loosness  is  cured  by  the  use 
of  a  Bath,  it  is  cured  by  revulsion,  c  1720  GIBSON  Farriers 
Guide  n.  iii.  (1738)  9  This  Method  of  KevuUion  has  been 
safely  practised  among  all  Physicians.  1753  N.  TORRIANO 
Gangr.Sorg  Throat  121  Her  Throat  had  well  ni^h  choaked 
her  (notwithstanding  the  RevuUion  of  the  Humour  caused 
by  the  Blisters).  1833  Cycl.  Pract.  Med.  I.  524/1  Deriva 
tion  or  revulsion  i.s  often  found  to  occur  independently  of 
any  artificial  excitation.  1875  H.  C.  WOOD  Therap.  (1879) 
558  1  he  process  being  called  revulsion,  or  counter-irritation. 

2.  The  action  of  drawing,  or  the  fact  of  being 
drawn,  back  or  away.     In  later  use  only//^. 

i6c>9J.  DAVIKS  Holy  Roode  cvji,  That  Head..vpun  whose 
Crowne  Depends  the  highest  Heau'ns  resplendant  Roofe, 
By  whose  reiuilsion  It  would  soone  fall  downe.  1661  BOYLK 
Exanien  (1682)  92  The  repeated  impure  and  revulsion  of 
the  Sucker.  1687  KYCAUT  Hist.  Turks  II.  gi  There  neces- 
sarily  followed  a  Revulsion  of  the  Forces  from  Dalntatia. 
1768  STERNK  Settf.  Jonrn.<  Remise  Door,  The  blood  and 
spirits,  which  had  suffered  a  revulsion  from  her,  ciouded 
back  to  her.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.N.  iv.  vii.  (1904)  II.  216 
'I  hrown  out  of  employment  by  the  revulsion  of  capital  from 
other  trades.  1850  GLADSTONE  Glean.  (1879)  II.  106  For 
common  speculative  liberalism  .  .he  had  a  contempt  as  ener 
getic  even  as  his  revulsion  fiom  theology. 

t  3.  Recovery,  restoration.  Obs.  rare—1. 

c  1760  in  Etoniana  (1865)  74  One  of  his.  .pupils  speaks  of 
the  'revulsion  '  of  the  fame  of  Eton  '  owing  to  his  able.. 
administration  '. 

4.  A  sudden  violent  change  of  feeling  ;  a  strong 
reaction  in  sentiment  or  taste. 

1816  SCOTT  Old  Mart,  xxxiv,  The  transition  from  the 
verge  of  the  grave  to  a  prospect  of  life  had  occasioned  a 
diz/y  revulsion  in  his  whole  system.  1853  KINGSLEY  Jlfisc. 
(1860)  I.  289  There  comes  a  natural  revulsion  from  the  bald 
ness  and  puerility  into  which  Wordsworth  too  often  fell. 
1867  FREEMAN  Hist.  £ss,  Ser.  i.  (1871)  iii.  55  The  cause  of 
this  strange,  .direction  of  popular  feeling  is  to  be  found  in  a 
sort  of  generous  revulsion  of  sentiment. 

6.  A  sudden  reaction  or  reverse  tendency  in 
trade,  fortune,  etc. 

1812  SOUTHEV  £ss.  (1832)  I.  147  To  grow  up.  .while  the 
trade  flourishes,  and  to  be  thrown  out  of  employ,  .when  it 
meets  with  any  sudden  revulsion.  1830  D*!SRAELI  Chas.  /, 
III.  xiv.  321  In  that  great  revulsion  of  fortune,  the  Arch 
bishop  was  consigned  to  the  hands  of  his  old  Sectarian. 
1848  MILL  Pol.  Econ.  II.  195  A  state  of  business  which, 
when  pushed  to  an  extieme  length,  brings  on  the  revulsion 
called  a  commercial  crisis. 

Hence  Revirlsionary  a. 

1825  COLERIDGE  Aids  Rejl.  (1848)  I.  298  That  the  tenet  is 
not  to  be  placed  among  the  revulsionary  results  of  the 
Scripture-slighting  will-  worship  of  the  Romish  Church. 
1900  F.  T.  BULLEN  Idylls  of  the  Sea  248  Recovering  from 
that  revulsionary  paroxysm,  all  hands  rushed  upon  the 
retreating  mass. 

Revulsive  (rtoisiv),  a.  and  sl>.  Afed.  [ad.  L. 
type  *revulsiv-us  ;  see  REVULSE  v.  and  -IVE.  So 
F.  rtvulsif,  Sp.,  Pg.,  and  It.  revulsive.] 

A.  adj.  Capable  of  producing  revulsion  ;  tend 
ing  to  revulsion. 

1616  T.  ADAMS  Sottts  Sickness  i,  Either  by  cutting  a  vein, 
purging,  revulsive  or  local  remedies.  1671  SALMON  Sy». 
Med.  in.  xxxviii.  522  Blood-letting..  is  also  an  operation  re 
vulsive  and  derivative.  1710  FLOYER  Physic.  Puhe-Watcli 
462  This  I  call  a  revulsive  Friction,  to  draw  the  Blood  and 
Spirits  towards  the  Limbs.  1753  N.  TORRIANO  Gangr.  Sore 
Throaty  Blisters,  .might  have  also  been  of  R  real  Service  in 
this  Case,..  on  account  of  their  revulsive  Effect.  18*1-34 
Goods  Study  Mtd.(tA.  4)  III.  398  When  cold,  applied  in  this 
manner,  takes  off  either  clonjc  or  entaslic  spasm,  it  is  by  a 
revulsive  power.  1883-4  Med.  Ann.  17/1  Its  action  is  said 
to  be  sedative  and  revulsive. 

B.  sb.  An  application  employed  to  produce 
revulsion. 


_ 

1661  J.  FELL  Life  Hammond  H.'s  Wks.  i68d  IV.  27  In  his 
sicknesses  .  .  he  never  intermitted  study,  but  rather  re-inforc'd 
it..  as  the  most  frequent  revulsive  and  diversion  of  pain. 
1667  Decay  Ckr.  Piety  ix.  P  17  Satan  has  in  this  instance 
found  it  a  lucky  Stratagem,  it  having  proved  the  most 
powerful  revulsive  of  his  danger.  1831  DAVIES  Mat.  Med. 
17  This  is  the  effect  we  wish  to  produce  when  we  adminis 
ter  remedies  called  revulsives.  1890  Times  n  Jan.  5/1 
Towards  5  o'clock  revulsives  were  applied  to  the  head. 

78-2 


REVULSIVELY. 

Hence  Bevu-lsively  adv. 

1856  AIRD  Pott.  Wks.  145  His  spirit  with  alternate  change 
From  pride  to  sorrow  was  compelled  to  range  Revulsively. 

Revy(e,  obs.  ff.  REVIE.  Revyn,  obs.  f.  RAVEN 
rf.l,  and  riven,  pa.  pple.  of  RIVE  v.  Revyr,  obs. 
f.  RIVER.  Revyre  :  see  REVIRE  v.  Revyssh, 
obs.  f.  RAVISH.  Revyue,  obs.  f.  REVIVE  v. 

Rew,  i*.1  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms  :  I  rfew,  rew, 
r<5aw,  3  reawe,  4-7  rewe,  5-7,  9  rew,  9  rue. 
[OE.  rsew,  etc.  (see  2  b),  var.  of  raw  Row  si'.] 

1  1.  In  adverbial  phrases  :  a.  By  rew,  in  order, 
successively.  Also  in  rew.  Obs. 


620 


Rewa'ken,  v.  .  [»•-  5  a.]  .To  waken  again 


.  .  . 

25  A»cr.  R.  336  Go  so  adunewardes  bi  reawe  fc  bi 
e,  uor  tu  lls 

6984  pe  bissope 


.      . 

reawe,  uor  tu  kume  to  be  laste.     13..  R-  GLOUC.  (Rolls) 
6984  pe  bissopes  ech  on  Bi  rewe  asoileden  be  king  of  his 


the  barons,  .assayed  alle  by  rewe,  but  ther  myghl  non  spede. 
IU2  UUALL  Erasiil.  Apoph.  228  Before  that  thou  shalt 
haue  rekened  vp  by  rewe  one  after  other,  .the  xxlin.  lettres. 
1591  SPENSER  Tears  of  Muses  233  So  rested  shee  ;  and  then 
the  next  in  rew  Began  her  grievous  plaint. 

t  b.  On  or  in  a  rew,  in  a  row  or  line.  Obs. 

Cf.  are-M  AROW  adv.  and  OE.  on  gerzwe. 

c  1290  St.  Brendan  278  in  i".  Eng.  Leg.  I.  227  He  ladde 
him  and  is  monckus  in-to  a  noble  halle,  And  setten  heom 
a-doun  alle  on  a  rewe.  c  1384  CHAUCER  Ho.  Fame  1692  Ther 
come  the  ferthe  companye. .,  And  gunne  stonde  in  a  rewe. 
c  1386  —  Knt.  's  T.  2008  To  hakke  and  hewe  The  okes  olde, 
and  leye  hem  on  a  rewe.  1303  HAWES  Examp.  Virt.  xill. 
254  All  the  ladyes-.Stode  on  a  rewe  besyde  the  closette. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  vi.  17  She  found  the  Goddesse  with 
her  crew.. Sitting  beside  a  fountaine  in  a  rew.  1610  HOL 
LAND  Camderis  Brit.  n.  99  Rugged  rocks  set  orderly,  as  it 
were  in  a  rew.  i6ijCHAPMAN  Odyss.  xxl.  i?3On  a  rew  [he] 
Set  them,  of  one  height,  by  a  line  he  drew. 

f  2.  A  row  or  line  of  persons  or  things ;  a  rank 
or  series.  Obs. 

c  uoo  St.  Wuhlan  224  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  77  Al  along  be 
rewe  poru}  be  queor  he  gan  i-wiende.  1390  GOWER  Conf. 
111.  3o3Than  sen  thei  stonde  on  every  side,.  .Of  Penonceals 
a  riche  rewe.  c  1430  Two  Cooker y-bks.  53  Plante ..  a  rew  of 
on,  S  rew  of  a-nober.  c  1500  World  f,  Child  532,  I  take 
recorde  of  this  rewe  My  thedome  is  nere  past.  1578  LYTE 
Dodoens  60  The  Homes.. growing  thicke  togither  in  rewes 
by  one  side  of  the  stem.  1601  [Bp.  W.  BARLOW]  Defence  218 
Registred  in  his  rew  of  erroneous  Doctors,  a  1623  AISSWORTH 
Annot.  Ps.  Ixviii.  14  Betweene  the  two  bankes  or  rewes,  to 
wit,  of  stones  made  to  hang  pots  and  kettles  on.  1664 
Sp -el 'man's  Gloss,  s.v.  Reia,  A  rew  of  muck  or  dung. 

b.  dial.  A  hedgerow. 

OE.  examples  (he^e-,  •aiifigrehu)  occur  in  Kemble  Cod. 
Difl.  II.  54,  III.  48,  V.  275,  etc. 

1853  COOPER  Sussex  Gloss,  (ed.  2),  Rue,  a  row;  a  hedge- 
row.  1889  NEVILL  Old  Cottages  115  (E.D.D.),  The  paving 
of  this  road  is  still  very  perfect  in  some  of  the  wooded 
'  rews '  at  Coxland. 

c.  dial.  (See  quot.) 

1886  ELWORTHY  W.  Sam.  Gloss.,  Rue,  the  row  or  tidge  in 
which  grass  falls  when  cut  with  a  scythe. 
f  3.  A  streak,  stripe.  Obs.  rare, 
c  1290  Beket  2177  in  5.  Eng.  Lee.  I.  169  A  smal  rewe  ber 
was  of  blode,  bat  ouer  his  nose  drouj.    c  1400  Lanfranc's 
Cirurg.  304  [Water-leeches]  bat  ban  reed  wombis  &  litil  reed 
rewis  in  be  rigge  medlid  wib  grene.    1611  COTGR.,  Se  rayer, 
to  be  full  of  rayes,  rewes,  or  streakes.    1684  [see  REWEY  a.]. 
f  4.  A  line  in  a  book.  Obs.  rare. 
1399  LANCL.  Rich.  Redeles  Prol,  54  Beholde  be  book  onys, 
And  redeth  on  him  redely  rewis  an  hundrid. 
t  Rew,  i*.2    Sc.    Obs.     Also  6  reu.     [a.  F. 
rue.}     A  street ;  also,  a  village. 

137S  BARBOUR  Bruce  xv.  ?r  Than  wes  the  slauchter  so 
felloune,  That  all  the  rewys  ran  of  blude.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg. 
Saints  ii.  (Paitlus)  575  Of  bis  towne  pase  til  a  rew,  Quhare 
bat  luda  dwellis  now.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  v.  ii.  359 
Born  of  be  lande  of  Galile,  In  til  be  rew  of  Bethsayda. 
c  1475  RaufCoilyar  351  Quhen  thay  Princis  appeirit  into 
Pans,  Ilk  Rew  Ryalhe  with  riches  thame  arrayis.  1533 
BELLENDEN  Livy  i.  xviii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  106  The  place  quhare 
be  deid  was  done  Is  callit  ;it  be  vnhappy  and  cursit  rew. 
1549  Cotnpl.  Scot.  ix.  76  Aid  ande  3ong  ar  slane  on  the  reuis 
but  mercy.  1590  in  J.  B.  Pratt  Buchan  (1858)  101  The 
handbell  passing  throu  the  haill  rewis. 
tRew,  si.3  Obs.  rare-1,  [a.  ON.  r6\  see 
ROOVE  sb^\  A  form  of  burr  for  a  rivet. 

21440  York  Myst.  viii.  109  It  sail  be  cleyngked.  .With 
nayles  bat  are  both  noble  and  newe. . .  Take  nere  a  revette, 
and  bete  a  rewe. 

t  Rew,  a.,  '>  obs.  variant  of  RAW  a.  6. 
c  1440  Alph.  Tales  211  Cristen  men.  .fand  be  child  in  be 
ovyn,  syttand  opon  be  hate  colis,  right  as  [he]  had  syttyn 
opon  fayr  flowris ;  and  hym  aylid  no  rew  sore. 

tRew,  v.  Obs.  [Related  to  REW  sbl  :  cf.  OE. 
gerxwed  striped,  set  in  rows.]  trans.  To  mark 
with  lines  or  stripes.  Hence  t  Hewing  vbl.  sb. 

1558  in  Feuillerat  Revels  Q.  Eliz.  (1908)  21,  vi  Tuikye 
gounes  of  Crymesen  rewed  with  golde  threed.     Ibid.  82,  vi 
peces  of  laune  rewed  with  counterfete  gowlde.  1611  COTGR., 
Poiltr,. .to  rew;  to  dy  or  colour  vneuenly.     Ibid.,  Raye. 
w;n/,..arewing.  Rayer,..io  rew,  streake,  or  skore  all  ouer. 
Rew,  obs.  form  of  RUE  s  b.  and  v. 
Rew,  to  sift :  see  REE  v. 

Rewa'ke  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  and  intr. 
To  wake  again.  Hence  Re wa-king ppl.  a. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  53,  I  still 
assayed  to  rewake  thee,  &  bring  thee  back  againe  to  thy 
first  image.  01849  MANOAM  Poems  (1903)  61  Then  our 
silken-iobed minstrels.. Shall  rewake  the  young  slumbering 


prime  Kewaken  witn  me  uawnniy  auui.     *uv 

Ladle  i.  v.  §  9.  15  Deem  not  it  was  with  the  thought  (_ 

your  heart  to  regain,  or  the  past  to  rewaken. 

Rewall,  obs.  form  of  RULE. 

Rewa'llow,  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  wallow  again. 

(11700  KEN  Hymnotheo  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  .119  As 
clean-wash'd  Swine  return  into  their  Sty,  And  in  their 
stinking  Mire  re-wallowing  lie. 

tRewalt,  v.  Obs.  rare-1,  [app.  f.  RE-  + 
WALT  v.)  trans.  To  overturn,  throw  down. 

1587  HARRISON  England  ll.  xi.  (1877)  I.  225  Periurie  is 
punished  by  the  pillorie, . .  the  rewalting  of  the  trees  growing 
vpon  the  grounds  of  the  offendors. 

Rewand,  obs.  Sc.  f.  REAVING///,  a. 

Reward  (r^wgud),  rf.i  Also  4-6  rewarde  ; 
5  Sc.  reuard,  revard,  ravard,  6  raward;  5-7 
Sc.  rewaird  (6  reu-,  rev-),  [a.  ONF.  reward 
(i-ewart,  roward,  etc.),  =  OF.  rcguard,  regard 
REGARD  rf.] 

I.  f  1.  Regard,  consideration,  heed.   In  phrases 
with  have,  lade,  or  give.  Obs. 

a.  1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (i8ro)  163  pat  I  did  dishonour, 
Sir,  hafit  to  no  reward.     1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  291  For  it  sit 
every  man  to  have  Reward  to  love  and  to  his  miht.    1426 
LYDG.  in  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  134  Havyng  no  reward.  .To 
suerte  nor  othe  ymade  toforne.     a  1453  in  Lett.  Marg. 
Anjou  f,  Bp.  Beckington  (Camden)  99  Summe  of  yo'  offi 
cers,  having  no  rewarde  therto,  unadvisely  toke.. the  horses 
of  our  said  tenants. 

b.  1:1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Cause.  1871  For  be  dede  til  na 
man  tas  rewarde,  Ne  riche  ne  pover  he  spars.     1377  Pol. 
Poems  (Rolls)  I.  218  Therfore,  gode  sires,  laketh  reward 
Of  ?or   douhti  kyng  that  dey^ede  in  age.     c  1400  Laud 
Troy  Bk.  300  He  schulde  ay  Holde  him  for  a  coward  And 
neuere-more  of  him  take  reward.    1433  in  Wars  Eng.  in 
France  (Rolls)   II.  577  Not  havyng  nor  taking  rewarde 
unto  the  clamour  of  the  peple.     c  1450  LOVELICH  Grail  Iv. 
511  Owre  lord,  .took  Reward  to  his  Good  lyf. 

c.  c  1475  Kauf  Coifyar  650  Bot  to  his  raifand  word  he 
gaue  na  rewaiid. 

2.  In  prepositional  phrases : 
f  a.  In  reward  of,  in  comparison  with.  Obs. 
1340  Ayent.  74  Vor  al  bet  cure  boleden  be  holy  martires, 
..ne  ys  bote  a  beb  ine  chald  weter  to  be  reward  of  be 
fornayse.    1387  TREVISA  Higdeu  (Rolls)  VII.  147  In  reward 
of  whiche  flamme  oure  fire  is  but  lewk.    1422  tr.  Secreta 
Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  183  Therfor  the  Deuil  may  lustifye 
bym  in  rewarde  of  extorcioner.     1460-70  />'/•-  Quintessence 
2  As.. [the]  heuene  of  oute  lord  god,  in  reward  of  be  .iiij 
elementis,  is  yncorruptible  &  vnchaungeable. 

t  b.  By  reward  of,  by  looking  to.     As  to  my 
reward,  as  seemed  to  me.  Obs. 

£1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  2t  Crist  makeb  vs  siker  to  dye 
for  his  lawe  bi  reward  of  be  blisse  of  heuene.  1426  LYDO. 
De  Guil.  Piler.  23455  And  also  (as  to  my  reward,)  hir  bed 
was  tuined  ek  bakward. 

t  c.  In  reward  of,  at  the  discretion  of.  Obs.—1 
c  1400  Brut  cxxvii,  Y  neuer  him  bitraede  ne  sloughe;  and 
berof  y  put  me  in  rewarde  of  }our  court. 

t  d.  At  one's  reward,  in  the  place  or  places  at 
table  lying  outward  from  one.  Obs. 

1551  EDW.  VI    Jrnl.  (Roxb.)  11.363  She  dined  under 
the  same  cloth  of  estate,  at  my  left  hand.      At  her  reward 
dined  my  cousen  Fraunces  and  my  cousen  Magret.    At 
mine  sate  the  French  embassadour. 
f3.  a.  Estimation,  worth.  Obs.  rare. 
1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  104  He  sent  to  kyng 
R[ichard]  a  stede  for  curteisie,  On  of  be  best  reward,  bat  was 
in  paemie.     13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  604  For  ber  is  vch  mon 
payed  inliche,  Wheber  lyttel  ober  much  be  hys  rewarde. 
t  b.  dial.  Colour,  complexion.  Obs. 
1674  RAY  ^V.  C.  Words  38  A  Reward  or  good  Reward', 
a  good  colour  or  ruddiness  in  the  face,  used  about  Sheffield. 
II.    4.  A  return  or  recompense  made  to,  or 
received  by,  a  person  for  some  (f  favour,)  service 
or  merit,  or  for  hardship  endured. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  208  Of  alle  byse  abel  aungelez  [he 
was]  attled  be  fayrest,  &  he  vnkyndely  as  a  karle  kydde  a 
reward,  c  1375  6V.  Leg.  Saints  xi.  (Simon  <V  y»de)  212  pat 
he  mycht  gaynand  revard  mak  to  bame  bat  suthfaste  fundyn 
war.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  1879  For  a  riche  reward  of  my 
ranke  wille.  All  the  souerams  by  assent  assignet  me  hir. 
1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  130  Oone  of  his 
knyghtis  for  his  Service  askyd  of  hym  a  reward,  c  1460 
FORTESCUE  Abs.  ($•  Lim.  Mon.  (1885)  119  Yf  the  kynge  be 
pouere,  he  shall  of  necessite  make  his  giftes  and  rewardes 
by  asseignementes.  1534  MORE  Treat.  Passion  Wks.  1304/1 
Then  was  Judas  rewarae  the  valure  of  tenne  shillings  of  our 
English  money.  1553  EDEN  Treat.  Newe  Ind.  (Arb.)  3 
Wherin  the  diligent  reader  may  see  the  good  successe  and 
rewarde  of  noble  and  honeste  enterpryses.  161^  MORYSON 
I  tin.  i.  244  My  brother  and  my  selfe  treated  with  him  by 
the  way,  to  giue  him  a  reward  that  he  would  dismisse  vs. 
1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  VH.  397  The  King  conferred  the 
Manour  of  Exetland..on  their  Corporation,  in  reward  of 
their  loyalty  and  valour.  17x0  STEELE  TatUr  No.  124  F  6 
He  scorned  to  take  a  Reward  for  doing  what  in  Justice  he 
ought  to  do.  1758  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  6  r  6  She  could  at 
leisure  gather  her  reward.  1832  IRVING  Alhambra  I.  255 
1  Behold ',  cried  the  astrologer,  '  my  promised  reward '. 
1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iii.  I.  326  The  clergy  had  also 
lost  the  ascendency  which  is  the  natural  reward  of  superior 
mental  cultivation.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit. 
Diet.  342/1  The  most  recent  reward  for  military  merit  is 
tbe  Victoria  Cross. 


REWARD. 

attrib.  1820  F.  Westleys  Calal.  i  May,  The  following 
Catalogue  of  Reward-books. 

f  b.  Hunting.  Some  part  of  the  animal  which 
has  been  caught  and  killed,  given  to  the  hounds 
on  the  spot.  Also  similarly  in  Hawking.  06s. 

c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxiii,  One 
shulde  be  rydy  behynde  to  pulle  away  be  skynne,  and  let 
he  houndes  come  to  [>e  rewarde.  1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  enj, 
Thay  shall  haue  the  bowyllis  boyle  with  the  brede  Cast 
vppon  the  grownde  ther  the  boore  was  slayne,  And  that  is 
calde  a  Rewarde.  1575  TURBERV.  Venerie  132  Let  him  stand 
from  the  rewarde  and  suffer  the  Houndes  to  eate  it.  1614 
LATHAM  Falconry  t.  iv.  15  If  the  pleasure  which  shee  takes 
in  her  reward,  be  the  only  cause  that  moues  a  hawke  to 
come  vnto  the  man  [etc.].  1688  HOLME  Armoury  it.  188/1 
Quarry,  or  Reward,  is  a  gift  or  reward  given  the  Hounds, 
being  some  part  of  the  thing  hunted. 

fc.  Remuneration  (regular  or  extra).  Obs. 
1428  in  Heath  Grocers'  Camp.  (1869)  6  Mason's  weages 
with  maistre  mason's  rewarde. . .  Carpenter's  weages  with  the 
maistre  carpenter's  reward.  c  1440  Pramp.  Parv.  431/2 
Rewarde,  for  syngarys,  and  mynstrallys,  sifarium.  1466 
Fasten  Lett.  II.  267  To  the  baker  for  cccx.  eggs,  xixrf.  To 
him  for  hys  reward,  iiij.  iiiirf.  c  1641  TWYNE  in  Wonts 
Life  (O.H.S.)  I.  64  They  were  promised  51.  by  the  moneth 
for  every  man  as  a  reward  besides  his  daily  paye.  1776 
ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  v.  i.  in.  (1904)  II.  420  A  little  school, 
where  children  may  be  taught  for  a  reward  so  moderate, 
that  even  a  common  labourer  may  afford  it. 

d.  A  sum  of  money  offered  for  the  capture  or 
detection  of  a  malefactor,  discovery  of  a  missing 
person,  recovery  of  lost  or  stolen  property,  etc. 

1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  VI,  v.  v.  10  Is  Proclamation  made, 
That  who  finds  Edward,  Shall  haue  a  high  Reward,  and  he 
his  Life  ?  1702  Prod,  in  McCarthy  Reign  Q.  Anne  (1905)  60 
Whoever  shall  discover  the  said  Daniel  De  Foe.  .so  as  he  may 
be  apprehended  shall  have  a  reward  of  fifty  pounds.  1721 
DE  FOE  Col.  yack  ii,  He  should  publish  a  reward  for  the 
encouragement  of  those  that  have  them  to  bring  them  again. 
1820  SHELLEY  Hymn  Were,  xliv,  If  you  should  promise  an 
immense  reward,  I  could  not  tell  more  than  you  now  have 
heard.  1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  iv.  xii,  Julius  Handford . . , 
for  intelligence  of  whom  a  reward  had  been  publicly  offered. 
1907  Miss  BRADDON  Her  Convict  v,  I  don't  think  there  was 
any  reward  offered.  Scotland  Yard  is  against  rewards. 

5.  Recompense  or  retribution  for  evil-doing ;  re 
quital,  punishment. 

1388  WVCLIF  Isaiah\M\.  6  Thevois  of  the  Lord  jeldynge 
a  reward  to  hise  enemyes.  c  1400  Brat  cxcvin.  221  A,  sire 
traitoure  !..now  shal  je  haue  be  reward  bat  longetyme  ?e 
haue  diserued.  c  1410  Sir  Cleges  437  He  sowght  after  the 
prowghd  styward,  For  to  yeve  hym  hys  reward,  Becavse 
he  grevyd  hym  sore.  1535  COVERDALE  Ps.  x[i).  6  Vpon  Ihe 
vngodlyheshalrayne..storme  and  tempest:  this  rewarde 
shal  they  haue  to  drynke.  1390  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  v.  14  He 
from  daunger  was  releast,.  .Yet  not  escaped  from  the  dew 
reward  Of  his  bad  deedes.  1610  HEALF.Y  St.  Aug.  Citie  of 
God  i.  xiv.  (1620)  15  The  just  reward  that  our  first  parents 
received  for  their  sinne.  1697  DRYDEN  Virr.  Georg.  iv.  655 
Thy  great  Misdeeds  have  met  a  due  Reward.  1819  SHELLEY 
Cenci  i.  i.  23  That  which  the  vassal  threatened  to  divulge 
Whose  throat  is  choked  with  dust  for  his  reward.  1874 
STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  I.  ii.  31  Hanging  was  the  reward  of 
treason  and  desertion. 

f  6.  An  extra  supply  or  allowance  of  food  ;  an 
extra  dish.  Obs. 

c  1440  Promt.  Parv.  431/2  Rewarde,  at  mete,  whan  fode 
fallythe  \v.r.  faylyth]  of  the  seruyce.  Ibid..  Rewarde,  yn  be 
ende  of  mete,  of  frutys,  impomentum.  c  1450  Bk.  Curtasye 
in.  423  Whenne  brede  faylys  at  horde  aboute,  1  he  mar- 
shalle  gares  sett  withouten  dome  More  brede,  that  calde  « 
a  rewarde.  1523  in  Ana.  Reg.  (1758)  267/1  At  dyner,  a  pese 
of  beyf,  a  stroke  of  roste,  and  a  rewarde  at  our  said  kechyn. 
1530  PALSGR.  262/2  Rewarde  of  meate,  entremetz. 
t  Reward,  .r*.2  Obs.  rare.  =  REARWARD  j£. 
c  1440  Partonope  989  He  sendith  to  his  rewaide  tho  That 
they  shull  make  hem  redy  And  come  hym  to.  1515  Scottish 
Field  408  in  Chetham  Misc.  (1856)  II,  Thus  the  Rewaid  in 
aray  rayked  ever  after. 

Reward  (r/wg-id),  v.  Also  6  Sc.  rewaird. 
[a.  ONF.  rewarder,  =  OV.  reguarder,  regarder  to 
REGARD.] 

I.  fl.  trans.  To  regard,   heed,  consider;   to 
look  at  or  observe.  Obs. 

c  1315  SHOREHAM  in.  227  pye  senne  schal  sle  be,  5yf  pou 
rewardest  byne  eldrynges  nau?!.  1338  R-  BRUNNE  Chron. 
(1810)  294  A  child  of  bat  land.. Edward  sauh  him  stand,  be 
Flemmynges  to  reward.  1377  L*NGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xiv.  145  If 
ye  riche  haue  reuthe  and  rewarde  wel  be  pore.  1422  tr. 
Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  217  Rewarde  this  figure  and 
telle  vs  the  qualyteis..of  Suche  a  man  as  this  figure  Pie. 
sentyth.  c  1475  Parlenay  2367  Hit  you  behoulth  rewarde 
and  behold  Ho  shall  doo  gouerne  and  rule  this  contre. 
f  2.  To  agree ;  to  determine  or  decide.  Obs. 


waroiep  11  snei  uc  so  .     t.  *w  nwfn»  «  i   •*•>.  321     .  Or  , 
[the  judge]  lewardid  at  be  clew  sulde  be  won  of,  &  sho  at 
said  sothe  of  be  bothom  sulde  hafe  it. 

t3.  intr.  To  look  ;  to  give  heed.  Obs.  rare. 

MSaWYCLlF  "Job  xxxix.  24  Feruent  and  gnastende  he 
soupeth  the  erthe  ;  and  rewarde  he  not  to  the  trump*. soun- 
ende  trumping.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  174 
He  rewardid  aboute,  and  Sawe  an  olde  knyght  quakynge 
for  colde.  c  1430  Bk.  Hawkyng  in  Reliq.  Anticj.  I.  296  II 
there  be  eny  hawke,  and  she  rewarde  gladly  to  her  game, 
ye  shull  say  cast  your  hawke  thereto. 

II.  f4.  trans.  To  assign  or  give  (to  one)  as  a 
reward  or  recompense.  Obs. 

CI320  Cast.  Love  (Halliwell)  1662  Receyvyth  the  blysfull 
joy  anon  That  to  sow  byth  rewarded  withoutyn  endenge. 
c  1370  Stations  Rome  (Vernon  MS.)  looPope  Vrban  bat  holy 
syre  So  rewardede  men  heore  huyre.  1393  Test.  Elier, 


REWARD. 

Ourtees)  I.  185  It  es  my  will  that  ye  reward  sumwhat  to    ' 
ilkane  of  my  seruandes.     1426  AUDELAY  Poems  13  He  that    , 
is  untreu  to  his  lorde . .  The  law  wyl  hym  reward  deth  to  his 
mede.    1475  •£><&•  Noblesse  (Roxb.)  14  For  whois  raunson.. 
king  Edwarde  rewarded  the  Prince  xx.  M1.  li.  sterlinges. 
X53S  COVERDALE  Ps.  xxxvii[i].  20  They  that  rewarde  me 
euell  for  good,  speake  euell  of  me.    1611  BIBLE  i  Sam.  xxiv. 
17  Thou  hast  rewarded  mee  good,  whereas  I  haue  rewarded 
thee  euill.    ^1650  Metrical  Ps.  Scotch  Ch.  vii.  4  If  I  re 
warded  ill  to  him. 

6.  To  repay,  requite,  recompense  (one)  for  some 
service,  merit,  etc. 

c  1350  Will.  Palerne  3840  What  man  vpon  molde  so  may    \ 
him  me  bring,  I  schal  riuedli  him  rewarde.     1390  GOWER    j 
Conf.  II.  133  Bot  he  rewarde  him  for  his  dede,  So  as  he    | 
inihte  of  his  godhiede.     £1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xi.  49    j 
Scho  was  we.e  rewarded,  as  scho  was  wele  worthy,     c  1460 
FORTESCUE  Abs.  fy Lim.  Mon.  xi.  (1885)  136  For  lakke  off 
money,  the  kyng  than  rewarded  bam  with  lande.      1484 
CAXTON  Fables  of  Msop  n.  xix,  I-.praye  the  that  thow 
wylt  reward  me  of  the  grete  seruyse  whiche  I  haue  done  to 
the.    a  1533  LD.  BEBNERS  Huon  lix.  204,  I  abandonyd  to    i 
you  all  that  I  had;  yll  it  hath  ben  employed  without  ye  re-    j 
warde  me  better.     1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  HI.  i.  134  There  is 
remuneration,  for  the  best  ward  of  mine  honours  is  reward-    ; 
ing  my  dependants.    1631  HOBBES  Leviath.  n.  xxx.  183  To 
Reward  those  that  aspire  to  greatnesse.      1685  UAXTER 
Paraphr.  N.  T.  Matt.  xvi.  27  Then  I  will  reward  those  that    . 
were  faithful  to  me.    1744  HARRIS  Three  Treat,  i.  (1765)  3, 
I  shall  think  myself  well,  rewarded  in  the  Labour  of  recit-    : 
ing.     1781  COWPER  Truth  218  He. .Consults  all  day  your    ' 
int'rest  and  your  ease,  Richly  rewarded  if  he  can  but  please. 
1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vi.  II.  83  Sir  Edward  publicly 
apostatized,  and  was  rewarded  with  the  command  of  a  regi 
ment  of  foot.    1872  JENKINSON  Guide  Eng.  Lakes  (1879)224 
The  toil  is  forgotten  when  the  highest  point  is  attained,  for 
a  magnificent  view  rewards  the  traveller. 

fb.  Hunting  and  Hawking.  (Cf.  REWARD 
sbl  4  b.)  Obs. 

13..  Gaiv.  fy  Gr.  Knt.  1610  With  bred  blent  |>er-with  his    i 
braches  [he]  rewardez.    c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby    ' 
182)  Prol.,  Whann  the  hert  b  spaied  and  dede  he  vndothe 
hym  and  maketh  his  kirre  and  enquirreth  or  rewarded  his    . 
houndes.      1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  b  iiij,  If  she  will  forsake 
the  fowle  that  she  plumyth  on,  . .  then  . .  rewarde   yowre 
hawke  with  the  Brayne  and  the  necke.    1573  TURBERV.    ; 
Venerie  134  Call  hir  to  your  fist  wyth  meat. .,  and  when  she 
commeth  rewarde  hir  well.    Ibid.  174  How  you  shall  re-    ; 
warde  your  houndes  when  they  haue  killed  an  Hare.    1614 
LATHAM  Falconry  i.  v.  18  So  reward  her  with  cleanlie  feed. 
t  O.  To  give  (one)  something  out  of  a  legacy. 

1482  Paston  Lett.  III.  288,  I  wull  that  iche  of  myn  other  i 
godchilder  be  rewarded  by  th'  avyse  of  John  Paston,  my  ] 
sone.  16. .  in  Mills  Ordin.  Isle  of  Man  (1821)  47  Then  the  i 
Ordinary  shall  make  ..  his  next  of  Kindred.,  to  be  lawful  • 
Executors :  and  the  base  begotten  to  be  rewarded  of  Charity. 

t  d.  To  serve  with  food.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1440  in  Househ.  Ord.  (1790)  ^38  When  my  lady  is  served    ! 
of  the  seconde  course,.. the  chamber  is  rewarded  and  the 
hall  with  breade  and  ale,  after  the  discretyon  of  the  usher. 

6.  fa.  To  make  up  for  (a  deficiency).    Obs.~~l 
1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xv.  c.  (Bodl.  MS,},  What    j 

lakkeb  in  bis  londe  in  quantite  of  space  is  rewarded  Sc  re- 
couered  in  godenes  of  grounde. 

b.  To  requite,  to  make  return  for  (a  service, 
merit,  exertion,  etc.). 

31533  LD-  BERNERS  Huon  Ivi.  189  The  grete  seruyce..    1 
shall  be  euen  ryght  well  rewarded.     1594  CAREW  Hnarttfs    \ 
Exam.  Hfitsxiii.  (1596)201  Rome.,  did.,  reward.,  their  tern-    ' 
perancy  in  abstaining  from  wine,     a  1618  RALEIGH  Kent. 
(1664)  no  A  crop  of  cares  rewarding  your  labour  with  re 
morse.    1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  i.  72  That  Crop  rewards 
the  greedy  Peasant's  Pains.     1748  FOOTE  Knights  Prol., 
The  pious  boy,  his  father's  toil  rewarding,  For  thousands 
throws  a  main  at  Covent-Garden  1     1781  COWPER  Hope  761 
Still  happier,  if  he  till  a  thankful  soil,  And  fruit  reward  his 
honourable  toil.     1836  Random  Recoil.  Ho.  Lords  ix.  186 
The  discovery,  when  made,  would  not  at  all  reward  the 
labour  expended  in  the  search.   1862  SIR  B.  BRODIE  Psychol. 
Inq.  II.  iv.  113  The  most  upright  and  virtuous  intentions 
are  not  always  rewarded  by  happiness  in  proportion. 

7.  a.  To  requite  or  repay  (one)  for  evil-doing; 
to  punish,  chastise. 

1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  M  sop  v.  iv,  Who  so  euer  rendreth 
euylle  for  good  he  shalle  therof  iustly  be  rewarded.  1519 
Fabric  Rolls  York  Minster  (Surtees)  269  One  of  them., 
sawe  there  were  no  dogges  nor  bryborse  in  ye  Churche,  hot 
lha  wolde  rewarde  thame.  1560  DA  us  tr.  Sleidane's  Comtn. 
132  b,  They  were  rewarded  with  the  losse  of  their  beades. 
1611  BIBLE  2  Sam.  iii.  39  The  Lord  shall  reward  the  doer 
of  euill,  according  to  his  wickednesse.  1671  MILTON  Samson 
413  Servil  mind  Rewarded  well  with  servil  punishment  ! 

b.  To  pay  back  (injury  or  wrong)  to  one;  to 
visit  upon  one.  rare. 

c  1420  Anturs of  Arth.  525,  I  shal  rewarde  b_e  bi  route,  if 
I  cone  rede  righte.  1535  COVERDALE  Judges  ix.  57  All  the 
euell  of  the  men  of  Sichem,  dyd  God  rewarde  them  vpon 
their  heade.  1560  BIBLE  (Genev.)  Hosea  iv.  9,  I  wil  visit 
their  wayes  vpon  them,  and  rewarde  them  their  dedes. 

8.  absol.  To  make  recompence. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B-  in.  316  But  after  t>e  dede  bat  is  don 
One  dome  shal  rewarde.     1613  CHAPMAN  Mask  Inns  of  i 
Court)  To  employ  with  countenance,  and  encouragement,    j 
but  reward  with  austerity  and  disgrace. 

t  Rewa*rd,  pa.pple.  Obs.  [Irreg.  from  prec.] 
Rewarded. 

1567  PiKERYNG//0r«/«49i  (Brandl),  Sofferhimnot  for  to 
depart,  tyll  well  reward  he  be.    1574  R.  ROBINSON  Rewarde 
of  Wickednesse  Sjb,  All  these  I  knewe  and  many  moe,..    | 
That  for  their  trauels  were  rewarde. 

Rewardable  (r/wg-jdab'l),  a.  [f,  REWARD  v. 
+  -ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  rewarded;  worthy 
or  deserving  of  reward. 

1534  MORE  Com/,  agst.  Trio.  i.  Wks.  1153/2  We  graunt 
..that  no  good  woorke  of  man  is  rewardable  in  heauen  of 


621 

his  own  nature.  1594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  t.  ix.  §  i  NVhether 
they  bee  in  their  own  nature  rewardable  or  punishable. 
1621  BP,  MOUSTAGU  Diatribse  71  Neither  isVertue  reward- 
able,  nor  Vice  punishable,  except  it  be  done,  .with  intent  of 
the  will,  1680  BAXTER  Cat/t.  Cosnmnn.  (1684)  7  He  is  re- 
wardable  as  he  suffereth  for  fearing  to  disobey  God.  1709 
STANHOPE  Faraphr.  IV.  108  The  Actions  were  Voluntary 
and  Rewardable  in  St.  Paul.  1760  WESLEY  Jrnl.  20  Dec., 
Till  you  know  the  difference  between  meritorious  and  re 
wardable.  1829  I.TAYLOR  Enthus.  vii.  (1867)  144  Christian 
philanthropy,  .is  vicarious;  obligatory;  rewardable.  1868 
BAIN  Ment.  fy  Mor.  Set,  (1875)  615  Virtue  is  in  itself  reward- 
able  ;  vice  is  of  essential  demerit. 

Rewa'rdablenesS.  [f.  prec.  +  -NESS.]  Capa 
bility  of  being  rewarded  ;  the  state  of  being  worthy 
of  reward. 


j  VJUUIJMAN  * y int,  jzvtJi.  \,unj.  n.  159  VVII<IL  L*IU  uc  uic 
Praise  or  Rewardableness  of  doing  that  which  a  Man  cannot 
chuse  but  do?  1772  J.  FI.HTCHER  Logica  Gencu.  32  She 
pleads  for  the  rewardableness,  which  is  all  we  understand 
by  the  merit  of  works.  1850  ROBERTSON  Serin.  Ser.  iv.  vii. 
(1863)  I.  43  The  doctrine  of  the  rewardableness  of  work. 

Rewa'rdably,  adv.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -LY.2]  ( In 
a  rewardable  manner'  (Webster,  1847). 

Rewa'rded,  ppl.  a.  [f.  REWARD  v.  +  -ED1.] 
Requited ;  recompensed. 

1623  WODROEPHE  Marrow  Fr.  Tongue  318/2  From  hired 
Preests,  from  rewarded  Barbers,  the  Lord  deliuer  vs.  1728 
ELIZA  HKYWOOD  tr.  Mine,  dc  Gomez's  Belle  A.  (1732)  II.  67 
The  Sweets  of  that  Repose,  which  Virtue  and  rewarded 
Tenderness  can  never  fail  to  afford. 

Hence  Kewa'rdedly  adv. 

1869  BROWNING  Ring  fy  Bk.  ix.  741  Nay,  and  what  if  he 
gazed  rewardedly  On  the  pale  beauty  prisoned  in  embrace. 

Rewarder  (i/wj'jaw).  [f.  REWARD  v.  -t-  -EH1.] 
One  who  rewards  or  requites. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  iv.  6  God  is  rewardere  of  goed    • 
and  ill.     1382  WYCLIF  Hebr.  xi.  6  He  is  rewarder  of  men     j 
ynsekinge  nim.     c  1450  tr.  De  Imitations  in.  Hi.  67,  I  am     ! 
rewarder  of  all  gode  men.    \%&PUgr.  Pcrf.  (W.  de  W.  1531) 
187  That  he  is  the  rewarder  of  all  good  dedes.    1594  SHAKS. 
Rich,  IIft  I.  iii.  124  A  liberall  rewarder  of  his  Friends.     I 
1620  FLETCHER  Chances  in.  ii,  Whose  hard  heart  never  Slew     ; 
those  rewarders.     1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  \\,  in.  182  He    i 
is.. no  great  rewarder  of  his  Servants.     4:1705  DE  FOE  in     '• 
Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden)  324  The  unknown  rewarders  of 
my  mean  performances.  1772  PKIESTLEY  Inst.  Relig.  (1782)    j 
I.  106  God  is.  .the  most  munificent  rewarder  of  real  worth. 
1865  M.  ARNOLD  Ess.  Crit.  ix.  (1875)  373  The  belief  that 
God  is.  .a  rewarder  of  them  that  seek  him. 

Hewa'rdful,  a.  [f.  REWARD  sb.  +  -FUL.] 
Yielding  or  producing  reward. 

1595  SI'ENSER  CoL  Clout  187  Whose  grace  was  great,  and 
bounty  most  rewardfull.  1846  D.  JERROLD  Citron.  Clover- 
nook  Wks.  1864  IV.  381  Blessings  rewardful  of  their  piety. 
1903  AINGER  Crabbe  xi.  198  What  is  best  and  most  rewardful 
in  the  study  of  Crabbe. 

Hence  Rewa-rdfulness. 

1873  Scribner's  Mag,  VI.  30  Of  the  beauty,  the  rewardful- 
ness  of  the  place,  I  cannot  trust  myself  to  speak. 

Rewarding,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  REWARD  v.  +  -ING  *.] 
The  action  of  the  verb,  in  various  senses. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  Iviii.  18  In  rewardinge  of  endles 
bliss.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  1. 333  Thanne  I  scholde  in  such  a 
wise  In  rewardinge  of  my  servise  Be  ded.  c  1410  Master 
of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxiii,  Also  if  be  lorde  be  here 
alle  binge  shulde  be  doo  of  be  abay  and  rewardynge,  as 
before  is  seyde.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  230 
Tho  that  in  lokynge  or  in  rewardynge  ficchyth  hare  syght 
and  hit  holdyth  stabill,  1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin*  s  Inst.  in. 
262  The  rewardinges  which  ar  sayd  to  be  prepared  for  the 
keper  of  the  law.  1582  STANYHUKST  jEneis  iv.  (Arb.)  95 
Wyl  ye  not  haue  children,  nor  sweete  Venus  happye  re- 
warding's?  1650  J.  HALL  in  Harrington*  sOceana  (1700)  10 
Their  generous  and  indiscrete  rewarding  of  Virtue. 

Rewa*rding,///.  a.    [-ING  2.]    That  rewards, 

1697  COLLIER  Ess.  Mor.  Subj.  n.  (1703)  131  Hope.. is 
sometimes  so  sprightly  and  rewarding  a  ciuality.  a  1708  j 
BEVERIDGE  Thes,  Tkeol,  (1710)  I.  40  This  is  what  we  call 
His  distributing  or  rewarding  justice.  1871  MEREDITH  H. 
Richmond  x-xx\\,^>ly  grandfather's  praise  of  her  she  received 
with  a  rewarding  look  back  of  kindness. 

Hence  Bewa-rdingly  adv. 

1850  BROWNING  Christmas  Eve  xviit,  Which  fact  pays  the 
damage  done  rewardingly. 

Rewa'rdless,  a.  [f.  REWARD  sb.  +  -LESS.] 
Devoid  of  reward  ;  unrewarded. 

a  1470  TIPTOFT  Tulle  on.  Friendship  (Caxton,  1481)  b  vij, 
For  Vertue  is  neyther  uncurtoyse  ne  rewardless,  ne  proude. 
1552  HULOET,  ReiuardfeS)  as  for  thankes  onely,or  vnhiered. 
1687  SHADWELL  tr.  Juvenal  x.  213  Virtue's  less  thirsted 
for  than  Fame,  for  who,  Her,  for  her  self,  Rewardless  will 
pursue?  iBa?  POLLOK  Course  T.  i,  Yet  haply  not  reward- 
less  we  shall  trace  The  dark  disastrous  years  of  finished 
Time.  1886  RUSKIN  Prxterita  I.  xii.  424  Wasted  affection, 
and  rewardless  semi-virtue. 

t  RewaTdon.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  ONF.  reivardon, 
rewerdon,  var.  of  re§uerdon?\  =  REGUERDON  sb. 

1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  06  For  riche  rewardons  to 
Roberd  [they]  gan  loute.  Ibid.  143  Inglis  &  Normant, 
knyghtes  for  rewardoun,  With  Richard  ere  in  conant. 

Rewardress.  rare—1,  [f. REWAKDEB  + -ESS.] 
A  female  rewarder. 

1613-16  BROWNE  Brit.  Past.  (1625)  To  Rdr.,  The  great 
Rewardresse  of  a  Poet's  pen,  Fame. 

Re-waTehouseCr/"-),  v.  [RE- 5  a.]  To  ware 
house  again.  Hence  Re -wa 'rehousing  vbl.  sb. 

1833  McCuLLOCH  Diet.  Commerce  (1834)  1221  Goods  may 
be  removed  to  any  Ports  to  be  rewarehoused.  /bid..  Bond 
to  rewarehouse.  1863  OLVER  Shilling-  Tariff 40  On  the 
re-warehousing  after  the  expiration  of  five  years  [etc.]. 


BEWEY 

II  Rewa-l-ewa  (r^-wa-r^-wa).  [Maori,  f-  the 
verb  rewa  to  float.]  A  tall  handsome  flowering 
tree  common  in  New  Zealand,  yielding  a  light 
easily-split  wood  which  is  used  for  furniture. 
Also  called  honeysuckle. 

1843  C.  Hoi.TZAl'i-l-EL  Turning  I.  41  The  Reu'a-reica 
(Knightia  excelsa),  from  New  Zealand.  1878  Trans.  AV:u 
Zealand  Inst.  XI.  73  Dry  reiuarcu'a  wood  bting  u^ed  for 
the  charring.  1880  Ibid.  XIII.  53  The  boy  went  into  the 
forest..,  and  brought  back  with  him  a  beed-pod  of  the 
ri'-.t'areiL'a  tree. 

Rewa'rm(n~-),t>.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  warm  again. 

1608  SYLVESTER  DH  Rartas  n.  iv,  m.  Schistne  400  His 
spirits  (rewarm'd)  with-in  his  artir'.s  tremble.  1673  HARVEY 
Anat.  I'.xerc.  II.  120  Unless. .new,  warm  and  spirituous 
blood  flowing  in  do  foment  and  re-warm  the  parts.  1861 
OLMSTKD  Jonrn.  fy  Exfl.  in  Cotton  Kiiigd.  I.  160  Coffee 
evidently  made  the  day  before,  and  half  re-warmed. 

Rewa'sll  (rf-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  wash  again. 

1725  BRADLEY  Faui.  Diet.  s.v.  7Vw,  After  this  they  rewasb 
it,  as  before,  and  then  dry  it  a  little.  1805  Mai.  Jrnl.  XIV. 
449  It  will  be  adviseable  to  rewash  with  milk  afterward. 
1874  RAYMOND  Mines  $•  Mining  21  [As  much]  as  would 
justify  their  being  rewashed  for  these  substances  alone. 

Rewate,  Sc.  variant  of  REALTY  '  Ol>s. 
Rewa'ter  (n-),f.   [RE- 5  a.]  To  water  again; 

to  place  in  water  again. 

i6iz  J.  DAVIES  Mnsc's^Sacrifiu  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  64/2 
The  Vrchin  of  the  Sea,  in  pieces  rent,  Ke-water'd,  ioynes, 
and  Hues  incontenent ! 

Rewbarb(e,  obs.  ff.  RHUBARB.  Rewbarbat- 
ive :  see  RUBAKBATIVE.  Rewde,  obs.  f.  RUDE  a. 

t  Rewden,  a.  Obs.  dial.  '  Made  of  Rood  or 
Reed,  that  is  of  combed  Straw'  (Exwoor  Gloss.}. 

a  1746  E.rnH>0rScoliiiuf(i&i9)  34  Why  dest  thee.than,  tell 
me  'Isterday  o'  losing  my  Rewden  Hat  in  the  Rex-bush. 

Rewfle,  rewKrul,  obs.  ff.  RCTH,  -FUL.  Rewe, 
obs.  f.  REAVE  v.  and  KEW,  row  ;  obs.  pa.  t.  of 
Row  v. ;  obs.  f.  RUE  sb.  and  v. 

Reweave  («-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  To  weave  again. 
In  quots.  Jig. 

c  1700  CONGREVE  Ovids  Met.  x,  Let  me  again  Eurydice 
receive,  Let  Fate  her  quick-spun  thread  of  life  re-weave. 
1860  LD.  LYTTON  Lncile  n.  i.  §  19.  i  'So!'  he  thought, 
'they  meet  thus:  and  reweave  the  old  charm!'  1882 
MlS3  WOOLSON  Amu  349  [It]  will  rend  this  filmy  fabric  of 
imagination  immediately,  never  to  be  rewoven  again. 

rejl.  1877  RUSKIN  Laws  of  Fescle  vi.  (1907)  84  It  is  a 
web  which  re-weaves  itself  when  you  tear  it. 

Kewe'd  («-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  wed  anew. 
1839-48  BAILEY  Fcstns  49    Industry,  and  commerce, . . 
Rewedding  those  the  Deluge  once  divorced. 
Reweful,  obs.  form  of  RUEFUL. 
Re-weigh  (n-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.    To  weigh  again.     Also  absol. 

1812  J.  SMYTH  Pratt.  Customs  (1821)  400  Order  for  re- 
weighing  Pimento,  to  be  taken  from  the  Pile.  1849  ANSTED 
Gold-seeker's  Man.  74  Weigh  it  first  in  air.. .Immerse  it 
and  re-weigh  it  in  water.  1892  E.  REEVES  Home'i-ard 
Bound  308  We  re-weighing  and  opening  in  presence  of 
English  Post  Office  clerk. 

2.  intr.    To   amount   to   (so   much)   on    being 
weighed  again. 

1812  J.  SMYTH  Pract.  Customs  (1821)  405  Ten  boxes  of 
foreign  clayed  Sugar, ..weighing,  on  delivery  there,  thirty- 
four  hundred-weight  and  fifteen  pounds,  and  re-weighing 
here  thirty-four  hundred-weight  one  quarter. 

Hence  Re-weighing  vbl.  sl>.    Also  Be-weigher. 

1812  J.  SMYTH  Pratt.  Customs  (1821)  361  The  Warehouse- 
keeper,  .subscrilws  the  re-weighing  Note.  1820  Ibid.  (1821) 
360  The  necessary  order  for  the  re-weighing  of  three  Casks 
of  Currants.  1878  OLVER  &  MlDLANB/m^rru>/7Vcr^p(i879) 
82  The  date  of  re-weighing  or  re-examination.  1883  CABLE 
Dr.  Sevier  i,  Cotton  factors,  buyers,  brokers,  weighers,  re- 
weighers,  etc. 

Re-wei'ght.  [RE-  5  a.]  Weighing  again ; 
also,  the  weight  ascertained  by  re-weighing. 

1812  J.  SMYTH  Pract.  Customs  (1821)  309  Increase  by  re- 
weight.  Ibid.  Reweight  of  the  Bags.  1841  ELLIS  Laws  <$• 
Reg.  Customs  H.  310  If  any  deficiency  be  found  between 
such  re-weights  and  the  original  landing  weights,  the  duty 
is  to  be  paid  on  such  deficiency. 

Rewel,  obs.  f.  ROWEL,  RULE.  Rewel-bone : 
see  RUEL-BONE.  Rewele(r,  obs.  ff.  RULE(B. 
Rewelich,  -ly,  obs.  ff.  RULY. 

Rewe'Ud  (n-),  v.  rare-1.  [RE-  53.]  To 
wend  or  turn  again. 

1616  J.  LANE  Contn.  Sqr.'s  T.  iv.  344  Wheare  in  lice 
trottes,  vnto  the  patbes  farr  ende,  but  theare,  on  thinder 
heeles  turnes  to  rewend. 

Rewene-cheese  :  see  ROWEN.  Rewenge- 
ance,  var.  REVENGEANCE  Obs.  Rewer(e,  obs.  ff. 
RUEB.  Rewose,  obs.  f.  RAVISH  v. 

tRewet.  Ots.  rare~°.  [a.  F.  rouet,  f.  roue 
wheel.]  (See  quot.) 

1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Rewel,  the  Lock  of  a  Barque- 
buss,  or  other  Gun.  [Hence  in  Bailey  and  later  Diets.] 

Re-WC't  («-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  make 
wet  again. 

1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  I.  241  The  wet  bulb.. will 
last  a  considerable  time  wet,  and  be  rewetted  when  required. 
1889  WESTCARTH  Austral.  Progress  50  This  gum  tasted 
abominably,  if  you  licked  it  for  re-wetting. 

Rewet,  variant  of  RUET  Obs. 

Reweth,  Rewepe,  obs.  ff.  ROTH. 

t  Rewey,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [app.  f.  REW  jiM  3 
+  -T.]  (See  quots.) 

1601  Act  43  Eliz.  c.  10.  §  i,  The  same  Clothes  being  put 


REWHELF. 

in  Water,  are  found  to  shrink,  be  rewey,  pursey,  snually, 
cockling/bandy,  light,  and  notably  faulty.  .684  M^ANLEV 
Cornell's  Interpr.,  Rewey..,  it  is  as  much  as  unevenly 
wrought,  and  full  of  Rewes. 

Rewful^li,  etc.,  obs.  forms  of  RUEFUL(LY. 

tRewhe-lp,  v.  Obs.  rare-1.  [RE-  g«.J 
trans.  To  bring  forth  (young)  again. 

1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  i.  vi.  318,  I  fear  the  Beast. . 
which  thousand  times  (almost)  Re-whelps  her  whelps. 

RewhiTl  (rf-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]    To  whirl  again. 

1799  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  VII.  140  Now  at  t 
witches  sabbath  may  attend  Long-absent  I-rewhirl  the 

"lewnvsper  (rf-),  v.    [RE-  5  «•]    To  whisper 

again  or  in  reply. 

7782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  ix.  vi, '  Surely  he  will  not  come 
in  here?'  re-whispered  Cecilia.     1894  BLISS  CARMAN  /,«<. 
Tide,  Afoot,  And  the  Mother  there  once  more  Will 
whisper  her  dark  word.  ,  .. 

Rewhi-ten  (rf-),  ».    [RE-  5  «•]    To  whlten 

or  whitewash  again. 

,790  J.  WILLIAMS  Shroi<e  Tuesday  in  A  Caiuut,t*C. 
(1794)  27  Sooner  may  ye  re-whiten  the  chaste  Snow.  .1  ban 
wipe  the  odium  from  a  nymph  beguil'd.  1854  tr.  '"«'?•  '" 
CnstixSs  Russia  158  These  men. .seem  to  support  them 
selves  like  insects  against  the  edifices  which  they  rewhllen. 

Rewile,  -ill,  obs.  Sc.  forms  of  RULE  sb. 

Re-Wi'n  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans.  To  win 
back  or  again  ;  to  recover. 

1608  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iv.  Vocation  339  hither  ol 
which  a  hundred  times  a  minute  Doth  lose  a  Souldier,  and 
as  oft  re-win  it.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  C,t.  Brit.  ix.  xxlv.  S  54 
Your  Father,  noble  King,  rewan  it  to  his  Crowne.  «»I4 
4/iostate  n.  iv.  in  New  Brit.  Theatre  III.  319,  I  am  not 
worthy  of  fair  Mora's  love,  Reclaim  her  yet,  re-win  her  for 
thyself.  1888  Pall  MallG.  20  Jan.  2/3  Desert  your  com 
rades  in  their  great  battle  to  re-win  the  lands  of  their  fathers. 

Rewin,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RIVEN,  RUIN. 

Re-wi-nd  (rf-),  v.    [RE- 5  a.]   To  wind  again. 

trans.  1717  EUSDEN  Clandiaii  n.  (R.),  Clotho  shall  rewind 
the  clue.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1115  The  throwster^  re-winds 
and  re-twists  it  upon  the  spinning  mill.  1868  Rep.  U.^. 
Commissioner  Agric.  (1869)  289  Trams  and  organzmes  are 
then  rewound  upon  bobbins. 

intr.  1862  LYTTON  Str.  Story  Iv.  II.  115  The  path  was    , 
rugged,  .and  painfully  rewinding  up  the  ascent. 

Hence  He-wi'nding  vbl.  sb. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  tnsThe  cost  of.  .re-winding  and 
re-twisting,  after  it  [raw  Novi  silk]  has  been  dyed,  [is]  about 
is.  1881  C.  A.  YOUNG  Sun  13  A  process  precisely  equiva 
lent  to  the  daily  rewinding  of  the  clock. 

Re-winder  (rfwai-ndai).  [RE- 5  a.]  One  who 
or  that  which  winds  again. 

1842  Encycl.Brit.  (ed.  7)  VI.  774  We  shall.. describe  a  few 
[scapements]  of  a  different  class,  which  are  called  remontoirs 
or  rewinders.  1881  Census  Instruct.  (1885)  67  Winder,  Filler 
of  Shute,  Re-winder,  Picker-up. 

Rewine,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  pple.  of  RIVE  v. ;  obs.  f: 
RUIN.  Rewinus,  obs.  f.  RUINOUS  a.  Rewis, 
obs.  f.  RAVISH  v. 

t  Rewish,  a.    Obs.-"    [ad.  Du.  reeuwscli.~\ 

1617  MINSHEU  Ductor,  Relvish,  vehement  in  copulation, 
spoken  of  the  Pigeon.  [Hence  in  Blount  and  Phillips.] 

Re-wi'sh  (rf-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  wish  again. 

1635  QUARLES  Embl.  v.  xi.  289  These  in  few  hours  Re- 
wish  what  late  their  wishes  did  obtain. 

Rewl(e,  obs.  forms  of  RULE.  Rewlar,  -er, 
obs.  ff.  RULEK.  Rew(le)less,  obs.  ff.  RULELESS. 
Rewli(che,  -lik,  -ly(che,  variants  of  RULY  a. 
Eewll(e,  obs.  ff.  RULE.  Rewmatick(e,  obs.  ff. 
RHEUMATIC.  Rewm(e,  obs.  ff.  REALM,  RHEUM. 

t  Rewness.  Obs.  [See  RUE  sb.  and  v.]  Re 
pentance  ;  sorrow  ;  pity,  compassion. 

1:950  Lindisf.  Cosp.  Mark  i.  4  lohannes.  .bodade  fulwiht 
hreownisses  on  for^efnisse  synna.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  ^144 
note,  pe  muchele  reounesse  of  be  lure  of  be  muchele  blisse 
of  heouene.  c  1300  Havclok  502  He  be  knaue  nouth  ne  slou, 
But  for  rewnesse  him  wit-drow.  Ibid.  2227  He  hauede 
reunesse  of  be  knaue. 

Rewo'rd  (rf-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  put  into  words  again ;  to  repeat. 
1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  in.  iv.  143  Bring  me  to  the  Test  And  I 

the  matter  will  re-word.  1874  TENNYSON  in  Mem.  (1897)  II. 
159,  1  bolted  out  a  long  metaphysical  term  which  he  could 
not  re-word  to  me.  1885  YEATS  Song  of  Happy  Shepherd 
Poems  (1899)  186  They  thy  comforters  will  be,  Rewording 
in  melodious  guile  Thy  fretful  words. 

2.  To  re-echo.    Also  Bewo-rding  ///.  a. 

1597  SHAKS.  Lover's  Compl.  i  Off  a  hill  whose  concaue 
wombe  reworded  A  plaintfull  story  from  a  sistring  vale. 
a  1690  T.  MAY  Life  Satyrical  Puppy  (1657)  42  Farwell  the 
lowde  Trumpet  with  whose  voyce  rewording  rZcchoes  scolde. 

3.  To  put  into  different  words. 

1892  Proc.  Amer.  Mission  A ssoc.  78 The  reports.. lead  me 
to  believe  that  my  subject  needs  if  not  to  be  re-worded,  to 
be  defined.  1894  Daily  Neius  i  Sept.  6/2  Titles  are  re- 
worded,  re-arranged,  perhaps  curtailed,  or  expanded. 

Hence  Hewo'rding  vbl.  sb. 

1849  SEARS  Regeneration  in.  L  (1859)  126  The  wording 
and  rewording  of  liturgies  is  not  prayer. 

Rewo-rk  (rf-),  v.     [RE-  5  a.]     To  work  again. 

1842  Civil  Eng.  %  A  rch.  JrnL  V.  392/2  The  whole  of  the 
walls,  arches,  and  aisle  vaults  have  been  reworked.  1855  J. 
R.  LEIFCHILD  Corn-wall  Mines  254  Thus  a  great  and  profit 
able  tin  mine  seemed  to  wear  out  by  degrees.  It  may,  how 
ever,  be  successfully  re-worked.  1891  Law  Times  Rep. 
LXV.  562/2  Butterine..,  if  intended  for  exportation  to 
London,,  .was  reworked  at  the  Drummoyne  factory. 

Hence  RewoTking  vbl.  sb. 

1871  WHITNEY  Oriental  $  Ling.  Stud,  267  There  has  been 


622 

no  thorough  reworking  of  those  parts  of  the  lecture.  1891 
Law  Times  Rep.  LXV.  562/2  Of  these  ninety-five  kegs 
three  were  lost  in  the  reworking. 

Rewo-rship  (r/-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  trans,  t  To 
restore  to  former  honour  and  dignity. 

1562  Ll'GH  Armory  r 22  b.  These,  .may  be  reworshipped 
aqayne,  with  somethynge  of  mettall  sette  vpon  them. 

Rewou-nd  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  *•]  To  wound 
again.  Hence  Bewou'nded  ppl.  a. 

?62.  QITARLES  Argot,,,  «,  />.  I.  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  244/1 
Demagoras,  whose  rewounded  heart  Had  newly  felt  the 
unexpected  smart.  1817  HOGG  Dram.  Cales  \.  250  Do  not 
Re-wound  that  kind  and  virtuous  heart. 

Rewri-te  (rf-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  write  back  ;  to  reply  in  writing. 
1567  DRANT  Horace,  Ep.  vi.  D  ij,  Straighte  waye  when 

he  had  searched  his  house  rewrytte  agayne  this  mome, 
That  [etc.]. 

2.  To  write  again,  esp.  in  a  different  form. 

1730  YOL-NG  Ep.  to  Pope  n.  137  Write  and  re-write,  blot 
out  and  write  again.  1806  SOUTHEY  Let.  in  Li/e(rty>\ l  III. 
8  I  acknowledge  no  fault..,  except  the  struggle  of  the 
women..,  which  is  clumsily  done,  and  must  be  rewritten. 
1845  M.  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  2  Every  generation,  .de 
mands  that  the  history  of  its  forefathers  be  rewritten  from 
its  own  point  of  view.  1880  SWINBURNE  Stud.  Stout,  103 
The  two  tragedies. .were  thoroughly  recast  and  rewritten 
from  end  to  end. 

Hence  Kewri'ting  vbl.  sb. 

1863  Sut.  Rev.  4  Apr.  446  There  is  nothing  in  them  that 
cannot  easily  be  remedied  by  a  little  re-writing.  1892 
Athemenm  g  Apr.  468/3  '  The  Foreign  Policy  of  Pitt  ..is 
hardly  a  rewriting  of  history.  . 

Rewri-tten,  ppl.  a.     [Cf.  prec.]     Written 

over  again. 

1828-32  in  WEBSTER.  1875  POSTE  Cains  Pref.  p.  v,  The 
palimpsest  or  rewritten  manuscript  originally  contained  129 
folios.  1882  Athenxum  7  Jan.  27/3  Mr.  Byron's  rewritten 
burlesque  of"  Pluto  '  follows. 

Rewth(e,  etc.,  obs.  ff.  RUTH.  Rewth(e)full, 
-voile,  obs.  ff.  RUTHFUL  a.  Rewtheles(se, 
obs.  ff.  RUTHLESS  a.  Rewve,  obs.  f.  RUE. 
Rewvine,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RUIN  sb.  R-ewych,  obs. 
f.  RAVISH  r.  Rewyll(e,  obs.  ff.  RULE.  Rewyn, 
obs.  f.  RAVEN  rf.i,  RIVEN.  Rewyne,  Rewynus, 
obs.  ff.  RtiN,  RUINOUS.  Rewys,  obs.  f.  RAVISH  v. 

tRex'.  06s.  Also  7  reeks.  [Of  obscure 
origin  :  see  REARS.  In  sense  2  evidently  asso 
ciated  with  I-.  rex,  but  the  evidence  does  not  show 
clearly  that  this  is  the  source.] 

1.  -REARS.    Usu.  to  play. ..rex,  to  play  pranks. 
1566-76  [see  REVEL  sb.1  4].     1596  SPENSER   State  Irel. 

Wks.  (Globe)  659/2  To  suffer  such  a  caytiff  to  play  such 
Rex.  1615  ADMIN  Val.  Welshm.  (1663) Civ  b, The  Bastard 
plays  his  Rex,  whose  ancient  sore  Begins  to  fester,  a  1638 
MEDE  Wks.  (1672)657  Another  [king],  .should  bringdown  or 
humble  three  Kings,  and  play  those  recks  which  follow  in 
the  Text.  1642  ROGERS  Naaman  304  The  Lord  Jesus  will 
one  day  judge  you  for  your  prankes  and  rex  that  you  haue 
plaid  in  your  Services. 

2.  To  play  rex,  to  act  as  lord  or  master ;  to 
domineer. 

1578  FOXE  in  Bk.  Chr.  Prayers  28  b,  Needs  would  haue. . 
an  Italian  stranger,  the  Bishop  of  Rome  to  play  Rex  ouer 
,  them.  1597  BEARD  Theatre  Cod's  Jndgem.  (1612)  529  The 
Scots  that  were  so  curbed  in  his  fathers  dayes,  now  played 
rex  through  his  negligence.  1608  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas 
n.  iv.  Decay  412  Then  playes  hee  Rex  :  tears,  kils,  and 
all  consumes.  1651  N.  BACON  Disc.  Crrut.  Eng.  n.  xxxvii. 
(1739)  168  The  Prelacy,  .played  Rex  all  the  while  with  the 
people.  1692  WASHINGTON  tr.  Milton's  Def.  People  Pref., 
Consider  with  your  selves,  . .  who  it  was,  that  but  lately 
began  to  play  Rex  in  your  Country. 
b.  So  to  play  the  rex. 

1570  FOXE  A.  ";  M.  (ed.  2)  67/1  This  Theodorius . .  be 
gan  to  playe  the  rex,  placing  and  displacing  the  Bishops 
at  hys  pleasure.  1593  G.  HARVEY  Pierce's  Super.  Wks. 
(Grosart)  II.  128  Roome  for  a  roister, .. that  will  suffer  none 
to  play  the  Rex,  but  himselfe. 

||  Rex  -.  rare.    [L.  rex.']    A  king.    Also  attrib. 

1617  MORYSON  ftin.  i.  284  They  had  Rex  groats  so  called 
of  the  Kings  of  England,  after  they  had  the  stile  of  Kings 
of  Ireland.  (11653  G.  DANIEL  Idyll  ii.  101  'Tis  not  the 
fatall  Rex,  doth  only  Sting ;  A  Commonwealth's  a  Tirant, 
as  a  King.  1883  BESANT  All  in  Garden  fair  l.  xii,  He 
will  be  the  leader,  dictator,  rex,  imperator. 

Rex,  obs.  f.  recks,  RECK  v.  Rex-doller,  obs. 
f.  RIX-DOLLAR.  Rexen,  dial.  pi.  of  resh  RUSH  sb. 

Rey,  obs.  f.  RAY,  RE  si.1,  ROE  (deer).  Rey- 
al(ly,  varr.  REAL  a.1,  REALLY  adv.1  Reycet- 
er,  obs.  f.  KECEIPTER.  Reyohe,  obs.  f.  REACH 
v.1  Reycive,  obs.  f.  RECEIVE.  Reyd,  obs.  f. 
REDE  v.,  REID!.  Reye,  obs.  f.  RAY.  Reyes, 
obs.  f.  REIS  (Portuguese  money).  Reyff,  obs. 
Sc.  f.  REAVE  v.  Reyflake :  see  REFLAO.  Rey- 
galle,  obs.  f.  REGAL  s6*  Reygh(e,  reyh(h)e, 
etc.:  see  REICH.  Reygne,  var.  RAIGN  v. ;  obs.  f. 
REIGN  sb.  and  v.  Rey-grasB,  obs.  f.  RAY-GKASS. 

t Rejhel-boo.   06s.  rare-1,     [f.  OE.  rey>l rule 

•f  b6c  BOOK.]     A  book  of  monastic  rules. 

c  1200  ORMIN  Ded.  8  purrh  batt  witt  hafenn  takenn  ba  An 
rejhellboc  to  foll^henn. 

Reyield  (rf-),  v.    [RE-  5  a.]    To  yield  again. 
1562  PHAER  JEtieid  ix.  Cc  iv  b,  Some  should  soone  repent 
If  Turnus  from  the  Troians  loftie  walles  did  not  reyeelde. 

Reyingsife:  see  REEING  vbl.  sb.  Reyjoysse, 
I  obs.  f.  REJOICE  v.  Reyk(e,  obs.  ff.  RAIK  sb.  and 
'  v.,  REACH  ».',  REEK  rf.i  Reyle,  reyll(e,  obs. 


REZAI. 

ff.  RAIL,  REEL.  Reyme,  obs.  Sc.  f.  REAM  sb.l, 
REALM.  Reyn,  var.  RAIGN  v.  Obs.  Reyn,  obs.  f. 
RAIN,  REIGN,  REIN. 

Reynard  (rf'iriUd).  Forms:  a.  4  reuiarde, 
5,  8  ren-,  5  reygnard  (-art,  reynart),  6  rayn- 
ard(e,  6-7  rain-,  5,  7-  reynard.  /3.  4  renaud  ; 
6  rayn-,  7  rein-,  6-7  reynold  (9  -olds) ;  7  rein-, 
reynald.  [Orig.  a.  OF.  Renart,  Renard,  Rcgnart 
(gee  REGNAHD),  etc.,  the  name  of  the  fox  in  the 
celebrated  Roman  tie  Renart,  repr.  the  OHG. 
personal  name  Reginhart.  The  /3-forms  show 
assimilation  to  MK.  Reinaud,  Raynold,  Reynold, 
OF.  Renaud,  =G.  Rein(K}old  (OHG.  Reginolf). 
The  later  form  Reynard  is  that  used  by  Caxton 
(along  with  Reynart,  etc.)  to  render  the  MDu. 
Keynaerd-,  Rcynaert  of  his  original.]  A  quasi- 
proper  name  given  to  the  fox ;  also  occas.  used 
as  an  ordinary  noun. 

As  a  proper  name  written  either  with  or  without  capital, 
a.  13..  Caw.  tr  Gr.  Knt.  1728  Ofte  he  was  runnen  at, 
when  he  out  rayked,  &  ofte  reled  in  ajayn,  so  reniarde  was 
wyle.  c  1430  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhode  n.  cxxiii.  (1869)  121, 1  do 
as  Renard  dide  that  made  him  ded  in  the  wey,  for  to  be 
cast  in  to  the  carte.  [1481  CAXTON  Rtynard  (Arb.)  5  Alle 
the  beestis  grete  and  smale  cam  to  the  courte  sauf  reynard 
the  fox.)  1562  LEGH  Armory  (rS97)  82  b,  Hee  beareth  Or, 
a  Saltier  Sable,  between  foure  Rainardes  passaunt  proper. 
1592  NASHE  /'.  Penilesse  lob,  Raynard,  the  Fox,  may  well 
beare  vp  his  taile  in  the  Lion's  denne.  1616  R.  C.  Times 
Whistle  (1871)  136  So  Aesops  crow  whom  crafty  ramard 
snide  With  prey  in  bill,  was  earst  by  him  deceivde.  1622 
FI.ETCHKR  Beggars'  Bush  ill.  iii,  Prick  ye  the  fearefull  hare 
through  crosse  wayes,  sheep  walks  ;  And  force  the  craftie 
Reynard  climb  quicksets.  1700  DRVDEN  Cock  #  Fox  492 
Before  the  break  of  Day,  Saint  Reynard  through  the  Hedge 
had  made  his  way.  1709  DYKES  Eng.  Prtrv.  tj-  Ren.  (ed.  2) 
46  Let  Reynard  loose  after  five  or  six  Years  taming,. .and 
I  would  not  be  a  Goose  in  his  Way,  for  the  Kingdom.  1798 
BLOOMFIELD  Farmer's  Koy,  Spring  158  Where  prowling 
Reynard  trod  his  nightly  round.  1842  J.  WILSON  Christ. 
North  (1857)  I.  39  After  the  first  Tally-ho,  Reynard  is 
rarely  seen,  till  he  is  run  in  upon.  1873  TRISTRAM  Moab 
ix.  i68'A  foxhunt  after  a  reynard  who  started  under  our 
horses'  feet. 

fl.  13..  Ga-u.  $  Cr.  Knt.  1898  Renaud  com  nchchande 
bur?  a  ro?e  greue,  &  alle  be  rabel  in  a  res,  ry?t  at  his  helez. 
1591  SPESSEU  M.  HiMerd  917  Such  as  hath  a  Reynold  to 
his  man,  That  by  his  shifts  his  Master  furnish  can.  1667  in  J. 
Playford  Mus.  Comp.  67  Acteon  shall  eccho  my  Hounds  and 
myHorn;NeReynoldshall'scape,thoughherunbytheway. 
1875-  in  dialect  use  (see  Eng.  Dial.  Diet.). 

t  Reyne.  Obs.  [?  a.  MDu.  reen,  reyn  shooting- 
range,  etc.,  identical  with  RAIN  st>.'2]  pi.  Lists. 

CI440  Partonope  f>$i\  Two  fayre  Reynes  ordeyned  haue 
he  Where  in  these  lordys  shuld  turneye.  IMd.  6526  And  after 
cometh  Gaudyn.  .In  to  the  Reynes  rydyng  avysely. 

Reyne,  obs.  form  of  RAIN,  REIGN  sb.,  REIN^.' 
Reynes,  var.  RAINES  ;  obs.  f.  REINS.  Reyng, 
obs.  f.  REIGN,  RING.  Reynge,  var.  RENGE  sb.- 
Obs.  Reynge-net,  obs.  f.  RING-NET.  Reyngne, 
obs.  f.  REIGN  v.  Reyng  syff :  see  REEING  vbl.  sb. 
Reyni(e,  obs.  ff.  RAINY  a.  Reynke,  var. 
RINK  Obs.  Reyny,  obs.  f.  RAINY  a.  Reynyez, 
obs.  f.  REINS.  Reynyssh,  obs.  f.  RHENISH  a. 

ReyO'ke  (rf-),  v.     [RE- 5 a.]     To  yoke  again. 

1813  HOGG  Queen's  Wake  193  Scarce  had  the  Pleiades 
cleared  the  main,  Or  Charles  reyoked  his  golden  wain.  1862 
STRETTON  Chequered  Life  II.  223  Dinner  over,  and  the 
pipes  smoked,  we  began  to  re-yoke  the  beasts. 

Reyose,  obs.  form  of  REJOICE  v. 

Reyou-ng(rf-),z<.  rare-1.  [RE- 5 a.]  traits. 
To  make  young  again  ;  to  rejuvenate. 

1605  SYLVESTER  Dti  Bartas  n.  iii.  III.  Lawe  955  A  plente 
ous  stream, .  .proud,  that  his  glass,  Gliding  so  swift,  so  soon 
re-youngs  the  grass. 

ReyOU'tll  (rf-),  v.  [RE-  5  a.]  refl.  To  make 
(oneself)  young  again. 

1834  LVTTON  Pompeii  i.  iv,  From  the  young  hearts  of  mv 
victims  I  draw  the  ingredients  of  the  caldron  in  which  I 
re-youth  myself.  1836  E.  HOWARD  R.  Kef/er  xxni,  He 
re-youthed  himself. 

Reyoyse,  obs.  f.  REJOICE  v.  Reys,  obs.  f. 
RAISE  v.,  REIS,  RESE,  RICE.  Reysbuto,  obs. 
f.  RAJPOOT.  Reyse(n,  obs.  ff.  RAISE  i>.  Reysen, 
obs.  f.  RESIN.  Reysin(ge,  obs.  f.  RAISIN. 
Reynon  e,  obs.  ff.  RAISIN,  REASON.  Reyst(e, 
obs.  ff.  REST  rf.3  Reyster,  var.  REISTEB  GrV. 
Reysyn,  obs.  f.  RAISE  v.  Reysyn(ge,  obs.  ff. 
RAISIN.  Heyte,  var.  REIT  Obs.  Reyter,  obs. 
f.  REITER  sb.  Reyuer,  -our,  obs.  ff.  REAVER. 

t  Reyve,  v.  Obs.  rare  -'.  [a.  ON.  reifa  to 
disclose,  to  sum  up.  Cf.  RAVE  v.3  and  REAVE 
z/,3]  (t-ans.  To  disclose,  make  clear. 

1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  294  Ober  were  perceyued, 
bat  j>er  Jede  disceite,  Bot  }it  was  it  not  reyued,  so  Edward 
,    pouht  him  streite. 

Reyve,  obs.  f.  REEVE  sbl  Rejjn,  obs.  f. 
RAIN  s/>.1  Rejssenn,  obs.  f.  RAISE  v. 

llRezai  (rezai').    Anglo-Ind.   Also  resai(ee, 
rosei,  rozye.     [Urdu  razai,  of  obscure  origin.] 
|   A  quilted  counterpane  or  coverlet. 

1834  COL.  MOUNTAIN  Mem.  (1857)  137  The  saddle  bears 

I    the  coarse  blanket  of  the  animal  and  the  resai  of  the  master. 

1859  LANG  Wand.  India  139  The  Sepoy  covered  his  head 

over  with  his  resaiee  (counterpane),  and  lay  as  still  as 

possible.    1884 'EDNA  LYALL'  We  Two  xxvi,  All  that  sho 


BH. 

could  do  was  to. .throw  herself,  half-dressed,  on  the  bed, 
draw  the  rezai  over  her,  and  yield  to.  .slumber. 

Reze,  obs.  f.  RAISE  v.  Rezen,  obs.  dial.  f. 
REASON*  sb£ 

Rk,  a  consonantal  digraph  used  in  Latin,  and 
hence  in  English,  French,  and  other  languages,  to 
represent  Gr.  initial  p  (with  spiritus  asper) ;  in 
English  it  has  the  same  phonetic  value  as  the 
simple  r.  In  med.L.,  OF.,  and  consequently  in 
ME.,  the  h  was  frequently  dropped  (see  KHETOHIC, 
RHEUM*),  and  in  a  few  instances  (e.g.  RACHIS, 
RAPHE)  custom  has  sanctioned  its  omission  in  mod. 
English.  Gr.  medial  pp  (formerly  often  printed 
pfi]  is  normally  represented  by  rrh  (as  in  diarrhea}. 

While  OE.  initial  hr  is  rarely  represented  in  later  periods 
by  r/t,  a  large  number  of  variant  spellings  are  found  with  r/t 
where  it  is  etymologically  inappropriate  (cf.  RiiiNE1). 

t  Rha.  Obs.  [late  L.,  a.  Gr.  /5a,  said  to  be 
from  the  ancient  name  'Pa  of  the  river  Volga.  See 
nUo  RHABARBARUM,  RHAPONTIC.]  Rhubarb. 

1578  LVTK  Dodoens  in,  x.  329  Rha  is  hoate  in  the  first 
degree,  and  dry  in  the  second.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  \\. 
Ixxviii.  313  The  root  [of  Bastard  Rhubarb]  is..verie  like 
vnto  the  Rha  of  Barbaric. 

Rhaading,  obs.  form  of  RAIDING  vbL  s&, 

t  Rha'barb.  Obs.  Variant  f.  RHUBARB  ;  cf. 
OK.  rhabarbe,  and  med.L.  rhabarbarum . 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  iv.  xiii.  230  Of  this  sort 
\sc.  gentle  purgatives]  are  Aloe,  Rhabarbe,  Senna,  &c.  1657 
TOMHSSON  Renou's  Disp.  6  Simples. .as  Cassia,  Rhabarb, 
Polipody.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  $  P.  377  Rhabarb, 
Turbith,  and  Scammony,  are  dreadful  to  them. 

Rhabarbarate  (rabaubar^t),  a.  and  sb.  [f. 
med.L.  RHABARBABUM  +  -ATE.]  f  A.  adj.  '  Im 
pregnated  or  tinctured  with  rhubarb*  (J.). 

1696  FLOYF.R  Aniw.  Hum.  xii.  151  The  Salt  Humours  must 

be  evacuated    by  the    Sennate,    Rhabarbarate,  and   sweet 

Manna  Purgers,  with  Acids  added,  or  the  Purging  Waters. 

B.  sb.  A  salt  of  rhabarbaric  acid.    Also  -erate. 

1840  PKRF.IRA  Mat.  Med.  818  Metallic  rhabai berates  and 
tannates. 

Rhabarbaric  (rcebaabarrik),  a.  Chem.  Also 
-eric.  [f.  med.L.  rhabarbarum  (see  next)  +  -ic. 
Cf.  rhttbarlfaric,  -arm.]  =  CHRYSOPHANIC.  So 
Rhaba'rbariu  [-IN1],  chrysophanic  acid. 

1839  ROYLE  Bot.  Himalayan  Mts.  I.  317  Rhabarbarin. 
1840  PEREIRA  Mat.  Med.  817  PfarT's  rhabarberin  consists  of 
uncrystalHzable  sugar,  extractive,  resin,  rhabarberic  acid, 
and  tannin.  1845  W.  GREGORY  Outl.  C/iem.  n.  455  Rhabar- 
berine . .  the  yellow  acid  of  rhubarb,  now  called  chrysophanic 
acid.  1850  Chem.  Gaz,  VIII.  100  It  [sc.  erythrose]  is  almost 
entirely  soluble  in  alcohol  and  in  aether,  which  on  evaporation 
furnish  rhabarbaric  or  erythrosic  acid. 

II  RhabarbartUii  (raba-Jbar/Sm%  [med.L.,  = 
rha  bat'bamm  'foreign  RHA'  (cf.  RHAPONTIC).] 
Rhubarb-root. 

[1533  ELYOT  Cast.  Helthe  (1541)  58  Reubarbarum  by  it 
selfe  from  two  drammes  unto  foure,  infused  or  stiped  in 
lycour.J  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  n.  Ixxix.  317  It  is  called., 
in  shops  Rhabarbarum :  in  English  Rubarbe,  and  Rew- 
barbe.  1598  SIDNEY  Def.  Poesie  502  If  one  should  begin 
to  tell  them  the  nature  of  the  Alloes  or  Rhabarbarum  they 
should  receiue.  1660  Bk.  Rates  (Act  12  Chas.  II,  c.  4), 
Rhabarbarum  or  Rubarb  ye  pound.  1693  [see  RHAPONTIC  2], 

F  The  Lat.  word  (with  its  var.  rheubarbarntn  ;  see  RHU 
BARB}  is  widely  represented  in  the  Romanic  and  Germanic 
langs.,and  hence  various  forms  appear  in  Eng.  translations 
of  foreign  books  (see  quots.,  and  cf.  MLG.,  MDu.  rebarber^ 
MDu.,  Du.  rabarber^  G.  rhabarbcr}. 

1515  tr.  Jerome  of  Brunswick's  Snrg.  xciii.  R  iiij,  Take 
Rebarbere  [orig.  rebarbara\  one  dragma.  1578  LYTE 
Dodoens  in.  x.  328  Of  Reubarbe,  or  Rhabarba.  1597  A.  M. 
tr.  Guillemeait? s  Fr.  Chirurg.  49/1  An  ounce  of  Cassia,  with 
halfe  a  dragma  of  Rabarber.  1598  W.  PHILIP  tr.  Linschoten 
Ixxxi.  126  Rhabarbo,  Manna,  and  such  like  costlie  Apothe 
caries  ware. 

Rhabdal  (rEE'bdal),  a.  Zool.  [f.  RHABDUS  + 
-AL.]  Pertaining  to  a  rhabdus. 

iSSS^SoLLAS  in  Challenger  Rep.,  Zool.  XXV.  345  Disc.. 
sometimes  notched  by  a  rhabdal  sinus. 

Rhabdite  (ra-bdait).  [f.  Gr.  fidftSos  rod  +  -ITE.] 

1.  Zool.  One  of  the  homogeneous  rod-like  bodies 
found  in  the  integument  of  turbellarian  worms. 

1885  L.  VON  GRAFF  in  Encycl.  Brit.  XIX.  170/2. 

2.  Ent.  One  of  the  three  pairs  of  organs  forming 
the  ovipositor  of  some  insects. 

1890  in  Cent.  Diet.  1898  PACKARD  Text-l'k.  Entom.  [167 
Morphologically  the  ovipositor  is  composed  of  three  pairs 
of  unjointed  styles  (rhabdites  of  Lacaze-Duthiers,  ironapo- 
fhyses  of  Huxley).  lbid.\  168  Two  pieces  forming  tne  outer 
pair  of  rhabdites. 

3.  A/in.  (See  quots.) 

1881  Jrnl.  C/um.  Soc.  XL.  690  The  phosphide  [of  iron] 
found  in  a  Branau  meteorite  by  G.  Rose,  who  gave  to  it  the 
name  rhabdite.  1891  DANA  Min.  31  Rhabdite. ..  A  phosphide 
of  iron  and  nickel. 

IjRhabditis  (rsebdsi'tis).  [mod.L.,  f.  Gr. 
/5aj38os  rod.]  A  genus  of  minute  nematode  worms 
of  the  family  Anguillulidte  ;  a  worm  of  this  genus. 

1876  van  Beitfden's  Ani»t.  Parasites  (1883)  156  This 
worm  is  evidently  a  Rhabditis.  1884  SEDGWICK  tr.  Claus' 
Tcxt^k.  Zool.  I.  ix.  350  Numerous  generations  of  the 
Rhabititis  form  may  succeed  one  another. 

Hence  Bhabdi-tic,  Bhabditiform  adjs. ,  charac 
teristic  of,  or  of  the  form  of,  Rhabditis. 

1890  Cent.  Diet.,  Rhabditit.  1897  Alllmtt's  Syst.  Mid.  II. 
1040  Development  proceeds  under  certain  circumstances  so 
rapidly  that  in  one  to  two  days  a  rhabditiform  embryo.. 


623 

is  born.  Ibid.  io8S  The  various  species  are  heterogamous, 
each  species  including  a  free,  bisexual,  and  rhabdiiic  form. 
Rliabdo-  (rse*bd0,  rsebdfr),  combining  form  of 
Gr.  fia&Sos  rod,  occurring  in  a  few  technical  terms 
(chiefly  zoological) :  Rlia'bdoccel  e  [Gr.  KOI\O$ 
hollow]  a.,  having  a  straight  digestive  cavity,  as 
turbellarian  worms ;  s/>.,  a  worm  of  this  kind  ;  one 
of  the  Rhabdoavhi.  RhaTxlocce'lian,  -coelous 
adjs.y  =  prec.  adj.  Khabclocre  pid  a.  [Gr,  tcprjiris 
foundation],  belonging  to  the  group  Rhabdocrepida 
of  lithistid  sponges  having  desmas  of  various  forms. 
Bha-bdocyst,  a  rod-like  cell.  Bha'bdolith  [Gr. 
A('0or  stone],  one  of  the  rod-like  bodies  forming  the 
armature  of  a  rhabdosphere.  Rha'bdomere  [Gr. 
/it pos],  one  of  the  rod-like  constituents  ofa  rhabdom. 

I,  Rliarbdomyo'ma,  a  myoma  involving  the  striped 
muscular   fi  bres    ( Dunglison    Diet,    filed.    1 8  76) . 
IJRhabdone'niafGr.j'^a  thread], a  minute  slender 
worm  living  in  the  duodenum.     Rha'bdophane, 
Rhabdo  phanite     [Gr.    -0ai'j}s    appearing],     see 
qnots. :  identified  with  scovillite.      Rha'bdopod, 
one  of  the   clasping  organs  of  the  Ephemerid&, 
||  Rhabdosarco'ma  (see  quot.}.    Rha'bdosphere, 
a  name  given  to  certain  spherical  bodies  found  in 
abundance  on  the  surface  of  the  waters  in  warm  seas. 

1877  HUXLEY  Anat.  hiv.  Anhn.  iv.  194  The  ''rhalxioctele 
Turbellaria.       1883   Q.    Jrnl.   Microsc.    fid.    XXIII.    353 
Graff's   Rhabdoccel  family  of  the  Proboscida.      Ibid.  355 
Phylogenetically  related  to  tlie  separate  proboscis  of  certain 
Rhabdoccels.     1864  T.  S.  COBBOLD  Entozoa  i.  10  *Rhabdo- 
ccelian  group  [of  Planariansj.  tSyjVLvxLKvAttaf,  fttv.Anitn, 
iv.  178  The  higher  *rhabdoccelous  Turbellaria.  1887  SOLLAS 
in  Encycl,  Brit.  XXII.  416/2  *Rhabdocrepid  desma.    fHit. 
422/1  A  distinct  passage  can  be  traced  from  the  Tetracladose 
to  the  Rhabdocrepid  group.     1888  ROLLF.STON  &  JACKSON 
Anim.  Life  332  In  the  Tnrbellaria  very  similar  structures 
are  met  with  in  the*rhabdocystsor  rod-cells.  1885^" hallengcr 
Rep.)  Narr.  Cruise\.  r.  194  In  all  the  deposits  the  carbonate 
of  lime  consisted  chiefly  of  pelatjic  Foramimfera,  Coccoliths, 
and  *Rhabdoliths.      1883   Q.   Jrnl.  Microsc,  Set.  XXIII. 
211    The  compound    hard-piece   formed   in   the   axis  of  a 
retinula  by  the  union  of  the  laterally  formed  "rhabdomeres 
of  its  constituent  nerve-end  cells.    itimAllbutfsSfst.Afed. 

II.  1088  The  mature  *rhabdonema  lives  in  the  intestinal 
mucus  of  the  duodenum.      1878  Jrnl,  Client.  Soc.  XXXIV, 
652   A  specimen  in  the  Mineralogical  Collection,  Oxford, 
labelled  Cornwall  blende,  was  found,  .to  consist  essentially 
of  didymiutn  and  erbium  phosphates.     The  name  "*Rhabdo- 
phane  has  been  given  to  this  very  rare  mineral.     1892  DANA 
Min.  82o*Rhabdophanite.  Rhabdophane. .  .Scovillite.    1898 
PACKARD  Textbk.  Entail,  179  The  cercopods  and  *rhahdo- 
pods  in  the  Trichoptera,     1891  MOULLIN  Surg.  131   In  the 
*rhabdo-sarcomata  the  muscle  takes  the  form  of  transversely 
striated  fibrils,  or  of  elongated  spindle-cells,  also  striated. 
1885  Challenger  Rep.)  Narr.  Cruise  1. 1.  218  The  occurrence 
of  the  following  organisms   was  noted  during  the   trip... 
*Rhabdospheres,  Coccospheres. 

Rhabdoid  (rse'bdoid),^.  '>£.)•  Alsora-.  [ad. 
mod.L.  rhabdoides  (Blancard),  a.  (jr.  /5a£So«(5r}?, 
^a/35w57/?,  f.  /5d/35os  rod:  see  -OID.]  Resembling 
a  rod;  rod-like.  Also  sb.  (Bot.}\  see  quot.  1900. 

1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  Rkabdoides,.  .rhabdoid.  Anat. 
An  old  epithet  of  the  sagittal  suture.  1885  E.  R.  LAXKFSTER 
in  Encycl.  Brit.  XIX.  849/2  The  siliceous  skeleton  .  .may 
become  discoid,  rhabdoid,  or  irregular.  1900  K.  D.  JACKSOM 
Gloss.  Bat.  Terms,  Rhabdoid,  a  rod-shaped  body  found  in 
the  cells  of  the  tentacles  of  the  Drosera. 

So  Rhabdoi-dal  a. 

'855  OGILVIE  Suppl.t  Rabdoidal.  1864  WEBSTER,  Rhab~ 
doidal,  the  same  as  Rabdoidal. 

Rhabdology  (roebd^-lodgi).  Also  rabdo-. 
[ad.  mod.L.  r(li]abdologia  (Napier,  1617),  f.  Gr. 
/5a/35o?  rod  -f  -\oyia  -LOGY.  Cf.  F.  rhabaologieJ\ 

1.  The  act  or  art  of  computing  by  NAPIER'S 
BONES  (or  rods).  Now  Hist. 

1667  LEYBOURNE  Art  of  Numbering  \.  i  Ralxlologie  is  the 
Art  of  Counting  by  Numbering  Rods.  1671  Phil.  Trans. 
VI,  3044  In  the  Rabdologyof  the  Noble  Nepper,  the  multi- 
tude  and  embarasment  of  those  sticks  ..  proved  long  and 
tedious.  1700  Moxox  Math.  Diet.  144  Rhabdologv.  1841 
Pennv  Cycl.  XIX.  228/2  Rabdology. 

H  2.  Used  for  RHABDOMAXCY. 

m  1855  LEIFCHILD  Cornwall  134  One  or  two  remarkable 
instances  of  the  supposed  efficacy  of  the  rod  are  on  record. . . 
I  find  that  some  learned  men  believed  in  this  science,  called 
rabdology. 

Hence  Rhabdolo  glcal  a. :  (see  quot.). 

18*5  Ann.  P kilos.  Feb.  147  A  box  of  rods,  named  the 
Rhabdological  Abacus..  .These  rods  were  invented  by  Mr. 
Goodwyn  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  multiplication 
of  long  numbers  of  frequent  occurrence. 

Rhabdom  (rce-bd^m).  Ent.  Also  -ome.  [ad. 
late  Gr.  pa&fcapa,  f.  /ki/35o?  rod.]  One  of  the  rods 
supporting  the  crystalline  lenses  in  a  faceted  eye. 

1878  BELL  K.Gegenbanr's  Cotnp.  Anat.  264  The  rods., 
become  unitedj  and  form  a  special  structure,  the  '  rhabdom  ', 
in  the  long  axis  of  a  group  of  combined  retinal  cells.     1888 
ROLLESTON  &  JACKSON  .,4  «/w.Z>/t  460  Two  to  four  rhabdo- 
meres  fuse  into  a  rhabdome. 

Rhabdomancer  (rpe'bdomrensai).  [f.  next: 
see-ERl.]  One  who  professes  or  practises  rhabdo- 
mancy ;  a  dowser. 

1817  Edin.  /?«'.  XXVIII.  184  No  proprietor  will ..  dig 
down  in  trace  of  the  metallic  effluvia,  which  reach  the  subtle 
senses  of  the  Rabdomancer  above. 

Rhabdomancy  (rre-bd<7maensi).  Also  7  rha- 
domoncie,  7,  prabdomancy.  [ad.  lateL.  rhabdo- 
mfintiat  n.  Gr.  fia$$Qp.avTtiat  f.  pAfl&os  rod  +  ftavrtia 


RH-ETIC. 

(see  -MAN"CY\]  Divination  by  means  of  a  jod  or 
wand;  spec,  the  art  of  discovering  ores,  springs  of 
water,  etc.,  in  the  earth  by  means  of  a  divining  rod. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  F.p.\.  xxi.  271  A.. peculiar 
way  of  Rhabdomancy  is  that  which  is  used  in  Minerall  dis 
coveries,  that  is,  with  a  forked  ha/ell.  1649  G.  DANIKI. 
Trinarch.,  Rich.  //,  cxxxv,  The  Hassle  soe  will  bend  (A 
Rhadomoncie  was  observ'd  of  old)  Stretch'd  on  the  Karth, 
vnto  a  Mine  of  Gold.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.  Divina 
tion.  1817  Edin.  Rev.  XXVIII.  184  note,  The  doctrines  cf 
Rabdomancy  still  retain  their  ground  in  various  parts  of  the 
Continent.  1856  DK  QUINCE Y  Confess.  85  note,  Whatever 
science  or  scepticism  may  say,  most  of  the  tea-kettles  in  the 
vale  of  Wrington  are  filled  by  rhabdomancy.  1871  K.  H. 
TYLOK  Prim,  Culture  I.  iv.  /leading,  Rhabdomancy,  Dacty- 
liomancy,  Coscinomancy. 

fig.  1856  DE  QuiNCEY  C0ff/fc&  84  The  memorable  rhabdo 
mancy  or  magical  power  of  evocation  which  Christianity 
has  put  forth. 

So  Rhabdoma  ntic  a. ,  pertaining  to  rhabdomancy 
or  the  use  of  the  divining-rod  (in  recent  Diets.) ; 
Bha-'bdomantist,  =  RHABDOMANCER. 

1856  DE  QUINCEY  Confess.  85  note,  The  remedy  is — to  call 
in  a  set  of  local  rhabdomantists.  These  men  traverse  the 
adjacent  ground,  holding  the  willow  rod  horizontally. 

Rhabdome  (rarbdJum).  Zoo!,  [ad.  late  Gr. 
/5a/35w^a  (see  RHABDOM).]  The  shaft  ofa  rhabdus 
of  which  one  ray  is  branched. 

1887  SOLI.AS  in  Encycl.  Brit.  XXII.  417/1  A  particular 
case  of  the  cladose  rhabdus,  but  one  of  the  most  frequent 
occurrence,  is  the  trixne ;  in  this  form  one  ray  of  a  rhabdus 
ends  in  three  branches,  which  diverge  at  equal  angles  from 
each  other.  The  rhabdus  then  becomes  known  as  the  shaft 
or  rhabdome.  1900  MINCHIX  Sponges  132. 

Rliabdo  sopliy.  [See  RHABDO-  and  -SOPHY,] 
(See  quot.) 

1820  I..  HUNT  Indicator  Xo.  33  I.  262  There  is  an  un 
doubted  Rhabdosophy,  Sceptrpsopliy,  or  Wisdom  of  the 
Stick,  besides  the  famous  Divining  Rod. . .  It  supplies  a  man 
with  inaudible  remarks,  and  .in  inexpressible  number  of 
graces. 

I!  Rhabdus  (rae-bd/V-.    [mod.L.,  a.  Gr.  /xi/35o!.] 

1.  Bot.  The  stipe  of  certain  fungi. 
1866  Trcas.  Bot.  968/2. 

2.  A  sponge  spicule  ofthemonaxon  biradiatetype. 

1887  [see  RuAnnoMi-,].     1900  Mis-cms  Sponges  116. 

RhaoM(o)-,  Rhachis:  see  RACHI-,  RACHIS. 

Rhadanianthus  uaedamse-nbcs).  Also  angli 
cized  6-7  Rhadamant,  7-manth.  [L-,  a.Gr.  'Po5d- 
/WIV005.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a  son  of  Zeus  and 
Europa  and  one  of  the  judges  in  the  lower  world. 
Hence  used  allusively  for:  An  inflexible  judge; 
a  rigorous  or  severe  master.  Also  transf. 

i58zSTANYHLTRST.-7i"«m(etc.(Arb.)i55  In  wisdom  Salomon, 
.  .For  Justice  Radamanthus  :  in  equitye  woorthye  Lycurgus. 
1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stiiffc  67  Petty  diuels,  and  cruel  1 
Rhadamants.  1603  S.  DANIEL  DC/.  Ryine  H,  For  who  hath 
constituted  him  to  be  the  Radam;uithus  thus  to  torture 
sillables,  and  adjudge  them  their  perpetual!  doome  ?  1634 
MASSINUKR  Very  Woman  \\.  (1655)  26  Yiik  him  soundly. 
"Twas  Rhadainanths  sentence.  1656  B  LOU  NT  Glfffsogr., 
R/tadawant,  taken  for  a  severe  Judge.  1879  GEO.  ELIOT 
Theo.  Sitc/i  xviL  300  A  wondrously  delicate  machine  for 
testing  sovereigns,  a  shrewd  implacable  little  steel  Rhad.v 
manthus,  that,  .lifts  and  balances  each  in  turn. 

Cotnb.  1818  Eng.  in  France  II.  337  A  certain  Rhada- 
manthus-looking  personage,  who  listened  ..  with  all  the 
impartial  and  unmeaning  suavity  of  the  bench. 

Hence  f  Rhadama'nthean,  f  -ian,  Bhada- 
ma'nthine  adjsn  resembling  or  characteristic  of 
Khadamanthus  ;  inflexibly  rigorous  or  severe.  So 
Bhadama'nthously  adv.,  with  the  severity  of  a 
Rhadamanthus. 

1655  J.  OWEN  Vind.  Evang.  xxiii.  484  The  Heathens 
Apprehension  of  Rhadamanthean  Righteousnesse.  1833 
Fraser*$  AIag".  VII.  4  Rejecting  whatever  deserves  such 
a  fate  with  Rhadamanthian  sternness  of  purpose.  1840 
THACKERAY  Paris  Sk.-l>k.  Wks.  1900  V.  220  Severe  Rhada- 
manthine  judges  are  not  to  be  melted  by  such  trumpery. 
1859  DR.  JOHN  BROWN  Lett.  (1907)  129  All  this  will  come 
before  you  and  you  will  deal  with  it  Rhadamanthously. 
1878  BROWNING  Poets  Croisic  38  Rhadamanthine  law. 

Rhada-,  Rhadomontade,  obs.  ff.  RODOMON 
TADE.  Rhadar,  Rhadorage :  see  RAHDAR, 

RAHDARAGE.     Rhadish,  erron.  obs.  f.  RADISH. 

Ithsetian  (rrfan),  a.  and  sb.  Also  Rhe-.  [f. 
Rh&tia  (see  next)  +  -IAN.]  =  RH^TO-ROMANIC. 

1779 COXE  Trav.SivitzerlandlH.  Ixxix.  281  The  Rhetian, 
or  as  it  is  more  commonly  called  the  Roinansh,  which  is  the 
vernacular  tongue  among  the  greatest  part  of  the  Grisons, 
i8a8  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  XIX.  756/1  The  Romansh, 
or  ancient  Rhietian.  1880-1  Trans.  Philol.  Soc.  403  The 
Rhaetian  language  is  also  spoken  in  the  large  district  of 
the  Engadin. 

Rhsetic  (r/'-tik),  a.  Geol.  Also  Ehe-.  [ad.  L. 
RhaBtic-us,  adj.  of  Rh&tia,  ancient  name  of  a  dis 
trict  of  the  Alps.]  Applied  to  strata,  extensively 
developed  in  theRhartian  Alps,  regarded  as  passage- 
beds  between  the  lias  and  trias  ;  belonging  to 
or  characteristic  of  these.  Also  sb.t  the  Rhsetic 
formation  ;  //.,  Rhcetic  series  of  strata. 

1861  Q.  yml.  Geol.  Soc.  22  May  496  The  Ko'ssen  stage,  or, 
as  it  is  now  proposed  to  be  termed  by  Mr.  Giimbel  the 
State-Geologist  of  Bavaria,  the  Rhxtic  formation,— a. 
designation  recognized  by  Professor  E.  Suess.  1881  Nature 
15  &:pt.  474/2  The  green  marls  agreed  with  underlying 
beds  in  the  Keuper,  but  differed  markedly  from  the  over. 
lying  Rhjctics.  1696  Guide  Fossil  Rept.  Brit.  Mvs.  103 
Setnionatus  and  Colobodns  are  Triassic  and  Rhfetic;.  .and 
Lepidotus  ranges  from  the  Rhtetic  to  the  Wealden. 


RHJETIZITE. 

Rhsetizite  (r/Hizait).  Min.  Alsorhe-;  erron. 
rhos-.  [ad.  G.  rhdtizil  (1815),  f.  Rhxtia:  see 
prec.  and  -ITE.]  A  white  variety  of  cyanite. 

1816  JAMESON  Syst.  Min.  (ed.  2)  II.  424  Rhaetizite.  ..It 
occurs  at  Pfizsch  in  the  Tyrol.  1837  DANA  Mi*.  319  A 
milk-white  variety  of  Rhcetizite.  1864  WEBSTER,  Rhetizite. 

Rh.8e:to-Roma'nic,  a.  and  sb.  Philology. 
Also  Khe-.  [f.  Rhxto-,  combining  f.  L.  Rhxtiis 
Rhsetian  + ROMANIC.]  Applied  to  those  dialects 
of  the  Romance  family  which  are  spoken  in  south 
eastern  Switzerland  and  the  Tyrol;  sometimes 
particularly  to  the  Rumansch  of  the  Grisons  or  the 
Ladin  of  the  Engadine.  Also  BUse  to-Boma  nee. 

1867  WHITNEY  Language  iv.  167  The  Rhjeto-Romanic  of 
southern  Switzerland.  itytEncycl.  Brit.  VIII.  699/2  Ladin 
(Rumonsh,  Rumansh,  Rheto-Romance).  1880-1  1  rans. 
Philol.  Sac.  402  The  district  in  which  the  Rhasto- Romanic 
language  is  spoken  comprises  a  large. .part  of  the  canton 
of  Biinden,  otherwise.. Graubiinden  or  Grisons. 

II  Rhagades  (r£e-gad«-z),  sb.  pi.  Path.  Also  7 
-ies.  [late  L.,  a.  Gr.  pa-ydSa,  pi.  of  pa-fas  rent, 
chink.]  Chaps  or  fissures  of  the  skin. 

1601  Hoi  LAND  Pliny  II.  169  The  rhagadies,  fissures,  and 
chaps  in  the  feet.  1772  H^BRIDF.  Physic  54'  Dry  fissures 
called  Rhagades.  1835-6  Toiid's  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  184/1 
These  fissures  or  rhagades  are  attended  with  pain  in  defalca 
tion.  1879  St.  George's  Hasp.  Rep.  IX.  744  In  winter  she 
has  rhagades  in  the  hands  and  elsewhere. 

Rhagite  (rae'gsit).  Min.  [ad.  G.  rhagil  (i»74)> 
f.  Gr.  /Say-,  pa(  grape:  see  -ITE.]  Hydrous 
arsenate  of  bismuth,  occurring  in  yellowish-green 
concretions  with  grape-like  arrangement. 

1874  Jrnl.  Chcm.  Soc.  XXVII.  667. 

Rhagon  vr<-e-g?n).  [mod.L.,  f.  Gr.  pay-,  pa£ 
grape.]  A  type  occurring  as  a  stage  in  the  de 
velopment  of  some  sponges,  so  called  from  the 
botryoidal  form  of  its  flagellated  chambers.  Hence 
Bha-g-ose  a.,  having  the  characters  of  a  rhagon. 

1887  SOLLAS  in  Encycl.  Brit.  XXII.  422/1  The  eury- 
pylous  Rhagon  type.  Ibid.,  The  flagellated  chambers  are 
eurypylous  and  rhagose.  1900  MINCHIN  Sponges  125  The 
Rhagon  is  a  little  sponge  organism,  in  shape  like  a  cake 
or  bun,  being  usually  slightly  flattened  and  spread  out. 

Rliaini,  variant  of  RAME  sb? 

Rhamadan,  -azan(i:  see  RAMADAN. 

Rhame,  variant  of  RAME  sb.°  and  z>.l 

Rhamn  (rsem).  Also  4  rammyn,  ramne,  6 
ram(me,  7  rhamne,  rham.  [ad.  late  L.  RHAMNUS.] 
The  buckthorn ;  also,  the  buckthorn  berry. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  Ivii.  o  Rammyn,  pat  |>ai  call 
thefthorne.  1388  WYCLIF  Judg.  ix.  14  The  ramne  [gloss 
ether  theue  thorn],  1562  TURNER  Herbal  II.  115  The  fruyt 
or  rounde  ramnes.  1597  GERAROE  Herbal  in.  xxvi.  1153 
Christes  Thorne  or  Ram  of  Lybia.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny 
II.  197  Among  the  diuers  kinds  of  brambles,  is  reckoned 
the  Rhamne.. .This  Rham  beareth  many  flours.  i«33jonN- 
SON  Gerarde's  Herbal  in.  xxviii.  (1636)  1334  White  floured 
Ram-thorne.  1697  POTTER  Antiq.  Greece  (1715)  II.  Index, 
Rhamn  fixed  on  sick  Persons  Doors.  1807  ROBINSON 
Archxol.  Grxca  v.  ii.  416.  1895  F.  T.  ELWORTHY  Evil 
Eye  446  Rhamn  or  Christ-thorn. 

Rhaiunad  (rarmnsed).  Bot.  [f.  RHAMNUS  4- 
-AI).]  Lindley's  name  for  a  plant  of  the  N.  O. 
Rhamnacese.  So  Bha'mnal  a.,  belonging  to  the 
'  alliance '  Rhamnales  of  plants  allied  to  N.  O. 
Rhamnacese ;  sb.,  a  plant  of  this  '  alliance'. 
1846  LINDLEY  Veget.  Kingd.  576  Rhamnales,  — The  Rhamnal 
Alliance.  Ibid.,  The  compound  ovary  of  Rhamnals.  Ibid. 
581  Spurgeworts  are  allied  to  Rhamnads.  1866  Treas.  Bot., 
Maimunna,  a  fruit-bearing  rhamnad  of  Affghanistan. 

Rhamnegin  (rK'mnz'djin).  Chem.  [arbitrarily 
f.  RHAMNUS:  see  -IN1.]  A  glucoside  obtained 
from  buckthorn  berries. 

1872  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  Suppl.  s.  v.  Rhamnus. 

Rhamneous  (rse-mnz"|3s),  a.  [f.  mod.L.  Rham- 
neus,  {.  RHAMNUS  :  see  -ECUS.]  Belonging  to  or 
resembling  the  genus  Rhamnus. 

1847  Nat.  Encycl.  1. 059  Brogniart,  in  his  memoir  on  Rham 
neous  plants.  1858  ^IAYNE  Expos.  Lex.  s.  v.  Rhamneus. 

Rhamnetm  (ne'mnnin).  Chem.  Also  -ine. 
[Arbitrarily  f.  RHAMNUS:  see  -IN1.]  A  yellow 
crystalline  substance  obtained  from  rhamnin. 

1858  GELLATLY  in  Ediu.  New  Phil.  Jrnl.  (N.  S.)  VII.  257 
The  pale  yellow  matter  separated  by  boiling  with  the  dilute 
mineral  acids,  according  to  the  nomenclature  in  use.., 
should  receive  the  name  of  Xanthorhamnetine,  but..!  pro 
pose  to.. call  it  simply  Rhamnetine.  1861  Jrnl.  Chem.  Soc. 
XIII.  327  Rhamnetin. 

So  (in  the  names  of  chemical  substances,  chiefly 
crystallizable  principles,  obtainable  from  Rham- 
mis) :  Bha'nmin  (also  -ine) ;  Rlia'mnite ; 
Rha-mno-,  used  as  combining  form  of  Rhamnus, 
in  rhamnoxanthin,  etc. ;  Bha'mnose. 

1843  Ann.  Chyni.  fy  Pharm.  I.  407  While  the  juice  of  the 
[buckthorn]  berries  is  undergoing  fermentation,  a  portion 
of  "rhamnin  gathers  on  the  surface  of  the  liquid.  1844 
Chem.  Gaz.  II.  430  Rhamnine,  under  the  influence  of  oxyd- 


'wocathartin, . .  the  uncrystallizable  bitter 


624 

tained  by  reducing  a  solution  of  the  lactone  of  rhamno- 
hexonic  acid  by  2*  per  cent,  sodium  amalgam.  1888  Ibid. 
VII  578/1  All  alcoholic  solutions  of  crystalline  "rhamnose 
are  tevo-rotatory.  1890  Ibid.  IX.  1141/1  Rhamnose  is  a 
methyl  pentose.  ,  - 

II  Rhamnus  (tte-nm*).  [late  L.,  a.  Gr.  pauvos. J 
Formerly, the  buckthorn  (.ff.faAtoVzV/"-)  or  Christ's 
thorn  (Paliurus  aculeatus);  now  only  the  name 
of  a  genus  of  shrubs  typical  of  the  N.  O.  Rham- 
nacex  and  comprising  the  buckthorns.  Also  attnb. 

1562  TURNER  Herbal  n.  114  b,  Rhamnus.  .hath  twigges 
that  grow  right  vp,  and  sharpe  prickes.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens 
vi.  xxix.  696  The  leaues  of  Rhamnus  do  cure  Erysipelas. 
1610  FLETCHER  Faith/.  Sheph,  H.  i,  Ramnus  [early  edit, 
mispr.  Ramuus,  Ramuns]  branches  ..  stucke  ..  about  the 
barre  That  holds  the  dore,  kill  all  inchantments.  1672  PETTY 
Pol.  Anat.  355  As  for  wild  and  green  weeds  [for  dyeing], 
they  find  enough,  as  also  of  Rhamnus-berries.  1755  Gentl. 
Mag.  XXV.  408/1, 1  have  two  female rhamnus's  in  mygarden. 
1872  WATTS  Diet.  Client.  Suppl.  s.  v.,  The  constituents  of 
rhamnus  berries  have,  .been  examined  by  W.  Stein. 

b.  Bastard  rhamnus:  the  sea-buckthorn,  Hippo- 
phac  rhamnoides.       1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  App.  324. 

Rhamphoid  (ne-mfoid),  a.  Math.  Also  ram-. 
[f.  Gr.  pa^os  beak  +  -OID.]  Rhamphoid  cusp,  a 
cusp  at  which  the  two  branches  of  the  curve  lie  on 
the  same  side  of  the  common  tangent. 

1852  TODHUNTF.R  Diff.  Calc.  §  301.   1873  [see  KERATOID  i]. 

Rhanny,  obs.  form  of  RANEE. 

Rhantism,  -ize,  varr.  RANTISH  i,  RANTIZE  v. 

1843  Baptist  Rep.  Jan.  16  The  holy  Gospel  says,  Baptizing; 
these  vile  magicians  must  of  necessity  say,  (Rhantmng) 
sprinkling  and  pouring.  Ibid.  61  Unless  they  wash  their 
hands  clean  of '  Infant  Rhantism  '.  1894  Freeman  20  July 
486/1  We  believe  that  all  the  monarchs  of  England  up  to 
Queen  Elizabeth  were  baptized,  but  none  have  been  since- 
only  rhantized. 

Rhaphe,  Rhaphis,  varr.  RAPHE  2,  RAPHIS. 
Rhapontic  (rapfntik),  sb.  (a.).  Also  6  rha 
ponticke,  7  rha-pontick(e,  7-8  rhapontiek, 
8  r(h)aphontic,  9  rapontio ;  also  in  L.  form  7 
rapontica,  7-8  -icum.  0.  6  rewponticke,  ru- 
pontike,  reu-,  7  rupontic(k.  [ad.  mod.L.  (i) 
rhaponticum,  =  rha  Ponticum  (see  RHA  and  PONTIO 
0.1,  and  cf.  radix  Pontica,  Celsus)  ;  (2)  r(e)itpont- 
icum  (altered  form  corresp.  to  reubarbarum  RHU 
BARB).  Cf.  OF.  renpontic,  r(Ji}eu-,  repontique, 
mod.F.  rhapontic,  It.  reuft»itico,1ALG.  repontik.'} 
fl.  Greater  Centaury,  Centaurea  Rhapontica.  Obs. 
1548  TURNER  Names  Herbes  (E.D.  S.)  24  Centaurium 
magnum.. is  called  of  the  Poticaries  Ruponticum,  and  in 
Englishe  Rupontike.  ^1550  H.  LLOYD  Treas.  Health 
R  viii,  Rewponticke  is  a  singular  remedye  agaynst  Feuers. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xxvi.  viii.  II.  250  The  greater  Cen- 
taurie,  commonly  called  Rhapontiek.  1617  MOSAN  Gen. 
Pract.  Phys.  2nd  Table,  It  is.. called  with  vs  pontish  Ru- 
barbe,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  roote  of  the  great  Centorie, 
which  we  do  commonly  call  Rapontica. 
2.  A  species  of  rhubarb,  Rheum  Rhaponticum, 
or  its  root.  Also  applied  to  other  species. 

1578  LYTE  Dodoens  in.  x.  329  The  roote  of  Rha  Ponticke 
..cureth  the  vile  white  scurffe.  1583  Rates  Custome  Ho. 
Eb,  Rhaponticum  the  pound  \\,k.  1609  HOLLAND  Amm. 
Marcell.  xxu.  vii.  198  Neere  unto  this  is  the  river  Rha,  on 
the  sides  whereof  groweth  a  comfortable  and  holsom  root 
so  named  [marg.  Rha-Ponticke :  and  not  Rhabarbarum  or 
RhewbarbeJ.  1693  Phil.  Trans.  XVII.  933  That  the  Rha. 
barbarum  of  Alpinus,  which  in  our  Gardens  is  called  Rubarb, 
is  the  true  Rupontick.  1724  Index  Mat.  Med.  49  True 
Raphontick,  or  English  Rhubarb.  1763  S.  T.  JANSSEN 
Smuggling  laid  open  114  This  Rhapontiek.  .is  a  Root  so 
very  much  resembling  Rhubarb.. that  it  is  very  common  to 
export  the  same  as  Rhubarb.  1802-3  tr.  Pallas's  Trav. 
(1812)  I.  138  Our  rhapontic,  or  rhubarb  of  the  steppe,  is  no 
other  than  the  Rheum  Ribcs.  1819  Pantologia  s.  v.  Rlui- 
ponticum.  The  rhapontic . .  is  more  astringent  than  rhubarb. 
1838  LiNDLEY  Flora  Med.  358  There  is  no  difficulty  in 
recognising  it  by . .  its  smell  of '  rhapontic  '. 
t  3.  Mountain  rhapontic  :  monk's  rhubarb.  Obs. 
1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.  Rhaponticum,  The  mountain 
rhapontic,  or  monk's  rhubarb.  1737  [see  MONK'S  RHUBAKB], 
4.  attrib.  or  adj. 

1758  Elaboratory  laid  open  371  The  true  rhubarb  may 
be  distinguished  from  the  rhapontic  ..  by  the  grain  and 
colour.  1820  HOOPER  Med.  Diet.,  Rheum  rhaponticum, 
the  systematic  name  of  the  rhapontic  rhubarb.  1860 
DARLINGTON  Artier.  Weeds,  etc.  285  Rhapontic  Rheum.. 
Pie  Rhubarb. 

Hence  Bliapontioin  (rapfntisin)  Chem.  [-IN1], 
a  yellow  principle  extracted  from  the  root  of  Rheum 
Rhaponticum.  1840  PEREIRA  Mat,  Med.  817. 

Rhapsode  (ras-psoud).  [ad.  Gr.  fai/apS6s,  f. 
pair-rnv  to  stitch  +  Sifir]  song,  ODE.]  =  RHAPSODIST  2 . 
1834  H.  N.  COLERIDGE  Grk.  Poets  (ed.  2)  95  These 
rhapsodes  were  indigent  persons,  who  gained  their  liveli 
hood  by  reciting  the  Homeric  poetry.  1846  GROTE  Greece 
i.  xxi.  II.  173  The  expulsion  of  the  rhapsodes  from  Sicyon, 
by  the  despot  Cleisthenes  in  the  time  of  Solfln.  1907  T.  W. 
ALLEN  in  Class,  Quart.  I.  135  The  rhapsode,  Socrates  says, 
should  also  interpret  his  poet. 

transf.  1867  SWINBURNE  Ess.  fy  Stud.  (1875)  116  There 
has  been  since  Chaucer  no  second  teller  of  tales,  no  second 
rhapsode,  comparable  to  the  first. 

t  Rhapsoder.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -EK  l.] 
=  RHAPSODIST  i. 

1610  DONNE  Pseudo-martyr  16  These  Rhapsoders,  and 
fragmentary  compilers  of  Canons,  a  1614  —  Biaflavaro? 
(1644)32  Those  definitionsof  sinne,  which  the  first  Rhapsoder 
Pet.  Lombard  hath  presented  out  of  ancient  learning.  1711 
SHAFTESB.  C/tarac,  (1737)  I.  224  Let  a  nation  remain  ever 


RHAPSODIZE. 

so  rude  or  barbarous,  it  must  have  its  poets,  rhapsoders, 
historiographers. 

Rhapsodic  (rsepsp'dik),  a.  [ad.  Gr.  pa^ij>Si«os( 
f.  paifiySos  RHAPSODE  or  paifiifSia  RHAPSODY.] 

1.  ='  RHAPSODICAL  2. 

1782  V.  KNOX  £ss.  xv.  (1819)  1.88  Many  books  of  devotion, 
are  written  in  that  rhapsodic  style,  which  wearies  by  its 
constant  efforts  to  elevate  the  mind  to  ecstacy.  1787  MME. 
D'ARBLAY  Diary  16  Feb.,  I  begged  him  to  rise,  and  be  a 
little  less  rhapsodic.  1879  GEO.  ELIOT  Theo.  Such  viii, 
There  is  a  fable  that  when  the  badger  had  been  stung  all 
over  by  bees,  a  bear  consoled  him  by  a  rhapsodic  account  of 
how  he  himself  had  just  breakfasted  on  their  honey. 

2.  Consisting  of  the  recitation  of  rhapsodies. 
1846  GROTE  Greece  i.  xxi.  II.  188  note,  It  appears  that  there 

had  once  been  rhapsodic  exhibitions  at  the  festivals  of 
Dionysus. 

Rhapsodical  (reepsc'dikal),  a.    [f.  as  prec.] 
1 1.  Of  a  literary  work  :  Consisting  of  a  medley 
of  narratives,  etc. ;  fragmentary  or  disconnected  in 
style.  Obs. 

1659  E.  MARTIN  His  Opinion  Let.  i.  (1662)  17  Dr.  Heyhn's 
Confutation  of  Fuller's  Rhapsodical  stories  of  the  Church 
of  England.  1692  WOOD  Alh.  Oxon.  II.  315  [Prynne's 
works]  are  looked  upon  to  be  rather  rapsodical  and  con- 
fus'd,  than  any  way  polite  or  concise.  1759  STERNE  Tr. 
Shandy  (1760)  I.  xiii.  75  It  is  so  long  since  the  reader  of  this 
rhapsodical  work  has  been  parted  from  the  midwife,  that  it 
is  high  time  to  mention  her  again  to  him. 

2.  Characteristic  of  or  of  the  nature  of  rhapsody 
(sense  4) ;    exaggeratedly  enthusiastic  or  ecstatic 
in  language,  manner,  etc. 

1783  BLAIR  Rhet.  xxxix.  11.359  The  Odes  of  Jean  Baptiste 
Rousseau  have  been.. justly  celebrated... They  are  anim 
ated,  without  being  rhapsodical.  1844  DISRAELI  Coningsliy 
v.  vii,  We  . .  alternate  between  a  supercilious  neglect  of 
genius  and  a  rhapsodical  pursuit  of  quacks.  1847  LONGF. 
in  Life  (1891)  II.  97  A  very  striking,  rhapsodical,  forcible. . 
sermon.  1885  J.  PAYN  Talk  of  Town  I.  213  The  whole 
composition  strikes  me  as  rather  rhapsodical. 

3.  Of  the  rhapsodist.  rare. 

a  1822  SHELLEY  Ion  Prose  Wks.  1888  II.  126  Does  it  belong 
to  the  medical  or  rhapsodical  art,  to  determine  whether 
Homer  speaks  rightly  on  this  subject? 

RhapSO'dically,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.]  In 
a  rhapsodical  manner ;  f  disconnectedly. 

a  1608  DEE  Relat.  Spir.  i.  (1659)  423  Thus  much  very 
rhapsodically,  (yet  faithfully),..!  thought  good  to  commit 
to  the  safe.. conveyance  of  a  young  Merchant  here.  1787 
HAWKINS  Life  Johnson  129  Pitt's  [speech]  void  of  argu 
ment,  but  rhapsodically  and  diffusively  eloquent.  1819 
LAMB  Lett.  (1888)  II.  25  My  pen  goes  galloping  on  most 
rhapsodically.  1833  fraser's  Mag.  XLVII.  560  He  breaks 
out  rhapsodically  in  its  praises. 

Rha-psodism.  rare-1,  [f.  RHAPSODIST  :  see 
-ISM.]  The  recitation  of  poems  by  rhapsodists. 

1829  E.  H.  BARKER  Parriana  II.  763  The  preservation  of 
poems  by  rhapsodism  and  oral  tradition. 

Rhapsodist  (rae-psiJdist).  Also  7  rap-,  [f. 
Gr.  pa^ytos  RHAPSODE  +  -1ST.  Cf.  F.  rhapsodiste."] 

f  L  A  collector  of  literary  pieces.  Obs. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ef.  i.  viii.  31  Plinius  Secundus 
. .  was  the  greatest  Collector  or  Rhapsodist  of  all  the  Latines. 
1671  J.  WEBSTER  Metattogr.  i.  4  The  Catholick  Transcriber 
and  Rhapsodist  Athanasius  Kircherus. 

2.  Antiq.  In  Ancient  Greece,  a  reciter  of  epic 
poems,  esp.   one  of  a  school  of  persons  whose 
occupation  it  was  to  recite  the  Homeric  poems. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Rhapsodists,  the  Interpreters  or 
Rehearsers  of  Homers  verses.  1669  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  i. 
in.  i.  15  The  Rapsodists,  holding  a  Rod,  or  branch  of  Laurel, 
in  their  hands.  1763  J.  BROWN  Poetry  f,  Mus.  §  6.  117  The 
Rhapsodists,  whose  Profession  it  was  to  sing  the  Poems  of 
Homer  and  Hesiod.  1795-1814  WORDSW.  Excurs.  iv.  733 
The  gross  fictions  chanted  in  the  streets  By  wandering 
Rhapsodists.  a  1854  H.  REED  Led.  Eng.  Lit.  w.  (1878)  153 
When  the  earliest  poetry  of  Greece  had  no  surer  abiding 
place  than  the  memories  and  tongues  of  the  Rhapsodists. 
1880  MAHAFFY  Hist.  Grk.  Lit.  I.  26  It  was  believed  in  old 
times  that  both  poems  were  written  down  by  Homer,  and 
then  transcribed  and  preserved  by  schools  of  rhapsodists. 
1886  J.  B.  JEVONS  in  Jrnl.  Hellenic  Stud.  VII.  294  Before 
rhapsodists  existed,  the  Iliad  was. 

D.  transf.  and  gen.  A  reciter  of  poems. 

1765  PERCY  Reliq.  I.  Pref.  x,  The  artless  productions  of 
these  old  rhapsodists  [sc.  our  ancient  English  Minstrels]. 
1851  CARLVLE  Sterling  in.  iv,  The  same  populace  sit  for 
hours. .,  listening  to  rhapsodists  who  recite  Ariosto.  1869 
TOZER  HigU.  Turkey  II.  229  In  his  character  of  rhaps 
odist  he  passes  from  village  to  village. 

3.  One   who   rhapsodizes    or    uses    rhapsodical 
language :  in  early  use,  with  implication  of  want 
of  argument  or  fact. 

1741  WATTS  Imprco.  Mind  I.  x.  §  ii  (1801)  90  Let  me  ask 
our  rhapsodist, '  if  you  have  nothing  else,  Sir,  but  the  beauty 
and  excellency,  and  loveliness  of  virtue  to  preach  and 
flourish  upon'.  1786  Gentl.  Mag.  LVI.  I.  305  He  com 
plains  of  some  other  ranters  and  rhapsodists.  1817  COLE 
RIDGE  Slog.  Lit.  xxiv,  The  grief  with  which  I  read  this 
rhapsody  of  predetermined  insult  had  the  rhapsodist  himself 
for  its  whole  and  sole  object.  1873  DIXON  Two  Queens  11. 
ii.  I.  78  'Granada',  cried  her  rhapsodists,  with  Oriental 
flush  of  metaphor,  'has  no  equal  on  the  earth  .  1889 
Spectator  26  Oct.  556/2  Like  Burns,  he  was  a  satirist. .and 
a  rhapsodist  of  Nature,  animate  and  inanimate. 

Rhapsodize  (rs-ps^daiz),  v.  Also  7  rap-, 
[f.  RHAPSODY  + -IZE.] 

fl.  To  piece  (miscellaneous  narratives,  etc.) 
together ;  to  relate  disconnectedly.  Obs. 

1607  WALKINGTON  Oft.  Glass  Ep.  Ded.  F  6  Looke  not  on 
these  rapsodized  lines,  I  pray  you,  with  a  pittying  eie.  1762 
STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  vi.  xxi,  To  rhapsodize  them,  as  I  once 


RHAPSODIZING. 

intended,  into  the  body  of  the  work.  1765  Ibid,  vii.  xxviii, 
I  am.. in  a  handsome  pavilion..,  where  I  now  sit  rhap 
sodizing  all  these  affairs. 

2.  To  recite  in  rhapsodies.     Also  absol. 

ax8aa  SHELLEY  Ion,  Prose  Wks.  1888  II.  130  How  is  it., 
that.. you  continually  go  about  Greece  rhapsodising,  and 
never  lead  our  armies?  1846  GROTE  Greece  i.  xxi.  II.  173 
That  the  Thebais  and  the  Epigoni  were  then  rhapsodised 
at  Sicyon  as  Homeric  productions.  1886  F.  IJ.  JHVONS  in 
*Jrnl.  Heltenic  Stnd.  VII.  307  We  do  know  on  good  ex- 
ternal  evidence  that  the  Iliad  was  rhapsodised. 

3.  intr.  To  utter  rhapsody ;  to  talk  rhapsodically. 
1806  H.  K.  WHITE  Let.  to  J.  Charleswortk  22  Sept.,  I .. 

shall  be  happy  to  spend  a  few  days  with  you  at  Clapham, 
and  to  rhapsodize  on  your  common.  1853  SMEDI.EV  //. 
Coverdale  xliy.  308  Thinking  the  gallant  Hibernian  had 
been  rhapsodising.  1862  THORN  BURY  Turner  I.  230  He 
never  rhapsodized  about  scenery.  1887  MARZIALS  Dickens 
y.  66  [  Little  Nell]  has  been  ethenalized,  vapourized,  rhapsod 
ized  about,  till  the  flesh  and  blood  have  gone  out  of  her. 

t 4.  trans.  To  exalt,  carry  aloft.   Obs, 

(?  Suggested  by  RAPT  fa.  pple.) 

1616  K.  C.  Times'  Whistle  v.  1925  But  for  the  rest,  whose 
vertuous  operation.. Doth  rapsodize  the  soules  intelligence 
Above  the  levell  of  inferiour  sence. 

Hence  Bha'psodizing  vbl.  sb.  and  ///.  a. 

1872  Miss  BRADDON  R,  Ainsleigh  II.  xn.  171,  I  took  you 
for  a  beggarly  native;  and  here  have  you  been  listening 
to  my  rhapsodizing.  1874  MAHAFFY  Soc.  Life  Greece  iv.  94 
He  specially  inveighs  against  rhapsodising  bards. 

Rha-psodomancy.    [f.  Gr.  /Sa^Sos  RHAPSODE 

+  fjtavTfia  -MANCY.]     (See  quot.) 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl^  Rhapsodomancy^  an  antient  kind 
of  divination  performed  by  pitching  on  a  passage  of  a  poet 
at  hazard,  and  reckoning  on  it  as  a  prediction  of  what  was 
to  come  to  pass. 

Rhapsody  (rse-ps&li).  Also  7  rapsody,  -idy, 
-idle.  [ad.  L.  rhapsodia  (applied  by  Nepos  to  a 
book  of  Homer),  a.  Gr.  /Sa^ySi'a,  related  to  /Sa^ojSos 
RHAPSODE.  Cf.  F.  r(1i}apsodie^ 

1.  An  epic  poem  or  part  of  one,  e.g.  a  book  of  the 
Iliad  or  Odyssey,  suitable  for  recitation  at  one  time. 

1542  UDALL  Erasm.  A^poph.  76  The  grammarians  in  olde 
tyme  spent  moste  of  their  studie  and  were  moste  famyliare 
in  the  rhapsodies  of  Homerus.  1640  B.  JONSON  Horace  A.  P. 
n  A  Rhapsody  of  Homers  [L.  Iliacnin  carmen].  1713 
BENTLEY  Freethinking  vii.  (1743)  26  Poor  Homer  ..  wrote 
a  sequel  of  Songs  and  Rhapsodies,  to  be  sung  by  himself 
for  small  earnings.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.,  Those 
[verses]  of  Homer,  which.. were  at  length,  by  Pisistratus's 
order,  digested  into  books,  called  rhapsodies.  1886  F.  B. 
JEVONS  in  Jrnl.  Hellenic  Stnd.  VII.  298  The  AtoiU7J$ou? 
apioreta.  which  seems  to  have  been  a  favourite  rhapsody. 

transf.  1813  SCOTT  Let.  to  Byron  in  Lockhart  (1837)  III. 
iL  lor  Those  who  have  done  me  the  honour  to  take  my 
rhapsodies  for  their  model.  1817  MOORE  Lalla  Rookh  293 
The  youth  . .  proposed  to  recite  a  short  story,  or  rather 
rhapsody. 

2.  f  a.  The  stringing  together  of  poems.  Obs~Q 
1603  HOLLAND  Plutarctfs  Mor.  Explan.  Words,  Rhapsodie^ 

a  sowing  together  or  conjoining  of  those  Poems  and  verses 
..which  before  were  loose  and  scattered.     1616  BULLOKAR 
Eng.  Exp.)  Rapsodie,  a  ioyning  of  diuerse  verses  together. 
b.  The  recitation  of  epic  poetry,  rare, 
a  1822  SHELLEY  Ion  Prose  Wks.  1888  II.  119  A  man  pro 
fessing  himself  a  judge  of  poetry  and  rhapsody, 
f  3.  A  miscellaneous  collection ;   a  medley  or 
confused  mass  (of  things)  ;  a  ( string  '  (of  words, 
sentences,  tales,  etc.).  Obs. 

1574  LifeAbp.  Parker  To Rdr.  C  ivb,  Certaine  Rapsodies, 
and  shredes  off  olde  forwornestoryes,  allmost  forgotten.  1580 
J.  HAY  in  Cath.  Tractates  (S.T.S.)  34  The  doctreine..is  na 
other  thing  bot  other  the  inuention  of  lohne  Calvin,  or  ane 
rapsodie  of  awld  condamned  heresies.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham* 
in.  iv.  48  Such  a  deed,  As..sweete  Religion  makes  A  rap- 
sidie  of  words.  1665  GLANVILL  Def.  Van.  Dogm,  72  A  meer  | 
rhapsody  and  confused  ramble  of  they  knew  not  what.  1699 
BENTLEY  Phal.  Pref.  p.  Ixxvii,  His  whole  Book,  .is  nothing 
else  but  a  Rhapsody  of  Errors  and  Calumnies.  1711  ADDISON 
Sfect.  No.  46  P  i  That  would  look  like  a  Rhapsody  of 
Nonsense  to  any  Body  but  myself.  1765  H.  WALPOLE 
Otranto  iL  59  Have  done  with  this  rhapsody  of  imper 
tinence.  1837  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  I.  i.  vii.  §  20.  309  The 
treatise  of  Agrippa  on  occult  philosophy  is  a  rhapsody  of 
wild  theory  and  juggling  falsehood. 

f  b.  A  literary  work  consisting  of  miscellaneous 
or  disconnected  pieces,  etc. ;  a  written  composition 
having  no  fixed  form  or  plan.  Obs. 

1602  DAVISON  (tit/e)t  A  Poetical  Rapsody  Containing, 
Diuerse  Sonnets, . .  and  other  Poesies,  both  in  Rime,  and 
Measured  Verse.  1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch,  s  Mor.  207  Some 
old  ragged  rapsodiesandoverwoornediscourses.  1685 COTTON 
tr.  Montaigne  (1877)  I.  56  There  is  no  subject  so  frivolous 
that  does  not  merit  a  place  in  this  rhapsody.  1710  T.  SMITH 
Let.  in  Hearne  Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)  III.  53,  I  have  lately  got 
A.  Wood's  Rhapsody  [sc.  A  tlienae  Oxonienses\  1764  Chron. 
in  Ann.  Reg.  51  A  treatise  entitled  Droit  le  roy,  a  rhapsody 
of  all  the  prerogatives  at  any  time  attributed  to  the  kings 
of  England. 

f  C.  A  collection  (of  persons,  nations).  Obs. 
1647  SANDERSON  Semi.  II.  217  A  cento  and  a  rhapsody  of 
uncircumcised  nations.  1654  VILVAIN  Epit.  Ess.  iv.  90  The 
Queen  of  Wooers  had  a  large  rapsody.  1689  Def.  Liberty 
agst.  Tyrants  120  According  to  the  saying  of  Saint  Au 
gustine,  those  Kingdoms  where  Justice  hath  no  place,  are 
but  a  rapsody  of  freebooters.  1701  DE  FOE  True-born  Eng: 
21  Which  Medly  canton'd  in  a  Heptarchy  A  Rhapsody  of 
Nations  to  supply. 

4.  An  exalted  or  exaggeratedly  enthusiastic  ex 
pression  of  sentiment  or  feeling ;  an  effusion  (e.  g. 
a  speech,  letter,  poem)  marked  by  extravagance  of 
idea  and  expression,  but  without  connected* thought 
or  sound  argument.  Also  without  article. 
VOL.  VIII. 


625 

1639  QUAKLKS  Emll.  TV.  xv,  0  then  my  hrest  Should 
warble  Ayres,  whose  Rapsodies  should  feast  The  eares  of 
Seraphims.  1711  STEELE  Spect.  No.  30  Pa  To  turn  all  the 
Reading  of  the  best  and  wisest  Writings  into  Rhapsodies  of 
Love.  1771  Junius  Lett.  liv.  (1772)  II.  232  If  he  means 
any  thing  more  than  a  pompous  rhapsody,  let  us  try  how 
well  his  argument  holds  together.  1784  COWPER  Task  v. 
677  Spend  all  the  pow'rs  Of  rant  and  rhapsody  in  virtue's 
praise.  1802  MRS.  E.  PARSONS  Myst.  Visit  IV.  187  'Upon 
my  word,  a  fine  rhapsody,'  said  she,  with  a  disdainful  smile. 
1839  JAMES  Louis  XIV*  II.  553  After  some  wild  and  vehe 
ment  rhapsodies.. he  was  easily  persuaded  to  retire.  1879 
GLADSTONE  Glean.  II.  ii.  101  This  looks  like  mere  rhapsody. 

5.  Mus.  An  instrumental  composition  enthusiastic 
in  character  but  of  indefinite  form. 

1880  F.  HUEFFER  in  Grove  Diet.  Mus.  II.  147/2  The  fifteen 
Hungarian  Rhapsodies  [of  Liszt].  1894  SIR  G.  PARKER 
Transl.  Savage  xii,  Marion  was  seated  at  the  piano,  playing 
a  rhapsody  of  Raff's. 

Rhatania,  obs.  form  of  RATANHTA. 

Rliatany  (ne'tani).  Also  rat(t)any,  ratanhy. 
[ad.  mod.L.  rhatania^  ad.  RATANHIA.]  The  South 
American  shrub  Krameria  triandra ;  the  astringent 
extract  of  its  root,  used  in  adulterating  port-wine 
and  medicinally.  Also  attrib. 

Savanilla  rhatany,  Krameria  f.rina  of  New  Granada. 

1808  REECE  Diet.  Dom.  Med,  s,v.t  Tincture  of  Rhatany. 
Take  of  Rhatany  root  bruised,  three  ounces.  1846  LINDLF.Y 
Veget.  Kingd.  378  The  Krameiias,.  .called  Rhatany-roots. 
1861  BENTLEY  Man.  Bot.  487  Our  supplies  at  present  being 
chiefly  derived  from  an  unknown  species,  a  native  of  New 
Granada,  and  which  is  called  Savanilla  Rhatany.  1879 
CasselFs  Techn.  Educ.  I.  215/1  The  roughness  and  flavour 
of  the  red  wines  are.. often  communicated  to  them  by  the 
addition  of  astringents,  such  as  rhatany.  1870  St.  George's 
Hosp.  Rep.  IX.  565  Rhatany  lozenges  ..  will.,  relieve  the 
symptoms.  Ibid.  576  The  cases. .were  treated. .by  astrin 
gents,  such  as  rhatany,  locally. 

b.  False  rhatany  :  the  astringent  extract  of  the 
Seaside  Grape,  Coccoloba  uvifera. 

1839  Penny  Cycl.  XIII.  237/2  In  the  West  Indies  the  juice 
of  the  Coccoloba  uvifera  is  called.. false  rhatany  extract. 
1873  HOOKER  tr,  le  Maout  fy  Decaisnds  Syst.  Bot.  635. 

Khe,  variant  of  REE  sbj- 

Rkea1  (rra).  [mod.L.  generic  name  (Mohring, 
1752),  a  use  of  the  mythological  name  L.  Rhea^ 
Gr.  'Pea.]  The  South  American  or  three-toed 
ostrich  ;  the  genus  to  which  this  bird  belongs. 

[1797  Encycl.  £rif.(ed.^)  XVIII.  38/2  According  to  the 
new  classification  of  Dr.  Latham,  it  [sc.  struthio]  forms, 
along  with  the  dodo,  cassuarius,  and  rhea,  a  separate  order.] 
1801  LATHAM  Gen.  Syn.  Birds  Suppl.  II.  292  American 
Rhea.  1860  GOSSE  Rom.  Nat.  Hist:  201  The  rheas,  which 
are  the  representatives  of  the  ostrich  in  South  America, 
inhabit  regions  presenting  many  of  the  characteristics  of  the 
African  plains.  1884  G.  ALLEN  in  Longman's  Mag.  Jan. 
293  The  South  American  rheas  have  real  wings  with  real 
feathers  in  them. 

Rhea-  (rra).  Also  rheea.  [Assamese.]  = 
RAMIE.  Also  attrib. 

1853  J.  G.  MARSHALL  in  Royle  Fibrous  PL  India  (1855) 
354  Cultivated  Rheea... Rheea  fibre  1855  ROYLE  Ibid.  363 
The  Ramee  or  Rheea  Nettle.  1861  BENTLEY  Man.  Bot.  636 
Bcehmeria  speciosa  (Wild  Rhea).  Ibid.*  Caloee  Hemp  or 
Rhea  fibre,  one  of  the  strongest  known  fibres. 

Rlieadic,  -ine,  varr.  RH<EADIC,  -INE.  Rheam, 
obs.  f.  REAM  $b$  Rhebarb,  Rhebuck:  see 
RHUBARB,  REEBOK, 

Rheda*riouB,  at.  rare"0,  [f.  L.  rhsddri-u$ 
(rhse-}t  f.  rheda  four-wheeled  carriage.] 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogrn  Rhedarioust  of  or  serving  for  a 
Cart  or  Chariot. 

Rheeboc,  -bok,  -buck,  variants  of  REEBOK. 

1834  Penny  Cycl.  II.  Bo/i  The  Rheebok  (Antilope  capre- 
ohis).  1850  R.  G.  CUMMING  Hunters  Life  S.  Afr.  I.  i.  18 
The  rhooye-rheebok,  or  red  rheebuck. 

Rheem,  dial,  form  of  REAM  z>.* 

Rheen,  variant  of  KEEN,  RHINE  *. 

Rheic  (rrik), a.  Chem*  [f.  RHE-UM2  +  -1C,  after 
F.  rhtique.]  Rheic  acid  =  RHEIN. 

1847-54  WEBSTER,  s.  v.  Rhein.    1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chew. 

\\  Rlxeim  (nm),  sb.  Variant  of  RIEM.  Cf.  REIU. 
Also  attrib.  y  as  rheim-chain*  Hence  Rheim  v.t 
to  secure  with  a  rheim.  Also  Rheimpy  (n'mpi) 
[a.  Du.  riempje,  Cape  T>}\.rimp{]t  =  RHEIM  sb. 

1850  R.  G.  CUMMING  Hunter  &  Life  S.  Afr.  \.  iL  25  Each 
pair  of  oxen  is  strongly  coupled  by  the  buflfalo  rheims..: 
a  rheim  is  a  long  strip  of  prepared  hide  with  a  noose  at 
the  end.  Ibid.  iii.  45  Having  rheimed  or  secured  the  two 
hind  wheels  by  means  of  the  drag-chains.  Ibid*  xvi.  384 
A  wide-awake  hat,  secured  under  my  chin  by  *  rheimpys  '» 
or  strips  of  dressed  skin.  1863  W.  C.  BALDWIN  Afr. 
Hunting  iv.  06  With  its  assistance  and  two  rheim  chains 
we  reached  the  bottom  in  safety.  1880  P.  GILMORE  On 
Duty  348  Fastening  them  taut  with  a  fresh  rheim  to  the 
cantle  of  the  saddle. 

Khein  (tt~*in).  Chem*  Also -ine.  [f.RHE-UM2 
+  -IN1,  after  F.  rhtine.]  An  orange- coloured  prin 
ciple  obtained  from  rhubarb ;  rheic  acid. 

1838  THOMSON  Chem.  Org.  Bodies  160.  1857  MILLER 
Elem.  Chem.,  Org.  (1862)  III.  603. 

Hence  Bhei-nloa.,  =  RHEIC  (1897  Syd.Soc.  Lex.}. 

Rhein,  variant  of  RHINE1,  ditch. 

tRhein-berry.  Obs.  AlsoKheyn-,  Rheine-. 
[ad.  MDu.  rijnbesie^  f.  Rijn  RHINE  3  +  besie  berry.] 
The  buckthorn  berry.  Also  attrib. 

1578  LYTE  Dodoens  vi.  xxx.  697  The  fruite  of  the  same 
thorne  [sc.  buckthorn]  is  called.. in  English,  Rheyn  beries, 
because  there  is  much  of  them  founue  alongst  the  riuer 


RHENISH. 

Rhene.  ifiu  COTCR.,  Ner&rutt,  buck-thorne,  way-thorne, 
Rhein-berries.  1635  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  Biondfs  Eanisli'd 
Virg.  153  Aurora,  .painting  with  her  more  lively  colours 
the  Rheineberry  or  full-ripe  Cherry.  1671  SKINNER  Etym. 
Bot.,  Rhein-berries,  Spinel  Cervina.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed. 
Kersey),  RAamntutt.UK  Rhein-berry  Bush. 

Rhematic  (r/mce'tik),  a.  and  sb.  rare.  [ad. 
Gr.  firjfwTtKus,  {.  prjfMT-,  ffina  word,  verb.] 

A.  adj.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  formation  of  words. 
1856  MAX  MULLER  Chips  (1867)  II.  9  This  period,  during 

which  expressions  were  coined  for  the  most  necessary  ideas, 
..forms  tne  first  in  the  history  of  man,,  .and  we  call  it  the 
Rhematic  Period.  j88*  L.  CAMPBELL  Life  Clerk  JIa.i-.vcll 
370,  I  think  a  good  deal  may  be  learned  from  the  names  of 
colours,  ..  and  I  think  it  is  remarkable  that  the  rhematic 
instinct  has  been  so  much  more  active,  .on  the  less  refrangible 
side  of  primary  green. 
b.  Formed  on  verbs. 

1877  F.  HALL  Adjs.  in  -atlc  47  Such  [adjectives  in  -al'lc} 
as  are  derived  from  verbs  deserve  the  precedence.  And 
these,  to  avoid  the  ambiguousness  of  the  term  Z't'rl'al,  I  shall 
take  leave  to  denominate  rltematic. 

B.  sb.  The  science  of  sentences  or  propositions. 

1830  COLERIDGE  Table-t.  23  Sept.,  The  object  of  rhetoric  is 
persuasion, — of  logic,  conviction, — of  grammar,  significancy. 
A  fourth  term  is  wanting,  the  rhematic,  or  logic  of  sentences. 

Rheine,  obs.  form  of  REAM  sbfl 

Rliemish  (rfmij),  a.  [f.  Rhemts,  former 
Eng.  spelling  of  Rheims  +  -ISH.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Rheims  in  the  north-east  of  France :  the  specific 
designation  of  an  English  translation  of  the  New 
Testament  by  Roman  Catholics  of  the  English 
college  at  Rheims,  published  in  1582. 

1589  W.  FULKE  Text  of  N.  T.  Ep.  bed.,  Discharged., 
from  any  further  dealing  against  these  Rhemisb  glosses. 
1610  C.  HAMPTON  Semi.  (1611)  24  Our  Rhemish  Semin 
aries,  say  Luther,  Caluin,  Sic.  came  out  of  their  Church, 
not  they  out  of  ours.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Xnfipl.  s.  v. 
Bible ,  The  second  [version]  by  the  papistsat  Rheims  in  1584, 
called  the  Rhemish  bible,  or  Rhemish  translation.  1841 
Bagster's  Eng_.  Hcxapla  144  The  chief  agent  in  causing  the 
Rhemish  version  to  be  made  was.. Cardinal  Allen.  Ibitt. 
146  The  Rhemish  translators. 

Rhemist  !jf  mist).  Also  (5  Hemist.  [f.  asprec. 
+  -1ST.]  One  of  the  authors  of  the  Rhemish  trans 
lation  of  and  commentary  on  the  New  Testament. 

1596  HARINGTON  Mutant.  Ajax  C  2  b,  We  call  it  very  wel 
Circumcision,  and  vncircumciMon,  though  the  Remists  (of 
purpose  be  like  to  vary  from  Geneua)  will  needs  bring  in 
Prepuse.  1620  tip.  HALL  Hon.  Alarr.  Clergy  i.  §  18  It  is 
a  cunning  tricke  of  the  Rhemists,  and  their  Vulgar,  in  stead 
of  Their  Wines,  to  reade,  The  Women.  1753  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.Ki/e,  Dr.  Fulke. .,  who  refuted  the  Rhem 
ists  with  great  spirit  and  learning.  1849  STOVEL  Canne's 
Neccss.  67  Cartwright's  answer  to  the  Rhemist's  Testament. 

b.  Comb. :  f  Kheraist-English,  =  RHEMISH. 

a  1653  GOUGE  Connn.  Heb.  xiii.  4  The  manifest  mistake  of 
the  Vulgar  Ijitine  and  Rhemist-English  translation. 

Rhen,  Rhendeer :  see  REIN  sb2,  REINDEER. 

Rhene,  variant  of  RHINE  1. 

Rhenish,  obs.  form  of  RENISH  a. 

1596  NASHE  Saffron  Wnlden  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  201 
Chute,,  .that  bobd  me  with  nothing  but  Rhenish  furie. 

Rlieilish  (re'nij),  a.  and  sb.  Forms  (formerly 
often  with  small  initial  letter) :  4Haynysh,Kynys, 
-is,  Binische,  Kenys(s,  -is,  -yohe,  5  Beynyssh, 
Bynisch,  -yssh(e,  6  Eeinnishe,  Beinish,  Ben- 
nish,  Bheynisshe,  6-7  Benish,  7  Beanish, 
Bhinish,  Bhennish,  6-  Bhenish.  0.  Sc.  5 
Bynohe,  Byns,  6  Bens,  Banche.  [Orig.  partly 
a.  or  ad.  OF.  rinois,  rynois,  rainois,  AF.  reneis 
(from  i$th  c.) :— med.L.  type  Rhenensis,  f.  Rhtnus ; 
partly  ad.  continental  Germanic  forms  (MHG. 
rlnisch,  G.  rheinisch,  also  monosyllabic  MHG., 
MLG.  rtnsch,  MDu.  rijnsch,  rinsch,  rijns,  Du. 
rijnsch} :  see  -ISH.  The  mod.  spelling  is  due  to  L. 
Rhenus  or  early  mod.  Eng.  Rhene,  =  RHINE  3.] 
A.  adj. 

1.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  river  Rhine,  or  the 
regions  bordering  upon  it. 

1545  Rates  Customs  Ho.t  Glasses,  Reinish.  1676  Phil. 
Trans.  XI.  587  As  green  as  the  Rhinish  glasses  were  here 
tofore  tinged.  1837  ALISON  Hist,  Europe  (1847)  III.  348 
Soldiers  trained  in  the  regular  wars  on  the  Rhenish  frontier. 
1866  BRVCE  Holy  Rom.  Emf.  viii,  The  three  Rhenish 
archbishops. 

t  b.  Applied  to  the  gulden  formerly  current  in 
Germany  and  the  Netherlands.  Obs. 

Cf.  MDu.  rijnsch  gulden,  MLG.  rinsche  guide  it. 

1479  in  Cely  Papers  (1900)  19,  xxx  Rynysche  iiij"  iiij^sum 
.  .vjli  xv"  fls,  c  1485  [see  GUILDER].  1617  MORYSON  /fin.  i. 
286  A  Rhenish  Gold  Gulden  was  worth  seuen  and  twenty 
silver  Groshen.  175*-?  [see  GUILDER).  1787  MATY  tr.  A'««- 
fock's  Trav.  through  Germany  III.  154  One  million  one 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  Rhenish  guilders,  or  about  one 
hundred  and  fifteen  thousand  pounds. 

c.  =  RHINELAND. 

1831  Encycl.  Amer.  XI.  n  Rhenish  or  Rhinland  Foot. 
1858  HOMANS  Cycl.  Commerce  1940/1  Engineers  and  sur 
veyors  use  the  Rhenish  foot  and  inch. 

2.  Rhenish  wine:  wine  produced  in  the  Rhine 
region  ;  Rhine  wine. 

1373-6  Durh.  Ace,  Rolls  582  Ryniswyne.  Ibid.,  Rtnische- 
wyn.  1390-1  Earl  Derby's  Exp.  (Camden)  80  Pro  xij  stopis 
de  Rynyswyn.  ? a  1400  MorteArth.  203  Rynisch  wyne  and 
Rochelle,  ricbere  was  neuer.  <  1490  Paston  Lett.  III.  364, 
1  sen  my  lady  a  lytyll  pes  of  Renysch  wyne  of  the  best.  isz8 
PAYNELL  Salernejs  Regim.  R  ij,  Mustis,  that  haue  bytynge 
lies,  as  moche  reinnishe  muste.  1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  \.  i:. 

79 


RHETTITE. 

104  A  deepe  glasse  of  Reinish-wine.  1607  Englishman's 
Docter  in  Regimen  Salern.  (1830)  133  New  Rhennish-wine 
stirs  vrine.  1660  Bk.  Rates  (Act  12  Car.  II,  c.  4),  Rhimsh 
wines  brought  into  any  Port  the  Awme,  j  //.  1787  MATY 
tr  Riesbeck'i  Trav.  through  Germany  III.  189  The  little 
village  of  Hocheim,  from  whence  the  English  give  all  kinds 
of  Rhenish  wine  the  name  of  Hock.  1840  L.  PLAYFAIR 
LieUg's  Org.  Chem.  287  The  aroma  which  distinguishes 

atMl:  "TOO  CONCREVE  Way  of  the  World  in.  i.  F4b, 
That  goodly  Face,  which  in  defiance  of  her  Rhenish-wine 
Tea  will  not  be  comprehended  in  a  Mask.  1707  MORTIMER 
Hu'sli.  (1721)  II.  291  The  Underleaf  [apple]  hath  a  Rhenish- 
Wine  flavour. 

8  1468  Burgh  Rec.  Edin.  (1869)  23  Rynche  wyne.  1546 
Ibid.  (1871)  125  The  Rens  wyne  xx"d.  the  pynt.  15.. 
Aberd.  Reg.  (Jam.),  Ane  greit  peis  of  Ranee  wyne. 

B.  sb.  Rhenish  wine.     Now  rare.     Also  attrib. 

[1506  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  in.  i.  44  There  is  more  difference  | 
betweene . .  your  bloods,  then  there  is  betweene  red  wine  and 
rennish  ]  1602  —  Ham.  I.  iv.  ro  As  he  dreines  his  draughts 
of  Renish  downe.  1638  T.  WHITAKER  Blood  of  Grape  52 
Adolescency . .  may  not  feare  either  White,  Claret,  or  Rhenish. 
1685-8  DRYDEN  Let.  to  Sir  G.  Etherege  45  Then  Rhenish 
rummers  walk  the  round,  In  bumpers  every  king  is  crowned. 
1756  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Miss  Btxthby  3  Jan.,  I  took  Rhenish 
and  water,  and  recovered  my  voice.  1820  KEATS  Eve  of 
St.  Agnes  xxxix,  Drown'd  all  in  Rhenish  and  the  sleepy 
mead.  1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  v,  If  sack,  or  rhenish,  or 
wine  of  Gascony  can  serve,  why,  say  the  word. 

tBhenite(rrnait).  Min.  Obs.  [(.'L.  R hen-us 
Rhine +  -ITE.]  Pseudomalachite. 

c  1830  H.  J.  BROOKE  in  Encyd.  Metrop.  (1845)  VI.  488/1 
Hydrous  Phosphate  of  Copper.  Rhenite. 

Rheo-  ("V,  "V)>  also  reo-,  used  as  comb,  form 
of  Gr.  pfos  stream,  current,  chiefly  in  names  of 
electrical  apparatus:  Rhe'ochord,  -cord,  a  wire 
used  in  measuring  the  resistance  or  reducing  the 
strength  of  an  electric  current,  f  Bhe'ocline  [Gr. 
KKivr]  couch],  a  form  of  air-bed.  Bhe  o-ele-ctric  a., 
producing  electric  currents.  Klie'omotor,  an  ap 
paratus  by  which  an  electric  current  is  generated. 
Khe-ophore  [F.  rheophore ;  Gt.-qopo?  bearing], (a) 
Ampere's  name  for  the  connecting  wire  of  a  voltaic 
cell ;  (b)  one  of  the  poles  of  a  voltaic  battery ;  an 
electrode;  hence  Bheopho'ric  a.  Klie'otome 
[Gr.  -TO^O!  cutting],  a  device  for  interrupting  an 
electric  current ;  =  INTERRUPTER  b.  Bhe-otrope 
[Gr.  -rpoiror  turning],  an  instrument  for  reversing 
an  electric  current. 

iSfis'fYNDALL  Heat  §  508  It  was  only  necessary,  by  means 
of  the  tangent  compass  and  *rheocord,  to  keep  the  current 
constant.  1890  in  Phil.  Trans.  (1892)  CLXXXII.  326  note, 
The  rheochord  readings  are  in  decimals  of  a  volt.  1851 
HOOPER  Physician's  Vade-Mecum  315  The  water-bed  or  the 
"rheiocline,  should  be  resorted  to  in  the  more  severe  class 
of  cases.  1860  FLOR.  NIGHTINGALE  Nursing  viii.  46  An  iron 
bedstead,  with  rheocline  springs,  which  are  permeable  by 
the  air  up  to  the  very  mattress.  1845  J.  NOTT  in  Rep. 
Brit.  Ass.  Notices  &  Abstr.  (1844)  16,  I  insulated  the  ring, 
and  connected  it  with  the  resinous  conductor  of  the  *rheo- 
electric  machine.  1843  WHEATSTONE  in  Phil.  Trans.  306, 
I  shall .  .employ  the  word  *Rheomotor  to  denote  any  appar 
atus  which  originates  an  electric  current.  1873  F.  JENKIN 
Electr.  f,  Magn.  (1881)  xxii.  §  2  The  sending  battery,  or 
other  rheomotor.  1843  WHEATSTONE  in  Phil.  Trans.  307 
The  word  *  Rheophore  was  employed  by  Ampere  to  desig 
nate  the  connecting  wire  of  a  voltaic  apparatus  as  being  the 
carrier  or  transmitter  of  the  current.  1880  M.  MACKENZIE 
Dis.  Throat  fy  Nose  I.  421  To  carry  out  this  treatment, 
either  the  double  laryngeal  rheophores  or  my  single  elec 
trode  may  be  used.  1843  WHEATSTONE  in  Phil.  Trans. 
307  The  method  of  obtaining  the  constants  of  a  *rheophpric 
circuit.  Ibid.,  'Rheotome.  1879  G.  PRESCOTT  Sp.  Tele 
phone  n7One  of  the  numerous  apparatus  called  rheotomes, 
or  cut-currents.  1843  WHEATSTONE  in  Phil.  Trans.  307 
•Rheolrope.  1884  SPRAGUE  Electr.  (ed.  2)  636  Rheotiope. 
— A  reversing  commutator. 

Rheometer  (rijfmftai).   [f.  RHEO-  +  -METER.] 

1.  Electr.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  force 
of  an  electric  current. 

1843  WHEATSTONE  in  Phil.  Trans.  307.  1852  LARDNER 
Handbk.  Nat.  Phil.  II.  384  In  certain  researches  a  differen 
tial  reometer  is  found  useful.  1884  SPRAGUE  Electr.  (ed.  2) 
636  Rheometer.— A  galvanometer. 

2.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  force  or 
velocity  of  (a)  a  water-current,  (b)  the  blood-flow. 

1877  M.  FOSTER  Text-bit.  Physiol.  Index,  Rheometer  of 
Lml  wig,  for  measuring  blood  pressure.  1882  Nature  26  Jan. 
200/2  A  rheometer,  for  measuring  currents  at  different  depths 
in  water. 

Hence  Bheome-trlo  a.,  pertaining  to  a  rheometer 
or  rheometry;  Bhecrmetry,  the  measurement  of 
electric  currents,  as  by  a  rheometer. 

1850  A.  SECCHI  (title).  Researches  on  Electrical  Rheometry. 
1852  LARDNER  Handbk.  Nat.  Phil.  n.  383  Such  an  appar 
atus  would  be  reoscopic,  but  not  reometric. 

Rheoscope  (rr<fek0up),  Electr.  Now  rare.  [f. 
RHEO- + -SCOPE.]  (See  quot.  1843.) 

1843  WHEATSTONE  in  PhiL  Trans.  307  A  Rheoscope 
is  an  instrument  for  ascertaining  merely  the  existence  of 
an  electric  current.  1852  LARDNER  Handbk.  Nat.  Phil. 
ii.  380  Reoscopes  and  Reometers.  1881  S.  P.  THOMPSON 
Electr.  ff  Magn.  161  note. 

Hence  Rheosco'pic  a.,  (a)  pertaining  to  the 
rheoscope ;  (6)  applied  to  preparations  of  certain 
nerves  of  a  frog  for  showing  the  variation  of  electric 
currents ;  so  rheoscopic  frog ;  muscfe. 

1852  [see  RHKOMETRIC).  1877  M.  FOSTER  Text-bk.  Physiol. 
44  The  method  known  as  '  the  rheoscopic  frog ',  in  which 
the  natural  current  of  one  nerve,  or  the  negative  variation 


626 

of  that  current,  is  used  as  a  stimulus  to  another  nerve. 
Hill  107  note.  The  absence  of  tetanus  in  a  rheoscopic  muscle. 

Rheostat  (rr&trct).  Electr.  [f .  RHEO-  +  en-arcs, 
vbl.  adj.  of  iardvai  to  stand.]  (See  quot.  1843.) 

1843  WHEATS-TONE  in  Phil.  Trans.  309  As  the  principal 
useof  this  instrument  is  to  adjust  or  regulate  the  circuit  so 
that  any  constant  degree  of  force  may  be  obtained  I  have 
called  it  a  rheostat.  *&*  AUklttt  Syst.  Mid.  I.  369  Ihe 


___  ______________  n  cylinder. 

PREECE  "Electr.  207  The  rheostat  cylinder. 

So  Bheostatic  a.  [ad.  F.  rhiostatique,  1877],  the 
name  of  an  electric  machine  invented  by  Plante,  by 
which  continuous  static  effects  are  produced. 

•&,*Chem.Nei<is  XXXVII.  184/2  Effects  of  the  Rheostatic 
Machine.—  G.  Plante1. 

Rheostatics  (rfiestse-tik*),  si.  pi.  ?  Obs.  [f. 
KHEO-  +  STATICS.]  The  statics  of  fluid  bodies. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suppl.,  Kheo-statics,  is  used  by  some 
for  the  statics,  or  the  science  of  the  equilibrium  of  fluids. 
[Hence  in  recent  Diets.) 

Rheotannic  (rz^tarnik),  a.  Chem.  [f.  Gr. 
ffiov  RHEUM  *  +  TANNIO.]  The  name  of  a  variety 
of  tannic  acid  found  in  rhubarb. 

1883  Encycl.  Brit.  XX.  530/1  The  chief  chemical  con- 
stituents  of  Chinese  rhubarb  are  chrysophan 


rheotannic  acid  (CaoHaeOu)  [etc.). 

II  Rhesis  (rrsis).  [a.  Gr.  /5f)<ris  word,  speech.] 
A  set  speech  or  discourse. 

1871  BROWNING  Balaust.  Wks.  1896  I.  629/2  Any  who 
could  speak  A  chorus  to  the  end,  or  prologize,  Roll  out  a 
rhesis.  1906  Athemeum  31  Mar.  383/2  The  discourse  (or 
rhcsis}  put  into  the  mouth  of  Martin. 

II  RheSUS  (n-sos).  [mod.L.,  arbitrary  use  of 
L.  Rhesus,  Gr.  'Pijaos,  a  mythical  king  of  Thrace.] 
In  full,  Rhesus  monkey  :  one  of  the  macaques, 
Macacus  rhesus,  an  Indian  monkey. 

1839  Pmny  c?ct-  XIV-  236/'  tThe  tai11  rather  more 
developed  in  the  Wanderoo  and  Rhesus  than  in  the  Magot 
and  Papio  niger.  1841  Ibid.  XIX.  448/2  Rhesus  Monkey, 
a  species  of  Simiadx.  1859  WOOD  lllustr.  Nat.  Hist.  I.  52. 

Khetian,  etc.  :  see  RH-KTIAN,  etc. 

Rhetor  (rr  Ipi).  Forms  :  4-6  rethor,  5  rether, 
5-6  -our,  6-  rhetor,  [a.  L.  rhetor  (in  med.L. 
often  rethor),  a.  Gr.  ftTuip.  Cf.  F.  rhe'teur.'} 

1.  A  teacher  or  professor  of  rhetoric  ;  a  rhetorician. 
c  1375  St.  A  ugustin  71  in  Horstm.  A  Itengl.  Leg.  (1878)  62/2 

Austin  be  doctour..was  a  philosofre  and  a  rethor.  c  1386 
CHAUCER  Sqr.'s  T.  30  A  Rethor  excellent,  That  koude  hise 
colours  longynge  for  that  Art.  1300-20  DUNBAR  Poems 
Ixiii.  5  Divinouris,  rethoris,  and  philosophouris.  1611  H. 
BROUGHTON  Require  of  Agreement  47  Aristides,  the  Rhetor 
Sophister.  1643  HAMMOND  Serin.  Wks.  1683  IV.  514  Your 
Hearing,.,  what  is  it  but  as  of  a  Rhetor  at  a  Desk,  to  com 
mend  or  dislike?  1750  WARBURTON  Julian  Introd.  p.  xxxiii, 
From  the  teaching  Rhetors  they  learnt  the  art  of  reasoning 
by  similitudes  and  analogies.  1847  GROTE  Greece  11.  xxxvi. 
IV.  454  Themistokles  had  received  no  teaching  from  philo 
sophers,  sophists  and  rhetors,  who  were  the  instructors  of 
well-born  youth  in  the  days  of  Thucydides.  1879  FARRAR 
St.  Paul  (1883)  386  The  ..  city  ..  was  full  of  professors, 
rhetors,  tutors,  ..  grammarians. 

fb.  transf.  A  master  of  eloquence  or  literary 
expression.  Obs. 

71409-11  LYDG.  Life  our  Lady  \\x\v.  (Caxton)  evijb,  And 
eke  my  master  chauceris  now  is  graue  The  noble  rethor 
poete  of  brytayne.  V  1:1450  in  Lydg.  Temple  Glas  (1891) 
78  Moral  gower,  lydgate,  Rether  and  poete.  1508  DUNBAR 
Gold.  Targe  253  O  reuerend  Chaucere,  rose  of  rethoris  all. 

2.  An  orator,  esp.   a  professional  one.     Some 
times  in  depreciatory  use  :  A  rhetorical  speechifier, 
a  mere  rhetorician. 

1588  FRAUNCE  Lawiers  Log.  i.  v.  31  b,  This  were  an  affect 
of  an  extemporall  Rhetor  to  salute  a  man  by  name  without 
premeditation.  1807  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  V.  577  He 
must  be  pacing  about  in  his  rhetor's  cassock,  watching  its 
turgid  folds.  1821  JEFFERSON  Autobiog.  Writ.  1802  I.  140 
The  rhapsodies  of  Rhetor  Burke.  1860  A.  L.  WINDSOR 
Ethica  vii.  383  Not  that  Chatham  was  a  mere  sophistical 
rhetor.  1874  LEWES  Probl.  Life  ft  Mind  I.  29  Those  rhetors 
who  declaim  against  it. 

f  RhetOTCulist.  rare.  [f.  L.  dim.  *rhetorculus 
(see  -CULUS)  +  -IST.]  A  petty  rhetorician. 

1609  [Bp.  W.  BAHLOW]  Answ.  Nameless  Cath.  25  Many 
restraints  were  made  vnder  seuere  penalties,  which  this 
Rhetorculist  himselfe  confesseth.  Ibid.  201. 

t  RhetO'rial,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RHETOR  or 
RHETORY  +  -(I)AL.]  Rhetorical. 

1513  BRADSHAW  St.  Werburge,  Balade  (1887)  201  O  frute- 
fulT  histore,  ..Enbawtned  with  doctrine  of  virtues  infinite, 
With  termes  exquised  and  sence  retoriall. 

t  RhetO'rian,  sb.  and  a.  Obs.  In  4-5  rethor- 
ien,  -yen,  5  retoryan.  [a.  OF.  rethorien  (red-), 
{.  med.L.  *rethoria  RHETORY  :  see  -IAN.] 

A.  sb.  =  RHETORICIAN. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  n.  pr.  iii.  (1868)  38  pou  rethorien  or 
pronouncere  of  kynges  preysinges.  c  1430  Life  St.  Kaih. 
(1884)  54  And  sent  out  lettres  .  .  vnto  alle  rethoriens  and 
gramariens.  1447  BOKENHAM  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  41  The  fiish 
rethoryens  Gowere,  Chauncere  &  now  Lytgate.  1483  Cath. 
Angl.  305/2  Retoryan,  rethor,  rethoriens. 

B.  adj.   =  RHETORICAL.     [So  OF.] 

CI374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  n.  pr.  i.  (1868)  30  pe  suasioun  of 
swetnesse  Rethoryen. 

Rhetoric  (re-torik),  rf.l  Forms  :  4  [rethor- 
ice,]  rettorike,  4-6  ret(h)orik(e,  -yk(e,  5-7 
rethoriek  (4  -ikke,  5  -ykk,  -yque,  retherique, 
6  rethoric,  -ique,  -ieke,  rhet(h)orike,  7  rhet'- 


RHETORIC. 

rique,  reth'riek),  6-7  rhetorique,  -ieke,  rhe- 
thoriek,  -ique,  7-8  rhetoriok,  rhet'rie,  7- 
rhetorio.  [a.  OF.  rethoripie  (mod.F.  rlu'torique), 
or  ad.  L.  rhetorica,  -ice  (med.L.  reth-~),  a.  Gr. 
priTopiKii  (sc.  Tf'x>"7)> fem-  of  foropiKos  RHETORIC  a.~\ 
1.  The  art  of  using  language  so  as  to  persuade 
or  influence  others ;  the  body  of  rales  to  be  ob 
served  by  a  speaker  or  writer  in  order  that  he  may 
express  himself  with  eloquence. 

In  the  Middle  Ages  rhetoric  was  reckoned  one  of  the 
seven  '  liberal  arts ',  being  comprised,  with  grammar  and 
logic,  in  the  '  trivium '. 

13..  Seiiyn  Sag.  186  (W.),  Geometne,  and  arsmetnke, 
Rettorike,  and  ek  fisike.  1387  TKEVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  III. 
361  Aristotle ..  tau?te  eloquence,  .as  it  is  specialliche  i-sene 

in  his  Dyalogus  of  Poetis  and  in  Tretys  of  Rethorik.  14 . . 
Bewte  mill  shewe  69  in  Pal.,  Ret..  «r  L.  Poems,  Was  neuer 
clerk,  by  retoryk  or  science,  Cowde  all  hyr  verteus  r-herse 
to  bis  day.  1475  Bk.  Noblesse  (Roxb.)  25  The  famous  clerke 
of  eloquence  Tullius  seithe  in  his  booke  of  retherique  [etc.). 
1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  I.  ix.  34  The  therde  of  the  vii  sciences 
is  called  Rethoryque.  1553  T.  WILSON  R/iet.  i  Rhetorique 
is  an  art  to  set  furthe  by  utteraunce  of  wordes  matter  at  large. 
1586  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  i.  (1625)  10  Many  excellent 
Figures  and  places  of  Rhetorique.  1656  STANLEY  Hist. 
Philos.  v.  (1687)  176/2  Rhetorick  is  conversant  in  singulars, 
not  in  universals.  1741  WATTS  Improv.  Mind  xx.  §  33 
(1801)  193  Rhetoric  in  general  is  the  art  of  persuading. 
1836  Penny  Cycl.  V.  280/1  Having  lectured  successively  in 
grammar,  rhetoric,,  .humanity,  and  moral  philosophy.  1843 
MILL  Logic  Introd.  §  3  The  communication  of  those  thoughts 
to  others  falls  under  the  consideration  of  Rhetoric. 
b.  Jig.  or  with  personification. 

[c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  n.  pr.  i.  (1868)  30  And  wib  Rethorice 
com  forbe  musice  a  damoisel  of  oure  house.]  1423  JAS.  I 
Kingis  Q.  cxcvii,  Gowere  and  chaucere,  that  on  the  steppis 
salt  Of  rethorike.  1:1430  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.) 
ii  And  Retoryk  had  eke  in  her  presence  Tulyus,  callyd 
'Mirrour  of  Eloquence'.  1530  LYNDESAY  Test.  PaffHft 
Ii  For  quhy  the  bell  of  Rethoriek  bene  roung  Be  Chawceir, 
Goweir,  and  Lidgate  laureate.  1642  FULLER  Holy  S,  Pro/. 
St.  11.  vii.  73  Some  condemn  Rhetprick  as  the  mother  of  lies. 
1742  POPE  Dune.  iv.  24  There,  stript,  fair  Rhet'rie  languish  d 
on  the  ground. 

O.  A  treatise  on,  or  '  body '  of,  rhetoric. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Rhetoricus,  In  primo  Cicer- 
onis  rhetorico..,  in  the  firste  booke  of  Ciceroes  rhetorike. 
1580  G.  HARVEY  in  Three  Proper  Lett.  32  To  bring  our 
Language  into  Arte,  and  to  frame  a  Grammer  or  Rhetorike 
thereof.  1581  LAMBARDE  Eiren.  i.  xi.  63  It  is  a  good  Coun 
sel!  (which  Aristotle  giueth  in  his  Rhetorikes  ad  Theodec- 
tem).  1654  T.  BLOUNT  (tit  fa.  The  Academic  of  Eloquence, 
Containing  a  Compleat  English  Rhetorique.  1712  ADDISON 
Spect.  No.  297  T  17  Aristotle  himself  has  given  it  a  place 
in  his  Rhetorick  among  the  Beauties  of  that  Art. 

d.  The  top  class  or  the  second  class  (from  the 
top)  in  certain  English  Roman  Catholic  schools 
and  colleges.  So  t  to  make  one's  rhetoric. 

1399  in  Foley  Rec.  Eng.  Prav.  S.  J.  (1879)  V.  569,  I  have 
made  my  rhetoric  in  these  parts,  c  1620  in  Mem.  Stony- 
hurst  Coll.  (1881)  8  They  go  down  two  by  two  with  their 
books  under  their  arms,  and  first  those  in  Rhetoric,  into 
the  Refectory.  1908  Stonyhurst  Mag.  in  Tablet  25  Apr. 
646/2  We  are  informed  that  any  boy  from  Rhetoric  down  to 
Elements  may  join  the  class. 

2.  f  »•  Elegance  or  eloquence  of  language  ;  elo 
quent  speech  or  writing.  Obs.  b.  Speech  or  writing 
expressed  in  terms  calculated  to  persuade;  hence 
(often  in  depreciatorysense),languagecharacterized 
by  artificial  or  ostentatious  expression. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Clerk's  Prol.  32  Fraunceys  Petrak,.  .whos 
Rethorik  sweete  Enlumyned  al  Ytaille  of  poetrie.  1426 
LYDG.  in  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  133  Alle  be  that  I  in  my 
translacioun  . .  Of  rethoryk  have  no  maner  floure.  1562 
WINJET  Cert.  Tractates  Wks.  (S.T.S.)  I.  25  As  I  persaue 
rethorik  thairof  verray  small,  swa  I  can  espy  na  thing 
thairin  abhorring  fra  the  treuth.  1570  DEE  Math.Pref.iif> 
Nor  your  faire  pretense,  by  such  rashe  ragged  Knetonke, 
any  whit,  well  graced.  1615  BRATHWAIT  Strappado  (1878) 
24  Heere  is  no  substance,  but  a  simple  peece  Of  gaudy 
Rhetoricke.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  4  And  the  perswasive 


Rhetoric  T hat  dMk't  Ul  tongue.     1733  SWIFT  Lett.  (1766) 
The  one  word  from  you,  is_pf  much  more  weight 


Rhetoric 

Rh 

II, 


than  my  rhetoric.  1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  491  Modern 
senators. .Whose  oath  is  rhet'rie,  and  who  swear  for  fame  ! 
1825  MACAULAY  Ess.,  Milton,  The  sublime  wisdom  of  the 
Areopagitica  and  the  nervous  rhetoric  of  the  Iconoclast. 
1837  LANDOR  Pentameron  33  Escape  from  rhetoric  by  all 
manner  of  means.  1880  SWINBURNE  Stud.  i*a*i.  269  Ihe 
limp  loquacity  of  long-winded  rhetoric,  so  natural  to  men 
and  soldiers  in  an  hour  of  emergency. 

fc.  //.  Elegant  expressions;   rhetorical  flour 
ishes.     Also,  rhetorical  terms.    Obs. 

1426  LYDG.  De  Guil.  Pilgr.  19774  That  poete,  Wyth  al  hys 
rethorykes  swete.  1543  BALE  Yet  a  Course  26  Neuer  coude 
tolwyn  throughlye  knowe  what  these  rhetoryckes  ment, 
as  are  denuncyacyon,  deteccyon,  and  presentacyon.  1589 
PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  ii.  (Arb.)  151  Graue  and  wise 
counsellours..do  much  mislike  all  scholasticall  rhetoncks. 
1628  WITHER  Brit.  Kemem/i.  42  b,  Their  fantastique  Kne- 
toriques,  Who  trim  their  Poesies  with  schooleboy-tricks. 
d.  in  ironical  or  jocular  use. 

1580  SPENSER  in  Three  Proper  Lett.  14  Like  a  drunken 
man,  or  women  (when  their  Alebench  Rhetorick  commes 
vpon  them).  1595  W.  S.  Latrine  ill.  iii,  I  think  you  were 
brought  up  in  the  university  of  Bridewell,  you  have  your 
rhetoric  so  ready  at  your  tongue's  end.  1613  PURCHAS 
Pilgrimage  ill.  xiv.  (1614)  3><i  Some  of  them  vpbraiding 
both  him  and  other  Christians  with  the  names  of  dogs, 
Elhnickes,  vnbeleeuers,  and  the  like  zealous  Rhetorick.  1742 
FIELDING  J.  Andrews  i.  xviii,  The  rhetoric  of  John  the 
hostler,  with  a  new  straw  hat,  and  a  pint  of  wine,  made  a 
second  conquest  over  her.  c  1750  SHENSTONB  K uin-'d  Abbey 
10  Fearless  he  of  shouts  Or  taunts,  the  rhet  ric  of  the  wat  ry 


RHETORIC. 

crew.  1849  MACAULAV  Hist.  Ene.  iv.  I.  450  He  [Jeffreys] 
acquired  a  boundless  command  of  the  rhetoric  in  which  the 
vulgar  express  hatred  and  contempt. 

e.  transf.  andy%-.,  said  esp.  f  (a}  of  the  express 
ive  action  of  the  body  in  speaking;  (b)  of  the  per 
suasiveness  of  looks  or  acts. 

1569  SANFORD  tr.  Agripfia's  Van.  Aries  xxi,  This  dauns- 
inge  or  Histrionical  Rhetorike  in  the  ende  beganne  to  be 
lefte  of  all  Oratours.  1587  GREENE  Enphncs  Iris  Censure 
Wks.  (Grosart)  VI.  252  For  he  considered  with  himselfe,. . 
that  liberality  was  the  soundest  rethoricke.  1588  SHAKS. 
L.  L.  L.  iv.  iii.  60  The  heauenly  Rhetoricke  of  thine  eye. 
1597  BRETON  WiCs  Trenchmour  Wks.  (Grosart}  II.  15/1 
Silence  can  best  talke  with  wooden  Rethoricke.  1644  J.  R. 
(title),  Chironomia:  Or,  The  Art  of  Manuall  Rhetonque. 
i6tfCovtL'E.vMistr,1  Rich  Rival  \\,  Whilst  thy  sole  Rhetorick 
shall  be  Joyntnre,  and  Jewels,  and  Our  Friends  agree.  1669 
STILLINGFL.  Six  Serm.  iii.  127  Every  part  of  the  Tragedy 
of  his  [the  Son  of  God's]  life,  every  wound  at  his  death,. . 
were  designed  by  him  as  the  most  prevailing  Rhetorick,  to 
perswade  men  to  forsake  their  sins.  1712  GAY  Trivia  in. 
318  Mov'd  by  the  Rhet'rick  of  a  Silver  Fee.  1851  RUSKIN 
Stones  Venice  I.  i.  11  His  larger  sacred  subjects  are  merely 
themes  for  the  exhibition  of  pictorial  rhetoric,— composition 
and  colour. 

f3.  Skill  in  or  faculty  of  using  eloquent  and 
persuasive  language.  Obs. 

c  1440  Partonope  5835  These  lordis  are  chosyn  be  myn 
assent.  The  fyrst  ys  the  kyng  of  affryke  For  his  grete 
wytte  and  his  retoryke.  1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  ofFolys(\$7v) 
17  Though  he  be  wise  and  of  might  meruailous,  Endued  with 
Rhethonke  and  with  eloquence.  1634  MILTON  Comus  790 
Enjoy  your  deer  Wit,  and  gay  Rhetorick  That  hath  so  well 
been  taught  her  dazling  fence.  1680  H.  MORE  Apocal. 
Apoc.  Pref.  7  The  highest  Encomium. .that  the  Wit  and 
Rhetorick  of  men  or  Angels  can  invent.  1711  ADDISON 
Spect.  No.  171  f  12  Joseph,  .endeavoured,  with  all  his  Art 
and  Rhetorick,  to  set  out  the  Excess  of  Herod's  Passion 
for  her.  1750  GRAY  Long  Story  117  But  soon  his  rhetorick 
forsook  him. 

4.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

1656  EARL  MONMOUTH  tr.  Boccalinis  Advts.  from  Par- 
ttass.  n.  Ixxxviii.  (1674)  240  To  Declaim.. publickly  in  the 
Rhetorick-School.  1806  H.  K.  WHITE  Let.  to  Bro.  Neville 

EJuly,  The  Rhetoric  Lecturer  se_nt  me  one  of  my  Latin 
isays  to  copy  for  the  purpose  of  inspection.  1884  Punch 
23  Feb.  87  To  unmask  His  rhetoric-shrouded  weakness. 

t  Rhetoric,  sb£  In  4  rethorik,  -ique,  4-5 
retorike.  [ad.  L.  rhetoric-us  (med.L.  retk-},  snbst. 
use  of  adj.  (see  next).]  =  RHETORICIAN. 

a  1350  St.  Catherine  159  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881) 
166  All  be  maisters  of  clergy,  Both  retorikes  and  gramarione. 
1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  48  Tullius  the  .rethorique.  a  1450 
R.  SPALDYNG  St.  Kath.  \n  Anglia  (1907)  540  Fyfti  fyue 
retorikes  in  hast  J>ei  hem  hent. 

Rhetoric  (rtVrik),  a.  rare.  Also  5-6  reth-, 
6  ret-,  rheth-.  [a.  F.  rhttorique  (OF.  also  reth-}) 
or  ad.  L.  rhetoric-us  (med.L.  reth-},  f.  rhetor  :  see 
RHETOR  and  -1C.]  Rhetorical ;  f  eloquent. 

71400  LYDG.  Serp.  Devision  (1590)  Ciijb,  The  first  that 
euer  elumined  our  language  with  flowers  of  rethorick  elo 
quence:  I  mean.  .Chaucer,  I4&4CAXTON  Fables  of '  A  If  once 
vii,  This  fable,  .of  a  rethoryque  man  or  fayr  speker.  1517 
WATSON  Shyppe  of  Fooles  Prol.,  It  was  translated.. out  of 
Latyn  in  to  rethoryke  Frensshe.  1542  BOORDE  Dyetary  Pref. 
(1870)  228  With  eloquent  speche  &  rethorycke  termes.  1678 
GMx.Crt.Ge>ttilesiv,  ni.vi.  iSgWith  many  rhetoric  flourishes 
and  pompose  triumphs.  1866  KINGSLEV  Herew.  ii.  I.  81 
note^  The  crude  matter,  too  little.,  ornate  by  the  care  of  any 
trained  intellect,  or  by  dialectic  and  rhetoric  enigmas.  1889 
PATER  G.  de  Latour  (1896)  104  Helping  himself  indifferently 
to  all  religions  for  rhetoric  illustration. 

Rhetorical  (rftp-rikal),  a.  Forms :  as  in 
prec.  [f.  L.  rhetoric-us  :  see  prec.  and  -ICAL.] 

1.  fa.  Eloquent,  or  eloquently  expressed.  Obs. 
b.  Expressed  in  terms  calculated  to  persuade; 
hence  (often  in  depreciatory  use),  composed  or 
expressed  in  artificial  or  extravagant  language ;  of 
the  nature  of  mere  rhetoric  (as  opposed  to  sober 
statement  or  argument). 

1476  in  Antiq.  Rep.  (1808)  II.  385  A  Colacyon  made  by 
Metre  in  Rhetorical  Terms.  1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  Folys 
(1570)  222  Other  with  their  wordes  bye  and  retoricall  Their 
sentences  paynt.  ?  1554  COVERDALE  Hope  of  Faithful 
Pref.,  If  one  should  barely,  and  wyth  oute  all  rhetorical  am- 
plificacions,  but  rehearce  only  the  great  pompe.  .[etc.]  of 
myghtyemen  and  rulers.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.Poesie\.  iv. 
(Arb.)  24  It  (sc.  metrical  speech]  is  beside  a  maner  of  vtterance 
more  eloquent  and  rethoricall  then  tbe  ordinarie  prose.  1613 
PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vm,  i.  (1614)  719  But  easier  it  was  for 
him,  with  a  Rhetoricall  flourish.. to  dash  this  opinion  out 
of  countenance,  a  1660  HAMMOND  Wks.  (r684)  IV.  564  A 
degree  of  stupidity,  .that  neither  the  iniquity  of  Sodom,., 
nor  the  Rhetoricall'st  Phrase  almost  in  the  very  Scripture 
can  express.  1783  LD.  HAiLEsXM//y.  Chr.  CA.lv.  127  There 
is  no  rhetorical  exaggeration  in  this  passage  of  Josephus. 
1853  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tom's  C.  xvii.  163  If  these  words 
had  been  spoken  by  some  easy,  self-indulgent  exhorter, 
from  whose  mouth  they  might  have  come  merely  as  pious 
and  rhetorical  flourish.  1869  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  III.  v.  347 
The  facts,  .were  more  intended  to  persuade  than  to  prove. 
They  were  rather  rhetorical  than  logical. 

C.  Applied  to  the  rhythm  of  prose  as  distin 
guished  from  metrical  rhythm. 

X7»7"38  CHAMBERS  Cycl,  s.  v.  Numbers >  Rhetorical,  or  pros 
aic  Numbers,  are  a  sort  of  simple  unaffected  harmony,  less 
glaring  than  that  of  verse.  1833  Encycl.  Atner.  XI.  591 
Rhetorical  rhythm  is  satisfied  with  a  pleasing  cadence  of 
syllables. 

d.  Rhetorical  accent ':  (see  quots.). 

,s7»7-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.  Accent >  The  rhetorical  Accents 
[in  Heorew]  are  said  to  be  Euphonic ;  inasmuch  as  they 
tend  to  make  the  pronunciation  more  sweet  and  agreeable. 


627 

i866  Chatnb.  Encycl  VIIT.  243/1  There  is  also  an  irregular 
or  rhetorical  accent  m  music  called  emphasis. 
e.  Rhetorical  question  :  (see  quots.). 
1843  T.  K.  ARNOLD  Latin  Prose  Cowp.  §  442  Non  is  often 
used  without  ne  in  vehement  questions,  especially,  of  course, 
questions   of  appeal,   or,  as  Reisig  calls  them,  rhetorical 
questions.     1884  Bradley*  s  Aids  to  Lat.  Prose  §  150  Ques 
tions  that  do  not  require  an  answer,  but  are  only  put  in  the 
form  of  a  question  in  order  to  produce  a  greater  effect,,  .are 
called  rhetorical  questions. 

2.  Of,  belonging  to,  concerned  with,  or  comprised 
in  the  art  of  rhetoric. 

1530  PALSGR.  322/2  Rethoricall,  belongynge  to  rethoricke, 
rcthoricqite.  1533  FRITH  Answ.  More  £4,  I  expounde  my 
minde  by  a  rethoricall  correction  and  saye,  fmo  recorda- 
tionem  sacrificij.  1608  D.  T.  Ess.  Pol.  <$•  Mor.  27  b,  Such 
is  thefoiceof  the  Rhetoricall  Enthymems.  1657  North's 
Plutarch,  Add.  Lives (1676)  3g[Charlemagne]  was  instructed 
in  the  Rhetorical,  Dialectical,  and  Astrological  Arts.  1791 
MACKINTOSH  Vind.  Gallics  Wks.  1846  111.  77  It  would 
have  been  quoted  by  Quintilian  as  a  splendid  model  of 
rhetorical  common-place.  1837  HALLAM  Lit.  Eur  I.  3  The 
rhetorical  works  of  Cicero  and  Quintilian.  1871  R.  F. 
WEVMOUTH  Euphuism  13  Irony  or  climax  or  hyperbole  or 
any  other  rhetorical  figure. 

3.  Of  persons:  Given  to  the  use  of  rhetoric. 

1651  H.  MORE  Enthits.  Tri.  (1712)  18  Melancholy,  as  well 
as  Wine,  makes  a  man  Rhetorical  or  Poetical.  1656  BLOUNT 
Glossogr.,  Rhetorical,  skilful  in  Rhetorick,  that  speaks  elo 
quently.  1882  FARRAR  Early  Chr.  I.  406  note,  St.  Paul  is 
often  rhetorical,  i.e.  he  writes  with  a  passion  which  finds 
natural  expression  in  the  most  forcible  figures  of  speech. 

Rhetorically,  adv.     In  a  rhetorical  manner. 

1543  BALE  Vet  a  Course  44  b,  My  lorde  hath  rhetorycallye 
begonne  hys  proposycyon  to  wynne  hys  audytorye,  . ,  in 
callynge  them  good  peple.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud, 
EP-  135  Many  others  cannot  be  drawne  into  Argument  as 
writing  Poetically,  Rhetorically,  Enigmatically,  Hiero- 
glyphically.  1788  WESLEY  IVks.  (1811)  IX.  no,  I  could.. 
write,  .floridly  and  rhetorically.  1831-3  E.  BURTON  Eccl. 
Hist.  xxii.  (1845)  459  Tertullian.. perhaps  speaks  rhetoric 
ally,  when  he  says,  that  the  Gospel  had  penetrated  into., 
countries,  which  had  not  as  yet  submitted  to  the  Romans. 
b.  With  reference  to  the  art  of  rhetoric. 

1828  WHATELY  Rhet.  in  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  I.  270/1 
Some  passions  may  be,  Rhetorically  speaking,  opposite  to 
each  other,  though  in  strictness  they  are  not  so. 

So  Bheto'ricalness,  'eloquentness '  (Bailey,  vol. 
II,  1727). 

Billet oricaster.  rare-1,  [f.  L.  rhetoric-its 
RHETORIC  sb.%  +  -ASTER.]  A  poor  rhetorician. 

1591  FRAUNCE  C'tess  Pembr.  Ivy  church  \.  11.  in,  Trope- 
turned  tale,  or  ryming  ditty,  deryued  from  foole-hardy 
Poets,  or  valne-head  Rhetoricasters. 

t  Rheto'ricate,  v.  Obs.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L. 
rhetoricari)  f.  rhetoricus  RHETORIC.]  intr.  To 
speak  rhetorically;  to  use  rhetorical  language. 
Hence  Eheto'ricating  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1617  COLLINS  Def.  B£.  Ely  i.  i.  87  It  was  easie  for  Leo  to 
rhetoricate  at  Rome,  in  the  praise  of  Peter,  a  1648  DIGBY 
Closet  O^enedPief,,  There  needs  no  Rhetoricating  Floscules 
to  set  it  off.  1676  CuDWORTH  Sernt.  i  Cor.  xv.  57  A  faculty 
of  Rhetoricating  and  extemporizing  with  zeal  and  fervency. 
1681  COLVIL  Whigs  Supplic.  (1710)  166  Tie  use  no  Speech 
with  Art  besprinkled,.  .Without  Rhetoricating  Fond  shows 
[etc.].  1719  WATERLAND  Vind.  Christ's  Div,  382  Strange, 
that  They  should  all  Rhetoricate  in  a  Matter  of  Faith,  of  so 
great  Weight.  17. .  —  Doctr.  Holy  Trin.  Add.,  Wks.  1823 
V.  357  To  magnify  another  kind  of  guilt,  as  still  greater 
according  to  their  way  of  reasoning,  or  rather  rhetoricating. 

t  Rhetorica'tion.  Obs.    Also  7  ret-,    [ad. 

L.  rhetor ication-eni)  n.  of  action  f.  rhetoricari  to 
RHETORICATE.]  The  action  of  speaking  or  writing 
rhetorically ;  usually  with  a  and  //.,  a  piece  of 
rhetoric,  a  rhetorical  flourish. 

1607  Schol.  Disc.  agst.  Antichr.  i.  ii.  105  These  were  but 
rhetorications  in  the  Fathers.  1664  POWER  Exp.  Philos. 
in.  192,  I  think  it  is  no  Rhetorication  to  say,  That  all  things 
are  Artificial.  41697  AUBREY  Lives  (1898)  I.  253  It  was  a 
two-handed  rhetorication,  but  the  citizens  tooke  it  in  the 
best  sense.  1732  WATERLAND  Christ.  Vind.  9  Take  but 
away  their  Rhetorications  and  equivocal  Expressions,,  .and 
their  Cause  will  be  left  in  a  manner  destitute.  1793  C. 
BOETTIGER  Let,  in  A.  Dalzel  Hist.  Univ.Edin.  (1862)  1. 107 
Blair's  blooming  rhetorications. 

Rhetorician  (retori-Jan).  Forms :  5-6  reth-, 
6  ret-,  6-7  rheth- ;  5  -icyen,  -ycien,  -ian,  -icion, 
5-6  -icien,  6  -ycyne,  -icyan,  -ian,  -ycyne,  5-7 
-ician,  6-7  -itian ;  5  retricion,  retrycyan ;  6- 
rhetorician,  [a.  OF.  rethoricien  (rett-^  rest-), 
mod.F.  rhltoriden^  f.  L.  rhetoricus  RHETORIC  a. 
and  sl>2  or  rhetorica  RHETORIC  sbj- :  see  -ICIAN.] 

1.  A  professor  or  teacher  of  the  art  of  rhetoric 
(esp.  in  Ancient  Greece  and  Rome)  ;  a  professional 
rhetor  or  orator. 

1412  20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  n.  176  After  be  maner  of 
gramariens,  Nor  lyke  be  stile  of  rethoricyens,  I  toke  nat  on 
me  bis  story  to  translate.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  V. 
161  Victorius  the  rethoricion.  1581  SIDNEY  Apoi.  Poetry 
(Arb.)  25  And  the  Rethorician,  and  Logitian,  considering 
what  in  Nature  will  soonest  proue  and  perswade,  thereon 

fiue  artificial  rules.  1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  148  The 
gure  Imago  of  the  vulgar  Rhetoricians.  1663  BUTLER 
Hud.  i.  i.  89  For  all  a  Rhetoricians  Rules,  Teach  nothing 
but  to  name  his  Tools.  1711  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  231  F4 
Rhetoricians  have  recommended  it  \sc.  modesty]  to  their 
Disciples  as  a  Particular  in  their  Art.  1838  THIRLWALL 
Greece  V.  239  Isocrates  was  a  Rhetorician  by  profession: 
the  framing  of  sentences,  and  turning  of  periods,  was  the 
great  business  of  his  long  life.  1869  LECKY  Europ.  Mor.  I. 
ii.  329  A  curious  contrast  to  the  Cynic  was  the  philosophic 
rhetorician. 


RHEUM. 

2.  f  a.  An  eloquent  or  elegant  writer.  Obs.     b. 
One  who  uses  rhetorical  language  or  expression ; 
esp.  (often  in  depreciatory  use)  a  public  speaker 
who  indulges  in  rhetoric. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  Prol.  57  O  thou  Calliope,., 
that  wyth  thyn  hony  swete  Sugrest  tongis  of  rethoricyens. 
c  1440  —  Hors,  Shepe  *  G.  185  Whan  Rethoriuens  ban  doon 
ther  besy  peyn  Fressh  Epistolis  &  lettris  to  endite.  1561 
T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst.  \,  16  When  that  rough,  .siinplicitie 
doeth  raise  vp  a  greater  reuerence  of  it  self  than  any 
Rhetoricians  eloquence.  1588  J.  UDALL  Diotrephes  (Arb.) 
25  It  is  a  thing  incident  vnto  a  rethorician  to  be  girding. 
1630  BRATHWAIT  En$.  Gentlem.  (1641)  8  Whoever  intendeth 
his  care  rather  to  find  out  words  than  matter  may  bee 
1  holden  for  a  verbal!  Rhetorician,  but  no  serious  orator. 
1839  HALLAM  Lit.  Eur.  IV.  170  No  one  would  call  Bour- 
daloue  a  rhetorician.  1861  London  Rev.  20  Apr.  433/2  The 
finances  of  England  are  in  the  hands  of  a  rhetorician, 
who,  hi  place  of  acts,  seeks  to  dazzle  the  people  with  fine 
promises.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  x.  §  i.  731  Passionate 
as  was  Pitt's  eloquence,  it  was  the  eloquence  of  a  states 
man,  not  of  a  rhetorician. 

3.  In  English  Roman  Catholic  schools,  a  scholar 
in  the  class  of  Rhetoric  (see  RHETORIC  i  d). 

1790  in  Mew.  Stony  hurst  Coll.  (1881)  30  Academical  exhi- 
!  bition  in  which  the  new  President  was  finely  complimented 
1  by  the  Rhetoricians. 

4.  attrib.  or  as  adj. 

1712  BLACK  MORE  CWa//<?«  in.  T4oPyrrhonians. .  Boldly  pre. 

sum'd,uith  Rhetorician  Pride,  Tohofd  of  any  Question  either 

!    side,  a  1864  LANDOR  Imag.  Conv.,  Pollio  $  Calvus  Wks.  1876 

[     II.  451  Asiatic  never  was  Cicero,  although  he  sometimes  wore 

I     at  the  bottom  of  his  rhetorician  robe  a  flounce  too  many. 

Hence  Bhetori'cianism,  the  style  of  a  rhetorician. 
^  a  1849  POE  Wks.  (1864)  III.  143  'Deep  calleth  unto  deep  ' 
!     is  a  great  improvement  upon  his  previous  rhetoricianism. 

t!Uie>toricly,<K&.  Obs.  In  5  rethorikly,  re- 

toriquely.   [f.  RHETORIC  a.  +  -LY  2.]  Rhetorically. 

1423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q.  vii,  So  full  of  fruyte,  and  rethorikly 
pykit.  1481  CAXTON  Tulle  ofOIdeAgt  e  7  The  poet  Ennius 
callys  him  his  swete  hony,  by  cause  that  his  boke  was  so 
retoriquely  made. 

t  Rheto'riously,  adv.  Obs.    In  5  reth-.    [f. 

*rethorious  (f.  RHETOR  or  RHETORY  +  -(i)ous)  + 
I    -LY  -.]     With  '  colours  '  of  rhetoric. 

c  1475  Partcnay  6611  Now  ye  all  that  shall  thys.  .rede,. . 
Remembreth  myn  unconnyng  simplesse ;  Thought  relhor- 
iously  peinted  [it]  be  not  in-dede,.  .yut  excusith  me. 

t  Rhe'torism.  Obs.  \*.&.r(\Q&.l*rhStori$inus\ 
see  next  and  -ISM.]  Rhetorical  language  or  action. 

1569  SANFORD  tr.  Agrippats  Van.  Arts  xxi.  heading,  Of 
Rhetorisme,  or  of  the  Rhetoiicall  Daunsinge  [orig.  De 
Rhetoristno}. 

Rhe'torize,  v.  ?  Obs.  fad.  late  L.  rhetorizare 
(Bede),  a.  Gr.  fyTpplfaw,  f.  p-fjTop-,  pyrajp  RHETOK  : 
see  -I7.E.]  intr.  To  use  rhetorical  language. 

1608  HIERON  Defence  in.  65  The  Ancient  Fathers  have. . 
ben  pleased  tlius  to  rhetorise,  in  commendation  of  the 
Sacrament.  1611  COTGR.,  l\hetoriquert  to  rhetorize  it,  play 
the  Rhetorician.  1624  Bp.  MOUNTAGU  Inimed.  Addr.  206 
Gregory  Nazianzen  hath  taught  Saint  Hierome  also  how 
to  Rhetorize.  1834^  SOUTHEY  Doctor  xlvi.  (1848)  108  After 
Iiaving  rhetorised  in  praise  of  sacred  music.  1841  Tait's 
Mag.  VIII.  484  There  is  another  [kind  of  art]  which,  by. . 
rhetorizing,  assumes  to  itself  the  false  importance  of  an  end. 

Hence  t  Rhe'torized  ///.  a.,  addressed  rhetoric 
ally. 

1642  MILTON  Apol.  Sweet.  8  To  write  a  Letter  to  a  proso- 
popcea,  a  certain  rhetoriz'd  woman  whom  he  calls  mother. 

tRlie'tory.  Sc.  Obs.  Also  5-6  r(h)ethorie, 
retory.  [ad.  late  L.  ^rethoria,  *rketoria,  a.  Gr. 
faroptia,  f.  firjrcap  RHETOR.]  Rhetoric;  eloquence. 

01480  HENRYSON  Mor.  Fab.  Prol.  3  Thair  polite  termis  of 
sweit  Rhetoric  [v.rr.  rethotie,  retory]  Richt  plesand  ar  vnto 
theeirofman.  1500-20  DuNBAR.A«»wlxv.  loThe  eloquence 
of  ornat  rethorie.  1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  i.  i,  Schaw  thy 
endite  reprufe  of  rethoryis. 

Rheubarb,  obs.  form  of  RHUBARB. 

Rheum  (nim),  sb.l-  Now  arch.  Forms :  4-6 
rewme,  4-7  reume  (5  reem,  6  ryme),  6-7 
r(h)ewm,  rhewme,  r(h)ume,  8  rhum,  6-  rheum. 
[a.  OF.  r&nme  (i3th  c.),  mod.F.  rhume,  —  Pr.f 
Sp.,  It.,  Pg.  reuma,  ad.  L.  rhfitma,  a.  Gr.  fitvua 
flow,  stream,  f.  root  ptv-  to  flow. 

With  the  forms  reem  (Promp.  Parv.  429/1),  rynte  (Palsgr. 
263/1),  cf.  med.L.  r(h)ema  (It.  rema),  obs.  F.  ryme,  rime.} 

1.  Watery  matter  secreted  by  the  mucous  glands 
or  membranes,  such  as  collects  in  or  drops  from 
the  nose,  eyes,  and  mouth,  etc.,  and  which,  when 
abnormal,  was  supposed  to  cause  disease ;  hence, 
an  excessive  or  morbid  'defluxion'  of  any  kind. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth,  De  P.  R.  v.  xiii.  (1495)  hi,  The  nose 
is.  .lette..of  to  grete  constreynynge  &closyng  that  comyth 
of  colde,  as  it  faryth  ofte  in  a  rewme  that  fallyth  to  the 
breste.  f  1400  L  an  franc's  Cirurg.  220  It  fallib  sumtyme 
bat  for  reume  bat  falli|>  adoun  of  a  mannis  heed,  J?er  wexij» 
in  f>e  rote  of^be  tunge  a  maner  round  bing.  £-1410  Master 
of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xii,  Also  houndes  haue  an  ober 
sikenes  bat  cometh  to  hem  of  be  reume.  1565  COOPER 
Thesaurus^  Branches*  the  rewme  fallynge  downe  by  the 
cheekes  or  throte.  1591  SPARRY  tr.  Cattans  Geomancie  \\. 
viii.  113  The  disease  commeth  of  a  rheume  or  watrishnes. 
1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  \.  iii.  118  You  that  did  voide  your 
rume  vpon  my  beard.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  (1.614)  839 
They.,  haue  continually  a  leafe  thereof  \sc.  tobacco]  along 
the  mouth  betweene  the  lip  and  teeth,  the  rheume  running 
out  at  the  lip-hole.  1699  GARTH  Dispens.  i.  68  Eyes  in 
rheum,  thro1  midnight  watching  drown'd.  1733  CHEYNE 
Eng.  Malady  in.  i,  A  constant  Ptyalism,  or  spitting  thin 
Rheum.  1784  COWPER  Task  n,  728  His  sparkling  eye  Was. 

70-2 


BHEUM. 

quencli'd  in  rheums  of  age.  1860  J.  P.  KENNEDY  Rob  oj 
the  Bowl  xii.  127  A  laugh,  .brought  the  rheum  from  his  eye 
down  his  cheek.  1897  Allbtttfs  Syst.  Med.  III.  i  The 
(rheumatic]  pain  being  attributed  lo  rheum  flowing  down 
from  the  brain  and  settling  in  the  affected  part. 
b.  poet.  Used  for :  Tears. 

1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  i.  iv.  8  The  Northeast  wind.. 
Aw.ik'd  the  bleepie  rhewme,  and  so  by  chance  Did  grace 
our  hollow  parting  with  a  teare.  1607  —  Cor.  v.  vi.  46 
A  few  drops  of  Womens  rhewme,  which  are  As  cheape  as 
Lies.  1803  SOUTHEV  Eclogues  ix.  Alderman's  Funeral^  A 
good  March  wind  Were  to  be  prayed  for  now,  to  lend  their 
eyes  Some  decent  rheum.  1818  KEATS  Endytn.  in.  286  Had 
he,  though  blindly  contumelious,  brought  Rheum  to  kind 
eyes?  1833  H.  COLERIDGE  Poems  I.  42  Stoic  eyes  with 
foolish  rheum  o'erflow. 

•j-C.  Moisture  *  distilled*  from  the  sky.  Obs. 
1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stvffe  10  To  canopie  their  heads 
in  from  the  rhewme  of  the  heauens. 

fd.    transf.   and  fg.    Applied   to   pernicious 
moisture  or  humour,  or  something  resembling  it. 

1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  Prol.  39  The  dasy  and  the 
maryguld.  .lay  with  their  leuis  happit,  Thame  to  rescrue 
fra  re  wines  pungiliue.  1591  LVLY  EnJynt,  iv.  ii.  71  He  is 
rtbolued  to  weep  some  three  or  foure  payle-fuls,  to  auoyde 
the  rume  of  loue  that  wambleth  in  ms  stoniacke.  1607 
DEKKER  &  MARSTON  Westw.  Hoe  \\.  \t  A  mastic  patch  upon 
some  womens  temples  hath  been  the  very  rheum  of  beauty. 
1650  MILTON  Eikon.  (ed.  2)  i.  14  If  from  his  Divines  he  have 
borrow'd  nothing,  nothing  out  of  all  the  Magazin,  and  the 
rheume  of  their  Mellifluous  prayers. 
2.  spec.  A  mucous  discharge  caused  by  taking 
cold  (sometimes  distinguished  as  hot  or  cold rhenni)\ 
hence,  a  cold  in  the  head  or  the  lungs  ;  catarrh. 
Chiefly//,  (occasionally  used  =  Rheumatic  pains). 
1377  LANGL.  P.  PL  15.  xx.  82  Crampes,  and  tothaches, 
Rcwines,  &  radegoundes.  c  1450  M.  E.  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich) 
184  Hyt  ys  good  for  f>e  to})  ache  of  cold  rewme.  1486  />/'. 
.SV.  A  Ibans  c  v  b,  When  ye  se  yowre  hauke  cloose  her 
Kyghen,  and  bhakith  hir  hede,  then  hath  she  the  Retime  in 
the  hede.  '533  KLYOT  Cast.  Helthe  (1541)  69 b,  1'lcuine 
hath  moste  puissance  in  wynter,.  .whereby  are  ingendred 
Catarres  or  reumes.  1615  CROOKE  Body  of  M tin  644  In 
Rheumes  and  Murrhes  the  Voyce  is  hoarse,  because  the 
Larynx  is  dewed  with  too  much  moysture,  1656  EVELYN 
A/em.  (1819)  I.  297  A  mist  falling  as  I  returned,  gave  me 
such  a  rheume  as  kept  me  within  doores  neere  a  whole  moneth 
after.  1667  M ILTON  P.  L.  xi.  485  [488]  Dropsies,  and  Asthma's, 
and  Joint-racking  Rheums.  1752  HUME  Ess.  $•  Treat. 
(1777)  II.  1^7  Old  men. .endeavour,  as  long  as  possible,  to 
conceal  their  blindness  and  deafness,  their  rheums  and 
gouts.  1807  Med.  Jrnl.  XVII.  475  He. .was  affected  with 
a  rheum  for  a  few  days  after  his  arrival.  1864  N.  fy  Q. 
Ser.  in.  VI.  452/2,  I  provided  myself  against  the  con 
tingencies  of  colds  and  rheums  with  military  leggings  and 
padded  knee-caps. 

3.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rheum-cough,  -distilling, 
purging;  f  rheum -cap  (see  quot.  1655). 

1655  CULPEPPEB,  etc.  Riverius  i.  i.  7  The  Brain  is  also 
strengthened  by  outward  application  of . .  *Rhewm-Caps 
[orig.  citcnfat],  by  which  it  is  comforted  and  made  warm. 
1553  P'CESS  MARY  in  Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  (1721)  II.  n.  xxii. 
424  Your  Highness  late  *Rheum-Cough.  1613  BRAIHWAIT 
StraModo  (1878)  33  Nose-dropping,  *rhewme-destilling, 
driuehng  mouth,  1770  ARMSTRONG  Misc.  I.  151  The 
shivering  clown  ..With  livid  cheeks  and  rheum-distilling 
nose.  i6ia  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  xiii.  200  Heere  finds  he  on 
an  oake  "rheume-purging  Pollipode. 
Hence  •{"  Rheum  V.  intr.^  to  ( void  rheum '. 
1602  zmi  Pt.  Return.fr.  Parnass.  n.  vi.  968  A  meere 
scholler,  is  a  creature  that  can . .  put  on  a  pair  of  lined 
slippers,  sit  rewming  till  dinner  [etc.], 

II  Rheum  (rWm),  $b£  Bot.  [mod.L.,  ad.  Gr. 
/5f}oj/.]  The  generic  name  for  the  Rhubarbs. 

1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suppl.  App.,  Rheum,  in  botany,  the 
name  given  by  Linnaeus  to  Rhubarb.  1811  A.  T.  THOMSON 
Land.  Disp.  (1818)  334  Rheum  undnlatunt. . .  This  species 
of  rheum  was  supposed  by  Hoerhaave  lo  be  the  true  Chinese 
rhubarb.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  451/1  What  is  termed 
Monk  s  rhubarb  is  not  the  produce  of  any  species  of  rheum, 
but  of  the  Rumex  alpinus. 

Rheumate  (nrm^t).  [f.  asRHEUM-io+-ATEl 
i  c.]  A  salt  of  rheumic  acid.  1815  [see  RHEUMIC], 

Rneumatic(r?<mae-tik),a.and^.  Forms;  4-6 
r(e)um-,  4-7  rewm-,  7  rhewm- ;  4-6  -atyk(e, 
4-7  -ike,  -icke,  6  -eticke,  -iticke,  -atique,  7-8 
-atick;  6-  rheumatic,  [a.  OF.  ru->  reumatique 
(mod.F.  rhumattque))  or  ad.  late  L.  rheumaticus, 
a.  Gr.  teporurff,  f.  fevpar-,  /StC/ta  RHEUM  sb.*- 
Cf.  It.,  Sp.  r&umaticO)  Pg.  rkeumatico.]  A.  adj. 

tl.  Consisting  of  or  of  the  nature  of  rheum  or 
watery  secretion  or  discharge.  06s. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  iv.  iii.  (1495)  evjb/2  For 
somiyme  rewmatyk  humours  comyth  to  b<>  spirytuel  partyes 
£  stoppe  b«  wayesof  be  spyryte.  1547  BOORDE  Brev.  Health 
(iS57)  cxix,  A  reumatyke  humour  suppressyng  the  brayne. 
IS94  NASHE  Un/ort.  Trav.  Wks.  (Grosart)  V.  16  After  hee 
had . .  spunged.  .all  tbe  rumatike  driuell  from  his  ill  fauoured 
Goates  beard.  1606  DEKKER  Newesfr.  Hell  Wks.  (Grosart) 
II.  121  More  salt  Rewmatick  water  runnes  out  of  them, 
than  would  pickle  all  the  Herrings  that  shall  come  out  of 
Yarmouth.  1696  FLOYER  Anim.  Humours  xiii.  158  The 
Blood  taken  away  looked  very  Sizie  or  Rheumatic. 

T  2.  Full  of  or  dropping  with  watery  mucus. 

1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stujffe  47  Shee..had  rumatique  sore 
eyes  that  ran  alwaies.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  xx.  xx.  69 
Kheumaticke  ulcers.  1607  WALKINGTON  Opt.  Class.  71  He 
was  wiping  his  rheumatick  nose,  c  1630  RISDON  Sitrv. 

O^Mr         8  ll  is  8°°!ti  Io  cure  rheumatic  eyes. 

o.  Of  persons,  their  bodies  :  f  a.  Suffering  from 
a  '  defluxion  of  rheum '  or  catarrh.  Ol>s. 

1574  HELLOWES  tr.  Gueuara's  Fain.  Ep.  (1577)  i22  Rv 
sleeping  m  an  ayiic  place,  you  hauc  bene  very  rumaiike\ 


628 

1592  SHAKS.  Veil,  ff  Ad.  135  Were  I  hard-fauourd,  foule,  or 
wrinckled  old,  ..Ore-worne,  despised,  reumalique,  and  cold. 
1655  tr.  Sonft  Com.  Hist.  Francion  vm.  19  A  defiuction 
which  fell  upon  my  lungs  did  make  me  very  rheumalick. 
1661  CuLnoi'PER  Lt.ndon  Disp.  13/1  They  are  good  for  Khew- 
matick  people  to  chew  in  their  mouth,  for  they  draw  forth 
much  water. 

b.  Affected  with,  suffering  from,  or  subject  to 
rheumatism  or  rheumatic  pain. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.  Rheumatism,  The  urine  of 
rheumatic  people  does  not  afford  above  the  thirtieth  part 
of  the  alcahne  salt  found  in  that  of  healthful  persons.  1834 
E.  BARLOW  in  Cycl.  Pract.  Med.  III.  608/1  We  have  seen 
leeches  when  applied  to  a  rheumatic  joint  prematurely., 
exasperate  every  symptom.  1853  S.  THOMSON  Diet.  Doul. 
Med.  442/2  Many  rheumatic  patients  find  their  chief  pro 
tection  in  an  underdress  of  chamois  leather. 

4.  Of  a  disease,  symptom  :   f  a.    Characterized 
by  rheumy  or  catarrhal 'defluxion'.  Obs.   b.  Of  the 
nature  of  or  characteristic  of  rheumatism.    Rheu 
matic  fever,  an  acute  non-infectious  febrile  disease 
marked  by  inflammation  and  pain  of  the  joints. 

1563  T.  GALE  Antidot.  n.  82  Thys  woode  hath  a  synguler 
propertie  . .  agaynste  many  other  moyste  and  rumiticke 
sicknesses.  1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  n.  i.  105  The  Moone 
(the  gouernesse  of  floods).,  washes  all  the  aire  ;  That  Rheu. 
maticke  diseases  doe  abound.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  ii. 
136/1  Rewmatick,  or  the  Slavering  Madness.  1704  F. 
FULLER  Med.  Gymn.  (1705)  ri8  An  excessive  Dose  of  Mille 
pedes  in  an  odd  kind  of  a  Kheumatick  Case.  1711  SWIFT 
Jrnl.  to  Stella.  19  Sept.,  She  is  lame  in  one  of  her  legs  with 
a  rheumatic  pain.  1782  Miss  UURNEY  Cecilia,  ix.  v,  The 
poor  woman,  whose  disease  was  a  rheumatic  fever,  was 
already  much  belter.  1783  J.  C.  SMYTH  in  Med.  Conimun.  I. 
152  A  kind  of  arthritis  vagci  (or  what  is  vulgarly  called 
rheumatic  gout).  1797  JANE  AUSTEN  Sense  fy  Setts,  viii,  A 
slight  rheumatic  feel  in  one  of  his  shoulders.  1836-9  Toittfs 
Cycl.  Anat.  II.  518/2  We  are  acquainted  with  no  disease 
which  more  frequently  produces  deformity  of  the  hand 
and  fingers  than  chronic  rheumatism  (chronic  rheumatic 
arthritis).  1845  R.  WILLIAMS  in  Eucycl.  Metrop.  VII.  681 
In  scarlatina  the  joints  are  often  the  seat  of  the  severest 
rheumatic  inflammation.  1887  Brit,  fried,  frill.  5  Mar. 
510/2  Rheumatic  pyrexia. 

f  C.  transf.  andyfy.  (a)  Tearful.   (V}  Phlegmatic. 

a  1625  FLETCHER  Nice  Valour  n.  i,  The  Rhumaticke  story 
of  some  loving  Chandler,  a  1680  CHAKNOCK  Attrib.  God 
(1682)  762  We  present  him  with  a  sleepy,  sickly,  rhcumatick 
service. 

5.  Of  weather,  places :   Inducing  or  having  a 
tendency  to  produce  f  (a)  catarrhal  affections,  (6) 
rheumatism.     (Cf.  RHEUMY  3.) 

1563  ADP.  PARKER  Corr.  (Parker  Soc.)  250  If  any  offence 
be  taken  for  my  not  attending,  and  to  come  over  the 
reumatike  Tempsis.  1589  PEELE  Eglogve  Grat,  Earl  of 
Essex  xxxviii,  And  evening  air  is  rheumatick  and  cold.  1598 
SHAKS.  Merry  W.  in.  i.  47.  1609  DEKKER  Cull's  Horn- l>k.  ii. 
ii  The  Sun.  .hath,  .refind  that  thicke  tobacco-breath  which 
the  rheumaticke  night  throwes  abroad.  1856  F.  E.  PAGET 
Owlet  of  Owlst.  23  Church  towers  are  . .  warmer  and  less 
rheumatic  than  hollow  trees.  1879  MRS.  A.  E.  JAMES  Ind. 
House/!.  Maiiagem,  14  India  is  a  very  rheumatic  country. 
B.  sb. 

1.  pi.  Rheumatic  pains,  rheumatism,  colloq. 
1789  BURNS  To  tlie  Toothache  ii,  When  fevers  burn,  or 

ague  freezes,  Rheumatics  gnaw,  or  cholic  squeezes.  1803 
MARY  CHARLTON  Wife  q  Mislrtss  IV.  166  John's  hands 
were  so  contracted  by  the  rheumatics  that  had  settled  in 
them,  ifisa  S.  THOMSON  Diet.  Doui.  Med.  439/2  The  acute 
form  of  rheumatism . .  is  popularly  named  the  '  rheumatics  \ 
whilst  the  chronic  form.. is  known.. in  vulgar  parlance  as 
'the  rheumatiz'.  1897  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  III.  57  The 
'  rheumatics  '  so  often  complained  of  by  elderly  patients. 

2.  A  rheumatic  patient,  rare, 

1884  Harper's  Mag.  Aug.  439/2  Rheumatics,  who  so 
largely  preponderate  among  the  invalided  visitors. 

Hence  Bheuma'ticness,  rheumatic  condition 
or  tendency.  So  Bheuma'tical  a,,  rheumatic; 
Rhewma  tically  adv.,  by  or  with  rheumatism. 

ITOI  R.  PITT  Crafts  of  Physick  Exfos'd  154  An  Acrid 
Collection  of  Humours  . .  causing  the  Rheumatical  Pains. 
1737  BAILEY,  vol.  II,  Rheujnatickness^  subjectness  to  be 
afflicted  with  a  Rheumatism.  1747  WESLEY  Prim.  Physick 
(1762)  92  note,  Rheumatical  pains  are  generally  most  violent 
as  soon  as  you  are  warm  in  bed.  1851  S.  THOMSON  Diet. 
Dom.  Med.  440/2  The  heart  in  a  child  may  become  affected 
rheumatically. 

Bheumaticky(rmnartiki),a.  colloq.  [f.  RHEU 
MATIC  +  -Y.]  Suffering  from  rheumatism. 

1852  Tail's  Mag.  XIX.  343  [She]  netted  with  her  own 
fair  and  rheumaticky  fingers  a  handsome  silk  purse.  1886 
B.  ROOSEVELT  Copper  Queen  II.  x.  175  A  rheumaticky  mail 
knows  when  it  is  going  to  rain. 

Rheumatism  (r^matiz'm).  [ad.  late  L. 
rheumatism-us,  a.  Gr.  ptvpaTtau-as,  {.  fitvuar'ifdv 
(see  RHEUMATIZE).  Cf.  F.  rhumatisme  (:6th  c.).] 

1 1.  A  '  defluxion  of  rheum '.  Obs. 

ifai  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  133  Fluxes,  called  by  the  Greekes 
Kheumatismes. 

2.  A  disease  of  which  inflammation  and  pain  of 
the  joints  are  prominent  features.  In  early  use 
commonly  with  a  and//.,  an  attack  of  this  disease. 
Acute  (articular)  rheumatism,  the  same  as  rheu 
matic  fever.  Muscular  rheumatism,  myalgia. 

Formerly  supposed  to  be  caused  by  a '  defluxion  ofrheum  '. 
In  popular  use  the  word  is  applied  to  various  kinds  of  pain 
ful  articular  and  muscular  affections. 

1688  SALMON  Pkylaxa  Med.  (ed.  2)  14/1  Tartarous  Dis 
eases,  as  the  Scurvy,  Pox.  Dropsy,  Jaundice,  Gout,  Rheu 
matism.  1699  BEN  i  LEY  I'luU.  Introd.  24  That  common  story, 
that  tpicletus  was  lame  of  one  Leg.. by  a  Rheumatism. 
1700  DKVUEN  1'al.  t,  Arc.  in.  407  And  rheumatisms  1  send 


RHEUMY. 

to  rack  the  joints.  1749  R.  JAMES  Dist.  Fevers  Add.  62 
This  Medicine  [sc.  James's  Powder]  has  been  found,  .to  be 
most  effectual  in  a  Rheumatism.  1845  BUDD  Dis.  Liver  43 
Diseased  heart,  consequent  on  rheumatism.  1859  GEO.  ELIOT 
A.  Beife  xviii,  On  wet  Sundays, or  whenever  he  had  a  touch 
of  rheumatism,  he  used  to  read  the  three  first  chapters  of 
Genesis.  1899  A  Mutt's  Syst.  Med.  VII.  476  A  girl. .had 
post-scarlatinal  (  rheumatism  'at  nine  years  of  age. 

3.  attrib.:  rheumatism  root,  the  root  of  (i) 
some  species  of  Jeffersonia,  (2)  Dioscorea  villosa; 
the  plants  themselves ;  rheumatism  weed,  a  name 
for  some  species  of  Pyrola. 

1798  NEMNICH  Polygl.  Lex.,  Rheumatism  weed",  Pyrola 
minor.  1855  DUNGLISON  Diet.  Med.  Sci.,  Rheumatism 
Weed,  Pyrola  wacitlata,  P.  umbellata.  1857  Ibid.,  Rheu 
matism  Root,  Jejfcrsonia  Bartoni.  1866  Treas.  Bot., 
Rheumatism-root,  Jcjfersonia  dif>hylla.  1887  BENTLEV 
Man,  Bot.  706  The  rhizome  of  E\ioscorea\  villosa,.. com 
monly  known  as  '  rheumatism  root '. 

Hence  Rhenmati'smal  [cf.  F.  rhumatismal}, 
t  Rheumatisma'tic  adjs.,  rheumatic;  Rheu- 
mati'smoid  n.,  resembling  rheumatism. 

1695  Phil.  Trans.  XIX.  10  Those  sharp  and  pungent 
Pains  which  Rheumatismatick  Persons  so  generally  com 
plain  of.  1855  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Stic.  XVI.  i.  n  A  rheu- 
matismal  inflammation.  1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  Rheit- 
jiiatismoid, ..  resembling  rheumatism  ;.  .applied  to  symp 
toms  of  diseases  which  resemble  those  of  rheumatism. 

Rheumatiz  (r«-matiz).  dial,  and  -vulgar.  Also 
-ize,  -ise,  etc.  (see  E.  D.  D.).  Rheumatism. 

1760  FOOTE  Minor  i.  (1767)  32  My  old  disorder,  the  rheu- 
matise.  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mart,  v,  Robin's  ill  o'  the  rheumat- 
ize,  and  he's  to  his  bed  too.  1830  MARRYAT  King's  Own 
xxvi,  Our  first-lieutenant  was.. on  his  beam-ends,  with  the 
rheumatiz.  1852  [see  RHEUMATIC  B.  il 

Rheumatize  (rzrmataiz),  v.  [ad.  med.L. 
rhtumatisart  to  snuffle,  or  Gr.  fifv/MTifdy,  f. 
IXVIUIT-,  f>ev/M  RHEUM  1 :  see  -IZE.] 

fl.  a.  To  bring  'rheum '  or  tears  to  (the  eyes). 

'593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  27  b,  What  should  I .  .rumatize  my 
Readers  eyes,  with  the  sadde  tedious  recitall  ?  1598  TOFTE 
Alba  (1880)  17  Whilst  I  my  Readers  eyes  do  rumatise  With 
brinish  drops  to  heare  this  wofull  Tale. 

fb.  '  To  shed  tears '  (Cockeram,  1623).   Obs. 

2.  trans.  To  make  rheumatic,  affect  with  rheu 
matism.  Hence  Bheu-matizing ///.  a. 

1852  Meandering*  of  Mem.  I.  57  Raw  November's  rheu- 
matizing  grass.  1862  G.  H.  KINGSLEY  Sport  $  Trav.  (1900) 
379  London,  .with  its.  .cold,.. rheumatlsing  winds.  1876 
SMILES  Sc.  Natttr.  xiii.  (ed.  4)  276  It  is  not  the  cold,  so 
much  as  the  damp,  that  rheumatises  the  muscles. 

E/heU'lliato-,  combining  form  of  Gr.  pdifiaro-s, 
ftfSfia  RHEUM *,  used  in  the  sense  of  'rheumatic' 
or  '  rheumatic  and  .  .  . '. 

1843  R.  J.  GRAVES  Syst.  Clin.  Med.  xxvii.  340  Gastro- 
rheumatic  and  rheumato-nervous  fevers.  1858  MAYNE 
Expos.  Lex.,  Rheumolymphokeratoditis, . .  rheumatolym. 
phatic  inflammation  of  the  cornea. 

Rheumatoid  (r«-matoid),  a.  [f.  Gr.  /if  U/JOT-, 
pii/Ha  RHEUM  1  +  -OID.]  Having  the  characters  of 
rheumatism.  Also,  suffering  from  rheumatism. 

Chiefly  in  rheumatoid  arthritis,  a  chronic  disease  of  the 
joints  characterized  by  changes  in  the  synovial  membranes, 
etc.,  and  resulting  in  deformity  and  immobility. 

1859  A.  B.  GARROD  Gout  xv.  534  Although  unwilling  to 
add_  to  the  number  of  names,  I  cannot  help  expressing  a 
desire  that  one  might  be  found  for  this  disease,  not  implying 
any  necessary  relation  between  it  and  either  gout  or  rheu 
matism.  Perhaps  Rheumatoid  Arthritis  would  answer 
the  object.  1866  TANNER  Index  of  Diseases  233  Rheumatoid 
Arthritjs. . . Synon.  Rheumatic  Gout;  Chronic  Rheumatic 
Arthritis.  1871  Practitioner  VII.  87  The  judicious  practi 
tioner  will  regulate  the  action  of  the  bowels  of  his  rheumat 
oid  patient  by  proper  diet.  1876  BARTHOLOW  Jfat.  Med. 
(1879)  224  The  joints  become  the  seat  of  rheumatoid  pain. 

So  Rheuinatoi-dal  a.,  Rheumatoi  dally  adv. 

1889  Lancet  9  Nov.  947/2  Repeated  rheumatic  attacks 
may  beget  a  condition  commonly  called  rheumatoidal.  Ibid., 
It  is  of  such  sufferers  that  we  constantly  ask  ourselves,  .is 
this  case  going  off  rheumatoidally  ? 

Bheomed  (r«md),  ///.  a.  [f.  EHEUM  i  +  -ED  2.] 
=  RHEUMY  2. 

1819  KEATS  Otho  iv.  ii.  83  No  rheumed  eyes,  no  furrowing 
of  age.  1831  TRELAWNY  Adv.  of  a  Younger  Son  III.  231 
Kheumed,  glassy,  blood-shot  eyes.  1877  LANIER  Poems 
(1892)  161  An  aged  Ram..  Rheum'd,  wind-gall'd,  rag-fleec'd. 

Rheumic  (r«-mik),  a.  Chem.  [irreg.  f. 
RHEUM  2  +  -1C.]  Rheumic  acid :  a.  J.  Henderson's 
name  for  an  acid  discovered  by  him  in  the  stem 
of  garden  rhubarb,  but  subsequently  identified  as 
oxalic  acid.  b.  An  acid  obtained  by  treating  rheo- 
tannic  acid  with  dilute  acids. 

1815  J.  HENDERSON  in  Thomson  s  Ann,  Philos.  (1816)  VIII. 
250,  I  am  now  convinced  that  the  rheumic  acid  exists  in  the 
plant  under  the  form  of  rheumate  of  ammonia.  1883  Encycl. 
Brit.  XX.  530/1  Rheumic  acid  is  a  reddish-brown  powder, 
sparingly  soluble  in  cold  water. 

Rheumin  (™-min).  Chem.  [ad.  F.  rheumine 
(Hornemann), irreg.  f.  RHEUM2:  see  -IN.]  =RHEIN. 

[1839  HOOPER  Med.  Diet.  s.v.  Rheum,  M.  Hornemann  has 
found  a  principle  which  he  calls  rheumine.}  1858  MAYNE 
Expos.  Lex.,  Rheumin,  the  same  as  Rhein. 

Rheumy  (r«-mi),  a.    [f.  RHEUM  l  +  -Y.] 

1.  =>  RHEUMATIC  a.  i. 

1592  GREENE  Ufst.  Courtier  Wks.  (Grosart)  XI.  242  The 
filthy  reumicast  of  his  blotldshotten  snowt.  1596  BARROUGH 
Meth.  Physick  vn.  v,  Sirupes  laxatiue  for  the  purging., 
of  matter  that  is  rheumie  and  filthie.  1842  A.  DE  VERE  Song 
i'/ Faith  197  Blear  eyes  scalded  in  their  rheumy  flood. 

2.  =  RHEUMATIC  a.  2.    Also  Comb. 


RHEXIA. 

1591  SYLVESTER  T>u  Bartas  T.  ii.  158  Too-much  Cold.. 
Withers  his  face,  hollows  his  rheumy  eyes.  1614  —  Tal'acca 
Mattered  414  Base  rheumy  rascals.  1700  DRVDEN  Ovids 
Met.  l.  269  His  head,  and  rheumy  eyes  distil  in  show'rs. 
1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  iv.  iv.  (1872)  I.  127  The  rheumy 
soberness  of  extreme  age.  1843  TENNYSON  Vision  of  Sin 
xxiii,  Till.. the  glow-worm  of  the  grave  Glimmer  in  thy 
rheumy  eyes.  1895  ZANCWILL  Muster  n.  ix,  A  rheumy-eyed 
stonemason. 

3.  Moist,  (lamp,  wet ;  esf.  of  the  air  (cf.,  however, 
RHEUMATIC  4 a). 

1601  SHAKS.  Jnl.  C.  it.  i.  266  And  will  he  steale  out  of  his 
wholsome  bed  To. .  tempt  the  Rhewmy  and  vnpurged  Ayre, 
To  adde  vnto  his  sicknesse  V  1713  ROWB  Lady  June  Grey 
v.  i,  The  night.,  with  her  raw  And  rheumy  damps  infests 
the  dusky  air.  1866  J.  B.  ROSE  tr.  Ovitfs  Met.  12  Forth 
with,  on  rheumy  pinions  [orig.  madidis  alis\  hieth  he.  1876 
T.  HARDY  Ethdbcrta  I.  287  The  two  sisters  walked.. into 
the  rheumy  air. 

Khewbarb,  obs.  form  of  RHUBARB. 

II  Rhexia  (re'ksia).  [mod.L.  (Linnijeus),  =  late 
L.  rhexia  (Pliny).]  A  genus  of  North  American 
plants  of  the  N.  6.  Melastomaccee, ;  a  plant  of  this 
genus,  meadow-beauty  or  deer-grass. 

1833  WHITTIER  Toitssaitit  L'Otivertnri;  19  The  rhexias 
dark,  and  cassia  tall. 

Bihigolene  (ri'gulm).  Chcm.  [f.  Gr.  piyos 
cold  +  L.  ol-eum  oil  +  -BNE.]  The  lightest  and 
most  volatile  liquid  obtained  from  petroleum,  used 
to  produce  local  anaesthesia. 

1866  Chcm.  Ntms  XIII.  244/2  Rhigolene,  a  Petroleum 
Naphtha  for  Producing  Anaesthesia  by  Freezing,  by  Henry 
J.  Bigelow,  M.D. 

Rhime :  see  RHYME,  RIME. 

Rhilial  (rai-nal),  a.  [f.  Gr.  />lv-t  ^IS  +  -AL.] 
lielonging  to  or  connected  with  the  nose. 

1864  in  WEBSTER.  1875  Huxt.EY  in  Eticycl.  Brit.  I.  755/2 
From  the  ventral  face,  just  behind  the  truncated  anterior 
end  of  the  chondrocranium  [of  a  frog's  skull]  spring  two 
slender  cartilages. ..  These  may  be  termed  the  rhinal  pro 
cesses.  1884  M.  MACKENZIE  Dis.  Throat  $  Nose  II.  252 
The  rhinal  mirror  should  then  be  carried  to  the  back  of  the 
throat.  1897  AlUiiitCs  Syst.  Med.  IV.  717  A  rhinal  or 
rhino-pharyngeal  irritation. 

Rhiiiarium  (raineVn&m).  [mod.L.,  f.  Gr. 
flv-,  /5(s  nose  +  -AKIUM.  Cf.  F.  rhinarion.~\  a. 
Ent.  The  space  between  the  anterior  edge  of  the 
nasus  and  the  lip.  b.  In  mammals,  the  extremity 
of  the  nose,  esp.  when  hairless  and  habitually  moist. 

1826  KIRBY&  Sp.  Entomol.  xxxiv.  III.  455  The  under  side 
of.  .the  rhinariutn  is  lined  with  a  quadrangular  fleshy 
cushion.  Ibid.  xlv.  IV.  254  The  rhinariittn  or  nostril-piece. 
1900  W.  SCLATER  Mammals  S.  Africa  I.  156  Cephalophinse. 
Antelopes  of  small  or  medium  size ;  rhinariurawell  developed. 

Rhind :  see  RIND. 

Rhind-mart,  var.  spelling  of  RTNMABT. 

1788  J.  RUSSELL  Conveyancing  Pref.  p.  viii,  A  word  often 
made  use  of  in  the  reddendo  of  charters  in  the  North 
country,  a  Rhind  Mart. 

Rhine  l  (rm).  south-west,  dial.  Also  J  royne, 
9  rhyne,  rhoyne ;  0.  rheen,  rhene,  rhein. 
[app.  repr.  OE.  ryue  (see  RUNE),  but  the  spelling  is 
difficult  to  account  for;  cf.  KEEN.]  A  large  open 
ditch  or  drain. 

1698-9  Act  10  Will.  Ill,  c.  26  The  present  Roynes  and 
Water  Courses  are  not  sufficient  to  Drain  the  same  [sc. 
Sedgemoor].  1714  J,  FORTESCUE-ALAND  Note  in  Fortescue's 
Alis.  c$-  Lim.  Man.  104  In  Somersetshire  they  call  the  Streams 
and  Rivulets  between  their  Moors,  which  on  Floods  rise 
high,  Rhines  to  this  Day.  1800  Phil.  Trans.  XC.  548  So 
much.. is  this  flat  cut  up  with  rhynes  and  ditches,  that 
[etc.].  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  v.  I.  608  But  between 
them  and  the  enemy  lay  three  broad  rhines  filled  with  water 
and  soft  mud.  1886  \Veston-super-Mare  Gaz.  27  Nov.,  One 
of  the  footpaths  in  the  parish  of  Brent  Knoll  was  reported 
to  have  fallen  into  the  rhyne. 

p.  1801  W.  COXE  Hist.  Tatty  Monm.  I.  72  The  water., 
runs  in  perpetual  streams  called  rheens.  1878  SMILES  6'. 
Moore  vii.  112  He  had  a  run  of  about  an  hour  and  a  quarter 
during  which  we  had  to  cross  about  20  rheins,  or  water 
jumps.  1891  Field  7  Mar.  332/3  The  country  intersected 
with  rhenes,  most  of  which  take  some  doing. 

Rhine2  (rain).  Also  7-9  rine,  8  ryne,  9 
rhyne.  [orig.  rine  hemp,  ad.  G.  reinhanf,  lit. 
'  clean  hemp '.  The  form  was  influenced  by  asso 
ciation  with  the  river  Rhine;  cf.  G.  Kheinhanf.] 
The  name  of  a  fine  quality  of  Russian  hemp. 
Usually  Riga  rhine  (hemp'). 

1641  S.  SMITH  Herring-Bvsse  Trade  13  The  best  Rine  and 
Husband  are  these,  Hempe  brought  in  by  the  Eastland 
Merchants  from  the  parts  of  Leiffeland  and  Prussia.  1765 
Museum  Rust.  IV.  xxiii.  108,  I  have  seen  very  good  hemp, 
the  growth  of  that  country  [sc.  North  America],  not  inferior 
to  the  best  Riga  ryne.  1794  Rigging  <$•  Seamanship  04  Bolt 
Rope  should  be  well  made,  of  fine  yarn,  spun  from  the  best 
Riga  rhine  hemp  well  topt.  1812  Rhyne  [see  OUTSHOT 
fpi.  a.  3!.  1873  Bcetons  Diet.  Comm.,  Rine-Hcmp. 

Rhine  3  (rain).  The  name  of  the  chief  river  of 
Germany,  used  attrib.  to  designate  wines  made  from 
grapes  growing  in  the  Rhine  valley.  Cf.  RHENISH. 

1843  Fenny  Cycl.  XXVII.  455/2  We  find  the  most  re 
nowned  of  the  Rhine-wines  produced  between  50°  and  51°. 
1866  C/iambers's  Eiicycl.  VIII.  235/2  The  red  Rhine-wines 
..are  not  nearly  so  much  prized  as  the  white. 

Rhine,  variant  of  RIND,  hoar-frost. 

Eihinegrave  (rai-ngr^'v).  Also  6  Bin-,  7-9 
Khingrave.  [a.  MDu.  Rijngrave  (mod.  -graaf), 
G.  Rheingraf:  see  RHINE  3  and  GRAVE  sb.*~\  A 
count  whose  domain  borders  on  the  river  Rhine. 


629 

Hence  Bhi-negravess,  Bhi-negravine  (=  Du. 

fUjngravin,  G.  Rhdngriifm}. 

1548  T.  FISHER  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  III.  III.  293 
Monsieur  Dessie.  .sending  for  the  Ringrave  to  mete  turn 
with  his  band.  1676  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  1114/3  1'he  Rhingrava 
is  slightly  wounded  in  the  Cheek.  1762  tr.  Battening's  Syst. 
Geogr.  V.  504  Juliana,  . .  Wildgraveu  and  Rhinegravess  of 
Grumbach.  1821  JEFFERSON  Aittobing.  Writ.  1892  I.  106 
The  States  had  appointed  the  Rhingrave  of  Salm  their 
Commander-in-chief.  1894  Rhinegravine[see  PALSGRAVINE]. 

t  Rhmelvurst.  Obs.  Also  rine-.  [ad.  IJu. 
rhynseharst  (Nemnich),  ad.  G.  rheinharz,  i.  Rhcin 
RHINE  3  +  harz  resin.]  Burgundy  pitch. 

1724  Bk.  Rates  (Act  n  Geo.  I,  c.  7),  Rinehurst,  the  C.  wt. 
containing  112  lb.  \£.  1774  riurciiow  Bk.  Kates  240  Klune- 
Imrst.  1810  Act  59  Geo.  ///,  c.  52. 

K,  hill  eland  (ntaUbufi.  Also  7  Rhyn(e-,  8-9 
Ehinlaud.  [  =  Du.  Kijnlami,  G.  J\heinland.] 
The  country  around  the  river  Rhine :  used  as  a 
spec,  designation  in  Rhinclandfoot,  etc.  (see  quota.). 
Hence  tRMnelandish  a.,  in  same  sense. 

1675  Phil.  Trans.  X.  269  The  Rhynland  (or  Leyden)  Foot. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  xvi.  (Roxb.)  98/1  A  Rhynebnd 
foot,  is  the  measure  by  which  all  fortifications  are  made  by. 


V.  105,  295566  Rods,  or  Verges  of  the  Rhine,  each  of  12 
Rlieinlandish  Feet.     1832  [see  RHENISH  a.  i  c]. 

II  Rhinencephalon  (reinense-fSlpn).  Anal. 
[f.  Gr.  /iii'-,  pi's  nose  +  KNCEPHALON.  ]  The  olfactory 
lobe  of  the  brain.  Hence  Bhineucephalic  a., 
pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  the  rhinencephalon. 

1851  CARPENTF.R  Gen.  f,  Cmnp.  Phys.  (ed.  3)  Index,  Rhin. 
encephalon.  Itid.  §  320  /,  These  segments  [of  the  skull] 


..•hich  they  respectively  correspond.  1870  ROLLESTON  A  itim. 
Life  41  The  optic  lobes,  .are,,  .like  the  prosencephalon  and 
rhinencephalon,  paired.  1880  GUNTHEK  Fishes  86  Rhin- 
cncephalic  arch,  composed  of  vomer,  prefrontal,  and  nasal. 
1899  Allbtitt's  Syst.  Mai.  VI.  753  The  great  rhinencephalon 
of  macrosmatic  mammals. 

Rhinestone  (roi-nstJun).  [f.  RHINE  a  +  STONE 
sli.,  after  F.  caillou  dit  A'/iiu.]  a.  A  variety  of 
rock  crystal,  b.  A  colourless  artificial  gem  of  paste 
or  strass,  cut  to  imitate  a  diamond. 

1890  in  Century  Diet.  1895  Daily  News  20  Apr.  3/6  A 
buckle  of  Rhinestones.  1906  L.  CLAREMONT  Gem-Cutter's 
Ort//xx.  228  Fancy  names,  .applied  to  rock  crystal ..' Corn 
ish  Diamond  ', '  Brighton  Diamond ', '  Rhine  Stone ',  etc. 

XUuiieuryiiter  (rai'ninrintai).  Med.  [f.  Gr. 
/>iv-t  fis  nose  +  tiipvvtiv  to  broaden.]  An  inflatable 
elastic  bag  for  plugging  the  nose. 

•876  DUNGLISON  Diet.  Med.  903/1.  1876  tr.  von  Zieinssen's 
Cycl.  Med.  IV.  164  Belloc's  canula  or  the  rhineurynter. 

Rhinish,  obs.  var.  RHENISH. 

Rhinitis  (rinai'tis).  [f.  Gr.  piv-,  fa  nose  + 
-ms.  Cf.  K.  rhinile.']  Inflammation  of  the  nose. 

1884  MACKENZIE  Dis.  Throat  f,  Nose  II.  293.  1887  Brit. 
Med.  Jrnl.  2  Apr.  730/1  Rhinitis  with  Spasmodic '  Snorting  '. 

Rhino  *  (rai'no).  slang.  Also  7  ry-,  7-8  rino. 
[Origin  unknown.]  Money.  (Often  reaily  rhino.) 

1688  [see  RHINOCERICAL  2],  1699  DUNTON  Convers.  in 
Irel.  in  Life  ff  Errors  (1818)  564  It  was  pretty  to  see  the 
Squire  choused  out  of  so  fair  an  estate  with  so  little  ready 


E'er  fails  to  take  the  Ready  rino.  1805  Sporting  Mag. 
XXV.  201  His  [Geo.  Norland's]  impatience  for  the  ready 
rhino.  1834  MARRYAT  P.  Simple  li.  22  Now  tbat  I  see 
you  look  so  sharp  after  the  rhino,  it's  my  idea  that  you're 
some  poor  devil  of  a  Scotchman.  1851  MAYHEW  Land. 
Labour  I.  384/2  You  shall  have  it  cheap,  for  me  and  my 
mate  are  both  short  of  rhino. 

Rhino  *  (rai-nc).  Colloq.  abbrev.  of  RHINOCEROS. 

1884  Graphic  30  Aug.  229/3  A  magnificent  rhino  lazily 
eating  some  rich  herbage.  1888  J.  INGLIS  Tent  Life  in 
Tigerland  i  The  opportunities  for  sport — from  rhino  and 
tiger -shooting,  down  to  ortolan  and  plover. 

Rhino-  (rai'no,  rainp'),  combining  f.  Gr.  pivo-s, 
fa  nose,  used  in  the  formation  of  various  scientific 
terms  :  ||  Bhinobyon  (rainobai'^n)  [Gr.  pvfiv  to 
stuff],  a  nose-plug :  see  quot.  1884.  Rhi-nocaul 
[L.  faults  stalk]  :  see  quot.  |j  Bhlnodon,  -dont 
(rarmJfdfm,  -dpnt)  [Gr.  oSovfr)-,  oSovi  tooth],  a 
gigantic  shark  common  in  the  Indian  Ocean. 
Klii-nolith,  a  nasal  calculus;  hence  Bhino- 
li-tliic  a.  ||  Bhinolithi-asis,  a  condition  charac 
terized  by  rhinoliths.  Bhinolo'gical  a.,  pertain 
ing  to  rhinology  or  the  study  of  the  nose.  Bhino'- 
logist,  a  student  of  rhinology.  Rhiiio'logy, 
the  study  of  the  nose ;  that  part  of  pathology 
dealing  with  nasal  diseases.  Blirno-pliaryngeal 
a.,  pertaining  to  the  rhino-pharynx.  ||Rhino- 
pha-rynx,  =  naso-pharynx.  Rhi'nophor(e,  an 
external  olfactory  organ  ;  spec,  in  certain  molluscs 
(see  quot.  1878).  II Bhinorrhce'a  [Gr.  /ioi'o  flow], 
discharge  of  blood  from  the  nose.  II  Bhlno- 
sclero-ma  (see  quot.  1876).  '.;  Bhinothe-ca,  the 
horny  sheath  of  the  beak  in  birds. 

1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  *  Rhinobyon.  1884  M.  MAC 
KENZIE  Dis.  Throat  $  Nose  II.  278  [The]  '  rhinobyon ' 
consists  of  three  parts,  viz.,  a  small  syringe  ;  a  tube  opening 
at  its  distal  end  into  an  india-rubber  bag  ;  and  a  small  pilot 


RHINOCEROS, 

sound.  1889  RucVsJIantttk.  Med.  Set.  VIII.  525/2  The 
less  frequently  mentioned  supports  of  the  olfactory  bulbs 
may  be  called  olfactory  crura  or  "rhinocauls.  1850  F.  MASON 
Nut.  Prod,  Bunuah  327  *Khineodon  Shark.  The  natives 
describe  to  me  a  species  like  rhineodon, , '  with  the  mouth 
placed  at  the  tip  of  the  snout '.  1887  Xci.  Amer.  26  Feb. 
130  The  great  rhinodon,  the  largest  living  fish,  measuring 
70  feet  in  length.  1859-62  RICHARDSON,  etc.  Mas.  Nat. 
Hist.  II.  165/2  "Rhinodonts  (Rhinodontidx).  This  family 
is  represented  by  a  single  known  species  (Rhinodon  typicus)^ 
which  frequents  the  seas  round  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
1866  TANNER  Index  of  Diseases  234  *Rhinolithes,.  .Concre 
tions  of  phosphate  and  carbonate  of  lime,  magnesia,  and 
mucus.  1884  M.  MACKENZIK  Dis.  Throat  <y  AVw  II.  444 
Rhinoliths  generally  owe  their  origin  to  the  accidental  im- 
paction  of  small  foreign  bodies  around  which  the  salts  of 
the  pituitary  secretion  collect.  1887  Brit.  Med.  Jml.  26  Feb. 
467/2  *Rhinolithiasis  and  lupusof  the  nose.  \fy\Jrnl.  Cheni. 
Soc.  LX.  n.  1279  Analyses  of  four  *ihinolithic  calculi.  1838 
Blackw.  Mag.  XLIII.  654  Notwithstanding  the  ingenuity 
of  your  *Rhinological  arguments.  1889  Med.  Directory 
374  British  Laryn  go  logical  and  Rhinological  Association.— 
Established  1888.  1838  Blackw.  Mag.  XLIII.  654  Venera- 
tion-.was  at  first  thought  by  the  French  *Rhino!ogist  to 
reside  in  the  tip.. of  the  nasal  apparatus.  1897  AllbtttCs 
Syst.  Med,  IV.  689  The  growths  for  which  the  name  poly 
pus  is  now  reserved  by  rhinologists.  1838  Blackw.  Afag. 
XLIII.  653, 1  am  a  Professor,  .of  'Rhinology,  or  the  sciencf 
of  divining  characters  by  the  dimensions  of  the  nose.  1888 
Brit.  Med.  Jrnl.  18  Aug.  361/1  A. -course  of  laryngology 
and  rhinology.  1897  Allbtitt's  Syst.  Med.  IV.  715  Tin- 
*rhino-pharyngeal  affection.  Ibid.  724  The  back  of  the 
uvula  and  soft  palate,  and  the  "rhino-pharynx  should  be 
examined  with  the  rhinoscope.  1878  BELL  tr.  Gegenbaurs 
Conip.  Anat.  352  In  the  Opisthobranchiata  the  hinder  pair 
of  tentacles  ("rhmophor)  appear  to  have  the  function  of 
an  olfactory  organ.  1866  TANNER  Index  of  Diseases  234 
*Rhinorrhcea... Nasal  Gleet.  1884  M.  MACKENZIE  Dis. 
Throat  $  AW  1 1.  315  In  rhinorrhcea..the  lining  membrane 
is  usually  pale  and  sodden.  1876  DUHRING  Dis.  Skin  412 
*Rhinoscleroma  consists  of  a  circumscribed,  irregularly- 
shaped,  flattened,  tul>ercular  growth, .  .having  its  seat  about 
the  region  of  the  nose.  1891  MOILLIX  Surg.  858  Rhino- 
scleroma  is  a  very  rare  disease.  1866  COUES  in  Proc. 
Pkiiad.  Acad.  M"ay  172  By  Illiger  the  tabulation  of  the 
*rhinotheca  has  been  made  indicative  of  a  tube. 

Kihinobatid  (.r^in^'batid),  Ichth.  [ad.  mod.L. 
Rhinobatidw,  f.  pivr]  shark  H-jSaro?  ray.]  A  shark- 
like  ray  of  the  family  Rhinobatidx,  (see  quot.\ 

1859-62  RICHARDSON,  etc.  A/tts.  Nnt.  Hist.  II.  167  Rhino- 
batids  (RhinobatidiE).  The  ventrals  in  this  group  are  close 
behind  the  pectorals,  which  pass  imperceptibly  into  the  snout. 

Rhino-ceral,  a.  slang.   -  RHINOCEUICAL  2. 
1860  Slang  Diet.  (ed.  2)  199  Rhinoceral,  rich,  wealthy, 
abounding  in  rhino. 

Rhinoce-rial,  a.  [f.  RUIXOCEB-OS  +  -IAL.]  Per 
taining  to  or  resembling  the  rhinoceros  (1828-32 
in  Webster,  citing  Tatter^  where  the  true  reading  is 
rhinocencal :  see  next). 

t  Rliiiioce'rical,  «.  Obs.  [f.  RniNOCER-oa  + 
-ICAL  ;  in  sense  2  with  reference  to  RHINO  a.] 

1.  a.  Heavy  or  unwieldy  as  a  rhinoceros. 

1689  Muses  Farewell  to  Popery  18  Prodigious  Guts,  no 
Brains  at  all,  But  very  Rhynocerical. 

b.  Of  a  nose  :  Like  a  rhinoceros*  horn ;  retrousse. 

(Cf.  quot.  1712  s.v.  RHINOCEROS  i.) 

1710  Tatler  No.  260  f  3  These  Gentlemen  were  formerly 
marked  out  and  distinguished  by  the  little  Rhinocerical  Nose. 

2.  slang.  Having  plenty  of*  the  rhino ';  rich. 

1688  SHADWELL  Syr.  Alsatia  I.  i,  The  Ready,  the  Rhino  ; 
thou  shalt  be  rhinocencal,  my  Lad.  1796  Grose's  Diet.  Vul* 
gar  T.  (ed.  3),  Rhinocericaltr\c\\ :  the  cull  is  rhinocerical. 

Tth  iiioceriue  (rsin^'scrsin) ,  a.  [f.  RHINOCEK-OS 
+  -INE.]  Infesting  the  rhinoceros. 

1879  COBBOLD  Parasites  401  The  rhinocerine  stomach-bot 
(Gastrofi/tiltis  rhinocerontis^  Owen), 

f  Rhino'cerite.  Obs,  App.  an  alteration  of 
RHINOCEUOT  for  the  sake  of  rhyme. 

1659  PECKE  Parttassi  Puerp.  127  Will  the  debonair  Rhino* 
cerite  For  Caesar's  pleasure  rush  into  a  fight?  Ibid.  130. 


+  -DID.]    Rhinocerotic. 

1879  NICHOLSON  Palaeont.  II.  xlii.  329  The  molars  are  not 
at  all  of  the  Rhinoceroid  pattern. 

Rillinocero'ntine,  a.  [f.  mod.L.  rlunoceront- 
(see  next)  +  -INE.]  Rhinocerotic. 

1857  LIVINGSTONE  Trav.  i.  22  The  rhinocerontine  family. 

Rhinoceros  (rainp'seras).  Forms :  4,  6  rino- 
ceros  (7  -as),  5  rynoseros,  5,  J  -oeros,  7  rheno-, 
reno-,  r(h)ynoceros,  rhonoserous,  renoseeroa, 
6- rhinoceros.  Also  6  renooero,  7  rinoeere.  PI. 
6,  9  rhinoceros,  6  -ons,  -ontes,  7  -oeroes,  -cero's, 
8-  -oeri,  -eeroses;  also  6-7  -eerotes  (see  RHINO- 
CEROT).  [a.  late  L.  rhinoceros  (also  med.  and 
mod.L.  rhinoceron,  gen.  -ontis),  a.  Gr.  fivottipas, 
f.  fivo-,  fa  nose  +  KI pas  horn.  Cf.  F.  rhinoceros, 
It.,  Sp.  rinoceronte,  Pg.  rhinoteronle,  -feivs.'] 

1.  A  large,  unwieldy  quadruped  of  a  genus  now 
found  only  in  Africa  and  Southern  Asia,  having 
a  horn  (or,  in  some  species,  two  horns)  on  the  nose 
and  a  very  thick  skin  disposed  in  plates  and  folds. 

The  chief  of  the  one-horned  species  are  the  Indian  Rhino 
ceros  (Rhinoceros  unicornis)  and  the  Javan  Rhinoceros 
(R.  soiidaicns);  of  the  two-horned  species,  the  African 
Rhinoceros  (R.  bicornis). 

13..  K.Alis.  6514  (Bodl.  MS.),  Anober  beeste  also  ber  is 
pat  hat  Rinoceros.  a  1400-50  Alexander  4133  And  sa  bai 
willid  in-to  a  wod  was  full  of  wild  bestis,  Rynoceros,  as  I 
rede,  be  romance  J>;uii  callis.  1553  EDEN  Treat.  Nave  Intl. 
(Arb.)  16  This  Rhinoceros  hath  two  homes,  whereof  the  one 
is  of  notable  bignes.  1553  —  Decades  (Arb.)  385  A  great 


RHINOCEROT. 

region  which  bryngeth  furth  . .  the  hcastes  cauled  Rhino- 
cerontes.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Enf.  Poesie  I.  xvii.  29  Tbett 
baitings  of  wild  beasts,  as  Elephants,  Rhinoceros,  1  igers, 
Leopards.  1596  RALEIGH  Discm.  Gviana  61  A  beast., 
nil  barred  ouer  with  small  plates  somewhat  like  to  a  Reno- 
cero.  1606  J.  COPRARIO  Funeral  Tears  Karl  Dcvonsk. 
Iiitrod.,  Rhinoceroes  some  by  their  arm'd  snowies  I  deem  d. 
1613  COCKBRAM  111,  Rinocere,  a  beast  as  bigge  as  an  Ele 
phant  1680  MORDEN  Geog.  Rcct.,  Ganges  Pcnins.  (1685)  412 
The  Forests,  .are  full  of  Rhinocero's.  1753  HANWAY  J  rat'. 
(176^)  I  vn.xcv.  440  Rhinoceroses  of  the  size  of  a  large  dog. 
1799  KIHWAN  Geot.  Ess.  68  The  remains  of  elephants  and 
ihinoceri  accompanied  by  marine  vegetables.  1850  K.  O. 
CUM  MING  Hunter's  Life  S.  Afr.  I .  xi.  249  note,  There  are  four 
varieties  in  South  Africa, . .  the  borelc  or  black  rhinoceros,  the 
keitloa  or  two-horned  black  rhinoceros,  the  muchocho  or 
common  white  rhinoceros,  and  the  kobaoba  or  long-homed 
white  rhinoceros.  1863  W.  C.  BALDWIN  Afr.  Hantwgmi. 
•in  I  saw  four  rhinoceros  drinking  at  the  fountain. 

Phrase    171*  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  275  f  8  When  they  talk 
of  a  Man's  cocking  his  Nose,  or  playing  the  Rhinoceros. 
b.  transf.  A  large,  unwieldy  person. 

1885  J.  PAVN  Talk  of  Town  I.  160  What  is  the  tune 
which  has  set  this  rhinoceros  a  dancing? 

f  2.   =  rhinoccros-bettlt,  -bird.  Obs. 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vn.  v.  (1626)  742  Andrea  Cor- 
sali  .mentioneth  also  a  bird,  called  the  Rhinoceros  of  the 
avre  .hailing,  .a  home  betweene  the  eyes.  1658  ROWLAND 
tr  Moufefs  Thcat.  Ins.  Ep.  Ded.,  The  greater  Beetle,  the 
Indian  Rhinoceros.  1822  LATHAM  Gen.  Hut.  Birds  II.  306 
The  bill  of  the  Rhinoceros  in  no  instance  we  have  seen  is 
more  than  twelve  [inches]. 

3.  attrib.,  as  rhinoceros  bull,  calf,  cow,  horn, 
hump,  hunt,  skin,  spoor;  also  =  '  resembling  that 
of  a  rhinoceros',  as  rhinoceros  build  (cf.  I  b), 
hide;  rhinoceros  auk,  the  bird  Ccratorrhina 
mouoccrata,  having  a  horn  at  the  base  of  its  beak  ; 
rhinoceros  beetle,  a  kind  of  beetle  having  a  horn  ; 
rhinoceros  bird,  f  (a)  the  Indian  bird  Buccros 
rhinoceros;  (/>)  the  African  Beef-eater  or  Ox-pecker, 
genus  Bufhaga,  which  rids  the  rhinoceros'  skin  of 
ticks ;  rhinoceros-bush  [  =  Cape  Dti.  rtnosltr-dos\, 
a  shrub  Elytropappus  rhinocerolis,  said  to  be  the 
food  of  the  rhinoceros ;  rhinoceros-chameleon, 
the  Malagasy  Chamseleon  rhinoceratus;  t rhino 
ceros  cup,  a  cup  of  rhinoceros  horn ;  rhinoceros 
hornbill,  =  rhinoceros  bird  (a)  ;  rhinoceros  leg, 
elephantiasis  (Syd.  Soc.  Lex.  1897) ;  f  rhinoceros 
nose,  =  L.  nastts  rhinocerotis  (Martial),  used  as 
descriptive  of  a  sneer;  rhinoceros  puff-adder 
(see  quot.). 

1681  GREW  Muszuni  i.  §  vii.  ii.  162  The  "Rhinoceros 
Beetle.. hath  only  one  Horn  upon  the  Nose  standing  al 
most  upright.  1711  PETIVER  Gazophyl.  12  Black  Luzone 
Rhinocero's  Beetle.  1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  xxix. 
1 1 1.  90  The  Rhinoceros  beetle  (Oryctes  nasicornis).  1651 
EVELYN  Diary  23  May,  The  head  of  the  "rynoceros  bird, 
which  was  very  extravagant.  1678  [see  RAVEN  sbl  I  b]. 
1783  MARSDEN  Sumatra  98  Engang,  or  rhinoceros  bird. 
1885  Harper's  Mag.  Feb.  422/2  Although  called  the  rhino 
ceros-bird,  it  does  not  confine  its  beneficent  attentions  to 
that  animal.  1865  DICKENS  Mat.  Fr.  I.  v,  He  was  of  an 
overlapping  *rhinoceros  build,  with  folds  in  his  cheeks,  and 
his  forehead,.,  and  his  lips.  1863  W.  C.  BALDWIN  Afr. 
Hunting  ix.  410  One  white  "rhinoceros  bull.  1786  tr.  Sparr- 
man's  Voy.  I.  252  The  "Rhinoceros-bush,  which  the  cattle 
always  pass  by  and  leave  untouched.  1793  Thunbcrg's 


which  has  a  horn-like  tubercle  at  the  end  of  the  muzzle. 
1863  W.  C.  BALDWIN  Afr.  Hunting  iv.  105  An  old  "rhino 
ceros  cow.  1649  Inv.  in  Archxol.  (1806)  XV.  284  A  "rino- 


Sttiithsonian  Coll.  XIII.  vl.  84  Rhinoceros-hide  used  for 
shields,  targets,  whips.  1625  PURCHAS  Pilgrims  I.  IV.  ii. 
394  "Renosceros  home.  1657  TOMLINSON  tr.  Re nott's  Disp. 
111.  xxi.  457  To  others  I  prescribe  Rhinoceros,  and  Harts 
horn.  1841  Penny  CycL  XIX.  473/2  Clubs  of  Rhinoceros 
horn  about  three  feet  in  length  had  been  obtained  from 
Western  Africa.  1887  RIDER  HAGGARD  Allan  Qnater- 


noceros  Hornbill  is  that  of  a  hen  turkey.  1863  W.  C. 
BALDWIN  Afr,  Hunting  vi.  190,  I  breakfasted  this  morning 
on  'rhinoceros  hump.  1849  Mammalia  III.  33  His  anim 
ated  account  of  a  *rhinoceros-hunt.  1555  EDEN  Decades 
(Arb.)  398,  I  haue  not..byn  very  curious  To  auoyde  the 
scornes  of  "Rhinoceros  nose.  1870  GILLMORE  tr.  Fignier's 
Reptiles  f.  Birds  ii.  83  The  "Rhinoceros  Puff  Adder  (Clotho 
nasicornis  of  Guinea)  has  the  scales  over  the  nostrils  of  the 


is  plenty  of  "rhinoceros  spoor,  but  we  have  not  found  them. 

Rlliliocerot  (rDin^'serpt).  Now  rare.  Also 
7  rin- ;  6-7  -ote.  [ad.  L.  rhinocerot-,  -ceros  (see 
prec.) ;  med.L.  also  rinocerota.~\  =  RHINOCEKOS. 

t  Rkinocerot's  nose  =  f  rhinoceros  nose  '  (see  prec.  3). 

1573  L.  LLOYD  Marrow  of  Hist.  (1653)  44  Tygers,  Pan 
thers,  Rhinocerots  and  such  wild .  .beasts,  a  1637  B.  JONSON 
kpigr.  i.  xxviii,  Don  Surly,  .speakes  to  men  with  a  Rhino- 
cerotes  nose.  1673  RAY  Journ.  Low  C.  28  We  saw  the 
whole  Skin  of  a  young  Rhinocerot  stuft.  1694  Ace.  Sev. 
Late  I'oy.  Introd.  p.  xiv,  Towards  the  Gulf  of  Bengal, 
ElephanlSj  Rhinocerots,  Lions.  1905  Athenxuitt  22  Apr. 
489/1  Suicidally-minded  rhinocerots. 

Ii  The  form  rhinocerotes ,   orig.  representing   L. 

rhinocerotis,  Gr.  plvoKipaiTis,  serves  as  a  pi.  for 

both  RHINOCEROS  and  (e  1 550  to  1 700)  RHINOCEROT. 

c  »5S4  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1599)  II.  n.  20  (332)  The  beastes 


630 

called   Rhinocerotes.     1601   HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  548  The    | 
Rhinocerotes  whet  thei.'   horns  against  the  rockes.      1613 
PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  v.  v.  400  In  Bengala  are  found  great 
numbers  of  Abaiias  or  Rhinocerotes.    1694  MOTTEUX  Rabe 
lais  iv.  Ivii.  (1737)  =37   Li""5.  Rhinocerotes.     1845  KITTO 
<  'yd  Bitl  Lit.  1 1 . 607/1  In  general  structure  so  much  lighter 
than  other  rhinocerotes.     1869  GRAY  Catal.  Carmv.  Mam 
malia  Brit.  Mus.  301  Camper,  .pointed  out  that  there  were 
two  Asiatic  one-horned  Rhinocerotes  with  upper  incisors, 
t  b.  rhinocerot  bird,  =  rhinoceros  bird  (a). 

a  1672  WILLUGHBV  Ornitli.  (1678)  127  The  horned  Indian 
Raven  or  Topau,  called  the  Rhinocerot  Bird. 

Rhinocerotic  (rsinpserjvtik),  a.  [ad.  late  L. 
r/iinof erotic-us,  f.  rhinocerot-,  -os.\  Of,  belonging 
to,  characteristic  of,  or  resembling  the  rhinoceros. 

"755  "WrfNo.  150  V.  84  Martial  in  one  of  hisepigrams, 
calls  this  kind  of  nose  the  rhinocerotic  nose  [=nasus  rhino- 


Trie"  rhinocerotic    features    of  The    skull.     1887  HEII.PRIN    I 
Distrib.  Anim.  368  The  somewhat  rhinocerotic  Amynodon.    j 

So  Bhinoxerotine,  Bhino-cerotoid  adjs. 

1845  KITTO  CycL  BiU.  Lit.  II.  607/1  A  Rhinocerotine 
animal,  in  form  lighter  than  a  wild  bull.  1891  C.  F.  HOLDER 
C.  Danvin  206  A  rhinocerotoid,  or  a  tapiroid  animal. 

Rhinodon  to  Rhinophore :  see  RHINO-. 

Bhiiioplastic  (rainoplae'stik),  a.  and  sb.  Surg. 
[See  RHINO-  and  PLASTIC  a.]  Pertaining  to  the 
plastic  surgery  of  the  nose  ;  connected  with  rhino- 
plasty.  Also  sb.  (sing,  and//.),  =  RHINOPLASTY. 

1832    Encycl.  Amer.  XI.  18  Rhinoplastic. . .  The  art  of 


operations.  1842  W.  FERGUSSON  J'ract.  Surg.  iv.  »ii.  455 
Dieffenbach. .,  whose  skill  in  rhinoplastics  seems  to  besuch  ' 
that  he  will  repair  or  rear  up  this  most  important  feature 
with  all  the  genius  of  a  Telford.  1870  EMERSON  Soc.  if 
Solit.  vii.  131  The  rhinoplastic  treatment.  1887  MORLEY 
Stud.  Lit.  (1891)  85  A  false  tooth,  or  a  rhinoplastic  nose. 

So  Bhi'noplasty,  the  rhinoplastic  operation. 

1855  OGILVII:  Suppl.,  Rhinoplasty.  1862  Syd.  Soc.  Year. 
Ik.  XV.  252  A  short  historical  account  of  rhinoplasty. 

RMnoscope  (rsi'ivifekonp).  [See  RHINO-  and 
-SCOPE.]  An  instrument  for  examining  the  nasal 
cavity.  So  Bhinoscopic  (rainoskp-pik)  a.,  per 
taining  to  rhinoscopy ;  performed  by  means  of  the 
rhinoscope;  Bhinoscopy  (reinp'ski'pi),  examina 
tion  of  the  nasal  cavity ;  use  of  the  rhinoscope. 

1861  G.  D.  GIBB  tr.  CzermaPs  Laryngoscope  73  The  method 
which  I  invented  and  called  'Rhinoscopy'.  Ibid.  74  In 
rhinoscopic  examinations,  the  success  depends  principally 
on  the  sufficiency  of  the  distance  between  the  soft  palate 
and  posterior  wall  of  the  pharynx.  Ibid.  79  The  undoubted 
utility  of  the  rhinoscope  in  cases  where  the  tumours  attain 
such  a  large  size.  1897  Allbulfs ^Syst.  Med.  IV.  671 
Anterior  rhinoscopy  is  the  name  applied  to  the  examination 
of  the  anterior  nares  and  posterior  rhinoscopy  to  the  examina 
tion  of  the  naso-pharynx  and  posterior  nares. 

Rhipidoglossate  (ri:pid<;gl^s<rt),  a.    [f.  Gr. 

pirriSo-,  fiwis  fan  +  y\aicrcra  tongue  +  -ATE2.]  I  laving 
upon  the  radula  several  median  and  many  mnrginal 
teeth;  belonging  to  the  Rhipidoglossa,  a  division 
of  molluscs  having  these  characteristics. 

1883  Encycl.  Brit.  XVI.  660/2  The  Pneumonochlamyda.. 
have,  .a  complex  rhipidoglossate  or  trenioglossate  radula. 

Rhipipterous  (riprpteras),  a.  Entom.  [f. 
Rhipiptera  (irreg.  f.  Gr.  /Sim's  fan  +  irripov  wing)  + 
-ons.]  Fan-winged;  belonging  to  the  Rhipiptera, 
the  eleventh  order  of  insects  in  Latreille's  classi 
fication;  strepsipterous.  So  Bhipi-pteran  a., 
rhipipterous ;  sli.,  a  rhipipter. 

1855  HYDE  CLARKE  Diet.,  Rhipiptertin.  1876  Van  Bene- 
dcns  Anim.  Parasites  257  When  the  rhipipterous  insect  is 
six  millimetres  in  length,  it  changes  its  skin  the  second  time. 

Rhithm,  obs.  form  of  RHYTHM. 

Rllizanth  (rai-zaenp).  Bot.  [ad.  mod.L.  ^^12- 
antheat.,  f.  Gr.  $£a  root-f  dvSos  flower.]  A  plant 
of  the  class  Rhizanthex,  producing  (apparently) 
only  a  root  and  flowers.  So  Briiza'nthous  a., 
flowering  (apparently)  from  the  root. 

1840  PEREIRA  Mat.  Med.  578  Rhizanthea5, ..  Rhizunths. 
1849  BALFOUR  l\fan,  Bot.  §  252.  1856  HENSLOW  Diet.  Bot. 
Terms,  Rafflesiacex, . .  an  order  of  flowering  rhizanthous 
parasites. 

Rhizic  (rai-zik),  a.  Math.  [f.  Gr.  ^ifo  root.] 
Pertaining  to  or  concerning  the  root  of  an  equation. 

1871  W.  WALTON  in  Q.  Jrnl.  Math.  XI.  91  The  two  curves 
P  =  0,  Q  ~  0,  referred  to  rectangular  axes  of  co-ordinates  u 
and  v,  I  propose  to  call  rhizic  curves,  in  virtue  of  their  rela 
tion  to  the  roots  of  the  equation  f(x}  —  0.  1874  CAYLEY  in 
Trans.Camb.  Phil.  Soc.  XI  1. 11.395  Cauchy's  rhizic  theorem. 

II  Bihizina  (rizai-na).  Bot.  [f.  Gr.  (ii(p  root  + 
-ina  =  -if ?;.]  =RHIZOID.  Also  Bhizine  (rai-zin). 

1839  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  i.  ii.  109  The  terms  rhizina. 
and  rhizttla  have  been  given  by  Link  to  the  young  roots  of 
mosses  and  lichens.  1873  HOOKER  le  Maout  ff  Decaisne's 
Bot.  941  The  lower  layer,  or  hypothallus.  .is.  .covered  with 
rootlike  hairs,  which  have  been  called  rhizines.  1887  W. 
PHILLIPS  Brit.  Discomycetes  40  The  rhizinje  are  coarse 
fibres  occupying  the  greater  part  of  the  under  surface. 

Rhizo-  (rai'zo,  reizp-),  combining  f.  Gr.  /Ji'fo  root, 
used  in  the  formation  of  many  scientific  (chiefly 
botanical)  terms :  Bhi'zocarp  [Gr.  mpnos  fruit], 
a  plant  of  the  group  Rhhocarpex  (  =  Marsileacese). 
Bhizoca-rpeau  a.,  belonging  to  the  RhizocarpeK. 


RHIZOIDEOUS. 

Bhizoca'rpic,  -ca'rpous  adjs.,  having  a  perennial 
root  but  perishing  stems.  ||  Bhizoce'phala  sb.  pi. 
[Gr.  K«pa\-/i  head],  an  order  of  parasitic  herma 
phrodite  crustaceans  closely  related  to  the  cirri- 
pedes  ;  also  sing.  ||  Bhizoce-plialon,  a  crustacean 
of  this  order;  hence  Bhizoce'phalous  a.,  be 
longing  to  the  Rhizocephala.  Bhi'zodont  [Gr. 
iidovT-,  oSovs  tooth]  a.,  having  teeth  with  branching 
fangs  anchylosing  with  the  jaw,  as  a  crocodile; 
sb.,  a  rhizodont  reptile.  BMzodo'ntropy  [Gr. 
uSovr-,  otiovs  tooth,  Tpoir/i  turning],  '  pivoting  an 
artificial  crown  on  the  root  of  a  tooth '  (Syd.  Soc. 
Lex.  1 897).  Bhizodo'ntrypy  [Gr.  rpuirai/  to  bore], 
'  perforation  of  the  root  of  a  tooth  for  the  dis 
charge  of  fluid'  (Dunglison,  1876).  Bhi-zogen, 
(a)  a  plant  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  another  plant ; 
spec,  one  of  the  Rhizanthex,  Lindley's  group  of 
plants  of  fungoid  habit  parasitic  on  rootstocks; 
(t>)  a  part  from  which  a  root  or  roots  grow; 
Bhizogene-tlc,  -ge'nic  adjs.,  root -producing. 
||  Kliizoma'nia,  an  abnormal  development  of  roots 
(Treas.  Hot.").  Bhi'zomorph,  || Bhizomo'rplia, 
a  mycelial  growth,  such  as  occurs  in  various  fungi, 
preying  on  the  roots  of  higher  plants.  Rhizo- 
ino'rphoid,  -mo'rphous  adjs.,  root-like ;  resem 
bling  a  rhizomorph.  Bhizo'pliagous  a.,  feeding 
on  roots.  ||  Bhizo'stoma  [Gr.  arvfia  mouth],  a 
genus  of  discomedusan  hydrozoans  having  root-like 
oval  arms;  an  animal  of  this  genus  (also  Khi-zo- 
stome) ;  hence  Bhizosto'matons,  Bhizo'stom- 
ous  adjs.  ||  Bhizota-xis,  Bhi'zotaxy,  arrange 
ment  or  disposition  of  roots.  Bhizo'tomist  [Gr. 
pitjoTonos;  cf.  Rhiwtome,  name  of  Gargantua's 
page-apothecary  in  Rabelais  I.  xxiii],  a  collector 
of  roots  for  medicinal  purposes. 

1875  BENNETT  &  DYER  tr.  Sachs'  Bot.  391  The  Branching 
of  *Rhizocarps  is  similar  to  that  of  Ferns.  1888  J.  W. 
DAWSON  Geol.  Hist.  Plants  48  The  curious  aquatic  plants 
known  as  Rhizocarps.  [Note.  Or,  as  they  have  recently 
been  named  by  some  botanists,  '  Heterosporous  Filices '.] 
Ibid.  41  The  shallow  waters  filled  with  aquatic  or  amphi 
bious  "Rhizocarpean  plants.  1858  MAVNE  Expos.  Lex., 
Rhizocarpicns,..*i\ia.txx!yK.  1832  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot. 
402  * Rhizocarpous,  or  those  whose  root  endures  many 
years,  but  whose  stems  perish  annually;  as  herbaceous 
plants.  1865  DARWIN  in  Life  ff  Lett.  (1887)  III.  38  Until 
reading  your  book  I  knew  nothing  of  the  "Rhizocephala. 
1869  W.  S.  DALLAS  tr.  F.  Mullers  Facts  for  Darwin  1 39  The 
Cirripede  had  become  a  "Rhizocephalon.  1894  W.  BATESON 
Mat.  Study  of  Variation  I.  ii.  95  Males . .  inhabited  by 
the  "Rhizocephalous  parasite  Sxcjtlina.  1879  ROSSITER 
Diet.  Sci.  Terms,  " R hizadont.  Teeth  with  branching 
fangs,  which  anchylose  with  the  jaw.  1900  Nature  20  Sept. 
505/2  The  Rhizodont  genera  Tristichoplerus  and  Eusthciio- 
fteron.  Ibid.  506/1  We  are.  .justified  in  considering  the 
Holoplychians..a  newer  type  than  the  Rhizodonts.  1876 
T.  BRYANT  Pract.  Surg.  I.  561  The  performance  of  "rhizo- 
do 


consistence.  1849  BAI.FOUR  Man.  Bat.  §  64  [Lenticels]  are 
considered,  by  Decandolle . .  ,as  being  the  points  where  young 
roots  are  produced  in  certain  circumstances,  and  on  that 
account  they  have  been  called  Rhizogens.  1884  BOWEK  & 
SCOTT  De  Bary's  Phancr.  398  Those  rows  of  the  next  outer 
cortical  layer,  which  lie  in  front  of  the  "rhizogenetic  rows. 
1885  GOODALE  Physiol.  Bot.  iii.  115  note.  The  mother-cells 
of  this  layer  (the  so-called  »Rhizogenic  cells).  1848  WATTS 
tr.  Gmelin's  Handbk.  C/iem.  I.  188  "Rhizomorphs  shine  more 


riXHS  UI   llUWeilllg    plains   giuvun^    »it  v^-nwo,  ^.-w-iu   v.    .  »»..  -, 

and  walls.  1883  Harper's  Mag.  Jan.  191/2  The  rhizomorpha 
—a  curious  organism  resembling  long,  thin,  dark-colored 
roots,  sometimes  expanding  into  a  membranifprm  production. 
1871  COOKE  Handbk.  Fungi  I.  307  Odontia  fimbriata  .., 
traversed  by  "rhizomorphoid  threads.  1838  MAYNE  Expos. 
Lex  Rhizomorphus,  . .  "rhizomorphous.  1831  CARLYLE 
Sart.  Res.  ill.  x,  All  Poor-Slaves  are  'Rhizophagous  (or 
Root-eaters).  1856-8  W.  CLARK  van  dcr  Hoevens  Zool. 
I.  404  Larvse  smooth,  with  16  feet,  subterranean,  rhizo- 
phagous.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  119/2  Certain  *XAizo- 
stomata  acquire  a  considerable  development,  so  as  to  reach 
nearly  a  foot  and  a  half  in  diameter.  1843  OWEN  Compar. 
Aiiat.,  Invertebrates  105  It  may  be  asked,  why  the  Cyanza 
should  have  intestines  and  vents,  whilst  the  Rhizostoma  has 
neither.  Ibid.  104  The  very  remarkable,  .system  of  nutri 
tion  in  the  "Rhizostome.  1836-9  Todd's  Cycl.  Anal.  II. 
409/2  The  young  . .  in  the  "Rhizostomatous  species  [are 
excluded]  through  the  ramified  canals  of  the  pedicle.  1858 
MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  /fAiaw/«/«»J,..*rhizostomoiis.  1876 
Encycl.  Brit.  IV.  95/1  Different  forms  of  "rhizotaxis.  1870 
HENFREY  Bot.  Index,  "Rhizotaxy  (arrangement  of  roots). 
1836  Penny  Cycl.  V.  247  Some  sorts  [of  roots] . .  are  to  be  cut 
against  the  wind,  others  after  the  body  of  the  "rhizotomist 
has  been  well  oiled.  1837  WHEWELL  Hist.  Induct.  Set. 
(1857)  HI.  22t  The  drug-sellers  and  the  rhizotomists. 

Rhizoid  (rai-zoid),  a.  and  sb.  Bot.  [f.  Gr.  /iifa 
root  +  -OID.]  A.  adj.  Resembling  a  root.  rare-". 

1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  Rhizoides, . .  resembling  a  root ; 
rhizoid.    1866  Treas.  Bot.  974/1. 
B.  sb.  A  root-hair  or  filament. 

1875  BENNETT  &  DYER  tr.  Sachs'  Bot.  317  The  Root -hairs 
(Rhizoids)  play  an  . .  important  part  in  the  Economy  of 
Mosses.  Ibid.,  In  Atrichum  and  other  Polytrichacese,  the 
stouter  rhizoidscoil  round  one  another. 

So  Bhizoi-dal,  Bhizordeons  udji.,  root-like; 
also,  of  the  nature  of  a  rhizoid. 


RHIZOMA. 

1866  Treas.  Bot.,  Rhizoid,  or  Rhizoideous,  resembling  a 
root.  1875  BENNETT  &  DYER  tr.  Sachs'  Bot.  282  The 
rhizoidal  tubes  are  segmented  by  only  a  few  septa  which 
He  far  below  the  growing  apex. 

||  RhizOma  (raizoi-ma).  Bot.  Pl.rhizo'mata, 
rhizcrmas.  [mod.L.,  a.  Gr.  fifa/ia,  f.  /5i£oCo-0eu 
to  take  root,  f.  fifa  root.]  =  RHIZOME. 

1830  LINDLEY  Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  253  Aquatic  plants.. with  a 
fleshy  rhizoma  which  is  eatable.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX. 
312/1  The  rhizomata  of  many  of  the  species  [of  Sagittaria} 
contain  amylaceous  matter.  1877  F.  G.  HEATH  Fern 
World  1 8  From  various  parts  of  the  upper  side  of  the 
creeping  rhizomas  spring  the  fronds. 

Hence  Bhizo'matons  a.,  consisting  of  or  of  the 
nature  of  a  rhizoma  ;  having  rhizomata. 

1847  W.  E.  STEELE  Field  Bot.  210  Filicex.  Leafy, 
perennial  plants,  often  rhizomatous.  1872  OLIVER  Elem. 
Bot.  n.  186  In  germinating  the  radicle  [of  mistletoe]  pene 
trates  the  bark,  forming  a  kind  of  rhizomatous  root. 

Rhizome  (rai-zoum).  Bot.  [Anglicized  f. 
RHIZOMA,  and  now  more  usual.]  A  prostrate  or 
subterranean  root-like  stem  emitting  roots  and 
usually  producing  leaves  at  its  apex ;  a  rootstock. 

1845  LINDLEY  Sch.  Bot.  i.  4  If  prostrate  and  rooting  into 
the  ground.. [the  stem]  is  a  rhizome,  as  in  the  Iris.  1862 
Jrnl.  Roy.  Soc.  Ditbl.  Apr.  346  Whilst  ferns  have  nutritive 
rhizomes.  1873  BENNETT  &  DYER  tr.  Sachs*  Bot.  411 
Similar  rudimentary  leaves.. occur  also  on  the  ordinary 
rhizome-shoots.  1882  VINES  tr.  Sachs'  Bot.  228  Phanero 
gams  in  which  lateral  branches  with  foliage-leaves  spring 
from  a  rhizome  clothed  only  with  scales. 

II  Rhizophora  (raizffora).  Bot.  [mod.L.  (sc. 
flanta),  f.  Gr.  ft  fa  root  +  -<pupos  -bearing :  see  -A  2.] 
A  genus  typical  of  the  N.O.  Rhizophoracex ',  a 
tree  of  this  genus,  a  mangrove. 

1832  MACGILLIVRAY  Trav.  Humboldt  xxi.  306  A  forest  of 
rhizophorse,  intermixed  with  euphorbiae..and  other  plants. 
1870  KINGSLEY  At  Last  xiii,  The  common  Rhizophoras,  or 
black  mangroves.  1876  R.  F.  BURTON  Gorilla  L.  1. 31  The 
rhizophora  is  the  growth  of  shallow  brackish  water. 

Rhizophore  (rai-z^fooj).  Bot.  [f.  as>  prec. : 
see  -PHORE.]  A  structure  in  the  genus  Selaginclla 
that  bears  the  roots.  So  Bhizo-phorons  a.,  root- 
bearing  (Ogilvie,  1882). 

1875  BENNETT  &  DYER  tr.  Sachs'  Bot.  411  The  Rhizophores 
of  Selaginella. 

Rhizopod1  (roi-z^ppd).  Zool.  [ad.  mod.L. 
RHIZOPODA.]  An  animalcule  of  the  class  Rhizopoda. 

1851  OWEN  Gen.  $  Comp.  Phys.  (ed.  3)  §  285  From  the 
poly thalamous  shells  of  Cephalopods . .  those  of  Rhizoppds 
may  be  distinguished  [etc.].  1850  GREENE  Protozoa  ii.  3 
The  most  easily  procured  of  all  Rhizopods  is,  perhaps,  the 
Amoeba.  1869  SPENCER  Princ.  Psycliol.  III.  iv.  (1870)  I.  307 
In  many  Rhizopods  the  tactual  surface  and  the  absorbing 
surface  are  co-extensive. 

Rhizopod2  (rsi-zfSpjxi).  Bot.  Also -pode,  and 
in  L.  form.  [ad.  mod.L.  rhizopodium,  f.  Gr.  pifa 
root  +  iro5-,  irou's  foot.]  The  mycelium  of  fungi. 

1858  MAVNE  Expos.  Lex.,  Rhizopodium,  ..a  rhizopode. 
1866  Treas.  Bot.  975/2  Rhizopod,  or  Rhizopodium. 

II  Rhizopoda  (raizp-pwda),  sb.  pi.  Zool.  [mod. 
L.,  f.  Gr.  fifa  root  +  7ro5-,  woiis  foot:  see  -A  4.] 
The  lowest  class  of  Protozoa  comprising  animal 
cules  having  psendopodia. 

1839  GREENE  Protozoa  ii.  3.  1876  tr.  Wagner's  Gen. 
Pathol.  in  Rhizopoda  which  are  partly  naked,  partly  pro- 
vided  with  shells.  1904  Brit.  Med.  Jrnl.  10  Sept.  560  A 
wide  zoological  field  ranging  from  the  lowly  rhizopoda  to 
the  highest  mammals. 

Hence  Bhizopodal  (reizfp<?dal),  Bhizopodic 
(-pp'dik),  Bhlzopodons  (-p'p^das)  adjs.,  belonging 
to  or  characteristic  of  the  Rhizopoda. 

1866  Rep.  Brit.  Ass.,  Trans.  (1867)  69  The  Rhizopodal 
Fauna  of  the  Hebrides.     1869  Monthly  Microsc.  Jrnl. 
i  Jan.  39  Of  the  animal  of  Eozdon  we  know.. little  beyond 
its  having  been  recognized  by  Professor  Carpenter  as  dis 
tinctly  of  a  Rhizopodous  type.    1871  T.  R.  JONES  Anim. 
Kingd.  (ed.  4)  17  No  rhizopodic  extensions  are  in  these 
organisms  protruded  externally. 

II  Rhizula  (rarz'ala).  Bot.  [mod.L.,  f.  Gr. 
fifa  root :  see  -ULE.]  =  RHIZOID. 

1839  [see  RHIZINA].    1858  HENSLOW  Diet.  Bot.  Terms. 

Rhoade,  obs.  form  of  ROAD. 

Rhodalite  (nwdalait).  Min.  [f.  Gr.  foSa\6s 
(f.  pooov  rose)  +  -ITE.]  A  clayey  rose-red  mineral 
found  in  Ireland. 

1^836  T.  THOMSON  ftfin.,Geol,,  etc.  I.  354  Rhodalite.  I  give 
this  name  to  a  mineral  from  Ireland,  which  I  got  in  the 
autumn  of  1834  from  Mr.  Doran.  1843  J-  E.  PORTLOCK 
Geol.  223  Rhodalite  occurs  associated  with  Chabasie  and 
carbonate  of  lime  in  the  cavities  of  Amygdaloid  at  Ballintoy. 

Rhodanate  (nJu'dan/t).  Chem.     [irreg.  f.  Gr. 

ft&ov  rose  +  -AN  +  -ATE  2.]  =  SlTLPHOCYANATE. 
Bhodanlc  (rodre'nik)  a.,  —  SULPHOCYANIC.  Bho- 
danide  (nfu'danaid),  =  SULPHOCYANIDE. 

1867  ERANDE  &  Cox  Diet.  Set'.,  etc.,  Rhodanic  acid.    1868 
WATTS  Diet.   Chem.,    Rhodanidcs,    a  name    applied    to 
sulphocyanates,  on  account  of  the  red  colour  which  they 
produce  with  ferric  salts.     1872  THUDICHUM  Chem.  Physiol. 
3  Rhodanate  or  sulphocyanate  (also  termed  rhodanide  or 
sulphocyanide)  of  potassium  and  sodium. 

Rhodate  (r<J"-d,?t).  Chem.  [f.  Gr.  fuSov  rose 
+  -ATE  2.]  A  salt  of  rhodic  acid. 

1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  Rhodate,.  .a  combination  of 
rhodic  oxide  with  a  salifiable  base. 

Rhoddon,  variant  of  RODDEN,  rowan. 
Rhodeoretin  (rJndf,prftin).  Chem.     [ad.  G. 
rhodeoretin,  f.  Gr.  pdtitos  roseate  (f.  pii&ov  rose)  + 


631 

fijrlvrj  resin.]  =  CoNvoLvoLiN.  Hence  Rhodeo- 
reti-nic  a.,  obtained  from  rhodeoretin ;  Bhodeo- 
re'tinol,  =  CONVOLVULINOL  ;  Bhodeoretiiio  lie 

a.,  =  CONVOLVULINOLIC. 

1845  W.  GREGORY  Out!.  Chem.  \\.  454  When  rhpdeoretine 
is  acted  on  by  hydrochloric  acid,  it  is  resolved  into  grape 
sugar. .and  an  oily  liquid  rhpdeoretinole.  1853  Client.  Gaz. 
XI.  23  Rhodeoretinic  acid  is  insoluble  in  sether.  Ibid.  24 
Rhodeoretinolic  acid  is  very  sparingly  soluble  in  pure  water. 

Rhodes-wood  (r<7u-dz|\vud).  [app.  after  F. 
tois  de  Rhodes,  which  however  =  rhodium-wood.] 
The  wood  of  the  West  Indian  tree  Amyris  bal- 
samifera  ;  candle-wood.  1866  Treas.  Sot.  976/1. 

Rliodiail  (rou-dian),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  L.  Rhodi-us, 
f.  Rhodos,  -us,  =  Gr.  'PoSos  Rhodes  :  see  -IAN.] 

A.  adj.  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  order  of  the 
Knights  of  Rhodes  or  Hospitallers. 

1592  ?KYD  Soliman  ff  Pers.  in.  i.  67  This  is  Erastus,  the 
Rhodian  worthie.  1843  BROWNING  Return  of  Druses  \,  3/2 
A  Rhodian  eight-point  cross  of  white  flame. 

b.  Belonging  to  or  inhabiting  the  island  of 
Rhodes  in  the  ./Egean  Sea  off  the  south-west  coast 
of  Asia  Minor.  Rhodian  law  (see  quot.  1866). 

1697  R-  COLLIER  Essays  on  Moral  Subjects  ii.  (1703)  5 
The  Rhodian  Colossus.  1796  MORSE  Airier.  Geogr.  II.  454 
j  The  Rhodian  law  was  the  directory  of  the  Romans  in 
I  maritime  affairs.  1839  Civil  Eng.  ff  Arch.  Jrnl.  II.  435/1 
Variegated  marbles..  .Rhodian,  with  golden  or  pyritic  spots. 
1866  Chambers'1*  Encycl.  VIII.  239/2  Rhodian  Law  is 
the  earliest  system  of  marine  law  known  to  history,  said 
to  be  compiled  by  the  Rhodians  after  they  had  by  their 
commerce  and  naval  victories  obtained  the  sovereignty  of 
the  sea,  about  900  years  before  the  Christian  era.  1880 
Jrnl.  Hellenic  Sttid.  I.  308  Mediaeval  Rhodian  love-poems. 

B.  sb.  a.  A  Knight  of  Rhodes  ;  a  Hospitaller. 
1550  COKE  Deb.  betvj.  Heralds  §  168  (1877)  107  Armytes, 

ancres,  rodianes,  and  other  disguised  harlottes.  1551  BALI-: 
Eng.  Votaries  n.  47  b,  Rhodyanes,  Templers,  Hospytelers. 
b.  An  inhabitant  or  native  of  Rhodes. 

J593  LODGE  Life  ff  Death  Will.  /.0w£/>t'<znf  (Hunter.  Cl.) 
68  Sicilians,  Rhodians,  Athenians.  1660  JER.  TAYLOR  Rule 
Consc.  in.  i.  42  Some  of  the  Rhodians  had  mov'd  that  they 
might  help  Perseus  the  King  of  Macedonia,  in  case  peace 
could  not  be  obtained  for  him.  1799  CAMPBELL /Y?<z.r.  Hope 
n.  73  When  first  the  Rhodian's  mimic  art  arrayed  The 
queen  of  Beauty  in  her  Cyprian  shade.  1831  A.  SUTHER 
LAND  Achievements  of  Knights  of  Malta  II.  8  Anthony 
Meligalle,  a  Rhodian  of  noble  birth,  who  had  once  worn  the 
cross  of  the  Order.  1866  Chambers's  Encycl.  VIII.  239/2 
The  Rhodians  rose  upon  and  expelled  the  intruders. 

fRhodian-wood.  Obs.—°  Englishing  of  mod. 
L.  lignum  rhodium :  see  RHODIUM  1 1. 

1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Rhodium  lignum,  rhodian-wood. 

Rhodic  (r<7u'dik),0.  Chem.  [f. RHODIUM 2  +  -ic.] 
Containing  rhodium  in  smaller  proportions,  relat 
ively  to  oxygen,  than  the  rhodous  compounds. 

1841  PARNELL  Chem.  Anal.  (1845)  96  The  solutions  of 
rhpdic  oxide  in  hydrochloric  and  concentrated  sulphuric 
acid  have  a  yellow  colour.  1858  GRAHAM  Eton.  Chem.  II. 
410  Protochloride  of  rhodium,  RC1,  is  obtained  by  heating 
the  protosulphate  (precipitated  from  rhodic  salts  by  hydro- 
sulphuric  acid)  in  a  steam  of  chlorine. 

Rhodiene  (rou-di,zh).  Chem.  [f.  RHODIUM  i  + 
-ENE.]  (See  quot.) 

1873  J.  H.  GLADSTONE  Jrnl.  Chem.  Soc.  Ser.  n.  X.  3, 
I  would  suggest  the  following... Hydrocarbon  from  Rose 
wood,  Rhodiene. 

Rhodings  (reu-dinz),  sb.pl.  Naut.  (See  quot.) 

c  1850  Rudim.  Navig.  (Weale)  141  Rhodings  of  the  pumps, 
&c.,  the  brass  cleats  on  which  the  axles  work. 

RliO'dio-chlo'i'ide.  Chem.  [irreg.f. RHODIUM 2 

+  CHLORIDE.]  A  double  chloride  of  rhodinm  and 
one  of  the  alkali  metals. 

1843  LIEBIG  &  GREGORY  Turner's  Chem.  671  Rhodio- 
chlorides. . .  Dirhodio-chloride  of  Potassium. . .  Trirhodio- 
chloride  of  Sodium. 

Rhodium 1  (r<J<i-di#m).  [mod.L.  (sc.  lignum 
wood),  neut.  oirlwdius  rose-like  (f.  Gr.  poSov  rose), 
which  has  been  sometimes  associated  with  Rhodius 
RHODIAN.] 

1.  Rhodium-wood  [partial  translation  of  mod.L. 
lignum  rhodium  ;   cf.  RHODIAN-WOOD],  the  sweet- 
scented  wood  of  two  species  of  Convolvulus,  C. 
floridus  and  C.  scoparius,  of  the  Canary  Islands. 

1661  CULPEPPER  London  Disp.  7/3  Wood  of. .Rhodium 
encreases  milk  in  Nurses.  1741  Cotnpl.  Fam. -Piece  i.  iv.  249 
Take.  .Rhodium  Wood,  Yellow  Saunders,  each  6  Drams. 

2.  Oil  of  rhodium  [=  mod.L.  oleum  rhodif\  :  oil 
obtained  from  rhodium-wood  ;  rosewood  oil. 

1678  PHILLIPS,  Lignum  Rhodium,  or  Aspalathus,  a  cer. 
tain  sweet  Wood ;  of  which,  the  Oyl  of  Rhodium  much 
used  in  Perfumes  is  made.  1764  Museum  Rust.  I.  397  To 
the  above-mentioned  means  of  alluring  by  trailing . .  is  added 
another  of  very  material  efficacy,  which  is,  the  use  of  oil  of 
Rhodium.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  III.  1296  A 
mixture  of  wheaten.flour  and  sugar,  .flavoured  with  the  oil 
of  rhodium.  1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  II. 
371  To  entice  Rats.  Oil  of  Rhodium,  twenty  drops  [etc.]. 

Rhodium-  (r»a-di#m).  Chem.  [f.  Gr.  /Moor 
rose  +  -ll'M.]  A  very  hard  white  metal  of  the 
platinum  group,  discovered  by  Wollaston  (see 
quot.  1804).  Symbol  Rh,  formerly  Ro. 

1804  WOLLASTON  in  Phil.  Trans.  XCIV.  419,  1  design  in 
the  present  Memoir  to  prove  the  existence  ..  of  another 
metal,  hitherto  unknown,  which  may  not  improperly  be 
distinguished  by  the  name  of  Rhodium,  from  the  rose- 
colour  of  a  dilute  solution  of  the  salts  containing  it.  1836 
T.  THOMSON  A/in.,  Geol.,  etc.  II.  460  Rhodium  is  a  white 


RHODODENDRON. 

metal,  of  so  difficult  fusion,  that  hitherto  it  has  been  ob 
tained  only  in  grains.  1880  CI.EMINSHAW  Wurtz'  Atom. 
Theory  223  Iridium  and  rhodium,  .form  well-characterised 
trichlorides  and  sesquioxides. 

b.  attrib.,&-,rhodiuin  salt;  rhodium-black  (see 
quot);  rhodium-gold,  native  gold  containing 
rhodium;  so  rhodium  ingot;  rhodium  pen,  a  steel 
pen  tipped  with  rhodium. 

1883  Jrnl.  Chem.  Soc.  849  'Rhodium  black,  obtained  by 
the  action  of  formic  acid  on  rhodium  hexchloride  and 
sodium  chloride.  1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.,  '"Rlwdium- 
gold.  i88a  DANA  Min.  no  A  rhodium-gold  from  Mexico. 
1895  Daily  Nc-us  2  May  3/1  A  "rhodium  ingot.  1839  UKK 
Diet.  Arts,  etc.  1068  The  inalterable  nibs  of  the  so-named 
*rhodium  pens.  1853  W.  GKKGOKY  Inorg.  Chem.  261  The 
"rhodium  salt  [is]  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Rhpdizite  (rJu-dizait).  Min.  [ad.  G.  rhodizil 
(Rose),  f.  Gr.  pootfeiv  to  be  red,  from  puSov  rose.] 
IJorate  of  aluminum  and  potassium :  so  called 
because  it  colours  the  blowpipe-flame  red. 

1836  T.  THOMSON  Min.,  GcoL,  etc.  I.  679  Rhodizite  dis 
solves  with  great  difficulty  in  muriatic  acid.  1882  DANA 
/!//«.  206  Rhodixite, ..supposed  to  be  a  lime-boracite. 

Rhodizonic  (nwdi/fj-mk),  a.  Chem.  [f.  Gr. 
fo8i(ftv  to  be  red,  f.  puoov  rose,  after  G.  rhodizon- 
stiure  (Heller,  1837).]  1'le  name  of  two  acids 
(so  named  because  their  salts  are  red)  obtained 
from  carboxide  of  potassium.  Hence  RliocUzo  n- 
ate,  a  salt  of  rhodizonic  acid. 

1839  R.  D.  THOMSON  in  Brit.  Ann.  346  Rhodizoic  [sic] 
acid  may  be  isolated  from  the  potash  salt.  Ibid.,  Rhodi- 
zoate  of  potash.  1842  GRAHAM  Elem.  Chem.  934  Rhodizonic 
Acid.. was  first  observed  by  L.  Gmelin,  and  recognised  as 
a  new  acid  by  Heller,  ll'id.,  A  red  solution. .containing 
rhodizonate  of  potash.  1860  BKODIE  in  Q.  Jrnl.  Chem.  Soc. 
XII.  272  The  rhodizonate  appears  as  a  red  insoluble  powder. 
1868  WATTS  Diet.  Client,  s.v.,  It  will  be  convenient  to  desig 
nate  the  acid  originally  obtained  by  Heller,  .as  a-rhodizonic, 
and  that  obtained  by  Brodie  as  0-rhodizonic  acid. 

Rhodo-  (ryu'dj),  combining  f.  Gr.  fivfiov  rose, 
used  chiefly  in  names  of  mineral  and  chemical 
substances  :  Bho'dochrome  [Gr.  xpu/M  colour],  a 
rose-coloured  variety  of  penninite.  Bhodochro  'site 
[Gr.  po8ii\pari],  carbonate  of  manganese  occurring 
in  rose-red  crystals.  Bhodocri'nite,  a  rose-like 
encrinite.  Bhodophy  llite  [Gr.  <j>v\\ov  leaf],  = 
rhodochrome  (Watts  Diet.  Chem.  \  868).  Bhodo'p- 
sin  [Gr.  o^is  sight],  visual  purple.  Brio  dosperm 
[Gr.  a-nippa  seed],  a  seaweed  of  the  class  Khodo- 
spermex  characterized  by  rose-coloured  spores. 
Bhodospe-rmin,  the  colouring  matter  of  the  red 
algse  of  the  group  Floridew.  Bhodospe'rmons 
a.,  having  red  seeds  or  spores ;  belonging  to  or 
characteristic  of  the  group  Rhodospermeze,  of  algos. 
Bhodota'nnic  a.,  in  rhodotannic  acid,  tannic  acid 
obtained  from  the  leaves  of  Rhododendron  ferrug- 
ineum.  Bhodoxa'nthin,  rhodotannic  acid. 

1854  R.  D.  THOMSON  Cycl.  Cfiem,  440/2  * 'Rhodochrome,.  .a 
variety  of  serpentine. . .  It  contains  sesquioxide  of  chromium. 
1836  T.  THOMSON  Min.,  Geol.,  etc.  I.  512  Carbonate  of  Man 
ganese.  Dialogite,  *rhodochrosite,  and .  .allagite,  photizite, 
rhodonite.  1882  OGILVIE,  *Rhodocrinite.  1886  Jrnl.  Chem. 
Soc.  L.  375  After  a  frog  has  been  poisoned  by  pilocarpin,  the 
regeneration  of  "rhodopsin  in  the  dark  after  exposure  to  light 
is  hastened.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  978/1  Trie  *Rhodosperms 
form  one  of  the  three  great  divisions  of  Algx.  1875  BALFOUR 
in  Entycl.  Brit.  I.  508/2  Chondrus  (Sphsrococcvs}  crispus 
and  C.  mammillosus,  two  Rhodosperms.  1875  BENNETT 
&  DYER  tr.  Sachs'  Bot.  51  In  dried  specimens  of  other 
Floridese  . .  Klein  observed  colourless  crystalloids  of  a 
different  form.  These  formations  may  all  be  comprised  in 
the  name  first  given  by  Cramer, — *Rhodospermine.  1856 
W,  L.  LINDSAY  Hist.  Brit.  Lichens  2  The  *rhodospermous 
seaweed.  1858  M  AVNE  Expos.  Lex.,Rhodospermus,..<c\iv&f>- 
spermous.  1853  Chem.  Gaz.  XI.  44  *Rhodotannic  acid  in 
the  anhydrous  state  has.. the  composition  represented  by 
the  formula  C"H'O7.  Ibid.  45  That  [substance]  obtained 
from  the  pure  [rhodotannic]  acid,  to  which  the  author 
[R.  Schwartz}  gives  the  name  of  *rhodoxanthine. 

t  Rhododa'phne.  Obs.  [late  L.,  a.  Gr. 
poSoSdtpvr],  f.  puSov  rose  +  oacpvri  laurel,  DAPHNE.] 
The  rose-bay  or  oleander. 

1548  [see  OLEANDER).  1581  MAPLET  Diall  of  Destiny  67 
Among  hearbs  he  {sc.  Saturn]  holdeth  Sauoury.  .And  Hem- 
locke..And  Rhododaphne,  which  beinge  taken  inwardly 
poysoneth.  1591  SPENSER  Virg.  Gnat  673  Fresh  Rhodo 
daphne,  and  the  Sabine  flowre.  1601  [see  RHODODENDRON  i]. 
1628  LE  GRYS  tr.  Barclay's  Argenis  121  A  whole  Wood  of 
Pomegranates,  Rhododaphne  [etc.]. 

II  Rhododendron  (roodi>de'ndr(3h).  Plural : 
Rhododendrons,  -dendra.  [late  L.,  a.  Gr. 
foSuSivtipov,  f.  fiolov  rose  +  StvSpov  tree.] 

fl.   =  RHODODAPHNE.  Obs. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  469  As  for  the  Oleander,  although 
it  be  called  the  Sabine  herb,  yet  it  commeth  from  the 
Greeks,  as  may  appeare  by  the  name  Rhododendron.  Some 
haue  called  it  Nerion  ;  others  Rhododaphne.  1607  TOPSELL 
F<ntr-f.  Beasts  611  Sauine,.  .Rhododendron,  or  Rose-tree. 

2.  A  genus  of  showy  ericaceous  shrubs  or  low 
trees,  akin  to  the  azaleas,  much  cultivated  for  their 
evergreen  foliage  and  profusion  of  large,  beautiful 
flowers  ;  a  plant  or  flower  belonging  to  this  genus. 

The  garden  varieties  are  derived  mainly  from  R.ponticwn, 
a  native  of  Pontus  and  the  Caucasus. 

1664  EVELYN  Kal.  Hort.  Sept.,  Flowers  in  Prime,  or  yet 
lasting. ..  Rhododendron  white  and  red  [etc.].  1785  MARTYN 
Rousseau's  Bot.  xix.  (1794)  268  Andromedas,  Rhodo 
dendrons,  . .  and  a  few  others,  have  regular  monopetalous 


BHODOMEL. 

corollas.  1818  Q.  Jrnl.  Sci.  XXVI.  165  The  fine  mountain 
Rhododendron  of  India,  with  scarlet  flowers.  i84jTHACKrRAY 
Bluebeard's  Ghost  in  Fraser'sMag.  Oct.  415/1  Polyanthuses, 
rhododendra,  ranunculuses,  and  other  flowers  ..with  the 
largest  names  and  of  the  most  delightful  odours.  1867  H. 
MACMILLAN  Bible  Teach,  iv.  (1870)  85  Luxuriant  thickets 
of  rhododendrons  lighting  up  the  green  recesses  with  their 
gorgeous  crimson  flowers. 

3.  attrib.,  as  rhododendron  bush,  thicket,  tree,  etc. 

1855  KINGSLEY  Westw.  Ho  1  xix,  Through  woods  of  wild 
plantain,  and  rhododendron  thickets.  1859  LANG  Wand, 
India  409  Some  of  the  hills  are  literally  covered  with 
rhododendron  trees,  fifty  or  sixty  feet  high.  1876  GEO. 
ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  it.xiii,  Lightly  whipping  the  rhododendron 
bush  in  front  of  her. 

Hhodomantade,  -montad(e,  -ide,  -ado, 
obs.  ff.  RODOMONTADE,  -ADO. 


t  Rhodomel.  Obs.  Also  5  rodomelle.  [mod. 
L.,  ad.  late  L.  rhoJomeli,  a.  Gr.  fio56n(\i,  f.  ftSov 
rose  +  f«'Ai  honey.]  Honey  of  roses. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xix.  xliv.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
Rodomel  b<  is  made  of  be  luce  of  rose  &  hony  medled. 
c  1420  Pallad.  on  Huso.  VI.  217  And  xl  dayes  to  biholde  on 


632 

swift  Nocturnal  and  Diurnal  rhomb  suppos'd,  Invisible  else 
1bove  all  Starrs,  the  Wheele  Of  Day  and  Night.  1697  ABICI.L 


Rhodonite  (reu-dJiwit).  A/in.  [ad 
f.  Gr.  p6Sov:  see  -ITE  l  2  b.  ]  Silicate  of  manganese, 
of  a  rose-pink  colour  when  pure  ;  manganese-spar, 
rose  manganese. 

1823  \V.  PHILLIPS  Inlrod.  Min.  (ed.  3)  247  The  Rhodonite 
appears  to  occur  both  compact  and  of  a  fibrous  texture. 
1883  Scotsman  a  May  7/5  Tables,  vases,  and  columns  of 
malachite,  ..  rhodonite—  a  lovely  red  crystalline  stone. 

f  RhO'dostaurcvtic,  a.  Obs.  rare-1.  A  render 
ing  into  Greek  form  of  ROSICKUCIAN  (f.  Gr.  poSov 
rose  +  aravpos  cross). 

1626  B.  JONSON  Masque  Fart.  Isl.,  The  Castle  in  the  aire, 
where  all  the  Brethren  Rhodostaurotick  live. 

Rhodous  (reu-das),  a.  Chem.  [f.  RHODIUM  2  + 
-ous.]  Containing  rhodium  in  larger  proportions, 
relatively  to  oxygen,  than  the  rhodic  compounds. 

1841  GRAHAM  Elem.  Client.  694  Rhodium  is  the  most 
oxidable  of  the  platinum  metals.  .  .  It  appears  to  form  two 
oxides,  the  rhodous  and  the  rhodic. 

Rhceadic  (rz'ise'dik),  a.  Chem.  Also  rhe-.  [f. 
Gr.  potaS-,  /iotas  a  kind  of  poppy  -t-  -1C.]  Rhccadic 
acid,  a  principle  found  in  the  flowers  of  the  red  poppy 
(Papaver  Rhaas).  So  Blice'adine,  a  crystalline 
alkaloid  found  in  the  red  poppy;  Bhoea'genine 
(see  quot.  1872). 

1846  Chem.  Gaz.  IV.  193  Pure  rhceadic  acid  is  a  shining 
dark  red  amorphous  mass.  1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex., 
Khaadin,..t<xm  by  Riffard  for  the  colouring  matter  of  the 
Papavcr  rlueas.  1872  WATTS  Diet.  Client.  1st  Suppl., 
Rhteagenine,  a  base  isomeric  with  rhceadine. 

Rhomb  (r^mb,  ipm).  Also  6  rombe,  7  rhombe, 
romb,roumb,  8  rumb.  [ad.  L.  rhombus  RHOMBUS. 
Cf.  F.  rhombe  (1542  in  Hatz.-Darm.).] 
1.  Geoni.  A  plane  figure  having  four  equal  sides 
and  the  opposite  angles  equal  (two  being  acute 
and  two  obtuse).    Also,  a  lozenge-shaped  object  or 
formation  ;    Nat.  Hist.,  etc.,  a  part,  disposition 
of  parts,  marking,  etc.,  of  this  shape. 
Pectinated  rhomb  :  a  hydrospire. 

ciS78  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1600)  III.  43  We  builded  a  little 
house  .  .  and  garnished  it  with  many  kinds  of  trifles,  as 
Pinnes,  Points,  Laces,  Glasses,  Rombes.  1597  MORLEY 
Introd.  Mits.  Annot.  P  4  The  semibriefe  was  at  the  first 
framed  like  a  triangle,,  .but  ..it  grew  afterward  to  the  figure 
of  a  rombe  or  loseng.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  in.  309  See  how  in 
warlike  muster  they  appear,  In  Rhombs  and  wedges,  and 
half  moons,  and  wings.  1696  PHILLIPS,  Rhomb,  or  Rownb. 
1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  in.  ii,  If  they  would  .  .praise  the  Beauty 
of  a  Woman,  or  any  other  Animal,  they  describe  it  by 
Rhombs,  Circles,  ..and  other  geometrical  Terms.  1727-38 
CHAMBERS  Cycl,  s.v.  Neper  s  bones,  By  adding  the  several 
numbers  occurring  in  the  same  rhomb  together.  1794 
KIRWAN  Elem.  Min.  (ed.  2)  I.  259  Garnet,  .presenting  either 
12  rhomboida!  planes,  or  24  trapezoidal,  or  36  planes,  of 
which  12  are  rhombs.  1818  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  xv. 
(ed.  3)  I.  489  For  the  solution  of  this  problem  the  geo 
metrician  .  .found  that  the  great  angles  of  the  rhombs  should 
be  109°  26',  and  of  the  small  angles  70°  34'.  1849  H.  MILLER 
Footer.  Great,  iii.  (1874)  32  The  more  amply  imbricated 
tile-like  rhombs  of  the  Dipterians  and  Palaeonisci.  1854 
MURCHISON  Silttria  ix.  217  A  pair  of  pectinated  rhombs. 
1855  in  Orr's  Circ.  Set.,  Inorg.  Nat.  300  The  rhombic 
dodecahedron  is  a  solid,  bounded  by  twelve  equal  and 
similar  four-sided  figures,  called  rhombs.  1859  DARWIN 
Orig.  Spec.  viii.  (1860)  229,  I  have  noticed  half-completed 
rhombs  at  the  base  of  a  just-commenced  cell 

2.  Cryst.  A  solid  figure  bounded  by  six  equal 
and  similar  rhombic  planes  ;  a  rhombohedron. 

1800  tr.  Lagrange's  Chem.  I.  305  [It]  will  crystallize,  .in 
the  form  of  a  rhomb.  18x3  BAKEWELL  Introd.  Geol.  (1815) 
48  Calcareous  stalactites,  .cleave  into  regular  rhombs.  1831 
BREWSTER  Optics  xvii.  144  A  rhomb  of  Iceland  spar.  1869 
TYNDALL  Notes  Lect.  Light  §  419  When  a  small  aperture 
through  which  light  passes  is  regarded  through  a  rhomb 
of  Iceland  spar  two  apertures  are  seen. 
b.  Fresnel's  rhomb  :  see  quot. 
1854  Pereira's  Polarized  Light  (ed.  2)  105  Fresnel  effected 
the  circular  polarization  of  light  by  means  of  a  parallele 
piped  of  St.  Gobin  (crown)  glass.  .,  whose  acute  angles  B  and 
C  are  about  54°  and  consequently  whose  obtuse  ones  A  and 
D  are  about  126°.  This  apparatus  is  commonly  called  Fres- 
nel  s  rhomb. 

t  3.  A  circle  ;  a  magic  circle.  Obs.  rare. 

1656  BLOUST  Glosso 
Wheel,  Reel,  or 


in  Potter  Antiq.  Greece  iv.  x.  269  [tr.  Ovid  Atnmt  i.  vin. 
7-8]  She  knows  the  Rhomb,  what  Feats  in  Magick  are 
From  th1  pois'nous  Issue  of  a  lustfull  Mare. 

1 4.  ?  A  turbot.  Obs.  rare. 

1720  STRYPE  Stow's  Snrv.  II.  xxvu.  366/2  [transl.  statute 
for  buying  fish],  A  Piece  of  Rumb,  gross  and  fat,  for  ¥t. 

5.   Conch.  (See  quot.  and  cf.  rhomb-shell.) 

i8n  E  T.  BURROW  Conch.  200  Porphyria,  Large  clouded 
Rhomb  or  Camp  Olive.  Olivtt,  Yellow  Rhomb;  Olive. 
Paupercula,  Zebra  Rhomb. 

Q.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rhomb-marked,  -shaped 
adjs. ;  rhomb-dodecahedron,  a  rhombic  dodeca 
hedron;  rhomb-ovate  a.,  partly  rhomboid  and 
partly  ovate  >  rhomb-porphyry,  a  porphyry  en 
closing  crystals  of  orthoclase  of  a  rhombic  outline 
(Cassell) ;  rhomb-shell,  Conch.,  a  volute;  rhomb- 
solid,  a  solid  figure  consisting  of  two  equal  right 
cones  joined  together  at  their  bases  and  generated  by 
the  revolution  of  a  rhomb  upon  a  diagonal;  rhomb- 
spar  [G.  rtwmboidalspatK\,  see  quot.  1837. 

1895  MASKELYNE  Crystallogr.  195  Diamond,  gold,  and 
electrum  are  among  the  substances  that  occur  in  *rhomb- 
dodecahedra.  1877  Nature  XV.  326/2  Three  'Rhomb- 
marked  Snakes  (Psammophylax  rhombeatiis)  from  South 
Africa.  1793  MARTYN  Lang.  Bat.  (ed.2>,  Rhombeum  folium, 
a  Rhombed  or  "rhomb-shaped  leaf.  170  WITHERING  Brit. 
Plants  (ed.  3)  II.  483  Petals  rhomb-shaped,  c  1711  PETIVER 
Cazophyl.  8/1  A  White  Indian  *Rhomb-shell  finely  speckled 
with  black.  1815  E.  J.  BURROW  Conch.  200  Valuta,  Rhomb 
Shell  or  Cylinder.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  * Rhombe 
Solid.  1804  JAMESON  Syst.  Min.  I.  516  Calc  Genus.  Seventh 
Species.  "Rhomb-spar.  1837  DANA  Min.  197  The  names 
Rhomb  spar  and  Bitter  spar,  have  been  applied  to  the 
perfectly  crystallized  specimens  [of  dolomite], excepting  those 
with  curved  faces  and  a  pearly  lustre,  which  have  been 
designated  Pearl  spar. 

Rhombarsenite  (r^mba-asensit).   Min.    [f. 
RHOMB  +  AKSENIO  +  -ITE.]  =  CLAUDETITE. 
1887  in  Cassell's  Encycl.  Diet.     1892  DANA  Min.  199. 

Rhombed  (r^mbd),  a.  rare-",  [f.  RHOMB  + 
-ED  2.~\  Rhomboid. 

"793  lsee  RHOMB 6].  1814  LUNAN  Hortus  yamaic.U. 384/2 
Rhombeum,  rhombed. 

Rho'inbeous,"-  rare*0.  [i.moA.^L.rhombeus, 
{.  RHOMBUS  :  see  -EOUS.]  Rhomboid. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  III.  442/1  Rhombeous,  or 
rhomboidal.  1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  R hombeiis,.. pre. 
senting  four  parallel  sides,  two  by  two,  forming  two  acute 
angles  and  two  obtuse . . :  rhombeous. 

Rhombic  (r?-mbik),  a.     [f.  RHOMB  +  -ic.] 

1.  Of  the  form  of  an  oblique  equilateral  parallelo 
gram  ;  rhomb-shaped. 

1701  [see  RHOMBOID  A.  i].  1798  GREVlLLEin  Phil.  Trans. 
LXXXVI II.  426  The  Abbe  Hauy,  by  measuring  the  rhombic 
plane  of  Corundum,  found  its  two  diagonals  to  be  as  two  to 
three.  1816  P.  CLEAVELAND  Min.  444  Dodecaedrons  with 
rhombic  faces.  1849  D.  CAMPBELL  Inorg.  Chem.  50  Sulphur 
occurs  in  nature  crystallized  in  acute  octohedrons  with 
rhombic  bases.  1888  ROLLESTON  &  JACKSON  Anim.  Life 
577  Grooves  pierced  by  pores  which  form  a  rhombic  figure. 
b.  Zool.  Lozenge-  or  diamond-shaped,  often 
with  the  corners  somewhat  rounded. 

1815  E.  J.  BURROW  Conch.  76  The  form  differs  much,  being 
subglobose,  reniform,  cordate,  or  rhombic.  1851  WOODWARD 

Ii  ' 


lossogr.  [after  Cotgr.],  Rhomb,  a  Spinning 
Whirle.     1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vui.  134  That 


Kef  tiles  $  Birds  iii.  109 . 

the  back  and  sides  imbricate,  generally  rhombic. 
e.  Bot.  Oval  but  angular  at  the  sides. 
1857  A.  GRAY  First  Less.  Bot.,  Gloss.   1870  HOOKER  Stud, 
Flora  318  Atriplex  patula,.  .sepals  rhombic  or  deltoid. 
2.  Of  solid  figures :  a.  Having  a  rhomb  for  its 
base  or  section  plane  ;  also,  bounded  by  equal  and 
similar  rhombs ;  Cryst.  =  OBTHOKHOMBIC. 

1670  Phil.  Trans.  V.  2041  The  Figure  of  this  Chrystal 
stone  is  like  a  Rhombick  or  Rhomboid  Prisme.  1802  PLAY- 
FAIR  lllustr.  Mutton.  The.  246  The  spar  taking  the  form 
of  rhombic  crystals.  1841  BRANDE  Man.  Chem.  123  The 
rhombic  dodecaedron  contained  between  twelve  equal 
rhombic  planes.  1842  FRANCIS  Diet.  Arts,  Rhombic  spar, 
Iceland  spar,  or  the  doubly-refractive  carbonate  of  nine. 
1869  ROSCOE  Elem.  Chem.  (1874)  158  Rhombic  or  common 
neutral  sodium  phosphate,  1879  RUTLEY  .SVwrf.  Rocks  \x..%$ 
In  the  rhombic  system  the  three  axes  of  elasticity  coincide 
with  the  three  crystallographic  axes. 
b.  In  the  specific  names  of  minerals. 
1788  J.  H.  DE  MAGELLAN  tr.  Cronstedt's  Syst.  Min. 
(ed.  2)  I.  198  Rhombic  Quartz,  Spatum  Scintillans.  Felt- 
statum.  1844  DANA  Min.  322  Rhombic  Mica.  1867  HUNT 
&  RUDLER  Descr.  Guide  Mus.  Pract.  GeoL  101  Marcasite 
occurs  in  a  series  of  prismatic  forms,  which  have  suggested 
the  name  of  rhombic  pyrites. 

3.  Comb.,  as  rhombic-based,  -scaled  adjs. ;  also 
with  adjs.  =  '  partly  rhombic  (and  partly  ...)'. 

1828  STARK  Elem.  Nat.  Hist.  I.  395  Body  rhombic-ovate 
slightly  lengthened.  1870  HOOKER  Stud.  Flora  317  Leaves 
rhombic-triangular.  Ibid.  319  Lower  leaves  opposite  rhombic 
or  rhombic-hastate.  1895  MASKELYNE  Crystallogr.  334  A 
rhombic  based  prism.  1896  Guide  Fossil  Reptiles  Brit 
Mus.  105  The  Eugnathidae  are  the  rhombic-scaled  fore 
runners  of  the  modern  Amia. 

Rhonibifer  (rfmbifsi).  Ichthyol.  [ad.  mod.L, 
Rhombifera,  nent.  pi.  of  rhomb i] ems,  f.  rhombus 
RHOMBUS  +  -ferus  (see  -FEB.).]  A  ganoid  fish 
characterized  by  rhomboidal  scales. 

1865  DANA  Man.  Geol.  279  Rhombifers,  or  Ordinary 
Ganoids.  Ibid.  280  The  Pycnodonts  are  Rhombifers. 

Rhombiferons  (rf>mbi-feras),  a.     [In  sense  i 


RHOMBOID. 

utter  F.  rliombifere  (Haiiy)  ;  in  sense  3,  f.  mod.L. 
Rhombifera  (see  prec.).] 

1.  Cryst.  (See  qnot.) 

1816  R.  JAMESON  Char.  Min.  (ed.  2)  217  The  Rhombi- 
erous  rock-crystal,.. which  is  a  six-sided  prism,  acuminated 
jn  both  extremities  with  six  planes,  which  are  set  on  the 
ateral  planes,  and  slightly  truncated  on  the  alternate 
angles  :  the  truncating  planes  are  rhombs. 

2.  Ichth.  Having  rhomboidal  scales. 

1855  in  Orr's  Circ.  Sci.,  Org.  Nat.  III.  67  The  Rhombi- 
"erous  Ganoid  Fishes. 

Rhombiform  (r^-mbifpjm),  a.    [f.  RHOMB(US 

I--(I)FOBM.]     Rhomb-shaped;  see  also  quot.  1826. 

1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  xlvi.  IV.  266  Rhombiform.., 

whose  horizontal  section  is  rhomboidal.  1858  [see  RHOMBO-). 

t  Rhombite.  Obs.     [ad.  mod.C.  rhombites,  f. 

RHOMBUS  :  see  -ITE.]    An  alleged  precious  stone. 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  n.  41/2  The  Rhombite,  is  a  stone 

after  the  figure  of  the  Mathematitians  Rhombus. 

Rho'inbo-,  comb,  form  of  Gr.  /5o/</3os  RHOMBUS, 
used  to  denote  (i)  '  rhombic ',  as  in  rhombo-dodeca- 
hedron;  (2)  'forming  a  rhombus"  (and  another 
figureN,  as  in  rhoinbo- quadratic,  -rectangular. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  954  Phosphorus,  .crystallizing  in 
*rhombo-dodecahedrons  out  of  its  combination  with  sulphur. 
1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  Rhombododecahedrum,.  .a  body 
with  twelve  rhombiform  sides :  a  rhombododecahedron. 
1841  J.  J.  GRIFFIN  Syst.  Cryst.  67  Forms  of  the  Equators  of 
Pyramids... A  *Rhombo-Quadratic  Equator  is  one  whose 
sides,  when  extended  till  they  meet,  form  both  a  square  and 
a  rhombus.  A  *Rhombo-Rectangular  Equator  is  one  whose 
sides,  when  extended  till  they  intersect  one  another,  form 
both  a  rhombus  and  a  rectangle.  1872  Jrnl.  Bot.  X.  194 
Cells,  .rhombo-rectangular  at  base. 

Rhombogeu  (r^'mbod^en).  [f.  Gr.  popflos- 
RHOMBUS  +  -GEN.]  In  the  Dicyemidse,  the  form 
which  produces  infusoriform  embryos.  Hence 
Bhomljoge-nic  a. 

1885  [see  NEMATOGENIC].  1888  ROLLESTON  &  JACKSON 
Anim.  Lifers  The  Rhombogen  and  secondary  Nematogen 
are  successive  phases  in  the  life-history  of  one  and  the  same 
individual. 

Rhoittbohedral  (rpmbohf  dral),  a.  [f.  next  + 
-AL.]  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  form  of  a 
rhombohedron;  Cryst.,  denoting  a  system  in  which 
all  the  forms  are  derivable  from  the  rhombohedron ; 
also,  belonging  to  this  system. 

1830  H.  J.  BROOKE  in  Encycl.  Metrof.  (1845)  VI.  432/1 
The  rhombohedral  [system  of  Mohs]  consists  of  the  rhomboid. 
1837  WHEWELL  Hist.  Induct.  Sci.  (1857)  II.  293  The  rhombo 
hedral  calc-spar ;  or ..  Iceland  spar.  1854  [see  next],  1881 
Nature  XXIV.  355  Prof.  Tschermak  has  adopted  the  four- 
plane  axial  system  in  the  rhombohedral  system. 

So  Bhomtoliedrio  (-he'drik),  a. 

1854  Pereira's  Polarized  Light  165  The  rhombohedric  or 
rhombohedral  system.  1853  J.  SCOFFERN  in  Orr's  Circ. 
Sci.,  Elem.  Chem.  77  Crystals  not  having  3  rectangular 
axes. . .  Rhombohedric,  Pyramidal,  Prismatic. 

Rhombohedroa  (rpmb0hrdr(Jn).  Cryst.  PI. 
-hedra.  Also  rhomboedron.  [f.  Gr.  fr&nflos 
RHOMBUS  +  (Spa  base.]  A  solid  figure  bounded 
by  six  equal  rhombs ;  a  crystal  of  this  form. 

1836  MRS.  SOMERVILLE  Connex.  Phys.  Sci.  xiv.  128  All 
the  hundreds  of  forms  of  carbonate  of  lime  split  into  six- 
sided  figures  called  rhombohedrons.  1850  DAUBENY  Atom. 
The.  vi.  (ed.  2)  171  The  metals  arsenic  and  antimony  both 
crystallizing  in  the  form  of  an  acute  rhomboedron.  1880 
J.  W.  LEGG  Bile  n  Glycocoll  forms  large  rhombohedra 
which  are  easily  soluble  in  water. 

Rhomboid   (rp-mboid),    a.    and   sb.    Also   7 

romboid.    [(i)  ad.  F.  rhombo'ide  or  late  L.  rhom- 

boides  RHOMBOIDES;  (2)  ad.  mod.L.  RHOMBOIDEUS.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Having  the  form  of  a  rhomb ;  spec. 

mBot.  (see  quot.  1839). 

a  1693  Urguharfs  Rabelais  m.  xlix.  398  Some  of  these 
Plants  are.. Romboid.  1701  GREW  Cosmo!.  Sacra  i.  m.  14 
Many  other  sorts  of  Stones  are  regularly  figured ; . .  the 
Selenites,  of  Parallel  Plates,  as  in  a  Deck  of  Cards  j  and 
they  are  of  a  Rhombick  Figure;  Talk,  of  such  as  are 
Rhomboid.  1729  WOODWARD  Fossils  i.  I.  7°,  A  large 
Rhomboid  Selenites.  1824  J.  E.  SMITH  Eng.  Flora  II.  ii 
Red  Goosefoot.  Leaves  triangular,  somewhat  rhomboid. 
1839  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  457  Rhomboid,  oval,  a  little 
angular  in  the  middle.  1877  W.  H.  DALL  Trtbes  of  N.  W. 
59  Artistic  implements  of  rhomboid  or  semi-lunar  form. 
b.  Comb.,  as  rhomboid-oblong,  -ovate,  -ovoid  adjs. 

1824  J.  E.  SMITH  Eng.  Flora  II.  13  White  Goosefoot 
Leaves  rhomboid-ovate.  1845  LINDLEY  Sch.  Bot.  vn.  (1858) 
123  Fruit  rhomboid-oblong.  1870  HOOKER  Stud.  Flora  315 
Leaves,  .rhomboid-ovoid. 

2.  Cryst.   =  RHOMBIC  2.     Now  rare. 

1670  [see  RHOMBIC  a],  1845  G.  E.  DAY  tr.  Simon's  Anim. 
Chem.  I.  57  Prisms  of  the  right  rhomboid  system. 

3.  Anat.  a.  Rhomboid  nmscle,  =  RHOMBOIDEUS. 
b.  Rhomboid  ligament :  the  costo-clavicular  liga 
ment. 

1834  J.  FORBES  Laetmec's  Dis.  Chest  (ed.  4)  21  So  that 
the  rhomboid  and  trapezius  muscles  are  made  quite  tense. 
1848  QUAIN  Anatomy  (ed.  5)  I.  202  marg.,  Rhomboid  liga 
ment.  Ibid.  296  To  expose  the  rhomboid  muscle  and  the 
levator  scapute,  the  trapezius  must  be  removed. 

B.  sb.  1.  A  quadrilateral  figure  having  only  its 
opposite  sides  and  angles  equal. 

1570  DEE  Math.  Pref.  a  iiij  b,  Rhombe,  Rhomboid,  Lunular, 
Ryng,  Serpentine,  and  such  other  Geometricall  figures.  1672 
BOYLE  Virtues  of  Gems  91  Geometrically  figur'd  Bodies, 
shap'd  like  Rhombus's  or  Rhomboides.  1789  MRS.  PIOZZI 
Jonrn.  France  I.  139  The  hall  of  Justice. .is  two  hundred 
and  fifty-six  feet  long,  and  eighty-six  broad  ;  the  form  of  it 


RHOMBOIDAL. 

a  rhomboid.  1809  W.  IRVING  Knickerb.\\\,  Fine  white  sand, 
which  was  curiously  stroked  into  angles,  and  curves,  and 
rhomboids,  with  a  broom.  1818  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  xv. 
(ed.  3)  I.  501  When  the  bees  enlarge  the  diameter  of  the 
cells..,  the  bottoms  often  consist  of  two  rhomboids  and  two 
hexagons.  1846  M«=CULI.OCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  I. 


;pot  on  white  paper. 

2.  Cryst.   A   solid   bounded   by   six   equal   and 
similar  rhombic  faces  parallel  two  and  two. 

1800  tr.  Lagrange's  CJietn.  I.  300  Phosphate  of  Soda... 
Its  most  common  form  is  that  of  a  lengthened  rhomboid,  the 
faces  of  which  are  inclined  towards  each  other.  1860  TYN- 
DALL  Glac.  i.  i.  3  Calcspar  may  be  cloven  in  three  directions 
oblique  to  each  other  ;  that  is,  into  rhomboids.  1878  GURNEY 
Crystattogr.  28  A  rhomboid  has  no  symmetral  line. 

3.  Anat.   —  Rhomboid  muscle. 

1835-6  TodiTsCycl.  Anat.  I.  370/2  In  the  horse  the  levator 
proprins  sca^ulai  is  the  anterior  part  of  the  rhomboid,  1899 
Allbntfs  Syst.  Med.  VII.  210  The  rhomboids,  .are  often 
wasted. 

Rhomboidal  (ipmboi-dal),  a.  [ad.  mod.L. 
rhombotddl-is  :  see  RHOMBOID  and  -AL.] 

1.   —  RHOMBOID  A.  i. 

1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Card.  Cyrus  ii,  Perspective  pictures, 
in  their  Base,  horison,  and  lines  of  distances,  cannot  escape 
these  Rhomboidall  decussations.  1681  GREW  Musxum  i.  v. 
i.  102  The  figure  of  most  of  the  side  Scales  is  Rhomboidal. 
1794  KIRWAN  Elem.  Min.  (ed.  2)  I.  259  Oriental  Garnet  .  ., 
presenting  either  12  rhomboidal  planes,  or  24  trapezoidal. 
1846  MCCULLOCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  !•  5*  The  coast 
of  Cheshire  is  formed  entirely  of  the  broad  rhomboidal 
peninsula  lying  between  the  Mersey  and  the  Dee.  1856 
HENSLOW  Diet.  Bot.  Terms  159  Rhombifolius,  where  the 
leaf  is  rhomboidal.  1878  BELL  tr.  Gegenbaurs  Coittp.  Anat. 
144  In  others,  special  differentiations  of  the  fibres  may  be  seen 
forming  rhomboidal  plates. 
b.  Anat.  (See  quots.) 


1835-47  jfiwWV  Cycl,  Anat.  III.  693/1  Of  the  fourth 
ventricle.—  This  is  a  rhomboidal  cavity.  1848  Quant's 
Anat.  (ed.  5)  II.  759  A  longitudinal  median  slit,  analogous 
to  the  rhomboidal  sinus  in  birds. 

2.  Cryst.   =  RHOMBOID  A.  2. 

1729  \VOODWARD  Fossils  i.  I.  66  A  Spar,  .breaking  into 
Rhomboidal  Masses.  1794  KIRWAN  Elem.  Min.  (ed.  2)  1.  14 
Compressed  rhomboidal  crystals.  1836  T.  THOMSON  Min., 
Geol.j  etc.  I.  12  A  right  rhomboidal  prism.  1854  HOOKER 
Himal.  Jrnls.  1.  xvii.  403  Thin  seams  of  brown  lignite,  with 
a  rhomboidal  cleavage. 

3.  Comb.)  as  rhomboidal  '-fruttect,  -leaved,  -ovate. 
1758  Phil.  Trans.  L.  446  Dillenius's  r  horn  boidal-frui  ted 

one  [sc.  plant].  1786  ABERCROMBIE  Gard.  Assist.^  Arr.  52 
Rhomboidal  leaved.  1847  W.  E.  STEELE  Field  Bot.  126 
Sep[als]  rhomboidal  -ovate,  apiculate. 

Hence  Rhomboi  dally  adv.)  in  the  form  of,  or 
so  as  to  form,  a  rhomboid. 

1833-4  J.  PHILLIPS  Geol.  in  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VI, 
778/1  The  developement  of  new  faces  or  joints  in  it  [sc. 
shale],  which  sometimes  meet  one  another  rhomboidally. 
1876  Macm.  Mag.  XXXIV.  336  Treryn,  the  strange, 
rhomboidally-weathered,  porphyritic  cliff-castle. 

t  Rhombordeal,  a.  Obs.  [f.  mod.L.  RHOM- 
BOIDEUS  +  -AL.]  =  RHOMBOIDAL  i. 

1677  PLOT  Oxfordsh.  83  The  Selenites's  of  the  Rhom- 
bojdeal  Figure.  1692  RAY  Creation  (ed.  2)  119  Those  rhom- 
boideal  Selenites  found  near  St.  Ives. 

II  RhomboideS  (r^mbordfz).  Now  rare  or 
Obs.  Also  6  romb-,  -aides,  7  -oyades,  -oeides. 
[In  sense  i  late  L.  rhomboides^  a.  Gr.  fioft0ofi$ts 
(sc.  <rxw*a)>  neut.  of  /fo/i/9oci5q9,  f.  fiopfios  RHOMBUS; 
in  sense  2,  rhomboides  masc.  (sc.  muscitlits).] 

1.  Geom.   =  RHOMBOID  B.  i. 

1570  BILUNGSLEY  Euclidi.  5  b,  Rhombaides  (or  a  diamond 
like)  is  a  figure,  whose  opposite  sides  are  equall(  and  whose 
opposite  angles  are  also  equal),  but  it  hath  neither  equall 
sides,  nor  right  angles.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  \\. 
xi[i].  (Arb.)  105  The  Fuzie  or  spindle,  called  Romboides. 
1641  MILTON  Reform.  \\.  M  3  To  see  them  under  Sayl  in  all 
their  Lawn,  and  Sarcenet,  .  .  with  a  geometrical!  rhomboides 
upon  their  heads.  1671  [see  RHOMBUS  i].  1683  MOXON  Mech. 
Exerc.t  Printing  xiii.  f  i  The  Figure  of  the  Face  of  the 
Punch  will  become  a  Rhomboides.  x«6  SWIFT  Gulliver 
HI.  ii.  A  Piece  of  Beef  [cut]  into  a  Rhomboides,  and  a 
Pudding  into  a  Cycloid.  1766  Compl.  Farmers,  v.  Sumey- 
ing  7  E  2/2  The  rhomboides  is  a  defective  rhombus. 

2.  Anat.  «=  RHOMBOIDEUS. 

1693  tr.  Blancard's  Phys.  Diet.  (ed.  2).  1713  J.  KEILL 
Anat.  Human  Body  ^.§4.291  >M\^Rhomboides..\&  inserted 
.  .into  the  whole  Basis  of  the  Scapulae,  which  it  draws  back- 
wards.  1736  DOUGLAS  tr.  J.  B.  IVinslow's  Anat.  I.  175 
These  Branches  .  .  being  there  covered  a  little  by  the 
Rhomboides.  1835  Brit.  Cycl.,  Arts  <$•  Sci.  II.  508/2. 

II  Rhomboideus  (r^mboi-d/'iz's).   PI.  -ei  (*iai). 

[mod.L.  (sc.  mftsculus),  f.  rhomboides  :  see  prec.] 
Used  attrib,  (with  muscle}  or  absol.  :  Either  of  two 
muscles  connecting  the  spinons  process  of  the  last 
cervical  and  first  dorsal  vertebrae  with  the  scapula. 
1835-6  Toad's  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  370/1  The  rhomboidei  form 
a  broad  thin  plane.  1871  W.  A.  HAMMOND  Dis.  Nervous 
Syst.  81  The  rhomboidei  .  .  are  generally  in  a  state  of  relaxa 
tion.  1881  MIVART  Cat  278  A  small  branch  which  goes  to 
the  rhomboideus  muscle. 

fRhomboi-dical,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RHOM 
BOID  +  -ICAL.]  Rhomboidal. 

1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minnies  Agric.  12  Dec.  an.  1776* 
He  tore  them  up  with  an  inclining  j>low,  in  rhomboidical 
stitches  of  fourteen  or  fifteen  inches  wide. 

RhO'mboidly,  adv.  rare.  [f.  RHOMBOID  a.  +• 
-LY  *.]  With  a  rhomboid  form. 

»866  Treas.  Bot.  267/2  Rhomboidly-ovate  .  .  leaves. 

II  Rhombus  (rp-mbws).  Also  6-8  rombus.  PI. 
VOL.  VIII. 


633 

rhombuses  (7-8  -us's);  R  rhombi.  [L.,  a. 
Gr.  /5uju#o?.] 

1.  Geom.   =  RHOMB  i. 

1567  MAPLET  Gr.  Forest  18  Rhomltts,  a  figure  with  y« 
Mathematicians  foure  square  :  hauing  the  sides  equall,  the 
corners  crooked.  1571  DIGGES  Pantom.  \\.  vi,  Admitte 
ABCD  the  Rhombus,  whose  Area  I  desire.  1672  BOYLE 
Virtues  of  Gents  73  Some  [of  the  planes]  were  most  of 
kinn  to  a  Rhombus %  others  to  a  Rhomboeides.  Ibid.  91 
[see  RHOMBOID  B.  i].  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  V.  584/2 
A  quadrangular  prism  composed  of  four  rhombi.  1825 
J.  NICHOLSON  Off  rat.  Mechanic  688  To  find  the  area  of 
a  parallelogram  :  whether  it  be  a  square,  a  rectangle,  a 
rhombus,  or  a  rhomboid.  1862  RAWLINSON  Attc,  Man. 
iv.  I.  313  Mark  the  angles  of  a  Rhombus  very  much  slanted 
from_  the  perpendicular.  1878  GURNEY  Crystallogr.  66  A 
six-sided  prism  with  three  rhombuses  at  each  end. 

b.  Comb.j  as  rhombus-shaped  adj. ;  rhombus- 
solid,  «=  rhomb-solid. 

1776  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  Explan.  Ternis  383  Rhombem)^ 
rombus-shaped,  an  irregular  four-sided  Figure.  1793  HUTTON 
Math.  Diet.  II.  373/1  Rhombus-Solid. 

2.  A  rhomb-shaped  instrument,  pattern,  etc. 
1614    STURTF.VANT   Metallica    xiv.    103    The    plegnick 

Rhombus  is  an  Engin  of  extraordinary  . .  power.  1658 
SIR  T.  BROWNE  Card.  Cyrus  ii,  The  Sheare  and  wedge 
Battles,  each  made  of  half  a  Rhombus.  1697  DAMPIEK  lroy. 
(1699)  499,  6  Leagues  to  the  West  of  Diamond  Point,  which 
makes  with  three  Angles  of  a  Rhombus,  and  is  low  Land. 
1771-84  Cook's  I'oy.  (1790)  V.  1731  White  mats,  .with  many 
red  stripes,  rhombuses,  and  other  figures  interwoven  on  one 
side.  1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  764  Mosaic  works,  con- 
sisting  of  groups  either  of  triangles,  rnombuses,  or  of  squares. 

3.  A  genus  of  flat-fishes  comprising  the  turbot 
and  the  brill ;  a  fish  of  this  genus. 

[l686  WlLLUGHBY  Hist.   PlSC.    93.]      1753   CHAMBERS  Cycl. 

Supply  Rhombo*  the  name  of  a  peculiar  fish  of  the  rhombus, 
or  turbot  kind.  1876  Van  Benederis  Anim.  Parasites  31 
De  Kay  found  one  [sc.  a  cymothoe]  in  a  Rhombus  in  the 
United  States. 

4.  Conch.  A  shell  of  the  genus  Olivet. 

1776  DA  COSTA  Elem.  ConcJiol.  227  From  which  [rhombic 
shape].  .1  have  allotted  them  [sc.  olives]  the  name  of  Rhombi. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVII.  353/1  Panama  is  famous 
for  the  cylinders  or  rhombi. 

Rhomish,  obs.  form  of  ROMISH. 

Rhonchal  (rp*rjkal),  a.  Also  ronchal.  [f. 
RHONCHUS  +  -AL.]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized 
by  snoring  or  (spec,  in  Path.}  rhonchus. 

1855  DUNGLISON  Diet.  Med.  755/2  '  Rhonchal  fluctuation/ 
the  fremitus  that  occurs  through  the  influence  of  respira 
tion  as  an  attendant  on  cavernous  rhonchi.  1857  BORROW 
Romany  Rye  xxii.  I.  271  By  occasionally  in  company  setting 
one's  ronchal  organ  in  action.  1876  Trans.  Clinical Soc.  IX. 
190  A  strong  rhonchal  fremitus  existed  over  the  whole  chest. 

Rho'iichial,  «•     [f.  as  prec.  + -IAL.]   =  prec. 

1862  FULLER  Dis.  Lungs  313  Palpation  detects  the  exist 
ence  of  rhonchial  vibration. 

Rhonchi- sonant, a.  Obs.*-*  ff. L. ronchison-tts 
+  -ANT.]  (See  quot.) 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Rhonchisonant,.  .which  imitates 
the  noise  or  sound  of  snorters,  and  pertains  to  mocking. 

llRhoiichus  (rp-rjkps).  Also  ronchus.  PI. 
rhonchi  (r^'ijkai).  [L.,  a.  Gr.  *£6yx°*t  var-  ^«7XOS 
snoring.  Cf.  poy\afff*6s  (Galen).]  A  dry  sound 
heard  by  auscultation  in  the  bronchial  tubes; 
usually  identified  with  RALE. 

1829  [see  RALE].  1833  J.  FORBES  in  Cycl.  Pract.  Med.  I. 
228/1  The  different  kinds  of  rhonchi  have  their  site  either 
in  the  air-cells,  or  bronchial  tubes,  or  in  some  morbid  excava 
tions  formed  in  the  substance  of  the  lungs.  1843  R.  J. 
GRAVES  Syst.  Clin.  Med.  xx.  227  The  mucous,  the  sonorous, 
and  the  sibilant  ronchus.  1876  BRISTOWE  The.  $  Pract. 
Med.  (1878)  146  Crepitation  and  sibilant  rhonchus. 

Rhone,  variant  of  RONE,  waterspout. 

Rh.Opalic(r0"pce'lik),<T.  Pros.  Also7ro-.  [ad. 
late  L.  rhopalicus,  Gr.  fiotra\tK6st  f.  poira\os  a  cudgel 
thicker  towards  one  end.]  Applied  to  verses  in 
which  each  word  contains  one  syllable  more  than 
the  one  immediately  preceding  it. 

a  1682  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Misc.  Tracts  vii.  (1683)  125;  Of 
Ropalic  or  Gradual  Verses.  ..A  Poem  of  this  nature  is  to 


RHUBARB. 


should  be  filled  up  with  CorneiUe,  Dryden,..and  a  long 
honourable  et  caetera.  1862  H.  B.  WHEATLEY  Anagrams  17. 

Hence  Bhopalism  (rou'paliz'm),  composition  of 
rhopalic  verses. 

1862  Macm.  Mag.  Nov.  15  Taking  this  line,  ..'Goose, 
gather  metrical  monstrosities ',  any  one  who  chooses  may 
employ  himself  in  searching  for  the  instances  of  unconscious 
rhopalism  in  Shakespear,  Milton,  or  Wordsworth. 

Rhopalocerous  (roopalp-seras),  a.  Ent.  [f. 
mod.L.  Rhopalocera,  n.  pi.  (f.  Gr.  /JoiraAos  club  + 
Ktpas  horn)  +  -ous.]  Belonging  to  the  sub-order 
Rhopalocera  orlepidopterous  insects  having  clubbed 
antennae  (i.e.  butterflies).  So  Bhopalo'ceral  a. 

1882  G.  F.  L.  MARSHALL  &  L.  DE  NICEVILE  (title),  The 
Butterflies  of  India,  Burmah,  and  Ceylon.  A  Descriptive 
Handbook  of  all  the  Known  Species  of  Rhopalocerous 
Lepidoptera  inhabiting  that  Region.  1888  Athemum 
7  Jan.  19/1  North  America, . .  Hindostan, . .  Madagascar,  and 
now  Southern  Africa,  .are  having  their  butterflies  described 
with  a  thoroughness  and  a  wealth  of  illustration  to  which 
rhopaloceral  literature  was  hitherto  a  stranger. 

RhopO'grapher.  rare~°.  [f.  Gr.  fairoypAfos : 
see  next  and  -GKAPHY,]  A  painter  of  still  life. 

1730  in  BAILEY  (fbl.). 


(nwpp-grafi).  rare~l.    [ad.  Gr. 
,  f.  /Swire?  petty  wares:   see  -GRAPHY. 
Cf.  F.  rhopographie]     Painting  in  still  life. 

1850  LEITCH  tr.  C.  O.  Mutters  Anc.  Art  §  163  (ed.  2)  139 
Rhopography..the  representation  of  restricted  scenes  in 
nature—  a  small  portion  of  a  wood,  a  brook  and  the  like. 

Rhotacism  (nni-tasiz'm).  Also  rotacism. 
[ad.  mod.L,  rhotacism-ns,  a.  Gr.  */5a>Ta/fiff/*osf  f. 
fiarraicifav  to  RHOTACIZE.  Cf.  F.  rkotaeisme.] 

1.  Excessive  use  or  peculiar  pronunciation  of  r- 
spec,  the  use  of  the  burr  or  r  grasseyt. 

1834  SOUTHEY  Doctor  xvii,  Young  Daniel  was  free  from 
all  the  isms  in  Lily,  and  from  rhotacism  to  boot.  1847  I&id- 
ccxxxiii,  Neither  the  Spaniards  nor  Portuguese  retain  in 
their  speech  that  strong  Rhotacism  which  they  denoted  by 
the  double  rr.  1855  DUNC.LISON  Diet.  Med.,  Rotacism,  .  . 
a  vicious  pronunciation  of  the  Greek  P,  Rau,  common  in 
the  northern  parts  of  England.  1878  tr.  von  Ziemssen's 
Cycl.  Med.  XIV.  851  note>  Fpurnier  has  described  a  peculiar 
plan  of  treatment  for  rhotacism. 

2.  P/ijtohgy.  Conversion  of  another  sound  (esp.  s\ 
into  r, 

1844  DONALDSOM  Varroniamts  205  The  same  tendency  to 
rhotacism,  which  is  characteristic  of  the  Umbrian,  Doric 
and  Old  Norse  dialects.  _  1887  R.  S.  CONWAV  Verners  Law 
in  Italy  §  5  The  Latin  accent  had  become  bound  by 
quantity,  .before  rhotacism  began,  that  is  before  450  B.C. 

Rhotacize  (wn*tasDiz),w.  Philology,  [ad.  Gr. 
pooraicifav,  f.  /5cD  the  letter  R  :  see  -IZE.]  intr.  To 
be  characterized  or  marked  by  rhotacism. 

1887  R.  S.  CONWAY  Verners  Law  in  Italy  §  5  Medial  .9 
between  vowels,  .became  r  in  Latin  Umbrian  and  other 
rhotacizing  dialects. 

Rhotamantado,  obs.  f.  RODOMONTADO. 

Rhoyne,  variant  of  RHINE  i. 

Rhubarb  (nrbaab).  Forms:  4-7  rubarbe, 
5-7  rewbarb(e,  6-7  r(h)eubarbe,  rubarb,  rheu- 
barb  (5  rembarbe,rwbarbe,  rubarde,  5-6  reu- 
bard(e,  6  rubard,  rebarbe,  reuberbe,  rhew-, 
ryo-,  rui-,  7  ruberb,  ruybarbe,  rhebarb,  9  dial. 
rhubard),  7-  rhubarb.  See  also  RHABABB.  [a. 
OF.  reu-,  reo~t  rubarbe^  mod.F.  rhubarbe^  —  Pr. 
reubarba^  Sp.  ruibarbot  Pg.  rnt-t  rheubarbo  :—  L. 
type  *r(!i}eubarbum,  shortened  f.  med.L.  r(K]eu- 
barbarum,  altered  by  association  with  rheum  (see 
RHEUM  2)  from  RHABARBARUM.] 

1.  The  medicinal  rootstock  (purgative  and  subse 
quently  astringent)  of  one  or  more  species  of  Rheum 
grown  in  China  and  Tibet  and  for  a  long  period 
imported   into   Europe   through   Russia   and   the 
Levant,  but  since  1860  direct  from  China;  usually 
(e.g.  in  pharmaceutical  and  domestic  use)  called 
Turkey  or   Russian    rhubarb  t   but    now    known 
commercially  as  East  Indian  or  Chinese  rhubarb. 

£1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  70  And  after  of 
exronand,  J>at  ys  reubard,  foure  peny  weght,  ffor  bat.  .with- 
drawys  be  fleume  fro  J>e  mouth  of  Jw  stomake.  1486  Bk. 
St.  A  Ibans  b  vij,  Take  Rasne  and  Rubarbe  and  grynde  it 
to  gedre.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Gold.  Bk.  M.  Aurel.  (1546) 
H  viiib,  The  pnisicions  with  a  lyttell  Rubarb  purge  many 
humours  of  the  body.  1540  J.  HEYWOOD  Four  PP.  C  iii, 
I  haue  a  boxe  of  rubarde  here  Whiche  is  as  deynty  as  it  is 
dere.  1580  LYLY  Euphues  (Arb.)  411  The  roote  Rubarbe, 
which  beeinge  full  of  choler,  purgeth  choler.  1594  PLAT 
Jewell-ho.  13  All  the  Rubarbe,  Gums,  and  other  Aro- 
maticall  ware,  are  greatly  sophisticated  before  they  come 
to  our  handes.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  ii.  Ixxix.  317  The 
best  Rubarbe  is  that  which  is  brought  from  China  fresh  and 
newe...The  second  in  goodnes  is  that  which  cometh  from 
Barbaric.  The  last  and  woorst  from  Bosphorus  and  Pontus. 
1605  SHAKS.  Mack.  v.  iii.  55  What  Rubarb,  Cyme,  or  what 
Purgatiue  drugge  Would  scowre  these  English  hence?  1626 
BACON  Sylva  §19  Rubarb  hath  manifestly  ..  Parts  that 
purge,  and  parts  that  bind  the  body.  1788  HEALDE  New 
Phannacop.  200  Compounded  Tincture  of  Rhubarb.  1789 
Trans.  Soc.  Arts  I.  94  Such  as  is  commonly  sold  in  the 
shops  under  the  name  of  Turkey  or  Russia  Rhubarb.  1803 
Med.  Jrnl.  IX.  330  The  following  bolus..,  consisting  of  five 
grains  of  calomel  and  fifteen  of  rhubarb.  1831  DAVIES 
Mat.  Med.  366  The  Russian  rhubarb..  is  in  pieces  some 
what  flattened,,  .with  a  hole  in  the  middle...  The  Chinese 
rhubarb  is  in  round  pieces,..  generally  with  small  holes,.. 
and  covered  over  with  a  yellowish  powder.  1870  YEATS 
Nat.  Hist.  Comm.  243  The  East  Indian  or  Chinese  rhubarb, 
which  is  shipped  from  Canton  to  Europe. 

b.  fig.)  as  a  type  of  bitterness  or  sourness. 

1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.  2385  Nowe  must  I^make  you  a 
lectuary  softe,.  .With  rubarbe  of  repentaunce  in  you  for  to 
rest.  1591  HARINGTON  Orl.  Fnr.  Pref.  pvb,  In  verse  is 
both  goodnesse  and  sweetnesse,  Rubarb  and  Sugarcandie, 
the  pleasaunt  and  the  profitable.  16x3  CHAPMAN  Rev. 
B«ssy  D^Atnbois  in.  Fj  b,  Since  tis  such  Ruberb  to  you,  lie 
therefore  search  no  more.  1641  Treat.  Affl.  Faithful  iii.  in 
Contin.  Foxe's  A.  fy  M.  Ill,  The  conscience,  .ceaseth  not 
to  retain  a  scruple  or  dramme  of  Rubarb  mingled  herewith. 

2.  Any  plant  of  the  genus  Rheum. 

For  various  species  see  quots.  \  Pontic  or  Pontish  rhu 
barb  =  RHAPONTIC  2. 

#1400  Pistill  of  Susan  112  With  Ruwe  and  Rubarbe, 
Ragget  ariht.  1535  BOORDE  Let.  in  Introd.  Knowl.  (1870) 
56,  I  haue  sentt  to  your  mastershepp  the  seedes  off  reuberbe, 
the  which  come  owtt  off  barbary.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  \\\.  x. 
328  There  be  diuers  sortes  of  Rha,  or  as  it  is  nowe  called 
Rheubarbe.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  ir.  Ixxix.  317  The  Pont- 
icke  Rubarbe  is  lesser  .  .  than  that  of  Barbaric.  1617  [see  RHA 
PONTIC  i].  1654  EVELYN  Diary  12  July,  We  went  to  the  Physick 
Garden  [Oxford]...  There  grew  canes,  olive-trees,  rhubarb. 
1765  J.  HOPE  in  Phil.  Trans.  (1766)  LV.  290,  I  received 
from  Doctor  Mounsey  the  seeds  of  the  Rheum  palmatum, 
which  he  assured  me  were  the  seeds  of  the  true  Rhubarb. 

80 


BHTTBARBARIC. 

1707  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  206/2  The  Arabian  ribes,  or 
currant  rhubarb  of  Mount  Libanus.  1827  Q.  Jrnl.  .Sc;. 
XXIV.  168  The  famous  rhubarb,  which  has  of  late  acquired 
so  much  celebrity  under  the  name  of  Buck's  rhubarb;.. this 
sort  is  the  genuine  Rheum  tindiilatum.  1846  LINDLEY 
I'fget.  Kixgii.  503  Oxalic  acid  is  copiously  formed  in  both 


In  most  gardens  the  rhubarbs  are  considered  only  in  their 
capacity  as  food  suppliers,  but  at  Kew  they  are  allowed  to 
assume  their  natural  characters. 

b.  English  or  French  Rhubarb :  any  of  various 
species  cultivated  in  England  or  France.  Common 
or  Garden  Rhubarb  (in  ordinary  usage,  without 
qualifying  word)  :  any  of  the  species  having  heart- 
shaped,  smooth,  deep-green  leaves  growing  on  thick 
fleshy  stalks,  which  are  much  used  in  the  spring  as 
a  substitute  for  fruit ;  also,  the  fleshy  leaf-stalks 
of  these  used  as  food. 

1650  DESTCW  Let.  to  K.  I'erney  21  Mar.  (MS.),  I  have,  .sent 
you  30  small  roots  of  rhubarb.  The  leaves  will  be  as  blge 
as  the  burdock,  .but  of  a  finer  green.  1607  LISTF.R  in  Pliil. 
Trans.  XIX.  375  The  Juice  Extracted  From  the  Roots  of 
our  English  Rhubarb.. is.. a  lean  inflammable  Gum.  1797 
Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  206/2  Rheum. .1.  The  rhapont- 


garden  rhubarb.  1838  LINDLEY  Flora  Med.  357  Rheum 
rhaponticum,  hybridum,  compactum,  and  hybrid  varieties  of 
them  are  the  common  garden  Rhubarbs.  1860  ^WYNTER 
Curios.  Civil.  236  Rhubarb  is  almost  wholly  furnished  by 
the  London  market-gardeners.  It  was  first  introduced  by 
Mr.  Miatt  forty  years  ago,  who  sent  his  two  sons  to  the 
Borough  Market  with  five  bunches,  of  which  they  only 
sold  three.  1860  [see  RHAPONTIC  4].  1866  Treas.  Bot.  s.v. 
Rkcam,  English  Rhubarb,  .being  principally  grown  near 
Banbury  in  Oxfordshire,  and  the  species  being  R.  Rhapont- 
ictim.  Ibid.  979  Rhubarb,..  French.  Rheum  Rhapontitxm 
unditlatum  and  compactum.  1877  CasselFs  Viet.  Cookery 
730/1  Early  forced  rhubarb,  or  champagne  rhubarb,  as  it  is 
called,  is  especially  prized  for  its  beautiful  colour. 

3.  With  qualifying  word,  applied  to  allied  or 
similar  plants:  Bastard,  False  Rhubarb,  Thalic- 
truin  Jlavuin.     Meadow  Rhubarb  (see  MEADOW 
s6.  40).    White  Rhubarb,  =  MECHOACAN  i.     See 
also  MONK'S  RHUBARB. 

1578  LYTE  Dodoens  I.  xxx.  42  The  first  great  Thalietron 
or  Bastard  Rewbarbe.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  II.  cccccviii. 
1068  Thalietrunt,  Thalictrum,  and  Rttta  pratensis:  in 
English  bastard  Rubarbe,  or  English  Rubarbe.  1688  HOLMS 
Armoury  11.  vi.  §  xxv.  102  Butter  Dock,  or  Rubarbe,.. 
having  a  large  crumpled  leaf,  .with  long  stalks.  1712  tr. 
Pomet's  Hist.  Drugs  I.  28  The  Bastard  Rhubarb  has 
almost  worn  out  the  Use  of  the  Monks  Rhubarb.  1727-38 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Mechoacnn,  Mechoacanna,  called  also 
white  jalap,  white  rhubarb,  and  American  scammony. 

4.  atlrib.   and    Comb.,  as  rhubarb-chmier,  leaf, 
pie,  plant,  powder,  purge,  root,  tart,  wine ;  rhu 
barb  agaric,  Agaricus  jlammans  (formerly  rhe- 
oides);    f rhubarb-beer,    f -drink  [cf.   G.   rha- 
barbertrank],  an  infusion  of  rhubarb  in  beer  or  ale. 

1836  M.  J.  BERKELEY  Fungi  02  Agaricus  Jlammans, . . 
"rhubarb-Agaric.  1707  M.  UNDERWOOD  Dis.  Childhood  I. 
272  Sydenham's  "rhubarb-beer.  1768  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  II. 
147  Your  perpetual  *rhubarb-chewers  of  vanity  get  a  canine 
appetite.  1676  WISEMAN  Surg.  Treat,  iv.  v.  320,  I.. purged 
him  with  "Rhubarb-drink.  1855  J.  F.  W.  JOHNSTON  Chem. 
Common  Life\\.  Index,  Tobacco  adulterated  with  "rhubarb 
leaves.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  s.v.  Rheum,  In  Queen  Elizabeth's 
time  Rhubarb-leaves  were  used  as  a  potherb.  1855  HYDE 
CLARKE  Diet,  s.v., "Rhubarb-pie.  1787  Phil.  Trans.  Index 
to  Vols.  I-LXX.  412  An  account  of  the  rheum  palmatum,  or 
•rhubarb  plant,  raised  at  Edinburgh.  1866  TANNER  Index 
of  Diseases  235  Compound  "rhubarb  powder.  1771  Encycl. 
Brit.  II.  S59/I  If  the  horse  recovers,  give  two  or  three 
mild  "rhubarb  purges.  1802  HOOPER  Med.  Diet.  s.v.  Rha- 
tarbarum.  Two  sorts  of  'rhubarb  roots  are  usually  im 
ported..,  viz.  the  Chinese,  and  the  Tartary  rhubarb.  1866 
Treas.  Bot.  s.v.  Rumex,  Some  [of  the  species]  have  been 
used  as  a  substitute  for  Rhubarb-root.  1804  FARLEY  Land. 
Art  Cook.  (ed.  10)  244  "Rhubarb  Tarts.  Take  the  stalks  of 
the  rhubarb  that  grows  in  the  garden  [etc.].  1788  HEALDE 
New  Pharmacop.  Index  337  "Rhubarb-Wine.  1835  Brit. 
Cycl.  A  rts  f,  Sci.  II.  510/1  To  prepare  rhubarb  wine,  take  of 
rhubarb,  sliced,  two  ounces  [etc.]. 

b.  passing  into  adj. :  ^ (ft)  Jig.,  bitter,  tart. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  Astr.  4-  Stella  Sonn.  xiv.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I. 
23  Haue  I  not  paine  enough,  my  friend,.. Hut  with  your 
rubarbe  words  ye  must  contend,  To  grieue  me  worse? 
'594  NASHE  Unfort.  Trav.  F  4  Too  much  gall  dyd  that 
wormwood  of  Gibeline  wittes  put  in  his  inke,  who  ingraued 
that  rubarbe  Epitaph  on  this  excellent  poets  tombstone. 

(*)  of  the  colour  of  medicinal  rhubarb,  yellowish- 
brown  ;  also  rhubarb-colour,  -coloured  adjs. 

1802  COLMAN  Poor  Gent.  1.  ii,  A  rhubarb-coloured  lapelle 
1848  THACKERAY  Night's  Pleasure  Wks.  1898  VI.  569  Bob 
..was  dressed  in  a  rhubarb-coloured  body-coat.  1865  CAR- 
LYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xiv.  iii.  (1872)  V.  185  Ill-built  Neapolitan, 
complexion  rhubarb.  1887  W.  PHILLIPS  Brit.  Discomycetes 
335  Dark  colour,  varying  from  rhubarb-brown  to  umber- 
brown  and  black.  Ibid.  33oHymenium  rhubarb-colour. 

Rhubarba-rio,  Rlmba-rbarin.  Chem. 
(Also  -erio,  -erin.)  Variants  of  RHABARBARIC. 
RHABARBARIN. 

1827  TURNER  EUm.  Chem.  595  Rhubarbarin  is  the  name 


_ .       ,          •    "«,  3)u.  wiiu  v-nrysopnanic  AC1U. 

Bliubarby  (rw-blibi),  a.    [f.  RHUBARB  +  -Y.] 
Resembling  rhubarb  or  that  of  rhubarb. 


634 

1848  tr.  Hoffintister's  Trav.  Ceylon  i.  18  A..rhtibarby 
sortof  taste.  1886  RUSKIN  Prxtcrita  I.  v.  161  A  brownish, 
..sere,  wrinkled,  and— rhubarby,  in  fact,  sort  of  a  face. 

Rhum,  obs.  form  of  RUM. 

Khumb  (ram,  n>mb).  Naut.    Also  6  romb,  //•    ! 
rumby,  6-9 rumb,  7 rhombe,r(h)umbe,romb(e, 
roomb(e,  7-8  rhomb,  rum.     [ad.  F.  rumb  or  Sp. 
rmnhO)  Pg.  rumbo,  rumot  ad.  L.  rhombus  RHOMBUS. 

In  the  first  quot.  nimby  is  app.  intended  as  a  pi.  of  Sp.  or 
Pg.  rui/tdv.] 

fl.  a.  The  line  followed  by  a  vessel  sailing  on 
one  course  or  a  wind  blowing  continuously  in  one 
direction,  b.  Any  one  of  the  set  of  lines  drawn 
through  a  point  on  a  map  or  chart  and  indicating 
the  course  of  an  object  moving  always  in  the  same 
direction.  Obs.  except  Hist. 

1578  DIGGES  Cselestiall  Orbcs  P,  These  vulgare  marine  Char 
ters  delineate  with  Parallele  meridianes,  and  right  lined 
Rumby.  1594 BLUNDEVIL  Exerc.,  Art.  Navig.  xxiv.  330  The 
common  Mariners  doe  deuide  euery  point  of  the  compasse 
into  foure  quarters  to  make  the  more  exact  account  of  their 
Routes  or  Rombes.  15^9  E.  WRIGHT  Haven-finding  Art 
5  When  they.,  which  in  sayling  folow  the  lines  shewing 
the  courses  (which  lines  because  now  they  haue  found  the 
name  among  the  Portugales  wecal  Rumbs).  1601  T.  OI.YVER 
Planisphere  96  The  Longitudes  and  Latitudes  of  any  two 
places  being  giuen,  to  finde  their  direction  common! Se 
called  the  Rumbe,  1611  COTGR.,  Arrumer,  to  delineate, 
or  set  out,  in  a  sea-card,  all  the  Rums  of  winds.  1653  H.  • 
COGAN  tr.  Pinto  s  Trav.  \.  195  We  had  now  held  this  course 
five  dayes,  running  with  much  labour  by  many  different  | 
roombs.  a  1672  WREN  in  Gutch  Coll.  Cur.  I.  232  The  course, 
which  was  afterward  steered,  proved  to  be  a  false  Rumbe. 
1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  A' »;;/£,  or  Course  of  a  Ship, 
is  the  Angle  which  she  makes  in  her  Sailing  with  the 
Meridian  of  the  Place  where  she  is.  1796  MORSE  Amer. 
Geogr,  I.  49  Observe,  .what  rhumb  of  the  nearest  fly  runs 
mostly  parallel  to  the  edge  of  the  quadrant,  and  that  rhumb 
shews  nearly  the  bearing  required.  1841  [seec].  1903  Edin. 
Rev,  Oct.  436  The  laying  of  the  rhumbs  on  Columbus's  chart. 

c.  One  of  the  principal  points  of  the  compass. 
1594  ULUNDEVIL  Rxerc.  in.  i,  xix.  155  What  time. .  that  Sunne 
or  saide  starre  commeth  to  the  true  East  or  anye  other 
rombe.  1644  DIGBV  Nat.  Bodies  xx.  (1658)  221  At  certain 
times  of  the  year  winds  do  blow  more  violently . .  from  some 
determinate  part  or  Romb  of  the  world.  1669  STURMY 
Mariners  Klag.  i.  ii.  3  The  Compass  contains.  .16  distinct 
Rhombs  or  Courses.  1677  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  8  An 
anniversary  wind  that  from  one  Rhomb  constantly  blows 
one  way  six  Months.  1795  HUTTON  Math.  Diet.  II.  373/1 
Rhumbs  ..  coincide  with  points  of  the  world,  or  of  the 
horizon.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  484/1  A  rumb  is  one  of 
the  thirty-two  principal  compass  directions,  and  to  sail  on 
any  rumb  is  to  sail  continually  on  one  course.  1860  MAURY 
Phys.  Geog.  §  765  Not  due  north,  but  to  the  east  of  that 
rhomb.  1876  R.  F.  BURTON  Gorilla  L.  I.  230  Thence  it  struck 
south-eastward,  a  rhumb  from  which  it  rarely  deviated. 
fd,  fg.  A  course  of  action.  Obs. 

1666  G.  HARVEY  Morb.  Angl.  Pref.  2  The  rombs  I  steer'd 
by  in  my  endeavors  to  arrive  to  a  point.  177?  NUGENT 
Hist.  Fr.  Gerund  I.  44  If  thou  ever  knew  that  any  of  the 
..sacred  writers  followed  the  diabolical  rhumb  which  thou 
followest  to  correct  bad  preachers? 

2.  The  angular  distance  between  two  successive 
points  of  the  compass,  =  Ii°  15'. 

1625  N.  CARPENTER  Geogr.  Del.  i.  iii.  (1635)  66  At  Guinea 
the  magneticall  needle  inclines  to  the  East,  a  third  part  of 
one  Rumbe  of  the  Compasse.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud. 
Ep.  n.  ii.  64  At  London  it  [sc.  the  needle]  varieth  eleven 
degrees,  that  is  almost  one  Rhomb.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex. 
Techn.  I,  Rumb^  in  Navigation,  is  one  Point  of  the  Com- 
pass,  or  iii  Degrees.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet,  Mech.  s.v.,  The 
circle  of  360°  is  divided  into  32  points  or  rhumbs. 

3.  attrib.-.  rhumb-line,  =  senses  i  a,  b ;  rhumb- 
sailing,  sailing  on  a  rhumb-line. 

1669  STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  iv.  v.  159  The  Rhomb-line, 
if  it  were  drawn,  will  be  ordered  to  pass  through  F  the  Cross. 
1780  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine^  Rhomb-line ^  a  line  prolonged 
from  any  point  of  the  compass  on  a  nautical  chart,  except 
the  four  cardinal  points.  1795  HUTTON  Math.  Diet.  II. 
373/1  The  chief  property  of  the  Rhumb-line,  or  loxodromia, 
.  .is,  that  it  cuts  alt  the  meridians  in  the  same  angle.  This 
angle  is  called  the  angle  of  the  Rhumb,  or  the  loxodromic 
angle.  1834  Navigation  (Libr.  Usef.  Knowl.)  n.  iv.  25 
Required  the  direct  course,  and  distance  on  a  rhumb  line,  ! 
from  London  to  Naples.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  484/2  In  ' 
such  a  chart  [sc.  Mercator's]  all  rumb-lines  are  projected 
into  straight  lines;  but  equal  parts  on  any  such  straight 
line  do  not  represent  equal  distances  on  the  earth.  1891 
PATTERSON  Nant.  Diet.  s.v.  Sailings,  Under  this  head  are 
classed  rhumb,  great  circle,  plane  and  spherical  sailings. 

Rhumbowline,  variant  of  ROMBOWLINE. 

Rhume,  obs.  form  of  RHEUM  i. 

Ii  RhnS  (ros).  [late  L.  7-^7^,11.  Gr.  /ioCs.]  A  genus   ' 
of  shrubs  and  trees,  mostly  poisonous,  especially 
abundant  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  a  plant  of 
this  genus,  a  sumach. 

1611  FLOKIO,  Kits,  the  sumach  or  Rhus-tree.  1807  CRARBK 
Par.  Reg.  i.  621  He  then  of  Rhus  and  Rhododendron 
speaks,  And  Allium  calls  his  onions  and  his  leeks.  1841 
Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  485  Rhns  typkina,  Ferer  Rhus,  or 
btags-Horn  Sumach. ..  Rhus  cepallina  (Gum-Copal  or 
Mastich-leaved  Rhus).  1883  Harpers  Mag.  Jan.  194/1 
Vast  quantities  of  poisonous  plants  (especially  rhus). 
b.  A  drug  obtained  from  the  sumach. 

1878  Practitioner  XXI.  448  Treatment  of  Rhus-poisoning. 

Bhyacolite  (rai^-k^ait).  Min.  [ad.  G. 
ryakolith)  f.  Gr.  £ua*o-,  /5iia£  mountain-stream, 
lava-stream  :  see  -LITE.]  A  variety  of  orthoclase. 

c  1830  in  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VI.  526/2  Ryakolite.  1852 
BROOKE  &  MILLER  Phillips'  Min.  369  Rhyacolite..is  found 
. .  in  volcanic  matter  at  the  foot  of  Vesuvius. 


EHYME. 

Bhymable  (rarmab'l),  a.  rare-*,  [f.  RHYME 
v.  +  -ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  rimed. 

1890  O.  CRAWFURD  Round  Cal.  in  Port.  29  As  rhythmical 
and  rhymable  words  as  the  most  exacting  poet  can  desire. 

Rhyme  (reim),  sb.  Also  6-9  rhime.  [Graphic 
variant  of  RIME  sb.1  (q.v.  for  earlier  instances  of 
the  various  senses),  which  arose  through  etymo 
logical  association  with  the  ultimate  source,  L. 
rhythmus,  and  became  common  early  in  the  i;th  c. 
Cf.  the  forms  r(K)ithme,  i{h\ytkme  (see  RHYTHM 
sb.^  branch  1),  which  were  in  similar  vogue  50  years 
earlier,  Rhime  was  a  frequent  spelling  till  late  in 
the  1 8th  c.  and  was  affected  by  some  writers  in  the 
1 9th  c.,  but  rhyme  is  the  prevailing  literary  form. 

An  isolated  early  instance  of  this  spelling  is  the  following:— 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus }  Rhythmus^  number  or  harmonic 
in  speakyng;  meeter  ;  rhime.] 

1.  A  piece  of  poetry  or  metrical  composition  in 
which  the  consonance  of  terminal  sounds  (see  3) 
is  observed;  usually//.,  verses,  poetry. 

1610  HOLLAND  Cam  den's  Brit.  494  These  foure,  n.  Monke . . 
knit  up  within  this  Rhyme.  1637  MILTON  Lycidas  n  He 
knew  Himself  to  sing,  and  build  the  lofty  rhyme.  1697 
DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  n.  532  Thus  Roman  Youth  deriv'd  from 
ruin'd  Troy,  In  rude  Saturnian  Rhymes  express  their  Joy. 
1750  GRAY  Elegy  79  With  uncouth  rhimes  and  shapeless 
sculpture  deck'd.  1765  FOVTF.  Commissary  u.  Wks.  1799  II. 
34,  I  made  these  rhimes  into  a  duet  for  a  new  comic  opera. 
1800  WORDS w.  Hart-Leap  Well  n.  122  The  Shepherd  .. 
that  same  story  told  Which  in  my  former  rhyme  I  have  re 
hearsed.  1804  IRVING  Lives  Sc.  Poets  I.  326  It  is.. certain 
that  he  composed  Latin  rhymes;  for  one  of  his  couplets  has 
been  preserved.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  cvi,  Ring  out, 
ring  out  my  mournful  rhymes. 

2.  Verse  marked  by  consonance  of  the  terminal 
sounds  (see  3).     a.  In  phr.  in  rhyme. 

1652  R.  BROME  Damoiselle  iv.  i,  We  will  off  in  Rhime. 
There  is  no  doubt,  If  Wat  be  not  i'th  Compter,  he  is  out. 
1664  BUTLER  Hud.  n.  i.  27  But  those  that  write  in  Rhime, 
still  make  The  one  Verse  for  the  others  sake.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  i. 16  Things  unattempted  yet  in  Prose  or  Rhime.  1706 
A.  BEDFORD  Temple  Mus.  vii.  125  That  the  Hebrew  Psalms 
were  Originally  written  in  Rhyme;  but.  .the  Words  have 
been  so  transposed,  that  the  Rhymes  are  generally  lost. 
1756  WARTON  Ess.  Pope  Ded.  p.  y,  That  the  Epistles  of 
Boileau  in  Rhyme,  are  no  more  poetical,  than  the  Characters 
of  La  Bruyere  in  Prose.  1816  MITFORD  Gray's  Wks.  I. 
p.  clii,  The  difficulty  of  composing  in  rhyme  in  French 
plays,  is  a  great  cause  of  the  pleasure  which  we  receive  in 
the  composition.  1817  COLERIDGE  Biog.  Lit.  xx.  Whether 
in  rhyme  or  blank-verse.  1885  T.  WATTS  in  Encycl.  Brit. 
XIX.  257/2  We  listen  to  the  poet— we  allow  him  to  address 
us  in  rhythm  or  in  rhyme. 

b.  In  general  use. 

1711  J.  GREENWOOD  Eng.  Gram.  Pref.  19  The  Lord's 
Prayer  was.. turn 'd  into  Rhime,  that  the  People  might 
more  easily  learn. .it.  1781  COWPKR  Ep.  Lady  Austen  19, 
I,  who  scribble  rhyme.  1820  KEATS  Isabella  xx,  To  make 
old  prose  in  modern  rhyme  more  sweet.  1837  LOCKHART 
Scott  I.  v.  160  He  makes  no  allusion  to  Scott  as  ever 
dabbling  in  rhyme.  1858  RUSKIN  in  Igdrasil  (1891)  III.  163 
The  language  is  poetical  in  precisely  the  same  degree  in 
which  it  is  right. .  .There  is  no  such  thing  as  a  dialect  for 
rhyme,  or  a  language  for  verse. 

C.  Rhyme  royal,  that  form  of  verse  which  con 
sists  of  stanzas  of  seven  ten-syllable  lines,  riming 
ababbcc,  (See  RHYTHM  sb.  i  b.) 

1841  LATHAM  Eng.  Lang.  381.  1873  H.  MORLEY  Eng,  Lit. 
v,  Chaucer's  own  seven-lined  stanza,  which,  .has  been  called 
rhyme  royal,  because  this  particular  disciple  [sc.  James  I  of 
Scotland]  used  it.  1903  Q.  Rev.  Apr.  454  Gower's  rhyme- 
royal  is  not  inferior  to  Chaucer's  in  any  formal  respect. 
d.  See  RIDING  RHYME. 

3.  Pros.  Agreement  in  the  terminal  sounds   of 
two  or  more  words  or  metrical  lines,  such  that  (in 
English  prosody)  the  last  stressed  vowel  and  any 
sounds  following  it  are  the  same,  while  the  sound 
or  sounds  preceding  are   different.      Examples  : 
which)  rich  ;  grew,  too  ;  peace,  increase ;   feather, 
together;  descended,  extended. 

The  consonance  may  extend  over  more  than  one  word,  as 
blow  not,  grow  not.  For  the  various  kinds,  see  FEMALE, 
FEMININE,  MALE,  MASCULINE,  RICH,  TAILED,  and  c  below. 
Imperfect  rimes  are  tolerated  to  a  large  extent  in  English, 
e.g.  phase,  race;  did,  seed\  among  these  are  such  as  rime 
only  to  the  eye,  as  loved,  proz'fd;  death,  heath. 

The  term  is  sometimes  extended  to  include  assonance  and 
even  alliteration  (initial  or  head  rime). 

1663  BUTLKR  Hud.  i.  i.  463  For  Rhime  the  Rudder  is  of 
Verses,  With  which  like  Ships  they  stear  their  courses. 
1674  A.  M[ARVELL]  in  Milton  A  L.t  Thy  Verse  created  like 
thy  Theme  sublime,  In  Number,  Weight,  and  Measure, 
needs  not  Rhime.  1740  GIBBER  Apol.  (1756)  I.  104  In 
Dryden's  plays  of  rhime  he  as  little  as  possible  glutted  the 
ear  with  the  jingle  of  it.  1838  GUEST  Hist.  Eng.  Rhythms 
I.  174  The  advantages  of  the  initial  rhime  or  alliteration. 
Ibid.  316  The  vowel-rhime,  or,  as  it  is  termed  by  French  and 
Spanish  critics,  the  assonant  rhime,  was  common  in  ^the 
Romance  of  Oc.  1846  LOWELL  Biglow  P.  ii.  Let.,  This  i* 
not  the  time  to  consider  the  question,  whether  rhyme  be 
a  mode  of  expression  natural  to  the  human  race.  1861  T. 
WRIGHT  Ess.  Arthaeol.  II.  xx.  159  Rhyme  was  never,  pro 
perly  speaking,  in  use  in  Anglo-Saxon  poetry.  1867  SWIN 
BURNE  Ess.  <V  Stud.  (1875)  162  Rhyme  is  the  native  condition 
of  lyric  verse  in  English :  a  rhymeless  lyric  is  a  maimed 
thing.  1871  ABBOTT  Shakesp.  Gram.  §  515  Rhyme  was  often 
used  as  an  effective  termination  at  the  end  of  the  scene. 
fig,  1820  KEATS  Isabella  ix,  His  erewhile  timid  lips  grew 
bold,  And  poesied  with  hers  in  dewy  rhyme.  1870  LOWELL 
Among  my  Bks.  Ser.  i.  (1873)  224  Of  which  he  was  as 
unaware  as  the  blue  river  is  of  its  rhyme  with  the  blue  sky. 
b.  Coupled  with  reason.  Chiefly  in  negative 


RHYME. 

phrases  used   to  express  lack  of  good  sense  or 
reasonableness.     (Cf.  F.  ni  rime  ni  raison,  etc.) 

l6«4  H.  MORE  Myst.  Iniq.  415  Again.st  all  the  Laws  of 
Prophetick  Interpretation,  nay  indeed  against  all  rhyme 
and  reason.  1739  WKSLEY  in  Wks.  (1872)  IX.  109  If  a 
man  set  upon  me  without  either  rhyme  or  reason.  1863 
DICKENS  Uncommercial  Trav.  xx,  Five  hundred  thousand 
volumes  of  indifferent  rhyme,  and  no  reason.  1875  Encycl. 
Brit.  III.  548/2  As  long  as  the  audiences  of  our  large 
theatres  are  willing  to  tolerate  outrages  on  rhyme  and 
reason.  1887  RIDER  HAGGARD  Jess  xi,  When  a  person  on 
whom  one  is  accustomed  to  depend,  .suddenly  cuts  off  the 
supply  without  any  apparent  rhyme  or  reason.  1888  '  R. 
BOLDREWOOD  '  Robbery  under  Arms  II.  xi.  181  This  won't 
do.  There's  neither  rhyme  nor  reason  about  it. 

c.  An  instance  of  this ;  a  word  that  rimes  with 
another;  a  rime-word. 

Single,  double,  triple  (or  trclile)  rhyme :  one  involving  one, 
two,  three  syllables  respectively. 

1656  COWI.EY  Pindar.  Odes,  To  Dr.  Scarborough  Note  ii. 
•*?'*£  Refind:  These  kind  of  Rhymes  the  French.,  call 
Rich  Rhymes;  but  I  do  not  allow  of  them  in  English,  nor 
would  use  them,  .at  all  without  a  third  Rhyme  to  answer  to 
both.  1693  J.  DENNIS  Misc.  Pref.,  Mr.  Dryden  himself  in 
his  own  Satyrs  has  sometimes  made  use  of  double  and 
treble  Rhymes.  1709  POPE  Ess.  Crit.  349  While  they  ring 
round  the  same  unvary'd  chimes,  With  sure  returns  of  still 
expected  rhymes.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.,  Rhymes 
are  either  single,  or  double,  or  triple. . .  Single  Rhymes  are 
divided  into  perfect  or  whole  rhymes,  and  imperfect  or  half 
rhymes.  1779  JOHNSON  L.  P.,  Cmulcy  Wks.  1787  II.  66 
His  rhymes  are  very  often  made  by.. unimportant  words, 
which  disappoint  the  ear.  1836  MITKORD  Gray's  Wks 
I.  p.  c.vv,  Such  imperfect  rhymes  (beech:  stretch]  are  not 
allowable  in  short  and  finished  poems.  1866  Cliamb.  Eticycl 
VIII.  233/2  Such  words  as  roaring,  Az-ploring,  form  double 
rhmies;  and  ttHHtOf,  gra-tuflji,  triple  rhimes.  1867  ELLIS 
E.  E.  Pronunc.  \.  iii.  73  Rhymes  at  the  latter  end  of  the 
xvi<"  and  during  the  xvii'l"  centuries  are  not  of  much  use  in 
determining  sound,  unless  theyare  frequent,  .normal  rhymes. 
4.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  (sense  l)  rhyme-hero, 
-maker;  rhyme-composing,  -inspiring,  -proof; 
(sense  2)  rhyme-law,  -sound,  -syllable,  -tag,  -word ; 
rhyme-beginning,  -tagged,  -unfettered. 

1863  FURNIVALL  E.  E.  P.  (Philol.  Soc.)  p.  x,  A  •Rhyme- 
Beginning  Fragment,  or  Specimen  of  Inverse  Rhyme     1785 
BURNS  Ef.  to  W.  Smfson  97  Farewell,  '  my  "rhyme.com- 
posmrj  brither  ! '  1867  FURNIVALL  &  HALES  in  Percy  Folio  I 
Simon  de  Montfort  was  a  most  popular  *rhime-hero. 


a  1690  GEO.  Fox  Jrnl.  (1827)  I.  95  One  who  was  a  co 


varies  from   the  rest  by  running  on   four  'rhyme-sounds' 
1872  KoutlcdgesEv.Boy's_  Ann.  24/2  In  cases  where  either 


13  A  consonant  wanting  in  one  "rhyme-word. 
Rhyme  (rsim),  v.    Also  7-9  rhime.    [Graphic 
variant  of  RIME  v.1  (q.  v.) :  cf.  prec.] 

1.  intr.  To  make  rimes  or  verses  ;  to  versify 
1697  DRYDEN iVirg.  Past.  III.  75  Patemon  shall  be  Judge 

how  ill  you  rhime.  1711  STEELE  Sfcct.  No.  30  P  3  For 
he  that  is  not  in  love  enough  to  rhime,  is  unqualified  for 
our  Society.  1742  POPE  Dune.  iv.  102  There  march'd  the 
bard.  .Who  rhym'd  for  hire.  1811  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart 
(1837)  II.  x.  341,  I  am  going  to  Ashestiel  for  eight  days  to 
fish  and  rhyme.  1842  TENNYSON  Miller's  Dan.  xxv.  His 
early  rage  Had  force  to  make  me  rhyme  in  youth  1882 
'OuiDA'  Marenmia  I.  160  Musa  rhymed  and  sang. 

2.  trans.  With  obj.  and  compl. ;  esp.  in  to  rhyme 
to  death,  (a)  orig.  with  reference  to  the  alleged 
destruction  of  rats  in  Ireland  by  incantation ;  (6) 
to  destroy  the  reputation  of  (a  person)  by  writing 
verses  upon  him  ;  also,  to  pester  with  rimes. 

1660  (title),  Ratts  Rhimed  to  Death,  Or,  the  Rump-Parlia 
ment  Hang'd  up  in  the  Shambles,  a  1683  OLDHAM  Wks. 
(1686)  141  Assist  with  Malice,  and  your  mighty  aid  My 
sworn  Revenge,  and  help  me  Rhime  her  dead.  1687  SETTLE 
Refl.  Dryden  68  A  friend  of  mine,  that.,  might  do  this  man 
the  same  favour,  and  in  the  same  style  Rhime  him  into 
immortality.  1690  R.  PARSONS  Let.  to  A.  Charlett  27  May 
(MS.  Ballard  xvii.  6),  Were  ye  Brute  capable  of  being 
Rhymed  to  Death,  Mr.  Creech  should  doe  it  gentily.  1719 
J.  1.  PHILIPPS  tr.  Thirty-four  Confer.  3  Lying  Bards; 
who  riding  upon  the  ridges  of  Metaphors  and  Allegories, 
have  rhimed  you  into  the  Belief  of  lying  incomprehensible 
Perplexities.  1735  [see  RAT  si.1  ad).  1806  A.  E.  Hous- 
MAN  Shropshire  Lad  Ixii,  Pretty  friendship  'tis  to  rhyme 
iour  friends  to  death  before  their  time. 

3.  a.  To  put  (one's  thoughts)  into  riming  form. 

b.  To  compose  (rimed  verses).     Also  with  out. 

c.  To  while  away  (time)  in  riming. 

1837  LYTTON  E.  Maltra-v.  i.  v,  He  would,  .rhyme  or  read 
away  the  long  evenings.  1848  'Eraser's  Mag.  XXXVIII. 
319,  I  rhyme  my  thoughts  without  an  aim.  1871  BROWNING 
fr.  Hohenstiel-Schwangan  2811  Who  so  rhymes  a  sonnet 
pays  a  tax.  1879  DIXON  Windsor  II.  xxviii.  289  He.. 
rhymed  out  sonnets  in  her  praise. 

4.  intr.  a.  Of  words  or  metrical  lines  :  To  ter 
minate  in  sounds  that  form  a  rime.    b.  Of  a  word : 
To  be  a  rime  to  (another  word).    Also  const,  with. 


......  .    *w*  j^KiLifcw  ftvt.  <y  ftcmi.  ii.  420  tie . .  laggotea 

his  notions  as  they  fell,  And,  if  they  rhymed  and  rattled,  all 


635 

was  well.  1710  STEF.LE  Taller  No.  132  p  7  The  Couplet 
where  a-Stick  rhimes  to  Ecclesiastick.  1841  LATHAM  ling. 
Lang.  381  Eight  lines  of  Heroics;  the  six  first  rhyming 
alternately.  1848  DICKENS  Doinbcy  x,  The  word  Peg  in 
variably  rhyming  to  leg.  1866  Chamb.  Encycl.  VIII.  233/2 
Vie-low,  .rhimes  with  fore-^-n,  or  with  O  \  but  not  with  lo. 
fig.  1867  HOWELLS  Ital.  j«urn.  71  Hills,  whose  gentle  lines 
rhymed  softly  away  against  the  sky.  1883  Daily  News 
17  May  6/1  She  too  often  wears  it  indiscriminately  with  all 
her  dresses,  whether  it  '  rhymes '  with  them  or  not. 

5.  To  use  rime;    to   find  or  furnish  a  rime  to 
(a  word). 

1690  Waller's  Poems  u.  Prcf.  Wks.  (1729)  445  No  man 
ever  rhym'd  truer  and  evener  than  he  ;  yet  he  is  so  just  as 
to  confess,  that  'tis  but  a  trifle.  1696  PHILLIPS  s.v.  Verses, 
Though  the  Greeks  and  Latins  never  rhim'd.  1759  JOHNSON 
filler  No.  60  P  ii  By  what  acquisition  of  faculties  is  the 
speaker,  who  never  could  find  rhymes  before,  enabled  to 
rhyme  at  the  conclusion  of  an  act?  1797  SCOTT  in  Loikhart 
(1837)  I.  viii.  263  Mr.  Jenkinson's  name,  .being  proposed  as 
a  difficult  one  to  rhyme  to.  1841  D'!SRAELI  Amen.  Lit.  (1867) 
399  They  had  ascertained  that  the  Arabian  poets  rhymed. 

6.  To  cause  (words)  to  rime  ;  to  use  as  rimes. 
1824  John  Bull  Mag.  I.  158  The  title  pleases  me  much 

more  than  Lambert's  Genus  Pinus,  A  word  which  comes 
most  luckily  for  me  to  rhyme  with  finis. 

/<£•  '844  EMERSON  Ess.  Character  Ser.  n.  70  Nature  never 
rhymes  her  children,  nor  makes  two  men  alike. 

Rhymed  Jraimcl),///.  a.  Alsorhimed.  [var. 
RIMED///.  <z.l]  Composed  in  metrical  form  with 
rimes. 

fred.  1651  Bp.  H.KlNG  in  Vzrr  Afy.  Uulttr  (1686)  567  The 
Other  [translation  of  the  Psalms]  as  flat  and  poor,  as  lamely 
worded,  and  unhandsomly  rhimed  as  the  Old.  1759  JOHN 
SON  Idler  No.  60  p  ii  What  can  be  more  absurd,  .than  that 
part  of  a  play  should  be  rhymed,  and  part  written  in  blank 
VfSu?  ^*  C'"t'"b-  EiicycLVWl.  234/1  The  oldest  poems 
of  the  Chinese,  Indians,  Arabians,  &c.,  are  rhimed.  1869 
TOZER  Highl.  Turkey  II.  245  Nuptial  songs,  .are  rhymed. 

attrib.  1802  S.  TURNER  in  Archxoi.  XIV.  i6g  Rhimed 
couplets.  1837  LOCKHART  Scott  I.  vii.  235  A  rhymed  transla- 
lion  of 'Lenore'.  1858  O.  W.  HOLMES  Ant.  Breakf.-t.  xi. 
100,  1  will  read  you  a  rhymed  problem. 

Rliymefnl  (rermful},  a.  [f.  RHYME  sl>.  +  -rut.] 
Abounding  in  rimes. 

1881  Anchor  21  July  33  Compositions  in  verse, .. rhymeful 
and  cutting.  1895  Dublin  Rev.  Apr.  361  Rhymeful  as  a 
nursery  ballad. 

Rliymeless  (rei-mles),  a.  ff.  RHYME  sb.  4- 
-LESS.  Cf.  RIMELESS.]  Without  rime ;  unrimed. 

1799  SOUTHEY  in  Robberd  Mem.  W.  Taylor  I.  252  Should 
not  rhymeless  odes  be  as  harmonious  as  possible?  1866 
[see  RHYTHMLESS).  1880  SwiNBURNE^/nrf.  S/iai-s.  i.  (ed.  2) 
31  Written  in  blank  verse,  or  at  least  in  rhymeless  lines. 

Hence  Rhymelessly  adv. ;  Rhymelessness. 

1885  Atheiizum  17  Jan.  80/1  That  all  the  instances  of 
rhymelessness  in  '  Endymion  '  were  due  to  intention.  1892 
/oil/,  2  Jan.  22/1  Many  good  words  have  been  allowed  to 
run  rhymelessly  to  waste. 

Rhymer  (rai-maj).  [variant  of  RIMER  sbl  : 
cf.  RHYME.  See  also  RHYTUMER.]  One  who  makes 
rimes  or  verses ;  esp.  an  inferior  poet,  a  mere 
versifier. 

1639  FULLER  Holy  War  (1640)  206  A  rhymer  of  that  age 
(or  in  courtesie  call  him  a  Poet)  made  this  Epitaph  on 
them.  1712  STEEI.E  Sped.  No.  286  p  2  A  Band  of  Rhymers 
and  Romance-Writers.  1777  SHERIDAN  Sch.  Scat!,/,  i.  i,  I 
back  him  at  a  Rebus,  or  a  Charade  against  the  best  Rhymer 
in  the  Kingdom.  1783  BURNS  Ep.  to  J.  Lapraik  50,  I  am 
nae  Poet,  in  a  sense  ;  But  just  a  Rhymer  like  by  chance 
1804  SCOTT  (title),  Sir  Tristrem ;  a  Metrical  Romance.. by 
Thomas  of  Ercildoune,  called  the  Rhymer.  1815  L.  HUNT 
Feast  of  Poets,  etc.  14  In  such  prosers  as  Johnson,  and 
rhymers  as  Dryden.  1878  DOWDEN  Stud.  Lit.  36  He 
[Elliott]  should  be  remembered  as  the  Corn  Law  Rhymer 

Rhymery  (rsi-mari).  [f.  RHYME  +  -EHY.]  The 
making  of  rimes ;  versifying.  Also,  poor  verse. 

1837  Eraser's  Mag.  XVI.  670  The  lackadaisical  concocters 
of  curds  and  sweet  whey  rhymeries.  1860  in  WORCESTER 
(citing  Eclec.  Rev). 

Rhymester  (rai-mstai).  Also  rhime-,  rhym- 
ster.  [var.  RIMESTER:  cf.  RHYME.]  =  RHYMER. 

1710  I.  DENNIS  Orig.  Lett.  (1721)  91  But  as  Poets  are  not 
capable,  so  neither  are  they  impartial  Judges.  I  speak  of 
those  who  are  only  Rhimesters.  I7S9  DILWORTH  Pope  141 
He  is  a  Popish  rhymester,  bred  up  with  a  contempt  of  the 
Sacred  Writings.  1804  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1856)  I.  269  Speci 
mens  of  all  the  poets  and  rhymsters  from  that  time  to  the 
present.  1810  SIR  A.  BOSWELL  Edi:ib.  Poet.  Wks.  (1871)  46 
Few  rhymsters  then  would  dare  the  public  view  i8« 
1  ENNYSON  Miller's  Dau.  xxii.  Poems  45  Love,  whose  early 
rage  Made  me  a  rhymster  in  my  youth.  1873  DIXON  Tiuo 
Queens  11. 1. 1.  72  In  youth,  a  rhymester  and  a  student,  he  is 
said  to  have  translated  Ovid  into  Spanish  verse 

Rhymic,  sb.  rare-".  =  RHYTHMIC  B. 

1811  BUSBY  .D<V/.  Jlfus.  (ed.  3),  Rhymic,  a  term  applied 
to  that  part  of  the  ancient  music  which  taught  the  practice 
and  rules  of  movement  and  rhyme. 

Rhymic  (rei-mik),  a.    rare.   [f.  RHYME  +  -ic.l 

1.  Used  for  RHYTHMIC.     (Cf.  prec.) 

o'I^r'S8V  Dic?-M«*-  (ed-  3),  Khymofa-ia,  the  rhymic  art. 

A.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  involving  rime. 
55  HYDE  CLARKE  Diet.,  Rhymic.      1881  Athenxum 
an.  9i/3_Verses  whose  rhymic  majesty  haunts  the  ear. 
,  a.  rare.     [f.  as  prec.]   =  prec.  2. 


Rhyming  (rei-mirj),  vol.  sb.  [var.  RIMING 
vol.  sb. :  cf.  RHYME.  See  also  RHYTHMING.]  The 
making  or  writing  of  verses ;  versification. 


RHYNCHOPHOROUS. 

1681  DRYDKN  Ats.  f,  Acliit.  551  Then  all  for  Women, 
Fainting,  Rhlming,  Drinking.  1775  J.  WALKKR  (title),  A 
Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,  answering  at  once  the 
purposes  of  Rhyming,  Spelling,  and  Pronouncing.  1707 
SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart  (1837)  I.  viii.  276  You  see  I  have 
not  altogether  lost  the  faculty  of  rhyming.  iSzg  —  Anne 
of  G.  iv,  Here  is  rare  rhyming,  my  worthy  guest.  1878 
BROWNING  Poets  Croisic  29  Much  Rhyming  thought  poetry 
and  praised  as  such. 

b.  attrib.  and  Co/nl>.,  as  rhyming  mania,  prin 
ciple,  trade,  -trick,  -ware;  rhyming-mad  adj.; 
rhyming  dictionary,  a  dictionary  of  the  words 
of  a  language  arranged  in  groups  according  to  the 
correspondence  of  their  terminal  sounds. 

1852  (title),  "Rhyming  Dictionary  for  the  Use  of  Young 
Poets,  a  1721  PRIOR  Horace  Sat.  vn.  vii,  The  Man  is 
raving  sure  or  'rhyming  mad.  1853  D.  NOI-.I.B  Psycho}. 
Mid.  (ed.  2)  182  A  female  patient  whose  'rhyming  mania 
was  very  amusing.  1851  MAYHEW  Land.  Labour  \.  4:8/1 
Jlie  new  style  of  cadgers'  cant.,  is  done  all  on  the  'rhyming 
principle.  1651  CLEVELAND  Poems  p  4  b,  Be  dumb  ye  beggers 
of  the  *rhiming  [o£  1677  rhythming]  trade.  1878  BROWNING 
Po, -Is Croisic  66  After  prophecy,  the  "rhyming-trick  I-  pn.,r 
employment.  1783  BUKNS  isi  Ef.  to  J.  Lapraik  107  -\n' 
hae  a  swap  o'  »rhymin'-ware  Wi'  ane  anither. 

Rhyming,///,  a.    [var.  RIMING///.  «.] 

1.  That  makes  rimes  or  verses  ;  versifying. 

1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Kaccalini's  Advts.fr.  I'arnass.  I.  ii. 
(1674)  3  Two  Companies  of  Rhiming  Poets  fiom  Sicily. 
1729  T.  COOKE  Tales,  etc.  75  While  she  condemns  to  long 
Despair  1'he  flut'ring  and  the  rhyming  Thing.  1781  Cow- 
I-EK  'Itil'le-T.  720  Virtue  indeed  meets  many  a  rhiming 
friend,  And  many  a  compliment  politely  penn'd. 

2.  a.  Of  verse  :  Composed  in  metrical  form  with 
rimes,     b.  Of  a  word  :  That  makes  a  rime. 

1664  II.  MORE  Myst.  fniy.  326  That  rhyming  Supplication 
they  put  up  to  her  in  their  Sea-voiages:  Safve,  splendor 
ftrmamenti,  Tn  caliginvsx  menti.  1727-38  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Rhyme,  In  the  later  Latin  writers,  scarce  any 
thing  is  more  common  than  rhyming  periods.  1759  JOHNSON 
Idler  No.  60  P  7  The  corruption  of  taste  which  could  bear 
any  thing  so  unnatural  as  rhyming  tragedies.  1828-43 
TVTLER  Hist.  Scot.  (1864)  I.  122  The  Leonine,  or  rhyming 
hexameters.  1871  ABBOTT  Shakesp.  Gram.  §  515  In  a  scene 
where  there  are  no  other  rhyming  lines. 

Rhymist  (rai-mist).     [f.  RHYME  v.  +  -IST.] 

1.  A  writer  of  rimes  or  verses  ;  a  versifier. 
«I764  R.  LLOYD  On  Rhymed  Wks.  (1774)1!.  108  Blest  the 

poet,  or  the  rhymist,..  Who..  First  taught  the  Muse  to  play 
the  fool.  1772  NUGENT  Hist.  Fr.Gerundll.  119  A  canon., 
who  was  a  great  rhymist  and  a  jolly  fellow.  1786  COWPER 
Let.  to  Kev.  W.  Unu'in  Wks.  1836  VI.  17,  I  have  this 
peculiarity  belonging  to  me  as  a  rhymist  that  though  I  am 
charmed,  .with  my  own  work,  while  it  is  on  the  anvil  [etc.]. 
1802  ANNA  SEWARD  Lett.  (1811)  VI.  44  The  herd  of  vapid 
rhymists  « ill  make  the  poets  turn  disgusted  away  from  such 
fellowship.  1875  N.  Amer.  Rci*.  CXX.  193  The  reason 
why  is  the  reason  the  rhymist  didn't  like  Doctor  Fell. 

2.  One  who  uses  (good  or  bad)  rimes. 

1779  JOHNSON  L.P.,  Milton  ( 1 868)  62  [Cowley's]  character 
of  Dryden.  .was,  that  he  was  a  good  rhymist,  but  no  poet. 
1849  B/ackiu.  Mag.  LXV.  456  The  ingenious  labours  of  the 
rhymist  maybe  put  on  a  par  ..with  the  tricks  of  the  juggler. 
1877  A  thenzum  27  Oct.  525/1  They  \sc.  double  rhymes]  have 
taxed  the  resources  of  the  best  English  rhymist  since  the 
author  of  Hudibras'. 

II  Rhymopce'ia.  rare~°.  —  RHYTHMOPCEIA. 

1811   liusav  Diet.  Mns.  (ed.  3). 

t  Rhymy,  a.  Obs.  In  8  rhimy.  [f.  RHYME 
sb.  +  -Y.J  Riming. 

a  1704  T.  BROWN  Amtisem.  Scr.  I,  Com.  iv.  Wks.  1730  III. 
39  Plaguy  rhimy  Plays,  with  scurvy  Heroes. 

Rhynchocephalian  (rigkos/fci-lian),  a.  [f. 
mod.L.  Khynchocephala  (f.  Gr.  pvyx°*  snout  +• 
K«t>a\ri  head)  +  -IAN.]  Belonging  to  the  nearly 
extinct  order  Rhynchocephala  of  reptiles  (including 
Jfatteria).  Also  s6.,  a  rhynchocephalian  reptile. 

1867  GUNTHER  in  Phil.  Trans.  CLVII.  626  The  Rhyncho 
cephalian  type.  1886  —  in  Encycl.  Brit.  XX.  465  Rhyncho- 
cephalians  continue  in  several  genera  in  European  and 
American  strata.  1889  Nature  1 1  Apr.  562  A  new  Permian 
Rhynchocephalian  reptile  [Palxohatteria  lonficautiata], 

Rhynchoccele(ri'i)ki?s/l),a.  Zool.  [ad.mod.L. 
Rhynchoco:la,  i.  Gr.  /5i!-yx°*  snout  +  KoiXos  hollow.] 
a.  adj.  Belonging  to  the  Rhynchocala,  a  group  of 
turbellarians  comprising  the  Nemerteans.  b.  sb.  A 
rhynchocoele  turbellarian.  Hence  Khynchocoe  1- 
ous  a..  =  RHYNCHOCOSLE  a. 

1877  HUXLEY  Anat.  Inv.  Anim.  iv.  184  The  Rhynchoccele 
Turbellaria,  or  Nemerteans.  1878  Ann.  4-  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  Ser.  v.  I.  491  The  Rhyncocceles  or  Nemertians.  1880 
ROLLESTON  &  JACKSON  A  niin.  Life  p.  clxi,  The  Nemertine 
Turbellaria  which  are  called  '  Rhynchoccelous ',  from 
possessing  a  proboscis  armed  with  a  calcareous  style. 

Rhyncholite  (ri  rjk<yiait).  Geol.  [f.  Gr. 
/5t/7x<K  beak,  snout  -t-  \16os  stone,  -LITE.]  A  fossil 
ized  beak  of  a  tetrabranchiate  cephalopod. 

1836  BUCKLAND  Geol.  ff  Min.  xv.  §  3  (1837)  I.  319  Fossil 
bodies  called  Rhynchohtes,  or  beak-stones.  1851  WOOD- 
WARD  Mollusca  81  Calcarious  mandibles  or  rhyncholites 
(F.  Biguet)  have  been  obtained  from  all  the  strata  in  which 
nautili  occur.  1863  DANA  Man.  Geol.  455. 

Rhyuchophore  (ri-rjk<;fo»j).  tint.  [ad.  mod. 
L.  Khynchopliora,  neut.  pi.  of  rhynchophorus,  f. 
Gr.  fvyx°s  snout  +  -cbopos  bearing  :  see  -A.]  A  beetle 
of  the  group  Khynchophora,  having  the  head  pro 
longed  into  a  beak  or  snout ;  a  weevil.  (Ogifvie, 
1882.)  So  Khynchophorons  (rirjkp-fores)  a.,  be 
longing  to  the  Rhynchophora. 

i8a«  KIPBV  &  Sr.  Entomol.  HI.  386  Rhyncophorous 

80 -a 


BHYNCHOSAUB. 

beetles  (Ciirctilio).  1855  Orr's  Circ.  Sci.,  Org.  Nat.  II.  403 
The.  Nut-weevil.. has  the  longest  rostrum  of  any  British 
Rhynchophorous  Beetle.  1893  SCUDDER  (fit  It),  Tertiary 
Rhynchophorous  Coleoptcra  of  the  United  States. 

Rhynchosaur  (ri'rjk^.i).    Anglicized  form 
of  RHYNCHOSADRUS. 

1847  ANSTED  Ancient  World  vii.  124  The  skull   of  tl 


saurus.     b.  sb.    =  next.    (In  recent  Diets.) 
1863  LVELL  Anliq.  Man  xx.  403  Rhynchosaurian  reptiles. 
II  Rhynchosaurus  (rinkosg-rps).     [mod.L.,  t. 
Gr.  f>i>yx<>*  snout  +  aavpm  lizard.]      A  genus  ot 
edentulous  reptiles  found  in  the  New  Red  Sandstone 


Rhynchotous  (rirjkiw-tas),  a.  Ent.  [f.  mod.L. 
Rhynchota,  in  Fabricins  Rhyngota  (f.  Or.  ftrxps 
snout)  +  -ous.]  Belonging  to  the  order  Rhynchota 
(  =  ffcmiptera)  of  insects. 

[1658  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  Rhyngetus, . .  rhyngotous.]  1890 
Nature  30  Jan.  302  This  interesting  but  difficult  group  [i.e. 
Cicada]  of  Rhynchotous  insects. 

Rhyne,  variant  of  RHINE  J  and  2. 

Rhyolite  (reWUit).  Geol.  Also  -lyte.  [ad. 
G.  rhyolit  (Richthofen),  irreg.  f.  Gr.  |5i!a£  stream 
(of  lava)  +  Ai'flos  stone  :  see  -LITE.]  Richthofen's 
name  for  a  variety  of  trachyte  found  in  Hungary, 
containing  quartz;  later,  a  general  name  for  volcanic 
rocks  exhibiting  a  fluidal  texture. 

1872  WATTS  Diet.  C/tem.  ist  Suppl.  1881  GEIKIE  Geol. 
Sk.  257  Volcanic  rocks,  chiefly  trachytes,  rhyolites,  obsidians. 
1887  DANA  Min.  476  Rhyolyte  or  Quartr-trachyte. 

atlrib.  1887  Cassell's  Encycl.  Diet.,  Rhyolite-breccia,  a 
breccia  consisting  almost  entirely  of  fragments  of  rhyolites. 
1897  GEIKIE  Atic.  Vcka.nocsGt.Brit.  1. 19  Arhyolue  felsite 
or  allied  variety. 

Hence  Rhyoli'tic  a.,  pertaining  to,  resembling, 
or  related  to  rhyolite. 

1866  LAWRENCE  tr.  Cotta's  Rocks  Classified  216  The  rhyo. 
litic  division  of  the  trachytes.  1884  T.  G.  BONNEY  in  Nature 
XXX.  193/1  A  Rhyolitic  Rock  from  Lake  Tanganyika. 

Rhyparographer  (riparp-gralai).  Also  7  ry-, 
ri-.  [f.  late  L.  rliyparographos ,  =  Gr.  pvirapoypa- 
ifos,  f.  pvirapos  filthy :  see  -GRAPHER.  Cf.  F.  riparo- 
graphe  (Cotgr.).]  A  painter  of  mean  or  sordid 
subjects. 

i6&Ki.o\;K-rGlossogr.,Rhypar0g rather..  Ryparograpjier. 


ness  tr  Dawn  II.  Ivii.  242  Ihe  rhyparographer  Pyroeicus. 

So  Rhyparo'graphist ;  Rhyparographic  (ri  - 
parogrje-fik)  a.,  characteristic  of  a  rhyparographer. 

1886  SAINTSBURY  in  Academy  3  Apr.  234/1  She  takes  a 
sort  of  Naturalist  delight  in  describing  the  most  sordid., 
features  of  the  least  attractive  kind  of  English  middle-class 
life,  and. .never  misses  a  rhyparographic  touch  when  she 
can  introduce  one.  1891  FARRAR  Darkness  fy  Dawn  I.  xv. 
125  Frescoes  painted  by  the  most  famous  rhyparographists. 

Rhyparography  (ripar^-grafi).  Also  7  ry-. 
[f.  as  prec. :  see  -ORAPHY.]  The  painting  of  mean 
or  sordid  subjects  ;  spec,  still-life  or  genre  painting. 

1678  PHILLIPS  Suppl.,  Ryparography.  1842  Smith's  Diet. 
Gr.  <y  Rom.  Antig.  694/1  Rhyparography,  pornography,  and 
all  the  lower  classes  of  art.  1830  LEITCH  tr.  C.  O.  Mullers 
A  tic.  A  ri  §  163  At  this  time  also  rhyparography  (so-called  still 
life)  probably  made  its  appearance.  1896  SAINTSBURY  iqth 
Cent.  Lit.  i.  22  The  Lousiad  (a  perfect  triumph  of  cleverness 
expended  on  what  the  Greeks  called  rhyparography). 

Rhypography  (raipp-grafi).  [f.  Gr.  pviros 
dirt,  filth  +  -ypatpia  -OHAPHY.]  =  prcc. 

1880  Contemp.  Rev.  Mar.  480  We  have  enough  to  blame 
ourselves  for;  but  we  did  not.  .introduce  rhypography  or 
pornography.    1885  J.  E.  HARRISON  Stud,  Gk.  Art  vii.  310 
For  him  she  must.,  trail  herself  in  the  mire  of  rhypography. 

Rhypophagy  (raipp-fad^i).  In  quot.  ry-. 
[f.  as  prec.  +  -<pa-fia  -PHAGY.]  The  eating  of  filth. 

1881  Daily  News  17  June  5  Rypophagy  is  not,  on  the 
whole,  a  healthy  practice. 

t  Rhy'ptac.  rare~°.  [ad.  mod.L.  r/iyf  tic-its , 
a.  late  Gr.  pwnriK-os,  f.  fvwTHV  to  cleanse,  f.  pviros 
dirt.]  A  cleansing  medicine.  1716  in  BAILEY. 

So  Rhyptical  a.,  cleansing,  cathartic. 

1657  TOMLINSON  Renou's  Disp.  700  We  have,  .concinnated 
this  rhyptical  orextersive  Medicament. 

Rhysimeter  (rMsi-mrtai).  [f.  Gr.  pvau  flow 
ing,  stream  (related  to  pitv  to  flow)  +  -METER.]  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  velocity  of  fluids  or 
the  speed  of  ships. 

1871  Rep.  Brit.  Ass.,  Trans.  (1872)  234  The  Rhysimeter, 
an  Instrument  for  Measuring  the  Speed  of  Flowing  Water 
or  of  Ships.  By  A.  E.  Fletcher. 

Rhythm  (rrS'm,  rrj>'m),  sb.  Forms :  6-7 
rhithme,  rithme,  6-7,  9  rythme,  7  rhythme, 
rithm,  7-9  rythm,  8  rhithm,  7-  rhythm,  [(i) 
In  branch  I,  a  graphic  variant  of  RIME  sb.l  (cf. 
RHYME  sb.}  assimilated  to  L.  rhythmus  or  F. 
rhythme,  in  l6-l7thc.  rithme.  The  rime-words 


636 

time,  crime  (see  quots.  1646,  1651,  1677)  attest  the 
pronunciation  (raim).  Cf.  the  spelling  n  me  in 
B.  Jonson  Volpone  Prol.,  the  apostrophe  repre 
senting  the  omitted  th.  (2)  In  branch  II,  directly 
ad.  L.  rhythmus  (see  RHYTHMUS).] 

I.  f  1.  Riming  or  rimed  verse  ;  a  form  or  variety 
of  this.  Olis.    Cf.  RHYME  sb.  2. 

CI557  ABP.  PAKKEB  Ps.  Aij,  Rythme  dogrell  playne :  as 
dogs  do  barke.  1575  GASCOIGNE  Cert.  Notes  Instr.  Eng. 
Verse  (Arb.)  39  Then  is  there  an  old  kmde  of  Rithme  called 
Verlayes.  1582  STANYHURST  jEmis  Ded.  (Arb.)  8  Thee  ods 
beetweene  verses  and  rythme  is  verye  great.  For  in  thee 
one  euerye  foote, ..  euery  letter  is  too  bee  obserued  :  in  thee 
oother  thee  last  woord  is  onlye  too  bee  heeded.  1651  CLEVE- 


LD.  PRESTON  2?«M.  Pre£  14  The  Author's  Sense  could  not 
be  clearly  expressed  in  the  more  confin'd  way  of  Rithme 

dttrib.  1599  \st  Booke  Preserv.  Hen.  VII,  Ded.  A  4  As 
gould  surpasseth  leade :  so  the  Hexameters  surpasse  rythme 

fb.  Rhythm  royal:  see  RHYME  sb,  2  c.  Obs. 

1575  GASCOIGNE  Cert.  Notes  Instr.  Eng.  Verse  (Arb.)  38 
Rythme  royall  is  a  verse  of  tenne  sillabies,  and  seuen  such 
verses  make  a  staffe  [etc.]..  .This  hath  bene  called  Rithme 
royall,  and  surely  it  is  a  royall  kinde  of  verse,  sermng 
best  for  gratie  discourses. 

2.  A  piece  of  riming  verse.  Obs.  (Common  m 
i  fth  cent.)  Cf.  RHYME  sb.  i. 

1591  SPENSER  Visions  Petrarch  vii,  When  ye  these  rythmes 
doo  read,  and  vew  the  rest.  1646  in  J .  Hall  Poems  To  Author, 
Thy  lines  pardon  the  Presse  for  all  the  rhythmes,  That  have 
committed  bin  in  sencelesse  times.  1655  FULLER  Hist. 
Cambr.  8  When  a  Monk  of  Peterburgh.  .had,  with  his  satyr- 
ical  Latine  rythmes,  abused  the  Countie  of  Norfolk.  1677 
J.  POOLE  Eng.  Parnassus  Proeme,  And  like  Amphion  build 
a  lofty  Rhythm,  That  shall  out-last  the  insolence  of  time. 

f3.  The  fact  of  lines  ending  in  the  same  sound  ; 
an  instance  of  this.  Obs.  Cf.  RHYME  sb.  3. 

1599  *st  Booke  Preserv.  Hen.  Vfl,  Ded.  A  2  Whose  bookes 
are  stuft  with  lines  of  prose,  with  a  rythme  in  the  end.  1677 
J.  POOLE  Eng.  Parnassus  Pref.  asb,  Mr.  Sa.  Daniel's 
Apology  for  Rhythm  [Le.  his  'Defence  of  Ryme'].  Ibid. 
a6b,  To  avoid  feminine  rhythms,  such  as  charity  and 
Parity.  1680  H.  MORE  Apocal.  Apoc.  332  If  there  be  not 
more  rhythme  than  Reason  in  those  drolling  verses  of  his._ 
II.  4.  Pros.  The  measured  recurrence  of  arsis 
and  thesis  determined  by  vowel-quantity  or  stress, 
or  both  combined;  kind  of  metrical  movement,  as 
determined  by  the  relation  of  long  and  short,  or 
stressed  and  unstressed,  syllables  in  a  foot  or  a  line. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  aoi  For  nothinge  is  more 
pleasaunte  than  hys  \sc.  Clement  Marot's]  style,  nothynge 
purer  than  his  speache,  nothyng  apter  or  more  pleasaunt  than 
hys  Rythme.  1589  PUTTKNHAM  Eng.  Poesie  n.  v[i].  (Arb.)  91 
As  we  in  abusing  this  terme  (rywe)  be  neuerthelesse  excusable 
applying  it  to  another  point  in  Poesie  no  lesse  curious  then 
their  rithme  or  numerositie  which  in  deede  passed  the  whole 
verse  throughout.  1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  1259 
When  the  melody  and  rhythme  or  measure  was  artificially 
set  to.  1657  SPARROW  Bk.  Com.  Prayer^  Churching  of 
Women  361  They  used  all  decent  and  grave  variety  of 
rythmes  and  Meeters  in  their  Hymns  &  Psalms.  1737 
E.  MANWARING  Stichology  viii.  27  All  Metre  is  therefore 
Rhythm,  but  not  all  Rhythm  Metre,  1838  GUEST  Hist.  Eng. 
Rhythms  1. 174  The  forms  in  which  accentual  rhythm  made 
its  first  appearance  amongst  us.  Ibid.,  No  temporal  rhythms 
are  to  be  found  in  our  literature.  1845  L.  SCHMITZ  tr. 
Zumpt's  Lat.  Gram.  §  827  The  first  species,  in  which  the 
Arsis  forms  the  beginning,  is  called  the  descending  Rhythm ; 
the  other,  in  which  the  Thesis  forms  the  beginning,  the 
ascending.  1871  Pub.  Sch.  Lat.  Gram.  §  227.  467  A  most 
exceptional  but  felicitous  rhythm  :  '  Kt  membratim  vitalem 
deperdere  sensus '.  1891  S.  R.  DRIVER  Introd.  Lit.  O.  T. 
vii.  339  In  ancient  Hebrew  poetry,  though  there  was  always 
rhythm,  there  was.. no  metre  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term. 
b.  Rhythmical  or  metrical  form. 
1656  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  VIM.  35  Poem ..  is  a  speech 
in  meeter  or  rhithme.  1657  SPARROW  Bk.  Com.  Prayer, 
Churching  of  Women  (1684)  314  One  began  and  sang  in 
rhythm,  the  rest . .  hearing  with  silence.  1763  J.  BROWN 
Poetry  fy  Mus.  §  5.  50  The  oldest  Compositions  among  the 
Arabs  are  in  Rythm  or  rude  Verse.  1847  TENNYSON  Princess 
iv.  121  Ourself  have  often  tried  Valkyrian  hymns,  or  into 
rhythm  have  dash'd  The  passion  of  the  prophetess. 
f  c.  A  metrical  foot.  Obs. 

1737  E.  MANWARING  Stichology  ii.  10  A  simple  Rhythm 
or  Foot,  says  Dionysius,  has  not  less  than  two  Syllables, 
nor  more  than  three.  1749  Power  of  Numbers  13  These 
are  indifferently  called  Rhythms,  Numbers  or  Feet. 
d.  The  measured  flow  of  words  or  phrases. 
1832  [see  RHETORICAL  i  c].  1855  H.  REKD  Lect.  Eng.  Lit. 
iii.  (1878)  107  This  fashion  of  short  sentences  is  fatal  to  the 
fine  rhythm,  which  English  prose  is  capable  of.  1859  GEO. 
ELIOT  A.  Bede  xviii,  The  church  service..,  its  recurrent 
responses  and  the  familiar  rhythm  of  its  collects.  1863  A.  M. 
BELL  Princ.  Speech  102  In  every  sentence,  however  uttered, 
there  is  a  rhythm. 

.,5.  Mus.  a.  That  feature  of  musical  composition 
Which  depends  on  the  systematic  grouping  of  notes 
according  to  their  duration,  b.  Kind  of  structure 
as  determined  by  the  arrangement  of  such  groups. 
For  the  relation  between  rhythm^  accent^  and  time,  see 
Grove  Diet.  Mus.  s.v. 

1776  BURNEY..//&/.  Mns.  I.  vi.  76  Ancient  music.. must 
have  derived  this  power  chiefly  from  the  energy  and  accentua 
tion  of  the  rhythm.  1786  J.  GILLIES  Hist.  Greece  I.  v. 
179  As  accent  regulated  the  melody,  quantity  regulated 
the  rhythm  of  ancient  music.  1872  BANISTER  Mus,  (1885) 
xxxiy.  170  Rhythm  ..  or  metre  has  to  do  with  the  sym 
metrical  arrangement  of  music,  with  regard  to  time  and 


RHYTHMIC. 

accent.  1879  STAINEH  Mus.  Bible  170  The  rhythm  of 
this  tune  is  so  symmetrical  that  it  might  well  be  used  as  a 
hymn  tune.  1880  F.  HUEFFER  in  Grove  Diet.  Mus.  II. 
148  In  the  opening  allegro  agitato  descriptive  of  Mawppa's 
ride,  strong  accents  and  rapid  rhythms  naturally  prevail. 

6.  Art.  Due  correlation  and  interdependence  of 
parts,  producing  a  harmonious  whole. 

1776  BURNEY  Hist.  Mus.  I.  vi.  71  In  which  [works  in 
painting  and  sculpture]  they  lie.  the  Greeks]  have  called 
that  symetry  and  just  proportion  which  reigns  in  all  the 
parts  by  the  name  of  rhythm.  1867  BARKY  Sir  C.  Bany 
iv.  101  The  rhythm  and  symmetry  of  a  stately  Italian 
palace.  1880  Jrnl.  Hellenic  Stud.  I.  193  While  symmetry 
is  an  architectural  idea,..  rhythm  is  a  plastic  idea...  Sym 
metry  implies  and  expresses  the  lasting,  uniform  and  in 
organic  ;  rhythm  implies  change,  the  organic,  as  sculpture 
deals  with  animal  life. 

7.  gen.    Movement    marked    by   the   regulated 
succession   of  strong   and   weak   elements,  or   of 
opposite  or  different  conditions. 

1855  BAIN  Senses  f;  Int.  Introd.  ii.  §  18.  48  This  action 
follows  a  certain  order  or  rhythm.  1873  H.  SPENCER  Stud. 
Social,  v.  105  In  such  complex  and  slowly  evolving  move 
ments  as  those  of  a  nation's  life,  all  the  smaller  and  greater 
rhythms  of  which  fall  within  certain  general  directions.  1874 
L.  MORUIS  Songs  of  Two  Worlds,  Marching  \\,'^\\e.  rhythm 
of  their  feet  1891  T.  HARDY  Tess  1,  So  do  flux  and  reflux  — 
the  rhythm  of  change—  alternate  and  persist  in  everything 
under  the  sky. 

b.  Phys.  and  Path,  of  functional  movements. 
1722  QUINCY  Lex.  Physico-Med.,  Rhithm  .  .  is  used  to 

express  a  certain  number  of  Pulses  in  any  given  time.  1834 
J.  FORBES  Laennec's  Dis.  Cliest  (ed.  4)  495  The  movements 
of  the  heart.  .,  their  order  or  rythm.  1876  BRISTOWE  The. 
fy  Praet.  Med.  (1878)  363  The  respiratory  rhythm.  1898 
Allbutt'sSyst.  Med,  V.  813  Rhythm  [of  the  heart]  U  not 
the  rate  but  the  proportion  of  motion. 

c.  Physical  Sci. 

1862  TYNDALL  Mountaineer,  ii.  9t  Rhythm  is  the  rule 
with  Nature  ;—  she  abhors  uniformity  more  than  she  does 
a  vacuum.     1873  H.  SPENCER  Stud.  Sociol.  viii.  181  From 
antagonist   physical   forces  .  .  there   always   results,   not   a 
medium  state,  but  a  rhythm  between  opposite  states.     1881 
Nature  XXIV.  318  That  the  chief  noyelty^is  an  absolute 
rhythm  in  the  spectrum  ;  instead  of  lines  irregularly  dis 
tributed  over  the  spectrum,  we  have  groups  which  are 
beautifully  rhythmic  in  their  structure.     1890  Ibid.  6  Feb. 
322/1  The  '  rhythm  '  of  cell-division.     1891  SIR  R.  BALL  Ice 
Age  163  There  must  have  been  a  species  of  rhythm  in  the 
manufacture  of  the  stratified  rocks. 

t  Rhythm,  v.  rare.  In  7  rythm.  [Graphic 
variant  of  RIME  v^  :  see  prec.]  =  RHYME  v.  I. 

1650-66  WHARTON  Wks.  (1683)  356  Rythm  you  whose 
measures  charm  you  better  luck  ;  I  must  be  mute. 

Rliythmed  (ri-S'md,  ri->'md),  a.  [f.  RHYTHM.] 

fl.  Rimed.  Obs. 

1695  J.  EDWARDS  Autltor.  O.  *  K.  Test.  III.  174  He  goes 
too  far  in  asserting  that  all  the  Hebrew  Poesy  in  Scripture 
is  Rhythmed,  for  they  were  not  so  exact  at  first  :  though  the 
Verses  end  with  the  same  Sound  sometimes,  yet  generally 
they  took  a  Liberty. 

2.  Marked  by  rhythm  ;  rhythmical. 

1863  M.  A.  POWER  Arab.  Days  f;  ffts.  220  She  began  a 
slow  swaying,  rhythmed  movement,  .  .  accompanying  the 
dance  with  a  slow  song.    1890  SAINTSBURY  Ess.  Eng.  Lit.  22 
Poetry,..  not  merely  limp,  rhythmed  prose.     1890  llltistr. 
Land.  News  9  Aug.  170/1  The  rhythmed  hammering. 

t  Bhythmer.  Obs.  Also  6  ri-,  rythmour(e, 
7-8  rythmer.  [Graphic  variant  of  RIMER  sir.1  ; 
cf.  RHYTHM,  branch  I.]  •=  RHYMER. 

1582  STANYHURST  JEneis,  etc.  (Arb.)  154  An  Epitaph.., 
such  as  oure  vnlearned  Rythmours  accustomablye  make 
vpon  thee  death  of  euery  Tom  Tyler.  1610  HOLLAND 
Camden's  Brit.  i.  227  The  Songs  of  British  Bards,  or 
Rhythmers.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  in.  xii.  21  Amongst 
all  the  foul  mouthes  .  .,  one  rayling  Rythmer  .  .  bore  away 
the  bell.  1778  PENNANT  Tour  in  Wales  I.  n  The  most 
skilful  minstrel,  rythmer,  or  bard,  at  the  Eisteddfod. 


, 

Ehythme'tic,  -ical,  adjs.  [f.  Gr.  pve^nxos, 
{.  pv6p.iiv  :  see  -ic,  -ICAL.]  Rhythmical. 

1603  HOLLAND  PlutarcKs  Mor.  1259  The  Rhythmetique 
matter  [r|  pufyunij  TrpaynaTei'a].  1842  MRS.  BROWNING  Grk. 
Chr.  Poets  iii,  An  unaccustomed  rhythmetic  pomp.  1844  — 
Lett,  to  R.  H.  Home  (1877)  II.  8  A  rhythmetical  writer. 

Rhythmic  (ri'Smik,  ri-bmik),  a.  and  sb.  Also 
7  r(h)ythmicke,  -ique,  8-9  rythmio.  [ad.  F. 
rhythmique  or  L.  rhythmicus,  a.  Gr.  pvUpiKos,  f. 
pvSnos  RHYTHM.]  A.  adj. 

1.  =  RHYTHMICAL  3.  a.  Of  language,  verse, 
music. 

111631  DONNE  Litany  viii.  Poems  (1633)  175  Those 
heavenly  Poets  which  did  see  Thy  will,  and  it  expresse  In 
rythmique  feet.  1840  CARLYLE  Heroes  ii.  (1841)  105  Much 
of  it,  too,  .  .  is  rhythmic  ;  a  kind  of  wild  chanting  song.  1864 
HADLEY  Ess.  (1873)  95  The  portion  of  time  thus  marked  off 
by  an  intension  and  a  remission  of  effort  is  a  rhythmic  foot. 
1875  OUSELEY  Mus.  Form  i.  2  The  power  and  importance 
of  symmetry  and  Rhythmic  balance.  1889  FARRAR  Lives 
Fathers  I.  iii.  96  note,  The  words  are  rhythmic.  They  con 
sist  of  two  sonorous  epitrites. 

b.  Phys.  and  Path.    (See  RHYTHM  sb.  7  b.) 
1843  WILKINSON  tr.  Swedenborg'  s  Anim.  Kingd.  I.  xiii. 

399  The  intestines  do  not  creep  through  their  rhythmic 
movements.  1881  Nature  30  June  202/2  Rhythmic  Con 
traction  of  Voluntary  Muscles. 

c.  Of  motion,  feeling  ;  of  natural  forces,  etc. 


the  train.  1883  J.  A.  SYMONDS  Ital.  Byways  i.  3  A  dozen 
Italian  workmen.. tramping  in  rhythmic  stride.  1890  '  R. 
BOLDREWOOD  '  Col.-Reforiiicr  (1891)  138  The  ..  rhythmic 
plash  of  the  wavelets  on  the  beach. 


RHYTHMICAL. 

d.  transf.  andy?^. 

1840  CARLYLE  Heroes  in.  177  The  great  salient  points 
arc  admirably  seized;  all  rounds  itself  off,  into  a  kind  of 
rhythmic  coherence.  1874  L.  MORRIS  Songs  of  Two 
Worlds,  Remonstrance  vii,  Not  all  of  life  Is  rhythmic;  oft 
by  level  ways  We  walk. 

2.  =  RHYTHMICAL  4. 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  1259  All  the  Rhythmike 
skill.  1819  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XLVIII.  307  So 
insufficient  seems  an  individual  life  for  so  much  rhythmic 
effusion.  1866  Chamb.  Encycl.  VIII.  243/1  A  musical 
composition  is  made  up  of  portions  of  equal  rhythmic  value, 
called  measures.  1870  LOWELL  Among  my  Bks,  145  Its 
most  rhythmic  genius,  its  acutest  intellect. 

B.  sb.  The  science  or  theory  of  rhythm. 

(Cf.  Gr.  pvdfj-tKij,  F.  rhythmique,  G.  rhythinik.) 

1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Afar.  1260  Neither  the  Har- 
monique,  nor  theRhythmicke,  nor  any  one  of  these  faculties 
of  Musicke,  which  is  named  particular.  1759-60  Phil,  Trans. 
LI.  730  To  harmonic,  rhythmic,  and  metric,  in  the  theoretic, 
respectively  answered  melopoela,  rhythmopoeia,  and  poetic, 
in  the  practic.  1864  HADLEV  Ess,  (1873)  94  The  classical 
rhythmic  of  Pindar,  Simonides,  /Eschylus.  1879  J.  \V. 
WHITE  title  [tr.  J,  H.  H.  Schmidt],  An  Introduction  to  the 
Rhythmic  and  Metric  of  the  Classical  Languages. 

Rhythmical  (ri*o*mikal,  ri'bmikal),  a.  Also 
6-7  rith-,  6-9  ryth-.  [f.  as  prec.  :  see  -ICAL.] 

1  1.  Composing  verse  ;  riming.   Obs. 

1567  DRANT  Horace^  Ep.  To  Rdr.,  To  become  a  sillye 
translator  rythmical,  and  thervnto  an  harde  wryter. 

f  2.  Written  in  riming  verse.  Obs. 

1599  (title\  The  first  Booke  of  the  Preservation  of  Kin^ 
Henrie  the  vij..  .  Compiled  in  English  rythmicall  Hexa 
meters.  1695  J.  EDWARDS  Author.  O.  fy  N.  T.  III.  174  The 
other  Assertion,.,  that  the  Psalms  and  other  Pieces  of  Hebrew 
Poetry  are  always  Rhythmical,  necessarily  infers  a  great 
many  Faults..  in  the  Scriptures.  1706  A.  BEDFORD  Temple 
MHS.  vii.  126  If  the  Psalms  could  be  turned  into  a  Rhyth 
mical  Poesy,  with  the  Alteration  only  of  a  few  Verses. 

3.  a.  Of  language,  verse  :  Marked  by  or  moving 
in  rhythm;    composed  in  rhythm;    often,  having 
a  good,  smooth,  or  flowing  rhythm. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesic  ii.  vii[i].  (Arb.)  93  As  the 
smoothnesse  of  your  words  and  sillables..make  with  the 
Greekes  and  Latines  the  body  of  their  verses  numerous  or 
Rithmicall.  1604  R.  CAWDREY  Table  Alph.  (1613),  Rhyth- 
iiiica.ll)  made  in  meeter.  '7*5  R*  Brunnes  Chron,  p.  Ixi, 
The  old  Rhythmical  Life  of  this  holy  Virgin.  1824  DIBDIM 
Libr.  Comp,  684  note,  That  Lord  Surrey  was  the  first  who 

give  us  metrical  instead  of  rhythmical  versification.     1846 
ROTE  Greece  I.  xxL  II.  187  The  rhapsode  recited,  .a  species 
of  musical  and  rhythmical  declamation.     1872  MINTO  Eng. 
Prose  Lit.  337  In  Cowley  we  see  .  .  the  first  habitual  practice 
of  the  chief  arts  of  rhythmical  balance. 

b.  gen.  Of  motion,  etc. 

<ti6i9  FOTHERBY  Athcom.  H.  ii.  §  4  (1622)  315  As  they 
ascribe  a  rythmicall  motion,  vnto  the  Starres  ;  so  doe  they 
an  harmomcall,  vnto  the  Heauens.  1776  BURNEY  Hist.  Mns. 
I.  263  The  first  music  mentioned  in  the  Grecian  history.. 
consisted  of  a  rhythmical  clash  of  swords.  184^7  GROTE 
Greece  \\,  xvi.  III.  285  Dancing  or  rhythmical  gesticulation. 
1862  H.  SPENCER  First  Princ.  11.  x.  §  83  (1867)  255  Double 
Stars  ..  exhibit  settled  rhythmical  actions.  1869  PHILLIPS 
Vesuv.  v.  145  The  evolution  of  the  steam  is  by  fits  and  starts, 
or  even,  .by  rhythmical  puffs  and  bursts.  1889  Boy's  Own 
Paper  14  Sept.  789/3  The  rhythmical  cadence  of  the  oars. 

c.  Pkys.  and  Path.  (See  RHYTHM  sb.  7  b.) 

1840  LAYCOCK  Nerv.  Dis.  Women  186  The  true  or  rhyth 
mical  chorea.  1866  HUXLEY  Physiol.  ii.  41  The  contraction 
of  the  heart  is  rhythmical,  two  short  contractions  of  its  upper 
and  lower  halves  respectively  being  followed  by  a  pause  of 
the  whole.  1883  Nature  22  Mar.  487  In  rhythmical  actions, 
such  as  that  of  the  respiration. 

d.  Art.  (See  RHYTHM  sb.  6.) 

1880  C.  WALDSTEIN  PythagorasofRhcglon  22  The  general 
modelling  and  the  rhythmical  treatment  of  the  whole  figure. 

4.  Relating  to,  concerning,  or  involving  rhythm. 
«i6i9  FOTHERBY  Atheom.  n.  xii.  (1622)343  AH  the  seuerall 

Sorts  of  Musick,  both  Harmonica!,  Rithmicall,  and  Organ- 
icall.  1776  BUKNEY  Hist.  Afus.  I.  72  The  first  part  of  these 
rhythmical  observations  shall  be  confined  to  lyric  poetry. 
1846  POE  M.  E.  Heivitt  Wks.  1864  III.  118  Less  through 
rythmical  skill  than  a  musical  ear.  1867  MACFARREN 
Harmony  \.  27  Let  me  define  this  term,  close,  as  meaning 
the  completion  of  any  rhythmical  period.  1880  F.  HUEFFKR 
in  Grove  Diet.  Mtts.  II.  149/1  A  greater  liberty  in  the 
rhythmical  phrasing  of  the  music  is  warranted  by  the  metre 
of  the  poem  itself. 

Hence  Rhytumica'lity,  rhythmical  property. 

1885  G.  J.  ROMANES  Jelly-fish^  etc.  186  The  contractile 
tissues  which  have  longest  retained  their  primitive  endow* 
ment  of  rhythmical  it  y. 


Rhythmically,  rt£/f. 

T~  1.  So  as  to  rime,   Obs. 

1706  A.  BEDFORD  Temple  Mus.  vii,  156  The  Affix  (13*)  is 
twice  Rhythmically  repeated. 

2.  In  a  rhythmical  manner;  with  rhythmical 
movement  ;  in  rhythm  ;  with  respect  to  rhythm. 

1775  STEELE  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXV.  74  These  two  specimens 
of  melody  .  .are,  harmonically,  the  same,though  rhythmically 
different.  1841  DISRAELI  Amen.  Lit.  (1867)  232  The  metri 
cal  lines  of  Hawes,  for  the  greater  part,  must  be  read 
rhythmically.  1849-52  Toad's  Cycl.  Anat.  IV.  n.  1143/1 
When  the  tongue  is  thus  protruded,  the  retractor  muscle.. 
contracts  rhythmically.  1852  THACKERAY  Esmondi.  (1876)  i 
The  Chorus  .  .  rhythmically  and  decorously  bewailing  the  fates 
of  those  great  crowned  persons.  1871  TYNDALL  Fragw.  Scit 
vii.  (1879)  I.  241  The  water  rises  and  sinks  rhythmically. 

Rhythmics,  [pi.  of  RHYTHMIC;  see  -ic  2, 
-ics.]  =  RHYTHMIC  sb. 

1864  WEBSTER,  Rhythmic^  the  department  of  musical 
science  which  treats  of  the  length  of  sounds. 

t  Rhythming,  vbl.  sb.  (attrib.}  and  ppl.  a. 


637 

Obs.    [Graphic  variant  of  RIMING  ;  cf.  RHYTHM, 
branch  I.]    =  RHYMING. 

1582  STANYHURST  sEneis  Ded.  p.  xxxii,  Their  rude 
rythming  and  balducketome  ballads.  1655  FULLER  Ch. 
Hist,  n.  136  That  impudent  Lie  of  the  rhythming  Monk. 
1677  [see  RHYMING  vbLsb.  b,  1651].  1677  W  YCHERLEV  /*/. 
Dealer  \.  i,  As  a  young  Coxcombly  Rithming  Lover.  1677 
J.  POOLE  (title],  The  English  Parnassus:  Or  a  Help  to 
English  Poesie.  Containing  a  Collection  of  all  the  Rhythming 
Monosyllables. 

Rhy  thniist.  [f.  RHYTHM  +  -JST.]  One  who  is 
versed  in,  or  has  a  true  sense  of,  rhythm. 

1864  HADLKY  Ess.  (1873)  95  No  well-informed  scholar 
would  think  of  constructing  a  complete  metric  from  the 
doctrines  of  the  rhythmists.  1876  STKDMAN  Viet.  Poets 
375  So  well-equipped  a  virtuoso,  and  so  facile  a  rhythmist, 
was  warranted  m  undertaking  to  write  '  The  Earthly 
Paradise'.  1883  Athenseum  24  Feb.  242  Of  its  metrical 
possibilities  in  the  hands  of  a  master  and  to  the  ear  of  a 
rhythmist  born. 

Rhythmize,  v*  rare.  [ad.  Gr.  fvOpifav,  f. 
u$  RHYTHMUS.]  trans.  To  put  into  rhythm. 


1885  Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Soc.  XVI.  100  The  tendency 
toward  rhythm  in  speech  is  so  strong  that  the  voice  will 
rhythmize  just  as  completely  as  possible  the  material  bup- 
plied  to  it. 

Rhythmless,  ';•  [-LESS.]  Wanting  in  rhythm. 

a  1834  COLERIDGE  (cited  by  Worcester).  185*  Frascrs 
Mag.  XLVI.  217  Such  rhythmless  writing.  1866  ENGKL 
Nat.  Mns.  vi,  208  Anything  that  happens..  is  formed  into 
a  kind  of  song,,  .rhythmless  and  rhymeless. 

Rliythmo'meter.  [f.  Gr.  foOpfa  RHYTHMUS  : 
see  -METEK.]  A  kind  of  metronome. 

i8ia  Gentl.  Mag.  LXXX1I.  ii.  588  An  instrument  in  the 
form  of  a  small  clock.  .for  the  purpose  of  marking  the  time 
to  musical  movements.  ..It  may  perhaps  most  properly  be 
called  a  Rhythmometer.  1886  HALL  &  JASTROW  in  Mind 
XI.  57  The  simple  apparatus  for  producing  the  clicks  which 
we  call  a  rhythmometer. 

II  Rhythmopoeia  (riS-,  ribmopra).  [L.,  a.  Gr. 
pvdpoirotia,  f.  pvOpo-s  RHYTHM  +  -iroiia  making, 
irotttv  to  make.]  Rhythmical  composition. 

1760  [see  RHYTHMIC  BJ.  1818  T.  I'rsBY  Gram.  Mus.  165 
The  ancient  melop<xia  forms  an  important  branch  of  modern 
vocal  music  :  and  the  rkytkmopeeta  is  included  in  our 
present  musical  measures.  1864  HADLEV  Ess,  (1873)  95 
Widely  as  the  rhythmopceia  of-iischylus  differs  from  that 
of  Euripides  [etc.J. 

Rhythmopoe-tic,  a.  [f.  Gr.  £vOp6-s  RHYTHM 
+  irorjTiKoy  POETIC.]  Making  verses. 

1863  DE  MORGAN  Budget  Parad.  (1872)  394_When  I  saw 
the  three  new  digits  I  was  taken  rhythmopoettc,  as  follows. 

II  Rhythmus  (ri-Smz>s,  ri-bmi>s).  PI.  rhythmi 
(-mai).  Also  6  rith-,  6-9  ryth-.  [L.,  a.  Gr.  pvQpoSj 
related  to  few  to  flow.] 

1.  Pros.  =  RHYTHM  sb.  4,  4b. 

1531  ELVOT  Gov.  i.  xv.  (1534)  57  Metres  &  harmonies, 
called  rythnti  in  greke.  1580  G.  HARVEY  in  Three  Proper 
Lett.  37  To  make  proofe  of  his  facultie  in  Pentameters  too, 
affecting  a  certaine  Rithmus  withall.  1589  PUTTENHAM 
Eng.  Poesie  n.  iii.  (Arb.)  83  This  r  it  limits  of  theirs,  is  not 
therfore  our  rime,  but  a  certaine  musicall  numerositie  in 
vtterance.  1747  TH—  s  CL—  s  Reading  Hebrew  iv.  83  This 
Rhythmus  is  nothing  but  the  marshalling  or  ranking  of 
long  and  short  Syllables  intermixed.  1774  MITFORD  Ess. 
Harmony  Lang.  92  In  this  accentual  harmony,  where  the 
meter  is  allowed  all  kinds  of  irregularity,  what  becomes  of 
the  rhythmus?  1778  LOWTH  Isaiah  Prelim.  Diss.  p.  xlviii, 
Such  is  R.  Azarias's  Hypothesis  of  the  Rhythmus  of  Things. 
1817  LADV  MORGAN  France  in.  (1818)  I.  334  To  understand, 
how  totally  different  the  rythmus  of  a  language  is  from  its 
appearance  to  the  eye.  1838  GUEST  Hist.  Eng.  Rhythms  II. 
431  The  metrum,  which  may  best  dispute  with  the  Asclepiad 
the  honour  of  giving  rise  to  the  Alexandrine  rhythmus, 
is  the  Trochaic  Dimeter  wanting  half  a  metre.  1840  DE 
QUISCEY  Theory  Grk.  Trag.  Wks.  1858  IX.  74  The  sonorous 
rhythmus,  and  the  grand  intonation  of  the  Greek  Iambics. 

fig.  1865  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xvm.  ix.  V.  237  They  have 
.  .  made  a  myth  of  Friedrich's  History  and  given  some 
rhythmus,  life  and  cheerful  substantiality  to  his  work. 

2.  Mus.   =>  RHYTHM  st>.  5. 

1734  tr.  Rollin's  Anc.  Hist.  (1827)  II.  396  What  is  meant 
by  rhythmus  is  the  assemblage  or  union  of  tunes  in  music 
which  are  joined  together  with  a  certain  order  and  in 
certain  proportions.  1792  BURNS  Let.  to  G.  Thomson 
8  Nov.,  Ihere  is  a  peculiar  rhythmus  in  many  of  our  airs. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XI.  375/1  The  idea  of  rhythmus 
necessarily  enters  into  that  of  melody. 

3.  Phys.  and  Path.   =  RHYTHM  sb.  7  b. 

1693  tr.  Blancartfs  Phys.  Diet.  (ed.  2),  Rhythmus,  a 
certain  proportion  of  Pulses,  .  .  &c.  1707  FLOYKR  Physic. 
Pulse-Watch^  7  Some  pulses.  .had  a  good  Rythmus^  mid 
some  were  without  a  Rythnins. 

Bihytidome  (ri-tid0um).  Bot.  [ad.  mod.L. 
rhytuioma^  a.  Gr.  fvri8aj^at  f.  fvr&ovV)  f.  pvrt5-t 
pvris  wrinkle.]  (See  quot.) 

1881  Encycl.  Brit,  XII.  18/1  The  bark  or  rhytidome  is.  . 
a  very  complex  structure,  consisting  of  the  secondary  epi 
dermal  tissues  either  formed  in  the  primary  cortex  alone 
or  deep  in  the  other  tissues,  and  popularly  it  includes  all 
the  tissues  outside  the  cambium  layer. 

II  Rhytina  (ritai'na).  Also  Bytina.  [mod. 
L,,  f.  Gr.  /ivm  wrinkle  :  see  -INA  *.]  A  genus  of 
Sirenia,  represented  by  one  species,  A",  stelleri, 
recently  become  extinct  ;  an  animal  of  this  genus  ; 
the  Arctic  Sea-cow. 

1835-6  Tfft&fs  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  576/2  The  heart  of  the 
Dugong.  .and  of  tbe  Rytina  iscloven  by  the  deep  separation 
of  the  two  ventricles.  1853  HENFREY  tr.  Schleiden's  Plant 
400  Walruses  and  sea-cows,  Rytina;  and  mermaids.  i88a 
Standard  10  Feb.  5/3  The  Rhyiina  which,  less  than  a 
hundred  years  ago,  crowded  the  shores  of  Behring  Strait. 


RIAL. 

II  Rhyton  (rai'tpn,  rrtpn).  Gr.  Antiq.  [a.  Gr. 
pvTov,  neut.  oi  pvros  flowing,  related  to  pciv  to  flow.] 
A  form  of  drinking-cup  often  in  the  form  of  an 
animal's  head  and  having  a  hole  at  the  bottom 
through  which  the  wine  ran. 

1850  LEITCH  tr.  C.  O.  Mailer's  Anc.  Art  §  245*  A  rhyton 
having  a  lion's  head.     1854  BADHAM  Ifalieitt.  523  The  other 
prizes  were  not  awarded,  as  thirty  of  the  contenders  died 
rhyton  m  hand.      1887  Jrnl.  Hellenic  Stud.  VIII.    i    A 
Rhyton  in  Form  of  a  Sphin.x. 
II  H*i'a.   Geol.    [Sp.]    A  river-mouth. 
1898  J.  GEIKIE  Earth  Sculpture  xvi.  289  Fiords,  rias,  and 
other  indentations  are  simply  submerged  valleys. 

Rial  (rai'al),  sb.l     Now   only  Hist.     Forms  : 
5  rialle,   5-6  riale,    rioll,    5-7    riall,   5-  rial ; 
5  ryolle,  5-6  ryalle,  ryale,  5-7  ryall,  5-  ryal. 
[From  RIAL  a.,  after  F.  (and  Sp.)  models.] 
fl.  A  royal  person  ;  a  prince.    =REALj£.2  Obs. 
1399  LANGL.  Rich.  Rcdelcs  in.  340  per  nas  Rial  of  )?e 
rewnie,  bat  hem  durste  rebuke,    c  1425  Ctist.  Persev.  7  in 
Macro  Plays  77  Save  our  lege  lord,  J>e  kynge,  J>e  leder  of 
bis  londe,  &  all  ^e  ryallis  of  J>is  revme.     c  1475  RcwfCoii$ear 
14  As  that  Ryall  raid  ouir  the  rude  mure, 
f  b.  Dominion  ;  royal  power.  Obs~l 
c  1400  Lattfl  Troy  Bk.  7096   Me  thinketh  cure  goddib 
!    speciale.  .haue  vs  jeuen  gret  riale. 

f2.  The  second  branch  of  a  stag's  horn,  lying 
j  immediately  above  the  brow-antler.  Obs. 

<  1400  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxiv,  On  \>t  left- 
j  side  auntelere  and  ryall  and  surereall  and  not  fourche  but 
i  onely  ^e  beame.  1486  Bk.  St.  Albnns  e  j  b,  When  he  hath 
|  Awntelere . . ,  Ryal!  and  Surriall  also  there  Isett, . , Then  shall 
j  ye  call  hym  forchyd  and  hert  of  tenne. 

3,  a.  A  gold  coin  formerly  current  in  England, 
originally  of  the  value  of  ten  shillings,  first  issued 
by  Edward  IV  in  1465.     Now  Hist. 

[The  following  are  statements  of  its  value  at  various  times: — 

1473  WARKW.  Ckron.  (Camden)  4  The  yere.  .m'.cccc.lxiiij. 
Kynge  Edwarde  . .  made  of  ane  olde  noble  a  ryall,  the 
whiche  was  commaundyde  to  goo  for  x.s ;  nevere  the  latter 
the  same  ryolle  was  put  vtij.</.  of  aley.  1526  WmoTHESLEY 
Chron.  (Camden)  I.  15  In  November,  the  Kinge  enhaunsed 
his  coyne,  that  U  to  saye,  the  riall  at  us.  3d.  1556  Chron. 
Gr,  Friars  (Camden)  47  The  xvj.  day  of  May  [1544]  was 
made  a  proclamation  in  London  for  raysynge  of  golde  and 
sylver,  as  the  ryalle  xij.  shillings.] 

1488  Nottingham  Rec.  III.  16  C.  Hbras  in  r'wles,  i49*"7 
Plumpton  Cprr.  (Camden)  123  She  hath  in  coyne,  in  old 
nobles,  c1' — in  ryalls,  c1'.  1503  Act  19  Hen.  VII,  c.  5  §  i 
Riall,  half  Ryall,  and  the  iiij1"  parte  of  a  Ryall.  1579 
NORTHBHOOKE  Dicing  (1843)  :9>  I  dare  holde  a  ryall,  you 
meane  the  church.  1600  HEVWOOD  -2nd  Pt.  Edu\  /b't  i.  iv, 
Bid  the  bearer  of  our  privy  purse  Enclose  therein  a  hundred 
English  ryals. 

1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Ryal  or  Rial,  a  Piece  of  Gold 
[etc.].  17*7-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Coined  into  45  rials, 
..or  a  proportional  number  of  half  rials,,  .or  rial  farthings. 
1817  RUDING  Ann.  Coinage  II.  34  These  new  Nobles  were 
called  Rials.  1853  HUMPHREYS  Coin  Coll.  Man.  II.  443 
The  nobles  and  rials  [of  Kdw.  IV]  differ  but  slightly  from 
the  nobles  of  previous  reigns.  1884  KENVON  Gold  Coins 
E"&  57  Half  and  quarter  ryals  were  also  coined. 

fb.  A  French  gold  coin  struck  by  Philip  IV 
and  his  successors,  current  in  Scotland  in  the 
!5-i6th  centuries.  Obs. 

1451  Sc.  Acts  Jas.  II  (1814)  II.  40  pe  Rial  of  france  sal 
haf  cours  for  vj  s.  viij  d.  1488  A  ccs.  Ld.  High  Trcas.  Scot. 
\.  79  Deliuerit  be  Dene  Robert  Hog.. to  the  Thesaurare,. . 
in  rialis  of  France  fy.fty  and  foure.  1488-91  Ibid.  167  He 
chargis  him.  .with  liiij.  Ii.,  be  fifty  foure  Fraunce  rialiis  of 
gold.  [1507  Aces.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  III.  334  To  the 
King  himself,  quhilk  wes  set  on  the  syment  riall,  and  part 
cun^eit  in  riales  thareof,  xx  Franch  crounis.] 

f  C.  Applied  to  certain  silver  coins  of  Scotland 
in  the  i6th  century.  (See  quots.)  Obs. 

\*ft$Reg.  Prity  Council  Scot.  I.  413  That  thairbe  cunyeit 
ane  penny  of  silver  callit  the  Marie  ryall.  1567  Ibid.  556 
That  thair  be  cunyeit  ane  penny  of  silver  &llit  the  James 
Rvall. 

4.  A  Spanish  coin  ;  =  REAL  sbl  i  a.   ?  Obs. 
1508  Aces.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  IV.  41  Item,  to  the  said 

Robert,  quhilk  [he  gave]  to  preistis  thare..viij  ducatis  of 
wecht  and  tua  riales  ;  for  ilk  ducat  xviij  s.,  and  the  ij  riales 
ilj  s.  1547  lipoRDE  Introd.  Knowl.  xxx.  (1870)  199  In 
Spayne..ln  siluer  they  haue  ryals  &  halfe  ryaljes;  a  ryal 
is  worth  .v.d.  ob.  i6»  FLETCHER  Span.  Cur.  i.  Hi,  I  will  fire 
The  portion  I  brought  with  me,  ere  he  spend  A  ryal  of  it. 
1672  PETTY  Pol.  Anat.  (1691)  347  A  piece  of  8  rials  being 
full  17  penny  weight,  passeth  for  \s.  yd.  1707  FUNNELL 
Voy.  114  For  a  Ryal,  which  is  seven  pence  half-penny. 
17*7-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Money t  The  [Spanish]  ducat  of 
silver  contains  ii  rials  of  silver;  and  that  of  vellon,  ii 
rials  of  vellon.  1809  MALKiNtoY.SAuiii.iii.  ?  2  He  counted 
me  over  six  ducats  instead  of  six  rials. 

fb.  Rial  of  plate,  =  REAL  sb.1  i  a.  Obs. 

1SS5  EUEN  Decades  (Arb.)  225  The  cyrcle  of  letters  of  a 

riale  of  plate.      1622  R.  HAWKINS  Voy.  S.  Sea  (1847)  94 

Every  peece  of  tenne  ryals,  which  they  receive  in  ryals  of 

plate,  for  there  is  no  other  marchandize  in  those  partes. 


i  12  Ryals.     1740  JOHNSON  Life  Drake  Wks.  IV.  442 
quantity  of  Jewels,  and  twelve  chests  of  ryals  of  plate.  1748 
Earthquake  Peru  \.  30  Thirteen  Chests  of  Ryals  of  Plate. 
t  c.  Rial  of  eight^  =  REAL  sbt  2.  Obs. 


of  eight,  for  tlyet  and  safe  conduct  through  the  Arabian 
desart.  1678  in  Wheeler  Madras  in  Old.  Time  (1862)  III. 
427  That  not  a  man  shall  stir  out  of  the  Fort  until  the 
Governor  returns  home ;  upon  penalty  of  half  a  rial!  of 
eight  for  tbe  Merchant  and  Officer.  1727-38  CHAMBER* 


KIAL. 

Cycl.  s.v.  Piece,  It  has  its  name  piece  of  eight,  or  rial  of 
eight,  because  equal  to  eight  silver  rials, 
t  d.  ellipt.  =  prec.  06s.  rare. 

1640  PACITT  Christianogr.  (ed.  3)  Life  Cyril  13  He  received 
yeerly.  .about  50000  Rials,  each  of  them  being  worth  foure 
shillings  six  pence.  1671  OGILBY  Amerira  464  Forty  thou 
sand  Pieces  of  Silver,  each  valu'd  at  thirteen  Ryals,  each 
Ryal  being  four  Shillings. 

t  Rial,  sb?  Obs.-"  Also  5  ryal(l.  [Perh.  the 
same  as  prec.]  Froth  or  foam. 

c  1440 Promt.  Parv.  432/2  Ryal,  or  fom  of  berme,  tfmiO.    I 
1530  PALSGR.  262/2  Riall  of  wyne,  fome,  tnmt.Jltvr. 

t  Ri'al,  a.  (adv.).  Ol>s.    Forms  :  4-5  riale,  4-6 
rial,  5-6  riall  (5  rialle)  ;  4-5  ryal,  5-6  ryale,    : 
4-6  (8)  ryall,  5  ryalle,  ryeall,  ryoll,  6  ryell.    [a. 
OF.  rial,  var.  of  real  or  roial:  see  REAL  a.1  and    [ 
ROYAL  a.]    Royal,  regal. 

1.  Of  persons,  etc.  :  Having  the  rank  of,  or  trie 
qualities  befitting,  a  king. 

<•'  '350  'pom.  64  There  come  manv  a  rya"  kVnS^'  r°r  ™ 
woweThat  lady,  c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  1605  H3>P»fyl* 
(Fairf.  MS.),  Now  was  lason  a  semely  man  witn-aUe.  .And 
of  his  loke  as  rial  as  lyon.  c  1420  Wan  Alex.  (h.K.. '  .».) 
45  Me  auijhte  no;te  to  sende  swylk  tythynge  to  jour  ryalle 
maiestee,bot..nede  gers  me  do  it.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Lrg. 
281  h/i  Saynt  Lupe  or  Lowe  was  borne  at  Orh.iunce  and  was 
of  the  ryal  lygnage.  1513  BRAUSHAwiy.  Werburgen. .801  A 
noble  gentilman.  .Uescendyng  of  the  hie  and  riall  blodde  of 
costy. "  1580  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden)  43  The  destruc 
tion  of  your  most  ryall  person. 

absol.    f  1420  Anturs  of  Art!:.  641  Here,  .by-fore  thiese 
ryalle  [I]  resynge  the  my  ryghte.     c.  147°  Golagrosf,  Can:.     [ 
^96  Before  the  riale  on  raw  the  renk  wes  noght  rasit. 

Comb.  ,71485  K.  Eng.  Misc.  (Warton  Club)  i  Wyves  and 
maydynus  ryallyke. 

2.  Properly  pertaining  or  appropriate  to  a  king. 
CI374  CHAUCER  Troylas  I.  432  For  myn  astate  ryal  heie  I 

resigne  Into  her  bond,  c  1400  Deslr.  Troy  1630  Priam,  .a 
pales  gert  make  Within  the  Cite  full  Solempne  of  a  sete 
riall.  CI450  Coiisltna  Res;.  129  With  relefis,  and  heriettis, 
mariagis,  Eschetis,  and  riall  services.  1533  BEI.LENDEN  Livy 
!.  iii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  24  pe  more  princely,  bat  he  behad  him  in 
his  dignite  riall,  the  mor  hi-s  lawu.  .wald  be  dred.  1584  K. 
SCOT  Discov.  Witchcr.  xv.  viii.  336  All  the  riall  names  and 
words  of  the  living  God. 

3.  Befitting  a  king ;  sumptuous,  splendid,  magni-   I 
ficent,  excellent. 

13..  Sir  Bates  3480  pou?  ich  discriue  1101151  be  bredale,.. 
hit  was  riale.  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  K.  1082  Rial  ryngande 
rotes  &  be  reken  fybel.  1390  LANGL.  Rich.  Reticles  III.  | 
125,  I  say. .That  ho  is  rial!  of  his  ray  that  light  reede  him 
Folwith.  c  1430  Two  Cookery-bks.  40  fan  serue  it  forth  for 
a  ryal  mete.  ('1449  PKCOCK  Repr.  \.  viii.  40  That  the  ije.  pre- 
misse..is  also  trewe  is  scbewid  bi  a  ful  solempne  and  rial 
processe.  1471  RIPI.EY  Comp.  Alch.  v.  xxxviii.  in  Asbm. 
(1652)  I57  A  ryall  Medycyne.  1536  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W. 
1531)  142  b,  '1  he  people  of  Israeli.,  buylded  a  solemn  temple, 
moost  ryall  of  stones  precyous.  1556  Citron.  Gr.  Friars 
(Camden)  20  This  same  yere  was  the  [most]  ryall  syght  and 
wache  of  men  of  armes  in  London  that  ever  was  sene. 
b.  St.  Notable,  remarkable,  rare. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xn.  557  Men  mycht  se  . .  mony  a 
liall  rymmyll  ryde  Be  roucht  thair  apon  athir  syde.  1567 
Stitir.  Poems  Reform,  iii.  90  Quhen  Dauie  deit  our  Queue 
rycht  potentlie  Into  this  Realme  did  rais  ane  ryall  rout. 

4.  Of  paper :  (see  ROYAL  a.). 

130 .  Earl  Derby's  Exped.  (Camden)  8  Pro  j  cjuaterno 
papiri  ryal,  xijd.  {lliiti.  13  Pro  xxi  foliis  papiri  realis.] 
1571  in  Feuillerat  Revels  Q.  Eliz.  (1908)  178  Paper  Riall 
and  other  paper  for  patternes.  1573-4  in  Turner  Sel.  Rec. 
Oxford (1880)  356  Item,  for  tenne  quier  of  ryoll  paper. 

5.  As  adv.    -  RIALLY. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  4360  Ne  rede  we  neuire  na  retorik 
ne  rial  to  speke.  1441  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  207,  I  went 
bare  fote  on  my  fette,  That  sum  tyme  was  wonte  to  ride 
rialle.  c  1500  World  ff  the  Child  268,  I  am  ryall  arayde  to 
reuen  I?  read  rennen]  vnder  the  ryse.  c  1560  Glide  \  Godlie 
Ball.  (S.T.S.)  232  Princes  and  Kmgis.that  sa  Ryall  Ringis. 

t  Bii'ally,  adv.  Obs.  Forms :  4  ryaliche, 
rialliche,  5  -ich  ;  4-6  ryally,  5  ryaly,  rialy(e, 
rially,  riolly.  [f.  RIAL  a.  +  -LY2.  Cf.  REALLY 
orff.1]  Royally,  regally,  splendidly,  etc. 

13..  Coer  de  L.  3888  Kyng,  eerls,  barouns,  knyghts,  and 
squyers,  Ryden  ryally  on  trappyd  destrers.  c  1330  R. 
BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  6191  pey  byried  hym  Ful 
ryaliche  wi|>  gret  honur.  c  1400  Deslr.  Troy  3009  He 
araiet  hym  full  riolly  with  a  route  noble,  c  1430  Two 
Cookery-bks.  2  Charlette  a-forcyd  ryaly.  c  1440  Generydes 
1308  Thanne  was  ther  made  an  ordenaunce  therfore,  Full 
riatly  with  all  maner  seruice.  1534  MORE  Treat.  Passion 
Wks.  1301/1  When  Christ  came  rydyng  into  Hierusalem  so 
ryally  vpon  Palme  sonday.  1556  Chron.  Gr.  Friars  (Cam 
den)  52  He . .  was  ryally  resevyd  and  had  grete  chere  with 
many  grete  jeffttes. 

t  Rialni.  Obs.  rare.  Also  4  ryalme.  [a.  OF. 
rialme,  var.  olrealme  RKALM.]  Kingdom. 

13..  Caw.  ff  Gr.  Knt.  691  Now  ridez  bis  renk  bur}  be 
ryalme  of  Logres.  a  1400-50  Alexander  20  He  recouerd 

..all  rialme  &  be  riches  in-to  the  rede  est. 
t  Bi-alness.    06s.-'    [f.  RIAL  a.]     Royalty. 
1530  PALSGK.  262/2  Rialnesse,  royaltc, 
I!  Ria'lto.     [The  name  of  the  quarter  of  Venice 

in  which  the  Exchange  was  situated.]   An  exchange 

or  mart. 
1879  Scribner's  Mag.  XIX.  299/1  In  Paris,  all  trades  and 

callings  have  their  Rialto.     1901  Daily  Chron.  23  Sept.  5/2 

It  was  this,  .that  made  it  some  forty  or  fifty  years  ago  the 

rialto  o_fthe  West  Indian  islands, 
t  Rralty.    Obs.    Forms  :  4-6  ryalte,  5  -tee, 

5-7  -tie,  5  -tye,  6  -ty ;  4-6  rialte,   5  -tee,  4 

riaulte,  5  riolte,  6  rialtie.     [a.  OF.  *rialti,  var. 

of  rtalti  REALTY!.] 


638 

1.  Royalty ;  regal  state  or  dignity ;  royal  pomp 
or  splendour. 

,-1325  Song  of  Yesterday  88  in  E.E,  P.  (1862)  135  Hit    , 
were  wel  bettre  forto  se . .  pen  a  fest  of  Rialte.     (1350  W  '«• 
Palerne  5057  No   clerk  ..ne  kowbe  nou5t  descriue    .  Pe 
richesse  ne  be  riaulte.    c  1400  Dcstr. .Troy  3464  Double  fest 

was  holdyn,  With  all  be  reuell  &  nolle  bat  Renkes  couthe 
deui.se.  1470-85  I\MJOS.I  Arthur  \.m.  182  [Arthur]  was 
crouned  emperour..with  all  the  ryalte  that  coude  be  made. 
1534  MORE  Com/,  agst.  Trib.  n.  Wks.  1209/2  If  a  manne 
kepe  richesse  aboute  him  for  a  glory  and  ryaltie  of  the 
world.  1557  Malory's  Arthur  (Copland)  in.  i,  So  they 
roode  freshly  with  great  ryalte..  til  that  they  came  nyghe 
unto  London.  . 

b.  A  royal  or  magnificent  feast  or  ceremonial. 

«I470  H.  PARKER  Dives  *  PauferfN.  de  W.  1496)  III. 
xvii.  152/2  In  ryaltees  as  playes  and  daunces  that  are  used 
in  grete  festes  &  in  the  sondayes.  1480  CAXTON  Chron.  Eng. 
ccxxx.  243  He  saw  neuer  ne  herd  suche  solempne  feestes.ne 
ryaltes  holden  ne  done  without  payng  of  gold  or  siluer. 
1556  Chron.  Gr.  Friars  (Camden)  53  At  that  ryality  was 
made  sir  Edward  Semer..duke  of  Somerset. 

2.  Royal  power  ;  sovereignty. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xx.  132  Robert  Stiward  suld  be 
Kyng,  and  brwk  all  the  rialte.  c  1380  WVCLII-  Wks.  (1880) 
S7Q  So  bis  man  had  neuer  so  grete  cause  to  fie  &  to  hide  hym 
self  as  whan  he  was  callid  to  Hs  rialte.  1422  tr.  Secreta 
Secret.,  f'riv.  Priv.  148  Ryaltee  wythout  wysdome  and 
cvnnynge  ne  may  not  endure.  1456  SIR  O.  HAYE  La-.a 
Arms  (S.T.S.)  253  It  was  determynit . . that  never  women 
suld  succede  to  the  ryattee  of  Fraunce. 

b.  A  royal  estate  ;  a  kingdom. 

1387  TREVISA  llignea  (Rolls)  III.  117  Nabugodonosor 
regnede  in  Eabilon  ten  }ere.  He  putte  moche  more  to  his 
fader  realte  \v.r.  rialte].  c  1440  York  Myst.  xvi.  3  The 
clowdes.  .Raykand  ouere  my  rialte  on  rawe  me  reioyses. 

c.  Sc.  A  district  directly  under  the   king,   as 
opposed  to  a  REGALITY  '  (sense  2  c). 

1432  .SV.  Acts  Jas.  7(1814)  II.  21  Gif  he  happynis  to  fie  in 
|>e  Regalitie  oute  of  the  Rialte,  the  schiref  sal  certify  be 
lorde  of  be  Regalite.  1548  K'g-  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  6 
All  Sheriffis  Stewards  Bailies  alswele  Regalitie  as  Ryalte. 
1609  SKENE  Reg:  Maj.  160  Inquisition  sail  be  made  alswell 
within  Regalitie  as  Ryaltie  anent  malefactours. 

d.  =  REGALITY  l  2  a.  rare  ~' 

1552  Richmond  Wills  (Surtees)  73  My  chief  house  with 
all  the  rialties  and  ayrelomes  founded  by  my  predecessors. 

Riancy  (rai-ansi).  rare—1.  [f.  next:  see 
-AXCY.]  Bright  or  smiling  character. 

1831  CARLVLE  Sart.  Res.  n.  ix,  The  tone,  in  some  parts, 
has  more  of  riancy,  even  of  levity,  than  we  could  have 
expected  ! 

Riant  (rai-ant,  ||  rz'an),  a.  Also  rarely  riante 
(rz'ant).  [a.  F.  riant  masc.,  riante  fern.,  pres. 
pple.  of  rire  :-L.  rtdere  to  laugh  :  cf.  RIDENT  a.] 
Smiling,  mirthful,  cheerful,  gay. 

a.  Of  persons,  their  dispositions,  actions,  etc. 
1567  PAYNEI.L  tr.  Treas.  Antadis  276  What  an  evill  _is  U  to 

be  depryved  of  all  the  goodnesse  that  I  rectyved  of  hir  riant 
and  laughing  eye. 

1827  CARLVLE  Germ.  Rom.  I.  13  Whatever  bordered  upon 
awe  or  horror,  his  riant  fancy  rejected  with  aversion.  1867 
—  E.  Irving  206  He  was  jovial,  riant,  jocose  rather  than 
serious.  1897  GUNTKR  DonBnlnsto  ii.  28  A  girl  of.,  dancing, 
riant  blue  eyes,  and  exquisite  figure. 

b.  Of  landscapes,  places,  etc. 

a.  1720  PorE  Iliad  xvm.  On  Shield  of  Achilles  ix,  There 
is  something  inexpressibly  riant  in  this  Piece,  above  all  the 
rest.  1760  "GRAY  Let.  Wks.  1884  III.  24  The  Vale  [is]  as 
riant,  as  rich,  and  as  well  cultivated.  1792  A.  YOUNG  Trav. 
France  149  A  pretty  riant  landskip  of  the  river  doubling 
through  the  vale.  1860  GOSSE  Rom.  Nat.  Hist.  178  Choice 
plants  ..were  there  in  wild  and  riant  luxuriance.  1892 
HEALES  Archit.  Ch.  Denmark  2  These  together  present  a 
singularly  bright,  riant  impression. 

p.  1792  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Dcsmond'\\.  173  (Stanf.),  Of 
late. .  I  have  found  this  view  too  rianle.  1843  THACKERAY 
Irish  Sk.  Bk.  I.  9  Pretty  market-gardens..,  and  shilling 
glass-houses,  give  the  suburbs  a  riante  and  cheerful  look. 

Hence  Bi-antly  adv. 

1897  GUKTER  Susan  Tnrnbull  xxiii.  303 '  Then  you  will  all 
have  to  keep  me  company,'  says  Miss  Naughty,  riantly. 

UBiata  (ri,a-ta).  [Sp.  reata  (  =  Pg.  reate, 
arreata,  arriata  halter),  f.  reatar  to  tie  again,  f. 
re-  RE-  +  alar:-L.  apldre.]  =LAEIAT. 

1869  B.  HARTE  Luck  Roaring  Camp  196  He  looked  at  my 
hand,  which  still  unconsciously  held  the  broken  'riata*. 
1872  DE  VKRE  Atnericanisms  131  'I'm  a  coiling  up  my 
riata '.  .means,  very  graphically,  I  am  preparing  for  my 
death.  1893  K.  SANBORN  6".  California  178  The  saddle-tree 
is  hung  with  silver  rings,,  .to  answer  all  the  requirements  of 
the  vaquero  in  lacing  up  his  riata. 

Riatour,  Riattous,  obs.  ff.  RIOTER,  -ova. 

Rib,  sb.1  Forms :  I-  rib,  1-8  ribb,  4-7  ribbe  ; 
5-6  ryb  (5  rybe),  rybb(e;  6  reb.  [Comm.  Tent. : 
OE.  rib,  ribb  neut.,  =  OFris.  rib,  reb  (WFris.  rib 
spar,  rack ;  NFris.  rabb,  robb  rib) ,  ON.  rif 
(Norw.  riv  ;  MSw.  rif,  riff,  Sw.  re/;  MDa.  riff, 
re/) ,  MLG.  ribbe,  rebbe,  OHG.  ribbi,  rippi  (MHG. 
rippe,  ripp~)\  also  OS.  ribba  fern.,  MDn.  ribbe, 
rebbe  (Du.  rib;  WFris.  ribbe),  OHG.  rifpa 
(MHG.  rippe,  ribbe,  riebe ;  G.  rippe},  Da.  ribbe, 
Norw.  ribba ;  Sw.  ribba.  lath.  Outside  of  Teutonic 
the  stem  is  represented  by  Russ.  redro.'] 

I.  1.  One  of  the  curved  bones  articulated  in 
pairs  to  the  spine  in  men  and  animals  and  enclos 
ing  or  tending  to  enclose  the  thoracic  or  body 
cavity,  whose  chief  organs  they  protect. 

Asternal,  floating  ribs',  see  those  adjs.  False  rib  = 
asternal  rib.  Sternal  or  tntt  ribs,  those  attached  to  the 


RIB. 

breast-bone  or  sternum.    Abdominal  ribs,  certain  osseous 
formations  in  the  abdominal  wall  of  some  reptiles  (Huxley,'. 

To  smite  (one)  under  the  fifth  rib :  see  ?  IFIH  a.  i  b. 
c 725  Corpus  Gloss.  585  Costa,  rib.  agoaO.t..  Martyrol. 
23  Mar.,  On  bsm  [da=sl  wjes  Adam  seserpen. .,  &  Eua  his 
Wlfww  Xescapen  of  his  ribbe.  «iooo  Soul  t;  Body  113 
Rib  rcafiaS  reSe  wyrmas.  c  1000  yELKKic  Gen.  11.  21  pa 
•zenam  he  an  ribb  of  his  sidan  £  gefilde  mid  (laisce,  pxt 
bar  baet  ribb  wa:s.  c  1205  LAY.  1603  Corineus  heom  to- 
bi  utte  ban  &  heora  ribbes.  c  1250  Gen.  ft  Ex.  227  Ut  of  his 
side  he  toe  a  rib,  And  made  a  wimman  him  ful  sib.  c 1300 
Hcwtlok  1900  per  mithe  men  wel  se  boyes  bete,  And  ribbes 
in  here  sides  breke.  1362  LANGI..  P.  PI.  A.  IV.  149  Bote  I 
Rule  bus  bi  Reame,  Rend  out  my  Ribbes !  c  1400  Lanfraitcs 
Cirurg  inr  Wi[>  bese  .vij.  boonys  ben  maad  fast  .vij.  ribbis 
bat  ben  grete  ribbis..,  &  t«se  ril)bis  ben  crokid.  c  1440 
York  Myst.  xxvi.  285  Fro  we  may  reche  bat  rekeles  His 
ribbis  schall  we  rappe.  1523  FITZHERB.  Husli.  §  56  Se  that 
he  haue  a  brode  ryb,.  .and  to  be  lose-skmned,  that  it  stycke 
not  harde  nor  streyle  to  his  rybbes.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl. 
Epist.  28  That  I  might  refreshe  my  crackle  ribbes  in  her 
bounlie  and  goodnesse.  1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  i.  ii.  5  Nine,  or 
ten  times  I  had  thought  t'  haue  yerk'd  him  here  vnder  the 
Ribbes.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  512  His  Visage  drawn  he  felt 
to  sharp  and  spare,  His  Armes  clung  to  his  Ribs.  1741  A. 
MONRO  Anat.  (ed.  3)  222  The  Ribs  are  commonly  divided 
into  True  and  False.  1795  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  iv.  Sel.XV  ks. 
(1892)  265  We  require  some  food  that  will  stick  to  the  ribs. 
1842  TFNNYSON  Vision  of  Sin  iv.  i,  Take  my  brute,  and  lead 
him  in, Stuff  his  ribs  with  mouldy  hay.  1871  T.  R.  JONES 
Anim.  Kingd.  (ed.  4)  652  In  Serpents  the  ribs  are  wanted 
for  locomotion,  and  are  accordingly  developed  from  the  head 
nearly  to  the  tail. 

transf.  1605  isi  Ft.  Jcronimo  (1901)  ill.  11,  Noble  rib  ot 
honor,  valliant  carcasse.  1850  TENNYSON  InMtm.ml, 
The  wood  which  grides  and  clangs  Its  leafless  ribs  and  iron 
horns  Together. 

fb.  ellipt.  (Seequot.)   Obs.-0 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Rib,  or  RibroaMng,  a 
Dry-basting. 

c.  '/.ool.  One  of  the  meridional  plates  charac 
teristic  of  the  Ctcnophora ;  a  ctenophore. 

1890  in  Cent.  Diet.  1896  tr.  Boas'  Text-Bk.  Zool.  118 
Each  of  these  lines  or  ribs,  as  they  are  called,  is  composed 
of  a  series  of  tiny  lamina:. 

2.  One  of  these  bones  taken  from  an  ox,  pig,  etc., 
with  the  meat  adhering  to  it,  as  used  for  cooking. 

1426-7  Recs.  St.  Mary  at  Hill  (1905)  65  In  bred  &  ale  & 
ii  rybbes  beff  &  ober  costes,  xvjrf.  c  1430  Ttuo  Cookery  Us. 
8  Take  Pypis,  Hertys,  Nerys,  Myltys,  an  Rybbys  of  the 
Swyne.  Ibid.  10  Take  Rybbys  of  Venysoun.  1577  B.  GOOGE 
HfresbacVs  Husb.  III.  (1586)  152  b,  A  peece  of  Porke  of  two 
Ribs,  that  waied  three  and  twentie  pound.  1647  WARD 
Simp.  Cobler  88  Sixe  ribs  of  beefe,  are  worth  sixe  weeks  of 
Lent.  1666  PEPYS  Diary  25  Dec.,  Dined  well  on  some  good 
ribbs  of  beef  roasted  and  mince  pies.  1802  PINKEKTON 
Moti.  Geogr.  (1811)  660  A  savoury  dish,  called  chulela,  or 
ribs  of  pork,  which  they  have  fresh  throughout  the  year. 

1848  [see  PORK  1  2).     1883  [see  JOINT  i*.  8). 

fig  1576  GASCOICNE  Steele  Glas  (Arb.)  45  1  hough  the 
storneful  do  mocke  me  fora  time,  yet  in  the  ende  1  hope  to 
giue  them  al  a  rybbe  of  roste  for  their  paynes. 

trans/.  1595  SHAKS.  John  in.  iii.  9  The  fat  ribs  of  peace 
Must  by  the  hungry  now  be  fed  vpon. 

3.  \Yith  allusion  to  the  creation  of  Eve  (Gen.  ii. 
21 )  :  A  (person's)  wife  ;  a  woman. 

1589-90  JAS.  VI  in  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  IV.  Donate, 
Recommending  me  and  my  new  rib  to  your  daylie  prayer> 
1654  WHITLOCK  Zoolomia  61,  1  am  confident  a  practising 
Rib  shall  kill  more  then  the  law-bone  of  an  Asse ;  and  a 
Quacking  Dalilah,  than  a  valiant  Sampson.  1732  FIELDING 
Mock  Doctor  ii,  Go  thrash  your  own  rib,  sir,  at  home.  1759 
STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  i.  xvi,  He  would,  .place  his  rib  and  self 
in  so  many  tormenting  lights  and  attitudes.  1802  LAMB 
Let.  to  Manning  Feb.,  The  Professor's  Rib  has  come  out  to 
be  a  disagreeable  woman.  1822  BYRON  Juan  XL  xlvi,  A 
rib's  a  thorn  in  a  wed  gallant's  side.  i86a  BORROW  Wales 
liv,  Near  to  it  was  the  portrait  of  his  rib,  Dame  ftliddleton. 
b.  So  rib  of  man(kind),  lost  rib.  1  Obs. 

1609  /•'?'  Worn,  in  Hum.  i.  i.  in  Bullen  O.  PI.  IV,  I  cannot 
holde  to  see  a  rib  of  man,  A  moytie  of  it  selfe,  commaund 
the  whole.  1621-3  MIDDLETON  &  ROWLEY  Changeling  v.m, 
That  broken  rib  of  mankind.  1647  T  RAPP  Marrow  Gd. 
Authors  in  Comm.  Ep.  612  Surely  if  feasting  ever  be  in 
ieason  it  is  at  the  recovery  of  the  lost  rib  [i.  e.  marriage  J. 

II  4.  The  central  or  principal  nerve  or  vein  of 
a  leaf,  extending  from  the  petiole  to  the  apex,  = 
MIDRIB  2  ;  also,  one  of  the  smaller  or  secondary 
nerves.  Now  But. 

c  1420  Liber  Cocorum  (1862)  48  Take  cole  and  strype  horn 
borowghe  bi  honde  And  do  away  bo  rybbys.  c  1450  M.  t.. 
Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  204  Tak  he  rote  of  hemelok.k  be 
rybbe  of  dokke.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  90!  he  great  Plantayne 
hath  ereat  large  leaves,  .with  seven  ribbes  behinde.  1688 
HOLME  "nSSylL  85A  The  Rib  is  the  chief  vein,  from 
the  stalk  to  the  end  of  the  leaf:  the  Master-vem.  1698 
FRYER  Acc.E.  India  *  P.  .78  Sending  forth  from  the  mam 
Rib  some  Fibres.  1776  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.$&  Wher?. ''>.<= 
Margin  is  plaited,  but  the  Folds  do  not  reach i  to  the  middle 
Rib  of  the  Disk.  .796  WITHERING  Brit.  Plants  (ed.  3)  L 
354  The  rib  [of  a  fern-leaflet],  with  the  Stamens  upon  it. 

1849  BALFOUR  Man.  Bot.  §  144  There  is  occasionally  an  ob 
scure  rib  running  close  to  the  edge  of  the  leaf,  and  called 
intramarginal.    1884  BOWER  &  SCOTT  De  Bary  s  Phaner. 
433  In  the  petioles  and  ribs  of  the  leaves. 

b.  The  shaft  or  quill  of  a  feather. 

1545  ASCHAM  Toxoph.  Wks.  (1904)  88  In  settyng  on  of  your 
fether,  whether  it  be  pared  or  drawen  wt  a  thicke  rybbe,  or 
a  thinne  rybbe  (the  rybbe  is  y  hard  quill  whiche  deuydeth 
the  fether).  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s*  Feather,  The 
shaft,  or  rib,  is  exceeding  strong,  but  hollow  below,  for 
strength  and  lightness  sake.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  453  Ihe 
ribs  are  scraped  with  a  bit  of  glass  cut  circularly,  in  order 
to  render  them  very  pliant.  ^ 

c.  Ent.  A  nervure  in  an  insect  s  wing. 

a  1843  Eneycl.  Metrof.  (1845)  VII.  a8a/a  This  frame  con- 


RIB. 

sists  of  hollow  horny  tubes,  to  which  have  been  indifferently 
applied  the  names  ribs,  nervures,  and  veins.  //'/</.,  The 
ribs,  .are  filled  with  a  soft  parenchyma. 

d.  Bot.  A  move  dense  or  firm  part  extending 
along  or  through  an  organ  or  structure. 

1847  W.  E.  STEELE  Field  Bot.  181  Leaves  and  sheaths 
glabrous ;..  the  ribs  of  paleae  glabrous.  1857  HENKKEV^>C/. 
n_4  The  connective  is  normally  a  solid  rib,  running  up  the 
middle  of  the  anther. 

5.  A  hard  or  rocky  portion  of  a  mountain,  etc., 
esp.  when  in  the  form  of  a  projecting  ridge. 

c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  civ.  viii,  That  safe  in  rocks 
the  conyes  may  remaine.  To  yield  them  caves,  their  rocky 
ribbs  are  torne.  1692  BENTLKY  Boyle  Lcct.  271  If  violent 
rains  and  tempests  must  not  wash  down  the  earth  and  gravel 
from,  .those  mountains,  and  expose  their  naked  ribbs  to  the 
face  of  the  sun.  1697  DKVDKN  JEneid  ix.  680  They  rowl 
down  Ribs  of  Rocks.  i8zz  SHELLEY  Faitst  ii.  120  Cling 
tightly  to  the  old  ribs  of  the  crag.  1871  L.  STEPHEN  t'laygr. 
Kur.  (1894)  iii.  83  Nothing  is  visible  but  the  black  ribs  of 
the  mountains. 

b.  A  vein  of  ore,  or  the  solid  part  of  one ;  a 
stratum  or  dyke  of  stone  or  rock.     Now  esp.  Ceo!. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  i.  690  Soon  had  his  crew  Op'nd  into 
the  Hill  a  spacious  wound  And  dig'd  out  ribs  of  Gold.  1747 
HOOSON  Miners  Diet.  (J  iv,  Most  Veins  carry  their  Ore  in 
Ribbs,  which  is  that  solid  Part  of  the  Ore  that  sets  forward 
according  to  the  Sides. .;  many  times  a  Vein  will  carry  two 
Ribbs.  1839  MURCHISON Siinr.  Syst.  i.  xiv.  178  The  firmest 
ribs  of  sandstone.  1878  HUXLEY  Pliysiogr.  193  Lava  is  then 
injected  into  the  cracks,  forming,  when  cold,  huge  rocky 
ribs  known  as  dykes.  1885  SKF.LEY  Phillips'  Man.  Geol.  \. 
xxii.  401  The  metallic  matter  occurs  in  an  irregular  vertical 
table,  called  a  rib  of  ore. 

c.  Mining.  A   wall   of  coal   left   standing   to 
support  the  roof  of  the  workings. 

1839  UKE  Diet.  Arts  981  The  ribs  or  walls  of  coal  left 
standing  round,  constituting  the  side  of  work.  1867  \V*.  \V. 
SMYTH  Coal  .y  Coal-ruining  125  It  is  found  to  be  the  better 
course,  .to  trust  to  pack-walls,,  .rather  than  to  leave  a  rib 
of  coal.  1895  Daily  News  8  Feb.  5/6  They,  .would  have 
left  a  rib  as  a  support  to  part  them  from  the  old  workings. 

6.  a.  A  narrow  strip  of  land,  as  that  between 
furrows  ;   also  dial.,  a  furrow,     b.  A  narrow  ridge 
separating  a  roadway  from  the  ditch. 

1670  EACHARD  Cont.  Clergy  92  The  Man  of  God  fetching 
•  up  his  single  Melancholy  Cow,  from  a  small  rib  of  Land. 
1778  (W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  20  Oct.  1775,  This, 
instead  of  laying  the  ribs  of  the  lands  convex,  leaves  them 
hollow.  1805  toRSYTH  Beauties  Scot.  II.  235  The  ribs,  as 
road-makers  term  the  declivities  on  each  side,  should  be 
kept  very  clear.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  I.  658  Ribs 
of  hard  land  standing  untouched  in  the  subsoil. 

7.  In   technical   use,   an   artificial   ridge   raised 
upon  some  object :  a.  Jewellery.  An  edge  separat 
ing  two  faces  of  a  cut  diamond.  ?  Obs. 

1751  D.  JEFFERIES  Treat.  Diamonds  (ed.  2)  Explan.  Terms, 
The  Ribs  are  the  lines,  or  ridges,  which  distinguish  the 
several  parts  of  the  work,  both  of  Brilliants,  and  Roses. 

b.  Mech.  A  raised  band  or  flange,  esp.  one 
made  upon  a  metal  plate  in  order  to  stiffen  it. 


projecting  ribs  of  iron.  1832  G.  R.  PORTEK  Ptrctlain  ff  Gl. 
203  The  glass  is  prevented  from  running  oflf  the  sides  of  the 
table  by  ribs  of  metal.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  477  The 
projecting  ribs  were  forced  into  the  surface  of  the  ball . . 
during  ill  expulsion.  1856  Orr's  Circle  Sci.,  Mech.  Philos. 
289  This  is  often  effected . .  by  introducing  ribs  or  flanges,  and 
thus  dispersing  a  given  quantity  of  material  in  a  better  form. 
o.  Gunmaking.  A  bar  or  ridge  of  metal  made 
on  each  barrel  of  a  double-barrelled  gun,  and  serv 
ing  to  connect  the  two. 

1815  Sporting  Mag.  XLVI.  119  The  construction  of  gun- 
locks,  and  elevated  ribs.  1881  GREENER  Gun  267  Commoner 
ribs  also  are  used,  that  is,  either  scelp  twist,  or  plain  iron, 
and  there  is  not  so  much  care  taken  to  insure  the  rib  being 
tapered,  levelled  [etc.]. 

d.  A  raised  ridge  in  a  knitted  stocking,  cloth, 
or  the  like.     Derby  rib  (see  quot.  1829). 

1829  GLOVER  Hist.  Derby  I.  242  Messrs.  Jedediah  Strutt 
and  William  Woollatt, . .  in  the  year  1758, produced  a  machine 
for  making  ribbed  stockings.  This  was  termed  the  Derby 
rib.  1834-6  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VIII.  748/2  Anadditional 
looping,  which . .  raises  the  rib  above  the  plain  intervals. 
1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  653  Needles  are  only  placed  where 
ribs  or  stripes  are  to  be  formed. 

e.  Bookbinding.  One  of  the  raised  bands  upon 
the  back  of  a  book,  serving  as  a  covering  for  the 
cords  and  as  an  ornament. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1935/2. 

8.  a.   Condi.  A  salient  ridge  upon  a  shell. 

c  1711  PETIVER  Gazophyl.  Dec.  vi.  2/1  A  sort  of  Winckle- 
trope  with  Ribs  finely  chained.  1815  BURROW  Conchol.  34 
Costz,  ribs ;  keel-like  processes  reaching  from  the  apex  to 
the  periphery  of  the  shell.  1849  MURCHISON  Silnria  211  A 
new  species  with  two  raised  ribs  in  front. 

b.  Hot.  A  prominent  line  or  ridge  upon  any 
part  of  a  plant,  a  fruit,  etc.  (Ogilvie,  1882.) 

III.  9.  Naut.  a.  One  of  the  curved  frame- 
timbers  of  a  ship,  extending  from  the  keel  to  the 
top  of  the  hull,  upon  which  the  planking  of  the 
side  is  nailed ;  also,  in  later  use,  a  piece  of  strong 
iron-work  serving  the  same  purpose. 

'553  Douglas's  jEneis  \.  p.  xii,  The  storme  ouerset  [the 
snip],  raif  rebbis  and  syde  semes.  1564  RASTELL  Confitt. 
Jewefs  Serin.  131  b,  No  boerde  or  rybb  of  the  broken  shipp. 
1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  i.  i.  29  Vailing  her  high  top  lower 
then  her  ribs.  1617  MORYSON  Itin.  in.  79  Their  ships,  .are 
generally  made  large  in  the  ribs.  1665  MANLEY  GrMxs' 


639 

LmuC.  lyars  751  This  victory  of  the  Zelanders  with  so  small 
loss,  which  happened  because  the  ribs  of  theTr  Ships  were 
more  solid  and  compact.  1762  FALCONER  Shipiur.  \\.  260 
Ihe  ribs,  oppress'd  by  ponderous  cannon,  groan.  1799 
J.  ROBKRTSON  Agric.  Perth  236  Scotch  oak.. is  found  to 
snap  over  when  used  as  ribs  to  a  ship.  1810  CRAHKK 
Borough  \.  82  See  the  long  keel,..  See  the  strong  ribs  which 
form  the  roomy  side.  1877  BRYANT  Sella  217  Hones  of  men 
Shipwrecked,  and  mighty  ribs  of  foundered  barks. 

b.  Ribs  of  the  parrel,    ribs   and  trucks  (see 
quots.). 

16*7  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Grain,  v.  20  Parrels  are  little 
round  Halls  called  Trucks,  and  little  peeces  of  wood  called 
ribs,  and  ropes.  1644  MANWARING  Seaman's  Diet.  83  Those 
little  long  wooden  peeces  which,  .doe  belong  to  the  Parrells 
of  the  yards,  are  called  the  Ribbs  of  the  Parrells.  1769 
FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  s.v.  Parrel,  There  are  four  dif 
ferent  sorts  of  parrels,  one  of  which  is  formed.. of  a  rope 
communicating  with  an  assemblage  of  ribs  and  trucks. 
1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  If'ord-bk.,  Ribs  and  Trucks^  used 
figuratively  for  fragments.  Ibid.,  Ribs  of  a  Parrel,,  .the  ribs 
were  pieces  of  wood,  each  about  one  foot  in  length,  having 
two  holes  in  them  through  which  the  two  parts  of  the  parrel- 
rope  are  reeved  with  a  bull's-eye  between. 

10.  Building,  a.  A  piece  of  timber  forming  part 
of  the  framework  or  roof  of  a  house;    in   mod. 
dial.,  a  purlin. 

1378  Dark.  Halm.  Roth  (Suttees)  149  De  cujus  meremio 
sum  in  manu  Johannis  fil.  Rog.  x  spars  et  ribs.  1618 
?DEKKER  Oivles  Almanackc  56  The  ribbes  of  touring 
houses  must  be  coated  with  a  new  paint  against  the  christn- 
ing  of  the  next  childe.  1648  HEXHAM,  RiM'en-lage*  the 
Ribs  or  the  Crosse-beames  of  a  house.  1840  PARKER  Gloss. 
Archit.,  Ribs  of  Timber,  a  term  applied  in  somedistricts  to 
the  purlins  of  the  roof.  1869  PEACOCK  Gloss.  Lonsdale,  Ribs, 
stout  pieces  of  timber  laid  on  the  principals  of  a  roof,  and 
on  which  the  spars  are  fastened. 

b.  An  arch  supporting  a  vault ;  one  or  other  of 
the  transverse  or  oblique  arches  by  which  a  com 
pound  vault  is  sustained  ;  the  edge  or  groin  of 
two  intersecting  arches  in  a  vault.  Also,  in  later  j 
use,  a  projecting  band  or  moulding  on  a  groin  or 
ceiling  (whether  vaulted  or  flat),  or  on  some  other 
architectural  feature. 

1726  LEONI  Albertis  Archil,  I.  55  The  Ancients,  .made 
their  Ribs  of.  .Bricks, and.  .advise  to  fill  up  the  interspaces 
of.  .Vaults  with  the  lightest  Stone.     1819  SCOTT  Ivan/we    \ 
xvii,  The  ribs  of  two  of  these  arches  remained,  though  the 
roof  had  fallen  down  betwixt    them.       1849  RuSKIN  Set1. 
LamJ>$  ii.  §  7.  33  In  the  vaulting  of  a  Gothic  roof  it  is  no    , 
deceit  to  throw  the  strength  into  the  ribs  of  it.     1859  GWILT    i 
Encycl.  Arc/tit,  (ed.  4)  835  In  the  simple  groin,  the  arches 
or  ribs,  and  diagonal  rib,  carry  the  vaulting,  a  rebate  being 
formed  at  the  lower  part  of  the  ribs  on  which  the  vaulting 
lies.     1870  F.  R.  WILSON  Ch.  Lindisf.  63  The  plaster  work 
between  the  ribs  of  the  roof  is  colored  blue. 

Comb.     1874  MICKLETHWAITE  Mod.  Par.  Churches  214 
The  rib-and-panel  vault  is,  however,  much  less  costly. 
fc.  The  haunch  or  flank  of  an  arch.   Obsr* 

1726  LEONI  AlbertCs  Arc/tit.  I.  53  An  Arch  is.  .a  conjunc-    ' 
tion  of  a  number  of  wedges,  whereof,  .those  on  the  sides 
[are  called]  the  Turn,  or  Ribs  of  the  Arch. 

d.  One  of  a  set  of  arched  wooden  trusses  used 
for  the   centering   of  a  bridge ;   one  of  a  set  of   • 
parallel  timbers  or  iron  beams'  (whether  arched    j 
or  flat)  serving  to  carry  a  bridge. 

1735  J.  PRICE  Stone-Br.  Thames  7  One  of  the  Ribs,  to    | 
carry  tne  Planks,  whereon  the  Arch  is  to  lie.      1836  Penny    • 
Cycl.  V.  413/1  The  first  iron  bridge  built  in  England,  .con 
sists  of  one  arch  upwards  of  100  ft.  wide,  composed  of  five    ' 
ribs.     1842  Civil  Eng.St  Arch.  Jrnl.  V.  279/1  Each  tubular 
rib  is  composed  of  23  pieces.    Ibid.,  These  keys  enabled  us     j 
. .  to  set  the  ribs  with  great  precision.    1879  CasselFs  Techn.     \ 
Educator  I.  108  Each  of  these  girders  rests  immediately  on    I 
a  pile,  so  that  the  bridge  is  supported  by  seven  ribs. 

e.  One  of  the  curved  pieces  of  stone-,  timber-, 
or  iron- work  which  form  the  framework  of  a  dome. 

1766  in  Entick  London  IV.  205  The  spandrels..,  having 
large  planes  between  the  stone  ribs,  are  capable  of  further 
ornaments  of  painting.  1841  GWILT  Encycl.  Archit.  §  2049 
The  dome  is  boarded  from  the  base  upwards,  hence  the  ribs 
are  fixed  horizontally  at  near  distances  to  each  other.  1879 
Cassetfs  Techn.  Educ.  II.  138  The  ribs.. are  alternated  by 
narrower  ones, ..the  main  ribs  being  constructed  of  five 
thicknesses  of  timber. 

11,  A  bar  or  rod  (of  wood  or  iron)  serving  to 
strengthen  or  support  a  structure.     Also_/5f. 

a  1547  SURREY  JEneid  n.  141  Of  clinched  ribbes  of  firre  This 
hors  was  made.  1589  PasquiPs  Return  Bij,  One  of  the 
first  Lawes  that  Romulus  layd,  as  a  ribbeof  yron  into  his 
gouernment.  1599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado  iv.  i.  153  Confirmed, 
confirm'd,  O  That  is  stronger  made  Which  was  before 
barr'd  vp  with  ribs  of  iron.  1646  EVELVN  Diary  23  Mar., 
He  consulted  to  remove  the  whole  wall  by  binding  it  about 
with  ribs  of  iron  and  timber.  1748  Ansotfs  Voy.  m.  x. 
415  The  sails  are  made  of  matt,  strengthened  every  three 
feet  by  an  horizontal  rib  of  bamboo.  1823  J.  BADCOCK 
Dam.  Amusem.  152  The  boiler  is  to  have  ribs  of  wood,  like 
small  joists,  fastened  at  half  way  from  its  bottom,  about  two 
inches  thick,  and  three  or  four  inches  apart.  i8_»7  Q.  Jrnl. 
Set.  XXIV.  168  A  kind  of  wicker  basket.. fixed  in  the  earth 
by  means  of  the  points  of  the  ribs  of  the  wicker  work. 

b.  A  bar  of  a  grate  or  the  like.     Now  only  Sc. 
and  north,  dial. 

1651  JER,  TAYLOR  Holy  Dying  in.  ix.  §  i  We  should  have 
. .  thought  the  Grid-iron  fairer  than  the  spondee,  the  ribs  of  a 
marital  bed.  1813  J.  BADCOCK  Dom.Aniuseni.iao  A  wooden 
stand,  which  has  several  ribs  across  to  sustain  the  tobacco. 
1826  GALT  Lairds  xxxii,  Ye  wad  see  the  ane  fizz  and  flee 
away  frae  the  ither  up  the  lum,  or  out  at  the  ribs.  1895 
'SARAH  TYTLER'  Macdonald  Lass  x.  125  Balancing  her 
egg-pan  on  the  ribs  of  the  grate. 

c.  One  of  the  two  horizontal   iron  bars  of  a    i 


RIB. 

printing-press  upon  which  or  in  the  grooves  of 
which  the  carriage  supporting  the  bed  slides  on  its 
way  towards  the  platen. 

1683  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.,  Printing  iv.  51  The  Ribs 
lye  within  a  Frame  of  four  Foot  five  Inches  long,  one  Foot 
eleven  Inches  broad,  1688  HoLMEXrY/MWryui.xxi.fRoxb.) 
256/1  A  Rib..  .This  is  a  foure  square  Iron  flat  at  the  ends 
to  be  nailed  on  the  wooden  ribs  for  the  cramp  Irons  at  the 
bottom  of  the  coffin  to  run  ouer  them.  1727-38  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Printing,  On  this  carriage,  which  sustains  the 
plank,  are  nailed  two  long  iron-bars,  or  ribs.  1825  f. 
NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  296  The  manner  in  which 
the  wheels  run  in  rebates  or  recesses  in  the  edges  of  the  ribs. 
1845  Kncycl.  Mctrpp.  VIII.  774/2  Beneath  the  plank  of  the 
carriage,  cramp  irons.. are  nailed,  which  slide  upon  two 
long  iron  bars  or  ribs. 

d.  dial.  (See  quots.) 

1814  PDGGE  Sitppl.  Grose,  Ribs,  bindings  in  hedges.  Kent. 
1887  PARISH  &  SHAW  Diet.  Kent  Dial.  s.v.,  Ribs  are  clone 
up  into  bundles,  with  two  \viffs,  and  are  used  for  lighting 
fires  and  making  raddle-fences. 

12.  a.  One  of  the  curved  pieces  of  wood  form 
ing  the  body  of  a  lute  or  the  sides  of  a  violin. 

1676  MACE  Mus.  Monum.  49  Then  again  observe  the 
Number  of  Ribbs  [in  a  lute]..  .Next,  what  Wood  is  Best 
for  the  Ribbs.  1839  Penny  Cycl.  XIV.  203/2  The  body  or 
belly,  of  the  same  wood  or  cedar,  constructed  of  nine  convex 
ribs  joined.  1884  HKRON-ALLF.N  Violin-making  287  To 
prevent  the  ribs  from  sticking  to  the  mould  if  .".the  glue 
should  run  anywhere  but  on  the  blocks. 

b.  One  of  the  strips  of  whalebone  or  stout 
metal  wires  composing  the  framework  of  an 
umbrella  or  sunshade. 

1716  GAY  Trivia  \.  213  Let  Persian  Dames  th'  Umbrella's 
Ribs  display  To  guard  their  Beauties  from  the  sunny  Ray. 
1771  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1892)  I.  395  A  large  umbrella  wiih 
brass  ribs.  1843  Penny  Cycl.  XXV.  500/2  In  umbrellas  of 
the  ordinary  construction  the  ends  of  the  ribs  are  connected 
with  the  fixed  ring  upon  the  end  of  the  stick.  1887  Times 
27  Aug.  10/2  Japan  imported.. umbrella  ribs  to  the  value 


c.  One  of  the  hoops  which  serve  to  form  the 
folds  in  organ-bellows, 

1881  W.  E.  DICKSON  Organ-Build,  vi.  72  Organ-bellows 
.  .consist  of.. the  middle  board,  the  top  board  or  table,  and 
the  feeder,  and  of  thin  plates  of  wood  called  ribs.  Ibid. 
75  The  upper  ribs  of  the  reservoir  are  in  a  position  the 
reverse  of  that  of  the  lower  ribs. 

IV,  at t rib.  and  Comb. 

13.  a.  Attributive,  in  sense  i,  as  rib-bacon, 
-bone,  -cartilage,  -coat,  -lever ;  also  rib-beads, 
rib  sign  (see  quots.). 

1681  in  Wood  Life  (O.H.S.)  II.  520  *Rib-bacon,  by  the 
pound,  6rf.  1897  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  III.  124  Other  marks 
of  rickets  such  as  *rib  beads,  grooves  and  cartilage  prolifera 
tion.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  ix.  34  Kynde.. made  man,.  .And 
Eue  of  his  *ribbe-bon.  14..  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  632 
Spomtilia,  rybbebone.  1769  RICHARDSON  De  Foe's  Ttncr 
Gt.  Brit.  (ed.  7)  I.  4  A  Rib-bone  of  a  large  Whale.  1816 
SCOTT  Old  Alort.  xliii,  This  second  notch  was  made  in  the 
rib-bone  of  an  impious  villain.  1899  Allbntt's  Syst.  M?d. 
VI.  78  Jt  might  be  necessary  to  remove  one  or  more*rib 
cartilages.  cijzoGwsQW  Farrier's  Guide  i.  iii.  (1738)  24  A 
double  Membrane  arising  from  the  Pleura  or  *Rib-coat. 
i8j»i  C.  L.  MORGAN  Anim.  Sk.  197  By  the  movement  of  the 
*nb-levers  the  body  [of  a  serpent]  is  drawn  forwards.  1898 
Allbutt'sSyst.  Med.  V.  758  Dr.  William  Ewart  regards  what 
he  calls  the  '  first  *rib  sign  '  as  important  in  the  diagnosis  of 
considerable  pericardia!  effusion. 

b.  Objective,  etc.,  in  sense  i,  as  rib-bearing^ 
-breaking,  -poking,  -sticking  \  rib-grated,  -mauled, 
-supported,  rib-like  adjs. ;  rib-bender,  a  severe 
blow  on  the  ribs, 

"839-47  Todays  Cycl  Anal.  1 1 1.  825/2  The  *rib-bearing 
vertebrae  of  the  Fish.  1887  Daily  Ntivs  24  June  2/2  Fip- 
pen . .  now  took  a  most  decided  lead  and  delivered  some  good 

rib-benders.  1600  SHAKS.  A.  J'".  L.  i.  ii.  151  Is  there  yet 
another  doates  vpon  *rib-breaking?  a  1892  TENNYSON 
Lexer's  Bride  viii.  3  This  poor  *rib-grated  dungeon  of  the 
holy  human  ghost.  1870  ROLLESTON  Anim.  Life  44  *Rib- 
like  ossifications  of  the  intermuscular  aponeuroses  are 
attached  to  the  neural  arches.  1881  Trans.  Obstet.  Soc. 
XXII.  74  The  interval  between  the  converging  spinal 
columns  is  filled  in  by  single  rib-like  bones.  1871  BROWN 
ING  Balanst.  1952  ^Rib-mauled,  before  he  let  the  woman  go. 
-MA  press  9  June  103/1  Some  are  foolish  after 


qualit --*-  -  •    f  • 

355  The  little  lizards  of  the  genus  Draco,  which  glide 
through  the  air  on  their  *rib- sup  ported  parachutes, 

c.  In  specific  names   of  animals,  etc.,  having 
rib-like  markings  (see  quots.). 

1781  PENNANT  Quad.  I.  107  marg.,  *R!b-faced  [Deer]. 
1817  RAFFLES  Java  I.  49  The  rib-faced  and  axis  deer. 
1874  JERDON  Mammals  India  265  The  Rib-faced  deer  is 
found  in  all  the  thick  jungles  and  forests  of  India.  1897 
WATTS-DUNTON  Ayhvin  (1900)  93/2  A  blue-faced  *rib- 
nosed  baboon.  1832  J.  RENNIE  Consp.  Butterfl.  $•  M.  147 
The*Rib-striped  Snout.  1711  PETIVER  Gazophyl.  8/2  *Rib- 
welted  Limington  Tellen. 

14.  a.  Attrib.,  in  sense  10,  as  t  rib-resen  (REA 
SON  j£.2) ;  rib-moulding,  -shaft,  -stone,  -vaulting, 
etc.  Also  rib-pointed  adj. 

c  1340  Nominate  (Skeat)  445  Treefs  e  t  gitenckisons ,  bemes 
and  ribresenes. 

1822  WARE  in  Gwilt  Encycl.  Arch.  (1859)  836  On  com 
paring  rib-pointed  vaulting  with  Roman  vaulting  [etc.], 
1837  Civil  Eng.  ty  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  57/2  This  archway  is 
composed  of  thirteen  columns  and  rib-monldings.  1848 
RICKMAN  Styles  Archit.  App.  p.  xiv,  This  tower  has  quoins 
and  rib-stones  like  Barton-on-Humber.  1850  INKERSLEV 
Styles  Roman,  fy  Pointed  Arc/sit.  France  308  The  trans- 


BIB. 

verse  rib-shaft,  the  diagonal  on  each  side,  and  the  wall-rib.    ' 
1859  GWILT  Encycl.  Arch.  (ed.  4)  837  The  construction.. is 
totally  different  from  rib  vaulting. 

b.  Attrib.,  in  sense  ?d,  as  rib-bar,  -hosiery, 
-needle,  -stitch,  etc. 

i8w  URE  Diet.  Arts  653  The  whole  of  the  rib-bar  is  not 
fitted  with  needles  like  the  other.    Had.  654  A  smalUron 


knitting  macnine  uuauicu  LVUU»*.«  «.«*»  »»••*•  •••  j-   --* 

Pall  Mall  G.  6  Aug.  2/3  Arkwright's  rollers  have  perhap: 
played  a  larger  part  in  the  world  than  Strutt  s  rib  hosiery    | 
machine. 

c.  Misc.  combs. :  rib-chair  (see  quot.) ;  rib- 
furrowing,  -ploughing,  =  RIBBING  vtl.  st. ; 
rib-saw  (see  qnot.) ;  rib-wall  (see  sense  g  c). 

1877  TI.RUPP  Hist.  Coaches  75  The  «Rib  Chair  was  a 
similar  vehicle  [to  the  whisky],  but  without  springs.  .805 
DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  I.  579  This  in  some  places  is  termed 
by  farmers  *rib.furrowing.  1811  KEITH  Agric.  Aberdeen 


a  long  narrow  saw  used  in  a  pit.     1839  URE  via.  ar,i    i 
981  The  upper  coals  are  then  begun  to  be  worked,  next 
the  *rib-wall. 

tBib,^.2  Ots.  Forms:  1,3  ribbe,  sryb(be. 
[OE.  ribbe  fern.,  prob.  f.  rib  RIB  st.1  Cf.  Got 
land  dial,  sur-ribbor,  leaves  of  dock  or  sorrel.] 
a.  Hound's-tongne.  b.  Ribwort. 

Halliwell  gives  '•Rib,.. the  common  water-cress.  East. 
There  appears  to  be  no  other  evidence  for  this. 

r8i5  Epinal  Gloss.  184  Cain's  lingua,  ribbae.  c  1000  Sax. 
I  cechd.  I.  210  Das  wyrte  be  man  cynoglossam  &  oOrum 
naman  ribbe  nemne|>.  c  1050  I'M.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  362 
Cam's  lingua,  ribbe,  hundestunge. 

c  1265  l-'oc. Plants  in  Wr.-Wulcker  $56  Lanceolatajzunce- 
leie,  ribbe.  c  1450  M.  E.  Med.  £k.  (Heinrich)  176  Wey- 
brode,  rybbe,  brusewort.  Ibid.  227  Tak  auence,  . .  herbe 
water,  weybrode,  ryb,  confyry.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  306/2 
Rybbe ;  tierba  est. 

t  Bib,  sb.z  Ots.  In  4,  6  ribbe,  5  rybbe,  ryb. 
[  =  MLG.  ribbe-,  ribbtsern  (LG.  ribbe-lsen,  -isder), 
G.  rifpe :  see  RIB  v.2]  A  flat  iron  tool  used  for 
cleaning  flax  after  the  breaking  process. 

c  1340  Nominate  (Skeat)  523  Rastel,  martel,  et  rastuere, 
Rake,  hamur,  and  ribbe.  c  1440  Promp.  Para.  432/2  Rybbe, 
ynstrument,  rufa.  1483  Cat  A.  Angl.  306/2  A  Ryb  for 
lyne.  1530  PAI.SGB.  262/2  Ribbe  for  fl;>xe. 

Bib,  J*-1  [f.  RIB  s*-1  Cf-  MDu-  retten,  LG. 
ribben,  G.  rifpen  ;  Sw.  ribba  to  lath.] 

1.  trans .  To  furnish  or  strengthen  with  ribs  ;  to 
enclose  as  with  ribs. 

a  1547  SURREY  /Eneid  \\.  235  Which  masse  he  willed  to 
be  reared  hye  Toward  the  skies,  and  ribbed  all  with  oke. 
1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  u.  vii.  51  It  were  too  grose  To  rib 
her  searecloath  in  the  obscure  graue.  1611  —  Cymb.  in. 
i.  19  Your  Isle,  which  stands  As  Neptunes  Parke,  ribb'd, 
and  pal'd  in  With  Oakes  vnskaleable.  1618  FLETCHER 
Loyal  Subj.  I.  i,  Never  arms  more  Shall  rib  this  body  in, 
nor  sword  hang  here,  sir.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  v.  321  So  large 
he  [Ulysses]  built  the  raft;  then  ribb'd  it  strong  From  space 
to  space.  1766  in  Entick  London  IV.  207  He  only  ribbed 
the  outward  Cupola.  1791  E.  DARWIN  Bot.  Card.  I.  178 
The  diving  castles..  Ribb  d  with  strong  oak.  1858  GREENER 
Gunnery  244  A  fresh  Act  in  1815,  by  which  parties  receiv 
ing  any  barrel  to  rib,  stock,  &c.  1887  BOWEN  \-rirg.  ^Eneid 
\\.  16  The  Achaean  chieftains,  .build  them  a  horse,  Vast  as  a 
mountain,  and  rib  it  with  timbers  sawn  from  the  pine. 

fig.   1657  W.  MORICE  Coena  quasi  Koipij  x.  117  As  if  they 
would  ribbe  or  buttress  the  former  Argument. 
b.  To  form  the  ribs  of  (a  ship). 

1791  COWPER  Yardley  Oak  95  Solid  contents,  That  might 
have  ribb'd  the  sides  and  plank'd  the  deck  Of  some  flagg'd 
admiral. 

2.  To  mark  with  rib-like  ridges;   to   form  or 
shape  into  ridges. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII,  76  A  garment  of  Clothe 
of  Siluer,  of  Damaske,  ribbed  wyth  Clothe  of  Golde.  1817 
SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  vi.  xlvi,  The  wide  sky.. was  ribbed 
overhead  By  the  black  rafters.  1862  THORNBURY  Turner 
I.  281  Brown  lines  of  ink  that  quite  rib  the  paper.  1871  C. 
KINGSLEY  At  Last  v,  The  background  of  mountain,  ribbed 
and  gullied .  .by  the  tropic  rains. 

refi.  1877  BLACKMORE  Cripps  ii,  The  slimy  dips  of  the 
path  began  to  rib  themselves,  like  the  fronds  of  fern. 

b.  Agric.  To  plough  (land),  leaving  a  space 
between  the  furrows  ;  to  rafter  or  half-plough. 

1735  in  Agric.  Peeblesshire  155  That  no  ground  be  brunt 
..at  all  except  what  is  ribb'd.  1799  ROBERTSON  Agric. 
Perth  134  The  farmers  have  a  practice,  .of  ribbing  their 
land,  i.  e.  they  turn  up  and  leave  a  furrow  alternately.  1832 
Scoreby  Farm  Rep.  4  in  L.U.K.,Husb.  Ill,  When  the  land 
is  in  good  order,  one  horse  will  rib  about  three  acres  a  day. 
1851  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XII.  I.  124  It  would  be  found 
advantageous  to  rib  or  half-plough  the  land  across  in 
autumn. 

f  3.  (See  quot.)   Ots.-° 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  105^2  Terms  used  by  the 
Fletchers  or  Arrow-Makers.  . .  Ribbing  [the  feathers]  is 
cutting  the  side  skirts  away. 

4.  colloq.  (now  dial.).   To  beat  (one)  on  the  ribs. 
(So  LG.  ribben.) 
1723  MRS.  CENTLIVRE  Man's  Bewitched  in,  An  I  catch 

you  out  of  this  house,  by  the  Mass  I'll  rib  you.     1773  Ains. 

worth's  Lat.  Diet.  V,  Prxlumbo,  to  beat  well  about  the 

loins,  to  rib  one. 

6.  intr.  To  branch  off,  as  ribs  from  the  spine. 
1880  SIR  S.  LAKEMAN  Kaffir-land   95    A    deep    glen 

between  the  stony  ridges  that  ribbed  off  from  the  water- 
kloof  heights. 

t  Bib,  ».2     Ots.    Also  4  rebbe.     [f.  RIB  st.*, 


640 

or  a.  Du.  and  LG.  ribben,  G.  rippen.}  trans.  To 
rub  or  scrape  (flax  or  hemp)  with  a  flat  iron  tool 
in  order  to  remove  the  particles  of  core  adhering 
to  it  after  the  process  of  breaking. 


ispunne.  c  1440  Promp.  Pan.  433/1  Rybbyn 
flax,  hempe,  or  ober  lyke,  uutaxo.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  306/2 
To  Ryb  lyne  ;  costare,  ex-,  nebridare. 

Bibald  (ri-bald),  st.  and  a.  Forms  :  a.  3  pi. 
ribauz,  4  pi  ribaus,  4  ribaut ;  4-7  ribaud,  4,  6 
rybaud  (6  rybbaud) ;  4-6  ri-,  rybaude  (4-5 
re-) ;  4-5  rybawde  (5  ri-),  5-6  rebawde.  ft. 
4,  6-  ribald  (8  ribb-),  5-6  rybald,  Sc.  rebald, 
5  ribold;  5  re-,  6  ribalde;  5-6  rybaulde, 
ribaulde  (6  ribb-) ;  6  rybault,  6-7  ribauld. 
[a.  OF.  ribant,  -and,  -anlt,  -auld  (also  retail, 
rybault,  etc. ;  pi.  ribaus),  mod.F.  riband,  of  un 
certain  origin.  Hence  med.L.  ribalcins,  Sp.,  Pg., 
and  It.  ribaldo.  The  word  also  passed  into  the 
other  Teutonic  languages,  as  MDu.  ribaut,  ribald,  ' 
etc.,  MLG.  ribalt,  ribald-  (ribald-),  MUG.  ribalt, 
ON.  ribbaldi,  MSw.  ribalde,  riballe,  etc.,  MDa. 
ri-,  rybalde.] 

A.  st.  f  1.  One  of  an  irregular  class  of  re 
tainers  who  performed  the  lowest  offices  in 
royal  or  baronial  households,  especially  in  France 
during  the  I4th  and  igth  centuries,  and  were 
employed  in  warfare  as  irregular  troops ;  hence,  a 
menial  or  dependent  of  low  birth.  Ots. 

a  1240  Wohunge  in  O.  E.  Horn.  I.  279, 1  for  be  luue  of  be 
bolede  schome  and  bismere,  and  schomeliche  spatelmg  of 
unwurtt  ribauz.  13. .  K.  Alls.  1578  (Bodl.  MS.),  Noyse  is 
gret  wib  tabor  &  pype,  ..  Ribaudes  feste);  also  Wip  tripe. 
c-L-sipArth.tfMerl.  7557  (Kulbing),  He..toke  him  ribaudes 
bre  Jxjusinde,  pe  cuntre  to  brenne.  Ibid.  7573  Pis  ribaus 
bus..Ofersett  be  cuntre.  c  1400  Rom.  Rose  5673  Is  no  man 
wrecched,  but  he  it  wene,  Be  he  kyng,  knyght,  or  ribaude. 
1436  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  153  Ribawdes  armyd  with  lyrne 
and  stele,  Was  never  better  off  devyce.  1513  LD.  BERNERS 
Fraiss.  I.  cccxxxv.  525  The  iii.  day  they  ordayned  to  gyue 
a  sore  assaut,  sayeng  how  those  rybaudes  shulde  nat  longe 
endure  agaynst  them,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII, 
123  b,  When  the  menne  of  warre  wer  departed  the  rybaudes 
with  pykes,  iauelyne,  and  knyues,  fell  on  the  Enghshemen. 
1609  COKE  in  Gutch  Coll.  Cur.  I.  n,  I  find  of  ancient  time, 
that  if  a  Ribaud  had  stricken  a  Knight,.. he  should  have 
lost  his  hand.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.\.  Ixvi.  (1739) 
142  If  he  proceed  against  the  prohibition,  and  it  is  tryed  by 
Witnesses  of  two  ribaulds  [etc.]. 

fb.  King  of  the  ribalds,  an  officer  of  the  royal 
household  of  France,  who  had  jurisdiction  over 
!    crimes  committed  within  it,  vagrants  resorting  to 
it,  and  all  brothels  and  gaming-houses  about  the 
court.    Hence  used  allusively.  Ots. 

c  1400  Rom.  Rose  7302  '  Fals  Semblant,'  quod  Love, . . '  Sith 
I  thus  have  avaunced  thee,  That  in  my  court  is  thy  dwelling, 
And  of  ribaudes  shall  be  my  king'  [etc].  1599  THYNNE 
Animadv.  (1875)  71  He  is  called  '  Roye  des  Ribauldez ', 
whiche  is,  '  the  kinge  of  Ribaldes,  or  Harlottes ',  or  euill  or 
wicked  persons. 

f  2.  A  low,  base,  worthless,  or  good-for-nothing 
fellow  ;  a  varlet,  knave,  rascal,  vagabond.  Ots. 

o.  1301  Ballad  agst.  French  62  in  Ritson  (1877)  46  Goth, 
faccheth  me  the  traytours. . .  Tho  suor  the  Eorl  of  Semi 
Poul..,  We  shule  facche  the  rybaus  wher  thi  wille  be. 
1381  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  I.  225  In  Kent  this  kare  began,. . 
In  rowte  the  rybawdus  ran.  c  1394  P.  PI.  Crede  376  Loke 
a  ribaut  of  hem  bat  can  noujt  wel  reden.  c  1400  Brut  clxix. 
192  Wherfore  be  Scottes  chosen  to  bene  her  kyng,  William 
Walk,  a  rybaude,  an  harlot,  comen  vp  of  noujt.  c  1440 
Gesta.  Rom.  xxiii.  77  (Harl.  MS .),  He  seid  to  bemperour, '  O  ! 
ribawde,  seist  bou  that  bou  art  Emperourei'  1513  MORE 
C/iron.  (1641)  426  Drunkards  without  discretion,  rybauds 
without  reason.  1538  STARKEY  England  i.  iv.  140  In  such  a 
multytud  of  rybbaudys  as  be  now-a-days  in  the  ordur  of 
presthode.  1641  PRYNNE  Antipathic  237  In  despite  of  those 
Ribauds  (so  he  then  termed  the  Londoners). 

p.  c  1440  York  Myst.  xvi.  35  Arest  ?e  bo  rebaldes  bat  vn- 
rewly  are  rownand.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vi.  426  Off  this 
regioun  I  think  nocht  for  to  gang,  Quhill  tyme  that  I  sail  se 
that  rybald  hang.  is*6  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  140 
It  is  not  so,  but  ye  be  two  rybauldes  &  vagabundes.  1589 
NASHE  Martin  Marfrelate  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  156  Neither 
should  the  hangman  [tarry]  for  such  ribalds. 

t  3.  A  person  of  abandoned  character;  a  wicked, 
dissolute,  or  licentious  person.  Ots. 

o.  1340  Ayenb.  51  t>anne  he  becomb  ribaud,  holyer,  and 
byef.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xvi.  rsi  And  so  was  with  iudas 
po,  bat  I  nesus  bytrayed.  '  Aue  raby,'  quod  J>at  ribaude. 
c  1450  Mirour  Sahtacionn  (Roxb.)  6  More  ouer  scho  lykned 
hym  till  harlots  and  ribavdes.  1502  ARNOLDE  Chron.  (1811) 
93  Ye  shal  suffer  noo  maner  rybaudis  nor  none  of  euyll  lyuing 
.  .wythin  the  warde.  1570  FOXE  A.  fy  M.  (ed.  2)  115/1  Maxi- 
minus..wasa  Ribaud,  an  adulterer. 
fig.  '393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xvn.  46  Seuene  synnes  hat  ber 
been  bat  assailen  ous  euere, . .  And  with  richesse  tho  ribaudes 
rathest  men  by-gylen. 

0.   1456  SIR  G.  HAYE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  78  The  tane 
lufis  the  marchandis  and  labouraris,  and  the  tothir  rybauldis 
and  hasardouris.     1474  CAXTON  Chesse  in.   viii,  By. .the 
dyse  ben  represented  the  players  at  dyse,  Rybauldes  and 
butters.      1540-1  ELYOT  Image  Gov,  6  After  he  and^his 
ribauldes  had  saciate  with  theym  theyr  lecherouse  appetites. 
1500  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  i.  10  When  that  lewd  rybauld,  with 
vyle  lust  advaunst,  Laid  first  his  filthie  handson  virgin  cleene. 
fb.  [F.    ribaude   fern.]     A   woman    of   loose 
i   character ;  a  wanton.    Ots.  rare. 

14..   ffom.  in   Wr.-Wiilcker  693  Hie  et  htc  scnrrn,  a 


RIBALDOUSLY. 

rebalde.  1502  Ord.  Crystea  Men(\V  de  W.  1506)  n.  xviii. 
134  The  false  and  unfaythfull  rybaude.. hath  broken.. the 
maryage  bytwene  her  and  the  kynge  of  kynges.  1530 
PALSGR.  262/2  Ribalde,  a  \iomz.-a,ribaulde. 
4.  One  who  uses  offensive,  scurrilous,  or  impious 
language ;  one  who  jests  or  jeers  in  an  irreverent 
or  blasphemous  manner. 
In  early  examples  only  a  contextual  sense. 
c  1380  Sir  Ferumb.  4119  '  pow  lyest,  rybaud,  saide  he  fan, 
'  My  fader  was  kud  a  trewe  man '.  1393  LANGL.  f,  PI. 
C  vii  435  Ich  fedde  me  with  ale..a-mong  rybaudes,  here 
rybaudrye  to  huyre.  c  1400  Deslr.  Trey  7651  Ephistafus 
hym  presit..,  As  a  ribold  with  reueray  in  hisRoide  speche. 
1484  CAXTON  Chivalry  53  Janglours  and  rybauldes  that 
speke  of  putery  and  of  synne.  a  1529  SKELTON  Agst. 
Garncsche  iv.  79  What  eyly  the  the,  rebawde,  on  me  to  raue  1 
1573  Saiir.  Poems  Reform,  xl.  234  Harling  thame  befoir 
Princes  and  Kings,  As  rauing  Rebalds  rudelie  to  be  rent. 
1641  MILTON  Animacto.  Wks.  1851  III.  247  Fit  for  a  Scurra 
in  Trivia,  or  some  Ribald  upon  an  Ale-bench.  1735  POPE 
Prol.  Sat.  163  Yet  ne'er  one  sprig  of  laurel  grac  d  these 
ribalds.  1826  DISRAELI  Vtv.  Grey  v.  xiii,  To  insult  such  a 
woman  with  the  commonplace  sophistry  of  a  ribald.  1860 
All  Year  Round  No.  66. 378  [It]  changed  him  from  a  jeering 
ribald  into  an  admiring  spectator. 

Comb.  1586  W.  WEBBE  Eng.  Poelrie  (Arb.)  88  In  lestmg  <• 
it  must  be  obserued  that  it  bee  not  lacyuious  or  Rybaldhke. 
B.  adj.  Offensivelyabnsive,scurrilous,wantonly 
irreverent  or  impious,  a.  Of  persons  (and  birds). 
1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxvii.  45  Sanct  Girnega  did  glyd, 
Befoir  that  rebald  rowt.  c  1530  Court  of  Lcrvc  Ixix,  Dis 
guised  in  a  raie,  Ribaude  in  speche.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  <J- 
Cr.  iv.  ii.  9  The  busie  day,  Wak't  by  the  Larke,  hath  rouz  d 
the  ribauld  Crowes.  1703  ROWE  Ulyss.  I.  i,  Let  the  ribald 
Railer  learn  To  curb  the  lawless  Licence  of  his  Speech. 
1822  SHELLEY  Triumph  Life  136  The  ribald  crowd  that 
followed  them.  1868  J.  H.  BLUNT  Ref.  Ch.  Eng.  I.  356  A 
miserable  set  of  ribald  ballad  writers.  1890  R.  BRIDGES 
Shorter  Poems  iv.  xii.  73  A  ribald  cuckoo  clamoured. 
b.  Of  speech,  writing,  or  conduct. 
1508  DUNBAR  Fitting  68  To  red  thy  rebald  ryming  with 
a  rowt.  1621  QUABLES  Esther  1478  Foule  nbbauld  talke, 
and  lothsome  Drunkennesse.  1641  MILTON  Ch.  Gov.  11. 
Wks.  1851  III.  48  The  luxurious,  and  ribald  feasts  of  Baal- 
peor.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  o/Qual.  (1809)  1. 160  In 
conversations  of  ribald  entendre.  1780  BURKE  Wks.  1808 
III.  415  The  ribbald  invectives  which  occupy  the  place 
of  argument.  1835  W.  IRVING  Tour  Prairies  x,  Peals  of  . 
laughter  were  mingled  with  loud  ribald  jokes..  1855 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xii.  III.  204  In  the  most  riba  d  farces 
which  were  performed  by  mountebanks  in  Smithfield.  1882 
J.  H.  BLUNT  Ref.  Ch.  Eng.  II.  128  Some  ribald  tracts  of  Bale, 
i  Bi'baldail.  Sc.  Ots.  In  5  rybb-,  5-6  re- 
baldaill  (6  -aile).  [a.  OF.  ribau(f)daille,  f. 
prec.  (see  -AL  5).  Cf.  It.  ribaldaglia.]  Common 
fellows,  rabble  ;  low  company. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  i.  103  That  thai,  that  war  off  hey 
parage,  Suld  ryn  on  fute,  as  rebaldaill.  Ibid.  335  T  ill  swylk 
thowlesnes  he  jeid, . .  And  wmquhill  in-to  rybbaldaill.  KI  J 
DOUGLAS  Mneis  i.  Piol.  323  Sic  ar  the  peple  at  gams  best 
for  ws.  Our  werk  desiris  na  lewit  rebaldaill.  /'".«•  lx-  "Ql. 
43  A  knyght,  Quhamto  efleris  hant  na  rebalddaile. 
t  Bibalder.  Ots.  In  4  rybaudour(e,  ribaud- 
our,  6  ribaulder.  [f.  OF.  ribauder  to  play  the 
ribald.  Cf.  OF.  ribauderesse  fern.]  A  ribald. 

1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  vii.  66  lacke  >e  logelour..  And 
Robert  be  Ribaudour.  c  1589  These  s  Martimanae  27  buch 
a  ribaulder  as  this  is. 

t  Biba-ldlOUS,  a.  Ots.  rare.  Also  ribau(l)d-. 
[f.  RIBALD  st.  +-IGUS.]  =  RIBALDOUS. 

ciSio  BARCLAY  Mirr.  Gd.  Manners  (1570)  Anj,  [If  he] 
with  all  these  vices  haue  wordes  ribaudious,  What  is  more 
uncomely?    1602  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xnl.  Ixxvn.  320  T  hose 
ribaldious  plaies  To  them  erected. 
Hence  f  Biba'ldlously  adv.  Ots.-1 
c  1530  MORE  Anno.  FrMVfks.  1136/2  Such  a  rude  ruffyn 
..as Tinder  the  name  of  a  clarke,  so  ribauldiouslie  rayleth 
agaynst  the  blessed  body  of  Christ, 
t  Bi'baldise.  Ots.-1    In  5  rybauudise.     [a. 
OF.  ribau(l)dise.']     Debauchery. 

a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  164  The!  make  hem  forto 
haue  so  gret  delite  in  thaire  synne  and  rybauudise. 

tBi-baldisb.,«.  Ots.  rare.  [f.  RIBALD  +  -ISH.] 
Ribald-like. 

1532  TINDALE  Wks.  dS73)  "7/2  Full  of  wanton  and  ribald- 
ish  communication  &  lewde  gestures.  1621  Bp.  HALL 
Heauen  upon  Earth  §  23  The  Christian ..  m  comparison 
thereof  scorneth  the  idle,  ribaldish,  and  scurrilous  mirth  of 
the  prophane. 

t  Bi'baldly,  a.  Ots.  Also  6  ribauldly,  ri- 
bawdly.  [f.  RIBALD +  -LYI.  Cf.  MDu.  ribaude- 
liic.]  Ribald,  scurrilous. 

1583  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Dent.  Ixxxviii.  545  All  his  filthie 
and  Fibauldly  writings.  1587  -  Dt  Mornay  xxiii.  (1592) 
351  The  Deuils  or  wicked  spirits,  .delight,  in  filthy  and 
ribawdly  speech.  «6oo  O.  E.  (M.  SUTCLIFFE)  Reft.  L,bel 
viii.  194  A  certaine  ribaldly  frier  hath  published  a  most 
odious  discourse. 

tBi'baldOUS,  a.  Ots.  Forms:  5  rebawd-, 
rybad-,  6  ribaud-,  ri-,  rybawd- ;  ri-,  rybauld- 
ous(e.  [f.  RIBALD  st.}  =RIBALDROUS. 

la  1400  MorteArth.  456  With  syche  a  rebawdous  rowtte 
to  ryot  thy  seluene.  1533  MORE  Afol.  82  It  wolde  make 
a  good  stomake  to  vomyte  to  here  theyre  rybauldouse 
raylynge.  1540  TAVERNER  Pastils  Bb  ij  b,  Eschuyng..al 
rybawdouse,  al  villanous  and  foolyshe  wordes.  1505  COOPER 
Thesaurus,  £omWa,..ribaudous  iestyng  or  behauour. 

Hence  fBi'baiaously  adv.   Ots. 

1481  CAXTON /?<y«an/(Arb.)96  He..fowle  and  rybadously 
sklaundryth  me  wyth  her.  1532  MORE  Confut.  Tinaale 
Wks.  366/1  To  scorne,  to  mock,  .and  ribauldously  to  raile. 


BIBALDEIC. 

fEibaldrio  a.,  Ribaldrious  a,  Obs.   =next. 

1633  PRVNNE  ist  Pt,  Histriom.  68  Playes..  purged  from 
all  Ribaldrious,  Amorous,  Vnchast,  and  filthie  passages. 
1796  Mod.  Gulliver  205,  I  published  a  strain.. of  ribaldric, 
metaphoric,  abusive  invective. 

Ri  baldrous,  a.  Now  Obs.  or  arch.  Also  6 
riba(u)drous.  [f.  RIBALD  sb,  +  -(R)OUS.]  Of 
ribald  character ;  ribald. 

1565  COOPER  Thes.,  Carmina  obsccena^  ribaudrous  verses. 
1593  GREENE  Dispnt.  Wks.  (Grosart)  X.  247  He  ..  could 
gawll  out  many  quaint  and  ribadrous  ligges  and  songs. 
1623  T.  ROBINSON  Anat.  Eng.  Nunnery  13  They  sing  him 
ribaldrous  Son^s  and  jigs.  1633  PRVNNE  ist  Pt.  Histriom, 
65  Such  Christians  whose  tongues  are  tipt,  and  hearts  de 
lighted  with  Ribaldrous  Songs.  1794  Gent/.  Mag.  LXIV. 
II.  1133/1  What  is  thine  but  noisy  strife..,  Ribaldrous  and 
vacant  laugh  1  1839  HALLAM  Hist.  Lit.  n.  iv.  §  28  The 
usual  fault — vulgar  and  ribaldrous  invective.  Ibid.  \\\.  vii. 
§  35  If  he  turns  to  invective . .  it  is  mere  ribaldrous  vulgarity 
blended  with  pedantry. 

Ribaldry  (n-baldri).  Forms:  a.  4  riboud-, 
4-6  ri-,  rebaud-,  4-7  ribaud- ;  5  rebawd-,  5-6 
ri-,  rybawd-.  £.  5  ry-,6-;  ribauld-  ;  5-6  ry-, 
rebald-,  6  ribaldry  (7  ribb-).  Also  4  -ri,  4-5 
-rye,  4-7  -rie  ;  5  -ery.  [a.  OF.  re-,  ribau(l)d~ 
erie  (  =  Sp.,  Pg.,  and  It.  rihalderia}  :  see  RIBALD 
sb.  and  -RY.  So  MDu.  ribattderie.] 

t 1.  Debauchery,  lasciviousness,  vice.   Obs. 

a.  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  184  For  befte,  &  for  brepyng, 
vn-bonk  may  mon  haue  ;  For  roborrye,  &  riboudrye.  c  1386 
CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  P39oSchewyngofviceand  rybaudrieand 
seruage  of  synne.  1474  CAXTON  Chessc  20,  I  shal  say  that 
I  haue  slayn  you  for  your  rybaudrye.  1547  Bk.  of  Mar- 
chantes  d  v,  The  desyre  to  norishe  well.. their  rybawdry  or 
(as  the!  saye)  their  estate.  1367-9  JEWEL  Def.  Aj>ol.  (1611) 
345  Take  Harlots  away  from  among  men,  and  ye  fill  all  the 
Country  with  ribaudrie  and  villanie.  1635  PAGITT  Chris- 
tinnogr,  i.  iii.  (1636)  207  A  Jew  maide.. turned.. Christian 
that  she  might  freely  exercise  the  art  of  Ribaudrie. 

|3.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  v.  iv.  708  Al  his  men  he  lewit 
for  bi  In  til  al  tyme  oysse  rebaldry.  And  alkyn  wicis  at  bar 
wil.  1483  CAXTON  Cato  A  vi  b,  Dame  harlote  ye  come  from 
your  rybauldrye  as  ye  ben  acustomed.  1577  tr.  Bullinger** 
Decades  (1592)  200  Let  him  punish  dishonestie,  ribauldrie, 
filthy  lust.  1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  &  Their 
beastly  stage  plaiers  acted  such  nbauldry  as  was  a  shame 
[etc.].  1645  MILTON  Tetrach.  Wks.  1851  IV.  198  A  little 
purer  then  the  prerogative  of  a  legal  and  public  ribaldry. 

2.  Obscenity  or  coarseness  of  language,  fa  coarse 
tale,  a  rude  composition  ;  in  later  use,  scurrilous 
or  irreverent  jesting ;  coarse  or  wanton  mockery. 

a.  13..  Cursor  M.  23856  (Gott.),  Bot  war  a  ribaudri  vs 
tald,  Ufa  fantum. .,  pat  suld  we  hald  in  herte  stable.  1393 
[see  RIBALD  sb.  4],  £1460  Vrbanitatis  76  in  Babees  Book 
(1868)  15  Law3e  bou  not  with  no  grette  cry,  Ne  Rage  bou 
not  with  Rybawdry.  £-1460  Starts  Puer  ad  Mensam  44 
I  bid.  24  Swere  none  othes,  speke  no  ribawdrye.  1514  BAR- 
CLAY  Egloges  ii.  (1570)  B  ij,  On  eche  side  soundeth  foule 
speche  of  ribawdry.  1592  GKEENE  Disput.  Wks.  (Grosart) 
X.  270,  I.. still  delighted  in  iangling  Ditties  of  rybaudrie. 
1606  HOLLAND  Sueton.  250  So  skurnle  and  filthy,  that  he 
could  not  so  much  as  forbeare  words  of  ribaudrie. 

ft.  1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  Epil.,  Ressaue  this  roustie 
rurall  rebaldrie.  1589  NASHE^KH/.  Absurd.  Wks.  (Grosart) 
I.  43  Tender  youth  ought  to  bee  restrained  for  a  time  from 
the  reading  of  such  ribauldrie.  1601  B.  JONSON  Poetaster 
in.  Sv,  We  haue  as  much  ribaldrie  in  our  plaies,  as  can  bee. 
1682  SHEFFIELD  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  Ess.  Poetry,  Bare  ribaldry, 
that  poor  pretence  to  wit.  1711  STEELE  Spect.  No.  36  f  8 
To  the  great  Offence  of  chaste  and  tender  Ears,  they  learn 
Ribaldry,  obscene  Songs,  and  immodest  Expressions.  1759 
GOLDSM.  Polite  Learn,  xfii],  The  piece,  .pleases  the  galleries 
because  it  has  ribaldry.  1827  HALLAM  Const.  Hist.  ii.  (1876) 
I.  93  The  ribaldry  which  vulgar  protestants  uttered  against 
their  most  sacred  mystery.  1886  RUSKIN  Prseterita  I.  399 
An  article  in  Blackwood's..  of  sufficiently  telling  ribaldry. 

personif.  1781  COWPER  Table-T.  729  Satire  has.. done  his 
best,  and  curst  And  loathsome  ribaldry  has  done  his  worst. 

f  3.  a.  Rabble,  canaille.  Obs.  rare. 

*55°  J-  COKE  Eng.  <$•  Fr.  Heralds  (1877)  §  190.  112  The 
sayde  rybaldry  callyng  them  selves  Hungariens.  Ibid.  §  201. 
115, 1  dare  let  slyp  a  .C.  good  yomen  of  England  or  Wales 
to  .V'.  of  such  ribaldry. 

t  b.  A  trumpery  toy.   Obs.  rare  ~*. 

1594  CAREW  Hnarte's  Exam.  Wits  (1596)  183  To  make 
clocks,  pictures,  poppets  and  other  ribaldries  which  are  im 
pertinent  to  mans  service. 

t  4.  attrib.  or  as  adj.    Obscene,  indecent.  Obs. 

1519  HORMAN  Vitlg.  62  b,  I  consayle  the  refrayne  thyselfe 
fro  such  foule  and  rebaudry  wordes.  1547  BOORDE  Brev. 
Health  clxiii.  58  b,  With  out  swerynge  or  slaunderynge,  and 
rybaldry  speaking.  1592  NASHE  Four  Lett.  Confut.  Wks. 
(GrosarL)  II.  247  Such  a  ribauldry  Don  Diego  as  thou  art. 
1633  PRYNNE  ist  Pt.  Histriom.  225  Not  onely  Drunken- 
nesse,  Luxury,  Playes,  and  ribaldry  Songs.  1638  JUNIUS 
Paint.  Ancients  124  It  hath  been  pleasing,  .to  drinke  in 
ribautdrie  abominations. 

tRi'baldy,  sb.  Obs.  Forms:  4  ribod-,  5 
rybod-,  reboud-  ;  3-5  ri-,  4-5  rybaud-  ;  5  re-, 
ribawd-;  5  rybbald-,  8  ribbaldy.  Also  3-4 
-ie  (4  -i,  -e),  4-5  -ye.  fa.  OF.  ribaudie,  -auldie 
(  =  med.L.  and  Pg.  ribaldia) :  see  RIBALD  and  -Y. 
So  MDu.  rtbaudie.']  Ribaldry. 

ci29o  St.  George  30  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  294  pov  schalt  in 
oj>ere  ribaudies  sone  daises  beo  i-do.  13..  K.  Alts.  21 
(BodL  MS.),  Wei  fele . .  Beeb  yfounde . .  J>at  hadden  leuer  a 
ribaudye  J>an  here  of  god.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Pard.  T.  Prol. 
38  Nay,  lat  hym  telle  vs  of  no  ribaudye.  ^1440  Jacob's  Well 
217  Whanne  pou  openyst  (>in  erys  to  here  flatereris,  or  lyerys, 
bacbyterys,  or  rybaudye.  1482  Monk  of  Evesham  (Arb.) 
74  They  that  spake  wordis  of  reboudye.  .were  ponysshte. 

t  Hrbaldy,  a.     Obs.  rare.     Also  5  ribaudy. 
[f.  RIBALD +  -Y.1     Ribald. 
VOL.  VIII. 


641 

1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  vn.  viii.  (1554)  171  They  wer  proud, 
ribaudy,  lecherous,  Cruel.  1600  O.  E.  ^  (M.  JSUTCUFFE) 

Repl.Libclv.  124  Hath  not.. a  ribaldy  lying  frier,  .sought 
to  dishonour  her  Maiestie? 

Riband  (ri-band),  sb.  Now  arch.  Forms:  a. 
4-6  ryban  (5  -anne),  reban  (6  -en),  4-7  riban, 
5,  7  ribban;  4-5  ribane,  5  ry-,  rebane,  rebayn; 
5,  7  riben.  )3.  5-6  ryband,  6  re-,  6-  riband  ; 
6  ri-,  ry-,  reabande ;  5  ribawnde,  6  rebaund; 
5  ro-,  6  rybende.  7.  6-9  ribband.  See  also 
RIBBON  and  RUBAN.  [a.  OF.  riban,  ruban  (i3th 
cent.),  of  obscure  origin  :  possibly  a  Teutonic  com 
pound  of  which  the  second  element  is  band.'} 

1.    =  RIBBON  sb.  I.     a.  Without  article. 

a.  139  .  Earl  Derby's  Exped.  (Camden)  285  Pro  reban 
aureo  pro  domino.  1411  Close  Roll  13  Hen.  If,  zli.  Ryban 
et  Frenge*.  1463  Mann.  $  Housch.  Exp.  (Roxb.)  238  For  a 
gyrdyll  off  reban,  ij..r.  1520  MS.  Ace.  St.  John's  Hos/>.t 
Canterb.,  Payd  for  reban  to  mend  ij  vestmentis.  1525  will 
ofj.  Williams  (Somerset  Ho.),  Ryban  of  silk.  1712  STEELE 
Spect.  No.  478  f  7  Bows  of  Riban. 

ft.  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  432/2  Ryband,  of  a  clothe  (A", 
ribawnde  or  Hour. .),  limbtis.  1477-9  ^ec.  St.  Mary  at  Hill 
(1905)  80  Rebende  of  diuerse  colowris,  iiij  s,  1534  Im>. 
Wardr.  Kath.  Arragon  in  Camden  Misc.  (1855)  40  Three 
bookes  . .  tyed  with  grene  reabande.  1581  in  Feuillerat 
Revels  Q.  Eliz.  (1908)  344-5  Ribande  of  silk  of  sondrye 
Colours.  1592  SHAKS.  Rom.  $  Jitl.  in.  i.  32  Did'st  thou  not 
fall  out.. with  another,  for  tying  his  new  shooes  with  old 
Riband  ?  1870  DICKENS  E.  Drood  xiii,  The  housemaids  had 
been  bribed  with  various  fragments  of  riband. 

y.    1784  COWPER  Task  i.  537  In  cloak.. trimm'd  With  lace, 
and  hat  with  splendid  ribband  bound.     i8zz  I.MISON  Set.  <$• 
Art  II.  100  Any  substance,  as  a  piece  of  ribband. 
b.  \Vith  a  and//. 

o.  1377  LANC;L.  P.  PI.  B.  n.  16  Hire  robe.. of  red  scarlet 
engreyned,  With  ribanes  of  red  golde.  ^1384  CHAUCER 
H.  Fame  1318  Many  ryban  and  many  frenges  Were  on  her 
clothes,  c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  8049  Here  hodes  dyght 


VIII.  120  Pro..iij  unciis  de  ribban ys.  1520  Test.  Ebor. 
(Surtees)  V.  119  To  Marjory  Con  ye  rs  a  yolow  ryban.  12x674 
CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  vm.  (1703)  II.  408  They  had  marched, 
from  the  time  they  left  Oxford,  with  Orange-Tawny  Scarfs 
and  Ribbans. 

/?.  ci475  Pict.  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  792  Hie  limbns^  a 
rebant.  1503  Cal.  Doc.  Scot.  IV.  346  Garnysshed  with 
ryngs  and  rebaunds  convenable.  1535  COVERDALE  Song  Sol. 
iv.  3  Thy  Hppes  are  like  a  rose  coloured  rybende.  1592 
GREENE  Groat's  W.  Wit  (1617)  14  She.  .returned  him  a  sillce 
Riband  for  a  fauour.  1604  SHAKS.  Ham,  iv.  vii.  79  (Q.  2),  A 
very  riband  \pr.  ribaud]  in  the  cap  of  youth.  ci6ir  CHAPMAN 
Iliad  xxii.  408  Her  Coronet,  Call,  Ribands,  Vaile.  1768- 
74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  619  The  wearing  a  particular 
coloured  riband  upon  a  certain  festival.  1778  Miss  BURN*F.V 
Evelina  x,  They  recommended  caps  and  ribands.  1810 
WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1837)  VII.  40  Whether  they 
might  not  wear  the  riband  of  the  medal  at  the  button  hole, 
1848  LA  YARD  Nineveh  ix.  (1850)  218  Ornamented  with  long 
ribands  or  streamers,  1885  RUNCIMAN  Skippers  fy  Sh.  i 
The  wake  coiled  away  like  a  pale  riband. 

V.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  x.  8  On  which  this  shield.  .Was 
hangd  on  high  with  golden  ribbands  laced.  1611  BIBLE 
Num.  xv.  38  Bidde  them,  .that  they  put  vpon  the  fringe  of 
the  borders  a  ribband  of  blew.  1643  CHAS.  I  Wks.  (1662) 
II.  341  [They]  should  have  been  all  killed.. that  had  not 
such  a  Word  or  wore  not  such  a  Ribband.  1711  STEELE 
Spect.  No.  4  F  5  She  has  stolen  the  Colour  of  her  Ribbands 
from  another.  1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  541  Her  head,  adorn'd 
with  lappets  pinn'd  aloft,  And  ribbands  streaming  gay.  1828 
SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xi,  A  small  scrip,  suspended,  .by  a  blue 
silk  ribband,  hung  on  her  left  side. 

c.   =  RIBBON  sb.  2. 

1766  H.  WALPOLE  Let.  to  Sir  H.  Mann  29  Feb.,  You  have 
seen  this  divinity  [i.e.  the  Duke  of  York],  and  have  prayed 
to  it  for  a  Riband. 

2.  Her.  =  RIBBON  sb.  3. 

156*  LEIGH ^Armorie  nob,  He  beareth  Or,  a  Riband, 
Gueules.  This  conteineth  in  bredeth,  the  eight  parte  of  ya 
bende,  and  viii.  of  these  make  a  bende.  157*  BOSSEWELL 
Armorie  12  A  Ribande.  .is  of  it  selfe  mettall,  and  so  beyng 
it  is  a  secret.  1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  n.  v.  (1660)  61. 
17*7-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Bend,  A  cost,  which  is  the 
fourth  part  of  a  bend  ;  and  a  ribband,  which  is  the  moiety 
of  a  cost.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VIII.  448/1  Argent,  a 
Ribband  Gules.  1868  CUSSANS  Her.  (1893)  57  The  Riband 
does  not  extend  to  the  extremities  of  the  shield;  its  ends 
being  couped,  or  cut  off. 

3.  f  a.  St.  Johnston* s  riband^  a  halter.  Sc.  Obs. 
1774  ADAMSON  Muse's  Tkrenodie  119  Hence  of  Saint 

Johnston's  ribband  came  the  word  In  such  a  frequent  use, 
when  with  a  cord  They  threaten  rogues. 
b.  //.  Reins.     =  RIBBON  sb.  4  b. 
1840  BARIIAM  Ingot.  Leg.  Ser.  i.  St.  Odille^  If  once  she 
contrives  To  get  nold  of  the  ribands.    1857  MONCRIEFP 
Bashful  Man  H.  iv,  Shouldn't  have  any  objection,  .to  let 
you  handle  the  ribands  for  a  stage  or  two. 

4.  a.  A  narrow  strip  ^/"something;  an  object  re 
sembling  a  ribbon  in  form  ;   =  RIBBON  sb.  5  d. 

1801  Encycl.  Brit.  Suppl.  II.  517/2  It  is  upon  this  stripe 
or  riband  of  cotton  wool  that  the  operation  of  spinning 
begins.^  1834  M^MURTRIE  darter's  Anim.  Kingd.  271  The 
branchiae  form  a  single  tube  or  riband.  1837  W.  iRViNGCa^. 
Bonncville  II.  223  Upon  the  narrow  riband  of  ice  that  bor 
dered  the  shore.  1890  W.  J.  GORDON  Foundry  21  The  long 
steel  tube . .  is  wrapped  round  and  round  by  a  riband  of  steel. 
b.  //.  Tom  strips;  shreds,  tatters. 

1818  MRS.  SHELLEY  Frankenst.  \.  (1865)  42  The  tree  was 
not  splintered  by  the  shock,  but  entirely  reduced  to  ribands 
of  wood.  1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Rudge  xlix,  With  their 
clothes  hanging  in  ribands  about  them.  1865  KINGSLEV 
Herew,  vi,  The  clouds  tore  up  into  ribands. 
o.  spec.  (See  quot.) 


RIBANDIST. 

I  1886  Amer.  Nat.  July  675  Riband,  a  term  applied  to  the 
stripes  painted  on  arrow-shafts,  generally  around  the  shaft- 
ment.  These  ribands  have  been  called  clan-marks, ..etc. 

6.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  Attrib.,  in  sense  '  made 
of  ribbon,  resembling  a  ribbon  *,  as  riband  cockade, 

I    lace,  ligature,  wick. 

1585  1'.  WASHINGTON  tr. Nicholas's  Voy,  n.  vii.  37  [They] 
fasten  their  sleeues  aboue  with  silk  ryband  lace  of  diuers 
colours.  1793  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXIV.  98  A  very  excellent 

'  common  lamp,  with  a  riband  wick.  i8oa  JAMES  JMilit. 
Diet.  s.v.,'i'he  Riband  Cockade,  which  is  given  to  recruits, 

:    is  commonly  called  colours.     1826  S.  COOPER  First  Lines 

I  Snrg.  (ed.  5)  104  The  history  of  the  broad  tape,  or  riband 
ligature. 

b.  Misc.,   as    riband-like,    -shaped,    -wreathed 
adjs. ;  riband-maker,  -manufacturer,  -weaver. 

£1515  Cocke  Lorell's  B.  10  Goldesheres.keueichef,  launds, 
and  reben  makers.  1615  CHAPMAN  Odyss,  iv.  329  Their 
riband-wreathed  wines  brought  fruit  and  cakes.  1722  DP: 
FOE  Plague  (1884)  31  Ribband  Weavers.  1826  Ribband 
manufacturer  [see  BuoADrt.  i  c].  1836-9  Todd's  Cycl.  Anat. 
II.  203/2  A  strip  of  continuous  riband-shaped  membrane. 
a  1843  SOUTHEY  Comm.-pl.  Bk.  (1849)  Ser.  n.  604  We  per 
ceived  in  the  water.. a  sort  of  riband-like  object,,  .which 
had  the  direct  form  and  figure  of  a  snake. 

c.  Special  combs. :  riband  coal,  conspiracy, 
cream,   -fish,   -grass,  gurnard,   jasper,    snail, 

i  snake,  -stone,  wave,  weed  (see  quots.  and  cf. 
RIBBON  sb.  9  d,  10). 

1796  KIKWAN  Elew.  Min.  (ed.  2)  II.  56  Fifth  Variety  [of 
1    coal]  from  Irwine.., black,  presents  layers  in  contrary  direc 
tions,  hence  often  called  *Riband  Coal.    1858  lllnstr.  Titties 
4  Dec.  381  The  *Riband  conspiracy  is  extensively  revived. 
1769  MRS.   RAFFALD  Eng.  Hoitsekpr.  (1778)  250  To  make 
*Ribband  Cream.  Take  eight  quarts  of  new  milk  [etc.].   1751 
EDWARDS  Nat.  Hist.  IV.   210  The  *Ribhand  Fish.     1836 
YARRELL   Brit.    Fishes    I.    224    Red    Bandfish,   Snakefish, 
Ribbandfish.      1854    BADHAM   Halient.    232    Leaving    the 
Mackerel  family,  we  come  next  to  that  of  the  Taenioides,  or 
riband-fish.  1793-8  NEMNiCH/Wjy/0/  Lex,  \,  957  *Ribband 
grass,  arundo  picta.       1854  ADAMS,  etc.  Man.  Nat.  Hist. 
joi  *Riband-C*urnards  (LepidosoHiatidse).     Body  anguilli- 
form,    sword -shaped.      1809    KIDD   Ontl.    Min.    I.   207    It 
i     is  called  *ribband  jasper  from  the  striped   disposition  of 
1    these  [colours].     1852  TH.  Ross  tr.  Hnmboldt's  Trav.  III. 
xxvi.  93  Some  fine  pieces  of  riband  jasper,  or  Egyptian 
pebbles.     1900  E.  S,  DANA   Text-Bk.  Min.  327  Striped  or 
riband  jasper  has  the  colors  in  broad  stripes.     1752  J-  HILL 
,     Hist.  Anim.  192  The  horn-coloured,  depressed,  fasti.ited 
cochlea.  The  Jamaica  *Ribband-snail.     1815  BURROW  Con- 
1    chol.  204  Helix  Zonaria,  Ribband  Snail.     1791  W.  BARTRAM 
Carolina  271  The  *ribband  snake  is  another  very  beautiful 
innocent  serpent.     1883  GRESLEY  Gloss,  Coal-mining  203 
* Riband-stone ',    sandstone    in   thin    layers    alternating    in 
colour,  generally  light  and  dark  grey.   1832  J.  RENNIECV»AJ/. 
,    Butterff.  ft  M.  142  The  "Ribband  Wave  (Acidalia  aver- 
sata,  Stephens)  appears  in  June,  July,  and  beginning  of 
,    September.     1866   Trcas.    Bot.  981/2    *  Riband-Weed,  the 
•    commQn  name  in  some  districts  of  the  ordinary  form  of 
Laminaria  saccharina. 

Ri'band,  ^-  Now  arch.  Also  5-9  ribband ; 
and  pa.  pple.  4  i-rybaunt,  5  ribaned,  6  ribband, 
[f.  the  sb.,  or  ad.  F.  rubaner^\  trans.  To  adorn 
or  trim  with  (or  as  with)  ribands. 

a,    1362  LANGL.  P.  PL  A.  n.  13  In  Red  Scarlet  heo  Rod 

1     I-Rybauntwithgold.  c 1400 Rom.  Rose  4752  Ragges,  ribaned 

with  gold,  to  were,      c  1430  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhode  n.  civ. 

I    (1869)  113, 1  make  hoodes  purfyled  with  silke  and  ribaned 

i    with   gold  aboute.    c  1480   HENRYSON    Garment    of  Gvde 

I    Ladies  v,  Her  gown  suld  be  of  gudliness,  Weill  ribband 

with  renowne. 

ft.    1642  HOWELL  For.  Trav.  (Arb.)  65  Others  by  a  phan- 

tastique  kind  of  ribanding  themselvs..do  make  themselves 

knowne  to  have  breathed  forraine  ay  re.     1833  L.  RITCHIE 

\     Wand,   by  Loire  182  A  cap,  laced   and   ribanded   in  all 

,    manner  of  zig-zags.     1837  Penny  Cycl.  IX.  451/1  Species 

'    which  have,  .the  whorls  of  the  spire  flat  and  ribanded.    1840 

I    H.  AINSWORTH   Tower  of  London  9  A  cloak  of  crimson 

satin,  ..ribanded  with  nets  of  silver. 

y.  1485  Rutland  Papers  (Camden)  23  A  surcote  of  purpill 

velwet  . .  ribbanded  with  gold  at   the   colar,  hands,  and 

speris.     1599  B.  JONSON  Cynthiefs  Rev.  v.  ii,  Your  mistris 

appeares.  .ribbanded  with  greene  and  yellow.     1795  BURKE 

Regie.  Peace  iv.  Wks.  IX.  46  Now  they  are.  .powdered  and 

perfumed  and  ribbanded  and  sashed  and  plumed.      18x2 

i    Examiner  12  Oct.  652/2  So  to  ribband,   to  fur,.. and  to 

fringe.. men  is.. degrading  their  humanity.     1880  GOSSE  m 

I    Ward's  Eng.  Poets  II.  126  Ribbanding  the  may-pole  as 

I    though  it  were  the  cone-tipped  rod  of  Dionysus. 

Hence  B-i'banded  ppl.  a. 

1598  MARSTON  Sco.  Villanie  167  Castilios,,  .court-boyes, 
Spanish  blocks,  Ribanded  eares.  a  1625  FLETCHER,  etc.  Fair 
Maid  /«>;  in.   i,  One   that . .  has  miraculously  purchase  a 
i    ribanded  wastcote. 

Riband,  variant  of  RIBBAND  sb.  and  v. 
Ri  banding.     Also  ribb- ;  and  rib(b)aning. 
ff.  RIBAND  sb.  or  v .]     Ribbons ;  ribbon-work. 

?« 1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  1077  A  robe.. With  orfrays 
leyd  was  everydel,  And  portrayed  in  the  ribaninges  Of 
dukes  stories,  and  of  kynges.  ci6oo  CHALKHILL  Thealma 
,  3-  CL  (1683)  51  White  Buskins  lac'd  with  ribbanding  they 
wore.  1648  HERRICK  Hesper.^  To  the  Maids  to  tvalke 
Abroad^  What  gloves  we'l  give,  and  Ribanings.  Jbid.t 
Temple,  The  Trout-flies  curious  wings,  Which  serve  for 
watched  Ribbanings.  1855  LD.  LYTTON  Poet.  Wks.  1867  I. 
ice  That  windeth  in  and  windeth  out,  Under  those  bright 
n  bandings. 

Ri'bandisni.   rare.  =  RIBBOMSM. 

1848  Edin.  Rev.  LXXXVII.  230  Roman  Catholic  bigotry, 
or  Orangeism,  or  Ribbandism.  1888  Times  (weekly  ed.) 
13  Apr.  7/2  A  place,  .notorious  as  a  centre  of  Land  League 
riband  ism. 

So  Bi'bandist,  a  Ribbonman. 

1813  Ann.  Reg.  61  The  judge  dismissed  both  Orangemen 
and  Ribandists. 

81 


RIBANDMAN. 
Ri  bandman.   rare.  =RIBBOKMAN. 

1820  Land.  Mag.  Mar.  356/2  The  detachment  of  police 
stationed  at  Ballintubber  succeeded,  -in  apprehending  four 
ribband-men.  1858  Illustr.  Times  4  Dec.  381  The  calcula 
tions  of  the  Ribandmen. 

Ri-bandry.  rare.  [f.  RIBAND  sb.  +  -HY.]  Rib 
bons  collectively. 

1813  BYRON  Age  of  Bronze  ix.  430  The  show  is  rich  in 
ribandry  [1824  ribbonry]  and  stars.  1818  Blackm.  Mag. 
XXIV.  49  The  leghorn  has  fallen  back,  with  its  flaunting 
ribbandry. 

Ribaud^e,  obs.  forms  of  RIBALD. 

t  Rlbau'dekin.  Obs.  In  5  -kyn,  rebawd- 
kin,  rybawdekyn.  [a.  OF.  ribaudequin,  -kin,  - 
MDu.  ribaudekijn,  -kin,  app.  a  dim.  of  ribaud 
RIBALD.  Sp.  ribadoquin  is  prob.  from  French.] 
A  kind  of  cannon  used  in  mediaeval  jwarfare. 

i 
de: 

1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  I.  xxv'ii.  82  Semblable  engyns  as 
ben  thoo  that  now  be  called  rybawdekyns. 

Ribaudery,  obs.  form  of  RIBALDET. 

[Ribaudred,  a  corrupt  reading  in  Shaks.  Ant. 
&  Cl.  in.  x.  10  which  has  not  yet  been  satisfactorily 
emended.] 

Ribaudri(e,  Ribauld(e,  Ribawd(ry,  etc., 
obs.  forms  of  RIBALD(KY. 

II  Ribazuba.  Obs.  Also  ribzuba.  [f.  Russ. 
ptlfla  ruiba  fisli  +  syfjb  zub'  tooth.]  Walrus  ivory. 

1591  FLETCHER  Russe  Common™.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  13  The  fishe 
tooth  (which  theycal  ribazuba). . .  The  fish  that  weareth  it  is 
called  a  morse.  1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Traa.  (1677)  298 
The  hilts  are  without  wards,  being,  .sometimes  of  the  Rib- 
zuba  or  Morses  teeth. 

Ribband  (ri-band),  sb.  Also  8-9  rib-band,  9 
riband.  [Taken  as  f.  RIB  si.1  +  BAND,  but  possi 
bly  a  transferred  use  of  ribband,  var.  of  RIBAND 
sb. :  cf.  RIBBON  sb.  8.] 

1.  In  shipbuilding,  a  long  narrow  flexible  piece 
of  timber,  of  which  a  number  are  nailed  or  bolted 
externally  to  the  ribs  of  a  ship  from  stem  to  stern, 
to  keep  them  temporarily  in  position. 

1711  W.  SUTHERLAND  Shipbuild.  Assist.  163  RibbonSj  or 
Rib-bands ;  so  called  from  binding  the  Ribs  or  Ship's 
Timber  together.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v., 
The  ribbands,  being  judiciously  arranged  with  regard  to 
their  heighth  and  distance  from  each  other,.. will  compose 
a  kind  of  frame  [etc.],  c  1850  Rudim.  Navig.  (Weale)  141 
The  difference  between  cant  ribands  and  square  or  horizon 
tal  ribands  is,  that  the  latter  are  only  ideal,  and  used  in 
Wiying  off.  1874  THEARLE  Naval  Archit.  23  The  ribbands 
are  sometimes  placed  just  below  the  lines  of  the  sirmarks. 
.  .The  ribband  is  made  of  5  in.  or  6  in.  fir  quartering. 

b.  attrib,,  as  ribband  batten,  carvel,  line,  nail 
(see  quots.). 

'797  Rncycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVII.  378/1  Ribband  lines,  are 
curves  on  a  ship's  bottom  by  the  intersection  of  a  plane  in 
clined  to  the  plane  of  elevation.  1:1850  Rudim.  Navig. 
(Weale)  141  Ribund  Iiws,\hz  same  as  diagonal  lines.  Ibitf. 
134  Riband  nails  are  similar  to  weight  nails,  with  this 
difference,  that  they  have  large  round  heads,  so  as  to  be 
more  easily  drawn.  1874  THEARLE  Naval  Archit.  27  The 
ribbands  ..  are  simply  checked  with  breadth  staffs  and 
marked  with  ribband  battens.  1879  Outing  XXX.  228/1 
The  hull  is  of  ribband-carvel  construction. 

2.  In  launching  vessels,  a  square  timber  fastened 
on  the  outer  side  of  the  bilge-ways,  to  prevent  the 
cradle  from  slipping  outwards. 

1779  Phil.  Trans.  LXX.  106  From  this  fore  and  aft  piece 
or  ribband  to  the  ship's  side,  and  from  it  to  the  uprights  in 
the  middle,  were  placed  two  rows  of  diagonal  shores.  1879 
Casselts  Techn.  Educ.  IV.  223/2  The  ribbands  are  secured 
to  the  sliding-ways,  and  strongly  shored  to  the  sides  of  the 
ship,  in  order  to  prevent  the  bilge-ways  from  moving 
further  apart. 

3.  Mil.  A  wood  scantling  used  in  the  construc 
tion  of  a  gun  or  mortar  platform. 

1859  F.  A.  GRIFFITHS  Artil.  Man.  (1862)  256  The  planks 
may  be  confined  by  two  ribbands  (which  are  pieces  of  wood 
of  the  same  length,  but  weaker  scantling  than  the  sleepers). 
1879  .Man.  Artill.  Exerc.  81  Five.. sleepers,  held  down  by 
eye-bolt  or  coach  screws,  with  or  without  ribands. 

4.  A  light  spar  used  in  the  construction  of  a 
pontoon-bridge. 

1899  Westm.  Gaz.  8  Dec.  2/1  Across  these  are  placed 
planks  called  '  chesses  ',  which  are  secured  in  their  places  by 
long  and  light  spars  termed  '  ribands '. 

Hence  Ri'bband,  v.,  to  secure  with  ribbands. 

c  iSsoR'idim.  Navig.  (Weale)  118  The  frames  are  ribanded 
and  shored. 

Ribband,  var.  RIBAND  sb.  and  v. ;  RIBBIN  Obs. 

t  Bib-baste,  v.  Oh.-"  [f.  RIB  rf.i  +  BASTE 
».3]  (See  quots.)  Hence  t  Bib-basting  vbl.  sb. 

1598  FLORIO,  Stringarc,  to  beate,  to  bang  or  ribbaste 
one.  i6tl  —  Rifrustare,  to  beat,  to  bang,  to  swadle,  or 
rib-baste  with  rod  or  cudgell.  1639  TORRIANO,  Ri/rusto,  a 
swadling  or  rib-basting  with  a  rod  or  cudgel. 

Ribbauld(e,  obs.  forms  of  RIBALD. 

Ribbed  (ribd),  ///,  a.  Also  6  rybbed.  [f. 
RIB  sb.l  or  ».l] 

1.  With  qualifying  word  prefixed  :  Having  ribs 
of  a  specified  kind  or  number,  or  arranged  in  a 
certain  way. 

1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  75  The  .ix.  propertyes  of  an  oxe. 
The  fyrste  is,  to  be  brode-rybbed.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny 
xxv.x.  II.23I  For  otherwise  ribbed  they  be  and  full  uf  veins, 


642 

as  like  as  may  be  to  Plantaine.  1602  MARSTON  Antonio's 
Rev  v  i  I  am  as  gant  as  leane  ribd  famine.  1603  SHAKS. 
Meas.  for  M.  m.  i.  123  In  thrilling  Region  of  thicke-ribbed 
Ice.  1684-88  [see  FLAT  a.  14].  1707  ioW.Goz.  No.  4391/4  A 
bay  gelt  Horse,,  .well  made  and  well  ribb'd.  1753  CHAMBERS 
Cl'cl  Suppl.  s.v.  Plantago,  The  three-ribbed  mountain- 
plantain.  .828  SIR  J.  SMITH  Eng.  Flora  II.  118  Calyx-leaves 

.  obscurely  five-ribbed.     1857  HENFREY  Bat.  §  85  Straight- 
ribbed  leaves  occur  not  unfrequently  in  Dicotyledons.    1874 
RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  *  Mining  39  These  are  either  very 
close-ribbed,  or  else  simply  perforated  [etc.]. 
b.  Having  ribs  like  something  specified. 

1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  ff  P.  178  A  Leaf  of  the  like 
Bigness,  but  ribbed  like  our  Plantain. 

2.  Having  ribs   or   ridges ;   marked  with  ribs  : 
a.  Of  leaves,  plants,  shells,  etc.     Ribbed  grass, 
=  RIB-GKASS. 

1742  SHF.NSTONE  Scln'.'lmistr,  103  Radish. .And  plantain 
ribb'd  that  heals  the  reaper's  wound.  1752  J.  HILL  Hist. 
Anim.  i45Theribbed  Music-shell.  i784TwAMLEY.Da/o</«£- 
Exemp.  113  Ribwort,  ribbed  grass.  1796  WITHERING  Brit.  < 
Plants  (ed!  3)  I.  248  The  permanent  involucrum.  .is  egg- 
shaped,  compressed,  ribbed.  1851  WOODWARD  MMuscal. 
46  Races  of  Neritina,.  .with  whorls  ribbed  or  keeled.  1861 
BENTLEY  Man.  Sot.  153  These  ribbed  leaves  have  frequently  ; 
a  great  resemblance  to  parallel-veined  leaves.  1871  T.  R. 
JONES  Anim.  Kingd.  (ed.  4)  65  The  interior  of  the  capsules 
has  a  slightly  ribbed  or  striated  appearance. 

Comb.  1846  DANA  Zooph.  (1848)  175  Calicles  remotely 
ribbed-angular,  not  dentato-echinate. 

b.  Of  knitted  or  woven  fabrics. 

1787  Phil.  Trans.  LXXVII.  397  It  is  ribbed  longitudinally 
like  a  ribbed  stocking.  1834-6  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VIII. 
748/1  Ribbed  stocking-frame  . .  ,  employed  for  working 
stripes  or  ribbed  stockings.  1840  DICKF.NS  Old  C.  Shop  xlvi, 
A  waistcoat  of  ribbed  black  satin.  1882  CAULFEILD  £ 
SAWARD  Diet.  Needlework  125/1  Ribbed  Stitch.— This 
stitch  is  also  called  Russian  Stitch. 

c.  In  miscellaneous  applications. 

1798  COLERIDGE  Anc.  Mar.  iv.  i, Thou  art  long,  and  lank, 
and  brown,  As  is  the  ribb'd  sea-sand.  1815  J-  SMITH  Pano 
rama  Sci.  <$•  Art  I.  163  The  ribbed  roofs,  which  are  rich 
without  being  gorgeous.  1862  BURTON  Bk.-hunter  56  Their 
dwarfish  ribbed  backs  like  those  of  ponderous  folios.  1887 
FURNIVALL  R.  Brunne's  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  Introd.  p.  xix, 
Two  manuscripts,.. of  the  old  ribbed  paper  of  about  the 
middle  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

d.  Eibbed-nose  baboon,  the  mandrill. 

1771  PENNANT  Synop.  Quad.  103  Ribbed-Nose  B[aboon]. 
1862  KEARLEY  Links  in  Chain  261  The  huge  Mandrill    i 
(Cynocephalus  mormon),  or  ribbed-nose  Baboon, . .  is  a  native    1 
of  the  western  coast  of  Africa.      1894  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly    j 
XLIV.  516  The  ribbed-nose  or  mandrill  baboon. 

3.  Furnished  with  ribs. 

1814  CARY  Dante,  Inf.  x.  74  Nor  moved  the  neck,  nor  bent    ' 
his  ribbed  side. 
b.  Of  horses:  (see  quot.  1831). 

1831  YOUATT  Horse  164  Some  horses  are  what  is  called 
ribbed  home;  there  is  but  little  space  between  the  last  rib 
and  the  hirj-bone.  1850  SMEDLEY  Frank  Fairleigh  xxi, 
Rather  inclined  to  be  cow-hocked. . .  Not  ribbed  home,  1861 
H.  KINGSLEY  Ravenshoe  I.  231  The  horse  was  not  so  well 
ribbed  up  as  he  should  be. 

Hence  Bi-bbedly  adv. 

1886  RUSKIN  Prxterita  I.  iv.  123  The  paper  pure  white, 
and  ribbedly  gritty. 

Ri'bber1.  Pugilism,    [f.  RIB^.I  +  -EKI.]    A 

blow  on  the  ribs. 

1814  Sporting  Mag.  XLIII.  69  B.  gave  a  tolerable  ribber. 
1819  Blackw.  Mag.  IV.  727  While  nbbers  rung  from  each 
resounding  frame. 

t  Ribber  a.     Obs.    (Doubtful :  see  quot.) 
14. .  Lat.-Eng.  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  575  Costa,  a  ryb  (it 
est  instrumentum  pistoris,  a  rybbere).    [This  may  be  the 
source  of  Halliwell  s  '  Rib,  a  scraper  or  rasp  for  bread'.] 

Ribbet,  variant  of  RYBAT. 

t  Ribbie.     Obs.    1  for  ribbe  RIB  rf.2 

!  a  1500  Chester  PI.  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  vn.  22  Of  henbane,  and    | 

horehound,  Ribbie,  raddish,  and  Egremond,  which  be  my    , 

hearbes,  safe  and  sound. 

t  Ri'bbin.  Obs.  Cant.  Also  9  ribband.  [Perh. 
identical  with  RIBBON.]  Money. 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Ribbin,  money.     1796 
Grose's  Diet.  Vulgar  T.  (ed.  3),  The  ribbin  runs  thick;  i. e.    : 
there  is  plenty  of  money.    1812  J.  H.  VAUX  Flash  Diet., 
Ribband^  money  in  general. 

Ribbin,  obs.  variant  of  RIBBON. 
Ri'bbing,  vbl.  sb.     [f.  RIB  v.1  +  -ING  i.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  verb.     (See  quots.) 

1765  A.  DICKSON  Treat.  Agric.  (ed.  2)  312  A  method  of 
plowing,  used  in  some  places,  called  ribbing.  This  method 
of  plowing  is  performed  by  making  furrows  about  two  feet 
distant  from  each  other.  1812  SIR  J.  SINCLAIR  Syst.  Hnsb. 
Scot.  l.  408  Ribbing,  by  which  half  the  land  was  left  un- 
tilled.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  I.  481,  I  have  men 
tioned  a  mode  of  ploughing  called  ribbing.  In  its  best  form 
it  is  usually  performed  in  spring  with  the  small  plough. 
1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  203  Ribbing,,  .enlarging 

i    a  heading  or  drift.     1893-4  HESLOP  Northmtwld.  Wds.  s.v. 

j    Ribbin,  A  sound  thrashing  is  often  called  '  a  good  ribbin '. 

2.  concr.  Ribs  collectively  (in  various  senses). 
1564  Wills  Sr  Inv.  N.  C.  (Surtees,  1835)  219, 1  geue  him . .  a 

payre  of  lynnen  shetes  w">  a  silk  ribbing  thorow  them,  a 
rode,  and  a  pilleber.  170315663].  1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract. 
Build.  131  Sometimes  the  ribbing  of  circular  roofs  consists 
of  only  several  principal  axal  ribs.  1861  S.  THOMSON  Wild 
Flowers  i.  (ed.  4)  38  Throughout  plants  generally,  the  rib 
bing  or  veining  is  arranged  according  to  two.. plans.  1880 
Plain  Hints  Needlework  28  The  size  of  ribbing  is  a  matter 
of  individual  taste. 

3.  Comb.,  as  ribbing-nail,  -needle,  -plough. 

1703  T.  N.  City  «,  C.  Purchaser  212  *Ribbing-nails..are 
. .  us'd  to  fasten  the  Ribbing,  to  keep  the  Ribs  of  Ships  in 
their  place  in  Building.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-bk.  571 


RIBBON. 


1881 


Rep  4  in  /*.  U.  K.,,nust>.  ill,  me    i 

introduced  into  this  neighbourhood . .  about  twenty  years  ago. 

t  Ribbing-skill.  Obs.  rare-".  =RIBSKIN. 

14. .  Yoc,  in  Wr.-Wulcker  601  Pellicula,  a  rybbyngskyn. 
1483  Cat  A.  Atigl.  306/2  A  Rybbynge  skyn,  nebrida.— 

t  Ribbis.     Obs.-1     (See  quoO 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  348/1  The  Ribbis  is  a  piece  of 
Plate  Iron,  cut  with  Teeth  like  a  Saw;  with  it  the  Cloth 
Worker  lays  the  Wool  of  the  Cloth  by  drawing  it  over  the 
same. 

Ribbit,  variant  of  RYBAT. 

Ribbie  (ri-b'l),  v.  [?  f.  RIB  rf.i  +  -LE.]  (See 
quot.  1847.)  Hence  Ri -fabling  vbl.  sb. 

1765  Museum  Rust.  III.  Ixxiv.  318  First  ploughing,  a 
clean  earth. . .  Second  ditto,  ribbling  it  close  overwart.  1847 
Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  VIII.  II.  288  Another  system  of  fallow 
ing  is  adopted  by  many,  namely,  that  of '  ribbling ' ;  this  js 
done  by  turning  a  furrow  to  the  unploughed  land,  and,  in 


smniyumBBwMwi  u™  ium,  HUUUI  . 

Ribble,  error  for  RIBIBLE. 

Ribble-rabble  (ri-b'1-rse'b'l),  adv.  and  sb. 
Also  5  rebylle  rable,  7  rible  rable,  9  Sc.  ribble 
rabbill.  [A  reduplication  of  RABBLE  st.1,  of  the 
same  type  as  fiddle -Jaddle,  gibble-gabble,  etc.] 

A.  adv.  In  great  confusion,  rare. 

c  1460  Play  Sacram.  598  Here  master  master,  ware  how 
ye  tugg . .  for  yt  gooth  rebylle  rable.  1882  in  jfamieson's 
Sc.  Diet.  IV.  25. 

B.  sb.  1.  Confused  meaningless  language ;  rig 
marole,  gibble-gabble.     Now  arch. 

1601  MUNDAY  Dmunf.  Earl  of  Hunt,  in  Hazl.  Dodsley 
VIII.  no  High  time 'tis  for  me,  To  leave  off  my  babble  And 
fond  ribble-rabble.  1668  R.  L'ESTRANGE  Vis.  Quev.  (1708) 
202  Then  with  a  certain  Ribble  Rabble  of  Mysterious 
Words,  he  proceeds  to  his  Calculation.  1677  CARY  Chronol. 
ii.  ii.  vii.  219  That  other  Rible  Rable.  .of  that  other  An- 
notatour  upon  Clement.  1737  BYROM  Rent.  (1856)  II.  1. 142, 
I  saw  the  name  of  Mademoiselle  Bourignon,  and  ribble 
rabble,  fiddle  faddle.  1883  HALL  CAINE  Cobw.  Crit.  ii.  44 
The  ribble-rabble  of  the  Examiner's  poetical  animosity. 

attrib.  1598  FLORIO,  Fanfaluche,  . .  flim  flam  tales,  old 
wiues  fables,  a  ribble  rabble  discourse.  lioi  MUNDAY  Do^unf. 
Earl  of  Hunt.  iv.  ii.  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  VIII.  185  You  fall 
into  your  vein  Of  ribWe-rabble  rhymes  Skeltonical.  1655  tr. 
SorefsCom,  Hist.Francioni.  ii,  I  cry  God  mercy; . if  thou 
gratest  my  eares  any  more  with  thy  ribble  rabble  discourse. 

2.   =  RABBLE  sl>.1  2. 

1633  SHIRLEY  Traitor  v.  iii,  My  ends  are  compassed : 
hang  the  ribble  rabble  1  1653  URQUHART  Rabelais  i.  xxi, 
Perpetual  drinking  in  a  rible  rable  like  ducks.  1769  Trin- 
cuto's  Trip  41  Wrangling  with  the  ribble-rabble.  1771  SMOL 
LETT  Humph.  Cl.  18  July  iii,  A  mischievous  mob  of  colliers, 
and  such  promiscuous  ribble  rabble.  1819  TENNANT  Papis 
try  Storm' d(ifaj)  105  A  gabble  O'  tongues..  Frae  that 
wine-flister't  ribble-rabbill.  1854  Miss  BAKER  Northamft. 
Gloss,  s.v.,  What  a  set  of  ribble-rabble  there  are  about ! 

attrib.   1600  LANE  Tom  Tel-troth  no  So  will  I  leaue  to 
write  Against  this  popish  ribble  rabble  route. 
So  t  Kibble-row,  a  rigmarole.   Obs.  rare. 
1664  COTTON  Scarron.  iv.  Wks.  (1715)  106  This  Witch  a 
Ribble-row  rehearses  Of  scurvy  Names  in  scurvy  Verses. 
1685  —  tr.  Montaigne  (1877)  1-458  Superscribing  them  with 
a  long  ribble-row  of  qualities  and  titles. 

Ribbon  (ri-ban),  sb.  Forms:  a.  6  rybben, 
rybbon,  7  ribbin,  7-  ribbon.  0.  6  rebond, 
7  ribond,  6-8  ribbond.  [Later  form  of  riban 
RIBAND.  In  the  1 6th- 1 8th  c.  the  French  form 
RUBAN  was  also  frequent.] 

I.  1.  A  narrow  woven  band  of  some  fine  material, 
as  silk  or  satin,  used  to  ornament  clothing  or  head 
gear,  or  utilized  for  other  purposes :  a.  Without 
article,  as  a  material. 

••  '545  Fabric  Rolls  York  Minster  (Surtees)  136  For 
sylke  rybben,  i6j.  1572  in  Feuillerat  Revels  Q.  Eliz.  (1908) 
159  Rybbon  for  Laces.  1781  COWPER  Flatting  Mill  6  It 
appears,  Like  a  loose  heap  of  ribbon,  a  glittering  show.  1810 
CLARK  Trav.  Xussra(i&39)  138  Half  a  dozen  bits  of  ribbon 
strung  in  a  line  across  the  breast.  1864  TENNYSON  Enoch 
Ard.  750  From  her  lifted  hand  Dangled  a  length  of  ribbon. 
1901  Lady's  Realm  X.  616  Orange  ribbon  of  a  soft  kind, 
and  sold  now  under  the  name  of  giant  ribbon,  is  laid  down 
in  Vandykes. 

/3.  1527  Chiirchw.  Ace.  St.  Giles,  Reading  (ed.  Nash)  31 
For  rebond  &  silk  for  the  reperacon  of  vestments.  ISS5  W. 
WATREMAN  Fardle  Facious  i.  v.  59  Girding  them  selues.. 
with  brode  Ribbond  of  sarsenet.  1727  POPE,  etc.  Art  of 
Sinking  in  Swift's  Wks.  1751  V.  129  And  knots  of  scarlet 
ribbond  deck  his  Mane. 

b.  With  a  and  //. :  A  piece  or  length  of  this. 
Also,  a  particular  kind  or  make  of  it. 

a.  1611  SHAKS.  Wittt.  T.  iv.  iv.  205  Hee  hath  Ribbonsof  all 
the  colours  i'th  Rainebow.  Ibid.  236  The  bondage  of  cer- 
taine  Ribbons  and  Gloues.  1650  T.  B[AYLEY]  Worcester's 
Apoph.  22  At  the  last  I  spide  a  young  man,  who  had  a  ribbin 
in  his  hat.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  iii.  734  The  Victim 
Ox,  ..Trim  d  with  white  Ribbons,  and  with  Garlands 
drest.  1718  Free-thinker  No.  149.  325,  I  find  Four  Parch 
ments  tyed  together  with  a  Ribbon.  1758  JOHNSON  Idler 
No.  16  T  5  He  had.. innumerable  boxes  of  antiquated  rib 
bons.  1820  SCOTT  Monast.  xvi,  Four  suits..,  every  one 
having  a  treble,  and  appropriate  change  of  ribbons,  trim 
mings,  and  fringes.  1835  URE  Philos.  Manuf.  244  A  great 
house  engaged  in  the  trade  of  ribbons  and  broad  silks.  1876 
PLANCHS  Cj*7.  Costume  I.  416  It  is  not  till  the  sixteenth 
century  that  ribbons  in  the  present  sense  are.  .heard_of. 

p.  a  1631  DONNE  Poems  (1650)  264,  I  beg  nor  ribbond 
wrought  with  thine  owne  hands.. Nor  Ring.  1676  ETHER- 
EDGE  Man  of  Mode  \.  i,  That  a  mans  excellency  should  lie 


E 


RIBBON. 

in  Neatly  tying  of  a  Ribbond,  or  a  Crevat !  1712  STEELE 
Spect.  No.  410  F  i  She  was  dressed  in  a  black  Tabby  Mantua 
and  Petticoat,  without  Ribbonds. 

2.  The  badge  of  an  order  of  knighthood ;  also 
transf.,  high  distinction  in  anything. 

1651-  [see  BLUE  RIBBON].  1725-  [see  RED  a.  19].  1726 
YOUNG  fxttalmtftt,  See,  Britain,  see  thy  Walpole  shine 
from  far,  His  azure  ribbon,  and  his  radiant  star.  1835  URK 
Pkilos.Mannf.  404  Grandees.. may  be  indulged  in  their 
learned  play-things,  as  in  the  ribbon  and  the  star.  1863 
KINGLAKE  Crimea  (1876)  I.  i.  14  Down  to  the  giving  of 
trinkets  and  ribbons  he  was  not  forgetful.  1879  London 
Soc.  Christmas  No.  64/1  There  were  one  or  two  stars  and 
ribbons. 

3.  Her.  A  sub-ordinary,  in  width  one  eighth  of 
the  bend,  and  one  half  of  the  cost,  usually  borne 
couped.      (Cf.  RIBAND  sb.  2.) 

1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I.  s.v.,  Ribbon. . ;  it  is  born  a 
little  cut  off  from  the  out-lines  of  the  Escutcheon.  1722 
NISBET  Her.  i.  xiii.  90.  1838  Penny  Cycl.  XII.  141/1  The 
Bend  has  four  diminutives;  the  Bendlet,  the  Garter,  the 
Cost,  and  the  Ribbon.  1880  Encycl.  Brit.  XI.  695/1  The 
ribbon  is  used  as  a  difference,  and  is  sometimes  couped  or 
cut  short,  when  it  becomes  a  baton. 

4.  f  a.   Cant.  A  bell-pull.  Qbsr* 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Pluck  the  Riband,,  .ring  the 
Bell  at  the  Tavern. 

b.  //.  Reins.     (Cf.  RIBAND  sb.  3b.) 

1813  Sporting  Mag.  XLI.  129  Their  adroitness  in  the  use 
of  the  ribbons,  .excited  universal  admiration.  1843  LE 
FEVRE  Life  Trav.  Phys.  III.  in.  iv.  124,  I  was  surprised  to 
see  my  factotum  mount  the  box,  and  take  the  ribbons  in  his 
hand.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Col.-Reformcr  (1891)  187 
Brandon  held  the  ribbons,  while  Parklands  took  the  box-seat. 

c.  Cant.  Gin,  spirits. 

1823  EGAN  Grose's  Diet.  Vulg.  T.,  The  cull  lushes  the  blue 
ribbon  ;  the  silly  fellow  drinks  common  gin.  1874  Slang 
Diet.  269  Ribbon,  gin,  or  other  spirits. 

5.  a.  A  long,  thin,  flexible  strip  of  metal,  etc. 
1763  W.  LEWIS  Phil.  Comw.Arts  45  The  ribbon  [gold  leaf] 

is  divided  by  compasses  and  cut  with  sheer^  into  equal 
pieces.  1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  223  The  twisted 
barrels  [of  muskets]  are  made  out  of  long  ribbons  of  iron 
wound  spirally  around  a  mandrel.  1871  B.  STEWART  Heat 
(ed.  2)  §  80  If  a  straight  ribbon  or  bar  be  made  of  two  metals. 

b.  A   continuous    band   of  untwisted  fibre ;   a 
sliver.     (Cf.  RIBAND  sb.  43,  quot.  1801.) 

1842  Penny  Cycl.  XXII.  349/1  It  is  necessary. .to  lay  the 
fibres  or  filaments  parallel  with  each  other,  so  as  to  form 
them  into  a  soft  continuous  ribbon  or  cord.  1879  CasseWs 
Techn.  Educ.  IV.  273'!  The  cotton,  .issues  a  soft  pure 
ribbon,  technically  called  a  sliver. 

c.  One   of  the  long  thin   strips  or   films   into 
which  wax  is  separated  for  bleaching  after  being 
melted  and  cleansed. 

1838  T.  THOMSON  Chem.  Org.  Bodies  445  To  free  it  from 
these  impurities,  it  is  melted  in  water,  and  cast  into  thin 
ribbons.  1856  Orrs  Circ.  Sci.,  Pract.  Chem.  460  The 
melted  wax,  running  in  small  streams  upon  the  revolving 
wet  drum,  is  floated  off. .  in  the  form  of  exceedingly  thin 
strips  or  flakes,  called  ribbons. 

d.  A  narrow  strip  of  anything;  =  RIBAND  sb.  4  a. 
1857  DUFFERIN  Lett.  High  Lat.  220  A  ribbon  of  beach 

not  more  than  fifteen  yards  wide.  1872  O.  W.  HOLMKS 
Poet  Breakf.-t.  i,  A  long  ribbon  of  bark  [was]  torn  away. 
1889  Proc.  Phys.  Sac.  X.  181  A  second  plate  shows  four 
flashes  [of  lightning]... None  of  these  flashes  are  ribbons. 
1893  STEVENSON  Catriona  4  At  the  top  only  a  ribbon  of  sky 
showed  in. 

6.  a.  Anal,  and   Zool.     A   tissue   or   structure 
having  the  form  of  a  ribbon.     Lingual  ribbon,  = 
ODONTOPHORE.  Nidamental  r.t  in  certain  molluscs, 
the  string  of  eggs  with  the  connecting  secretion  of 
the  nidamental  gland. 

1803  Med.  Jrnl.  IX.  260  He  perceived  a  kind  of  vascular 
ribbon,  which  he  feared  to  divide,  from  an  apprehension  of 
haemorrhage.  1851  [see  NIDAMENTAL  i].  1851-6  [see  LIN 
GUAL  a.-2\.  1861  J.  R.  GREENE  Man.  Anim.  Kingd.,  Co-lent. 
224  At  each  extremity  of  the  ribbon  the  marginal  and  medial 
canals  anastomose  with  one  another. 

b.  Bot.  A  leaf,  branch,  or  other  structure,  re 
sembling  a  ribbon. 

1855  KINGSLEY  Glaucus  (1878)  63  The  delicate  green  rib 
bons  of  the  Zostera.  1882  VINES  tr.  Sac /is1  Bot.  362  Trans 
verse  divisions  arise,  and  irregularly  branched  cellular 
ribbons  are  formed. 

7.  //.  Tom  strips  of  anything ;  tatters,  shreds. 
1820  SHELLEY  Piston  of  Sea  2  The  rags  of  the  sail  Are 

flickering  in  ribbons  within  the  fierce  gale.  1848  LD.  G. 
BENTINCK  in  Croker  Papers  (1884)  III.  165  He  cuts  Cobden 
to  ribbons ;  and  Cobden  writhes  and  quails  under  him.  1883 
Cent.  Mag.  XXVI.  244/1  The  sails  hung  in  ribbons  from 
the  yards. 

8.  A  ribband;  a  wale  or  strip  of  wood. 
See  etym.  note  to  RIBBAND. 

1711  W.  SUTHERLAND  Shipbuild.  Assist.  26  Then  hang  up 
a  Ribbon  at  the  Floor  Sirmark,  and.  .nail  that  Ribbon,  and 
shore  it  with  very  able  Pieces  of  Timber.  1739  LABELYE 
Short  Ace.  Piers  Westm.  Bridge  25  A  Ground-Timber  or 
Ribbon  14  Inches  wide  and  7  Inches  thick.  1776  G.  SEMPLE 
Building  in  Water  102  Such  Piles . .  may  be  cut  oft"  level,  and 
a  Ribbon  run  along  the  outside  of  them.  1875  KNIGHT 
Diet,  Mech.,  Ribbon,,  .a  long,  thin  strip  of  wood  or  a  series 
of  such  strips  connecting  a  number  of  parts, 
II.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

9.  In  sense  i.     a.  Objective  or  obj.  genitive,  as 
ribbon-maker,  -manufacturer  \  -pulling^  -weaving. 
Also  RIBBON-WEAVER. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rubennier%  a  ribbon  maker,  head-band  maker. 
1782  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  IX.  6711/2  On  the  well-ordering 
of  these  cords  chiefly  depends  the  art  of  ribbon-weaving. 
1818  Parl.  Papers  IX.  37  The  respectful  Address  of  the 


643 

f    Weaver.. to  the  Ribbon   Manufacturers  of  the  City  of  Co- 
1    ventry.     1873  LKLAND  Egypt.  Sketch  Bk.  61  His  tricks  were 

of  the  commonest   kind    of  old-fashioned   hankypanky,.. 

ribbon-pulling  and  fire-blowing. 

b.  Instrumental,  as  ribbon-bound,  -marked^  etc. 
1786  COWPER  Gratitude  2  This  cap. .With  ribbon-bound 

tassel  on  high.     1871  l''igure   Training  124  As  the  pupil 

reaches  one  end  of  the  ribbon-marked  path  the  movement 

!     is  reversed.     1897  WATTS-DUNTON  Ay  twin  (1900)  74/1  The 

1    ribbon-bedizened  hat  which  prosperous  Gypsies  once  used 

!    to  wear. 

c.  Attrib.  (in  various  uses),  as  ribbon-block,  cotil- 
hn,  factory,  -front,  -knot,  -loom,  rose,  -streamer. 

1884  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly  XXV.  in  He  would  sit  for  hours, 
!  with  a  board  two  or  three  feet  long  resting  on  his  knees, 

and    rub    *ribbon-blocks  over  it    in  various  ways,     c  1874 

Ball  Room  Guide  84  The  *Ribbon  Cotillon. . .  Each  dancer 
i  selects  a  ribbon.  When  all  have  chosen,  those  which  have 
;  selected  the  same  colour  dance  together.  1850  THACKERAY 

Pendennis\x.x.v\t  The  enterprising  head  ofthe*ribbon  factory 
!  in  Clavering.  1812  Sporting  Mag.  XXXVII.  304  *Ribbon- 

fronts  are  more  in  request  than  those  of  brass.  1725  RAMSAY 
!  Gentle  Shefh.  \.  ii,  With  *ribbon-knots  at  his  blue  bonnet 

lug.  1782  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  IX.  PI.  cclviii,  *Ribbon- 
j  Loom.  1835  URE  Philos.  Manuf.  245  In  our  single-hand 
I  ribbon-loom,  the  weaver  can  make  but  a  piece  and  a  half 
!  a  week.  1604  TKKILO  Friar  Bacons  Brazen-heads  Pro- 
\  phcsie  Ixix,  And*Ribon  Roses  take  such  place,  That  Garden 
I  Roses  want  their  grace.  1755  E.  YOUNG  Centaur  not  Fabitl- 

ous  174  Beautiful  Fillies  with  flouncM  Trappings,  *Ribbon- 
!  streamers,  and  braided  Manes. 

d.  Ribbon    Society,  a   Roman    Catholic  secret 
society  or  league  formed  in  the  north  and  north- 

\  west  of  Ireland  early  in  the  nineteenth  century  to 
counteract  the  Protestant  influence,  and  associated 
with  agrarian  disorders.  So  Ribbon  association^ 
pass -word,  system,  work. 

1818  in  Kdin.  Rev.  (1899)  Jan.  171  A  great  deal  of  Ribbon 
work  is  carrying  on  at  Ballycastle.  1839  CAKLETON  Far- 
doroiighn  xviii,  He  was  accosted  in  the  significant  terms 
of  the  Ribbon  pass-word  of  that  day.  1857  Pa-rl.  Papers 
XXVI.  ii  It  can  hardly  be  necessary  to  imitate  the  vices  of 
the  Ribbon  system  in  order  to  counteract  it.  1866  Chambers' 
Encycl.  VIII.  244/2  The  class  of  men  with  which  the  Ribbon 
societies  were  recruited.  Ibid.,  The  Ribbon  association  was 
divided,  like  the  Orange,  into  lodges. 

1O.  Attrib.,  in  sense  *  resembling  a  ribbon  or 
|  ribbons ',  *  forming  a  long  narrow  strip  or  strips  *, 
j  etc.,  as  ribbon  border,  -bordering,  -borer,  coil,  con- 
\  ditctor,  -edge,  Jtash,  -isinglass,  -letter,  lightning, 
\  map,  saw,  -steel.  Also  ribbon-like,  -shaped  adjs. 

1892  DUons  Seed  CataL  36  Specially  suited  for  "ribbon 

j    borders.      1875   Miss   BKADDON    Hostages   to  Fortune   ii, 

I    Whether  it  went  in  for  "ribbon-bordering  and  bedding-out 

'    plants,  or  essayed  the  classical.      1881  RAYMOND  Mining 

,    Gloss.,  *  Ribbon-borer,  a  boring-tool  consisting  of  a  twisted 

fiat  steel  blade.     1849  NOAD  Electricity  (ed.  3)  409  Instead 

of  a  *ribboncoil,  a  helix  containing  two  thousand.,  yards  of 

!    fine  insulated  wire.  1896  BKDELL  Princ.  of  Transformer  ;o6 

Conductors  may  be  made  up  of  a  number  of  wires  in  parallel, 

i    although  *ribbon-conductors  are  preferable.     1753  HOGARTH 

1    Anal.  Beauty  v.  68  Called  by  the  carvers  '  the  stick-and- 

ribbon  ornament' ;  and,  when  the  stick  through  the  ribbon 


i888  GOODE  Amer.  Fishes  361,  $450,000  worth  of  *ribbon- 
;  isinglass.  1870  E.  PEACOCK  Ralf  Skir laugh  III.  190  1'he 
*  ribbon-letters  in  which  they  were  carved.  1888  Q.  Jrnl. 
Meteor.  Soc.  XIV.  227  The  following  appear  to  be  some  of 
the  most  typical  forms  of  Lightning  flashes: — .  .6  *Ribbon 
Lightning.  1808  ELEANOR  SLEATH  Bristol  Heiress  V.  135 
The.  .Derwent.  .poured  down  from  the  heights  by  Gibbon- 
like  torrents.  1897  MARY  KINGSLEY  W.  Africa  610  The 
pretty,  long,  ribbon-like  town  of  Victoria.  1866  (title), 
Coloney  and  Fairchild's  *Ribbon  Map  of  the  Father  of  the 
Waters.  1845  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  751  The  mode 
adopted  In  joining  the  ends  of  this  elastic  blade,  or  *ribbon 
saw.  1890  W.  J.  GORDON  Foundry  155  There  are  ribbon  saws 
-endless  tapes  of  metal  working  over  pairs  of  rollers.  1861 

h.  R.  GREENE  in  Nicholson  Man.  Zool.  xvi.  (1875)  151  A 
at,  *ribbon-shaped  body,  three  or  four  feet  in  length.  1875 
SIR  T.  SEATON  Fret  Cutting  67  He  must  now  procure  a 
bit  of  Vibbon-steel. 

b.  Marked    with  bands   or   stripes,   as   ribbon 
agate,  jasper  (cf.  RIBAND  sb.  5  c),  onyx. 

1778  Phil,  Trans.  LXIX.  26  Such  is  the  Saxon  jasper, 
called  ribbon  agate.  1804  JAMESON  Syst.^  Min.  1. 235  The  com- 


L 


rocks.  f  1877  W.  JONES  Finger-ring  383  A  Roman  gold 
finger-ring,  set  with  an  intaglio  in  ribbon  onyx. 

c.  In  names  of  plants,  as  ribbon-fern,  -gum, 
-laver,  -tree,  -wood.     Also  RIBBON-GRASS. 

1892  Garden  27  Aug.  185  Of  the  "Ribbon  Ferns  (Pteris 
serrulata)  there  are  many  varieties  of  great  beauty. 


'793-8 


13^ 

fof'iilnea.    1898  MORRIS  Austral  Eng.  386  All  species  of 
Plagianthus  and  Hoheria  are  to  the  colonists  Ribbonwood, 
especially  Plagianlhus  betulittus.  .and  Hoheria.  pafulnea.. 
d.  In  names  of  animals,  fishes,  etc.,  as  ribbon 
gurnard  (see  RIBAND  sb.  5  c),  seal,  snake,  worm. 
i88i-a  GOODE  Fish.  Indust.  U.S.  67  Almost  nothing  ap 
pears  to  have  been  yet  recorded  respecting  the  habits  of  the 
*Ribbon  Seal.     1711  PETIVER  Gazophyl.  vii.  60  Sir  Walter 
:    Rawleigh's  "Ribbond  Snake.    1736  Pkil.  Trans.  XXXIX. 
•z'&AngmsgraciliSifusciis:  the  Ribbon-Snake.   1808  Asm: 
I    Trav.  11.287  The  conversation . .  turned  on  the  serpent  tribe 
{    and  we  called  the  following  at  least  to  our  recollection . . , 


BIBBY. 

Brown  Snake,  Ribbon  ditto.  1860  F.  MASON  Burmah  317 
Ribbon  Snake.  This  tree  snake  is  grass-green  all  over.., 
excepting  under  the  lips  and  throat.  iB$$Orrs  Circle  Set., 
Org.  Nat.  II.  275  The  family  of  Nemertidx,  or  *Ribbon- 
ivorms.  1870  NICHOLSON  Man.  Zool.  xxvi.  u8?5)  198  The 
Nemcrtida,  or  *  Ribbon-worms ',  agree  in  most  essential 
respects  with  the  Plantirida. 

Ribbon  (ri-ban),  v.     [f.  the  sb.] 

1.  trans,  To  adorn  with  ribbon  or  ribbons ;  also 
transf.,  to  mark  or  stripe  in   a  way  resembling 
ribbons.     Usually  in  pa.  pple. 

1716  LADY  M.  \V.  MONTAGU  Lett,  I.  v.  15  Like  a  poor 
town  lady  of  pleasure,  painted  and  ribboned  out  in  her  head 
dress.  1858  G.  P.  SCHOI'E  Geol.  Central  France  (ed.  a)  16 
Numerous  calcareo-volcanic  strata,  .ribboned  with  different 
colours.  1869  BLACK.MORE  Lorna  Doont  xlviij,  I  could  see 
all  the  inland  valleys  ribbon'd  with  broad  waters.  1885 
Daily  News  13  Feb.  3/1  Baskets,  .very  mucli  ribboned  with 
broad  white  silk  bows. 

b.  To  separate  into  thin  narrow  strips ;  to  tear 
into  ribbons. 

1856  Orr's  Circle  6V/.,  Pract.  Cheat.  460  They  are  also 
melted  and  ribboned  once  or  twice  during  the  process.  1897 
MARY  KINGSLEY  W.  Africa  174  Your  hair  being  torn  out 
and  your  clothes  ribboned  by  others. 

2.  intr.  Of  melted  soap,  wax,  etc. :  To  form  into 
*  ribbons*.     Also  with  out. 

1895  Funk's  Stand.  Diet. 

Ribboned  (ri'band),  a.    [f.  RIBBON  sb.  or  v."] 

1.  Adorned  with  a  ribbon  or  ribbons. 

1743  ).  UROWN  Honour  7  in  Dodsley  Colt.  Poems  (1748) 
III.  286  Oft'  Honour,  perching  on  theribon'd  breast,  Sneers 
at  weak  justice.  1812  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  \.  Ixx,  Some  o'er  thy 
Thamis  row  the  ribbon'd  fair.  1847  DISRAELI  Tattered  n. 
xvj,  A  blue  frock  coat  with  a  ribboned  button-hole.  1873 
'OciDA '  Pascarcl  1. 19  Ribboned  play  things  of  the  pageantry 
were  all  showered  upon  them. 

2.  Having  ribbon-like  markings  or  stripes. 

1790  WHITE  Voyage  N.  S.  Wales  App.  243  The  Ribboned 
Lizard.  1837  WHKWELL  Hist.  Induct.  Sd.  (1857)  III.  456 
It  shews  this  character,  .by  a  ribboned  structure.  1878 
RAMSAY  Geol.  .y  Geogr.  Gt.  Brit.  i.  (ed.  5)  21  Ancient  lavas 
. .  often  still  possess  a  slaggy  and  ribboned  structure. 

Ri  bboil-fisll.  Zool.  [f.  RIBBON  s/>.]  A  fish 
having  a  very  long,  slender,  flattened  body,  as 
those  of  the  genera  Cepola  and  Regalecus.  ^See 
also  riband-fish,  s.v.  RIBAND  sb.  5  c.) 

1793-8  NEMNICH  Polyglot  Lex.  v.  869  Ribbon  fish,  Cepola 
taenia,  1860  GOSSK  Rom.  Nat.  Hist.  354  There  are,  how 
ever,  the  ribbon-fishes  ;  and  some  of  these,  as  the  hair-tail, 
the  Vaegmaer,  and  the  Gymnetrus,  are  of  large  size.  1866 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  147  The  recent  capture  of  Gymnetrus 
banksii,  the  Great  Ribbonfish.  1885  C.  F.  HOI.DEU  Marvels 
A  niin.  Life  101  These  ribbon  fishes  are  deep  water  forms. 

Ri'bbon-grass.  [f.  RIBBOX  sb.]  A  grass 
having  long  slender  leaves,  esp.  a  variegated  variety 
of  Phalaris. 

1786  ABKKCROHBIE  Gard.  Assist.,  Arrangon.  63  Arundin- 
aceous  striped-leaved,  or  ribbon-grass.  1827  CLARE  SJieph. 
Cal.  58  With  marjoram  knots,  sweet-brier,  and  ribbon-grass. 
1846-50  A.  WOOD  Class-bk.  Bot.  607  Phalaris  picta  is  tho 
well-known  striped  or  ribbon  grass,  with  beautifully  varie 
gated  leaves  longitudinally  striped  in  endless  diversity.  1882 
*OUIDA'  Maremma.  v.  I.  115  Rock  pools.. filled  with  green 
ribbon-grasses  and  red  sea-foliage. 

Ri'bboning,  variant  of  RTBANDING. 
1609  T.  COCKS  Diary  (1901)  Bo  Paide  for  3  yardes  di.  of 
viij  t^  ribboninge,  ij  s  ij  d. 

Rrbboiiism.  [See  RIBBON  sb.  9  d.]  The 
principles  or  policy  of  the  Ribbon  Society. 

1848  [see  RIBANDISM].  1857  Parl.  Papers  XXVI.  10  The 
Orange  Society  was  a  protective  society  against  Ribbonism 
and  other  secret  societies  amongst  the  Roman  Catholics. 
1869  Daily  News  13  Dec.,  The  Roman  Catholic  farmers 
and  labourers  who  have  not  yet  joined  the  ranks  of  Ribbonism. 

Ri'bbonman.  [Cf.  prec.  and  RIBANDMAN.] 
A  member  of  the  Ribbon  Society. 

1813  Chron.  in  Ann.  R cg.$\l\  A  shocking  affray.. between 
a  party  of  Orangemen  and  a  party  of  Ribbonmen.  1842 
S.  C.  HALL  Ireland  II.  121  Their  society  has  been  revived 
under  the  name  of  Ribbonmen.  1869  Pall  Mall  G.  13  Oct. 
3/1  Our  close  allies  the  Ribbonmen  have  recently  disposed  of 
many  an  obnoxious  landowner  and  agent. 

Ri'bbonry.     =  RIBANDBY. 

1824  [see  RIBANDKY],  1883  Ho  WELLS  Womarfs  Reason 
(1884)  II.  151  She  is  pandering  to  a  very  depraved  taste  in 
ribbonry. 

Rrbbon-weayer.  [f.  RIBBON  sb.]  One  en 
gaged  in  the  weaving  of  ribbons. 

1655  MARQ.  WORCESTER  Cent.  Invent.  §  75  How  a  Tape 
or  Ribbon-weaver  may  set  down  a  whole  discourse  without 
knowing  a  letter.  1676  SHADWELL  Virtuoso  v,  They  are 
Ribbon -weavers,  who  have  been  informed,  that  you  are 
he  that  invented  the  Engine-Loom.  1704  Land.  Gaz.  No. 
4026/4  John  Stillington, . .  both  Ribbon- Weaver  and  Cobler. 
1818  Parl.  Papers  IX.  7  Is  there  more  than  one  class  of 
ribbon  weavers  in  Coventry  ?— Yes,  two.  1835  URE  P kilos. 
Mamif.  257  They  were  persecuted  for  their  pains  by  the 
ribbon- weavers  of  the  old  school.  1876  GOODE  A  mm.  Res. 
U.S.  51  Manufacture  of  ribbon  weaver's  bone. 

Ri'bbouy,  «.  [f.  RIBBON  sb.  +  -Y.]  Abound 
ing  in,  decked  with,  ribbons  ;  resembling  a  ribbon 
or  ribbons.  Ribbony  gum  (see  quot.  1889). 

1839  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  Jrnl.  II.  45V1  White  and  red 
dish  brown,  ribbony  or  festoony.  1858  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt. 
vn.  vl.  (1872)  II.  301  Some  questionable  quaint  procession, 
ribbony,  perhaps  musical.  1889  MAIDEN  Useful  Native  PI. 
527  In  Southern  New  South  Wales  \\.[Eucalyptusmminalis\ 
bears  the  name  of  'Ribbony  Gum'.  1890  Harper's  Mag. 
June  5/1  Rank  rushes,  with  their  long  ribbony  leaves. 

Ki'bby,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  RIB  J*.I  +  -Y.  Cf.  G. 
'  Full  °f  r'bs ;  having  prominent  ribs. 

81-2 


BIBEBBY. 

1849  florist  50  Yellow  [dahlia],  tipped  with  white ;  con 
stant,  but  ribby. 

Ribe,  obs.  variant  of  RUBY. 
Ribel,  obs.  variant  of  REBEL  st>. 
tBiberry.    Obs.-1  \foiribe-beity.]  =next. 

1676  Phil.  Trans.  XI.  628  But  I  never  saw  any  of  our 
English  Currants,  (Riberries)  there. 

II  Bibes  (rai-twz).  Now  Bot.  Also  6  rybes  ;  9 
errott.  rhibea.  [a.  med.L.  rites  (whence  also  F., 
Sp.,  and  It.  rides,  Da.  ribs),  ad.  Arab.  yAo,  ribas 
(also  ritSi,  rtwdz,  Pers.  rlbSf),  sorrel. 


644 


name  Rheum  Ribes,  a  species  of  rhubarb.] 

1 1.  As//.  (Red,  Black,  or  White)  Currants.  Obs. 

1561  TURNER  Baths  15  b,  A  littell  bread  stieped  in  thejuyce 
of  Pomegranates,  Berberies,  or  Ribes.  Ibid.  1 7  The  syrope  of 
rybes  or  berberis.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  683  In  Enghshe,  Redde 
Gooseberies  . .  and  common  Ribes.  . .  In  English,  Blacke 
Gooseberies,  or  blacke  Ribes.  1610  VENNER  Via  Recta  vil. 
1 24  Ribes,  which  with  vs  are  commonly  knowen  by  the  name 
of  Red  Currants.  1657  PURCHAS  Pol.  Flying-Ins.  I.  xv.  94 
Bees  gather  of  these  flowers  following. . .  In  April,  Ribes, 
white,  red. 

2.  Bot.  A  genus  of  plants  comprising  the  cur 
rants  and  gooseberry. 

1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet.,  Ribes,  the  Currant-Tree.  1753 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suppl.  App.,  Rites,  in  botany,  a  general 
name  given  by  Linnseus  to  the  goosberryand  currant  bushes, 
which  he  makes  one  genus  of  plants,  called  by  others  Grass- 
ularia.  1807  J.  E.  SMITH  Phys.  Bot.  392  Thus  Ribes,  the 
Currant  and  Gooseberry  genus,,  .stands  in  the  fifth  class. 
1817  J.  BRADBURY  Trav.  Amer.  74,  I  found  a  species  of 
Ribis,  or  currant.  1873  Miss  BROUGHTON  Nancy  I.  97  '  It 
is  the  colour  of  this,'  pointing  to  a  branch  of  red  rhibes. 

Ribet,  variant  of  RYBAT. 

Bib-grass  (ri-bgras).  Also  6  rybgyrse,  9 
dial,  ribgirse,  6  ryb-,  ribgrasse  ;  8-9  rib-grass, 
rib  grass,  [f.  RIB  sbl  +  GRASS.] 

1.  =  RIBWORT. 

1538  TURNER  Libellus,  Plantago,  Majorem  vulgus  appellat 
waybred  aut  Plantane.  Minorem  vero  Rybwort,  rybgyrse, 
aut  Lancell.  1548  —  Names  H  erics  (E .  D.S.)  63  The  other 
is  called  Rybwurte,  or  Rybgrasse.  i$6a  —  Herbal  n.  94 
The  lesse  Kynde  [of  plantain]. .is  called. .in  many  places 
rybgrasse.  1775  Ess.  Agric.  434  The  narrow-leaved  plan 
tain,  or  rib-grass,  is  well  liked  by  horses  and  cattle.  1799 
J.  ROBERTSON  Agric.  Perth  213  If  the  rotation  admits  of 
the  grass  lands  lying  a  few  years  in  pasture,  there  is  com 
monly  some  white  or  yellow  clover  or  rib-grass  added.  1830 
Kyle  Farm  Rep.  38  in  L.  U.K.,  Was*.  11 1, Those  sown  on  this 
farm  besides  rye  grass,  the  clovers,  and  rib  grass  (plantago 
media),  are  timothy,  and  cocksfoot.  1855  Miss  PRATT 
Flower.  PI.  IV.  261  Modern  farmers  term  it  Rib-grass,  in 
cluding  it  among  those  plants  which  they  distinguish  as 
artificial  grasses. 

attrib.  1830  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  194  The  Rib-Grass  Tribe. 

2.  The    Native    Plantain    {Plantago  varia)    of 
Australia  and  Tasmania. 

1808  in  MORRIS  Austral Eng.  387/1. 

f  Ribibe,  »'  Obs.  Forms:  5  rybybe,  ribup(e, 
6  rybibe.  [ad.  OF.  rubebe,  rebebe  (hence  MDu. 
rebebe),  It.  ribebba  (Florio),  ad.  Arab.  i_>l)j  rebab.~\ 

1.  =  REBECK  sl>.2 

The  Cambr.,  Petw.,  and  Lansd.  MSS.  read  rubybe,  rybibe, 
and  rebibe  in  Chaucer  Miller  s  T.  145,  where  the  correct 
reading  is  rubible  -  see  RIBIBLE. 

c  1425  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  667  Hec  uetella,  rybybe. 
c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  433  Rybybe,  vitula.  c  1450  HOLLAND 
Howlat  759  The  rote,  and  the  recordour,  the  ribupe,  the  rist. 

2.  An  opprobrious  or  abusive  term  for  an  old 
woman.    (Cf.  REBECK  sbl) 

It  is  probable  that  both  Skelton  and  Jonson  took  the  word 
from  Chaucer. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Friar's  T.  79  (Corpus  MS.),  This  somnour 
. .  Rode  for  to  somne  an  old  wijf,  a  ribibe.  a  1539  SKELTON 
E.  Rummyng  492  There  came  an  old  rybybe ;  She  halted  of 
akybe.  1616  B.  JONSON  DevilanAssi.\,  Somegood  Ribibe, 
about  Kentish  Towne,  Or  Hogsden,  you  would  hang  now. 
for  a  witch. 

Hence  f  Ribibe  v.,  to  play  on  the  ribibe.  Obs. 

14. .  in  Rel.  Ant.  I.  81  The  sow.  .harpyd  Robyn-Howde; 
Tho  fox  fydylyd,  tho  ration  rybybyd. 

Bibi'ble.  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  Forms  :  4rouwe-, 
row-,  5  ru-,  ribible.  [ad.  OF.  rubebe  (see 
prec.)  ;  the  ending  may  have  been  influenced  by 
the  musical  terms  trible,  quadrible,  quinible.] 
=  RIBIBE  sb.  i. 

13..  Pol.  Songs (Camden)  327  He. .rat  on  the  rouwe-bible 
and  on  other  book  no  mo.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Miller's  T.  145 
In  twenty  manere  koude  he  trippe  and  daunce . .  And  pleyen 
songes  on  a  small  Rubible.  c 1386  —  Cook's  T.  32  (Ellesm. 
MS.),  Al  konne  he  pleye  on  gyterne  or  Ribible.  21450 
Knt.  de  la  7VKr(i868)  159  The  said  Sir  piere..axed  hym, 
where  was  his  fedylle  or  hys  Ribible  or  suche  an  instru 
ment  as  longithe  vnto  a  mynstralle.  ?  c  1475  Sfr.  Imue  Degre 
1071  There  was  myrth  and  melody  With  harpe,  getron  and 
sautry,  With  rote,  ribible  and  clokarde. 

"844  JAMES  Agincourt  II.  52  'Yes  and  the  ribible  too,' 
answered  Ella  Brune.  1853  ROCK  Ch.  of  Fathers  III.  x. 
469  Gleemen  played  on  harp  and  ribible. 

t  Ribibour.  Obs.  In  5  rybibour,  ribibor. 
[f.  RIBIBE  sb.]  One  who  plays  on  a  ribibe. 

136.  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  v.  165  A  ribibor  \v.r.  rybibour].  a 
ratonerj  a  rakere  of  Chepe. 

Ribie,  obs.  variant  of  RDBT. 

Bibless  (ri-bles),  a.  [f.  RIB  j«.i  +  -LESS. 
Cf.  G.  rippenlos.'}  Destitute  or  devoid  of  ribs. 

1794  CoLERiKii;  To  a  YounfAts  30  Where  Toil  shall  call 


naKc,  muse  iuiiit"-i>"b  •—  _  ..     ., 

Ri'blet  (riblet).     [f.  RIB  stj]     A  small  rib. 

1880  Jrnl.  Linn.  Soc.  XV.  101  The  following  whorls  are 
beset  with. .more  numerous  riblets.  1887  Geol.  Mag.  IV.  451 
The  surface  has  longitudinal  ridges  which,  .are  connected 
by  transverse  riblets. 

Riblet :  see  RIVULET.     Ribosa,  var.  REBOZO.   ( 
Riboudry(e,  obs.  forms  of  RIBALDRY. 
t  Ri-b-roast,  sb.     Obs.     [f.  next.] 

1.  Beating,  cudgelling. 

1595  Maroccus  Extaticns  p.  in,  Such  a  peece  ol  niching 
is  punishable  with  ribroast.  1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.) 
Navy  of  Land  ShipsV]\3,.  I.  83/2  Her  Mariners  doe.  .endure 
much  hardnesse,..yet  many  times  they  are  allowed  more 
Lamb  and  Ribroste  then  they  would  have.  1665  BRATH- 
WAIT  Comment  Two  Tales  (1901)  57  Truth  is,  he  was  shrewd 
to  me,  and  gave  me  store  of  rib  roast. 

2.  Jig .  A  damaged  part. 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  in.  i.  69  There  is  no  flaw,  no 
shoulder-spraine,  hip-shot,  nor  rib-rost  in  thy  credit. 

Ri'b-roast,  v.  Now  arch.  [f.  RIB  sb.1  +  ROAST 
v.~\  trans.  To  belabour  with  a  cudgel;  to  beat 
severely ;  to  thrash.  Also_/%-. 

1570  NORTH  Doni's  Mor.  Philos.  iv.  100  After  he  had  well 
fauouredly  ribbe  rosted  his  poore  innocent  wife.  1589 
[NASHE]  Almond  for  Parrat  n  He  ribroste  my  brother 
Martin  a  little,  for  obiecting  . .  the  not  answering  of  his 
bookes,  1599  —  Lenten  Stuffe  12  Not  a  victuelar  . .  but 
was  rib-roasted  or  had  some  of  his  ribbes  crusht.  1618 
ROWLANDS  Night  Raven  (1620)  Diij,  Tom,  take  thou  a 
cudgell,  and  rib  roast  him.  1694  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  v. 
xxvii.  (1737)  121  Who  us'd  to  baste,  rib-roast,  swaddle,  and 
swinge  them  well-favour'dly.  1740  tr.  DC  Monhy's  Fort. 
Country  Maid  (1741)  II.  289  He  was  rib-roasted  according 
to  his  Merits.  1796  Grose's  Vulgar  T.  (ed.  3)  s.v.,  I'll  rib- 
roast  him  to  his  heart's  content.  1809  W.  IRVING  Kinckerb. 
(1861)  119  Impounding  horses,  and  sometimes  grievously 
rib-roasting  their  owners.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD'  Col.- 
Rcformer  (1801)188  Brandon . .  was  engaged . .  in  rib-roasting 
Darkie  to  make  him  '  come  out  of  that '. 

Hence  Hrb-roasted  ///.  a.  ;  Bi-b-roaster,  a 
severe  blow  on  the  ribs. 

1755  SMOLLETT  Quix.  (1803)  I.  43  The  peasant  staid  till  it 
was  quite  dark,  that  the  poor  rib-roasted  knight  might  not 
be  seen  in  such  a  woful  condition.  1854 '  C.  BEDE  '  Verdant 
Green  II.  16  There's  a  regular  rib-roaster  for  you. 

Rrb-roasting,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  prec.]  A  beating, 
cudgelling.  Cf.  RIB-ROAST  sb. 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  11.  xvii.  203  The  woman  gave  me 
of  the  tree  (to  wit  a  sound  rib-roasting)  and  I  did  eate.    1664 
BUTLER  Hud.  n.  i.  248  He . .  Departs  not  meanly  proud,  and 
boasting,  Of  his  magnificent  Rib-roasting.     1718  MOTTEUX 
Quix.  (1733)  III.  37  Among  my  Master's  Rib-roastings  he 
\    has  not  forgot  mine.     1817-18  COBBETT  Raid.  U.  S.  (1822) 
I    301   There  are  . .  the  slashings   and  the  rib-roastings  to 
undergo.     1837  W.  IRVING  Capt.  Bonneville  (1849)  193  This 
sturdy  ribroasting  calmed  the  fury  of  the  Crows. 

Ribrusch,  obs.  form  of  RUBBISH. 

tBibskin.  Obs.  Also  5-6  rybbeskynne, 
rybskyn,  5  rybsohyn.  [f.  RIB  v?  +  SKIN  sb. 
Cf.  LG.  ribbelap,  -lappe(n  in  the  same  sense.]  A 
leather  apron,  worn  by  women  while  engaged  in 
'  ribbing  flax. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  432/2  Rybbe  skynne  (rybskyn,  H.P.), 
i  melotula.  c  1475  Pict.  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  794  Hicfusus, 
a  spyndylle.  Hec  pellicula,  a  rybschyn.  Hec  nebryda, 
idem  est.  a  1529  SKELTON  E.  Rummyng  209  They  layde  to 
pledge  theyr  wharrowe,  Theyr  rybskyn  and  theyr  spyndell, 
Theyr  nedell  and  theyr  thymbell. 

Bi'bspare.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  7  -sparre. 
[See  SPARE  sb.  So  MLG.  ribbesper,  LG.  ribbspeer, 
G.  rippspeer]  =  SPABERIB. 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  in.  iv.  91  The  remainder  of  the 
Dons  morning  draught,  and  drench  for  his  rib-sparre  or  split 
(choose  you  which).  1736  PEGGE  A'eniicisms s.v.  Fore-right, 
So,  in  Kent,  to  wrong-take  a  person  is  to  take  him  wrong, 
. .  and  a  ribspare  is  a  spare  rib.  1887  PARISH  £  SHAW 
Kentish  Gloss.,  Ribspare,  the  spare  rib. 

Bi'bston.  Also  Ribstone.  [f.  Ribston  Park, 
between  Knaresborough  and  Wetherby  in  Yorks.] 

1.  Used  attrib.  with  pippin  as  the  name  of  a 
choice  variety  of  dessert  apple,  originally  intro 
duced  from  Normandy  about  I7°7- 

See  A.  Amherst  Gardening  (1895)  226. 

1769  HARGROVE  Hist.  Knaresbro.  vi.  (1798)  246  This  place 
is  remarkable  for  the  produce  of  a  delicious  apple,  called  the 
Ribstone-Park  Pippin.  — '"  "— /-—_»—i— /-•--< 


. 

280  Ribstone  pippin.    1836-7  DICKENS  Sk.  Boz,  Charact.^  \, 
About  the  size  and  shape  of  a  reasonable  Ribstone  pipp_in. 
:    1860  R.  HOGG  Fruit  Manual  22  Ribston  Pippin,,  .the  king 
i    of  English  dessert  apples.    1872  H.  MACMILLAN  True  Vine 
v.  197  The  English  Ribston  Pippin  assumes  in  the  hotter 
|    parts  of  India,  a  fastigiate  or  pyramidal  aspect. 
2.  tllipt.  The  (or  a)  Ribston  pippin. 
1844  M.  PATERSON  Manse  Garden  106  The  Ribston  as  a 
tree  thrives  better  in  the  orchard.    1878  T.  HARDY  in  Bel' 
gravia  Apr.  234  Now  a  few  russets.. .  He  used  to  like  them 
almost  as  well  as  ribstones. 
Ribup(e,  variants  of  RIBIBE  sb.  Obs. 
Bi'bwork.     [f.  RIB  sb^\     Any  work  or  ar- 
I    rangement  presenting  the  appearance  of  ribs. 

1899  DANA  Syst.  Min.  (ed.  6)  271  The  crystals,  .affording 
a  rectangular  rib-work  on  the  cross-section.  1894  H.  BARBER 
Furness  ft  Cartmel  Notes  140  The  gateway. .resting  upon 
u  deep  arch  decorated  by  rib-work.  189$  Outing  XXVII. 


BICE. 

18  2  Over  the  rib-work  thus  formed,  long  strips  of  canvas 
are  stretched. 

Ribwort  (ri-bwwt).  Also  5-6  ribbe-,  rybbe-, 
ryb- ;  -\  -uurt,  6  -wurte,  7  -wurt ;  5-7  -worte, 
6-woorte.  [f.  RIB  sb?-  or  sb?  +  WORT.  Cf.  MLG. 
ribbeurort,  ribwort;  G.rifpenwurz.']  The  Narrow- 
leaved  Plantain  (Plantago  lanceolata) ;  ribgrass. 

c  1440  Promp.  Pant.  433/1  Rybbeworte,  herbe,  lanciola. 
c  1450  M.  E.  Meii.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  126  Take  be  jus  of  weybrode 
&  of  rybbewort.  1530  PALSGR.  262/2  Rybbe  worte,  an  herbe. 
1548  [see  RIBGRASS  i].  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  u.  xciii.  341 
Ribwoorte  or  small  Plantame,  hath  many  leaues  flat  spred 
vpon  the  ground.  1619  PARKINSON  Parodist  Ixxxv.  352 
Rose  Plantane  ..  is  in  all  things  like  vnto  the  ordinary 
Plantane  or  Ribworte.  1671  SALMON  Syn.  Med.  in.  xxu. 
424  Ribwort,  .stops  Fluxes  and  the  Tcrmes  and  is  of  the 
nature  of  Plantain.  1763  MILLS  Pract.  Husb.  III.  345, 1 
do  not  know  that  the  narrow  leaved  plantain,  or  ribwort 
(Plantago  angitstifolid)  hath  ever  been  cultivated  purposely 
for  the  food  of  cattle.  1784  TWAMLEY  Dairying  Exemp. 
113  Ribwort,  ribbed  grass,  black  plantain  or  cock  plant. 
1813  VANCOUVER  Agric.  Devon  220  Ribwort,  white  clover, 
and  many  other  valuable  grasses,  are  found  to  grow  for  the 
first  period  of  perhaps  two  or  three  years. 

attrib.     1711  PETIVER  Gazophyl.  9/1  Cape  Cats-foot  with 
Ribwort-leaves.     1849  BALFOUR  Man.  Bat.  §  978  Plantagi- 
naceie,  the  Ribwort  Family.     1861  BENTLEY  Man.  Bot.  606 
Plantaginacez.—Thz  Ribwort  Order. 
b.  So  Ribwort  Plantain. 

1597  GERAKDE  Herbal  11.  xciii.  341  Plantago  quinque- 
neruia,  Ribwoorte  Plantaine.  1611  COTGR.,  Lancelee,  Rib 
wort  Plantaine,  Lambes-tongue.  1696  FLOYER  Anim. 
Humours  x.  129  Plantane  boiled  in  Broths,  and  Ribwort 
Plantane.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  836  Rib 
wort  Plantain .  .is  a  plant  much  relished  by  neat  cattle  and 
horses.  1873  OLIVER  Elan.  Bot.  n.  222  Ribwort  Plantain. . 
is  a  common  plant  of  pastures. 

O.  A  plant  belonging  to  the  N.O.  PlOtttaglitOCtK. 

1846  LINDLEY  I  'eg.  Kingd.  642  There  is  nothing  to  dis 
tinguish  the  corolla  of  Ribworts  from  the  part  so  called  in 
other  plants  except  its.,  want  of  vascular  texture. 

-ric,  suffix,  in  abbotric,  bishopric,  etc. :  see  these 
words  and  RICHE  sb. 

Bicardian  (r/'kaudian),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  the 
name  Kicardo  :  see  def.] 

A.  ailj.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  accepting  the  doc 
trines  of  the  political  economist  David  Ricardo 
(1772-1823). 

1863  FAWCETT  Pol.  Econ.  n.  iii.  118  Political  economists 
of  the  Ricardian  type.  1878  F.  A.  WALKER  Money  \.  iv.  86 
The  Ricardian  economist,  .declares  that  he  sees  no  advan 
tage  in  an  increase  of  money  above  its  former  level.  1887 
ASHLEY  Eng .  Woollen  Indnst.  Pref.  9  The  truth  or  falsehood 
of  the  main  Ricardian  doctrines. 

B.  sb.  A  follower  or  adherent  ot  Ricardo. 

1886  Encycl.  Brit.  XX.  294/1  In  his  great  work  he  kept 
clear  of  the  exaggerated  abstraction  of  the  Ricardians. 

Hence  Bica'rdianism. 

1887  Pall  Mall  G.  18  Oct.  3/2  Mr.  Henry  George  with 
his  revolutionary  Ricardianism. 

Rioardon  :  see  RICHARDINE.  Ricche,  obs.  f. 
REACH  v.1,  RICH  a.  Bicchedom,  var.  RICH- 
DOM  Oi>s.  Ricchesse,  var.  RICHESSE  Obs. 

Rice  J  (rais).  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms  :  I  -hris, 
3,  6  ris  (5  risse),  4-7  rys,  5-6,  9  ryss;  3-6,  9 
rise,  5-7,  9  ryse  (9  ryze),  ryoe,  6-  rice ; 
9  reis(s,  reise,  reyce.  [Common  Teutonic : 
OE.  -hris  (in  comb,  zfliafhrii),  =  Fris.  riis,  rys, 
MDu.  and  Du.  rys,  OS.  *hrts  (dat.  rise},  OHG. 
hriis  (MHG.  rls,  G.  rets),  ON.  hris  (Norw.,  Sw., 
and  Da.  ris) :  the  stem  may  be  an  ablaut-variant 
of  that  represented  by  Goth,  krisjan  to  shake.] 

1 1.  collect,  a.  Without  article  :  Twigs  or  small 
branches  on  growing  trees  or  bushes.  Obs. 

c  IMS  LAY.  740  Ich  ecu  wile  leden  forS  to  mine  lauerde 
i  (>on  wode  rime,  ber  he  vnder  rise  Ii3.  c  1305  Land  Cokaync 
8  What  is  ber  in  paradis,  Bot  grasse  and  flure  and  grene 
ris?  13..  Gaw.  %  Gr.  Knt.  1698  Rocheres  roungen  bl  rys, 
for  rurde  of  her  homes.  £1480  HENRYSON  Mor.  Fab.  1327 
The  rosis  reid  arrayit  on  rone  and  ryce  \v.r.  rys].  1501 
DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  Prol.  35  Baith  foullis,  nouns,  and  rice 
Recomfort  was.  15..  Tayis  Bank  109  Quhair  ron  &  ryss 
raiss  in  aray. 

t  b.  So  with  the.  Obs. 

a  1150  Owl  I,  Night.  1664  Foweles . .  sungen  al  so  uale  wise 
pat  blisse  wes  among  be  ryse.  c  1450  HOLLAND  Howlat  89 
The  Howlet  wylest  in  wyce,  Raikit  vnder  the  rys.  c  1500 
World  f,  the  Child  268,  I  am  ryall  arayde  to  reuen  [Tread 
rennen]  vnder  the  ryse.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  111.  233 
With  buglis  blast  quhill  rairdit  all  the  ryce. 

2.  collect.  Twigs,  small  branches,  or  brushwood, 
cut  and  used  for  various  purposes.  Stake  and 
rice  (see  STAKE  st.). 


hu  - 

bornes  bob  &  ris  i-draae,  Bi  hegge , -  .. 

Durh.  MS.  Cell.  Roll,  Pro  le  fellyng  del  Ryss  pro  emenda- 
cione  sepium,  ij  s.  1533  STEWART  Crtm.  Scot.  III.  227 
Trynchis  [he]  gart  mak  . .  And  stoibbit  thame  with  ryce. 
1594  in  N.  n  Q.  (1881)  6th  Ser.  III.  428  None  shall  gctt  Ryce 
;  in  Bardengill  on  paine  of  xij*  a  burthen.  i6i»  Navvrth 
Hoiiseh.  Bks.  (Surtees)  37  For  cutting  ryse  at  Netherton, 
and  dyking.  1669  WORLIDGE  Syst.  Agric.  330  Rice,  th< 
shrouds  or  tops  of  Trees,  or  fellings  of  Coppices.  1789 
DAVIDSON  Seasons  51  Now  weir  an'  fence  o  wattl  d  rice, 
The  hained  fields  inclose.  i8ai  CARLYLE  Early  Lett.  (1889) 
II.  13  As  a  man  cutting  rice  would  wish  to  do.  1819  J. 
HUNTER  Hallamsh.  Gloss.,  Rice,  sticks  used  in  garden: 
to  support  pease  and  beans  or  any  deciduous  plants.  1894 
HESLOP  Northumb.  Gloss.  s.v.,  The  brushwood  used  to  bed 
in  with  stones  in  the  weiring  of  rivers  is  called  nee. 


RICE. 

b.  The  stems  of  peas  or  beans.      (E.  Anglian.  "1 

1889  Macm.  Mag.  Sept.  360  Oily..  pulled  the  rice..  and 
I  sat  and  stripped  the  peas. 

3.  A  single  twig  or  small  branch. 

a  1250  Owl  fy  Night.  1636  pe  nihtegale  iherde  Jns  An  hupte 
uppon  on  blowe  ris.  13.  .  Cursor  J/,  5614  (Gott.J,  A  kist  of 
rises  did  schobe  wroght.  1507-8  Durh.  Acct.  R  oils  III.  660 
Pro  fossacione  ejusdem,  cum  lez  Stakes  et  Ricez.  15  .  . 
Chrisfs  Kirk  xv.  in  Bann.  MS.,  Heich  Hucheoun  with  a 
hissill  ryss,  To  red  can  throw  thame  rummill.  1578  LYTE 
Dodoens  473  Garden  Smilax  hath  long  and  small  branches 
.  .taking  holdfast  when  they  be  succoured  with  rises  or  long 
poles.  1814  SCOTT  Wav.  Iviii,  I  saw  him  whisk  away  through 
amang  the  reises.  1839  WILSON  Tales  Borders  V.  322 
(E.D.D.),  Like  a  squirrel,  swinging  frae  ae  ryss  to  anither. 
1894  HESLOP  Northumb.  Gloss,  s.v.,  When  tall  hedges  are 
cut  down  a  rice  is  generally  run  alongside. 

t  b.  Without  article,  in  phr.  on  (or  in}  rice.  Obs, 

c  1300  in  Wright  Lyric  P.  v.  26  Hire  rode  is  ase  rose  that 
red  is  on  rys.  ta  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  1015  As  whyte 
as  lylye  or  rose  in  rys.  a  1400  Pistill  of  Susan  72  pe  rose 
ragged  on  rys.  c  1470  Gol.  fy  Gaw.  854  The  blude  of  thair 
bodeis.  .,  As  roise  ragit  on  rise,"  Our  ran  thair  riche  vedis. 
f  c.  So  upon,  on,  or  in  the  rice.  Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Miller's  T.  138  He  hadde  a  gay  surplys, 
As  whit  as  is  the  blosme  vpon  the  rys.  a  1500  London  Lick- 
penny  ix,  Hot  pescods.  .,  Strabery  rype,  and  cherryes  in  the 
ryse.  1513  DOUGLAS  /Ends  xii.  Prol.  237  The  cowschet 
crowdis  and  pirkis  on  the  rys.  c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems 
(S.T.  S.)  i.  4  Welcum,  oure  rubent  roiss  vpouu  be  ryce  ! 

t  4.  A  reel  or  winder.  Obs.     (Cf.  REED  st>.1  9  a.) 

x6n  FLORIO,  Nas^o,  a  rice  or  reele  for  silke  or  yarne.  i6n 
COTGR.,  TournettCy  a  Rice,  or  Yarwingle  to  wind  yarne  on. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  HI.  xxi.  (Roxb.)  265/2  Upon  this 
Barrell  the  wyer  is  turned  as  it  is  drawn  of  the  Rice  through 
the  seuerall  degrees  of  holes. 

5.  attrib.)  as  rice-bloom^  -bttsh>  -dike,  -hcdge^ 
-wood\  f  rice-bank,  a  mound  faced  with  brush 
wood  ;  rice-knife  (see  quot.  1894). 

1508  DUNBAR  TuaMariit  Wemen  524  Than,  .rakit  [they] 
hame  to  ther  rest,  through  the  rise  blwmys.  1642  Rel.  of 
Action  bef.  Cirencester  4  The  streets  were  barricadoed  up 
with..  waggons  of  bavins  or  Rise-bushes.  1665  MANLEY 
Grotius'  Low-C.  Wars  424  For  taking  the  Bridge,  ..  he 
raised  against  the  Wall  a  Tower,  which  is  called  a  Rice- 
Bank.  1847  HALLIW.  s.v.  Rise,  Rise-dike,  a  hedge  made  of 
boughs  and  twigs.  Ibid,,  Rise-wood,  small  wood  cut  for 
hedging.  i88x  N.  $  Q.  6th  Ser.  IV.  53/2  When  a  fence 
is  made  of  stakes  with  dead  thorns  twined  in,  it  is  called  a 
'  rice-hedge  '.  1894  HESLOP  Northumb.  Gloss.  s.v.,  Rice-knife, 
a  light  slasher  with  a  hooked  point,  used  for  cutting  hedges. 

Rice  ^  (rais).  Forms:  a.  3-6  rys,  5  rysz, 
ryzs,  5-6  ryse,  rysse  ;  4-5  ris,  6-7  rise,  rize. 
&•  5~7  ryce,  6-  rice.v  [ME.  rys,  etc.,  =  F  ris.  rys, 
Du.  rijst,  f  rijs,  rys,  MLG.  rtis,  rts,  MHG.  ris  (G. 
reis),  MSw.  riis  (Sw.  and  Da,  ris},  a.  OF.  ris  (F. 
/'i2),ad.It.m0,  repr.L.*0/72«/;/,  var.  oi  orizayoryza, 
a.  Gr.  opvfa  (also  opvfov),  probably  of  Oriental 
origin.  Sp.  and  Pg.  arroz  is  from  Arab.  aruz(z, 


1.  The  seeds  of  the  plant  Oryza  sativa,  forming 
one  of  the  important  food-grains  of  the  world. 

a.  «34  Close  Roll  18  Hen.  ///  (1905)  381  Dimidiam  cen- 
tenam  de  rys  ;  et  j.  centenam  piperis.  1299  Durk.  MS. 
Burs.  Rollt  In  C  et  v  li.  de  Rys,  xxjs.  vjaf.  1390  Earl 
Derby's  Exped.  (Camden)  22  Pro  vj  Ib.  fioure  de  rys.  c  1400 
MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxx.  134  pal  etc  milet  and  rysz.  c  1420 
Liber  Cocorum  (1862)  16  Take  ryse  and  wasshe  and  grynde 
hem  smalle.  1535  COVERDALE  Gen.  xxv.  34  Then  lacob 
gauehim  bred  and  that  meace  of  ryse.  155^  W.  WATREMAN 
Fardle  Facions  n,  viii.  166  Their  drincke  is  a  bruage  that 
thei  make  sometyme  of  Rize,  sometyme  of  Barlie.  1626 
BACON  Sylva  §  49  Rize  is  in  Turky  and  other  Countries 
of  the  East,  most  fed  upon.  1653  GREAVES  Seraglio  22 
Broth  of  Rise  and  pulse  dressed  after  divers  fashions. 

ft.  c  1420  Liber  Cocorum  (1862)  14  Fioure  of  ryce  J?ou 
grynd.  c  1440  Protnp.  Paru.  433/1  Ryce,  frute,  'risza,  i>el 
risi.  1541  ELYOT  Cast.  Helthe  13  Ryce  with  almond  milk. 
1582  M  UN  DAY  Eng.  Rom.  Life  vi.  65  One  to  fetch  milke,  an 
other  to  make  ready  Rice  for  the  pottage.  1638  SIR  T. 
HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  240  Wot  you  forsooth  why  Rice  is  so 
generally  eaten  and  so  valuable?  1698  FRYER^CC.  E.  India 
fy  P.  35  For  Corn,  they  have  Rice  the  Staff  of  the  Land. 
1732  ARBUTHNOT  Rules  of  Diet  in  Aliments,  etc.  i.  250 
Rice,  nourishing,  good  in  Hzemorrages.  x8ox  Encycl. 
Brit.  Suppl.  II.  462  Rice  is  a  favourite  substitute  for  bread 
in  years  of  scarcity.  1867  H.  MACMILLAN  Bible^  Teacft.  v. 
(1870)  103  Rice,  .furnishes  the  chief  article  of  diet  for  the 
largest  proportion  of  the  human  race. 

2.  The  rice-plant,  Oryza  saliva. 

1562  TURNER  Herbal  ir.  (1568)  41  Nether  code  nor  tares 
are  in  any  poynt  like  unto  ryse.  Ibid.  72  b,  Rys  is  to  looke  to 
lyke  vnto  Lolium  or  darnel.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suppl. 
App.,  Rice,  the  English  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  known 
among  botanists  by  that  of  Oryza.  1785  MARTYN  Rousseau's 
Bot.  xvjii.  (1794)  252  The  Rice  is  almost  the  only  plant  to  be 
found  in  the  second  order  of  this  class.  1832  TENNYSON 
Palace  of  Art  114  Many  a  tract  of  palm  and  rice.  1866 
Treas.  Bot.  826/1  The  Common  Rice  is  a  marsh-plant. 

3.  With//.    A  kind  or  variety  of  rice. 

1681  KNOX  Ceylon  iii.  9,  I  have  hitherto  spoken  of  those 
Rices  that  require  to  grow  in  Water.  1826  AINSLIE  Mat. 
Indica  I.  i.  i.  340  Supposing  the  rices  of  different  crops  to 
have  very  different  effects. 

4.  a.  Wild  rice,  =  Canada  or  Indian  Rice. 

18x4  LUNAN  Hort.  Jamaic,  II.  242  The  seeds,  .are  a  good 
substitute  for  rice,  and  for  this  reason  it  is  called  wild  rice 
in  America.  1858  HOMANS  Cycl.  Comm.  1633/2  The  wild 
rice,  or  water  oat,  Zizania  aguatica,  which  grows  along  the 
muddy  shores  of  our  tide-waters.  1874  J.  W.  LONG  Atner. 
Wild-fowl  viii.  135  Almost  the  entire  surface  is  covered 
with  the  dense  growth  of  the  wild  oats  or  rice. 
b.  Petty  rice  (see  PETTY  a.  5). 


645 

'      5.  attrib.  a.  In  sense  '  made,  prepared,  or  derived 
from  rice ',  as  rice-arrack,  -beer,  -bread,  -broth,  etc. 

1875  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  628  A  nauseous  and  unpalatable 
spirit..,  which  goes  by  the  name  of  *rice  arrack.  1795  tr. 

Thunbergs  Trav.  (ed.  2)  IV.  76  The  Seuki  Colic,  which 
proceeds  from  the  use  of  Sacki,  or  *Rice-beer.  1898  Westm. 
Rev.  May  514  The  women  made  rice-beer  for  their  partners 
to  drink.  1704  in  Churchill's  Voy.  II.  187/2  They  are  very 
eager  after  our  Wheat  or  *Rice  Bread.  1796  New  Ann. 
Reg.  147  In  this  manner  pure  rice-bread  may  be  made.  1867 
ANNE  BOWMAN  New  Cookery  Bk.  533  Wheat  and  Rice 

Bread.  1707  FLOYER  Physic.  Pulse-Watch  250  They  first 
forbid  Eggs, ..but  allow  *Rice-Broth.  1683  P.  LORRAIN  tr. 
Mnret's  Rites  Funeral  242  This  being  done,  alt  the  com 
pany  sit  down  to  eat  *Rice-cakes  in  the  Church  it  self.  1769 
MRS.  KAFFALD  Eng.  Housekpr.  (1778)  269  To  make  Rice 
Cake.  1862  S.  ST.  JOHN  Forests  of  Far  East  II.  42  A  par 
ticular  kind  of  rice-cake  sent  in  very  hot.  1665  MAY  ACCOJU- 
plisKdCook  285  To  make  *Rice  Cream.  1747  tr.  Astrttcs 
Fevers  241  Let  him  eat  of  rice-cream,  that  nothing  may  be 
wanting  to  nourish  him  properly.  1866  Ckambers's  Encycl. 
VIII.  248/2  The  refuse  of  R[iceJ,  which.,  is  known  as  Rice- 
meal  and*Rice-dust.  1769  MRS.  RAFFALD  Eng.  Housekpr. 
(1778)  269  Put  in  half  a  pound  of  *rice  flour.  1849  Diss.  Silk' 
tnanuf.  (Shanghai)  38  Mix  also  some  rice-flour  with  their 
food.  1854  SIMMONDS  Comm.  Products  I'eg.  Kingd.  303 
*Rice-meal  is  commonly  used  for  feeding  pigs.  1681  GREW 
MitSceum  n.  §  i.  iv.  200  From  the  Kernel  it  self. .  they  press 
out  a  Milk,  which  they  always  mix  and  eat  with  their  ^Rice- 
Meats.  1728  E.  SMITH  Compl.  House™,  (ed.  2)  89  To  make 
*Rice  Pancakes.  1:1592  MARLOWE  Je^v  of  Malta  in,  Will 
you  poison  her  with  a  mess  of  *rice  porredge  ?  1579  LANG- 
HAM  Card.  Health  (1633)  528  *Rice  pottage  made  with  good 
milk.. is  of  easie  digestion.  1594  Handmaids  Kitchin  34 
The  Almonds.. strained  to  make  the  Rice  pottage  withal. 
1853  SOYER  Pantroph.  349  The  Dauphin  took  for  his  dinner 
a  rice  pottage,  c  1500  Rcspnblica  in.  iii,  Whares  *Rice- 
puddingcake?  [  =  Respublica].  1728  E.  SMITH  Compl. 
ffousew.  (ed.  2)  82  A  Rice  Pudding.  1837  LOCKHART  Scott 
IV.  viii.  259  He  sat  at  table  while  we  dined,  but  partook  only 
of  some  rice  pudding.  \ty\P  ereira's  Polarized '  Light  (<sA.  2) 
155  Wheat-starch,  Portland  arrow-root,  and  *rice-starch.  1861 
BENTLEY  Man.  Bot.  697  Starch  of  good  quality,  known  as 
..Patent  Rice  Starch,,  .prepared  from  rice.  1845  Encycl. 
Metrop.  XXV.  1290/2  The  Chinese  make  *rice  wine  per 
fumed.  1894  (?«//«£•  XXIV.  207/1  Their  faces  showed  signs 
of  rice  wine. 

b.  In  sense  (  producing  rice ',  '  used  for  grow 
ing  rice  ',  as  rice-country ',  -field ^  -ground,  etc. 

1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  \.  xi.  (1904)  I.  182  Rice  in  some 
*rice  countries,  the  common  and  favourite  vegetable  food  of 
the  people.  1704  in  Churchill's  Voy.  II.  263/1  A.  .Valley, 
full  of  *Rice-fields.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  W  N.  i.  xi.  (1904) 
I.  181  A  rice-field  produces  a  much  greater  quantity  of 
food  than  the  most  fertile  corn-field.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet. 
Mech,  1937/1  The  watered  rice-fields  of  '  the  East '.  1625 
PuRCHA.sPi'/grit/tag'f:  II.  1764  /wa/y.,*Rice grounds.  1756-7 
tr.  Keysler^s  Trav.  (1760)  I.  371  The  roads  adjoining  to 
the  rice  grounds.  1840  BUEL  Farmers  Contp,  197  Water 
meadows  and  rice  grounds  profit  by  periodical  fioodings. 
1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  i.  xi.  (1904)  1. 182  The  rent  of  *rice 
lands  cannot  regulate  the  rent  of  the  other  cultivated  land. 
1880  Encycl.  Brit.  XIII.  574/2  The  rising  grounds  which 
skirt  the  rice-land  are  tilled  by  the  hoe.  1797  Ibid.  (ed.  3) 
VI 1. 694  The  funds,  .chiefly  in *rice  plantations  and  negroes. 
1831  AUDUBON  Ornith.  Biog.  286  The  rice  plantations  of  the 
Carolinas.  1874  J.  W.  LONG  Amer.  Wild-fowl  ii.  49  When 
two  persons  are  hunting  in  company  in  a  *rice-pond.  1779 
Ann.  Reg.  31  A  bluff,  rising  considerably  above  the  level  of 
the  *rice-swamp.  1843  \VHITTIER  Christian  Slave  xiv,  From 
the  low  rice-swamp. .  Rises  to  Heaven  that  agonizing  cry. 

C.  Miscellaneous,  as  rice-bag,  -basket ',  -boat, 
-corn,  -crop,  -harvest,  -mill)  -plant,  -straw,  etc. 

1897  MARY  KINGSLEY  W.  Africa  20  Red  flannel  petticoat, 
or  *rice-bag  drawers.  1854  Zoologist  XII.  4269  The  ^ice- 
basket  is  invaded.  1755  Acts  Gen.  Assembly  Georgia 
(1881)  53  That  this  Act  do  not  extend  to  decked  Pettiaguas 
or  *Rice  Boats.  x68x  KNOX  Ceylon  iii.  ii  Thus  much  con 
cerning  "Rice-corn.  1813  AINSLIE  Mat*  Med.  Hindostan 
271  An  almost  continual  succession  of  *rice  crops  through 
out  the  year.  1732  BARBOT  Churchill's  Voy.  V.  in.  xiii. 
197/2  The  *rice-harvest  is  usually  in  September.  1881 
Encycl.  Brit.  XII.  347/2  In  British  Burmah  there  is  but 
a  single  rice  harvest  in  the  year.  1842  BONAR  &  MCCHEYNE 
Mission  tojews  (1843)  58  We  visited  a  ^Rice-mill  which  is  in 
the  course  of  erection.  1778  in  Pinkertoifs  Voy.  (1811)  IX. 
716  The*rice-plant  grows  to  the  height  of  three  or  four  feet. 
1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVII.  45/2  The  Rice  plant  is  therefore  an 
undoubted  native  of  India.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  \.  (Globe) 
208  A  Place  where  I  had  laid  a  great  Parcel  of  *Rice  Straw. 
1887  MOLONEY  Forestry  W.  Afr.  451  In  many  districts  rice, 
straw  is  almost  the  only  food  which  cattle  have. 

6.  Comb.  a.  With  agent-nouns,  denoting  persons, 
implements,  or  machines,  as  rice-cleaner,  -eater, 
'grower,  -huller,  -miller ;  -planter •,  -seller ',  -stirrer, 

1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Terms,  *  Rice-cleaner,  one  who 
husks  paddy,  and  sifts  and  prepares  it  for  sale  as  rice.  1859 
CORNWALLIS  New  World  I.  307  The  Chinese  immigrants 
consisted  entirely  of  males..  .So  much  for  the  *rice-eaters. 
1863  TREVELYAN  Compel.  Wallah  (1866)  145  Informing  us 
that  the  Chinese  *rice-growers  even  now  cast  their  bread  on 
the  waters.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1937/2  Ewbank's 
*rice-huller  (English  patent,  1819).  1851  in  lllustr.  Loud. 
News  5  Aug.  (1854)  119/3  *Rice..  miller.  1856  OLMSTED 
Slave  States  409,  1  left  town  yesterday.,  with  a  letter.,  to 
Mr.  X.,  a  *rice-planter.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1938/1 
Rice-planter ;  an  implement  for  sowing  rice.  1871  C.  KINGS- 
LEY  At  Last  vi,  Old  Coolies,  .find  it  convenient  to  turn 
*rice-sellers-  1900  Proc.  Zool,  Soc.  Dec.  861  On  *rice-  j 
stirrers  and  other  articles  of  household  use. 

b.  With  vbl.  sbs.  or  ppl.  adjs.,  as  rice-chewing^ 
-cleaning,  -eating,  -growing,  -pounding. 

1884  Sat.  Rev.  7  June  752/1  The  ordeal  of  *rice-chewing  is 
applied  to  priests  accused  of  unchastity.  1839  URE  Diet. 
Arts  1068  *Rice  cleaning.  Various  machines  have  been  con 
trived  for  effecting  this  purpose.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX. 
500/1  Several  large  rice-cleaning  establishments.  1840  Ibid. 


RICE-PAPER. 

XVII.  46/1  The  natives,  .have  rather  a  contempt  for  ''rice- 
eating  districts.  1873  DRURY  Useful  PL  Ittdia  (ed.  2)  324 
The  most  fertile  province  for  *rice-growing.  1875  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Meek.  1938/1  *Rice-pounding  Machine. 

7.  Special  combs.  :  rice-bunting,  the  rice-bird 
or  bobolink  ;  rice-Christian,  a  Hindu  convert ; 
rice  cut-grass,  rice  embroidery  (see  quots.) ; 
rice-flower,  (a)  an  East  Indian  plant;  (b)  one  or 
other  of  the  various  species  of  the  Australian 
genus  Pimelea  ;  rice-grains,  Astr^  granular  mark 
ings  observed  on  the  surface  of  the  sun  ;  rice 
grass  (see  quots.1) ;  rice-hamster  (see  quot.  and 
HAMSTEB)  ;  rice-rat,  an  American  rodent  feeding 
upon  rice ;  rice-sand  (see  quot/  ;  rice  sapper,  an 
Indian  beetle  injurious  to  growing  rice ;  rice-shell 
(see  quot.) ;  t  rice  sparrow,  =  RICE-BIRD  2 ;  rice- 
stitch,  -troopial,  -weevil,  -wheat  (see  quots.). 

1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  II.  i.  iB8  "Rice  Bunt 
ing,  Emberiza  oryzhiora.  1893  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  i. 
46  What  is  commonly  called  in  books  the  Rice-Bunting, 
Dolickonyx  oryzivora.  1816  Q.  Rev.  XV.  352  We  are 
sneeringly  told,  that  these  Missionaries  only  make  ''rice- 
Christians  in  India.  1836  CDL.  WISEMAN  Lect.  Cath.  Relig. 
(1847)  I.  226  It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  the  new  Christians 
in  India  are  called  Rice-Christians.  1874  A.  OKAY  Less, 
Bot,  607  Leersia  oryzoides,.  .*Rice  Cut-grass.  1882  CAUL- 
FEILD&  SAWARD/>M:£  Needlework  ^fa  *  Rice  Embroidery 

. .  is  a  white  Embroidery  upon  washing  materials,  in  which 
the  principal  stitch  used  is..  Rice  Stitch.  1704  in  ChnrchiWs 
Voy.  II.  326/2  The  ''Rice-flower  is  called. .from  its  Scent, 
which  is  like  Rice  when  it  comes  boiling  hot  out  of  the  Pot.  1898 
MORRIS  Austral  Eng.  387/1  The  Rice-flowers  are  beautiful 
evergreens  about  three  feet  high,  and  bear  rose-coloured, 
white,  and  yellow  blooms.  1878  NEWCOMB  Pop.  Astron.  \\\. 
ii.  239  This  structure  of  the  Vice-grains  has  been  seen  only 
by  Professor  Langley.  1884  PKOCTOK  in  Longman's  Mag. 
Apr.  590  We  may  describe  the  solar  rice-grains,  in  fact,  as 
mighty  metallic  clouds.  1889  MAIDEN  Usejul  Native  PI. 
93  Leersia  hexandra,  ..  l*Rice  Grass'.  A  rough-leaved 
species,  common  along  the  watercourses  of  Queensland. 
Ibid.  94  Microlxna  stipoides^. ,'  Weeping  Grass',  'Meadow 
Rice  Grass1.  1792  KERK^/MW.  Kingd.  245*Rice  Hamster, 
Mus  Cricctus  phyus.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XII. 461/1 
The  pha;us,  or  rice-hamster,  has  the  upper  parts  of  the  body 
of  a  hoary  ash-colour.  1884  Encycl.  Brit.  XVII.  5/1  The 
*Rice-rat  of  America.  1883  Sunday  Mag.  Aug.  510/2  Then 
another  bed  [of  sand]..,  rough  and  large-grained,  called 
'  *rice-sand ',  and  exactly  like  unboiled  rice.  1889  E.  T. 
ATKINSON  Indian  Insect  Pests  i  The  *Rice  Sapper  (Lepto- 
corisa  acuta). . .  In  Tinnevelly  it  is  called  the  munju  vandu, 
or  rice-juice  sucker  or  sapper.  1855  OGILVIE  Suppl. ^  *Kice- 
shellt  the  species  of  the  genus  Oliva.  1898  WORHIS  Austral 
Eng.  387/1  Rice-shell.. in  Australia,  .denotes  the  shell  of 
various  species  of  Truncatelln^  a  small  marine  mollusc.  1704 
in  ChurchiWs  Voy.  II.  357/2  The  *Rice  Sparrows  are  no 
bigger  than  our  ordinary  Sparrows.  1882  CAULFEILD  & 
SAWARD  Diet.  Needlework  424/1  ''Rice  Stitch.. resembles 
Rice  loosely  scattered  over  a  flat  surface.  183,6  Penny  Cycl. 
V.  29/2  The  'rice-bunting1  of  Pennant  and  of  Wilson, 
'  *rice-troopial '  of  authors.  1815  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  vj. 
(1818)  I.  174  The  *rice-weevil  (Catandra  Oryzze,  F.)  is  very 
injurious  to  the  useful  grain  after  which  it  is  named.  1879 
E.  A.  ORMEROD  in  Entomologist  XII.  51  The  history  of  its 
near  ally  the  Sitophilus  oryzytor  rice  weevil.  1879  Encycl. 
Brit.  X.  451/1  To  these  [crops]  in  some  districts  are  added 
spelt,  buckwheat,  millet,  ^rice-wheat  (Triiicum  dicoccum). 

•rice :  see  -TRICE. 

t  Rice-balking:  see  REST-BALK  v. 

1787  W.  MARSHALL  Rural  Econ.  Norfolk  Gloss.,  Rice- 
balking  t  a  particular  method  of  ploughing. 

Rice-bird.    [RICE  *.] 

1 1.  An  East  Indian  bird  (see  quot.).  Obs. 

1704  in  Chnrchilts  Voy.  II.  357/1  The  Rice-Bird  is  of  the 
bigness  of  one  of  our  Pullets, .  .with  brown  feathers  on  the 
Body,  a  red  Head,  and  very  large  Claws ;  they  live  among 
the  Rice. 

2.  The  Paddy  bird  or  Java  sparrow. 

1743  EDWARDS  Nat.  Hist.  Birds  I.  i.  41  The  Cock  Padda 
or  Rice-Bird,  .is  about  the  Size  of  a  Green-Finch,  or  rather 
bigger.  1777  FORSTER  Voy.  round  World  II.  568  Rice- 
birds,  commonly  called  paddies  (loxia  oryzivora).  1841 
Penny  Cycl.  XI X.  500/2.  1904  Blackw.  Mag.  Jan.  243  Java 
sparrows,  rice-birds,  and  those  squawking  mynahs. 

3.  The  reed-bird  or  bobolink. 

1747  Phil.  Trans.  XLIV.  438  Flights  of  Rice-Birds ..  go 
to  Carolina  annually  at  the  time  Rice  begins  to  ripen;  and, 
after  growing  fat  with  it,  return  South  back  again.  1769 
BANCROFT  Guiana  178  The  Rice  Bird  of  Guiana  has  a  bill 
like  the  former,.,  and  is  of  nearly  the  same  size.  1832  Veg. 
Subst.  Food  Man  94  The  cultivators  of  rice  in  America., 
suffer,  .from  the  depredations  of  the  rice-bird.  1884  Har 
per's  Mag.  Mar.  620/1  The  mouse-hawk,  .interrupts  the 
flocks  of  bobolinks  or  rice-birds  in  their  depredations. 

Rice-milk.  [RICE  *.]  Milk  boiled  and 
thickened  with  rice  and  other  ingredients. 

1620  VENNER  Via  Recta  v.  go  Rice-milke.  There  is  also 
the  like  kinde  of  pottage,.. made  of  Rice  accurately  depilated 
and  boyled  in  milke.  1674  Eng.  $  Fr.  Cook.  441  A  dish  of 
hot  Rice-Milk.  1731  SWIFT  Let.  to  Gay  20  June,  One  of 
them... refused  to  beg  my  pardon  upon  her  knees,  for  once 
neglecting  to  make  my  rice-milk.  1786  Med.  Comment.  II, 
117  Rice-milk  for  supper.  1851  MAYHEW  Land.  Labour  I. 
193  Rice-milk  is  always  sold  at  stalls  arranged  for  the  pur 
pose.  1904  Windsor  Map.  Jan.  268/2  Sometimes  the  butter 
is  omitted,  and  then  the  oread  is  served,  .with  rice-milk. 

Rice-paper.  [RICES.]  (See  quots.  1857  and 
1872.) 

1822  Edin,  Jml.  Sci.  (1825)  II.  136  The  rice-paper  con 
sists  of  long  hexagonal  cells,  whose  length  is  parallel  to  the 
surface  of  the.  film.  1849  BALFOUR  Man.  Bot.  §  852  Some 
say  that  a  species  of  Dfsmant/tns\s>  the  source  of  the  cellu 
lar  substance  called  Rice-paper.  1857  HENFREY  Bot.  311 
The  substance  called  Rice-paper,  prepared  by  the  Chinese, 
consists  of  thin  slices  of  the  pith  of  A  raiia  pafyrifera,  1874 


RICE-WATER. 

OLIVER  Elem.  Bot.  \\.  185  Rice-paper  is  prepared  from  the  i 
pith  of  Aralia  papyrifera,  a  tree  of  Formosa;  the  pith  is  j 
cut  spirally  and  unrolled  into  small  squares. 

b.  attrib*  in  rice-paper  plant  or  tree9  the  shrub 
Aralia  or  Fatsia  papyrifera ;  also  the  sola-plant  of 
India  ^-Eschynomene  asperd). 

1832  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  i.  ii.  61  As  in  the  Horse  Chest 
nut,  the  Rice-paper  plant,  and  many  others.  1849  BALFOUR 
Man.  Bot.  §  75  In  the  Rice-paper  plant,  .the  interior  of  the 
stem  is  occupied  almost  entirely  by  cellular  tissue.  1882 
Garden  Apr.  236/3  There  is  a  wide  ascending  pathway, 
edged  with  Rice-paper  plants. 

Rice-water.    [RicE  -.] 

1.  A  liquid,  for  drinking  or  other  purposes,  pre 
pared  from  rice  boiled  in  water. 

1797  UNDERWOOD  Disorders  Childhood  1 11.88  Thin  tapioca, 
or  if  a  purging  attends,  rice-water.  1856  Orr's  Circ.  Set'., 
Pract.  Chem.  167  Rice-water  is  commonly  recommended  as 
the  vehicle,  on  account  of  the  starch  it  contain-;.  1877 
A.  B.  EDWARDS  Uj>  Nile  xxi.  666  The  drinks  throughout 
were  plain  water,  rice-water,  and  lemonade. 

2.  Used   attrib.  to  describe  the   evacuations   of 
cholera-patients. 

1866  J.R.  REYNOLDS^/.  Mcd.  1. 150  The  name  of  rice- 
water  stool  has  been  given  to  the  genuine  unmixed  cholera 
evacuation.  ..  When  the  rice-water  evacuations  appear, 
cramps  generally  set  in.  1876  BRISTOWI-:  The.  %  Pract.  Mcd. 
(1878)  241  The  rice-water  fluid,  as  found  in  the  intestines,  is 
alkaline,  1883  Fortn.Rcv.  Aug.  181  The  rice-water  purgings 
and  cramps. 

Ri'cey,  a.     [f.  RICE  2  +  -Y.]     Jf  or  pertaining    ! 
to  rice  ;  resembling  rice. 

1776  MICKLE  tr.  Camocns*  Lusiad  463  Where    end    the 
ricey  groves  that  crown  the  shore.     1883  Philadelph.  Tel.    \ 
XL.  i  Also,  the  flavors  [of  the  wheat]  are  too  ricey. 

Rich,  obs.  form  of  REEK  sb.^ 

Rich  (ritj)  #•»  odv-i  and  sb.  Forms:  a.  1-2 
rice  (also  i  comp.  riccre,  sup.  ricceste),  2-6 
riche,  3  ri(c)hche,  3-5  ricche,  4-6  ryche  (5 
ryiche),  6  reche,  rache,  rytche,  rutche;  4 
rycch,  5-6  rych,  6  rytch,  ritch,  4-  rich.  /?. 
4-5  rik(e,5~6  Sc.  ryk(e,  6  Sc.  ryik.  [Com.  Teut. : 
OE.  rice,  =  OFris.  rtfa,  rik  (mod. Kris.  ryk>  rik-^ 
\rijck],  MDu.  rijke,  rijck,  etc.  (Du.  rijk],  OS. 
riki  (MLG.  rike,  LG.  rik},  OHG.  ricki,  riche  ' 
(G.  reicK),  ON.  rlkr  (Norw.  and  Sw.  rik,  Da. 
rig\  Goth,  reiks,  believed  to  represent  an  early  ! 
Teutonic  adoption  of  Celtic  rix  =  L,  rex  king. 

In  ME.  the  use  of  the  word  may  have  been  reinforced  by 
F.rictt£(=  Sp.rico,  It.ricco),  itself ofTeutonicorigin.  This 
would  help  to  explain  the  early  disappearance  of  the 
northern  form  rike.} 

I.  adj.  \  1.  Of  persons :  Powerful,  mighty,  ex 
alted,  noble,  great.  Obs. 

In  many  OE.  and  ME.  passages  it  is  difficult  to  decide    ' 
whether  this  or  sense  2  is  mainly  intended. 

«  900   O.  E.  Martyrol.  27  Dec.,  Rice  harSene  men  hine 
snidon  b^et  he  dranc  attor.    c  900  tr.  Jiaeda's  Hist.  iv.  xxviii.    : 
(1890)  368  Se..cyning  sylfa,  &  se  halga  bysceop.  .&  monies    ; 
o3re  cefeEste  weras  &   rice  [L.  potentes}.     ciooo  ^ELFRIC 
Saints*  Lives  i.  12  Ne  on-dret  he  him  nanes  binges,  fordan 
be  he  naef3  nenne  riccran.    a  1122  O.  E.  Chron,  (Laud  MS.) 
an.  1087  Swa  \>&\.  ba  riceste  Frencisce  men.  .wolden  swican    | 
heora  hlaforde.   1129  Ibid.  an.  1129  pa  ricceste  men  of  Rome.    ' 
c  1205  LAY.  27232  Ich  aem  rihchest  alre  kinge  vnder  gode 
seolue.    a  1275  L  uite  Ron  97  in  O.  E,  Misc.  96  He  is  ricchest 
mon  of  londe, ..  Alle  heo  beob  to  his  honde.    01300  Cursor 
jl/.  9  O  kyng  arthour  bat  was  so  rike,     c  1330  R.  BRUNNE 
Chron.  Watt  (Rolls)  2685  Bot  whoso  myghte,  of  ober  wan  ; 
pat  rycchest  were,  most  bar  bem  stout,  a  1400-50  A  lexander 
197  In  reuerence  of  be  riche  kyng  at  had  ber  revvme  gydid.    ' 
Ibid.  351  As  arly  as  be  riche  qwene  was  resyn  fra  slepe.    : 
c  1470  GoL  «$•  Gaw.  402  He  is  the  rlallest  roy,  reuerend  and 
rike.     1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  HI.  7  King  Henrie  passit 
into  France  With  mony  rynk  that  ryall  wes  and  ryke  In 
plane  battell. 

fb.  Of  things  :  Powerful,  strong.  Obs. 

rtiooo  Daniel  457  Waeron  hyra  raedas   rice,  siSSan   hie    i 
rodera  waldend  . .  wi5  bone  hearm  gescylde.    c  1000  Sax.     \ 
Leechd.  II.   106  Of  jeal  adle-.cymeb  great  yfel ;  sio  bib 
ealra  adla  ricust.     c  1205  LAY.  26796  Walwain  . .  ridende    ' 
igrap  Petreiun  on  richen  his  [c  1275  his  gode]  steden.    c  1470 
HENRY  Wallace  vi.  547  With  rych  hors  the  Scottis  befor    ' 
thaim  raid.     Ibid.  ix.  18  Aryet  the  hot  syng  coloryk,  In  to    ; 
the  Ram,  quhitk  had  his  rowmys  ryk. 

2.  Having  large  possessions  or  abundant  means  ;    , 
wealthy,  opulent. 

o.  ("900  tr.  Daedas  Hist,  in,  v,  pa  feoh  be  him  rice  men    ' 
sealdon  [L,  a  diviiilnts}.     ciooo  >£LFRIC  Horn.  I.  204  paes 
rican   mannes    welan    smd   his  sawle   alysednyss.      ^"75 
Lamb.  Horn,  53  pes  riche   men  be   habbeS  bcs  mucheles 
weorklesehte.   121225  Ancr.  R.66  pe  wreche  peoddare  more    \ 
noise  he  make<5 . .  ben  a  riche  mercer.    1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls) 
495  Corn  &  frut  horn  wax  inou;.  .so  bat  hii  were  riche  inou 
in  a  stounde.  c  1375  Cursor  M.  27830  ( Fairf.),  Bot  maste  riche 
men  rewes  me,  pat  of  be  pouer  has  na  pite.     1390  GOWER    : 
Conf.  II.  214  Sche  per  cas  that  richest  is  And  hath  of  gold  a 
Mihon.    c  1450  Merlin  3  Whiche  yaf  to  hym  all  her  part  of 
that  she  hadde,  and  here  lord  was  right  a  ryiche  man.    1538 
STARKEY  England  i.  iii.  98  When  the  fermys  of  al  such  pas- 
turys.  .are  brought  to  the  handys  of  a  few  and  rychar  men. 
1580  LYLY  Eupkues  (Arb.)  228  To  bee  rich  is  the  gift  of 
Fortune,  to  bee  wise  the  grace  of  God.      1624  MASSINCER 
Renegado  in.  ii,  Rich  sons  forget  they  ever  had  poor  fathers. 
1651  HOBBES  Leviath,  u.  xxvii.  161  To  Robbe  apoore  man,  is    , 
a  greater  Crime,  than  to  robbe  a  rich  man.    1707  J.  STEVENS    | 
tr.  Quevedo's  Com.  Wks.  (1709)  310  There  is  no  doubt  but 


646 

ft*  1828  CAKLYLE  Misc.  (1857)  I.  218  Hume  was  too  rich 
a  man  to  borrow.  1841  MACAULAY  in  Trevelyan  Life  (1876) 
II  101  At  present  1  consider  myself  as  one  of  the  richest 
men  of  my  acquaintance.  187*  CAVLER  Heart-  Tlwughts  31 
Would  you  grow  rich  toward  God  ?  Then  learn  to  give. 

fl  a  1300  Cursor  M.  12492  And  was  bar  wonnand  in  bat 
wik,  hat  hight  iosep,  a  bulges  rik.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints 
xlvi.  (Anastas)  287  God  bad  sel  al  be  gudis  bat  I  had,  &  gif 
pure  men,  &  nocht  ryk.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  vm.  xxxvm. 
5868  The  land  had  rest,  the  folk  ware  ryke.  1535  [see  n  b]. 
b.  Of  places,  countries,  etc. :  Abounding  in 
wealth  or  natural  resources. 

c  1250  Gen.  $  Ex.  1 280  Do?  it  was  no?t  is  kinde  lond ;  Richere 
he  it  leet  San  he  it  fond.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.ni.  207  That  is 
be  richest  rewme  bat  reyne  ouer  houeth.  1585  T.  WASHING 
TON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  in.  xviii.  104  b,  They  doe  lodge  them- 
selues  . .  in  the  best  and  richest  house.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q. 
iv.  xi.  22  Those  warlike  women,  which  so  long  Can  from  all 
men  so  rich  a  kingdome  hold!  1666  DRYDEN  Ann.  Miral>. 
cxliii,  With  cord  and  canvas  from  rich  Hamburg  sent  His 
navy's  moulted  wings  he  imps  once  more.  1742  RICHARD- 
SON  De  Foe's  TourGt.  Brit.  111.285  A  Town  which,  in  its 
flourishing  State,  was  said  to  be  the  richest  in  Christendom. 
1787  MATY  tr.  RiesbecVs  Trav.  Germany  III.  238  The 
monks  fare  particularly  well  in  so  rich  a  Country.  1802 
PINKERTON  Mod.  Geogr.  (1811)  634  New  Spain  is  by  far  the 
richest  mineral  country  in  the  world.  1859  TENNYSON 
Elaine  1321  That  shrine  which  then  in  all  the  realm  Was 
richest. 

3.  With  preps.  :  Wealthy  in,  having  abundance 
t<?/",  amply  provided  with>  some  form  of  property 
or  valuable  possessions. 

c-izoo  ORMIN  6384  Laban  wass  an  riche  mann  I  werelld- 
bingess  sellbe.  Ibid.  12084  pe33  hafenn  mikell  fe  &  sinndenn 
riche  off  ahhte,  ^1205  LAY.  4063  Heo  weoren  richere  of 
golde  &  of  garisume.  1382  WVCLIF  Gen.  xiii.  2  He  was  for- 
sothe  ful  riche  in  possessioun  of  siluer  and  of  gold.  14.. 
Theophilus,  i,  Wyse  clerk  &  a  man  of  myjt  And  riche  of  gold 
&  fee,  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  \\\.  xv,  118  Them  that  were 
of  londes  not  ryche  he  gaf  them  londes.  1530  PALSGR.  322/2 
Ryche  of  substance,  ricke,  opulent.  1596  [see  b].  1604  E. 
G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist. Indiesm.xx.  186  High  rockes, 
the  which  are  very  rich  in  mines.  1697  DRYDEN  s£neid\\. 
1181  He  moves  with  manly  grace,  how  rich  with  regal 
spoils  !  1756  SMART  tr.  Horace,  Ep.  vi,  The  king  of  the 
Cappadocians,  though  rich  in  slaves,  is  in  want  of  coin. 
1802  PINKERTON  Mod.  Gcogr.  (i8n)  632  tiotc,  The  mines 
..not  less  rich  in  gold  and  silver.  1843  Penny  Cycl. 
XXVI.  230/1  Like  most  other  Venetian  churches,  [it  is] 
rich  in  paintings. 

b.  transf.  m  fig.  in  various  applications. 

cizo5  LAY.  18929  Ich  am  on  rade  rihchest  alre  monnen. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  11312  For  pouert  thar  naman  mislik 
Qmls  he  es  in  god  truth  rike.  .71386  CHAUCER  Prol.  479 
Riche  he  was  of  holy  thoght  and  werk.  1500-20  DUNBAR 
Poems  Ixiv.  3  Sweit  roiss  of  vertew..,  Richest  in  bontie. 
1596  DRAYTON  Legends  i.  826  They  rich  in  Gold,  he  onely 
rich  in  Wounds,  a  1691  BOYLE  Hist.  Air  (1692)  55  Nature 
is  much  more  rich  in  things,  than  our  dictionaries  ^are  in 
words.  1750  GRAY  Elegy  50  Her  ample  page,  Rich  with  the 
spoils  of  time.  1791  MRS.  RADCLJKFE  Rom.  Forest  i,  Rich 
with  wood,  and  fading  away  in  blue  and  distant  mountains. 
1845  M.  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  2  Our  own  immediate  age 
is  confessedly  rich  in  works  of  the  historical  class.  1878 
HUXLEY  Physiogr.  126  The  river-water,  .is  usually  rich  in 
organic  impurities. 

4.  Valuable;  of  great  worth  or  value. 

c  1250  Gen.  fy  Ex.  3937  Balaac  sente  richere  and  mo  Medes, 
and  ooer  men  to  80.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  5120  Als  he  gaue 
bam  giftes  rik.  ^1330  Arth.  <y  Merl.  4055  (Kolbing),  pc 
siluer  to  part  &  be  gold  &  mani  ober  riche  binges.  1377 
LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  n.  16  With  ribanes  of  red  golde  and  of 
riche  stones.  <z  1400-50  Alexander  1572  With  releckis..be 
richest  on  be  auutere.  1470-3$  MALORY  Arthur  \\.  vii.  126 
He  kepeth  from  hym  a  ful  fair  maner  and  a  ryche.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  414  b,  There  is  a  very  ritch  pro 
motion  ecclesiasticall  whiche  he  had  sued  for  manye  moneths. 
1595  RALF.IGH  Discov.  G-viana  (1887)  120  The  great,  good, 
and  rich  trade  with  England  may  be  possessed  of  thereby. 
1642  FULLER  Holy  «$•  Prof.  St.  v.  xviii.  430  Counting  them 
selves  the  petty- Landlords  of  the  times,  to  whom  rich  fines 
and  heriots  would  accrue  upon  every  exchange.  1699 
DAMPIER  Voy.  II.  1. 145  Some  of  the  Portuguese,  .put  their 
richest  Goods  into  a  Boat,  ready  to  take  their  flight  on  the 
first  Alarm.  1738  GRAY  Tasso  61  In  one  rich  mass  unite 
their  prescious  store.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  xlix.  V.  136 
The  first  fruits  were  paid  in  his  rich  offerings  to  the  shrine 
of  the  apostle.  1871  FKEEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  IV.  xviii. 
142  A  rich  harvest  for  Norman  spoilers. 
b.  Of  non-material  things. 

£1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  25/53  Huy  bi-heten  him  be  loye  of 
heouene  bat  so  riche  was  and  is.  c  1330  Arth.  $  Merl. 


cannot  be  rich  and  poor  at  the  same  time.  1861  RUSKIN 
Unto  (kit  Last  iv.  128  The  persons  who  become  rich  are, 
generally  speaking,  industrious. 


4058  (Kulbing),  Arthour  bou3t  gode  afin  pe  riche  conseyl  of 
Merlin.  i6iz  BACON  Ess.,  Of  Despatch  (Arb.)  244  True  dis 
patch  is  a  rich  thing.  1859  TENNYSON  Elaine  1223  As  much 
fairer— as  a  faith  once  fair  Was  richer  than  these  diamonds, 
f  c.  Choice  ;  good  of  its  kind.  Obs.  rare. 

c  1315  SHOREHAM  i.  1575  By-tuixe  god  and  holy  folk  Loue 
hys  wel  trye  and  ryche.  c  1330  Arth.  $  Merl.  523  (Kol- 
bmg),  Loke,  bat  tre  &  ston  be  riche,  pe  tour  largge  &  depe 
be  diche. 

5.  Of  dress,  etc. :  Splendid,  costly ;  of  expensive 
or  superior  material  or  make. 

c  1200  Tritt.  Coll.  Horn.  33  A  man.  .bicam  uppe  beues,and 
hie  him  bireueden  alle  hise  riche  weden.  a  1300  Cursor  M. 
5167  He.  ,sagh  bam  cled  in  pall  sa  rike.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI. 
C.  in.  14  Hure  robe  was  ryccher  ban  ich  rede  couthe. 
c  1450  St.  Cuthbert  812  pai  se  be  woman  in  ryche  wedis. 
1508  DUNBAR  Gold.  Targe  88  Thare  saw  I  Nature  present 
hir  a  goun  Rich  to  behald.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Ediu.  IV* 
190 b,  His  high  cap  of  estate.. garnished  with  twoo  riche 
Crounes.  1591  SPENSER  M.  Hubberd  582  The  Mule  all 
deckt  in  goodly  rich  aray.  1617  BOYLE  in  Lismore  Papers 
(i  886)  1.157,1  gave  Sir  Robert  Steward  a  ritch  pair  of  gloves. 
1662  J.  DA  VIES  tr.  Mandelslos  Trav.  119  On  each  side  of 
the  head  Pendants  as  rich  as  can  be  imagined.  1718  LADY 
M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  C'tfss  of  Mar  10  Mar.,  I  don't 


RICH. 

doubt  these  rich  habits  were  purposely  placed  in  sight. 
1761-2  [see  HABIT  si',  i  b].  1807  CRABBE  far.  Kef.  in.  338 
Silks  beyond  price,  so  rich,  they'd  stand  alone.  1865  KINGS- 
LEV  Hereiu.  vl,  His  handsome  palfrey,  furry  cloak,  rich  gloves 
and  boots. 

b.  Of  buildings,  furniture,  etc.  :  Made  of,  or 
adorned  with,  valuable  materials;  also,  elaborately 
ornamented  or  wrought. 

£1205  LAY.  4286  In  are  riche  temple  mid  golde  heo  hine 
bi-tunden.  a.  1300  Cursor  M.  415  To  ^is  paiais  at  was  sua 
rike..he  fordestend  tuin  creature.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B. 
XX.  180  Gpde  herte  he  hente,  And  rode  so  to  reuel  a  ryche 
place  and  a  merye.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  9085  To  be  entiret 
trietly  in  a  toumbe  riche,  As  bi-come  for  a  kyng  in  hi^ 
kythe  riche.  1430  LYDG.  in  Parker  Dow.  Anhit.  (1859)  III. 
125  The  ryche  coynyng  of  ryche  tablementis.  1506  in  Mem. 
Hen.  VII  (Rolls)  285  Which  was  richly  hanged  with  cloth 
of  arras  and  a  great  rich  bed  in  the  same  chamber.  1533 
WKIOTHESLEY  Chron.  (Camden)  I.  19  She  herself  riding  in 
arytch  chariott  covered  with  cloath  of  silver.  1617  MORYSON 
/tin.  i.  262  The  roofe  is  beautified  with  pictures  of  that  rich 
painting  which  Italians  call  alia  Alosaica.  1815  Uee 
RIBBED///,  a.  2  c].  1848  RICKMAN  Styles  Ar<hit.  Eti£.  212 
The  whole  of  the  interior  of  the  richer  buildings  of  this 
style,  is  more  or  less  a  series  of  panels.  1864  D.  G.  MITCHELL 
Sev.  Star.  220  An  ancient  bronze  knocker.. of  rich  Venetian 
sculpture. 

fo.  In  a  more  general  sense :  Fine,  splendid, 
magnificent.  Obs. 

cizos  LAY.  11159  pa  laeuedi  Elene.  .to  Jerusalem  wende 
mid  richere  genge.  13. .  Coer  de  L.  5899  That  castle  was 
strong  and  ryche,  In  the  world  was  non  it  lyche.  £1400 
Rout.  Rose  4184  The  tour  was  rounde  maad  in  compas; 
In  alle  this  world  no  riccher  was.  c  1400  Toum.  Totten 
ham  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  III.  91  Alle  the  wyues  of  Totenham 
come.. To  fech  home  thaire.  husbondis. .;  that  was  a  rich 
sight,  c  1470  Gol.  q-  Caw.  24&Apone  that  riche  river.. The 
side-wallis  war  set.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  v.  xxxiii.  593  In 
her  most  ryche  and  pleasant  gardens. 

d.  Of  feasts,  etc. :  Sumptuous,  luxurious. 
1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  10977  Richard.,  made  so  noble  feste 
pat  of  alle  |?at  me  wuste  it  was  J?e  richoste  &  )?e  meste. 
[-1330  Art/I.  %  Merl.  6511  (Kolbing),  In  halle  bai  hadden 
riche  seruise.  £1375  Cursor  M.  3532  (Fairf.),  His  brober 
he  fande  sone  in  si}t  A  riche  soper  for  to  digt.  1604 
E.  G[RIMSTONE)  JJ'Acasta's  Hist.  Indicsv.xxvm.  411  They 
called  it  Capacrayine,  which  is  to  say,  a  rich  and  principal! 
feast.  1757  GRAY  Bard  78  The  rich  repast  prepare.  1784 
COWPER  Task  iv.  113  He.. spreads  the  honey  of  his  deep 

\  research  At  his  return— a  rich  repast  for  me.  1813  BYRON 
Corsair  II.  iv,  Methinks  he  strangely  spares  the  rich  repast. 
6.  Of  choice  or  superior  quality;  esp.  of  articles 
of  food  or  drink  with  reference  to  their  stimulative 
or  nourishing  effects;  also,  composed  of  choice 
ingredients ;  containing  plenty  of  iat,  butter,  eggs, 
sugar,  fruit,  etc. 

c  1330  Sir  Beues  732  Riche  babes  she  let  him  make,  c  1400 
Leg.  Rood(.&i\)  151  At  many  a  betyr  wownde,  pe  ryche 
blod  out  spronge.  a  1400-50  A  lexander  4822  pare  fand  bai 
Revers,.  .ricchest  of  be  werd. . ;  Was  neuir  no  mede  ne  no 
milke  so  mild.  1508  DUNBAR  TuaMariit  Weitien  148  Thai 
..raucht  the  cop  round  about  full  off  riche  wynis.  1625 
MASSIXGER  New  Way  I.  iii,  There  came,  not  six  days  since, 
from  Hull,  a  pipe  Of  rich  Canary.  1697  DKYIIEN  I'irg. 
Georg.  HI.  789  He  never,  .surfeited  on  rich  Campanian  Wine. 
1714  POPE  Hor.  Satire  n.  vi.  202  That  Jelly's  rich,  this 
Malmsey  healing.  1781  COWPER  Truth  364  As  leanest  land 
supplies  the  richest  wine.  1824  M  iss  FERRIEU  Inker,  xi,  The 
richest  of  cakes,  and  the  strongest  and  sweetest  of  wines .  1844 
STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  169  A  great  favourite . .on  account  of 
the  pieces  of  rich  fat  in  it.  /Wrf.,The  nap  or  shin  is.. not  so 
rich  and  fine.  1836  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  1 1.  x.  106  Every  man . . 

|    with  a  bowl  of  rich  gravy-soup  between  his  knees.     1901 

[    BEETON  A II  attut  Cookery  352  Richer  rolls  may  be  made  by 

:  adding  2  or  3  eggs  and  a  larger  proportion  of  butter. 
b.  Of  colour :  Strong,  deep,  warm. 
1:1330  Arth.  f,  Merl.  5641  (Kulbing),  His  pensel  hadde 
riche  colour,  Alle  he  was  couched  wib  azur.  c  1375  Cursor 
1(1.  17867  (Fairf.),  Brighter  thanne  be  sonnys  beme  So  riche 
purpowr  hew  is  non.  1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Luj'e  i.  Prol. 
(Skeat)  1.  14  Some  men  there  ben  that  peynten  with  colours 
riche.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  9130  Hir  face. .was  red  as  the 
Roses,  richest  of  coloure.  c  1450  Merlin  384  Ther  myght 
oon  haue  seyn . .  many  a  fressh  banere  of  riche  colour  wave 
in  the  wynde.  a  1510  DOUGLAS  K.  Hart  i.  90  Richt  as  the 
rose. . In  ruby  colour  reid  most  ryck  of  hew.  1657  R.  LIGON 
Barliaiiot's  (1673)  81  A  rich  green,  with  stripes  of  yellow  so 
intermix!,  as  hardly  to  be  discerned  where  they  are.  1747 

I  GRAY  Cat  17  Their  scaly  armour's  Tyrian  hue,  Thro'  richest 
purple,  to  the  view  Betray'd  a  golden  gleam.  1830  TENNY 
SON  Aral'.  Nts.  82  A  sudden  splendour  from  behind  Flush'd 
all  the  leaves  with  rich  gold-green.  1889  Sat.  Rev.  16  Mar. 

',    326/1  The  celebrated  Monarque,  who  was  a  rich  bay  horse. 

to.  Of  the  nose  or  face  :  Highly  inflamed.  Obs. 

1610  BOYS  Whs.   (1629)  528  At  last  his  house  doth  cast 

him  out  at  the  doore,  having  nothing  rich  excepting  a  rich 

'  nose.  1638  BRATHWAIT  Banuiat  Jrnl.  i.  (1818)  41  Let 
Bacchus'  bush  bee  Barnabee's  rich  nose.  1796  Groses 

'•    Vulg.  T.  (ed.  3),  Rick  Face  or  Nose,  a  red  pimpled  face. 

d.  Of  musical  sounds :  Full  and  mellow  in 
tone. 


Shandy  iv.  xxv,  Up  started  an  air  in  the  middle  of  it,  so  fine, 
I    so  rich,  so  heavenly.    1836  DUBOURG  Violin  ix.  (1878)  268  The 

Amati  family  . .  constructed  instruments  of  a  soft  and  rich 
!    tone.    1839  GEO.  ELIOT  A .  BeJe  li,  The  boy's  flute-like  voice 

has  its  own  spring  charm  ;  but  the  man  should  yield  a  richer, 

deeper  music. 

e.  Of  odours  :  Full  of  fragrance. 
'599  B.  JONSON  Cynthia's  Rci:  v.  ii,  Is  the  perfume  rich 

in  this  jerkin  ?     1707  POPE  Winter  47  No  rich  perfumes 

refresh  the  fruitful  field.    1810  [see  PERFUME  si:  i  a).    1833 

TENNYSON  Song,  'A  spirit  haunts,''  etc.,  ii,  The  moist  rich 
(    smell  of  the  rotting  leaves. 


EICH. 

7.  Plentiful,  abundant,  ample. 

c  1450  Merlin  400,  I  se  ther  my  baners  that  brynge  vs  riche 
socour.  1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  v.  ii.  199  Ourdutie  is  so  rich, 
so  infinite,  That  we  may  doe  it  still  without  accompt.  1741 
WATTS  Improv.  Mind  \.  Hi.  §  2  In  order  to  furnish  the 
mind  with  a  rich  variety  of  ideas.  1745  Scot.  Trans.  # 
Paraph,  v.  IS,  In  rich  Effusion  on  his  Soul  My  Spirit's  Pow'rs 
shall  flow.  1833-4  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VI.  655/1  It  yields 
a  most  rich  supply  of  molluscous  remains.  1867  P.  SCHAFF 
Hist.  Church  (1888)  VI.  v,  Ixxvii.  459  The  event  was  a  rich 
theme  for  scandal. 

b.  Of  a  full,  ample,  or  unstinted  nature;  highly 
developed  or  cultivated. 

1561  WINSET  Wks.  (S.T.S.)  I.  5  }our  nurissing  of  pure 
studentis,  of  ryche  ingynis.  1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst. 
364  This  sence,  we  chose  rather  to  follow,  as  more  Rich  and 
August,  than  that  other  Vulgar  one.  1759  B.  MARTIN  Nat. 
Hist.  Eng,  1.78  A  very  thick  and  delicious  Compound,  greatly 
admired  by  People  of  a  rich  Taste.  1781  COWPER  E.vpost. 
166  What  nation  will  you  find,  whose  annals  prove  So  rich  an 
int'rest  in  almighty  love?  1820  KEATS  Ode  Melancholy  ii, 
If  thy  mistress  some  rich  anger  shows,  Emprison  her  soft 
hand.  1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  $  It.  Note-lies.  I.  138  This 
idea.. would  develop  itself  into  something  very  rich.  1884 
RUSKIN  Pleas.  Eng.  43  The  richest  fighting  element  in  the 
British  army  and  navy  is  British  native. 

c.  Rich  rhyme  :  (see  quots.). 

1656  COWLEV  Pindar.  Odes,  To  Dr.  Scarborough  Note  i.t 
Find,  Refind;  These  kind  of  Rhymes  the  French  delight  in, 
and  call  Rich  Rhymes.  1727-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Rhyme, 
Double  Rhymes,  by  the  French  called  rich  rhymes,  are  those 
where  the  two  words  terminate  alike  through  the  whole  two 
last  syllables.  1866  Chambers'  Encycl.  VIII.  233/2  Complete 
identity  in  all  the  parts  of  the  syllables  constitutes  what  the 
French  call  rich  rhime, 

d.  Highly  entertaining  or  amusing ;  also,  pre 
posterous,  outrageous. 

1760  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  iv.  vii,  O  Garrick  !— what  a  rich 
scene  of  this  would  thy  exquisite  powers  make  !  1836 
FONBLANQUE  Eng.  under  7  Ad  minis  tr.  (1837)  III.  313 
This  is  marvellously  rich.  Sir  O.  Mosley  thinking  work 
on  the  Sabbath  a  sin,  compounds  for  obliging  servants  to 
commit  it.  1842  S.  LOVER  Handy  Andy  xxi,  The  scene  was 
rich  :  the  gravity  with  which  the  Doctor  carried  on  the  quiz 
was  admirable.  1863  COWDEN  CLAKKE  Shaks.  Char.  iv.  97 
But  what  a  rich  set  of  fellows  those  '  mechanicals '  are  !  1889 
L.  B.  WALFORD  Stiff-necked  Generation  xxix,  If  it  really  is 
so,  it  would  be  the  richest  thing  I  ever  knew  in  my  life. 

8.  Of  mines  or  ores  :  Yielding  a  large  quantity 
or  proportion  of  the  precious  metals.     Also  rich 
conduit  (see  quot.  1839). 

1555  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  177  Rytcher  golde  mynes  are 
founde  in  Cuba.  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist. 
Indies  iv.  v.  218  They  cal  that  poore  which  yields  least 
silver, . .  and  that  rich  which  yields  most  silver.  1670  PETTUS 
Fpdinse  Reg.  p  Where  the  Oar  digged  from  any  Mine  doth 
yield . .  so  much  Gold  or  Silver, . .  then  it  is  called  rich  Oar  or 
a  Mine  Royal.  1758  REID  tr.  Macquer"s  Chym.  I,  398  The 
oldest  and  richest  mine  of  Mercury  is  that  of  Almaden  in 
Spain.  m  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  816  The  conduit  or  water, 
course  is  divided  into  three  portions..,  called  the  rich  con 
duit,  the  middle  conduit,  and  the  inferior.  Ibid.  1124  The 
argentiferous  or  rich  lead  is  treated  in  Germany  by  the 
cupellation  furnace.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  «$•  - 
Mining  236  This  enables  capitalists  to  buy  up  the  richest 
ores  of  men  who  produce  but  comparatively  few  tons. 

fig.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  46,  I  cannot  see  what 
helpe  there  is  in  study  without  a  rich  veine. 

Comb.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  $  Mining  42  The 
rich-ore  bodies,  however,  seem  to  occur  in  lenticular  masses. 

b.  Of  soil,  lands,  etc.  :  Abounding  in  the  quali-    | 
ties  necessary  to  produce  good  vegetation  or  crops.    I 
_  1577  B.  GOOGE  HeresbacKs  Husb.  \.  (1586)  30  It  is  cast    [ 
into  very  riche  grounde  or  wel   manured.     1697  DRYDEN 
Virg.   Georg.  n.    130    The  Thasian   Vines  in  richer  Soils    : 
abound.    1703  MAUNDRELL  Journ.  Jems.  (1732)  3  We  came 
into  a  very  rich  Valley.     1786  ABERCROMBIE  Card.  Assist.  69     , 
Earth  the  beds,  .with  rich,  light,  dry  earth.  1813  SIR  H.  DAVY 
Agric.  Chem.  (1814)  185   Such  soils  merit  the  appellation 
which   is  commonly  given   to   them  of   rich    soils.     1865 
KINGSLEY  Hereiu.  PreT.,  Its  herds  of  mares  and  colts, which 
fed  with  the  cattle  and  the  geese  in  the  rich  grass-fen.   1888 
BRYCE  Amer.  Commw.  III.  xct.  256  One  of  the  richest    , 
wheat-growing  districts  on  the  continent. 

Comb.    1889  WESTGARTH  Austral.  Progress  187  The  flats 
and  rich-soil  marshes  had  much  of  the  New  Zealand  flax. 
o.  Of  sand  (see  first  quot.)  or  lime. 

1838  J.T.  SMITH  tr.  Vicafs  Mortars  44  This  powder  renders    ! 
the  sand  '  rich  *,  or,  in  other  terms,  susceptible  of  a  certain 
cohesion,  when  tempered  with  water.   Ibid.  186  The  known 
absence  of  action  of  the  hydrate  of  rich  lime  upon  quartz. 
II.  adv.  and  Comb.  (Cf.  RICHLY  adv.} 

9.  a.  With  pa.  pples.  used  predicatively. 

13..  K.  AUs.  4166  (Bodl.  MS.),  per  weren  coupes  riche 
y_wrou3th.  41450 Knt.de la  7Vwr(i868)3<j  Welle arraied with 
riche  clothinge,  and  riche  atyred  of  perles  and  presious  stones. 
1595  T.  EDWARDS  Cephalns  fy  Procris  L'Envoy,  Adon 
deafly  masking  thro  Stately  troupes  rich  conceited.  1606 
SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iv.  ii.  Magnificence  270  Not  far 


Ung  youths  rich  clad.  1718  BLACKMORE  Alfred  HI.  (1723) 
88  Whither  rich-laden  num 'rous  Fleets  resort, 
b.  With  pa.  pples.,  forming  attrib.  combs. 
1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  yi^  \.  vi.  25  The  rich-iewel'd  Coffer  of 
Darius.  1593—  Lucrece  1524  The  shining  glory  Of  rich- 
built  Ilion.  1608  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  \\.  iv.  Decay  213 
The_  rich-perfumed  royall  Carrion.  16x1  SHAKS.  Cymb. 
iv.  ii.  226  Those  rich-left-heyres,  that  let  their  Fathers  lye 
Without  a  Monument.  1634  MILTON  Comus  556  A  steam 
of  rich^distill'd  Perfumes.  1663  WOOD  Life  (O.H.S.)  I. 
493  A  rich  imbroidered  purse.  1776  MICKLE  tr.  Camoens' 


647 

'        C.  In  parasynthetic  combs. 

1590  SPENSER  F.Q.  i.  ii.  16  As  when  two  rams  ..  Fight 
for  the  rule  of  the  rich  fleeced  flocke.  a  1756  COLLINS  Ode 
Poet.  Char.  39  Thou  rich-hair'd  youth  of  morn.  1820  KEATS 
Isabella  xiv,  Many.. stood,  To  take  the  rich-ored  driftings 
of  the  flood.  1850  THNNYSON  In  Mem.  Ixxv,  What.. voice 
the  richest. toned  that  sings,  Hath  power  to  give  thee  as 
thou_wert  ?  1889  PATER  G.  de  Lat0nr(i8g6)  17  He  hunted 
the  rich-fleshed  game  of  La  Beauce  through  the.  .corn. 

10.  With  verbs,    rare  ~~1. 

CI375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints    xiii.  (Mark)  Prol.  82  Sa  sancte 
lohnne,  quhene  he  spekis,  to  godis  godhed  rycheate  rekis. 
b.  With  pres.  pples.,  forming  attrib.  combs. 

(21586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  (1622)  351  So  fitly  did  the  rich- 
growing  marble  serue  to  beautifie  the  vault  of  the  first  entry. 
1839  URE  Diet.  Artsg6-$  This  coal  has  been  found  to  afford 
.  .a  very  rich-burning  gas.  1842  Is.  WILLIAMS  Baptistery  i. 
v.  (1874)  58  What  I  thought  rich-glittering  spoil,  Was  but 
the  [serpent's]  scales.  1881  Macm.  Mag.  XLIV,  86  Mrs. 
Osmond's  warm,  rich-looking  reception-rooms. 
III.  absol.  or  as  sb. 

11.  Those  who  are  rich  ;  rich  persons  as  a  class. 
a.  With  the. 

c888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xxxviii.  §  7  psem  wasre  mare 
oearf . .  ba;t  him  mon  bingode  to  ba^m  ricum.  <  1000  Ags. 
Gosp,  Luke  i.  52  He  awearp  ba  rican  of  setle.  c  1205  LAY. 
2564  pa  riche  he  makede  wrecchas.  c  1275  —  "378  He 
.  .s!oh  be  Romleode,  be  pore  and  be  riche.  1362  LANGL. 
P.  PI.  A.  i.  149,  I  rede  be  riche  haue  reube  on  be  pore. 
1426  AUDELAY  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  loThe  pore  schul  be  made 
domysmen  Apon  the  ryche  at  domysday.  c  1475  [see  POOR 
a.  7].  1738  WESLEY  *  O  Thou,  whose  Wisdom '  ii,  The  Rich, 
the  Poor,  the  Mean,  the  Great  Are  link'd  by  thy  strong 
Hands.  1781  COWPER  Hope  18  The  rich  grow  poor,  the 
poor  become  purse-proud.  1817  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart 
(1837)  IV.  ii.  75  The  rich.. do  not,  in  general,  require  to  be 
so  much  stimulated  to  benevolence. 

Comb.  1609  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Humours  Heauen  on 
"v.  Wks.  (Grosart)  L  29/2  The  working  woes  of 


Earth  ccxlv 

th'  idle-curious;  Of  the  Rich-couetous. 
b.   Without  article. 

ci2oo  PRMIN  16139  Ace  stanndebb  upp  biforenn  follc,  Ei- 
fprenn  riche  £  kene.  a  1300  Cursor  AL  1796  All  tok  a 
right,  bath  pouer  and  Rike,  All  hade  a  dom,  bath  riche  and 
pour.  £1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  1.  (Catherine]  17  pat  bai  suld 
cume,  bath  gret  &  small, ..bath  poure  &  Rik.  1433  Rolls 
of  Par  It.  IV.  476/2  Do  right  as  well  to  poure  as  to  ryche. 
J535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II,  445  Plural itie  of  meit  and 
drink  siclike,  Forbiddin  wes  bayth  for  puir  and  ryke.  1567 
Glide  $  Godlie  B.  (S.T.S.)  13  As  we  forgeue  all  Creature 
Offendand  vs,  baith  ryche  and  pure.  1622  DRAYTON  Poly-olb. 
xxii.  536  Then  [Cade]  goodly  London  took,  There  ransoming 
some  rich.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  cvi,  Ring  out  the  feud 
of  rich  and  poor. 

12.  One  who  is  rich  ;  a  rich  person. 

c  1205  LAY.  24967  pa  iherde  ArSur.  .and  bus  spac  be  riche 
wi3  ra?eu  his  folke.  1390  GOWER  Conf,  III.  37  The  riche 
ayeinward  cride  tho  :  '  O  Habraham '  [etc.J.  c  1412  HOCCLEVE 
De  Reg.  Princ.  4885  pe  worlde  fauorith  ay  be  riches  sawe, 
pow  bat  his  conseil  be  noght  worth  an  hawe.  c  1470  Got. 
ff  Gaiv.  1265  Yone  riche  cummis  arait  in  riche  robbing. 
1611  BIBLE  Prov.  xiv.  20  The  poore  is  hated  euen  of  his 
owne  neighbour  :  but  the  rich  hath  many  friends. 

t  Rich,  v.1  Obs.  Also  4  reche,  4-5  ryche, 
4-6  riche,  6  ritch.  [ME.  riche(n,  =  OFris. 
rikia,  MDu.  rtkent  rijcken,  OHG.  ri/i/ian,  richan 
to  become  rich,  MLG.  riken,  ryken  to  make  rich.] 

1.  trans.  To  enrich,  make  rich. 

a  1300 Cursor M.  7481  pe  man  bathimwald  fight  a-gain,..I 
suld  him  riche  in  all  hislijf.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  II. -jj  Thanne 
he  schal  be  riched  so,  That  it  mai  faile  neveremo.  1422 
tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  186  For  y-now  he  hath, 
that  Is  appayet  of  that,  that  he  i-richet  is.  1483  Act  i 
Rich.  Ill,  c.  8  Preamble,  Youre  Realme..hath  greatly  ben 
encresed  and  riched.  1515.57.  Papers  Hen.  K///,  Il.ioWho 
richeith  the  Kinges  treasor,  and  repayreith  his  cofers . . ,  saue 
the  Corny ns?  1567  DRANT  Horace  Ef>.  n.  i.  H  iiij,  To  ritch 
his  cuntry  let  his  words  lyke  flowing  water  fall.  1610 
HEYWOOD  Gold.  Age  iv.  i,  Those  barren  Kingdomes  I  haue 
richt  with  spoiles.  1657  W.  BURTON  Comm.  I  tin.  Antoninus 
(1658)  162  Thus  richt,  thus  populous,  thus  great. 

absol.  13. .  Pol.,  Rel.t  $  L.  Poems  260  Hit  resteb  and  hit 
OjUemeb;  hit  riche  b  and  hit  demeb.  1382  WYCLIF  i  Sam. 
ii.  7  The  Lord  makith  pore,  and  richeth. 

2.  intr.  To  become  rich. 

c  1350  Will.  Palerne  3014  WiJ>  richesse  i  wol  3011  reward 
forto  riche  for  euer.  1362  LANGL,  P.  PI.  A.  m.  74  pei.. 


Lnsiad  70  Rich-figured  tap'stry  now  supplies  the  sail.  1807 
CRABBE  Par.  Reg.  m.  386  A  rich-bound  Book  of  Prayer  the 
Captain  gave.  1848  W.  S.  MAYO  Kaloolah  (1850)  170  The 


1721  KELLY  Scot.  Prov.  24  As  the  Carle  riches,  he  wratches. 

Hence  t  Ri'ching  vbl.  sb.     Obs. 

£1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  445  O  cause  is  dowing  of  be 
chirche  &  riching  ber-of  ouer  cristis  wille.  c  1449  PECOCK 
Repr.  in.  viii.  327  It  wolde  folewe  that  thilk  riching  of  the 
aungel  was  vicioseli  doon  of  God. 

t  Rich,  Z'-2  Obs.  Forms  :  4-5  rijch-,  rich-, 
ricch-,  richche(n.  [Perh,  repr.  an  OE.  *ryccant 
=  MDu.  and  MLG.  rucken  (Du.  rukfon),  OHG. 
rucchen  (G.  riicketi),  ON.  rykkja  (Sw.  rykka.  Da. 
rykke)  to  tug,  pull. 

The  evidence  for  the  word  appears  to  be  entirely  limited 
to  the  alliterative  poems  cited  below.  A  variant  form  ntcke 
also  occurs  in  Gaiv.  <$•  Gr.  Knt.} 

1.  trans.  To  draw,  pull  (a  rein). 

c*4ooDestr.  Troy\*yt  pe  king.  .Ricchis  his  reynys  &  the 
Reenke  metys.  Ibid.  1258  He  Kichet  his  Reynes  and  his 
roile  stroke. 

2.  re/I.  To  address  (oneself)  to  a  place,  or  to  do 
something. 

13..  Gaw.  ff  Gr.  Knt.  8  Riche  Romulus  to  Rome  ricchis 
hym  swybe.  Ibid.  1309  He  ryches  hym  to  ryse,  &  rapes 
hym  sone.  a  1400-50  Alexander  5056  He  risis  vp  belyue, 
Riches  him  radly  to  ride  &  remows  his  ost. 


RICHE. 

!        b.  intr.  To  take  one's  way  ;  to  run. 

13..  Caw.  fifGr.  Knt.  1898  per  as  he  herd  be  howndes,.. 
Renaud  com  richchande  bur}  a  ro}e  greue. 

3.  refl.  To  dress  or  array  (oneself). 

13..  Gaiv.  fy  Gr.  Knt.  1130  Gestes  bat  go  wolde.. trussen 
her  males,  Richen  hem  be  rychest,  to  ryde  allearayde.  Ibid. 
1873  When  ho  was  gon,  sir  G.  gerez  hym  sone,  Rises,  & 
riches  hym  in  araye  noble. 

4.  trans.  To  direct,  advise. 

13. .  Gaiv.  tfGr.  Knt.  1223  }e  schal  not  rise  of  your  bedde, 
I  rych  yow  better. 

5.  To  arrange,  prepare  (a  thing). 

13. .  Gait),  ff  Gr.  Knt.  2206  pat  gere  as  I  trowe,  Is  ryched 
:  at  be  reuerence,  me  renk  to  mete. 

6.  To  adjust,  settle,  set  ri^ht,  restore. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  1736  Thes  redurse  to  riche.  .Hit  were 
sittyng,  me  semys.     Ibid.  2059  To  wreke  hym  of  wratbe  & 
his  wrong  riche.     Ibid.  13149,  I..  Restid  me  rifely,  ricchit 
!     my  seluyn. 

t  Bi'Chard.     Obs.  rare.     ?  —  RICHAKDINE. 
1648  HEXIIAM    n,   Ritsart-boom,    Apple  Richard.      1707 
I     MORTIMER  Husb.  540  The  Arier  Apple,  a  constant  bearer, 
j    making  a  strong  and  lasting  Cyder;  some  call  them  Richards, 
.some  Grange  Apples. 

i  Rrchardine.     Obs.     Also  5  ric(h)ardon. 

[f.  the  personal  name  Richard',  cf.  OF.  richars, 

1   ricars  pi.,  ellipt.  fotpommts  de  Richard,  so  named, 

ace.  to  Benoit,  from  Richard,  Duke  of  Normandy 

(see  Godef.).]     A  kind  of  apple. 

c  1430  LYDG.  Afiti.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  15  Costardes,  etiam 
wardens,  And  other  many  [fruits]  fnlle  faire  and  ffresshe  to 
see  ;  The  pome-watyr,  and  the  gentylle  ricardons.     [a  1513 
FABYAN  Ckron.  vn.  605  Costardes,  wardens,  pomewardoris, 
richardons.]     1600  SURFLKT  Conntrie  Farine  in.  xviii.  465 
I    Graft  the  gr.iftesof  an  apple  tree  vpon  asowre  peare  &  vpon 
:    the  Richardine  apple  tree,  and  you  shall  haue  apples  of  a 
yellow  or  straw  colour. 

Ricliardso'uian,  a.  and  sb.    [See  def.] 

A.  adj.    Pertaining    to,    resembling,    etc.,    the 
works  or  style  of  the  novelist  Samuel  Richardson 
(1689-1761). 

1831  MACAULAY  in  Trevelyan  Life  (1883)  I.  216  When  my 
Richardsonian  epistles  are  published,  there  must  be  dull  as 

j  well  as  amusing  letters  among  them.  1836-7  DICKENS  Sk. 
£0z,  Tales  x,  To  demonstrate  that  the  Richardsonian  prin- 

1    ciple  was  the  best  on  which  love  could  possibly  be  made. 

B.  sl>.  An  admirer  of  Richardson. 

1888  STEVENSON  Some  Gentlemen  in  Fiction  ii,  My  own 
investigation  of  a  kindred  quarter  of  the  globe  {Clarissa 
j    Harloiue)  has  led  me  to  set  a  high  value  on  the  Richard- 
i    sonians. 

Richas,  richchesse,  varr.  RICHESSE  Obs. 

Rich-dollar,  obs.  form  of  RIX-DOLLAR. 

t  Ri'dldoitt.  Ohs.  rare.  Forms  :  i  ricedom, 
]  3  rich.edom(e,  6  rychedom(e.  [Common  Teu- 
:  tonic;  OE.  ricedom,  =  OFris.  rikedom,  MDu.  rijc- 
\  doem  (Du.  rijkdonf),  OS.  rtkidom  (MLG.  rikedoni), 
\  OHG.  rih-j  richtitom  (G.  reichtuni),  ON.  rikddmr 
I  (Sw.  rikedom,  Da.  rigdoni) :  see  RICH  a.  and  -DOM.] 
j  a.  Royal  power ;  kingdom,  b.  Wealth,  riches. 

In  latest  quot.  introduced  from  Flemish  or  LG. 

a  1023  WuLPSTAN  Horn.   (1883)  125  pin   ricedom  ofer  us 

rixie  symble.     c  1205  LAY.  6555  Wha  se  hasfde  richedom,  he 

I    hine  makede  wneccfie  mon.    11230  Hati  Meid.  3  pe  riche- 

!    dom  bat  tes  lauedis  hauen.     c  1275  LAY.  7283  Hii  neme  of 

\    ban  londe  richedomes  stronge. 

c  1511  ist  Eng.  Bk.  Amer.  (Arb.)  p.  xxx,  Pope  lohn  whose 

•  myghtynes  and  rychedome  amounteth  aboue  all  prynces  of 
the  world.   [He]  nathe  vnder  hym  well  xl.  kynges  rychedom. 

tH  Riche,  rike.   Obs.  Forms:  a.  1-2  rlc(e,  2-4 

•  riche,  3-4  ryche.    £.  4-5  rik(e,  5  ryk(e.    [Com 
mon  Teutonic:  OE.  rice,  =  OFris.  rike,  rik  (mod. 
Fris.  ryk)y  MDu.  rike,  rijc,  ric  (Du.  rijk},  OS. 

j   rtki  (MLG.  rike,  ryke,  LG.  rtk],  OHG.   rtchi, 

'    rihhi,  etc.  (G.  reich\  ON.  rtki  (Norw.  and  Sw. 

j    rike,  Da.  rige),  Goth,  reiki,  a  derivative  from  the 

stem  of  reiks  RICH  a.]     A  kingdom,  realm,  royal 

domain  ;  also,  royal  power  or  estate,  sovereignty. 

a.  Beowulf  (2..)  1390  Aris,  rices  weard  ;  uton  hraj»e  feran. 

£•897  K.  ALFRED  Gregorys  Past.  C.  1.  391  He  him  sealde 

ricu  oSerra  kynrena.      971  Blickl.  Horn.  187  Ure  bisceopas 

geond  eal  Romana  rice,    c  1000  J^LFRIC  Saints'  Lives  xviii. 

13  God.. hine  of  his  rice  awearp.      a  1122  O.  E.  Ckron. 

(Laud  MS.) an.  1102,  Se  hasfde  j>one  eorldom..&  micel_rice 

j>aer  to.    c  1200  ORMIN  7011  Himm  3ifenn  wass  ^tt  riche. 

a  1225  Le$.  Kath.  47,  I  be  moderburh  of  Alixandres  riche. 

1390  Gown  Conf.  I.  118  To  sechen  al  the  worldes  riche, 

Ther  was  no  womman  forto  love. 

ft.  a  1300  Havetok  290  Sho  was  be  rithe  eyr  Of  engelond, 
of  al  be  rike.  13. .  Cursor  AT.  24821  (Edinb.),  Til  erlis  and 
baruns  of  bat  rik  pan  gaf  he  serkin  giftis  rik.  c  1400  Rule 
St.  Benet  2238  pen  sal  be  bisschop  of  bat  rike  Swilk  a 
priores  sone  depose,  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  n.  359  Bot 
Wallace.  .In  Ingland  fer  socht  battaill  on  that  rik. 

b.  The  kingdom  of  God  or  of  heaven. 

o.  aqoQO.E.Martyrol.j  Mar.,  He..sesohte  baheofonlico 

rico.    a  900  CYNEWULF  Crist  1527  Bio  bonne  rices  Weard 

..yrre  ond  egesful.     971  Blickl.    Horn.  31    Se    be   stigeb 

j    ofer  ba  brym-setl  heofona  rices,   c  1175  Lamb.  Horn.  59  His 

i    riche  is  al  bis  middeleard,  Eoroe  &  heofene.     c  1200  />/«. 

Coll.  Horn.  67  Cumed  ^e  blescede,  and  underfoS  bat  riche  bat 

i    aiu  is  i3arked.    c  1220  Bestiary  732  Hise  loc*e  men  sulen  to 

[    helle  faren,  hise  leue  to  his  riche.     a  1310  in  Wright  Lyric 

i    P.  xxxiii.  94  Bring  us  to  thin  riche  ther  is  joie  most.     1377 

i    LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xiv.  i79Conforte  bi  careful,. in  bi  ryche. 

ft.  13..  Cursor  M.  11979  (Gott.),  pu  wasneuerne  es  worth! 
Mifaber  rike  partoftogete.  <ii34oHAMpoLE/>.ra/ryrxvii,3i 
Takand  me  out  of  bis  lif  in  til  bi  rike.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg. 
Saints  ii.  (Paul}  209  pane  paule  bam  prechit.  .of  criste,.  .of 
his  gret  Joy,  and  of  his  ryk.  c  1440  Bone  Flor.  1809  [She] 
preyed  god .  .That  he  wolde  bryng  hur  to  that  ryke. 


BICHEL  BIRD. 

Riche,  obs.  form  of  REACH  v.1 

Ricliel  bird.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  The 
Lesser  Tern. 

1802  MONTAGU  Ornitk.  Diet.  (1833)  419. 

Richelees,  obs.  f.  RECKLESS.  Richelich(e, 
-ly,  obs.  flf.  RICHLY  adv.  Richelie,  var.  rechtls 
REKELS,  incense. 

Riclien  (ri-tln),  v.     [f.  RICH  a.  +  -EN  5.] 

1.  trans.  To  make  richer  or  more  intense. 

1878  P.  BROOKS  Myst.  Iniq.  xv.  (1893)  270  The  old  truth  of 
covenant  between  man  and  God.  .isrichened  and  deepened. 
1897  Daily  News  24  Apr.  6/3  Delicate  greys  and  greeny 
whites  and  black,  richened  with  touches  of  red. 

2.  intr.  To  become  richer. 

1888  BLACK  In  Far  Lochaber  xxiii,  As  the  afternoon  wanes, 
and  the  skies  richen  in  intensity. 

Hence  Ki'chening  vbl.  $b. 

1881  P.  BROOKS  in  Atlantic  Monthly  XLVIII.  550  The 
softening  and  richening  of  opinions.  1896  '  IAN  MACLARES  ' 
Kate  Cartu-ffie  386 '  Marget,'  began  Kate,  not  with  a  blush, 
but  rather  a  richening  of  colour. 

BicheS  (ri'tjez).  Also  4-6  rych.es  (5  rych- 
ches,  6  rytches) ;  5  ricches,  risches,  6  ritches ; 
5  re(c)ches,  -ez.  [var.  of  next,  assuming  the 
form  of  a  pi.,  and  finally  construed  as  such. 

The  conversion  into  the  pi.  form  may  have  been  assisted 
by  L.  tUvitiae.  In  older  Sc.  texts,  where  the  usual  ending 
of  the  pi.  is-/jf  the  form  riches  properly  belongs  to  next.] 

1.  Abundance  of  means  or  of  valuable  posses 
sions  ;  wealth.  Also,  in  certain  constructions,  the 
possession  of  wealth,  the  condition  of  being  rich. 

£1205  LAY-  8091  \Va?s  at-foren  ban  wsefde  limited  an 
wunlic  fur;  fc>e  king  warp  riches  b^r  in.  (11300  Cursor  M. 
8129  pe  riches  [>at  J>ai  wi[  J'am  ledd,  J>ni  offerd  in  £>at  ilk 
stedd.  £1330  Amis  $  Amil,  761  No  be  thou  neuer  so 
pouer  of  kinde,  Riches  anough  Y  may  the  finde.  ^1380 
WVCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  369  f>e  temporal  lordis  ben  not  in 
noumbre  and  in  ryches  lyke  as  )?ai  wer  sum  tyme.  c  1400 
MAUXDEV.  (Roxb.)v.  17  A  full  faire  citee  and  full  of  ricches. 
c  1491  Ckast.  Goddes  Ckyld.  69  Riches  and  worsluppes  ben 
but  lente  to  man  fur  a  tyme.  1531  TINDALE  Exp.  i  John 
(1537)  ioi  Here  is  not  forbidden  to  haue  riches.  1560  DAUS 
tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  nyb,  He  had  a  good  witte,  &..had 
attayned  to  great  ryches.  i6to  HOLLAND  Camden  s  Brit. 
(1637)  428  In  processe  of  time.. their  riches  turned  to  their 
rulne.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  n.  427  Get  Riches  fir^t,  -et 
Wealth,  and  Treasure  heap.  1741-2  GRAY  Agrip.  78  The 
riches  of  the  earth,  the  train  of  pleasures.  1776  A.  SMITH 
W.  N.  i.  xi.  (1904)  I.  196  With  the  greater  part  of  rich  people 
the  chief  enjoyment  of  riches  consists  in  the  parade  of 
riches.  1851  HELPS  Comfi.  Solit.  iii.  (1874)  34  Their  riches 
furnished  forth  abundant  armies.  1862  RUSKIN  Unto  this 
Last  iii.  103  The  attraction  of  riches  is  already  too  strorg. 

personif.    1704  SWIFT  Batt.  Bks.  Wks.  1751  I.  189  War  is 
the  Child  of  Pride,  and  Pride  the  Daughter  of  Riches. 
b.  transf.  ^ fig. 

1586  SPENSER  Astrophel  62  On  her  he  spent  the  riches 
of  his  wit.  1646  H.  P.  Medit.  Seige  136  Another  kinde 
of  riches,  the  riches  of  thy  glory,  and  the  riches  of  thy 
mercie.  1711  SWIFT  Promos.  Use  of  Irish  Mamtf.^  People 
are  the  Riches  of  a  Country.  1765  Museum  Rust.  V.  122 
To  lead  out  the  riches  of  a  pond.. which  had  been.. never 
thoroughly  cleaned  during  near  thirty  years.  1824  LANDOR 
Imag.Conv,,  Milton  $  Afarvet,  The  writings  of  the  wise 
are  the  only  riches  our  posterity  can  not  squander. 

f2.  Construed  as  a  sing.  Also,  a  particular 
form  of  wealth.  Obs. 

£1330  Arth.  %  Merl.  3583  (Kolbing),  Of  ich  riches  & 
deinte,  Certes,  |>er  was  gret  plente.  a  1400-50  Alexander 
3951  pare  reches  was  of  redde  gold  &  many  riche  gemes. 
c  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  in.  viii.  326  That  ricches  is  not  cause 
of  eny  synne  mai  be  proued  thus.  1545  BRINKLOW  Compl. 
iii.  (i  874)  14  The  riches  of  men  hath  helpyd  many  an  honest 
man  to  his  death.  1586  T.  B.  La.  Pnmaud.  Fr.  Acad.  i. 
69  All  riches  is  of  it  selfe  blinde,  and  bringeth  no  light  to 
the  soule.  1632  MASSINGER  City  Madam  \.  iii,  Not  that 
riches  Is,  or  should  be,  contemn'd,  it  being  a  blessing  Derived 
from  heaven.  1667  WATERHOUSE  Fire  London,  30  This 
riches.. was  as  well  devoured  by  the  Suburbian  thieves. 
tb.  transf.  Qifig.  Obs. 

1513  BKADSH\\\'StJt^erpurg-ei.  318  Bytwyx  them  descended 
a  precyous  ryches:  The  blessyd  Ermenylde.  1586 T.  B.  La 
Primand.  Fr.  Acad.  (1589)  51  This  pretious  and  inestimable 
riches,  I  meane  of  vertue.  c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  Ixxxvii, 
For  that  ritches  where  is  my  deseruing?  1622  WITHER 
Philarete  (1633)  714  Floras  riches  in  a  row  Doth  in  seemely 
order  grow. 

3.  Construed  as  a  plural. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  it.  met  ii.  (1868)  35  As  many  recches 
[L.  tantas  opes]  as  |>e  see  turneb  vpwardes  sandes,  1535 
COVERDALE  Prov.  xix.  4  Riches  make  many  frendes.  1559 
Mirr.Mag.^  Hen.  VI,  xvii,  In  heaven  wer  my  rytches  heapt. 
1612  BACON  Ess. ,  Riches  ( Arb.)  232  As  Salomon  saith ;  Riches 
are  as  a  strong  hold.  1691  LOCKE  Loivering  Interest  8 
Riches  do  not  consist  in  haying  more  gold  and  silver.  1732 
POPK  Ep.  Bathurst  169  Riches,  like  insects,.. Wait  but  for 
Wings.  1755  YOUNG  Centaur  iii.  Wks.  1757  IV.  165  There 
are  two  kinds  of  expence;  in  both,  riches  make  themselves 
wings,  and  fly  away.  1838  DICKENS  Nich.  Nick,  i,  That 
riches  are  the  only  true  source  of  happiness  and  power. 

t  4.  Richness  ;  great  worth.   Obs.  rare. 

1547  Bk.  of  Marchauntes  bvjb,  Yet  wyl  it  not.. laugh 
nor  stier  at  the  beautle  of  the  cloth  nor  at  the  riches  of  the 
crosse.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII,  74  There  lacked 
neither^  Pearles  nor  Stones  of  riches. 

t  Richesse.  Obs.  Forms :  3  richeis(a)e, 
4  richeyse,  4-5  richese  (5  -eese)  ;  3  rich-,  4 
rychesce  ;  3-7  richesse  (4  richch-,  4-5  ricch-) , 
4-6  rychesse  (4  ryhch-,  rychch-)  ;  3-7  richess 
(Srichas,  5-6  Sc.  riches),  [a.  OF.  richeist, 
-esce,  -ece,  -esst,  f.  riche  RICH  :  see  -ESS  2.] 

1.  Wealth  ;  opulence. 


648 

c  1200  Trin.  Call.  Horn.  51  Hie . .  hadden  \re  fulle  of  wurldes 
richeisse.  c  1230  liati  Meid.  31  J>u  seides  fruppe,  t>at 
ter  walde  wakenen..richesce  &  worldes  weole.  1297  R. 
GLOUC.  (Rolls)  409  Brut  &  corineus..astored  horn  aboute 
mid  richesse  &  chateus.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chnm.  Wace 
(Rolls)  2196  Anor.  .was  fill  curleyse,  &  well  cou)>e  demeyne 
richeyse.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  u.  17  Hire  arraye  me 
rauysshed,  suchc  ricchesse  saw  I  neuere.  c  14x2  HOCCLEVE 
De  Reg.  Princ.  1316  Than  schal  men  see,  how  in  HS  world, 

I  gesse,  Richesse  is  pouert,  and  pouert  richesse.     1460  CAP- 
CRAVE  Chron.  (Rolls)  164  The  Jewis..with  her  usure  en- 
cresed  hemselve  to  grete  richesse.     1509  HAWES  Joyf.  Meet. 

I 1  Gadrynge  grete  rychesse  of  this  his  regyon.     1555  EDEN 
Decades  (Arb.)  54  The  Phenician  marchauntes. -got  great 
rychesse  therby.     1609  HOLLAND  Arum.  Marcell.  xiv.  ix.  67 
The  Germanes..got  away  their  wives, .. together  with  their 
corne  and  barbarous  richesse.     1687  RVCAUT  Hist.  Turks 
II.  97  England's  Richess  depends  absolutely  on  her  Foreign 
Trade. 

fersonif.  la  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rase  1033  Bisyde  Beaute 
yede  Richesse,  An  high  lady  of  greet  noblesse.  _  1508  DUN- 
BAR  Gold.  Targd  176  Wnto  the  pres  persewit  Hie  Degree,. . 
Richesse,  Fiedpmm,  and  eke  Nobilitee.  1590  SPENSER  F.Q. 
II.  vii.  24  Betwixt  them  both  was  but  a  litle  stride,  That  did 
the  house  of  Richesse  from  hell-mouth  divide. 

transf.    £1400    LOVE  Bonavent.  Alirr.  xxix.   (1908)    149 
Goetly  richesse  of  vertues  and  conforte  of  the  holy  goost. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  ii.  41  In  her  the  richesse  of  all 
heavenly  grace  In  chiefe  degree  are  heaped  up  on  hye. 
b.  The  choice  or  flower  of  anything. 

c  1392  CHAUCF.R  Cornpl.  Venus  12  For  grace  haj?e  wolde 
so  ferfoorthe  him  avaunce,  pat  of  knighthoode  he  is  parfyt 
Rychchesse. 

2.  In  plural  form.     Cf.  RICHES. 

a  1225  A  net-.  A' .  168  pu  leauedest  to  o5re  men  alle  richesses. 
a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter-  xxxvi.  16  Better  is  litel  to  right,  with 
wcle,  Over  richessts  of  sinful  fele.  1387  TREVISA  Hidden 
(Rolls)  IV.  55  To;ilde  up..al  be  gold  and  selverand  of>ere 
richesses.  c  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  III.  iv.  295  Men  that  trusten 
in  ricchessis.  ?  1485  CAXTON  St.  \Vinefrytie  2, 1  am  a  kynges 
sone  whiche  haue  plenteof  rychesses.  c  1532  Du  WES  Introd. 
J-'r.  in  Palsgr.  1050  Dyveise  other  maner  of  love,  as  of 
richesses.  1601  DOL.MAN  La  Primand.  Fr.  Acad.  (1618) 
in.  666  All  the  beauties  and  richesses  of  the  Vniuers.  1677 
GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  iv.  199  To  be  furnished  with  Richesses 
and  other  necessaries. 

transf.  1382  WVCLIF  Eph.  iii.  16  That  he  5yue  to  5011,  vp 
tlie  richessis  of  his  glorie,  vertu  for  to  be  strengthid.  1539 
TON-STALL  Serin.  Palm  Sitnd.  (1823)  95-6  So  for  these  ii. 
rychesses,  the  one  the  rychesse  of  faythe,  the  other  the 
rychesse  of  good  workes,  we  shoulde  chiefly  studye. 

3.  An  alleged  name  for  a  number  of  martens. 
Quot.  1486  is  the  original  source  of  all  later  references. 
1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  fvi,  A  Riches  of  Martronys.     1573 

TL-RBERV.  I't-nerie  235  Trystram  addeth,  a  Richesse  of 
Marternes.  1598  MANWOOD  Lawes  Forest  iv.  (1615)  44  The 
Foresters  doe  call  a  companie  of  Marternes,  a  Richesse  of 
Marternes.  1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  m.  xiv.  (1660)  167 
Skilful!  Forresters  and  good  Woodmen  Do  use  to  say,  a 
Riches  of  Marternes.  a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew, 
Kichess,  (of  Marterns)  a  Company.  1801  STRUTT  Shorts  <y 
Past.  i.  i.  17. 

t  Rrchestly,  adv.     06s.  rare.    Most  richly. 

1506  Paston  Lett.  III.  405  The  Kynges  of  Castylle  cham 
ber,  whych  is  the  rychestly  haugyd  that  ever  I  sawe.  c  1540 
Pilgr.  T.  330  in  Thynne  Antmadv.  (1875)  86  The  woman. . 
Was  gorgiusly  be-seyn  as  she  rod,  in  purple,  with  stons  set 
so  well,  most  rychestly,  chast  with  margarites. 

t  Rrchful,  a.     06s.    rare-1.     Wealthy. 

c  1460  ASHBY  Dicta  Philos.  949  A  fornicatour  may  not  be 
preised,  Ner  a  Ireful  man  to  be  meche  gladful, . -nor  the 
cuuetouse  [to  be]  richeful. 

Ri'Chish,  f.'      rare"1.     Somewhat  rich. 

1877  CARLYLE  in  Lett.  Mrs.  Carlyle  I.  153  A  tichish 
country  living. 

Ri'chling.  rare.  [f.  RICH  a.  +  -LING.]  (With 
contemptuous  force.)  A  rich  person. 

a  1500  Inscript.  in  Yarnton  Church,  Oxon,  Greete,  rich. 
lyng,greete.  716670.  HEYWOOD  Heart- Treasure \\\.  Wks. 
1825  II.  62  O  how  much  better  is  a  poor  soul  than  such  a 
self-deluding  richling,  that  thinks  he  is  something,  yet  he 
is  nothing  1 

Riclily  (ri'tfli),  adv.  Forms  :  a.  i  rfolfoe  ;  3 
richelike,3-4-lioli(e,4-leohe)  5-lych;  3  ryohe- 
lyehe,  5  -liohe.  &.  4-6  riche-,  ryohely;  4  riohli, 
-ley,4-6  -lie, 6- lye,6- richly;  6ryohly,ry(t)oh- 
lie,  reehlie.  [OE.  rlclice,  =  MDu.  rikelike,  etc. 
(Du.  rijkelijk),  MLG.  rtk(e)liken,  OHG.  rth-, 
richltclw  (G.  reichlicK),  ON.  rikulega  (Sw.  rikligen, 
Da.  rigeligt) :  see  RICH  a.  and  -LY  2.] 

1 1.  With  great  authority  or  power.  Obs. 

c  897  K.  ALFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xix.  144  Je  budon 
swine  riclice  &  swiSe  asendlice.  <r  1000  ^ELFRIC  Horn.  1 1. 
128  On  5am  da^um  rixode  j'Ebelbyrht  cyning  on  Cantware- 
byrij  riclice. 

2.  In  a  rich,  sumptuous,  or  splendid  manner. 


HIGHNESS. 

Anat.  Atus.  n.  (1882)  4  They  might  liue  richly  and  in 
abundance  of  all  things.  1633  FORD  Broken  Heart  iv.  iv, 
For  requital  I  will  report  thee  to  thy  mistress  richly.  1651 
FRENCH  Distill,  v.  126  To  make  a  Spirit  of  Amber-gryse 
that  a  few  drops  thereof  shall  perfume  a  pint  of  Wine  most 


sende  to  Ebrauke.  1297  R-  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  7725  Festes  he 
wolde  holde  so  nobliche.  .&  so  richeliche.  c  1330  Arth.  ft 
Merl.  2160  (Kiilbingl,  Aurilisbrosias  out  |>ai  soujt  &  riche- 
lich  in  er^e  him  brou}t. 

0.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  21604  Wit-in  )>e  kirc  of  sant  softie  }>ar 
ha  bai  sett  it  richelie.  1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  35  pe 
abbey  of  Rumeye  he  feffed  richely,  With  rentes  fulle  gode  & 
kirkes  of  pns.  c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  1037  Dido,  This 
fresche  lady..Stod  in  the  temple  in  hire  estat  ryal  So 
rychely.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  1 3690  Ermonia,  be  myld, . .  pat 
Orestes  be  rynke  richeli  had  weddit.  c  1450  Merlin  188 
The  Duke  hym  contened  in  this  maner  richely  as  ye  haue 
herde.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  jEsop  I.  xii,  Better  worthe 
is  to  lyue  in  pouerte  surely  than  to  lyue  rychely  beyne  euer 
m  daunger.  a  1541  WYATT  in  Totters  Misc.  (Arb.)  85 
Richely  she  fedes,  and  at  the  richemans  cost.  1583  STUBBES 


b.  With  pa.  pples.  used  predicatively. 

a.  c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  1434  His  armes  weren  al  newe,  pat 
richeliche  were  wroujt.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  II.  47  What 
ben  thei,  that  now  riden  hiere,  And  ben  so  richeliche  arraied  1 
c  1430  LOVELICH  Grail  xxxv.  521  A  lytel  hows. .Whiche  was 
som  tyme  Richelych  dyht. 

p.  c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  1662  pe  coupe  was  richeli  wroujt,  Of 
gold  it  was,  be  pin.  c  1330  Will,  fa/erne  1934  No  man 
vpon  molde  schuld  mow  deuise  Men  richlier  a-raid.  c  1400 
MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  ii.  6  pe  coroune  lyes  in  a  vessell  of 
cristall,  wele  dight  and  richely.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur 
IV.  vi.  125  They.. founde  hit.  .rychely  behanged  with  clothe 
of  sylke.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  H-uon  Ixxxiii.  259  He  was 
rychely  aparellyd  in  cloth  of  golde.  a  1572  KNOX  Hist. 
Kef.  (1587)  192  With  promise  that  they  should  be  reehlie 


peltycoatt  very  richly  laced  with  two  or  three  sorts  of  laces. 
1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  6  P  ii  Seventeen  Volumes,  very 
richly  bound.  1756-7  tr.  Keysler's  Trav.  (1760)  III.  187 
Under  this  hangs  another,  richly  set  with  jewels.  1794 
SULLIVAN  View  Nat.  I.  25  His  memory  was  richly  stored. 
1825  J.  NEAL  Bro.  Jonathan  I.  74  It  may  have  been  richly 
sculptured.  1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Peruv.  Bark  120  Large 
pictures .  -in  frames  of  carved  wood,  richly  gilt. 

c.  'With  pa.  pples.,  forming  attributive  combs. 
1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalini's  Ad-.'ts.  fr.  Parnass.  i. 

Ixxxvii.  (1674)116  The  most  magnificent,  and  richliest  adorn  'd 
Palace  in  all  Parnassus.  1822  SCOTT  Pirate  xxxyii,  A  lofty, 
well-proportioned,  and  richly-ornamented  Gothic  window. 
1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iii.  J.  369  Tobacco  in  any  other 
form  than  that  of  richly  scented  snuff  was  held  in  abomina 
tion.  1874  MICKLETHWAITE  Mod.  Par.  Churches  61  In 
richly-furnished  churches  all  the  upper  row  of  seats  may  be 
stalls,  i.e.  separated  by  elbows. 

d.  In  comb,  with  adjs.  or  pres.  pples. 

1606  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  ll.  iv.  Magnificence  9  The 
'•  glorious  Temple,  Builded  richly-rare.  Ibid.  1018  His  saf 
fron 'd  Ruffe  is  edged  richly-neat  With  burning  Carbuncles. 
1848  BUCKLEY  Iliad  83  The  fences  of  the  richly-blooming 
fields.  1830  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xxiv,  One  asked  for  a 
lock  of  his  hair,  which  was  long  and  in  richly-flowing  ringlets. 

3.  So  as  to  be  rich. 

ci4oo  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  vi.  18  He  wald  hafe  marled  me 
richely  with  a  grete  prince  doghter.  c  1440  Alph.  Talcs  246 
GyfT  me  all  bi  gudis,  at  (mrgh  name  of  Jaim  I  may  richelie  be 
marid.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  III.  xv.  (1614)  321  She  was 
faire  and  noble,  .and  richly  married  to  Sinatusthe  Tetrarch. 
<ii8i4  Fam.  Politics  I.  i.  in  New  Brit.  Theatre  II.  194,  I 
hoped  to  see  her  greatly,  richly  married.  1876  Miss  YONGE 
II  omankind  xxxi,  Their  mothers,  .cherish  wishes  that  their 
girls  may  '  marry  well ' ;  i.  e.  richly. 

4.  With  possession  of  riches.  rare~l. 

1588  GREENE  Perimedes  31  Poorely  content  is  better  then 
richlye  couetous. 

5.  Amply,  fully,  thoroughly. 

1617  MORYSON  /tin.  i.  179  Which  made  me  repent  the 
buying  of  him,  though  otherwise  he  was  richly  worth  my 
money.  1694  GIBSON  in  Lett.  Lit.  Alert  (Camden)  236  It 
seems  to  me  to  be  richly  worth  the  money.  1709  STEELE 
Tatler  No.  7  f  17  So  richly  does  he  seem  to  deserve  his 
Chastisement.  1854  DORAN  Habits  $  Men  178  She  richly 
merited  the  well-earned  benedictions.  1856  HAWTHORNE 
Eng.  Note-Ms.  (1879)  I.  270  The  Aquarium  . .  was  richly 
worth  inspecting.  1884  Manch.  Exam.  14  May  5/2  If  they 
did  so  they  would  richly  merit  the  severest  censure. 

6.  Of  colour :  Intensely,  deeply. 

a  1601  ?  MARSTON  Pasqail  *  Kath.  (1878)  I.  298  Her  face  as 
richly  yellow  as  the  skin  of  a  cold  Custard.  1785  BURNS 
Scotch  Drink  ii,  Whether  thro'  wimplin  worms  thou  jink, 
Or, richly  brown,  ream  owre  the  brink.  1792  S.  ROGERS  Pleas. 
Mem.  n.  153  The  bald  veteran . .  Richly  bronz'd  by  many  a 


summer-sun. 


t  Richman.  Obs.  [f.  RICH  a.  and  MAN  : 
formerly  as  a  comb.  (cf.  GOODMAN),  now  only  as 
separate  words.]  A  wealthy  man. 

In  quot  1643  a  rendering  of  med.L.  ricornines  (=  OSp. 
ricos  antes). 

1154  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1137,  jEunc  riceman 
his  castles  makede.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  8839  To  saui 
poueremenvramrichemennevnri5t.  (11542 WYATT  in  Toltel  s 
Misc.  (Arb.)  85  Richely  she  fedes,  and  at  the  richemans  cost. 
1567  DRANT  Horace,  Ep.  i.  xviii.  Fiiij,  Him  hates  the  ritch- 
man,that  ritchman  doth  hate  him  dedelysore.  I575TURBERV. 
Venerie  Pref.,  The  needie  neighbors  grudge  to  see  the  rych- 
man  thryue.  1643  PRYNNE  Sov.  Power  Parl.  App.  76  Let 
them  be  devided  not  only  between  the  Rich-men,  but  like 
wise  between  the  souldiers  and  infantry. 

Richness  (ri-tjnes).  [-NESS.]  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  rich,  in  senses  of  the  adj. 

1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  155  My  sister  Aleyse  . . 
is  now  forsaken  For  on  of  mor  richenesse  of  Nauer  bou 
has  taken.  14..  Norn,  in  Wr.-Wulcker  714  hie  census, 
rychenes.  c  1500  Commimycacyon  C  iij,  Thou  shalte  haue 
in  my  palesse  . .  No  pouerte  but  all  ryohenesse.  c  1530 
Cotnpl.  of  them  that  been  to  late  Maryed  (Collier,  1862) 
18  Rychenes  in  youth,  with  good  governaunce,  Often  help- 
eth  age.  1583  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Dent,  xxxix.  234  For 
the  true  richnesse . . is  the  blessing  of  God.  1649  BLITHE 
Eng.  Improv.  Impr.  (1653)  23  The  water  . .  leaving  her 
Thickness,  Soyl  or  Filth,  which  I  call  Ricnness,  among  the 
Grass.  1699  BENTLEY  Phal.  361  The  Tragic  Ornaments 
were  so  famous  for  their  Richness.  1718  LADY  M.  W.  MON 
TAGU  Lett.  II.  xlvi.  33  The  mosques ..  only  differ  m  large 
ness  and  richness  of  material.  1796  MORSE  Atner.  Geogr. 
I.  158  This  tract  of  land  is  reckoned  equal  in  richness  and 
fertility  to  any  in  America.  1814  SCOTT  Diary  25  Aug. 


RICH  BOOT. 

in  Lockhart)  The  coast  of  Skye  . .  displayed  a  richness  of 
vegetation . .  to  which  we  have  hitherto  been  strangers.  1859 
TENNYSON  Elaine  1113  Take  the  little  bed. .and  deck  it 
like  the  Queen's  For  richness.  1871  FARRAR  Witn.  Hist. 
ii.  79  The  man ysided ness  and  richness  of  His  character. 

Richolt,  variant  of  RIGALD. 

Rich  root.     [?f.  RICH  a.~\    A  kind  of  aconite. 

1698  Phil.  Trans.  XX.  403  Mr.  Fisher,  .brought  me  this 
Root  from  Potuxen  River  in  Maryland,  and  he  tells  me,  they 
there  call  it,  Rich  Root,  and  use  it  as  a  specified  against 
the  Scurvy. 

Richt,  obs.  or  Sc.  form  of  RIGHT  s&.l,  adv.  and  a. 

Bichtlie,  -ly,  Sc.  forms  of  RIGHTLY  adv. 

Richtuis,  -uous,  -wis,obs.  Sc.  ff.  RIGHTEOUS. 

Rich-weed.  tf.S.  [f.  RICH  #.]  a.  A  species 
of  Baneberry  (Acted  racemosd].  b.  Horse-balm  or 
Stone-root  (Collitisonia  canadensis}.  c.  Clearweed 
(Pilea  pnmila}. 

1788  M.  CUTLER  in  Life,  etc.  (1888)  II.  285,  I  likewise 
wish  particularly  to  know  what  you  find  the  May-apple,  Rich- 
weed,  and  Buffalo-clover  to  be.  1793-8  NEMNICH  Polyglot 
Lex.  869  Rich  weed,  Actaea  racemosa.  1856  A.  GRAY 
Man.  Bot,  (1860)  309  C.  CaHOtfensis,  Rich-weed.  Ibid.  399 
P.  puniila,  Richweed.  1859  BA RTLETT Diet.  Amer.  (ed.  2)  364 
Richwood  [sic]  (Pilea  pumila},  a  stingless  nettle,  so  called 
from  its  succulent  and  semi-transparent  stem.  1873  DE 
VERE  A  mericanisms  399  The  Stone-Root  (ColHnsoniacanad- 
ensis),  the  flowers  of  which  have  an  odor  like  lemons,  is 
also  known  as  Rich  Weed  from  this  fragrance. 

Riciu  (ri'sin).  Med.  Chem.  [f.  RICIN-US.]  A 
toxic  principle  obtained  from  the  castor-oil  bean. 

1896  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  I.  523  Toxic  proteins  exist  also 
in  ricin.  Ibid.  ^64  The  serum  of  ricin-proof  animals. 

Ricinelaiclic  (risine:l/|i*dik),  a.  Ghent,  [f. 
RICIN-US  +  EL.VIDIC  a.~\  (See  quots.) 

1857  MILLER  Elem.  Chem.,  Org.  \\.  §  i  (1862)  260  By  the 
action  of  peroxide  of  nitrogen  it  [ricmoleic  acid]  becomes 
converted  into  a  solid  isomeric  fat,  termed  ricinelaidlc  or 
palinic  acid.  1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  V.  109  Ridnelaidic 
Acid. .,  an  acid  isomeric  with  ricmoleic  acid,  produced  by 
the  action  of  nitrous  acid  on  the  latter. 

Ri'cing.  rare-1,  [f.  RICE  sb.l~\  Twigs  used 
as  a  support  for  climbing  plants. 

1664  EVELYN  Syh-a  xix.  (1674)  44  [Osiers  are  useful  for] 
Hop-poles,  Ricing  of  Kidney-beans,  and  for  Supporters  to 
Vines. 

Ricinic  (risrnik),  a.  Chem.  [f.  Ricrx-us  + 
-1C.]  (See  quots.) 

1836-41  BRANDE  Chem.  (ed.  4)  in.  vii.  965  note,  Bussyand 
Lecanu.  .have  elaborately  examined  the  products  of  castor 
oil,  and  have  obtained  from  it..margaritic  (not  margaric), 
ricinic,  and  elaiodtc.  .acids.  1874  GARROD  &  BAXTER  Mat. 
Med.  348  Castor  Oil.  .contains  three  oily  acids,  Ricinic, 
Ricin-oleic,  and  Ricin-stearic,  united  with  Glycerine. 

Ri'cinine.     Chem.     [-INK  5.]     (See  quots.) 

1864  TL-SON  in  Chem.  Soc.  Jrnl.  XVII.  195  An  alkaloid 
provisionally  named  rid  nine  ^  which  I  have  discovered  in 
the  seeds  of  the.  .castor-oil  plant.  1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem. 
V.  109  Ricinine  forms  colourless  rectangular  prisms  and 
laminae,  having  a  slight  taste  of  bitter  almonds. 

Ricinol-  (see  RICINUS  and  -OL),  the  base  of 
some  terms  of  Chem.t  denoting  substances  derived 
from  castor-oil,  as  Ricino'lamide,  Bicino-leate, 
Bicino'leic  a.,  Riciiiolic  a.  (See  quots.) 

1851  Chem.  Gaz.  IX.  366  Castor  oil,  placed  in  contact  with 
a  solution  of  ammonia  . .  forms  a  solid  compound  which 
represents  the  amide  of  ricinolic  acid.  This  *ricinol-amide 
..crystallizes  in  mammillate  groups.  1857  MILLER  Eltm. 
C/ier>t.,  Org.  (1862)  260  When  treated  with  ammonia,  castor 
oil  yields  a  solid  crystalline  amide,  ricinolamide.  1848 
Chem.  Gaz.  VI.  77  "Ricinoleate  of  Lime.. is  obtained  by 
precipitating  ricmoleate  of  ammonia  with  chloride  of 
calcium  [etc.].  Ibid.  76  Pure  *ricinoleic  acid  forms . .  a 
syrupy  pale  yellow  liquid,  which  is  colourless  in  thin 
layers,  has  a  very  strong. .acrid  taste.  1857  MILLER  Elem. 
Chem.,  Org.  (1862)  260  The  principal  acid  obtained  by 
its  saponification  is  a  modification  of  oleic  acid,  termed 
ricinoleic  acid.  1851  Chem.  Gaz.  IX.  367  *Ricinolic  acid, 
obtained  by  saponification,  is  represented  by  C3flH34O8. 
1857  MILLER  Elem.  Chem.,  Org.  (1862)  165  Castor  oil  con 
sists  principally  of  the  glycerin  compound  of  a  peculiar  acid, 
ricinolic  acid.  1892  MORLEY  &  MUIR  IVatts*  Diet.  Chem. 
II.  773  Tri-oxy-stearic  acid,  '  Ricinolic  acid  \ 

Ricinostearic :  (see  quot.  and  cf.  RICINIC  a.). 

1854  R.  D.  THOMSON  Cycl.  Chem.  441/1  Ricinostearic 
Acid,  a  solid  acid  obtained  from  castor  oil. 

U  RicinuS  (ri-sincs).  Bot.  [L.  ricinus  (Pliny).] 
A  genus  of  plants,  of  which  the  castor-oil  plant 
(Ricinus  commnnis}  is  the  type. 

1694 T.  R.  in  Phil.  Trans.  XVIII.  277  A  sort  of  Ricinus 
or  Palma  Christi.  a.  1726  H.  BARHAM  Hort.  Amer.  (1794) 
159  There  are  many  sorts  of  ricinus  in  America.  1760 
).  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  App.  324  Ricinus,  Bastard,  Croton. 
1800  Asiat.  Ann.  Reg.  V.  4/1  The  stems  of  Oshar-trees,  or 
of  ricinus,  not  stripped  of  their  soft  leaves.  1841  Penny 
Cycl.  XX  6/1  A  peculiar  variety  of  Ricinus,  called  R.  ruber, 
.  .which  yields  an  oil  called  carafat. 

Hick  (rik),  sbl  Forms:  a.  1-2  hr6ac,  3-6 
reke  (3,  5  rek),  5  reyke,  5-8,  9  dial,  reek,  6-7 
reeke,  6  reake,  7  reack,  reeck.  0.  6  rike.  7. 
6  rycke,  6-8  ricke,  7  ryck,  7-  rick.  5.  7 
reck.  [OE.  hreac,  =  Fris.  reak,  r$k,  MDu.  rooct 
roke  (Du.  rook),  ON.  hraukr  (Norw.  rauky  Sw.  rb'k, 
obs.  Da.  rtg).  The  later  rick  exhibits  a  shortening 
of  the  vowel,  which  is  paralleled  in  the  wide-spread 
dialect  form  ship  for  sheep  (OE.  sctaf). 

_A  supposed  OE.  corn-hrycce  'corn-rick',  which  has  been 
cited  in  connexion  with  this  word,  rests  on  a  misreading  in 
Thorpe's  Horn.  SElfric  II.  178.  The  MS.  used  by  Thorpe 
has  corn-hivyccan  'corn-chest ';  three  others  have  the  var 
iant  corn-hwseccan.) 

VOL.  VIII. 


649 

1.  A   stack  of  hay,   corn,  peas,  etc,,  esp.   one 
regularly  built  and  thatched  ;  a  mow.     Also  fig. 

a.  900  in  Thorpe  Dipt.  Angl.  Sax.  (1865)  145  Healfne 
aecer  gauolma^de..on  hreace  ^ebrin^an.  c  1050  Voc.  in 
Wr.-Wiilcker  355  Aceruos,  muwan,  hreacas.  13 ..  R.  GI.OUC. 
(Rolls)  App.  S.  13  Sette  afure  rek  [v.r.  reke]  &  hous  & 
barnde  al  pane  toun.  1382  WYCLIF  Exod.  xxii.  6  If  fyer 
.  .cacche  the  rekes  of  corn,  or  the  corn  stondynge  in  feeldis. 
1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Lave  \.  Prol.  (Skeat)  1. 100  The  grettest 
clerkes  han.  .mad  therof  grete  rekes  and  noble,  c  1440 
Promp.  Pan'.  428/1  Reek,  or  golf  (A',  reyke),  arconius, 
acervns.  1532-3  Act  24  Hen.  l7//ft  c.  10  Thatched  houses, 

j    barnes,  reekes,  stackes,  and  other  suche  like.     1599  B.  JON- 

I  SON  Ez\  Man  out  of  Hum.  i.  Hi,  His  barnes  are  full  !  his 
reekes  and  mowes  well  trod  1  1607  TOPSF.LL  Four-f.  Beasts 

\  (1658)  238  Hay  is  not  to  be  cast  before  a  horse  as  it  is  out  of 
the  reek.  1669  WORLIDCE  Syst.  Agric.  (1681)  217  The  usual 
way  of  building  reeks  of  Corn  on  Stavals  set  on  stones,  is 
the  only  prevention  against  Mice.  1700  DRYDEN  Meleager 

!    ff  Atal.  35  Nor  barns  at  home,  nor  reeks  are  heap'd  abroad. 
1721  [see  HAYRICK].     1895  'ROSEMARY'  Chilterns  iv.  133 
My  'ay's  all  in  the  reeks  an'  thatched. 
ft-     *557  VV.  TOWRSON  in  Hakluyt  I'oy.  (1589)  118  There 

:  were  1000  rikes  of  wheate.  1573  TUSSICR  Hush.  (1878)  119 
Houels  and  rikes  they  are  forced  to  make. 

•y.  1566  WITHALS  Diet.  21/1  A  ricke  or  reake  of  hey, 
stmes.  1577  B.  GOOGE  Heresbach"s  Hitsb,  i.  (1586)  42 
Other  Corne  and  Pulse  is  made  vp  in  Coppes  and  Ryckes. 
1589  PasquiCs  Return  A  iiij  b,  It  catcheth  hold  ..in  a  ricke 
of  Strawe.  1641  J.  JACKSON  True  Evang.  Temper  i.  62 
They  had  gone  to  their  graves  like  a  rick  of  corne.  1677 
YARRANTON  Eng.  Improv.  130  People  ..  who  have  great 

i  quantities  of  Corn,  and  are  forced  to  keep  it  Two  or  Three 
years  in  Ricks.  1733  SWIFT  Poems  Wks.  1751  X.  217  Whole 
Ricks  of  Hay.  .Were  down  the  sudden  Current  born.  1764 

;    REID  Inquiry  vi.  §  20  The  farmer  perceives  by  his  eye,  very 

I  nearly,  the  quantity  of  hay  in  a  rick.  1825  COBBET  Rur. 
Rides  189  Not  one  single  wheat  rick  have  I  seen,  and  not 

!  one  rick  of  any  sort  of  corn.  1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  in. 
viii,  That  night  she  took  refuge  from  the  Samaritan,  .under 

'    a  farmer's  rick.      1900  G.  C.  BRODRICK  Mem.  <"j-  fmpr.  307 

The  old  country  maxim, '  Where  there's  ricks,  there's  gates'. 

8.    1621  Statutes  Ireland  (Bolton)  72  Whereas  many  ill 

disposed  persons.. doe  daily  burne  corn,  as  well  in  recks  in 

the  fields,  as  in  villages  and  townes.     1682  Pamphlet  on 

Floods z^th  April  4  Setting  the  Recksof  Hay  and  Corn  afloat. 

b.  transf.     A  heap  or  pile. 

1606  SYLVESTER  Du  Kartas  11.  iv.  Magnificence  1147 
Whence  came  this  Courage,  Titan-like,  So  many  Hils  to 
heap  upon  a  Rick  ?  1703  T.  N.  City  ff  C.  Purchaser  41  The 
liearer-off.  .carries  the  liricks.  .to  lay  them  singly  down  in 
Rows  (which  they  call  Ricks).  1881  RAYMOND  Mining  Gloss., 
Kick,,  Penn.,  an  open  heap  or  pile  in  which  coal  is  coked. 
1886  S.  W.  Line.  Gloss.,  Reek,  a  pile,  heap,  usually  of  snow. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  General,  as  rick-burner, 
-burning,  -fire,  -maker. 

1843  R,  VAUCHAN  Age  Grt.  Cities  288  A  similar  inference 
is  suggested  concerning  the  relation  between  the  farmer  and 
the  labourer  by  the  history  of  rick-burning.  1866  GF.O.  ELIOT 
F.  Holt  3  For  the  rick-burners  had  not  found  their  way 
hither.  1879  JEFFERIES  Wild  Life  in  S,  Co,  vi,  The  (  rick- 
maker  '  used  to  be  an  important  person,  c  1889  TENNYSON 
To  Mary  Boyle  vii,  More  than  half  a  hundred  years  ago,  In 
rick-fire  days. 

b.  Special,  as  rick-barton,  -burton,  =  RICK- 
YARD  ;  rick-cloth,  a  large  canvas  sheet  used  to 
protect  an  unfinished  rick ;  also,  the  material 

j  used  for  this ;  rick-ataddle,  f  -staffold,  -stand, 
f  -stavel  (see  quots.)  ;  rick-stick,  a  toothed  rod 
used  for  combing  the  thatch  of  a  rick  ;  rick- 

j    stones  (see  quot.). 

1656  HEYLIM  Surv.  France  259  No  pullem  in  the  *rick- 

;    barten.     1829  MRS.  SOUTHEY  Chapters  on  Churchyards  I. 

i  134  The  footman.. summoned  from  the  hay-cart,  or  rick- 
burton,  a  1887  JEFFERIES  Toilers  of  the  Fietd(ify*}  4  The 
farmyard  and  rick-barton  were  a  little  way  up  the  narrow 

i  valley.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  III.  971  The  farmers 
in  the  south  of  England  employ  *rick-cloths.  1881  BLACK- 

,    MORE  Cristowell  xiv,  His  breeches  were  of  rickcloth.    1838 

!  HOLLOWAY  Prov.  Diet.)  *Rick-steddle^  a  wooden  frame 
placed  on  stones,  on  which  to  build  ricks.  1876  HARDY 

|    Etkelberta  (1890)  294  Old  jambs  being  carried  off  for  rick- 

\  staddles.  a  1722  LISLE  Hitsb.  (1752)  208  If  it  be  designed 
for  a  *reek-staffold . .  it  will  come  out  of  the  straw  and  thresh 
very  well.  1833  LOUDON  Encycl.  Arc/tit.  §  809  The*Rick 
Stand,  .is  formed  of  oak  pillars  inserted  in  the  ground,  and 
standing  two  feet  high  above  it,  with  a  frame  over  them 
composed  of  joists  of  any  cheap  wood.  1892  J.  C.  BLOMFIELD 
Hist.  Heyford  46  Sad  stories  are  current  of  fine  old  oak 

j     ..used  for  rick-stands.      1669  WORLIDGE  Syst.  Agric.  184 

1    The  covered  *  Reek -staval  (much  in  use  westward).     Ibid. 

j    275  A  Reek-staval,  a  Frame  of  Wood  placed  on  stones,  on 

I    which  such  Mowe  is  raised.      1874  HARDY  Far  fr.  Mad. 

\    Crmvd'  xxxvi,  Where's  your  thatch  ing- beetle  and  *rick-stick 

;    and  spars?   1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  *Rick-stonest  sup 
ports  of  Purbeck  or  other  stone  for  ricks,  usually  sold  in  pairs. 
Rick  (rik),  sb.l     [Related   to   RICK   z/.2]     A 

!    sprain  or  overstrain,  esp.  in  the  back. 

1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt.  Gloss.  s.v.,  I  gen  my  back 
such  a  rick.  iSegCLAKinan  Cold  Water  Cure  105  He  could 
not  determine  whether  it  was  simply  Lumbago,  or  a  Rick 
in  the  back.  1887  NICOLS  Wild  Life  I.  x.  297  Harold  found 

l    that  he  had  a  nasty  rick  in  the  loins. 

t  Kick,  sb$     Obs.    rare.     [App.  a  variant  of 

I  RIG  sb.l,  but  the  history  of  the  form  is  quite 
obscure.]  (See  quots.) 

1641  in  E.  Owen  Cat.  MSS.  Wales  in  Brit.  Museum 
(1908)  584  All  that  rick  or  parcel  of  rockie  ground,  .called 

,    Craygamoyen.     1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  73/2  A  Rick,  or 

1     Ridges  or  Euts,  are  parcels  of  Land  of  several  breadths  and 

i  lengths.  lbid.t  Casting  into  Ricks  or  Ridges  is  to  make  such 
byJPlowing. 

Hick,  north,  dial,  variant  of  REEK  sb}- 
Rick  (rik),  z;.l     [f.  RICK  sb.l]     trans.  To  form 

i    (hay,  corn,  etc.)  into  a  rick;  to  stack.   Also  with  np. 


RICKETS. 

'       1623  Atthorp  .1A9.  in   Simpkinson    Washington*  (1860) 

;    p.  xlix,  To  Bucknell  3  daie.s  ricking  pease.    1677  YARRANTON 

Eng.  Improv.  116  The  Farmers  lay  up  their  Corn  at  easie 

Rates,. .and  not  Rick  it  up,  as  we  do  in  England.      1764 

Museum  Kust.  III.  Iviii.  245,  I  not  only  rick  the  straw,  but 

i    I  also  slightly  thatch  the  rick.     1793  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  IV. 

•  192  The  common  methods  of  ricking  it  [hay].     1812  SIR  J. 
SINCLAIR  Syst.  Hush,  Scot.  i.  396  There  are  few  seasons  m 
Scotland,  where  it  is  possible  to  rick  clover  immediately 
after  the  scythe.     1865  E.  BURRITT  Walk  to  Land's  End 
178  Whatever  quantity  of  straw,  corn-stalks  and  turnips  he 

j    may  rick  or  house  for  winter. 

Rick  (rik),  v.-     [Prob.  a  variant  spelling  of 
!    WRICK  z/.    Both  noun  and  verb  belong  to  southern 

dial.,  so  that  connexion  with  ON.  rykkr<*b.,  rykkja 

v.,  is  less  likely.] 

1.  trans.  To  sprain,  twist,  or  wrench  (any  limb 
or  joint).    Hence  Kicked  (rikt)  ///.  a. 

T79?  J-  JEFFERSON  Let.  to  J.  Boucher  23  Feb.,  To  rick, 
that  is,  to  twist  a  joint,  and  thereby  hurt  it.  1870  Field 
i  2  Apr.  200/3  Though  your  horse  cleared  the  brook  and  gal 
loped  on,  he  may  have  ricked  his  back.  1884  Daily  News 
24  July  5/1  Suffering  from  a  'ricked  '  back.  1891  BARING- 
GOULD  In  Troubadour  Land  vi.  68  The  cobble-stones., 
torture  the  feet  that  walk  over  them  and  rick  the  ankles, 

2.  Coursing.  To  cause  (a  hare)  to  *  wrench '  or 
turn  less  than  quite  about.     Also  intr.  of  a  hare : 
To  (  wrench '. 

1839  Laws  of  Coursing  m  Youatt  Dog  (1845)  App.  261  If 
a  dog  draws  the  fleck  from  the  hare,  and  causes  her  to 
wrench  or  rick  only,  it  is  equal  to  a  turn  of  the  hare  when 
leading  homewards.  Ibid.  262  When  a  dog  wrenches  or 
ricks  a  hare  twice  following,,  .it  is  equal  to  a  turn. 

Ri'cker.     Naut.     [Perh.  ad.  G.  rick  (pi.  ricke % 
ricken)  pole.]      A  spar  or  pole  made  out  of  the 
stem  of  a  young  tree. 
1820  SCORESBY  A  ret.  Regions\.  511  Rickers,  poles,  or  other 

!    wood  for  harpoon  and  lance-stocks.     1846  YOUNG  Nant. 

;  Diet.  250.  1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Rickers,  the  stems 
or  trunks  of  young  trees,  a  kind  of  spars  imported  into  Den- 

:  mark,  etc.  from  thTe  north.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk. 
572  Rickers^  lengths  of  stout  poles  cut  up  for  the  purpose  of 
stov.-ing  tlax,  hemp,  and  the  like.  Spars  supplied  for  boats* 
masts  and  yards,  boat-hook  staves,  &c. 

Ri'cket,  var.  of  RICKETS,  used  attributively  or 
in  combs.,  and  as  the  basis  of  derivative  forms. 

1653  A.  WILSON  Jas.  /,  Author's  Picture,  The  rest  of  the 
poor  Members  pine  away,  Like  Ricket-Bodies,  upwards 
over-grown.  1794  BURNS  Ep.fr.  Esepus  46  What  scandal 
called  Maria's  jaunty  stagger  The  ricket  reeling  of  a 
crooked  swagger?  1898  Allbutfs  Syst.  Hied.  V,  616  Most 
of  the  foods.,  are  ricket-producing  foods  also. 

Bi'Cketed,  ppl.  a.  or  pa.  pple.  [f.  RICKET  + 
-ED^.]  Affected  by  rickets.  Alsoyf^. 

1670  PENN  Truth  Rescued  fr.  Imposture  38  The  weakness 
of  whose  Discourse  eminently  shews  the  ricketted  constitu 
tion  of  the  Author.  1694  Miss  ASTELL  Prop,  to  Ladies  57 
Their  Devotion  being  ricketed,  starv'd  and  contracted  in 
some  of  its  vital  parts.  1825  CARLYLE  Life  Schiller  App. 
264  The  heartless  sentiment,  crippled  and  ricketed  by 
soups,  ragouts,  and  sweetmeats,  which  you  find  in  fashion 
able  bat  lad  mongers. 

Ri  cketily,  adv.  rare.  [f.  RICKETY  a.]  In 
a  rickety  manner. 

1865  MRS.   WHITNEY  Gayworthys  xxxn,  The  Deacon's 

;    chaise  seesawed  and  clattered  itself,  ricketily,  to  the  door 

'    stone.    1880  Miss  BROUGHTON  Second  Thoughts  ni.  iv,  One 

among  all  her  institutions  she  has  succeeded  in  setting, 

•  however  ricketily,  on  its  legs  again. 

So  Ri'cketiness,  rickety  condition. 


at  its  ricketiness.) 

t  Ri'cketing,  a.    Obs.  rare-1,    [f.  RICKET.] 

Inclined  to  be  rickety. 

1648  BOYLE  Seritflt.  Love  iv.  (1700)  25  The  sounder  parts 
seem  overgrown,  so  the  disproportion  betwixt  them  and 
;    the  Ricketing  ones,  makes  the  whole  Body..mishapen. 

t  Rrcketish,  a.  06s.-1  [f.  RICKET  +  -ISH.] 
j  Having  a  tendency  to  rickets. 

a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  i.  xi.  (1662)  36  Surely  there  is  some 
other  cure  for  a  Ricketish  body  than  to  kill  it. 

t  Rixketly,  a-     Obs.-1     =  RICKETY  a.  i  b. 

1659  GAUDEN  Tears  Church  in.  i.  262  No  wonder  if  the 
whole  constitution  of  Religion  grow  weak,  ricketly,  and 
consumptuous. 

Rickets  (ri-kets).  Also  7  rioketts.  [Of 
doubtful  origin :  app.  first  current  in  some  of  the 
south-western  counties. 

Whistler  (1645)  states  that  the  disease  had  first  come  into 
notice  about  26  years  before,  and  was  said  to  have  been 
!  named  after  one  who  tried  to  cure  it  empirically ;  but  others 
derived  it  from  the  Dorset  word  rucktt '  to  breathe  with  diffi 
culty  '.  Glisson  (De  Rac'nitide,  1650),  from  whom  Whistler 
obtained  his  information,  says-  the  disease  was  first  noticed 
in  Dorset  and  Somerset,  and  had  only  gradually  extended 
over  the  south  of  England.  His  own  suggestion  is  tbat  the 
j  word  was  a  corruption  of  Gr.  pa^iris  or  PaxtT>7si  *ne  former 
!  of  which  he  adopted  as  the  scientific  name.] 

1.   A  disease,   especially   incident  to  children, 

characterized  by  softening  of  the  bones,  especially 

of  the  spine,  and  consequent  distortion,  bow-legs, 

[   and  emaciation.     Technically  known  as  RACHITIS. 

1645  D.  WHISTLER  (title),  De  Morbo  puerili  Anglorum, 
quern  patrio  idiomate  indigenz  vocant '  The  Rickets '.  1646 
J.  WHITAKER  Uzziah  40  The  disease  called  the  Rickets  m 
tender  children.  1671  TEMPLE  Ess.,  Health  $  Long  Life 
Wks.  1720  I.  28  When  1  was  very  young,  nothing  was  so 
much  feared  or  talk'd  of  as  Rickets  among  Children.  1718 
1  QUINCV  Conipl.  Disp.  102  It  passes  with  some  for  almost  a 


RICKETY. 

Specifick,  in  the  Rickets.     1789  W.  BUCHAN  Dom.  Med. 
(1790)  29  Many  diseases,  as  the  rickets,  scropnula, 


could  dart  cramp,  or  rickets,  or  a  wry  mouth  at  any  boy 
who  happened  to  be  in  the  rear.  1876  BRISTOWE  'I  A.  «r 
Pract.  Med.  (1878)  917  In  rickets,  the  bluish  cartilaginous 
lamina  becomes  very  irregular  in  form  and  thickness. 


i  wnitest  tneir  pour  uuutcs  unit  n»«j  m.v.  >  —  ... 
a  1680  BUTLER  Rem.  (1759)  I.  226  Multitudes  of  Reverend 
Men  and  Critics  Have  got  a  kind  of  intellectual  Rickets. 
1689  PRIOR  Ep.  Fleet-mood  Shephard  94  A  Theme,  \V  hose 
Props.  .help  the  Rickets  in  the  Brain.  1871  B.  TAYLOR 
Faust  (1875)  I.  xiv.  150  Thy  fancy's  rickets  plague  thee  not 
at  all. 

t  2.  A  form  of  blight  in  corn.   Obs.  rare  ~\. 

1759  MILLS  tr.  Du/iamel's  Hush.  11.  ii.  244,  I  perceived  in 
May,  that  the  corn  was  attacked  with  what  is  called  Me 
rickets  :  the  had  state  of  the  roots  of  these  plants,  the  colour 
of  their  blades,,  .left  no  room  to  doubt  what  ailed  them. 

1  3.  local.  The  staggers  in  sheep.  Obs. 

1788  Young's  Ann.  Agric.  XI.  33. 

Rickett,  variant  of  RIGGOT  i. 
Rickety  (ri-keti),  a.    Also  7-  ricketty.     [f. 
RICKET  +  -v.] 

1.  Affected  with,  suffering  from,  rickets  ;  subject 

to  rickets. 

c  1720  GIBSON  Farriers  Guide  II.  v.  (1738)  189  Bones  .not 
unlike  those  of  ricketty  children.  IJJ^PHI.  Trans.  LXVI. 
10-  On  shore  they  walk  quite  erect  with  a  waddling  motion, 
like  a  rickety  child.  i83S-«  Todd~s  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  440/2 
The  consistence  of  a  ricketty  bone  is  but  slightly  different 
from  that  of  common  cartilage,  a  1859  MACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng.  xxiii.  V.  102  Till  he  was  ten  years  old  .  .  he  was  never 
once  suffered  to  stand  on  his  ricketty  legs.  1897  Allbutt's 
Syst.  Med.  III.  no  The  pulmonary  diseases  to  which 
rickety  subjects  are  extremely  prone. 
b.  fig.  or  in  fig.  context. 

1685  CROWNE  Sir  C.  Nice  i,  A  conscience  swaddled  so 
hard  in  its  infancy  by  strict  education  .  .  that  the  weak 
ricketty  thing  can  endure  nothing.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Re-s. 
334  This  benevolence,  the  ricketty  offspring  of  weak 
ness.  1812  H.  &  J.  SMITH  Rej.  Addr.  83  The  new  House 
of  Commons,  Tis  a  ricketysort  of  abantling  I'm  told.  1843 
CARLYLE  Past  f,  Pr.  (1858)  277  Deliver  me  these  rickety, 
perishing  souls  of  infants.  1884,  Pall  Mall  G.  26  Jan.  2/1 
To  fancy  thaf  we  could  establish  Tewfik  firmly  on  his 
rickety  legs. 

t  c.  transf.  Of  grain  :  Weakly,  unhealthy.   Obs. 

1759  MILLS  tr.  DuhameFs  Husb.  I.  xv.  (1762)  84  The 
abortive  ears  grow  on  rickety  stalks,  of  a  white  colour. 
Ibid.  li.  ii.  247  It  contained  a  pretty  considerable  number 
of  rickety  plants,  which  yielded  but  little  grain. 

2.  Weakly,  feeble,  shaky,  tottering;  lacking  in 
strength  or  firmness  :  a.  Of  ideas,  the  mind,  etc. 

1738  WARBURTON  Div.  Legal.  I.  Dedic.  p.  vii,  Crude  and 
rickety  Notions  crampt  by  Restraint.  1771  SMOLLETT 
Humph.  Cl.  2  April  ii,  I  wish  those  impertinent  fellows, 
with  their  ricketty  understandings,  would  keep  their  advice 
for  those  that  ask  it.  1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic. 
Evid.  (1827)  V.  345  It  is  by  the  swallowing  of  such  potions, 
that  the  mind  of  man  is  rendered  feeble  and  ricketty.  1849 
H.  MAVO  Pop.  Superst.  (1851)  51  Giving  rise  to  the  rickety 
forms  of  popular  superstition.  1863  COWDEN  CLARKE 
Shaks.  Char.  vi.  153  His  spirit  is  so  rickety  that  he  cannot 
trust  it  alone. 

b.  Of  material  things,  esp.  articles  of  furniture, 
stairs,  bridges,  or  other  wooden  erections. 

1799  R.  KIRWAN  Geol.  Ess.  198  We  learn  to  distinguish 
decayed  ricketty  basalts  from  porous  lavas.  1806-7  J.  BERES- 
FORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life  (1826)  vni.  xxxii,  Writing  at  the 
same  ricketty  table  with  another.  1842  LEVER  J.  Hinton 
iii,  We  mounted  an  old-fashioned  and  rickety  stair.  1869 
TOZER  Highl.  Turkey  I.  285  The  river..  is  spanned  by  a 
long  ricketty  wooden  bridge. 

C.  Of  motions,  actions,  or  condition. 

1832  W.  IRVING  Alhambra  II.  51  The  parrot  burst  into  a 


fit  of  dry  rickety  laughter.  1846  FrrzGERALD  Lett.  (1889) 
1.  165  He  was  in  a  ricketty  state  of  body  ;  brought  on  wholly 
by  neglect.  1855  THACKERAY  Neiucomes  i,  Exception  will 


yet  be  taken  to  their  ricketty  strut.  1898  M.  HEWLETT 
Forest  Lovers  ix,  She  broke  now  into  a  rickety  canter. 

3.  Of  the  nature  of  rickets  ;  pertaining  to  rickets. 

1801  Med.  Jrnl.  V.  294  Scrophulous  and  ricketty  affec 
tions.  1876  BRISTOWE  Th.  !f  Pract.  Med.  (1878)  920  The 
precursory  symptoms  belong  properly  to  the  earlier  stages 
of  the  rickety  process.  1879  St.  George'1  s  Hosp.  Rep.  IX. 
365  Ricketty  curvature  of  legs. 

Ri'Cking,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RICK  z/.l]  The  action 
of  making  ricks  ;  attrib.  in  ricking-rod,  -time. 

1844  TUPPER  Crock  of  G.  1.  321  Her  husband,  a  poor 
thatcher,  sadly  out  of  work  except  in  ricking  time.  1874 
HARDY  Farfr.Mad.  Crowd?  xxxvii,  Hehad  stuck  his  ricking- 
rod,  groom,  or  poignard,  as  it  was  indifferently  called,,  .into 
the  stack  to  support  the  sheaves. 

Rickle  (ri-k'l),  sb.1  Lane.  dial.  [f.  RICKLE  z-.1] 
A  rattling  or  clattering  noise  ;  rattle. 

1867  BRIERLEY  Marlocks  ii,  Aw  con  tell  him  bi  th'  rickle  of 
his  clog  buckles. 

Rickle  (ri'k'l),  sb?  Sc.  and  north.  Also  6-7 
rickill.  [Perh.  of  Scand.  origin  :  a  Norw.  dial. 
rikl  (also  rigl}  of  similar  meaning  is  given  by 
Ross.  In  sense  2  there  may  be  some  connexion 
with  RIOK  fd.l,  which  however  has  no  currency  in 
Scotland.] 

1.  A  heap  or  pile,  esp.  one  loosely  built  up  ; 
a  collection  of  odds  and  ends  heaped  up  together  ; 
a  ramshackle  erection.  Also/p-. 

1535  LYNDKSAY  Satyre  4356  Syne,  allturnit  to  ane  rickill  of 


650 

farts.  1603  PhiMus  xxxi.  (Bann.),  ?e  sail  haue  ay  quriill  ?e 
cry  ho,  Rickillis  of  gould  and  jewellis.  1692  SIR  W.  HOPE 
Fencing  Master  37  You  may  step  over  a  little  furrow,  or  a 
rickle  of  stones.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq,  ix,  A  rickle  o  useless 
boxes  and  trunks.  Ibid,  xxxiv,  She's  but  a  rickle  o  auld 


ooaros  anu  JJUIMCI  .u...  .  --  —  j—  — • — 

Mag.  May  537  Rickles  of  brick  as  he  might  call  them. 
b.  A  ramshackle  or  broken-down  object. 
1871   W   ALEXANDER   Johnny  Gibb  (1873)  214  They've 
gotten  a  secont-han'  rickle  o'  a  piano.     1890  MACMANUS 
Chimney  Corners  228  He  began  to  consider  how  he  could 
sell  his  rickle  of  a  pony  to  advantage. 

2.  A  heap  of  corn,  hay,  or  flax  ;  a  pile  of  sheaves. 
1785  BURNS  3rd1  Ep.  J.  I.apraik  8  May  Boreas  never  thresh 

your  rigs,  Nor  kick  your  rickles  aff  their  legs.  1851  A. 
MARSHALL  in  Schroeder  Ann.  Yorks.  I.  420  Drying  the  flax 
in  capfelles,  or  rickles  as  we  call  them...  The  stick  prevents 
the  rickle  being  blown  over.  1862  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc. 
XXIII.  217  These  '  rickles '  contain  from  100  to  150  sheaves, 
and  cost  about  id.  per  hundred  sheaves.. for  building. 

3.  A  pile  or  stack  of  peats.     (See  quots.) 

1825  JAMIESON,  Peats  or  turfs  put  up  in  heaps  or  small 
stacks  to  prepare  them  for  being  winter  provision,  are  called 
rickles.  1842  S.  C.  HALL  Ireland  II.  263  note,  A  rickle 
contains  about  ten  footings  laid  on  their  sides,  one  turf  deep 
and  built  up  about  two  feet  high.  1892  Ballymena  Obs. 
(K.D.D.),  A  rickle  differs  from  a  clamp  in  being  long  and 
narrow  instead  of  circular. 

Rickle  (ri'kl),  p.1  Lane.  dial.  Also  5  rekil. 
[Of  obscure  origin ;  perhaps  merely  imitative. 
Modern  north,  dial,  has  also  rick  in  the  same 
sense.]  intr.  To  rattle,  to  clatter. 

The  use  of  the  word  in  Urquhart's  Rabelais  is  no  doubt 
due  to  copying  from  Cotgrave,  who  belonged  to  Cheshire. 
Holland's  Clu'sliire  Gloss.  (1886)  gives  rickka  or  rickker  as 
meaning  '  to  rattle  '. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  566  pen  rekils  it  vnruydly  &  raynes 
doune  stanys.  1611  CoTGR.,Grillottert  to  ring,  rickle,  ratle, 
crackle.  a»693  Urquhart's  Rabelais  in.  xlv,  He. .went 
aside  and  ratling  the  Bladder  took  a  huge  Delight  in  the 
Melody  of  the  rickling  crackling  noise  of  the  Peas.  1863 
BRIERLEY  IVai'erlmu  168  The  'angles'  of  the  garden  gate 
squeaked,  the  latch  'rickled'. 

Hence  Bi'ckling  vbl.  sbl 

1611  COTGR.,  Grillottement,  a  ringing,  rickling,  ratling,  or 
crackling. 

Ri'ckle,  v?  Sc.  and  north,  [f.  RICKLE  sb?] 
trans.  To  make  or  form  into  a  'rickle'  or  stack. 
Hence  Ki'ckling  vbl.  sb? 

1793  Statist.  Ace.  Scotl.,  Kirktnichael  VI.  104  note,  There 
is  a  method  of  preserving  corn,  peculiar  to  this  part  of  the 
country,  called  Rickling.  1842  S.  C.  HALL  Ireland  II. 
263  note,  The  fourth  operation  [in  peat-making]  is  rickling. 
1851  A.  MARSHALL  in  Schroeder  Ann.  Yorks.  I.  420  It  is 
easier  for  the  hands  to  rickle  the  flax  round  these  stakes. 
1862  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XXIII.  217  If  the  weather  is  wet 
and  precarious,  the  corn  is  '  rickled  '  close  up  to  the  hook, 
scythe,  or  machines. 

Ricklin(g,  dial.  varr.  RECKLING.   Rickly :  see 
RECKLT  a.    Ricksdollar,  var.  RIXDOLLAR. 
Rickshaw,  ricksha  (ri-kjg,  ri-kja).    Also 

riksha,  rikisha.     Abbreviation  of  JINRICKSHA. 

1887  Pall  Mall  G.  24  Aug.  5/2  There  can  be  no  impro 
priety  in  ladies,  .riding  in  our  easy  and  delightful  Rikshas. 
1889  KIPLING  Phantom  Rickshaw  17  The  'rickshaw  came  to 
a  dead  stop.  1896  Month  May  36  The  sight  of  the  rickshaw 
carried  me  back  to  the  Flowery  Land. 

attrib.  1886  KIPLING  Departm.  Ditties,  etc.  (1899)  65  He . . 
Shall  watch  each  flashing  'rickshaw-light,  c  1890  Yoshiwara 
Episode  18  Pimps  in  the  guise  of  rickshaw  coolies.  1894 
Spectator  12  May  656  The  rickshaw  kills  the  rickshawman. 

Rick-yard,  [f.  RICK  ji.l]  A  farm-yard  or 
enclosure  containing  ricks  ;  a  stack-yard. 

1712  MORTON  Nat.  Hist.  Northatnpt.  399  In  a  Rick- 
yard  there  I  saw  a  Hemp-stalk  Four  Inches  about  1780 
A.  YOUNG  Tour  Irel.  57  His  [wheat]  is  in  the  haggard 
(reek  yard)  when  others  are  cutting.  1810  Sporting  Mag. 
XXXV.  214  Simpson  went  into  Mr,  Evans's  rick-yard. 
1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  13  There  is  no  necessity 
whatever  for  having  a  turnip-store  in  a  rick-yard.  1879 
Cassettes  Techn.Educ.  IV.4I5/2  Unless  the  farm  is  provided 
with  a  rick-yard  of  special  merits, . .  the  corn  comes  sooner 
into  condition  in  the  open  field. 

Ricochet  (ri-kJJ,?,  ri-WJet),  sb.  Mil.  [a.  F. 
ricochet  the  skipping  of  a  shot,  or  of  a  flat  stone  on 
the  water. 

In  older  F.  the  word  occurs  only  in  the  phr.  fable  or 
chanson  du  (or  dt)  ricochet ;  on  the  meaning  and  origin 
of  this  see  LittrS,  Godefroi  Compl.,  and  Romania  XX  VI 1 1. 
(1899)  so-53-1 

1.  A  method  of  firing  by  which  the  projectile  is 
made  to  glance  or  skip  along  a  surface  with  a  re 
bound  or  series  of  rebounds ;  also,  the  skipping 
of  a  cannon-ball  or  bullet,  intentional  or  accidental. 
By  ricochet  (F.  a  ricochet},  at  a  rebound. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Range,  To  fire  a 
piece  by  way  of  the  ricochet,  the  cannon  is  only  charged 
with  a  quantity  of  powder  sufficient  to  carry  the  shot  along 
the  face  of  the  works  attacked.  1838  Penny  Cycl.  X.  376/1 
The  traverses  in  the  covered  way  were  proposed  by  Vauban, 
in  order  to  diminish  the  effect  of  the  ricochet.  1859  Mus 
ketry  Instr.  54  To  keep  a  memorandum  of  each  shot  fired, 
under  the  head  of  bull's-eyes,  centres,  outers,  ricochets, 
and  misses.  1883  STEVENSON  Treas.  1st.  IV.  xviii,  The  shot 
. .  buried  itself  in  the  soft  sand.  We  had  no  ricochet  to  fear. 

fig.  1840  DE  QUINCEY  Essenes  Wks.  1859  x-  295  The  mul 
tiplied  ricochets  through  which  it  [chrism]  impressed  itself 
upon  the  vocabulary  of  the  case.  1876  MEREDITH  Beauch. 
Career  II.  vii.  129  The  allocution,  .was  intended  to  strike 
Captain  Beatichamp  by  ricochet. 


BID. 

b.  The  subjection  of  a  place  to  this  kind  of  firing. 

1828  J.  M.  SPEARMAN  Brit.  Gunner  (ed.  2)  355  In  the 
ricochet  of  a  fortification  of  any  kind,  the  elevation  of  the 
gun  should  seldom  exceed  10  degrees. 

2.  attrib.  a.  In  ricochet  fire  or  firing. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Range,  When 
ricochet-firing  is  used,  the  pieces  are  elevated  from  3  to  6 
degrees.  1773  BURKE  To  Sir  C.  Bingham  Wks.  IX.  142 
This  ricochet  cross-firing  of  so  many  opposite  batteries  of 
police  and  regulation.  1863  KINGLAKE  Crimea  (1877)  IV.  xiii. 
316  A  ricochet  fire  which.,  had  been  working  havoc  in  their 
ranks.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-bk.  572  Ricochet  fire, 
that  whereby  ..  the  shot  or  shell  is  made  to  just  clear  a 
parapet,  and  bound  along  the  interior  of  a  work. 
b.  In  general  use,  as  ricochet  battery,  etc. 

1782  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  IX.  6714/1  The  batteries  are 
likewise  called  ricochet-batteries.  1797  Ibid.  (ed.  3)  XVII  I. 
782/1  The  faces.. ought  to  be  enfiladed  by  the  ricochet 
batteries.  1828  J.  M.  SPEARMAN  Brit.  Gunner  (ed.  2)  355 
Tables  of  ricochet  practice,  shewing  the  charge,  elevation, 
time  of  flight,  and  effect  at  various  ranges.  1859  Mus 
ketry  Instr.  54  One  of  the  men  in  the  ricochet  butt.  1865 
LUBBOCK  Preh.  Times  xiii.  (1869)  433  It  rebounds  in  a 
straight  line,  pursuing  a  ricochet  motion.  1875  BEDFORD 
Sailor's  Pocket  Bk.  vii.  (ed.  2)  257  The  fewer  boats  there  are 
in  a  column,  the  less  effect  will  ricochet  shot  have  upon  them . 

Ricochet  (ri-k<^,  ri-k^Jet),  v.  Mil.  [f.  the  sb. 
The  F.  verb  is  ricocher. 

The  suppression  of  the  t  is  also  extended  to  the  forms 
ricochetted,  ricochetting  (cf.  crochetted,  oochetting).  In 
these  forms,  and  in  the  verb  generally,  stressing  on  the  third 
syllable  is  common.] 

1.  intr.  Of  a  projectile  or  the  like :  To  glance  or 
skip  with  a  rebound  or  series  of  rebounds.     With 
from,  on,  over,  upon,  etc. 

1828  J.  M.  SPEARMAN  Brit.  Gunner  (ed.  2)  355  The  smaller 
the  angle,  under  which  a  shot  is  made  to  ricochet,  the  longer 
it  will  preserve  its  force  and  have  effect.     1830  MARRVAT 
King's  Own  xxxi,  The  shot,  .ricochetting  over  them,  dis 
appeared  in  the  wave.    1861  LAMONT  Seasons  m.  Seahorses 
86  The  bullets  ricochetted  on  the  water  close  past  his  ears. 
1867  BAKER  Nile  Trio.  v.  (1872)  66  It  would  ricochet  from 
the  surface  of  water. 

Jig.  1894  Nation  23  Aug.  137/1  Then  the  gaze  ranges  east 
and  north, ..ricocheting  from  hill  to  hill. 

2.  trans.  To  subject  to  ricochet  firing. 

1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  7/2  The  parapet  which  covers  the 
rampart  or  the  ground  to  be  ricochetted.  1879  Encycl. 
Brit.  IX.  448/2  The  faces  of  the  bastions  themselves  can  be 
ricochetted  from  an  equal  distance. 

Hence  Krooohetting  ppl.  a. 

1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  7/2  Thus  the  guns  in  the  ricochet- 
ting  batteries  are  enabled  to  enfilade  the  faces  in  their  whole 
length.  1887  Daily  News  i  Nov.  5/1  A  ricochetting  piece 
of  iron  had  gone  through  his  leg. 

t  Ricoct.  Obs.-1  [ad.  It.  ricotta  '  a  kinde  of 
fresh  cheese  and  Creame'  (Florio).]  (See  quot.) 

1582  MONDAY  Eng.  Rom.  Life  62  Two  Quatrines  woorth 
of  Leekes,  one  Quatrine  bestowed  in  Ricoct,  which  is  harde 
Cruds  to  make  Cheese. 

Ricolage,  variant  of  RECOLAGE  Obs. 

Rict,  obs.  form  of  RIGHT  a. 

Bictal  (ri-ktal),  a.  [f.  L.  rict-us  RICTUS  +  -AL.] 
Ornith.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  rictus. 

1825  Trans.  Linnean  Sac.  XV.  255  The  strength  of  the 
rictal  bristles.  1884  COUES  Birds  N.  W.  (ed.  2)  289  A  few 
rictal  bristles. . reaching  little . .  beyond  the  nostrils. 

t  Rioture.  06s.-"     (See  quots.) 

1656  BLOUNT  G/ossogr.,  Ricture  (ricturia\,  the  gaping  of 
bruit  beasts.  1658  PHILLIPS,  Ricture,*  grinning  or  shewing 
the  teeth  like  a  dog,  also  a  fretting  or  chafing  inwardly. 

II  Rictus  (ri'ktos).  [L.  rictus  open  month  or 
jaws,  f.  ppl.  stem  olringilo  open  the  mouth  wide.] 

1.  Bot.  The  orifice  or  throat  of  a  bilabiate  corolla. 
1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  in.  xxii.  (1765)  228  Rictus,  .is  the 

Gap  or  Opening  between  the  two  Lips  of  the  Corolla.  1832 
LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  I.  ii.  118  In  ringent  and  personate 
corollas  the  orifice  is  sometimes  named  the  rictus  ',  but  this 
term  is  superfluous  and  little  used.  1849  BALFOUR  Man. 
Bot.  §  381  When  the  lower  lip  is  pressed  against  the  upper, 
so  as  to  leave  only  a  chink  or  rictus  between  them,  the 
corolla  is  said  to  be  personate  or  masked. 

2.  Of  persons  :  The  expanse  orgape  of  the  mouth. 

1829  Med,  Rev.  X.  132  As  it  were,  a  double  head,  formed 
by  an  immense  secretion  of  osseous  and  cartilaginous  sub 
stance,  the  rictus  of  the  mouth  intervening.     1871  MORLEY 
Crit.  Misc.  138  That  frightful  rictus  running  from  ear  to  car. 
1894  GOSSE  in  Contemp.  Rev.  Dec.  808  No  one  could  quite 
tell  whether  Pater's  strange  rictus  was  closer  to  laughter 
than  tears. 

b.  Similarly  of  birds  or  fishes. 

1827  VIGORS  &  HORSFIELD  in  Linn.  Sac.  Trans.  XV.  225 
The  rictus  of  the  bill  partially  beset  with  bristles.  1844-8 
SIR  J.  RICHARDSON  Ichthyology  35/2  The  transverse  or 
slightly  arched  rictus.  1872  COUES  Birds  N.  W.  29  When 
the  bill  is  opened  there  is  a  cleft,  or  fissure  between  them 
Isc.  mandibles] ;  this  is  the  gape  or  rictus. 

Rid,  rf.1  [f.  the  vb.  For  other  dialect  uses  see 
the  Eng.  Dial.  Diet.} 

1.  Progress,  dispatch,  speed.     (Cf.  RID  v.  7.) 
1641   BEST  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  36  Forkers  are  to  bee 

foretolde  that  they  give  upp  goode  forkefulls,  because.. (by 
this  meanes) . .  the  loader  comes  more  ridde.  1873-  in  Vorks. 
and  Northumb.  glossaries. 

2.  The  soil  overlying  stone  or  marl,  which  has  to 
be  removed  to  allow  of  quarrying  or  digging.  Also 
rid-iaork. 

1827  HODGSON  Hist.  Northumb.  II.  I.  94  note,  The  soil  or 
diluvial  matter  on  the  tops  of  quarries  is  very  commonly 
called  the  ridding,^  rid-work.  1862  Min.Proc.  Inst.  Civil 
Engin.  XXI.482  The  water  in  the  advancing  wave  was  dis 
persed,  through  the  joints  of  the  pitching,  and  received  into 


RID. 

the  rid.  1864  A'.  Agric.  Sac.  Jrnl.  XXV.  371  To  ascertain 
the  thickness  of  the  earth  overlying  the  mail,  technically 
called  '  fee  '  or  *  rid  '. 

Rid,  sb^  (also  lidd),  variant  of  REDD  sb.~ 

1838  HOLLOWAY  Prov.  Dict.t  Ridor  Red,  a  hollow  place  in 
the  gravel,  where  salmon  deposit  their  roe.  1864  WALSH  in 
Buckland  Salmon  fy  Trout  Hatching  18  The  female  works 
away  at  the  ridd,  and  after  she  has  made  a  kind  of  trough 
she  lies  in  it.  1875  Rep.  Maine  Fisheries  Comm.  12  (Cent. 
Diet.),  Favourite  grounds  where  the  trout  make  their  rids. 

Rid  (rid),  v.  Forms :  3  ruden,  4-6  rydde 
(6  ryd),  6-7  ridde,  5-  rid.  Pa.  t.  3  rudde, 
4  redde,  3,  6  ridd(e,  5-  rid  ;  7-  ridded.  Pa. 
pple.  4  i-rud,  5  rud,  ryde,  6  ryd(d,  4,  6-7  ridd 
(6  ridde),  4,  6-  rid;  5-  ridded;  5  Sc.  riddin, 
6,  9  ridden,  [a.  ON.  ryd/a  (pa.  t.  ruddi,  pa.  pple. 
mdd-r}t  whence  Norw.  rydja,  S\v.  rod/a,  Da.  rydde. 
To  a  great  extent  the  senses  of  the  word  are  also 
represented  by  REDD  z/.-] 

I.  1.  trans.  To  clear  (a  way  or  space),  e$p.  to 
clear  (land)  of  trees,  undergrowth,  etc. ;  to  stub. 

c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  133  Ich  sende  min  engel  bi- 
foren  ^ine  nebbe,  be  shal  ruden  J»ine  weie  to-fore  £>e. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  23813  Es  bar  na  wai  be-for  vs  ridd  {Trin. 
rud]  Cun  tak  us  better  ban  we  did.  c  I3zo  Cast.  Love  1227 
Nas  bis  a  good  redes-mon  pat..ha^>  i-rud  vs  be  way..? 
c  1400  Destr.  Troy  6733  The  remnond  full  radly  rid  hym 
the  gate.  1471-3  Cat.  Proc.  C/ianc.  Q.  Eliz.  (1830)  II.  Pref. 
55  l>e  seid  grounde.  .shuld  haue  be  ridded  and  made  by  be 
seid  John.  1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  II.  47/2  He  rid  and 
made  plaine  a  great  part  of  the  countrie  ouergrowen  with 
woods  and  thickets.  1610  HOLLAND  Camdeti's  Brit.  63 
Ridding  such  [roads]  as  were,  .overgrowne  with  bushes 
and  briers.  1669  WORLIDGE  Syst.  Agric.  (1681)272  If  the 
Spring  be  forward,  cleanse  and  rid  the  Coppices.  1783 
Archaeologia  (1785)  VII.  170  As  some  persons  were  ridding 
a  piece  of  ground  near  Matlock-Bank.  1794  Trans.  Soc. 
Arts  XII.  161  Rough  stony  land,  that  would  not  answer 
ridding  and  making  arable.  1868  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  IV. 
11.  425,  I  consider  it.  .desirable,  in  'ridding'  heath-land,  to 
keep  the  surface  soil  on  the  surface.  Ibid.  428. 

absol.  13..  K.  Alis.  (Bodl.  MS.)  3355  pat  he  was  gode 
kni^th  he  kedde,  For  meynlich  aboute  he  redde.  1537  Rec. 
Monast.  Kinloss  (1872)  144  Frae  the  lang  furd  where  the 
said  Patrick  hegoutht  to  rid. 

b.  To  free  from  rubbish  or  encumbrances ;  to 
clean  or  clear  out.  Also  const,  up. 

Hence  absol.  in  dial.  use.  to  clear  the  throat  or  stomach. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  1533  Sone  he  raght  vpon  rowme,  rid  vp 
be  dykis.  ^1420  Chron.  Vilod.  2561  pe  vrthe  also  bey 
caston  from  J»at  plase  away,  &  voudeden  J>at  place,  &  made 
hit  ryde.  1581  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  (1880) 
424  That  the  waters  and  ryvers  belonginge  to  this  Cytie 
shalbe  ryde  and  scowred.  1596  in  Antiquary  May  (1888) 
212  To  Robert  Butte  for  ridding  ye  chauncell.  1647  TRAPP 
Comm.  Heb.  iii.  10,  I  was  nauseated,  and  ready  to  rid  my 
stomack  at  them,  to  spew  them  out  of  my  mouth.  1839 
[SlB  G.  C.  LEWIS]  Gloss,  Herefordshire^  To  rid  the  stomach. 

c.  To  clear  (a  table) ;  to  tidy  or  clear  upt  to  set 
in  order  (a  room,  etc.).     Now  dial. 

Also  dial,  to  rid  house,  to  remove. 

1599  MINSHEU  24/2  Take  off,  boy,  rid  the  table,  and  bring 
those  fritters.  1729  SWIFT  Direct.  Serv.  x,  When  you  rid  up 
the  Parlour  Hearth  in  a  Morning.  1828-  in  dial,  glossaries 
(Northumb.,  Yorks.,  E.  Angl.). 

d.  To  rid  marches  =  REDD  z/.2  2  c.    In  quots/£V 
1721  WODROW  Corr.  (1843)  II.  562  To  rid  marches  in  the 

powers  of  the  different  officers  of  Christ's  institution.  1759 
SHIRRA  Rein.  (1850)  131  It  is  very  necessary  we  rid  marches 
between  these  two  and  observe  what  the  law  is,  and  faith. 
1847  CHALMERS  in  Hanna  Mem.  (1852)  IV,  515  He  rids  the 
marches  between  the  election  of  God  on  the  one  hand,  and 
the  freeness  of  the  Gospel  on  the  other. 

2.  To  deliver,  set  free,  rescue,  save  (froni^  out  o/, 
of,  etc.).     Now  rare  (very  common  in  i6th  cent.). 

a  1225  Juliana  75  Ne  lef  bu  neauer  to  bi  va  [—  foe]  bin 
ilicnesse  bat  tu  ruddest  of  dea5.  a  1240  Wohunge  in  O.  E. 
Horn.  I.  273  t?u.  .lesedes  tine  prisuns  and  riddes  ham  ut  of 
cwalm  hus.  1:1400  Destr.  Troy  5343  pi  fader.. Rid  me 
bis  Rewme  out  of  ronke  Enmys.  1514  BARCLAY  Cyt.  $ 
Uplondyshm.  (1570)  Diij  b,  Subiect  to  become,  And  neuer 
to  be  ridde  from  bondage  &  thraldome.  1535  COVERDALE 
Isa.  xlvii.  14  Yf  it  be  kindled  with  fyre,  no  man  maye  rydde 
it  for  the  vehemence  of  the  flame.  1592  SHAKS.  Rom.  <$• 
y«/.  v.  Hi.  241  She.. bid  me  deuise  some  meanes  To  rid  her 
from  this  second  Marriage.  1635  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  Biondi's 
Banish'd  Virg.  220 The  good  are  called  before  their  time,  for 
ridding  them  out  of  the  hands  of  the  wicked. 

1843  MARRY  AT  M.  Violet  xxix,  Had  we  had  powder  to 
waste,  we  would  certainly  have  rid  the  graminivorous  from 
many  of  their  carnivorous  neighbours. 

reft.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Absoltto,  To  rydde  him 
selfe  from  the  processe  that  one  hath  against  him  in  any 
courte.  1597  BEARD  Theatre  God's  Judgem.  (1612)  363  This 
noble  minded  woman  inuented  a  most,. subtile  shift,  .to  rid 
her  selfe  out  of  his  hands.  1630  W.  D.  tr.  Comcnius1  Gate 
Lat.  Unl.  §  430  If  any  bird,  being  fettered  with  a  foot-snare, 
riddeth  her  self,  away  she  flieth.  1700  S.  L.  tr.  Fryke's  Voy. 
E.  Ind.  167  We  were  very  happy,  that  we  ridded  ourselves 
out  of  it  so  luckily. 

fb.  To  dispatch;  to  clear  (oneself);  to  acquit. 

1530  PALSGR.  691/1,  I  praye  you,  syr,  rydde  me  firste,  je 
vous  Prie  me  despecher  premier.  Ibid.,  We  be  ableynough 
to  rydde  us  for  this  mater  without  the.  1542  UDALL  Erasm. 
Apoph.  236  A  iudge  riddeth  a  persone  aunsweryng  before 
hym  to  the  la  we. 
t  C.  To  get  away  or  escape  from.  Ob$~l 

1615  WITHER  Juvenilia  (1633)  427  If  I  my  Cage  can  rid 
I'll  fly  where  I  never  did. 

3.  To  make  (a  person  or  place)  free  of  (OT/rtfW) 

something  ;  to  disencumber  of. 

1569  GOLDING  tr.  Heminge's  Postill  10  To  the  intent  to 
rid  his  disciples  of  thys  errour.  1596  SHAKS.  Tarn.  Shrew  i. 
i.  150  Would  I  had  giuen  him  the  best  horse  in  Padua.. 


651 

that  would,  .ridde  the  house  of  her.  1611  MIDULETON  & 
DEKKER  Roaring  Girl  v.  H,  If  I  do  not.. Rid  him  of  this 
disease  that  now  growes  on  him.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vr.  737, 
I.. shall  soon,  Armd  with  thy  might,  rid  heav'n  of  these 
rebelFd.  1727  SWIFT  £^.(1766)  II.  83  It  is  one  comfort  to 
me,  that  I  am  ridding  you  of  a  troublesome  companion. 
1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  y.  xii,  If  you  put  the  laws  in 
execution, . .  you  would  soon  rid  the  country  of  these  vermin. 
1810  WORDS  w.  Prose  Wks.  II.  271  The  taste  of  a  succeeding 
proprietor,  .has  ridded  the  spot  of  its  puerilities.  1859 
RUSKIN  Let.  to  Rossetti  17  June,  I  think  the  book  will  be 
an  interesting,  .one,  if  you  will  rid  it  from  crudities.  1868 
FREEMAN  Norm.  Conq.  (1877)  II.  476  To  rid  England  once 
for  all  of  this  ever  recurring  plague. 

b.  reft.  To  free  or  clear  (oneself)  of  something 
troublesome.     Now  somewhat  rare. 

1530  PALSGR.  691/1  If  I  coulde  convenyently  rydde  me  of 
this  felowe,  I  wolde  go  with  you  with  all  my  herte.  1585 
T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay^s  Voy.  \\\.  xxii.  112  b,To  ridd 
my  self  of  them  I  gaue  them  about  20.  Aspres.  1602  -2nd 
Pt.  Return  fr.  Parnass.  n.  vi.  987,  I  could  not  tell  how  to 
rid  my  belfe..of  the  troublesome  Burre.  a  1687  PETTY  Pol. 
Arith.  (1600}  30  The  Hollanders  do  rid  their  hands  of  two 
Trades,  which  are  of  greatest  turmoil  and  danger.  1726  DK 
FOE  Hist.  De-nil  \.  xi.  (1840)  169  Thus  Satan  ridded  his  hands 
often  of  the  twelve  tribes.  1759  JOHNSON  /</&.•/- No.  53  Pn 
She  must  not  rid  herself  of  them  all  at  once.  1823  in  Cobbett 
Rur.  Rides  (1885)  I.  320  The  gallant  French  had  ridded 
themselves  of  the  tyranny  which  sent  them  to  the  galleys. 
1865  TROLLOPE  Helton  Est.  xxii.  258  To  rid  himself  of  the 
unpleasant  task  he  had  undertaken. 

c.  71?  be  rid of  '(t  on},  to  be  freed  from  (a  trouble 
some  or  useless  thing  or  person). 

c  1440  Alph,  7^/^528 pus.. he  was  clere  and  fullie  rid  on 
hur.  1490  CAXTOH  Eneydos  xxvii.  103  [Dido]  sayd  in  this 
maner  to  the  for-sayd  barthe,  for  to  be  rydded  of  her.  1530 
PALSGR.  691/1,  I  was  lyke  to  come  into  a  great  trouble,  but 
I  thanke  God,  I  am  rydde  of  it  nowe.  1590  SIR  J.  SMYTH 
Disc.  Weapons  Ded.  11  b,  That  the  Realme  (being  too  full 
of  people)  is  very  well  ridde  of  them,  c  1630  DONNE  Serm. 
xi.  103  Since  Christs  presence  was  an  occasion  of  impairing 
their  temporall  Substance  they  were  glad  to  be  Rid  of  him. 
1644  MILTON  Areop.  (Arb.)  55  Those  who  now  possesse  the 
Employment.,  wish  themselves  well  ridd  of  it.  1711  STEELE 
Spect.  No.  24_p  i  My  Correspondents  are  willing  by  my 
Means  to  be  rid  of  them.  1766  GULDSM.  Vic,  \V.  xxviii,  I 
long  to  be  rid  of  a  place  where  I  have  only  found  distress. 
1838  MRS.  CARI.YLE  Lett.  I.  91,  I  am  nearly  rid  of  my  cough 
again.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  441  At  the  same  time 
to  be  rid  of  the  company  of  their  enemy. 

d.  So  to  get  rid  of, 

1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Re/2.  Ded.  Let.,  The  chief  use,  which 
too  many  make  of  the  Former,  is  to  devise  wayes  to  get  ridd 
of  the  Later.  21676  in  -izthRep.  Hist.  RlSS.Comm,  App.V. 
33, 1  cannot  get  rid  of  my  horrible  cold  heere.  1736  BUTLEK 
Anal.  i.  iii,  These  hopes  and  fears.. cannot  be  got  rid  of  by 
great  part  of  the  world.  1781  COWPER  Truth  211  Reduce  his 
wages,  or  get  rid  of  her.  iSioSYD.  SMITH  JKfer.fiSso)  183  Nor 
is  this  conceit  very  easily  and  speedily  gotten  rid  of.  1873 
BLACK  Pr.  Thuie  xvi.  255  You  will  soon  get  rid  of  those 
absurd  sentiments. 

f4.  To  deprive  or  strip  (one)  ^something.  Obs. 

I575TURBERV.  Trag.  Tales  (1837)  151  Parradio.-Resolvde 
to  slay  the  Prince,  And  ridde  him  of  his  lyfe.  1583  T. 
WASHINGTON  tr.  Nich  clays  Voy.  in.  iii.  74  b,  The  emperor 
..being  once  rid,  and  voyd  of  money,  those  ..  which  had 
elected  him,  slewe  him. 

II.  5.  To  part  (combatants).  =REDD  v.2  5. 
Obs,  exc.  dial.  (Cf.  RIDDER  st>.2,  RIDDING  i  b.) 

13. .  Gaw.  fy  Gr.  Knt.  2246  Here  ar  no  renkes  vs  to  rydde, 
rele  as  vus  Hkez. 

6.  To  remove  from  or  out  ofy  to  clear  off  or 
away,  etc.  Also  refl. 

Jc  1475  Knight  Curtesy  127  (Ritson),  He  sware  he  would 
rydde  him  fro  that  lande.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Huon  xlix. 
165,  I  shal  sone  ryd  his  soule  out  of  his  body.  1576  FLEM 
ING  Panopl.  Epist.  348  That  worke  being  dispatched  and 
rid  out  of  my  handes.  1607  ROWLANDS  Earl  of  Warm. 
(Hunterian  Cl.)  29  Guy  quickly  made  dispatch  of  his 
half  score,  He  was  not  long  in  ridding  them  away.  1648 
GAGE  West  Ind.  101  They  fall  upon  him,  and  so  soon  rid 
him  out  of  the  way.  1720  DE  FOE  Capt.  Singleton  xix. 
(1840)  332  Premeditating  nothing  but  how  to  rid  myself  out 
of  the  world.  1859  CORNWALLIS  New  World  I.  157  That 
dose,  .ridded  them  off  better  than  anything  else.  1891  J.  C. 
ATKINSON  40  Yrs.  Moorland  Parish  332  The  kestrels  are 
ridded  out  of  the  country. 

b.  To  remove,  to  take  or  clear  away,  to  dispose 
of,  consume  (quot.  1627),  etc. 

.  J57S  TURBERV.  Faulconrie  365  When  this  foresayde  remedie 
is  not  of  force  sufficent  to  rydde  the  mangie.  1578  T. 
PROCTER  Gorg.  Gallery  Aiij,  Kinge  Menelaus.. swore  by 
sword,  to  rid  their  ioyes.  a  1610  PARSONS  Leicester's  Ghost 
(1641)  6  Such  as  could  rid  mens  lives  yet  no  bloud  spill. 
1617  HAKEWJLL  Apol.  (1630)  391  Ridding  at  one  meale  in 
the  Emperour's  presence  a  whole  bore,  an  hundred  loaves, 
a  weather,  and  a  young  pig.  176^  Ann.  Rcg,,Chron.  105/2 
As  the  quarrymen  were  lately  ridding  of  stone,  in  the  island 
of  Portland.  1814-  in  dial,  glossaries. 

t  C.  To  remove  by  violence ;  to  kill,  destroy. 
Also  with  double  object  (quot.  1593).  Obs, 

1494  FABVAN  Chron.  v.  cxvii.  92  Whan  he  retournes,  asspy 
thytyme.and  fall  vpon  hym  sodeynlye,  and  soo  ridde  hym. 
1513  MORE  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  778  He  [Catesby] 
..procured  the  Protectour, hastily  to  ryd  him.  1537  CROM- 
WELL  in  Merriman  Life  <$•  Lett.  (1902)  II.  88  There  maye 
be  founde  wayes  in  Italy,  to  rydd  a  trayterous  subiect.  1593 
SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI,  HI.  i.  233  This  Gloster  should  be  quickly 
rid  the  World.^  1609  C  BUTLER  Fern.  Mon,  (1623)  Q  ij,  The 
ready  way  to  rid  them  is,.  ,to  smother  them  with  Brimstone. 
1639  S.  Du  VERGER  tr.  Camus'  Admir.  Events  76  He  deter 
mined  with  his  complices  to  take  them  asunder,  &  to  rid 
them  one  after  the  other. 

reft,  1555  W.  WATREMAN  Fardle  Facions  \.  vi.  F  v,  He 
that  differreth  to  rydde  him  selfe  in  this  sorte ;  It  is  laweful 
for  another . .  to  doe  it. 


RIDDANCE. 

t  d.   To  pull  or  root  up  completely.  Obs. 

1540  HYRDE  tr.  Vines'  Instr.  Ckr.  Worn.  (1592)  L  iij, 
Neither  is  it  reckoned  any  great  grievous  act  to  destroy 
utterly  their  country,,  .or  rid  up  al  mankind.  1641  HINDE 
y.Bruen  v.  16  It  seemed  good  unto  the  Lord. .to  rid  up  by 
the  roots  those  Popish  errours. 

7.  To  dispatch,  accomplish,  get  through,  clear 
^"or  away  (work  of  any  kind).  Now  dial, 

1530  PALSGR.  690/2  He  is  a  quicke  workeman,  he  can  rydde 
more  worke  in  an  houre  than  some  can  do  in  twayne.  1598 
SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  H.  iv.  Colitmnes  234  Here-by  the 
Printer  in  one  day  shall  rid  More  Books,  then  yerst  a  thou 
sand  Writers  did.  i6zz  BACON  Hen.  VII  73  Arrable  Land 
.  .was  turned  into  Pasture,  which  was  easily  rid  by  a  few 
Heards-men.  1625  —  Ess.,  Greatn.  Kingd.  (Arb.)  483 
They  had  the  vse  of  Slaues,  which  commonly  did  rid  those 
Manufactures.  1680  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  x.  187  The 
Wheel  ridds  Work  faster  off  than  the  Pole  can  do.  1764 
Museum  Rust.  III.  384  The  machine  did  rid  off  a  great 
deal  of  work  in  a  little  time,  a  1791  WESLEY  To  Sen-ants 
Wks.  1811  IX.  103  Putting  forth  all  your  strength,  ridding 
away  all  the  business  that  you  can.  1837  Civil  Kng.  fy 
Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  78/1  The  ambition  of  '  ridding  '  much  work 
with  a  comparatively  small  profit. 

b.  intr.  To  be  dispatched.     Now  dial. 

i6z6  BRETON  Fantastikes^  Eight  of  the  Clocke,  Now.. 
with  quicke  hands,  worke  rids  apace.  1751  R.  PALTOCK 
P.  Wilkins  (1884)  II.  206  It  is  impossible  to  imagine  how 
this  work  rids  away.  1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt.  Gloss. 
s.v.,  When  any  work  goes  on  quickly, '  it  rids  well,'  or  '  rids  off '. 

f  8.  To  rid  ground  (or  space],  to  cover  ground, 
to  move  ahead,  to  make  progress.  Obs. 

1584  PEELK  Arraignm.  Paris  in.  iv,  My  game  is  quick, 
and  rids  a  length  of  ground.  1600  HOLLAND  Lity  xxxv. 
x.\x.  905  The  way  was  such,  as  that  an  armie.. might  hardly 
.  .rid  any  ground.  1608  J.  KING  Sertn.  S.  Mary's^  Oxford 
16  Much  like  the  Mariners  [life]  at  sea,  that  is  tossed  vp 
and  downe.and  riddeth  little  space.  1655  GuRNALL  C£r.  in 
Arm.  i.  (1669)  60/2  Thus  the  Christian  rids  but  little  ground, 
because  he  must  go  his  weak  bodies  pace.  1755  LADY  M.  W. 
MONTAGU  Lett.  xcii.  IV.  63  Because  (in  the  jockey  phrase) 
it  rids  ground,  that  is,  covers  a  certain  quantity  of  paper. 
1785  G.  FORSTER  tr.  Sparrmaii's  Voy.  Cape  G.  //.  (1786)  293 
The  beast. .kept  on  an  even  and  steady  course,  which., 
nevertheless  rid  a  great  deal  of  ground, 
f  b.  So  to  rid  way.  Obs. 

1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  Vf,  v.  iii.  21  We.  .Will  thither  straight, 
for  willingnesse  rids  way.  1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Grant. 
xi.  53  A  false  stem,  .will  make  her  rid  more  way  and  beare  a 
better  saile.  1665  JER.  TAYLOR  Unnm  Necess.  viii.  §7  Asa 
runner  of  races  at  his  first  setting  forth  rids  his  way  briskly. 

Rid,  ///.  al  rare.  [f.  RID  v.]  That  has  been 
ridded  or  rid  (up}  ;  cleared. 

1738  P.  WALKER  Life  Peden  (1827)  76  Ye'll  have  an  ill 
rid-up  House.  1865  KINGSLEY  Herew.  xxvii, '  We  will  make 
room  for  you  !  We  will  make  a  rid  road  from  here  to  Win 
chester!  '  shouted  the  holders  and  knights. 

Rid,///,  a?    rare.     [f.  RIDE  z;.]     -RIDDEN. 

1631  D.  LLOYD  Leg.  Capt.  Jones  (1648)  10  He  . .  supply'd 
him  with  a  horse  Well  rid  and  fierce. 

Rid,  obs.  form  of  RED  a.  and  sb,t  REDE  z/.1,  RIDE  v. 
Ridable,  variant  of  RIDEABLE. 
Ridar,  obs.  form  of  READER,  RIDER. 
Ri'ddable,  a.     rare~°.     (See  quot,) 
1611  COTGR.,  Exploitable,. . dispatchable,  riddable,  readie 
to  be  performed,  easie  to  be  done. 

Riddance  (ri-dans).  Also6ryddance,-aunce, 
-aunse.  [f.  RID  v.  +  -ANCE.] 

1.  Removal,  clearance ;  an  instance  of  this ;  a 
clearing  out,  scouring. 

a.  In  phr.  to  make  (clean,  etc.)  riddance. 

IS3S  COVERDALE  Zeph.  i.  18  He  shall  soone  make  clene 
ryddaunce  of  all  them  that  dwell  in  the  londe.  1577  B.GOOGE 
Heresbactts  ffusb.  n.  (1586)  83  b,  You  must  make  this  rid 
dance  of  the  Rootes  at  euery  fall  of  the  leafe.  1630  A'.  John 
son's  Kingd.  fy  Commw.  577  The  old  Vice-Roy  maketh 
quicke  and  cleane  riddance  of  all  Vtensils.  1682  ind  Plea 
for  Nonconformists  19  It  is  not  good,  that  a  general  Rid 
dance  should  be  made  of  all  Dissenters.  1784  COWPER  Task 
v.  70  Clean  riddance  quickly  made,  one  only  care  Remains 
to  each— the  search  of  sunny  nook. 

b.  In  other  uses. 

1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  I.  202/2  From  the  time  of  the 
first  entrance  of  the  Danes  into  this  realme,  vntill  their 
last  expulsion  &  riddance.  1606  HOLLAND  Sneton.  92  The 
skouringe  and  riddance  of  the  workehouse  prisons.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  632  Those  Blossoms  also,  and  those  drop 
ping  Gumms, . ,  Ask  riddance,  if  we  mean  to  tread  with  ease. 
1763  R.  GUY  Pract.  Obs.  Cancers  34  It  is  in  vain  to  expect 
an  effectual  Riddance  of  the  Water  by  opening  the  Vesicles. 
1855  BAIN  Senses  %  Int.  n.  iv.  §  3  Coughing  and  sneezing. . 
are  also  involuntary ;  that  is,  the  mechanical  irritation  works 
the  riddance  of  itself. 

f  C.  A  means  of  removal.   Obs.~l 

1567  MAFLET  Gr.  Forest  gob.  This  bird  profiteth  ^Egipt 
vene  much,  and  is  the  best  riddance  or  conueiaunce  that 
they  haue  of.. discommodities,  .brought  by  Serpentes. 

1 2.  Clearance  of  goods  by  sale,   Obs.—1 

1545  BRINKLOW  Compl.  (1874)  n  What  maketh  ryddance 
or  good  sale  so  moch,  as  whan  a  comodyte  is  at  a  pryce 
resonable? 

f3.  Progress  or  dispatch  in  work.   Obs. 

1581  MULCASTER  Positions  v.  (1887)  33  Writing  being  ones 
perfectly  goten  doth  make  a  wonderful  riddance  in  the  rest 
of  our  learning.  1608  WILLET  Hexafila  Exod.  Ded.,  The 
nether  milstone  is  heauie,  slow,  and  of  small  riddance.  1657 
TRAPP  Comm.  Neh.  iii.  20  A  ready  heart  makes  riddance  of 
God's  work.  1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.*  Printing TL\.  PI  It 
would  be  troublesom  and  tedious.. for  the  Press-man,  and 
would  hinder  his  usual  riddance  of  Work.  1715  Family 
Diet.  II.  s.v.  Root-grafting,  The  Work  may  be  done 
with  great  Riddance,  .within  doors.  1763  MILLS  Pract. 
Hitsb.  IV.  32  This  hoeing,  .may  be  performed  with  a  wider 
hoe,  for  the  sake  of  greater  riddance. 

62-a 


BIDDEN. 

t  b.  Progress  or  advance  in  moving.  06s. 

1598  R.  BERNARD  tr.  Terence,  Eunuch  v.  iii,  I  see  thee 
stirre,  but  thou  makest  no  riddance.  1617  MORVSON  Itin.  \. 
61  In  like  cases  ships  use  to  draw  them  selves  in,  by  the 
casting  and  weighing  of  Anchors,  with  great  labour,  and 
slow  riddance  of  way.  1647  TRAIT  Comm.  Heb.  xii.  12  A 
drooping  spirit  makes  no  riddance  of  the  way. 

4.  Deliverance  or  rescue  from  something. 

1391  SPENSER  Daphnalda  364  Els  surely  death  should  be 


NORRIS  Hieroclts  66  By  the  care  of  Providence  an  utter 
riddance  and  delivery  from  it.  1886  SPURGEON  Tnas.  Dav. 
Ps.  cxliv.  n,  12  Riddance  from  the  wicked,  and  the  gracious 
presence  of  the  Lord  are  sought  [etc.]. 

6.  A  deliverance  which  consists  in  getting  rid  of 
something.  Freq.  with  adjs.,  as  good,  happy.  Also 
transf.,  something  of  which  one  gets  rid. 

1596-1676  [see  b].  1694  KETTLEWEI.I.  Camp.  Persecuted 
102  Give  them  comfort  under  their  sufferings,  and  in  thy 
due  time  an  happy  riddance  thereof.  182;;  SCOTT 
II  4  God  send  honest  industry  a  fair  riddance.  1844 
THIRLWALL  Greece  VIII.  Ixii.  M7  The  loss  of  so  many  cap 
tives  was  treated  as  a  happy  riddance.  1861 :  DICKENS  fit. 
Effect,  xlii,  Compeyson  took  it  easy  as  a  good  riddance  for 
both  sides.  1867  —  Dr.  Marigold,  His  mother  indignantly 
declared  that  a  girl  who  could  so  conduct  herself  was 
indeed  a  good  riddance. 

b.  In  interjectional  phr.  a  goad  (\fair,  gentle > 

riddance. 

1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  it.  vii.  78  Portia  adew. . .  Par.  A 
gentle  riddance.  £1613  MIDDLETON  No  (fit  like  Woman  s 
ii.  iii,  Low.  They've  given  thee  all  the  slip.  Mis.  Low.  So, 
a  fair  riddance  !  1676  ETHF.REUGE  Man  of  Mode  ii.  ii, 
Loveit.  Call  him  again.  Pert.  E'n  let  him  go,  a  fair  rid- 
dance.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  77;.  II.  119  We.  .all  expedients  tire, 
To  lash  the  ling'ring  moments  into  speed,  And  whirl  us 
(happy  riddance  !)  from  ourselves.  1782  ELIZ.  BLOWER  Gee. 
Bateman  III.  7  In  'ess  time  than  whilst  one  could  cry— 'A 
cood  riddance'.  1863  C.  READE  Hard  Cash  xxxii,  She  is 

**  f  J  ,  i      -jj_..     _    ..rl I .u 


she  said  morosely. 

Riddel^l,  varr.  RIDEL  sb.,  obs.  ff.  RIDDLE. 

Bidden  (ri-d'n),  ///.  a.    [pa.  pple.  of  RIDE  v.] 

fl.  That  has  ridden,  travelled.  In  comb,  room- 
ridden,  far-travelled.  Obs.-1 

1340-70  Alex,  ff  Dind.  1131  pis  makelese  man  bat  most 
was  adouted,  pe  romme  riden  alexandre,  richest  of  kingus. 

2.  That  has  been  ridden  upon  ;  broken-in. 

1533  FITZHERB.  Hush.  §  120  A  corser  is  he,  that  byeth  all 
rydden  horses,  and  selleth  them  agayne.  1570  Wills  3t  Inv. 
N.C.  (Surtees,  1835)  317  A  yonge  nagge  ..  and  a  Ridden 
mare.  1607  MARKHAM  Caval.  II.  (1617)  262  When  you  finde 
that  you  are  able  to  ride  a  ridden  horse  both  with  good  arte 
and  comelinesse. 

f  3.  Oppressed,  taken  advantage  of.  Obs. 

1677  OTWAY  Clients  o/Scapin  \.  i,  I  told  him  thou  wert  as 
valiant  as  a  ridden  cuckold.  1684  SOUTHERNS  Disappoint, 
went  in.  i,  The  common,  ridden  cuckold  of  the  Town. 

4.  Forming  the  second  element  in  combs.,  as  hag 
ridden,  priest-ridden,  etc.  (Freq.  in  mod.  use.) 

1653-  Isee  PRIEST-RIDDEN].  1684-  [see  HAG-RIDDEN].  1831 
MOORE  Mem.  (1856)  VI.  189  It  was.. the  old  king-ridden 
feeling.  1850  F.  W.  NEWMAN  Phases  of  faith  128  The 
deaf,  the  dumb,  the  hunch-backed,  are  spoken  of  as  devil- 
ridden.  1861  F.  W.  ROBINSON  No  Church  I.  iv.  100  One 
must  take  advantage  of  the  weather  in  this  mist-ridden 
country. 

Ri'dder,  sl>.1  Now  dial.  Forms :  i  hrider, 
hridder  5rydder,«m!».rydoun, 7-9  </za/.  ridder, 
rudder,  ruther.  [OE.  hrider,  later  hridder,  from 
a  stem  hrid-  to  shake  (cf.  hriSian  to  shake  with 
fever),  an  ablaut-variant  of  which  is  represented 
by  OHG.  rttera,  rilra  (MHG.  rStere,  riter,  G. 
reiter),  and  more  remotely  by  L.  cribrum,  Ir.  cria- 
thar.  In  later  Eng.  the  more  usual  form  is 
RIDDLE  rf.2]  A  sieve  or  riddle. 

c  725  Corpus  Gloss.,  Glebulum,  hrider.  c  1000  /ELFRIC 
Horn.  II.  154  Da  abaed  his  fostormodor  an  hridder.  1398 
TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xvn.  cxxxvi.  (liodl.  MS.),  Corne 
is  iclensed  w*  seue  ober  wib  rydderne.  c  1430  Two  Cookery- 
bks.  32  Take  a  seve  or  a  whete  rydoun,  &  ley  bin  pesyn 
ber-on.  1619-20  in  Swayne  Sarum  Church-w.  Accts.  (1896) 
309  A  sieve  called  a  Rudder,  ^d.  1667  Phil.  Trans.  II.  527 
Wash  it  [lead-ore]  clean  in  a  running  stream ;  then  sift  it 
in  Iron-Rudders.  1669  WORLIDGE  Syst.  Aerie.  331  Rudder, 
or  Ridder,  the  widest  sort  of  Sieves  for  the  separating  the 
Corn  from  the  Chaff,  a  1722  LISLE  Hnsb.  (E.  D.  S.)  s.v. 
Rudder,  They  said.. the  rudder  would  easily  separate  tills 
and  barley.  1750  [see  RIDDER  v?\.  1848-  in  southern  dial, 
glossaries.  1856  MORTON  Cyclop.  Agric.  I.  194/1  Wheat 

Rudder  ',  twenty  inches  diameter. . .  Barley  Rudder.  1884 
West  Sussex  Gaz.  25  Sept,  Bushel,  shaul,  shovel,  ridder, 
sieves  [etc.]. 

Prov.  1678  RAY  Proy.  (ed.  2)  289  As  much  sib'd  as  sieve 
and  ridder,  that  grew  in  the  same  wood  together. 

Ri'dder,  si.2    rare.    [f.  RID  v.  +  -EB  i.] 

1.  One  who  rids  ;  a  deliverer. 

c  1521  J.  HEYWOOD  Pardoner  $  Friar  Plays  (1905)  14 
This  is  the  pardon,  the  ridder  of  your  sin. 

2.  St.  =  REDDER  sbl  i. 

1624  in  Maidment  Sfotliswoode  Misc.  (1845)  II.  307  The 
said  Alexander  alleged  that,  .he  was  a  ridder  and  intervener 
between  them  that  not  one  of  them  should  hurt  another. 
1631  Presbytery  Bk.  Strat/icofieiSpMtngCU  12  He.. was 
a  ridder  only  between  him  and  John  Milne.  1861  WIIATELY 
Camm.-pl.  Bk.  (1864)  214  The  Scotch  proverb  that  'the 
ridder  gets  aye  the  worst  stroke  in  the  fray  '. 


652 

t  Ri'dder,^.3  Obs.-1  \a..obs,.Y.ridde,rid(d)re, 

rider,  a.  Klem.  rijder,  ridder  knight.]     =  RIDER  3. 
1694  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  IV.  Prol.  (173?)  P-  Ixxxv,  Sub 
stantial  Ridders,  Spankers,  and  Rose  Nobles. 

Ri  dder,  v.1  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  rudder. 
[OE.  hridrian,  f.  hridder  RIDDER  rf.l]  trans. 
To  sift,  riddle. 

c  loco  Ags.  Gosf.  Luke  xxii.  31  Nu  satanas  xyrnde  baet  he 
eow  hridrude  [Hatton  riddrede]  swa  swa  hwaete.  1750 
ELLIS  Mod.  Husbandm.  VI.  iii.  60  Ridderinglf.  also  applied 
to  cleaning  wheat  by  means  of  a  large  sieve  or  wheat.ndder. 
//>/</.  72  To  ridder  or  riddle  it.  1893  Wiltshire  Gloss.,  Rud 
der,,  .to  sift. 

Ri-dder,  v.-   rare-'.     (See  quot.) 

1750  ELLIS  Mod.  Huslmndm.  I.  xii.  92  When  the  hedge 
is  riddered,  as  we  call  it,  that  is,  when  all  the  superfluous 
wood,  .is  taken  out. 

Ridding,  -M.  sb.    [f.  RID  v .  +  -ING  1.] 

1.  The  action  of  clearing  or  removing. 

1347-8  Durh.  Ace.  Rolls  II.  545  In  cxp.  factis  in  Ryd- 
dyng  stagni  de  Fery.  <r  1400-50  Alexander  2244  ?°ure 
corage  to  bend,  And  in  ridding  of  oure  riche  toun  Jour 
reuth  for  to  call.  1481-90  Ho-^ard  Houst'h.  Bks.  (Roxb.) 
507  For  the  stubbyng  and  ryddyng  all  a  long  the  pale  off 
the  long  pond.  1501  Church-w.  Ace.,  Vatton  (Somerset 
Rec.  Soc.)  125  For  rydyng  of  goiters  of  y«  chyr'ch  and  y° 
gargells.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Alilaqtieatio,  the  nd- 
dyng  or  clcnsinge  of  trees  in  maner  aboue  mencioned.  1630 
Brasenose  Coll.  Aluuim.  Q  3. 104  Charges  for  the  Rlddinge 
of  the  Lanne  betwixt  Brasnnose  and  Excestre  Colledge 
Garden.  1666  PEPYS  Diary  16  Aug.,  I  fell  to  the_  ridding 
away  of  a  great  deale  of  business,  c  1850  J.  GEM.MEL  in  Mem. 
R.  Craig  (1862)  250  A  thorough  ridding  of  the  marches 
between  what  is  changeable  and  what  is  unchangeable. 
1875  If  re's  Diet.  Arts  III.  704  Ridding,.. a.  term  used  in 
the  Newcastle  coal-field  for  the  operation  of  separating  the 
iron  ore  from  the  coal-shale.  1897  Longman's  Mag.  Mar. 
441  The  marble  seam,  .is  easily  obtained  by  '  open  ridding '. 
b.  Separation  of  combatants.  Also  attrib. 

1500  in  I.  S.  Leadam  Star  Chamber  Cases  (Selden  Soc.) 
in  The  seid  Thomas.,  came.,  onely  for  the  Riddyng  of  the 
seid  assauute  &  fray.     1721  KELLY  Scot.  Prov.  159  He  who 
meddles  with  Quarrels,  gets  the  ridding  Stroke. 
o.  Deliverance,  setting  free.  rare"1. 

1648  SANDERSON  Serin.  II.  234  For.. the  ridding  of  our 
selves  and  others  from  troubles. 

2.  A  cleared  piece  of  ground  ;  a  clearing.     (Now 
only  in  local  names.)    north. 

1586  Wills  ff  In-j.  N.  C.  (Surtees,  1860)  140,  I  will  that 
Barnard  Dowthwhet  haue  the  newe  mower,  with  my  parte 
in  the  fer  ryddynges.  1651  MS.  Indenture,  Yorks.,  9  selions 
lying  together  in  one  field  called  the  Rydings.  1827  HODG- 
sos  Hist.  Northumb.  II.  i. 94  note,\i  is  plain  that  a  ridding 
is  pure  English  for  assartum.  1868  ATKINSON  Cleveland 
Dial.,  Ridding. . .  More  frequently  met  with  in  local  names, 
or  in  documents,  than  in  modern  expression. 
1 3.  //.  Clearings,  refuse.  Obs.  rare-1. 
1598  GRENEWEY  Tacitus,  Ann.  n.  x.  (1622)  152  In  a  Tum- 
brell  which  carried  away  the  riddings  of  Gardens. 
4.  (See  RID  sb^  2,  quot.  1827.) 
Riddle  (ri'd'l),  si'.1  Forms  :  a.  i  reed-,  ridels, 
4  redilis,  4-5  redel(e)s,  9  dial,  ridless.  /3.  4,  6 
redele,  4-5  redel,  redil,  6  readle,  redle,  reedel, 
reedle.  y.  4-6  rydel,  6  ryddel(l,  ryd(d)le, 
4  ridil,  5  ridel,  6  riddel,  ridelle,  ridle,  6-  riddle. 
[OE.  rxdds  masc.  and  rxdelse fem ., counsel,  opinion, 
conjecture,  etc.,  also  a  riddle,  =  Fris.  riedsel,  MDu. 
raelsel  (Du.  raadsel),  OS.  radisli  neut.,  radislo 
masc.  (MLG.  rfid-,  rldelse,  rldesal,  LG.  radsel), 
OHG.  rfidisle  (MHG.  ratsel,  retsel,  etc.,  G.  raise!), 
f.  riedan  to  READ  or  REDE  :  see  -ELS.] 
1.  A  question  or  statement  intentionally  worded 
in  a  dark  or  puzzling  manner,  and  propounded  in 
order  that  it  may  be  guessed  or  answered,  esp.  as 
a  form  of  pastime  ;  an  enigma  ;  a  dark  saying. 

o.  c  xooo  ALFRIC  Nititt.  xii.  8  Ic  sprece  to  him .  .openlice, 
uses  burh  redelsas  [L.  ynigtnata\  ne  burh  hiwinge.  1382 
WYCI.IK  Judges  xiv.  16  Thou  hatidist  me,  ..and  therfor  the 
redels  [L.  problona\.  .thou  wolt  not  to  me  expowne.  1387 
TREVISA  Higdtn (Rolls)  III.  181  pekyng  putte  forba  rydels 
[L.  paradignia]  erliche  amorwe.  1x1425  Cursor  M.  7120 
(Trin.),  At  £e  feest  here  he  was  stad  A  redeles  vnto  him  he 
bad.  1879  Miss  JACKSON  Shropsh.  Word.bk.,  RidU'ss,  a 
riddle,  a  conundrum. 

p.  a  1300  Cursor  Af.  7130  Atbatfest. .  A  redel  bamvndohe 

badd.  1377  LANGL./*./1/.  B. xlii.  184  Ar^ecoueitousenouthe 

After  ^eresjyues  or  ;iftes  or  3ernen  to  rede  redeles?    c  1440 

;    Promp.  Parv.  426/2  Redyn  or  expownyn  redellys.     1542 

.    UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  46  b,  To  a  certain  persone  that  had 

propouned  an  harde  reedle.   Ibid.  92  The  redle  that  Sphinx 

propouned.     1567  FENTON  Trag.  Disc,  45,  I  shall  hardlye 

!    reade  the  misterye  of  your  readle,  for  as  yet  I  understande 

nothinge  but  highe  duche.     1596  Foxe's  A.  ft  M.  1142/1 

I    margin,  The  8.  chapter  of  Daniel,  .speaketh  of  the  king  of 

faces  and  reedels. 

y-  CI375  Cursor  M.  7122  (Fairf.),  He..he3t  pa  men  to 
gif  ham  mede,  if  bai  cowde  bat  ridil  rede,  c  1440  Promp. 
Parti.  433/1  Rydel,  or  probleme,  enigma.  1483  Cath. 
Angl.  307/2  He  bat  spekis  Rydels  .  .,enigntatista.  1535 
COVERDALE  Jer.  xiii.  12  Therfore  laye  this  ryddle  before 
r  them.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Matt.  ii.  26  As  by  a 
ryddell  or  a  darke  figure.  1589  ?  LYLY  Pappe  TO.  Hatchet 
B  iij  b,  I  forgate  a  riddle,  '  the  more  it  is  spied,  the  lesse 
it  is  scene '.  Thats  the  Sunne.  1612  WOODALL  Surg. 
Mate  Wks.  (1653)  19  The  Aulhour  hath  thought  fit  to 
unfold  it  by  a  medicmall  riddle.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv. 
573  As  that  Theban  Monster  that  propos'd  Her  riddle,  and 
him,  who  solv'd  it  not,  devour'd.  4:1718  PRIOR  Beauty,  a 
Riddle  36  Your  riddle  is  not  hard  to  read  :  I  guess  it.  1780 
COWPER  \Vks.  (1876)  4^9,  I  have  latelyexercised  my  ingenuity 
in  contriving  an  exercise  for  yours  and  have  composed  ariddle. 
1810  CRADUE  Borough  in,  105  And  his  fair  friends.. Oft  he 


RIDDLE. 

amused  with  riddles  and  charades.  1875  JOVVETT  Plato 
(ed.  2)  I.  19,  I  am  quite  certain  that  he  put  lorth  his  defini 
tion  as  a  riddle. 

b.  Without  article. 

1571  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Ps.  xlix.  4  Riddle  thou  in  riddle. 
1589  PUTTENKAM  Art  Eng.  Poesie  III.  xviii.  (Arb.)  198  n  e 
dissemble  againe  vnder  couert  and  darke  speaches,  when  we 
speake  by  way  of  riddle.  1727  SWIFT  Wonder  of  Wonders 
Postscript,  It  has  been  the  Policy  of  all  times,  to  deliver 
down  Important  Subjects  by  Emblem  and  Riddle. 

2.  transf.  Something  which  puzzles  or  perplexes; 
a  difficult  or  insoluble  problem ;  a  mystery. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xm.  167  pere  nys  neyther. .  Pope,  ne 
palriarch,  bat  puyre  reson  ne  schal  make  pe  meysler  of  alle  )>o 
men  boru}  mi?t  of  bis  redeles.  c  1380  WVCLIF  Set.  Wks. 
I.  320  Mo  redelis  ban  we  can  telle  ben  sob  of  Crist  M  his 
two  kindis.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Matt.  xi.  67 
Shadowes  and  darke  riddels  of  the  olde  lawe.  1650  BULWER 
Anthropomet.  253  Yet  how  and  when  this  tinclure  began, 
it  was  yel  a  riddle  unto  him.  1684  BUNYAN  1'ilgr.  n. 
Introd.  Lines  230  These  Riddles  lhat  lie  couch't  within  tlvjj 
breast,  Freely  propound,  expound.  1706-7  FARQUHAK.£I'<XK.* 
Strat.  IV.  ii.  48  Where  there's  a  Priest  and  a  Woman, 
there's  always  a  Mystery  and  a  Riddle.  1785  REID  Intell. 
Powers  in. 'iii.  344  Such  paradoxes  and  riddles,  .men  are 
involuntarily  led  into  when  they  reason  about  time  and 
space.  1832  LYTTON  Eugene  A.  m.  vii,  It  seems  to  me  a 
riddle  how  we  could  ever  have  been  thus  connected.  1879 
N.  SMYTH  Old  Faiths  iii.  (1882)  52  Judaism  is  said  lo  have 
been  a  dark  riddle  which  tormented  Hegel  all  his  life. 
b.  Const,  of.  (Common  in  igth  cent.) 

1648  BOYLE  Seraph.  Love  xxiv.  (1700)  145  There  we  shall 
have  clearly  Expounded  to  us  those  Riddles  of  Providence, 
which  [etc.].  1648-9  Eikon  Bas.  xxii.  (1662)  ill,  I  must 
now  resolve  the  riddle  of  Iheir  Loyally.  1706  ADDISON 
Rosamondm.  iii,  O  quickly  relate  This  riddle  of  fate  !  1816 
COLERIDGE  Lay  Serin.  (Bohn)  320  The  minds  that  feel  the 
riddle  of  the  world.  1859  HOLLAND  Cold  Foil  xn.  146  The 
riddle  of  life  is  unsolved.  1870  MAX  MiJLLER  Sci.  Relig. 
(!873)  3Q2>  I  do  not  say  that.. we  have  solved  the  whole 
riddle  of  mythology. 

3.  concr.  A   person    or   being  whose  nature   or 
conduct  is  enigmatical. 

1663  Bt  Ti.F.R  Hud.  i.  iii.  337  Twas  a  strange  Riddle  of  a 
Lady.  1711  SWIFT  Lett.  (1768)  IV.  3,  I  am  sail  a  riddle 
they  know  not  what  to  make  of.  1731  POPE  Ess.  Man.  n. 
18  Sole  judge  of  Truth,  in  endless  Error  hurl  d :  T  he  glory, 
jest,  and  riddle  of  the  world  !  1878  BROWNING  La  Saisiaz 
46  No  more  Man  as  riddle  to  be  read. 

4.  Comb.,  as  riddle-wise  adv.  (also  with   in)  ; 
riddle-like  adj.;  riddle-maker,  -monger,  -writer; 
riddle-liming  adj. 

a.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  33  pey  translated  it 
in  a  redel  wise.     1563  Mirr.  Mag.  n.  142  b,  1  name  no  man 
outryght,  But  ryddlewise,  I  meane  Ihem  as  I  myghl.    1594 
R.  WILSON  Colters  Profh.  iv.  iii,  The  bastaids  name  he 
tolde  me  too,  But  it  was  riddle-wise. 

b.  1571  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Ps.  v.  i  Forasmuch  as  I  like 
not  thels  riddelike  tytles.    1601  SHAKS.  Ail's  Welli.  iii.  223 
She . .  that ..  riddle  like,  Hues  sweetely  where  she  dies.     1891 
WINSOR  Columbus  App.  633  The  slrange  and  riddle-like 

0.  i64i*BROME  Joviall  Crew  n.  Wks.  1873  III.  383  In 
spite  of  Fortune  and  her  Riddle-makers.  1751  EARL  ORRERY 
Remarks  Swift  (1752)  83  The  thought  is  closer  pursued  than 
in  any  olher  riddle-writer  whatever.     1849  H  A  LLIWELL  Pop. 
Rhymes  148  The  pen  has  been  a  fertile  subject  for  the 
modern  riddle. writer.    1850  SMEDLEY  /•'.  Fairleigh  iv,  That 
riddle-loving  female,  the  Sphinx. 

5.  attrib.,  as  riddle-book,  -craft,  -rhyme. 

1820  KEATS  Eve  of  St.  Agnes  xv,  An  aged  crone  Who 
keepeth  clos'd  a  wond'rous  riddle-book.  1849  HALLIWELL 
Pop.  Rhymes  141  Nursery  riddle-rhymes  are  exlremely 
numerous.  1858  MATSON  Poems  459  Love,  .sagely  musing 
o'er  Fale's  riddle-book.  1882  CHILD  Ballads  I.  13  Riddle- 
craft  is  practised  by  a  variely  of  preternalural  beings. 

Riddle  ri'd'l),  sb.2  Forms:  I  hriddel,  4 
riddil,  4,  6  riddill,  7  riddell,  6-  riddle,  7,  9 
dial,  ruddle ;  4  ridelle,  5  ridil,  6  redell,  7  ridle ; 
4  rydil,  5  ryddyll,  rydyl,  rydelle,  6  rydxd)le. 
[Late  OE.  hriddel:  the  earlier  form  is  hridder 
KlDDER  rf.l] 

1.  A  coarse-meshed  sieve,  used  for  separating  chaff 
from  corn,  sand  from  gravel,  ashes  from  cinders, 
etc. ;  the  most  usual  form  has  a  circular  wooden 
rim  with  a  bottom  formed  of  strong  wires  cross 
ing  each  other  at  right-angles. 

Also  applied  to  those  parts  of  some  machines  which  serve 
for  similar  purposes. 

anoo  Cere/a  in  Anglia  IX.  264  Sacdleap,  hriddel,  her- 
syfe.  1:1340  Nominate  (Skeat)  531  Sak,  cryuere,  ct  sace, 
sak,  ridelle,  and  heresyue.  1381  WYCLIF  Amos  ix.  9  As 
whete  is  smyten  in  a  rydil.  c  1440  Ptomp.  Parv.  433/1 
Rydyl,  of  corn  clensynge, . .  cribrum.  1495  Trmsa  s  barth. 
De  P.  R.  xvll.  cxxxv.  691  Hulkes  falleth  of  whan  come  is 
clensyd  wylh  a  syfue  or  wylh  a  Ryddyll.  1500-20  DUNBAR 
Poems  vi.  55  We  weir  als  sib  as  seue  &  riddill.  1566  L,ud- 
low  Church-w.  Ace.  (Camden)  123  Fordyginge  and  siftmge 
of  ytt  [sc.  sand],  and  for  a  new  rydle.  1601  HOLLAND  Puny 
xvi.  xi.  I.  464  The  same  are  shred  and  minced  so  small,  as 
they  may  passe  through  a  sieve  or  a  riddle.  1675  EVELYN 
Terra  (1776)  63  Casting  the  coarse  remaining  bluff  which 
would  not  pass  the  Riddle,  into  ihe  cistern  again.  1707  MORI  i- 
MER  Husb.  (1721)  I.  140  Horse-beans  and  Tares  togelher.. 
are  easily  parled  wilh  a  Riddle.  1798  Naval  Chron.  (1799) 
I.  171  My  hull  is  like  a  riddle.  1830  Kyle  Farm  Rep.  40 


me,  1  should  have  been  as  lull  ot  Doles  as  a  riouic.     .001 
Work  t,  Design  24  Dec.  450/2  The  wool  ..  is  carried  ..  by 
a  conveyer,  run  by  a  small  engine  to  a  riddle..  .The  riddle 
is  a  simple  contrivance,  consisting  of  a  box  [etc.]. 
.  ftaiis/.  1848  THOREAU  Maine  Woods  i,  Through  this  steel 


RIDDLE. 

riddle,  more  or  less  coarse,  is  the  arrowy  Maine  forest .  .re 
lentlessly  sifted, .  .till  it  comes  out  boards,  clapboards  [etc.]. 

b.  To  turn  (or  cast}  the  riddle  (and  shears},  to 
practise  a  mode  of  divination  mainly  employed  for 
the  discovery  of  theft.     Sc.  and  north,  dial. 

For  a  description  ofthe  process,  see  Jamieson. 

1570  Durham  Depos.  (Surtees)  117,  I,  Allice  Swan,,  .used 
by  ihe  space  of  certen  yeres  to  cast  or  tourne  the  riddle  and 
sheares.  1573  Ibid.  251  Ther  was  a  wyff  in  Newcastell.. 
that  culd  tome  the  ryddle  [etc.].  1589  in  Lawson  Bk.  Perth 
(1847)  191  Whilk  day  Violet  Brown.,  was  accused  for 
turning  ofthe  riddle  with  sheers.  1709  [see  4], 

c.  A  riddle  of  claret -.  (see  quot.  1889). 

1831  WILSON  in  Blackw.  Mag .  XXX.  41 3,  I  bet  you  a  riddle    | 
of  claret.     1889  N.  $  Q.  7th  Ser.  VI 1 1. 13  A  r  id  dle^of  claret  is    1 
thirteen  bottles,  a  magnum  and  twelve  quarts.     The  name 
comes  from  the  fact  that  the  wine  is  brought  in  on  a  literal 
riddle. 

2.  To  make  a  riddle  of,  to  pierce  with  holes. 

1817  J.  BRADBURY   Trav.  Amer.  19   He  was   instantly    ; 
pierced  with  arrows  so  numerous,  that,  to  use  the  language 
of  Colter, '  he  was  made  a  riddle  of.   1842  LEVER  J.  Hinton 
Ii,  I  was  to  be  made  a  riddle  of  if  I  attempted  to  escape. 

3.  A  board  or  metal  plate  set  with  pins,  used  in 
straightening  wire. 

1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  425  The  riddle  is  a  piece  of 
wood  or"  metal  with  sloping  pins,  which  lean  alternately    , 
opposite  ways,  so  as  to  keep  the  wire  close  down  on  the  board. 
1866  Tomlinson's  Cycl.    Use/.  Arts  II.  912/3  Hard-drawn 
and  unannealed  wires.. are  straightened.. by  drawing  them    , 
through  a  riddle. 

4.  attrib.  and   Comb.,  as  riddle-frame,   -maker,    ; 
manufactory,  sieve ;  riddle-turning  (see  i  b). 

1709  in  W.  Andrews  Bygone  Ch.  Life  Scot.  (1899)  124  The 
horrid  sin  of  the  hellish  art  of  riddle-turning.  1747  Centl. 
Mag.  XVII.  311  The  greatest  part  ofthe  corn,  which  falls 
thro'  this  riddle  sive,  is  at  once  clear  from  chaff  and  buzzes. 
x8i8  J.  PALMER  Jrnl.  Trav.  48  One  wire  weaving  and 
riddle  manufactory.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  332 
That  part  of  the  sides  that  form[s]  the  riddle-frame  lies 
horizontally.  1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade  t  Riddle- maker, 
a  manufacturer  of  large  coarse  wire  sieves. 

Ri'ddle,  sb$  nonce-wd.  [f.  RIDDLE  v.'*~\  A 
hole  made  by  a  bullet. 

1880  E.  MARSHALL  Troublous  Times  I.  82  My  mother., 
had  dropped  a  tear  over  the  riddle  of  a  bullet  in  the  flap. 

Riddle,  j£.4,  variant  of  REDDLE  or  RUDDLE. 

1681  CHETHAM  Angler  s  Vade-m.  iv.  §  7  (1689)  34  Riddle 
or  red  Oker  (with  which  People  in  Lancashire  use  to  mark 
their  sheep).  1886  Gloss.  Rochdale. 

t  Riddle,  sb$t  obs.  variant  of  RADDLE  sbJ- 

1695  KENNETT  Par.  Antiq.^Gloss.  s.v.  Cladnst  A  hurdle 
.  .in  Kent  is  sometime  callM  a  Riddle,  Raddle,  or  Ruddle  : 
.  .as  riddle-wall,  a  riddle-basket. 

Ri'ddle,  z>.*     Also  7  ridle.     [f.  RIDDLE  sbl~\ 

1.  intr.  To  speak  in  riddles,  or  enigmatically ; 
also,  to  propound  riddles. 

1571  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Ps.  xlix.  4  That  is  to  say,  Riddle 
thou  in  riddle.  1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  ir.  iii.  53  Lysander 
riddles  very  prettily.  1629  CARLELL  Deserving  Favorite 
u.  ii,  What,  do  you  riddle  me?  Is  she  contracted,  And  can 
I  by  your  counsel!  attaine  my  wishes?  1660  SHIRLEY  Mtr- 
chant's  Wife  m.  iii,  Madam,  you.  riddle  strangely.  1748 
MELMOTH  Fitzosborne  Lett.  (1749)  I.  8  That  he  who  knows 
not  how  to  riddle,  knows  not  how  to  live.  1888  GILBERT 
Yeomen  i,  I  can  riddle  you  from  dawn  of  day  to  set  of  sun. 

2.  trans.  To  interpret  or  solve  (a  riddle  or  ques 
tion),     a.  In  imp.  phr.  riddle  me  a  (or  my}  riddle ; 
or  riddle  me  this,  that,  w/iyt  etc. 

1588  Marprel.  Epist.  (Arb.)  xi  Riddle  me  a  riddle,  what 
is  that  his  grace  threatened  to  send  Mistris  Lawson  to 
Bridewell?  i6ai  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Diatribx  526  Riddle  me  a 
riddle,  what  is  this?  1661  HOLYDAY  Juvenal  (1673)  38 
Riddle  me  this :  what's  he,  that  to  Rome  came  [etc.]?  1668 
DAVENANT  Mattes  the  Master  in.  i,  Riddle  my  riddle,  what's 
this  ?  1773  GOLDSM.  Stools  Cong.  v.  ii,  Riddle  me  this  then. 
What's  that  goes  round  trie  house,  and  round  the  house,  and 
never  touches  the  house  ? 

b.  Redupl.  riddle  me,  riddle  me. 
\<yjp*&t&tts.Pas.qitiCsApol.  Bb,  Riddle  me,  riddle  me,  what 

was  he?  1631  P.  FLETCHER  Piscatory  Eclog.  Liv  b,  I  have 
another  play  within  to  doe,  Riddle  me,  Riddle  me,  what's 
that?  1673  HICKERINGILL  Father  Greybeard  199  Riddle 
me,  riddle  me  what  it  is.  [1841  CHAMBERS  Pop.  Rhymes  Scotl. 
(1870)  109  Riddle  me,  riddle  me,  rot-tot-tot,  A  little  wee  man 
in  a  red  red  coat.] 

c.  In  general  use.     Also  absol. 

1627  DRAYTON  Agincourt,  Moon-Calf  176  The  tale  our 
Gossip  Red-cap  told  before,  You  so  well  ridled,  that  there 
can  no  more  lie  said  of  it.  1664  TRKVOR  in  Carte  Collect. 
(1735)  266  The  affaire,  .is  now  understood  and  that  mystery 
riddled  to  be  a  bragge.  1820  SCOTT  Abbot  xxiii,  Were  I  as 
wise  a  warlock  as  Michael  Scott,  I  could  scarce  riddle  the 
dream  you  read  me.  1824  Miss  FERRIER  Inker,  xxvii, 
Promise  that  you  will  riddle  me  right,  and  tell  me  why 
poverty  is  the  greatest  misfortune  in  the  world. 

d.  With  adverbs,  as  to  riddle  forth,  out. 

1624  QUARLES  Job  Militant  xiv.  84  You  understand  To 
riddle  forth  man's  Fortunes  by  his  Hand.  1642  H.  MORE 
SongofSouli.  n.lxv,  So  might  we  riddle  out  some  mystery. 
1685  —  Par.  Prophet,  xii.  91  The  Time-eaten  names  of  the 
Consuls  in  that  Monumentum  Ancyranum  above-mentioned, 
as  riddled  out  by  T.  L. 

3.  To  be  a  riddle  to  (a  person) ;  to  puzzle,    rare. 

1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  xviii,  I  think  it  will  riddle  him  or  be 
gets  his  horse  ower  the  Border  again. 

Riddle  (ri'd'l),  v2  Forms :  3  ridlen,  4  ryd- 
elyn ;  4-5  ridile,  4-6  ridele  (6  redyle),  4-8 
ridle,  4-  riddle,  [f.  RIDDLE  sb$] 

1.  trans.  To  pass  (corn,  gravel,  etc.)  through  a 
riddle ;  to  separate  with  a  riddle  ;  to  sift.  Also 


653 

a  1225  Ancf.R.  234  Satan  is  5eorne  abuten  uorto  ridicule 
ut  of  mine  come  !  1382  \Vvcuv  Dan.  xiv.  13  T,hei  brou}ten 
to  ashe,  and  by  al  the  temple  he  ridlide  [it]  byfore  the  kyng. 
—  Lvtet  xxii.  31  Sathanas  hath  axid  5011,  that  he  scbulde 
ridele  [you]  as  whete.  c  1440  Promfi.  Pan',  433/2  Rydelyn, 
cribro^  capisterio.  1523  FITZHKRB.  Hnsb.  §  146  The  bolles  of 
flaxe,  whan  they  be  npeled  of,  must  be  rideled  from  the 
wedes.  1570  LEVINS  Manip,  116  To  Riddle,  cribrare.  1603 
OWEN  Pembrokeshire  xi.  (1892)  90  Two  ridlers,  who  ridle  the 
coales  when  it  is  aland.  1688  [see  RIDDLING  Tbl.  sb?  i]. 
1707  MORTIMER  Hush.  (1721)  II.  244  Tlie  finest  sifted 
Mould  that  can  be  got,  which  must  be.. rather  ridled  in 
than  pressed  down.  1729  WALKDEN  Diary  12  Sept.  (1866) 
41,  I  owed. .3^.  to  his  son,  due  for  riddling  and  blending 
lime.  1784  Neiv  Spectator  No.  10.  5  As  ridiculous  as 
Hercules  with  the  distaff,  or  a  Duchess  ridling  cinders  ! 
1833  J.  HOLLAND  Manuf.  Metal  II.  203  The  ashes,  on  fall 
ing,  are  riddled  or  sifted  through  the  grating.  1844  STE 
PHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  281  The  shrivelled  beans  and  other 
refuse  being  riddled  out.  1890  \V.  J.  GORDON  Foundry  16 
One  is  sifting  or  'riddling1  the  old  sand  to  make  it  ready 
for  another  casting. 

absol.  1616  I!.  JONSON  Love  Restored  \\te.  (Rtldg.)  588/2 
Robin  Goodfellow,  he  that  sweeps  the  hearth. .,  riddles  for 
the  country  maides,  and  does  all  their  other  drudgery. 
1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  282  Very  few  people  who 
profess  to  work  in  the  barn  can  riddle  well. 
t).  trans/,  and  Jig. 

1613  JACKSON  Creed  u.  468  Appointed  to  riddle  out  some 
good  meaning.  1630  DAVENANT  Cruel  Brother  in,  i,  Thus 
thy  years  do  riddle  grief  away.  1649  BLITHE  Eng.  hiipnn-. 
Impr,  (1653)  23  The  Goodness  of  the  Water  is  as  it  were 
Ridled,  Screened,  and  Strained  out  into  the  Land.  1831 
CARLYLE  in  Froude  Life  (1882)  II.  146  That  mind  which 
must  all  be  riddled  monthly  to  see  if  there  are  any  grains  in 
it.  1863  TORRENS  Life  Sir  J.  Graham  I.  235  His  power 
of  sifting  evidence,  and  riddling  the  truth  out  of  reluctant 
or  evasive  witnesses. 

2.  To  pierce  with  holes  like  those  of  a  riddle  ;  to 
render  sieve-like  by  perforation  (witk  bullets  or 
the  like) ;  to  shatter  by  missiles. 

1849-50  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  IV.  xxi.  §  62.  195  Above 
100,100  cannon-balls,  and  25,000  bombs, . .  had  riddled  all  its 
defences.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  iv.  §  3.  186  Edward 
riddled  the  Scottish  ranks  with  arrows.  1886  Law  Times 
LXXX.  213/2  Worms  will  riddle  the  wood-work  of  a  ship. 

fig.  1888  BRYCE  Amer.  Cominiu.  III.  Ixxxvii,  165  Pro 
posals.,  which  the  criticism  of  opinion  riddled  with  its  un 
ceasing  fire. 

b.  esp.  in  pa.  pple.  riddled  (with  holes,  etc.). 

1817  J.  SCOTT  Paris  Rc^'isit.  (ed.  4)  211  The  door  was  rid 
dled  through  and  through  with  all  sorts  of  shot.  1865  GOSSE 
Land  <y  Sea  (1874)  31  An  interior  riddled  with  holes  like  a 
honeycomb.  1884  Cassell's  Fam.  Mag.  Mar.  220/1  Steep 
banks  of  sandstone,  riddled  with  the  holes  of  the  sand-martin. 

fig.  1897  ^UIDA  '  Massarenes  viii,  They  are  as  poor  as 
Job  and  riddled  with  debts, 

C.  intr.  To  penetrate.  rare~l. 

1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  II.  x.  99  Blanket-bags  are  nearly 
useless  below  —  30°,  in  a  gale  of  wind ;  it  riddles  through  them. 
d.  With  cogn.  obj.  :  To  make  (one's  way)  by 
penetration,  rare—1. 

1892  G.  HAKE  J\lcm.  So  Yrs.  Ixiii.  259  An  enemy  could 
cross  a  moat;  could  he  riddle  his  way  through  the  countless 
canals  of  Venezia? 

Riddle-bread, -cake,  north,  dial.  (Seequots.) 

1674  RAY  N.  C.  Words  s.v.  Bannock,  Riddle-cakes,  thick 
Sour-cakes,  from  which  differs  little  that  which  they  call 
Hand-hoven  Bread,  having  but  little  leaven,  and  being 
kneaded  stiffer.  1797  Monthly  Mag.  III.  33/1  The  bread 
used  is  made  of  oatmeal,  and  by  some  is  called  riddle  bread. 
It  is  slightly  baked  in  thick  cakes,  being  previously  leavened. 
1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss,,  Riddle-breoJ,  oat  cake  which  is 
riddled  or  shaken  on  a  chequered  board,  before  it  is  thrown 
on  an  iron  plate  over  the  fire,  called  a  bakestone. 

Hi  dell  ed,  ///.  a.1  rare-1,  [f.  RIDDLE  vl 
+  -ED  i.]  Made  enigmatical. 

c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  XLIX.  i,  I  will,  .ridled  speech 
to  tuned  harp  accord. 

Riddled,///.  «.2    [f.  RIDDLE  v.t] 

1.  Passed  through  a  riddle  ;  sifted,  winnowed. 
1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  273  While  the  unwin. 

nowed  heap  is  becoming  less, ..the  riddled  one  increases  in 
bulk.  1891  Times  5  Oct.  4/4  Slacks  can  be  bought  at  55.  6d. 
to  6s.  6d..  .and  ordinary  riddled  nuts  at  8s... per  ton. 

2.  Pierced  with  holes,  as  by  bullets ;  shattered. 
1863  Index  25  Sept.,  He  bore  aloft  the  riddled  flag  of  the 

3rd  Alabama.  1871  Daily  News  14  Aug.,  The  world  at 
large  associates  it  with  long  runs,  riddled  wickets  [etc.], 

Riddled,  variant  of  RIDELED  a.  Obs. 
Riddle-like  :  see  RIDDLE  sb?-  4  b. 
Ri  ddlemeree*,  riddle-xne-ree. 

1.  A  fanciful  variant  of  the  phrases  riddle  me  a 
riddle,  riddle  my  riddle,  etc.     (See  RIDDLE  vl  2.) 

1710  ADDISON  Whig  Examiner  No.  i  P  3  Riddle  my  ree, 

what  is  this  ?   c  1730  Royal  Remarks  50  They  argued  it  upon 

I    it  In  the  familiar  Phrase  of  Riddle  ray  Riddle  my  Ree  [etc.]. 

2.  Rigmarole  ;  nonsense. 

1736  tr.  Rticgle's  Ignoramus  i.  10  It  is,  as  the  Law  says, — 
1    in  Nubibus — tis  riddle  me  re — 'tis  something,  and  nothing. 
1785  European  Afag.  VIII.  463  By  this  quaint  ridd!e-me- 
I    ree,  I  suppose  it  is  meant  that  [etc.].     1806  SURK  Winter 
in  Lend.  III.  233  Pray,  Lady  Roseville,  what   riddle-me- 
ree  is  this?     1818  KEATS  Wks.  (1889)  III.  p.  cxxxvii,  Not 
I    omitting.. any  little  choice   conversation  or  riddle-me-ree 
!    between  him  and  his  nursery  maid.     1848  Blnckw.  Mag, 
Oct.  461  Her  style  is  all  riddle-ma-ree. 
So  t  Riddlemy  riddlemy.      Obs.  rare~^. 
1641  BROME  Jtrvia.ll  Creiu  i.  Wks.  1873  III.  353,  I  would 
b«  drunk  A  thousand  times  to  bed,  rather  then  dream  Of 
1    any  of  their  Riddlemy  Riddlemies. 

Ri  ddler l.     [f.  RIDDLE  v.1  +  -EK  *.]     One  who 
speaks  or  deals  in  riddles. 
1       1610  DONNE  Pieudomartyr-&$  Were  this.. springing  out 


RIDE. 

of  the  spiritual!  authorise  as  the  Popes  ridler  make-,  hU 
authentic  to  bee?  1671  APHKA  HEHX  Forc'd  Marriage  in. 
i,  Prethee  be  not  thou  a  Ridler  too.  1728  POPE  Dune.  in. 
157  Each  Songster,  Riddler,  ev'ry  nameless  name.  1757 
HOME  Douglas  in,  Thou  riddler,  speak  Direct  and  clear. 
1838  AYif  Monthly  Mag.  LIV.  247  His  elevation  as  a 
puzzler  and  riddler  among  men. 

Ri  ddler  '2.     Also  7  ridler.     [f.  RIDDLE  v.-  + 
-EK  J.J     One  who  uses  a  riddle. 

1603  [see  RIDDLE  v.~  i].  1771-2  Ess.fr.  ttatchelor  (1773) 
1 1.  50  With  shaking  nought  remains  but  coals,  To  warm  the 
riddler's  breast.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  273  The 
corn  begins  to  accumulate  amongst  the  riddlers'  feet.  1853 
R.  S.  SURTEES  Sponge's  Sp.  7V?«rd393)  83  Riddling  lime— 
an  unpleasant  occupation.,  when  the  windveerscapriciously, 
and  the  riddler  is  inexpert  at  '  dodging  '. 

Riddle-wise  :   see  RIDDLE  sb.1  4  a. 

Ri'ddling,  vbl.  s/>i  [f.  RIDDLE  v}  +  -i\<;].] 
The  propounding  of  a  riddle  or  riddles  ;  also,  an 
instance  of  this,  fa  riddle.  Also  attrib. 

1483  Cat/i.  Angl.  307/2  A  Rydellynge  (A.  Ridyllynge), 
enigma.  1611  MinDLtiTON  &  UEKKER  Roaring  dirt  D.'s 
Wks.  1873  IV.  184  What.. meanes  this  ridling?  1671  MILTON 
Samson  1064  Be  less  abstruse,  my  riddling  il.iys  are  past. 
1812  Sporting  Mag.  XXXIX.  no  The  laughable  exeicises 
of  blindmans  buff,  riddling,  and  question  and  command. 
1872  TKNNY.SON  Caret h  <y  Lynettc  279  Know  ye  not  then 
the  Riddling  of  the  Bards  ? 

Ri-ddling,  vbl.  sb*    [f.  RIDDLE  vZ  +  -m;i.] 

1.  The  action  of  sifting  or  separating  by  means 
of  a  riddle.     Also_/z£". 

1603  OWEN  Pembrokeshire  xi.  (1892)  90  Then  the  seconde 
ridlinge  with  a  smaler  Ridle.  1688  HOLMK  Armoury  111. 
74/1  Ridling,  is  a  sifting  the  corn  from  the  chaff.  1839 
URE  Diet.  Arts  814  This  operation  by  the  hand-sieve,  is 
called  riddling  in  the  tub,  or  riddling  by  deposit.  1850 
CARLVLB  Latter-d.  Pamph.  i.  (1872)  39  I?y  manoeuvring  of 
ballotboxes,  and  riddling  of  the  popular  clamour.  1891 
AthsnSUtn  1.5  Aug.  223/1  Some  day.. some  patient  person 
will  take  these  six  volumes,  and,  by  severe  riddling  first  and 
compressing  afterwards,  get  them  into  one  or  two. 

2.  //.  The  coarser  or  less  valuable  parts  which 
are  separated  by  the  riddle  ;  sittings,  screenings. 

1600  SURFLF.T  Countrie  Farms  i.  xxv,  By  that  part  of 
increase  which  the  fanner  spareth  in  his  fodder,  siftings, 
ridlings,  and  such  other  things,  a  1796  BURNS  Poet,  ll'ks. 
(W.  S.  Douglas)  p.  Ixxi,  God  has  riddled  the  hale  creation, 
and  flung  the  riddlings  on  Ellisland  !  1824  T.  HOGG  The 
Carnation  34  The  coarse  parts  or  riddlings.  .would  not  pass 
through  the  sieve.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  III.  n^s 
The  riddlings,  or  small  potatoes,  are  used  on  the  farm.  1866 
BLACKMORE  Cradock  Nowcll  x\x\\t  Small-coals  men.  .buy 
the  crushings  and  riddlings  by  the  sack.  1894  Labour 
Commission  Gloss.,  Riddlings,  the  portions  of  lime  rejected 

:  from  the  slaking  because  they  are  too  coarse  or  strong  or 
ill-burned. 

transj.  1824  GALT  Rothelan  III.  117  It  was  in  truth  an 
epitome  of  the  world— the  riddlings  of  all  nations.  1851 

:    MADDEN  Shrines  <y  Sepulchres  II.  544  The   riddlings  of 

!    society  in  the  sea-ports,  and  the  capitals. 

3.  «  RECK  LING. 

1850  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XI.  "•  598  There  is  generally 
one  small  pig  in  every  litter,  called  the  riddling. 

Ri'ddling,  ///.  a.     [f.  RIDDLE  v.1  +  -ING  2.] 

1.  Speaking  in  riddles ;   uttering   or  dealing  in 
riddles  ;  ambiguous  or  enigmatic  in  expression. 

1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  u.  iii.  57  This  is  a  Riddling  Mer 
chant  for  the  nonce.  1592  —  Rom.  <V  Jul.  u.  iii.  56  Rid 
ling  confession,  findes  but  udling  shrift.  1655  FL-LLF.R  Ch. 
Hist,  x.xvii.  37  That  ridd'ling  Letter  brought  him  the  first 
notice  thereof.  1748  MELMOTH  I-itzosbornt  Lett.  (1749)  1. 10 
Your  grave  friend.,  who  reproached  you.  .for  your  riddling 
!  genius.  1838  J.  STERLING  Ess.,  etc.  (1848)  I.  205  He  in 
timated  the  state  of  the  case  in  these  riddling  lines.  1869 
TENNYSON  Coming  Arthur  401  He  [Merlin]  laugh'd. .,  and 
answer'd  me  In  riddling  triplets  of  old  time. 

2.  That  is  or  presents  a  riddle  ;  dark,  enigmatic, 
obscure,  puzzling. 

1627  DONNE  Serin,  v.  45  Under  that . .  Riddling  Distemper. 
Ibid.  47  Riddling  and  entangling  Perplexities  ofthe  Schooles. 
1654  WHITLOCK  Zootomia  558  When  the  most  intricate  and 
ridling  Articles  of  our  Creed  shall  shine  in  glorious  and  un- 

1  doubted  satisfactions.  1718  RowEtr.  Lucan  VIL  27  Perhaps, 
the  riddling  Visions  of  the  Night  With  Contrarieties  delude 
our  Sight.  1789 T.  Twiss  Treat.  Poetry  (1812)  II.  325  note, 

,  Dante  has  a  riddling  metaphorical  expression  of  the  same 
kind.  1837  C  WOHDSW.  Misc.  (1879)  I.  5  Mural  arabesques 
of  Japanese  jugglery,  or  riddling  hieroglyphics.  1856  R.  S. 
VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  II.  xin.  i.  251  Its  material,  remote 
and  riddling  to  the  lower  apprehension  of  common  minds. 


survey. *"l88s"SwwrBUBHt  Chastclard  i.  ii.  31  A. .riddling 
skill  at  love.x 

Hence  Ri'ddlingly  adv. 

1593  DONNE  Sat.  n.  8  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  19  Poetry.. like 
the  Pestilens  orold  fashiond  loue  It  [dotlr]ridlingly  catch  men 
and  doth  remove  Neuer.  a  1631  —  Lett.  Persons  of  Honour 
(1651)  79,  I  ..am  riddlingly  subject  to  two  contrary  wrackes, 
sinking  and  oversetting.  1875  BROWNING  Aristoph.  Aj>cL 
296  Heyday  !  How  riddlingly  that  hint  returns. 

Riddock,  -uck,  obs.  variants  of  RUDDOCK. 

Riddour,  variant  of  REDDOUK  Obs. 

Riddyl(l,  variants  of  RIDEL  sb.  Obs. 

Ride  (raid),  sb.*     [f.  RIDE  v. 

ME.  ride  (only  in  Gen.  $  Ex.  3950)  is  app.  to  be  taken  as 
a  derivative  from  the  stem  rid- :  cf.  Du.  rttt  MLG.  ridt  rit, 
G-  ritt,  Da.  ridt.} 

1.  a.  An  excursion  or  journey  in  some  vehicle  or 
conveyance,  now  esp.  a  public  one  ;  t  a-  drive. 

1779  MRS.  HARRIS  in  /V;V,  L<:tt»  Ld.  Malnttsb,  (1870)  I. 


RIDE. 

433  Your  father  and  I  intend  driving  every  day  to  the  camp. 
Tis  a  fine  ride.  1800  HELENA  WELLS  Constant/a  Ne?>ille 
ll.is  Taking  a  ride  with  the  nurse  and  child.  1808  ELEANOR 
SLEATH  Bristol  Heiress  I.  54  Miss  Williams  should,  .take  a 


my  car-ride  up  town. 

b.  A  turn  or  spell  of  riding. 

1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  ix,  He  had  often  promised  the  child  a 
ride  upon  his  galloway.  1859  TENNYSON  Elaine  827  'Alas, 
he  said,  'your  ride  hath  wearied  you.  Rest  must  you 
have  '.  1898  FLORENCE  MONTGOMERY  Tony  10  A  few  hours 
bicycle  ride  in  the  country. 

0.  One  of  the  districts  into  which  a  coast  is 
divided  for  purposes  of  excise.    Also  ride-officer. 

1858  SIMMONDS  Did.  Trade,  Ride-officer,  an  exciseman. 
1885  Civilian  3  Jan.  133/1  The  breaking  of  Rides  and  Divi 
sions  affects  no  grade  in  the  Service  to  the  same  extent  as 
Assistants. 

d.  (See  quot.) 

1851  MAVHEW  Lomi.  Labour  I.  175/2  The  trottingbutcher 
is.. not  likely  to  be  succeeded  by  any  in  the  same  line,  or 
— as  I  heard  it  called— 'ride  '  of  business. 

e.  U.S.     (See  quot.1 

1859  KARTLETT  Diet.  Amir.  (ed.  2)  365  A  stream  is  said 
to  be  '  out  of  ride  '  when  it  is  past  fording  [on  horseback!. 

2.  a.  A  road  or  way  made  for  riding  on  horse 
back,  esp.  through  a  wood  ;   a  riding,     b.   spec. 
The  riding-course  in  Hyde  Park,  London. 

a.  1805  Trans.  Sac.  Arts  XXIII.  139  Each  separate  divi 
sion  of  the  wood,  ..including  fences,  rides,  and  bog.      1856 
'  STONEHENGE  '  Brit.  Rural  Sports  i.  I.  vii.  64/1  In  flying, . . 
they  may  always  be  seen  to  take  the  same  ride  or  break  in 
the  trees.    1864  J.  PAVN  Sir  Mnssingbcrd  14  Coming  slowly 
along  a  long,  broad  'ride1,,  -was  a  youth  of  seventeen.   1898 
HEA-LETT  Forest  l.wers  xvi,  She.. crossed  open  rides  in 
fear  what  either  vista  might  set  bare. 

b.  1814  Sporting  jlfaff.  XLIII.  220  The^ride  being  in 
tended  for  the   recreation  of  Noblemen,   Gentlemen,  &c. 
1869    M .   ARNOLD  Efil.  Lessing's  Laocofn,  We  . .  reach'd 
the  ride  Where  gaily  flows  the  human  tide. 

3.  A  batch  of  mounted  recruits. 

1833  Kcftil.  fs  Instr,  Cavalry  i.  51  The  Ride  moves  for 
ward,  preserving  the  dressing.  1806  Daily  AVrcJ  17  Jan. 
3/3  The  primary  object  of  Lord  Wolseley's  visit  was  to 
inspect  the  '  rides '.  Ibid.,  Four  selected  rides  of  first-class 
recruits,  who  negotiated  the  jumps,  .with  their  arms  folded. 

4.  A  saddle-horse ;  a  mount. 

1787  W.  MARSHALL  Rur.  Econ.  Norf.  (1795)  II.  386  Gloss., 
A  Ride,  a  common  name  for  a  saddle-horse.  1904  County 
Gentleman  16  July  2096/3  Messrs.  Ward's  Stella,  who  in  her 
day  was  a  beautiful  ride. 

o.  transf.  A  surging  motion. 

1822  AINSLIE  Land  of  Burns  207  The  rack  an'  the  ride 
o1  the  restless  tide. 

Hide  (raid),  sb.-  dial.  [Perh.  f.  RIDE  v.  :  see 
sense  10.]  The  band  or  strap  of  a  hinge  for  a 
door,  gate,  etc.,  fitting  on  to  the  hook. 

1512  jl/51.  Ace.  St.  John's  H 'asp. ,  Canterb.,  Paied  for  a 
lytyll  ryde  for  a  hanse.  1591-2  in  A  rchxol.  Cantiana  XVI. 
186  For  makinge  a  newe  doore..the  rydes,  nayles  and 
Woork.  1703  1 .  N.  City  fy  C.  Purchaser  245,  10  pair  of 
Hooks  and  Rides  for  Doors.  1838  HOLLOWAY  Prov.  Diet., 
Rides,  the  iron  hinges  fixed  on  a  gate  by  means  of  which 
the  gate  is  hung  on  the  hooks  in  the  post.  1853-87  in  dial, 
glossaries  (Kent,  Surrey,  Sussex). 

Bide,  ^.3  dial.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  (See 
qnot.  1669.) 

1669  WORLIDGB  Syst.  Agric.  275  A  Ride  of  Hazel,  or  such 
like  Wood,  is  a  whole  plump  of  Sprigs  or  Frith,  growing 
out  of  the  same  Root.  1890- in  dial,  glossaries  (Vks.,  Glouc., 
E.  Anglia). 

Ride,  obs.  f.  REED  ;  var.  RITHE,  stream. 

t  Bide,  a.1  Obs.  rare.  Also  ryde.  [Of  obscure 
origin  :  poss.  for  UNHIDE,  but  cf.  also  MLG.  ryde 
violent  (Theutonista).]  Of  blows:  Violent,  severe. 

In  Bruce  VI.  288  the  Edinb.  MS.  has  roid  by  mistake  for 
ride.  It  is  doubtful  whether  rydde  men  in  the  alliterative 
Morte  Arthur  4117  belongs  here. 

'375  HARBOUR  Bruce  xu.  557  Ther  men  mycht  se.  .mony  a 
riall  rymmyll  ryde  Be  roucht  thair  apon  athir  syde.  c  1400 
Land  Troy  Bk.  9271  Then  my}t  men  se  strokes  ride,  Gregeis 
feld  on  eche  a  syde.  c  1470  Gol.  A>  Caw.  500  Yit  sal  I . .  reve 
thame  thair  rentis,  with  routis  full  ride. 

t  Bide,  a.-  Obs.-1  [f.  by  substitution  of  not 
for  un-  in  UNUIDE.]  Small,  slight. 

c  1461  Wright's  Cltasie  Wife  524  As  he  cam  by  hys  hows 
syde  He  herd  noyse  that  was  nott  ryde. 

Bide  (raid),  v.  [Common  Teutonic :  OE. 
ridan  (rdd,  riiion,  gerulen),  —  OFris.  rida  (mod. 
Fris.  ride),  MDu.  riden  (Du.  rijdctf),  OS.  -ridan 
(MLG.  rtden,  ryden),  OHG.  rttan,  rtten  (G. 
reiten],  ON.  rlSa  (Norw.  and  Sw.  rida,  Da.  ride). 
The  pre-Teut.  stem  reidh-  is  represented  by  Olr. 
riadaim  I  travel,  riad  journey,  Old  Gaulish  rida 
chariot.  OF.  rider,  ryder  (Godef.)  is  prob.  from 
Flemish.] 
A.  Inflexional  forma. 

1.  Inf.  (and  Pres.).   i   ridan,  2-4  riden,  3-5 
ryden,  5  rydyn ;  3-7  ryde  (4  ryede),  5-7  Sc. 
ryd  (6  rid),  3-  ride. 

<.  900  tr.  Bxda's  Hist.  iv.  iii,  Heht  hine  Theodor  biscop 
ridan.  «i  1000  Kiddles  Ixxx.  7  (Gr.),  Hwijum  ic  on  wloncum 
wicje  ride,  c  1205  LAY.  432  pa  lette  he  riden  vnirimed  folc. 
c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  14818  An  hauene  hit  is, 
schlpes  in  to  ryde.  c  1350  If  am.  1164  Where  thou  shake 
goo  or  rycde.  1390  GOWER  Can/.  I.  53  On  his  hunting  as 
he  cam  ride  c  1440  Pramp.  I'arv.  433/2  Rydyn,  equito. 
1483  Cath.  A'ifl.  307/3  To  Ryde,  efuitan.  1533  OAI) 


654 

Richt  Vay  36  He  sal  rid  apone  ane  ass.  1585  T.  WASHING 
TON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  I.  vni,  Camels.. they  doe.. lade, 
and  ryde  vppon.  1601  SHAKS.  Twti  N.  111.  iv.  318  Marry 
He  ride  your  horse  as  well  as  I  ride  you.  1639  Sc.  Acts 
Parl.  (1814)  V.  249  To  ryde  solemnlie  to  Parliament. 
b.  3  sing.  pres.  ind.  1-5  rit,  4-5  rytt,  4  ritt. 
C888  K.  /ELFRED  Boeth.  xxxiv.  §7  Nan  mon  forSy  ne  rit 
[etc  1  f  looo  ^LFRIC  Gram.  v.  (Z.I  10  Hwa  rit  into  flam 
port?  a  1225  Halt  Meid.  18  pe  deofle  . .  rit  ham.  13.. 
Sir  Beties  (A.)  1260  In  is  wei  (off  a  rit.  1393  LANGL.  p.  PI. 
C.  i.  186  Wher  he  ryt  ober  rest  c  1400  [see  B.  4], 

2.  Fa.  t.  a.  I   rad,    2-5  rad  (3  reed),  3-  rade, 
5-  raid  (5-6,  9  red,  6  rayde,  9  rayd,  raidd, 
reayde,  reead,  ryad,  etc.). 

After  1300  these  forms  are  only  northern  and  Scottish. 

«9oo  tr.  Bzda's  I  fist.  in.  ix,  Sum  mon  rad  be  bare 
stowe.  c  11236?.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1123,  Se  king 
rad  in  his  der  fald.  c  1205  LAY.  19516  Octa  him  ut  rad. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  11425  Quer  bai  rade  \v.r.  rad]  or  yode. 
1375  liARBOL'R  Bruce  xiv.  329  Toward  Odymsy  syne  thai 
rayde.  c  1440  Alfh.  Tales  310  He  rade  his  ways.  1535  ' 
STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  111.  533  He  raid  ouir  all  Scotland. 
1594111  Dalziel  Scot.  Poems  \bthC.  II.  347  Back  w*  him  I 
red.  1615  SIR  W.  MUKE  Misc.  Poems  xiv.  4  Quhill  he 
liued,  to  Pluto  [he]  raid  post.  1785  BURNS  Mauchline 
Lady,  Where'er  I  gaed,  where'er  I  rade.  1816  SCOTT  Old 
Mort.  xxvii, They. .rade  through  the  country,  couping  and 
selling  a'  that  they  gat. 

0-  3-8  (9  dial.)  rod,  4-5  rood,  6  roode,  rodde, 
6-7  road(e,  4-  rode  (9  dial.  raud.  rwode). 

c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Ham.  89  Ure  helende  rod  berone.  c  1275 
in  O.  E.  Misc.  39  He.. rod  vppe  on  asse.  1390  GOWKK  j 
Conf.\.  202  Hetok  his  horsand  rod  anon,  c  1420  Sir  A  ma-  \ 
dace  (Camden)  vi,  Amadace . .  Rode  furthe  opon  his  way. 
1536  WMOTHESLEY  Chran.  (Camden)  I.  51  Then  she  roode 
to  Hunsdone  agayne.  1565  COOPER  Thes.  s.v.  A  Icoranum, 
The  asse,  that  Jesus  rodde  on.  1570-6  LAMBARDE  Kent 
(1826)  359  He  roade  to  London.  1653  HOLCROI-T  Procopins, 
Goth.  Wars  II.  51  As  the  Romans  rod  back,  a  1700  KEN 
Hymnotk.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  42  On  a  pale  Horse  lean 
as  himself,  he  rod.  1761  GRAY  Odin  3  Down  the  yawning 
steep  he  rode.  1863  W.  C  BALDWIN  Afr.  Hunting 324  We 
rode  a  weary  way. 

7.  //.  i  ridon(e,rid-,riod-,  reodan,  3reoden, 
3-5  riden,  4  rydden  ;  (also  sing.)   5-6  ryd(de, 
7  rydrl,  6-7  ridde,  6-  rid  ;  6  rydyde. 
Btunvulf  3170  pa  ymbe  hl«w  riodan  hildedeore.    ^900 

0.  E.  Chron.  (Parker  MS.)  an.  871,  pa:s  ymb  iii.  niht  ridon 
ii.  eorlas  up.    cua?  —  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1127,  Hi  ridone  on 
swarte  hors.    c  1205  LAY.  5507  pat  Romanisce  floe  riden 
[c  1275  reoden]  heom  bi-hinden.     13. .  Coer  de  L.  (W.)  4025 
These  rydden  in  the  vawmewarde.   c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylns 

1.  473  Wher-so  men  wente  or  riden.   c  1489  CAXTON  Blanch- 
ardyn  83  So  longe  rydde  blanchardyn.     1523  LD.  BERNERS 
Froissart  \.  xii.   12    And  so  [they]  ryd  forth  on  theyr 
iourneis.    1599  HAKLUYT  Voy.  II.  i.  15  His  troopes..rid 
backe  vpon  the  spurre.    1627  Lisander  %  Cat.  \\.  33  The 
same  footman.. also  ridde.     1714  STEELE  Lover  No.  11 
He  rid  an  Hour  and  a  half.     1823  BYRON  Juan  xm.  xxiii, 
Henry  rid  Well,  like  most  Englishmen.      1852  THACKERAY 
Esmond  a.  v,  He  rid  to  the  end  of  the  village. 

3.  Pa.  pple.   a.  3  (h)iriden,  4-5  riden  (5  -in, 
-yn),  5  rydin,  -yn,  reden,  -yn(e,  -yng ;  5  Sc. 
ryddin,  6  rydden,  Sc.  ridne,  6-7  Sc.  riddin(e, 
5-  ridden  (9  dial.  Hidden). 

c  1205  LAY.  24855  Heo  beo3  hider  iriden.  1375  BARBOUR 
Bruce  y.\\\  326Scottismen.  .in  the  forest  War  ryddin.  c'  1400 
MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  3,  I  hafe  many  tymes.. riden  it.  1461 
Paston  Lett.  II.  4  My  brother  is  re_dyn  to  Yarmowth.  1568 
GRAFTON  Chran.  II.  328  We  haue  ridden  so  nere.  1596  DAL- 
RYMPLK  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  x.  406  Four  myl  scho  had  not 
jit  ridne.  l6y)Sc.ActsParl.(\%n)V.  254  These  who.  .have., 
riddine  before  him.  1649  MILTON  Eikon.  5  A  natural  sottish- 
ness  fit  to  be  abus'd  and  ridd'n.  1741  BERKELEY  in  Fraser 
Life  (1871)  274  To  be  ridden  and  hood  winked  by  the  Pope. 
1839  FR.  A.  KEMBLE  Resid.  Georgia  (1863)  265, 1  have  ridden 
.  .over  it  in  every  direction. 

/3.  4  i-ride,  y-ride,  5  i-ryde ;  4  ride,  4-6 
ryde  ;  4,  6-7  ridde,  4-6  ryd,  7-  rid  (9  dial.  red). 
c  1330  A  rth.  f,  fflerl.  3093  (Kolbing),  pel  he  fer  hadde 
yride.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  181  This  Consul. .was  into 
the  feldes  ride,  c  1400  Solomon's  Bk.  Wisdom  250  So  fer 
to  haue  iryde.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  306  They  had  not 
ryd  halfe  a  league.  1664  H.  MORE  Exp.  -jEpist.  130  They 
have  not  rid  upon  white  Horses.  1703  FARQUHAR  Incon 
stant  l.  i,  We  have  rid  a  swinging  pace.  1798  J_ANE  AUSTEN 
Northang.  Abbey  x,  He  has  rid  out  this  morning  with  my 
father. 

7.  6-  rode,  7  (9  dial.}  rod. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  He  H.  IV,  v.  iii.  98  Helter  skelter  haue  I  rode 
to  thee.  a  1699  LADY  HALKETT  A  utobiog.  (Camden)  10  And 
had  Rod  up  and  downe  that  part  of  the  country.  1788 
Trifler  No.  18  We  might  in  a  few  years  behold  a  sweep 
stakes  rode  by  women.  1835  MOORE  Mem.  (1856)  VII.  92 
Tom  having  rode  thither  direct.  1856  EMERSON  Eng.  Traits, 
Rcsult^T\&  swarms  which . .  have  sailed,  and  rode,  and  traded. 

B.  Signification. 

I.  intr.  1.  To  sit  upon,  and  be  carried  by,  a 
horse  or  other  animal ;  to  move  about,  make 
one's  way,  or  journey  upon  horseback  (or,  in  mod. 
use,  on  a  cycle). 


BIDE. 

129  What  knight  is  yon  That  rideth  of  Gwynanes  stede? 
1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  ix.  xxviii.  382  He  rydeth  wel  that 
neuer  iylle.  1553  T.  WILSON  Rhet.  (1562)  72  And  so  ridde 
awaie,  as  faste  as  his  horse  could  cary  him.  a  1599  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  vii.  vii.  43  Lastly  came  cold  February,  sitting  In  an 
old  wagon,  for  he  could  not  ride.  1617  MORYSON  ftin.  I.  240 
We  . .  rode  over  the  place  of  burial  of  the  Turks.  1658 
FRANCK  North.  Mem.  (1821)  146  He  carelessly  rid  along  to 
view  the  country.  1722  DE  FOE  Hist.  Plague  (r?54)  181 
The  Aldermen  in  Person,  and  on  Horseback  frequently  rid 
to  such  Houses.  178*  Cowi'ER  ?.  Gilpin  251  And,  when  he 
next  doth  ride  abroad,  May  I  be  there  to  see  !  1825  SCOTT 
Talism.  i,  The  long  steel-headed  lance, ..  which,  as  he  rode, 
projected  backwards.  1850  R.  G.  GUMMING  Hunter's^  Life 
S.  Afr.  (ed.  2)  I.  98  At  which  time  they  can  easily  be  ridden 
into.  1894  A.  MORRISON  M.  Hewitt  iii,  Osmond,  I  believe, 
was  better  than  any  man  riding  now. 
fig-  J393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  ill.  184  And  ich  my-self  cyuyle 
and  symonye  my  felawe  Wollen  ryden  vp-on  rectours.  1529 
SKELTON  Bouge  of  Court  472,  I  hate  these  wayes..  :  Were 
I  as  you,  I  wolde  ryde  them  full  nere.  1581  BURNE  Dispttt. 
156  Ye  Ministeris  in  Scotland  ryd  als  neir  thame  [the  Ana 
baptists]  as  ye  may.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  (1614)  216 
Riding  on  quite  through  the  Alphabet,  c  1743  GRAY  Hymn 
to  Ignorance  28  She  [Ignorance]  rode  triumphant  o'er  the 
vanquish'd  world.  1803  JANE  PORTER  Thaddeits  xxii,  A 
young  guardsman,  who  nad  just  rode  into  her  heart.  1869 
HUGHES  Alfred  160  A  desire  to  ride  off  on  side  issues. 

b.  In  pa.  pple.  with  is,  was,  etc.  Now  arch. 
or  Obs. 

c  1205  LAY.  19495  Alle  heo.  .bat  hider  beoS  iridenen.  1375 
BARBOUR  Bruce  xix.  596  His  men  ..War  rydyn  in-till  a 
randoune.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  III.  181  This  Consul.. was 
into  the  feldes  ride.  1461  Pastan  Lett.  II.  4  My  brother  is 
redyn  to  Yarmowth.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  IV.  iii.  2  The 
King  himselfe  is  rode  to  view  their  Battaile.  1633  FORD 
Lov^s  Sacrifice  11.  ii,  Now  when  the  duke  is  rid  abroad. 
1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela  III.  3o8MyBrother..and  Mr.H. 
are  all  rid  out  together.  1761  MRS.  F.  SHERIDAN  5.  Bidulph 
1 1.  296  One  of  the  gentlemen  is  rid  off  for  a  surgeon.  1778 
Miss  BURNEY  Evelina  Ixiii,  Is  he  rode  out  this  morning? 

O.  With  sbs.  denoting  the  rate  of  progress,  as 
to  ride  a  (good)  face,  gallop,  etc. 

Also  to  ride  whip  and  spur  :  see  WHIP  sb. 

13..  Caerae  L.  2773  Our  men..gunnen  to  ryde  swythe 
gret  randoun.  c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  v.  60  Forth  she  rit . . 
a  pas.  a  \\t$CursorM.  11657  (Trin.),  Marie  folewedridyng 
good  paas.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  i.  xxii.  69  He  rode  a 
grete  wallop  tyll  he  cam  to  the  fontayne.  1523  LD.  BEKNKRS 
Froissart  1. 228  He .  .rode  forthe  a  gret  galoppe.  1549-  Is" 
POST  adv.}.  1617  [see  GALLOP  so.  3  aj.  1703  FARQUHAR 
Inconstant  i.  i,  We  have  rid  a  swinging  pace  from  Nemours. 
1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  xi.  ii,  He. .rode  a  full  gallop. 
1788  CLARA  REEVE  Exiles  II.  3  Adam. .rode  full  speed  up 
to  the  house. 

d.  With  other  complements,  as  to  ride  bodkin, 
booty,  pillion,  etc.     To  ride  for  a  fall,  to  ride 
recklessly,  so  as  to  be  liable  to  a  fall;  usu. _/?£•. 

To  ride  grub  :  (see  GRUB  sb.  3  b). 

1631  SHIRLEY  Lmt's  Cruelty  in.  ii,  Would  you  durst  no 
better  ride  booty  at  the  horse-match !  1654  WHITLOCK 
Zootomia  424  If  Fortune  had  been  one  of  the  Jockeys,  and 
rid  booty,  the  three  to  one  hath  lost  the  Prize.  1760  STERNE 
Tr.  Shandy  IV.  xvi,  To  have  so  many  jarring  elements. . 
riding  triumph  in  every  corner  of  a  gentleman's  house.  1861 
PYCROFT  Agony  Point  I.  xix.  294  Her  maid  by  special 
agreement  riding  bodkin  all  the  way.  1895  Pall  Mall  Mag. 
Mar.  520  Roy  Branton,  who  rode  pillion,  had  an  oppor 
tunity  of  studying  his  pilot's  pretty  hair.  1898  Alloutt's 
Syst.  Med.  V.  910  Her  husband.. has  ridden  for  his  falls. 

e.  To  serve  in  a  cavalry  regiment. 


Freq.  const,  on,  upon,  t  of,  the  horse,  etc.,  and  with  pre 
positional  or  adverbial  complements,  as  at,  against,  over, 
to  ;  away,forth,  on,  out,  up,  etc. 

Beowulf  1893  Landweard.  .him  togeanes  rad.  a  900  tr. 
Baeda's  Hist.  in.  xxviii,  Nalas  ridende  on  horse,  ac..on 
his  fotum  gangende.  c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  Matt.  xxi.  5  pin 
cyning-.rit  uppan  tamre  assene.  11540.  E.  Chron.  (Laud 
MS.)  an.  1137,  S*f  twa  men  ober  iii.  coman  ridend  to  an 
tun.  c  taoo  OKMIN  6966  patt  follc  ridej>J>  onn  a  der  patt  iss 
Dromeluss  nemmnedd.  cil&Gen.  q  Exod.  3953  Dus  rideS 
for6  Sis  man  for-loren.  c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  179  po  rouland  to 
hem  rade:  pjain  him  gun  feai  ride,  c  1380  Sir Ferumb.  1548 
Alday  bai  riden  &  nojt  ne  alijt.  c  1430  Syr  Gener.  (Kuxb.) 


was  a  private  trooper.  1806  M.  NOBLE  Hist.  Eng.  III. 
314  Wishing  to  have  a  commission  he  rode  as  a  private  m 
the  guards.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ix.  1 1. 516  The  milit 
ary  ardour  which  he  had  felt  twenty-eight  years  before, 
when  he  rode  in  the  Life  Guards. 

f.  Of  persons  :  To  weigh  when  mounted. 

1836  SIR  G.  STEPHEN  Search  af  Horse  \,  Be  it  known,  then, 
that  I  ride  rather  more  than  twelve  stone.  1857  G.  LAWRENCE 
Guy  Liv.  iii,  He  rode  little  under  fourteen  stone. 

g.  To  sit  on  and  manage  a  horse  properly. 
1881  Miss  BRAUDON  Asphodel  I.  167  He  can  stick  in  his 

saddle  somehow, ..  but  he  can't  ride. 
2.  spec.  To  go  on  horseback  upon  a  warlike 
expedition;  to  go  upon,  take  part  in,  a  raid  or 
foray.     In  later  use  Sc.  and  now  arch. 


c  iw>5  LAY.  432  pa  lette  he  riden  vnirimed  folc.    c  1330  R. 

!    BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  2583  pou  may  haue  hit.. To 

i  ride  }yf  bat  bou  wile  bygynne.  c  1386  CHAUCER  /W.  45  Fro 
the  tyme  that  he  first  bigan  To  riden  out,  he  loued  chiualrie. 
1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  I.  603  Alysaundre . .  Rood  in  his 

|  conqueste.. Withal  his  hooste.  c  1420  5rx/(E.E.T.S.)  321 
pe  Frensshe  men  breken  be  pees..,  ryding  on  the  Kinges 
ground.  1523  SKELTON  Carl.  Laurel  196 Theis people,  .ryde 

j    and  rinne  from  Carlyll  to  Rente.    1550  Reg.  Privy  Council 

I  Scot.  I.  86  That  nane  of  thame  tak  upoun  hand  to  ryde  in 
Ingland  or  to  mak  ony  perturbatioun  thairintill.  1561  fbid. 
186  Gif  it  be  thocht  expedient,  .that  onypersone..be  nddm 
on  and  invadit  be  fyre  and  swerd.  a  1639  EARL  MONM.  Mem. 
(1759)  119  Not  so  few  as  two  hundred ..  that  were  ever  ready 
to  ride  with  them  to  all  actions.  i8o»  SCOTT  Border  Min- 

;  strelsy  (1869)  249  The  rapacity  of  this  clan,  and  of  their 
allies,  the  Elliots,  occasioned  the  popular  saying,  Elliots  and 
Armstrongs  ride  thieves  all '.  1824  —  Keiigaiintletlel.xi, 
As  if  a  tenant  could  have  helped  riding  with  the  Laird.  1897 

'    LD.  E.  HAMILTON  Outl.  Marches  7  Others  of  the  Scots  rode 

i    into  England. 

b.  To  go  in  procession  on  horseback.    In  later 

;   use  Sc.  (cf.  13  b). 

1466  Cal.  Rec.  Dublin  (1889)  I.  324  For  procession  and 

'    pylgrymage,  and  hors  for  rydyng  at  Corpus  Christi.    1495-6 

'  in  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  IV.  212  All  they  of  the  xxxiiij 
that  hath  be  maire  shall  ride  in  bcarlett  ayenste  the  Kynge. 


BIDE. 

1530  Ibid.  216  Mr.  Mayer  and  all  his  brethern  shall  ride  on 
SeyntOsmundy's  evyn. .  in  maner  folowyng.  1606  Sc.  Acts 
Part.  (1814)  IV.  279  The  hail  I  Estahtis  of  Parliament  will 
convene  and  ryd  with  thair  honouris  with  crowne,  sword, 
and  sceptour.  1637-50  Row  Hist.  Kirk  (Wodrow)  223  Mr. 
David  Lindesay-.and  Mr.  Johne  Spotiswood.  .did  ryde  in 
Parliament  as  commissioners  fra  the  Kirk.  //»/*/.,  At  Perth 
the  Parliament  did  not  ryde. 

3.  To  mount  the  female;  to  copulate.    (Cf.  16.) 
Now  only  in  low  and  indecent  language. 

01250  Owl  <y  Night.  494  He  ne  rekj>  of  clennesse, ..  Ac 
euerichyp  oj>er  ride>.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xi.  329  As 
whan  bfii  hadde  ryde  in  rotey  tyme.  1393  Ibid.  C.  xiv.  154 
Man  and  hus  make.. out  of  reson..ryde.  1523  FITZHEKB. 
Hvsb.  §  37  He  maye  suffre  his  rammes  to  goo  with  his  ewes 
..to  blyssomme  or  ryde  whan  they  wyll.  a  1659  OSUOKN 
Charac.  Wks.  (1673)  664  In  case  any  ride  double,  he  pro 
claims  them  Man  and  Wife.  1719  D'URFEY  Pills  IV.  141, 
I  will.. find  out  a  Russet-coat  Wench  and  a  Hay-cock,  And 
there  I  will  ride  Tan-tivee. 

4.  To   be   conveyed,  to  travel  or  journey,  in  a 
wheeled  or  other  vehicle.      (Cf.  RIDE  sbl  i  a.) 

Now  chiefly  of  travelling  in  public  vehicles :  see  DRIVE  v. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  4657  To  ride  ai  quar  in  kinges  char, 
1362  LANGL.  /'.  PI.  A.  iv.  27  On  a  wayn  witti  and  wisdame 
1-feere  Folweden  hem. .And  Riden  faste.  c  1400  MAUNDEV. 
(1839)  241  He  rytt  in  a  Charett  with  4  Wheles.  a  1548  HALL 
Citron.^  Hen.  K//7,  238  b,  Her  Grace.. alyghted  out  of  her 
Chariot  in  the  whych  she  had  rydden  all  her  long  iourney. 
1634  MILTON  Comns  135  Stay  thy  cloudy  Ebon  chair, 
Wherin  thou  rid'st  with  Hecat',  and  befriend  Us  thy  vow'd 
priests.  1667  PEPYS  Diary  13  Feb.,  I  rid  with  my  sword 
drawn  in  the  coach.  1746  H.  WALPOI.E  Lett.  (1846)  II.  132 
The  Duke  has  given  Brigadier  Mordaunt  the  Pretender's 
coach,  on  condition  he  rode  up  to  London  in  it.  1788 MRS. 
HUGHES  Henry  fy  Isabella  IV.  165,  I  am  going  to  send  the 
coach  to  town..,  and.. you  may  ride  in  it.  1810  Splendid 
Follies  II.  19,  I  never  rode  with  such  a  disagreeable  driver 
in  my  life.  1844  S.  R.  MAITLAND  Dark  Ages  307  Gerard., 
always  rode  in  a  carriage,  reading  his  own  books.  1886 
ELWORTHY  W.  Somerset  IVordbk.  s.v.,  You  can  jump  in 
the  train  and  ride  so  var's  [=  far  as]  Norton. 

b.  Tobecarriedor  drawn  about  (on  orfz'wacart, 
hurdle,  rail,  etc.)  as  a  punishment.  (Cf.  CART  v.  2.) 

1556  Chron.  Grey  Friars  (Camden)  70  A  tayler  of  Fletstret 
&  hys  syster  rydde  in  a  carte  abowte  London,  .for  avouttre. 
1632  MASSINGER  City  Madam  in.  i,  I'll  hang  you  both,  you 
rascals  !  I  can  but  ride  !  1777  SHERIDAN  Sch.  Scand.  n.  1, 
Ah  !  many  a  wretch  has  rid  on  a  hurdle  who  has  done  less 
mischief.  1872  DE  VERB  Americanisms  194  Riding  on  a 
rail,  .is  a  savage  punishment  inflicted  by  an  excited  crowd 
upon  a  person  who  has  exasperated  a  community  by  some 
real  or  fancied  outrage. 

C.  Mining,     (bee  quots.) 

1860  Eng.  $  Foreign  Mining  Closs.  (ed.  2)  61  Ride,  to 
ascend  up  the  pit.  1883  GRKSLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining^  Ride^ 
to  be  in  a  cage  or  bowk  whilst  descending  or  ascending  a 
pit-shaft. 

6.  To  sit  or  be  carried  on  or  upon  something 
after  the  manner  of  one  on  horseback  ;  -j-  to  hang 
on  the  gallows,  in  a  rope,  etc. 

Beowulf  (Z.)  2446  Swa  bi<5  ^epmorlic  gomelum  ceorle  to 
gebidanne  J>aet  his  byre  ride  jiong  on  galgan.  c  888  K. 
ALFRED  Boeth.  xxxvi.  §  6  Da  cild  ridaS  on  hiora  stafum. 
1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xxxv.  34  Jonet  the  weido  on  ane 
bussome  rydand.  a  1585  MONTGOMERIE  Flyting  96  Goe 
ride  in  a  raipe  for  this  noble  new  ^eir.  1596  [see  FIDDLE 
STICK  ij.  1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  iv.  i.  138  Infected  be  the  Ayre 
whereon  they  ride.  1610  —  Temp.  11.  i.  115, 1  saw  him  beate 
the  surges  vnder  him,  And  ride  vpon  their  backes.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  n.  663  The  Night-Hag,  when  call'd  In  secret, 
riding  through  the  Air  she  comes.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg. 
n.  212  Nor  in  so  vast  a  length  our  Serpents  glide,  Or  rais'don 
such  a  spiry  Volume  ride.  1834  MUDIE  Brit.  Birds  (1841)  I. 
109  The  bird  rides  lightly  on  the  wind.  1892  RIDER  HAGGARD 
Nada  7  She  carried  my  tittle  sister  Baleka  riding  on  her  hip. 
fig.  1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well  111.  ii.  112  O  you  leaden  mes 
sengers,  That  ride  vpon  the  violent  speede  of  fire.  1784 
COWPER  Task  i.  369  Constant  rotation  of  th'unwearied  wheel 
That  nature  rides  upon.  x8ia  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  \.  xxxviii, 
Death  rides  upon  the  sulphury  Siroc.  1816  Ibid.  in.  xlivt 
Their  breath  is  agitation,  and  their  life  A  storm  whereon 
they  ride. 

6.  a.  Of  horses,  etc. :  To  admit  of  being  ridden; 
to  carry  a  rider ;  to  '  go  '. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  \\.  vi.  82  Thenne  he.. was  ware 
of  a  damoysel  that  came  ryde  ful  fast  as  the  hors  myghte 
ryde.  1598  Kous  Thule  O  3,  The  horse  whose  back  the 
tamer  oft  bestrides,  At  length  with  easie  pace  full  gently 
rides.  1632  LITHGOW  Trmj.  vi,  298  The  Dromidory..will 
ride  aboue  80.  miles  in  the  day.  1692  Lond.  Gaz.  No. 
2792/4  A  Chesnut  Gelding,,  .rideth  gracefully,  paceth  a 
little.  1714  Ibid.  No.  5195/4  Commonly  Rides  with  her 
Tongue  out  of  her  Mouth.  1805  Spirit  Publ.  Jrnls.  IX. 
352  Can  you  get  me  a  nag  That  will  ride  very  quiet? 

b.  Of  a  stream  :  To  allow  of  crossing  on  horse 
back.  Sc. 

17..  Jock  o'  the  Side  xxvii,  Honest  man,  will  the  water 
ride  ?  1890-1  in  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

c.  Of  land :  To  be  of  a  specified  character  for 
riding  upon  ;  to  bear  riding  upon. 

1864  M.  J.  HIGGINS  Ess.  (1875)  200  Its  soil ..  rode  quite 
as  clean  and  sound  as  the  Nottinghamshire  dukeries  ride. 
1889  CROMMELIN  &  BROWN  V.  Vyvian  III.  xii.  207  Rain., 
made  the  ground  ride  soft. 

II.  7.  Of  vessels  :  To  lie  at  (or  f  on}  anchor ; 
also  to  (or  f  at)  an  anchor. 

Beowulf  1882  Ssegenga  bad  ajendfrean,  se  J?e  on  ancre 
rad.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  197  This  grete  Schip  on  Anker 
rod.  14 ••  Sailing  Directions  (Hakl.  Soc.)  15  A  man  that 
ridith  in  the  way  of  odierene  at  an  ankre.  1447  BOKENHAM 
Styntys  (Roxb.)  175  He  the  shypmen  preyid  hertyly..To 
rydyn  on  ankyr  a  whyl  ther  by.  1598  [see  ANCHOK  sb^  6  a]. 
1624  CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  (1629)  56  Long  they  shot,  we  still 
ryding  at  an  anchor  without  there  reatch.  1698  T.  FROGER 
Voy.  4  The  next  day  we  likewise  rode  at  anchor.  1745  P. 


655 

THOMAS  JrnL  Anson's  Voy.  276  We  rid  fast  at  an  Anchor. 
1812  J.  WILSON  Isle  of  Palms  n.  185  He  sees  a  stately  vessel 
ride  At  anchor  in  a  bay.  1894  HALL  CAINE  Manxman  in. 
x.  160  A  schooner  riding  to  an  anchor  in  the  bay. 

fig.  1824  SCOTT  Kcdgauntlet  ch.  Hi,  This.. snug  little 
road-stead,  where  I  thought  to  ride  at  anchor  for  life. 

b.  ellipt.  in  the  same  sense.  Also  with  corapl., 
as  to  ride  across^  a-peak,  hawse-full^  etc.  (see  these 
words). 

a  1300  A".  Horn  146  13!  be  se  side  Hi  leten  J>at  schup  ride. 
c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  968  Dido,  But  forth  they  gem  & 
lafte  his  schepis  ryde.  14. .  Sailing  Directions  (Hakl.  Soc.) 
13  Yif  ye  be  bounde  to  Caleis  haven  and  Ride  in  the 
Doowns.  1497  Naval  Accts.  Hen.  I'll  (1896)  252  In 
Portesmouth  haven., the seid  Ship  rode  betwyxt  the  Towre 
&  the  dokke.  155$  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  381  In  the  rode 
yow  shall  ryde  in  .xnj.  or.xiiij.  fadomes,  good  owes  Ksande. 
1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  ix.  45  To  ride  betwixt 
wind  and  tide,  is  when  the  wind  and  tide  are  contrary  and 
of  equall  power.  1668  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  286/4  Sir  Thomas 
Allen  with  his  squadron  is  still  riding  at  Spitthead.  1712  W. 
ROGERS  Vay.  (1718)  244  Capt.  Dampier.  .never  rode  where 
we  did,  which  is  the  best  and  only  good  road  in  the  island. 
1793  SM EATON  Edy stone  L.§  148  The  Buss  had  rode  perfectly 
easy  in  the  gale  of  wind.  1832  MARRYAT  N.  J>'orster  xiii, 
The  shipping,  .with  a  heavy  strain  on  their  cables  were 
riding  to  the  S.E.  gale.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  IVord-bk.  39 
Ground  which  is  suitable,  .for  ships  to  ride  in  safety  upon. 

fig.  1666  Third  Advice  to  a  rainier  27  Well  George,  in 
spite  of  them  thou  safe  dost  ride. 

fc.   In  phr.  to  ride  admiral.   Obs. 

1660  HICKKRINCILL  Jamaica  viewed  (1661)  72  He's  unfit 
to  ride  Admiral  of  a  Fleet,  that  cannot  carry  the  Flag  at 
home.  1697  Phil.  Trans.  XIX.  597  The  Ambassador  was 
Complemented  by  Sir  Jeremy  Smith,  then  riding  Admiral. 

fig.  1689  SHADWELL  Bitry  Fair  I.  i,  What  lady  rides 
Admiral  here  at  Bury.  1713  M.  HENRY  Admonit.  Drunk 
ards  Wks.  1853  I.  95/2  When  reason  is  sunk  and  drowned, 
rage  and  passion  will  ride  admiral. 

8.  To  float  or  move  upon  the  water;    to   sail, 
esp.  In  a  buoyant  manner. 

«  1000  Genesis  (Gr.)  1392  He  paet  scip  beleac.  SiSSan  wide 
rad  wolcnum  under  ofer  holmes  hrincg  hof  seleste.  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  1843  On  b«  streme  f>at  arche  can  ride.  13.. 
i'ropr.  Sanct.  (Vernon  MS.)  in  Hemg's  Archiv  LXXXI, 
112/82  Whil  crist  in  bat  hul  abod,  pe  schip  a-midde  J>e  see 
nxl.  £-1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxii.  102  Fra  bis  citee  may 
men  ride  in  schippe  or  in  bate  by  |>at  riuer.  c  1420  C/iron. 
Vilod,  3486  [They]  reden  hamewarde  fast  wl  seylle  &  hore. 
ISSS  I^DEN  Decades  (Arb.)  66  Saylinge  by  the  coastes  of 
Iohanna.,he  rode  lyttell  lease  then  eyght  hundreth  miles. 
"643  Jrnl.  Ho.  Comm.  13  Apr.,  To  appoint  a  Ship  to  ride 
Northward,  for  the  Relief  of  Berwick.  1688  PRIOR  Ode 
Exodus  ni\  ii,  Yet  cease  to  hope  thy  short-liv'd  Bark 
shall  ride  Down  spreading  Fate's  unnavigable  Tide.  1757 
GRAY  Bard  72  While  proudly  riding  o'er  the  azure  realm, 
In  gallant  trim  the  gilded  vessel  goes.  1839  Civil  Eng.  fy 
Arch.  Jrnl.  II.  450/2  This  is  effected  by  what  is  called 
riding  on  the  wave.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  l[i]x,  It 
has  been  prosperous,  ana  you  are  riding  into  port.  1887 
BOWEN  Virg.  Mntid  v.  862  Not  less  safely  and  swiftly  the 
fleet  rides  over  the  wave. 

9.  Of  things  :  To  move  in  any  way,  to  be  carried 
or  supported,  after  the  manner  of  one  riding. 

In  fig.  uses  hardly  distinct  from  sense  5. 

a  1586  MONTGOMERIE  Misc.  Poems  xxviii.  41  The  busteous 
blast.. Quhilk  ramping ouer  his  rigging ryds.  i6ooSuRFLET 
Countrie  Fanne  in.  liii.  553  A  droppe  of  oile  dropped  vpon 
your  hand,  if  there  be  any  moisture,.. it  will  swim  and  ride 
aloft  vpon  the  same.  1674  FAIRFAX  Bulk  fy  Selv.  196  None 
of  those  rayes  of  other  atoms.. come  riding  or  drilling 
through  both.  1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Print.  322  That  the 
Carriage  may  ride  so  far  out,  as  that  the  irons  of  the  Tym- 
pan  may  just  rise  free.  1840  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  Jrnl.  III. 
5/2  The  eccentrics  are  then  brought  into  the  position  shown 
in  the  drawing,  riding  clear  of  the  rails.  i86zCafaf.  Internat. 
Exhib.,  Brit.  II.  No.  2466  By  means  of  the  straps.. [they] 
can  be  carried  on  the  shoulders,  where  they  ride  the  lightest. 

fig*  *S93  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  VL,  in.  iii.  18  But  let  thy  daunt- 
lesse  mmde  still  ride  in  triumph,  Ouer  all  mischance.  1605 
—  Lean.  ii.  198  On  whose  foolish  honestie  My  practises 
ride  easie.  1679  DRYDEN  Trail.  $•  Cress,  iv.  ii,  Hinder  us 
not,.. My  blood  rides  high  as  his.  1770  JENNER  Placid 
Man  i.  iv,  Philosophy  and  love  for  his  brother  had  so  long 
rode  triumphant.  1848  MRS.  GASKELL  M.  Barton  ix,  The 
distress  which  was  riding,  .among  the  people. 

b.  Of  the  heavenly  bodies:  To  appear  to  float 
iii  space.  Freq.  with  high* 

1632  MILTON  Penseroso  68  To  behold  the  wandring  Moon, 
Riding  neer  her  highest  noon.  1667  —  P.  L.  \.  769  In  spring 
time,  when  the  Sun  with  Taurus  rides.  1727  DYER  Grong&r 
Hill  n  While  Phcebus,  riding  high,  Gives  lustre  to  the  land 
and  sky.  1815  SCOTT  Talism.  xii,  The  moon  rode  clear  and 
high  in  heaven.  1871  C.  KINGSLEY  At  Last  i,  To  see  Sirius 
..riding  high  in  a  December  heaven. 

fig.  1821  SHELLEY  Hfllas  273  The  lamp  of  our  dominion 
still  rides  high. 

10.  To  rest  or  turn  on  or  upon  something  of  the 
nature  of  a  pivot,  axle,  or  protuberance. 

1597  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV ',  v.  ii.  84  If  life  did  ride  vpon  a  Dials 
point.  1606  —  Tr.  $  Cr.  i.  iii.  67  Strong  as  the  Axletree  In 
which  the  Heauens  ride.  1665  Phil.  Trans.  I.  10  Between 
the  Fore-Ieggs  and  the  Hinder-leggs  was  a  great  Stone  on 
which  the  Calf  rid.  1683  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.,  Printing 
xvi,  He.  .tries  whether  or  not  the  Lyner  ride  upon  the  part 
that  was  extuberant.  1805  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  I.  PI.  xi, 
An  Improved  Harrow,  with  running  bulls  :  By  this  contriv 
ance  the  harrows  are  prevented  from  riding  on  each  other. 
1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  1. 1 70  Try  by  a  searching  motion 
of  the  legs  and  feet  whether  any  of  the  stones  ride  upon  others. 
b.  To  extend  or  project  over  something. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  594  To  bind  the  stones  wel,  they 
ought  in  alternatiue  course  to  ride  and  reach  one  ouer 
another  halfe.  1634  T.  JOHNSON  Parey's  Chirurg.  xv.  viii. 
(1678)  332  You  must  have  a  care  [in  fracture]  that  the  hones  ride 
not  one  over  another.  1880  HUXLEY  Crayfish  98  The  pleura 
. ,  even  ride  over  the  posterior  edges  of  the  branchlostegites. 


RIDE. 

c.  eUipt.  in  previous  senses.  Also  Naut.  of  a 
rope  (see  quot.  1769). 

1683  MOXON  Mectt.  Rxerc.,  Printing  xvi,  To  know  which 
of  them  it  is  that  Rides,  or  is  extuberant,  he  uses  the  Liner. 
1741  Phil.  Trans.  XLI.  564  In  oblique  Fractures  of  the 
Thigh,  where  the  Bones  are  apt  to  ride.  1769  FALCONER 
Diet.  AfarinedjBa)  s.v.  Riding,  A  rope  is  said  to  ride,  when 
one  of  the  turns  by  which  it  is  wound  about  the  eapstern  or 
windlass  lies  over  another,  so  as  to  interrupt  the  operation  of 
heaving.  1784  J.  BARRY  in  Lect.  on  Art  (1848)  141  Their 
toes  are  even  pressed  close  together,  and  ride,  as  is  seen  in  the 
feet  of  those  that  have  been  accustomed  to  wear  tight  shoes. 
1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  I.  170  When  the  stones  ride, 
they  have  not  been  properly  bedded  in  mortar.  1862  Catal. 
Internat.  Exhib.,  Brit.  II.  No.  2799  It  prevents  the  chain 
from  riding,  in  paying  out  or  heaving  in.  1888  J  AC  OKI 
Printer's  Voc,  s.v.,  When  leads  are  pieced  in  wide  measures 
they  sometimes  shift  and  overlap  each  other.  They  are  then 
said  to  'ride '. 

11.  a.  dial.     (See  quot.) 

f  1736  I'l-nci:^////.  Kent  (E.D.S.)4i  The  raddishes'ride', 
i.e.  rise  upon  the  stomach.  1887-93  *n  Kent  and  Surrey 
glossaries. 

b.  Of  a  dress,  etc.  :  To  work  up  so  as  to  form 
folds  or  creases  ;  to  ruck. 

1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt.  Gloss,  s.v.,  A  badly  made 
gown  rides  up  more  in  one  place  than  another.  1881  MKS. 
I'.  Q'DOHOGHUB  Ladies  on  Horseback  253  Short-skirted 
hunting-habits  frequently  ride  up. 

III.  trans.  12.  To  traverse  on  horseback  ;  to 
ride  over,  along  t  or  through:  a.  a  certain  distance. 
Also  with  cognate  accusative,  as  to  ride  a  race, 
course,  circuit,  match,  etc. 

(1290  S.  l-'.ng.  Let;.  I.  49/80  He  nc  rod  hote  wel   luyte 
wei,  are  be  feol  to^ruundir.     ^1300  Cursor  M.  11385  Idles 
moght  not  kinges  tnre  Haf  raght  to  ride  sa  fcrre  wai.    c  1420 
Avow.  Arth,  xxxii,  Gawan  base  my  rawunsun  made   For 
a  course  that  he  rode.     1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  Ilft  in.  iii.  222 
[Wej  haue  thirtie  miles  to  ride  yet  ere  dinner  time.     1599  in 
Fowler  Hist.  C.  C.  C.  (O.H.S.)  352  The  Fellows  whom  the 
rest  appoint  for  the  time  to  ride  the  circuit  with  the  Pre 
sident.     1617  SIR  K.  MOUNTAGU  mBuccleuch  jl/SS.  (Hist. 
MSS.  Com  in.)  L  251  My  brother,  .rid  in  two  days  a  hundred 
miles.      1736  PEGGE  Alpk.  Kent  (E.  D.  S.)  43  To  ride  tythe, 
.  .to  ride  about  for  that  purpose  [of  collecting  tithes).    1778 
FOOTE  Cozeners  i,  But  were  you  to  see  him  on  the  turf,  at 
I    Newmarket,.  .Why,  he  has  rid  matches.     1788  Cow I>EH  (HI- 
pin  115  He  rides  a  race  !  'Tis  for  a  thousand  pound  !    1808 
j    SCOTT  Marmion    \.  xxii,  We   can    neither   hunt,  nor  ride 
1    A   foray  on  the  Scottish    side.     1853  G.  J.  CAYLEV  Las 
i    Alfi-rjas  II.  152  These  poor  wretches,  who  have  to  ride 
I    three  or  four  hundred  miles  on  end  without  stoppage  of 
more  than  two  hours. 

b.  a  road  or  way,  a  street,  a  stretch  of  ground 
or  country,  etc. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  iv.  42  panne  resoun  rode  faste  f»e 
;  n}te  hei^e  gate.  ?<xi4oo  Morte  Arth.  52  Wbene  he  thys 
rewmes  hade  redyne  and  rewlyde  the  popule.  1464  Pas  ton 
Lett.  II.  145  It  is  seid  that  the  Kyng  wold  ride  Sussex, 
Kent,Essex,  Suffolk,  and  Norfolk,  and  so  to  the  Parlement. 
15315  LD.  BERNERS  Froissart  II.  181  The  duke  rode  the 
front ers  of  Galyce.  1592  MARLOWE  Massacre  Paris  \.  iv, 
The  Lord  High  Admiral,  Riding  the  streets,  was  traitorously 
shot.  1648  Lane.  Tracts  Civil  War  (Chetham  Soc.)  263 
Twelve  miles  of  such  ground  as  I  never  rod  in  all  my  life. 
1706  BAYNARD  Cold  Baths  \\.  376,  I  rode,  quoth  he,  the  cold 
Hills  every  Morning.  1787  '  G.  GAMBADO  '  Acttd.  Horsem. 
(1809)  43  In  riding  the  road,  observe  [etc.].  1850  MRS. 
BROWNING  Rime  of  Duchess  May  Ixv,  May  the  sweet 
Heavens  hear  ihee  plead  If  he  rides  the  castle-wall.  1876 
MORRIS  Sigurd  iv.  309  Three  days  they  ride  that  country. 
C.  a  boundary,  etc.,  lor  the  purpose  of  main 
taining  or  reviving  a  clear  knowledge  of  it.  (See 
also  quot.  1877.) 

1421  Cov.  Leet-bk.  33  Hit  is  ordenyd  that  the  fraunches  of 
,    this  Cite  be  Ryden  this  yere  within  the  monyth  of  May.  1476 
1    Rental-bk.  C»far*Angus{i%'j5)  I.  204  He  sal  kepand  defend 
'    our  marchis  as  tha  war  redyng  at  the  last  ridyng.     1572  in 
I    W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford ( 1880)  341  The  francheses 
of  this  Cytie  shalbe  ryd  according  to  auncient  custom. 
1    '733  W.  CRAWFORD  Man.  agst.  Infid.  (1836)  106  To  ride  the 
marches  between  good  and  evil.     1798  Statist.  Ace.  Scot., 
Z>K«4w££XX.  441  It  is  customary  to  ride  the  marches,  occa 
sionally,  so  as  to  preserve  in  the  memory  of  the  people  the 
,    limits  of  their  property.    1816  in  Picton  L'pool  Mitnic.  Rec. 
|    (1886)  II.  316  The  day  on  which  the  Liberties  were  rode. 
,    1877  N.Linc.Gloss.  s.y.,Thesurveyorof  the  court  of  sewers 
is  said  to  ride  the  drains  when  he  goes  to  overlook  them. 
d.  a  river  or  water.     Also  in/SJf.  use. 
1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  \\.  xxxix,  We  raid  the  swift  riuer 
Sparthiades.     a  1670  SPALDING  Troub.  Chas.  I  (1850)  1. 198 
1    Theycould  not  ride  the  water,  it  beinggreat.    1774  D.  JONES 
Jrnl.  (1865)  18  Several  ferries  are  kept  on  it,  tho'  it  may 
frequently  be  rode  in  the  summer  season.     1790  SCOTT  Let. 
6  Aug.  in  Lockhart,  The  servant  was  waiting  there  with  our 
horses,  as  we  were  to  ride  the  water.    1896  E.  Durk.  Gloss., 
He's  not  safe  to  ride  the  water  with. 
13.  a.   To   pursue,   proceed   upon    (one's   way, 
etc.)  on  horseback. 

In  OE.  with  genitive,  asfonne  ridc%  xlc  his  weges  (Alfred 
Oros.  i.  i.  21). 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  11427  pir  kinges  rides  forth  Jwiir  rade. 
1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  94  Ryd  thanne  forth  thi  wey.  c  1450 
Merlin  202  Thei  rode  so  her  iournes  till  the!  com  to  Tarsaide. 
1509  H.  AWES  Pas  t.P/ fas.  xxxv.  (Percy  Soc.)  184, 1 .  .made  me 
ready  for  to  ride  my  waye.  1641  SLINGSBY  Diary  (1836)  83 
He  rode  up.. and  shot  a  townsman  on  y*  neck..,  and  so 
rid  his  ways. 

b.  Sc.  and  north.  To  open  (Parliament,  a  fair) 
by  a  procession  (cf.  2  b).     Now  only  Hist. 

[a  1557  Diurnal  Occurrents  13  Vpoun  the  xvj  day  of  Maij 
(1529)1  thair  was  ane  greit  conventione  ..  and  raid  all  the 
Parliament  to  the  tplbuith.]  1604  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot. 
VII.  2  Act  ordaining  the  Estates  to  attend  the  Earle  of 
Montrose,  Commissioner, for  ryding  the  Parliament,  a  1670 


BIDE. 

SPALDING  Trout.  C/ias.  I  (1850)  I.  40  The  Parliament  wes    i 
riddin  agane  by  the  King  and  his  thrie  estaitis.    182*  HONE 
Everyday  Rk.  1  1.  1655  A  procession  moves  from  the  prmci-    i 
pal  alehouse  for  the  purpose  of  riding  the  fair,as  they  call  it. 
1838  \.  SHOETREED  Let.  in  Lockhart  Scott  vl,  The  honest 
burghers  of  Jedburgh.  .have  suffered  the  ancient  privilege    | 
of  '  riding  the  Fair  ',  as  it  was  called  .  .  ,  to  fall  into  disuse. 

14.  To  ride  out.    Of  a  ship  :  To  sustain  (a  gale  or 
storm)  without  great  damage  or  dragging  anchor. 

1519  [implied  in  b].    1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (JJ,  Ihe 
sea  was  grown  so  rough,  that  the  admiral  was  not  able  longer 


656 


ie8l  BABINGTOS  Commandm.  (1590)  265  Their  weaknes. . 
haunting  them  and  riding  them  as  wee  vse  to  speake  in 

1589  TOTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xix.  (Arb.)    i 


to  ride  it  out  with  hisgallies.  31674  CLARENDON  Hist.heh. 
XV  §53  That  Fleet  had  rode  out  all  the  Winter  Storms  before 
Cadi/.  1748  Ansoifs  Voy.  ill.  ii.  3'8  The  wind  blew,  .with 
such  fury,  that  we.  .despaired  of  riding  out  the  storm.  10 
BKATSON  Nov.  4-  Mil.  Mem.  I.  183  His 


Majestyji  s 


1854  G. 


In  fig.  contexts.     Also,  to  endure  or  sustain 
successfully,  to  last  to  the  end  of,  t  to  spend,  pass. 

1529  MORE  Dyaloge  11.  Wks.  795/1  [He]  went  ouer  the 
scaVto  se  (launders,  &  France,  and  ryde  out  one  somer  m 
those  countrees.  IS97  SIR  W.  SLIXGSBY  in  Sir  H.  Shngsby 
Diary  M-A)  251,!  thank  God  my  brother  and  myselt  rule  it 
out  at  an  anker.  1622  MALYNES  Anc.  Law-Merck.  99  If 
this  man  will  not  ride  out  (as  they  say)  the  time  of  the  pay 
ment  of  the  Bills.  1646  H.P.  Mtdit.  Stiff  4  He  that  rides 
out  a  Seige,  and  gives  his  Enemy  the  check,  beares  away 
the  greatest  honour,  a  1676  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  (1677) 
86  It  could  not  be,  for  then  he  could  never  have  ridden  out  an 
eternal  period.  1710  PALMER  Prmlrtt  64  A  courtier  should 

foresee  a  storm,  know  whether  he  is  able  to  ride  it  out 
[etc]    1808  JKFKEIISON  Writ.  (1830)  IV.  112  We  shall  have 
safely  rode  out  the  storm.    1877  STORGEON  Strm.  XXIII. 
254  That  our  faith  may  ride  out  every  storm  of  doubt. 
c.  With  ellipsis  of  out.    rare. 

1718  STEELE  Fish  Pool  165  She..  rid  the  storm,  and  our 
trusty  pilot  jumped  into  the  river  and  took  her  up.  1799 
Hull  A  lift.  17  Aug.  4/2  The  ship  was  riding  flood,  and  the 
wind  from  the  southward.  1885  Western  Mail  23  Feb.  3/5 
A  large  sailing  vessel  was  sighted  dismasted,  riding  the  storm. 

trans/.  1814  SCOTT  Wav.  Ixvi,  He  will  of  course  repair  to 
the  Duchran  without  loss  of  time,  there  to  ride  quarantine 
for  a  few  weeks. 

IV.  trans.  15.  To  sit  or  be  carried  upon,  to 
go  or  travel  upon  (a  horse,  or  other  animal  of 
burden)  ;  to  manage  or  control  while  seated  on. 

a  1225  1  1  ali  Meiii.  1  3  pa  ilke  sari  wrecches  .  .bec5  be  deueles 
eaueres,  bat  rit  ham  ii  spiureS  ham  to  don  al  bat  he  wile. 
c  1440  Ipo  mydon  1005  The  whiche,  I  say,  ..Will..  many  an 
hors  ryde  to  dede.  Or  I  come  there,  bat  me  most  nede. 
^1440  Alph.  Tales  510  Som  tyme  a  man  had  ane  ass,  & 
he  rade  hur.  1508  DUNBAR  Tua  inariit  vjemen  331,  1  wald 
haif  ridden  him  to  Rome.  1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apopk. 
230  By  his  ieoperdyng  to  ride  the  vnbroken  horse  Buceph 
alus.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  22r  The  Sarmatians.  .prepare 
their  horses  two  daies  before,  ..and  thus  they  will  ride  them 
gallop  150  miles  an  end.  1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Re/I.  in.  viii, 
Upon  the  taking  up  his  Horses  from  Grass,  and  giving  them 
Oats  before  they  were  to  be  Ridden  a  Journey.  1718  LADY 
M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.to  Mrs.Thistlethwayte  i  April,  I  never 
rid  a  horse  so  much  at  my  command  in  my  life.  1774  GOLDSM. 
Nat.  Hist.  (1862)  I.  i.  l.  252  They  are  rid  generally  in  a 
snaffle,  without  spurs.  1863  KINGSLEY  Water-Bab.  10  Grimes 
rode  the  donkey  in  front.  1872  TENNYSON  Holy  Grail6$2  He 
dash'd  across  me—  mad,  And  maddening  what  he  rode. 
fa.  "59°  StIAKS.  Mids.  N.  v.  i.  119  Lys[ander\.  He  hath 
rid  his  Prologue,  like  a  rough  Colt.  1610—  Wint.  T.  i.  ii.  94 
Our  prayses  are  our  Wages.  You  may  ride  's  With  one  soft 
Kisse  a  thousand  Furlongs.  1647  WARD  Simp.  Cobler  36 
There  is  a  set  of  Bishops.  .Will  ride  the  Devill  off  his  legs, 
and  break  his  wind.  1700  T.  BROWN  tr.  Fresny's  Amitsem. 
52  When  any  Humour  Takes  in  London,  they  Ride  it  to 
Death  before  they  leave  it.  1804  G.  ROSE  Diaries  (1860) 
II.  in  Mr.  Hiley  Addington  rode  him  hard  with  fulsome 
eulogiums.  1887  Spectator  9  Apr.  491/2  The  dangers  of  such 
a  method  when  ridden  to  death  by  inferior  imitators. 

b.  Racing.  To  urge  (a  horse)  to  excessive 
speed  ;  to  '  squeeze  '. 

1863  Sat.  Rev.  23  May  657  When  Fordham  had  charge  of 
Buckstone  in  the  St.  Leger,  it  was  said  that  he  began  to 
'  ride  '  his  horse  too  soon.  1888  Pall  Mall  G.  2  July  5/2  He 
will  pretend  to  be  '  riding  '  (that  is  squeezing)  his  horse. 

16.  To  mount  or  cover  £the  female).     (Cf.  3.) 
1500-20  DUNDAR  Poems  xxxii.  6  Syne  till  his  breist  did  hir 

imbrace,  And  wald  haif  riddin  hir  lyk  ane  rame.  1607 
TOPSELL  Four-/.  Beasts  (1658)473  Partitions  wherein.,  they 
may  easily  abide  alone.  .,  and  especially  that  one  may  not 
ride  another.  1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  173  These 
..in  shallow  plashes  croak  and  ride  one  another  out- 
ragiously.  1694  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  v.  (1737)  222  They  will 
not  be  ridden,  tupp'd,  and  ramm'd.  1808  Compl.  Crazier 
(ed.  3)16  It  not  unfrequently  happens  that  cows  (after  taking 
the  bull)  will  ride  each  other. 

17.  a.  Of  the  nightmare,  witches,  etc.  :  To  sit 
upon  (a  person)  ;  to  use  (one)  as  a  horse. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IV,  n.  i.  83,  I  will  haue  some  of  it 
out  againe,  or  I  will  ride  thee  o'  Nights,  like  the  Mare. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  283  The  black  grains..  help  those 
that  be  ridden  with  the  night-mare.  1649  in  Campbell  Bal- 
mtrino  (1899)  386  Margaret  Boyd..  declares  that  hir  good- 
man.,  went  to  deathe  with  it,  that  Elspeth  Seith  and  other 
two  did  ryde  him  to  deathe.  1693  C.  MATHER  Wond. 
Invis.  World  (1862)  169  The  Men  they  commonly  laid 
asleep  at  the  place,  whereto  they  rode  them.  1880  [see 
NIGHTMARE  sb.  i).  1865  TYLOR  Early  Hist.  Man.  7  Such 
expressions  as  being  ridden  by  a  hag,  or  by  the  devil. 

f'S-  1.775  BURKE  Sp.  Condi.  Amer.  Wks.  1842  I.  195  All 
the  while,  Wales  rid  this  kingdom  like  an  incubus;  it  was 
an  unprofitable  and  oppressive  burthen. 

D.  To  have  the  mastery  of  (one)  ;  to  manage 
at  will  ;  to  oppress  or  harass  ;  to  tyrannize  over  ; 
to  dominate  completely. 
Partly  transf.  from  prec.,  and  partly  from  sense  15. 


I  i  I  Have  seen  enough  to.. ride  him  to  advantage  as  I 
please.  1731  BOWMAN  Sena.  Vers.  9  The  ambitious  giddy 
priesthood  Rides  you,  as  you  the  tamest  beast  wou  d.  1806-7 
T  BF.RESFOKO  Miseries  Hum.  Life  n.  Concl.,  Rogues  !  they 
are  riddenby  prejudices.  1837  EMERSON  Wks.  (Bonn)  11.175 
The  tradesman . .  is  ridden  by  the  routine  of  his  craft.  1903 
Strand  Nov.  511/2  Grim  fear  rode  him  day  and  night. 

18.  To  sit  upon,  to  be  carried  or  borne  along 
upon  (something). 

Also  in  various  phrases  denoting  forms  of  punishment,  as 
to  ride  the  am'l-staff,  hatch,  horse,  mare,  stang,  etc.  (see 
the  sbs.). 

1507  SHAKS.  Lover's  Compl.  22  Some-times  her  leueld 
eyes  their  carriage  ride,  As  they  did  battry  to  the  spheres 
intend.  1629  H.  BURTON  Babel  no  Bel/if  I  Pref.  Ep.  n  lo 


1782  J  WOLCOT  (P.  Pindar)  Ode  to  R.A  \r  i,  That  easy., 
thing  Rid  by  the  Chancellor,  yclep'd  a  Sack.  1816  BYRON 
Prisoner  of  Chilian,  xiii,  The  eagle  rode  the  rising  blast. 
1839  Civil Eng.  f,  Arch.  Jriil.  II.  450/2  A  passage  boat., 
rilling  the  wave.  1890  St.  Nicholas  May  584  Not  infrequently 
the  boys  will '  ride  a  lug  down  the  current. 

b.  Of  things :  To  rest  upon,  esp.  by  projecting 
or  overlapping. 
1713  Phil.  Trans.  XXVIII.  189  Its  Root  Leaves  deeply 


protuberance.  i8or  J.  WOLCOT  (P.  Pindar)  Tears  $  Smiles, 
Of  spectacles  that  rode  his  nose.  1899  AllbntfsSyst.  Med. 
VI.  230  Very  often  an  embolus  is  caught  in  an  arterial 
bifurcation,  which  it  rides  with  a  prolongation  extending 
into  each  branch. 

19.  To  riJe  down  :  To  exhaust  (a  horse)  by  ex 
cessive  riding;  to  overtake  by  pursuit  on  horseback; 
to  charge,  or  collide  with,  so  as  to  overthrow. 

1709  Loud.  Caz.  No.  4580/1  The  Czar  was  very  active. ., 
and  rid  down  four  Horses. 

1850  THACKERAY  Pettdenna  xxxix,  He.  .was  on  the  point 
of  riding  down  a  large  old  roomy  family  carriage.  1856  C.J. 
ANDERSON  Lake  Ngamt  266  The  ostrich  is  also  at  times 
ridden  down  by  a  single  horseman. 

jig.  1670  EACHARD  Cant.  Clergy  in,  I  could  procure 
hundreds,  that  should  ride  both  sun  and  moon  down,  and 
be  everlastingly  yours.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  Be/.  Mast  xvii, 
When  officers  are  once  determined  to  '  ride  a  man  down ', 
it  is  a  gone  case  with  him.  1874  GREF.N  Short  Hist.  ix.  §  9. 
700  The  support  of  the  Commons,  .enabled  Harley  to  ride 
down  all  resistance. 

b.  Naut.  (See  quot.  1867.) 

1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seaman's  Man.  120  To_bend  or  bear 
down  by  main  strength  and  weight ;  as,  to  ride  down  the 
main  tack.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  U'ord-bk.,  Riding-damn, 
the  act  of  the  men  who  throw  their  weight  on  the  head  ol 
a  sail  to  stretch  it. 

20.  To  cut  (an  animal)  off  m  vtit  from  the  herd 
by  skilful  riding. 

1843  M.  A.  Richardson's  Historian's  Table-Ik.,  Leg.  Div. 
I.  14  The  horsemen  rode  off  the  bull  from  the  rest  of  the 
herd  until  he  stood  at  bay.  1850  R.  G.  CUMMING  Hunter's 
Life  S.  Afr.  (ed.  2)  I.  253, 1  have  often  ridden  the  best  bull 
out  of  the  herd.  1863  W.  C.  BALDWIN  A/r.  Hunting  262,  I 
shortly  came  across  another  troop  of  bulls.. .  I  rode  out  one 
with  beautiful  long  teeth. 

b.  Polo.  To  edge  off  (an  opponent). 

1897  Outing  XXX.  487/1  Play  into  your  comrades'  hands, 
and  watch  out  to  edge  or  ride-off  an  adversary. 
O.  To  hunt  (an  animal)  on  horseback. 

1889  BADEN-POWELL  Pigsticking  2  It  became  usual  to  get 
up  a  sweepstake  before  starting  to  ride  a  boar. 

21.  To  cause  (one)  to  ride. 

1711  Fingall  MSS.  in  lo/A  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App. 
V.  160  Ginckle  dessigned  to  ride  his  cavalry  into  the  breach 
when  made.  1876  '  MARK  TWAIN  '  Tom  Sawyer  x,  The 
villagers  had  a  strong  desire  to.. ride  him  on  a  rail  for 
body-snatching.  1895  CROCKETT  Cleg  Kelly  xli,  Gin  the 
wives  nooadays  had  ony  spunk  in  them  ava*,  ye  wad  be 
mobbed  and  ridden  on  the  stang,  my  man ! 

b.  To  convey   in    a    cart    or    other  vehicle. 
Chiefly  U.  S. 

1687  Ann.  of  Albany  (1850)  II.  97  It  is  very  requisite  that 
there  be  fyre-wood  rid  to  ye  indian  houses.  1692  Ibid,  121 
Ye  sheriffe.  .is  required  to  see  each  trader  ride  a  load  of 
wood  to  the  said  house.  1837  S.  R.  MAITLAND  Vol.  Syst. 
287  If  he  is  a  rich  man,  he  may  ride  his  family  away,  every 
Sunday.  1859  BARTLETT  Diet.  Amer.  (ed.  2)  364, 1  heard 
a  witness,  .testify  that  he  had  'rode  some  hogs  from  the 
wharf  to  the  store '. 

c.  To  keep  (a  ship)  moored ;  to  secure  or  main 
tain  at  anchor. 

1726  SHELVOCKE  Voy.  round  World  267  Having  nothing 
to  ride  the  bark  with,  we  were  obliged  to  keep  the  sea. 
1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  254  The  buss  was  now  rode  by 
this  buoy.  1803  NELSON  22  Dec.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  V. 
326  Bays  to  ride  our  Fleets  in. 

d.  To  run  up  (a  sail),     rare—*. 

1880  Daily  Telegr.  7  Sept.,  Waiting  for  the  flash  from  the 
commodore's  boat  to  tell  them  that  they  can  ride  up  the 
mainsail. 

V.  intr.  22.  Hide  and  tie.  Of  two  (or  three) 
persons  :  To  travel  with  one  horse  by  alternately 
riding  and  walking,  each  one  riding  ahead  for 
some  distance  and  tying  up  the  horse  for  the  one 
who  comes  behind. 

174*  FIELDING  J.  Andrfivs  11.  ii,  They  were  both  setting 


BIDELING. 

out,  having  agreed  to  ride  and  tie  ;  a  method  of  travelling 
much  used  by  persons  who  have  but  one  horse  between 
them  1791  BOSWELL  Johnson  an.  1737,  Both  of  them  used 
to  talk  . .  of  this  their  first  journey  to  London.  Garrick, 
evidently  meaning  to  embellish  a  little,  said  one  day  in  my 
hearing,  '  We  rode  and  tied '.  1866  CARLYLE  Remin.  (1881) 
1.  176,  I  never  rode  and  tied  (especially  with  three)  before 
or  since.  1868  HOLME  LEE  B.  Godfrey  xxiii,  Mervyn  and 
Olive  were  to  ride  and  tie. 

fig.  '805  H.  MACNEILL  Poems  (1844)  114  When  folk  are 
sair  put,  they  maun  e'en  '  ride  and  tie  *. 

b.  As  sb.  or  adv.  (Sometimes  hyphened.)   Also 
fig.  (see  quots.  1826  and  1830). 

1791  T.  PAINE  Rights  of  Man  i.  (ed.  2)  64  It  is  like  what 
the  country  people  call  '  Ride  and  tie— You  ride  a  little  way, 
and  then  I '.  1826  SYD.  SMITH  Wks.  (1859)  II.  r24/i  It  must 
absolutely  be  ride-and-tie  with  them  ;  the  butcher  must  hear 
the  baker  in  the  morning  [etc.].  1830  Miss  MITFORD 
Village  Ser.  IV.  (1863)  225  Dinah  having  given  to  each  of 
the  four  the  half  of  a  year's  schooling,  upon  the  principle  of 
ride  and  tie,  little  Lucy  going  one  day,  and  little  Patty  the 
next.  1893  STEVENSON  Catriona  xiii,  We  were  travelling 
'  ride  and  tie  '. 

c.  Used  attributively.     (With  hyphens.) 

1809  MAI.KIN  Gil  Bias  v.  i.  r  9  We  journeyed  on  the  ride- 
and-tie  principle.  1824  Examiner  434/1  It  is  a  ride-and- 
tie  system  with  him.  1885  Scribner's  Mag.  XXX.  388/2 
By  the  'ride-and-tie'  method,  a  horse  was  yet  further 
economised. 

23.  Ride-and-drive,  used  attributively. 

1865  Cornh.  Mag.  May  558  A  good,  useful, . .  ride-and-drive 
horse.  1900  Wcstm.  Gaz.  2  Jan.  5/1  The  'ride  and  drive' 
system  necessary  in  the  Royal  Artillery. 

Ri'deable,  a.     Also  ridable,     [f.  RIDE  v.] 

1.   Capable  of  being  ridden  through,  over,  etc. 

1637  RUTHERFORD  Lett,  cxxii.  (1664)  234  Till  the  water  fall 
and  the  foord  be  ridable.  1709  J.  LISTER  A  utobiog.  (1842)  45 
A  man.. who  had. .known  when  the  water  was  rideabte. 
1860  C.  S.  FORBES  Iceland  103  As  for  the  road,  it  was . .  in 
some  places  more  rideable  than  in  others.  1891  Field  iq  Dec. 
957/1  The  grass  pastures ..  were  far  from  rideable. 

SJ.  Capable  of  being  ridden  or  used  for  riding. 

1611  COTGR.,  Ckevauchable,  rideable;  easie  to  be  rid  on. 
1820  L.  HUNT  Indicator  No.  26  (1822)  I.  207  So  built  with 


The  tyre  when  pumped  remained  rideable  for  two  or  three 
hours. 

Hence  Bid(e)ability. 

1899  Hub  8  July  322/2  The  relation  of  an  up  gradient  to  a 
down  as  regards  ridability. 

Ki'ded,  a.  rare.  [f.  RIDE  sb.^  2  +  -ED  2.]  Pro 
vided  with  ridings  or  '  rides '. 

1896  MORDAUNT  &  VERNEY  Warm.  Hunt  I.  7  Coughton 
Park  has  always  been  well  rided.  Ibid.  8  Chesterton  Wood 
..is  beautifully  rided. 

Ri'del, ri'ddel,  >/'  Nowoalyohsfc  Forms: 
a.  4  rudel,  4-5  ridel(le,  rydel(le,  5  rydyl, 
rydal.  0.  4-5  riddell(e,  5  (9)  riddel,  -yl(l, 
ryddyll,  6  ryddel.  7.  4-5  redell,  5  redel(e. 
[a.  OF.  ridel,  mod.F.  ridcau.]  A  curtain;  in 
later  use  esji,  an  altar-curtain. 

a.  13. .  Gam.  *t  Gr.  Knt.  857  Rudelez  rennande  on  ropez, 
red  golde  ryngez.  £1380  SirFerumb.  2537  Florippe  drew 
a  ridel  ban  bat  stod  be-fore  be  frount.  1393  E.  E.  Wills  5, 
I  bequethe.  .alle  the  rydelles  and  trussynge  cofres-.that 
longeth  to  my  chapelle.  1466  in  A  rcliaeologia  L.  42  Item 
i  Rydyl  steyned,  with  a  chalix.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  307/2 
Rydelle,  vti  a  curtyn. 

p.  1368-9  MS.  Hosteler's  Roll,  Durham,  In  uj  Riddell 
et  i  Selour  emp.  pro  uno  lecto.  1466  in  Archaeologia  L.  44 
Item  j  Ryddyll  of  blewe  bokrame  be  hynd  the  V icares  in  the 
quere.  1517  in  Kerry  St.  Lawrence,  Reading  (1883)  in 
Also  ij  staynyd  clothis  w<  ryddels  to  be  same. 

1908  Ch.  Times  21  Feb.  241/2  A  new  high  altar,  .has  been 
erected..,  furnished  with  dossal  and  riddels,  and  angels 
carrying  candles,  in  correct  English  style. 

v.  1382-3  Durh.  Acct.  Rolls  389  Le  Redell1  pro  magno 


tBrdel,  v-1  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  rideler  to 
flow  (of  blood).]  intr.  To  fall,  drop. 

13  ..E.E.  A  Hit.  P.  B.  953  pe  rayn  rueled  adoun,  ridlande 
bikke,  Of  felle  flaunkes  of  fyr. 

tifti'del,  V?  rare.  In  5  rydely.  [a.  Of. 
rideler,  i.  ride  wrinkle,  fold.]  intr.  To  make 
folds  or  pleats  in  (cloth).  (Cf.  next.) 

14..  Lat.  Eng.  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  614  Supero,  i, 
f  annum  rugare,  to  rydely. 

t  Hi'deled,  pa.  pple.  and  ///.  a.  Obs.  Forms : 
4  rydelid,  6  ryddylled ;  5  red-,  rydlyd,  rid-, 
rydled,  6  riddled,  [a.  OF.  rideled (later  ridelf}, 
pa.  pple.  of  rideler :  see  prec.] 

1.  Pleated,  gathered,  arranged  in  folds. 

?«I366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  1235  Lord,  it  was  ridled 
fetysly.  Ibid.  1243  The  whyte  roket  rydled  falre.  1380  in 
Rel.  Ant.  I.  41  With  her  homes,  lockis,.  .filettis,  and  wym- 
plis,  and  rydelid  gownes,  and  rokettis.  1444  Pol.  Poems 
(Rolls)  II.  217  Lyk  a  materas  redlyd  was  his  coote.  Ibid. 
220  The  kevel  wroot  in  his  rydlyd  coote. 

2.  Wrinkled. 

1530  PALSGR.  447/1  It  is  a  goodly  syght  to  se  an  olde  ryd- 
dylled  queene  to  beholde  herselfe  in  a  glasse.  1596  NASHE 
Saffron  Waldtn  no  His  skin  riddled  and  crumpled  like  a 
peice  of  burnt  parchment. 

tBideling,  ///.  a.  In  4  rydelande.  (Of 
obscure  origin  and  meaning :  cf.  RIDEL  i".1) 

13 . .  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.O.  254  Thcnne  he  s  wengez  &  swayues  to 
be  se  bobem,  Bi  mony  rokke?  ful  roje  &  rydelande  strondes. 


KIDEMAN. 


657 


t  Rideman. 

A  riding  bailiff. 


Oh.      [f.  RlDE  I'.,    or  its  stem.]    I    four  Flemmish  Guldens  and  a  lialfe. 


Recorded  only  in  Latin  form  ridemannus^  pi.  .»/«««/*, 
rendered  by  rideiuan,  -mcnt  in  the  modern  translation 
accompanying  the  text. 

1258  in  Set.  Pleas  Manorial  Courts  (Selden  Soc.)  II. 
(1888)  53  Idem  Rogerus  affidavit  quod  pl[ec;ia]  inveniet 
Rldemanno.  1293  Ibid.  72  Unde  Ridemanny  conquer- 
untur  quod  ponunt  ibi  district  iones<  1294  Ilnd.  77  Dis- 
trictus  est  per  tres  equos  ut  Ridcinannus  testatur. 

Rideilt  (raixbnt),fl.  rare.  [f.  \*rident',riden$) 
pres.  pple.  of  ride  re  to  laugh.]  Radiantly  cheer 
ful,  riant, 

1609  E-v,  Worn,  in  Hum.  i.  i.  in  Bullen  O.  PI.  IV,  Then 
most  rydent  starre,  faire  fall  ye.  1855  THACKERAY  A7«y- 
comes  xxiv,  A  smile  so  wide  and  steady  —  so  exceedingly 
rident,  indeed,  as  almost  to  be  ridiculous.  1859  —  i'trgitt* 
Ixxvii,  Hetty  was  radiant  and  rident, 

t  Ri'deout.  Obs.—1  [f.  RIDE  v.  +  OUT  adv.] 
A  bagman  ;  =  RIDER  6. 

1752  FIELDING  Covent  Card.  Jrnl.  No.  33  He  was  a  sort 
of  rider,  or  rideout  to  a  linendraper  at  London. 

Rider  (rai'doi).  Forms  :  2-4  ridere  (3  ridaers, 
-are,  -eare),  4-5  rydere,  5  rydare  ;  3-  rider 
(4  ridir,  5  ridar,  7  ?  ridder),  4-9  ryder  ;  5-6 
Sc*  ridar,  rydar.  [Late  OE.  ridere^  =  Fris.  rider, 
f  rijder,  MDu.  ridcr(et  Du.  rijder\  MLG.  rfder, 
ryder,  OIIG.  ritari  (MUG.  rttxre,  rtter,  G. 
reiter}t  ON.  n'd'eri,  ridari;  see  RIDE  v,  and 
-ER!.  It  is  uncertain  how  far  the  forms  were 
independently  developed  in  these  languages.] 
I.  f  1.  a.  A  knight  ;  a  mounted  warrior.  Obs. 

ciQ8$O.E,  Ckron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1085,  Secyng,.dubbade 
his  sunu  Henric  to  ridere  ^aer,  c  1090  Ibid.  an.  1090,  He 
be^eat  ma  castelas,  .&  ))«er  inne  his  rideras  gelogode,  c  1205 
LAY.  5495  Heo^srkeden.  .twa^usendrideres[t-i275ridare>]. 
Ibid.  9288  Hamun  be  ridere  sniat  his  a^ene  ifere.  1383 
WYCLIF  E.rod.  xiv.  23  AI  the  horsyng  of  Pharao,  his  chares, 
and  his  ryders  [1388  kny^tis;  L.eyttifes].  a  1400-50  Alexan 
der  1054  He  fande.  .  Na  ridars  [v.r.  ryders]  in  ba  regions,  ne 
rebel  1  hot  littill.  14.  .  SirBeues(E,)  1746  He  took  hys  schceld 
&  hys  spere,  As  it  semyd  a  good  rydere.  1596  DALRYMFI.I:  tr. 
Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  vi.  312  Thay  namet  him.  .a  noble  rydar, 
frome  this  stock  is  the  Erie  of  Rothose. 

b.  A  mounted  reaver  or  raider,  a  moss-trooper. 
Cf.  rank  rider,  s.v.  RANK  a.  3  b.     Now  arch. 

1549  Compl.  Scot,  viii,  74  Sum  of  3011  ar  be  cum  neutral 
men,  lyik  to  the  ridars  that  dueillts  on  the  debatabil  landis. 
a  1639  EARL  MONM.  Mem.  (1759)  92,  I  had  intelligence  that 
there  was  a  great  match  made  at  foote-ball,  and  the  chiefe 
ryders  were  to  be  there.  111649  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Hist, 
Jas.  I  ",  Wks.  (1711)  99  In  Ewsdale  eight  and  forty  notorious 
Riders  are  hung  on  growing  Trees,  the  most  famous  of 
which  was  John  Armstrong.  1806  SCOTT  Fam.  Lett.  23  Nov., 
Executions  .  .  thinned  .  .  the  Border  riders  who  had  subsisted 
by  depredation. 

2.  One  who  rides  a  horse  or  other  animal  (also 
in   mod.   use,  a  cycle)  \  a  mounted  person.    See 
also  ROUGH-RIDER. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  22015  Neder  in  strete,  waitand  hors  to 
stang  in  fete,  to  do  J?e  rider  fall  bi  be  wai.  1362  LANGL. 
/'.  /V.  A.  xi.  208  Now  is  Religioun  a  ridere  and  a  rennere 
about*,  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  433/1  Rydare,  horsman, 
eqnester.  ^1470  HENRY  Wallaces.  287  Or  he  was  horst, 
rldaris  about  him  kest.  1583  [see  HOUSF.MAN  i].  1396 
SPENSER  F.Q.  iv.  iii.  39  Two  grim  lyons..Now  made  for 
get  their  former  cruell  mood,  T'  obey  their  riders  best,  as 
seemed  good.  1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  <$•  Commw.  (1603) 
152  Yet  euery  one  is  not  to  be  accounted  a  horse  of  ser- 
uice,  no  more  then  euery  horseman  a  rider.  1671  MILTON 
/'.A',  in.  314  In  Mail  thir  horses  clad,  yet  fleet  and  strong, 
Prauncing  their  riders  bore.  1732  LEDIARD  Sethos  II.  x. 
381  They  ran  with  all  their  might  to  see  the  rider  and  the 
horse.  1783  W.THOMSON  Watson  s  Philip  ///(iSsg)  293  Two 
hundred  and  twenty  horses,  with  their  riders,  miserably 
perished  in  one  sudden  conflagration.  1841  BORROW  Z/«. 
cali  i.  v,  I  am  a  bad  rider,  and  to  save  myself  expense,  I 
always  walk.  1881  FROUDE  Short  Stud.  (1883)  IV.  11.  i.  170 
In  his  younger  days  he  had  been  a  hard  rider  across  country. 

transf.  or  Jig.  a  1586  MONTGOMERIE  Misc.  Poems  xlviii. 
184  Neptunus  ryders  begouth  also  to  ryis.  1588  SHAKS. 
L.  L,.  L.  n.  i.  121  Ber.  Your  wit.  .will  tire.  Rosa,  Not  till  it 
leaue  the  Rider  in  the  mire.  1658  ROWLAND  tr.  Monfefs 
Tlittat.  Ins.  929  They  [sc.  bees]  carry  a  most  cruel  rider 
on  their  backs.  1887  MORRIS  Odyss.  i.  8  They  ate  up  the 
beasts  of  the  Sun,  the  Rider  of  the  Air. 
fb.  (See  quot.)  Obs. 

1796  Grose's  Diet.  Vulgar  T.,  Ridert  a  person  who  receives 
part  of  the  salary  of  a  place  or  appointment  from  the  ostens 
ible  occupier,  by  virtue  of  an  agreement  with  the  donor,  or 
great  man  appointing. 

c.  Sc.  Law.  A  creditorhaving  a  'ridinginterest'. 
1826  BiiVERiDGE  Forms  of  Process  I.  384  As  much  of  the 

sum.  .as  will  pay  the  debt  and  claim  of  the  rider.     Ibid.^ 
A  competition  may.  .ensue  among  these  riders. 

d.  Rider's  bone,  a  form  of  ossification  (see  quot.). 
1891  MOULLIN  Snrg.  in.  v.  331  The  best  known  example  is 

what  is  called  rider's-bone,  developing  in  the  tendon  of  the 
adductor  longus  in  those  who  are  accustomed  to  rough  riding. 

3.  A  gold  coin,  having  the  figure  of  a  horseman 
on  its  obverse,  formerly  current  in  Flanders  and 
Holland  ;  also,  a  gold  coin  first  struck  by  James  II 
of  Scotland  and  current  in   Scotland  during  the 


ridaris.. .  Item,  fyftene  Flemis  ridaris.  1540 in  Pitcairn  Crim. 
Trials  I.*3OI  Deli verit  to  be  said  Johnne,  in  Ridaris,  Angel- 
nobillis,  and  Rois-nobillis.  1617  Momr*OM  ///«.  i.  289  AIsc 
go'lll.5' 


they  coyne  gold  Lyons,  called  Riders,  whereof  each  is  worth 

VOL. 


ish  Guldens  and  a  halfe.  1660  in  T.  Simon  frisk 
Coins  (\-jw)  126  The  several  species,  sorts  and  kinds  of  coins 
following,  vis.  The  Golden  Rider,  the  Half  golden  Rider. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  30/1  The  Scotch  Gold  Coin,,.  a 
Scotch  Rider,  or  Horseman  .  .  ;  they  call  it  also  a  Ten  Mark 
Peece.  1727  W.  MATHER  Yng.  Mans  Coinp.  236  Holland 
Rider,  6s.  lo^.  1783  Ann.  Reg.  193  The  states  general  of 
Holland  ..  offered  a  reward  of  1000  golden  ryders.  1875 
JEVONS  Money  189  In  former  days  many  large  gold  coins, 
such  as.  .the  double  ryder,  were  current. 

4.  f  a.  A  riding-master  ;  a  horse-trainer.   Obs. 

a  1568  ASCHAM  Scholcm.  i.  (Arb.)  43  Wise  riders,  by  ientle 
allm  ententes,  do  breed  vp  in  them,  tlie  loue  of  riding.  1600 
SHAKS.  A.  Y.L.  i.  i.  14  They  are  taught  their  mannage,  and 
to  that  end  Riders  deerely  hir'd.  1607  TOPSF.LL  l^our-f. 
Beasts  (1658)  259  The  Riders  of  Ferdinand  the  first,  told  him 
there  was  a  Horse  in  their  Masters  stable  of  seventy  year 
old.  1678  J.  WILLIAMS  Hist.  Gunpowder  Treason  21  A 
Gentleman  in  those  parts..  broke  open  the  Stables  of  one 
Benock,  a  Rider  of  great  Horses. 
b.  A  jockey  or  riding  lad. 

1805  Patent  (No.  2800)  to  Samuel  Chifney,  of  Newmarket, 
rider._  1810  Sporting  Mag.  XXXVI.  239  William  Wilkin 
son,  rider  and  training  groom  to  Sir  Sitwell  Sitwell,  Bart. 

f  5.  A  ranger  of  a  forest.  Obs. 

1450-  [implied  m  RIDERSHIP],  1647  HAWARD  Cr<nvn  Rev. 
50  Rider  of  the  Forrest.  £1710  CKLIA  FIENNES  Diary  (1888) 
40  There  is  also  a  Rider  of  ye  Forest  who  is  to  see  yl  all 
things  are  secure  and  well  done,  and  ye  timber  kept  and  deer. 

t  6.  A  commercial  traveller,  a  bagman.    Obs. 

T752  [see  RIDEOUT].  1754  SHEBBEARE  Matrimony  (1766) 
II.  216  Jack  Goodfellow,  a  Rider  to  Mr.  Buckram,  a  very 
eminent  Haberdasher.,  in  the  City.  1791  '  G.  GAMBADO' 
Ann.  Horse  m.  (1809)  87  That  very  numerous  and  brilliant 
fraternity,  called  London  Riders,  or  Bagsters  ;  who..  make 
so  smart  a  figure  in  a  country  town.  1800  HF.LKNA  WELLS 
Constantia  Neville  (ed.  2)  III.  125  The  last  comer  was  a 
rider  to  a  wholesale  warehouse  in  the  city.  1837  T.  HOOK 
Jack  Brag  ii,  Either  a  rider  to  some  respectable  house  m 
the  button  line,  or  a  small  dealer. 

7.  A  horse  (of  a  specified  kind)  for  riding  on  ; 
dial,  a  saddle-horse. 

1856  OI..MSTED  Slave  States  59,  I  have  some  horses  —  none 
on  'em  very  good  ones,  though  —  rather  hard  riders.  1887 
Kentish  Gloss,  s.v.,  He  kips  several  riders. 

8.  Curling.  A  stone  driven   so  as   to   dislodge 
other  stones  blocking  the  tee. 

1891  H.  JOHNSTON  Kilmallie  II.  112  This  shot,,  .in  curling 
phrase,  was  a  '  rider',  for  it  cannoned  on  two  of  the  enemy's 
stones,  and  drew  in  softly  to  the  tee. 

II.  9.  Naut.  a.//.  All  additional  set  of  timbers 
or  iron  plates  used  to  strengthen  the  frame  of  a 
ship  internally  or  externally  (see  quots.). 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman  s  Grain,  ii.  5  Great  ships  haue  a 
tier  of  beamesvnder  the  Orlop,  .and  great  posts  and  binders 
called  Riders  from  them  to  the  keele.  1688  R.  HOLME 
Armoury  in.  xv.  (Roxb.)  37/1  The  Riders  are  great  tym- 
bers..  which  are  not  properly  in  the  building  of  the  ship 
but  put  in  to  make  it  the  more  stronger.  1711  W.  SUTHER 
LAND  Shipbuilder's  Assist.  163  Riders;  Pieces  fixed  on  the 
Inside  of  the  Ship  on  the  In-board  Plank,  something  imitat 
ing  the  Ships  Timbers  or  Ribs.  1769  FALCONER  Diet. 
Marine  (1780),  Riders,  a  sort  of  interior  ribs,  fixed  occa 
sionally  in  a  ship's  hold.  .,and  reaching  from  the  kelson  to 
the  beams  of  the  lower-deck,  and  sometimes  higher,  in  order 
to  strengthen  her  frame.  1810  Naval  Chron.  XXIII.  112 
Standards,  top  and  breadth  riders.  1840  Civil  £ng.  fy 
Arck.  Jrnl.  III.  277/2  Wherever  there  is  an  alhwartship 
bulk-head,  there  is  a  system  of  riders  worked  on  the  inner 
surface  of  this  diagonal  frame,  c  1860  H.  STUART  Seaman's 
Catech.  67  The  frames  are  bound  together  diagonally,  by  a 
series  of  iron  plates  called  '  riders  ',  which  are  let  into  the 
timbers  and  bolted  to  them.  1874  THEARLK  Naval  Archit. 
74  By  Lloyd's  rules,  riders,  termed  diagonal  iron  plates,  are 
fitted  on  the  outside  of  the  frames  of  fir  built  ships  of  more 
than  600  tons. 

attril\  1691  T.  H[ALE]  Aic.  New  Invent.  47  The  heads 
of  the  Ryder-bolts. 

b.  //.  A  second  or  upper  tier  of  casks  in  a  hold. 
1846  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.  251  The  term  Riders  is  applied 

also  to  any  tiers  of  casks  stowed  above  the  ground-tier  or 
above  any  other  tier  in  a  vessel's  hold,  c  1860  H.  STUART 
Xtawatfs  Catech.  61  How  will  you  proceed?  By  stowing 
the  lower  or  ground  tier  of  tanks,  then  riders  or  upper  tier. 

c.  A  rope,  or  turn  of  one,  overlying  another. 
1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seaman's  Man.  42  Pass  five,  seven,  or 

nine  turns,  .directly  over  these,  as  riders.  The  riders  are 
not  hove  so  taut.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet,  Meek.  1939/1. 

10.  Mining,  a.   —  HORSED,  n.     Also  attrib. 
1653   MANLOVE   Lead  Mines  258  Soletrees,  Roach,  and 

Ryder.  1747  HOOSON  Miner's  Diet.  K  iv.Rider-joynt  runs 
along  as  the  Vein,  and  varies  according  as  the  Rider  grows 
thicker  or  thinner.  1813  KAKEWELL  Introd.GeoI.(i%i$)  279 
There  is  generally  what  is  called  a  rider  or  mass  of  mineral 
matter  between  the  ore  of  very  strong  rake  veins.  1867 
SMVTHE  Coal  25  When  they  here  and  there  meet  a  'rider  ' 
inclined  the  other  way,  they  form  a  loose  mass  of  coal,  very 
dangerous  to  unwary  colliers. 

b.  A  thin  seam  of  coal  or  deposit  of  ore  over 
lying  a  principal  seam  or  lode. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1939/1.  1883  GHESLEY  Gloss. 
Coal-mining  203. 

c.  (See  quot.) 

1883  GKESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  203  Rider,  a  guide- 
frame  fur  steadying  a  bowk  in  a  sinking  pit. 

11.  An  additional  clause  tacked  on  to  a  docu 
ment  after  its  first  drafting  ;  esp.  a  supplementary 
and  amending  clause  attached  to  a  legislative  Bill 
at  its  final  reading,     f  In  early  use  rider-roll. 

1669  NOY  Rep.  <y  Cases  (ed.  2)  84  That  which  is  certified 
shall  be  annexed  to  the  Record,  and  is  called  a  Rider-roll. 
1684  MANI.EY  CowclFs  Intcrpr.  s.v.  Roll,  A  Ridder-roll  is 
a  Schedule,  or  small  piece  of  Parchment,  added  to  some 
part  of  a  Roll  or  Record,  a  1734  NORTH  Exam.  m.  vi.  §  60 
Colonel  B—  h.  .carried  a  Rideras  it  is  called,  being  a  Clause 


KIDERED. 

to  be  added  at  the  last  Reading.  1765  RLACKRTONF.  Connn. 
I.  182  If  a  new  clause  be  added,  it  is  done  by  tacking  a 
separate  piece  of  parchment  on  the  bill,  which  is  called  a 
ryder.  1833  Hr.  MAIHINEAU  Manch.  Strike  34  If  ever 
Parliament  passes  a  Bill  to  regulate  wages,  we  must  have  a 
rider  put  to  if.  1888  BKYCE  Ainer,  Commiv.  i.  xviii.  I.  251 
The  House.. tried  to  coerce  the  Senate  into  submission  by 
adding  '  riders ',  as  they  are  called,  to  appropriation  bills. 

b.  A  corollary  or  addition  supplementing,   or 
naturally  arising  from,  something  said  or  written. 

1813  BnAN'i)  Pop.  Anti(j.  ii.  237  He  only  inflamed  the 
rage  for  the  Toast,  to  which  they  afterwards  tacked  the  fol 
lowing  Rider.  1829  Examiner  252/2  Such  a  'rider'  to  his 
work  would  be  inestimable  to  youn.^  students.  1868  HLLPS 
Rcalmak  xvii,  The  rider  which  bir  John  Ellesinere  was 
good  enough .. to  add  to  the  title  of  my  essay.  1885  /.aw 
Times  LXXIX.  93  'i  This  then  is  the  inseparable  rider  to 
the  rule  that  the  death  of  the  master  dissolves  the  contract 
of  apprenticeship. 

c.  J\Iath.  (See  quot.  1851.) 

1851  F.  J.  JAMESON  Solution  OJ  Senate- House  'Riders* 
Iiitrod.  v,  The  Hoard  conceives  that  these  Examples,  or 
Riders,  to  use  the  more  familiar  term,  afford  a  searching 
test  of  the  merits  of  the  candidaies.  Ibid,  vi,  Riders  we 
define  to  be  original  questions  arising  either  directly  or  in 
directly  out  of  the  propositions  to  which  they  are  appended. 
1887  ( 'aml>.  Local  Exam,,  -zgth  Rep.  18  A  large  number  of 
candidates  sent  up  correct  solutions  of  the  easier  riders. 

d.  A  clause  added  as  a  corollary  to  a  verdict. 
1884  Daily  Xcu's  2  Sept,  3/2  The  jury  returned  a  verdict 

.  .with  a  rider  that  some  restrictions  ought  to  be  placed  on 
the  indiscriminate  sale  of  revolvers.  1886  G.  ALLEN  Maintic's 
Sake  \.\i\,  The  jury .,  added  a  rider  condemning  the  us*,-  of 
paraffin  lamps.. in  the  Hospital. 

e.  trans/,  of  mateiial  objects,    nonce-use. 

1859  SALA  Gas-light  <|j-  D.  xxx,  A  curiousfy-bladed  knife 
with  a  boat-hook  and  a  corkscrew  by  way  of  rider. 

12.  An  object  bestriding  or  surmounting  another. 
In  various  technical  uses  : 

t  a.  A  leaden  pipe  opening  out  of  a  larger  one  and  run 
ning  parallel  with  it  above.  Obs.~^  b.  Agric,  A  bar  of 
wood  for  connecting  two  or  more  harrows.  C.  —  RIDE  sl>.~ 
d.  U.S.  The  top  bar  of  a  zigzag  fence,  e.  A  small  slid 
ing  piece  of  aluminium  or  other  metal  placed  upon  the 
beam  of  a  precision  balance  and  used  to  determine  minute 
differences  of  weight.  f.  Typ<->g,  (see  quot.).  g.  Mfd. 
In  a  tintometer :  (see  quot.).  h.  JAv/.  A  clot  (of  blood) 

obstructing  a  bifurcated  vessel. 

a.  1726  PhiL  Trans.  XXXIV.  79  From  the  Middle  of  the 
Leaden  Pipe,  .{call'd  a  Rider,  from  its  being  laid  along  on  the 
Main  or  Conduct  Pipe)  there  goes  another  Leaden  Pipe. 

b.  1793-1813  Rep.  Agric.  69  (E.D.D.),  All    the   harrows 
being  fastened  together  with  a  lay  over,  provincially  a  rider. 
1799  J.  ROBERTSON  Agric.  Perth  97  In  some  places  of  the 
Carse  of  Cowrie  and  Stormont  the  harrows  have  what  are 
called  riders. ..  Wherever  the  double  coupling  iron  is  used, 
there  is  no  need  of  these  riders.     1844  JrnS.  A'.  Agric.  Soc. 
V.  i.  171  Two  or  three  harrows  are  kept  together  by  a  rider, 
or  overlay,  and  the  horses  draw  abreast. 

c.  1833  LouDON  Encycl.  Archit.  §  1805  The  door  to  the 
coal-place  to  be  ii-inch  proper  ledged;  hung  with  hooks 
and  riders  (bands),  fixed  in  the  wall. 

d.  1836  Backwoods  of  Canada  188  Breach  y  cattle.. will 
even  toss  down  a  fence  with  stakes  and  riders  for  protection. 
a  1862  THOREAU   Cape  Cod  ix,  Birchen   riders,  highest  of 
rails.     1885  Harper's  Mag.  Apr.  702/2  The  'riders'  of  his 
fences  were  always  heavy  and  straight. 

e.  1875  Encycl.  Brit.  III.  263/1  The  rider  in  this  case 
must,  of  course,  form  part  and  parcel  of  the  beam.     1886 
GUMMING   Electricity    treated    E*p.   44  A   rider    reading 
thousandths  of  an  ounce  on  the  beam  of  a  grocer's  balance. 

f.  1890  in  Cent.  Diet.     1892  POWELL  Smith-ward's  Fract. 
Print.  Hi.    463    Riders,  i.  e.,    rollers   working   on   rollers, 
materially  assist  distribution  and  good  inking. 

g.  1898  AllbuWs  Syst.  Med.  V.  433  The  riders  are  small 
squares    of  tinted  glass   provided  for  the  reading  of  the 
degrees  between  each  standard  gradation..  .For  the  reading 
of  the  units  nine  riders  are  required. 

h.  ifyftAllbutt's  Syst.Mett*\l.  234 Cylindrical, elongated, 
or  flat  emboli  are  usually  caught  a.s  riders  at  an  arterial 
bifurcation. 

13.  Gardening.   A  standard  tree  used  tempor 
arily  to  cover  the  upper  part  of  a  wall.     Sc. 

1816  in  Loudon  Encycl.  Card.  (ed.  2)  479  Against  low 
walls,  currants,  gooseberries,  and  raspberries  may  be  placed 
instead  of  riders.  1824  LOUUON  ibid.  478  Dwarfs  are  under 
stood  to  be  the  permanent  trees,  and  riders  merely  temporary 
plants  introduced  to  fill  up  the  upper  part  of  the  wall.  1860 
N.  PATEBSOM  Manse  Garden  (ed.  9)  65  Let  the  whole  be 
interspersed  with  riders,  if  your  wall  be  eight  feet  high. 

14.  Artillery.     (See  quot.) 

1802  JAMES  Mil.  Diet.,  Kidert  in  artillery  carriages,  a 
piece  of  wood  somewhat  higher  than  broad,  the  length  equal 
to  that  of  the  body  of  the  axle-tree,  upon  which  the  side- 
pieces  rest,  in  a  four-wheel  carriage. 

15.  attrib.t  as  f  rider  millstone,  the  upper  mill 
stone ;  rider-bolt  (see  90),  -joint  (see  10  a,  quot. 
1747),   -kelson  (see  KELSON  ib),   -roll  (see  n, 
quots.   1669-84),  -stone  (see  quot.   1686).     Also 
rider-like  adv. 

1548  THOMAS  Hal.  Diet.,  Marina,  the  rider  milstone.  1686 
ROBT.  PLOT  Nat.  Hist.  Staffordshire  iv.  §  17.  159  About 
Dudley  where  the  Iron-stone  lyes.,  of  a  considerable  thick 
ness,  it  is  divided,  .into  divers  measures  of  different  de 
nominations.  ..4.  The  Rider-stone.  1879  MRS.  H.  B.  PAULL 
tr.  Swiss  Earn.  Robinson  xxi,  Fritz  sat  rider-like  on  the 
now  tamed  onager. 

Kidered  (rsi-dajd),  a.     [f.  prec.] 

1.  Geol.  Of  rocks  :  Traversed  by  riders. 

1833-4  PHILLIPS  Gcol.  in  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VI.  771/1 
A  rock  thus  penetrated  by  strings  is  sometimes  said  to  be 
ridered.  Ibid,,  In  many  rocks  these  ridered  parts  are  very 
greatly  altered  from  their  original  state. 

2.  U.  S.  Of  a  fence :  Strengthened  with  riders. 
1890  C.  L.  NORTON  Political  Americanisms  95  Such  a 

fence  is  '  staked  and  ridered '  when  stakes  are  driven  in  the 

S3 


BIDERESS. 

angles  and  a  rider  laid  on  top  of  them.    1891  Harper's 
Mag  Mar.  544/2  The  staked  and  ridered  rail-fence. 

Ri'deress.  fare.  [f.  RIDER  -i-  -ESS.]  A  female 
rider  ;  a  horsewoman. 

1840  THACKERAY  Out  of  Town  vi,  Where  are  the  dear 
rideresses,  above  all?  1881  Contemf.  Rei:  Oct.  545  Freyja 

once  was  a  Cloud  Rideress  and  a  Swan  Virgin. 

Riderless,  a.     [-LESS.]     Having  no  rider. 

1847  in  WEBSTER.  1862  H.  KINGSLEY  Ravenshoe  liv,  He 
caught  a  riderless  horse,  and  the  cornet  mounted.  1883 
OILMOUR  Mongols  xxv.  304  His  horse  arrives  riderless,  and 
he  is  found  dead  on  the  plain. 

fig.  1874  LISLE  CARR  J.  Gwyiine  v,  Excluding  for  a  time 
all  dreamy  wanderings  of  the  riderless  mind. 

Bidership.  rare.  [f.  KIDEB  +  -SHIP.]  The 
position  or  office  of  a  rider  ;  f  rangershlp  (obs.). 

1450  Kails  o/Parlt.  V.  192/1  The  office  of  Ridership  within 
the  Forest  of  Delamare.  1485  Ibid.  VI.  382/1  The  Office  of 
Kydership  or  Maister  Forster  of  the  Forest  or  Chase  of 
Dertmore.  1821  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  XCIV.  493 
He  ventured  to  propose  the  abolition  of  all  ridershlps. 

t  Ride-way.   Obs.—1  [Cf.  MSw.  ridnyagA  (Sw. 

riih'ag-,  G.  reitweg,  Du.  rijwig.}     A  bridle-path. 

c  ,435  Torr.  Portugal  598  A  lytyl  whyll  be-fore  the  day 
He  toke  in  to  a  Ryde-wey  Hyme  self  to  meche  care. 

Ridge  (rid.?),  st.l  Forms  :  a.  I  hrycg,  hrygc 
(hryg-,  hryc-),  3-4  rug,  4  reg  ;  dal.  i  hrycge, 
3-6  rugge  (3,  5  ruge),  6  (9  dial.)  rudge,  4-5 
regge.  13.  1  hricg,hrie(e),hrig-,  ricg,  rihg;  dat. 
hricge,  hrigge,  rh-,  4-6  rigge,  rygge  (5  ryge), 
5-6  rydge,  6-7  ridg,  5-  ridge.  See  also  RIG  rf.1 
[Common  Teut.  :  OE./iryfg,  =OFris.  (h}>eg  (mod. 
Fris.  rich,  rich),  MDu.  rue  (Da.  rug),  ric,  rec  ;  also 
rugge,  rigge,  regge,  MLG.  rugge  (LG.  rugge,  riig), 
OHG.  hrttcci,  rucki,  etc.  (MHG.  rucke,  riicke,  G. 
riicken),  O\.  hryggr  (Norw.  and  Sw.  rygg,  Da. 
ryg)  :  —  Teut.  *hrugja-~,  of  uncertain  relationship. 

The  normal  ME.  representative  of  OE.  hrycg(e  is  rigge 
(later  ridge),  with  the  variants  rugge  (=  rudge)  in  south 
western  dialects,  and  rigge  (-  redge)  in  Kentish.  The 
northern  and  Sc.  form  is  RIG  sb.l  In  some  cases  it  is  un 
certain  which  form  is  denoted  by  the  spelling  rigge.] 

1  1.  The  back  or  spine  in  man  or  animals.   Obs. 

o.  c&97  K.  /ELFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  i.  28  Donne  xebijsS 
ba:t  folc  hira  hrycg  to  hefe^um  byrSenum.  c  IOOO/ELFRIC 
Saints'  Lilies  xxxiv.  1047  pa  jeseah  se  halja  wer  bait  bar 
s«et  an  deofol  on  baere  cu  hrycge.  c  1205  LAY.  540  pa  Grickes 
.  .wenden  him  beo  rugges.  Ibid.  1912  Corineus.  .  Dreid  Geo- 


bet  ope  be  regge  of  be  guode  kny3tesmit[etc.]. 
Higiien  (Rolls)  II.  177  pe  depnesse  bat  is  from  be  rugge  to 
be  wombe.  1463  ASHBY  Prisoner's  Rcfl.  27  Puttyng  on  me 
many  fals  lesyng,  Whyche  I  must  sutTyr  and  here  on  my  ruge. 

ft.  c  1000  Sax.  Leechd.  I.  290  5if  hors  on  hricge  o53e  on 
bam  bojum  awyrd  sy.  Ibid.  HI.  120  On  ban  hrigge.  c  1205 
LAY.  6718  pe  king  aras,.and  burne  he  warp  on  rigge.  a  1325 
Prose  Psalter  xlix.  18  pou  kest  my  wordes  byhynde  rygge. 
1393  LASGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xxn.  287  Sholde  no  curiouse  clobe 
come  on  bus  rygge.  c  1425  Leg.  Rood  (1871)  202  All  is  rede, 
Ribbe  and  rigge,  pe  bak  bledeb  a^ens  be  borde.  1470-85 
MALORY  Arthur  v.  iv.  165  The  dragon,  .smote  the  bore  on 
the  rydge  whiche  was  x  foote  large  fro  the  hede  to  the  taylle. 
1578  LYTE  Dodoens  391  Let  the  backe  or  ridge  be  anoynted 
therewithal  before,  or  at  the  first  comming  of  the  fittes  of 
the  Ague.  1381  MULCASTER  Positions  xxxvii.  (1887)  157 
Neither  refusing  the  saddle  on  his  ridg,  to  be  rid  on,  neither 
the  bit  in  his  mouth.  1607  TOPSELL  Serpents  (1658)  599 
Their  gall..  is  forced  to  the  mouth  by  certain  veins  under 
the  ridge  or  back-bone.  1678  BUTLER  Hud.  III.  iii.  673 
They  rob'd  me,  and  my  Horse,  And  stole  my  Saddle,.. 
And  made  me  mount  upon  the  bare-ridge. 

2.  The  top,  upper  part,  or  crest  of  anything,  esp. 
when  long  and  narrow,  a.  Of  the  sea,  waves, 
rising  ground,  hills,  etc. 

In  pi.  passing  into  sense  4. 

BeowulJ  '(Z.)  471  Sende  ic.  .ofer  waeteres  hrycg  ealde  mad- 
mas.  c  looo  Ags.  Ps.  (Thorpe)  Ixviii.  2  Com  ic  on  saes  hricg. 

14..  Tretyce  in  Walter  of  Henley's  Husb.  (1890)  47  pe 
come  b'  is  in  be  ryge  off  be  lande.  1523  FITZHERB.  Husb. 
§  16  Make  a  depe  holowe  forowe  in  the  rydge  of  the  lande. 
1555  EUEN  Decades  (Arb.)  155  The  rydgies  also  of  these 
mpuntaynes  are  diuided  with  .  .  valleis.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  II, 
I.  i.  64,  1  would,  .meete  him,  were  I  tide  to  runne  afoote  Euen 
to  the  frozen  ridges  of  the  Alpes.  1665  SIR'!'.  HERBERT  Trav. 
(1677)  ii  Dancing  upon  the  ridge  of  dreadful  waves.  1669 
WORLIDGE  Syst.  Agric.  275  The  Ridge,  the  upper  edge  of 
a  Bank,  or  othet  rising  Land.  X737[S.BERiNGTON]jl/£;«.  C7. 
de  Lucca  (1738)  89  We  were  almost  on  the  Ridge  of  Africa, 
which  made  it  cooler  than  one  can  well  believe.  1788  GIBBON 
Decl.  %  F.  xlix.  V.  123  The  Pentapolis.  .advanced  into  the 
midland  country  as  far  as  the  ridges  of  the  Apennine.  1839 
THIRLWALL  Greece  xiv.  II.  215  They,  .hastily  retraced  their 
march  over  the  ridge  of  Tmolus.  1879  BROWNING  Pheidip- 
pides  57  Such  my  cry  as,  rapid,  I  ran  over  Fames'  ridge. 
fig.  1678  DRYDEN  All  for  Love  H.  i,  Is  this  the  Man  who 
.  .  Drives  me  before  him,  To  the  World's  Ridge,  and  sweeps 
me  off  like  Rubbish  ?  1823  BYRON  Juan  xi.  xxiii,  Night  was 
on  the  ridge  Of  twilight.  1878  SPURGEON  Treas.  Dav.  Ps. 
cxxx.  5  As  of  one  on  the  ridge  of  a  journey,  looking  onward 
on  his  way. 

b.  Of  the  back,  or  other  parts  of  the  body. 

c  1550  H.  LLOYD  Treas.  Health  T  i,  Mingle  the  Joyce 


-  Mel.  v.  Wks.  1856  I.  6oAbush  of  furs 
ontheridgeofhischinr.e.  1641  BEST  farming-  fiks.  (Surtees) 
i  Close  tuppes  are  such  as  have  both  the  stones  in  the  ridge 
of  the  back.  1690  S.  BLANCARD  Lei:.  Jtled.  339  Isthmus 
'•'  i,  T,'.S  °f  the  nostrils.  1759  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  82 
The  line  that  forms  the  ridge  of  the  nose.  1774  GOLDS.M. 
.Vat.  Hist.  (1776)  III.  185  The  short  bristles. .gradually  en- 


658 

crease  in  length, as  they  approach  th«  ridge  of  the  back.  1876 
SWINBURNE  Erecktheus  1374  The  ridge  of  their  necks  as  the 
wind-shaken  mane  on  the  ridges  of  waves.  1888  Harpers 
Mag.  July  186,  I  made  out  the  horns,  neck,  and  the  ridge 
of  the  tack  of  a  tremendous  old  bull. 
fig.  1671  WOODHEAD  St.  Teresa  i.  xx.  129  This  kind  of 
Soul  is . .  upon  the  very  top,  or  ridge,  as  one  may  say,  of  itself. 

3.  The  horizontal  edge  or  line  in  which  the  two 
sloping  sides  of  a  roof  meet  at  the  top ;  the  upper 
most  part  or  coping  of  a  roof. 

c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  Luke  iv.  9  Da  laedde  he  hyne.  .&  gesette 
hine  ofer  f aes  temples  hricg  [Hatton  ricg]. 

1503  HAWES  Examp.  Virt.  x.  178  A  lytell  brydge  Not 
halfe  so  brode  as  a  hous  rydge.  1556  RECORDE  CastU 
Knowl.  114  A  three  cornered  forme  like  the  rygge  of  an 
house  where  tone  syde  lyeth  flatte,  and  the  other  two  leane 
a  slope.  1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  ii.  i.  227  Leades  [are]  fill'd,  and 
Ridges  hors'd  With  variable  Complexions;  all  agreeing  In 
earnestnesse  to  see  him.  1662  GERBIER  Principles  9  A  Chim 
ney  some  two  Foote  higher  than  the  Ridges  of  the  Roof  of 
a  Building.  1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  n.  v,  Here  I  sat  for  w>me 
Time,,  .expecting  every  Moment,  .to  fall,  .and  come  tum 
bling.,  from  the  Ridge  to  the  Eves.  1833  LOUDON  Encycl. 
Archit.  §  849  To  cover  the  whole  of  the  roofing  with  old 
sound  plain  tiles..,  the  hips,  ridges,  and  eaves  in  mortar. 
1876  \V.  P.  BUCHAN  Plumbing  iii.  16  Zinc  ridges  are  made 
of  sheet  zinc.  1884  Law  Times  Rep.  LI.  161/2  The  attach 
ments  to  buildings  were  made,  .by  a  bolt  screwed  into  the 
lead  of  the  ridge. 

Prov.  1562  HEYWOOD  Prov.  fy  Epigr.  (1867)  50  A  man 
may  loue  his  house  well,  Though  heryde  not  on  the  rydge. 
b.  Fortif.  f^See  quot.) 

1853  STOCQUELER  Mil.  Encycl^  Ridge.. is  the  highest  part 
of  the  glacis  proceeding  from  the  salient  angle  of  the  covered 
way.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1939/1- 

4.  A  long  and  narrow  stretch  of  elevated  ground  ; 
a  range  or  chain  of  hills  or  mountains. 

938  in  Birch  Cartul.  Sax.  II.  431  Anlang  hrycges  to  dWe 
eoroburh.  941  Ibid.  498  West  5onan  on  done  hrycg.  a  1000 
Ibid.  I.  229  ^Erest  of  sse  upp  on  Hatngestes  ricg ;.  .swa  nord 
andiang  rihges. 

1538  LELANU  I  tin.  (1769)  VII.  10  There  is  a  grete  Hill  or 
Rigge,  that  stretchethe..from  Glassenbyry  on  to  within  2 
Miles  of  Bridgewater.  1574  HELLOWES  Gweuarafs  Fam. 
Ep.  (1577)  367  This  hill  or  ridge  ioyneth  vnto  the  citie.  1604 
E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acostas  Hist.  Ind.  \\\.  xx.  184  There 
are  two  ridges  of  mountaines  which  runne.. in  one  altitude. 
1671  New  York  Col.  Doc.  (1853)1!!.  195  They  saw  a  Ridge 
of  Mountains  lyeing  N.  and  S.  1737  [S,  BERINGTON]  Mem, 
G.  de  Lucca  (1738)  158  Vast  ridges  of  Mountains  in  the 
Heart  of  the  Country.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  L 
136  In  Holland,  which  is  all  a  flat,  they  shew  a  little  ridge 
of  hills,  near  the  sea-side.  1815  ELPHINSTOXE  Ace.  Caubul 
(1842)  I.  129  There  are  three  branches,  which  stretch  from 
ttie  great  ridge  at  right  angles  to  the  inferior  ranges.  1880 
HAUGHTON  Phys.  Geogr.  v.  208  The  Kenia  ridge  has  de 
prived  the  Equatorial  lakes  of  fully  one-half  of  their  natural 
rainfall  supply. 

fig.  1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  57  Here  runs  the  mountainous 
and  craggy  ridge  That  tempts  ambition. 

b.  A  line  or  reef  of  rocks. 

1695  Phil.  Trans.  XIX. 35  The  Riff  or  Ridge. .descending 
a  little  towards  the  Eastward.  1769  HOME  Fatal  Disc.n, 
Fast,  on  a  ridge  of  rocks,  a  wreck  appear 'd.  1867  SMYTH 
Sailors  ll'ord-l>k.  572. 

c.  Meteorol.     (See  quots.) 

1883  Daily  News  15  Sept.  2/7  The  'ridge*  of  high  pres- 
sure  which  layover  our  islands  onThursday.  1887  Ibid.  lojan. 
3/5  A  '  ridge '  lay  over  that  region,  and  the  sky  was  clear. 

5.  Agric.     A  raised  or  rounded  strip  of  arable 
land,  usually  one  of  a  series  (with  intermediate 
open  furrows)   into  which  a  field  is  divided   by 
ploughing  in  a  special  manner.     (Cf.  LAND  sb*  7.) 

t  To  spare  neither  ridge  nor  furrow  ;  see  FURROW  sb.  i. 
c  1380  Sir  Ferumb.  1565  pay..Ne  spared  rigges  no|>er 
vores  til  J?ay  mette  bat  pray,     c  1440  Pallad.  on  Husb.  \. 
1151  Lete  se  the  litel  plough,  the  large  also,  the  rigges  \i~.r. 
londes]  forto  enhance.     1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §7  He  seeth 
not  whether  the  plough  go  in  rydge  or  rayne.  1577  B.  GOOGE 
Hcresback's  Husb.  i.  (1586)  23  b,  As  we  leaue  betwixt  two 
Furrowes  a  Ridge,  for  the  drie  keeping  of  the  graine  like 
a  Garden  bedde.    1649  BLITHE  Eng.  Iwprov.  Impr.  79  Con 
sider  thy  Land  how  it  lyeth,  whether  round  with  Ridg  and 
Furrow  [etc.].    1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  1. 168  Th'  aspiring 
Off-spring  of  the  Grain  O'ertops  the  Ridges  of  the  furrow'd 
Plain.     1733  TULL  Horse-Hoeing  Husb.  120  note^  This  Ob 
servation  was  before  I  planted  my  Rows  on  high  Ridges. 
1787  WINTER  Syst.  Husb.  276  A  few  buts  or  short  ridges, 
which  were  planted  with  a  proportion  of  one  bushel  to  an 
acre.     1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  I.  465  Heavy  land  is 
formed  into  narrow  ridges,  to  allow  the  rain  to  flow  quickly 
into  the  open  furrows.     1884  ALLEN  Amer.  Farm  Bk.  103 
'1  he  depth  of  the  furrow  should  be  about  one-half  its  width, 
,    and  the  land  or  ridges  as  wide  as  can  conveniently  be  made. 
trans/.   1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  236  Each  Warriour.  .expert 
i    When  to.. turn  the  sway  Of  Battel,  open  when,  and  when 
|    to  close  The  ridges  of  grim  Warr. 

Comb.  1851  Art  Jrnl.  Hist.  Exhib.  22/2  Among  other 
|  striking  examples  of  the  ingenuity  of  the  originators  and 
!  constructors  of  the  Crystal  Palace  is  the  ridge-and-furrow 
I  roof.  1871  KINGSLEY  At  Last  ii,  Gullies  sawn  in  the  slopes 
i  ..giving.,  a  ridge-and-furrow  look  to  this  and  most  other  of 
|  the  Antilles. 

b.  Used  as  a  measure  of  land. 

The  size  of  ridges  varied  greatly  in  different  parts  of  the 
country ;  cf.  Stephens  Bk.  Farm  (1844)  !•  4^5. 

967  in  Birch  Cartul.  Sax.  III.  486  pact  lytle  linland  eal 
butan  anan  hrycge,  \>xm  westmsestan  twe^en  aeceras. 

1439  Brasenose  Coll.  Mnnim.  C2  7,  4  rygges  of  meadow 
in  Cropredy.  1631  Indenture,  Bucks,  3  ridges  or  butts. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  ir.  ii.  §  32  Smaller  parcells  according 
to  that  quantity  of  ground  it  containeth,.  .Ridges,  Butts, 
Flats,  Stitches  or  small  Butts,  Pikes.  1716  Lond.  Gaz.  No. 
5487/4  Also  four  or  five  Ridges  of  Arable  Land,  and  one 
Ley.  1875  MAINE  Hist.  Inst.  iv.  114  Such  was  their  num 
bers  that  (hey  used  not  to  get  but  thrice  nine  ridges  for 
each  man. 


RIDGE. 

c.  Ilort.  A  raised  hot-bed  on  which  cucumbers 
or  melons  are  planted. 

1725  Family  Diet.  s.v.  Melon,  To  make  Ridges  for  your 
Melons  and  Cucumbers,  of  the  same  kind  of  Dung  with  the 
Seed-Bed.  1796  C.  MARSHALL  Gardening  xiv.  (1798)  194 
The  hot-bed,  or  ridge  made  in  May,  for  hand-glass,  should 
be  sunk  in  a  dry  soil.  1847  MRS.  LOUDON  Amateur  Gar- 
detter  86/2  The  cucumbers  raised  from  seed  last  month 
should  now  be  planted  out  on  ridges. 

6.  A  narrow  elevation  or  raised  part  running 
along  or  across  a  surface. 

1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  4  A  reste-balkeis  where  the  plough 
.  .leaueth  a  lyttell  rydge  standynge  betwene.  1677  YARKAN- 


IJuini.  Lot'lfl.  uara.  11.  94  oirawuernes  uemg  iiKewise 
order'd  in  double  ridges,  in  Baskets  made  on  purpose.  1726 
SWIFT  Gulliver  iv,  i,  They  had  Beards  like  Goats,  and  a 
long  Ridge  of  Hair  down  their  Backs.  1757  W.  WILKTE 
Epigoniaii  VII.  228  A  tempest . .  began  to  blow  And  rear  in 
ridges  high  the  deep  below.  1796  WITHERING  Brit.  Plants 
(ed.  3)  II.  293  Seeds  small,  with  5  membranaceous  ridges. 
1810  CRABBE  Borough  xxii.  71  None  could  the  ridges  on  his 
back  behold.  1846  D^iKZoopli.  (1848)154  In  a  few  species, 
the  cells  are  confluent  also  across  the  ridges.  1872  YEATS 
'J'echii.  Hist.  Comm.  347  Dead-smooth  files  are.. of  so  fine 
a  cut  that  the  unaided  eye  cannot  discern  the  ridges. 

b.  =BAB  rf.1  7  a. 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl,  s.v.,  It  is  commonly  in  the  third  or 
fourth  Ridge  that  the  Farriers  strike,  in  order  to  bleed  a 
Horse  whose  Mouth  is  over  heated.  [1831  YOUATT  Horse 
133  The  hard  palate,  composed  of  a  firm  dense  substance 
divided  into  several  ridges  called  bars.]  1847  T.  BROWN 
Mod.  Farriery  198  The  palate,  divided  into  ridges  and  bars. 
1876  HUXLEY  in  Nature  XIV.  34/1  The  valleys  between 
the  various  ridges  are  not  filled  up  with  cement. 

c.  A  raised  line,  bank,  bed,  or  strip  0/something. 
1763  MILLS  Pract.  Hush.  IV.  364  The  French  vine-dressers 

..lay  along  that  side  of  the  vineyard,  .a  ridge  of  dry  litter. 
1800  \VOKDSW.  Brothers  31  The  snow-white  ridge  Of  carded 
wool  which  the  old  man  had  piled.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle 
Tom's  C.  xiv.  123  From  behind  some  dusky  cotton-bale,  or 
..over  some  ridge  of  packages.  i878Hi;xLEY  Physiogr.  168 
A  ridge  of  chalk  runs  across  the  island. 

7.  attrili.  and  Comb.  a.  In  sense  3  (or  related 
uses),  as  ridge-beam,  -board,  -cap,  -crest,  etc.  Also 
RIDGE-PIECE,  -POLE,  -TILE,  -TKEE. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  i.  18  The  composition  of  the 
Vertebres  compared  to  the  *ridgbeame  of  a  shippe.  1875 
KNIGHT  Diet.  .Mech.  1939/1  Ridge-beam,  a  beam  at  the 
upper  ends  of  the  rafters  beneath  the  ridge.  1833  LOUDON 
Encycl,  Archit.  §  1301  The  *ridge-board,  8  inches  and  a 
half  by  i  inch  and  a  half,  [to  be]  of  red  deal.  1881  YOUNG 
Every  Man  his  own  Mechanic  §  970  The  rafters  may  abut 
after  the  manner  of  rafters  against  the  ridge-board  or  pole 
of  a  span  roof.  1787  W.  MARSHALL  Proa.  Nor/.  (1795) 
II.  387  Roofing,  the  *ridge-cap  of  thatched  roofs.  1849 
Ecclesiologist  IX.  161  There  are  rich  but  over  large 
'ridge-crests  to  the  chancel.  1856  KANE  Ant.  Expl.  II. 
xvi.  170  A  neat  housing  of  light  canvas  was  stretched  upon 
a  *ridge-line  sustained  fore  and  aft  by  stanchions.  1850 
PARKER  Gloss.  Arch.  (ed.  5)  388  note.  The  longitudinal 
*ridge-rib  runs  along  the  apex  of  the  main  vault;  the  trans 
verse  ridge-rib  crosses  this  and  runs  along  the  apex  of  the 
cross  vault.  1879  BARING-GOULD  Germany  II.  355  English 
architects  alone  used  the  ridge  rib,  running  the  whole  length 
of  the  church  and  uniting  the  keys.  1833  LOUDON  Encycl. 
Archit.  §  1301  The  Bridge  roll  (a  piece  over  which  the  lead 
is  turned  on  ridges  and  hips).  1883  HARDWICK  Phot.  Chem. 
299  Many  operators  prefer  to  work  in  what  is  called  a  *ridge- 
roof  studio.  1833  LOUDON  Encycl.  Archit.  1130/1  *Ridge- 
spikes,  nails  with  broad  heads  for  fastening  on  lead.  1535 
COVERDALE  Ezek.  xlvi.  23  There  went  a  *rygge  wall  rounde 
aboute  them  all  foure. 

b.  In  sense  5,  as  ridge-are  (EAR  ».»),  -breadth, 
-furrow,  -hoe,  -method,  etc. 

Also  ridge-drill,  -harrow,  -plough  (Knight  Diet.  Mecli.). 
For  ridge-and-fvrrtnu  see  sense  5. 

1649  BLITHE  Eng.  Improv.  Impr.  79  If  it  be  Lands  &  great 
Balkes  together,  then  for  the  Lands  Plough  them  as  you 
please,  that  is,  whether  *Ridge-Are  [etc.].  1806  ].  GRAHAME 
Birds  of  Scot.  141  A  *ridge-breadth  round  The  partridge 
nest.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  666  Rendering 
them  drier  by  deepening  the  "ridge-furrows.  1858  SIMMONDS 
Diet.  Trade,  *Ridge-hoe,  a  field  implement  for  row-culture, 
of  which  there  are  several  combinations.  1805  R.  W.  DICK- 
SON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  687  In  setting  the  plants  out,  in  the 
"ridge  method,  it  is  necessary  to  have  them  placed  in  lines 
as  regularly  as  possible.  1817-8  COBBETT  A' esid.  C/.S.  (1822) 
71  The  'ridge-sowing  method,  or  the  broad-cast  method. 
1786  ABERCRO.MBIE  Gard.  Assist.  II  Blending  the  whole 
together  into  an  heap  "ridgeways.  1725  Family  Diet. 
s.v.  Mushroom-teds,  The  Dung  should  be  welj  mixd.. 
and  thrown  into  the  Trench  two  Foot  up  *Ridge-wise. 
1765  Museum  Rust.  III.  88  The  manner  of  performing  the 
*ridge-work,  or  laying  up  the  soil  for  the  winter. 

c.  Misc.,  as  ridge-form,  -like,  -line,  -nose,  etc. 
1703 1.ond.  Gaz.  No.  3945/4  A  black  Cart  Gelding,  .with. . 

a  ridge  Nose.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  I.  PI.  31 
A  white-thorn  hedge,,  .cut.  .in  the  ridge  form,  or  broad  at 
bottom  and  narrow  at  the  top.  iSiSCoLERlDGE  Lay  Serin. 
(Bohn)  379  Afew.. whose  ample  foreheads,  with  the  weighty 
bar,  ridge-like,  above  the  eyebrows,  bespoke  observation. 
1833  H  ERSCHEL  Astron.  iii.  156  The  bottoms  of  valleys  and 
the  ridge-lines  of  hills.  1877  BRYCE  Transcaucasia  i.  35 
Looking  from  one  of  these  billowy  ridge-tops  across  the 
vast  expanse. 

8.  Special  combs.  :  ridge-fillet,  ridge  myrtle 
(see  quots.)  ;  ridge  stone,  (a)  a  curb-stone  ior  a 
well ;  (/>)  a  coping-stone  for  the  ridge  of  a  house ; 
ridge  stay,  dial.,  a  ridge-band;  ridge-tackle 
(see  quot.) ;  ridge- washed  a.  (see  quot.)  ;  ridge- 
with  (ridgeworth,  etc.),  dial.,  a  ridge-band  (cf. 
RIG-WITH). 

1875  KNIGHT  Did.  Mech.,  "Ridge-fillet,  i.  (Architecture), 


RIDGE. 


659 


RIDGING, 


the  fillet  between  two  channels  of  a  pillar.  2.  (Founding), 
the  runner  or  principal  channel.  1889  MAIDEN  Useful 
Native  PL  276  Melaleuea  genistifolia,. .'  "Ridge  Myrtle  '. 
Called  '  Ironwood'  in  Queensland.  1838  HOLLOW  AY  Prov. 
Dicf.,  *Ridge  stay,  1694  in  Picton  IS  pool  Mimic.  Rec. 
(1883)  I.  320  Some  *ridg  stones  may  be  sett  round  the  mouth 
of  the  well.  1829  Gl0i<er*s  Hist.  Derby  I.  91  At  Penmen 
common  quarry,  ridge  stones  are  prepared,  sawed  out  like 
an  angular  trough.  1899  MACKAY  fntrod.  to  Lindesay  of 
Pitscotties  Chron.  (S.T.S. )  34  A  few  of  the  ridge  stones  were 
unearthed  some  years  ago.  1794  Rigging  fy  Seaman 
ship  177  *Ridge  Tackle  is  composed  of  a  double  block  and 
a  single  block,  strapped  with  an  eye  :  it  is  used  to  suspend 
the  awning  in  the  middle.  1823  CRABBE,  "*  Ridge-washed- 
kersey  (Mech.),  kersey-cloth  made  of  fleece  wool,  washed 
only  on  the  sheep's  back.  1552  HULOHT,  *Ridgwyth  for 
a  cart.  ci7oo  KENNET  in  MS.  Lansd.  jojj,  fol.  322  A 
Ridge-with,  the  rope  that  is  fastned  to  the  rods,  and  goes 
over  the  saddle  of  the  Pillar.  Chesh,  1854-  in  Lane., 
Chesh.,  and  Northampton  glossaries. 

t  Ridge,  sb£  Obs.  Cant.  [Origin  obscure.] 
Gold ;  gold  coin.  Also  f  Ridge-cully,  a  gold 
smith. 

1665  R.  HEAD  Eng.  Rogue  !.  iv,  Ridgc-cnlly,  a  Goldsmith. 
[Hence  in  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant,  Crew  (a  1700),  and  later  Diets.] 
1796  Grose's  Diet.  Vulgar  7\,  Ridge,  a  guinea.  1812  J.  H. 
VAUX  Flask  Diet.,  Ridge,  gold,  whether  in  coin  or  any  other 
shape..;  a  cly-fult  of ridge ',  a  pocketful!  of  gold.  1834  H. 
AINSWOKTH  Rookwood  in.  v,  My  thimble  of  ridge  [  -gold 
watch]. 

Ridge  (ridg),  v.  Forms  :  5  ryge,  rigge,  6 
rygge,  rydge,  6- ridge  (6  ridgg,  7  ridg).  [f. 
RIDGE  sb.^-  An  OE.  hrycigende  occurs  as  a  gloss 
to  L.  resulcans.] 

1.  trans.  To  provide  (a  building)  with  a  ridge,  or 
a  proper  covering  for  this  ;  to  make  or  renew  the 
ridge  of  (a  house,  etc.).  Cf.  RIG  v.1  I. 


1445  in  ^tlt  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  (1876)  528/1  Paid 
William  Brownflet  for  rygyng  the  house  with  turfs,  -$d.  1496 
Will  of  Pimpe  (Somerset  Ho.),  Whereas  the  roffe  of  the 


body  of  the  said  churche  is  now  Rigged  wl  Rigge  tile  I  will 
that  it  be  rigged  w'  leede.  1595  in  Sheffield  Gloss.  (1888)  328 
That  the  copyholders  of  this  manor  shall . .  moss  and  ridgg 
the  west  end  of  the  mylne.  1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug.  Cilie  of 
God  xv.  xvii.  569  The  fittest  forme  for  to  keepe  of  the  rayne 
and  weather  was  to  bee  ridged  downe  a  proportioned 
descent  from  the  toppe  downeward.  1686  PLOT  Staffordsh. 
115  As  in  Oxfordshire,  .they  use  it  [sc.  turfj  frequently  to 
ridg  and  head  their  meaner  houses. 

2.  To  break  or  throw  up  (land,  a  field,  etc.)  into 
ridges.     Freq.  with  tip.     Cf.  RIG  v^  2. 

1523  FITZHERB.  Hitsb.  §  13  In  the  begynnynge  of  Marche, 
rydge  it  vppe  agayne.  Ibid.t  Than  let  hym  caste  his  barley- 
erthe,  and  shortly  after  rygge  it  agayne.  1549  LATIMKR 
Ploughers  (Arb.)  19  The  ploughman,  .breaketh  it  in  fur- 
roughes,  and  sometime  ridgeth  it  vp  agayne.  1580  HOLLY- 
BAND  Treas.  Fr.  Tong^  Seillonner  vne  terre^  to  ridge  a 
ground.  1677  PLOT  Oxfordsh.  239  Ridging  it  up  twice  or 
thrice  for  every  casting  tilth.  1733  TULL  Horse-Hoeing 
Hush,  xviii.  121  The  Soil  is  equally  rich,  whether  it  be 
plowed  plain  or  ridged  up.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract. 
Agric.  I.  366  The  land  may  be  again  ridged  up  by  means 
of  the  plough.  1839  R-  F-  BURTON  Centr.  Afr.  in  Jrnl. 
Geog.  Soc.  XXIX.  397  The  fields  are  neatly  ridged  with  the 
hoe.  1884  ALLEN  Amer.  Farm  Bk.  103  A  stiff  clay  is 
sometimes  ridged  up  by  turning  a  double  furrow. 

fig.  1549  LATIMER  Ploughers  (Arb.)  20  Nowe  ridgynge 
them  vp  agayne,  with  the  gospel. 

ahsol.  1868  Rep.  U.S.  Comm.  Agric.  (1869)  248  The  safest 
course  is  to  ridge  before  the  loth  of  November. 

3.  To  mark  with  or  as  with  ridges ;    to  raise 
ridges  or  ripples  upon  (a  surface). 

1671  MILTON  Samson  1137  Bristles.. like  those  that  ridge 
the  back  Of  chaft  wild  Boars.  1816  L.  HUNT  Rimini  i.  204 
The  branching  veins  ridging  the  glossy  lean.  1830  TENNY 
SON  Arab.  Nts.  35  A  motion  from  the  river  won  Ridged  the 
smooth  level.  1886  RUSKIN  Prxterita  I.  242  The  kind  of 
breeze  that  drifts  the  clouds,  and  ridges  the  waves. 

rejl.  1880  J.  LEGGE  Mem.  262  The  placid  sea  may  ridge 
itself  in  mountains. 

4.  To  plant  (put}  in  ridges  or  hot-beds. 

1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Cncumts,  The  common 
Allowance  for  ridging  out  the  earliest  Plants,  is  one  Load  to 
each.  .Hole.  1786  ABERCROMBIF.  Card.  Assist.  31  To  have 
a  proper  supply  for  ridging  or  planting^  into  large  hot-beds. 
Ibid.  32  Melons. — Sow  in  hot-beds,,  .ridge  out  into  strong 
hot-beds.  1851  B'ham  <V  Midi.  Card.  Mag.  Apr.  45  Sow 
in  frame  on  hot  bed,.  .Ridge  Cucumbers  [etc.].  1868  Rep. 
U.S.  Comm.  Agric.  (1869)  248  The  young  plants  make  a 
more  uniform  growth  when  ridged. 

b.  To  cover  in,  by  raising  ridges. 

1827  STEUART/'/aw^r'j  G.  (1828)496  The  practice  usually 
is,  to  dig  in  Farm-yard  Dung..;  or  sometimes  to  ridge  in 
the  dung.      1868  Rep.  U.S.  Comm.  Agric.  (1869)  422  The 
dressings  were  sown.. in  drills,  which  were  then  ridged  in. 

c.  To  arrange  in  ridges. 

xSai-30  LD  COCKBURN  Mem.  (1874)  iv.  220  It  ran  over  the 
sky-lines  of  people  ridged  on  all  the  buildings. 

5.  intr.  To  form  ridges;  to  rise  («/)  in  ridges. 
1864  TENNYSON  En.Ard.  525  The  Biscay,  roughly  ridging 

eastward,  shook  And  almost  overwhelmed  her.    1891  MERE 
DITH  One  of  our  Cong.  III.  x.  194  Dartrey's  forehead  ridged 
with  his  old  fury.      1899  Pall  Mall  Mag.  Jan.  9  The  veins 
ridged  up  upon  his  forehead. 
Hence  Ri'dging///.  a. 

1828  TENNYSON  Lover's  Tale  55  The  slowly-ridging  rollers 
on  the  cliff  Clash'd,  calling   to  each   other.     1885-94   R. 
BRIDGES  Eros  $•  Psyche  Apr.  xxix,  Hid  from  earth  by  ridg 
ing  summits  twain,  They  came  upon  a  valley. 

Ri'dge-band.  Now  dial.  Also  5  rigebound. 
[f.  RIDGE  sb^  +  BAND  j#.i]  =  BACKHAND. 

1418  in  Rymer  Ftritera  (1709)  IX.  543/1  Rigeboundes, 
Bellibondes,  &  Shotyng-ledders.  1611  COTGR.,  Dossiere, 
the  part  of  a  draught  norses  harnesse  which  runnes  ore- 
crosse  his  backe,  we  call  it  the  ridgeband.  1775  in  E,  Angl. 


Gloss.  (1895).  1838  in  Holloway  Pro"'.  Diet.  1854-  in  dial, 
glossaries  (Northampton,  Shropsh.,  Heref.,  Sussex). 

Ri'dge-bone.  Forms:  ihrycgban, 4-5  rugge-, 
4-6  rygge-,  rigge-  (5  ?ragge-),  5-6  rydge-,  5- 
ridgeboue  (6  ridg-)  ;  also  4  -boon,  5  -boone, 
4-5  -bon.  [OE.  hryighdnt  =  Q¥'r\s.  regben,  MI)u. 
n'g(ge}-9  ru^ge  \been  (Du.  ruggebeen}t  MLG. 
ruggebcn  (LG.  riigge-,  ritgbeii],  OIIG.  rukkipein 
(MUG.  rii(kbeiH)  G.  riukeitbeiri)t'$QVNtryggDeint 
Sw.  -ben,  Da.  rygben.]  The  spine  or  back-bone. 
Now  rare  or  Obs.  (common  £-1380-1610).  For 
northern  and  Sc.  examples,  sec  RIO-BONE. 

a  1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Lamb.)  xx.\i,  4  JZewend  ic  com  on..yrm- 
5um  inimim,  banne  tobrocen  biS  hrycgban. 

13..  Caw.  ^  Gr.  Knt.  1344  So  ryde  bay  of  by  resoun  lii 
J?e  rygge  bonez,  Kuenden  to  ^e  h.iunche.  1387  TREVISA 
Hlgden  (Rolls)  II.  383  1'erdix.  .made  it  i-tobed  as  a  rugge 
boon  of  a  fische.  c  1400  Lanfrancs  Ciriirg.  226  A  greet 
boch  bat  comeb  of  ^e  passioun  of  be  riggeboon.  c  1425 
Eng.  Cony.  Ircl.  142  My  fyngyr  ys  gretter  than  was  my 
faders  ryggebone.  1485  Bk,  St.  Allans  f  iij  b,  Than  schall 
ye  kyt  the  skyrtis..And  after  the  Ragge  boon  cuttis  euen 
also,  1547  BCOROK  ttrcv.  Health  cccxxii.  104  b,  The  backe 
bone  or  the  rydge  bone  the  which  may  have  many  diseases. 
1581  MULCASTKK  Positions  xxvii.  (1887)  105  It  helpeth  the 
ridgebone,  by  stowping,  bending,  and  coursing  about.  1651 
Raleigtts  Ghost  85  Throughout  the  whole  spine  or  rid.^c- 
boiie  of  the  back.  1765  J.  L.  JACKSON  Riding  7  The  rider 
..sitting  with  his  body  erect,  his  ridge  bone  answering  to 
the  ridge  bone  of  the  horse.  1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  viii, 
The  saddle  and  the  man  were  girthed  on  the  ridge-bone  of 
a. .  Flemish  mare. 

Ridged  (ridgd),  ///.  a.  [f.  RIDGE  st>.1  or  v. 
Cf.  ME.  broke-mtgget  broken-backed.]  Rising  in 
a  ridge  or  ridges  ;  marked  by  a  ridge  or  ridges. 

^1410  blaster  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  iv,  He  renneth 
with  leepes  and  with  rygged  and  stondyng  heere. 

1551  ROBINSON  tr.  M ore's  Utop.  i.  (1895)  31  Afterwarde 
they  founde  shyppea  wyth  rydged  kyeles.  1578  LYTE 
Dodoens  313  A  certayne  fruit  like  unto  small  peares,  saving 
they  be  ridged  alongest  the  sydes.  1622  DKAYTON  Poly- 
old.  xxvii.  n  So  lowd  the  Ecchoes  cry'd,  that  they  were 
heard  to  shreeke  To  Fournesse  ridged  Front.  1681  GREW 
Mitsxum  i.  iii.  51  A  kind  of  a  Ridged  Tail  or  Epiphysis. 
1687  A,  LOVELL  tr.  ThevenoCs  Trav.  i.  136  A  great  Room. . 
with  a  Ridged  Roof.  1726  LT-;OXI  Albcrti"s  Arc/tit.  I.  15/1 
Sloping  or  ridged  like  ordinary  mean  Houses.  1789  T. 
WRIGHT  Meth.  Watering  Meadows  (1790)  25  A  field  that 
has  been.,  left  by  the  plow  in  a  ridged  state.  1830  TENNYSON 
Sea  Fairies  39  When  the  sharp  clear  twang  of  the  golden 
chords  Runs  up  the  ridged  sea.  1870  HOOKER  Stud.  J-'lora 
329  Seeds  ridged  and  wrinkled. 

Ridged,  obs.  variant  of  RIGID  a. 

Ridgel  (ri'dsel).  Now  dial.  Forms  :  6-7 
ridgell,  8-9  ridgel,  9  rudgel ;  7-9  ridgil  (8  -ill, 
9  -ul)  ;  also  7  rigele,  -ell(e,  -il.  [App.  f.  RIDGE 
sb?-  I  (cf.  2  b,  quot.  1641),  the  testicle  being  sup 
posed  to  remain  near  the  animal's  back,  instead  of 
descending  into  the  scrotum. 

The  northern  forms  answering  to^vVi^r/and  ridg  c  ling  (see 
below)  are  RIGGALD  and  RICLIX(G  :  cf.  also  RIG  st>.J,  RIGGON, 
and  RIGGOT  '.] 

An  animal  which  has  been  imperfectly  castrated 
(for  spayed),  or  whose  genital  organs  are  not 
properly  developed ;  esp.  a  male  animal  (ram,  bull, 
or  horse)  with  only  one  testicle.  Also  attrib. 

1597  in  Sheffield  Gloss.  (1888)  328  That  no  persone.  .shall 
put  any  ridgell  tuppupon  the  moore.  .upon  payne  foreuery 
ridgell  so  found  xij^.  1641  BEST  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  154 
One  branded  rigelle  whye,  and  a  little  blacke  rigele  slot. 
1664  COTTON  Scarron.  iv.  (1741)  64, 1  hate  a  base  cowardly 
Drone  Worse  than  a  Rigil  with  one  Stone.  1697  DRYDEN 
yfrg.  Past.  ix.  31  O  Tityrus  tend  my  Herd..  And 'ware  the 
Libyan  Ridgils  butting  Head.  1723  DK.  WHARTON  True 
Briton  No.  59,  When  they  make  Ridgels,  I  have  known  as 
unlikely  things  hit  off.  1779 /VaY.  TVttMfiLXlX.  290  Nearly 
as  large.. as  those  of  the  ridgil],  the  bull  whose  testicles 
never  come  down.  1811  Sporting" Mag.  XXXVIII.  210  He 
would  not  give  so  much  fora  ridgil  as  for  a  clean-cut  horse. 
1884-  in  dial,  glossaries  (Chesh.,  Notts.,  Wore.,  Glouc.). 
1886  Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Assoc.  XVII.  42  Ridgling  or 
r~idgil..\s  still  used  in  Tennessee  and  the  West. 

trans/,  a  1625  FLETCHER  Women  Pleased  11.  vi,  A  pox  of 
yonder  old  Rigell  The  Captaine,  the  old  Captaine. 

Ri'dgelet.  Also  ridglet,  [f.  RIDGE  sb.\  + 
-LET.]  A  small  ridge,  esp.  of  earth. 

1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  17  Oct.  1774  Observ., 
Opened  the  potatoe-ridgelets  with  a  plow.  1787  —  Norfolk 
I.  234  If  the  land  lie  in  narrow  work,  the  ridglets  are  split. 
1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  592  'lo  plough  the 
land  into  ridglets  of  about  two  feet  six  inches  in  width. 
1852  DANA  Crust,  i.  249  One  of  the  ridgelets  or  rugae  ex 
tends  inward.  1863 —  Man.  Geol.  723  It  should  be  remem 
bered  that  mountains  are  relatively  to  the  size  of  the  earth 
but  little  ridgelets  on  its  surface. 

Ri'dgeling.  Now  rare.  Also  6  redge-,  7-9 
ridgling.  [-ING  or  -LING  :  cf.  RIGLIN.]  =  RIDGEL. 

1555  W.  WATREMAN  Fardle  Facions  n.  xi.  259  Create 
menne,  that  cannot  alwaie  haue  their  wiues  in  their  own  eye, 
appoincte  redgelinges,  or  guelte  menne  to  awaite  vppon 
them.  x68«  D'URFEV  Royalist  Prol.,  Yet  who  here  would 
refuse  a  kind  Intrigue;  Faith  none;  who  does  it,  is  a  Ridg 
ling  Whig.  1684  DRYDEN  Theocritus^  Idyl  iii.  5  O  Tityrus, 
tend  them  well,..  And  'ware  the  Ridgling  with  his  butting 
head.  1886  [see  RIUGEL].  1891  Hartland  Glossary  s.v. 
Ridger.  A  ridgel  or  ridgeling,  an  animal  half  castrated. 

Ridgeling  adv. :  see  HUGLLNG. 

Bi'dge-piece.  [KIDGE  j^.l  3.]  (See  quots. 
1823  and  1850.) 

1611  COTGK.  s.v.  Enfaistnre,  Pieces  d*enfaisturet  sparres, 
rafters,  ridge-peeces  of  timber. 

18*3  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build,  128  A  ridge-piece  is  a 


beam  at  the  apex  of  a  roof.  1833  Lor  DON  Encycl.  Archit. 
S  83  Ridge  pieces,  nine  inches  deep . . ,  rounded  0:1  the  top  for 
lead.  1850  PARKER  Gloss.  Anh.  (ed.  5>  388  A  piece  of 
timber  called  the  ridge-piece,  upon  which  the  upper  ends 
of  the  rafters  rest.  1863  IJARiNG-GorLD  Iceland  270  Then 
the  men  pulled  at  the  gable  ends,  heaved  the  ridgepiece 
aside,  and  broke  it  asunder. 

Bi'dge-pole.    [RIDGE  ^.1  3.] 

1.  The  horizontal  pole  of  a  tent. 

1788  FAICONBRIDGE  Afr.  Slave  Trade  5  The  sailors  first 
lash  the  booms  and  yards  from  mast  to  mast,  in  order  to 
form  a  ridge-pole.  1828  J.  M.  SPEARMAN  Brit.  Gunner 
(ed.  2)  391  Captain's  Marquee.  Ridge-pole,  length  6ft.  nin. 
1855  LONGP.  Hi  aw.  xiii.  155  Tied  him  fast.. To  the  ridge 
pole  of  his  wigwam.  1894  A.  ROBERTSON  Xnggets^  etc.  27 
The  sun  was.. shining  cheerily  through  the  thin  canvas. 
Three  magpies  were  chattering  on  the  ridge-pole. 
Jig.  1788  J.  MAY  Jrnl.  $•  Lett.  (18731  29  We.. began  to 
ascend  Alleghana. ,  .At  ten  o'clock  we  were  on  the  ridge-pole. 
b.  attrib.  in  riJge-pole  pine  («ee  quot.  . 

1885  ROOSI:VI:LT  Hunting  Trifis  306  The  forest  was  com 
posed  mainly  of  what  are  called  ridge-pole  pines,  which.. 
do  not  branch  out  until  the  stems  are  thirty  or  forty  feet  from 
the  ground. 

2.  A  horizontal  timber  at  the  ridge  of  a  roof, 
into  which  the  rafters  are  fastened. 

1833  Loi  DON  Kncycl.  Arc/tit.  §  1940  The  rid^e  pole  of 
such  a  roof  is  made  exactly  like  one  of  the  main  ribs  of  the 
principals.  1863  HAWTHORNE  Our  Old  Home  (1879)  80 
They  are  mostly  of  the  timber-and-plaster  kind,  with  bowed 
and  decrepit  ridge-poles.  1881  YOUNG  Every  Man  his  own 
Mechanic  §  1332.  614  The  rafters  are  notched  on  to  the  wall 
plates. -at  their  lower  end,  while  the  upper  end  of  each  is 
rested  against  the  ridge-pole. 

Hence  Bi'dge-poled  a. 

1861  RUSSELL  in  Times  10  July,  A  few  ridge-poled  tents, 
pitched  under  the  shade  of  some  trees. 

Rrdger.    rare.    [RiDGE  sb.l  or  z-.] 

1.  dial.    =RlDG£-BAM). 

1838  HOLLOWAY  Prov.  Diet.  1854  Miss  BAKKR  Northawpt, 
Gloss,  s.v.  Ridge-band,  Ridge-band. . in  Suffolk. .is  called 
ridger  ;.  .and  ridge-rope  in  London  and  Its  vicinity. 

2.  A  ridging  implement. 

1875  Rncycl.  Brit.  I.  315/2  An  implement  which  lie 
calls  a  Ridger  and  Subsoiler.  By  means  of  it  the  soil.,  is 
thrown  into  36-inch  ridpes.  aiSgo  Set.  Amer.  LXII.  181 
(Cent.  Diet.),  A  small  ridger  or  subsoiler  extending  below 
to  form  a  small  furrow  into  which  the  seed  is  dropped. 

Ri'dge-rope.     [RIDGE  j£.i] 

1.  dial.    =  RIDGE-BAND. 

1611  COTGR.,  Snrselle,  a  broad  and  great  band,,  .fastened 
on  either  side  of  a  thill,  and  bearing  vpon  the .  .saddle. .  .About 
London  it  is  called  the  Ridge-rope.  1854  [see  RIDGER  i]. 

2.  A'ant.   (See  quots.  1769  and  1867.) 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  Sanve-gardes,  the 
ridge-ropes  whicli  extend  the  nettings  of  a  ship's  head.  1846 
YOUNG  Naut.  Dicf.,  Ridge-ropes  (or  Man-ropes).  1857 
LD.  DUFFER  is  Lett.  HighLat.^.  3)  22. 1,  guessing  we  were 
in  for  it,  sent  down  the  topmasts,  ..rove  the  ridge-ropes,  and 
reefed  all  down.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.^  Ridge- 
rof>es  are  of  various  kinds.  Thus  the  centre-rope  of  an 
awning,  and  those  along  the  rigging  to  which  it  is  stretched, 
the  man-ropes  to  the  bowsprit,  safety  lines  from  gun  to  gun 
in  bad  weather — all  obtain  this  name. 

Jti'dget.     rare.     [RiDGE  j/'.1]      =  RlDGELKT. 

1791  W7MAKSHALL  JK  England  (1796)  II.  278  A  wrested 
plow . .forcing  up  the  ridgets.  1796  Ibid.  L  190  The  rows 
or  ridgets  of  soil  and  clods,  forced  up  by  the  plow. 

Bi'dge-tile.  Also  ridge  tile  (5  rigge,  7-8 
tyle).  [RIDGE  sbl~\  A  tile  used  for  roofing  the 
ridge  of  a  building. 

The  northern  form  rig~tile  is  found  a  little  earlier  :  see 
RIGJ^.I  5. 

1496  [see  RIDGE  v.  i].  1611  COTGR.,  Renf ester  vne  maison, 
to  put  new  ridge-ty les  on  it.  1677  PLOT  Oxfordsh.  64  Laid  on 
Mud-walls,  and  the  tops  of  Houses,  in  the  place  and  manner 
of  these  we  call  Ridge-tiles.  1726  SWIFT  Gulliverw.  v,  The 
Monkey  ..  let  me  drop  on  a  Ridge  Tyle,  and  made  his 
Escape.  1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  iv.  vii.  (1872)  III.  164  All 
prisons  and  Houses  of  Arrest  in  French  land  are  getting 
crowded  to  the  ridge-tile.  1831  Ord.  $  Regttl.  R.  Engin. 
xix.  100  The  Ridges  being  covered  with  lead,  or  Ridge  Tiles. 

Rrdge-tree.    [RIDGE  sbP\    =  RIDGE-POLE  2. 

1641  HEST/VWW.  Bks.  (Surtees)  148  They  will  so  we  downe 
theire  thatch  in  fower  places, .  .lastly,  aboute  a  yard  or  more 
belowe  the  ridge-tree.  1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  100 
Planks  being  well  spiked  down  upon  the  ridge-tree  and  upon 
the  silis  on  each  side.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  1. 187  If  a 
slated  roof  is  adopted,  there  should  be  a  ridge-tree  10  inches 
broad  by  2  inches  thick.  1879  Cossets  Techn.  Ediic.  II.  100. 

Bi-dgeway.  [OE.  hrycgweg  :  see  RIDGE  j<M  4 
and  WAY  sb.]  A  way  or  road  along  a  ridge,  esp. 
one  following  the  ridge  of  downs  or  low  hill- 
ranges.  Also  attrib. 

938  in  Birch  Cartul.  Sax.  II.  431  panon  on  Jwne  norS- 
mystan  hryc  wej.  a  1000  in  Kemble  Cod.  Dif>l.  III.  427 
On  Sone  beorh  to  oem  ricgwege ;  5onne  east  andlang 
hricgwe^es. 


street,  runs  just  above  this  place.  1861  SMILF.S  Engineers 
I.  157  In  some  districts  they  are  called  trackways  or  ridge- 
ways,  being  narrow  causeways  usually  following  the  natural 
ridges  of  the  country.  i88a  JESSOPP  Arcady  72  Across 
ridgeway  plantations,  furze  breaks,  and  short  cuts. 

Itidgeways,  -wise,  adv.,  see  RIDGE  j<M  7  b. 
Ridgid,  Bidgil(l:  see  RIGID,  RIDGEL. 
fRidgill- backed.  06s -°  (See  quot.) 

1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Asne*  A   Dos  d^asne^ ..ridgill-backed; 
bowed,  boughtie,  or  bowing  ;  highest  in  the  middle. 

Ri'dgiiig,  vbl.  sb.    [f.  RIDGE  v.-f-ETO1.] 

1.  The  action  of  making  or  covering  the  ridge  of 

83-2 


RIDGINGLY. 

a  house  ;  the  ridge  itself.   Also  altrili.,  as  ridging 
grass  (see  quot.  1864),  stone,  tile,  tree. 

1458  risitat.  S/,  Paul's  Churches  96  Orreum  indig< 
reparation!  cum  stramine  et  in  ryggyng.  1611  COTGR., 
Enfaiiturt,  a  ridge,  or  a  ridging;  or  the  frame  of  a  ridge, 
roofe,  or  house  top.  1752  RAY  Hist.  Ret.  311  The  spy  was 
hanged  on  what  they  call  the  ridging-tree  of  a  house.  1844 
H  STFMIFNS  fi'.:  J-'arm  I.  198  The  droved  angular  freestone 
ridging-stone.  .costs  6d.  a  lineal  foot.  1862  CataJ.  Internal. 
F  rhik  ,  Brit.  1  1.  No.  2286  Ridging,  roofing.and  flooring  tiles. 
1864  GKISEBACH  Flora  II'.  hi,/.  1st.  787  Ridging  grass 
Atiiithcrtint  bicortu:  .  . 

2.  The  action  of  ploughing  in  ridges,  or  of  rising 
up  in  ridges.  Also  with  ;//. 

1513  FITZHERB.  Ihisb.  §  13  The  whiche  ryggynge  maketh 
the  lande  to  be  drye.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSOS  1'ract.  Agnc. 
II  647  The  ridging  up  of  the  land  may  be  of  utility.  1834 
Penny  Cycl.  1  1.  224  Sometimes  two  ridges  are  set  up  against 
each  other,  which  Is  called  ridding  or  bouting.  1897  GECK.E 
Anc.  Volcanoes  Ct.  Brit.  I.  12  The  ridging  up  of  any  part 
of  the  terrestrial  crust. 

attrit.  1875  KNIUIIT  Diet.  Mcch.  1939/2  A  ridgmg-plow, 
the  wings  of  which  are  expanded  or  contracted  by  segmental 
racks  and  a  pinion. 

Ridgingly,  adv.     rare-",     [f.  KIDGE  v.] 

1551  HULOET,  RiHgytlglye,  or  after  the  maner  of  rydges. 
' 


660 


, 

Ridgy  (ri-tljji),  a.  '[(.  RIDGE  rf.i  +  -y.]  Rising 
in  ridges,  or  after  the  manner  of  a  ridge. 

1607  DRVDEX  I'irg.  Gcorg.  \.  599  Ridgy  Roofs  and  Tiles. 
—  .-Entid  in.  739  To  Heav'n  aloft  0:1  ridgy  waves  we 
ride  1718  KOWE  tr.  Lncan  iv.  251  Long  rows  of  ridgy 
mountains  run  lieliind.  1783  W.  F.  MAHIYX  Geagr.  Mag. 
II  139  Cleves..is  said  to  derive  its  name  from  its  ridgy 
situation.  1791  W.  BAKTKAM  Carolina  182  A  very  ridgy 
horny  cartilage.  1810  CHABBB  Borough  i.  182  Faint,  lazy 
waves  o'ercreep  the  ridgy  sand.  1849  RVSKIN  Sev.  Lamps 
iii.  §  xxii.  89  A  low  ridgy  process  is  seen  emerging  along  the 
outer  edge  of  the  cylindrical  shaft.  1880  Miss  BIRD  Japan 
1.  314  The  back  bones  of  all  (the  horses]  are  ridgy. 

C'aiuf.  1872  JESKIXSOX  Guide  Eng.  Lakes  334  To  the 
right  of  Skiddaw  is..  the  ridgy  fronted  Blencathara. 

Hence 


1872  C.  KING  Sierra  Nevada,  v.  TOO  The  eye.. took  cog- 
iii/ance  of  a  certain  ridgy  ness  of  surface. 

t  Ridibirndal,  a.  Obs.—1   [f.  L.  rldibund-w} 

f.  riders  to  laugh.]     Inclined  to  laughter. 

1652  UBQUHAKT  Jewel  Wk*.  (1834)  231  With  no  less  im- 
l>etuoMiy  of  ridibundal  passion.. she  fell  back  in  a  swoon. 

t  Ri'dide.  Obs.   rare.     =  next. 

1570  FOXE  A.  -V  M.  (ed.  2)  194/1  So  was  the  comming  & 
assaulting  of  their  enemies  to  the  people . .  but  a  trifle,  to  the 
king  but  a  ridicle.  Ibid.  942/1  So  minde  I  to  leaue  it  stil 
vnto  them  selues,  with  other  their  apishe  toyes  and  ridicles, 
as  thinges  worthy  to  be  laught  at. 

Ridicule  (ri'diki«l),  j£.i  [a.  F.  ridicttle  or  ad. 
L.  ridiathtm,  neut.  of  rldicuhts  :  see  RIDICULE  <z.] 

1.  A  ridiculous  or  absurd  thing,  feature,  charac 
teristic,  or  habit ;  an  absurdity.     Now  rare. 

1677  GALE  Crt.  Gentiles  in.  201  In  this  Masse-Sacnfice 
what  a  world  of  ridicules  are  there.  1690  Andres  Tracts 
I.  143  The  purchasing  of  the  Natives  Right,  was  made 
nothing  of,  and  next  to  a  Ridicule.  176*  GIBBON  Misc. 
Wks.  (1814)  IV.  139  Monarchs-.have  their  private  life,  and 
may  not  the  ridicules  of  it  be  displayed  upon  the  stage? 
1785  '  C-T-SS  OF  R.1  Ess.  II.  33  The  English  have  taken  it 
into  their  heads  to  assume  all  the  ridicules  of  their  neigh 
bours.  1802  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Moral  T.  (1816)  I.  viii.  51 
Not  that  any  folly  or  ridicule  escaped  his  keen  penetration. 
1850  MACAULAY  inTrevelyan  Life  (1875)  II.  273  He  marked 
every  fault  of  taste,  every  weakness,  every  ridicule.  1867 
Q.  Rev.  July  16  This  comedy.. summed  up, .the  vices  and 
ridicules,  .of  the  '  great '  of  the  present  time. 

fb.  A  subject  of  ridicule  ;  a  laughing-stock. 

1680  Honest  Cavalier  7,  I  am  so  far  from  making  a  Ridi 
cule  (as  you  call  it)  of  that  Worthy  Person  that  [etc.].  1694 
WOOD  Life  23  June,  Imposing  upon  a  generous  person  and 
making  him  a  ridicule  to  the  company. 

2.  Ridiculous  nature  or  character  (of  something). 
1711  ADDISON  Sfcct.  No.  18  P  6  It  does  not  want  any 

great  Measure  of  Sense  to  see  the  Ridicule  of  this  monstrous 
Practice.  1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  xxix.  II.  147  Leo  was 
fully  acquainted  with  the  ridicule  and  falsity  of  the  doc 
trines.  1824  Miss  FERRIER  Inker.  Ix,  He.. seemed  quite 
unconscious  of  the  ridicule  of  such  a  supposition.  1859 
J.  C.  HOBHOUSE  Italy  I.  148  Cicognara  luckily  saw  the 
ridicule  of  such  a  project,  and  stopped  it.  01864  HAW 
THORNE  Amer.  Note-bks.  (1879)  I.  69  The  man  seemed  too 
simple.. to  comprehend  the  ridicule  of  his  situation. 
b.  That  which  is  ridiculous  ;  ridiculousness. 
1711  ?  HUGHES  Sp-.'ct.  No.  467  F  i  We  rather  delight  in  the 
Ridicule  than  the  Virtues  we  find  in  others.  1739  LAW 
Serious  C.  \.  (1732)  3  We  see  such  a  mixture  of  Ridicule  in 
the  lives  of  many  people.  1769  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Rome  (1786) 
I.  423  A  desire  of  uniting  in  himself  incompatible  qualities, 
which  gave  an  air  of  ridicule  to  his  greatest  actions.  1804-6 
SYD.  SMITH  Mor.  Philos.  (1850)  365  If  a  nation  of  savages 
were  lo  see  such  a  drama  acted,  they  would  see  no  ridicule 
in  it  at  all. 

3.  The  act   or  practice  of  making   persons   or 
things  the  object  of  jest  or  sport ;   language  in 
tended  to  raise  laughter  against  a  person  or  thing. 

1690  TEMPLE  Ess.  Poetry  Wks.  1720  I.  240  Another  Vein 
which  has  enter'd,  and  help'd  to  corrupt  our  Modern  Poesy, 
is  that  of  Ridicule;  as  if  nothing  pleas'd  but  what  made  one 
laugh.  1712  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  291  f  8  A  Man  who  has 
the  Gift  of  Ridicule  is  apt  to  find  Fault  with  any  thing  that 
gives  him  an  Opportunity  of  exerting  his  beloved  Talent. 
1736  BUTLER  Anal.  Introd.,  The  system  of  Religion., is  not 
a  subject  of  ridicule.  1798  FERRIAR  lllustr.  Sterne,  etc.  6 
Which  give  an  appearance  of  extravagance  to  what  was 
once  correct  ridicule.  1844  TIIIRLWALL  Greece  VIII.  117  He 
had  to  sustain  a  storm  of  reproach  and  ridicule  from  his  own 
people.  1875  HELPS  Sac.  Press,  iii.  56  Such  a  proposal  is 
ju»t  one  of  those  things  which  admits  of  great  ridicule. 


b.  To  turn  \iti}to  ridicule,  to  make  ridiculous. 

1673  DRVDKN  Alarr.  a  l»i  Mode  in.  i,  MetMnks  I'm  to  be 
turn'd  into  ridicule  by  all  that  see  me.  1702  AUDISON  Dial. 
blctlals  Wks.  1736  1  1  1.  1  1  The  very  naming  of  them  is  almost 
sufficient  to  turn  them  into  ridicule.  1784  COWPER  Task 
v.  689  Tis  a  change  That  turns  to  ridicule  the.  .stately  tone 
of  moralists. 

t4.  A  piece  of  derisive  ninth  or  light  mockery. 

1710  ADDISOX  Whig  E.vani.  _No.  i  F  14  That..  piece  of 
raillery,  .appears  a  pleasant  ridicule  to  an  ignorant  Reader. 
'755  H.  WAI.  POLE  Let.  to  Bentley  17  Dec.,  There  never  \va> 
so  good  a  ridicule  of  all  the  formal  commentators  on  Shak- 
speare.  1774  KARL  PERCY  Lett.  (1902)  45,  I  have  sent  you 
enclosed  a  Ridicule  upon  the  Gen1  Congress. 

Ridicule,  sb.*  Ol>s.Q\c,dial.  [a.  F.  ridicule, 
perversion  of  I'Midde.]  =RETICTLE  2. 

1805  \\  \KR\L  Scents  of  Life  II.  105  Angela  instantly  drew 
the  paper  from  her  ridicule.  1824  CREEVEY  in  C.  Paftrs 
(1904)  II.  78  Having  deposited  and  left  upon  the  counter  her 
ridicule.  1838  DICKONS  O.  Twist  xlii,  '  Pockets,  women's 
ridicules,  houses,  mailcoaches..,'  said  Mr.  Claypole. 

t  Ri'dicule,  <*.  Ol>$.  [a.  F.  ridicule^  ad.  L. 
riditiihts,  f.  ridcre  to  laugh.]  =  RIDICULOUS  a.  i. 

1672  MARVELL  Kelt.  Tramp,  i.  54  Our  Author  having 
undertaken  to  make  Calvin  and  Geneva  ridicule.  1674 
Case  of  Bankers  ft  Creditors  vii.  31  It  was  thought  very 
pleasant  and  ridicule.  1683  D,  A.  Art  Converse  28  Let  us 
not  discover  by  a  suddam  lit  of  anger  our  ridicule  ambition. 

Rrdicule,  v.    [f.  prec.  or  RIDICULE  sW} 

*f  1,  To  render  ridiculous.    Qbs.  rare. 

1684  N.  S.  Crit.  En'}.  Edit.  Bible  xx\  i.  238  Save  only  when 
he.  .Preaches,  Cants  and  ridicules  himself.  1735  POPE  Prot, 
Sat.  no  One  dedicates  in  high  heroic  prose,  And  ridicules 
beyond  a  hundred  foes, 

2.  To  treat  with  ridicule  or  mockery  ;  to  make 
fun  of,  deride,  laugh  at. 

«  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Ridicule,  to  Railly  or  turn 
any  thing  to  a  Jest.  1705  CLAKKE  Nat.  <y  Revealed  Rclig. 
Introd.  xv.  §  2  They  indeavour  to  ridicule  and  banter  all 
Humane  as  well  as  Divine  Accomplishments,  .  .  all  learning 
and  knowledge.  1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  \\\.  iv,  His  Country 
men  ridiculed  and  despised  him  for  managing  his  Affairs  no 
better.  1790  I}URKE/'>.  Rev.  101  Humanity  and  compassion 
are  ridiculed  as  the  fruits  of  superstition  and  ignorance.  1838 
LYTTON  Caldcron  i,  This  tale,  ..ridiculed  by  most,  was  yet 
believed  by  some.  1874  L,  STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library 
(1892)  II.  ii.  46  The  old-fashioned  pastorals  ridiculed  by 
Pope  and  Gay. 

Hence  Ri'diculed///.  a.  ;  Ri'diculing  vbl.  sb. 

1701  NORRIS  Ideal  World  i.  vi.  305  Those  whom  he  ex 
poses  under  the  ridiculing  title  of  meditative  men.  1710 
BERKELEY  Princ.  Hum.  Knou'l.  i.  §  n  That  antiquated 
and  so  much  ridicul'd  Notion  of  M&teriu  Prhna.  1887 
Athenxntn  19  Feb.  253/1  There  is  a  good  deal  of  very  excel 
lent  ridiculing  of  the  early  days  of  Royat. 

Bi'diculer.     [f.  prec.]     One  who  ridicules. 

1705  CLARKE  Nat.  fy  Rwealed  Relig.  Introd.  xv.  §  4  They 
are  generally  Ridiculers  of  all  that  is  truly  excellent.  1748 
RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  V.  115  A  ridiculer  or  scoffer  at 
an  institution  which  all  sober  people  reverence.  1812 
D  ISRAELI  Calam.  Authors  (1867)  115  The  wisest  men  have 
been  some  of  the  most  exquisite  ridiculers.  1896  Codecs 
Mag.  Apr.  396/1  A  group  .  .  in  the  midst  of  which  were 
several  of  my  chief  ridiculers. 

t  Kidi'Culize,  v.   Obs.  rare-1.     [Cf.  F.  ridi- 

culiser  (1666).]     trans.  To  make  ridiculous. 

1615  CHAPMAN  Odyss.  xxin.  333  My  heart  still  trembling 
lest  the  false  alarms  That  words  oft  strike  up  should  ridi- 
culize  me. 

Ridiculo  sity.  rare.  [See  next  and  -ITY.]  A 
ridiculous  matter  ;  ridiculousness. 

1725  BAILEY  Erasm.  Colloq.  (1878)  I.  120  Bring,  .all  your 
witty  Jests.  .and  all  your  Ridiculosities.  1876  Quiver  XI. 
701  Look  at  the  ridiculosity  of  ladies'  dresses  benind. 

Ridiculous  (ridi-kiwbs),  a.  Also  6  ridy- 
culouse  ;  0.  6-8  rediculous.  [ad.  L.  rtdiatlus  (see 
RIDICULE  a.}  or  rtdiculosus  ;  cf.  F.  ridiculeiuc.] 

1.  Exciting  ridicule  or  derisive  laughter;  absurd, 
preposterous,  comical,  laughable. 

a.  1550  BALE  Eng.  Votaries  n.  Sj  b,  A  subtile  enemye 
was  it.  .that  prouided  hym  so  ridyculouse  and  obprobriouse 
a  falle.  1570  FOXE  A.  fy  M.  (ed.  2)  1615/2  It  is  ridiculous 
&  a  very  fond  aunswere  [1563  It  is  an  answere  to  be 
laughed  at].  1617  MORVSON  Ittn.  \.  258  We  all  obeyed  this 
ridiculous  custome,  not  to  offend  them.  1655  STANLEY  Hist. 
Philos.  (1701)  243/2  You  are  not  unreasonable  as  some  are, 
,  who  think  good  advice  ridiculous.  1711  J.  GREENWOOD 
Etig.  Gram.  16  We  ..  send  our  Boys  and  Girls  to  learn 
French,  a  Custom,  .very  ridiculous  and  nonsensical.  1745 
ELIZA  HEYWOOD  Female  Spect.  No.  21  (1748)  IV.  155  The 
thing  appeared  to  her  so  very  ridiculous,  that  .  .  she  could  not 
forbear  bursting  into  a  loud  laughter.  1817  J.  SCOTT  Paris 
Revisit,  (ed.  4)  331  No  tale  was  too  ridiculous  for  moment 
ary  belief,  if  it  accorded  with  the  national  anger.  1848 
W.  H.  BARTLETT  Egypt  to  Pal.  x.  (1879)  228  Gazelles  some 
times  occur,  with  ridiculous  magnitude  of  horns.  1886 
MABEL  COLLINS  Prettiest  Woman  x,  It  was  ridiculous  to 
hurry  away  like  a  thief. 

Comb.  1859  J.  WHITE  Hist.  France  (1860)  106  A  ridiculous- 
j    looking  hollow  mass  composed  of  plates  of  iron. 

3.  1579  G.  HARVEY  Letter-bk.  (Camden)  63  You  see  nowe 
what  homely  and  rediculous  sluffe  I  still  sende  abroade. 
1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  n.  ii.  169  A  most  rediculous  Monster,  to 
make  a  wonder  of  apoore  drunkard.  1663  GuBIBM  C0**M/ 
14  Rediculous  Ornaments.  1691  L.  EACHARD  Descr.  Irel. 
24  With  great  out-Crys,  and  abundance  of  rediculous 
Expostulations. 

b.  dial,  (and  £/..£.).  Outrageous,  scandalous, 
shameful,  etc. 

1839  [SiR  G.  C.  LEWIS!  Hereford  Gloss,,  Ridiculous, 
scandalous,  morally  wrong.  1841  C.  H.HARTSHOUNE  Salop. 
Antitj.  547  Ridiculous,  taken  frequently  in  the  sense  of 
indelicate,  1886  Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Assoc.  XVII.  43  In 
the  South  we  often  say,  'That's  a  ridiculous  affair,'  when 


RIDING. 

we  really  mean  outrageous.  1893  COZENS-HARDY  Broad 
Norfolk  ted.  2)  98,  I  never  heard  of  such  conduct.  I  call  it 
right  down  ridiculous, 

2.  a.  ahsol.  with  the\  That  which  is  ridiculous. 
1742  KIKI.DING  y.  Andrews  Pref.,  The  only  source  of  the 

true  Ridiculous,  .is  affectation.  1795  PAINE  Age  of  Reason. 
(ed.  2)  n.  22  One  step  above  the  sublime,  makes  the  ridicul 
ous.  1858  ().  W.  HOLMES  Ant.  Breakf.-t.  iv,  It  is  a  very 
dangerous  thing  for  a  literary  man  to  indulge  his  love  for 
the  ridiculous.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  13  June  755  If  there  is  an 
air  of  the  ridiculous  in  the  business. 

b.  As  adv.  Ridiculously,  absurdly,  dial. 
1830  GALT  Laivrie  T.  in.  ix,  It  was  ridiculous  strong. 

3.  Derisive,  mocking,     rare-*. 

1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Printing  132  Scurrilous  pamphlets 
wroie.  .in  a  snarleing  and  ridiculous  manner. 

Bidi  culously,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  ^.]  In  a 
ridiculous  manner ;  absurdly. 

a.  1570  FOXE  A.  ft  M.  (ed.  2)  1383/1  So  foolishly  and 
ridiculously  seeking  holes  and  corners  to  hyde  them  selues 
in.  1580  G.  HARVEY  in  G.  G.  Smith  Eliz.  Crit.  Ess.  (1904) 
I.  119  We  are.. not  to  deuise  any.  .Accent  of  oure  pwne, 
as  manye-.haue  corruptely  and  ridiculouslye  done  in  the 
Greeke.  1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  A>  Cottttt^.(i6o^)  34  They 
most  ridiculously  pretended,  that  in  a  vmversall  deluge, 
mankinde  was  presented  in  themselues  onely.  1662  STILL- 
INGFL.  Orig.  Sact'X  in.  iv.  §  3  It  could  not  bee  then_  any 
particular  deluge..,  as  some  have  ridiculously  imagined. 
1713  BERKELEY  Hylas  t,  Phil,  in.  Wks.  1871  I.  335  Whether 
it  be  not  ridiculously  absurd  to  misapply  names  contrary  to 
thecommon  use  of  language.  1753  HOGARTH  Anal. Beauty 
viii.  40  In  some  it  would  be  ridiculously  losing  time.  1822 
SCOTT  Ptveril  iv,  If  the  Puritan  was.  .ridiculously  precise 
in  his  manners.  1885  blanch.  Exam.  18  Feb.  3/3  The 
ridiculou^y  high  prices  given  for  violins. 

0.  1606  G.  W[OODCOCK]  Lives  Emperors,  Hist.  Jvstine 
F  f  6,  Being  redicolously  left  off,  he  followed  swarmes  of  flies. 
1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trail,  (ed.  2)  65  Rediculously  supposed 
.  .[to  be]  Seth,  Enosh  and  Methuselah. 

Ridi  culousiiess.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.]  The 
slate  ur  quality  of  being  ridiculous  ;  absurdity. 

1603  lir.  MALI.  Serm.  Wks.  1837  V.  13  The  Church  of 
Koine  shall  vie.. with  them,  whether  for  number  or  for 
ridiculousness.  1661  BOYLE  Style  of  Script.  (1675)  '78 
Designed  by  their  ridiculousness  to  make  their  readers  sport. 
1735  HOLINGBKOKE  On  Parties  118  They  would  prove  that 
the  Form  of  our  Government  is  defective  to  a  Degree  t£ 
Ridiculousness.  1753  HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  1.  vn.  xciii. 
428  Frugality  to  a  degree  of  ridiculousness.  1843  MlALL 
in  Nonconf.  III.  744  A  certain  air  of  ridiculousness  and 
burlesque.  1875  G.  MACDONALD  Malcolm  II.  xix.  254 
Florimel.. attempted  a  laugh  at  the  ridiculousness  of  her 
late  situation. 

Hiding  (raiding,  ^.  Forms:  a.  i  '!  Jjrihing, 
trehing,  i,  3  treing ;  I  treding,  3  teething, 
trithing,  triding.  0.  3  redyng,  5  rithyng, 
-ing,  6  rydding,  rydinge,  7  rideing,  6-  riding. 
[Late  OE.  type  *}riiing  or  *f  riding  (recorded  only 
in  Latin  contexts  or  forms),  ad.  ON.  }ri$jting-r 
third  part,  f.  J>ri8i  third  :  see  -ING  3.  The  initial 
consonant  was  subsequently  absorbed  by  the  pre 
ceding  t  or  th  of  east,  west,  north. 

a  1066  Laws  Edw.  Cotif.  31  (Lieberman),  Erant  etiam 
p_otestates  super  wapentagiis  quas  trehiugas  uocabant,  sci 
licet  super  terciam  partem  prouincie.  1086  Doincsdny  Bk. 
(1783)  375  Treding  dicit  quod  non  habet  ibi  nisi  ix  acras 
et  dimid.  1215  Magita  C/iarta  §  25  Omnes  comitatus, 
hundred!,  wapentakii, et  trethingii,  sint  ad  antiquas  firmas.] 

1.  One  of  the  three  administrative  districts  into 
which  Yorkshire  is  divided  (the  East,  West,  and 
North  Ridings). 

1295-6 Rolls  ofParlt.  I.  227  In  Westredyng,  In  Estredyng, 
In  Northredyng.  li'id. 241/2  In  Comitatu  Ebor'.  .&  in  supra- 
dictis  tribus  Trithing.  13. .  in  Birch  Cartid.  Sax.  III.  676 
Four  Threue.. Of  ilka  plowgh  of  Estriding.  1474  Rolls  oj 
Parlt.  VI.  113/1  The  Shire  of  York,  in  the  Estrithyng, 
Nonhrithyng,  and  Westrithyng  of  the  same.  1495  Act 
1 1  Hen.  VII,  c.  50  §  i  Within  the  Westrithing,  the  Estnthing 

'  '  iintr  nf  vniir  seiH  Countie.       ICId    FlTZHEKB. 

shyre,  or 


or  the  Northrithlng  of  your  seid  Countie,  1514  FITZHEKB. 
Jiistyce  of  Peace  (1538)  96  Inhahitauntes  of  the  sh 
rydding,  within  which  the  sayde  brydge  shalbe.  1595 
NORDEN  Spec.  Brit.,  Corn-Mail  (1728)  29  Euerye  Shyrc  or 
Countye  hath  his  lesser  diuisions,  as  Kente  hath  Lathes  : 
Sussex  Rapes  :.  .and  Yorkshire  for  the  greatnes  of  the  cir 
cuit  hath  Rydinges.  1610  HOLLAND  Camaen's  Brit.  (1637) 
689  This  whole  Shire  is  divided  into  three  parts ..  The  West- 
Riding,  The  East-Riding,  and  The  North-Riding.  1678 
PHILLIPS  Stifpl.,  Ridings  of  York-shire,  the  three  Divisions 
of  that  County,  viz.  East,  West  and  North.  1704  Land. 
Caz.  No.  4066/4  The  North  Riding  of  the  County  of  l  ork. 
"735  Ait  8  Ceo.  //,  c.  6  Preamble,  Whereas  the  Lands  in 
the  North  Riding  of  the  County  of  York  arc  generally 
Freehold  [etc.],  a  1845  HOOD  Tlu  Desert-Born  77  If  mine 
had  been  the  luck  in  Yorkshire  to  be  born,  Or  any  of  its 
ridings.  1872  E.  W.  ROBERTSON  Hist.  Ess.  120  These  dis 
tricts.,  have  long  faded  put  of  recollection  except  in  the 
great  shire  of  York  with  its  three  Ridings. 

2.  A  similar  division  of  other  counties  or  districts 
in  the  United  Kingdom  or  its  Colonies. 

1675  in  J.  Easton  Narr.  (1858)  79  That  the  Indyans  of  the 
north  and  west  Ridings  of  Long  Island  shall,  .have  their 
Guns  restored  to  them.  1848  Times  10  Nov.  6/4  State  of 
Tipperary.  The  journals  of  both  ridings  of  this  ill-fated 
county  [etc.].  1867  Act  30  f,  51  Viet.  c.  3  §  4°  Ontario 
shall  be  divided  into  the  Counties,  Ridings  of  Counties, 
Cities, ..and  Towns,  enumerated  in  the  First  Schedule  to 
this  act.  1882  Encycl.  Brit.  X I V.  655  The  primary  divisions 
of  Lincolnshire  are  three  trithings  or  ridings. 

Biding  (rai-dirj),  v bl  sb.  [f.  RIDE  v.  +  -ING  1.] 
I.  1.  The  action  or  fact  of  sitting  or  travelling 
on  horseback,  etc. ;  a  journey  or  expedition  made 
in  this  way  ;  t  a  mounted  combat. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  14992  Mismay  yow  nojjhl,  Bot  mas  ml 


BIDING. 


661 


RIDING-HABIT 


riding  bun.  ^1330  Arth.  fy  Merl.  3297  (Kolbing),  pai  com 
swi^e  to  b's  rideing,  Forto  helpen  her  king.  ^1400  Laud 
'J'roy-bk.  16928  Sir  Pirrus..In  his  rydynge  Si  In  his  rayke. 
With  his  sword  sinot  he.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  vi.  xiii, 
204  It  is  syre  Launcelot,  I  knowe  it  by  his  rydyng.  1560 
DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Cotnnt.  265  b,  There  was  ryding  and 
pricking  and  coursing  up  and  down  on  both  partes.  1573 
Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  II.  257  To  desi-stand  ceise  fra  all 
..proclaming  or  ryding  of  fairis.  1607  WALKINCTON  Opt. 
Glass  58  The  Ephialtes.  .the  vulgar  sort  tearme  the  night 
mare  or  the  riding  of  the  witch.  1631  M.ASSiNGER-A'w/ow 
East  i.  ii,  Tennis-courts  Are  chargeable,  and  the  riding  of 
great  horses.  1673  RAY  Jonrn.  Low  C.  20  We  made  an 
Excursion  to  a  village  ..distant  about  an  nour  and  halfs 
riding.  1711  SWIFT  Jrnl.  to  Stella  13  Aug.,  I  felt  my  last 
riding  three  days  after.  1790  SCOTT  in  Lockhart  (1837)  I. 
vi.  167  Besides  riding,  fishing,  and  the  other  usual  sports  of 
the  country,  a  1817  JANE  AUSTEN  Watsons  (1879)  321  He 
was  fond  of  riding  and  had  a  horse  of  his  own.  1869  RUSKIN 
Q.  of  Air  i.  §  39  The  splendid  riding  of  the  Tarentines  had 
made  their  name  proverbial  in  Magna  Grsecia. 

fb.  collect,  (also//.).    Horsemen.    Obs.  rare. 
1382  WYCUF  i  Mace.  iv.  7  Theisawen  the  tentis  of  heithen 
men..  and  ridingis  in  cumpas  of  hem.     1388  —  Exod.  xiv. 
23  Al  the  ridyng  of  Farao,  hise  charis,  and  kny^tis. 

c.  A  mock-procession  in  ridicule  of  a  tyrannous 
husband  or  wife,  or  a  quarrelsome  couple. 

1667  PEPYS  Diary  10  June,  There  being  a  great  riding 
there  to-day  for  a  man,  the  constable  of  the  town,  whose 
wife  beat  him.  1697  Protestant  Mercitry  No.  1  89  A  Porter's 
Wife.  .  Heather  Husband  .  .;  for  which  Crime,  the  Inhabitants 
made  a  Riding.  1724  SWIFT  Quiet  Life,  The  'prentices  pro- 
cur'd  a  riding,  To  act  his  patience,  and  her  chiding.  1854 
jV.<y  Q.  ist  Ser.  IX.  578/1  At  Marchington  in  Staffordshire, 
the  custom  exists  of  having  a  '  Rantipole  Riding  '  for  every 
man  who  beats  his  wife.  1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt.  Gloss. 

d.  Naut*  (See  quots.) 

1840  R.  H.  DANA  Be/.  Mast  viii,  Tarring  the  stays  is  more 
difficult,  and  is  done  by  an  operation  which  the  sailors  call 
'riding  down'.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  IVord-bk.^  Riding- 
doiunt  the  act.  .of  the  man  who  comes  down  the  stay,  &c.,  to 
tar  it  ;  or  foots  the  bunt  in. 

2.  a.  A  way  or  road  specially  intended  for  per 
sons  riding;  esp.  a  green  track  or  lane  cut  through 
(or  skirting)  a  wood  or  covert  ;  a  ride. 

naoo  ORMIN  9213  purrh  borrness  &  jmrrh  breress,  paer 
shulenn  beon  ridinngess  nu. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  (1622)  52  The  Lodge  is..  built  in 
the  forme  of  a  starre,  hailing  round  about  a  garden  .  .  ;  and 
beyond  the  garden  ridings  cut  out,  each  answering  the 
angles  of  the  Lodge.  1676  Phil,  Trans.  II.  645  Their 
Avenues,  Walks  and  Ridings.  1712  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's 
Gardening  49  These  Woods  have  no  .  .  rolled  Walks  in  them, 
only  Ridings  cut  for  Hunting.  1768  WESLEY  Wks.  (1872) 
HI.  347  We  had  then  wonderful  road  ;  some  of  the  ridings 
(so  called)  being  belly-deep.  1798  BLOOMFIELD  Farmer's 
Boy,  Autumn  283  Where  every  narrow  riding.  .Gives  back 
the  echo  of  his  mellow  horn.  1806  LYSONS  Magna  Brit.^ 
Berks.  I.  201  note^  This  [causeway]  was  levelled  when  the 
ridings  were  cut  across  the  heath,  and  is  now  called  the 
Devil's  Riding.  1851  Zoologist  X.  3349  Broad  grassy 
ridings,  and  underwood  of  the  most  impenetrable  black 
thorn.  1865  DICKENS  Mnt.  Fr.  iv.  vii,  A  green  lane  or 
riding  by  the  river-side. 

fb.  (See  quots.,  and  cf.  RIDE  jM  i  c.) 
*75S  JOHNSON,  Riding^  a  district  visited  by  an  officer. 
1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt.  Gloss.,  Riding.  t*\so  means 
the  divisions  of  a  royal  forest. 

3.  Naut.  The  fact  of  lying  at  anchor  ;  oppor 
tunity  for  doing  so  ;  anchorage. 

1362  HEY  WOOD  Prav.  $  Epigr.  (1867)  76  Good  ridyng  at     ! 
two  ankers  men  haue  tolde.    1628-9  DIGBY    Voy.  Medit,     : 
(Camden}  13,  I  sent  myshalloppes  out  with  leades  to  sound     • 
the  depth  and  to  see  if  there  about  were  good  riding.     1674 
TEMPLE  Wks*  1720  II.  320  They  insisted,  to  have  our  Riding     ; 
in  their  Rivers  and  Creeks,  ..to  be  with  Consent  of  their     ' 
Governor.     1713  DE  FOE  New  Voy.  (1840)  164  A  little  cove, 
where  there  was  good  riding,  but  very  deep  water.     1854 
G.  B.  RICHARDSON  Univ.  Code  v.  (ed.  12)  4351  The  riding  is 
secure.     1870  LOWELL  Among  my  Bks.  Ser.  i.  (1873)  310  En-     i 
abling  it  to  find  holding-ground  and  secure  riding  in  any  sea.     ! 

4.  The  fact  of  overlapping  in  some  way. 

1768  in  t)t/t  Rep.  Deputy  Kpr.  Rec.  (1848)  App.  it.  254  It  is 
impossible  to  represent,  .the  different  colours..,  without 
spreading  and  what  the  printers  call  riding;  which  is  a 
disgracefull  inequality  in  those  lines.  1879  St.  George's 
Hosp.  Rep.  IX.  365  Femur  fractured  transversely  about 
middle  ;  slight  forward  riding  of  upper  fragment.  1880 
Times  31  Dec.  4/1  The  riding  of  the  breech,  or  obturation, 
as  It  is  termed,  is  effected  by  an  expanding  steel  cup  on  the 
face  of  the  breech  screw. 

II.  at  t  rib.  5.  a.  In  sense  *  worn  in,  or  for, 
riding  ',  as  riding-bonnet  ',  -boot,  -ctoak,  etc.  Also 
RIDING-COAT,  -HABIT,  -HOOD. 

1507  Aces.  High  Treas.  Scot.  IV.  17  Ane  *riding  bonet. 
1638  HEYWOOD  Wise  Wont,  iv.  iv,  The  Gentlemans  *riding 
bootes  and  spur  res.  1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Oleartus"  Voy. 
Ambass.  209  Being  all  in  riding-boots,  we  durst  not  venture 
to  go  in.  1545  ELYOT  Q  ii/i  Galericulum,  an  vnder  bonet, 
or  *rydynge  cappe.  1625  K.  LONG  tr.  Barclay's  Argents 
v.  x.  360  She  .  .  plucked  his  *Riding-cloake  from  off  his 
shoulder.  i8»8  SCOTT  /''.  M.  Perth  xxv,  The  horseman 
was  wrapped  in  his  riding-cloak.  1662  PEPYS  Diary  19  May, 
Put  on  my  *riding-cloth  suit  and  a  camelott  coat  new.  1752 
H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  (1846)  II.  428  In  *riding-clothes,  with  a 
dog  under  her  arm.  1736-7  MRS.  A.  GRANVILLE  in  Mrs. 
Delany  Life  ffCorr.  (i860  I.  589  She  made  me  go  in  just 
as  I  was,  in  my  *riding-dress  and  cap.  1806  SURR  Winter 
in  Loud.  III.  99  In  a  black  crop-scratch  and  a  riding-dress. 
1851  D.  JKRROLD.SV.  Giles  xxxiii.  340  She  smoothed  down 
the  folds  of  the  riding-dress.  1666  PEPYS  Diary  ii  June,  I 
find  the  Ladies  of  Honour  dressed  in  their  *riding  garbs, 
with  coats  and  doublets.  1888  Cent.  Mag.  May  123  Por 
traits  of  country  gentlemen  with  high  collars  and  *riding- 
filoves.  1454  E.  E.  Wills  133  A  *Riding  gowne  with  the 
hode.  1501  Priv.  Purse  Exp*  Eliz.  York  (1830)  68  A  riding 


gowne  for  tlie  Queue.  1697  Loud,  Gaz.  No.  3317/4  A 
slender  Woman,  ..in  a  grey  Cambist  Riding  Gown,  with 
Knots  of  green  Ribbons  before.  1508  Acts,  High  Treats, 
Scot.  IV.  94  All  "riding  graith  tanefra  him.  lySs^eeGRAiTH 
si1.  2  a],  1507  Aces.  High  Treas.  Scot.  IV.  17  For  ane 
*riding  hat.  1537  Test.  Ebor.  (Surtees)  VI.  63  To  my 
servaunte,  Thomas  Turner,  my  *  rydyng  jaket.  1594  NASHK 
Unfort,  Trav.  Wks.  (Grosart)  V.  145  G&SCOVnes  which.. 
would  make  a  couple  of  womens  *ryding  Kyriles.  1822 
SCOTT  Nigel  xxxvi,  Her  *riding-mask  of  black  velvet. 
a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  174 
Himself  was  clad  in  ane  *ryding  pie  of  b!ak  wellyet.  1595 
SHAKS.  John  \.  i.  217  Who  comes  in  such  haste  in  *riding 
robes?  1824  SCOTT  Redgauntlct  ch.  xxii,  He  disencumbered 
him  from  the  ^riding-skirt  and  the  mask.  1611  SHAKS. 
Cyntb.  in.  ii.  78  Prouide  me  presently  A  *Riding  Suit.  1826 
SCOTT  M'oodst.  xxxiv,  A  grey  riding-suit,  passmented  with 
silver.  1824  —  Reiigauntlct  ch.  xxiii,  Miss  Redgauntlet 
had  retained  her  "'riding  vizard. 

b.  In   sense   'used   for   or  in   connexion   with 
riding  *,   '  carried   when    riding  ',   as   riding-cane^ 
-crop,  -furniture,  etc.     Also  KIL>IX<;-KOI>. 

1839  MARY  HOWITT  Old  Friend  $•  Nciv  iv,  10  It  was 
cracked  by  my  new  friend's  *riding-cane  !  1891  HAKDY 
Tcss  H.  (1900)  128  He  touched  the  window  with  his  *  riding* 
crop.  1633  MASSIXGKU  Guardian  ii,  iv,  I!y  short  boots, 
And  'riding-furniture  of  several  countries.  1705  STANHOPE 
Paraphr.  I.  28  They  brought  these  Beasts,  and  instead  of 
riding  Furniture,  made  use  of  their  own  Cloaths.  1535 
COVER  DALE  Zcch.  xiv.  20  At  that  tyine  shal  the  *rydinge 
geer  of  y°  horses  be  holy  vnto  the  Lorde.  1839  DARWIN 
I'oy.  Nat.  iv.  (1870)  65  They  earn  a  little  by  making  horse- 
rugs  and  other  articles  of  riding-gear.  1530  PALSGK.  263/1 
*Rldyng  speare,  janeline.  1860  Gi-:o.  ELIOT  /)////  on  1*1.  \. 
viii,  The  farmyard  gate,  which  he  attempted  to  push  open 
with  his  "riding-stick.  171*  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's  Gar 
dening  148  Its  Wood  .  .,  of  which  they  make  Wands  and 
*Riding-S\vitches.  1820  SCOTT  Abbot  iv,  The  youth  is.. 
somewhat  too  ready  with..  the  butt  of  his  riding-switch. 
1567  Lane.  Wills  (Chetham  Soc.)  II.  86  My  *ridynge  sword. 
1658  Hatton  Corr.  (Camden)  15,  I  desire  you  will  bwy  mee 
a  lytle  wryding  sword  and  belt.  1605  Hist.  K.  Lcir  B  iv, 
Knter  the  king  of  Cornwall  and  his  man  booted  and 
spurd,  a  *riding  wand..  in  his  hand.  1820  SCOTT  Abbot 
vii,  This  is  the  same  riding-wand  which  you  have  tasted. 
1676  GKE\V  Afttsaftttttf  Anal,  Stomach  <$  Cu/s  iv,  17  A 
perfect  Plat,  somewhat  like  to  that  in  a  *Riding-Whip, 
1829  MAKRYAT  /•'.  Alildiitayxxv,  Acowskin  is  a  large  whip, 
made  like  a  riding  whip. 

c.  In  sense  '  used  for  riding  on,  or  in  ',  as  rit/ing 
animal,  beast  ^  carriage,  chair,  etc. 

1897  Pop.  Sci,  Monthly  Nov.  26  They  have  neither  cattle 
nor  horses  ..  nor  ..  *ridmg  animals,  c  1400  Beryn  1687 
Every  gentill  hert  .  .  Desirith  that  his  *ryding  best  be 
servid..Rathir  then  hym-selfF.  1792  BKLKNAP  Hist.  New 
Hatnpsh.  III.  117  It..  serves  for  the  frames  of.  .*riding 
carriages.  1785  Lmver  Norfolk  Co.  Antiquary  I.  136, 
i  *riding  Chair  and  Harness.  1749  WEST  Pindar,  Diss. 
Olympick  Games  xiv,  That  Chariots  were  in  Use  before 
"riding-horses.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  I.  130  The 
high  rack  is  always  put  up  in  riding-horse  stables.  1861 
All  Year  Round  July  380,  I  soon  discovered  that  some 
thing  ailed  my  'riding  mule. 

d.  In  misc.  uses,  as  riding-charges,  -face  ;  riding 
ballad,   a   ballad    celebrating    a    Border    raid  ; 
t  riding-block,  =  BLOCK  sb.  3c;  riding  days, 
the  days  of   Border  raiding  ;   riding   establish 
ment   (see   quot.);    f  riding   fool   (see  quot.)  ; 
t  riding-money,    Sc.t  a   payment    to   cover   the 
expenses  of  troopers  in  collecting  a  fine  ;  riding 
rock  (see  quot.). 

1837  LOCKHART  Scott  I.  vii.  194  With  a  view.  .to  pick  up 
some  of  the  ancient  *riding  ballads,  said  to  be  still  preserved 
among  the  descendants  of  the  mosstroopers.  1570  FOXE 
A.  fy  M.  (ed.  2)  105/2  Sapores  ..  vsed  him.  .for  his  *riding- 
blocke.  igSz  in  Vicarfs  Anat.  119  With  the  Bordewages, 
*Ridinge  Chardges,  reparacions,  and  other  expences  not 
certeyn.  1679-88  Sccr.  Serv.  Money  Chas.  $  Jas.  (Camden)66 
To  the  clerks  of  the  Trea'ry,  for  their  riding  charges  this  last 
summer.  1737  Chamber  lay  tie*  s  St.  Gt.  Brit.  n.  87  An  allow 
ance  for  riding-charges.  1824  SCOTT  Redgauntiet  let.  xi, 
We  had  lived  on  the  grund  .  -  since  the  "riding  days,  and  lang 
before.  1876  VOYLE  Milit.  Diet.  343/1  *  Riding  Establish 
ment,  a  school  at  Woolwich,  established  for  the  instruction 
of  the  men  of  the  artillery  in  riding.  1599  B.  JONSON  Ev. 
J/a»  out  of  Hum.  ii.  i,  He  has  a  good  *riding  face,  and  he 
can  sit  a  great  horse.  1570  FOXE  A.  $  M.  (ed.  2)  51/1 
Valerianus.  .was.  .made  a  *ridyng  foole  of  Sapores  their 
king,  whoe  vsed  hym  for  a  stoole  to  leape  vpon  hys  horse. 
1731  WODROW  Hist.  Sitff.  Ch.  Scot.  (1830)  II.  12  This  was 
called  Mding-money  ;  and  sometimes  the  riding-money  was 
as  much  as  the  fine  itself.  18519  BARTLETT  Diet.  Amcr. 
(ed.  2)  365  *  Riding  rock,  a  conspicuous  rock  at  a  ford,  used 
to  show  the  depth  of  the  water  and  the  safety  of  crossings. 
1872  UE  VERE  Americanisms^^  In  the  South  ..  most  streams 
.  .  have  a  so-called  riding  rock  at  or  near  a  ford  ing-place. 

6.  In  sense  of  RIDE  v.  3,  as  riding-  season,  -time. 
£1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  i,  Whann  she 

gothe  in  hire  loue,  that  hunters  calle  ridyng  tyme.  1783 
BURNS  Death  of  Poor  Mailie  47  Warn  him  ay  at  ridin  time 
To  stay  content  wi1  yowes  at  hame.  1831  Sutherland 
Farm  Rep.  83  in  L.  U.  K.,  Hnsb.  Ill,  During  the  '  riding  ' 
season.  Ibid.  84  Both  at  riding-time,  and  at  the  subsequent 
lambing. 

7.  Naut.  In  sense  of  RIDE  v.  7,  as  riding  bitt, 
cable,  place,  scope  ;  riding  lamp,  light,  a  special 
light  displayed  by  a  ship  when  riding  at  anchor; 
riding  sail,  a  small  sail  set  to  keep  a  vessel  steady 
when  riding  at  anchor. 

1794  Rigging  ff  Seamaushty  162  The  *Riding-bitts 
are..  those  to  which  the  cable  is  bitted  when  the  vessel 
rides  at  anchor.  1844  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  Jrnl.  VII.  85/2 
She  has  ..  only  one  pair  of  riding  bitts.  1869  SIR  E. 
REED  Shipbuild.  xv.  277  To  make  special  arrangements  in 
the  construction  and  support  of  the  riding-bitts.  1841  R.  H. 


T>.\NA  Seaman  s  Man.  86  Pay  out  on  your  'riding  cable. 
1883  CLARK  KCSSKLL  Sea  Queen  II.  ii.  35  With  a  *riding- 
lamp  burning  brightly  on  the  forestay.  1881  Times  12 
Apr,  4/5  The  barque.  .was  lying  at  anchor.  .with  proper 
""riding  light.  1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  3^  A 
convenient  'riding  place  for  ships.  1887  GOODE  J-ishcric.\ 
of  U.  S.  v.  PI.  8  The  schooner  at  anchor  under  *riding  sail. 
1841  K.  H.  DANA.  Seaman's  Man.  84  Paying  out  chain  as 
hhc  drops  astern,  until  double  your  ^riding  scope  i.-,  out. 

Hiding  (rsi-dirj),  ///.  a.  [f.  RIDE  z>.  +  -IXG  -.] 

1.  That  rides,  in  the  senses  of  the  vb.  ;  mounted. 

c  iooa  /KI.FRIC  Saiu/s'  Lives  .\xxiii.  187  He  (>a  sende 
rklende  men  jeond  ealle  alexandria  land  and  egypta.  c  1470 
(.•ol.tfGaw,  180  Thair  is  na  ridand  roy..Sa  deir  welcum 
this  day.  1472  in  Spalding  Club  Misc.  II.  252  Alexander 
Mackintoche  Thane  of  Ratliamurcus  to  be  ridin  man  to  my 
Lorde  William  Erll  of  Eroll.  6-1500  in  Essex  Rt-v.  XV.  145 
The  Lieutenant,  Rydyng  foster,  and  Ranker  of  the  Mime 
forest.  1529  Snpplic.  to  King  (E.E.T.S.)  42  Vnlerned 
curattes,..rydinge  chaplaynes  and  sucli  other  ydle  parson?-. 
1544  in  I.  S.  Lcadam  Set.  (,'ases  Crt.  Requests  (1098'  7^ 
Wylliam  Sylke  .  .  sayth  that  he  was  rydyng  Steward  of 
Ramsey  by  the  space  of  xvj  yeres.  1633  Foi;u  Lm-fs 
Sttcr.  n.  i,  There's  not  a  groom  o'  the  qucrry  could  have 
matched  the  jolly  riding-man.  1673  [R.  LKIGH]  Tran$pf 
Rch.  16  The  same  man  is  a  riding-prince,  a  heroe,  and  an 
army  in  masquerade.  1692  Controversy  St.  Ittockhead  in 
Sclcct.fr.  Harl.  Jlfisc.  (1793)  530  The  then  riding  judge  .  . 
declared  the  fact  within  benefit  of  the  clergy.  1726  AYLII  FI. 
rartrgon  69  No  Suffragan  Bishop  shall  have  more  than 
one  riding  Apparitor  in  his  Diocess.  1761  Ann.  Reg., 
Charact.  39/1  The  duke,  .made  him  his  riding  purveyor. 
1848  STRUIHKKS  Orig.  Secession  Ch.  32  Doing  violence  tu 
the  constitution  of  the  church.  .by  sending  'riding  Com 
mittees  '  of  their  number  to  do  the  work  of  tyranny.  1894 
t-'////«i,'1XXIV.  400/2  Those  horses  dragged  the  stage  right 
up_to  the  very  edge  of  the  steep  grade  afore  the  riding 
whites  could  stop  'em. 

t  b.  A't</ing  clerk  (see  quot.).     Obs. 

1658  PHILLIPS,  Riding  Clark,  one  of  the  six  Clarks  of  the 
Chancery,  who  takes  his  turn  for  his  year  to  have  the  con- 
troling  of  all  Grants  which  passe  the  great  Seal. 

t  2.  Riding  knot,  a  running  knot,  a  slip-knot. 
So  riding  device,  snare.  Obs. 

13..  Sir  Beues  (A.)  3220  On  a  towaile  she  made  knotte 
riding,  c  1420  Contin.  Brut  cc.xlii.  (E.E.T.S.)  351  pai.. 
tokyn  ij  smale  tewellys,  and  made  on  ham  rydyng  knotti>, 
1481  CAXION  Reynard  (.Arb.)  33  llynde  the  corde  faste  to 
the  lynde,  and  make  a  rydynge  knotte  or  a  strope.  i$5z 
Hi-LOKT,  Knottewhiche  runneth  to,  called  arydynge  knotte, 
citpulmn.  1594  NASHK  Unfort.  Trav,  Wks.  (Grosart)  \. 
i;^).  I  had  the  knot  vnder  my  care,..  the  riding  deuice  was 
almost  thrust  home.  \6vjGestaGrayorutn  11.  in  Nichols 
rrtgr.Q.  Eliz.  III.  325  Thomas  Joynter.  .claymes  liberty 
and  usage  of  setiinge  riding-snares  in.  .  Fulhvoods.  1650 
U.  Discolli/iiiniutn  25,  I  would  have  tied  her  neck  of  a 
riding-knot  for  ever  gagling  more. 

3.  That  (  rides  *  upon,  surmounts,  or  projects 
over  an  object  or  part  of  one.  In  special  colloca 
tions,  as  riding  cast,  cord,  etc.  (see  quots.). 

1677  PLOT  Qjcfordsh.  246  In  Sowing  they  have  their 
several  Methods,  viz.  the  single  Cast,  the  double  Cast  ;  and 
as  they  call  it  about  Bur  ford,  the  Hackney  bridle,  or 
*riding  cast.  ..  The  Hackney  bridle  is  two  casts  on 
a  Land  at  one  time,  and  but  once  about.  1782  Emyct. 
Brit.  (ed.  z)  IX.  6711/1  The  tires,  or  the  *riding-cords, 
which  run  on  the  pulleys,  and  pull  up  the  hign-Iisses. 
1826  BEVEKIDCE  Forms  of  Process  I.  384  A  *riding  interest 
i>  a  claim  by  a  creditor  of  a  claimant,..  to  be  preferred  to 
as  much  of  the  sum.  .as  will  pay  the  debt  and  claim  of  the 
rider.  1859  Admiralty  J\ftin.  Sci.  Enquiry  (ed.  3)  105 
Carefully  level  the  apparatus  until  the  axis  of  the  mirror  i> 
exactly  horizontal,  as  shown  by  the  *riding-level..in  all 
azimuths.  1846  HoLTZAFPFSL  Turning  II.  908  Close  behind 
the  screw-pin  by  which  they  [blades  of  scissors]  are  united, 
there  is  a  little  triangular  elevation.  .  .This  enlargement  or 
bulge  is  technically-called  the  (*riding-part'.  1875  BEDFOKD 
Sailors  Pocket-bk.  vii.  (ed.  2)  272  If  the  depth  of  water  be 
greater  than  the  height  of  a  tank,  a  *riding  tier  of  tanks  may 
be  added.  1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seaman  's  Man.  42  After  the 
*riding  turns  are  passed,  the  end  is  carried  under  the  turns. 
1860  Arc/tit.  Soc.  Diet.  s.v.  Flying  Buttress^  The  *riding 
wall..  should  abut  upon  the  main  wall,  c  1535  in  York's. 
Archzol.  Jrtil.  (1886)  IX.  212,  ij  wyndowes,  th'one  glasid 
conteyning  vj  ffoote  of  glasse  wl  *rydynge  wyndowes.  Ibid. 
324,  j  fayre  wyndowe  ..  shitt  w'  a  rydynge  wyndowe  of 
bourdes. 

Ri'diiig-coat.  [RIDING  vbl.  sb.]  A  coat 
worn  in  riding,  esp.  an  overcoat  to  protect  the 
rider  from  wet. 

1507  Aces.  High  Treas.  Scot.  IV.  17  To  be  ane  gret 
riding  cote.  1536  Wardr.  Aee.  Hen.  Vi  II  in  Archaeologia 
IX.  245  For  making  of  a  ryding  coote  of  grene  clothe. 
a  1637  B.  JONSON  Discoveries  Wks,  16^1  II.  iog  His 
modesty  like  a  riding  Coat,  the  more  it  is  worne,  is  the 
lesse  car'd  for.  1677  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  1192/4  A  tall  slender 
man,.  .with  a  while  hat,  and  a  white  riding  Coat.  1729 
SWIFT  Direct.  Serv.  v.  Wks.  1751  XIV.  67  When  you  carry 
your  Master's  Riding-Coat  in  a  Journey,  wrap  your  own  in 
it.  1766  GOLUSM.  Vic.  IV.  i,  I  ever  took  care  to  lend  him 
a  riding-coat,  or  a  pair  of  boots.  1824-9  LANDOR  I  mag. 
Conv.  Wks.  1846  I.  301  She  escaped  by  putting  on  the 
riding-coat  of  a  groom.  1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Ritdge  i,  A 
man  wrapped  in  a  loose  riding-coat  with  huge  cuffs. 

Ri'  ding-habit.  [RIDING  vbl,  sb.~\  A  dress 
or  costume  used  for  riding  ;  now  spec,  a  riding-dress 
worn  by  ladies,  consisting  of  a  cloth  skirt  worn 
with  a  double-breasted  tight-fitting  jacket. 

1666  EVELYN  Diary  13  Sept.,  The  Queene  was  now  in  her 
cavalier  riding  habite,  hat  and  feather,  and  horseman's  coate. 
1673  DRVDEN  Marr.  a  la  Mode  \.  i,  Enter  Palamede  in  a 
riding  habit.  1731  Gentl.  Mag.  I.  289  The  riding  habit 
singly,  with  the  black  velvet  cap  and  white  feather,  is,  he 
thinks,  the  most  elegant  dress  that  belongs  to  the  ladles' 
wardrobe.  1752  MRS.  LENNOX  Female  Quix.  iv.  iv,  Her 
shape  being  as  perfect  as  any  shape  could  possibly  be,  her 


RIDING-HOOD. 

riding-habit  discovered  all  its  beauties.     1824  SCOTT  Red- 
gauntlct<i}\.  xxiv,  A  gentleman,  plainly  dressed  in  a  riding- 


women  appear  to  advantage  in  a  riding-habit. 

attrib.  1892  GCNTER  Miss  Diiridcnds  (1893)  164  In  a  cool, 
gray  linen  travelling  costume,  that  fits  her  charming  figure 
with  a  '  riding  habit '  fit. 

Hi  ding-hood.  [RiniNG  vbl.  st*.]  A  large 
hood  originally  worn  while  riding,  but  in  later  use 
forming  an  article  of  out-door  costume  for  women 
and  children. 

Now  chiefly  familiar  from  the  tale  of  Little  Red  Riding 
hood,  which  occurs  in  the  English  translation  of  C.  Perrault  s 
Histoircs  OH  Contes  du  Tents  Passe  by  R.  S[amber],  1729. 

1459  Paston  Lett.  I.  477  Item,  j  rydyng  node  of  rede 
felwet...Iiem,  j.  blake  rydyng  hoode,  sengle.  1611  COTGR., 
Barbute,  a  riding  hood  ;  a  Montero,  or  close  hood,  where- 
with  trauellers  preserue  their  faces  and  heads  from  frost 
biting.  i6gi  Land.  Gas.  No.  2657/4  Sarah  Potter,,  .having  a 
striped  Gown  and  Petticoat, and  a  grey  Riding-Hood.  1717 
LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  C'tess  Mar  i  Apr.,  It  Japs 
all  round  them,  not  unlike  a  riding-hood.  \-ft*Acc.  U  ork- 
houses  52  So  much  blue  camlet.. as  serves  for  making 
Riding  Hoods  for  the  childrens  use  in  wet  weather.  1751 
JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  138  F  n  She  soon  disencumbered 
herself  from  her  weeds,  and  put  on  a  riding-hood,  a  coarse 
apron,  and  short  petticoats. 

b.  transf.  A  woman,    nonce-use. 

1718  [f  JAY]  Jonrn.  to  Exeter  74  From  hence  first  came 
th'  intriguing  ridinghood. 

Rvdiug-house.  Now  Obs.  or  arch.  [RiDlNO 
i'bl.  s/>.]  A  large  building  specially  erected  ior 
practising  riding  in  ;  a  riding-school. 

1637  LAUD  in  Collect.  (O.H.S.)  I.  318  They  are  going  to 
ttie  ridinghouse.  1647  K.  STAPYLTON  Juvenal  127  His 
bath  costs  much;  his  riding  house  costs  more.  1712  J. 
JAMKS  tr.  Le  Blond's  Gardening  126  The  Side  of  the 
Riding-hou.se.  1751  CHESTEKF.  Lett,  ccxlvi.  III.  (1792)  128 
You  will  be  sure  to  go  to  the  riding-house  as  often  as 
possible,  1833  Regnl.  Instr.  Cavalry  \.  80  This  exercise  is 
practised  in  the  riding-house,  1866  CAKLYLK  Remin.  I. 
152  At  the  riding-house  was  a  kind  of  straggly  group,  or 
small  crowd. 

tit  (rib.  iSzo  Army  List  Jan.  50  Riding  House  Establish 
ment,  1866  Chambers' s  Emyd.  VIII.  256/2  He.  .receives 
£7  per  troop  per  annum  for  riding-house  expenses. 

Riding-master.  [RiDura  *£/•&]  A  teacher 
of  riding  or  horsemanship;  esp.  J//'/,,  an  officer 
having  charge  of  the  instruction  of  troopers  in  a 
cavalry  regiment. 

1650  R.  STAPYLTON  Low  C.  Wars  x.  17  At  the  pubHque 
charge  the  Towne  entertained  a  Riding-master  to  teach 
their  Sons.  1700  WALLIS  in  Collect.  (O.H.S.)  I.  319  This 
riding-master  went  hence.  1777  W,  DALKYMPLE  Trav.  Sp. 
#t  Port,  xxi,  Each  horse  had  his  particular  attendant,  be 
sides  riding-masters,  farriers,  &c.  1836-7  DICKENS  Sk.  Boz 
(1850)  64/2  Our  old  feeling  of  reverence  for  the  riding-master, 
who  follows  the  clown  with  a  long  whip  in  his  hand.  1884 
Sat.  Rev,  12  July  46/1  The  military  riding-master  is  occa 
sionally  inclined  to  be  something  of  a  bully. 

Riding  O'fficer.  Now  Hist.  [RIDING///.^.] 
A  mounted  revenue-officer. 

1707  J.  CHAMHKKLAYSE  St.  Gt.  Brit.  501  Surveyor  General 
of  the  Riding  Officers  in  Kent  and  Sussex,  to  hinder  the 
Exportation  of  Wool  by  the  Owlers.  1712  Loud.  Gaz.  No. 
5040/6  Some  of  the  Riding  Officers  of  the  Customs.  1792 
CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Desmond  HI.  171  Rewarded  your  merit, 
and  made  you  a  riding-officer.  1844  Regitl,  fy  Ord.  Army 
884  A  Service  of  ten  years  from  the  period  of  their  joining 
the  Corps  of  Riding  Officers.  1862  Illnstr.  Lond.  News  n 
Jan.  51/2  The  other  day  died.. the  last  of  the  English 

riding  officers '. 

Ri'ding  rhyme.  Also  6-7  ryme,  rime,  7 
rhime.  [RIDING  vbl.  sb.  or  fpl.  a.,  but  the  pre 
cise  reason  for  the  name  is  not  clear ;  cf.  quot. 
1589.]  The  form  of  verse  (the  heroic  couplet') 
used  by  Chaucer  in  his  Canterbury  Tales,  and 
after  him  by  Lydgate  and  others.  Also  transf. 
(quot.  1612). 

1575  GASCOIGNE  Eng.  Verse,  Stecle  Gl.  (Arb.)  40,  I  had 
forgotten  a  notable  kmde  of  ryme,  called  ryding  rime,  and 
that  is  suche  as  our  Mayster  and  Father  Chaucer  vsed  In 
his  Canterburie  tales,  and  in  diuers  other  delectable  and 
light  enterprises.  1589  PUTTF.NHAM  Eng.  Poesie  n.  iiii.  [v.] 
(Arb.)  89  Chaucer,  Lydgate  and  others, . .  many  times  made 
their  meetres  (they  called  them  riding  ryme)  of  such  vn- 
shapely  wordes  as  would  allow  no  conuenient  Cesure,  and 
therefore  did  let  their  rymes  runne  out  at  length,  and  neuer 
stayd  till  they  came  to  the  end.  1600  THYSNE  Embl.  fy 
Epigr.  77)  I  ..that  shame  not  to  present  vnto  thy  sight  Sir 
Topas  ridinge  rime  not  meet  for  thee.  1612  HAKINGTON 
Epigr.  in.  xliv,  Faire  Leda  reads  our  Poetry  sometimes, 
But  saith  she  cannot  like  our  R  yd  ing-rimes.  \c  1760  GRAY 
Observ.  En*.  Metre,  The  Riding  Rhyme  I  rather  take  to 
be  that  which  is  confined  to  one  measure,  whatever  that 
measure  be,  but  not  to  one  rhythm.]  a  1854  H.  REKD  Lect. 
Brit.  Poets  iii.  (1857)  no  His  [Chaucer's]  '  riding  rhyme  ', 
under  the  more  dignified  denomination  of  theheroiccouplet. 
1875  IXWKLL.S/IMW  Prose  Wks.  1 890 IV.  305  note,  Spenser 
thought  he  was  imitating  what  wiseacres  used  to  call  the 
rtding-rinrnn  of  Chaucer. 

Ri  ding-rod.  [RIDING  vbt.  sb]  A  rod  or 
switch  used  in  riding. 

iSSS  Rutland  MSS.  (1905)  IV.  376  Paid  for  !j  ryding. 
roddes  of  bone  for  my  Ladie,  and  other  thinges,  xxijrf.  1573 

I. •  t°TP  ^iarr<nv  of  Hist.  (1653)  30  A  little  round  Circle 

hich  Popihus  made  with  his  riding  Rod.  1624  CAPT. 
SMITH  Virginia  HI.  v.  59  A  fish..[withj  a  long  tayle  like  a 


would  lay  it  about  some  of  their  ears. 


662 

Ri'ding-school.    [RmiNG  vbl.  sb.}   A  school  [ 
or  establishment  where  riding  is  taught ;  esp.  Mil., 
a  school  for  training  troopers  in  horsemanship. 

a  1680  BUTLER  Rein.  (1759)  L  2°6  As  Riding-schools  in 
culcate  Horsemanship.      1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834) 
I.  262  Like  a  man,  who  should  spend  his  whole  time  in  a 
riding-school,.. but  never  get  a  horse  to  ride  upon.     1833 
Kef  ul.  tr  Instr.  Cavalry  \.  40  The  use  of  an  Open  Manege    I 
is  indispensable  in  quarters  where  there  is  no  riding-school.    \ 
1885  RUSKIN  Prxterita  I.  v.  §  no  My  father  spared  time. . 
to  take  me  to.  .a  riding-school  in  Moorfields. 

attrib.  1875  W.  S.  HAYWARD  Lffvc  agst.  World  5  As  he 
sat  his  horse  in  the  perfection  of  riding-school  attitudes. 

fRidlaik.  Sf.  Obs.  A  species  of  wild  goose. 

1596  DALRYMI-LE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  (S.T.S.)  I.  59 
mtirg..  The  vulgar  with  thir  names  distinguises  thame,  The 
Quinck,  Skilling,  Claik,  Routhunok,  Ridlaik. 

Ridless,  dial,  variant  of  KIDDLE  sb.1 

t  Ridott.    Olis.-^    Anglici/.ed  form  of  RIDOTTO. 

1748  RAMSAY  Genii,  in  Country  49  Ridotts  and  dances, 
with  lasses  trig  that  please  your  fancies. 

I!  Ridotto  (ridfto),  sb.  Also  S  ridotta.  Obs. 
exc. ///>/.  [It.  ridotto,  =K.  reduit,  med.L.  reditct- 
i/s,  f.  the  pa.  pple.  of  L.  redficfre  to  REDUCE. 

Florio's  definition  of  ridotto  is  '  a  home  or  retiring  place. 
Also  a  gaming  house,  an  ordinary  or  tabling  house  or  other 
place  where  good  company  doeth  meete'.] 

An  entertainment  or  social  assembly  consisting  of 
music  and  dancing. 

Introduced  into  England  '  in  the  year  1722,  at  the  Opera 
House  in  the  Haymarket  '  (Busby  Diet.  Music},  and  a 
marked  feature  of  London  social  life  during  the  eighteenth 
century. 

1722  STEKLF.  Consc.  Lovers  i.  i,  The  poor  Fool. .loves  to 
hear  me  talk  of  the  World,  and  the  Plays,  Opera's,  and 
kidottos,  for  the  Winter.  1753  RICHARDSON  Gratidison  I. 
v.  24,  I  am  to  be  carried  by  her  to  a  masquerade,  to  a  ridotto. 
1778  Miss  CUKXKY  Evelina  xii.  On  Monday  we  go  to  a 
ridotto.  1806  H.  SIDUOXS  Main,  Wife,  ff  Widow  II.  170 
She  never  talks  of  anything  but  the  masquerades,  balls,  ^or 
ridottosof  the  fashionables.  1859  THACKERAY  Virgin,  xliii, 
There  were  masquerades  and  ritlottos,  frequented  by  all  the 
fine  society. 

attrib.  1832  Miss  MITFORD  I  'illftge  Ser.  v.  (1863)  428  The 
festoons  of  flowers  and  foliage  which  one  sees  round., 
ridotto  tickets  of  Hogarth  and  Barlolozzi. 

Hence  t  Rido'tto  v..  to  hold  a  ridotto.   Obs.—1 

1758  I.  G.  COOPKR  Retreat  of  Aristippus,  And  heroines, 
whiKt  twas  the  fashion,  Ridotto'd  on  the  rural  plains. 

Rid- work :  see  RID  sb.- 

+  Hie.  Obs.  rare.  Also  7  rye.  [Of  obscure 
origin.]  Game,  sport. 

1584  LODGE  A  Itinim  (Hunterian  Cl.)  35  The  vsurer  that 
playes  all  this  rie,  will  yet  be  counted  an  honest  and  well 
dealing  man.  1592  BRETON  Pilgr.  Parad.  Wks.  (Grosart) 
I.  16/2  The  boson,  he  his  cabin  tooke  to  keepe,  And  in  the 
cookerome,  there  the  rie  begane.  1611  COTGR.,  Drolerie, 
rye,  waggerie,  good  roguerie. 

Rie,  var.  REE  v.,  to  sift ;  obs.  f.  RYE  sb.^  ;  var. 
R.TKJ&.8    Riede,  obs.  f.  REED.     Rief(e,  Sc.  varr. 
REIF  ;  obs.  ft".  RIFE  a.    Rie-grass,  obs.  f.  RYE-   ! 
GRASS.     Rieing-sieve :    see    REEING    vbl.    sb. 
Riek,  var.  REEK  sb.'* 

II  Riem  (nm).    S.  African.    [Dn.   Hem,  =•  G.    I 
riemen    (OHG.   riumo,    riemo,    OS.  reomo,  OE. 
reoina  :  see  RIM  J/'.2}.]     A  long  strip  or  thong  of 
undressed  leather.   See  also  REIM,  RHEIM,  and  RIM. 

1849  E.  E.  NAPIER  Excurs.  S.  Afr^.  I.  265  The  'riem' 
alluded  to  is  a  long  leathern  thong,  with  which  horses  are 
generally  secured.  1897  OLIVE  SCHREINER  Trooper  P. 
Halket  H.  220  He  made  the  fellows  tie  him  up  to  that 
little  tree,  .with  riems  round  his  legs,  and  riems  round  his 
waist,  and  a  riem  round  his  neck. 

Rien,  obs.  f.  RAIN  sb.^  Riende,  obs.  f.  RIND. 
Riep,  obs.  f.  REAP  v.  Riet,  obs.  f.  RETE. 
Rietbok,  -buck  :  see  REIT-BUCK.  Rieueled, 
obs.  f.  Ri  YELLED.  Rieve,  obs.  f.  or  var.  of  REAVE 
j'.1,  REEYE  z'.i,  RIYE  v.  Riever,  var.  of  REAVER. 
Riew,  obs.  f.  RUE. 

II  Rifacinieuto  (rifatjime-nto).     Also  8  refac- 
cimento,   9   refaci-.    rifaccimento,   rifac(e)ia- 
mento.  [It.  rifacimento  (pi.  -nienti),  f.  rifac-,  stem 
of  rifare  to  remake.]   A  new-modelling  or  recast-   ; 
ing  of  a  literary  work. 

1773  Gentl.  Mag.  XLIII.  134  About  fifty  years  after 
Boyardo's  death,  Francesco  Bern!  ..  published  his  Rifaci 
mento  of  the  Orlando  Innamorato.  1800  W.  TAYLOR  in 
Monthly  Mag.  VIII.  878  If.  .the  English  Universal  History 
should,  .be  reprinted,,  .improvements  may  be  derived  from 
the  German  refaccimento  of  that  work.  1832  Miss  MITFORD 
Village  Ser.  y.  (1863)  429  That  volume  of  Dryden  called  his 
'  Fables  ',  which  contains  the  glorious  rifacimenti  of  parts  of 
Chaucer.  1884  A  t/ieiizum  May  689  Virtually  a  rifacimento 
of  the  introduction  to  that  magnificent  quarto. 

trans/.  1826  DISRAELI  Viv.  Grey  iv.  iii.  The  same  refaci- 
mento  of  lies,  and  treachery,  and  cowardice. 

Rifart,  Sc.  variant  of  RAIFOHT  Obs. 

Rife  (raif),  a.  (sb.)  and  adv.  Forms  :  2  ryte,  3-5 
riue  (rive),  ryue  (ryve) ;  3-5  rif,  rijf  (4  riif, 
5  riife,  riyf),  5-7  riffe,  6-7  rief  (G  riefe),  3- 
rife  ;  4-5  ryf  (5  ryif,  ryyf),  5-6  ryfe,  ryffe, 
5-7  ryff.  [Late  OK.  ryfe  (for*r(fe),  -_-  mod.Fris. 
rjii,  MDn.  rive,  rijf,  MLG.  rive,  ryve  (LG.  rtfe\ 
ON.  rifr-  (MSw.  river,  Norw.  riv).  The  preval 
ence  of  the  word  in  early  southern  texts  is  in 
favour  of  its  being  native  in  English,  rather  than 
an  adoption  from  Scandinavian.] 


RIPE. 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  common  or  frequent  occurrence ; 
prevalent;  widespread:  a.  Of  hurtful  or  obnoxious 
things  or  conditions  ;  in  later  use  esp.  of  infectious 
diseases  or  epidemics. 

CH20  in  Sax.  Leechd.  III.  164  Dere  .vii.  niht  gyf  wind 
byod,  fir  byS  swySe  ryfe  by  scare.  £-1205  LAY.  631  par  was 
muchel  blod-gute ;  baluwe  ber  wes  riue.  Ibid.  20677  Daed 
ber  wes  rife,  a  1300  Cursor  M.  1594  Hijs  faas  to  bring  al 
o  lijf,  And  waass  ^at  wrang,  bat  was  sa  rijf.  c  1315  SHORE- 
HAM  iv.  307  patsenne  hys  ryf  in  londe.  1:1400  Destr.  'Jroy 
11775  Tobe  cumbrid  with couetous,.. That  rote  is  &  rankist 
of  all  the  rif  syns.  1432-50  tr.  tligden  (Rolls)  II.  185  The 
worlde..is  now.  .constreynede  as  with  ryfe  greuaunces  to 
a  nye  dethe.  1543  SURREY  Satire  agst.  Citizens  London, 
Synnes,  that  groo  Within  thy  wicked  walls  so  ryfe.  1575 
Troubles  about  Com.  Prayer  138  Siknesse  beinge  so  rirte 
in  this  citye.  1616  R.  C.  Time's  Whistle  (1871)  68  'Mongst 
such  men  are  rife  These  damnd  opinions.  1692  BENTLEY 
Boyle  Led.  29  So  other  epidemical  vices.. are  rife  and  pre 
dominant  only  for  a  season.  1705  STANHOPE  Parapkr.  II. 
*'  '  rife  and  catching,  swelling  from  less  to  greater. 


1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  I.  182  Though  this  disorder  be 

too  rife  in  our  count —    T "•"* r : — 

itendemial.   1816  J. 


too  rife  in  our  country,  I  see  no  just  cause  for  pronouncing 
itendemial.  1816  J.  WILSON  City  ofPlagne  in.  iv,  I  wonder 
where  will  imposition  end  Thus  rife  within  the  dwellings  of 


the  dead  !     1849  Miss  MITFORD  in  L'Estrange  Life  (1870) 

III.  216  It  [small-pox]  has  been  most  rife  in  the  neighbour 
hood,  and  very  heavy.     1871  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876) 

IV.  118  Even  where  no  open  outbreak  took  place,  local 
conspiracies  were  everywhere  rife. 

b.  Of  good  or  neutral  things  or  conditions. 

c  1205  LAV.  32107  penne  scullen  i  Bruttene  blissen  wurSen 
riue.  c  1320  Cast.  Love  150  pere  joye  and  blisse  is  so  ryue. 
1423  JAS.  I  Kingia  Q.  cxxi,  The  songis  new,  the  fresch 
carolis  and  dance, ..That  quhilum  was  amongis  thame 
so  ryf.  i'  1475  Raitf  Coilyar  170,  I  haue  oft  tymes  bene 
quhair  gude  has  bene  ryfe.  1531  TINDALE  Exp.  i  John 
(1537)  91  Hys  wyshynge  is  playne  ynoughe,  for  it  is  so  ryfe 
in  other  Epistles.  1594  BLUMJEVII.  Exerc.  IV.  1.  (1636)  518 
What  winds  and  currents  were  most  rife  in  every  place. 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  565  As  for  Dipcenus,  his  workes 
were  rife  in  Ambracia.  1725  DE  FOE  Voy.  round  World(iS,*o) 
301  Wagers  were  very  rife  among  us.  1840  DICKENS  Old 
C.  Shofv,  The  activity  and  noise  of  city  day  were  rife  in 
the  street.  1878  Huxl.EY  Physiogr.  203  An  area  in  which 
volcanic  action  must  have  been  rife  on  an  enormous  scale, 
t  c.  Customary  or  common  to  or  with  a  person. 

(-1430  Hymns  Virgin  (1867)  124  Man,  hytt  was  Ve  [  =  to 
thee]  fulle  ryve  To  swere  be  my  wowndys  fyve.  1573  New 
Custom  n.  ii,  Then  shall  you  perceive  that  Hypocrisy  is  rife 
To  all  kind  of  men.  1654  GATAKER  Disc.  Apol.  3  For  it  is 
a  rife  matter  with  thee  to  hear  ill  language  from  others,  and 
as  ready  a  matter  to  return  the  like  again. 

2.  a.  Of  rumours,  reports,  etc. :  Common  or 
generally  current  in  popular  knowledge  or  talk. 

In  quots.  1390  and  1564  not  clearly  distinct  from  sense  3. 

1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  26  Men  saisin  Lyncoln 
:astelle  ligges  jit  a  stone ;  . .  bat  saw  is  jit  rife.  1390 
iowERCo/yC  I.  213  Two  Sones..Whos  fame  is  yit  in  Grece 


Go 

rif. 


!I3  T  .  _   ... 

1564  HAWARD  Eittropiits  To  Rdr.  4  Those  gestes  of 
such  men  are  so  ryfe  in  memory,  that  in  manner  they  do  yet 
lyve.  1599  Bronghtoris  Let.  48  It  was  rife  that  you  were 
proued  mad.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  II.  xxxii.  65  This  is  the 
rifer  report,  and  goeth  more  currant,  than  that  whereof  Piso 
is  the  author.  1635  R.N.tr.  Caiudeifs  Hist.Eliz.i\.\n  The 
rumour  of  the  marriage  waxed  more  and  more  rife.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  I.  650  Whereof  so  rife  There  went  a  fame  in 
Heav'n.  1792  BURKE  Corr.  (1844)  IV.  31  The  reports  which 
they  circulate,  .grow  more  rife  than  ever.  1856  FROUDK 
Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  II.  xi.  473  A  rumour  of  the  queen's  arrest 
was  rife  in  London.  1894  Standard  8  Oct.,  The  reports 
which  are  rife  as  to  a  hostile  squadron  having  been  sighted. 

b.  Of  words  or  phrases:  Commonly  or  frequently 
employed  or  heard ;  esp.  in  the  phrase  rift  in 
(one's)  mouth.  Now  rare. 

1513  DOUGLAS  JEncis  i.  Prol.  381  [Words]  Quhilkis  ar  als 
rife  amange  clerkis  in  scule  As  euir  fowlis  plungit  in  laik. 
1534  'Aow.Comf.agst.  Trib.  in.  Wks.  1249/2  The  manifolde 
foolishe  vnfaythfull  woordes  which  are  so  ryfe  in  our  manye 
mouthes.  1562  TURNER  Herbal  n.  37  But  what  if  thys  were 
a  ryfe  phrase  in  Pliny  ?  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  vl.  xviii. 
§  5.  zoo  Hauing  that  Apothegme  of  Scipio  Africanus  rife 
in  his  mouth.  1671  MILTON  Samson  866  That  grounded 
maxim  So  rife  and  celebrated  in  the  mouths  Of  wisest  men. 
1878  BROWNING  La  Saisiaz  68  What's  the  adage  rife  in  man's 
mouth  ? 

to.  Common,  trivial.  Obs.  rare-1. 

1598  F>p.  HALL  Sat.  iv.  i.  161  O  Esculape  !  how  rife  is  phis- 
icke  made,  When  each  brasse-basen  can  professe  the  trade. 

f3.   Widely  known,  famous,  renowned.  Obs. 

c  1230  Gen.  %  Ex.  232  Name  he  gaf  hire  3at  is  ful  Rif. 
a  1300  Cursor  J\t.  8531  Homer  )*  poet,  bat  was  sa  rijf, 
Liueil  in  bis  king  dauid  lijf.  1303  R.  BRUNNE  llandl. 
Synne  3242  Here  fayrhede  was  yn  renoun  ryfe.  c  1375  Sc. 
Leg.  Saints  xxvi.  (Nicholas)  967  pane  be  low  ryf  has  mad 
bis  merakle.  1:1407  LYDG.  Reason  tf  Sens.  1879  Kyng 
Pelleus . .  Helde  a  feste,  as  hit  is  ryfe,  At  the  weddyng  of  his 
wyf.  (-1470  HARDING  Chron.  Proem  x.  4  [He]  begatte  on 
her  Philip,  his  doughter  ryue. 

4.  Abundant,  plentiful,  ample;  large  in  quantity 
or  number ;  numerous :  a.  With  plural  sbs. 

«.  CI20S  LAV.  r4542  pa  hffiSene  weoren  swa  riue,  &  auere 
heocomen  beliue.  1 340-70  A  lex.  ff  Dim/.  160  For  skabe  of 
the  scorpionus  askape  ))ei  ne  mijhte,  So  riue  romede  bei  be 
riuer  bi-side.  c  1400  Gamelyit  783  Gamelyn  and  his  men 
made  myrthes  Ryve.  c  1425  Cast.  Persei:  629  in  Macro 
Plays  96  Lykynge  !  he-lyue  late  clothe  hym  swythe  In  robys 
ryve  With  ryche  a-ray. 

(3.  a  1300  Cursor  HI.  7695  For-bi  he  hight  bam  giftes  rijf, 
pat  suld  bring  dauid  of  his  lijf.  1309  LANGL.  Rich.  Redcles 
n.  5  Hertis  y-heedyd,.  .So  ryfT  as  they  ronne  3oure  rewme 
boru-oute.  c  1450  AV.  Cuthteri  (Surtees  Soc.)  8  So  mony 
myracles  in  his  lyfe,  And  eftir  his  dede  in  rewmes  ryfe. 
1549-61  STERNHOI.D  &  H.  Ps.  xvii.  15  Worldly  men,  to 
whom  all  worldly  goodes  are  rife.  1551  ROBINSON  tr.  More  s 
Ulop.  I.  (1895)  43  Theues  neuertheles  were  in  euery  place 


KIFE. 


663 


RIFF-RAFF. 


so  ryffe  and  r.inke.  1612  T.  TAYLOR  Comni.  Titus  i.  6  The 
last  times,  wherin  the  spirits  of  error  shall  be  more  rife  than 
euer.  1627  HAKKWILL  Afo  1.  129  Direfull  cornets  never  rifer 
were.  17*5  RAMSAY  Gentle  Sheph,  i.  ii,  It's  a  heartsom 
thing  to  be  a  wife,  When  round  the  ingle-edge  young  sprouts 
are  rife.  1731  FIELDING  Lottery  i.  i,  Folly's  a  fund  Will  never 
lose  ground,  While  fools  are  so  rife  in  the  nation.  1849 
MURCHISON  Siluria  v.  100  Such  igneous  rocks  are  rife  upon 
a  similar. .line.  1860  READE  Cloister  fy  H.  xxxvji,  Great 
store  of  deer,  and  wild  boars  rife  as  flies  at  midsummer. 
b,  \Vith  sing.  sbs. 

a.  c  1230  Halt  Meid.  a  [Thou]  hauest  ifunden  weane  brin, 
&  wondraSe  riue.  Ibid.  29  Alle  worldes  wele  ham  is  inoh 
riue.  c  1290  St.  Rdinumi  57  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  433  Ore 
louerdes  swete  grace  with  him  waswef  riue.  \$..SirBcut-s 
(M)  1574s  Sorowe  he  had  Full  ryye,  Wery  he  was  of  his  ly  ve. 

ft.  r  1250  Gen.  fyJS.i'.  1252  Of  him  cam  kinde  mikil  and  rif. 
a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  (Eg.)  xxvi.  i  Lauerd  mi  lihting,  mi  hele 
so  rife.  ^1400  Destr.  Troy  1117  Weshall  liaue  riches  full  riffe 
&  red  gold  yuogh.  c  1440  CAI'GK.  Life  St.  Kath,  in.  1280 
pis  tokne  eke  beryth  wyluesse  full  ryflfe.  1522  MOKK  DC 
qitat.  Noviss.  Wks.  89/2  If  money  bee  not  so  rife  with  them. 
1598  YONG  Diana  28  This  greefe  which  1  feele  so  rife, ..I 
doe  deserue  as  hire.  1615  W.  LAWSON  Country  Houseii', 
Gard.  (1626)  30  In  the  latter  end  of  the  time  of  grafting, 
when  sap  is  somewhat  rife.  1632  LJTHGOW  Trav.  v.  208,  I 
saw.  .Rose-water  here  in  barrels,  to  be  sold,  as  beere  or 
wine  is  rife  with  vs.  1790  MORISOX  Poems  130  (E.D.D.;, 
\Vha  gets  the  lad  she  loves,  tho'  gear's  nae  rife,  May  pass  a 
calm,  a  lov'd  and  happy  life.  184*  LYTTON  Zanoni  w.  ii, 
Where  the  foliage  was  rifest. 

f  c.  Strong,  loud-sounding.  Obs.  rare. 

1634  MILTON  Comus  203  Eev'n  now  the  tumult  or  loud 
Mirth  Was  rife,  and  perfet  in  my  list'ning  ear. 
•^  d.  As  sb.  Abundance,  plenty.  Obs.~l 

1723  RAMSAY  Fair  Assembly  viii,  Attend  th'  Assembly, 
where  there's  rife  Of  virtuous  maids  to  please  ye. 

5.  Characterized  by  abundance  or  plenty  of,  rich 
or  abounding  i»t  something.     Now  rare. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  87  f>e  saxons  \>o  in  her  poer  J»o 
hii  were  so  riue,  Seve  kynges  made  in  engelond.  a  1300 
Cursor  M..  14837  Again  his  word  mai  naman  strijf,  O 
resun  be  he  neuer  sa  rijf.  a  1440  Sir  Eglant.  1041  When 
y  am  dedd,  thou  getyst  no  pere,  Of  ryches  thou  art  so  ryfe. 
1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1874)  II.  31  He  that  in  his 
costes  is  so  ryfe.  1559  Mirr,  Mag.^  Clarence  xxxv'iii,  In  al 
good  knowledge  rife,  a  1591  H.  SMITH  Wks.  (1867)  II.  475 
His  life  is  rife  in  pains  and  fears.  1621  SANDERSON  Serin. 
(1681)  185  The  Present  Age  is  Rife  of  many  enormous  cry 
ing  Sins.  1711  VUan&'tafafgp  JfoJuutffu#xxvtQ{'warldly 
comforts  she  was  rife.  1725  —  Gentle  Sheph.  i.  ii,  When 
my  Pate  in  bairns  and  gear  grows  rife.  1809  CAMPBELL  Gert. 
Wyoni,  i,  lx,  I  boast  no  song  in  magic  wonders  rife. 

b.  Amply  provided,  plentifully  endowed,  etc., 
with  something. 

1787  Generous  Attachment  I.  209  This  great  world  is  all 
too  rife  with  calamity.  1826  E.  IRVING  Babylon  iv.  I.  253 
The  very  air  and  atmosphere  is  rife  with  delusion.  1852 
TENNYSON  Ode  Dk,  Wellington  vii.  183  Whose  life  was  work, 
whose  language  rife  With  rugged  maxims  hewn  from  life.  1878 
BROWNING  LaSaisiaz  43  How  rife  Life  were  with  delights. 

6.  Disposed  or  inclined  ;  ready,  prompt  j  quick. 
Const,  for,  -\of,  -\  to.     Now  dial. 

ci43o  Hymns  Virgin  (1867)  noTo  sulle  and  buye  ?if  bou 
be  ryf,  Wayte  al  way  bat  wrong  be  went,  c  1450  St.  Cutk- 
bert  (Surtees)  7560  Few  of  bairn  leuyd  monkis  lyfe,  Bot  all 
to  ryote  ware  bai  ryfe.  1549-62  STERNHOLD  &  H.  Ps.xciv.  21 
In  their  counsels  they  are  rife  To  shed  the  guiltlesse  bloud. 
i567GoLDiNG  Ovid's  Met.\i.  (1593)  138  Flags  that  in  these 
moorish  plots  so  rife  of  growing  beene.  1573  TUSSER  Hnsl\ 
(1878)  188  Buie  thee  a  knife,  else  looke  for  a  caruer  not 
alway  too  rife.  1650  FULLER  Pisgali  I.  ii.  35  Thus  the 
Samaritan  woman  had  it  rife  in  her  mouth,  our  Father 
Jacob.  "  ' 


fb.  Easy.   Obs.  rars. 

1557  in  Totters  Misc.  (Arb.)  204  A  gemme  of  woman- 
hed, . .  As  is  not  rife  to  finde  the  like  againe.  1589  PUTTEN- 
HAM  Eng.  Poesie  ii.  xi[i].  (Arb.)  108  With  Gods  it  is  rife  To 
geue  and  bereue  breath.  1597  Bp.  HALL  Sat,  in.  i.  54 
Hath  utmost  Inde  ought  better  then  his  owne?  Then 
utmost  Inde  is  neare,  and  rife  to  gone. 

B.  adv.  (Cf.  MDu.  and  MDa.  rive,  MSw.  riva.) 

t  1.  Numerously  ;  in  large  numbers.    Obs. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  5039  Hii  (>at  bileuede  aliue  Ne 
miste  no}t  al  burye  bat  folc  bat  deide  so  Riue.  Ibid.  5219 
pe  deneys  come  bi  him  riuore  ban  hii  dude  er. 

2.  Abundantly,  copiously,  largely  ;  manifoldly. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  17853  Godd,  ^at.  .has  us  kyd  bi  right  sa 
rif.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNK  Citron.  Wace  (Rolls)  5733  Of  his 
miracles  men  spake  ryf.  1387  TKEVISA  Htgden  (Rolls)  I. 
399  Al  hat  nede}?  to  be  lyue  pat  lond  bryngeb  forb  ful  ryue, 
1577-82  BRETON  Toyes  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  26/2  Some  syng 
and  daunce  for  lyfe,  some  Carde  and  Dyce  as  ryfe.  1579 


Sierra  Nevada. 

f  3.  Frequently,  often.  Obs. 

a  \yxtCursorM.  28486  Mi  spuseil  hafi  broken  rife,  c  1430 
Hymns  fit-girt  (1867)  92  Of  \>i  liuynge  be-binke  bee  rijfe, 
In  open  &  in  priuite.  1557  Totters  Misc.  (Arb.)  157  The 
highest  tree  in  all  the  woode  is  rifest  rent  with  blustring 
wmdes.  1575  TURBERV.  Faulconrie  267  The  most  ordinarie 
hurtes  which  doe  ryfest  happen  to  hawkes.  a  1618  SYLVESTER 
Panaretns  1193  Meeting  (rife)  Their  length  of  Bliss  by  their 
dear  length  of  Life. 

t 4.  Promptly,  speedily,  readily.   Obs. 

1338  R-  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  68  To  Richere  M  was  erle, 
men  told  it  fulle  rif.  ^1350  Medical  MS.  in  Archaeologia 
XXX.  365  Who  so  take  abene  weyte  Off  powdyrof  betonye 
..  And  ete  it  sone  after  his  sopere  ryf  [etc.  J.  ^1450  LOVELICH 
CrfW/xitt,  949  Thus  to  him  he  sente  Anon  ful  Ryf.  r  1525 
Tale  of  the  Basyn  20  in  Hazl.  E.  F.  P.  III.  45  Alle  his 
wyves  biddyng  he  did  it  full  ryve. 


f  Ri'feful,  ct.     Obs.-1     [-FUL.]     Prevalent. 

ai6i8  SYLVESTER  Panarettts  1035  Shee  without  whom, 
the  rife-full  strife-full  sound  Of  Mine  and  Thine,  would  all 
the  World  confound. 

tRi'fely,  adv.  Obs.  Forms  :  4  riuelic,  -Ii, 
-ly>  5  ryuely,  7  rivelie  ;  4  ryfly,  6  ryfely;  4 
rifli(che,  6  riefly,  5-7  rifely,  [f.  RIFE  a.  +  -LY  2  : 
cf.  MDu.  rivelike,  -Hjc,  ON.  riflega  (MSw. 
riffle^a.)  MDa.  rivelige}^\  Abundantly,  largely  ; 
frequently  ;  prevalently,  currently. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  7880  Bot  oft  be  weliest  o  win  Riue-liest 
bai  fal  in  sin.  c  1325  J£.  E.  Horn,  (ed.  Small)  30  For  riuelic 
togider  drawes  Faithe  lufreden  god  felawes.  c  1350  H'ill. 
Palerne  1472  And  be  word  went  wide  how  be  nuiyde  was 
?eue  rifliche  burlh-out  rome.  c  1400  Destr.  Tny  2936  Soche 
Riot  &  Revell  so  ryuely  to  haunt.  1569  K.  HAKE  Keives 
Poivles  Chwrchyarde  (1579)  G  viij,  Vet  how  ryfely  now  it 
raignes.  1598  Bi-.  HALL  Sat.  iv.  iii,  'J'he  palm  dotli  rifely  rise 
in  lury  field.  1603  SIR  C.  HKVUON*  yttd.  Astral,  .vii.  200 
Neuer  a  foule  mouthed  swaggerer. .giueth  the  lie  so  rifely 
as  he  doth.  1603  KNOI.LKS  Hist.  Tnrks  (1638)  133  It  was 
rifely  reported,  that  the  affairs  of  Persia,  .began  to  grow 
again  to  some  good  quiet.  1648  HHXHA.M  n,  Rijjffclick^ 
Rifely,  or  Abundantly. 

Ili'feuess.  rare.  [-NESS.]  The  state  or  con 
dition  of  being  rife. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  1887  A  tale.  .Of  be  ryfenes  of  ]i>e 
rede  gold  jour  region  with-in.  1608  BP.  HALL/^/S/.  i.  viii. 
95  Hence  I  argue  the  rifenesse  of  vnkindnesse  taken  and 
pursued.  (11677  UAKKOW  Scrni.  Wks.  1716  I.  154  The  rife- 
ness  of  this  practice,  .will  be  the  cause  of  a  general  diffidence 
among  men.  1710  HEARNE  Collect.  (O.  H.S.)  II.  382  The 
Rifeness  of  the  small  Pox.  1796  W.  TAVLOK  in  Monthly 
J\Iag.  I.  404  The  scarceness  of  long  vowels,  and  the  rifeness 
of  short  syllables  in  their  language. 

Bife-rafe,  obs.  form  of  RIFF-RAFF  j&i 

t  Riff,  sb±    Obs.    [a.  OF.  rif  et  raf>  rif  ne  raf 

(see  Godefroy  and  Cotgrave).     Hence  also  MDu. 

rijf  ende.  raf  (Verdam).]     In  phr.  riff  ami  raff^ 

one  and  all,  every  single  bit ;  riff  nor  raff,  none  at 

all,  nothing  whatever. 
1338  R.  BKUNNK  Chron.  (1810)  38  pei  tok  alle  riffe  &  raf. 

Ibid,   in  pat  noi^er  he  no  hise  suld  chalange  rif  no  raf. 

Ibid.  276  He  sauh  bam  rif  &,  raf  comand  ilka  taile. 

t  Riff,  sb$  Obs.  In  6  ryffe.  [var.  of  REEVE 
sb.'-i  i.]  A  string  or  rope  (of  onions). 

1509  Invent,  in  Stocks  &  Bra^g  Mkt.  Harborougli  Par. 
Rec.  (1890)  233  Item  ix  Ryffes  off  Onyons. 

Iliff,  sb.'*  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [Ferh.  repr.  OE. 
hrifpO)  f.  hrjof  scabbed,  leprous :  but  cf.  also 
OK.  rifle,  F.  dial,  riffle  in  the  same  sense.]  A 
cutaneous  eruption  ;  the  itch  or  mange. 

1578  J.  JONES  Prescrv.  Bodie  <y  Sonic  i.  xxvi.  50  Their 
children  be  not  only  free  from  riffe,  and  chafing,  but  also  be 
endued  with  a  fayre  colour  and  delicate  skinne.  1879-  in 
western  dial,  glossaries  (see  Eng.  Dial.  Diet.  s.v.  Reef). 

t  Riff,  sb.±  Obs.  Also  6  reefe,  7  riffe.  [Back- 
formation  from  MIDKIFF.]  The  diaphragm. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gnillemeaus  Fr.  Chirurg.  4/1  When  the 
middle  reefe  or  Diaphragma  is  wounded.  1656  S.  HOLLAND 
Zara  (1719)  37  And  with  the  single  thrust  pierc't  through 
the  skin,  ribs,  and  riff  of  this  sawcy  Savage.  1659  D.  LLOYD 
Leg.  dipt.  Jones  4  Then  came  his  good  sword..,  Which 
pierc't  skin,  ribs,  and  riffe,  and  rove  her  heart. 

t  Riff,  J/'.5  Obs,  rare.  [var.  of  RIFT  sb?]  A 
rift ;  a  chink. 

1602  FULBECKE  ist  Pt.  Parall.  97, 1  dp  not  thinke  it  poss 
ible  which  some  affirme,  that  the  bodies  of  such  witches 
may  pierce  through  a  chinke  or  riffe  of  a  wall.  1611  SPEED 
Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  tv.  §  55.  442  Others  say,  that  out  of  riffes 
in  the  earth,  burning  flames  arose. 

Riff,  obs.  variant  of  REEF  sb^-  and  sb.~ 

t  Riff,  v.  '  Obs.  rare.  [Cf.  RIFFLE  v.  3  and 
RIFFLER-.]  trans.  To  break  up  (land). 

1573  P*  MORE  Almanack  fy  Prognost.  Cvb,  Riffe  up  your 
ley  grounde  for  Otes.  Ibid.  C  vj,  Riffe  up  your  layed  land. 

Riffard,  Sc.  variant  of  RAIFOKT  Obs. 
Riffe-raffe,  obs.  f.  RIFF-RAFF  sb.1  and  sb* 
Riffin,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  pple.  of  RIVE  z>.l 
Riffle  (ri'fl),  sb.     Also  7  rifle.    [Cf.  RIFFLED. 

It  is  not  quite  certain  that  all  the  senses  really 

belong  to  the  same  word.] 

I.  + 1.  Sc.  A  ruffling  or  rubbing.   Obs. 

1637  RUTHEKFORD  Lett.  i.  cxriii.  (1664)  375  When  my 
wounds  are  closing,  a  little  rifle  causeth  them  to  bleed  afresh. 

2.  dial.  (See  quot.) 

1880  /K.  Cormv.  Gloss.,  Riffle^  a  break  in  a  roof  made  by 
a  strong  wind  carrying  away  the  slates  or  thatch. 

3.  In  card-sharping  :  (see  quot.1). 

1894  MASKELYNI-:  Sharps  «V  Flats  137  The  riffle,  or  butt-in, 
as  it  is  called  in  America,  is  the  shuffle  in  which,  .the  thumbs 
'  riffle ',  or  bend  up  the  corners  of  the  cards. 

II.  U.S.  4.  A  rocky  obstruction  in  the  bed  of 
a  river ;  a  piece  of  broken  water  produced  by  this ; 
a  rapid.     (Cf.  the  earlier  RIPPLE  sbty 

F.  BAU.Y  Jrnl.  Tonr  (1856)  149  These  places.. are 
inhabitants  '  Riffles ' ;  I  supi 


called  by  the  in  Habitants  '  Kittles ' ;  1  suppose, 
of  the  word  'ruffle',  as  the  water  is  violeiitb 


Ise,  a  corruption 
itly  agitated  in 


those  parts.  1833  H.  MAKTINEAU  Briery  Creek  \.  n  The 
riffle  of  the  Creek,  or  the  shallows  formed  by  the  uneven- 
ness  of  its  rocky  bottom.  1865  Vise.  MILTON  &  CHEADLE 
N.W.  Passage  379  A  little  below  Quesnelle  Mouth  is  a 
rather  dangerous  'riffle',  or  rapid,  of  lumpy  water.  1887 
M.  ROBERTS  Western  Avernns  202  Fighting  the  stream  at 
intervals,  but  '  making  the  riffle  ',  or  crossing  the  rapid. 
5.  In  gold-washing:  A  slat,  bar,  cleat,  or  block, 
placed  across  the  bottom  of  a  cradle  or  sluice  in 
order  to  break  the  current  and  detain  the  gold. 


1862  B.  TAYLOR  Home  <$•  Abroad  Ser.  n,  144  The  sand. , 
[is  swept]  into  a  long  sluice.  Here  it  is  still  further  agitated 
by  means  of  riffles  across  the  bottom,  and  the  gold  is  caught 
in  grooves  filled  with  quicksilver.  1865  MACFIE  Vamonver 
fy  Brit.  Columbia  268  Along  the  bottom  of  the  rocker  riffles 
or  elects  are  arranged  to  arrest  the  gold,  (h'ote.  These  are 
strips  of  wood  or  metal  arranged  after  the  manner  of  a 
Venetian  blind.)  1882  U,S.  Rep.  Prec.  Met.  628  The  sluices 
are.  .paved  with  block  riffles  or  rock  riffles,  which  serve. .to 
catch  the  gold  and  the  amalgam. 

b.  A  groove  or  channel  across  the  bottom  of  a 
cradle  or  sluice,  or  the  space  between  two  bars, 
etc.,  serving  to  catch  the  gold  ;  a  mercury-bath  in 
a  washing-table. 

1875  J.  H.  COLLINS  Met.  Mining  113  The  gold  and  silver 
ore  is  first  stamped  fine,  and  then  allowed  to  pass  success 
ively  over  amalgamated  copper  plates,  'riffles',  or  small 
stony  channels  containing  mercury  (etc.].  1882  U.S.  Ri-p, 
Prec.  Met.  194  Cinnabar,  .is  found  in  such  quantities  as  to 
prove  troublesome  in  washing  for  gukl,  filling  the  rifilcs 
where  gold  should  lodge.  1882  Electro-Amalg.  Co.  Pro 
spectus  4  He  provides  a  table,,  .in  which  he  places  tun  or 
more  riffles,  or  baths  containing  mercury. 

c.  attrib.,  as  riffle-bed^  -board,  -box*  -sluice. 

1862  .Mining-  <<j-  Smelting  Mag.  I.  398  AVhen  amalgama 
tion  is  employed,  the  riffle-boxes  may  be  charged  with 
mercury.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  <y  Mining  349 
About  one-half  of  the  ore  going  through  the  mill  is  saved  by 
means  of  riffle-sluices.  1882  U.S.  AV/.  Prec.  Met.  570  The 
finer  particles  of  dirt  and  dust  being  thrown  away  by  the 
current  behind  before  falling  on  the  riffle-bed.  Hid.,  Riffles 
are  placed  at  suitable  distances  on  the  riffle-board. 

6.  A  transverse  bar  in  a  fish-ladder. 

1890  in  Cent.  Diet. 

Riffle,  dial,  variant  of  RIFLE  sb.- 

Riffle  (ri'fl),  v.  rare.  [Of  obscure  history: 
perh.  partly  a  variant  of  RUFFLE  ?'.,  and  partly 
ad.  K.  riffler,  obs.  var.  tArifler  (see  RIFLE  z>.*).] 

1.  inlr.  To  lorm  a  '  riffle  '  or  rapid.    U.S. 

1754  Xcw  Eng.  Hist.  Reg.  (1868)  XXII.  408  The  naviga 
tion  to  Norridgewallc  is  considerably  difficult  by  reason  of 
the  rapidity  of  the  stream,  and  riffling  falls. 

2.  trans,  a.  To  handle  in  a  hesitating  manner, 
so  as  to  produce  a  slight  rattle. 

1852  Miss  MITKORD  Recoil.  I.  309  After  some  riffling  of 
the  latch,,  .the  front  gate  was  tremblingly  opened. 

b.  Of  the  wind :   To  strip  (a  house  or  roof)  of 
thatch,  tiles,  or  slates,  dial. 

Cf.  RIFLE  r'.1  5  (quots.  1762  and  1770). 

1880  II7.  Cormv.  Gloss.,  The  wind  riffled  lots  of  housen 
last  night.  1891  PKARCE  Esther  Pentreath  \.  iii,  The 
clay-walled  cottages.,  had  their  reedy  coverings  '  riffled1  by 
almost  every  gust. 

c.  To  plough  lightly.     (Cf.  RiFFLEU2.)     dial. 

1893  COZENS- HARDY  Broad  Norfolk  (ed.  2)  14  To  '  riffle  ', 
i.e.,  lo  disturb  the  surface  with  a  plough. 

3.  In  card-sharping  :  To  bend  up  (cards'  at  the 
corners  in  shuffling;    to  shuffle   in    this    manner. 
(Cf.  RIFFLE  sb.  3.) 

1894  MASKELYNE  Sharps  <$•  Flats  138  The  top  half  of  the 
pack  being  taken  in  the  right  hand,  and  those  of  the  bottom 
in  the  left,  the  cards  are  riffled  together  upon  the  table. 

Hi  filer  J.  [ad.  F.  rifloir  (i6th  c.  in  Godef.), 
f.  rifler  to  scrape,  file  (see  RIFLE  z'.1).]  A  tool 
with  .1  curved  file-surface  at  each  end,  used  by 
sculptors,  metal-workers,  and  wood-carvers. 

1797  NEMNICH  Polyglot  Lex.  665  Rifflers,  Riffeleisen. 
1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  837  The  rifflers,  used  by 
sculptors,  are  required  to  be  of  numerous  curvatures,  to 
adapt  them  to  the  varying  contour  of  works  in  marble.  1875 
SIK  T.  S  EATON  Fret-Cutting  54  The  wood  may  be  taken 
down  by  a  file  or  a  riffler,  which  is  a  carver's  bent  file. 

Ri'ffler 2.  dial.  [Cf.  RIFFLE  v.  2  c.]  A 
scuffling-plough  or  horse-hoe. 

1811  MARSHALL  Review  III.  3?g  An  enemy  to  the  plow  ! — 
a  friend  to  the  '  scuffler ', — *  riffler  \ — '  scarifier  ',— *  whiffler  '. 

Riffler,  obs,  variant  of  RIFLER  I. 

Riff-raff,  riffraff1  (ri'f|ru:f).  Forms :  6 
ryf  raf,  rif  raf,  7  (9)  rif-raf,  rifraf ;  6  rifraff, 
6-7  rifraffe,  7  rife-rafe ;  5-6  ryffe  raffe,  6 
rifferaffe,  6-7  riffe-raffe  (7  -raff),  riffe  raffe 
(7  ruffe);  6-7  riffraffe,  7  riff-raffe;  6-8  riff 
raff,  7-  riff-raff,  8-  riffraff,  [f.  the  phrase 
riff  and  raff  \  see  RIFF  s6.1  and  RAFF  j^.l] 

1.  Persons  of  a  disreputable  character  or  belong 
ing  to  the  lowest  class  of  a  community  ;  f  persons 
of  no  importance  or  social  position  (obs.}. 

a  1470  GREGORY  Chron.  (Camden)  191  Many  a  man  was 
mortherydeand  kylde  in  that  conflycte,  I  wot  not  what  [to] 
name  hyt  for  the  multytude  of  ryffe  raffe.  1528  GARDINER 
in  Pocock  Rec.  Reforni.  I.  89  Thirty  persons,  rif  raf  and 
other,  standing  in  the  chambers.  1599  Broughtons  Let. 
vii.  21  To  accompt  all  besides  themselues..babish,  vn- 
learned,  rifraffe,  nobodie.  1678  Spanish  Hist.  n.  72  No 
body  will  be  willing  to  trust  himself  with  the  riff  raff  that 
dwell  there.  1794  WOLCOT  (P.  Pindar)  One  Wks.  1812  III. 
261  What  to  us  riffraff  of  the  World  they  owe.  1811  L.  M. 
HAWKINS  Cless  fy  Gertr.  I.  76  A  mere  parcel  of  riff-raff! 
petty  traders  and  shop-keepers.  1846  D.  JERROLD  Mrs. 
Candle  it,  All  sorts  of  thieves  and  vagabonds,  .and  rif-raf  of 
every  kind.  1882  M.  ARNOLD  Irish  Ess.  233  There  were.. a 
good  many  riff-raff  in  the  upper  gallery. 

b.  The  refuse  or  scum  of  a  community,  class, 
etc. ;  the  worthless  or  disreputable  element  of  the 
populace  ;  the  rabble. 

1545  ASCHAM  To.voph,  (Arb.)  155  The  common  wealthecan 
be  content  to  take . .  the  rifraffe  of  the  worlde,  to  make  those 
instrumentes  of.  1593  G.  HARVEY  Pierces  Super.  Wks. 
(Grosart)  II.  65  The  riffe-raffe  of  the  scriWing  rascality. 


RIFF-RAFF. 

1619  HIERON  Wks.  II.  474  Another  bishop  doth  call  them 
the  trash  and  riffe-raffe  of  the  people,  a  1686  A.  MARTIN- 
DALE  Life  (Chetham  Soc.)  157  Calling  them.. the  scumme, 
rabble,  rife-rafe  (or  such  like)  of  the  parish.  aijoo  15.  K. 
Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Riff-raff,  the  Rabble  or  Scum  of  the 
People,  Tagrag  and  Long-tail.  1799  WASHINGTON  Writ. 
(1893)  XIV.  154  None  but  the  riff-raff  of  the  Country,  and 
the  scape-gallowses  of  the  large  cities  will  be  to  be  had. 
1851  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Pns.  Pos.  Cath.  in  Eng.  352  To  show 
all  the  boys  and  riff-raff  of  the  towns,  what  a  Papist  was 
like.  1881  F.  G.  LEE  R.  Barentyne  vii,  We  find. .men  of 
knowledge  and  refinement,  .in  active  alliance  with  all  the 
Radicals  and  Riff-raff  of  the  age. 

•f-  C.  A  collection  of  worthless  persons.   Obs. 
1570  FOXE  A.  <V  M.  (ed.  2)  693/2   Long  were   it  to  make 
rehearsall  of  all  this  rifraffe.     1600  HOLLAND  Liry  xxvm. 
xii.  676  An   armie.. mingled   of  a   confused  riff  raff  and 
medley  of  all  nations. 

d.  One  belonging  to  the  rabble,  rare. 
1602  J.  DA\-iEs(Heref.)  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  25/1  When  these 
Riffe-raffes  in  commotion  rise,  And  all  will  haue  their  will. 
1647  KENTISH  Serm.  (1648)  20  If  it  were  only  among  the 
Rifle-Raffs  of  the  people.  1837  J.  F.  PALMER  Dei'on  Gloss. 
77.  1897  PRIMMER  Rome  (1903)  133  Dirty  riffraffs  kissed 
the  foot  and  young  ladies  and  nuns  followed. 

2.  Worthless  stuff;    odds  and    ends;    trumpery, 
trash,  rubbish.     Now  chiefly  dial. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  5  And  toke  not  theyr  ryffe  raffe,  but . . 
theyr  princypall  substaunce.   1579  GOSSON  Sch.  Abuse  (Arb.)    j 
49  It  is  not . .  Archimedes  prickes,  and  lines,  and  circles,  and    ] 
triangles,  and  Rhombus,  and  rifferniTe,  that  hath  any  force     > 
to  dnue  them   backe.      1632  WHITELOCKK  Mem.  (1732)  17    i 
That,  .they  pelted  him  with  rotten  Eggs,  Stones,  and  other    j 
riff  raff.     1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  ii.  i.  128  There  is  a  great    ! 
deal  of  Riff-Raff  in  these  Ancients.      1706  H  EARNS  Collect. 
f,O.H.S.)  I.  303  About  12,000  vols.  of  which  some  scarce,  but 
y!  greatest  part  Riff-raff.     1794  GIFI-ORD  Baviad  (1811)  32 
Blot  the  name  of  Pasquin  from  thy  pa^e  :  Thou  seest  it 
will  not  thy  poor  riff-raff  sell.     1863  \V.  W.  STORY  Roka  di 
R,  II.  ii.  24  Dark  dirty  shops,  in  which  all  borts  of  riffraff 
are  sold. 

tb.  A  rubbishy  thing.   Obs*    rare—*. 

1600    HAKLUYT   Voy.   III.  306   In    necessitie   they   eat  a    j 
thousand  rifraffes  euen  to  the  swallowing  downe  of  coales.      i 

3.  attrib.  or   as  adj.   a.    Of  persons :    Low   or    ! 
disreputable  ;  belonging  to  the  rabble. 

1612  tr.  Benvennto  Italianos  Passenger  I.  71  But  what  is 
he  able  to  rule  riffe-raffe  people  ?     1649  W.  M.  Wandering    \ 
Jew  (1857)  64  These  are  RirT-raffe  Theeves,  the  Scum  of  a    ! 
State.     1728-9  POPE  Wks.  (1751)  V.  p.  xxviii,  Here,  .should    I 
we  crave  pardon,  .for  having  mentioned  them  in  the  same    ' 
page  with  such  weekly  riff-raff  railers  and  rhymers.     1784 
BAGE  Barkam  Downs  I.   157  Give   'em   thirty   thousand    ' 
pounds  a  piece,  to  throw  away  upon  some  Riff  Raff  beggarly 
fellow.     1883  HADDON  in  W.  R.  W.  Stephens  Life  <y  Lett. 
Freeman  (1895)  I.  8  A  mob  of  riffraff  snobs  had  attacked 
our  party. 

b.  Of  things:  Worthless,  trashy. 

?  1608  BODLEY  in  Reliq.  B.  (1703)  82  In  any  wise  take  no 
riffraff  Books  (for  such  will  but  prove  a  Discredit  to  our 
Library).  1612  T.  JAMES  Corrupt.  Script,  iv.  43  Seeing 
such  riffe-raffe  doctrine  in  it,  [he]  would  not  take  it  into 
his  Worke.  1711  HEARNE  Collect.  (O.H.S.)  III.  243  The 
large  4'°  ed.  of  Sallust  full  of  riff-raff  Notes.  1827  SCOTT 
Jrnl  30  Apr.,  Nothing  to-day  but  a  pack  of  riff-raff  cases 
of  petty  larceny  and  trash.  1861  G.  MUSGRAVE  By- Roads 
France  54  The  fair . .  was  a  riff-raff  conglomeration  of. .  folly, 
trash,  trumpery,  and  charlatanism. 

t4.  (See  quot.)   Obs.—° 

1598  FLORIO,  Raffola  rujfola,  by  rifraffe,  by  hooke  or  crooke, 
by  pinching  or  scraping. 

t  Biff-raff  *.  Obs.  rare.  Forms :  6  rif  raf, 
6-7  rifle  raffe.  [Onomatopoeic  (cf.  RAFF  sb.-} ; 
but  perh.  partly  suggested  by  prec.]  A  hurly- 
burly,  a  racket ;  a  rude  piece  of  verse. 

1582  STANYHUKST  Mneis  i.  (Arb.)  21  These  vnrulye  reuels, 
and  rif  rafs  wholye  disordred,.  .thee  sea  king  Neptun 
awaked,  1600  NASHE  Summer's  Last  Will  D  3  The  Poet 
is  bribde..tohold  him  halfe  the  night  with  riffe,  raffe,  of  the 
rumming  of  Elanor.  1617  RICH  Irish.  Hubbub  3  [Stanyhurst] 
tooke  vpon  him  to  translate  Virgill,  and  stript  him.. out  of 
a  Latin  Heroicall  verse,  into  an  English  riffe  raffe. 

1  -Rifle,  sbl  Obs.  Also 5  Sc.  riffll.  [f.  RIFLED] 

1.  A  depredation,  sacking,  spoliation. 

^1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  in.  v.  793  Qwhil  J>e  tyme  }nt  (us 
Arbate  pis  riffil  [v.rr.  ruffull,  ruffil]  made,  and  fra  >at  day 
liabilon  was  fail^eande  ay. 

2.  A  thing  acquired  by  rifling. 

1657  REEVE  God's  Plea  Ep.  Ded.  11  Men  enjoying  preyes 
with  as  much  inward  satisfaction  as  birth-rights,  and  pos- 
sessing  rifles  with  as  quiet  a  conscience  as  just  earnings. 

Rifle  (rai-fT),  sb*  Now  dial,  and  U.S.  Also 
5-6  ryfle,  8-9  riffle,  [a.  OF.  riffle  a  stick,  billet 
of  wood.  In  Norman  dial,  rifle  is  used  in  the  same 
sense  as  in  English.] 

1.  A  piece  of  wood  used  by  mowers  for  sharpen 
ing  their  scythes. 

1459  Proc.  Chancellors  Crt.  Oxford  (Archives  Aaafol.  177), 
Confessusestquod  percussit  quendam  fratrem  predicatorem 
cum  uno  Ryfie  in  capite.  1568  WITHALS  Diet.  19  a/i  A  ryfle 
to  whet  the  sithe  with,  lignum  acnarium.  1606  Wily  Be 
guiled  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  IX.  262  Hear  you— you  with  the 
long  nfle  by  your  side— .  .Call  ye  this  a  rifle?  it's  a  good 
backsword.  1634  WHATELY  Redempt.  Time  n  As  the 
Mower  s  whetstone  or  rifle  is  to  his  Sythe,  to  sharpen  it 
whenitgrowesdull.  1841  EMERSON  Ess.  Ser.  i.  vii.  (1901)  132 

1  he  sound  of  a  whetstone  or  mower's  rifle.  1858  SIMMONUS 
Diet,  i  rade  319/2. 

2.  A  bent  stick  attached  to  the  butt  of  a  scythe 

for  laying  the  corn  in  rows. 


664 


Miss  BAKER  Northawpt.  Gloss,,  Rnpstick,  .is  more  fre 
quently  called  Rifle. 

Rifle   (rai'fl),   sb$  [f.   RIFLE  v.z    Cf.    obs. 

Flem.   rijffel  '  rasura,  sculptura  '   (Kilian),   LG. 


. 

1.573  TUSSER  //«*  (,878)  37  A  brushsitheand  grasse  sithe, 
with  nfle  to  stand,  a  cradle  for  barlie.  ,7,0  HILMAN 
Jusser  Redwinu  xvn.  14  A  rifle  or  ruffle  is  no  more  than 
a  bent  stick  standing  on  the  butt  of  a  sithe-handle. 


,853 


•iffel,  Da.  riffel,  rifle,  Sw.  rejfla  groove  (in  a  rifle) 
chamfer,  flute,  etc.] 

1.  One  of  a  set  of  spiral  grooves   cut   on   the 
interior  surface  of  a  gun-barrel  with  the  object  of 
giving  to  the  projectile  a  rotatory  movement  on  its 
own  axis. 

a  1751  B.  ROBINS  Math.  Tracts  (1761)  I.  334  The  metal  of 
the  barrel  being  soft, ..its  bore  by  half  a  year's  use  was 
sensibly  enlarged  ;  and  consequently  the  depth  of  its  rifles 
diminished.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1776)  f  3  The 
carabine.. has  a  much  greater  range  than  the  fusil  or 
musket,  because  the  rifle  of  the  barrel  impedes  the  ball 
1802  JAMES  Mil.  Diet.  s.v.  Rifled  gun,  The  bullet  ought  to 
be  no  larger  than  to  be  just  pressed  by  the  rifles.  1808  in 
Abridgm.  Patent  Specif.^  Fire-arms  (1859)  46  [Cast-iron 
shot]  coated  with  pure  tin  and  iron,  with  a  proper  quantity 
of  lead,  .to  give  way  to  the  pressure  of  the  rifles. 

b.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rifle-barrel,  -barrelled, 
-carbine,  -groove,  -musket,  -piece.  Also  RIFLE-GUN. 

1788  iVi"u  London  Mag.  520  Wolfe. .was  marked  out  by 
a  miscreant  who  was  provided  with  a  rifle-piece.  1797 
Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VIII.  220/2  The  reasons  commonly 
alleged  for  the  superiority  of  rifle-barrels  over  common  ones. 
Ibid.  '2-21/1  The  bullet  impelled  from  a  rifle-barrelled  piece. 
1820  SCORESBY  .^rf.  Regions  II.  205  In  other  parts  are  recep 
tacles,  .  .occasionally  for  a  rifle  piece.  1841  Penny  Cycl. 
XX.  n/2  By  means  of  the  rifle-grooves  in  the  barrel.  laid., 
The  number  of  spiral  channels  in  a  rifle-musket  has  varied 
at  different  times.  1859  Musketry  Instr.  93  The  recruits 
are  to  be  handed  over  for  rifle-carbine  training.  1876  GOOUE 
in  Smithsonian  Collect.  XIII.  vi.  27  Rifle-muskets,  Rifle- 
carbines. 

2.  A  fire-arm,  esp.  a  musket  or  carbine,  having  a 
spirally  grooved  bore. 

A  breech-loading  rifle  is  now  one  of  the  most  usual  types 
of  fire-arm. 

1775  J,  ADAMS  in  Fam.  Lett.  (1876)  65  They  use  a  peculiar 
kind  of  musket,  called  a  rifle.     1810  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw. 
Desp.  (1837)  VI.  16  Picton's  rifles  are  for  the  Portuguese 
troops.     1846  GREENER  Sci.  Gunnery  359  The  addition  of 
percussion  to  rifles  also ;  that  alone  would  have  increased 
the  accuracy  of  the  old  rifles.     1880  Encycl.  Brit.  XI.  281/2 
1     Rifles  for  sporting  purposes  differ  from  military  pieces  in 
I     being  double-barrelled. 

b.  //.  Troops  armed  with  rifles  ;  riflemen. 
1853  S JOCQUELER  Mil.  Encycl.  233/2  In  the  British  army 
1     there  are  two  battalions  of  the  rifle  brigade  and  of  the  6oth 
rifles.     1860  RUSKIN  Wks.  (1905)  XVIII.  Introd.  p.  xxiv, 
She's  wholly  wrong,  .about  the  Rifles— the  only  thing  to  save 
us  from  our  accursed  commerce.    1892  Daily  Xews  15  July 
j     5/5  Some  500  rifles,  of  which  about  10  per  cent,  are  sick. 

3.  attrib.   and    Comb.    a.    Attrib.,    with   words 
denoting  parts  of,   or  articles  connected  with,  a 

'.    rifle;  as  rifle-ball,  -barrel,  -bullet ',  -sling,  etc. 

1816  BYRON   Ch.  Har.    m.    Ivii.  note,  General   Marceau 

;  (killed  by  a  rifle-ball).  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  472  Rifle  bar 
rels  have  parallel  grooves  of  a  square  or  angular  form  cut 
within  them.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  11/2  Captain  Norton's 
rifle-bullets  are  nearly  of  a  spheroidal  form.  1901  Macin. 
Mag.  Apr.  442/2  The  rifle-sling  seems  to  tighten  across  my 

\    chest. 

b.  Attrib.,  with  words  relating  to   the  use  of 
rifles;  as  rifle-butts,  fire,  -ground, power ; practice, 
training,  etc. 
1859  Musketry  Instr.  7  The  rifle  training,  .is  placed  under 

j  the  responsibility  of  the  commanding  officer.  1859  RUSKIN 
Wks.  (1905)  XVIII.  538  The  Tyrolese  marksmen,  .are  fol 
lowing  up  their  rifle  practice  to  good  purpose.  1865  — 
Sesame  \.  §  46  That  we  should.. find  national  amusement 
in  reading-rooms  as  well  as  rifle-grounds.  1867  TYNDALL 
Sound  i.  23  The  marker  at  the  rifle-butts  never  fails  to  hear 
the  explosion.  1886  Pall  Mall  G.  9  Dec.  10/1  Great  Britain 
in  its  rifle  power  is  represented  to  be  in  the  most  dangerous 
position.  1897  Daily  News 25  Sept.  5/4 The  enemy,  .opened 
rifle  fire  on  the  advanced  guard. 

o.  Attrib.,  in  sense  *  using,  or  armed  with, 
rifles ',  as  rifle  association,  brigade,  club,  company ', 
corps,  regiment,  team. 

1820  Army  List  Jan.  42  Rifle  Brigade.  1830  Ibid.  37 
The  Duke  of  York's  own  Rifle  Corps.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts 

i  477  Practice -.by  several  companies  of  the  Rifle  Corps,  at 
300  yards.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  12/2  In  1816  it  was 
formed  into  the  present  rifle-brigade.  1844  H.  H.  WIL- 

I    SON  Brit.  India  III.  109  The  Rifle  Company  of  the  Mug 

j  levy.  1849-50  Army  List  331  Royal  Canadian  Rifle 
regiment.  1852  PATMORE  in  Champneys  Mem.  (1900)  II. 
176  My  whole  time  is  now  absorbed  in  the  business  of  a 
Rifle  Club.  1876  STEVENSON  &  VOYLE  Milit.  Diet.  456/2 
Nearly  every  county . .  forming  a  rifle  association. 

d.  Instrumental  and  objective,   as   rifle-firing, 
-shooting,  -shooter  ;  rifle-carrier,  etc. 

1838  Murray's  A*.  Germany  300  The  amusements  of  the 
theatre,  or  gaming  table,  or  rifle  shooting.  1841  Penny 
Cycl.  XX.  12/2  Rifle-firing  in  extended  order  is  performed 
by  sound  of  bugle.  1864  BURTON  Scot  Abr.  I.  167  Some 
Brummagem  rifle-manufacturer  about  the  period  of  the 
American  War.  1886  P.  ROBINSON  Teetotum  Trees  54  A 
multitude  of  rifle-carriers  among  the  subordinates  in  public 
services.  1895  J.  G.  MILLAIS  Breath  fr.  Veldt  24  A  rifle- 
shooter  going  out  by  himself  into  the  Karroo. 

e.  Misc.,  as  rifle  ball, -bench  (see  quots.);  rifle- 
fish,  =  AKCHEB  5  ;  rifle  frook,  a  rifleman's  tunic  ; 
rifle  frolic  (see  quot.)  ;   rifle-green  a.,  of  the 
colour  of  a  rifleman's  uniform  ;  sb.,  this  shade  of 
green  ;  rifle  leggings,  leggings  similar  to  those 
worn  by  riflemen  ;  rifle-pit,  an  excavation  made 
to  give  cover  to  riflemen  in  firing  at  an  enemy. 

1884  Pall  Mall  G.  24   July  22/1  The  large  round   pan 


RIFLE. 

.  .is  chiefly  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  carraway  '  com 
fits  ',  otherwise*  prickly  balls'  or  '*rifle  balls'.  1814  Sporting 
blag.  XLIV.  62  The  *rifle-bench  which  gunmakers  use. 
1823  J.  F.  COOPER  Pioneers  xi,  There  was  also  one  man  in 
a  *  *nfle  frock  '.  1775  S.  HAWS  Mil.  Jrnls.  (1855)  77  We  had 
a  *Hfle  frolick.  (Note.  'Shooting  at  a  mark,  for  liquor.1) 
1840  THACKEKAY  Pictorial  Rhapsody  \Vks.  1900  XIII.  348 
So  many  masses  of  *rifle-green  trees  plunged  into  the  deepest 
shadow.  1891  '  T.  S.  WINTKR*  Mrs.  Bob  46  Gown  of  dark 
green  cloth  —  *rifle-green  I  believe  they  call  it.  1862  Catal. 
Intemat.  E,\-hil>.,Brit.  II.  No.  4987  Boots,.  .*rifle  leggings, 
la^ts,  and  boot  trees.  1855  Ann.  Reg.  231  These  '*rifle-pits' 
became  a  source  of  great  annoyance  to  the  French.  1885 
Manch.  Exam.  12  May  5/2  The  insurgents  were  also  com 
pelled  to  evacuate  some  rifle  pits. 

Rifle  (rsi-fl),  z'.1  Forms  :  a.  4,  6  rifil,  4-7 
rifel  ,6  rifell)  ;  5  ryfel,ryfyl,  6-7  ryfell  ;  4-6 
ryfle,  6  riefle,  4-  rifle.  0.  4-7  ryffle,  5-8  riffle, 
6  riffell.  [a.  OF.  rifler,  riffler  to  graze,  scratch, 
strip,  plunder,  etc.,  of  obscure  origin  (cf.  F.  rafler^ 
t  rafter  i  and  RAFFLE  z'.2).  Hence  also  obs.  Flem. 
rijffelen  '  rapere  '  (Kilian).] 
1.  trans.  To  despoil,  plunder,  or  rob  (a  person) 
in  a  thorough  fashion,  esp.  by  searching  his 
pockets  or  clothes  ;  to  search  (one)  thoroughly 
with  intent  to  rob. 

a  1352  MINOT  Poems  (ed.  Hall)  ii.  17  He  has  rtfild  baire 
rout,  wele  wurth  }e  while.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PL  C.  v.  54 
What  wey  ich  wende  wel  ^erne  he  aspiej?,  To  robbe  me  and 
to  ryfle  me.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  68/2  The  philistees 
wente  for  to  ryfle  and  pylle  them  that  were  deed.  1567  R. 
EDWARDS  Damon  fy  Pitkias  in  Dodsley  (1744)  I.  277  Let 
"  us  riffell  him  so,  that  he  have  not  one  penny  toblevse  him. 
1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gentl.  iv.  i.  4  We  '11  make  you  sit,  and  rifle 
you.  1609  ROWLANDS  Dr.  Merric-man  (Hunterian  Cl.)  3 
Vnto  a  Wood  hard  by,  they  hale  him  in,  And  rifle  him  vnto 
his  very  skin.  1684  BUNYAN  Pilgr.  n.  139  Now  the  Gyant 
was  rifting  of  him,  with  a  purpose  after  that  to  pick  his 
Bones.  1722  DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  (1840)  323  We  were  visited 
and  rifled  by  two  pirate  barks.  1757  SMOLLETT  Reprisal 
i.  iii,  You  have,  .rifled  the  passengers.  1826  DISRAELI  Viv. 
Grey  v.  vi,  The  most  skilful  plunderer  that  ever  rifled  the 
dying.  1853  MERIVALE  Rom.  Rep.  vii.  (1867)  204  As  if.  .he 
hud  been  sent  to  rifle  kings  and  not  to  conquer  them. 

b.  To  plunder  or  pillage  (a.  receptacle,  place, 
etc.)  ;  to  ransack  or  search  thoroughly,  esp.  in 
order  to  take  what  is  valuable. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  v.  234,  I  roos  whan  \>t\  were  arest, 
and  yrifled  here  males.  1388  WYCLIF  Gen.  xxxiv.  27  Othere 
sones  of  Jacob.,  rifeliden  thecitee.  f  1425  WYSTOUN  Cron.v, 
Prol.  23  |>e  kynge  of  Mede  .  .  Rifflyt  Babilon  f>at  }here.  a  1513 
FABYAN  Chron.  vii.  563  [They]  fell  vpon  a  towne  callyd 
Bellin,  and  it  ryffled.  1530  PALSGR.  691/1,!  ryfell  a  chyst, 
a  cofcr,  oramale,orsuche  lykethynge,/tf_/tfw*//^.  ..Is  it  well 
done  to  riffell  my  cofer  whyle  I  am  absent?  1542  U  DA  LI. 
Erasm.  Apoph.  226  b,  It  was  a  pointe  of  mercifulnesse.  .not 
to  riefle  or  spoyle  a  cuee.  1590  Due.  Sp.  Fleet  inv.  Eng.  23 
Two  Spanish  Galeons  ..were  surprised,  and  without  fight 
rifeled  by  the  Zelanders.  c  1618  MORYSON  I  tin.  iv.  (1903)  127 
The  searchers  rifeled  all  parts,  Carriages,  and  the  least  Port- 
manteau,  to  find  out  things  for  which  Tribute  was  to  be  paid. 
1667  MILTON  P.L.  1.687  Men.  .with  impious  hands  Rifl'd  the 
bowels  of  their  mother  Earth  For  Treasures.  1728  MORGAN 
Algiers  I.  44  The  reward  was  to  be.  .the  rifling  a  well-filled 
Treasury.  1753-4  RICHARDSON  Grandison  (1781)  III.  xviii. 
155  The  cabinets..  were  to  be  broke  open,  and  rifled.  1832 
HT.  MARTINEAU  Ireland  76  In  time  to  have.  .  the  next  mail 
stopped,  in  order  to  rifle  the  letter  bag.  1896  A.  AUSTIN  Eng' 
land's  Darling  \.  i,  Hingvar  and  Hubba  ..  Ride  through 
East  Anglia  rifling  shrine  and  cell. 

O.  To  despoil  or  strip  bare  ^/"something. 
c  1495  The  Epitaffe,  etc.  in  Skelton'sWks.  1843  II.  391  Now 
ishegone,of  erthly  blysse  ryfyld.  1570  FoxE/4.  <$•  J/.  (ed.2) 
2119/2  [They]  spared  not  in  his  absence  to  rifle  his  study  of 
certaine  good  bookes  and  writynges.  1593  SHAKS.  Lucr. 
692  Pure  Chastity  is  rifled  of  her  store.  1610  HOLLAND 
Camdens  Brit.  (1637)  513  Herward  .  .  rifled  it  of  all  the 
riches  that  it  had  gathered  together.  1657  R.  LICON  Bar- 
badocs  (1673)  i  By  which  means  I  was  stript  and  rifled  of  all 
1  had.  1703  J.  SAVAGE  Lett.  Antients  ii.  17  They  rifl'd  the 
Christians  of  all  their  Goods.  1773  GOLDSM.  Threnod.  Aiig. 
ii,  We'll  rifle  the  spring  of  its  earliest  bloom.  _  1878  Bosw. 
SMITH  Carthage  415  The  vast  Necropolis  which  they  had 
rifled  of  its  contents. 

t  d.  To  examine  or  investigate  thoroughly.  Obs. 
1566  DRANT  Horace,  Sat.  i.  iii.  B  iij  b,  Ryfle  thou  thy  con 
science,  and  looke  thou  be  not  led  With  any  vyce.  1573 
G.  HARVEY  Letter-Bk.  (Camden)  10  Thos  paradoxis.  .pro 
pound  id  of  me  out  of  others  to  be  discussid  and  riflid  in  dis 
putation.  1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  i.  n.  56  That  they 
may  be  ready  .  .  to  rifle  the  Arguments  of  the  other. 

2.  absol.  To  engage  in  pillage  or  plunder,  or  in 
searching  with  a  view  to  this. 

1399  LANGL.  Rich.  Redeles  \.  16  By  rewthles  routus  bat 
ryftled  euere.  1582  STANYHURST  ALneis  \\.  (Arb.)  64  My 
enymyes  to  behold  too  riffle  in  hous  seat.  1626  CAPT. 
SMITH  Accid.  Yng.  Seamen  26  You  may  stow  the  men, 
rifle,  pillage,  or  sacke,  and  crye  a  prize.  1638  SIR  T.  HER 
BERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  204  Some  Pagan  Sergeants,  who..  rifled 
about,  broke-ope  her  Chests,  and  carried  away  what  was 
valuable.  1734  tr.  Rollings  Anc.  Hist.  (1827)  I.  20,  I  am 
not  ashamed  to  rifle  from  all  quarters.  1843  LYTTON  Last 
Bar.  i.  iv,  Rob,  then,  rifle  if  ye  will. 

*t*b.  To  search  into  something.   Obs.~~l 

1614  R.  WILKINSON  Paire  of  Serin.  3  The  logician  rifleth 
into  matter,  forme,  efficient,  and  all  the  causes. 

3.  trans.  To   carry   off  as    booty  ;   to  plunder, 
steal. 


1390  GOWEK  Cottf.  II.  347  Til  he  the  mannes  Purs  have  cut, 
And  rifleth  that  hefint  therinne.  Ibid.  363  Of  his  condition 
to  telle,  Which  rifleth  bothe  bok  and  belle.  1568  GRAFTON 
Chron.  II.  355  They  will  quickly  rifle  and  eate  vp  all  that 
euer  we  haue  in  this  Countrie.  1592  TIMME  Ten  Eng.  Lepers 
Dj,  He  rifeled  their  livings,  imbeseled  the  patrimonie  of  the 
Church.  1623  HINGMAM  Xenophon  97  Entring  the  ship,  .. 


gamble  or  raffle  (for 


HIFLE. 

and  pulling  into  it,  what  he  had  rifled,  a  1648  I.rj.  HFRBFRT 
Hen.  VIII  (1683)  68  They  kill'd  some,  chased  the  rest  and 
rifled  his  Goods.  1747  SMOLLETT  Regicide  IV.  iii,  Shall  he 
rifle  all  thy  sweets,  at  will?  1765  GOLIJSM.  Double  Transf. 
79  The  small  pox, . .  rifling  every  youthful  grace,  Left  bul  ihe 
remnant  of  a  face.  1821  CLARE  I  'ill.  Minstr.  I.  196  Wertlhou 
but  a  rose.. And  I  a  bold  bee  for  to  rifle  its  bloom.  1850 
ROBERTSON  Serin.  Ser.  m.  xxi.  281  The  bodies  l.ave  been 
rifled  from  their  mausoleum. 

f4.  absol.  Of  a  hawk:  (see  quot.).   Obs. 

1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  avijb,  When  he  shulde  Nomme  a 
fowle  he  seesith  bot  the  federis,  and  as  ofte  as  he  doos  so  he 
Riflith. 

t  5.  trans.  To  affect  strongly  or  injuriously ;  to 
break  or  strip  off.  Obs. 

The  precise  sense  in  some  cases  is  not  quite  clear;  with 
latest  quots.  cf.  Rn  FLE  v.  2. 

1604  HiERON  ll~ks.  1.  480  We  can  be  content  to  heare  the 
word  vntill  it  rifle  vs.  1641  MILTON  Church  Govt.  li.  iii, 
That  lightning  which  harms  not  the  skin,  and  rifles  the 
enlrals.  1649  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  Ad  Seel.  xii.  §  6  Con- 
versalipn  ..does  too  much  rifle  the  ligaments  and  reverence 
of  spiritual  authority.  1653  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  (1701) 
558/2  Where  neither  blasling  Frosl,  nor  hoary  Snow  Rifle  the 
place;  but  Heaven  is  ever  bright.  1762  Phil.  Traits.  HI. 
510  The  detached  side-shootings  of  this  flash  only  rifling  the 
plaister  in  several  places.  1770  Ibid.  LXI.  72  At  the  same 
time  the  roof  of  the  church  was  rifling. 

Hence  Hi-fling///,  a. 

1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xxiv.  (1632)  1225  A  number 
ofrifeling  Robbers. 

Ri  fle,  z".a  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  6  rit'el,  ryfle, 
ryffle,  7  riffel,  riffle,  [ad.  Du.  rijfelen  (in  Kilian), 
obscurely  related  to  F.  rafler  RAFFLE  v.1,  and  Sp. 
rifar,  It.  arriffdre.  The  vbl.  sb.  (q.  v.)  is  found 
somewhat  earlier,  as  in  Dutch.] 

1.  inir.  To  play  at  dice ;  to  ga 
a  stake). 

1590  LODGE  Rosalynde  (Hunterian  Cl.)  17  Lei  him  reade 
on  Galen  while  Ihou  riflest  with  gold.  1598  CHAPMAN 
Klinde  Beg.  Alexandria  Wks.  1873  I.  15  Weele..call 
people  together,  put  crownes  a  peece,  lets  rifle  for  her.  1610 
B.  JONSON  Alch.  I.  i,  He  would  haue..a  familiar,  To  rifle 
with,  at  horses,  and  winne  cups.  11633  W.  AUSTIN 
AferYf.  (1635)  in  These  Theevescast  Lous,  and  rifled  for  it. 
1673  DRYDEN  Amboyna  v.  i,  We  will  divide  their  grcalesl 
Wealth  by  Lots,  While  wantonly  we  rifle  for  the  rest.  1801 
in  Hartland  (Devon)  Gloss. 

2.  li-ans.  To  dispose  of  by  raffling;  to  gamble 
away. 

1607  DEKKER  &  MARSTON  Nartlau.  Hoe  v.  D.'s  Wks.  1873 
III.  74  If  you  like  not  lhal  course,  but  do  intend  to  be  rid 
of  her,  rifle  her  al  a  tauern.  1608  UEKKER  Lanth.  S,  Candle 
Lt.  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  276  In  the  verie  morning  when  hee 
is  lo  bee  rifled  away  amongst  the  Gamsters  in  Smithfield. 

Rifle  (rai-fl),  vJ  [In  sense  I  ultimately  repr. 
F.  rifer  to  scratch,  scrape  ;  whence  obs.  Flem. 
rijffelen  '  fricare,  radere,  scalpere,  terere '  (Kilian), 
LG.  rifeln,  G.  riefeln,  Da.  rifle,  Sw.  reffla  to 
groove,  chamfer,  etc.  It  is  not  clear  whether 
the  special  application  originated  in  England  or 
abroad.  In  sense  2  from  RIFLE  sli.'J  2.] 

1.  trans.  To  form  spiral  grooves  in  (the  barrel 
of  a  gun  or  the  bore  of  a  cannon). 

1635  Patent  in  Scott  Brit.  Army  (1868)  II.  286  To  rifle, 
cutl  out,  and  screwe  barrels,  as  wide,  or  as  close,  or  as 
deepe,  or  as  shallowe,  as  shalbe  required.  1769  FALCONER 
Diet.  Marine  (1776)  T  3  The  carabine  is  a  sort  of  musquet- 
oon,  the  barrel  of  which  is  rifled  spirally  from  ihe  breech 
1797  Nicholson's  Jrnl.  Nat.  Phil.  I.  382  The  effect  which 
is  produced  by  rilling  musquetry.  1860  All  Year  Round  \ 
No.  73.  548  The  same  gun  rifled,  .has  a  recoil  two  feet  less. 
1879  Man.  Artill.  Exerc.  42  R.M.L.  guns,  up  to  the  7-incll 
inclusive,  are  rifled  with  a  uniform  spiral. 

trans/.  1855  Brit.  Ass.  Rep.  206  The  author  pronounced 
the  principle  of  rifling  the  shot  instead  of  rifling  the  gun . . 
to  be  absolulely  necessary  for  large  [projectiles], 

2.  To  shoot  with  a  rifle.     Also  intr.  with  at. 
1821  WELBY  Visit  N.  Amer.Bs  We  kept  a  good  look  out, 


665 

2.  Plundered,  pillaged,  ransacked. 
1719  YOUNG  Kusiris  l.  i,  While  lie  aloft  displays  his  im 
pious  state,  With  half  their  rifled  kingdoms  o'er  his  brow. 
1748  SIIENSTONE  Visit  to  a  Lady  of  Quality  iv,  1  ho'  rifled 
|    groves  and  fetter'd  streams  liut  ill  befriend  a  poet's  dreams. 
a  1839  PDAED  Poems  (1864)  II.  283  The  hoarded  vengeance 
and  the  rifled  spoil.     1871  MACDUFF  Mem.  I'atmos  92  The 
rifled  and  deserted  duelling. 

Rifled  (ra-ifld),  ///.  (7.2  Also  7  rifald,  8 
riffled,  [f.  RIFLE  v.->  i.] 

1.  Of  firearms  :   Having  a  spirally  grooved  bore. 
1689  RfaldiugCl.  Misc.  II.  297  He,  with  a  pocket  rifald 

putoll,  shot  the  President  in  at  the  back,  a  1751  B.  ROBINS 
Math.  Tracts  (1761)  I.  328  Of  the  Nature  and  Advantages 
of  Rifled  llarrel  Piece.-,.  Ibid.  331  Bullets  discharged  from 
rifled  pieces.  1777  H.  BROWN  tr.  Kulfr's  Princ.  Gunnery 
46  1  he  riffled  barrel . .  is  known  to  carry  much  farther  than  a 
barrel  not  riffled.  1844  Kef  ill.  f,  Ord.Army  107  The  prices 
for  repairs  of  the  Rifled  Muskets.  1868  6"..V.  Kef.  Munitions 
IVarg3  \  four-pounder  rifled  bieech-loading  ikld-piece  of 
crucible  steel. 

2.  Of  balls,  shells,   etc.  :    f  &•   Grooved.     Obs. 
b.  Having  projecting  studs  or  ribs  which  fit  into 
the  grooves  in  the  bore. 

The  precise  sense  in  the  first  quot.  is  not  clear. 

1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qua!.  (1809)  I.  98  Your  wound 

i    has  been  made  by  a  rifled  ball,  and  it  may  cause  you  much 

pain  to  extract  it.     1797  JViJiolson's  Jrnl.  .Yal.  Phil.   I. 

382  Rilled  Shot.     1879  Man.  Artill.  Kxcrc.  47  All  ritled 

shells,  except  segment  and  common  for  B.L.  field  guns. 

Ri'fle-gun.  Now  arch.  Also  rifle  gun.  [f. 
KIFLE  i£.a  i.]  ^  RIFLE  s/i.3  2. 

1776  Ant!.  Reg.  ^148  Some  experiments  were  tried  at 
,  Woolwich,  .with  a  rifle  gun  upon  a  new  construction.  1814 
SCOTT  Diary  20  Aug.  in  Lockhart,  I  saw  a  pair  of  lai"e 
eagles,  and  if  I  had  had  the  rifle-gun  might  have  had  a  shot. 
1868  U.S.  Rep.  Munitions  IVar  151  We  have  no  desire  to 
decry  improvements,  or  to  undervalue  heavy  rifle-guns.  1890 
HKNTY  With  Lee  in  Virginia  105  The  grand  army  nuiu- 


be 


thembeing  rifled   for  having  rendered  themselves  obnoxious.    I 
1901  SIK  H.  SMITH  Antobiogr.  I.  248  All  my  Rifle  education 
was  required  to  protect  myself  from  being  rifled. 

Rifle-ant.  [?  f.  RIFLE  z/.i  Cf.  RAFFLE-ANT.] 
?  The  foraging  ant. 

aiBiB  LEWIS  Jrnl.  IV.  Indies  (1834)  251  The  rifle-ant., 
was  imported  for  the  purpose  of  eating  up  the  ants  of  the 
country  ;.  .but  into  the  bargain  they  eat  up  everything  else. 

Rifle-bird.  [£RlHB«£a  The  precise  reason 
forth 


eied  55,000  men,  with. .49  rifle-guns. 

Rifleite  (rai-f  l,oit).  [i.  RIFLE  sbt  2  +  -HE.] 
A  special  slow-burning  powder  used  in  certain 
kinds  of  rifles. 

1891  Pall  Mall  G.  12  Oct.  7/2  The  powder  '  Rifleite  '  for 
the  Lee  rifle.. burns  so  slow  that  it  cannot  be  used  in  the 
Martini  larger  bore.  1894  Times  23  July  6/1  The  talk  of 
the  respective  merits  of  cannonite,  cordite,  rifleite,  and 
Walsrode  has  been  incessant. 

Ri'fleman.    [f.  RIFLE  si.'J  2.] 

1.  A  soldier  armed  with    a  rifle;   formerly  the 
name  of  a  member  of  certain  specially  raised  regi 
ments  or  companies,  as  in  the  American  Revolution ; 
one  who  shoots  with  a  rifle. 

1773  Almon's  Remembrancer  I.  132/1  The  Congress  have 
ordered  one  thousand  more  markesmen,  or,  as  we  call  them, 
rifle-men,  to  be  raised.  1792  Gen'.l.  Mag.  LXII.  i.  175 
Gen.  Scott  has  proceeded  towards  Fort  Jefferson  with  1500 
mounted  militia  and  rifle-men.  1802  JAMES  Mil.  Did., 
Mounted  Rijleincn.  a  corps  of  riflemen  in  the  British 
service,  dressed  like  hussars.  1836  W.  IRUNG  Astoria 
(1849)  I58  The  loss  of  tw;o.. prime  riflemen  was  a  serious 
affair  to  the  party.  1860  G.  H.  K.  Vac.  Tour  r4o  Popping 
their  heads  round  for  an  instant  to  fire  a  baik  at  you,  and 
then  dodge  back  like  riflemen. 

2.  Ornilh.  a.   =  RIFLE-BIBD.     Also  atlrib. 

1826  LESSON  &  GAKNOT  Voy.  Coquilte,  Zoalogie  I.  669 
Nousinous  procurames  un  tres-bel  individu  de  1'epimaque 
royal  a  Sydney. . .  11 . .  portait  dans  la  colonie  le  nom  vulgaire 
de  riffle-man,  pour  rappeler  que  ce  fut  un  soldat  de  la 
garnison  qui  le  tua  le  premier.  1886  NEWTON  in  Encycl. 
Brit.  XX.  553/1  Rifleman-bird,  or  Rifle-Bird. 

b.  A  diminutive  New  Zealand  bird  (Acanthido- 
sitla  chloris). 

1888  BULLER  Bird's  N.  Z.  (ed.  2)  I.  113  The  Rifleman  is 
the  smallest  of  our  New-Zealand  birds. 

Rifler  l  (rsi-ibj).  Now  rare.  Also  4  rifflere, 
4-5  ryfeler,  5  rifeler,  -or,  ryflar ;  4  riflowr, 
5  ryflowre.  [f.  RIFLE  z;.1] 

1.  A  robber,  plunderer,  spoiler. 

1326  Ann.  Paulinl (Rolls)  I.  321  Vocabatur  tune  temporis 
hujusmodi  robaria  '  Rifflinge  ' ;  et  praedones  appellabuntur 
'  Riffleres '.  a.  1350  in  Reliq.  Antiq.  II.  i2I  [Death  is] 
Rlche  manms  nflowr,  Povere  mannis  purveyowr,  Old 
mannis  somenowr.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  vii.  316  Roberd  be 
ryfeler  on  reddite  jokede.  1399  —  Kic/t.  Redeles  in.  197 
Robbers  and  riffleris  of  peple.  6-1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of 
Gods  688  Robbers,  reuers,  rauenous  ryfelers.  c  1440  Promp. 
Parv.  433/2  Ryflowre  (ryfiar  or  rifelor,  P.),  depredator, 
spoliator.  1591  GKEENE  CautfJCatak,  li.Wks.  (Grosart)  X. 
87  In  Prigging  Law.  The  towler,  the  Rifler.  1611  FLOKIO, 
Rajfatore,  a  rifler.  1643  QUARLES  Loyall  Convert  Wks. 
(Grosart)  I.  144/2  Cromwell,  that  profest  defacer  of  Churches 


for  the  name  is  uncertain  :  see  Newton  Diet.  Birds^      '. .  and  Rifler  of  the  Monuments  of  the  dead""  ««~CADI"E 
709  and  Morris  Austral  Eng.  387.]     An  Austral-       Hist.  Eng.  II.  379  The  riflers . .  committed  depredations 
ian  bird  of  the  genus  Ptilorrliis  (esp.  P.paradisca}. 
1831   SWAINSON  Fauna.  Bor.-Amer.  u.   321  Sucb  a  form 
we. .see   in. .the    Rifle-bird   of  the   Australian    colonists 
1837  —  Nat.  Hist,  f,  Classif.  Birds  II.   144  There   is  aii 
evident   connection    between. .the   Paradise    birds  ..  and 


pi.  50  On  one  of  the  Barnard  Isles.. I  found  the  Victoria 
Rifle  Bird  [P.  Victoria)  in  considerable  abundance.     Ibid 
pi.  51   This   fine  Rifle  Bird   [P.   ,iwgnifica\  inhabits   the 
densest  of  the  brushes  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Cape  York. 
Rifled  (rei-fld),///.  rt.i    [f.  RIFLE  z/.i] 
tl.  Disordered,  disarranged,  ruffled.  Obs. 
1637   DAVEMANT    Madagascar  (1638)   37   The   Plume   a 
Captive  weares,  Whose  rifled  Falls  are  steept  i'  th  teares 
Which  from   his   last   rage   flow.      1677   OIWAY   Titus   ft    i 
Berenice  27  Your  rifl'd  dress  let  me  in  order  place. 
VOL.  VIII. 


on  the  most  irreproachable  persons,  when  any  booty  was 
to  be  got. 

2.  A  hawk  that  '  rifles '.  Obs.  exc.  arch. 

1486  Bk.  St.  A  loans  a  vij  b,  As  ofte  as  he  doos  so  he  Riflith  ;    < 
therfore  such  hawkys  been  called  Rifeleres  if  they  doo  ofte    ' 
so.     1607  HEYWOOD  IVoin.  KilUdw.  Kindn.  Wks.  1874  II.     : 
104  She  did  discomfit  Some  of  her  feathers  ;  but  she  brake 
away.    Come,  come,  your  hawk  is  bul  a  rifler.     1818  SCOTT 
Br.  Lamm,  x.vix,  She's  going  lo  prove,  afler  all,  nothing 
better  than  a  rifler.     1820  —  Abbot  vii,  I  would  rather  have 
a  rifler  on  my  perch  than  a  false  knave  at  my  elbow. 

Rifler-.    [f.  RIFLE  sbl  2.]  =  RIFLEMAN  i. 

_  1776  MclNiosn  in  Sparks  Corr.  Amer.  Rev.  (1853)  I.  169 
The  two  armed  vessels,  .were  attacked  by  parties  of  riflers 
ordered  for  lhal  purpose.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Culumb.  v.  626 
Morgan  in  fronl  of  his  bold  riflers  lowers. 

Ri  fle-raiige.     [f.  RIFLE  rf.3  Z  +  RAXUE  sb.1} 
1.    The   distance    that   a    rifle-ball   will   carry. 
Cf.  RIFLE-SHOT  i. 


RIFT. 

I       1850  R.  G.  GUMMING  Hunter's  Life  S.  Afi:  (ed.  2)  I.  192 
|    He  kept  feeding  just  out  of  rifle-range.      1883  Sal.  Rer. 

8  Aug.    187  Their  skirmishers  came  within  rifle-range  of 

Fort  Wagner. 
2.  A   place    for  practising    rifle-shooting.     (Cf. 

RANGE  rf.l  u  c.) 

1885  Act  48   ff  49   Viet.   c.   36  Title,   Land  held  by.. a 
i    Volunteer  Corps  for  an  Artillery  or  Rifle  Range. 

Ri'fle-sliot.     Also  rifleshot.     [RiFLK  sli.3  2  ] 

1.  Such  a  distance  as  may  Le  covered  by  a  shot 
from  a  rifle. 

1840  DICKF.NS  OlitC.  Shop  li,  The  Wilderness,  .was  within 
rifle- shot  of^his  bachelor  retreat.  1871  KiNGSi.Ky  At  Last 
xvii,  Threading  our  way  between  them,  sometimes  not  a  rifle 
shot  from  the  cliffs. 

2.  One  skilled  in  shooting  with  a  rifle. 

1850  R.  G.  GUMMING  Hunter's  Life  S.Afr.  (1902)  18/1, 
I  have  always  been  reckoned. .to  be  a  very  fair  rifle-shot. 
1869  RUSKIN  Q.  of  Air  i.  §  36  If  there  be  any  good  rifleshots 
here,  they  know  something  about  Athena's  parrying. 

3.  A  shot  fired  with  a  rifle. 

1875-6  STEVENSON  Ess.  Tray.  (1905)  167  Out  of  the  thick 
of  the  trees,  comes  the  jar  of  rifle-shots. 

Rifling,  vbl.  ii.i   [f.  RIFLE  o.i]   Theactionof 

the  vb. ;  plundering,  sacking;  an  instance  of  this. 

1326  [see  RIFLED  '].    1377  LANGI..  P.  PI.  B.  v.  238, '  I  wende 

ryllynge  were  restitucioun,'  quod  he.     1533  MOKK  Confut. 

Tiiulale  Wks.  585/2  After  many  soules  sent  vnto  the  deuill 

,  by  theym,  they  shoulde..fall  to  rylling,  robbery,  murdre, 
and  manslaughter.  1568  GDAFIOX  Chron.  II.  84  Such  as 

|  resisted  them  in  their  rifelynges  and  spuyles.  1633  HEVWOOU 
f-.)ig.  Trav.  ii.  i,  Here  comes  some,  that  it  seems  were  at  the 
rifling  of  the  dead  carcases,  a  1662  HKYUN  Laud  i.  (1671) 
181  Found  in  the  rifling  of  his  Study  amongst  the  rest  of  bis 
Papers.  iiaftAnson's  I'oy.  n.  xiv.  285  They  still  remember 
..the  sacking  of  their  cities,  the  rifling  of  their  convents. 
1862  S.  ST.  JOHN  Forests  Far  East  I.  58  The  rifling  of  the 

!  place  of  interment  has  often  given  great  and  deserved 
offence  to  the  relations.  1870  DI.SKAELI  Lotfinir  vi,  Hex. 

j  ham  House. .has  escaped  the  rifling  arts  of  .-peculators  in 
furniture. 

t  Ri'fling,  vbl.  sl>*     Oh.    [f.  RIFLK  v*    Cf. 

I    MDu.  I'ijffeling.}    The  action  of  raffling  or  dicing; 
an  instance  or  occasion  of  this. 
1569  in  Ellis  Orijf.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  II.  255  Theare  was  none 

[  used  but  one  onlie  Game,  called  Riflinge, by  which.. diverse 
persons  weare  spoyled  and  utterlie  undon.  1581  Burford 
Reg.  in  Hist.  MSS.  Cointn.,  Van:  Collect.  I.  68  They  have 
used  certeine  games  called  Trolemadame  and  ryffling  for 
disshesand  platters,,  .being unlawful!  and  cossyning  games. 
1609  DMKKER  Gull's  Horn-bit.  \  ii,  To  conclude,  [they]  count 
it  an  honour,  either  to  inuite  or  be  inuited  to  any  Rifling. 
1611  COTGR.,  Hallotagc,  a  rifling,  or  lotterie. 

Ri'fling,  vl>l.  rf.3  [f.  RIFLE  v.3]  The  opera 
tion  of  making  grooves  in  the  bore  of  a  fire-arm  ; 
the  grooving  itself,  or  the  nature  of  this. 

1797  Nicholson's  Jrnl.  Nat.  Phil.  I.  382  The  method  of 
rifling  consists  in  cutting. .spiral  grooves  [etc.].  1839  URI-: 
Diet.  Arts  477  The  operation  of  grooving  is  repeated  nil 
the  whole  number  of  riflings  is  completed.  1859  F.  A. 
GRIFFITHS  Anil.  Man.  (1862)  i  The  Rifling  is  3  grooves 
and  one  turn  in  6  ft.  6  in.  1897  (?•  ^f  •  Jan.  199  Rifling, 
projectiles,  sights  have  all  been  revolutionized. 

attrib.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  476  After  the  barrel  is  bored, 
and  rendered  truly  cylindrical,  it  is  fixed  upon  the  rifling 
machine.  1862  Catal.  Internat.  Exhib.,  Brit.  II.  No.  2612 
The  pitch,  or  rifling  turn,  is  one  in  20  inches. 

Rifraf,  rif  raf,  rifraff(e,  obs.  ff.  RIFF-RAFF. 

tRift,  si*  Obs.  Also  ryft,  hryft.  JOE. 
rift  (t-yft)  neut.,  =  ON.  rift  fern.,  ripti  ncut.J  a. 
A  cloak,  b.  A  veil. 

c  725  Corpus  Gloss.  (Hessels)  L  80  Lacna,  rift.  Ibid.  P  126 
Palla,  rift,  coso  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt,  xxvii.  31  [Hi]  on- 
geredon  hine  By  ryfte.  <riooo  /ELFRIC  Lev.  iv.  17  Mime 
se  sacerd  his  blod.  .and  sprenge.  .on  baet  ryft.  c  1205  LAY. 
28476  Me  hire  hafd  bi-wefde  mid  ane  hali  rifle. 

Rift,  sb:2-  Also  5-6  ryft(e,  4-5  rifte,  5  reft. 
[Of  Scand.  origin  :  cf.  Da.  and  Norw.  rift,  a  cleft, 
chink,  etc.,  Olcel.  ript  breach  of  contract.  The 
stem  is  that  of  the  vb.  RIVE,  to  split.] 

\  1.  An  act  of  tearing  or  rending ;  a  splitting, 
riving.  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  8220  Sua  depe  }>air  rote  bai  samen  kest, 
pat  moght  bam  naman  beben  win,  Wit-vten  rift  for  ani  gin. 
i  1400  Dcstr.  Troy  12697  pe  remnond..Herd  be  rurde  &  be 
ryfte  of  be  rank  schippis.  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  433/2  Ryfte, 
or  ryvynge  of  clobe,  or  cuttynge,  scissura. 

2.  A  cleft,  fissure,  or  chasm  in  the  earth,  a  rock, 
etc.  (Cf.  REFT  sb*,  RIFF  st.O) 

13..  £.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  B.  964  pe  grete  barrez  of  be  abyme 
he  oarst  vp  at  onez,  pat  alle  be  regioun  to-rof  in  rifles  ful 
grete.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xi.  43  pe  roche  clafe  in  Iwa, 
and  in  bat  rift  he  hidd  him.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  iv.  x. 
1204  Sa  hugsum  bar  bat  oppynnynge  fel  pat  throw  bat  rift 
men  mycht  se  hell.  1511  Guylforde's  Pilgr.  (Camden)  26 
Whiche  ryfte  gothe  downe  ihorughout  the  Rok  of  Caluery. 
1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  <t  Cl.  ill.  iv.  32  As  if  the  world  should 
cleaue,  and  that  slaine  men  Should  soader  vp  the  Rift. 
1639  AINSWORTH  Annot.  Ps.  Ix.  4  Earthquakes,  rifts  and 
chmkes  appeare.  1735  Family  Diet.  s.v.  Garden,  But  you 
must  above  ail  things  remove  Stones  out  of  your  Garden 
Ground,  and  leave  no  Rifts  therein.  1799  KIRXVAN  Geol. 
Ess.  29  Some  few  pelrifactions  have  been  found  in  the  rifts 


ux.  §  27  The  rocks  above  are  torn  by  their  glaciers  inlo  rifts 
and  wounds  that  are  never  healed.  1876  SMILES  Si:.  A'atur. 
viii.  134'1'he  rift  in  the  glen  is  almost  overhung  by  the  ruins 
of  the  ancient  Church  of  Aberdour. 

b.  An  opening  or  break  in  clouds  or  mist. 
a  1400  50    Alexander  1756  Rijt  as  a  flaw  of  fell  snawe 

84 


RIFT. 

ware  fallyn  of  a  ryft.  1313  DOUGLAS  /EW*  vlll-  \V;  47 
We  se  The  schynnand  brokin  thunderis  lychtmng  fle  Wyth 
subtill  fyrystremis  throu  a  ryft.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  411 
The  Clouds  From  many  a  horrid  rift  abortive  pour'd  Fierce 
rain  with  lightning  mixt.  1863  JEAN  INGELOW  Honours  n, 
A  soul-mist,  through  whose  rifts  familiar  stars  Beholding 
we  misname.  1874  SYMONDS  Sk.  Italy  f,  Greece  (1898)  1 
xiii.  282  Through  their  rifts  the  depth  of  heaven  is  of  a  hard 
and  gemlike  blue. 

O.  A  split,  crack,  rent,  or  chink  in  any  object 
or  article.     Now  somewhat  rare. 

c  1400  Rom.  Rose  2661  Than  shal  thou  go  the  dore  bifore, 
If  thou  maist  fynde  any  score,  Or  hole,  or  reft  [etc],  c  1440 
Proinp.  Parv.  433/2  Ryfte,  in  a  walle,  or  boord,  or  o)>er 
lyke,  ..riina.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  l.  iii.  51  Salt  waiter 
stremis  Fast  bullerand  in  at  every  ryft  and  boir.  1578 
BANISTER  Hist.  Alan  l.  15  This  great  rift  is  that  which  [is] 


De  la  Quint.  Compl.  G,ird.  3  This  Yellowness  appearing  in 
some  part  of  it  or  other,  and  not  seldom  with  some  Kift,  or 
little  Casm's  about  the  Stalk.  1725  Family  Diet.  s.v.  fialse 
Quarter,  The  Chink,  .must  be  opened  to  the  Quick  with  a 
drawing  Iron,  and  the  Rift  filled  with  a  Rowlpf  Hurds.  1859 
TENNYSON  Yivieit  240  It  is  the  little  rift  within  the  lute. 
t  d.  A  chap  or  crack  in  the  skin.  0/>s. 

1533  EDEN  Treat.  Ne-M  Ind.  (Arb.)  16  Theyr  skinne  is 
very  rowghe  &  full  of  chappes  &  riftes  like  the  bark  of  a 
tree.  ijoSGKRARDE  Herbal  \.  xxxvii.  54  The  meale  thereof 
healeth  all  the  rifts  of  the  fundament.  1614  MARKHAM 
C/teaf  Hush.  I.  xliii,  Bloody  rifts..  are  chaps  or  rifts  in  the 
palate  of  the  horses  mouth.  [Hence  in  Diet.  Rust.  (1704) 
s.v.  Chofs;  (1726)  s.v.  Rifts.] 
e.  fig.  or  in  fig.  contexts. 

1627  JACKSON  Chr.  Oted.  Wks.  XII.  190  Nothing  but  this 
bred  that  lamentable  schism  or  rift  in  the  walls  of  God's 
house.  1642  FULLER  Holy  ff  Prof.  St.  v.  xviii.  4  Through 
the  rifts  and  chinks  of  their  several  aims  and  ends.  1879 
FARRAR  St.  P,iull\.  122  The  needless  widening  of  the  nft 
which  separated  them. 

3.  Oak  timber  rent  or  split  into  strips  or  boards, 
in  place  of  being  sawn.     10bs. 

1577  HARRISON  England  n.  xii,  Lattise..made  either  of 
wicker  or  line  rifts  of  oke  in  chekerwise.  1670  R.  COKE 
Disc.  Trade  22  Rift  bearing  about  a  third  penny  more  price 
then  if  it  were  sawn  into  planck. 

b.  So  rift  timber.     (Cf.  REFT///.  a.-~) 

1875  TEMPLE  &  SHELDON  Hist.  Northfield,  Mass.  14  Oak, 
or  rift  timber,  as  it  was  called,  i.e.,  timber  that  could  be 
easily  split  into  clap-boards  and  shingles. 

4.  Comb.  Rift-valley,  a  valley  with  steep  parallel 
walls,  formed  by  the  subsidence  of  a  part  of  the 
earth-crust. 

1894  J.  W.  GREGORY  in  Ceogr.  7rnl.  IV.  295  The  famous 
Yoseimte  valley  may  be  taken  as  a  well-known  type  of 
these  '  rift  valleys  ',  as  they  may  conveniently  be  called. 
1900  H.  R.  MILL  Inttrnat.  Geog.  (ed.  2)  53  The..  lowered 
masses..  give  rise,  .to  rift-valleys,  such  as  the  upper  Rhine 
plain  or  the  great  rift-valleys  of  the  Dead  Sea. 

Rift,  sb.  3  Now  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  [f.  RIFT  v.'2] 
An  act  of  belching,  an  eructation. 

c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  v.  iii.  523  He  thoncht  to  ordane  .  . 
Be  statute  qwhen  men  sulde  lat  ga  Out  of  bar  bodeis  riftis 
of  wynde.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  118  A  Rift,  belch,  ructus. 
1790-  in  dial,  texts  and  glossaries  (see  Eng.  Dial.  Diet.}. 

Rift,  sb.*    U.S.    [?  Alteration  of  riff,  obs.  var. 


1.  A  rapid,  a  cataract  ;  esp.  one  formed  by  the 
protrusion  of  rocks  in  the  bed  of  a  stream. 

1755  I-  EVANS  Middle  Brit.  Col.  17  The  River  is  full  of 
Falls  and  Rifts  for  forty  Leagues.  1778  T.  HUTCHINS 
Descr.  Virg.  21  The  Muskingum  is  muddy,  and  not  very 
swift,  but  no  where  obstructed  with  Falls  or  Rifts. 

2.  The  wash  of  the  surf  on  a  beach  or  shore. 
1869  STEDMAN  Lyrics  fy  Idylls,  Surf  Hi,  Light  falls  her 

foot  where  the  rift  follows  after. 
t  Rift,  -S*-5     Obs.  rare-".     (See  quot.) 
1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.  Horse,  The  Hoof  is  call'd  the 

Horn,,  .the  Ball  of  the  Foot,  the  Frog;  the  Part  to  be  pared 

or  cut  off  the  Hoof  when  overgrown,  the  Rift. 
Rift,  v.1    Also  6  ryft(e.     [Of  Scand.  origin  : 

cf.  ON.  ripla  to  break  (a  bargain,  etc.)  ;  also  MDa. 

ryftse,  MSw.  rypta  to  tear  or  break  up.] 

1.  intr.  a.  To  form  fissures  or  clefts;   to  gape 
open,  to  split.  ?  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  22633  Pe  erth  bai  sal  do  for  to  rift.  1530 
PALSGR.  691/1,  I  ryft,  as  hordes  that  gape  a  sonder,  je  me 
desbrise.  .  .  1  his  hordes  wyll  ryfte,  if  they  be  nat  taken  hede 
of.  1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  v.  i.  66  Then  I'ld  shrieke,  that 
euen  your  eares  Should  rift  to  heare  me.  1626  BACON  Sylva 
§  843  When  Ice  is  congealed  in  a  cup,  the  Ice  will  swell 
instead  of  Contracting  ;  and  sometimes  Rift.  1664  EVELYN 
Sylva  61  It  is  certain,  that  it  never  rifts,  or  cleaves,  but 
with  great  violence. 
b.  To  break  through  something,  rare—1. 

1859  Miss  MULOCK  Rom.  Tales  319  Rifting  through  the 
harmonious  cloud,  let  there  be  a  sunburst  of  melody. 

2.  trans.  To  rend  apart  or  asunder,  split,  cleave. 
1566  DRANT  Horace,  Sat.  I.  i.  A  vj  b,  With  grounded  axe 

cutte  him  in  twaine,  And  rifted  him  throughoute.  1590 
SPENSER  .F.  Q.  n.  vii.  23  A  song  of  bale..  That  hart  of  flint 
asonder  could  have  rifte.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  v.  i.  45  To  the 
dread  ratline  Thunder  Haue  I  giuen  fire,  and  rifted  loues 
stowt  Oke  With  his  owne  Bolt.  1671  MILTON  Samson  1621 
At  sight  of  him  the  people  with  a  shout  Rifted  the  Air. 
1743  ULAIR  The  Gram  48  Some  rift  half  down  Their  branch 
less  trunks.  1793  G.  WHITE  Nat.  Hist.  Sett.  Ixxxvii,  Some 
hillocks..  were  rifted  in  every  direction.  1820  SHELLEY 
Let.  to  Peacock  20  Nov.,  The  loftiest  Apennines..  are  here 
rifted  to  their  base,  a  1861  PALGRAVE  Norm,  f,  Eng.  (1864) 
V  J37  "mfS  a  temporary  support  to  the  walls  which 
they  have  split  and  rifted. 


666 

b.  dial.  To  break  up  (grass-land)  with  the 
plough.  Also  new-rift,  adj. 

c  1636  STRAFFORD  in  Browning  &  Forster  Life  (1892)  186, 
I  know  right  well  the  profits  of  those  new  rift  grounds. 
1829  in  BROCKETT  N.  C.  Glass. 

O.   To  form  or  force  by  cleaving.     Also/,?. 

1849-50  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  II.  Ixxvi.  §  74.  481  Whether 
the  ru"ged  chasm.. had  been  rifted  from  the  hillside  by  an 
earthquake.  1854  THOREAU  Walden,  Where  I  lived,  The 
intellect,  .rifts  its  way  into  the  secret  of  things. 

Rift,  v"  Now  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Also  4 
rifte,  5  ryfte.  [a.  ON.  rypta,  repta  (cf.  MSvv. 
rdpta),  i.  a  stem  nip-,  which  appears  also  in  ON. 
ropi  belching,  Icel.  ropa  to  belch.] 

1.  trans.  To  belch  out  (wind,  etc.).     Also  fig., 
to  utter  (words,  etc. )  in  a  manner  suggestive  of  this. 

a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  xliv.  i  Mi  hert  riftet  [L.  emctavit} 
gode  worde.  Ibid,  cxviii.  171  Rifte  sal  [L.  eructabunt} 
mine  lippes  ympne.  a  1340  HAMJ'OLE  Psalter  xliv.  i  As  he 
bat  is  ful  of  wickidnes  nftis  an  ill  worde.  1601  HOLLAND 
I'liny  II.  16  If  a  man  take  them  with  vnripe  oliues  condite, 
he  shall  neither  belch  or  rift  wind  so  much.  17. .  RAMSAY 
The  Lure  33  Nor  spat  he  fire,  or  brimstone  rifted.  1820 
BEATTIE  Jo/M  Arnha'  (1882)  39  Spewin'  reek  an'  riftin'  fire. 

2.  intr.  To  break  wind  upwards  from  the  stomach; 
to  belch. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xviii.  2  Hi  riftynge  he  takyns 
fulnes  of  wit,  for  wha  sa  riftes  it  semes  bat  he  is  ful.  1483 
Catli.  Anal.  308/1  To  Ryfte,  ructarl.  c\ya  Droichis 
Part  of  Play  51  in  Duntar's  Poems  (1893)  II.  316  The 
lievin  reirdit  quhen  srho  wald  rift.  1535  LYNDKSAY  Satyrt 
4353  Scho  riftit..Till  scho  had  castin  ane  cuppill  of  quarts. 
1631  R.  H.  Arr,iignm.  Whole  Creature  xiii.  169  Let  a 
mans  stomacke  be  so  full  of  \Vinde,  till  he  belch  againe, 
and  Rift,  and  breake  wind.  1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hytlrol. 
Cltym.  103  It  is  not  enough  to  make  one  rift  or  belch.  1721 
RAMSAY  Lucky  Spruce  i,  Three  times  the  carline  grain'd 
and  rifted.  1797  BRYDGES  Horn.  Trai'.  II.  153  His  stomach 
is  so  full  of  ire  That  when  he  rifts  he  belches  fire.  1812-  in 
dial,  texts  and  glossaries  (see  Eng.  Dial.  Diet.). 

b.  With  up.  To  rise  upon  the  stomach ;  hence 
Jig.,  to  come  back  unpleasantly  to  the  memory. 

1636  RUTHERFORD  Lett.  (1862)  I.  Ixxii.  186  In  the  resur 
rection.,  our   yesternight's  sour   drink   and  swinish  dregs 
shall  i  ift  up  upon  us.    1877  in  llolderness  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.). 

O.  To  boast  or  brag. 

1786  Har'st  Riff  xxxv,  Some  carle  that's  weel  ken'd  to 
rift,  Declares,  whan  in  a  blasting  lift  [etc.]. 

Hence  Ri'ftmg  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

a  1340  [see  the  vb.,  sense  2].  1581  MULCASTER  Positions 
x.  (1887)  56  Weaknesse  or  pewkishnesse  of  stomacke,  with 
vomiting  or  bytter  rifting.  1597  LOWE  Chirurg.  (1634) .53 
Sleeping  in  the  day . .  hindereth  the  concoction,  of  the  which 
commeth  ganting,  rifting, ..  and  divers  sicknesses.  1824 
MACTAGGART  Gauovid.  Encycl.  334,  I  envy  not  your  fa' 
broth-pot,  Your  beefy,  bursen,  rifting  lot. 

Ri'fted,  ///.  a.  [f.  RIFT  i/.1]  Split,  cleft, 
cloven  ;  broken  by  a  rift  or  rifts. 

1602  MAStfTOHAHtottMsRev,  n.  ii,  Defyance  to  thy  power, 
thou  rifted  jawne,  1634  MILTON  Comus  518  Rifted  Rocks 
whose  entrance  leads  to  hell.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  xxiv.  9 
The  cavern  of  some  rifted  den,  Where  flock  nocturnal  bats. 
1797  SOUTHEY  Joan  of  Arc  vi.  17  Breaking  through  a  rifted 
cloud  The  moonlight  show'd.  1863  LONGF.  M'ayside  Inn, 
Saga.  K.  Olaf  II.  n  The  rifted  Streamers  o'er  him  shook 
and  shifted.  1877  TENNYSON  Har.  i.  ii.  58  The  rifted 
pillars  of  the  wood. 

Ri'ftless,  a.  [f.  RIFT  sb?  +  -LESS.]  Having 
no  rift  or  rifts. 

1890  Universal  Rev.  15  June  295  Miss  Winterbotham  was 
really  and  after  all  riftless,  completely  sound.  1892  JANE 
BARLOW  Irish  Idylls  102  The  dark  riftless  cloud-canopy. 

Rift- valley :  see  RIFT  sb.-  4. 

Ri'fty,  a.  [f.  RIFT  st>.2]  Having  rifts,  full  of 
rifts  or  chinks. 

1637  RUTHERFORD  Lett.  (1862)  I.  cxx.299  Nothing  but  glory 
will  make  tight  and  fast  our  leaking  and  rifty  vessels.    1796 
KIRWAN  Elem.   Aliti.  (ed.  2)  I.   110  These  are  rifty,  and 
present  numerous  distinct  concretions.     i8ix  PINKERTON 
PetraL  II.  250  [It]  may  become  rifty,  and  thus  split  by  the 
weather. 

t  Rifty  tufty,  adv.     Obs.-1     Helter-skelter. 

1592  BRETON  Pilgr.  Parad.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  16/2  To 
sweare,  and  stare,  vntil  we  come  to  shore,  Then  rifty  tufty, 
each  one  to  his  skore. 

Rig,  sbl  Also  4-6  ryg,  6  rigge,  7-  rigg. 
[Northern  and  Sc.  form  of  RIDGE  rf.1] 

1.  The  back,  in  man  or  animals;  =  RIDGE  sb^  i. 
a  1300  Havelok  1775  Bernard  stirt  up,  bat  was  ful  big,  And 

caste  a  brinie  up-on  his  rig.  al352MlNoT  Poems  (ed.  Hall) 
vii.  81  Ilk  Inghs  man  on  obers  rig  Ouer  bat  water  er  bai 
went.  121400-50  Alexander  (Dubl.)  775*  Som  bar  riggez 
owt  rytte  &  som  b_ar  ribbez  rent.  1 1450  HOLLAND  Hoivlat 
835  The  Tuchet  gird  to  the  Golk, . .  Raif  his  taile  fra  his  rig. 
1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  xl.  xv.  104  H  is  taill,  that  on  hys  ryg 
befor  tymes  lay,  Vnder  hys  waymb  [he]  lattis  fall.  1581 
Rec.  Elgin  (New  Spald.  Cl.)  I.  162  That  all  flescheris.. 
present  their  haill  fleschis  to  the  mercat  haill  oncuttit  in  the 
rig  or  ony  vther  part.  1718  RAMSAY  Christ's  Kirk  Gr.  in. 
xii,  To  try  the  pith  o's  rigg  aud  reins,  They  gart  him  cadge 
this  pack.  1846-  in  northern  dial,  glossaries.  1889  MABEL 
PEACOCK  Taales  Linkiskeere  59  If  I'd  wool  upo1  my  rig, 
saame  as  sheep  hes. 

2.  =  RIDGE  sb.l  4  (4b).     Freq.  in  place-names 
in  the  north  of  England  and  south  of  Scotland. 

U  1190  Liber  de  Metros  I.  46  Pratum..in  feudo  de  Inner- 
wic  subtus  Brunrig.  a  1250  Ibid.  219  Usque  ad  fossatum 
de  Grenrig,] 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  XIX.  308  Our  ane  hye  ryg  thai  saw 
rydand  Toward  thame  evyn  a  battell  braid.  1513  DOUGLAS 
jEneis  Wks.  1874  II.  284 Thar  lyis..,  amyd  the  sey,  a  hirst 
or  ryg  of  craggy  rolkis.  1587  FLEMING  Contn.  llolinshed 


BIG. 

III.  968/1  Entering  with  the  same  into  Scotland,  [he]  was 
incountered  at  Halidon  rig  by  the  earle  of  Arraine.  1702 
THORESBY  Diary  (1830)  I.  380  The  Roman  rig  or  ridge, 
which  passelh  by  it  in  its  course.  1715  PENNECUIK  Tweed- 
dale  21  Then,  .below  Kitkhouse.  .The  Riggs  and  the  Know 
of  Traquair.  1788  W,  MARSHALL  Rur.  Econ.  Yorksk.  II. 
348  Rigs, .  .a  long  narrow  hill.  1817  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  xviii, 
I  hae  taen  the  bent  ower  the  Otterscrape-rigg.  1896  SNOW- 
DEN  \Ycb  of  Weaver  i,  The  black  crags  upon  the  moor  rig. 

3.  dgric.   =  RIDGE  sl>.1  5  (cf.  corn-rig,  harvest- 
riff,  lea-rig).     Also,  the  elevation  between  each 
pair  of  ploughrfurrows  in  a  ploughed  field. 

For  examples  of  the  phrases  rig  and  bulk,  rig  and  furrow, 
rig  and  rcan,  etc.,  see  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

1513  DOUGLAS  /Ends  VI.  xiv.  96  Quhair  thow  thi  riggis 
telis  for  to  saw.  1573  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xlii.  729 
Quhidder  were  it  better.  .Till  labour  ane  of  them  onlie,..Or 
in  ilk  steding  teill  ane  Rig.  1639  HORN  &  ROB.  Gate  Lang. 
Unl.  xxxii.§39i  As  he  layeth  it  up  into  rigs,with  the  one  hand 
hee  holdeth  the  plough-handle ..,  with  the  other  the  plough- 
staffe.  1681  COLVIL  Whigs  Supplic.  (1751)  72  Thistles  with 
corn  grow  on  the  riggs,  And  rogues  may  lurk  among  the 
Whigs.  1783  BURNS  Rigs  o'  Barley  ii,  I  kiss'd  her  owre 
and  owre  again,  Aniang  tlie  rigs  o'  barley.  1820  Blackiu. 
Mag.  VII.  265  Dibbled  in  rigs  and  furrows  like  beans  and 
potatoes.  1834  Penny  Cycl.  II.  224/1  Ploughing,  .in  lands 
or  stitches,  as  they  are  called  in  England,  and,  in  Scotland, 
riggs.  1881  BLACKMORE  Cristvivelt  xxxiii,  Mrs.  Sage  was 
glad  indeed  to  see  Betty  Cork  come  up  the  rigs. 

b.  As  a  measure  of  land.    =  RIDGE  si>.1  5  b. 
1541  Rec.  Elgin  (New  Spald.  Cl.)  I.  59  William  Malcome 

prctestit  that  he  hes  rycht  to  ane  rig  of  land  Hand  on  the 
vast  syid  of  Merevall.  1589  Wills  ff  Inv.  N.C.  (Surtees, 
1860)  167,  I  give  to. .my  servantt,  thre  buttes  or  rigges  of 
land.  1681  Sc.  Acts,  CA.is.  7/(i8i4)  VIII.  295  Other  two 
Riggs  of  land  thereof  lyand  contigue  in  the  field  called  the 
Gallowbank.  1720  RAMSAY  Rise  <y  Fall  of  Stocks  51  Some 
lords  and  lairds  sell'd  riggs  and  castles.  1724  —  Tea-t. 
Misc.  (1733)  II.  122  Woods  and  parks  And  castles  and  riggs. 
« 1796  BuRNsC0w«/ry.£rt.ri-;V  33  Gear  will  buy  me  rigs  o'  land. 
1814  SCOTT  Wav.  Ixvii,  1  now  wish.  .1  could  have  left  Rose 
the  auld  hurley-house,  and  the  riggs  belanging  to  it.  1884 
Pall  Mall  G.  10  May  1/2  A  cottar,  .paying  perhaps  five  or 
ten  shillings  to  the  crofter  for  the  use  of  a  '  rig '  or  two  of 
potatoes. 

c.  The  shearers  engaged  in  reaping  a  ridge. 
1786  llar'st  Rig  xxiii,  The  next  rig  redds  them  to  take 

care  To  cut  their  fur.  1897  PRYDE  Queer  Folk  168  Each  rig 
or  company . .  of  shearers  tries  to  get  before  the  others. 

4.  a.  The  centre  line  of  a  web  of  cloth,  along 
which  it  is  folded  ;  the  line  of  a  fold  in  cloth,  as 
contrasted  with  the  free  edge. 

1469  Sc.  Acts,  Jas.  Ill  (1814)  II.  95  It  is  thocht  ex 
pedient  bat  in  tyme  cummyn  ail  wolen  tlatht  be  met  be  the 
Rig,  and  nocht  be  be  selwich.  1862  C.  C.  ROBINSON  Dial. 
Leeds  Gloss,  s.v.,  When  cloth  is  folded,  or  doubled  up,  and 
cuttled,  the  two  extremities  are  called  respectively  the  'rig1 
and  the  *  list  \ 

b.  The  top  of  a  roof ;   =  RIDGE  si.1  3. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  118  Ya  Rig  of  a  house,  cubnen. 
1854  Miss  BAKER  Korihampt.  Gloss.,  Rig  or  Rig-Piece,  the 
top  of  a  roof,  the  ridge  of  a  building,  a  1864  CLARE  Rem. 
(1873)  215  The  sparrow  on  the  cottage  rig. 

t  O.   The  shoulder  of  an  arrow-head.   Obs.~l 

1545  ASCHAM  Toxoph.  (Arb.)  149  To  drawe.  .ill waves  after 
one  fashion  vntil  you  come  to  the  rig  or  shouldring  of  ye 
head,  is  best. 

d.  A  rib  in  a  stocking;   esp.  in  rig  and  fur 
(transf.  from  3),  used  attrib.  or  as  adv. 

1822  GALT  Sir  A.  Wylie  x,  He  had  on  a  pair  o'  dark-blue 


ings'.  iSssRouiNSON  11  'hilly  Gloss.  154*00  you  knit  your 
stockings  rig  and  fur? 'that  is,  with  an  alternate  rib  and 
indent  longways. 

5.  Comb.,  as  rig-back,  the  back;  rig-band,  = 
RIDGE- BAND  ;  rig-length,  the  length  of  a  ridge  of 
land ;  rig-piece  (see  4  b) ;  rig-rope  (see  quot. 
clyoo);  rig- tile,  =  RIDGE-TILE;  rig- tow,  = rig- 
rope;  rig-tree,  =  RIDGE-TREE. 
For  other  combs,  in  dial,  use  see  Eng.  Dial.  Diet, 
1796  LAUCEKDALE  Poems  62  To  lay  Britannia  flat  On  her 
•rig  back,  c  1817  HOGG  Tales  $  St.  VI.  134  He.  .struck  a 
third  on  the  rigback,  where  no  leister  can  pierce  a  fish.  1408-9 
Durham  A  cc.  Rolls  (Surtees)  607  Carteharnas, . .  belybandes 
et  "Rygbandes.  1661  Sc.  Acts,  Chas.  II  (1814)  VII.  225/2 
The  said  burgh.. is  within  a  *rig  lenlh  to  the  same  old  and 
rwinous  burgh.  1790  MORISON  Poems  6  (E.  D.  D.).  He'll 
wi'  ease  a  rigg  length  rin.  ciSoo  A.  CARLYLE  A-utobiogr. 
(1860)  138  That  part  of  it. .was  divided  inio  three  shots,  as 
they  were  called,  or  rigg  lengths,  c  1700  KENNETT  in  MS. 
I.ansd.  1033  fol.  323  A  "Rig-rope,  the  rope  that  is  fastned  to 


York  minster  (Surtees)  35  In  Ix  "rygtiell  emptis  de  eodein 
Willelmo,  2od.  1484  Nottingham  Rec.  III.  230,  uj  rigg 
tyles  bat  were  tiled  apon  the  Mercerie.  4-1310  Durham 
Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  511  Pro  carecta  Prioris  et  viij  Wamb- 
toues  et  *Rigtoues.  1313-4  Ibid.  512  Rigtowes  et  Wambe- 
towes.  16720.  HEYWOOD  ZVarrVi  (1882)  I.  289  We  had  busy 
work  in  laying  our  *rig-tree.  1703  THORESBY  Let.  to  Ray 
(E.D.S.)  s.v.  Va-Mks,  A  prick-post  under  the  rig-tree.  1889 
TENNYSON  OwdRoa  Iviii,  When  the  rigtree  was  tummlm  in. 

Rig,  st.-  Now  dial.  Also  4  ryg(e,  7-9  rigg. 
[?  a.  ON.  hi-egg  storm  and  rain.]  A  storm,  tempest, 
strong  wind.  Inlater  use  chiefly  in  Michaelmas  rigs. 

13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  354,  I  sende  out  by-lyue  Such  a 
rowtande  ryge  bat  rayne  schal  swy|>e.  Ibid.  382  For  neuer 
cowbe  stynt  pe  ro;e  raynande  ryg  &  be  raykande  wawez. 
1603  OWKN  Pembrokeshire  (1892)  74  Vpon  springe  tydes,  or 
after  great  Riggs  of  the  sea.  Ibid.  75  With  Tempest,  and 
Riggs  of  the  sea.  1745  MRS.  DELANEY  Life  ft  Corr.  (1861) 
II.  374  As  Michaelmass  'riggs'  (or  winds)  have  an  ill  name, 


RIG. 


667 


BIG. 


we  think  it  best  to  defer  our  journey  to  October.  1796 
BUHKE  Regie.  Peace  in.  Wks.  II.  331  Appearing.. before  the 
riggs  of  old  Michaelmas  were  yet  well  composed,  and  when 
the  inclement  storms  of  winter  were  approaching.  1836 
WILBRAHAM  Chesk.  Gloss,  (ed.  2),  Rigl  a  strong  blast  of 
wind.  The  storms  which  usually  prevail  about  the  time  of 
the  autumnal  equinox  are  called  Michaelmas  Riggs. 

Rig,  sb$  Also  rigg.  —  RIDGEL,  RIGGALD. 
Also  altrib.j  as  rig-horse. 

c  1430  LVDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  54  Late  at  eve  thou 
wolt  unspere  the  gate,  And  grope  at  morwe  if  riggis  bak  be 
wett.  1578  Nottingham  Rec.  IV.  181  No  butcher  shalle 
put  in  enye  rigges  into  ye  medows.  1702  Jiotui.  Gaz.  No. 
3852/4  One  side  of  his  Cod  looks  like  a  Rig.  1705  Ibid, 
No.  4125/4  A  light  black  Rig  Horse,  one  Stone  come  down 
on  the  near  side  of  his  Cod.  1851  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XII. 
li.  431  Three  out  of  the  four  [sheep].,  were,  indeed,  what  are 
termed  'riggs',  or  were  only  half-castrated.  1881  GREENER 
Gun  509  Ox-deer,  or  '  heaviers  \  and  rigs  are  in  season  with 
the  y eld-hinds  till  the  end  of  January. 

Rig,  -^.4  Now  dial.  Also  6  ryg,  rigg,  6-7 
rigge.  [Of  obscure  origin  :  of.  RIG  z».4]  A  wanton 
girl  or  woman. 

1575  Gamnt.  Gurton  \\\.  iii,  Nay,  fy  on  thee  thou  rampe, 
thou  ryg,  withal  that  take  thy  part.  1598  E.  GUILPIN^/«/. 
(1878)  49  My  Muse  shall  play  the  rig  Once  in  her  dayes,  but 
shee  shall  quittance  thee.  a  1618  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Wittes 
Pilgr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  11.  49/2  The  most  voluptuous  ouer- 
wanton  Rigge,  Proud  Plentie,  scornes  meeke  Pieties 
Woman-hood.  1650  FULLER  Pisgak  iv.  vi.  no  Let  none 
condemn  them  for  Rigs,  because  thus  hoiting  with  boys. 
1694  MOTTEUX  Rabelaist  Prognost.  v,  Those  whom  Venus  is 
said  to  rule,  as  Punks,  Jills,  Flirts,  ..Misses,  Cats,  Riggs. 
1829  UKOCKETT  N.C.  Gloss,  (ed.  2),  Rig,  a  female  light  in 
her  carriage,  a  wanton.  1886  KLWORTHY  IV.  Somerset 
Word-bk.  s.v.,  Proper  rig  her  is,  an'  no  mistake. 

Rig,  sb.z  slang  or  colloq.  [Of  obscure  origin. 
For  dialect  variations  of  meaning  and  phrasing  see 
the  Eng.  Dial.  Did.] 

1.  Sport,  banter,  ridicule.     Chiefly  in  phr.  to  run 
(one's)  rig(s}  upon  (another),  to  make  sport  or 
game  of,  to  banter  unsparingly.     Now  dial. 

1725  New  Cant.  Diet,,  Rig,  Game,  Diversion,  Ridicule. 
1753  A.  MURPHY  Gray's  Inn  Jrni.  No.  25  You  have  been 
very  facetious  all  Night, — you  have  run  your  rig  upon  me. 
1802  Spirit  Publ.  Jrnls.  VI.  113  I'll  tell  thee,  Dear  Jack, 
without  nonsense  or  rig,  Why  I'm  constantly  seen  in  this 
old  flaxen  wig.  1814  in  Nichols  Lit.  A  need.  i8M  C.  (1816) 
VIII.  543  You  are  always  running  your  rig  upon  me,  and 
calling  me  stupid.  1840  THACKERAY  } 'ellowpl,  Alan.  (1869) 
330  Mr.  Deuceace,  don't  you  be  running  your  rigs  upon  me. 

2.  A  trick,  scheme,  or  dodge ;  a  method  of  cheat 
ing  or  swindling.    (Cf.  RACKET  sb.%  3.)    Rig  sale, 
a  sale  by  auction  under  false  pretences. 

1775  in  Farmer  Musa  Pedestris  (1896)  55  I'm  up  to  all 
your  knowing  rigs.  1796  Grose's  Diet.  Vulgar  T.  (ed.  3) 
s.v.,  I  am  up  to  your  rig;  I  am  a  match  for  your  tricks. 
c  1830  Frauds  of  London  12  (Thimble-riggers)  The  rig  is 
practised  at  fairs,  at  races,  or  on  public  roads.  1851  Chamb. 
Jrnt.  XV.  102  The  'Rig'  Sale,  Ibid.  105  Sometimes  the 
Rig.  .is  only  confined  to  one  or  two  rooms,  or  to  a  certain 
species  of  goods.  1894  MASKELYNE.^^/.^  Flats  194  The 
'  rig  is  worked ' ;  or  in  other  words,  the  swindle  is  per 
petrated,  by  means  of  a  dealing-box. 

b.   =  CORNER  $b.  14. 

1877  GIFFES  Stock  Exch.  Sec.  46  The  operations  of  such    I 
syndicates  are  usually  accompanied  by  market  manoeuvres 
which  are  described  generically  by  the  name  of  *  rigs '.  1897 
Westm.  Gaz.  9  April  2/3  When  a  man  first  gets  into  his    ' 
hands  the  whole  stock  of  any  particular  article  and  then 
goes  into  the  market  and  secures  contracts  for  more  than 
exists,  that  is  what  Is  called  a  '  rig  '  or  a  'corner  '. 

3.  A  frolic  or  prank  ;  an  act  of  a  mischievous 
or  wanton  kind  ;  a  *  game  *. 

1811  Sporting  Mag.  XXXVII.  75  War  cannot,  .be  styled 
a  sporting  rig  ;  why  then,  I  answer,  it  is  a  fashionable  rig. 
a  1845  BARHAM  Ingol.  Leg.  Ser.  in.  Wedding-Day,  Don't 
grudge  them  their  jigs,  And  their  frolics  and 'rigs'.  1866 
Cornh.  Mag.  Nov.  620  Everybody  says  that  she  is  as  proud 
as  Lucifer  ;  and,  after  all,  nobody  knows  what  rigs  she  has 
been  up  to. 

b.  In  phr.  to  run  a  (or  the}  rig>  to  run  (one's) 
rigs,  to  play  pranks,  to  run  riot. 

1783  COWPER  Gilpin  xxv,  He  little  dreamt,  when  he  set 
out,  Of  running  such  a  rig  !  1797  rJ.  HAMILTON  in  Beddoes 
Contrib.  Phys.  $  Med.  Knowl.  (1799)  315  To  run  the  rig  with 
the  boys  in  the  street  in  place  of  going  on  my  errand.  1818 
SCOTT  in  Lockhart  Life  IV.  185  While  Tom  marks  out  a 
dyke  or  drain. ., one's  fancy  may  be  running  its  ain  riggs  in 
some  other  world.  1886  MRS.  LYNN  LINTON  Paston  Careiv 
xxv,  When  I'm  gone  I  sha'n't  be  none  the  wiser  if  you  go 
wrong  and  run  your  rigs  as  you  have  done. 

Big,  ^-G  [f.  RIG  v-*  Cf.  Norw.  and  Swed. 
rigg,  which  may  be  from  English.] 

1.  Nattt.  The  arrangement  of  masts,  sails,  etc., 
on  a  vessel. 

1822  SCORESBY  in  Brewster  Nat.  Magic  vi.  (1832)  144,  I 
could  distinguish  by  a  telescope  every  sail,  the  general  rig 
of  the  ship,  and  its  particular  character.  1856  *  STONE- 
HENCE'  Brit.  Rural  Sports  n.  vm.  i.  §  4.  462/2  The  rig 
suited  to  very  small  river  boats.  1897  F.  T.  BULLEN  Cruise 
' Cachalot'  3  As  old-fashioned  in  her  rig  as  in  her  hull. 

fig.  1878  EMERSON  Misc.  Wks.  (Bohn)  III.  399  More 
forward  and  forthright  [are]  his  whole  build  and  rig  than  the 
Englishman's. 

2.  colloq.  Costume,  outfit,  style  of  dress.      Also 
rig-up  and  RIG-OUT. 

1857  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  i.  v,  You'll  do  very  well  as  to 
rig,  all  but  that  cap.  1884  G.  ALLEN  Philistia.  II.  28  Two 
sturdy  British  holiday-seekers,  in.. regular  Alpine  climbing 
rig.(  1896  MRS.  CAFFYN  Quaker  Grandmother  283  Either 
she's  mad  or  in  a  peck  of  trouble,  to  come.,  in  this  rig-up. 

3.  U.S.    a.  Apparatus  for  well-sinking. 


1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  III.  s.v.  Well-boring  Tools. 
1883  Cent.  Mag.  July  329/2  [The  boiler]  usually  stands  at 
some  distance  from  the  derrick,  so  that  it  will  not  be  injured 
in  case  the  rest  of  the  'rig1  is  destroyed  by  fire.  1885 
JZncycl.  Brit.  XVIII.  716/2  A. .'  rig  '  is  built,  which  consists 
of  the  derrick  itself  and  a  small  house  for  an  engine. 
b.  An  equipage  ;  a  horse  vehicle. 

1885  Tram.Awcr.F/iilol.Assoc.XVl.  no  One  part  of  the 
team  (or  '  rig  ',  as  they  say  west  of  the  Hudson).  1894  C.  L. 
JOHN.STONE  Canada  64,  I  hired  a  '  rig  '  or  'buckboard  '  for 
3  dollars  to  take  me  as  far  as  Carlton.  Ibid.^  Springier 
vehicles,  these  rigs. 

Rig,  v.i     Also  4-5  rygg-.     [f.  RIG  sl>.1] 

1.  tratis.    ~ RIDGE  z/.  i. 

1379  Mem.  Ripon  (Surtees)  III.  102  In  coopertura  et 
tractacione  dicti  straminis  cum  eodem  ryggand.  4:1440 
Promp.  Parv,  433/2  Kyggyn  howsys,  porco,  1678  ( ). 
HEYWOOD  Diaries  (1881)  LI.  187  Willm.  Clay  points,  rigs  his 
house.  1690  Burgcry  of  Sheffield  246  Paid  for  poynting  and 
rigging  the  Almshouse,  js.  id. 

2.  =  RIDGE  v.  2.     Also  absol. 

1853  W.  WATSON  Poems  82  (E.O.D.),  Her  fertile  braes  are 
rigget  by  the  ploughman  lad.  1886  S.  IV.  Line.  Gloss.  s.v., 
They're  beginning  to  rig  for  swedes. 

Rig,  v*  Also  5-6  ryg(gs,  5-7  rigge  (6 
Sc.  reg),  7-8  rigg.  [Of  obscure  origin.  Norw. 
and  Sw.  rigga^  l_)a.  rigge ^  in  nautical  use,  are  prob. 
from  English,  but  Norw.  has  also  tigga,  to  bind  or 
wrap  up,  and  .Sw.  dial,  rigga  pa,  to  harness  (a 
horse) ;  the  precise  relationship  of  these  to  the 
Kng.  word  is  doubtful.  Cf.  also  RKEK  z\-J 

1.  trans.  To  make  (a  ship)  ready  for  the  sea ;  to 
fit  out  with  the  necessary  tackle. 

c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  Hv.  221  He  rigged  certaine 
ships,  wherein  he  and  diners  of  his  Lordes  embarqued  them- 
selues.  1530  PALSGR.  691/2  He  intendeth  or  it  be  aught 
longe  to  make  sayle,  for  his  shyppe  is  rygged  all  rtdy.  1575 
TURUERV.  Venerie  2  Then  did  hee  cause  to  be  rygged  and 
trimmed  a  greate  number  of  shippes.  1608  E.  GKI.MSTONE 
Hist.  France  (1611)  454  Hee  rigges  a  great  fleet  of  gallics 
to  seize  vpon  the  Islands.  1653  H.  COGAN  tr.  Pluto's  Trav. 
vi.  14  After  that  he  caused  some  of  the  vessels  of  the  fleet  to 
be  rigged.  1738  JOHNSON  London  247  Lest  ropes  be  wanting 
..To  rig  another  convoy  for  the  king.  1769  FALCONER 
Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Girt-line,  The  girt-hne  is  therefore 
the  first  rope  employed  to  rig  a  ship.  1870  BRYANT  Iliad 
I.  ii.  68  He  rigged  a  fleet  of  ships  and  led  on  board  A 
numerous  host. 

Jig.  1657  MILTON  Lycidas  101  That  fatall  and  perfidious 
Bark  Built  in  th'eclipse,  and  rigg'd  with  curses  dark. 

b.  Const.  withyiW//,  out,  up. 

1567  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  546  To  reg  furth  how 
mony  schippls  thai  sail  think  melt.  1570-6  LAMBAKDE 
Peramb.  Kent  (1826)  109  At  ech  time  that  the  King  passeth 
over  the  sea,  the  Portes  ought  to  rig  up  fiftie  and  seaven 
ships.  1593  LODGE  Will.  Longbeard  (Hunterian  Cl.)  52 
Rigging  out  two  warlike  Gallies,  he  sailed  with  them  into 
the  great  sea.  1626  MIDDLETON  Anything  for  Quiet  Life 
i.  i,  Your  lordship,  minding  to  rig  forth  a  ship  To  trade  for 
the  East  Indies.  1665  MANLEY  Grotius'  Low-C.  Wars 
544  With  a  greater  Fleet,  which  was  to  be  built  and  rigged 
up  in  Spain.  1737  [S.  BERINGTON]  Mem.  G.de  £/«•<:«  (1738) 
29  He  had  made  a  Shift  to  rig  out  a  small  Vessel. 

c.  In   passive   sense :    To   be   rigged ;    to   get 
rigged  (afresh). 

1614  in  Birch  Crt.  $  Times  Jas>  7(1849)  *•  337  Eight  of 
the  king's  ships  are  rigging  and  making  ready  for  sea.  1688 
yd  Coll.  Papers  rel.  to  Pres.  Juncture  of  Affairs  i  Two  of 
the  Prince's  principal  Men  of  War  were  forced  to  new  Rigg 
at  Helversluse.  1794  Rigging  <y  Seamanship  229  Ship's 
Pinnaces  ..  sometimes  ,.  rig  with  a  sliding-gunter.  1805 
COLLINGWOOD  28  Oct.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  Nelson.  (1846)  VII. 
218  In  the  gale  the  Royal  Sovereign  and  Mars  lost  their 
foremasts,  and  are  now  rigging  anew, 
t  2.  To  make  ready  (an  army).  Qbs.~*- 
a  1513  FABYAN  Chron.\\\.  ccxliv.  285  Wherefore  he  rygged 
his  army,  &  drewe  towarde  theym. 

3.  To  dress,  clothe,  fit  out  or  provide  with  clothes. 
Now  colloq.  or  slang. 

4  MORE  Com/,  agst.  Trib.  n.  Wks.  1201/1  When  he 
ldeth  him  self  richly  appareled  &  y9  beggar  rygged 
in  his  ragges.  1625  B.  JONSON  Staple  of  N.  n.  v,  P.  Iv. 
Your  Fortunate  Princesse,  Vncle,  is  long  a  comming.  /'.  Ca. 
She  is  not  riggM,  Sir.  1689  Chancellor's  Prep,  for  Trial  in 
Harl.  Misc.  (1746)  VIII.  603/1  New  Liveries  of  the  best 
Irish  Frize,  completely  to  rig  a  whole  Regiment  of  his  new- 
raised  Teagues.  17*1  SWIFT  EpiL  to  Play  Wks.  1751  VII. 
182  We'll  rig  in  Meath-Street  Egypt's  haughty  Queen. 
1774  Westm.  Mag.  II.  429  If  they  can't  rigg  a  Captain— 
a  Frenchman  they'll  dress.  i8ai  Sporting  Mag.  VIII.  in 
The  gentlemen  were  neatly  rigged,  and  looked  the  thing  to 
a  T.  1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt.  Gloss,  s.v.,  Til  board 
him,  but  I  can't  rig  him,'  is  often  said  by  a  master  of  his 
apprentice. 

reft.  1662  PEPYS  Diary  7  Apr.,  While  he  was  rigging  him 
self,  he  bid  his  man  listen  at  the  doxir.  1693  Humours  Town 
24  She  hastens  home,  washes,  new  riggs,  and  seats  herself. 
1819  J.  H.  VAVxAlent.  I.  241  The  liberty-men  were  busily 
employed  in  rigging  themselves. .in  their  best  togs.  1845 
ALB.  SMITH  Fort,  Scattergood  Fam.  xxxi.  Our  hero  rigged 
himself  afresh  in  some  rough  nautical  habiliments. 

absol.  18x3  MOORE  Twopenny  Post  Bag  ii.  50  Else,  though 

the  P be  long  in  rigging  [etc.].    1831  ANNE  ROYALL 

Southern   Tour  235  He  told  her.. that  she  must  rig  up  a 
little,  while  he  went  for  me. 
b.  Const,  with  out. 

ci6i6  BEAUM.&  FL.  Four  Plays,  Triumph  of  Time  Prol., 
Ail  occupations  ..That  serve  to  rig  the  body  out  with 
braverie.  1676  WYCHERLEY  PI,  Dealer  iv.  i,  You  shall  see, 
how  I  have  rigg'd  my  Squire  out,  with  the  remains  of  my 
shipwrack'd  Wardrobe.  1730  SWIFT  Death  fy  ZtaMatWkii 
1751  X.  156  A  Consult  of  Coquets  below  Was  call'd,  to  rig 
him  out  a  Beau.  1807-8  W.  IRVING  Sal  mag.  (1824)  47  Take 
of.  .ribands,  and  artificial  flowers,  as  much  as  will  rig  out 
the  congregation  of  a  village  church.  1885  LADY  BHASSEY 


The  Trades  504  Great  were  the  efforts  made  to  '  rig-out '  the 
performers. 

rcjJ.  1673  R.  HEAD  Canting  Acad.  107  She  riggs  her  self 
out  in  the  best  manner  she  can.  1688  PENTON  Guardians 
Instruction  (18971  2S  ^e  riggs  himself  out  in  a  new  Suit. 
c  1735  FIELDING  I'atlicrs  i.  i,  Once  in  seven  years  came  up 
Madam  in  the  stage  coach,  to.  .rig  out  herself  and  family. 
1818  LADY  MORGAN  Autobiog.  (1859)  46  Intending  to  rig 
myself  out  in  Paris,  I  have  had  to  set  myself  up  with  an 
evening  dress.  1888  BAKING-GOULD  Crt.  Rvyal  xi,  I  allow 
you  a  quarter  of  an  hour  for  rigging  yourself  out. 

4.  To  furnish  or  provide,  to  fit  or  fix  up,  with 
something.     Also  rarely  without  const. 

1594  NASHE  LJnfort.  Trav.  Wks.  (Grosart)  V.  164  Ther- 

upon.  .her  wardrop  was  richly  rigd,.  .and  presented  .she  was 

..to  the  counte^se.     1619  FLETCHER  Mons.  Thomas  in.  i, 

•    Your  noble  heart.. Rigd  round  about  with  vertue.      1688 

I     HOLME  Armoury  in.  xviii.  (Roxb.)  140/2  Termes  used  by 

I    Gunners...  Rigging  a  peece,  is  to  haue  it  fitted  with   all 

i    thing  necessary  for  service.    1713  DERHAM  Phys.  Thcol,  189 

In  others  [the  mouth  is]  strongly  rigged  with   Jaws  and 

i    Teeth;  to  gnaw,  and  .scrape  out  their  Food.     i8zo  COMHE 

I    Syntax,   Consol.  u,   He  could  rig  With  fri/  and  curl  the 

Doctor's  wig.     1841  COL.  HAWKER  Diary  (1893)  U.  198,  I 

,    rigged  up  Charley  Page  of  Hur.st  with  powder  and  shot. 

1878  BF.SANT  &  RICE  Celias  Arb.  x\i,  The  Captain  went 

round  rigging  up  the  curtains  with  brighter  ribbons. 

1).  To  fit  out  in  some  \vay. 

1679  ALSO?  Melins  Inq.  ii.  iv.  286  The  same  Cardinal  from 
the^e  words,  .found  out  a  Masse  compleally  rigged  out  for 
Service.  1816  SCOTT  AV.  J)iVarf  ii,  And  ye'll  rig  out  the 
auld  tower  a  bit?  1885  Manch.  Exam.  16  June  4/6  It 
would  be  easy  for  Lord  Salisbury  to  rig  out  half  a  dozen 
Administrations. 

5.  To  adjust  or  fix  ;   to  set  in  proper  order  for 
working.     Chiefly  Naut. 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman s  Gram.  v.  18  It  is  proper  to 

say,  The  Mast  is  well  rigged,  or  the  Yard  is  well  rigged,. . 

when  all  the  Ropes  are  well  sised  to  a  true  proportion  of  her 

buithen.     1745  P.  THOMAS  Jrnl.  Ansoris  I'oy.  23  He.. got 

down  the  broken  Main-top-sail  Yard,  and  got  up  and  rigg'd 

another  in  its  Place.     1748  Anson's  Voy.  in.  vm.  378  The 

j    Spaniards  in  a  bravado  rigged  their  sprit-sail-yard  fore  and 

:    aft   likewise.     1836  MAKHVAT  Pirate  iv,  We  must  rig  the 

1    pumps.     1860  All  Year  Round  No.  66.  384  We  rigged  the 

machine,  and  set  hotly  to  work.     1876  VOYLK  &  STEVENSON 

!    Milit.  Diet.,  To  Rig^  ..an  expression  made  use  of  in  fitting 

i    up  a  gyn  or  capstan  for  working,  &c. 

b.  Naut.  To  run  out,  draw  z*;z,  a  boom  or  stay. 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Horse*  The 
sailors.. are  loosing,  reefing  or  furling  the  sails,  rigging  out 
the  studding-sail  booms,  &c.  1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seaman's 
Man.  14  When  the  breast-backstays  are  to  be  rigged  in, 
cast  off  the  lanyard.  Ibid.  22  Rig  the  boom  out  until  the 
inner  sheave-hole  is  clear  of  the  cap.  1882  NARES  Seaman 
ship  (ed.  6)  212  The  boom  is  rigged  in  immediately  the  sail 
is  canted  clear. 

intr.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  575  A  boom  called  a 
ring-tail  boom,  which  rigs  in  and  out  upon  the  main  or 
driver  boom. 

6.  To  fit  up,  esp.  as  an  expedient  or  makeshift. 
1829  MARRYAT  J'\  Mildmay  xv,   I  rigged  jury-masts  :  I 

made  sail  on  them.  1850  W.  SCORESBY  L  heeler's  Whalem. 
Adv.  iv.  (1859)  60  An  ingenious  Frenchman,  .once  rigged 
swivels  in  the  heads  of  his  boats.  1883  F.  M.  CRAWFORD 
Dr.  Claitdius  xvii,  I  have  managed  to  rig  a  sort  of  table  in 
my  cabin  at  last. 

b.  Const,  out  or  up. 

1823  J.  BADCOCK  Dom.  Amuscm.  69  Ships  holds  are  well 
ventilated,  .by  means  of  a  sail,  rigged  out  from  the  deck  to 
below,  like  a  funnel.  1841  I!.  HALL  Patchiuork\\.  v.  65  As 
if  they  had  been  rigging  up  a  stage  for  Pantaloon.  1861 
HUGHES  Tom  Brown  at  O.vf.  iii,  Outside  these  windows, 
Urysdale  had  rigged  up  hanging  gardens. 

t  Rig*  ^-3     Also  6  rigge.    [Of  obscure  origin.] 

1.  a.  intr.  To  make  search,  to  ransack. 

1565  GOLDING  Ovid's  Met.  i.  (1593)  5  Eft  they  gan  to  digge, 
And  in  the  bowels  of  the  ground  unsatiably  to  rigge  For 
riches  coucht  and  hidden.  1616  CHAPMAN  Homer  s  tlymn 
Hermes^  Thou  . .  Hast  beene  beseeging  house  and  man 
together,  Rigging  and  rifeling  all  waies. 

b.  trans.  To  search,  ransack,  rifle  (a  house,  etc.). 

1579  GOSSON  Sch.  Abuse  (Arb.)  54  If  he  presume  to  enter 
our  house,  and  rig  euery  corner,  searching  more  then  be 
longs  to  his  office,  we.  .turne  him  away.  1610  Women  Saints 
22  Her  house. .was  rigged  by  them  [sc.  Goths].  1635  R.  N. 
tr.  Camdevfs  Hist.  Eliz.  n.  151  Whereas  I  saw  all  things  to 
be  curiously  searched  and  rigged,  I  commanded  that  Packet 
to  be  burnt. 

2.  To  make  free  with  (another's  goods) ;  to  take 
or  carry  away. 

1573  TUSSER  Husb.  (1878)  33  Some  rigs  thy  plow,  some 
milks  thy  cow.  Ibid.  43  Some  prowleth  for  fewel.and  some 
away  rig  fat  goose  and  the  capon. 

3.  To  rob  or  despoil  (one)  ^something. 

1629  WADSWORTH  Pilgr.  \\\.  73  Some  Chambermaids 
which  hauing  beene.. well  rigd  of  their  maidenhead,.. are 
sent  ouer..to  do  penance. 

Higj  z».4  Now  dial.  Also  6  rigge,  9  rigg ; 
8-9  riggy  (8  riggee).  [Cf.  RIG  sb.*\  intr.  To 
play  the  wanton  ;  to  romp  or  climb  about. 

1570  LEVINS  Rfanif.  119  To  Rigge,  lasciuire  puellam. 
1591  LYLY  Midas  i.  ii,  Indeed  if  thou  shouldest  rigge  vp 
and  downe  in  our  iackets,  tbou  woudst  be  thought  a  very 
tomboy.  1598  FLORIO,  Treccolare^  to  rig  vp  and  downe  as 
a  gixie  wench.  1691  RAY  N.  C.  Words  (ed.  2)  59  Reul,  to 
be  rude  :  to  behave  ones  self  unmannerly,  to  Rig.  1746 
Ex  moor  Scolding  (^.\^."St^  56  Thee  wut..colty,  and  hobby, 
and  riggy,  wi'  enny  Kesson  Zoul.  1815  Hist.  J.  De  Castro 
II.  12  Will  you  never  leave  off  galloping,  dancing,  rigging, 
and  romping  amongst  the  boys  and  girls?  1838  HOLLOWAY 

rt rt.'.j       T* .-_    »_    _i: L. "     I i    _» 


.  glossaries  (esp. 


Prov.  Diit.i  To  rig,  to  climb  about ;  to  get  up  and  down  a 
thing  in  wantonness  or  sport.   1876-  in  dial,  glos 
of  south-western  counties). 
trans/,  a  1613  OVERBUBV  A  Wife%  etc.  (1638)  371  A  young 

84-a 


EIG. 


Pullet,  who  often  rigging  from  her  nest  makes  hot  and  cold    I 
beget  rottennesse. 

tRig,  ^5     Obs.~*     (Seequot.) 

Perh.  The  same  as  Brocket's  '  Rig,  to  perform  the  act  c 
supersaliency  only,  to  back  '. 

1610  FLETCHER  Wild  Goose  Chase  in.  i.That  this  Bilbo- 
Lord  shall  reap  that  Maiden-head  That  was  my  due ;  that    j 
he  shall  rig  and  top  her  ! 

Rig,  z*.6     slang  or  colloq.     [f.  RIG  S0.o\ 

1.  trans.  To  hoax,  play  tricks  on,  befool. 
Common  in  dialect  use  :  see  Eng.  Dial.  Did. 

1827  Eraiiiintr6v'i  One  of  the  party.. announced  him-  j-^t,^ > .    . 

selfTtthe  several  houses  of  those  who  were  to  be  rigged  (as    I       f  RigatC,  f  •    Obs.~*    [f.  ppl.  Stem  of  L.  rigare  : 
the  phrase  elegantly  expresses  it)  in  the  quality  of  footman.    <       f  irrigate.]      trans.    To  moisten. 

2.  To  manage  or  manipulate  in  some  underhand    : 


668 

fl    1300   York  FaMc  Rolls  (.Surtees)  16  In  sarracione    J 
mereniii  righolts  et  waynscots,..  38  s.  lorf.     1405  in  HAK- 
LL-YT  Voy  (1590)  I.  173  For  ech  hundreth  of  bowstaues  ec 
boords   called  Waghenscot,  2.d.  ;    for   euery  hundreth  of    ! 
boord,calledRicholt,4d.  1ufaYorkFal>ricRolU<S\M<x*) 
35  In  sarracione  meremii  ryghold,  waynskot,  .  .  too  i.  10  a. 

f  Ri-galding,  vbl.  sb.  Obsr"  [Cf.  RIGGAL,  and 
RIGOL  2'-]  (See  quot.) 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  m.  in/i  By  Free  Masons  and 
Stone-Cutters  .  .Rigalding  is  to  set  in  the  Wedges. 

Kigali,  groove  :  see  RlGOAL. 

Kigalle,  obs.  form  of  REGAL  sb? 


or  fraudulent  manner. 

1851  Chamb.  Jrnl.  XV.  105 'i   Frequently  the    plate    is 
rigged  ;  more  frequently  the  pictures.     1885  Pall  Mall  G. 
30  '.May  2/1  It  is  agreed  to  vote  only  for  those  names,  an 
thus  secure  their  return :  this  is  what  is  termed    rigging 
the  committees '.  ..... 

3.  To  rig  the  market,  to  cause  an  artificial  rise 
(or  fall)  of  prices  with  a  view  to  personal  profit. 

1855  T.  TAYLOR  Still  Waters  13  We  must  rig  the  market. 
Go  m  and  buy  up  every  share  that's  offered.  1875  JEVONS 
Money  xvii.  210  About  ten  years  ago  it  became  the  practice 
to  rig  the  market  as  regards  the  shares  of  particular  joint- 
stock  banking  companies. 

b.  To  send  up  (prices)  artificially. 

1884  Pall  Mall  G.  14  Feb.  5/2  Mexican  Railway  stock.,     i 
i.-,  rigged  up  to  a  ridiculous  extent. 

Riga  (rai'ga),  the  name  of  a  Russian  seaport,  1 
situated  in  the  Baltic  Provinces,  used  attrib.  in 
the  names  of  certain  products  exported  from  there, 
as  Riga  deal,  fir,  hemp,  oak,  etc.  Riga  balsam,  an 
essential  oil  (also  called  Carpathian  balsam}  ob 
tained  by  distillation  from  Pinus  Cembra. 

1765-94  Isee  RHIXK'J.  1802  W.  COXE  Tr,iv.  Russia  in 
Pinko-tons  Voy.  VI.  712  The  Riga  hemp  is  chiefly  used 
for  shrouds  and  stays  of  men  of  war.  1840  Civil  Eng.  fy 
Arch.  Jrnl.  III.  128/1  The  fixtures  are  of  riga  oak.  1842 
GWILT  Arcliit.  §  1706  Red  Ri-a  deal,  or  pine  wood,  would 
endure  as  long  as  oak  in  all  situations.  1849  BALFOUR 


timber  known  as  Dantzic  or  Riga  Fir. 
Rigadig.     [Imitative.]     (See  quot.) 
1851  H.  MELVILLE  Whole  xxvii,  He  would  hum  over  his 

old  rigadig  tunes. 

Rigadoon  (rigad«'n),  sb.  [a.  F.  rigaudoit, 
rigoaon,  of  doubtful  origin. 

'  I  have  heard  a  dancing-master  say  that  the  name  of  this    ! 
dance   came   from   that   of  its   inventor,  who   was  called 
Rigaud.1 — Rousseau  Diet,  de  inns,  s.v.     Mistral  states  that    ' 
Rigaud  was  a  celebrated  dancing-master  at  Marseilles. 

The  French  forms  are  more  closely  represented  in  the  fol-    ' 
lowing  examples :—«  1701  SKULEY  Grumbler^  II.  i,  Will  you 
have  a  minuet,  Sir?  The  trocanny,  tricotez,  rigadon?  Come, 
choose.     1706  Land.  Gai.  No.  4213/4  With  an  Addition  of    ' 
the  English  Rigaudon  and  French  Bretagne.] 

1.  A  lively  and  somewhat  complicated  dance  for 
two  persons,  formerly  in  vogue. 

1691  Satyr  agst.  French  Ep.  A  2  It  is  an  original,  I 
assure  you,  and  drawn  as  near  to  the  Life  as  a  Limner  could 
take  the  Features  of  one  dancing  the  Rigadoon.  1713 
ADUISOS  Freeholder  No.  36  He.. gained  a  great  Reputa 
tion,  by  his  Performance  in  a  Rigadoon.  1751  ELIZA 
HEYWOOD  Betsy  Thoughtless  I.  85  The  gentleman-com 
moner.. led  her  some  steps  of  a  minuette,  then  fell  into  a 
rigadoon.  1829  MARRYAT  F.  Mildinay  i,  He  taught  us  the 
rigadoons  of  hU  own  country,  a  1845  BARHAM  Ingol.  Leg., 
House- Warming,  Sir  Christopher,  .skips  away  with  much 
glee  in  his  best  rigadoon.  187*  HOLMES  Poet  Breakf.-t. 
iv,  She  would  dance  you  a  rigadoon.. very  respectably. 

attrib.  1709  STKELE  Taller  No.  34  F  4  Damia  made  her 
utterly  forgot  by  a  gentle  sinking,  and  a  Rigadoon  Step. 

2.  The  music  for  such  a  dance. 

1731  (title),  Instructions  upon  the  Hautboy;  together 
with  a  curious  collection  of  Marches,  Minuets,  Rigadoons, 
and  Opera  Airs.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XII.  551/2  The 
rigadoon  has  two  times  in  a  bar,  is  composed  of  two  strains, 
each  to  be  repeated.  1812  W.  TENNANT  Anster  Fair  IV. 
xc,  The  puissant  Piper,  Rob,  Whose  bagpipe  wak'd  so  hot  ! 
a  rigadoon  From  his  well-managed  bag.  1874  OUSKLF.Y 
Musical  Form  32  Gavottes,  Coranlos,  Rigadoons,  Jiggs,  and 
other  old-fashioned  dance-tunes. 

attrib.  1844  L.  HUNT  Slue-stocking  Revels  ii.  243  With 
Hall  he  developed  the  rigadoon  organ. 

Hence  Bigadoo  n  v .,  to  dance  a  rigadoon. 

1803  Poet.  Petit,  agst.  Tr.ictorisiiig  Trumpery  14  So 
fam'd  Aldini  . .  Led  dead  folks  down  a  contra  dance  And 
made  them  rigadoon  and  chassee.  1860  O.  W.  HOLMES 
Elsie  V.  vii,  The  Doctor  looked  as  if  he  should  like  to  riga 
doon  and  sashy  [  =  chasse]  across  as  well  as  the  young  one. 

t  Rigald.  Oiis.  Also  a.  4  rigold,  regal(d, 
reggalt,  5  rygild.  0.  4  righolt,  5  ?richolt, 
ryghold.  [The  /3-forms  are  prob.  the  more 
original,  and  appear  to  represent  MLG.  regel-, 
rigelhalt  (MDu.  righelhout),  f.  regel  rail,  spar, 

+  holt  wood.  In  the  o-forms  there  may  be  some 
confusion  between  the  simple  word  and  the  com 
pound.]  A  rail  or  spar  of  wood. 

a..  1338  in  Sir  N.  H.  Nicholas  Hist.  Navy  (1847)  II.  476, 
cc  waynscots,.  .ij  novelx  toilers,  v  regaldes.  1344-5  Dur- 
l""'^..Acc-  foils  (Surtees)  544  In  vij  melis  emp.pro  Bracina 
et xmj  Rigaldis,  vs.  9d.  c  1357  Ibid.  560  Et  in  cc.  bord.  de 
Waynscot  et  c.  Reggalt'.  1369-70  Norwich  Sacrist's  Kali, 


Cordage. 


1657  TOMLINSON  Kenan's  Disf.  396*  Bole  arminack.  .may 
be  rigated  by  humid  things. 

t  Riga'tion.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  rigatvt :  see  prec. 
and  -ATION.]  Irrigation  ;  moistening. 

1651  Raleigh's  Ghost  57  The  said  mediterranean  Countries 
would  be  continually  scorched  with  the  Sun,  and  be  de 
prived  of  all  rigation  and  watering.  1657  TOMLINSON 
Xenon's  Disp.  239  This  delights  in  siccity  and  perishes  by 
frequent  rigation.  1733  TULL  Horse-Hoeing  Ifnsl:  xv. 
(Dubl.)  203  They  found  something  else  more  necessary  to 
employ  them  in,  than  the  Sarritions,  Runcations,  and  Riga- 
tions  of  the  Medica.  1779  SWINDUKNK  Trav.  Sfainxvi.  119 
In  dry  years,  every  field  that  has  not  some  spring  or  aque 
duct,  to  furnish  it  with  repeated  rigations,  is  sure  to  fail  in 
its  crop. 

Rigatt,  variant  of  RIGGOT  2. 

Ri'g-boiie.  Now  Sc.  and  north.  Forms :  a. 
4  rigbou,  5-6  ryg-,  6  rigbone.  0.  5  rygbane, 
6,9  Sc.  rigbane  (9  north,  -baan,  -beean,-beyan). 
[f.  RIG  s/'.1]  -  RIDGE-BONE. 

a  1330  Syr  De^arrc  450  Some  he  brekketh  the  nekke 
anon,  And  of  some  the  rig-bon.  CI4OO  Sonf  of  Roland  736 
His  shulder  smot  he  quyt  asundur,  rent  out  the  rigbon. 
1495  Trcvisa's  Earth.  De  P.  R.  (W.  de  W.)  v.  xxxi.  142  The 
joyntes  of  the  rygbone  and  of  the  breste  bone,  a  1510 
DOUGLAS  King  Hartu.  112  Ane  felloun  rout  he  layde  on 
his  rig-bone.  1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss.,  Rig-Baan,  the 
back  hone.  1894  1'.  H.  HUNTER  J.  Inwick  183  It  was  men 
like  me  w  ha  were  the  rig-bane  o'  the  Leeberal  pairty. 

Rigby,  obs.  variant  of  RIGSBV. 

Rigel  (rai-d^C-l,  rai-gel).     Astr.  Also  S  regel.    ; 
[a.  Arab.  J=-,  rijl  foot.]     The  star  /3  in  the  con-    i 

stellation  Orion. 
1592  HUES  Treat.  Globes  (Hakl.  Soc.)  59  That  which  is  in 


,  .        . 

his  left  foote..  [is  called]  Rigel  Algeuze  or  Algibbar.  1659 
MOXON  Tutor  Astron.  n.  66  prions  foot,  Rigel.  1764  Ann. 
Reg.  i.  47/2  To  the  east  of  Rigel,  a  star  of  the  first  magni 
tude  in  the  left  foot  of  Orion.  1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVII.  i8/r, 
a.  and  0,  of  the  first  magnitude,  were  frequently  called 
Belelguese.  .and  Rigel,  corruptions  from  Arabic  names. 
1868  LOCKYER  Gnilleinin's  Heavens  (ed.  3)  323  Two  of  the 
stars  of  the  quadrilateral,  named  Betelgeuse  and  Rigel,  are 
of  the  first  magnitude. 

t  Rigent,  a.  Obs.-1  [ad.  L.  rigtnt-,  rigcns, 
pres.  pple.  of  rigtrt  to  be  stiff.]  Stiff,  rigid. 

c  1440  Pallatf.  on  Hnsb.  xn.  453  Elm  &  asshe  ydried  beth 
rigent. 

Rigescence  (ridje'sens).  [f.  L.  rigcscere  to 
become  stiff.]  Stiffening. 

1768  Woman  oj  Honor  1  1  1.  5  Such  particles  .  .  increase  the 
obstructions  and  rigescence..  natural  to  that  time  of  life. 
1846  TRENCH  Miruc.  xxvii.   362  note.  The  sliffness  and 
starkness,  the  unnatural  rigescence  of  the  limbs. 

Rige'SCent,  a.  Hot.  [ad.  pres.  pple.  of  L. 
rigesclre^\  Tending  to  be  rigid  or  stiff. 

1873  M.  C.  COOKE  Ulan.  Bot.  Terms  (ed.  2),  Rigesccnt, 
approaching  a  rigid  or  stiff  consistence. 

Riget'^t,  obs.  forms  of  RIGGOT  a. 

f  Rigg.     ?error  for  RUGG  sb. 

1769  Dublin  Alercury  r6-r9  Sept.  2/2  Poplins,  riggs  and 
riggs-royal,  stuffs,  camblets. 

Ri-ggage.     rare-*,     [f.  RIG  ».-]     Rigging. 
1627  CAPT.   SMITH   Seaman's  Gram.   v.    18    Riggage   or 


^Ulu.*jit. 

Ri'ggal.  Olis.  exc.  dial.  Also  6  rigall,  7  rig- 
gall,  riggald,  9  dial,  riggle.  [ad.  F.  rigole :  see 
RIGOL  sb.  and  REGAL  rf.3] 

1.  A  groove  in  wood  or  stone. 

'555  '"  Hardwicke  Misc.  State  Papers  (1778)  I.  71  The 
handle  of  the  same  [saw]  is  kept  in  a  rigall  of  wood  from 
swerving.  1609  HOLLAND  Aniin.  Maxell,  xxin.  iv.  221 
There  lyeth  foorth  farther  out  a  fouresquare'beame  or  spire, 
made  hollow  with  a  direct  and  streight  passage  of  a  narrow 
riggall  or  trough.  1639  in  J.  J  Cartwright  Chaffers  /list. 
Yorks.  (1872)  339  A  great  waightie  block  W4i  riggalds  for 
those  ribbs  to  shoote  m.  1886  [see  REGAL  ji.3]. 

t  2.  A  ring-like  mark.     Obs.  rare-*. 

1714  Land.  Gaz.  No.  5233/4  Two  white  Riggals  round 
her  Ears. 

Riggald.  dial.  Forms  :  a.  6  rigolde,  reg-, 
rigald,  8-9  riggald  (9  -old) ;  7,  9  riggilt.  (3. 
•}  regie,  riggall,  8  9  riggil,  9  reggil,  roggel. 
[Northern  var.  of  RIDGEL  :  see  also  RIGGON  and 
RIGGOT.]  A  ridgel.  Also  attrib. 

1584  Vestry  Bks.  (Surtees)  18  A  weather,  a  rigolde,  and  a 
lame.  1588  Invent,  of  T.  Carf/iinell,  Kcndal  (Somerset 
Ho.),  Itm  liiij"  weythers  ;  tuppe  and  regalds.  1596  Invent. 
\\\^Archaealogia  XLVIII.  151  Item  Tupp  lambes..  .Item 
Rigald  lambes.  1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  244  Many 
creatures  haue  their  Testicles  within  tyed  to  their  backs,. . 
as  some  Tuppes  or  Rammes  called  Riggall  Tuppes.  1617 
MORYSON  /tin.  in.  115  The  stones  of  Rammes  and  Regies 
(vulgarly  Granellti)  are  esteemed  great  dainties,  especially 
in  Tuscany.  1691  RAY  A".  C.  U'ords  (ed.  2),  A  Riggilt, 
Ram  with  one  Stone.  1703  TIIOKESBY  Let.  to  ffay( 


Ri-'gald. ..abusively  apply'd  to  men  as  well  as  to  cattle. 

1788  MARSHALL  Rur.  Leon.  Yoiks.  II.  348  Riggil,  ridgil. 
1828-  in  many  dial,  glossaries  (Northumb.,  Yorks.,  Lane., 
Derby,  Shropsh.,  Glouc.). 

Riggan,  dial,  variant  of  RIGGING  sb.* 
Riggat(e,  -att,  variants  of  RIGGOT  *. 
Rigged,  a-1    [f-  KIG  sl'-1]    Of  cattle  :  Having 
a  white  streak  along  the  back. 
Other  dialect  uses  are  given  in  the  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 
1555  Knaresb.  IVilh  (Surtees)  I.  69  A  browne  rigged  cowe. 

1789  SII.LAR  Poems  118  Your  Quey  an' rigget  Cow.     1811 
AITON  Agric.  Ayrsh.  425  When  a  stripe  of  white  run  along 
the  ridge  of  her  back,  she  got  the  name  of  a  rigged  cow. 

t  Rigged,  a?  Obs.~l  (Of  doubtful  meaning  ; 
perh.  from  RIG  sb.3} 

1598  BP.  HALL  Sat.  iv.  ii.  96  The  young  Elephant, or  two 
tayl'd  steere,  Or  the  rig'd  Camell,  or  the  Fidling  Frere. 

Rigged  (rigd), ///.  a.l     [f.  RIG  v."] 

1.  A'aut.  Equipped  with  rigging.    (Chiefly  pre 
dicative,  with  adverbs.) 

1494  FABYAN  Chron.  u.  xxix.  21  When  he  had  theym 
newely  Riggyd  &  vytayled.  1502-9  Lett.  Rich.  Ill  <y 
Hen.  I'll  (Rolls)  I.  417  Their  barges,  .weale  and  pompously 
rigged  and  adressed.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxvi.  xxxvi.  61 1 
That  the  people  of  Rome  may  be.  .furnished  of  a  fleete 
rigged  and  trimmed.  «6io  SHAKS.  Temp.  v.  i.  224  Our 
Ship.. Is  tyte,  and  yare,  and  brauely  rig'd.  1671  MILTON 
Samson  200  My  Vessel  trusted  to  me  from  above,  Gloriously 
rigg'd.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I.  s.v.  Rigging,  A 
Ship  is  well  Rigged,  when  all  her  Ropes  are  of  their  fit  size 
in  proportion  to  her  Burden.  1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seaman's 
Man.  132  The  sail  so  carried  at  the  mainmast  of  a  full-rigged 
brig.  1879  BEERBOIIM  Patagonia  7,  I  seemed  to  behold 
some  strangely  rigged  vessels  lying  close  to  me  in  the  bay. 
b.  As  the  second  element  in  combs.,  denoting 
the  kind  of  rig  carried  by  a  vessel. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  J'ergue  en  lionte 
dthors,  the  main-boom  of  a  sloop-rigged,  or  schooner-rigged 
vessel.  1780  in  Naval  Chron.  II.  518  They  were  two 
Spanish  Xebec  Ships,  polacie  rigged.  1799  Ibid.  519  The 
third  vessel . .  was  a  xebec  latine-rigged.  1834  [see  FORE  AND 
AFT  I!].  1860  Merc.  Mar.  llag.  VII.  148  She  was  a  two- 
masted  vessel,,  .and  snow-rigged.  1880  [see  LATEEN]. 

2.  Dressed,  clothed.     Also  with  out. 

1722  RAMSAY  Three  Bonnets  iii.  47  Bawsy  rises,  quickly 
dresses..:  Now  rigg'd  [etc.].  1757  FOOTE  Anthon.  Wks. 
1799  I.  136  He's  very  young,  and  exceedingly  well  rigg'd. 
1821  Sporting  Mag.  IX.  27  Lenny  showed  afterwards 
equally  well  rigged-out.  1878  M.  A.  BROWN  tr.  Rnneberg's 
Noitesehda  36  Prince  Woldmar  looks  around  and  sees  The 
strangely  rigged-out  girl  again. 

transf.  1727  Phi/if  Quarll  96  Her  Husband  stands  in  the 
way  rigg'd  in  all  those  engaging  Qualifications  which  did 
win  her  Affection. 

Rigged  (rigd),  ///.  a.'  [f.  RlGt'.G]  Fraudu 
lently  contrived  ;  fictitiously  enhanced  in  value. 

i879DiCKF.NsZ>i'c/.  LonJ.  12/3  It.  .is known  .  .as  a 'rigged 
sale ',  consisting  of  articles  vamped  up  or  originally  manu 
factured  for  the  purpose.  1901  Wcstm.  Gaz.  10  Oct.  9/1 
The  natural  result  of.  .made' markets,  rigged  shares,  paid 
puffs  in  the  newspapers,  and  all  the  other  scandals. 

Rigger1  (ri-gsj).    [f.  RIG  v.2] 

1.  A  out.  One  who  rigs  ships. 

1611  COTGR.,  Galefretier,  a  rigger,  trimmer,  mender  of 
ships.  1703  Land.  Ga2.  No.  3929/4  Wife  of  William  Hoi- 
croft,  Rigger  in  Her  Majesty  s  Yard  at  Deptford.  1772 
Hertford  Merc.  Suppl.  18  Sept.  3/r  One  of  the  Riggers 
belonging  to  his  Majesty's  Dock-yard.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  Be/. 
Mast  xxxv,  Riggers'  seizings  and  overhand  knots  in  place  of 
nice  seamanlike  work.  1884  Manch.  Exam.  21  Apr.  5/1  The 
crosstree  fell  some  80  feet  on  to  the  deck,  carrying  with  it  a 
rigger,  who  was  picked  up  dead. 

2.  Mech.  A  band-wheel.     Also  attrib. 

1797  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  XV.  282  Which  rollers  are  turned 
from  the  outside  by  the  riggers  or  ratchet-wheels.  1825  J. 
NICHOLSON  O  feral.  Mechanic  371  The  knife  is  kept  moving 
.  .by  means  of  a  band  passing  round  the  small  rigger.  1838 
Civil  Eng.  t,  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  357/2  Certain  Improvements  in 
Rigger  Pulley  Bands,  for  driving  Machinery.  1894  Labour 
Commission  Gloss.  s.v.,  In  the  mill-sawing  industry  the 
band  wheels  revolving  on  the  shafting  are  called  riggers. 

3.  (Seequot.  1883.) 

1883  M.  E.JAMES  Jfaw  to  Decorate  12  A  very  long-haired 
sable  brush  (technically  called  a  rigger) ..  derives  its  odd  name 
from  marine  painters,  who  with  such  brushes  delineate  the 
cordage  of  ships.  1887  Art  Jrnl.  341  Some  prefer.,  to  use 
the  long-pointed  sable  brush,  known  to  the  dealers  in  artists 
materials  as  a  '  rigger '. 

4.  A  vessel  with  a  specified  rig. 

1897  KIPLING  Caft.  Conr.  ix.  229  They're  square-rigger.-,, 
mother ;  iron  built  an'  well  found. 

6.  Colloquial  abbrev.  of  OUTRIGGER  3. 

Rigger-  (ri-gsj).  [f.  RIG  v.6]  A  thimble- 
rigger  ;  one  who  rigs  the  market,  etc. 

£1830  Frauds  of  London  12  The  rig  is  practised  at  fairs, 
at  races  [etc]... The  rigger  offers  to  bet  sovereigns,  crowns, 
half-crowns,  and  so  on.  1859  Athenxttm  31  Dec.  81  The 
name  of  Solomons  is  suggestive  of.  .auction-mart  'riggers', 
second-hand  garments,  and  theslumsof  Aldgate.  lW$Pall 
Mall  G.  31  Oct.  5/1  A  great  cotton  cornerer  has  gone  the 
way  of  most  of  those  great  financial  market  '  riggers  '. 

Rigget(t,  variants  of  RIGGOT  a. 

Rigging  (ri'girj), (vbl.]sbl  Sc.  and  north,  dial. 
Also  4  ryggyng,  5-6  -ynge,  6  riggyng  (riging), 
7  -inge ;  6  riggein,  6,  8-9  riggen,  7  -ine,  -an,  8-9 
riggin.  [f.  RIG  sbl  or  v.1 :  cf.  RIDGING  vbl.  sb.} 

1.  The  ridge  or  roof  of  a  building;  also,  the 
making  of  a  ridge  or  ridges  (rare}. 

1399  Mem.  Rifon  (Surtees)  III.  130  In  salario  j  homin- 


RIGGING. 

1'he  wallis  all  and  howsis  ryggyngis.  1533  BELLEXDF.N/./VJ' 
v.x.  (S.T.S.)  II.  176  Seand  pe  stanis  and  sclatis  cassin  be  be 
wemen  &  servandis  of  be  riggingis  of  be  housis.  1641  BEST 
Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  60  On  the  toppe  of  all  hee  layeth  noe 
thatch,  but  onely  loose  strawe,  which  hee  calleth  the  rigs?- 
inge.  1724  RAMSAY  No  my  ain  House  i,  This  is  no  my  ain 
house,  I  ken  by  the  rigging  o't.  1785  BURNS  Vision  18, 1 
sat..  And  heard  the  restless  rations  squeak  About  ihe 
riggin.  1861  QUINN  Heather  Lintit*  (1863)  155  Oor  wa's 
are  only  ae  brick  thick,  Rent  frae  the  riggin*  doon.  1894 
CROCKETT  Lilac  Sttnbonnct  277  Up  to  the  rigging  of  the 
house  he  went  and  then  along  it. 

fig.  i8ai  SCOTT  Pirate  vii,  Though  my  master  be  a 
stranger,  and  no  just  that  tight  in  the  upper  rigging. 
b.  attrib,,  as  rigging- stone,  -tree. 
1573  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxxix.  96  Of  Daueis  toure. . 
Thay  "riggein  stanes  cum  tumland  ouir  the  trinschis.  a  1670 
SCALDING  Troub.  Chas.  I  (1851)  II.  398  He  took  doun  the 
rigging  stanes,  cvngzie  stanes,  with  the  rest.  1829  J. 
HCNTKR  Hallamsh.  Gloss.,  Rigging-Stones,  slates.  1896 
Newcastle  Conrant-zi  Mar.  (E.D.D.),  Covering,  .the  house- 
leek  on  the  rigging-stone.  1788  MARSH  ALL  Rio:  Econ.  Yorks. 
II.  348  *Riggen-t>-?e,  a  piece  of  timber  laid  along  the  ridge 
of  a  roof  to  support  the  heads  of  the  spars.  1855  ROBINSON 
Whitby  Gloss.  s.v., '  The  man  astride  the  riggin  tree,'  the 
person  who  holds  a  mortgage  on  the  premises. 

2.  The  ridge  or  top  of  an   elevated  stretch   of 
ground  or  raised  path.     Also  attrib. 

i$4oSc:Ai-ts  Jas.  ^(1814)  II.  379  As  paily  towart  pe  north 
to  }>e  heid  of  pe  bank  riggin.  1574  Cal.  Laing  Charters 
(1899)  225  Thaireftir  plat  north  the  riggen  of  the  nethir 
quhyt  hill.  1599  Extr.  Aberd.  Reg.  (1848)  II.  201  The  rigg 
ing  stane  of  the  calsey  that  passis  fra  the  croce  towardis 
Johne  Kemptis  land.  1888  ADUV  Sheffield  Gloss.  190. 

3.  The  back. 


rok,.  .With  watring  wauis  and  huge,  Quliilk  ramping  ouer 
his  rigging  ryds.  c  1690  Roxb.  Ball.  (1888)  VI.  616  The 
Butter-box  got  many  knocks,  the  riggans  pay'd  for  a'  then. 
1721  RAMSAY  Lucky  Spence  ix,  Wild  hangy's  tawz  ye'er 
riggings  safi  Makes  black  and  blae.  1814  in  Hone  Every 
day  Bk.  II.  1115  The  colt. .scampered  off  sneering,  with 
his  tail  on  his  '  riggin  '.  1898  Lo.  E.  HAMILTON  Maivkin  x, 
It  would  maybe  be  more  to  my  liking  to  bonnilie  reesle  the 
limmer's  riggin  with  a  stirrup  leather. 

Rigging,  (vbl.}  sb*    [f.  RIG  v*] 

1.  Naut.  Tlie  action  of  equipping  a  vessel  with 
the  necessary  shrouds,  stays,  braces,  etc. 

1486  Naval  Aces.  Hen.  VII  (1896)  16  Expenses  &  labor 
xiiij  daies  in  rigging  of  the  Kyngs  said  Ship.  1502  ARNOLDS 
Chron.  (1811)  133  He  was  of  councell  of  beyng  of  the  sayde 
ship  and  of  vitayling  and  rigging  of  her  to  the  see.  1585 
T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  I'oy.  \.  ii,  His  Lieuetenant 
had  giuen  order  for  the  ful  rigging  of  hlsgallies.  1624  CAIT. 
SMITH  I'irginiaw.  209  The  building  and  rigging  of  ships 
of  any  proportion.  1726  LEONI  Albert? s  Arc/lit.  I.  91/1 
The  right  construction  and  rigging  of  the  Vessels.  1803 
Naval  Chron.  IX.  243  The  rigging  of  the  Plantagenet..goes 
on  briskly. 

2.  The  ropes  or  chains  employed  to  support  the 
masts  (standing  rigging},  and  to  work  or  set  the 
yards,  sails,  etc.  (running  rigging}. 

1594  MARLOWE  &  NASHE  Dido  v.  i,  I  want  both  rigging 
for  my  fleet,  And  also  furniture  for  these  my  men.  1626 
CAPT.  SMITH  Accid.  Yng.  Seamen  3  AH  the  Cordage, .. and 
saile-cloth,  and  rigging  of  the  shippe.  01674  CLARENDON 
Hist,  Reb.  xin.  §  163  They  were  not  able  to  give  them 
farther  chase,  till  their  sailes  and  rigging  could  be  repaired. 
1715  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  5360/5  All  their  standing  and  running 
Rigging  was  mostly  shot  away.  1762  FALCONER  Shipwr. 
n.  102  The  flying  rigging  all  aloft  belay 'd.  1836  W.  IRVING 
Astoria  1. 136  Ashed  for  the  reception  of  the  rigging,  equip 
ments,  and  stores  of  the  schooner.  1869  Gi  BBON  Robin.  Gray 
vii.  The  wind  was  whistling  shrilly  through  the  rigging. 
fig.  1670  DKVDEN  Cony.  Granada  n.  Prol.  18  That  done, 
[he]  bears  up  to  th'  prize,  and  views  each  limb,  To  know  her 
by  her  rigging  and  her  trimm.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  17  Oct. 
11/2  We  do  not  want  to  know  how  their  lower  rigging 
[  -skirts,  etc.]  is  placed  and  set  up. 

3.  transf.  Clothing,  dress.     Also  with  out. 

1662  J.  WILSON  Cheats  i.  i,  I  ha'n't  seen  her  since  my  last 
mischance  ;  Must  ev'n  to  her  for  new  riggings.  1691  Satyr 
agst.  Frenchf*  So  many  sorts  of  Rigging  dress  the  Klf,  Him 
self  sometimes  does  hardly  know  himself.  1729  GAY  Polly  i, 
She  is  in  most  charming  rigging ;  she  won't  cost  you  a  penny, 
Sir,  in  clothes  at  first  setting  out.  1768  Phil.  Trans.  LX. 
122  We  who  stayed  at  the  factory  began  to  put  on  our  winter 
rigging.  1821  SCOTT  Pirate  viii,  I  have  saved . .  my  clothes — 
that  the  tall  old  woman  in  the  dark  rigging  managed  for  me. 
1865  W.  G.  PALGRAVE  Arabia  I.  5  Salim's  own  rigging  out 
was  of  the  same  description. 

4.  Equipment,  outfit. 

1349  THOREAU  Week  Concord  Riv.  Sunday  68  They  had 
teams  with  rigging  such  as  is  used  to  carry  barrels.  1877 
RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  $  Mining  63  This  claim  has  a 
splendid  hydraulic  rigging. 

5.  attrib.  or  Combt^  as  rigging  /louse,  mat,  room, 
time,  victuals ',  wages  \  -cutter,  -stopper  (see  quots.). 

<i599  'n  Bree  Cursory  Sk.  (1791)  I-  2»7  for  the  rigging 
wages  of  200  men.  lbid.t  For  rigging-victuals  of  200  men. 
1662-3  PEPYS  Diary]  Jan.,  Commanders  did  never  hereto 
fore  receive  any  pay  for  the  rigging  time,  but  only  for  sea- 
time.  1669  R.  EASTWOOD  in  St.  Papers,  Dom.  1668-9,  593 
We  will  lay  the  floor  of  the  rigging-house  this  week.  1794 
Rigging  $  Seamanship '181  Rigging  is.  .prepared.. in  a  rigg 
ing-house.  1863  P.  BARRY  Dockyard  Econ.  108  Eleventh  in 
order  stand  the  rigging-houses.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word- 
M.V,  Rigging-Mats^  those  which  are  seized  upon  a  vessel's 
standing  rigging,  to  prevent  its  being  chafed.  Ibid,,  Rigging- 
stoppers  . .  are  used  when  the  shrouds,  stays,  or  backstays  are 
stranded  in  action,  or  in  a  gale  [etc.].  1870  Pall  Mall  G.  17 
Oct.  6  The  fire  broke  out . .  in  the  fitting  and  rigging  rooms. 
1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.,  Rigging  Cutter^  an  appar 
atus  invented  to  cut  the  rigging  of  sunken  vessels. 


669 

6.  Rigging-loft,  a.  (See  quot.  1867.) 
1821  SCOTT  /'irate  xviii,  I  love  to  see  my  rigging-loft  well 
stocked  with  goods.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  IVord-bk.,  Rigg- 
ing-Loftj  a  long  room  or  gallery  in  a  dockyard,  where 
rigging  is  filled  ..  to  be  in  readiness  for  the  ship.  1894 
Labour  Commission  Gloss.,  Rigging  lofts,  the  workshops 
on  shore,  in  which  the  ship's  gear  is  fitted  for  use. 

b.  The  space  above  a  theatre-stage  from  which 
the  scenery  is  manipulated.     U.S. 

1883  Harpers  Mag.  Nov.  879  Rigging  Loft  oo  ft.  above 
stage.  1888  Scribner  s  Mag.  Oct.  438  Looking  upward  from 
the  floor  of  the  stage,  he  would  call  them  [the  beams]  the 
gridiron  ;  standing  on  them,  he  would  speak  of  them  as  the 

rigging-loft. 

Riggish  (ri'gif;.  a.  Now  dial.  [f.  RIG  5<M] 
\Vnnton,  licentious.  (See  also  quot.  1881.) 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  145/38  Riggish,  liccntiosns.  1581 
I'KTIIK  tr.  Guag&j's  Civ.  Conr.  n.  (1586)  115  In  their  out 
ward  behaviour,  they  shew  themselues  foolish,  riggish,  and 
retchless.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  $  Cl.  n.  ii.  245  For  vildest 
things  Become  themselues  in  her,  that  the  holy  Priests 
lllesse  her,  when  she  is  Riggish.  1634  Br.  H A LLtVw /<.'/////., 
A'.  T.  iv.  iv.  The  wanton  gesticulations  of  a  virgin  in  a  wild 
assembly  of  gallants  \varmed  with  wine,  could  be  no  other 
than  riggish  and  unmaidcnly. 

1869  in  LoHstiale  Gloss.  1881  Isle  of  II 'ight  Gloss.  (K.  1  >.S.), 
-A' /i'i'vV.r,  usually  applied  to  cattle  or  sheep. ,  breaking  through 
fences;  also,  wanton. 

Ri'ggite.  rare-1,  [f.  RIG  sbJ>]  One  who 
makes  game  or  fun  of  others. 

1788  FRANKLIN  Aittobiog.  Wks.  1840  I.  61  My  being 
esteemed  a  pretty  good  riggitc,  that  is  a  jocular  verbal 
Satirist,  supported  my  consequence  in  the  society. 

Higgle,  dial,  variant  of.  KIGUAL,  groove. 

Higgle,  variant  of  \ViUGGLE  sb.  and  v. 

Biggmonrowle,  obs.  form  of  RIGMAROLE. 

t  Ri'ggOll.      Obs.  rare.     (See  quot.  and  next.) 

1641  BEST  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  i  Riggon  tuppes  are  such 
as  have  one  stone  in  the  codtle,  and  the  other  in  the  ridge 
of  the  backe.  Ibid,  2  A  riggon  weather  is  such  an  one  as 
hath  formerly  beene  a  riggon  tuppe. 

KiggOt1.  dial.  Also  G  rygett,  9  riggit 
(ricket).  [var.  of  RIGGALD  :  cf.  prec.]  =  RID<JEL. 

1559  Richmond  H'ills  (Surtees)  135,  xxjj11"*  tupes  and 
rygctts.  1814  PECGE  Suppl.  Grcsi',  Riggot,  a  half-gelded 
horse.  Lane.  1825-111  norihern  dial,  glossaries  (Northumb., 
Durh.,  Vorks.). 

Ri'ggot 2.  Now  dial.  Forms  :  7  riget(t,  9 
-att,  -ot^t;  7  riggett,  7,  9  rigg^t,  9  riggat^e, 
-att,  -ut;  7  riggott,  8-9  riggot.  [Related  to 
riggald  RIGGAL,  REGAL  $/>.'•>]  A  groove,  furrow,  or 
channel;  in  mod.  dial,  a  water-channel,  surface- 
drain,  gutter,  rain-spout. 

1 634-5  F'KERETox  Trav.  (Chelham  Soc.)  32  Some  of  the 
seats  of  the  windows  gilded  in  the  riggott  that  is  planed. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  99/1  Channelling  the  sole  is 
making  a  riggett  in  the  outer  sole  for  the  Wax  thread  to  ly 
in.  Ibid.  111/2  A  flat  in  a  Cornice,  with  a  Channel  or 
Klgget  at  the  bottom  inwards.  1747  HooSON  Miner's  Diet. 
s.v.  Blasting,  This  Plug  lias  a  Riggot  made  in  it  down  the 
Side.  Ibid.  P  ij  b,  Upon  one  of  which  Edges  the  Riggot  is 
made  for  the  Priming  of  it.  1826-  in  dial,  glossaries  (Lane., 
Chesh.,  Derby,  Leic.,  Shropsh.). 

Righe,  Righolt;  see  REIGH,  RIGALD. 

Right  (rait),  sbJ-  T'orms:  I  riaht,  reoht,  reht, 
rict,  1-5  (6)  riht,  3  rih^te,  rihht,  3-4  rihtt;  3 
rif)t,  4  rith,  rit,  5  rite  ;  2,  5-  Sc.  richt  (4  -te), 
4-5  ri3t(e,  4  ri5tt),  5  reght,  righte,  4-  right ; 
i,  4  ryht  (4  rythe,  ryte),  5-7  Sc.  rycht ;  4-5 
ry3t(e,  4-6  ryght  (4-5  rygth,  ryghth),  5-6 
ryghte.  [OK.  riht,  ryht,  etc.,  =  OKris.  riitcht 
(niod.Fris.  rjucht\  OS.,  OHG.  reht  (Du.  and  G. 
recht\  ON.  rittr  (Da.  ret,  S\v.  ratt),  related  to 
RIGHT  «.] 

I.  fl.  The  standard  of  permitted  and  forbidden 
action  within  a  certain  sphere;  law;  a  rule  or 
canon.  Obs. 

CQQQ  Bacda^s  Hist.  iv.  v.  (1890)  276  Licade  us  efencuman 
aifier  J>eawe  arwyr5ra  rehta  [L.  iuxta  tnoran  canonmn 
venerabiliitw},  971  Blickl.  Horn.  135  pa  men  J»e..wider- 
wearde  wa*ron  Codes  beboda  &  JJECS  gastlican  rihtes.  c  1000 
/ELKRIC  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  114  Fas,  Godes  riht.  Jus, 
mennisc  riht.  Ibid,  n^  Rodia  Ic.v,  scipmanna  riht.  <  1200 
OKMIN  7202  Herode  king  wass  grill.. whannse  he  sejr  halt 
Godess  rihht  &  Godess  lashe  ribebj?.  1483  CAXTON  Gold. 
Leg,  427/1  Ful  of  grete  scyence  bothe  in  ryght  cyuyl  and  in 
cannon.  1610  WILLET  Dan.  356  These  doe  not  distinguish 
betweene  the  ceasing  of  the  sacrifices  in  right  and  in  fact. 

t  2.  That  which  is  proper  for  or  incumbent  on 
one  to  do ;  one's  duty.  Obs. 

^897  K.  /ALFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xxL  i500Bt8oBM  bi5 
Sees  recceres  ryht  daet  he  Surh  5a  stemne  his  lariowdomes 
a;iiewe&et  wuldorSaesuplicaneftles.  a  1000  Cxdmon'sGen. 
i  (Grein),  Vs  is  riht  mice!,  6eet  we  rodera  weard.  .wordum 
herijen.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  134  Ichulle  deien  i  mine  neste;  & 
beon  as  dead  j?erinne :  vor  ^?et  is  ancre  rihte :  &  wunien 
uort  heo  deie  berinne.  Ibid.  142  Vor  J>et  is  ancre  rihte, 
muchel  uor  to  wakien. 

3.  That  which  is  consonant  with  equity  or  the 
light  of  nature ;  that  which  is  morally  just  or  due. 
(Often  contrasted  with  might  and  wrong,  and  in 
ME.  freq.  coupled  with  reason  or  skill.} 

Beowut/ijoofast  la  RIEC^  sec$an,se  be  so3  &  riht  freme3  on 
folce.  c  888  K. ALFRED  Boeth. xxxviii. §  7  Ne  ba;tnis  nan  riht 
J>a:t  mon  t>one  yflan  hatize.  t  1000  /ELI  RIC  Horn.  II.  48  £if 
se  lareow  riht  taece,  dojehwaswa-swa  he  taecd.  c  11*3  O.  E. 
Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1123,  He  sa-de  J^one  cyng  j>a:t  hit 
w«cs  togeanes  riht  \r&\.  man  scolde  setten  clerc  ofer  nmneces. 
a  1225  Lcg,Kath,$bi  Hit  is  a^ein  rilit,.  .|JJ;L  godd,  ^>e  b 


I    undedHch  mahe  de3  drehen.      c  1250  Owl  $  Night.  950  t>e 
I    heorte.  .so  uorleost  al  his  lyht,  pat  ho  ne  syhb  *ofy  ne  riht. 
a  1300  Cursor  J/.  29  pe  wrang  to  here  o  right  is  lath.    13 . . 
/•-.  E.  Allit.  l\  A.  622  Ay  l?e  ofter,  PC  alder  bay  were,  pay 
laften  ry5t  &  wro5len  woghe.      1390  GOWER  Conf,  \.  ^51  ]f 
•    t  her  were . .  such  a  kniht  That  wolde  sein  it  was  no  riht,  I  \vole 
j    it  with  my  bodi  prove,     c  1470  Gol.  $•  Gaw.  1219  Now  wil 
;     I  be  obeyandj  And  make  the  manrent  with  hand,  As   right 
j    is,  and  skill.    1500-20  DUNKAH  Poems  1.  52,  I  cry  him  Lord 
I    of  everie  fuill,..And,  verralie,  that  war  gryt  rj-cht.     1567 
I    GOLUING  Oi'iifs  Met.  ix.  119  Too  age  it  dooth  belong  Too 
keepe  the  rigor  of  the  lawes  and  search  out  ryght  from 
wrong.     1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  %  Cr.  i.  iii.  116  Force  should  be 
right,  or  rather,  right  and  wrong.  .Should  loo^e  her  names. 
1667  WILTON  /'.  L.  vm.  572  Serf-esteem,  grounded  on  just 
and  right  Well  manag'd.       1737  Gcntl.  Mag.  VII.   131   i 
You  must  acknowledge  a  Distinction  betwixt   Ri^ht  and 
Wrong,  founded   in   Nature, ..by   which   Actions   may  be 
tall'd  just  or  unjust.      1757  W.  WILKIE  Kfigoniad  iv.   118 
So  l^t  their  blood  be  shed,  who  scorning  ri^ht.  Shall  im 
piously  dare  its  ties  to  blight.     1832  TENNYSON  CEttetu  147 
Jiecause  right  is  right,  to  follow  right  Were  wisdom.     1884 
W.  C.  SMI  in  Kildrostan  46  We  judge  a  .stranger  by  our 
home-bred  ways,  Who,  maybe,  walks  by  other  rule  of  right. 
Comb.    1865    RUSKIN  Sesame  ii.    §90   Rex  et  Regina... 
'Right-doers'.      1874  W.  I'.  WACKAV  Grace  fy  Truth  202 
Many  moral,  unconverted  men  are  specimens  of  the  highest 
external  right-doing.    1896  WOKLEY  in  Weslin.  Gaz.  7  Nov. 
4/2,  I  am  for  a  safe  England,,  .a  just  England,  a  right-doing 
England. 

b.  The  fact  or  position  of  being  in  the  ri«ht 
(cf.  6  b).  Chiefly  in  phr.  to  have  right.  Now  rare. 
(-1369  CHAUCER  Dcthe  Blaunche  1282  Whan  I  had  wrong 
and  she  ryght,  She  wolde  alwey  so  goodely  For-yevc  me. 
c  1430  Syr  Getter.  (Roxb.)  5534  Right  makeih  a  fe!>Ic  man 
strong.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Anns  (S.T.S.)  74  Had  the 
pape  Clement  had  rycht  his  folk  had  nocht  U-ne  in  b.itaill 
disconfyte.  c  1500  .Mclnsine  128  We  haue  good  right  in  oure 
caas  ;  they  are  come  vpon  vs  without  c;iuse.  1565  COOPER 
Thuliums  s.v,  Jits^  The  indifferent  iudge  attributed  vic- 
lorie  to  him.. to  whorne  right  appeared.  1604'!'.  WRIGHT 
Passions  (1620)  117  Whether  you  have  right  or  wrong,  I 
knowe  you  must  have  the  last  word.  1822  SCOTT  Pcwril 
x\i.\,  The  bigots  have  some  right  uhen  they  affirm  that  all 
is  for  the  be-t.  1865  KISCSLEY  Hfmuard  xxvii,  'The 
king  has  right!'  cried  Hereward.  'Let  them  take  the 
plunder'  [etc.]. 

C.  Consonance  with  fact ;  correctness. 
1796  BUKKE  Regie.  Peace  ii.  (1892!  126  Whether,  .there 
was  some  mixture  of  right  and  wrong  in  their  reasoning. 
1849  RUSKIN  St-v.  Lamps  iv.  §  xxviii.  118, 1  can  but  rapidly 
name  the  chief  conditions  of  right.  1867 —  Time$  Tide*. 
§  51  And  yet.. there  was  something  of  right  in  the  teirors 
of  this  clerical  conclave. 

4.  Just  or  equitable  treatment  ;  fairness  in  deci 
sion  ;  justice.  Freq.  in  phr.  to  do  (one)  right. 

£900  in  Thorpe  Di/'l.  Angl.  Sax.  (1865)  140  pa  c  wax)  on 
ealle  )?a  weotan  ba;t  mon  u6e  bacre  cyrcan  rihtes  swa  wel  swa 
o^erre.  c  1205  LAY.  2511  Heo  was  swa  swi6e  wel  bi-J?ouht, 
bat  a-lche  monne  heo  dude  riht.  f  1250  Gen.  <$-  Ex.  52  Dat 
u-i-,6  wil,  Sat  weldct  alle  Giii.^e  \\it  ri^t  and  skil.  a  1300 
Cursor  j/.  1796  All  tok  a  right,  bath  pouer  and  Rike ;  All 
hade  a  dom,  bath  riche  and  pour.  1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  xvi. 
598  The  gilt  spuris. .  He  suld  in  hy  ger  hew  gow  fra  ;  Richt 
vald  with  cowardis  men  did  .swa.  1413  Pilgr.  Sowle  (Cax- 
ton,  1483)  i.  Ji.  3  Come  by  fore  the  luge  and  he  sha!  do  the 
ryght.  (1450  BURGH  Secrees  2051  Ryght  and  the  Kyng 
as  brethryn  owen  to  be.  1535  COVERDALE  2  Chron.  vi.  23 
'1  hen  heare  thou  from  heauen,  and  se  y'  thy  seiuaunt  haue 
righte.  1565  COOPER  s.v.  Jus,  Nnndinaiio  inrist  sellyng 
of  right  and  Justice.  1589  LODGE  Scitlaes  Metam.  (Hun- 
terian  Cl.)  20  \\'hich  spectacle  of  care  made  Thetis.. call  oil 
Glaucus,  and  command  her  Sonne  To  yeelde  her  right.  1642 
FULLER  Holy  ^-  Prof.  St.  i.  xi.  34,  I  can  do  her  meinorie  no 
better  right,  then  to  confesse  she  was  wrong  in  somethings. 
1691  T.  H[ALE]  Account  New  Invent.  86  In  right  to  his 
Majesty  and  his  Service,  no  less  than  to  it  and  themselves. 
1735  SOMERVILLE  Chase  11.  71  Oh  !  were  aTheban  Lyre  not 
wanting  here,  And  Pindar's  Voice,  to  dp  their  merit  right  ! 
*8z8  SCOTT  /'".  Al.  Perth  xx,  To  petition  the  King,  as  a 
matter  of  right,  that  the  murder  of  their  fellow-citizen 
should  be  inquired  into.  1842  BROWNING  Cavalier  Tunes 
n.  i,  King  Ch.irles,  and  who'll  do  him  right  now? 

fb.  XVith  reference  to  drinking,  in  phr.  to  do 
(one)  right.  (Cf.  REASON  sb^  156.) 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  II7,  v.  iii.  76  Why  now  you  haue  done 
me  right.  1605  CHAPMAN  All  Fools  v.  i,  Come  in  when 


doe  me  right  As  e're  you  hope  for  liberty. 

5.  In  prepositional  phrases,  with%  by,  or  of 'right ', 
=  rightfully,  properly,  with  reason  or  justice, 
f  a.   With  (or  mid}  right,  Obs. 

863  Charters  O.  £.  7V.r/f  439  Sue  Ser  mid  riahte  to  Sem 
lande  limpa'6.  971  Blickl.  Hvin.  123  Seo  mennisce  gecynd 
..mses  m  id  rihte  pa:in  Scyppende  lof  &  wuldor  secgean. 
cii27  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1127,  pa  forlxs  he  psel 
mid  rihte  forpi  pact  he  hit  hrcfde  seror  beieten  mid  unrihte. 
<  izoo  ORMIN  1395  Forr  enngless  haffdenn  heoffness  asrd 
Forrlorenn  all  wipb  rihhte.  c  1290  St.  B  randan  53  in  S.  E. 
Leg.  I.  221  He..seide  pat  weoujten  Ihesu  crist  ponki  suype 
wel  with  ri3te.  c  1315  SHOREHAM  1. 1656  He  spekep  of  pyng 
j?at  his  to  come,  |>at  scholde  be  myd  ry^te  Of  treupe.  a  1400 
in  Relig.  Pieces  fr.  Thornton  IMS.  22  With  gud  ryghie  pay 
loue  pe,  and  onoures  pe,..all  thy  creatures. 

b.  By  right ;  in  mod.  use  by  rights. 
c  1315  SHOREHAM  1. 1671  petcomplep  betspoushod.  .pat  hyt 
ne  maybe  ondon.  -By  r>ite.  1387-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  \\. 
ill.  tSkeat)  I.  83  On  you  by  right  ought  these  shames  and 
these  reproves  al  hoolly  discende.  a  1495  Cursor  J\[.  4589 
(Trin.),  God  hap  pe  shewed  fair  warnyng,  perfore  owe 
bou  by  ri}t  To  honoure  him.  1535  COVERDALE  Luke  xxiii. 
41  And  truly  we  are  iherin  by  right,  for  we  receaue  acord- 
inge  to  oure  dedes.  1567  Gitde  fy  Godlie  B.  (S.T.S.)  143 
Haly  is  his  name  be  richt.  1600  SHAKS.  A.  K  L.  iv,  iii.  177, 
1  should  haue  beene  a  woman  by  right. 


I 


RIGHT. 

1818  KEATS  Let.  Wks.  1889 1 II.  159,  I  should  not,  by  rights, 
speak  in  this  tone  to  you.  1853  WHEWELL  in  Life  (1881) 
429  By  rights  he  ought  to  leave  his  work  and  go  play.  1884 
KIDER  HAGGARD  Dawn  vii,  I  suppose  that  I  should  not  by 
lights  have  told  you. 
fc.  Of  right.  06s. 

1413  Pilgr.  Sowle  iv.  xxx.  (Caxton,  1483)  78  To  lesen  his 
lyf  as  to  a  fals  traitour  of  good  right  and  reason  belongeth. 
asMK'Kt.a'lla  7Y>»r(i868)85  For  the  wiff  of  right  owilhe 
to  honoure  her  husbonde.  c  1500  God  spede  the  Plough  17 
(Skeat),  Andsoshulde  of  right  the  parson  praye,  1  hat  hath 
the  tithe  shefe  of  the  londe.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidane  s  C  omm. 
345  Seinge  the  case  standeth  thus,  ther  can  no  rebellion  o 
right  be  obiected  unto  us.  1681-6  J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Life  (174?) 
111.  277  They  are  all  of  Right  his  Subjects. 

6.  The  right:  that  which  is  right;  righteousness, 
ju-tice,  truth  ;  esp.  the  cause  of  truth  or  justice. 

c  1000  /ELFRIC  Dcut.  xvi.  20  Filije  rihtlice  bam  rihte, 
ket  bu  Ij'bbe  lange  on  bam  lande,  be  dnhten .  .be  sylfl. 
c  1205  LAY.  10941  Woh  him  wes  wunder  lao,  and  bat  rihte 
a  leof.  <i  1300  Cursor  M.  4370  O  be  haf  i  nakin  might,  For 
ellesitwara.gain  beright.  ci^aAnlursofArth.  xxi,  We 
.  That  riche  rewmes  ouer  rynnes  agaynes  the  ryghte.  1535 
COVERDALE  Pi.  xvi[i].  i  Heare  y  right  (O  Lorde),  considre 
my  complaynte.  c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  I  .S.)  H.  63  1  ri 
harralde  cryd, '  God  schaw  the  rycht  '.  1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen. 
I'l  n.  iii.  55  Here  let  them  end  it,  and  God  defeml  the  right. 
till  BIBLE  Isa.  x.  2  To  take  away  the  right  from  the  poore 
of  my  people.  1690  W.  WALKER  Idiomat.  Anglo-Lat.  376 
The  right  itself  shineth  of  itself.  1774  GOLDSM.  Retal.*o 
Too  fond  of  the  right  to  pursue  the  expedient.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  v.  I.  561  The  liberty  of  governing  him 
self,  .according  to  his  own  sense  of  the  right  and  of  the 
becoming.  1865  LINCOLN  2nd  Inaug.  Address,  With  firm 
ness  in  the  right,  as  God  gives  us  to  see  the  right. 
b.  In  phr.  to  have  the  right  (cf.  3  b). 
c  1430  Syr  Gcner.  (Roxb.)  5533,  I  haue  the  right  and^  he 
the  wrong.  ^1585  MONTGOMERY:  Cherrie  ir  Slae  892  }ea, 
he  suld  rather  die  than  5ield,  Though  Reason  had  the  richt. 
1828  SCOTT  f.  .M.Perth  ii,  It  is  not  my  part,  .to  decide  who 
had  the  right  or  wrong  in  the  present  brawl. 

C.  To  be  in  the  right,  to  have  justice,  reason, 
or  fact  upon  one's  side. 

c  1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Aynion  xxvi.  554  Ye  shall  take    ] 
vengaunce  of  thyse  traytours,  For  ye  ben  in  the  right  and    | 
they  in  the  wronge.     1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  ccclxxvi.    j 
626  Ye  be  in  the  ryght  of  this  warre.     1594  SHAKS.  Rick. 
Ill,  v.  iii.  275  He  was  in  the  right,  and  so  indeed  it  is. 
1603   —  Meas.  for  J\f.  n.  i.   167   He's  in  the  right  (Con 
stable),  what  say  you  to  it  ?   1680  OTWAY  Orphan  i.  iv,  Your 
Sex  Was  never  in  the  right,  y're  always  false,  Or  silly.    1710 
(see  REVERIE  sli.  3  a.].     1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  v.  ii,  She 
knew  all  the  time  she  was  in  the  right.     1815  SCOTT  Let,  in 
Lockhart  (1837)  III.  365  They  are  in  the  right,  however,  to 
enforce  discipline  and  good  order.     1855  MACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng.  xviii.  IV.  125  A  historical  question  about  which  they 
were  in  the  right. 

II.  7.  Justifiable  claim,  on  legal  or  moral 
grounds,  to  have  or  obtain  something,  or  to  act 
in  a  certain  way. 

Chiefly  in  various  phrases,  as  writ  (etc.)  of  right,  in  right, 
to  have  (good)  right,  etc. 

c  888  K.  /ALFRED  Boeth.  xiii,  For&em  hi  mid  nanum  ryhte 
ne  majon  jearnixan  bset  £e  hepra  wundrien.  a  1000  Cud- 
men's  Gen.  2152  (Gr.,1,  Nelle  ic  ba  rincas  rihte  benaeman. 
c  1205  LAY.  28776  For  he  hefde  rihte  to  bissere  kineriche. 
1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  7496  pus  lo  be  englisse  folc..come 
to  a  nywe  louerd  bat  more  in  rigte  was.  1338  R.  BRUNNE 
Chron.  (1810)  57  To  coroune  kyng  Edward,  AIs  he  bat  had 
;pde  right  vnto  be  regalte.  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  I.  46  Off 
:ingis,  that  aucht  that  reawte,  And  mayst  had  rycht  thair 
king  to  be.  1414  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  59/2  Oure  Lond,  by  the 
Kynges  Writ  of  right  enclosed.  1425  Ibid.  271/1  He  bat 
hath  verray  title  of  right  in  eny  thing.  1461  Ibid.  V.  467/2 
Any  of  the  Kynges  in  dede  and  not  in  right,  c  1510  Gesta 
Rom.  (E.E.T.S.)432  As  moche  ryght  haue  I  in  this  tree  as  ye. 
1579  FULKE  Heskins'  Part.  89  A  writ  of  right  being  brought 
against  him,  prescription  of  possession  will  not  serue  him. 
a  1600  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  viii.  ii.  §  8  In  case  it  do  happen 
that  without  right  of  blood  a  man  in  such  wise  be  possessed. 
1642  FULLER  Holy  <$•  Prof.  St.  n.  x[i]x.  123  Nor  doth  it  follow 
that  he  hath  the  best  in  right,  who  hath  the  best  in  fight. 
1671  MILTON  Samson  310  Who  made  our  Laws  to  bind  us, 
not  himself,  And  hath  full  right  to  exempt  Whom  so  it 
pleases  him.  1727  SWIFT  Baucis  %  Phil.  134  Against  Dis 
senters  [he]  would  repine,  And  stood  up  firm  for  Right 
divine.  1771  Junius  Lett.  (1788)  239  [He]  rejects  with  in 
dignation  the  claim  of  right,  which  his  adversary  endeav 
ours  to  establish.  1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xix,  But  here 
comes  one  has  good  right  to  do  our  errand  to  him.  1868 
J.  H.  BLUNT  Ref.  Ch.  Eng.  I.  191  It  was  might,  not  right, 
which  had  put  her  in  the  position  she  occupied.  1897 
Daily  News  n  Dec.  5/7  Right,  in  its  personal  application, 
is  indeed  never  but  the  underside  of  duty  ;  turn  it  upper 
most,  and  everything  becomes  topsy-turvy. 

b.  In  phr.  in  right  of  (a  person  or  thing). 
1439  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  26/2  Noght  seised   of  Lond   or 
rentes..,  hot  m  right  of  beire  Wyves.     1613  PURCHAS  Pit- 
'  'age IV. viii. (1614) 379 Solimanbee, . . whomade challenge 


preceded  me  in  Right  of  his  Post.  i859jEPHSpNA'n'«a>yxvi. 
258  Claiming  the  dukedom  in  right  of  his  wife.  1887  RIDER 
HAGGARD  A  llan  Quatermain  i,  Nought  have  I  brought  save 
this  mine  axe  ;  in  right  of  which  once  I  ruled  the  people  of 
the  axe. 

O.  So  by  right  (also  f  rights)  of. 
1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  89  They  succeeded  by 
right  (as  tliey  call  it)  of  consanguinitie.  1611  BIBLE  Tobit 
in.  17  She  belongeth  to  Tobias  by  right  of  inheritance.  1660 
PEPYS  Diary  9  Jan.,  He  said  that  . .  he  did  it  by  rights 
of  his  office.  1789  COWPER  On  the  Queen's  Visit  to  London  3 
By  right  of  worth,  not  blood  alone,  Entitled  here  to  reign  1 


ited  by  right  of  hat. 


670 

8.  In  prepositional  phrases  denoting  justifiable   J 
title  or  claim  to  something  : 

a.  With  right.     (In  OE.  mid  rihte.} 

Beowulf '2056  [He]  bone  maobum  byrea,  bone  be  Bu  mid 
rihte  radan  sceoldest.  f  888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  vii.  §  3 
Hi  me  habbaS  benumen  mines  naman  be  1C  mid  rihte  nabban 
sceolde.  cizyi  St.  Gregory  ^\nS.  Eng.  Leg.  \.  ^W^ 
lond  is  swuch  ase  be  men  beoth,  name  it  hauez  with  njte. 
c  1470  Got.  (f  Gaw.  1314  Thoght  I  myght  reif  tbame  will- 
right,  rath  to  my  handis.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  K,  i.  n.  96  May 
I  with  right  and  conscience  make  this  claim; 

b.  Of  right. 

1-175  BARBOUR  Bruce  i.  159  The  kynryk  jliarn  I  nocht  to 
have    Bot  gyff  it  fall  off  rycht  to  me.     c  1410  Master  of 
Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  x.xxiii,  Lete  be  houndes  comme  too 
andeetebeflessh..for|)ati3hirrewardeofreght.  1526  Pilgr.    , 
1'erf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  117  He  that  of  very  ryght  owed  y 
cappe.     1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Ep.  3gr  He  may  (of  right) 
chalenge  to  him  self  this  singular  title.     1656  EARL  MONM.     i 
tr   Boccalinfs  Advts.  fr.  Parnnss.  n.  xxi.  (1674)  169  He    j 
ought  of  right  to  have  precedency.     1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix. 
611  To  come.. and  worship  thee  of  right  declard  Sovran  of 
Creatures.     1827  COBBETT  Prot.  Reform.  §  330  Those  great 
estates,  which  of  right  belonged  to  the  poorer  classes.    1874 
GREEN  Short  Hist.  x.  §  4.  791  While  England  repelled  the 
claims  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  to  the  Regency  as  of  right,    j 
Ireland  admitted  them. 

e.  Ky  (good)  right;  also  in  mod.  use  by  rights. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  Pi.  B.  x.  343  pei  ban  heritage  in  heuene, 
and  bi  trewe  rijte.  Ibid.  XX.  95  By  ri?te  he  it  claymed. 
1466 mArcliaeologiaW^}  L.  1. 52  Askynge .  .their Casuallys 
and  other  thynges  b'  long  to  hem  be  right  ameabully.  1560 
D.-\ustr.  Steidaae'sComm.  78  [He]  affirmed  the  kyngdome 
to  be  his  by  good  right.  1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  i.  iii.  172  This 
Sorrow  that  I  haue,  by  right  is  yours,  c  1616  SIR  W.  MURE 
Misc.  Poems  XX.  10  Pretending  tytyls . .  By  ry[ch]t  heredltar 
to  serve  thy  grace.  1671  MILTON  /'.  R.  11.  325  Owe  not  all 
Creatures  by  just  right  to  thee  Duty  and  Service?  1855 
KISGSLEY  Wcst'.ti.  Ho  I  ii,  Days  when  the  gentry  of  England 
were  by  due  right  the  leaders  of  the  people.  1868  DICKENS 
Uncomm.  Tra-u.  xxvii,  Any  little  matters  which  ought  to  be 
ours  by  rights. 

9.  A  legal,  equitable,  or  moral  title  or  claim  to 
the  possession  of  property  or  authority,  the  enjoy 
ment  of  privileges  or  immunities,  etc. 

Freq.  with  qualifying  word,  as  civil, natural,  real  rights  : 
see  the  various  adjs.  Declaration  or  Bill  of  Rights,  '  a 
Bill  declaring  the  Rights  and  Liberties  of  England,  and  the 
Succession  to  the  Crown  '  (Burnet),  passed  in  1680. 

12900  CYNEWULF  Elene  909  (Gr.),  Nu  cwom  eljjeodij, . . 
hafao  mec  bereafod  rihta  ^ehwylces.  C9OO  in  Thorpe  Dipl. 
Angl.  Sax.  (1865)  140  pa  sona  wa=s  Ebelwald  bffis  wordes, 
baet  he  no  bes  rihtes  wic5sacan  wolde.  a  1300  Cursor  M. 
3544  pou  sal  neuer. .In  bi  forbirth  do  claim  na  right.  1375 
BARBOUR  Bruce  I.  78  He  suld  that  arbytre  disclar,.  .And 
lat  him  ryng  that  had  the  rycht.  1491  Act  7  Hen.  VII, 
c.  20  §  7  All  such  right,  title,  interesse,  clay  me.,  as  they., 
have  in  any  of  the  premisses.  1525  LD.  BURNERS  Froiss.  II. 
lii[i].  188  Let  the  ryght  go  to  the  ryght.  1544  tr.  Littleton's 
Tenures  (1574)96^  The  donee  to  whom  the  release  was 
made  then  had  nothinge  in  the  land,  but  onely  a  righte.  1641 
Tertnesde  let  Ley  129  b,  For  when  the  Right,  which  is  the 
foundation  and  the  principal!,  is  released,  by  consequence 
the  Action  . .  is  also  released.  1681  STAIR  Instit.  (1693)  II. 
i.  161  All  Real  Rights  are  either  that  original  Community 
of  all  Men,.. Or  the  Interest  which  Possession  giveth,  or 
Property.  1706  STANHOPE  Paraphr.  III.  334  After  all  our 
boast  of  Settlements  and  Estates,  nothing  is  or  can  be 
settled,  but  the  Fee  and  Original  Right  in  the  great  uni 
versal  Lord.  1768  STERNE  Sent.  Journ.  (1778)  1. 1  Strange  ! 
..that  one  and  twenty  miles  sailing ..  should  give  a  man 
these  rights.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  1. 172  The  husband 
is  entitled  to  all  those  rights  and  privileges  which  his  wife 
would  have  had  if  she  were  alive,  and  which  were  annexed 
to  her  estate,  a  1853  ROBERTSON  Lect.  (1858)  747  Rights 
are  grand  things, . .  hut  the  way  in  which  we  expound  those 
rights . .  seems  to  me  to  be  the  very  incarnation  of  selfish 
ness.  1893  TRAILL  Soc.  Eng.  Introd.  p.  xiii,  Association, 
however,  necessarily  creates  rights  and  duties ;  from  rights 
and  duties  spring  law  and  government. 

Comb,  a  1816  BENTHAM  Offic,  Apt.  Maximized,  Introd. 
View  (1830)  17  A  civil,  or  say  a  right-conferring  code. 

b.  Const,  to  (t  unto,  rarely  t/<""),  with  follow 
ing  sb.  (or  equivalent  construction). 

c  1205  LAY,  26411  OSere  londes  monie,  pe  Julius  hafde  an 
honde,  pat  he  naue3  nane  rihte  to.  1297  R.  GLOUC  (Rolls) 
7495  A  fals  king  bat  nadde  no  rr}t  to  pe  kinedom.  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  26511  To  couer  pe  right  til  heuen  blis.  14.. 
GAYTRYGE  in  Hampolc's  Wks.  (1896)  I.  109  Robes  and 

I  Rychesce . .  bat  we  haf  na  gud  titil  ne  na  ryght  to.  1567 
Satir.  Poems  Reform,  viii.  9  War  }our  richt  reknit  to  be 
croun  It  mycht  be  laid  with  litill  menss.  a  1643  LD.  FALK- 

1  LAND,  etc.  Infallibility  (1646)  99  The  Turkes..are  sensible 
of  the  right  the  Christians,  .haue  for  the  free  exercise  of 
their  Religion,  c  1680  BEVERIDGE  Serin.  (1729)  I.  71  When 
he  hath  given  it  to  us,  we  have  a  civil  right  to  it.  1709  M  RS. 

i  MANLEY  Secret  Mem.  (r?2o)  III.  28  He.  .is  not  permitted  to 
fill  those  Vacancies  (to  which  by  the  Law  of  War,  he  has  an 
indisputed  Right).  1789  BENTHAM  Princ.  Legist,  xviii.  §  25 
note,  On  various  occasions  you  have  a  right  to  the  services 
of  the  magistrate.  1855  BREWSTER  Newton  II.  xv.  40  He 
asserted  his  own  right  to  the  discovery  of  the  differential 
calculus.  i88a  FARRAR  Early  Chr.  II.  536  [St.  Paul]  main 
tained  against  them  his  independent  right  to  the  highest 
order  of  the  Apostolate. 

o.  Const,  to  with  inf.    Chiefly  in  phr.  to  have 
a  (or  no)  right  lo  (do  something),  which  in  dia 
lect  use  is  also  employed  with  reference  to  obliga 
tion  (see  quots.  under  b). 
la  1400  Morte  Arth.  1275  Thane  salle  we  rekkene..whatt 

i  ryghte  pat  he  claymes,  Thus  to  ryot  bis  rewme  1  1591 
SPENSER  M.  Hubberd  524  Some  good  Gentleman,  that  hath 
the  right  Unto  his  Church  for  to  present  a  wight.  1662  J. 

j  DAVIES  tr.  Olearius'  Voy.  Ambass.  194  A  Palisadoe . .  to 
hinder  the  fishing  of  those  that  have  no  right  to  fish.  1681 

|    DKYUEN  Abs,  fy  Achit.  i.  409  If  not,  the  people  have  a  right 


BIGHT. 


Room.  1784  J.  POTTER  Virtuous  I  'illagersll.  128  Women 
claim  a  right  to  inspect  into  the  indiscretions  of  their 
husbands.  1803  SIR  J.  MACKINTOSH  Wks.  (1846)  III.  242 
He  has  a  right  to  expect  from  me  a  faithful,  a  zealous,  and 
a  fearless  defence.  1887  RIDER  HAGGARD  Allan  Quater 
main  xvi,  We  were  officers . . ,  and  in  that  capacity  had  a 
right  to  come  and  go  unquestioned. 

(t)  1771  SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl.  24  May  F  7,  I  have  no 
right  to  maintain  idle  vagrants.  1808  ELEANOR  SLEATH 
Bristol  Heiress  I.  209,  I  don't  see  as  how  women  have 
any  right  to  be  trampled  on.  1829  J.  HUNTER  Hallamsh. 
Gloss,  s.v.,  '  I  have  no  right  to  pay  at  that  toll-bar,'  means, 
I  am  not  obliged  to  pay  there.  1854  Miss  BAKER  Norlhampt. 
Gloss.  s.v.,  '  I  have  no  right  to  pay '  :  i.e.  I  ought  not  to  be 
compelled  to  pay.  1893  M.  C.  F.  MORRIS  Yorks.  Folk-talk 
82  'To  have  a  right'  is  equivalent  to  'ought' or 'in  duty 
bound ',  in  such  a  phrase  as  this—'  He'  gotten  a  weyfe  an' 
bairns,  and  he's  a  right  to  keep  'em.' 

d.  Const,  of  (in  early   use  =  to),  with   sbs.   or 
gerunds.     See  also  RIGHT  OF  WAY. 

1463-4  Cal.  Rcc.  Dubl.  (1889)  I.  315  Apon  the  varyaunce 
of  the  ryght  and  tytle  of  the  office  of  Recorder.  1559 


for  her,  that  she  may  be  giuen  thee  for  a  wife.  For  to  thee 
doth  the  right  of  her  appertaine.  1641  Tcrmes  de  la  Ley 
129  b,  Right  of  entrie.  1702  H.  DODWELL  Apol.  §  15  in  S. 
Parker  Cicero's  DC  Finibns,  Authority,  .hadundoubtedly  the 
Right  of  Life  and  Death.  1768  BLACKSTONEC^WZW.  III.  178 
The  alienee . .  hath  not  only  a  bare  possession,  but  also  an 
apparent  right  of  possession.  1841  W.  SPALDING  Italy  ff  It. 
1st.  I.  81  A  certain  part  of  the  senators ..  possessed  votes 
without  the  right  of  addressing  the  assembly.  1889  Law 
Times  Rep.  LVIII.  163/2  The  right  of  using  this  road  con 
stituted  an  easement  of  the  farm. 

e.  A  document  substantiating  a  claim  or  title. 
Miner's  right :  see  MINER  1  6. 

1545  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  9  The  said  Thomas., 
hes  promittit  to  bring  with  him  sik  rychtis  as  tha  will  use 
qubarby  tha  clame  the  sadis  landis  to  pertene  to  thame. 
1637  RUTHERFORD  Lett.  (1862)  I.  Ixxvii.  198  The  man  who 
will  not  be  content  with  rights  to  bought  land,  except  he 
get  also  the  ridges  and  acres  laid  upon  his  back  to  carry 
home  with  him.  1890  [see  MISER  '  6J. 

1O.  With  possessive  pron.  or  genitive  :  The  title 
or  claim  to  something  properly  possessed  by  one 
or  more  persons.  Also  transf. 
1:1129  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1129,  fact  hi  scolden 
eallecumen  to  Lundene..,  &  bzr  scolden  sprecon  of  ealle 
Godes  rihtes.  £1250  Gen.  q  Ex.  3714  Burses  stronge  and 
folc  vn-fri3t,  stalwurSi  toweren  here  ri3t.  a  1290  Beket  225 
in  J>'.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  113  Swybe  wel  bi-gan  bis  Ercedekne  holi 
churche  bi-lede,  And  stifliche  heold  op  hire  ri}te.  ti  1300 
Cursor  M.  26320  pou  bi  right  fordon  has  ban.  1389  in  Eng. 
Gilds  (1870)  30  pey  schal  saue  be  kyngehys  rylhe,  and  non 
prejudys  don  a-geyn  his  lawe  in  bes  ordenaunce.  1425 
Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  273/1  pe  pretensed  ryght  of  my  said 
Lord.  1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  h  vj,  Whanne  the  kyng 
was  dede,  somme  wold  haue  taken  her  ryght  fro  her.  1558 
GOODMAN  How  to  Obey  180  It  is.  .a  great  discouraging  to 
the  people. .  when  they  are  not  defended,  .in  their  right 
and  title.  1500  SHAKS.  Mills.  N.  l.  i.  92  Lysander,  yeelde 
Thy  crazed  title  to  my  certaine  right.  1638  BAKER  tr. 
Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  II.)  194,  I  yeeld  up  my  right  in  all  the 
good  I  receive  from  you.  1670  HOBBES  Dial.  Comm.  Laws 
(i68r)  37  My  Right  is  a  Liberty  left  me  by  the  Law  to  do 
any  thing  which  the  Law  forbids  me  not.  1757  W.  WILKIE 
Epigoniad  i.  14  In  vain  for  Polynices'  right  they  bled. 
1799  HAN.  MORE  Fern.  Educ.  (ed.  4)  I.  147  To  these  have 
been  opposed,  with  more  presumption  than  prudence,  the 
rights  of  woman.  1819  MACKINTOSH  Part.  Suffrage  Wks. 
1846  III.  232  The  enlightened  friends  of  the  rights  of  the 
people.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xii.  III.  222  Human 
nature  at  last  asserted  its  rights.  1878  DALE  Lect.  Preach. 
ix.  291  Respect  the  rights  of  the  past :  assert  the  rights  of 
the  present. 

b.  In  phr.  in  (the)  right  of,  in  one's  (own)  right. 
1472  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  15/2  In  the  possession  of  the  same 
Richard  and  Anne  his  wyfe,  as  in  the  right  of  the  same 
Anne.  1540  Act  32  Hen.  VIII,  c.  48  The  castell  of  Douer, 
wherof  the  kinges  maiesty  is  verye  owner  in  the  right  of 
the  imperial  crowne  of  this  his  realme.  1568  GRAFTON 
Chron.  II.  53  Wherefore  king  Henry  havyng  now  maryed 
the  sayde  Alianor  claymed  as  in  her  right  the  Erledome  of 
Tholose.  1599  THYNNE  Animad.  (1875)  26  Alice,  the  wyfe 
of  Richarde  Neuille,  (erle  of  Sarisbery  in  the  righte  of  the 
same  Alice).  1618  BOLTON  Floras  in.  xvii.  (r636)  225  The 
gentrie . .  robbed  the  commonweale  in  their  own  right. 
1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  i.  x,  Where  they  might  enjoy 
almost  the  same  advantages  of  a  liberal  fortune  as  if  they 
were  entitled  to  it  in  their  own  right.  1766  BLACKSTONE 
Comm.  II.  435  The  only  method  he  had  to  gain  possession 
of  it,  was  by  suing  in  his  wife's  right.  1838  DICKENS  Nich. 
Nick,  iv,  She  has  a  little  money  in  her  own  right.  1885 
Law  Times  Rep.  LIII.  526/1  Property  which  should  come 
to  the  wife,  or  the  husband  in  her  right, 

11.  That  which  justly  accrues  or  falls  to  any  one ; 
\   what  one  may  properly  claim  ;  one's  due. 

c  897  K.  /ELFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  397  Alife  se  wer  his 
wife  hire  ryht  on  hira  gesinscipe.  c  970  in  Thorpe  Laws  I. 
258  Do  3am  Seofe  his  riht,  swa  hit  ser  Eadmundes  cwide 
waes.  cizoo  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  179  Unne8es  hie  winnen 
jiet  here  louerdes  rihttes.  c  1275  LAY.  7906  Ich  hou  segge, 
cnihtes,  Rome  his  oure  ribtes  (c  1205  eowre  irihte].  c'  1330 
R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  6755  ?e..waytes  vs  wyb 
sum  tresons,  For  to  wyb-halden  vs  oure  right,  c  1380 
WYCI.IF  Set.  Wks.  III.  328  pei  ben  bevys, ..and  cursed,  for 
bei  wibdrawen  rijttis  of  holy  Chirche.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy 


a  1586  Answer  to  Cartwright  55  Wee  shoulde  not  take 
our  ryghte  on  a  thyefe,  to  iustyfie  his  theeuerye.  a  1625 
FLETCHER  AV«  Valour  V.  iii,  Honour  and  admiration  are 


BIGHT. 

her  rights.  1651  NEF.DIIAM  tr.  St-ldea's  Afan-  CL  1 1  Observ 
ing  the  Laws  and  paying  the  Rights  of  the  Countrie.  1655 
MOUFET  &  BF.NNET  H ealtk' s  I mprju. (1746)81  Let  us  not  but 
give  the  Devil  his  right.  1782  Miss  BUKNKV  Cecilia  x.  iii, 
He  has  been  advised  by  his  friends  to  claim  his  rights. 
1832  HT.  MARTINEAU  Life  in  Wilds  iii.  41  Our  provisions 
are  the  right  of  those  who  work  for  them.  1875  JOVVHTT 
Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  35  We  cannot  help  acknowledging  that 
what  is  right  for  us  is  the  right  and  inheritance  of  others.  _ 

fig.  1810  SCOTT  Laity  of  L.  in.  xviii,  Grief  claim'd  his 
right,  and  tears  their  course. 

t  b.  A  territory,  estate,  dominion.   Obs.  rare. 

1338  R.  BRUNNEC//TOW.  (1810)  10  Whan  he  had  regned  foure 
jere,  one  ryued  vpon  his  right.  1596  SPENSEK  F.  Q.  v.  viii.  26 
Sir  Artegall . .  taking  with  him,  as  his  vanquish!  thrall,  That 
Damzell,  led  her  to  the  Souldans  right. 

fo.  (Usu.//.)  The  last  sacrament  of  the  Church. 

a  1330  Roland  fy  V.  372  per  fel  a  miracle  of  a  kni^t,  Wiche 
bat  was  to  deb  y-di3t,.  .Er  he  dyd  he  hadde  his  rijt.  c  1400 
Britt  134  Oppon  seynt  lohnes  day.,  be  Kyng  vnderfonge 
his  rightes  of  holy  cherche,  as  fallib  to  euery  Cristen  man. 
U  1450  Contin,  Brut  (E.  E.T.S.)  493  When  he  saw  he  shold 
dye,  he  made  his  testament,  and  . .  receyved  al  be  rightes  of 
holy  churche.]  1470-85  MALORV  Arthur  xiii.  xiii.  630  But 
here  me  vnto  the  Abbay . .  that  I  may  be  confessyd  and 
haue  my  ryghtes.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Picas.  XLI.  (Percy 
Soc.)  204  Of  holy  church  with  all  humilite  My  rightes  1  toke. 
t  d.  //.  That  part  of  the  quarry  given  to  the 
hounds  as  their  share  or  due.  Obs. 

c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxiii,  When  be 
houndes  beth  bus  enquyrered,  (^  ly miners  shulde  haue  both 
|>e  shuldres  for  beire  reghtes.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Hnon 
lit.  177,  I  can  chase  the  herte  &  the  wyld  bore,  and  blowe 
ihe  pryce,  and  serue  the  houndes  of  theyr  ryghtes. 

e.  //.  A  stag's  full  complement  of  antlers,  con 
sisting  of  the  brow,  bay,  and  tray. 

ci4io  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxiv,  Fourched 
on  be  reght  syde  and  lacke  nought  of  reghtes  bynethe.  Ibid., 
If  hym  lacke  any  of  his  reghtes  benethe,  ye  muste  abate  so 
many  in  be  toppe.  1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Marque,  A  deere,  which 
hath  more  rights,  or  branches,  on  th'  one  side  then  on  th' 
other.  1637  B.  JONSON  Sad  Shepherd  i.  ii,  A  head,  Large, 
and  well  beam'd  :  with  all  rights  somm'd,  and  spred.  1677 
Gentl.  Kecr.  in  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  XX.  416/2  You  must 
s:iy  he  beareth.  .a  false  Right  on  his  near  horn,  for  all  that 
the  Beam  bears  are  called  Rights.  1856  '  STONEHENGK  ' 
Rrit.  Rural  Sports  \.  x.  82  The  three  first  are  termed  the 
rights;  the  two  points,  the  crockets.  1884  JICFFERIKS  Red 
Deern.i^  To  be  runnable  or  warrantable,  a  stag,  .must 
bear  his '  rights'  (that  is,  brow,  bay,  and  tray),  and  two  on  top. 
III.  f!2.  a.  On,  of,  or  by^  right,  =  ARIGHT  adv. 

Be<nvulj '1555  Rodera  raedend  hit  on  ryht  jesced.  c888 
K.  ALFRED  Boetk.  vii.  §i  ,"Sif  »c  Hne  unrotnesse  on  riht 
ongieten  htebbe.  971  BlickL  Horn.  45  Se  biscop  sceal.. 
I'raiian  ^a  maesse-preostas..ba3t  hie  healdan  Codes  sewe  on 
riht.  i  1250  Gen.  <V  Ex.  2226  Alle  he  woren  Sanne  sori 
ofri^t ;  lacob  3us  him  bi-mene5  o-rijt.  a  1300  Cursor  M. 
1566  Sua  blind  bai  war  in  bair  insight,  pat  reckining  cuth  bai 
nan  o  right.  13. .  E.  E.  Atlit.  P.  B.  1513  per  was  rynging, 
on  ryV,  of  ryche  metalles.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  344  And  all 
fowles  in  Fether  fell  J?ere  vppon,  For  to  reckon  by  right,  |>at 
to  ryuer  haunttes.  1:1420  Avow.  Arth.  xxxiii,  Quat  is  the 
rawunsun  opon  ry^te,  The  sothe  thou  me  sayn  ? 

t  "b.  At  right  (rarely  rights},  properly,  aright. 
Sc.    Obs. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xiv.  171  That  nycht  the  Scottiscum- 
pany  War  wachit  richt  weill,  all  at  richt.  c  1470  HENRY 
Wallace  iv.  278  Syne  rest  it  thar  at  rycht  In  a  forest.  1513 
DOUGLAS  ^-Kneis  in.  vi.  22  AlL.godlie  wychtis  Schew  we 
suld  haue  a  prosper  rais  at  rychtis.  1535  LVNDESAV  Saiyre 
414  Placebo,  rewll  our  Roy  at  richt. 

t  o.    At  their  right,  to   the   full,   completely. 
Obs.  rare. 

c  1410  Master  ofGawe  (MS.  Digby  182)  vi,  So  bat  hir  teth 
be  wave  vpalle  at  hire  ryght.  Ibid.,  pen  oj>er  teth  commeth 
to  hem  alle  newe. .  .And  whan  fc>ei  be  wexe  vp  agaynn  at  hir 
right,  ben  bei.  .gothe  at  hir  aventure. 

f  13.  At  (or  to]  all  rights  (also  Sc.  right),  at  all 
points,  in  every  respect.  Obs. 

13..  Coer  de  L,  3123  He  was  armyd  to  alle  ryghtes. 
c  1325  Orfeo  134  Ther  come  to  me  two  fair  knyghtes,  Wele 
arayde  at  alle  ryghthis.  1375  BARBOUR  Brnce  x.  312  The 
castele..wes  varnyst  vondir  wele  With  men  and  wittale  at 
all  richt.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt's  T.  2102  An  hundred 
knyghtes  Wei  armed  for  the  werre  at  alle  rightes.  1470-85 
MALORY  Arthur  viii.  vi.  281  Syr  Trystram  commaunded  his 
seruaunt.  .to..dresse  his  harneis  at  al  nianere  of  ryghtes. 
c  1475  Rauf  Coilyar  686  Greit  Squechonis  on  hicht  . . 
Reulit  at  all  richt  Endlang  the  hall. 

14.  To  rights  :  a.  (Also  rarely  to  right,  \  to  the 
rights,  at  rights.)  In  a  proper  manner  (obs.) ;  to 
or  into  a  proper  condition  or  order.  In  later  use 
chiefly  with  bring,  put,  or  set. 

c  1330  R,  BRUNNE  Chron.  IVace  (Rolls)  4127  He  mayntende 
be  lond  to  ryght,  He  was  curteys  &  doughty  ktiyght. 
1340-70  Atisaunder  846  With  ^e  gaie  golde  ring  graue 
too-riglites.  Ibid.  1222  That  bolde  borou  Byzance  bat 
buyld  was  to-rihtus.  c  1350  Will.  Pah-rne  53  A-grebed 
ful  riche,  wit>  perrey  &  pellure  pertelyche  to  be  rijttes. 
ibid.  1632  pemperour  &  eueri  man  were  esed  to  ri}ttes. 
i47a-3  Rolls  of  Partt.  VI.  59/1  That  all  Wolles..be  sufTi- 
ciauntly,  trewly  and  indifferently  pakked  to  rights,  within 
the  Royalme  of  Englond.  1535  COVKRDAI.E  Luke  vi.  10 
Then  was  his  hande  restored  him  to  right,  euen  as  whole  as 
the  other.  1637  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman  s  Gram,  ix,  43  Bring 
the  ship  to  rights,  that  is,  againe  vnder  saile  as  she  was. 
a  1641  Bp.  MOUNT AGU  Acts  fy  Man.  (1642)  481  To  set  all 
tilings  at  rights  as  at  first  they  were  being  no  work .  .for  the 
arme  of  man.  1662  PEI-YS  Diary  30  Jan.,  Employed  all  the 
afternoon  in  my  chamber,  setting  things  and  papers  to  rights. 
1706  LOGAN  in  Pennsylv.  Hist.  Soc.  Mem.  X.  146  When 
once  puzzled  he  can  with  difficulty  bring  himself  to  rights. 
1748  RLCHAHDSON  Clarissa  Wks.  1 883V.  487  Sense  of  shame 
..may  make  rifled  rank  get  up,  and  shake  itself  to  rights. 
1767  FRANKLIN  Let.  Wks.  1887  IV.  23, 1  received  the  watch 
chain,  which  you  say  you  send  to  be  put  to  rights.  i8zi 


671 

JEFFERSON  Antf>!>.  Writ.  1892  I.  105  How  the  good  should 
be  secured,  and  the  ill  brought  to  rights,  was  the  difficulty. 
1842  G.  S.  FADER  Prim.  Lett.  I.  55  Call  in  Mr.  Maitlaml, 
.  .and  he  will  speedily  set  all  to  right.  1859  Mns.  CARLYI.K 
Left.  III.  8  A  good  sleep  would  have  put  me  to  rights.  1888 
URVCE  Ainer.Coiininfj.  III.  216  The  lists  of  voters,  .were  set 
to  rights. 

b.  At  once,  straightway  (now  U.  S.)  ;  also, 
f  completely,  altogether.  Formerly  freq.  in  phr. 
•j- to  sink  to  tights. 

(a)  1663  PETYS  Diary  3  June,  Mr.  Coventry  and  us  two 
did  discourse  with  the  Duke  a  little..,  and  so  to  rights  home 
again.  i683T"KYON  ll'ay  to  Hcattli  390  The  King,  .ordered 
him  to  be  carried  to  rights,  to  the  Tower.  1702  S.  PARKER  tr. 
Cicero  s  De  Finibus  v.  303  When  Indigent  People  are  ready 
.  .to  suffer  any  Thing  rather  than  die  to  Rights.  1835  MAJOR 
DOWNING  Leti.  129  So  to  rights  the  express  got  back,  and 
brought  a  letter. 

([>)  1673  DRYUEN  Ainboyna  m.  iii,  The  vessel  rifled,  and 
the  rich  hold  rummaged,  they  sink  it  down  to  rights.  1695 
WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Earth  in.  i.  (1723)  150  The  whole 
Tract.. sinks  down  to  rights  into  the  Abyss  underneath. 
1726  SwlFT  Gulliver  n.  viii,  The  Hulk..,  by  Reason  of 
many  Breaches..,  sunk  to  Rights.  1731  MEDLEY  Kolberis 
Caf>e  G.  Hope  I.  34  The  noor  fellow,  in  a  most  piteous  con 
dition,  and  his  heart  sinking  to  rights  under  the  melancholy 
notion  he  had  of  it. 

t 15.  Hunting.  The  scent,  the  track.  Obs. 

c  1410  Muster  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xiii,  A  bolde 
hoimde  shulde  neuer  pleyne  nor  yowle,  but  if  he  were  oute 
of  he  reghtes.  And  also  he  shulde  agayne  seche  be  rightes. 

16.  The  true  account  or  interpretation  cj~  a 
matter.  Now  //. 

1749  FIELDING  7'<>!fi  Jones  xviu.  ii,  There  hath  been  a  ter- 
rible  to  do.  I  could  not  possibly  learn  the  very  right  of  it. 
1751  ELIZA  HEVWOOD  Betsy  Thoughtless  III.  147,  I  verily 
believe  thou  hast  hit  upon  the  right.  1846  MAKRYAT 
I'a'erie  viii.  I  have  never  heard  the  rights  of  that  story. 
1853  WHYTE  Mi-:L\  ILLK  J)igi'y  Grand  I.  vi.  166  Those  ladies 
who  dearly  love  the  last  bit  of  news.. and  who  are  never 
satisfied  without  learning  what  they  call  the  rights  of  it. 

IV.  17.  a.   =  RIGHT  HAND  2. 

a  1240  Sawles  IVarde  in  O.  E.  Hoin.  I.  257  pe  middel  sti 
bituhhe  riht  ant  luft.  a.  1300  Cursor  M.  2463  Queder  bou 
ches,  on  right  or  left,  I  sal  ta  me  bat  bou  haues  left.  1382 
WYCLIF  Prov.  iv.  27  Ne  bowe  thou  doun  to  the  ri^t,  ne  to 
the  lift ;  turne  awei  thi  foot  fro  euel.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi. 
558  Vangard,  to  Right  and  Left  the  Front  unfould.  1707 
FREIND  Peterboraw's  Cond.  Sp.  2ir  Take  to  the  Mountains 
on  the  right  with  all  yourMen.  I764GOLDSM.  Trav.  105  Far 
to  the  right,  where  Apennine  ascends.  1823  F.  CLISSOLD 
Ascent  Mont  Blanc  n  A  precipitous  declivity,  which 
shelved  down,  upon  our  right,  in  one  plane  of  smooth  rock. 
1894  MRS.  H.  WARD  Marcella  II.  306  Benny  appeared., 
elbowing  the  Jewesses  to  right  and  left. 

b.  The  right  wing  of  an  army,  etc. ;  the  right- 
hand  extremity  of  a  line  of  men. 

1707  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4334/4  Our  right  was  then  at  Lou- 
vignies,  and  our  Left  at  Naast.  1743  in  Bucclmck  MSS. 
(Hist.  MSS.  Comm  )  I.  401  Their  right  reaching  to  the  village 
called  Keldersbacb.  1828  SCOTT  /•'.  M.  Perth  xxxiv,  Four 
of  them  occupied  the  right  of  the  first  line.  Ibid.,  The 
Chief  occupied  the  centre  of  the  middle  rank,  instead  of 
being  on  the  extreme  right.  1865  KINGSLF.Y  Hereiv.  xxxiii, 
There  are  the  French,  close  on  our  right.  1896  BADEN 
POWELL  Matatele  Campaign  viii,  The  Cape  Boys  had 
worked  their  way  round  to  the  enemy's  right. 
o.  The  right-hand  way  or  road. 

1764  J.  Kirby's  Suffolk  Trav.  (ed.  2)  278  At  2  m.  take  the 
Right  which  goes  to  Sutton  Church, ..at  3  m.  6  f.  the  Right 
goes  to  Sutton. 

d.  Politics.  In  Continental  legislative  chambers, 
the  party  or  parties  of  conservative  principles. 
(See  CENTRE  sb.  15.) 

1887  Harper's  ifaf.JaL  180/1  The  political  differences  be 
tween  the  two  great  parties, the  parliamentary-Right  and  Left. 

18.  a.  A  boot  or  shoe  for  the  right  foot ;  a 
glove  for  the  right  hand. 

1823  HONE  Every-day  Bk.  I.  515  It  belonged  to  the  left 
foot  of  the  wearer  ;  so ..  this  is  proof  that  '  rights  and  lefts ' 
are  only  '  An  old,  old,  very  old  '  fashion  revived.  1864 
F.  LOCKER  My  Mistress's  Boots  vii,  Cinderella's  lefts  and 
rights  To  Geraldine's  were  frights.  1884  Harpers  Mag. 
Dec.  117/1,  I  didn't  want  two  rights  [sc.  gloves]. 

b.  (See  quots.) 

1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Titrniiigll.  911  Nail  scissors^are  made 
in  pairs,  and  formed  in  opposite  ways,  or  as  '  rights  and 
lefts ',  so  that  they  may  suit  the  respective  hands.  1889 
C.  T.  DAVIS  Bricks  f,-  Tiles  (ed.  2)  73  Bricks.. are  termed 
'  rights '  and  '  lefts '  when  they  are  so  moulded  or  ornamented 
that  they  cannot  be  used  for  any  corner. 

c.  A  blow  given  with  the  right  hand. 

1898  Daily  News  24  Nov.  7/3  Sharkeyput  over  a  straight 
right  on  Corbett's  nose,  seeming  to  bring  blood. 

1 19.  The  direct  road  or  way.  Obs.  rare. 

1535  LYNDESAY  Satyrs  4189,  I  man  pas  to  the  King  of 
Farie,  Or  ellis  the  rycht  to  hell.  1595  SHAKS.  John  \.  \.  170 
Something  about  a  little  from  the  right,  In  at  the  window 
or  else  ore  the  hatch. 

20.  A  facet  (of  a  diamond).   Obs.  rare. 

1675  Lond.  Gnz.  No.ioso'd  A  short  hart  Diamond, ..  4  Rights 
and  the  Coller  pollished,  the  Stone  being  about  half  made. 

Right,  sb$,  erron.  spelling  for  KITE  sb. 

1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  (1600)  iv.  i.  138  No  doubt  they  rose 
vp  early,  to  obserue  The  right  of  May.  1634  MILTON  Camus 
125  Com  let  us  our  rights  begin,  'Tis  onely  day-light  that 
makes  Sin.  1655  STANLEY  Hist,  Philai.  (1687)  405/1  Being 
initiated  into  the  Orphick  Solemnities,  the  Priest  telling  him, 
that  they  who  were  initiated  into  those  Rights  [etc.].  _!7<>o 
PRIOR  Carm.  Sec.  36  Numa  the  Rights  of  strict  Religion 
knew;  On  ev'ry  Altar  laid  the  Incense  due.  1768-74  TUCKER 
Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  463  Worship  the  immortal  gods  according 
to  the  rights  of  thy  country.  1865  LEVER  Lnttrell  i,  He'll 
give  her  the  rights.  Ibid.,  I  sent  for  you  to  administer  to 
her  the  rights  of  her  Church.  [Cf.  RIGHT  rf.1  n  c.] 


RIGHT. 

Right  (rait),  a.  Forms  :  I  reht  (reot),  reoht, 
reeht  ;  1-4  riht,  3  rihht,  rihet,  2-3,  Sc.  6- 
richt  ;  3-5  ri3t(e,  4  ri}tt,  ri5ht,  rijth  (4-5  rith), 
3-  right;  I,  4  ryht  (4  -te),  5-6  Sc.  rycht;  4 
ry3ht,  4-5  ry}t  (4  -tte,  5  -te) ;  4  rygth,  5  rygt, 
ryth,  4-6  ryght  (5-6  -te)  ;  also  dial.  8-9  reet, 
9  reeght,  reight,  raight.  [Common  Teutonic  : 
OE.  reht,  riht,  ryht,  =  ()Fris.  riuc/tt  (mod.Fris. 
rjucht),  MDu.  rec/tf,  richt  (Du.  rccht,  *;  regf),  OS. 
reht  (MLG.  and  LG.  rechf),  OHG.  reht  (MUG. 
and  G.  rechf),  ON.  n'ltr  (Norw.  rett.  Da.  ret, 
Sw.  rait),  Goth,  raihts;  related  to  I,,  reclus,  the 
base  being  the  root  reg-  to  make  or  lead  straight. 

In  OE.  riht  frequently  forms  the  first  part  of  a  compound 
instead  of  having  adjectival  flexion.] 

I.  1.  f  a.  Straight ;  not  bent,  curved,  or 
crooked  in  any  way.  Also  right  with,  in  a  line 
with.  Oiis. 

(-950  Liniiisf.  Cosp.  Matt.  iii.  3  Ra;hta  doeS  ret  wyrcas 
stija  his  \Hattoit  Do3  hys  sybas  rihte].  971  KlickL  Horn. 
207  Nalas-.ba^t  ba  wa^as  \va:ron  rihtc,  ac  |^it  s\vir5or  on 
scrsefes onlicnesse fret  wa^sajteowed.  ciooaSax.  Lccchd.  I. 
316  Deos  wyrt.  .hafao  leaf  swylce  win^eard  &  rihte  stelan. 
a  1122  O.  E.  Chrcn.  (Land  MS.)  an.  656,  v.  mile  to  be  rihte 
a;  be  gu5  to  /Elm  &  to  Wisebecu.  c  1175  Lamb.  Ihnn.  7 
pcnne  make  ue  ham  [his  paths]  rihte  }ef  we  haldet  his 
b  ode.  c  1205  LAV.  7830  pa  Bruttts.  .nomeu  longen  rasftres, 
stronge  6c  rihte.  c  1220  Bestiary  86  Siften  wift  his  ri}te  bile 
[he]  takeo  mete  oat  he  wile,  c  1330  Assionp.  I'ir^.  666  As 
soone  as  be  hadde  seide  bis  bede,..Al!e  his  lymes  bi  come 
ful  ry;t.  ?«  1366  CUAI'CI:K  AVw.  AVrc  1701  Thestalke  was 
as  rlsshe  right.  1422  tr.  Sfcrcta  .\\rref.,  /V/z'.  Pyh1.  2^ 
He  hath  . ,  the  body  al  holle  and  wtl  y-mesurid,  ryght 
estature.  c  1430  Hymns  Virgin  (1867)  46  Crokid  &  creplis 
IIL-  niakib  ri^t.  1578  LYTF.  llpdocns  I.  Ixxii.  107  The  stem  of 
this  herbe.  .is  right  and  straight.  1589  K.  TOMSON  in  Hak- 
luyt  l','y.  587  The  said  Citie  of  Mexico  hath  the  streetes  made 
very  broad,  and  right.  1607  TorsKLL  Foitr.J.  Beasts  (1658) 
457  It  hath  a  mane  standing  up  in  the  upper  part  right  or 
direct,  but  hollow  or  bending  before.  1669  STURMV  Mariner's 
Mag.  n.  viii.  73  Hold  the  Instrument. .with  the  Foot  A  B 
right  with  the  Horizon  level.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lf.r.  Techn.  I. 
s.v.,  Right  Muscles  of  the  Head. 

I  hr.  a  1327  in  Ret.  Antuj.  II.  19  Stod  y  in  my  stirop 
strcyt,..As  ryt  as  ramis  orn.  c  1430  I.vnc.  Min.  I'ccms 
(Percy  Soc.)  172  Conveyede  by  lyne  ryght  as  a  rammes 
home.  CIS22  SKELTON  H7/iy  nal  to  Court  87  Do  ryght  and 
do  no  wronge,  As  ryght  as  a  rammes  home.  1678  RAY 
l'r<n.  288. 

fb.  Of  a  way  or  course  :  Direct,  going  straight 
towards  its  destination.  Right  range  (see  quot. 
1669).  Obs. 

With  "tvny,  the  adj.  passes  into  the  sense  '  correct,  proper  ' 
(cf.  9),  and  in  ME.  it  is  sometimes  uncertain  which  mean 
ing  is  intended. 

c  825  I'esp.  Psalter  cvi.  7  Dryhten  ..ut-alaedde  hie  in  we^ 
rehtne,  3eet  hie  eoden  incestre  eordunge.  aooo  tr.  Bacda' s 
//is/. i.  xii.  (r89o)46pa:t  hi  xemacnelice  festen  geworhten. . 
stxnene  weal  rihtre  sti^e  fram  eastsas  o3  wsestsas.  c  1000 
Guthlac  iii.  (1848)  20  He  San  rihtestau  we?;e  oydcr  to 
^eferde.  CI2OO  ORMIN  11093  Patt  newe  sterrne  batt.. 
shollde  ledenn  hemmTiil  himm  be  rihhte  we^e.  13..  Cocr 
de  L.  3894  Ful  ryght  way  wenten  [they]  to  Archane.  c  1350 
Will.  Palerne  5322  He  rides.. to-wardes  rome  bo  rJ3tes 
gates.  1:1386  CHAUCFR  Frankl.  T.  504  Vpon  the  morwe.. 
To  Britaigne  tooke  they  the  righte  way.  ^1400  MAUNDEV. 
(Roxb.)  xiv.  62  Now  will  I  tell  3o\v  be  rightest  way  and  be 
schortest  to  lerusalem.  Ci4?o  HF.NRY  It'allace  v.  3  The 
day  faillit,  throu  the  rycht  cours  worthit  schort.  1535 
LYNDESAY  Satyre  1929  Wische  me  the  richt  way  till  Sanct- 
Androes.  1553  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  162  A  newe  &  ryghter 
way  founde  of  late.  1600  FAIRFAX  Tasso  xix.  cxvi,  Many 
follow'd  that  enquest,  But  these  alone  found  out  the  rightest 
way.  1620-53  L  JONES  Stonc-Heng  (1725)  60  Ermiu-street 
..led  the  right  Way  into  the  Northern  Countries.  1669 
STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  v.  xii.  69  To  shoot  in  a  Right- 
Range.,  is,  as  far  as  the  Bullet  doth  go  in  a  Right-line  at 
any  Degree  of  Elevation.  1704  [see  RANGE  sb.1  n  b]. 
t  c.  In  fig.  contexts.  Obs.  (Cf.  9.) 

c888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xxiii.  §  2  pu  ne  meahtes  syt  ful 
rihtne  wej  aredian  to  Saem  sooum  ^esaelSum.  971  lilickl. 
Horn.  109  pa  men  be  beam  habban . .  him  taecean  llfes  wej 
&  rihtne  gang  to  heofonum.  c  izoo  ORMIN  5507  patt  rihhte 
we}3e..patt  ledebb  ba  till  heoffness  ffird.  c  1300  Harrow. 
Hell  2ii  pou  sendest  me  be  ryhte  wey  into  helle.  ^'38° 
WYCLIF  /F/b.(i88o)  58  Also  it  is  agret  werk  of  mercy  to  teche 
men  be  ri5«e  weie  to  heuene.  1-1440  Jacob's  Well  258  Kepyth 
be  ryate  weye  in  myddys  of  be  ".  comaundementys.  1451 
CAI'GRAVF.  LifeSt.  A«g.  (E.  E.T.S.)  2  He  was  cause. .with 
his  bokis  bat  many  a  soule  is  ledde  be  nth  wej-e  to  heuene. 
1538  STARKEY  England  I.  ii.  39  We  must  now  seke  out.  .the 
veray  true  commyn  wele,  seyng  that  we  haue  therby  thus 
found.. the  ryghtyst  way  therto.  159°  SPENSER  F.  Q.  I.  x. 
ro  All  take  delight  With  many  rather  for  to  goe  astray,. . 
Then  with  a  few  to  walke  the  rightest  way. 

fd.  Of  lineage,  descent,  etc.:  Direct,  legitimate. 

1187-8  T.  USK  Test.  Love  n.  ii.  (Skeat)  1.  115  Who  is  dis- 
cended  of  right  bloode  of  lyue  fro  king  Artour?  1448-9 
METHAM  Wks.  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  79  Thls  knyght  despousyd  had 
a  lady,  Hauyng  decens  be  ryght  lynage  Off  that  wurthy 
and  excellent  stok  lyneally,  That  Pooly.i  men  clepe.  1570 
Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xiii.  117  Ane  temfull  tratour  ot  rycht 
successioun. 

f  e.  transf.  Keeping  a  straight  course.    Obs. 

1603  DANIEL  Def.  Rhime  in  G.  G.  Smith  Elii.  Crit.  Ess. 
(1904)  II.  372  Discretion  is  the  best  measure,  the  rightest 
foote  in  what  habit  soeuer  it  runne.  1626  [see  FOOT  sb.  29  c]. 
!640  FEATLY  Abbot  in  Fuller  Abel  Rediv.  (1867)  II.  282  All 
their  children,  treading  in  their  holy  steps,  walked  with  a 
right  foot  to  the  Gospel. 

ff.  (After  L.  reclus.}  Nominative.  Ol>s.~l 

1654  Z.  COKE  Logick  20  Always  absolutely  in  the  right 
(that  is  the  nominative)  Case. 


RIGHT. 

2    Ki&t  line,  a  straight  line.  (Cf.  LINE-RIGHT.) 

i«i  RreoRDE  Pal/m.  Know/.  I.  Defin.,  Of  lynes  there  bee 
two  principal!  kyndes,..a  right  or  straight  lyne.  and  a 
croked  lyne.  .570  BII.UNCSLF.Y  Euclid  i.  def.  5.  2  One  right 
?yne  cannot  be  tighter  then  an  other.  ,658  SIR  T  BROWNK 
Hydriot.  iv.  (.736)  43  Circles  and  Right  Lines  limit  and 
close  all  Bodies.  1715  tr.  Gregorys  Astro*.  (1726)  I.  ,46 
A  Body  which  is  not  urged  by  a  torce  tending  to  a  Centre, 
will  not  describe  a  Circle,  but  .1  Right  line.  .  1811  DAVY 
Cheia  Philos.fx)  Supposing  that  there  is  a  certain  unknown 
matter  always  moving  through  the  universe  in  right  lines. 
1808  TOUT  Empire  *  Papacy  xvii.  (1901)  425  Ihe  right 
lines  and  measured  regularity  of  an  American  city. 

Cam/'     1713  tr.  Gregorys  Astral.  (1726)  II.  466  An  uni 
form  progressive  Motion  in  a  Right-line  Tangent  to  us    j 
Orbit.    1875  KSIGMT  Die  t.  Mech.  1943/2  RigM-IIM  t  en,  a    j 

?•««"«/:  Pi6a7  DRYDF.N  Ded.  MtuM  Ess.  (ed.  Ker)  II.  165 
Pulci,  Boiardo,  and  Ariosto,  would  cry  out,  '  make  room  for 
the  Italian  poets,  the  descendants  of  Virgil  in  a  right  line  . 

3.  Formed  by  or  with  reference  to  a  right  line  or 

plane  perpendicular  to  another  right  line  or  plane. 

a.  Right  circle,    horizon,   sphere:    (see   quots. 

and  the  sbs.). 

£1391  CHAUCER  Astrol.  it.  §  27  This  is  the  conclusioun  to 
knowe  the  Assenciouns  of  signes  in  the  riht  cercle.  c  I391. 
1540  [see  HORIZON  si.  3}.  1551  RECORDS  Cast.  K  nowl.  (1556) 
ICQ  In  the  Righte  Sphere.  1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Cosuwgr. 
Glasse  15  The  sphere  is  deluded  into  a  right  sphere  and 
into  an  oblique  or  crokyd  sphere.  Ibid.  20  Tins  Picture 
sheweth  the  fourme  of  a  right  Horizont.  1594  BLONDKVIL 
frerc  III  xvii.  (1636)  313  When  is  the  Horizon  said  to  be 
right,  and  thereby  to  make  a  right  Spheare?  1700  MpxON 
Math.  Diet.  153  A  Right  or  Direct  Sphere  hath  both  the 
Poles  of  the  World  in  the  Horizon,  and  the  Equinoctial 


transiting  the  Zenith.  1715  tr.  Gregory's  Astron.  (1726)  I. 
221  Tor  either  the  Horizon  of  the  Place  is  right  to  the 
Equator,. .or  it  is  oblique.  1795  HUTTON  Math,  ft  Unl. 
Diet.  II.  375/1  Right  Sphere,  is  that  where  the  equator 
cuts  the  horizon  at  Right  angles  ;  or  that  which  has  the 
poles  in  the  horizon,  and  the  equinoctial  in  the  zenith.  1846 
GWILT  A  rchit.  Gloss.,  Right  Circle,  a  circle  drawn  at  right 
angles  with  the  plane  of  projection.  1868  I.OCKVF.R  Elein. 
Astron.  147  Parallel,  Riqht,  and  Oblique  Spheres. 

b.  In  miscellaneous  uses:  \Kight  corner,  a 
right  angle.  Right  sailing  (see  quots.  1 704  and 
1867).  Right  sine:  (see  SINE  sb.\ 

1548  ELYOT,  Orthogonius,  that  hath  ryght  cornets.  1551 
RtcoRDE  Pat/iw.  Kno-.ul.  I.  Defin.,  The  square  angle, 
whiche  is  commonly  named  a  right  corner,  is  made  by 
twoo  lynes  meetyng  together  in  fourme  of  a  squire.  1579  J. 
STUBBF.S  Gaping  Gulf  F  iv  b,  The  very  rightest  perpen 
dicular  downfal  that  can  be  imagined  from  the  point.  _  1655 
STANLEY  Hist.  Pltilos.  (1701)  250/2  Simple,  local  Motion  is 
twofold:  circular.. and  right:  the  right  is  either  upwards 
from  the  center,  or  downwards  to  the  center,  and  both  these 
either  simply,  or  Kara  ri.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  IV.  541  The 
setting  Sun.  .with  right  aspect ..  Leveld  his  eevning  Rayes. 
1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tec/in.  I.,  Right  Sailing,  is  when  a 
\  oyage  is  perform'd  on  some  one  of  the  four  Cardinal 


III.  232/1  It  is  a  common  idea  that  the  oblique  is  weauer 
than  the  right  arch.  1867  S.MYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk., Right 
sailing,  running  a  course  on  one  of  the  four  cardinal  points, 
so  as  to  alter  only  a  ship's  latitude,  or  longitude. 

c.  Right  ascension :  (see  ASCENSION  3).    Also 
t  Right  descension  (see  DESCENSION  5). 

1594  BLUNDEViL£av?r.  n.  (1636)  114  Knowing  the  Sunnes 
place,  you  shall  learne  the  right  ascention  thereof  thus. 
1651  C.  BROOKES  Sphxr.  Triang.  24  It  is  required  to  find 
out  the  Right  Adscension  and  Declination  of  both  those 
starres  severally.  1690  LEYBOURN  Curs.  Math.  367  Such  is 
the  Sun's  Right  Ascension  when  he  is  in  29  deg.  of  Taurus. 
1755  B.  MARTIN  Mag.  Arts  ff  Sci.  185  The  same  Thing 
which  on  the  terrestrial  Globe  and  Maps  is  called  Longitude, 
is,  on  the  celestial  Globe  and  Sphere,  called  Right  Ascen 
sion.  1812-16  PLAYFAIR  Nat.  Phil.  (1819)  11.  79  The 
parallax  in  right  ascension  is  nothing  when  a  body  is  on  the 
meridian.  i88a  Knowledge  No.  15.  317  Transit  observers 
have  to  determine  the  declination  of  a  star  as  well  as  what 
is  called  the  right  ascension. 

d.  Of  solid  figures  :  Having  the  ends  or  base  at 
right  angles  with  the  axis. 

1674  JEAKE  Aritti.(ifx)6)  524  If  a  Right  Cylinder  have  the 
Diameter  14,  and  the  Height . .  as  much  ;  then  shall  the  Area 
of  each  Base  be  154.  1793  HUTTON  Math,  ff  Phil.  Diet.  II. 
375/r  Right  Cone,  or  Cylinder,  or  prism,  or  pyramid.  1805-17 
R.  JAM  ESOS  Char.  Min.  (ed.  3)  140  All  the  faces  of  the  right 
quadrangular  prism  are  equal  and  similar.  1854  Percira's 
Polarized  Light  (ed.  2)  218  In  this  system  are  included  the 
right  rhombic  prism,  the  right  rhombic  octohedron  [etc.]. 
1887  [see  CYLINDER  i  b]. 

1 4.  a.  Of  the  eyes,  etc. :  Directed  straight  for 
wards.  Obs, 


yes  uesquint. 

t  b.  Of  a  blow  :  Direct,  forward.   Obs. 


672 

(S.  T.  S.)  28  Thow,  God,  the  quhilk  is  onlie  riclit,  Thow  saif 
me  fra  the  Deuillis  net.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl,  Epist.  360 
Execute  this  office  simply.justly,  and  according  to  the  rule 
of  a  right  conscience.  1652  Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  II. 
307, 1  believe  he  hath  a  very  right  heart  for  the  K[ing].  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  352  But  God  left  free  the  Will,  for  what 
obeyes  Reason,  is  free,  and  Reason  he  made  right.  1770 
BURKE  Corr.  (1844)  I.  237  He  is  a  right  man,  and,  I  make 
no  doubt,  much  yours.  1871  MoRLF.Y^Cr//.  Misc.  Ser.  I. 
(1878)  23  Hence,  in  right  character  there  is  no  struggle  at  all. 

6.  Of  actions,  conduct,  etc. :  In  accordance  with 
what  is  just  or  good  j  equitable ;  morally  fitting. 
In  later  use  chiefly  predicative. 

c825  I'esp.  Psalter  xxxii.  4  ForSon  rehl  is  word  dryhtnes 
&  all  were  his  in  seleafan.  c  888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  iii.  §  4 
Is  bis  nu  se  cwide  be  bu  me  ^eo  saddest  bait  se  wisa  Plato 
cwiede,.  ,ba:t  nan  an  weald  nrere  riht  butan  rihtum  beawum? 
c  1000  ASS.  Gasp.  Luke  xii.  57  Hwi  ne  deme  ff.  of  eow- 
sylfuni  bait  riht  is.  cizoo  ORMIN  18773-4  Unnderr  Cristess 
rihhte  dom,  &  inn  hiss  rihhte  wrajche.  a  1250  Owl  <y  yight. 
179  And  fo  we  on  myd  rihte  dome.  «  1300  E.  E.  Psalter 
xviii.  9Rightwisenessesofe  lauerd[are]  right, hertes  fainand. 
13 . .  Cursor  M.  3394  (Gott.\  Abraham . . Tok  a  wijf,  for  sua  was 
riht.  01400  Pistill  of  Susan  265  Alle  my  werkes  bou  wost, 
be  wrong  and  be  riht.  1445  in  AagKaXXVlll.  267  Al  that 
right  is  thou  grauntyst  soon.  1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph. 
145  That  he  maye  learne  to  Hue  in  a  right  trade  of  venue 
and  honestee.  1579  Pmire  Knt.'s  Palace  G  iij  b,  No  freend- 
ship  hath  withdrawe  his  minde  to  leve  the  Tightest  part. 
1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxn.  xxxix.  457  b,  That  right  and 
true  de.iling  may  well  be  sicke,  but  it  shall  not  die.^  1667 
MILTON  /'.  L.  xn.  16  With  some  regard  to  what  is  just 


'we,  uc  wuuiu  uiscnarge  a  reverse. 

II.  5.  Of  persons  or  disposition:  Disposed  to  do 


BIGHT. 

BAM  Eng.  Poesie  (Arb.)  242  This  manner  of  speech  is  by  the 
figure  Dialogismiis,  or  the  right  reasoner.  1611  FLORIO, 
Retlimetra,  aright  measurer.  1650  FULLER  Pisfah  n.  xii. 
157  Whose  inhabitants  were.. right  shooters  (at  an  haiies 
breadth  and  faile  not)  but  unrighteous  livers. 

d.  Leading  in  the  proper  direction  or  towards 
the  place  one  wishes  to  reach.    Also  Iransf. 

1814  D.  H.  O'BRIEN  Captiv.  tr  Escape  95  Happening  to 
hit  the  right  road,  I  resolved  to  follow  it  for  some  time. 


(i7SiTVIL  126, 1  sincerely  think  this  is  the  rightest  measure 
you  can  now  pursue.  1828  SCOTT  f.  M.  Perth  xviii,  The 
patrons  by  whose  direction  they  expected  to  obtain  it 
Irevenge]  in  right  and  legal  fashion.  1852  MRS.  STOWK 
Uncle  Tom's  C,  xix.  187  Don't  you.  .ever  do  anything  that 
you  did  not  think  quite  right? 

Comb,  1598  SYLVESTER  Die  Barttis,  Eden  563  False  guid 
ing  paths,..  And  right-wrong  errors  of  an  end-less  Maze. 

b.  In  phr.  it  is  right  to  or  that. 

t:888  K.  ^ELFRED  Boeth.  xxxix.  §  12  Forcaem  hit  is  riht    | 
^a;t  3a  goodnn  hiebben  good  edlean    hiora  godes   [etc.],     ; 
^950  Lindisf.  Cosp.  Luke  xx.   22   Is  reht  us  to  seallanne 
pxt  jeafel  oa:in  caNeri?    971  Blickl.  Hoin.  35  Riht  pa:t  is 
pa;t  ealle  geleaffulle  men  [etc.],     ti  1023  WULFSTAN  Horn. 
Iviii.  (1883)  304  ponne  is  hit  rilitast  past  he  panonfor5  buton 
rclcum  wife  wuni^e.     c  izpo  OKMIN  2532  patt  iss  rihht  onn 
eorpe,  patt  mannkinnbe  till  Drihhtin  Godd  Herrsumni  onn 
alle  wise,     a  1340  HAMPOLF.  Pr.  Consc.  6837  It  es  right  pat 
pai  duelle  pare,  In  pat  hidus  myrknes  ever-mare.     c  1375 
Cursor  M.  3126  (Fairf.),  Doun  our  lorde  to  erp  he  Ujt  to 
fonde  abraham  him  po}t  ri;t.      1535  COVERDALE  Acts  iv.  19 
Whether  it  be  right  before  God,  that  we  shulde  be  more     ; 
obedient  vnto  you,  then  vnto  God.    c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems    \ 
(S.  T.  S.)  xx.  31  pairfoir  it  is  bot  rycht  That  thow  indure  pe 
pane.    1663  BUTLER  Hud.  i.  iii.  953  They  thought  it  was    • 
but  just  and  right,  That  [etc.].    1667  MILTON/".  L.  ix.  570  It 
is.. right   thou   shouldst  be   obeyd.     1819   SHELLEY  Peter 
Bell  yd  n.  iii.  Like  some  one  whom  it  were  not  right  To 
mention,    a  1832  BENTHAM  Wks.  (1843)  II.  522  It  is  right 
that  men  should  be  as  near  upon  a  par  with  one  another., 
as  they  can  be  made, 

7.  Agreeing  with  some  standard  or  principle ; 
correct,  proper.  Also,  agreeing  with  facts  ;  true. 
<•  888  K.  /ELFRED  Boeth.  xxxv.  §  i  Forpan  hit  is  swioeryht 
spell  pset  Plato  se  uSwita  s^de.  a.  1000  Colloq.  sElfric  in 
Wr.-Wiilcker  88  Hwat  rece  we  hw;et  we  sprecan  buton  hit 
riht  spraec  sy?  a  1123  O.E.Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  627, 
He  sende  Scottum  ^ewrit  pset  hi  scoldon  ^ecerran  to  rihtum 
Eastrum.  c  1200  ORMIN  7264  patt  wass  bape  rihht  &  wel 
patt  Crist  wass  borenn  pare.  .'1250  Gen.  $•  Ex.  4148  Him 
lestede  hise  sijte  bri^t,  And  euerilc  tod  bl  tale  rt}t.  1340 
Ayenb.  252  Ase  ich  habbe  aboue  yssewed,  sobrete  ne  is  oper 
ping  bote  to  loky  ri^te  mesure  ine  alle  pinges.  c  1400  in 
Turner  Dom..  Archit.  (1859)  III.  86  Who  so  dispyse  this 
lesson  ryjt,  At  borde  to  sitt  he  hase  no  myjt.  1500  20 
DUNBAR  Poems  xxiii.  37  Ane  raknyng  rycht  cumis  of  ane 
ragment  small,  a  1568  ASCHAM  Scholem.  if.  (Arb.)  136  The 
knowledge  of  the  tonges.  .was  manifestly  contemned  :  and 
so,  ye  way  of  right  studie  purposely  peruerted.  1588 
SHAKS.  L.  L.  L,  v.  ii.  522  A  right  description  of  our  sport, 
my  Lord,  c  1630  SANDERSON  Serin.  II.  301  To  bring  us, 
by  a  righter  understanding  of  our  selves,  to  a  better  know 
ledge  of  God.  1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  274  He  con 
tends,  that  the  Pagans  did  entertain  righter  Opinions  con 
cerning  the  Supreme  God,  than  the  Jews  themselves.  1709 
J.  PALMER  Latter  Day  Glory  117  Time  ..  will  discover 
which  is  the  rightest  way  of  counting.  1762  FOOTE  Orators 
i.  i,  The  perfectioning  of  our  countrymen  in.. the  right  use 
of  their  native  language.  1779  BURKE  Corr.  (1844)  H-  275 
What  you  say  about  his  engaging  in  parties  may  be  right, 
for  any  thing  I  know  to  the  contrary.  1861  FLOR.  NIGHTIN 
GALE  Nursing  (ed.2)  32  This  simple  question,  .(not,  how 
can  I  always  do  this  right  thing  myself?  but),  how  can  I 
provide  for  this  right  thing  to  be  always  done?  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  70  In  the  next  book,  Plato  pursues 
further  his  notion  of  educating  by  a  right  use  of  pleasure. 

b.  Of  belief:  Orthodox,  true  ;  that  ought  to  be 
accepted  or  followed. 

?c8«£  lresp.  Hymns  (Sweet)  xi.  9  Se  rehta  fceleafa  mid 
haetu  walle.  971  Blickl.  Horn.  77  peel  hie  sceolan  purh- 
wunian  on  rihtum  geleafan.  c  1200  ORMIN  13005  Forr  patt 
te}3  wolldenn  pa;re  att  himm  pe  rihhte  trowwpe  lernenn. 
a  1225  Leg.  Katk.  2438  WiS  luue  &  rihte  bileaue.  13. .  Coer 
de  L.  284  Them  to  noye.  .That  be  not  in  the  ryght  oyleve. 
1361  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  xi.  297  Arn  none  rapere  yrauisshid 
fro  pe  ri?te  beleue  panne  arn  pise  grete  clerkis.  c  1380 
WYCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  III.  520  pe  rijtte  feip  of  Cristene  men. 
1548  KLYOT  Orthodoxus^  a  man  of  a  right  opinion,  faith, 
or  belefe.  1648  HEXHAM  n,  Recht-geloovight  of  the  True 
and  Right  faith,  or  Orthodoxall. 

O.  With  agent -nouns :  Correct,  exact. 
a  1568  ASCHAM  Scholem.  ir.  (Arb.)  154  He  requireth  a 
learned  Reader,  and  a  right  considerer  of  him.  IS^PUTTEN- 


..glit  direction. 

8.  Fitting,  proper,  appropriate  ;  exactly  answer 
ing  to  what  is  required  or  suitable. 

^900  lr.  Baeda's  Hist.  v.  xxi.  [xix.]  (1800)  I.  468  pa:t  hi 
Ea-tran  heoldan  &  wurSedon  butan  heora  rihtre  tide.  ..960 
Canons  Edgar  in  Thorpe  Laws  II.  254  We  laraS  pat  man 
on  rihtne  tnnan  tida  ringe.  r  1175  Lamb.  Hour.  13  5if  ^e 
mine  bibode  healded,  penne  sende  ic  eou  rihte  widerunge. 
c  1200  ORMIN  216  Mine  wordess,  patt  filledd  shulenn  ben 
purrh  Godd  Att  heore  rihhte  lime.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  42 
For  ther  may  noman  finde  The  rihte  salve  of  such  a  Sor. 
1584  Three  Ladies  Lend.  i.  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  VI.  254  Huff! 
once  aloft,  and  I  may  hit  in  the  right  vein,  a  1720  Si-:u  EI, 
Hist.  Quakers  (1795)  I.i.  i  Thou,  O  Lord,  alone knowest  the 
right  times  and  seasons  to  open  the  eyes  of  the  people.  1809 
MALKIN  Gil  Bias  i.  xii,  God  knows  if  his  heart  lay  in  the 
right  place.  1854  STANLEY  Mem.  Canterb.  iii.  (1857)  145 
That  happy  art  of  saying  the  right  thing  to  the  right  person. 
1883  V.  STUART  Egypt  T~ft*x  Commander's  knack  of  being  in 
the  right  place  at  the  right  time,  and  doing  the  right  thing. 
Comb.  1895  K.  GRAHAME  Golden  Age  44  Nature,  in  pro 
viding  water-rats,  had  furnished  right-sized  stones. 

b.  Mr.  Right)  Miss  Right,  the  right  person, 
the  destined  husband  or  wife,  colloq. 

1860  SALA  Baddington  Peerage  xviii,  I  suppose  I'm  not 
the  Mr.  Right  of  her  affections.  1891  KIPLING  Light  that 
bailed  164  But.. couldn't  you  take  and  live  with  me  till 
Miss  Right  comes  along? 

9.  Right  way  (cf.  I  b  and  I  c)  :  a.  The  way  of 
moral  lightness  or  spiritual  salvation. 

1:825  I'csp.  Psalter  cxlii.  10  Cast  oin  god  jelaedeS  mec  in 
wexe  rehtum.  1:897  K.  ALFRED  Gregorys  Past.  C.  ix.  58 
Nader  ne  hie  selfe  on  ryhtne  weg  gan  noldon,  ne  oorum 
SeSafian.  a  1023  WULFSTAN  Hotn.  x.  (1883)  75  Jebrin^an  on 
nhtwe^e  pa  Se  aer  dweledan.  c  1200  ORMIN  16501  Crist., 
wollde  turrnenn  hemm  Inntill  pe  rihhte  we^e.  c  1330  ^pec. 
Gny  Wanu.  22  Ne  for  loue  to  god,  ne  for  his  ei?e,  To  gon 
out  of  pe  rihte  weye.  c  1380  St.  Augustine  164  in  Horstm. 
Altengl.  Leg.  (1878)  64/2  For  hire  sone  pat  he  schulde  preye 
pat  he  weore  brouht  in  to  rihte  weye.  1412-20  LYDG.  Chron. 
Troy.  n.  25ogToreuoke  to  the  rijteweyeSwiche as  wrongly 
fro  troupe  do  forveye.  1781  COWPER  Truth  17  Grace  leads 
the  right  way:  if  you  choose  the  wrong,  Take  it,  and  perish. 
i8i6ScoTTt>/</J/0r/.  xlii,  'Butyouare  a  presbyterian. .?' 
'  I  am,  sir ;  praised  be  the  light  that  shewed  me  the  right 
,  way ',  replied  the  landlady. 

b.  The  correct  method,  or  that  most  conducive 
I   to  the  end  in  view. 

1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst.  i.  9  This  is  the  rightest 
way  and  fittest  order  to  serve  God.  a  1577  SIR  T.  SMITH 
Commw.  Eng.  (1609)  134  To  see  who  hath  taken  righier, 
truer,  and  more  commodious  way  to  gouerne  the  people  as 
well  in  warre  as  in  peace,  a  1637  B.  JONSON  Discov.  Wks. 
(Rtldg.)  743/1  If  they  would  venture  their  industry  the 
right  way.  1670  MILTON  Hist.  Eng.  i.  Wks.  1738  II.  10 
[He]  took  the  right  way  to  be  depos'd.  1705  ADDISON  Italy 
390  What  Miracles  of  Architecture  they  would  have  left  us, 
had  they  only  been  instructed  in  the  right  way.  1828 
SCOTT  J'.  M.  Perth  xvi,  Thou  mayst  do  the  Smith  a  kind 
turn,  an  thou  takest  this  matter  the  right  way. 

c.  As  adv.  In  the  proper  direction. 

1704  Compl.  Servant  Maid  (ed.  7)  60  Rub  your  Sarsnet 
well,  the  right  way  of  the  Sarsenet,  a  1756  MRS.  HEYWOOD 
New  Present  (1771)  256  Let  it  be  a  constant  rule  to  scrub 
the  boards  the  right  way  of  the  grain  ;  that  is  lengthways. 

d.  The  facts  or  truth  of 'a  matter. 

1887  ANNIE  S.  SWAN  Gates  of  Eden  xvii,  I  really  cannot 
speak  with  any  certainty,  for  nobody  seems  to  know  the 
right  way  of  it. 

lO.  Right  side  :  a.  That  side  of  anything  which 
is  regarded  as  the  principal,  or  is  naturally  turned 
towards  one ;  the  face  or  upper  side. 

1511-2  Act  3  Hen.  VIII,  c.  6  §  i  The  Walker,  .shall  not 
rowe . .  Clothe . .  with  any  Cardes  on  the  right  side  nor  of  the 
wrong  side.  1704  Compl.  Sen-ant  Maid  (ed.  7)61  Smooth 
them . .  upon  the  right  side  of  the  Sarsenet.  1728  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Cloth,  All  the  sheetings  must  be  on  the  right 
Side,  except  the  two  last.  1851  MAYHEW  Lond.  Labour  I. 


b.  The  party  or  principle  of  which  one  approves. 
1649  TF.R.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemf.  Ep.  Ded.  6  Oftentimes  they 

choose  the  wrong  side,  and  they  that  take  the  tighter,  doe 
it  so  by  contingency.  1816  SCOT!  Old  Mart,  xxxv,  Cuthbert 
.  .himself.. [is]  more  for  the  hand  than  the  head,  and  might 
be  drawn  to  the  right  side. 

c.  (With  on.)    The  better  or  more  commend 
able  aspect  of  anything. 

1713  ADDISON  Guardian  No.  113  P  4  The  Lady  has  been 
disappointed  on  the  right  side.  1855  KINGSLF.Y  Wcstw. 
Ho  I  xxvii,  At  all  events,,  .it's  a  fault  on  the  right  side. 

d.  The  safe,  advantageous,  appropriate,  desir 
able  (etc.)  side  of  any  thing. 

1700  T.  BROWN  tr.  Fresny's  A  musem.  98  He  Swears  it,  and 
Swears  like  T.  O.  on  the  right  side  of  the  Hedge.  1809 
MALKIN  Git  Bias  x.  x.  f  35  A  widow  on  the  right  side  of 
thirty.  1865  M.  ARNOLD  Ess.  Crit.  vi.  197  We  are  all  of  us 
the  right  side  of  the  door.  1889  jtssori' Coming  t>SF''iars 


RIGHT. 

iii.  153  Confinement. .was.  .relaxed  if  one  of  the  brethren 
could  manage  to  get  the  right  side  of  the  abhot. 

11.  Properly  pertaining  or  attached  to  a  person 
or  thing. 

CX20O  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  179  5'et  ne  wile  be  louerd  ben  paid 
mid  his  rihcte  mol.  c  1250  Gen.  >y  Ex.  2539  Pharao  kinges 
riste  name.  1377  LANGU  P.  PI.  B.  v.  226  Rose  be  i egratere 
was  hir  ri3te  name,  c  1475  RanfCoil^ear  239  Wymond  of 
the  Wardrop  is  my  richt  Name.  1567  Gnde  ff  Godlie  Ball. 
(S.T.S.)  23  Thow  ..  gaif  thy  self  to  plaige,  Me  Catiue  to 
conuoy  To  my  rycht  heritage.  1599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado  v.  ii. 
56  Thou  hast  frighted  the  word  out  of  his  right  sence. 
ifioz  —  Hunt,  v.  ii.  95  Put  your  Bonet  to  his  right  vse,  'tis 
for  the  head.  1610  B.  JONSON  Alck.  iv.  v,  Error?  Guilt, 
guilt,  my  sonne.  Giue  it  the  right  name. 

12.  Of  the  mind  or  mental  faculties  :   Normal, 
natural,  sound,  whole.     Chiefly  in  phr.  to  be  in 
one's  right  mind  or  senses, 

c  1200  OHMIN  3838  3iff  he  seob  (re  mann  forrdredd,  He 
wile,  .rcefenn  himm  hiss  rihhte  witt.  1487  Test.  Ebor. 
(Surtees)  IV.  23,  I,  beyng  in  my  right  witte  and  mynde.., 
hole  and  not  seke.  1:1510  Gtsta  Rom.  (W.  de  W.)  Liij, 
Fader,  quod  he,  it  semeth  y<  thou  arte  out  of  thy  ryght 
mynde.  1535  COVERDALE  Mar/tv.  15  And  they..sawe  hym 
which  was  possessed. .,  that  he  sat,  and  was  clothed,  and  in 
his  right  mynde.  1599  SHAKS.  //««.(•',  iv.  vii.  49  So  also  Harry 
Monmouth  being  in  his  right  wittes,  and  his  good  Judge 
ments,  turn'd  away  the  fat  Knight.  1601  —  Tiuel.  N.  v.  305 
Prethee  read  i'  thy  right  wits.  1735  BERKELEY  Free-thin^, 
in  Mathematics  §  8  Wks.  1871  III.  306  By  such  as  are  in 
their  right  mind.  1818  SHELLEY  "Julian  «,•  Maiidalo  Pref., 
He  was  evidently  a  very  cultivated  and  amiable  person 
when  in  his  right  senses.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  47 
He  is  not  in  his  right  mind,  said  Ctesippus ;  he  is  talking 
nonsense,  and  is  stark  mad. 

13.  Of  persons  :  a.  Mentally  normal  or  sound  ; 
sane.     Chiefly  with  negatives,  and  freq.  in  collorj. 
phr.  right  in  one's  (or  the)  head. 

1662  STILUNGFL.  Orig.  Sacrx  in.  ii.  §  6  The  World  was 
not  generated  as  Plants  or  Animals  are  ;  and  whoever  right 
in  his  wits  asserted  that  it  was?  i68oSiR  J.  L\UDER  Decisions  \ 
(1759)  I.  85  He  was  of  a  weak  judgment,  and  not  very  right. 
1808  JAMIESON  s.v.  Richt,  He's  quite  rifht  nmv,  he  has 
come  to  his  senses:  No  richt,  insane.  1854  Mlss  UAKKR 
Northampt.  Gloss,  s.v.,  He's  not  right  in  his  head.  1896 
J.  HOCKING  Mist  on  the  floors  ii,  We've  got  an  old  aunt 
of  mine  in  the  carriage  who  isn't  exactly  right. 

b.  In   good    health   and  spirits;    sound,  well, 
comfortable.     Also  in  various  colloq.  phrases,  as 
right  as  my  glove,  ninefence,  a  trivet,  etc. 

1837  DICKENS  Pickiu,  1,  '  I  hope  you  are  well,  sir.1  '  Right 
asatrivet,  sir,'  replied  Bob  Sawyer.  i873Mns.  BROOKFIELD 
Not  a  Heroine  II.  194  '  Are  you  quite  well  enough  ? '  her 
mother  asked,  'you  really  don't  look  right  yet.'  1875 
B.  MEADOWS  Clin.  Obs.  40  This  medicine  soon  put  her 
right.  1889  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Robbery  under  Arms  xx, 
We  both  felt  as  right  as  the  bank.  1890  [see  NINEPENCE  i]. 

c.  To  set  or  put  (one)  right,  to  correct  or  direct 
(one) ;  also,  to  justify  (oneself). 

1699  BENTLEY  Phal.  280,  I'll  set  you  right  in  your  opinion 
of  Minos.  1710  Managers'  Pro  fy  Con  35  Sacheverell's  part 
was  to  set  right  (as  they  cant)  the  young  Clergy,  a  1734 
NORTH  Life  Lit.  Kpr.  North  (1742)  26  The  more  mistaken 
he  found  himself,  the  more  violent  was  he  in  his  Proceed 
ings  ;  as  if,  by  that  Means,  he  was  to  set  himself  right. 
1902  MASON  Four  Feathers  xiv,  He  looks  as  if  he  had  lost 
his  way.  I  will  go  on  and  put  him  right. 

d.  Having  a  proper  disposition  towards,  or  rela 
tions  with,  another. 

1754  CHATHAM  Lett.  Nephew  iv.  25  If  you  are  not  right 
towards  God,  you  can  never  be  so  towards  men.  1876 
J.  PARKER  Paracl.  I.  viii.  124  The  Holy  Ghost  teaches  that  we 
cannot  be  right  with  one  another  until  we  are  right  with  God. 

14.  Of  persons  :  Judging,  thinking,  or  acting  in 
accordance  with  truth  or  the  facts  of  the  case ; 
correct  in  opinion,  judgement,  or  procedure. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IV,  v.  ii.  102  You  are  right,  lustice, 
and  you  weigh  this  well.  1599  SANDYS  Europx  Sf*c.(\6yt) 
197  That  negative  and  contradictory  humour,  of  thinking 
they  are  then  rightest,  when  they  are  unlikest  the  Papacie. 
1665  BAXTER  Quakers  Catecli.  Pref.  C  iij  b,  I  would  ask  you 
whether  in  all  these  great  Points  you  think  the  Papists  are 
righter  then  the  Reformed  Churches?  1716  HEARNE  Collect. 
(O.  H.S.)  V.  320  He  observes  that  Hollenshede  is  righter 
than  Parker.  1781  COWPER  Conversat.  96  'Tis  hard  if  all  is 
false  that  I  advance — A  fool  must  now  and  then  be  right, 
by  chance.  1817  KEATS  Let.  Wks.  1889  III.  95, 1  think  he  is 
right,  and  yet  I  think  Hazlitt  is  right,  and  yet  1  think  Words 
worth  is  rightest.  1890  Law  'J'ii/ia  Rep.  LXIII.  735/1, 
I  think  that  the  learned  judge  was  right  in  applying  that 
rule,  in  the  present  case. 

b.  Right !  =  You  are  right ;  you  say  well. 
Also,  in  recent  slang  use,  Sight  you  are  ! 

1588  SHAKS.  Titus  A.  iv.  ii.  24  Chi.  O  'tis  a  verse  in 
Horace,  I  know  it  well. . .  Moore.  I  iust,  a  verse  in  Horace  : 
right,  you  haue  it.  1634  FORD  Perk.  Warbeck  I.  ii,  She  's 
..A  princess  of  the  blood,  and  I  asubject.  Hunt.  Right ;  but 
a  noble  subject.  1698  HOYLK,  etc.  llentley  Exam.  (ed.  2)  178 
Right  !  it  sometimes  happens  that  a  Word  is  Older  than  the 
Thing  to  which  it  is  apply'd.  1731  POPE  Hor.  Sat.\\.  ii.  in 
t  Right,'  cries  his  Lordship,  '  for  a  rogue  in  need  To  have  a 
Taste  is  insolence  indeed  '.  1781  COWPER  Hope  397  Right, 
says  an  ensign  ;  and,  for  aught  I  see,  Your  faith  and  mine 


a  phrase  implying  entire  acquiescence  in  what  has  been  said 
ordone.  1888  CHURCHWARD Blackbirdingiio,  I  said  'Right 
you  are  ;  I  don't  think  I'll  go  up  '. 

15.  In  a  satisfactory  or  proper  state ;  in  good 
order.  To  get.  .right,  to  set  in  order.  To  make 
it  right,  to  square  or  settle  matters. 

In  earliest  quots.  app.  transf.  from  sense  i. 

1661  WILSON  Cheats  n.  iv.  (1664)  26  All's  well,  and  as 
VOL.  VIII. 


673 

right  as  my  Leg.  1701  FARQUHAR  Sir  H.  Wildair  i.  i,  All 
right  as  my  leg.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  I.  (Globe)  281,  I., 
desir'd  him  to. .  keep  all  right  in  the  Ship.  ciSooT.  J.  DiBnlN 
Snitff  Little  Island,  It's  a  snug  little  island  !  A  right  little, 
tight  little  island  !  i8zz  SHELLEY  Faust  n.  374  That  was  all 
right,  my  friend.  1889  HISSEY  Tonr Phaeton  213  We  made 
it  'right'  by  the  expenditure  of  half-a-crown.  1891  'J.  S. 
WINTER'  Lumley  xi,  It  will  be  all  right,  as  right  as  right 
can  be,  if  all  goes  well.  1892  MRS.  H.  WARD  David  Grieve 
II.  v,  Don't  mix  up  my  silks,  Lucy;  1  shall  never  get  them 
right  again. 

b.  In  phr.  to  come  (all)  right. 
1844  DICKENS  Mart.  Chuz.  xvii,  Their  mother,  who  looked 

..more  faded  than  she  ought  to  have  looked;  and  their 
grandmother, . .  who  seemed  to  have  got  past  that  stage,  and 
to  have  come  all  right  again.  1885  MRS.  LYNN  LINT  ON  t'/ir. 
Kirlcland  III.  vi.  194  Perhaps  on  a  second  trial  things 
would  come  more  right  than  before.  1888  MCC'AKTHY  .S: 
PRAED  Ladies'  Gallety  1 1.  56  All  will  come  right  in  the  end. 
C.  All  right,  used  to  express  acquiescence  or 
assent. 

1837  DICKENS  fichu,  xxxviii,  'Stand  firm,  Sam,'  said  Mr. 
Pickwick,  looking  down.  'All  right,  sir,'  replied  Mr. 
Weller.  1887  Courier  7  July  5/4  Witness  told  Treadu-ull 
what  Wright  had  told  him,  and  he  replied,  '  All  right '. 

III.  18.   Having  due  title  or  right;   rightful, 
legitimate,  lawful.     Now  arch. 

rtooo  tr.  Baciin's  Hist.  IV.  x.\vi[i).  (1890)  360  Heora  riht 
cyning  Wihtred.  a  nzz  O.  E.  Citron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1100, 
Margarets  t>a;re  goda  cwane  Eadwardes  cynges  ma$an  & 
of  ban  rihtan  /Engla  landes  kyne  kynne.  13..  A".  Alls. 
1140  (Bodl.  MS.),  He  is  biknowe  he  is  his  son  And  bat  lie  is 
ri^th  heir  After  hym  to  regneveir.  1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron. 
(1810)  56  Right  heyre  of  be  loud.  1433  Rolls  o/l'arlt.  IV. 
441/2  John  Due  of  Norfolk,  fader  unto  your  said  Warde,  as 
right  enheriter.  1492  l/iid.  VI.  450/1  To  the  right  heyres  of 
the  same  Elizabeth.  1519  Knaresl'.  Wills  (Surtees)  I.  9 
To  the  use  of  my  right  heires.  a  1564  BECON  /•/.  Godly 
Prayer  Pref.,  They  slew  their  right  king  and  set  up  three 
kings.  1660  F.  BUOOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  3  Twenty 
Souldiers..took  good  order  to  see  the  commodities  dryed, 
and  restored  to  the  right  owners.  1731-8  SWIFT  Pol.  Comi. 
62  He  has  a  great  Estate,  only  the  Right  Owner  keeps  him 
out  of  it. 

17.  Justly  entitled  to  the  name ;  having  the  true 
character  of ;  true,  real,  veritable,  a.  Of  persons, 
their  character  or  position. 

c  1000  /ELFRIC  Horn.  I.  238  Se  hyra,  se5e  nis  riht  hyrde, 
..he  forlaH  5a  seep.  <  1000  Canons  sElfric  in  Thorpe  Lmvs 
II.  344  Ne  mssse-preost,  ne  diacon,  ne  nan  riht  canonicus, 
nffibbe  on  his  huse  na:nne  wifman.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  14022 
If  bis  man  war  right  prophet, . .  He  aght  to  wijt  al  qnat  sco 
were.  1384  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  2628  Hypermncstra,  My 
ryght  doghter,  tresoure  of  myn  hert.  1481  I'aston  Lett. 
HI.  278  She  is  ryght  systyr,  of  fader  and  modyr,  to  Herry 
Ynglows.  1526  TINDALE  Jo/in  i.  47  Behold  a  right  hisrahel- 
iie,  in  whom  is  no  guile.  1579  LYLY  Euphnes  (Arb.)  191  A 
right  Gentleman  is  sooner  scene  by  the  tryall  of  his  vertue 
than  biasing  of  his  armes.  1614  B.  JONSON  Barth.  Fair  I. 
iii,  She'll  ha'  conuey'd  her  state,  safe  enough  from  thee,  an' 
she  be  a  right  widdow.  i66z  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Olearins'  Vvy. 
Ambass.  22i_He_went  to  the  sepulchre  of  their  great  Saint 
..where  he  did  his  Devotions  as  a  right  Mahumetane.  1711 
STEEI.E  Sped.  No.  144  P  7  If  you  describe  a  right  Woman 
in  a  laudable  Sense,  she  should  have  gentle  Softness,  tender 
Fear.  1727  SWIFT  Gulliver  iv.  iii,  The  Houyhnhmns.. 
could  hardly  bejieve  me  to  be  a  right  Yahoo,  because  my 
Body  had  a  different  Covering  from  others  of  my  Kind. 
1813  SCOTT  Rokeby  i.  xii,  Right  English  all,  they  rush'd  to 
blows.  1885  GRANT  ALLEN  in  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.  II.  215  To 
mark  him  [Athelstan]  out,  in  spite  of  his  illegitimacy,  as  a 
right  aetheling. 

transf.  1864  LOWELL  Fireside  Trav.  286  It  is  not  often 
that  we  can .  .enjoy  a  day  of  right  Chaucer. 

b.  Of  qualities  or  things.  Also  of  some  animals, 
esp.  right  -whale :  see  WHALE  st>. 

agoo  tr.  Baeda's  Hist.  It.  ii.  (1890)  98  Ond  he  3a  ongon.. 
heo  monian  &  laeran,  bxt  heo  rihte  sibbe  &  lufan  him 
betweonum  harden.  971  Blukl.  Horn.  109  pa  men  be  beam 
habban,  lajran  hie  bam  rihtne  beodscipe.  c  1200  ORMIN  9868 
pa  staness  batt  he  space  bxroff,  pej}  warenn  rihhte  staness. 
c  1290  St.  Michael  391  in  -V.  Eng.  Leg.  1.311  pe  rijte  put  of 
helle  is  a-midde  be  eorbe.  c  1340  HAMTOLE  Pr.  Consc. 
4150  pai  sal  turne  be  lewery  Until  right  cristendom  halely. 
c  1400  Destr.  Troy  1756  It  reuys  me  my  rest  &  my  right 
hele.  1528  TINDALE  Obed.  Chr.  Man  To  Rdr.,  Prosperity 
is  a  right  curse,  and  a  thing  that  God  giveth  to  His  enemies. 
1590  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Antonie  1425  Is  not  this  folie  right  ? 
1612  BACON  Ess.,  IVisdoinfor  Man's  Self  (Arb.)  182  It  is  a 
poore  Centre  of  a  mans  actions,  himselfe.  It  is  right  earth. 
1623  CAMDEN  R  em.  284  A  right  woman  and  Lady  like  dis- 
daine  may  be  ohserued  in  the  same  Author.  1771  WESLEY 
Jrnl.  27  Aug.,  We  crept  through  a  right  Welsh  road.  1817 
SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart  (1837)  IV.  ii.  42  Some  of  the  Scotch 
^yhigs,  of  the  right  old  fanatical  leaven,  have  waxed  wroth 
with  Jedediah.  1834  CUNNINGHAM  ll'ts.  Hums  VII.  I7o 
The  words  instanced  against  him,  'cootie'  and  '  heugh ', 
are  right  old  Scottish.  1875  WHYTE  MELVILLE  Katerfelto 
xxix,  He's  a  right  deer,  I  tell  ye. 

c.  Of  material  substances,  fabrics,  etc. :  Genu 
ine,  not  counterfeit  or  spurious. 

1466  in  Grose  Anlig.  Repertory  I.  12  To  paye  for  his 
Ransom  thre  yardes  of  Right  Sattin  to  the  Taker. 
1529  MORE  Dyaloge  in.  Wks.  237/1  Some  man..canne 
perceyue  by  hys  owne  eye  whether  a  stone  bee  righte  or 
counterfet.  1582  _N._T.  (Rhem.)  John  xii.  3  Marie  therfore 

liker 


Hiam.  1681  GREW  Musxum  in.  iv.  282  Rough  Diamonds 
..:  a  mark  to  know  a  right  one  by.  1711  STEELE  Sped. 
No.  134  r  2  By  the  Application  of  your  Medicines,  taken 
only  with  half  an  Ounce  of  right  Virginia  Tobacco.  1769 
ENTICK  London  IV.  278  It  is  well  pewed,  and  wainscotted 
with  right  wainscot.  1811  SCOTT  Pirate  xxxi,  I  will  bestow 
some  thought  on  the  matter,  with  the  help  of  a  right  pipe  of 
Trinidado.  1869  RUSKIN  Q.  of  Air  i.  §  32  Whenever  you  ' 


BIGHT. 

draw  a  pure,  long,  full  breath  of  right  heaven,  you  take 
Athena  into  your  heart,  through  your  blood. 

t  d.  Bot.  Rightly  so  called  ;  true,  genuine.  Obs. 
1548  TURNER  Names  //«•*«  (E.D.S.)  34  Dictamnus  maye 
be  named  in  englishe  righte  Dittany,  for  some  cal  Lepidium 
also  Dittany.  Ibid.  72,  I  neuer  sawe  the  ryghte  Melilote 
yet  in  England.  1578  LYTE  Dotloens  iv.  Ixi.  522  The  right 
Artechoke  hath  great  long  broade  leaues.  1611  COTGK., 
Dictame  blanc,.  .called  also,  bastard,  or  false  Dittanie ;  and 
oft  mistaken,  .for  the  right  Dittanie. 

IV.  18.  The  distinctive  epithet  of  the  hand 
(see  RIGHT  HAND)  normally  the  stronger ;  by  ex 
tension  also  of  that  side  of  the  body,  its  limbs, 
their  clothing,  etc. ;  hence  transf.  of  correspond 
ing  parts  of  other  objects.  Right  bank  (of  a  river), 
that  on  the  right  of  a  person  facing  down  the 
stream.  (Cf.  LEFT  a.  3.) 

cizos  LAY.  28040  Ich  haild  to  grunden,  bat  mi  riht  a:rm 
to-brac.  c  1300  Havelok  2408  Godard.  .smot  him  hom  be  rith 
arum,  c  1330  R.  BKUNNE  Chr  on.  ll'ace  (Rolls)  6960  Whan 
Guncelyn  byheld  be  knyght,  pe  hand  he  lyfte  bat  was  be 
ryght.  1382  WYCLIF  Rev.  x.  2  He  pulte  his  rijt  foot  on  the 
se.  c  1400  Song  Roland  102  Redely  the  right  ere  he  pullid 
from  the  bed.  c  1440  Prouip.  Pan:  434/1  Ryghte  pane  ot 
a  beest,  dexter.  1513  MORE  in  Grafton  Chran.  (1568)  II. 
758  Richarde.  .was.  .crooke  backed,  his  left  shoulder  much 
higher  than  his  right.  i$Z3  FITZHERB.  llusl'.  §  10  Whan 
the  ryght  fote  ryseth,  than  cast  them  fro  the.  1577-87 
HOLINSHED  Citron.  1.35/2  There  was.. no  square  battell,no 
right  wing,  noranie  other  prouision  appointed.  1611  BIIILK 
2  Kings  xi.  ii  From  the  right  coiner  of  the  Temple.  1670 
EACHAKD  Cont.  Clergy  47  He.. makes  a .  pitch'd  battel  of  it, 
dividing  it  into  the  right-wing  and  left-wing.  1703  FAKC.JUHAK 
Inconstant  III.  i,  The  secret  Hew  out  of  the  right  pocket  of 
your  coat.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VI 1 1.  457  '2  The  Virgin 
Mary  crowned,  with  her  Babe  in  her  right  arm.  1816  SCOTT 
OldMort.  xxxii,  Monmouth.  .might  be  discovered  on  the 
top  of  the  right  bank  of  the  river.  1830  R.  G.  CUMMINC, 
11  Kilter's  Life  S.  Afr.  (1902)  123/1  When  within  seventy 
yards  I  sent  my  right  ball  through  his  shoulder. 

Comb.  1675  BROOKS  Gold.  Key  Wks.  1867  V.  51,  I  desire 
nothing  more,  .than  that  God  \\ould  pull  out  right-eye  sins. 
c  1711  PETIVER  Gazophyl.  vm.  72  Right-nosed  Limington 
Fossile  Oyster.  1879  St.  George's  llosf.  Rep.  IX.  198  A 
small  right-inguinal  hernia.  1891  SIR  D.  WILSON  Right 
Hand  169,  I  believe  about  four  were  left  and  four  right- 
footed. 

•f!9.  Kight  half.  a.  The  right-hand  side.  Obs. 
a  1175  Lamb.  Iloin.  141  per  stod  a  richt  halue  and  a  luft 
alse  an  ca.stel  wal.  c  izooORMlN  144  Godess  enngell  comm 
himm  to  O  rihht  hallf  hi  batt  allcerr.  c  1290  Bekct  2176 
in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  169  Bote  fram  be  ri;t  half  of  is  frount 
toward  be  left  chinne  A  smal  rewe  bere  was  of  Mode,  a  1325 
Prose  Psalter  xl[i]v.  n  pe  queue  stode  at  by  ry^t  half  in 
gildan  clobyng.  1382  WYCLIF  Matt.  xx.  21  Seie  that,  .my 
.sonys  sitten,  oon  at  thi  rigthalf,  and  oon  at  thi  lefthalf, 
in  thi  kyngdam.  c  1400  LOVE  Bonarent.  Mirr.  (1008)  249 
Joseph  gooth  vppe  on  the  laddre  stondyngeon  the  rijt  half. 

fb.  The  right  hand.   Obs. 

a  1323  Prose  Psalter  cxliii.  [cxliv.J  9  Whaus  moube  spake 
vauite,  her  ri?thalf  is  ri^tbalf  of  wickednes.  1382  WYCI.IK 
Proi*.  iii.  16  Lengthe  of  da;is  in  his  ri}t  half,  and  in  the  left 
half  of  it  richessis  and  glorie.  1388 — I's.  xv[i].  10  Delit- 
yngis  ben  in  thi  ri^thalf  til  in  to  the  ende. 

2O.  Right  side.  a.  The  right-hand  side  ;  the 
right-hand  quarter  or  region,  f  Also  righter  side 
(quot.  1565). 

a  1340  HAMPOU  Psalter  xl[i]v.  ii  pe  quene  vpstode  at  bi 
rightside  in  gilt  clathynge :  vmgifen  with  sernes.  c  1380 
WYCLIF  Set.  iy'ks.  I.  362  How  Crist  sittib  on  be  ri?t  side 
of  his  Fadir.  c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182) 
xxxiii,  penne  J>e  lorde  shulde  take  vppe  be  hertes  heede  by 
be  reght  syde.  (1440  Astron.  Cal.  (MS.  Ashm.  391),  pan 
goo  toward  be  right  side  til  ye  finde  your  dominical  lettre. 
1513  MORE  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  761  The  king,  .layd 
him  downe  on  his  right  side.  1565  GOLDING  Ovid's  Met.  I. 
(1593)  2  Two  Zones  do  cut  the  heaven  upon  the  righter 
side,  And  other  twaine  upon  the  left  likewise  the  same 
divide.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cyct.  s.v.  Starboard,  When  the 
Man  at  the  Helm  should  put  the  Helm  to  the  Right  Side  of 
the  Ship.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  I.  55/1  The  earth.. will  be 
thrown  on  the  right  side  of  the  sheath.  1818  SCOTT  J" '.  HI. 
Pert/i  ii.  He  came  on  the  right  side  of  Catharine,,  .and 
slackened  his  pace.  1887  RIDER  HAGGARD  Allan  Quater- 
main  v,  Let  them  make  their  way  one  to  the  right  side  of 
the  kraal  and  one  to  the  left. 

attrib.  1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sci.  ft  A  rt  I.  68  A  right 
side  tool,  with  two  cutting  edges.  1846  HOLTZAPFFEI. 
Turning  II.  518  The  right  side  tool,  .is  thus  named  because 
it  cuts  from  the  right  hand  towards  the  left. 

fb.  The  right  hand  (of  a  person).  Obs.  rare. 
1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  m.^Lat  noujte  H  left  half.  .Wyte 
what  bow  worchest  with  bl  ri}t  syde.     1382  WYCLIF  Prov. 
xxvii.  16  The  oile  of  his  ri3t  side  he  auoide  out. 

O.  To  rise,  or  get  out  of  bed,  on  one's  right  side, 
used  with  allusion  to  the  supposed  luckiness  of 
the  practice,  or  its  effect  on  one's  temper. 

1562  J.  HEYWOOD  Prov.  $  Epigr.  (1867)  51  You  rose  on 
your  right  syde  here  right.  1575  Gamm.  Gurton  n.  i,  Thou 
rose  not  on  thy  right  side,  or  else  blest  thee  not  well.  1608 
MACHIN  Dumb  Knight  iv.  i.  H  ij,  Sure  I  said  my  prayers, 
ris'd  on  my  right  side.  1678  RAY  Prov.  (ed.  2)  268  He  rose 
on  his  right  side. 

Blight  (rait),  v.  Forms  :  I  rihtan  (rehtan), 
3-5  rihten  (3  rihhtenn,  rehtten,  listen),  3-4 
rihte,  9  Sc.  richt;  3-5  rijte(n,  4ri5tyn,ri3tte), 
4-5  righte,  4-  right  (7  wright) ;  I  ryhtan,  3-4 
ryhte(n,  5  ryhtyn,  rythyn,  Sc.  rye-fat;  4-5 
ry3te(n,  5  ryghte(yn  ;  also  dial.  7-9  reet,  9 
reight,  raight.  [Common  Teutonic  :  OE.  riht 
an,  ryhtan,  rd///a«,  =  OFris.  rittchta  (mod.Fris. 
rjitchtsje},  MDu.  (and  Du.)  richten,  rechten,  OS. 
rihtian  (MLG.  richten,  rec/iteii),  OHG.  rihtan, 

85 


RIGHT. 

rihten  (G.  rickten],  ON.  rttta  (Norw.  retta,  Sw. 
ratta,  Da.  rtttt],  f.  reht  RIGHT  a.] 

I.  trans,  fl.  To  make  straight  (a  path,  way, 
etc.) ;  to  straighten.    Obs. 

C950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  John  i.  23  Ic  [am]  stefne  clioppendes 
in  uoestern, '  rehtas  woej  drihtnes1.  c  1200  ORMIN  9201  OaJ> 
till,  &  tihhte»  swi^e  wel  Drihhtiness  narrwe  stighess.  Ibid. 
9208  All  i>att  ohht  iss  wrang  &  crumb  Shall  effnedd  beon  & 
rihhtedd. 

f2.  To  guide,  direct  (movements,  etc.)-   Obs. 


,11300  R.E.Ps'iltirv.  o  Ryght  my  wai  in  syghte  (>ine. 
IHd.  cxviii.  [cxix.l  133  Right  my  steppes  after  \>\  specne. 

~  til 


alle  bi  thowjtys  thynke  on   bi  god,  &  he  schal  ry?ien  bi 

rtfl.  r  1430  Piltr.  LyfManhode  iv.  Ixv.  (1869)  207, 1  wolde 
. .  bat  bi  be  mcetinge  bat  j  haue  seyn  alle  pilgrimes  ryght. 
eden  hem  and  kepten  hem  from  forueyinge. 

f  3.  To  guide  as  ruler  ;  to  govern,  rule,  judge. 

971  Blickl.  Horn.  191  purh  be  ic  bys  eowde  styran  & 
rihtan  nu  ne  majg.  £1105  LAV.  6254  Hep  sculleo  cow  bet 
lond  bilaken.  .and  eower  la^en  setten  to  rihten  core  leoden. 
a  1225  Ancr.  R.  2  peas  riwle  is  euere  wiiMnnen  &  rihteS  be 
heorte.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  7747  He  bat  al  rightes  wit  na  ros 
Sal  ilk  man  yeild  after  he  dos.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  170, 
I  finde  a  talc. .Of  him  that  whilom  Achab  hihte,  Which 
hadde  al  Irahel  to  rihte.  a  1400  Prymer  (1891)  24  Thou 
demest  peplis  in  euenhed,  and  folkes  in  erthe  thow  ripest. 
151*  Helyas  in  Thorns  /'rose  RMII.  (1858)  III.  149  He  was 
.so  good  and  so  prue  to  right  and  governs  the  welth  publyke. 
ft),  intr.  To  go  right,  to  act  rightly.  Obs~'1 

i39oGowKK  Couf.  I.  262  Whan  that  holicherche  wrongeth, 
I  not  what  other  thing  schal  rihte. 

II.  4.  To  set  up,  establish  (obs?  \  to  raise, 
rear,  erect,  set  upright.  Now  dial. 

a  1000  Cxditiott'sGen.  749  (Gr.),[He]midhanduinhiseft  on 
heofonrice  rihie  rodorstolas.  r  1205  LAY.  14882  pasbiscopes 
ferden  ^eond  bis  lond.  .&  bene  cristindom  heo  rihten.  Ibid. 
23531  Walles  heo  gunnen  rihten.  c  1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of 
Aynion  xx.  444  He  made  to  be  broughte  there  a  longe 
ladder,  and  righted  it  to  the  wallas.  Ibid.  xxii.  481  Thenne 
he  made  hym  to  be  brought  whereas  the  galohous  were 
righted.  1864  MRS.  LLOYD  Ladies  ofPolcarroiv  163  Ever 
since  Government  has  ordered  great  white  stones  to  be 
righted  up  along  cliff,  for  we  to  see  in  the  dark. 

t  5.  a.  To  set  (one)  upright ;  to  raise  («/),  esp. 
after  a  fall;  to  lift  up  (the  head).  Obs. 

£1230  Halt  Meid.  25  pe  bat  art  i  wit  iwraht  to  godes 
ilitnesse,  &  i-riht,  ba  bodi  up  and  heaued  toward  heuene. 
a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xix.  9  pai  ere  obligid  and  bai  fell, 
hot  we  rase  and  we  ere  rightid  [L.  erecti  sn»ins].  Ibid., 
Coniiii.  Cant.  526  'i'horo  takyng  in  kynde,he  ri^ttyd  vs  out 
of  deth.  c  1400  English  Conquest  Irel.  (E.E.T.S.)  44^  [When] 
holy  chyrche.  .redy  was  to  falle,  wyth  hys  blode  be  ryght 
hyr  vp.  c  1489  CAX  IUN  Sounds  of  Ay  man  xiv.  316  He  righted 
his  hede  vp. 

tb.  rejl.  To  assume  an  upright  position.  Obs. 

c  1220  Bestiary  152  If  he  clo5ed  man  se,  cof  he  waxeS, 
For  up  he  ri^teS  him.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  18  RihteS  ou  up 
t>er  efier,  &  sigge5  '  Domine,  labia  mea  aperies  '.  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  5439  lacob  vjj  in  bedd  him  right.  Ibid,  11694 
'  Rise  vp,'  he  said, '  and  right  be  nu  '.  a  1400-50  Alexander 
839*  pat  obcr  renishit  renke  hym  rightes  in  be  sadyll.  c  1489 
CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Aynion  x,  259  He  righted  hymself  vpon 
his  buttocke. 

6.  a.    To  right  the  helm  ;  (see  quot.  1627). 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  £HHKM*J  Grant,  ix.  37  Right  your 
Helme,  that  is,  to  keepe  it  in  the  mid  ships,  or  right  vp. 
1669  STURMY  Mariners  Mag.  i.  ii.  16  Right  your  Helmnes. 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (17801,  Righting^  when  ex 
pressed  of  the  helm,  implies  the  replacing  it  in  the  middle 
of  the  ship,  after  having  produced  the  required  effect.  1794 
Rigging  ff  Seamanship  292  Right  the  helm,  and  haul  up 
the  mizen.  1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seaman's  Man.  66  Get  the 
main  tack  down  and  sheet  aft,  and  right  your  helm.  1867 
SMYTH  Sailor's  It7ord-bk.,  Right  the  Helm,  the  order  to  put 
it  amidships,  that  is,  in  a  line  with  the  keel. 

b.  To  bring  (a  ship)  back  into  a  vertical  position. 
1748  Anson's  Voy.  in.  vii.  367  They  righted  her  again,  to 

set  up  anew  the  careening  rigging.  1751  Narr.  of  H.MS. 
Wager  18  The  Gunner  ..  got  the  Cutter  righted.  1834 
MARRYAT  P.  Simple  (1863)  357  They  were  forced  to  cut 
away  the  masts  to  right  her.  1861  All  Year  Round  13 
July  365  The  crew  of  the  galley  righted  her  with  great 
speed. 

fig.  1817  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart  (1837)  IV.  ii.  46  The 
mass  of  property  has  the  same  effect  on  our  Constitution, 
and  is  a  sort  of  ballast  which  will  always  right  the  vessel, 
to  use  a  sailor's  phrase,  and  bring  it  to  its  due  equipoise. 

refl*  1861  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  at  Oxf.  ii,  [The  boat] 
righted  herself,  and  glided  swiftly  into  the  still  water. 

c.  intr.  Of  a  ship,  etc. :  To  recover  or  reassume 
a  vertical  position. 

1745  P.  THOMAS  Jrnl.  Ansoris  Voy.  24  She  providentially 
righted  again,  tho1  slowly.  1762  FALCONER  Shipwr.  n. 
(1819)  181  'I  he  lab'ring  ship  may  bend,  ne'er  more  to  right. 
1834  MARRYAT  P.  Simple  (1863)  107  The  ship  righted, 
trembling  fore  and  aft.  1878  STEVENSON  Inland  Voy.  112 
The  Arethusa . .  whipped  under  the  tree,  righted,  and  went 
merrily  away  down  stream. 

d.  reft.  To  recover  one's   balance  or  equilib 
rium  ;  to  recover  one's  footing ;  to  correct  a  false 
step.     Also^fg'. 

1805  WORDSW.  Prelude  in.  623  Till  'mid  this  crowded 
neighbourhood  of  things..  The  head  turns  round  and  can 
not  right  itself.  i8?o  Ckron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  137/1  He  leaned 
lorward  'to  right  himself  in  the  saddle'.  1864  M.  EYRK 
Lady's  Walks  S.  France  xxiv.  (1865)  263  The  pony  righted 
himself,  and  she  rode  on.. unhurt. 


674 

fg.  1896  MRS.  CAFFYN  Quaker  Grandmother  xxii,  Mrs. 
Ince  righted  herself  instantaneously  and  superbly. 

e.  To  restore  to  the  proper  position  after  a  lall, 
overturn,  break-down,  etc. 

1813  Blackw.  Mag.  XIII.  442  Leaving  the  guides  to  re 
mount  him,  and  light  him  in  his  seat.  1841  CAPT.  B.  HALL 
Patchwork  III.  vii.  132  By  the  help  of  some .. peasants .. 
we  soon  righted  the  carriage.  1867  HOWELLS  llal.Joarti. 
192  To  bring  out  the  baggage  and  right  the  fallen  diligence. 

7.  To  do  justice  or  make  reparation  to  (a  per 
son)  ;  to  redress  the  injuries  of ;  to  avenge. 

cyx  in  Thorpe  Dipt.  Angl.  Sax.  139  Heo  smeadan  hu 
heo.  .mehton  monije  men  ryluan, .  .Je  on  londum  £e  on  ma 
bara  binga  be  heo  onforhaldne  weran.  1483  Cath.Angl.  308 
To  Ryghte,  iustificare.  1593  Nobody  ff  Somet.  in  Simpson 
Sell.  S/iaks.  (1878)  314  Let  his  sonne  Be  righted  ;  give  him 
backe  the  government  You  tooke  from  him.  1599  TYRONE 
Lei.  in  Moryson  /tin.  (1617)  li.  58  Oneale  will  spend  to  see 
you  righted  in  all  your  affaires.  1621  SIR  D.  NORTON  in 
Limtore Papers  Ser.  II.  (1888)  III.  24, 1.  .do  appeale  to  your 
own  noblenes..to  right  me  as  you  would  be  righted  if  my 
case  were  your  own.  1656  S.  H.  Gold.  La-.u  23  [He]  righted 
his  individual  wrong'd  brother.  1720  POPE  Iliad  xix.  102 
Tis  the  chief  Praise  that  e'er  to  Kings  belong'd  To  right 
with  Justice,  whom  with  Pow'r  they  wrong'd.  1782  ELIZ. 
BLOWER  Ceo.  Bateman  II.  164  I'll  see  thee  righted,  or  I'll 
know  the  reason  why  !  1834  MARRVAT  /'.  Simple  (1863)  30 
Mrs.  Trotter,  .reminded  him  that  he  had  the  protection  of 
Lord  this  and  Sir  Thomas  that,  who  would  see  him  righted. 
1891  Spectator  21  Feb.,  He  thinks  that  when  he  is  wronged, 
it  is  the  business  of  the  ruler . .  to  right  him  at  once. 

rcjl.  1588  SHAKS.  /,.  L.  L.  v.  ii.  734,  I  haue  scene  the  day 
of  wrong,  through  the  little  hole  of  discretion,  and  I  will 
right  my  selfe  like  a  Souldier.  c  1645  HOWF.I.L  Lett.  in. 
xxiii,  In  case  of  non-performance, . .  to  right  himself  by  war. 
1733  SWIFT  Legion  Club  210  Wks.  1751  X.  227  Bind  them 
fast,  or . .  They  will  come,  and  right  themselves.  1828  SCOTT 
/•'.  M.  I'ertk  xxx,  He  that  cannot  right  himself  by  the  hand, 
must  use  his  head.  1874  L.  STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library 
(1892)  I.  i.  25  In  that  case. .the  injured  person  would  be 
always  coming  back  to  right  himself. 

tb.  Const,  of,  on,  or  upon  (a  person).    Obs.  rare. 

1668-9  PEPVS  Diary  29  Jan.,  [He]  condemns  him  to  pay 
both  their  victuals  and  wages,  or  right  himself  of  the 
purser.  1670  DRYUEN  Conq.  Granada  \.  i,  My  Hands  shall 
right  your  King  on  him  I  seize.  1694  CROWNE  Regains  \.  3 
I'll  try  To  right  my  countrymen  upon  all  of  you. 

c.  To  vindicate,  set  right,  justify.     Chiefly  reft. 

1390  GOWER  GM/ 1 1. 229  Wher  kinde  wole  himselve  rihte, 
..Ther  mai  no  wiht  be  therayein.  1617  HEYWOOD  isi  Pt. 
Fair  Jfaitt  iv.  i,  I'll  complain  And  right  myself  before  the 
magistrate.  1621  QUARLES  Argalus  ff  P.  (1678)  6  If  my 
ruder  Tongue,  To  right  it  self,  should  do  your  patience 
wrong,  a  1691  BOYLE  Theodora  (1703)  xi.  181  Expressing 
more  than  she  said,  without  injuring  her  Modesty  she 
righted  her  Gratitude.  1864  BURTON  Scot  Abr.  I.  iii.  112 
The  most  likely  cause . .  was,  the  necessity  felt  by  Bournezel 
to  right  himself  at  once  at  court. 

8.  To  avenge  or  redress  (an  injustice  or  injury). 
1399  LANGL.  Rich.  Reddes  Prol.  13  Whom  all  be  londe 

loued . .  And  ros  with  him  rapely  to  ri?tyn  his  wronge.  1588 
SHAKS.  Tit.  A,  v.  ii.  4,  I  am  Reuenge  sent  from  below,  To 
ioyne  with  him  and  right  his  hainous  wrongs.  1642  FULLER 
Holy  fy  Prof.  St.  v.  vi.  381  He  objects  that  none  righteth 
the  wrongs  of  Gods  people.  1816  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly 
Mag.  XLI.  527  'Twas  well  with  England,  when.. Men 
dar'd  to  right  their  wrongs.  I876GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  vii. 
Ivii,  There  is  no  injury  that  could  be  righted  in  that  way. 

III.  f  9'  To  correct  or  amend  (a  person,  one's 
life,  etc.).  Obs. 

971  Blickling  Horn.  63  pa  deman  ..  bait  hie  him  selfum 
heora  synna  cebeorsap,  ^e  eac  obre  syngiende  rihtab. 
a  1000  Laws  Wihtrxd  (Lieberman)  12  ^iltheodige  man, 
^if  hio  hiora  banned  rihtan  nyllao7,  of  lande  . .  gewiten. 
c  1200  ORMIN  10361  Itt  111.133  hemm  brinngenn  onn  To 
rihhtenn  be53re  dede.  c  1275  Pass.  Our  Lord  544  in  O.  E. 
Misc.  52  lesus  crist  bet . .  com  in-  to  bis  myddenerd  sunfulle 
men  to  ryhte.  £1315  SHOREHAM  vi.  ii  pou  hast  y-rygt  bat 
was  amys,  Y-wonne  bat  was  y-lore.  c  I37_s  Cursor  M.  26779 
(Fairf.),  To  J«  prest  bai  make  a  hi3t  baire  synne  for-sake, 
baire  life  to  rijt.  c  1440  Promp.  Paru.  434/1  Ry(g)hteyn,  or 
make  ryghte,  rectifico. 

10.  To  bring   into  accordance  with  truth ;   to 
correct  or  render  exact   (accounts,  etc.)  ;  to   set 
right  or  inform  (a  person)  correctly.   Also  with  up. 

1027-34  Sec.  Laws  Cnut  ix.  (Lieberman)  314  Semeta  and 
xewihta  rihte  man  jeorne.  ci^nDestr.  Troybq'Ihe  whiche 
bokes  . .  A  Rornayn  ouerraght  &  right  horn  hym-seluyn. 
J.S78  J.  JONES  Preserv.  Bodie^  fy  Soule  i.  xxxvii.  77  Prudence 
righteth  vnderstanding,  Fortitude  Courage,  a  x6o3  T.  CART- 
WRIGHT  Confut.  Rhem.  N.  T.  (1618)  39  Augustine.. might 
heere  haue  righted  you  up,  if  you  had  not  willingly  closed 
your  eyes.  1677  GARY  Chron.  n.  n.  §  3.  xiv.  251  The  true 
reading  of  Josephus  as  to  these  Numbers,  righted  by  D. 
Vossius.  _  1690  W.  WALKER  Idiotnat.  Ang.-Lat.  5  He  said 
he  was  righting  his  accounts.  1706  FARQUHAR  Recruiting 
Officer  v.  vii,  'Tis  time  to  right  all  mistakes.  1863  W. 
PHILLIPS  Speeches  vi.  151  Endeavor  to  right  the  public  mind. 

11.  To  set  in  order,  to  adjust,  to  set  or  put  right. 
Now  somewhat  rare. 

a  iioo  Gere/a  in  Anflia  IX.  262  A  he  mzij  findan  hwzt 
he  mais  on  byrij  betan,  . .  oS5e  bus  godian,  rihtan,  & 
weoxian.  1:1205  LAV.  25732  Heo  lihten  of  heore  steden.and 
rihten  heore  iweden.  Ibid.  30922  Heo  rihten  heore  loues 
and  up  drojerj  seiles.  c  1290  St.  Edmund  45  in  i".  Eng. 
Leg.  I.  298  Huy  benden  heore  bouwene  and  stoden  a-feor, 
and  heore  Arewene  rijten.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace 
(Rolls)  12055  Per  myghte  men  se  be  mariners.. Ropes  to 
righte,  lynes  to  leye.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  262  Hire 
clothes  with  hire  hand  sche  rihte.  1413  Pilgr.  Smule  (Cax- 
ton,  1483)  ill.  i.  49  Somme  blewe  the  fyre,  somme  with  yron 
forkes  ryghted  the  brondes.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  l. 
xvi.  60  Thenne  they  amended  their  harneys  and  ryghted 
theire  sheWes  and  tooke  newe  sperys  [etc.].  1594  CAREW 
Huarte's  Exam.  Wits  (1616)  113  The  Schollers  who  haue 
their  bookes  well  righted,  and  their  Chamber  well  dressed, 
and  cleane  kept.  1611  SPEED  Theat.  Gt.  Brit.  (1614)  5/2 


BIGHT. 

The  kings  of  England . .  sate  in  person  in  the  seate  of  justice 
to  right  the  greater  affayres  of  their  subjects.  1793  SMEATON 
Edystone  L.  §  275  After  righting  all  matters  to  our  satisfac 
tion.  1807  VANCOUVER  Agric.  Devon  (1813)  140  These  ridges 
are  also  looked  over  and  righted  with  the  mattock.  1863 
W.  C.  BALDWIN  Afr.  Hunting  365  An  excellent  omelette 
for  breakfast . .  has  already  righted  me  considerably.  1899 
Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  416  Much  in  the  same  way  the 
other  systems  are  righted. 

f  b.  To  cure  of  distortion.   Obs.  rare. 

c  1205  LAV.  19502  Sa  me  seal  lacnien  his  leomes.-and  his 
ban  rihten  mid  bitele  stelen.  c  1330  Assitmf.  I'irg.  748 
(BM.  MS.),  Ihesu,  J?orw  his  mochll  myjt,  Here  feet  and 
handes  gan  to  ryjt.  c  1373  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xl.  (AY«;Vz/0 
1308  Mystrowand  he  wald  gif  me  mycht  }>i  lath  lynimys  for 
to  rycht. 

c.  To  mend  or  do  tip,  to  clear  or  clean  up,  to 
set  up  again.  Now  dial,  and  U.S. 

a  1656  USSHER  Ann.  (1658)  391  Having  there  new  wrighted 
up  such  ships  of  his  as  had  been  any  wayes  bruised  in  the 
fight,  he  put  over  from  thence  to  Phocaea.  1703  in  G.  Shel 
don  Hist.  Dterfield,  Mass.  (1895)  I.  283  That  ye  Town 
fort  shall  forthwith  be  Righted  vp  Voted  a_mrmauvely.  1824 
MRS.  SHERWOOD  Waste  Not  i.  10  There  is  a  kitchen  maid 
wanted,  just  to  wash  dishes,  and  right  up  the  kitchen  after 
the  cook.  1856  OLMSTED  SlaveStates  78  After  righting  up 
an  old  door  that  had  fallen  from  one  hinge,  and  setting  a  rail 
against  it  to  keep  it  in  its  place,  we  returned  to  the  house. 

12.  reft.  To  return  to  a  proper  or  normal  con 
dition.  (Cf.  6  d.) 

1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Berkeley  tlu  Banker  \.  viii.  159 
Convertibility  ensures  the  ultimate  balance  of  the  currency, 
—provides  that  it  shall  right  itself  from  time  to  time.  1838 
DE  QUINCEY  Latnh  Wks.  1859  IX.  160  Slowly  all  things 
right  themselves.  1867  TROLLOPE  Chron.  Barset  II.  xlix.  51 
Had  he  not  resolved  to  go,  things  might  even  yet  have 
righted  themselves. 

Bright  (rait),  adv.  Forms  :  i  rehte,  1-3  rihte, 
1-5  riht  (3  rihht,  4  rith,  4-5  rit),  5-6  rieh(e, 
5-  Sc.  rieht ;  3-5  rijt  (3  rigt,  4  rijth,  5  re?!), 
4-5  rijte,  5-6  righte,  3-  right  (5  reght,  9  dial. 
reel);  I  ryhte,  4-5  ryht,  5  ryth(e,  5-6  Sc. 
rycht;  4-5  ry;t  (5  -te),  5  rygth,  rygh,  fi-6 
ryghte  (5  ryte),  4-6  ryght  (6  ryt).  [OK.  rehte, 
riht(e,  ryhte,  =OKris.  riuchte  (mod. Kris,  rjuc/if), 
MI)u.  recht(e,  richte  (Du.  recht,  -\regt),  OS.  rehto, 
relit  (MLG.  rechte,  rechf),  OHG.  rehto,  rcchto 
(G.  recht),  ON.  ritt  (Norw.  rett,  Da.  ret,  Sw.  roll), 
f.  relit,  riht  RIGHT  a.} 

I.  1.  Of  motion  or  position :  Straight ;  in  a 
direct  course  or  line.  In  later  use  chiefly  with 
preps,  or  advbs.,  as  right  forth,  forward,  on(jvard\ 
from,  to,  etc. 

c  897  K.  ALFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xi.  64  StaeppaS  ryhte ; 
ne  haltisea8  leng.  a  loop  Boetli.  Met.  v.  14  Swa  oft 
aespringe  ut  awealleS  of  clife  harum..,  &  jereclice  rihte 
flowed.  £1205  LAY.  1395  Heo  ferden  from  Spaine  riht 
toward  Brutaine.  Ibid.  27345  ForS  he  wolde  riden  from 
Lengres  to  Auste :  swa  la:i  his  weie  rihte.  a.  1300  Cursor  M. 
12957  He.  .tok  his  flight  To  tun  o  ierusalem  fill  right.  1375 
HARBOUR  Bruce  x.  82  And  thai  that  mycht  eschap,  perfay, 
Richt  till  ane  vattir  held  thair  vay.  c  1400  MAUNDEV. 
(1839)  iv.  29  Men  myghte  go  more  right  to  that  havene. 
c  1450  Codstoia  Keg.  21  Lede  us  (>ederward,  as  ryght  as  a 
lyne,  Seynt  Myghel  !  To  bat  heuenly  kyngdome.  c  1485 
Digfy  Myst.  (1882)  in.  1592  Lede  hyr  to  )>e  prynssys  chambyr 
ryth.  1530  PALSGR.  827/1  Ryght  forthe,  iout^  droyt  auant. 

1571  DIGGES  Pantotn.  I.  xiv.  K  b,  Now  go  right  from  that 


ny  desires.   1611  BIBLE  Prov.  iv.  25  J ,        - 

right  on,  and  let  thine  eye  lids  looke  straight  before  thee. 
1623  BINCHAM  Xtnophon  29  Holding  on  right  forth,  by 
sunne-set  he  reached  to  the  villages.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi. 
831  Hee  on  his  impious  Foes  right  onward  drove.  1716 
B.  CHURCH  Hist.  Philip's  War  (1865)  I.  159  The  Captain 
ordered  one  man  to.,  show  himself.  Upon  which  the  Indian 
ran  right  to  him.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  in.  vi.  345  We  had  a 
constant  gale  blowing  right  upon  our  stern,  c  1800  FOSTER 
in  Life  «;  Corr.  (1846)  I.  170  He  is  like  an  African  buffalo- 
sees  rightforward.  1818  Scorr  Rob  Roy  xxiv,  It  was  left  to 
me,  therefore,  to  do  honour,  .to  his  tea,  right  from  China. 
1855  MACAUI.AV  Hist.  Enf,  xii.  III.  236  Then  the  Mountjoy 
took  the  lead,  and  went  right  at  the  boom.  1876  GEO.  ELIOT 
Dun.  Der.  I.  ii,  She  would  be  put  into  the  ladies'  compart 
ment  and  go  right  on.  1884  Harper's  Mag.  Dec.  87/1,  I'm 
going  right  home  now. 

b.  In  the  proper  course. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Ckron.  Wace  (Rolls)  15720  He  sailed  al 
day,  &  on  be  nyght,  Vnvwhile  bobe  wrong  &  ryght,  Til  he 
com  in-til  an  ilde.  13 . .  Cursor  M.  25681  (Giitt.),  Leuedi . . , 
jm  lede  f>aim  right  bar  bai  ga  wrang.  <i  1400  Minor  Poems 
fr.  yernon  MS.  497/131  POU  schalt..Jii  weyes  wende  be 
Rihtore,  porwh  him  f>at  mihtes  may.  1567  Gude  4-  Godlie 
Ball.  (S.T.S.)  45  To  leide  vs  in  his  Law  full  richt.  1611 
BIBLE  Ecclns.  xlix.  9  He.. directed  them  that  went  right. 
1843  CABLVLE  Past  #  Pres.  (1858)  235  Compel  him  to  go  a 
little  righter. 

o.  Right  up,  straight  up,  upright.     Now  dial. 

ci44o  in  Housed.  Ord.  (1790)  434  Dresse  hit  forthe,  and 
almondes  or  paynes  fryed,  and  styk  horn  right  up  therin.  155" 
HULOET  s.  v.  Bowghe,  Bowghes  of  trees  or  bushes  whych  do 
grow  streight  out,  but  not  ryght  vp.  156*  TURNER  Herbal 
ii.  1 14  b,  Rhamnus . .  hath  twigges  that  grow  right  vp.  1617 
CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  ix.  37  Right  your  Helme, 
that  is,  to  keepe  it  in  the  midships,  or  right  vp.  1854  Miss 
BAKER  Ifortaaiiift.  Gloss.,  Right  on  emi.  Right  up,  upright. 

2.  In  a  straight  or  direct  course  leading  quite  up 
to  a  place,  person,  or  thing ;  hence,  all  the  way  to, 
into,  round,  through,  etc. ;  also  with  advbs.  as 
down,  along,  in,  back. 

a  1 112  O.  E.  Cliron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  656,  Bas  is  se  jife 
fram  Medeshamslede  to  NorSburh..&  swa  ael  se  feon  riht 


BIGHT. 

to  Esendic.  c  1200  ORMIN  6623  pa  kingcbs. .  Fundenn  forrp- 
rihht  tatt  steorrneleom,  patt  ledde  Item  in  rihht  to  Criste. 
a  1300  Cursor  J/.  3780  In  slepe  he  sagh  stand  vp  a  sti 
Fra  his  heued  right  to  J?e  ski.  £1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  IV. 
738  Thisot',  This  wal..  Was  cloue  a  two  ryght  from  the  cop 
a-doun.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  ^Roxb.)  xxxiii.  149  pase  desertex 
laste  ri^t  to  Paradyse  terrestre.  1530  PALSGR.  827/1  Ryght 
downe,  tout  droyt  cinbas.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  74 
All  the  landis  . .  Fra  Forth  streikand  recht  on  to  Eskis 
mouth.  ^1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.T.S.)  ix.  8  Quhen  I  he- 
liatd  it  rycht  till  end.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  398  Yen  two  this 
way.. right  down  to  Paradise  descend.  1758  S.  THOMPSON 
Diary  (1896)  8,  I  marched  up  to  ye  Lake  with  10  men,  and 
came  back  to  the  Halfway  Brook,  and  right  back  to  ye 
Lake  again.  1766  W.  STORK  Ace.  K.  Florida  p.  xviii,  The 
strong  current  that  constantly  runs  from  the  east .  .right  into 
the  gulph  of  Mexico.  1836  BROWNING  Johannes  Agricola  itt 
ifaatt,  2  There's  heaven  above,  and  night  by  night  I  look 
right  through  its  gorgeous  roof.  1865  CAMERON  Malayan 
India  75  The  broad  verandah  which  runs  right  round  the 
house.  1887  RIDER  HAGGARD  She  2  The  hair  grew  right 
down  on  his  forehead.  1899  Lr.-CoL.  BALDOCK  Cromwell 
202  Goring,  .pushed  a  cavalry  raid  right  up  to  Farnham. 
b.  Quite  or  completely  off,  out,  round,  etc. 
c  1400  Segc  Melayne  329  At  p°  erthe  lie  smate  riglite  of 
his  hede.  1665  PEPYS  Diary  4  Dec.,  The  King. .hath 
justified  my  Lord  Sandwich  to  the  highest  degree,  and  is 
right  in  his  favour  to  the  uttermost.  1877  SpURGBON  Serin, 
XXIII.  8  This  looks  to  me  like  taking  the  door  right  oil  the 
hinges.  1894  H.  NISBKT  Busk  Girl's  Rom.  115  We  will, 
Captain,  hlot  them  right  out.  1894  Idler  Sept.  116  He's 
turned  right  round,  and  he's  staring  at  her  like  anything. 

3.  a.  Immediately  after  some  event. 

t'  1200  UUMIN  2799  Rihht  afften-  |>att  tin  greting  word  Wass 
cumenn  i  miu  a:re.  1597  UKAKU  Theatre  Gotfs  Judge tn, 
(1612)  496  Hieronymus .. began  right  after  the  death  of  lus 
father  Hiero..to  shew  forth  his  arrogancie. 

1872  O.  W.  HOLMES  Poet  Breakf.-t.  iii,  Come  in, — said  he, 
—come  in,  right  after  breakfast. 

b.  t  Right  forth,  straightway,  at  once.  Obs. 
So  right  off,  right  away,  immediately,  without 
delay.  Originally  U.S. 

(a)  1440  Sc.  Act*)  Jas.  //(i8i4)  II.  55  Oure.Jord  will., 
gerr  deliuer  pe  Castel  of  kildrummy  to  J>e  said  lord  of 
Erskyne  Richt  furthe  in  al  gudely  haste,  c  1500  jMelnsine 
275.  I  ryght  foorth  shall  departe  to  asayll  them. 

(b}  1790  R.  TYLER  Contrast  n.  ii.  (1887)  39,  I  was  glad  to 
take  to  my  heels  and  split  home,  right  off.  1849  WEBSTER 
Priv.  Corr.  (1857)  II.  339  We  will  go  to  that  place  and  shut 
ourselves  up  in  the  office,  .and  do  the  work  right  off.  1884 
Harper's  Afajf.  Oct.  789/1  He  wasn't  [sick]  long.  Had  a 
kind  of  a  fit  this  noon,  and  died  right  off. 

(c)  1818  H.  B.  FEARON  S£.  Amer.  5,  I  have  been  slick  in 
going  to  the  stand  right  away,  1842  DICKENS  Amer.  Notes 
ii,  1  saw  now  that  *  Right  away '  and  (  Directly  '  were  one 
and  the  same  thing.  1897  'MARK  TWAIN'  More  Tramps 
Abroad  Ixxi,  A  round  man  cannot  be  expected  to  fit  a 
square  hole  right  away.  He  must  have  time  to  modify  his 
shape. 

O.   U.S.  Straight  (with  temporal  connotation). 

1849  LONGF.  Kavanagh  xxix,  If  you  don't  go  right  about 
your  business,  1  will  come  down.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle 
Toms  C.  xxii,  I'll  go  right  in  the  house,  for  paper  and  ink. 
1901  AIunsgy*s  Mag.  XXIV.  800/1  Yes,  I'll  be  right  down. 

4.  Right  out,  =  OUTRIGHT  adv.  3,  4;  also  dial., 
completely. 

1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  iv.  i.  101  Her  waspish  headed  sonne. .     ! 
Swears  he  will  shoote  no  more,  hut  play  with  Sparrows,  And     ' 
be  a  Boy  right  out.     1622   S.   WARD  Woe  to  Drunkards 
(1627)  18,  I  haue  seene  one  slaine  right  out  with  the  timher 
he  stole   halfe   an   houre   before.      1692    WASHINGTON   tr. 
Milton's  Def.  People  Eng.  Wks.  1738  I.  493  The  house..     ; 
they  fired  about  his  ears,  and  at  last  killed  him  right-out,     j 
1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt.   Gloss.,  Right-Out,   com-    ' 
pletely,  throughout. 

II.  5.  Precisely,  exactly,  just,  quite,  altogether, 
to  the  full.  Now  dial,  or  arch. 

In  ME.  poetry  sometimes  a  mere  rime-tag. 

1:893  K.  /KLPKKI>  Oros.  ii.  iv.  74  Seo  burj..isswij>e  ryhte 
feowerscyte.  c  1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Th.)  cxxxviu.  6  jif  ic  on 
helle  £edo  hwyrft  aemgiie,  |>u  me  aet-byst  efne  rihte.  c  1200 
ORMIN  414  E^berr  heore  ^edeswa  Rihht  affterr  Godess  lare. 
c  1250  Ccti,  ff  E.v.  295 1  £>is  wreche,  in  al  egypte  ri^t,  Lestede 
fulle  seuene  ni^t.  13..  K.  Alts.  2998  (Bodl.  MS),  It  was 
ri^th  after  be  tenure  Pat  first  spaak  be  Emperoure.  c  1386 
CHAUCER  Prol.  804,  I  wol  my  self  goodly  with  yow  ryde 
Right  at  myn  owene  cost.  £1410  HOCCLEVE  Mother  of 
God  125  Vn-to  oon  of  yow  seide  he  Right  in  thiswyse.  1551 
RECORUE  Pathw.  Knaivl.  i.  Defin.,  Other  their  corners  bee 
all  sharpe,.. other  ij.  sharpe  and  one  right  square.  1598  I>. 
JONSON  Ev.  Man  itt  Hum,  (Q.)  v.  67  My  wife  hath  spoyld 
her,  She  takes  right  after  her.  1633  HEYWOOD  Eng.  Trav. 
in.  i,  To  talk  of  borrowing,  lending,  and  of  use  '.  The 
usurer's  language  right.  1705  Lond.Gaz.  No.  4118/4  Pure 
Venice-Treacle,  in  Tin  Pots,  right  as  it  came  over.  1854 
Miss  BAKEK  Nortkamfi.  Gloss.  s.v.,  He's  not  right  sharp. 

6.  Qualifying  adverbs  (or  adv.  phrases)  of  time, 
esp.  right  now,  f  then  or  f  t/io,  t  anon.  Now  arch. 

5:888  iC.  ALFRED  Boeth.  vii.  §  2  Swylce  hiwaeron  rihte  Sa 
hi  Se  mESt  jeolectan,  swilce  hi  nu  sindon.  c  1200  ORMIN 
11046  Rihht  o  J>att  da^^  uppo  Jje  ^er  patt  twellfte  da^  iss 
nemmnedd.  a  1925  A  tier.  R.  54  Heo  pet  was  riht  \JQ  imaked 
mid  God  es  honden.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  5547  For  hunger  loo 
i  dei  right  now.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  \\.  (Paul\  298  Mony 
ane  Richt  ^ane  \>e  cristine  treutht  has  tane.  c  1386  CHAUCER 
ATw/.'s  T.  550  And  right  anon  he  chaunged  his  array. 
a  1400-50  Alexander  431  Ri}t  in  t>e  dawyng  of  day  a 
diumour  he  callis.  1426  LYDG.  De  Gui/.  Pilgr.  10729  Quod 
rudentendement  ryht  tho.  1470-85  MALOKY  Arthur  x. 
xix.  443  Rememhre  ye  of  the  shame  ye  dyd  to  me  ryght 
now.  1535  COVERDALB  John  ix.  27  He  answered  them  :  I 
tolde  you  right  now.  1594  O.  U.  Quest.  Profit.  Concern- 
ings  9  b,  Wit,  arte,  and  counsell,  which  you  spake  of  right 
now.  1624  BEDELL  Lett.  xi.  139  Haue  you  forgotten  what 
you  said  right  now  ?  1640  FULLER  Joseph's  Coat  (1867)  85 
Right  at  this  time  there  raged  and  reigned  in  the  church  of 
Corinth  an  epidemical  disease. 


675 

1897  LORD  E.  HAMILTON  Outlaws  130, 1  can  put  my  hand 
oa  the  quean  right  now. 

t  b.  Placed  after  the  adv.  or  phrase,  esp.  now 
right.   Obs. 

t  950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt.  xxvi.  53  Woenaes  Su  baet  •  •  f.tder 
min  [ne  mae^]  sella  me  nu  reht  mas  Son  tuelf  her^as  engla. 
971  Blickl.  Horn.  225  He . .  sa-jde,  \>-x.\.  hit  ^a  rihte  ware  ba;t 
he  of  Sisse  worlde  sceolde.  ciooo  ^ELFRIC  Exod.  ix.  19 
Send  nu  rihte  and  ^egadera  ealte  pi'le  nytenu,  1297  R. 
GLOUC.  (Rolls)  7972  pis  tueye  breberen  gode  frend  were  bo 
rijt.  Ibid,  8910  pis  was  endleue  hundred  ^er,  &  in  be  iiibe 
ger  rigt.  c*375  Cursor  M.  19651  (Fairf.J,  No^t  he  ete  bre 
daies  ri;t.  c  1420  Chron.  Vilod.  2772  For  ioy  of  a  sweuene 
bat  y  haue  incite  now  ry^t. 

7.  With  preps,  or  advbs.  of  place,  as  right  aty 
in,  on,  etc. 

^893  K.  /ELFRED  £?«$,  1. 1.  16  Ryhte  be  eastan  him  sindon 
Ilaime.  c  1200  ORMIN  6554  Rihht  i  be  hind  off -Jerrsalaem. 
a  1250  Gen.  <$•  Ex.  1604  He  lay. .,  A  ston  under  hise  heued 
ri5t.  1:1300  llavelok  2495  Sket  cam  a  ladde  with  a  knif, 
And  bigan  rith  at  be  to  For  to  ritte.  £1400  Rom.  Rose 
3076  Right  nygh  the  botoun  pullede  he  A  leef  al  grene. 
c  1440  Pallaa,  on  Hu$l>.  iv.  27  Into  the  lond  let  synke  A 
reed  right  by.  1481  CAXTON  Godfr.  clxxiii.  256  In  theyr 
comyng  on  they  toke  the  barbycannes  that  were  right 
ayenst  them.  1535  COVERDAI.E  Josh.  viii.  14  He  made  haist 
.  .to  mete  Israel .  .euen  riglite  before  the  felde.  1589 
PUTTKNMAM  Eng.  Poi'sie  in.  i.  (Arh.i  150  Vpon  a  Ladies 
Hps,  or  right  in  the  center  of  her  cheekes.  1632  MILTON 
L* Allegro  59  Right  against  the  Kastern  gate,  \Vher  the 
great  Sun  begins  his  state.  1669  STURMY  Mariners  Mag. 
i.  Si.  18  The  Wind  is  right  in  our  teeth.  1722  DE  FOE  Col. 
Jack  (1840)  84  He  was  set  right  against  me.  1775  ROMANS 
Hist.  Florida  App.  28  Right  abreast  of  this  spot,  .is  a  very 
fine  anchorage.  1816  J.  WILSON  City  of  Plague  n.  iii.  55 
Silting..  Right  o'er  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  1891  C.  E.  NORTON 
Dante's  Hell  xxviii.  156  When  it  was  right  at  the  foot  of  the 
bridge,  it  lifted  its  arm  high. 

b.  With  here,  there.  Now  chiefly  U.S.  Cf. 
HERE-RIGHT  and  THERE-RIGHT. 

c  1290  Bekct  126  in  .S".  Eng.  Leg.  I.  no  I-porueid  it  was. . 
bat  heo  scholde  i-cristned  beo  i  i$t  bare,  a  1300  Cursor  J/. 
6542  pe  tables  \>at  in  hand  he  bare  To  pees  he  bam  brak 
right  bar.  1399  Rolls  of  Parlt.  III.  424/1  On  Moneday. . 
ryght  here  in  this  Chaumbre..}e  renounced  and  cessed  of 
the  State  of  Kyng.  c  1450  Merlin  xiv.  202  Right  here,  sehh 
the  frensch  booke,  that  [etc.],  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  442 
b/2  Ryght  there  he  retourneth  hymself  and  salueth  the 
peple.  1530  PALSGR.  822/2  Ryght  there,  droyctement  In. 

1866  LOWELL  Biglo-w  P.  Ser.  n.  Introd.,  '  Right  here,'  a 
favorite  phrase  with  our  orators  and  with  a  certain  class  of 
our  editors.  1893  FULLER  Lit.  Courtship  x.  98,  I  may  as 
well  say,  right  here,  that  I,  for  my  part, had  a  rousing  good 
time.  1896  Westnt.  Gaz.  2  Jan.  3/1,  '  I  got  on  the  trail  right 
there,' pursued  Mr.  Stanley,  with  a  momentary  relapse  into 
American  idiom. 

8.  Qualifying  as  or  so  (f  also)  in  various  con 
structions.     Now  arch* 

cii75  Lamb.  Horn.  67  He  fondede  god  solf  mid  his 
wrenche.  .and  his  apostles  riht  al  swa.  £1200  ORMIS  1188 
Rihht  all  swa  summ  be  shep  onfob  Meoclij,  batt  mann  itt 
clippebb-  «  1300  Sarmun  xli.  in  E.E.P.  (1862)  5  Ri^t  as 
he  com  he  sal  wend  in  wo  and  pine  and  pouerte.  c  1340 
HAMI-OLE  Pr.  Consc.  1696  Als  be  body..Ks  ded  when  be 
saule  es  passed  out,  pe  saule  of  man  esded  ryght  swa,  When 
God  es  departed  b^refra.  f  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  IV.  1555 
Hypsipyle^  Ryght  as  him-selfe  now  dothe,  ryght  so  did  he. 
1413  Pugr.  Sowle  (Caxton)  iv.  xxix.  (1859)  62  Euery  good 
kynge  is. .knowen  therby,  ryght  asa  man  is  knowen  by  his 
visage.  1497  Bi>.  ALCOCK  Mons  Perfect,  A  iij,  Ryght  as  ye 
erthe  can  brynge  forth  no  fruyte  without  y*  dewe  of  heuen 
..Right  so  without  the  grace  of  God  [etc.].  i53$CovERDALK 
i  Kings  vi.  35  So  made  he  also..pahne  trees  and  floures, 
right  as  it  was  appoynted.  1589  PUTTRNHAM  Eng.  Poesiei. 
xix.  (Arb.)  54  Right  so  no  kinde  of  argument.. doth  better 
perswade.  .then  example.  1615  CROOKS  Body  of  Man  401 
Right  so  is  it  (sayth  he)  in  the  heart  of  a  man  the  heate 
boyleth  vp  the  bloud,  1633  Br.  HALL  Hard  Texts,  N.  T. 
594  Right  so  as  God  threatened  to  deale  with  us  according 
to  our  doings,  even  so  hath  he  done.  1648  HEXHAM  n, 
Rccht  ofliet  soo  ivnrc,  right  as  if  it  were  so.  1871  ROSSETTI 
Staff  fy  Scrip  ix,  Right  so,  he  knew  that  he  saw  weep  Kach 
night  through  every  dream  The  Queen's  own  face. 

9.  With  intensive  force  (cf.  FULL  adv.  i)  :  Very. 
Now  arch.     a.   With  adverbs. 

c  1200  ORMIN  6281  puss  mihht  tu  ledenn  her  patt  lif  Rihht 
wel,  wibb  Godess  hellpe.  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xv.  82  Schir 
lohne  Steward.. Wes  voundit  throu  the  body  thair  With  a 
sper  that  richt  scharply  schair.  1399  LANGL.  Rich.  Redeles 
Prol.  16  Thus  tales  me  troblid..And  amarride  my  mynde 
rith  moche.  (1450  Cursor  M.  17413  (Laud),  Ye  diddyn 
hym  vnder  lok  and  sele  That  he  awey  shuld  not  stele  But 
ye  hym  myssid  right  sone.  1477  EARL  RIVERS  (Caxton) 
Dictfs  2  He  trusted  I  shuld  lyke  it  right  wele.  1503  HAWES 
Exatnp.  Virt.  i.  xvii,  Though  thou  ryght  hy  do  oft  assende. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  x.  7  A  gentle  Squyre.  .Right  cleanly 
clad  in  comely  sad  at  tyre.  1600  J.  POKY  tr.  Leo's  Africa 
in.  165,  I  know  right  well  how  tedious  I  haue  beene  in  the 
description  of  this  citie.  1663  BUTLER  Hud.  i.  ii.  953  To 
him  the  Squire  right  nimbly  run.  1784  COWPER  Task  vi. 
662  The  simple  clerk.. did  rear  right  merrily,  two  staves. 
1816  DISRAELI  Viv.  Grey  in.  iv,  The  portrait  of  him  she 
loved  right  dearly,  a  186*  THOREAU  Yankee  in  Canada 
v.  (1866)  93,  I  should  like  right  well  to  make  a  longer  excur 
sion  on  foot.  1885  Mag.  Art  Sept.  452/1  They  conquered 
it  right  royally. 

b.  "With  adjectives. 

ihht 


Bruce  x.  84  Ane  vattir.  .That . .  wes  rycht  styth,  bath  deip  & 
wyde.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Prol.  288  A  Clerk  ther  was.  .And 
he  nas  nat  right  fat.  c  1430  Two  Cookery-bks.  5  Take  hem 
and  presse  hem  on  a  fay  re  bord,  an  hew  hem  ryght  smal. 
1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  \\.  ii.  78,  I  am  ryght  wrothe  for 
your  depart  yng.  Ibid.,  Ye  shal  be  ryght  welcome  to.  -my 
barons.  1521  WARHAH  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  in.  I.  239, 1 


RIGHT. 

doubt  not  but  it  is  to  your  good  Grace  right  peu>iful  hear 
ing.     i58g[:LvLY]  Papptw.  Hatchet (1^4)  24  Athis table, 
;    where  he  sate,  .right  like  a  superintendant.    1611  B.  JONSON 
j    Catiline  ii.  i,  I  should  be  right  sorry  To  have  the  means 
so  to  be  venged  on  you.     a  1661   FULLKR  Wort  kits  (1840) 
!     III.  296  Yet  is  their  surname  right  ancient  in  the  place. 
1704  SWIFT   Afech.   Opcrat.  Spir.  Misc.  (1711)  28,}  Those 
illustrious  and  right  eloquent  Pen-men,  the  Modern  Tra- 
,    vellers.    1765  GKAY  Shaks.  3  Willy  beg-.,  once  a  right  proper 
i    man.      1800  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  336,  I  was  right  glad., 
to  see  your  writing  again.     1861   FITZGERALD  Lett.   (1889) 
;    I.  276  He  is  a  right  good  little  Fellow,  I  do  believe.     1877 
I    LYTTEIL  Landmarks  in.  viii.  142  And  right  interesting  it  is 
|     to  observe  [etc-]. 

c.  Jn  titles  or   forms    of  address.     (See   also 
HONOURABLE,  REVEREND,  WORSHIPFUL.) 

c  1390  Rcc.  Coldingkam  Priory  (Surtees)  65  Richt  honor- 

abylle   fadyr  in    Crist,  God  hav*:  yhow  in  kepynge.     1420 

,    WATEKTON  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  i.  1.6  Ryght  excellent 

;     hegh  and    ryght    myghly  Prynce.      c  1489  CAXION  Blan- 

i    chardyn  iv.  20  O  my  rigntbefoued  sonu,.  .who  moued  you 

i    to  leue  me,  and  to  parte   ,soo?      1512  Hclyas   in  Thorn-, 

Prose  Rom.  (1858)  III.   148   Right  noble  chylde  and  my 

deare  frende.      1565  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  400  The 

;    rycht  excellent,  rycht   heich  and  illustir  Princessis.     1599 

SHAKS.  Mmh  Ada  i.  i.  84  He  is  most  in  ttie  company  of  the 

right  noble  Claudio.     1640  GLAPTHOKNii  Wit  in  Constable 

I,  And  pray  right  witty,  and  ri^ht  honor'd  sir,  What  may 

your  businesse  see  me  to  be  i  th'  city?     1674  Essex  Papers 

(Camden)    I.   197    Right    Trusty  and    Right    Welbeloved 

Cousin  and  Councellour,  Wee  greet  you  well.     1826  Dis- 

i    KAELI  /•'/'-'.  Grey  vi.  i,  Noble  and  right  thirsty  lords.     1828 

SCOTT  /".  M.  Perth  xxx,  Will  you  indeed  prefer  me  to  your 

right  royal  consort's  service? 

1 10.  With  negatives  :  At  all ;  \vhatever.  Obs. 
cizoo  OKMIN  680  Ni.-.s  he  rihht  nohht  forrfo;redd.     Ibid. 

18961  Ace  henun  ne  cuuiebb  rihht  na  god.  a  1300  Cursor 
M.  28794  Vrlauerd.  .receueshe  right  nan  Almus  |>at  o  \\rang 
es  tan.  c  1385  CHAUCKR  L.  G.  \V.  1325  Dido,  But  al  this 
thing  auayleth  hire  ryght  nought,  c  1430  Si.  Cuthbert 
{SurteesJ  6223  Ryght  no?t  b^ti  he  felde.  1484  CAXTON 
tables  of  sK sop  \\.  xi,  Thow  shall  haue  ryght  nought  of  me. 
1571  GOLUING  Calvin  on.  Ps.  xlv.  n  To  acount  whatsoever 
we  set  most  .store  by,  to  be  but  as  dung  or  as  rightnought. 

1 11.  With  (?.      Indeed,  assuredly.  Obs. 

c 1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  iii.  8  Constantinople  is  rijt  a 
faire  citee.  c  1450  Merlin  141  pat  is  right  a  worthi  man. 
1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  a  iij,  It  is  moche  fay  re  and  ryght 
a  noble  thyng  for  tosee.  .thauncient  hystoryes.  1523  Ln. 
BKRNERS/VWIW.  I.  ccxxxv.  330  The  prince  graumed  hym  with 

ryght  a  good  wyll  his  requeast.  Ibid,  ccclxxiv.  619  He 
accorded  to  that  his  men  hadde  done  with  right  an  yuell  wyil. 
III.  12.  In  accordance  with  justice  or  righteous 
ness;  righteously,  uprightly;  in  harmony  with  the 
moral  standard  of  actions. 

c888  K.  /ELFRKD  Boeth.  xxxlx.  §  12  Se  scippend.  .rehte 
,  £esceop  eall  b*ct  he  ^esceop.  971  Ulickl,  lloin.  43  He  him 
symle  rihte  deme,  j;if  he  wille  sylf  Codes  domas  gedegan. 
c  \Q0oAgs,  Ps.  ( Th.)  ex  xxix.  13  Scylan  card  niman. .,  b^i  mid 
ra;de  her  rihte  lifi^ea'd.  a  1,200  Moral  Ode  109  Ne  mei  him 
na  Mon  alsa  wel  demen  ne  alswa  rihte. 

1611  UIBLL:  Ps.  ix.  4  Thou  satest  in  the  throne  iudging 
right.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  in.  155  Father,  who  art  Judge  Of 
all  things  made,  and  judge^t  onely  right.  1736  UUTLKR 
Anal.  ii.  viii,  They  act  right  or  wrong.  1746  CHESTERF.  Lett. 
cxii.  (1792)  1.  303,  I  am  convinced  that  you  will  act  right. 

t  b.   Rightly ;  by  right.   Obs. 

1508  KENNEDIE  Fly  ting  iv.  Dunbar-$,b  The  ErI  of  Murray 
!    bure  that  surname  ryght. 

13.  In  a  proper  or  fitting   manner ;   in    the   re 
quired  or  necessary  way;  properly;  duly,  aright. 

Beowulf  1696  Swa  wacs.  .J>urn  runstafas  rihte  jemearcod 
..&.  j^esxd  hwam  b^'t  sweord  jeworht. . waere,  t  888  K. 
/ELFRED  Boeth.  xxvi.  §  2  £enoh  ryhte  bu  spyrast ;  swa  hit 
is  swa  bu  segst.  a  vxx>  Brittle  of  Maldon  29  (Gr.),  ByrhtnoS 
.  .baed  fatf.  [hie]  hyra  randan  rihte  heoldon.  c  1200  ORMIN 
5505  All  hu  mann  birrb  fol^henn  itt  Fprr  Drihhtin  rihht  to 
Jjeowwtenn.  c  1230  Halt  Meid.  5  Hwil  ha  riht  luued  him 
wi6  so6e  bileaue.  c  1300  Harrow.  Hell  24  Moyses  be  holy 
whyt,  pe  heuede  be  lawe  to  5eme  ryht.  a  1310  in  Wright 
Lyric  P.  vii.  30  Thou  rew  ant  red  me  ryht.  a  1350  JY. 
Thomas  211  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881)  23  He  bad 
hym  reuerence  right  A  niaumet  bat  bai  cald  'god  of  light '. 
1535  COVERDALE  Judges\\\.  6  They  bad  him  save  :  Schibo- 
leth,  &  he  sayde  :  Siboleth,  &  coulde  not  speake  it  righte. 
1595  SHAKS.  John  \\.  i.  139  lie  smoake  your  skin-coat 
and  I  catch  you  right.  1642  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  iii. 
in.  xlviii,  Hence  phancie,  sight,  And  memory  in  age  do  not 
their  functions  right.  ^1684  ROSCO.MMON  Ess.  on  Verse  5 
With  strict  Discipline  instructed  right.  1693  LOCKE  Educ. 
§  160  The  first  thing  should  be  taught  him  is  to  hold  his 
Pen  right.  1705  tr.  Bosnians  Guinea  419  Were  not  these 
Villains  right  served?  1764  GOLDSM.  Hi&t.  Eng.  in  Lett. 
(1772)  I.  278  You  counsel  right,  my  friend.  1851  MRS. 
BKOWNING  Casa  Gnidi  Wind,  it,  A  people,  to  speak  right, 
Must  speak  as  soft  as  courtiers, 
"b.  In  due  or  proper  order. 

c  1330  R.  BKUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  12060  Roberes, 
helmes,  right  for  to  stande.    a  1586  SIDNEY  .Pj.  xix.  2  Day 
unto  day,  doth  it  display,.  .And  night  to  night  succeeding 
right.     1603  SHAKS.  Mcas.for  M.  iv.  iv.  37  When  once  our 
grace  we  haue   forgot  Nothing  goes  right.     1876  HARDV 
,     Ethelberta  (1890)  253  Everything  is  going  on  right  there, 
and  you  have  no  occasion  to  be  anxious  about  them. 
o.  In  colloq.  phrases  all  right,  right  enough. 

1844  FITZGERALD  Lett.  (1889)  I.  124,  I  got  your  letter  all 
right.  1885  ANSTEV  Tinted  Venus  7  You'll  enjoy  yourself, 
Bella,  right  enough  when  you  get  there. 

14.  In  accordance  with  facts  or  the  truth  of  the 
case ;  accurately,  correctly,  exactly. 

c95o  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Luke  vii.  43  He  cuoeS  him, '  Rehte  5u 
doemdest '.  c  1000  Ags.  Gosp,  Luke  x.  28  pa  cwssft  he, 
'  Rihte  bu  andswarodest  \  ciaoo  OKMIN  13811  Natanasel,. . 
patt  I  be  sahh  unnderrfictre,  pu  cnawesst  rihht  &  trowwesst. 
a  i2»5  Leg.  Kath.  1079  Ah  beo  nu  sod  cnawes,  }ef  ich  riht 
segge.  c  1394  P.  PL  Crede  372  And  men  r>'3t  lokede,  per  U 

65-2 


-BIGHT. 


to  be  after  all. 


to  be  alter  all. 

pkr.  1642  J.  EATON  Honey*.  Free  Jttstif.  202  Reason 
agrees  with  them  no  righter  than  a  Rammes  home. 

15.  On  or  towards  the  right  side  (of).  See  also 
RIGHT  AND  LEFT. 


the  banners  of  Guy  and  Odo. 

IV.  Comb.  16.  a.  With  pa.  pples.,  as  right- 
bom,  -bred,  -framed,  -made,  -shapen,  etc.  Also  in 
parasynthetic  combs.,  as  right-believed,  -headed. 

971  Blkkiing  Ifoin.  167  Eal  rlDtxelvfed  folc  sceal  ^efeon. 
i  1200  OKMIN  1645  All  birr^  ill  offredd  ben  wib}»  skill.. Off 
rihhthi5etenn  ahhte.  a  1225  Leg.  Katli.  2377  Lauerd,  leome 
it  lif  of  alle  riht  bileafde.  1398  TBEVISA  liarth.  De  P.  R. 
Xlll.  ix.  (Tollemache  MS.), This  ryuer.  .departeb  be  contrey 
of  ryjt-bileuid  men  fro  be  contrey  of  misbilcuid  men.  1526 
TINOAI.E  Prol.  Ep.  Romans,  That  the  ryghte  shapen 
workes  abyde  not  behynd,  but  accoinpanyc  layth.  1553 


after  bee  will  intermedia  holy  and  right  framed  prayers.  1659 
THORNDIKE  ^^.(1846)  II.  653  The  right  born,  debasing,  .his 
birth,  shall  slide  down.  1680  ALLEN  Peace  ty  Unity  Pref. 


entering  volunteers:  1791  o.  UAMUADO  stun,  iiorsem. 
(1809)  69  Such  a  right-headed  Reverend  Gentleman.  1829 
SCOTT  Jrnl.  25  Apr.,  1  assured  him  that  a  man  who  had 
been  wrong  in  the  head  all  his  life  would  scarce  become 
right-headed  after  death.  1891  ATKINSON  Last  of  Giant- 
killers  170  Some  even  say  that  a  right-shaped  twig  of  any 
tree  will  do  just  as  well. 

b.   With  pr.  pples.,  as  right -aiming,  -believing, 
-feeling,  -meaning,  etc. 
971  Blickling Hum.  185  On  eallum  riht^elyfendum  on  me. 


3TAPLETON  tr.  neae  s  nisi.  c/i.  i^ng.  131  wnome  we  lollow- 
ing  in  good, ..godly,  and  rightbeleuing  maner  [etc.].  1383 
GOLDING  Calvin  on  Deut.  x.  59  They  which  haue  sought 
him  with  a  true  and  rightmeaning  heart.  x6ix  BIBLE  Wisd. 
v.  21  Then  shal  the  right-aiming  thunder  bolts  goe  abroad. 
1813  BAKEWELL  Introd.  Ceol.  (1815)  284  In  Cornwall  and 
Devonshire,  and  in  the  mines  of  Northumberland  and  Dur 
ham,  the  principal  metallic  veins  range  nearly  east  and  west. 
In  the  former  counties  they  are  called  lodes,  in  the  latter 
right  running  veins.  1829  GEN.  P.  THOMPSON  Exerc.  (1842) 
I.  156  There  is  always  a  way  that  all  right-thinking  people 
fall  into.  i8sol'HACKF;RAY  Pcniiennis  Ixiii  flxiv],  He  thought 
Blanche.. the  most  pious,  gifted,  right-thiaking,  fascinating 
person  he  had  ever  met.  1885  C.  J.  LVALL  A  rob.  Poet.  90  A 
heart  still  and  stedfast,  right-walking,  honest 
f  C.  With  vbs.,  as  right-rule,  -participate. 

1382  WYCLIP  Isa.  liv.  17  Eche  vessel  that  is  mad  ajen 
thee,  shal  not  be  ri}t  reulid.  Ibid.,  Jer.  vii.  5  If  gee  wil 
euene  rijt  reulen  }oure  weies,  and  }oure  studies.  1591 
SYLVESTER  Dit  Bartas  I.  iii.  397  Teaching  thy  wealthy 
Neighbours.  .How,  When,  and  Where  to  right-participate 
Their  streams  of  Comfort. 

17.  With  adverbs,  forming  attributive  combs., 
as  right-away,  -forward,  -onward,  -out, 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  (1613)62  It  is  not  my  intent  to 
runne  a  right  out-race  through  all  the  accidents  of  their 
reprobation.  1648  HEXHAM,  Een  Rechte  strafe,  a  Right-out 
streete.  1794  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  I.  114  The  well-disci 
plined  phalanx  of  right-onward  feelings.  1826  SCOTT  Jrnl. 
i  Mar.,  The  work  of  an  uncompromising  right-forward  Scot 
of  the  old  school.  1830  GALT  Lawrie  T.  in.  xv,  With  his 
wonted,  right-away  activity.  1877  Daily  News  9  Oct.  5/3 
The  anticipation  of  a  good  honest  right-away  race  was  not 
disappointed. 

-right,  suffix,  representing  OE.  riht  adj.  and 
ri/ite  adv.,  which  are  employed  as  suffixes  in  OE. 
forSriht,  -rihte  FORTHRIGHT,  and  upriht,  -rihte 
UPRIGHT.  A  few  other  compounds  of  the  same 
type  appear  first  in  early  ME.,  as  f  adownright, 
t  anonright,  DOWNRIGHT,  f  evenright,  OUTRIGHT, 
and  somewhat  later  FORERIGHT,  OVERRIGHT. 

Bightable  (rei-tab'l),  a.  [f.  RIGHT  v.  +  -ABLE.] 
Capable  of  being  righted. 

.1*9I  ,•£''""  3'  Dcc'  2/6Tne  °ne  unfairness  is  in  a  measure 
nghtable,  and  the  other  is  not.  1893  Field  25  Feb.  297/2 
1  hough  she  [the  boat]  may  be  quickly  righted  in  inland 
waters, . .  she  probably  would  not  be  rightable  in  open,  rough 
tidal  waters. 

Bight  about,  st.,  adv.  (and  a.}.  Also  right 
about,  rightabout.  [f.  RIGHT  rf.l  1 7  a  + 
ABOUT  adv.  6  ;  orig.  as  two  separate  words.] 


676 

A.  sli.  1.  Mil-    I"  Pnr-   To  the  right  about,  a 
command  to  turn  towards  the  right  so  far  as  to 
face  the  opposite  way  (now  simply  right  about}. 
Hence  with  vbs.,  as  go,  face,  etc.   (Cf.  FACE  v.  9  b.) 

1700  FARQUHAR  Constant  Couple  \.  ii,  To  the  right  about 
as  you  were  ;  march,  colonel !  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones 
vin.  ix,  To  give  it  you  in  the  military  phrase  then,,  .as  we 
are  soldiers ;  To  the  right  about.  Let  us  return  the  way 
we  came.  1766  in  W.  Smith  Bouquet's  Exped.  (1868)  132 
The  rear  goes  to  the  right  about.  1844  Regul.  q  Ord.  A  rmy 
31  When  General  Officers.,  pass  in  the  rear  of  a  Guard,  the 
Officer  is.. not  to  face  his  Guard  to  the  right-about.  1889 
Infantry  Drill  u  When  the  soldier  has  previously  turned 
about,  he  will  always  front  by  the  right  about. 
b.  In  general  use. 

1773  GOLDSM.  Stoops  to  Cong.  I.  ii,  You  are  to  turn.. to  the 
left, and  then  tothe  right  about  again.  1773  J.  JEKYI.L  Corr. 
(1894)12  After(dessert).. all  rise,  turn  tothe  rightabout  and., 
then  return  to  the  drawing-room.  1828  SCOTT  F.M.Perlli  vin, 
The  strong  inclination  which  prompted  him  to  wheej  Jezabel 
to  the  right  about.  1883  R.  PENNELL-ELMHIRST  Cream 
Leicestersk.  376  Their  fox  took  the  opportunity  to  swing  to 
the  rightabout. 

fig.   1828  MOIR  Mansie  Wauch  xxii,  Whenever  I  chose, 
I  could  make  them  wheel  to  the  right  about. 
C.  With  the  omitted,    rare. 

1778  TICKELL  &  SHEKIDAN  Camp  n.  iii,  I  wish  I  was 
ordered  to  right  about. 

2.  In  phr.  To  send  to  the  right  about :  a.  To 
cause  (troops)  to  turn  and  retreat  or  flee. 

1814  SCOTT  IVav.  xxxv,    Six  grenadiers  of  Ligonier's . 
would  have  sent  all  these  fellows  to  the  right  about.     1860 
RUSSELL  Diary  India  II.  i,  This,  and  the  sight  of  the  Cara 
bineers  bearing  down  on   them,   rapidly  sent  the  sowars 
flying  to  the  right-about. 

b.  To  send  packing  ;  to  dismiss  or  turn  away 
unceremoniously.  (Also  with  iurn.) 

1831  LVTTON  Eugene  Aram  l.  ii,  Send  verses  to  the  right 
about.  1830  THACKERAY  rendennis  lv[i],  Mamma  comes  and 
turns  Fanny  to  the  right-about.  1861  MRS.  H.WooD  East 
I.ynne  (1888)  326  One  of  the  members  was  unseated  with 
ignominy  and  sent  to  the  right-about. 

B.  1.  adv.   =A.  i ;  usually  as  a  command  with 
additional  word,  as  wheel,  face,  turn. 

1796  Instr.  f,-  Reg.  Cavalry  (1813)  222  Right  about  wheel  ! 
1833  Reg.  %  Instr.  Cavalry  \.  13  Right  about,  face— 1st. 
Place  the  ball  of  the  right  foot  against  the  left  heel... 2nd. 
Raise  the  toes,  and  turn  to  the  right  about  on  both  heels. 
1840  HOOD  Up  Rhine  205  She.. wheeled  right-about  with 
the  alacrity  of  a  Prussian  soldier,  . .  and  was  soon  out  of 
sight.  1889  Infantry  Drill  to  Right  about — Turn. 

b.  Hence  right  about  face  as  a  compound  vb. 
or  adv. 

1813  W.  H.  IRELAND  Scribbleom,  26  Southey,  who  once 
wrote  for  freedom— egad,  True  turn-coat,  can  right  about 
face,  pliant  lad.  1840  THACKERAY  Catherine  i,  Show  those 
fellows,  Corporal,  how  to  rightabout  face,  a  1894  STEVENSON 
St.  Ires  309  She  had  whipped  right-about  face  and  was 
gazing  towards  the  kitchen  garden. 

2,  atti'ib.  or  as  adj.  with  face  or  turn.  Also 
in  fig.  use,  denoting  a  complete  change  of  front ; 
an  entire  reversal  of  principles  or  policy. 

1862  THACKERAY  \Vks.  (1872)  X.  154, 1  take  the  rebuke,  and 
turn  a  soft  right-about  face.  1891  Daily  News  3  Feb.  3/4 
Willanybody  deny  the  Tory  right-about-face?  1897  Westm. 
Gaz.  22  Apr.  4/2  If  the  words  were  actually  used  they  are 
intended  to  prepare  the  European  mind  for  a  right  about 
turn  as  shameless  as  it  is  incredible. 

Bight  and  left,  right-and-left,  adv.  (v ), 

a.,  and  sb. 

A.  adv.  1.  On  or  towards  the  right  and  the  left ; 
on  both  sides,  in  both  directions. 

[a  1300  Cursor  M.  21639  Ouer  and  vnder,  right  and  left.] 

1829  Examiner  196/1  He  would  lay  about  him  right  and 

left,  what  havoc  he  would  make  !    1855  KINGSLEY  Westw. 

Hoi  xxv,  The  Spaniards  recoiled  right  and  left.     1863  — 

Hereiv.  xiv,  Right  and  left  of  her.  .sat  the  other  great  ladies. 

b.  transf.  On  all  hands  ;  on  all  sides. 

1893  F.  F.  MOORE  Gray  Eye  or  So  II.  221  He  is  being 
robbed  right  and  left. 

2.  ellipt.  as  v.  To  turn  right  and  left ;  to  dodge. 

1833  DICKENS  Little  Dorrit  vii,  It  took  him  a  matter  of 
ten  weeks  to  set  to  his  creditors,  lead  off,  turn  the  Commis 
sioners,  and  right  and  left  back  to  his  professional  pursuits. 

B.  adj.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the   right  and  the 
left   hand,  side,   etc. ;    turning  to    Ihe  right  and 
the  left;  fitting  the  right  and  left  hand  or  foot  re 
spectively.      Right-and-left  screw,  one  having  the 
threads  at  the  two  ends  running  opposite  ways. 

1834  WOODWARD  Mollusca  n.  280  They  are  essentially  un- 
symmetrica],  and  right-and-left  valved.     1863  W.  C.  BALD 
WIN  Afr.  Hunting  viii.  342,  I  missed  having  an  excellent 
right-and-left  shot  at  wild  dogs  this  morning.    1871  Figure 
Training  117  Comfort,  .is  easily  attained  by  wearing  right 
and  left  stockings  and  boots  made  on  strictly  anatomical 
principles.     1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  #  Mining  288 
Through  these  the  coal  is  forced  by  a  right-and-left  screw. 

C.  sl>.  1.  A  method  of  beating  the  drum.  rare~°. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  xix.  (Roxb.)  154/2. 

2.  A  right-and-left  shot. 

1836  'STONEHENGE'  Brit.  Rural  Sports  I.  I.  v.  52/1  In 
many  cases  very  wild  birds  will  allow  him  to  come  up  and 
get  '  a  right  and  left '.  1886  Pall  MallC.  27  Aug.  5/1  With 
single  '  right-and-lefts  ',  however,  our  crack  marksmen  are 
no  longer  inclined  to  rest  content,  1892  GREENER  Breech- 
Loader  191  In  taking  a  double  rise  from  traps,  or  in  making 
a  right  and  left  at  game. 

Bight  angle.  Math.  [f.  RIGHT  a.  3  +  ANGLE 
s/i.-]  An  angle  of  90° ;  =  RECTANGLE  so.  2. 

Ct39i  CHAUCER  Astro!,  n.  §  26  This  forseid  rihte  orisonte 
.  .diuideth  the  equiuoxial  in-to  riht  Angles.  1551  RECORDE 


BIGHT  CLOSE. 

Pathw.  Ktto-wl.  i.  Defin.,  A  blunt  or  _  brode  corner  is 
greater  then  is  a  square  angle,  and  his  lines  do  parte 
more  in  sender  then  in  a  right  angle.  1570  HII.LINGSLEY 
Euclid  \.  post.  iv.  6  All  right  angles  are  equall  the  one  to  the 
other.  1611  FLORID,  Kctlo  angvlo,  a  right  angle  or  corner. 
1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  in.  ii,  Their  Houses  are  very  ill  built, 
the  Walls  bevil,  without  one  Right-Angle  in  any  Apartment. 
1798  HUTTON  Course  Math.  (1799)  I.  331  These  planes  make 
with  each  other  two  angles  whose  sum  is  equal  to  two  right 
angles.  1880  MAcCoRMAC  Antiseptic  Surg.  n  The  right  leg 
was  at  a  right  angle  with  the  thigh  when  the  limb  was 
extended. 

atirib.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mich.  Suppl.,  Rightangle 
Prism,  an  attachment  to  the  microscope  stand  for  throwing 
light  upon  an  object. 

b.  At  right  angles,  fz'«  right  angle,  perpen 
dicularly  (to  another  line,  etc.) ;  so  as  to  form  an 
angle  of  90°. 

1679  MOXON  Math.  Diet.  (1701)  23  Cutting  the  Horizon  at 
Right  Angles.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav.  n.  145 
There  are  six  figures  on  each  side . .  and  as  many  on  the  border 
in  right  Angle.  1734-3)6  [see  Axis'  7).  1837  LOCKHART  Scott 
III.  iii.  128  [His]  residence  was  then  in  George  Street,  situ 
ated  very  near  to,  and  at  right  angles  with,  North  Castle 
Street.  1892  Speaker  3  Sept.  289/2  The  high  road,  .runs  at 
right-angles  to.. the  lane. 

Bight-angled,  a.  [f.  RIGHT  a.  3  +  ANGLED  a.] 

1.  a.  Of  geometrical  figures,  etc. :  Containing  or 

forming  a  right  angle  or  right  angles ;  rectangular. 

1571  DIGGKS  Pan/oni.  I.  B  iij,  A  Rightangled  Triangle  is 
suche  a  one  as  hath  one  Righte  Angle.  Ibid.  II.  xii.  N  ij  b, 
Rightangled  Parallelogrammes.  1608  TOPSELL  Serpents 
(1658)  785  Some  are  made  with  all  sides  equall,  but  yet  not 
right  angled  or  cornered  like  a  quarry  of  Glasse.  1651  C. 
BROOKES  Sphzr.  Triangles  4  Any  right-angled  or  quad- 
rantal  triangle  proposed.  1750  FRANKLIN  Opin.  Wks.  1887 
II.  189  Bring  this  on  your  plate,  -in  such  a  manner  as  that 
the  right-angled  part  may  be  first  raised.  1772  C.  HUTTON 
Bridges  77  It  is  least  of  all  in  the  triangle,  .when  right- 
angled.  1831  BREWSTKR  Optics  xxix.  244  The  apophyllite 
from  Faroe  generally  crystallises  in  right-angled  square 
prisms.  1857  THOREAU  Maine  W.  (1894!  85  The  remains  of 
a  gray  rabbit,  skin,  bones,  and  mould  closely  fitting  the  right- 
angled  corner  of  one  side  [of  the  box].  1883  Cent.  Mag.  Oct. 
818/2  Long  lines  of  olive  orchard,  and  right-angled  walls  of 
eucalyptus  trees  shutting  in  wheat-fields. 

trans/.    1791  T.  PAINE  Rights  of  Man  I.  (ed.  2)  85  The 
graceful  pride  of  truth  knows  no  extremes,  and  preserves,  in 
every  latitude  of  life,  the  right-angled  character  of  man. 
b.  Of  a  hyperbola  :  (see  RECTANGULAR  a.  4). 

1743  EMERSON  Fluxions  61  The  right  angled  Hyperbola, 
whose  semi-transverse  is  R. 

C.  Lying  at  right  angles  to  something. 

a  1817  T.  DWIGHT  Trav.  New  Eng.,  etc.  (1821)  II.  218 
The  streets  are  both  parallel,  and  right-angled  to  the  river. 

2.  Characterized  by  right  angles. 

1833  MOTLEY  Corr.  (1889)  I.  ii.  28, 1  am  settled  in  this  most 
right-angled  of  cities.  1834  Taifs  Mag.  381/1  A  letter  of 
his  written  with  every  character,  sturdy,  firm  and  right- 
angled.  1891  MOULLIN  Surg.  ill.  vi.  365  Tonic  shortening 
of  the  gastrocnemius  (the  so-called  right-angled  contraction 
of  the  tendo  Achillis). 

3.  That  deals  with  right  angles,  farr*. 

1828  MOORE  Pract.  Navig.  38  Solution  of  the  Six  Cases 
in  Right-angled  Trigonometry. 

So  Bight-a-ngle  v.  trans.,  to  cross  or  cut  at 
right  angles;  Bigfht-a'ngledness,  rectangularity. 

a  1847  ELIZA  COOK  My  Murray  Plaid  ii,  The  lines  of 
purple  deeply  spread,  Right-angled  with  the  stripes  of  red. 
1895  Harper's  Mag.  Feb.  344/1  This  crossing  right-angled 
a  deep  railroad.  1891  Alheiueuiu  15  Aug.  215/1  The  sur 
viving  Etruscan  L's  do  not  on  the  whole  suggest  right- 
angled-ness. 

Right-a-ngular,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  RIGHT  a.  3  + 
ANGULAK  a.]  =  RECTANGULAR  a.  3. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (ijBo),  Courtis  d'equerre.,, 
knees  which  are  right-angular. 

Right-away  a.     (See  RIGHT  adv.  17.) 

Right  boys.  Also  Eight-boys,  Hightboys. 
[See  quot.  1787.]  An  irregular  association  formed 
in  the  south-west  of  Ireland  in  1785-6,  and  con 
nected  with  political  or  agrarian  disorders  in  the 
later  years  of  the  i8th  century. 

1787  New  Annual  Reg.  I.  43/2  A  person  very  early  dis- 
tinguished  himself  among  them, ..whose  real  or  assumed 
appellation  was  that  of  captain  Right  ;  and  from  him  they 
soon  became  known  by  the  denomination  of  Right  Hoys. 
1808  COBBETT  Weekly  Reg.  XIII.  126  White  Boys,  Right 
Boys,  and  various  other  denominations,  and  combinations 
of  lawless  nocturnal  insurgents  associated.  1819  SCOTT  Let. 
in  Lockhart  (1837)  IV.  ix.  301  Ireland.. has  never  been 
without  White  Boys,  or  Right  Boys,.. or  some  wild  associa 
tion  or  another  for  disturbing  the  peace  of  the  country. 
184*  S.  C.  \\k\A. Ireland  II.  121  In  1785,  however,  they  [the 
WhiteboysJ  re-appeared  under  the  name  of  '  Right-boys '. 

Bight  Close.  Law.  Now  Hist.  [tr.  AF.  drcit 
clos  (Britten),  close  right  or  law.]  Writ  of  right 
close,  a  writ  applicable  only  to  the  court  of  the 
lord  of  a  manor,  in  regard  to  cases  concerning  the 
tenants  of  the  manor.  Also  ellipt. 

'533  in  Leadam  Sel.  Cos.  Crl.  Jteoues/s  (Selden  Soc.)  37 
All  the  Tenauntes  within  the  seid  manour  hauevsid..to 
plede.  .within  the  same  manour  by  pety  writte  of  righte 
close  for  all  maner  of  pleys  towcning  their  landes.  1607 
i  COWF.LL  Interp.  s.v.  Recto,  A  writ  of  right  close,  .lieth  for 
those  which  hould  their  lands.. by  charter  in  fee-simple.., 
or  in  dower,  if  they  be  eiected  out  of  such  lands.  1614 
SELDEN  Titles  Hon.  335  In  the  writ  of  Right  Close,  the 
Tenure  must  not  be  laid  per  libernm  seruitium,  because . . 
no  Free  man  may  bring  that  writ.  1651  tr.  Kitchin's  Jurisa. 
!  (1657)  193  Copy-holder  of  base  tenure  shall  not  have  a  Right 
Close.  1768  Bi.ACKSTONECoOTOT.il  I.  195  There  is  likewise 
a  little  writ  of  right  close,  . .  which  lies  for  the  king's 


RIGHT-CORNERED. 

tenants  in  antient  demesne, .  .to  try  the  right  of  their  lands 
and  tenements  in  the  court  of  the  lord  exclusively.  1865 
NICHOLS  Britton  II.  338  marg.,  Writ  of  right  close  not  re- 

t  Bight-cornered,  a.  Oh.  [f.  RIGHT  a.  3.] 
Right-angled,  rectangular. 

1551  RECORUE  Patina.  Knmul.  I.  No.  21  Therfore  turne 
that  into  a  right  cornered  triangle,  accordyng  to  the  worke 
in  the  laste  conclusion.  1611  COTCR.,  Orthogonal,  orlho- 
gonall,  right  cornered.  1617  MoRYSON  [tin.  ill.  267  Each 
weare  a  right  cornerd  crosse  upon  his  Armes. 

Right-down,  adv.  and  a.  Also  right  down, 
rightdown.  [f.  RIGHT  a<tv.  +  DOWN  adv.  Cf. 
DOWNRIGHT.] 

A.  adv.    fl-  With  verbs:  Positively;  without 
any  limitation  or  reserve  ;  right  out.   Obs. 

1644  J.  GOODWIN  Iimoc.  Triumph.  81  'J'his  being  so,  Mr. 
Prynnes  comparison  or  parallel  halts  right-downe.  1646 
l!p.  MAXWELL  Bnrd.  Issacli.  9  They  threatned  the  Mmisterie 
Right  downe,  That  if  they  persisted  in  that  course  [etc.]. 
1709  J.  JOHNSON  Clergym.  I'ade  M.  11.  194  '1'hey  that  used 
evasion,  and  did  not  right  down  subscribe  the  abnegation. 

2.  With  pples.  or  adjs. :  Thoroughly;  out  and  out. 

1648  J.  P>EAUMONT  Psyche  xvn.  Ixix,  Who  has  no  power 
to  be  Right-down  displeas'd  at  whatsoever  sounds  From 
those  beloved  lips.  1683  KENNETT  tr.  Erasm.  on  Folly  97 
They.. were  right  down  honest  well  meaning  people.  1832 
MRS.  TROI.LOI'E  Manners  Ainer.  (1901)  II.  63  That's  right 
down  well  done.  1838  DICKENS  O.  Twist  vi,  Yer  mother 
was  a  regular  right-down  bad  'un.  1888  '  R.  BoLDREWOOD ' 
Robbery  under  Anns  i,  He  was  real  rightdown  sorry  for  me. 

B.  adj.  Positive;  thorough,  complete. 

1623  in  Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.  (1659)  I.  121  The  Earl  of 
Bristol  made  a  more  benign  construction  thereof,  the  Duke 
aright-down  conclusion.  1648  J.  BEAUMONT  Psycke  xxm. 
cciv,  Degenerating  into  Sorrows  and  Rightdown  Vexations, 
rather  than  impart  One  Taste  of  Joy.  1670  EACHARD  Cant. 
Clergy  16  Such  pretended  favours  and  kindnesses  as  these, 
arc  the  most  right  down  discourtesies  in  the  world. 

1875  Sin  T.  SEATON  Fret-Cutting  i  Such  fellows,  .get  into 
all  kinds  of  mischief,  and  become  right-down  scamps.  1890 
'  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  221  Not  a  sheep 
near  the  place..  ;  all  good  right-down  cattle  work  to  look 
forward  to. 

Bight-drawn,  a.  [f.  RIGHT  sb.1  6.]  Drawn 
in  a  rightful  or  just  cause. 

1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  [[,  \.  i.  46  What  my  long  speaks,  my 
right  drawn  sword  may  proue. 

Bighten  (rai-t'n),  v.  rare.  [f.  RIGHT  a.  +  -EN  5. 
Cf.  UN.  retina  to  become  straight.]  trans.  To 
put  or  set  right,  in  various  senses. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xxiv.  5  Righten  me  in  bi  soth- 
fastnes,  and  lere  me. 

'597  J-  KlsG  Oa  Jonas  (r6r8)  368  For  I  shall  see  the  day, 
when  the  Lord  shall,  .righten  my  wrongs,  [and]  finish  my 
sorrowes.  1611  BIBLE  Isa.  \.  17  Learne  to  doe  well,  seeke 


yse  blude.  a  1425  Seven  Sag.  (P.)  2751 
Syre,  ryghtwys  emperour,  Thou  dost  thy  selven  lytyl 
honour.  1309  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1570)  205  None 
rightwiser  then  he  Is  in  the  ^vorlde,  nor  of  more  noblenes. 


677 

[CovERDALE]  Ola  Gad (iS3^  K  iij  b,  Unto  the  euerlastynge 
ryghtuous,  moost  good.  .god.  1596  DAI.KVMPLE  tr.  Leslie's 
Hist.  Scot.  v.  308  A  Prince  maisl  godlie  and  rychtuous. 

y.  1526  TINDALE  Matt,  xxiii.  35  From  the  bloud  of  right 
eous  Ahell,  vnto  the  bloud  of  zacharias.  1561  DAUS  tr. 
liullingermt  A  foe.  (1573)  69  b,  There  is  nothyng  better,., 
righteouser,  or  holyer,  than  he.  1607  SHAKS.  Timon  iv.  ii. 
4  Let  me  be  recorded  by  the  righteous  Gods,  I  am  as  poore 
as  you.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  i.  425  What  but  thy  malice 
mov'd  thee  to  misdeem  Of  righteous  Job  »  1736  BUTLER 
Anal.  i.  iii,  A  righteous  government,  .which  necessarily 
impliesarighteousgovernor.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFK Italian 
x,  'To  what  do  you  allude,  righteous  father?'  inquired  the 
astonished  Marchesa.  1864  PUSEV  Lect.  Daniel  (^6)  523 
A  righteous  intercessor  for  man.  1875  JOWETT  Plata  (ed.  2) 
V.  92  He  who  is  righteous  in  the  treatment  of  his  slaves., 
will  sow  in  them  the  seed  of  virtue. 

al'Sol.  cBi$  I'esfi.  Psalter  cxxiv.  3  Ne  forleteS  dryhten 
Serd  synfulra  ofer  lik-t  rehtwisra.  c  1000  /KLFKIC  Horn.  II. 
522  And  rihtwisr.i  siofcet  is  swilce  scinende  leoht.  c  1400 
Cursor  Jl!.  25246  (Cott.  Galba),  In  bis  point  also  we  pray 
ForaUrightwissondomesday.  aisyMyr.  onrLaiiye  159 
Of  men,  and  of  aungels,  of  ryght  wyse  and  of  synners. 
b.  absol.  (in  sing,  or  pi.)  with  the. 

c8z$  l^esp.  Psalter  v.  13  Du  bledsas  Sonc  rehtwisan. 
cS88  K.  /T'.I.FHUD  Bocth.  iii.  §  4  Jesihst  |>u  uu  |>a:t  |>a  riht- 
wisan  sint  lane  &  forbrycte.  ciooo  /ELFRIC  Horn.  I.  350 
Sif  se  rihtwisa  *ecyr3  fram  his  rihtwisnysse.  c  1200  Trin. 
Coll.  Horn.  67  Ure  louerd.  .shodcS  be  rihtwise  an  his  riht- 
halue  and  wnrdeS  hem.  c  1250  Gen.  <$•  K.t.  1043  Salt  ou 
11031  oe  ri3t-wise  weren,  Or  for  hem  fte  tooWe  mu^  buren? 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  23343  Pe  right-wis  blith  sal  be  Ouun  he 
sal  wrak  on  sinful  se.  1382  WYCLIF  Isa.  i.  26  Aftir  these 
thingus  thou  shall  ben  clepid  the  cite  of  the  rrjtwis.  1535 
Co\ ERUALE  Matt.  ix.  13,  I  am  not  come  to  call  the  righteous, 
but  y»  synners  to  repentaunce.  1611  ISiui.E  J's.  Ixxii.  7  In  his 
dayes  shall  the  righteous  flourish.  1641  HIXDK  J.  JSrnen 
xxxiv.  108  The  life  of  the  righteous  findes  never  any  worse 


iudgement,  relieue  [marg.  Or,  righten]  the  oppressed.  1635 
J.  HAYWARD  tr.  ISiondfs  Banislid  Virg.  32  A  long  silver 
bodkin,  wherewith  she  used  to  righten  her  haire. 

1852  M.  ARNOLD  Empedocles  i.  ii.  320  How  our  own  minds 
are  made,.  .How  righten 'd,  how  betray'd.  1871  B.  TAYLOR 
Faust  n.  iii.  (1875)  II.  136  Thy  stubborn  mind  will  not  be 
tightened. 

absol.   1887  H.  S.  HOLLAND  Christ  or  Eccles.  (1888)  96  God 
. .  would  put  out  His  strength  to  correct,  torighten,  to  redeem. 
Hence  Hi'ghtening  vii.  sb. 

1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  %  Selv.  174  For  the  rightning  of 
all  which  there  is  nothing  in  the  world  to  be  brought  forth 
but  this.  1869  EADIE  Galatians  231  The  whole  of  that 
Tightening  which  a  sinner  needs  and  through  faith  enjoys. 
Bighteons  (rai'tyas,  rei'tfss),  a.,  adv.,  and  sb. 
Forms:  I  relit-,  1-4  riht-,  3-5  rijt-  (etc.,  as 
RIGHT  a.}  ;  also  1-6  -wis,  3-6  -wise  (5  Sc.  -vise), 
-wys(e,  5  -wijs),  4-5  -wiss,  -wyss  (5  -wisse, 
Sc.  -uis),  5-6  -wes  (5  -wesse),  5-6  -wos  (5 
-wose),  5-6  -uous(e,  6  .SV.-uus),  6  -ous  (Sc.  -us). 
[OE.  rihtwis,  ryhtwls,  f.  riht,  ryht  RIGHT  s6.l  + 
wis  WISE  a.  (or  RIGHT  a.  +  wis,  wise  way,  man 
ner,  WISE  sb.)  :  cf.  ON.  rittviss  ;Da.  re/vis,  Sw. 
rdttvis),  perh.  from  OE.,  and  OHG.  rehtwtsig. 

The  orig.  spelling  rightwise  remained  in  use  till  the  r6th 
cent,  (in  some  late  examples  perhaps  confused  with_  right 
ivise) ;  the  obscured  endings  -wos(e,  -nous  appear  in  the 
isth,  and  righteous  in  the  first  half  of  the  r6th.J 
1.  Of  persons  :  Just,  upright,  virtuous  ;  guiltless, 
sinless ;  conforming  to  the  standard  of  the  divine 
or  the  moral  law  ;  acting  rightly  or  justly. 

n.  c825  Vcsp.  Psalter*.  8  Forobn  rehtwis  [is]  dryhten. 
c  888  K.  ALFRED  Bocth.  xxvii.  §  2  Se  Wisdom  jede3  his 
lufiendas . .  sebyldije  &  rihtwise.  Ibid,  xxxix.  §  13  He  is 
cyning  &  dryhten.  .&  rihtwis  dema.  971  Blickl.  Horn.  95 
Uton  beon  eabmode  &  mildheorte.  .&  beon  rihtwise  on 
tirum  mode  wi^  obre  men.  CHOO  O.  E.  Chron.  (MS.  D) 
an.  1067,  Ful  oft  .se  ungeleaffull.1  wer  biS  jehahjad . .  burh 
(wet  rihtwise  wif.  a  1175  Cott.  Horn.  23r  He  haueS  Berimed 
rihtwisan  mannan  infer  to  his  rice,  c  1200  ORMIN  2880 
Josajp  wass  rihhtwis,  &  tatt  iss  tunnderrstanndenn  Forr  batt 
hiss  trowwbe  wass  full  god.  c  1250  Gen.  fy  Ex.  516  Lamech 
[was  born]  of  matusale,  And  of  lamech  ri}t-wise  noe.  13.. 
E.  E.Allit.  P.  A.  675  pe  ry3t-wys  man  schal  se  hys  face. 
c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  905  Thhbe,  And  ryght-wis  god 
to  euery  lover  sende.  .moore  prosperite  Than  ever  hadde 
Piramus.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xi.  46,  I  hafe  synned, 
betrayand  rntwyse  blude.  a  1425  Seven  Sag.  (P.)  2754 
"  dost  thy  selven  lytyl 
'  Folys  (1570)  205  None 


has  wrought   Is  not  for  you— the  righteous  need  it  not. 
1827  POLLOK  Course  T.  x,  The  righteous  saved,  the  wicked 


1577  St.  Aug.  Medit.  A  v  b,  But  Christ  is  iust  In  hym  haue 
trust  And  hys  iustice  Makes  thee  rightwise. 

fl.  c  1440  Partonopf  5806  He  ys  a  ryghtwos  man  and  full 
sage.     1486  Hen.  I'll  at  York  in  Snrtees  Misc.  (ago)  54  -i 
Most  reverend,  rightwose  regent  of  this  rigalitie.     1523    I 


1827 

damned,  Arid  T^od's  eternal  government  approved.  £1850 
NF.ALE  Hymns  East.  Ch.  (1866)  107  When  Thou..  The 
righteous  from  the  sinners  shalt  divide. 

t  O.  As  sb.  A  righteous  person.  Obs. 
c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  Matt.  x.  41  And  se  be  under-fehb  rilit- 
wisne  on  riht-wises  naman  he  onfehb  riht-wises  niede. 
(11300  Cursor  M.  12015  -\'s  hedel  gais  be-for  iustis,  Als 
come  bou  be-for  bat  rightwis.  1382  WVCLIF  Isa.  Ii.  5  Ny3 
is  my  rihtwis,  gon  out  is  my  saueour.  1435  MISYN  Fire  of 
Love  62  Truly  god  more  displesis  a  ryghtwys  prowd  pen  a 
synnar  meyk.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  XI.  697  Hee..whom  thou 
beheldst  The  onely  righteous  in  a  World  perverse. 

2.  Of  actions,  etc. :  Characterized  by  justice  or 
uprightness;  morally  right  or  justifiable. 

a.  971  Blickl.  Horn.  73  Se  Godes  man  sceal  beon  fulfreined 
on  rihtwisum  weorcum.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  10744^  Quilk 
man  bat  his  wand  stild  blome  Suld  maria  haf  wit  rightwis 
dome,  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxxiii.  (George)  440  Quhethire 
bat  it  mare  richtwis  be  til  honoure  god  . .  bane  appolline. 
1444  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  ii2/r  To  delay  the  rightwys  and 
true  Suytes  of  suche  Defendantz  or  Plaintiffs.  1523  [COVER- 
DALE]  O/rf6W(i534)  K  ij  b,  The  Pope.whiche  is  your  god.., 
what  soeuer  he  doethe  is  ryghtwyse.  1549  COVERDALE,  etc. 
Erasm.  Par.  Rom.  25  Callyng  man  to  rightwyse  life  he 
therin  sheweth  his  bounteous  mercy  &  goodnes. 

ft.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x.  xiv.  436  By  mysauenture 
kynge  Marke  smote  Amant  thorugh  the  body,  And  yet  was 
Amaunt  in  the  ryghtuous  quarel.  a  1533  FRITH  Ansiv. 
More  (1548)  C  vj  b,  Zuinglius.  .was  slayne..in  defendinge 
hys  citye..,  which  cause  was  moost  rightuous.  1596  DAL- 
KYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  I.  71  Strukne  with  a  richtu- 
ous  and  true  terrour. 

7.  a  1548  H  ALL  Chron.,  If  en.  I' 1, 96  Edmond  erle  of  Marche 
.  .made  hys  title  and  righteous  clayme.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q. 
in.  xi.  9  What  booteth  then  the  good  and  righteous  deed,  If 
goodnesse  find  no  grace?  1651  HOBBES  Lrviatli.  in.  xxxiv. 
214  Instructing  men  in  the  way  of  righteous  living.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  804  Faithful  hath  been  your  Warfare,  and 
of  God  Accepted,  fearless  in  his  righteous  Cause.  1727  DE 
FOE  Syst.  Magic  I.  iv.  (1840)  94  Nor  would  it  have  been 
righteous  in  Noah  to  have  done  so.  1789  COWPER  Ann. 
Mem.  44  The  symbol  of  a  righteous  reign  Sat  fast  on 
George's  brows  again.  1808  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1856)  II.  86, 
I  devoted  a  week  to  the  corrections,  weeding  them  with 
righteous  relentlessness.  1853  KINGSLEY  Hypatia  xxvi, 
Her  righteous  wrath  was  too  deep  for  upbraidings. 
t  3.  Chiefly  Sc.  Rightful,  lawful,  legitimate. 
'375  BARBOUR  Bruce  ii.  159  He  come  to  mak  homage  Till 
him  as  till  his  rychtwis  king.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Lam 
Arms  (S.T.S.)  28Thai..dar  nocht..say  othir  wayis,  hot 
that  he  was  rychtwis  pape.  £1489  CAXTON  Sonncs  of 
Ayinon  i.  20  He  is  your  ryght-wyse  lorde.  1535  STEWART 
Cron.  Scot.  III.  141  Robert..,  Quhilk  in  that  tyme  alledgit 
for  to  be  The  richteous  air.  1596  DALRYMPLF.  tr.  Leslie's 
Hist.  Scot.  11.131  His  eftircumeris . . ,  quha  war  rychteous 
Kingis  of  Scottis, 

t  b.  Sc.  Rightfully  belonging  to  one.   Obs. 
1474  [see  RIGHTEOUSLY  adv.  4]. 
1 4.  Right,  genuine  ;  correct,  exact.  Obs.  rare. 
1543  ^-rr>.  Aberd.  Reg.  (1844)  I.  187,  vj  barrallis  of  sal- 
mond,  full  reid  and  sueit,  of  the  rychtus  kynd  of  this  toun. 
1605  VERSTEGAN  Dec.  fntell.  52  The  truth-trying  Logyk . . , 
The  righteous  Geometric.     1614  W.  BARCLAY  Nepenthes 
A  iv  b,  Avarice  and  greedines   of  gaine  haue  moued  the 
Marchants  to  apparell  some  European  plants  with  Indjan 
coats,  and  to  enstall  them  in  shops  as  righteous  and  legittime 
Tabacco. 

f  5.  As  adv.  Righteously ;  rightfully.  Obs. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  28232  pe  lagh  is  berpn  laid,  pat  biddes 
al  bat  rightwys  liue  Til  o^er  alle  baire  gilt  for-giue.    c  1420 
Antursof  Arth,  xxv.  For  him  that  ry^tewis  rest,  and  rose 
on  the  rode,    c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vn.  374  And  ye  ar  her 
|     ..Als  rychtwis  born. .As  euir  was  1. 

f  6.  Comb.,  as,  righteous-maker,  -making;  also 
righteous-doomous,  right-judging.  Obs. 


RIGHTEOUSLY. 

?<zi4ooin  Scl.  Wks.  U'yclif(i^-i)  III.  208 :  For  soblyto  |-e 
ri^twUdomous  man  it  fallil>  [eic.].  1535  COVERDALE  Ji'r. 
x.xiii.  6  This  is  the  name  that  they  shall  call  him  :  euen  the 
Lorde  oure  rightuous  maker.  —  Barucli  ii.  17  Fur  the 
deed.. ascribe  vnto  the  Lorde  nether  prayse  ner  rightuous- 
makynge.  1553  Short  Catech.  40  Fay th.  .doth,  .perceyue 
our  righteousmakyng  to  be  geuen  vs  of  God  freely.  1560 
BECON  Christian  A't.  Wks.  1 1.  149  In  my  self  I  am  a  sinner, 
but  in  Christ,  my  righteous  maker,  I  am  righteous. 

t  Bi'ghteOUS,  v.  Obs.  Forms  :  I  (se'reht-, 
rihtwisian,  4  rightwis(h)e,  -wyso,6  ryghtous. 
[f.  rihtiois  RIGHTEOUS  a.]  trans.  To  set  right ; 
to  justify  ;  to  do  justice  to  ;  to  make  righteous. 

c  825  I'esp.  Ps.  xviii.  10  Domas  godes  [sind]  soSe,  ^ereht- 
wisade  in  him  seolfum.  Ibid.  Ixxxi.  3  Heanne  &  oearfan 
•^erehtwisia'o.  c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  Luke  xvi.  15  Je  synt  be 
eo\v  sylfe  beforan  mannum  ^(jrihtwisiab.  a  1300  E.  1-'.. 
Psalter  xviii.  10  Domes  of  lauerd  solh  er  ai,  And  light- 
wished  in  )>ar-selfe  er  bai.  Ibid.  Ixxxi.  3  Meke  and  poure 
rightwises  swa.  a  1340  HAMI'OLF.  Psaltcr\\\.&  He  calks 
me,  he  rightwises  me  and  glorifies  me.  1387-8  T.  USK 
Test.  LO-JC  I.  viii.  (Skeat)  1.  35,  I  shal  sustayne  my  ladye.s 
wrathe  which  I  have  deserved,  so  longe  as  my  Margarite 
hath  rightwysed  my  cause.  1543  BALE  Romish  Fox  6-2  b, 
Cannewe  meryte  grace  with  synne?  or  deserue  to  be  ryght- 
oused  by  folye  ? 

Hence  Krghteousing  vbl.  sb.    rare. 
a  1340  HAHPOLE  Psalter  cxviii.  5  God  gif  rightid  U  my 
wayes:  forto  kepe  bi  rightwisyngis.    1865  lirsnxi.i.t.  I'l'tar. 
Sacr.  in.  vii.   (1868)  432  They  had  their  righteoussing  in 
God. 

Bi'ghteOUSer.  rare.  [Cf.  piec.]  One  who 
makes  righteous  ;  a  justifier. 

1865  BfsiiNicl.i.   ricar.  Kaer.  HI.  vii.  (1868)  421  That  he 
might  be  righteous  an  J  the  righteousserof  him  that  belie  veth. 
t  Bi'ghteOUShead,   -hood.    Obs.   rare.     [f. 
RIGHTEOUS  «.]     Righteousness. 

CI25O  Gen.  $  E.\;  936  Abram    leuede  ois  hot  in  sped; 
dat  was  him  told  to  ri;t-wished.     ^1300  Cursor  M.  26528 
For  suilk  es  Crist  reght-wis-hede  pat  metes  ilk  man  his 
mede.     ^1470  HARDING  Chron.  xc.  xii,  That  he  wolde  then 
of  his  ryghtwyshode  \v.r.  rightfulhode]  Do  cuery  man  ryght 
without  more  abode. 
So  t  Bi-ghteouslaik.   0/>s.  rare. 
ri2oo  OKMIN  252r  All  full  off  balljhe  mahhtess,  Off  herr- 
suinrnlej^c,  oiT  rinhtwisle^c. 

Bi'ghteously,  adv.  Forms  :  sec  RIGHTEOUS 
a.;  also  I  -lice,  3  -liohe  (5  -lyehe\  4  -lyke 
(coinp.  -liker),  -Ii,  5  -lye,  6  -lie.  [OE.  riht-, 
ryhtivislice  :  cf.  ON.  rtttvisliga  (MDa.  retviselige, 
MSw.  ralvisliga,  Sw.  riittvisligaf)^ 

1.  Justly,  uprightly ;  in  a  righteous  manner ; 
with  due  regard  to  what  is  right. 

a.  c888  K.  ALFRED  Kvcth.  xxxv.  §  i  Hu  ma:^;.  .;eni^  man 
ryhtwislice  &  jesceadwislice  acsijan  [etc.].  (11225  Lig. 
Keith.  753  pu,  . .  keiser,  nauest  nawt  bis  strif  rihlwisliche 
idealet,  baet  dest  fifti  meistres  to  motin  wio  a  meiden.  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  9708  Of  vs  four  sett  es  a-sise  Rightwisli  to  do 
iustise.  1:1375  XI  Pains  of  Hell  348  in  O.K.  Misc.  221 
He  bat  leuyshere  ryjtwysly . .  His  soule  nener  paynd  schal  be. 
c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xi.  44  pat  he  wald  here  baire  praier 
and  graunt  bat  bai  asked  rijtwisely.  1474  CAXTON  Chesse 
29  To  thende  that  the  Sone  shold  juge  rightwysly.  c  1510 
BARCLAY  Ktirr.  Gd.  Manners  (1570)  G  v,  But  a  famous  mer- 
chaunt, ..riche,  and  haboundant,  And  rightwisely  dealing, 
I  is  not  vituperable.  1523  FITZHERB.  Hxst.  g  156  Doo  well, 
I  and  worke  ryghtwysly. 

ft.    1526  Pilgr.  Per/.(\V.  de W.  1531)  sb,  All  the  chyldrcn 
of  Israel  that  dyed  ryghtuously  vnder  the  lawe  of  Moyses. 
1533  GAU  Richt  Vay  85  Supposing  thow  may  nchtushe  be 
I    ane  scherp  iuge. 

y.  1526  TINDALE  Titus  11.  12  lhat  we  shuld  live  sobre 
mynded,righteouslyandgodlyinthis..worlde.  I556LAUDEK 
Tractate  52  Geue  thay  haif  rewlit  rychteuslie.  1611  BIHLE 
Isa.  xxxiii.  15  He  that  walketh  righteously,  and  speaketh 
vprightly.  1684  Contempl.  St.  Man  It.  ii.  (1699)  147  Let 
us  Live  so  Righteously  and  Holily,  that  we  may  be 
thought  worthy  of  that  Crown.  1757  W.  WILKIE  Epigoinad 
'  v  150  Against  the  foe  I'll  [never]  lift  a  hostile  hand  ;  llll, 
righteously  fulfil'd,  the  truce  expires.  •'—  '  — «" 
Devereux  \.  i,  A-J  u~  — «— J  i..™..if 
governing  doma 

[ed.   2)  III.  693   j   --0-- 

land  and  the  rest  of  Hellas. 

b.   =  RELIGIOUSLY  adv.  3. 

1863  KINGLAKE  Crimea.  (1877)  IV.  398  They  did  not  slip 
their  cable,  but  righteously  got  up  their  anchor.  1868  HU, 
V.  122  As  Scarlett  had  led,  so  his  front  line  righteously 
followed. 

t  2.  Correctly,  rightly  ;  aright.    Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  HI.  3742  Right-wisli  es  lacob  his  nain,  pat 
es  to  sai,  wit  right  iangage,  Supplanter  als  of  heritage. 
13..  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  A.  709  Ryjt-wysly  quo  con  rede,  He 
loke  on  bok  &  be  awayed.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  I.  x.  844 
Next  lyis  be  landis  of  Medy,  Off  Medus  kyng  callit  richt- 
wisly  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  vii.  xxvi.  253  Yet  sir  kay 
..named  hym  more  righteuously  than  he  wende.  1531 
FRITH  Upon  Tracy  Wks.  (1573)  ?8  Therfore  he  doth  both 
righteously  and  godly  deduce  his  resurrection  by  Lhnstes. 
1561  BRENDE  Q.  Cartius  (1570)  302  Considering  Alexander 
rightuously,  wee  must  impute  all  his  vertues  to  his  owne 
'  nature,  and  hys  vyces  eyther  to  hys  youth, or  to  the  greatnes 
of  hys  Fortune.  1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  i.  ii.  14  If  'he  truth 
of  thy  loue  to  me  were  so  righteously  temper'd,  as  mine  is 
to  thee. 

3.  Rightfully,  properly,  deservedly.     Now  rare. 

1413  Pilgr.  Simile  (Caxton)  l.  xix.  (1859)  19  Than  thou 
here  thy  peyne  as  thou  hast  ryghtwysly  deseruyd.  1504 
LADY  MARGARET  tr.  De  Imitatione  iv.  xvii.  281  Benediccions 
..without  ende,  whiche  rightwisly  be  due  vnto  the.  1548-9 
(Mar.)  lit.  Com.  Prayer,  Litany,  Those  euilles  that  we 
moste  righteously  haue  deserued. 

1-1840  SIR  W.  HAMILTON  Logic  ( 1 860)  II.  App.  264  It  is 
i  material  and  precarious,  and  has  righteously  been  allowed 


_         f         1U1III    U,         lilt          n  U.-V,        *-  .^~.  -~     7     , , 

Devereux    \.   i,   And   he   solaced   himself  by   righteously 
jverning  domains  worthy  of  a  prince.     1875  JOWETT  Plato 
(ed.   2)  III.  693  They  righteously  administered  their  own 


RIGHTEOUSNESS. 

to  drop  out  of  science.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xiii. 
III.  248  William  saw  that  he  must  not  think  of  paying  to 
the  laws  of  Scotland  that . .  respect  which  he  had  wisely  and 
righteously  paid  to  the  laws  of  England. 

f4.  Sc.  l*y  legal  right;  lawfully.   Obs. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Anns  (S.T.S.)  131  Here  speris  the 
doctour  gif  a  man  may  for  his  temporale  gudis  rychtwisly 
conquest  inak  defensable  were.  1474  in  Ace.  Fain,  of  I  fines 
(1864)82  With  all.,  richtwis  pertinentis  to  the  forseidislandis 
pertening  or  that  richtwisly  may  pertene.  1596  DAunrMPLX 
tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  Prol.  17  like  hes  rychteouslie  from 
age  to  age  succeidet  till  vther.  Ibid.  \\.  137  Keuther  is 
rychtuouslie  sett  in  his  place. 

Ri'ghteousiiess.  Forms  :  see  RIGHTEOUS 
a.;  also  I  -nysse,  i,  4  -nys,  -nisse;  1-7  -nesse, 
i,  4-7  -nes  (5  Sc,  -nese).  5  -nasse.  [OE.  reht-, 
ti/it-,  ryhtwisnisse  :  see  KIGHTEOI'S  a.  +  -NESS.] 

1.  Justice,  uprightness,  rectitude ;  conformity  of 
life  to  the  requirements  of  the  divine  or  moral 
law  ;  virtue,  integrity. 

a.  ^825  J'Yji/.  Ps.  iv.  6  OnsecsaSonsegdnisse  rehtwisnisse 
\}+jnstftix\  Ibid.  xcvii[i],  9  Doemaed  ymbhwyrf  eordan  in 
relitwisnisse.  ('897  K.  J-KLFRKO  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xlix,  380  \ 
Dryhten, . .  dine  ryntvrisnesse  ic  ne  tli^le  on  minre  heortan. 
t  1000  Ags.  C,osp.  Matt.  xxi.  32  lohannus  com  on  rihtwis- 
ne-ise  we^e,  and  £e  tie  selyfdon  him.  a  1122  O.  E.  Chron. 
(Land  MS.)  an.  1086,  Hi  nellaS  lufian  God  &  rihtwisnesse. 
t.  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  109  Of  |?e  is  arisen  J>c  sunne  of 
ritmvisenesse.  c  1230  Hali  Meid.  41  pe  uertuz  bat  he 
streoneS  in  be  (nirh  his  swete  grace,  as  rihtwisnesse.  a  1300 
Cursor  .!/.  1640  pe  erth  wit  sin  and  scham  es  schent,  AI 
rightwisnes  awai  es  went.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  V. 
7  For  so  greet  ri^twisiiesse  it  .semeji  [jat  Seint  Gregorie  wan 
hw  soule  out  of  helle.  c  1400  MAUXDEV.  (Roxb.)  xv.  67  Godd 
ban  had  done  agayne  his  rihtwisnesse  for  to  suffer  swilk  ane 
innocent  diewithouten  gilt.  1482  Monk  of  £vesAattt (Ax\),) 
64  He  sofryd  by  cause  that  often  tymes  he  peruerted  ryght- 
wesnes  as  a  man  myghty  in  wordys  takyng  geftys.  1533 
COVERDALE  Rev.  xix.  ii  He..was  called  faith  full  and  true, 
&  in  righiewesnes  dyd  iudge.  1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron. 
III.  1174  Wrong decaieth  still, and  nghtwisenesse vp  stands. 
ft-  "5*3  [CovF.imALKj  OldGod  (1534)  E  viij,  Justiniamis. . 
was  so  great  a  loner  of  Justice  and  rightuousness,  that  [etc.]. 
1596  DALRYMI-LK  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  vi.  326  marg..  He 
is  a  manteiner  of  pietie  and  richtuousnes. 

V-  '535  COVKRDALK  Dent.  vi.  25  It  shall  be  righteousnes 
vnto  v>  before  the  Lorde  oure  God.  1556  OLDE  Antichrist 
105  Christ  expresseth  himselfe  to  l)e  our  only  righleousnesse. 
1628  WITHER  Brit.  Remcmb.  v.  780,  I  finds  a  better  right 
eousness  imputed  Then  1  have  lo-^t.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xn. 
550  Ages  of  endless  date  Founded  in  righteousness.  1738 
WtsLKY  Ps.  H.  7  All  my  Powers  shall  join  to  bless  The  Lord, 
my  Strength  and  Righteousness.  1781  COWPER  Truth  576, 
I  never  ..  hop 'd,  but  in  thy  righteousness  divine.  1858 
TRENCH  Par.  xii.  (1877)  241  What  this  guest  wanted  was 
righteousness  both  in  its  root  of  faith  and  its  flower  of 
charity.  1875  J.  P.  Horrs  Princ.  Rtlig.  ix.  28  Righteous-  , 
ness  is  obedience  to  law,  observance  of  duty,  and  fidelity  to 
conscience. 

ptrsonif.     ^825    I'csp.    Psalter  lxxx[i]v.    14   Rehtwisius 
biforan  him  gouged  &  seteS  in  we^e  gongas  his.     a  1225     \ 
Ancr,  R.  304  On  o3er  half  stont  rihtwisnesse,  bet  no  reoude     | 
nis  mide,  dredful  &  grureful  uorto  biholden.     a  1300  E.  E.     \ 
Psalter  Ixxx[i]v.  n  Rightwisenes  and  pais  kissed  ere  swa,     i 
1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xvm.  197  A}eines  resoun,  I,  rihtwis- 
nesse,  records  bus  with  treuth,  pat  her  peyne  be  perpetuel. 
c  1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  795  At  the  furst  corner  was 
Ryghtwysnes  that  tyde.     1653  MILTON  Ps.  Ixxxv.  53  Before     \ 
liim  Righteousness  shall  go  His  Royal  Harbinger. 

fb.   //.    Particular  acts    of  justice;   righteous    : 
deeds.   Obs. 

^825  I'esp.  PtaBtrcxvaL  16  In  Sinum  rehtwismssum  ic 
sniegu.  c  IOOO^ELFRIC  Horn.  1 1.532  Hwi  bodast  ou  mine  riht- 
wttnynaand  mine  ncydoyne  burn  fainnemniSl  a  1300  E.E. 
Psalter  xviii.  9  Rightwisenes^es  ofe  lauerd  [are]  right,  hertes 
fainand.    11340  HAMPOLI;  Psalter  x.^  Rightwis  is  lord,  and 
he  lufid  rightwisnesMs.     a  1400  Prytncr  (1891)  19  Rijtwys- 
nesses  of  the  lord.     1535  COVERDALE  Bar  itch  ii.  12  We  haue 
behaued  oure  selue*  vngodly  in   all  thy  rightuousnesses.     ; 
1611  BIBLE  Isa.  Ixiv.  6  We  are  al  as  an  vncleane  thing,  and.     : 
all  our  righteousnesses  are  as  filthy  ragges. 
t  2.  Fitness;  propriety.     Obs.  rare. 
1481  CAXTON  Myrr.  i.   ix.  34   Rethoryque  whyche  con-     i 
teyneth  in  substaunce,  rightwisnes,  Raysan  and  ordynaunce     ' 
of  wordes. 

Righter1  (rai-tai).     [See  RIGHT  v.  and  -BR!.    j 
Cf.  OFris.  riuchten,  MDu.  rechter(e,  ruhter(e,  Du. 
rtchter^regter),  MLG.  richter(e,  OHG.  rihtfoi 
(G.  richttr\  ON.  rtttari  judge,  executioner.] 

1 1.  One  who  arranges  or  regulates.   Obs. 

c  888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  v.  §  3  Ic  wat  Saette  God  rihtere 
is  his  agenes  weorces.  1593  Q.  ELIZ.  Boeth.  iv.  pr.  i.  ?<; 
When  the  Righter  of  all  ihTng  is  good. 

t  2.  An  executioner,  headsman.  Obs~l 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  88/1  The  rightar  brandysshid  hys 
swerd  ouer  their  heedes. 

3.  One  who  settles  or  sets  right  (esp.  wrongs, 
grievances,  etc.) ;  a  redresser,  vindicator. 

1598  FLOKIO,  GiutHcet  a  iudge,  a  commissarie,  a  righter  of 
causes.  [Hence  1611  COTGHAVE  s.v.  Iuge.\  1612  SHELTOS 
9*fc  !'  *V"  2fi  Kno*  that  I  am  the  valorous  Don-Quixote 
of  the  Mancha,  the  righter  of  wrongs,  and  vndoer  of  iniuries. 
1711  '  J.  DISTAKK  '  Char.  Don  Sachevert-llio  9  Behold  in  me 
the  Righter  of  Injuries.  1822  SCOTT  Peveril  x,  The  times 
demand  nghters  and  avengers,  and  there  will  be  no  want  of 
them.  1876  MORRIS  Sigurd  iv.  328  The  righter  of  wrongs, 
the  deliverer. 

Ri'ghter-.  [f.  RIGHT  j<M]  An  advocate  of 
,some  one*s)  rights. 

1897  Globe  ii  Mar.  3/4  She  is  what  one  might  call  an  early    ! 
specimen  of  a  woman's  righter, 

t  Bight-forth,  adv.  and  a.    [f.  RIGHT  adv.  +    i 
FORTH  adv.    Cf.  FORTHRIGHT.] 
A.  adv.  Straight  forward ;  in  a  straight  course. 


678 

1382  WYCLIF  Ps.  ci.  29  The  sed  of  hem  in  to  the  world  shal 
be  ri^tforth  reulid.  1587  GOLDING  DC  Mornayx\\-.  (1592) 
218  Reason  certilieth  vs  that  they  runne  rightfoorth  with 
tquall  distance  one  from  another. 

B.  adj.  Direct;  straight-forward. 

1540  HYKOE  tr.  I 'ivts* Ittstr.  Chr.  Worn.  (1592)  vj,  All  shall 
lie  simple  and  right  forth,  demure,  suber.  1561  EDEN  Arte 
Nanig.  I.  vi,  The  earth  dyd  moue..not  by  a  ryght  forth 
motion,  but  circulerly  about. 

Rightful  (rai'tful),  a.  (sb.  and  adv.}.  Forms : 
see  RICHT  «.;  also  3-4  -fol'le,  -vol(le,  4-5  -fulle, 
4-6  -full,  5  -fful.  [Late  OE.  rihtful,  f.  riht 
KUJHT  sbl  +  -FUL.] 

1.  Of  persons:  Disposed  to  do  right;  upright, 
just.  (Of.  RIGHTEOUS  a.  i.)  Now  rare  or  Obs. 

a  \\zz  ('.  1C.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.) an.  IICKI,  Kail  bet  be  Gode 
\\ass  Ia5  &:  rihtfullan  mannan  ..  wies  gewunefic  on 


rihlful  inon.  c  1380  Lay  Folks  Catech.  (Lamb.  MS.)  531 
This  god  is.  .mo.st  ry^tful,  and  most  ful  of  goodnesse.  1422 
tr.  Sccreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  189  He  ryghtfull  to  al  men, 
Slow  to  be  wroth,  Redy  to  mercy.  1483  CAXION*  Cold.  Leg. 
66/4  Thenne  said  Saul,  I  haue  synned.. .Thou  arte  right- 
fuller  than  I  am.  1529  RASTKLL  Pastyme  (iBn)  20  The 
moost  ry glu ful  and  indyfferent  juge  that  ever  was.  1596 
SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  iv.  i.  301  Por,  The  Court  awards  it,  and 
the  la\v  doth  giue  it.  fe7v.  Most  rightfull  Iudge.  1611 
Cui'iK.,  faste,, .  incorrupt,  rightfull,  vpright,  sincere. 

1819  SuKLLKYOwa  in.  i.  179  Mighty  death  !  Thou  double- 
vUa^ed  shadow  !  Only  judge!  Rightfullest  arbiter  1 

t  b.  al>sot.  (Cf.  RIGHTEOUS  i  b  and  i  c.) 

(11325  Prose  Psalter  xxxvi[i],  25  Whan  £>e  ri}tful  haj? 
f.illen,  he  ne  shal  notut  ben  hirt.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PL  II.  in. 
1:41  Alle  bat  helpeth  pe  innocent  and  halt  with  pe  ri*jtfnl. 
a  1425  Cursor  M.  17315  (Trin.),  Euel  haue  *je  done  wolde 
,e  be  knowen  Of  pat  rijiful  bat  36  dud  honge. 

2.  Of  actions,  etc. ;  In  conformity  with  what  is 
right  or  just ;  equitable,  thoroughly  fair. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  2876  Hii  binome  him  is  Idnedom  & 
pat  is  a  ri;tuol  dede.  Ibid.  5391  Lawes  he  made  ri^tuolore 
&  btren^ore  ban  er  were.  1340  Aycnb.  44  pe  obre  man  ere 
is  huanne  me  heb  rhtuolle  wyrjtes  and  ri^tuollc  mesures 
and  /elleb  ontreweliche.  1377  LANGL,  P.  PL  Ii.  Prol.  127 
Crist,  .leue  be  lede  bi  lotide,  so  leute  be  louye,  And  for  bi 
rijtful  rewlyng  be  rewarded  in  heuene  !  1422  tr.  Secret  a 
Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  145  Hoppe  is  a  ryghtfull  tryste  for  a 
ryghtfull  Werke.  1481  CAXTON  Reynard  (Arb.)  103  The 
quarel  that  I  haue  is  rightful,  a  1533  LD.  BURNERS  Huon 
Ixxxi.  249  Let  me  haue  ryghtfull  and  trewe  iugement.  1590 
Sri:\SEi<  F.Q.  \.  xii.  28  For  truth  is  strong  her  rightfull  cause 
to  plead,  c  1630  MILTON  UponCircumc.  17  For  we  by  rightfull 
doom  remediles  Were  lost  in  death,  a  1721  PRIOR  (J.),The 
smiling  hours;  Such  as  with  friendly  care  have  guarded 
Patriots  and  kings  in  rightful  wars.  1813  SCOTT  Rokeby  v. 
xxi,  He  that  sings  the  rightful  cause.  1859  I.  TAYLOR 
Logic  in  Theol.  201  Can  it  be  rightful  ..to  enact  in  India., 
that  which  was  enacted  for  the  Roman  world? 

3.  Legal,  lawful,  legitimate :  a.  Of  persons,  in 
respect  of  position  or  claims. 

c  1330  Art'h.  <y  Merl.  2804  (Kolbing),  Euerichon.  .maden 
solempne  bisechemge  For  to  haue  a  rijtful  kinge.  1390 
GOWER  Con/.  III.  4122  So  were  Lhei  for  everemo.. Departed 
fro  the  rihtfull  heir. 

1590  S TENSER  F.  Cj.  ii.  vii.  19  But  thou  didst  these  goods 
bereave  From  rightfull  owner  by  unrighteous  lott.  1591 
SHAKS.  i  Hen.  Vi ',  ii.  v.  80  In  this  haughtie  great  attempt 
..to  plant  the  rightfull  Heire,  I  lost  my  Libertie.  1605 
CAMUKN  Rein.  3  Her  vndoubted  and  rightfull  successor. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  815  Every  Soule  in  Heav'n  Shall.. 
Confess  him  rightful  King.  1724  W ELTON  Chr\  Faith  fy 
Pract.  215  A  due  obedience  to  our  rightful  governors.  1784 
COWPH  Task  111.749  '•!•  he  legitimate  and  rightful  lord  Is 
but  a  transient  guest.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vii.  II. 
161  The  common  people,  .regarded  him  as  their  rightful 
head.  1855  Ibid.  xxi.  IV.  684  How  a  rightful  and  lawful 
possessor  is  to  be  distinguished  from  a  possessor  who  has 
the  exclusive  right  by  law  [etc,]. 

Comb.  1856  LEVER  Martins  ofCro  M.  623  A  daughter — 
an  illegitimate  one— but  worthy  to  be  the  rightful-born  child 
to  the  first  man  in  the  land. 

b.  Of  inheritance,  possessions,  etc. 

1377  LANGL,  P.  PL  B.  xiv.  291  Selde  is  any  pore  riche,  but 
afnjttal  heritage.  1399  GOWKK  Con/.,  To  Hen.  IV,  59  To 
cleime  and  axe  his  rightful  heritage  In  alle  places  wher  it  is 
withholde.  1483  [see  HERITAGE  si>.  2].  1612  DKAYTON 
Poly-alb,  xii.  359  His. .son,  By..stepdame's  hate,  to  death 
was  lastly  done,  To  set  his  rightful  Crown  upon  a  wrongful 
head.  1736  Gentl.  Mag.  VI.  434/1  The  rightful  undisturbed 
Possession  of  it  will  add  vastly  to  the  Power  of  France. 
c  1792  BURNS  Extempore^  on  Thomson  8  Th'  unfading  gar- 
land..,  Thy  sair-won,  rightful  spoil.  1856  HAWTHORNE 
Enr.  Note-bks.  (1870)  II.  69  This  unparalleled  Englishman 
declined  taking  anything  beyond  his  rightful  halfpenny. 
a  1859  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xxv.  V.  294  An  innocent  boy, 
who  was  kept  out  of  his  rightful  inheritance  by  an  ambitious 
kinsman. 

1 4.  Straight.   Obs.  rare. 

1382  WYCLIF  Matt.  Hi.  3  Make  ;e  redy  the  wayes  of  the 
Lord;  make  5eri5tful  the  pathes  of  hym.     (AlsoHtt.  xii.  13.) 
5.  Proper,  fitting ;  correct.     Now  rare. 

701366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  405,  I  trowe  that  she  Was 
fair  sumtyme,..Whan  she  was  in  hir  rightful  age.  1393 
LANGL.  P,  PL  C.  iv.  377  Relac'ion  reel  is  a  ryhtful  custome. 
i4u.tr.  Sccreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Prh>.  240  Of  the  ryghtfull 
houns  and  tymes  of  ettynge  and  drynkynge.  a  1586 
SIDNEY  Ps,  xu.  vi,  Triumph  well  may  I,  whome  thou 
did'st  stay  In  my  sound  rightfull  way.  1591  SPENSER 
M.  Httbberd  794  Such  is  the  rightfull  Courtier  in  his 
kmde.  1676  MARVELL  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  537  If  they 
have  no  share  by  right  in  the  government  of  themselves,  by 
their  certain  rightful  times  of  parliaments.  1704  PRIOR  Let. 
to  Boileau  in  Danube  scarce  retains  his  rightful  Course. 
1839  J.  VERY  Poems  42  (Cent.),  The  hand  and  foot  that  &tir 


BIGHT  HAND. 

not,  they  shall  find  Sooner  than  all  the  rightful  place  to  go. 
0:1853  ROBERTSON*  Led.  i.  (1858)  30  You  have  surely  pro 
ceeded  in  the  rightful  order. 

t  6.  As  adv.  Rightfully,  properly.   Ols. 

13..  Cursor  Jlf.  3742  (Gott.),  He  has  me  done  ful  mekil 
schame,  Rihtful  was  tacob  cald  his  name.  1422  tr.  Secrcta 
Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  167  The  Powere  of  a  prynce  that  is  not 
ryghtfull  demenyt. 

Hence  tBi-ghtfoUiood.  Obs.~l 

c  1470  [see  RIGHTEOUSHOOD]. 

Rightfully  ^rai'tfuli),  adv.  Forms:  see 
RIGHTFUL  a.  ;  also  4  -lych(e  (comp.  -lokest), 
4-5  -liche,  5  -lich;  4  -Ii,  6  -lie,  -lye.  [f. 
RIGHTFUL  a.  +  -L\2.] 

1.  In  accordance  with,  with  due  regard  for,  what 
is  right  or  just ;  justly,  equitably,  fairly. 

1297  R.  Gi.ouc.  (Rolls)  1872  Constantin.  .ladde  is  kinedom 
Ri^tuolliche  A  suibe  wel.  ^1330  Arth.  fy  Mert.  2948  (Kol- 
bing),  It  nis  no  ri3t,  bat  JKJU  me  werne,  Rijtfulliche  bat  y 
wil  3erne.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  U''ks.  III.  328  Where  he  be 
wrongly  cursed  or  rijt fully,  c  1400  Rom.  Rose  6630  Ne  I  ne 
wtne  not,  sikerly,  That  they  may  have  it  rightfully.  1495  Act 
ii  Hen.  y/It  c.  64  §  12  Other  enheritamemis  perteynyng 
rightfully  to  dyverse  the  Kingis  true  lieges.  1545  BRINKI.OW 
Lament.  6  The  plages  of  Egipte,  which  ye  haue  already 
rightfully  deserued.  1368  GKAFTON  Chron.  II.  350  The 
realme  of  Fraunce,  the  whiche  rightfully  did  apperteyne 
vnto  them.  1658-9  Burton's  Diary  (1828)  IV.  124,  I  should 
be  glad  they  could  make  it  out  by  law,  that  they  sit  here 
rightfully.  1695  Anc.  Const.  Eng.  5  Tins  [kingly]  power 
cannot  rightfully  be  acquired  without  the  people's  consent. 
1809-10  CoLERiDGti  Friend  (1865)  14  No  man  can  rightfully 
be  condemned  without  reference  to  some  definite  law.  iCSs 
Law  Times  Rep.  LI.  747/1  The  goods  were  rightfully  sold 
under  the  bill  of  sale. 

2.  Rightly,  properly,  correctly. 

1340  Ayenb.  196  Yef  hi  weren  n^tuolliche  milde,  hi  ssolden 
bete  re  louie  be  uelajrede  of  poure  men  [etc.],  1362  LANCL. 
P.  PL  A.  i.  52  For  nhtfoliche  Resoun  schulde  rulen  ou  alle. 
c  1430  Pilgr.  Zjr/  M cathode  in.  xiv.  (1869)  142  For  riht- 
fulliche  j  may  be  cleped  an  ape  clogged.  1548  UDALL,  etc- 
Erasm.  Par.  John  xv.  gob,  They  that  are  vnder  Moses 
law  be  rightfully  called  seruauntes.  1591  SPENSER  Teares 
Alnsesyz  None  but  you.  .Can  rightfullyaread  sodolefull  lay. 

1831  COLERIDGK  Tablc-t.  12  Sept.,  I  show  to  each  system 
that  I  fully  understand  and  rightfully  appreciate  what  that 
system  means.  1854  THOKEAU  Walcten  (1884)  112  Books., 
stand  naturally  and  rightfully  on  the  shelves  of  every 
cottage.  1884  Matick.  Exam.  24  Nov.  6/3  He  rightfully 
distrusted  such  a  frail-looking  craft. 

BightfulnesS  (rai-tfulnes).  Forms :  see 
RIGHTFUL  a.;  also  4-6  -nes,  4-7  -nesse.  [-NESS.] 

fl.  =  RIGHTEOUSNESS  i.  Obs. 

Until  c  1400  the  Vulg.  justitia  was  frequently  translated 
as  *rightfulness\ 

1303  R.  lisuNNE  Handl.  Synnefoo-i  Yn^e  touber  werlde 
.  .pere  ys  but  ry^lfulnes  of  dome  ;  pere  ys  al  ry^tfulnes  at  be 
last  ende.  «I325  Prose  Psalter  xxxix.  [xl.]  13  Y  ne  hyd 
nou3t  by  ryjtfulnes  inmyn  hert.  1388  \\' VCLIF Gen.  xviii.  19 
That  thei  kepe  the  weie  of  the  Lord,  and. .do  rijtfulnesse 
and  dom.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.^  Priv.  Priv.  147  The 
Ryghtfulnes  of  workis  or  of  dedis  comyth  and  rysyth  of 
Ryghtfulnesse  of  wille,  ^1460  METHAM  H-'ks.  (E.  E.  T.  S.) 
94  The  four  the  lyne..sygnyfyith  ryte  fful  nes  and  enduryng 
in  gode  werkes.  .and  vertu.  1532  HERVET --\V«£»/*A(J«  (1768) 
58  Do  you  in  dede  take  vpon  you  to  teach  them  that  Justice 
and  ryghtefulnes?  a  1586  SIDNEY  Ps.  xxxm.  i,  Rejoyce 
in  God,  O  ye  That.,  cherish  rightful  I  nesse.  1594  CAREW 
Huarte's  Exam.  IV its  (1616)  204  The  rightfulnesse  and 
singlenesse  of  the  vnderstanding,  which  admitteth  no 
doublenesse. 

personif.  11325  Prose  Psalter  lxxx[i]v.  14  Ryttfotou 
shal  go  to-fore  hym,  and  shal  sett  his  goings  in  his  waie. 
a  1470  H.  PARKKR  Dives  <y  Pauper  i\V.  de  W.  1496)  329/2 
Ryghtfull  dome  is  tourned  bacwarde,  &  ryghtful nesse 
stode  from  ferre.  c  1557  ABP.  PAKKKR  Ps.  xxv.  59  Let  per- 
fectnes  and  right fulnes  both  guide  and  wayte  on  mee. 

t  b.  //.   =  RIGHTEOUSNESS  i  b.  Obs. 

a  1325  Prose  Psalter  xviii.  [xix.]  9  pe  ry5tfulnesses  of  our 
Lord  ben  makand  ioyful  rygilich  pe  hertes.  1388  WYCLII- 
Dcut.  iv.  5  Y  tau5te  ;ou  the  comaundementis  and  rijtful- 
nessis,  as  my  Lord  God  comaundide  to  me. 

•\  2.  Of  stature :  Erectness,  uprightness.   rare~l. 

1387  TREVIBA  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  213  In  mannis  body 
was.  .rijtfullnesse  of  stature,  fairenesse  of  schappe. 

3.  The  fact  of  being  right  or  just ;  the  justness 
or  equity  ^/"something. 

1676  TOWEKSON  Decalogue  265  The  right  fulness  of  princes 
pleas.  1736  Plea  for  Sacram.  Test  48  None  of  their  Tenets 
.  .will  incline  them  to  dispute  the  Rightfulness  of  the  pre 
sent  Civil  Settlement.  1821  COLERIDGE  Lett.t  Convert.,  etc. 
II.  36  Those  women  ..  who  feel  the  rightfulness  of  their 
own  claim  to  be  loved  with  honor.  1879  MCCARTHY  Own 
Times  y.x\\\\,  II.  334  The  men  who  are  to  carry  on  a  war  must 
have  no  doubt  of  its  rightfulness  of  purpose. 

Right  hand.  Also  right-hand,  righthand. 
Forms;  see  RIGHT  a.  and  HAND  sb.  [f.  RIGHT  a.  18. 
Cf.  Fris.  rjitchterhfat)  (M)Du.  rechter  hand,  G. 
rechte  hand.] 

1.  That  hand  which  is  normally  the  stronger  of 
the  two.  (Opposed  to  LEFT  HAND.) 

c  1000  Nicodeimts  xxi,  Se  Haelend..be  cfeere  ryhl  banda 
me  jenam.  triaoo  ORMIN  8181  And  himm  wass  sett  inn  hiss 
rihht  hannd  An  dere  kine5errde.  c  1290  ^'.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  n 
His  ri^t  hond  he  liet  of-smite.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  1618  lie 
his  righthand  he  suar  his  ath.  1340-70  Alisaundcr  1174  He 
raught  for  the  his  right  hand  &  his  ngge  frotus.  a  1400-50 
Alexander  784*  With  hys  right  hande  hym  rodely  [he] 
strakez.  ^1475  Rauf  Coifycar  150  He. .hit  him  vnder  the 
eir  with  his  ncht  hand.  1535  COVERDALE  Tobit  vii.  13  So  he 
toke  the  righthande  of  his  daughter,  and  gaue  her  in  to  the 
right  hande  of  Tobias.  '  1585  R.  BROWNE  Answ.  Cart- 
ivright  3  This  he  shoulde  houlde  in  his  right  hande.  1635- 
56  COWLEY  Davideis  \.  a  That  right  hand  which  held  the 


RIGHT   HAND. 


679 


RIGHT-LINED. 


Crook  before.  1670  C.  GATAKER  in  Cataker'sAntid.  Errour    \ 
To  Rdr.  tt  ij  b,  Whom  I  desire  to  receive  with  the  right  hand, 
that  which  is  offered  with  the  right  hand.     1710  Lond.  Gaz. 
No,  4784/1  On   Condition  that  he  should  give  the  Right 
Hand  to  the  Marquis  de  Prie  in  his  own  House.      1781 
COWPF.R  Anti-Thelyphth.  169  To  horse  !  he  cried,  or  by  this    : 
good  right  hand.. I  smite  you.     1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth    \ 
xix,  She  let   her  right  hand    fall   on   his  shoulder.      1879    I 
BROWNING    H albert  $  Hob  4  Right-hand   with   left-hand    j 
linked, —  He  faced  his  son  submissive. 

attrib.    1675  BROOKS  Gold.  Key  Wks.  1867  V.  51,  I  desire    j 
nothing  more. .than  that  God  would  pull  out  right-eye  sins,    ' 
and  cut  off  right-hand  sins.     1680  ROSCOMMON  Poems  (1780)    i 
78  Give  my  exalted  soul  a  place  Among  thy  chosen  right-    . 
hand  race.    1762  STKRNE  Tr.  Shandy  v.  xxix,  He  set  his    ' 
right-hand    thumb    upon    the    bow   of   the  saddle.     1805 
SOUTHKY  Madoc  in,  IV.  xi,  The  Prince.. gave  to  Caradoc 
the  right-hand  pledge.     iSOfy  H  arpcr  s  3Tng.  Dec.  114/2  She    : 
started  from  home  with  two  right-hand  gloves. 

b.  transf.  as  a.  symbol  of  friendship  or  alliance.    ] 
(Rendering  I.,  dextrx.} 

1591  SAVILE  Tacitus,  Hist.  i.  liv.  31  The  Lingeries.. had  I 
sent  giftes  to  the  Legions,  Right-hands  in  token  of  mutual  I 
loue.  1598  GRF.NF.WEY  Tacitus,  Ann.  11.  xiv.  (1622)  53  ' 
Calling  to  mind  their  friendship,  .with  the  Romans,  and  j 
desiring  that  they  might  renew  right  hands. 

C.  transf.  A  person  of  usefulness  or  importance;  I 
an  efficient  or  indispensable  helper  or  aid. 

c  1528-37  LD.  J.  BUTLER  in  Ellis  Grig.  Lett.  Ser.  n,  II.  48 
O  Connor,  .who  hath  mariedthe  erle  of  Kildare'sdoghter,  is    ' 
his  right  hand.     1581  G.  ELLIOT  (title),  A  very  true  Report 
of  the  apprehension,  .of  that  arch-Papist  Edmund  Campion, 
the  Pope  his  right  hand.     1615  J.  STEPHENS  Satyr.  Ess.  329    ' 
A  Lawyers  simple  Clarke  Is  his  Masters  right  hand,  if  hee 
bee   not   left-handed.     1665    PHPVS   Diary  22   July,   It   is 
strange  to  see  how  poor. .  Backewell  is  like  to  be  put  to  it 
in  his  absence,  Mr.  Shaw,  his  right  hand,  being  ill.     1713 
STEELE  Guard.  No.  5  F  4  For  Mrs.  Jane  is  the  Right-hand 
of  her  Mother.     1763  WKLLDON  (////*),  The  Smith's  Right 
Hand,  or  a  Complete  Guide  to  the  Various  Branches  of 
all  sorts  of   Iron  Work.     1846   GROTE  Greece  (1869)  I.  57 
[Hephaestos]  is  indispensable  as  the  right-hand  and  instru-    ' 
ment  of  the  gods.     1847  TENNYSON  Princess  m.  21  Lady    i 
Psyche  was  the  right  hand  now,  And  she  the  left,  or  not,  or 
seldom  used. 

2.  a.  The  right  side.     b.  The  direction  towards 
the  right.   =  RIGHT  sbl  17  n. 

c  1205  LAV.  14734  Heo  ise;en  an  heore  riht  hond  a  swibe 
fccier  aeit-lond.  a  1240  Creed  in  O.  E.  Horn.  I.  217  per  he 
sit  o  godes  rithond  feder  al-mihti.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  6325 
He  loked  als  on  his  righthand.  a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter 
cxli.  5,  I  byheld  til  }>e  righthand.  c  1420  LVDG.  Assembly 
of  Gods  1769  The  in**  on  the  ryght  hande  here  hit  ys  to  the  i 
tolde.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  \.  xv.  56  Syr  Arthur., 
siered  his  hors  here  £  there  on  the  right  hand  &  on  the  lyft 
hand,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.t  Ediv.  1V^  26  He  left  the  right 
way  toward  Pomfret, . .  and  toke  the  way  on  the  right  hand. 
1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  n.  ii.  42  Turne  vpou  your  right  hand 
at  the  next  turning.  1661  PEPYS  Diary  23  Apr.,  My  wife 
[was]  in  one  little  one,  on  the  right  hand.  1687  T.  BROWN 
Saints  in  Uproar  Wks.  1730  I.  82  Pluto.  Two  martyrs, 
say'st  thou?  Where  the  devil  are  they?  Pope.  On  my 
right-hand.  1720  DE  FOE  Capt.  Singleton  (1907)  99  They  j 
might  continue  as  far  to  the  right  hand,  and  to  the  left  as  ! 
far.  1837  G.  PHILLIPS  Syriac  Gram,  i  The  Syrians  in 
common  with  many  other  Eastern  nations,  read  from  the 
right-hand  to  the  left.  1863  MARY  HOWITT  tr.  F.  Bremer"s 
Greece  I.  2  On  the  right  hand  we  discern  Mount  Athos. 

attrib.  1592  KYD  Sp.  Trag.  i.  i,  Three  waies  there  were  : 
that  on  the  right  hand  side  Was  ready  way  unto  the  fore- 
said  fields,  a  1600  Flodden  F.  v.  (1664)  46  In  Right-hand 
wing  did  warlike  wend.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  \\.  633  Som 
times  He  scours  the  right  hand  coast,  1757  W.  WILKIE 
Epigoniad\\.  33  [It]  struck  the  right-hand  courser  to  the 
ground.  1839  DE  LA  HECHE  Rep.  Geol.  Cornw.,  etc.  x.  305 
What  the  miner  terms  a  'right  hand  heave1.  1887  RIDKR 
HAGGARD  Allan  Quatermain  ii,  I  made  out  several  dark 
heads  gliding  away  towards  the  right-hand  bank. 

t  b.  The  position  of  honour.    7o  take  the  right 
hand  of t  to  take  or  assume  precedence  of.  Obs. 

1652  Seas.  Exp.  9  If.  .the  time,  .be  made  Umpier  of  Pre 
cedency,  Geneva  must  take  the  right  hand  of  You.  1682 
News  fr.  France  2  It  is  true,  the  Precedence  was  then 
granted  to  the  Bishops  of  Rome, .  .and  the  Empire  carrying 
its  name  from  Rome,  no  wonder  if  the  Bishop.. had  the 
Right-hand  still  reserved  to  him.  1704  N.  N.tr.  Boccalinfs 
Advts.fr.  Parnass.  1. 188  The  Scotch  Nobility,  .said  'twas 
a  very  hard  Case,  that  a  poor  Scholar.. should  afterwards 
by  Virtue  of  a  Bishoprick..not  only  assume  as  gooda  Title 
as  his  Master,  but  even  pretend,  upon  some  Occasions,  to 
take  the  Right-hand  of  him. 

c.  Of  errors  :   On  the  right  hand,  on  the  right    ! 
side,  in  the  right  direction.    Also  attrib.  ?  Obs. 

1693  DRYDEN  Persius  vi.  (1697)  490  One  Error,  tho*  on  the     \ 
right  hand,  yet  a  great  one,  is,  That  they  are  no  Helps  to  a 
Virtuous  Life.     1785  WESLEY  Wks.  (1872)  XIII.  95  Miss     ' 
Cooke  leans  to  the  right-hand  error — It  is  safer  to  think 
too  little  than  too  much  of  yourself. 

3.  Right-hand  man :  -j*  a.  A  soldier  holding  a 
position  of  responsibility  or  command  on  the  right 
of  a  troop  of  horse.  Obs.     b.  =  sense  i  c. 

a.  1665  PEPYS  Diary  4  Dec.,  Not  only .  .being admitted  into 
the  Uuke  of  Albemarle's  guards,  .but  also. .put  as  a  right- 
hand  man,  and  other  marks  of  special  respect.     >710  STEELE 
&  ADDISON  Tatlcr  No.  253  P  i  Mr.  Alexander  Truncheon,     [ 
who  is  their  Right-Hand  Man  in  the  Troop  [of  horse  guards). 
I7U  Land.  Gaz.  No.  5925/3  He.  .was  lately  a  Right  Hand 
Man  in  the  4th  Troop  of  Horse-Guards. 

b.  a  1802  Earl  Richard  xxiii.  In   Scott  Border  Mitts  t.     \ 
(1869)  362  O  wha  has  slain  my  right-hand  man.  That  held    j 
my  hawk  and  hound?     1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  vn,  vi,  I  am    I 
in  want  of  a  secretary.. :  he  shall  be  my  right-hand  man. 
1841  MARRYAT  Poacher  xxii,  Little  Peter  washer  right-hand 
man.     1890  '  R,  BOLDRRWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer (1891)  145  He    i 
will  go  with  me  as  stockman  and  right-hand  man  generally.    I 

4.  Right-hand  {-laid}  rope:    (see  quot.   1867);    ! 


right-hand  screw ^  one  with  the  thread  turning  to 
the  right;  right-hand  lock  (see  quot.  1875). 

1841  i)fM\ Seaman's  Man.  8  Parcel  the  score  of  the  dead- 
eye,  and  heave  the  shroud  taut  round  it,  turning  in  with 
the  sun,  if  right-hand-laid  rope.  Ibid.  34  Right-hand  rope 
must  be  coiled  with  the  sun.  1859  F.  A.  GKH-FITHS  Artil. 
Man.  (1862)  89  A  metal  fuze  with  a  right-hand  screw.  1867 
SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.,  Right-Hand  Ro^e^  that  which  is 
laid  up  and  twisted  with  the  sun,  that  is  to  the  right  hand. 
1875  KNIGHT  J/ivA.  DLt.  1340/2  The  right-hand  and  left- 
hand  locks  are  for  doors  to  swing  to  the  right  or  to  the  left. 

Right-handed,  a.  (adv^.     [f.  prec.  +  -ED*.] 

1.  Having   the   rii;ht    hand   or  arm   stronger  or 
more  useful  than  the  left ;  using  the  right  hand  by 
preference  ;   —  DEXTROUS  a.  6.     Also  transf. 

1398  TREVISA  tiarth.  De  P.  R.  v.  xxviii.  (fiodi.  MS.),  A 
womman  is  nought  right  handed  and  lifte  handed.  1581 
MULCASTER  Positions  xix.  (1887)  81  Double  right  handed 
which  vse  both  the  handes  a  like.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr. 
Nicholay^s  Voy.  m.  vii.  So  A  ranke  [of  archers]  on  the  right 
side,  whiche  are  lefthanded,  and  another  vpon  the  left 
being  right  handed.  1629  SIR  \V.  Horn  Fencing- Master 
*4  If  you  are  a  Right-Handed  Man.  1646  SIK  T.  BROWNE 
Pseud.  Efid.  191  Some  are.,  ambidexterous  or  right  handed 
on  both  sides.  1833  NVRKN  Yug.  Cricketer's  Tutor  68  If 
bowling  to  a  right-handed  hitter,  his  ball  would  twist  from 
the  off-stump  into  the  leg.  1885  MVKKS  in  Proc.  Psychical 
Res.  Jan.  58  The  following  formulae  will  represent  the 
graphic  automatism  of  a  right-handed  man. 
b.  fig.  Skilful,  dexterous,  rare. 

a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  1.424  He  was  right-handed 
in  the  Cyclopaedia  of  all  arts.  Ibid.  III.  372  He  \vas.. 
right-handed  to  any  great  employment. 

2.  On  the  right  side  ;  of  the  right  kind. 

1656  BRAMHALL  Rfpli*..  i.  8  Vet  these  [schisms]  were  not 
about  the  essentialls  of  Religion,  but  about  a  right-handed 
error,  even  too  much  admiration  of  their  Pastors.  1822  T. 
MITCHELL  Aristoph.  II.  295,  I  this  last  conclusion  draw, 
That  for  smart  right-handed  wisdom  none  my  equal  ever  saw. 

3.  In  various  uses  :  a.  Pertaining  or  belonging 
to  the  right  hand.     b.  Of  a  blow  ;  Delivered  with 
the  right  hand.   c.  Of  implements,  etc. :  Fashioned 
for  the  right  hand. 

1700  T.  BROWN  tr.  Fresny's  Amusem.  Wks.  1709  III.  28 
A  London  Alderman,  who  sold  a  Jew  five  Fatts  of  Right- 
handed  Gloves,  without  any  Fellows  to  them.  ?  1820  Debtor 
<y  Creditor  41  If  you  resent  that,  it's  ten  to  one  but  you're 
complimented  with  a  right-handed  facer.  1828  SCOTT  /''.  J/. 
Perth  v,  I.. am  sorry  for  that  poor  lover  who  will  never 
wear  right-handed  chevron  again.  1891  SIR  D.  WILSON 
Right  Hand  138  It  is  a  right-handed  implement. 

4.  Conchol.  fa.  Sinistral;  reversed.    Obs.      b. 
=  DKXTRAL  a.  2. 

1776  DA  COSTA  Elem.  Conchol.  119  Right-handed  shells 
are  such,  whose  whirls  or  convolutions  turn  from  right  to 
left,  or  contrary  to  the  most  general  manner  of  turbinated 
univalves.  1838  Penny  Cycl.  XII.  108/2  Shell  cylindrical, 
very  spiral ;. .  right  or  left-handed  (dextral  or  Stnlstral).  1851 
WOODWAKD  Molltt&ca  i.  99  Nearly  all  the  spiral  shells  are 
dextral,  or  right-handed. 

5.  In  scientific  and  technical  uses  :  Characterized 
by  rotation  or  direction  towards  the  right.     Also 
as  adv.  (quot.  1841). 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  146  We  have  repre 
sented,  .the  grinding  surface  of  the  upper  mill-stone,  upon 
the  supposition  that  it  moves  from  east  to  west,  or  for  what 
is  called  a  right-handed  mill.  1841  DANA  Seamarks  Man. 
34  Ropes,  .of  three  strands,  laid  right  handed,  or,  as  it  is 
called,  with  the  sun.  1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning-  II. 
604  An.  .imperfect  expedient  for  producing  a  left-handed 
screw  from  a  right-handed  tap.  1875  BEDFORD  Sailor's 
Pocket  Bk.  x.  (ed.  2}  360  Running  rigging  is  hawser-laid, 
right-handed.  1876  PREECE  &  SIVEWRIGHT  Telegraphy  52 
Electromagnets  are  almost  invariably  wound  with  the  right- 
handed  belix. 

b.  Of  rotatory  polarization  :   (see  quot.  1854). 
1827-8  HERSCHF.L  in  Encycl.  Metrof.  (1845)  IV.  550  The 

liquids  in  which  he  observed  a  right-handed  rotatory  pro 
perty.  1854  Pereiras  Polarized  Light  (ed.  z)  254,  1  shall 
adopt  Blot's  nomenclature,  and  designate  the  polarization 
right-handed  or  left-handed,  according  as  we  have  to  turn  the 
analyzing  prism  to  the  right  or  to  the  left,  c  1865  WYLDE 
Circ.  Set.  I.  84/2  Such  bodies  have  what  is  called  right- 
handed  polarisation. 

c.  Producing  right-handed  polarization. 
1827-8    HERSCHEL    in    Encycl.    Metrop.    (1845)    IV.    550 

The  index  of  rotation  in  a  right  handed  crystal.  1831 
BREWSTER  Optics  xxvi.  218  Hence,  in  reference  to  this  pro 
perty,  quartz  may  be  divided  into  right-handed  and  left- 
handed  quartz.  1869  ROSCOE  Elem.  Chern.  396  Dextrose, 
or  right-handed  glucose. 

6.  In  the  direction  of  the  right;  rightward.  Also 
as  adv.,  to  the  right,  rare. 

1900  We&im.Gaz.  19  Jan.  3/1  Aright-handed  turn  brought 
the  hunt  near  Billesdon.  Ibid.  30  Nov.  4/3  Turning  right- 
handed  short  of  Norton  Brook. 

Hence  Riglit-ha'ndedly  adv.,  -ha'ndedness. 

1855  SCOFFERN  in  Orrs  Circ,  Sci.t  Chem.  82  The  amount 
of  right-handedness  or  left-handedness  displayed  by  the 
solution.  1876  D.  WILSON  Prek.  Man  (ed.  3)  I.  107  The 
question  of  right-handedness,  as  a  natural  or  acquired 
practice  peculiar  to  man,  has  a  special  interest.  1883  Encycl. 
Brit.  XIV.  613/1  The  motion  takes  place  in  one  direction 
(say  right-handedly)  in  the  circle. 

Ri:ght-ha'nder.     [f.  RIGHT  HAND  +  -EB].] 
1.  A  blow  struck  with   the   right   hand.      (Cf. 
LEFT-HANDER  c.) 

1857  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  \\.  v,  Tom.. is.. deposited  on 
the  grass  by  a  right-hander  from  the  Slogger.  1860  DICKENS 
Uncomm.  Trav.  vii,  One  of  the  combatants,  receiving  a 
straight  right-hander  with  the  glove  between  his  eyes.  1883 
C.  READE  in  Harper's  Mag.  Dec.  132  The  carter,  .received 
a  dazzler  with  the  left,  followed  by  a  heavy  right-hander. 


2.  One  who  naturally  uses  the  right  hand  ;  a 
light-handed  person.  (Cf.  LEFT-HANDER  a.) 

1885  MYERS  in  Proc.  Psychical  Res.  Jan.  42  There  are., 
some  right -banders.. who,  if  they  try  to  write  with  their 
left  hands,  instinctively  produce  Spicgel-Schrift, 

t  Righthead.    Obs.  rare-',    [f.  RIGHT  a.  + 

-HEAD.]     Rightness. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xxxv.  n  pi  rightwisnes,  bat  is, 
righthed  of  life. 

Ri'ghting,  vl>l.  sl>.    [f.  RIGHT  v.  +  -ING  i.] 
7!.  The  action  of  guiding  or  directing  aright ; 
also,  setting  right.    Oh. 

cg6o  .-KTHELWOI.D  RttU  St.  Bi.net  (SchrOer,  1835)61  Xe 
scylen  hy  beon  butan  resole,  ba;t  is  lifts  rihtiuge.  c  1000 
/KLFRIC  On  N.  T.  (Gr.)  21  poime  mann  wisdom  sprcc3 
mane^um  to  bearfe  and  to  rilitinge.  a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter 
xcvi[i].  2  Rightwisenes  and  dome  als-sw:t,  Rightingc  of  his 
scte  ere  ba.  a  1325  Prose  Psalter cxviii.  [cxix.J  8u  lie  niya 
tiert  made  vnfiled  in  by  rijtinges,  bat  ich  ne  be  nou^t  con 
founded,  a  1400  HYI.TON  Siala  Perf.  (W.  de  \V.  1494)  II. 
xxxiv,  The  ryghtyng  of  a  synfull  soule  ihorugh  foryeuene.sse 

uf  synlluS. 

2.  Reparation  or  redress  of  wrongs,  injuries,  etc. 
1566  Acts  <y  Constit.  Scot.  To  Rdr.,  The  Lawis.  ,ar  the. . 

decreit  of  wyse  men,  the  amending  and  rychtingof  forthocht 
and  suddane  faultis.  1681  COLLEGE  in  Wood  Life  (O.  H.  S.) 
II-  553/2  Leave  the  righting  of  my  wrongs  to  God  Almighty. 
1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  vii,  The  Duke.. will  make  our 
petition  for  righting  of  our  wrongs  the  pretence  for  squeez 
ing  money  out  of  us.  1883  SIME  All-Israel  107  Private 
righting  of  injury  is  not  allowed. 

b.  Re-establishment  (/oneself  or  another  in  a 
due  or  rightful  position  ;  vindication. 

1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Justice,  jurisdiction  vsmped  by  diuers 
Lords.. for  the  righting  of  thcmselues  in  the  recouerie  of 
duties  withheld  from  them.  1642  C.  YKKNON  Consiii.  l:.\ch. 
81  for  concluding  of  this  point  concerning  the  righting  of 
SherilTes.  1685  IlAxrts  I'araphr.N.  T.  v.  38  Prefer  not 
the  righting  of  your  selves  before  the  winning  of  him  by 
Love.  1831  E.  IK  VINO  Exp.  Rev.  1. 64  The  judging,  rigluing, 
and  rewarding  of  his  servants  the  prophets,  the  saints,  and 
them  that  fear  his  name. 

3.  The  action  of  mending  tip  something. 

1615-6  Sarum  Chitrchw.  At.cs.  (Svvayne,  1896)  166  Right 
ing  vpp  of  two  pewes  for  Joyners  worke  and  nayells,  $s, 

4.  Of  vessels  or  vehicles  ;  Restoration  or  return 
to  the  usual  upright  position.     Also  attrib. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780%  Righting,  the  act  of 
restoring  a  ship  to  her  upright  position,  after  she  has  been 
laid  on  a  careen.  1841  DANA  Seaman  s  Man.  76  The  sails 
may  be  trimmed  to  help  her  in  righting.  1885  Athenaeum 
Mar.  411/1  The  maximum  stability  of  the  Captain  is 
attained  at  an  angle  of  21  ,  u  here  the  rigluing  lever  is  only 
io3  inches. 

transf.  1869  Daily  News  16  Dec.,  Cavour..had  the 
greatest  confidence  in  what  we  may  call  the  'righting 
power1  of  the  Italian  intelligence. 

t  Rightleche,  v.  Obs.  Forms:  i  rihtlascan> 
2  -lecen,  -lachen,  2-3  -leche.n,  3  ryht-)  ;  4 
ri3t(e)-,  ry5tleche,  rijtlyche.  [OE.  rihtlxcan, 
f.  riht  RIGHT  aJ\ 

1.  trans.  To  set  right,  rectify,  amend;  to  order 
aright.    Also  refl. 

4:960  yEiHELWOLD  Rule  St.  Benet  (Schriier,  1885)  46,  £if 
he  i>onne  swa  ne  bete  and  rihtlzce,  he  sy  of  Sain  ealdorscype 
aworpen.  a  1023  WULFSTAN  Horn.  (1883)  277  Se  be  a:r  bysum 
misdyde,  bait  he . .  hit  jeorne  ^ebete  and  rihtlasce  hine  sylfne. 
c  1173  Lamb.  Horn.  17  Gif  he  him  nulerihtlechen  for  preoste 
na  for  haliechiiche,  hald  hine  J?enne  swilche  mon  be  beobute 
Ia3e.  c  izoo  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  69  Uie  wei  be  we  shule  leten 
is  ure  liflode  be  we  shule  rihtleche.  c  1*75  Wont.  Samaria 
57  in  O.  E.  Misc.  86  Hwenne  he  cumeb  he  wyle  vs  alle  ryht- 
leche,  a  1400  Prymer  (1891)  28  Blessed  trinite  delyuere  us, 
saue  us,  and  ri3teleche  us. 

2.  To  rule  or  govern. 

c  1350  Will.  Palerne  1310  [They]  nomen  omage  in  his  name 
. .  Forto  rigtteche  batreaume.  1398  TREVISA.  Barth.De  P.  R. 
v.  i.  The  yen  ry3tlecheb  and  reuleb  be  neber  membris. 

Rightless  (rai-tles),  a.  [f.  RIGHT  sb*  +  -LESS. 
Cf.  iaDa.  fw&f/taf |  MHG.fJA/(#)/fe  (G»fw4/Air).] 

fl.  Wrongful,  lawless.  Obs. 

1596  DOKRELL  in  Willobie's  Avisa  Apol.  K4  Ifany.. con 
tinue  the  errour  of  their  vnsatisfied  minds  they  must  for  euer 
rest  in  the  rightlesse  erring.  1613  PUHCHAS  Pilgrimage  ix. 
iv.  (1614)  837  Howsoeuer  they  exercise.. mutuall  disagree 
ments,  yet  agree  in  like  barbarous  and  rightlesse  Rites. 
fli6i8  SYLVESTER  Job  Triumphant  in.  555  If  Tithe-lesse, 
Taxe-lesse,  Wage-lesse,  Right-lesse,  I  Have  eat  the  Crop, 
or  caused  the  Owners  dye. 

2.  Devoid  or  deprived  of  rights. 

1823  SCOTT  Qnentin  D.  xxii,  For  this  thou.  .hast  deserved 
to  be  declared  outlawed  and  fugitive,  landless  and  rightless. 
1897  M  AITLAND  Domesday  -V  Beyond  42  One  may  be  born  to 
serve  without  being  born  rightless. 

Hence  Ri-glitlessness. 

1895  igt/i  Cent.  Jan.  57  It  is  ordinarily  assumed  that  the 
social  and  legal  position  under  Islam  is  one  of  extreme 
degradation  and  absolute  rightlessness. 

Right-lined,  a.  [f.  RIGHTS.  2  +  LINE  sb.-  9.] 
=  RECTILINEAR  a. 

1551  RECORDS  Pathw.  Knowl.  i.  No.  17  To  make  a  like- 
iamine  equal  to  any  right  lined  figure,  and  that  on  an  angle 
appointed.  1570  BILLINGSLEY  Euclid  i.  def.  ix.  3  If  the  lines 


_ight  lines  comprehend  it.  17^4  Rt;m  Inquiry  \ 
I.  148/1  The  properties. .of  visible  right-lined  tiiangles  are 
not  the  same  with  the  properties  of  plain  triangles.  1769 
Phil.  Trans.  LIX.  6410  determine  whether  the  force  of 
an  explosion  was  ..diminished  by  being  diverted  from  a 
right-lined  course.  1808  J.  WEBSTER  Nat.  Pkilos.  14  The 
body  will  be  either  accelerated  or  retarded  in  aright-lined 


RIGHTLY 


680 


direction.     1834  Taifs  Slag.  I.  42/1  London  ram,.. a    rue 
right-lined,  continuous,  equable  outpouring  of  water  pellets    | 
from  above.     1840  LARDNKR  Geom.  Si  The  sum  of  all  the 

^SiT-SKS*^**-  ~  Feb.    From   the 
luminous  path  of  thy  own  right-lined  rectitude  thou  looke: 
benignly  down  on  an  erring  wretch. 

Rightly  (rfi-tii),  «*;.  .rorms:  '^"f! 


(i  ryht-,  relit-),  2  riehtlice,  3  ri(c)htliche,  5 
ryghtlyche;  I  rihtlic,  re(o)htlio,  4  ri3tlich  ; 
4-5  riitli  (4  rijtly,  5  ritli),  4  rightli;  4,  & 

~     ** -  f^n        *  .1     ,-!__        -I-1.*i:«         H      •wJn-VlfllO    • 


RIGHT  a.  and  -LY2.] 

1.  In  accordance  with  equity  or  moral  rectitude; 
justly,  fairly,  uprightly  ;  in  conformity  with  right 
conduct  or  procedure. 


(La 


I.  322  Se  manna  beam,  dema3  rihtliee.   a.  1122  t>.  h.L  lira,:. 

Laud  MS.)  an.  1083,  Da  munecas..beadon  hme  |.a;l .he 
sceolde  healdan  hi  rihtliee.  c  1200  Trin.  CM.  Horn.,)  Ure 
lif  we  led<;3  richtliche  togenes  lire  louerd  ihcsu  Crist,  31! 
we  forbereS  al  bat,  tat  him  is  unqueme.  1303  R.  BRUNNI 
Han.il.  Synne  1433  fo  men  bat  loue  to  do  ryghtcly.  .shal 
passe  here  sanely  Into  bat  ble>ful  cuntre.  c  1375  L  ursor  M. 
2uSo  (Fairf  1,  pe  lanedi..ho  bad  vs  rijtli  aoine  to  gme. 
1567  <iatir.  Poems  Reform,  vi.  104  Godly  men . .  Quha . .  can 


•I 


Mm  <™ene  tiH. 
f  J  inge  r*«^ 
G/-.W*  *5   ™* 


lh  ouerthwa,  te  them,  and  not 
the  right  Horizon  t  doth,  -593 
hich  rightly 


SHAKS    Rich    I!  u.  ii.  18  Like  perspectiues,  which  rightly 
caz'd  vpon  Shew  nothing  but  confusion,  ey'd  awry    Uis- 
tingnish  forme.    1635  SWAN  Spec.  M .  (1670)  293  I  he  Optic 
Masters  confess  and  prove,  that  the  forms  of  the  Star.,  are 
comprehended  of  the  sight  reflectly,  and  not  rightly, 
t  5.  At  right  angles ;  so  as  to  form  a  right  angle. 
Obs.  rare. 

ce^nlpteSLA^b.'lwhich  do  crosse  one  another  in 
some  point,  either  rightly  or  obliquely  :  if  rightly,  then  they 
make  right  angles.  .  , . 

Right-minded,  a.    [f.  RIGHT  a+  MIND^.I] 
1.  Having  a  mind  naturally  inclined  or  disposed 

towards  what  is  right. 

"III.  601  There  is  no 


without  the  Laws,  The  Person,  or  his  doubtful  Cause.  1741 
in  Col.  Rcc.  Peimsylv.  IV.  488  Until  such  prohibited  Ooocls 
are  rightly  and  lawfully  proceeded  against.  1829  D  ISRAELI 
in  Crater  Papers  28  Jan.,  Many  papers.. which  rightiy 
should  have  been  deposited  at  the  State-paper  Office.  1873 
SVMONUS  Grk.  Poets  vii.  227  Make  not  fine  speeches,  but  be 
rightly  minded  !  1874  MOTLEY  Barnevetd  1 1.  xix.  283  His 
moral  constitution  made  him  incapable  of. .acting  rightly 
on  any  vital  subject. 

Comb.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  326  Calculating 
their  systems  for  a  few  contemplative,  rightly-disposed 
persons. 

2.  Properly  ;  in  the  right  or  proper  manner.     . 
cSxs  Vesp.  Psalter  Mm.  9  Rehtwisnisse  dryhtnes  rehtlice 

[L.  rate]  blissiende  heortan.  cgootr.  Baton'*  Hist.  IV.  ii. 
(1890)  260  pa  he  Ceddan  biscop  mid  wordum  breade,  b.x-t 
he  rihtliee  ^ehalgad  ne  Wcere.  £  950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Mark  i 

iL  35  And  sona.  .un-bunden  waes  jebend  tungss  his  .'i 
^preccend  waes  rehtlice.  c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  lloin.  27  pe 
godfrihte . .  Iuue5  rihtliche  alle  liuiende  men,  and  ben  her- 
sume  alle  godes  hese.  111340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  1104  Na 
man  may  serve  rightly  Twa  lordes  to-gedir,  bat  er  contrary. 
i382\VYCUF  Mark  vii.  35  Anon.. the  bond  of  his  tunge  is 
unbounden,  and  he  spak  ri3tly. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  Ps.  11,  They  that  in  him  their  only  trust  do 
rest,  O,  they  be  rightly  blest!  1611  COTGR.,  Legitiim; 
legitimate. .  ;  rightly  born,  truly  begot.  1631  GOUGE  Coifs 
Arrows  III.  §  36.  246  They  who  rightly  and  duly  subject 
themselves,  procure  good  to  themselves.  Ibid.  iv.  §  12.  390 
This  is  rightly  and  truly  to  be  content  with  things  present. 
a  1653  BINNING  Serm.  (1845)  53  If  thy  soul  rightly  discover 
God,  it  cannot  but  abase  thee. 

3.  In  accordance  with  truth  or  fact ;  correctly, 
exactly,  accurately,  t  precisely. 

c  897  K.  ALFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xxi.  156  SwiSe  ryhtlice 
hit  waes  awrilen  aefterSsm  nietenum  5a;t  oa  hear^as  wseron 
atifrede.    cogo  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Luke  x.  28  And  cuoeS  him, 
1  Rehtlice  Ou  jeond-suaredes ;  Sis  do  bxtte  3u  Jelifise '. 
doss  Byrhtferth'sHandboc  in  Anglia  VIII.  298  Oorabinga 
be  man  mas^  rihtliee  todaelan  onfeower.  a  1122  0.  E.  Chron. 
(Laud  MS.)  an.  1107,  Dis  waes  rihtliee  ymbe  vii.  gear  bxs  be 
se  cyng  Henri  cynedonies  onfeng.    a  1300  Cursor  M.  42  pis 
fruit  bltakens  alle  our  dedis,  Both  gode  and  ille  qua  rightly 
redis.    c  1380  A  ntecrist  in  Todd  Three  Treat.  Wyclif  (1851) 
116  VVher  it  is  not  ri3tly  understonden  what  is  to  be  coveiten 
or  desiren,  or  what  is  to  be  fled,  a  1425  Cursor  M.  7 1 22  (Trin.), 
He  het  be  men  to  ;yue  hem  mede  if  beicoude  it  rijtty  rede. 
1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  i  Tint.  5  A  perfite  syn- 
cere  loue  telleth  a  great  deale  ryghtelyer,  what  is  to  be 
doen,  than  any  constitucions.    1581  MULCASTER  Positions 
xxxix.  (1887)  202  The  generall  skill  to  iudge.  .most  things 
rightly.     1611  BIBLE  Gen.  xxvii.  36  Is  not  he  rightly  named 
lacob?    1632  MILTON  Penseroso  170  Where  1  may  sit  and 
rightly  spell  Of  every  Star  that  Heav'n  doth  shew.     1675 
BAXTER  Cath.  Theol.  ii.  x.  2tp  The  determining  which  of 
you  doth  rightliest  expound  the  Scripture  is  not  my  busi 
ness.     1712  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  265  F  i  One  of  the  Fathers, 
if  1  am  rightly  informed,  has  defined  a  Woman  [etc.].    1754 
EDWARDS  Freed.  Will  i.  iL  (1762)  12  Whether  I  have  been 
so  happy,  as  rightly  to  explain  the  Thing  wherein  consists 
the  Strength  of  Motives  or  not.    1858  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt. 
x.  iii.  (1865)  III.  241  He  cannot  see  rightly,  and  shoots  always 
with  help  of  an  opera-glass.     1875  FREEMAN  in  W.  R.  W. 
Stephens  Life  (1895)  II.  93  If  I  read  your  question  rightly. 
Comb.  1768-74  TUCKEK  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  511  A  rightly- 
aimed  intention  will  prove  a  guidance  both  in  the  manner 
and  measure  of  our  religious  duties.     1863  W.  C.   BALDWIN 
Afr.  Hunting  177  This  rightly-named  thirst  land. 

b.  Properly  or  correctly  speaking. 

1785  BURNS  2nd  Ep.  J.  Lapraik  39  I've  begun  to  scrawl, 
but  whether  In  rhyme,  or  prose,  ..  Or  some  hotch-potch 
that's  rightly  neither,  Let  time  mak  proof. 

c.  With  good  reason  ;  justifiably. 

1887  Manch.  Guard.  3  Nov.  7/3  We  rightly  judge  of 
people  by  the  company  they  keep, 
i  4.  Directly,  straightly.   Obs. 
c  I35°  T/V/.  Paterne  232  Ri3tly  benne  bemperour  wendes 


2.  colloq.  Sane  ;   of  sound  mind. 
1877  BLACKMORE  Cripps  vi,  That  his  sister  was  not  '  right- 
minded  '—that  she  dreamed  tilings,  and  imagined  things. 
Hence  Bight-mrndedness. 


LOWELL  Study  It'itiii.  174  That  simple  confidence  of  his  in 
the  right-mindedness  of  his  fellow-men  is  very  touching. 

Rightness  (rertnes).  Forms :  i  rehtnisse, 
1-2  -nise  (2  -nis),  1-3  rihtnesse  (3  rist-),  4 
ry5-,  rijtnesse,  -nisse,  6-7  rightnes,  -nesse  (6 
righte-),  7-  Tightness.  [OE.  rehtnisse,  riht- 
m'sse,  etc.,  =MDu.  reehtenesse,  OHG.  rehinissa: 
see  RIGHT  a.  and  -NESS.] 

1.  Uprightness,  integrity,  moral  rectitude  ;  the 
quality  or  condition  of  being  right  in  respect  of 
character  or  conduct. 

c  icoo  Ags.  Ps.  (Thorpe)  xcvii.  9  He . .  his  syndris  folc  on 


Cristis  dome  bat  it  is  fulll  ri^tnesse.  1530  PALSGR.  263/1 
Rightnesse,  rectitude.  1646  H.  LAWRENCE  Comm.  Angctls 
125  Sincerity  is  immixednesse,  and  rightnesse  of  ends.  1650 
W.  BROUGH  Sacr.  Princ.  (1659)  4'4  A  Tightness  in  religion 
and  conversation  perfect  a  good  man.  a  17x6  SOUTH  Smre, 
(J .),  It  is  not  necessary  for  a  man  to  be  assured  of  the  right- 
ness  of  his  conscience  [etc.].  1834  CHALMERS  Const.  3/au 
II  89  A  Tightness  which.. hath  had  everlasting  residence  in 
the  character  of  the  Godhead.  1860  PUSEY  Min.  Proph.  415 
Pride  and  independence  of  God  are  the  centre  of  the  want 
of  Tightness.  1891  H.  JONES  Browning  74  The  meaning  of 
the  universe  is  moral,  its  last  might  is  Tightness. 

personif.    1340  Ayenl'.  265    Ry?tnesse  zayb,   '  Lyhbe  we 
sobreliche,  ry[3t]uollyche  an  bonayrelyche.' 

b.  Sincere  attachment  to  a  party,  rarf", 
1654  Nicholas  P.  (Camden)    II.  95   His  rightnes  to  our 
cause  I  take  up  upon  my  implicite  faith  of  Sir  E.  Hide, 
t  2.  Straightness ;  the  fact  of  being  straight.   Obs. 
1:1050  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  522  Pcrpcndicula,  walSrsed, 
|>a2t  is  rihtnesse.     c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  219  ?erde  riht- 
nesse  he  heuede  on  hire  liflode,  for  he  ne  turnde  naht  on 
hire  to  doinde  ..  nan  |?er  binge  be  he  leten  solde.      1610 
GUILLIM  Heraldry  n.  iii.  (1611)  43  Rightnesse  is  a  propertie 
of  a  line  whereby  it  is  carried  levelly  or  equally  throwout 
the  Escocheon  without  either  rising  or  falling.     1626  BACON 
Sylva.  §  201  Which  nevertheless  is  not  caused  by  the  Right- 
ness  of  the  Line,  but  by  the  shortness  of  the  distance. 
f3.   Reckoning;  account.  Obs.  rare, 
cgcp  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt.  xxv.  19  ^Efter  monise  tides 
cuom  drihten  Seana  oara  &  sette  rehtnise  ini5  him.    c  1273 
LAY.  14  Hit  com  him  on  mode. .bat  he  wolde  of  Engelond 
be  ristnesse  telle. 

4.  Correctness,  accuracy  ;  fitness,  appositeness. 
1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst.  Pref.,  Accordyng  to  the 
rightenesse  that  they  haue  bothe  of  witt,  judgement  and 
mynde.  1657  FULLER  Comm.  Jonah  (1868)  190  The  right- 
ness  of  the  way.  .maketh  our  going  pleasing  to  God.  1666 
BUNYAN  Grace  Abound.  §  188  The  fitness  of  the  word,  the 
Tightness  of  the  timing  of  it,.,  was  marvellous  to  me  to  find. 
1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  n.  xxxii.  (1695)  214  It  is  in  our 
Ideas,  that  both  the  Rightness  of  our  Knowledge,  and  the 
Propriety  or  Intelligibieness  of  our  Speaking  consists.^  1787 
JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1859)  II.  240  Your  own  reason  is  the 
only  oracle  given  you  by  heaven,  and  you  are  answerable, 
not  for  the  Tightness,  but  uprightness  of  the  decision.  1865 
RUSKIN  Sesame  iL  §  70  That  poet  who  is  distinguished . .  from 
all  others — not  by  power,  but  by  exquisite  r/^/i/ness.  1885 
Law  Times  Ref.lAll.  109/1,  I .. followed  it  without  ex 
pressing  any  opinion  as  to  the  Tightness  of  the  decision. 
b.  An  instance  of  this. 

1872  RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  xiv.  20  The  Tightnesses  only 
perceived  ;  the  felicities  only  remembered. 

5.  The  condition  or  character  of  being  on  the 
right-hand  side.  rare. 

1887  W.  JAMES  in  Mind  Jan.  14  Rightness  and  leftness, 
upness  and  downness,  are  again  pure  sensations  differing 
specifically  from  each  other. 

Right  of  way.    Also  right-of-way. 

1.  The  legal  right,  established  by  usage,  ot  a 
person  or  persons  to  pass  and  repass  through 
grounds  or  property  belonging  to  another. 

1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  241  When  a  person.. is 
obstructed  by  inclpsures,  or  other  obstacles,  ..  by  which 
means  he  cannot  enjoy  his  right  of  way.  1818  CRUISE  Digest 


RIGID. 

(ed.  2)  III.  115  Where  a  person  has  a  right  of  way  over 
another's  close,  and  he  purchases  such  close,  his  right  of 
way  is  extinguished  by  the  unity  of  seisin  and  possession. 
,843  Penny  Cyd.  XXVII.  153/1  The  Pr°Per  °"S"i  of  a 
private  right  of  way  is,  a  grant  from  the  owner  of  the  soil, 
whose  means  of  enjoying  his  own  property  are  abridged 
thereby.  1890  Spectator  30  Aug.,  Lord  Salisbury. .  insisted 
upon  rights-of-way  being  established  between  the  British 
lane  and  the  coast. 

iL  ,877  IT.  R.  CONDER  Easts  Faith  11.  62  Denying  our 
right  of  way  in  this  inquiry. 

2.  A  path  or  thoroughfare  which  one  may  law 
fully  make  use  of,  esp.  one  traversing  the  property 
of  another. 

,855  MACQUEEN  Rep.  Sc.  Appeals  451  That  the  terminus 
of  a  public  right  of  way  need  not  itself  be  a  public  place. 
1894  A.  ROBERTSON  Nuggets,  etc.  177,  I  went  into  a  right- 
of-way,  and  showed  about  a  hair-breadth  of  my  right  eye 
in  the  direction  of  the  shop. 
Eight-rule,  v.  (see  RIGHT  adv.  16  c). 
t  Rights,  adv.   Obs.    [OE.  rihtes,  gen.  sing, 
neut.  of  riht  RIGHT  a.]     Of  direction:  Straight, 
direct,  right. 

c  1205  LAY.  2659  He  nom  his  folc  &  ferde  forS  &  droh  him 
rites  noro.  c  1275  —  15549  Tweie  verden  anne  way  bat  west 
rihtes  him  lay.  c  1400  Somdone  Bat.  2278  The  Sowdon  .. 
Sente  iij  hundrid  of  knightis,  To  kepe  the  bngge  and  the 
wave  Oute  of  that  Castil  rightis. 
b.  Of  time  :  Precisely,  just. 

13. .  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  B.  427  Of  secounde  monyth  be  seuenbe 
day  ry^tez.  c  1400  Land  Troy  Bk.  14144  Armed  knyjtes 
That  hane  sclayn  ^oure  men  now  rightes. 

-rights,  suffix,  an  occasional  ME.   variant  of 
-incur,  as  in  anonrighls,  duvelrights,forthrights. 
Ri-ghtship.    dial.    [f.  RIGHT  rf.1  +  -SHIP.] 
Rightness,  justness. 

1873  in  Kng.  Dial.  Diet.  1899  RAYMOND  No  Soul  i,  He 
spoke  with  firm  conviction,  as  if  the  rightship  of  this  to  any 
English  understanding  must  be  beyond  doubt. 

Ri'ght-side,  v.  Chiefly  dial.  [f.  RIGHT  a.  + 
SIDK  .?/>.]  trans.  To  put  right,  set  in  order. 

1865  W.  WHITE  E.  Eiig.  I.  46  '  When  last  come  last,'  said 
a  rustic  to  whom  1  spoke  about  the  devastation,  '  it'll  take 
years  to  right  side  it'.  1874  W.  E.  FOKSTER  in  Reid  Life 
(1888)  II.  57,  I  have  very  nearly  right-sided  my  papers. 

Right-Sided,  a.     [f.  RIGHT  a.  +  SIDE  j«.j 

1.  J'ath.  Of  diseases,  etc. :  Situated  in,  or  affect 
ing,  the  right  side  of  the  body. 

1876  din.  Soc.  Trans.  IX.  96  After  he  had  been  at  his 
duties  for  about  two  hours,  intense  right-sided  vertigo  sud 
denly  set  in.  1881  Obstet.  Soc.  Trans.  XXII.  103  The  great 
majority  of  the  tumours  twisted  were  right-sided  tumours. 

2.  Having  a  tendency  to   use  the  limbs  on  the 
right  side  of  the  body. 

f884  J .  LE  CONTE  in  Nature  XXIX.  452/2  In  my  own  case 
the  whole  body  is  right-sided,  so  far  as  dexterity  is  concerned. 

Hence  Bight-si'dedness. 

1884  H.  T.  WHARTON  in  Nature  XXIX.  477/2  In  discuss 
ing  right-sidedness..we  must  not  forget  that  prize-fighters 
normally  strike  with  the  left  hand.  1891  SIR  D.  WILSON 
Kig/tt  Hand  169  Dr.  Brown-Sequard  affirms  that  right- 
sidedness  affects  the  arms  much  more  than  the  legs. 

t  Ri'ghtsomes,  adv.  Obs.-1  [Cf.  LEFT- 
SOMES  adv.}  Towards  the  right. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  IX.  i.  (Tollemache  MS.), 
Strayte  and  forbry3t  meuynge  is  ristsomis  ober  lyftesomis, 
forbwarde  ober  bakwarde,  upwarde  o}.er  dounwarde. 

Right-thinking  a.  (see  RIGHT  adv.  16  b). 

Right-up,  a.  '!  Obs.  [f.  RIGHT  adv.  +  UP  adv. 
Cf.  UPRIGHT  «.] 

1.  Steep  ;  rising  straight  up. 

1511  Gnyl/onle'sPilgr.(CzmAen)s*  It  is  very  daungerous 
to  go  vp  vnto  the  hyghte  of  this  mounte.  .for  the  penllous, 
step  and  right  vp  passage.  1604  E.  GRIMSTONE  Sicsc 
Ostend  87  This  house  was  in  the  right-vp-street.  1838  HT. 
MARTINEAU  West.  Trav.  I.  120  Utica,  the  most  extempore 
place  we  had  seen.  The  right-up  shops,  the  daubed  houses. 

+  2.   Upright;  honest.  Obs. 

1545  Primer  of  Hen.  VIII,  DD  ij  b,  Then  shal  I  with  a 
ryght  vp  hart,  .extolle  and  magnifie  thy  holy  name,  c  1557 
AM.  PARKER  Ps.  cxix.  343  A  rightup  man  of  perfect  wayes 
is  blest  and  blest  agayne. 

Ri-ghtward,  adv.  and  a.  [f.  RIGHT  a.  + 
-\VAUD.  Cf.  LEFTWAKD.] 

A.  adv.  1.  On  the  right  hand.     Also  to  right- 
ward  of.    rare. 

1814  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  vi.  xxiv,  To  rightward  of  the  wild 
affray  The  field  show'd  fair  and  level  way.  a  1843  SOUTHEY 
(Ogiivie),  Rightward  and  leftward  rise  the  rocks. 

2.  In  the  direction  of  the  right  hand ;  towards 
the  right.  Also  to  rightward.  Somewhat  rare. 

1814  CARY  Dante,  Purg.  XI.  49  Along  the  bank  to  rightward 
come  with  us.  1886  W.  R.  EVANS  Walking  Routes  Ser.  I.  20 
Where  the  lane  bends  rightward,  you  see  before  you  a 
park-gate.  1889  Cornh.  Mag.  May  552  in"  face.. looks 

B.  adj.  Tending  or  directed  towards  the  right. 
1825  GLEIG  Subaltern  xvi,  The.  .division  took  a  rightward 

course.  1885  MYERS  in  Proc.  Psychical  Res.  Jan.  59  A 
hypnotic  subject  who.  .has  been  accustomed  to  write  with 
her  left-hand  in  ordinary  rightward  script. 

So  Bi-jfhtwards  adv. 

1865  MASSOH  AVer.  Brit.  Philos.  275  There  has  similarly 
been  a  drift  rightwards. 

Right  whale,  -whaleman,  etc.,  see  WHALE, 
etc.  Rightwia(e,  -ly(e,  -nes^se,  etc.,  obs.  varr. 
RIGHTEOUS,  RIGHTEOUSLY,  RIGHTEOUSNESS. 

Rigid  (ri-djid),  a.  and  so.  Also  6  regyd,  7 
rigide,  riged,  ridgid,  8  ridged,  [ad.  L.  rigidus, 


RIGID. 


681 


RIGOLL. 


f.  rigere  to  be  stiff;  cf.  F.  rigide,  Sp.,  Pg.,  It. 
rigido.] 

A.    adj.    1.    Stiff,    unyielding ;    not    pliant   or 
flexible  ;  lirm  ;  hard. 

1538  STARKEV  England  i.  Si.  40  Master  Lvpset,  you  euer 
bryng  in  some  regyd  knottys  in  communycatyon.  1615 
CROOKE  Body  of  Man  211  IJelng  alwayes  rigid  or  stifle  it 
woulde  haue  beene..vncomely.  1631  VICAIJS  Eng.  Halle- 
.  litjah  Ps.  cv.  22  And  then  the  rigid  Rockes  he  rent,  From 
whence  did  Floods  of  Water  flow.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L,  vi. 
83  With  upright  beams  innumerable  Of  rigid  Spears.  1728 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Marble,  Rigid  Marble  [is]  that  which, 
being  too  hard,  works  witb  difficulty,  and  is  liable  to  splinter. 
1796  WITHERING  Drit.  riant s  (ed.  3)  I.  177  The  cup  becom 
ing  more  rigid,  contains  the  seeds.  1833  BABBAGG  Econ. 
Aianuf.  xxvii.  (ed.  3)  263  Metals  are  not  perfectly  rigid  but 
elastic.  1862  DARWIN  Orchids  in.  116  It  is  nearly  rigid  and 
appears  fibrous.  1873  RICHARDS  Operator's  Handbh.  115 
The  saws  have  to  be  at  least  one-third  thicker  in  order  to 
be  rigid  enough  for  their  work. 

fig,  1708  J.  PHILU-S  Cyder  i.  592  Cressy  Plains.. confess 
What  the  Silures  Vigour  unwitbstood  Cou'd  do  in  rigid 
Fight.  1710  PALMER  Proverbs  82  There  is  a  rigid  horror 
and  chagrin  in  envy,  malice,  and  revenge.  1822  HAZLITT 
Table-t.  Ser.  n.  vi.  (1869)  139  We  have  none  of  the  hardy 
spirit  or  rigid  forms  of  antiquity.  1888  HKYCE  Amer. 
Commw.  (1890)  I.  477, 1  propose  to  call  it  a  Rigid  Constitu 
tion,  i.  e.  one  which  cannot  be  bent  or  twisted  by  the  action 
of  the  legislature. 

Comb.  1816  J.  SCOTT  Vis.  Paris  {ed.  5)  34  The  thin-faced 
rigid-nerved  men.  1870  MOKRIS  Earthly  Paradise  I.  460 
That,  .melody,  He  drew  from  out  the  rigid-seeming  lyre. 
1883  Nature  XXVII.  201  The  ordinary  lunar  irregularities 
which  are  recognised  in  rigid-body  astronomy, 
b.  spec,  in  plant-names  (see  quots.). 

1859  Miss  PRATT  Brit.  Grasses  VI.  33  Rigid  Sedge.  Ibid. 
164  Rigid  Three-branched  Polypody.  Ibid.  179  Rigid  Fern. 

1871  COOKE  Handbk.  Fungi  I.    190  Cortinariits  ..rigens^ 
Rigid  Cortinarius.    1877  F.  G.  HEATH  Fern  /-Fipr/rf  359  The 
Rigid  Buckler  Fern,  Lastrea  rigida. 

2.  Of  cold,  etc.:  Severe,  hard,  rigorous,    rare. 
1611  B.  JONSON  Catiline  \.  i,  As  when  rigid  frosts  Have 

bound  up  brooks  and  rivers.  1726  SHEI.VOCKE  Voy.  round 
World  72  One  would  think  it  impossible  that  any  thing 
living  could  subsist  in  so  rigid  a  climate. 

3.  Rigorous,  harsh,  severe,  inflexible,  strict :  a, 
Of  actions,  conduct,  etc. 

1624  MASSINGER  Renegado  n.  iv,  All  tortures  that  A  flinty 
hangman*  rage  could  execute,  Or  iigide  tyranny  command 
with  pleasure.  1660  R.  COKE  Ptnv?r$  Subj.  72  The  violent 
and  rigid  execution  of  laws  against  all  offenders.  1729 
BUTLHU  Serin.  Wks.  1874  II.  126  We  shall  [not]  be  able  to 
say.. where  rigid  right  and  justice  ends,  and  oppression 
begins.  1769  BANCROFT  Guiana.  367  Rigid  treatment., 
renders  them  content.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Cotuinb.  m.  3  They 
rule  with  rigid  but  with  generous  care.  1840  THIULWALL 
Greece  VII.  155  A  very  rigid  inquiry  was  instituted.  1868 
FRKEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1877)  II.  487  Rigid  justice,  untem- 
pered  by  mercy,  easily  changes  into  oppression. 
b.  Of  persons  or  disposition. 

1634  HABINGTON  Castara  i.  (Arb.)  13  If  my  rigid  friend 
question  superciliously  the  setting  forth  of  these  Poems. 
1663  BRATHWAIT  Comment.  Tiuo  Tales  (1901)  97  The  clear 
and  weighty  Judgments  of  the  Strictest  and  Rigidest  Cen 
sors.  1710  STEELE  Taller  No.  175  p  2  The  young  Man  is 
under  the  Dictates  of  a  rigid  Schoolmaster.  1752  YOUNG 
Brothers  iv.  i,  O  rigid  gods  !  and  shall  I  then  fall  down  ! 
1775  DR  LOLME  Eng.  Const.  \.  iii.  (1784)  48  A  prince  of  a 
more  rigid  disposition. 

4.  Strict  in  opinion  or  observance  ;  scrupulously 
exact  or  precise  in  respect  of  these. 

1598  B.  JONSON  Ev,  Man  in  Humour  in.  iii,  H1  is  no 
precisian.. Nor  rigid  Roman-catholike.  1657  Penit.  Conf. 
iii,  23  Marvel  not  at  the  rigid  Penitents  of  that  age.  1687 
A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenofs  Tray.  i.  53  He  was  a  very  riged 
Man,  as  I  understood  at  a  Visile  which  the  French  Am- 
bassadour.  .made  to  him.  1707  POTTER  in  Lett.  Lit.  Klen 
(Camden)  271  Knox,  a  rigid  presbyterian.  1790  BRUCE 
Source  Nile  II.  579  David  was  a  rigid  adherent  to  the 
church  of  Alexandria.  1827  LYTTON  Pelham  xiv,  In  the 
theory  of  philosophy  he  was  tolerably  rigid.  1849  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  ii.  I.  170  He  had  indeed  some  reason  to  dislike 
the  rigid  sect.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  4.  378  The 
Lennoxes  had  remained  rigid  Catholics. 
b.  Of  life,  conduct,  etc. 

1634  MILTON  C  omits  ^Q  Rigid  looks  of  Chast  austerity. 
1738  T.  SHAW  Treiv.  Barbary  306  Their  Marabbutts,.are 
generally  Persons  of  a  rigid  and  austere  Life.  1753  R. 
CLAYTON  *Jrnl.  fr.  Cairo  to  Mt.  Sinai  22  A  cave,  in  which 
two  kings  sons  spent  their  lives  in  performing  rigid  penances. 

1872  Rout  ledge  s  Ei>.  Boy's  Ann.  296/1   The   most   rigid 
principles  of  honesty. 

o.  Of  observances  or  practices. 

1736  BUTLEK  Anal.  n.  i,  The  rigid  Observance  of  the 
Sabbath.  1751  EARL  ORRERY  Remarks  Swift  (1752)  105 
The  history  of  Brutus  may  instruct  us,  what  unhappy  effects 
the  rigid  exercise  of  superior  virtue.. may  produce.  1782 
Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  \\.  iv,  A  rigid  seclusion  from  company 
was  productive  of  a  lassitude  as  little  favourable  to  active 
virtue  as  dissipation  itself.  1842  COMBE  Digestion  324  If 
such  a  change  can  be  effected,  by  rigid  adherence  to  rules, 
in  the  course  of  two  or  three  months.  1861  LD.  BROUGHAM 
Brit.  Constit.  xiv.  199  His  avaricious  habits  inclined  him  to 
rigid  parsimony. 

5.  Exact,  precise,    in   respect    of  procedure    or 
method  ;   admitting   or  allowing  of  no  deviation 
from  strict  accuracy. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep,  14  All  deductions  from 
metaphors,  parables,  allegories,  unto  reall  and  rigid  inter 
pretations.  1676  TOWEKSON  Decalogue  47  Those  descrip 
tions,  .rather  as  emblems  and  pictures  than  as  rigid  defini 
tions  of  his  nature,  1713  BERKELEY  Jlylas  $•  Phil.  Pref.,  To 
observe  the  most  rigid  laws  of  reasoning.  1729  LAW  Serious 
C.  xxii.  (ed.  2)  440  This  is  as  strictly  true,  in  the  most  rigid 
sense.  1805  KOSTKR  Ess.  in.  iii.  II.  40  The  rigid  laws  of 
time  and  distance.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  i.  5  The  fossils 

VOL.  VIII. 


which  they  contained  were  subjected  to  rigid  scrutiny.   1869 
—  Notes  Lect.  Light  §  214  For  it  lias  been  demonstrated, 
by  the  most  rigid  experiments,  that  the  velocity  of  light 
diminishes  as  the  index  of  refraction  increases. 
B.  sb.  A  strict  or  precise  person,  rare. 

1713  STEELE  Sped.  No.  492  p  4  If  you  do  not  take  measures 
for  the  immediate  Redress  of  us  Riglds,  as  the  Fellows  call 
us.  1749  W.  DOUGLASS  Summary  I.  444  The  Rigids  gener 
ally  seceded  from  the  more  moderate,  and  removed  with 
their  teachers  or  ministers  without  the  limits  or  jurisdiction 
of  the  colony. 

Rigi'dify,  v.  rare.  [f.  prec.  +  -(0*~v.]  a. 
trans.  To  make  rigid,  b.  intr.  To  become  rigid. 

1842  J.  CAIRNS  Let,  in  Life  (1895)  137  The  muscles  of  the 
mind. .are  rigidified  by  frost  and  unstrung  by  heat.  1879 
BARiKG-GouLD  Germany  I.  300  Education  restrains,  rig  id  i- 
fies  the  organ  of  voice.  Ibid,  301  The  muscles  rigidify. 

Ri'gidist.  rare.  [f.  Rn;u>  a.  +  -IST.]  One 
who  holds  strict  views;  a  rigorist. 

1716  M.  D  AVI  us  At/ten.  Brit.  II.  254  Nut  that  those 
ancient  Orthodox  Rigidists.. would  have  the  Arians.  .to  lie 
downright  persecuted.  *793  tr.  Gressefs  I  'er-l'crt  iv. 
(ed.  2)  43  note)  Two  celebrated  rtgidists  of  the  last  century. 

Rigidity  (rid^i'diti,.  [ad.  I,,  rigiditas  (Vitru- 
vius; :  see  RIGID  a.  and  -ITV.  So  F.  rigiditS 
(i;th  c.),  It.  rigiditat  -tadc,  -fate.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  rigid  ;  stiffness,  hardness. 
1624  WOTTOM  Arch,   in  Reliq.  (1672)    56  Which   severe 

Observation  of  Nature,  .must  needs  produce.. a  kind  of 
Rigidity.  1731  ARIIUTHXGT  Aliments  (1735)  162  Rigidity 
of  the  Vessels  and  Organs  must  necessarily  follow  from 
Rigidity  of  the  Fibres,  1794  G.  ADAMS  Xat,  <$•  E.\-p.  Philos. 
III.  xxix.  192  Its  endeavour  to  overcome  the  rigidity  of  the 
cooled  oil.  1805  SAUNDERS  Rim.  Waters  146  Where  it  has 
left,  .a  rigidity  or  impaired  action  in  the  seat  of  the  disease. 
1859  LANG  Wand.  India  134  They  were  lying  dead,  but 
stitl  warm,  and  their  limbs,  as  yet,  devoid  of  rigidity.  1882 
M  INCH  IN  LJnipl.  Kineniat,  121  The  motion  may  be  one 
which  is  consistent  with  perfect  rigidity. 

2.  Strictness,  severity,  harshness,  inflexibility  ;  an 
instance  of  this. 

a,  1653  BiNNiKG  Serin,  (1845)  572  Will  rigidity,  severity, . . 
and  such  like,  ever  conciliate  the  hearts  of  Men?  1699 
BURNET  39  Art,  Pref.  8  Till  the  Lutherans  abate  of  their 
Rigidity.  1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  Iv.  (1806)  IV.  149  This 
assertion .  .displeased  the  house  by  shewing  a  stiffness  and 
rigidity  in  the  king,  1829  I.  TAYLOR  Knthus,  x.  262  Dis 
qualified  from  free  and  energetic  action  by  rigidities  and 
scruples  and  divisions.  1847  LEWES  Hist.  Philos.  (18671  I- 
344  The  spasmodic  rigidity  and  unnatural  exaggeration  of 
tiie  Stoics.  1884  CouRTHoi'E  Addison  10  Though  many  of 
them  were  connected  with  the  Presbyterian  system,  their 
common  sense  made  them  revolt  from  its  rigidity. 

Rigidly  (ri-d^idli),  adv.     [f.  RIGID  a,  +  -LV  2.] 

1.  Ja  a  rigid  manner;  severely,  strictly. 

1639  FULLER  Holy  \Var\\.  iv.  47  It  is  a  greater  fault  rigidly 
to  censure,  than  to  commit  a  small  oversight.  1699  BENTLEY 
Phal.  468  If  we  examine  this  rigidly,  the  computation  cannot 
be  true.  1748  HARTLEY  Observ.  Man  \.  iv.  461  Covetous 
Persons  are  often  rigidly  just  in  paying.  1791  Bos  WELL, 
Johnson  I.  255  Johnson,  though  he  could  be  rigidly  ab 
stemious,  was  not  a  temperate  man.  1836  THIRLWALL  Greece 
II.  g  The  founder  of  a  government  which  was,  for  many  cen 
turies  after  him,  rigidly  aristocrat ical.  1859  DARWIN  Origin 
Spec.  iv.  83  He  does  not  rigidly  destroy  all  inferior  animals. 
1875  OUSELEY  jlfus.  Form  ii.  g  A  melody  need  not  be  kept 
rigidly  in  one  key. 

2.  \Vith  material  stiffness  or  rigidity. 

1861  HOLLAND  Less.  Life  vi.  84  His  elevated  rectangular 
elbows  cut  rigidly  against  the  air  on  either  side.  1863  MARY 
HOWITT  tr.  /''.  Kremers  Greece  II.  xvi.  144  In  the  north  the 
mountain  masses  ascend  evermore  rigidly.  1871 11.  STEWART 
Heat  (ed.  2)  §  34  This  axis  carries  a  cross  piece  A  Ii  rigidly 
attached  to  it. 

Rigidness  (ri-d^idnes).  [f.  RIGID  a.  +  -NESS.] 
The  state  of  being  rigid  ;  rigidity. 

1642  FULLER  Holy  $  Prof.^St.  n.  ix.  81  That  his  rigidnesse 
frighted  people  from  consulting  with  him.  1653  FIRMIN  Sober 
Reply  i  Mr.  Cawdrey  did  justly  taxe  me  with  rigidnesse. 
i68p  Nation's  Interest  rel.  to  DK.  York  30  Rigidness,  Cen 
suring  and  the  Sword  Inflame  and  Harden.  1796  MORSE 
Amer.  Geogr.  I.  333  nofe,  His  high  idea  of  virtue  giving  him 
a  rigidness,  which  makes  it  difficult  for  him  to  accommodate 
himself  to  those  intrigues.  1853  MAURICE  Profih.  <y  Kings 
\.  9  The  unchangeableness  of  God  is  not  to  be  confounded 
with  the  rigidness  of  a  rule  or  a  system. 

Rigi-dulous,  a.  rare-*,  [ad.  mod.L.  rigid- 
u/us."]  Somewhat  stiff;  rather  stiff. 

1858  MAYNE  s.v.  Rigidulits.    1882  in  OGILVIE. 

+  Rigled,  a.  Obs.*1  (Meaning  uncertain.) 

1630  DAVENANT  Cruel  Brother  v.  i,  But  where's  the  rigled 
Hag  V  the  incestuous  lump  of  heat  ?  where  is  she  ? 

Riglet,  variant  of  REGLET. 

Ri'glin  'g.  Sc.  (and  north?).  Also  7-8  riglcn, 
y  -Ian.  [Northern  var.  of  RIDGELIXG.]  —  RIDGEL. 

1662  in  Pitcairn  Crim.  Trials  III.  603  Paddokis  did  draw 
the  plewgh,  as  oxen  :  qwickens  wer  sowmes,  a  rtglen's  borne 
wes  a  cowter.  1697  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  3316/4  A  bay  Horse, . . 
quite  blind,  a  Scar  on  the  near  Whirls  Bone,  and  a  Riglin. 
1703  Ibid.  No.  3929/4  A  Dun  Horse,  a  Riglin,  wall  Eyed. 
1724  Ibid.  No.  6283/3  Stolen..,  a  bright  bay  Rigling,  14 
Hands  high.  1787  W.  TAYLOR  Poems  66  A  Rigltn,  Ram, 
an'  thirty  yowes.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  472 
They  are  already  too  well  aware  of  the  plague  of  even  a 
single  riglin  or  chaser  on  a  farm. 

t  Rig-marie.  Sc.  Obs.  A  coin  of  small  value. 

'  Supposed  to  have  originated  from  one  of  the  billon  coins 
struck  during  the  reign  of  Queen  Mary,  which  had  the 
words  Reg.  Maria,  as  part  of  the  legend  *  (Jam.). 

a  1682  F.  SEMPILL  Banishment  Poverty  96  No7v<^.  Marie 
was  in  my  purse.  1807  RUICKBIE  Wayside  Cottager  i?9 
(E.D.D.),  Wha  valued  not  your  college  spither  A  rigmarie. 


Rigmarole  (ri-gmar^l;.,  sb.  (and  a.}.  Also  S 
riggmonrowle,  rig-my-role,  -roll,  rig-me-role, 
rigmarol.  [App.  a  colloquial  survival  and  altera 
tion  of  RAGMAN  BOLL  (sense  2) ;  the  latter  seems 
to  have  gone  out  of  literary  use  about  1600.] 

1.  A  succession  of  incoherent  statements ;  an  un 
connected  or  rambling  discourse ;  a  long-winded 

J    harangue  of  little  meaning  or  importance. 

1736  PtidGE  Kt'nticisms,  Rigmarole^  a  long  story  ;  a  '  tale 
I  of  a  tul)'.  1746-7  MKS.  DELANY  Life  $  Corr.  Ser.  i.  II.  454 

•  At  fir>t  ^he  could  not  tell  what  to  make  of  such  a  rig-my-roic^ 
.    but  at  last  fixed  it  on  Greene  and  the  duke.      1757  FOOIK 
i    Author  ii,  You  are  always  running  on  with  your  liggnion- 
|     rovvlcs.      1766  MRS.  I) ULAN V  Life  fy  Corr.  Ser.  II.  I.  77  How 
1    I  have  run  on  !  iiurn  this  rig-ine-role  instantly,  I  entreat 
:     your  ladyship.     1779  MME.  D'AKBLAY  Diary  20  Oct.,  That's 

better  than  a  long  rigmarole  about  nothing.  1814  SCOTT  in 
Lockhart  (1839)  IV.  274  She  repeated  a  .sort  of  rigmarole 
which  I  suppose  she  had  ready  for  such  occasions.  1859 
MEKEDITH  A'.  Fcverely\t  You  never  heard  such  a  rigmarole. 
1883  Times  2  Nov.  2/3  A  long  rigmarole  was  told  how  the 
journalist's  hat  had  fallen  into  the  Seine. 

b.  Without  article :  Language  of  this  kind. 

1809  W.  IRVING  Knickcrb.  vn.  vi.  (1820)  488  They   were 

i    exactly  the  same  that . .  may  be  classed  in  rhetoric  under  the 

general  title  of  Rigmarole.     1818  BYKON  yuan  i.  clxxiv,  His 

speech  was  a  fine  sample,  on  the  whole,  Of  rhetoric,  which 

,     the  learn VI  call  'rigmarole'.      1887  Jr;ssoili'  Arcndy\\\.  88 

Scraps  of  paper. .scribbled  over  with  rigmarole. 

2.  attrib.t  passing  into  adj.    Incoherent  ;  having 
1,0  proper  sequence  of  ideas  ;  rambling. 

1753-4  RICHARDSON  Grandison  VI.  xxv.  141  You  must  all 

1  of  you  go  on  in  one  rig-my-roll  way;  in  one  beaten  track. 
1791  1'obWEi.L  Johnson  I.  191  m't<-,  In  that  manner  vulgarly, 
but  Significantly,  called  rigmarole.  1806-7  J-  BEBESFOKD 
j1fiSi'n'i.'s  Hum.  Lift  (1826)  vi.  xviii,  Their  rigmarole  won- 
derings..at  the  number  of  miles  which  you  have  travelled 

\  out  uf  your  way.  1839  Miss  MAIILASO  Lctt.fr.  .Madras 
(1^431  24-2  Probably  the  performance  will  be  .so  queer  and 

i  rigmarole  that  nobody  will  read  it.  1857  S.  OSBOKN  Quedah 
xi.  138  He  began  a  long  rigmarole  story  about  Malaymen 

i  not  liking  to  clean  copper.  1870  Miss  UKIDGMAN  A'.  Lynne 
II.  :;.  21  j  What  a  rigmarole  letter  ! 

Hence  Ki'gmarole  v.  ;;///'.,  to  talk  rigmarole  ; 
Kigmarolery,  rigmarole  discourse;  RigmaroTic 
a.t  of  the  nature  ol  rigmarole. 

1831  Blacfcw.  Mag.  XXX.  330/2  Ridgway  rigmaroled,  and 
Ilrougham  vapoured.  1839  Ibid.  XLV.  466  Sentimental 
i-igmarolery  and  practical  benevolence  seldom  go  together. 
a  1849  POK  ll'A-s.  (1664)  III.  576  '  What  is  Poetry?  '  notwith 
standing  Leigh  Hunt's  rigmarolic  attempt  at  answering  it, 
is  a  query  [etc.]. 

Rigmaro'lish,  ,-.  [f.  RIGMAROLE  $b.  +  -ISH.I] 
Somewhat  akin  to  rigmarole. 

1827  J.  W.  CHOKER  in  C.  Papers  (1884)  I.  369, 1  have  been 

i    betrayed  into  this  rather  rigmarolish  note  by  an  expression 

i    in  your  note  which  [etc.].     1842  LOVER  Handy  Andy  xvti, 

He's  going  to.  .read  some  long  rigmarolish  old  record*.  1885 

•  Daily  Tel.  16  Mar.  (Cassell),  His  rambling  rigmarolish  way. 

Hence  Rigmarolishly  adv. 

1841  Frasers  Mag.  XXV.  240  We  will  proceed  rigmarole- 
1  ishly  by  first  speaking.. of.  .a  real  Simon  Pure. 

Rigne,  obs.  form  of  KEIGN  v. 

Ri'gol,  sb.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  6-7  rigoll. 
i  [ad.  >.  rigole  water-course,  gutter,  furrow,  drill, 
!  groove  :  see  RIGGAL  and  REGAL  sb$  for  variant 
|  forms  in  English.] 

f  1.  A  ling  or  circle.     Obs.  rare. 

App.  derived  from  the  application  of  the  word  to  a  groove 

!_.!_; _(-__  _  J     Tl  .-,  .         _1._T>.,.,- 


runnmgrounda  thing  :  cf.  sense  3  and  RIGOLZ'.,  also  RIGGAL 
2  and  REGAL  sb,'-  (quot.  1886).  The  possibility  that  in  both 
passages  it  may  be  an  error  for  ringol^  var.  of  RINGLE  •?/'.', 


appears  to  be  very  slight. 

1593  SHAKS.  Lucrece  1745  About  the  mourning  and  con 
gealed  face  Of  that  blacke  bloud,  a  watrie  rigoll  goes,  Which 
seemes  to  weep  vpon  the  tainted  place.  1597  —  2  Hen.  II ', 
iv.  v.  36  This  is  a  sleepe,  That  from  this  Golden  Rigoll  hath 
diuorc'd  So  many  English  Kings. 

2.  fa.  A  small  furrow  or  drill  for  seeds.  06s.—1 
1599  GARDINER  Kitchin  Garden  16  His  sowing  in  Rigols 

doth  saue  the  better  halfe  of  the  seedes. 
b.  dial.  A  small  channel  or  gutter. 
1879  Miss  JACKSON  Shropshire  W'ord-bk.^  I've  made  a 
bit  of  a  rigol  to  carry  the  waiter  off  the  posy-knot. 

3.  dial.  A  groove. 

1879  Miss  JACKSON  Shropshire  Word-bk.  352  Look  at  the 
dirt  i'  the  rigol  round  the  table. 

t  Ri'gol,  v.    Obs.  rare~°.      [f.  rigol  (cf.  prec.), 

var.  of  RIGGAL  and  REGAL  sb  3.     K.  rigoler  (now 

dial.)  is  app.  not  recorded  in  this  sense.]     trans. 

To  furnish  (a  barrel)  with  a  groove  at  the  top, 

,    into  which  the  head  fits. 

1580  HOLI.YBAND  Treas.  Fr.  Tong,  Enjablcr^  to  rigoll_a 
tunne,  hogshead,  or  barrell,  and  to  putte  the  heade  vnto  it. 
1611  COTGR.,  Enjabler,  to  rigoll  a  peece  of  caske  ;  or,  to 
make  the  Crowes.  Ibid.t  Renjabler,  to  new-rigol  a  peece 
of  caske. 

Rigolage,  variant  of  RECOLAGE  Obs. 

Rigold(e,  variants  of  RIGALD,  RIGGALD. 

t  Rigole,  z>-  Obs.  rare  — J.  [a.  OF.  rigoler  \  see 
•  RECOLAGE.]  trans.  To  indulge  wantonly. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  175  So  dede  in  the  same  wise  Of 
Rome  faire  Neabole,  Which  liste  hire  bodi  to  rigole. 

fRigolice.  Obs.  rare~°.  [ad.  K.  regolisse,  obs. 
var.  of  rfg&se.']  Liquorice. 

1580  HOLI.YBAND  Treas.  Fr.  Tong^  Ragalice^  rcgatice,  or 
ri^lice^  rigolice. 

Rigoll,  obs.  f.  REGAL  sb£ 

86 


RIGOR. 

II  Rigor  (rei-g?J,  ri-gpj.).  Path.  Also  5  rigoor.  ' 
[L.  rigor  numbness,  stiffness,  related  to  rigere  to  | 
be  stiff,  rigidus  RIGID  a.] 

1.  A  sudden  chill,  esf.  one  accompanied  with  fits 
of  shivering  which  immediately  precedes  certain 
fevers  and  inflammations.  (Cf.  RIGOUR  7.) 


it  is  be  worste  signe  tokene  of  deep. 


682 


TO/I  To  forbere  the  said  rigorouse  punysshement.  a  1533 
LD  BERNERS  Huon  Ixv.  222  Fynde  sum  rygurus  wordes  to 
hym,  &  make  as  though  ye  were  dyspleasyd  with  hym. 
ieoo  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  i.  i.  9  Our  well-dealing  Countri- 
men  .  Haue  seal'd  his  rigorous  statutes  with  their  blouds. 
1657  Penit  Conf.  vii.  188  As  the  injunction  itself  is  too  rigor 
ous  so  the  limitation  is  too  ridiculous.  1678  BUTLER  Hud. 
in  Lady's  Answ.  333  Nor  can  the  rigorousest  Course  Pre- 


rifff*    */«*"  I.CU.   *;,  Jii£f'i    *»  .  .   , 

the  Skin  and  Muscles  of  the  whole  Body,  accompanied  with 
Chilness.    1732  AKBUTHNOT  Rules  of  Diet  in  A  liments,  etc 


or  rigors  of  the  trunk.  1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4) 
1.  698  It  may  be  employed  at  the  very  onset  of  the  fevers 
during  the  rigors.  1899  A  Mutt's  Syst.  Mcd.  VIII.  93°,  ' 


ng  the  ngOL_.         ,,  . 

have  tlso  observed  five  cases  of  rigors.. occurring  imme 
diately  after  an  injection  of  serum. 

attrib.  1898  P.  MANSON  Trap.  Diseases  \\.  50  1  he  rigor 
stage  is  relatively  less  marked. 

2.  Rigor  mortis,  the  stiffening  of  the  body  follow 
ing  upon  death. 

1839-47  TOUD  Cycl.Anat.\\\.  524/1  Passive  contraction  is 
a  vital  act,  for  it  ceases  with  the  rigor  mortis.  1873  T.  H. 
GREES  Introd,  Pat  hoi.  ied.  2)  13  The  more  healthy  and 
vigorous  this  [nutrition  of  the  muscles]  is,.. the  longer  it  is 
before  the  rigor  mortis  supervenes. 

Rigor,  variant  of  RIGOUR. 

t  RiigO'rious,  a.  Obs,  rare,  [Alteration  of 
RIGOROUS  a.]  Fierce,  stern,  severe. 

1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  i.  (Percy  Soc.)  10  He  brake  first 
horses  wilde  and  rigorious.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  /'"///, 
160  b,  The  Almaynes . .  demaunaed  money  of  hym,  in  suche 
rigoriouse  manier,  that  he  was  fayne.  .to  flee. 

Hence  t  RiffOTiously  adv.    Obs.   rare. 

«i533  LD.  BERNERS  Hiton  Ixxxi.  247  He  began  to  speke 
rygoryously  to  haue  occacyon  of  some  stryfe  betwene  vs. 
i$35  FISHER  Wks.  (1876)  373  And  yet  he.. did  not..reuenge 
him  selfe  vppon  you  rigoriously. 

Rigorism  (rrgoriz'm).  Also  rigourism.  [f. 
L.  rigor  KIGOUK  +  -ISM.  Cf.  F.  rigorisme^  Sp.  and 
1'g.  rigorismo^\ 

1.  The   principles   and  practice    of  a   rigorist ; 
austerity,  stringency  ;  extreme  strictness. 

1704  Gentl.  Instructed  vi.  iii.  (ed.  2)  124  Your  Morals  have 
a  Flavour  of  Rigorism.  1716  M.  DAVIES  Athen.  Brit.  II. 
253  Blam'd  for  too  great  a  Rigorism  in  their  over  zealous  ' 
Orthodoxy  against  the  Arians.  1860  W.  G.  WARD  Nat.  $ 
Grace  i.  353  [The  Church]  has  been  no  less  watchful  against 
any  intrusion  of  rigorism  and  harshness.  1875  LIGHTFOOT 
Coloss.  $  Phil.  (1876)  98  She  [Phrygia]  was  the  mother  of 
Montanist  enthusiasm,  and  the  foster-mother  of  Novatian 
rigorism.  1896  Academy  22  Feb.  150/3  The  sermons  are 
remarkable  for  their  uncompromising  rigorism. 

2.  R.  C.  Theol.     The    doctrine    of  the   rigorist 
school  of  moral  theology. 

1882  Encycl.  Brit.  XIV.  636/1  The  line  he  draws  is  not., 
an  intermediate  one  between  rigorism  and  laxity. 

Rigorist  (ri*gorist).  Also  rigourist.  [f.  as 
prec. -i- -IST.  Cf.  F.  rigoriste,  Sp.  rigorista.] 

1.  One  who  favours  or  insists  upon  the  severest 
or  strictest  interpretation  or  enforcement  of  a  law, 
precept,  principle,  or  standard  of  any  kind. 

1714  MANDEVILLE/'VZ£.  JS«i  (1733)  II.  p.  xx,  He  had  a  strong 
aversion  to  rigorists  of  all  sorts.  1789  BENTHAM  Princ. 
Legist,  ii.  §  8  Those  deluded  rigorists  who.  .first  laid  them 
selves  under  that  idle  obligation  by  a  vow.  1804  Edin. 
Rev.  111.405  The  propositions  may  appear  exceptionable 
.  .to  the  rigorists  in  geometry.  1823  New  Monthly  Mag. 
VII.  33, 1  am  apt  to  doubt  the  virtueof  an  obtrusive  Puritan 
and  rigourist.  1882  FARRAR  Early  Chr.  II.  84  If  they  were 
rigorists  in  the  minutiae  of  Levitism  instead  of  examples  of 
ideal  righteousness. 

attrib.  1876  PLUMMER  tr.  Do'llinger's  Hippolytus  <$•  Callis- 
tits  237  Origen .  .shared  the  rigorist  principles  of  Hippolytus. 
1890  [see  LAXIST]. 

2.  R.  C.  Theol.    One  who  holds  that  in  doubtful 
cases  of  conscience  the  strict  course  is  always  to 
be  followed.     Also  attrib. 

1715  M.  DAVIES  Athen.  Brit.  I.  Pref.  65  Of  the  Popish 
Church- Rigorists  and  Laxarists.  1768  MACLAINE  tr.  Jtfos- 
heims  Eccl.  Hist.  (ed.  2)  IV.  379  The  Jansenists  are  not 
undeservedly  branded  by  their  adversaries  with  the  denomi 
nation  Rigourists.  1864  NEWMAN  Apologia  (1865)  276  A 
priest  might  write  a  treatise  which  was  really  lax  on  the 
subject  of  lying, ..and  yet  in  his  own  person  be  a  rigorist. 
1882  Encycl.  Brit.  XIV.  637/1  When  such  a  text-book., 
comes  to  be  ranked  amongst  rigorist  works. 

t  Rigoro'Sity.  Obs—1  In  6  rugorosyte. 
[ad.  med.L.  rigorositas  (Du  Cange) :  see  next  and 
-ITY.]  Austerity,  rigour. 

c  1531  BOORDE  Let.  in  Introd.  Knowl.  (1870)  47,  I  am  nolt 
able  to  byd  J>"  rugorosyte  off  your  relygyon. 

Rigorous  (ri-gorss),  a.  Also  5  ryger-, 
rygour-,  rygor- ;  5  regor-,  rigur-,  5-6  riger-, 
6  rygTir-,  6-7  rigourous ;  5  -is,  5-6  -us  ;  5  -use, 
5-6  -ouse.  [a.  OF.  rigorous  (mod.F.  rigoiireiix]^ « 
Sp->  Pg-,  It.  rigoroso,  med.L.  rigoroszts:  see  RIGOUR 
and  -ous.] 

1.  Characterized  by  rigour  ;  rigidly  severe  or  un 
bending;  austere,  harsh,  stern;  extremely  strict: 
a.  Oflaws,  procedure,  etc. 

c  1380  WYCLI  F  Stl.  ll'ks.  1 1.  346  pis  lawe  hadde  bree  parties ; 


AAvii.  (1787)  III.  54  The  rigorous  conditions  of  peace  and 
pardon  we**  accepted.  1816  W.  DUNCAN  Sel.  Orat.  Cicero 
iii  101  He  is  searching  for  the  most  rigorous  precedents. 
1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romota  n.  ii,  He  wanted  a  refuge  from  a 
standard  disagreeably  rigorous. 
b.  Of  persons. 

c  1430  LYDG.  Minor  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  81  A  rigurous 
iuge  Withe  hate  and  rancour  dothe  his  vertu  dresse.  1456 
SIR  G-  HAVE  Law  Anns  (S.T.S.)  243  Gif  a  king  be  a 
rigorous  man,  and  wele  sett  to  kepe  law  and  justice,  is  nane 
so  grete  bot  he  will  sare  drede  till  offend  him.  1509  HAWKS 
fast.  Pleas,  xxxni.  (Percy  Soc.)  162  There  is  a  gyaunte 
bothe  fyerce  and  rygorous  That  wyth  his  might  shall  hym 
soune  overthrowe.  1577  tr.  Bulling*? s  Decades  (1592)  186 
Jehu  a  verie  iust,  although  a  rigourous  prince.  1649  N. 
BACON  Disc.Govt.  Eng.  ii.  xxii.  (1739)  102  Coming  in  by 
the  people's  favour,  he  was  obliged  to  be  rather  remiss  than 
rigorous.  1685  BAXTER  Paraphr.  N.  T.  i  Tim.  iii.  3  A 
Bishop  must  be.. one  that  by  lenity  taketh  all  things  in  the 
best  sense,  and  is  not  rigorous.  1776  SIR  D.  DALRYMPLE 
Annals  Scotl.  I.  148  Adam  Bishop  of  Caithness,  a  rigorous 
exacter  of  Tithes.  1780  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thrale  4  July, 
I .  .hope  she  will  not  be  too  rigorous  with  the  young  ones. 

2.  Of  the  weather,  etc.  :    Severe  ;   bitterly  cold. 
f  Of  heat :  Excessive,  violent  (obs.}. 

1513  MORK  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  705  Beyng  letted 
for  lacke  of  prosperous  wind,  and  encombered  with  so  much 
rigorous  tempest.  1604  DRAYTON  Moses  Map  Mirac.  ^13 
If  the  fleet  winde  by  some  rigorous  gale  Seem'd  to  be  mou'd. 
1630  A*.  Johnson's  Kingd.  £  Commw.  3  All  moderne  Navig 
ators,  who.. have  found.. the  regions  situated  under  the 
Tropikes  to  bee  tormented  with  more  rigourous  heat.  1647 
Cow  LEY  Mistr.i  Bathing  iv,  When  rigorous  Winter  binds 
you  up  with  Frost.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  \.  i.  9  The  delays., 
confined  his  passage  round  Cape  Horn  to  the  most  rigorous 
season  of  the  year.  1774  PENNANT  Tour  Scotl.  in  7772,  175 
The  cold  is  very  rigorous.  1867  LVBLL  Princ.  Geol.  nr. 
xxxix.  (18751  LI.  361  These  excursions  usually  precede  a 
rigorous  winter.  1896  WORKMAN  Algerian  Mem.  159  The 
climate  is  more  rigorous  than  that  of  the  coast. 

3.  Scrupulous,  unswerving,  strict,    rare. 

1641  MILTON  Reform.  \\.  Wks.  1851  III.  47  Well  knows 
every  wise  Nation  that  their  Liberty  consists  in  manly  and 
honest  labours,  in  sobriety  and  rigorous  honour  to  the 
Marriage  Bed.  1847  MRS.  JAMESON  Sacr.  $  Legendary  Art 
(1850)  193  Leading  a  life  of  such  rigorous  abstinence  that 
his  health  sank  under  it. 

4.  Severely  exact,  rigidly  accurate. 

1651  HOBBKS  LeT.'iath.  i.  viii.  34  In  Demonstration,  .and 
all  rigourous  Search  of  Truth,  Judgement  does  all.  1659 
PEARSON  Creed  (1830)  327  Not  if  it  be  taken  in  a  strict, 
rigorous,  proper,  and  formal  sense.  1732  BERKELEY  Alciphr. 
iv.  §2  Truth  and  convenience  are  very  different  things  to 
the  rigorous  eye  of  a  philosopher.  1774  MITFORD  Ess. 
Harmony  Lang.  273  The  short  syllables  shortened  without 
regard  to  their  rigorous  natural  value.  1795  LD.  AUCK 
LAND  Corr.  (1862)  III.  301  Many  members  insist  on  a  rigor 
ous  account  of  the  debt  by  a  secret  committee.  1838 
EMERSON  Lit.  Ethics  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  214,  1  think  that  we 
have  need  of  a  more  rigorous  scholastic  rule.  1879  THOM 
SON  &  TAIT  Nat.  Phil.  I.  i.  §  89  The  second  order  of  in 
finitely  small  quantities  may  be  with  rigorous  accuracy 
neglected. 

f  5.  Accompanied  by  rigors.   Obs.~l 
1579  LANGHAM  Card.  Health  (1633)  474  Drinke  the  root 
with  wine  against  the  rigorous  fits  of  old  feuers. 

Ri'gorously,  adv.    [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2,] 

1.  \\ith  rigour  or  severity. 

1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  iv.  88  To  the  castell  [they]  went  in  hy, 
And  assegit  it  rygorusly.  Ibid.  vi.  136  He  smat  the  first  sa 
rygorusly  Vith  his  spere.  c  1407  LYDG.  Reson  $  Sens.  6628 
Rygorously  to  denovnce  Hys  curse  vpon  the  folkys  all 
Which  that  in  the  sentence  fall.  1442  in  Proc.  Council  Irel. 
(Rolls)  276  He  hath  so  rigorously  entreted  your  pouere 
people  of  your  said  londe.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  A  Ifonce 
xiii,  The  mayster  came  to  his  seruaunt  Medius  and  rygorously 
sayd  to  hym  [etc.].  1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  ofFolys(\^o)  126 
Justice  ought  to  be  waved  ..  By  egall  measure,  all  fauour 
set  aside,  Not  rigorously  for.  .displeasaunce.  1576  FLEMING 
Panoplie  Epist.  280  Some,  .plucked  their  haires  up  by  the 
rootes  most  rigorously.  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D^Acosta's 
Hist.  Indies  v.  xvii.  374  They  did  whip  themselves  rigor 
ously  in  the  maner  aforesaid,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies 
(1840)  II.  508  It  brake  his  heart,  that  the  queen,  .rigorously 
demanded  the  present  payment  of  some  arrears.  1788 
GIBBON  Decl.  «$•  F.  Ixiv.  VI.  311  The  tribute  was  rigorously 
collected.  1803  MACKINTOSH  De/.  Peltier  \fV&.  1846  III. 
295  The  horrible  consequences  of  enforcing  rigorously 
principles  of  law.. against  political  writers.  1867  SMILES 
Huguenots  Eng.  x.  (1880)  158  The  provisions  of  tne  Edict 
of  Revocation  were  rigorously  put  in  force. 
b.  Without  any  exception  or  allowance. 

I&58CARI.YLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xiv.  iii.  (1865)  V,  170  Asa  primary 
measure,  Belleisle  keeps  those  orders  of  his  rigorously 
secret.  1885  Law  Times  Rep.  LI  II.  319/2  An  ambulance 
station . .  from  which  the  public  is  rigorously  excluded.  1891 
Law  Tunes  XCI.  21/2  The  City  Sittings.. must  be  rigor 
ously  protected  against  the  invasion  of  rubbish  of  this 
description. 

2.  Strictly,  scrupulously. 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  n.  xviii.  (1614)  211  Their  fast 
I  on  the  17.  of  the  fourth  Moneth  for  the  destruction  of  their 
j  Citie  is  rigorously  kept.  1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Olearins'  Voy. 


RIGOUR. 

Amoass.  26  The  Fast  which  the  Muscovites  very  rigorously 
observe  before  Christmas.  1750  Student  I.  48  He  is., 
rigorously  just  in  discharging  the  duties  of  his  station.  1792 
BURKE  L'orr.  (1844)  IV.  23  We  must  do  right,  and  do  it 
simply  and  rigorously,  and  trust  to  Providence  for  the  rest. 
1859  GEO.  ELIOT  A.  Bede  xi,  She  was  too  rigorously  truth 
ful  for  benevolent  invention.  1866  LIDDON  Div.  Our  Lord 
i.  (1875)  40  The  worship  of  Christ  is  rigorously  due  to  Our 
Lord  from  all  Christians. 

3.  \Yith  severe  or  close  accuracy  ;  exactly. 

1651  HOIIBES  Lcviath.  II.  xxv.  133  He  may  interrupt  him, 
and  examine  his  reasons  more  rigorously.  1662  J.  DAVIES 
ir.  Olearius'  Voy.  Ambass.  394  To  speak  rigorously,  there 
is  no  haven  in  those  parts.  1748  HARTLEY  Obserp.  Man  I. 
iii.  365  They  ought  always  to  be  defined,  the  Definitions 
rigorously  kept  to.  1794  G.  ADAMS  Nat.  <$•  Exp.  Philos. 
IV.  xlv.  242  When  therefore  the  motion  of  two  bodies.. is 
considered  rigorously,  the  central  body  should  not  be  re 
garded  as  fixed.  1834  MRS.  SOMERVILLECO««<?JT.  Phys.  Sci. 
xvi.  (1840)  152  They  have  been  predicted  and  computed 
rigorously  by  the  laws  of  mechanics.  1879  THOMSON  &  TAIT 
Hat.  Pliil.  1. 1.  498  A  solution  which  will  be  more  and  more 
nearly  rigorously  correct  the  oftener  we  pass  it  through  the 
machine. 

f  4.  In  literal  sense :  Stiffly.   Obs.—1 

c  1425  Found.  St.  Bartholomew's  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  45  The  ex- 
tremyteis  of  his  fyngers  were  so  rigorisly  contracte  in  the 
synowys  that  he  myght  vnneith  put  mete  to  his  moweth. 

Ri-gorousness.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.] 
Rigorous  action,  procedure,  or  temper;  rigour. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  54  Yf  our  iustyce  begyn 
to  extende  it  selfe  so  farre  that  it  turne  in  to  inordynate  zele 
or  rygorousnes,.. temper  it  with  mercy.  1542  Lament.  Sr 
Piteous  Treatise  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Malh.)  I.  245  Whiche 
tempest  vsed  no  lesse  rygorousnes  with  the  shippes  of  the 
Rhodyans.  1642  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  i.  in.  _xv,  Oppres- 
sion-of-the-poore,  Fell-rigourousnesse.  1694  KETTLEWELL 
Camp.  Penitent  31  The  Rigorousness  and  Unrelenting 
hardness  of  myown  Dealings  towards  them.  1882-3  SCHAFF 
Encycl.  Rel.  Knowl.  2324  The  rigorousness,  not  to  say 
cruelty,  with  which  he  enforced  his  various  measures  against 
image-worship. 

t  Rigorouste.     Obs.     Also    5  rigoroussete, 

rigourstee.    [See  RIGOROUS  a.  and  -TV.]    Rigour. 

1399  Rolls  of  Parlt.  III.  452/1  If  it  were  so  taken  and 

construed  to  the  heghest  sentence  and   most   rigorouste. 

1c  14706.  ASHBY  Active  Policy  502  Vndur  drede  of  the 

lawe  is  Rigourstee.     Itid.  804  Ye  shul  moe  people  hems 

conquere  Bi  compassion.. Than  hi  crueltee,  &  rigoroussete. 

Bigot(t,  variants  of  RIGGOT  ~. 

Rigour  (ri'gaj).      Forms  :    4-6  rygour(e,  6 

r(e}ygur,  5-7  rygor  (5  -ore) ;    5-6  rigoure  (5 

rigur),  4-  rigour,  4-9  (now  U.S.)  rigor,     [a. 

OF.  rigor,  rigour  (ijthc. ;  mod.F.  rigtieur),   = 

Sp.  and  Pg.  rigor,  It.  rigore,  ad.  L.  rigor  RIGOR.] 

I.    1.    Severity  in   dealing  with   a   person   or 

persons ;  extreme  strictness ;  harshness. 

,71386  CHAUCER  Frankl.  T.  47  Pacience.  .venquysseth. . 
Thynges  bat  rigour  sholde  neuere  atteyne.  14..  in  Tun- 
dale's  Vis.  (1843)  97  Sothfast  kyng..To  repentaunt  by 
rygour  not  vengeabfe.  c  1460  SIR  R.  Ros  La  Belle  Dame 
720  What  vayleth  you  to  schew  so  gret  rygour?  1495  A ct 
ii  Hen.  C//.C.  2  Preamble,  Ofhispitie  intending  to  reduce 
theym  therunto  by  softer  meanes  then  by  such  extreme 
.  rigour.  1553  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  193  Their  rygour  and 
fiercenesse  ageynst  suche  as  stoobernly  contemned  them. 
1597  HOOKER  .£«/.  I'ol.  v.  Ixxvi.  §8  If.  .they  haue  tempered 
rigour  with  lenitie.  a  1648  DIGBY  Voy.  It/edit.  (Camden)  30 
Such  is  the  effect  of  genllenesse  and  faire  wordes  after  rigour 
vpon  a  iust  ground,  with  the  vulgar.  1690  LOCKE  Gov.  II. 
I  vi.  §  67  There  is  little  Fear  that  Parents  should  use  their 
Power  with  too  much  Rigor.  1757  'n  E"'s  Orig.  Lett. 
Ser.  n.  IV.  395  Some  of  high  rank  in  the  Navy,  .declare 
they  will  not  serve  under  the  rigor  of  so  hard  and  unequitable 
a  law.  1776  GIBBON  Dec/.  %  F.  vii.  (1782)  I.  226  The  rigour 
of  the  one  was  tempered  by  the  other's  clemency.  1822 
SCOTT  Peverilvm,  His  rights  as  a  creditor,  he  had  hitherto 
used  with  gentleness  ;  but  if  he  should  employ  rigour  [etc.]. 
1878  MACDONALD  Ann.  Q.  Neighb.  xii,  Rigour  was  past,  and 
tenderness  had  not  come. 

b.  An  instance  of  this  ;  a  harsh  or  severe  action 
I    or  proceeding. 

01548  HALL  Chron.,  Ed-w.  IV,  i6b,This  was  a  greate 
rigor  and  extremitie,  for  the  seruaunt  to  vse  agaynst  the 
Master.  1578  FENTON  Guicciard.  I.  (1618)  50  The  remem 
brance  of  many  rigors  which  his  father  Ferdinand  had  vsed 
against  them.  1672  MARVELL  Reh.  Transp.  I.  33  At  that 
time  the  Ecclesiastical  Rigours  here  were  in  the  highest 
ferment,  a  1734  NORTH  Examtn  I.  iii.  §  164  Many  affect 
Rigors,  and  will  apply  them  in  all  Cases,  but  of  themselves 
and  their  Partisans.  17*6  HURKE  Art.  agst.  IV.  Hastings 
Wks.  II.  122  All  the  risours  practised  upon  the  chief 
ministers,  .being  found  ineffectual  1847  EMERSON  Repr. 
Men,  Napoleon,  Thosa  who  smarted  under  the  immediate 
rigours  of  the  new  monarch,  pardoned  them.  1874  _S.  Cox 
Pilgr.  Ps.  107  By  the  rigours  of  bondage  they  might  be 
constrained  to  repent. 

2.  The  strict  terms,  application,  or  enforcement 
of  some  law,  rule,  etc. 

1427  Rolls  of  Parlt.^.  409/2  That  thenne  the  rygour  of  the 
Statut  be  executed,  c  1430  LYDG.  Minor  Poems  (Percy 
Soc.)  77  Almesdede  shal  make  achevisaunce,  T'exclude  by 
grace  the  rigour  of  vengeaunce.  1489  CAXTON  FaytesofA. 
III.  xxi.  221  Suche  a  man.  .ought  not  to  be  spared,  but  ai 
rygoure  of  rudnesse  be  doon  to  hym.  1552  ABP.  HAMILTON 
Catech.  (1884)  25,  I  half  determit  to  use  agains  thame  the 
rigour  of  jugement.  1610  HEYWOOD  Gold.  Age  i.  i,  One 
louely  boy  Hath  felt  the  rigor  of  that  strict  decree.  1673 
Essex  P.  (Camden)  89  Should  there  be  any  Lands  of  y' 
Northumberland  family  w«*,  in  rigor  of  law,  revert  to  y" 
Ci  owne  upon  y'  failure  of  an  Heir  Male.  1791  BURKE  App. 
Whigs  Wks.  1808  VI.  9  They  never  intended  to  execute 
those  declarations  in  their  rigour.  1821  LAMB  Elia  I.  Mrs. 
Battle's  opinions  on  whist,  A  clear  fire,  a  clean  hearth,  and 
i  the  rigour  of  the  game.  1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev-  ill.  l.  "• 


444  I'he  Part  is  first  benummed, . .  and  a  Horrour  and  Rigour 
seizeth  upon  the  Patient.  1734  S.MELLIE  midwifery  III. 
180  A  fever  intervened,  with  irregular  horrors  and  rigours. 
1776  SIR  G.  BAKER  in  E.  S.  Thompson  Influenza  (1890) 
so  Some  few  had,  in  the  beginning,  successive  rigours. 
1890  STEVENSON  Let.  to  Dr.  Scott  20  Jan.,  I  find  it  at  once 
produces  a  glow,  stops  rigour. 

transf  1859  SALA  Gaslight  f,  D.  xxvi.  297  Shall  the  young 
lady  in  the  apartment  next  to  mine  string  my  nerves  into 
the  rigours  ? 

t  8.  Of  material  objects  :  Stiffness,  hardness.  Obs. 

"578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  vii.  90  That  so,  the  outer  might 
delend  the  inner  Membran.  .from  the  rigour  of  the  ribbes. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  297  The  rest  his  look  Bound  with 
Uorgoman  rigor  not  to  move.  1700  DRYDEN  Ovid's  Met. 
I.  539  The  stones.  .Did  first  the  rigour  of  their  kind  expel, 
And  suppled  into  softness  as  they  fel!. 


RIGOUR. 

Let  '  Domiciliary  visits  'j  with  rigour  of  authority,  be  made    < 
to  this  end. 

b.  esp.  in  phr,  the  (. .)  rigour  of  the  law. 

1479  Pas  ton  Lett.  III.  239  To  shew  un  to  yow  the  rigur  of 
the  lawe.  1553  T.  WILSON  Rlict.  58  b,  With  inercie  to  miti 
gate  all  rigor  of  the  lawe.  1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI>  \.  Hi. 
199,  I  doe  beseech  your  Royall  Maiestie,  Let  him  haue  all 
the  rigor  of  the  Law.  1637  R.  HUMPHREY  tr.  St.  Ambrose 
I.  18  Ful  performance  of  duty  according  to  the  extreme 
rigour  of  the  law.  1669  Si  URMY  Mariner's  Mag.  Summary  ! 
N  2  b,  Not  to  take  the  just  rigour  of  the  Law  of  England, 
..but  take  reasonable  satisfaction.  1831  in  Picton  IS  POO  I 
Munic.  Rec.  (1886)  II.  330  The  party  offending  should  . .  be 
..proceeded  with  to  the  utmost  rigour  of  ihe  law. 
T"  c.  ellipt.  in  the  same  sense.  Obs. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  88  Be  the  rygour    ! 
he  has  tynt  his  hede.     /tW.,  The  prince,  .may  do  him  sum 
f.ivour  that  he  be  nocht  all  punyst  be  the  rigour.     1700 
Pentisylu.  Arch.  1. 137,  I  will  have  him  proceeded  against. .     j 
to  yj  utmost  Rigour,    a  1715  BUIINET  Own  Time  (1724)  II.     ( 
415  The  setting  fines  on  their  husbands  to  the  rigour  would     [ 
make  all  the  estates  of  the  country  be  at  mercy. 

•j"  3.   Hardness  of  heart ;  obduracy.   Obs~^ 

c  1460  Play  Sacrain.  822  Thowgh  we  haue  be  vnryght- 
fulle,  forgyf  vs  our  rygore. 

4.  Of  weather  or  climate :   Severity ;  extremity 
or  excess  of  cold  ;  f  violence  (of  storms). 

^  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  V,  26  b,  Such  is  the  power  of 
the  wynd,  and  suche  is  the  rigoure  of  the  tempest.  Ibid.t 
Hen.  VI)  181  A  Croune  whiche  did  hang  in  the  middell. ., 
without  louche  of  any  creature,  or  rigor  of  wynd,  sodamly 
fell  doune.  1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  $  Commw.  (1603)  147 
The  snowe.  .keeping  it  warme  from  the  rigor  of  the  frost, 
1665  BOVLE  Occas.  Rejl.  (1675)  67  In  Winter,  when  it  needs 
their  shelter  from  the  Rigors  of  that  cold  season.  1741-2 
GKAY  Agrip.  109  The  rigour  Of  bleak  Germania's  snows. 
1771  Ann.  Reg.  99/2  The  present  severity  and  extreme 
rigour  of  the  weather  is.,  very  remarkable.  1851  CARLYLE 
Sterling\\\.  iv.  (1872)  197  The  rigours  of  spring  were  always 
dangerous  to  him  in  England.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage 
209  From  regions  of  Arctic  rigour. 
b.  Extreme  distress  or  hardship. 

1769  Charact.  in  Ann,  Register  13/2  By  this  time,  the 
besieged  endured  the  utmost  rigour  of  famine.  1836-7 
DICKENS  S&.  Boz  (C.  D.  ed.)  223  Alleviating  the  rigour  of 
her  condition  by  pecuniary  donations  for  her  comfort. 

5.  Strictness    of  discipline,    etc. ;    austerity    of 
life  ;  an  instance  of  this. 

CI440  Alph.  Tales  11  Sho.  .kepyd  diligentlie  emang  hur 
susters  be  rigur  of  disciplyne.     1526  Pilgr.  Perf.(\V.  de  W.     t 
1531)  262  b,  That  it  is  impossyble  for  vs  to  perseuer  and  con-     : 
tynue  in  suche  rygour  &  streytnesse  of  lyuyng.     1579  LYLY 
Euphues  (Arb.)  79  Seeing  I  cannot  by  reason  restrame  your      \ 
importunate  suite,  I  will  by  rygour  done  on  myselfe,  cause      \ 
you  to  refraine  themeanes.  1674  BREVINT  SaulatEndoriw      \ 
The  Holy  Fathers  did  lay  on  him  several  Degrees  of  Rigors, 
before  they  would  take  him  in  again.      1684   BURNET  tr.      i 
Mores  Utopia.  94  To  undergo  much   Pain,  many   Hard-      ; 
ships,  and  other  Rigours.     1705  ADDISON  Italy  524  This 
Prince.. liv'd   in    this    Convent    with    all   the   Rigor  and 
Austerity  of  a  Capucin.      1833  L,  RITCHIE  Wand,  by  Loire     I 
1 20  The  rigour  of  the  monastic  discipline  speedily  terminated     ' 
her  life. 

b.  Puritanic  severity   or   strictness;    rigorism;    i 
f  an  instance  of  this. 

1597  DowlamFs  First  Bk.  Songs  in  Arb.  Garner  IV.  39     , 
The  ice  of  her  indurate  heart,  Whose  frozen  rigour.  .Feels     i 
never  any  ^touch  of  my  desert.     1634  MILTON  Counts  107 
Rigor  now  is  gon  to  bed,  And  Advice  with  scrupulous  head, 
..Age,  and.. Severity, With  their  grave  Saws  in  slumber  ly.     j 
1650  TRAPP  Comm.  Dent.  ii.  5  It  is  therefore  a  rigour,  to     i 
say,   the   wicked   are   usurpers  of  what    they  have.     1748     ; 
RICHARDSON  C7anssa(].),  Rigour  makes  it  difficult  for  slid-     : 
ing  virtue  to  recover.    1784  COWPER  Task  \\.  321  What  vice     ' 
has  it  [satire]  subdu'd?  whose  heart  reclaim'd  By  rigour,  or     | 
whom  laugh'd  into  reform?     1835  THIRLWALL  Greece  I.  ix. 
352  The  emergencies  of  the  war  had  induced  the  Spartans     \ 
to  relax  the  rigour  of  their  principles. 

6.  Strict  accuracy,  severe  exactitude. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Accipio^Adverbuin  accipere* 
to  take  the  rigour  of  the  woorde :  to  take  the  woorde  as      I 
it  lyeth,     1594  R.  PARSONS  Confer.  Success,  i.  vi.  132  As 
this  man  in  rigour  is  not  truly  mayor,.. nor  the  other  is     I 
properly  Emperor,    a  1614  DONNE  fitadavaTos  (1644)  127  Our      ! 
soule.  .in  rigour  is  murdered  by  every  sinne  consented  unto. 
a  1665  j[.  GOODWIN  Filled  TV.  the  Spirit  (i$6i)  215  This  word, 
in  the  rigour  of  the  grammatical  signification  of  it,  is  not 
always  used   for  interceding  for  another.     1774  MITFORO 
Ess.  Hartnony  Lang.  271  Either  the  value  of  the  syllable 
is  taken  with  the  utmost  rigor,  or  with  latitude.      1836-7 
Sm  W.  HAMILTON  Metaph.^  lii.  (1877)  L  61  Sciences  which 
the  term  philosophy  exclusively  denotes,  when  employed  in     ! 
propriety  and  rigour.     1879  THOMSON  &  TAIT  Nat.  Phil.  I.     | 
i.  §  77  Hence  we  may  with  perfect  rigour  conclude  that  even 
the  extreme  case. .is  included  in  the  general  theorem. 
II.   7.    =  RIGOR  I. 

1541  ELYOT  Cast.  Helthc  48  In  palseys,  or  apoplexies,     | 


683 
t  Ri'gourest,  obs.  form  of  superl.  to  RIGOROUS  a. 

a  1653  GOUGE  Comm.  Heb.  vi,  §  42  They  disgrace  his  Gos- 
pell ;  they  persecute  his  members,  and  that  in  the  sorest  and 
rigourest  manner  that  they  can. 

Rig-Out,  colloq.  [f.  RIG  z>,2  3  b.]  An  outfit; 
a  suit  of  clothes;  a  costume.  (Cf.  RIG  sb$  2.) 

1823  MONCKIEFI--  Tom  $  Jerry  i.  iv.This  toggery  of  yours 
will  never  lit — you  must  have  a  new  rig-out.  1834  M EDWIN 
Angler  in  Wales  I.  28  A  rig-out  enough  to  frighten  all  the 
fish  out  of  their  skins.  1874  W.  SIMPSON  Meeting  the  Sun 
xxiii.  313  An  Inverness  cape  and  a  Glengarry  bonnet  is  a 
favourite  rig-out  with  many. 

t  Rigruff.  Obs.-°     (See  quot.) 

1611  COTGK.,  Mai  mart,  a  running  scab,  or  thicke  inor- 
phew,  which  couering  all  ouer  the  vlcers  that  bee  vnder  it, 
seemes  wholly  dead:  Some  Northerne  people  call  it,  the 
Rig  ruffe  (in  beasts). 

Bi'gsby.  Also  6  rigby.  Now  dial.  [Cf.  RIG 
sb.*  and  z\4,  and  see  -BY  2.]  A  wanton  ;  a  romp 
ing  lad  or  lass. 

1546  LANCLEY  tr.  Pol.  Verg,  de  Invent,  vii.  vi.  140  These 
.  .be  so  light  fingered  and  suche  rigbies  Children  that  they 
wil  fynde  two  thynges,  afore  they  lose  one.  1607  R.  QARKW] 
tr.  Estienne^s  World  of  Wonders  A 2  Here  dwels  that 
to  wring  and  terrible  Nimrod,that  hunting  rig.sby  Semiramis. 
1691  RAY  ^V.  C.  Words  (ed.  2)  59  A  Reuling  Lad  ;  a  Rigsby. 
1814  PEGGE  Suppl.  Grose,  Rigsby,  a  romping  girl.  York. 
1838  HoLLOW AY  Prov.  Diet.,  Rigsby,  a  hoydon.  1877 
Holderness  Gloss. ,  Rigsby,  a  romping  child. 

Rigsdollar,  obs.  form  of  RIX-DOLLAR. 

Rig-up:  see  RIG  sl*.G  2. 

Rig-veda  (rig^'da).  Also  8  Reig  Beid; 
8-9  Rigveda.  [Skr.  rigvcda^  f.  ric  praise  +  veda 
knowledge :  see  VfiDA.]  The  principal  of  the 
Vedas  or  sacred  books  of  the  Hindus. 

1776  HALHKD  Gentoo  Laws  Pref.  p.  xx.xii,  The  Style  of 
this  Writer  is  clear,  but  very  concise  ;  a  Specimen  of  it  is 
here  offered,  in  his  Explanation  of  the  first  chapter  cf  the 
Reig  Beid.  1788  Asiatic  Res.  I.  340  The  Rigveda  consists 
of  live  sections.  1796  SIR  W.  JONKS  tr.  lust.  Hindu  Law 
104  The  Rigveda  is  held  sacred  to  the  gods.  180$  Asiatic 
Res.  VIII.  374  Tradition,  preserved  in  the  Puranas,  reckons 
sixteen  Sanhitas  of  the  RIgve'da.  1840  H.  H.  WILSON 
Oxford  Lect.  i.  5  The  text  also. .of  one  of  the  Vedas,  the 
Rig-Veda,  has  been  printed.  1899  MONIER- WILLIAMS 
Sanskrit.  English  Diet.  In  trod.  p.  xxl,  Vedic  literature 
begins  with  the  Rig-veda  (probably  dating  from  about 
1200  or  1300  B.C.). 

transf.  1895  SAI.MOND  Doctr.  Innnort.  i.  v.  80  These  an 
cient  Accadian  hymns,  which  Lenormant  has  named  the 
Chaldaean  Ris-Veda. 

Bi'gwiddy.  Sc.  (f  and  north.}  Forms  :  5  ryg- 
wythi,  5  rigwethy,  6,  8  -widdy  (9  -widdie, 
-wuddie),  8-9  rigwoodie.  [f.  RIG  j&l+WXTHY; 
cf.  next.]  A  back-band  or  ridge-band  for  a  cart 
horse,  orig.  one  made  of  twisted  withes  or  twigs. 

1419-20  Dnrh.  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  407  In  reparacione 
sellarum,  frenorum  . .  et  j  rygwythi.  Ibid.  636,  j  Crow- 
pour,  j  rtgwetby  novum.  1513  Ace.  Ld.  High  Trcas.  IV. 
514  For  xxiiij  stane  of  towis  to  be  thetis,  sounies  and  rig- 
widdeis.  1709  Rec.  Elgin  (New  Spalding  Cl.)  I.  381  Ilk 
dozen  rigwoodies,  zd.  1752  Ibid.  I.  465  Sowms,  thramels, 
rigwoodies,  tethers,  wallropes,  thrawn  wawns  and  all  other 
wood  or  work  of  wood,  straw,  bent  or  rushes.  1799  J. 
ROBERTSON  Agric.  Perth  100  What  are  called  coup-carts, 
i.e.  when.,  the  contents  can  be  discharged,  without  lifting 
the  shafts  or  rig-widdy.  1808  JAMIESON  s.v.,Therigwiddie, 
in  the  Highlands,  is  to  this  day  made  of  twisted  twigs  of 
oak.  1894  LATTO  T.  Bodkin  ix,  A  cadger  bodie  . .  gettin  's 
rigwoodie  mendit. 

b.  attrib.  as  an  abusive  epithet. 

1790  BURNS  Tarn  O'Shanter  160  Wither'd  beldams,  auld 
and  droll,  Rigwoodie  hags,  wad  spean  a  foal.  1828  BUCHAN 
Rigwoodie  Carlin  J,  Faer  ye  gaun,  ye  rigwoodie  carlin  ? 
c  1860  W.  ANDERSON  in  Edwards  Mod.  Scot.  Poets  (1881) 
II.  236  A  rigwoodie  deil  was  Jean  Findlater's  loon. 

t  Kigwith.Ce.  Obs.  [f.  Ria  $bJ-  +  WITHE  sb. 
Cf.  ridgewith  s.v.  RIDGE  sb.^  8.]  =prec. 

c  1340  Nominate  (Skeat)  880  Dosser,  biletz  <&/«*.. Rig- 
with,  dractepynnes.  14..  Lat.  Eng.  Voc,  in  Wr.-Wulcker 
5p3^//«p,arygwythe.  1570  LEVINS Manip.  150  ARigwith, 

Riht(e,  obs.  ff.  RIGHT.  Rihae:  see  REIGH. 
Riif(e,  Rijf(e,  obs.  ff.  RIFE.  Rijp,  obs.  f. 
REAP  sb2,  RIPE  a.  Rik(e,  obs.  or  dial.  f.  REKE 
sb^i  v^  Bike,  sfi.t  kingdom  :  see  RICHE. 

fBlke,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  ON.  rikja,  f.  ;•//•* 
kingdom,]  intr.  To  reign. 

a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  xcii.  i  *Lauerd  riked  ;  fairhed  schred 
he  to  se.  Ibid.  xcv.  9  pat  god  riked,  in  genge  sai  yhe. 

Rike,  Sc.  var.  REACH  ».i  Rikelot:  see  KIKE- 
LOT.  Rikels,  var.  REKELS  Obs.  Riken;i,  obs. 
ff.  RECKON-  v.  Riksha,  var.  RICKSHA (w. 

II  Rilawa  (ri'lawa).  Zool.  [Cingalese  rilawd: 
cf.  R  i  LLO  w.  ]  The  Toque  Macaque  (Afacaats 
pileatits]  of  Ceylon. 

1859  SIR  J.  E.  TENNENT  Ceylon  I.  129  The  little  graceful 
grimacing  rilawa.,\s  the  universal  pet  and  favourite  of 
both  natives  and  Europeans.  ^  189^7  H.  O.  FORBES  Hand- 
Ik.  Primates  II.  35  Knox,  in  his  interesting  account  of 
the  island,  gives  an  accurate  description  of  the  Rilawas. 

Bile  (rail),  sb.  [var.  of  ROIL  sb?\  A  thick  or 
muddy  condition  of  water  or  other  liquid. 

1848  LOWELL  Biglow  P.  Ser.  i.  Poems  1890  II.  124  'T  11 
take  more  fish-skin  than  folks  think  to  take  the  rile  clean 
out  on't.  1859  BEECHER  Life  Thonghis§w.  n.  7  The  muddy 
bottom  sends  its  rile  through  all  the  waters. 

Rile,  dial,  variant  of  ROIL  sbl  and  v.T- 

Bile  (rail),  v.  Chiefly  U.S.  and  colloq.  Also 
ryle.  [Later  form  of  ROIL  z;.-] 


RILL. 

1.  trans.    To  make  (a  liquid)  thick  or  turbid  by 
stirring  up  the  sediment ;  to  muddy. 

1838  HOLI.OWAY  Prov.  Did.,  To  rile  or  roile,  to  stir  up 
liquor  and  make  it   thick  by  moving  the  sediment.     1838 
J.  C.  NKAL  Charcoal  Sketches  (bartletl),  No  doubt  existed 
in  the  minds  of  Mr.  Dobb's  fellow-boarders,  that  the  well  of 
his  good  spirits  had  been  riled.     1896  Strand  Mag.XH. 
348/2  At  spring  tides  the  water  becomes  too  '  liled-up  '  to 
dive  with  any  degree  of  success. 

2.  To  excite,  disturb;  to  vex.  annoy,  make  angry. 
1825  J.  NKAL Bro.  yonat/ian  I.  158  Bein'  afeared  he  might 

ryle  my  blood.  1836  HAUBURTON  Clockm.  Pref.  (1862)  7 
Fair  play's  a  jewel,  and  I  must  say  I  feel  ryled  and  kinder 
sore.  1850  SMEDLEV  /•'.  Fairleigli  viii,  I  like  to  rile  Cumber- 
land  sometimes  because  lie's  so  soft  and  silky.  1883  W.  C. 
BALDWIN  Afr.  Hunting  vii.  273  It  riles  me  to  hear  them 
everlastingly  talking  of  getting  home.  1889  R.  BUCHANAN 
llctr  <>f  Litine  .\xi,  Don't  get  riled. 
b.  absol.  with  up.  To  get  angry. 

1844  DICKENS  Mart.  Chuz.  ,\vi,  They  rile  up,  sometimes ; 
but  in  general  we  have  a  hold  upon  our  citizens.  1863 
BHIEKLEY  \Va.verl<m>  156  The  little  fellow  riled  up  at  this. 

Hence  Riled///-  <*•     (Cf.  ROILED///,  a.) 

1839  J.  VERY  Poems  163,  I  thirst  for  one  cool  cup  of  water 
clear,  But  drink  the  riled  stream  of  lying  breath. 

Biley  (rai-li),  a.  U.S.  Also  ryley,  rily.  [f. 
prec.  +  -Y  :  cf.  ROILY  «.] 

1.  Thick,  turbid,  muddy. 

1825  J.  NEAL  llro.  Jonathan  I.  369  A  gallon  o'  ryley  water 
.  .right  out  o'  the  spring.  1828  CUNNINGHAM  N.  S.  Wales 
II.  55  An  American  landlord  brought  in  a  jug  of  water,  and 
apologised  for  its  being  so  riley.  1850  PANGUOKN  Diary  in 
.liner.  Hisl.Rez:  (1903)  IX.  105  Got  more  black  rily  Coffee 
and  eat  sea  Bread.  1861  CATI.IN  Life  among  Indians  16 
The  mud  and  water  in  the  '  Lick '  still  riley  with  their 
recent  steps. 

2.  -\ngiy;  irritable,  bad-tempered. 

1847  RoBii  Squatter  Life  64  (BartletO,  The  boys  and  gals 
were  laugbin'  at  my  scrape. .,  that  1  gin  to  get  riley.  1867 
ISlackw.  Mag.  Oct.  404  The  Americans,  .speak  of  an  ill- 
tempered  person  as  being  riley.  1872  Die  VKRE  American 
isms  534  An  ill-tempered,  cross-grained  person  is  apt  to  be 
called  'a  rily  fellow'. 

Rilievo,  variant  of  RELIEVO. 

Biligioun,  obs.  form  of  RELIGION. 

Biling  (rei-lirj),  ///.  a.  colloq.  [f.  RILE  z/.2] 
Annoying,  aggravating. 

1870  SIMMONS  Oatiiale  Grange  291  You  know  it's  such  a 
riling  thing  to  have  said  of  one.  1894  F.  S.  ELI. is  Reynard 
J-'o-tzii  But  was  it  not  a  little  riling,  To  hear  this  infamous 
reviling? 

Bill  (ril),  s6.l  Also  6  rylle,  7  ril(le.  [Agrees 
in  form  and  meaning  with  mod.Du.  and  Fris.  ril, 
LG.  ril,  rille,  G.  rille  •  the  precise  nature  of  the 
connexion  is  not  clear.] 

1.  A  small  stream  ;  a  brook,  runnel,  rivulet. 
1538  LELAND  Itin.  (1768)  I.  37  There  is  a  rylle  that  cummith 

by  the  Towne.  1398  Slow  $urv.  13  Diuers  rilles  or  rillets 
to  theRiuer  of  Thames.  1637  MILTON  Lycidas  24  We..  Fed 
the  same  flock,  by  fountain,  shade,  and  rill.  1694  ADOISON 
Poems,  Virgil  Misc.  W'ks.  1726  I.  17  And  shallow  rills  run 
trickling  through  the  glass.  1725  DK  FOE  l-'oy.  round 
World  (1840)  253  Innumerable  rills  and  brooks  of  water. 
1784  COWPER  Task  I.  192  Rills  that  slip  Through  the  cleft 
rock.  1829  LYTTON  Defereux  m.  v,  I  have  some  remem 
brance  of  the  green  sod,  and  the  silver  rill.  1850  TENNYSON 
In  Mem.  xxxvii,  Go  down  beside  thy  native  rill.  1878 
HUXLEY  Physiogr.  176  A  mere  rill  of  warm  water  running 
over  the  surface  of  the  sea. 
b.  transf.  andyi^. 

1698  FARQUHAK  Love  ff  a  Bottle  in.  ii,  Our  knives  cut  pass 
age  clean  Through  rills  of  fat,  and  deluges  of  lean.  1704 
FULLER  Med.  Gytutt.  (1711)  95  There  must  be  a  continual 
Rill  of  these  temperate  Juices  into  the  Blood.  1784  COWPEK 
Task  tv.  64  Here  rills  of  oily  eloquence  in  soft  Meanders 
lubricate  the  course  they  take.  1864  LOWELL  Fireside  Trav. 
214  The  exiguous  rill  of  a  discourse.  1891  E.  PEACOCK  A". 
Brendan  I.  85  His  was  a  tiny  rill  of  conversation,  not  a  tidal 
wave  of  thought. 

O.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rill-mark,  -iuay\  rill- 
like  adj. ;  rill-wise  adv. 

1862  F.  HALL  Hindu  Philos.  Sysl.  238  The  water  of  a 
reservoir,  .enters  the  fields  rillwise.  1863  DANA  Man.  Geol. 
94  Rill-marks,  mud-cracks,  and  rain-drop  impressions.  1876 
MEREDITH  Beauc/l.  Career xxxv,  The  ripple  crease  and  rill- 
like  descent  of  the  turf.  1886  A.  VViNCHELL  Walks  Geol. 
Field  51  Obviously,  the  roadside  slime  has  descended  the 
rill-ways  from  the  middle  of  the  street.  1888  DAWSON  Geol. 
Hist.  PI.  32  The  beautiful  branching  rill-marks  produced 
by  the  oozing  of  water  out  of  mud  and  sand-banks  left  by 
the  tide. 

2.  A  small  narrow  trench  ;  a  drill.    Now  dial. 
1658  EVELYN  Fr.  Card.  (1675)  244  Lay  them  in  the  bottom 

of  the  rills.  1664  —  Sylva  6  Immediately  before  you  sow, 
cast,  and  dispose  it  [the  ground]  into  Rills,  or  small  narrow 
Trenches  of  four,  or  five  inches  deep.  1706  LONDON  &  WISE 
Retird Card.  I.  314  To  succeed  in  planting  Anemones,., 
draw  a  Rill  from  one  End  of  the  Bed  to  the  other.  1725 
Family  Diet.  s.v.  Candy-Tu/t,  When  you  have  drawn  Rills 
Length-ways,  and  Cross-ways,  you  may  sow  the  Seed. 
1871  W.  Morning  News  May  (E.D.D.),  Potatoes  which 
were  up  in  rills  looking  healthy  and  promising. 

3.  Astr.   =  RILLE.     Also  attrib. 

1888  J.  A.  W.  OLIVER  Astron.  70  On  the  south-east  of  this 
bright  little  crater  there  is  an  easy  rill.  Ibid.  73  This  ring- 
plain  is  associated  with  one  of  the  most  remarkable  rill- 
systems  on  the  moon. 

tBill,  42  Obs.  rare-".  In  5  rylle.  [Of 
obscure  origin.]  (See  quots.) 

CI440  Promf.  Parv.  434/1  Rylle,  thynne  clothe,  ralla. 
Ibid.  491/1  Thynne  clothe,  that  ys  clepyd  a  rylle.  ralla. 

Bill  (ril),  z/.i    [f.  RILL  rf.ij 

1.  intr.  To  flow  in  a  small  stream. 

86-3 


RILL. 

1610  [see  the  ppl.  a.].     1651  BIGGS  fi'eui  Disp.  T  144  The    | 
profuse  sweat,  that  rills  through.,  the  pores,  c  1709  PRIOR  ind    I 
Hymn  Callim.  1 53  The  wholesome  Draught  from  Aganippe  s 
Spring,  .gently  rilling  Adown  the  Mountains.     1821  CI.AKIC 
l-ill    Minstr.  I.   106  May  showers  never  fail..,  Nor  suns 
dry  the  fountain  that  rills  by  its  side.     1855  BAILEY  Mystic 
44  Time's  sand-dry  streamlet  through  its  glassy  strait  Rilled 
restless.     1884  SALA  in  lllnstr.  Land.  Kcvis  3F>  Aug.  195  A 
small  fountain  rills  from  the  rockwork. 

2.  trans,     a.  To  form  by  flowing,     b.    To  utter 
in  liquid  notes. 

1845   HOOD  Stag-eyed  Lady  xiv,  Then  closed  the  wave,    , 
and  then  the  surface  rill'd  A  ring  above  her,  like  a  water- 
knell.     188.  SCOLLARD  Summer  Song  ii.  (Funk),  The  brook 
is  dry  ;  its  silver  throat  Rills  song  no  more. 

3.  To  make  drills  in  (a  garden  bed),  rare—'. 
1658  EVELYN  Fr.  Card.  (1675)  244  For  this  you  may  make 

use  of  the  houe,  rilling  the  bed  where  you  would  set  them. 

Hence  Brlliug///.  a. 

1610  W.  FOLKINCHAM  Art  of  Survey  I.  ii.  4°  The  grauelly 
colde  of  rilling  fountaines.  1797  F.  BAILV  Tour  (1856)  260 
Vortices,  which.. cause  a  rilling,  murmuring  sound.  1853 
F.  W.  NEWMAN  Odes  of  Horace  207  What  boy  these  cupsof 
hot  Falernian  Tempers  quick  with  rilling  water? 

I  Bill,  ».-  Obs.-1  In  5  ryll.  (A  pp.  meaning 
'  to  roar  or  bellow ',  but  perhaps  an  error.) 

c  1400  Sang  of  Roland  421  Your  knyghtis  be-hind  hatie 
som  bores  fond,  or  Among  the  holtis  I -herd  ryll  sum  hertis. 

Bille  ("!,>.  Astr.  [a.  G.  rille  :  see  KILL  sl>.Y\ 
One  of  the  long  narrow  trenches  or  valleys  observed 
on  the  surface  of  the  moon.  (Cf.  KILL  si.1  3.) 

1868  LOCKVER  Elem.  Astron.  §  226  The  rijles,  of  which  425 
are  now  known,  are  trenches  with  raised  sides  more  or  less    I 
steep.      1878  —  Stargazing  350  Hours  may  be  spent  in 
examining  the  craters,  rilles,  and  valleys  on  the  surface. 

Billet  (ri-let).  Also  6  ryllet.  [f.  KILL  jiU  + 
-ET  or  -LET.]  A  small  rill  or  rivulet ;  a  brooklet. 

1538  LELAMJ  ftin.  (1769)  V.  37  Ther  cummith  a  litle  Ryllet 
by  this  square  Toure. .  .There  be  other  smaulle  Ryllettys  yn 
Molesdale.  1598  STOW  Stir;'.  13  Diuers  rilles  or  rillets  to 
the  Riuer  of  Thames.  1612  DRAYTOS  Poly-olb.\.  264  Those 
rillets  that  attend  proud  Tamer  and  her  state.  1678  HOBBES 
Decani,  v.  55  A  thousand  small  Rillets  of  melting  Snowfall  , 
down  into  it. 

1830  TENNYSON  A  rob.  Kts.  48  From  the  green  rivage  many 
a  fall  Of  diamond  rillets  musical.     1871  MEHKDITU  //.  Rich, 
montt  xiv,  A  single  tent  stood  in  a  gully. .,  near  an  iron-red 
rillet.     1890  H.  M.  STANLEY  Darkest  Africa  I.  ix.  223  A    | 
score  of  lazy,  oozy  rillets. 

Comb.  1868  BROWNING  A' ingffBk.  x.  1476  Let  the  world's    ! 
praise  or  blame  run  rillet-wise  OtT  the  broad  back. 
b.  transf.  andyff. 

1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  To  Rdr.  (1651)  14  This  by-stream, 
which  as  a  rillet,  is  deducted  from  the  main  chanel  of  my 
.studies.  1626  SHIRLEY  Brothers  i.  i,  Francisco  and  Fer 
nando  are  two  rillets  from  one  spring.  1885  M  EREDITH  Diana 
II.  xiii.  310  Then  was  heard  such  a  rillet  of  dialogue. .as 
nowhere  else  in  Britain. 

Kille  tt  e  s.  [a.  F.  rillettes  pi.]  A  tinned 
preparation  of  minced  ham,  chicken,  fat,  etc. 

1896 Southampton  Times  ri  _Jan.  6/1  Charged  with  steal 
ing  4  Ibs.  of  rilletts.  Ibid.,  He  identified  the.  .tins of  rilletts 
as  the  property  of  the  company. 

t  Billing,  sb.  Sc.  Ol's.  Also  6  relyng,  ryll- 
ing.  [var.  of  KIVELIXG  1.  Cf.  KULLION.]  A 
shoe  made  of  undressed  hide.  Also  transf. 

1508  DUNBAR  Flyting  243  Rank  beggar..,  ruch  rilling. 
1513  DOUGLAS  JEtvis  vn.  xii.  118  Ane  rouch  rylling  of  raw 
hyd  and  of  hayr.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  III.  268  The 
Scottis..Tha  rouch  rulingis.. behind  tbame  than  left  thair. 
1570  Henry's  Wallace  i.  219  Rouch  rillingisf^Sgrewlyngis] 
upon  thi  harlotis  fete,  c  1700  KENNET  in  yl/.V.  Lunsd.  JOJJ, 
fol.  323  b,  The  Scotch  now  call  a  Shoe  that  hath  a  sole  with 
the  hair  to  the  ground  a  Rough  Rilling. 

Billing,  vbl.  sb.  rare.  [f.  KILL  z>.l]  f  The 
formation  of  a  rill  or  runnel ;  a  furrow  or  drill. 

1610^  W.  FOI.KINGHAM  Art  of  Survey  u.  ii.  50  Dyking, 
drayning,  . .  rilling,  brooking,  riuaging,  foording.  1725 
Family  Diet.  s.v. Springs,  Smaller  Fowl. .that  uses  to  feed 
in  wet . .  Grounds,  and  amongst  Water  Furrows,  or  Rillings. 

Hillock,  rare.    [f.  RILL  st>.1  +  -OCR.]    A  rillet. 

1893  Mir.  Observer  18  Nov.  17/2  She  dabbled  her  feet  in 
the  rillock.  1903  R.  M.  GILCHRIST  Beggar  s  Manor  161  A 
stream — or  rather  a  rillock — runs  from  end  to  end. 

t  Billow,  tool.  Obs.  [ad.  Cingalese  ri/awa, 
pi.  rilaw.]  =  KILAWA.  Bonneted  rillow,  Ihe 
Bonnet  Macaque  of  Southern  India. 

1681  R.  KNOX  Ret.  Ceylon  vi.  26  This  sort  of  Monkeys 
have  no  beards,  white  faces,  and  longhair  on  the  top  of  their 
heads.  ..They  call  these  Rillowes.  i^yiK.EKRAniiti.A'ingd. 
69  Rillow.  Ibid.,  Bonneted  Rillow.  1797  EncyfL  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  XVII.  498/1  The  rillow,  cercopithecus  sinicus,  or 
Chinese  bonnet. . .  Inhabits]  Ceylon. 

Billy,  a.    [f.  KILL  rf.'J     Abounding  in  rills. 
1727  in  BAILEY,  vol.  II.     1791  J.  LEARMONT  Poems  123 
How  sweet 's  the  windin's  o'  the  rilly  flood. 

Rily :  see  KILEV. 

Rim,  it.1  Forms:  I  rimo,  rima,  5  reme,  f, 
7,  9  rime,  6-7  ryme  ;  5-7  rym,  6  rymme,  7 
rimme,  7-8  rimb,  7-  rim.  [OE.  rima  wk.  masc., 
=  ON.  rime,  rimi  (Xorw.  rime)  a  raised  strip  of 
land,  a  ridge.  There  are  app.  no  parallel  forms 
in  the  other  Teutonic  languages. 

The  evidence  for  the  OE.  word  chiefly  rests  on  the  com 
pounds  dxgrima  DAY-RIM,  sxrima  SEA-RIM,  and  USrimn 
gums.  The  Corpus  Gloss,  however  has  the  entry  '  Crepido, 

"-Jossels  f*  p-oi     ...!.:_!.  :_ ..j  ,      _    ,    .  ft 


684 

1.  The  peripheral   portion    or   outer  ring   of  a   ' 
wheel,  connected  with  the  nave  or  boss  by  spokes 

or  by  a  web. 

In  wooden  wheels  the  rim  does  not  include  the  metal  tyre    , 
protecting  it.    In  the  metal  wheels  of  locomotives,  cycles,  or 
machinery  it  is  usually  grooved  or  flanged.    _ 

a  1400-50  Alexander  1850  We  riden  on  be  rime  \_v.r.  reme] 
&  on  be  ringe  seten  of  be  qwele  of  Fortoun.  c  1440  /  rainf. 
Pam  434/1  Rym,  of  a  whele,  tiinpanum,  circninferenaa. 
1513  DOUGLAS  sEncis  xll.  Prol.  162  The  payntit  porne.. 
Kest  vphistaill,  aprovd  plesandquheilrym.  iSJoPALSGil. 
265/1  Rymme  of  a  whele  or  stabbe,  fear.  1688  HOLME 
Armoury  in.  331/1  The  Cart  Wheel  hath  the  Rim  set  with 
round  Nails.  1704  J-  HARRIS  Lex.  Tec/in  I,  Ri«i,  in  a 
Watch  o.-  Clock,  is  the  Circular  part  of  the  Ballance  thereof. 
1704  W.  FELTON  Carriages  (1801)  I.  113  The  patent  wheel 
has  the  rim  of  one  entire  piece.  1873  RICHARDS  Operator  s 
llandbk.  140  Procure  pulleys  of  30  to  36  inches  diameter 
with  8  inches  face,  the  rims  heavy  and  turned  true  inside 
and  out.  1886  Cyclist  Touring  Cl.  GIK.  Dec.  474/2  A  fairly 
deep  rim  is  important.  Whether  the  advantage  of  the 
hollow  rim  is  paid  for  or  not  should  depend  a  great  deal  on 
the  character  of  the  general  riding. 

b.  The  hoop-shaped  piece  of  wood  which  forms 
the  outer  frame  of  a  sieve,  etc.    Also  dial,  a  hoop. 

1660  Jit.  Kates  in  Mat.  Realm  V.  196  Rims  for  Sives. 
1674  RAY  Cell.  H'fnis  122  The  sand,  earth  and  other  dross, 
flows  over  the  rimme  of  the  sierce  with  the  water.  1707 
MORTIMER  Husk.  (1721)  II.  33  The  Drum-maker  uses  it  for 
Rimbs.  1844  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  281  A  wheat-riddle 
of  wood. .with  an  oak  rim.  .1888  Sheffield  Gloss,  s.v.,  A 
child's  hoop,  used  as  a  plaything,  is  called  a  rim. 

c.  A  circular  mark  or  object. 

1860  RKAIIE  Cloister  $  II.  lii,  They  have  all  the  Dutch 
rim  under  their  bright  eyes,  that  comes  of  dwelling  in 
eternal  swamps.  1873  W.  II.  DIXON  Two  Queens  III.  xin. 
iii.  1 8  He  besought  the  king  to  crown  his  brother  Henry  with 
that  golden  rim. 

2.  jVaut.  The  surface  <ythe  water. 

1602  CAKE\vCVr«7Crt//io6  In  the  hotest  Summer  weather, 
they  swimme  with  the  ryme  of  the  water,  and  in  the  Winter, 
keepe  the  depth.     1622  R.  HAWKINS  I 'or.  S.  Sea  (1847)  72 
The  sword  fish  placeth  himselfe  under    the  belly  of  the 
whale,  and  the  thresher  upon  the  ryme  of  the  water,     llnd. 
116.     1887  I.  T.  BROWN  in  Goode  fisheries  of  U.S.  II.  264 
If  the  whale  is  swimming  '  top-water1,  the  harpooner  has  a 
better  target  to  dart  at ;  but  if  swimming  under  the  '  rim 
of  the  water  ', .  -he  must  make  the  best  use  of  his  time. 

3.  The  edge,    border,   or  margin  of  an  object, 
esp.  one  which  lias  more  or  less  of  a  circular  form. 
Alsoyfy.  (quot.  1603). 

1603  BKETON  Dial,  of  I'itlie  f.  Pleasure  Wks.  (Grosart) 
II.  13/1  Ily  her  that  came  out  of  him,  euen  a  part  of  himselfe, 
the  Rimme  of  his  whole  selfe.     1667  Phil.  Trans.  II.  437 
The  Sight  of  the  Quadrant  being  slid  along  the  Rimb  of  it. 
1698  Ibid.  XX.  112  The  Verge  or  Rime  of  the  outward  Ear 
seem'd  to  be  crimp'd.    1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v. 
Mushroom,  The  rims  of  the  tender  umbels  in  these  kinds 
clap  themselves  quite  close  to  the  stalks.     1768-74  TCCKEK 
Lt.  A*«r.(i834)  II.  596  We. .garnish  the  rims  of  our  dishes 
with  dabs  of  chewed  greens_.    1796  WITHERING  Brit.  Plants 
(ed.  3)  I.  335  Anthers  forming  a  hollow  cylinder  as  long  as 
the  floret,  with  5  teeth  at  the  rim.     1817  KEATS  I  stood  lip- 
toe  113  The  moon  lifting  her  silver  rim  Above  a  cloud.    1853 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  x.\i.  IV.  620  Few  pieces  were  exactly 
round ;  and   the  rims  were  not  marked.     1885  WATSON  ft 
BL  KIIUKV  Math.  Elecir.  $  Magn.  1. 137  The  disc  [becomes] 
a  spherical  bowl,  whose  rim  is  a  circle  at  right  angles  to  the 
axis.     Ibid.,  The  colatitude  of  that  rim. 

b.  The  verge  of  the  horizon,  sea,  hills,  etc. 
Chiefly  fact. 

1842  TENNYSON  Day-dream  170  Across  the  hills,  and  far 
away  Beyond  their  utmost  purple  rim.  1850  B.  TAYLOR 
Eldorado  i.  (1862)  3  The  far  rim  of  the  horizon  seemed  as  if 
it  would  never  break  into  an  uneven  line.  1858  LONGF.  J/. 
Standisk  I.  56  The  steel-blue  rim  of  the  ocean. 

Jig.  1862  '  SHIRLEY'  (J.  Skelton)  Nugx  Crit.  it.  97  The 
desolate  and  unpeopled  unknown  which  lies  beyond  the  rim 
of  our  life.  1863  TYNDALL  I Icat  xiv.  (1870)  502  Having  ex 
hausted  science  and  reached  its  very  rim. 

4.  An  edge,  margin,  or  border;  eip.  a  raised  or 
projecting  one  upon  something  having  a  circular 
form. 

1669  BOVLK  Canto.  New  Exp.  I.  (1682)  165  A  Wooden  plug, 
.  .furnished  with  a  Rimme  or  Lip. 

1824  R.  STUART  Hist.  Steam  Engine  69  A  projecting  riin 
rising  above  the  highest  point  to  which  the  piston  is  elev 
ated.  1832  H.  MARTISEAU  Life  in  H'ilds  iii.  30  One  little 
boy  complained . .  that  there  was  no  rim  to  his  plate.  1875 
DARWIN  Insectir.  Plants  xiv.  324  A  narrow  rim  of  the 
broad  flat  exterior  part  of  each  lobe  is  turned  inwards. 
1896  Daily  News  19  Dec.  6/4  A  rim  of  chinchilla  finished 
the  edges  of  this  novel  sleeve. 

b.  A  verge  or  margin  of  land,  sea,  etc. ;  a 
narrow  strip. 

1781  COWPER  Hope  49  The  blue  rim,  where  skies  and 
mountains  meet.  1833  TENNYSON  Palace  of  Art  75  The 
ragged  rims  of  thunder  brooding  low.  1864  —  Aylmer^s  J'\ 
147  Where  the  brook  Vocal,  with  here  and  there  a  silence, 
ran  By  sallowy  rims.  1878  HUXLKY  Physiogr.  xv.  254  In 
side  the  rim  of  land  there  is  a  shallow  lake  or  lagoon. 

fig.  1858  FROL-UE  Hist.  Eng.  xix.  IV.  185  Having  fringed 
the  Tweed  with  a  black  broad  mourning  rim  of  havoc. 
C.  Naut.  (See  quoO 


HIM. 

a  brake  operating  on  the  rim  of  a  wheel ;  rim-cap 
(see  quot.) ;  rim-face,  the  outer  surface  of  a 
wheel-rim;  rim-fire,  of  a  cartridge,  having  the 
detonating  substance  disposed  round  the  edge 
(opp.  to  centre-fire);  hence  of  a  gun,  adapted  for 
cartridges  of  this  kind  ;  rim-ignition,  =  prec. ; 
rim-iron,  iron  intended  to  form  the  rim  of  a 
wheel ;  rim-lock,  a  lock  having  a  metal  case 
which  stands  out  from  the  face  of  the  door  (opp. 
to  mortise-lock") ;  rim-rock,  U.S.  (see  quot.  1882); 
rim-shaft,  the  shaft  of  a  rim-wheel ;  rim-wheel, 
a  fly-wheel. 

1864  WEBSTER,  *Rimbase,  a  short  cylinder  connecting  a 
trunnion  with  the  body  of  a  cannon.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's 
Word-bk.,  Rim-Base,  the  shoulder  on  the  stock  of  a 
musket.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  447/1  The  trunnions. . 
support  the  gun  on  its  carriage,  the  width  of  which  is  de 
termined  bythe  distance  between  the  rim-bases.  iQcjgf'ortii. 
Rev.  LXV.  120  Of  the  *rim-brakes  there  are  several  varie 
ties.  1884  BRITTEN  Watch  fi  Cloctni.  47  The  *rim  cap 
encloses  the  space  between  the  plates  or  frame  [of  a  watch]. 


ciBsn  Rudim.  Navig,  (Weale)  141  Rims,  those  pieces 
which  form  the  cjuarter-galleries  between  the  stools.  Also  a 
cast-iron  frame  in  which  the  dropping  palls  of  a  capstan 
traverse  and  bring  up  the  capstan. 

5.  Orkney  dial.  A  rocky  bottom  in  the  sea. 
Cf.  Norw.  dial,  rimm  {rimb},  rimme,— rime  ridge. 

1795  Statist.  Ace.  Scotl.,  Orkney,  Birsav  XIV.  315  As  to 
rocks,  we  have  three  of  what  we  call  rims,  which  are  gener 
ally  occupied  by  our  fishermen  as  their  best  fishing  grounds 
. .  ;  the  rim  shoals  deepen  from  20  to  40  fathom,  or  upwards. 

6.  Comb.,  as  rim-base  (see  quots.);  rim-brake, 


magazine,.. it  is  impossible  to  explode  the  *rim-nre  cart 
ridges,  except  by  a  concussion  made  by  the  hammer.  1881 
GREENER  Gnn  136  The  cartridge  is  rim-fire.  i$6&Ref.to 
Govt.  U.S.  Munitions  War  19  The  comparative  merits  of 
central-fire  and  *rim-ignition  cartridges.  1841  Cii'ii  Eng.ff 
Arch.  Jrnl.  IV.  29/1  A  faggot  of  wrought  iron  bars  are 
worked  and.  .drawn  out.  .under  the  hammer  upon  an  anvil, 
having  a  groove  to  form  the  flanch,  into  the  state  of  *rim 
iron.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bit.  Farm  I.  218,  8-inch  Scotch 
made  iron  *rim-lock  for  back-door.  1872  RAYMOND  Statist. 
Mines  ff  Mining  84  Two  small  mills  of  eight  stamps  each 
were  erected  in  1868  and  inclines  sunk  on  the  *rim-rock. 
1882  U.S.  Rep.  free.  Met.  621 '  Rim-rock  '  is  such  portion 
as  remains  of  the  country-rock  which  formed  the  sides  or 
banks  of  the  ancient  rivers.  1839  URE  Diet.  A  rts  370  A 
second  band. which  had.. lain  upon  its  loose  pulley^upon  a 
small  driving  pulley  of  the  *rim-shaft.  Ibid.  369  For  one 
revolution  of  the  great  *rim  or  fly  wheel  of  the  mule,  the 
front  roller  makes  about  6-tenths  of  a  turn. 

Bim,  sl>.-  Now  dial.  Forms :  I  rSoma, 
rgama,  4  reme;  4-6  rym(e,  rime,  6  rysme, 
rism(m'  e  ;  6-7  rimme, rymme,  7 rimm,  7- rim. 
[OE.  rfyma  (i-t'ama),  =MDu.  rieme  (Du.  rieni), 
OS.  reomo  (MLG. reme;  hence  prob.  ON.  rcini, 
Sw.  and  Da.  rein},  OHG.  riumo,  riomo  (MHG. 
rieme,  G.  riemeit),  a  leather  strap  or  thong :  see 
KIKM,  REIM,  etc.  The  later  forms  of  the  Eng. 
word  appear  to  have  been  influenced  by  KIM  f/'.1] 
fl.  A  membrane,  pellicle,  caul.  Obs. 
ciooo  Sax.  Leechd.  III.  146  ponne  biS  baet  brae^en  utan 
mid  reaman  bewefen.  c  1050  I'oc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  380/1 
Cartilago,  se  reoma  bxs  braveries,  c  1340  Nominate (SktzC) 
306  Pol  Taut  le  crut  del  oef,  lityl  is  worth  the  reme  of  an 
ey.  c  1340  HAMPOLF,  Pr.  Consc.  520  A  rym  [r.r.  reme]  ^at 
es  ful  wlatsome,  Es  his  garment  when  he  forth  sal  com,  pat 
es  noght  hot  a  blody  skyn.  13..  Gaiv.  iff  Gr.  Knt.  1343 
Verayly  berafter  AHe  be  rymez  by  be  rybbez  radly  bay 
lance,  c  1500  KENNEUIE  Passion  of  Christ  768  Fra  held  to 
fute  bai  brak  baith  hid  and  ryme  [  =  )-/;«].  1545  ELYOT, 
Mcninfcs,  the  rysme  wherin  the  brain  is  inclosyd.  1553 
EDEN  Treat.  Newe  hid.  (Arb).  35  A  thinne  skinne  or  rimme 
like  a  nette,  encompassing  the  shell  of  a  nutte.  1601  HOL 
LAND  Pliny  I.  342  Certain  pellicles  or  rims  of  the  Midriffe, 
which  the  Latines  call  Prcecordia. 

t  b.  A  scale  or  film  upon  the  eyes.     Obs. 
1382  WYCLIF  Tobit  vi.  9  The  g^alle  is  worth  to  e?en  to  ben 
enointid,  in  the  whiche  were  rime.     Ibid.  xi.  14  The  ryme 
of  his  ejen  began,  as  the  fellis  of  an  ey,  to  gon  out.     1580 
FRAMPTON  Yron  ft  Steelc  in  Joyful  News  (1596)  158  b,  The 
ponder  made  of  yron . .  taketh  away  the  Rime  from  the  eye. 
f  c.  Rim-side,  the  flesh-side  of  a  skin.  St.  Obs. 
1474  Records  Burgh  Edinb.  (1869)  29  Brekand  schepe 
skinnis  on  the  ryme  sidis. 

2.  Rim  of  the  belly  (womb,  faitnch,  etc.),  the 
peritoneum.  Now  dial. 

[1545  RAYNOLD  Byrth  Mankynde  8  Vnder  the  last  muskle 
of  the  belly.. succedyth  a  certayn  thyn  ryme,  kell,  or  skyn, 
named  in  latin  Peritoneum.]  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v. 
Ascistcs,  When  betweene  the  rimme  of  the  beally  and  the 
guttes  is  gathered ..  much  watry  humour,  a  1585  MONT- 
GOMERIE  Filling  329  The  rotten  rim  of  thy  wombe  with 
rooke  shall  bee  reivin.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  321  Even 
as  the  rim  of  the  paunch,  which  is  called  in  Latine  Cen- 
tipellio.  1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  Democritus  to  Rdr. 
(1651)  27,  I  thinke  he  would  breake  the  rimme  of  his  belly 
with  laughing.  1718  POPE  Iliad  xiv.  521  Struck  thro'  the 
Belly's  Rim,  the  Warrior  lies  Supine.  1757  BURKE  Abridgm. 
Eng.  Hist.  Wks.  X.  4 1 1  The  rim  of  his  belly  was  wounded  ; 
and  this  wound,  .proved  fatal.  1804  Med.  Jrnl.  XII.  258 
A  slight  degree  of  anasarca  extended  to  the  rim  of  the  belly. 
1838  HOLI.OWAY  Prov.  Diet.,  Rim-of-thc-body,  the  membrane 
lining  the  abdomen  and  covering  the  bowels.  1893  HESLOP 
Northumbld.  Gloss,  s.v.,  The  rim  of  the  belly  is  said  to  be 
broken  when  its  muscles  are  lacerated  or  violently  sprained. 
b.  ellipt.  in  the  same  sense. 

1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  iv.  iv.  15,  I  will  fetch  thy  rymme  out 
at  thy  Throat,  in  droppes  of  Crimson  blood.  1607  MARK- 
HAM  Caval.  n.  (1617)  94,  I  opened  her  with  mine  owne 
hands,. .and  I  found  that  her  rimme  was  broken,  her  call 
cleane  consumed.  1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mtl.  i.  i.  u.  iv.  25 
The  second  [concavity]  of  the  Navell  and  Flancks,  diuided 
!  from  the  first  by  the  Rimme. 

Bim,  sb.v  north,  dial.  [  =  ON.  ri m  (Norw. 
rim,  reeni)  a  rail  or  rung ;  cf.  also  Fris.  rim  shelf, 
LG.  rimm  cross-beam.]  A  rung  of  a  ladder. 

1788  W.  MARSHALL  Yorksh.  II.  348  Rims,  the  steps  or 
i  staves  of  a  ladder.  1876  Mid  Yorks.  Gloss.,  Rim,  a  spoke, 
|  or  '  rung  '  of  a  ladder. 


RIM. 

Rim,  j£.4,  variant  of  RIKM. 

1882  RIDER  HAGGARD  Cctywayo  \\.  93  [The  Boer]  fastened 
a  rim  round  his  neck. 

Kim,  ».1    [f.  RIM  st>.1]    trans.  To  furnish  with 
a  rim  ;  to  border,  bound,  or  encircle  in  some  way : 
a.  In  pa.  pple.  rimmed. 

1794  W.  FELTON  Carriages  (1801)  1. 113  The  preservation 
of  both  wheels  Hes  in  the  hoops  that  the  wheels  are  rimmed 
with.  1812  SOUTHEY  in  Q.  Rev.  VII.  431  His  nails  entered 
his  own  flesh,  and  were  rimmed  round  wiih  blood.  1869 
BLACKMORE  Lorna  D.  xv,  A  bright  green  valley,  rimmed 
with  sheer  black  rock. 

fig.  1870  LOWELL  Study  IV hid.  (1886)  164  His  experience, 
his  sagacity  are  rimmed  with  a  halo. 
to.  In  active  forms. 

184*  TENNYSON  Gardener's  Dan.  177  A  length  of  bright 
horizon  rimm'd  the  dark.  1867  JKAN  IXGKLOW  Story  of 
Doom  v.  78  Blue  as  the  much-loved  Mower  that  rims  the 
beck.  1876  FARRAR  Marlh.  Serin,  x.  91  The  God  who., 
bids  the  sunset  rim  his  very  thunderclouds  with  golden  light. 

fig.  1864  LOWELL  Fireside  Trav.  172  The  sea  still  rimmed 
our  prosy  lives  with  mystery. 

Rim,"'.-  U.S.  [?var.  of  RIME  r.4]  trans. 
To  slash  (mackerel)  on  the  sides,  so  as  to  make 
them  appear  fatter.  (Cf.  RIMMEK'-.) 

1890  in  Cent.  Diet. 

Rim,  dial,  variant  of  RIME  z;.* 

I!  Rim  a  (rai'ma).  Physiol.  [L.  rima  a  fissure, 
cleft,  chink.]  Short  for  rimaghttidisy  the  passage 
in  the  glottis  between  the  vocal  chords  and  the 
arytenoid  cartilages. 

*835  Penny  Cycl.  IV.  427/2  The  upper  rima  Jin  birds]., 
gives  utterance  to  the  note.  1876  KRISTOWE  Th.  fy  Pract. 
Med.  (1878)  368  Tlie  rima  is  always  more  or  less  widely  open 
during  ordinary  quiet  respiration.  1897  Trans.  Anicr. 
Pediatric  Soc.  IX.  181  Any  abnormality  above  the  rima 
sufficient  to  obstruct  respiration. 

Riniate  (rai'm^t),  (7.  rare-*.  [See  prec.  and 
-ATE  2]  Chink-like. 

1851  WOODWARD  AI oil  it  sea  i.  123  Umbilicus  narrow 
(riniate),  lined  by  a  thin  callus. 

t  Rimble-ramble,  a-  Obs.  [Echoic  redu 
plication  of  RAMBLE  sb.^  :  of.  skimble-skamble.] 
Vaguely  discursive,  wordy,  rambling. 

1690  Pagan  Prince  vii.  20  Hence  it  was  that  the  greatest 
part  of  the  Task  was  only  Rimble  ramble  Discourse.  1694 
MOTTEUX  Rabelais  iv.  vii.  30,  I  hate  a  gibble  gabble  and  a 
rimble  ramble  Talk.  I  nm  for  a  Man  of  Brevity. 

Rimbomb, v.  nonce-wd.  \tu\.\\..  rimbomlt-are^\ 
intr.  To  re-echo,  ring,  resound. 

1829  LANDOK  /wag.  Com'.  Wks.  1853  II.  8/1  The  fame  of 
the  finest  pieces  in  the  world  reaches  him  on  the  steps  ; . .  the 
pieces  of  Signor  Marchese  and  Signer  Conte,  rimbombing 
through  the  universe. 

Rim-burst  (en,  a.  and  sb.  Sc.  (and  north.'}. 
Also  6  rymbirst ;  rum-bursin,  -burssan,  6,  9 
rimbursiu.  [f.  RIM  j<£.2  +  pa.  pple.  of  BURST  ^.] 
a.  adj.  Ruptured;  (cf.  BURST  ///.  a.  2).  b.  sb. 
Rupture,  hernia. 

c  1500  Rowtts  Cursing  58  in  Laing  Anc.  Poet.  ScotL  212 
Rim  bursin,  rippillis,  or  belly  thra.  1505  Aces.  Ld.  High 
Treas.  Scot.  III.  156 The  lech  that  helit  frer  Johne  Litstair 
of  rymbirst.  1558  in  Pitcairn  Crim.  Trials  I.  404  Allegis 
that  lie  is  nocht  able  of  his  body,  and  is  rumbursin.  1597 
LOWE  Chirurg.  (1634)  246  Portraiture  of  a  man  Rim-burst. 
1673  WEDDKRBURN  V'oc.  19  (Jam.),  Hernia,  a  rim-burst. 
1808  JAMIESON,  Rimbursin^  a  rupture  of  the  abdominal 
muscles;  in  consequence  of  which  the  belly  sometimes 
bursts.  1829  in  BROCKETT  N.  C.  Gloss,  (ed.  2)  248. 

Hence  f  Rim-bursteuness.    Obs. 

a  1575  Diurn.  Occurr.  (Bann.  Cl.)  321  James  erle  of 
Mortoun  regent  lay  deidlie  seik  of  rumburssanes.  1673 
WEDDERBURN  Voc.  47  (Jam.),  Ramex>  rimburstenness. 

Rime  (raim),  sbl  Forms  :  3  rim,  3-5  (7)  rym, 
3-7,  9  ryme,  6  risme,  3-  rime.  [a.  OF.  rime 
fern.,  for  earlier  *ridme,  *ritme  (with  final  inor 
ganic  -e  after  the  two  consonants,  as  in  abime, 
abisme,*abi$inunf],  ad.  L.  rithmns^  rythmus^  more 
correctly  rhythmits,  a.  Gr.  pvO^us  measured  motion, 
time,  proportion,  etc.  :  see  RHYTHM. 

In  med.L.  the  terms  rithmi  and  riihutici  versus  were 
used  to  denote  accentual  in  contrast  to  quantitative  verse 
(tnetra).  As  similarity  of  the  terminal  sounds  was  a  common 
feature  of  accentual  verse,  rithmus  naturally  came  to  have 
the  sense  of  '  rime  '. 

The  OF.  form  rime  was  the  source  of  Prov.,  Catal.,  Sp,f 
Pg.,  and  It.  rima.  OProv.  and  OCatal.  had,  however,  the 
independent  form  rim,  masc.  The  change  of  gender  in  F.  is 
due  to  analogy  with  feminines  in  -e}  a  cause  which  has 
operated  in  many  other  words. 

From  OF.  the  word  also  spread  into  all  the  Teutonic 
languages,  usually  appearing  as  a  monosyllable,  perhaps 
partly  through  association  with  the  native  rim  RIME  so? 
Hence  MDu.  rime  fern.,  rij'in  masc.  and  fem.  (Du.  rijm 
neut.),  MFris.  rime,  rijwe  (mod.Fris,  rytn),  MLG.  run, 
rym,  MHG.  rim  masc.  (G.  reint\  ON.  and  I  eel.  rtm  neut. 
(Norw.,  S\v.,  Da.  rim).  In  Icel.  rima  fem.,  '  riming  poem, 
ballad  ',  appears  in  the  i4th  cent. 

Down  to  c  1560  the  original  spelling  rime  (ryme)  continued 
to  prevail  in  English.  About  that  date  the  tendency  to 
alter  orthography  on  classical  models  led  to  the  new  spell 
ings  ritkmet  rytktne,  rhytkm(et  which  continued  to  be 
current  till  about  the  close  of  the  i7th  cent,  (see  RHYTHM 
sb,  I).  Soon  after  1600,  probably  from  a  desire  to  distinguish 
between  '  rime  '  and  '  rhythm ',  the  intermediate  forms 
rhime,  rhyme  came  into  use,  and  the  latter  finally  estab 
lished  itself  as  the  standard  form  (see  RHYME  st>.).  The 
original  rime,  however,  has  never  been  quite  discontinued, 
and  from  about  1870  its  use  has  been  considerably  revived, 
esp.  by  writers  upon  the  history  of  the  English  language  or 


685 

literature.  To  some  extent  this  revival  was  due  to  the 
belief  that  the  word  was  of  native  origin,  and  represented 
OE.  rfm  RIME  st>2] 

1.  Metre,  measure  (obs.)  ;  agreement  in  the  ter 
minal  sounds  of  lines  or  words.     Cf.  RHYME  sb.  3. 

<•  1200  ORMIN  Ded.  44  Ice  hafe  sett  her..mani3  word  pe 
rime  swa  to  fillenn.  Ibid.  101  Himm  bidde  ice  batt  het 
write  rihht,..Wibb  all  swillc  rime  alls  her  iss  sett,  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  14922  Es  resun  J>at  wee  vr  rime  rume,  And  set 
fra  nu  langer  bastune.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  Prol.  44,  I 
kan  nat  geeste — Rum,  Ram,  Ruf—  by  lettre,  Ne,  god  wout, 
rym  holde  I  but  litel  bettre.  c  1392  —  Comfit.  Venus  So  To 
me  hit  ys  a  grete  penaunce,  Syth  ryme  in  englissh  hat  such 
skarsete,  To  folowe  worde  by  worde  the  curiosite.  1553  T. 
WILSON  Rhct.  (1562)  85  There  was  not  a  dosen  sentences. 
in  his  whole  Sermon,  but  thei  ended  all  in  rime,  for  the 
moste  part.  1581  SIDNEY  Apol.  Poetric  {Arb.)  71  Euen  the 
very  ryme  it  selfe,  the  Italian  cannot  put  in  tlie  last  silable, 
by  the  French  named  the  Masculine  ryme,  but  still  in  the 
next  to  the  last,  which  the  French  call  the  Female  ;  or  tliu 
next  before  that.  1668  DKYDEN  Dram.  Poesy  Ess.  (Ker)  I. 
35  Who  first  taught  us.. to  make  our  rime  so  properly  a 
part  of  the  verse,  that  it  should  never  mislead  the  sense. 
1672  MARVELL  Kelt.  Transp.  i.  87  They  wanted  nothing  but 
rime  to  be  right  Tom  Triplet.  1774  MITKOKI>  l-.ss.  Harmony 
Lang.  157  The  Anglosaxon  poets,  .generally  used  measures 
without  rime.  1775  TYRWEHT  Lang.  ,5-  Versificat.  Chanter 
53  note,  We  see  evident  marks  of  a  fondness  for  Rime  in  tlie 
Hymns  of  S.  Ambrosius  and  S.  Damasus.  1833  MKS.  S. 
AUSTIN  tr.  Characteristics  Goethe  II.  51  Wieland  handled 
rime  like  a  master.  1868  THORPE  Anal.  Anglo-Sax.  152  A 
Paraphrase  of  Job,  xxi.  xxx.  Alliterative  with  final  rime. 

b.  Coupled  with  reason  :  see  RHYME  sb.  3  b. 

c  1460  J.  RUSSELL  Bk.  Nurture  1243  As  for  ryme  or  reson, 
J>e  fore  wry  ter  was  not  to  blame.  1530  TINDAI.E^/I-JK',  More 
xvi.  Wks.  (1573)  285/1  For  appose  her  now  of  Christ,  as 
Scripture  testiJielh  of  hym,  and  thou  shaft  finde  her  cleane 
without  rime  or  reason.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Luke 
xi.  108  Seeyng  there  is  nether  ryme  ne  reason  in  saing  yt 
one  eiuill  spirite  driueth  out  an  other  eiuil  spirite.  1600 
HOLLAND  Liyy  xxvii.  xxxvii.  656  These  songs  . .  would 
seeme  but  simple  stutTe,  and  composed  without  rime  or 
reason.  1607  B.  JONSON  I'olpone  Prol.,  Here  is  ri'me,  not 
emptie  of  reason.  1621  HAKEWILL  David's  lr&w  33  It  is 
both  ryme  and  reason. 

c.  An  instance  of  lines  or  words  ending  in  the 
same  sounds ;  a  word  that  rimes  with  another  word. 

1599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado  v.  ii.  37,  I  can  finde  out  no  rime 
to  Ladie  but  babie,  an  innocent  rime  :  for  scorne,  borne,  a 
hard  rime  ;  for  schoole  foole,  a  babling  rime  ;  verie  ominous 
endings.  1603  DANIEL  Def.  Ryme  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  44 
Indeed  I  haue  wished  there  was  not  that  multiplicitie  of 
Rymes  as  is  vsed  by  many  in  Sonets.  1651  HOUSES  Lcviath, 
i.  iii.  10  As  a  man  should  run  over  the  Alphabet,  to  start  a 
rime.  1878  STEVENSON  Inland  I'oy.  232  May  Apollo  send 
him  rimes  hitherto  undreamed  of.  1887  FUKNIVALL  in  A*. 
Brunnes  Chron.  (Rolls)  II.  587  The  couples  of  rymes  are 
entered  alphabetically  by  the  first  word  of  the  couple.  1891 
LOUNSBUKY  Stud,  in  Chaucer  I.  iv.  375  There  are  tests 
resting  upon  the  recurrence  of  assonant  rymes. 

2.  Riming  or  rimed    verse.     Cf.  RHYME   sb.  2. 
Most  commonly  in  the  phr.  in  rime. 

ci2zo  Bestiary  695  In  boke  is  '5e  turtres  lif  writer]  o  rime, 
wu  la^elike  ;e  boldeO  luueal  hire  lif  time,  aiyxtCnrsor  M. 
87  OfTsuilkan  suld  ^e  mater  take,. .Of  hir  to  mak  bath  rim 
and  sang,  c  1369  CHAUCER  Dethe  Blannche  464  He  made 
of  ryme  ten  verses  or  twelue.  c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  3261, 
I  ffynde  In  prose  and  ryme,  Was  non  so  strong  In  that  tyme. 
a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  3  And  thanne  y  made  this 
boke.  But  y  wolde  not  setteit  in  ryme.  1529  MORE  Dyaloge 
in.  Wks.  223/1  A  foolish  raylyng  boke  against  the  clergy, 
and  much  part  made  in  ryme.  1564  BUI.LEIN  Dial.  agst. 
Pest.  (1888)  16  Chaucer  satte  in  a  chaire  of  gold..writyng 
Prose  and  Risme.  1581  PETTIE  tr.  Guazzo^s  Civ.  Conv.  n. 
(1586)  66  b,  I  am  of  this  minde,  that  the  making  of  rime 
shoulde  not  make  a  Poet  use  naughtie  wordes.  ci6oo 
SHAKS.  Sernn.  cvi,  Beautie  making  beautiful!  old  rime,  In 
praise  of  Ladies  dead,  and  louely  Knights,  a  1631  DONNE 
Poems  (1650)  n,  I  thought,  if  I  could  draw  my  paines 
Through  Rimes  vexation,  I  should  them  allay.  1716 
HEAKNE  Collect.  (O.H.S.)  V.  189  Written  in  rime  in  the 
Country  Dialect.  1802  RITSON  Metr.  Rom.  I.  p.  xviii,  There 
is,  even,  a  Latin  song  in  rime  extant  in  print,  which  was 
made  upon  a  great  victory  obtained  by  king  Clothair  the 
second.  1876  FKEEMAN  Norm.  Contj.  (1877)  V.  589  Before 
the  end  of  the  twelfth  century  England  had  seen  an  English 
sermon  in  regular  rime. 

fb.  Rime  doggerel',  see  DOGGEREL,  A. 

c.  Rime  royal \  see  RHYME  sb.  2  c,  and  RHYTHM 
sb.  i  b. 

[1871  SKEAT  Spec.  Eng.  Lit.  III.  (1887)  41  'The  Kingis 
tjuair '  is  written  in  seven-lined  stanzas,  a  favourite  measure 
of  Chaucer  and  his  successors,  which  received  the  name  of 
the  'rime  roial'.]  1882  OGII.VIE,  Rime-royal.  1903  H. 
BRADLEY  \nPol,,  Ret.,  $  Lwc  Poems  291  Each  of  the  seven 
stanzas  (in  '  rime  royal '). 

d.  See  RIDING  RHYME. 

3.  A  riming  poem  or  piece  of  riming  verse.     Cf. 
RHYME  sb.  i. 

c  1250  Gen.  ff  Ex.  i  Man  og  to  luuen  3"at  rimes  ren.  c  1275 
Luue  Ron  193  in  O.  E.  Misc.  99  pis  rym,  mayde,  ich  pe 
sende  open  and  wi|>-vte  sel.  c  1330  Arth.  <y  Mcrl.  1341 
(Kolbing),  So  ich  ^ou  segge  in  mi  rime,  c  1386  CHAUCER 
Man  p/Law's  T.  Prol.  06,  I  speke  in  prose,  and  lat  him 
rymes  make.  1508  KENNEDIE  Flytingiv.  Dunbar  332  Re 
nounce  thy  rymis.  1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apofh.  245  These 
songes  or  rymes . .  were  called  in  Latin  Fescennina  carmina. 
1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  i.  i.  28  Thou,  thou  Lysander,  thou 
hast  giuen  her  rimes,  And  interchang'd  loue-tokens  with 
my  childe.  x6x?  MoRTBOM  I  tin.  HI.  99  In  the  Sea  townes 
of  England  they  sing  this  English  rime  ;  Shoulder  of  mutton 
and  English  Beere,  Make  th'e  Flemmings  tarry  here.  1699 
GARTH  Dispens.  iv.  46  Up  these  shelves,  much  Gotlnck 
Lumber  climbs, With  Swiss  Philosophy, and  Danish  Rimes. 
1798  COLERIDGE  in  Lyr.  Ballads  5  The  Rime  of  the 
Ancyent  Marinere,  in  seven  parts.  1881  MAHAFFY  Old 
Creek  Edttc.  ii.  23  There  is  hardly  a  word  left  of  the  nursery 


RIME. 

rimes.  1894  J.T.  Yov;i.E.KAdawnan  Introd.  40  The  famous 
old  Irish  rime  about  St.  Patrick. 

t  4.    =  RHYTHM  sb,  4,  5.   Obs. 

1586  W.  WKBBK  Eng.  Poctrit  (Arb.)  57  Ryme  is  properly, 
the  iust  proportion  of  a  clause  or  sentence,  whether  it  be  in 
prose  or  meeter,  aptly  comprised  together.  1677  GAI.I-;  Crt. 
Gentiles  iv.  99  Plato  informes  us . .  the  whole  life  of  a  vii  tuc,se 
man  must  be  composed,  .of  Symphonic  or  Concert  and 
musical  ryme. 

5.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rime-ending,  -index, 
-ivord\  rime-maker,  -ivright ;  ?  ime-rotten  adj. ; 
rime-letter,  the  distinctive  initial  letter  in  a  line 
of  alliterative  verse. 

1591  FRAUNCE  Ctess  Pembr.  Ytychitrch  \.  n.  iii,  Neither 
Castalian  Muses.  .Nor  rymeu  right  singers.  1599  POKTKU 
Anipy  IVem.Abingd.  (Percy  Sue.)  40  Speake  men  what 
they  can  to  him,  hec'l  ansxvure  With  some  rime  rotten 
sentence  or  olde  saying.  1611  FI.OKIO,  Ritnatorc^  a  Rimer, 
a  Rime-maker.  1865  .SKEAI  in  I'.rock  Mcrtc  Arth,  p.  x,  Of 
the  strongly-accented  syllables,  three  begin  with  a  common 
letter,  which  has  been  tailed  the  rime-letter.  1877 — The 
Mr  nee  628  A  complete  Rime-index  would  occupy  a  con 
siderable  space.  1887  Fi  RNivAi.t.  in  A'.  Bninne's  Chron. 
(Rolls)  I.  p.  xx,  After  some  of  the  rymc-endings.  1893 
Cursor  Mundi  (K.E.T.S.;  136*  note,  There  are  three  ryme- 
words,  gncde>  brede,  shrede. 

Rime  (roim),  $/>.'-  Forms:  I  hrim,  3-4  rim, 
4~5>  7  ryme,  5-6  rym  (6  ryim),  7  reeme,  8 
reem,  7-9  rhime  (y  rhyme),  4- rime.  [OE.  hrim 
masc.,  =Fris.  rym,  MDn.  and  Du.  rijm,  MLG. 
riimt  ON.  and  Icel.  hrim  (Norw.,  Sw.,  and  Da. 
rini].  Cf.  OF.  rime,  rimcc,  which  arc  no  doubt  of 
Teut.  origin.]  Hoar-frost ;  frozen  mist.  Also 
dial,  a  chill  mist  or  fog. 

Rare  in  ME.,  except  in  the  comb.  RIMF-FPOST.  From 
i6th  century  chiefly  .Sc.  and  north.,  but  revived  in  literary 
use  at  the  end  of  the  iSth  cent.  See  also  RINU  j/'.:f 

c  725  Corpus  Cltiss.  1653  rntinfi)  lirim.  a  1000  rhocnix 
60  (Gr.),  ["a;r  ne  lia;^l  nc  lirim  hreosaS  to  foldan.  c  1205  LAV. 
28525  Folc  vnimete  ridinde  &  ganninde  swa  be  rim  (.£1275 
\  e  ren]  failed  adune. 

1513  DOUGLAS  sKneis  xin.  Prol.  31  Doun  fallis  tlie  donk 
rym.  1549  Compl.  Scot.  (1872)  59  The  hayr  ryim  is  ane  cald 
den,  the  quhilk  fallis  in  mysty  vapours,  and  syne  it  fresis  on 
the  eird.  1587  MASCALL  Gfi't.  Cattle,  Shcepe  (1596)  214  Ye 
uusht  for  to  keepe  them  close,  till  the  day  hatie  taken  the 
gcllie  or  netty  rime,  from  the  earth.  1611  COTGK.,  Gresii, 
..reeme,  or  the  white  frost  that  hangs  on  trees.  1659 
A.  HAY  Diary  (S.  H.  S.)  210  A  frost  ryme  all  day.  1701 
GREW  Cosmo  f.  Sacral,  iii.  §33  In  a  Hoar- Frost,  that  which 
we  call  a  Rime,  is  a  Multitude  of  Quadrangular  Prismes, 
exactly  figured,  but  piled  without  any  Order,  one  over 
another.  1789  E.  DARWIN  Bot.  Card.  I.  (1791)  47  Shake 
from  their  candied  trunks  the  tinkling  rime.  1820  SHELLEY 
Witch  Atl.  xliv,  Moonlight  splendour  of  intensest  rime, 
With  which  frost  paints  the  pines  in  winter  time.  1864  C. 
CiKiKiK  Life  in  Woods  vii.  (1874)  133  As  to  the  windows, 
the  rime  on  them  never  thought  of  melting. 

//.  1577  B.  GOOGK  Heresbaclis  Hush.  in.  (1586)  141  The 
Sunne  hath  drawne  vppe  tlie  Rimes  and  hoare  frostes  from 
the  Feeldes.  1641  BEST  Farm.  Bks,  (Surtees*  77  If  there 
came  any  white  rymes,  or  frosty  morninges.  fit&Coinflete 
Farmer  s.v.  Threshing  7  K  4/2  In  that  time  the  mists  and 
rimes  especially  in  a  hilly  country,  will  be  driven  into  the 
stack. 

Comb.    1875   Wonders   Phys.    World  T.   iv.   128  The   firs 
shake  their  rime-loaded  boughs.     1898  MERRIMAN  Rodeu's 
Corner  v,  The  dull  houses  were  rime-covered. 
b.  transf.  andyS^. 

1618  M.  BARKT  Horsemanship  Ded.  4  This.  .Art  of  Horse 
manship..,  which  hath  beene  so  long  frost-bitten  with  the 
congealing  ryme  of  antient  traditions,  a  1688  NARBOROUGH 
Voy.  1. 1.1694)  29  The  Ground  and  Rocks  have  a  white  Rhime 
of  Salt-petre  hanging  on  them.  1839  LONCF.  Voices  oj Nt.t 
Prelude  vi,  Tales  that  have  the  rime  of  age. 

t  Rime,  sb3  Obs.  [OE.  rim,  =  OS.  -rttn  (in 
nnrtnt  numberless  host),  OIIG.  rim  number, 
ON.  rim  computation.]  Number;  reckoning. 

c  8*5  I'esp.  Psalter  xxxviii.  5  Cu3  me  doa..rim  dseja 
minra.  Ibid,  xxxix.  6  Jemonigfaldade  sind  ofer  rim.  11900 
CYNEWULF  Crist  1586  Pat  he  ne  forleose . .  his  da^ena  rim. 
C973  O.  K.  Chron.  (Parker  MS.)  an.  973,  Tyn  hund  wintra, 
^eteled  rimes.  tizooORMiN  11248  patt  full  wel  iss  bitacnedd 
;>urrh  tale  &  rime  off  fowwerrti^. 

t  H.ime,  J^.4  Obs.  [ad.  L.  rima :  see  RIMA.] 
A  chap,  chink,  or  cleft. 

1607  TOPS  ELL  Four-/.  Beasts  (1658)  64  The  sewet  of  oxen 
.  .is  also  good  against,  .the  ulcers  and  rimes  of  the  mouth. 
1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseitd.  /:'/.  198  Though  birds  have  no 
Epiglottis,  yet  can  they  so  contract  the  rime  or  chink  of 
their  Larinx  [etc.].  1657  TOMLINSON  Kenans  Disp.  378 
They  have  a  small  depressure  on  one  side  like  a  rime. 

Rime,  obs.  form  of  RIM  sb.1,  sb? 

Rime  (raim),  z/.1  Forms :  4-7,  9  ryme  (5 
rymyn),  4,  6-  rime.  [ad.  OF.  rimer,  f.  rimt 
RIXCK  s&.1 ;  cf.  Prov.,  Sp.,  Pg.  rimar,  It.  rimare. 

The  verb  was  also  adopted  in  the  other  Teutonic  languages, 
appearing  as  MUu.  rlmen  (Du.  rijmen^  Fns.  rinte^  rymje], 
MLG.  riwett,  rymen,  MHG.  rttnen  (G.  reimen^^  Icel.^wa, 
MSw.  rima  (Sw.  ritnma),  MDa.  rime,  riime  (Da.  rime}. 

In  the  i?th  cent,  the  usual  spelling  became  RHYME  :  cf.  the 
note  to  RIME  s/>.1] 

1.  intr.  To  make  rimes  or  verses  ;  to  compose 
riming  verse  ;  to  versify  on,  upon.  Cf.  RHYME  v.  i . 

c  1290  Magdalena  5  in  Horstm.  Altcngl.  Leg.  (1878'  148 
Ich  nelle  eov  no^er  rede  ne  rime  of  kyng  ne  of  eorl.  c  1374 
CHAUCER  Troylus  i.  532, 1  shall  japid  ben  a  thousande  tyme 
More  than  he  of  whos  fo!y  men  ryme.  c  1393  —  Scogan  35 
Lo  olde  grisil  leste  to  ryme  &  pleye  !  c  \\6ptPronip.  f'arv. 
434/1  Rymyn,  rithmico*  1483  Catk.  Angl.  308/2  To  Ryme, 
rit/imicnre,  1508  DUNBAR  rfytimf9%  l\t  mycht  thay  be  sa 
bald,  in  thair  bakbyttmg,  To  gar  me  ryme.  1588  BABINGTON 
Prof,  Exp.  Lord's  Pr.  (1596)  336  Some  be  rimed  on  by 


P 


RIME. 

dronken  tossepots,  and  so  was  Dauid.  1601  SHAKS.  Jul.  C. 
iv.  iii.  133  How  vildely  doth  this  Cynicke  rime  !  1611  — 
Cymb  v.  iii.  55  Will  you  Rime  vpon't,  And  vent  it  for  a 
iMock'rie? 

2.  trans.  To   recount  or  celebrate  in   verse  or 
rime  ;  to  turn  into,  or  compose  in,  riming  verse. 

c  1315  SnoRtHAM  iv.  73  fer-fore  bys  tale  ryineb  Hou  men 
in  MOTH  beb.  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Ckron.  Wacc  1'rol.  (Rolls) 
63  For  Mayster  Wace  be  Latyn  alle  rymes,  bat  Pen  ouer- 
luppis  many  tymcs.  f  1393  CHALXER  Scogan  41  Al  schal 
passyn  bat  men  prose  or  ryme.  1424  Pastan  Lett.  I.  13 
.\lanaces  of  deth  and  dismembryng  maden  and  putlyn  by 
ccrteynsEnglischebilles  rymed  in  partye.  1448-9  Mti HAM 
ll'i-s.  (E.E.T.S.)So  My  mastyr  Chauncerys. . W ith  many 
prouerbys  hys  bokys.  .ryinyd  naturally.  1542-3  ^ct  347 33 
Hen.  VIII,  c.  i  If  ani.. person. .play  in  enterludes,  sliu; 
or  rime,  any  matter  contrarie  to  the  saide  doctrine,  a  154» 
HALI.  Chrau.,  Hen.  VIII,  262  The  worde  of  God  is  ois- 
puted,  rimed,  song  and  iangeled  in  euery  Alehouse  and 
Tauerne.  1887  Q.  Rev.  CLXIV.  389  He  rimed  history, 
ballads  and  legends. 

fb.  To  brave  (a  matted  out  in  riming  terms. 

1532  MORE  Caiifut.  1'indale  Wks.  496/1  Tindall  rymeth  it 
out,  ((t  saith  y1  he  both  denieth  and  also  defieth,  that  the 
apostles  taught  any  ceremony  wherof  the  reason  could  not 
be  knowen.  . 

c.  To  cause  (a  word1!  to  rime  with  (another) ; 
to  use  as  a  rime.     Cf.  RHYME  v.  6. 

1887  FUHNIVALL  ill  A'.  Brniuin's  C/iron.  (Rolls)  II.  587 
Robert  Mannyng.  .wrote  poraille  as  farayl,  and  rymed  it 
with  sayl  or  sail 

3.  To  bring  by  riming.     Cf.  RHYME  v.  i. 

1584  R.  SCOT  Discov.  Wife  far.  in.  xv.  64  They  will  not 
sticke  to  affirme,  that  they  can  rime  either  man  or  beast  to 
death.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  v.  ii.  164  These  fellowes  of 
infinit  tongue,  that  can  ryme  themselues  into  I.adyesfauours. 
1626  DoNNKSer/H.  37  And  rymed  themselves  beyond  Reason 
into  Absurdities  and  Heresies.  1633  G.  HEHBKRT  Temple, 
Cli.  Porch  \,  Hearken  unto  a  Verser,  who  may  chance  Ryme 
thee  to  good,  and  make  a  bait  of  pleasure. 

4.  intr.  To  form  a  rime.     Also  fig.,  to  agree. 
Cf.  RHYME  v.  4. 

c  1450  Cov.  Myst.  (1841)  242  Two  smale  legges  and  a  gret 

body,  thow  it  ryme  nowth.     1530  PALSGR.  691/2  That  same 

may  ryme  well,  but  it  agreeth  nat.     1546  HBYWOOD  Pftf:'. 

E  ii  b,  To  disdeygne  me, . .  it  may  ryme  but  it  accordth  not. 

b.  To  have  similar  or  riming  endings. 

1660  INGELO  Bentiv.  $  Ur.  i.  (1682)  149  Words  and  sounds 
which  make  Verses  ryme.     1669  S.  SIMMONS  Mil  ton's  P.  L.    | 
To  Rdr.,  A  reason  of  that  which  stumbled  many  others,  why 
the  Poem  Rimes  not. 

5.  To  use  rime.     Cf.  RHYME  v.  5. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  in.  ii.  296  You  might  haue  Riin'd.  1675 
E.  PHILLIPS  T/ieatriini  Poet.  Pref.  '*4  The  Dissyllable, 
which  in  that  Language  is  the  only  way  of  Riming.  1692 
DLNNIS  Pass.  Byt'lis  Pref.  C,  My  Lord  Roscommon  who 
writ  in  blank  Verse  with  so  much  success,  yet  was  nicely 
exact  in  Riming,  whenever  he  pretended  to  rime. 

Rime  (raim),  v?     [f.  KiMEji.5*    Cf.  Fris.  rime,    ' 
MDu.   rimen    (Du.    rijmeii),    Icel.   hrima,   Sw. 
rii/ima."]    trans.  To  cover  with  rime  or  hoar-frost. 

1755  JOHNSON,  Rime,  to  freeze  with  hoar  frost.      1831 
Hownr  Seasons  (1837)  291  The  first  frost  that  rimes  the 
hedges.     1836  EMERSON  Nature  iii.  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  146 
Every  vyithered  stem  and  stubble  rimed  with  frost, contribute     , 
something  to  the  mute  music. 

Hence  Krming ///.  a. 

c  1820  HOGG  To  Sir  l^.  Scott,  Time  has  shed  His  riming 
honours  o'er  each  brow. 

t  Rime,  V'-'1  Oiis.  Also  6  ryme.  [OE.  riinan, 
f.  rim  RIME  s6.3  Cf.  ARIME  v.~\  trans.  To  count, 
number,  reckon,  recount. 

c 823  I'esg.  Psalter  cxlvL  4  Se  rimeS  men^u  steorrena. 
c&93  K.  ALFRED  Oros.  IV.  i.  156  Hit  rises  beaw  on  baml 
tidum  ba:t  mon  aenig  wa;l  on  ba  healfe  rimde  be  bonne 
wieldre  wxs.  c  1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Thorpe)  cxxxviii.  16  Sif 
ic  hi  recene  nu  riman  onginne,  hi  beo5  ofer  sand  corn 
sniomc  manige.  c  laoo  ORMIN  11213  Swa  batt  Jechonias 
iss  An  mann  &  twijess  rimedd.  Ibid.  11217  He  biginnebb 
Cristess  kinn  To  reccnenn  &  to  rimenn  Att  Abraham. 
(-1375  Cursor  M.  14527  (Fairf.),  Cayphas  saide  in  bat 
time  wordes  many  we  may  nojt  rime,  c  1400  Soitidone  Bab. 
339  Myghte  he  ryme  Of  x  thousande  men  lefte  no  moo  But 
sextymen  and  twelfe.  c  1470  Got.  fy  Gaw.  403  He  is  the 
riallest  roy.  .Of  all  the  rentaris  to  ryme  or  rekin  on  raw. 

Rime,  . '  Now  dial,  or  tec/in.  Forms :  i  ryman 
(riman),  2-3  rimen,  3  rumen,  4-5  ryme,  6,  9 
dial,  rime,  9  dial,  rym,  rim.  See  also  REAM  v.Z 
and  RKEM  v.-  [Common  Teut. :  OE.  ryman,  — 
OFris.  reiua,  MDu.  rumen,  rttymen  (Du.  ruiweti), 
OS.  riimian,  OHG.  rumen  (G.  riiumeii),  ON.  and 
Icel.  ryma  (Norw.  ryma,  rema,  Sw.  rymma,  Da. 
remme) : — *rumjan,  f.  rum  RoOMii.l] 

1.  trans,  t  a.  To  make  clear  or  vacant  for  one  ; 
to  vacate,  give  up.  Obs. 

Seowul/492  pa  was  SeatmscRum.  .on  beorsele  benc  je- 

rymed.    aiooo  Baetli.  Metr.  i.  19  Beadurincum  wats  Rom 

gerymed.    c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  Luke  xiv.  9  Rym  bysum  men 

sett    1:1205  LAY.  4709  fisfeoreword  ich  him  halde,  bute  he 

. .  mi  londe  ruuie. 

t  b.  To  clear  or  open  up  (a  way)  for  one.  Obs. 
a  looo  Andreas  1580  (Gr.),  Him  *caru  sona  burh  stream- 

rzce  straet  WKS  jerymed.    a  1023  WULKSTAN  Horn.  (1883)  55 

Pat  syndan . .  Antecristes  bradas,  be  his  wej  rymaS.    a  1200 

Cott.  Horn.  231  He  haueS  3erimed  rihtwisan  mannan  infer 

to  his  rice,    c  1205  LAY.  28323  Walwain  bi-foren  wende  and 

bene  wan  rumde. 

t  o.  To  clear  for  oneself ;  to  take.  Obs. 
?I2pS  LAY.  3554  Ich. .hat  [hjine  fare  swibe..and  rumen 

him  nerbena  i  summe  riche  burie.     Ibid.  5228  pa  hauede 

heo  muche  riche  irumed  to  hynde. 


c  1450  Bk. 
shynne 


686 

d.  Mai.  To  remove,  clear  away. 
1854  Miss  BAKEK  Northampt.  Gloss,  s.v.,  Kym  the  chair 
out  of  the  way. 

2.  tiitr.  t  a.  To  withdraw,  depart,  retire.   Otis. 
c  looo  /ELKRIC  Cram,  xxviii.  (Z.)  171  Ic  fare  awes  oooe  ic 

ryme.  a  1122  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  999,  A  man 
rymde  fram  b*re  sae  &  hi  ferdon  a;fre  forS  a:fter.  a  1250 
Proa.  Alfred  170  in  O.  E.  Misc.  r  13  Wot  no  mon  be  time 
wanne  he  sal  henne  rimen.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  ll'ace 
(Rolls)  0868  Frendes..Conseilled  hym..gyue  no  bataille.. 
Bot  let  his  folk  sprede  &  ryme.  1338  —  Chron.  (1810)^71 
pe  rouht  of  bare  rascaile  he  did  it  rere  &  ryme.  c  i. 
Curtasye  507  in  Bal'ces  Bk.,  Then  jomon  of  chambur 
voyde  with  [?  read  and]  ryme. 

b.  dial.  To  move  house ;  to  remove. 

1847  HALLIW.,  Rim,  to  remove.  1876  S.  Warwick  Gloss., 
Rimming,  moving  furniture  to  a  fresh  house.  '  We  be  a  rim- 
ming  on'Monday.' 

3.  trans,  t  a.  To  extend,  increase,  enlarge.   Obs. 
1.897  K.  yELFRED  Gregory's  Past.   C.  xliv.   329  £>a:t   se 

Vtsere.  .his  land  mid  unryhte  ryme.  c  jooo  /IILFKIC  Horn. 
II.  104  Ic  wille  ryman  minne  bertun,  and  mine  bernu 
geeacnian. 

fb.  njl.  To  stretch  (oneself).   Obs. 
13..  Gaiu.  t,  Gr.  Knt.  308  He  co^ed  ful  hy;e,  Ande  rimed 
hym  ful  richely,  &  ryjt  hym  to  speke.  a  1400-50  A  lexandsr 
4931  pe  renke  within  |>eredell  ban  raxsils  his  armes,  Rymed 
him  full  renyschly  &  rekind  bir  wordis. 

c.  To  widen  out  (a  hole).     Cf.  REAM  v$  I. 
1815  [implied  in  RIMER  sl>.-].     1875  SIR  T.  SAXTON  Fret- 
Cutting  69  The  holes  in  the  hinges  ought  to  be  properly 
rymed  OUt,SO  as  to  be  quite  large  enough  to  admit  the  screws. 

Rime  (rsim),  vJ>  rare—1,  [ad.  L.  rimari,  f. 
rima  Ri-MA.]  iiilr.  To  pry  into. 

1877  HLACKMORE  Ercma  xliv,  Our  act  was,  with  finger, 
and  nail,  and  eye,  to  rime  into  every  jot  of  it. 

Rime  (raim),  z'.u  [f.  Ir.  ruaim  alder-tree; 
whence  ruamadh,  ruamughadh  '  to  give  the  first 
tinge  in  dying  red  or  black  '  (Dinneen).]  trans. 
To  steep  or  boil  (wool  or  yarn)  in  water  with  alder- 
twigs.  Hence  Bimed  ///.  a.,  Hrming  vbl.  sb. 

1873  O'Ct'RRY  Led.  Ancient  Irish  I.  405  When  the  rimed 
yarn  or  cloth  was  boiled  with  a  black  peaty  mud.. it  was 
dyed  uf  a  black  colour.  Ibid.,  In  the  south  of  Ireland  the 
riming  operation  was  performed .. by  boiling  the  yarn., 
with  Rumex  acetosa.  Ibid.  III.  119  After  the  wool  is 
'  rimed '. 

Rimed,   ///.   a.1     [f.   RIME    v.1  +  -ED  i.]    - 
RHYMED///,  a. 

1553  T.  WILSON  Rhet.  (1562)  85  Some  ende  their  sentences 
all  alike,  making  their  talke  rather  to  appere  rimed  Metre, 
then  to  seme  plain  speache.  1774  MITKORD  Kss.  Harmony 
Lang.  79  For  the  purpose  of  this  analysis  blank  verse  is  much 
preferable  to  rimed.  Ibid.  137  The  pause  is  certainly  in 
general  most  pleasing  at  the  end  of  the  second,  or  at  the 
middle  or  end  of  the  third  foot;  and  rimed  verse  ..  will 
seldom  admit  it  elsewhere.  1799  W.  TAYLOR  in  Robberds 
Meat.  (1843)  I.  250  From  the  habit  of  reading  the  more 
fanciful  kinds  of  poetry  in  rimed  stanzas. 

Rimed,  ///.  a.'-*  rare—1,  [f.  RIME  v.2  +  -ED ' .] 
Covered  with  hoar-frost  or  rime. 

1889  SKRINE  Mem.  Tliring-zjg  A  calm  autumn  dawn  came 
up,  and  fell  rosily  on  the  rimed  trees. 

Rrme-frost.  ?  Obs.  [f.  RIME  sb2  +  FROST  si. 
Cf.  Icel.  hrimfrost,  Fser.  rim-,  Sw.  and  Da.  rim- 
Jrost^\  Hoar-frost,  rime.  Also  with  a  and  pi. 

c  1250 Gen.  ft  Ex.  3328  It  lai  oor,  quitalsarim  frost,  c  1290 
St.  Michaelfoj  in  S.  Rug.  Leg.  I.  317  In  bis  manere  }e  mowen 
i-seo  be  kuynde  of  reyne  and  snowe,  Of  hawel,  of  snou},  of 
Rym-forst.  13..  Cursor  M.  6520  (Gott.),  Manna.. fell  fra 
heuen..Als  a  rime  frost  to  se.  a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter 
jxxvii.  52  Hesloghe. .  baire  moursin  ryme  froist.  14..  Nom. 
in  Wr.- Wiilcker  736  Hec  priiina,  a  rymfrost.  c  1440  Promp. 
Pan'.  434/1  Ryme  frost,  priiina.  1626  BACON  Sylva  §  81 
In  Frosty  Mornings  (such  as  we  call  Rime  frosts)  you  shall 
lindt.j  drops  of  Dew  upon  the  Inside  of  Glasse-windowes. 

So  Ri'me-frosted  a. 

1889  Harper's  Mag.  Mar.  643/2  The  birch-tiees  delicately 
rime-frosted  to  their  finest  tips. 

tRimel,  sb.  Obs.  Also  rimel(l)e,  remele, 
remile,  ry(e)mele.  [ad.  med.L.  r'imella  or  L. 
rlmula,  dim.  of  rima  RIMA.]  A  fissure,  crack. 

c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg.  125  Dei  asaie  in  bis  maner  if  bat 
be  brekyuge  of  be  brayn  panne  be  wib  a  rimel,  bat  is  to  seie 
a  chene,  eiber  a  creueis.  Ibid.  134  For  if  bat  ilke  remile 
peerse  be  brayn  panne,  ber  is  a  greet  doute  in  be  caas. 

Ri'mel,  v.  rare—.     —  RIMERS. 

c  1854  J.  BOURNE  in  E.  J.  Reed  Ship  Building  ( 1869)  iv. 
66  The  holes  being  accurately  rimelled  out  and  the  rivets 
driven  in. 

RimeleSS  (rai-mles),  a.  [f.  RIME  sb^  +  -LESS.] 
Without  rime  ;  unrimed.  Cf.  RHYMELESS  a. 

1532  MORE  Cotifut.  Barnes  vui.  Wks.  739/1  After  the  rude 
rimelesse  runningeof  a  scottishe  ieste.  1597  Bp.  1  JAM. .'>«/. 
I.  iv,  Tiagicke  Poesie..doth  besides  on  Rimelesse  numbers 
tread.  1613  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Wks.  n.  71/1  With  rime, 
lesse  reasons,  and  with  Reasons  verse  Thy  great  Odcombian 
glory  to  rehearse.  1796  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  1. 118 
His  Specimens  toward  a  version  of  the  Iliad,  in  rimeless 
iambic,  are  not  comprehended  in  these . .  volumes. 

Rimer  (rai-msj),  rf.l  Also  5  rymor,  rymare, 
6-8  rymer.  [f.  RIME  v.1  +  -ER  1.  In  early  use  prob. 
after  AF.  rimour,  rymour  (F.  rimeur).  So  Du. 
rijmer,  Fris.  rimer,  f  rijmer,  MHO.  rimer  (G. 
rcimer),  Da.  rimer,  Norw.  rimar,  Sw.  rimmare 
(MSw.  rimare),  Icel.  rimari.'}  A  maker  of  rimes  ; 
a  poet ;  a  rimester.  Cf.  RHYMEK. 

1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  157  He  is  an  onwyse 

man  that  audyence  or  Yeftis  yewyth  to  Rymoris  othyr  any 

i    Suche  losyngeris.      1.1440   Promp.  fan.  434/1    Kyuuuc, 


RIMLESS. 

gcrro.  a  1568  ASCHAM  Scholcm.  u.  (Arb.)  144  This  fault, 
not  onely  in  the  olde  Latin  Poets,  but  also  in  our.  .English 
Rymers  at  this  day.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  III.  xn.  5  A  joyous 
fellowship.. Of  Minstrales  making  goodly  meriment,  With 
wanton  Bardes,  and  Rymers  impudent.  1603  DANIEL  Def. 
Ryme  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  49  Erasmus,  and  Moore,  worthy 
men,  I  confesse,  and  the  last  a  great  ornament  to  this  land, 
and  a  Rymer.  1655  tr.  Sorel's  Com.  Hist.  Francion  \\.  7 
So  it  is  with  this  poor  Rimer,  his  works  make  no  noise  but 
in  his  own  ears.  1737  Genii.  Mag.  VII.  625/2  What's 
prov'd,  my  Logician?  That  a  Rymer  and  Wit  may  be  no 
Politician.  1774  MITFORD  Ess.  Harmony  Lung.  102  Avery 
musical  arrangement  of  the  accents  not  ofien  used  by  other 
poets,  particularly  rimers.  1873  EDITH  THOMPSON  Hist. 
Eng.  xxvi.  107  The  King's  cognizance  was  a  wild  boar,  and 
the  rimer  lost  his  head  for  thus  insulting  it. 

Rimer  (rsi-ma.i),  sb.z  Also  rymer.  [f.  RIME 
f.4  30.]  »  REAMER. 

1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sci.  <V  Art  I.  17  A  tool  of  this 
description  is  called  a  rimer.  1846  HOLTZAPFI-EL  Turning- 
II.  461  Polygonal  broaches  or  rimers  with  any  number  of 
sides.  1875  SIR  T.  SAXTON  Fret-Cutting  69  The  holes  in 
the  hinges  ought  to  be  properly  rymed  out...  If  they  are  not, 
the  rymer  and  rose-bit  must  be  purchased. 

Hence  Ki'mer  v.     =  REAM  v.3  I. 

1860  J.  HODGES  Gt.  Victoria  Bridge  44  Every  hole.. was 
rimered  by  a  tool  to  exactly  the  size  of  the  rivets.  Ibid.,  As 
the  rimering  proceeded  the  riveting  followed.  1873  R. 
WILSON  Steam  Boilers  67  It  is  best  to  rimer  them  out  and 
use  a  larger  rivet. 

Rimer,  variant  of  RYMER. 

Rimester  Xrsi'mst3j).  [f.  RIME  sbl  or  f.i  + 
-STER.  Cf.  Du.  rijmster.]  A  versifier  or  indifferent 
poet ;  a  poetaster.  See  RHYMESTER. 

1589  G.  HARVEY  Pierce's  Super,  i.  Wks.  (Grosart)  11.119 
To  snibb  the  Thrasonical!  rimester  with  Angelical  meeter. 
1597  Bp.  HALL  Sat.  I.  ii,  Such  wondrous  rablements  of  lime- 
sters  new.  1607  R.  C[AREW]  tr.  Eslienne's  World  of  \Vondtrs 
239  Another  old  Elderton  and  right  baladin-rimester.  1819 
W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XLVII.  118  Like  our  now-a- 
day  rimesters. 

Rvmestock.  rare.  Also  7-8  rimstock  (7 
-stoo),  9  rimstoke.  [ad.  Norw.  rimstok,  —riiii- 
staf,  primstaf:  see  PKIMSTAFF.]  A  clog-almanac. 
1662  EVELYN  Chahogr.  (1769)  38  Danes  and  Norwegians 
had.. their  runic  writings,  or  engraven  letters,  as  in  their 
rimstoc  or  primstaff.  1686  PLOT  Stajfordsh.  423  These 
Symbols,  .have  a  more  rational  orderly  texture  than  the 
Runas  upon  the  Danish  Rimestocks,  or  the  Swedish  or  Nor 
wegian  Primstaves.  1834  SOUTHEY  Doctor  xc.  (1862)  200 

i    There  is  no  proof  that  a  pagan  rimstoke  ever  existed  in  those 

i    countries. 

t  Rimeye,  v.  06s.-1   [ad.  OF.  rimeur,  rim- 

aier,  var.  rimoier,  f.  rime  RIME  j^.1]  trans.  To 
compose  or  recount  in  rime. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Frank!.  T.  Prol.  3  Thise  olde  gentil  Britons 
I     ..Of  diuerse  auentures  maden  layes  Rymeyed  in  hir  firste 
Brilon  tonge. 

Ri  miform,  a.  rare~°.  [f.  L,  rlma"\  '  Having 
a  longitudinal  chink  or  furrow  '. 

1879  LEIGHTON  Lichen  Flora  Gloss. 

Riming  (rai'mirj),  vbl.  sb.  Also  4-7,  9  rym 
ing,  7  rimeing.  [f.  RIME  t».l]  =  RHYMING  vbl.  sb. 

c  1386  CHAL-CER  Man  of  Law's  T.  Prol,  48  Thogh  he  kan 
but  Tewedly  On  metres  and  on  rymyng  craftily.  1448-9  J. 
METHAM  Wks.  (E.E.T.S.)Bj  He  off  rymyng  toke  the  besynes 
To  comffbrte  them  that  schuld  falle  in  heuynes.  a  1500 
Lancelot  322  To  me  nor  to  non  vthir  It  accordit,  In  to  our 
rymyng  his  nam  to  be  recordit.  a  1568  ASCHAM  Scholem.  it. 
(Arb.)  147  This  mislikyng^  of  Ryming  beginneth  not  now  of 
any  newfangle  singuiaritie..  c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  I.  I.  xl, 
Their  prosody,  and  vein  of  versifying  or  riming,  which  is 
like  our  Bards.  1692  DENNIS  Pass.  Byblis  Pref.  C,  My 
Lord  Roscommon ..  was  nicely  exact  in  Riming,  whenever 
1775  TYRWHIT  Lang,  fy  Versificat. 


.. 

he  pretended  to  rime.  1775  TYRWHIT  Lang,  q  Versificat. 
Chaucer  53  The  practice  of  Riming  is  probably  to  be  deduced 
from  the  same  original  1798  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag. 
VI.  284  You.. say  'tis  very  hard  To  range  your  timings  as 
befits  a  Sonnet.  1880  RUSKIN  On  the  Old  Road  Wks.  1899 
III.  60  There  is  to  be  rich  ryming  and  chiming,  no  matter 
how  simply  got. 

attrib.  1599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado  v.  ii.  40,  I  was  not  borne 
vnder  a  riming  Plannet. 

Riming  (rai-mirj),///.  a.  Also  ryming.  [f. 
RIME  z>.'] 

1.  =  RHYMING///,  a.  i. 

1590  MARLOWE  isi  Ft.  Tambitrlaine  Prol.,  lygging  vaine 
of  riming  mother  wits.  1623  CAMDEN  Rein.  (ed.  3)  6  For 
Wales,  .an  old  riming  Poet  sung  thus  [etc.].  1641  MILTON 
Ch.  Govt.  ii.  Wks.  1851  III.  149  The  trencher  fury  of  a 
riming  parasite.  1711  E.  WARD  Vulgus  Brit.  II.  119  For 
no  Fanatick  Riming  Brother  Can  well  do  one  without  the 
other.  1764  CHURCHILL  Candidate  149  Some  riming  guest 
Roams  thro1  the  church-yard,  whilst  his  Dinner  s  diess'd. 

2.  =  RHYMING///,  a.  2. 


Tc   ... 

PUTTENHAM  Eng.. ..  ..  , —  - 

Perusine  and  the  very  Canniball,do  sing  and  also  say,  their 
highest  and  holiest  matters  in  certaine  riming  versicles.  1627 
HAKEWILL  Apol.  (1630)  251  Sophisticate  eloquence  and  rim. 
ing  harmonyof  words.  1665  COSIN  Memorandum  (Surtees) 
260  Some  former  Deanes . . have appoynted . . a  ryming  Psalm 
to  be  sung  instead  of  the  Nicene  Creed  before  Sermon.  1775 
TYRWHIT  Lang,  t,  Versificat.  Chaucer  56  Except  a  few 
lines  in  the  Saxon  Chronicle . .  and  a  short  Canticle, . .  I  have 
not  been  able  to  discover  any  attempts  at  Riming  Poetry, 
which  can  with  probability  be  referred  to  an  earlier  period 
than  the  reign  of  Henry  the  Second.  1867  FREEMAN  Norm. 
Cony.  (1877)  I.  App.  562  In  the  riming  Chronicle  of  John 
Page.  1873  MORRIS  O.  E.  Horn.  Ser.  n.  Introd.  p.  vii.  note, 
The  Moral  Ode  being  a  ryming  poem. 

Ri'mless,    a,     rare.    [f.    RIM  si/.1  +  -LESS.] 
Having  no  rim  j  without  a  rim. 


RIMMED. 

1802  WORDSW.  Beggars  v,  The  other  wore  a  rimless  crown. 
1832  WILSON  in  Blacks.  Mag.  XXXII.  178  That  small, 
spokey,  but  rimless  wheel.  1897  Westm.  Gaz.  8  May  1/3 
Wearing  an  immaculate  frock-coat  and  a  rimless  eyeglass. 

Rimlet,  dial,  variant  of  REMNANT. 
Rimmed  (rimd),  a.    [f.  RIM  s/>.1  or  z/.1] 

1.  Having   a  rim   of   a  specified  colour,  form, 
material,  etc. 

1729  DantpieSs  Voy.  (ed.  ^  III.  425  The  Black-rimm'd 
Butterfly.  1818  KEATS  Endyinion  \.  50  Before  the  daisies, 
vermeil  rimm'd  and  white,  Hide  in  deep  herbage.  1850 
R.  G.  GUMMING  Hunter's  Life  S.  Afr.  (1902)  145/2  He., 
wore  a  broad-rimmed  hat.  1887  IJKOWNING  Parleying, 
11.  de  RIaudei>ille  iv,  Thy  gold-rimmed  amber-headed  cane. 

2.  Having  or  furnished  with  a  rim. 

1777  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  IV.  52  marg.,  Asterias,  irregu- 
laris,  rimmed.  1792  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  III.  166  Whether 
mortice,  case,  or  rimmed  locks.  1833  Lou  DON  Encycl. 
Archit.  §  1 805  On  each  is  to  be  a  7-inch  iron  and  rimmed  lock. 

tRimmel.  Sc.  Obs.  In  5  rymmyll,  remel. 
[Of  obscure  origin.]  A  blow. 

*375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xu.  557  Men  mycht  se.  .mony  a  riall 
rymmyll  ryde  Be  roucht  thair  apon  athir  syde.  c  1450 
HOLLAND  Hoivlat  842  Quhen  thai  had  remelis  raucht,  Thai 
forthocht  that  thai  faucht. 

Ri'mmer1.  V.S.  [f.  RIM  z/.l]  An  implement 
designed  for  cutting  and  ornamenting  the  edges  of 
pastry,  etc. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1943/2. 
Ri'mmer2.  U.S.  [f.  RIM  v.'2]  A  straight  knife 

used  in  rimming  mackerel. 

1876  G.  B.  GOODE  Anim.  Res.  U.S.  22  Mackerel  rimmers 
or  fatting  knives. 

Ri  milling,  (vbl.}  sb.  [f.  RIM  sbl  or  ».i]  The 
action  of  providing  with  a  rim  ;  a  rim  or  border. 

1831  CARLYLE  Sa>'t.  Res.  \.  x,  The  Carman,  who  under 
stands  . .  the  rimming  of  wheels, . .  is  the  more  cunningly  gifted 
of  the  two.  1868  MENKEN  Infelicia  81  To-night,  O  Soul  ! 
Shut  off  thy  little  rimmings  of  Hope. 

Rimose  (raimJo-s),  a.  Chiefly  Bot.  [ad.  L. 
ritnos-uSy  f.  rlma  RIMA.]  Full  of,  or  having, 
fissures  or  chinks  ;  rimous. 

1726  BAILEY,  Rimose,  full  of  Clefts  or  Chinks.  1793 
MARTVN  Lang.  Bot.,  Rimosus,  rimose  or  chinked. .;  as  the 
outer  bark  of  some  trees.  1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex., 
Rimosifcs,  having  rimose,  or  fissured  feet.  1866  Intell. 
Observer  96  The  pileus  being  longitudinally  rimose.  1887 
W.  PHILLIPS  Brit.  Discomycetes  294  Sporidia  8,.. smooth, 
or  rarely  minutely  and  irregularly  rimose. 

Hence  Rimo'sity.    rare~°. 

1726  in  BAILEY,  and  in  later  Diets. 

t  Elmo-sous,  a.  Obs~°     [Cf.  prec.  and  next.] 

'  Full  of  chincksj  chaps,  or  clefts'  (Blount,  1656). 

Rimous  (rsi-mas),   a.      [ad.  L.  rtmos-usi  see 

RIMOSE  a.]     Full  of  fissures,  chinks,  or  cracks. 

1709  Phil.  Trans.  XXVII.  151  Its  External  Surface  seems 
to  be  both  porous  and  rimous.  1776  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot. 
Explan.  Terms  379  Rimosus,  rimous,  the  outward  Bark  full 
of  Cracks  and  Fissures.  1899  Allhutt's  Syst.  Med.  VIII. 
509  Rimons  or  fissured  eczema,  is  that  in  which  the  in- 
flamed  skin  forms  deep  cracks. 

I!  Rimpi:  see  rheimpy,  s.v.  RHEIM. 

1885  KIDEK  HAGGARD  K.  Solomon's  Mines  ii,  It  was 
fastened  with  a  little  strip  of  hide,  what  we  call  a  rimpi. 
1887  —  A.  Qnatermain  Introd.  2  An  elephant  gun  with 
strips  of  rimpi,  or  green  hide,  lashed  round  the  stocks. 

Rimple  (ri'mp'l),  sb.  Now  dial.  Also  5 
rymple,  rympyl.  [Corresponds  in  sense  to 
(M)Du.  and  (M)LG.  rimpel,  but  may  rather  repre 
sent  an  OK.  ablaut-variant  *hrympel  (cf.  the  gloss 
*  Rugis,  hrypellum*  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  531,  where 
perhaps  ///  should  be  supplied).  See  also  RUMPLE 
sb.  and  YV RIMPLE  sb. 

The  simpler  form  rimpe  occurs  in  MDu.  and  MLG., 
together  with  the  vb.  rimpen,  ~  OE.  *hrimj>an  (pa.  pple. 
gehruwpen),  OHG.  rimjan  (pa.  pple.  gintmpfan),  G. 
rimpfen  (now  riimffen).] 

1.  A  wrinkle. 

c  1440  Promp.  Part1.  434/1  Rympyl,  or  rymple  (or  wrvn- 
kyl),  ruga,  ntgadia.  1447  BOKENHAM  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  297 
Ner  rymples  aspyin  in  hyr  no  man  myht.  1578  LYTE 
Dodoens  22  The  great  Bistorte  hath  long  leaues.,  wrinkled 
or  drawen  into  rimples.  1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillewean's  Fr. 
Chirurg.  18/2  The  skinne  beinge  cutt  accordinge  to  the 
rimples,  might  chaunce  to  fall  on  the  eyes.  1682  Phil. 
Collections  No.  5.  154  A  single  Muscular  string,  wherein  I 
have  often  seen  certain  rings  or  circular  rimples.  Ibid., 
When  the  Muscle  is  extended,  these  Muscular  strings  are 
without  rimples.  a  1825  FORBY  Voc.  E.  Anglia,  Rimpte, 
a  wrinkle. 

2.  (See  quot.) 

1877  Holderness  Gloss.,  Rimple,  (i)  a  ripple  on  water; 
(2)  the  sound  produced  by  it. 

Rimple  Cri'mP'0»  v*  rare.  [f.  RIMPLE  sb.t  or 
back-formation  from  RIMPLED  a.  Cf.  RIMPLIXG 
vbl.sb.  and  (M)Du.  rinipelen.~\  trans.  To  wrinkle, 
pucker ;  to  ripple. 

'755  JOHNSON,  To  Rimple,  to  pucker  ;  to  contract  into 
corrugations.  1791  E.  DARWIN  Bot.  Card.  I.  113  Glad 
Echo.. Curls  her  deep  wells,  and  rimples  all  her  lakes. 
1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  (1820)  III.  96  The  air 
[was]  so  still  that  it  scarcely.. rimpled  the  broad  expanse 
of  the  waters  below. 

Rimpled  (ri-mp'ld),  a.  Now  dial,  or  U.S. 
Also  5  rympled,  -yd,  6  rimpeled.  [f.  RIMPLE  sb^\ 
\\  rinkled,  puckered  ;  rippled. 

c  1400  Rom.  Rose  4495  Ther  is  set  to  kepe,  foule  hir  bi- 
falle  !  A  rimpled  vekke,  fer  ronne  in  age.  1426  LYDG.  De 
Guil.  Pilgr.  13336,  I  am  ryht  foul  for  to  beholde ;  My 


687 

chekys  Rympled  and  ryht  Olde.  c  1450  Merlin  90  A  man 
that  semed  right  olde  and  rympled.  1590  UARROUGH  Meth. 
Physick  i.  xv.  (1639)  22  A  bath  of  sweet  water  is  go<;d  for 
|  him,  if  the  body  be  dry  and  rimpled.  1597  A.  M.  tr.  Giiille* 
mean's  Fr.  Chirnrg.  2  b/2  1'he  navle..that  which  is  rim- 
peled.  1759  Phil.  Trans.  LI.  39  The  skin  [wa^] ..  rimpled 
in  two  or  three  places,  but  not  broken.  1829  HURTT  in 
J.  Paterson  Contemporaries  of  Burns  (1844)  175  We'll 
..smile  at  the  moon's  rimpled  face  m  the  wave.  1885 
Cent.  Mag.  Mar.  681/2  A  heavy  rimpled  mass  of  lemon- 
colored  hair, 

Ri'mpling,  -vbl.  sb.  [Cf.  prec.  and  RIMPLE  v. ; 
also  MDu.  rimpclinge,]  Wrinkling;  rippling. 

^1470  H.  PABKER  Dives  fy  Pauper  (\V.  de  \V.  1496) 
343/2  Rymplynge  or  reuelynge  of  the  skynne.  1597  A,  M. 
tr.  Gviliemeuus  Fr.  Chirnrg.  18/2  We  must  consider  one 
the  rimpelinge  of  the  skinne,  and  one  the  fibres  of  the 
muscles.  1807  CKAKKK  Pur.  Re%.  \.  394  As  gilds  the  moon 
the  rimpling  [later  edit,  rippling]  of  the  brook. 

t  Kim  ram  ruff(e  :  see  RUM  RAM  KIT. 

I59S  I'EELE  Old  Wives'  T.  E  j  b,  It  may  be  this  rim  ram 
ruffe  is  too  rude  an  incounter. 

Rimstoc(k,  -stoke:  sec  RIMESTOCK. 

tRimth,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  Forms:  I  ryrnj)  (?), 
3  rumth,  5  rymthe.  [?  OE.  rymp  (Lye),  f.  nun 
ROOM  a.  Cf.  MDu.  runmte,  rnymte  (Du.  mimte)% 
G.  raumte  and  the  later  ROOMTH.]  Room,  space  ; 
leisure.  A-rimth,  in  wide  array. 

c  1205  LAY.  27492  pa  haef  bat  fiht  of  bar  studen  per  heo  a:r 
fuhten,  and  bigunnen  arumSe  rxsen  to-somne.  c  1440 
Promp.  Parv.  434  Rymthe,  or  space,  or  rowme,  spacntin. 
Ibid.,  Rymthe,  or  leysure,  of  tyme,  oportnnitas,vel  spacimn 
tempo)  is, 

Hence  fRi'mth  v,  =RiMEr'.4     Obs. 

c  1330  R.  BKUNNE  Chron.  Ji'nce  (Rolls)  3492  fey  rempede 
\Pctyt  MS.  rimethed]  bem  to  reste  a  browe.  1338  —  Chron. 
(1810}  18  He  tok  his  suerd  in  hand. . .  Before  be  kyng  &  his 
sons  he  rimthed  bam  be  way.  c  1440  Proinp.  Pan-.  434/2 
Rymthyn,  or  make  rymthe  and  space,  ctoco, 

II  Rimu.  [Xative  name.]  A  tall  evergreen 
tree  of  New  Zealand  (Dacrydium  citpressinum\ 
also  called  {  red  pine  f.  Also  Riwu-pine,  -tree. 

1835  W.  YATE  Ace.  New  Z.  ii.  (ed.  2)  40  Rimu..  .This 
elegant  tree  comes  to  its  greatest  perfection  in  shaded  woods. 
1843  DlEPFENBACH  Trai>.  New  Z,  I.  xiv.  224  What.. can 
be  more  delicate  than  the  graceful  rjmu-pine  with  pendent 
branches?  1872  DOMF.TT  Rnnolf\\.  iii.  117  He  lay  couched 
in  a  rimu-tree  one  day.  1900  Longman's  Mag.  Jan.  232 
Feathery  rimus,  scraggy  topped  white  pines,  fern  trees, 

Rimy  (rsrmi),  a.  Forms  :  I  hrimis,  6  rimie, 
7  rymie,  6-  rimy.  [OE.  hrlnri^  f.  hrini  RIME 
sbP  Cf.  Kris,  r  writ  ft,  Sw.  riinmig^  Icel.  hrimugr.] 
Covered  with,  abounding  in,  rime  or  hoar-frost ; 
accompanied  by  rime  ;  frosty. 

971  Blickl.  Horn.  209  Waeron  nor5  of  5aem  stane  awexene 
swi5e  brimi^e  bearwas.  a  1000  Gnomic  Verses  6  in  O.  E. 
Chron.  (1892)  1.280  Winter  by-8  cealdost,  lencten  hrimigost. 

1587  MASCALL  Govt.  Cattle  Index,  Rimy  grasseill  for  sheep. 
1612  PEACHAM  Gentl.  Exerc.  i.  x.  (1634)  38  Trees  that  appear 
twice  as  bigge  in  a  mistie  or  rymie  morning  then  indeed 
they  are.  1693  EVELYN  De  la  Quint.  CompL  Card.  II.  6 
The  Wood  being  altogether  cover'd  with  a  rimy  Frost. 
1787-9  WORDS  w.  Evening  Walk  356  Rimy  without  speck, 
extend  the  plains.  1824  Miss  R.  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  i. 
(1863)  12  The  sky.  .throwing  out  in  bold  relief  the  snow- 
covered  roofs  of  our  village,  and  the  rimy  trees  that  rise 
above  them.  1859  GF.O.  ELIOT  A.  Bcde  Iv,  Martin  Peyser, 
looking  as  cheery  as  a  bright  fire  on  this  rimy  morning. 
1886  J.  ASHBY  STERRY  Lazy  Minstrel  (1892)  no  The  rail 
ings  were  rusty  and  rimy. 

Rin.  dial.  ?  Obs.  [Cf.  OE.  sealtes  rynia  app. 
in  the  same  sense.]  Brine. 

1787  W.  MARSHALL  Norfolk  (1795)  II.  386. 

Rin,  Sc.  van  RUN  sb.  and  v.  Rinabout,  Sc. 
var.  RUNABOUT. 

||  Rina-trix.  Obs.  rare.  [An  old  misreading 
of  Et  natrix  in  Lucan  ix.  720.]  A  water-snake. 

i6oiR.  CHESTER  Loves  Martyr  (1878)  113  Here  Hues 
the  Worme,  the  Gnat  and  Grashopper,  Rinatrix,  Lizard 
and  the  fruitful!  Bee,  Ibid.  115,  123. 

Rince,  Rinch,  obs.  or  dial.  ff.  RINSE  sb.  and  v. 

Kind  (raind),  sb\  Forms:  a.  i,  4-  rind  (4,  : 
6  riend,  8-9  rhind),  5  rynd;  (1-3)  4-7  rinde, 
4-6  rynde.  0.  5-7  ryne  (6  ryn),  6-  rine,  7-8 
rhine.  [OE.  rzWstr.  fern,  (and  rinde  wk.  fern.), 
=  MDu.  rindC)  rendey  rttnde  (Du.  run,  Flem.  also 
rinde t  renne  tan-bark),  OS.  rinda  (MLG.  rinde\ 
OHG.  rinda,  rinta  (G.  rinde) ,  MDa.  rind  (crust 
of  bread).] 

1.  The  bark  of  a  tree  or  plant ;  sometimes,  inner 
as  contrasted  with  outer  bark.  Also  with  a  and 
in  pi.  (now  rare}. 

a.  r888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xxxiv.  §  iop£Et  treow  US  utan 
..bewsefed  mid  J>£ere  rinde.  c  1000  Sax.  Leechd.  II.  114  £if 
he  be^et  &  yt  rinde,  sio  be  cym5  of  neorxna- wonge,  ne  dere5 
him  nan  alter,  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  148  Heo  haue5  bipiled 
mine  figer— irend  of  al  be  rinde.  a  1250  Owl  $  Night.  602 
[Thou  eatest]  wormes  sif  bu  mi^te  fuide  Among  j>e  uolde  of 
harde  rinde.  a  1300  Leg.  Rooddfyi)  24  Ouer  j?e  welle  stod 
a  tre..  Ac  it  ne  bar  nober  lef  ne  rynde.  1387  TRF.VISA  Hif- 
den  (Rolls)  II.  303  lacob  took  grene  ^erdes-.and  pyled  of 
be  rynde  in  som  place  of  be  gerdes.  1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas 
viii.  xxv.  (1558)  18  Trees  may  not  thriue  departed  fro  the 
rinde.  c  1440  Pallad.  on  Hnsb.  iv.  13  Too  fynger  long  let 
sloute  away  the  tre,  But  saue  vppon  that  other  half  the 
rynde.  1523  SKELTON  Garl.  Laurel  21  A  myghty  tre . .  His 
leuis  loste,  the  sappe  was  frome  the  rynde.  1578  LYTE 
Dodoens  167  The  roote  is..couered  with  a  thinne.  .barke 
or  rinde.  1638  BRATHWAIT  Barnahees  Jrnl.  iv.  (1818)  177 
Osyers  freshly  showing  With  soft  mossie  rinde  o'regrowing. 


RIND. 

1664  EVELYN  Syfoa  (1679)  13  Other  expedients  there  are  by 
twisting  the  part,  or  baring  it  of  the  Rind.  1725  Swu  T  Kiddle 

|  Wks.  1751  X.  74  Depriv'd  of  Root,  and  Branch,  and  Rind, 
Yet  Flow'rs  I  bear  of  every  Kind.  1789  G.  WHITE  Sel- 
borne  i,  Its  smooth  rind  or  bark,  its  glossy  foliage.  1839 
KKMKLE  Resid.  in  Georgia  (1863)  87  It  is  a  long  green  reed, 

,    and  has  a  consistent  pith,  which,  together  with  the  rind 

:     itself,  is  extremely  sweet,     a  1845  BARHAM  IitgoL  Leg.  Ser. 

i    in.  The  I'oplar,  Here  stands  the  Poplar.. On  whose  tender 

!    rind.. We  carved  her  initials, 

//.  ^  goo  CYNRWULF  Crist  1175  Da  wearS  beam  monij 
blod^um  tearum  birunnen  under  rindum.  ^1320  /W.  Si>ttgs 
(Camden)  333  And  bringe  rotes  and  rindes  bret  ful  a  male. 
1382  WYCLIF  Gen.  xxx.  37  Jacob,  .vnryendide  hem;  and 

,  riendis  drawun  awey,  in  tlnlke  that  weren  pilde  semede 
whytnes,  [c  1407  LYDG.  Keson  ^  Sens,  4955  And  next  be.>yde 
.  .ypocrisie,  Dedly  of  chere  lyke  a  rynde. J  'U  1480  Kyng  $ 
Hermit  127  in  Ha/1.  E.  P.  /'.  I.  iS,  1  won  here  in  wyldenes, 
With  rotys  and  rynds  among  wyld  bests.  1555  JMJKN 
Decades  (Arb.)  196  The  leaues  wherof  are  made  of  the 
inner  ryndes  or  barkes  of  trees.  1600  SURFLKT  Countrie 
Fartne  in.  Ixiii.  576  All  aromatical  rindes  or  woods,  as  cin- 
nainom.  1689  PITMAN  Relation  in  Arb.  Garner  VII.  356 
We  thought  it  time  to.  .stop  the  leaks  of  our  boat,  and  to 
raise  a  deck  over  her  with  rinds  of  trees.  1712  J.  JAMKS  tr. 
I.c  Blond's  Gardening  83  Lines  made  of  the  Rinds  of  Lime- 
Tree.  1812  J.  SMYTH  Pract.  of  Customs  (1821)  41  When 
Oak  Bark  in  the  rinds,  is  £2  IQS.  or  upwards  per  load  of 
rinds.  1835  tr.  Lamariine's  Trail.  II.  64  Other  trees  with 
long  stems  and  smooth  rinds. 

p.  ci43o  Syr  Tryaui.  392  To  berye  hym  was  hys  purpo*, 
And  scraped  on  hym  bothe  ryne  and  mosse.  1547  IJOORUK 
Brci1.  Health  xxv.  16  Take  inwarde  ryne  or  barke  of  an 
Oke.  1579  SPENSER  Sheph.  Cal.  Feb.  nt  Now  the  gray 
mosse  marred  his  rinc.  1602  jVan'issrts  (1893)  339  To  passe 


linden's  glossy  rine  Laurel-tresses  intertwine.  1765  Uluse 

J\ust.    \\.    107   The  harle  or  rine  of  our   hemp  and   flax. 
1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt.  Gloss.,  Kinf,  rind,  or  bark. 
b.   Bot.  Iralse,  as  contrasted  with  true,  bark. 
1857  HESFRKY  Bot.  530  The  rind  of  the  Monocotyledonous 
stem,    totally  different  from  true   baik,  is  generally   little 
developed.     1861    BKNTLEY    Man.  Bot.   oo   The   whole   is 
covered  externally   by  a  fibrous  and  cellular  layer,  called 
the  false  bark  or  rind. 

C.  Arch.   i^See  quot.  1728.) 

1726  LF.ONI  Albertis  Archlt.  II.  33/1  The  breadth  of  the 
rind  which  is  to  terminate  in  the  Scroll  must,  .be  equal  to 
the  Abacus.  This  rind  must  fall  down  on  each  side  winding 
round  like  a  Snail-shell.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Capital, 
The  middle  Part  is  called  a  Rind,  or  Dark,  from  itssnppos'd 
Resemblance  to  the  Bark  of  a  Tree  laid  on  a  Vase. 

t  2.  Coupled  with  root.  a.  In  phrases  denoting 
the  origin  or  source  of  a  person  or  thing.  Obs. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  ll'ace  (Rolls)  4286  We  ar  comen 
..of  o  rote  &  of  o  rynde.  £"1435  Cast.  Persev.  1138  in 
1  Alacro  Plays  in  Envye,  bou  arte  rote  &  rynde,  borwe  J>U 
werld,  of  mykyl  myschefe.  c  1500  KENNEDIE  Passion  oj 
Christ  124  God  hes  the  chosin  to  be  baith  rule  and  ryn  For 
mannis  peace.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixxxv,  12  Wjrgin 
inatern,  Of  reuth  baith  rute  and  ryne. 

T"  b.  In   phrases  denoting  complete  rending  up 
or  destruction.    Obs.      (Cf.  root  and  branch   s.v. 
:   BRANCH  sb.  6  b.) 

1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  333  Toward  be  North  he 
schoke,  To  chace  kyng  Robyn,..destroie  him  rote  &  rynde, 
c  1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  66  He  breketh  hem  asondre 
or  rendeth  hem  roote  &  rynde  Out  of  the  erthe.  c  1440 
;  Jacob's  Well  234  He  serial  stubbyn  be  vp  rynde  &  roote. 
c  1530  LD.  I'ERNERS  Arth.  Lyt.  Bryt.  (1814)  172  The  monster 
ranne  to  a  tree.. and.. tare  it  vp  rote  and  rinde. 
3.  The  peel  or  skin  of  fruits  and  vegetables, 
a.  r  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg.  181  Froteit  wib  ryndis  of  an 
oynoun  til  it  bicome  drie.  c  1450  M.  E.  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich) 
208  pe  scales  of  notes  ant  ryndes.  1541  ELYOT  Cast.  Helthe 
H.  23  The  ryndes  [of  oranges]  taken  in  a  littell  quantitee, 
doo  comfort  the  stomacke.  1594  PLAT  Jewell-ho.  n.  (1653)  39 
Lettin^e  the  cloues  &  riendes  [of  oranges  and  lemons]  re- 
maine  in  oile.  1667  MII.TON  P.  L.  iv.  249  Others  whose 
fruit  burnisht  with  Golden  Rinde  Hung  amiable.  1676 
WORLIDGE  Cyder  (1691)  205  One  of  the  most  solid  apples 
that  grows,  of  a  tough  rind.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  in.  ii.  310 
The  fruit . .  is  covered  with  a  rough  rind.  1764  ELIZA  MOXON 
Eng.  Honseiv.  (ed.  9)  163  Take  three  or  four  Seville 
oranges,,  .and  boil  the  rinds.  1830  M.  DONOVAN  Dom.  Econ. 
I.  301  Those  [apples]  whose  flesh  and  rind  are  green  are 
very  inferior.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  696  The  fruits 
having  a  hard  rind. 

0.  1558  WAHDE  tr.  Alexis1  Seer.  iv.  75 b,  Take  the  ryne 
or  the  scrapynges  of  Rubarbe.  1588  FARKE  tr.  Mendoza's 
Hist.  China  393  It  is  in  forme  like  vnto  a  mellon,  whose 
ryne  is  somewhat  harde.  1605  WILLET  HexaplaGen.  215 
The  fruit.. is  outwardly  like  other  fruite,  but  within  the 
rine  there  is  nothing  but  dust  and  ashes.  1669  BOYLE  Cont. 
New  Exp.  n.  (1682)  183  The  pieces  of  Apple  were  much 
corrupted,  for  their  skin  or  rine  was  taken  off. 

4.  The  outer  crust,  skin,  or  integument  oj  any 
thing  ;  also,  a  crust,  etc. 

c  looo  ^ELFRIC  Horn.  II.  114  We  heda5  baere  crumena  3aes 
hlafes,  and  5a  ludeiscan  gnajaS  ba  rinde. 

c  1400  LanfranclsCirurg.  161  f>anne  Jxm  schalt  leie  in  the 
wounde.  .oile  of  rosis,  til  al  be  rynde  of  be  brennyng  falle 
awei.  ifaCath.Angl.  308/2  pe  Rynde  of  a  nege.  cisso 
H.  LLOYD  Treat.  Health  X  ij,  Take  the  home  of  a  gote  and 
burne  it.  .and  y*  rind  that  ryseth  therof  at  that  tyme  take 
and  stampe  it.  1555  W.  WATREMAN  Fardle  f  actons  i.  ii.  30 
Those  humours  so  riped,  drawyng  vp  to  the  rinde  of  the 
earth.  1601  SIR  W.  CORNWALLIS  Ess.  i,  The  Lapidary  is 
not  sory  when  he  hath  gotten  the  rinde,  or  barke  of  a 
Jewell  from  what  is  precious.  1796  KIRWAN  Elan.  Mitt. 
(ed.  2}  I.  225  Surface,  .covered  with  a  greyish  white  rind. 
1811  Self  Instructor  1-]  Scrape  off  the  thin  rind  of  the  quill. 
1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  IV.  463  Simple  fish-skin. 
The  incrustation  forming  a  harsh  papulated  or  watery  rind. 
1857  LIYINGSTONE  7V(iz'.  xxv'u.  542  Large  rounded  masses 


RIND. 

of  granite,  containing  black  mica. . .  The  outer  rind  of  it  in 
clines  to  peel  off. 

f  b.  The  ver^e  or  rim  <?/" something;  the  border 
of  a  country.    Obs. 

Prob.  by  phonetic  confusion  with  rime  RIM  sb^ 
1530  Act  22  Hen.  I' III,  c.  n  The  sayde  Dykes,  or.. any 
other  banke,  beyng  parcele  of  the  rynde  &  uttermost  parte 
of  the  sayde  contrey  of  Marshe  lande.  155*  HULOET,  Rynde 
of  a  countrty,^f«*.  1384  R..  SCOT  Discov.  Witchcr.  XIL 
xvii.  262  Sticke  a  paire  ofsheeres  in  the  rind  of  a  siue.  1608 
TOPSELL  Serpents  216  Vppon  the  ridge  of  his  backe..and 
vnderneath  vpon  the  ryne  or  brimme  of  his  belly  are  certaine 
haires  growing. 

5.  The  skin  of  a  person  or  animal.     Now  esp.  of 
bacon.     Also  spec,  in  dial,  (see  quots.  1828,  1868). 

1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  ix.  vii.  99  With  the  dynt  the  rynde 
is  revin  sua,  Hys  hart  pipis  the  scharp  hed  persyt  in  tua. 
a  1550  llye  Way  to  Spittel  Ho.  112  in  Hazl.  h.P.P.  IV.  af 
Scabby  and  scuruy,  pocke  eaten  flesh  and  rynde.  1607 
TOPSELL  Fonr-f.  leasts  (1658)  535  To  rub  the  tongue  with 
the  inner  side  of  the  rines  of  Bacon.  1667  MILTON/*.  L.  \. 
206  The  Pilot..  With  fixed  Anchor  in  his  skaly  rind  Moors 
by  his  side.  1772-84  Cook's  I'oy.  (1790)  V.  1769  The  flesh 
and  rind  of  which  they  cut  into  large  pieces,  dry  them  as 
they  do  herrings  and  eat  them.  1828  Craven  C, loss.,  Rine, 
the  skin,  or  thin  membrane  under  the  skin.  1868  ATKINSON 
Cleveland  Gloss.  App.,  Kind,  the  inner  or  true  skin  in  oppo 
sition  to  the  cuticle  or  scarf-skin,  1870  E.  P.  WRIGHT  tr. 
Figuier's  Mammalia  59  To  separate  the  oil  from  this 
enormous  greasy  rind. 

fb.  A  membrane  or  pellicle ;  esp.  the  pia  mater 
or  the  peritoneum.  Obs, 

Perh.  by  confusion  with  rime  RIM  s/>.2 

1585  HIGINS  Juuius'  Noinend.  32/1  The  inner  rine  of  the 
belly,  which  is  ioyned  to  the  cawll,  and  wherewith  all  the 
entralles  are  couered.  1598  FLORIO,  Omento,. .  the  rinde 
or  thin  skin  inwrapping  the  braine.  1668  CULPEPPKR  & 
COLE  Bart  hoi.  Anat.  in.  iii.  135,  I  am  of  Opinion  that  in 
the  Brain,  properly  so  called,  or  the  Rinde,  is  contained 
Animal  Spirit  for  Sense.  1693  tr.  Blancard's  Phys.  Diet. 
(ed.  2),  Rftegwa,  a  Breaking  or  Bursting  of  any  part,  as  of 
a  Bone,  the  inner  Rine  of  the  Belly,  the  Eye,  &c. 

6.  Jig.  (chiefly  from  sense   i).     The  surface  or 
external  aspect  of  something,  as  contrasted  with 
the  inner  or  true  nature. 

a.  4:897  K.  ^EI.FRKD  Gregory's  Past.  C.  54  On  hiora  modes 
rinde  rnom$  god  weorc  to  wyrceanne,  ac  on  Sam  pi'San  bi5 
o3er  sehyded, 

1551'!'.  \Viusos  Logike  (1580)  57  The  Gospell  resteth.. 
not  in  the  outwarde  rinde,  but  in  the  very  harte.  1618  E, 
ELTON  Rom.  vii.  (1622)  292  They  rest  in  the  outward  rinde 
and  barke  of  the  law.  1646  J.  HALL  Hone  I'ac.  57 
Histories  for  the  most  part  pick  but  at  the  Rind  of 
businesse.  1704  SWIFT  T.  Tub  i,  Many  Readers,  .who  will 
by  no  means  be  persuaded  to  inspect  beyond  the  Surface 
and  the  Rind  of  Things.  1758  L.  TEMPLE  Sketches  (ed.  2) 
53  A  bearish  Figure  is  almost  certainly  the  Rhind  or  Husk 
of  a  rude  rough  Soul.  1813  COLERIDGE  Remorse  n,  ii,  You 
are  no  dullard,  But  one  that  strips  the  outward  rind  of 
things.  1841  EMERSON  Ess.t  Over-soul^'i^  each  divine  im 
pulse  the  mind  rends  the  thin  rinds  of  the  visible  and  finite. 

ft.  1582  STANYHURST  sEneis  (Arb.)  3  Gnibling  vpon  thee 
outward  ryne  of  a  supposed  historic.  1591  HARINGTON  O rl. 
Fur.  Pref.  p  iiij,  For  the  lateral!  sence  (as  it  were  the  vtmost 
barke  or  ryne).  1627  J.  DOUGHTV  Serm.  Divine  Myst. 
(1628)  16  Those  things  which  we  doe  vnderstand,  we  know 
but  in  the  rine  &  slightly.  1681  H.  MORE  £>/.  Dan.  App. 
ii.  285  The  Reader  mu>t  learn  to  distinguish,  .betwixt  the 
Rine  and  the  Pulp  of  these.. Symbolical  Visions.  1738  tr. 
Guazzo's  Art  Convers.  173,  I  very  well  perceive,  that  you 
regard  nothing  more  than  the  outward  Rine. 
b.  The  outward  form  of  persons,  rare. 

c  14x2  HOCCLEVE  De  Reg;  Princ.  3576  God  took  vpponhim 
humble  buxumnesse  Whan  he  him  wrappid  in  our  mortell 
rynde.  1607  MIDDLETON  Fain.  Love  in.  iii,  You're  my  better 
in  bark  and  rine,  but  in  pith  and  substance  I  may  compare 
with  you.  1634  MILTON  Comns  664  Thou  canst  not  touch 
the  freedom  of  my  minde..,  although  this  corporal  rinde 
Thou  hast  immanacl'd. 

7.  C0M&.,o.s  rind-fungus^  -gall,  -grafting,  ~hoop\ 
rind-tabberer,  dial,  ^seequot.  1848). 

1670  J.  SMITH  Eng.  lmpr<n>.  Reviv'd  89  From  the  Re- 
mainder  of  the  Chesnut..may  be  chosen  63600  Rods  for 
bark  or  ryne  hoops.  1794  Rigging  <$•  Seamanship  8  Rind- 

fill,  a  damage  the  tree  received  when  young.  1848  A.  B. 
VANS  Leicestershire  Gloss.  75  Roin-tabberer,  . .  i.  e.  the 
*rind-tabberer\or  tapper,  viz.  the  woodpecker.  1869  RAN- 
KINE  Machine  ty  Hand-tools  App.  66  'Rind-galls *,  or 
wounds  in  a  layer  of  the  wood,  which  have  been  covered 
and  concealed  by  the  growth  of  subsequent  layers  over 
them.  \%&*  Garden  25  Mar.  200/1  The  only  mode  of  graft 
ing  employed  is  that  called  crown  or  rind  grafting.  1894 
Nat.  Science  Oct.  251  The  Rind-fungus  ( Trichosphx  >•  in 
Sacchari)  described  as  the  most  dangerous  and  widespread 
enemy  of  the  cane  cultivation  of  the  present  day. 

Rind  (raind),  sb£  Also  4-6  rynd(e,  9  rynd 
(roynd);  7  rinde,  7-9  rine.  [ME.  rynd,  = 
MUu.  rijn  masc.  (still  in  dial,  use),  rine  fern, 
(mod.  Hem.  rijne],  MLG.  r/«,  ryn  (still  in  use). 
These  forms  appear  to  prove  that  the  final  d  of  the 
Eng.  word  is  excrescent.]  An  iron  fitting  serving 
to  support  an  upper  millstone  on  the  spindle.  Cf. 
MILL-RIND  and  INK  sb$ 

cW&Durh.Acc.  Rolls  (Surtees)  543  In..ij  Ryndes  fac. 
de  proprio  ferro.  i4S3~4  H>id.  191  Pro  renovacione  de  le 
spyndellez  et  rynd.  1466-7  Ibid.  641  Pro  emundacione  de 


Holy  Wary  xxiv.  27,  [Cross]  Molinee,  because  Ifke  to  "the 

id  of  a  mill.     1764  J.  FERGUSON  Lect.  47  The  lop  part  of 

the  spindle,  .goes  into  a  square  hole  in  a  strong  iron  cross 

..called  the  rynd.    /Wrf.,  The  rynd  is  let  into  grooves  in 


688 

the  under  surface  of  the  running  millstone,  and  so  turns  it 
round.  1828  J.  HUNTER  South  Yorks.  I.  241  A  shield  with 
a  device  showing  the  old  form  of  the  mill  roj  nd.  1888  Jriil. 
Derbysh.  Archaeol.  Soc.  X.  54  The  spindle  being  either 
of  the  same  piece  as  the  '  rine '  or  keyed  into  it. 

attrib.  1417  Durh.  Ace-  Rolls  (Surtees)  226,  In  J  pan 
molarum.  .cum  hopys  et  ryndspindellis. 

Bind  (raind),  s/>.-'  north,  and  Sc,  Forms  :  a. 
6,  9  rynd  (9  rhynd),  7,  9  rind.  0.  7  ryne,  7,  9 
rine  ;  8  rhine,  9  rhyne.  [Prob.  an  alteration  of 
RIME  sb.2  The  same  change  appears  in  dial,  hind, 
var.  of  hime  hoar-frost  (Nonv.  him},  and  in  the 
local  forms  ritur,  rinder  for  RIMER  sb^  Cf.  also 
RIND  sb.l  4  b  and  5  b. 

It  has,  however,  been  suggested  that  rind  may  represent 
OE.  hriiide  in  Beowulf  1363,  usually  altered  to  hrlm£e  after 
the  passage  in  Blickl.  Horn.  209.] 

=  RIME  sb.-     Also  with  a  and  pi. 

a,  1575  TURBERV.  Venerie  31  Whereas  the  ryndes,  the 
water  droppes,  and  other  coldnesse  doth  fall  _upon  him  con 
tinually.  Ibid.  76  Those  hounds  that  are  quickest  of  sente  : 
which  are  not  best  for  the  mornings  bicause  of  the  ryndes 
and  dewes.  1648  HEXHAM  u,  Kijiii,  a  Rind,  or  a  small 
Frost.  [1828  MOIR  Mansie  ll'anc/i  xxii,  Sharp  frosty  nights 
that  left  all  the  window-soles  whitewashed  over  with  frost- 
rind  in  the  morning.]  1864  DOUHLEDAY  in  Crawhall  Car- 
land  N.  C.  Anglers  299  'Mang  the  lang  grass  . .  The  rind 
clings  white  and  pearly.  1894  Ilettcm-le-lwle  Gloss,  s.v., 
There's  a  heavy  (or,  thick)  rind  on. 

p.  1611  COTGR.,  Brnine,  hoarie,  as  a  thing  thats  couered 
with  a  mistie  ryne.  1642  H.  MOKE  Song  of  Soul  I.  II.  xxxi. 
Wks.  (Grosart)  22  Like  winter-morn  bedight  with  snow  and 
rine  And  sunny  rayes,  so  did  his  goodly  i-ldship  shine.  1656 
[?J.  SERGEANT]  tr.  T.  White's  Pcripat.  hist.  147  Expecting 
Ice  and  a  Rine  the  next  day.  1754  Phil.  Trans.  XLVIII. 
508  The  rhine,  or  hoar-frost, . .  was  composed  of  curious  thin 
figured  plates.  i824MACTAGGAUT  GaUtomd. Encycl.  Rhyne. 

tRind,  s6.*  Otis.  In  5  rynd-.  [Perh.  of 
Scand.  origin.  Cf.  Norw.  rinde,  rind  ridge,  bank, 
etc.]  ?  A  bank  or  brake. 

?  a  1400  Marie  Artli.  921  Thane  they  roode  by  )>at  ryuer, 
. . pare  be  ryndez  ouerrechez  with  realle  bowghez.  Ibid. 
1884  Thane  relyez  be  renkes..For  to  ryotte  be  wode..; 
Ransakes  the  ryndez  alle.  Ibid.  3363  Than  raykes  cho 
with  roo.  .To  be  ryndes  of  be  wode. 

Bind  (rsind),  ^.1  [f.  RIXD  s/>.1  Cf.  the  earlier 
UNIIIXD.]  trans.  To  strip  the  rind  or  bark  from 
(a  tree,  etc.).  Hence  Ei'nding  vbl.  sb. 

1580  HOLLYBAND  Trens.  Fr.  Tong,  Escorceinetit,  a  barking 
of  trees,  a  pilling,  a  rinding.  1623  WYNNE  in  Wbitbourne 
2)ist.  Newfoundland  no  There  haue  bin  rinded  this  yere 
not  so  few  as  50000  trees.  1698-9  Staf.  Admiralty,  fcary, 
etc.  (1810)  27  That  no  Person,  .shall,  .rind  any  of  the  trees 
there  standing  or  growing.  1708  Lomt.  Gas.  No.  4452/2 
The  Inhabitants  do  Rind  the  Trees.  1797  Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  IV,  309/2  The  very  young  trees  are  not  fit  for  rind 
ing.  1849  A.  E.  Kxox  Ornitli.  Rambles  Sussex  212  The 
operation  of  'rinding'  cannot  be  attempted  until  the  sap 
has  begun  to  flow.  1876  BANCROFT  Hist.  U.  S.  III.  xvi. 
498  Bearing  long.. staves,  white  from  being  freshly  rinded. 

Bind  (raind),  v£  Sc.  and  north.  Forms  :  6,  9 
rynd  (6  -e),  9  rhynde,  7,  9,  rind,  8  reyn-, 
rein-.  [Var.  of  RAND  z>.4,  REND  t>.2]  trans.  To 
prepare  (tallow,  butter,  etc.)  for  preservation  by 
melting  and  clarifying ;  to  render ;  to  melt.  Hence 
Ei-nded///.  a. 

1540  Sc.  Ads  c.  44  (1814)  II.  378/2  That  na  maner  of  man 
..tak  vpoun  hand  to  Rynd,  melt,  nor  barrel!  talch.  1381 
Jlurgk  Rec.  Edinb.  (1882)  217  Thai  faythfullie  promittit.. 
to  caus  the  talloun  bocht  be  him  als  weill  ryndet  and  vn- 
ryndet  to  be  tane  of  his  hand.  1681  COLVIL  WliigsSitpplic. 
(1751)  78  It  makes  them  ..  Keep  rinded  butter  in  charter 
chests.  1706  Watsons  Collect.  Scots  Poems  I.  60  First  shear 
it  small,  and  rind  it  sine  Into  a  Kettle  clean  and  fine.  1794 
J.  MILL  Diary  (S.H.S.)  101  A  ship  loaden  with  Reyned 
'1 'allow  from  Iceland.  Ibiit.,  Many  run  there  for  the  wrecks, 
etc.,  and  were  enrich 'd  by  reind  Tallow.  1844  H.  STWHKNS 
Bk.  Farm  II.  106  As  long  as  it  [suet]  is  fresh  it  should  be 
rymled  or  rendered,  as  it  is  termed.  1894  LATTO  Tain. 
Uodkin  xvi,  Like  to  rhynde  the  very  creesh  aff  my  banes  ! 

I  Hind,  v.v  Obs.  rare-".  [f.RiND  rf.a]  intr. 
To  form  rime  or  hoar-frost. 

1648  HEXHAM  n,  Kijpen,  to  Rinde,  as  upon  trees  frozen. 

Bi'nded,  a.  Also  7  rin'd,  9  rhinded.  [f. 
RIND  rf.l  and  its  variant  rine.']  Having  a  rind  or 
bark,  esp.  of  a  specified  kind.  Also^.  with  up. 

1552  H  ULOET,  Barked  or  rynded,  corticatus.  1591  SPENSER 
Virg.  Gnat  209  Here  also  grew  the  rougher  rinded  Pine. 
1622  MABBE  tr.  Alonan's  Guzman  d'Alf.  Pref.  Verses,  An 
vn-hewne  peece  of  wood,  I  long  haue  beene,  Knotty,  and 
rugged,  rinded  vp  in  sinne.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  342  Fruit 
of  all  kindes,  in  coate,  Rough,  or  smooth  rin'd. 

1826  Blafkw.  Mag.  XIX.  382  Floating  along  on  the 
morning  air  from . .  the  hollow-rhinded  woods.  1833  TENNY 
SON  Eleanore  iii,  With  fruitage  golden-rinded  On  golden 
salvers.  1841  BROWNING  Pippa.  Passes  ii,  The  soft-rinded 
smoothening  facile  chalk. 

tKindell.  Sc.  Obs.   =rundlet,  RUNLET. 

1659  Records  of  Elgin  (New  Spald.  Cl.)  I.  310  Fyue  pun- 
shiones  of  wyne  and  tuo  rindells  of  seek. 

Bi-nder  i.     [f.  RIND  t>.-]     A  melter. 

1805  FOKSYTH  Beauties  Scot!.  III.  287  A  press  similar  to 
that^which  is  used  by  the  melters  or  finders  of  tallow. 

Ri-nder-,  dial,  variant  of  RIMER  sl>.* 

1829  J.  HUNTER  Hallamsh.  Gloss.,  Kinder,  an  instrument 
used  for  bevilling  the  sides  of  a  round  hole. 

Rinderpest  (ri-ndarpest).  [G.  rinderpest,  {. 
rinder,  pi.  of  rind  ox.]  A  virnlent,  infectious 
disease  affecting  ruminant  animals,  tsp.  oxen, 
characterized  by  fever,  dysentery,  and  inflammation 
of  the  mucous  membranes ;  cattle-plague. 


RINE. 

1865  /I/ft/.  Times  #  Gaz.  29  July  119/2  We  understand 
that  Prof.   Simonds  regards  the  disease  as  identical  with 
the  rinderpest  or  steppe  murrain  of  Russia,  Austria,  etc. 
1871  L.  STEPHEN  1'laygr.  Eur.  90  Daring  sceptics,   who 
doubted  the  efficacy  of  holy  water  as  a  remedy  for  rinder 
pest.     1884   Standard  10  Nov.  5/4  The   outbreak  of  the 
rinderpest  among  the  cattle  which  were  to  furnish  food  for 
the  troops. 

attrib.  1873  W.  CORY  Lett.  $  Jrnls.  (1897)  350  He  went 
wrong  about  the  rinderpest  rate. 

fig.  1881  Times  17  Jan.  12/2  An  organization  which  aims 
at  stamping  out  a  social  rinderpest. 

t  Rindge,  obs.  form  of  KKXGE  sb? 

1672  HOOI.E  Comenius'  I'isifrlt  It'orld  103  The  Baker 
sifteth  the  Meal  in  a  rindge. 

Rindge,  obs.  form  of  RINGE  s/>.1 

Bii'nding-bird.  dial.  [f.  rinding  vbl.  sb. : 
see  RIND  z/Tj  The  Wryneck. 

1849  A.  E.  KNOX  Ornith.  Rambles  Sussex  212  Wryneck 
..,  provincial,  Rinding  Bird. 

Rindlass,  variant  of  RENDLES,  rennet. 

Bindle  (ri'nd'l),  sb.  Forms :  a.  I  rinnelle  ; 
rynel  (:,],  renel,  4  ryneil,  -;-6  rinel,g  &.rinnal. 
£.  6  ryndle,  6-  rincUe.  [OE.  rinnelle,  rynele 
fern.  ,rynel  masc.,  f.  the  stem  rin-,r»n- ;  see  RUNP.] 
A  small  watercourse  or  stream  ;  a  runnel. 

a.  1-825  I'esp.  Psalter  Ixiv.  ir  Rinnellan  his  indrencende 
[L.  rivos  ejns  inebriam}.  cgoo  W^ERFERTH  tr.  Gregory's 
Dial.  94  Se  a;ftra  stream.. se  cym3  of  baere  rynelan  [v.r. 
human]  bass  gastlican  assprynges.  c  1000  Blickl.  Gloss. 
Ps.  Ixiv.  ii  Kiuos,  rynelas.  cuoo  Ags.  Ps.  (Cant.)  Ixiv. 
ii  His  reneles  drencende.  a  1325  Prose  Psalter  Ixiv.  n 
Fylland  hys  ryneils  [v.r.  ryuersj.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy 
5709  The  rynels  wex  red  of  the  ronke  blode.  Ibid.  7506 
pai  .  .Woundic  hym  wickedly,  .pat  be  Rinels  of  red  blode 
ran  doun  his  chekes.  1508  Extr.  Aberd.  Reg.  (1844)  !• 
78  Nay  litstaris..sall  wesche  thar  stuf  in  the  loche  nor 
common  rinelis  {printed  riuelis]  of  the  toune. 

p.  1547  SALESBURY,  Fr^ud  tit  afon  -vach,  a  ryndel.  1553 
WATREMAN  Fardle  Facions  u.  xi.  259  A  garden  plolte  of 
delighte,  full  of  swiete  rindles  of  Clm.stalline  watre.  1670 
/'/;;/.  Trans.  V.  2016  There  runs  near  it  (at  least  in  the 
Winter  season)  a  small  rindle  (or  gutter  rather).  1686  PLOT 
Staffordsh.  42  Its  subservient  branches..,  and  innumerable 
other  Rindles  that  fall  into  them,  c  1746  J.  COLLIER  (Tim 
Bobbin)  firm  Lane.  Dial.  (ed.  21  8  O  Kindle  o  Wetur.  1841 
S.  BAMFORD  Life  Radical  113  Through  the  whole  length  of 
the  valley,  wends  a  sickly  tan  colored  rindle.  1861  WAL'GH 
Got/ins  Grare  29  Fed  by  rindles  and  driblets  from  springs 
in  the  wood-shaded  steep. 

Bindle  (ri-nd'l),  v.  [f.  prec.]  intr.  To  stream 
or  How.  Hence  Ei-ndling///.  a. 

1866  WAUGH  in  Harland  Lane.  Lyrics  108  It  winds  by  a 
rindlin'  wayter  side.     1895  CKOCKETT  Men  of  Moss-Hags 
xliv,  The  burn-.rindling  clear  over  slaty  stones. 

Rindle,  variant  of  RENDLES,  rennet. 

t  Bi'ndled,  ///-  a.  Obs.-1  [Var.  of  rinded: 
see  RIND  v.%\  Rendered,  melted. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  377  For  the  same  purpose  serueth 
the  tried  orrindled  greace  of  sweatie  wooll. 

Ri'lldless,  a.  rare.  In  3  rindeleas,  9  rhind- 
less.  [t.  RIND  sb.^]  AYithout  rind  or  bark. 

"1225  Ancr.  R.  150  Nis  hit  muche  reouSe  bet  be  figer.. 
schal  adruwien  rindeleas.  1831  Blackiu.  Mag.  XXX.  966 
The  rhindless  arms  of  the  '  dodder'd  oak  '. 

Rindles^s,  -lis,  variants  of  KENDLES,  rennet. 

Rindmart :  see  RYKMABT. 

Rilidy  (rai-ndi),  a.1  [f.  KIND  rf.l  +  -Y.] 
Having  a  rind  or  hard  skin. 

1727  BAILEY  (vol.  II.),  Rindy,  having  a  Rind,  i.e.  a  Skin 
to  be  pared  off,  as  some  Fruits.  1831  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc. 
XII.  It.  401  Turnips.. either  very  large  or  'fuzzy',  or  very 
close, '  rindy ',  hard,  and  stunted. 


1  T1  land's  all  rindy ',  covered  with  it. 
t  Rine,  v.1  Obs.  Forms :  i  (h)rinan,  3  rinen, 
4,  7  rine  (4  riii,  rene),  4-5  ryne,  5-6  rynde. 
Pa.  t.  i  hr&n,  3-4  ran,  4  raue,  rone,  6  Sc.  ryndit. 
[OE.  //;•/«#«,  =  OS.  and  OHG.&ftMM  (MDu.  and 
MUG.  rtneri)  to  touch,  ON.  hrlna  (Norw.  ri'na) 
to  take  effect  on.  Cf.  ARINE  and  ATBJNE.] 

1.  trans.  To  touch  ;  to  affect. 

Beowulf  088  ^jhwylc  jecwa:d  baet  him  heardra _nan 
hrinan  wolde  iren  aergod.  c  1000  Ags.  Fs.  (Thorpe)  cm.  30 
?,if  he  mid  his  mihte  muntas  hrine5.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  408 
Rin  him  mid  ase  muchele  luue  ase  bu  hauest  summe  mon.. 
and  he  is  bin.  a  1300  £.  E.  Psalter  xliv.  12  Forgete  bi 
folke  for  to  rine,  And  be  hous  ofe  fadre  bine.  C*Xf*C*rsor 
M.  24391  pat  stode  vn-to  mine  hert  rote;  vn-rideli  hit  me 
rane.  a  1400  Minor  Poemsfr.  Vemon  MS.  466  }if  Mon  be 
ded  and  he  him  Ryne,  He  reiseb  him  to  lyue  anone.  ^1425 
llampole's  Psalter,  Metr.  Pref.  48  Whos  wol  it  write,  I 
rede  hym . .  make  no  more  ben  here  is  dygth,  or  ellys  I  rede 
hym  hit  ne  ryne.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  308/2  To  Rynde,  vbi  to 
tuche.  ?  a  1500  Chester  PI.  (Shales.  Soc.)  II.  198  Ney,  when 
you  saw  the  least  of  myne,..With  your  riches  you  would 
not  them  ryne.  1674  RAY  N.  C.  Words,  To  Rine,  to  touch. 

2.  intr.  To  lay  the  fingers  or  hand  on,  to  fall  on, 
to  reach  tot  something. 

ciaooORMiN  15518  purrh  batt  ^ho  ran  upponn  hiss  cla^. 
a  1225  Juliana  56  Irnene  gadien,  kene  te  keoruen  al  bat  ha 
rineo-  to  as  neil  cniues.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  19277,  Pe  seke  war 
born  bam  for  to  mete,  bat  petre  scaudu  on  bairn  suld  rine. 
Ibid.  21136  pat  folk  ilkan  wald  ober  stemm,  Qua  rin  moght 
litest  on  his  hemm.  a  1400-50  Alexander  3817  Freschely 
bai  drynke,  Bot  was  na  renke  at  to  it  ran  at  euire  rase  eftire. 
b.  To  take  effect,  to  work,  on  one. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  28334  Quen  idel  thoght  me  come  and 
vain,  oft  i  lete  bam  on  me  rene,  To  bai  me  drogh  to  dede  o  sine. 


BINE. 

0.  To  touch  on  in  discourse. 

13..  Cursor  M.  223  (Gott.),  Pise  er  J>e  materis . .  pat  i 
thinck  in  bis  boketo  schawe,  Schortli  renand  [Cott.  rimandj 
on  bis  dede. 

3.  To  fall  or  belong  to,  to  pertain  to9  a  person  or 
thing  ;  to  tend  to  something.  Chiefly  Sc. 

171225  Ancr.  R.  320  Euerich,  efter  bet  he  is,  sigge  \>e 
totagges, — mon  ase  TimpeS  to  him,  wummon  bet  hire  rineS. 
1490  Test.  Ebor.  (Surtees)  IV.  62,  I  will  that.. that  good 
ryne  to  the  profet  of  my  iiij  doghters.  c  1500  KENNEDIE 
Passion  of  Christ  643  He  callis  him  king,  [>aifor  bou  suld 
him  slaa ;  For  bat  ryndis  bi  lordis  maistie.  1550  Reg. 
Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  85  To  mak  ony  offence  to  ony  Ing- 
lisman  quhilk  may  rynde  to  the  violatioun  of  the  said 
peax.  1558  Q.  KENNEDY  Compendins  Tract,  in  Wodrow 
Misc.  1. 115  To  do  that  thing  quhilk  ryndit  to  the  weill  of 
the  rest.  Ibid,t  To  do  in  all  sortisthat  ryndis  to  thair  office. 

Hence  f  Rrning  vbl.  sb.    Obst 

4:950  Lindisf.  Gosp.)  John  Contents  xliii,  Mi5  riiiing  vel 
midoy  [he]  ^ehran  Saemsidum.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  408  Mid  be 
rinunge  of  bine  luue. 

t  Bane,  ».2  Obs.  Forms  :  i  rinan,  3-4  rine, 
ryne.  Pa.  t.  i,  3  rinde  ;  i  rin,  4  roon,  roue. 
[OE.  rinan  for  *rt^ttan  (  =  OX.  and  Icel,  rigna, 
Goth,  rignjaii})  f.  regn  RAIN  sb.^  Properly  a  weak 
vb. ;  the  strong  conj.  is  no  doubt  most  imme 
diately  due  to  the  analogy  of  sa'rtan.] 

1.  impers.  =RAIN  v.  I. 

c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  Matt.  v.  45  He  1st  rinan  ofer  ba  riht- 
wlsan  and  ofer  ba  unrihtwisan.  c  zooo  /ELFRIC  Gen,  vii.  12 
And  hit  rinde  ba  ofer  eordan  feowerti^  da:a;a  and  feowerti$ 
nihta  on  an.  c  1290  St.  Michael  606  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  317 
For-to  be  tyme  com  bat  it  Ryne  and  droppinde  falle  to 
grounde.  13..  K.  Alls.  6434  (Bodl.  MS.),  Whan  it  snoweb- 
oiber  rinej?.  ^1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  \\\.  v.  677  Ever  mo 
so  sterneliche  it  ron,  And  blew  ther-with,  1387  TREVISA 
Higden  (Rolls)  II.  239  Holy  seyntes  . .  telle  bat  it  roon 
neuere  from  Adam  to  Noes  flood.  Ibid.  III.  285  Ich 
wusted  wel  J>at  it  schulde  ryne. 

2.  intr.  Of  rain  :  To  fall. 

971  BlickL  Horn.  91  Rineb  blodi^  rejn  aet  ffifen.  c  1205 
LAV.  19745  Pe  ra^in  him  gon  rine  [v.r.  ryne]. 

3.  To  send  down,  or  to  fall,  like  rain. 

cQzs  Vesp.  Psalter  x.  ^  Dryhten.  .rineS  ofer  Sa  synfullan 
giren  fyres.  c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  Luke  xvii.  29  On  bam  dje.^e 
.  .hyt  rinde  fyr  &  swefl  of  heofone.  c  1205  LAY.  3895  From 
heouene  her  com  a  sulcuS  flod,  bre  da^es  hit  rinde  blod. 
13..  S.  Eng.  Leg.  (MS.  Bodl.  779)  in  Archiv  nen.  Spr. 
LX.XXII.4o6  He..letrine  bred  &  rlesch  fram  heuen.  1340 
Ayenb,  49  Code  . .  dede  rine  uer  berninde  and  bernston 
stinkinde  ope  be  cite  of  sodome  and  of  gomorre. 

Rinegued,  variant  of  KENEGUED/^/,  a. 

Riiiel,  obs.  form  of  KINDLE  sb. 

Riner  (rai-nai).  dial.  [f.  RINEZ-.I]   (Seequots.) 

1674  RAV  N.  C.  Words  s.v.  Shed,  Shed  Riners  with  a 
Whaver :  Chesh.  Winning  any  cast  that  was  very  good ; 
i.e.  strike  off  one  that  touches,  £c.  (71700  KENNET  in 
MS.  Lansd.  1033  fol.  323  Riners,  touchers,  spoken  par 
ticularly  in  Chesh.  of  the  Jack  and  Bowl  when  they  kiss 
or  touch :  as  to  shed  Riners  with  a.  "vhaver,  i.  e.  to  strike 
away  the  jack  or  bowl  from  one  another  with  exactness 
or  great  art.  1818  WII.BRAHAM  Cheshire  Gloss.  25  ARiner 
is  when  the  Quoit  touches  the  peg  or  mark.  1854  Miss 
BAKER  Northampt.  Gloss. ,  Rinert  a  toucher  at  the  game  of 
quoits. 

R'inforce,  variant  of  REN  FORCE  v.  Obs. 

Ring  (rig),  sb.l  Forms:  i  bring  (hringo), 
3-  ring,  4-7  ringe ;  3-6  ryng  (4  rynk,  5  ryngg-), 
4-6  rynge  ;  4-5  rang,  5  reyug.  [Comm.Tent. : 
OE.  hring)  =  OFris.  firing,  rhing,  ring  (Fris. 
ring},  MDu.  rine,  ring-  (Du.  ring),  OS.  hring 
(MLG.  rink,  ring-,  LG.  ring},  OHG.  hring 
(MHG.  rine,  ring-,  G.  ring),  ON.  hringr  (Icel. 
kringur,  Norw.,  Sw.,  Da.  ring}.  The  pre-Teut. 
stem  *krengho-  appears  in  Umbrian  krenkatntm 
*  cingulum',  and  with  ablaut-variation  in  OS1. 
kragii  circle.] 

1.  1.  A  small   circlet   of   (real   or   simulated) 
precious  metal  (usually  gold),  and  frequently  set 
with  precious  stones   or  imitations  of  these,  in 
tended  for  wearing  upon  the  finger  either  as  an 
ornament  or  as  a  token  (esp.  of  betrothal,  marriage, 
or  investiture),  and  sometimes  for  use  as  a  seal. 
Also,   occasionally,    an   armlet   or  neck-ring  (so 
in  OE.). 

Seowutf  1196  Him  wzes..wunden  gold  estum  jeeawed, 
earmhreade  twa,  hrae^l  &  hringas,  heals-bea^a  maest. 
^950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Luke  xv.  22  Sella5  hring  on  bond  his. 
<;  1000  Sax.  Leechd.  I.  112  Ga  to  3are  ylcan  wyrte  ..  & 
bewrit  hy  abutan  mid  anum  gyldenan  hringe.  c  1205  LAY. 
4513  Ihc  sende  be  gretinge  of  mine  gold  ringe.  c  1290  St. 
Wulstmm  54  in  S.  Eng,  Leg.  I.  72  bischop  him  made  be 
holie  man.  .and  tok  him  isstaf  and  ring.  13..  Gaw,  fy  Gr. 
Knt.  1817  Ho  ra?t  hym  a  riche  rynk  of  red  golde  werkez, 
Wyth  a  starande  ston.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  123  Whan 
thou  hast  taken  eny  thing  Of  loves  yifte,  or  Nouche  or  ring. 
'•1425  WVNTOUN  Cron.  iv.  xvi.  heading,  How  thre  bo  I  Us  of 
rengis  weyrTo  Cartage  sende.  1477  PastonLett.  1 1 1. 215, 
I  pre  yow  that  ye  wyl  were  the  reyng  with  the  emage  of 
Seynt  Margrete.  1508  DUNBAR  T«a  tnariit  tvemen  367  In 
ringis  ryally  set  with  riche  ruby  stoni^.  1548-9  (Mar.)  Bk. 
Com.  Prayer^  Offices  14  The  manne  shall  geue  vnto  the 
womanne  a  ring.  1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  iv.  iv.  102  This 
Ring  I  gaue  him,  when  he  parted  from  me,  To  binde  him 
to  remember  my  good  will.  1632  MILTON  Penseroso  113 
Canace.,That  own'd  the  veriuous  Ring  and  Glass.  1679 
Est.  Test  25  As  if  they  had  King  Gyges  his  enchanted 
Ring,  they  walk  invisible.  1731  LEDIARD  6W//0.J  II.  x.  451 
My  lord,  I  restore  you  the  ring  I  took  from  you.  1774 
GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  H.  143  He  began  to  reflect  that 

VOL.  VIII. 


689 

the  dead  body  had  got  a  ring  upon  one  of  the  fingers.  1853 
J.  H.  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk.  (1876)  II.  115  The  Doge  of  Venice 
making  the  Adriatic  his  bride,  and  claiming  her  by  a  ring 
of  espousal.  1890  H.  FREDERIC  Lawton  Girt  45  There  are 
times.. when  one  likes  to  take  off  one's  rings,  even  if  the 
stones  are  perfection  itself. 

Jig.  a  1225  Leg,  Kath.  1508  He  haue<5  iweddet  him  to  mi 
mei5hadm|t  te  nngofrihtebileaue.  1601  SHAKS.  X/^J  Well 
iv.  ii.  45  Mine  Honors  such  a  Ring,  My  chastities  the  lewell 
of  our  house.  1856  EMERSON  Eng.  Traits,  Land,  The  sea 
which,  .divided  the  poor  Britons  utterly  from  the  world, 
proved  to  be  the  ling  of  marriage  with  all  nations. 

t  b.  In  phr.  to  take  the  ring,   as  a  symbol  of 
kingship.     (See  also  MANTLE  sb.  i  d.)  Obs. 

1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  85  To  William  be  rede 
kyng  is  gyuen  he  coroun,  At  Westmynstere  tok  he  ryng  in 
be  abbay  of  Londoun. 

t  c.  transf.  A  seal.   Ofo.-1 

1637  RUTHERFORD  Lctl.  \.  xvii.  (1664)  46,  I  shall  not  be 
lieve  that  Christ  will  put  His  Amen  &  ring  upon  an 
imagination. 

d.  A  metal  circlet  worn  elsewhere  than  on  the 
finger  (or  arm)  as  an  ornament. 

In  earlier  use  app.  only  in  the  comb.  EAR-RING.  See  also 
ankle-ring  s.v.  ANKLE  sb.  3,  neck-ring  s.v.  NKCK  sl>.1  15, 
and  NOSE-RING  2. 

1552  Hri.OF.T,  Rynge  or  lyke  thynge  to  hange  at  ones  eare. 
1619  H.  HUTTON  Satyr.  Efigr.  (Percy  Soc.)  41  Superbus 
swaggers  with  a  ring  in's  eare.  1660  Y.  UROOKE  tr.  Le 
Blanc's  Trav.  8  They  wore  rings  in  their  ears.  1842 
TENNYSON  Sir  Lannceiot  <y  Guinevere  27  A  light-green  tuft 
of  plumes  she  bore  Closed  in  a  golden  ring.  1851  D.  WILSON 
Preh.  Ann.  (1863)  1 1.  in.  v.  143  Named  by  antiquaries 
rings  for  the  hair.  1900  FITCHETT  Wellingtons  Men  103 
Their  ears,  from  which  rings  had  been  roughly  snatched. 

2.  One  of  the  small  circles  of  iron  of  which  coats 
of  mail  were  composed.   =MAlL5/>.1  i. 

Bt'ow  nlf  2260  Xe  maej  byrnan  hring  aefter  wig- fr  urn  an 
wide  feran.  £1300  Harelok  2740  He  . .  smot  him  on  [>e 
sholdre  so,  pat  he  dide  bare  undo  Of  his  brinie  ringes  mo, 
pan  bat  ich  kan  tellen  fro.  a  1400-50  Alexander  2980  Sum 
araies  bairn  in  ringis  &  sum  in  row  brenys.  r  1470  Got.  fy 
Gaw.  691  Ryngis  of  rank  steill  rattillit  and  rent.  1610 
GUILLIM  Heraldry  iv.  iv,  These  are  called  Annulets. .and 
are  supposed  to  be  Rings  of  Maile.  1696  PHILLIPS  s.v. 
Mail,  A  sort  of  defensive  Armour  for  the  Body,  wrought 
in  Rings  as  it  were  linkt  together.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.t 
Habergeon  . .  [is]  form'd  of  little  Iron  Rings,  or  Mashes, 
link'd  into  each  other.  1834  PLANCHK  Brit.  Costume  29 
As  early  as  the  eighth  century  they  [the  Anglo-Saxons]  were 
familiar  with  the  byrne,  or  tunic  of  rings.  1846  FAIRHOLT 
Costume  150  The  mailles  or  rings  of  the  hauberk  appear, 
.  .sewn  down,  perhaps,  on  a  sort  of  gambeson. 

3.  A  circle  of  metal  or  other  suitable  material,  ot 
any  dimension,  employed  as  a  means  of  attach 
ment,  suspension,  compression,  etc. 

When  the  dimensions  are  fairly  large,  and  the  outer  and 
inner  faces  are  flattened,  the  more  usual  name  is  hoop. 

c$gj  K.  ALFRED  Gregory's  Fast.  C.  xxii.  168  Wyrc  feower 
hringas  aelgyldene.  £950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt.,  Introd.  6 
Fewere . .  hwommas  &  hringas.  a  xooo  Cxdmoris^  Gen.  762 
(Gr.),  He  is  on  baere  sweartan  helle  hxft  mid  hringa 
?;esponne.  ^1305  St.  Sivithin  113  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  46 
Anoneward  ber  lib-  a  ston,..  Ringes  of  yre  ber  beob  on 
ynailled  berto  faste.  1388  WYCLIF  Isa.  xxxvii.  29  Y  schal 
sette  a  ryng  in  thi  nosethirlis,  and  a  bridil  in  thi  lippis. 
^1400  rilgr.  Sowle  (Caxton)  i.  xxxvii.  (1859)  41  Anone  this 
lady  lustyce  took  this  balaunce  by  the  rynge,  and  bygan  to 
reyse  hit  vp.  a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tonr  (1868)  3  Sette  a  colte 
in  aumblyng  ringes,  he  wille  use  it  whiles  thei  aren  on.  1333 
COVERDAUE  Esther  i.  6  Fastened  with  coardes  of  lynnen 
and  scarlet  in  siluer  rynges.  1580  Fabric  Rolls  York 
(Surtees)  117  For  makings  a  tyrret  and  a  rynge  of  yron  to 
the  masons  well  buckett,  iod.  1602  FULBECKE  Pandects  77 
The  Lord  put  a  ring  into  his  snowt,  and  biought  him  backe 
againe.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  ThevenoCs  Trav.  n.  92  [The 
vest]  standing  out  round  as  if  it  had  a  Ring  of  Iron  in  it. 
1726  Gentleman  Angler  5  It  will  be  very  convenient  to  have 
Rings  or  Eyes,  .placed,  .upon  your  Rod.  Ibid.)  Through 
these  Rings  your  Line  must  run.  1769  FALCONER  Diet. 
Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Cannon^  Breeching-bolts,  with  rings, 
through  which  the  breechings  pass.  1802  JAMES  Milit. 
Diet.  s.v.  Cannon,  The  Reliever  is  an  iron  flat  ring,  with  a 
wooden  handle,  at  right  angles  to  it.  1841  DANA  Seaman's 
Man.  87  Pass  the  cat-stopper  through  the  ring  of  the 
anchor.  1860  All  Year  Round1  No.  63.  307  A  napkin., 
rolled  within  its  ivory  ring.  1868  JOYNSON  Metals  20  The 
chimney . .  is. .  frequently  formed  of  only  one  course  of  bricks, 
strongly  bound  together  by  stout  Iron  rings  and  girders. 
b.  A  circular  knocker  upon  a  door.  Now  rare. 

c  1400  Beryn  1762  No  more. ,,  ben  who  so  shoke  a  rynge, 
Ther  no  man  is  within,  be  rynging  to  answere.  14. .  Lot. 
Eng.  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  618  Tussimnlus,  i.^pulsatorium^ 
the  rynge  of  a  dore.  1585  HIGINS  tr.  Junim*  Nomencl. 
214/2  Comix,.)  the  ring  or  iron  hammer  wherewith  we 
knocke  at  the  doore.  1591  PERCIVALL  Sp.  Diet.,  A  Iddna  de 
fnerta,  the  ring  or  hammer  of  a  doore.  1613  PURCHAS  Pil 
grimage  ir.  xvii.  (1614)  205  [It]  is  vnlawfull  to  knocke  with 
the  ring  or  hammer  of  a  doore.  1682  [see  DOOR  7  a]. 
t  C.  A  coil  (of  wire).  Obs.-1 

1710  Land.  Gaz.  No.  4656/3  For  Sale. .,  226  Rings  of  fine 
Brass  Wire  (but  10  Rings  in  a  Lot). 
fd.   =  Astronomer's  ring  (see  ASTRONOMER  c). 

1728  CHAMBERS  CycL,  King  is  also  an  Instrument  used 
in  Navigation,  for  taking  the  Altitudes  of  the  Sun,  &c. 
[Hence  in  later  Diets.] 

te.  transf.  A  measure  of  lime,  equal  to  Haifa 
quarter  (cf.  HOOP  sb.  5).  Oh. 

1542  Lndlovj  Chitrchiv.  Ace.  (Camden)  n  Item,  to  John 
Hube  for  iij.  rynges  of  lyme..vjd.  1567  Ibid.  125  One  rynge 
of  tanners  lyme. 

f.  [a.    LG.    ring^\     A   measure   of   boards   or 
staves  (see  quots.). 

1674  JI-AKE  Arith.  (1696)  65  Clapholt  or  Clapboard.    In  i 


RING. 

Great  Hundred  12  Rings.  In  i  Ring  2  small  Hundred.  In 
i  Small  Hundred  120  Boards.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  \Vord* 
bk.t  Ring,  a  commercial  measure  of  staves,  or  wood  pre 
pared  for  casks,  and  containing  four  shocks. 

4.  A   circlet  of  metal  suspended   from   a   post 
which  each  of  a  number  of  riders  endeavoured  to 
carry  off  on  the  point  of  his   lance.     Chiefly   in 
phr.  to  run  or  ride  at  the  ring\  also  f  to  win  the 
ring)  to  carry  off  the  prize. 

#1513  FABYAN  Chron.  vi.  ccxvi.  (1811)  233  For  Harolde 
was  stronge  of  knyghtes  and  rychesse,  he  wanne  the  rynge. 
a  1548  HALLCAnJw.,  Hen.  VHL,  7  Certayn  noble  men  made 
a  wager  to  runne  at  the  rynge.  1591  SI-EXSER  J/.  fful'fcetd 
742  Assaying.  .Now  the  nigh  aymed  ring  away  to  beare. 
1625  MASSIXGER  Parl.  Lm<e  \\.  ii,  To  fight  at  barriers,  or  to 
break  a  lance,  Or,  in  their  full  career,  to  take  the  ring. 
1686  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  2142/3  After  which  they  ran  at  the 
Ring,  and  the  Marquis  de  la  Chastre  got  the  Prize.  1798 
Statist.  Ace.  Scot/.,  Dnnkdd  XX.  433  They  spend  the 
evening  in  some  public  competition  of  dexterity  or  skill.  Of 
these,  '  riding  at  the  ring  '.  .is  the  chief.  1809  MALKIN  Gil 
ttlas  VIM.  ix.  p  4  Egging  me  on  to  run  at  the  ring  for  every 
prize. 

5.  a.  One  of  the  raised  bands  passing  round  the 
body    of  cannon   as  formerly   made.     Chiefly  in 
combs,   base-)  cornice-^  innzzle-,  reinfotce-,  trun 
nion-ring  (q.v.). 

?«  1610  Gcsta  Grayornm  \\.  in  Nichols  Progr.  Q.  Eli:. 
(1823)  III.  324  His  Highnes  Master  of  the  Ordinance 
clainies  to  have  all  peece  guld  in  the  touch-hole,  or  broken 
within  the  ringe.  1626  CAPT.  SMITH  Accid.  Yng.  Seatncn 
32  Her  carnooze  or  base  ring  at  her  britch,.  .mousell  rings 
at  her  mouth.  1643  N.  STONE  Knchir.  Fortlf.  56  The 
Astragali,  or  Coronice  ring.  1702  Milit,  Diet.  s.v.  fiase- 
ritig,  The  great  Ring  next  to  and  behind  the  Touch-hole 
[of  a  cannon].  1795  NELSON  9  July  in  Nicolas  Disp. 
(1845)  I.  430  The  Agamemnon's  two  twenty-four  pounders 
are  Ijoth  ruined:  one  split  up  to  the  rings.  1802  JAMES 
J//7/V.  Diet.,  Rin%$  of  a  G?eri,  circles  of  metal,  of  \\liich 
there  are  five  [etc.].  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bit,  567 
Rein/at  ce,  ..that  increase,  .of  the  metal  towards  the  breech, 
which  was  marked  on  old  pattern  guns  by  rings.  They 
aie  generally  in  cast  guns  omitted  now. 

b.  (See  quots  ) 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  \\\.  462/1  The  Rings,  or  Filets, 
are  the  curious  molten  woik  and  Garnish  cast  on  the  out 
side  the  Hell.  1834  Penny  Cycl,  II.  51/1  The  small  eccen. 
tiic  rings  or  bands  which  enrich  the  lower  part  of  the 
moulding  of  the  Doric  capital. 

c.  A  kind  of  gas-check  used  in  a  cannon.     In 
full  B ro&dwelT s  ring. 

1868  U.S.  Rep.Mnnit.  H'arios  The  well-known  Broadwell 
cap,  or  expansion  ring, ..which  so  effectually  prevents  the 
escape  of  gas.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  347. 
II.  6.  The  border,  rim,  or  outer  part  of  some 
circular  object,  esp.  of  a  coin  or  a  wheel,  f  In 
OE.  of  land  or  sea,  with  reference  to  the  horizon. 

a  1000  Cxdtnons  Gen.  1393  (Gr.),  Si5San  wide  rad  wolc- 
num  under  ofer  holmes  hrincg  hof  seleste.  Ibid.  2854 
Si$5;m  \>u  ?;estigest  steape  dune,  hrincg  \>xs  hean  landes. 

1338  R.  URUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  238  Edward  did  smyte 
rounde  peny,  halfpeny,  ferthyng,  j>e  croice  passed  pe  bounde 
of  alle  i»orghout  be  ryng.  a  1400-50  Alexander  1850  We 
riden  on  Berime  &  on  be  ringe  seten  Of  beqwele  of  Fortoun. 
1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  n.  ii.  448  Pray  God  your  voice  like  a 
peece  of  vncurrant  Gold  be  not  crack'd  within  the  ring. 
1649  BLITHE  Eng.  Iin^rov.  Impr.  (1653)  131  Two  sides  run 
upon  a  strait  Line,  which  are  those  planted  to  the  Ring  of 
the  wheel,  and  to  the  Ladle-board.  1600  tr.  Blancartfs 
rhys.  Diet.)  Helix,  the  ring,  or  brim  of  the  ear. 
D.  The  boundary  ^/"an  estate.  rare~l. 

1598  MANWOOD  Laws  Forest  i.  (1615)  19  A  Forest  doth. . 
lie  open . . ,  haulng  onely  but  meeres  and  boundaries  to  know 
the  Ring  and  vttermost  Skirtes  of  the  Forest  by. 

7.  An  object  having  the  form  of  a  circle  ;  a 
circular  fold,  coil,  or  bend  ;  a  piece  or  part  (of 
something)  forming  a  circle. 

c  1410  Master ofGame  (MS.  Digby  182)  xiv,  A  grehounde 
shuldehaue..a  cattes  tayle  makynge  a  rynge  at  be  ende. 
1483  Cath.  Angl.  308/2  A  Rynge  for  a  carte  qwele,  cantus. 
1646  CRASHAW  Sosfetto  d'Herode  ix,  Their  lockes  are  beds 
of  uncomb'd  snakes  that  wind  About  their  shady  browes  in 
wanton  Rings.  1665  Phil.  Trans.  I.  70  The  first  that  have 
well  observed  this  Shadow  of  Saturn's  Body  upon  its  Ring. 
1686  PLOT  Nat.  Hist.  Staffs,  v.  198  The  rings  of  stone. 
Iron,  and  Copper,  found  about  the  stalks  of  Gorse.  1747- 
96  MRS.  GLASSE  Cookery  v,  48  Strain  the  sauce  over  the 
woodcock,  and  lay  on  the  onion  in^  rings.  1781  COWPER 
Retirement  231  As  woodbine.. In  spiral  rings  ascends  the 
trunk.  1817  SHELLEY  Laon  \.  xii.  4  Sometimes  _the  Snake 
around  his  enemy's  neck  Locked  in  stiff  rings  his  adaman 
tine  coil.  1852  M.  ARNOLD  Future  14  The  river  in  gleaming 
rings  Sluggishly  winds  through  the  plain.  1882  GEIKIE  in 
Darwiiis  Life  $•  Lett.  (1887)  I.  3.24  The  origin  of  those 
remarkable  rings  of  coral-rock  in  mid-ocean. 

b.  Anat.  A  structure  of  circular  form  ;  esp.  one 
of  the  annular  joints  of  the  bodies  of  caterpillars 
and  insects,  or  one  of  the  cartilages  of  the  trachea. 

1580  BLUNDEVIL  Horsemanship  iv.  43  Absirtus  would  haue 
the  fundament  on  the  out  side  to  be  cut  round  about,  but  so 
as  the  inward  ring  thereof  be  not  touched,  for  that  were 
dangerous,  and  would  kill  the  horse.  1713  DERHAM  Phys. 
Theol.  iv.  xii.  223  Their  [sc.  earth-worms]  Body  is  made 
throughout  of  small  Rings,  and  these  Rings  have  a  curious 
Apparatus  of  Muscles.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suppl,> 
Rings^  of  flies,,  .the  several  rounds,  or  circular  portions, 
of  which  the  bodies  of  these  and  other  insects  are  com 
posed.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  VII.  306  The  leech 
has  the  general  figure  of  a  worm. ..Its  skin  is  composed 
of  rings.  1835-6  Todd's  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  753/2  The  frame 
work  or  solid  parts  of  the  Crustacea  consist,  .of  a  series  of 
rings.  1850  SEMPLE  Diphtheria  56  Its  shape  indicated  that 
it  had  lined  the  thyroid  cartilage,  as  far  as  the  first  rings  of 
the  trachea.  1871  T.  R.  JONES  Antm.  Kingd,  (ed.  4)  235 

87 


RING. 

In  the  lowest  forms  of  the  Articulata,  the  body  is  extremely 
elongated,  and  the  rings  proportionally  numerous, 

O.  One  of  the  concentric  circular  bands  of  wood 
constituting  the  yearly  growth  of  a  tree. 

1671  GREW  Anat.  PI.  \.  iii.  (1682)  19  The  Latitudinal 
shootings  of  the  Lignous  Body,  which  in  Trunks  of  several 
years  growth,  are  apparent  in  so  many  Rings.  1788  M. 
CUTLER  in  Life,  etc.  (1888)  I.  418  The  Directors  ordered., 
that  a  number  of  the  largest  and  oldest  trees  be  cut  down, 
in  order  to  count  the  rings.  1807  J.  E.  SMITH  Phys.  Bot. 
31  Linnseus  and  most  writers  believe . .  that  the  exact  age  of 
a  sound  tree  when  felled  may  be  known  by  counting  these 
rings.  1847  TF.NNYSON  Princ.  v.  227  Then  rode  we . .  Beneath 
huge  trees,  a  thousand  rings  of  Spring  In  every  bole. 

d.  One  of  the  raised  circular  marks  at  the  base 
of  the  horns  of  oxen  or  cows,  varying  in  number 
according  to  the  animal's  age. 

1715  Family  Diet.  s.v.  Ox,  Some  say,  they  can  know  their 
Age  by  their  Horns,  and  that  as  many  Rings  as  are  about 
their  Roots,  so  many  Years  old  they  are.  1805  R.  W.  DICK- 
SON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  1132  In  the  horn,  the  first  ring  or 
circle  does  not  take  place  till  three  years  old.  Ibid.,  These 
rings  are  often  effaced . .  by  dealers  in  cattle.  1847  \V.  C.  L. 
MARTIN  Ox  34/1  In  some  cows  the  rings  are  very  imper 
fect,  or  not  distinctly  marked,  and  run  into  each  other. 

e.  Bot.   «=ANNULUS  3. 

1796  WITHERING  Brit.  Plants  (zA.  3)  I.  373  To  shew  (a)  the 
Ring;  (^)the  Stem  ;  (c)tne  Pileus.  I  Bid.  III.  748  Osmunaa . . 
Capsules  roundish,  on  pedicles,  encompassed  by  a  jointed 
elastic  ring.  1859  T.  MOORE  Brit.  Ferns  12  The.. spore 
cases,  .are  mostly  minute  roundish-oval  bodies,  containing 
one  cavity,  and  nearly  surrounded  by  a  jointed  vertical 
band  called  a  ring.  1884  BOWER  &  SCOTT  De  Mary's 
Phaner.  593  Between  two  bundles  of  a  ring  lies  a  radial 
band  of  intermediate  tissue. 

8.  a.  A  circular  mark;  also  —  I' AIRY-RING. 
1616  Maldon,  F.ssex  Bundle  108,  no.  9,  A  tall  darkeish 

graye  gelding,  having  two  white  ringes,  abowt  each  eare 
one.  1784  COWPEK  Tiroc.  307  As  happy  as  we  once,  to 
kneel  and  draw  The  chalky  ring,  and  knuckle  down  at  taw. 
1832  LYTTON  E,  Aram  i.  x,  The  mystic  ring  on  the  soft 
turf.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  Ixxxvii.  27  One  would  aim 
an  arrow  fair,.. And  one  would  pierce  an  outer  ring,  And 
one  an  inner.  1891  '  J.  S.  WINTER  '  Lumlcy  ix,  The  great 
rings  round  her  eyes  betokened  a  sleepless  night. 

b.  A  circle,  or  circular  band,  of  light  or  colour. 

The  phrases  swclce  anfyrenhring,  siuylce  snnnan  firing, 
occur  in  OE.,  but  there  is  no  evidence  of  historic  continuity. 

1648  HKXHAM  n,  Den  Ringh  ont  de  Mane,  the  Ring  or  the 
Circle  about  the  Moone.  1771  Encyd.  Brit.  I.  440/1  They 
likewise,  .saw  a  luminous  ring  round  the  body  of  Venus. 
1819  Pantologia  X,  Rings  of  colours,  \\\  optics,  a  pheno 
menon  fust  observed  in  t'.iin  plates  of  various  substances. 
1858  Merc.  Mar.  Mag.  V.  354  A  large  ring  round  the 
moon,  formed  of  light  clouds.  1871  ROSSETTI  Last  Con 
fession  129  The  rings  of  light  quivered  like  forest- leaves. 

o.  An  excision  of  bark  made  round  a  branch  or 
the  trunk  of  a  tree.  (Cf.  RING  v.\  9  b.) 

1817  I  fort.  Soc.  Trans.  II.  266  He.. reduced  the  rings  to 
between  one  eighth  and  two  eighths  of  an  inch  in  width,. . 
and  the  trees  did  well.  1852  JOHNSON  Cottage  Card.  Diet. 
780/2  Ringing  is  cutting  away  a  belt  of  bark...  When  first 
suggested  it  was  called  the  Ring  of  Pomona. 

d.  One  of  the  expanding  circular  ripples  caused 
by  something  falling  or  being  cast  into  still  water. 

iSai  CLARE  Vill.  Minstr.  I.  125  The  rings  went  whirling 
round  Till  they  touch'd  the  flaggy  bank.  Ibid*  132  As 
each  nimble  eye  Saw  the  rings  the  dropples  made.  1860 
TYNDALL  Glac.  n.  L  229  When  a  stone  is  thrown  into  calm 
water  a  series  of  rings  spread  themselves  [etc.). 

9.  In  various  technical  or  special  senses :  (see 
quots.). 

a.  1669  Sc.  Acts  Parl.t  (1820)  VII.  647  The.-milne  of 
Provand,  milnelands,  astrictit  multers,.  .rings,  sequells  and 
pertinents  thereof.    1814  in  JAMIESON  (1825)  s.v.,  The  Ring 
is  the  meal  which,  in  the  course  of  grinding,  falls  round  the 
mill  stone,  between  it  and  the  wooden  case  surrounding  it. 
[Cf.  mill' rings.v.  MILL  sb.  lo.J 

b.  1712   MORTON   Nat.    Hist.  Northam^L   129  Sand  in 
three  or  four  Layers,  or  Compartments  divided  from  each 
other  by  thin  Partitions  of  Stone,  there  [at  Easton  near 
Stamford]  called  Rings. 

C.  1791  Statist.  Ace.  Scotl.t  Louder  I.  77  There  are  many 
Pictish  and  Scotch  encampments  in  this  parish...  All  of  them 
are  of  a  round  or  oval  figure,  and  are  called  rings  by  the 
common  people.  1815  Pennecuik's  U'ks.  203  One  of  those 
Rings,  consisting  of  a  ditch  and  earthen  rampart,  for  the 
protection  of  cattle  and  other  properly.  1898  J.  HEKON 
Celtic  Church  Ireland  36  Some  have  a  single  '  ring '  or 
rampart 

d.  1815  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  473  Pieces  of 
clay  of  different  sizes  and  shapes,  called  stilts,  cockspurs, 
rings,  pins,  bats,  &c.  are  put  to  keep  them  [sc.  the  glazed 
articles  in  the  saggers]  apart. 

e*  .«8a3  CRABB  Technol.  Diet.,  Ring  (Geom.),  a  figure  re- 
turning  into  itself,  the  axis  being  bent  round  into  a  circular 
form.  1842  FRANCIS  Diet.  Arts,  Ri'igt .  .a  surface  or  solid  ; 
the  space  between  one  concentric  circle  or  oval  and  an 
other  cut  out  of  it.  It  may  be  either  superficial  or  solid. 

f.  \%y)  Civil  Eng.   $  Arch.    Jrnl.   II.   69/1    Before  the 
cement.. had  taken  a  set  in  the  interior  of  the  brickwork 
forming  the  ring  |>voussolrs]  of  the  arch.     1876  Encycl. 
Brit.  IV.  311/1  The  ring  when  not  of  equal  thickness  is 
always  made  of  least  depth  at  the  crown. 

g.  1846  BROCKETT  N.  C.  Gloss,  (ed.  3),  Ring,  a  circular 
spout  in  the  shaft  of  a  coal  pit  for  collecting  the  side  feeders 
of  water  into  a  box.     1881  RAYMOND  Mining  Gloss.,  Ring, 


690 

III.  10.  A  circle  or  circular  group  of  persons. 
In  a  ring)  in  circular  formation,  arranged  or 
grouped  in  a  circle. 

In  first  quot.  used  of  the  birds  surrounding  the  phoenix. 
cgoo  Phanix  339  Fusla  cynn..Jx>ne  hal^an  hringe  be- 
telda5.  c  1230  HaaMad*  21  In  heore  ring  ber  is  godd  self; 
&  his  deore  moder  [etc.].  Ibid.  Ha  beoS  i  widewene  ring, 
&  schulen,  i  widewene  ring,  bifore  be  iweddede  singen  in 
heuene.  13..  K.Alis.  mi  (Bodl.  MS.),  Alisaundres  folk 
vmflynge  1-yue  hundred  vpon  a  rynge.  51450  HOLLAND 
Howlat  790  Fair  ladyis  in  ryngis,  Knychtis  in  caralyngis, 
Boith  dansis  and  syngis.  1513  DOUGLAS  Mneis  iv.  iv.  37 
Quhen  Apollo  list.  .ga.  .To  vesy  Delos.  .Renewand  ringis 
and  dancis,  mony  a  rowt.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sfeidane's  Comm. 
280  They  putting  them  selves  into  a  ringe,  .  .stand  to  their 
defence.  1601  SHAKS.  Jnl.  C.  in.  ii.  162  Make  a  Ring  about 
the  Corpes  of  Cresar.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  TkfVtHOfx  Trav. 
i.  250  They  all  rise  upright  and  put  themselves  into  a  Ring 
one  behind  another.  1732  BERKELEY  .,4/£:j:>4r.  iv.  §  13  When 
one  of  them  has  got  a  ring  of  disciples  round  him.  1763 
SIR  W.JONES  Arcadia  Poems  (1777)  107  The  swains  before 
them  crouded  in  a  ring.  1833  W.  IRVING  Tour  Prairies  xxv, 
The  ring  being  formed,  two  or  three  hunters  ride  towards 
the  horses,  who  start  off  in  an  opposite  direction.  1863 
KINGSLEY  Hereiu.  Hi,  The  housecarles  had  closed  round  him 
in  a  ring  with  the  intention  of  seizing  him. 

tb.  In  phr.  to  lead  (or  f  rule]  the  ring,  to  take 
the  lead,  to  be  foremost  or  first.  Ol>$.  (Cf.  RING 
LEADER.) 

c  1340  Nominate  iSkeat)  214  Pent  me  treche  Jtu-ne  J>nr 
deduyt,  Woman  the  ryng  leduth  for  ioye.  ai$2$  SKELTON 
S#.  Parrot  132  Bo  ho  doth  bark  wet,  but  Hough  ho  he 
rulyth  the  ring.  1578  Gude  ^  Goalie  B,  (1867)  178  Lyke 
prince  and  king  he  led  the  ring  Of  all  iniquitie.  1636 
RUTHERFORD  Lett.  (1862)  I.  lix.  159  Alexander  Gordon  shall 
lead  the  ring  in  witnessing  a  good  confession.  1652  lip. 
HALL  Inn's.  World  m.  §  2  It  was  in  all  likelihood  some 
prime  angel  of  heaven  that  first  started  aside  from  his 
station  and  led  the  ring  of  this  highest  and  first  revolt. 

C.  A   number   of  things   arranged  in  a  circle. 


All  the  world  will 


h.  1882  Standard  26  Sept.  2/2  They  [whelks]  are  also 

caught  m  nets  called  '  hoops '  or  '  rings '. 
i.  1887  RIDER  HAGGARD  Allan  Qitatermain  15  Among 
he  Zulus  a   man  assumes   the  ring,  which  is  made  of  a 

species  of  black  gum  twisted  in  the  hair,.. when  he  has 

reached  a  certain  dignity. 


riding  and  driving.    0/>s. 
1676  ETHEREDGE  Man  of  Mode  m.  ii, 

of  all  those  Charms  That  should  adorn  it.  1693  Humours 
Town  119  We'll  to  Hide  Park;. .my  Mothe/s  Coach  is 
below,  and  shall  carry  us,  to  make  a  Figure  in  the  Ring. 
1715  ADDISON  Drummer  iv.  i,  Six  as  pretty  horses  as  any 
that  appear  in  the  ring.  1777  SHERIDAN  Sch.  Scand.  u.  ii, 
You  may  see  her  on  a  little  squat  pony,.. puffing  round  the 
Ring  on  a  full  trot.  1840  HOOD  Kilmanscgg,  Accident  536 
She  has  circled  the  Ring !— she  crosses  the  Park  !  1848 
THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  xlix,  That  kind  of  company  which., 
is  known  to  exist  as  well  as  the  Ring  in  Hyde  Park  or  the 
Congregation  at  St.  James's. 

13.  a.  A  space,  originally  defined  by  a  circle  of 
bystanders,  for  a  prize-fight  or  a  wrestling-match  ; 


. 

1587  GOI.DING  De  Mornay  ii.  (1592)  17  AH  [creatures]  are 
so  linked  together,  that  the  ring  thereof  cannot  be  broken 
without  confusion.  1618  BOLTON  Florus^  in.  vi.  (1636)  192 
They  beheld  the  beak-heads  of  our  clashing  gallies  charge 
in  ring  upon  them.  1784  COWPER  Task  i.  223  Environ  'd 
with  a  ring  of  branching  elms.  1820  SHF.LLKY  Orpheus  2 
Yonder  pointed  hill,  Crowned  with  a  ring  of  oaks.  1866 
UHANDE  6c  Cox  Diet.  Set.,  etc.  s.v.  Meteors,  Small  bodies 
revolving  round  the  sun..,  congregated  in  several  rings  — 
tangible  orbits,  as  it  were.  1894  Labour  Commission  Gioss. 
s.v.,  In  the  potting  industry  what  is  called  the  first  ring  is 
composed  of  the  bungs  set  next  to  the  arches  forming  the 
first  circle  of  '  saggers  '  .  .  in  the  oven. 

11.  A  combination  of  interested  persons  to 
monopolize  and  control  a  particular  trade  or 
market  for  their  private  advantage.  Chiefly  U.S. 

1869  J.  H.  BROWNE  Gt.  Metrop.  48  (Funk),  Stocks  are 
what  the  brokers  make  them,  and  their  varying  rate  is 
determined  by  a  'ring  '.  1880  Manch.  Guard.  2  Nov.,  A 
'ring1  of  Canadian  producers  obtained  legislation  which 
practically  excluded  all  American  oils  from  our  market. 
1890  G.  B.  SHAW  Fabian  Ess.  94  The  'ring  '  is  being  suc 
ceeded  by  a  more  elaborate  organization,  known  as  the 
'trust  '. 

b.  An  organization  which  endeavours  to  control 
politics  or  local  affairs  in  its  own  interest. 

1872  O.  W.  HOLMES  Poet  Breakf.-t.  vi,  The  Tammany 
Ring,  which  is  to  take  the  place  of  the  feudal  lord.  i88z 
L.  STEPHEN  Swift  91  The  war  was  the  creation  of  the 
Whig  '  ring  '.  1893  GOLDW.  SMITH  Ess.  157  American 
citizens  outside  the  political  ring  are  ambitious  of  being 
great  citizens. 

XV.  12.  An  enclosed  circular  space  within 
which  some  sport,  performance,  or  exhibition  (esp. 
of  riding  or  racing)  takes  place. 

In  early  quots.  used  allusively. 

£•1330  R.  BRUNNK  Chron.  ll^ace  (Rolls)  11858  pat  we 
haue  wonne,  y  sette  at  nought,  But  ?if  j>e  Romayns  to 
ryng  be  brought,  c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  IV.  1887  Ariadne^ 
Mynos,..Now  cometh  thy  lotte;  now  comestow  on  the 
rynge.  1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  vn.  v.  (1554)  168  b/i  Nero  y° 
tyrant  cometh  next  vnto  the  ryng.  Ibid.  ix.  vi.  200  b/i  Next 
came  Gisulphus  to  Bochas  on  the  ryng.  £1435  Tory. 
Portugal  2454  The  castelle  court  was  large  within,  They 
made  ryngis  flbr  to  ren.  1587  Nottingham  Rec.  IV.  216 
We  present  the  Bull  Ringe  to  want  raylinge.  1603  MAR- 
STON  Antonio's  Rev.  Prol.,  If  any  heart  Pierc't  through 
with  anguish  pant  within  this  ring.  1607  TOPSKLL  Four-/. 
Beasts  (1658)  253  Virgil  also  describeth  a  swift  and  sluggish 
Horse  most  excellently  in  these  verses  ;  sending  one  of 
them  to  the  Ring,  and  victory  of  running.  1697  DRVDEN 
Vtrg.  Georg,  in.  182  The  Lapithae.  .taught  the  Steed  to 
bound  ;  To  run  the  Ring,  and  trace  the  mazy  Round.  1740 
SOMERVILLE  Hobbmol\\\.  227  Room  for  the  Master  of  the 
Ring  ;  ye  Swains  !  1854  DICKENS  Hard  T.  i.  ii,  They  do 
break  horses  in  the  ring.  1883  J.  PARKER  Tyne  Chyldt  274 
The  sawdust  ring  of  a  bankrupt  circus. 

t  b.  A  circular  course  in  Hyde  Park,  used  for 


KING. 

often  in  phr.  to  make  a  ring.  Hence  the  ring, 
pugilism  as  an  institution  or  a  profession  ;  also 
collect,  those  interested  in  boxing.  (Cf.  PRIZE-RING.) 
[1659  Clarke  Papers  (Camden)  IV.  300  The  soldyers 
generally  say  they  will  not  fight,  but  will  make  a  ring  for 
their  officers  to  right  in.]  a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Cre^u,  A 
Ring,  a  Concourse  of  People  for  Wrestling  [etc.].  1736 
Gentl.  Mag.  VI.  744/2  Grave  Sirs— you're  at  the  Wrest 
ling  Ring.  1770  LANGHORNE  Plutarch  (1879)  I.  177/1  A 
master  of  the  gymnastic  art  attends  a  young  man  to  fit  him 
for  the  ring.  1812  Sporting  Mag.  XXXIX.  96  He  did  not 
wrestle  with  such  luck,  through  the  ring,  for  the  first  prize, 
as  the  champion.  1841  BORROW  Zincali  II.  ii.  in.  152  To 
converse  with  the  pugilists  of  the  ring,  and  the  jockeys  of 
the  racecourse.  1896  GEORGIANA  M.  STISTED  Tnte  Life  R. 
F.  Burton  vii.  165  In  fact,  England  [in  1855]  was,  in  the 
parlance  of  the  ring,  getting  her  second  wind. 

b.  An  enclosed  space  in  a  racing-ground   fre 
quented  by  bookmakers ;    also  collect,  the  book- 
making  profession. 

1859  SALA  Tiv.  round  Clock  (1861)  204  A  shaven  grass-plat 
of  circular  form.  This  is  the  famous  '  Ring  ',  of  which  you 
have  heard  so  much.  1874  Slang  Diet.  270  Ring,  the  open 
space  in  front  of  a  racecourse  stand,  which  is  used  for  bet- 
ting  purposes.  1894  IVestni.  Gaz.  13  Sept.  2/2  '  The  Ring  ' 
had  scarcely  any  existence  as  a  constituted  host  such  as  it 
now  is  before  1842. 

c.  An  enclosed  or  clear  space  in  an  auction-mart, 
used  for  the  display  of  live  stock,  etc. 

1890  Daily  News  7  Jan.  2/1  Now.. a  London  merchant 
who  wishes  to  purchase  iron  can  walk  across  to  the  metal 
market  where  his  iron  will   be  purchased  publicly  in  the 
open  ring.     1901  Scotsman  3  Apr.  7/3  Irish  cattle  met  a 
somewhat  stiff  trade  in  the  ring,  but  a  good  clearance  was 
afterwards  got  privately. 

14.  A  circular  or  spiral  orbit  or  course.     ///  a 
ring,  f/«  ring,  in  a  circle, 

In  various  OE.  glosses  hring  is  used  to  render  L.  orbis  or 
spira.  Phrases  \\kegeares  hring  a\so  occur  in  translations 
of  Latin  texts. 

1589  NASHE  Martin  Marfrel.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  81  How 
my  Palfrey,  .daunced  the  Goates  iumpe,  when  I  ranne  the 
ring  round  about  him  to  retriue  him.  1609  C.  BUTLKR /**<?*«. 
Mon.  (1623)  2  One  of  the  Bees..,  when  she  hath  cast  a  Ring, 
to  know  where  she  is,  will  fly  as  directly  home  as  the  other. 
1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  fy  Sefo.  91  As  for  their  motion  in  ring 
or  circular.  1728-46  THOMSON  Spring  618  First,  wide 
around, ..in  airy  rings  they  rove.  1781  COWPER  Anti- 
Thelyphth.  32  They  sport  like  wanton  doves  in  airy  rings. 
1818  SHELLEY  Rosal.  «$•  Helen  1167  In  aery  rings  they 
bound,  a  1845  HOOD  Agric.  Distress  140  You're  nothing 
near  the  thing  !  You  only  argy  in  a  ring.  1881  Macm. 
Mag,  Nov.  40  Others  [of  the  larks],  .go  gaily  up  in  circular 
rings,  'ringing  '  as  the  falconers  call  it. 

transf.  1714  YOUNG  Force  of  Relig.  u.  200  Decrepid 
winter,  in  the  yearly  ring,  Thus  slowly  creeps,  to  meet  the 
blooming  spring. 

fb.  Of  horses,  in  phr.  to  trot  or  gallop  rings. 

1602  MAKSTON  Antonio's  Rei>.  i.  iii,  And  now  Auroras 

horse   trots  azure  rings.     1614  MARKKAM   Cheap  Hnsb.  i. 

ii.  (1668)  15  When  he  will  trot  his  Rings  well,  then  in  the 

same  manner,  .you  shall  make  him  gallop  the  same  Rings. 

O.  Hunting.    A  circling  run. 

1810  Sporting  Mag.  XXXV.  300  After  a  severe  ring 
under  the  hill,  followed  by  a  fine  run  over  the  heath.  1813 
Ibid.  XLI.  205  A  fine  dog  fox  was  soon  unkenneled,  and 
after  making  a  ring  in  the  plantation,  he  broke  away. 

d.  To  run  rings  round,  to  excel  or  surpass  (one) 
with  the  greatest  ease  ;  to  beat  easily. 

1891  Melbourne  Argus  10  Oct.  13/3  Considine  could  run 
rings  round  the  lot  of  them.    1894  G.  PARKER  in  li'estm. 
Gaz.  7  July  1/3  He  could  run  rings  round  us  in  everything. 

V.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

15.  General  attrib.  uses:  a.  In  senses  i,  3,  etc., 
as  ring-adorned,  -chain^  -digit^  -formed,  etc. 

1850  SMEDLEY  Frank  Fairleigh  iv,  [He]  arranged  his 
curls  with  a  *ring-adorned  hand.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk. 
Farm  II.  321  A  new  and  more  perfect  arrangement  of  the 


primarydege 

ring-formed  sclerodermia.  1886  CORDETT  Fall  of  Asgard 
I.  184  Priest  of  Void  my  father  was,  Rich  *ring-giver  he. 
1877  W.  JONES  Finger-ring  311  The  *ring-giving  was  fol 
lowed  by  the  usual  sacrament  in  church.  1871  P.  SMITH 
Anc.  Hist.  East  ix.  §21  (1881)  177  Such  a  hawk  is  seen  in 
a  vignette  of  the  Ritual  of  the  Dead,  carrying  the  ^ing- 
handled  cross.  1611  COTGR.,  Annelf)  ringed,  ..  marked 
with  round  or  *ring  like  spots.  1698  Phil.  Trans.  XX. 
173  The  Ring-like  Wrinkles  I  have  also  observed  or  dis 
covered  in  the  Optick  Nerves  of  the  said  Fly.  1883  HUXLEY 
Pract.  Biol.  130  The  ring-like  somite  with  its  pair  of  append 
ages.  14..  Nom.  in  Wr.-\V dicker  686  Hie  annlarius,  a 
*ryngmaker.  1648  HEXHAM  n,  EenRingh-tnaker,  aRing- 
maker,  a  Jeweller.  1845  Penny  Cycl.  Suppl.  I.  198/1  Ring 
makers  and  turners.  1877  W.  JONES  Finger-ring  in  This 
*nng  mystery,  the  Dactylomancia..,  was  a  favourite  opera 
tion  of  the  ancients.  Ibid.  475  A  *ring-relic  of  Fotheringay 
..is  of  gold,  set  with  a  diamond.  1805-17  R.  JAMESON  Char. 
Min.  (ed.  3)  210  *Ring-shaped  crystal.  1893  TUCKEY  Am- 
phioxits\b\  A  broad  ring-snaped  wall  of  thin  columnar  cili 
ated  cells.  1869  Fortu.  Rev.  Feb.  247  It  often  happens  that 
the  whole  character  of  the  *ring-system  is  changed.  1877 


.. .PS  Either  along  s  _ 

1901  Daily  News  2  Sept.  3/3  A  large  flint  perforated  ring- 
wise  through  the  centre. 

f  b.  Sc.  In  sense  9  a,  as  ring-bear,  -corn,  -malt. 
1473  Rental  Bk.  Cnpar  Angus  (1870)  I.  178  Our  corn 
myle.  .with  al  multuris.  .togiddyr  with  the  rync;  beir.  c  159* 
Reg.  Arbroath  (Bann.  Cl.)  I.  App.  p.  xxiv,  Kirktounmilne 
with  the  astrict  multures,  ringbeir  and  vtheris  proffites.  1814 
Abstract^  r roof  concern,  the  Mill  of  liwerawsy  2  (Jam.). 


RING. 


(591 


RING. 


HyDecreet  Arbitral,  i  firlot  of  corn  and  i  firlot  of  malt,  us 
ring-corn  and  ring-malt,  out  of  each  plough. 

c.  In  senses  12  and  13,  as  ring-corner,  -fighter^ 
-goer,  -side,  etc. 

1894  A.  MORRISON  Mean  Streets  140  Neddy  sat  in  his 
chair  in  the  "ring-corner,  and  spread  his  arms  on  the  ropes. 
1848  tr.  Hoffmeister's  Trav.  Ceylon,  etc.  vii.  267  Jugglers, 
*ring-fighters,  wrestlers  and  dancers.  1820  Sporting  Ma$. 
VI.  175  To  the  majority  of  the  present  *ring-goers,  it  was 
mere  hearsay.  1866  Sat.  Rev.  24  Feb.  232/1  He  was.  .quite 
at  home  at  the  *ringside  in  a  prize-fight.  1896  DOYLE  Rodney 
Stone  12  [Prize  fighting]  fostered  ringside  ruffianism. 

d.  In  sense  n  b,  as  ring-government ',  etc. 

1888  BRVCE  Amer.  Commiv.  II.  in.  Ixiv.  477  The  materials 
for  real  ring  government  do  not  exist,  .outside  the  large 
cities.  !bid.t  The  general  laws  of  ring  growth.  Ibtd.^ 
Country  places  and  the  smaller  cities  are  not  ring-ridden. 
1889  Spectator  \^  Oct.,  Judges,  district  attorneys,  and  other 
functionaries  owe  their  places  to  ring  politicians. 

16.  Attrih.,  in  the  sense  '  having  the  shape  of  a 
ring,  annular,  circular ',  as  ring  battalia^  handle, 
loaf,  nebula^  etc. 

1574  Richmond  Wills  (Surtees)  253  Jj  way  tie  shackells, .. 
one  rinj;  shackell.  1638  ].  UNDERBILL  News  fr.  Amer.  in 
Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  (1837)  VI.  23  Placing  the  Indians.. with 
out  side  of  our  soldiers  in  a  rin.^  battalia.  1727  HOVER  Diet, 
Royal  II.  s.  v.  Ring,  A  Ring-thimble.  1742  Edin.  fried. 
Ess.  V.  445  A  Ring-scalpel  for  assisting  the  Delivery  of 
Woman  in  Child-birth  ;  by  Dr.  Thomas  Simson.  1802 
SOUTHEV  King  Ramiro  yiii,  I  would  give  you  a  roasted 
capon  first,  And  a  good  ring  loaf  of  vvheaten  bread.  1844 
H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  I.  199  The  doors  of  the. .stables 
should  be  provided  with  sunk  flush  ring-handles.  1859 
F.  A.  GIUFFITHS  Artil.  Man.  (1862)  63  Ring-tires  are  used 
for  light  3-pounders  and  hand-cart  wheels.  1878  NEWCOMB 
Pop.  Aslron.  iv.  i.  449  The  annular,  or  ring-nebula  of  Lyra. 

17.  In  combs,  of  the  type  ring-banded,  -billed^ 
•eyed,  -notched^  occurring  in  the  specific  names  of 
animals    or    birds.     See    also    RING-NECKEU   a., 
RING-TAILED  <z. 

1802  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  III.  n.  492  Ring-banded  Snake, 
Coluber  Doliatus. ..  A  small,  but  highly  elegant,  species. 
1831  SWAINSON  &  RICHARDSON  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.  n.  421 
Larus  zonorhynchus, ,.  Ring-billed.  Mew-Gull.  1832  MAC- 
GILLIVRAV  Hist,  Brit.  Birds  V.  326  Uria  Leicrywans,., 
Ringed  or  Ring-Eyed  Guillemot.  1874  J.  \V.  LONG  Amer, 
Wildf<nvl  276  Ring-necked  Duck.  ..Local  names,  'Ring- 
billed  Duck'  [etc.].  1890  JULIA  P.  BALLARD  Among  Motks 
79  The  black  ring-notched  chrysalis. 

18.  Special   combs.,   as   ring-armour,    armour 
composed  of  metal  rings  (see  sense  2),  ring-mail; 
ring-bayonet,  a  bayonet  provided  with  a  ring, 
by  which  to  fix  it  in  position  upon  the  musket ; 
ring-bit,  a  horse-bit  having  rings  at  the  ends; 
ring-boot,  a   rubber  ring    placed  on   a   horse's 
fetlock  to  prevent  interfering;  ring-bored  a.,  of 
a  gun-barrel,  bored  roughly,  so  as  to  leave  the 
metal    in    rings ;    ring-canal,  a    circular    canal 
forming  part  of  the  structure  of  coelenterates  and 
of  echinoderms  ;   f  ring-carrier,  a   go-between  ; 
ring-cartilage,    the   cricoid    cartilage ;     f  ring- 
chopper,    one    who    swindles    by   means    of   a 
worthless   ring;    ring-chuck,   a  form  of  chuck, 
the  grip  of  which  may  be   tightened   by  means 
of    a    ring ;    f  ring-coal    (see    quot.) ;     f  ring- 
coffln    (see   COFFIN   sb.  9) ;  ring-craft,  skill  in 
pugilism  ;  ring-crib  (see  quots.  and  CRIB  sb.  12) ; 
ring-cross,  the  figure  of  a  cross  enclosed  in  a  ring 
orcircle;  ring  doffer,  a  doffer  covered  with  separate 
circles  of  filletting ;  ring-dogs  (see  quot.)  ;  ring- 
dollar,   Atistr.j   a  Spanish  dollar  having  a  cir 
cular   piece  cut  out  of  the   centre ;   ring-drain, 
a   drain   enclosing    a    stretch    of   ground ;   ring 
dropper,  a  sharper  who  pretends  to  have  found 
a  dropped  ring  and  offers  to  sell  it;  ring-drop 
ping,  the   method   of  swindling  practised   by  a 
ring-dropper;  ring-eye,  =RINGLE-EYE  ;  fring- 
faller,   =  ring-dropper ;  ring-farm,   a    farm   en 
closed  by  a  ring-fence ;  ring-frame,  a  spinning 
machine  in  whicli  the  thread  is  wound  by  means  of 
a  traveller  running  on  a  horizontal  ring;  ring- 
furnace     (see    quot.) ;     f  ring-galliard,     some 
manoeuvre  of  the  manege ;  ring-gold,  an  alloy  of 
copper,  silver,  and  gold ;  f  ring-gristle,  =ring- 
cartilage\  f  ring-head  (see  quots.)  ;  ring-hedge, 
=  RING-FENCE;  ring-horse,  a  horse  for  running 
at  the  ring  (pbs.)  ;  a  horse  trained  to  perform  in  a 
circus-ring;    ring-hunt,    a    hunt   in   which   the 
animals  are  driven  inwards  by  a  ring  of  fire ;  so 
ring-hunting-,  ring-joint,  (a)  a  pipe-joint  formed 
of  circular  flanges ;  (b)  a  form  of  joint  in  certain 
insects,  esp.  of  the  Hymenoptera ;  ring-keeper, 
(a}  a  guard-ring,  a  device  to  keep  a  ring  in  place; 
(b}  one  who  keeps  the  ring  at  a  prize-fight ;  ring- 
key,  a  key  fitted  with  a  ring-handle,  which  falls 
down  instead  of  standing  out  from  the  door ;  ring- 
lock,  a  lock  in  which  a  number  of  grooved  rings 
must  be  adjusted   before  the  bolt  can  be  drawn 
(Knight) ;  ring-mail  (see  sense  2  and  MAIL  j^.1) ; 
ring-money,   annular    or   penannular   pieces   of 
metal  now  or  formerly  used  as  money ;  also  = 
MANILLA  1 ;    ring-pen,   a   voussoir  of  an  arch  ; 


f  ring-pigger,  a  drunkard;  ring-plate,  (a)  a 
plate  with  a  ring  attached  for  supporting  a  pipe 
(Knight)  ;  ,b)  an  iron  plate  underlying  a  door- 
ring  ;  ring-post,  a  post  used  in  the  construction 
of  scaffolding;  f  ring-rathe  (cf.  RATHE  sb,-}  ; 
ring-rope  (see  quots.)  ;  ring-shell,  -shot,  a  pro 
jectile  in  which  the  body  is  made  of  iron  rings;  a 
segment-shell;  ring-snaffle,  a  form  of  bridle-bit 
with  rings  at  each  end  ;  ring-song,  a  choral 
dancing-song  ;  ring-spindle,  the  form  of  spindle 
used  in  a  ring-frame  ;  ring  spinning,  spinning 
dune  with  a  ring-frame  ;  ring-splice  (see  quot.)  ; 
ring-stand,  (a}  a  small  stand  for  finger-iings  ;  (/>) 
a  stand  of  circular  form;  ring-staple,  ?a  staple 
with  a  circular  head;  ring-stopper,  •=  cathead- 
stopper'^  ring-taw,  a  game  with  marbles  which 
are  put  in  a  ring  and  played  at  ;  ring-time,  a  time 
of  giving  or  exchanging  rings  (nonce-use)  ;  ring- 
toss,  U.S.,  deck-quoits;  f  ring-wood,  wood  for 
making  the  rims  of  wheels  ;  ring-work,  (a)  a 
circular  entrenchment;  (b)  work  executed  with 
rings  ;  (c)  performance  in  the  boxing-ring. 

1834  Penny  Cycl,  II.  369  The  *ring-armour  of  the  fiayeux 
tapestry  forms..  breeches  and  jacket  at  the  same  time. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mtch.  252  The  "ring-bayonet  was  in 
troduced  in  1693,  and  the  socket-bayonet  in  1703.  1858 
GUKKNER  Gunnery  295  The  chance  is  that  the  barrel  is 
*ring-bored,  as  it  is  termed.  1881  Encycl.  Brit.  XII.  550 
The  peripheral  portion  of  the  lumen  of  the  original  enteric 
cavity  forms  the  *ring-canal.  1598  SHAKS.  AlFs  Well  in.  v. 
95  Mar,  Looke  he  has  spyed  vs.  IVid.  Marriehang  you. 
Mar.  And  your  curtesie,  for  a  ^ring-carrier.  1690  tr.  Blan- 
cartfs  Phys.  Diet.  170  Circoides,.  .Angl.  'Ring  cartilage  rv/ 
gristle.  1859  Todd's  Cycl.  Anat.  V.  261/1  Another  order 
of  elastic  tissue  lies  between  the  ring-cartilages,  tying  them 
together  cyl  indric.il  ly.  1561  A  \VDELKY  I''  rat.  Vacab.  (1869) 
ii  Ther  is  another  kinde  of  these  *Ring  choppers,  which 
commonly  cary  about  them  a  faire  gold  ring  [etc.].  1842 
FRANCIS  Diet.  Arfs,  *Ring  Clutch^  a  very  useful  chuck  for 
many  purposes,  and  one  which  is  easily  made.  1662  RAY 
Three  Itin.  in.  176  In  this  country  they  dig  two  sorts  of 
coals,  the  one  they  call  stone  coal,  not  fit  for  smiths;  the 
other  *ring  coal,  which  is  fit  for  their  use.  1702  PETIVF.K 
Gazophyi.  i.  §  5  Folliculena  sen  Follicitlitm  Phalcnx  ovate, 
..the  "Ring-Coffin,  1896  DOYLE  Rodney  Stone  xi,  It  was 
at  such  a  moment  that  *ringcraft  was  needed,  and..  two 
masters  of  it  were  at  his  back.  1849  GKEENWELL  Coat-trade 
T.  (1851)  19  A  "ring  crib  may  be  made  of  metal  or  oak,  of 
the  same  size  as  a  wedging  crib.  It  is  open  at  the  top,  for 
the  purpose  of  collecting  water,  which  would  otherwise  fall 
down  the  pit.  1869  —  Mine  Engin.  179  The  ring  crib 
consists  of  cribs  which  are.,  walled  in  with  the  walling  in 
the  shaft  [etc.].  1882  WORSAAK  Industrial  Arts  Denmark 
33  Carved  *ring-crosses,  under  which  form  many  other 
peoples  ..  have  constantly  represented  the  sun.  1893  S.  O. 
ADDY  Hall  of  Waltheof  93  Ring-crosses  may  be  seen 
carved  upon  the  lids  of  many  ancient  stone  coffins.  1884 
W.  S.  B.  M°LAREN  Spinning  (ed.  2)  222  Though  this  is  the 
main  feature  of  the  ring  doffer,  it  is  divided  into  several 
varieties.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet,  s.v.  Dog,  If  con 
nected  by  a  ring  going  through  the  eyes,  they  are  called 
*ring-dogs.  Both  .  .  kinds  of  dogs  are  used  for  lifting  timber. 
1870  BRAIM  New  Homes^  III.  131  The  rest  of  the  dollar, 
called  from  the  circular  piece  taken  out  a  '  *ring-dollar  ',  was 
valued  at  four  shillings.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Ft  act.  Agric. 
I.  394  A  *ring-drain,  serving  the  purpose  of  a  fence,  is 
thrown  round  the  moss  at  the  line  where  the  rising  ground 
commences.  1797  Sporting  Mag.  IX.  315  Low  gamblers, 
*ring  droppers,  sharpers  and  thieves  of  every  description. 
1844  DICKENS  Mart.  Chnz.  xxxvii,  Tom's  evil  genius  did 
not.  .mark  him  out  as  the  prey  of  ring-droppers,  pea  and 
thimble-riggers,  .  .or  any  of  those  bloodless  sharpers.  1825 
SOUTHEY  in  Q.  Rev.  XXXI.  388  A  trick  which  is  as  stale  as 
the  *ring-dropping  of  a  London  sharper.  1851  MAYHEW 
Loud.  Labour  I.  351/2  The  ring-dropping  'lurk  'is  now 
carried  on  this  way,  for  the  old  style  is  '  coopered  \  1720 
Loud.  Gaz.  No.  5825/4  Stolen..,  one  bright  bay  Nag,..  a 
*Ring  Eye  on  the  near  Side.  1561  AWDELEY  Frat.  I'acab. 
(1869)  10  A  *Ryng  faller  is  he  that  getteth  fayre  copper 
rings,  .  .and  walketh  vp  and  down  the  streetes.  .,  and  letteth 
fall  one  of  these  ringes  [etc.],  1886  York  Herald  -i  Aug.  1/3 
The  Farm  is  a  *  *Ring  Farm',  and  most  convenientlysituated 
for  Road  or  Rail.  1884  W.  S.  B.  M^LAREN  Spinning  *f& 
The  latest  development  of  throstle  spinning  is  the  "ring- 
frame,  which  is  now  superseding  the  flyer  frame  entirely  in 
the  cotton  trade.  1860  TOMLINSON  Cycl.  Arts  fy  Maunf. 
Ser.  n.  Iron  &  Steel  27  A  ^ring^-furnace  was  constructed  ; 
that  is,  a  central  core  of  solid  brickwork  was  formed,  round 
which  was  built  a  fireplace  and  hearth.  1612  WEBSTER 
White  Devil  iv.  iii,  A  resty  Barbary  horse  Which  he  would 
fain  have  brought  to  the  career,  The  sault,  and  the  "Ring- 
galliard.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  MeckanicTH  *Ring- 
gold,  6  dwts.  12  grs.  Spanish  copper  [etc.].  1615  CROOKE 
Body  of  Man  637  The  second  and  lower  gristle  is  called 
KpLKoetSr)?,  the  *Ring-gristle.  1601  Act  43  Eliz.  c.  10  §  2 
That  no  persone  ..  shall  have,  keepe,  or  use  any  manner  of 
Wrinche,  *Ringehead,  Growme,  Rope,  or  other  Engine  to 
stretche  or  straine  any  roughe  and  unwroughte  Woollen 
Clothe,  a  164*  SIR  W.  MONSON  Naval  Tracts  m.  (1704) 
345/1  The  Ground  and  Timber  is  the  Floor  of  the  Ship,  and 
are  call'd  the  *Ring-heads.  1607  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Summa 
Totalis  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  11/2  Lo  how  Apollas  Pegasses 
prepare  To  rend  the  *ring-hedge  of  our  Horizon.  1775  ASH, 
Ringhedge,  a  hedge  that  encompasses  several  inclosures. 
1655  MARQ.  WORC.  Cent.  Invent.  Index  p.  viii,  An  artificiall 
*Rmg-horse.  1861  Windsor  Express  5  Oct.,  The  sale  com 
prised  45  trick  and  ring  horses.  1799  T.  SMITH  Remark. 
Occurr.  (1870)85  We  met  with  some  Ottawa  hunters,  and 
agreed  with  them  to  take,  what  they  call  a  *ring  hunt,  in 
partnership..  .This  put  an  end  to  our  *ring  hunting  this 


partnership..  .This  pu 

season.     1853  R-  S. 

Having    produced    the   *ring-key 

Leather  opened  the  [stable]  door.  1824  MEYRICK  Armour  I. 

181  An  arm  of  *ring  mail.      Ibid.,  A  housing  of  ring-mail 


ip. 

season.     1853  R-  S.  SURTEES  Sponge's  Sp,  Tour  (1893)  37 
from   his   pocket,    Air. 


half  riveted.  1885  C.  J.  LVALL  Anc.  Arab.  Poet,  31  The 
ring-mail  set  close  and  firm.  1759  B.  MARTIN  A', it.  Hist, 
f'-ng.  I.  269  A  great  quantity  of  Roman  Coins..;  those 
of  .Silver  were  'Ring-money  of  diverse  Sizes.  1853  HUM- 
I-HKKY  Coin  Collector's  Man.  I.  8  twtc,  A  modern  ring- 
money  is  still  in  circulation  in  some  parts  of  Northern  Africa. 
1844  H.  STEI-HKNS  />'£.  Farm  I.  202,  24  [lineal  feet  of] 
*Ringpens  of  archways  to  granary.  1570  LEVINS  Manif. 
80  A  *Ringpigger,  potatort  bibax.  1904  Athenxumq  Apr. 
473/3  The  ironwork  on  some  of  the  doors  is  noteworthy  \ 
the  central  ring  and  *ring[ilate.  .is  fairly  frequent.  1901 
y.  Black's  Carp,  <y  Birild.,  Scaffolding  39  The  position  of 
an  inclined  piece  to  support  the  bearing  of  the  tie-beam, 
and ..  that  of  a  brace  to  sustain  the  top  of  the  *ringpo>ts. 
1538  Nottingham  Rec.  III.  200  Unum  wollenlome  cum 
*ryngrathes.  1769  FALCONE-:R  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  *Ring- 
ropcs,  short  pieces  of  rope,  tied  occasionally  to  the  ring 
bolts  of  the  deck,  to  fasten  the  cable  more  securely  when  the 
ship  rides  in  a  tempest.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-bit, > 
Ring-Rojte&i  ropes  rove  through  the  ring  of  the  anchor,  to 
haul  the  cable  through  it.  1899  Daily  News  20  Nov.  4/5 
It  was  a  *ring  or  segment  shell.  1896  Daily  Chron.  8  Aug. 
7/3  The  guns  opened  fire  with  ""ring  shot  and  shrapnel  at 
long  range.  1836  LKVKK  Martins  o/Cro'Jf.  136  I'll  have  a 
*ring-snaflle  put  on  him.  1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneisy.\\.  Prol.  19 ; 
Sum  sang  *ring  sangis,  dansis  ledys,  and  rovndis.  1892 
Pall  Mall  G.  10  Nov.  5/2  As  if  a  new  form  of  Tring-spindle 
were  under  scrutiny.  1884  W.  S.  H.  M^LAKKN  Spinning  169 
It  is  one  of  the  advantages  of  'ring  spinning,  that  an 
ordinary  flyer  frame  can  be  converted  into  a  ring  without 
altering  the  spindles.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  Suppl., 

*  Ring  Splice,,  .a  loop  made  in  a  rope  by  splicing  the  end 
to  the  standing  part.     1697  Lond,   Gaz.  No.   3298/4  One 
•'Ring  Stand  ingraved  with    two   Coats   impaled,      c  1865 
Wylae'sCirc.Sc*  I.  144/1  He  should  also  possess.. a  .small 
ring-stand,  for  supporting.. vessels  in  preparing  solutions 
by  heat.     1892  Pall  Mall  G.  6  Oct.  1/3  Brushes  and  trays, 
ringstands  and  powder-boxes.     1782  Pkil.  Trans.  LXXII. 
361  This  conductor,  .was  kept  in  its  place  near  the  wall  in 
its   passage  down    by  *ring-staples   driven  into  the  wall. 
1863  A.  YOUNG  Nau£.  Diet.  (ed.  2),  *  Ring-stopper^  the  same 
as  Cat-stopper.     1899  F.  T.  I'ULLKN  Log  of  a  Sea-waif ^342 
Telling  the  carpenter  to  get  his  maul  ready  for  knocking 
out  the  ring-stopper  of  the  anchor.     1828  Lights  %  Shades 
II.  156,   '  I  should  like   to  play  you  a  game  at  marbles.' 
'Marbles!   you  mean  *ring  taw'.     'Yes'.     1851  MAYHEW 
Land.  Labour  (1861)  III.  134  I've  noticed  them,  too,  play 
ing  at  ring-taw.      1600  SHAKS.   A.Y.  L.  v.  in.  20  In  the 
spring  time,  the  onely  pretty  *ring  time,  When   Birds  do 
sing,  hey  ding  a  ding,  ding.     1884  Cent.  Mag.  Jan.  359/1 
Demurely  watching  a   game  of  *ring-toss.     1614  in  W.  S. 
Gibson  Tynemontk  Priory  (1846)  II.  121  Spokes,  Naves  and 
*Ringwood  for  the  said  wheeles,  cx.s.      1643  Lane.  Tracts 
Civil  IVar  (Chatham  Soc.)  167  In  an  orbe  or  *ringe-worke 
[they]  cast  up  much  earthe  everye  day  by  the  multitude  of 
countrey   people  forced   to   the   service.     1855  J.  HEWITT 
Anc.  Armour  \,  63  The  interior  of  the  garment  [hauberk] 
.  .exhibits  the  ring-work  exactly  in  the  same  manner.     1882 
CAULFIELU  &  SAWARD  Diet.  Needlework  425  Ring  Work, 
an  easy  work   used  for  forming    mats   and   baskets,  and 
made  with  small  brass  curtain  rings,  single  Berlin   wools 
and  beads.     1899  J^aily  Ne?v$  12  Jan.  7/5   His  ring  work 
and  generalship  were  so  superior  to  his  exhibition  when  he 
first  came  out  that  the  improvement  was  almost  incredible. 

b.  In  names  of  birds,  reptiles,  fishes,  etc.,  as 
ring-bill,  the  ring-necked  duck  or  moonbill ; 
ring-bird,  a  local  name  for  the  reed-bunting 
(Emberiza  sc/icentchts);  ring  blackbird,  ^RING- 
OUZEL;  ring-bunting,  --^ring-bird;  ring  dotterel, 

^ring-plover ;  ring-eye,  (a)  an  American  fish 
(cf.  RED-EYE)  ;  (£)  Austr.^  a  bird  of  the  genus 
Zosterops  (Morris) ;  ring-fowl,  =* ring-bird \  ring 
parakeet,  the  ring-necked  parakeet ;  ring  perch, 
the  yellow  perch  (l^ercajlavescens)  of  N.  America  ; 
ring  pheasant,  the  ring-necked  pheasant  (Phasi- 
anus  torquatus}  of  China  ;  ring  pigeon,  -  RING 
DOVE  ;  ring  plover  :  see  PLOVER  2  ;  ring-snake, 
(a)  the  common  European  grass-  or  ringed  snake 
(Tropidonotus  natrix)  ;  (£)  U.S.,  a  snake  of  the 
genus  Diadophisy  esp.  Diadophis  punctatus  ;  ring- 
sparrow,  the  rock-sparrow  (Pctronia  stitlta] ; 
ring-thrush,  =  RING-OUZEL. 

1837  MACGILLIVKAY  Brit.  Birds  I.  453  Black-headed 
Bunting,.. *Ring-bird.  Ring-Bunting.  1831  RENNIE  Man* 
tagu's  Ornith.  Diet.  420  '"Ring  blackbird,  this  species  is 
rather  larger  than  the  blackbird.  1870  GILLMORE  tr. 
Figuiet**  Reptiles  fy  Birds  531  The  Ring  Blackbird 
(Mernla  torquata}  differs  from  the  kind  we  have  just 
noticed.  1797  BEWICK  Brit.  Birds  I.  334  The  *Ring 
Dotterel,  Ring  Plover,  or  Sea  Lark.  1863  GOULD  Iceland 
404  Along  the  shore,  flocks  of  wheeling  Turnstones,  Ring 
Dotterels  and  Dunlins  attract  attention.  1877  JORDAN  in 
Smithson.  Coll.  XIII.  i.  47  Good  bait  for  Perch,  Bass,  Red 
eyes  or  *Ring-eyes,  &c.  1840  W.  MACGILLIVRAV  Brit. 
Ornith.  I.  xoo  Emberiza  Scttteniclus^  Reed-Bunting,.. 

*  Ring-fowl.     1811  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  VIII.  423  The  size  of 
the  Alexandrine  or  *Ring  Parrakeet  is  that  of  a  common 
Pigeon.     1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  87/2  These  Ring  Parra- 
keets,  as  they  are  generally  termed,  are  justly  held  in  high 
estimation  for  the  symmetry  of  their  form.  1777  G.  FORSTER 
Voy.  rouwi  Worldll.  567  We  likewise  saw  several  beautiful 
*ring-pheasants.     1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synopsis  Birds  II.  i. 
715  Ring  Pheasant..  .This  differs  (from  the  Common  Phea 
sant]  in  having  a  ring  of  pure  white  round  the  neck.    1831 
RENNIE  Montagu's  Ornitk.  Diet.  424  Temminck  says  ine 
one  found  in  European  preserves  is  a  hybrid,  between  the 
common  pheasant  and  the  genuine  Ring  Pheasant .  .of  China. 
1769  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  (1776)  I.  251  *Ring  Pigeon.   1831 
WILSON,  etc.  Amer.  Ornith.  IV.  325  Ring  pigeons...  i.  High 
crowned  ring  pigeon.    2.  Pine  ring  pigeon.  3.  Flat  crowned 
ring  pigeon.     1870  GILLMORE  tr.  Figuier's  Reptiles  fy  Birds 
424  This  is  evidence  of  the  possibility  of  taming   Ring- 
pigeons.     1797  BEWICK  Brit.  Birds  \,  334  *Ring  Plover. 
1802  MONTAGU  Ornith.  Diet.  (1831)  141  The  Ring  Plover  is 
a  plentiful  species  in  most  parts  of  the  known  world.     1842 

87-a 


RING. 

Proc.  Bei-ut.  Wat.  Clut  11.  No.  10.  4  A  pair  of  the  pretty    i 
little  Ring-plover  were  observed  by  the  President.      1796 
MORSE  Amer.  Ceogr.  I.  219  *King  Snake.    niSi?  DIVIGHT 
'J'na:  New  Eng.,  etc.  (1821)  1.  55  The  Ring-Snake  is  lung, 
blender,  and  black,  with  a  white  ring  round  its  neck.     1901 
Mature  31  Jan.  330/2  The  species  proved  to  be  the  common 
grass,  or  ring-snake.     1678  RAY  H-'ilhigliby's  Ornith.  250 
The   'Ring-Sparrow    of    Bellonius.      1783    LATHAM    Gin.    ' 
Synopsis  Birds  II.  I.  254  Ring  Sparrow..  .This  is  bigger    j 
than  the  House  Sparrow. . .  Round  the  head,  above  the  eyes, 
a  ring  of  dirty  white.    1792  PENNANT  Arct.  Zoof.  II.  Index, 
Thrush,  "ring.    1831  Proc.  Bern.  Nat.  Clut  I.  5  Our., 
colleague. .entertained  some  slight  hopes  of  meeting  with 
the  ring-thrush  (Tiirdus  torqnatKs't. 

Ring  (rirj),  sb--  Also  6-7  ringe,  6  ryng.  [1. 
Rixu  »."] 

1.  A  set  or  peal  ^  (church)  bells. 

Very  common  in  I7th-i8th  cent.  Locally  the  name  Kilff  o' 
Hells  is  given  to  the  Wild  Hyacinth,  Scilla  nulans  (Britten 
and  Holland). 

1549  Cmucirs  Let.  in  Praytr-Book  Trauma  (1884)  73 
Levying  in  every  churche  one  bell,  the  lest  of  the  ryng  that 
nowe  is  in  the  same.  1586  J.  HOOKER  Hitt.lrtl.  in  llolins- 
hed  II.  loz/i  He  prophaned  the  church  of  saint  Patrikes 
in  Downe,.  .and  slnpt  the  notable  ring  of  bels  that  did  hang 
in  the  steeple.  1633  GERARD  Ves.r.  Somerset  (1900)  197  A 
bell  tower  of  a  greale  height  furnished  with  a  very  good  i  ing 
of  5  bells.  1668  PEHYS  Diary  12  June,  Here  is  also  a  very 
fine  ring  of  six  bells,  and  they  mighty  tuneable.  1716 
HEARSE  Called.  (O.  H.S.I  V.  349  The  Church  is  very  neat 
and  handsome,  and  hath  a  Ring  of  eight  very  good  Dells. 
1794  W.  COMBE  lloydells  Thames  I.  109  Here  was  a  large 
and  melodious  ring  of  bells,  which  was  considered  as  the 
best  in  England.  1839  Civil  Eng.  f,  Arch.  Jrnl.  II.  77/2 
The  Bishop  of  London,  .presents  them  with  a  ring  of  bells 
and  an  organ.  1871  ELLACOMBE  Bells  c-f  Ch.  in  Ch.  AV//s 
Devon  ix.  291  The  Old  Bells  of  York  Cathedral.  These 
bells  were  the  first  ring  of  twelve  in  the  kingdom. 

2.  A  ringing  sound  or  noise. 

i6zz  BACON  lien.  I  'II 17  He.  .had  the  Ring  of  Acclama 
tions  fresh  in  his  eares.  1706  E.  WARD  li'oodcn  ll'orld  Dlss. 
(1708)  29  He  must  come  to  the  Ring  of  the  Midnight  Bell. 
1789  MME.  D'ARULAY/J/a/^  June, They  set  up  suchashout 
as  made  a  ring  all  around  the  village.  1830  CHALMERS  Mem. 
(1851)  III.  xiv.  278  Delighted  in  the  morning  with  the  ring 
of  Oxford  bells.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  I.  vii.  69  '  Twang, 
twang  ! '  came  a  second  report.  I  knew  it  was  the  whale- 
line  by  the  shrillness  of  the  ring.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist. 
vii.  §  4.  375  Mary  Stuart.. loved  risk  and  adventure  and  the 
ring  of  arms. 

b.  A  ringing  tone  or  quality  in  the  voice,  or  in 
a  (recited)  composition. 

1859  GREEN  Lett.  (1901)  I.  28  The  lines  which. .have  got 
a  ring  of  old  Homer  in  them.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romola  n. 
xxxii,  Her  voice  had  gradually  risen  till  there  was  a  ring  of 
scorn  in  the  last  words.  1871  FREEMAN  Xorm.  Cum/.  (1876) 
IV.  267  We  hear  again  the  old  ring  of  the  lays  of  Brunan- 
burh,  ..and  of  Stamfordbridge,  as  we  listen  to  the  tale. 
1894  STANLEY  WEYMAN  Under  Red  Kobe  iv,  She  continued 
..with  a  certain  ring  of  insistence  in  her  tone. 

c.  The  resonance  of  a  coin  or  glass  vessel  by 
which  its  genuineness  or  wholeness  is  tested.  Now 
freq.  transf. 

1855  BAIN  Senses  ff  Int.  n.  ii.  §  12  The  ring  of  a  sovereign 
or  of  a  shilling  is  a  criterion  of  the  genuineness  of  the  coin. 
1874  L.  STEPHEN  Hours  in  Libr.  (1892)  I.  iii.  108  A 
banker's  clerk  can  tell  a  bad  coin  by  its  ring  on  the  counter. 
1894  BLACKMOHE  Perlycross  360  As  a  glass  is  filliped  to  try 
its  ring. 

transf.  1850  ROBERTSON  Serin.  Ser.  IV.  xxvii.  210  Truth, 
so  to  speak,  has  a  certain  ring  by  which  it  may  be  known. 
1886  BESAST  Childr.  Gibeon  i.  vii,  There  does  not  seem 
always  the  right  ring  about  him. 

3.  An  act  of  ringing  ;  a  pull  at  a  bell,  esf.  a  door 
bell  ;  the  sound  thus  produced.     In  recent  use  also 
with  adverbs,  as  ring-back,  ring-up. 

17*7  BOYER  Diet.  Royal  n.  s.v.,  Give  it  a  ring,  sonnez  la 
cloche.  1760  BARETTI  Ital.  Diet,  n,  To  give  the  bell  a  ring, 
sonar  il  campanello.  1836  MARRY  AT  Japhet  xxxiii,  A  ring 
at  the  bell  called  Timothy  downstairs.  1886  W.  J.  TLXKEK 
E.  Europe  227  In  reply  to  my  ring,  [I]  was  admitted  by  the 
actor  himself.  1898  J.  K.  J  EROME  Sec.  Th.  Idle  Fellow  131 
The  ring-back  recalls  you.  You  seize  the  ear  trumpet,  and 
shout.  1899  \Vestm.  Gaz.  6  May  5/1  At  3.55,.  .according  to 
the  ring-up  from  the  engine-room,  he  was  four  miles  from 
the  rocks. 

b.  An  act  of  ringing  a  coin.  (Cf.  RING  v.~  1 1  b.) 

1894  A.  ROBERTSON  Nuggets  175  She  was  a  false  coin, 
which  would  not  stand  the  test  of  a  ring. 

t  4.  Cant.  (See  quots.)   Obs. 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Creiv,  King,  money  extorted  by 
Rogues  on  the  High-way,  or  by  Gentlemen  Beggers.  1796 
Grose's  Diet.  Vulgar  T.  (ed.  3),  Ring,  money  procured  by 
begging:  beggars  so  called  it  from  its  ringing  when  thrown 
to  them. 

Ring  (rirjl,  v.l  Pa.  t.  and  pa.  pple.  ringed. 
Also  5-6  ryng(e ;  pa.  t.  and  pa.  pple.  6  roong, 
7-9  rung.  [f.  RING  s/i.1  The  leading  senses  are 
more  or  less  represented  by  parallel  formations  in 
the  cognate  languages,  as  Fris.  ringje,  MDu.  and 
Du.  ringen,  OHG.  ringan,  ringon  (G.  ringen ', 
ON.  and  Icel.  hringa  (Norw.  and  Sw.  ringa,  Da. 
ringe)  and  hringja  (F;er.  ringja,  MSw.  ringia). 
In  OE.  the  comb. ymb-hringan,  to  surround,  occurs 
frequently.] 

I.  1.  inlr.  To  make  a  circle  or  ring ;  to  gather 
in  a  ring  about  or  round  (a  person).     Now  rare. 
14. .  Sir  Beats  (C)  623  Let  vs  alle  aboute  him  rynge,  And 

harde  strokys  on  hym  dynge.     a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen. 


692 

1814  W.  NICHOLSON  Peacock  in.  Poet.  Wks.  (1897)  93  Then 

roun'  him  ring,  and  prance. .,  To  gar  folks  trow  ye  raise  the 

dc'il      1850  MKS.  BROWNING  Child  Asleep  v,  We  should 

see  the  spirits  rineing  Round  thee,  were  the  clouds  away. 

b.  Of  a  hawk,  etc.  :  To  rise  spirally  in  flight. 

1879  Encycl.  Brit.  I X.  7/2  A  bird  is  said  to  '  ring  '  when  it 
rises  spirally  in  the  air.  1889  Pail  Mall  G.  20  Aug.  3/2 
When  flown  at  a  rook,  both  birds  at  times  'ring  '  into  the 
sky,  the  rook  striving  its  utmost  to  keep  above  its  pursuer. 
o.  Of  a  stag,  fox,  or  hare :  To  take  a  circular 
course  when  hunted. 

i88a  Daily  Ari-U's  21  Jan.  2  '4  Then  ringing  about  in  the 
Winkfield,  New  Lodge,  Fifield,  and  Bray  districts,  the 
quarry  eventually  fielded  the  pack  towards  the  town  of 
Maidenhead.  1891  l-'ield  26  Nov.  805 '3  Once  more  she 
tries  to  ring  away  to  her  home,  but  hounds  press  her.  ^ 
d.  Austi:  Of  cattle  :  To  move  round  in  a  circle. 

1884 '  R.  BOI.DREWOOD  '  Melb.  Mem.  20  The  cattle  were 
uneasy  and  'ringed'  all  night.  1888  —  Rotary  under 
Arms  v,  After  'ringing'  a  bit,  one  of  the  quiet  cows 
followed  up  the  old  mare. 

2.  trans.    To    surround,    encompass,    encircle. 
Also  with  round,  about. 

c  1590  GREENE  l''r.  Paeon  ii,  The  brazen  walls  fram'd  by 
Semiramis.  .Shall  not  be  such  as  rings  the  English  strand. 
1602  MAHSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  11.  ii,  True  praise,  the  brow 
of  common  men  doth  ring.  1610  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Com 
mendatory  Poems  Wks.  (Grosart!  II.  5/1  King  Arthurs 
. .  dayes  (Whose  radiant  Knights  did  Ring  his  Table  round). 

1849  M.  ARNOLD  Strayed  Re-i'e Her.  Round  him.  .Flow  the 
cool  lake-waves  :  The  mountains  ring  them.  1884  W.  C. 
SMITH  Kiltlrostan  I.  i.  29  A  girdle  of  mist  will  ring  the 
slopes,  While  the  heights  rise  clear  in  the  upper  air. 

b.  \i\pa.pple.  Surrounded,  girt  with  something. 

c  1590  GREENE  /•>.  Bacon  iv,  Monarchs  of  the  west  Ring'd 
with  the  walls  of  old  Oceanus.  1601  MAHSTON  Antonio's 
Rev.  I.  iii,  The  verge  of  heaven  Was  ringd  with  flames. 
1641  W.  CARTWRIGHT  Lady  Errant  in.  ii,  She  Says  she 
could  court  you  ring'd  about  with  dangers. 

1814  SOUTHEY  Roderick  xvii.  191  Ringed  about  with 
slaughtered  foes.  1850  J.  S.  BLALKIE  sEscfiylus  I.  23  At 
her  father's  festive  board,  With  gallant  banqueters  ringed 
cheerly  round.  1878  STEVENSON  Inland  I'oy.  84  Even  this 
place,  .might  on  some  future  day  be  ringed  about  with 
cannon  smoke  and  thunder. 

C.  To  hem  in  (cattle  or  game)  by  riding  or 
beating  in  a  circle  round  them ;  to  beat  or  stalk 
round  (a  stretch  of  country)  for  game. 

1835  W.  IKYING  Tour  Prairies  xxv,  To.  .try  our  hand  at 
the  grand  hunting  manoeuvre,  which  is  called  ringing  the 
wild  horse.  1874  RANKEN  Dom.  A  itstralia  vi.  i  r  i  They  are 
generally  'ringed',  that  is,  their  gallop  is  directed  into  a 
circularcour.se  by  the  men  surrounding  them.  1893  Blackiv, 
Mag.  279  There  are  bears  to  be  ringed  and  elks  to  be  stalked. 
Ibid.  280  Orders  arrive  to  enlist  a  force  of  beaters  which 
w  ill  'ring  '  a  vast  extent  of  country. 
d.  To  hem  or  shut  in. 

1871  Pall  Mall  G.  7  Feb.  r2  The  final  campaign  in  Baden, 
when  the  revolt  was  ringed  in  and  stamped  out  by  the  con 
verging  advance  of  the  Prussians.  1885  RIDER  HAGGARD 
K.  Solomon's  Mines  vii,  This  expanse  appeared  to  be  ringed 
in  by  a  wall  of  distant  mountains. 

3.  a.  To  place  or  fasten  round  something   in 
the  form  of  a  ring. 


1799  SOUTHEY  The  Pig,  Amoretta's  hair  Rings  round  her 
lover's  soul  the  chains  of  love.  1833  MRS.  BROWNING 
Promcth.  Bound  83  Ring  amain  the  iron  round  his  legs  ! 

b.  re/1.  To  coil  up  in  a  ring. 

1864  ATKINSON  Stanton  Grange  219,  I  seed  a  grass-snake 
.  .come  out,  and  ring  itself  up  i' t'  sun. 

c.  Quailing.     (See  quot.) 

1866  Chambers  s  Encycl.\l\l.  68/2  Professional  players. . 
can  very  frequently  'ring'  their  quoit — that  is,  land  it  so 
that  the  quoit  surrounds  the  hob. 
4.   =  LUNGE  v?  i.   rare-1. 

1834  MAR.  EUGEWORTH  Helen  vi,  She  caught  a  glimpse 
through  the  glass  door  opening  on  the  park,  of  the  general, 
and  a  fine  horse  they  were  ringing. 

II.  5.  To  adorn  (the  fingers  or  nose)  with  a 
ring  or  rings,  rare.  (Cf.  RINGED///,  a.  2  b.) 

J55»  HULOET,  Rynge,  or  put  on  a  rynge,  Anulo.  1595 
SHAKS.  John  in.  iv.  31,  I  will. .ring  these  fingers  with 
thy  houshold  wormes.  1609  W.  M.  Man  in  Aloone  (1857) 
102  His  gloves  are  thrust  under  his  girdle,  that  you  may  see 
how  he  rings  his  fingers,  blesse  his  worship.  1665  SIR  T. 
HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  337  Supposing  them  most  courtly 
who.  .ring  their  snouts  with  Jewels  of  Silver,  Brass,  or  Ivory, 
b.  To  invest  (a  woman)  with  an  engagement  or 
wedding  ring.  rare. 

1823  Xew  Monthly  Mag.  VIII.  496  I'll  set  about  a  lusty 
courtship  of  her  at  once,  and  if  I  do  not  ferk  you  out  of  all 
likelihood  of  ringing  the  beauty,  why  mandamus  me  !  1859 
CAPERN  Ball,  fy  Songs  66  The  bridegroom . .  Waits  with  the 
pledge  of  married  love  To  ring  the  peerless  bride. 
e.  To  attach  with  a  ring.  rare~l. 

1885-94  R-  BRIDGES  Eros  %  Psyche  Oct.  24  From  either 
ear,  ring'd  to  its  pierced  lobe  A  triple  jewel  hung. 

6.  To  put  a  ring  in  the  nose  of  (swine  or  cattle) 
to  restrain  them  from  rooting  or  violence. 

1519  Sarties  Misc.  (1800)32  Item  y'  the  swyn  be  rynged 
be  Saynt  Elene  day.  1573  TUSSER  Ilnsb.  0878)  32  Let  hogs 
be  roong,  both  old  and  yoong.  Ibid.  4r  For  rooting  of 
pasture  ring  hog  ye  had  neede.  1631  BYFIELD  Doetr.  SaM>. 
ico  He  intended  to  pegge  or  ring  an  hog.  1691  in  G. 
Sheldon  Hist.  Deerfteld,  Mass.  (1895)  1. 267  The  hogg  ringers 
shall  have  6d  pfejr  head  for  every  hog  tha[y]  ring.  1708  Ibid. 

£'3  Any  that  shall  neglect  to  ring  their  own  swine,  thay  shall 
forthwith  rung  by  ye  hog  ringer.  1778  [W.  MARSHALL) 
Minutes  Afric.  6  Feb.  1775,  Rung  the  riotous  ox.  179* 
BELKNAP  Hist.  New  Hampsh.  III.  145  During  the  summer, 
they  (swine]  are  either  fed  on  the  waste  of  the  dairy  and 
Kitchen,  or  ringed  and  turned  into  fields  of  clover.  1844 
H.  SIEPHENS  Bk.  Farm.  III.  829  A  useful  instrument  for 
leading  a  bull  by  occasionally,  when  he  has  not  been  ringed, 


RING. 

..is  what  is  named  the  bullock-holder.  1890  AMPHLETT 
Hist.  Clent  105  Pigs  were  numerous  ;  their  owners  had  to 
ring  them  when  four  months  old. 

fig.  i63oDEKKKR  zndl't.  Honest  Wh.  Wks.  1873  II.  127 
She  praies  you  to  ring  him  by  this  token,  and  so  you  shall 
be  sure  his  nose  will  not  be  rooting  other  mens  pastures. 
1681  S.  COLVIL  U'/ngsSnpflic.  (1751)87  His  majesty,  with- 
1  out  all  doubt,  Should  only  ring  them  in  the  snout.  1755 
World  No.  150  The  wife,  when  she  found  she  was  to  be 
rung,  very  wisely  made  a  virtue  of  necessity,  and  added 
jewels  to  the  ring,  c  1800  BOSWELL  Poet.  U  ks.  (1871)  202 
Then  let  the  viper  hide  his  sting,  The  reptile,  if  he  ramp, 
we'll  ring. 

b.  To  ring  the  lull,  to  play  at  a  game  consist 
ing  in  throwing  or  swinging  a  ring  on  to  a  hook 
fixed  upon  a  wall  or  a  target.  Hence  Ring(ing)- 
thc-bitll  as  the  name  of  the  game. 

1838  D.  JERROLD  Men  of  Character  (1851)  273  After  that, 

he  must  visit  the  gypsies  ;  then  he  must  ring-the-bull.    Ibid. 

276  There  is  first  the  lucky-bag — then  the  sticks — then  the 

1     ringing-the-bull — then  the  round-about.      1868  N.  <y  Q.  4th 

i     Ser.  I.  89  The  game,  .is  or  was  common  in  the  ale-houses  of 

Cheshire,  and  i.s  called  Ring-the-Bull. 

f  7.  To  affix  rings  to  (a  mare)  in  such  a  way  as 
to  prevent  covering.  Ol>s. 

1611  COTGR.,  Bonder^ . .  to  ring  a  mare,  thereby  to  keepe 
her  from  the  horse.  1668  I.ond.  Gaz.  No.  303/4  A  little 
Bay  Mare..,  short  tailed  arid  ringed,  part  of  the  rings 
broken,  a  1693  Vnjnharts  Rnbclais  in.  xxxvi.  300  They 
use  to  ring  Mares..,  to  keep  them  from  being  sallied  by 
Stoned  Horses.  1712  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  5056/3  A  bright  bay 
Mare,.. Ring'd,  but  lost  one,  so  that  she  has  but  two. 
t8.  a.  To  ring  the  mill:  (see  Cjtiot.  1808).  Sc. 
1808  JAMJESON  s.v.,  To  fill  these  [crevices  round  the  mill 
stone]  with  the  first  grain  that  is  ground,  after  the  stones  are 
picked,  is  called  ringing  the  mill.  18x4  Abstract  cone.  Mill 
Inreramsy  z  (Jam.),  The  tenants  ringing  the  mill  to  them 
selves,  and  carrying  away  the  same  ring  with  them. 

b.  To  provide  (a  wheel)  with  an  iron  tire. 
(Still  in  dial,  use.) 

1819  Sporting  Mag.  XXIII.  388  Neither  are  the  felloes 
:  of  the  wheels  of  several  of  the  wagons  rung  with  iron  as 
<  ours  are. 

9.  a.  To  mark  (trees)  with  a  ring  of  colour. 
1741  MS.  Agreement  (co.  Derby),  Trees  marked  or  rung 

:    about  with  red. 

b.  To  deprive  (trees)  of  a  ring  of  bark,  in  order 
to  check  too  luxuriant  growth  and  bring  into 
bearing,  or  to  kill  them. 

1800  HEADRICK  Com.  to  Board  Agric.  II.  257  They  begin 
with  ringing  the  trees,  that  is,  cutting  a  ring  of  bark  from 
their  stems  a  little  above  the  ground.  This  checks  their 
growth,  and  renders  the  wood  more  firm  and  valuable.  1857 
HENEREY  Bat.  562  Ringing  fruit-trees  in  this  way  causes  a 
temporary  increase  of  product  of  fruit  above  the  wound. 
1885  MRS.  C.  PRAED  Head  Station  i,  Gaunt  trunks  of  trees 
which  had  been  '  rung  ',  and  allowed  to  die  slowly. 
O.  dial.  (See  quot.) 

1881  O-rfordsh.  Gloss.  Suppl.  s.v.,  To  ring  fruit  trees  is  to 
dig  round  them,  cutting  the  long  roots  in  two,  and  putting 
in  manure. 

10.  To  cut  into  annular  slices  or  rounds. 

1839  Mag.  Dourest.  Econ.  IV.  174  The  onions,  being  cut 
in  slices  and  ringed,  are  put  into  the  frying-pan.  1891  Daily 
-Yt'rt'S  27  Aug.  3  '2  Why  could  we  not  in  England  core,  peel, 
ring,  and  dry  apples  in  such  years  for  a  winter  sale  ? 

Ring  ("ij),  t1.2  1'a.  t.  rang,  rung.  Pa.  pple. 
rung.  [OK.  liringan,  =ON.  and  Icel.  hringja 
(Norw.  and  Far.  ring/a,  Sw.  ringa,  Da.  ringe], 
G.  ringen  (rare),  perh.  of  imitative  origin.  Pro- 
|  perly  a  weak  vb.,  the  strong  forms  (which  appear 
very  early)  being  prob.  due  to  the  influence  of  sing.] 
A.  Inflexional  forms. 

1.  Inf.  (and  fres.).   i  hrin(c)gan,  3-4  (larch., 
ringen    (4  ryngen,    5    -yn)  ;    3-7   ringe,   4-7 
ryng(e,  4  ryngg,  4-5  reng,  3-  ring  (8  wring). 

1-960  ^ETHELWOLD  Knit  St.  Benet  (Schroer,  1885)  72  pzt 
mon  ealle  tida.  .hrincge.  ciooo  Salomon  ff  Saturn  534 
(Kemble),  His  searo  hringeS.  c  noo  ORMIN  901  Godd.. 
wollde..pa  belless  herenn  ringenn.  (11300  l/avelok  242 
Belles  deden  he  sone  ringen.  CI375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxxvi. 
(Baptist)  888  Scho  gert  in  haste  be  bellis  rynge.  a  1400-50 
Alexander  1385  All  be  toun  rengis  \i'.r.  ringes].  c  1440 
I'romp.  Pan:  434/2  Ryngyn  bellys,  pulso.  1599  SHAKS. 
Much,  Adoi.  ii.  81  No  longer.. then  the  Bels  ring.  1OI4J. 
DAVIES  (Heref.)  Commendatory  Poems  Wks.  (Grosarl)  II. 
2o/r  Fro  their  case  thy  shrill  pipes  draw,  And  make  the 
welkin  ringen.  1716  HEARNE  Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)  V.  217  He 
.  .set  the  Bells  wringing  for  Joy. 

2.  J'a.  t.    a.    //.    i    hringdon,   2  ringden,  3 
ringeden  ;  8  ringed,  9  dial,  hringed. 

Beowulf  yj  Bujon  ba  to  bence,  byrnan  hringdon.    c  nil 
O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1131,  pa  muneces.  .ringden  >a 
belle,    c  1105  LAY.  24486  Bellen  ber  ringeden.   1726  AYLIFFE 
Parergon  477  Then  they,  .put  out  the  Candle,  and  ringed 
the  Bell.     1889  MRS.  TUTTIET  Reproach  of  Annestcy  I.  v,  I 
hringed 's  grandfather  out,,  .hringed  'em  out  mezelf. 
b.  a.  3-6 rong,  4-5  ronge;  also//.  3-6  rongen. 
ri»75  LAY.  24486  Belles  bar  rongen.    1197  R-  GLOUC. 
(Rolls)   11215   A  clerc  t>e  commun  belle  rong.    1:1330  K. 
BRUNNE  Chron.   H'ace  (Rolls)  12374   |>e  hilles  alle  aboute 
i    ronge.    c  1380  St.  Augustine  1642  in  Hortsm.  Altengl.  Leg. 
(1878)  89/2  Men  rongen  bo  breo  peles  long,     c  1410  Chron. 
I'ilod.  3810 pesexstens  rong.. be  belle,     c  1450  Earl  lolous 
\    319  When  they  ronge  to  the  masse.  isoo-«o  DLNBAR  Poems 
xlvi.  ipQuhill  rong  the  widdisof  hir  melody.    %$\$Scottish 
Field  566  in  Chetham  Misc.  (1856),  All  the  dales  rongen. 
.    1590  SI'ENSER  F.  Q.  in.  i.  62  Through  the  hous  it  rong. 
0.  3-  rang,  4-6  range. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  15040  All  be  cite  rang  [v.r.  range].    1393 


LANGL.  /'.  PI.  C.  x\i.  472  Men  rang  to  be  resumccionn. 
1470-85  MALORY  . !  rlhur  x.  .\ii.  432  Alle  the  foi  esl  range  of 


RING. 


693 


RING. 


the  noyse.  a  1533  Ln.  BERNKRS  Htton  cliv.  590  The  bellis 
range  to  matens.  a  1656  \\v.  HALL  Ran.  Wks.  (1660)  37 
Pulpits  everywhere  rang  of  these  opinions.  1685  WOOD 
Life  21  Nov.,  Magd.  Coll.  bell  rang  out.  1784  COWPBR 
Task  v.  819  What  strains  were  they  With  which  heav'n 
rang.  1887  BOWEN  I'irg.  ./7f«c/^i  11.313  The  air  Rang  with 
her  shrieks. 

y.  4//.  rungen  ;  6-  rung,  6  roong. 

13..  Gniv.  ty  Gr.  Knt.  931  Chaplaynez..  Rungen  ful 
rychely.  1587  GOLOING  De  Mornay  i.  (1592)  g  The  Schooles 
of  the  Stoikes,  Academikes,  and  Peripatetikes,  roong  of 
that  [prayer].  1591  SPENSER  M.  Hubberd  583  Bells  and 
bosses,  .full  lowdly  rung.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vii.  562  The 
Heav'ns  and  all  the  Constellations  rung.  1676  WOOD  Life 
(O.  H.  S.)  II.  360  The  great  bell  rung  out.  1797  SOUTHEV 
Joanof  Arc  VI,  On  the  batter  'dshield  Rune;  the  loud  lance. 
1837  DISRAELI  I'enctia  n.  vii,  One  with  whose  name  the 
world  rung. 

3.  Pa.  pple.  a.  3-4  i-runge(n,  4  rungen,  4-5 
runge,  5  rouiige,  6  roung,  6-  rung. 

c  1205  LAY.  29441  No  belle  [was]  i-rungen,  no  masse  isunge. 
ti  1300  A".  Horn  (Cambr.  M.S.)  1092  Or  eny  day  was  sprunge 
Ober  belle  irunge.  1381  in  KnightotfsChron.  (Rolls)  II.  139 
He  hath  rungen  }oure  belle.  ^1400  Rom.  Rose  5266  A 
fooles  belle  is  sone  runge.  1466  in  Archaeol.  (1887)  L.  j.  49 
Call  for  help^  whan  it  ys  rounge  with  moo.  'i  a  1550  Freiris 
Renvik  286  in  D  unbar1  s  Poems  (1893)  295  Ctirfur  wes  rung. 
1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxiv.  72  Quhill  Drureis  bells  be 
roung  about  5our  eins.  1684  T.  BUKNET  T/t.  Earth  i.  276 
All  antiquity  would  have  rung  of  it.  1756-7  tr.  Ki'ysler's 
Trai'.  (1760)  IV.  136  The  bell  is  rung  at  Cirknit/.  1815  J. 
SMITH  Panorama  Set.  <J-  Art  II.  64  The  sound  of  a  bell 
rung  under  water. 

0.  4  y-ronge,  4-6  ronge,  5-6  rong ;  5  rong- 
ene,  5-6  rongen. 

c  1384  CHAUCER  //.  Fame  in,  565  Thus  was  her  shame 
y-ronge.  1387  TREVISA  Higdcn  (Rolls)  V.  413  pat  be  houres 
of  the  day  schulde  be  ronge  at  chirches.  c  1440  Gesta  Rom. 
xviii.  332  The  belle  shulde  be  rongen  [i>.r.  rong]  of  a  maiden. 
1533  Surges  Misc.  (1890)  34  To  the  merkyt  bell  be  rongen. 
1594  in  Flora  A.  MacLeod  /fist.  Sf.  Mary's  C7i.t  Shrews- 
bitry  (1894)  16  The  greete  bell  was  ronge  owt  there. 
7.  7,  9  rang. 

1691  tr.  Emilianne's  Frauds  Rom.  Monks  fed.  3)  127  He 
having  rang  his  Bell.     1805  EUGENIA  DE  ACTON  Nuns  of 
Desert  I.  249  The  prayer  bell  was  ordered  to  be  rang. 
B.   Signification. 

1.  intr.  1.  To  give   out  the  clear  or  resonant 
sound  characteristic  of  certain  hard  metals  when 
struck  with,  or   striking   upon,  something   hard. 
Also  of  a  trumpet,  etc.  :  To  sound  loudly. 

Bcownlf  327  Bu^on  ba  to  bence,  byrnan  hringdon. 
c  1000  Salomon  fy Saturn  534  (Kemble',  SwiSe  swingeS  and 
his  searo  hringeS.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Set.  Wks.  III.  520  Wib.. 
gaye  sadeles,  and  bridelis  ryngynge  be  be  weye,  c  1386 
CHAUCHK  Knight's  T.  1742  Now  ryngen  trompes  loude  and 
clarioun.  (11440  Sir  Degrev.  1192  Thei  ryden..With  two 
trompess  of  the  best,  That  range  as  a  bell.  1513  DOUGLAS 
sKneis  xin.  v.  68  Quhair  is  now.  .Thy  vocis  sown  quhilk  as 
a  trumpet  rang  ?  1565  COOPER  Thes.  s.  v.  Tinnio,  To  rynge  or 
make  a  sowne  as  metall  doth,  a  1601  ?  MARSTON  Pa$qnil  $ 
Kath.  n.  (1878)  78  Chunck,  chtinrk,  his  bags  doe  ring.  1663 
BUTLER  Hud.  \.  ii.  832  With,  .many  a  bang,  Hard  Crab-tree 
and  old_  Iron  rang.  1761  GRAY  Fatal  Sisters  24  Pikes 
must  shiver,  jav'lins  sing,. .  Hauberk  crash,  and  helmet  ring. 
1768  BEATTIK  Minstr.  \.  iii,  The  harp.. Which  to  the 
whistling  wild  responsive  rung.  1818  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth 
xxix,  When  he  heard  the  Chieftain's  horn  ringing  through 
the  woods.  1841  TENNYSON  Sir  Galahad  v,  The  tempest 
crackles  on  the  leads,  And,  ringing,  springs  from  brand  and 
mail.  1878  BROWNING  Poets  Croisic  86  The  gauntlet  rings 
On  brazen  visor  proof  against  attack, 

b.  spec,  as  a  mark  of  goodness,  genuineness,  or 
wholeness. 

1803  Phil.  Trans.  XCIII.  73  \Vhen  silver  was  alloyed 
with  the  standard  proportion  of  tin,  it  proved  brittle,  and 
did  not  ring  well.  1844  MRS.  BROWNING  Drama  of  Exile 
87  The  potter's  mark  upon  his  work,  to  show  It  rings  well 
to  the  striker.  1894  BOTTOSK  Elect.  Instr.  71  The  bottle  or 
jar  should  be.,  free  from  flaw  or  crack.  To  ascertain  this, 
it  should  be  made  to  '  ring '. 

c.  Jig.  To   impress    one    as   having   a   certain 
(genuine  or  false)  character. 

1611  B.  JONSON  Catiline  iv.  ii,  But  Crassus,  and  this 
Caesar  here  ring  hollow.  1857  E.  FITZGERALD  Lett.  (1889) 

I.  251  Hafiz  and  old  Omar  Khayyam  ring  like  true  Metal. 

1863  Sat.  Rev.  22  Aug.  243  To  an  English  reader  they  ring 
false.    1900  BRODRICK  Mem.  227  His  [Bright's]  best  orations 
were  superior  to  Gladstone's  as  compositions  and  rang  truer 
on  a  critical  ear. 

2.  Of  bells  :  To  give  forth  a  clear  metallic  note 
under  the  impact  of  the  hammer  or  clapper. 

c  1200  ORMIN  901  Godd  off  heffhe  a^  wollde  himm.  sellf  pa 
belless  herenn  ringenn.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  20699  Dos  be 
belles  all  at  ring.  13. .  Sir  Beues  2250  So  stod  Beues.  -Til 
noun  belle  be-gan  to  ring,  c  1440  Alph.  Talcs  40  And  all 
l>e  bellis  in  be  place  rang  be  berone.  1530  PALSGR.  691/2,  I 
holde  the  a  penye  I  tell  the  where  this  bell  ryngeth.  a  1548 
HALL<7An?«.,  Hen.  VIII,  105  In  the  castle  the  alarme  rang, 
but  the  embushement  kept  them  stil  close.  1603  SHAKS. 
Meas.forM.  iv.  ii.  78  Duke.  Who  call'd  heereof  late?  Pro. 
None  since  the  Curphew  rung.  1676  WOOD  Life  (O.  H.  S.) 

II.  360  The  great    bell   rung  out  for  Earle  of  C.  C.  Coll., 
fellow.     1712  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  Mrs.  ffewet  Mar., 
The  post  bell  rings ;  my  next  shall  be  longer.    1850  TENNY 
SON  In  Mem.  cvi.  i  Ring  out,  wild  bells,  to  the  wild  sky. 

1864  MEREDITH  Sandra  Belloni  \xy\\\t  Mr.  Pole's  bedroom- 
bell  rang. 

fig-  £1386  CHAUCER  Reeve**  T.  Prol.  42  The  sely  tonge 
may  wel  rynge  and  chymbe  Of  wrecchednesse  that  passed  is 
ful  yoore.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  i.  ii.  f  5  When  I  had  been 
pestered  with  all  the  tittle-tattle  of  the  town.. the  changes 
were  just  beginning  to  ring  on  some  new  subject. 

b.  To  convey  a  summons  to  service,  prayers, 
church,  etc. 


1509  HAWKS/\«£  Picas.  XLII.  iPercy  Soc.)  207  For  though 
the  day  be  never  so  longe,  At  last  the  belles  ringeth  to  even- 
s-mge.  1593  MAKLOWK  Massacre  Paris  \.  viii,  That  belt, 
that  to  the  devil's  matins  rings.  1621  in  Birch  Crt.  <y  Times 
Jas.  I  (18481  II.  264  The  bell  is  now  ringing  to  a  congrega 
tion  ;  and  they  say  it  is  to  send  letters  gratulatory  from  the 
university.  1719  SWII-T  Let.  to  Young  Clergyman  \Vks. 
1751  V.  17  It  was  but  just  finished,  when  the  last  Bell  rung 
to  Church.  1850  THACKERAY  Penaennis  1,  The  bells  of  the 
multitudinous  City  churches  were  ringing  to  evening 
prayers. 

c.    71?  ring  in  :  (see  quot.  and  cf.  7  c%    -SV. 
1825  JAMIESON  s.v.,  Bells  are  said  to  be  ringing  in,  when, 
in  order  to  stop  them,  the  repetition  of  the  strokes,  becomes 
quicker  than  before      1891  [see  RINGING  ''hi.  sb.  i  b]. 

3.  Of  places:  To  resound,  re-echo,  with  some 
sound  or  noise. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  15040  All  bai  sang  als  wit  a  muth  pat 
all  be  cite  rang.  ("1384  CMAIXKK  //  J-"nme  in.  308,  I  herd 
aboute  her  trone  y-songe  That  al  the  paleys  walles  nmi;e. 
a  1400-50  Alexander  5157  Scho  gaffe  skirmand  skrikis  at 
alt  be  skuwis  range.  1508  DuNBAR  Golden  Targe  25  The 
skyes  rang  for  schoutyng  of  the  larkis.  1515  Scottish  Field 
566  in  Chctham  Misc.  (1856),  There  was  dialling  of  denies, 
that  all  the  dales  rongen.  1602  MARSTON  Antonio's  Kci'.  v. 
,'.v,  Singalowd  ,  make  heavens  vault  to  ring.  1667  MII.IOX 
/*.  /,.  ii.  495  Bleating  herds  Attest  thir  joy,  that  hill  and 
valley  rings.  1735  SOMKRVILLE  Chase  n.  157  The  Welkin 
rings,  Men,  Dogs,  Hills,  Rocks,  and  Woods,  In  the  full 
Consort  join.  1784  COWPBR  Task  iv.  147  No  powder 'd 
pert,  .assaults  these  doors  Till  the  street  rings.  1805  SCOTT 
J.ast  Minstrel  ii.  iii,  The  arched  cloister  ..  Rang  to  the 
warrior's  clanking  stride.  1850  TENNYSON  In  ^Icnt.  xxiii. 
23  Round  us  all  the  thicket  rang  To  many  a  flute  of  Arcady. 

Jig.  1671  MILTON  Samson  1449,  I  heard  all  as  I  came,  the 
City  rings  And  numbers  thither  flock. 
b.  Const,  ivti/i)  or  ^of,  the  sound. 

c  1400  Yiuainefy  Gaiv.  1397  The  cast  el  and  ceterang  With 
mynstralsi  and  nobil  sang.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x.  xii. 
432  Cryenge  and  chacyng  after  kynge  Marke  that  alle  the 
forest  range  of  the  noyse.  1587  t  LEMISG  Contn.  ffolinshcd 
III.  1331/1  They  of  Flushing  shot  two  peales,  with  so  great 
noise,  .that  all  the  ground  rang  of  it.  1589  HAKLVYT  I'oy. 
28 a  The  skie  rang  againe  with  the  noyse  thereof.  1673 1  R. 
LEIGH]  Trnnsp.  Keh,  36  All  the  Rooms  rung  witli  nothing 
but  a  continued  Noise.  1700  PKIOR  Carmen  Scculare  220 
With  the  glad  Noise  the  Cliffs  and  Vallies  ring.  0:1764 
LLOYD  Poet.  U'ks.  II.  218  Kv'ry  hill  with  heavenly  musick 
rings.  1829  LYTTOS  Dmereux  \.  iii,  I  scarcely  listened  to 
the  applauses  with  which  the  hall  rang.  1871  MACDLKK 
jl/t'/H.  Pntmos  xix.  256  Miriam  and  her  sisters. .made  the 
shores  ring  with  the  refrain. 

C.  To  be  filled  with  talk  or  report  of,  to  resound 
tvith  the  report  or  fame  of,  a  thing,  event,  or 
person.  Also  with  that  and  clause. 

(a)  1608  TOPSELL  .SY^Vw/j'  664  Never  so  much  as  mention 
ing  them— whereof.. so  many  authors.. do  so  much  rkig. 
1675  BAXTER  Cath.  Theol.  \\.  i.  283  The  City  ringeth  of  you 
as  one  that  greatly  wrongeth  the  cause  of  God.  1728 
MORGAN  Hist.  Algiers  II.  ii.  227  All  Europe  beyan  to  ring 
of  his  Depredations.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  n.  v,  The 
country. .rung  of  the  schoolmaster  of  Little  Baddington  ; 
who  was  said  to  have  beaten  his  wife.  1864  TENNYSON 
Aylmer's  F.  395  Back  would  he  to  his  studies,  make  a 
name..:  the  world  should  ring  of  him. 

(t>)  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt,  £>tf.  n.  vi.  (1739)  33  The 
Parliament  rings  herewith,  yet  the  King  delays  the  remedy. 
1711  ADDISON  Sfiect.  No.  117  ?  4  She.,  has  made  the 
Country  ring  with  several  imaginary  Kxploits  which  are 
palmed  upon  her.  1803  WORDSW.  Sonn.  Liberty  xxii.  5 
The  great  events  with  which  old  story  rings  Seem  vain  and 
hollow.  1894  BLACKMORE  Perlycross  74  The  story  with 
which  all  the  parish  was  ringing. 

(c)  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  \.  xv.  (1739)  27  The 
publick  Synods  rang,  that  the  Prelates  loved  not  Princes. 

4.  Of  a   sound  :    To  be  loud  or   resonant ;    to 
resound,  re-echo.     Also  with  out. 

13..  Gaw.  %Gr.  Knt.  2204  A  wonder  breme  noyse,.. hit 
rusched,  &  ronge,  rawbe  to  here.  1513  DOUGLAS  s&ruu 
xin,  viii,  79  Joyus vocis  ryngis  furth.-Ourall  the  palys  ryall 
to  and  fro.  a  1535  Frere  <y  Boy  162  (Ritson),  It  ran^e  ouer 
all  the  place.  1629  MILTON  Hymn  Nativity  ,\vh,  With 
such  a  horrid  clang  As  on  mount  Sinai  rang  While  the  red 
fire,  .out  brake.  1676  DRYDEN  Aitrengz.  in.  i,  Through  my 
dark  Cell  your  shouts  of  Triumph  rung.  1764  GRAY  J.  T. 
16  Shrieks  of  death,  thro'  Berkley's  roofs  that  ring.  1786 
BURNS  Lass  o'  Ballochmyle  7  Green-wood  echoes  rang 
Amang  the  braes  o'  Ballochmyle.  1805  SCOTT  Last  Minstrel 
i.  xviii,  The  sound.. rung  in  the  Ladye's  bower.  1850 
THACKERAY  /V«rtV««/jxxxix,  Strong's  laughter.,  came  ring 
ing  out  of  window.  1874  GRKEN  Short  Hist.  v.  §  i.  214 
The  music  of  the  lark  and  the  nightingale  rang  out  from 
field  and  thicket. 

fig.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng. ;.  v.  (1739)  12  A  good 
disposition  to  Religion. .,  and  such  an  one  as  rang  loud  to 
Rome.  1648  MILTON  Sonn.  xv.  i  Fairfax,  whose  name  in 
armes  through  Europe  rings.  1808  SCOTT  Aittobiog,  in 
Lockhart  (1837)  I.  i.  3  That  ancient  chieftain,  whose  name 
I  have  made  to  ring  in  many  a  ditty. 

b.  To  ring  in  (or  f  about}  one's  ears,  to  linger 
persistently  in  one's  hearing ;  to  haunt  the  memory. 
So  in  one's  fancy \  heart. 

1540-1  ELYOT  Image  Gov.  52  Having  also  ringyng  in  mine 
care,  the  terrible  checke  that  the  good  maister  in  the  gospel 
gave  to  his  idell  servant.  1593  SHAKS.  Rom.  «$•  Jul.  it.  iii.  74 
Thy  old  grones  vet  ringing  in  my  auncient  cares.  i7»a  DE 
FOE  Plague  (Rtldg.)  139  The  Sound  seems  still  to  Ring  in 
my  Ears.  1736  AINSWORTH  s.v.  Ring,  These  words  ring  con 
tinually  about  my  ears.  1821  LAMB  Etta  \.  My  First  P!ayy 
That  old  Artaxerxes  evening  had  never  done  ringing  in 
my  fancy.  1835  MARRYAT  J.  Faithful  xxxii,  The  two  bars 
of  music  were  constantly  ringing  in  my  ears.  1879  FARRAK 
St.  Paul  (1883)  216  The  voice  of  God  still  rang  in  his  heart. 

5.  Of  the  ears :  To  be  affected  by  a  sensation 
similar  to  that  produced  by  the  sound  of  bells, 
etc. ;  to  tingle,  hum,  or  be  filled  with  a  sound. 


1388  WYCI.IF  i  Sam.  iii.  n  Which 
here,  bothe  hise  eeris  schuten  rynge. 


>ord  who  euer  serial 


1565  Cooi'ER  Thes.  s.v.  Ttnnio,  My  eares  rynge  of  them- 
gelfe.  1675  DRYDEN  Aurengz.  \\.  i,  My  Ears  still  ring  with 
noise,  I'm  vex'd  to  Death,Tongue-kill'd.  1681  W.  ROHKKTSON 
!  Phrascol.  Gen.  (1693)  1080  To  ring,  as  ones  ears  do,  tinnirc, 
1822-34  Goods  Stuay  MfJ.  {ed.  4}  I.  704  The  ears  ring  with 
unusual  sounds.  1851  JKRROI.D  St.  Giles  xxv.  254  Already 
his  ears  rang  with  the  shoutings  of.  .a  delighted  .senate. 

II.  trans.  6.  To  cause  (a  bell  to  give  lorth 
sound,  f  Also  with  out. 

cii3i  O.E.Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1131,  pa  muneees.. 
brobten  him  into  cyrce.  Mringden  ba  belle,  c  1205  LAY.  16925 
Ich  hasten  eon ..  bulden  ba  chirchen,  bellcn  leten  lin-en. 
1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  11215  At  seinte  marie  churche  a 
clerc  [>c  commun  belle  rong.  1377  LANGL.  /',  PL  1>.  \x.  58 
Religiousc  reuerenced  hym,  and  rongen  here  lielles.  c  1420 
Citron.  I  'Hod.  3810  And  be  sexstens  rong  bo  |>e  belle.  1483 
CAXTOX  Gold.  Leg.  214/2  The  bellys  sowned  and  wer  ronge 
wythout  mannes  honde.  1560  DA  us  tr.  Slsidanes  Connn. 
130  b,  They  ran  into  every  churche,  and  there  range  all  the 
belles  at  ones.  1617  MORYSON  Itin.  \.  193  The  greatest  bell 
called  Marie,  requires  twentie  foure  men  to  ring  it.  1691 
tr.  Emilianne's  I- rands  Rom.  Monks  (ed.  3)  127  He  bavins; 
rang  his  Bell,  all  the  Company  shut  up  their  Glasses  and 
Bottles.  1756-7  tr.  Kcysters  Trar.  ^1760!  III.  183  Jn 
violent  tempests,  .they  ring  two  little  be!!s  which  are  bnnu 
in  the  tower.  1788  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Emmelinc  (1816)  L 
2;4  The  servant .  .told  him  that  Miss  Mowbray  had  not  yet 
rang  her  bell.  1828  IL  S.  Jlovn  in  K.  H.  Barker  Parr  L 
338,  I  have  often  Mood  in  the  belfry  at  Margate  when  the 
bells  were  being  rung.  1870  I  /ESTRANGE  Life  Miss  Mitford 
I.  v.  127  No  bells  were  rung  in  the  castle  for  a  month. 

//£••  c  1374  CHAUCKR  Troyius  v.  1062  O,  rolled  shal  I  been 

on  many  a  tonge  j  Thorugh-ought  f-e  world  my  belle  >hal  be 

ronge.  1390  GOWKR  Conf,  I.  217  Perse  after  his  false  tunge 
Hath  so  thenvious  belle  runge,  That  he  hath  slain  his  oglme 
brother.  *•  1400  Romt  Rose  5266  Fooles  can  not  hulcie  bir 
tunge  ;  A  fooles  belle  is  sone  runge.  1635  QUARLKS  A"////'/, 
iv.  iii,  When  ere  the  Old  Exchange  of  Front  rings  Her  silver 
Saints-bell  of  uncertaine  gaines.  1859  BARII.ETT  Diet. 
Amer.  (ed.  2)  367  To  Ring  one's  own  Bell  is  the  same  a> 
1  to  be  one's  own  trumpeter'. 

b.  To  ruitf  tnit,  to  sound  vigorously. 
1603  KNOI.LKS  /fist.  Turks  11638)  163  Secretly  stirring  vp 
the  people,  and  by  and  by  after  ringing  out  the  bells,  c  1642 
'1  WYSE  in  Wood's  Life  (O.  H.  .S.)  I.  81  They  in  the  towne . . 
range  out  their  great  bell.  1796  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart 
(1837)  I.  vii.  239  Upon  the  hoisting  of  a  Mag  on  the  Tron- 
steeple,  and  ringing  out  all  the  large  bells. 

C.  To  ring  up,  to  raise  (a  bell)  directly  over  the 
beam  and  rin^  it  in  that  position. 

18SS  Rcc,  Bucks  159  If  he  were  rung  up  like  an  ordinary 
metal  bell.  1872  ELLACOMBI-;  Bells  of  Ch.  in  Ch.  Bells 
Devon  viii.  223  The  great  bell  at  Gloucester,  .used  to  be 
rung  nj>  for  the  Sunday  services  by  six  men  standing  in  the 
body  of  the  choir.  1888  T.  NORTH  Bells  <y  Btll  Lore  123 
The  tenor  is  first  tolled,  then  rung  up,  then,  after  a  pause, 
lowered. 

7.  absol.   To  cause  a  bell  or  bells  to  sound. 

a  1300  Cursor  J\f.  21306  Ilkun  o  bairn  bair  lar  bai  lere, 
And  ringes  to  be  werld  at  here,  Dinnes  be  to)>er,  trumpes  be 
thrid.  13. .  Gaw.  fy  Gr.  Knt.  931  Chaplaynez  to  be  chapeles 
chosen  be  gate,  Rungen  ful  rychely,  ry^t  as  bay  schulden. 
c  1400  Brut  cliii,  On  be  morwe  men  ronge,  &  songe  masses 
brou^-out  London,  and  so  after  brou^-out  all  Engeland. 
1530  PALSGR.  691/2,  I  feare  me  some  house  be  afyre  in  the 
nexte  parysshe,  for  they  rynge  aukewarde.  c  1586  C'TKSS 
PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXVIII.  ix,  The  battaile  maicles,  which  did 
with  tymbrells  ring.  1686  PLOT  Stajfordsh.  297  Some  of 
his  Servants  going  to  ring  in  the  old  Steeple,  .had  been  in 
clanger  of  their  lives.  1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  ix.  iv,  She 
expected  every  instant  that  he  would  ring  for  his  chair. 
1819  ^Metropolis  I.  57,  I  rung  and  had  the  dog  removed. 
1859-64  TENNYSON  Grandmother -x.\ >  The  ringers  rang  with 
a  will.  1879  MEREDITH  Egoist  xx.xvii,  Sir  Willoughby 
went  to  ring  for  her  carriage. 

transf.  1711  ADDISON  Sj>ect.  No.  115  F  7,  I  exercise  my 
self,  .upon  a  dumb  Bell..;  they  never  come  into  my  Room 
to  disturb  me  whilst  I  am  ringing. 

b.  To  summon  to  (divine  service,  church,  etc.) 
by  means  of  a  bell. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xviii.  425 Tyl  be  daye  dawed..That 
men  rongen  to  be  resurexioun.  1 1450  5 A  Cnthbcrt  (Sur- 
tees)  4045  To  rynge  to  matyns  bai  began.  1466 in  Archaeo- 
logia  (1887)  L.  i.  51  Thei  (sc.  clerics]  shal  be  redy  to  ryng 
to  ali  maner  of  diuine  seruice.  1519  Fabric  Rolls  York 
Ulinster  (Surtees)  269  We  thynke  it  were  more  convenient 
to  ryng  to  matyns.. at  halfe  cure  to  v.  1547  in  1'.  North 
Bells  <y  Bell  Lore  (1888)  81  Pd.to  ij  Ryngers  wcb  rong  to  y" 
Sermon  when  the  bisshop  of  lincoln  was  here.  1604  E. 
G[HIMSTONE]  D'Acosta^s  Hist.  Indies  v.  xxx.  427  To  strike 
up  a  drumme  every  day  at  the  Sunne  setting,  to  the  same 
end  that  we  are  accustomed  to  ring  to  evensong.  1687  A. 
LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot''*  Trav.  i.  192  marg.^  The  way  of 
Ringing  to  the  Office  in  St.  Sepulchres. 

C.  To  ring  (all}  /"«,  to  give  the  final  strokes  or 
peal  before  the  service  begins.  Also  said  of  a 
bell,  esp.  the  Sanctus  bell.  (Cf.  2  c.) 

146*5  in  Archaeologia  (1887)  L.  i.  51  Be  for  the  Jast  pele 
warne  the  moroues  masse  preste  and  aske  hym  if  he  sha) 
rynge  alle  in.  1483  Cath.  Angl,  308/2  To  Rynge  jn,  con- 
classitare.  1581  MfLCASTER  Positions  xxxvii.  (1887)  142  If 
ye  crie  come  who  will,  or  ring  out  all  in.  1611  COTUR., 
Cof>petcr,\.Q  ring  all-in,  or  the  last  peale.  1633  B.  JONSON 
Tale  Tub  ii.  i,  We  are  now  going  To  church  in  way  of 
matrimony. .;  They  ha'  rung  all  in  a'  ready.  1678  BUILEK 
Hvd.  in.  i.  1224  Because  it  is.. The  onely  Saints-Bell  that 
rings  all  in. 

8.  With  cogn.   obj.  :   To  sound  forth   (a  peal, 
knell,  etc.);  to  perform  upon  bells.     Also  transf. 

c  1300  I'ox  %  H'olf  2$\  in  Rel.  Ant.  II.  277  Thi  soul-cnul 
ich  wile  do  ringe.  c  1380  St.  Augustine  1642  in  Horstm. 
Altengl.  Leg.  (1*578), To  euensong  Men  rongen  bo  breo  peles 
long.  1466  in  Archaeologia  (1887)  L.  i.  49  To  helpe  the 
Sexton  to  Rynge  the  secounde  pele  to  niatens.  i$47  J- 
HARRISON  Exhort.  Scottes  aiiijb,  If  these  ..should  fele  but 


RING. 


crv . .  To  whiche  she  ringth  a  peale,  a  larom 


Dk.  Flor.  ill.  i,  My  pockets  ring  A  golden  peal.  176. 
WESLEY  Huso,  ff  Willis  vii.  2  The  husband  may.. ring  Ins 
wife  a  peal  concerning  her  duty.  17(6  Grow  tDlCt.  I  utgor 
T.  (ed  3),  To  Ring  a  Peal,  to  scold  :  chienyapp lied  to 
women.  His  wife  rung  him  a  fine  peal  !  1809  MAI.MN 


nost  ingenious  conceits,  every  man  contributing  his  shot 


several  Words."  "1763  J.  BROWN  Poetry  «_  Music  66  Com 
mentators  and  Critics  ring  Changes  on  their  single,  double, 
._     .        ..        •-*,    ,   f  ,        i    i   T^I.-I  —      1845  L/tS* 


694 

d    To  ring  off,  to  give  signal  by  a  bell   for 
the  severance  of  communication  upon  a  telephone. 
,888  EtuycL  Brit.  XXIII.  ^/^When  ^yubKnbers 

im'  rirngSoff,  h'ang'up'the "eceiver,  and  go  out  into  the  hall. 
11.  To  cause  to  give  out  a  ringing  sound;  tc 

" '  iSe'cMUC™ Kni'hfi  T.  1573  Atte  laste  The  Statue 
of  Mars  bigan  his  hauberk  rynge.  ^1425  Cast.  P'rsev. 
°ooi  in  Macro  f«)»  ^  Whon  Coueytyse  makyth  bee 


drummis  &  rank  jour  men  of  weir. 

b.  To  test  (coin,  etc.)  by  making  it  ring. 
,702  [see  RINGING  vbl.  sb?  i].     1777  BRAND  Pop.  An.'if. 

*/y™     I  .1  i- 1 .      _f    tV>,»*>     T.  it-l  Vi*>ri     nr 


(1874)  I.  i.  31      ean 

without  ringing  it.     1884  W.  C.  SMITH  A.ldrostan  94  Not 

caring  to  ring  copper  half-pennies  Upon  the  counter. 

12."  To  utter  sonorously ;  to  proclaim  aloud  ;  to 
re-echo.  Also  with  out. 

c  1384  CIIAUCEK  //.  Fame  ll.  565  Alias  thus  was  her  shame 
y.ror,ge..on  euery  tonge.  £,386  —  Pard.  T.  Prol.  3  In 
chirche  whan  I  preche,  I  peyne  me  to  haue  an  hauten  specne  ; 


145  We  all  know  how  fond  foxes  usually  are  of  ringing  the     ; 
changes  among  the  multitudinous  woods  hereabouts. 

0)1786  [see  CHANGE  s/:Sc}.     18,2  [see  13  b].     1859  Slang 
Diet.,  Ringing  the  Changes,  changing  bad  money  lor  good 


charged  with  what  is  called  'ringing  the  changes'. 
o.  To  accompany  with  the  ringing  of  a  bell. 
,836-7  DICKKSS  -V*.  Boz,  Scenes  ii,  The  muffin  boy  rings 
his  way  down  the  little  street  much  more  slowly  than  he  is 
wont  to  do. 

9.  To  announce  or  proclaim  (an  hour,  time,  f  a    j 
miracle,  etc.)  by  sound  of  bells.  Also  transf. 

ctfo  /ETHELWOLD  Rule  St.  £<;«rf  (Schroer,  1885)  72  Sy 
ba:s  abbodes  Symen,  ba;t  mon  ealle  tida  . .  on  rihte  timan  ] 
.  .hrincge.  a  uoo  in  Thorpe  Dipt.  Angl.  Sax.  (1865)  437  : 
Yc  xef  leaua  Sam  munche  to  hnnginde  hyie  tyde.  ,303 
R.  BKUNNE  Handl  Synne  928  Ouber  men  seyd,  bey  shuld 
nat  werche  Lengyr  ban  bey  rong  xone  at  be  chyrche.  ,387 
TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  V.  413  Samnianus.  .ordeynede  (>at 
be  houres  of  the  day  schulde  be  ronge  at  chirches.  ,466111 
Arcliaeologia  (1887)  L.  I.  49  Also  he  shall  Rynge  Curfie 
whan  it  ys  rounge  with  one  bell  and  call  for  help  whan  it  ys  | 
rounge  with  moo.  1529  MORE  Dyaloge  I.  Wks.  134/2  Thys 
blind  man  at  saint  albonis  shrine  had  his  sight  agayne,  and 
a  myracle  solemply  rongen.  ,570-6  LAMBAEDE  Pcramb. 
Kent  (1826)  172  Our  Lady  of  Court  of  Strete  had  revived 
hir  from  the  very  point  of  death:  and.,  hir  pleasure  was, 
that  it  should  be  rong  for  a  miracle.  1632  MILTON 
L' Allegro  114  Ere  the  "first  Cock  his  Mattin  rings.  1673- 
,704  [see  CURFEW  i  c].  ,840  R.  H.  DANA  Be/.  Mast  xxxvi, 
The  city  bells  were  just  ringing  one.  1875-6  STEVENSON  ' 
Ess,  Trav.,  Forest  Notes  (1905)  152  Suddenly  the  bell  rings 
out  the  hour  from  far-away  Chailly. 

fig.  ,633  B.  JONSON  Tale  Tub  n.  i,  Till  this  ash-plant  Had 
rung  noon  on  your  pate. 

10.  To  usher  in  or  out  with  the  sound  of  bells ; 
to  bring  or  convey  in  this  manner. 

1554  in  T.  North  Bells  tr  Bell  Lore  (1888)  80  For  shot- 


lion  day.  ,600  HOLLAND  Livy  Llv.  Eplt.  1241  At  hisdeath  he 
was  rung  out  of  this  world  with  a  notable  peale  of  farewell. 
,633  BH.  HALL  Occas.  Medil.  (1851)  61  It  is  possible,  that 
such  a  one,  even  by  that  discordous  noise,  may  ring  in 
others  into  the  triumphant  Church  of  he.aven.  1828  SCOTT 
F.  M.  Perth  xvi,  For  there  will  we  ring-in  Lent.  ,844 
J.  T.  HEWLETT  Parsons  «y  Widows  xiii,  Mr.  Akenside 
resigned,  and  was  '  rung  out  of  the  parish.  1868  BROWN 
ING  Ring  fy  Bk.  ix.  1316  Pompilia  scorns  to  have  the  old 
year  end  Without  a  present  shall  ring  in  the  new. 
fig.  159,  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  iv.  ii.  41  The  Dolphins 
drunune.  .Sings  heauy  Musicke. .,  And  mine  shall  ring  thy 
dire  departure  out.  1633  HERBERT  Temple,  Aaron  8  A  noise 
of  passions  ringing  me  for  dead  Unto  a  place  where  is 
no  rest. 

b.  To  summon  (a  person)  by  ringing  a  bell. 
Also  with  down,  in,  up,  etc.  To  ring  bees,  to  try 
to  influence  their  swarming  by  making  a  noise 
with  metal  utensils  (still  dial.). 

1562  J.  HEYWOOD  Proi'.  <r  Epigr.  (1867)  64  She  ringth  a 
peale,  . .  suche  one,  As  folke  ring  bees  with  basons. 
1674  in  N.f;  Q.  gth  Ser.  IX.  463/2  A  territt..to  hang  a 
bell  in,  to  ring  the  poor  people  to  prayers.  1736  FIELDING 
Pasquin  iv.  Wks.  1882  X.  174  Come,  ring  up  the  first 
ghost.  1760  STERNE  Tr.  Shamty  m.  iii,  He  had  got  his 
right  hand  to  the  bell  to  ring  up  Trim.  1838  DICKENS 
Nich.  Nick,  xxiv,  Ring  in  the  orchestra,  Grudden  !  ,848 
—  Dombey  iii,  She  had  been  rung  down  into  the  glass  room 
as  usual.  1889  PREECE&  MAIER  Telephone  in  A  telephone- 
stud  which  permits  not  only  to  ring-up  a  person  but  also  to 
converse  with  him. 

C.  To  direct  (a  theatre-curtain)  to  be  drawn  up 
or  let  down  by  making  a  bell  ring.  Also  absol. 

1836-7  DICKENS  Sk.  Boz,  Scenes  xiii*,  Look  sharp  below 
there,  gents, . .  they're  a-going  to  ring-up.  1882  Daily  News 
a  Oct.  2/2  The  functionary  whose  business  it  is  to  '  ring 
down '  had  satisfied  himself  that  nobody  wanted  any  more 
of  it.  ,887  Times  31  Aug.  4/3  The  curtain  had  to  be  rung 
down  before  the  play  was  ended.  1901  '  LINESMAN  '  Words 
Eyeiuitncss  75  Before  the  curtain  was  rung  up  on  the  great 
spectacular  drama  of  Vaal  Krantz. 


an  Ape  89  in  Lyly's  Wks.  1902  III.  420  And  Martins  r-ate 
lacke  Strawe  would  alwaies  ring  The  Clergies  faults. 
a  ,625  Fi  ETCHER  Hunt.  Lieutenant  v.  i,  I  would  ring  him 
such  a  lesson.  ,689  SHADWELL  Bury  F.  \.  i,  All  England 
rings  out  your  fame.  ,870  MORRIS  Earthly  Paradise  I. 
539  All  about  the  Lydian  shouting  rings  Death  to  the 
beaten  foemen.  ,887  BOWEN  Virg.  Eel.  VI.  44  The  mariner 
men  Shouted  for  Hylas,  and  every  shore  rang  Hylas  again. 
b.  To  cause  to  resound,  to  din,  in  one  s  ears. 

1657  TRAPP  Comm.  Ezra  viii.  29  This  lesson  had  need  to 
be  often  rung  in  our  ears.  ,663  PATKICK  Parali.  Pilgr.  xix. 
190  The  people  rang  this  continually  in  their  ears.  1708 
SWIFT  Sacr.  Test  Wks.  1751  IV.  171  Persecution  was  every 
day  rung  in  our  Ears.  ,726  SIIELVOCKE  Voy.  round  World 
231,  I  took  all  opportunities  of  ringing  in  their  ears  such 
instances  of  the  Spaniards  cruelty. 

13.  slang.    To  change,  exchange. 

1812  J.  H.  VAUX  Flash  Diet.,  Ringing  Castors  signifies 
frequenting  churches  and  other  public  assemblies,  for  the 
purpose  of  changing  hats,  by  taking  away  a  good  and  leav 
ing  ashabbyone  in  its  place.  T&\*Sporting  Mag.  XXXIX. 
210  How  could'st  thou  be  so  silly,  Flash  screens  [bad  notes] 
to  ring  for  home-spun  rope. 

b.   To  ring  in,  to  substitute  fraudulently. 

,8,2  J.  H.  VAUX  Flash  Diet.,  Ringing  the  changes,  is  a 
fraud  practised  by  smashers,  who  when  they  receive  good 
money  in  change  of  a  guinea,  &c.,  ring  in  one  or  more 
pieces  of  base  with  great  dexterity  and  then  request  the 
party  to  change  them.  1894  MASKELYNE  Sharps  <$  Flats 
248  Another  method  of  cheating  the  players  is  to  ring  in  a 
loaded  die  which  will  fall  six. 

Ring,  obs.  Sc.  f.  REIGN  v. ;  obs.  var.  WRING  v. 

Ri'iigable,  a.  [f.  RING  v.2  +  -ABLE.]  Capable 
of  being  rung. 

,874  RUSKIN  Val  D'Arno  (1886)  13  It  never  occurs  to 
them  to  ask  how  it  \_sc.  a  bell]  came  to  be  ringable. 

Ringald,  variant  of  RANGALE  Obs. 
t  Ringat-rangat.  Sc.  Obs.  [Reduplication  of 
RANG  AT  2  ;  cf.  KIBBLE-BABBLE.]     Rabble. 

1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  III.  222  Of  ringat-rangat,  and 
ofpepill  gude,  Inmensurabill  war  in  that  multitude. 

Ring-back  :  see  RING  sl>.2  3. 

Rii'iig-bark,  v.  [f.  RING  v.1  9  b.]  a.  intr. 
To  remove  rings  of  bark  from  trees,  in  order  to 
kill  them.  b.  trans.  To  bark  (trees)  in  this  way. 
Also  ring-barked  ppl.  a.,  ring-barking  vbl.  sb. 

1887  FARRELL  Hoiu  He  Died  165  Eating  damper,  on  a  free 
selection  where  he'd  been  ring-barking.  ,887  MOLONEY 
Forestry  W.  Afr.  23.1  The  finest  timber  is  usually  that  first 
selected  for  destruction  by  fire,  by  ring  barking  and  other 
rude  and  wasteful  methods.  ,892  Dublin  Rev.  Apr.  460 
[Rabbits]  effectually  'ringbark1  and  kill  the  scrub  growths. 
1893  Scribner's  Mag.  June  795/1  The  half-burnt  trunk  of  a 
ring-barked  gum-tree. 

Hence  Ri'ng -barker. 

,905  Spectator^  ,2  Aug.  220/2  The  '  ring-barker's '  axe  had 
been  busy  cutting  the  circular  girdle  in  the  bark  which 
starves  trees  to  death. 

Ri'ng-bolt.  Also  ringbolt,  ring  bolt.  [f. 
RING  sv.1  So  Da.  ringbolt,  Sw.  -bull,  Du.  -bout, 
G.  -bohen.]  Naut.  A  bolt  with  an  eye  at  one  end, 
to  which  a  ring  is  attached. 

,626  CAPT.  SMITH  Accid.  Yng.  Seamen  13  The  canhookes, 
slings,  and  parbunkels,  ports  and  ringbolts  and  hooks. 
,644  MANWARING  Seamans  Diet.  s.v.  Bolt,  Ring -bolts.,  are 
of  infinite  necessary  use,  both  for  the  bringing  to  of  the 
planckes  and  wales  to  the  ship,  as  also  the  chiefe  things 
;  whereunto  we  fasten  the  tackles  and  breetchings  of  the  great 
Ordnance.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.,  The 
ring-bolts  are  for  several  uses,  but  particularly  to  hook  the 
;  tackles,  by  which  the  cannon  of  a  ship  are  managed  and 
secured.  1797  S.  JAMES  Narr.  Voy.  35  He  found  two 
English  gentlemen  bound  hand  and  foot  to  the  ringbolts  in 
the  'tween  decks.  ,834  MAKRYAT  P.  Simple  (1863)  268  Our 
guns.. bounced  up  to  the  beams  overhead,  tearing  away 
their  ringbolts.  ,888  CHURCHWARD  Blackbirding  141,  I  had 
just  time  to  throw  myself  flat  on  the  deck,  and  hold  on  to  a 
ringbolt. 


RINGE. 

Bi-ng-bone.  Farriery.  Also  ringbone,  ring 
bone.  [f.  RING  si.1  So  Dtt.  ringbeen,  G.  and 
Korw.  ringbein,  MSvv.  ringben.  One  example  of 
an  OK.  hiingbdn  appears  in  the  following  gloss  :— 

c  ,000  ^ELFKIC  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wulcker  157  Tauco,  hringban 
8;es  eagan.] 

1.  A  deposit  of  bony  matter  on  the  pastern-bones 

of  a  horse. 

1523  FITZHKRB.  /fusli.  §  98  A  ryngbone  is  an  yll  soraunce, 
and  appereth  before  on  the  foote  [etc.].  1551  T.  WILSON 
Logike  (1563)  51  We  can  see  a  spauain,  a  sprent,  a  ryng- 
boane,  or  soche  other  disease  in  a  horse.  ,607  MARKHAM 
Caval.  VH.  (1617)  81  The  Ringbone  is  a  certain  superfluous 
grissle,  growing  about  the  cronet  of  the  horses  hoofe.  ,673 
Land.  Gaz.  No.  990/4  One  Bay  Mare. .with  three  white 
Feet,.. and  a  Ring-bone  on  the  near  Foot  behind.  1754 
UARTLF.T  Gent/.  Farriery  (ed.  2)  273  The  ring-bones  that 
appear  on  colts  and  young  horses,  will  often  insensibly  wear 
off  of  themselves.  1828  Sporting  Mag.  XXIII.  134  A  horse 
with  a  ring-bone  as  big  as  half  a  twopenny  Joaf.  1860 
MAYHEW  lllustr.  Horse  Doctor  330  An  exostosis  is  estab 
lished,  and  a  ringbone  is  the  consequence. 

2.  The  growth  of  such  bony  matter,  as  a  specific 
disease  of  horses. 

,594  GREENE  &  LODGE  Looking  Gl.  G.'s  Wks.  (Grosart) 
XIV.  18  If  he  haue  outward  diseases,  as  the  spavin,  splent, 
ring-bone,  wind-gall.  1639  T.  DE  GRAY  Expert  Farrier  38 
This  is  very  good  for  the  crown-scab,  ring-bone,  and  such 
like  diseases.  ,677  Land.  Gas.  No.  1201/4  A  handsome  dark 
brown  Hunting  Gelding,.. fired  for  the  Spaven  and  ring 
bone  on  the  near  leg  behind.  ,831  YOUATT  Horse  xiii.  255 
From  this  disposition  to  spread,,  .this  disease  has  acquired 
the  name  of  ringbone.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  398 
When  serious,  they  may  cause  quittor,  which  may  terminate 
in  ring-bone,  and  in  consequent  chronic  lameness. 

Hence  Bi'ng-lioned  a. 

,712  Land.  Gaz.  No.  5019/6  A  bay.  .Gelding,  .(ring  Bon'd 
before).  1844  J.  T.  HEWLETT  Parsons  ff  W.  iii,  Your  ring- 
boned,  spavined,  glandered  hack. 

Brng-dan.ce.  [f.  RING  sl>.1  Cf.  Du.  nngdam 
(Kilian  ringh-},  MLG.  ringhedans,  G.  ringtanz, 
Da.  -dands,  Sw.  -dans,  Icel.  hringdanz.  In  mod. 
use  readopted  from  G.  or  Scand.]  A  round  dance. 

,600  DV.MMOK  Ireland  (1843)  35  They  conveyinge  them- 
selues  after  a  while  in  a  ringe  daunce  into  a  wood.  1647 
TRAPP  Comm.  Rev.  xxi.  8  These  lead  the  ring-dance  of  this 
rout  of  reprobates. 

,862  H.  MAKRYAT  Year  in  Sweden  II.  266  A  ring-dance, 
performed  in  every  farmhouse  at  Christmas-time.  1903  Folk. 
Lore  Sept.  265  Women  in  a  ritual  ring-dance. 

Hi  ng-dial.  Now  Hist.  [f.  RING  rf.i]  (See 
quot.  1728.) 

,667  [see  DIAL  2  b].  1674  MOXON  Tutor  Astron.  v.  Pref., 
Universal  Dials  are  those  commonly  called  Equinoctial  or 
Ring-Dials.  1721  (title),  Leybourn's  Description  and  Use 
of..Gunter's  Quadrant. .  .To  which  is  added  the  Use  of., 
the  Nocturnal,  the  Ring-Dyal,  and  Gunter's  Line.  1728 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Ring-l}ial,K  a  kind  of  Dial,  usually  small, 
and  portable  ;  consisting  of  a  Brass  Ring,  or  Rim,  seldom 
exceeding  two  Inches  in  Diameter. ..  Universal,  or  Astro 
nomical  King-dial,  is  a  Ring-dial  which  serves  to  find  the 
Hour  of  the  Day  in  any  Part  of  the  Earth.  1825  Stranger  s 
Comp.  Cambridge  52  A  globe,  a  universal  ring-dial,  a  quad 
rant  and  compass,  formerly  belonging  to  Sir  Isaac  Ne™to"' 


(Kilian  ringhduyve),  Da.  ringdue,  Sw.  -dufva,  G. 
-taube  :  cf.  also  OS.  ringeldufa,  MLG.  ringelduve 
(ryngelduyve  Teut.,  ringhelduyve  Kilian),  Da. 
ringeldue,  G.  ringeltaube.] 

1.  The  wood-pigeon,  cushat,  or  queest  (Columba 
palumbus')  ;  also  called  ring-pigeon. 

,538  ELYOT,  Palnmba,  a. .  rynge  douue.  ,587  HARRISON 
England  (1878)  II.  15  Foules  producted  by  the  Industrie  of 
man,asbetweene..thefesant  and  the  ring  dooue.  lOooaYL- 
\ysrt?.v.DuBartas\\.\v. \\.MagnificenceTii  Ihisdothmake 
The  Ring-Dove  turn  ;  that  brings  the  Culver  back.  1624 
MIDDLETON  Game  at  Chess  iv.  iv,  The  Diuels  in  t,  1  m  taken 
by  a  Ring-doue.  1668  CHARLETON  Onomast.  77  Palnmbus 
Torquatus,  the  Ring-dove,  or  Quiest.  1707  MORTIMER 
Husb.  (1721)  I.  262,  1  got  a  pair  of  Ring-doves  i-ggs,  and 
hatch'd  them  under  a  tame  pigeon.  1768  PENNANT  Brit. 
Zool.  I.  22,  The  ring-dove  is  the  largest  pigeon  we  have. 
1704  SOUTHEY  Sonnets  i,  Listening  in  solitude  the  r'ng- 
dove's  note,  Who  pours  like  me  her  solitary  song,  c  1850 
KINGSLEY  Misc.  (1859)  I.  167  The  murmur  of  the  ring-dove 
comes  soft  and  sleepy  through  the  wood.  1892  AGNES 
CLERKE  Fam.  Stud.  Homer  131  The  second  Homeric 
species  of  Columba  is  the  ring-dove.  . 

attrib.  1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Roast-Meats,  Ring-Dove 
Sauce,  with  Pomegranate. 

2.  (See  qnot.) 

1841  Penny  Cyd.  XX.  15/1  The  term  Ring  Dove  is  also 
applied  to  the  Collared  Turtle,  Columba  risona. 

Ring-dropper, -dropping :  see  RING  si/.1  18. 

Binge  (rind,*,),  st.1  dial.  Also  8  rindge. 
[Later  form  of  RENGE  s&.l"\ 

1.  A  row,  line,  or  long  heap  of  anything. 

,707  Clergym.  Vade-mecum  191  The  manner  of  paying 

wood  in  kind  is,  either,  .the  tenth  rindge,  or  the  tenth  load 

:    of  faggot.     1736  PEGGE  Kenticisms  (E.  D.  S.),  Ringe,  wood 

when  it  is  felled  lies  in  ringes  before  it  is  made  up  into 

faggots,  etc.      1787  W.  MARSHALL  E.  Norfolk  (1795)  II. 

Gloss.,  Ringes,  rows,  of  hay,  quicks,  etc.  a  ,825  FORBY  Vac. 

I    E.  Anglia  278  Ringe,  ..a  row  of  plants,  or  anything  else. 

,887  Kentish  Gloss.,  Ringe,  a  long  heap  in  which  mangolds 

are  kept  for  the  winter. 

attrd:  ,808  BATCHELOR  Agric.  475  Common  ringe  or 
range  wood  was  here  used.  ,854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt. 
Gloss.,  Kangemood  or  Ringemood,  underwood:  which  in 
cludes  the  hazel,  sallow,  and  all  other  brushwood. .  .When 
offered  for  sale  they  are  always  stacked  in  Ranges  or  rows. 


RINGE. 

2.  (See  quot.) 

a  1825  FOKBY  Voc.  E.  Anglia  278  Ringe,  the  border,  or 
trimming  of  a  cap,  kerchief,  or  other  article  of  female  dress. 

Ringe,  iM  dial.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  (See 
later  quots.) 

1719  Will  ofy.  Hirst  (York),  A  smoothing  iron,  ..a  kitt, 
a  ringe,..  a  morter  and  pest  ill.  1736  PEGGE  Kenticisms 
(E.  D.  S.),  Ringe,  a  large  tub  with  two  iron  ears,  containing 
14  or  16  gallons,  with  which  two  servants  fetch  water  from 
a  distant  place.  1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining,  Ringcs, 
(N.)i  see  Cowls.  [Wrought-iron  water-barrels,  or  tanks, 
attached  to  the  winding  ropes.] 

t  Ringe,  variant  of  RENGE  v.  Obs. 

a  1225  After.  A'.  140  Ase  me  de3  ane  cubbel  to  be  swine 
bet  is  to  [  =  too]  recchinde,  &  to  ringinde  abuten. 

Hinge,  dial.  var.  RANGE  sb.  and  v.}  RIXSE  sb, 
and  v. ;  obs.  Sc.  var.  REIGN  v. 
Ringed  (rind),  ///.  a.     [f.  RING  sb.1  and  z/.1] 

1.  Of  armour  :  Made  of  rings,    rare. 
Beowulf  m<Q  Hea}?o-steapa  helm,  hringed  bynie. 

1834  MEVRiCKAnt.Arwoitr  I.  27  The  form  of  the  rustred 
armour  seems.. to  have  grown  out  of  the  ringed.  1846 
FAIRHOLT  Costume  155  A  hauberk  or  tunic  of  ringed  mail, 
reaching  to  the  knee.  Ibid.  157  This  surcoat  hanging  lower 
than  the  ringed  hauberk.  1876  PLANCH K  Cycl.  Costume 
I.  348  Ringed  mail  is  constantly  mentioned  by  Saxon, 
Norman  and  Scandinavian  writers. 

2.  Of  persons:  Wearing  a  ring  or  rings;    also, 
wedded  with  a  ring. 

1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  in.  12  On  alle  hure  fyue  fyngres 
[she  was]  rycheliche  yrynged. 

1827^  LYTTON  Pelham  xxvi,  I  shall  at  all  events  appear  in 
the  Tuileries  to-morrow,  chained  and  ringed.  1866  GEO. 
ELIOT  F.  Holt  (1868)  58  Your  ringed  and  scented  men  of 
the  people.  1872  J.  C.  JEAFFRESON  Brides  ff  Bridals  I.  vi. 
93  Our  mediaeval  matrons  were  always  ringed  on  the  left 
hand.  1875  TENNYSON  Q.  Rlary  \.  i,  I  was  born  of  a  true 
man  and  a  ring'd  wife. 

b.  Of  the  fingers,  etc. :  Provided  or  adorned 
with  a  ring  or  rings. 

1599  HAKLUYT  I'oy.  II.  i.  251  Their  wiues  eares  and  noses 
are  ringed  very  full  of  rings  of  copper  and  siluer.  1681 
RYCAUT  tr.  Gracian's  Critick  228  The  Fingers,  which  were 
ringed  with  Diamonds.  1836  MRS.  BROWNING  Ant:  Leigh 
in.  975  With,  .forefinger,  brown  and  ringed.  1881  MRS.  C. 
PRAED  Policy  $  P.  I.  202  She  took  Mr.  Longleat's  rough 
hand  with  her  soft  ringed  fingers. 

3.  Marked  or  encircled  by  a  ring  or  rings ;  sur 
rounded  by  a  circular  band  or  bands,  etc. 

iS'3  DOUGLAS  sEneis  y.  x.  40  Apon  a  hors  of  Trace.. 
With  bawsand  face,  ringit  the  forthir  E. 

1839  DARWIN  Voy.  Nat.  xi.  (1879)  232  One  man  was  ringed 
and  dotted  with  white   like  a  Fuegian.    1858  GREENER 
Gunnery  364  As  it  now  appears  in  Captain  Minic's  annular 
ringed  bullet.     1870  R.  A,  PROCTOR  Other  Worlds  vi.  148 
note,  The  sensations  with  which.. I  saw  the  ringed  planet 
for  the   first  time.     1885  Century   Mag.    XXXI.  31    He 
cautiously  felt  the  weight  of  the  ringed  and  polished  rod. 

b.  Bot.     (See  quots.) 

1832  LINDLEY  Introd.  Botany  394  Ringed. .,  surrounded 
by  elevated  or  depressed  bands;  as  the  roots  of  some  plants, 
the  cupula;  of  several  oaks,  &c.  1856  HENSLOWZ>/C/.  Bot. 
Terms  159  Ringed,  when  a  cylindrical  part  is  surrounded 
by  lines,  bands,  elevations,  &c.,  which  approximate  to  circles, 

c.  Deprived  of  a  ring  of  bark. 

1820  Hort.  Soc.  Trans,  IV.  124  If  the  ring  be  wide,  the 
ringed  branches.. speedily  become  sickly. 

4.  Having,  or  put  into,  the  form  of  a  ring. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  Wks.  (Grpsart)  IV.  255  Hence 
blasphemous  Witches..,  when  they  raise  vp  the  deuill.drawe 
a  ringed  circle  ail-about  hym.  1893  G.  ALLEN  Scallywag 
1. 105  The  baronet  blew  the  smoke  slowly  through  his  ringed 
lips.  1899  AUbutfsSyst.  Med.  VIII.  513  Discoid  or  ringed 
scaly  patches. 

b.  Zool.  Composed  of  rings;  annulated. 

1840  SWAINSON  Nat.  Hist.  Insects  i  The  body  is  always 
divided  into  rings  or  transverse  joints  ;  from  which  circum 
stance  naturalists  have  agreed  to  call  them  annulose,  or 
ringed   animals.     1873  DAWSON   Earth  #  Man  iii.   45  A 
lower  type  of  annulose  or  ringed  animal  than  that  of  the 
Trilobites,  is  that  of  the  worms. 

5.  In  the  specific  names  of  animals,  birds,  etc. : 
Ringed   barnacle,  the  brent-goose  and  some    related 
species.     Ringed   boa,   the  abpma  {Epicrates  cenchris}. 
Ringed  china-mark,  a  species  of   moth  (see  quots.). 
Ringed  dove,  =  RING-DOVE.  Ringed  ground-squirrel, 
guillemot,  kingfisher,  lemming  (see  quots.).  Ringed 
perch,  the  yellow  perch  of  America.     Ringed  (sand-) 
plover,  one  of  the  common  varieties  of  plover  (sEgialitis 
hiaticola).     Ringed  rat,  seal  (see  quots.).      Ringed 
snake,  -  ring-snake   (see    RING   sb.l    18  b).       Ringed 
thrush,  ~  RING-OUZEL. 

1831  Wilson* s  Amer.  Ornith.  IV.  348  *Ringed  Bernacles, 
BtrnUlm  torquatse.  iSoa  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  III.  it.  344 
"Ringed  boa  (Boa  Cenchris}..  .This  animal  is  a  native  of 
South  America.  1828  STARK  Elem.  Nat.  Hist.  I.  356  The 
Ringed  Boa.  Body  fawn-coloured,  with  a  chain  of  large 
brown  rings  along  the  back.  1819  SAMOUELLE  Entomol. 
Compend.  425  Botys  stratiotalis,  the  *ringed  China-mark. 
183*  J-  RENNIE  Consp.  Butterfl.  %  M.  151  The  Ringed 
Ctun*-Mmr]c.  (Jfyttrocaxtja  Stratiotata}.  £1532  Du  WES 
Introd.  Fr.  in  Palsgr.  911  The  *rynged  dove,  le  rainier. 
1821  CLARE  Vill.  Minstr.  I.  178  Here  thrushes  chant  their 
madrigals,  Here  breathes  the  ringed  dove.  1879  GOODE 
Anim.  Res.  %  Fisheries  U.S.  in  Smithson.  CW/o;*.  XXIII. 
16  Spermophilus  annulatust.  .*Ringed  Ground  Squirrel.— 
Plains  of  Colima,  Mexico.  1843  YARRELL  Brit.  Birds  III. 
351  The  "Ringed  Guillemot  (Uria  lacrymans}  or  The 
Bridled  Guillemot.  1889  SCLATER  &  HUDSON  Argentine 
Omith.  II.  26  Ceryle  Tor^nata  (Linn.),  "Ringed  King 
fisher.  _  1829  SWAINSON  &  RICHARDSON  Fauna  Boreali- 
Americanai,  136  The  Greenland  Lemming  is  most  allied 
to  the  *  Ringed  Lemming  of  Siberia..;  the  brown  ring  round 
the  neck,  surmounted  by  a  paler  one,  whence  it  derives  the 
specific  appellation  of  torq-itatus,  does  not  exist  in  the 


G95 

American  animal.  1884  GOODE  Fisheries  U.S.  in  Senate 
Misc.  VI.  414  The  descriptive  names  '  Yellow  Perch'  and 
'^Ringed  Perch*  are  in  common  use.  1893  BEAN  Irishes 
Pennsylv.  127  (Cassell),  The  yellow  perch,  ringed  perch,  or 
striped  perch.. does  not  occur  in  the  Ohio  valley  or  south 
west.  1784  PENNANT  Arct.  Zool.  (1792)  II.  191  "Kinged 
Plover... The  neck  is  encircled  with  a  white  ring.  1831 
RENNIE  Mantttgu's  Ornith.  Diet.  142  The  Ringed  Plover  is 
entirely  a  shore  bird,  residing  there  the  whole  year.  1882 
NKWTON  in  Encycl.  Brit.  XIV.  76/1  The  group  commonly 
known  as  Ringed  Plovers  or  Ring  Doterels.  1781  PEN 
NANT  Hist.  Quadrup.  II.  457  *RingedRat,  Mas  Torquatus. 


Norfolk.  1879  Nature  XXI.  40/1  The  Polar  bear  and  the 
ringed  se&\(fnKa./<riida).  1769  PENNANT  Brit.  tool.  (1776) 
III.  31  "Ringed  Snake.  1802  BINGLEY  Anitn.  Biography 
(1813)  II.  458  The  Common  or  Ringed  Snakes  are  well- 
known  inhabitants  of  moist  and  warm  woods  in  this  country. 


XIII.  65  The  only  reptiles  are  the  snapping-tortoise  and 
the  ringed  snake.  1839  MACGILIJVRAY  Brit.  Birds  II.  100 
The  'Ringed  Thrush  is  very  similar  to  the  Blackbird. 

Ringent  (ri-ndggnt),  a.  [ad.  L.  ringent-, 
ringenS)  pres.  pple.  of  ringcrc  to  gape  or  grin.] 
Gaping  or  grinning : 

a.  Bot.  Applied  to  a  labiate  corolla  having  the 
lips  widely  opened. 

1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  i.  iii.  (1765)  7  Ringent,  gaping, 
that  is,  irregular  and  personated  with  two  Lips.  1777  CURTIS 
Flora  Land.  I.  47  Corolla  [of  yellow  toadflax],  .ringent. 
1807  J.  E.  SMITH  Phys.  Bot.  394  Some  ringent  flowers  with 
only  2  Stamens.  1847  W.  E.  STEKI.E  Field  Bot.  133  Cor. 
with  a  long  tube,  ringent ;  upper  lip  emarginate. 

b.  Ent.  and  Zool. 

1823  SAY  Explan.  Terms  Entow.  29.  1854  WOODWARD 
Mollnsca  ii.  163  Helix  Globulosa :  ..Aperture  of  adult 
turned  upwards,  ringent. 

c.  In  literal  sense. 

1800  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  I.  i.  94  The  figure  [of  the  Loris].. 
representing  the  animal  in  a  ringent  state.  1872  RUSKIN 
Eagle's  N.  §  157  He  is  distinct  from  other  birds  in  having 
..an  entirely  fleshy  and  ringent  mouth,.. with  a  perpetual 
grin  upon  it. 

Ringer1  (rrrpi).  [f.  RING  sfr.1  or  z>.i  Occurs 
earlier  in  the  comb,  hog-ringer •:  see  HOG  sb.  13.] 

1.  Curling.     '  A  stone  which  lies  within  the  ring 
that  surrounds  the  tee*  (Jamieson,  1825). 

2.  Quoits.  A  quoit  so  thrown  that  it  encloses  the 
pin  aimed  at ;  a  throw  of  this  kind. 

1863  Tyncside  Songs  86  Harle  shapes  just  like  this  when 
puttin  on  a  ringer.  1886  Encycl.  Brit.  XX.  189/2  Such  a 
success  is  termed  a  *  ringer ',  and  two  is  scored. 

3.  Mining,     a.  A  crow-bar. 

1858  SI.MMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Ringer^  a  miner's  name  for 
a  crow  bar.  1879  Cheshire  Sheaf  \.y*  (Ii.  D.  D.),  Ringer^ 
an  iron  or  steel  lever,  usually  about  four  feet  long.  1883 
GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining^  Ringer  and  Chain  (M.),  see 
Dog  and  Chain.  [An  iron  lever  with  a  chain  attached  by 
which  props  are  withdrawn  from  the  goaf.] 

b.  'A  hammer  for  driving  wedges'  (Gresley). 

4.  A  fox,  etc.,  which  runs  in  a  ring  when  hunted. 

(Cf.  RiNGf.l   I  C.) 

1891  Field i  Mar.  331/2  That  good  sportsman. .,  among 
many  foxes,  has  one  or  two  long-distance  runners  in  his 
coverts.  However,  on  this  occasion  their  nlace  was  taken 
by  a  brace  of  ringers. 

5.  Attstr.  (See  quot.  1890.) 

1890  Melbourne f  Argus m  Sept.  13/6  Itis highly  necessary 
to  have  a  good  '  ringer  '  at  the  head  of  the  men  ;  a  '  ringer  ' 
being  the  man  who.. shears  the  highest  number  of  sheep 
per  day.  1894  E.  W.  HOKNUNG  Boss  of  Taroomba  vii,  They 
call  him  the  ringer  of  the  shed,  miss... That  means  the 
fastest  shearer.. — the  man  who  runs  rings  round  the  rest,  eh? 

Ringer2  (ri-nai).  [f.  RING  v.~  +  -KH  i.  Cf.  Da. 
ringert  Sw.  ringare,  Icel.  hringjari^\ 

1.  One  who  rings;  esp*  a  bell-  or  change-ringer. 
CI425  Found.  St.  Bartholomew's  (E.E.T.S.)  5  The  seker 

shall  fynde,and  the  rynger  or  knokker  shall  entre.  1481-90 
Harvard  Househ.  Bks.  (Roxb.)  126  Item,  to  the  ryngers  of 
seynt  Tanlonyscherchiiij.d.  1531  Test.Ebor.  (Surtees)  VI. 
24  In  brede  and  aill  to  the  ringers.  1582  STANVHURST 
sEneis,  etc.  (Arb.)  156  In  thee  chappel  hee  was.. such  a 
lowd  singer,  in  a  thowsand  not  such  a  ringer.  1683  TRVON 
Way  to  Health  481  We  have  no  need  of  those  robustick 
Musitians,  -viz.  Ringers,  to  call  the  People  to  worship.  1707 
HEARNE  Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  34  Dr.  John  Blackborne.. 
was  formerly  noted  for  a  great  Ringer.  1844  DICKENS 
Mart.  Chuz.  xlvi,  The  ringers  were  practising  in  a  neigh 
bouring  church.  1859-64  TENNYSON  Grandmother  xvt  The 
ringers  rang  with  a  will,  and  he  gave  the  ringers  a  crown. 

2.  A  mechanical  device  for  ringing  a  bell. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1944/2  Ringer,  a  chiming  or 
bell-ringing  apparatus,  a  1890  Electr.  Rev.  XV.  xvi.  3 
(Cent.),  A  novel  feature  of  this  bell  is  that  the  ringer  and 
gongs  are  inside  of  the  case. 

Ringer,  obs.  form  of  WRINGER. 

Ring-eye  :  see  RING  sb}  18  and  18  b. 

Ri'ng-fence,  sb.  [RING  sb}]  A  fence  com 
pletely  enclosing  an  estate,  farm,  or  piece  of  ground. 

1769  Bp.  Wilton  Inclosure  Act  15  The  out-fence  or  ring- 
fence.  1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  8  Jan.  1776,  A 
thousand  acres.. lying  on  a  level,  within  a  ring-fence.  1822 
SCOTT  Peveril  xi,  I  may  indeed  have  said  your  estates  were 
born  to  be  united  ;  and  to  be  sure  it  is  natural  for  me.  .to 
wish  that  it  was  all  within  the  ring  fence  again.  1887 
JESSOPP  Arcady  vil  205  The  mania  for  ring  fences  is  not 
what  it  was. 

attrih.  1778 [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.2i  Dec.  1775, 
The  advantages  of  a  compact,  ring-fence  Farm. 


RINGING. 

i        b.  trans/.  tmAfig.     Also  altrib. 

1819  '  R.  RAHKI.AIS  '  Ateillard  ff  Helaisa  333  Three  thou 
sand  pupils  made  ring-fence.  1847  ALB.  SMITH  Chr.  Tadpole 
ii,  The  contracted  existence  in  a  country  town.. is  a  sad 
padlock  on  the  mind,  keeping  it  in  a  terrible  ring-fence. 
1891  Pall  Alall  G.  23  June  2/2  Extending  the  '  ring-fence  ' 
policy  of  commercial  relations. 

Hence  Bi'ng--fence  v.  trans.,  to  enclose  with  a 
ring-fence.  Also  ring-fenced  ppl.  a. 

1769  Acloine  Inclosure  Act  13  Tythe  allotments  to  he 
ring-fenced.  1801  Act  4I  Geo.  Ill,  c.  109  §  13  To  award, 
order,  and  direct  any  such  Allotments  to  be  laid  together 
and  ring-fenced.  1898  MAITI.AND  Township  If  Borough  191 


hand,  especially  of  the  left  hand. 

ciooo  Saxon  Leechd,  I.  330  Nim  a;ppel  mid  binre  wyn- 
stran  handa,  mid  twain  fingrum,  ban  is  mid  buman  &:  mid 
bring  fingre.  ..1050  I'oc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  264  Anularis, 
hnngfinger. 

1398  TKKVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  v.  xxi.v.  (Bodl.  MS.),  pe 
ferpe  hat  aUo  annularis,  be  ringe  finger,  for  bereon  be  ringe 
is  ibore.  c  1440  Alph.  Tales  33  Onone  sho  putt  furth  hur 
ryng-fynger  &  prolird  it  to  hym,  &  lie  putt  on  £>e  ryng. 
1543  RKCORDF,  A  rith.  134  b,  To  expre.sse  8,  you  shall  bow 
after  the  same  maner  both  the  lyttell  fynger  and  the  rynge 
fynger.  1597  A*  M- tr-  Gititlewean's  Fr.  Chirnrg.  p.  xij  b,  2 
The  Medicinal  I  e  finger,  or  Ringe  finger,  betweene  the 
little  finger  and  the  middle  finger.  1644  BULWER  Chiron. 
82  If  the  Ring  Finger  by  a  single  Action  goe  out  of  the  open 
Hand.  1741  MONRO  Anat.  (ed.  3)  275  The  Ring-finger  is 
the  third  in  Bigness.  1796  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXVII.  19  In 
a  case  where  the  last  joint  of  the  ring-finger  had  been  torn 
off.  1831  R.  KNOX  Cloqnefs  A  Hat.  143  The  middle  finger 
is  the  longest ;  the  index  and  ring-fingers  follow  next.  1877 
,  W.  JONES  Finger-ring  526  In  Somersetshire  the  ring-finger 
\  is  thought  to  have  the  power  of  curing  any  sore  or  wound 
:  that  is  rubbed  with  it. 

Hence  f  Ring-fingered  a.  Obs.—1 

1654  WHITLOCK^Ztftf/flW/a  431  St.  James  found,  not  to  be 
Xpu<roSa*TuAio<;  Ring-fmger'd,  might  want  a  Scale,  or  (as  we 
now  might  say)  might  >tand  at  a  Pew  doore. 

I  Hiillgild.  Obs.  Also  riugil-,ringel-,ryngel-, 
rynguyld,  -gylld.  [a.  Welsh  rhingyU]  A  ser 
geant  or  bailiff.  Hence  f  Ringildry,  Bingfild- 
ship,  the  office  of  sergeant  or  bailiff.  Obs. 

1438  Cal.  Pat.  Rolls  (1907)  194  With  Me  ringilship  '  of 
Kemittemaigne.  1439  Ibid.  300  Le  ryngelshipp.  1467-8 


Shireffs,  Countiex,   Rynguylde/,       1507  in  Archyol.  Jrnl. 
(1864)  XXI.  80  That  non  of  the  tenauntes.  .be  compelled. . 
to.  .occupie  the  charge  of  Ryngylld. 
Ringing  (n-rjin),  vbl.  sb}     [f.  RING  t'.l] 
1.  The  act  of  providing  with  a  ring  or  rings  ; 
spec,  the  putting  of  a  ring  in  the  nose  of  a  bull  or 
a  pig  (cf.  RING  v}  6). 

1483-4  Ditrh.  Ace.  R  oils  (Surtees)  415  Pro  le  ryngyng 
unlus  paris  rotarum.  1573  TUSSER  Husb.  xvi.  32  Yet 
surely  ringing  [of  swine]  is  needefull  and  good.  1678  BUTLER 
Hud.  in.  ii.  307  As  wise  as  Ringing  of  a  Pig,  That  uses  to 
break  up  ground  and  Dig.  1778  [\V.  MARSHALL]  Minutes 
Agric.  Digest  41  If  [oxen  are]  ungovernable,  reclaim  them 
1  with  nose-rings  ;  the  operation  of  ringing  is  very  simple. 
1851  H.STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  (ed.  2)  II.  181/2  It  is  nothing 
uncommon  to  see  the  ringing  of  a  bull  delayed,  until.. he 
must  be  led  by  it  for  some  particular  purpose. 
b.  Ring-like  ornamentation. 

1885  H.  O.  FORBES  Wand.  E.  Archipelago  203  The  ring 
ing  on  the  arms,  which  the  natives  call  bracelets, 
j  2.  ?  Playing  at  quoits.   Obsr^ 
1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  n.  ii.  iv.  342  Many  other  sports 
and  recreations  there  be,  much  in  vse,  as  Ringing,  Bowling, 
shooting... Riding  of  great  horses,  running  at  ring,.,  are 
the  disports  of  greater  men. 

3,  a.  The  operation  or  practice  of  cutting  a  ring 
of  bark  from  a  tree ;  girdling. 

1817  Hort.  Soc. Trans.  II.  266  The  fruit  in  consequence  of 
ringing,  or  annular  excision,  becomes  much  larger.     1824 
i    LOUDON  Encycl.  Gard.  (ed.  2)  416  The  effect  of  ringing  has 
j    been  perfectly  well  known.. since  Du  Hamel's  time.      1884 
,    Australasian  8  Nov.  875/2  As  the  object  is  to  kill  the  tree, 
ringing  should  be  carried  out  when  the  sap  is  up. 
b.  (See  quot.) 

1832  Planting  (L.U.K.)  7  Ringing,  or  placing  an  iron 
ring  round  a  branch  to  prevent  the  annual  increase  of  bark 
on  the  space  occupied  by  the  ring. 
Ringing  (ri-qin),  vbl.  sb.%     [f.  RING  v2] 
1.  The  act  of  causing  a  bell,  etc.,  to  sound. 
\c  1315  SHOREHAM  1. 186  Hali  water,and  haly  bred,  Ligt.and 
belryngynges.]    c^SjO  WYCLIF   Wks.  (1880)  212  To  make 
solempnyte..wib  dirige  &  messis  &  wax  &  rengynge.    1463 


Bt 


ry 


nyte  . 
Wills 


. 

(Cainden)  17  Y«  Sexteyn  of  y'  chirche  to  haue 


.  .  xijd.  for  his  rynggyng.  1548-9  (Mar.)  Bk.  Com.  Prayer, 
Offices  3r  The  people  beeyng  called  together  by  the  ryng 
yng  of  a  bel.  1580  HOLLYBAND  Treas.  Fr.  Tang,  Glas,  .  . 
the  chyming  or  ringing  for  the  dead,  a  knell.  1642  FULLER 
j  Holy  <V  Prof.  St.  III.  xiii.  184  Ringing  oftentimes  hath 
made  good  musick  on  the  bells.  1702  ADDISON  Dial. 
Medals  iii.  145  The  Touch,  .gives  almost  as  good  evidence 
as  the  Sight,  and  the  Ringing  of  a  Medal  is..  a  very  common 
experiment.  1713  STEELE  Eiiglishm.  No.  50.  323  His  Lord 
ship  proposes  an  annual  ringing  of  Bells.  1836-7  DICKENS 
Sk.  Boz,  Scenes  xiii,  Let  us  take  a  peep  '  behind  ,  previous 
to  the  ringing-up.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romola  i.  i,  In  all 
seasons  there  was  the  .  .  ringing  of  pots  and  pans. 

transf.  a  1740  WATERLAND  Diss.  Argt.  A  Priori  ii,  The 
whole  seems  to  amount  to  little  more  than  the  ringing  of 
changes  upon  the  word  necessity. 

b.  Ringing-in  (see  quots.  and  RING  v?  2b,7  c). 

1854  Miss  BAKER  Norlhampt.  Gloss.  s.v.,  At  the  conclu 

sion  of  chiming  for  church,  during  which  several  bells  are 


RINGING. 

used,  a  single  one  is  rung  to  announce  that  the  service  is 
about  to  commence,  and  this  is  called  ringing-in.  1891 
A.  GORDON*  Folks  o  Carglen  41  The  clang  of  this  bell,. . — 
the  ringin'-in,  as  it  is  called— which  warns  me.  .to  race  with 
might  and  main  to  the  door  of  the  kirk. 

2.  The  fact   of  a  bell  or  the  like  giving  forth  a 
sound ;  the  sound  produced  by  a  bell  or  bells,  or 
by  other  bodies  having  similar  properties. 

1377  LAN<;U  /'.  PI.  B.  v.  396  Sholde  no  ryngynge  do  me 
ryse,  ar  I  were  rype  to  dyne.  .1400  Beryn  1763  Ther  no 
man  is  within,  be  rynging  to  answere.  c  1400  LYDG.  Chorlc 
$  Birde  103  Ryngyng  of  feters  is  no  mery  sowne.  c  1500 
Mtlitsine  125  And  thanne  bygan  the  ryngyng  to  be  grete. . 
whan  the  tydyngesof  the  socours.  .was  knowenof  all.  1581 
PETTIE  tr.  Guazzo's  Civ.  Conv.  \.  (1586)  n  b,  How  much 
you  differ  from  those  who  never  heard  the  ringing  of  other 
belles  than  these  heere.  1797  Encycl,  Brit.  (ed.  j)  III.  153/2 
This,  by  striking  the  bells  alternately,  [will]  occasion  a 
ringing.  1848  DICKENS  Dombey  Ixii,  There  is  a  blithe  ami 
merry  ringing,  as  of  a  little  peal  of  marriage  bells. 

3.  A  sensation  in  the  ears  similar  to  that  pro 
duced  by  the  sound  of  bells,  etc. 

For  the  belief  connected  with  this  see  quot.  1718. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvn.  xii.  {Hodl.  MS.), 
\Varmod..ido  into  \>e  eres  destruyel?  ringinge  and  tlngel- 
inge  bat  is  |?erein.  £"  1425  Found.  St.  Bar fko/ont  gnu's 
(L.K.T.S.)  35  Sum  man  ioyed..that  he  hadde  receyuyd 
remedie..from  ryngyng  of  his  erys.  1538  ELYOT  Tinni- 
mentum^  a  ryngyng  in  the  eare  of  a  man.  1563  \\.\\,\.Art 
Garden.  (1593)  112  It  dooth  take  awaye  the  ringing  or  sound 
of  the  eares.  1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  591  The  patient  is 
vexed  with  ringings,  singings,  whistlings  and  hissing  mur- 
muies  in  his  Eares.  1661  LOVF.LL  Hist.  Anim.  $•  Klin.  21  It 
helpeth  the  ulcers  of  the  eare.  2.  or  3.  drops  help  the  ringing 
of  the  same.  1718  Free-thinker  No.  62.  46  A  Ringing,  .in  the 
Ears,  .signified  that  Some  One  was  talking  of  them  in  their 
Absence.  1843  K.  J.  GRAVES  Syst.  Med.  xiv.  170  Ringing 
in  ears  continues. 

4.  Comb.%  as   ringing    day,   a   day  on   which 
church-bells  are  appointed  to  be  rung;  ringing 
engine,  a   form  of  pile-diiver,  worked   by  men 
pulling  at  ropes  after  the  manner  of  bell-ringers; 
ringing  floor,  -loft,  the  standing-place  of  bell- 
ringeis. 

1615-6  in  Swayne  Sarum  Church™.  Accts.  (1896)  165 
Fpwer  vsuall  *Ringinge  dales  for  the  King.  1763  in 
Picton  Liverpool  Mitnic.  Rec.  (1886)  II.  278  Ordered  that 
four  ringing  days,  .be  now  paid  at  the  expence  of  the  Cor 
poration.  1886  Gloss.  Rochdale,  Ringing-day,  the  fifth  of 
November.  1860  J.  HODGES  Gt.  Victoria  Bridge  18  In 
drilling  these  in,  a  small  *ringing-engine  was  used.  1884 
Building  News  15  Aug.  242/3  A  ringing  engine  is  of  similar 
construction  to  that  of  a  crab  engine.  iBWMiCKLBTHWAjTS 
Mod.  Par.  Churches  177  Some  height  above  the  Cringing- 
floor.  1620  in  Swayne  Samm  Chnrchw.  Ace.  (1896)  170 
,£3  towards  the  buildinge  of  the  *Ringinge  Lofte.  1848 
RICKMAS  Styles  Arch.  153  They  are  not  used  in  the  bell- 
chamber,  but  in  the  ringing-loft  to  give  air  to  the  ringers. 

Ringing    (rrrjin),   ///.    ,7.1      [f.   RIN<;   r.i] 

Circling  ;  running  in  rings  or  circles. 

1883  Daily  News  3  Jan.  6/4  The  deer.. gave  a  ringing 
run  through  Black  Park.. back  towards  the  Heath.  1887 
Miss  BRADDON  Like  .5-  Unlike  iv,  The  fox  was  what  Helen 
called  '  a  ringing  brute  '.  1903  Longm.  Mag.  Jan.  238  The 
ringing  nature  of  the  hare's  course.. bring[s]  her.. more 
into  contact  with  the  sportsman  than  in  the  case  of  the  fox. 

Ringing  (n-rjin),///.  a2     [f.  RING  z>.2] 

1.  Having  or  giving  the  sound  of  a  bell,  or  of 
some  metallic  body;  resounding,  resonant. 

13..  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  B.  1082  Rial  ryngande  rotes  &  ^e 
reken  fyjjel.  1557  Totters  Misc.  (Arbj  262  And  if  you 
want  of  ringing  bels,  When  that  my  corps  goth  into  graue. 
1582  STANYHURST  sEneis  \\.  (Arb.)  47  Thee  skyes  lowd 
rumbled  with  ringing  thunderus  hurrmg.  1590  SPENSER 
/'.  Q.  HI.  iii.  a  Loud  strokes  and  ringing  sowndes.  1700 
BLACKMORE  Job  125  The  naked,  blind,  and  lame  Thro'  ring 
ing  streets  my  bounty  did  proclaim.  1729  SHELVOCKE 
Artillery  iv.  292  Tin., loses  its  noisy  or  ringing  Quality 
iSioSouTHEV  Kehama  xvu.  ii,  Baly !  great  Baly  !  still  The 
ringing  walls  and  echoing  towers  proclaim,  1837  LYTTON 
E.  Maltravers\.  42  Next  came  a  most  ringing  laugh.  1872 
YEATS  Tec/in.  Hist.  Comm.  135  The  vessels  they  moulded 
were  baked  in  a  fire,  and  had  a  hard  ringing  sound. 
fig.  1602  F.  HERING  Anat.  17  The  ringing  Name  and 
frame  of  a  great  Phisition.  1870  Standard  5  Dec.,  Prince 
Frederick  Charles  has  only  to  win  one  ringing  victory  to 
leave  Paris  face  to  face  with  a.. desperate  situation.  1890 
Spectator  8  Mar.,  There  is  a  ringing  story  yet  to  be  told  of 
the  heroism  of  the  Italians. 

b.  Of  frost:  Severe,  so  that  the  ground  rings 
under  the  feet. 

1824  MACTAGGART  Gallovid.  Encycl.  409  '  Ringing  Black 
Frost ',  a  very  severe  frost.  1864  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xii. 
ii.  (1872)  IV.  140  Rain  ending,  there  ensued  a  ringing  frost. 

c.  —  RATTLING///,  a.  4. 

1876  MEREDITH  Beauch.  Career  xxxii,  Cecilia's  noble 
schooner  was  sure  to  be  out  in  such  a  ringing  breeze. 

2.  In  spec,  names,  as  ringing  bird,  caterpillar, 
frog  (see  quots.). 

1700  DAMHER  Voy.  III.  n.  74  One  sort  of  these  pretty 
little  Birds  my  Men  call'd  the  Ringing-bird ;  because  it 
had  six  Notes,  and.,  repeated  all  his  Notes  twice  one  after 
another.  1724  DERHAM  Notes  Albinos  Eng.  Insects  Index. 
Ringing  Caterpillar  [the  chrysalis  of  which  could  make  a 
glass  ring  like  a  bell].  1802  KERR  tr.  Buffon's  Ovip  ,  Quadr 
1"  SA,  2?5  The  RinSing  Frog... The  specific  name  is 
derived  from  its  voice,  which  is  clear,  round,  and  ringing. 

ft  Ringing  boy,  a  boy  employed  at  the  Mint  to 
ring  coins  in  order  to  test  their  soundness. 

1893  Daily  News  g  June  5/4  In  order  to  detect  these 
defaulters  a  number  of.. ringing  boys  are  employed. 

Hence  Bi'nffinsrly  adv.  ;  Bi'nffing-ness 

1859  CORNWALLIS  New  World  I.  197  The  wild  denizens  of 


696 

the  wilderness,  who  uttered  their  war-cry  so  ringingly  in 
our  ears.  1874  Miss  HAVERGAL  in  Mem.  (1880)  153  There 
was  a  ringingness  in  her  touch,  playing  with  such  joyance. 
1876  MF.RKDITH  Beauch.  Career  III.  iii.  39  He  had  leisure 
to  think  over  the  blow  dealt  him.  .so  ringingly  on  the  head. 
Ringle  (ri'rjg'r,  J^-1  Now  dial.  Also  a.  5 
rengell,  6  ryngle,  7  ringel.  0.  6  ringoll,  7  -ol. 
[f.  RIXG  sf>.1  +  -LE  i :  cf.  G.  (and  Sw.)  ringed  It 
is  not  clear  whether  the  word  was  independently 
formed  in  Eng.,  or  adopted  from  LG.] 

1.  A  metal,  esp.  iron,  ring;  in  mod.  dial,  chiefly 
one  for  a  pig's  nose  or  the  harness  of  horses. 

1481-90  Ho~vard  Hotist'h.  Bks.  (Roxb.)  211  Item,  for 
rengellys  and  hokys,  vj.  Ib.  ix.d.  1531  MS.  Acc.St.  Jo/tri's 
Hasp.,  Canterb.,  Paid  for  a  ryngle  to  a  cythe,  jd.  1577- 
87  HOLINSHF.D  Chron.  IV.  846  Manie  great  ringles  were 
fastened  to  the  same  tower  for  that  purpose.  1597  A.  M.  tr. 
GHillemean"s  Fr.  Chirurg.  c  ij  b/2  This  pipe  must  have  a 
little  ringle,  whereby  we  might  hould  faste  the  same.  1693 
R.  L'EsTRANGK  Josephus,  Antiq.  HI.  vi.  (1733)  63  Pins.., 
which  with  the  Help  of  Cords  that  pass'd  through  the 
Ringles,  hound  the  whole  Frame  together.  1705  Land. 
Gaz.  No.  4149/4  A  bright  grey  Mare,,  .ringled  benind  with  3 
Ringles.  1784  tr.  Btck/ortfs  Vathek  (1868)  26  The  body 
guard  of  eunuchs  was  detached  to.  .prepare  ringles  for  the 
lines  to  keep  off  the  crowd,  a.  1825-  in  dial,  glossaries  (K. 
Anglia,  Kent,  Sussex).  1853  -V.  %  Q.  i.st  Ser.  XII.  487/1 
They  inserted  a  staff  through  the  '  ringle '..in  the  lid  of  the 
chest.  1892  Auctioneers  Catal.  (Kent),  Plough  harness 
and  ringles  for  2  horses. 

fb.  A  door-ring,  used  also  as  a  knocker.   Obs. 

1639  HORN  Si  Ron.  Gate  Lang,  Unl,  xlix.  §  540  Stand 
still  in  the  entry,  .and  then  knock  at  the  iron  ringel.  1648 
J.  BEAUMONT  Psyche  vi.  cxcviii,  Through  these  pass'd  Pity 
to  a  door  of  Jet,  Whose  wary  ringle  round  was  cloth'd  in 
wool.  1707  Clergym.  I'ade-mecnm  70  If  the  church-key 
cannot  be  had,  'tis  sufficient  that  the  clerk  take  hold  of  the 
ringle  of  the  door. 

2.  An  annular  part ;  a  circle. 

The  context  of  quot.  1653  makes  it  certain  that  the  use  of 
the  word  was  suggested  by  rigol  in  Shaks.  2  Hen.  IV. 

a.  1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeaii's  Fr.  Chirnrg.  26  b/i  The 
skinn  of  the  third  or  fourth  ringle  of  the  throte.  1629  Descr. 
S'hertogenl-osh  12  It  is  the  biggest  and  fairest  part,  hauing 
in  his  ringle  the  great  S.  John's  Church.  1660  S.  FISHEK 
Rusticks  Alarm  Wks.  (1679)  152  Never  did  I  read  or  see 
in  so  smalt  a  piece  of  work  so  many  Ringles  and  Rounds  as 
T.  D.  makes  and  runs  in. 

£.  1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stuff  58  The  ringoll  or  ringed 
circle  was  compast  and  chalkt  out,  and  the  king  of  fishes.. 
conjured  to  appeare  in  the  center  of  it.  1653  CODRINGTON 
in  Lloyd  Marrow  of  Hist.  2  The  Crown  is  the  onely  object 
of  all  great  Spirits,  not  considering  what  cares  hang  round 
about  the  ringols  of  it.  1654^  —  tr.  lustine  xxvin.  367  He 
understood  well  enough  the  ringols  in  that  envyed  Crown, 
and  the  weight  of  it.  .by  his  labours  and  his  dangers. 

Ri'ngle,  sb.-  Sc.  [f.  KINGLET.*]  A  ringing 
or  jingling  sound. 

1839  MOIK  Mansie  IVauck  (ed.  2)  xxii.  269  We  observed, 
from  the  curious  ringle,  that  one  of  the  naig's  fore-shoon 
was  loose.  1894  LATTO  Tarn.  Bodkin  xxv,  The  ringle  o'  the 
crystal,  .was  the  signal  for  me. 

Ri'Ugle,  f.1  Now  dial,  [f.  RINGLE  sbJ-  Du. 
ringclen  and  G.  ringeln  are  used  in  the  same  senses.] 

1.  trans.  =KiNTGz>.l6.    Hence  Brngling  vbl.  sb. 

'573  TL-SSER  Husb.  (1878)  75  Ringle  thy  hog,  or  looke  for 
a  dog.  1575  TURBERV.  Generic  191  To  see  yong  pigges 
well  ringled _when  they  are  yong.  1580  TUSSER  Husl.  18  b. 
Yet  surely  ringling  is  needeful  and  good,  ciyoo  KENNET  in 
MS.  Lansd.  jojj,  fol.  323  To  ringle  Hogs,  Kent,  to  put  iron 
rings  in  their  noses.  1838  HOLLOWAY  Pr<n>.  Diet.,  To 
ringle,  to  put  Ringles  into  the  snouts  of  hogs.  1867  JrnL 
K.  Agric.  Sac.  Ser.  n.  III.  n.  533  They  are  then  sold. .to 
the  larger  farmers  to  '  shack '  upon  the  barley  or  oat 
stubbles,  while  the  'swine  well  ringled  '  are  put  upon  the 
wheat  ones.  1887  in  Kent.  Gloss. 

fl£*  1596  NASHE  Saffron  Walden  Ep.  Ded.,  So  to  ringle 
a  thorough  hayre  for  rooting,  that  it  shall  neuer  put  foorth 
his  snayles  homes  againe. 

f2.     =KlNGZ>.l  7.    Obs. 

1676 Land.  Gaz.  No.  1 156/4  A  bright  bay  Mare. . ;  she  hath 
some  time  been  ringled.  1705  Ibid.  No.  4149/4  A  bright 
grey  Mare,,  .ringled  behind  with  3  Ringles. 

Rrngle,  vt    Now  dial.    [f.  RING  z'.^-f -LE  3. 

Cf.  NFris.  ringeln,  Da.  ringle,  Norw.  ringld, 
Icel.  hringla.}  intr.  To  ring  or  jingle. 

a  1617  BAYNE  Lect.  (1634)  78  Wee  ride  the  freest  horse 
with  a  spurre,. .  that  the  ringling  sound  of  it  may  excite  him. 
1643  G.  WITHER  Campo-Musx  3  He. .  Comes  not  and  ringles 
at  the  doore  with  feare  ;  But  knocks. 

1819  RICH  Gall.  Poems  67  The  Knives  an1  forks  wad 
ringle.  1857  [see  RINGI.E-STRAW].  1863  BARNES  Dorset 
Gloss.  s.v.,  I  heard  the  glass  ringle  when  the  window  wer 
a-broke.  1880  IV.  Cornw.  Gloss,  s.v,,  The  bells  are  ringling 
all  day  long. 

fRi-ngle,  z>.3   Ods.-°     (See  quot.) 

i64_8  HKXHAM  n,  Ringen,  to  Ringle,  or  to  Wrestle. 

Ri'llg-lead,  v.  rare.  [Back-formation  from 
next.]  trans.  To  conduct  or  manage  as  ringleader. 

1617  tr.  Abp.  Spalatws  Serm.  34  And  so,  for  that  hee 
vseth  no  true  Compasse,  nor  Carde,  hee  ringleads  them  all  to 
wracke.  1828-31  in  WEBSTER.  1901  Westm.  Gaz.  19  Mar. 
9/1  He  has  ring-led  any  form  of  joke,  hoax,  amusement,  or 
sport  that  was  going. 

Rrngleader.  Also  6  ryngledre,  -leder, 
ryng(e)leader ;  ringeleeder,  -leader ;  ring- 
leder,  Sc.  -leidar.  [f.  the  phrase  to  lead  the 
ring:  see  RING  sbl  10  b.] 

1.  One  who  takes  a  leading  place  or  part  among  ' 
a  body  or  number  of  persons  whose  character  or  ' 
conduct  is  reprehensible;  esp.  a  leader,  a  chief  ]- 
instigator  or  organizer,  of  a  mutiny,  tumult,  etc. 


RINGLET. 

1503  /.*//.  Kic/t.  Ill  %  Hen.  Vll  (Rolls)  I.  238, 1  dout  not 
but.. we  shalbe  able  by  good  polici  to  distrii  alle  the 
captayns  and  ryngledres  that  be  of  yll  and  contrary  mynde. 
1535  COVEHUALE  i  Mace.  Ix.  61  lonathas  toke  L.  men  of  the 
countre  (which  were  the  ryngleders  of  them)  &  slewe  them. 
1579  W.  WILKINSON  Confut.  Fam.  Love  73  b.  The  chiefe 
ringleader  of  the  Anabaptistes  boasted  of  Reueilations. 
1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  iv.  xi.  (1614)  400  He  allured  the 
men  of  his  owne  countrey  vnto  him,  who  followed  him  as 
their  Ring-leader  to  doe  mischiefe.  1675  Essex  Papers 
(Camden)  I.  292  There  is  one  Philpott  a  Haberdasher,  who 
..hath  bin  ye  Principall  Ringleader  of  these  seditious 
people.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  271  The  Boatswain, 
who  was  the  principal  Ringleader  of  the  Mutiny.  1759 
FRANKLIN  Ess.  Wks.  1840  III.  462  Becoming  a  promoter 
and  ringleader  of  such  an  insult  on  that  part  of  the  govern 
ment.  1806-7  J.  BERESFORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life  (1826)  iv. 
Introd.,  The  conspiracy  is  so  nicely  balanced  among  them 
that  I  shall  never  be  able  to  detect  the  ring-leader.  1867 
J.  HATTON  Tallants  of  Barton  iv,  He  had  been  the  ring 
leader  in  everything  wicked  for  years. 

fig.  1633  R.  S.  tr.  Dre.velius'  Nicetas  i.  vii.  §  2.  55  The 
enticers  to  vice  and  ringleaders  to  wickednesseare  the  eyes. 

f2.  In  good  or  neutral  sense  :  A  leader  or  head  ; 
a  chief  authority.  Obs. 

1548  L'DALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  John  vii.  57  b,  Among  the 
ryngleaders  of  religion.  1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasm.  Par. 
Implies,  8  b,  Some  he  would  haue  to  be  chief,  as  Apostles,  ryng 
leaders  &  autours  of  the  Gospel  preaching.  1581  J.  BELL 
Haddons  answ.  Osor.  81  b,  There  is  greater  cause  rather  to 
move  us.  .who  have  lost  so  great  and  learned  a  ryngleader 
oflearning.  1631  WEEVER  Anc.  Funeral  Mon.  669  Garter  is 
the  piincipall  King  of  Armes..and  goeth  first  as  the  onely 
ring- leader  of  them  all.  1638  A.  READ  Chirurg.  xxiii.  169 
Amongst  the  Ancients  Galen  shall  bee  the  ring- leader. 
1668  CULPEI-PER  &  COLE  Barthol.  Anat.  Epist.  ii.  376  Those 
famous  men  the  Ring-leaders  of  this  opinion. 


a  man  might  say,  friendship  is  a  ring-leader  to  all  happinesse. 

Hence  Ri/ng-leadership. 

1884  J.  PARKER  Apostolic  Life  III.  126  The  charges  of 
pestilence,  sedition,  ringleadership,  profanity,  are  only  pure 
and  simple  lies. 

Ri'ngleading,  vbl.  sb.  rare~l.  [Cf.  prec.] 
Chief  leadership. 

1570  FOXE  A.  <$•  M.  (ed.  2)  i  The  church  of  Rome,  .hath 
chalenged  to  it  self  the  supreme  title  and  ringleading  of  the 
whole  uniuersal  church  on  earth. 

Rrngleading,  ///.  a.    [Cf.    RINGLEADER,] 

Acting  as,  holding  the  place  of,  ringleader(s). 

1624  J.  GEE  Holdfast  38  The  greater  is  the  guiltinesse  of 
their  ringleading  Masters.  1661  J.  DAVIES  CiwV  Wars  371 
Take  away  the  commissions  of  nine  of  the  ringleading 
officers,  a  1688  BUN VAN  Mr.  Badmnn  (1905)  21  He  used  to 
be  the  Ringleading  Sinner,  or  the  Master  of  mischief  among 
other  children.  1768  LD.  CAMDEN  in  Bancroft  Hist.  U.S. 
(1855)  V.  xxxv.  128  Boston  is  the  ringleading  province  ;  and 
. .  the  punishrr.ent  ought  to  be  levelled  there.  1796  STEDMAN 
Surinam  I,  73  The  ring-leading  negroes  were  roasted  alive 
byhalf  dozens. 

Ri'Ugled,  a.  rare.  [f.  RINGLE  j<M]  Ringed  ; 
provided  with  rings ;  marked  by  circular  bands. 

a  1593  MARLOWE  Hero  fy  Leander  \\.  143  A  hot  proud 
horse . .  Spits  forth  the  ringled  bit.  1899  Shetl.  News  14  Oct. 
(E.D.D.),  My  blue  an'  rid  ringl'd  socks. 

Hi  ngle-eye.  Sc.  In  form  -ee,  -e'e.  [f. 
RINGLE  sbj-  Cf.  Da.  ringejetj  Norw.  ring0ygdt 
Icel.  hringeygur  adjs.,  and  RINGED  a.  3  (quot. 
15I3)-]  A  wall-eye. 

1826  GALT  Lairds  xxxix,  Geordie  Joug  wi'  his  ringle-ee. 
1885  STRATHESK  More  Bitsfr.  Blinkbonny  \.  8  She's  terrible 
sair  pockmarkit,  an'  she  has  a  ringle  ee. 

So  Rrng-le-eyed  a.     (Also  north.") 

1724  RAMSAY  Tea-t.  Misc.  (1733)  I.  63  He's  out-shin'd, 
inkneed  and  ringle-ey'd  too.  1894  HESLOP  Northumb.  Gloss. 
s.v.,  The  pupil  of  the  eye  in  a  dog,  etc.,  that  is  ringle-eyed 
is  surrounded  by  a  whity  ring.  1897  P.  H.  HUNTER  J. 
Armiger's  Revenge  vi,  Ane  o'  thae  ringle-e'ed  brutes  that 
startle  at  a'  the  dibs  an'  straes  on  the  road. 

Ri'ngless,  a.  [f.  RING  $b.^  +  -LESS.]  With 
out  a  ring ;  destitute  of  rings. 

1837  MACGILLIVRAY  Hist.  Brit.  Birds  I.  121  In  general 
the  common  ringless  Pheasant  has  the  colours  somewhat 
deeper  than  the  ringed  variety.  1872  S.  MOSTYN  Perplexity 
II.  v.  97  My  fingers  were  ringless.  1891  KIPLING  Light  that 
Failed  v,  The  cool,  temperate,  ringless  hands  that  he  had 
taken  between  his  own. 

f  Ringlestones.    Obs.     The  ring-plover. 

,11682  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Norf.  Birds  Wks.  (Bohn)  III.  320 
Ringlestones^  a  small  white  and  black  bird,  like  a  wagtail 
. .,  common  about  Yarmouth  sands. 

Ringle-straw.  dial.  [f.  RINGLE  z>.2]  (See  quot.) 

1857  C.  B.  ROBINSON  Gloss,  to  Best's  Farm.  Bks.  (Sur- 

tees)  185  IVindle-straW)  a  grass. .which,  when  shaken  by 

the  wind,  has  a  peculiar  whistling  or  ringling  sound,  whence 

one  of  its  present  names  '  ringle-straw  '. 

Ringlet  (ri-rjlet).     [f.  RING  sb±  +  -LET.] 

1.  A  small  ring  made  of  metal  or  other  material. 
1555  W.  WATREMAN  Fardle  Facions  \\.  xi.  250  A  Bullockes 

hide.. so  set  rounde  aboute  on  the  bordre,  or  verge,  with 
ringlettes  of  iron.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  vii.  117  The  ringlets 
that  command  the  door.  1726  Ibid.  xxi.  76  Who  first 
Ulysses'  wondrous  bow  shall  bend,  And  through  twelve 
ringlets  the  fleet  arrow  send.  1795  BURKE  Regie.  Peace  iv. 
Sel.  Wks.  313  This  deficiency  is  made  up  by  strengthening 
the  first  ringlet  of  the  chain.  1813  T.  BUSBY  Lucretius  II. 
vi.  1255  Some  things,  as  if  by  hooks  and  ringlets  fixed,  In 
junction  hold.  1822-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  310,  I 
have  sometimes  seen  them  made  of  very  fine  polished  ivory, 
..with  a  ringlet  at  the  base. 

2.  A   circular    dance    or    course :    a   circle   of 
dancers ;  a  fairy-ring. 


RINGLETED. 

1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  A7. 11.  i.  86  To  dance  our  ringlets  to  the 
whistling  Winde.  1627  DRAYTON  Quest  Cynthia  219  When 
Fayries  in  their  Ringlets  there  Do  daunce  their  nightly 
rounds.  1691  DRYDF.N  A".  Arthur  iv.  i,  The  ringlets  round 
her  trunk  declare  her  guilty  Of  many  midnight-sabbaths 
revelled  here.  1762  BEATTIE  Pigm.  <$•  Cranes  212  They  foot 
it  featly,  ranged  in  ringlets  gay.  1793  COLERIDGE  Songs  of 
Pixies  vi,  Or  through  tlie  mystic  ringlets  of  the  vale  We 


flash  our  faery  feet   in  gamesome  prank.     1821  Sporting 
Mag.  IX.  8  The  numerous    : 
and  on  some  pasture  land. 


erous  ringlets  or  circles  on  the  downs, 


b.  An  annular  appearance,  marking,  formation, 
part,  or  piece. 

1753  B.  MARTIN  Mag,  Arts  $  Set.  153  Now  a  small 
Ringlet  appears;  and  this  is  more  properly  called  a  Central 
than  a  Total  Eclipse  of  the  Sun.  1796  MORSE  A  met:  Geogr. 
I.  220  Of  a  pale  grey,  sky-coloured  ground,  with  brown 
undulatory  ringlets.  1802  PALEY  Nat.  Theol.  xix.  §  4  The 
ringlets  of  which  the  proboscis  of  the  bee  is  composed. 
1838'!'.  THOMSON  Chem.  Org.  Bodies  1005  He  stripped  the 
hark  off  a  tree  in  ringlets.  1843  BROWNING  Meeting  at 
Night  i,  The  startled  little  waves  that  leap  In  fiery  ringlets 
from  their  sleep. 

3.  A  curled  lock  or  tress  of  hair. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  306  Shee..Her  unadorned  golden 
tresses  wore  Dissheveld,  but  in  wanton  ringlets  wav'd . 
1702  POPE  Sappho  83  No  more  my  locks  in  ringlets  curl'd 
diffuse  The  costly  sweetness  of  Arabian  dews.  1784  COWPKK 
Task  iv.  81  Teeth  for  the  toothless,  ringlets  for  the  bald. 
1837  LYTTON  E,  Maltrai<e>-s  \.  viii,  Maltravers  smiled,  ami 
stroked  those  beautiful  ringlets.  1873  SYMONDS  Grk.  Poets 
xii.  408  His  rich  hair  ripples  in  ringlets  between  cheek  and 
shoulder. 

Jig.  1633  MILTON  Arcades  47  To  nurse  the  Saplings  tall, 
and  curl  the  grove  With  Ringlets  quaint.  1812  H.  &  J. 
SMITH  Rej.  Addr.  vin.  xii,  Break,  Amphion,  break  your 
slumbers,  Nature's  ringlets  deck  the  thorn. 

attrib.  and  Comb.  1791-2  WORDS  w.  Descriptive  Sketches 
132  Lip-dewing  song,  and  ringlet-tossing  dance.  1855  M. 
ARNOLD  New  Sirens  xxii,  Come,  bind  up  those  ringlet 
showers!  1868  TENNYSON  Lucretius  258  A  truth  That., 
numbs  the  Fury's  ringlet-snake. 

4.  Ent.    The  name  given  to  one  of  the  satyrid 
butterflies,  Hipparchia  hyperanthus .    Also  at  I  rib. 

Other  species  of  Hipparchia  are  named  marsh,  mountain, 
Scotch^  small  ringlet^  etc. 

1812  HA  WORTH  in  Trans.  Enfom.  Soc.  I.  332  Hero. 
Papilio  (silver- horde  red  Ringlet).  Mnemon.,  .(the  small 
Ringlet).  1819  SAMOUEI.LE  Entomol.  Contend.  396  Hip 
parchia  Hypcranthns,  the  Ringlet.  1879  LUBROCK  Set. 
Lect.  ii.  49  Hipparchia  hyperanthus  (the  ringlet  butterfly) 
also  has  whitish  caterpillars. 

Ringleted  (ri-rjleted),  a.  Also  -letted,  [f. 
prec.  +  -ED-.] 

1.  Of  the  hair :  Curled ;  worn  in  ringlets. 

1837  HOOK  Jack  Brag  ix,  His  hair  assiduously  ringletted 
on  his  clieeks  and  over  his  forehead.  1847  C.  BRONTE  ?'. 
Eyre  iv,  In  thin  muslin  frocks  and  scarlet  sashes,  with  hair 
elaborately  ringleted. 

2.  Adorned  with,  wearing  the  hair  in,  ringlets. 

1848  MRS.  GASKELL  M.  Barton  xii,  A  dashing,  bronzed- 
looking,  ringleted  sailor.  1861  SALA  Badd.  Peerage  xx.  II. 
44  Such  was  the  individual  who.. addressed  the  ringleted 
[lady]  clerk.  1894  A.  DOBSON  i8t/i  C.  Vignettes  Ser.  n.  x. 
223  The  ringletted  heads  and  waistless  figures,  .of  1789. 

Bi'Uglety,  a.  Also  -letty.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -Y.] 
Tending  to  curl  in  ringlets. 

1858  MOTLEY  Corr.  I.  229  Smooth,  white,  shiny,  ringlety 
hair.  1896  KEANE  Ethnol.  176  [Hair]  in  the  eastern 
Hamites  and  some  others  developing  long  ringletty  curls. 

Ri'ngly,  a.  rare.  [f.  RINGLE  st>.l  +  -\,]  Ex 
hibiting  rings  of  colour. 

1800  Trans.  Sac.  Arts  XVIII.  239  The  roots  were  of  the 
red  and  white  ringly  sort. 

Kii'ng-ma:u.     [f.  RING  .r^.1] 

1.  The  ring-finger.   Obs.  exc.  dial. 

1483  Cath.  Angl.yx)/\  f>e  Rynge  man  fyngur,  annlaris, 
wedicus.  1545  ASCHAM  Toxopk.  (Arb.)  109  Whan  a  man 
shooteth,  the  might  of  his  shoote  lyethe  on  the  formoosie 
fynger,  and  on  the  Ringman.  1879  DICKINSON  Cumber  Id. 
Class.  Suppl.,  Fingers,  the  nursery  names  for  these  are, 
humpkin,  lick  pot,  lang  man,  ring  man. 

2.  A  sporting  man  ;  a  bookmaker. 

(857  G.  LAWRENCE  Guy  Lru.  iv,  The  '  glorious  uncertainty  * 
which  backers  of  horses  execrate,  and  ring-men  adore. 
Ibid,  ix,  Those  purely  country-meetings.. where  there  are 
no  ring  men  to  force  the  betting.  1864  Realm  15  June  2 
All  the  defaulting  ring-men  and  unsuccessful  pickpockets. 
1868  E.  YATES  Rock  Ahead  \.  vi,  Heretofore  he  had  lived 
almost  entirely  in  the  society  of  the  Ring-men. 

Hi  ng-master.  Also  ringmaster,  [f.  RING 
sb. !]  One  who  manages  or  directs  the  performances 
in  the  ring  of  a  circus.  Also  transf. 

1873  FROST  Circus  Life  Pref.  5  The  stentorian  vocal 
organs  of  the  proprietor  or  ring-master  of  a  travelling  circus. 
1883  Century  Mag.  July  419/2  An  aged  and  tattered  negro 
was  the  mule's  ring-master. 

Ki'iig'-iieck,  a.  and  sb.     [f.  RING  sb?\ 

A.  adj.   —  RING-NECKED  a. 

i8i7T.FoKSTER  Nat.  Hist.  Swallow  tribe  §\  Anas  Bernicla, 
Ringneckgoose.  1848  CRAIG  s.v.  Ring,  Ring-neck  pheasant, 
•the  Phasianus  torquatus  of  Temminck.  1867  LAYARD  Birds 
S.  Africa  167  Corvus  Albicoltis, .. Ring-neck  Crow.  1879 
J.  U.  WOOD  Waterton's  Wand.  S.  Amer.  457  There  are 
many  species  of  Plover  in  Guiana.  The  most  common  are 
the  Black-breasted..,  the  Ring-neck  (C.  semipalmatus\ 
and  the  Sandy  Plover.  1867  Encycl.  Brit.  XXII.  197/1 
One  [genus],  Sefiedon  hse  mac  hates,  is  named..'  Ring-Neck 
Snake',  the  latter  name  being,  however,  often  applied  also 
to  the  cobra.  1898  MORRIS  Austral  Eng.  390  The  light- 
coloured  band  round  the  neck  of  the  Ring-neck  Parrakeet. 

B.  sb.  1.  a.  A  ring-necked  plover  or  duck. 
1876  GOODE  in  Smithson.  Coll.  XIII.  10  Plover,  ring-neck, 

surf-bird.     1890  in  Cent.  Diet. 

VOL.  VIII. 


697 

b.  Austr.   =  JACKAROO  sb. 

1898  MORRIS  Austral  Eng.,  Ring-neck,  ,.&  term  used  in 
the  back  blocks  in  reference  to  the  white  collar  not  infre 
quently  wurn  by  a  Jackaroo  on  his  first  appearance. 

2.  A  neck  with  ring-like  markings. 

1895  CUMBERLAND  Sport  Pamirs  148,  I  found  the  cock 
exactly  like  the  English  pheasant,  without  the  ring  neck. 

Ri'iig  -necked,  a.  [RING  sb.1}  Having  the 
neck  ringed  or  marked  with  a  band  or  bands  of 
colour.  In  various  names  of  birds  and  animals,  as 
ring-necked  barnacle,  diver,  duck,  loon,  parakeet  ', 
pheasant,  pochard,  snake,  teal,  turtle.  (Seequols.) 

1853  MACGILLIVRAY  Brit.  Birds  IV.  629  Bernicla  Brenta, 
..*Ring-necked  Barnacle.  1862  C.  A,  JOHNS  Brit.  Birds 
Index,  *Ring-necked  Diver.  i83iSwAiNsoN&;  RICHARDSON 
FauiM  Boreali-Amer.  n.  454  l-uligula  rafitorqnes,.. 
^Ring-necked  Duck.  1874  J.  \V.  LONG  Amer.  Wildfou>l 
xxviii.  278  Ring-necked  ducks..  are  seldom  fuund  in  very 
large  numbers.  1842  MACGILLIVRAY  Brit.  Ornith.  II.  207 
Colymbus  glacialis.  *Ring-necked  Loon.  1845  STOCQI-ELKH 
Handbk.  Brit.  India  (1854)  213  A  grove  of  mango-trees,  .  . 
peopled  with  innumerable  *ring-necked  paroquets.  1885 
NEWTON  in  Encycl.  Brit.  XVI11.  322/1  note,  The  Ring- 
necked  Parakeet  of  the  same  country  [Africa],  1834 
JARDINE  Ornith.  III.  189  The  'Ring-necked  Pheasant, 
Phasianus  torqnatits.  1883  NKWTON  in  Encycl.  Brit. 
XVIII.  733/1  The  Ring-necked  Pheasant  of  China.  1838 
EYTON  Anatidx  158  J-'ulignla  rnjitorques,.  .*Ring-necked 
Pochard.  1840  Cwvier^s  Anim.  Kingd.  283  One  only  [is 
found]  in  Britain,  the  common  *Ring-necked  Snake  (C. 
natrix  and  Natrix  torqaatus),  1889  hie  LATER  &  HUDSON 
Argentine  Ornith.  II.  132  Querqueditla  Torqitata  .  . 
(*Ring-necked  Teal).  Ibid,,  In  the  neighbourhood  of 
Buenos  Ayres  the  Ring-necked  Teal  is  strictly  migratory. 
1837  MACGILLIVRAY  Brit.  Birds  I.  291  Colnmha  Turtur,.. 
'Ring-necked  Turtle. 

Rrng-net.    [f.  RING  j£.i] 

*t*l.  A  coat  of  ring-mail.   Obs. 

BtPUtulfiSgo  Hring.net  baron,  lucene  leocVsyrcan. 

2.  A  form  of  salmon-net  (see  quot.  1830). 

1503  Berwick  Reg.  in  Hist.  MSS.  Comin.,  Varr.  Collect. 
I.  12  That  no  mane  exsept  he  be  a  fre  burges..  shall  not  fish 
upone  Twede  for  nosalmond  with  longe  net,  short  net,  nor 


reynge  net.  1830  WEDDELL  in  Archxol.  sE  liana  (1855)  IV. 
302  Our  present  modes  of  fishing,  .are  by  stell  nets,  wear- 
shot,  and  ring  or  bob  nets.  I  hid.  303  The  ring  or  bob-net 


1776  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  Index,  Ring-tail,  or  black  ea^le. 
1813  WILSON  Amer.  Ornith.  VII.  14  The  Ring-tail  Ka^le 
is  characterized  by  all  as  a  generous  spirited  and  docile 


302 

shot,  .  . 

is  a  long  net  without  any  bosom  (which  the  other  nets  have). 

3.  A  variety  of  lace. 

1901  \\~estm.  Gas.  12  Dec.  3/1  The  favourite  nets  for  these 
are  point  d'esprit  and  Chantilly  ring  net. 

t  K,ingof  ob5.  variant  of  EKYNGO. 

1599,  1681  [see  ERYNGO].  1688  HOLME  Armoury  HI.  80/1 
Conserves  of.  .Pears,  Apricocks,  Plums,  Ringo  roots.  1750 
ELLIS  Mod.  Ihtsb.  V.  iii.  120  Ringu-roots  sliced. 

RillgOal  (ri'rjg<?ul).  Also  ring-goal,  [f.  Rixo 
$bJ-~\  A  game  in  which  a  light  ring  or  hoop  is 
thrown  towards  a  goal  by  means  of  two  sticks. 

1887  Pall  Mall  G.  19  July  3/1  A  new  game,  called  rin- 
goal,  is  coming  into  favour  this  summer.  ..It  originated  in 
India.  1894  E.  F.  BENSON  Dodo  302  The  thump  of  tennis 
balls,  the  flying  horrors  of  ring-goal. 

Ringol(l,  obs.  forms  ot  RLXGLE  sbl 

f  Bin-goose.  rare~~l.  Some  kind  of  goose. 

1639  SIR  R.  GORDON  Hist.  Earls  Sutherland  3  In  all  this 
province  ther  is  great  store  of.  .widgeon,  teale,  wildgouse, 
rin  gouse,.  .and  all  other  kinds  of  wildfowl. 

Ring-Ouzel,  [f.  RING  j<U]  A  bird  (Titrdus 
torquatus,  closely  allied  to  the  blackbird)  having 
a  white  ring  or  bar  on  the  breast.  (Cf.  OUZEL  I  b.) 

1674  RAY  Coll.  Words,  Eng.  Birds  S6  The  Ring  Ouzell, 
Merula  torquata.  1676  LISTER  in  Ray  Corr.  (1848)  125  As 
to  that  question  of  a  Heath-throstle,  I  find  that  the  Ring- 
ouzle  is  so  called  with  us  in  Craven.  1752  HILL  Hist.  Anim. 
493  The  black  Turdus,  with  a  white  ring,  the  ring  Ouzel. 
1768  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  1.  229  The  ring-ouzel  inhabits  the 
mountainous  parts  of  these  islands.  1845  New  Statist.  Ace. 
Scot.  XIV.  189  The  ring-ouzel  is  sometimes  and  the  water- 
ouzel  frequently  met  with.  1871  DARWIN  Desc.  Man  ii.  xv. 
(1800)  455  The.  .female  ring-ouzel  (T.  torquatus}  differs  less, 
and  the  female  common  thrush  (T.  musicus)  hardly  at  all 
from  their  respective  males. 

t  Ring-root,  for  ringo-root:  see  ERTNGO. 

1684  O'FLAHERTY  West  Connaught  (1846)  66  Samphire 
grows  in  plenty,  ring-root  or  Sea-holy,  and  Sea  Cabbage. 

Rrngster.  U.S.  [f.  RING  $b.\  n  b  +  -STER.] 
A  member  of  a  political  ring. 

1881  Philadelphia  Rec.  No.  3428.  2  It  seems  to  be  folly  to 
try  to  break  the  ranks  of  the  ringsters  at  Harrisburg  who    i 
oppose  tlie  consideration  of  the  Tax  bill.   1888  BRVCE  Amer. 
Comtniv.  in.  Ixili.  II.  461  The  attachment  of  the  ringster  is 
usually  given  wholly  to  the  concrete  party. 

Riiig-straked  (ri'r^str^kt),  a.  Also  9  i 
-streaked,  [f.  RING  sb.1}  Having  bands  of  i 
colour  round  the  body.  Also  transf.  and  fig. 

Quot.  1611  appears  to  be  the  source  from  which  all  later  | 
usage  is  derived. 

1611  BIBLE  Gen.  xxx.  35  He  remoued  that  day  the  hee 
goates  that  were  ring-straked,  and  spotted.      1650  BULWER    j 
Anthropomet.  253  The  same  way  that  Jacobs  Cattle  became 
speckled,  spotted  and  ring-straked.    1791  COWPER  Hiad  xii. 
210  As  wasps  ring-straked,  or  bees  that  build.    1861  LOWELL    ' 
Biglow    P.   Ser.  11.  Poems  (1884)  293/1  A  spotteder,  ring- 
streakeder  child  the'  warn't   in   Uncle   Sam's    holl  farm. 
«i86s  in  R.  Hunt  Rom.  West  Eng.  (1871)  393  All  'this    : 
wilful  waste  '  of  long  cloth  scarlet,  ringstraked,  and  speckled,    , 
is  to  do  honour  to  King  Christmas.     1891  T.  HARDY  Tess    , 
(1900)  49/1  Commanding  like  a  monarch  his  flocks  and  his 
herds,  his  spotted  and  his  ring-straked. 

Rrngtail,  rrng-tail.    [f.  RING  sbl] 
1.  Ornith.    a.    The  female   of  the  hen-harrier. 
(Formerly  regarded  by  many  as  a  distinct  species.)    i 
1538  ELVOT  Die?.,  Pygargus..\$  also  a  byrde  lyke  to  a    J 


RING-WALK. 

hawke,  hauynge  a  whyte  tayle  :  I  suppose  hym  to  be  that 
which  we  call  a  rynge  tayle.  1575  TURBERV.  fakonrie  55 
There  are  two  foules,  wherof  the  one  is  called  (Ian  le 
biancke)  which  I  take  to  be  the  Harrohen  or  capped  Kyle, 
and  the  other  (Blanch  queue}  the  ring  tayle.  1609  KIRI.K 
(Douay)  Dent.  xiv.  13  The  osprey,  the  ringtaile,  and  the 
vulture.  1661  WEBSTKR  &  ROWLEY  Throe,  li-'onder  v.  ii, 
Besides,  what  falcon  but  dares  venture  upon  a  ringtail? 
1678  RAY  Wittughby's  Ornith.  72  Of  the  Ring-tail,  the 
Male  whereof  is  called  the  Henharrier.  1768  PFSNANT 
Brit.  Zool,  { 1776)  I.  194  The  ringtail  weighs  sixteen  ounces. 
1794  HUTCIIINSON  Hist.  Ciimbld.  I.  5/2,  I  have  never  seen 
two  ringtails  attend  the  ^ame  nest,  and  I . .  invariably  found 
each  nest  frequented  by  the  henharrier  and  ringtail.  1808 
MONTAGU  in  Linn&an  1'rans.  IX.  185  The  new  feathers.. 
clearly  evinced  the  smallest  bird  to  be  a  Hen  Harrier,  and 
the  larger  a  Ringtail.  1880  NKWTON  in  Encycl.  Brit.  XI. 
492/1  It  was  not  until  after  Montagu's  observations  were 
published .  .that  the  '  Ringtail ' .  .was  generally  admitted  to 
be  the  female  of  the  *  Hen-Harrier  '. 

Jiff.  1611  BKAUM.  &  FL.  rkilaster\,  iv,  Thou  Royal  Ring 
tail,  fit  to  fly  at  nothing  But  poor  mens  Poultry. 

athib.  1743  G.  KmvAicDs  Nat.  Hist.  Birds  pi.  107  Ring 
tail  Hawk.  1784  PENNANT  Arct.  Zool,  (1792)  1.  243  Ring 
tail  Falcon. 

b.    The    golden    eagle    before    its    third   year. 
Usually  ring-tail  eagle. 

1776  PENNA 
1813  WILSON 
is  chr 

bird.  1828  FLEMING  Brit.  Anim.  53  In  the  opinion  of 
some,  the  ringtail  is  considered  as  a  distinct  species  ;  but 
thu  facts . .  demonstrate  its  connection  with  the  Golden 
Eagle.  1838  Penny  Cycl.  X.  173/1  Many  other  authors 
mention  the  eagle  and  ring-tails  in  such  terms  as  to  leave 
the  identity  of  the  bird  almost  unquestionable. 
C.  King-tail  pigeon  (see  quot.). 

1865  Chambers'' s  Encycl.  VII.  534/1  The  Ring-tail  Pigeon 
(Columba  Carihbea)  may  be  mentioned  as  a  West  Indian 
species,  much  valued  for  the.  .delicacy  of  its  flesh. 

2.  ZooL    »  RING -TAILED  a.  2  and  3.     Also  absol. 
1771    PENNANT   Syn.    Quad.    137    Maucauco,.  .Ring-tail. 

Tail. .marked  with  numbers  of  regular  rings  of  black  and 
white.  1852  J.  \\'KST  Hist.  Tasmania  I.  324  The  Ringtail 
opossum  \JPkalangista  or  Hepoona  Cookii,  Desm  )  is  smaller, 
less  common,  and  less  sought  after.  Ibid.,  Dogs  will  not 
eat  the  flesh  of  tlie  Ringtail  even  when  roasted. 

3.  A*aut,  (See  quota.) 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  Ring-tail,  a  small 
triangular  sail,  extended  on  a  little  mast,  which  is  occasion 
ally  erected  for  that  purpose  on  the  top  of  a  Chip's  stern.. . 
Ring-tail  is  also  a  name  given  to  a  sort  of  studding-sail, 
hoisted  beyond  the  after-edge  or  skirt  of  those  main-sails 
which  are  extended  by  a  boom  and  gafl".  1804  DUNCAN 
Mar.  Chron,  Pref.  p.  xii,  The  studding-sails,  drivers,  ring 
tails,  and  all  those  sails  which  are  set  occasionally.  1846 
A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.,  Ring-Tail,  a  small  sail  shaped  like 
a  jib,  set  occasionally  in  light  winds  ;  it  is  hoisted  on  the 
outer  end  of  the  main  or  spanker  gaff". 
b.  attrib.  with  boom^  sail,  etc. 

1794  Rigging  <$•  Seamanship  83  Abaft  the  after  leech  of 
the  main-sail,  in  calm  weather,  is  hoisted  a  ring-tail-sail, 
Ibid.  162  The  Ringtail-boom  is  a  small  boom  projecting 
from  the  stern  of  some  vessels  to  spread  the  foot  of  the 
ringtail-sail.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  Be/.  Mast  vi,  He  was  going 
aloft  to  fit  a  strap  round  the  main-topmast  head,  for  ringtail 
halyards.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.  s.v..  Extended  on  a 
boom  called  the  ringtail  boom. 

Ring-tailed,  a.    [Cf.  prec.] 

1.  Omith.  (See  RING-TAIL  i,  i  b,    nd  i  c.) 

1725  II.  SLOANE  Nat.  Hist.  Jamaica  II.  302  The  Ring- 
Tail'd  Pigeon.  1809  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  VII.  i.  71  Ring-tailed 
Eagle.  1815  Sporting  Mag.  XLV.  96  A  very  superb  ring- 
tailed  eagle  was  shot.  1840  MACGILLIVRAY  Brit.  Birds 
III.  366  Circus  Cyaneus,  the  Ring-Tailed  Harrier.  1893 
NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  I.  177  In  the  young  the  tail  is  white 
at  the  base,  whence  in  this  stage  it  has  been  often  called 
the  Ring-tailed  Eagle. 

2.  Zool.  Having  the  tail  ringed  with  alternating 
colours.     (Cf.  RINGTAIL  2.) 

1729  Dataller's  I'oyages  III,  423  The  Ring-tail'd  Snake. 
1785  SMKLLIE  Buffers  Nat.  Hist.  (1701)  VII.  224  The 
mococo,  or  maucauco,  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  the 
ring-tailed  maki.  1840  Cuvier's  Anim.  Kingd.  63  The 
Macaco  of  Buffbn,  or  the  Ring-tailed  Lemur  (L.  catta,  Lin.), 
which  is  ash-grey,  the  tail  annulated  black  and  white.  1877 
Nature'XV.  286/1  Two  Ring-tailed  Lemurs  (Lemur  cat  i  a) 
from  Madagascar,  purchased. 

3.  Zool.  Having  the  tail  curled  at  the  end,  spec. 
applied  to  certain  phalangers. 

1835  Penny  Cycl.  III.  i28/i*These  animals  [phalangers], 
called  ring-tailed  opossums  by  the  colonists.  1847  LEICH- 


which  the  commonest  is  Cook's  Ring-tailed  Phalanger. 

4.  Ring-tailed  roarer^  a  fanciful  name  for  an 
imaginary  animal.  Also  applied  to  persons.  U.S. 

1854  P.  B.  ST.  JOHN  Amy  Moss  268  '  By  the  rasping  ring- 
tailed  roarer  of  Kentucky,  that's  good,'  said  Ezram.  1872 
DE  VERE  Americanisms  224  A  specially  fine  fellow  of  great 
sue  and  strength  is  called  a  ring-tailed  roarer. 

t  Blngns,  obs.  variant  of  ringo,  ERTNGO. 
i653  W.  J.  Gentlew.  Delight  34  To  candy  Ringus  Root. 
Ri'ng-walk.    Obs.  exc.  arch.     [f.  RING  sby\ 

(See  quots.) 

1575  TURBERV.  Venerie  77  Let  him  beate  the  outsides  and 
make  his  ryngwalkes  twyce  or  thrice  about  the  woode.  1616 
BULLOKAR  Eng .  Expos.,  Ritigtvalke,  a  round  walk  made  by 
Hunters.  (Hence  in  BLOUNT  and  PHILLIPS.]  1686  R.  BLOME 
Gentl.  Rccreat.  n.  78  When  Huntsmen  go  drawing  in  their 
Springs  at  Hart-hunting,  they  usually  make  Dew-rounds 
which  are  called  Ring-walks.  1818  SCOTT  /•>.  Lamm,  xx, 
Norman  is  waiting  for  me,  and  I  am  to  go  with  him  to  make 
his  ring-walk. 


RING-  WALL. 

Rrng-wall.     [f.  RING  sb,*] 

1.  A  wall  completely  surrounding  or  encircling  a 
certain  area.     (Cf.  RING-FENCE.) 

1850  CARLYLE  Latter-d.  Pamph.  \\.  6  An  immense  circuit 
of  buildings;  cut  out,  girt  with  a  high  ring-wall,  from  the 
lanes  and  streets  of  the  quarter.  1858  —  Fredk.  Gt.  n. 
vii.  (1872)  I.  90  The  Niirnbergers  once..  built  a  ringwall 
round  his  Castle.  1875  Encycl,  Brit.  III.  3/2  Athens  before 
the  Persian  war..  was  surrounded  by  a  ring-wall  ofjiarrow 
circuit,  some  .  .traces  of  which  are  supposed  to  remain. 

2.  teckn.     (See  quots.) 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1945/1  Ring-ivall  (Metallurgy), 

the  inner  lining  of  a  furnace.     1879  CasselCs  Techn.  Ednc. 

II.  205/2  In  some  places..  they  use  a  sort  of  half-muffle, 

called  a  'ring-wall  ',  consisting  of  a  lining  reaching  about 

halfway  up  the  kiln. 
t  Ri-ngwood.    Ohs.   Ale  brewed  at  Ringwood 

in  Hampshire. 
1771  Ann.  Reg,)   Misc.  195/2  That  matrimony  was  not 

sufficiently  encouraged,  and  that  ringwood  was  the  most 

orthodox  ale  in  the  kingdom. 
Ringworm   (rrnwa-im).     [f.   RING   st>.1      So 

Du.  ringivorni)  Da.,  Norw.,  Sw.  dial,  ringorm.] 
1.  A   skin-disease   usually  manifesting   itself  in 

circular  patches,  and  frequently  affecting  the  scalp 

in  childhood  ;  tinea. 
c  1425    Voc.   in   Wr.  -  Wiilcker   642   Hec  cerpigo,   re[n]g- 

worme.  121450  Mankind  616  (Brandl),  I  haue  a  lytyll 
dishes  [=  disease]..  Wyth  a  runnynge  rynge-worme.  1527 
ANDREW  Brunsiuyke's  Dlstyll.  Waters  D  iij  b,  The  same.. 
is  good  for  the  sore  called  the  rynge  worme.  1579  FULKR 
Confut.  Samiers  659  So  superstition  crepeth  like  a  ring- 
worme.  a  1614  DONXF.  |3:a0ai>a7o?  (1644)  53  To  hide  the 
deformity  of  a  Ringworme  in  his  face.  1661  LOVELL  Hist, 
Anim.  fy  Min,  ror  With  oile  of  bayes,  it  [sc,  fat]  helps  the 
Scab  and  Ringwormes.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Serpigo^  in 
Medicine,  a  kind  of  Herpes,  popularly  called  a  Tetter  or 
Ring-worm.  1756  [see  2  bj.  1834'!'.  J.  GRAHAM  Dam.  Med. 
(1844)  661  Shingles.  .is  a  variety  of  ringworm,  or  tetter, 
occupying  the  trunk  of  the  body.  1876  BRISTOWE  Th.  <y 
Pract.  died.  (1878)  350  When  ringworm  occurs  on  the  non- 
hairy  skin,  it  reveals  itself  first  as  a  slightly  raised  roundish 
uniformly  erythematous  patch.  1887  Encycl.  Brit.  XXII. 
124/1  Tinea  sycosis,  or  ringworm  affecting  the  beard,  find 
tinea  circinata,  or  ringworm  affecting  the  body. 
b.  transf. 


1579  FULKE  Confut.  Sanders  591  A  proper  ringworm,  a 
doctorlike  argument.  1607  Sc/iol.  Disc.  agst.  Antichr.  \.  i. 
41  The  Idol!  is  a  tempting  harlot,  the  Crosse.  .a  very  ring- 
worme  that  spreadeth  mightilie.  1647  CLEVELAND  Char. 
Land.  Diurn.  8,  I  have  not  inke  enough  to  cure  all  the 
Tetters  and  Ring-worms  of  the  State.  1705  HICKKRIXGILL 
Priest-cr.  n.  vii.  67  This  Tetter,  or  spreading  Ringworm, 
cannot  be  cured.,  without  some  Gall  in  the  Ink. 

2.  attrib.)  as  ringiuorm  fungus  ,  -porrigo,  etc. 

1822-34  Goods  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  IV.  490  The  Ringworm 
Scall  has  been  known  and  described,  under  different  names, 
from  the  Greek  writers  to  our  own  clay.  Ibid.  494  In  the 
last  variety,  the  ringworm  porrigo.  1898  P.  MANSON  Trap. 
Diseases  xxvn.  428  note,  Yaws  coalescing  in  the  form  of  a 
ring  are  called  ringworm  yaws.  1899  Allbntt's  Syst.  Jffff. 
VIII.  854  The  botanical  character  of  the  ringworm  fungi  is 
uncertain. 

b.  Ringworm  bush  or  shrub,  a  tropical  American 
shrub  (Cassia  alata].  Ringworm  root,  the  root  of 
an  Eastern  shrub  {Rhinacanthus  commnnis]  used 
as  a  remedy  for  the  ringworm. 

1756  P.  BROWNE  Jamaica  224  The  Ring-worm  Bush... 
The  juice  of  the  leaves  or  buds  is  said  to  cure  the  ring-  worms. 
1774  E.  LONG  Hist.  Jamaica  III.  845  Ringworm-bush, 
Cassia  siliqnis  qnadrialatis.  1864  GKISICHACH  Flora  West 
Ind.  Isl.  Col.  Names  787  Ringworm-shrub,  Cassia  alata. 

Ringy  (rrrji),  a.l  [f.  RING  j£.l  +  -Y.]  Re 
sembling  a  ring,  ring-like;  marked  with  rings. 

1683  SSAPE  Anal.  Horse  in.  ix.  (1686)  124  Out  of  the  lower 
side  of  the  Annular  or  ringy  protuberance  of  the  cerebel. 
1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  1.  145  Amongst  the  white  ivory, 
the  teeth  are  often  found  to  be  marked  in  rings  alternately 
light  and  dark  coloured,  these  are  called  ringy  or  cloudy 

Ringy  (rrrji),  0.2  [f.  RING  ^.2]  Having  a 
ringing  quality  or  tone. 

1861  L.  L.  NOBLE  Icebergs  195  It  was  light  and  tight,  and 
ringy  as  a  drum,  and  floated  on  the  water  like  a  bubble. 

Rinish,  variant  of  REXISH  a. 

t  Kink,  sb^  Obs.  Forms  :  a.  i  rinc,  3-6  rink, 
4-6  rynk;e,  6  rinck(e,  rynck.  0.  4-6  renk(e, 
4  renkke,  reynke.  [OE.  rinc,  =OS.  rink,  ON. 
rekkr  :  the  stem  is  app.  an  ablaut-variant  to  that 
of  RANK  a.]  A  man,  esp.  a  fighting  man,  a  warrior. 
(Only  /<«/.) 

a.  Beowulf  399  Aras  J>a  se  rica,  ymb  hine  rinc  manig. 
a  goo  CYNEWULF  Crist  1114  Fore  eagna  jesyhS,  rinnan 
fore  nncum.  a  1000  Boeth.  Metr.  xxii.  45  peah  hine  rinca 
hwilc..  after  fri^ne.  c  1205  LAV.  5188  Bordes^er  scienden, 
redde  blod  scede,  rinkas  feollen.  c  1350  Witt.  Palerne 
1193  What  rink  so  he  rau^t  he  ros  neuer  after.  Ibid.  1213 
Ran  ride  togedere  a  gret  route  of  rinkes  ful  nobul.  c  1400 
Destr.  Troy  13620  My  ryght  I  renonse  to  bat  rynk  sone. 
ifXtSeffttisJk  Field  w  in  Chetham  Misc.  (1856)  II,  Every 
ryncke  to  his  reste  Full  radlie  him  dressed.  1535  STEWART 
Cron.  Scot.  III.  7  With  mony  rynk  that  ryall  wes  and  ryke. 
In  plan  ejiat  tell. 

198  po  ros  vp  with  rancour  J>e  renkes  reneyed.  c  1470 
(,ol.  f,  Caw.  ii  Renkis  of  grete  renovne,  Cumly  kingis 
with  crovne.  1557  GRIMALDF.  in  Tattefs  Misc.  (Arb.)  122 
Meleager.  .ran  vpon  the  sayd  Egyptian  renk  ;  And  cut  him 
in  both  kneez. 

Rink  (rink),  rf.2  Also  4-6  (9)  renk  ;  6  rynk. 
[App.  a.  OF.  renc  row,  rank,  REN*K  sb\  with 


698 

slight  change  of  meaning.  Until  the  latter  part  of 
the  igth  cent,  only  in  Sc.  use.] 

f  1.  The  space  of  ground  within  which  a  combat, 
joust,  or  race  takes  place ;  a  course  marked  out 
for  riding  or  running  in.  Freq.  in  phr.  rintis  end. 

In  later  use  chieflyy?^.,  and  passing  into  i  c. 

1275  BAKBOL'K  Bruce  11.  365  Knychtis.  .swa  fell  strakys 
gave  and  tuk,  That  all  the  renk  about  thaim  quouk.  c  1475 
Rauf  Coil^ear  809  In  the  rowme  of  ane  renk  in  fewtir  kest 
he.  Ibid.  834  The  riche  resiles  men  out  of  the  renk  past. 
1513  DOLGLAS  ^Encis  v.  vi.  71  Be  this  thai  wan  neir  to  the 
renkis  end,  Irkit  sum  deil  befoir  the  mark  weil  kend.  1550 
LYNDESAY  Sgr.  Meldrnm  520  He..bowtit  ford  wart,  with 
ane  bend,  And  ran  on  to  the  Rinkis  end.  1591  R.  BKUCE 
Seym,  (1863)  382  To  run  out  the  rink  that  the  Lord  has  set 
before  him.  1606  BIRNIE-:  Kirk-Buriall  Ded.,  The  Lord 
giue  your  Lordship  continuall  convoy  to  your  rinks  end. 
1637  RUTHERFORD  Lett.  (1664)  i.  xxiv.  57  Possibly  they  see 
little  more  of  it,  or  nothing  at  all,  till  they  win  to  the  rinks-end. 

attrib.  153$  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  I  if.  455  At  the  rynk  end 
. .  With  speir  in  hand  bydand  the  heraldis  cry.  1550  LYNDESAY 
Syr.  A/eldrum  505  That  round,  rinkroume  wes  at  vtterance. 
[1819  W.  TENNANT  Papistry  S form  d(i%wj)  137  The  heralds 
had  the  rink-room  met  it.] 

fb.  The  course  or  way  on  which  one  is  going. 

c  1475  Rauf  Coilyar  549  Hot  gif  thow  raik  out  of  my 
renk,  full  raith  sail  thow  rew.  1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  vn. 
xii.  86  Buskis  wythdrawis.  .To  reyd  thair  renk,  and  rovmis 
thaim  the  way. 

t  c.  A  spell  of  running  ;  a  run  or  course ;  the 
act  of  running.  Obs. 

c  1480  HENRYSON  Mor.  Fab.  2425  The  feind. -Actand  ilk 
man  to  rin  vnrichtious  rink  is.  1513  DOUGLAS  ALneis  x.  vii. 
142  To  wart  quham  Pallas  bownyt  lies  ful  sone,  And  in  hys 
renk  on  this  wys  maid  hys  boyne.  1533  BELI.ENDEN  Livy  i. 
x.  (S.T.S.)  I.  59  Ouresett  with  bleding  of  his  woundis  and 
fast  rink.  1536  —  Cron.  Scot.  in.  iv.  f  1821)  I.  So  The  Romanis 
ar.  .swift  of  rink.  1591  R.  BRUCE  Serm,  (1843)  385  So  much 
the  nearer  we  draw  to  it,  let  us  mend  our  renk.  [1819  W, 
TESNANT  Papistry  Storm" d  (1827)  144  But  sae  it  happen'd 
that  nae  scaith  That  renk  wrocht.] 

f  d.  A  course  in  a  joust  or  tournament.    Obs, 

c  1470  Gol.  ff  Gaiv.  oio  Twa  rynnyng  renkis  raith  the 
riolys  has  tane,  Ilk  freik  to  his  feir,  to  frestin  his  fa. 
1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  v.  x.  91  Thir  maneir  of  renkeis  and 
juperteis  of  batale  Ascanyus  hantit.  1536  BEI.LENDEN  Cron* 
Scot.  xvi.  x,  In  the  thrid  rynk  lord  wellis  wes  doung  out  of 
ya  sadyll.  c  1560  A,  SCOTT  Poems  (S.T.S.)  ii.  46  Trumpettis 
and  schalmis  wc  a  schowt  Playid  or  the  rink  began. 

2.  A  stretch  of  ice  measured  off  or  marked  out 
for  the  game  of  curling. 

1787  BURNS  Tain  Samson's  Elegy  v,  To  guard,  or  draw, 
or  wick  a  bore,  Or  up  the  rink  like  Jehu  roar.  1790  A. WILSON 
Rabby's  Mistake  Poet.  Wks.  (1846)  101  Far  aff  the  curler's 
roaring  rink,  Re-echoed  loud,  wi'  noisy  clink.  1820  Black^v. 
Mag.  VI.  569  What  has  been,  .justly  said  of  a  more  serious 
predicament,  is  exhibited  literally  on  a  Rink.  1856  'STONE- 
HENGE'  Brit.  Rural  Sports  511  A  line.,  is  drawn  across  the 
rink  at  each  end,  at  a  distance  from  the  tee  equal  to  one- 
sixth  of  the  rink.  1895  Times  30  Jan.  6/2  Ninety  rinks 
were  laid  out  on  the  ice. .,  and  they  were  occupied  by  545 
players. 

b.  One  of  the  sets  of  players  into  which  the 
sides  in  a  curling  or  quoiting  match  are  divided. 

1833  in  JAMIESON  s.v.,  The  long  pending  match  at  quoits. . 
took  place,  24  on  each  side,  forming  12  rinks.  1877  Encycl. 
Brit.  VI.  713/1  Matches ..  with  numerous  competitors 
formed  into  rinks  of  four  players  a  side,  two  stones  being 
used  by  each  player. 

3.  A  sheet  of  ice  for  skating,  sometimes  one  arti 
ficially  prepared  and  roofed  in  ;  also,  a  smooth 
floor,  usually  of  asphalt  or  wood,  for  roller-skating. 

1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.,  Rink^  space  of  ice  devoted 


must  be  intelligently  managed.  1890  \)\\xx.  Probl.  Greater 
Brit.  I.  123  Rink  skating  is  a  fine  art  in  Canada. 

transf.  iSS^E.  PF.XXEU.'}I.LMHIK$T  Creatrt  Lciccsters/t.  131 
The  roads  being  rinks  of  the  smoothest  and  most  unbroken 
description. 

b.  A  spell  of  roller-skating. 

1875  S.  G.  THOMAS  in  Burnie  Mem.  (1890)  48,  I  recreated 
myself,  .by  a  rink  yesterday.      I   found  the    wheels  more 
popular  than  ever. 

Hence  Rink  v.  intr.,  to  skate  on  a  rink. 

^1896  NEWNHAM-DAVIS  Three  Men  $  a  God  143  You  have 
rinked  in  the  town  hall  .  .,  have  gone  over  the  stables. 

Rmkasporum,  erroneous  for  Rhyncospora,  a 
genus  of  Australian  plants. 

1885  MRS.  C.  PRAED  Head  Station  I.  i,  The  delicate 
white-flowered  rinka-sporum.  Ibid.  III.  vii,  Isabel,  .nerv 
ously  twisted  a  tendril  of  the  rinkasporum  round  her  fingers. 

Banking,  vbl.  sb.  [i.  RTNK  j£.*3.]  The  act 
or  practice  of  skating  on  a  rink.  Also  attrib. 

1876  BESANT  &  RICE  Gold.  Butterfly  xvi,  Why  should  we 
not  go  mad  for  china?    It  is  as  sensible  as  going  mad  over 
miking.     -*"-  *""  ^    " 


_____  o 

Brnkist.  ~[f.  RTN-K  £  a  n  who  skates 
on  a  rink. 

1876  All  Year  tfo»ttrf(N.S.)  XVI.  18  The  practised  rinkist 
may  soon  get  into  trouble  on  genuine  ice. 

Rinkle,  obs.  variant  of  WRINKLE  sb 
Rinkoma-nia.    [f.RixKj^.]   A  passion  for 
nnk-skatmg.     So  Rinkoma'niac. 

1876  IVorldV.  3  The  mischief  which  must  .  .  ensue  if  the  pest 
of  nnkomama  became  popular.  T&ATintley'sMmf  XVIII 
269  I  he  pastime  seems  sufficiently  dangerous  to  satisfy  the 
requirements  of  the  most  refractory  rinkomaniacs. 

Rinner,  -ing,  dial,  variants  of  RUNNER,  -ING. 


RINSE. 

tRi'nnet.  Obs.  In  6  rinet,  7  rynnet.  Variant 
of  RENNET  or  RTJNNET  sb.t  used  figuratively. 

1582  STANVHURST  ^?;m,etc.  (Arb.)  136  Thee  water  hard 
curded  with  the  chil  ysye  rinet.  a  1616  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Bon- 
dnca  iv.  i,  They  are  full  of  rynnet,  And  take  the  skin  off 
where  they  are  tasted,  a  1618  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Wittts 
rilgr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  26  Rynnet  of  Darknesse,  lightly 
turning  it. 

Rino,  obs.  var.  RHINO  sb.1  Rinocere,  obs.  var. 
RHINOCEROS.  Rinology,  obs.  var.  RHINOI.OGY. 
Rin-rig,  variant  of  RUN-RIG. 

Rinse  (rins),  sb.  Also  rinze,  rince,  Sc.  ringe, 
reenge.  [f.  RINSE  z>.] 

1.  Sc.   A  small  bundle  of  twigs  (esp.  of  heather) 
used  for  cleaning  out  pots  or  other  vessels.    Hence 
rinse-heather,  the   variety  of  heather  used   for 
making  this. 

1800  J.  HKADRICK  Comm.  Board  ofAgric.  II.  264  Long 
heath.. makes  excellent  rinses  for  scrubbing  milk  vessels. 
1808  JAMIESON,  Ringe ^  a  whisk  or  small  besom,  made  of 
heath.  Ringe-heather^  Cross-leaved  Heath.  1829  Health  $ 
Longevity  151  Traversing  the  woods  and  fields  in  quest  of 
materials  for  his  besoms  and  rinzes. 

2.  A  rinsing;    a   final  application  of  water  to 
remove  impurities  ;  colloq.  a  wash.     Also  attrib. 

1837  DICKENS  Pickw.  xxv, '  I  may  as  vel  have  a  rinse ',  re 
plied  Mr.  Weller,  apply  ing  plenty  of  yellow  soap  to  the  towel. 
1852  MORFIT  Tanning  fy  Currying  (1853)  3^7  The  skins 
are  then  taken  from  the  rinse-water.  1879  Casselfs  Techn. 
Educ.  III.  207/2  No  doubt  the  final  rinse  of  spirits  helps 
the  gelatine  to  resist  decomposition.  1882  JAMIESON  s.v. 
Ringe^  Gie  the  claes  a  ringe  in  cauld  water. 
b.  A  wash  to  cleanse  the  mouth. 
1898  H'estm.  Gaz.  26  Jan.  10/2  The  best  rinse  for  the 
smoker  is  a  glass  of  water  in  which  a  teaspoonful  of  table- 
salt  has  been  dissolved. 

Rinse  (rins),  v.  Forms :  a.  4-6  rynce  (5 
ryyncyn),  4-6  rynse  (5  ryynse),  5  rines-,  6- 
rince,  rinse  ;  6  rence,  6-7  rense,  7  reinse.  0.  5 
rynesh,  rynsche,  6  rinche,  7  (9  dial.}  rinch ; 
6rensch,6-7  (9  <//#/.)  rench,  7  (9  dial.)  wrench, 
9  dial,  ranch.  7.  9  dial,  ringe,  rinje,  reenge, 
reinge,  range,  [a.  F.  rincer,  OF.  also  retncer 
(•set),  raincer  (-ser),  of  uncertain  origin. 

The  similarity  in  form  and  meaning  to  ON.  hreinsa  (MDa. 
rfttsa,  rinse,  r&nse,  MSw.  rotsa,  riinsa,  ronsa),  to  cleanse, 
is  very  great,  but  is  prob.  accidental.  The  OF.  raincer  was 
app.  trisyllabic  (raincer),  which  suggests  that  a  consonant 
has  been  dropped,  but  it  seems  difficult  to  associate  the 
form  with  the  synonymous  OF.  recincer  (Picard  rechinchier) 
and  med.L.  recincerare,  resincerare  (see  these  words  in 
Du  Gauge).] 

fl.  trans.  To  clear,  make  clean,  by  removal. 
1338  R.  BRUNNECV&r<m.  (1810)321  pekynge's  oste  at  gesse 
in  pe  Est  mad  lardere,.  .More  8:  mede  did   rynce  [rime 
prince],  wod  &  playn  he  brent. 

2.  To  wash  out  (a  cup,  etc.)  by  pouring  in  water 
or  other  liquid  and  emptying  it  out  again  (usually 
after  swilling  or  stirring  it  about). 

a.   CI35O  Gloss,  in  Rel.  Ant.  I.  7  Recenta.Jiwic  dphumt 

rynce  this  cuppe.     ?  a  1400  [see   RINSED  ppl.  a.].    £1440 

i    Promp.  Parv.  434/2  Ryyncyn,  rigo,  vntecto.    1509  BARCLAY 

I    Shyp  Polys  (1570)  32  Such  force  not  of  their  soules,  But 

I    labour  in  rinsing  pieces,  cups  and  bowles.    1535  COVERDALE 

Lev,  xv.  12  The  treen  vessell  shal  be  rensed  with  water. 

c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xvi.  224  Hee  tooke  a  most  vnualewed 

i    boule,.. and  that  he  first  did  dense  With  sulphure,  then  with 

•    fluences  of  sweetest   water    rense.    1658  tr.  Porta's  Nat. 

\    Magic  xx.  398  Glass  vessels  well  rinced,  and  ..full  of  cold 

!    water.     1729  SWIFT  Direct.  Serv.  i,  Leave  the  Dregs  of.. 

Liquors  in  the  Bottle  :  To  rince  them  is  but  Loss  of  Time. 

1769  MRS.  RAFFALD  Kng.  Housekpr.  (1778)  317  To  have 

your  vessels  dry,  rinse  them  with  brandy.    1823  J.  BADCOCK 

Dom.  Amusetn.  45  A  clean  glass,  rinced  with  any  acid.  1861 

FLOR.  NIGHTINGALE  Nursing  ii.  (ed.  2)  13  Take  care  that 

your  Hd,  as  well  as  your  utensil,  be  always  thoroughly  rinsed. 

0.   c  1430  Tu'o  Cookery-bks.  24  Rynsche  bin  dysshe  alle 

a-bowte  withynne  with  sugre  or  oyle.     1591  FLORIO  znd 

|    Fruitcs  13  Wash  and  rench  the  glasses  verie  well.    1663 

'    GERBIKK  Counsel  i.  35  The  French-Man's  Glasse  is  wrenched 

as  often  as  he  Drinks. 

y.  1547  SALESBURY,  Bivrw  dwr  dros  lestr,  renge.  1834-5 
Wilsons  Tales  Borders  (1836)  II.  167, 1  poured  the  whisky 
intil  the  lang  sma  bottle.,  without  rangin  it  oot.  1894 
HESLOP  Northnmb.  Gloss.  565  Range  oot  that  pot. 

b.  To  clean  (the  mouth,  teeth,  elc.)  by  taking 
a  mouthful  of  water  and  emitting  it  again. 

I5fi5  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Foneo,  Fonere  os  inulta 
aquafrigida^  to  washe  the  mouth  with;  to  rinse.  1608 
TOPSELL  Serpents  (1653)  624  He  would  suck  and  draw  up 
into  his  mouth  a  great  deal  of  water,  and  first  rinse  and 
warm  his  own  mouth.  1739  R.  BULL  tr.  Dedekindns  Gro- 
dianus  105  Nor  only  wash  your  Fingers,  but  your  Face  ; 
And  rinse  your  Teeth.  1762  Ann.  Keg.  n.  34/2  Rinsing 
his  palate  (to  avoid  confusion)  after  every  piece.  1834  L. 
RITCHIE  lif'and.  by  Seine  71  The.,  disgusting  ceremony  of 
publicly  rinsing  the  mouth.  1870  DICKENS  E.  Drood  xii, 
Jasper  only  rinses  his  mouth  once,  and  casts  forth  the 
rinsing.  1905  GEIL  Yankee  in  Pigmy  Land  319  After  each 
meal  they  rinse  the  mouth  with  water. 
fig.  1824-9  LANDOR  Imag.  Con-v.  Wks.  1846  I.  84,  I  have 
rinsed  mv  mouth  of  the  poetry. 

t  3.  absol.  Of  a  priest :  To  clean  the  chalice  and 
fingers  with  wine  and  water  after  communion.  Obs. 
c  1375  Lay-Folks  Mass  Bk.  (MS.  B)  575  Loke  pater-noster 
bou  be  sayande,  I-whils  bo  preste  is  rynsande.  c  1400  Rule 
St.  Benet  149  Qwen  be  prelete  base  vsede  &  rineside,  b^n  sal 
scho  be  howseld  of  hym.  c  1425  [see  RINSING  vbl.  sb.  r]. 

4.  To  dip  (a  thing)   into,  agitate  in,  or  drench 
with  water  in  order  to  remove  impurities, 
a.  1423  JAS.  I  King's  Q.  i,  Citherea  the  clere  Rynsid  fair 


RINSED. 

tressis  like  thegoldin  wyre.  1563  YQXE  Cation  0/Jfassin  A. 
<$•  M.  893/2  Let  the  priest  rence  his  hands,  lest  any  parcels  of 
the  body  or  bloud  be  left  behind  in  his  fingers  or  in  the 
chalice.  1588  MASCALL  tr.  Bk.  Dyeing  20  Take  of  good 
wood  and  breake  the  rootes  off,  and  then  cut  them  small, 
then  wash  and  rence  them  in  cold  water.  1607  J.  DAVIES 
(Heref.)  Summa  Totalis  Wks.  (Grosart}  I.  21/2  Likewise 
the  D^lvge  (that  did  rince  this  Rovnd)  Came.. To  make  it 
cleane.  1641  MILTON  Animadv.  Wks.  1851  III.  107  They 
could  not  refine  a  Scorpion  into  a  Fish,  though  they  had 
drawn  it,  and  rinc't  it  with  never  so  cleanly  Cookery.  1683 
MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.,  Printing  xxii.  p  2  Of  Rincing  a  Form 
of  Letter.  1700  ADDISON  jEneid  in.  Wks.  1726  I-  62  He 
rins'd  the  wound,  And  washed  away  the.. clotted  blood. 
1828  MAUGHAM  Accum's  Chem.  Reagents  118  Rince  and 
macerate  an  oyster  in  cold  distilled  water.  1846  J.  BAXTER 
Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  II.  318  Rinse  the  leaves  in  cold 
water,,  .and  dry  them  on  hot  plates.  1902  WISTEK  Virginian 
xxvii,  The  girl  rinsed  the  man's  wound  and  wrapped  him  in 
clean  things. 

refi.  1630  BRATHWAIT  Eng.  Gentlem.  (1641)  103  Hanging 
down  his  head,  as  one  discontent,  till  he  hath  washed  and 
rinsed  himselfe,  a  1641  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  $  Mon.  (1642) 
205  Having  rinsed  her  selfe  all  over  in  pure  running  water. 
[1851  S.  JUDIJ  Margaret  \.  ii,  They  went  to  the  cistern  at 
the  back  of  the  house,  washed  and  rinsed  themselves  for 
dinner.] 

/3.  1561  HOLLYBUSH  Honi.  Apoth.  2  Washe  the  head  euery 
thyrde  daye  wyth  strong  warme  lye . .  :  at  the  last  rensch  the 
head  with  colde  lye.  1595  DUNCAN  Etym.  (K.U.S.),  Perluo, 
perpurgo^  to  rinche  faire  and  cleane.  1889  J.  W.  RILEY 
Knee-deep  in  June,  Rench  my  hair  In  the  dew. 

b.  To  treat  (clothes  or  textile  fabrics)  in  this 
way  ;  spec,  to  put  through  clean  water  in  order  to 
remove  the  soap  used  in  washing. 

a.  1530  PALSGR.  691/2,  I  rynce  clothes,  je  raincc.     I  wyll 
rynce  up  the  clothes  here  in  the  bolle.      1598  YONG  Diana 
74  As  1  was  going  to  the  riuer  to  rince  my  clothes.     1611 
COTGR.,   Rinsert    to    reinse    linnen    clothes,      a  1641    BP. 
MOUNTAGU  Acts  fy  Mon.  (1642)  128  By  scouring,  washing, 
rinsing  it  as  spots . .  are  washed  out  of  clothes.     1686  A  nnals 
of  Albany  (1850)  II.  94  No  person  whatsoever  shall,  .rense    , 
cloathes..in  or   near  any  of  the   wells.     1791    HAMILTON    j 
Bert/tollers  Dyeing  I,  i.  n.  i.  147  The  cotton  must  be  rinsed     : 
in  a  stream  of  water.     1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Set.  fy  Art    , 
II.  544  In  scouring  the  raw  cotton,  it  is  usual  to  boil  it.  .in     , 
sour  water  or  an  alkaline  ley,  after  which  it  is  wrung  out, 
rinsed,  and  dryed.     1859  JEPHSON  Brittany  iv.  44  They 
were  beating  and  rinsing  and  wringing  the  unfortunate    , 
sheets  and  table-cloths. 

£.  c  1440  Generydes  1182  She  toke  the  Shirte.  .And  wesht 
it  onys  andrynesheditso  clene.  1611  COTGR.,  Esbonrrer..^ 
to  rinch,  or  wash  (a  cloath,  &c.)  lightly,  or  sleightly.  1781 
HUTTON  Tour  Caves  i  Rench^  to  wash  clean  with  water,  as 
cloths.  1825-  in  many  dial,  glossaries  (as  rincht  rench,  j 
ranch). 

Y.  1856  J.  BALLANTINE  Poems  13  In  the  wee  gushing  burn 
[they]  ringe  their  siller-white  claes.      1881  SARGISSON  Joe    , 
Scoap  141  (E.D.D.),Thay..rinje't  em  weel  anundert'pump.    ' 
j5.  In _/?£•.  or  transf.  uses  :  a.  To  clean  out,  to   | 
empty.   Obs.  rare. 

£"1572  GASCOIGSE  Fruites  IVarre  Ixix,  His  owne  com 
panions  can  contriue  a  meane,  To  cutte  his  throate  and 
rinse  his  budgets  cleane. 

f  b.  To  moisten  or  drench,   Obs.  rare. 

>599  B.  JONSON  Ei>.  Man  out  of  Hum.  in.  ix,  To  rince  his 

clammy  guts  in  beere.     1648  G.  DANIEL  Eclog  iii.  Hakon's 

Song  ii,  Had  I  but  now,  one  boule  To  rince  my  thirsty  Soule. 

t  c.  To  cleanse,  to  make  clean  or  pure.  Obs. 

1600  ROWLANDS  Lett.  Humours  Blood  vi.  79  A  pottle  of 

wine..Drunke  with  an  Apple,  is  imployed  right,  To  rince 

the  Liver,     a  1628  PRESTON  Saints  Daily  Exercise  (1629) 

132  He  washeth  and  renseth  his  heart,     a  1658  LOVELACE 

Poems  (1864)   244    Thy   thoughts.. Rench 'd  from    earth's 

tainted,  fat  and  heavy  steams. 

6.  To  remove,  to  take  away,  clear  ouft  by  rinsing. 
1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Abluo,  To  rinse  away  his    j 

thirst.  1582  STANYHURST  sEneis  in.  (Arb.)  92  Hee  rinst  in  ' 
the  water  thee  drosse  from  his  late  bored  eyelyd.  1607 
WALKINGTON  Opt.  Glass  3  That  whole  flood  could  not  wash 
or  rinch  away  that  one  spot  of  his  atheisme.  1646  1'. 
BULKELEY  Gospel  Covt.  i.  174  First  wee  scoure  and  rinse 
out  the  filth  that  is  in  it.  1794  WATERHOUSE  in  Morse 
Amer.  Geogr.  (1796)  I.  501  Such  a  course  of  water  drinking 
will  open  obstructions,  rinse  out  impurities. 

7.  To  wash  down  with  liquor. 

1812  W.  TENNANT  Anster  Fair  i.  Ixix,  Ever  and  anon 
they  eat  a  lunch,  And  rinse  the  mouthfuls  down  with 
flav'rous  whisky  punch. 

Hence  Rinsed  ///.  a.  Also  t  Rinse-pitcher, 
one  who  drinks  the  rinsings  of  liquor  ;  a  toper. 

?  a  1400  Morte  Arth.  3375,  I  salle  redily.-reche  the  be  i 
riche  wyne  m  rynsedecoupes.  1552  HULOET,  Rynche  pytcher,  ! 
lagenarius.  1562  UULLEIN  Bulwark^  Bk.  Simples  (1579)  ! 
13  The  rinsepichers  had  a  good  medicen  prepared  for  them,  ! 
for  the  Maior  of  London.. made  an  order  against  mightie 
Bere  and  Ale. 

Ri  user.  rare.  Also  7  rencer,  reinser, 
renser.  [f.  RINSE  z>.]  One  who  rinses. 

1611  FLORID,  Risciacquatore^  a  rencer,  a  washer  or  shaker    • 
in  water.     1611  COTGR.,  Kinseur,  a  reinser  of  linnen.     1697 
C.  LESLIE  Snake  in  Grass  (ed.  2)  351  John  the  Baptist  is    ( 
always  called  in  the  printed  Saxon  Version  of  the  Gospels, . .     I 
John  the  Washer,  Renser,  or  Cleanser.    1825  Blacktv.  Mag. 
XVII.  165  From  being  a  rinser  of  muslins,  [she]  comes  to 
be  the  very  goddess  of  St.  George's . .  Fields. 

Rinsing  (ri-nsirj),  vbl.  sb.    [f.  RINSE  v.  +  -ING1.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  verb  in  various  senses. 

1x375  Lay  Folks  Mass  Bk.  (MS.  B)  576  When  bo  preste 
has  rinsynge  done,  opon  bi  fete  bou  stonde  vp  sone.  c  1423 
St.  Mary  ofOignies  i.  viii.  in  Auglia  VIII.  141/28  Whanne 


1  hat.. like   a   glasse   Did  breake    ith     wrenching.      1617 
HIERON  IVtts.   II.  90  Such  a  rinsing  and  scouring  Dauid    j 


699 

prayed  for.  1840  R.  DANA  Be/.  Mast  xxx.  no  We.. had 
a  new  supply  of  rain-water,  in  which  we  had  a  grand  rins 
ing.  1873  E.  SPON  Workshop  Rec.  Ser.  r.  209/2  The  rinsings 
after  each  operation  should  be  thorough. 

b.  atti'ib.,  as  rinsing  appliance,  machine,  etc. 

1683  MOXON  Rlech.  Exerc.^  Printing  ii.  p  i  The  Lye- 
Trough  and  Rincing- Trough  he  places  towards  some  corner 
of  the  Room.  1725  Fam.  Diet,  s.v.  Clear-starching^  Pour 
a  little  of  it  into  the  rincing  Water,  then  put  your  Hand  into 
the  rincing  Water,  and  stir  it  about.  1827  FAHADAY  Chun. 
Manip.  x.\.  526  For  soaking  and  rincing  operatiuus.  1839 
URE  Diet.  Arts  1069  Rinsing  Machine.  1884  Health 
Exhib.  Catal.  110/2  Bottle  Washing,  Brushing,  and  Rinsing 
Appliances. 

2.  The  liquid  or  liquor  with  which  anything  has 
been  rinsed  out.  Chiefly//. 

1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xxxii,  The  beadle,  .washed  down 
the  greasy  morsel  with  the  last  rinsings  of  the  pot  of  ale. 
1860  DICKENS  Uncomm,  Trav.  iii,  A  .scum  that  was  like  the 
soapy  rinsing  of  sooty  chimneys.  1870  [see  RINSE  i\  2  b]. 
1872  GEO.  ELIOT  Middlem,  xxxix,  The  very  pigs,  .in  low 
spirits  from  feeding  on  a  too  meagre  quality  of  rinsings. 
Jig.  i8zz  DE  QUINCEY  Confessions  150  These  were., 
the  very  dregs  and  rinsings  of  the  human  intellect.  1870 
LOWELL  Study  Wind.,  Condesc.  Foreigners,  Being  drenched 
with  the  rinsings  of  an  unclean  imagination. 

t  Kilispiildle.  Obs.  rare.  In  5  -spindel,  -dil, 
rynspyndell,  -die.  [App.  i.rin  RUN  #.  +  SPINDLE 
sb.  Cf.  G.  rcnnspindci\  A  boring  instrument 
used  by  cutlers  and  in  the  surgical  treatment  of  a 
broken  skull. 

(1400  Lanfrancs  Cimrg.  126  Summe  seien  bat  bilke 
rimele..schulde  be..peersid. .  \vib  rinspindelis...  A  rinspin- 
dil  is  an  instrument  £at  coteltris  poudren  with  her  haftis. 

Bin-there-out :  sec  RUN-. 

y,   a.    Obs.   rarc~\      [f.    rine,  var.  of 
Cf.  RIXDY  £.1]   Bearing  the  rind  or  skin. 

ci68z  J.  COLLINS  Salt  $  Fishery  123  Rub  Salt  well  on  the 
Flitches,  and  put  them  in  a  Trough,  laying  the  Riny  side 
downwards. 

tBioall,  variant  of  rioll,  RIAL  a.  Oh. 

c  1450  Merlin  107  Lo,  here  is  the  crowne  and  the  veste- 
mentis  rioall.  1486  Hen.  I'll  at  York  in  Sitrtees  Misc. 
(1890)  54  A  world  desolaite,.  .in  the  which  shall  spryng  up 
a  rioall,  rich,  rede  rose. 

Riol(ly,  Riolte,  variants  of  RIAL(LY,  RIALTY 
Obs.  Riot,  variant  of  RYOT. 

Riot  (rai-at),  sb.  Forms:  a.  3-6  riote,  4- 
riot,  4-6  riott,  5  riotte,  riaut,  6  riat,  riet;  4-6 
ry ote  (5  ryaute),  4-7  ryot,  5-7  ryott,  5-6  ryotte, 
5  ryet(te.  $.  4-5  reot,  5  reaut.  See  also 
RoYEr.  [a.  OF.  riote  (rihote),  riotte  fern.,  riot 
(rihof}  masc.,  debate,  dispute,  quarrel,  etc.,  = 
Prov.  riota,  It.  riottat  of  obscure  origin.] 

1.  Wanton,  loose,  or  wasteful  living ;  debauchery, 
dissipation,  extravagance.     Now  rare. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  198  So  bet  non  wisure  read  ne  mei 
bringen  hire  ut  of  hire  riote  ["'.r.  him  of  his  fol  riote].  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  48  A  saumpul  her  be  baem  I  say,  f>at  rages  in  bare 
riot  \Bcdf.  reaut]  ay;  In  riot  \_Bedf.  riaul]  and  in  rigolage, 
Of  all  here  liif  spend  bai  be  stag_e.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks. 
(1880)  122  |>ei  wasten  moche  good  in  ryot  &  glotonye.  1399 
LANGL.  Rich.  Redeles  \.  6  Rafte  was  goure  riott  and  rest. 
Ibid,  iv.  20  Whanne  be  reot  and  be  reeuell  be  rent  bus  passid. 
1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  377  The  clergy,  .spendenge  the 
nyghtes  in  surfettes  and  in  ryette.  a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour 
(1868)  54  Who  that  sekithe  ryot  gladly,  he  metithe  there 
with.  1514  BARCLAY  Cyt.  $  Uplondyshm.  (Percy  Soc.)  27 
In  ryot  &  dronkenesse,  Theyr  name  defylynge,  despysynge 
all  goodnesse.  1560  D.\us  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  63  b,  Al 
to  mainteyne  your  ryot,  pryde,  and  voluptuousnes.  1600 
HOLLAND  Livy  1387  There  was  nothing  wanting,  that  might 
serue  for  pleasure  or  prodigall  riot.  1667  MILTON  P.L.  xi. 
711  All  now  was  turn'd  to  jollitie  and  game,  To  luxurie  and 
riot,  feast  and  dance.  1732  POPE  Ess.  on  Man  i.  81  The 
lamb  thy  riot  dooms  to  bleed  to-day.  1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit. 
India  II.  iv.  viii.  272  Hyder.  .spent  his  life  between  the 
labours  of  the  chase,  and  the  pleasures  of  voluptuous  in 
dolence  and  riot. 

personif.  1609  DKKKER  Work  for  Armourers  Wks. 
(Grosart)  IV.  139  Riot  (a  smooth-fac'd  Ganimed)  slept  in 
her  lap.  1754  T.  SCOTT  Table  of  Cebes  144  See !  Riot  her 
luxurious  Bowl  prepares. 

fig*  *7$*  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  89  F  4  This  invisible  riot 
of  the  mind,  this  secret  prodigality  of  being,  is  secure  from 
detection,  and  fearless  of  reproach. 

b.  Unrestrained  revelry,  mirth,  or  noise. 
1728-46  THOMSON  Spring  368  To  swell  the   riot  of  th' 

autumnal  feast.  1794  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Myst.  Udolpko  vi, 
It  seemed  not  the  laugh  of  cheerfulness  but  of  riot.  1816 
T.  SCOTT  l''is.  Part's  (ed,  5)  p.  Ixv,  The  free  vent  given  to 
what  may  be  termed  the  clamour  and  riot  of  satisfaction  by 
the  absence  of  official  arrangement.  1840  DICKENS  Old  C. 
Shop  xix,  They  quickened  their  steps  to  get  clear  of  all  the 
roar  and  riot.  1873  DIXON  Two  Queens  xn.  vii.  II.  326  With 
bray  of  snorting  horns  and  riot  of  exploding  guns. 

c.  In  full  riot)  in  full  swingj.    rare. 

1898  LD.  E.  HAMILTON  Mawkin  ix,  The  spaning  of  the 
lambs  was  by  with,  and  the  ewe  milking  in  full  riot. 

2.  An  instance  or  course  of  loose  living  ;  a  noisy 
feast  or  wanton  revel ;   a  disturbance  arising  from 
this  ;  f  an  extravagant  display  0/"  something. 

\^..SeuynSag.  (W.)  163  For  burgeis,  maiden,  other  knaue, 
Mighte  him  in  some  riote  sette.  1*1380  Sir  Feruntb.  4459 
He  benkb  hold  an  huge  ryot..  Wyb-inne  bis  forteni5t.  1390 
GOWER  Conf.  1 1.  367  Every  riot  ate  laste  Mot  nedes  falle  and 
ma!  noght  laste.  1474  CAXTON  Chesse  in  There  cometh  of 
glotonye  riottes,  wrongs,  and  molestacions.  1612  DRAYTON 
Poly-olb.  vii.  50  Thejyots  to  represse  of  this  outrageous  crue. 
1649  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Hist.  Jets.  /,  Wks.  (1711)  9  They 
abolished  Riots  of  all  Sorts  of  Pearl..;  only  Women  were 
permitted  to  wear  a  small  Carkanet  of  them  about  their 


EIOT. 

Necks,    a.  1700  SEDLEY  Wks.  (1722)  I.  28  Roots  he  preferr'd, 
and   Pot-herbs  To  all  the   Pomp  and   Riots  of  a  Crown 
,     1807  CRABUE    Village  n.   63   And   hark  !    the  riots  of  the 
Green  begin,  That  sprang  at  first  from  yonder  noisy  inn. 
Jig.  1768  STERNE  Sent.  Journ.,  Boitrbonnois,  There  was 
;    nothing  from  which  I  had  painted  out  for  myself  so  joyous 
a  not  of  the  affections. 

t  b.  A  foolish  saying  ;  a  rigmarole.   Obs, 
c  1330  Sir  Bents  1191  '  Men  saib,'  ;he  seide, '  in  olde  riote 
[v.r.  rootej.pat  wimmannes  bolt  is  sone  schote1.   1340  Ayenb. 
99  God  be  uader.  .ne  heb  none  hede  of  longe  ryote  of  tales 
y-slyked  ne  y-rymed, 

fc.  ?  A  company  or  assemblage  of  persons.  Obs.-* 

?  <i  1400  Mortc  Arth.  388  And  I  may  se  the  Romaynes. . 
Arayede  in  theire  riotes  on  a  rounde  feldu  [etc.]. 
d.  A  vivid  display  ^  (colour). 

1894  K.  GKAHAME  Pagan  /'.  68  A  riot  of  scarlet  on  gold. 
1895  Outing  XXVI.  429/2  Here  and  there  the  sombre  green 
of  a  cedar  broke  the  riot  of  color. 

3.  Hunting.     The  action,  on  the  part  of  a  hound, 
of  following  the  scent  of  some  animal  other  than 

i    that  which  he  is  intended  to  hunt.     Also  in  phr. 
to  hunt  or  run  riot. 

The  fir.st  passage  from  the  Master  of  Game  appears  to 
contain  some  misunderstanding  of  the  term. 

6-1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182-  x,\Vhat  racche  bat 
renneth  toaConynge  in  any  tyme,  he  ought  to  be  ascryede, 
iaynge  to  hym  lowde  :  War  ryote  war.  For  none  ober 
beeste  in  Inglonde  is  called  ryote,  saue  onely  be  Conync^. 
Ibid,  xvi,  For  he  [the  spaniel]  will  make  alle  be  ryote  and 
alle  [be]  harme.  1594  T.  B.  La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad.  n. 
i  181  If  hee  cannot  by  sent  finde  out  the  game  he  seeketh, 
or  if,  after  he  hath  found  it  and  is  in  chase,  he  fall  to  hunt 
riot  [etc.].  1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  76/1  When  Hounds 
run  at  a  whole  Herd  of  Deer,.. we  say.. [they]  Run  Riot. 
1856  '  STONEHENGK  '  Brit.  Rural  Sports  123  Until,  .hounds 
are  entered  to  their  particular  game,  they  must  not  be 
too  much  rated  and  broken  from  '  riot '.  Ibid.  131  Leaving 
them.,  to  hunt '  riot '  unchecked.  1890  Sat.  Rev.  i  Feb. 
rss/i  A  slight  variation  in  the  note  of  a  hound.. telU  him 
that  the  hound  has  been  too  free  with  his  tongue  on  riot 
(the  hunting  term  for  the  scent  of  the  wrong  animaP. 

b.  To  run  riot,  in  fig.  use  :  To  act  without 
restraint  or  control;  to  disregard  all  limitations; 
to  grow  luxuriantly  or  wildly,  etc. 

1523  FITZHEKB.  Hitsb.  §  148  If  thou  breake  thy  tedure, 
and  ren  ryot  at  large,  and  knowe  not  other  memies  goodes 
froine  thyne  owne.  1535  JOVE  Afol.  Tindalc  (Arb.)  13 
Here  may  ye  se  how  Tindale  runneth  ryot  of  his  own  wit. 
1656  HP.  HALL  Rent.  JF^j.  (1660)  122  Ye  suffer  your  Tongues 
to  run  ryot  in  bitter  Scoffs.  1700  DKVDEN  Pref.  Fables 
Ess.  (ed.  Ker)  II.  265  Sometimes  also.. he  runs  riot,  like 
Ovid,  and  knows  not  when  he  has  said  enough.  1748 
CHESTERF.  Lett,  clxii.  (1792)  II.  85  They  ran  riot,  would 
not  be  kept  within  bounds  by  their  leaders.  i768-74Ti:cKER 
Lt,  Nat.  (1834)  II.  512  To  study  how  they  may  be  employed 
most  effectually  to  answer  some  good  purpose  ;  that,  if 
possible,  they  may  never  run  riot.  1832  TKNNYSON  CEnotte 
99  The  wandering  ivy  and  vine,  This  way  and  that,  in 
many  a  wild  festoon  Ran  riot.  1847  H.  MILLER  First 
Impr.  Eng.  iii.  (1857)  38  The  sculptor  seems  to  have  let 
his  imagination  altogether  run  riot.  1884  GILMOUR  Mongols 
186  The  rheumatism  runs  riot  among  them, 
f  c.  So  to  run  at  riot.  Obs.  rare. 

1530  TINDALE  Ansu>.  More  (Parker  Soc.)  114  They.. either 
run  altogether  at  riot,  or  keep  the  law  with  cautels  and 
expositions  of  their  own  feigning.  1579  TOMSON  Calvin's 
Serm.  Tim.  12/1  So  sopne  as  a  man  beginneth  to  runne  at 
riot,  &  leaueth  the  streight  line, 

4.  Violence,  strife,  disorder,  tumult,  esp.  on  the 
part  of  the  populace. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xvn.  510  To  pass  In  Yngland,  for 
till  burn  and  sla ;  And  swa  gret  ryot  thar  till  ma  [etc.]. 
c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  xiv.  159  It  [the  diamond]  kepethe 
him  thatberethe  it.,  fro  Strifand  Riot.  1429  Rolls  of  Par  It. 
IV.  345/2  There  have  come  grete  multitude  of  peple..with 
greete  ryot  and  strengthe  in  maner  of  Werre.  1581  PETTIE 
Gwazzo's  Civ.  Conv.  \.  (1586)  24  b,  I  thinke  these  same., 
commit  no  lesse  ryot,  then  those  which  crucified  Christ. 
1593  G.  HARVEY  Pierce" s  Super.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  230,  I 
know  none  so  rank-minded,  to  enter  vpon  your  proper 
possessions  by  riot.  1769  Junius  Lett.  xi.  (1788)  70  You  left 
the  metropolis  exposed.. to  every  species  of  riot  and  dis 
order.  1819  LD.  EI.DON  in  Ld.  Campbell  Chancellors  (1857) 
VII  I.  392  What  constitutes  riot  enough  to  justify  dispersion 
is  no  easy  matter  to  determine.  1848  W.  H.  KELLY  tr.  L. 
Blanc's  Hist.  Ten  Y.  II.  484  The  swords  of  the  demagogues 
striking  at  the  gates  of  San-Ildefonso. .;  in  a  word,  riot  in 
the  very  apartments  of  Christina. 

fig.  1820  KEATS  St.  Agnes  xvi,  Sudden  a  thought. .in 
his  pained  heart  Made  purple  riot, 

b.  A  violent  disturbance  of  the  peace  by  an 
assembly  or  body  of  persons;  an  outbreak  of  active 
lawlessness  or  disorder  among  the  populace ;  f  a 
hostile  attack  or  encounter. 

1390 GOWER CV«/  III.  171  Benedab.  .Of  Irahelagretpartie 
..Hath  sesed  ;  and  of  that  riote  He  [Ahab]  tok  conseil. 
£-1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  vn.  2584  Thare  wes  be  admirall 
slane  of  be  flot,  And  all  be  laif  in  bat  ryot.  1433  Rolls  of 
Parlt.  IV.  421/2  In  eschuyng  of  Riotes.  .and  disobeissances 
ayenst  the  Kynges  astate.  1462  Paston  Lett.  II.  95  That 
the  Kyng  shulde..come  unto  this  cuntre  and  se  suyche 
riottes  as  have  be  in  this  cuntre  punyshed.  1523  Act  14  .$• 
15  Hen.  VIM,  c.  7  Processes  snalbe  made,  .in  like  maner  as 
is  made  upon  enditements  of  riottes.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron. 
11.83  marg.,  A  riot  made  vpon  Jewes.  IS98SHAKS.  Merry 
Wires  i.  i.  35  The  Councell  shall  heare  it,  it  is  a  Riot.  1632 
LITHGOW  Trav.  iv.  152  Such  vnallowable  Ryots,  being  ex- 
presly  against.,  the  quietnesse  and  liberty  of  the  Christians. 
1670  MARVELL  Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  354  The  Bill  for 
Conventicles  hath  bin  twice  red  and  committed  :  it  makes 
them  henceforth  riots.  1707  HEARNE  Collect.  (O.H.S.)  I.  337 
An  abominable  Riot  committed  in  All-Souls  College.  1759 
SMOLLETT  Hist.  Eng.  (ed.  3)  X.  179  After  having,  .heard 
the  proclamation  against  riots  read  in  public.  1801  in 
James  Milit.  Diet.  (1802)  s.v.  Every  description  of  peace 

88-2 


RIOT. 

officers  may  and  ought  to  do.  .all  that  in  him  lies  towards 
the  suppressing  riots.  1863  H.  Cox  histit.  i.  xl,  27; i  A 
tumult  on  account  of  a  particular  or  private  grieiance 
amounts  at  the  most  to  a  riot.  1887  HUNT  Bristol  203  AH 
former  riots.. sink  into  insignificance  compared  with  tn 

^fla'm/^lfig.  1560  ROLLAND  Crt.  Venus  iv  474  For  and 
3e  do.. but  debait  Agane  Venus  rais  ony  rank  nat  [etc.]. 
1595  SHAKS.  John  m.  i.  247  Shall  these  hands,  .make  a  ryot 
on  the  gentle  brow  Of  true  sincerity  ?  . 

c.  Biot  Act,  the  Act  (i  Geo.  I.st.  2,  c.  5)provid- 
ing  that  if  twelve  or  more  persons  unlawfully  01 
riotously  assemble  and  refuse  to  disperse  within  an 
hour  after  the  reading  of  a  specified  portion  ot  it 
by  a  competent  authority  they  shall  be  considered 

as  felons. 

1731  Gentl.  Mag.  I.  15  Speaking  of  the  riot-act  he  says 
(etc  1  1795  PlTT  in  T.  Browne  British  Cicero  (1808)  I.  5?4 
That  after  reading  the  riot  act,  and  ordering  them  to  d,s- 
perse,  any  number  of  persons  remaining  should,  as  by  the 
not  act,  incur  the  penalty  of  the  law,  that  of  felony.  1840 
DICKENS  Barn.  Rudge  xlix,  The  Riot  Act  was  read.  1887 
HUNT  Bristol  201  The  Riot  Act  having  been  read  three 
times,  the  soldiers  were  ordered  to  clear  the  bridge. 

t  Ri'Ot,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  prec.  Cf.  ROYET  a.\ 
Wanton,  licentious;  incoherent. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  26938  Sum  men  in  scubardis  Til  ober 
men  telles  bair  folis,  And  sais  amang  [bat]  riot  ron     Alle 
men  wat  wel  bat  i  ha  don '.    1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  vili.  Prol. 
147  The  riotest  ane  ragment  wyth  mony  rat  rane. 
Riot  (rai'at),  v.     Forms  :  4-5  ryote,  4  ryotte, 
-7  ryot  (5  ryott),  6  ryat ;  4,  7-  riot,  6  riott(e. 
See  also  ROYET  v .     [a.  OF.  rioter  (rihoter),  natter, 
related  to  riote,  etc.,  RIOT  sb.'] 

I.  1.  intr.  To  live  in  a  wanton,  dissipated, 
or  unrestrained  manner ;  to  revel ;  to  indulge  to 
excess  in  something.  Now  somewhat  rare. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Coot's  T.  50  Thus  this  ioly  prentys  hadde 
his  leue.  Now  lat  him  riote  al  the  nyght.  1513  MOKIC  in 
Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  770  Vnlhriftes  riott  and  runne  in 
debt.  1567  MAPI.ET  Gr.  Forest  86  They  are  ready  to  come 
home  from  straying  and  riotting  abrode  in  the  Parckes. 
1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  ff  Cl.  n.  ii.  72  I  wrote  to  you,  when 
rioting  in  Alexandria  you  Did  pocket  vp  my  Letters.  _  1611 
BIBLF  2  1'et.  ii.  13  They  that  count  it  pleasure  to  not  in  the 
day  time.  1681-6  J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Life  II.  iii.  I.  §.i  In  those 
good  Pagan  Days  wherein  they  might  have  rioted  with 
Devotion,  Sacrificed  to  the  Gods  in  drunken  Bowls  [etc.]. 
1751  ffarr.  of  H.  M.S.  Wager  64  They  would  have  rioted 
in  spirituous  Liquor.  1840  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  \,  Men 
who  do  nothing  but  waste  and  riot.  1865  KINGSLEY  Herem. 
xviii  The  French  scum  who  now  riot  over  Essex.  1899 
W.  E.  NORRIS  Giles  Ingilby  vii,  A  sort  6f  unrepentant 
prodigal  son  rioting  off  to  far  countries. 

trunsf.  1567  MAI-LET  (>.  Forest  55  Neither  doth  it  seeme 
to  ryot  vntill  suche  time  as  it  is  plentifull  in  yeelding  seede. 
1811  H.  G.  KNIGHT  Phrosyne  39  When  stern  Winter  riots 
unconfin'd.  1816  J.  WILSON  City  of  I'lagM  I.  ii,  Then  the 
Plague  Riots  in  darkness  mid  his  unknown  victims.  1882 
FARRAR  Early  Chr.  I.  6  Ostentation,  impurity  rioted  in  the 
heart  of  a  society  which  [etc.], 
t  b.  So  to  riot  it.  Obs. 

a  1593  MARLOWE  Eilm.  II,  C  iij,  This  I  scorne,  that  one 
..should.. riote  it  with  the  treasures  of  the  realme.  1621 
Bp.  MOUNTAGU  Diatr.  53  Who  would  not  bee  bounded  in 
by  any  Councell . . ,  but  not  it  as  hee  would  himselfe.  1659 
HAMMOND  On  Ps.  Ixxiii.  to.  354  When  they  see  them  thus 
riot  it  in  violence.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  ofQual.  (1803) 
I.  58  These  have  nothing  to  do  but.. to  riot  it,  to  roar  it. 

c.  To  revel  in,  to  take  great  delight  or  pleasure 
in,  something.  Also  const,  upon. 

1741  WATTS  Improv.  Mind  xx.  Wks.  (1813)  154  To  indulge 
and  riot  in  these  exquisitely  bewitching  contemplations. 
I773  Life  -A/.  Frowde  31  Few  are  the  Brutes.. that  can 
riot  in  Cruelty  to  Infant  Softness.  1827  CHALMERS  Mem. 
(1851)  III.  x.  171,  I  perfectly  rioted  upon  the  scenery.  1840 
DICKENS  Barn.Rttdge\xK, Vaunting  and,  as  it  were,  rioting 
in,  her  huge  unworthitiess. 

1 2.  refl.  To  indulge  (oneself)  to  the  full  in 
some  pleasure  or  recreation.  Obs. 


700 


II.  i8g  Dr.  Wall 
d  go  and 


1390  GOWER  Can/.  III.  237  Thilke  fyri  rage  Of  love, . . 
Wherof  himself  he  so  rioteth,  And  wax  so  ferforth  womann- 
yssh,  That  [etc.].  ?  a.  1400  A  forte  A  rtli.  923  The  roo  and 
the  rayne-dere  reklesse  thare  ronnene . .  in  rosers  to  ryotte 
thame  seluene.  c  1400  Melayiie  797  Riste  and  Ryott  jow 
by  b6  water  of  sayne. 

3.  trans.  To  spend  or  waste  (money,  etc.)  in 
riotous  living;  to  pass  (time)  in  riot  or  luxury. 
Const,  away  or  out. 

1597  DANIEL  Civ.  Wars  vi.  xviii,  Whilst  wee . .  Ryot  away, 
for  nought,  whole  Prouinces.  1709  MBS.  MAXLEY  Secret 
Mem.  (1736)  II.  183  Her  Husband.. rioted  out  the  Income 
of  her  Fortune  in  such  blameable  Diversions.  1792  BROOKS 
Prec.  Remedies  72  The  evil  servant  did  not  riot  out  his 
talents.  1850  MERIVALE  Rom.  Emp.  i.  (1865)  I.  33  Retreats 

. .  in  which  to . .  riot  away  the  intervals  of  repose.  1864 
TENNYSON  Aylmer's  F.  391  He.. Had  rioted  his  life  out, 
and  made  an  end. 

•f  b.  To  use  (words)    with    profusion  or  extra 
vagance.  06s.  rare~l. 
1586  D.  ROWLAND  Lazarillo  I.  (1677)  Gj,  Ryoting  more 

pleasant  and  sweet  words  than  ever  Ovid  wrote. 

II.  t^.  Sc.  and  north.   To  ravage,  harry,  spoil 

(a  country,  etc.).    Obs.  rare. 
.'375  HARBOUR  Bruce  ix.  500  All  that  he  fand  he  maid  it 

his ;  And  ryotit   gretty  the  lande.     ?  a  1400  Morte  A  rth. 

i883Thanerelyezthe  renkez.  .For  to  ryotte  the  wode.   £1425 

WYNTOUN  Cron.  vnz.  xxvii.  4553  He..gert   his    folk   wibe 

mekyl  mayne  Ryote  halely  }ie  cuntre. 
5.  t  a.  To  force  (a  person)  to  do  some  action  by 

persistence  or  importunity  ;  so,  to  prevent  (one) 

from  doing  something.    Obs. 


,777MME.D'ARBLAY.E<M-/.|>ZV,iO'(i889)II.i89 
.  .advised  me,  or,  rather,  rioted  me   to  get  out  an 
see   the    Salute.      1781  -  Diary   June,    i  his   rattle.. Mrs. 
Thrale  most  kindly  kept  up,   by  way  of  noting  me  from 

lh'bk"of  rioters  :  To  attack  (persons  or  property). 

1886  Referee  21  Feb.  7/3  The  West-End  tradespeople  who 
were'  rioted  '.  1900  Daily  News  4  Sept.  7/5  S.K.I,  btation 
has  been  rioted  and  completely  destroyed. 

6     intr.  To  make  a  disturbance  ;  to  storm. 

1787  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  26  Feb.,  Had  he  surprised 
the  two  Equerries  in  my  room, ..  how  would  hehavenotec 

Rioter  (rai-9tw).  Forms  :  a.  4-7  riot(t)our, 
4,  6-7  ryot-,  5-6  ryott-,  5  riatour,  6  ryatour, 
K-7  ryator,  7  riotor.  /3.  5-6  ryotter,  6  ryoter, 
6-  rioter,  [a.  AF.  riotour  (see  RIOT  v.  and  -OUB), 
with  later  change  of  suffix.] 

1.  One  who  leads  a  disorderly  or  licentious  life,  or 
wlio  indulges  in  debauchery ;  a  dissolute  person ;  a 

reveller.   Obs.  exc.  arch. 

a.  £I386CHAUCER/V^.7\  333  These  riottoures.. Were  set 
hem  in  a  tavern  for  to  drynke.  1389  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  4 
3if  her  be  in  bretherhede  eny  riotour,  ober  contekour.  1406 
HOCCLEVE  La  Male  Regie  1 18  Seeknesse,  y  meene,  notoures 
whippe.  a  1513  FABYAN  Chron.  vn.  (1811)  577  This  man., 
applyed  hym  vnto  all  vyce  and  insolency,  and  drewe  vnto 
hymallryottours&  wylde  dysposed  persones.  1526  1 ISDALE 
2  Tim  iii.  3  The  men  shalbe . . ryatoure,  fearce,  despisers  of 
them  which  are  good,  c  1550  R.  BIESTON  Baytt  fortune 
Bj  Riotours  and  rybaldes  that  haue  no  dread  ol  shame. 
t6o7  HIERON  Wks.  I.  234  It  culteth  the  ryotour  and  volup 
tuous  liuer,  that  his  course  should,  .bee  so  egerly  reprooued. 
1607  SHAKS.  Timon  in.  v.  68  He's  a  sworne  Riotor,  he  has 
a  sinne  That  often  drownes  him. 

a  1472  Presentments  of  Juries  in  Surtces  Misc.  (1690) 
24  [HeJ  is  a  ryotter  on  nyghtes.  1530  PALSGR.  263/1  Ryotter 
a  prodigal!  felowe,  bobancier,  prodigue.  1597  BACON  Coulers 
Goad  ff  Evill  Ess.  (Arb.)  149  Our  Sauiour  charged  with 
neerenes  of  Publicanes  and  rioters  said  [etc.].  1611  COTGU., 
Sac  re,  a.,  squanderer,  extreame  rioter  (especially  in  respect 
of  his  bellie).  1832  SHELLEV  Faust  ii.  272  Old  gentle 
women,.. You  ought  to  be  with  the  young  rioters  Right  in 
the  thickest  of  the  revelry. 

2.  One  who  takes  part  in  a  not  or  rising  against 
constituted  authority. 

a.  ^1460  FORTESCUE  Alis.  ff  Lim.  Man.  (1885)  125  The 
kynge  shall,  .sende  his  commissioners,,  .and  also  his  juges, 
to  represse  and  punysh  riatours  and  risers.  1495  A  ct  1 1  Hen. 
VII,  c.  7  Preamble,  Create  penalties  sette  upon  the  seld 
riottours  and  offenders.  1503-4  Act  19  Hen.  VII,  c.  13 
Statutes.. concerning  the  punysshement  of  riottours.  1529 
RASTELL  Pastyme  (1811)  280  The  kynge  had  pardoned  all 
those  ryottours.  .for  the  dethe  of  the  lorde  Ryuers. 

p.  1591  LAMBARDE  Archeion  (1635)  220  Rioters,  attainted 
of  great  and  hainous  Riots,  shrill  be  imprisoned  one  whole 
yeare.  1615  W.  LAWSON  Country  Honsevj.  Card.  (1626)  13 
luslice  must  restraine  rioters.  1683  WOOD  Life  (O.H.S.) 
App.  vi.The  rioters . .  attempted  to  break  open  the  prison  gate. 
1759  SMOLLETT  Hist.  Eng.  (ed.  3)  X.  178  An  address.. de 
siring  that  the  laws  might  be  vigorously  executed  against 
the  rioters.  1792  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart  (1837)  I.  vu.  193 
Nine  of  the  Dunse  rioters  were  condemned  to  banishment, 
but  the  ferment  continues  violent.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet. 
s  v  Soldiers  are  not  to  fire  on  rioters  until  the  riot  act  has 
been  read.  1853  NEWMAN  Hist.  Sk.  (1873)  II.  I.  iii.  138  The 
Emperor  did  not  scruple  to  send  his  own  troops  to  aid  the 
rioters.  1887  HUNT  Bristol  203  His  men  were  pelted  with 
brickbats,  arid  in  return  shot  a  ringleader  of  the  rioters. 

Rioterie,  obs.  variant  of  RIOTRT. 

t  Biotibly,  adv.  0/is.~l  In  6  ryatybly.  [Irreg. 
f.  RIOT  s6.]  Riotously. 

1509  in  Leadam  Sel.  Cases  Crl.  Requests  (Selden  Soc.)  12 
Klyot.  .ryatybly  came  with  xl  personys  &  brake  vp  the 
dorys  off  your  sayd  oratour. 

Rioting,  vbl.  sb.     [f.  RIOT  v.~] 

1.  f  Dissoluteness  of  life.debauchery  (obs.} ;  revelry. 
1599  HAKLUYT  Voy.  I.  n  In  the  meane  season  he  and  his 

companions  spent  their  time  in  robbing  and  rioting.  1611 
BIBLE  Rom.  xiii.  13  Let  vs  walke  honestly  as  in  the  day, 
not  in  rioting  and  drunkennesse.  1627  SANDERSON  Serin. 
(1632)  555  Gaming,  and  reuelling,  and  ryoting^,  and  roaring. 

1820  KEATS  Lamia  i.  214  And  sometimes  into  cities  she 
would  send  Her  dream,  with  feast  and  rioting  to  blend. 
1861  GEO.  ELIOT  Silas  M.  25  A  life  in  which  the  days 
would  not  seem  too  long,  even  without  rioting.  1891 
KIPLING  Light  that  Failed  (1900)  230  There  was  no  more 
rioting  in  the  chamberi. 

fig.  1801  WORDSW.  Cuckoo  ,r  Night,  xx,  I  heard  the  lusty 
Nightingalesosing,Thatherclearvoice  madealoud  riyting. 

2.  The  action  or  fact  of  taking  part  in  or  raising 
a  riot,  tumult,  or  disturbance  of  the  peace. 

(11832  MACKINTOSH  Hist.  Re-Mi.  Wks.  1846  II.  no  The 
lawyers,  .prosecuted  the  offenders,  merely  for  rioting  in 
violation  of  certain  ancient  statutes,  some  of  which  rendered 
that  offence  capital.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xxii.  IV. 
728  There  was.. no  such  discontent,  no  such  rioting,  as  he 
had  described.  1886  WEIR  Hist.  Basis  Mod.  Europe  (1889) 
590  Industrial  crises ..  [are]  the  results  of  laws,  which  are 
not  to  be  withstood  by  impatient  rioting. 

Bi'Oting, ///.  a.  [f.  RIOT  v.]  Acting  in  a 
riotous  manner. 

1887  BOWEN  Virg .  &neid  v.  137  Through  rioting  pulses 
run  Throbbing  fear  and  desire.  1891  Daily  News  6  Mar.  3/1 
The  police.,  were  pelted  with  iron  rivets  by  a  rioting  mob. 

So  Bi'otingly  adv. 

1824  LANDOR  Imag.  Conv.,  Southey  q  Parson,  Whortle 
berries,  .extending  the  hard  slenderness  of  their  fibres,  at 
random  and  riotingly,  over  their  native  wastes. 

t  Ri  otise.  Obs.  Also  6-7  -ize,  7  -yze.  [f. 
RIOT  sb.  +  -ISE  2.]  Riotous  life  or  conduct. 


RIOTOUS. 

in  this  cell  of  riotise.  1603  H.  CROSSE  Vertices  Comimv. 
(1878)  135  He  that  giues  his  mmde  to  sloth  to  riotize  and 
ease.  1637  HEYWOOD  Pleas.  Dial.  xiv.  Wks.  1874  VI.  231 
These.. grew  to  such  a  profuse  riotise,  intemperance  and 


wantonnes. 


Bi'Otist.  rare.  [f.  RIOT  sb.  +  -1ST.]  One  who 
advocates  or  practises  rioting  for  the  redress  of 
grievances,  etc. ;  a  rioter. 

1831  Lincoln  Herald  13  May,  That  intolerable  Italian  has 
done  more  to  break  the  peace  of  this  country  than  all  the 
radicals  and  riotists  in  the  last  quarter  of  a  century.  1832 
WILSON  mBlack™.  Mag.  XXXII.  708  A  government.,  act 
ing  in  calm  contempt.. of  hot-headed  riotists. 
tRi'Otly,  adv.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  RIOT  a.] 
Riotously. 

1786 />«<»«•&>.  Mag.  Hist.  4  B^.(i894l XVIII.  58 Large 
parties  collect  and  riotly  go  to  taverns  where  they  sup  and 
return  at  all  hours  of  the  night. 

t  Bii'OtnesS.  rare-1,  [f.  RIOT  a.]  =RiOTj*.  I. 
<:  1600  Ungracious  Son  iii.  in  Evans  0.  B.  (1784)  III.  276 
Through  excessive  riotness  ..he  was  three  times  more  in 
debt,  Than  all  his  wealth  was  worth. 

Riotous    (rai'atss),  a.     Forms  i    4-6  ryotous 
(6  -uouse),  5  ryottouse,  ryoteux,  ryoutis;  6 
Sc.  ryatous(e,  -us,  riattous  ;  4-  riotous  (4-5, 
7  -ouse),  6-7   riotus.      See  also   ROYETOUS   a. 
[a.  OF.  riotous,  rioteus,  f.  rioKf  RIOT  sb.] 
fl.  Troublesome,  difficult.    Obs.—1 
1340  Ayenb.  170  He  ouercomb  bane  vi3t,  bet  is  wel  li?t  to 
ouercome   to   be   bolde   herte,  and   Jang  and   riotouse  [F. 
ryhoieuse\  to  be  sleauuolle. 

2.  Of  persons  :  Given  to  wantonness,  revelry,  or 
dissolute  life  ;  prodigal,  extravagant.  Now  rare. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Melib.  §  15  It  were  better  dwelle  in  desert 
ban  with  a  womman  that  Is  riotous,  c  1420  HOCCLEVE  Mill. 
Poems  228  The  conpaignie  of  wommen  riotous  Thow  flee. 
a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour '(1868)  54  There  be  other  that  haue 
free  hert,  true  and  iuste,  and  be  not  riotous.  1503  HAWKS 
E.tainp.  I'irt.  v.  Ixxii,  Ryotous  company  do  thou  not  haunt. 
1581  MARBECK  13k.  of  Notes  970  As  thou  maist  see  by  the 
similitude  of  the  riotous  son.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage 
(i6r4>  iv.  ix.  390  Drunkards  and  riotus  persons  they  [Per 
sians]  hate.  1634  MILTON  Camus  763  As  if  she  would  her 
children  should  be  riotous  With  her  abundance.  1648 
HEXHAM  n,  Een  Hmetser,  a  Riotous  man,  or  a  Glutton. 
1847  LYTTON  Lucretia  (1853)  123,  I  own.. that  they  are 
riotous  fellows,  but  some  of  them  are  clever. 

fb.  Fond  of  commotion  or  fighting.   Obs.  rare. 

?  a  1400  Morte  Arlli.  363,  I  salle .  .ryfe  it  in  sondyre,  Bot 

he  be  redily  reschowede  with  riotous  knyghtez.     Ibid.  432, 

[  I  shall]  Ryde  alle  thasrowme  landes  wyth  ryotous  knyghttes. 

f  c.  transf.  Luxuriant ;  exuberant.  Obs. 

1594  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  I.  xiii.  §  3  Shall  wee  esteeme  them 

as  riotous  Branches  wherewilh  we  sometimes  behold  most 

pleasant  Vines  ouergrowne  ?   1605  F.  MASON  A  tith.  Church 

(1607)  41  Those  things  which  seemed  most  superfluous,  she 

lopped  awaie  like  riotous  branches. 

a.   Of  life,  conduct,  etc.  :  Wanton,  dissolute,  ex- 
,    travagant ;  marked  by  excessive  revelry. 

1389  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  38  Nat  be  his  owne  folye  ne 
I  ryotous  lyuyng.  1542  UDALL  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden) 
I  e  Of  a  verav  riottous  and  dissolute  sorte  of  hvynge  in  his 
youth.  1544  Sufpl.  Hen.  VIII  (E.E.T.S.)  53  Yf  suche 
ryotuouse  expenses  had  ben  auoyded.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr. 
Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  vii.  40  Ane  declamatioun  against  dlllgat 
and  superfluous  cheir  in  ryatous  bankatis.  1618  BOLTON 
Florus  I  xviii.  (1636)  59  Kabricius . .  condemned  it  for  riotous 
in  Rufinus,.. because  he  had  silver  plate  in  all  to  a  ten 
pound  weight.  1755  W.  DUNCAN  Cicero's  Sel.  Oral.  ix. 
(1816)  223  Dancing  is  always  the  last  act  of  riotous  banquets. 


Mine.  Midas  I.  i,  He  spent  all  her  wealth  in  riotous  living. 
b.  Noisy,  tumultuous,  unrestrained. 

1508  DUNBAR  Tua.  mnriit  Wemen  193  He  rails,  and 
inakis  repet  with  ryatus  wordis.  Ibid.  481  Sum  railns 
fureht  rudly  with  riatus  speche.  1781  COWPER  Conversnt. 
26i'Theydare  not  wait  the  riotous  abuse,.  .When  wine  has 
giv'n  indecent  language  birth.  1873  'OuipA  ffscarel  1. 
137  Down  in  the  courtyard  the  children  played  with  their 
spoils  in  riotous  glee.  .  . 

4.  Characterized  or  marked  by  noting  or  dis 
turbance  of  the  peace ;  taking  part  in  or  inciting 
to  a  riot  or  tumult ;  turbulent. 

1439  Rolls  o/Parlt.  V.  17/2  To  have  yis  open  and  ryoteux 
wrong  and  oppressioun  remedied.  1464  Cav.  Lect  OH.  33r 
T6  tyme  that  he  haue.  .receyued  sich  pumcion  for  his 
Riottous  demeanyng  as  shal-be  accordyng  with  cure  lawes. 
1491  A  ct  i  Hen.  VII,  c.  1 5  Certeyn  persones  of  evyll,  riotous 
and  sedicious  disposicions.  «  1548  HALL  Cliron.,Hen.  VII, 


ig  the  pciyiTiciii.  ui   IUA&3   niij  »..*-&— . -,- 

HUNT  Bristol  200  Riotous  proceedings  ensued  in  Lond 
and  other  places. 


fb.  In  riotous  zvise,  riotously.   Obs. 
1433  Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  458/1  Wheras  the  Commons.. m 


RIOTOUSLY. 

grete  noumbre,  in  riotouse  wise,  pulled,  brak,  and  hakked 
doun  a  pale  of  the  said  Abbey.  1443-50  in  liaildon  Stl. 
Cases  Clianc.  (Selden  Soc.)  134  There  came  John  Wayte.. 
and.  .other  persones..,  and  in  full  ryoutis  wyse..entred  the 
house  of  youre  seid  besecher. 

Riotously  (rai-atasli),  adv.  Also  5  riot(t)es-, 
6  ryo(u)tous-,  ryatoua-,  riottous-,  riat(to)us-, 
rietously.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  -.] 

1.  a.  In  a  wanton  or  unrestrained  manner. 

a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  21,  Y  see  ye  wylle  speke 
riotesly  and  oute  of  the  waye. 

1840  HAWTHORNE  Biog.  SA.  (1879)  190  A  huzza  from  the 
fleet  comes  riotously  to  the  shore.  1873  '  OUIDA  '  Pascarel 
\.  143  The  Italian  crowds,  though  often  riotously  mirthful, 
are  never  rough  or  rude.  1881  CABLE  Mine.  Delphinc  viii, 
In  its  old  walks.. crab-grass  had  spread  riotously. 

b.  With  revelry  or  debauchery ;  in  a  prodigal 
or  spendthrift  manner;  extravagantly. 

1540  HYRDE  tr.  fives'  Instr.  Chr.  ]Vom.  i.  viii.  20  We 
shuld  vnderstand  howe  great  shame  it  is  to  waste  it  away 
riottously,  and  to  leade  the  lyfe  delycately  and  deliciously. 
1561  tr.  Calvin's  Four  Serin,  in.  I  vij  b,  Other  do  Hue  most 
rietously  in  meate  and  drinke  and  al  kinde  of  pleasures. 
1624  CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  in.  59  The  silly  President,  that 
had  riotously  consumed  the  store.  1643  PRYNNE  Sov.  I'o-.cer 
Parl.  App.  30  Great  taxes  and  summes  of  money,  .spent 
vainly  and  riotously. 

t  c.  Most  amply  or  profusely.   Ol's.~l 

1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  <y  Comtmu.  (1603)  176  Cambaia 
and  Bengala..both  riotously  abounding  in  sugar,  cotten, 
wool,  cattell,  elephants  and  horses. 

2.  In  a  turbulent  or  unruly  manner. 

1484  Cov.  Leet-bk.  (E.E.T.S.),  The  Bakers  of  the  seid 
Citie  in  grett  nombre  riottesly  disposed  assembled  theym. 
1511  Nottingham  Rec.  III.  338  For  riotously  brekyng  off 
owre  comon  pastur  hegges.  a  1548  HALLCAran.,  Hen.  VI, 
15  Suche  as  riotously  would  make  suche  assemble  against 
our  soueraigne  Lord.  1714  Act  i  Ceo.  I,  c.  5  §  i  If  any 
Persons  to  the  Number  of  twelve  or  more  being  unlaw 
fully,  riotously,  and  tumultuously  assembled  together  [etc.]. 
'75'  Affect.  Narr.  H.M.S.  Wager  i3r  He  had  Orders  to., 
re-instate  the  Officers  whom  they  had  riotously  depos'd. 
1886  Act  40-50  Viet.  c.  38  Preamble,  Property  is  damaged 
by  persons  riotously  and  tumultuously  assembled  together. 

Riotousness  (rai-atasnes).  Also  6  riotousnes 
(6-7  -nesse) ;  6  ryot(o)usues  (7  -ness),  Sc. 
ryattousnes.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.]  The  state  or 
condition  of  being  riotous. 

1543  UDALL  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden)  5  He  was  in  his 
youth  a  famous  example  of  all  riotousnes.  1597  HOOKER 
Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixxii.  §  18  To  plant  parsimonie  as  Nature, 
where  Riotousnesse  hath  beene  studie.  1606  J.  DAVIES 
(Heref.)  Bien  Venn  xxxvii,  Who  Bountie  loues,  yet  hateth 
Riotousnesse.  1639  N.  N.  tr.  Dn  Basil's  Compl.  Woman 
II.  35  Their  riotousnesse  breeds  in  families  so  much  poverty 
and  jealousies.  1707  J.  STEVENS  tr.  Quevedo's  Com.  ins. 
(1709)  502  Riotousness  and  Luxury.  1837  HALLAM  Hist. 
Lit.  i.  viii.  §  49  The  riotousness  of  his  animal  spirits.  1882 
Miss  BRADDON  Mt.  Royal  III.  vi.  117  The  dinner  was 
cheerful  to  riotousness. 

Riotry  (rai-atri).  Also  4  ryotrye,  rioterie. 
[f.  RIOT  v.  +  -RY.  Formed  afresh  in  iSth  cent.] 
Rioting,  riotous  conduct,  riotousness  ;  also,  riotous 
persons  (quot.  1780). 

CI330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  2406  My  fader  in 
elde  dotes  To  halde  swylk  a  squierye,  &  gret  costage  in 
ryotrye.  1338  —  Chron.  (1810)  220  per  rioterie  bam  schent. 
Suilk  nbaudie  |>ei  led  [etc.].  Ibid.  338  Jit  gos  kyng  Robyn 
forth  in  his  rioterie,  Ne  com  not  jit  his  fyn  to  elide  of  his  folie 

1780  H.  WALPOLE  Let.  to  Rev.  Mr.  Cole  15  June,  I  hope 
your  electioneering  riotry  has  not,  nor  will  mix  in  these 
tumults.  1826  SOUTHEY  Vind.  Eccl.  Angl.  391  The  danger 
was  wholly  from  the  furious  riotry  and  drunkeness  of  the 
crew%  1834  SIR  H.  TAYLOR  Artevelde  i.  i.  iii,  They  at 
will  Enter  d  our  houses,  lived  upon  our  means  In  riotry. 

Rip,  sb.\  dial.  Also  4  rippe,  4,  6-7  ripp.  [a. 
ON.  and  Icel.  hrip  (Norw.  rip).  The  currency  of 
the  word  in  south-eastern  counties  is  remarkable.] 

1.  A  wicker  basket  or  pannier,  esp.  one  used  for 
carrying  fish. 

<;i3oo  Havelok  893  He.  .Astirte  til  him  with  his  rippe, 
And  bigan  be  fish  to  kippe.  1377-8  Durham  Ace.  Rolls 
(Surtees)  35  In  iiy°r  paribus  de  payngniers  novis  pro 
piscator.  viijto  sportis  novis  et  xij  ripps.  1600  in  W.  F.  Shaw 
Mem.  Eastry  (r8;o)  226  One  cheesf 


Ripps,  fiv 


iee.se  presse, . .  two  payer  of 


— rrs,  five  payells.  1613  DENNIS  Secrets  Angling  t.  xxvii, 
Vet  must  you  haue  a  little  Rip  beside,  Of  Willow  twigs. 
1619  in  Archxol.  Cant.  XXV.  6  Going  barelegged  to  catch 
fish  with  ripps  at  his  back.  1808  JAMIESON,  Rip,  a  basket 
made  of  willows,  or  of  willows  and  straw,  for  holding  eggs, 
spoons,  £c.  Aug.  1887  PARISH  &  SHAW  Kentish  Gloss., 
Rip,  a  pannier  or  basket,  used  in  pairs  and  slung  on  each 
side  of  a  horse  for  carrying  loads,  such  as  fish,  salt,  sand,  &c. 

Comb.  1380  in  Arclixol.  Cant.  (1880)  XIII.  206 [The  shares 
of  herrings.,  after  deducting  the]  riphere,  barelhere,  axhere 
[etc.].  1668  Canterbury  Marriage  Licences  (MS.),  Daniel 
Longly  de  Westwell,  rippmaker.  1880  E.  B.  WALKER  in 
Archxol.  Cant.  XIII.  206  The  cess  upon  the  Ripiers  (or  as 
they  would  now  be  termed  '  'long-shore-men  '),  who  to  this 
day  call  a  basket  which  they  carry  slung  over  their  backs 
a  '  Rip '  basket 
b.  (See  quot.) 

1847  HALLIW.,  Rip,  an  oval  flat  piece  of  wicker-work  on 
which  the  lines  are  coiled.  Hartlepool. 

2.  A  hen  or  pheasant  coop.     Also  hen-rip. 

1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVIII.  479  i  The  hen.. is  frequently 
confined  to  a  coop,  called  in  Surrey  a  rif,  for  some  weeks. 
c  1838  ELIZ.  WATTS  Poultry  Yard  130  The  hen  should  be 
put  under  a  rip  or  coop,  solid  all  round  except  two  bars  in 
front.  1884  West  Sussex  Gas.  25  Sept.,  Four  hen  rips,  two 
fatting  coops. 

Rip,  st>*  Sc.  Also  8  ripp.  [Perh.  f.  RIP  z/.2 
The  vowel  is  against  connexion  with  REAP  rf.l] 


701 

A  handful  of  unthreshed  grain  or  of  hay  ;  also  spec. 
the  last  handful  of  grain  remaining  to  be  cut  in  a 
harvest-field. 

a.  1670  SPAI.DING  Troub.  C/ias.  I  (1850)  II.  239  Ilk  ane 
had  in  his  cap  or  bonnet  a  rip  of  oats,  whilk  was  his  sign. 
1783  BURNS  Dying  Words  Poor  tlailie  34  An'  tent  them 
duely..  Wi'  taets  o'  hay  an'  ripps  o'  corn.  1786—  To  Auld 
Mare  i,  Hae,  there's  a  ripp  to  thy  auld  baggie.  1809 
W.  MUIR  in  Modern  Sc.  Poets  (1881)  II.  50  Wi'  sweet  rips 
o'  hay  I  will  treat  a'  my  wethers.  18..  in  U'liistle-Binkie 
Ser.  ii.  (1853)  80  Aye  lay  in  your  corn  first, ..do  like  the 
Kilbarchan  calves,  drink  wi'  a  rip  i'  your  mouth.  1882 
JAS.  WALKER  Jaunt  Auld  Reekie  12  She  taks  her  heuk  and 
clears  an  open  space  Around  the  rip. 

Rip,  !/>.'•'  dial.  Also  7  ripp.  [Of  obscure 
origin.  In  some  western  counties  the  form  is 
I'ife.']  A  strickle  for  a  scythe.  Also  rip-slick. 

1688  Hoi. ME  Armoury  in.  372/2  The  Ripp  is  that  as  the 
Mower  whetteth  his  Sythe  withal,  of  some  called  the 
Strickles.  1866-89  i»  Lincolnshire  glossaries.  1892  P.  H. 
EMEKSON  Son  of  Fens  248,  I  jist  want  to  do  a  little  more  to 
my  point,  and  my  old  rip  will  do. 

Rip,  sb.±  Also  8  ripp.  [f.  RIP  v.-  Cf.  Flem. 
rip  in  sense  i .] 

1.  A  rent  made  by  ripping  ;  a  laceration,  tear. 
1711  AUDISON  Spcct.  No.  13  f  3  It  is  said,  indeed,  that  he 

once  gave  him  a  Ripp  in  his  flesh-colour  Doublet.  1869 
SIR  E.  REED  Shipbuild.  .\viii.  384  The  sheared  edges  to  be 
free  from  rip,  the  surface  free  from  flaws  and  blisters.  1885 
Field  3  Oct.  499/2  The  curlew  being  quite  dead,  with  a 
great  rip  down  its  back. 

2.  ellipt.  A  rip-saw.     In  comb,  half-rip. 
1846-75  [see  RIP-SAW]. 

3.  dial,  or  colloq.  A  rapid  rush  ;  a  quick  run. 
i86_5-  in  Kng.  Dial.  Diet. 

Rip,  sb.o     [1  Related  to  Ru>  v. -] 

1.  A   disturbed    state   of    the   sea,     resembling 
breakers  ;  an  overfall.     (See  also  tide-rip.) 

."775  ROMANS  Florida  App.  88  You  will  see  a  rip  appear 
like  breakers;  but  in  the  rip  is  18  or  20  fathom,  and  the 
moment  a  ship  gets  into  this  rip,  she  jumps  out  of  sound 
ings.  1857  K-  TOMKS  Amcr.  in  Japan  xvi.  370  We  passed 
thro'  a  very  heavy  over-fail  or  rip  ;  so  much  so  that  the 
executive  officer  and  others  at  first  supposed  that  there  were 
breakers.  1892  E.  REEVES  Homeward  Bound  71  We., 
passed  through  a  nasty  tidal  rip,  caused  by  the  outflow  of 
the  large  basin  meeting  the  ocean  wind,  waves,  and  currents. 

attrib.  1862  HOPKINS  Hawaii  r5  The  bay  was  full  of  rip 
tides,  and  the  water  boiled  as  in  a  kettle. 

2.  A  stretch  of  broken  water  in  a  river.     (Cf. 
RIFFLE  sl>.  4  and  RIPPLE  s&.s  i .) 

1857  THOREAU  Maine  IV.  ii.  (1867)  112  After  passing 
through  some  long  rips,  and  by  a  large  island.  1861  —  Lett. 
(1865)  203  Though  the  current  was  swift,  I  did  not  see  a 
'rip 'on  it  and  only  three  or  four  rocks.  1888  J.  INGI.IS 
Tent  Life  in  Tigerland  262  They  had  been  in  a  terrible 
fright  lest  we  should  be  caught  and  overturned  in  the  ugly 
'  rip '  or  rapid. 

Rip,  s/i.6  [Perh.  a  later  form  of  REP  -.  If  this 
is  an  abbreviation  of  reprobate,  the  appearance  of 
sense  I  earlier  than  sense  2  is  prob.  accidental.] 

1.  An  inferior,  worthless,  or  worn-out  horse. 
1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  23  July  an.  1775,  I 

have  given  him  the  rips,  instead  of  the  best  team,  and  he  is 
all  submission.  1798  in  .Spirit  Publ.  Jrnls.  (r799)  II.  296 
A  raw-boned  Scotch  rip,  whose  pedigree  we  cannot  answer 
for,  occupies  another  capital  stall.  1813  Sporting  Mag. 
XLI.  101  Meeting  Mr.  Lee  in  his  gig,  driving  this  rip  of 
a  horse  (as  he  termed  it).  1825  Vise.  STRATFORD  in  Lane- 
Poole  Life  (1888)  I.  382  If  the  carriage  be  smart  the  horses 
are  rips.  1860  WHYTE  MELVILLE  Mkt.  Harb.  ix.  (1861)  69 
Your  sort  are  rather  of  the  weedy  order, . .  those  thorough 
bred  rips  never  have  courage  to  face  large  fences.  1883 
Trans.  Ajncr.  Philol.  Soc.  52  Rip,  '  a  lean  horse,'  not  un 
common  in  South,  though  a  low  word. 

2.  A  worthless,  dissolute  fellow  ;  a  rake. 

In  colloq.  or  dial,  use  sometimes  in  milder  sense  as  a  term 
of  reproof. 

1797  D.  SIMPSON  Plea.  Rc/ig.  (1808)  148  This  rip  of  a  son 
shall  be  trained  to  the  church.  1824  Black-w.  Mag.  XV. 


1892  W.  E.  NORRIS  His  Grace  II.  i,  The  late  Lord  Charles 
Gascoigne  had  been  an  old  rip, ..  he  might  have  done  some 
thing  disgraceful. 

b.  Applied  to  a  woman.     Somewhat  rare. 

1791  BURNS  Let.  to  P.  Hill  17  Jan.,  The  chariot  wheels 
of  the  coroneted  rip,  hurrying  on  to  the  guilty  assignation. 
1825  JENNINGS  Olis.  Dial.  W.  Eng.  64  Kip,  a  vulgar,  old, 
unchaste  woman.  igooG.  Swarr Sorority  88, '  I  don't  believe 
I  thought  there  was  such  a  thing  as  a  lady  rake.' . . '  Yes,  bit 
of  a  rip,  wasn't  she  ? ' 

3.  A  person  or  thing  of  little  or  no  value. 

1815  Zeluca  III.  145  Ah  you  don't  recollect  Mrs.  Gibber— 
Mrs.  Siddons  was  a  rip  to  her— about  what  Kean  is  to 
Garrick,  ma'am  !  1838  HOLLOWAY  Prov.  Diet.,  Rip,  any 
person  or  thing  completely  worn  out  and  worthless.  1867 
BRIERLEY  Marlocbs,  etc.  98  An  owd  rip  of  a  hommer 
[  =  hammer]  like  this. 

Kip,  obs.  or  dial,  form  of  REAP  sl>.*  and  ».2 

Kip,  obs.  form  of  RIPE  id.1,  a.,  and  w.l 

t  Rip,  v.1  Ots.  rare.  [A  var.  of  RIPE  z>.2,  with 
shortening  of  vowel  which  prob.  originated  in  the 
past  tense  *rtpte  for  OE.  rypte.]  trans.  To  rob. 

c  1200  ORMIK  10204  fatt  tobj)  . .  patt  hole);},  o  be  lajhe- 
follc,  &  rippebl*  hemm  &  rafebb.  ll'id.  10238  fatt  1035  ne 
sholldenn  nohht  te  folk  purrh  gredi3nesse  rippenn. 

Rip  (rip),  v.*  Also  6-7  rippe,  6  ryp(pe.  [Of 
somewhat  obscure  origin  and  history  ;  it  is  uot 


RIP. 

quite  certain  that  all  the  senses  really  belong  to 
the  same  word.  Corresponding  forms  in  the 
cognate  languages  are  Kris,  rippe  to  rip,  tear, 
Flem.  rippen  to  rip,  strip  off  roughly  ;  it  is  not 
clear  whether  these  are  distinct  from  MDu.  and 
LG.  rippen,  var.  of  rcppcn  to  move,  pull  (up),  etc., 
which  appear  to  be  the  source  of  NKris.  and  older 
Da.  rippe,  MSw.,  Norw.,  and  Frcr.  rippa,  in  the 
same  senses.  MLG.  reppm  (up}  is  also  used  of 
reviving  or  raking  up  a  matter,  and  this  sense  is 


Da.  had  any  influence  on  English  in  this  point  is 
not  apparent.] 

I.  1.  Irans.  To  cut,  pull,  or  tear  (anything) 
away  from  something  else  in  a  vigorous  manner. 
Const,  with  advs.  off,  out,  f forth,  or  preps. /;w«, 
out  of. 

.  "477  CAXTON  Jason  n5b,  Wherfore  for  to  know  what 
it  was,  he  distached  and  ripte  it  of.  1555  J.  PHOCTOR  Hist, 
tl'yat's  Rebellion  31  b,  For  baste  to  rippe  their  bootes  from 
theyr  legges.  1605  SMAKS.  Macb.  v.  viii.  16  Macdnffe  was 
from  his  Mothers  womb  Vmiinely  ript.  1610  HEALEV 
.St.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  x.  xi.  377  From  earths  gtitts  will  I  rip 
forth  to  vew,  The  feasts.  1650  EARL  MONM.  tr.  ScnaulCs 
Alnn  tec.  Guilty  285  If  gold  were  already  ript  out  of  the 
bowels  of  tlie  earth.  1677  Moxox  Alcc/i.  Exer.  No.  3.  51 
You  may  tack  down  two  small  thin  boards  on  either  side 
the  Using  File,  to  keep  it  steddy,  and  rip  them  off  again 
when  you  have  done.  1727  GAY  Hcfg:  Op.  i.  iv,  Rip  out 
the  coronets  and  marks  of  these  dozen  of  cambric  handker 
chiefs.  1748  Ansoifs  I'oy.  in.  ii.  316  The  Carpenters., 
ripped  of  the  old  sheathing  that  was  left,  a  1777  FAWKES 
Kape  of  Helen  iR.l,  Jove's  teeming  head  the  monstrous 
birth  contains,  And  the  barb'd  iron  ripp'd  thee  from  his 
brains.  1862  MRS.  H.  WOOD  Mrs.  Hallili.  Trout,  in.  vii, 
He  ripped  the  lining  out,  and  left  the  cloak  in  the  state  it  is. 
1884  tMatlch.  EX.IIH.  28  Nov.  5/1  He  also  declared  that  he 
incited  no  one  to  rip  off  Gladstone  badges  at  the  meeting. 

2.  To  cut  or  tear  apart  in  a  rough  or  slashing 
fashion.     Also  with  compl.  as  asunder,  open. 

1530  PALSGR.  691/2,  I  ryppe  a  seame  that  is  sowed,  jc 
decons...ll  is  better  to  ryppe  ones  clothes  and  sowe 
them  agayne  than  to  be  ydell.  1567  MAPLET  G>.  Forest 
6  They  rippe  in  sunder  the  noddle  of  his  head.  1579 
LVLV  Eupkucs  (Arb.)  38  With  the  one  hande  robbe  so  many 
cofurs,  and  with  the  other  to  rippe  so  many  corses.  1602 
MAKSTON  Ant.  f,-  Jlh-l.  m.  Wks.  1856  I.  39  The  fringe  of 
your  sattin  peticote  is  ript.  a  1627  Sin  J.  BEAUMOM  lios- 
'Morth  F.  19  And  hath  the  ground  again  been  ript  by  thee  ? 
1718  POPE  Iliad  xui.  642  The  forceful  spear,  .ripp'd  his 
belly  with  a  ghastly  wound.  1790  COWPER  tly  Mother's 
Picture  103  Sails  ript,  seams  op  ning  wide,  and  compass 
lost.  1:1850  Arnt'ian  A'ts.  ^Routledge)  83  As  soon  as  you 
shall  feel  yourself  upon  the  ground,  rip  open  the  skin  with 
the  knife.  1865  J.  T.  F.  TURNER  Slate  Quarries  10  The 
other  contractors.. have  to  blast  and  rip  the  rock.  1898 
ll'cstm.  GHZ.  15  July  5/3  The  sides  of  the  carriages  were 
ripped  and  torn. 

J'g-  17*3  CHURCHILL  Author  Poems  1767  II.  n  Lives 
there  a  Man,  who  calmly  can  stand  by,  And  see  his  con 
science  ripp'd  with  steady  eye. 

b.  To  split  or  cleave  (timber) ;  to  saw  in  the 
direction  of  the  grain.  (See  also  quot.  1688.) 

1532  Ace.  St.  John's  Hosp.,  Canlerb.  (MS.),  For  fellyng 
&  ryppyng  of  ij  thousand]  &  di.  of  tymber.  1688  HOLMIC 
Armoury  in.  105/2  Terms  used  by  the  Fletchers,  or 
Arrow-Makers. .  .Ripping  it,  is  to  give  it  the  first  round. 
1846  HOLTZAI-FFEL  Turning  II.  708  These  two  [saws]  are 
used . .  for  ripping  or  cutting  fir-timber . .  with  the  grain.  1875 
KNIUHT  Diet.  Klecli.  2033/2  When  a  Japanese  wants  to  rip 
a  plank,  he  places  it  across  anything  which  will  elevate  the 
end  a  few  inches. 

o.  To  take  the  tiles  off  (a  building  or  roof)  and 
put  on  fresh  laths;  to  repair  or  re-lay  a  roof  in 
this  manner. 

1640  Ace,  St.  John's  Hasp.,  Caiiter/i.  (MS.),  For  Ripping 
of  Broth.  Vauses  house.  1657-8  in  Willis  &  Clark  Caiu- 
bridge  (1886)  II.  97  In  the  extraordinary  repaires  of  the 
Colledg.  viz. .. ripping  both  buildings  in  y  old  Court..; 
ripping  all  the  new  building.  1828  Huttons  Course  Mat/i. 
11.  96  What  will  the  new  ripping  a  house  cost. .at  15$.  per 
square?  1850  in  Shaw  Mem.  Eastry  (1870)  206  Ordered 
the  north  and  south  side  of  the  chancel  roofs  to  be  ripped 
and  relaid.  1876-87  in  Surrey  and  Kent  glossaries. 

d.  To  take  out  or  cut  away  by  quarrying,  etc. ; 
to  divest  or  clear  of  surface-soil. 

1807  VANCOUVER  Agric.  Devon  (1813)  69  Ripping  240 
hogsheads  [of  limestone].  1852  WIGGINS  Embanking  88 
That  operation  requiring  great  care  in  'ripping'  one  side  of 
the  bank  at  a  time.  1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-Mining  204 
Rip,  to  cut  or  blast  down  the  roof  or  top.  1904  Daily 
News  22  Oct.  12  As  the  men  were  engaged  in  '  ripping 
top  '  they  came  across  what  is  believed  to  be  the  fossilised 
remains  of  a  large  fish. 

3.  To  slash  up  with  a  sharp  instrument ;  to  tear 
or  open  up  with  violence. 

1575  TURBERV.  Trag.  Tales  (1837)  131  [He]  drewe  out  a 
shoulder  knife,  And  ript  me  up  the  brest  Of  him  that  mur- 
dred  lay.  1595  SHAKS.  John  V.  ii.  152  You  bloudy  Nero's, 
ripping  vp  the  wombe  Of  your  cleere  Mother-England. 
ft  1626  MIDDLETON  Mayor  of  Queenb.  ill.  iii,  I  will  rip  up 
the  linings.  1641  J.  JACKSON  True  Evang.  T.  i.  46  Julian 
..caused  the  bellies  of  Women  and  Virgins  to  be  ript  up. 
1688  MOLLOY  De  Jure  Marit.  u.  i.  §  6.  204  If  a  Ship  be 
ript  up  in  parts,  and  taken  asunder  in  parts.  1719  DE  FOE 
Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  214  He.. ripp'd  up  his  Wastcoat  to  feel  if 
he  was  not  wounded.  1856  MAKRYAT  Midsh.  Easyvii,  You 
send  for  your  dog,  who  is  ripped  up  by  the  bull.  1897 
RHOSCOMYL  Whitt  Rose  Arno  301  Iolyn..had  ripped  up 
one  [man]  in  the  cave  mouth  as  he  rose. 


RIP. 

refl.    1870  '  W.  M.  COOPER  '  Hist,  of  the  Rod  xxiv.  233    | 
The  doomed  gentleman,  bidding  his  friends  farewell,  quietly 
rips  himself  up. 

b.  To  open   up  (wounds  or  sores)  again  in  a 
harsh  manner.     Inyff.  use,  passing  into  4  b. 

1565  T.  STAPLETON  Fortr.  l;aith  150  Let  vs  . .  rippe  vp 
the  deadly  woundes  of  our  greuous  iniquites.  1641  LD. 
BROOKE  On  Episcopacy  96,  I  profess  I  take  no  pleasure  in 
ripping  up  their  foule  loathsome  sores.  1679  J.  GOODMAN 
Peiiit.  Pard.  III.  vi.  (1713)  393  He  will  not  rake  in  men's 
wounds,  nor  rip  up  old  sores.  1830  GALT  La-wrie  T.  iv.  ix, 
It's  little  my  part  to  rip  up  old  sores. 

c.  To  form  by  tearing  up  something. 

1885  Miiiic/i.  Exam.  21  July  5/3  The  tornado  wrought 
terrible  damage,  ripping  up  pathways  through  the  forests. 

4.  fig.  a.  To  open  up,  lay  bare,  disclose,  make 
known  ;  also,  to  search  into,  examine.  Now  rare. 

1549  LATIMEK  yd  Serin,  be/.  Edm.  F/(Arb.)  78  Fyrst  of 
all  as  touchynge  my  fyrst  sermon,  I  wyll  runne  it  ouer  cur- 
sorie,  ryppyng  a  lytle  the  matter.  1563  JEWEL  Refit. 
Harding  240  As  these  mcnne  thinke..to  huddle  vp  their 
maters  in  the  darke,  it  wil  not  be  amisse  to  rippe  them 
abroade.  1581  MULCASTER  Positions  xxxvii.  (1887)  163  If 
ye  rip  the  cause  why  they  seeke  to  set  foorth  them  selues. 
1598  MAKSTON  Sco.  Villanie  Pref.  B  ij,  Know,  I  doe  scorn 
to  stoupe  To  rip  your  Hues.  1602  —  Ant.  -V  Mel.  IV.  Wks. 
1856  I.  48  There  shall  thou  rippe  The  inwards  of  thy  for- 
tunes,  in  mine  eares. 

1878  BROWNING  Poets  Croisic  1,  In  vain  we  rip  The  past, 
no  further  faintest  trace  remains  Of  Rene. 

b.  To  open  up,  rake  up,  bring  up  again  into 
notice  or  discussion  (esp.  something  unpleasant  or 
which  is  to  a  person's  discredit). 

Very  common  from  £1575  :  see  also  REAP  Z'.z 

1370  WILSON  tr.  Detnostlteties  12  If  a  man  weare  disposed 
to  rippe  up  all  that  euer  he  did  and  to  charge  him  with 
every  point  thereof.  1584  FENNER  Def.  .Ministers  (1587) 
47  Wee  are  loth  to  rippe  vpp  manie  things  whiche.  .can  not 
well  be  discussed.  1603  J.  CARPENTER  Solomon's  Solace 


unrestrained. 
8.  To  strike  swiftly  and  strongly. 


1898  Daily  News  24 
right  for  the  body  with  some  effect. 


II.  so*  Ripping  up  tnel 
in  the  Course  of  this  Affair.  176.  WUSLEY  Husk,  ft  Wives 
vii.  §2  Wks.  1811  IX  86  The  husband  may.,  tell  her  how  her 
faults  were  ripped  up.  1777  SHERIDAN  Trip  Scarb.  IV.  !, 
Don't  stand  ripping  up  old!  stories,  to  make  one  ashamed 
before  one's  love.  1822  HAZLITT  Table-t.  Ser.  II.  xiv.  (1869) 
288  We  do  not  want  to  rip  up  old  grievances.  1880  Miss 
BRADDON  Just  as  I  am  xxvii,  Why  do  you  come  here  to 
rip  up  the  secrets  of  the  past  ?  1884  Law  Times  Rfp.  LI  I. 
88/1  Their  interest  was  bound  by  that  decision,  and  they 
cannot  rip  up  what  was  then  done. 

c.  dial.  (See  quot.) 

1787  GROSE  Prav.  Cli'ss.  s.v.,  Ripping  one  up,  telling  him 
all  his  faults. 

II.  5.  intr.  a.  To  move  with  slashing  force. 
1798  BLOOMFIELD   Farmer's  Boy,  Summer  141   Hark! 
where  the  sweeping  Scythe  now  rips  along. 

b.  To  split,  tear,  part  asunder. 
1840  R.  H.  DANA  lief.  Mast  xxv,  The  great  mainsail  gaped 
open,  and  the  sail  ripped  from  head  to  foot.  1860  TOMLIN- 
SON  Arts  <V  Manuf.  2nd  Ser.  Xeedles  4  When  the  surface  rips 
or  tears,  the  attendant  can  feel  it.  1890  Melbourne  Argus 
29  May  9/8  Rock  very  hard,  but  rips  remarkably  well. 

6.  dial.  To  use  strong  language  ;  to  swear. 
1772  NUGENT  Hist.  Fr.  Gerund  II.  497  Here  the  poor  old 

man.. begins  ripping  and  swearing  in  the  most  dreadful 
manner.  1776  J.  ADAMS  Wks.  (1856)  IX.  441  Your  secre 
tary  will  rip  about  this  measure,  and  well  he  may.  1838 
HOLLOWAV  Prov.  Diet.,  To  rip,  to  swear  profanely  and  in 
anger.  1834  Miss  BAKER  aarthamft.  Gloss.,  Rip,  to 
bluster  and  swear  impetuously. 
b.  To  break  out  angrily. 

1836  MRS.  STOWE  Dred  I.  xx.  279,  I  suppose  they  [the 
clergy]  wouldn't  any  of  them  give  me  a  chance  for  heaven, 
because  I  rip  out  with  an  oath  every  now  and  then.  1886 
STEVENSON  Prince  Otto  u.  vii,  '  You  may  leave  the  table,' 
he  added,  his  temper  ripping  out. 

O.  trans,  with  out.  To  utter  with  violence. 

1818-32  WEBSTER  s.v.,  To  rip  out,  as  an  oath.  1848 
JONES  Sketches  Tra-v.  78  (Farmer),  He  ripped  out  an  oath 
that  made  the  hair  stand  on  my  head.  1889  '  Q. '  Splendid 
Spur  xvii,  He  ripped  out  a  horrid  blasphemous  curse. 

7.  To  rush  along  with  violence  or  great  speed. 
Chiefly  in  phr.  let  her  rip.     Orig.  U.S. 

1839  BARTLETT  Diet.  Ainer.  (ed.  2)  367  A  common  slang 
expression  is  'Let  her  rip!'  i.e.  let  her  drive,  let  her  go. 
1894  (7«//«fXXIV.  93  You  have  simply  to  sit  still  and  '  let 
her  rip ',  as  Mick  puts  it 

b.  To  go  ahead  (in  conduct)  ;  to  pursue  a 
reckless  course. 

1869  MRS.  STOWE  Old  Town  Folks  1,  If  she  don't  do 
nothin'  more  'n  take  a  walk  'longside  on  him.  . ,  why,  I  say, 
let  'er  rip.  1877  Temple  Bar  May  IOJ  '  Let  him  np_'  is  a 
common  verdict ; '  we  can  turn  him  out  when  his  time  is  up '. 


702 

II  Ripa1  ("'pa),  rare.  [Sw.  ripa,  pi.  ripor: 
see  KVPE  sb]  Ptarmigan. 

1854  L.  LLOYD  Scandin.  Adv.  II.  310  When  I  was  out  for 
the  purpose  of  shooting  Ripor.  1864  WHEELWRIGHT  Spring 
Lapl.  70  The  loud,  hoarse  cackle  of  the  ripa  was  heard  in 
every  wood. 

II  Ripa-  (rai'pa).  Anat.  [a.  L.  ripa  bank.]  A 
line  of  reflection  in  the  epenciyma  of  the  brain. 

i88z  WILDER  &  GAGE  Anat.  Techn.  488  The  surfaces 
separated  by  the  ripa  are  always  unlike.  1889  A.  H.  BUCK 
Handbk.  Sled.  Sd.  VIII.  120. 

Ripal  (rai-pal),  a.     rare,    [f.  L.  ripa  bank  + 

-AI..J        =  RlPABIAN  (Z.l   I . 

1867  W.  PEARD  Year  of  Liberty  288  Companies,  with 
shares  in  the  ratio  of  ripal  rights.  1868 —  Water-farin.  ii. 
16  With  powers  to.. allot  shares  in  the  ratio  of  the  ripal 
rights  of  each  landed  proprietor. 

r  Ripare.     0/>s.    rare~l.     [ad.    It.   riparo,\ 

Shelter,  defence. 

1561  J.  SHUTE  tr.  Cambini's  Turk.  Wars  25  Vet  stode 
they  upon  their  newe  fortificationes  and  ripares  that  they 
had  made  within  the  towne. 

Riparial  (raipeo'rial),  a.  [f.  L.  ripari-us  (f. 
ripa  bank)  +  -AL.] 

1.  =  RIPARIAN  a^  i. 

1870  J.  OKTON  Antics  f,  Amazons  n.  xxxvii.  (1876)  490 
The  Riparial  Forests,  on  lowlands  bordering  the  rivers. 
1896  Allbutt's  Syst.  Aled,  \.  51  Fully-formed  rivers  that 
seasonally  flood  their  riparial  districts. 

2.  Zool.  Living  upon,  or  frequenting,  the  banks 
of  streams,  ponds,  etc.     (Cent.  Diet.) 

Riparian  (r3ipe>rian),  a.1  and  jiM  [f.  as  prec.] 

1.  ailj.  Of,   pertaining   to,    or   situated  on,   the 
banks  of  a  river ;  riverine. 

1849  J-  'J-  KENNEDY  Life  W.  Wirt  (1860)  I.  xix.  293  Con 
tentious  riparian  possessors  and  claimants  of  alluvial  de 
posits.  1864  Sat.  Rev.  XVIII.  442/1  Inland  lakes  belong 
ing  . .  to  one  or  other  of  the  riparian  States.  1880  MuiRHEAD 
Gains  n.  §  72  An  island  rising  in  the  middle  of  a  river  is 
the  common  property  of  the  riparian  proprietors.  _  1886 
Eiicycl.  Brit.  XX.  565/2  In  order  to  give  riparian  rights, 
the  river  must  flow  in  a  defined  channel. 
b.  sb.  A  riparian  proprietor. 

1884  l^all  Mall  G.  20  Aug.  4/1  With  the  intent  of  com 
bating  riparians  upon  divers  matters  of  claim.  1894  C.  H. 
COOK  Thames  Rights  137  Such  riparian  is  the  true  owner 
of  the  fishery. 

2.  Anat.  Of  or    pertaining   to    a  ripa   in  the 
ependyma  of  the  brain. 

1889  A.  H.  BUCK  Handbk.  Med.  Sci.  VIII.  120  The  fim. 
bria,  one  of  the  riparian  or  marginal  parts. 

Ripa'rian,  a.-  and  sb?  =  RII-UARIAN. 

1898  SERGEANT  The  Franks  17  Clovis..had  to.  .oust  the 
king  of  the  Riparian  Franks.  Ibid.  38  These.. lessons., 
taught  the  Riparians  not  to  respect  but  to  despise. 

RipariotlS  (raipea'rias),  a.  rare.  [ad.  L. 
rifai-ius.']  (See  quots.) 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Riparians,  that  uses  or  abides  in 
the  water  banks.  1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  Riparhis,.. 
applied  to  plants  that  grow,.,  or  to  animals  that  live,.. on 
the  borders  of  rivers  ;  riparious.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  985/2 
Riparians,  growing  by  water. 

t  Ri'pary,  sb.  Obs.  rare—1,  [ad.  med.L. 
ripdria,  fern,  of  L.  rlpdrius '.  see  prec.]  A  stream. 

1:1450  Godstow  Keg.  559  Dyches,  watirs,  pondis,  stewes, 
Ryvers  (or  riparies),  duffehowses. 

t  Ripary,  a.  Obs.   rare~l.     =RIPAKIOUS. 

1661  LOVKLL  hist.  Anim.  fy  At  in.  Avb,  Not  melodious, 
as  the  Woodpecker, ..swallow,  wild  and  riparie. 

t  Ripe,  sb.1  Obs.  Forms:  I  rip,  r£p  (hripp), 
i,  4  riip (4-5  rip),  3-4  ripe,  5  ryp(e,  ryppe.  [OE. 
rip  nent.,  related  to  ripan  REAP  v .!]  Harvest. 

1-900  tr.  BacJa's  Hist.  i.  xxix.  (1890)  88  [teette  her  waire 
micel  rip  onweard  &  fea  worhton.  0930  O.  E.  Chroit. 
(Parker  MS.)  an.  896,  f*a;t  ba  Deniscan  him  ne  mehton  bees 


RIPE. 


seowen.    <  1290  St.  Krcndan  696  in  S.  Eng,  Leg.  I.  239 
f>e  Applene  weren  ripe  inou}.     a  1330  Roland  cy  V.  312  And 
—  2S  )?ai  bere,  Red  &  ripe.     1340  Ayctib.  28  pet 
if  frut  and  al  ripe.     1390  GowERCow/".  I.  137 
__  r  • i  i I «w  .-    .:*  :.  l _     • 


amorvve  grapes 
corn,  .is  uol  o" 


Nov.  7/3  Sharkey  ripped  left  and 


. 

fRip,  (?)w.3  Obs.  rare.  ^Perh.  ad.  Du.  rep, 
imper.  of  reppen  to  make  haste,  but  the  contexts 
are  not  decisive  ;  it  may  be  a  mere  exclamation, 
or  a  fig.  use  of  RIP  v  .2) 

1592  NASHE  Four  Lett.  Can/at.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  239 
Wilt  thou  neuer  leaue  afflicting  a  dead  Carcasse  .  .  ?  a  wispe, 
a  wispe,  rippe,  rippe,  you  kitchin-stufle  wrangler  !  1600 
DEKKER  Shoemaker's  Holiday  Dram.  Wks.  1873  I.  29 
Auaunt  Kitchin-stufle,  rippe  you  browne  bread  tannikin  ; 
out  of  my  sight.  1609  ARMIN  Maids  of  More  C  3  b,  O 
well  sung  Nightingale,  a  boord  a  boord  there,  ba  rip  there. 


... -ie  fyrst  rijp,  begynnynge  the  repyni, 

barli.     1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  185  pou  hast  no 
leve  to  sette  byn  hook  in  ober  men  ripe  \yi.r.  ryp(e,  etc.). 

Ripe  (raip),  J*.2  Now  rare.  [ad.  L.  ripa  bank.] 
The  bank  of  a  river ;  the  seashore. 

1:1470  HARDING  Citron,  vl.  iii,  For  rypes  and  roches 
whyte  To  shipmen  were  greate  gladnesse  and  delyte.  Ibid. 
ccxl.  note,  Blak  been  thi  bankes  and  thi  ripes  also.  1538 
LELAND  I  tin.  (1768)  I.  34  The  Ripe  of  Trent  againe  it  is 
low  and  medow  ground.  1577  HARRISON  Eng.  in.  xvii,  On 
the  left  ripe  (for  so  he  [Leland]  calleth  the  bancke  of  euery 
brooke  thorow  outall  his Englishe  treatizesjof  a  pretie  ryuer. 


255  l ne  ngnts  01  me  innauiiaius  01  i^juu  iu  MIR  upw  ^ 
common.    1894  SPEIGHT  Nidderdale  212  On  that  account . . 
its  ripe  or  bank  was  more  likely  to  be  selected  for  a  place 
of  settlement. 

Ripe  (raip),  a.  (s6.'»  and  <fcfo.).  Also  3-7  rype, 
4  rip,  rijp(e.  [OE.  ripe,  =  Fris.  ryp,  f  rijp,  MDu. 
rife,  rijp,  riep  (Du.  riff),  OS.  rtpi  (MLG.  ripe, 
rype,  LG.  rff),  OHG.  rtfi,  rife  (G.  »•«/) :  the 
stem  rip-  may  be  related  to  that  of  RKAP  z>.] 

1.  Of  grain,  fruits,  etc. :  Ready  for  reaping  or 
gathering  ;  arrived  at  the  stage  in  which  they  are 
most  fit  for  eating,  or  for  reproducing  the  plants 
which  bear  them. 

<:888  K.  ^ELFREU  Boctli.  xxxix.  §  13  Westmbzra  hxrfest 
bryngS  ripa  bleda.  caoo  tr.  Bueda's  Hist.  i.  xu.  (1890)  44 
H  i.  .slogan  call  &  cweafdon . .  &  swa  swa  ripe  yr3  fortreddon. 
a  1225  Jvliana.  74  Ant  reope  we  of  Jat  ripe  sed  bat  we 


CUI11..1&UU1    Ol     IIUI    WIU    M    llpc.        ajnv  \JUWBB  Itfff/.  A.    137 

The  leves  weren  faire  and  large,  Of  fruit  it  bare  so  ripe  a 
cbarge.  1483  Catk.  Angl,  309/2  A  Rype  fige,  pncoqua, 
precox.  1530  PALSGR.  322/2  Rype  as  fruyte  is,  meur.  1369 

/'_ •         1711-        l\ .-_       T    -n      C .       fl       HI.,   f* •• 


PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  v.  xii.  (i6r4)  507  When  the  fruit  is  ripe, 
the  first  and  outermost  part  openeth.  1676  M.  LISTER  in  Ray 
Corr.  (1848)  124,  I  gathered  the  ears  a  little  before  they 
were  ripe.  1781  COWPER  Heroism  54  Through  the  ripe 
harvest  lies  their  destin'd  road.  1832  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot. 

I.  ii.  186  It  [the  aril]  more  properly  comes  under  considera 
tion  along  with  the  ripe  seed.     1864  TENNYSON  En.  Ard. 
456  If  the  nuts,  .be  ripe  again.    1878  BROWNING LaSaisiaz 
7  Scarce  enough  to.  .redden  ripe  the  mountain-ash. 

absol.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  6044  pat  beist  ban  gneu  vp.  .bath 
ripe  and  grene.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xix.  107  He  het 
elde,  an  hih  for  to  clymbe,  And  shaken  hit  sharply,  pe 
ripen  sholden  falle. 

trans/.  1439  Ep.  Acad.  Oxon.  (1898)  I.  184  Noryshed 
with  the  rype  frute  of  Konnyng.  1613  JACKSON  Crud\. 
136  Vntill  they  be  ripe  of  death  in  the  Autumne.  c  1620  SIR 
W.  MURE  Semt.  vi.  13  Those  fayre  brests'  rype  clusters 
quho  myt  presse.  1771  Jimius  Lett.  Ixvii.  (1788)  342  When 
you  are  ripe,  you  shall  be  plucked.  1818  KEATS  Endym. 

II.  397  Coverlids  gold-tinted  like  the  peach,  Or  ripe  Octo 
ber's  faded  marigolds.     1861  READE  Cloister  ft  H.  xxxviii, 
Thy  beard  is  ripe,  thy  fellow's  is  green  ;    he  shall  be  the 
younger. 

t  b.  Of  herbs  or  grass.    Obs. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Set.  Wks.  III.  439  Herbis  hat  groweden  in 
a  orchard,  and  weren  ny?  rype.     1493  Trevisa's  Bartlt.  DC 
P.  R.  ix.  xiv.  356  Junius  is  paynted  as  mowynge  haye,  for 
that  tyme  haye  is  ripe  in  medes.     1565  COOPER  Thesaurus, 
Praia  aridti,  when  the  grasse  is  ripe,  and  redy  to  mow. 
o.  In  proverbs,  usually  with  fig.  application. 
1546  J.   HEYWOOD  Prov.  #  Epigr.  (1867)  22  But  soone 
rype  soone  rotten,      a  1569    KINGESMYLL  Com/.   Afflict. 

(1585)  Cii,  All  the  glorie  of  man.  .is  as  the  flower  of  the 
fielde,  soone  ripe,  soone  rotten.    I7OSHICKERINGILL  Priest- 
cr.  n.  i.  6  The  old  Proverb  prov'd  true,  for,  he  was  soon 
ripe,  and  soon  rotten.    1736  [CHETWOOD]  Voy.  I'aughan 
(1760)  I.  52  My  Uncle . .  told  me,  Ripe  Fruit  was  soon  rotten. 

d.  Resembling  ripe  fruit ;  red  and  full. 

1390  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  in.  ii.  139  O  how  ripe  in  show,  Thy 
lips,  those  kissing  cherries,  tempting  grow  !  1600  —  A.Y.L. 
in.  v.  121  There  was  a  pretty  rednesse  in  his  lip  A  little 
riper,  and  more  lustie  red  Then  that  mixt  in  his  cheeke. 
1833  TENNYSON  Maud  i.  n,  An  underlip,  you  may  call  it  a 
little  too  ripe,  too  full.  1894^  HALL  CAINE  Manxman  in. 
iii,  With.. her  ripe  mouth  twitching  merrily. 

2.  Of  birds  or  animals  :  Fully  fledged  or  de 
veloped;  esp.  come  to  a  fit  condition  for  being 
killed  and  used  as  food. 

1297  R.  GLOL-C.  (Rolls)  3673  Hii  ne  mowe  no5t  wel  fle  Vor 
feblesse  of  hor  brode,  ac  wanne  hor  briddes  rype  beb,  her 
hii  findeb  more  mete  in  londes  aboute  hii  fleb.  1398  [see 
FLEDGE  a.  ij.  1377  ?.  GOOGE  HcresbacKs  Husb.  iv. 

(1586)  169  To  fatte  Pigions..it  is  good  to  bring  them  to 
the  Kitchin,  before  they  bee  full  ripe.  1607  TOPSELL  four-/. 
Beasts  582  A  little  Kyd.  .being  ripe,  the  maister  killed  it, 
and  layed  it  before  the  Panther  to  be  eaten.     1837  MAC- 
GILLIVRAY  Hist.  Brit.  Birds  II.  403, 1  caught  the  birds  with 
much  difficulty  in  a  trap-cage  when  their  young  were  nearly 
ripe.    1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  94  A  ripe  sheep. .is 
easily  known.. by  the  fulness  exhibited  in  all  the  external 
parts.     1889  Pall  Mall  C.  14  May  3/1  The  ducklings., 
must  be  killed  as  soon  as  they  are  ready,  and  not  kept  a 
day  longer  than  the  hour  when  they  are  ripe. 

fig.  '575  R-  B-  Apius  f,  Virginia  C  8  Under  the  Hedge 
with  a  payre  of  new  Cardes  both  rip  and  fledge. 

b.  Of  persons:   Fully   developed  in   body  or 
mind  ;  mature,  t  marriageable      (Cf.  6  a.) 

c  1386 CHAUCER  Doctors  T.  68  Such  binges  maken  children 
for  to  be  To  soone  rype  and  bold.  1390  GOWER  Co"/.  I. 
246  Sche  scholde  ben  hir  fader  hair,  And  was  of  yeres  ripe 
ynowh.  1513  MORE  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  783  They 
were  coupled  or  she  were  well  rype.  1363  Mirr.Maf.  n. 
148  These  two  noble  ympes  I  caused  to  be  slayne,  Of  yeare 
not  ful  rype  as  yet  to  rule  and  raygne.  c  1600  B.  JONSON 
To  Penshvrst  54  Wks.  (1616)  820  Some . .  send  By  their  ripe 
daughters,  whom  they  would  commend  This  way  to  hus 
bands.  1784  COWPER  Task  VI.  398  He. . being  ripe  in  years, 
And  conscious  of  the  outrage  he  commits.  1807  WORDSW. 
White  Doe  III.  128  Ripe  men,  or  blooming  in  life  s  spring, 
. .  Stood  by  their  Sire,  on  Clifford-moor.  1876  GEO.  ELIOT 
Dan.  Der.  vin.  Ix,  Since  I  was  a  ripe  man,  1  have  been 
what  I  am  now. 

O.  Ready  for  birth,  rare. 


n.  u.  10  oome  vnDorne  sorrow,  ripe  in  iwiuu«a  f*VM™a 
comming  towards  me.    1741  MONRO  Anat.  Nines  (ed.  3) 
275  The  superior  Extremity  of  this ..  Phalanx  is  a  Cartilage 
in  a  ripe  Child. 

d.  Of  fish,  etc.  :  Ready  to  lay  eggs  or  spawn. 
1861  HULME  tr.  Moquin-Tandon  u.  in.  i.  78The  insect  is 
collected.,  towards  the  end  of  the  month  of  June,  when  tne 
females  are  ripe.     1868  PEARD  Water-farm,  vm.  85  Out  pt 
twenty,  or  thirty  fish,  not  more  than  two  or  three  win  in 
all  probability  be  found  ripe.     1883  in  G.  B.  Goode  f 
Indust.  U.S.A.  76  The  fish  remained  in  the  basin  until  they 

3.  a.  Of  liquor  :  Advanced  to  the  state  of  being 
ready  for  use  ;  fully  matured,  mellow. 

1393  LANGL.  P.  Pt.  C.  xxi.  415  Til  the  vendage  valle 
in  be  vale  of  losaphat,  And  (I]  drynke  ryght  rype  most. 
a  1648  DIGBY  Closet  Offnea'(i677)  25  When  it  is  cold  put  11 
it  six  spoonfuls  of  barm,  and  when  it  is  ripe,  it  will  hiss  i 
the  pail.  1742  Load,  f,  Country  Brem.  \.  (ed.  4)  80  Nor  will 
they  be  so  soon  ripe  and  fit  to  tap  as  the  high  dried  Malt 
Drink  will.  1820  Blackiv.  Jfaf.Vl.  55'  Used  to  imPart !° 
new  brandy  and  rum  a  ripe  taste.  1834  TENNYSON  in 


RIPE. 

Memoir  (1897)  I.  134  He..  Gives  stouter  ale  and  riper  port 
Than  any  in  the  Country-side.  1853  UKE  Diet.  Art$(<i.&.$  I. 
158  The  casks,  .in  which  the  ripe  beer  is  kept  and  exported. 

b.  Of  suppurations,  etc. :   Ready   to  lance  or 
break  ;  fit  for  curative  treatment. 

c  14x0  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xii,  Menge  bise 
herbes  ..  and  leyth  hem  vpon  n  be  bocches;  and  bat  shall 
make  hem  rype.  And  whan  |>ei  beth  rype,  slyt  hem  with  a 
sharpe  knyfe.  c  1550  H.  LLOYD  Trcas.  Health  a  iij, 
Horsnesse,  and  continuall  fluxion  of  snevil  in  old  men,  do 
in  no  means  waxe  rype.  1580  HI.UNDF.VIL  Horsemanship 
iv.  xxxv.  17  Thrust  it  in.. so  as  the  point  of  the  iron  may 
come  out  at  the  ripest  place. 

c.  Of    natural   products,    etc. :    Arrived    at    a 
mature  or  perfect  state. 

1635-56  COWLEY  Davideis  iv.  Poems  (1905)  388  Clouds 
with  ripe  Thunder  charg'd  some  thither  drew.  1700  S.  L. 
tr.  Frykes  l^oy.  E.  Ind.  316  There  are  People  to  look  every 
year,  and  see  whether  the  Pearls  are  ripe.  1726  POPE 
Odyss.  xvn.  30  With  riper  beams  when  Phcebus  warms  the 
day.  1807  VANCOUVER  Agric.  Devon  (1813)  268  It  is  much 
to  be  lamented  that  the  ripe  timber  only  had  not  been 
selected.  1865  RICHARDSON  &  WATTS  Chem.  Tech.  II.  iv. 
294  The  successive  operations  to  which  the  ripe  earth  is 
submitted,  are  undertaken  for  the  purpose  of  separating 
the  nitrates  from  it. 

4.  Of  persons  :  Of  mature  judgement  or  know 
ledge  ;  fully  informed ;  thoroughly  qualified  by 
study  and  thought. 

c  1200  Vices  fy  Virtues  135  Nis  J>at  non  god  tocne  of  ripe 
manne.  a  1250  Owl  .5-  Night.  211  He  is  nv  ripe  &  fast- 
rede,  Ne  luste  hym  nv  to  non  vnrede.  i  1380  WYCLIF  Sel. 
Wks.  111.438  Crist  sente  hise  apostlis,  when  bei  weren  rype, 
to  diverse  londis,  to  sowe  wateris  of  wisdom.  1395  PURVEY 
Remonstr.  107  Jugis  and  mynistris  of  the  king  owen  to  be 
ripe  men.  a  1568  ASCHAM  Scholein.  n.  (Arb.)  109  This  exer 
cise  may  bring  moch  profile  to  ripe  heads.  1589  PUTTEN- 
HAM  Eng.  Poesie  in,  xviii.  (Arb.)  205  No  lesse  plaine  to  a 
ripe  reader,  then  if  it  were  named  expresly.  1613  SHAKS. 
Hen.  VIII,  iv.  ii.  51  He  was  a  Scholler,  and  a  ripe,  and 
good  one.  1657  TRAPP  Comm.  yob  xxxii.  6  Some  young 
men  are  ripe  betime,  and  more  ready-headed  than  their 
ancients.  1867  TROLLOPE  Chron.  Barset  i,  Mr,  Crawley  in 
his  early  days  had  been  a  ripe  scholar.  1883  S.  C.  HALL 
Retrospect  I.  367  A  ripe  scholar  and  in  many  ways  an 
eloquent  teacher. 

b.  Const,  in  (or  upon}  a  matter,  business,  etc. 

c  1475  Par  Ic  nay  7  A  man  ful  ripe  in  other  clerigie.  1525 
St,  Papers  Hen.  VIII,  VI.  397  Almost  impossible  it  sluild 
be  to  make  the  Poopes  Holynes  so  ripe  in  the  Kinges 
particular  causes  as  were  nedefull.  1548-9  (Mar.)  Bk.  Com. 
Prayer,  Ord.  Priests,  Ve  may  waxe  riper  and  stronger 
in  your  minlsterie.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Treat.  218  As  sound  in 
judgement  as  ripe  in  experience.  1699  DAMPIER  Voy.  II.  i. 
60  Money-changing.. is  managed  by  Women,  who  are  very 
dextrous  and  ripe  in  this  Employment.  1723  WODROW 
Corr.  (1843)  III.  ii,  I  cannot  say  I  am  so  ripe  upon  that 
subject  as  to  answer  the  difficulty  Mr.  Masterton  moves. 
1847  LONGF.  E-v.  i.  iii.  ii  Ripe  in  wisdom  was  he. 

c.  Similarly  of  the  mind,  judgement,  etc. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  339/2  A  longe  vysage  or  chyere 
and  enclyned,  whiche  is  a  signe  of  maturyte  or  rype  sadnes. 
1567  Gitde  %  Codlie  Ball.  (S.T.S.)  106  With  mynde  rype  and 
degest.  a  1591  H.  SMITH  Wks.  (1867)  I.  476  Every  man 
thinks  his  own  wit  ripest.  1591  SHAKS.  Tivo  Gentl.  n.  iv. 


ment.  i647SpRiGGE  Anglia  Rediv.  n.  ii.  (1854)  76  A  gentle 
man.,  of  a  most  dexterous  and  ripe  invention  for  all  such 
things.  1693  DRYDEN  Juvenal  Ded.  (1697)  p.  xx,  His 
Natural  Endowments,  of  a  large  Invention,  a  ripe  Judg 
ment,  and  a  strong  Memory.  1788  REID  Aristotle's  Logic 
vi.  §  i.  136  The  most  important  parts  of  this  science  require 
a  ripe  understanding.  1871  DISRAELI  Lot/tairPreL  p.  xviii, 
His  intimates  only  were  acquainted  with  his.  .ripe  scholar 
ship.  1894  H.  DRUMMOND  Ascent  Man  164  Mind,  in  Man, 
does  not  start  into  being  fully  ripe. 

6.  Properly  considered  or  deliberated  ;  matured 
by  reflection  or  study. 

cwjoProv.  Hendyng  84  Sot..wol  speke  wordes  grene, 
Er  then  hue  buen  rype.  ^1386  CHAUCER  Clerk's  T.  438  So 
wise  and  rype  wordes  hadde  she.  —  Alelib.  f  2389  Thou 
shall  also  eschue  the  conseillyng  of  yong  folk,  for  hir  conseil 
is  nat  rype.  1439  Rolls  of  Par  It.  V.  7/2  A  gode  and  a  ripe 
deliberation  and  avys,  the  which  can  noght  be  hade  m 
a  fewe  dayes.  1540  Act  32  Hen.  VIIft  c.  26  The  true 
definition,  .therof  requierith  ripe  and  mature  deliberation 
and  advise.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholays  Voy.  in. 
xiv.  97  b,  Yeres  and  long  experience . .  brought  more  wisdome 
and  rype  doctrine.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  42  Such 
Images  as  after  a  ripe  debate  were  found  to  admit  an  expli 
cation  consenting  with  Nature. 

6.  Of  age  :  a.  Characterized  by  full  development 
of  the  physical  or  mental  powers.     (Cf.  2  b.) 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  v.  ( John}  399  Bot  fra  he  to  rype  elde 
wane  he  lent  >e  bischope.  1531  ELYOT£W.  it.  xii.  (1880)  II. 
135  He  than  beinge  of  ripe  yeres,..his  frendes.  .exhorted 
hym  busely  to  take  a  wyfe.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm. 
172  Some  man  ofrypeyearesandcounsell.  £1590  MARLOWE 
Faust.  Chorus  13  Of  riper  years,  to  Wertenberg  he  went. 
ci6i4  SIR  W.  MURE  Dido  $  Mneas  To  Rdr.  8  Till  ryper 
Beirs  her  infancy  subdue.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  HI.  31  Thy 
years  are  ripe,  and  over-ripe.  1784  COWPEK  Task  iv.  713 
At  so  ripe  an  age  As  twice  sev'n  years.  1838  PRESCOTT 
jjw*.  ff  Is.  II.  xvii.  224  A  riper  period  of  her  life.  1860 
TVNOALL  Glac.  i.  i.  3  Simplicity  of  treatment,.. out  of  place 
if  intended  for  a  reader  of  riper  years. 
b.  Advanced ;  high  in  years. 

CI375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xl.  (Niniari)  609  t>e  tyme.. bat  he 
of  (MS  lyfsuld  pas,  of  parfit  dat  &  rype  elde.  1665  SIR  T. 
HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  243  He  died  at  a  ripe  age  and  was 
buried  at  Persepolis.  1873  SVMONDS  Grk.  Poets  v.  137 
Anacreon  died  at  the  ripe  age  of  eighty-five  at  Teos. 

7.  Fullyprepared,  ready,  or  able,  to  do  or  undergo 
something. 


703 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PL  B.  v.  396  Sholde  no  ryngynge  do  me 
ryse  ar  I  were  rype  to  dyne,  c  1380  WYCLIF  Set.  IVks. 
III.  61  Now  I  am  riip  to  dye.  1463  Fasten  Lett,  II.  89 
What  incedentesye  knowe,  I  preieyow  by  wry  tinge  certefie 
me  in  all  hast,  that  I  may  be  the  more  ripe  to  answer  to 
this.  1542  RECORDE  Gr,  Aries  33  b,  You  shal  be  rype  and 
perfect  to  subtract  any  other  summe  lightly.  1595  DANIEL 
Civil  Wars  iv.  79  Where  states  are  ripe  to  fall,  and  vertue 
spent.  1675  MARVBU.C0rr.Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  494  That 
I  might  at  the  same  time  he  ripe  to  give  you  an  account  of 
your  businesse.  1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  450  The 
cause  is  then  ripe  to  be  set  down  for  hearing.  1788  JEFFRR* 
SON  Writ.  (1859)  II.  548  It  does  not  appear  to  me  that  the 
nation  is  ripe  to  accept  of  these.  1807  WORDSW.  White  Doe 
n.  29  But  now  the  inly-working  North  Was  ripe  to  send 
its  thousands  forth.  1875  HKLPS  Ess.,  Educ.  Alan  finsi. 
ness  66  He  will  let  opportunities  grow  before  his  eyes,  until 
they  are  ripe  to  be  seized. 

b.  Ready  or  fityW-  some  end  or  purpose. 

1592  Nobody  fy  Somt'b.  I  2b,  I  know  by  your  complexion, 
you  wer  ripe  for  the  hangman.  1642  FULLER  Holy  fy  Prof. 
St.  iv.  i.  242  These  Reversions  will  be  ripe  for  his  heir,  by 
that  time  his  heir  shall  be  ripe  for  them,  a  1682  SIR  T. 
BROWNS  Tracts  (1683)  169  Ripe  and  ready  for  destruction. 
1701  W.WOTTON  Hist.  Rome  v.  77  His  Designs  were  not  ripe 
enough  for  Execution.  1768  GOLIJSM.  Goodn.  A/an  v,  It 
goes  no  farther ;  things  are  not  yet  ripe  for  a  discovery. 
1781  GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  xviii.  (1787)  II.  m  The  conspiracy 
was  ripe  for  execution.  1807  VANCOUVER  Agric,  Devon 
(1813)  299  Salt-marsh,,  .when  ripe  and  ready  for  embank 
ment.  1885  Manch.  Exam.  12  May  5/1  The  plans  of  the 
Government.. are  not  yet  ripe  for  criticism. 

c.  Quite  prepared  _/0r  action  of  some  kind,  esp. 
mischief,  revolt,  etc. 

1599  SHAKS.  //(•«.  Vt  i.  ii.  121  My  thrice-puissant  Liege 
Is. .  Ripe  for  Exploits  and  mightie  Enterprises.  1644 
HEYLIN  Brief  Kc tat.  Laud  3  Those  libels,  .inflamed  the 
people,  till  they  had  made  them  ripe  for  mischeife.  1659 
Burton's  Diary  (1828)  IV.  6  You  are  not  ripe  for  judg 
ment.  One  affirms,  the  other  denies.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  n. 
xiv.  282  The  Indians,  on  almost  every  frontier,  were  ripe 
for  a  revolt.  1835  LYTION  Rienzi  n.  vii,  Are  thy  friends 
ripe  for  the  saddle?  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vii.  II. 
191  England,  though  heated  by  grievances,  was  by  no 
means  ripe  for  revolution.  1879  FARRAH  St.  Paul  1.  vi. 
xxi.  385  The  mob  were  only  too  ripe  for  a  tumult. 

d.  Const,  with   gerund  preceding.      Now  only 
arch,  in  reeling  ripe ^  after  cjnot.  1610. 

*573  TWVNE  &neid  xn.  Mm  iv,  Dying-ripe  with  nayles 
her  purple  robes  in  ragges  she  hales,  a  1586  SIDNEY 
Arcadia,  (1622)  61  But  Lulus  (euen  weeping  ripe)  went 
among  the  rest,  c  1600  CHALKHILL  Theahna  fy  07.  (1683) 
112  With  that  he  leaps  unto  her  cursing  ripe.  i6ioSHAKs. 
Temp.  \.  1.  279  He  is  drunke  now;..  And  Trinculo  is  reeling 
ripe,  a  1623  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Woman's  Prize  n.  i,  He's  like 
little  children  That  lose  their  baubles,  crying  ripe. 

1833  H.  COLERIDGE  Poems  I.  73  Reeling  ripe,  Big  Inde 
pendence.  .  works  his  burly  way.  1883  Chnrch  Times  XXI. 
906/3  The  Irish  teetotaler  who  was  found  reeling  ripe. 

8.  Ready  for  action,  execution,  or  use ;  arrived 
at  the  fitting  stage  or  time  for  some  purpose. 

1601  SHAKS.  Jul.  C.  iv.  iii.  215  Our  Legions  are  brim  full, 
our  cause  is  ripe.  1713  ADDISON  Cato  n.  i,  Should  they 
submit  ere  our  designs  are  ripe,  We  both  must  perish  in 
the  common  wreck.  1719  Dp,  FOE  Crusoe  n.  (Globe)  440,  I 
desir'd  the  French  Gentleman  not  to  say  any  thing  to  them, 
till  the  Business  was  thorough  ripe.  1789  WOLCOT  (Peter 
Pindar)  Subjects  for  Painters  36  With  a  lie  Ripe  at  their 
fingers'  ends.  1838  MACAU  LAV  Sir  IV.  Tem&lt  Ess.  (1897) 
439  At  length,  in  June,  1671,  the  designs  of  the  Cabal  were 
ripe.  1860  MOTLEY  NetherL  v.  1. 145  The  insubordination, 
which  was  so  ripe  in  the  city.  1879  FARRAR  St.  Paul  I. 
n.  viii.  153  Their  plot  was  soon  ripe. 

b.  Of  time  :  Sufficiently  advanced. 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  i.  iii.  294,  I  by  Letters  shall  direct 
3'our  course  When  time  is  ripe. 

1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  Concl.  xxxv,  The  man.. was  a 
noble  type  Appearing  ere  the  times  were  ripe.  1864  URVCE 
Holy  Rom.  Em  p.  iv.  (1875)  44  The  great  scheme  for  whose 
accomplishment  the  time  was  now  ripe. 

f  9.  a.  As  sb.    Ripeness.     (Cf.  FOR-  10.)  Oh.     \ 

c  xooo  Ags.  Ps.  (Thorpe)  cxviii.  147  Ic  5e  on  ripe  fore-coin 
[Vulg.  Prxveni  in  maturitate}.     a  1425  Cursor  J/.  18834 
(Triii.),  His  heer  [was]  like  to  f>e  note  broun  whenne  hit    , 
for  ripe  \Cott.  ripnes]  falleb  doun. 
t  b.  As  adv.    Ripely.   Obs. 

a  1632  TAYLOR  God's  Judgem.  i.  n.  iii.  (1642)  172  But  the    ' 
King.,  handled  them  so  ripe  and   handsomely,  that.,  he 
dealt  with  them  as  pleased  him. 

10.  Comb.  a.  Parasynthetic,  as  ripe-coloured^ 
-eared)  -faced,  -tongtied,  -wit ted. 

1548  PATTEN  Exfed.  Scoff.  Pref.  f  v,  A  righte  ripetungued 
deponent.  1567  DRANT  Horace,  ILp.  Pref.  vj,  I  take  them 
to  be  ripe-toungued  tryfles.  a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  in. 
(1605)  377  Alas  how  ripe  witted  these  young  folkes  be  now 
adayes.  1698  K.  B.  Fret  but  Modest  Censure  10  Bestowing 
upon  him  the  Epithets  of  Learned,  Ingenious,  Thoughtful, 
Ripe-witted,  &c.  1818  KEATS  Endytn.  in.  8  Fire-branded 
foxes  to  sear  up..  Our  gold  and  ripe-ear 'd  hopes.  1826 
HOOD  Love  ii,  Grave  ripe-fac'd  wisdom  made  an  April 
fool  ?  1827  C.  WEBBE  Hardest-Home  ii,  Armfuls  of  ripe- 
coloured  corn. 

b.  Miscellaneous,  as  ripe-bending,  -grown,  -like. 

1592  SHAKS.  I'en.  ,y  Ad.  clxxxiii,  Mulberries,  &  ripe-red 
cherries.  1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stuffe  30  The  light-foot 
tripper..,  who  would  run  ouer  the  ripe-bending  eares  of 
corne.  1640  RUTHERFORD  Lett.  n.  xxxvii.  (1664)  517  The 
field  of  heaven's  glory  is  white  and  ripe-like.  1687  NORRIS 
Coll.  Misc.  120  That  world.. thou 'It  see, Ripe-grown,  in  full 
maturity.  1873  M.  COLLINS  Miranda  III.'  63  An  old 
fangled  ripe-red  house. 

Ripe  (raip),  v.1  Forms:  i  rfpian,  4  rypen, 
5  rypyn  ;  4-  ripe  ,5  rip),  4-6  rype  (6  .5V.  ryip), 
7  reape.  [OE.  ripian,  =¥n$.ry/>jet  MDu.  ripen 
(On.  rijpen},  OS.  ;•/>>//  (MI,G.  and  LG.  rtpen\ 


RIPE. 

OHG.  rf/an,  rtffen  (G.  rei/en),  f.  ripe  RIPE  «. 
Now  somewhat  rare,  the  usual  word  being  RIPEN.] 

1.  intr.  To  grow  or  become  ripe. 

ciooo  ^ELFRIC  Horn.  II.  104  Do  baet  sunne  seine  J>set  oine 
aeceras  ripion.  c  1055  Byrhtferth'1  s  Handboc  in  Anglia 
VIII.  312  On  lengtentima  springa5  o53e  jjreniaS  w.-cstmas, 
£  on  sumera  hi/;  weaxad,  £  on  hzcrfest  hfa  ripia<5.  a  1175 
Cott.  Horn.  241  pis  corn,  .wex  and  bleowu  in  iudea,  hit  ripede 
in  Jerusalem.  1377  LANGL.  /'.  /'/.  U.  xix.  314  Archies  j>i 
greynes..bigynneth  for  to  ripe,  Ordeigne  f>e  an  hous..to 
herberwe  in  ^i  cornes.  i39&TKF.viSA  Harih.  De  P.  K.  xvn. 

1.  (Tollemache  MS.),  In  some  tren  and  herbcs  frute  ripeb 
sone,  as  mulberies  and  cheries.     c  1436  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls) 
II.  152  Fruyte  on  tre  both  gret  and  smale  Can  for  to  rip 
and   wex   fulle   pale,      c  1480    HKNRYHON    Mor.  Fab.  vin. 
{Preach.  SwattffW)  xxx,  The  lint  rypit,  the  carle  pullit  the 
lyne.     1523  LD.  UEHNERS  Froiss.  I.  liii.  75  Whan,  .that  the 
corne  beganne  to  rype,  he  departed  fro  Gaunt.     1556  J. 
HEY  WOOD   Spider  ff   Fly   \.   2   What    time  euery  growing 
thinge  That  ripeth  by  roote,  hath  Huely  taken  hart.     1613 
DAY  Dyall  iv.  (1614)  69  The  fruits  of  the  Vine  do  ripe  in 
Season.      1657   R.   LIGON    Barb  a  does  (1673)   15  They  can 
never  ripe  together,  but  one  is  green,  another  ripe,  another 
rotten.     1721   URAULEY  Philos.   Ace.  Ir'ks^.  Nat.   192  The 
Fruits  they  bear  are  much  larger,  and  ripe  earlier,  than 
what  we  find  growing  upon  the  old  Stocks.  1818  SCOTT  Rob 
Roy  vi,  There's  aye.  .something  to  ripe  that  I  would  like 
to  see  ripen.      1892  M.   FIELD  .Sight  <5-  Song  60  The  peach 
that  ripes. 

fig-  a  I3°°  Cursor  M.  11812  His  vn-iightes  biginnes  to 
ripe  !  c  1400  Bcryn  677  And  by  ^at  tyme  \>ey  were  there, 
|e  day  began  to  rype.  c  1480  HEXKYSOX  Mor.  Fah.  vm. 
{Preach.  <Sit>allou')  xlii,  The  sin  ryipi-,and  schaine  is  set  on 
side.  1530  PALSGH.  691/2  It  shall  be  well  done  for  hym  to 
make  his  testament,  for  he  rypeth  a  pace.  1600  SHAKS. 
A.  Y.  L.  n.  vii.  26  And  so  from  boure  to  houre,  we  ripe, 
and  ripe,  a  1631  DONNE  Poems  (1635)  386  Till  death  us  lay 
To  ripe  and  mellow  here,  we  are  stubbome  Clay.  1651 
CLEVELAND  Poems  32  At  my  next  view,  my  pur-blind  fancy 
ripes.  1878  TAYLOR  Daniel  the  Beloved  xi.  203  So  from 
hour  to  hour,  he  ripes  into  maturity. 

2.  trans.  To  make  ripe,  bring  to  ripeness. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  DC  P.  K.  xvn.  cxvii.  (Tollemache 
MS.},  In  Rom  place  be  leues  ben  pullid  awey  for  ^e  sonne 
schulde  come  to  be  frute,  and  ripe  it  spedily.  c  1440  Promp. 
/'an1.  434/2  Rypyn,  or  make  rype,  inatiiro.  11533  J-n- 
ItFKNKHs  Gold.  Bk.  Af.A»re/.(is4f>)  lij  I),  Haruest  cometh, 
which*  tyme  doth  better  rype  them.  1555  F.DFN  Decades 
(Arb.)  292  They  are  sumtimt-s  inforced  to  rype  it  dry  them 
in  theyr  stooues.  1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  I.  ii.  643  On 
Trees  anon  they  ripe  ilie  Plum  and  Pear. 
*fig-  I5I3  DOUGLAS  &nei$  iv.  Prol.  13  Oft  to  revolf  ane 
vnlefull  cunsait  Rlpis  ;our  perellus  frutis  and  oncorn.  ?  1540 
HYRUE  tr.  I'ives1  Instr.  Chr.  li'om.  xii.  O  ij,  What  stiulde 
that  serue  fore,  but  to  rype  them  and  prepare  redy  for 
suche  as  be  more  lewde.  1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen,  /I*,  iv.  i.  13 
Hee  is  retyr'd,  to  ripe  his  growing  Fortunes,  To  Scotland. 
1598  MARSTON  Sco.  I'illanie  i.  ii.  113  When  rapine  feedes 
our  pomp,  pomp  ripes  our  fall.  1863  W,  LANCASTER  Prae~ 
tcrita  26  We  are  riped  with  joy,  and  marr'd  with  tears, 
f  3.  Aled.  To  brin^  to  a  head  ;  to  mature.  Ol>$. 
1398  TREYISA  Barth.  De  P.  K.  xvn.  Ixxxix.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
pe  vertu  of  J>e  Icli  rypeb  bocches  t^  sores,  c  1410  Blaster  of 
(lame  (MS.  Douce  335)  38!),  Medle  thes  herbes  to  geder 
and  ley  hem  vpon  the  bocches  and  that  shal  rype  hem. 
c  1450  J/.  E.  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  215  To  rype  >e  quinesye, 
tak  smale  snayles..&  stanipe  bem,  &  playster  hem  aboue 
l>e  sore.  1544  PHAER  Pestilence  (1553)  P  ij,  A  plaister 
to  ripe  a  botche  comming  of  the  pestilence.  1578  I.YTK 
Dodoens  211  It.. ripeth  and  brcaketh  harde  impostumes. 
1614  LATHAM  Falconry  (1633)  145  It  doth  ripe  and  digest 
tough  slime  or  glut  that  commeth  of  cold. 

f4.  a.  To  prepare  (a  matter)  by  careful  con 
sideration.  Obs. 

c  1460  FORTESCUE  Abs.  fy  Lim.  Man.  xv.  (1885)  148  Yff  \>e 
amendynge  J>eroff  be  not  debatyd,  and  be  such  counsel! 
ryped  to  thair  handes.  1533  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec. 
Oxford ^(1880)  115  And  if  it  may  be  soe,  to  ripe  the  matter 
unto  the  Kings  gracious  hands. 

fb.  To  make  (one)  ripe  in  knowledge.  Obs. 
1523  in  Strype \EccL  Mem.  (1733)  1. 1.  iii.  43  To  ripe,  inform 
and  instruct  him  in  the  Specialities,  .of  all  such.  .Ordin 
ances,  c  1555  HARPSFIELD  Divorce  Hen.  I'lll (Camden)  76 
Himself  being  afterwards  furnished  and  riped  with  greater 
learning.  Ibid.  188  The  King's  said  orators  shall.,  rype  and 
instruct  themselves  by  their  secret  learned  counsel!. 

Ripe  (raip),  v.-     Also  i  rypan  (hr-),  3  rupen, 

4-  rype  (8  Sc.  ryp).     [OE.  rfpant  app.  related  to 

CJoth.  raupjan^  OHG.  rottfen  (G.  raufett) ,  and  to 

LG.  ruppenj  G.  ritpfen  to  pluck,  pull.    After  OE. 

only  in  northern  and  Sc.  use  (but  see  4  b).] 

*f*i,  a>.  int)'.  To  engage  in  robbery.    Obs. 

C9SO  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt.  vi.  19  Der  (Seafas  ofdelfes  vel 

hrypes  &  forstealas.    a  1023  WL'LFSTAN  Horn.  (1883)  163  Hy 

hersia3&heawa3,..rypa36:  reafia<5&  to  scipela;da3.  c  1205 

LAY.  10584  Heo  rupten,  heo  raefden,  noht  heo  ne  bi-la:fden. 

•^  b.  trans.  To  rob  or  plunder  (one).  Obs. 
a  1000  in  Thorpe  Laws  II.  320  Hy  rypa3  ^a  carman  but  an 
selcere  scylde.  cioso  O.  E.  Chron.  (MS.  C)  an.  ion,  [Hi] 
herejodon  ure  earme  folc  &  hi  rypton  &  slogon.  c  1065  Ibid. 
an.  1065,  [He]  rypte  God  aerost,  &  ealle  J?a  bestrypte  \>e  he 
ofer  mihte. 

2.  intr.  To  grope ;  to  make  search  (for  or  after 
something  hid). 

c  1323  Metr.  Horn.  (Small)  143  Til  this  forsaid  arc  he  yod 
..And  riped  imang  tha  wormes  lathe.  ^1425  WYNTOUN 
Cron.  v.  xi.  2903  A  mattok  syne  he  tuk,..And  wij?e  t«U 
ripit  to  t?e  grunde.  1530  PALSCR.  691/2,  I  rype  in  olde 
maters,  je  fowble.  1562  PILKISGTON  Expos.  Abdyas  Pref. 
A  a  viij,  As  he  that  ripes  in  a  dungehyll,  is  infect  with  the 
smell  therof  a  longe  lime  after.  1580  Keg.  Priry  Council 
Scot.  III.  309  Thay  rypit  for  the  saidis  guidis.  1640-1 
Kirkcudbr.  IVar-Comm.^Min.  Bk.  (1855)  81  Ordaines  the 
Captaines  . .  to  send  their  constables  . .  to  rype  throw  the 
parochess  for  suspectit  gudes.  1814  in  Chambers  Pof>. 
Hunt.  Scot.  Poems  (1862)  68  He  rypit,  maybe  for  his  knife, 


RIPED. 

I  thought  I  saw  it  glancin.  1887  STEVENSON  Underwoods 
77  Impossible. .That  some  ane,  ripin' after  lear. .,  May  find 
an'  read  me.  . 

3.  trans.  To  search  (a  place,  receptacle,  etc.)  in 
a  thorough  manner  in  older  to  find  something ;  to 
rifle,  ransack. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  4893  Yon  er  theues.  .folus  bam  to  ripe 
bair  war.  £1400  Rule  St.  Benet  36  pair  beddis  sal  babbes 
ofie  ripe,  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  VI.  iv.  315  pe  graf  qwhar 
in  Charllis  Marschel  lay  pai  ripit,  and  be  body  soucnt. 
(-1460  Towneley  Myst.  xiii.  515  Now. .Com  and  rype  cure 
howse  and  then  may  ye  se  who  had  hir.  1535  COVERDALE 
Obad.  6  But  how  shall  they  rype  Esau,  and  seke  Out  hu 
treasures?  159°  K.-g.  Privy  Council  Scot.  IV.  491  [They] 
sercheit  the  baill  houssis, .  .and  rypit  all  palrtis  sa  narrowlie 
as  they  could.  1659  in  N.  f,  Q.  6th  Ser.  VII.  264/2  Quhen 
the  corporall  was  ryping  me  at  the  gate.  1676  Row  Contn. 
ISlair'sAutobiog.  xii.  (1848)  540  Their  houses  were  ryped  but 
none  were  found.  1721  RAMSAY  Lucky  Spence  vi,  Ryp  ilka 
pouch  frae  nook  to  nook,  a  1774  FERGUSSON  Rising  of  the 
Session  Poems  (1845)  28  The  benmost  part  o  my  kist-nook 
I'll  ripe  for  thee.  1824  SCOTT  Rcdgauntlet  let.  xi,  Sir 
John,  when  he  had  riped  the  turret  weel,  led  my  gudesire 
into  the  dining-parlour.  1858-61  RAMSAY  Remin,  n.  (1867) 
30  The  sacks  of  Joseph's  brethren  were  riplt. 

transf.  1:1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.   iv.  i.  91  As  bai  war  be 
grounde  ripande,  Oft"  a  man   the  hewide  bai  fande.     1513 
DOUGLAS  ^Eneis  x.  x.  134  Tharwythall  the  hyrnys  of  hys 
gost  He  rypyt  wyth  the  swerd  amyd  his  cost, 
f  b.   With  up.  To  search  out.    Obs.-1 

1  a  1400  Morte  Arth.  1877  Thare  myght  mene  see  the 
ryche  ryde  in  the  schawes,  To  rype  vpe  the  Romaynez 
ruydlyche  wondyde  ! 

4.  To  examine  thoroughly ;  to  investigate,  scrut 
inize,  search  into. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  26702  dims  his  freind  ripand  his  state, 
..he  sceus  him  all  bat  he  wate.  13..  E.  E.  A /lit.  1\  B.  592 
Rypande  of  vche  a  ring  [  =  rink]  f  e  reynyez  &  hert.  1513 
DOUGLAS  Mneis  n.  iii.  29  Lefull  is..Thair  hid  slycht  als  to 
rype  furth  to  the  ground.  1552  Anp.  HAMILTON  Catech. 
(1884)  153  b,  Examine,  discus,  serche,  and  rype  well  thl  [ 
conscience.  (11598  ROLI.OCK  Wks.  (1844)  11.271  It  goes 
down  to  the  inward  affections  to  ripe  and  search  them.  1637 
RUTHERFORD  Lett.  l.  cliv.  (r664)  307  Each  man  had  need 
twice  a  day  &  oftner,  to  be  ryped  &  searched  with  candles. 
1822  AINSLIE  Land  of  Burns  108  Our  bairnly  recollections 
ryped  and  rummaged  up. 

fb.  With  «/>.     (C(.  Rir  v."  4  b.)   Obs. 

1573  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xlii.  107,  I  sail  rype  vp  the 
mater  huill.  1690  W.  WALKER  Idiomat.  Anglo-Lot.  53$ 
He  ripes  up  (rehearses)  what  wrong  his  enemies  had  done 
him.  1695  WOOD  Lift  9  Oct.,  There  I  began  to  ripe  up  all 
the  matter,  how  unworthily  he  had  dealt  with  me. 

5.  To  cleanse,  clear  out. 

17..  Robin  Hood  f,  Beggar  u\  Child  Balladslll.  163/2  In  i 
the  thick  wood  the  beggar  fled,  Eer  they  riped  their  eyne. 
1721  RAMSAY  Ode  to  the  /'/:—  iii,  Then  fling  on  coals,  and 
ripe  the  ribs.  1841  in  Cath.  News  (1899)  3  June  15/4  She 
went  afterwards  to  '  ripe  '  the  fire.  1887  SERVICE  Life  Dr. 
Duguid  xii.  73  Robin  ryped  the  dottle  oot  o'  his  pipe.  1895 
W.  C.  FKASER  Whaups  xv.  209,  I  sometimes  ripe  oot 
Tammy's  pipe. 

6.  To  break,  dig,  or  plough  up  (ground). 

1828  Craven  Gloss.,  Rype,  to  break  up  rough  and  unculti 
vated  ground.  1:1882  in  I.  Lucas  Stud.  NidtUrdale  xxyn. 
223  T'oade  hoose..hez  been  pull'd  doon,  its  foondation 
rip'd  up.  1897  G.  O.  ELDER  Rorgne  29  (E.  D.  D.),  Ripin' 
up  a'  the  bits  of  green  hoams,  and  forcing  wheat  to  grow. 

Ripe,  obs.  form  of  REAP  sb*  and  v.1 

Ripeck,  variant  of  RYPECK. 

Riped,  ppl.  a.  rare.  [f.  RIPE  ».*]  Ripened. 
(Cf.  tore-riped  s.v.  YOKE- pref.  2  b.) 

1568  T.  HOWELL  Arb.  Amitie  (1879)  43  When  ryped  yere 
in  wisedomes  schoole,  in  maridge  faine  would  match.     1577 
B.  GOOGE  HeresbacKs  Htisl>.  n.  (1586)  67  b,  The  grames 
that  grow  within  the  redde  riped  Berrie. 

Ripeful,  a.     rare-1.     [-FUL.]     Ripe. 

i836HAi.iBURTON  Clockm.  (1862)  167  Is  the  old  gentleman 
still  alive  1  if  so,  he  must  now  be  ripeful  of  years  as  he  is  full 
of  honours. 

Ripel,  obs.  form  of  RIPPLE  z».' 

Ripely  (rai'pli),  adv.  Also  4  rijp-,  5-6  rip- ; 
4-7  rype-,  5-6  ryp-,  6  ryeply  (4-7  -lie,  6  -lye), 
[f.  RIPE  a.  +  -LY  2.  Cf.  MDu.  ripe-,  rijplike  (Du. 
rijpelijK),  G.  reijlich.} 

1 1.  Quickly,  immediately.   Obs.  rare. 

In  both  passages  a  rendering  of  L.  maturiut. 

1382  WYCLIF  2  Mace.  vii.  37  Ynclepynge  God,  more  njply 
for  to  be  maad  helpful  to  oure  folc.  —  Actsxxv.  4  Goynge 
forth  more  rypeli,  or  hasteli. 

2.  With  ripe  or  mature  consideration,  reflection, 
or  judgement.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1456  SIR  G.  HAYE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.  S.)  302  He  suld  be 
wele  and  ryply  avisit  or  that  he  write.. ony  matens.  148. 
BOTONER  in  Wars  Eng.  in  France  (Rolls)  II.  528  Men  of 
gret  discresione,  experte  in  the  werre,  may  the  more  ryp- 
liere  delyver  and  advise.. the  thynges  [etc.].  1523  CROM 
WELL  in  Merriman  Life  f,  Lett.  (1902)  I.  30  Vttred  to  his 
most  prudent  counsayll,  and  at  sundrey  tymes.  .rypely 
dygested.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xxn.  (Arb.)  265 
More  curiously  than  needed,  the  matter  being  ripely  ran- 
sidered.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  203  Let  us  ripely 
consider  what  Artificers  deserve  most  to  be  imitated.  1700 
LAW  Council  Trade  Introd.  (1751)  P-  xiv,  As  those  who  shall 
ripely  consider  this  matter,  will  easily  find  [etc.],  17'S 
Wodrow  Corr.  (1843)  II.  24  Till  a  General  Assembly., 
ripely  and  gravely  consider  the  matter  of  them. 

3.  In  a  ripe,  mature,  or  fully  developed  manner. 
1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  in.  vi.  197  Sche  sail  riply  declair  to 

the  in  hy  The  maneris  of  all  pepill  in  Italy;  The  battelhs 
for  to  cum  [etc.].  1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  in.  v.  22  It  fits  vs  there 
fore  ripely  Our  Chariots  and  our  Horsemen  be  in  readi- 
nesse.  1635-56  COWLF.Y  Davideis  II.  580  Him  from  whose 
danger  heaven  securely  brings,  And  for  his  sake  two  ripely 


704 

wicked  Kings.  1661  EVELYN  Diary  13  May,  Pity  it  is  that 
what  they  a'ttaine  here  so  ripely,  they  either  not  retain  or 
do  not  improve,  .when  they  come  to  be  men.  1800  MOORE 
Anacreon  xvii.  29  Then  for  his  lips,  that  ripely  gem.  1880 
BLACKMORE  Mary  Anertey  III.  iii.  42  Brown  dusk  was 
ripely  settling  down  among  the  mossy  apple-trees.  1892 
Corn/i.  Mag.  June  570  Huge  pears  hung  ripely. 

Ripeman,  variant  of  REAPMAX  Obs. 

Ripen  (rai-p'n),  v.  Also  6  rypen.  [f.  RIPE 
a.  +  -EN  5.  Cf.  RIPE  z<.l] 

1.  inlr.  To  grow  ripe;  to  come  to  maturity: 
a.  Of  fruits,  seeds,  etc. 

1561  DAUS  tr.  Bullinger  on  Afocatipse  (1573)  95  But  the 


and  the  sowre  grape  is  ripening  in  the  flowre.     1652  EARL 
MONM.  tr.  Benti-'oglio's  Wars  Flanders  170  By  destroying 
upon  the  ground,  which  was  then  a  ripening. 


g 
li 


ripen.     1833'  TENNYSON  Lotos  Eaters  8r   All  its  allotted 
length  of  days,  The  flower  ripens   in   its  place.     1894  H. 
DKUMMOHD  Ascent  Man  382  The  dormouse  thus^  brings 
forth  its  young  in  August,  when  the  nuts  begin  to  ripen.  _ 
/if.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  \.  142  What  golden  joys  anibrosial 
clust'ring  glow  In  His  full  beam,  and  ripen  for  the  just  1 
b.  Of  persons,  faculties,  conditions,  etc. 
1602  MARSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  in.  ii,  His  mature  age.. 


1840  BAHHAM  Ingot.  Leg.  Ser  I.  Henry  Harris,  It  was  not 
till  our  acquaintance  had  ripened,  .that  these  particulars 
were  elicited.  1878  J.  P.  HOPPS  Jesus  iii.  12  The  time  had 
come,  when  all  that  he  had.  .thought,  and  desired,  had 
ripened  in  his  soul. 


Ale 

A 

P; 


'.nil.  Rff.  I.  i.  47  These  Bills  ripened  into  Acts,  before  the 
Parliament  ended.  1776  MICKLE  tr.  Camofits'  Lusiadln- 
trod.  p.  xxiv,  The  mathematical  genius  of  Don  Henry., 
received  every  encouragement  ..  to  ripen  into  perfection 
and  public  utility.  1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Fr.  Wines  #  I'ol. 
i  i  The  acquaintance  had  ripened  into  friendship.  1853 
KINGSLKY  Htfatt'a  xxix.  He  tried  to  laugh  away  his  own 
fears  And  yet  they  ripened.. into  certainty.  1883  Law 
Times  LXX1X.  211/1  The  risk  had  not  ripened  into  a  debt. 

2.  Med.  To  come  to  a  head ;  to  maturate. 

1704  r'.  FULLER  JMed.  Gymn.  (1718)  sr  A  Cancerous 
Humour  is  some  years  ripening.  1709  FLOVER  Cold  Bath- 
in"  I.  iv.  138  Cold  Water  hinders  any  Pain  from  ripening. 
1722  DK  FOE  Plague  (Rtldg.)  209  The  violent  Motion.. 
caused  them  [swellings]  to  ripen  and  break. 

3.  Of  natural  products,  etc. :  To  reach  the  proper 
condition  or  stage  for  being  utilized.     Also_^. 

1756-82  J.  WARTON  Ess.  Pope  I.  ii.  78  In  some  minds  the 
ore  is  a  long  time  in  ripening.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Columb.  IV. 
-80  No  useless  mine  these  northern  hills  enclose,  No  ruby 
ripens  and  no  diamond  glows.  1883  K.  HALDANE  » ork- 
s/«»/>  Receipts  Ser.  n.  335/2  It  is  then  poured  out  in  the 
form  of  flat  cakes.. and  is  left  in  that  condition  for  many 
days  to  '  ripen  '.  a.  1890  Sd.  Amer.  LIV.  40  (Cent.),  After 
ripening,  the  cream  is  churned. 

b.  Of  land  :  To  become  sufficiently  valuable  to 
let  or  sell  for  building  on. 

1890  Wfstm.  Gaz.  n  Feb.  1/2  We  see  landlords,  .holding 
land  on  the  fringe  of  towns  until  it  '  ripens  ',  as  the  phrase 
goes,  to  the  value  which  secures  them  an  immense  profit  on 
their  outlay. 

4.  trans.  To  make  ripe;   to  bring  to  maturity 
or  to  the  proper  condition  for  being  used. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Maturo,  The  yere  quickly 
ripeneth  grapes  in  sunnie  hilles.  1587  pOLDIHO  De 
Mornay  iv.  11592)  44  The  Sunne.  .rypeneth  things  he 
withereth  things  and  so  foorth.  1599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado 
HI.  i.  8  The  pleached  bower,  Where  hony-suckles  ripened 
by  the  sunne,  Forbid  the  sunne  to  enter.  1647  IRAM 
Comm.  Luke  v.  39  Age  clarifies  wine,  and  ripens  it.  1666 
DRYDEN  Ann.  Mirab.  iii,  For  them  alone  the  heavens  had 
kindly  heat,  In  eastern  quarries  ripening  precious  dew.  1725 
POPE  Odyss.  XI.  556  The  blooming  boy  is  ripen  d  into  man 
I759  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  (ed.  7)  s.v.  Abutilon,  With 
proper  care  they  will  ripen  their  seeds  in  autumn.  1815 
J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sci.  f,  Art  II.  667  In  a  frame  of 
this  kind,  Knight  ripened  grapes.  1880  Spans'  Encycl. 


cream  is  ripened,  and  how  it  is  ripened. 

5.  To  develop  to  a  mature  state  or  condition  ; 
to  bring  to  perfection. 

FOXE  A.t,  M.  (ed.  2)  1124  Beins  now  further  ripened 


shall  have  ripened  and  instructed  his  Intellectuals.     1721 
YOUNG  Revenge  in.  i,  This  conduct  ripen'd  all  for  me,  and 


ruin.  "1781  GmBON  Dccl.  f,  F.  xxxviii.  (I787)  III.  631 Pros 
perity  ripened  the  principle  of  decay.  1821  LAMB  Jilia  I. 
My  Relations,  His  amelioration-plans  must  be  ripened  in  a 
day.  1856  EMERSON  Eng.  Traits,  Religion,  I  he  action  ot 
the  university . .  ripens  a  Bishop,  and  extrudes  a  philosopher. 
b.  Const,  into. 


upon  themselves.  ,      . 

6    Med.  To  bring  to  a  head.     (Cf.  RIPK  w.1  3-) 
J599  A.  M.  tr.  Cabelhouer's  Bk.  Physic  95/>  A  potione  to 


RIPENING. 

mature,  or  ripen,  an  Apostematione.  c  1600  MARK_HAM  in 
Topsell  Four./.  Beasts  (1607)  361  Then  renew  it,  till  such 
time  that  it  ripen  and  break  the  sore,  a  1617  BAYNE  On  Eph. 
(1643)  140  Physitians  by  ripning  diseases  make  way  to  heal 
them.  1737  BRACKEN  Farriery  linpr.  (1757)  I.  290  A  Poultis 
to  ripen  any  Tumour.  1753  [see  RIPENING///,  a.  i]. 

Ripened  (rai-p'nd),  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -EU  1.]  Ad 
vanced  or  brought  to  ripeness,  maturity,  or  full 
development. 


11.        1042  n.  IMOKfc  ^Ullg  OJ     ^IVItl  1.  1.  All  „, _.t 

child  breaks  through  his  mothers  womb.  1712  STEF.LE 
Spect.  No.  496  F  i  [They]  tempered  the  forward  Ambition. . 
of  ripen'd  Manhood  with  Discretion.  1786  BURNS  I'isionn. 
xv,  When  ripen'd  fields,  and  azure  skies,  Call'd  forth  the 
Reaper's  rustling  noise.  1818  KEATS  Entlym.  1. 253  O  thou, 
to  whom  Broad  leaved  fig  trees  even  now  foredoom  Their 
ripen'd  fruitage.  1860  PUSEY  Min.  Proph.  215  Heavenly 
influences  can  but  injure  the  ripened  sinner,  as  dew,  rain, 
sun,  but  injure  the  ripened  fruit.  1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM 
Pern-.\  Bark  242  He  thus  succeeded  in  obtaining  450 
ripened  capsules  full  of  seeds. 
Ripener  (rsi'p'naj).  [f.  as  prec.  -f -ER1.] 

1.  One   who,   or  that   which,  causes   ripening; 
f  spec,  in  Med.,  a  maturative. 

1562  LECH  Armory  (1597)  4b,  She  [sc.  the  moon]  is  the 
ripener  and  increaser  of  fruites.  1666  BOGHURST  Loimo- 
graphia  (1894)  88  For  Ripeners,  these  are  good,  Mallowes, 
violetts,  comfrey.  1718  QL'INCY  Compl.  Disp.  214  Ripeners 
and  Drawers.  1737  BRACKEN  Farriery  Impr.  (1749)  289 
Suppuratives  or  Ripeners  as  they  are  stiled.  1871  SMILF.S 
Charac.  iv.  ^876)  107  The  best  ripener  of  the  energetic 
vitality  of  strong  natures. 

2.  One  who,  or  that  which,  comes  to  ripeness. 
1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet. s.v.  Vitis,  The  Corinth  Grape.. 

is  an  early  Ripener.  1786  AiiERCROMBlEi7ar</.  Assist.  280 
Those  late  ripeners  will  keep.. till  May  or  June.  1862 
THORNBURY  Turner  I.  24  We  may  suppose  the  boy  slowly 
advancing  (for  he  is  one  of  the  slow  ripeners). 

Ripeness  (rai-pnes).  [f.  RIPE  a.  +  -NESS.  So 
Fris.  ripens.']  The  state  of  being  ripe  in  any 
sense ;  maturity,  mellowness. 

c  1000  Lamb.  Ps.  cxviii.  147  On  ripnysse  [L.  in  tnatur- 
stale],  a.  1300  Cursor  M.  18834  His  hare  like  to  be  nute 
brim,  Quen  it  for  ripnes  fals  dun.  31300  E.  E.  Psalter 
cxviii.  147,  I  forcome  in  ripenes,  and  made  cne.  1395 
PURVEY  Remonstr.(i^i)  135  Ripenesse  of  age  and  sadnesse 
of  vertuis.  c  1440  Promp.  Pant.  434/2  Rypenesse,  matur- 
Has.  1541  R.  COPLAND  Cvydon's  Form.  R  ly  b,  Whan 
they  [remedies]  fynde  mater  redy  to  rypenesse  they  do 
maturate.  1548 UDALL, etc.  Krasm.  Par.  Markiv.  2s1herof 
sprang  grasse,  the  whiche  grewe,  and  waxed,  vntyll  it  came 
to  it  ful  ripenesse.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  253  By 
the  exercise  of  translating,  ..our  judgement  inchneth  to 
ripenesse.  1612  BRINSLEY  Lud.  Lit.vm.  (1627)  124  All  these 
kinds  of  Construing,  .may  he  used  by  schollersof  ripenesse, 
and  with  much  profit.  1682  DRYDEN  Relig.  l.aici  Pref., 
If  a  blessing  in  the  ripeness  of  time  was  reserved  lor  Japhet. 
1732  POPE  Hor.  Sat.  n.  ii.  28  Till  a  stench  exhale  Rank  as 
the  ripeness  of  a  rabit's  tail.  1786  ABERCKOMBIE  Card, 
Assist.  259  They  attain  maturity  before  mellow  ripeness. 
1833  TENNYSON  To  J.S.\s  When  love  is  grown  To  ripeness, 
that  on  which  it  throve  Falls  off.  1886  Mancli.  Exam.  13 
Mar.  5/3  The  artist  was  in  the  full  vigour  of  his  genius  and 
ripeness  of  his  experience. 

Ri'pening,  vbl.  sb.    [f.  RIPEN  v.  +  -ING  '.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  verb  in  various  senses. 
1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixxxi.  §  6  No  lesse  expedient.. 

then  the  verie  Vniversities  themselues  are  for  the  ripening 
of  such  as  bee  rawe.    1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  v.  xii. 
(1614)  507  Then  the  Mace  liourisheth  in  a  faire  red  colour, 
which  in  the  ripening  becommeth  yellow.     1646  H.  r. 
Medit.  Seige  97  Patiently  to  awaite  the  ripening  of  o. 
hopes    is  the  great  rule   of  humane  undertakings.      1670 
HALE  Contempt.  II.  106  The  use  of  Deliberation,  and  th 
ripening  of  the  Judgment.      1728  CHAMBERS   Cycl.  s.' 
Transmutation,   The    transmuting   or    ripening   ot  otner 
Metals  into  Gold  or  Silver.      1786  ABERCROMBIE  Card. 
Assist.  177  The   size,  beauty,  and  timely  ripening  of  t. 
fruit     1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agrie.  I.  59  1 ne  warmth 
of  such  places  being  supposed  to  promote  the  ripening  ot 
the'cheeses.   1887  A  thenxum  15  Oct.  506/1  The  few  student- 
ships,  .give  no  earnest  of  a  five  years' additional  ripening  of 
scholarship. 

2.  Braving.    (See  quot.) 

1742  Lond.  t,  Country  Krewer  I.  (ed.  4)  48  A  clear  Wor 
made  from  pale  Malt,  and  fermented  with  what  they  call 
Ripening,  which  is  a  Composition,  they  say,  of  the  *  lour  o 
Malt,  Yeast,  and  Whites  of  Eggs. 

Ri'pening,  fpl.  a.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  *.] 

1.  Bringing  to  ripeness  or  maturity. 

,592  SHAKS.  Rom.  *  J,,l. ...  ii.  121  This  bud  of  Lou. :  by 
Summers  ripening  breath,  May  proue  a  beautious  flower. 
a  1602  SV.  PERKINS  Cases  Consc.  (1619)  55  As  Surgeons  are 
wont.. to  apply  drawing  and  ripening  pla.sters  iM 
DRYDEN  Alb.  f, •  Albimes  in.  ii,  Already  they  are  fixd  by 
Fate,  And  only  ripening  Ages  wait.  1725  «•«••  •"?';, 
Clue  This  Bookbinders  Glue  is  of  an  emplastick  andrpen- 
ine  Nature.  1753  J.  BARTLET  Ccntl.  Farriery  (1754)  '} 
The  belt  method3  then  is  to  forward  it  by  applying  the 
ripening  poultices.  188.  Proc.  Btrwidt.  Nat.  CM  IX.  50? 
This  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  good  ripening  season  of  1880. 

2.  Advancing  towards,  coming  to,  ripeness. 
1651  DAVENANT  Condioert  n.  vi,  Duke  Gondibert  V. 

brought,   which  now  his  rip'ning    wounds    allow,     m 
DRYDEN   I'irg.  Georg.l.  4?8  Before  the  Sickles  'oucblM 
ripening  Wheat.      17'°  ?°™   Windsor  For    398* 
[shall]  warm  the  ripening  ore  to  gold.     1794  MRS.  KAD^'" 
Myst.    Udolpho  xxxii,  These   ripening   clusters   of  grape 
hung  round  her  little  casement.     1838  I.YTTON  Alteeiy 
Her  ripening  understanding  was  better  able    to  appri 
his  abilities.     1876  J.  SAUNDEHS /-iYw  ,xfatAi,lh 
the  eloquent  murmur  of  a  ripening  harvest. 


RIPENINGLY. 

Hence  Ri  peningfly  adv. 

1894  Temple  BarC\\.  142  The  sun.,  shone  ripeningly  upon 
the  mellow  clusters. 

Ri  per  l.     rare.     [f.  RIPE  z>.l]     Ripener. 

£1400  Lanfrancs  Cirnrg.  6  Of  Maturatjuis,  bat  bub  Ripers. 
1572  BaUKWVLLArmorit  ir.  124  That  mighty  planet,  Luna, 
the  riper  and  encreaser  of  fruites. 

Riper2  (rai-paj).  Now  dial.  Also  i  rypere, 
2  rupore.  [f.  RIPE  v.%] 

fl.  A  robber,  plunderer.   Obs. 

a  1023  WULFSTAN  Horn,  xxxiii.  (1883)  159  Us  stalu  and 
cwalu.  .andrypera  reaflac  derede.  1027-34  Sec.  Laws  Cnut 
vii.  in  Liebermann  Gesetze  312/1  Ryperas  and  reaferas 
Codes  graman  habban.  c  1175  Lamb.  Horn.  15  pas  ruperes 
and  bas  reueres  and  bas  beues. 

2.  dial.     (See  quot.) 

1894  HESLOP  Northumb.  Gloss.,  Riper t  an  iron  prong  used 
for  clearing  dirt  and  dust  out  of  the  oilholes  in  machinery. 

fRi'perS.  Obs.  [?  cf.  RIP  v£  2  b,  quot.  1688.] 
An  instrument  used  by  arrow-makers. 

1659  HOWELL  Vocab.  LI,  A  thwitting  knife,  nocksaws  a 
rasp,  a  riper,  a  share. 

Rip-hook,  dial,  var,  of  REAP-HOOK. 

Current  in  southern  and  south-western  counties. 

1872  'AGRIKI.ER'  Rhymes  105  (E.  D.  D.),  I  handled  the 
rip-hook  and  zive.  1881  BLACKMORE  Crist  owe  II  xxii,  A 
shortish  old  man  with. .a  rip-hook  swinging  in  one  hand. 

Kipi-COlous,  a.  rare~°.  [f.  L.  ripa  bank  -f 
•  coins  inhabiting.]  Riparious.  (Mayne.) 

Ripidolite  (raipi'd^bit).  Min.  [f.  Gr. /SiWSo-, 
pliris  fan  +  -LITE;  named  by  Kobell  in  1839.] 
=  CLINOCHLORE. 

1850  DAUBF.NY  Atom.  The.  xii.  (ed.  2)  412  Silicates  with 
hydrates.  Ripidolite  (chlorite).  1857  DANA  Man.  Mineral. 
(1862)  145  Chlorite..  .This  species  has  lately  been  subdivided 
on  chemical  grounds,  and  the  name  Ripidolite  applied  to 
the  new  species  instituted.  1880  Libr.  Univ.  Know  I. 
(N.  Y.)  XIII.  155  [Sapphire]  is  found.,  in  granular  limestone 
in  New  Jersey,  and  in  the  ripidolite  of  North  Carolina. 

Ripienist  (npy/- nist).  [f.  next  +  -1ST.]  (  A 
performer  who  only  assists  in  the  ripieno  parts'. 

1876  STAINER  &  BARRETT  Diet.  Mus.  Terms. 

H  Ripieno  (r/py*-n0)t  a.  and  sb,  Mus.  Also  7 
repieno,  7-8  -piano.  [It.,  f.  rM\E-  +pieno  full.] 

1.  Supplementary,  re-enforcing.     (Cf.  quots.) 
1724  Short  Explic.  For.  Wds,  Mas.  Bks.  63  Refieno,  or 

Repiano,  signifies  Full ;  and  is  used  to  distinguish  those 
Violins  in  Concerto's,  which  play  only  now  and  then  to  (ill 
up,  from  those  which  play  throughout  the  whole  Concerto. 
1811  BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.  (ed.  3),  Ripieno.  .is  used  in  orchestral 
compositions,  to  distinguish  those  parts  which  are  only 
occasionally  introduced  to  fill  up  and  supply  the  chorus. 
1879  in  Grove  Diet.  Mus.  I.  153  Handel's  scores  contain  few 
bassoon  parts,  and  those,  .mostly  of  a  ripieno  character. 
b.  sb.  A  supplementary  player  or  instrument. 
1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Sttppl.  s.v.,  There  are.  .two  kinds  of 
the  ripieno:  one  plays  the  part  of  the  little  chorus  exactly, 
and  does  not,  therefore,  increase  the  harmony  or  number  of 
parts.  1789  BURNEY  Hist.  Mus.  III.  560  Twelve  concertos 
for  a  violino  principale,  with  two  ripienos.  1873  H.  C. 
BANISTER  Music  (1885)  248  The  subordinate  stringed  in 
struments  in  an  Orchestra  are  sometimes  termed  Ripieni,  as 
distinguished  from  the  Principals. 

2.  transf.  Serving  to  fill  up ;  supernumerary. 
1811  L.  M.  HAWKINS  Otess  fy  Gertr.  I.  52  An  oriental 

Crojsus  and  his  beautiful  lady,  one  or  two  ripieno  characters, 
and  the  observing  party.  Ibid.  135  In  the.  .re-adjustment 
of  the  treasury-balance,  he  got  a  ripieno  appointment. 

Ripier,  variant  of  RIPPTER. 

Riping  (rai-pin),  vbl.  sbl  Now  rare.  [f.  RIPE 
v.1]  The  process  or  fact  of  becoming  ripe. 

4:825  Vesp.  Psalter  cxviii.  147  Ic  forecom  in  ripunge  [L. 
in  Mtituritafe}.  £960  ^ETHF.LWOLD  Rule  St.  Benet  (Schroer) 
126  Seo  ripung  his  sestjebbisuesse  sy  swylc,  baet  hine  ne 
worian-.lyste.  c  1055  Byrhtfcrth' s  Handboc  in  Anglia 
VIII.  312  Se  bridda  tima  ys  Autumnus  on  lyden  jecweden, 
.  .boceras  jetrahtniaS  bsene  naman  for  J»a;re  ripunge. 
1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  vm.  xliv.  (Tolleniache 
MS.),  [An  eclipse]  tarieb  ripynge  of  frute,  and  of  corne. 
ci45o  LYDG.  Secrees  1371  Euery  thyng  drawith  to  his 
Rypyng.  1523  St.  Papers  Hen.  F///,  VI.  131  The  Ambass- 
adour,  for  his  more  parfite  knowlege  and  ripyng  in  this 
matier,  shal  undirstand  [etc.].  1544  I'HAER  Pestilence (1553) 
Plij,  It  is  better. .to  breake  the  sore  by  times,  than  to  tary 
for  ye  riping  long.  1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  n.  viii.  40  Stay 
the  very  riping  of  the  time.  1627  HAKEWILL  Apol.  (1630) 
140  The  uncertaine  and  unkindely  riping  of  fruites. 

1899  Daily  News  30  Dec.  6/1  Has  the  rotting  followed  so 
fast  after  the  riping? 

Ri'ping,  vbl.  sb.z  [f.  RIPE  v?\  The  action 
of  searching  (f  or  plundering). 

fliioo  in  Napier  O.E.  Glosses  84  Proscryptionem,  i. 
fra-udationem^  fordeminge,  rypincge.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M. 
xlv,  An  unco  ranging  and  ripetng  they  have  had  a'  gates 
seeking  for  her. 

Ri'ping,  ///.  a.     [f.  RIPE  vl]     Ripening. 

ciSSo  H.  LLOYD  Treas.  Health  H  vij,  Use  outwardly. . 
drawynge  and  ryping  medicines.  1590  GREENE  Neuer  too 
Late  Wks.  (Grosart)  VIII.  225  The  riping  corne  growes 
yeolow  in  the  stalke.  1863  LANCASTER  Praeterita  57,  I 
scent  A  riping  vintage  from  the  Cretan  hills. 

Riple,  obs.  form  of  RIPPLE  v.1  Riply,  obs.  f. 
RIPELY.  Ripman,  variant  of  REAPMAN  Obs. 
Ripnes,  obs.  f.  RIPENESS.  Ripon  :  see  RIPPON. 

II  Riposte  (rip0u-st),  sb.  Also  7  risposte,  9 
ripost  (cf.  REPOST  sb.}.  [F.  riposte,  earlier  ris- 
poste^  ad.  It.  risposta  response,  reply.] 

1.  Fencing.  A  quick  thrust  given  after  parrying 
a  lunge;  a  return  thrust.  Also  attrib. 

1707  SIR  \V.  HOPE  New  Method  Fencing  iv.  85  For  the 
VOL.  VIII. 


705 

I    Risposte,  it  is  impossible  for  a  Man  to  give  it,  until  liis 

Adversary.. offers  to  launch  in  a  Thrust.      Ibid.  vi.  171  To 

defend  himself  well  from  his  Adversary's  Risposte  Thrusts, 

or  Blows.     1809  ROLAND  Fencing  (1823)  104  The  party 

j    standing  on  the  defensive,  is  not  allowed   to  make  any 

r    riposte.     Ibid.  142  Hy  not  fearing  the  riposte  upon  you,  it 

will  render  your  mode  of  attack  mure  precise.     1893  Fencing 

(Badminton  I.ibr.)  (ed.  3)  iv.  82  To  meet  this  riposte:  parry 

second  or  septime  while  rising. 

2.  transf.  A  counterstroke ;  an  effective  reply  by 
word  or  act. 

1865  Pall  Mall  G.  19  June  i  The  thrust . .  was  an  ugly  one, 
but  the  ripost  which  he  has  succeeded  in  planting  is  uglier 
still.  1877  M  OKLEY  Crit.  Misc.  Ser.  n.  107  The  Feast  of  the 
Supreme  Being.,  was  designed  as  a  triumphant  ripost  to  the 
Feast  of  Reason.  1886  N.  L.  WALIORD  Purl.  Cen.  Ciril 
War  74  To  us  the  '  riposte  '  of  Charles  appears  to  have  been 
a  fair  one. 

II  Riposte  (ripou-st),  v.  Also  8  risposte,  9 
ripost  (cf.  REPOST  v.~).  [ad.  Y.  rifoster,  earlier 
risposter :  see  prec.] 

1.  Fencing.    To  make  a  riposte.      Also  trans. 
with  personal  object. 

1707  SIR  W.  HOPE  New  Method  Fencing  iv.  96  Nothing 
can  be  more  dangerous,  because  of  the  Opportunity  it  gives 
a  Man's  Adversary  to  Risposte  him.  1809  Rol.ANn  Fencing 
(1823)  115  B.  Parries  Tierce  smartly,  and  ripostes  straight 
over  the  arm.  1883  Ne-M  Bk.  Sports  121  Smartly  raising 
the  knee,  .and  riposting  with  a  quick  downward  movement. 

2.  transf.  To  reply  or  retaliate  ;  to  answer  (one). 
1831  KINCSI.EV  Lett,  ff  Mem.  (1877)  I.  267  If  you  do  not 

think  our  mutual  'honour 'satisfied..,  you  will  riposte  at  the 
first  opportunity.  1871  MEREDITH  //.  Richmond  xlviii, 
Riposte  me— have  you  too  many?  1883  WINGI-TF.LD  Abjgcl 
Ko-,ae  I.  iii.  57  The  other  side  dared  not  ripost  with  the  real 
report.  1893  LANG  St.  Andrews  v.  128  The  Cardinal  ri 
posted  by  an  interdict. 

Hence  Ripo'sted,  Ripo'sting///.  adjs. 

1707  SIR  W.  Horn  A'eai  Method  Fencing  iv.  96  To  come 
off  safe,  from  an  Exchanged  and  Risposted  Thrust.  Ibid. 
vi.  173  Give  him  a  Risposted  Blow.  1893  Fencing  (Bad 
minton  Libr.)  (ed.  3)  iv.  83  The  riposting  fencer  must,  .de 
liver  his  thrust  with  the  hand  inclined  towards  pronation. 

B,ipp(e,  obs.  forms  of  REAP  sb.-  and  &.1 
Ripper  (ri-paj).     [f.  RIP  z>.2  +  -EK  1.     Cf.  Fris. 
ripper  a  poor  knife.] 

1.  One  who  rips.     Chiefly  in  technical  uses. 
1611  COTGR.,  Descovstw,  a  ripper,  vnsower  ;  vndooer  of. 

1674  RAY  Coll.  Words,  Wimuork  133  Then  the  Rippers 
take  them  and  draw  them  into  wire  through  two  or  three 
holes.  1833  J.  HOLLAND  Mannf.  Metal  II.  332  Where  the 
rippers,  as  the  workmen  are  called,  care  little  about  modern 
improvements.  1852  J.  C.  BROWN  tr.Arbonssnt's  Narr.  127 
A  number  of  rippers  at  once  cast  off  their  garments,  and 
began  by  cutting  off  the  head  of  the  animal.  1892  Daily 
Nws^  8  Mar.  6/1  The  '  ripper  '  clears  off  the  roof*to  a  height 
sufficient  for  the  passage  of  the  horses  with  their  loaded 
'corves'.  1896  in  Eng.  Dial.  Diet,  s.v.,  Wanted..:  good 
rippers  for  coppice. 

2.  That   which   dps  ;  a  tool   or  apparatus   in 
tended  for  ripping;   esp.  (a)   a   tool  used  in  re 
moving  old  slates  ;   (b)  a  rip-saw. 

_i793  O'KEEFFE  London  Hermitii.v,  Tom  P.  I'll  quicken 
him  with  a  touch  of  the  rippers..  .(Tom  Pranks  spurs  him.) 
1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Bnild.  400  The  ripper  is  formed 
of  iron.. with  a  very  thin  blade.  ..This  tool  is  used  for  lift 
ing  up  and  removing  the  nails  out  of  old  slating.  1842 
GWILT  Arcliit.  §  2115  The  half  ripper  is  used  also  for  divid 
ing  wood  in  the  direction  of  the  fibres.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet. 
Mech.  1945/2  Ripper,  a  tool  for  ripping  seams  of  garments. 
1876  Encycl.  Brit.  IV.  43/2  The  first  process  in  the  prepara 
tion  of  the  cloth  cases  is  cutting  the  millboard.  This  is 
now  effected  by  a  rotary  cutting-machine  or  '  ripper'. 

attrib.  1892  Pall  Mall  6".  4  Apr.  6/3  A  huge  steel  saw 
that  will  cut  through  a  nickel-steel  armour  plate  just  as 
easily  as  an  ordinary  ripper  saw  will  go  through  a  pine  board, 

3.  slang,  a.  Something  especially  good. 

1851  MAVHEW  Land.  Labour  I.  jor  Sarah  was  a  cock,  sir, 
and  a  ripper.  1859  LANG  Wand.  India  144  '  But,  he  is  a 
ripper,  nevertheless,1  said  the  Lieutenant,  touching  the 
animal  very  gently  with  the  whip.  1892  BOYD  25  Vrs.  St. 
Andrews  I.  ii.  28  When  a  graduate  stated  that  'every  lecture 
was  a  ripper ',  I  understood  he  meant  very  high  praise  indeed. 
b.  One  who  pursues  a  reckless  course. 

1877  Temple  Bar  May  109  If  the  ripper  rips  for  the  benefit 
of  his  party, . .  the  turning  out  by  no  means  follows. 

Ripper,  obs.  or  dial.  f.  REAPER  ;  var.  RIPPIER. 

Rippet  (ri-pet).  Sc.  Also  6  repet,  repit, 
rippett,  6,  9  rippit.  [Perh.  of  imitative  origin.] 
Tumult,  uproar,  disturbance,  noisy  dispute. 

1508  DUNIIAR  Taa  Mariit  Weinen  193  He  ralis,  and  makis 
repet  with  ryatus  wordis.  1513  DOUGLAS  jEneis  vm.  xii. 
104  Off  riot,  rippett,  and  of  reveling.  1535  STEWART  Cron. 
Scot.  I.  221  Sic  ane  repit,  rumour,  and  sic  ane  reird,  Was 
neuir  hard  befoir  into  this  eird.  1596  DALRVMPLE  tr.  Leslie's 
Hist.  Scot.  I.  76  Sik  a  rippet  is  amang  thame.  c  1800 
JAMIESON  Water  Kelpie  iii,  And  Prosen  proud,  with  rippet 
loud,  Cums  ravin'  frae  his  glen.  1887  SERVICE  Life  Dr. 
Dugtiidv.  31  Some  rippit  getting  up  at  the  other  end  of  the 
schule. 

Rippier  (ri-piaa).  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  Forms  :  a. 
6  repier,  repar,  repayre,  repear,  rypear,  6-7, 
9  ripier.  0.  6-8  rippier,  7  ryppier.  7.  6-7 
ripper,  6  rippar.  ff.  Rip  j(5.1  +  -(i)ER.  In  old 
statutes  latinized  as  riparius,  and  supposed  by 
Cowell  and  others  to  be  derived  from  L.  ripa. 
bank,  shore.]  One  who  carries  fish  inland  to  sell. 

a.  a  1513  FABYAN  C/iron.  (1516)  169  h/i  Repiers  and  other 
Fisshers  commynge  with  Fysshe  from  Rye  and  Wynchylsee. 
£1530  in  Songs,  Carols,  etc.  (E.E.T.S.)  159  This  yere..the 
rypearssold  fish  at  London  Hall  in  be  Lent.  1538  LELAND  I  tin. 


RIPPING-CHISEL. 

(1769)  V.  77  A  poore  Market,  much  standing  by  Repears  that 
cary  i'Ysche  from  the  Quarters  of  Cairmardine  to  the  lowers 
Partes  of  Wales.  1591  SAVILF,  Tacitus,  Hist.  n.  Ixii.  So 
The  hyewaies  from  both  the  seas  sounded  of  nothing  els 
hut  of  caters  and  ripiers.  [1880  Archxol.  Cant.  XIII.  206 
The  cess  upon  the  Riptcrs  (or  as  they  would  now  be  termed 
'  'long-shore-men  '),] 

p.  1589  ?  LVLV  Pappe  iu.  Hatchet  L.'s  Wks.  1902  III.  405 
\\  ith  the  cloak  ca.st  ouer  each  shoulder  like  a  rippier.  1598 
FI.ORIO,  Mittade^  panniers  or  paddes,  such  as  Rippiers  bring 
fish  in.  1607  CHAPMAN  Bussy  tfAmfois  in.  ii,  Like  a  Rip- 
piers  legs  rowl'dvp  In  bootes  of  haie  ropes.  6-1640  J.  SMYTH 
llnnd,  Berkeley  (1885)  302  A  common  Inne  in  this  village 
nddes  fame  therto,  by  the  constant  customary  baytes  of  the 
Ryppiers  and  their  horses.  1709  in  Sussex  Archaeol. 
Coll.  (1848)  144  The  horses  on  which  the  rippiers.  .shall  ride 
going  on  or  towards  London.  1778  J'-ng:  Gazetteer  (eel.  2) 
s.v.  Rye,  They  trowl  for  soles,  plafse,.  .brills,  &c.  which 
are  carried  up  every  day  hy  the  rippiers  (as  the  fisher 
men  are  called). 

Y.  1530  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  87 
Who  wold  never  suffer  rippers  to  sell  therowne  fische.  1598 
STOW  Surv.  147  The  Rippars  of  Rie..solde  their  fresh  fish 
in  Leaden  hall  market.  1622  FLETCHER  Beggar's  £zts/tv,\, 
But  what's  the  action  we  are  for  now?  ha  :  Robbing  a  Rip 
per  of  his  fish  ?  1674  RAY  S,  <V  E.  C.  Words  75  A  "Ripper  : 
a  Tedder,  Dorser  or  Badger,  Suss,  [Hence  in  Pegge,  Grose, 
Holloway,  etc.] 

Hippill,  obs.  form  of  RIPPLE. 

Ripping  (ri'pirj),  vbL  st>.    [f.  RIP  v.~  +•  -ING  l.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses  :   a.    In 
lit.  or  technical  uses.     Also  concr,,  that  \vhich  is 
ripped  off. 

JSS2  fsee  RiiT'.2  2b].  1611  CoTriR.,  DescoJisure,  a  ripping, 
vnsowing,  vndoing  of.  1615  \V.  LAWSON  Country  Houscw. 
Card.  (1626)  16  Here  you  must  be  careful],  not  to  hurt 
your  tree  when  you  gather  them,  by  ripping  amongst 
the  roots.  _  1678  R.  L'EsTRANGK  Seneca  s  Mar.  (1705)  482 
The  Ripping  of  a  Hang-nail  is  sufficient  to  Dispatch  us. 
1801  COLERIDGE  in  Mrs.  Sandford  T.l'oote  $  Friends  (i8SS) 
II.  27  When  your  Ripping  [of  oak-bark]  is  over  you  will 
come,  or,  at  furthest,  immediately  after  hay  harvest.  1833 
J.  HOLLAND  Mannf.  Alttal  II.  xiv.  331  These  rods  were 
afterwards  further  reduced  by  an  ingenious  operation, 
called  by  the  workmen  in  this  country  ripping  'or  rumpling. 
1894  Labour  Commission  Gloss.,  Kipping,  that  portion  of 
the  roof  ^  which  is  cut  down  in  the  roadways  to  make  suffi 
cient  height  for  men  and  horses  to  travel. 
b.  In  fig.  uses.  Const,  up. 

1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Kpiit.  55  With  the  ripping  up  of 
ciuil  commutations  and  chaun^es.  1596  SI-ICNSKR  State, 
Ircl.  Wks.  (Globe)  629/1  This  ripping  up  of  auncient  his- 
toryes,  is  very  pleasing  unto  nit,  and  indeede  savoureth 
of  good  conccite.  1617  HIKRON  Wks.  II.  267  Indeuour  the 
ripping  vp  of  thy  heart.  1674  Essex  Papers  (Camden) 
254  If.,  there  should  be  now  a  ripping  up  of  Crimes,  .. 
no  man  can  see  where  it  will  stop.  1843  J.  W.  CROKKR 
in  C.  Papers  5  Dec.  (1884),  I  cannot.,  understand  what 
authority  can  exist  for  such  a  ripping  up  of  private  life. 
1863  Sat.  Rez>.  12  Sept.  352  Five  years  ago,  there  was  a 
great  ripping-up  of  the  skirts  of  society, 

2.  attrib.,   as    ripping-bed,    -cut,   -gattge>  -hoo&t 
-iron,  -fool.     Also  KITPING-CHISEL,  -SAW. 

1850  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  III.  1206  For  cutting  slabs  of 
marble  into  narrow  pieces,  .a  machine  called  a  *rippin<j  Led 
is  employed.  1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  220  If 
planks  are  sawed  longitudinally,  through  tlu-ir  thickness, 
the  saw-way  is  called  a  *ripping-cut.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet. 
Mech.  1945/2  The  *  ripping-gage,  .is  screwed  to  the  table, 
and,  hy  means  of  a  thumb-nut,  is  adjusted  to  cut  square  or 
beveling.  1825  KNAI-P  &  BALDW.  Newgate  Cal.  IV.  57/2 
The  instrument  called  a  Dripping-hook.  1846  A.  YOUNG 
Naut.  Diet.  y*  R  if  ping-Iron,  a  tool  used  in  stripping  copper, 
or  thin  wood-sheathing,  offa  vessel's  bottom.  1867  SMYTH 
Sailor  s  \Vorfi-bk.t  Ripping-Iron,  a  caulker's  tool  for  tearing 
oakum  out  of  a  seam.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1946/1 
\ff;>//«£--;W,onefor  following  a  seam  and  cutting  stitches 
without  slitting  the  fabric. 

Eri'pping,  ///.  a.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  -.] 

1.  That  rips  or  tears  ;  also  _/?§;,  cutting. 

^1714  ARBUTHNOT  Let.  to  Ford  19  Oct.,  It  is  necessary  for 
him  todo  that.  .,else  there  will  be  a  ripping  answer,  as  you 
say.  1827  COBBETT  Prof.  Reform.  (1899)  §  351  Ripping- 
knives.  1845  J.  COULTER  Adv.  Pacific  xv.  230  The  bark  of 
the  various  trees  also  showed  many  a  sign  of  the  ripping 
passage,  or  graze  of  a  bullet.  1894'!'.  PINKERTON  Blizzard 
106  With  a  ripping  slash  she  cut  into  a  wicker  stand. 

2.  slang.  Excellent,  splendid  ;  rattling. 

1826  Sporting  Mag.  XVII.  319  They  had  slipped  away 
down  wind,  at  a  ripping  pace.  1858  THOMSON  Almx 
Matres  i.  3  Some  a  little  encouraged  by  the  ripping  Burton 
which  the  Scouts  took  care  to  ply  liberally.  1887  Miss 
BRADDON  Likcfy  Unlike'^  We  killed  on  Hagley  Heath  after 
a  ripping  half-hour  over  the  grass.  1894  DOYLE  S.  Holmes 
57  Old  Coxon  gave  me  a  ripping  good  testimonial. 

Hence  Ri'ppingfly  adv.,  splendidly. 

1892  H.  NiaBET  2bu&rttJtftfr'*  Sweetheart  xxvi.  209  'How 
are  you  getting  on  with  her  ?  '  '  Rippingly  as  far  as  she  is 
concerned  '. 

Ripping,  dial,  variant  of  REAPING. 
Rrppiiig-chisel.     (Sec  quots.) 

a.  1059  HOWELL  l^ocad.  LI,  A  maul,  a  mallet,  a  chizel,  a 
rippin  chizel.  1679  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  vii.  124  The  Rip- 
ping-Chissel.  .is  about  an  Inch  broad,  and  hath  a  blunt 


.  .  , 

Edge...  Its  Office  is..  to  rip  or  tear  two  pieces  of  Wood 
fastned  together  from  one  another.  Ibid.,  Most  commonly 
Carpenters  use  an  old  cast  off  Chissel  fora  Ripping  Chissel. 


. 

1842  GWILT  Archit.  949  There  are  various  kinds  of  chisels  ; 
the  principal  ones  used  in  carpentry  and  joinery  are.  .the 
socket  chisel,  and  the  ripping  chisel. 

b.  i8ia  Ann.  Reg.,  Chron.  5  The  ripping-chisel  or  crow 
bar,  about  three  feet  long.  1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract. 
Build.  220  1  To  cut  or  break  a  hole  in  brick-work,  with  the 
ripping-chisel. 

C.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  -1945/2  Ripping-chisel  (Wood 
working),  a  crooked  chisel  for  cleaning  out  mortises. 

89 


RIPPING-SAW. 


706 


RIPPLING. 


(See  quots.  and  RIP-SAW.) 

1825  J.*S»iCHOLSON(?/*mi/.  Mechanic  584  The  ripping-saw, 
for  dividing  boards  into  separate  pieces,  in  the  direction  of 
the  fibres.  1860  TOMLINSON  Arts  $•  Manuf.  Set.  n.  Saws 
32  A  ripping-saw,  .is  a  hand-saw  with  a  blade  twenty-eight 
or  thirty  inches  long,  and  having  large  teeth  for  ripping,  or 
cutting  out  stuff  coarsely  and  quickly.  1881  W.  E.  DICKSOS 
Pract.  Organ  Build.  i.  4  The  usual  saws,  the  ripping  saw, 
the  panel  saw,., will  be  required. 

Ripple  (ri'p'l),  sbl  Also  5  ryppyll,  repylle,  6 
reple.  [Corresponds  to  Fris.  ripel  (roepel,  ntpeP), 
Du.  repel,  MLG.  repel(e,  LG.  repel,  rapel],  OHG. 
rifila  (G.  rijfel)  :  see  RIPPLE  z/.1  A  shorter  form 
appears  in  Flem.,  older  Du.,  and  MLG.  repe, 
G.  rt/e.]  An  implement  toothed  like  a  comb, 
used  in  cleaning  flax  or  hemp  from  the  seeds. 

1660  SHARROCK  Vegetables  22  They  get  out  the  seeds  [of 
flax]  by  drawing  it  through  an  engine  like  an  iron  double 
tooth  combe,  which  they  call  a  Ripple.  1766  Compl. 
Farmer  $.\.  Hemp  7.  4/2  The  seed.,  which  remains  in  the 
heads  of  the  hemp.,  is  got  out  by  combing  the  heads  on  the 
teeth  of  a  ripple,  1807  HOARE  Toitr  frcl.  324  If  the  seed  [of 
flax]  is  to  be  saved,  it  is  drawn  through  an  iron  comb, 
fastened  in  wood,  called  a  ripple.  1846  SPROULE  Flax  20 
The  operation  in  this  case  not  being  performed  by  the 
ripple,  but  by  repeated  strokes  of  a  stick.  1875  JLncycl. 
Brit,  I.  380  Lifting  each  handful  separately  and  pulling  the 
top  through  a  ripple  or  iron  comb  fixed  upon  a  piece  of  plank. 
b.  attrib.,  as  ripple-stock,  -comb  (also  as  vb.'}. 

Perhaps  properly  combs,  of  the  verbal  stem. 

c  1475  Pict.  I'oc.  in  Wr.-W flicker  795  Hoc  rnpeste,  a 
repyllestok.  1499  ll'ills  $  Invent.  (Surtees.1 1.  104  A  hekyll, 
.  .a  ryppyll  came,  ..a  payr  of  wool  cames.  1581  Invent,  m 
Besfs  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  171  One  peare  of  reple  comes. 
1615  MAKKHAM  English  Honseuj.  u,  v.  (1668)  132  You  must 
lake  ripple  combs,  and  ripple  your  flax  over.  1899  Academy 
ii  Feb.  184/1  Flax  was  grou-n,  dried,  ripple-combed,  cleaned. 

Ri'pple,  sb.-  north,  dial.  Also  7  rippill.  [f. 
RIPPLE  f.-J  A  slight  cut,  scratch,  or  mark. 

1666  Depos,  Cast.  York  (Surtees)  141  He.. opened  his 
buttons,  and  gave  him  some  rippills  with  his  knife  on  his 
breast.  1869  PECOCK /,<?«.?</.  Gloss.,  Ripple,  a  slight  scratch. 
18760.  C.  ROBINSON  Mid-Yorksh.  Gloss,  s.v.,  A  mark  across 
the  grain  of  wood,  as  if  where  a  saw  had  just  grazed,  would 
be  called  a  ripple. 

Ripple  U'i'p'l)>  -tf-3    [f-  RIPPLE  v.3] 

1.  a.   U.S.  A  piece  of  shallow  water  in  a  river 
where  rocks  or  sand-bars  cause  an  obstruction;  a 
shoal.  (Cf.  RIFFLE  $b.  4  and  RIPPLING  vbl.  sb.?>  2.) 

1755  -Vt'70  Hampshire  Prov.  Papers  (1872)  VI.  431  Swift 
uaier  falls  and  Ripples  that  they  were  oblig'd  to  wade  and 
carry  all  day.  1789  J.  MAY  Jrnl.  $  Lett.  (1873)  131  The 
river  so  low  that  it  is  impossible  to  get  over  the  shoal  places, 
'ripples,'  as  they  are  called  here.  1808  ASHE  Trav.  I.  92 
The  river  is  full  of  eddies,  ripples,  rapids,  rocks,  and  other 
dangers.  1855  W.  SARGENT  Kraddoctis  Exped.  218  Form- 
i]1g  a  gentle  rapid  or  ripple,  and  easily  fordable  at  almost 
any  point.  1872  DE  VERE  Americanisms  532  In  Pennsyl 
vania  . .  the  more  grievous  obstructions  are  riffles,  the  slighter 
ones  ripples. 

b.  Araut.   (See  quot.  and  RIPPLING  vbl.  sbt&  i.) 

1869  A.  R.  WALLACE  Malay  Archip.  I.  239  What  seamen 
call  the  '  ripples  '  are  also  very  violent  in  the  straits,  the  sea 
appearing  to  boil  and  foam  and  dance  like  the  rapids  below 
a  cataract. 

2.  A  light  ruffling  of  the  surface  of  water,  such 
as  is  caused  by  a  slight  breeze ;  a  wavelet. 

1798  COLERIDGE  Anc.  Mar.  vi.  xi,  Its  path  was  not  upon 
the  sea,  In  ripple  or  in  shade.  1814  SCOTT  Diary  15  Aug. 
in  Lackhart,  The  channel  now  seems  like  a  Highland  loch  ; 
not  the  least  ripple  on  the  waves.  1843  RCSKIN  Mod.  Paint. 
n.  v.  i.  §  ii  (1851)  I.  330  If  water  be  rippled,  the  side  of 
every  ripple  next  to  us  reflects  a  piece  of  the  sky.  1873 
BLACK  Pr.  Thnle  Hi,  The  wash  of  the  ripples  along  the 
coast  could  be  heard  in  the  stillness. 

attrih.  1848  LOWKLL  Fable  for  Critics  Poet.  Wks.  (1824) 
166/1  Like  ripple-shades  netting  the  bed  of  a  brook.  1856 
SORBY  in  Edino.  New  Phil.  Jrnl.  III.  114  The  direction  of 
a  current  can  also  be  ascertained  from  the  ripple  marks; 
from  that  modification  of  them  for  which  I  have  proposed 
the  term  '  ripple  drift '. 

fig-  1838  EMERSON  Address  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  201  See  how 
nations  and  races  flit  by  on  the  sea  of  time,  and  leave  no 
ripple  to  tell  where  they  floated  or  sunk.  1859  GEO.  ELIOT 
A.  Bede  iii,  Mere  waves  and  ripples  in  an  unfathomable 
ocean  of  love  and  beauty.  1872  HOLMGS  Poet  Breakf.-t. 
viii.  It  always  seems  to  me  that  talk  is  a  ripple  and  thought 
a  ground  swell. 

b.  transf.  A  mark,  appearance,  or   movement 
resembling  or  suggestive  of  a  ripple  on  water. 

1843  HOLTZAI-FFEL  Turning  I.  39  The  fibres ..  will  be 
found  to  be  wavy,  on  the  face,  at  right  angles  to  that  on. 
which  the  ripple  is  observed.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  iv, 
Her  black  hair  waved.. with  a  natural  ripple.  i88z  Truth 
19  May  686/2  The  dress.,  was  of  pink  silk,  ..the  front  being 
covered  with  ripples  of  white  lace.  1891  HARDY  7>jjxxxii, 
A  glistening  ripple  of  gossamer  webs  was  visible. 

attrib.  1870  Daily  News  12  May,  The  Princess,  who  in 
her.,  new  'ripple'  fashion  of  hairdressing  never  looked  more 
lovely.  1899  R.  MUNRO  Preh.  Scot.  v.  107  The  execution  of 
what  is  known  as  ripple-flaking. 

c.  ellipt.  A  ripple-mark. 

1852  LYELL  Elem.  Geol.  (ed.  4)  ii.  20  This  ripple  is  not  en 
tirely  confined  to  the  beach  between  high  and  low  water 
mark,  but  is  also  produced  on  sands  which  are  constantly 
covered  by  water.  Ibid.)  In  sandstones.. also,  as  now  on 
the  sea-coast,  we  may  often  detect  two  systems  of  ripples 
interfering  with  each  other. 

3.  A  sound  as  of  rippling  water. 

1859  HAWTHORNE  Marb.  Faun  xvii,  Talking  in  the  quick, 
short  ripple  of  the  Italian  tongue.  i88a  Miss  BRADDON  Mt. 
Royal  III.  vi.  97  A  ripple  of  laughter  floated  from  the  hall. 
1889  RUSKIN  Praeteritalll.  63  Presently  I  was  aware  of  a 
little  ripple  of  brighter  converse  going  round  the  table. 


4.    -  RIFFLE  sb.  5.    Also  attrib. 

1857  BORTHWICK  3  Yrs.  California  vi.  121  The  earth  and 
small  gravel  falls  with  the  water  through  the  sieve  into  the 
'ripple-box'.  1879  ATCHERLEY  Trip  Boerland  114  Half 
way  down  the  box  is  a  little  ledge  termed  a  '  ripple  ',  about 
2  inches  in  height.  1886  Pall  Mall  G.  18  June  5/2  What  is 
called  a  '  quicksilver  ripple  ',  a  solid  bit  of  wood  with  three 
troughs  cut  along  it  about  two  inches  deep,  each  a  little 
lower  than  the  other. 

Ri-pple,  sb.t     ?  An  attack  of  the  RIPPLES. 

1785  BURNS  Let.  Goitdie  iii,  Auld  Orthodoxy  lang  did 
grapple,  But  now  she's  got  an  unco  ripple. 

Ripple  (ri-p'l),  z/.1  Also  5-6  rypel  (6  ripel, 
repeyl),  5  rippil  (7  -el),  8  riple.  [Corresponds 
to  Fris.  ripelje  (roep-,  rhpelje\  MDu.  (and  Du.) 
rcpelen,  MLG.  repelen  (LG.  repeln^  rapeln], 
OHG.  rifittn  (G.  riffelri) ;  cf.  RIPPLE  j£.l,  Du.  and 
MLG.  repen  (whence  Sw.  repa)  in  the  same  sense.] 

1.  trans.  To  draw  (flax  or  hemp)  through  a 
kind  of  comb  (see  RIPPLE  st>.1)  in  order  to  remove 
the  seeds;  to  clean  from  seeds  in  this  manner. 

c  1340-  [see  RIPPLING  vbl.  sb.l\.  1523  FITZHERB.  Hnsb.  §  146 
Howe  it  [flax]  shulde  be  sowen,  weded,  pulled,  repeyled, 
watred.  1615  [see  RIPPLE  sb.1  b].  1649  BLITHE  Eng.  Im- 
pr(n>.  Impr.  (1653)  2^2  ^  >s  indifferent  whether  you  ripple  it, 


1763  Mnsenm  Rust.  I.  n,  I  ripple  it  and  water  it,  and,  if  I 
have  leisure,  proceed  to  dress  it.  1780  YOUNG  Tour  Irel.  I. 
164  They,  .immediately  ripple  it  to  get  the  seeds  off.  1846 
STROULE  Fla.v  18  As  soon  as  the  capsules  containing  the 
seed  are  dried. .,  the  flax  is  ready  for  being  rippled. 

2.  To  remove  or  takefl^the  seeds)  by  this  process. 

c  1480  HENRYSON  Mor.  Fab.  viii.  (Preach.  Sivalloiv)  xxx, 
The  carle  pullit  the  lyne,  Rippillit  the  bollis,  and  in  beitis 
set.  1523  FITZHERB.  Hnsb.  §  146  The  holies  of  flaxe,  whan 
they  be  ripeled  of,  must  be  rideled  from  the  wedes.  1803 
R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  740  It  is  likewise  the 
practice,  .to  ripple  off  the  seed-pods  before  the  business  of 
watering  is  commenced.  1861  Times  10  Oct.,  The  bolls  are 
rippled  off  and  kiln-dried  for  very  superior  cattle-food. 

Hence  Ri'ppled///.  «. 

1851  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  (ed.  2)  II.  322/1  The  rippled 
plants  shoujd  be  tied  in  sheaves.  1879  Encycl.  Brit.  IX. 
294/2  The  rippled  stalks  are  tied  in  small  bundles. 

Hi  p pie,  v?  Now  north,  dial.  Also  5  reple, 
repul-.  [Of  Scand.  origin.  Cf.  Norw.  ripla  to 
scratch,  make  strokes  in,  frequentative  or  diminut 
ive  from  ripa  (Sw.  repa\  of  similar  meaning.] 

1.  trans.  To  scratch  slightly ;  to  graze  or  ruffle. 
14..  Guy  ll'arw.  (Caius   MS.)  9942  The  Duke,  .smote  to 

Gye. ..He  replid  [v.r.  repulde]  hys  face  and  his  chyn.  1570 
LEVINS  Alanip.  128  To  Ripple,  rescindere.  1609  HOL 
LAND  A  mm.  Marcell.  xxv.  iii.  264  An  horsemans  javelin., 
having  slightly  rippled  the  skinne  of  his  left  arme,  pierced 
within  his  short  ribs.  1670  COTTON  Espernon  n.  x.  512  The 
others  that  had  pass'd  before  had  only  rippled  up  the  skin. 
!68i  —  Wonders  of  Peak  Wks.  (1741)  330  Sans  hurt  or 
Blemish,  save  a  little  strip  Of  Hair  and  Skin  rippled  upon 
her  Hip.  1781  HUTTON  Tour  to  Caves  Gloss,  (ed.  2)  95 
Ripple,  to  scratch.  1828  Craven  G/oss.t  Ripple^  to  scratch 
gently,  as  with  a  pin,  or  to  gore  slightly.  1855  in  Whitby 
(jfoss.  1869  in  Lonsd.  Gloss. 

2.  To  break  up  (ground)  slightly. 

1764  Museum  Rust.  II,  Ixxiv.  247  The  former  only  slightly 
plough,  or  ripple,  their  fallows  the  first  year.  1790  \V.  MAR 
SHALL  Rur.  Econ.  Midi.  Co.  II.  368  By  way  of  experiment, 
— Rippled  the  vacant  places  of  the  Bank,  at  the  time  of 
cutting  this  hedge. 

Ri'pple,  v2  Also  7-8  riple.  [Of  obscure 
origin,  App.  distinct  from  prec.,  and  not  ob 
viously  related  to  any  sense  of  RIP  z'.2] 

1.  mtr*  To  have  or  present  a  ruffled  surface ;  to 
be  covered  with  small  waves ;   to  form  ripples. 

1670-1  NARBOROUGH  Jrnl.  in  Ace.  Sw.  Late  Voy.  \.  (1694) 
18  The  Sea  ripled  in  many  places.  1748  AnsotCs  Voy.  in. 
viii.  383  The  sea  had  a  very  dangerous  aspect,  for  it  ripled 
and  foamed,  as  if  it  had  been  full  of  breakers.  1836  R.  H. 
FROUDE  Lyra  Apost.  (1849)  99»  *  watch  the  waves  that 
rippling  still  Chase  one  another  o'er  the  marble  shore.  1878 
ABSEV  Photogr.  (1881)  9  The  interstellar  ether  in  which 
these  waves  ripple  is  assumed  to  permeate  every  body.  1887 
'STUART  CUMBERLAND  '  Queens  Highway  15  Between  the 
pines,  little  lakes  sparkle  and  ripple  in  the  sun. 

transf.  and  fig.  ^844  EMEHSON   £ss.t  Nature,  Acres  of 
houstonia,  whose  innumerable    florets   whiten   and   ripple 
before  the  eye._   1877  A.  B.  EDWARDS  Up  Nile  x.\i.  605  The 
young  barley  rippling  for  miles  in  the  sun. 
b.  To  flow  in  ripples. 

1769  GRAY  Let.  to  Dr.  Wharton  18  Oct.,  Along  the  vale 
of  Eetnan,  which  runs  rapidly  on  near  the  way,  rippling 
Over  the  stones.  1824  W.  IRVING  T.  Trav.  I.  322  Watched 
the  silver  waves  rippling  through  ihe  arches  of  the  broken 
bridge.  1855  TENNYSON  Maud  u.  iv.  vi,  The  rivulet  at  her 
feet  Ripples  on  in  light  and  shadow.  1894  WINSOR  Cartier 
to  Frontenac  177  Southward,  the  sources  of  the  Delaware 
and  Susquehanna  rippled  onward  to  the  great  bays. 

transf.  and^Sy.  1858  Sat.  Rev.  20  Nov.  506/2  Saying  that 
Mr.  Jones.,  ripples  out  in  a  level  current  of  poetical  talk. 
1873  SVMONDS  Grk.  Poets  x.  312  Stone  walls.. fragrant  with 
gadding  violets  that  ripple  down  their  sides.  1889  A.  J.  C 
HAKE  Story  Life  (1900)  VI.  182  Life  ripples  by  so  quickly. 
C.  Of  sound  :  To  flow  in  a  sprightly  manner. 

1879  DOWDEN  Sou  they  iv.  85  The  carillons  ripple  from  old 
spires.  1892  SLADEN  Japs  at  Home  xvi,  Nearly  two  minutes 
had  elapsed  before  the  last  faint  wave  of  sound  rippled  away. 

2.  trans.  To  form  little  waves  upon  (the  surface 
of  water);  to  agitate  lightly. 

1786  tr.  Beckford's  I'athek  (1868)  96  The  water  ..  was 
violently  rippled  by  the  flutter  of  their  fins.  1817  J.  SCOTT 
Paris  Kei-isit.  (ed.  4)  16  The  vessel  rippled  the  transparent 


water  as  she  inclined  easily  on  her  way.  1840  R.  H.  DANA 
Bef.  Mast  xvii,  A  cool  sea-breeze  came  rippling  and  darken 
ing  the  surface  of  the  water.  1887  RIDER  HAGGARD  Jess  62 
The  great  wind . .  does  but  ripple  the  shallow  pool  as  it  passes. 
fig-  18^4  THOREAU  li'aMen,  Solitude,  Like  the  lake,  my 
serenity  is  rippled  but  not  ruffled.  1884  Fortn,  Rev.  Apr. 
567  Hardly  a  single  event  of  consequence  has  rippled  the 
still  surface  of  the  financial  world  during  the  past  month. 

b.  To  mark  with  or  as  with  ripples ;  to  cause  to 
undulate  slightly. 

1860  EMERSON  Cond.  Life,  Beauty,  There  are  faces  so., 
flushed  and  rippled  by  the  play  of  thought,  that  we  can 
hardly  find  what  the  mere  features  really  are.  1891  MERE 
DITH  One  of  our  Cong.  II.  ii.  29  Mademoiselle  rippled  her 
shoulders.  1897  Geogr.  Jrnl.  IX.  280  The  finest  variety  of 
the  assorted  sands  was  also  quickly  rippled. 

c.  To  turn  out  with  a  rippling  sound. 

1890  W.  J,  GORDON  Foundry  192  The  ordinary  notion  of 
printing— a  man  sitting  at  a  piano  and  rippling  out  types. 

Ri'ppled,  ///.  a.  [f.  prec.]  a.  Marked  with 
'  ripples,  b.  Of  hair :  Wavy. 

1833  LYELL  Princ.  Geol.  III.  176  The  rippled  surface  of 
the  nills  of  blown  sand  near  Calais.  1842  TENNYSON  Godiva 
47  She  shook  her  head,  And  shower 'd  the  rippled  ringlets  to 
her  knee.  187*  W.  S.  SYMONDS  Rec.  Rocks  iii.  70  On  the 
west  may  be  seen  grand  sheets  of  rippled  rocks.  1883  Science 
I.  521/1  Rippled  cirrus  clouds  may  have  a  similar  origin. 

Ri-pple-grass.  Sc.  and  L7.S.  [f. RIPPLE  sb*] 
Rib-leaved  plantain. 

1824  MACTAGGART £a/2Rtti£  Encycl.,Ripplegirse,*.\xsiA- 
leaved  herb,  which  labourers  put  on  cuts.  1856  A.  GRAY 
Man.  Bot.  (1860)  269  Ribgrass,  Ripplegrass,  English  Plan 
tain.  1880  in  Antrim  <§•  Down  Gloss. 

Ri'ppleless,  a.  [f.  RIPPLE  sb.%  +  -LESS.]  With 
out  a  ripple;  free  from  ripples;  calm. 

1838  Miss  PAKDOE  River  $  the  Desert  I.  116  The  sea  lies 

|    rippleless  like  a  sheet  of  lead.     1849  Zoologist  VII.  2542 

Surveying  the  calm  heavy  rippleless  swell  of  the  sea,     1887 

,     \V.  RYE  Norfolk  Broads  54  The  moonlight  slept  on  the 

rippleless  water. 

Ki*pple-mark.  [f.  RIPPLE  $b;x\  A  wavy 
surface,  line,  or  ridge  on  sand,  mud,  or  rock,  formed 
by  the  action  of  waves  or  the  wind,  or  by  both. 
Chiefly  Geol. 

1833  LYELL  Princ.  Geol.  Index  III.  102  Ripple  marks 
formed  by  the  winds  on  dunes.  1854  BakeivelCs  Geol. 
41  The  ripple  marks  of  the  sea  on  the  shore  are  very 
frequently  preserved.  1888  Jrnl.  Derby sh.  Archaeol.  Soc. 
X.  7  The  ripple-marks,  rain-pittings  and  footprints  so  well 
known  in  certain  sandstones. 

fig.  1876  LOWELL  Among  my  Bks.  Ser.  n.  243  The  very 
ripple-marks  on  the  remotest  snores  of  being. 

So  Ri-pple-marked  a.     Also  transf, 

1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  19/1  We  find  ripple-marked  strata 
among  the  rocks  of  every  geological  age.  1898  Atibutt's 
Syst.  Med.  V.  919  *  Ripple-marked '  thickening  of  the  endo 
cardium  due  to  the  strain  of  aortic  regurgitation. 

Rippler  (ri'plai).  [f.  RIPPLE  z>.i  +  -ER1.]  One 
!  who  ripples  flax;  also,  an  implement  for  rippling. 

1743  R.  MAXWELL  &£  Trans.  328  This  Comb  separates  the 
Seed  from  the  Lint,  with  much  more  Ease  to  the  Ripplers. 
1765  Museum  Rust.  IV.  457  Which  gives  the  flax  sufficient 
air,  and  keeps  the  handfuls  separate  and  ready  for  the 
rippler.  1847  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  VIII.  n.  375  The  ripplers 
strike  the  flax  through  alternately.  1879  Encycl.  Brit.  IX. 
294/2  The  best  rippler.  .consists  of  a  kind  of  comb  [etc.]. 
/£/</.,  Two  ripplers  sitting  opposite  each  other,.,  work  at  the 
same  time. 

Ripples.  Sc.  Also  6  rippillis,  7  riples. 
[V  Connected  with  RIPPLE  sd.2]  'A  weakness  in  the 
back  and  reins,  said  to  be  attended  with  shooting 
pains*  (Jamieson). 

^1500  Rovt'lis  Cursing  58  in  Laing  Anc.  Poet.  Scot.  212 
Rimbursin,  rippillis  or  belly-thra.  1586  Indictment  in  Scott's 
Minstr.  Scot.  Bord.  (1869)  457  That  the  bishop  of  St. 
Andrews  laboured  under  sindrie  diseases,  sic  as  the  ripples. 
1681  COLVIL  Whigs  Supplic.  (1751)  43  Priests  diseased  of  the 
Riples,  Hirpling  through  the  streets  like  criples.  1728 
RAMSAY  Advice  to  Mr.  —  8  For  warld's  wasters,  like  poor 
cripples,  Look  blunt  with  poverty  and  ripples.  1787  TAYLOR 
Scot.  Poems  143  It  tempered  weel  our  mony-plies,  Ca'd 
ripples  frae  our  backs.  1898  LD.  E.  HAMILTON  Mawkin  xvi. 
218  I'm  never  ihe  same  man  since  the  ripples  took  me. 

Ripplet  (ri'plet).  [f.  RIPPLE  j£.3  +  -ET.]  A 
small  ripple  ;  a  wavelet. 

1846  in  WORCESTER.  1866  NEALE  Sequences  fy  Hymns  144 
While  to  her  quays  and  wharves.  .Creep  up  the  ripplets. 
1880  Time  II.  12  The  broad,  calm,  and  limpid  river,  with 
its  riplets  and  currents. 

Rrppling,  vbl.  sbl  [f.  RIPPLE  ^.1]  The  action 
or  process  ofcleaning  flax,  etc.,  from  seeds. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  434/2  Rypelynge,  of  flax,  or  oj>er 
lyke,  avnlsio.  1660  HOWELL  Parly  of  Beasts  14  There  must 
be  ..  rippling,  braking, ..  and  heckling  of  Hemp.  1765 
Museum  Rust.  IV.  456  When  the  flax  grows  crooked,  it  is 
more  liable  to  be  hurt  in  the  rippling  and  swingling.  1805 
R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  739  The  operation  of 
rippling  should  be  performed  as  soon  as  possible  after  the 
j  crops  have  been  pulled.  1846  SPROULE  Flax  17  The  interval 
between  pulling  and  rippling  should  not  be  great. 

b.  attrib.  y  as  rippling-comb,  -machine,  -stick. 

c  1340  Nominale  (Skeat)  545  Swangulstoke,  riplingcotnbe, 


_,, _ _ripplin-k"ame.     1837  Flei.... 

(L.U.K.,  III.)  44  Drawing  the  flax  through  a  rippling 
machine,  which  is  a  kind  of  comb  with  blunt  iron  teeth. 
1847  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  VIII.  n.  375  Four  men,  with  two 
rippling-combs,  will  take  the  seed  off  rather  more  than  an 
acre  in  the  day. 

Ri-ppling,  vbl,  sb.%    rare.    [f.  RIPPLE  z/.-]    A 
scratch  or  graze;  the  action  of  grazing  a  surface. 


BIPPLING. 

c  1430  Syr  Gcner.  (Roxb.)  5750  Yet  it  hurt  not  the  king, 
Vnetlies  but  a  litle  riphng.  a  1661  FULLER  li-rorthies,  Wales 
Pref.,  Like  a  Bail  cast  down  and  deaded  on  a  soft  Floor,., 
without  the  least  Ripling  or  Rebounding. 

Ri'ppliug,  vbl.  sb;*  Also  7-8  ripling,  8  rep- 
lin(g.  [f.  RIPPLE  ».»] 

1.  The  formation,  or  appearance,  of  ripples  on 
the  surface  of  water;  spec,  a  strong  ruffling  of  the 
sea  caused  by  conflicting  currents  or  tides. 

1669  STURM Y  Mariner  s  Mag.  iv.  i.  138  The  Ship  is  carried 
away  by  unknown  Currents,,  .discovered  by  their  Ripplings. 
1699  DAMPIER  l^oy.  II.  494,  I  found  by  tlie  ripling  of  the 
Sea,  that  there  was  a  strong  Current  against  us.  1726 
SHELVOCKE  I'oy.  round  World  299,  I  took  all  imaginable 
precaution  to  discover  any  ripling,  or  discoloured  water. 
1744  J.  PHILIPS  yrnl.  Anson's  Rxped.  30  uotet  A  Replin  is 
a  Meeting  of  two  Currents,  which  creates  a  cockling  in  the 
Sea,  and  makes  it  appear  like  shallow  Water.  1779  FORREST 
I'oy.  N.  Guinea  127  Many  calms  and  ripplings  of  currents. 
i8ao  W.  SCOIUCSBY  Ace.  Arc.  Regions  I.  287  This  occasions 
ripplings  in  the  water.  1850  McCosH  Div.  Govt.  iv.  ii.  (1874) 
486  Like  the  rippling  on  the  surface  of  a  stream  made  by 
winds  opposed  to  the  current.  1860  MAURY  Phys.  Geogr. 
(Low)  ix.  §  445  The  tiny  ripplings  of  this  feeble  tide. 
fig.  1891  Spectator  22  Aug.,  Agitated  by  the  vivid  rip 
pling  of  all  sorts  of  changeful  sympathies. 

2.  U.S.   =  RIPPLE  sb$  \. 

1751  J.  BARTRAM  Observ.  Trav.  Pennsylv.  etc.  47  Half  a 
mile  farther  we  came  to  a  rippling,  which  carried  us  with 
prodigious  swiftness  down  the  stream.  1755  L.  EVANS 
Middle  Brit.  Colonies  26  At  Hart's  Rock,  the  River  [Ohio] 
makes.. a  very  sharp  Rippling,  where  the  Boatmen  are 
obliged  to  wade  and  bawl  up  near  the  Rocks. 

3.  The  sound  made  by  water  in  motion. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  Rippling^  a  broken 
and  interrupted  noise,  produced  by  a  current.  1810  CRAUBE 
Borough  \.  290  Now  walking  silent,  by  the  river's  side,  The 
ear  perceives  the  rippling  of  the  tide.  1899  RODWAY  Guiana 
Wilds  226  In  the  direction  from  whicli  the  rippling  of  a 
stream  could  be  heard. 

Ri'pplingf,  ///.  a.  [f.  RIPPLE  v.*\  That 
ripples;  flowing  in  ripples. 

1670  BOYLE  Tracts^  Bottom  of  Sea  6  He  perceived  the 
Water  to  make  a  rippling  noise  (as  the  Sea-men  call  it). 
1781  COWHER  Anti-Tlielyplitli.  24  Inconstant  as  the  beams 
that  play  On  rippling  waters  in  an  April  day.  1801  FOSTER 
in  Life  fy  Corr.  (1846)  I.  133  The  rippling  course  of  a  rilL 
1852  LONGF.  Warden  of  Cinque  Ports  ii,  The  red  autumn 
sun.. glanced  on  flowing  flag  and  rippling  pennon.  1859 
GEO.  ELIOT  A.  Bede  i.  xv,  It  was  not  heavy,  massive,  merely 
rippling  hair,  but  soft  and  silken.  1877  L.  MOHRIS  Epic  of 
Hades  n.  145  Streams  Laughed  with  a  rippling  music. 

Hence  Ri'pplingly  adv. 

1844  l-'r-aser's  Mag.  XXX.  433  A  rill  which  ran  ripplingly 
over  the  pebbles. 

Ripply  (ri'pli),  a.  [f.  RIPPLE  sb.->  -t-  -yi.] 
Markea  or  characterized  by  ripples. 

1775  J.  MELVIN  frill.  (1857)  13,  I  proceeded  down  Chau- 
deur  river,  ..  and  came  to  a  riply  place,  which  was  very 
dangerous,  the  rocks  standing  up  all  over  the  river.  1807 
J.  BARLOW  Colitmb.  iv.  546  The  moonbeam.  .Silvers  with 
trembling  tints  the  ripply  tide.  1842  TENNYSON  E.  Morris 
98  We.. ran  By  ripply  shallows  of  the  lisping  lake.  1875 
UUMT0M4  of  the  '600'  ix,  Undoing  her  hair,  she  cut  a  long 
and  ripply  tress. 

Ri'ppock.  Sc.  [Origin  obscure:  cf.  RITTOCK.] 
The  Common  Tern. 

1813  MONTAGU  Ornith.  Diet.  Suppl.,  [In]  the  Orkney  and 
Zetland  Islands,  .they  are  known  by  the.  .names  of  Tarrock, 
..Rittock  or  Rippock.  1825  FLEMING  Brit.  Aniin.  143. 

Ki'ppon.  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  The  name  of  a  town 
in  Yorkshire  (now  written  Ripon\  used  attrib.  or 
ellipt.  as  a  designation  of  spurs,  for  the  manu 
facture  of  which  it  was  formerly  renowned. 

1625  B.  JONSON  Staple  of  N.  i.  iii,  There's  an  angel,  if  my 
Spunes  Be  not  right  Rippon.  1636  DAVENAST  Wits  v.  i, 
With  rowels  of  Sharp  Rippon  spurs.  az66i  FULLER 
Worthies^  Yorks.  (1662)  190  As  true  Steel  as  Rippon  Rowels. 
1704  SWIFT  Meek.  Operat.  Spir.  Misc.  (1711)  299  The 
former,  while  it  is  in  the  State  of  a  Rider,  wears  huge  Rip 
pon  Spurs.  1835  W.  IRVING  Abbotsford  §  5  Around  were 
hung.. a  Highland  broadsword  from  Floddenfield  ;  a  pair 
of  Rippon  spurs  from  Bannockburn.  1850  FAIRHOLTC  Of  fern*  i 
(ed.  3)  II.  349  Ripponst  spurs. 

Rip-rap  (ri-p,r2e:p),  sb.     Also  6  ryprap,  rip- 
rapp.     [f.  RAP  sb.1  or  v.lt  with  usual  change  of  a 
to  i  in  the  first  syllable  ;  but  senses  2  and  3  may    i 
be  partly  of  different  origin.] 

1 1.  An  imitation  of  the  sound  caused  by  a  rapid 
succession  of  blows;  hence,  a  sharp  blow,  Obs. 

c  1580  J.  JEFFRIE  Bugbears  Epilog,  With  hyfta,  with  huffa,     j 
with  ryprap,  poff,  puna,  and  sprityng  go  we  !     1582  STANY-    I 
HUKST  sE)teis  n.  (Arb.)  59  With  rip  rap  bouncing  thee  ram 
to  the  chapter  is  hurled,    c  1600  RUGGLE  Club  Law  i.  iv,  Hee    ; 
tooke  me  such  a  riprapp  on  the  head. 
b.  A  kind  of  detonating  firework. 

1894  HALL  CAINE  Manxman  259  A  few  fireworks,  a  rip- 
rap  or  two,  and  some  general  illumination. 

2.  Naut.    (See  quota.) 

1669  STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  iv.  xviii.  214  Uongeness, 
Dover,  Ripraps,  The  South  Foreland.  1699  DAMPIER  Voy. 
U.  n.  10  Near  this  Island  we  always  find  a  great  ripling 
which  Seamen  call  the  Rip-raps.  1784  PENNANT  Arct.  Zool. 
Introd.  (1792)  III.  p.  iii,  Between  Bologne  and  Folkstone 
•  .is..a  narrow  submarine  hill,  called  the  Rio-raps.  1885  C. 
r.  HOLDER  Marvels  Anitn,  Life  224  The  rip-rap,  as  they 
call  the^tide  agin'  the  wind. 

3.  (7.S.  Loose   stone  thrown  down  in  water  or 
on  a  soft  bottom  to  form  a  foundation  for  a  break 
water  or  other  work. 

1847  in  WEBSTER.     1875   KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1946/2  s.v.,    j 
Charleston  Harbor,  and    Plymouth  Breakwater,  England,    . 


707 

are  founded  on  rip-raps.  1899  Rep.  Imva  Gcot.  Sttrv.  IX. 
4j5  Limestone  weathering  to  a  most  irregular  face,  of  no 
value  except  for  rip-rap. 

attrib.  1886  C.  D.  WARNER  Their  rilgr.  v.  (1888)  120 
liroken,  ragged,  slimy  rocks,  as  if  they  had  been  dumped 
there  for  a  rip-rap  wall. 

So  Bi'p-ra  p  v..  to  found  upon,  or  cover  with, 
a  deposit  of  loose  stone.  Hence  Ri-p  ra^pped 
ppl.  a.,  Ri'p-ra:pping  vbl.  si.  fr.S. 

1848  in  ISartlett  Diet.  Amcr.  (r859)  s.v.,  If,  in  constructing 
a  bulkhead,  it  should  be  determined  to  rip-rap  to  low-water 
mark,. -the  cost  for  rip-rapping,  .would  be  about  eighty 
thousand  dollars.  1883  American  VI.  297  The  stream  will 
be  confined  within  permanent  barriers  by  rip-rapped  banks 
and  levees.  1884  Harfe rs  .Mag.  Sept.  621/2  The  face  slope 
.  -and  the  rear-  .are  riprapped  with  stone. 

Rip-reyue :  see  KKAP-KKEVE. 

Biproa  rious,  a.  I'.S.  Also  -rorious.  [f. 
RIP  ».'•*,  after  uproarious.'}  Boisterous,  violent. 

1855  HAUBURTON  Kature  ,*•  Human  N.  I.  58  That's 
because  you.  .never  sau-  a  riprorious  hurricane  in  all  your 
life.  1890  Harper's  Jfag.  Apr.  796/2  His  waning  buzz  of 
rip-roarious  approbation. 

Bipsack  (ri-psrek).  [f.  RIP  v?  +  SACK  rf.i  (cf. 
quot.).]  The  Califomian  Grey  Whale. 

iMn  Merc.  Marine  Mag.  VII.  213  It  being  difficult  to  cap 
ture  them,  they  have  a  variety  of  names  among  whalemen, 
as  '  Ripsack  ', . . '  Devil-fish  '. 

Ri'p-saw,  st.  [f.  KIP  ''.-}  A  saw  used  for 
cutting  wood  in  the  direction  of  the  grain. 

1846  Hoi.TZAiTi  F.L  Turning  II.  708  The  rip-saw  has  the 
coarsest  teeth,  and  which  are  of  slight  pitch..  .The  half-rip 
is  similar,  but  a  little  finer.  1875  Car/>.  fy  Join.  T4  Hand 
saw,  divided  into  the  largest  or  rip  saw,  intermediate  or  half- 
rip,  and  smallest.  1883  Harper's  Mag.  Jan.  198/2  Dawson's 
lumber  was  cut  over  pits  by  means  of  a  rip  saw. 

Hence  Ri'p-saw  v.,  to  cut  with  a  rip-saw. 

1885  Ct'nt.  Mag.  Nov.  33,  I  ripsawed  the  lumber  up  here. 

Rip-stick:  see  RIP  rf.-'i 

Ripstone,  incorrect  form  of  KIBSTON(E. 

1837  DICKKNS  rickta.  vi,  A  little  hard-headed,  Ripstone 
pippin-faced  man.  //>/</.  Ix,  The  officiating  clerk  peeled  and 
ate  three  Ripstone  pippins. 

Rip-sulwer:  see  REAP-SILVKM. 

[Rip-towel.  '  The  gratuity  or  reward  given  to 
customary  Tenants,  when  they  have  reaped  their 
Lord's  Corn '. 

1701  MANLEY  Con<el£s  Interpreter  s.v.  Keap-ttni'd  (and 
hence  in  later  Diets.),  citing  MS.  Cott.  Neto  A.  xii.  fol.  104  b 
((-•1350).  The  word  in  the  .MS.  is  ripctowel  and  the  mean 
ing  uncertain.] 

Ripuariaii  (ripiU|e->-rian),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  med. 
L.  Kipudri-us  ;,-ilso  Kibuari-iis} ;  that  this  is  a 
derivative  of  L.  rifa  is  very  doubtful.] 

A.  adj.  1.  The  distinctive  epithet  of  the    an 
cient   Franks   living   on    the   Rhine   between  the 
Moselle  and  Meuse. 

1839  KEIGHTLKY  Hist.  Eng.  I.  129  Lands  were  given  to 
those  who  were  named  the  Limitanean  and  Ripuarian 
soldiery,  the  latter  from  their  location  on  the  banks  of  the 
great  frontier  rivers.  1861  J.  G.  SHKITAKD  l-'all  Rome  iv. 
190  A  great  multitude.. burst  over  the  Rhine,  easily  over 
coming  the  feeble  resistance  offered  by  the  Ripuarian  Franks. 

2.  The  distinctive  epithet  of  the  code  of  law  ob 
served  by  the  Ripuarian  Franks. 

1781  GIBBON  Dec!.  <y  /•'.  xxxviii.  (1787)  III.  585  note,  The 
Ripuarian  law  declares;  .this  indulgence  in  favour  of  the 
plaintiff.  1804  RANKEN  Hist.  France  III.  in.  iii.  292  By 
the  consuetude  of  Roman  and  Gothic  law  in  the  south  and 
west  counties  :  of  the  Salic,  Ripuarian,  and  Hurgundian.on 
the  north  and  east.  1875  MAINE  Hist.  hist.  x.  284  Under 
the  Ripuarian  Law  he  goes  through  the  expressive  formality 
of  standing  at  his  door  with  a  drawn  sword. 

B.  sb.  pi.  The  Ripuarian  Franks. 

1781  GIBBON  Dec!,  i,  F.  xxxviii.  (1787)  III.  584  Within  the 
same  period,  the  customs  of  the  Ripuarians  were  transcribed 
and  published.  1862  Chambers' 's  Eucyct,  IV.  494/2  The 
Ripuarians. -on  both  sides  of  the  Rhine  as  far  up  as  the 
Main.  1882-3  SCHAFF  Encycl.  Relig.  Knimil.  I.  513  In 
the  hands  of  the  Franks  the  city  was  the  metropolis  of  the 
Ripuarians  until  the  time  of  Charlemagne. 

Bipuary  (ri-piuari),  a.  rare.  [ad.  med.L. 
Kiftiari-tis.']  =  RIPUARIAN  a.  2. 

1622  MALYNI-.S  Anc.  Lam-Merck.  475 The  auncient  Gaules 
termed  all  their  lawes  either  Ripuarie  or  Salique.  1801 
R_ANKKN  Hist.  France  I.  i.  24  Clovis  seems  to  have  occupied 
himself,  .in  revising  and  improving  the  Salic  and  Ripuary 
laws.  1843  BROUGHAM  Pol.  Phil.  \.  367  The  Ripuary  law 
was  apparently  of  later  date  than  the  Salic.  Ibid.  368  The 
Burgundian  Law  . .  is  . .  more  refined  than  the  Salic  or 
Ripuary  codes. 

Ris,  obs.  variant  of  RICE  ';  RISE  v. 
||  Risagallo.     Obs.  -l      [It.  risagallo,  obs.  var. 
of  risigallo  :  see  RESALGAK.J     Arsenic. 

1610  MARKHAM  Master/*,  n.  cxxx.  432  Other  Farriers  vse 
the  powder  of  Risagallo,  or  Risagre,  but  it  is  a  great  deale  too 
strong  a  fretter. 

t  BisagOll.  Obs.  Med.  Also  ;  rysagone  (8-9 
-gon),  rizagon.  [Orig.  obscure.]  =  CASSCMUNAR. 

1679  J.  PECHEY  (title),  Some  Observations  made  upon 
the  Root  Cassumuniar  called  otherwise  Rysagone.  1681 
GREW  Musxum  386  Rizagon,  a  Root  brought  from  Bengala, 
of  good  use.  1748  \V.  LKWIS  Pliarmacop.  20  Cassumuniar, 
the  root.  Risagon.  1850  PF.REIKA  Mat.  Med.  II.  I.  ti2r. 

Risagre,  obs.  variant  of  RESALGAH. 

t  Bisbailk.  Obs.  [ad.  Dn.  rijsbank,  {.  rijs 
RICE!.  Hence  also  G.  rissbank,  F.  risban.] 
An  artificial  bank,  properly  one  faced  or  strength 
ened  with  brushwood. 


BISE. 

Earlier  in  the  form  rice-bank  :  see  RICK  '  5. 

1731  Uist.  Litteraria  I.  515  The  Art  of  constructing 
Sluices,  Dykes,  Piles,  Moles,  Risbanks,  Light-houses, 
Docks.  1758  BOKLASE  Nat.  Hist.  Cornwall  325  This  Ris- 
bank,  or  mound,  ranges  up-hill  and  down-hill  indifferently. 
1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  (1770)  IV.  xxxvii.  482  The  fleet  bat 
tered  the  risbank,  which  guarded  the  entry  of  the  harbour. 

t  Biscalda  tion.  Obs.~l  [ad.  It.  riscalda- 
zione.]  The  action  of  warming  or  heating. 

1599  LINCHE  Anc.  Fiction  E  iv,  From  the  ouer-vehement 
ardour  and  riscaldation  of  his  beames. 

Risch(e,  obs.  forms  of  Ru.sH  (the  plant). 

II  Bi'SCO.  Obs.  [a.  older  It.  risco  (Florio), 
var.  of  risico,  'risckio:  see  RISK  sb.,  and  cf. 
RISGO.]  Risk. 

1657  R.  LIGON  BarbaJfcs  \  Having  been  censured  by 
some  that  I  should.. undertake  to  run  so  long  a  Risco  from 
England  to  the  Barbadoes.  1682  SCAKLKTT  i^jcchanges  Fref. 
A3  b,  To  consider,  .their  great  Labour  and  Expences,  the 
Risco  that  they  run  [etc.],  1707  tr.  Wks*  Ctess  D'Anois 
(171S)  431  The  King  had  run  a  thousand  Risco's  since  his 
confinement  in  the  Cage. 

t  Bisconter.  Obs.-1  [ad.  It.  riscontro :  see 
!  RESCOUNTEB  j/'.]  Meeting,  encounter. 

1592  WOTTON  in  Relig.  (1685)  659  The  Cardinal  had  only 
;  signified  the  Fact,  as  suspecting  (belike)  the  risconter  of  the 
Pope's  CourrJers. 

Rise  t.rsiz),  sb.  Forms  :  5  ryse,  ryese,  6  rys, 
6-  rise.  [f.  the  vb.  Cf.  LG.  r/V.] 

I.  f  1.  The  act,  on  the  part  of  a  hare,  of 
finally  rising  to  return  to  its  form.  0/'s.~l 

f  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  1,  And  there  she 
shall  crosse  wayes  x.  or  xii.  tymes  and  then  she  shal  make 
,    hir  ryses. 

f  2.    a.   A  spring  or  bound  upwards ;    es/>.   one 
,    made  with  the  help  of  a  run  at  the  outset  of  a 
long  leap.    Obs. 

1600  KEMP  A7//C-  Daies  H'omfcr  B  ij  b,  At  length  comming 
'    to  a  broad  plash  of  water  and  mud,  which  could   not   Lc 
!     auoyded  I  fetcht  a  rise.     1642   FULLKK  Holy  *r  Prof.  State 

iv.  iii.  251  A  long  leap  from  York  to  Rome,  and  therefore 
he  needed  to  take  a  good  rise.  1681  \V.  ROKKKISON 
t'hraseol.  Cen,  (1693)  480  He  runs  far  back  that  means  to 
leap  a  great  way  ;  He  takes  his  rise  far. 

fb.  A  start  or  aid  towards  rising  in  a  leap  ;  a 
place  from  which  to  rise  or  soar.  Obs. 

1639  LD.  DIGHY  Lett.  cone.  Relig.  (1651)  85  There  might 

be  a  man  so  disposed  as  (having  a  good  ri>e,  and  \\ith  a 

convenient  career)  to  leap  at  once  from  England  to  Rome. 

,     1648  UOYLU  Seraph.  Lc7-e  (1700)  170  Having  Piled  them  up 

|     together,  have  made  that  heap  but  a  Rise  to  take  our  M>ar- 

I    ing  flight  from.     1697  CKEKCH  tr.  Maniliits  i.  6  Rais'd  so 

high,  from  that  convenient  rise  She  took  her  flight,  and 

quickly  reach  t  the  Skies.     1728  CHAMHKRS  Cycl.  s.v.  .V/*/, 

The  Step,  properly,  puts  a  Horse  on  the  Hand,  and  gives  him 

a  Rise  to  Leap. 

3.  The   coming  of  the  sun   (moon,  or  planets) 
above  the  horizon ;  hence  also,  the  region  of  sun 
rise,  the  east.      (Now  usually  rising 

.'599  SHAKS.,  etc.  Pass,  ritgr.  194  The  morning  rise  Doth 
cite  each  moving  sense  from  idle  rest.  1635-56  COVW.KV 
Davidets  iv.  6ftloab..Up  with  the  Sun  arose,  and.  .With 
lifted  Hands  bowM  towards  his  shining  rise.  1665  SIR  T. 
HEKBERT  Trav.  (1677)  44  Truly  many  Sun-Idolaters  I  have 
seen,  all  which  worship  his  rise,  but  none  his  setting.  1712 
BLACKMORE  Creation  98  Th'  adventurous  merchant  thus 
pursues  his  way  Or  to  the  rise,  or  to  the  fall  of  day.  1865 
SIR  J.  K.  JAMES  Tasso  xii.  xc,  To  her  at  rise,  to  her  at  sun 
set  hour.  1885-94  K.  BRIDGES  Eros  fy  Psyihe  March  xxiii, 
She.  .Lookt  left  and  right  to  rise  and  set  uf  day. 

fig.  ^671  MILTON  /'.  R.  i.  294  So  spake  our  Morning  Star 
then  in  his  rise.  1738  WKSLKY  Hymns,  '  T/te  Snn  of 
Righteousness  appears'  iv,  In  vain  the  Stone,  the  Watch, 
the  Seal  Forbid  an  early  Rise.  1781  J.  MORISON  in  Scot. 
Parap/ir.-x\x.  2  To  hail  thy  rise,  thou,  better  Sun,  the  gather 
ing  nations  come. 

4.  Upward  movement ;   ascent ;  transference  to 
a  higher  level.     Alsoyff. 

1S73~9  G.  HARVEY  Lettcr-lk.  (Camden)  69  If  once  to 
heaven  we  take  our  rise.  1640  W.  STYLK  A  nti$c<?$  Span. 
Gallant  A  10  b,  Like  Birds  for  want  of  ayre  we  faint :  Lye 
still  and  cannot  make  our  rise.  1659  Instructions  Oratory 
\ i  Which  it  cannot  so  easily  mount  unto  at  the  first,  wi ihout 
taking,  by  the  way,  this  meaner  rise.  1788  TriJJer  No.  16. 
216  He  was  on  the  rise  to  treat  more  largely  on  the  folly  of 
parental  officioiiMiess.  1808  SCOTT  Klarni.  vi.  xv,  The  steed 
along  the  drawbridge  flies,  Just  as  it  trembled  on  the  rise. 
1847  Illnsti-.Lond.  AV:t'jio  July  27/3 The  balloon,  .now  and 
then  took  a  rise  out  of  the  hands  of  the  stalwart  men  who 
held  it.  1872  JENKINSON  Cnide  Eng.  Lakes  (1879)  173  Be 
yond  Gosforth  a  steep  rise  is  made. 

b.  Capacity  for  or  power  of  rising. 

a  1716  SOUTH  (Cent.),  These  were  sublimities  above  the  rise 
of  the  apostolic  spirit.  1848  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  IX.  IT. 
574  There  is  no  rise  or  spring  in  them.  1881  W.  E.  DICKSON 
Organ-Build,  vi.  73  The  reservoir  may  have  a  rise  or  play 
of  about  10  inches  or  a  foot. 

5.  Klevation  in  fortune  or  rank. 

1633  MAssiNtiER  City  Madam  \.  i,  Many. .Have  written 
'  Ladies  of  Honour ',  and  some  few  Have  higher  titles  \  and 
that's  the  furthest  rise  Yoti  can  in  England  hope  for.  1654 
GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  in.  x.  132  Duke  Ricards  Letter.. He 
bid  me  read,  my  Rise  was  laid.  1706  E.  WARD  Wooden 
World  Diss.  (1708)  87  All  Admirals,  as  well  as  Captains, 
are  oblig'd  to  begin  their  Rise  there.  1781  JUSTAMONO 
tr.  Priz>.  Life  Lewis  XV,  I.  99  We  have  seen  the  be 
ginning  of  this  fortunate  man's  rise.  1841  SPALDING  Italy 
fy  It.  1st.  II.  243  The  rise  of  the  Medici  and  other  wealthy 
Florentine  families,  furnished  liberal  patrons  to  art.  1866 
G.  MACDONALD  Ann.  Quiet  Neighb.  xiii.  (1878)  255  It  was 
considered  a  rise  in  life. 

b.  An  occasion  or  means  of  rising  (in  fortune 
or  rank). 

89-2 


RISE. 


708 


RISE. 


c  1680  G.  DALLAS  Stilus  (1697)  89  The  eminent  Parts  with 
which  the  Lord  has  Endued  your  Lordship,  .have  been  no 
small  Rise  to  your  Noble  Family  in  this  Age.  1773  FOOTE 
Bankrupt  \.  Wks.  1799  H.  101  Don't  you  consider,  that  her 
ruin,  as  you  call  it,  will  be  your  rise? 

C.   Upward  course  ;  advance  towards  a  flourish 
ing  or  prosperous  condition,  etc. 

Not  always  distinguishable  from  sense  17  or  19. 

1721  BERKELEY  Prev. Ruin Gt* Britain  Wks.  1871  III.  211 
Our  ancestors  during  their  rise  and  greatness.  1727  DE  FOE 
Sysf.  Magic  i.  iii,  A  great  many  useful  and  apreable  specu 
lations  offer  themselves  in  the  rise  and  progress  of  the  thing 
itself.  1860  J.  MARTINEAU  Ess.  II.  173  This  period  of  rise 
and  of  decline.  1888  BRYCE  Anter.  Commits*  II.  liii.  335 
The  second  period  in  the  annals  of  •American  parties,  which 
..include  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  Whig  party. 

6.  Angling.  The  movement  of  a  fish  to  the  sur 
face  of  the  water  to  take  a  fly  or  bait;  an  instance 
of  this. 


think  of;  but  not  a  sign  of  a  rise.  1867  F.  FRANCIS  Angling 
i.  (i83o)6  Let  him  then  note  where  these  rises  are  the  thickest, 
and  choose  that  place. 

b.  To  get,  have,  or  take  a  rise  out  of  (one),  to 
make  a  butt  of,  raise  a  laugh  at,  by  some  form  of 
pretence  or  dissimulation. 

1834  MF.mviN  Angler  in  Wales  I.  113  We  will  have  a  rise 
out  of  Charters  at  our  nodes.  1840  THACKERAY  Catherine 
vii,  Oh  but  it  was  a  rare  rise  we  got  out  of  them  chaps.  1882 
BLACKMOKE  Cristowcll  xviii,  It  would  be  worth  a  hundred 
pounds  to  me,  to  have  a  rise  taken  out  of  him. 

c.  To  make  a  Hsu,  to  succeed  in  striking  gold 
by  mining. 

1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD'  Jlfiticr's  Right  (1899)  24/1  You've 
got  to  work  till  you  make  a  '  rise  ',  for  my  sake. 

7.  The  act  of  rising  from  the  dead  (also  rise- 
again\  or  from  some  condition. 

1738  WESLEY  Easter  Hymn  iii,  Death  in  vain  forbids  His 
rise;  Christ  hath  opened  Paradise.  1839-52  BAILEY  .Ftt/Hf 
30  The  grave  hath  no  pride,  nor  the  rise-again.  1868  LYNCH 
Rh'itlet  CLII.  iv,  Thy  word .  .insurefs]  Our  rise  from  shame. 

f  8.  A  revolt,  rising.   Gbs~l 

1768  BOS\VELL  Corsica  (ed.  2)  109  The  Genoese,  eager  to 
repress  the  rise  of  1734. 

II.  9.  A  piece  of  rising  ground  ;  a  hill. 

1639  FULLER  Ilofy  Wan.  ii.  (1840)  3  The  Jews.,  were  fur- 
hidden  to  enter  into  Jerusalem,  or  bo  much  as  to  behold  it 
from  any  rise  or  advantage  of  ground.  1654  EARL  MONM. 
tr.  Bentivoj*lio"&  Wars  Flanders  206  It  hath  on  one  side  an 
eminent  Rise,  which  Commands  the  whole  Town.  1700 
DRVLHCN  Baucis  fy  Philemon  17  Two  ncighb'ring  Trees.. 
Stand  on  a  mod 'rate  Rise.  1708  J.  PHILIPS  Cyder  i.  6  If 
therefore,  thou  incline  To  deck  this  Rise  with  Fruits  of 
various  Tastes.  1816  BYRON  Ch.  I  far.  in.  Ivi,  On  a  rise  of 
gentle  ground  There  is  a  small  and  simple  pyramid.  1856 
RUSKIM  PrxRafknelitisttt,  etc.  (1906)  231  LMstant  cumuli, 
heavy  \vith  rain,  hanging  on  the  rises  of  the  moorland.  1878 
B  TAYLOR  Dcukalion  i.  v.  40  Yonder,  on  the  rise,  Who  leans 
with  folded  arms  against  the  stone? 

10.  An  upward  slope  or  direction,  esp.  of  strata, 
coal-beds,  veins  of  ore,  etc. 

1698  G.  THOMAS  Pensilvania  46  Some  of  their  Noses 
having  a  rise  like  the  Roman.  1708  J.  C.  Cornel.  Collier 
(1845)  4°  I*  is  always  look'd  upon  to  be  of  good  Advantage 
to  the  Colliery,  to  have  a  rise  in  the  Thill,  and  of  the  Coal 
as  we  work.  1731  W.  HALFPENNY  Perspective  31  Draw 
Lines,  .parallel  to  the  line  SF,  which  shews  the  Perspective 
Rise  of  every  Member.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  984  This  gas 
being  lighter  than  common  air,  always  ascends  to  the  roof 
or  to  the  rise  of  the  galleries.  1856  WHYTE  MELVILLE  Kate 
Coventry  x\\t  The  ground  is  now.,  on  the  rise.  1878  HUXLKY 
Physiogr.  xviii.  313  A  very  sharp  rise  leads  from  the  Pacific 
to  the  range  of  the  Andes. 

attrib.  1768  Gen.  Hist,  in  Ann.  Reg.  63  There  are  two 
other  fire-engines  of  a  pretty  large  size,  working  on  the  rise- 
part  of  this  colliery.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  964  Where  the 
coal-measures  are  horizontal,  and  the  faults  run  at  a  greater 
angle  than  45°  to  the  line  of  bearing,  they  are  termed  dip 
and  rise  faults.  1883  GRESLEY  Glass.  Coal-mining  204  Rise 
Splitt  a  proportion  of  the  ventilative  current  sent  into  a  rise 
district  of  a  mine.  Ibid.^  Rise  Workings,  underground 
workings  carried  on  to  the  rise  or  high  side  of  the  shafts. 

b.  Mining.  An  excavation  or  working  on  the 
up  side  of  a  shaft.  (Cf.  RISING  vbl.  sb.  12  c.) 

1839  Penny  Cycl.  XV.  241/1  Should  the  ore  extend  far 
enough . .  levels  may  be  driven  from  the  '  rises '  to  render  it 
more  accessible.  1861  G.  HARRIS  in  Athenaeum  19  Jan.  82 
Here  were  ends  Cut  through  hard  marble  by  the  miners' 
skill,  And  winzes,  slopes  and  rises.  1884  R.  HUNT  Mining 
912  Rise,  this  is  the  same  meaning  as  stope,  or  excavation  in 
the  back  of  a  level. '  I  belong  (viz.  I  work)  up  in  the  rise.' 

11.  The  vertical  height  of  a  step,   an  arch,  an 
inclined  surface  or  object,  etc.,  measured  from  the 
base  or  springing-line  to  the  highest  point. 

1663  GERBIEK  Counsel  fy  Adv.  to  Builders  iuo  The  rise, 
width,  and  depth  of  steps,  shall  not  need  to  be  repeated, 
since  they  have  been  described  [etc.].  1739  LABELYE  Short 
A--.C.  Piers  Westm.  Bridge  74  The  prick 'd  Lines  shew  what 
would  be  the  Rise  of  Stone  Arches,  and  the  Disposition  of 
their  Joints.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Opcrat.  Mechanic  539  The 
height,  or  rise  of  the  arch,  is  a  line  drawn  at  right  angles 
from  the  middle  of  the  chord,  .to  the  intrados.  1839  Civil 
£ng*  fy  Arch.  Jrnl.  II.  81/2  The  two  side  arches  156  feet 
span,  and  15$  feet  rise.  1874  MICKLETHWAITE  Mod.  Par. 
Churches  89  The  rise  of  the  steps  will  vary  according  to 
circumstances. 

t  b.  The  pitch  of  a  screw.  Obs.  rare. 

1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.^  Printing  yC\.  f  i,  I  shew'd..the 
manner  of  making  a  Screw..;  but  assigned  it  no  particular 
Rise  ; .  .Therefore  its  assigned  Rise  being  two  Inches  and  an 
half  in  a  Revolution  [etc.]. 


12.  a.  A  fiight  of  steps. 

c  1710  CELIA  FIENXES  Diary  (iSSS)  258  The  queen  being 
come  up  to  her  table  wch  was  a  great  rise  of  stepps.  1848 
li.  WEBB  Cent.  Ecclestol.  45  There  is  a  rise  of  steps  at  the 
east  end  of  the  nave.  Ibid,  400. 

b.   —  RISKK  7. 

1711  W.  SUTHERLAND  Shipbuild.  Assist.  65  The  Steps., 
have  no  Rises  nor  Stiles.  1793  SM EATON  _£<Vj'j/f«<?  L.  £227 
It  was  stopped  by  the  rise  of  the  third  step,  against  which 
it  seemed  abutted.  1879  CasselCs  Techn.  Editc.  I.  329/2 
The  flat  surface  of  a  stair  is  called  the  tread,  and  the  upright 
face  is  termed  the  rise. 

III.  13.    An    increase    in    height   of  the   sea, 
streams,  or  water,  by  tides,  floods,  etc.,  or  of  a 
liquid  in  a  vessel ;  the  amount  of  this  increase. 

1626  BACON  Syh'a  §  889  Experiment.  .Touching  the  Rise 
of  Water,  by  Meanes  of  Flame.  1662  DKYUEN  To  Ld. 
Chancellor  Clarendon  142  The  hill,  .mounts,  but  so  as 
billows  play,  Whose  rise  not  hinders  but  makes  short  our 
way.  1743  BILKKLEY  &  CUMMINS  Voy.S.  Seas  120  We  ran 
in  before  the  Wind  for  about  two  Leagues,  expecting  every 
Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Sea  to  be  a  Wreck.  1771  JrnL  Cook's 
Voy.  World  119  We  observed  the  whole  rise  of  the  tide  did 
not  exceed  four  feet.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVIII.  496 
That  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  mercury  [in  a  thermometer] 
may  be  better  seen.  1830  I.YELL  Princ,  GeoL  I.  264  The 
perpendicular  rise  and  fall  of  the  spring-tides  is  fifteen  feet, 
and  at  neap-tides,  eight  feet.  1847  GROTE  Greece  IV.  xxv. 
14  He  is  preserved  by  the  sudden  rise  of  arivcr.  1860  Alcrc. 
Mar.  A  fag.  VII.  339  South-westerly  wind  will  follow, 
especially  if  the  barometer  rise  is  sudden. 

transf.  1713  STEELE  Guard.  No.  149  The  head-dress  re 
ceives  frequent  rises  and  falls  every  year.  1868  TENNYSON 
Lncrettus  10  His  mind,  .fancy-borne  perhaps  upon  the  rise 
And  long  roll  of  the  Hexameter. 

14.  Mus.  An  increase  of  pitch  in  a  tone  or  voice. 
1626  BACON  Sylva  §  105  In  the  ordinary  Rises  and  Falles 

of  the  Voice,,  .there  fall  out  to  be  two  Beemols. .  betweene 
the  Ynison  and  the  Diapason.  1867  MACFARREN  Harmony 
(1892)  75  A  complete  chord  may  be  suspended  when  the 
progression  of  roots  is  by  the  rise  of  a  4th  or  fall  of  a  51(1. 
1879  GROVE  Diet.  Mus.  I.  43  The.. graces  peculiar  to  old 
English  music,  .include  the  Plain-beat  or  rise. 

15.  An  increase  in  amount. 

a  1699  TEMPLE  (J.),  The  rise  or  fall  that  may  happen  in 
his  constant  revenue  by  a  Spanish  war.  181 1  A.  T.  THOMSON 
Lend.  Disp.  (1818)  664  By  the  sudden  rise  of  temperature. . 
a  considerable  waste  of  product  also  takes  place.  1817  JAS. 
MILL  Brit.  India  II.  v.  vii.  591  On  the  same  terms,  except 
ing  a  small  rise  in  the  annual  payment.  1871  1!.  STF-WAKF 
I/Ciit  (ed.  2)  §  91  Tins  heat  is.  .absorbed  by  the  ice  without 
producing  any  rise  of  temperature. 

b.  colloq.  An  advance  in  wages  or  salary. 
1836-7  DICKENS   Sk.  Boz,  Scenes  i,  The  receipt  of  seven 

shillings  a-week,  with  the  prospect  of  an  early  rise  to  eight. 

c.  U.  S.     (See  quot.) 

1859  BARTLETT  Diet.  Anier.  (ed.  2)  367  The  phrase  *  and 
the  rise ',  is  used  in  some  parts  of  the  South  to  mean  'and 
more';. .'I  should  think  there  were  a  thousand  and  the 
rise',  i.e.  a  thousand  and  more. 

16.  An  increase  in  the  value  or  price  of 'a  thing. 
1691  LOCKE  Money  Wks.  1727  II.  87  The  Market-price  of 

any  thing,  and  so  of  bullion,  is  to  be  taken.. not  from  the 
extraordinary  Rise  of  two  or  three  Market-days  in  a  Year. 
1723  SWIFT  Agst.  Enlarging  Power  Bps.  Wks.  1751  IX.  23 
'Ihe  Bishops  have  had  some  Share  in  the  gradual  Rise  of 
Lands.  1790  WASHINGTON  Writ.  (1892)  XII.  i  The  progress 
of  public  credit  is  witnessed  by  a  considerable  rise  of 
American  stock  abroad  as  well  as  at  home.  1821  CLARE 
Vill.  Minstr.  1. 17  'Bout  work  being  slack,  and  rise  and  fall 
of  bread.  1885  Law  Times  Rep.  LI  I.  648/2  A  great  rise 
had  taken  place  in  the  value  of  the  Sydney  property. 

b.  On  the   rise,  becoming   more   valuable  or 
dearer. 

1808  Times  23  Feb.,  Colonial  produce  is  on  the  rise.  1884 
Illnstr.  Land.  News  13  Dec.  570/3  *  Sheep,'  for  five  years, 
have  been  steadily  'on  the  rise'. 

IV.  17.   An  origin  or  source  ;  a  beginning ;   a 
start.     Freq.  in  phr.  to  have  or  tak<!  ones  rise. 

1630  PKYNNE  Anti-Armin.  115  Which  by  this  meanes 
take  their  rise  and  being  from  the  creature.  1664  POWER 
Ex$>  Phtlos.  I.  60  If  you  take  Nature  at  the  rise,  and 
critically  observe  her  in  her  rudimental  and  obscure  begin 
ning.  1690  LOCKE  Govt.  \\.  i,  He. .must. .find  out  another 
rise  of  Government,  another  original  of  political  power. 
1738  WESLEY  Ps.  xci.  iii,  Nor  Plague  of  unknown  Rise 
that  kills  In  Darkness.  1763  J.  BROWN  Poetry  <$•  Mus.  v. 
77  He.. sung  the  Generation  of  the  World  and  the  Rise  of 
Things.  1847  YKOWELL  Anc.  Brit.  Church  iii.  25  Intim 
ately  acquainted  with  the  rise  of  all  churches.  1878 
BROWNING  La  Saisiaz  33  Ask  the  rush  if  it  suspects  Whence 
and  how  the  stream  which  floats  it  had  a  rise. 

*t*  b.  To  take  one's  rise  (front},  to  start,  begin 
with,  in  narration.  Obs. 

1647-8  COTTERELL  Davilo's  Hist.  Fr.  (1678)  14  Taking  his 
rise  from  the  fortunes  of  the  House  of  Lorraine.  1697  J. 
SERGEANT  Solid  P/iilos.  63,  I  take  my  Rise  from  the  re 
motest  Principles  that  can  concern  that  Point,  and  these 
are  my  Thoughts.  1716  J.  COLLIER  tr.  Gregory  Nazianz.  60 
Let  us  take  our  rise  a  little  from  the  Original  of  things. 

f!8.  An  occasion;  a  ground  or  basis.  Obs, 
(Common  c  1650-90.) 

1641  TrinmphofK.  C/ias.lnff art.  Misc.  (*la\}i.)V.iQi  We 
had  two  humble  petitions  to  present  to  both  their  Majesties, 
and  we  had  the  rise  and  encouragement  to  both,  from  that 
which  his  Majesty  was  pleased  to  deliver  to  us.  1669  R.  MON 
TAGU  in  Bncclench  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  431,  I  will 
write  a  letter  which  hemayshowthe  King,  and  shall f  be  a  rise 
for  him  to  ask  the  King  to  do  the  business.  1688  BOYLE  Final 
Causes  iv.  in  These  Celestial  bodys  may.. give  man  a  rise 
to  admire  and  praise  the  greatness  and  power  of  the  Divine 
Maker.  1759  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  \\.  v,  The  reason,  or 
rather  the  rise  of  this  sudden  demigration  was  as  follows. 
1820  JODRELL  s.v.  Mantean,  Mantua  in  Italy  may  have 
given  the  rise  of  its  etymology. 


b.   To  give  rise  to,  to  occasion,  to  bring  about, 
to  cause.     (See  also  GIVK  z> .  48.) 


many 
tides. 


ftrf.(lwffl        .  

parts  of  the  sea,  give  also  rise  to  a  peculiarity  in  the 
1830  R.  K.xoxJieclarifs  Anal.  304  When  this  action 


prejudice  has  ever  gi  , 

19.  The  act  of  coming  into  existence  or  notice. 

1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalinfs  Advts.fr.  P amass.  \. 
xvii.  (1674)  19  Remedies,  .whereby  stoutly  to  resist  vice  in  its 
rise.  1664  POWER  Exj>.  Philos.  i.  78  Which  practical  part  of 
Opticks  is  but  yet  in  the  rise.  1737  \\  HIMON  Josefhus^ 
Antiq.  ix.  x.  §  2  Upon  the  rise  of  a  most  terrible  storm. 
1777  SIR  W.  JONES  Ess.  Poet.  Eastern  A'at.,  The  rise  of 
a  poet  in  their  tribe.  1869  J.  MARTINEAU  £ss.  II.  52  It  is 
manifestly  concurrent  with  the  rise  of  new  questions. 

Rise,  obs.  variant  of  RICE  l  and  2. 

Rise  (roiz),  z».  Pa.  t.  rose.  Pa.  pple.  risen. 
[Common  Teutonic :  OE.  risan  t  =OKris.  risa 
(mod. Kris,  rt'ze,  rysji),  MDu.  risen  (Du.  r//'zeti)t 
OS.  risan  (MLG.  risen),  OHO.  risan,  risen  (G. 
reisen,  of  the  sun),  ON.  and  Icel.  risa  (Norw.  and 
MSw.  risa),  Goth.  (ur)reisan.  No  related  forms 
have  been  traced  outside  of  Teutonic. 

In  OE,,  as  in  OS.,  the  simple  rfsan  is  extremely  rare,  the 
common  form  being  the  compound  arfsan  ARISE  r.  In 
early  ME.  the  use  of  rise  fur  arise  is  prominently  northern, 
and  may  be  mainly  due  to  the  influence  of  ON.  rfsa. 

The  causative  forms  related  to  rise  arc  RAISE  and  REAR, 
but  rise  itself  has   to  a  certain  extent  (esp.  in  later  use) 
assumed  tbe  functions  of  a  transitive  verb.] 
A.  Inflexional  forms. 

1.  Inf.   (and  Pres.}.    1-2   rfsan,   3-4  risen  (3 
-enn,  4  -in,  5  -yn),  4  rijsen,  4-5  rysen  (5  -yn); 
3-   rise,   4   rijse,   4-6   (8   Sc.)  ryse   (6   rysse, 
reysa),  6  rize ;  3-4  ris,  rys,  5  riss,  5-6  ryss, 
6  St.  ryis(s. 

c  1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Thorpe)  Iviii.  i  Fram  Ia5um,  f?e  me., on 
risan  \yillaS.  c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  103  Ich  ne  mai  wift- 
uten  J)in  elp  risen,  c  1250  Gen.  <$•  Ex.  4039  Of  Se  sal  risen 
sterre  bri^t.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  14495  A"  fce  werld  mon 
wit  him  rijs.  c  1340  HAMPOLK  Pr.  Consc.  4810  pai  shalle 
with  bam  rys  ogayn.  1382  WYCLIF  /'j.  xciii.  16  Who  shal 
al  rijsen  to  me  a^en  the  warieris  ?  ("1440  Pronip,  Paw. 
435/1  Rysyn  erly.  1483  Cat/i.  Angl.  309/2  To  Ryse  be  fore 
day.  1550  CKOWLEY  Epigr.  626  Fewe..do  vse  to  rise 
earelye.  1556  Chron.  Gr.  Friars  (Camden)  59  Thoys  that 
dyd  rysse  in  dyvers  places.  1567  Gnde  $  Goalie  B.  (S.T.S.) 
234,  I  do  call  on  all  men  mortall  To  ryis.  1590  SI-ENSER 
F.  Q.  i.  iii.  19  None  durst  rize.  .him  in  to  lett. 
b.  3  sing.  pres.  ind.  4-5  rist(e,  ryst(e. 

13  .  K.  Alis.  2158  (Bodl.  MS.),  Now  rist  grete  tabor 
betyng.  (71330  R.  URUNNE  Chron.  II 'ace  (Rolls)  15597  P61" 
kynde  so  ryst  on  heyghte.  c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  CT.  W,  887 
Thisbe^  Tysbe  ryst  vp  with-outyn  ony  host. 

2.  Pa.  t.  a.  3-5  ras  (5  rass),  3-4  (9)  raas,  5-9 
rase,  9  raze  ;  4-6  (8)  rais,  5-6  raiss  (6  raisz), 
5  raysj  6  rayis ;  5  rayse,  5-9  raise,  8  raaize, 
9  raaise;    7,  9  rease.  9  reaise,  reaaze. 

After  1300  these  forms  are  only  Sc.  and  northern. 

c  1200  ORHIN  4341  Crist  ras  upp  off  da;|?e.  a  1300  E.  E. 
Psalter  xix.  9  We  raas,  and  rightid  are.  f  1340  HAMPOLE 
Pr.  Consc.  4308  Als  he  fradederase.  ci^sWvNTOUN  Cron. 
i.  xvi.  1542  Agayn  his  fadyr.  .pan  he  [Jupiter]  rase,  c  1470 


men  rais  in  our  contrairie.  c  1620  A.  HUME  Brit.  Tongue 
(1865)  18  Ther  rease. .a  hoat  disputation  betuene  him  and 
me.  1718  RAMSAY  Chrises  Kirk  Gr.  MI.  iii,  To  see  the 
young  fouk  ere  they  raise.  1785  Hi;TTONj5ra«  New  \Vark 
(E.  D.  S.)  367  Up  as  she  raaize.  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mart. 
xxvii,  To.. sit  by  the  chimley  when  the  reek  rase.  1881 
SARGISSON  Joe  Scoafi  105  When  t'sun  reaaze  an  set.  1883 
R.  M.  FERGUSSON  Rambl.  Sk.  Far  North  143  The  water 
raise  an'  raise. 

0.  3-5  ros,  4-6  roos ;  4-  rose  (5  rosse),  4-5  . 
roose   (5  //.  rosyn,   roosen),   6  roase,  rhose, 
9  roze,  dial,  rause.  rauze^awse,  ruse,  ruz. 

c  1250  Gen.  $  Ex.  4152  Swilc  prophete.  .Ros  non.  c  1300 
Keket  1082  He  ros  him  up  and  bihuld.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PL 
B.  v.  234,  I  roos  whan  \>c\  were  avest.  ^1385  CHAVCER 
L.G.  W.  Prol.  us  (Tanner  MS.),  The  son  that  roose  as 
rede  as  rose,  c  1410 Sir  Cleges  194  He.. rosse  upe  in  that 
stede.  c  1449  PECOCK  AV/r.  v.  iii.  497  [There]  roosen  also 
nianye  untrewe  sectis.  1568  GKAFTON  Chron.  II.  382  Then 
roase  the  streete,  namely  the  youth,  a  1591  H.  SMITH  Wks* 
(1867)  I.  444  Thou.. hast  rebelled  more  since  thou  rosest. 
1637  MILTON  Lycidas  30  The  Star  that  rose,  .bright.  173* 
BERKELEY  Alciphr.  \.  §  i  Next  morning  Euphranor  rose 
early.  1804  R.  ANDERSON  Cumbld.  Ball,  (c  1850)  68  Fast  flew 
the  hours — now  ruse  the  inuin. 

7.  pi.  2,  4-5  risen,  4-5  rysen,  5  resyn,  reson, 
rison  ;  sing,  (and//.)  6 rysse,  6-7  risse  ;  6 ryse, 
6-8  rise,  7  rizze;  7,  9  dial,  riss  (7  riss*,  ris1), 
ris,  riz. 

1154  0.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1135,  Ajenes  him  risen 
sona  [>a  ricemen.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PL  A.  v.  176  pel  Risen 
vp  Raply.  1382  WYCLIF  i  Sam.  xx.lv.  8  Dauid..sufTrede 
hem  not,  that  the!  rysen  into  Saul,  a  1440  Sir  Eglant.2%4 
Hertys  reson  on  eche  a  syde.  1556  Chron.  Gr.  Friars 
(Camden)  45  Thys  yere.  .rysse  a  gret  tempest.  1590  LOIX;E 
Rosafynde  (Hunterian  CD  55  He  rise  vp  and  went  to  him. 
1609  TOUKNEUR  Funeral  Poem  2  From  thy  spirit  rixze^  thy 


136 


nearer.     1676  HOBBES  Iliad  379  Achilles.,  sat  upon  the  seat 
from  whence  he  ris.    1715  M.  DAVIES  Athen.  Brit.  I.  iS4 


RISE. 


709 


RISE. 


His  great  zeal.. rise,  at  last,  so  high,  that  [etc].  1876  J/V. 
Gray  <y  Neighbours  \.  78  This  was  long  before  the  day  when 
Curates  riz.  1900  Cent.  Mag.  Feb.  605  The  goat.. riz  on 
his  hind  legs. 

5.  4  (pi.}  risiden;    6  rysed,  ryssyd,  risde, 
7  ris'd,  rised. 

1388  WYCLIF  2  Saw.  xviii.  31  Alle  men  that  risiden  a^ens 
thee.  [15..  Adam  Bell  *x*  in  Child  Ballads  III.  23/2  They 
rysed  the  to\vne  of  mery  Cartel.  1562  Child' Marriages  108 
Roger. .rysed  this  tale  hy in-self.]  1579  Poore  Knights 
Palace  Y  iiij,  Then  Beauty  risde,  and  thus  she  gan  to  say. 
1608  MACHIN  Dumb  Knight  iv.  i,  I.  .ris'd  on  my  rightside. 
1653  DOROTHY  OSBORNE  Lett.  (1888)  59,  I  lay  abed  all  next 
day.  .and  rised  on  Thursday. 

3.  Pa.  pple.  a.  3  risenn,  4-  risen  (4  risun, 
4-5  risin,  7  ris'n);  4-5  resen.  (5  -in,  -ine),  4-6 
resyn,  6  reysen ;  5  rissyn  (6  Sc.  rissin(e), 
ryssyn,  rysun,  56  rysen,  -yn  ;  9  dial,  ruzzen. 
c  1200  ORMIN  11552  Affterr  batt  he  wass.. risenn  upp. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  2839  Bi  bat  pe  sun  risen  was.  13.-  — 
6751  (GotO,  If  he  sunne  be  resin  |>an.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Set. 
\Vks.  II.  140  Bifore  J>at  Crist  was  risun.  c  1400  Land  Troy 
Bk.  16991  The  sonne  is  rysen.  c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  Iv, 
By  example  of  this  kyng . . ,  resen  of  poore  bloude.  1513-14 
Act  5  Hen.  J '///,  c.  3  Preamble,  Wolle  is  resyn  of  a  farre 
gretter  price.  1533  GAU  Richt  Vay  104  The  sekkis.  .quhilk 
ar  rissine  laitlie  in  the  kirk.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  624  To 
morrow.. we  must  be  ris'n. 

/3.  4  i-rise,  4,  6-7  rise,  5  rys,  7  risse,  rize, 
rizze,  7,  9  ris,  9  dial,  ris',  riss,  riz. 

1387  THHVISA  Higdcn  (Rolls)  VIII.  21  5if  eny  sclaundre 
were  i-rise.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  I.  207  Whan.. every  man 
was  rise abou te.  1430-40  LVDG.  Bochasu.  i.  (1554)420/1  The 
Philistines  Were  rys  again.  1600  BRETON  Wks.  (Grosart) 
1. 1 1/2  When ..  Robin  Hood  is  rise  againe.  1607  MIDDLETON 
Michaelmas  Term  in.  i.  126  If  'twere  risse  to  a  flame.  1610 
G.  FLETCHER  Chris? s  Viet.  I.  xlii,  As  though  another  day 
were  newly  ris.  1684  T,  BUKNKT  Theory  Earth  n.  78  Flames 
and  smoak  have. .rise  out  of  the  sea.  1866  Low KLL  Biglow 
P.  Ser.  n.  Poems  1890  II.  222  A  betch  o1  bread  that  hain't 
riz.  1890  J.  CLARK  Pearl  i.  v,  He's  ris'  in  the  world. 

•y.  6-8,  9  dial.  rose. 

a  1593  MARLOWE  Edw.  //,  i.  iv,  Had  some  bloodless  fury 
rose  from  hell.  1631  MASSINGEK  Believe,  as  Yon  List  11.  i, 
Is  he  Rose  from  the  dead?  1675  MARVELL  Wks.  (Grosarl) 
I.  274  It  was  understood  the  Lords  were  rose.  1712 
ARBUTHNOT  Jolm  Bull  i.  xii,  He  has  rose  early  and  sate  up 
late.  1776  [see  io).  1884  J.  C.  EGEHTON  Sussex  Folk  fy 
Ways  100  A  hurt  which  had  rose  a  hump  on  her  back. 

B.  Signification. 

In  transferred  or  figurative  uses  it  maybe  difficult  to  decide 
which  of  the  literal  senses  is  implied  :  sometimes  a  mixture  of 
ideas  appears  to  be  present.  Compare  the  note  to  RAISE?/.* 

I.  intr.  To  get  up  from  sitting,  lying,  or  repose. 
1.  To  get  up  from  a  sitting,  kneeling,  or  lying 
posture ;  to  assume  a   standing   position ;  to  get 
upon  one's  feet.     Also  with  conipl.  (quot.  1847). 

c  1200  ORMIS  6028  patt  door,  .patt  risebb  o  be  bridde  da^ 
Affterr  batt  itt  iss  wheollpedd.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  15282 
Quen  bis  super  was  all  don,  lesus  ras  of  his  sette.  1375 
BARDOUR  Bruce  in.  567  Eftir  the  mete  sone  rais  the  king, 
..And  went..towart  pe  Se.  c  1450  tr.  De  Imitatione  \\. 
viii.  48  Dide  not  Mary  Mawdeleyn  rise  oute  of  hjr  place? 
1548-9  (Mar.)  Bk.  Com.  Prayer^  Communion  16  Then  shall 


Her  Grace  rose,  and  with  modest  paces  Came  to  the  Altar. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  958  But  rise,  let  us  no  more  contend 
[etc.].  1766  GRAY  Impromptus  n  When  you  rise  from 
your  Dinner  as  light  as  before.  1821  SwsLLKV AdettaU'xlv* 
a  The  inheritors  of  unfulfilled  renown  Rose  from  their 
thrones.  1847  TENNYSON  Princess  n.  27  She  rose  her 
height.  1882  STEVENSON  New  Arab. Nts.  (1901)  113/2  The 
landlord,  .rose  from  a  business-table  under  the  key-rack. 

b.    With  Up. 

c  1200  ORMIN  2741  5ho  ras  upp  sone  rtnan,&  for  Upp  inntill 
he3he  munntess.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  2813  'Rises  vp,'  he 
said,  'and  fle  see  sone'.  1393  LANGL.  /'.  PL  C.  xxi.  283 
Rys  vp  ragamoffyn,  and  reche  me  a!le  be  barres.  c  1440 
Alph.  Talcs  294  Sho..rase  vpp  &  went  furth  of  be  kurk. 
1530  PALSGR.  692/2  He  rose  up  on  his  fete  quyckly.  1593 
SHAKS.  2  Hen.  K/,  v.  i.  78  Ideu,  kneele  downe.  rise  vp  a 
Knight.  1655  Theophania  14  Immediately  Synesius  putting 
back  his  Chair,  rise  up,  and  replied.  1710  STEELE  Tatler 
No.  122  p  i  The  wliole  Assembly  rose  up  to  do  him  Honour. 
J742~3  Johnsoifs  Debates  (1787)  II.  515  Lord  Aylesford 
then  rose  up,  and  spoke  to  the  following  purpose.  1847 
TENNYSON  Princess  n.  55  Then  an  officer  Rose  up,  and  read 
the  statutes. 

fc.  With  reflexive  dative.  Obs. 

c  1200  ORMIN  2655  }ho  ras  hire  upp,  SforananUpp  tiintill 
hejhe  cludess.  a  1300  Cursor  J/.  16301  Pilate  him  ras,  and 
forth  yode  vte  o  £e  pretori.  c  1374  CHAUCKR  Troyltis  iv. 
232  He  rist  him  up,  and  every  dore  he  shette  And  windowe 
eek.  1c  1400  LYDG.  Monk  who  honoured  the  Virgin  66  He 
rose  hym  vp  and  privelich  he  is  went  In  to  hys  chambre. 

fd.  To  rise  away,  to  get  up  and  depart;   to 
leave  the  table.   Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  15690  Quen  he  had  mad  his  orisun,  vp 
beben  he  ras  ewai.  a  1643  SUCKLING  Fragm.  Aurea  (1646) 
8  And  O,  when  once  that  course  is  past,.. Men  rise  away, 
and  scarce  say  Grace  I 

e.  Of  animals,  esp.  game:   To  get  up,  issue, 
from  lair  or  covert.     (Cf.  13  b.) 

ci4ia  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  i,  [The  hare] 
shall  go  a  bowe  shote  or  more  by  o  way  and  ryse  agayne 
by  an  other,  a  1440  Syr  Eglam.  284  Hertys  reson  on 
eche  a  syde.  1596  SI-KNSER  F.  Q.  vi.  x.  34  A  Tigre  forth 
out  of  the  wood  did  rise.  1637  MASSINGKR  Guardian  i.  i, 
No  game  shall  rise  But  we'll  be  ready  for't  J  if  a  hare,  my 
greyhounds  Shall  make  a  course. 

f.  Of  animals,  esp.  a  horse  :  To  assume  an  erect 
position  on  the  hind  legs,  etc. ;  false  to  rise  before. 


1658  SiRT,  BROWNE  Pseud.  Epid.  v.  xiii.  308  Because  his 
horse  rised  before  that  he  could  not  be  setled  on  his  back. 
1847  TENNYSON  Princess  v.  482  On  his  haunches  rose  the 
steed,  And  into  fiery  splinters  leapt  the  lance. 

g.  Of  hair,  etc.  :  To  become  erect  or  stiff. 
Also  of  things  which  have  been  bent :  To  re 
sume  an  upright  position. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixxv.  34  3our  heylis..Gars  ryis 
on  loft  my  quhillelillie,  1583  Leg.  Bp.  St.  Androis  404 
H is  rubigo  began  to  ryiss.  1626  BACON  Sylva  §  656  Of  all 
Plants  it  [the  reed]  bo  wet  h  the  easiest,  and  riseth  again. 
1726  LEOXI  AlbertCs  Archit.  I.  26/2  The  Pine  is  supposed 
to  have  the  same  Quality  as  the  Fir,  of  rising  against  the 
Weight  that  is  laid  upon  it.  1822  SHELLEY Fragm.  Utifin, 
Drama  167  The  sheaths.  .Rose  like  the  crest  of  cubra-di- 
capel.  1855  tr,  Rujfims  Dr.  Antonio  iii,  Sir  John's  hair 
rose  on  his  head. 

2.  To  get  up,  or  regain  one's  feet,  after  a  fall. 
Also  transf.  andy5&r. 

c  1205  LAV.  1555  ^if  he  hine  mid  sweorde  at  •ran,  nea  ras 
he  neuermare.  tizzo  Bestiary 627  Dat  }e  ne  falle..is  most 
in  hireSojt,  For  he  ne  hauen  no  Ii3  oat  he  musen  risen  wi5. 
c  1368  CHAUCKR  Compl.  Pitc  17  Aclovne  I  fel.  ,Ued«  as  stone, 
. .  But  vp  I  roose.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  7778  Bothe  wire  back 
ward  bere  borne  of  bere  horses,. .  But  Achilles  aftir  aunirid 
to  rise.  1415  HOCCI.EVE  To  Sir  J.  Oldcastle  104  Now  syn 
the  feend  hath  youen  tlie  a  fa!,,  .ryse  vp  &  slynge  him  doun  ! 
a  1542  WYATT  in  Tottcfs  Misc.  (Arb.)  76  And  if  my  hope 
sometime  ryse  vp,  by  some  redresse  :  It  stumbleth  straite, 
for  feble  faint.  1590  SPKNSER /•'.£>.  i.viii.  15  Downe  lie  fell. .; 
No  powre  he  had  to  stirre,  nor  will  to  rixe.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  i.  211  Chain 'd  on  the  burning  Lake,  nor  ever  thence 
Had  ris'n  or  heav'd  his  head.  1781  COWPER  Truth  588 
Pride  falls  unpitied.  never  more  to  rise.  1784  —  Task  vi. 
444  When  he  charg  d  the  Jew  T'assist  his  foe's  down-fallen 
beast  to  rise.  1885  RIUKH  HAGGARD  A'.  Solomons  Mines 
xiv,  More  than  three  thousand  four  hundred  had  fallen  in 
this  one  regiment,  most  of  them  never  to  rise  again. 

b.  fg.  To  recover  from  a  spiritual  fall,  or  a 
state  of  sin. 

r  1200  ORMIN  2752  All  swa  l)irr)>  hlmm  forrbrihht  anan  All 
risenn  upp  off  sinne.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  26516  ^an  sal  it 
helpe  be  Vte  o  bi  smra}»er  to  rise  To  crist.  1415  HUCCLEVI-: 
To  Sir  jf.  Oldcastle  32  To  longe  Iiaast  thow  bathid  in  |?at 
folie  !  Ryse  vp  i^  pourge  thee  of  thy  trespas  !  1563  WINJET 
Wks.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  76  Sen  the  iust  man  sinnisseum  tymes  on 
the  day,  and  rysis  agane.  1596  DALBYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  II ist. 
Scotl.  Frol.  i  The  radier  w.itde  thay  ryse  frome  lliair  dark 
errouris.  1667  MILTON  P.  L,  n,  15  From  this  descent 
Celestial  vertues  rising,  will  appear  More  glorious  and  more 
dread  then  from  no  fall.  1781  COWI-ER  Truth  480  And  is 
the  soul,  indeed,  so  lost? — she  cries  ;  Fall'n  from  her  glory, 
and  too  weak  to  rise '( 

3.  To  get  up  from  sleep  or  rest. 

c  1200  Trin,  Coll.  Horn.  13  DC  "dridde  is  batman  be  waker, 
and  hht,..and  erliche  rise,  and  jernliche  seche  chireche. 
a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  iii.  5,  I  am  methful,  for  i  slepe ;  And 
i  ruas,  for  lauerd  me  kcpe.  f  1386  CHAUCER  Prol.  33,  I., 
made  forward  erly  for  to  ryse.  c  1400  Desir.  Troy  ^i^ 
fen  he  rose  fro  his  rest  in  a  rad  hast.  c  1440  Alph.  Tales 
20  All  his  brcther  when  bai  hard  be  bell,  rase  &  went  to 
matyns.  c  1500  Melusine  360  On  the  next  day  erly  gefTray 
roos.  1558  GOODMAN  Ilo~u  to  Obey  168  To  talke  of  them  . . 
when  they  went  to  bed,  and  when  they  shuld  rise.  1613 
PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  n.  xv.  (1614)  193  Before  their  Pente 
cost,  they  rise  before  it  is  light.  1650  HOWEI.L  Lett.  III. 
il.  4  They  must  rise  betimes  that  can  put  tricks  upon  you. 
1711  ADDISON  Spcct.  No.  106  f  i  Sir  Roger. .lets  me  rise 
and  go  to  Bed  when  I  please.  1782  Miss  HURNEY  Cecilia 
vi.  ix,  1  suppose.. you  will  rise  with  the  lark  to-morrow 
morning?  1807  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart  (1837)  II.  iv.  130 
On  the  principle  contained  in  the  old  proverb: — He  that 
would  thrive — must  rise  by  five.  1810  CK.ABBC  Borough  xx. 
190  Although  revived,  I.  .went  to  rest,  to  wonder  that  I  rose. 
1859  TENNYSON  Geraint  160  Guinevere  lay  late  into  the 
morn, . ,  But  rose  at  last. 

fig.  1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  iv.  iv.  106  The  Mary-gold,  that 
goes  to  bed  with  Sun,  And  with  him  rises,  weeping.     1822 
SHELI.EY  Trin  mphLifc  18  In  succession  due,  did  continent, 
Isle,  ocean,.  .Rise  as  the  Sun  their  father  rose. 
b.    With  Up. 

(Ti2oo  ORMIN  8363  He  ras  up  &  toe  }>e  child,.. &  for  till 
Issraa;less  land,  c  1300  Havclok  584  Ris  up  swi^e,  ..And 
blou  (>e  fir, and  lith  a  kandel.  la  1366 CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose 
95  Up  I  roos,  and  gan  me  clothe.  1423  J  AS.  I  KingsQnair 
xi,  And  vp  1  rase,  no  Linger  wald  I  lye.  1590  SHAKS.  Mids. 
IV.  iv.  i.  129  No  doubt  they  rose  vp  early,  to  obserue  The 
right  of  May.  1611  BIBLE  Gen.  xxii.  3  Abraham  rose  vp 
earely  in  the  morning.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xxii. 
IV.  802  Every  morning  hundreds  of  thousands  rose  up 
hoping  to  hear  that  the  treaty  was  signed.  1878  BROWNING 
La  Saisiaz  15  Nothing  dark  next  day  at  sundawn  !  Up  I 
rose  and  forth  I  fared. 

4.  To  return  to  life;  to  come  back  from  death 
or  out  of  the  grave.      Also  with  iip. 

c  1200  Trin. Coll.  Hom.\\^  He..ros  ofdeSe  be  bridde  dai. 
c  1230  Gen.  ($•  Ex*  261  Ihesus. .  Ros  fro  ded  on  5e  sunenday. 
c  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  4810  For  bai  shalle  with  J?am 
rys  ogayn  pat  byfor  war  dede.  c  1386  CHAUCEK  Pars.  T. 
F  86  Riseth  up,  ye  that  been  dede,  and  cometh  to  the  luge- 
ment.  ci^oAlph,  Tales  15  Hym  boght  bis  monke  rase 
owteof  his  grafe  &  come  vntohym.  1500-20  DUNHAR  Poems 
ix.  67  We  sail  ryss  compleit  And  tak  our  flesche  agane. 
1595  SHAKS.  John  in.  iv.  86  And  so  hee'll  dye  :  and  rising  so 
againe.  .1  shall  not  know  him.  1624  DONNE  Serm.  xix.  191 
Others  were  raised  but  He  onely  rose.  1699  BENTLF.Y  Phal. 
64  They  would  never  have  believed,  that  he  had  rose  from 
the  dead.  1736  Genii.  Mag.  VI.  452/1  Were  their  Fore 
fathers  to  rise  up  and  to  see  any  of  their  Descendants.  1784 
Cowi'KR  Task  v.  830  Hasting  to  a  grave,  yet  doom'd  to 
rise.  1865  KINGSLEY  Hereiv.  xxxtii,  He  beheld  St.  Ethel- 
dreda  and  her  maidens  rise  from  their  tombs  by  night. 

/?£•.  1602  SHAKS.  Hum.  \.  ii.  257  Foule  deeds  will  rise, 
Though  all  the  earth  orewhelm  them  to  mens  eies.  1812 
BYKON  Ch.  Har.  \.  Ixxxiii.  7  And  Vice.. Had  buried  long 
his  hopes,  no  more  to  rise.  1894  RALEIGH  Eng.  Novel  \\t 
The  literatures  of  Greece  and  Rome,  rising  from  the  grave. 


5.  To  fall  or  set  upon^  to  take  hostile  steps  or 
measures  against,  one. 

c  1000  Ags,  Ps.  (Thorpe)  Iviii.  i  Alys  me  fram  Ia5um,  ^e 
me  lungre  on  nsan  willa6.  a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  iii.  i  Fele 
rise  ogaine  me.  Ibid.  xvii.  43  pou.  .vnderlaide  vnder  me 
in  me  riseand.  1382  WYCLIF  Ps.  xvii.  49  Fro  men  rUende 
in  to  me,  thpu  slialt  enhaunce  me.  a  1425  CntsorM.  12064 
(Trin.),  On  ihesu  roos  J>ei  alte  bldene.  1567  Gude  $  GodlL- 
/>'.  (S.  T.  S.)  in  Quhen  men  rais  in  our  contratrie.  x6n 
BIBLE  Eccl.  x.  4  If  the  spirit  of  the  ruler  rise  vp  against 
thee,  leaue  not  thy  place.  1653  MILTON  Ps.  Ixxxvi.  49  O 
God  the  proud  against  me  rise. 

b.  To  make  insurrection  against  (on,  upon , 
one  ;  to  offer  armed  resistance;  to  rebel  or  revolt ; 
to  take  up  arms. 

1154  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1135,  For  a^enes  him 
risen  sona  ba  ricemen  be  wseron  swikes.  1338  R.  BKUNNE 
Chron.  (1810)  237  Edward  wex  fulle  grim,  whan  he  wist  he 
[Llewelyn]  was  risen,  c  1386  CHAUCER  Monk's  T.  537  The 
peple  roos  up-on  him  on  a  night  For  his  default.  1415 
HOCCLKVE  To  Sir  y.  Oldcastle  386  Ne  neuere  they.  .With 
wepnes  roos  to  slee  folk,  &  assaillc.  1495  Act  n  Hen.  VII, 
c.  7  Leders  that  unlaufully  cause  the  seid  people  to  gedre  or 
rise.  1530  PAI.SGR.  692/1,  I  remember  well  ynough,  whan 
the  commens  of  Cornewall  dyd  ryse.  1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  I'/, 
i.  ii.  41  You  Edward  shall  vnto  my  Lord  Cobham,  With 
whom  the  Kcntishmcn  will  willingly  rise.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  vi.  136  Fool,  not  to  think  how  vain  Against  th' 
Omnipotent  to  rise  in  Arms.  1781  J.  MOOUE  Italy  (1790) 
II.  Jiii.  113  Subjects  seldom  rise  through  a  desire  of  attack 
ing.  1797  MKS.  RADCLII  FE  Italian  xii,  Do  you  know  that 
every  brother  in  the  convent  would  rise  to  avenge  it '{  1855 
MACAULAY  I/isf.  Eng.  xvii.  IV.  16  The  peaceful  inhabitants 
.  rose  on  the  soldiers.  1874  GHKKX  Short  Hist.  ii.  §6.  85 
The  baronage  ^eized  the  opportunity  to  rise  in  arms.  Ibid. 
vi.  §  i.  274  Rouen  rose  against  her  feeble  garrison. 

fig,  1850  TKNNVSON  In  Mem.  cxxii.  2  When  I  rose  up 
against  my  doom.  1858  M.  AKNOI.D  Merofie  46  Seek  this 
[sc.  hate] ;  revive,  unite  it,  give  it  hope  ;  Bid  it  rise  boldly 
at  the  signal  given. 

6.  a.  Mil.  To  break  up  camp ;  to  retire  or  draw 
offy/vw  (a  siege). 

a  1557  Diurn,  Occnrr.  (Bann.  Cl.)  32  Vpoun  the  saxti-ne 
day  uf  Malj,  the  haill  army  rai>s  and  come  to  Seytoun.  1617 
MOKYSOX  Itin.  I!.  109  The  fifteenth  his  Lordship  rose,  and 
marching  some  fifteene  miles,  inc.ir.iped  in  Evagh.  1665 
SIR  T.  HERKK.HT  Trav,  (1677)  E6  Sultan  Perwu-,  and 
Mahobet-chan  hasten . .  to  relieve  the  Garrison  e're  the 
Rebels  rose  from  before  it.  1711  Fingall  J\1SS.  in  \t>th 
Rep.  Hist.  J/.V-S'.  Comiit.  App.  V.  131  His  Majesty  com 
manded  the  camp  to  i  i^u  and  return  towards  lJuMm.  1736 
DUAKK  I-lbora:nin  166  Xut  thinking  tiiemselvesable  to  fight 
him  and  continue  the  siege,  they  resolved  to  rise. 

b.  Of  a  deliberative  assembly  or  law-court  : 
To  adjourn,  esp.  for  a  vacation  or  recess. 

1663  I'EPYS  Diary  2  June,  The  terme  ended  yesterday,  and 
it  seems  the  Courts  rose  sooner  for  want  of  causes  than  it 
is  remembered  to  have  done  in  the  memory  of  man.  1675 
MARVKLL  Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  487  Afier  MJITIC  time  it 
was  understood,  that  the  Lords  were  rose  without  taking 
any  consideration  at  all  of  our  Conference,  a  1757  E. 
MOORE  in  Dodsl.  Coll.  Poems  (178-)  IV.  281  Now  the 
parliament's  rising,  and  bus'ness  is  done.  1790  Ji:i  i  I.KS  N 
li'rit,  (1859)  III.  162  There  is  an  idea  that  Congress  will 
rise  about  the  middle  of  July.  1837  LOCKHART  Scott  I.  xi. 
^70  He  had  hurried  up  to  town  as  soon  as  the  Court  of 
Session  rose  fur  the  spring  vacation.  1885  M~anch,  E.iam. 
12  Aug.  5/1  It  was  generally  understood  that  Parliament 
will  rise  on  Friday  next. 

t  7.  To  rise  itp  to,  to  show  deference  or  respect 
to  (some  authority,  opinion,  etc.).  Obs. 

For  examples  of  rise  to  in  literal  sense,  see  To^>r^. 

1621  l>i'.  MOUNTACU  DiatribtB  520  Master  Selden . .  thought 
himself  to  be  the  only  man  with  the  great  shadow,  unto 
whom  wee  poore  ignorants  in  Philology  ought  to  rise  up 
and  rely  on.  1624  — -  Gagg  32  Prove  them  \sc.  traditions]  true, 
undoubted  and  we  rise  up  unto  them.  1699  \\va-\i.\-.\ Plial, 
257  Who  will  nut  rise  up  now  to  this  Gentleman's  Opinion? 
II.  To  ascend,  mount  up. 

8.  Of  the  heavenly  bodies  :  To  come  above  the 
horizon.  Also  transf.  of  daylight,  darkness,  etc. 

c  izoo  ORMIN  7273  We  sa^henn  itt  full  brad  &  brihht  /Est, 
ta;r  be  sunne  risef>j>.  c  1250  Kent.  Serm.  in  O.  E.  Misc.  26 
To-janes  bo  sunne  risindde.  a  tyxt  Cursor  M.  6751  Ifbeson 
be  risen  ban.  £1374  CHAUCER  Compl.  Mars  2  Loo  Venus 
rysen  amonge  yow  rowesrede  !  a  1400-50  Alexander  5055 
Sone  as  ^eday-rawe  rase  he  risis  vp  belyue.  1508  DUNBAR 
Tna  Manii  IVemen  471  3'*  haif  I  solace,  .quhill  the  sone 
ryse.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Coitun.  105  Pourposynge 
whan  the  Mone  rose,  to  take  the  towne  of  Tugie  thereby. 
1625  N.  CARPENTER  Gcogr.  Del.  i._x.  (1635)  223  With  them 
a  few  starres  are  seen  to  set  and  rise.  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
iv.  607  Till  the  Moon  Rising  in  clouded  Majestic,,  un- 
vaild  her  peerless  light.  1712  BLACKMORE  Creation  iv.  207 
Nor  would  the  various  Seasons  of  the  Year,  By  Turns  re 
volving,  rise  and  disappear.  1771  EncycL  Brit.  I.  486/2 
Beginning  at  the  moment  when  some  star  rose,  and  con 
tinuing  until  it  rose  the  next  following  morning.  1832  HT. 
MABTINEAU  Hill  fy  Valley  viii.  124  That  morning  rose  fair 
and  bright.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  109  He  has  come 
before  the  dawn  had  risen  to  testify  his  zeal. 
fig.  ci2oo  ORMIN  7280  Crist  iss  ec.  .patt  sunnebaem  batt 
risebb  a}?  I  gode  menness  herrtess.  1388  WYCLIF  Mat. 
iv.  2To5ou..the  sunne  of  ri^twisnesse  schal  rise,  c  1550 
Sterne  is  rissin  in  Ditnoar's  Poems  (1893)  329  The  Sterne  of 
glory  is  rissyn  ws  to  gyd.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  II,  HI.  ii.  50 
When  this  Theefe, this  Traytor  Bullingbrooke,.. Shall  see  vs 
rising  in  our  Throne,  the  East.  1736  Genii.  Mag.  VI.  460/1 
Dullness.. is  a  Thing  of  an  uniform,  fix'd  Nature;. .not 
rising  and  setting.  1781  COWPER  Table-T.  560  Thus  genius 
rose  and  set  at  order'd  times.  1821  SHELLEY  Hellas  195 
Kings  are  like  stars — they  rise  and  set. 

b.  Similarly  of  other  things,  as  vessels  at  sea. 

1832  MARRYAT  N.  Forster  xlvii,  Her  fore-yard  is  but  now 
clear  of  the  water,  but  she  rises  very  fast.  1850  TENNYSON  In 
Mem.  xii.  n,  I.  .reach  the  glow  of  southern  skies,  And  see  the 


RISE. 

sails  at  distance  rise.  1861  C.  READE  Cloister  %  //.  xxxviii, 
A  company  of  mounted  soldiers. .  rose  to  sight  on  the  brow 
of  a  hill. 

•  9.  a.  Of  smoke,  vapour,  or  the  like  :  To  ascend 
mto  the  nir,  mount  up.  Also  _/?£*. 

a  1300  Cursor .!/.  1644  O  bair  malice  mai  naman  speke  Til 
heuen  jjer-of  it  rises  be  smeke.  1383  WVCLIF  Num.  xxviii. 
24  The  moostswete  smel. .,  the  which  shal  ryse  of  the  brent 
sacrifice.  1x1400-50  Alexander  1566  Sum  with  sensours.. 
Quare-of  be  reke  aromatike  rase  to  be  welken.  145$  SIR  G. 
HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  26  Thare  rais  out  a  reyk.  1516 
TINDALE  Rev.  xix.  3  And  agayne  they  laid:  Alleluya. 
And  smoke  rose  vp  for  evermore.  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE] 
D'Acosttfs  Hist.  Indies  11.  vii.  97  For  this  reason  the 
vapours  rise  not  commonly  in  the  night.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  xii.  630  As  Ev'ning  Mist  RiVn  from  a  River  o're  the 
marish  glides.  1765  GRAY  Shaks.  22  From  our  works 
sublimer  fumes  shall  rise.  1781  COWPER  Anti-Thelyphth.  94 
Hypothesis.. Bade  rise  in  haste  a  dank  and  drizzling  fog. 
1821  SHELLEY  Epifsych.  470  From  the  sea  there  rise,  .clear 
exhalations.  1841  LANE  Arab.  Nts.  I.  83  Upon  this,  the 
Efreet  shook,  and  became  converted  again  into  smoke, 
which  rose  to  the  sky. 

b.  Of  trees,  etc. :  To  grow,  in  respect  of  height. 
Also  with  complement. 

1601  DOLMAN  La  Primattd.  Fr.  Acatt.  (1618)  in.  755  It 
cannot  stand  vpright . .  if  it  be  not  alwaies  propped,  at  least 
wise  when  it  riseth  neuer  so  little  high.  1608  SHAKS.  Per. 


the  Skies.  1763  MILLS  Syst.  Pract.  Hnsb.  IV.  401  This 
tree  seldom  rises  higher  than  from  twenty  to  thirty  feet. 
1797  l-'.ncycl.  Brit.  ,ed.  3}  XI.  371/2  There  are  three  species, 
all  of  them  exotic  trees,  ..rising  near  20 feet  high.  1885  Ibid. 
(ed.  9)  XIX.  511/2  The  American  Aspen,  .seldom  rising  to  a 
greater  height  than  30  feet. 

10.  Of  the  sea,  rivers,  or  water  :  To  increase  in 
height,  esp.  through  the  tides  or  floods  ;  to  swell. 

a  1300  Cursor  Af.  1425  Fra  noe  quen  be  flod  ras  Til 
abraham.  Ibid.  1767  PC  see  [gan]  to  ris,  be  erth  to  riue. 
i  1425  WYSTOI'N  Cron.  iv.  iii.  200  pe  rywere  off  Ewfrate  Swa 
reiihe  ban  risande  was  of  spate  pat  he  na  mycht  be  towne 
cum  ntre.  a  1547  SURREY  in  Tottets  Misc.  (Arber)  16  In 
grene  wanes  when  the  salt  flood  Doth  rise,  by  rage  of  winde. 
1596  HARIXGTON  Metatn.  Ajax  (1814)  1 19  He  observed  still 
that  the  deeper  he  sunk,  the  higher  the  water  rose.  1617 
MORYSON  /tin.  i.  66  When  the  river  riseth,  it .  .overflowetft 
the  fields  on  both  sides.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  824  Till 
inundation  rise  Above  the  highest  Hills.  1719  UK  FOE 
Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  50  The  Tide  rising  and  setting  in  to  the 
Shore.  1776  SEMPI.E  Buildingin  IVater $7  The  Water  had 
rose  only  thirteen  Inches.  1836  MARRYAT  Midsh,  Easy 
xxvi,  The  sun  was  obscured .  .and  the  sea  was  rising  fast. 
1890  WALLACK  Darwinism  24  The  river  sometimes  rose  30 
feet  in  eight  hours. 

transf.  1535  COVKRDALE  yer.  xlvL  8  It  is  Egipte  that 
ryseth  vp  like  the  flonde.  1819  SHELLEY  Piter  Bell  yd 
iv.  xxii,  And  wit,  like  ocean,  rose  and  fell. 

b.  To   attain   to  a  greater   height   or  size ;   to 
swell  up  ;  to  puff  out. 

a  1425  Cursor  KI.  11120  (Trin.),  Bi  bis  hir  wombe  bigon 
to  rise.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Cresco,  jlfa-nia 
crescunt,  the  walles  rise  in  heigth  or  are  builded  vp  higher. 
1607  TOTSELL  Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  517  All  manner  of 
.;rain..and  such  things  cause  them  to  rise  in  flesh  grate- 
iully.  1650  BULW-ER  Anthropomet.  82  All  children  are  a 
little  camoised  about  the  Nose  before  the  bridge  riseth. 
1691  T.  H[ALK]  Ace.  New  Invent.  103  It  hath  crack'd,  flaw'd, 
and  rose  in  ridges,  a  1776  R.  JAMES  Diss.  Fevers  (ed.  8) 
51  The  blister,  .rose  well,  and  discharged  plentifully.  1807 
j\lt'tt.  yrnl.  XVII.  26  The  only  ones  whose  arms  did  not 
rise,  were  the  two  infants.  1843  R.  J.  GRAVES  Syst.  CUn. 
Med.  ix.  102  Leaving  the  blisters.. until  they  rise  fully;., 
when  risen  it  will  not  be  necessary  to  cut  them  at  once. 

c.  Of  dough  or  paste  :  To  *  work' or  swell  under 
leaven  ;  to  expand  under  heat.    (Cf.  RAISED.  31  b.) 

1548  ELYOT,  Fermentesco,  to  . .  rise  vppe  by  leauenyng. 
1764  ELIZ.  MOXON  Eng.  H0usew.(ed.  9)  in  Mix  all  these 
together  in  a  very  light  paste,  set  it  before  the  fire  till  it 
rise,  c  1860  My  Receipt  Bk.  (ed.  2)  69  If  the  oven  is  too 
slow  it  will  be  deficient  in  colour,  and  not  rise  well.  1875 
Encycl.  Brit.  III.  253/2  Generally  in  from  four  to  five  hours 
the  sponge  'rises'. 

d.  Of  fluids  :  To  reach  a  higher  level  in  a  con 
taining  vessel.     Hence  of  a  thermometer  or  baro 
meter  in  respect  of  the  mercury  in  the'tube. 

1658  WILLSFORD  Natures  Seer.  153  If  the  water.. rises 
or  falls  a  degree,.. the  weather  will  quickly  change.  1679 
MOXON  Math.  Diet.  (1700)  23  Quick-silver  in  a  1'ube  of 
Glass  that  Rises  against  fair  Dry  Weather.  1774  GOLDSM. 
Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  I.  393  Resembling  a  gut  filled  with  water, 
pressed  with  the  fingers,  to  make  the  fluid  rise,  or  fall.  1858 
LARDNER//a«<£<Wr.  Nat.  Phil.  224  The  water  continues  to  rise, 
until  it  passes  through  the  valve.  1860  Merc.  Mar.  Mag. 
VII.  339  A  barometer  begins  to  rise,  .before  the  conclusion 
of  a  gale. 

e.  Of  liquids,  molten  metal  :  To  boil  up. 

1839  [see  RISING  vbl.  sb.  9  b].  1853  SOYER  Pantrophcon 
274  Let  the  mixture  rise  three  times,  then  take  it  from  the 
fire.  1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  fy  Iron  xviii.  424  The 
softer  tempers  of  crucible  steel  rise  or  boil  in  the  moulds 
after  teeming. 

11.  Of  the  heart  or  emotions :  a.  To  be  elated 
with  joy  or  hope ;  to  become  more  cheerful. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  i.  278  Ther-with  his  herte  gan  to 
spede  and  rise.  ciyj^Cursor  M.  24489 (Fairf.),  Mihert  be-gan 
to  rise  &  li^t  &  my  chere  to  amende.  1621  LA»Y  M.  WROTH 
Urania  397  Her  heart  rise  a  Httle  in  deluding  hope.  1781 
COWPER  Table-T,  279  His  spirits  rising  as  his  toils  increase. 


I 


1891  R.  W.  CHURCH  Oxf.  Movem.  42  The  correspondence 
shows.. the  way  in  which  Froude's  spirit  rose,  under  the 
sense  of  having  such  a  friend  to  work  with. 

b.  To  be  stirred  by  excitement,  esp.  by  indigna 
tion  or  passion  (against  a  person  or  thing). 


710 

c  1325  Song  of  Yesterday  89  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  135  pe  fest 
wol  make  his  flesche  to  ris  And  drawe  his  herte  to  vanite. 
1530  PAI.SGR.  692/2  As  ones  herte  ryseth,  whan  there  is  a 
sudayne  daunger  towardes  hym. . .  My  herte  ryseth  agaynst 
him.  1621  LADY  M.  WROTH  Urania  375, 1  was  in  an  Agony 
to  see  it,  my  blond  rise,  and  all  my  senses  were  sensible  but 
of  disorder.  17x0  STKELE  Tatler  No.  247  p  6,  I  feel  all  the 
Woman  rise  in  me,  when  I  reflect  upon  the  nauseous  Rogues 
that  pretend  to  deceive  us.  1746  P.  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Ep. 
ii.  i.  103,  I  feel  my  honest  indignation  rise,  When  [etc.]. 
1819  MACAULAY  in  Trevelyan  Life  (1890)  69  When  I  cease. . 
to  feel  my  soul  ri.se  against  oppression,  I  shall  think  myself 
unworthy  to  be  your  son. 

c.  Of  the  stomach  :    To  nauseate  or  keck  (at 
something).     Alsoyig". 

1508  DUNBAR  Tna  Marilt  H'etnen  163  A  roust  that  is  sa 
rankild  quhill  risis  my  stomok.  1602  SHAKS.  Hani,  v.  i. 
207  And  how  abhorred  my  Imagination  is,  my  gorge  rises 
at  it.  1766-  [see  GORGE  s<0  5  b]. 

12.  To   extend  directly  upwards  or  away  from 
the  ground  ;  to  exhibit  successive  superposition  of 
parts ;  to  form  an  elevation  from  the  level. 

c  1330  R.  liRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  4577  Brod  &  bykke 
be  gynnynge  was,  &  euere  hit  narewef>  rysande  on  heyght. 
14. .  Sailing  Directions  (Hakl.  Soc.,  1889)  21  Than  go  your 
cours..and  ye  shall  not  faile  much  of  Stepilhorde  j  he  risith 
all  rounde  as  it  were  a  Coppid  hille.  1435  Indenture 
Fotheringhey  in  Dugdale  Monast.  (1846)  Vi.^  1414/2  Abof 
the  dore  of  the  said  stepill  a  wyndow  rysing  in  hight  al  so 
high  as  the  grete  arche  of  the  stepill.  1508  DUNBAR  Golden 
Targe  34  On  every  syde  the  hegies  raise  on  hicht.  1596 
UALRYMPI.E  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  n.  135  In  sindrie  places  he 
commandet  to  be  erected  gret  kairnis  of  stanes,  four  square 
vndirneth,..ryseng  vpe  poyntlings  lyke  a  steiple.  1610 
HOLLAND  Camdciis  Brit.  (1637)288  There  riseth  up  an  high 
mount.  1662  ).  DAVIES  tr.  Ouariwt1  Voy.  Ambuss.  159  At 
the  foot  of  this  Mountain  there  rises  another.  1709  POPE 
Spring  37  Four  figures  rising  from  the  work  appear.  1770 
UOI.D.SM.  Des.  I'ill.  65  Along  the  lawn,  where  scattered 
hamlets  rose.  1848  THACKERAY  I'an.  Fair  iii,  A  very  stout, 
puffy  man  . .  with  several  immense  neck-cloths,  that  rose 
almost  to  his  nose.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  iii.  §  4.  129  To 
the  west  of  the  town  rose  one  of  the  stateliest  of  English 
castles. 

fig'  X738  CiRAY  Proper  tins  iii.  36  No  mountain-structures 
in  my  verse  should  rise.  1779  SHERIDAN  Critic  i.  ii,  Each 
epithet  rising  above  the  other. 

b.  To  have  an  upward  slant  or  curve ;  to  slope 
or  incline  upwards. 

1634  MILTON  Comus  306  What  readiest  way  would  bring 
me  to  that  place?  Co.  Due  west  it  rises  from  this  shrubby 
point.  1726  LKONI  Alberti's  Archit.  II.  10/2  If  the  plain 
be  smooth..,  not  rising  or  sinking  on  any  side.  1771  Encycl. 
Brit.  III.  585/2  To  make  a  ship  go  smoothly  through  the 
water,  without  pitching  hard,  her  keel  should  be  long,  her 
floor  long  and  not  rising  high  afore  or  aft.  1839  MURCHISON 
Silur.  Sysf,  I.  xxxvi.  503  This  anomalous  appearance  of  the 
coal  measures  rising  against,  instead  of  dipping  under  the 
New  Red.  1847  W.  C.  L.  MARTIN  The  6>.r  3/2  Horns., 
rising  in  a  gentle  curve  directly  up  and  out.  1865  G.  MAC- 
UOSALD  A.  Forbes  27  Looking  up  the  lane,  which  rose  con 
siderably  towards  the  other  end. 

13.  To  move  or  be  carried  upwards:  to  ascend. 
c  1400  Pilgr.  Soii'le  in.  iv.  (Caxton,  1483)  52  Thenne  sawe  I 

a  wonderfull  engyne  of  a  grete  whele,  it  roos  oute  of  a  lite! 
dore,  and  torned  doun  at  another.  1530  PALSGR.  692/1, 1  ryse 
a  lofte  (Lydgat),/c  monte  enhault.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $  Cr. 
iv.  v.  15  "i'is  he,  I  ken  the  manner  of  his  gate,  He  rises  on 
the  toe.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  i.  545  All  in  a  moment.. were 
seen  Ten  thousand  Banners  rise  into  the  Air.. :  with  them 
rose  A  Forrest  huge  of  Spears.  1697  DRYDKN  I'irg.  Georg. 
in.  95  She  rises  in  her  Gate.  1754  GRAY  Pleasure  17  Rise, 
my  soul !  on  wings  of  fire.  1781  COWPER  Retirement  655 
The  trumpet— will  it  sound?  the  curtain  rise?  184*  TENNY 
SON  Lockslcy  Halt  80  Where  the  dying  night-lamp  flickers, 
and  the  shadows  rise  and  fall.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  6  Aug.  2 
We  rose  about  five  times  to  the  height  of  the  Palace,  and 
redescended. 

trans/,  and  fig.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  %  Cl.  11.  iii.  16  Say  to 
me,  whose  Fortunes  shall  rise  higher,  Caesars  or  mine? 
1712  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  420  P  3  If  we  yet  rise  higher,  and 
consider  the  fixt  Stars  as  so  many  vast  Oceans  of  Flame. 
1790  COWPER  My  Mothers  Picture  no  But  higher  far  my 
proud  pretensions  rise. 

b.  Of  birds  :    To  take  wing  and   ascend  from 
the  ground. 

1528  LYNDESAY  Drone  112  With  that  thay  rais,  &  flew 

furth   out  of  my  sycht.     1590  SHAKS.  Mitis.  N.  HI.  ii.  22 

;     Russet-pated  choughes.. (Rising  and  cawing  at   the  guns 

report).    1647  WARD  Simp.  Cobler  19  Young  Spaniels,  quest- 

,    ing  at  every  bird   that   rises.     1774  GOLUSM.  Nat.  Hist. 

(1776)  VI.  54  The  pelican. .is  slow  of  flight ;   and  when  it 

]    rises  to  fly,  performs  it  with  difficulty  and    labour.     1821 

!    SCOTT  Pirate   xxxi,   The  grouse  ..  rose   in   covey.      1852 

j    TKNNYSON  Ode  Wellington  119  Again  their  ravening  eagle 

i    rose  In  anger.      1899  \Vestm.  Gaz.  15  Dec.  2/2  The  birds 

I     .  .in  such  places,  .offer  far  easier  marks  than  when  they  rise 

{    in  the  woodlands. 

c.  Typog.     (See  quots.1) 

1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  xvi.  240  He  knocks 
up  the  Quoins  so  hard,  as  that  he  thinks  the  Form  may 
Rise.  Ibid.  xxiv.  389  A  Form  is  said  to  Rise,  when  in 
Rearing  it  off  the  Correcting-stone  no  Letter  or  Furniture, 
etc.  stay  behind.  1888  JACOBI  Printers'  I'ocab.  113  A  forme 
is  said  to  rise  when  it  springs  through  bad  locking  up  and 
\  the  type  gets  off  its  feet.  The  term  is  also  used  when 
quadrats  and  furniture  black  in  printing  through  imperfect 
justification. 

d.  Of  food :  To  come  np  in  the  gullet ;  to  re 
peat,    dial. 

1736  PEGGE  Kenticistns  (E.  D.  S.)  43  The  radishes  'ride  ', 
i    i.e.  rise  upon  the  stomach.     1817  Lintoun  Green  v.  vii,  My 
paritch  soon  will  rise  ! 

e.  Mining.     (See  qnot.) 

1802  MAWK  Min.  Gloss.,  Rising  a  lhan  working  above  his 
j    head  in  the  roof,  is  said  to  be  rising. 


RISE. 

f.  Of  a  horse  in  leaping.  Also  const,  to. 
1839  LEVER  H.  Lorrequer  ii,  Sir  Roger  when  within  two 
yards  of  the  brink  rose  to  it,  and  cleared  it  like  a  deer.  1856 
'STONEHENGE'  Brit.  Rur.  Sports  409/2  Some  imperfectly 
taught  hunters  are  apt  to  get  too  close  to  the  fence  before 
rising. 

14.  To  come  up  to  the   surface  of  the  ground 
or  water.     Also  with  out. 

1530  PALSGR.  692/1  It  is  a  plesaunt  syght  to  se  the  water 
ryse  up  or  ryse  out.  .out  of  a  spring.  1560  P.  WHITEHORNE 
Arte  of  Warre  (1573)  102  b,  They  made  a  way  under 
ground  secretely,  which  risse  in  the  towne.  1655  Tlteo- 
phania^  If  the  mariners,  .had  not  been  very  speedy  in  giving 
him  assistance .. as  he  rise  agen  above  the  water.  1808  tr. 
l.agranges  Chew.  I.  266  If  muriate  of  soda  and  lime  be 
boiled  together,  with  water,  the  soda  rises  to  the  surface. 
1816  BYRON Parisina\\t The  breaking  billow, Which,  .dashes 
on  the  pointed  rock  The  wretch  who  sinks  to  rise  no  more. 
1862  S.  ST.  JOHN  Forests  Far  East  II.  41  A  large  alligator 
rose  within  three  feet  of  the  boat. 

b.  Of  a  fish  :   To  come  to  the  surface  of  the 
water  to  take  a  fly,  bait,  etc. 

1653  WALTON  Angler  \.  v.  127  He  will  sometimes  rise  at  a 
dead  Mouse,  or  a  piece  of  cloth,  or  any  thing  that  seemes  to 
swim  cross  the  water.  1674  N.  Cox  Gentl.  Kecreat.  (1677) 
iv.  18  All  Flies  are  very  good  in  their  season,  for  such  Fish 
as  rise  at  the  Fly.  1726  Gentl.  Angler  154  Any  Fish  is  said 
to  Rise,  when  he  endeavours  to  take  a  real,  or  artificial  Fly 
on  the  Surface  of  the  Water.  1787  BEST  Angling  (ed.  2)  24 
When  you  see  a  fish  rise  near  you,  guide  your  fly  over  him 
immediately,  and  he's  your  own.  1867  FRANCIS  Angling  i. 
(1880)33  If  the  roach  are  rising  freely,  it  will  be  desirable  to 
find  out  what  they  are  rising  at. 

Jig.  1863  G.  A.  LAWRENCE  Border  fy  Bastille  iii.  54  The 
]ady  was  a  vehement  Unionist,  and  'rose',  very  freely,  on 
the  subject  of  the  war.  1884  GKANT  ALLEN  Strange  Stories 
204  He  rose  to  the  fly  with  a  charming  simplicity. 

C.  Of  stone :  ?  To  come  out  of  the  ground  or 
quarry  in  a  certain  form. 

«i66i  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  III.  125  Such  alabaster  is 
found  in  small  bunches . . :  it  riseth  not  (to  use  the  language 
of  workmen)  in  great  blocks.  1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L. 
§  200  Stone  that  naturally  rises  in  flat  beds,  or  that  can 
easily  be  split  to  any  thickness. 

III.  To  attain  to  a  higher  stage  or  degree. 

15.  To  ascend  to  a  higher  level  of  action,  feeling, 
thought,  or  expression ;  to  become  more  elevated, 
striking,  impressive,  or  intense. 

ciaooORMiN  6014  God  maun  rise^  a^  uppwarrd  Inn  alle 
Sode  dedess.  <:  1440  Pallad.  on  Hush.  xin.  84  Gramerci, 
Lord,  that  list.. do  me  sumdel  rise  Thy  self  in  hym  lose. 
1668  DKVDEN  Dram,  Poesy  Ess.  (ed.  Ker)  I.  88  Of  this  ad 
mirable  plot ;  the  business  of  it  rises  in  every  act.  a  1685 
ROSCOMMON  (J.),  Your  author  always  will  the  best  advise, 
Fall  when  he  falls,  and  when  he  rises,  rise.  1712  AUDISON 
Spect.  No. 417 f  6  Horace.. always  rises  above  himself,  when 
he  has  Homer  in  his  View.  1779  SHERIDAN  Critic  i.  i, 
Dang\le\.  The  interest  rather  falls  off  in  the  fifth  [act]. 
Sir  Fret{fut\.  Rises,  I  believe  you  mean,  sir.  1836  Random 
Recoil.  Ho.  Lords  375  In  any  of  the  speeches  I  have  heard 
him  deliver,  I  could  never  recognise  anything  which  rose 
above  mediocrity.  1850  McCosH  Div.  Goi't.  i.  i.  (1874)  23 
We  shall  rise  beyond  law  to  life,  and  beyond  life  to  love. 
1875  IOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  6  There  are  not  wanting 
thoughts  and  expressions  in  which  he  [Plato]  rises  to  the 
highest  level. 

b.    Const,   to   action   of  some  kind  ;   to  prove 
equal  to  an  occasion,  demand,  etc. 

[a  1300  Cursor  M.  27195  Quatkin  strengh  him  drafter-till, 
Quat..Did  him  to  bat  sin  to  rise.] 

1817  JAS.  MILL  Brit.  India  II.  v.  vili.  681  They  rise  to 
the  use  of  unlimited  terms.  1850  ROBERTSON  Serin.  Ser.  in. 
173  We  do  not  rise  to  philanthropy  all  at  once.  1868  WHVTK 
MELVILLE  White  Rose  vi,  Rising,  as  he  flattered  himself,  to 
the  occasion.  1888  BUKGON  Lives  12  Good  Men  II.  xi.  329 
[He]  rose  to  the  requirements  of  his  new  sphere  of  duty. 

16.  To  advance  in  consequence,  rank,  influence, 
fortune,  or  social  position ;  to  attain  to  distinction 
or  power;  to  come  into  estimation,  t  Also  with  up. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  6042  Ful  wykked  ys  bat 
coueytyse,  with  ober  mennes  gode  falsly  to  ryse.  c  1386 
CHAUCER  Monk's  T.  683  From  humble  bed  to  roial  magesiee 
Vp  roos  he,  lulius  the  Conquerour.  c  1470  HARDING  Citron. 
Iv,  By  example  of  this  kyng  Caranse,  through  robbery  resen 
of  poore  bloode  to  royall  estate.  1534  MORE  Coutf.  agst. 
Trib.  in.  xxiii,  Some  by  handicraft,  some  by  merchandise, 
some  by  other  kind  of  living,  rise  and  come  forward  in  the 
world.  1562  J.  HEVWOOD  Prov.  iff  Epigr.  (1867)  56  Koike 
saie,  better  syt  styll  than  ryse  and  fall.  1603  SHAKS.  Meas. 
for  M.  ii.  i.  38  Some  rise  by  sinne,  and  some  by  vertue  fall. 
1625  N.  CARPKNTER  Geogr.  Del.  n.xiii.  (1635)  205  Such  men 
as  hane  risen  to  great nes  by  their  Wealth,  .sought  out  new 
pedegrees  and  Ancesters.  1701  W.  WOTTON  Hist.  Rome  332 
He  rose,  .to  be  Advocate  of  the  Treasury.  1738  Gentl. 


course  rose  into  estimation.  1836  IRVING  Astoria  I.  31 
He  had  risen  from  small  beginnings  to  take  his  place 
among  the  first  merchants  and  financiers  of  the  country. 
1865  TROLLOPS  Belton  Est.  xi,  He  was.. prudent,  steady  in 
his  habits,  a  man  likely  to  rise  in  the  world. 

fig.   1844  MACAULAY  Chatham  Ess.  (1897)  774  Meetings, 
which  at  another   time  would   have   been   harmless,  now 
turned  to  riots,  and  rapidly  rose  to  the  dignity  of  rebellions. 
b.  To  improve  or  go  up  in  one  s  opinion,  esti 
mation,  etc. ;  to  grow  upon  one. 

1633  FORD  Broken  Heart  in.  iii,  May  my  duty  Still  rise  in 
your  opinion,  sacred  princess.  1780  S.  J.  PRATT  Emma 
CcrMtbd.  4)H.  121,  I  have  again  beheld  the  source  of  my 
admiration.  ..  She  rises  every  moment  upon  me.  1835 
MACAULAY  in  Trevelyan  Life  29  May,  The  character  of 
Socrates  does  not  rise  upon  me. 

C.  To  increase  one's  speed.     Const,  into. 

1814  J.  AUSTEN  Mans/.  Park  vii,  They  rose  into  a  canter. 


RISE. 

d.   To  n'se  upon,  to  be  superior  to.  rare  ~'. 

1816  CRABB  Eng.  Synonyms  (1826)  725/2  [The  idea  of]  the 
word  Seem  rises  upon  that  of  Appear. 

17.  To  increase  in  amount,  number,  or  degree ; 
to  amount  or  reach  to.  f  Also  const,  to  with  infin. 

c  1200  ORMIN  11262  ?iff  bu  takesst  onn  att  an  &  tellesst  forb 
till  fowwre,  pa  risebjj  upp  bin  tale  anan  Inntill  be  tale  off 
tene.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  5865  pai  rise  and  bredes  ai  mare 
and  mare,  Bot  wel  mare  if  bai  idel  ware.  1596  SHAKS. 
i  Hen.  IV,  n.  i.  14  [He]  neuer  ioy'd  since  the  price  of  oats 
rose.  1623  CAMDEN  Rent  (ed.  3)  47  Achilles  forsooth  must 
needes  vanquish  Hector,  because  the  numerall  Greeke 
letters  rose  to  a  greater  number  in  his  name  then  in  the 
others,  a  1715  BUKNET  Own  Time  (1724)  II.  222  That  did 
not  rise  up  to  be  treason.  1746  P.  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Sat. 
I.  ii.  24  His  expenses,  with  his  income,  rise.  1776  ADAM 
SMITH  >V.  N.  i,  xi.  (1904)  I.  247  It  is  not  their  nominal  price 
only,  but  their  real  price,  which  rises  in  the  progress  of  im 
provement.  1827  COBBF.T  Prat.  Re/,  ix.  §  269  Under  penal 
ties,  which  rose  at  last  to  death  itself.  1873  RUSK  IN  Fors 
Clan.  xxix.  (1906)  II.  109  Let  my  poor  housewife  keep  her 
sheep  in  her  near  fields,  .and  the  weekly  bills  will  not  rise. 

trans/.  1705  ADDISON  Italy  404  The  Great  Duke  rises  on 
em  in  his  Demands,  and  will  not  be  satisfy'd  with  less  than 
a  Hundred  Thousand  Crowns. 

b.  To  become  dearer  or  more  valuable ;  to  in 
crease  fit  price,  value,  etc. 

1513-4  Act  5  Hen.  VIII,  c.  3  Preamble,  Wolle  is  resyn  of  a 
farre  gretter  price  then  it  was  at  the  making  of  the  said 
Acte.  a  1548  HALL  Chroit.,  Hen.  VIII,  i66b,  Wheat  was 
only  at  .xv.s.  the  quarter,  &  from  thence  it  rose  to  .xx.s. 
1677  YARRANTON  Eng.  Improv.  24  Then  the  Houses  will  rise 
in  their  Rents.  1691  LOCKE  Money  Wks.  I7i4  II.  74  Tis 
said  Bullion  is  risen  to  6s.  $d.  the  ounce.  1712  ADDISON 
Spect.  No.  414  r  3  If  the  Products  of  Nature  rise  in  Value, 
according  as  they  more  or  less  resemble  those  of  Art.  1776 
ADAM  SMITH  W.  N.  i.  xi.  (1904)  I.  245  As  gold  rose  in  its  price 
in  proportion  to  silver, . .  so  silver  might  rise  in  its  price.  1804 
G.  ROSE  Diaries  (1860)  II.  136  The  Funds  rose  i  per  cent. 
on  the  news.  1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  v,  Here's  good 
news  in  the  paper.  Sugar  is  ris',  my  boy. 

18.  a.  Of  the  wind:  To  increase  in  force;   to 
become  (more)  vehement. 

Not  always  distinguishable  from  sense  23  a. 
_  c  1620  Z.  BOYD  Zim's  Flowers  (1855)  35  The  tempest's  rise- 
ing.  1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Oleariiis'  Voy.  Ambass.  37  As  they 
were  weighing  Anchor,  the  wind  ris'  so..,  that  the  Master 
and  his  Counsel  chang'd  their  design.  1736  POPE  Let.  to 
Swift  25  Mar.,  The  winds  rise,  and  the  winter  comes  on. 
'757  W.  WILKIE  Epigmiadv.  126  Command  the  winds  in 
bolder  gusts  to  rise.  1814  SCOTT  Diary  6  Sept.  in  Lockhart, 
About  eight  the  tide  begins  to  run  very  strong,  and  the  wind 
rising  at  the  same  time,  makes  us  somewhat  apprehensive 
for  our  boat.  1883  Encycl.  Brit.  XVI.  126/1  A  breeze  from 
the  sea.. which  gradually  rises  to  a  stiff  breeze  during  the 
heat  of  the  day. 

b.  Of  the  voice,  etc. :  To  increase  in  pitch  or 
volume ;  to  ascend  in  the  musical  scale  (often  with 
complement). 

1548  ELYOT,  Asce>iito,..zpp\yed  also  to  the  voyce  whan 
it  mounteth  or  ryseth.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Vox, 
Sxeitart  -jocem,  to  rise  in  speakyng  by  little  and  little. 
1597  1'.  MORLEY  Introd.  Music  72  If  the  base  rise  or  fall, 
you  must  not  rise  and  fall  iust  as  manie  notes  as  your  base 
v  ,  ,^74,  iJlayS<>r<rs  Skill  Mus.  III.  (ed.  7)  4  If  your  Bass 
should  fall  a  seventh,  it  is  but  the  same  as  if  it  did  rise  a 
second.  1730  Treat.  Harmony  22  The  Treble  or  Upper 
Part  Rises  a  Fifth.  1748  J.  MASON  Elocut.  29  In  a  Climax, 
the  Voice  should  always  rise  with  it.  1818  SHELLEY  Rev. 
Islam  vi.  xiii.  The  tones  of  Cythna's  voice . .  rose  and  fell, 
Mixed  with  mine  own  in  the  tempestuous  air.  1846  DICKENS 
Battle  of  Life  I,  His  voice  rising  with  his  reasoning,  so  that 
it  was  very  loud  at  last.  1879  E.  PROUT  Harmony  ix,  In 
both  cases  the  bass  rises  to  the  third  of  the  tonic  chord. 

c.  To  become  more  intense  or  strong;  to  in 
crease  in  strength  to  a  certain  point. 

1593  SHAKS.  Lucr.  257  O,  how  her  fear  did  make  her  colour 
rise  1  1607  MIDDLETON  Michaelmas  Term  in.  i.  126  The  fire 
is.,  but  new  kindled  yet:  if  'twere  risse  to  a  flame  [etc.].  1660 
F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  286  She  felt  something 
extraordinary,  which  made  the  colour  rise  in  her  face.  1820 
SHELLEY  Cenci  in.  ii.  12  As  a  dying  pulse  rises  and  falls. 
1843  R.  J.  GRAVES  Syst.  Clin.  Med.  177  At  7  p.m.  we  found 
that  the  fever  was  again  rising.  1874  J.  R.  GREEN  Short 
Hist,  ii.  §  8.  104  In  the  presence  of  danger  the  courage  of 
the  man  rose  to  its  full  height. 
IV.  To  spring  up,  come  into  existence. 

19.  Of  persons  :   To  come  upon  the  scene ;  to 
appear;  to  be  born;  to  spring  or  issue  of  ot from 
a  person  or  family.     Also  with  up. 

c  1250  Gen.  S,  E.t.  4152  Swilc  prophete  in  folc  of  israel  Ros 
non.  13..  Cursor  M.  1199  (Gott.),  Vr  lauerd  had  ordained 
Jeit  A  child  to  rise  in  his  ospringe,  pat  all  suld  vte  of  baret 
brmge.  ^1380  WYCLIF  tt'ks.  (1880)  272  False  cristis  schullen 
ryse.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  i.  Prol.  100  As  of  angell  and 
of  man  First  to  ryse  IK  kynd  began,  c  1449  PECOCK  Repr. 
v.  111.  497  Aftir  the  daies  of  the  Apostlis  roosen  also  manye 
vntrewe  sectis  of  Cristen  men.  1563  WINJET  Wks.  (S.  T.  S.) 
II.  soGifa  prophet  sal  ryiss  in  the  middis  of  thee.  1591 
SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  i.  iv.  102  One  loane  de  Puzel. .,  A  holy 
Prophetesse,  new  risen  vp.  c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  (1650)  1 1.  6 
Unles  he  had  rise  up  about  the  latter  end  of  the  last  century. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  XII.  326  Of  the  Royal  Stock  Of  David 
(so  I  name  this  King)  shall  rise  A  Son.  1711  ADDISON  Spect. 

S:  M''7  Theseveral  Generations  of  rational  Creatures, 
which  rise  up  and  disappear  in  such  quick  Successions. 
1740  tRANcis  tr.  Horace,  Ep.  II.  i.  26  No  prince  so  great,  so 
wise  Hath  ever  risen,  or  shall  ever  rise.  1813  SHELLEY  Q. 
Mao  iv.  227  They  rise,  they  fall ;  one  generation  comes. . .  It 
fades,  another  blossoms. 

20.  a.  Of  plants  or  trees :  To  spring  up ;  to  grow. 
"1300   Cursor  M.   1418   pe   pipins  war  don   vnder  his 

tunS"  Par  ras  o  bam  thre  wandes  yong.  1460  Pol.,  Re!.,  fr 
L.  Poems  (1903)  246  Lord  !  sende  me  sum  'amor  '  sede,  In 
my  gardyn  to  rote  and  ryse.  1577  B.  GOOGE  Heresbach's 


711 

/fast.  I.  (1586)  37  b,  Wherewith  they  wyll  better  seede, 
and  sooner  ryse.  1598  Bl\  HALL  Sat.  iv.  iii,  The  Palme 
doth  rifely  rise  in  lury  field.  1667  MILTON  P. L.  x.  555 
Imagining  For  one  forbidden  Tree  a  multitude  Now 
ris'n.  1705  ADDISON  Italy  i  Abundance  of  sweet  Plants 
that  rise  naturally.  1763  MILLS  Pract.  Husb.  II.  207  The 
plants  rose  well,  and  throve  greatly  before  winter.  1823 
New  Monthly  Mag.  IX.  418/1  Potatoes  of  ihe  early  sort 
have  risen  exceedingly  well. 

b.   Of  blisters,  etc. :  To  become  prominent  on 
the  skin  or  surface. 

1388  WVCLIF  Lev,  xiii.  2  A  man  in  whos  skyn  and  fleisch 
rysith  dyuerse  colour,  ether  whelke  [etc.].  1323  FITZHF.RB. 
Husb.  §  61  There  is  a  blyster  rysen  vnder  the  lounge.  1586 
G.  WHITNEY  Embl.  n.  217  Like  bubbles  smalle  that  on  the 
waters  rise,  1611  BIBLK  2  Cliron.  xxvi.  ig  The  leprosie  euen 
rose  vp  in  his  forehead.  1643  J.  STEER  tr.  Exp.  Chyritrg. 
x.  44  If  there  be  no  blisters  risen, ..apply  some  Oyntment. 
1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Ceorg.  HI.  840  Red  Blisters  rising  on 
their  Paps  appear. 

21.  To  originate,  to  result  or  issue.     Const,  of, 
from,  out  of. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  433:,  I  mai  neuer  mar  be  sund,  Dot  if 
I    mi  bote  mai  rese  [u.r.  rise]  o  be.      c  1374  CHAUCER  Trcylus 
|    I.  944  She  of  whom  rist  al  thy  wo  Here-after  may  thy  com 
fort  been  al-so.    1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  34  Eyther 
j    they  ryse  of  some  vayne  curiosite    aboute  the  secretes  of 
god,  or  [etc.].     1569  in  Feuillerat  Revels  Q.  Elh.  (1908)  126 
Other  ordinarie  chardges  rising  by  meanesof  the  said  office. 
1638  SHIRLEY  Duke's  Mistress  v.  iv,  If  there  be  few  good 
women  in  the  world,  The  fault  risse  first  from  one  of  our  own 
sex.      1681  FLAVEL  Meth.  Grace  xxiv.  421  Whatever  rises 
j    from  self  al  waves  aims   at  and   terminates    in  self.     1732 
BERKELEY  Alciphr.  yi.  §  7  Difficulties  must  be  supposed  to 
:    rise  from  different  idioms.      1761  GRAY  Odin  79  Tell  me, 
!     whence  their  sorrows  rose.     1810  CKABBE  Borough  xxiv. 
408  Hut  then  from  study  will  no  comforts  rise? 
t  b.  To  result  or  accrue  to  one.   Obs. 
1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.)  i7b,  He  hath  ordeyned  in 
j    euery  temptacyon    that   is   resysted  great   profyte  therby 
to  ryse  to  man.     a  1548  HALL  Ckron.,  Ed-M.  IV,  34  b,  Per- 
ceiuyng  the  swete  gaine  whiche  rose  to  him,  by  the  abode 
of  the  two  English  Erles  in  his  Countrey. 

fc.  To  be  based  or  founded  upon  something. 
153°  PALSGR.  Introd.22Theconsyderations..rysenat  upon 
a  barbarous  rudenesse.     a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII, 
131  Our  lining  riseth  on  the  gaine  of  our  enemies. 
d.  To  be  produced  or  derived. 

"549  LATIMER  ist  Serin.  Eihu.  VI  (Arb.)  40  A  great 
market  Towne.  .wher  do  rise  yereli  of  their  labours  to  the 
value  of  1.  pounds.  1571  DIGCES  Pantoiu.  i.  xviii.  F  j,  Then 
multiplie  133  with  120,  so  ryseth  15960.  1615  W.  LAWSON 
Country  Houseu'.  Card.  (1626)  9  Whatsoeuer  can  be  said 
for  the^benefit  rising  from  an  Orchard.  1664  EVELYN  Sylva 
101  If  in  preparing  the  Hearth,  at  first,  there  did  not  rise 
sufficient  turf  and  rubbish  for  this  work,  supply  it  from 
some  convenient  place  neer  to  your  heap.  1714  in  Willis  & 
Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  I.  557  The  said  mony  or  any  other 
that  shall  rise  from  the  selling  of  timber. 

22.  To  come  to  pass,  come  about,  occur,  happen, 
take  place. 

c  1200  ORMIN  7203  pe  la(?e  gastess  beww  Iss  gramm.. 
whannse  he  seb  batt  Godess  rihht  &  Godess  lashe  risebi>. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  7657  Son  efter  bis  a  batail  ras.  Ibid. 
21874  Hunger  and  qualm,  and  nede  i-nogh  In  erth  sal 
rise.  1382  WYCLIF  Prov.  xxiv.  22  For  sodeynli  at  ones 
shal  rise  the  perdicioun  of  hem.  ci^ooRom.  Rose  3115 
Sir,  it  may  not  fall ;  That  ye  desire,  it  may  not  ryse.  c  1470 
HENRY  Wallace  i.  44  Quharfor  thair  rais  a  full  grewous 
debate,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VII I,  75  b,  Wordes 
rose  betwene  Monsire  Chatelion  &  Richard  Gibson.  1571 
in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  339  Yf  it  do 
happen.. any  controversy  to  ryse.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  n. 
245  That  his  Lp.  might  heare  and  compose  the  differences 
risen  _betweene  them.  1671  MILTON  Samson  1254  Lest  a 
question  rise  Whether  he  durst  accept  the  offer  or  not.  1714 
ADDISON  Sped.  No.  565  r  2  A  Thought  rose  in  me  which  I 
believe  very  often  perplexes  Men  of  serious..  Natures. 
1792  MARY  WOLLSTONECR.  Rights  \Vont.  292  This  sentiment 
has  frequently  rose  spontaneously  in  my  mind.  1847 
TENNYSON  Princess  Concl.  23  Then  rose  a  little  feud  be 
twixt  the  two. 

b.  To  come  to  hand,    rare  —1. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  ix.  59  There  chaunced   to  the 
Princes  hand  to  rize  An  auncient  booke. 

23.  a.  Of  wind,  etc.  :  To  begin  to  blow  or  rage  • 
to  get  up.     (Cf.  1 8  a.) 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  1762  pe  stormes  rase  on  ilka  side.  Ibid.  \ 
22630  Windes  on  ilk  side  sal  rise, . .  fast  gain  ober  sal  )>ai 
blau.  £1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Cause.  4865  pis  fire  bat  thurgh 
be  world  sal  ryse,  Sal  com  ban  fra  sere  partyse.  £1400 
Yviaine  tr  Gain.  337  A  storme  sal  rise.. A]  obout  by  est  and 
west.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.  T.S.)  52  Thare 
rais  sik  a  tempest  that  nouthir..had  power  to  stryke  a 
strake.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Huon  Ivii.  194  A  meruaylous 
tempest  rose  on  the  see.  1582  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  Cos/an-  • 
hcda  s  Conq.  E.  Ind.  \  xli.  95  In  a  storme,  that  rose  sodainly 
upon  them.  1655  Thcophania  10  There  rise  so  great  a  wind, 
which  came  directly  off  from  the  Sea.  1728-46  THOMSON 
Spring  114  If,  brush'd  from  Russian  wilds,  a  cutting  gale 
Rise  not.  1784  COWPER  Tine.  25  At  her  [fancy's]  command 
winds  rise  and  waters  roar.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Intent,  xv. 
i  To-night  the  winds  begin  to  rise  And  roar  from  yonder 
dropping  day.  1887  MORRIS  Odyssey  xil.  320  And  month- 
long  no  breeze  at  all  Rose  up  o'er  the  sea. 

b.  Of  sounds :  To  strike  upon  the  ear,  esp.  in 
a  loud  manner. 

13..  If.   A/is.   2158   (Bodl.  MS.),  Now  rist   grete   tabor    ' 
betyng.     1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  x.  657  Than  throu  the  castell 
ras   the  cry.      1508  DUNBAR   Flyting  227   Of  laidis   and 
lowms  thair  ryssis  sic  ane  noyis.     1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xli.  56 
Forthwith  a  hideous  gabble  rises  loud  Among  the  Builders. 
1821  SHELLEY  Prometheus  1. 132  Ha,  what  an  awful  whisper 
rises  up  !    1852  M.  ARNOLD  F.mpedocles  I.  i.  84  In  this  clear    j 
mountain  air,  a  voice  will  rise,  Though  from  afar,  distinctly.    I 


RISE. 

c.  Ot   reports,    rumours,   etc. :    To  come   into 
circulation  ;  to  become  current. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  14000  pe  word  o  ihesu  was  risen  brade 

Ibid.  14362  Son  oueral  bis  tiband  ras  O  lazar  bat  vpraisid 

was.     <:i4oo  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxv.  119  Alssone  as  any 

rumour  begynnez  to  ryse  bat  touchez  be  emperour.    c  1425 

j    WYNTOUN  Cron.   n.  xvi.  1523  Sic  nayme  rase  of  bat  ryal 

:    rowt   pat   landys  seyr  of  bairn  had  dcwte.     a  1548   HAI  L 

|    Chron.,  Hen.  VIII,  96  While  the  King  and  the  Emperor 

loked  on  the  letter,  a  sodein  noise  roseemongest  both  their 

I    subiectes,  that  it  was  a  letter  of  defiance.    1596  DALRYMPLK 

;    tr._  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  v.  287  A  rumour  about  this  tyme 

rais  in   the  cuntrie.     1859  TENNYSON  F.nid  24  But  when 

a  rumour  rose  about  the  Queen,  Touching  her  guilty  love 

for  Lancelot. 

24.  Of   a   river,    etc. :    To  have  its   spring  or 
source,     f  Also  of  a  country  :  To  begin. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  /'.  R.  xiii.  xi.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Chobar 
is  a  ryuer  of  Babilonia  and..riseb  oute  of  Tigris  ober  of 
|  Euphrates.  1:1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  I.  xiii.  1285  Italy., 
risis  at  be  Alpis  hie,  And  haldis  on  to  be  Mekyl  Se.  1495 
Trevisa's  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xm.  xi.  445  Gazan  is  a  ryuer  of 
the  Medes  and.. he  risyth  in  the  Eest  and  is  receyued  in 
the  redde  see.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Oritur  fans  in 
tnonte,  a  spring  riseth  in  the  hill.  1604  E.  G[KIMSTONF]  tr. 
D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  n.  vi.  94  A  branch  of  a  river  which 
they  see  rise  and  enter  into  the  sea  neare  the  banke.  1738 
GRAY  1 tisso  52  The  birth  of  rivers  riseing  to  their  course. 
1778  Eng.  Gazetteer  (ed.  2)  s.v.  Purret,  It  is  joined  by 
the  Tone,  or  Thone,  a  pretty  large  river,  rising  among  the 
hills  in  the  western  parts  of  this  county.  1839  Penny  Cycl. 
XIV.  4/1  The  Tetney  river  rises  from  two  springs.  1872 
RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  #r  Mining  276  Kio  San  Carlos 
rises  in  the  Sierra  Blanca  region. 

25.  To  be  built  or  reared. 

1570-6  LAMBARDE  Peramb.  Kent  (1826)  197  Of  the  Bridge 
I  linde  no  beginning  but  I  suspect  that  it  rose  by  the 
Archbishops.  1610  G.  FLETCHER  Christ's  Tti.  78  In  mid'st 
of  this  Citie  crclestiall,  Whear  the  eternall  Temple  should 
haue  rose.  1657  HOWKLL  Londinop.  30  After  the  erection 
of  Christ's  Hospital,  which  risse  out  of  the  ruins  of  the 
Grey  Fryars.  1769  GRAY  Installnt.  Ode  53  Bad  these  awful 
fanes  and  turrets  rise.  1784  COWPER  Tush  v.  144  Silently 
as  a  dream  the  fabric  rose.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mub  Ii.  127 
Beside  the  eternal  Nile,  The  Pyramids  have  risen.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iii.  I.  289  Bastions  and  ravelins  were 
everywhere  rising.  IHd.  356  Streets  and  alleys  which  are 
still  named  after  him  were  rising  on  that  site. 
/'A'-  I74I~2  GRAY  Agrippina  121  On  this  base  My  great 
revenge  shall  rise. 
b.  (See  quot.) 

1641  BEST /•«>•«/.  j5/i.r.(Surtees)  45  If  thestookes  rise  thicke 
or  rise  well,  i.  e.  if  they  stande  thicke  :  for  this  is  the  usual 
phraise  hereabouts. 

26.  To  spring  up,   to  come  into  existence,   by 
growth  or  creation. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  41  The  wealth  is  such  of  mettals 
and  mines,,  .so  rich,  so  fruitful!,  rising  still  one  vnder  another 
for  so  many  ages.  1642  FULLER  Holy  A>  Prof.  State  in.  iv. 
158  Travell  not  too  early  before  thy  judgement  be  risen. 
J74S  Tyans.  $  I'araphr.  Scot.  Ch.  xxxvii,  At  once  th' 
obedient  Earth  and  Skies  rose  at  his  Sov'reign  Word. 
1781  Co\\  PI-.R  Retirement  200  Oh  nature  !  whose  Elysian 
scenes  disclose  His  bright  perfections  at  whose  word  they 
rose.  1821  SHELLEY  So/in,  to  Byron  6  The  mind  which.. 
Marks  your  creations  rise  as  fast  and  fair  As  perfect  worlds 
at  the  Creator's  will. 

b.  To  come  before  the  eye  or  mind. 
1712  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  421  r  7  He  can. .make  Scenes 
rise  up  before  us  and  seem  present  to  the  Eye.  1780  CO.\E 
A'jtss.  Disc.  193  The  prowess  of  Yermac..rose  upon  their 
recollection.  1816  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  HI.  Ixxviii.  6  His  was 
not  the  love.. of  the  dead  who  rise  upon  our  dreams. 
1847  C.  BRONTE  J.Eyre  xiii,  The  subjects  had  indeed  risen 
vividly  on  my  mind.  1884  tr.  Lotze's  Logic  156  He  who 
follows  the  directions.. must  see  the  picture  he  is  desired  to 
form  rise  before  his  mind's  eye. 

V.  trans. 

27.  fa.  To  rear  or  erect.    Obs.  rare~l. 

c  1425  Cursor  M.  14755  (Trin.),  ?if  Je  bis  temple  felle  to 
grounde,  I  shal  hit  rise  [other  MSS,  raise]  in  litil  stounde. 
b.  To  raise  (the  dead)  to  life.  rare. 

c  1440  MYRC  Festial  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  206  Woldyst  bou  now 
of  bi  godnes  ryse  my  wyfe  to  lyfe.  1754  SHEBBEAIIE  Matri 
mony  (1766)  I.  109  Well  knowing,  that,  .they  could  as  well 
have . .  risen  the  Dead,  as  have  risen  Two  Thousand  Pounds. 
1839  LEVER  H.  Lorrequer  Iii,  The  clatter  of  my  equipage 
over  the  pavement  might  have  risen  the  dead. 

28.  To  rouse  or  stir  up ;  to  start ;  to  put  up  or 
flush  (birds) ;  to  cause  to  rise. 

15. .  Adam  Bel  ii,  Where  that  men  walke  both  east  and 
west,.  .To  ryse  the  acre  out  oftheyr  denne.  Ibid,  xx,  They 
rysed  the  towne  of  mery  Carle!.  1562  Child-Marriages  108 
The  said  Roger  was  the  first  that  rysed  this  tale  hym-self. 
1677  SEDLEY  Ant.  $  Cl.  n.  i,  When  raging  winds  rise 
tempests  on  the  main.  1865  ATKINSON  Prov.  Danby,  Rise, 
to  raise,  cause  to  rise,  flush  or  cause  to . .  fly,  as  a  bird.  1882 
PAYNE-GALLWAY  Foivler  in  Ireland  36  Will  some  jealous 
shore-shooter  fire  to  rise  them.  1893  GpWER  Surrey  Gloss. 
33  He  walked  ever  so  far,  and  rose  a  blister  on  his  heel. 

b.  Angling.  To  cause  or  induce  (a  fish)  to 
come  to  the  surface  of  the  water.  AIso_/ff . 

1850  KINGSLEY  Alt.  Locke  vi,  To  rise  a  dean  and  two 
beauties  at  the  first  throw,  and  hook  them  fast.  1867 
FRANCIS  Angling  \\\.  (1880)  457,  I  killed  three  salmon  and 
rose  many  more.  1892  Field  9  Jan.  41/1  At  almost  every 
cast  I  rose  a  fish. 

29.  To  increase;    to    make,  higher   or  dearer. 
Now  rare  exc.  dial. 

1605  Verstegan's  Dec.  Ixltll.  Commend.  Verses,  Beare  on 
thy  wings  their  glorie  up  on  high,  And  rise  the  reputation 
by  the  same.  1740  W.  DOUGLASS  Disc.  Curt:  Brit.  Plant. 
Amer,  32  In  France  their  recoinings..did  rise  the  price  of 
Goods.  1796  NELSON  ii  Sept.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1846)  VII. 
p.  cxi,  The  report,  .makingthe  people  rise  the  price  of  pro- 


RISE-HEAD. 

visions.  1892  Standard  4  Mar.  3/4  Lord  Durham  has  risen 
the  price  of  his  coal  2.1.  per  ton  at  the  pitmoulh. 

30.  a.  Naut.   =  RAISE  v.\  23  b. 

1669  STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  i.  ii.  18  We  rise  her  apace  j 
..we  shall  be  up  with  her  in  three  Glasses.  1836  E.  HOWARD 


the' water.  1890  CLARK  RUSSELL  Ocean  Tragedy  II.  xviii. 
99  We  had  risen  the  yacht  to  the  line  of  her  rail. 

b.  To  raise ;  to  lift  up ;  to  cause  to  ascend  or 
mount  up. 

IPS  (ed.  J 
slacken 

'ng  tn  Water  3  *...-  ...0.. 

such  a  prodigious  Height.  Ibid.  109  To  rise  or  bank  up  the 
Bed  of  the  River.  1839  CARLETON  Fardarougha  v,  My 
heart  never  was  more  ris  to  God.  1897  LD.  E.  HAMILTON 
Outlaws  28  The  frost  was  rising  the  mist  from  the  rain- 
soaked  bent. 

c.  To  cut  (a  caper)  in  the  air.  rare-1. 

1712  STEELE  Spect.  No.  376  p  2  She  has  seen  him  rise  six 
or  seven  Capers  together  with  the  greatest  Ease  imaginable. 


of  the  first  twelve  months. 

31.  To  surmount,  to  gain  the  top  of  (a  hill  or 
slope) ;  to  ascend.     Chiefly  U.S. 

1808  PIKE  Sources  Miisiss.  (iSio)  n.  197  Immediately 
afterwards,  [we]  discovered  two  horsemen  rising  the  summit 
of  a  hill,  about  half  a  mile  to  our  right.  1823  J.  F.  COOPER 
Pioneer  v,  A  small  hill  was  risen.  1841  CATLIN  N.  Amcr. 
Imi.  liv.  (1844)  II.  165  He  rises  the  last  terrace  and  sweeps 
his  eyes  over  the  wide,  .infinity.  1874  KINGSI.F.Y  Lett.  (1877) 
II.  432  It  will  be  cooler  as  we  rise  the  prairies  out  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley. 

32.  To  get,  procure,  obtain.  Now  dial. 
1754  [see  27  b].     1863-  in  dialect  texts  and  glossaries. 

33.  cottoq.  To  raise  or  grow;  to  rear,  bring  up. 
1844  DICKENS  M.  Cliuzzleviit  xxii,  Where  was  you  rose? 

1851  MAVHEW  Land.  Lai:.  II.  61/1  This  process  the  catchers 
call  'rising'  from  the  nest.  A  throstle  thus  'rose'  soon 
becomes  familiar  with  his  owner. 

Rise-head.     (See  quot.) 

1834-6  BARLOW  in  Eticycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VIII.  718/1  In 
stead  of  employing  a  swift,  the  silk  is  stretched  on  two 
cyclinders  D,  E,  of  tin  or  other  material,  technically  called 
rise  heads. 

Rise-heading,  [f.  rise  RICK*  +  HEADING 
vbl.  sb.  12.]  (See  quot.  1847.) 

1847  Instil.  C.  E.,  Miit.  Proc.  VI.  480  Between  Dymchurch 
Wall  and  Dungeness  Point,  the  method  of  '  rise-heading ' 
was  extensively  adopted.  It  consisted  of  fascines . .  strongly 
picketed  down  and  secured  by  cross-laths.  Ibid.  481  On  the 
whole,  rise-heading  formed  a  good,  and  cheap . .  defence. 
1900  BEAZELEY  Reclamation  of  Land  79  When  the  layers 
are  horizontal  the  work  is  termed  'rise-heading  '. 

Ri-sel.  dial.  Also  ris(s)le,  rishle,  ristle. 
[a.  ON.  (and  Icel.)  lirisla  (Norw.  risla),  i.  hris 
RICE  l.]  A  rod  or  stick,  esp.  one  used  as  a  support 
for  climbing  plants. 

1882  jfamiison's  Diet.  s.v.  Risles,  In  Ayrshire,  a  pliant  rod 
or  wand  is  still  called  a  rissle  or  rishle.  1889  D.  C.  MURRAY 
Weaker  Vessel  264  The  healthiest  hop  or  scarlet  runner 
won't  grow  without  what  we  call  a  risel  in  my  part  of  the 
country.  1895-1901  in  Staffordshire  use  (E.  D.  D.). 

Risen  (ri-z'n),  ///.  a.     [f.  RISE  z>.] 

1.  Risen  (up}on,  a  diseased  condition  of  horses 
or  cows  (see  quots.). 

1523  FITZHERB.  f/iist.  §  61  An  other  dysease  is  called 
rysen  vppon  and.,  ye  shall  perceyue  that  by  swellynge  in 
the  heed.  ..There  is  a  blyster  rysen  vnder  the  lounge,  the 
whiche  blyster  must  be  slytte.  1886  Chesli.  Gloss.,  Risen 
on,  a  peculiar  swelling  of  the  body  of  a  cow,  caused  by  a 
cold  wind  blowing  upon  her.  1888  Sheffield  Glo_ss.  s.v.,  A 
cow  which  has  eaten  too  much  grass,  and  become,  in  popular 
language, '  burst ',  is  said  to  be  risen-on. 

2.  That  has  risen,  in  the  senses  of  the  verb. 

1821  SHELLEY  Hellas  941  Victorious  Wrong.. Salutes  the 
risen  sun.  1868  MORRIS  Earthly  Par.  (1890)170/1  Beneath 
the  risen  moon.  1870  Athenzum  Dec.  797  The  risen  work 
man's  advisers. 

Riser  (rsi-zai).     [f.  RISE  v.  +  -ER  l.] 
I.   \  1.  One  who  raises  or  rouses.  Of>s.~l 

1388  Prol.  Wydiffite  Bible  (1850)  I.  33  Riseris  of  debate 
and  of  tresoun  ajens  the  king. 

2.  One  who  rises  up,  esp.  from  bed.  Chiefly  m 
collocations  early  (good),  late  riser. 

£1440  Promp.  Parv.  434/2  Rysare,  surrector.  1577  B- 
GOOGE  Heresbach's  Husb.  i.  (1586)  14  b,  This  must  cheefely 
be  looked  vnto. .,  that  the  Bailiffe  be  a  good  riser.  1580 
HOLLYBAND  Treas.  Fr.  Tong,  Homine  cjui  est  matineux, 
an  early  riser.  1612  SHELTON  Quix.  i.  i,  He  was  an  early 
riser,  and  a  great  friend  of  hunting,  a  1631  I>ONNE  Strm. 
xix  (1640)  184  The  first  Rising,  is  the  first  Riser,  Christ 
Jesus.  1710  ADDISON  Tatler  No.  155  P  i  He  was  a  very 
early  Riser.  1862  R.  H.  PATTERSON  Ess.  Hist,  f,  Art  363 
We  are  no  bad  risers  in  the  morning,  but  we  never  saw  the 
sun  rise  on  Midsummer-day  but  once.  1879  LUBBOCK  Sci. 
Lect.  ii.  41  Bees. .arc  very  early  risers,  while  ants  come  out 
later,  when  the  dew  is  off. 

1 3.  One  who  rises  in  revolt.   Obs. 
citpo  Contin.  Brut  (E.  E.T.  S.)  370  A  Squier  of  Walls 
bat  was  a  rebell  &  a  ryser.    c  1460  FORTESCUE  AOI.  <r  Lim. 
Man.  (1885)  125  To  represse  and  punysh  riatours  and  risers. 
1597  Stall  Papers,  Horn.  1595-7,  343  The  «sers  were  Per" 
suaded  to  go  home.     1655  Clarke  Papers  (Camden)  III.  38 
The  late  Commission  for  tryall  of  the  Northern  Risers. 
4.  One  who  rises  in  fortune,  rare-'1. 
1592  WYRLEY  Armorie  14  It  is  a  very  vsuall  matter  for 
euery  new  Riser  at  this  day.  .to  vsurp  the  same. 


712 

5.  A  fish  that  rises  to  an  angler's  fly  or  bait. 

1867  FIIANCIS  Angling  v.  (1880)  165  They  are.  .much  freer 
and  bolder  risers.     1881  Three  in  Nonvay  123  All  the  fish, 
to  whichever  class  of  risers  they  might  belong. 
II.  t 6.     (See  quot.)     Ol>s.-" 

Perh.  an  error  for  rises  :  cf.  RICE'  4. 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  xxi.  (Roxb.)  252/2  He  beareth 
Azure  a  paire  of  Risers,  Argent. .  .This  is  a  thing  by  which 
all  your  hanke  silks  are  wound  from  their  hankes  vpon 
Bobbins. 

7.  The  upright  part  of  a  step  ;  the  vertical  piece 
connecting  two  treads  in  a  stair.  (Cf.  RISE  sl>.  1 2  b.) 

1771  Encyd.  Brit.  I.  360/2  The  manner  of  dove-tailing  the 
riser  into  the  step.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  595 
Divide  the  rod  into  as  many  equal  parts  as  there  are  to  be 
risers.  1858  Skyring's  Builders'  /'rices  53  To  measure 
stairs,  take  one  step  and  riser  the  extreme  width  by  the 
length.  1886  MORSE  Jap.  Homes  iv.  197  The  front  of  the 
step  is  open,— that  is,  there  is  no  riser. 

8.  Milling.  (See  quots.) 

1846  BROCK  ETT  A^.  C.  Glass.  (ed.3\  Riser,  a  trouble  or  dislo 
cation  ;  the  coal  being  so  affected  as  to  be  above  the  level  at 
which  the  seam  is  working.  1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal' 
mining,  Riser,  an  upthrow  fault. 

•9.  Founding.  (See  qnots.)  Also  =feed-head  (see 
FEED  sb.  7). 

1875   KNIGHT   Diet.    Mcch.    1946/2   Riser ..,  an   opening    j 
through  a  mold,  into  which  metal  rises  as  the  mold  fills.    A 
head,     a  1890  Sci.  Amer.  LIX.  88  (Cent.),  To  obtain  a  sound 
casting  in  steel,  with  most  methods  in  use,  a  very  high  riser 
is  necessary. 

10.  Printing.     '  Wooden   or  metal   blocks   for 
mounting  stereo  and  other  plates '  (Jacobi). 

1885  C.  G.  W.  LOCK  Workshop  Rec.  Ser.  iv.  223/2  It  is  a    | 
matter  of  convenience  to  cast  the  '  risers 'or  movable  blocks 
for  mounting  plates,  on  the  premises. 

11.  dial.  The  top  bar  of  a  stile. 

1894  BI.ACKMORE  Pcrlycrms  85,  I  swore  I  would  slash  off 
any  hand  that  was  laid  on  the  edge  of  the  riser. 

||  K.i'Sg'0,6.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  It.  risigo,  obs.  var. 
of  risica,  or  Sp.  ricsgo  :  cf.  Kisco.]  Risk. 


party  that  did  accept  

Maurit.  18  Not  to  desert  this  Business,  .after  having  taken 
so  much  pains,  and  run  so  many  risgo's  for  it.  1710^11  Edin. 
Rev.  (1893)  Jan.  148  There  were  many  and  great  risgoes  to 
be  run. 

Kish(e,  obs.  forms  of  RUSH  sb. 

t  Ri'SheW.  Olts.  Forms  :  5  riss(c)hew,  ris- 
sheu;  ryssheue,rysscriew,  rusohew.  [ad.  AF. 
*russeau  (pi.  russeattlx  :  see  below),  var.  of  OF. 
riiissolle,  etc.]  A  rissole. 

[i  1400  Chart.  Barking  Monastery  in  Dugdale  (1817)  I. 
443  For  russeaulx  in^Lenton.  Ibid.  445  Also  sche  must 
remembir  russheaulx  in  Lenton.] 

CI420  Liter  Cocorum  (1862)  39  For  nssheus.  Take 
grounder)  porke..,  Frye  hit  in  grece.  Ibid.  55  For  the 
thrydde  cours, . .  Ryssheue  and  pome  dorres.  c  1430  7\ut> 


„  Rishi  (ri'Ji).  Also  rishee.  [Skr.  rishi,  of 
uncertain  etym.]  An  inspired  poet  or  sage  ;  a 
holy  seer ;  an  ascetic  or  saint. 

1808 COLEBROOKE  inAsial.  Researches'Vlll.  392  note.  By 
Rishi  is  generally  meant  the  supposed  inspired  writer; 
sometimes,  however,  the  imagined  inspirer  is  called  the 
Rishi,  or  saint  of  the  text.  1837  C.  P.  BROWN  Sanskrit 
Prosody  6  Such  verses  are.,  used  by  a  rishi  or  prophet. 
1880  C.  R.  MARK-HAM  Peruv.  Bark  330  That  magnificent 
peak, . .  which  is  dedicated  to  their  great  Rishi  and  physician. 

Risibility  (rizibi-liti).  [ad.  late  L.  risibilitas 
(Boethius) ;  see  next  and  -ITY.  So  F.  risibilite, 
It.  -ita,  Sp.  -idad,  Pg.  -idade.']  The  faculty  of 
laughing  ;  laughter ;  a  disposition  to  laugh. 

1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  55  Laughter,  or  risibility, 
is  an  effect  by  emanation  of  the  reasonable  soule.  1642 
H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  Wks.  (Grosart)  142  Some,  who 
prove  themselves  men  more  by  their  risibility,  then  by  their 
reason.  1709  Taller  No.  63  P  5  Risibility  being  the  Effect 
of  Reason,  a  Man  ought  to  be  expelled  from  sober  Company, 
who  laughs  alone.  1782  Mrss  BURNEY  Cecilia  y.  i,  His 
exalted  post.. had  moved  the  wonder  and  risibility  of  all 
the  company.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xx,  He  had  himself  some 
disposition  to  join  her  too  obvious  inclination  to  risibility. 
1851  HANNA  Mem.  Dr.  Chalmers  IV.  66  He  could  never 
hear  that  peculiar  dialect  without  his  risibility  being  affected. 
b.  //.  The  risible  faculties.  U.S. 

a  1856  P.  CARTWRIGHT  Aidoliogr.  xii.  (1858)  76,  I  had 
very  hard  work  to  keep  down  my  risibilities.  1859  HAW 
THORNE  Transformation  xliii,  An  Italian  comedy, . . effective 
over  everybody's  risibilities  except  his  own. 

Risible  (ri'zib'l),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  late  L.  ris- 
ibilis,  f.  ris-,  ppl.  stem  of  ridere  to  laugh :  see 
-IBLE.  So  F.  risible  (i4th  c.),  Sp.  risible,  It. 
risibile,  Pg.  risivel.] 

A.  adj.  1.    Having  the  faculty   or  power  of 
laughing ;  inclined  or  given  to  laughter. 

NORTH  Cueuara's  Diatt  Pr.  80  b,  A  creature  the 


honest  and  lawful  ioy —  

he  is  called  a  risible  creature.  1654  Z.  COKE  Logic*  123  A 
man  is  risible,  and  every  risible  thing  is  a  man.  1731 
A.  HILL  Advice  to  Poets  Epist.  p.  x,  What  must  risible 
Foreigners  have  thought  of  the  Court  of  King  William  ? 
1771  SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl.  (1806)  VI.  51  He  is  the  most 
risible  misanthrope  I  ever  met  with. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  used  in,  laughter. 

1747  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  I.  188  His  muscles  have 


RISING. 

never  yet  been  able  to  recover  a  risible  tone.  1754  Con. 
naisseur  No.  i  p  3  He  has  gain'd  such  an  entire  conquest 
over  the  risible  muscles,  that  he  hardly  vouchsafes  at  any 
time  to  smile.  1809  W.  IRVING  Knickerb.  (1820)  106  The 
Dutch  negroes  at  Cummunipaw,  who.  .are  famous  for  their 
risible  powers.  1820  H.  MATTHEWS  Diary  Invalid  (ed.  2) 
451  The  cricket  was  too  much  for  his  risible  nerves.  1862 
C.  STRETTON  Cktfucrta  Life  II.  r34  So  totally  had  he  lost 
all  control  over  his  risible  faculties. 

3.  Capable  of  exciting  laughter;  laughable, 
ludicrous,  comical. 

1727  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Lett,  cxlvi.  IV.  173  There  is 
something  extremely  risible  in  these  affairs.  1755  Man 
No.  6.  2  The  risible  subjects  are  either  real  or  apparent 
absurdities.  1789  BURNEY  Hist.  Mils.  III.  x.  577  The 
jokes  though  not  of  the  most.. refined  sort  are  extremely 
queer  and  risible.  1824  J.  GILCHRIST  Etym.  Interpr.  107 
Foreigners.. get  laughed  at  as  if  they  were  guilty  of  some 
risible  blunder.  1884  BIRUELL  Okiter  Dicta  194  The 
mental  toilet  of  most  of  us  is.,  almost  as  risible  as  was  that 
of  this  savage  Court. 

absol.  1784  New  Spect.  No.  7.  3  Exhibiting  the  serious 
and  the  risible  in  many  points  of  view. 

B.  sb.  pi.  The  risible  faculties  or  muscles  (see 
A.  2).     Chiefly  U.S. 

1785  M.  CUTLER  in  Life,  etc.  (1888)  II.  227  Your  account., 
has  distorted  my  risibles  and  given  my  sides  a  hearty  shake. 
1866  Athenxum  864/3  HIS  risibles  were  much  affected. 
1873  WHITNEY  Oriental  «r  Ling.  Stud.  127  If  the  risibles 
of  classical  philologers  are  so  easily  provoked. 

Hence  Bi'siWeness,  'laughing  faculty    (Bailey, 
vol.11, 1727);  Bi-siblyarfz'.,'  in  a  risible  manner; 
laughably'  (Webster,  1847). 
Rising  (rai'zirj),  vbl.  sb.     [f.  RISE  v.] 
I.  1.  Resurrection.     More   fully  rising  again, 
or  front  the  dead. 

c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  81  He  hem  shewede  fortocne  bi 
ionan  be  prophete.  .of  his  riseng.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  17288 
+  10  Ded  men  ros  of  ber  graues..and  honoured  his  rising. 
(71340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Const.  3976  pe  thred  es  of  be  rysyng 
generate  Of  alle  men,  bathe  grete  and  smale.  1382  WVCLIF 
Matt.  xxii.  23  Saducees,  that  seven  there  is  no  rysyng  ajein. 
CI4SO  Miroiir  Saluacioun  (Roxb.)  118  His  deth  and  his 
rysing  told  he  thaym  or  he  went.  1309  FISHER  Funeral 
Serin  Ciess  Richmond  Wks.  (1876)  304  The  bodyes  of 
them  that  shall  be  saued,  shall  take  at  theyr  rysynge 
agayne  iiij.  other  excellent  gyftes.  1573  IUSSER  Husb. 
(1878)  198,  I  hope  and  trust  vpon  the  rising  of  the  flesh. 
1652  GATAKER  Antinom.  5  His  rising  from  the  ded.  1833 
TENNYSON  Palace  of  Art  206  Then  of  the  moral  instinct 
would  she  prate  And  of  the  rising  from  the  dead. 

2.  The  action  of  getting  up  from  bed  ;  occasion 
ally,  the  time  of  this. 

CTWOO  Rom.  Rose  3821  He  awakid  lelousy;  Which,  al 
arrayed  in  his  rysing  [etc.].  1426  LYDG.  De  Cuil.  Pilgr. 
22065,  I  kepe  the  howres  off  rysynge,  To  do  worschipe  vnto 
the  kynge.  1313  MORE  Rich.  Ill,  Wks.  41/2  At  their  rising 
in  the  dawnynge  of  the  day.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.y,m.  vu. 
34  From  the  rising  of  the  Larke  to  the  lodging  of  the  Lambe. 
1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qua/.  (1809)  III.  21  Fearing 
what  might  happen  to  me  on  the  rising  up  of  his  wife. 
1784  COWPER  Tiroc.  765  Where  early  rest  makes  early 
rising  sure.  1829  LYTTON  Dismuued  i.  in,  My  good  wife 
only  waits  your  rising  to  have  all  ready  for  breakfast.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iv.  I.  506  His  house  at  Kensington 
was  sometimes  thronged,  at  his  hour  of  rising,  by  more  than 
two  hundred  suitors. 

attrib.  c  1820  ROGERS  Italy  (1839)  74  M  misters  from  distant 
Courts  Beset  his  doors,  long  ere  his  rising-hour.  1896 
A  AUSTIN  England's  Darling  n.  i,  Ten  score  ambers  have 
been  lodged  in  the  King's  Barn,  since  rising-time. 

fb.  A  levee.  Obs. 

1720  MRS.  MANLEY  Power  of  Love  (1741)  !•  136  Sigmor 
i    Galen.. should  go  next   Morning  to  the  Dukes  Rising. 
!    c  1729  LD.  AILESBURY  Mem.  (Roxb.)  I.  70  The  king  being 
at  Windsor,  my  father  went  out.,  tothe  king's  rising. 

3.  The  action  of  standing  up  or  getting  on  to 
one's  feet  from  a  sitting  or  reclining  posture,  or 

after  a  fall. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  435/1  Rysynge  vp  fro  sete,  or  restynge 
place,  surrexio,  resurrectio.  Ibid.,  Rysynge  a-jene  persone, 
for  worschyppe,  assurrexio.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.(\\.  de  W. 
1531)  145  b,  That  rysyng  &  sekyng  in  the  narowe  lanes 
signifyeth  y  exercyse  of  vertues.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl. 
Etist.  i.i&  Hetowhome  all  men  ought  m  rising  to  reuer- 
ence.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  u.  476  Thir  rising  all  at  once  was 
as  the  sound  Of  Thunder  heard  remote.  1711  ADDISON 
Spect  No.  12  p  2,  I  was  troubled  with  the  Civility  of  their 
rising  up  to  me  every  time  I  came  into  the  Room.  1847 
C  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  xvii,  A  soft  sound  of  rising  now  became 
I  audible.  1869  BOUTELL  Arms  i,  Armour  vn.  (1874)  i: 
i  When  once  he  had  fallen  to  the  ground,  the  knight  would 
find  the  act  of  rising  to  be  attended  with  no  little  difficulty. 

fie  a  i  wo  Cursor  M.  27048  Quen  bai  vn-mesurll  ar ;  radd 
Efter  HsinTto  fall  egain.  7,Jto  WYCL.K  L«ti ...  34  I  his  is 
put  in  to  the  fallinge  and  in  to  the  rysinge  a?en  of  many 
men  in  Israel.  .66?  M.LTON  P.  L.  ,x.  ,070 True  m  our  Fall, 
False  in  our  promis'd  Rising. 

b.  The    breaking    up    or  adjournment  of  an 
assembly,  esp.  at  the  end  of  a  session. 

,700  PennsyL  Hist.  Soc.  Mem.  IX.  21  After  the  rising 
of  this  assembly,  he  determines  to  send  the  laws .<?  England 
1740  LADY  HARTFORD  Lift.  L.lv.  234  The  rising  of 
parliament  has  very  much  emptied  the  town.  '8'5  JEFFER- 
SON  AutoMof.  Wks.  1859  L  i°  On  the  rising  of  the  House 
I  happened  to  find  myself  near  Governor  W.  Livingston. 
,837  LOCKHART  Scott  IV.  iii.  80  Upon  the  rising  of  the 
Court  in  July,  he  made  an  excursion  to  the  Lennox,  a  1849 
W.  WIRT  in  j.  P.  Kennedy  Life  (1860)  II.  xiv.  228  About 
the  time  of  the  rising  of  Congress.  .  . 

4.  The  act  of  taking  up  arms  or  engaging  m  so 
hostile  action  ;  an  insurrection  or  revolt. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  DC  P.  R.  ix.  xxiv.  (Bodl.  MS.),  In 
be  Juetide  for  rising  of  enemyes  and  of  beeues . .  weccnes 
and  wardis  beb  ikepte.  c  1420  Brut  (Caxton,  ,482)  317  In 


RISING. 

this  same  yere..ther  were  many  heretykes  and  loltardes 
rhat  had  purposed  to  haue  made  a  rysyng.  c  1440  Promp, 
Pitt?-:  435/1  Rysynge  a-5en  pees,  ntsnrrc.rw,  rebellio.  1600 
E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  148  To  assure  themselues  against 
the  rising  of  the  people.  1655  Nicholas  Papers  (Camden) 
II.  343  Some  lettres  speake  of  an  vniuersall  risinge,  and 
that  London  is  vnquiett.  1722  m  Payne  Kng.  Catli.  (1889)  9 
Prisoners  on  account  of  the  unhappy  Rising.  1761  HUMK 
Hist.  Kn$.  III.  Ixi.  326  A  conspiracy  was  entered  into,  .and 
a  day  of  general  rising  appointed.  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mort. 
xxxvi,  Do  you  think  that  the  rising  upon  that  occasion  was 
rebellion  ornot?  1853  MACAUUY/fo/.  Eng.  xh'i.  III.  328 
There  he  held  some  communication  with  the  Macdonalds 
and  Camerons  about  a  rising.  1874  GKEEN  Short  Hist,  \\. 
§  i  A.  great  rising  of  the  whole  people  at  last  recovered 
some  of  this  Norman  spoil. 

b.  Kising~ottl  (see  quots.).     Now  only  Hist. 

The  Irish  equivalent  is  e irghe  amac h. 

1600  DVMMOK  Ireland  (1843)  8  Risingout  is  a  certain 
number  of  horsemen  and  kerne,  which  the  Irishrie  and 
EnglLshrye  are  to  finde  in  her  majesties  service,  at  every 
general!  hostinge.  1633  T.  STAFFORD  Pac,  Hib.  in.  xv.  (1821) 
380  What  with  Countrey  risings  out,  and  under  Captaines  in 

fay,  two  thousand   of  these    were   of   Irish    birth.      1867 
).  MACCARTHY  Life  Florence  MacCarthy  459  The  Mac- 
Carthys  of  Gleann-a-Cliroim . .  were  not  bound  to  attend  the 
Rising  out  of  MacCarthy  Reagh. 

II.  5.  Of  the  heavenly  bodies,  day,  etc.  : 
Appearance  above  the  horizon ;  the  time  or  place 
of  thus  appearing. 

a  1340  HAM  POLE  Psalter  xlix.  2  Fr.i  be  rjsynge  of  be 
sone  til  be  west,  of  syon  be  shape  of  his  fairhede.  1398 
TREVISA  Barth.  Dt  P.  R.  xvn.  clxxv.  (Bodl.  MS.),  pe 
furste.  .harueste  &  gaderinge  hereof  is  aboute  be  risinge 
of  be  sterre  Canis.  1:1440  Astron.  Cal.  (MS.  Ashm.  391), 
£e  forseid  nombres  in  Reed  ye  sluil  vnderstonde  for  be 
risyng  of  b_e  sonne  and  of  be  moone.  1535  COVEKDALE  Job 
iii.  9  Let  it  loke  for  light,  but  let  it  se  none,  nether  the 
rysynge  vp  of  the  fay  re  mornynge.  1570  DKK  Math.  Prcf. 
b  nj,  'f  o  learne  the  Risinges  and  Settinges  of  Sterres.  1611 
BIBLE  Num.  ii.  3  On  the  East  side  toward  the  rising  of  the 
Sunne.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  641  Sweet  is  the  breath  of 
morn,  her  rising  sweet.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  n.  (Globe) 
380  Pointing  to  the  setting  of  the  Sun,  and  then  to  the 
rising.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  fool  ofQital.  (1809)  III.  70 
On  the  rising  of  the  day  I  saw  a  large  town  before  me. 
1828  MOORE  Pract.  Navig.  172  Which  is  to  be  counted 
from  the  east  towards  the  north,  because  it  is  at  the  sun's 
rising.  1846  Joyce^s  Sci.  Dial.  xvii.  109  That  the  moon 
loses  more  time  in  her  risings  [etc.]. 

6.  f  a.  The  source  of  a  river.   Obs~v 

1398  TREVISA  Harth.  De  P.  R.  xv.  Ixxiii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  In 
be  ende  of  este  Inde  aboute  be  ryuer  and  risinge  of  Ganges 
be)?  men  wiboute  moube. 

b.  The  gathering  of a  storm. 

1848  DICKENS  Dombey  xlvi,  How  the  light  white  down 
upon  a  robe  had  stirred  and  rustled,  as  in  the  rising  of  a 
distant  storm. 

7.  The  action  or  state    of  ascending;    upward 
movement  or  course,  ascent ;  an  instance  of  this. 

1458  in  Turner  Dom.  Archit.  (1859)  H'-  '•  42  They  reysid 
up  the  archeys  be  gemeotre  in  rysyng.  1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen, 
Yl,  iv.  iv.  22  For  this  I  draw  in  many  a  teare,  And  stop  the 
rising  of  blood-sucking  sighes.  1608  WII.LET  Hexapla 
Exod.  113  Not.,  before  winter,  .but  toward  the  rising  of  the 
yeere.  1614  YV.  B.  Philosopher's  Hang-net  (ed.  2)  41  It  will 
procure  vnto  them  the  rising  of  the  Splene.  1642  R.  BROOKE 
Eng.  Ef>is.  1 16  At  the  first  Rising  out  of  Popery,  the  Church- 
lesse  Church  of  the  Albigenses.  .began  an  admirable  Re 
formation.  1713  BUDGELL  Sped.  No.  277  F  17  The  various 
Leanings  and  Headings  of  the  Head,  the  Risings  of  the 
Bosom.  1768  GOLDSM.  Good-n,  Man  iv,  Then  let  us  reserve 
our  distress  till  the  rising  of  the  curtain.  1820  W.  SCORESBY 
Ace.  Arc.  Regions  I.  375  The  rising  of  the  mercury  usually 
precedes  the  cessation  of  a  storm.  1865  J.  FEKGUSSON  Hist. 
Arch.  I.  214  The  only  danger  to  be  feared  [in  domes]  is  what 
is  technically  called  a  rising  of  the  haunches. 

attrtb.  1688  HOI.MI-;  Armoury  n.  150/1  Neer  side,  or  the 
Rising  side,  is  tlie  left  side  of  the  horse,  which  side  Men  get 
on  the  horse-back. 

b.  Rising  of  the  lights  \  (see  quots.  1772,  1894 
and  LIGHTS).    Now  dial,     -f  Rising  of  the  matrix 
(cf.  MOTHER  sb. l  n  b),  hysteria.   Obs. 

1660  J.  H.  tr.  Basil.  Valent.  Chariot  Antim.  94  The 
be-^t  Treasure  for  allaying  the  Risings  of  the  Matrix. 
1665  M.  N.  iWed,  Me  dicing  48  Another  Disease  which  the 
people  term  the  Rising  of  the  Lights.  1731  Gentl.  Mag. 

I.  (last  page),  The  Diseases  and  Casualties  tnis  Year. ..Ris 
ing  of  the  lights  37.     1759  BROWN  Compl,  Farmer  12  For 
tiie  rising  of  the  Lights.     Take  four  ounces  of  turmerick  in 
a  quart  of  small  beer.     1772  W.  BUCHAN  Dom.  RIcd.  (ed.  2) 
63i   In  some  parts  of  England,  where  I  have  observed  it 
[sc.  croup],  the  good  women  call   it  the  rising  of  the  lights.    ' 
1845  M«CULI.OCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  II.  612  No  com-    ; 
meutator  on  the  bills  of  mortality  has  been  able  to  explain 
the  great  mortality  attributed  to  rising-  of  the  lights.      1894 
N.  $•  Q.  8th  Ser.  VI.  516  In  this  district  [round  Coventry] 

a  sense  of  fulness  in  the  throat,  accompanied  by  oppressed 
breathing,.. is  attributed  to  a  'rising  of  the  lights  '. 

c.  In  dancing,   an    upward    movement    of  the 
body  caused  by  raising  the  heels  from  the  ground. 

1694  MOTTKUX  Rabelais  v,  xxiv.  (1737)  105  Coupe" s^  Hops, 
Leadings,  Risings.  1765  FOOTE  Commissary  n.  Wks.  1799 

II.  22,  I  would  show  you  what  I  could  do  :  one,  two,  three, 
ha.     One,  two,  tiiree,  ha.     There  are  risings  and  sinkings  ! 

d.  fig.  An  impulse   or  movement   of  an    emo 
tional  nature ;  also,  a  physical  feeling  indicative 
of,  or  resulting  from,  this. 

1726-46  THOMSON  Winter  599  If  doom'd  . .  to  repress 
These  ardent  risings  of  the  kindling  soul.  1766  FORDYCE 
Serin.  Yng.  Worn,  (1767)  I.  vii.  286  It  is  difficult  to  repress 
the  risings_of  indignation.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tom's 
C.  ix,  Gulping  down,  .resolutely  some  kind  of  rising  in  his 
throat,  and  turning,  .round.  1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romola  xxvi, 
With  a  new  rising  of  dislike  to  a  wife  who.  .might  have  the 
power  of  thwarting  him.  1874  CARPENTER  Ment.  Phys.  \. 

VOL.  VIII. 


713 

vii.  (1879)  333  The  patient  may  be  led  to  cultivate  her  own 
power  of  repressing  the  first  risings  of.  .excitement. 

8.  Advancement  in  power,  rank,  or  fortune. 

1595  SHAKB.  John  i.  i.  216  Yet  to  auoid  deceit  I  meane  to 
learne  ;  For  it  shall  strew  the  footsteps  of  my  rising.  1609 


thou  not  that  my  rising  is  thy  fall,  And  my  promotion  will 
be  thy  destruction?  1712  STICK LE  Sfect.  No.  497  F  i  Till 
the  Order  of  Battel  made  way  for  his  rising  in  the  Troops. 
1810  LA MIJ  in  Ainger  Life  (1882)  91  To  give.. some  idea  of 
the  difference  of  rank  and  gradual  rising  I  have  made  a 
little  scale.  1863  .Sat.  Ker.  19  Sept.  383  There  would  be  no 
rising  jn  the  world,  no  new  blood,  no  fresh  source  of  life  and 
strength  in  society. 

9.  Increase  in  height  of  the  tides  or  water. 

1555  EUKN  Decades  (Arb.)  45  Of  the  rysynge  &  faulynge 
of  owre  Ocean  Sea.  1705  ADDISON  Italy  436  Forc'd  to  pay 
an  unreasonable  Exaction  at  every  Ferry  upon  the  least 
Rising  of  the  Waters.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XIII.  68,i 
The  connection  of  this  celestial  sign  [the  dog-star]  with  the 
annual  rising  of  the  river.  1865  KISGSI.EY  //crew.  .\.\\i, 
William  waited  for  the  rising  of  the  tide.  1871  —  At  Last 
viii,  The  Mauritia  palm-tree,  .affords  the  Guaraons  a  safe 
dwelling  during  the  risings  of  the  Oroonoco. 

b.  Founding.  The  boiling  up  of  melted  metal 
after  it  has  been  poured  into  the  mould. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  320  This  accident,  called  the  rising 
of  the  copper,  hinders  it  from  being  laminated.  1884  Science 
IV.  331  The  rising  of  steel,  and  consequently  the  formation 
of  blow-hole*,  is  attributed  to  hydrogen  and  nitrogen,  and 
to  a  small  extent  to  carbonic  oxide. 

10.  Mns.  Increase  of  pitch. 

1597  T.  MORLEY  /ntivtt.  Mns.  102  Here  is  also  another 
waie  in  the  tenth,  which  the  maisters  call  per  arsin  .V 
thesitt,  that  is  by  rising  and  falling.  1674  Way  ford's  Skill 
Mns.  in.  (ed.  7)  4  If  the  Bass  do  ri.se  more  than  a  fourth,  it 
must  be  called  falling  :  and  likewise,  if  it  fall  any  distance 
more  than  a  fourth,  that  falling  must  be  called  rising.  1730 
Treat.  Harmony  36  Anticipation  in  Rising  or  Ascending,  is 
the  bringing  in  a  Note  upon  the  Unaccented  Part  of  the  liar, 
in  such  a  manner  as  that  it  has  not  yet  its  right  Harmony. 
1797  Kncycl.Brit.  (ed.  3)  XII.  530/1  If  we  pass  alternately 
from  a  third  minor  in  descending  to  a  third  major  in  rising. 

11.  A  part  or  thing  standing  out  above  its  sur 
roundings;  a  prominence  or  projection. 

1577  IJ.  GOOGE  Hci'csbach's  flush,  i.  (1586)  29  Where 
wheate  hath  a  clift,  there  hath  it  a  rising.  1607  Toi'SKi.t, 
Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  240  It  is  good  to  use  your  horse  to 
backing. . ,  as  well  from  the  plain  ground  as  from  blocks  and 
risings  invented  for  the  ease  of  man.  1687  A.  LOVEI.I,  tr. 
Thci'cnoCs  Trav.  \.  26  In  all  the  Halls  and  Chambers  they 
have  a  rising  half  a  foot  or  a  foot  high  from  the  Floor,  \vhu:h 
they  call  Divans.  1730  A.  GORDON  Majfefs  Amphith.  265 
On  the  Border  of  the  Wall  there  was  a  Rising . .  which  served 
by  way  of  Ornament  and  Fence.  1763  Phil.  Trans.  LI  1 1. 
171  On  each  side  of  the  back  there  are  two  considerable 
sharp  edged  risings.  1774  GOLDSM.  A'af.  Hist.  (1776)  VII. 
izi  The  iiead  was  long,  and  had  a  little  rising  at  the  top. 

b.  A  morbid  swelling;  an,  abscess,  tumour,  boil. 
Now  dial, 

1563  HYLL  Art  Garden.  (1593)  158  The  raw  meat  of  the 
Gourd  shred,  and  laid  plaLster-wise  on  swelings  and  hard 
risings  of  the  flesh,  dooth  greatlie  aswage  them.  1606 
HOLLAND  Sueton.  74  Cei  taine  hard  risings  of  thicke  brawnie 
.skinne.  a  1660  HAMMOND  Serin,  iv.  I.  (1850)  53  To  prick  the 
rising,  and  let  out  the  putrid  humour.  1847  HALUW.,  Rising^ 
a  small  abscess,  or  boil.  West. 

12.  The  upward  slope  of  a  hill ;  a  piece  of  rising 
ground  ;  a  hill  or  mound. 

1563  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.  v.  C  linns,  Mollis  c/fuits,  an  easie 
rysinge  of  the  hyll.  1591  SHAKS,  Two  Gentl.  v.  ii.  46  Hut 
mount  you  presently,  and  meete  with  me  Vpon  the  ris 
ing  of  the  Mountaine  foote  That  leads  toward  Mantua. 
c  1630  RISDON  Snn\  Dei'on  §  46  (1810)  53  Richard  Duke 
.  .built  a. .  house  upon  the  rising  over  the  river.  1679  Loud. 
GHZ.  No.  1420/3  In  the  mean  time  my  Lord  General., 
drew  up  upon  the  Rising.  1717  BERKELEY  Tonr  Italy ^  Wks. 
1871  IV.  556  Nothing  more  than  gentle  hills  or  risings. 
1782  PKNSANT  Jonrn.  Chest,  to  Land.  100  The  situation  is 
delightful..,  with  small  risings  on  almost  every  side.  1836 
F.  SvKES-SYrrt/i-yr.  Jrnl.  99  Houses  here  and  there  peeping 
forth  from  risings.  1891  Daily  News  23  Oct.  5/7  On  the 
small  risings  and  strips  of  still  uncovered  grass. 
b.  Gradual  or  direct  increase  in  elevation. 

1684  R.  H.  Sch.  Recreat.  83  Observe.. the  Risings,  Fall- 
ings,  and  Advantages  of  the  Places  where  you  Bowl.  1712 
J.  IAMES  tr.  Le  Blonds  Gardening  21  Gardens  have  no 
Risings,  nor  Fallings.  1725  W.  }\\ixvw$\  Sound  Building 
a8  The  Risings  or  Heighths  of  the  Steps.  1771  Encycl. 
Brit,  III.  585/2  A  long  floor-timber,  .not  of  great  rising. 
1797—  (ed.  3)  XVII.  378/2  Half  breadth  of  the  rising,  is  a 
curve  in  the  floor  plan,  which  limits  the  distances  [etc.]. 
o.  Mining.  (See  qrtot.  and  RISE  sb.  lob.) 

1855  J.  R.  LEIFCHILD  Cornwall  138  All  excavations  made 
horizontally  are  designated  drivings,  those  directed  down 
wards  sinkings,  and  those  upwards  risings, 

13.  Naitt.     (See  quots.  11635  and  c  1850.) 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman**  Gram,  ii.  6  Also  the  halfe 
Decke  and  quarter  Decke,  whereon  the  beatnes  and  timbers 
beare  are  called  risings,  c  1635  CAIIT.  BOTELER  Dial.  Sea 
Services  (1685)  124  Which  are  these  Risings?  Those  thick 
Plancks,.  .which  go  fore  and  aft,  on  both  sides  under  the 
ends  of  the  Beams  and  Timbers  of  the  second  Deck  unto  the 
third  Deck.  1664  E.  BUSHNELL  Shipwright  21  Take  oft"  all 
the  Risings,  and  mark  them  on  the  Rising  Staffe.  1827 
ROBERTS  I7oy.  Centr.  Atner,  178  Their  risings  consist  of 
two  planks  from  16  to  18  inches  broad,  c  1850  Rudiin. 
Navig.  (Weale)  142  The  Rising  of  Boats  is  a  narrow  strake 
of  board  fastened  within  side  to  support  the  thwarts. 

Comb.  1664  Rising  staff  [see  above],  1769  FALCONER  Diet. 
Marine  (1780),  Tabtettc*  the  rising-staff;  a  form,  or  scale, 
used  by  shipwrights  when  erecting  the  frames  of  the  timbers. 
c  1850  Rudini.  Navig.  (Weale)  142  Rising  square^  a  square 
used  in  whole  moulding,  upon  which  is  marked  the  height 
of  the  rising  line  above  the  upper  edge  of  the  keel. 


RISING. 

i      14.  The  action  of  raising.  rare~~*. 

1552  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Kec.  Oxford  (1880)  212  To 
cease  theyr  digging  and  rising  of  bancks  in  the  sayd  pastures. 

15.  dial.  Yeast,  leaven  ;  a  fermenting  agent. 

1594  LVLY  Mother  BomMe  n.  i.  117  My  wits  worke  like 
barme,  alias  yest,  alias  sizing,  alias  rising,  alias  Gods  good. 
1668  WORLIDGR  Syst.  Agric.  (1681)  331  Rising,  Yeast  or 
Harm,  so  called  from  the  manner  of  its  rising  above  the  Ale 
or  Beer.  1836  Backwoods  of  Canada  184  She  must  know 
how  to  manufacture  hop-rising  or  salt-rising  for  leavening 
her  bread.  1875-  in  dial,  glossaries  (Yorkshire,  Norfolk, 
Surrey,  Sussex). 

b.   U.S.  The  quantity  of  dough  set  to  rise  for  a 
batch  of  bread.  1890  in  Cent.  Diet. 

Rising  (rai-zin),///.  a.     [f.  RISE  ?'.] 

1.  Having   an   upward    slope    or   lie;    elevated 
above  the  surrounding  or  adjacent  level. 

1548  PATTKN  E.vped.  ScotL  E  iv,  Nie  to  a  church.. stond- 

j    ynge  ypon  a  mean  risyng  hill  sumwhat  higher  then  the  site 

!    of  tlieir  campe.    1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trai>,  (ed.  2)  260  They 

•     ..hale  it  to  some  rising  hill  without.    1677  HUBBAKD  Indian 

Wars  (1865)  I.  145  The  Fort  was  raised  upon  a  Kind  of 

Island  of  five  or  MX  Acres  of  rising  Land  in  the  midst  of  a 

Swamp.     1683  MOXON  Mecli.  Exerc.^  Printing  xiii.  f  3  Kile 

off  the  rising  side  of  the  Punch,  which  brings  the  Face  to  an 

exact  Level.    1730  A.  GORDON  Mafftfs  Awphith,  266  This 

rising  Place  projected  from  the  Wall.    1742  LEONI  ral/adios 

Arc/lit.  I.  81  The  Way. .was  a  little  rising  in  the  middle, 

that  no  Water  might  May  upon  it.     1793  MARTYN  Lang.  Hot. 

s.v.  Assnrgens,   Rising  up  in  a  curve... A  rising  petiole, — 

ii-.ii!:;  leaves.     1807  tl.\ss  'jrnL  41  Passed  handsome  rising 

prairies  on  the  north  side.     1826  A.  BUTLER  Fragments  147 

LV>.st  thou  not  see  Another  king. .  Pursue  that  rising  road '! 

b.  esp.  rising  ground.     (Freq.  hyphened.) 

1617  MOKYSOX  Itin.  n.  272  A  rising  grounde  lying  be- 

i     tweene  the  Campe  and  the  Castle.     1686  tr.  Chat-din's  Trav. 

J\'f-sia  68  The  Castle  upon  the  South  Side  stands  upon  a 

Rising  Ground.     1736  DRAKE  Eboracum  167  This  being  a 

lising  ground   the  prince  sent   a  party  to  dislodge    them. 

1781  COWFKR  Hope  46  The  yellow  tilth,  green  mead?-,  rocks, 

vising  grounds.     1839  THIRLWAI.L  Greece    IV.  423  An  ex- 

hausted  remnant,  .at  length  reached  a  rising  ground.    1867 

HOWELLS  Ital.  Jo-urn.  189  Our  horses  were  brought  to  a 

stand  on  a  rising  ground. 

f  c.  Of  the  nose  :  Turned  up,  snub.    Obs. 
1709  Land.  Gaz.  No.  4508/3  The  said  Margaret  is  about 
25  Years  of  Age,  long,  lean  and  pale  Visag'd,  a  rising  Nose. 

2.  That  ascends  or  rises  ;   mounting. 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen,  II7,  in.  i.  10  His  Cheekes  looke  pale, 
and  with  a  rising  sigh,  He  \visheth  you  in  Heauen.  1605 
—  Lear  n.  iv.  122  Oh  me  my  heart  !  My  ri>in<;  heart  !  But 
tlowne.  1667  Mi I.TON  J'.  /-.  ix.  75  And  with  it  rose  Satan 
involv'd  in  rising  Mist.  1726-46  THOMSON  // 'inter  2  See, 
Winter  comes, ..  Sullen,  and  sad,  with  all  his  rising  train: 
Vapours, and  Clouds,  and  Storms.  1754  GRAY  /\v,y  40  O'er 
her  warm  cheek,  and  rising  bosom.  1860  Merc.  Mar.  Mag. 
,  VII.  339  A  gradually  rising  _class  foretells  improving  weather 
I  if  the  thermometer  falls.  1876  FREEMAN  Norm.  Long.  IV. 
73  Norwich,  with  its  newly  rising  castle,  was  put  undei 
his  special  care. 

b.  Of  tides  or  water :  Mounting,  increasing  in 
height.  Also_/%f. 

1697  DRYDF.N  /  irg.  Georg.  i.  442  With  a  roaring  sound  The 

1    rising  Rivers  float  the  nether  Ground.  1781  COWPKR  Retirein. 

\    532  The  rising  waves.  .Thunder  and  flash  upon  the  stedfast 

:    shores.     1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  xi.  x,  As  on  a  foam-girt 

crag  some  seaman   tossed  Stares  at  the  rising  tide.     1875 

JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  174  He  would  stem  the  rising  tide 

of  revolution. 

C.  Starting  or  springing  up. 

1728  POPE /?«»c.  iv.  426, 1  saw,  and  started  from  its  vernal 
i    bow Y,  The  rising  game. 

3.  Of  the  heavenly  bodies:  Appenring  or  emer 
gent  above  the  horizon.    Also  transf.  (quot.  1610). 

1610  SMAKS.  Temp.  v.  i.  66  As  the  morning  stealcs  vpon 
the  night . .  so  their  rising  sences  Begin  to  chace  the  ignorant 
fumes  that  mantle  Their  cleerer  reason.  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
in.  551  Spires  and  Pinnacles.. Which  now  the  Rising  Sun 
guilds  with  his  beams.  1709  ELIZ.  SINGER  Love  <y  friend 
ship  i,  While . .  rising  Night  the  Ev'ning  Shade  extends.  1794 
MRS.  RADCLIFFE  A/yst.  Udolphoy.\,  The  rising  moon  threw 
a  shadowy  light  upon  the  terrace.  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mort. 
xliii,  The  beams  of  the  rising  sun,  which  glanced  on  the 
first  broken  waves  of  the  fall.  1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  \,  \.  39 
The  moon.. turned  a  pale  face  towards  the  rising  day. 
1896  A.  E.  HOL'SMAN  Shropshire  Lad  xliv,  Right  you 
guessed  the  rising  morrow. 

4.  Increasing  in  degree,  force,  or  intensity  ;  ad 
vancing,  growing. 

1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1638)  58  With  which  small 
victory  contenting  himselfe,  as  with  the  good  beginning  of 
his  rising  fortune,  he  returned  backe  againe  into  his  king- 
dome.  1703  ROWE  Fair  /'ertif.  i.  i,  A  rising  storm  of 
Passion  shook  her  Breast.  1703  —  Ulysses  iv.  i,  Long  1 
strove  with  rising  Indignation.  1742  GKAY  Properties  ii. 
23  Riseing  winds  the  face  of  Ocean  sweep.  1808  SCOTT 
Marm.i.  xvi,  Lord  Marmion  .  .With  pain  his  rising  wrath 
suppress'd.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iii.  I.  341  The  rising 
importance  of  Leeds  had  attracted  the  notice  of  successive 
governments.  Mfe  Ttatt  28  May  848/2  The  poplars  are 
bent  by  the  rising  wind. 

b.  Advancing  in  fortune,  influence,  or  dignity, 

1631  R.  BOLTON  Com/.  AJfl.  Consc.  (1640)  139  Had  Paul 
addrest  himselfe  to  have  satisfied  their  curiosities,  as  many 
a  rising,  temporizing  trenchar-Chaplaine  would  have  done. 
1672  MARVELL  Reh.  Transp.  \.  64  They  that  perceived  he 
was  a  Rising-man  and  of  pleasant  Conversation.  1709 
STEELE  Tatter  No.  61  F  15  'Tis  natural  for  distant  Rela 
tions  to  claim  Kindred  with  a  rising  Family.  1761  HUME 
Hist.  Eng.  xx vii.  II.  127  Thenceforward  he  was  looked  on 
at  court  as  a  rising  man.  1835  BURNES  Trav,  Bokhara 
(ed.  2)  III.  265  He  is. .the  most  rising  man  in  the  Cabool 
dominions.  1863  TREVF.LVAN  Cotnfet.  Wallah  (1866)  119,  1 
know  of  no  better  company  m  the  world  than  a  rising 

90 


RISING. 

civilian.    1889  JESSOPP  Coming  of  'Friars  v.  240  A  pleasant 
little  brief  for  a  rising  barrister  to  hold. 
C.  Increasing  in  pitch. 

1674  CAMPION  Music  22  By  rule,  instead  of  the  rising  third, 
it  should  fall  into  the  eight  1876  Encycl.  Brit.  V.  656/1 
The  rising  tone  gives  to  the  voice  somewhat  of  the  effect  of 
an  interrogation.  1079  E.  PROUT  Harmony  xi,  The  very 
rare  reverse  case..,  the  falling  second  and  rising  third. 

6.  Coming  into  existence  ;  developing,  growing. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vn.  102  To  heare  thee  tell  His  Genera 
tion,  and  the  rising  Birth  Of  Nature.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg. 
Past.  iv.  27  His  Cradle  shall  with  rising  Flow'rsbecrown'd. 
1712  AUDISON  Spect.  No.  523  f  i,  I  am  always  highly  de« 
lighted  with  the  discovery  of  any  rising  Genius  among 
my  Countrymen.  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  77  P  14  The 
hopes  of  the  rising  generation.  1781  J.  MOORE  Weiv  Soc. 
It.  (1790)  I.  vii.  75  The  rising  vigour  of  Venice  was  permitted 
to  grow.  1822  R.  G.  WALLACE  15  Yrs.  in  India  323  All 
the  villages,  .appeared  in  a  flourishing  condition,  with  a 
numerous  rising  generation.  1870  CONWAV  Earthu1.  Pilgr. 
xxvi.  311  The  rising  generation  is  sitting  at  the  feet  of  men 
of  genius  who  train  it  into  antagonism  to  the  Church. 

6.  Special  collocations  :  rising  arch,  a  ram 
pant  arch  (Knight,  1875)  ;  rising-board  (see 
quot.) ;  rising  butt,  =  rising  hinge ;  rising  cup 
board,  a  kitchen-lift ;  rising  floor  (see  quot.) ; 
rising  front,  Photogr.,  a  camera  front  which 
can  be  elevated  so  as  to  reduce  the  foregound  in 
a  view ;  rising  hinge,  one  which  raises  the 
door,  etc.,  as  it  opens ;  rising  main,  the  vertical 
pipe  of  a  pump  ;  rising  rod,  part  of  the  mechan 
ism  of  a  Cornish  steam-engine  (Knight,  1875); 
rising  seat,  one  of  a  set  of  ascending  seats,  facing 
the  congregation,  in  a  Quakers'  meeting-house ; 
rising  strait,  timbers,  wood  (see  quots.). 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  88  There  are  other 
boards  placed  obliquely  which  extend.. to  the  rim  of  the 
wheel,  and  nearly  fill  the  space  between  one  float-board  and 
the  next.  These  are  called  "rising-boards.  1866  Tomlinson's 
Diet.  Arts  1.843/1  Mr.  Redmund's  hinges  are  termed  *rising 
butts;.. when  the  door  is  opened  it  is  lifted  up  from  the 
floor.  1833  Lou  DON  Eucyd.  Archil.  §  1457  When  the  second 
description  of  "rising  cupboard  is  used,  it  is  necessary  to 
have  one  for  each  floor.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Nant.  Diet.  s.v. 
Floor,  The  'Rising-Floors  imply  those  floor-timbers  which 
rise  gradually  from  the  plane  of  the  mid-ship-floor,  so  as 
to  sharpen  the  form  of  the  vessel  towards  the  bow  and  the 
stern.  1891  Photogr.  Ann.  II.  42  The  *rising  front  is  most 
useful  when  taking  views  uphill.  1807  Trans.  Sac.  Arts 
XXVI,  196  It  obviates  the  necessity  of  screw  *rising  binges. 
1838  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  189/2  Four  pipes  or  *rising- 
mains,  the  lower  end  of  each  being  connected  with  a  valve- 
box,  a  1890  M.  £  C.  LEE  Quaker  Girl  of  Nantncket  28 
(Cent.),  In  the  sing-song  drawl  once  peculiar  to  the  tune 
ful  exhortations  of  the  *rising  seat  he  thus  held  forth. 
ciSso  Rudim.  Navig.  (Weale)  142  *  Rising  strait,  in  whole 
moulding,  a  curve  line  in  the  sheer  plan,  drawn  at  the  inter 
section  of  the  strait  part  of  the  bend-mould,  when  continued 
to  the  middle  at  each  respective  timber.  1626  CAPT.  SMITH 
Accra1.  Yng.  Seamen-  10  The  flowre,  the  sleepers,  Arising 
timbers,  garble  strake,  her  rake,  the  fore  reach,  c  1635  CAPT. 
BOTELER  Dial.  Sea  Sendees  (1685)  98  The  Hooks  placed  on 
the  Keel  are  named  Rising-Timbers,  in  respect  that  accord 
ing  to  the  Rising  by  degrees  of  these  Hooks,  so  the  Rake . . 
and  the  Run.. rise  by  degrees  from  her  Flat-floor.  1752 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.  v.  Ship  (plate)  60  The  Vising  or  Dead 
Wood,  c  1850  Rudim.  Navig.  (Weale)  142  The  floor-timbers 
.  .are.  .raised  upon  a  solid  body  of  wood  called  the  dead  or 
rising  wood. 

Rising  (r3i-zirj),/r. ///<?.     [f.  RISE  v.~\ 

1.  Her.  Preparing  for  flight ;  taking  wing. 

1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  in.  xx.  231  He  beareth  Azure, 
three  Bustards  rising,  Or.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  \\.  478/2  A 
Stork  surgiant..  .This  is  by  some  termed  a  Stork  rising,  as 
having  its  Wings  disclosed.. and  preparing  forflight.  1868 
CUSSANS  Heraldry  (1893)  95  Rising,  or  Ronsant '.  about  to 
rise,  or  take  wing.  This  term  is  usually  employed  in 
blazoning  Swans. 

2.  Of  horses,  and  transf.  of  persons  :  Approach 
ing  (a  given  age). 

1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  ofQualtty  (1792)  IV.  23  By  virtue 
of  the  same  oath,  [the  horse  was]  four  years  old,  rising  five. 
1789  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Ethelinde  (1814)  V.  50  Before  next 
grass,  when  you'll  be  rising  twenty,,  .you'll  make  a  match 
with  Davenant.  _  1810  Sporting  Mag.  XXXV.  138  He  [a 
horse]  is  now  rising  seven  years  old.  1853  *  C.  BKDE  ' 
Verdant  Green  i,  Mr.  Verdant  Green  was  (in  stable 
language)  rising  sixteen.  1863  READE  Hard  Cash  I.  u 
Young  Hardie,  rising  twenty-one,  thought  nothing  human 
worthy  of  reverence,  but  Intellect. 
b.  Similarly  with  to.  rare. 

1789  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  II.  82  Two  bulls  rising  to  three 
years  old. 

3.  U.  S.  a.  Fully  as  much  as ;  rather  more  than. 
1848  BARTLETT  Diet.  Atiter.  (1859)  ^67  James  Smuhson 

bequeathed  to  the  United  States  rising  half  a  million 
of  dollars.  1894  WINSOR  Cartier  to  Frontenac  298  Affairs 
in  Canada,  with  a  population  that  had  grown  to  rising  ten 
thousand,  seemed  to  be  going  from  worse  to  worse.  1895 
Outing  XXVII.  254/2  The  enclosure  contains  something 
rising  forty  acres. 

b.  Upwards  of,  in  excess  of. 

1817  PAUI.DING  Lett.fr.  South  II.  121  '  How  much  wheat 
did  you  raise  this  year  ?'  'A  little  rising  of  five  thousand 
bushels.'  1848  BARTLETT  Diet,  Amer.  (1859)  3^7  There 
were  rising  of  a  thousand  men  killed  at  the  battle. 
Rising-line.  (See  quots.  1769  and  1841.) 
1691  T.  HI  ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent,  p.  x,  Whereas  all  Ships 
before.,  were  built  by  rising  Lines, ..he  built  that  by  Hori- 
zontalones.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine (1780),  Risingline^ 
a  name  given  by  shipwrights  to  an  incurvated  line,  which  is 
drawn  on  the  plane  of  elevation,  to  determine  the  height 
of  the  ends  of  all  the  floor-timbers  throughout  the  ship's 
length.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  III.  585/2  By  this  and  a  hollow 


714 

mould,  all  the  timbers  are  formed,  as  far  as  the  rising-line. 
1841  K.  H.  DANA  Seaman's  Man.  102  Dead-rising;  or 
Rising-line,  those  parts  of  a  vessel's  floor,  throughout  her 
whole  length,  where  the  floor  timber  is  terminated  upon  the 
lower  futtock. 

f  Ri-sion.     Obs~Q    [ad.  L.  risio  (Plautus).] 
1656  BLOUNT  Ghssogr.^  Rision,  a  laughing,  a  mocking, 
a  scorning. 

Risk,  sb.  Also  7  resque,  7-9  risque,  [a.  F. 
risque  (,17th  cent.),  ad.  It.  risco  (see  Risco  and 
cf.  RISGO),  rischio,  of  uncertain  origin.] 

1.  Hazard,  danger;   exposure  to   mischance  or 
peril.     Freq.  const,  of. 

a.  1661  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Risque,  peril,  jeopardy,  danger, 
:  hazard,  chance.  1696  VANBRUGH  Relapse  i.  (1708)  10 
To  cut  my  Elder  Brother's  Throat,  without  the  Risque 
of  being  hang'd  for  him.  1740  GIBBER  Apol.  (1756)  I.  195 
Till  they  had  been  assur'd  they  might  do  it  without  the 
risque  of  an  insult  to  their  modesty.  1793  SMEATOM 
Edystone  L.  §  103  The  risque  of  which  would  have  been 
prevented.  1808  SCOTT  Mann.  i.  xxi,  Little  he  loves  such 
risques  I  know.  1862  KNIGHT  Pop.  Hist.  Eng.  IV.  So  They 
knew  how  infinite  were  the  risques  of  democracy  becoming 
i  universal  licence. 

0.  1741    MIDDLETON   Cicero  I.  v.  353  Flaccus..for  my 
sake  slighted  the  risk  of  his  fortunes  and  life.    i784Co\vpER 
Task  in.  705,  I   therefore   recommend,  though  at  the  risk 
Of   popular    disgust,.  .The   cause    of  piety.      1819   SCOTT 
Ivan /toe  xxxviii,  Several   witnesses   were    called    upon  to 
prove  the  risks  to  which  Bois-Guilbert  exposed   himself. 
1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iii.  I.  310  There  would  be  great 
risk  of  a  lamentable  change  in  the  character  of  our  public 
men.     1877  MRS.  OLIPHANT  Makers  Flor.  i.  7  This  extra 
ordinary  risk,  from  which  the  city,  .escaped. 

b.  Freq.  in  phr.  to  run  a  or  the  (also  f  one's) 
risk.     (Also  in  sense  2.) 

a.  1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav,  (1677)  293  Rather  than  run 
their  resque  or  incur  his  di>pleasure  they  oft-times  con 
descend  to  a  reasonable  mart.  1683  BURNET  tr.  Mare's 

\     Utopia  130  They  consider  the  Risque  that  those  run,  who 

'.  undertake  such  Services.  1717  MRS.  CENTLIVRE  BoldStroke 
for  \\7ife  i.  i,  He  that  runs  the  risque  deserves  the  fair.  1773 

j     MRS.  CiiAi'ONE  Ituprov.  Mind  (1774)  I.  154  You  will  at  least 
have  run  no  risque  in  the  search. 
ft.  1728  CHAMUKRS  Cycl.  s.v.,  There  is  a  great  Risk  run 

i  in  letting  Goods  go  upon  Credit  to  great  Lords.  1741 
MIDDLETON  Cicero  II.  VH.  74  He  must  necessarily  run 

I  the  risk  of  many  Ibattles]  before  he  could  gain  his  end. 
1770  y-uniits  Lett.  xli.  (1788)  230  If  the  jury  run  any  risk  of 
punishment.  1808  SCOTT  in  Lockhart  I.  i.  3  He  lost  all  he 

j  had  in  the  world,  and.  .run  a  narrow  risk  of  being  hanged. 
1843  F.  E.  PAGET  Pageant  38  Why  am  I  to  run  the  risk  of 
scarlet  fever  being  brought  into  the  house?  1869  FREEMAN 
Norm.  Cong.  (1875)  III.  162  It  was  no  mark  of  wisdom. .to 
run  risks  which  might  be  avoided. 
fc.  A  venturous  course.  Ot>s.~l 

1692  SOUTH  Serm.  (1697)  I.  215  An  insolent  despiser  of 
Discipline,  nurtur'd  into  Impudence,  .by  a  long  Risque  of 
Licence  and  Rebellion. 

2.  The  chance  or  hazard  of  commercial  loss,  spec. 
in  the  case  of  insured  property  or  goods. 

a.  1719  W.  WOOD  Snrv.  Trade  239  To  avoid  the  Loss  or 
the  Risque  of  having  any  Goods  by  him,  out  of  Time.  1750 
BE  AWES  Lex  Mcrcat.  (1752)  261  A  Contract  or  Agreement, 
by  which  one  or  more  Particulars,  .take  on  them  the  Risque 
of  the  Value  of  the  Things  insured.  Ibid.  284  He  under- 
took  a  Risque  of  two  or  three  Months  only.  1798  Roots' 
Rep.  I.  203  If  it  eventually  proves  insufficient  to  raise  the 
sum  due,  it  is  the  mortgagee's  own  fault  and  at  his  risque. 

ft.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  Risk  of  Merchandizes 
commences  from  the  Time  they  are  carried  aboard.  1755 
MAGENS  Insurances  I.  p.  vi,  An  Insurance  made  on  Risks 
in  Foreign  Ships.  1846  GREENER  Set.  Gunnery  336  It  seems 
strange  such  a  thing  should  be,  a  contractor  without  a  risk 
or  duty.  1880  Encycl.  Brit.  XIII.  163/1  Fire  insurance  as 
a  business  consists  in  undertaking  a  certain  risk,  .in  return 
for  a  comparatively  small  sum, ..called  the  premium. 
b.  (See  quot.  1841.) 

1838  DE  MORGAN  Ess.  Probal.  153  To  find  the  mean  risk 
of  the  sum  or  difference  of  any  number  of  quantities  deter 
mined  by  observation,  add  together  the  squares  of  all  their 
mean  risks,  and  extract  the  square  root  of  the  result.  1841 
Penny  Cy<-l.  XX.  19/2  In  the  theory  of  Probabilities  the 
risk  of  loss  or  gain  means  such  a  fraction  of  the  sum  to  be 
lost  or  gained  as  expresses  the  chance  of  losing  or  gaining  it. 

3.  Risk-money,  an  allowance  made  to  a  cashier 
to  cover  accidental  deficits. 

1849  GILBART  Banking  (fA.  5)  I.  262  To  meet,  .deficiencies, 
some  banks  allow  to  each  cashier  a  certain  sum.  .which  is 
called  risk-money.  1900  Westtn.  Gaz.  24  Nov.  2/3  He.. 
was  receiving  ,£3  i$s.a.  month  and  3$.  a  week  for  risk-money. 

Risk,  "V.  Also  7-9  risque,  [ad.  F.  risqutr, 
ad.  older  It.  riscare,  rischiare  (now  risicare, 
arrischiare})  f.  risco  RISK  ${>.] 

1.  trans.  To  hazard,  endanger ;  to  expose  to  the 
chance  of  injury  or  loss. 

o.  a  1687  VILLIF.RS  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  J?<v/r>?tt//o«  Wks.  (1775) 
7  Lately  the  King  risqu'd  both  his  kingdoms  for  offering  to 
imprison  Philander.  1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  29  §  2  One  can 
scarce  be  in  the  most  humanized  society  without  risquing 
one's  life.  1759  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  67  f2  To  risque  the 
certainty  of  little  for  the  chance  of  much.  1790  BURKE  Fr. 
Rei.>.  271  To  risque  the  whole  fortune  of  the  state.  1811 
L.  M.  HAWKINS  C'tess  $  Gertr.  I.  146  He  should  risque  his 
lordship's  favor  for  ever. 

ft.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  In  Matters  of  Insurance,  'tis 
a  Maxim,  that  all  is  never  to  be  risk'd.  .in  the  same  Vessel. 
1741  MIDDLETON  Cicero  II.  vui.  164  He. .was  content  to 
risk  his  reputation  on  the  merit  of  it.  1757  W.  WILKIE 
Epigoniad  -Pref.  p.  xxv,  That  no  person  could  appear  with 
advantage  in  military  actions  who  risked  nothing  by  doing 
so.  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mart,  xxx,  You  are  but  losing  your 
time,  my  friend,  and  risking  your  life.  1878  R.  W.  D*LB 
Lect.  Preach,  i.  4  In  the  great  affairs  of  life  we  can  afford 
to  risk  nothing. 


RISOMED. 

2.  To  venture  upon,  take  the  chances  of. 

a.  1705  STANHOPE  Paraphr.  II.  294  Risquing  the  loss  of 
Heaven.  1723  GAY  Captives  Pro!.,  I  wish  some  author 
careless  of  renown  Would  without  formal  prologue  risque 
the  town.  1781  COWPER  Retirem.  255  Yet  let  a  poet,. 
Risque  an  intrusion  on  thy  pensive  mood.  1805  Med.  jfrnl. 
XIV.  450,  I  did  not  think  it  prudent  to  risque  a  repetition 
of  the  introduction  of  the  catheter. 

ft.  1790  BRUCE  Source  Nile  II.  335  Nor  had  Emana  Christos 
forces  enough  to  risk  a  battle.  1803  Med.  Jrnl.  IX.  232  As 
men  of  eminence,  .sometimes  risk  hasty  and  incautious  de 
cisions.  1856  FROUDE  Hut.  Eng.  (1858)  I.  ii.  91  The  people 
..were  prepared  to  risk  the  sacrilege  of  confiscating  the 
estates  of  the  religious  houses.  1871  L.  STEPHEN*  Playgr, 
Enr.  (1894)  viii.  188  For  half  an  hour.. we  were  risking 
sprained  ankles  across  this,  .wilderness. 

3.  To  venture  to  bring  into  some  situation. 
1760-72  H.  BROOKE  FoolofQnal.  (1809)  IV.  28  Would  you 

risk  our  Angelica  into  such  a  fearful  peril  ?  1781  COWPER 
Cowersat.  371  We  dare  not  risque  them  into  public  view. 

4.  intr.  To  take  or  run  risks,   rare—*. 

1766  tr.  Bt'ccarias  Ess.  Crimes  xxxiii.  (1793)  127  Men 
risque  only  in  proportion  to  the  advantage  expected. 

Hence  Bi'sking  vbl.  sb. 

1748  Anson's  Voy.  u.  iv.  161  The  risquing  of  twenty  men, 
..was  risquing  the  safety  of  the  whole. 

Ki'sker.  [f.  RISK  v.  +  -ER*.]  One  who  risks 
something. 

1678  BUTLER  Hud.  in.  ii.  418  He.. hither  came  t'  observe 
and  smoke  What  Courses  other  Riskers  took.  1760  H. 
WALPOLE  Let.  to  Mann  28  Aug.,  This  risker  [the  King  of 
Prussia)  has  scrambled  another  victory. 

Ri  skful,  a.  [f.  RISK  sb.  +  -FUL.]  Full  of 
risk  ;  hazardous,  uncertain. 

1793  PEARCE  Hartford  Bridge  i.  ij,  The  old  gentleman 
is  not  very  well;  and  what  makes  it  rather  riskful,  he's 
attended  by  two  physicians.  1844  LD.  BROUGHAM  A.  Lunel 
II.  iv.  92  They  are.  .extremely  averse  to  all  that  is  ad 
venturous,  or  riskful,  even  in.  .commerce.  1887  BARING- 
GOULD  Gaverocks  I.  iv.  53  He  took  the  shorter,  riskful  path 
up  the  cliff. 

Rrskily,  adv.  [f.  RISKY  +  -LY  -.]  In  a  risky 
or  venturesome  manner. 

1874  HEATH  Croquet  Player  79  Hii  partner  will,  .begin 
to  play  badly,  or  else  too  riskily,  in  the  hope  of  overtaking 
the  better  player. 

Riskiness,  [f.  as  prec.  + -XESS.]  The  quality 
of  being  risky  or  hazardous. 

1883  Law  Reports  8  App.  Cases  400  Considering  the 
special  riskiness  of  the  particular  matter  the  underwriters., 
do  not  choose  to  be  liable. 

Ri-skish,  a.     [-ISH.]     Somewhat  risky. 

1864  CARLYLE  Freak.  Gt.  xv.  xii.  (1872)  IV.  97  Briihl  ought 
to   comprehend  better   how  riskish  his  game   with  edge- 
tools  is. 

Ri'Skless,   a.     [f.   RISK  sb.  +  -LESS.]     Free 

from  risk  or  danger. 

1865  Pall  Mall  G.  17  June  5  An  invention  which, . .  wher 
ever  it  has  been  used,  has  rendered  ascent  and  descent  risk- 
less.     1893  Pall  Mall  Mag.  II.   14  The  descent,.. though 
not  riskless,  was  no  great  feat. 

Ri-sky,  a.    [f.  RISK  sb.  4  -Y.] 

1.  Dangerous,  hazardous,  fraught  with  risk. 
1827  J.  F.  COOPER  Prairie  xii,  'Twill  be  a  risky  job,  and 

one  of  small  profit  !  1858  Times  2  Dec.  6/3  The  cause  of 
human  affairs  [is]  made  very  much  more  risky,  when  [etc.], 
1871  TvNnALL/'Vag-w.  .?£-/.  (1879)  II.  xiif.  296  His  experiment 
is  a  very  risky  one.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  *  Col.  Reformer 
(1891)  127  1'he  place  being  risky,  and  the  night  extra  bad. 

2.  Venturesome,  bold  ;  audacious.  rare~l. 

1826  J.  F.  COOPER  Mohicans  vii,  I  am  no  mortal  if  the 
lisky  devils  haven't  swam  down  upon  the  very  pitch. 

3.  [Aiter  F.  Hsqut^\     Bordering  upon,  sugges 
tive  of,  what  is  morally  objectionable  or  offensive. 

1881  Daily  Netvs  25  July  2/6  He  has  carefully  eliminated 
all  the  risky  Gallicisms  to  which.. the  Palais  Royal  artists 
gave  such  point,  1893  W.  S.  GILBERT  Utopia  it,  The 
Chamberlain  our  native  stage  has  purged.. Of  'risky' 
situation  and  indelicate  suggestion. 

Risme,  obs.  form  of  KIME  sb,1 

Ttisom  jiz'm).  Now/fta/.  Forms:  5risom, 
ressynn  (?},  8-9  rissom,  9  rysom,  risra,  ris'm  ; 
•j  rizome,  8  riz-,  razom,  ruzzom,  9  rizzom,  -um, 
-im.  [Of  Scand.  origin  :  cf.  Da.  dial,  rusme  stalk 
(of  oats),  Sw.  dial,  ressma  ear  of  corn  (esp.  oats).] 

1.  A  stalk  of  corn;  a  head  of  oats.   Also  atfnb., 
as  risom-head. 

a  1400-50  A  le.vander  3060  (Ashmole),  pare  fell  as  fele  bam 
before. .As  risoms  [v.r.  ressynnys]  in  a  ranke  fild  quen 
ridersit  spillen.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  u.  117/2  Rizomes, 
the  spenrsed  ears  of  Oats  in  the  Straw.  A  Rizome  head,  a 
chaffy  sparsed  head,  c  1700  KENNKTT  in  A/S.  Lansii.  fojj, 
325  b,  A  Rizom,  a  plume  or  bell  or  bunch  of  oats  and  such 
other  corn,  as  does  not  grow  in  an  ear.  1766  Chron.  ir^ 
Ann.  Reg.  VIII.  129/1  Most  of  the  stems  produced  about 
two  hundred  and  eighty  grains,  the  razoms  or  ears  being 
covered  eighteen  inches  long.  1775  WATSON  Hist.  Halifax 
544  Rnzzom  of  Corn,  an  ear  of  corn.  1814  PEGGE  Suppl. 
(rrose,  Rissom  or  rysom,  a  stalk  of  corn.  North.  1878 
Cnmbld.  Gloss.,  Risms,  straws  left  on  the  stubbles.  1888 
Sheffield  Gloss.  s.v.,  A  rizznm  of  straw  is  the  same  thing  as 
a  rizzum  of  corn  except  that  in  the  former  case  the  wheat 
has  been  beaten  out  of  the  ear. 

2.  transf.  A  particle,  an  atom. 


an'  no'  a  rissom  o'  tobacco  ! 

Hence  Ri'somed  a.,  eared,  headed. 

1841  HARTSHORHE  Salop.  Antiq.  Gloss.  1883  Advt.^N. 
$  Q.  (Cheshire)  III.  28/2  The  oats  are  rismed  and  cannot 
fail  to  yield  well. 


BISOKIAL. 

Riso'rial,  a.  rare.  [f.  L.  ris-t  ppl.  stem  of 
ridere  to  laugh  :  see  -OUIAL.]  Risible. 

1855  in  OCILVIK  SafpL  1896  Voice  (N.  Y.)  24  Dec.  4  The 
zygomatic  and  risorial  muscles  of  our  mouth. 

f  Risorse,  error  for  RECOUKSE  sb.\  2. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  i.  met.  ii.  (i863)  8  Wyche  sterre  in 
heuene  vsej?  wandryng  risorses. 

II  Risotto  (r*Vt0).  [It.]  A  stew  or  broth 
made  with  rice,  chicken,  onions,  butter,  etc. 

1884  J.  PAYNE  Tales  fr.  Arabic  II.  26  note,  Herais,  a 
species  of '  risotto  ',  made  of  pounded  wheat  or  rice  and  meat    j 
in  shreds.     1885  rail  Mall  G.  7  Mar.  5  A  useful  description 
of  how  to  cook  risotto,  a  delightful  dish  too  rarely  seen  in 
England. 

Risp  (risp),  j&l     Sc.     Also  6  rysp.     [Of  ob 
scure  origin.]     A  species  of  sedge.     Also    risp-    , 
grass,  the  reed. 

1508  DUNDAR  Gold.  Targe  56  Amang  the  grene  rispis  and  ' 
the  redis,  Arrivit  sche.  1513  DOUGLAS  /Erteis  vi.  vi.  72  j 
Amang  the  fauch  rispis  har.sk  and  star.  Ibid,  x,  xii.  54  I 
Amang  the  buskis  r;mk  of  rysp  and  redis. 

1823  HOGG  in  Blackw.  Mag.  XIV.  190 The  hay-rope,  .was 
made  of  risp^  a  sort  of  long  sword-grass  that  grows  about 
marshes  and  the   sides  of  lakes.     1844   H.  STEPHENS  Bk.     '• 
Farm  I.  350  Carex  (zspitosa,    Risp.     1844  1'roc.  Berw.    \ 
Nat.Clubll.'i<&\  covering  of  fen-grasses. .,' rashers '..     | 
and  '  risp-grass'  (Arundo  phragmitcs)   from   the.,  tracts    ' 
around. 

Risp,  sb?  Now  dial.  [Of  obscure  origin.  ; 
Cf.  Norw.  dial,  rispa  a  cluster  of  seed  or  flowers.]  j 
A  bush,  branch,  or  twig  ;  a  plant-stem,  etc. 

1590  Tarlton's  News  Pnrgat.  (1844)  56,  I  see  no  sooner  a    ! 
rispe  at  the  house  end  or  a  maipole  before  the  doore,  but  I 
cry  there  is  a  paltry  alehouse.     1598  l?i.QV.\Q,BoscJieito,..     \ 
also  a  rispe,  a  lushe  or  lime  twigge  to  catch  birds. 

a  1825  FoRBY  Voc.  E.  An^lia,  Kisps,  the  stems  of  climbing 
plants  generally.  The  fruit-bearing  steins  of  raspberries. 

Risp,  j£-:i     Sc.  (and  north.},     [f.  RISP  v.     Cf. 

Icel.,  Norw.,  and  Sw.  rispa  a  scratch,  score.] 

1.  A  carpenter's  file ;  a  rasp. 

1511-2  Ace.  Ld.  Hlgk  Treas.  Scot.  IV.  272  For  ane  saw.,     i 
for  the  gunnis. .,  ane  lang  rispe,.  .and  ane  wisp  of  Lambart 
steile.      1623  Nazuortk  Househ.  Bks.  (Surtees)  207   For  12 
spads,  6  loks,  2  hatchits,  on  rispe.     1835  D.  WEBSTER  Sc. 
Rhymes  44  (E.  D.  D.),  His  throat's  like  a  risp.     1843  Proc, 
Berw.  Nat.  Club  II.  52  These  balls. .are  exceedingly  glob-     i 
ular,  although,  .finished  by  a  large  file  or  risp.    1885  STRATH-    i 
ESK  More  Bits  iii.  42  That's  liker  a  '  risp  '  than  a  razor  ! 

2.  A  small  serrated  bar  fixed  upright  on  a  house- 
door,  with  a  ring  attached,  which   was  forcibly 
rubbed  up  and  down  the  bar  to  attract  the  atten 
tion  of  those  within. 

1825  R.  CHAMBERS   Trad.    Edin.  (1869)   226  The    Lord    \ 
Justice-clerk's   house   was   provided    with   a   pin   or   risp,     i 
instead  of  the  more  modern  convenience — a  knocker.     1873 
J.  GRANT  One  of  the  '600'  i,  The  little  thatched  cottages, 
with  rusty  antique  risps  on  their  doors.     1898  A.  BALKOUR 
To  Arms  xvii,  You  will  know  the  house  by  the  risp  on  the 
door. 

3.  A  grating  or  rasping  sound. 

1850  STRUTHERS  Life  Poet.  Wks.  I.  p.  xiv,  The  rusty  risp 
of  the  Corncraik.  1868  G.  W.  THORNBURY  Great  heart  I. 
195  The  risp  of  the  copper  shovels  full  of  sovereigns.  1897 
CROCKKTT  Loch  invar  I,  Cutting  them  through  with  a 
pleasant  '  risp '  of  sound. 

Risp,  v.  Now  Sc.  Also  5  rispe.  [a.  ON.  rispa 
(also  mod.  Icel.,  Norw.,  and  Sw.)  to  scratch,  score, 
etc.  Cf.  Da.  rispe  to  plough  for  the  first  time.] 

1.  trans.  To  rub;  to  grate  together;  to  rasp  or 
file.    AlsoyS^-. 

11440  Pallad.  on  Hnsb.  xn.  570  First  with  hondis  hem  to 
gidie  rispe  ;  So  let  hem  take  in  sonne  a  welowynge. 

1807-10  TANNAHIL.L  My  Mary  Poems  (1846)  128  The  rye- 
ciaik  rispt  his  clamorous  throat.  1818  \V.  MUIR  Poems  14 
(E.  D.  D.),  Nor  in  the  stable  did  he  risp  His  teeth.  1892 
LUMSDKN  Sheep-head  17  Frae  ilka  horn  the]  risps  aff  the 
'  ring> '  To  ca1  her  young. 

2.  intr.  To  make  a  harsh,  rasping,  or  grating 
sound. 

1805  SCOTT  Last  Minstrel  Note  xlviii,  Sutor  Watt,  ye 
cannot  sew  your  boots;  the  heels  risp,  and  the  seams  rive. 
1834  A.  SMART  Rhymes  no  The  craik  rins  rispin  through 
the  corn.  1894  LATTO  Tain.  Bodkin  iv,  Sharpin  his  gullies, 
an1  ganin1  them  risp  on  the  glitterin1  steel. 

Risposte,  obs.  var.  RIPOSTE.  Risque,  variant 
of  RISK  sb.  and  v.  Rissala(hl  \arr.  RESSALAH. 
Hissaldar,  var.  RESSALIJAK. 

tRisse,  sbl  Obsr*  [?  var.  of  RIST  ^.1]  ?  An 
occasion,  opportunity. 

1602  WARNER  Albion's  England  xv.  xcviii.  389  Or  if  shall 
of  Pluralities  be  likely  Kisses,  then  Their  Saintships  are  as 
capable  thereof  as  sinfull  men. 

t  Risse,  **.-  Obs.-1  [ad.  It.  rissa  (pi.  risse)  :— 
L.  rixa.]  Conflict,  quarrel. 

1684  T.  GODDARD  Plato* s  Demon  5  The  hereditary  risses 
or  quarrels  of  the  Piedmontesi. 

tRisse,///.  a.  Obs ~l     [See  RISE  v.  A  3  0.] 

Risen.     (In  comb,  huge-risse?} 

J597  MIDDLETON  Wisdom  Solomon  v.  8  Wee  which  haue 
made  our  harts  a  sea  of  pride,  With  huge  risse  billowes  of 
a  swelling  minde. 

Rissh(e,  obs.  f.  RUSH  (plant).  Rissheu, 
-ew :  see  RISHEW.  Risshy,  obs.  f.  RUSHY. 
Rissillis  (obs.  Sc.)  :  see  RUSSEL. 

Rissole  (ri'ss0ul).  [a.  F.  rissole,  OF.  ruiss- 
otte)  rois(s}otet  rousole,  etc.,  perh.  repr.  pop.  L. 
russeola,  fern,  of  L.  russeo/us  reddish. 

An  early  adoption  of  the   word  occurs  in  the  following 


715 

passage  :  1340  Ayenb.  253  Ase  doj?  |?e  bysye  oj?er  be  nialan- 
colien  |>et  byej>  ylicli  ban  bat  zefey  pe  ciammeles  ine  J>e 
russoles.  (See  also  RISHKVV.)] 

All  entree  made  of  meat  or  fish,  chopped  up  and 
mixed  with  bread-crumbs,  egg,  etc.,  rolled  into 
a  ball  or  small  thick  cake  and  fried. 

1706  in  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Rissole,  a  sort  of  minced 
Pie  made  of  Capons- Breasts,  Calves-Udder,  Marrow,  Kacon, 
fine  Herbs,  &c.  and  fry'd  in  Lard  to  give  it  a  brown  Colour. 
1725  /''am.  Diet,  s.v.  Tour.'c,  They  may  be  garmsh'd  with 
Rissoles,  Apple- Fritters,  or  any  thing  else  of  the  like  nature. 
1860  READF,  Cloister  <$•  //.  ii,  Fish  came  on  the  table  in  a 
dozen  forms,  with  ..an  immense  variety  of  brouets  '  known 
to  us  as  '  rissoles '.  1877  A.  B.  ELUVAUDS  Up  Nile  ix.  241 
A  black-looking  rissole  of  chopped  meat  and  vegetables. 

transf.  1877  A.  B.  EDWAHUS  U/>  Nile  vi.  147  The.  .beetle 
was.  .engaged  in  the  preparation  of  a  large  rissole  of  mud. 

Risaom,  variant  of  KISOM. 

Rist,  sb.1  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of 
RISE  v. :  cf.  ARIST,  SUNIUST,  and  Ui'iiisx.] 

•(•  1.  A  source,  origin.  Obs. 

1622  DRAYTON  Pafy-fft&.XXVl,  373  Scardale..Wher  Rother 
from  her  rist,  Ibber,  and  Ciawley  hath.  1674  N.  FAIRFAX 
Bulk  <y  Selv.  8  If  we  can  but  track  it  up  to  a  spring  of  its 
kind,  without  looking  after  any  other  riste.  Ibid.  120  The 
rist  or  spring  of  all  that  swiftness. 

2.  A  rising  ground  or  slope  ;  an  ascent. 

1823  E.  MOOR  Suffolk  ll'ords,  Rist,  a  rising,  ascent,  or 
swelling,  in  land,  a  road,  etc.  a  1825  FOKBY  \-roc.  /;.  A  vglia, 
Rist,  a  rising  or  elevation  of  the  ground. 

3.  A  rise  in  price. 

1823  E.  MOOK  Suffolk  Words  s.v.,  Corn  ha1  got  a  little  rist. 

Rist,  slt.%,  ?  variant  of  WREST  sb. 

£1450  HOLLAND  ffowlat  759  The  rote,  and  the  recordour, 
the  ribupe,  the  rist,  The  trumpe,  and  the  talburn. 

Rist,  v.  rare.  [ad.  ON.  and  Icel.  rista  (Norw. 
and  Sw.  rista,  Da.  riste}.]  To  carve,  engrave. 

1866  G.  STEPHENS  Runic  Mon.  I.  p.  x.xxl,  Hielhi, .,  risted. 
1886  —  in  Du  Chaillu  Viking  Age  (1889)  I.  155  note,,  It  is 
the  first  burnt  bone  yet  found  risted  with  runes. 

Rist(e,  obs.  ff.  REEST  sb.t  REST  j£.i  and  z/.i 
Rist -baulk,  variant  of  REST-BALK. 
Risten,  obs.  form  of  RIGHT  v. 
t  Riates.     Obs.     (See  quot.) 

1319  Cowfioins  Roll  Pcrshore  Manor  ^  Wore.)  De  Lj 
barelHs  Ceruisie  qui  vocantur  ristes. 

Ri'sting,  vbl.  s/>.  [f.  RIST  v.  +  -ING  *.  Cf.  Sw. 
rtitning.]  A  cut  or  carved  (runic)  inscription. 

1866  G.  ijiKi'HENs  Runic  Mon.  I.  57  Those  [stones]  which 
have  the  same  or  nearly  the  same  risting  in  both  Ogham 
and  Roman  characters.  1880  MKICAI.FK  Englishman  (V 
Scandinavian  175  Runic  rtstings  were  all  her  artificial 
appliances  for  preserving  historical  facts. 

Ri'stle.  Sc.  Also  9  restle.  [Gael.  risteal> 
a.  ON.  ristill  (Norw.  rist  el]  :  see  etym.  note  to 
REEST  j<5.]  A  kind  of  plough  formerly  used  in 
the  Hebrides.  Also  attrib. 

1703  M.  MARTIN  Desc.  IV.  Islands  53  They  have  a  little 
Plough  also  call'd  Ristle,  i.e.  a  thing  that  cleaves,  the  Cul- 
ter  of  which  is  in  Form  of  a  Sickle,  and  it  is  drawn  some 
times  by  One,  and  sometimes  by  Two  Horses,  according  as 
the  Ground  is.  1808  FORSYTH  Beauties  Scotl.  V.  470  Two 
men  with  two  horses  first  guide  and  drag  the  restle,  which 
cuts  without  opening  the  furrow.  1879  Mem,  Ochiltree  53 
The  ristle  plough,  .seems  to  have  been  capable  only  of 
making  a  deep  scratch  on  the  soil. 

Ristlis  (obs.  Sc.)  :  see  RUSSEL. 

Ristnesse,  obs.  form  of  RIGHTNESS. 

II  RlSUS  (rarstfs).  Path.  [L.  ristis  laugh,  f. 
ridere  to  laugh].  Risns  sardonicus  (or  f  sardon- 
*«j),  an  involuntary  or  spasmodic  grin  consequent 
on  some  morbid  condition. 

1693  tr.  Btancard's  Phys.  Diet.  (ed.  2),  Risns  Santonins, 
a  Contraction  of  each  Jaw.  1794-6  E.  DARWIN  Zoon.  (1801) 
III.  313  The  corners  of  the  mouth  are  frequently  retracted 
into  a  disagreeable  smile  called  risus  Sardonicits.  1836-9 
Todtfs  Cycl.  Anat.  II.  6/2  The  countenance  in  all  such 
cases  assumes  the  peculiar  expression  or  grin  called  risus 
Sardonicus.  1876  URISTOWE  Th.  <$•  Pract.  Med.  (1878)  518 
Tetanic  spasms  and  risus  sardonicus  also  have  occasionally 
been  noticed  in  rheumatic  pericarditis. 

Bit,  sb.    Sc.  and  north.    Also  ritt.   [f.  KIT  v.1] 

1.  A  scratch  ;  a  slight  incision. 

1821  SCOTT  Pirate  xv,  Ye  might  as  wee!  give  it  a  rilt  with 
the  teeth  of  a  redding-kame.  1824  MACTAGGAKT  Gallovid. 
Encycl,  423  Scratt,  a  fit.  1900  Shetland  Neu's  8  Dec. 
(E.I).  D.),  All  his  sheep  had  the  same  mark.  It  was — on 
the  right  ear  two  rits,  and  a  bit  out  before. 

2.  The  rut  made  by  a  cart-wheel. 

1828  in  Craven  Gloss.     1878  in  Cnmbld.  Gloss. 

Rit,  z/.1  Now  A1,  and  north.  Forms:  3-6  ritte, 
5  rytt,  9  ritvt.  Pa.  t.  4  ritt(e,  rytte,  8  ritted. 
Pa.  ppk.  9  ritted  (ritteu).  [ME.  ritte(n,  perh. 
repr.  OE.  *rittany  =  OHG.  rizzan,  MHG.  and  G. 
ritzcn,  of  the  same  meaning.] 

1.  To  rip  or  cut  with  a  sharp  instrument;  to 
tear;  to  scratch  ;  to  slit  (a  sheep's  ear). 

c  1300  Havelok  2495  Sket  cam  a  ladde  with  a  knif,  And 
bigan  rith  at  J?e  to  For  to  ritte,  and  for  to  fio.  c  1320  Sir 
Tristr.  479  (>e  breche  adoun  he  j>rest,  He  ritt  &  gan  to  ri;t. 
c  1380  Sir  F  crumb.  5030  pay  . .  laide  to  frensche  strokes 
rounde,  pat  hure  haberkes  ritte.  c  1400  Land  Troy  Bk.  16807 
Many  a  baly  scho  ther  rittes  And  many  a  scheld  sche  al 
to-sclittes.  ^1450  St.  Cnthbert  (Surtees)  1954  He  made  hir 
oute  of  hir  witte  To  gnayste,  to  cry,  hir  hare  to  rytt.  1548 
THOMAS  Ital.  Diet.,  Dirattiare,  to  ritte,  breake,  or  cut  of 
the  braunches  from  the  tree,  /bid.,  Isnenare,  to  cutte  or 
to  ritte  the  veines.  1835  JAMIESON  s.v.,  Dinna  rit  the  table 
wi'  that  nail.  1869  PEACOCK  Lonsdale  Gloss.,  Rift  to  make 


RITELES 

'    a  mark.     1894  G.  STEWAKT  Shetland  Talcs  104  Just  as  he 
!    rits  up  da  fish,  oot  flees  a  kktywake     1894  R.  S.  FERGUSON 
|    Hist.  Westm.  290  A  Herdwkk  sheep's  ear  is  halved,  and 
quartered,,  .and  ritted  into  all  sorts  of  patterns. 
b.  (See  quots.  and  RUT  z>.) 

1825  JAMIESON  s.v.,  You  had  better  rit  the  hail  length  of 

the  ditch,  before  ye  begin.     1877  N.  W.  Line.  Gloss.,  Rit, 

to  trim  or  pare  the  edge  of  a  drain,  path,  &c.  by  means  of  a 

I    ritteror  ntting-knife.    1878  Cunibld.  Gloss.,  Rit,  to  cut  the 

i    first  line  of  a  trench  or  drain,  &c.,  with  a  spade. 

2.   To  thrust  (a  sword)  through  one.  rare~^. 
17..   Young  Johnstone  iv.  in  Child  Ballads  II.  (289)  295 
j    Young  Johnsione  had  a  nut-brown  sword,..  And  he  ritted  it 
through  the  young  Colnel. 
Hit,  V,'*     Kentish  dial.     (See  quots.) 
6*1700   KiiNNiin  in  MS.  Lansd.  iojj,   325 b,  Kitting  ot 
1    hemp  or  Max,  Kent,  to  set  up  the  single  ihots  against  walls 
or  hedges  till  by  the  wind  and  sun  tla-y  are  ritted  or  dried. 
1887  Kcntisk  Gloss.,  Kit,  to  dry  hemp  or  flax. 
Rit,  obs.  form  of  RIGHT  jd.1  and  adv. 
Ritbock,  obs.  variant  of  REIT-BUCK. 

1801  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  II.  348  The  female  Ritbock  resembles 
the  male  in  colour,  but  has  no  horns. 

Ritch,  obs.  form  of  RICH  $b.  and  v. 

Rite  (rait).  Also  4-6  ryte,  5  ryyt.  See  also 
RIGHT  sb*  [ad.  L.  rltiis  ceremony,  whence  also 
F.  tite,  t  rit,  Sp.  and  Jt.  rito^\ 

1.  A  formal   procedure  or  act  in  a  religious  or 
other  solemn  observance. 

The  distinction  sometimes  made  by  liturgical  writers 
between  rite  and  ceremony  (applying  the  former  to  the 
order,  and  the  latter  to  the  acts,  of  worship)  has  not  been 
maintained  in  ordinary  use. 

c  1315  SHOREHAM  i.  1362  po  certeyne  men  l>*5te  J>at  ly=t, 
A.se  pe  Ia}e  ?ef  )?e  rytes  So  brode.  c  1380  WYCLII-  Set.  l\  ks. 
III.  347  In  berynge  of  be  tabernacle,  in  sleying  of  beestis, 
and  obir  ritis.  1396-7  in  Eng.  Hist.  Rev.  (1007)  XXII.  296 
l>e  presthod  of  Rome  is  mad  with  signis,  rytis,  and  bisschopis 
bli.ssingis.  1426  LYDG.  De  Gnil.  Pilgr.  3250  For  to  dyfface 
the  olde  lawe,  And  the  Kyytys  ther-off  with-drawe.  1447 
lioKKNHA.M  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  n,  I  kan  in  no  wyse  remembre 
me.. What  rytys  were  ii;,yd,  and  what  royalte  In  namys 
yenyng.  1529  MORI-:  Dyalogne  r.  Wks.  162/2  The  rytes  and 
i-'acramentes  and  the  articles  of  our  faith.  1560  DAUS  tr. 
Sladancs  Comm.  46  The  same  Religion,  Rites,  and  Cere 
monies,  wherin  they  were  borne  and  brought  up.  1629 
MAXWELL  tr.  Herodian  (1635)  248  note.  This  was  an  ancient 
Funerall  rite.  1662  STILLINGI-L.  Orig.  Sacra?  n.  vii.  §  n 
That  the  ground  of  hi.s  acceptance  with  God  did  not  depend 
on  any  Ceremonial]  Rite.  1741-2  OKAY  Agyippa  62  Per- 
form'd  withbarb'rous  riles  Of  mutler'd  charms.  1795  MASON- 
Ch.  Music  in.  199  After  he  had  eaten  the  Passover,  and 
instituted  the  solemn  Rite,  which  was  to  supercede  it.  1838 
PKESCOTT  Ferd.  ^-  Is.  Introd.  (1846)  I.  46  They  k-anicd  to 
attach  an  exclusive  value  to  external  ritts.  1874  SAYCE 
Coinpar.  Philol.  viii.  306  A  hallowed  stock  of  tiaditional 
beliefs  and  rites. 

attrib.  1844  MRS.  BROWNING  Brown  Rosary  in.  xvii,  The 
rite-book  is  opened,  the  rite  is  begun. 

b.  A  custom  or  practice  of  a  formal  kind. 

1581  PKTTIE  tr.  Gnazzo's  Ch'.  Cotw.  i.  (1586)  25  b,  The 
people  are  not  onelie  become  warriers,  but  haue  retained 
the  customes  and  rites  of  warre.  1617  MoRYSON  I  tin.  m. 
174  If  any  chance  to  weare  a  shoo-string  or  garters  of  that 
colour,  by  ignorance  of  this  rite,  they  will  flie  upon  him. 
1716  GAY  Trivia  n.  255  Cheese,  that  the  table's  closing  rites 
denies.  1728  YOUNG  Love  Faint?  in.  236  That  solemn  rite  of 
midnight  masquerades  !  1865  DICKENS  Mnt.  I''r.  \\.  \\\,  He 
. .  hopes  to  receive  you . .  in  a  residence  better  suited  to  your 
claims  on  the  rites  of  hospitality. 

c.  transf.  (in  some  cases  perh.  used  for  right}* 
1599  SHAKS.  Muck  Ado  ii.  i.  373  Time  goes  on  crutches, 

till  Loue  haue  all  his  rites.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vin.  487 
Guided  by  his  voice,  nor  uninformd  Of  nuptial  Sanctitie 
and  marriage  Rites.  1697  DRYDEN  I'irg.  Georg.  in.  100 
The  Bull's  Insult  at  Four  she  may  sustain  ;  But  after  Ten, 
from  Nuptial  Rites  refrain.  1772  Lond.  Evening  Post  26 
Nov.  1/4  Non-performance  of  conjugal  rites. 

2.  The  general  or  usual  custom,  habit,  or  practice 
of  a  country,  people,  class  of  persons,  etc. ;  now 
spec,  in  religion  or  worship. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  401  The  vse  of  that  cuntre 
differrethe  from  the  rite  of  Englonde  in  clothenge,  in  fynd- 
enge,  and  in  mony  other  thynges.  c  1480  HENRYSON  AFor. 
Fab.  (S.T.S.)  775  Sum  benealso  throw  consuetude  and  ryte 
Uincust  with  carnal  1  sensualitie.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  v. 
ii.  71  Eftir  thair  payane  ryte  and  gise.  Ibid.  xm.  x.  127 
Baith  pepille  of  Troy  and  folk  Italian,  All  of  a  rite,  maneiis 
and  vsans.  1560  ROLLAND  Crt,  I'entts  i.  720  Inclinand  law 
with  humbill  countenance,  Weill  preparit  as  thair  vse  was 
and  rite.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  English  observe 
the  Rite  of  the  Church  of  England,  prescribed  in  the  Book 
of  Common  Prayer.  1866  Chambers1  s  Encycl.  VI II.  300  All 
those  Christians  who  acknowledge  the  supremacy  of  the 
Roman  pontiff,  even  though  they  be  not  of  the  Roman  or 
Latin  Rite. 

fb.  Religion.  Obs. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxviii.  (Jfargaret}  295  Betir  it  ware 
consal  bi-self,  &  lewe  bi  ryt.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  341 
b/r  He  was  a  worshipper  ofydolles  and  he  had  a  wyf  of  the 
same  Ryte.  1567  Gttde  <$•  Gqdlie  B.  (S.T.  S.)  190  This  wind 
sa  keine,  that  I  of  meine,  It  is  the  ryte  of  auld. 

Hence  Rrted  a. 

1838  S.  BELLAMY  Betrayal  57  Tempted,  and  taught  and 
rited  as  thou  art.  Ibid,  193  It  is  no  shrine  for  me — albeit 
with  robes  of  rited  sanctity  Her  courts  are  skirted  now. 

Kite,  obs.  form  of  RKIT,  RIGUT  sb.i 

Ri'teless,  a.  [f.  RITE  +  -LESS.]  Destitute  or 
devoid  of  rite  or  ceremony. 

c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad xxtv.  498  Giue  me  no  seate..when 
yet  vnransomed  Hector  lies  ritelesse  in  thy  tents.  1838 
ELIZA  COOK  Homes  of  Dead  x.  3  Yet  say,  are  the  riteless 
graves  of  those  Unholy  or  unblest  ?  1892  Academy  31  Dec. 
601/2  He  has  nothing  to  say  of  the  ode  on  the  riteless  burial 
of  Adrienne  Lecouvreur.  ' 

90-2 


RITELY. 


716 


RITUALLY. 


t  Bii'tely,  adv.  Obs.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -LY  2.] 
With  all  due  rites  ;  in  due  form. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  381  b,  The  Emperours 
mynde  and  wyll  is,  that  all  thinges  should  be  lawfully  and 
ritely  done.  1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Numb,  xxviii.  10  'Ihe 
Hbamentes  which  are  ritely  poured  everie  Sabbath  for  an 
everlasting  holocaust.  1654  JER.  TAYLOR  RealPres.  7  After 
the  Minister  of  the  holy  mysteries  hath  ritely  prayed,  and 
blessed..  the  bread  and  the  wine.  1675  HOBBES  Odyssey 
(1677'  128  When  I  my  vows  and  pray'rs  had  ritely  done,  Of 
both  the  victims  straight  I  cut  the  throats. 

Rith,  obs.  form  of  RIGHT  sl>.1  and  adv. 

Hit  lie  (rsib).  Now  dial.  Also  8-9  ride,  9 
rife.  [OE.  r/6,  r/te,  =  Fris.  ryd,  ride,  MLG.  rid, 
ride^  etc.  (LG.  rtde\  OLFrankish  rith  stream, 
ditch.]  A  small  stream  ;  a  brooklet. 

(•888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xxxiv.  §  i  Sum  micel  ai\velin..& 
irnen  m^ene^e  brocas  &  ri5a  of.  c  897  —  Gregory's  Past.  C, 
469  Sume  hine  Iaeta5  ofer  land^care  riSum  torinnan.  tiooo 
^Ci.FRic  Numb.  xvi.  14  To  ham  lande,  ^e  eall  flew3  on  riSum 
meolce  &  hunies.  [cizoo  Vices  -V  Virtues  95  Do  teares  3e 
conien  ierninde  from  5are  well-ri5e  of  rewnesse.] 

1787  GROSE  Prffv.  Gloss.,  Ri<te,  a  little  stream.  1868 
HURST  Horsham  Gloss.,  Rythe,  a  small  stream,  usually  one 
occasioned  by  heavy  rain. 

Rither  (rai'toi).  Mining.  Also  9  ryther. 
[App.  a  local  pron.  of  rider.}  =Rir>EU  roa. 

1681  HoUGHTON  Compl.  Miner  Gloss.,  Rither^  a  stone  or 
thin  clilT  that  lies  in  the  vein  ;.  .sometimes  this  rither  is  so 
thick,  it  parts  the  vein.  17.  .  in  Brit.  Mus.  Add.  MS.  6bS^ 
p.  175  A  rilher  point  is  that  point  of  the  stone  where  a  vein 
conies  in  or  goes  out  of  another.  1829  GLOVER  Hist.  Derby 
I.  66  The  intermediate  substances  that  divide  them  are 
called  ry  fliers.  1851  Act  14  fy  15  Viet.  c.  94  §  14  When  Two 
Veins  approach  each  other,  but  are  parted  with  a  Rither,.. 
and  the  Rither.  .exceeds  Three  Feet  in  Thickness  [etc.]. 

Rither,  obs.  f.  ROTHER,  RUDDER,    Rithme, 

Rithmour,  -mus,  obs.  ff.  RHYTHM,  -MER,  -MUS. 

Rvtling,  var.  of  KECKLTXG.      (Cf.  \YRITLIXG.) 

c  1746  J.   COLLIER  (Tim  Bobbin)  View  Lane.  Dial.  To 

Rdr.  4  Theese  hobbling  Gonnerheeods  ar  oft  dawntl't  like 

Ritt'lings.    1848  MRS.  GASKELI.  M.  Rarton\\\\,  He's  twice 

as  strong  as  Sankey's  little  ritling  of  a  lad.     1856  .V.  fy  Q. 

Ser.  ii.  I.  75  Wei!  I  reckon  this"*is  th'  ritlin*  ;  but.  .ritlin' 

often  turns  out  best  pig. 

Ritorjie  1.  Also  7  retornal,  -el,  9  ritorn- 
ell(e,  ritournelle.  [Anglicized  form  of  next, 
or  a.  F.  ritoitrnclle.]  =  next. 

1684  London  Gaz.  Xo.  1947/4  Several  Retornals  in  Three 
Parts  for  Violins.  Ibid.  No.  1976/4  Also  Symphonies  and 
Retornels  in  Three  Parts,  .for  the  Violins  and  Flutes.  1776 
BURNEY  Hist.  Mus.  (I7891  II.  iv.  343  note.  The  Ritornel  or 
symphony  to  a  song.  1840  fanny  Cycl.  XVI.  467/2  During 
the  ritornels  the  four  principal  dancers  are  to  perform  a 
ballet.  1856  MRS.  BROWNING  Aur.  Leigh  vn.  969  Like 
some  poor  verse  With  a  trick  of  ritournelle  :  the  same  tiling 
goes  And  comes  back  ever.  1883  MEREDITH  Fair  Ladies 
in  RtZ'olt,  A  troop  of  maids,  .past  us  flew  To  labour,  sing 
ing  rustic  ritornells. 

II  Ritornello  (ritpine-10).  Mns.  Also  7  re 
turn-,  8  retornello  ;  7-8  retornella  ;  pi.  7  ritorn- 
elloes,  8  -ello's,  9  -elli.  [It.,  dim.  of  rilorno 
RETURN  sb.~\  An  instrumental  refrain,  interlude, 
or  prelude  in  a  vocal  work. 

1675  SHADWF.LL  Psyche  v.  69  A  Keturnello  by  Martial 
Instruments.  1678  —  Timon  ir.  31  Retornella  of  Hout- 
boys.  1685  DRYDEN  Alb.  $  Alban.  v.  iii,  A  full  Chorus  of 
all  the  Voices  and  Instruments  :  Trumpets  and  Hoit-Buoys 
make  Ritornelloes  of  all  Fame  sings.  1706  A.  BEDFORD 
Temple^  Mus.  iv.  73  In  our  Anthems  there  are  frequent 
Intermissions  of  all  the  Voices,  when  the  Organ  Plays 
alone,  that  which  we  call  a  Retornella.  1728  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.,  In  the  Partitions  or  Score  of  the  Italian  Musick, 
we  frequently  find  the  Ritornello's  signified  by  the  Words 


at  te  en  o  eac  tave  or  tanza,  1811  USBY  Diet. 
Music  (ed.  3)  s.v.,  It  appears.  .that  these  Ritornelli,  or 
symphonies,  were  introduced  in  the  ancient  as  well  as  in 
the  modern  music.  1865  Pall  Mall  G.  19  May  n  The 
orchestra  in  the  meanwhile  gives  expression  to  her  grief 
in  a  ritornello  which..  is  the  most  moving  strain  in  the 
opera.  1874  OUSELEY  Mus.  Form  67  Then  two  bars  of 
instrumental  ritornello  are  interpolated  by  way  of  pro 
longation. 

II  Ritra-tto.    Obs.    [It.  ;  cf.  RETRAIT  j£.2]    A 

picture,  portrait. 

1722  RICHARDSON  Statues  Italy  233  Here  are  several 
Ritrattoes,  particularly  that  of  Leo  X.  A  1734  NORTH 
Exatnen  n.  iv.  §  41  (1740)  251  In  the  mean  Time,  let  not 
this  Ritratto  of  a  large  Landscape  be  thought  trifling. 
1762-71  H.  WALPOLE  l^crttie'sAnecd.  Paint.  (1786)  III.  29 
Symondes  adds,  Sir  Peter  had  5  /.  fora  ritratto  ;  io/.  If  down 
to  the  knees. 

II  Rrtter.  [G.  ritter,  var.  of  reiter  REITER  ; 
cf.  OHG.  ritto  rider,  G.  ;•///  riding.]  A  mounted 
warrior  ;  a  knight. 

1824  CAMPBELL  Ritter  Bann  19  The  Ritter  's  colour  went 
and  came,  And  loud  he  spoke  in  ire.  1840  BARHAM  Ingol. 
Leg.  Ser.  n.  Sir  Rupert  the  Fearless  Introd.,  The  mail- 
clad  Ritter  of  the  dark  ages. 

Rittle-rattle.  rare.  [f.  RATTLE  sbt  orz-.1, 
with  usual  change  of  vowel.] 

1.  A  child's  rattle. 

'583  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Deut.  l.xxxiv,  517  Who  think  to 
dally  with  God,  and  would  giue  him  rittlerattles  to  play 
with  as  if  hee  were  a  babe. 

2.  An  imitation  of  the  sound  made  by  dice. 

1837  Heath's  Bk.  of  Beauty  246  See  there,  how  he  handles 
the  dice  !  Kittle,  rattle  !  the  pigeon  is  plucked  in  a  trice. 


Ri'ttmaster.  rare.  Also^reet-,  8rit-.  [ad. 
G.  rittmeister^  Du.  ritmeester,  f.  ritt  riding.]  The 
captain  of  a  troop  of  horse. 

1648  Presb,  Rec.  Lanark  in  Ann.  of  Lesmahagow  (1864) 
ix.  155  Cornet  to  James  Conynghame,  Reet  Master.     1665 
S.  CLARKE  Descr.  Germany  14  He  hath  continually  about 
him  fourteen  Rittmasters,  that  is  Captaines.     1721  WODROW 
Hist.  Stiff.  Ch.  Scot.  I.  271  Duke  Hamilton  was  only  Kit- 
master  Hamilton,  as  the  General  used  to  call  him,  Rothes 
was  Rit-master  Lesly.     1819  SCOTT  Leg.  Montrosc  ii.  There 
after  I  arose  to  be  lieutenant  and  ritt-master. 

Ri-ttoch,  rittock.     (See  quois.) 

1805  BARRY  Orkney  303  The  Greater  Tern,. .  which  is  here 
known  by  the  name  of  the  Rittoch^  appears  only  in  sum 
mer.  1813  MONTAGU  Ornith.  Diet.  Suppl.,  Tern,  Common, 
. .  Extends  to  the  Orkney  and  Zetland  Islands,  where . .  they 
are  known  by  the.  .names  of  Tarrock. .,  Riitock  or  Rippock. 

Ritual  (ri'tiwal),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  L.  ritual-is, 
neut.  ritital-et  f.  ritus  RITE.  So  F.  ritttel,  •{•  ritual, 
Sp.  and  Pg.  ritual.  It.  rituale.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to,  connected 
with,  rites. 

1570  FOXB  A.  %  KL  (ed.  2)  83/1  Contayning  no  maner  of 
doctrine.. but  onely  certayn  ritual  decrees  to  no  purpose. 
1653  H.  MORE  Conjeit.  Cabbal.  (1713)  40  The  Ritual  laws 
and  Religious  stories  of  the  Heathens.  1656  Vind.  Jnd.  in 
Phenix  1,1708)  II.  417  By  uur  ritual  Books  we  are  clear  of 
this  seducing,  a  1740  WATERL AND  Christian  Sacr.  iv.  Wks. 
1823  V.  453  The  ritual  laws  restrained  the  Jews  from  con 
versing  familiarly  with  the  heathens,  or  unclean  persons. 
1821  WOHDSW,  Eccl.  Sonn.  in.  xix,  Through  a  zodiac, 
moves  the  ritual  year  Of  England's  Church.  1850  SIR  G. 
SCOTT  Anc,  Churches  19  note,  The  antiquarian,  the  purely 
esthetic,  or  the  ritual  branch  of  the  subject.  1885  H.  O. 
W'AKKMAN  Hist.  Rclig.  Eng.  .\i.  120  An  association  was 
formed,  .to  test  the  legality  of  these  ritual  alterations. 

b.  Ritual  choir,  that  part  of  the  church  in 
which  the  choir-offices  are  performed. 

1867  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1877)  I.  App.  672  The  cloister 
had  one  door  into  the  choir  and  one  door  into  the  nave, 
that  is  to  say,  the  ritual  choir  was  west  of  the  crossing. 
1886  WILLIS  &  CLARK  Cambridge  I.  358  A  space  of  8  feet 
was  to  be  left  behind  the  high  altar,  thus  reducing  the 
length  of  the  ritual  choir  to  95  feet. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of,  forming,  a  rite  or  rites. 

rt  1631  DONNE  Select.  (1840)  247  Ritual,  and  ceremonial 
things,  which  are.. the  subsidies  of  religion.  165*  STERRY 
Eng.  Deliv.  North.  Presb.  13  These  rituall  observations, 
these  consecrated  formes.  i68a  News  fr.  France  6  All 
opinions  and  practices  in  the  Ritual  part  of  Religion  seem 
indifferent  to  them.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  iv.  588  Due  ritual 
honours  to  the  gods  I  pay.  Ibid.  792  We. .quit  the  ships, 
and.  .With  ritual  hecatombs  the  gods  adore.  iSogSocTHEY 
Madoc  in  Azt.  vi,  Whirling  him  In  ritual  dance,  till  breath 
and  sense  were  gone.  1867  D.  DUNCAN  Disc.  viii.  155 
Holiness  does  not  consist  in  bodily  austerities  or  in  ritual 
observances.  1896  JESSOPP  &  JAMES  S/.  H 'illiant  of  Nor 
wich  p.  1  xx vii, Ritual-murder  as  a  practice  has  been  learnedly 
and  thoroughly  disproved  by  Strack  and  others. 

B.  sb.  1.  A  prescribed  order  of  performing  re 
ligious  or  other  devotional  service. 

1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Apol.  Liturgy  (ed.  2)  §  89  Then  the 
Bishop  prayes  rite,  according  to  the  rituall  or  constitution. 
1734  tr.  Rollin"s  Anc.  Hist.  (1827)  I.  349  According  to  the 
Greek  ritual  (if  I  may  use  that  expression).     1772  PRIESTLEY 
lust.   Relig.  (1782)   II.    121  There  was  a.. dignity  in  the 
Jewish  ritual.     1795  BURKE  Abridgm.  Eng.  Hist.  Wks.  II. 
513  Animating  their  disciples  to  religious  frenzy  by  the 
uncouth   ceremonies   of  a  savage  ritual.     1838  PKKSCOTT 
Ferd.  ff  Is.  (1846)  I.  vi.  290  The  Romish  ritual  was  not 
admitted   into   its  churches    till   long    after   it   had    been 
adopted  in  the  rest  of  Europe.    1856  STANLEY  Sinai  <$•  Pal. 
xiv.  (1858)466  A  long  procession  with  embroidered  banners, 
supplying  in  their  ritual  the  want  of  images.     1876  C.  M. 
DAVIES  U north.  Land.  (ed.  2)  93  The  ritual  resembles  that 
of  the  Church  of  England. 

trans/.  1709  PRIOR  Henry  fy  Emma  549  Nor  in  Love's 
Ritual  can  We  ever  find  Vows  made  to  last.  1856  EMERSON 
Eng.  Traits,  Aristocracy  (Bohn)  II.  83  Politeness  is  the 
ritual  of  society,  as  prayers  are  of  the  church. 

b.  A  book  containing  the  order,  forms,  or 
ceremonies,  to  be  observed  in  the  celebration  of 
religions  or  other  solemn  service. 

1656  COWI.EV  Pindar.  Odes,  Plagues  of  Egypt  x,  The 


Sorcerers,  .smil'd  at  th' unaccustomed  Spell  Which  no  Egyp 
tian  Rituals  tell.  1674  tr.  Scheffer's  Lapland  \\\\.  27  He 
likewise  was  the  first  that  published  the  Ritual  in  the 
Laplandish  tongue.  1703  ADDISOS  Italy  ^28  An  Heathen 
Ritual  could  not  instruct  a  Man  better.. in  the  particular 
Ceremonies  -.that  attended  the  different  kinds  of  Sacrifices. 
1728  CHAMBERS  CycU  s.v.,  There  are  several  Passages  in 
Cato's  Books.,  which  may  give  us  some  Idea  of  the  Rituals 
of  the  Antients.  1845  LINGARD  Anglo-Sax.  C/t.  I.  App.  420 
In  pp.  185,  187  of  the  ritual  occurs  another  collection  of 
similar  entries.  1873  BURTON  Hist.  Scot.  Ixix.  VI.  156  That 
the  use  of  it  as  a  ritual  was  virtually  suspended. 

2.  pi.  Ritual  observances  ;  ceremonial  acts. 

a  1656  VINES  Lortfs  Supper  (1677)  24  There  were  in  the 
first  passover.. certain  rituals  or  occasionals.  >66a  HIBBERT 
Body  Dh'inity '\\.  103  God.. will  have  order  both  in  sub- 
stantials  and  circumstantials,  in  reals  and  in  rituals.  1713 
YOUNG  Last  Day  in.  25. In  solemn  form  the  rituals  are 
prepar'd.  1737  Centl.  Mag.  VII.  40  Sects,  or  Heresies, 
may  be  formed  about  Rituals. .as  well  as  about  Points  of 
Doctrine.  1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  vi,  Your  religion  and  your 
temperance  are  so  much  offended  by  Roman  rituals. 

3.  The  performance  of  ritual  acts. 

1867  Times  26  Nov.  8/4  In  only  one  small  parish,  with 
about  i^o  people, . .  had  there  been  any  attempt  at  what  he 
called  ritual.  1875  PUSEY  in  Liddon  Life  (1897)  IV.  279  He 
had  not  beard  of  Ritual  being  excepted  against  by  the  con 
gregation  when  there  was  not  fussiness  or  self-consciousness 
or  some  like  fault.  1883  W.  H.  R.  JONES  Introd.  Reg.  S. 
Osnnnid  (Rolls)  I.  p.  xxxvi,  Of  course  it  was  an  age  in 
which  much  of  the  general  teaching  was  by  outward  ritual. 


I      attrib.  1882  WILBERFORCE  &  ASHWELL  Life  Bp.  Wilber- 

1  force  III.  vii.  186  The  appointment  of  the  Ritual  Com 
mission.  1892  Pall  Mall  G.  4  Aug.  7/2  The  taste  for  ritual 
suits  is  certainly  on  the  wane. 

Ritualism  (ri-ti«aliz'm).  [f.  prec.  +  -ISM.  Cf. 
F.  ritualisme.]  The  study,  practice,  or  system  of 

;    ritual  observances.     In  recent  use,  esp.  excessive 

1    observance  or  practice  of  ritual. 

1843  Hiernrgia  Anglic  ana  Introd.  p.  ii,  The  Editors., 
may  lie  supposed  at  least  to  have  paid  some  attention  to 
ritualism.  1851  I.  TAYLOR  Wesley  fy  Methodism  304  The 
adaptation  of  Romanism— or  if  we  were  to  use  more  com 
prehensive  phrases,  we  should  say — sensuous  Ritualism,  to 

!  engage  and  charm  imaginative,  sensitive  and  meditative 
minds.  1866  RAIN  E  I'esttnents  n  The  cathedrals  made  an 

j    outpost  for  the  advance  of  ritualism.     1883  Q.  Rev.  CLVI. 

,    530  Three  years  ago  Ritualism  enjoyed  a  sort  of  grudging 

[    toleration. 

transf.  1870  LOWELL  Study  Wind.  280  The  Troubadour 
hailed  the  return  of  spring;  but  with  him  it  was  a  piece  of 

1  empty  ritualism.  iS&^Contemp,  Rev.  XL!  1 1.  270  The  spirit 
of  legal  ritualism,  .developed  among  the  Romans  a  number 
of  intricate  ceremonies. 

Ritualist  :ripti«alist).  [f  as  prec. +  -IST.  So 
F.  ritualiste*  Sp.  -rtfa.] 

1.  One  versed  in  ritual ;  a  student  of  liturgical 
rites  and  ceremonies. 

1657  SPARROW  Bk.  Com.  Prayer  (1661)  206  In  Ancient 
Liturgies  and  Ritualists.  1685  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Brit.  iv. 
217  In  the  Church  of  Rome.. they  had  nothing  before  the 
Sacrifice,  as  the  old  Ritualists  agree,  besides  the  Epistle 
and  Gospel.  1710  WHEATLY  Bk.  Com.  Prayer  Pref,  The 
Roman  Ritualists  would  have  the  Celebration  of  this  holy 
Season  to  be  Apostolical.  1725  BOURNE  Antiq.  Vulg.  xxiv. 
in  Brand  (1777)  250  Belithus,  a  Ritualist  of  those  Times 
tells  us,  That  it  was  in  some  Churches.  1845  PALMER 
Stipfl.  Orig.  Lit.  26  Ritualists  have  stated  that  the  Roman 
!  Breviary  was  considerably  abbreviated . .  in  the  time  of  Pope 
Gregory  VII.  1882  J.  H.  BLUNT  Kef.  Ch.  Eng.  II.  568 
Cosin,  the  most  learned  ritualist  among  them. 

2.  One  who  advocates   or  practises  the  observ 
ance  of  symbolic  religious  rites,  esp.  to  an  extent 
regarded  by  others  as  excessive. 

In  recent  use  applied  spec,  to  the  High  Church  party  in 
the  Church  of  England. 

1677  Lift  $  Death  J.  A  Heine  viii.  (1838)  119  He  was 
neither  Legalist,  nor  Solifidian,  neither  Ritualist,  nor 
Enthusiast.  1681  in  Somers  Tracts  I.  113  The  high-flown 
Ritualists  and  Ceremony-mongers  of  the  Ciergy.  1706  in 

,  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Ritualist*  one  that  stickles,  or  stands 
up  for  Rituals  or  Ceremonies  in  Religious  Worship,  a  1761 
LAW  BehmctCs  Wks.  (1764)  I.  a  ij,  Every  Methodist  and 
Moravian  Leader,  the  Orthodox  Ritualist,  and  the  Pathetic 
Lecturer.  1846  F.  CLOSE  ApoL  for  Evang.  Party  17  The 
bishops  and  the  'puritan  party'  were  found  on  the  same 
side,  and  the  ritualists  were  for  the  time  defeated.  1866 
DE  MORGAN  Budget  Parad.  (1872)  43,  I  am  told  that  the 
Ritualists  give  short  and  practical  sermons.  1867  MACKON- 
OCHIE  in  Ch.  Times  12  Jan.  18/2  People  have  taken  to  call 

1  us  '  Ritualists '.  1874  GLADSTONE  in  Contemp.  Rev.  Oct.  671 
The  present  movement  in  favour  of  ritual  is  not  confined  to 

j    ritualists. 

attrib.  1874  BLUNT  Diet.  Sects  199  The  second  stage  of 
the  Ritualist  movement  consisted  of  attempts  to  follow  out 
with  exactness  the  rubrics  of  the  Prayer-Book.  1875  PUSEY 
in  Liddon  Life  (1897)  IV.  279  The  whole  extreme  Ritualist 
party  is  practically  mfallibilist. 
Ritualistic  (riti»ali-stik).  [f.  prec.  +  -!STic.] 

,  Of  or  pertaining  to,  characteristic  of,  ritualists  or 
ritualism  ;  devoted  to,  or  fond  of,  ritual. 

1850  MARSDEN  Early  Pnrit.  (18531  36  The  perfection  of  a 
ritualistic  church.  1866  RAINE  Vestments  20  The  possibility 
of  further  ritualistic  development.  1880  'OuiUA*  Moths  I. 
141  She  was  very  religious  and  strongly  ritualistic.  1900 
BP.  How  Lighter  Moments  41  Their  clergyman  was  accused 
of  ritualistic  tendencies. 
Hence  Rituali/stically  adv. 

1870  Sat.  Re~\  2  Apr.  431  Even  if  the  School  Board  were 
ritualistically  inclined.  1886  Academy  21  Aug.  113/3  A 
religionism  dogmatically  and  ritualistically  vague. 

t  Ritua'lity.     Obs.    [f.  RITUAL  a.  +  -ITY.] 

1.  A  rite  or  ceremony. 

1654  H.  L'ESTRANGE  Chas.  /  (1655)  6  The  Royal  Corps.. 
was  . .  inhum'd  with  the  greatest  solemnities  and  most 
stately  ritualities  could  be  devised. 

2.  Ritualism ;  attention  to  ritual. 

1679  PULLER  Moder.  Ch.  Eng.  (1843)  129  To  keep  Chris 
tians  from  enthusiasm  in  one  extreme,  and  from  what  some 
call  'rituality'  on  the  other.  1683  E.  HOOKER  Pref.  to 
Pordage*s  Mystic  Div.  51  notct  Crucified,  as  it  were,  twixt 
Ritualitie  and  Scrupulositie. 

Ritualize  (ri*ti//abiz),«>.  [f.  RITUAL  sb.  -f  -UE.] 

1.  inti:  To  practise  ritualism. 

1842  EMERSON  Transcendentalist  Wks.  (Bonn)  II,  291 
Church  and  old  book  mumble  and  ritualize  to  an  unheeding 
.  .and  advancing  mind.  1892  Cath.  News  27  Aug.  3  Some 
of  the  clergy  will  be  drawn  towards  ritualising  more  forcibly. 

2.  trans.  To  convert  into  a  ritual ;  to  bring  over 
to  ritualism, 

1847  Oxford  Sf  Cambr.  Rev.  V.  643  The.. service  of  the 

Church  was  set  about  being  regulated  and  ritualized.    1894 

!    J.   KERR  in  Romanism  $  Ritualism  170  If  a  number  of 

ministers  in  Presbyterian  charges  where  no  ritualism  exists 

were  to  resolve  to  ntualise  and  Romanise  their  congregations. 

Hence  Ritualized  ///.  a. 

i88a  FROUDE  in  Edin.  Rev.  Oct.  319  They  entered  the 
ritualised  churches,  tore  down  the  new  chancel  rails. 

Ri'tualless,  a.     [-LESS.]     Devoid  of  ritual. 

1897  Athenaeum  13  Nov.  664/3  Religion  therefore  is.. 
almost  ritualless  mythism. 

Xti'tually,  adv.     [f.  RITUAL  a.  +  -LY2.]     By 

\    proper  rites  ;  in  respect  of  ritual,  etc. 

i6xa  SELUEN  lllustr*  Drayton't  Poly-oil).  Ix.  154  [The] 


BJTUOUS. 

solemnity  of  drinking  out  of  a  cup,  ritually  composed, 
deckt,  and  fill'd  with  countrey  liquor.      1657  TRAPP  Coinm. 
Ezra.  vj.  20  '  All  of  them  were  pure  ' — Ritually  at  least,  if 
not  really.      1752  WARBURTON  Serm.  Wks.  1788  V.  70  The 
rest  of  the  .sons  of  Adam  ;  who,  because  htually  unholy  and    ! 
prophane,  were  deemed  to  be  naturally  unrelated  to  them,     i 
1770-4  A.  HUNTER  Georg,  Ess.  (1804)  IV.  291  besides  the    • 
mistletoe,    the  Druids  ritually  gathered  the  Selago.     1847    i 
Ecclesiologtst    May   200   Chancel.. is   ritually  confined  to    j 
that  part  of  the  church  where    the  Clerjci   celebrate  the    ! 
lesser  offices.      1891  RKUCB  Apologetics  \\.  ii.  184  Obligations 
10  be  holy,  not  ritually  only  but  really. 

t  Ri'tuous,<z    Obs.-1    -RITUAL  a. 
1604  HIERON  Wks,  I.  569  Whence  had  you  all  that  rituous 
store  Vs'd  in  the  masse,  and  nurn'd  before? 

Riuage,  Riual,  obs.  ff.  RIVAGE,  RIVAL.  Riue, 
obs.    f.    RIFE,    RIVE.      Riuel,  obs.    f.    RIVEL. 
Biuele,  obs.  f.  RULE.     Rtuelet,  obs.  var.  RIVU 
LET.      Riueling,    -yng,    obs.    ff.    RIVELING*.    , 
Riuely,  obs.  f,  RIFELY.     Riuen,  obs.  f.  RIVENT.    , 
Riuer(e,  obs.  ff.  REAVER,  RIVER,  Riuersa,  var. 
RIVEBSO  Obs.    Riuulet,  obs.  var.  RIVULET. 

Rivage  (rsi-ved^).  Also  4-6  ryuage,  -vage;  '. 
5-7  riuage.  [a.  F.  rivage  (i2-i3th  c.)  :  see  ! 
RIVE  sb.i  and  -AGE.  So  It.  rivaggio\  med.L.  i 
rivagium  (esp.  in  sense  3).] 

1.  A  coast,  shore,  or  bank.     Now  only  poet. 


717 

Comb.  1597  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  i.  iii.  131  (Q.1),  The  Eg'e- 
winged  pride  Of  .skie  aspiring  and  ambitious  thoughts,  With 
riuail  hating  enuy. 

1 


RIVE, 


transf.  1871  I-'KI.EMAN  Norm.  Conq,  (1876)  211  That  lon^ 
line  of  low  hills,,  .which  seems  like  a  feeble  rival  of  the 
loftier  ranges  of  the  West. 

2.  One  who,  or  that  which,  disputes  distinction 
or  renown  with  some  other  person  or  thing. 

1646  CRASH  AW  Sospetto  d'H erode  iv,  That  neither  Rome 
nor  Athens  can  bring  forth  A  Name  in  noble  deeds  Rivail 
to  thee  !  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  11.472  And  so  refus'd  might  in 


1776  K-.  CHANDLER  Trav.  Greece  81  This  stadium.. is  ex 
tolled  as  without  a  rival,  and  as  unequalled  by  any  theatre. 
1835  BREWSTER  Newton  II.  xxvii.  400  A  man  who  has  had 
no  rival  in  the  times  which  are  past.  1874  GRKKN  Short 
Hist.  vii.  §  6.  403  The  Spanish  generals  stood  without  rivals 
in  their  military  skill. 


c  1400  St.  Alexius  (Laud  622)  592  He  gan  to  sbippen  atte 
Ryuage  ;  Wynde  aroos  wij?  wood  rage.  1483  CAXTON  Cato 
Dvij,  A  good  holy  man  which  was  on  the  ryuage  of  the  see. 
1490  —  Eneydos  vii.  30  Dydo.  .arryued  vpon  the  Ryuage 
of  affryque  for  to  repay  re  hir  shyppes.  1523  CROMWIXL  in 
Merriman  Life  <f-  Lett.  (1902)  I.  40  Sum  other  Contraye  in 
the  possession  of  his  eneinye  vpon  the  Ryvage  of  the  see. 
1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  vi.  20  The  golden  sand,  The  which 
Pactolus.  .Throwes  forth  upon  the  rivage.  1609  HOLLAND 
A  mm.  Marcell.  xiv.  ii.  5  Having  imbattelled  themselves 
neere  unto  the  rivage.  1658  W.  BURTON  I  tin.  Anton.  161 
The  River  full  of  Ships,,  .the  rivage  full  of  sea-faring  men.  i 
1661  EVELYN  Fumifngium  Misc.  Writ.  (1805)  i.  208  The  : 
scent  of  the  orange  flowers  from  the  rivage  of  Genoa. 

1814  CARV  Dante,  Inf.  xxix.  vii,  So  mov'd  she  on,  against 
tht  current,  up  The  verdant  rivage.     1855  SINGLETON  Virgil    \ 
II.  100  The  dreadful  rivages,  and  brawling  floods. 

attrib.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xxxvi.  xvi,  Ryght  by 
anone  the  rivage  syde,  She  cast  an  anker.  1513  DOUGLAS 
sKneis  vi.  v.  44^  This  sorofull  boitman..sum. .  maid  to  stand 
Fer  from  the  rivage  syde  upon  the  sand. 

f2.  Arrival  at,  landing  on,  a  shore.  Obs. 

13..   K.  Atis.6ojg  Kyng  Alisaunder,  and  his  baronage, 
Haveth  y-take  god   ryuage.     c  1475  Partenay  2734   Hys     i 
brother.. At  vavuent  that  day  riuage  gan  purchas.      c  1500 
Mclusine  114  The  patrons  made  theire  recommendacions  to 
god.. that  by  hys  benygne  grace  he  wyl  graunte  to  them     : 
good  ryuage. 

f3.  Shore  or  river  clues.   Obs. 

Quot.  1598  is  translated  from  a  charter  of  1278. 

1598  HAKLUVT  Voy.  I.  117  So  that  they  shall  be  free,  .from  j 
all  lastage,  tallage,  passage,  cariage,  riuage.  [1706  PHILLIPS  \ 
(ed.  Kersey),  £nntftt,..a  certain  Toll,  or  Duty  anciently  | 
paid  to  the  King,  in  some  Rivers,  for  the  Passage  of  Boats,  i 
or  Vessels.] 

Hence  f  Rrvaging,  the  act  of  making  up  or 
repairing  the  bank  of  a  stream.  Obs. 

1610  W.  FOLKINGHAM  ArtSurv.ii.  ii.  50  Se waging,  rilling, 
brooking,  riuaging,  foording. 

t  Rival,  *M  Obs.  Forms :  4-5  riuale,  5 
riuayle,  6  rivaile ;  5  ryuaile,  -ayle,  ryvaille, 
•aylle,6ryual(e.  [a.  OF.  rivaitte,  f.  rive  RIVE  sl>.1] 

1.  A  bank,  shore,  landing-place,  \\svport  rival. 
1338   R.    BRUNNE  Chron.   (1810)  153  J?e   kynges   moder     '"• 

Richard  Ariued  at  bat  riuale.    c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret., 
Gov,  Lordsh.  52  He  j>at  spendys  his  good  ouyr  mesure  shal 
sone   come  to   be    better   riuale   of  pouert.     (^1450  LYDG.     i 
Decrees  1328  Walkyng  by  Kyvaylles,  holdyng  ther  passage 
On  plesaunt  hylles.     1502  in   Arnolde  Chron.   (1811)  217 
That  noo  Man  be  distreyned  too  make  Bruggis  ne  Ryuals.     ; 
1594  GREENE  &  LODGE  Looking  Gt.  (Hunterian  Cl.J  57  As    j 
I  was  comming  alongst  the  port  ryuale  of  Niniuie. 

2.  Landing ;  arrival  at  a  port. 

1412-20  LVUG.  Chron.  Troy  it.  8110  To  Grekis  pleinly  \>is 
ryvaille   So   mortal   was   &  so   infortunat.     15. .   Piers  of    \ 
Fitlkam  316  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  II.  13  To  make  his  rivaile  to     ! 
be  know,  At  redclif  in  his  saile  to  show. 

Rival  (rai-val),  sb2  and  a.     Also  6-7  riual, 
7  riu-,  rivall.     [ad.  L.  rival-is,  orig.  one  living    , 
on  the  opposite  bank  of  a  stream  from  another, 
i.rlvus  stream.     Hence  also  F.  rival  (i5th  c.), 
Sp.  and  Pg.  rival,  It.  rivale.] 

A.  sbf  1.  One  who  is  in  pursuit  of  the  same  , 
object  as  another;  one  who  strives  to  equal  or  ! 
outdo  another  in  any  respect. 

1577  tr.  Bultinger's  Dec.    (1592)  106  To  mingle  poison 
primly.. Or  else  in  armour  openly  to  worke  his  riuals  death. 
1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  in.  ii.  156  You  both  are  Riuals,  and    , 
loue  Hermia;    And  now  both   Riuals  to  mocke  Helena.     , 
1648-9  Eikon  Bos.  xxvi.  (1662)  127  The  Independents  think     ; 
themselves  manumitted  from  their  Rivals  service.      1694 
ADDISON  Virg.  Wks.  1726  I.  20  So  let  the  royal  insect  rule    | 
alone  And  reign  without  a  rival  in  his  throne.    1712  STEELE    ' 
Spect,  No.  306  p  i  My  Lovers  are  at  the  Feet  of  my  Rivals, 
my  Rivals  are  every  Day  bewailing  me.      1769  ROBERTSON 
C/ias.  l^,  ix.  111.173  He  beheld  a  prosperous  rival  receiving    : 

hose  ensigns  of  dignity  of  which  he  had  been  stripped,  i 
'835  I  HIRLWALL  Greece  x.  I.  436  Chalcis  and  Eretria  were  j 
long  rivals.  1853  C.  BRONTE  Villctte  xv,  Come,  we  will  not  ! 
be  rivals,  we  will  be  friends.  1899  Miss  HARRADFN  Fwler  \ 
128,  I  believe  the  medical  name  for  a  rival  is  '  colleague  '. 


eutr  did  suspitious  riuail  Eye  Vet  lye  in  wait  my  Fauour 
to  espie.  1697  DKYUKS  I'irg.  Gt-org;  in.  28  Tlie  Rival 
Chariots  in  the  Race  shall  strive.  1712  POPE  Ef>.  to  Miss 
Bloitnt  15  Ev'n  rival  Wits  did  Vulture's  death  deplore.  1784 
COWPER  Task  v.  123  Thus  nature  works.. in  defiance  ofner 
rival  pow'rs.  1830  D'lsitAELi  Chas.  /,  III.  v.  62  These 
Ministers  of  State  attempted,  .to  restrain  or  abolish,  a  rival 
minority.  1886  RUSKIN  Pncterita  I.  vii.  227  He  was  per 
fectly,  .candid  in  appraisement  of  the  wine  of  rival  houses. 
Cwnh.  i 802-1 z  BENTHAM  Ration.  Jiidic.  Evid.  (1827)  I\'. 
47  The  principle,  .may  be  termed  the  double-shop,  or  rival- 
shop  principle. 

tRi'Val,  $b:<\  Obs.-1  [?ad.  L.  nvulits,  dim. 
of  rlvus  ;  cf.  KIVEL  sb.X]  A  small  stream. 

1600  \V.  WATSON  Decacoriion  (1602)  68  A  faire  seeming.. 
fountaine. .deuided  into  two  armes  or  riuals  from  the  head. 

Rival,  obs.  form  of  KIVKL  v.i 
Biival  (rai'val),  v.     [f.  RIVAL  $£.-} 

1.  trans.   To   enter   into  competition  with  ;    to 
contend  or  vie  with ;  to  strive  to  equal   or  excel 
(another). 

1609  W.  M.  <l/<z«i'*^/f*7»(i84o)43He  watcheth  and  pray- 
tth  for  her,,  .sobbing  like  a  silly  sot  if  he  be  rivald  and 
put  besides  her.  1637  RUTTKR  Cid  HI.  iv,  Shall  I  Love  where 
I  am  so  rivali'd?  No,  my  heart.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Past. 
v.  10  Your  Merit  and  your  Years  command  the  Choice  : 
Arnyntas  only  rivals  you  in  Voice.  1711  STEELE  Sped.  No. 
91  P  i  These  Beauties  Rival  each  other  on  all  Occasions. 
1787  Generous  Attachment  I.  25  You  will  have  one  half  uf 
the  gay  world  to  rival,  ami  the  other  to  approve  your  choice. 
1824  BP.  HEBER  Life  Jcr.  'J 'aylor  p.  ccx,  A  work.. which 
contending  sects  have  rivalled  each  other  in  approving. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  ted.  2)  I.  432,  1  had  no  idea  of  rivalling 
him  or  his  poems. 

b.  transf.  of  things. 

1784  COWPER  Taskf  i.  431  The  cheering  fragrance  of  her 
dewy  vales,  And  music  of  her  woods— no  works  of  man  May 
rival  these.  1841  W.  SPALDING  Italy  $  It.  1st.  II.  370  A  host 
of  writers,  whose  numbers  rivalled,  if  they  did  not  surpass, 
those  of  the  sixteenth  century.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  v.  38 
A  crash  which  rivalled  thunder.  1880  HAUGHTON  Phys. 
Geogr.  v.  208  A  desert  region,  rivalling.. the  bare  and  re 
pulsive  features  of  the  Sahara. 

2.  intr.  To  act  as  a  rival,  be  a  competitor. 

1605  SHAKS.  Lear  i.  i.  194  We  first  addresse  toward  you,  who 
with  this  King  Hath  riuald  for  our  Daughter.    1654  Z.  COKE 
Loglck  Pref.,  Every  Colon  &  Column  of  your  lives.. [will] 
cause  your  Names  (Rivalling  with  time)  to  survive  on  Earth. 
1862   Vacation  Tour.  1861,  271  Even  Christianity  has  not 
been  able  to  uproot  an  idea  which  Poetry  and  Art  have 
rivalled  to  perpetuate.     1898  TOUT  Empire  $  Papacy  xvii. 
(1901)  427  The  Lombard  and  Cahorsin  usurers,  who  had 
now  begun  to  rival  with  the  Israelites  in  finance. 

fb.   So  with  if.  Obs. 

1656  S.  H.  Gold.  Law  65  Silver  and  gold  rival'd  it  in 
number  and  weight  with  the  stones  in  the  street.  Ibid.  68 
His  [Joshua's]  rivalling  it  with  his  master  in  dividing  uf 
Jordan's  Rivers,  Red  Sea-like. 

Hence  Hi'valled///.  a. ;  Krvalling  vbl.  $b. 

1606  SYLVESTEK  Die  Bartas  n.  iy.  Magnificence  76  Whom, 
with-out  Force,  Uproar,  or  Rivaling,  Nature  and  Law,  and 
Fortune  make  a   King,      a  1649  CRASHAW  GtntWff  Deo 

-'      •          •"•         •          --  /-:.._ 7ir:_  _  -i -i  .    .i      .i 


, long  withdrawing 

vale,  Awakes  the  rival'd  nightingale. 

Ri'valess.  [f.  RIVAL  J^+-ESS.]  A  female 
rival  or  competitor. 

1680  MORUEN  Geoff.  Red.  (1685)  465  Once  formerly  Romes 
great  Rivaless.  ^1707  tr.  Wks.  Ctess  D* Anois  (1715)  434 
She  got  to  her  Rivaless's  Throne  :  where  she  stood  upright, 
leaning  against  a  Pillar.  1740  RICHARDSON  Pamela  (1824) 
I.  Ixix.  414  For,  oh,  my  happy  rivaless  !  if  you  tear  from  me 
my  husband,..!  cannot  help  it. 

Rivalet,  obs.  form  of  RIVULET. 

II  Kiva-lis.   06s."1    [L.  rivatis.]     A  rival. 

1600  B.  _JossoN  Cynthia's  Rev.  v.  ii,  Your  Riualis.  .dis* 
patcheth  his  lacquay  to  the  chamber,  early,  to  know  what 
her  colours  are  for  the  day. 

Rrvalism.     rare.     [-ISM.]     Rivalry. 

1879  FAKRAR  St.  Paul  I.  32  Where  Christian  brotherhood 
and  mutual  esteem  have  taken  the  place  of  wretched  rivalism. 

Rival! ty  (raivje'liti).  [ad.  L.  rmalitas :  see 
RIVAL  j£.2  and  -ITY.  So  F.  rivaliti,  It.  rivalita, 
Sp.  rivalidad)  Pg.  -ade.]  =  RIVALRY  i. 

1582  STANVIIURST  Mneis,  etc.  (Arb.)  140  Dame  Venus  and 
kingdooms  can  no  rjualitye  suffer.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.fy  Cl. 
in.  v.  8  Cssar.. denied  him  riuality,  would  not  let  him  par 
take  in  the  glory  of  action.  1628  Bp.  HALL  Old  Relig. 
(1686)  107  Whatever  worship  more  than  mere  humane  is 
imparted  to  the  creature,  sets  it  in  rivality  with  our  Maker. 


a  1684  LEIGHTON  Connn.  i  Pet.  Wks.  (1868)  236  Loyalty  can 

•  admit  of  no  rivality.     1781  Characters  in  Ann.  Reg.  31/1 

1  The  rivality  between  the  two  nations  will  last.  1796 
:  BURNEY  Mem.  Metastasio  I.  318,  I  wish  this  rivality  to  be 
strongly  marked.  1803  [see  RIVALRY  2].  1830  W.  TAYLOR 
Hist.  Su-ru.  Germ.  Poet.  II.  63  It.  .stimulates  the  exertions 
of  rivality  without  hazarding  its  disappointments.  1876 
1  OuipA  '  Winter  City  x,  Society  is  a  Uattle  of  the  Frogs,  ior 
rivality  in  dress  and  debt. 

Riyalize  ^rai-valaiz),  v.  [f.  RIVAL  j£.-  +  -IZE. 
Cf.  K  rivaliser,  Pg.  -isar,  Sp.  -izar.]  intr.  To 
enter  into  rivalry,  to  compete,  with. 

1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Ju<tic.  Evid.  (1827)  IV.  337 
Being.,  the  delegates  of  a  spiritual  authority,  rivalizing  with 
the  temporal  authority  of  the  king.  1839  Blackiv.  Mag. 
XLV.  385  These  steps  I  took,  not  with  the  intention  of  rival- 
izing  with  M.  Daguerre  in  the  perfection  of  his  processes. 

Rrvalless,  a.    [f.  RIVAL  $b?  +  -LESS.]    'VYith- 
!    out  a  rival ;   having  no  rival. 

1822  Blackw.  Mag,  XI.  69  When  his  young  eye  was  bright 
as  her  rivalless  star.  1856  RLSKIN  Mod.  Paint.  III.  iv.  xvii. 
§  27  Leaving  Fleur  de  Marie  and  Virginia  rivalless. 

Rivalrous  (rai-v&lras),  a.    [f.  ncxt  +  -ous.]  Of 

the  nature  of  rivalry. 

1812  W.  TAYLOR  in  'Monthly  Mag.  XXXIV.  415  These 
:  would  tend  to  independency,  to  rivalrous  competition.  1853 
G.  J.  CAY  LEY  Las  Alforjas  II.  45  Celebrated.,  for  their 
rivalrous  animosity  in  lecture-room. 

Rivalry  (isi-valri).     [f.  RIVAL  sb.~  +  -KY.] 

1.  The  act  of  rivalling  ;  competition,  emulation. 
1598  MAKSTON  Sco.  Villanie  in.  xi.  230  Who  enuies  him? 

i    not  I,  For  well  he  may,  without  all  riuahie.    1633  UP.  HALL 

I    Occas.  Medit.  (1851)  82   Forsaking  all  the  base  and  sinful 

1    rivalry  of  the  world,  a  1719  ADDISON  (J.),  Those  antagonist^, 

who,  by  their  rivalry  for  greatness,  divided  a  whole  age. 

'759  JOHNSON  Rassclas  xxix,  From  tho>e  early  marriage* 

proceeds  likewise  the  rivalry  of  parents  and  children.     1816 

SCOTT  Antiq.  xvi,  Jealousies,  rivalries,  envy,  intervene  to 

j    separate  others  from  our  side.     1850  KINGSLKV  Alt,  Locke 

xxxix,  The  innate  selfishness  and  rivalry  of  human  nature. 

1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  403  Let  them  have  conflict  and 

rivalry  in  these  matters  in  accordance  with  the  law. 

2.  A  body  of  rivals. 

1803  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XIV.  114  The  appear 
ance  uf  Ulysses  among  the  suitors  of  Penelope  disappointed 
tht-  rivality  of  the  whole  rivalry. 

Rivalship  (rarv&ljip),  [f,  RIVAL  $b2+  -SHIP.] 
The  state  or  character  of  a  rival ;  emulation, 
competition,  rivalry. 

1632  I!.  JONSON  Magn.  Lady  n.  i,  He  hath  confess'd  To 
me  in  private  that  he  loves  another..;  therefore  Secure  you 
of  rivalship.  1664  POWEK  Exp.  Pkilos.  i.  n  That  proud 
Madam  which  Pallas,  for  her  Rivalship,  transformed  into 
the  Spider.  1700  FAKQI  HAR  Constant  Couple  i.  i,  I  was 
beginning  to  mistrust  some  rival.->hip  in  the  ca^e.  1761 
Hr.ME  Hist.  Eng.  xxix.  II.  161  The  emulation  and  rival- 
ship  which  had  so  long  subsisted  between  these  two  muii- 

•  archs.     1818  COLEBROOKE  Import  Colonial  Corn  198  The 
,    necessity  must  exist  so  long  as  rivaNhip  continues  among 

independent  states.      1870  W.  R.  GKKG  Polit.   Probl.  224 
Permanence  is   necessary  to   good   government,  and., our 
,     system  of  party  rivalship  forbids  permanence. 

t  Ri'Valty.     Obs.  rare.     [-TV.]     Rivalry. 
1644  [H.  PARKER]  Jits  Populi  21  This  does  absolutely 
i     destroy  that  opinion,  which  places  the  good  of  Kings  in  any 
rivalty  with  the  good  of  States.  x66a  Eikon  Bus.  in  Chas.  /, 
IV k$.  136  They  are  divided  to  so  high  a  rivalty  [ed.  1648 
rivalry]  as  sets  them  more  at  defiance  against  each  other 
!     then  against  their  first  Antagonists. 

tRive,^.1  Obs.    Forms:  3-5  ryue,  4-6  ryve, 
4,  6  riue.     [a.  OF.  rive :— L.  rlpa  bank.] 
a.  The  sea-shore,     b.  The  bank  of  a  river. 
a  1300  A'.  Horn  142  Blibe  beo  we  on  lyue,  Vre  schup  is  on 
ryue.     £1320  Kir  Tristr.  1369  Now  brin.qeb  me  atte  riue 
Schip  and  of?ir  bing.     1390  CJOWEK  Con/.  III.  49  Whan  they 
herde  hou  Uluxes   Is  londed   ther   upon  the  ryve.     £1477 
CAXTON  Jason  79  b,  In  alle  parties  along  by  the  Ryue  of 
the  cite.     1480  —  Ovid's  A/et.  xi.  ii,  To  wesche  and  purge 
I     hym,  he  must  goo  ayenst  the  ryve  of  a  flood  or  ryver. 

tRive,^.-   Obs.  rare.  In  5  ryue,  riue.  [App. 
j    ad.  L.  rTvus  stream.]     A  stream  or  rill. 

1489  CAXTON  FayiesofA.  i.  xvii.  49  Somtyme.  .anost  must 
passe  ouer  gretewatres  &  ryues.     \^^-^Act  25  Hen.  Vffl, 
c.  7  Anie  streites,  riuers,  riues,  or  brokes,  sake  or  freshe 
I    within  the  real  me. 

t  Rive,  sb.*  Obs.  rare—0.  In  5  ryve.   [  =  MDu. 
rive  (Du.  riff},  Fris.  rtuwe,  ON.  and  Icel.  hrifa 
^Norw.  riva,  Sw.  rifva,  Da.  rive}.'}     A  rake. 
c  1440  Promp.  Pan'.  435/1  Ryve,  or  rake,  rostrum. 

Rive  (raiv),  s6.*  [f.  RIVE  2'.1]  A  pull,  lug, 
tear,  rent,  crack,  etc. 

1527  ANDREW  Brun$ivyke''s  Dislyll.  Waters  A  iij,  And  so 

ordred  laye  it  to  the  ryue  of  the  glasse  standynge  upon  the 

fyre.     1808  JAMIESON,  Rive,  a  rent,  or  tear.      1822  HOGG 

Perils  of  Man  II.  vii.  246  A  little  hollow  place  in  a  wild 

moor,.,  where  our  horses  get  nothing  but  a  rive  o'  heather. 

a  1878  AINSLIE  Land  of  Burns  (1892)  223  Sair's  the  rive  that 

;     breaks   the   twist  Which  binds  our  hearts   in   ane.     1895 

1    CKOCKETT  Men.  Moss-Hags  Iii,  With  one  rive  he  tore  it  from 

its  fastenings. 

Rive,  obs.  form  of  RIFE  a. 

Rive  (rsiv),  z/.l  [a.  ON.  and  Icel.  rifa  (Norw. 
rivat  Sw.  rifoa,  Da.  ra#),«OFris.  *rtva  (in  pa. 
pple.  erivcn}.  It  is  doubtful  whether  these  are  to 
be  identified  with  MLG.  rtven^  Du.  rijven,  G. 
reiben  to  rub,  grate,  rasp,  etc.] 
A.  Inflexional  forms. 

1.  Inf.  (and  Pres.}.  a.  3-7  riue,  4-6  ryue  (6 
Sc.  rywe,  ryiue) ;  4-7  (9  St.")  ryve  (5  ryvyn), 
4-  rive. 

For  examples  of  these  see  B.  i,  10,  and  it. 


RIVE. 

B.  4  rijf,  4-5  ryf  (5  ryff),  rife,  5-6  ryfe  ;  Sf. 
5-6  rif,  6  riff(e,  ryffe. 

1:1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  cxxiii.  5  t>ai  had  na  myght  to  ryfe 
vs.  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xx.  255  Thair  mycht  men  se  men 
rif  thar  hare,  la  1400  Afortc  Arth.  362,  I  salle..ryfe  it  in 
sondyre.  c  1460  Tawncley  Myst.  ii.  153  To  were  my  shoyn 
&  ryfe  my  hose.  1500-20  DLNBAR  Poems  Ixxii.  91  Ane 
rude  speir.  .did  his  precious  body  ryff.  a  1578  LINHESAV 
(Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.T.S.)  I.  108  To  ryfe  the  lyfe  out 
of  my  bodie. 

2.  Pa.  t.  a.  3-5  rof,  4-5   rofe,    roff  (5  roffe), 
roof  (5  roofe),  4-6  roue,  7  (9)  rove,  9  dial.  rov. 

c  1*75  KAY.  26566  |>e  bpere . .  rof  Jjorh  ban  swere.  1303  R. 
BRUNNE  HandL  Synne  9288  Hys  rolle  to-braste  and  rofe. 
c  1385  CHAUCER  /..  G.  IY.  661  Cleopatra,  He.  .roof  hym-self 
anoon.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  10298  pai . .  Rofe  hit  full  Roidly. 
1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  n.  vi.  82  She.  .rofe  her  self  thorow 
the  body.  1535  COVERDALE  i  Kings  xiii.  5  Ye  altare  roue. 
1807  in  Allan's  Tynesiitt  Songs  (1891,1  90  Aw.. Rove  my 
breeks. 

p.  4-5  raf(e,  5  raffe  (5-6  Sf.  raeff,  raif^f, 
raife)  ;  4-6  raue  (5-6  Sc.  rawe),  5-  rave  (7  Sc. 
raive),  9  dial,  raeve,  reave. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  7510,  I  bair  chaffles  raue  in  tua.  ft'iJ. 
9110  He  wald  men  raf  it  al  to  dust,  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints 
xxi.  (Cltiutni)  93  Scho..grat,  &  rawe  hir  hare.  1-1440 
Alph,  Tales  55  With  her  hornys  &  ber  tethe  [>ai  rafe  his 
flessh.  c  1450  St.  CK////«Y(Surtees)  4683  pai  raue  |>air  clathes. 
1525  I,D.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  xlvii.  160  It  raue  clene  in 
sondre.  1535  LYNUESAY  Satyrt  623  Wind,  that  raif  the  sails 
in  sunder.  1603  Reg.  Privy  Counc.  Scotl.  VI.  589  [He] 
raive  and  distroyit  it.  1718  RAMSAY  Clirisfs  Kirk  Gr.  lit. 
xvii,  Wi'  her  nails  she  rave  his  face.  1819  W.  TENNANT 
Papistry  Storm',t  (1827)  190  [They]  rugg't  and  rave  them 
out.  1828  P.  BUCIIAN  Ballads  (1875)  II.  249  Meggie  reave 
her  yellow  hair. 

7-  4-5  ref,  5  refe. 

13. .  Cursor  M.  24420  (Gott.),  pe  temple  fra  be  rof  it  ref. 
a  1425  Ibid.  7809  (Trin.),  pou^e  his  body  my  swerd  1  ref. 
f  1460  Play  Sacram.  48  The  ovyn  refe  a  sondre. 

8.  6  ryued,  ryved,  riued,  yriv'd,  7-  rived, 
S  riv'd. 

a  1513  FABYAN  Chron.  vn.  (iSir)  249  The  wynde.  .ryued. . 
ouer  the  nomber  of  vi.  hundred  bowses.  1547  J.  HARRISON 
Exhort.  Scottes  biij  b,  It  riued  a  sunder  their  kyngdome. 
1591  SPENSER  Astrofhel  120  That  it  both  bone  and  muscles 
ryyed  quight.  1596  —  l-'.Q.  iv.  vi.  15  That  all  his  mayle 
yriv'd.  1727  DE  FOE  Protestant  Monastery  14  She.. used 
me  in  such  a  Manner  as  has  riv'd  my  ..  Heart.  1791 
COWPER  Iliad  xx.  475  Achilles  drove  his  spear,  And  rived 
his  skull.  1887  HALL  CAINE  Deemster  xxxvii,  [I]  rived 
them  [sc.  rabbits]  asunder. 

3.  fa.  pple.  a.  4-6  ryuen  (5  ryuyn),  5-6 
ryven,  5  Sc.  rywen,  -ine ;  4-7  riuen  (4  riuin)  ; 

5  rifen ;  5-  riven  (7  Sf.  riviu). 

a  tyxCiirsorM.  4165  He  riuen  es  Wit  beistes  wild.  £1375 
Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxxviii.  (Adrian)  346  pane  wes  he.  .rywine 

6  rente,     c  1400  Ywaine  ty  Can:  3539  Thair  sheldes  war 
shiferd,  and  helms  rifen.     1483  Cath.   Angl.  310/1  To  be 
Ryven,  fatiscere.      1566  in  Peacock  Eng.  Cli.  Furniture 
(1866)   48   Torn,  broken,  and   ryven   in    peces.      1621    Bp. 
MOL'NTAGU  Diatribx  323  A  rough  knot,  not  riuen  out. 
1746  THOMSON  Cast.  Imiol.  n.  Ixix,  The  brand  by  which  the 
rocks  are  riven.     1870  HUXLEY  Lay  Serin,  xiv.  (1874)  342 
Riven  by  the  lightemngs. 

3.  4  (6  Sc.)  reuiu,  5  reuen,  5,  7  reven ;  9 
dial,  reaven;  Sf.  5  refyn(e,   rewyn,  rewiue, 
5-6  reuyn,  6  rewin,  revin,  reivin,  reiuen. 

13..  Cursor  M.  22636  (Gott.),  pat  erd  bat  sal  be  reuin. 
c  '375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  \.  (Peter)  25  He  wald  haf  refyn  [him] 
sone.  c  1400  Land  Troy  Hit.  13320  Ther  schal  be  reuen 
many  a  scheld.  £1415  WYSTOUN  Cron.  v.  x.  1898  His 
westment  rewyn  al  in  raggis.  1549  Coinfl.  Scotl.  vii.  69 
This  mantiL.vas  reuyn.  i5o6DAi.RYMpi.Etr.  Leslie's  Hist. 
Scot.  IV.  251  Quhair  thay  war  reiuen  in  duigis. 
7.  5  ryue,  reve,  6  rive,  9  dial.  riv. 

a.  1425  Cursor  HI.  1855  (Trin.),  Ofte  bei  wende  her  shippe 
wold  ha  ryue.  1430  Syr  Gener.  (Roxb.)  6001  The  sheld 
that  was  reue.  1506  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  xi.  5  That  seem'd  a 
marble  rocke  asunder  could  have  rive.  1895  A.  PATTERSON 
On  the  Broads  22  Years  ago,  afore  laths  was  riv'. 
S.  6  ryued,  7  riv'd,  7-  rived. 

<zi5i3  FABYAN  Chron.  u.  (1811)  249  Y«  rofe. .was  also 
ryued.  1601  SHAKS.  Jul.  C.  I.  iii.  6  When  the  scolding 
Winds  Haue  riu'd  the  knottie  Oakes.  1681  FLAVEL  Mclh. 
Grace  ii.  39  The  tree.. was  rived  asunder.  1782  ELIZ. 
BLOWER  Geo.  Batcman  I.  216  My  heart  is  rived  with  agony  ! 
B.  Signification. 

In  standard  English  the  word  is  now  somewhat  rare,  being 
most  frequently  employed  in  sense  4,  and  chiefly  in  the  pa. 
pple.  riven  (riv'n). 

I.  trans.  1.  To  tear  apart  or  in  pieces  by  pull 
ing  or  tugging;  to  rend  or  lacerate  with  the 
hands,  claws,  etc. ;  to  pull  asunder. 
a  1300  Cursor  Jlf.  4161  His  kyrtil  sal  we  riue  and  rend. 
c  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Cause.  888  Wormes  sal  ryve  hym  in 
sondre.  14..  7"K«/lVi^'jKiV.283Ychon..withoderdydstryve 
And  with  her  naylys  her  chekys  dyd  ryve.  c  1450  HOLLAND 
Uowlat  815,  I  sail  ryiue  the  Ravyne,  baith  guttis  and  gall. 
c  1500  World  q  Child  529,  I  praye  you,  syr,  ryue  me  this 
cloute.  a  1572  KNOX  Hist.  Ref.  Wks.  1846  1. 329  Monsieur 
Dosell  and  the  Capitanis..,  efter  the  reading  of  thame, 
began  to  ryve  thair  awin  beardis.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr. 
Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  ProL  20  Thay  sett  vpon  thame,  and. . 
thame  onlie  thay  ryue  with  thair  teith.  1638  BAILLIE  Lett, 
ff  jfrnls,  (1841)  I.  76  They  sett  on  him  in  cnurch,  ryves  his 
gowne,..and  so. .dismisses  him,  1697  CONCREVE  Mourn. 
Bride  ill.  vi,  Then  will  I .  .disfigure  And  dash  my  Face,  and 


my  coat.    1862  C.  C.  ROBINSON  Dial.  Leeds  Gloss.  394  Rive 
us  that  sheet  o'  paaper  i'  two. 
fig.  c  1380  WYCLIK  Stl.  Wks.  I.  103  Jif  ryghesss  liken  be 


718 

fleishe,  nebeles  fc>ei  ryven  be  soule.  c  1460  U'isdow  175  in 
Macro  Plays  41  Ye  Godib  ymage  neuer  xall  ryve.  157* 
Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxxiii.  44  The  malice  greit,  that 
ilk  to  vther  beiris,  Dois  ryfe  my  bowells.  1x785  BURNS 
•2nd  Ep.  to  Davie  iv,  I'm  on  Parnassus'  brink,  Rivin  the 
words  to  gar  them  clink.  1863  \V.  PHILLIPS  A/*,  xvi.  349  It 
went  through  the  land,,  .riving  sects. 

rejl.  1830  GALT  Laivrie  T.  \.  xi,  It  was  a  sad  sight  to  see 
that  mother  and  that  daughter  rive  themselves  asunder. 

fb.  To  tear  up  (a  letter,  document,  etc.),  so  as 
to  destroy  or  cancel.     Chiefly  Sc.     Obs. 

1415  SIR  T.  GREY  in  43  Rep.  Deputy  Kpr.  Rec.  583,  I 
redde  hit  and  rofe  hit  and  kest  hit  in  a  govnge.  1480  Ada 
Dom.  Carte.  (1839)  73  The  said  dauid  bowy  tuke  it  again, 
rafe  &  distruyt  it,  but  be  said  dauid  wcstis  consent.  1537 
[see  RIVING  vhl.  sb.1  i].  1566  Keg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  471 
That,  .thair  Comptroller,  .at  the  first  sycht  and  preset,  ta- 
tioun  of  thame  ryve  and  cancellat  sic  writtingis.  a  1650 
CALDEKWOOD  Hist.  Kirk  (1843)  H*  5°6  Their  armes  were 
rivin  at  the  (Jroce,  in  presence  of  the  regent  and  the  lords. 

2.  With  various  ad  vs.  and  preps. : 

a.  To  tear  or  pull  off  or  away. 

13..  Cursor  M.  9099  (Gott.),  Of  his  robe  he  gan  to  riue. 
c  1480  HKNKYSON  Afor.  Fab,.  W'olffy  Wether  xiii,  Ane  breir 
busk  raif  rudelie  of  the  skyn.  1500-20  DUNBAK  Poems 
Ixxii.  60  The  claith  that  ciaif  to  his  clere  hyde,  Thai  raif 
away  with  ruggis  rude.  1680  H.  MORK  Apocal.  Apoc.  136 
Excommunication,  that  rives  off  a  member  from  the  church. 
c  1784  BURNS  Ep.  to  Ranking  in,  Your  curst  wit.. Rives  't 
aff  their  back. 

b.  To    tear,   wrench,    or  pluck    roughly  away 
from  (a  person  or  thing). 

<i  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter*  Comm.  Cant.  518  Deuyls,  be 
whilk  cruelly  ryuys  saules  fra  god.  a  1400  Sir  Perc.  2157 
Hir  clothes  ther  scbo  rafe  hir  fro.  c  1450  HOLLAND  Howlat 
835  The  Tuchct. .  Raif  his  taile  fra  his  rig.  1554  KNOX 
Faythf.  Admon.  C  v,  That  God.  .haue  much  to  do  to  ryffe 
or  plucke  any  man  backe  from  their  forefathers  footesteppes. 
1816  BYRON  Corsair  in.  vi,  Thy  loved  one  from  thee  riven. 
1863  BARING-GOULD  Iceland  129  The  cold  hands  came  down 
on  Grcttir's  arms,  riving  them  from  their  hold. 

c.  To   pull  downt   or  to  the  ground ;  to  tear, 
drag,  or  pull  up  or  out. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Savtts  v.  (John}  305  He  be  tempil  suld  in 
by  of  dame  diane  gere  Ryve  done,  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  4783 
Robbet  was  bis  ronke  hold  &  ryuyn  to  ground.  1470-85 
MALORY  Arthur  x\i.  iii.  596  The  bore  torned  hym  nemly 
&  rafe  out  the  longes  &  the  hert  of  the  hors.  1535  COVER- 
DALE  Zeph.  ii.  14  The  hordes  of  Cedre  shalbe  ryuen  downe. 
'545  ASCHAM  Toxoph.  i.  (Arb.)  93  Plowing.. riutth  and 
plucketh  vp  by  the  rootes,  all  thistles,  brambles  and  weedes. 
c  1585  MoNTCOHBRIB  Sonnets  Iv.  12  Rigour  ryvis  the  hairt 
out  by  the  root.  1621  HP.  MOUNTAGU  Diatribx  323  An  hard 
and  a  rough  knot,  not  riuen  out  by  thet  Author  of  the 
History.  1680  Or  WAY  Caius  Mnrius  v.  i,  As  storms  let 
loose  That  riue  the  trunks  of  tallest  cedars  down.  1754 
T.  GARDNER  Hist.  Dunwic/t  161  John  Arnold,  .gave  Order 
to.. the  Sexton  to  rive  it  out  for  the  Plumber's  Use.  1873 
GIBBON  For  Lack  of  Gold  xxi,  I  would  rive  the  heart  out 
of  my  breast. 

3.  To  sever,   cleave,  or  divide,  by  means  of  a 
knife  or  weapon  ;  fto  pierce  or  thrust. 

13..  Gaw.  $  Gr.  Knt.  1341  Syben  britned  bay  bebrest,  &.. 
Ryuez  hit  vp  radly,  ry^t  to  be  by?t.  ^1385  CHAUCER 
L,  G.  IV.  1351  Dido,  With  his  swerd  she  rof  byre  herte, 
1426  LVDG.  De  Gnil.  Pilgr.  14944  The  sharpe  sperys  hed.. 
RoofT  that  lord  vn-to  the  herte.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg. 
316  b/2  He  sayd  yf  it  be  trewe.  .late a  swerd  ryue  methurgh 
my  body.  01592  GREENE  Scliinus  592  Vpon  my  swords 
sharpe  point  standeth  pale  death  Readie  to  riue  in  two  thy 
caitiuebrest.  1659  [see  RIKF  *£.*].  1668  HOPKINS  Serin.  (1685) 
57  What  torments  the  conscience  feels,  when  God  causes  his 
sword  to  enter  into  it,  to  rive  it.  1791  COWPER  Iliad  xx. 
475  Achilles  drove  his  spear,  And  rived  his  skull. 

reft,  c  1384  CHAUCER  //.  Fame  373  She  rofe  hir  selfe  to 
the  herte.  1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  vi.  xiii,  Scipion.,rofe 
hymselfe  to  the  heart  and  so  died.  1474  CAXTON  Chesse  21 
With  a  swerde..she  roof  her  self  vino  the  herte.  1612 
DKAYTON  Poly-olb,  vii.  187  Marcely,..Inrag'dand  mad  with 
griefe,  himselfe  in  two  did  riue. 

t  b.  To  drive  (a  weapon)  through  (the  heart, 
etc.) ;  to  thrust  into  (the  body).  Obs. 

c  1385  CHAUCEH  L.  G.  \V.  1793  Lncrece>  This  swerd  thour 
out  thyn  herte  shal  I  ryue.  a  1425  Cursor  M.  7809  (Trin.), 
pour?e  his  body  my  swerd  I  ref.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg. 
69/1  Eche  toke  other  by  the  heed  and  roof  their  swerdes  in 
to  eche  other  sydes. 

t  C.  To  make  (a  way)  by  piercing.   Obs."~* 

1600  FAIRFAX  Tasso  xn.  Ixxxii,  You  deere  lims.  ..Through 
which  my  cruell  blade  this  flood-gate  roue. 

4.  To  rend  or  split  by  means  of  shock,  violent 
impact  or  pressure,  etc. ;  to  strike  asunder ;  f  to 
break  or  crack  (a  dish). 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  22636  pe  deuels  vte  sal  be  fordriuen  O 
bat  erth  bat  sal  be  riuen.  1338  R.  BRUSNE  Chron.  (1810) 
148  Ten  schippes  wer  dryuen,)>orgh  illeauisement,  porgh  a 
tempest  ryuen.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  256  b, 
This  deth..dyd  ryue  the  myghty  &  stronge  wall  of  y3 
[temple],  a  1548  HALL  Citron.,  Hen.  VI,  9  b,  [They]  shot. . 
great  stones..,  the  strokes  whereof,  .shaked,  crushed  and 
ryued  the  walles.  1596  [see  A.  3^].  1625  PURCHAS  Fil~ 
grimes  II.  1657  If  a  dish  happen  to  be  a  little  riven  or 
crackt,  they  eat  no  more  in  it.  1653  H.  COGAN  tr,  Pinto's 

Trav,  Ixxi.  288  After  this,  he, .caused  all  the  lesser  Ord 
nance  to  be  rived  asunder,  and  the  greater.. to  be  cloyed. 
1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol.  n.  Ixix,  Repentance,  .quells  the 
brand_by  which  the  rocks  are  riven.  1768  BEATTIE  Minstrel 
i.  xlviii,  Like  yonder  blasted  boughs  by  lightening  riven. 
1803  HEBER  Palestine  55  Where  the  tempest  rives  the 
hoary  stone.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  ii.  20  The  Rhone 
glacier, .  .where  it  is  greatly  riven  and  dislocated. 

Jig.  c  1460  Ttnuncley  Myst.  xiv.  296  Those  lurdans  wote 
not  what  thay  say;  Thay  ryfe  my  hede.  1591  SHAKS. 
i  Hen.  VL,  iv,  ii.  29  Ten  thousand  French  haue  tane  the 
Sacrament,  To  ryue  their  dangerous  ArtUIerie  Vpon . . 
English  Talbot,  1837  CARLYLE  /•>.  Rev.  m.  vii.  (1857)  II. 


RIVE. 

i    242  With  fire-words  the  exasperated  rude  Titan  rives  and 
smites  these  Girondins. 

b.  To   split  or   cleave  (wood,  stone,  etc.)   by 
appropriate  means.     Also  with  up,  off. 

CX440  Promp.  Pan:  435/1  Ryvyn,  or  clyvyn,  as  men  doo 
,    WOOOdQt^&tM.     1530  PALSGK.   692/2,  1   ryve  wodde  in  ta 
byllettes,  or  splentes,  or  suche  lyke,  jc fends.     1567  MAPI.ET 
Gr.  Forest  16  Nitrum  is  a  stone,  .easie  to  be  riuen.     i6a» 
BP.  HALL  Contempt.^  O.T.  xvii.i,  That  wood  which  a  single 
iron  could  not  rive,  is  soon  splitted  with  a  double  wedge. 
1670  EACHARD  Cont.  Clergy  22  As  for  htm  that  rives  blows, 
or  carries  packs,  there  is . .  no  great  intellectuall  pensiveness. 
1793  WINUHAM  in  Burkes  Corr.  (1844)  IV.  190  The  progress 
of  the  northern  armies  must,  of  necessity,  be  slow  ;  they  are 
there  riving  the  block  at  the  knotty  end.     1830  SOUTHEV  in 
i    Cj.  I\C2'.  XLIII.   22    When  this  politic  purpose  had  been 
•    sufficiently  answered,  it  was  riven  up  for  fuel.     1891  Miss 
UOWIE  Girl  in  Karp.  258  It  is  a  stake  of  pine  wood .  .com 
monly  speaking  rived  off  at  an  early  period. 

absol.  1622  Relat.  Eng.  Plantation  in  Plymouth  24  We 
1  went  on  shore.  Some  to  fell  tymber,  some  to  saw,  some  to 
I  riue,  and  some  to  carry. 

transf.  1875  KiNGLAKi-:  Crimea  (1877)  V.  i.  127  The  taller 
horsemen  who  were  riving  it  [sc.  the  column]  deeper  and 
deeper. 

c.  techn.  To  make   (laths)   by  splitting   wood 
along  the  grain  into  thin  narrow  strips. 

1610  [implied  in  lath-river :  see  LATH  sb.  4].  1618  dotting- 
1    ham  Rec.  IV.  359  For  ij  men  to  rive  lathes.     [1892  Eastern 
i     Mom.  News  (Hull)  16  Feb.  2/8  The  lath-riving  in  Sweden.] 
1895  [see  A.  3yJ. 

5.  Sc.  and  north.  To  plough  (unlilled  ground); 
to  break  tip  with  the  plough.     Also  with  out. 

1536  Reg.  Magni  Sig.  Scot.  (1883)  394/2  To  ryfe  out,  breke, 
'  and  teill  yeirlie  1000  acris  of  thair.  .landis.  1572  Satir. 
1  Poems  Reform,  xxxiii.  271  Now  mon  thay.  .Ryue  out  the 

Mures,  the  bestialls  gers  intak.      1590  Reg.  Privy  Council 

Scot.  IV.  515  [The  bailies  and  council]  had  revin  out  and 
i  sawin  ane  pairt  thairof  this  present  yeir.  1619-53  [see 
:  RIVING  t'bl.  so.1  x].  1785  BURNS  Death  fy  Dr.  Hornbook 
\  xxiii,  His  braw  calf-ward  whare  gowans  grew,  Sae  white 

an'  Dome,  Nae  doubt  they'll  rive  it  wi1  the  plew.  1787 
,  in  Cudworth  Manning/taw,  etc.  (1896)  330  That  they  will 

not . .  plow,  grave,  or  rive  up  any  Part  of  the  Close  of  Land. 

1816  SCOTT  Bl.  Dwarf  i,  III  wad  he  hae  liked  to  hae  seen 
j  that  braw  sunny  knowe  a*  riven  out  wi'  the  plough. 

absol.    1856  G.  HENDEKSON  Pop.  Rhymes  Berwick  70 

Where  the  scythe  cuts,  and  the  sock  rives. 

6.  To  rend  (the  heart,  soul,  etc.)  with  painful 
i    thoughts  or  feelings. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  26015  £arfor  agh  sinful  man  and  wijf 

On  J?is  maner  bair  hert  to  rijf.     c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret. % 

I     Gov.  Lordsh.  93  He  schall  ryue  be  hert  of  hissubgitz,  batys 

j     to  say, . .  his  subgitz  shall  fele  hym  at  baire  hertes.      1647  H. 

!     MORE  Exorcism  us  Wks.  (Grosart)  177  What's  this  that.. 

,     Rives  my  close-straitned  heart?     1713  ADDISON  Cato  n.  v, 

j    Why  will  you  rive  my  heart  with  such  expressions?     1795 

j     MACNEILL  Scotland's  S&n'/Ji  xiii,  Jean's  condition  Rave 

j    his  very  heart  in  twa.     1822  MRS.  NATHAN  Langrcath  III. 

186  Deeply  drawn  sighs,  which  seemed  to  rive  the  agonized 

bosom  from  whence  they  issued.    1896  HOUSMAN  Shropshire 

Lad  xlviii,  All  thoughts  to  rive  the  heart  are  here,  and  all 

are  vain. 

II.  absol.  f  7.  To  pierce,  cut,  or  shear  through 
or  into  (the  body).  Obs. 

CI275  LAV.  26566  Beofs..smot  hine-.bat  be  spere  deore 
rof  born  ban  swere.  Ibid.  27685  pe  brume  gan  to  berste, 
}>at  be  spere  borh  rof.  1388  WVCI.IF  2  Sam.  ii.  23  Abner 
smoot  htm  with  the  spere..,  and  roof  thorou},  and  he  was 
deed,  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  5907  He  btre  to  be  bold  with  a 
big  sworde,  And  rof  burgh  the  Ribbes  right  to  J>e  hert. 
c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  102  b,  lason  toke  his  swerd  and  roof 
into  the  paunche  of  the  dragon. 

8.  To  commit  spoliation  or  robbery ;  to  reave ; 
to  take  away/iww.     Now  dial. 

1489  BarbouSs  Bruce  xvi.  551  lEdinb.),  On  west  half, 
towart  Dunferlyng,  Tuk  land  ;  and  fast  begouth  to  ryve. 
1513  MOKE  in  Hall  Chron. t  Ediu.  V  (1548)  9  b,  There  de- 
uyse  they  newe  robberies  nightely  and  steale  oute  and 
robbe,  riue,  and  kyll  menne.  1559  Mirr.  Alag.t  Glendonr 
ix,  Bent  my  selfe  to  rob  and  ryue.  1816  [see  RIVING  vbl. 
j/'.1  i].  1858  RAYSON  Poems  7  I've  nought  but  sarvants 
riving  frae  me. 

t  b.  trans.  To  rob  or  despoil  (a  person).  Obs. 

1582-8  Hist,  fy  Life  Jtis.  [Y(iSo4)  85  The  people.. were 
become  of  sic  dissoluit.  .actiones,  that  nane  was  in  account 
bot  he  that  wald  ather  kill  or  ryve  his  nybour. 

9.  To  tear  voraciously ;  to  tug  at  something. 
1552  LVNDESAY  Test.  Papyngo  1148  The  Rauin  began 

rudely  to  ruge  and  ryue,  Full  gonnondlyke  his  emptie  throte 
to  feid.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xlvii,  Twa  precious  saints 
might  pu'  sundry  wise,  like  twa  cows  riving  at  the  same 
hay-band.  1839  BROCKETT  A".  C.  Gtoss.  (ed.  2)  248  Rive^  to 
tear  membrane  from  membrane,  to  eat  voraciously  withou 
knife  or  fork.  'See  how  he's  riving  and  eating1.  186; 
DICKKNS  Mut.  Fr.  i.  xiii,  Standing.. roared  and  riven  at  b; 
the  wind.  1867  A.  DAWSON  Rambling  Recoil.  (1868)  8  His 
neighbour  was  (  riving  '  at  an  obstinate  sinew. 

III.  intr*  1O.  To  part  asunder;  to  cleave,  split, 
crack,  open  up,  etc. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  1767  pe  see  [gan]  to  ris,  fc>e  erth  to  riue 
c  1330  Arth.  #  Merl.  448  (Kulbing),  Mani  schaft  ber_gan 
riue.  c  1400  Ywaine  ff  Gaiv.  636  Thair  sheldes  sone  bigan 
to  ryve,  Thair  shaftes  cheverd.  1480  Robt.  Devyll  133  in 
Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  \.  224  They  feared  that  the  house  woulde 
ryue  a  sender.  1527  ANDREW  Bntnswyke's  Distyll.  Waters 
a  iij,  A  lutynge  for  a  glasse  that  ryveth  upon  the  fyre. 
1563  SACICVILLE  Induct.^  Mirr.  Mag.  Ixxix,  As  though 
the  heauens  riued  with  the  noyse.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens 
762  A  thinne  barke  the  which  will  .^oone  rive,  or  cleeve 
asunder.  1616  SUKFL.  &  MARKHAM  Country  Farme  v. 
viii.  537  All  sorts  of  ashes,  either  of  Wood  or  Coale,  is  a 
good  manure.. for  ground  that  is  apt  to  chap  or  riue. 
a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840)  I.  no  The  oak.  .may  be 
called  cowardly,  as  riving  and  splitting  round  about  the 
passage  of  the  bullet.  1805  SCOTT  Last  Minstrel  Note 


HIVE. 

xlviii,  Sutor  Watt,  ye  cannot  sew  your  boots  ;  the  heels 
risp,  and  the  seams  rive.  1877  TENNYSON  Harold  n.  ii. 
426  Why  let  earth  rive,  gulf  in  These  cursed  Normans. 

fig.  1549  Compl.  ScotL  i.  21  Lucan . .  said  that  the  vecht 
of  rome  suld  gar  it  ryue  in  mony  partis.  1589  NASHK 
Martin  Marfrelate  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  78  Theyr  Religion 
like  an  ancient  building,  worne  with.. age,  riues  and 
threatens  ruine  on  euery  side. 

b.  Of  wood  or  stone  :  To  admit  of  splitting  or 
cleaving. 

1699  Phil.  Trans.  XXI.  437  A  Tree  we  call  Cypress..;  it 
is  soft  and  spungy,  will  not  Rive.  1772  Ann.  Reg.  ng  The 
body  of  the  willow  tree  rives  into  pales.  zSiz  PINKERTON 
Petral.  I.  432  All  like  sorts  of  stone  that  are  composed 
of  granules,  will  cut  and  rive  in  any  direction.  1831  JOHN 
HODGSON  in  Raine  Mem.  (1858)  II.  212  They  rive,  accord 
ing  to  the  term  of  the  quarry-men,  into  thin,  .laminae. 

11.  In  hyperbolical  or  figurative  use  : 

a.  Of  the  heart :  To  break  or  burst  with  sorrow. 
1:1400  Rom.  Rose  5718  She  fighteth  with  hym  ay,  and 

stryveth,  That  his  berte  asondre  ryveth,  c  1460  Ttnvnetey 
Myst.  iii.  399  Me  thynk  my  hert  ryfis.  -To  se  sich  stryfis. 
1550  LEVER  Serm.  (Arb.)  23  Thys  playne  worde..wold 
make.. oure  hertes  to  ryue  in  peces.  ci595  J.  DICKENSON 
Sheph.  Compl.  (1878)  13  This  said,  he  sighd,  as  though  his 
heart  would  riue.  1620-6  QUAKLF.S  Feast  for  Worms  1635 
O  kill  me  (Lord)  or  lo,  my  heart  will  riue.  1870  ROSSETTI 
PoemS)  Sister  Helen  xxvii,  He  prays  you,  as  his  heart 
would  rive,.. To  save  his  dear  son  s  soul  alive. 

b.  Denoting   the  effect  of  repletion,  excessive 
laughter,  etc. 

1586  D.  ROWLAND  Lazarillo  (1653)  E  j,  My  stomack 
began  to  rive  for  hunger,  a  1682  F.  S  KM  PI  LI.  Blythsome 
Wedding  72  There  will  be  meal-kail  and  castocks  With 
skink  to  sup  till  ye  rive.  1715  RAMSAY  Christ's  Kirk 
Gr.  n.  xiv,  Jock,  wi'  laughing  like  to  rive.  1786  BURN'S 
To  a  Haggis  iv,  Then  auld  Gtiidman,  maist  like  to  rive, 
Bethankit  hums.  1827  KinlocKs  Ballad  Bk.  68  Ye  wad 
hae  riven  for  laughter.  1884  D.  GRANT  Lays  20,  I  winna 
drink  anither  drap  !  My  head  is  like  to  rive. 

t  Rive,  v^  Obs.  Forms  :  a.  4  riue,  ryue, 
5-6  ryve  (5  ryvyn).  Pa.  t.  4  riuede,  5  ryuede, 
ravede,  (and  pa.  pple.)  3-4  riued,  4-5  ryued, 
4-6  ryved,  5  Sc.  rywit,  6  riude.  j3.  Pa.  t.  4 
roue,  raue,  5  raffe.  y.  Pa.  pple.  4  (y)ryuen, 
5  ryven,  reuyn,  revyn.  [ad.  OF.  river ^  aphetic 
form  of  arrive  r  ARRIVE  v.  Common  in  the  I4th 
cent.]  intr.  To  arrive,  to  land.  Freq.  with  tip. 

o..  a  1300  K.  Horn  162  And  ssy.  .pat  ichc.  .On  londe  ana 
riued  here,  c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  920  Til  inglond  wil  y  riue. 
1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  85  Wit>  a  grete  navey  he 
ryved  up  at  Cornwayle.  1:1430  LVDG.  Mitt.  Poetits  (Percy 
Soc.)  63  To  the  haven  of  dethe  wh:m  we  gan  to  ryve. 
c  144°  Pronip,  Pan1,  435/1  Ryvyn  to  londe,  as  schyppys 
or  botys,  fro  water,  applico^  a/pcllo.  1483  Calk,  Angl. 
310/1  To  Ryve  vp,  afipellere,  afplicare,  1530  PALSGR. 
692/2  In  shorte  space  they  ryved  at  Calays.  1599  WVRI.EY 
Armorie  134  We  there  were  riude  with  vigerous  entent 
With  him  to  fight. 

ft.  (-1350  Si.  .Mary  Magd.  478  in  Horstm.  Attengl.  Leg. 
(1881)  86  pe  weders  fand  ^ai  gtide  and  gayne,  So  bat  l>ai 
raue  up  in  Romayne.  1387  TRKVISA  Higdtn.  (Rolls)  VII. 
87  pe  navy  of  Danes  rove  up  at  Sandwyche,  and  robbed 
Kent.  #1440  Sir  Eglam.  1297  -1-15  (Line.  MS.),  This  fay  re 
nave' Allein  lykynge  passed  the  see,  In  Artasse  up  thay  raffe. 

y.  c  1400  CkroH.  R.  Clone.  (Rolls)  362  (MS.  Bi,  po  he  was 
ware,  pat  such  folk  was  y-armed..&  ryuen  vp  hys  lond. 
14..  Gay  Wanv.  4244  So  longe  be  wynde  hab  J>em 
dreuyn  :  At  Almayne  they  be  vp  reuyn.  Ibid.  8476  In 
Awfryke  well  soone  ^ey  be  yryuen.  c  1435  Torr.  Portugal 
1438  Sith  we  be  ryven  on  this  lond,  To  nyght  wylle  I  ryde. 

t  Rive,  v.3  Obs.-*  [Related  to  RIVE  sb.%  Cf. 
Du.  rijvent  Fris.  riuwje.']  trans.  To  rake. 

ci44o  Promp.  Parv.  435/1  Ryvyn,  or  rakyn,  rastro. 

Rived  (raivd),  ppl.  a.  [f.  RIVE  2/.1  +  -ED1.] 
Riven,  rent.  Alsoyi^*. 

1631  FLKTCHKR  Piscatory  Eclogs  iii,  To  break  the  rived 
heart  with  fear  and  fright.  1799  SHERIDAN  Pizarro  \.  i, 
Thou,  all-powerful !..  whose  lightnings  can  pierce  to  the 
core  the  rived  and  quaking  earth.  1838  ELIZA  COOK 
/  thank  T/teet  God!  vii,  So  in  the  rived  "heart  there'll  be 
Mercy  that  never  flowed  before. 

f  Rived,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  rive,  early  form  of 
RIFE  a.  The  ending  is  irregular.]  =  RIFE  a. 

(11300  Joseph  <y  Jacob  18  For(?i  sende  oure  Louerd 
Noees  Mod... Hi  floten  swibe  riued  bi  dich  &  bi  pulle. 
(11400-50  Alexander  1740  So. .riued  [v.r.  ryfe]  is  oure 
rewme  M  JK>U  may  regt  lycken  pe  store  strenthe  of  oure 
stoure  to  sternes  of  be  heuen.  Ibid.  1779  So  riued  is  ^e 
rede  gold  oure  regions  with-in.  1513  BRADSHAW  St.  \Ver- 
bitrgt  n.  1 68  Couetise,  pride,  lechery  were  ryued  alway. 

t  Ri'vedly,  adv.  Obs.  In  4  riuedlich(e,  -H- 
[f.  RIVED  a.  +  -LY  ^.]  =  RIFKLY  adv. 

a  1300  Fall  ^  Passion  103  m  E.E.P.  (1862)  15  pe  .iii. 
dai  he  ro^  to  Hue;  is  lore  riuedlich  he  send,  c  1350  IVill. 
Palerne  2115  For  missing  of  hat  mariage  al  mur)>«  was 
seced,  riuedliche  burth  rome  ^:  reube  bi-gunne.  I  bid. 
3840,  I  schal  riuedli  him  rewarde  to  be  riche  for  euer. 

Riveir,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  RIVER  sbl 
t  Rivel,  sbl  Obs.  Forms:  4-6  ryuel(4  reuel), 
5  ryvel,  6-7  riuel,  7  riuil,  -ell,  rivel.  [Perh. 
repr.  an  OE.  *rjfe/,  whence  rifelede  RIVELLED  a.} 
A  wrinkle  or  fold  upon  the  skin  (esp.  of  the  face) 
or  on  the  rind  of  a  fruit. 

1382  WYCLIF  Job  xvi.  9  My  ryuelis  seyn  witnesse  a?en  me. 
1387  TREVISA  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  257  He  hab  a  large 
ryuel,  as  it  were  a  bagge,  vnder  J>e  chynne.  1398  —  Earth. 
De  P.R.  xvn.  Ixi.  (Bodl.  MS.),  It  is  iseide  fat  figes  doji 
awei  reuels  of  olde  men  }if  J)ei  etc  wele  berof.  1416  LVDG. 
Dt  Gnil.  Pilgr.  24273  Thou  mayst  se,  by  my  lokkes  hore, 
and  by  ryvels  of  my  visage,  How  that  I  am  called  '  Age  '. 


719 

X54S  RAYNOLD  Byrtk  Mankyndc  n  Though  that  the  matrix 
.  .be  full  of  ryuelles  or  wrinkles  by  the  reason  that  it  is  so 
contract  from  a  great  amplytude.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny 
xii.  vii,  It  wanteth  the  due  parching  and  tipening  against 
the  sunne:  and  by  that  meanes  commeth  short  of  the  rivels 
and  blacknesse  that  the  outlandish  pepper  hath.  Ibid.  XVIH. 
xii,  It  causeth  the  skin  to  looke  cleare  and  white,  and  with- 
out  any  rivels  or  wrinkles.  1632  SHERWOOD,  A  riuell,  ride. 
fig.  1598  E.  GUILPIN  Skial.  (1878)  43  And  leauing  it  their 
lothsome  playstered  skins,  Shall  shew  the  furrowed  rluels  of 

tRi'vel,  sb*  0/>s.~l  [Cf.  RIVKL  v?\  A  ravel 
or  tangle. 

? '1x630  JACKSON  Wks.  (1673)  II.  513  You  haue  perhaps 
already  espied,  .a  knot  or  rivel,  wherewith  your  beliefs., 
may  be  entangled. 

Ri-vel,  sb*    rare  -1.     A  rivulet. 

1886  LFIFCHILD  in  Contemp.  Rev.  July  90  'Tis  A  full-fed 
rivel  lapsing  by. 

Iti'Velf?'-1  Now  rare.  Forms:  4  rivele,  5 
ry vel,  6  ryvell,  7  rivell,  8  rival,  4-  rivel  j  4, 
6  ryuel,  4-7  riuel.  [Cf.  RIVELLED  «.] 

1.  ////;'.  To  become  wrinkled  or  shrivelled  ;  to 
form  wrinkles  or  small  folds. 

c  1325  Old  Age  in  Rel.  Ant.  II.  211,  I  rivele,  I  roxle,  I 
rake,  I  rouwe.  1390  GOWER  Conf,  I,  98  Hire  chekes  ben 
with  teres  wet,  And  rivelen  as  an  etnty  skyn  Hangende 
doun  unto  the  chin,  c  1400  Rom.  Rose  7262  And  liighe 
shoes,  knopped  with  dagges,  ..  Or  botes  riveling  as  a 
gype.  1530  PALSGR.  692/2,  I  ryvell,  as  ones  vysage 
dot  he  for  age,  jc  ride.  1540  HYKIJB  tr.  Vivcs*  Instr. 
Chr.  Wow.  (1592)  Fiij,  The  tender  skinne  will  ryvill  the 
more  soone,  and  all  the  favour  of  the  face  waxeth  old. 
1610  HOLLAND  Cotttufgn's  Brit.  i.  357  Some  will  la-it  a  whole 
yeare  and  not  wither  and  rivell.  1657  C.  UKCK  Unrc. 
Charac.  Kvb,  To  rivell  or  wrinckle. 

2.  trans.  To   cause    (the  skin)    to    wrinkle    or 
pucker  ;  to  shrivel  up. 

1583  STCBBES  Anat.  Abus.  i.  (1879)  95  It  riueleth  tlie  face. 
1585  R.  PARSONS  Chr.  E.rer.  n.  iii.  268  Quickly  commeth  on 
olde  age,  which  riueleth  the  skinne.  1609  N.  F.  Fruiterers 
Seer.  15  Neither  layed  in  a  windy  colde  roome,  for  feare  of 
shrinking  and  riueling  them.  1638  HUKTON  Anat.  ftlel.  in. 
ii.  vi.  iii.  (1651)  561  Raging  time,  care,  rivels  her  upon  a 
sudden.  A  1704 T.  BKOWN Sat. agst.  //Vw#«Wks.  1730!.  55 
Till  the  devouring  heat. .Rival  thy  body,  and  distort  thy 
mind.  1868  BROWNING  Ringfy  Bk.  \.  1279  And  death  came, 
death's  breatli  rivelled  up  the  lies.  1893  S.E.  II  'ore.  Gloss. 
s.v.,  He  rivelled  'is  brow. 

al'sol.  1543  TRAHKRON  yigv's  Chintrg.  \\.  vi.  vii,  This 
pouldre.  .diyeth,  riveleth,  or  wrynkleth,  and  incarneth  not 
a  lytle. 

t  Ri'vel,  <'-2  Obs.  Also  4  ryuel,  reuel,  6 
ryvell.  [ad.  obs.  F.  rivler  (Walloon  rijler}  to 
ravel.  Cf.  RIVEL  $/>.-] 

1.  intr.  a.  To  become  entangled. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNF,  Citron.  Wace  (Rolls)  4629  Ropes  ryuelcd 
and  swerued  [Petyt  JIIS.  reueld  &  snarled]  in  lyne. 
b.  To  ravel  or  fray  out. 
1530  PALSGR.  692/2,  I  ryvell  out,  as  sylke  dothe,  je  rink. 

2.  trans.  To  open  out  by  unravelling. 

1650  KLDERFIELD  Civil  Right  Tythcs  297  'Tis  in  the  hands 
of  all  men,  and  rivels  out  the  generall  subject  into  many 
particulars. 

Rivelet,  obs.  form  of  RIVULET. 

Riveling1  (irvelirj).  Now  dial,  and  Hist. 
Forms  :  i  rifeling,  3  riueling  (4  -yng),  4  ryve-, 
(9)  riveling;  5  revelyng(e,  Sc.  rewelyn,  rew- 
lyng,  raweling ;  9  dial,  rivilin,  riv(e)lm,  etc. 
[OE.  rifeling,  perh.  related  to  RIVEL  sb\  RIVELLED 
a.  ON.  hrifiingr  and  MHG.  rtbbalin,  occurring 
only  in  the  Perceval  legend,  represent  OF.  revelin 
(rw-y  rotwelin),  which  was  no  doubt  from  early 
ME.  The  mod.F.  rivelin  a  shop-worn  shoe 
(Littre)  may  be  the  same  word.] 

1.  A  shoe  of  raw  hide.    =  RILLING  sb. 

c  1000  >ELFRIC  Gl&ss.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  125  Olstri^ell^ 
rifelingas.  ?  a  1300  MS.  Digby  172,  fol.  146  b/i  P crone  A. 
anglice  'riueling'.  c  1300111  Langtoft  Chron.  (Rolls)  11.264 
Somme  is  left  na  thing,  Bot  his  rough  ryveling  To  hippe 
tharynne.  ,1338  R.  HRUNNR  Chron.  (1810)  282  pou  getes  no 
bing,  but  Jri  riuelyng,  to  hang  ber  inne.  ^1425  WVSTOUN 
Cron.  VHI.  xxix.  4421  Hys  knychtis  weryd  revelyngs  Off 
hydu  or  off  hart  hemmynys.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  \.  219 
Ane  Ersche  mantill  it  war  thi  kynd  to  wer;..Rouch  rew- 
lyngis  apon  thi  harlot  fete.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  305/2  A 
Revelynge,  pero. 

1837  R.  DUNN  Ornith.  Ork.  %  Shell.  13  A  kind  of  shoe 
of  the  untanned  skins  of  the  ox  and  seal,  which  are  called 
i  ivilins.  1880  Times  21  Sept.  io/$  At  Symbister  we  note  that 
most  of  the  boatmen  wear  'rivilins'. 

f  2.  transf,  A  wearer  of  rivelings ;  a  Scot.  rare. 

c  1300  in  Langtoft  Chron.  (MS.  Fairf.  22)  If.  4  Tprut !  skot 
riuefing,  In  vnscli  timing  Crope  \)U  out  of  cage,  a  1352 
MINOT  Poems  ii.  19  Rughfute  riueling,  now  kindels  bi  care. 

t  Rrveling  2.  Oh.  In  7  riuel(l)ing.  [Perh. 
based  upon  rivelet,  obs.  form  of  RIVULET.]  A 
rivulet  or  rill. 

1615  BRATHWAIT  Strappado  (1878)  5  Hypocrenes  pure 
riuelings  of  wit  i6ai  —  Nat.  Embaasie  (1877)  61  Ninus 
'i'ombe,  Erected  neare  a  Christall  riueling.  1622  DRAYTON 
Poly-olb.  xxviii.  256  Swale  bonny  Codbeck  brings,  And 
Willowbeck  with  her,  two  pretty  Riuellings. 

Rivelled  (riVld),  a.     Forms  :  a.   i  rifelede, 

4  riuelede,    4,   6-7   riueled    (5    rieu-),  4,  6- 
riveled(5-id),6- rivelled,  6-7riueld,rivel(l)d; 

5  ryuelyd,  6  ryu-,    ryvyled,   ryu-,   ryvelled, 
5  ryuelde,  6  ryuilde,  7  ryveld.     (3.  5  reuylde, 
5-6  reueled  (5  -lid),  6  reuyled,  reveld.     [OE. 


RIVEN. 

rifelede,  app.  f.  *rifel  (sec  RIVEL  sbl),  of  obscure 
ctym.  Formerly  in  freq.  use;  now  dial,  or  arch.~\ 

1.  Wrinkled  ;    full   of  wrinkles  or  small  folds ; 
corrugated,  furrowed  :   a.  Of  the  skin,  face,  etc. 
(Very  common  c  1530-1720.) 

o.  a  1100  in  Napier  O.  E.  Glosses  187/2  Rugosns,  rifelede. 
c  1380  Barlneait  fy  Josaphat  248  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg. 
(1875)  218/2  An  old  Mon  he  saij,  wl  a  riueled  fas.  1390 
GOWER  Conf.  III.  370  Al  my  face  With  Elde  I  myhte  se 
deface,  So  riveled  and  so  wo  besein.  c  1425  Found.  St. 
Bartholomew's  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  27  By  and  by  his  senowys  were 
contracte,  pale  and  lene  and  ryvelyd  abowte  the  moweth  all 
discolouryd.  c  1450  Merlin  262  He  lefte  vp  his  heed  that 
was  lothly  and  rivelid.  1513  MORE  Chron,,  Rich.  Ill  (1883) 
54  Now  is  she  old.  .and  dried  vp,  nothing  left  but  ryuilde 
skin  and  hard  bone.  1566  DKANT  Wailings  Jer.  K  viij, 
Their  ryveled  skinnes,  clongde  to  their  bones  unseparable 
be.  1620  VENNER  Via  Recta  ii.  40  The  colour  of  the  face 
!  becommeth  pale  and  riu'led.  1658  ROWLAND  tr.  Moufefs 
•  Theat.  Ins.  1023  Where  ever  it  finds  a  rivled  pleated  skin, 
it  will  cause  very  great  pain.  1711  Anuisos  Sped.  No.  86 
P  2  When  I  see  a  Man  with  a  sour  rivell'd  Face,  I  cannot 
forbear  pitying  his  Wife.  1784  COWPKR  Task  n.  488  I-'rom 
the  riverd  lips  of  toothless,  bald  Decrepitude.  1820  C.  R. 
MATI;RIN  Melmoth  (1892)  III.  xxviii.  117  His  rivelled  and 
toothless  mouth.  1879  Miss  JACKSON  Shropsh.  H'onf-M: 
1  353  Martha  begins  to  shewn  age— 'er  neck  an"ands  bin  all 
rivelled  an'  s'runk. 

fig.  and  transf.  1546  J.  HEVWOOD  /Vvr1.  .^-  Epigr.  (1867) 
41  That  ye  herein  awarde  me  to  forsake  Ileggerly  btautie, 
and  riueld  riches  take.  1609  SHAKS.  Tr.fy  Cr.\.  \.  26  (Q.'j, 
The  riueled  fee  simple  of  the  tetter. 

ft.  1430-40  LVDG.  Hock  as  i.  xx.  (MS.  Bod  I.  263),  Ther 
reuelitt  skin  abrod  to  drawe  &  streyne,  Froward  frounces 
to  mak  hem  smothe&  pleyne.  1509  BAKCLAV  Shypof  Folys 
(1874)  I.  288  Theyr  face  and  vysage  stande  awry  And  all  to 
reuylde. 

b.  Of  fruit  (dried  or  stored  up). 

IS^5  COOPER  T/tesaunts,  Aetna  rf/^twrt-riueled  grapes,  or 

,    reasons.      1601  HOLLAND  fHny  x\\  xiv,  The  ragged  apples 

Pannucea  take  this  name,  for  that,  .they  soonest  be  riveld, 

1678  DRYDEN  All  for  Loi'c  Prol.  40  Take  in  good  part  frum 

our  poor  poet's  board  Such  rivelled  fruits  as  winter  can  afford. 

c.  Of  bark,  leaves,  etc. 

1594  NASHE  Terrors  0/Kight  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  257  The 

riueld  barke  or  outward  rynde  of  a  tree.     1601  HOLLANH 

Pliny  xiii.  xxi,  The  leaves,  .be  somewhat  longer. .,  with  long 

CUt8<  or  lines  wrinkled  and  riveled  throughout.     Ibid.  xvi. 

!    xx.vi,  Ordinarily,  all  old  treus  bavu  more  rivelud  barkes  and 

|    furrowed,  tlian  the  younger.     1665  RKA  Flora  70  If  it  [the 

|    root]  appear  rivelled  or  crumpled  on  the  outside. 

2.  Shrunken,  shrivelled,  esp.  by  heat. 

1629  MAXWELL  tr.  Herodian  (1635)  417  As  for  the  leather 
I  and  wood  it  was  all  burnt  and  riveld.  a  1640  DAY  reregr. 
,  Sc/ta/.(i8Bi]  53  Upon  the  barren  trees,  .hung  fruite.  .shrunk 
up  and  riveld  like  scrowles  of  scortcht  parchment.  1697 
URYDEN  Viiv.Georg,  iv.  616  The  sultry  Dog-star. .Scorch'd 
Indian  Swains,  the  rivell'd  Grass  was  dry.  1712-4  Poi'E 
Rape  Lock  \\.  132  Or  Alum  styptics  with  contracting  pow'r 
Shrink  his  thin  essence  like  a  rivel'd  Ilow'r.  1784  COWPER 
Tiroc.  596  Ev'ry  worm.. weaves  And  winds  his  web  abuitt 
the_rivell'd  leaves.  1886  BARNFS  Dorset  Gloss.,  Rivelled. ., 
shrivelled  as  grass. 

fig.  1842  LYTTON  Za/toni  (i&$o)  100  Its  power  is  rivelled 
as  a  leaf  which  the  first  wind  shall  scatter. 
b.    "With  up. 

1627  HAKRWILL  Apol.  (1630)  80  They  shall  passe  away 
with  a  noyse,.  .like  the  hissing  of  parchment,  riveled  up  with 
heat.  1686  F.  SPENCE  tr.  /  'arillas'1  J/o.  Medici  440  The 
Spleen  was..straitn'd  and  rivell'd  up.  1700 DRYDEN  Flower 
iff  Leaf  yj^  'l*he  fading  flowers. .hung  the  head,  And  rivell'd 
up  with  heat,  lay  dying  in  their  bed. 

1 3.   Pleated  or  gathered  in  small  folds.   Obs. 

1480  CAXTON  Trevisa's  Iligden  n.  xxxv.  (1527)  90  This 
was  the  fyrst  kyng  of  Romayns  that  ware  pur  pure,  a  maner 
reed  clothynge  of  kynges  and  broudred  and  ryuelde.  1515 
BARCLAY  Eglogcs  \.  (1570)  A  Sj  b/i  Their  reuilde  shirtes  of 
cloth  white,  soft  and  thin.  ?  1523  Rec.  St.  Mary  at  Hill 
(1905)  36  Playne  Surplices  for  Men... Reveld  Surplices  for 
Men.  1583  STUBB?:S  Anat.  Abus.  Fvb,  Some  [capes]  are 
pleated,  and  ryueled  down  the  back  wonderfully. 

4.  Twisted  ;  coiled,    rare. 

1594  MARLOWE  £  NASHE  Dido  754  He  glue  thee  tackling 
made  of  riueld  gold.  1835  BROWNING  Paracelsus  i.  481  He 
points,  smiling,  to  his  scarf  Heavy  with  riveled  gold. 

t  Ri'velling,  f bl.  sb.  Obs.  Forms  :  5  ryuel- 
ing,  -yng(e,  reuel-,  revelynge,  ryvullyng(e. 
[f.  RIVEL  z>.!  +  -ING  i.] 

1.  A  wrinkle  (on  the  skin). 

£1380  WYCLIF  Sd.  Wks.  III.  194  Not  havynge  wem  ne 
revelynge  ne  ony  siche  filbe.  1388  —  Job  xvi.  9  My  ryuel- 
yngis  seien  witnessyng  agens  me. 

2.  The  action  of  the  verb. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  v.  xxx.  (Bodl.  MS.),  By 
chaungyng  of  ham,  schrinking,  and  reueling,  he  bodith 
and  tokene)?  deying.  Ibid.  Ixiv,  Reueling  £>at  comej?  of 
wasting  of  substancial  moisture,  r  1440  Pallad.  on  ifnsb. 
xi.  258  Chines  in  the  sonne  y dried  take  And  kepe,  as  they 
bygynne  in  rivullynge.  a  1470  H.  PARKER  Dii>es  fy  Pati^ef 
(\V.  de  W.  1496)  viii.  xvi.  343/2  Many  tokenes  of  warnynge, 
. .  as  age,  sekenesse, . .  rymplynge  or  reuelynge  of  the  skynne. 

So  f  Hi  -veiling///,  a.  Obs. 

a  1470  Tii'TOFT  Tulle  on  Friendsk.  (Caxton,  1481)  fiv, 
The  whyteheris  &  the  ryvillyng  \pr.  ryvikyng]  chier  of  the 
body  of  an  olde  man. 

Rivel-ravel,  variant  of  KIBBLE-RABBLE. 

1709  High  German  Looking-Glass  in  Wright  Pro?1.  Dial,, 
A  great  deal  more  of  such  rivel-ravel,  of  which  they  knew 
no  more  than  the  man  in  the  moon.  1876  in  A'.  D.  D. 

Riven  (riv'n), ///.  a.  Forms:  a.  4  rivyn, 
ryffen,  5-6  ryven,  6-7  ryuen,  riuen,  4,  6- 
riven.  ^.  5-6  revyn,  6  reven,  Sc.  reuin.  [Pa. 
pple.  of  RIVE  &.1] 

I.  Split,  cloven,  rent,  torn  asunder. 


RIVEE. 

1307-17  Pol.  Poems  (Camden)  307  Sum  es  left  na  tiling 
Boute  his  rivyn  riveling  To  hippe  thar-hinne,  1457  Fabric 
Rolls  York  (Surtees)  69  Pro  c  long  revyn  burdes,  prec.  pece, 
2d.  c  1460  Townelty  Myst.  ii.  1^1  For  had  I  giffen  away 
my  goode,  then  myglu  I  go  with  a  ry fieri  hood.  1563 
WINJET  ll'ks.  (S.T.S.J  I.  114  Auld  and  reuin  ornamentis. 
1590  SPKNSER  F.  Q.  i.  viii.  9  Through  riven  cloudes  and 
molten  firmament.  Ibid.  10  Like  fresh  water  streame  from 
riven  rocke.  1619  T.  TAYLOR  Comnu  Titus  ii.  14  We  may 
not,  like  rluen  vessels,  let  this  doctrine  slip.  1667  MILTON 
P.  A.  vi.  449  He  stood.. Sore  toild.his  riy'nArmes  to  havoc 
hewn.  1720  POPE  Iliad  xx.  328O'er  him  high  the  riven  Targe 
extends.  1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  444  The  well-stack'd  pile 


their  riven  sides  sparkling  with  sunlit  snows. 

tig.  18x7  SHELLEY  Revolt  Islam    in.   1300  The  caverns 
dreary.. Of  the  riven  soul.     1849  Miss  MULOCK  Ogi  fries    . 
xxxvi,  To  cast  out  from  his  riven  heart  the  very  ashes  of    j 
this  bitter  love. 

1 2.  Ornamentally  slashed.    Obs.  rare. 
r  1450  Songs  on  Costume  (Percy  Soc.)  65  So  many  ryven    '• 
shertes,. .  And  so  many  tewed  clerkes,  Say  I  never,    a  1548 
HALL  C/*r0«., //<?«.  ^'///,  57  b,  One  Shynynge,   Mayre  of-    i 
Rochester,  set  a  young  man  on  the  Pillory  for  wering  of  a    ; 
ryuen  shert. 

River  (ri-vai),  st>.1  Forms:  a.  4  riuere,  ; 
rivere,  4,  6-7  riuer,  5-  river  (6  Sc.  -eir) ;  5-6 
ryuere  (6V.  -were),  5  -yre  ;  4-6  ryuer  (5  -eer), 
ryver  (6  Se.  ryuir,  ryvir,  rywir).  B.  4-5  reuere 
(5  -ire),  4-6  revere  (5  -yre);  4-5  reuer  (5  -ir, 
6  Sc.  -ar),  5  revyr,  5-6  rever  (5  Sf.  -eir,  -ar, 
5-6  -ir).  [a.  OF.  rivere,  riviere,  reviere  (mod.F. 
m/;Vrf),  =  Prov.  and  Pg.  ribeira^  Sp.  ribera,  It. 
rivierat  med.L.  rivera,  riveria :— pop.  L.  *r1paria, 
f,  ripa  bank.  From  OF.  are  also  MDu.  riviere 
(Du.  rivier))  MHG.  rivier  (G.  rei'ier}^  MLG. 
river ^  revSr,  obs.  Da.  revier,  rever.~\ 

I.  1.  A  copious  stream  of  water  flowing  in  a 
channel  towards  the  sea,  a  lake,  or  another  stream. 
In  some   ME.  examples  the  OF.  sense  of  'river-bank' 
appears  to  be  possible. 

«.  1297  R-  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  487  Gret  plente  hii  founde  of 
fiss, . .  Of  wodes  &  of  riuers,  as  is  in  be  contreie.  c  1320  Sir 
Tristr.  1884  His  gle  al  for  to  herepe  leuedi  was  sett  onland 
To  play  bi  be  riuere.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  I.  232  Upon  a 
Rivere  as  he  stod,  That  passe  he  wolde  over  the  flod  With- 
oute  bot.  Ibid.  II.  161  In  the  valleie,  Wher  thilke  rivere.. 
made  his  cours.  '1430  LVDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  26 
The  Theban  legeon, .  .At  Rodomus  ryver  was  expert  there 
corage.  c  1470  Got,  <}•  Gaw.  248  Apone  that  riche  river,  .The 
side-wallis  war  set.  1536  Pilgr.  Per/1  (W.  de  \V.  1531)  6b, 
Than  shall  there  be  neyther., ryuer  ne  fysshe,  castell  ne 
towne.  1587  GOLDING  De  M or  nay  \.  (1592)  n  As  the  River 
leadeth  thee  to  his  head,  shal  not  the  heade  lead  thee  to  the 
originall  spring  thereof?  1625  N.  CARPENTER  Geogr.  Del. 
n.  ix.  (1635)  142  All  Riuers  haue  their  first  originall  from  the 
Sea.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  514  A  Ship  by  skilful  Stears- 
man  wrought  Nigh  Rivers  mouth  or  Foreland.  1727  GAY 
Fables  i.  xxv.  9  'Tis  like  a  rolling  river,  That  murm'riiiij 
flows,  and  flows  for  ever  !  *779  FOKREST  I'oy.  N.  Guinea 
178  The  bar  of  the  river  Tainantakka.  .makes  that  river's 
access  less  safe  than  the  Pelangy's.  1823  SOUTHEY  Hist. 
Ptnins.  War  I.  599  The  crowd  still  continued  on  both  sides 
the  river.  1842  ALISON  Hist.  Europe  Ixxviii.  X.  1017  The 
great  rivers  of  the  world  have  now  become  the  highways  of 
civilization  and  religion.  1880  HAUGHTOS  Phys.  Geogr.  v. 
203  A  river  may  be  defined  to  be  the  surplus  of  rainfall  over 
evaporation. 

fig.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  IVks.  I.  14  pe.se  fisheris  of  God 
shulden  waishe  beYe  nettis  in  bis  ryver.  1432-50  tr.  Hidden 
(Rolls)  I.  29  And  soe  this  presente  story  is  smyten  in  to 
vij.  ryuers  [text  ryuerers].  1535  COVEKDALE  Ps.  xxxv[i].  8 
Thou  shall  geue  them  drynke  of  the  ryuer  of  thy  pleasures. 
1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  1 80 They,  .throwe  themselues 
into  riuers,  nay,  mayne  seas  of  errours,  1602  SHAKS.  Ham. 
i.  ii.  80  The  fruitfull  Riuer  in  the  Eye.  1816  BYRON  Frag 
ment,  Could  I  remount  the  river  of  my  years.  1892  K. 
REEVES  Hommvard  Bound  13  It  is  amusing  to  note  how 
stout  conservatives  have  drifted  down  this  river  of  socialism. 
ft.  13. .  Cursor  M.  5922  (Gott.),  For  be  rott  hat  bar-on  fell, 
Bath  it  stanc,  reuer  and  well.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls) 
II.  327  Whan  reueres  wexeb  ouer  mesures  pey  doob.. 
harme.  a  1400-50  Alexander  5279  pare  ran  a  reuire.. 
vndire  bat  riche  hame.  c  1450  HOLLAND  Howlal  1 2, 1  raikit 
till  ane  ReveirThat  ryally  apperd.  1500-20  DUNDAR  Poems 
xxv.  52  To  eit.,pertrik  and  plever,  And  every  fische  that 
swymis  in  rever.  1567  Gude  fy  Godlie  Ball.  (S.T.S.)  109  God 
turnit  the  craig  in  fresche  reueir. 

b.  Const,  of  (the  name  of  the  river).  Now 
somewhat  rare. 

c  X37S  Sc*  Leg.  Saints  xxxvi.  (Baptisf)  285  Criste..come 
to  sancte  lohne  howine  to  be  in-to  be  rywere  of  lordane. 
c  1400  MAUN^EV.  (1839)  i,  7  This  Ryvere  of  Danubee  is  a 
fulle  gret  Ryvere.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron,  iv.  iii.  199  pe 
rywere  of  Ewfrate.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  ^',33  Borne 
at  Monmouth  on  the  River  of  Wye.  1565  in  Marsden  Sel. 
PI.  Crt.  Adm.  (Selden  Soc.)  II.  55  Honnefleur  and  Rouen 
and  other  ports  in  the  revere  of  Seine.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  $ 
Cl.  n.  ii.  192  She  purst  vp  his  heart  vpon  the  Riuer  of 
Sidnis.  1652  NEEDHAM  tr.  Seldens  Mare  Cl.  218  Those 
words  concerning  the  River  of  Rhine.  1710  J.  CHAMBER- 
LAYNE  St.  Gt.  Brit.  n.  i.  323  It's  watered  with  the  pleasant 
River  of  Clyde.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suj>/>l.  s.v.  Rivers, 
The  river  of  St.  Lawrence.. pours  forth  nearly  as  much  as 
this.  1817  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  xxviii,  The  river  of  Forth  forms 
a  defensible  line. 

C.  transf.  A  copious  stream  or  flow  of  (some 
thing).  Also  fig. 

1382  WYCLIF  Job  xxix.  6  Whan  I  wesh  my  feet  with 
buttere,  and  the  ston  helde  to  me  ryueres  of  oile.  1526 
TINDALE  John  vii.  38  He  that  beleveth  on  me,.. out  of  his 
belly  shall  flowe  ryvers  of  water  of  lyfe.  1588  SHAKS. 
Titus  A.  u.  iv.  22  A  Crimson  riuer  of  warme  blood.  1611 


720 

BIBLE  Ps.  cxix.  136  Riuers  of  waters  runne  downe  mine  eyes.    | 
1767  Ann.  Reg.  IX.  i.  98  The  lava  is  really  tremendous, 
the  river  of  fire  being.,  four  miles  in  length.   1776  A.  ADAMS 
in  Fam.  Lett.  (1876)  144  In  peacable  possession  of  a  town    ! 
which  we  expected  would  cost  us  a  river  of  blood.     1855 
KINGSLF.Y   ll'eslm.  Ho!   xxi,  Beneath  that  long  shining 
river  of  mist.     1898  MEREDITH  Odes  Fr.  Hist.  29  You  away 
sweep  Rivers  of  horse,  torrent-mad,  to  the  shock. 

d.  Astr.  The  constellation  Eridanus  or  Fltivius. 
1551  RECORDE  Cast.  Knvwl.  (1556)  268  A  greate  tract  of 

starres,  whiche  represent  the  forme  of  a  Riuer :  and  there 
fore  are  they  called  the  Ryuer.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  I.  487 
Eridanus,  the  River. 

e.  Used  euphemistically  for  the  boundary  be 
tween  life  and  death. 

Compare  the  use  made  of  this  figure  by  Bunyan  in  his 
Pilgrim's  Progress. 

1790  BURNS  Elegy  Capt.  Henderson  xv,  And  hast  thou    I 
crost  that  unknown  river,  Life's  dreary  bound?     1843  in 
Quincy  Life  IV.  L.  Garrison  (1889)  III.  79  She  had  gone 
down  with  him  [sc.  her  late  husband]  to  the  brink  of  the 
River,  and.. he  had  gone  over  and  shereturned.     1892  The 
U'eek  (Toronto)  660  [Whittier]  had  at  last  crossed  the  river, 
on  whose  brink  he  had  been  so  long  waiting. 
t  2.  A  stream,  or  the  banks  of  a  stream,  as  a 
place  frequented  for  hawking.     Hence,  the  sport 
of  hawking.    Obs. 

CI330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  3135  Brenne.. 
cou|)e  of  chas  &  of  ryuere,  Inow  of  game  of  here  manere. 
1338  —  Citron.  (1810)  94  Neuer  on  Friday  to  wod  bou  go 
to  chace.  |)e  riuer  salle  bou  forsake  on  Friday  ilka  dele. 
<  1386  CHAUCKK  Sir  Thopns  26  (Ellesm.),  He  koude..ride 
on  haukyng  for  Riuer  With  grey  goshauk  on  honde.  c  1400 
St.  Alexius  (Laud  622)  988  He  was  to  be  Emperoure 
ysent,to.  .lernenchiualrie,  Of  huntyng,&  of  Ryuere.  14.. 
Guy  ll'arui.  856  (Cambr.  MS.),  Wyth  howndys  we  wyll 
chace  dere  And  wyth  hawkes  to  the  ryuere.  1513  DOUGLAS 
SEneis  v.  Prol.  4  The  wery  hunter  to  fynd  his  happy  pray, 
The  falconer  the  riche  riveir  our  to  flene.  1613  MARKHAM 
Country  Contcntm.  i.  v,  To  make  your  Hawk  fly  at  fowl, 
which  is  called  the  flight  at  the  River,  a  1625  BKAU.M.  & 
FL.  Woman's  Prise  in.  ii,  He  must.. send  me.  .by  all  means, 
Ten  cast  of  hawkes  for  th'  river. 
1 3.  The  coast  or  littoral  (of  Genoa).  Obs. 
After  It.  la  riviera  di  Genoa. 

1549  THOMAS  Hist,   finite  185   He..gatte  Sauona  and 
Voragine  in  the  ryuer  of  Genoa.     1693  SIR  T.  P.  BLOUNT 
Nat.  /list.  25  [These  vessels]  are  built  all  along  the  River 
of  Genoa,  being  very  swift. 
II.  altrib.  and  Comb. 

4.  a.  Attrib.  in  the  sense  of '  situated  in,  on,  or 
beside  a  river',  as  river-bar,  -beach,  -board,  etc. 

1874  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  ty  Mining  20  The  gravel 
taken  from  the  gulches  and  "river-bars.  1895  KIPLING  2nd 
Jungle  Bk.  242  The  dholes  rushed  up  the  "river-beach  in  a 
wave.  1866  CONINGTON  /Encid  221  When  the  Trojans 
moored  Their  fleet  on  Tiber's  "river-board.  1535  COVER- 
UALE  jfos.  xvii.  9  Then  cpmmeth  it  downe.. towarde  the 
south  syde  of  the  "ryuer  cities.  1509  HAWES  Past. Pleas. 
xxxvi.  xvii,  By  the  "ryver  coast.  1830  LVELL  Princ.  Geol. 
I.  91  Marine  currents,  preying  alike  on  "river-deltas,  and 
continuous  lines  of  sea-coast.  1862  Luck  of  Ladysmcde  \  \. 
282  The  chime  of  the  abbey  bells  came  to  them  over  the 
"river-flats.  1820  SHELLEY  Hymn  Merc.  447  He  right  down 
to  the  "river-ford  had  driven.  1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  I. 
vi,  This  description  applies  to  the  "river-frontage.  1861 
W.  F.  COLLIER  Hist.  Eng.  Lit.  122  Shadowy  "river-glade 
and  rolling  plough-land.  1610  HOLLAND  Camden's  Brit. 
(1637)  617  A  "River-Island,  insulated  within  waters.  1836 
Penny  Cyd.  V.  359/1  S.  Anna  Us]  perhaps  the  largest  river 
island  in  the  world.  1781  S.  PETEUS  Hist.  Connecticut  242 
One  acre  commonly  yields.. from 40  to  60  bushels  [of  Indian 
corn]  on  "river  land.  1899  T.  NICOL  Rec.  Anhaeol.  Bible 
x.  168  The  fertile  plains,  .of  the  Eastern  River-land.  1820 
SHELLEY  Hymn  Pan  20  The  edge  of  the  moist  "river-lawns. 
a  1876  M.  COLLINS  Pen  Sketches  I.  72  The  little  lawn  by 
the  "river-marge.  1838  T.  L.  MITCHELL  Three  Exped. 
(1839)  II.  89  It  appeared  to  belong  to  the  "river  margin. 
1850  I,D.  LYTTON  ll'aiidtrer  (ed.  2)211  Lady  Eve. .dwells 
beside  The  "river-meads,  and  oak-trees  tall.  1832  LYELL 
Princ.  Geol.  II.  130  An  extensive  moor,  or  a  great  "river- 
plain.  1846  McCuLLOcn  Ace.  ISrit.  Empire  (1854)  I.  326 
Rivers  and  "River  Ports.  1842  TENNYSON  Gardener's 
Daughter  259  The  balmy  glooming,  crescent-lit,  Spread  the 
light  haze  along  the  "river-shores.  1826  HOR.  SMITH  Tor 
Hill  (1838)  III.  321  The  adjoining  market  and  "river- 
stairs.  1852  LYELL  Elem.  Geol.  (ed.  4)  85  "River  Terraces 
and  Parallel  Roads.  1712  SWIFT  Jrnl.  to  Stella  7  Aug., 
Pray  observe  the  cherry-trees  on  the  "river-walk.  1837 
Civil  Eng.  ff  Arch.  yrnl.  1. 12/1  The  whole  to  be  surrounded 
by  a  "river  wall,  30  feet  high.  1884  C.  DAVIES  Norf. 
Broads  $  Rivers  xy.  no  Between  the  river-wall  and  the 
water  is  always  a  strip  of  land. 

b.  With  words  denoting  the  course,  or  some 
part  of  the  course,  of  a  river  or  rivers,  as  river- 
basin,  -channel,  -course,  -head,  etc. 

1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  19  A  map.  .completely  divided 
into  "river-basins.  1833-4  F.ncycl.  Metrof.  (1845)  VI.  705/2 
By  the  waste  of  the  uplands . .  the  "river-channels  are 
raised.  Ibid.  705/1  This  fluctuation  of  the  "river-courses  is 
excessively  irregular.  i68sin  Dryden  Misc.  n.  408  It. .Then 
to  our  Springs  and  "River  heads  ascends.  1872  TENNYSON 
Gareth  f,  Lynette  999  When  they  touch'd  the  second  "river- 
loop.  1865  KINGSLF.Y  Herew.  xxii,  Hereward  lay  outside  the 
"river  mouth,  his  soul.. black  with  disappointment.  1859 
MEREDITH  R.  Feverel  xiv ;  Across  sheets  of  "river-reaches, 
pure  mirrors  to  the  upper  glory.  1887  STEVENSON  Merry 
Men  ii.  77  Looking  down  the  "river  shed  and  abroad  on 
the  fat  lowlands.  1834  Penny  Cycl.  II.  468/1  Extensive 
terraces,  through  which  the  great  "river-systems  descend  to 
the  low  lands.  1841  Ibid.  XX.  24/1  The  basins  which  occur 
in  these  "river-valleys.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  138  Our 
river-valleys  are  mainly  the  result  of  work  performed  by 
rain,  river,  and  similar  agents  of  denudation.  1888  Pall 
MallG.  13  Apr.  4/2  We  fear.. that  the  Zambesi  "riverway 
is  practically  doomed. 


KIVER. 

c.  In  the  sense  of  '  used  or  operating  upon  a 
river ',  as  river-artillery,  -boat,  -craft,  etc. 

1860  SPOTTISWOODE  I'ac.  Tour  88  The  fifteenth  [district] 
maintaining  a  battalion  of  "river  artillery.  1801  NELSON- 
JO  Aug.  in  Nicolas  Disf.  (1845)  IV.  452  The  defence  of  our 
numerous  landing-places  is  better  adapted  to  our  "River- 
Barges,  than  any  other  which  we  could  adopt.  1563  COOPER 
Thesaurus,  Fluniatiles  naues,  "riuer  or  fresh  water  boates. 
1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  460/2  The  Lippe.  .is  navigated,  .by 
small  river-boats.  1891  C.  ROBERTS  Adrift  Amcr.  16  This 
was  the  first  time  that  I  ever  saw  a  real  Mississippi  river 
boat.  1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVI.  259/2  The  Waveney  is  now 
navigable . .  to  Bungay . .  for  "river-craft.  1863  HAWTHORNE 
Our  Old  Home  (1879)  280  A  crowd  of  river  craft  are  generally 
moored  in  front  of  it. 

d.  Miscellaneous,  as  river-boar  (BORE   sb.S), 
-breeze,  -bud,  etc. ;  river-pay,  -risk  (see  quots.). 

1856  Miss  MULOCK  J.  Halifax  iv,  I've  often  seen  it  on 
Severn. ..We  often  call  it  the  "river-boar.  1864  TENNYSON 
Aylmer's  F.  454  The  soft  "river-breeze  which  fann'd  the 
gardens.  1820  SHELLEY  Sensit.  PI.  I.  46  Starry  "river-buds 
glimmered  by.  1851  KINGSLEY  Yeast  iii,  The  "river-damps 
are  God's  sending.  1863  RAMSAY  Phys.  Geogr.  106  The  old 
system  of  "river-drainage.  1626  BACON  Sylva  §  596  Pond- 
earth,  or  "River-earth, ..is  a  very  good  Compost.  1819 
SHELLEY  Cyclops  50  Here.. the  "river-eddies  meet  In  the 
trough  beside  the  cave.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  26/2  The 
importance  of  a  "river  fishery.  1853  LYNCH  Rivulet  LXXXII. 
v,  A  "river-fount  unsealing  In  our  dry  hearts.  1863  Sat. 
AVr'.  I  Aug.  162  He  has.  .attempted  to  classifyall  the  chief 
"river-names  of  Europe.  1809  R.  L*NGFORD /«/>•«</.  Trade 
134  ''River-fay,  a  month's  wages  advanced  to  sailors  with 
other  allowances.  1681  GREW  Musxum  I.  f  iii.  52  With 
some  ash-colour  intermixed  ;  so  as  to  look  like  a  "River- 


Kural  Sports  I.  I.  viii.  70/2  For  pond  and  "river-shooting, 
these  guns  may  be  from  12  to  16  Ibs.  1876  VhG&Adv,  Text- 
l>k.  Geol.  ix.  171  The  gigantic  bird-bones  found  in  the  "liver- 
silts  of  New  Zealand.  1822  SHELLEY  Fragm.  Unfinished 
Drama  62  How  oft  we  two  Have  sate..  near  the  "river 
springs.  1842  Encycl.  Mltrap.  (1845)  V.  393*  The  theory 
of  "river-tides.  1855  TENNYSON  Maud  11.  iv.  67  In  diiits 
of  lurid  smoke  On  the  misty  river-tide.  1893  Diet.  Nat. 
Kiogr.  XXXIV.  153  He.  .excelled  in  "river-views.  1839 
DE  LA  BKCH  E  Rep.  Gcol.  Cornm.  ,  etc.  xiii.  406  Among  wood, 
moss,  leaves,  and  nuts,  .  .described  as  "river-wash.  1865 
KINGSLEY  Herc-M.  Prel.,  To  form,  from  the  rain  and  "river 
washings  of  eight  shires,  lowlands  of  a  fertility  inexhaustible. 

e.  With  names  of  persons,  as  river-boy,  -(Oitsiil, 
-deity,  etc.     Also  river-rat,  -wolf'm  fig.  use. 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  vi.  i.  (1614)  561  Some  imagined 
hi  n  to  be  N'ilus  the  Riuer-deitie.  1697  DRYDEN  /Enrid 
Notes  627  The  Poet  here  records  the  Names  of  Fifty  River 
Nymphs.  1791  E.  DARWIN  Bat.  Card.  1.  117  Or  sport  in 
groups  with  River-Boys,  that  lave  Their  silken  limbs  amid 
the  dashing  wave.  1835  MRS.  HEMANS  IVater-Lily  Poems 
(1875)  608  Oh!  beautiful  thou  art,  Thou,  .stately  river- 
queen.  1835  Court  Mag.  VI.  33/1  They  were  river  wolves, 
seizing  upon  every  canoe  which  Moated  on  those  broad  blue 
waters.  1839  BARTLETT  Diet.  Amcr.  (ed.  2)  368  Rivcr- 
Thief,  one  of  a  class  of  thieves  in  New  York  city  who  in 
boats  prowl  about  vessels  at  night  and  plunder  them.  1884 
Harper's  King.  513/1  Observe  the  river-rats  clustering 
about  the  gioggeries. 

f.  \\ith  agent-nouns,  as  river-carrier,  -farmer, 
-keeper,  etc. 

1851  MAYHEW  Lend.  Labour  1  1  .  147  The  dredgermen  of  the 
Thames,  or  river  finders.  1856  '  STONKHENOE'  Brit.  Rural 
Sports  t.  I.  viii.  67/1  They  alford  better  sport  to  the  punts- 
man  than  to  the  river-shooter.  1865  DICKENS  Mat.  Fr.  1.  1, 
He  could  not  be  a  lighterman  or  river-carrier.  1888  GOODE 
A  liter.  Fislies  434  For  the  benefit  of  our  river  fishermen  I 
quote  two  recipes.  1894  C.  H.  COOK  Thames  Rights  127 
To  every  honorary  assistant  river-keeper  they  give  a  tkket 
to  fish  from  the  weirs. 

g.  Comb,  with  pa.  pples.,  as  river-blanched,  etc. 
1788  COWPER   Mrs.   Montagu   8   The    Cock    his    arch'd 

tail's  azure  show,  And,  river-blanch'd,  the  Swan  his  snow. 
1796  W.  MARSHALL  IV.  Eng.  II.  49  A  narrow  flat  of  river- 
formed  land.  1820  SHELLEY  Hymn  Pan  3  The  river-girt 
islands,  Where  loud  waves  are  dumb.  1832  TENNYSON 
(Enonc  112  From  many  a  vale  And  river-sunder'd  champaign 
clothed  with  corn.  1864  RAINE  Hc-tham  (Surtees)  I.  Pref.  6 
grain  and  grass  which  that  river-given  soil 


p 
fo 


Heavy..  with  grain  and  gr 

roduces.  1883  Archxol.  Cant.  XV.  92  On  the  terraces  are 
ound  river-worn  implements  lying  in  the  old  gravel. 
5.  Attrib.  with  the  names  of  fishes  or  animals 
(freq.  contrasted  with  sea-),  as  river  bass  (U.S.*), 
the  black  bass  (Micropterus)  ;  t  river  boar,  a  kind 
of  fish  (L.  aper)  ;  f  river  bull,  ?  the  rhinoceros  ; 
river  bullhead,  the  miller's  thumb,  Coitus  gobio  ; 
river  carp,  the  common  carp,  Cyprinns  carpio  ; 
river  chub  (U.S.),  the  horny-head  or  jerker, 
Ceratichthys  biguttatus;  river  crab,  any  crab 
which  inhabits  rivers,  freshwater  pools,  or  swamps; 
also,  a  crayfish  ;  river  dog,  t(«)  the  river  otler; 
(V)  U.S.,  =  HELLBENDER;  river  dolphin,  (a) 
=  DOLPHIN  2;  (b)  the  Gangetic  dolphin  (Plat- 
anista)  ;  t  river  dragon,  the  crocodile  (with 
allusion  to  Pharaoh  of  Egypt)  ;  river  duck  (see 
quot.)  ;  river  eel,  the  common  freshwater  eel  (see 
EEL  i)  ;  river  garfish,  an  Australian  fish  belong 
ing  to  the  genus  Hemirhamphiis,  inhabiting  fresh 
water  streams  ;  t  river  gilt  (see  quot.)  ;  t  «ver 
hawk  (see  quot.);  river  hen,  =  WATER-HEN  ; 
river  herring,  U.  S.,  =  ALE-WIFE  2;  river  hog, 
(a)  the  capybara  or  water-hog;  (*)  a  South 
African  hog  of  the  genus  Potamocharus  ;  river 


RIVEE. 

ibis  (see  quot.) ;  river  jack  (viper),  a  West 
African  viper  having  a  ilat  head  and  a  somewhat 
long  horn  on  either  side  of  the  snout ;  river 
lamprey,  a  freshwater  lamprey,  Petromyzon 
fluviatilis  \  river  limpet,  a  pulmonate  gastero- 
pod  of  the  genus  Ancylus,  found  in  rivers  ;  river 
mussel,  a  freshwater  shellfish,  L'nio  pictorum  • 
t river  nightingale  (see  quot.);  river  otter, 
the  common  otter,  Lutra  vulgaris ;  river  pearl 
mussel,  a  fluviatile  mussel  bearing  pearls ;  river 
perch,  the  common  perch,  Perca  fluviatilis ; 
river  porpoise,  a  species  of  dolphin ;  river 
salmon,  the  ordinary  freshwater  salmon  ;  river 
seal,  U.S.,  a  seal  which  ascends  rivers  ;  river- 
shell,  a  shell  found  in  freshwater  streams ;  river- 
shrew,  •=  Otter-shrew;  river  snail,  a  kind  of 
snail  (PaluJina  vivifara),  found  in  lakes  and 
rivers  ;  f  river  soldier  (see  quot.)  ;  river  swal 
low,  f  (a)  the  bleak  ;  (/;)  the  bank-swallow  or 
sand-martin  ;  river  tern,  the  common  tern  ;  river 
tortoise,  the  ordinary  freshwater  tortoise;  river 
trout,  a  freshwater  trout ;  river  turtle,  =  river 
tortoise;  fiver  whale,  ?the  sheat-fish;  f  river 
whisker  (see  quot.) ;  river  wolf,  f  (a)  the  pike  ; 
(l>)  a  kind  of  otter  (Lutra  Brasiliensis]  found  in 
South  America. 

1877  JORDAN N.Amer, Ichtli.  in  Smithson.  Coll.  XIII. i.  20 
'River-Bass,  Lepomis.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  353  What 
will  they  say  then  to  the  water-Goat  &  the  "river-Bore,  which 
in  the  river  Achelous  do  evidently  grunt.  1639  FULLER  Holy 
Warn,  xiii,  Strange  creatures  bred  therein  [sc.  in  the  Nile], 
as  "river  bulls,  horses  and  crocodiles.  1776  PENNANT  Brit. 
Zool.  (ed.  4)  III.  189  "River  Bullhead,  cottJts  gobio.  1842 
H.  MILLER  O.  R.  Sandst.  iii.  77  The  river  bull-head,  when 
attacked  by  an  enemy, ..  erects  its  two  spines.  1896  tr. 
Boas'  Text  Bk.  Zool.  390  In  the  rivers  of  Great  Britain  is 
found  the  small  River  Bull-head.  1653  WALTON  Angler 
xii.  236  [Bait]  for  a  "River  Carp.  1726  Genii.  Angler  63 
Carp  spawn  generally  in  May,  or  the  beginning  of  April, 
especially  the  River-Carp.  1729  Dampier's  Voy.  III.  412 
The  River-Carp  [of  Central  America].  Its  shape,  colour 
and  taste  resemble  ours.  1884  JORDAN  Fish.  U.S.  in  Senate 
Misc.  VI.  i.  617  The  '  Horny-head  ',  '  "River  Chub ',  or 
1  Jerker  '  is  one  of  the  most  widely  diffused  of  fresh-water 
fishes.  1861  HULME  tr.  Moquin-Tandon  m.  iii.  96  The 
"River  Crab  or  Cray-fish  (Astacus  Fluviatilis')  is  a  decapod 
crustacean.  1866  Chambers' s  Encycl.  VIII.  275/2  River- 
Crab  (Thelphusadepressa).  1610  HOLLAND  Camdcn's  Brit. 
l.  206  Otterey,  that  is,  The  River  of  Otters,  or  "River-Dogs, 
which  we  call  Otters.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Epid. 
114  /£tius..prescribeth  the  stones  of  the  Otter,  or  River- 
dog,  as  succedaneous  unto  Castoreum.  1876  GOOUE  Anim. 
Res.  in  Smithson.  Coll.  XIII.  13  Proteida.  (River-dogs, 
hell. benders.)  1781  PULTENEV  View  Writings  Linnxus 
95  Coryphxna,.. "River  Dolphin.  1667  MILTON  P.L.  xii. 
191  Thus  with  ten  wounds  This  "River-dragon,  .submits 
To  let  his  sojourners  depart.  1837  SWAINSON  Nat.  Hist. 

u_     /"-/„„...•  ^"       Z.V-..7..     TT         _O~      TU_        4__Lf ___     •    .  II 


by  any  means  confined  to  fresh  waters,  and  some  species 
constantly  associate  with  the  sea-ducks.  1769  J.  WALLIS 
Nat.  Hist.  Korthumb.  I.  391  The  "River-Eel  is  frequently 
taken  from  two  to  three  feet  long  in  our  alpine  stony  rivers 
1883  E.  P.  RAMSAY  Food-Fishes  N.S.  Wales  28  The  two 
species.. Hetnirhatnphus  intermedius^  (the  sea  gar-fish), 
and  //.  regularis  (known  as  the  "river  gar-fish).  1729 
Dampier's  lroy.  III.  413  The  "River-Gilt  [of  Central 
America]  hath  small  scales  with  a  Blush  of  Gold  towards 
the  Back.  1611  COTGR,,  Faulcon  riverenx,  that  preyes  on 
..riuer  fowle ;  a  "riuer  Hawke,  or  Hawke  for  the  riuer. 
1894  G.  PARKER  Trail  of  S-ivord  xi,  The  cries  of  herons, 
loons,  and  "river-hens.  1884  Cent.  Mag.  Apr.  909/2  The 
different  townships  on  Cape  Cod  protect  the  . .  '  "river 
herring'.  1729  Dampier 's  Voy.  III.  400  The  "River-Hog 
[of  Central  America]  feeds  on  Grass  and  divers  Fruits,  can 
swim  and  dive  well.  1868  DARWIN  Anim.  A-  PL  II.  150 
Even  the  Red  River  h  ' "  '  


1877^0 

Oct.  531/2  A  "River  Jack  Viper  (Vi'pera  rhinoceros)  from 
West  Africa.  1836  SIR  I.  RICHARDSON  Fauna  HOT.  Amer. 
III.  294  Petromyzon  Fluviatilis  (Linn.),  "River  Lamprey. 
1880-4  DAY  Fishes  Gt.  Brit.  II.  362  It  has  been  questioned 
whether  this  fish  \Petromyzon  branchialis\  is  not  the  young 
form  of  the  river  lamprey.  1778  DA  COSTA  Brit.  Conch. 
1/1  The  Limpet,  "River.  1864  Chambers' s  Encycl.  VI.  138/1 
In  Ancylus  (River  Limpets)  it  is  limpet-shaped.  1769 
J.  WALLIS  .Vat.  Hist.  Northumb.  I.  402  The  fresh-water 
shell-fishes, ..or  "River-Muscles,  are  plentiful  in  most  of 
our  rivers.  1776  DA  COSTA  Eton.  Conch.  295  The  Pearl 
River  Muscle.  1851  RICHARDSON  Geol.  (1855;  435  A  fresh 
water  deposit  containing  the  shells  of  Unio,  a  river  mussel. 
i6ti  COTGR.,  Ronsserole,  the  "Riuer  Nightingale;  a  kind 
of  Kings-fisher.  1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVII.  63/2  The  Otters. . 


Pearl  Mussel  (Margaritana  margaritifera),  which  are 
common  in  England,  are  allied  forms.  1836  SIR  J.  RICHARD 
SON  Fauna  Bar.  Amer.  III.  i  This  fish  [Pcrcaflavescens, 
(Cuvierl,  American  perch]  has  a  close  resemblance  to  the 
"river  Perch  {Perca_fluviatilis}  of  Europe.  1884  JORDAN 
Fisheries  U.S.  in  Senate  Misc.  VI.  i.  279  '  River  Perch  ' 
(Hysterocarpus  Traski,  Gibbons).  1849  EASTWICK  Dry 
Leaves  97,  1  saw  several  "river-porpoises,  of  the  kind  the 
natives  call  the  Bolan.  1888  GOODK  Amer.  Fishes  440 


721 

Elem,  Conch.  201  The  Planorbis  *River  Snail.  1859-62 
RICHARDSON  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  339/2  The  species  of 
River  Snails,  amounting  to  upwards  of  sixty.  17*9 
Damper's  Voy.  III.  416  The  *River  Souldier  [of  Central 
ArnericaJ.  It's  mail'd  somewhat  like  the  Sturgeon,  the  Meat 
good.  1653  WALTON  Angler  xvi.  205  There  is  also  a  Bleak, 
a  fish  that  is  ever  in  motion,  and  therefore  called  by  some 
the  *River-Swallow.  1817  T.  FORSTEU.AW.  Hist.  Swalltrw 
Tribe  (ed.  6)  79  Hirundo  Kiparia^  Sandmartin,  Sand- 
swallow,  Bankmartin,  or  River  Swallow.  1831  Wilson's 
Amer.  Ornith.  IV.  358  *River  tern,  Sterna  flnviatilis. 


T.  BKOWN  Eleut.   Conch.  130  River  and   land   shells  are 
mostly   thinner  than  those   of  the  sea.      1776   DA  COSTA 

VOL.  VIII. 


tantly  in   t! 

coming  out  occasionally.  1884  St.  James's  Gaz.  23  Feb". 
5/2  A  big  "river-trout  will  lie  quietly  head  to  stream.  1802 
WILLICH  Dottiest.  Encycl.  IV.  232/2  The  orbicularis,  or 
common  "river-turtle,  inhabits  the  milder  climates  of  Europe. 
1895  SWETTENHAM  Alalay  Sk.  212  The  river-turtle  is  a  great 
deal  smaller  than  the  sea-turtle.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I. 
242  In  some. .riuers.  .there  be  fish  found  full  as  bigge  :  and 
namely,  the  *riuer-Whale  called  Silurus,  in  Nilus.  1681 
GREW  Mnsaeum  i.  §  v.  ii.  103  The  Head  of  the  River- 
Whale.  1729  Dampier's  I'oy.  UI.  418  The  'River  Whisker. 
Has  long  black  Whiskers  but  no  Scales:  it  tastes  well,  anil 
is  frequently  eaten.  1655  MOUFET  &  BENNET  Health's 
Impr.  (1746)  279  Pikes  or  "River-wolves  are  greatly  com 
mended.,  for  a  wholesome  Meat.  1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVII. 
66/2  This  is  the  Lobo  de  rio  (River  Wolf)  of  the  colonists. 

6.  Attrib.  with  names  of  trees,  plants,  etc.,  as 
river-flag,  -reed,  sponge ;  river  bireh,  the  red 
birch,  Belulanigra  ;  river  black-oak,  an  Austral 
ian  tree  (see  quot.) ;  river  gum,  the  red  gum- 
tree,  Eucalyptus  restrain  ;  river  lettuce,  a  kind 
of  weed,  very  common  in  tropical  rivers  and 
streams ;  the  water  lettuce,  Fistia  stratiotes ; 
river  mangrove  (see  quot.  and  MANGROVE!  2); 
river  oak,  an  Australian  tree  of  the  genus  Casu- 
arina ;  river  pear,  =  ANCHOVY-PEAK  ;  river  poi 
sonous  tree,  a  shrub  of  the  genus  Excsxaria 
(see  qnot.) ;  river  poplar  (see  quot.) ;  river 
she-oak,  a  tree  of  the  genus  Casuanna  (cf.  SHE- 
OAK)  ;  river  tea-tree,  the  broad-leaved  tea-tree, 
Callistemon  saligmts ;  river  tree  (see  quots.) ; 
river  white  gum  (see  quot.). 

1889  MAIDEN  Use/.  Native  PI.  122  Casuarina  snberosa, 
..'"River  Black-oak'.  1855  KINGSLEY  Westm.  Hal  ii,  A 
car  wherein  sate,  amid  reeds  and  "river-flags,  three  or  four 
pretty  girls.  1889  MAIDEN  Usef.  Native  PI.  431  This  par 
ticular  specimen  was  collected  by  Sir  William  Macarthur, 
and  called  by  him  J  "River  Gum  of  Camden '.  He  describes 
it.. as  a  small,  quick-growing  species,  very  elegant  when 
in  blossom.  "  "  "  "•  '  '  ' 


Mangrove  '.  A  shrub  or  small  tree.  Wood  of  light  colour, 
close-grained,  and  easily  worked.  1838  T.  L.  MITCHELL 
Three  Exped.  (1839)  I.  39  [The]  banks  were  overhung  by 
the  dense,  umbrageous  foliage  of  the  casiiarina,  or  '  "river- 
oak  '  of  the  colonists.  1696  PLUKENET  Of  era  Bat.  II.  32 
Anona.  Americana, . .  Anchovie  Pear,  &  aliq-uando  "River 
Pear,  Nostralibttsnunciipatur.  1889  MAIDEN  Usef.Native 
PI.  187  Excxcaria,  Agallocha,..'  "River  Poisonous  Tree'. 
..It  produces.. an  acrid,  milky  juice.  1883  Encycl.  Brit. 


cut.  1889  MAIDEN  Usef.  Native  PI.  398  Casuarina  glanca, 
. .'  "River  She-oak  '.  1713  J.  MORTON  Northampt.  vi.  §  22. 
367  The  brittle-branched  "River  Spunge.  1889  MAIDEN 
Usef.  Native  PI,  390  Callistemon  salignus,..'  "River  Tea- 
tree '.  1705  PLUKENET  Opera  Hot.  IV.  176  Polamoden- 
dron,  arbor. .  amnicola,  Barbadensibus  *  River  Tree  uitncu- 
fata.  1729  Dampier  s  I'oy.  HI.  436  River  Tree.  Because 
tt  always  grows  on  its  Banks,  and  shoots  its  Roots  on  the 
Water ;  it  bears  a  beautiful  Umbel  of  small  5  leaved  scarlet 


ty  ot  this  gu ... 

South  Wales  '  White  Gum  '  or  '  "River  White  Gum '. 

River  (rai-vaj),  st>.'*  Also  5-7  (9)  ryver,  6 
Sc.  rivere,  6-7  riuer.  [f.  RIVE  v.1  -t-  -ER  i.] 

1.  One  who  rives,  rends,  or  cleaves.  Also  in 
combs.,  as  block-,  gimel-,  lath-river. 

1483  Cath.  Angl.  310/1  A  Ryver,  lacerator.  1508  [see 
GIKNEI.  sb.  b].  1610  [see  LATH  sb.  4],  1611  COTGR.,  Fendeur, 
a  cleauer, slitter ;  ariuer.  1671  EACHARD  Obs.  Answ.  Cant. 
Clergy  22  An  honest  Block-River,  with  his  Beetle,  heartily 
calling.  1865  W.  WHITE  Eastern  Eng.  1. 146  These  women 
are  known  as  'ryvers',  because  they  rive  or  rend  the  gills 
with  their  thumbs  to  make  way  for  the  stick.  1884  Good 
Words  June  395/1  Men  have  to  serve  seven  years  in  the 
quarries ..  before  they  get  full  wages.  They  then  become 
1  rivers '  or  '  trimmers '. 

f  2.  One  who  robs  ;  a  reaver.    Obs. 

1513  MORE  Chron.,  Rich,  III,  Wks.  40/1  Robbers  and 
riuers  walking  at  libertie  vncorrected.  1335  STEWART 
Cron.  Scot.  II.  341  Ane  multitude.  .Off  theif  and  riuer.. 
hereit  all  the  landis  of  Kyntyre.  1568  Het.ryson's  Cock  ff 
Fox  180  (Bann.  MS.),  Nay,  murther  theif  and  rivere,  stand 
on  reir.  Ibid.  (ed.  1631),  No,  false  riuer  and  theefe,  stand 
not  mee  neere. 

River  (ri-vai),  v.  rare.  [f.  RIVER  rf.l]  trans. 
•)•  To  wash  (wool  or  sheep)  in  a  river. 

1531-1  Act  23  Hen.  fill,  c.  17  §  i  No  maner  person., 
[shall]  winde.  .any  fleesse  of  wolle  beinge  not  sufficiently 
riuered  or  wasshed.  Ibid.,  To  riuer  or  washe  their  sheepe 
afore  they  be  shorne.  1714  [see  RIVERING  vbl.  si.]. 

Riverain  (ri-vsnF'n),  a.  and  sb.  [a.  F.  river 
ain,  f.  riviere  RIVER  ji.1] 

A.  adj.  1.  Pertaining  to  a  river  or  its  vicinity. 

1858  Timtst  Dec. 9/3  The  eddies. .which  the  men  wise  in 
riverain  mining  assert  to  have  drawn  the  greater  quantity 


RIVERBT. 

of  gold  to  this  bank.  1882  Nature  23  Nov.  97/1  Special 
riverain  surveys  will  in  future  be  made. 

2.  Situated  on  the  banks  of  a  river ;  dwelling 
near  a  river  ;  =  RIVERINE  a.  i. 

1870  HUXLEY  in  Cantemf.  Rev,  515  The  riverain  popula- 
tipn  of  the  North  Sea.  1871  M.  COLLINS  Two  Plunges  III. 
iii.  70  He . .  climbed  the  narrow  riverain  path.  1883  '  OUIDA  ' 
Wanda  I.  61  A  whole  riverain  town  on  the  Danube. 

B.  sb.  One  who  dwells  on  the  banks  or  in  the 
vicinity  of  a  river. 

1864  Temple  Bar  Feb.  337  Take  the  riverain  of  the 
Strand  or  the  environs  of  Westminster  Abbey.  1867 
Standard  10  Jan.  4/4  Being  riverains  of  the  Scheldt,  they 
were  free  to  use  it  with  all  its  tributaries  and  outlets. 

Ri  ver-taaiik.  [f.  KIVEK  si.1  +  BANK  rf.i] 
The  raised  or  sloping  edge  or  border  of  a  river ; 
the  bank  or  ground  adjacent  to  a  river. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.  v.  Margo,  The  brimmes  of  the 
riuer  banke.  1697  DKYDKN  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  764  With  his 
last  Voice,  Eurydice,  he  cry'd ;  Eurydice,  the  Rocks  and 
River-banks  reply'd.  1710  SHAFTESB.  Adi'.  Author  I.  i.  9 
A  great  Frequenter  of  the  Woods  and  River-Banks.  1764 
Skeffling  Inclosnre  A ct  13  In  case  the  said  river  Humber 
shall,  .destroy  the  present  river-bank.  1843  Penny  Cycl. 
XXV.  75/1  The  females,  .seek  out  on  the  river-banks  sandy 
spots  for  the  deposit  of  their  eggs.  1864  TENNYSON  Aylmcr's 
I1'.  451  He  ran  Beside  the  river-bank. 

Ri'ver-bed.    [f.  RIVER  rf.l  +  BED  sb.  9.]  The 

bed  or  channel   in  which  a  river  flows. 

1833  TENNYSON  Mariana  in  the  South  v,  The  riverbed 
was  dusty-white.  i86z  STANLEY  Lect.  Jewish  Church  v.  116 
The  delicious  water  from  the  sediment  of'  the  river-bed. 
1899  (J.  Rev.  July  61  The  country  from  the  river-bed  to 
hill-top  was  densely  cultivated. 

Hi'ver-bottom.  U.S.  [f.  RIVER  rf.i  + 
BOTTOM  sb.  4b.]  Low-lying  alluvial  land  situated 
along  the  banks  of  a  river. 

1814  BRACKENRIDGE  I'icws  Louisiana  29  The  river  bot 
toms  being  generally  line.  1843  CAPT.  MARRVAT  fil.  \'"iolet 
xxviii,  Between  the  upland  and  the  little  ridge.,  there  was 
a  river-bottom.  (A't'tf.  River  bottom  is  a  space,  some 
times  of  many  many  miles  in  width,  on  the  side  of  the 
river,  running  parallel  with  it.)  1895  WINSOR  Mississ.  Basin 
26  The  luxury  of  the  river  bottoms  and  their  timber  margins. 

Ri'ver-drift.  Geol.  [f.  RIVER  rf.i-t-  DRIFT 
si'.  lo.j  Ancient  alluvia  of  rivers  in  which  early 
palreolithic  remains  are  found.  Also  attril>.,as 
river-drift  gravel,  man. 

1839  DE  LA  BECHK  Rep.  Geol.  Cornw.,  etc.  xiii.  403  The 
whole  probably  being  the  accumulation  of  river-drift  during 
a  long  period  of  time.  1865  LUBBOCK  Preh.  Times  239 
Neither  the  mammoth,  nor  the . .  rhinoceros  have  been  found 
in  any  stratum  anterior  to  the  river-drift  gravels.  1880 
DAWKINS  Early  Man  Brit.  v.  99  The  last  and  most  impor 
tant  addition  to  be  made  to  this  list  is  the  man  of  the  river 
deposits,  or  the  River-drift  man.  1892  [see  DRIFT  st>.  10]. 

River-driver.  L'.S.  [f.RivERrf.i  +  DRivER2.] 

(See  quot.  1848.) 

1848  BARTLETT  Diet.  Amer.  (1859)  368  River-Driver, 
a  term  applied  by  lumbermen  in  Maine,  to  a  man  whose 
business  it  is  to  conduct  logs  down  running  streams,  to 
prevent  them  from  lodging  upon  shoals  or  remaining  in 
eddies.  1864  LOWELL  Fireside  Trav.  141  This  was  M  . ., 
a^famous  river-driver,  and  who  was  to  have  fifty  men  under 
him  next  winter.  1893  Scribner's  Mag.  June  714/1  Every 
river  driver  wore  a  long  red  sash. 

Rivered  (ri-vajd),  ///.  a.  [f.  RIVER  sb.1  + 
-ED2.]  Watered  by  rivers;  furnished  with  a  river 
or  rivers.  Chiefly  in  combs.,  as  best-,  deep-,  slow- 
rivered  ;  f  muddy-rivered,  living  in  muddy  rivers. 

1655  MOUFET  &  BENNET  Health's  Improv.  (1746)  279  If 
fenny  or  muddy-river'd  Fishes  be  unwholesome,  the  Pike  is 
not  so  good  as  Authors  make  him.  1673  E.  BROWNE  Trav. 
i  Hungaria.  .is.  .the  best  Rivered  Country  in  Europe.  1796 
W.  MARSHALL  IV.  Eng.  I.  279  The  ground  is.,  strongly 
featured  ;  being  there  divided  by  deep  rivered  vallies. 
1892  LD.  LYTTON  King  Poppy  iv.  74  On  either  side  The 
river'd  glen  . .  rear'd  Steep  crags  abrupt.  1899  Echo  20  Feb. 
1/7  Russia  being  flat,  windy,  and  slow-rivered. 

Riveret  (ri-varet).  Now  rare  or  Obs.  [ad. 
OF.  riverete,  riv(i)erette  (F.  rivierette~) :  see 
RIVER  sli.l  and  -ET.] 

1.  A  small  river  or  stream ;  a  rivulet,   rill,  or 
brook.     (Common  c  1600-1660  ;  now  rare.) 

1538  LELAND  Itin.  (1768)  I.  106  The  Castelle  of  Notting 
ham  stondith  on  a  rokky  Hille..,and  Line  Riveret  goith 
by  the  Rootes  of  it.  1577  HARRISON  England  ii.  i,  Caue. . 
which  is  no  great  water  nor  quick  streame..,  and  yet  is  it  a 
prety  riueret.  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  Pref.  p.  vi,  A  little  rill, 
which . .  is  maintained  with  fresh  springs  and  new  riverets. 
1633  GERARD  Descr.  Somerset  (1900)  i  On  the  .utmost  edge 
of  this  County  Ore  a  little  riverett  gusheth  out  under  a  large 
Oak.  1670  DENTON  Desc.  N.  York  (1845)  5  The  South-side 
is  not  without  Brooks  and  Riverets,  which  empty  them 
selves  into  the  Sea.  1807  G.  CHALMERS  Caledonia  I.  i.  i. 
46  Waters.. such  as  form  pools,  in  their  course,  like  the 
riverets  above  mentioned. 

trans/.  1594  ?  GREENE  Selimus  Wks.  (Grosart)  XIV.  242 
The  channels  run  like  riuerets  of  blood. 

fig.  c  1616  S.  WARD  Coal  from  Altar  (1627)  28  May  not 
he  lustly  disdaine,  that  the  lest  Riueret  should  be  drained 
another  way  ?  1623  LISLE  sElfric  on  O.  ft  N.  Test.  To 
Rdr.  22  So  much  better  they  thought  it  for  men  to  draw., 
religion  from  the  Lord's  fountaine,  than  from  creekes  and 
riuerets  of  men.  1641  HINDE  J.  Brtien  Ixii.  209  Being  as 
it  were  broken  open  by  afflictions,  the  riverets  of  grace  and 
truth  did  issue  out  amayne. 

2.  transf.  A  surface  vein.     Also  atlrib. 

1603  DRAYTON  Bar.  Wars  vi.  lyi,  Her  fair  breasts.. 
Whose  violet  veins  in  branched  riverets  flow.  1658  W. 
SANDERSON  Graphice  42  A  fair  breast, ..  interlaced  with 
Riveret-azur-veines. 

91 


RIVER-FISH. 

b.  A  small  blood-vessel. 

1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  172  If  pnely  the  riuerets  or 
cliannelsof  the  Hollow-vein  did  containe  Alimentary  blood. 
ibid,  254  From  the  same  braunch  of  the  Hypogastricall 
Veine  come  small  riuerets  to  the  bladder. 

Ri'ver-fish.  Also  river  fish.  [f.  RIVER  sbl 
Cf.  Du.  riviervisch.]  Any  fish  that  has  its  habitat 
in  a  river  or  stream  ;  a  freshwater  fish. 

1398  TREVJSA  Earth.  DeP.R.  xill.  xii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Laye 
fische.  .  beb  non}t  so  goode  as  ryuer  fissches.  1587  HARRI 
SON  England  in.  iii.  (1878)  18  Pike,  carpe,  and  some  other 
of  our  riuer  fishes  are  solde  by  inches  of  cleane  fish.  1617 
MORYSON  [tin.  ill.  95  They  have  little  plenty  of  River  fish, 
excepting  onely  Eales.  1630  A*.  Johnsons  Kingd.  <y 
COHUIIVJ.  376  It  yeeldeth  Wine  and  Wheat. .,  and  affordeth 
Cattell,  Horse,  and  River-fish.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Snppl., 
Lampern,  a  river  fish  of  the  lamprey  kind  found  in  many 
parts  of  England.  1888  Goom-;  Anier.  Fishes  &  Worthy 
among  river  fish  to  be  compared  with  sea  fish. 

Ri'ver-god.  Mythol.  [f.  RIVEK  rf.i  +  GoD 
sb.  i.  Cf.  Du.  riviergod.~\  A  tutelary  deity  sup 
posed  to  dwell  in  and  to  preside  over  a  river. 

1661  COWLEY  Of  Greatness,  The  water  every  whit  as 
clear. .,  as  if  it  darted  from. .the  Urnofa  River-God.  1713 
GAY  Rural  Sparts  7  The  River-Gods  and  Nymphs  about 
thee  throng  To  hear  the  Syrens  warble  in  thy  Song.  1775 
R.  CHANDLER  Trav,  Asia  M.  (1825)  I.  163  The  river-god 
is  represented  on  the  Ephesian  medals  with  this  aquatic  as 
one  of  his  attributes.  1832  TENNYSON  (TCnone  37,  I  am  the 
daughter  of  a  River-God.  1859  Gi:o.  ELIOT  A.  Bede  xiii, 
It  was  as  if  she  had  been  wooed  by  a  river-god,  who  might 
any  time  take  her  to  his  wondrous  halls  below  a  watery 
heaven. 

Ri'verhood.  [f.  RIVKR  sbl  +  -HOOD.]  The 
state  of  being  a  river ;  ihe  office  or  dutyef  a  river. 

1841  Bltickiv.  Mag.  XI. IX.  302  Expanding  into  the., 
ambitious  promise  of  the  youthful  river ;  and  anon,  swell 
ing  forth  in  the  stately  majesty  of  full-grown  riverhood. 
1847  H.  MILLER  First  Iinpi:  F.ng.  ix.  (1857)  144  The  dull 
mound  cuts  off  the  Stour  from  its  sorely-tasked  term  of  use 
ful  riverhood. 

River-horse,  [f.  RIVER  s6.l  +  HORSE  s/>.  j. 
Cf.  MDu.  rivierpeert  i^Du.  -paard).] 

1.  The  hippopotamus.     Cf.  WATER-HORSE. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  316  As  touching  the  riuer-horse 
called  Hippopotamus,  there  is  a  great  aftinitie.  .betweene 
him  and  the  crocodile.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vn.  474  Am 
biguous  between  Sea  and  Land  The  River  Horse  and  scalie 
Crocodile.  1759  JOHNSON  Rasselas  xxxviii,  The  crocodiles 
and  river-horses  are  common  in  this  unpeopled  region. 
1843  LONGF.  Slave 's  Dream  vi,  The  river-horse,  as  he 
crushed  the  reeds.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage  39  The 
Senegal  River,  a  river  abounding,  then  as  now,  with  croco 
diles  and  riverhorses. 

2.  The  water-kelpie  :  see  KELPIE. 

1851  THORPE  Northern  Myth.  II.  22  He  secured  the 
assistance  of  the  water-kelpie  or  river-horse. 

Riverine  (ri-varein),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  RIVER  rf.l] 
A.  cuij.  1.  Situated  or  dwelling  on  the  banks 
of  a  river  ;  riparian. 

1860  Chatnt.  Jrnl.  XIV.  40  Swampville  was  in  Jeality  a 
riverine  town.  1888  INGLIS  Tent  Lift:  22  Such  villages  are 
common  enough  in  these,  .riverine  plains,  all  over  India. 
1898  G.  W.  STEEVENS  With  Kitchener  to  Khartum  78 
Like  all  riverine  peoples  he  is  more  clean  than  bashful. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  river. 


floated  to  the  scene  of  action.  1898  Pall  .Mall  Mag.  May  9 
Great  riverine  improvements . .  effected  at  great  cost. 
B.  sb.  The  banks  or  vicinity  of  a  river. 
1895  SWETTENHAM  Malay  Sk.  215  All  the  dwellers   on 
the  riverine. 

Ri'vering,  vbl.  sb.  [Cf.  RIVER  v.]  t  a.  Pur 
suit  of  game  on  the  banks  of  rivers.  Obs.  t  b. 
Washing  (of  wool  or  sheep)  in  a  stream.  Obs. 
c.  Sailing,  rowing,  etc.,  on  a  river. 

13..  K.  A  Us.  678  (Weber),  Now  con  Alisaundre..In  grene 
wode  of  huntyng,  And  of  reveryng,  and  of  haukyng.  1538 
Act  23  Hen.  yilf,  c.  17  This  Act  concerning  riuering  and 
washing  of  any  wooll.  1714  Land.  GHZ.  No.  6264/2  By  not 
sufficiently  Rivering,  or  Washing  of  Sheep,  before  they  are 
shorn.  1891  Miss  DOWIE  Girl  in  Karp.  139  We  got  under 
weigh,  and  had  the  next  two  hours  in  the  open,  with  a  good 
deal  of  rivering. 

Rrverish,  a.  rare  -'.  [f.  RIVER  s6.1  -f  -ISH.] 
Giving  rise  to  rivers ;  abounding  in  rivers. 

1570  DEE  Math.  Pref.  'j  b,  Easy  wayes  are  made,  by 
which  the  zelous  Philosopher,  may  wyn  nere  this  Riuerish 
Ida,  this  Mountayne  of  Contemplation. 

Ri'verless,  a.  [f.  RIVER  sb.1  +  -LKSS.]  De 
stitute  or  devoid  of  rivers. 

1860  MAURY  Phys.  Geogr.  vii.  §  404  That  sea  lies,  for  the 
most  part,  within  a  rainless  and  riverless  district.  1870 
YEATS  Nat.  Hist.  Camm.  108  The  region  of  Patagonia, 
riverless  and  hilly,  is  dry,  cold,  and  barren. 

Ri'verlet.  rare.  [f.  RIVER  sbl  +  -LET.]  A 
small  river;  a  brook,  stream,  or  rivulet. 

1674  N.  F.ng.  Hist.  *  Gen.  Keg.  (1850)  IV.  34,  I  give  to 
my  son ..  my  house  and  home  lot  on  the  South  side  of  the 
riverlet.  1883  Miss  BROUGHTON  Belinda  I.  vii,  Here  by  the 
riverlet  sits  the  floury  milL 

Rrver-like,  adv.  and  a.  [f.  RIVER  rf.l  +  -LIKE.] 

A.  adv.  In  the  manner  of  or  like  a  river. 

1646  J.  BENBRIGGE  I'sura  Ace.  18  Thankfulnesse  to  God, 
River-like,  returnes  unto  the  Ocean  of  his  glory,  those 
streames  of  blessings  [etc.].  1868  BROWNING  Ring  ff  Bk.  III. 
165  Prosperity  rolled  river-like. 

B.  adj.  Characteristic  of  or  resembling  a  river. 
1830  Miss  MITFOKD  Village  Ser.  iv.  (1863)  252  Where  the 


722 

..brook  winds  away.,  until  it  spreads  into  a  river-like 
dignity.  1839-48  BAILEY  Festus  xiv.  137  If  I  could  ever 
think  to  wrong  A  love  so  riverlike,  deep,  pure,  and  long. 
1878  STANLEY  Dark  Cont.  I.  xvi.  425  These  watercourses, 
though  called  rivers,  show  no  running  stream,  but  only 
river-like  marshes. 

Ri-verling.  rare.   [f.  RIVER  sbl  +  -LING  '  2.] 

=  RIVERLET. 


_ 

1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  \.  iii.  133  Of  him  she  also 
holds  her  silver  Springs,  And  all  her  hidden  Crystall  River- 
lings.  Ibid.  vi.  755  Sent  as  from  the  lively  Spring  Of  his 
Uivineness,  some  small  Riverling. 

Ri'verly,  a.  rare.  [i.  RIVER  sb}  +  -LY  i.] 
Resembling  a  river;  river-like. 

1858  Times  27  Aug.  8/4  We  found  the  river  .  .  broad,  deep, 
j  and  flowing  with  riverly  strength. 

Ri'verman.     [f.  RIVER  rf.l]     A  waterman. 

1721  I)K  FOE  Hist.  Plague  (1756)  254  The  Seamen  had 
no  communication  with  the  River-Men.  1880  W.  NEWTON 
Serin.  for  Boys  «y  Girls  410  A  weather-beaten  river  man. 
1898  Pall  Mall  G.  19  Jan.  4/3  He  is  a  frozen-out  river- 
man,  connected  with  the  heavy  lighter  trade. 

Ri'ver-sand.  [f.  RIVER  st.1  and  SAND  sb.  Cf. 
Du.  rivierzanti.}  Sand  procured  from  the  bed  of 
a  river  or  stream. 

1363  HYLL  Art  Card.  (1593)  19  If  you  set  any  young 
Trees  in  that  grounde,  let  that  there-about  bee  mixed  wilha 

j  quantitie  of  sweete  Earthe  and  Riuer  sand.  1703  Mo.rons 
Meek.  E.verc.  242  Also  to  River  or  Sea-Sand,  if  you  put  a 
third  part  of  Powder  of  Tiles..,  it  works  the  better.  1736 
\.v.o\\  Alberti's  Archil.  I.  35  There  are  three  sorts  of  Sand, 
Pit-sand,  River-sand,  and  Sea-sand.  1834-6  Encycl.  Metrop. 

i  (1845)  VIII.  475/2  Tlie  manufactories  are  restricted  to  the 
use  of  the  commonest  kind  of  sea  or  river  sand.  1870  tr. 
Baron  :>on  Richthofen's  I.,'tt.  (1874)  4  River-sand,  of  which 
probably  millions  ol  tons  are  yearly  carried  over  these  places. 
Ri'Verside.  Also  river-side,  [f.  RIVER  sl>.\ 
+  SIDE  s/>.]  The  side  or  bank  of  a  river;  the 
ground  adjacent  to,  or  stretching  along,  a  river. 


shulde  leed  hem  oute  euery  day..vpon  a.. hard  path  by  a 
Ryuerside.  c  1480  HENRYSON  Mor.  Fab.)  Frog  $  Mouse  i, 
Ane  Hull  inous  come  to  ane  reueir  syde.  c  1500  Mehtsine 
361  The  peple  vpon  the  ryuere  syde  had  grete  meruayll  & 
were  al  abasshed.  1523  Lu.  UERNERS  Froiss.  1. 19  The  ost 
lodged  them  in  a  wodde  by  alytle  ryuersyde.  1597  BRETON 
Wit's  Trenchmoi4r  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  7/1  Narcissus,  or 
some  of  his  kindred,  had  been  so  in  loue  with  theyr  owne 
shadowe,  that  hee  could  not  goe  from  the  Riuer  side.  1611 
I'IBLE  Acts  xvi.  13  On  the  Sabboth  we  went  out  of  the 
citie  by  a  riuer  side.  1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Mandelslos  Trav. 
35  He  commonly  lurks  in  the  high  grass  on  the  river  side. 
1725  POPE  Odyss.  x.  102  Casting  on  the  river-side  The  bloody 
spear,  his  gather 'd  feet  I  ty'd.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist. 
(1824)  II.  182  This  animal,  .seldom  ventures  from  the  river 
side.  183^  MARRYAT  P.  Simple  (1363)  160  We.. walked 
along  the  river-side  till  we  fell  in  with  a  small  craft.  1865 
J.  H.  INGKAHAM  Pillar  of  Fire  (1872)  411  Instantly  the 
woman  . .  hurried  to  the  river-side. 

b.  ath  ib.y  as  riverside  inn,  situation,  villa,  etc. 

1799  Hull  Advertiser  15  June  2/4  A  warehouse,  .desir 
able  for  any  purpose  where  a  river-side  situation  is  required. 
1849  J.  FOKUES  Physician's  Holiday  (1850)  i  The  river-side 
inns  of  Wales  or  Scotland.  1863  BARRY  Dockyard  Econ. 
280  Mr.  Stewart  has  now  extensive  river-side  premises. 
1889  C.  C.  R.  Up  Season  277  A  lawn,  and  a  riverside  villa. 

Hence  Riversi'der. 

1889  C.  C.  R.  Up  Season  282  Few  but  will  say  Something 
kind  of  the  old  riversider. 

i,  Kiverso.  Obs.  rare.  Also  6  riuersa.  [a. 
It.  riverso  'a  back-blow' (Florio).]  =  REVERSE 
sb.  7.  (See  also  RKYEHSO.)  Also/SJf. 

1595  SAVIOLO  Practise  1. 1 1, 1  would  not  aduise  any  freend 
of  mine . .  to  strik  neither  mandrittaes  nor  riuersaes.  Ibid. 
Lsb,  If  you  see  he  keepes  his  dagger  winding  towardes 
his  right  side,  thrust  a  riuersa  at  his  face.  1600  O.  E.  (M. 
StrrcUPFK)  Repl.  to  Libel\.  iii.  81,  I  haue  thought  good  to 
bestow  on  them  these  Riuersoes,  and  Tramazzones. 

Rrverward,  adv.  and  a.     [f.  RIVER  sby\ 

A.  adv.  Toward  a  river ;  in  the  direction  of  a 
river.     Also  to  riverward  of. 

1833  RITCHIE  Wand,  by  Loire  62  Looking  riverward,  the 
vista  is  terminated.. by  a  village  church.  1872  M.  COLLINS 
Princess  Clarice  II.  xvii.  204  Skolinson  and  Clarice  went 
off  wordlessly  riverward.  1896  Atlantic  Monthly  May 
598/1  The  first  rising-ground  to  riverward  of  the  hollow. 

B.  at//.   Facing  or  directed  toward  a  river. 

1889  Daily  News  7  Oct.  2/2  The  outside  embankments 
are  being  actively  made,  and  the  river-ward  sides  faced  with 
strong  rubble  walling. 

So  Bi-verwards  adv. 

1870  LOWELL  Study  Wind.,  Card.  Acquaint.,  A  pair  or 
two. .every  evening  fly  over  us  riverwards. 

Ri'Ver-wa:ter.  Also  river  water,  [f.  RIVEK 
jtf.1  -H  WATER  sb.  Cf.  Du.  rivienvater,  G.  revier- 
wasser.]  Water  in,  forming,  or  obtained  from,  a 
river  or  stream. 

X398TKEVISA  Barth.  De  P.  K.  xiii.  iii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Ryuer 
water  is  beestebat  rennebesteward.  .,andbereuer  water  bat 
renneb  westward  is  lasse  worthie.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus 
s,v.  Aqua,  Runnyng  or  riuer  water.  1600  J.  PORY  tr.  Leo's 
Africa  in.  160  Engins,  for  the  conueying  of  riuer-water 
ouer  the  said  walles  into  cesternes.  1620  VENNER  l^ia 
Recta  Introd.  9  Riuer-water  hath  the  third  place  of  good- 
nes.  1707  Curios,  in  Husb.  <y  Curd.  350  A  wooden  Trough, 
fill'd  with  River-Water.  1762  MILLS  Syst.  Husb.  1. 483  The 
Spaniards  . .  steep  them  in  river  water  and  salt  till  that 
bitterness  is  gone.  1835  LYELL  Princ.  Geol.  (ed.  4)  I.  345 
The  area  over  which  the  river-water  is  spread.  1849  NOAD 
Klectr.  (ed.  3)  220  Common  river-water  was  employed  to  fill 
the  basin,  and  to  knead  the  pipe-clay. 


RIVET. 

Ri-ver-weed.    [f.  RIVER  rf.i  +  WEED  rf.] 

1.  A  weed  naturally  growing  in  rivers. 

1671  SKINNER  Etym.  Bot.,  River-weed,  Confen'a  Plin'i 
1704  Diet.  Rust.  s.v.  Sea,  Sea  and  River  Weeds.  180: 
R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  643  The  dung  of  rabbits 
pigeons,  and  poultry,  ..  river  weeds,  and  other  similar 
matters.  1895  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  Mar.  12  He.. advised 
river-weeds  and  sedge  as  a  manure  for  them. 

2.  An    American   aquatic  plant,   the  threadfoot 
(Podostemon  ceratofhyllus). 

1856  A.  GRAY  Man.  Bot.  (1860)  384  Podostenum,  River- 
weed.  Ibid.,  Podasteinacex,  River-weed  Family. 

Ri'very,  a.  rare.     [f.  RIVER  rf.i  +  -y.] 

1 1.  Resembling  a  river ;  river-like.  Obs.— ' 

1612  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  x.  94  Thy  full  and  youthful  breasts. 

which.. Are  branch'd  with  rivery  veins. 
2.   Abounding  in  streams  or  rivers ;  pertaining  to 

a  river,  etc. 
1828  WILSON   in   Blackw.  Mag.  XXIV.  302  As  woody, 

as  lochy,  and  as  rivery  a  parish.     1859  Ail  Year  Round 

No.  28.  29  Upon  the  artificial  peninsula. .,  transport  a  bit  of 

rivery  Orientalism. 

Rivet  (ri-vet),  si.'1  Forms  :  5  ryvette,  6  ry- 
uet(te,  ryvet(t ;  6-7  riuet,  6  -ett,  rivette,  6- 
rivet ;  5-6  revette,  6  -ett,  reyvett,  6,  8  revet, 
[a.  OP",  rivet,  f.  river  to  fix,  clinch,  of  uncertain 
origin.] 

1.  A  short  nail  or  bolt  for  fastening  together 
metal  plates  or  the  like,  the  headless  end  of  which 
is  beaten  out  after  insertion. 

[The  following  quot.  is  doubtful,  but  cf.  the  OF.  pi.  rives, 
''.a  1400  Morte  Arthur  1764  That  alle  be  rowte  ryngez,  Of 
ryues  and  raunke  stele,  and  ryche  golde  maylez.] 

14. .  Lat.  Eng.  I  'oc.  in  Wr.- Wulcker  573  Cmattdum,  qne- 
dam  pars  sotularis,  a  Ryvette.  c  1440  J  'ork  Myst.  viii.  109 
It  sail  be  cleyngked  euer-ilka  dele  With  nayles. . .  Take  here 
a  revette,  and  bere  a  rewe.  1511  Nottingham Kec.  III.  332 


Mng.  11.  vii.  73  Let  the  Index  be  fastned  to  the  Center  with 
a  Brass  Rivet.  1781  COWPER  Conversat.  64  They  fix  atten 
tion..  With  oaths,  like  rivets,  forc'd  into  the  brain.  1819 
SHELLEY  Cyclops  391  He  flung  one  against  the  brazen  rivets 
Of  the  huge  caldron.  1851  RUSKIN  Stones  l-'en.  Pref., 
Bars  and  rivets  instead  of  mortar  for  securing  stones.  1884 
W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  f.  Iron  xvii.  400  The  rivet  is  to  be 
capable  of  bending  hot  without  fracture. 

b.  Jig.  or  in  fig.  contexts. 

1672  \VYCHERLEY  Love  in  a  Wood  I.  i,  You  are  the  rivet 
of  sanctified  love.  1693  DRYDEN  J'ersius  L,  127  The  Verse 
m  fashion,  is.  .So  smooth  and  equal,  that  no  sight  can  find 
The  Rivet,  where  the  polish 'd  Piece  was  join'd.  1742 
YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  n.  534  This  carries  friendship  to  her  noon 
tide  point,  And  gives  the  rivet  of  eternity.  1862  MERIVALE 
Rom.  Emp.  Ixiv.  (1865)  VIII.  90  The  lack  of  religious  and 
moral  principle . .  loosened  the  rivets  of  Pagan  society. 

fc.   =ALMAIN-HIVETS.   Obs. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII,  25  Ouer  his  riuet  he  had 
a  garment  of  white  cloth  of  gold  with  a  redde  crosse.     1577 
EUEN   &    WILLES    Hist.    Trav.   300  Theyr   horsemen   are 
armed  with  pykes,  Ryuettes,  Mases  of  yron,  and  arrowes. 
d.  A  burr  or  clinch  upon  a  nail.   rare. 

1634-5  KRERETON  Trav.  (Chetham  Soc.)  88  Made  of  thin 
plates  nailed  together,  and  strong  square  rivets  upon  the 
nail  heads.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suppl.,  Rivet,  in  the 
manege,  is  the  extremity  of  the  nail  that  rests  or  leans  upon 
the  horn  when  you  shoe  a  horse. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rivet-bolt,  -head,  -hole, 
-hoop,  iron,  machine(ry,  -shank,  etc. 

1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  314  The  'rivet-bolts  are 
inserted  and  riveted  down  in  the  red-hot  state.  1840  Civil 
Eng.  (,  Arch.  Jrnl.  III.  351/1  Not  a  single  rivet  started  nor 
a  'rivet-head  flown  off.  1832  BABBAGE  Econ.  Manuf.  xiii. 
(ed.  3)  121  Tools,  by  which  the  expense  of  punching  the 
'rivet-holes  of  each  tank  was  reduced.  1686  PLOT  Staj/fordsh. 
i6g  Theybinde  it.,  with  ajoynted  hoop  of  Iron,  which  they 
call  a  'Rivet-hoop.  1861  FAIRHAIRN  Iron  204  Staffordshire 


Machinery.     1869  SIR  E.  REED  'ShipbuiUt.  xvii.  328  The 
dies  by  which  the  'rivet-shank  is  held. 

Rivet  (ri 'vet),  s6*  [Of  obscure  origin.]  Bearded 
or  cone  wheat.  Also  in  pi.  form  rivets. 

.'573  TUSSER  Ilusb.  (1878)  49  White  wheat  or  else  red,  red 
riuet  or  whight,  far  passeth  all  other,  for  land  that  is  light. 
1762  Phil.  Trans.  LI  I.  530  This  family  have  been  used  to 
buy  two  bushels  of  clog-wheat,  or  rivets,  or  bearded-wheat, 
(as  it  is  variously  called  in  this  county)  every  fortnight. 
1799  Monthly  Rev.  XXX.  182  Bearded  wheat  is  called  in 
some  counties  Cone  wheat,  in  others  Rivets,  and  in  Notting 
hamshire  it  is  called  Yeogrove.  1813  BATCHEI.OR  Agric. 
362  (E.  D.  D.),  Cone  wheat,  or  rivets,  is  very  little  used. 
1852  LAWSON  I'eg.  Prod.  Scot.  I.  No.  146  Common  Rivet. 
Ear  smaller  and  less  compact  than  that  of  the  Cone  Rivet, 
b.  Used  attrib.  with  wheat. 

1707  MORTIMER  HUS'J.  (1721)  I.  126  There  are  several  sorts 
of  Wheat,  as  red  Straw-wheat,  Rivet-Wheat.  1805  R.  W. 
DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  I.  540  There  are  two  sorts  of  rivet 
wheat,  the  white  and  brown.  1886  BRITTEN  &  HOLLAND 
Plant  Names  403  Rivet-Wheat  is  a  well-known  variety. 

t  Ri'vet,  si.z  Obs.  rare.  Also  6  ryvet.  [Of 
obscure  origin.]  The  liver  of  a  fish. 

1330  PALSGR.  722  Slyt  this  pykes  belly  and  take  out  this 
ryvet  [F.  sa  gresse}.  1736  HAILEY  Household  Diet.  355  Cut 
the  rivet  or  fiver  of  the  pike  small  and  chop  some  oisters. 
1741  Coinpl.  Fain. -Piece  \.  ii.  128  Your  Milts,  Spawn  a  ' 
Rivets,  must  be  laid  on  the  Top. 

Rivet  (ri-vt-t),  v.  Also  ?  reuet(t,  5-7  revet. 
7reuit ;  6  ryvet,  6-7  riuet,  7  rivit.  [f.  RIVET  s/:1 
Cf.  mod.F.  riveter.] 


RIVET. 

1.  trans.  To  secure  (a  nail  or  bolt)  by  hammer 
ing  or  beating  out  the  projecting  end  of  the  shank 
into  a  head  or  knob;  to  clinch.     Also  with  down. 

c  1430  Syr  Genet:  (Roxb.)  87  With  a  grete  hamour  of  stele 
The  nales  he  reueted  wele.  1530  PALSGR.  690/1,  I  revet  a 
nayle, y>  riue.  Ryvet  this  nayle  and  than  it  wyll  holde  faste. 
1611  COTGR.,  River,  to  riuet  or  clench  ;  to  fasten  or  turne 
backe  the  point  of  a  nayle.  1677  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.  ii. 
24  When  you  rivet  a  Pin  into  a  Hole,  1683  —  Printing  xi. 
p  19  This  small  Shank  is  fitted  into  a  small  Hole  made  near 
the  end  of  the  Plate,  and  Revetted  on  the  other  side.  1769 
FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  Rh-er  nn  clou,  to  rivet  a 
nail.  1834-6  Encycl.  Metrop.  VIII.  299/1  Pins  are  some 
times  inserted..,  being  also  rivetted  at  each  end.  1875 
KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1506/1  Rose-clinch  nail;  ..  either 
clinched  or  riveted  down  on  a  washer  or  rove. 

2.  To  secure  or  fasten  with  or  as  with  rivets. 
Also  with*  down,  in,  together. 

c  1430  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhode  i.  cxvii.  (1869)  61  \Vith  the 
nailes  with  whiche  was  nayled  the  sone  of  the  smith.. the 
m;iiles  weren  endowed  and  rivetted.  1485  [see  RIVETING  i.] 
1530  PALSGR.  692/2,  I  ryvet  peces  of  yron  togyther.  1582 
STANVHURST  /Hneis\\\.  (Arb.)  84  A  braynsick  prophetesse. . 
whom  dungeon  holdeth  In  ground  deepe  riueted.  1603 
DRAYTON  Bar.  Wars  \\.  xx,  Their  Greaues,  and  pouldrons 
others  riuet  fast.  1663  GERBIER  Counsel  96  Nor  do  pro 
vident  builders  rivet  locks  only  at  the  one  side.  1771 
LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Print.  305  The  plates  ..  [are]  rivetted 
down  through  the  bottom  and  top-sides  of  the  frame.  1814 
SCOTT  Lord  of  Isles  v.  vii,  Warriors,  who,  arming  for  the 
fight,  Rivet  and  clasp  their  harness  light.  1834-6  Encyct. 
Metrop.  VIII,  298/2  The  next  process.. is  to  have  the 
coaks  rivetted  in.  \9yiArckafologia  LIII.  559  The  statue 
had  been  broken  in  ancient  times  and  afterwards  carefully 
riveted  together  again, 

fig.  a  1631  DONNE  Select.  (1840)86  Sin  en  trenched  and  barri- 
cadoed  in  sin,  sin  screwed  up,  and  rivetted  with  sin.  1654  tr. 
Scudery"s  CuriaPol.  132  They  are  bonds  and  chains  of  their 
absolute  obedience,  riveted  by  their  tongues.  1796  MORSK 
Aincr.  Geogr.  II.  606  The  Turks  have  rivetted  the  chains 
of  barbarous  ignorance  which  ihey  imposed.  1837  LoCKRART 
Scott  IV.  xi.  346  [It]  served  to  rivet  the  bonds  of  affection 
and  confidence,  which  were  to  the  end  maintained  between 
him  and  them.  1868  FUKKMAN  Xorm.  Cong.  (1877)  II.  332 
A  war  for  no  object  but  to  rivet  the  yoke  of  outlandish  men 
about  their  necks. 

I).  Const,  to,  into,  or  in  something.  Alsoy%". 
1650  FULLER  Pisgah  iv.  iii.  51  Who  violently  brake  off 
their  ear-rings,  even  such  as  were  riveted  in  their  skin  with 
long  wearing.  1669  STURMY  Mariner^  Mag.  iv.  xvi.  200  A 
Libal  or  Index  to  be  rivetted  to  the  Center.  1713  ADDISON 
Cato  ii.  v,  I've  seen  you. .stooping  from  your  Horse  Rivet 
the  panting  savage  to  the  ground.  1765  A.  DICKSON  Treat. 
Agric.  (ed.  2)  203  A  plate  of  iron  ..riveted  fast  into  it  by 
bolts.  1802  PLAYFAIR  Hnttonian  Theory  334  The  mountain 
of  Coalfield  which  I  have  mentioned  above  as.,  rivetted..  to 
the  superincumbent  rock.  1833  MRS.  BROWNING  Proineth. 
Bound  61  Seize  him,.  .Rivet  him  to  the  rock. 

C.   Const,  on  or  upon. 

1679  MOXON  Mech.  Ejcerc.  i*.  161  Instead  of  Nailing  the 
Hindges  upon  the  Door,  they  Rivet  them  on,  for  more 
strength.  1698  FKYKR  Ace.  E.  India  <$•  P.  39  A  Coronal 
Arch,  on  whose  VertexaGlobe  is  rivited  by  an  Iron  Wedge. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  V.  69/1  By  means  of  the  fork., 
rivetted  on  the  palettes. 

d.  nonce-use.  To  marry,  join  in  wedlock, 
1700  CONGREVE  Way  of  the  World  i.  i,  We  drove  round  to 
Duke's  Place  ;  and  there  they  were  rivetted  in  a  trice. 

3.  transf.  To  fix,  fasten,  or  secure  firmly. 

1629  WOTTON  in  Reliq.  (1672)  568  It  is  none  of  the  least 
ends  of  my  going  to  rivet  that  business.  1672  MARVELL 
Rt?h.  Transp.  i.  36  All  her  Excesses  and  Errors  were  further 
rivited  and  confirmed.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I. 
658  The  ideas  of  precausation  and  fatality,  .are  so  strongly 
rivetted  together  in  men's  minds.  1788  MME.  D'ARBLAY 
Diary  June,  I  am  wholly  ignorant  in  what  manner., his 
first  attachment  may  have  riveted  his  affections.  1839 
HAL  LAM  Hist.  Lit.  iv.  iii.  §  103  It  is  evident  that  until 
objects  are  truly  classified,  a  representative  method  of  signs 
can  only  rivet  and  perpetuate  error.  1861  MILL  Utilit.  46 
He  never  conceives  himself  otherwise  than  as  a  member  of 
a  body  ;  and  this  association  is  riveted  more  and  more. 
b.  Const,  to  or  into  something. 

1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  v.  i.  169  A  thing  stucke  on  with 
oat  lies  vpon  your  finger,  And  so  riueted  with  faith  vnto  your 
flesh.  i6xx  —  Cymb.  \\.  ii.  46  Why  should  I  write  this 
downs,  that's  riueted,  Screw'd  to  my  memorie.  1655  FULLER 
Ch.  Hist.  ii.  107  He  riveted  the  Archbishoprick  into  the 
City  of  Canterbury.  1727  GAY  Begg.  Op.  i.  xiii,  My  hand, 
my  heart,.. is  so  riveted  to  thine  that  I  cannot  unloose  my 
hold.  1792  ALMON  A  need.  Pitt  I.  x.  203  Great  Britain  was 
.  .every  day  more  closely  rivetted  to  the  continent  by  fresh 
engagements.  18x7  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  xxxviii,  Astonishment 
actually  riveted  my  tongue  to  the  roof  of  my  mouth.  1847 
C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  ii,  My  seat,  to  which  Bessie  and  the 
bitter  Miss  Abbot  had  left  me  riveted,  was  a  low  ottoman, 
C.  Const,  in  a  practice,  the  mind,  etc. 

i6ia  T.  TAYLOR  Comm.  Titit$\\.  12  Thou  reuitest  thy  selfe 
in  thy  sinne,  and  wilt  not  be  reclaimed.  1667  WATERHOUSE 
Fire  Land,  n  It  is  riveted  in  the  corrupt  nature  of  man  to 
revenge  injuries.  1709  BERKELEY  Th.  Vision  §  51  The 
prejudice  is  confirmed  and  riveted  in  our  thoughts  by  a  long 
tract  of  time.  1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  II.  xl.  402  A  prince 
who.  .appeared  not  to  be  rivetted  in  any  dangerous  animos 
ities.  1849  ROBERTSON  Serm.  Ser.  i.  x.  (1866)  179  Things 
become  riveted  in  the  memory.  1897  MARY  KINGSLEY  It-'. 
Africa-2\\  Riveting  him  in  the  practice  of  polygamy. 
d.  Const,  on  or  upon. 

1829  GEN.  P.  THOMPSON  Exerc.  (1842)  I.  162  Bribery 
attracts  men's  decision  from  the  right ;  persecution  rivets  it 
upon  the  wrong.  1830  DISRAELI  Chas.  /,  III.  vii.  139  The 
affections  of  Henrietta  were  riveted  on  those  of  her  royal 
husband.  1870  HcmsoN  Metnph.St.  Paul  122  The  lesson 
Is  riveted  for  ever  on  the  church. 

4.  To   fix   intently  (the  eye   or  the  mind)  ;  to 
command  or  engross  (the  attention). 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  m.  ii.  go  Giue  him  needful!  note,  For 


723 

I  mine  eyes  will  riuet  to  his  Face.  1621  G.  SANDYS  OvitCs 
Met.  vn.  (1626)  129  Her  eger  eyes  she  riuets  on  his  face. 
1760-72  H.  HROOKK  t-'oclo/Qual.  (1809]  III.  144  While  hi* 
attention  was  thus  rivetted.  1791  COWPBK  Odyss.  x.xin.  107 
She  rivetted  her  eyes  on  his.  1821  SCOTT  Pirate  xxxi,  The 
attention,  .of  Bunce..was  riveted  to  the  armed  sloop.  1852 
M.  ARNOLD  The  Future  6  He.. Rivets  his  gaze  on  the 
banks  of  the  stream.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage  198 
That  march  riveted  the  attention  of  the  world. 
b.  To  engross  the  attention  of  (a  person). 

1762  FALCONER  Shipwr.  in,  (1819)  23  In  dire  amazement 
rivetted  they  stand.  1861  STANLEY  I-last.Ch.  xii.  (1869)  381 
We  are  riveted  by  this  strange  apparition  in  foreign  lands. 
1883  PATTISON  Mem.  (1885)  33,  I.  .was  riveted  by  the  book. 

Hence  Rrveting///.  a. 

1677  W.  HUGHES  Man  of  Sin  n.  iii.  54  A  clinching,  rivet 
ing  Argument,  I  trow  !  1899  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.  LV 1 1.  178/1 
His  brilliant,  original,  riveting,  but  most  censorious  con 
versation. 

Riveted,  ///.  a.  Also  7- rivetted.  [f.  RIVET 
v.  +  -ED  *.]  Fastened  with  rivets  ;  clinched.  Also 
in  Combs.,  as  close-^  double-^  single-riveted. 

1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  fy  Cl,  iv.  iv.  22  A  thousand  Sir,  early 
though  't  be,  haue  on  their  Kiueted  trim.  1753  CHAMUKUS 
Cycl^Suppl.  s.v.  Shoe,  A  shoe  for  all  [equine]  feet,  is  one 
that  is  cut  at  the  toe  into  two  equal  parts,  which  are  joined 
by  a  riveted  nail,  1861  FAIRBAIKN  iron  208  The  strength 
of  the  parts  in  riveted  joints  is  reduced.  Ibid.)  The  strength 
of  the  double  riveted  joint  will  be  68.  And  that  of  the  single 
riveted  joint  46.  1898  Daily  News  8  Sept.  4/7  The  old 
artillery  with  riveted  wheels  and  huge  wooden  axles. 

b.  fig.  Firmly  fastened,  established  or  settled, 
rooted;  fixed,  intent. 

1670  W.  Si  MI-SON  Hydrcl.  Ess.  72  Some  menstruums  may 
dissolve,  .the  close  rivetted  parts  of  some,  .bodies.  1706 
BAYNAKD  Cold  Baths  \\.  301  To  persevere  in.  .Drunkenness, 
until  a  riveted  Disease  entails  his  Folly  » on  his  Blood.  1748 
RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  VIII.6, 1  have  a  rivetted  hatred 
to  him.  1822  HAZLITT  Tnble-T.  II.  vii.  165  Casts  a  pensive, 
rivetted  look  downwards  to  the  modest  flowers.  1879 
Casselfs  Tcchn.  Educ.  IV.  3/2  Few  works.. have  destroyed 
more  riveted  and  deeply-rooted  errors. 

Ri'veter.  Also  rivetter.   [f.  RIVET  v.  +  -EK  *.] 

1.  One  who  rivets. 

iSooJWry  ,4««.  Direct.  34  Saddle-tree-maker  and  Rivetter. 
1853  URK  Diet.  Arts  II.  556  The  average  work  that  can  be 
done  by  two  riveters,  with  one  '  holder  on '  and  a  boy.  1894 
Labour  Commission,  Gloss.)  After  the  boot  ha.s  been  sewn 
the  rivetter  again  takes  the  boot  and  hammers  the  sole  out 
to  make  it  level. 

2.  A  riveting  machine. 

1884  Machinery  $  Eng.  I.  88/1  Compressing  machines, 
such  as  steam  hammers,.. rivetters,  forging  presses. 

Bi'Veting,  vbl.  sb.  Also  7-  rivetting.  [f. 
RIVET  v.  +  -IXG1.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.,  in  lit.  and  fig.  uses. 
1485  in  Sharp  Cov.  Myst.  (1825)  189  Payd  for  revettyng 

of  J?e  plats,  £  for  J>e  iiij  boultes,  x.v.  ob.  1611  COTGR.,  Rive- 
went)  a.  riueting,  a  clenching.  1663  GEKBIER  Counsel  96 
A  thief,  .makes  that  single  riveting  of  no  use  as  to  security. 
1706  M.  HENRY  Wks.  (1853)  11,528/1  He  prayed  with  them 
partly  Cor.. the  riveting  of  the  things  he  had  said  in  their 
minds.  1779  T.  HUTCHINSON  Diary  i  Dec.  II.  299, 1  think 
we  may  beat  the  French  fleet,  but  if  we  should,  it  will  be 
the  rivetting  of  this  damned  Ministry.  1845  R,  W.  HAMIL 
TON  fop.  Educ.  ix.  (ed.  2)  257  The  development  of  national 
mind  may  be  but  therivetingof  a  prejudice.  1870 Spectator 
19  Nov.  1373  To  prevent  the  rivetting  of  this  ascendancy 
on  the  neck  of  Europe. 

b.  \Vith  qualifying  word  prefixed. 
1874  THE  ABLE  Nov.  Archit.  104  The  Liverpool  rules 
require  chain  riveting  for  all  double  and  treble  riveted 
joints  and  butts.  Ibid.,  In  edge  or  butt  riveting  the  space 
between  two  consecutive  rows  of  rivets  must  not  be  less 
than  one  and  a  half  times  their  diameter. 

2.  at  t  rib.  i  as  riveting  hammer -,  machine,  nail, 
plate,  set,  tool. 

See  also  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  (1875)  and  Suppl.  (1884). 

111642  SIR  W.  MOSSON  Naval  Tracts  in.  (1704)  345/2 
Clinch-bolts  are  clinched  with  a  Rivetting  Hammer.  1688 
HOLME  Armoury  \\\.  321/1  The  Rivetting  Hammer,  .is  very 
rarely  used  at  his  Forge,  unless  the  Work  be  very  small.  1769 
FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  Clous  a  river,  a  rivet,  or 
riveting-nail  to  be  clenched  at  both  ends.  1802  JAMKS 
Milit.  Diet,,  Riveting-plates,  in  gun-carriages,  small  square 
thin  pieces  of  iron,  through  which  the  ends  of  the  bolts  pass, 
and  are  riveted  upon  them.  1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning 
I.  387  A  rivetting-set  or  punch  for  the  heads  of  rivets.  1843 
Civil  En g.  <5-  Arch.  Jrnl.  VI.  115/2  The  Patent  Riveting 
Machine.. constructed  by  Mr.  Fairbairn,  of  Manchester. 
1866  Totnlinson'sCycl.  Use/.  Arts  III.  611/2  The  strong 
semicircular  bracket  carrying  the  fixed  riveting  tool. 

t  Rivia'tion.     Obs.  rare~l.     Fishing. 

a  1676  HALE  De  Jure  Marts  i.  ii.  in  Margrave's  Tracts 
(1787)  1.7  The  writ. .which  anciently  was  directed  to  the 
sheriff  to  prohibit  riviation  in  any  rivers  in  his  bailiwick. 

||  Riviere  (rn-yfr).  [a.  F.  riviere  (RivER  sbl} 
in  same  sense.]  A  necklace  of  diamonds  or  other 
gems,  esp.  one  consisting  of  more  than  one  string. 

1880  DISRAELI  Endyat.  xxxviii,  Myra  was  amused  as  she 
watched  their  dazzling  tiaras  and  flashing  rivieres.  1887 
Pall  Mall  G.  29  June  13/3  Buying  a  diamond  for  ,£12,000 
and  ordering  it  to  be  set  in  her  riviere  as  the  centre  stone. 

Rivilin,  variant  of  RIVELING  i. 

Rivina  (rivai'na\  Bot.  [mod.L.,  f.  the  name 
of  Aug.  Q.  Rivinus,  a  German  botanist  (1652- 
1723).]  An  American  plant  belonging  to  the 
same  family  as  Phytolacca. 

1819  Pantologia  s.v.,  Three  [species],  .are  cultivated... 
Downy  rivina..  .Smooth  rivina.  ..Climbing  rivina.  1882 
Garden  5  Aug.  112/1  Rivinas.-are  eminently  deserving  of 
more  general  cultivation  than  they  meet  with  at  present. 


RIVULET. 

Hiving  (rai-virj),  vbl.  sbl    [f.   RIVE  ?;.!] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb. ;  rending,  tearing,  etc. 
a  1400-50  Alexander  747*  (Dubl.  MS.),  A  store.. stede 

stalwortly  bondyn  ;..In  rapes  fast  for  ryfyng  of  bernes. 
c  1440  Pallad.  on  Hnsb.  xii.  140  Fro  rutyng  &  ryuing  they 
be  byraft.  c  1450  AV.  Cuthbert  (Surtces)  2368  Cutbbert 
wayued  his  hand  on  bairn,  Fra  ryvyng  of  thak  ^aim  to 
reclaym.  1527  Aces.  Ld.  High  Trt-as.  Scot.  V.  320  To 
underly  the  law  for  the  ryving  of  the  Kingis  lettres. 
1578  Keg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III.  57  Taking  of  the  saidis 
letters  perforce  fra  him  and  ryving  of  thame  all  in  pecis. 
1609  SKENE  Reg.  Maj.  63  The  injurie  done  to  her,., 
and  also  the  ryving  of  her  claiths.  1619-53  in  Heslop 
Nortlmmbtd,  Gloss.  (1894)  580  Edward  Dobson  for  riving 
out  of  twoe  ridges  of  land  letc.].  1816  SCOTT  Antiij.  x.xiv, 
In  the  auld  times  o'  rugging  and  riving  through  the  hail 
country.  1863  GEO.  Ei. IDT  Roinola  v,  Power  was  to  be 
won  by  oilier  means  than  by  rending  and  riving.  1875 
F,  W.  MYERS  Poems  91  Where  wilt  thou  find  a  riving  or 
a  rending  1 

b.  spec.  Splitting  or  cleaving  of  wood. 

1471-2  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  94  Pro  le  ryvyng  et 
sharpyng  M'D  del  stakes.  1543  Fabric  Rolls  York  i  Sur 
tees)  Gloss,  s.v.  A" cvyn,  Ryving  of  fyerwoode  in  Frankelyn 
for  my  lorde.  1576  FLEMING  ranopl.  Epist.  356  Let  us  lake 
the  axe,  the  wedge  and  the  beetle,  and  settle  our  seines  to 
cleaning  and  riueing.  1634  W.  WOOD  New  K>tg.  Pros/>. 
(1865)  19  The  Home-bound  tree,  .requires  so  much  panics 
in  riving  as  is  almost  incredible.  1851 J.  HOLLAXM  Mamtf. 
Metal  1.  331  The  rude  practice  of  riving  was  soon  super 
seded  by  the  more  effective  operation  of  the  saw. 

Comb.  1875  KSIC.HT  Diet.  Mcch.  1950/2  Riving-knife,  a 
tool  used  in  splitting  balks  for  staves,  clapboards,  .shinyks, 
etc.  Ii>id.t  Kivinf •machine ^  a  machine  for  splitting  wood 
in  the  direction  of  the  grain. 

2.  concr.   A  fissure,  cleft,  or  rent.    rare. 

c  1450  METHAM  II  7cs.  (K,  E.  T.  S.)  41  '  Come  to  the  ryuyng 
oft  this  same  walle  '. . .'  The  ryuyng?  '  quoth  he,  'mvere  ys 
thiit?'  1591  PERCIVAL  Sp.  Diet.,  Akertura,  opening,  cleft 
01  ryuing  of  any  thing.  1859  SAI,A  Gas-light  <y  D.  ii.  29  He 
contemplates  the  rents  and  livings,  the  rags  and  tatters. 

t  Bd'Vlllg,  vl>l.  sl>;~  Ofis.  rare.  [f.  RIVK  v  -  + 
-ING  l.J  Arriving ;  landing. 

1338  R.  BRUNNt,  Chron.  (1810)  70  At  his  riuyng  (>e  loml 
non  himforbedde.  c  1440  Prtnup.  Pa>-v.  435/1  Ryvynge  vp 
to  lond,  fro  water,  af>plicaciot  applicatits. 

Ri'ving, ///.  a.  [f.  RIVE  Z/.I  +  -IXG  -.]  Thai 
rives;  rending,  tearing. 

«  1300  Cursor  M.  20976  Paul,  .suffurd. .  Bath  inang  men 
and  riuand  beist.  c  1400  Sc.  Trojan  War  n.  445  [An  eagle] 
Wytht  hys  ryvvand  and  sharpe  tallons..The  forseyde 
bowelles.  .toke.  1642  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  I.  vii.  Wks. 
l,Grosart)i4  Riving  tortures  spight, .,  To  good  the  soul  doth 
nearer  reunite.  1781  COWTEK  Hope  640  Nature  opposes, 
with  her  utmost  force,  This  riving  stroke.  1827  I'K.M.D 
Arminiits  vi,  The  riving  axe  and  burning  brand  Rent 
forests.  1877  BRYANT  Song  Sower  iii,  The  pelting  hail  and 
riving  blast. 

Hivlin,  variant  of  RlVELlNG  1. 

II  Rii'VO.  Obs.  [App.  of  Spanish  origin  ;  perh. 
Sp.  arriba  up,  upwards.]  An  exclamation  used 
at  revels  or  drinking-bouts. 

c  1592  MARLOWE  Jew  of  Malta  iv.  (1633)  H  iv,  Hey,  Kino 
Castilitino,  a  man's  a  man.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  //',  n. 
iv.  124  RivQ)  sayes  the  drunkard.  1600  Look  about  You 
Liv,  And  Ryuo  will  he  cry  and  Castile  too.  1607  MARS  ins 
II' hat  You  ll-'ill  n.  i,  Weele  quaffe  or  any  thing;  Kiuot 
Saint  Marke. 

RivO'Se,  a.  Ent.  [ad.  late  L.  rn-os-us,  f. 
rn'its  stream.]  (See  quot.) 

i8z6  KIRBY  &  SP.  r.ntomol.  xlvi.  IV.  271  Rtvosc,  when 
furrows  do  not  run  in  a  parallel  direction  and  are  rather 
sinuate. 

Ki  votite.  Min.  [f.  the  name  of  Professor 
L.  E.  Kivot  of  Paris.]  'An  amorphous  mineral, 
of  yellowish-green  colour,  containing  antimony, 
copper,  and  carbon  di-oxide'  (Chester). 

1874  Geol.  Mag.  367  Under  the  name  of  Rivotite..a  new 
Spanish  mineral  is  described  by  M.  Ducloux.  It  occurs.,  on 
the  western  slope  of  Sierra  del  Cadi,  in  the  province  of  Lerida. 

1;  Bii'VTile,  v.  Obs—1  [f.  L.  rlvnl-us,  dim. 
of  rlvtts  stream.]  trans.  To  break  up  or  divide 
into  (channels). 

1628  FELTHAM  Resolves  (1677)  it.  Ixxxiv.  340  Rivuled 
into  petty  Issues  running  thick  corruption. 

Rivulet  (ri'vnilet).  Forms  :  a.  6-7  riuelet, 
rivlet,  7  riulet,  riuilet,  rivelet.  £.6-7  riuolet, 
7  rivolet,  reu-,  revolet,  rivalet.  7.  7  riuulet, 
7-  rivulet.  [Perh.  ad.  It.  rivoletto,  dim.  of  rivofo, 
dim.  of  rivo  :— L.  rlvits  stream  :  cf.  prec.  and  -ET.] 

1.   A  small  stream  or  river ;  a  streamlet. 

a.  1587  HARRISON  England  \.  xi.  I.  52  Meeting  with 
sundrie  other  riuelets  by  the  waie.  Ibid.  55  A  pretie  riuelet 
rising  about  Michelneie.  1596  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xn.  Ixxv, 
Of  that  huge  Sea  let's  through  a  Riblet  [1612  Riulet]  waidt. 
1624  CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  iv.  108  Two  new  Forts.. vpon 
a  pleasant  plaine,  and  neare  a  little  Riuilet.  1641  J.  JACKSON 
Trite  Evang.  T.  i.  8  As  natural!  afluxe..as  the  water  in  the 
rivelet  hath  from  the  fount.  1671  New  York  Cat.  Doc.  (1853) 
III.  196  They  past  this  day  several  brave  brookes  and  small 
Rivtlets. 

p.  16x5  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  22  There  being  sundry  riuolets 
that  descend  from  the  mountains.  1660  STANLEY  Hist. 
Philos.  ix.  iv.  ix,  A  tender  Olive  set  In  a  lone  place,  near 
a  smooth  Rivolet.  1700  ASTRY  tr.  Saavcdra-fr'axardo^  I. 
123  The  most  noted  Rivers  take  iheir  rise  and  beginning 
from  the  smallest  Rivolets. 

y.  1615-6  W.  BROWNE  Brit.  Past.  \.  ii,  Triton,  .call'd  the 
neighb'rmg  Nymphs  each  in  her  turne  To  poure  their  pretty 
Rivulets  from  their  Urne.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix,  420  By 
Fountain  or  by  shadie  Rivulet  He  sought  them  both.  1726 
SWIFT  Gulliver  in.  iii, The  Dews  and  Rains.. are  conveyed 
in  small  Rivulets  towards  the  Middle.  1779  FORREST  I'oy. 

91-2 


i 


EIVITLOSE. 

N.  Guinea  320  These  clouds  feed  the  rivulets  which  run 
from  the  hills.  1815  ELPHINSTOSE  Ace.  Caubul(i%$-2\  I.  157 
The  water  of  the  lake  is  salt,  as  is  Lhat  of  some  of  the  rivulets 
which  join  it.  1897  MARY  KINGSLEY  VV*  Africa  364  He 
discovered  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Ogowe  at  a  point  where 
it  formed  a  mere  rivulet  of  water. 


b.  transf. 

a.  1660  WINSTANLEY  Eng.  Worthies  Ep.  Ded.  4  A  Nobler 
confluence  of  so  many  Loyal  Purple  Rivelets  of  Honour. 

ft.  1589  GREENE  Menaplion  Wks.  (Grosart)  VI.  42  The 
woman  ceased  not  from  streaming  foorth  riuolets  of  teares. 
1600  Look  about  You  L,  Looke  how  the  furrowes  of  his 
aged  cheeke  Fild  with  the  reuolets  of  wet  eyde  mone. 
1670  W.  PENN  Truth  Rescued/'-.  Imposture  60  England's 
Fountain  of  lustice  was  clear  and  wholesom,  although 
the  Kivolets  or  lesser  Streams  might  be  troubled. 

y.  1639  LD.  DIGBY  Lett.  cone.  Relig.  (1651)  86  There  can 
not  be  admitted.  .unto  the  avowed  channell  of  the  Church, 
any  corrupt  Rivulet  of  erroneous  Doctrine.  1710  T.  FULLER 
Pharnt.  Extemp.  37  Steel..  causes  the  Blood  to  run.. 
through  all  the  minutest  Canals  and  Rivulets  of  the  Body. 
1758  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  7  f  4  The  rivulets  of  intelligence 
which  are  continually  trickling  among  us.  iSSoSANGSTER 
Hesperus  $\  A  rivulet  of  soug.  .Welled  free  and  sparkling. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb.^  as  rivulet-bed,  -side  ;  also 
in  specific  names,  as  rivulet  carp,  dipper,  salmon 
(see  quots.). 

1744  J.  WILSON  Synop.  Brit.  Plants  10  IJy  the  rivulet 
side.  1804  SHAW  Gen,  ZooL  V,  i.  65  Rivulet  Salmon 
\Salnto  Rivalis\  Ibid.  245  Rivulet  Carp  \Cyprinits  Rh-u- 
laris\  1811  COOKE  Thatnes  I.  i*  b,  From  its  source  it 
flows  on  in  a  rivulet  character,  till  it  reaches  Cricklade. 
1819  TURTON  Conchol.  Diet.  27  Butlajluviatilis.  Rivulet 
Dipper.  1896  Sunday  Mag.  Nov.  621  The  rivulet-bed  in 
which  you  walk  is  dry. 

3.  A  name  of  several  geomctrid  moths   of  the 
genus  Einmelesia. 

*  1832  J.  RENNIE  Conspect.  Butterft.  ff  M.  137  The  Rivulet 
..appears  in  June  on  shrubs.  Il>id.t  The  Small  Rivulet.. 
appears  the  end  of  June.  Ibid.  138  The  Grass  Rivulet. 

Rivulo'se,  a.  Bot.  [f.  L.  rivul-us  +  -OSE.] 
Marked  with  irregular  sinuous  lines  or  stripes. 

1871  COOKK  Handbk,  Fungi  \.  257  Pileus  pulvinate,  silky, 
soft,  then  rivulose.  1887  W.  PHILLIPS  Brit.  Discomyce  tcs  94 
Cup.  .externally  blackish-brown,  rivulose. 

Biwell:  see  REUALL.    Riwle,  obs.  f.  RULE. 

Hix,  dial,  variant  of  risk  RUSH  sb.  (plant). 

t  Kixa-tion.  Obs.  -°  [f.  L.  rixdn  to  quarrel  : 
see  -ATIOX.]  Scolding,  brawling. 

1623  in  COCKERAM.    [Hence  in  later  Diets.] 

Rix-baron.  [ad.  G.  reicksbaronJ]  A  baron 
of  the  German  Empire. 

a  1849  MANGAN  Poems  (1859)  138  Thou  knowest  him  well, 
The  proud  Rix-baron. 

Hix  -do  liar  (rrksd^lsi).  Now  Hist.  Forms: 
a.  6  reekes  (7  reichs)  doller,  7  rexdolar,  dollar, 
dol(l)er.  0.  7  rix(e  dollar,  rixdoller,  rix 
doller,  ricksdoller,  8  rycksdollar,  7-  rix 
dollar,  rix-dollar,  rixdollar.  7.  rich  dollar. 
[ad.  older  Du.  rijcksdahr  (Kilian  ;  mod.Du.  rijks- 
daaldery  Fris.  ryksdaelder})  —  §>\\.  riksdaler.  Da. 
rigsdaler^.reichsthaler\  see  RICHE  and  DOLLAR.] 
A  silver  coin  and  money  of  account,  current  from 
the  latter  part  of  the  i6th  to  the  middle  of  the 
1  9th  century  in  various  European  countries  (as 
Holland,  Germany,  Austria,  Denmark,  Sweden) 
and  in  their  commerce  with  the  East,  etc.  ;  the 
value  varied  from  about  4^.  6</.  to  2s,  $d. 

a.  1598  W.  PniLLiPtr.  Linschoten  i.  vi.  17  Each  pardauwe, 
accounted  as  much  as  a  Reekes  Doller,  Flemish  money. 
[1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  I.  286  The  silver  Doller  of  the  Empire 
(called  Reichs  Doller)  is  of  the  standard  of  ten  ounces  or 
thereabouts.]  1640  Bk.  War  Committee  Covenanters  2  For 
fornishing  thairof,  ordaines  to  be  given  xx  rex  dollares.  1654 
Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  II.  76  The  King..  has  givin 
him  in  landis  to  the  valew  of  100,000  Rex  dolers.  1690 
Burgh  Rec.  Lanark  (1893)  234  Thrie  rex  dollares. 

0.  1622  in  Birch  Crt.  fy  Times  Jas.  /  (1848)  II.  306  He 
cometh  for  his  army  with  great  store  of  rix  dollars.     1658 
Cat.  Domcst.  State  Papers  313  The  Turks  demand  75,000  rix 
dollars  for  the  provisions.     1700  S.  L.  tr.  Fryke's  I'oy.  E. 
Ind.  6  The  Surgeons  28  Gilders,  and  Diet,  and  on  Shoar  3 
Ricksdollers.     1753  HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  I.  vir.  xciv.  434 
The  par  is  reckoned  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  Saxon 
dollars,  for  one  hundred  rix  dollars  current  in  Amsterdam. 
1803  Med.  JrnL  IX.  539  At_  all  other  times    they  would 
receive  the  regular  salary  of  thirty  rix  -dollars  monthly.     1842 
BISCHOFF  Woollen  Manuf.   II.  168  The  price  which  was 
charged  me..  was  about  five  rix  dollars  and  three  quarters. 

•y.  cx64S  HOWELL  Lett.  vi.  i,  So  I  left  my  Lord  at  Gluk- 
stad,..  being  com  hither  to  take  up  8000  rich  Dollars  upon 
Mr.  Burlamachs  Bils. 

t  Rrxle,  v.  Obs.  Forms  :  2  rixlan,  2-3  rix- 
len,  3  (Ortn.)  rix(s)lenn,  rixlien,  rixli,  rixly(e, 
3-5rixle,  5  ryxle.  [f.  OE.  rix-ian  to  rule  +  -LE.j 

1.  intr.  To   reign,    bear    sway  ;    to   rule,  have 
dominion  ;  to  prevail. 

£117$  Lamb.  Horn.  25  From  }?an  helle  ..  us  bure^e  be 
lauerd  be  is..wuniende  and  rixlende  on  worlde  a  buten 
ende.  c  1200  ORMIN  8304  Onn  hiss  fiftende  }er  fra  batt  patt 
he  bigann  to  rixlenn  I  Rome  riche.  a  1225  Leg.  Kath.  226 
He  ane  is  to  herien,  burh  hwam  &  under  hwam  alle  kinges 
rixle<$.  c  1400  Chron.  R.  Glouc.  (Rolls)  App.  H.  207  After 
him  Rixlede  o  king,  Rime  ihote  was.  c  1400  Dcstr.  Troy 
221  Whyle  bou  rixhs  m  this  Reame  no  riot  we  drede. 

fig,  c  1200  ORMIN  4253  purrh  all  b^ut  fele  kinne  gUIt..I 
|?a  limess  rixslebjj.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  82  Eresie,  God  beo 
iSoncked,  ne  rixletS  nout  in  Englelond.  Ibid.  374  pus,  lo  ! 
in  eueriche  stat  rixleS  bitternesse.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  2726 
Envy.  .Kyxles  full  Ryfe  in  her  ranke  hertes. 


724 

2.  To  deal  masterfully  with  (a  person). 

£1400  Destr.  Troy  13891  With  the  remnond  full  rade  he 
rixlit  vnfaire,..Cast  horn  ouer  clanly  at  the  cloise  brigge. 

3.  To  conduce,  lead  to. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  5129  Sely  is  the  kyng,  |>at  kepis  the  for 
counsell  clene  for  hym-seluyn,  ^at  well  con. .rede  hyin  to 
redurs,  }>at  rixles  to  shame. 

Hence  •)•  Ki'xling  vbl.  sb.   Obs. 

c  1x75  Lamb.  Horn,  in  Eliesne  bio  his  rixlunge  ne  fest  ne 
lonsum.  c  1200  Trin.  Hoiti,  27  Aducniat  regnntn  titttm, 
cume  bi  rixlinge.  a  1225  A  tier.  R.  248  Alle  be  holie  halu- 
wen  ouercumen  buruh  bileaue  bes  deofles  rixlunge. 

t  KiixO'SOUS,  a.  Obs.  -"  [ad.  L.  rtxosus.]  '  Full 
of  brabbles  '  (Cockeram,  1623). 

Eiyf,  obs.  f.  RIFE.  Riz,  dial.  f.  RISE  v.  Ei- 
zagon,  var.  of  RISAGON.  Ruse,  obs.  f.  RISE  v. 
Rizom(e,  varr.  of  RISOM. 

Rizzar  (ri'zai),  rf.l  Sc.  Also  7  razour,  rizer, 
8  rizzer,  9  rizzart,  rizar.  [Of  obscure  origin ; 
perh.  f.  rid  RED  a.  on  the  analogy  of  GKOSEK.] 
The  red  currant ;  also  attrib.,  as  rizzar-berry,  -bush. 

1679  CUNNINGHAM  OF  CRAIGENDS  Diary  o,  July  (S.T.S.)  112 
For  razour-berries  in  a  yeard.  1684  J.  EKSKINE  jfrtil.  27 
June  (1893)  67,  I  did  eat  some  straw  and  rizer  berries.  1703 
BRAND  Orkney  80  There  are  also  at  Scalloway  some  Goose 
and  Hizzer-berrie  bushes.  1899  JAS.  COLVILLE  Scot.  Ver 
nacular  12  Round  the  garden  ran  a  high,  flat-topped  wall, 
clad  on  the  sunny  side  with  rizzars. 

H/i'zzar,  sb.l    Sc.     Also  rizar.     [f.  the  vb.] 

1.  '  A  drying  by  means  of  heat,  properly  that  of 
the  sun'  (Jamieson,  1808). 

2.  A  rizzared  haddock. 

1834  J.  WILSON  Noct.  Ainbr.  xxxiv,  Loaves  and  fishes! 
|    Rix/ars  !  Finnans  !  Kipper  ! 

Ri'zzar,  v.  St.  Also  9  rizar,  rizzer,  -or. 
[See  next.]  trans.  To  dry  or  parch  (esp.  had 
docks)  in  the  sun. 

a  1818  MACNEILL  Poems  (1844)  88  Haddies  caller  at  last 
:    carting,  Or  rizxered  sweet.    1893  STEVENSON  Catriana  xii, 
j    He  engaged  the  goodwife . .  with  some  compliments  upon 
the  rizzormg  of  our  haddocks. 

Rizzared  (ri-zajd),  ///.  a.  Sc.  Also  8  riz- 
erd,  9  riz(z)ard,  -art,  rizzered.  [ad.  obs.  F. 
ressort '  parched,  scorched,  dryed,  or  burnt  vp,  by 
the  sunne '  (Cotgr.),  f.  re-  RE-  +  sorer '  to  reeke;  to 
drie,  or  make  red ' :  see  SOUE  a.]  Dried  up  by 
exposure  to  the  sun :  a.  Of  haddocks. 

1798  Monthly  Mag.  VI.  436/1  Rizerd  haddocks,  dried 
haddocks.  1819  SCOTT  Leg.  Montrose  xiii,  Strung  up  by 
the  head  like  rizzered  haddocks.  1854  Plumie  Millar  II. 
107  Mr.  Millar. .discussed  his  newspapers  silently  along 
with  tea  and  rizzered  haddie.  1880  Klackiv.  Mag.  Mar.  360 
Anything  from  Scotch  collops  to  rizzard  haddocks. 
b.  Of  soil. 

1844  H.  STEPHENS i'£.  Farm  III.  744  After  the  soil  on  the 
top  of  the  drills  has  become  a  little  browned  with  the  sun, 
or  rizzared  as  it  is  technically  phrased. 

Bizzim,  -om,  -urn,  variants  of  RISOM. 

t  B.O,  sb.  Obs.  Forms :  a.  3-5  ro,  4-5  roo, 
4  rou,  5  rowe.  0.  Sc.  5  ruf,  ruff,  6  rufe,  ruve, 
rove,  roif.  [a.  ON.  and  Icel.  n)(Norw.,  Sw.,  and 
IJa.  ro,  Focr.  r<>gv),  =  OE.  row  (once),  Fris.  rouive, 
MDu.  rouive,  n>e,  (M)LG.  rouwe,  rdwe,  roti(e, 
rd(e,  OHG.  nunua  (MHG.  ruow(c,  later  ruw} 
and  roa  (MUG.  ruo,  rue,  G.  ruhe,  ruK),  regarded 
as  cognate  with  Gr.  cpanj  cessation,  rest.  With 
the  Sc.  forms  rufe,  ruve,  etc.  (  =  rov),  compare 
ROOVE  rivet-burr  :— ON.  ro,  CRUIVE  var.  of  CHOO, 
and  the  northern  grofe,  grove  (:—ON.grda),  obs. 
variants  of  GROW  v.]  Rest,  repose,  peace. 

a.  (I2oo  ORMIN  7042  Cristess  resste  &  Cristess  ro  & 
'  Cristess  swete  sla;pess.  a  1225  Juliana  77  Ich  aseoue  be 
1  mi  gast,..&  do  hit,  blisfule  godd, ..to  ro  &  to  reste.  (11300 
Cursor  M.  1007  Paradis  is  a.  .land  o  Hue,  o  ro,  and  rest. 
13..  Coer  tie  L.  7135  God  geve  us  alle  good  endyng,  And 
hys  soule  reste  and  roo  !  c  1375  XI  Pains  of  Hell  299  in 
O.  E.  Misc.  220  Al  be  fest  of  pe  sununday . .  pai  schal  baue 
rou  and  rest  perpetualy.  c  1440  J  'ork  Myst.  iv.  38  Nowe 
ar  we  brought  Bothe  vnto  rest  and  rowe  {rimes  to,  doo]. 
c  1450  St.  Cnlhtert  (Surtees)  4880  par  durst  na  paynym 
eftirward  Assayle, . .  Bot  lete  bairn  rest  in  ro. 

ft.  c  1450  HOLLAND  Hcnvlat  14  This  riche  Revir  dovn 
ran,  but  resting  or  ruf,  Throwe  ane  forest.  ('1470  HENRY 
Wallace  vi.  60  Now  at  vnes,  now  in  to  rest  and  ruff,  c  1560 
A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  xxxi.  5  His  mynd  sail  moif,  But 
rest  or  ruve.  Ibid,  xxxvi.  85  As  wes,  is,  salbe  ay,  but  roif. 
c  1570  MONTGOMERIE  Misc.  Poems  vi.  2o  To  run  that  race 
but  ather  rest  or  rove. 

b.  In  asseverative  phrases,  as  so  have  I  ro  ! 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xlii.  (Agatha)  134  pat  I  for-think, 
sa  haf  I  ro.  c  1400  Land  Troy  Bk.  17568  Sithen  je  it  say 
I  wol  also  A}eyn  rny  wille — so  haue  I  ro  !  c  1460  Towneley 
Myst.  iii.  237  Full  well  may  we  mys  the,  as  euer  haue  I  ro. 
?  a  1300  Cluster  PI.  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  vii.  401  As  ever  haue  I  rest 
or  rowe,  much  he  spake  of  glasse. 

t  Ro,  v.  Olis.  rare.  Also  4  rone,  6  Sc.  rufe, 
ruve.  [f.  Ro  sb.  With  sense  I  cf.  MSw.  roas 
to  rest  oneself,  Sw.  roa  to  amuse,  Norw.  roa  to 
bring  to  rest ;  and  with  sense  2,  MSw.  roa,  MDu. 
r(o}uwen,  MLG.  r(oii)wen,  OHG.  ruowon  (MUG. 
ruowen,  G.  ruheti),  to  rest.] 

1.  refl.  To  recreate  (oneself).    rare~l. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  3351  Vsaac  him  yode  to  rone  [Go'tt.  went 
him  forto  ro],  Thoght  on  thing  he  had  to  done  [Gd'tt.  to  do]. 

2.  inlr.  Sc.  To  have  or  take  repose. 

c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  xxx.  19  That  thay  ma 
j    nowpir  rest  nor  rufe,  Till  thay  mischeif  bair  sellis.    a  1568 


EOACH. 

MONTGOMERIE  Misc.  Poems  Iii.  14  My  mad  misfortoun  dois 
me  so  commuve,  That  I  may  nowthir  rest  nor  ruve. 

R.O,  obs.  f.  ROE.    Roab(e,  obs.  ff.  ROBE. 

Roach  (ro»tj),  sb.l  Also  4-7  roche,  6-8  roch. 
[a.  OF.  roche  (13th  c.  in  Godef.},  race,  also  roque, 
rocque,  of  uncertain  origin.] 

1.  A  small  freshwater  fish  (Leuciscus  nitilus)  of 
the  Carp  family,  common  in  the  rivers  of  northern 
Europe.  Blue  roach  =  AZURINE.  In  U.S.  also 
applied  to  various  small  fishes  resembling,  or 
mistaken  for  the  roach. 

1314  in  Wardrobe  Ace.  8  Edw.  II,  21  Dars,  roches,  et 
pik,  2S.  Bd.  1390  Earl  Derby's  E^xp.  (Camden)  53  Cuidam 
homini  de  Lettowe  pro  roches  ab  ipso  emptis  apud  le  Haff, 
v  s.  iiij  d.  1391  Ibid.  73  Pro  tenches  et  roches.  c  1400  in 
N.  ff  Q.  3rd  Ser.  VI.  4/1  Y°  gutts  of  a  roche  is  good  for  a 
roch,-,  and  so  furth  of  all  other  fysshys.  c  1430  Two 
Cookery-Iks.  21  Take  Trowtys,  Rochys,..an  make  hem 
clene.  £1500  For  to  serve  a  Lord  in  Babea  Bk.  (1868) 
372  Roches  in  sotelte,  Flayce  in  sotelte.  1577  B.  GopGE 
Heresbach's  Hnsb.  iv.  (1586)  I73b,  Some  againe  delight 
in  both,  as  the  Pike.. and  the  Roach.  1612  PEACHAM 
Gentl.  Excrc.  III.  i.  (1634)  153  Of  fishes  you  shall  finde  in 
Armes.  .the  Trout,  Barbel,  Turbot,  Herring,  Roach.  1653 
WALTON  Angler  206,  I  might  now  tell  you  how  to  catch 
Roch  and  Dace.  1738  SWIFT  Printer  sent  to  Neivgatc,  If  a 
Gudgeon  meet  a  Roach,  He  dare  not  venture  to  approach. 


1787  BEST  Angling  (ed.  2)  56  The  Roach  is  as  foolish 
as  the  carp  is  crafty.  1803  BINGLEY  Anim.  Bifg.  (1813) 
III.  84  The  Roach.. is  found  chiefly  in  deep  still  rivers, 


where  it  is  often  seen  in  large  shoals.  1868  PEARD 
Water-farm,  xvi.  170  No  fish  thrives  better  in  confinement, 
or  breeds  more  rapidly  than  the  roach.  1883  Fish.  Exhib. 
Catal.  (ed.  4)  107  Collection  of  Stuffed.  .Azurine  or  Blue 
Roach.  1888  Gooi>KA»ter.  Fishes  129  The  Spot,  .is  known 

I     .  .in  the  Chesapeake  region  also  as  the. .'  Roach  '. 

b.  In  phrase  as  sound  as  a  roach,  =  F.  sain 

j   comme  un  garden  (cf.  plus  sain  yu'  tin  gardon  in 
Cotgrave). 

1655  MOUFET  &  BENNET  Healths  Improv.  (1746)  280 
Roclies-.are  esteemed,  .uncapable  of  any  Disease,  accord- 

,  ing  to  the  old  Proverb,  As  sound  as  a  Roch.  1667  DENHAM 
Direct.  Paint.  I.  32  Till  some  judicious  Dolphin  might 
approach,  And  land  him  safe  and  sound  as  any  Roach. 
1700  T.  BROWN  tr.  Fresny's  Amitsem.  135  My  Father., 
turn'd  of  Seventy,  and  as  yet  he's  as  sound  as  a  Roach 
still,  a  1732  GAY  New  Song  on  New  Similics  viii.  Hearts, 
sound  as  any  bell  or  roach.  1825  J.  NEAL  Bra.  Jonathan 
III.  297  My  health  is  capital— constitution  ditto— sound  as 
a  roach.  1895  '  F.  ANSTEY  '  Lyre  <$-  Lancet  ix.  92  Sickly. .  ? 
Not  a  bit  of  it — sound  as  a  roach  ! 
2.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  In  similative  combs.,  as 
roach-back,  -backed,  -bellied,  -bent. 

1575  TURBERV.  Venerie  15  The  ridge  or  chine  of  the  backe 
rochbent,  and  the  hamme  streight,  betoken  swiftnesse.  1668 
Loud.  Gaz.  No.  272/4  A  Baye  Mare, ..flat  ribb'd,  Roach 
back'd.  1833  LOUDON  Encycl.  Archit.  §  1277  Laths. .of 
cast  iron, ..four  feet  long,  roach-bellied,  that  is,  forming  the 
segment  of  a  circle  on  the  under  side.  1847  YOUATT  Pig 
vi.  74  The  real  Irish  pig  was  a  huge,,  .roach-backed, coarse- 
boned,  grisly  brute.  1881  GRANT  Bush  Li/e  Queensland 
1.  vii.  88  The  flocks  of  sheep.. return  bare,  leggy,  roach- 
backed-looking  objects,  a  1884  JARVIS  in  Allen  New  Amir. 
Farm  Bk.  410  The  Nigretti  flock.. were  not  handsomely 
formed,  being  rather  flat-sided,  roach-back  [etc.]. 

b.  Attrib.,  etc.,  as  roach-angler,  -fisher,  -fishing, 
-hook,  -net,  -pie,  -tackle,  -weel. 
1661  WALTON   Angler  (ed.  3)  xvii.  218  About  London, 


hi   (iJutJ),  sb.-    Also   8   roch.     [var.  of 
o.1,  as  the  usual  or  only  spelling  in  certain 


Roach-Pie  may  be  made,  as  that  of  Tunny-Pie.  1823  in 
Hofland  Brit.  Angler's  Man.  (1841)  247  A  barbel,  caught 
with  roach-tackle.  1867  FRANCIS  Bk.  Angling  18  The 
Thames,  Lea,  and  Colne  are  eagerly  sought  by  shoals 
of  roach-fishers.  Ibid.  19  Roach-fishing  is  very  pretty 
sport.  1877  —  Angling  27  One  of  the  finest  roach  rivers 
within  fifty  miles  of  London.  1883  Fish.  Exhib.  Catal.  366 
Roach  Wcel,  from  the  Province  of  Bleking.  Ibid.  376 
Roach  Net. 

Roach 

ROCHE 
special  senses.] 

1.  Mining.  (See  quot.  1836.)    ?  Obs. 

1653  MANLOVE  Lead  Mines  258  Soletrees,  Roach,  and 
Ryder.  1747  HOOSON  Miner's  Diet.  Q  ij  b,  I  have  likewise 
heard  of  other  Veins  discovered  after  the  same  manner ;  as 
also  in  Fields  of  Grass  lying  near  the  Roch.  1836  FUKNESS 
Astrologer  n,  Roach,  Rag-pump,  Rider.  Ibid.  Gloss., 
Roach,  ore  found  on  the  side  of  the  main  vein  and  divided 
from  it  by  rock  or  rither. 

f  2.  A  seam  or  bed  of  coal.   Obs. 

1677  Phil.  Trans.  XII.  896  It  was  found  upon  the  rising 
grounds  (where  the  signs  of  the  Cole,  and  the  Cole  it  self 
came  near  the  day)  that  there  lay  another  Roach  of  Cole  at 
a  certain  depth  under  it.  1686  PLOT  Stuffordsk.  137  In 


working  the  roach  of  coal  5  yards  thick.  Ibid.  147  He 
shewed  me  a  level  of  35  yards  of  roach.  1704  Land.  Gal. 
No.  4008/4,  220  Acres,  in  which  are  great  Quantities  of 


Roch  of  Coal,  now  open. 
t3.  Peter  in  ra7c/i,  =  RocHE-rETRE.  Obs. 

1692  Capt.  Smith's  Seaman's  Gram.  II.  xxxi.  150  Take  of 
. .  Peter  in  Roach  one  pound  ;  Peter  in  Meal  one  pound. 

4.  a.  (See  quots.  and  cf.  ROCHE  s6.) 

1831  J.  HODGSON  in  Raine  Mem.  (1858)  II.  213  The  same 
sort  of  conglomerate  rock  as  that  at  the  foot  of  Ulswater, 
and  which  the  country  people  there  [in  1799]  called  roach. 
Ibid.  215  The  old  red  sandstone  of  the  Mellfell  district  is 
through  all  that  country  called  roach  or  roche. 

b.  A  variety  of  Portland  stone  (see  quots.). 

1829  WEBSTER  in  Geol.  Trans,  znd  Ser.  II.  42  The  bed 
below  this  [  =  School  Cap]  is  the  first  which  is  worked  for 
freestone,  and  is  called  Roach...  It  is  entirely  oolitic,  .and 
contains  marine  shells.  1839  Civil  E«f.  q  Arch.  Jml.  II. 


ROACH. 

332/2  The  new  Church  in  the  island,  built,  .of  a  variety  of 
the  Portland  stone  termed  roach.  Ibid.  376/1  The  roach  is 
throughout  the  island  oolitic.  iSR1]  Sped/.  T.  Monk's  Patent 
No.  1264.  i  The  roach  or  rag  of  Portland  stone,  at  present  a 
wasted  natural  product. 

attrib.  1839  Civil Eiig.  ff  Arch.  Jrnl.  11.375/2  The  roach 
beds  are  always  incorporated  with  the  freestone  beds  that 
invariably  lie  below  them.  1862  RAMSAY  Rock  Spec.  139 
The  Roach-bed  is  very  hard,  and  is  used  for  foundations  of 
breakwaters,,  .but  it  will  not  bear  a  close  even  face. 

Roach  (r«»tj),  sb^  Naut.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
'An  upward  curve  in  the  foot  of  a  square  sail '. 

1794  Rigging  ff  Seamanship  116  The  stay  is  cut  with  a 
curve  or  roach.  1851  KIPPING  Sailm.  (ed.  2)  45  The  breadth 
of  the  seams  on  the  foot  of  a  jib  or  driver  ought  to  be  made 
according  to  the  roach  with  which  the  sail  is  cut.  1900 
F.  T.  BULLEN  Idylls  of  Sea  34  Their  seams,  leaches,  and 
roaches  fortified  by  all  the  devices  known  to  the  sailmaker. 

attrib.  1794  Rigging  <y  Seamanship  91  Flying  jibs  are 
cut  with  a  roach-curve  on  the  stay.  Ibid.  88  Roach-leech,  a 
term  signifying  the  curve  on  the  mast-leech  of  some  fore  and 
aft  sails,  &c. 

trails/.  1889  Cent.  Maf.  Jan.  335/1  [The  Texas  pony]  has 
.  .a  very  long  body,  with  a  pronounced  roach  just  forward 
of  tiie  coupling. 

Roach,  sd.*,  abbrev.  form  of  COCKROACH. 

1836-48  13.  D.  WALSH  Aristopli.  89  note,  'Cock-roaches' 
in  the  United  States.. are  always  called  'roaches'  by  the 
fair  sex,  for  the  sake  of  euphony.  1898  A.  BAI.FOUK  Stroke 
o/Svtord  xxiv,  Overcome  by  my  terror  of  these  roaches,  I 
rushed  on  deck. 

Roach,  variant  of  ROCHE,  ROTCHE. 
Roach  (rtfutj),  v.     [f.  ROACH  sb.'t] 

1.  trans.  To  cut  (a  sail)  with  a  roach. 

1851  KIPPING  Sailm.  (ed.  2)  117  On  Reaching  the  Sails. 
Ibid.  118  The  royals  are  also  reached  as  much  as  i  foot 
6  inches. 

2.  U.S.  To  clip  or  trim  (a  horse's  mane)  so  that 
the  hair  stands  on  end. 

1848  Blackw.  Mag.  LXIH.  731  Her  neck  was  thick,  and 
rendered  more  so  in  appearance  by  reason  of  her  mane  not 
being  reached  (or  in  English  hogged).  1889  Cent.  Mag. 
Jan.  335/2,  I  reached  his  mane  and  docked  his  tail. 

Roach  alum,  variant  of  ROCHE  ALUM. 

Roached  (r<7«tjt),  a.  U.S.  [f.  ROACH  s6.3  ore;.] 
Having  an  upward  curve. 

a  1890  Dogs  Gt.  Brit,  tf  Amer.  100  (Cent.),  An  arched  loin 
is  desirable,  but  not  to  the  extent  of  being  reached  or 
'  wheel-backed  ',  a  defect  which  generally  tends  to  slow  up- 
and-down  gallop. 

Reaching  (rJ'-tJirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  ROACH  rf.l] 
Fishing  for  roach. 

1887  Sporting  Life  22  June  2/6  Roaching  and  Poaching, 
and  other  matters.  1896  Daily  News  zo  Oct.  o/r  The  river, 
as  regards  colour,  was  all  that  could  be  desired  for  reaching. 

Road  (r<?«dl,  sb.  Forms :  I  r&d,  3-5  rade  ; 
4-7  rode  (6-7  rhode) ;  5  rood,  5-7  roode  ;  6-; 
roade  (6  rhoade),  6-  road.  See  also  RAID  sb. 
[OK.  rdd  fern.  (f.  pret.  stem  of  ritian  to  RIDE), 
in  sense  I  =  Fris.  reed,  MDu.  rede  (Flem.  dial. 
rede,  ree),  MLG.  rit,  rid-,  ON.  and  Icel.  reiS 
(MSw.  reedji,  MDa.  reed,  red).  In  sense  3  the 
continental  forms  are  MDu.  rede,  reede  (Da.  reede, 
ree),  MLG.  rede,  reide  (hence  G.  reede,  rhede.  Da. 
red,  rhed,  Sw.  redd) :  the  view  that  these  are  con 
nected  with  Du.  reeden,  LG.  reiden  to  fit  out,  is 
old  but  is  inconsistent  with  the  history  of  the  Eng. 
form.  On  senses  2  and  4  see  notes  below.] 

I.  f  1.  The  act  of  riding  on  horseback  ;  also, 
a  spell  of  riding ;  a  journey  on  horseback.  Obs. 

c888  K.  ALFRED  Baelh.  xxxiv.  §  7  [He]  rit  for  Sy  be  he 
mid  osere  rade  earna5  suine  earnunga.  a  900  tr.  Kaeda's 
Hist.  iv.  iii,  |>aet  he  baet  weorc  bses  hal^an  godspelles 
ma  burh  his  fota  gange  fremede,  bonne  on  his  horsa  rade. 
c  1000  Sax.  Leechd.  I.  76  £if  mon  on  mycelre  rade  o&5e  on 
miclum  gangum  weorSe  seteorad.  a  1225  Juliana.  76  Sone 
berefter  com  a  seli  wummon.  .bi  nicomedes  burh  o  rade  to 
ward  rome.  1x1300  Cursor  M.  11427  pir  kinges  rides  forth 
bair  rade  [v.r.  rode],  t)e  stern  alwais  bam  forwit  glade.  1390 
GOWER  Con/.  I.  loo  This  knyht  on  daies  brode  In  clos  him 
hleld,  and  schop  his  rode  On  nyhtes  time.  1463  Paston  Lett. 
II.  143, 1  sent  your  grey  hors.  .to  the ferror,  and  he  scythe  he 
shull  never  be  nowght  to  rood  nowthyr  ryght  good  toplowe 
nor  to  carte,  a  1470  TIPTOFT  TulU  on  Friemish.  (Caxton, 
1481)  Ciij,  As  we  are  not  wonte  rather  to  chese  coltes  than 
horses  of  7  yere  for  pur  rode.  1605-6  A  ct/ar  Paving  Drttry 
Lane,  The  Lane,  .is  of  late  yeeres  by  occasion  of  the  con- 
tinuall  Rode  there,  and  often  Cariages,  become  deepe,  foule, 
and  dangerous.  1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  fill,  iv.  ii.  17  At  last, 
with  easie  Rodes,  he  came  to  Leicester. 

t  b.  The  act  of  riding  on  the  waves.   Obs.~l 
The  use  of  OE.  rdd  in  Cynewulf  s  Elcne  981  may  belong 
here,  or  to  sense  3. 

c  nooDestr.  Troy  1045  Pelleus.  .puruiaunce  hade  made 
Of  twenty  shippes  full  shene,  shot  on  be  depe,  All  redy  to 
the  Roode  of  be  roghe  ythes. 

t  O.  A  set  or  company  of  riders.     Obs.  rare. 

i3..Coer  de  L.  5257  These  are  chosyn  in  fyrst  rod..  : 
bere  Calabre  hovyd  stylle,  To  see  who  wolde  ryde  hym 
tylle.  1530  PALSOR.  263/2  Rode,  a  company  of  horsmen, 
chevaiichee. 

1 2.  spec.  The  act  of  riding  with  hostile  intent 
against  a  person  or  district;  a  hostile  incursion 
by  mounted  men  ;  a  foray,  raid.  Obs. 

Very  common  c  1500-1650  :  cf.  also  INROAD.  In  mod.  use 
revived  in  the  Sc.  form  RAID. 

c  900  O.  E.  Cliron.  (Parker  MS.)  an.  871,  Cyninges  hennas 

«  rade  onridon  be  mon  na  ne  rimde.    925-35  Sec.  Laws  of 

Athelstan  20  (Liebermann),  Donne  ridon  ba  yldestan  men 
to.  and  nimon  call  da:l  he  a^e,  and  fo  se  cyngtohealfum.to 
uealfum  aa  men  Oe  on  bzre  rade  beon.  1390  GOWER  Carl/, 


725 

II.  56  Be  londe  and  ek  be  Schiep  He  mot  travaile. .  And 
make  manye  hastyf  rodes.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  1180  Mony 
slithe  man.  .on  stedis  enarmyt,  All  redy  for  be  rode  Arayet 
for  the  werre.  1481  Coventry  Leet  Bk.  (E.E.T.S.)  475 
Aftur  a  Rode.,  made  vppon  the  Scottes  at  thende  of  this  last 
somer.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  xviii.  24  Borderers, 
whan  they  make  rodes  into  Scotlande.  Ibid.  xliv.  60  Than 
the  kyng  gaue  lycence  to  the  soudiers.  .to  make  a  rode  into 
Heynalt.  1575  CHURCHYARD  Chippes  (1817)  77  His  moste 
panics  hath  been  taken  aboute  the  warres  of  Scotlande,  and 
roades  made  into  that  countrey.  1617  MORVSON  Itin.  in. 
51  Northumberland  men  (exercised  in  roades  upon  the 


some  lye  at  roade.  1597  Br.  HALL  Sat.  in.  vi.  17  Yet  stand 
they  still,  as  tho  they  lay  at  rode.  1641  HINDE  J.  Brncn 
xlii.  131  Such  vessels  as  have  laine  for  a  while  at  quiet  rode 
in  the  harbor. 

fig-  '59*  SOUTHWELL  Triumphs  over  Death  18  God.. 
casteth  your  anchours  where  your  thoghtsshould  lie  at  rhodc. 

4.  An  ordinary  line  of  communication  used  by 
persons  passing  between  different  places,  usually 
one  wide  enough  to  admit  of  the  passage  of 
vehicles  as  well  as  of  horses  or  travellers  on  foot. 

The  late  appearance  of  this  sense  makes  its  development 
from  sense  i  somewhat  obscure,  but  Fris.  reed  and  Flem. 
rec  have  acquired  similar  meanings.  Cf.  also  OE.  strfam- 
rdd  the  course  of  a  stream,  hiue'olrtid  wheel-track,  and  the 
poetic  words  for  '  sea  ',  Irim-,  stream-,  hron.,  scgl-,  swan- 
rdd.  The  earlier  Sc.  ROD  sl>.~,  path,  is  unconnected,  and 
there  is  no  evidence  that  it  had  any  influence  upon  the 
history  of  the  English  word. 

It  is  not  quite  clear  whether  COCK-ROAD,  which  appears 
about  1600  and  is  implied  in  the  earlier  road-net  (see  12), 
belongs  to  this  sense.  Cf.  RODE  v.\ 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  n.  i.  16  The  most  villanous  house 
in  al  London  rode.  1597  —  2  Hen.  II',  n.  ii.  183  This  Doll 
Teare-sheet  should  be  some  Rode,  a  1625  FLETCHER  Lm'c's 
Pilgrimage  n.  iii,  "Tis  a  toyle  Sir  ;  Like  riding  in  one  rode 
perpetually,  It  oflers  no  variety.  1636  S\NDERSON  Serin. 
II.  51  A  traveller  in  a  deep  rode  will  be  choice  of  his  way 
throughout.  1673  RAY  Journ.  Low  C.  431  We  diverted 
out  of  the  common  rode  to  Geneva.  1738  GRAY  Tasso 
37  The  downward  road  That  to  the  grotto  leads.  1791 
MRS.  RADCLIKKE  Rom.  Forest  i,  He  inquired  for  a  road 
among  the  hills,  but  heard  of  none.  1839  THiRLWALL6>«M 
VI.  245  To  follow  the  easier  and  more  circuitous  road  which 
led  northward  to  Zadracarta.  1859  JEPHSON  Brittanyv\.6& 
After  this  the  road  became  very  intricate,  and  I  was  fain  to 
hire  a  little  boy  to  guide  me.  1881  BLACKMORE  Christowell 
xxvi,  In  a  place  where  the  street  narrowed  into  a  road. 

b.  Mining.  '  Any  underground  passage,  way,  or 
gallery'  (Gresley). 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  975  The  roads  will  be  shut  up,  the 
air-courses  destroyed,  and  the  whole  economy  of  the  mining 
operations  deranged. 

c.  U.S.  A  railroad  or  railway. 

'837  Civil  Eng.%  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  56  American  Railroads... 
Many  circumstances  conspire  to  assist,  .in  the  construction 
of  these  roads.  1856  OLMSTED  Slave  States  546  There  are 
now  very  nearly..  one  thousand  miles  of  rail-road  in  the 
State..;  the  roads  were  injudiciously  laid  out,  and  have  been 
badly  managed.  1872  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  ff  Mining 
115  A  prominent  station  on  the  Central  Pacific  road. 

d.  Post  Office.  (See  quots.) 

1859  A.  ANDREWS  Hist.  Jrnlism.  II.  147  The  monopoly 
of  circulating  newspapers  by  the  post  had  been  held  fast  by 
the  clerks  of  the  road,  employed  by  the  Post-office.  Ibid. 
199  The  abominable  monopoly  of  the  clerks  of  the  roads  was 


places. 

3.  A  sheltered  piece  of  water  near  the  shore  where 
vessels  may  lie  at  anchor  in  safety  ;  a  roadstead. 

Cf.  i  b  and  the  note  there.  For  Scottish  examples  see 
RAID  sb.  4  (and  REID'). 

c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  801  To  his  castel  ful  ri;t  He  sailed  (>e 
seuenday  On  rade.  Ibid.  955  Tristrem  gan  stoutely  go  To 
lond  bat  ich  ni?t  Of  rade.  [1372-3  in  Swinden  Gt.  1  'armouth 
(1772)  375  Quendam  locum  in  man .  .vocatum  Kirkelee  Rode.] 
1400  Destr.  Troy  5586  But  the  freikes  were  ferd . .  For . .  to 
remeve  fro  rode  for  rokkes  in  be  se.  ^1440  I'roinp.  Pan'. 
435/2  Roode,  of  shyppys  stondyng,  Intalassum.  1495  Naval 
Ace.  Hen.  I'll  (1896)  187  The  seyd  Ship  lying  in  the  Rode 
at  Eiyth  in  Thamys.  1514  BARCLAY  Cytezcn  ff  U/>lond- 
yshin.  (Percy  Soc.)  29  Lyke  wyse  as  shyppes  be  docked 
in  a  rode.  1594  NASHE  &  MARLOWE  Dido  1500  Why  are  thy 
ships  new  rigd?  or  to  what  cud,  Launcht  from  the  hauen, 
lye  they  in  the  Rhode?  1617  MOKYSON  Itin.  ill.  138  The 
Towne  Gravesend  is  a  knowne  Roade.  1652  NEEDHAM  tr. 
Seldeti's  Mare  C  I.  in  Princes.,  impose  Custom  upon  Ships, 
as  for  the  use  of  the  Road  upon  their  Coasts.  1720  I)E  FOE 
Capt.  Singleton  i,  The  pilot. .brought  the  ship  into  a  very 
good  road,  where  we  rid  in  twenty-six  fathoms  water.  1775 
ROMANS  Florida.  App.  74  The  depth  of  water  in  both  these 
roads  is  from  20  to  24  feet.  1824  IRVING  T.  Trav.  I.  34  The 
tide  contrary,  the  vessell  anchored  far  off  in  the  road.  1850 
B.  TAYLOR  Eldorado  iv.  26  Those  [vessels]  which  are  obliged 
to  lie  in  the  open  road  are  exposed  to  considerable  danger. 

attrib.  £1550  LELAND  Collect.  III.  94  At  the  rode  mouth 
of  Tawe  was  a  castell  cawllid.  .Ostermuth. 

fig-  '509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Folys  (1570)  248  No  special! 
place  will  I  chose  for  our  rode  But  at  auenture  where  the 
winde  shall  us  driue.  1590  SPENSER  F.Q.  i.  xii.  42  Now, 
strike  your  sailes,..For  we  be  come  vnto  a  quiet  rode. 
1629  H.  BURTON  Truth's  Triumph  75  A  secure  roade  and 
safe  harbour  for  all  heauenly  merchants  to  anchor  in. 
f  b.  At  road,  riding  at  anchor.  Obs. 

'439  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  29/2  Yn  defaute  of  Cables  and 


e  principal  lnes  of  railway 

over  the  country  ;  the  term  being  a  survival  of  the  nomen 
clature  of  the  old  coaching  days. 


ROAD. 

5.  In   pregnant  uses:    a.    On,  upon,  the  road, 
travelling,  journeying,  upon  or  during  a  journey, 
etc.;  on  tour.     To  take  the  road,  to  set  out. 

1642  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  \\.  xxxv.  Wks.  (Grosart)  22 
In  this  same  Land  as  I  was  on  the  rode,  A  nimble  traveller 
me  overtook.  1657  HEYLIN  Ecclesia  I'ind.  115  We  finde 
Israel  offering  sacrifices  at  Beersheba  (being  in  his  way 
upon  the  rode).  1759  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  80  p  6  Her  aunt 
and  her  mother  amuse  themselves  on  the  road,  with  telling 
her  of  dangers  to  be  dreaded.  1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia 
v.  ix,  They  slept  one  night  upon  the  road,  and  arrived  the 
next  day  at  Delvile  Castle.  1833  I.  S.  SANDS  Poems  71 
James  his  duds  Reekt  out.. To  take  the  road  amang  the 
rest.  1884  G.  MOORE  Mummer's  Wife  (1887)  230  The  other 
two  operas,  having  been  on  the  road  for  the  last  three  years. 
1897  Daily  A'ctvs  6  Sept.  8/2  Many  of  the  companies  'on 
the  road  ' . .  belong  to  I  he  class  that  have  been  organised  for 
the  performance  of  some  particular  piece. 

b.  The  road,  the  highway.  In  phrases,  to  go 
upon,  or  take  to,  the  road,  to  become  a  highway 
man  ;  gentleman,  or  knight,  of  the  road,  a  high 
wayman.  Now  arch. 

1665  [see  KNIGHT  sb.  12  c].  a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew 
Knight  of  the  Road,  the  chief  Highwayman  best  Mounted 
and  Armed.  1729  SWIM-  Grand  Question,  So,  I  took  to 
the  Road,  and..  The  first  Man  I  robb'd  was  a  Parson. 
1729  —  Direct.  Servants  iii,  I  directly  advise  you,  to 
go  upon  the  Road;. .the  only  Post  of  Honour  left  you. 
i77iSMOl.LETT//«/«//;.(.y.ii  June  §  10  Martin.,  could  not 
supply  his  occasions  any  other  way  than  by  taking  to  the 
road.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  i.  v,  Consorting  with  gentle 
men  of  the  road.  1840  THACKERAY  Catherine  v,  [We] 
found  ourselves  regular  knights  of  the  road,  before  we  knew 
where  we  were  almost.  1898  BESANT  Orange  Girl  Prol., 
You  might  go  abroad;.. anything  is  better  than  the  Road 
and  the  certain  end. 

C.  To  give  (one)  the  road,  to  allow  one  to  pass. 
To  take  the  road  of,  to  take  precedence  of. 

1670  EACHARD  Coal.  Clergy  09  Most  certainly,  without 
quarrelling,  he  takes  the  road  of  all  mankind.  1724  1  )i:  FOE 
Mem.  Cuvalier  250, 1  gave  them  the  road.  1897  Daily  Xeivs 
21  Oct.  5/4  When  riding  a  bicycle  he  met  the  defendant 
driving  a  carrier's  van,  and  the  latter  gave  him  no  road 
whatever. 

d.  Permission  to  set  out  or  depart. 

1863  Sl'EKE  Discov.  Source  Nile  xiv.  441,  I  primed  him 
well  to  plead  for  the  road.  Ibid.  4-15  The  moment  of  triumph 
had  come  at  last,  and  suddenly  the  road  was  granted. 

e.  The  rule  of  the  road,  the  fixed  custom  which 
regulates  the  side  to  be  taken    by  vehicles,  etc. 
(or  transf.  by  vessels)  in   progressing  or  passing 
each  other. 

1871  Chamli.  Jrnl.  26  Aug.  529  They  do  not  observe  '  the 
rule  of  the  road '..;  they  have  a  tendency  to  kt.-ep  on  the 
inner  side.  1873  Punch  Apr.  i39/r  A  variety  of  useless 
discussions — ..one  on  the  rule  of  the  road  at  sea.  1890 
Spectator  Sept.  395/2  With  us,  arts,  commerce,  letters,  and 
learning  would  perish  long  before  the  rule  of  the  road. 

6.  Any  way,  path,  or  (material)  course. 

1602  CAREW  Cornwall  24  b,  The  Wopdcockes  arrive  first 
on  the  North-coast,  where  almost  euerie  hedge  serveth  for 
a  Roade.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  iv.  976  In  progress  through 
the  rode  of  Heay'n  star-pav'd.  1697  DKYDEN  Virg.  Georg. 
n.  274  Where  Silver  Swans  sail  down  the  Wat'ry  Rode. 
"754  GRAY  Progr.  Poesy  54  In  climes  beyond  the  solar 
road.  1769  E.  BANCROFT  Guiana  234  They  form  a  kind  of 
arched  roads,  about  half  an  inch  wide.  1826  KIRBY  &  Si'. 
Entomol.  xxxvii.  IV.  19  The  nerves  and  spinal  marrow  are 
merely  the  roads  by  which  the  sensations  travel. 
b.  fig.  A  way  or  course,  esp.  to  some  end. 

1599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado  v.  ii.  33  These  quondam  carpet- 
mongers,  whose  names  yet  runne  smoothly  in  the  euen  rode 
of  a  blank  verse.  1607  —  Cor.  v.  i.  59  You  know  the  very 
rode  into  his  kindnesse,  And  cannot  lose  your  way.  1643 
SIR  T.  BROWNE  Relif.  Med.  I.  §  53  There  is  no  road  or 
ready  way  to  vertue.  1700  PEPYS  Let.  to  Jackson  9  May, 
I  am,  I  thank  God  !  greatly  recovered,  and  in  a  fair  road 
towards  being  perfectly  so.  1730  FIELDING  Authors 
Farce  III,  Why  affairs  go  much  in  the  same  road  there 
as  when  you  were  alive.  1752  tr.  Ramcaiis  Treat.  Mns. 
iv.  ii  Ascending  or  descending  diatonically  whatever 
Koad  the  Bass  may  take.  1783  Gouv.  MORRIS  in  Sparks 
Life  A>  Writ.  (1832)  I.  250  They  were  precipitating  them 
selves  in  the  road  to  ruin.  1818  SHELLEY  Julian  347  There 
is  one  road  To  peace  and  that  is  truth.  1840  DICKKNS  Old 
C.  Shop  Ixix,  All  those  little  artifices  which  find  the  readiest 
road  to  their  hearts.  1879  FROUDE  Czsar  ix.  95  There 
were  but  two  roads  to  eminence  in  Rome,  oratory  and  ser 
vice  in  the  army. 

tllift.  1878  in  SI.  George's  Hasp.  Rep.  (1879)  IX.  779,  I 

think  it  may  be  some  time  before  she  is  quite  right ;  but 

when  the  os  and  cervix  are  sound,,  .she  will  be  on  the  road. 

C.  Royal  road,  a  smooth  or  easy  way ;  a  method 

(of  study,  etc.)  unaccompanied  by  difficulties. 

1793  BEDDOES  Demonstr.  Bind.  59  In  this  science  there  is 
no  transcendental  road ;  but  I  imagine  a  royal  road  might  be 
struck  out.  1798  FERRIAR  Illustr.  Sterne,  etc.  ii.  27  Diony- 
sius  and  Frederick  both  experienced,  that  there  is  no  royal 
road  to  the  genuine  honours  of  literature.  1810  CRABBE 
Boroitgk  xxiv.  28  Learning  is  labour, . .  Nor  must  we  hope  to 
find  the  royal  road.  1860  MANSEL  Proleg.  Log.  ix.  (ed.  2)  288 
Logic . .  is  neither  able  to  open  a  Royal  Road  to  the  Encyclo- 
pa-dia,nor  [etc.].  1899  Allbutts  Syst.Med.  VII.  453 There 
is  no  royal  road  to  recovery  for  stutterers. 

fd.  fig.  A  string  (/words;  a  limited  range  of 
thought  or  discourse.  Obs. 

a  1690  HOPKINS  E-vposit.  2  To  mutter  over  a  road  of  Words 
only,,  .as  multitudesof  many  ignorant  Persons  among  us  do. 
1693  LOCKE  Ednc.  §  120  The  Discourses  of  Men,  who  talk  in 
a  Road,  according  to  the  Notions  they  have  borrowed. 

e.  A  narrow  band. 

1802  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  XX.  275  Each  millstone,  divided 
into  nine  spaces,  having  ten  circular  roads  in  each  space. 

f.  A  connected  set  of  railway-trucks,  barges,  etc. 


ROAD. 

1895  Daily  AV:w  ii  Feb.  3/j  The  barges,  .have  suffered 
most,  one  'road'  of  12  and  another  of  15  breaking  away 
together.  1903  Daily  Record  ty  Mail  i  June,  When  a  '  road  ' 
of  trucks  is  loaded  it  is  ready  to  be  drawn  out  of  the  siding. 

7.  A  way  or  direction  taken  or  pursued  by  a  per 
son    or   thing;  a  course    followed  in  a   journey. 
Freq.  with  possessive  pronouns. 

1612-8  DANIEL  St.  Brit,  under  Saxons  Wks.  (Grosart) 
IV.  114  Euery  Coast  and  Part  of  the  Land  were  miserably 
made  the  open  rodes  of  spoyle  and  sackage.  a  1635  RAN 
DOLPH  Poems  (1668)  82  No  venomous  snake  makes  this  his 
rode,  No  kanker,  nor  the  loathsome  toad.  1742  De  Foe's 
Tour  Gt.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  I.  10, 1  made  it  my  Road  to  pass  thro' 
Witham.  1759  STICRNE  Tr.  Shandy  it.  in,  No  sooner  was 
my  uncle  Toby  satisfied  which  road  the  cannon-ball  did  not 
go,  but  [etc.].  1790  BRUCE  Source  Nile  I.  171  Our  road  was 
all  the  way  in  an  open  plain.  1891  C.  ROBERTS  Adrift 
Amer.  141  But  I  wanted  to  get  on  my  road,  and  could  not 
afford  to  lose  a  chance. 

b.  Out  of  the  (or  ones]  road*  out  of  the  way,  in 
various  senses.     Chiefly  Sc.  and  north,  dial. 

1655  FILLER  Ch.  Hist.  i.  2  That  Britain  being  a  by- 
Corner,  out  of  the  Road  of  the  World,  seemed  the  safest 
Sanctuarie  from  persecution,  c  1680  DALLAS  Stiles  (1697) 
904  It  is  out  of  my  Road  as  Clerk  to  the  Signet,  to  set  down 
the  Donators  claim.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  $  P.  137 
'Twas  a  Question  out  of  my  Road.  1721  WOUKCHV  Hist. 
Sujf.  Ch.  S.ot.  (1830)  I.  3  It  would  not  be  out  of  the  road, 
if  I  should  continue  the  thread  of  our.  .history.  1854  Miss 
BAKER  Nortkampt.  Gloss.,  Out  of  tone's  road,  a  form  of  ex 
pression  applied  negatively  to  a  person  who  never  loses 
si^ht  of  his  own  interest.  1863  ATKINSON  Prm>.  Danby^ 
Out  0'  t'  road,  remote,  out  of  the  way,  inconvenient  to  get 
at.  1876  .SMILKS  Sc.  Naturalist  ii.  40  Just  gie  him  some- 
tiling,  Maggie,  and  get  him  oot  o1  the  road. 

c.  In  one's  (or  the)  road,  in  one's  way,  so  as  to 
cause  obstruction  or  inconvenience. 

1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt.  Gloss,  s.v., '  You're  quite  in 
one's  road  '  is  a  phrase  often  addressed  to  a  person  who, 
by  over-officiousness,  retards  instead  of  assists.  1876  S.  R. 
WHITBHKAD  Daft  Dai'ie  146  '  I  hope  I'm  no  in  your  road,' 
says  I.  1883  STEVENSON  Silverado  .$?.  67  He  looked., 
leggy,  coltish,  and  in  the  road. 

8.  The  usual  course,  way,  or  practice.     In  phr. 
out  of  the  road  of. 

1608  SHAKS.  I'cr.  iv.  v.  9  I'll  do  any  thing  now  that  is 
virtuous;  but  I  am  out  of  the  road  of  rutting  for  ever. 
1632  MASSINGER  Maid  of  lion.  \\.  iv,  Grant  my  carriage 
Out  of  the  road  and  garb  of  private  women,  'Tis  still  done 
with  decorum.  1653  H.  MOKE  Conjee t.  Cabbal.  (1713)  238 
The  Truth  or  Falshood  of  all  that  venture  to  speak  out  of 
the  Rode  of  their  own  Sect.  1782  PRIESTLEY  Corrupt.  Ckr. 
I.  i.  114  Out  of  the  road  of  plain  truth  and  common  sense. 
1821  L\MU  Elia  i.  Mockery  End)  Nothing  goes  down  with 
her,  that  is  quaint,  irregular,  or  out  of  the  road  of  common 
sympathy. 

b.  So  common^  general*  usual  road.      Chiefly 
with  out  of.     (Cf.  RUN  sb.} 

1612  DR.AYTON  Foly-olb.  To  Rdr.,  How  many,  .suspect 
this,  his  short  essay  of  knowledge,  transcending  the 
common  road?  1668  WM.KINS  Real  Char.  357  Several  sug 
gestions  that  are  new,  out  of  the  common  rode.  1676 
OTWAY  Don  Carlos  u.  i,  Why  should  it  be  a  stain  then  on 
my  blood,  Because  I  came  not  in  the  common  road  ?  1708 
SWIFT  Predictions  for  170$,  They  are  not  able  to  spell  any 
Word  out  of  the  usual  road.  1731  FIELDING  Mock  Doctor 
Ded.,  I  shall  not  here  proceed  in  the  common  road  of  de 
dications.  1778  MME.  D'ARBI.AY  Diary  26  Aug.,  His 
manners  are  somewhat  blunt.. and  he  is  altogether  out  of 
the  common  road. 

c.  dial.  Way,  manner ;  esp.  in  phrases  no  road* 
some  road. 

1883  Miss  BURNE  Shropshire  Folk  Lore  45  They  couldna 
get  shet  on 'em  no  road.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOO  '  Col. 
A'e/t>r//ter(i8gi)  327,  I  don't  say  Johnny  would  steal  ahorse. 
.  .But  he'd  have  one  for  me,  some  road  or  other.  1895  JAXK 
BAKLOW  Strangers  at  Lisconnel  i,  It's  just  be  the  road  of 
humouring  her  now  and  agin. 

II.  at  t  rib*  and  Conib.  (chiefly  in  sense  4). 

The  examples  given  under  9  and  10  are  only  a  small 
number  of  those  actually  in  use. 

9.  Attrib.    with   names    of  things :    a.    In  the 
sense  *  used   on   or   for  the   road ',  as   road  car* 
-chaise^  -harrow,  -light,  -locomotive^  -scraper*  elc. 

1888  igM  Cent.  Feb.  240  The  box  seat  of  an  omnibus  or  the 
garden-seated  top  of  a  *road-car.  1810  Spotting  Mag. 
XXXV.  307  His  Lordship,  .came  to  town  in  a  "road-cliaise 
and  four.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  I.  16^  The 
*road-harrow.  .seems  to  answer  pretty  well.  1869  BLACK- 
MOKE  Lorna  D.  xix.  Those  sweet  eyes  that  were  the  *road- 
lights  of  her  tongue.  1879  MRS.  A.  E.  JAMES  Ind.  ffouseh. 
Managein.  71  As  road  lights  are  not,  it  is  very  dangerous 
to  drive  unless  with  good  lamps.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech. 
1952/2  *Road-locomotives  are  employed  to  some  extent  in 
England  and  in  British  India.  1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade, 
*  Road -scraper i  a  large  metal  hoe  or  machine  for  cleansing 
highway  roads.  1864  WKBSTEH,  *  Road- sulky,  a  light,  two- 
wheeled  vehicle  for  one  person.  (71787  G.  WHITE  Selborne 
cvi,  The  snow.. began  to  stop  the  *road- waggons  and 
coaches.  \%t&  Sporting  Mag.  XXX.  247  The  driver  of  a 
road-waggon  became  the  object  of  their  diversion. 

b.  \\ith  words  denoting  parts  of  the  road,  its 
substance  or  surroundings,  etc.,  as  road-bank,  -bed, 
-crossing^  -dust*  -edge,  -end,  etc. 

1897  Outing  XXX.  244/2  He  had  jumped,  and  so  saved 
himself  from  going  over  the  side  of  the  *road-bank.  1840 
TANNER  Canals  $  Railroads  U.S.  Gloss.,  *  Road-bed,  that 
part  of  a  rail-road  upon  which  the  superstructure  repose>. 
1868  Rep*  U.S.  Comm.  Agric.  (1869)  349  The  road-bed  is 
back-furrowed  up,  so  that  the  side  gutters  are  from  two  to 
four  feet  in  depth.  1841  Civil  Lng.  $  Arch.  Jrnl.  IV.  62/1 
There  are  five  level  *  road -cross  ings.  1857  THORNBURY  Songs 
Cav.  $  Roundheads  188  Where  the  "road-dust  clogs  and 
clings.  1876  W.  CORY  Lett.  $  Jrnls.  (1897)  424  Calves  are 
allowed  to  graze  on  the  wasteful ..  "road-edge.  1865  KINGS- 


726 

LEY  Hereiu.  xxx,  At  the  *road  end,  he  guessed,  there  must 
be  either  a  bridge  or  a  ford,  c  1830  Treat.  Roads  n  in 
/tusb*  III.  (L.U.  K.),  The  importance  of  toughness  in  a 
*ioad-material.  1807  VANCOUVER  Agaric.  Dei'on  (1813)  237 
About  two. .  horseloads  of  *road  scrapings,  or  way  soil.  1894 
A.  MORRISON  Mean  Streets  199  Treacherous  holes  lurked 
in  the  carpet  of  *road-soil  on  the  stairs.  1630  J.  TAYLOR 
(Water  P.)  IVks.  i.  33/2  The  *roadstone  bydes,  And 
holds  fast  Boates,  in  tempests,  winds,  and  tides.  1839  I)E 
LA  HECHE  Ref>.  Geol.  Corn-w.,  etc,  481  Road-stones  have  to 
resist  both  friction  and  pressure.  1838  Penny  Cycl,  X. 
159/2  The  *road-track  of  the  caravans,  .passes  through  this 
place.  1863  KINGSLEY  Water-Bob.  15  He  clambered  over 
the  low  *road  wall.  1874  RUSKIN  h'ors  Clav.  xlviii.  265 
The  surveyors  of  the  parish  insist  0:1  letting  all  the  *road- 
washings  run  into  it. 

c.  Miscellaneous,  as  road-act,  -bill^  -cess,  -chart, 
-district,  -law,  -melody,  -mile,  -racing,  etc. 

1799  J.  ROBERTSON  Agric.  Perth  357  To  apply  to  Parlia 
ment  for  a  particular  *road  act.  1791  BOSWELL  Johnson 
20  Mar.  1775,1  was  engaged  as  Counsel,  .to  oppose  a 'road- 
bill.  1878  J.  INGLIS  .Sport  <y  \V.  ii.  n  The  *road-cess  has 
to  be  paid.  1879  Encycl,  Brit.  IX.  723/1  This  famous  map 
is  a  *ioad-chart  rather  than  a  record  of  ethnology.  1868 
Rep.  U.S.  Comm.  Agric.  (1869)  352  The  taxable  property 
in  each  "road  district.  Ibid.  348  'Road  laws  in  tins  mag 
nificent  State,  .seldom  executed.  1866  CARLYLE  Inaug. 
Addr.  Edin.  45  A  kind  of  *road-melody  or  marching- 
music  of  mankind,  c  1669  BUTLER  Rent.  (1759)  II.  284  His 
Discourse  is  like  the  *Road-Miles  in  the  North,  the  filthier 
and  dirtier  the  longer.  1828  Sporting  Mag.  XXII.  235  His 
happiness  was  *road-racing,  as  it  is  now  turf-racing.  1898 
Cycling  81  From  time  to  time  feeble  revivals  occur,  but  the 
doom  of  road-racing  is  sealed.  1886  Lett.  fr.  Donegal  13 
The  '  'Road-Sessions  '  meets  twice  a  year  in  each  barony. 
1801  l-arnter^s  Mag,  Apr.  193  The  *  road-tax  (statute- 
labour)  is  stated  to  be  7!.  per  cent,  upon  the  rent.  1868 
Rep.  C.S.  Comm.  Agric.  (1869)  352  The  town  trustees 
levy  a  road  tax  each  year.  1796  MARSHALL  II7.  Eng.  II. 
206  A  shameful  *road  toll. 

10.  a.  Attrib.,  with  words  denoting  persons,  or 
groups  of  persons,  esp.  such  as  are  connected  with 
the  making  or  control  of  roads,  as  road-authority, 
-gang,  -master,  -party,  -police,  -trust,  -trustee ; 
also  road-acquaintance,  -fellow,  -pilgrim,  elc. 

1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  264  Any 
other  *road  acquaintances  that  might  be  encountered.  1898 
Engineering  XVI.  30  In  London. .the  *road  authority  is 
the  vestry,  or  district  board  of  works.  1873  St.  Panfs  Mag. 
i.  641  Your  *road-fellow  is  almost  as  hard  to  choose  as  your 


including  the  track,  bridges  [etc.].  1843  Penny  Cycl. 
XXV.  141/1  *  Road-parties,  chain-gangs,  and  penal  settle 
ments.  1890  Cath.  News  5  July  7/4  The  *  road-pilgrims 
took  four  days  on  their  journey.  1853  CDL.  WISEMAN  Ess. 
1 1 1.  154  At  every  stage  we  met  small  patrols  of  active  *road- 
police.  1813  EDWARDS  Meas.  True  Policy  66  Such  Dis 
tributive  Societies- .  would  scarce  differ  from  common  *Road 
Trusts.  1854  MCCULLOCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (ed.  4)  II.  51 
The  road.,  was  not  formed  under  the  superintendence  of 
*road  trustees. 

b.  With  agent-nouns,  as  road-builder,  -cutter* 
-improver,  -mender,  -surveyor,  etc. 

1857  EMKKSON  Poems  105  Path-finder.  *road-builder.  1898 
Athenaeum  19  Mar.  366/3  The  original  road- builders  of 
Greece.  1880  Lumberman's  Gaz.  7  Jan.  28  After  the  log- 
makers  come  the  '  ;  road-cutters  ',  who  clear  away  the  brush 
and  small  toys,  c  1830  Treat.  Roads  10  in  Ilnsb.  III. 
(L.  U.  K.),  We  shall  now  offer  some  rules  for  the  guidance 
of  *road-improvers  on  this  head.  1824  Miss  MITKORD 
Milage  Ser.  i.  (1863)  231, 1  never  wish  toseea  *road-mender 
again.  1879  STEVENSON  Ess.  Trai>.  (1905)  186,  I  began  an 
improving  acquaintance  with  the  foreman  road-mender. 
1868  Ref*  U.S.  Comnt.  Agric.  (1869)  348  The  immediate 
supervision  of  construction  and  repairs  is  generally  under 
the  direction  of  local  '*road  supervisors  '.  1807  VANCOUVER 
Agric.  Devon  (1813)  99  The  *road-suryeyor,  or  way-warden 
,.,  takes  care  that  such  communications.. are  sufficiently 
numerous.  1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Road-surveyor, 
an  officer  who  has  the  supervision  of  roads,  and  whose  duty 
it  is  to  see  them  kept  in  good  order.  1890  Daily  News  19 
Sept.  5/4  Numerous  collisions  between  the  two  classes  of 
*road-users. 

11.  a.  With  vbl.  sbs.,  as  road-breaking,  -cleansing, 
-widening,  etc. 

1843  R.  J.  GRAVES  Syst*  Clin.  Med.  iv.  48  The  sanitary 
effects  of  road-cleansing.  1898  Engineering  XVI,  35  The 
taking  of  fore-courts  or  a  slice  of  garden  for  road-widening. 
1900  Daily j\'cws  6  Dec.  5/7  There  would  be  a  very  large 
annual  saving  in  the  avoidance  of  roadbreaking. 
b.  With  adjs.,  as  road-ready,  -weary,  -wise. 

1775  ASH  Suppl.,,  Roadwise*.  expert  in  choosing  the  road  ; 
apt  to  keep  the  road.  1841  EMERSON  A  Use.  199  Girt  and 
road-ready  for  the  lowest  mission  of  knowledge.  1872 
TALMAGE  Serin.  241  Here  he  comes — the  Lord  of  Glory — 
dust -covered  and  road -weary. 

12.  Special   combs.,    as  road-agent,    U.S.,  a 
highway   robber ;     hence    road-agenting ;    road- 
borne    a.*     conveyed    by   road ;     also    transf.  ; 
road-drift,   the  scrapings  of  roads;  road  fore 
man  (see  quot.) ;  road-glass,  U*S,*  a  road-lamp  ; 
road  hand,  Austral.^  a  man  hired  to  assist  in 
driving  cattle,  etc. ;  road  hog:,  one  who  is  objec 
tionable  on  the   road,  esp.  a    reckless  cyclist   or 
motorist;  road-house,  a  wayside  inn  or  hotel; 
road  jobber  (see  quot.);    road-metal,   broken 
stone  used  in  making  roads;  hence  road-metalling', 
road-money,  (a)  money  for  travelling  expenses ; 
(b}  a  rate  collected  for  the  maintenance  of  roads; 
road-monkey  (see  quot.   1895);    t  road-net,  a 


ROAD. 

net  used  for  taking  game  in  a  cock-road  ;  road 
pane  (see  PANE  s&.1  9) ;  road  plate,  one  of  the 
plates  carrying  the  roadway  in  an  iron  bridge ; 
road  post,  (a)  a  sign-post ;  (6)  a  military  post 
stationed  or  situated  on  a  road  ;  road-runner, 
U.  S.,  the  paisano  or  chaparral  cock  ;  f  road 
saddle,  a  riding-saddle  ;  road-weed,  the  wayside 
plantain  ;  road-woodcock,  one  taken  in  a  cock- 
road  ;  road-work,  the  management  of  a  vehicle, 
cattle,  etc.,  on  the  road. 

1867  W.  H.  DIXON  Neiv  Ainer,  I.  xiv.  168  *Road-agent  is 
the  name  applied  in  the  mountains  to  a  ruffian  who  has 
given  up  honest  work.. for  the  perils  and  profits  of  the 
highway.  1881  MactJi.  Mag.  XLV.  124  The  great  distances 
between  the  settlements  enable  the  '  road-agents '  to  have  a 
tine  time  of  it.  1894  Chamb.  Jrnl.  3^6  Something  very 
like  a  contemplated  bit  of  *road-agenung  business.  1887 
Daily  News  21  May  3.2  There  were  two  "road-borne 
markets  within  400  yards  of  the  proposed  new  market.  1838 
Civil  Eng.  ty  Arch.  Jrnl.  1.  222/2  "Road  drift. .  is  certainly 
by  no  means  so  good  as  fine  sand.  1861  FAIRB.MRN  Iron  144 


upon  engines  and  instructs  the  enginemcn  and  firemen. 
1883  Cent.  Mag .  Oct.  927/2  His  *road-glasses  illuminate  the 
wayside.  1890  '  R.  BOI.DREWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  264 
Two  men,  who  had  contracted  to  act  as  *road  hands  and  to 
make  themselves  generally  useful.  1808  Harder  s  Mas'. 

v/~-\ri     e.o-    \t _   _*  t-     •    _  _i    • ._    .1  ___ 


England.  1897  Outing  XXX.  492/2  Valuable  information 
as  to  routes,  ..distances  and  road-houses.  1817  Sporting 
Mag.  L.  30  The  profits  of  the  *Road  Jobbers,  namely  the 
Guards  and  Drivers  of  Mail  and  other  Coaches,  will  be  at 
an  end.  1838  Civil  Eng.  ff  Arch.  Jrnl.  \.  383/2  The  *road 
metal  is  then  to  be  laid  on,  in  two  successive  coats.  1884 
Cent.  Mag.  XXIX.  48/1  A  pile  of  stones  broken  to  the  size 
of  road-metal.  1871  Athenaeum  July  115  1'hat  form  of 
*road-metalling.. which  in  England  is  associated  with  the 
honourable  name  of  Macadam.  1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD 
Steel  <y  Iron  80  The  materials  are  broken  into  cubes  of  two 
inches  resembling  road-metalling.  1843  CARLYLE  Past  ff 
Pres.  iv.  i,  Except  small  modicum  of  *roadmoney,  not  a  gold 
coin  in  his  possession.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  tik.Fann  III.  1322 
Road-money  and  schoolmaster's  salary  are  also  sometimes 
paid  by  the  tenant.  1895  Standard  Diet.  s.v.  Road,  *  Road- 
monkey,  a  man  employed  by  lumbermen  in  repairing  logg 
ing  roads.  1901  Mnnsey's  Mag.  XXV.  390/1  Finally,  the 
'  road-monkeys ',  with  shovels,  remove  the  last  appearance  of 
a  drift.  1581  Act  23  Eliz.  c.  10  §  6  Others,  which.. take 
any  Partridges  or  teasaunts  by  night  vnder  any  Tramel, 
Lowbell,  *Roadenete  or  other  Engyn.  1805  R.  \V.  DICKSON 
fract.  Agric.  II.  pi.  22, 1,  I,  are  the  way-  (or  *road-)  panes, 
watered  from  the  banks  of  the  mains.  1840  Civil  ting,  ff 
Arch.  Jrnl.  III.  133/2  When  the  main  ribs,  .rested  on  their 
centres,  and  before  any  of  the  spandrils  and  *road  plates  had 
been  put  upon  them.  1805  COLMAN  John  Bull  \.  i,  NaJ 
that  be  the  *road  post.  1896  BADEN-POWKLL  Matabele 
Campaign  xix,  At  Marendellas. .  we  passed  one  of  the 
fortined  road  posts.  1872  COUES  N.  American  Birds  189 
Ground  Cuckoo.  Chaparral  Cock.  *Road  Runner.  1885 
Harper  s  Mag.  Feb.  423/1  This  bird  is  called  scientifically 
the  Geococcyx  Calif orniamts,  but  is  popularly  known  under 
several  other  names,  such  as  road-runner.  1710  Loud.  Gaz. 
No.  4784/4  Likewise  a  short  *Road  Saddle  taken.  1857 
HENFREY  Bot.  330  Plantains  or  *Road-weeds,  are  among 
the  commonest  of  our  weeds  on  road-sides.  1826  POLWHELE 
Trad,  fy  Recoil,  II.  376  A  couple  of  *road- woodcocks,  .for  a 
shilling,  and  with  a  couple  of  road- wood  cocks  we  had  just 
been  presented.  1889  HISSEY  Tour  Phaeton  395  A  few 
hints  about  *roadwork..will  possibly  prove  acceptable. 
1890  '  R.  IloLUREwooD '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  179, 1  have  had 
road  work,  station  work,  sheep  and  cattle  management. 

Road,  obs.  variant  of  RODE,  rope.    U.S. 

Road  i,r<7nd),  v.1   Also  7  rode.     [I.  Ko.u>  sb.] 

The  following  apparent  examples  are  very  obscure,  and 
may  be  due  to  misprints  :— 1588  PARKE  tr.  Mendozas  Hist. 
China  114  The  fashion  of  their  ships,  aswell  of  those  that 
passe  the  seas,  as  of  those  that  doo  roade  riuers.  1625  PUR- 
CHAS  Pilgrimes  II.  1649  They  are  as  it  were  halfe  fishes, 
they  are  so  vsed  to  the  Sea;  whither  they  goe  daily  either 
swimming  or  reading  or  sailing. 

fl.  intr*  To  make  raids.    Obs.  rare. 

1600  HOLLAND  Liiy  xxxvni.  xl.  1007  He  gaue  them 
warning,  to  leave  their  manner  of  roding  and  roving  in 
hostile  wise.  i-jioLond.  Gaz.  No.  4724  3  The  same  Partisan 
having  roaded  some  Days  in  this  Neighbourhood  with  a 
strong  Party, ..all  possible  Precautions  are  taken. 

2.  fa.  trans.  To  traverse  (a  way).  Cbs*~* 

1623  H.  SYDKNHAM  Sfrtn.  Sol.  Occ.  \\.  (1637)  19  Here  is 
a  large  field  offered  mee, .  .but  this  is  not  my  way,  it  is  too 
trodden,  every  Hackney  rodes  it. 

b.  To  do  (a  distance)  on  the  road.    U.S. 

1884  Boston  (Mass.)  Herald  Mar.,  The  horse.. can  road 
easy  10  miles  per  hour. 

c.  To  road  it,  to  keep  to,  or  go  by,  the  road. 
1893  Field  ii   Feb.   192/1  A  few  came  mounted,  deter 
mined  to  '  road  it '  until  they  could  without  damage  to  the 
crops  follow  the  hounds. 

Road  (r^ud),  V?  [Of doubtful  origin;  connexion 
with  z'.1  is  not  clear.]  trans.  Of  a  dog  :  To  follow 
up  (a  game-bird)  by  the  foot-scent.  Also  with  up, 
and  ahsol*  (Cf,  the  earlier  ROADERZ.) 

1856  '  STONEHENGE  '  Brit.  Rural  Sports  i.  iv.  4^7/1  As  re 
trievers  do  all  their  work  by  '  reading '  or  '  footing  ',  they 
require  that  peculiar  kind  of  nose.  Ibid,  52/1  The  dogs. . 
must  never  be  inclined  to  'foot'  or  'road'  the  birds  till 
ordered.  1884  T.  SPEEDY  Sport  Highl*TK\*  269  Although 
a  pointer  may  'road  '  them  up  (and  point  at  them),  they 
often  slip  off  again.  1892  Sport,  fy  Dram.  A'i"it>s  30^  Jan. 
678/1  Choleric. .at  the  sight  of  his  canine  favourites.. 
'  roading  '  birds  all  over  the  place.  1894  Outing  XXIV. 
425/1  Juno,  .commenced  reading  down  a  potato  furrow. 


BOAD. 

Hence  Boa'ding ///.  a. 

c  1880  '  PATHFINDER  '  Breaking  fy  Training  Dugs  8  A  cross 
between  a  good  reading  foxhound  and  a.. Gordon  setter. 

Road,  v.'''  (to  clear  of  weeds) :  see  RODE  z/.1 

Road,  z>.4  (of  woodcock  or  wild  fowl) :  see 
RODE  v.* 

Roa'd-book.  Also  road  book.    [ROAD  s/>.  4.] 

1.  A  book  exhibiting  or  describing  the  roads  of 
a  district  or  country. 

1798  JANE  AUSTEN  Northonft  Abb.  vii,  Morland  pleaded 
the  authority  of  road-books,  innkeepers,  and  mile-stones. 
1806-7  J-  BERESFORD  Miseries  Hunt.  Life  (1826)  vi.  12 
After  starting  on  a  very  long  journey..,  discovering  that 
you  have  left  your  road-book  behind.  1849  MACACLAY  Hist. 
Eng.  iii.  I.  311  These  computations  are  strongly  confirmed 
by  the  road  books  and  maps  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
1881  Times  (weekly  ed.)  25  Sept.  14/3,  I  am  not  writing  a 
road-book  or  a  river-book. 

2.  A  narrative  of  a  journey  by  road. 

i88z  FLOVER  Unexfil.  Baluchistan  393  Ghulamshah  set 
to  work  washing  our  flannel  shirts,  and  I  to  writing  up  the 
road-book. 

Roade,  obs.  variant  of  RODE,  rope.    U.S. 

Roa'ded,  a.  [f.  ROAD  sb.  4.]  Provided  or  laid 
out  with  roads. 

1880  Daily  News  4  Oct.  2/2  A  unique  estate,  consisting 
of  240  acres,  all  scientifically  drained  and  ro.ided.  1890 
roll  Mall  G.  28  June  3/3  The  estate . .  is  well  roaded. 

Roaded,  streaked  :  see  RODED  a. 

Reader '  (reu-dai).     [f.  ROAD  sb^  or  z>.<] 

1 1.  One  who  rides  about.    Obs.~a 

1580  HOLLYBAND  Treas.  Fr.  Tong,  RoJer  le  fays,  to 
make  a  roade  in  the  countrey. .  ,Vu  rodettr  OH  coiu'enr,  a 
roder  or  wighiider  [1593  wayrider]. 

2.  A  ship  lying  at  anchor  in  a  road  ;  a  vessel 
which  tides  (well  or  ill). 

1556  in  Hakluyt  (-'<>>•.  (1598)  I.  275,  I  caused  the  Pinnesse 
to  beare  in  with  the  shore,.. and  [she]  saw  two  readers  ride 
in  the  sound.  1589  Ibid.  (1599)  II.  ir.  161  By  the  way 
as  we  rowed  we  saw  boates  passing  betwixt  the  readers  and 
the  shore.  1644  MANWARING  Seaman's  Diet,  s.v.,  We  call 
any  ship  that  Rides  at  an  Anchor  in  a  Roade,  a  Reader. 
1692  Capt.  Smith's  Seaman's  Gram.  I.  xvi.  81  A  Roatt,  is 
any  place  near  the  Land  where  Ships  may  ride  at  Anchor, 
and  a  Ship  riding  there  is  called  a  Roader.  1769  FALCONEK 
Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Riding,  When  a  ship. .pitches 
violently  into  the  sea,  so  as  to  strain  her  cables,  masts,  or 
hull,  it  is  called  riding  hard,  and  the  vessel  is  termed  a 
bad  reader. 

3.  =  ROADSTER  2. 

1825  Spirit  Put!,  yrnls.  415  They  hired  my  mare,  as 
capital  a  roader  as  ever  was  backed,  thof  I  say  it  myself. 
1884  Boston  (Mass.)  Jrnl.  7  June,  To  purchase  a  strictly 
first-class  roader  or  a  trotter. 

4.  A  road-sweeper,  road-cleaner. 

1883  BESANT  All  in  a  Garden  fair  11.  x,  Among  the 
Readers— that.. useful  body  who  sweep  the  roads  for  the 
omnibus  horses.  iXK—Childr.  Gibeon  II.  iv,  He  began  to 
drink,  and  then  he  had  to  be  a  roader  for  the  parish  at 
eighteen  pence  a  day. 

5.  (See  quot.) 

1902  Times  14  Feb.  13/3  He  was  informed  by  the  engine- 
driver  that  a  'reader'  (i.e.,  a  parcel  to  be  put  out  at  a 
roadside  station)  had  been  put  en  the  engine. 

Roa'der  -.  [Cf.  ROAD  v.~]  A  dog  which  pur 
sues  game  by  the  foot-scent. 

1817  Sparling  Mag.  L.  231  This  circumstance  is  of  the 
greatest  advantage  to  the  spaniel ;  for  it  enables  him  to  be 
a  good  roader,  as  it  is  styled  in  the  south.  1822  Ibid.  IX. 
174  The  slaughter  of  late  effected  by  the  'readers',  as 
some  call  them,  and  the  heavy  gunners. 

Roa'd-goose.  Also  9  rode-.  [App.  repr.  some 
local  form,  such  as  rood-,  rudegoose  in  Ross,  or 
rade-,  raid-goose  in  Orkney  and  Shetl.  All  later 
instances  appear  to  be  mere  echoes  of  Willughby.] 
=  RAT-GOOSE. 

a  1672  [see  RAT-GOOSE].  1674  RAY  Call.  Words  95  The 
road-Goose,  or  small  Wild  Goose.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
Suppl.,  Road  goose,  in  zoology,  the  name  of  a  small  species 
of  wild  goose.  1768-1824  [see  RAT-GOOSE).  1894  NEWTON 
Diet.  Birds  793  Rode-goose,  a  local  name  given  by  fowlers 
to  the  Brant-Goose. 

Roa  d-horse.  Also  i  radhors,  4  roode-,  4-5 
rode-,  [f.  ROAD  sb.l  i  and  4.] 

1*1.  A  riding-horse.   Obs. 

cioaaJELemc/fi>m.(A$smmn)\m.  233  Man  sceal . .  laetan 
nine  ridan  on  ba?s  cyninges  radhorse.  1388  WYCUF  i  Kingt 
iv.  26  Salomon  hadde  feurty  thousynd  cratchis  of  horsis  for 
charis,  and  twelue  thousynde  of  roode  horsis.  1424  E.  E. 
/fV/i-(i882)  58  pe  remenaunt  of  my  rode  horses  I  wul  be 
departyd.  1547  Ancaster  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  455 
1  he  hell  nomber  of  road  horses  and  geldinges,  as  well  am- 
belinge  as  trottinge. 

2.  A  horse  serviceable  for,  or  used  on,  the  road. 

1743  BRACKEN  (title),  Traveller's  Pocket  Farrier,.. with 
Directions  for  the  Choice  of  a  Good  Road-Horse.  1790 
BEWICK  Hist.  Quadrnp.  (1824)  9  The  old  English  Road- 
horse  is  a  strong,  vigorous,  and  active  kind,  capable  of  en 
during  great  hardship.  iSJo  Atlantic  Monthly  Apr.  517/1 
In  a  sense,  every  horse  driven  by  the  owner  for  pleasure  is 
a  road  horse.  1897  Boston  (Mass.)  Jrnl.  4  Jan.  2/2  Some 
ot  the  owners  of  fast  road-horses. 

Boa-ding,  vbl.  sbl    [f.  ROAD  z/.i] 

1.  Racing  with  teams  npon  the  road. 

1787  W.  MARSHALL  Rur.  Econ.  Nor/.  (1795)  I.  44  The 
young  men  who  took  delight  in  the  diversion  of  '  reading  '. 
!•  The  making  or  repairing  of  roads. 

1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal. mining,  Reading,  repairing 
and  maintaining  roads.  1893  Daily  News  21  Nov.  5/3 
Instances  of  bad  reading  or  lack  of  sanding. 


727 

3.   Performance  of  a  horse  on  the  road. 

1890  Atlantic  Monthly  Apr.  524/1  She  accomplished 
forty-three  miles  in  three  hours  and  twenty-five  minutes. 
This  was  great  reading. 

Roa'ding,  vbl.  sb?  [van  of  roding :  see  RODE 
v.2]  The  practice,  on  the  part  of  certain  birds,  of 
flying  in  the  evening.  Also  attrib. 

1888  Encycl.  Brit.  XXIV.  651/1  During  this  season  the 
male  Woodcock  performs  at  twilight  flights  of  a  remarkable 
kind. . .  This  characteristic  flight  is  in  some  parts  of  England 
called  '  reading  '.  1898  WOLLOCOMBE  Front  Morn  tilt  Eve 
246  It  was  reading  time.  We  turned  and  cocked  our  guns. 

Roa'dless,  a.  [f.  ROAD  sb.  4  +  -LESS.]  Desti 
tute  of  roads  ;  having  no  road(s). 

1837  SYD.  SMITH  Let.  to  Singleton  Wks.  1859  II.  288/2 
I  In  the  most  roadless,  postless,  melancholy,  sequestered 
,  hamlet.  1849  EAST  WICK  Dry  Leaves  137  The  next  march 
!  brought  the  troops  to  a  steep  and  roadless  hill.  1877 
!  BLACKMORE  Cripps  III.  I.  8  In  these  roadless  parts  distance 
|  was  very  much  a  matter  of  conjecture. 

Hence  Boa-dlessness. 

1880  CRAWFURD  Portugal  Old  $  New  369  Portugal  in  its 
long-enduring  condition  of  roadlessness. 

Roa*d-maker.    [ROAD  j^.  i  and  4.] 

fl.  One  who  makes  an  inroad  or  raid.   0{>s.—° 

1611  COTGR.,   /Wtf«r,.,an  inroder,  or  a  road-maker. 

2.  One  who  makes  roads. 

"799  J-  ROBERTSON  Agric.  Perth  362  Might  not  gentle 
men.,  contract  with  an  improved  road- maker  at  a  particular 
price  by  the  mile  ?  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  30/2  The  general 
practice  of  modern  road  makers  is  to  make  the  surface 
.slightly  convex,  1860  FROUDH  Hist.  Kng.  V.  417  His  suc 
cesses. .were  chiefly  due  to  the  woodman,  the  roadmaker, 
and  the  mason. 

Roa'd-making,  vbl.  sb.  [ROAD  sb.  4.]  The 
act  of  constructing  a  road  ;  the  practice  of  making 
roads. 

1801  Fanner's  Mag.  Aug.  285  In  no  instance  is  the 
police  of  Aberdeenshire  so  defective  as  in  road-making. 
1811  McApAM  in  Pres.  System  Road  Making  (1822)  36 
Road-making,  .is  even  worse  understood  in  Scotland  than 
in  England.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  31/1  The  very  imper 
fect  mode  of  road-making  formerly  practised.  1878  RUSKIN 
Fors  Clay.  Ixxxvi.  VIII.  55  The  paving  and  improved  road- 
making  in  cities  and  towns. 

aitrib.  1890  Daily  News  8  Dec.  2/6  Road-making  tools 
and  implements  are  in  good  request. 

Roa'dmail.  [ROAD  sb.  4.]  A  workman  en 
gaged  in  the  making  or  upkeep  of  roads. 

1816  DUFF  Poems  58  The  smarts  O'  rugged  Roadman's 
whips  an'  carts,  1866  EASTOS  Autobiog.  66  They  would 
have  thought  it  below  their  dignity  to  break  a  lance  in 
public  with  a  '  Roadman  '.  1897  Westm.  Gaz.  17  June  5/1 
Extra  roadmen  were  put  on  to  renovate  the  wood  paving. 

Roa  dside.     Also  road-side.     [ROAD  sb.  4.] 

1.  The  side  next  to  the  road.    rare—1. 

1713  STEELE  Sped.  No.  326  P  2,  I.  .have  therefore  taken 
care  to  remove  my  Daughter  from  the  Road-side  of  the 
House,  and  to  lodge  her  next  the  Garden. 

2.  The  side,  or  border,  of  the  road ;  wayside. 
1744  J.  WILSON  Synop,   Brit.  Plants  56  Woolly-headed 

Thistle.. by  the  road-sides  in  Huntingdonshire.  1789  M. 
MADAN  tr.  Persius  (1795)  182  note,  Beggars,  who  took 
their  stands  by  the  road-side.  1828  LYTTON  Disovjned  i, 
Does  the  house  you  speak  of  lie  on  the  road-side?  i86a  H. 
MARRYAT K^w/w  Sweden  II.  368  Junipers,  .gracethe  road 
side.  1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Perm'.  Bark  287  This  charm 
ing  spot,  with  the  roadsides  planted  with  tall  trees. 

fig.  1847  L.  HUNT  Men,  Women  $  B.  I.  iv.  72  Permit  at 
least  this  dream  by  the  roadside  of  creation. 

attrib.  1810  CRABBK  Borough  i.  126  Sewers  from  streets 
the  road-side  banks  defile.  1837  DICKENS  Pickw.  xxvii,  A 
road-side  public-house  of  the  better  class.  1886  Field  17 
Oct.  542/1  Roadside  waste,  roadside  pasture,  and  roadside 
turf  belong  presumably  to  the  adjoining  landowner. 

Hence  Boadsi'der,  a  keeper  of  a  roadside  inn ; 
one  who  lives  by  the  side  of  a  road. 

1826  HOOD  Fairy  Talc  i,  Till  he  had  made  his  pelf,  And 
then  retired — if  one  may  call  it  so  Of  a  roadsider.  1844 
W.  H.  MAXWELL  Scot/and  viii.  (1855)  85  The  'roadsider1 
always  wears  a  blue  coat. 

Roa'dsman.    [ROAD  ^.4.  Cf.  craftsman,  etc.] 

1.  A  driver  of  vehicles ;  a  roadster. 

1741  G.  BERKELEY  in  Lett.  Ctess  Suffolk  (1824)  II.  180 
Our  coachman,  who  is  an  excellent  roadsman,.  .took  a 
fancy  to  fall  off  his  box. 

2.  One  who  repairs  roads  ;  a  roadman. 

1865  Daily  Tel.  i  Nov.  5/3  The  prisoner  had  shot  Foil- 
gereau  for  the  sole  purpose  of  obtaining  his  situation  as 
roadsman.  1894  Labour  Commission  Gloss.,  Roadsmen, 
men  paid  by  the  mine-owner  for  the  lay  ing  down  and  keeping 
in  repair  the  underground  haulage  roads. 

Roadstead  (rju-dsted).  Forms :  4  rade- 
stede;  6  rode-,  6,  8-9  roadsted ;  7  roade,  8-9 
road-,  8-  roadstead,  [f.  ROAD  sb.  3.]  A  place 
where  ships  may  conveniently  or  safely  lie  at  anchor 
near  the  shore. 

[135*  Cartul.  Whithy  (Surtees)  II,  425  Deinz  mesme  la 
vile  ou  en  la  mere  prcs  jongnaunts,  apelle  Radestede.] 

1556  BOROUGH  in  Hakluyt  (1886)  III.  120  Our  barke  did 
ride  such  a  roadsted  that  it  was  to  be  marueiled.  .how  she 
was  able^to  abide  it.  1600  R.  CARR  tr.  Mahometan  Hist. 
57  Perceiuing  that  they  had  not  a  safe  rodested  there,  they 
remoued  from  thence  to  an  other  rodested  of  that  Island, 
called  Maiaro.  1633  SIR  J.  BOROUGH  Sovereignty  Brit.  Seas 
(1651)  153  We  stay  till  the  Herring  come  home  to  our  roade 
steads.  1774  Hull  Dock  Act  49  The  roadstead  near  the 
haven  mouth.  1795  in  H.  Tooke  Parley  (1829)  I.  410  It. . 
has  no  good  Roadsted,  and  is  not  tenable,  if  not  protected 
by  a  fleet.  1820  W.  SCORESBT  Ace.  Arctic  Reg.  I.  155  The 
coast  affords  several  road-steads.  1856  STANLEY  Sinai  fy 
Pal,\\.  (1858)  265  Caipha,  at  the  opposite  corner  of  the  bay 


ROAK. 

. . ,  served  as  a  roadstead.  1899  F.  T.  BULLEN  Log  Sea-waif 

47  We  came  to  an  anchor  near  the  middle  of  the  roadstead. 

Roadster  (rju-dstai).     [f.  ROAD  sb.  i  and  4.] 

1.  Kaut.  A  vessel  lying,  or  able  to  lie,  at  anchor 
in  a  roadstead.     See  also  quot.  1867. 

17  W  London  Mag.  557  They  were  stiff  Ships,,  .good  Sailors, 
and  good  Roadsters.  1815  BUKNEY  Falconer  s  Diet.  Mar. 
s.v.  Roader,  Roadsters  should  attentively  observe  to  anchor 
at  a  competent  distance  from  each  other.  1867  SMYTH 
Sailors  Word-bk.,Roadster,  applied  chiefly  to  those  vessels 
which  work  by  tides,  and  seek  some  known  road  to  await 
turn  of  tide  or  chance  of  wind. 

2.  A  horse  for  riding  (or  driving)  on  the  road. 
1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  iii,  Your  horse,  .has  too  little  bone  to 

be  a  good  roadster.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Kk.  Farm  II.  216 
A  roadster  is  required  to  carry  him  over  the  farm  when  it  is 
of  large  extent.  i88z  MRS.  RIUDKLL  Prince  of  Walefs 
Garden-Party  275  Almost  every  man.. came  either  in  his 
own  gig,  or  riding  his  own  stout  roadster. 

attrib.  -&y>  Atlantic  Monthly  Apr.  518/1  A  lively, sensible 
horse,  one  who  has  the  true  roadster  disposition. 

b.   A  cycle  for  use  on  the  road.     Also  attrib. 

1883  Knowledge  18  May  200/2  The  weight  of  a  roadster 
bicycle.  1896  Daily  Tel.  10  Feb.  5/4  Hunt  picked  out  a 
smart  pneumatic-tyred  roadster. 

3.  One  who  is  accustomed  to  the  road  ;  a  coach- 
driver  or  traveller. 

1841  S.  C.  HALL  Ireland  I.  72  Old  roadsters,  in  long  heavy 
grey  or  blue  frieze  coats.  1849  KIMBALL  St.  Lcger  i.  vii,  I 
..entered  into  conversation  with  Waller,  the  'whip',  a 
veteran  roadster.  1866  Daily  Tel.  8  June  5/3  Old  roadsteis 
eat  and  drink  whenever  and  wherever  they  can. 
b.  U.S.  One  who  has  no  fixed  abode. 

1896  Pof.  Sci.  Jrnl.  L.  255  The  roadster  proper  is  dis 
tinguished  from  the  tramp  by  having. .a  visible  means  of 
support.  1901  Set-timer's  Mag.  XXIX.  427/1  He.. was 
already  a  confirmed  roadster,  with  an  inordinate  love  for 
tobacco. 

4.  Hunting.   One  who  keeps  to  the  road. 

1858  SURTEES  Ask  Mamma  Ixv,  Taking  a  run  he  presently 
landed  in  the  next  field,  amidst  the  cheers  of  the  roadsters. 
1898  WOLLOCO.MBE  From  Morn  till  Eve  i.  6  Henry  and  I  on 
looking  back  find.. a  long  train  of  roadsters  behind  us. 

Roa'dway.     [ROAD  sb.  4.] 

1.  A  way  used  as  a  road  ;  f  a  highway. 

In  origin  perh.  ='  riding -way '.  In  mod.  use  with  approxi 
mation  to  sense  2. 

1600  J.  PORY  tr.  Leo's  Africa  vm.  323  Through  this  citie 
lie  two  maine  roade-waies.  1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  To 
Rdr.  53  Imploying  them  at  home  about  some  publike  build 
ings,  as  bridges,  rode  \vaies  for  which  those  Romans  were 
famous  in  this  Hand.  1675  OGILBY  (title},  Itinerarium 
Angliffi  :  or,  a  Book  of  Roads,  wherein  are  contain'd  the 
principal  Road  Ways  of.  .England  and.  .Wales.  1830  J.  G. 
STRUTT  Sylva  Brit.  38  In  the  year  1724  a  road-way  was  cut 
through  its  venerable  trunk.  1840  Raihu.  Times  25  Jan  , 
To  render  the  roadway  to  the  station  as  convenient  to  the 
public  as  possible.  1880  JKFKKRIKS  Greene  Feme  Farm  75 
The  roadway  stopped  abruptly. 

attrib.   1632   LlTHGOW    Trav.  x.  495,  I  found.. in    diuerse 
Rode-way  lnnes..good   Cheare,  Hospitality,  and  Seruice- 
able  attendance.     1877  C.  GEIKIE  Christ  i.  (1879)  18  It  looks 
like  home  to  see  vervain,  road-way  nettles,  and  thistles. 
fig'  '597  SHAKS.    2   Hen.    11',  n.    ii.  63   Neuer   a   mans 
thought  in   the   world,   keepes    the   Rode-way  better  then 
thine.     1627  E.  F.  Hist.  Ediv.  II  (1680)  29  If  Vertue  be  the 
Road-way  to  perfection.     1663  CHAHLE-ION  Chor.Gigant. 
28  In  the  road-way  of  every  mans  observation, 
fb.  transf.  of  the  course  of  ships.   Obs. 

a  1608  VERE  Comment.  54  A  great  ship  was  discovered  on 
the  road-way  from  the  Indies.  1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Bocca- 
linis  Advts.fr.  J'nrnass.  n.  xxiii.  (1674)  170  Pilots. .had 
made  road-waies  all  over  it  [sc.  the  ocean]. 

2.  The  main  or  central  portion  of  a  road,  esp. 
that   used  by  vehicular  traffic,  in  contrast  to  the 
side-paths. 

1807  CRABBE  Par.  Reg.  I.  188  Between  the  road-way  and 
the  walls.  1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  HI.  x,  Making  unsteady 
sallies  into  the  roadway,  and  as  often  staggering  back 
again.  1885  Liiiu  Times  Rep.  LIII.  65/2  The  company 
were  to  repair  the  roadway  for  two  years. 

3.  That  portion   of  a   bridge,   railway,  etc.,   on 
which  traffic  is  conducted. 

1834  Penny  Cycl.  II.  261/1  We  have  not  only  the  arch 
itself  to  consider,  but.. the  roadway  or  building  thereon 
constructed.  1853  SIR  H.  DOL-GLAS  Milit.  Bridges  329  The 
vertical  framing  and  roadway  rest  upon  four  circular  ribs 
formed  of  several  thicknesses  of  timber.  1861  Times  22 
Aug.,  The  severity  of  the  winter,  which  damaged  their  roll 
ing  stocks  and  seriously  injured  their  roadways.  1901  J, 
Black's  Carp.  <$•  Build.,  Scaffolding  13  A  spiral  external 
roadway,  whose  easy  inclination  allowed  building  materials 
to  be  carried  up  it  in  little  trolleys. 

Roa'dworthy,  a.    [ROAD  sb.  4.] 

1.  Fit  lor  the  road ;  in  a  suitable  condition  for 
using  on  the  road. 

1819  W.  S.  ROSE  Lett.  I.  i  My  carriage,  which  had  been 
warranted  roadworthy,  having  nearly  gone  to  pieces.  1836 
Penny  Cycl.  VI.  318/2  A  coach -proprietor  is  bound  by  law 
to  take  care  that  his  coach,  harness,  and  horses  are  road- 
worthy.  1883  Blackiv.  Mag.  July  59  Some  tolerably  road- 
worthy  vehicles. 

fig.  1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  (1872)  III.  iv.  iv.  154  It  was., 
probably  a  workmanlike,  roadworthy  Constitution  enough. 

2.  Of  persons  :  Able  to  travel,    rare. 

1858  CARLYLE  in  Froude  Carlyle  in  London  (1884)  II. 
xxiv.  224  Poor  Neuberg.  .hopes  to  be  roadworthy  to-morrow 
again.  i86z  MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett.  (1883)  III.  107  In  a  few 
days  I  hope  to  be.. road-worthy. 

Roage,  Roague,  obs.  forms  of  ROGUE. 

Roak  (n?uk).  [Variant  of  northern  dial.  rokey 
rawk  scratch,  flaw,  etc. :  see  Ettg.  Dial.  Diet.  s.v. 
Rank  ]  Founding,  A  fault  in  steel. 


BOAM. 

a  1890  MICHAELIS  tr.  Montbaye  Krnpp  fy  De  Bange  21 
(Cent.),  The  [steel]  bar. .would  be  so  full  of  the  imperfec 
tions  technically  called  'seams'  or  roaks  as  to  be.  .useless. 

Hoak,  -y,  dial,  variants  of  KOKE,  -Y. 

Roale,  obs.  form  of  ROLL  sbl 

Roall,  Roalte,  obs.  forms  of  ROYAL(TY. 

Roam  (r^m),  sb.  [f.  the  vb.]  The  act  of 
wandering  or  roaming ;  a  ramble. 

1667  MILTON  /*.  L.  iv.  538  He.. began  Through  wood, 
through  waste,  o'er  hil,  o'er  dale  his  roam.  1685-8  Roxb. 
Ball.  II.  447  My  unkind  husband  hath  taken  his  roam  To 
see  his  relations.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  T/t,  ix.  1173  The  bound 
less  space,  thro'  which  these  rovers  take  Their  restless  roam. 
1755  HERVEY  Theron  <y  Aspasia  (1757)  I.  xi.  394  Too  dreary 
even  for  the  Roam  of  a  hoary  hermit.  1805  WORDS w. 
Prelude  VIM.  113  A  half-hour's  roam  through  such  a  place. 

Roam  (r0um),  v.  Forms:  a.  4-5  romen,  -yn, 
4-7  rome,  5  rom,  rombe,  6  roame,  6-  roam. 
&.  4-6  rowme,  5  roume(n,  5,  7  roome.  [Of 
obscure  origin :  the  rime  with  home  in  Gower  in 
dicates  an  early  ME.  ramen  (perh.  represented  by 
the  obscure  rameden  in  Lajamon  7854),  but  no 
parallel  form  with  the  same  meaning  appears  in 
any  of  the  cognate  languages. 

Except  in  late  puns,  there  is  no  evidence  of  connexion 
with  the  Romance  words  denoting  pilgrims  or  pilgrimages 
to  Rome  (as  OF.  romier^  Sp.  roiiu-ro,  It.  rotneo,  med.L. 
rotneus),  and  the  rime  with  koine  is  decisive  against  this 
origin.  The  /3-forms  are  probably  due  to  scribal  confusion 
with  rowm  ROOM  i\  Douglas  no  doubt  took  over  the  word 
with  this  spelling  from  some  manuscript  of  Chaucer.] 

1.  intr.  To  wander,  rove,  or  ramble ;    to  walk 
about  aimlessly,  esp.  over  a  wide  area. 

a.  13. .  A".  Alls.  7207  Alisaunder  rometh  in  his  toun,  For 
to  wissen  his  masons.  4:1330  Arth.$  Mcrl.  2372  (KOlbing), 
po  he  was  clobed,  he  com  adoun,Sikeende  &  roinende  vp  & 
doun.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  II.  347  Whan  he  wot  the  lord  from 
home,  Than  wol  he  stalke  aboute  and  rome.  £  1407  LVDG. 
Reson  fy  Sens.  3006  To  walke  and  romen  vp  and  doun  In 
the  forest.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  \\\\.  xi. 289 The  quene 
..romed  vp  (t  doune  in  the  chamber.  1577  B.  GOOGE 
Heresbach's  Husb.  in.  (1586)  141  Neither  the  slowe..nor  the 
liuely,  whyle  they  roame,  bee  seuered  from  their  fellowes. 
^1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXXVIII.  xiv,  He  made  them 
waste  their  weary  yeares  Roaming  in  vain.  1613  PURCHAS 
Pilgrimage  in.  i.  (1614)  228  Thus  doe  the  Tartars  and  the 
Arabians  . .  at  this  day,  roming,  rolling,  robbing.  1697 
DRYDEN  Virg.  Past.  \.  3  Round  the  wide  World  in  Banish 
ment  we  rome.  1754  GRAY  Progr,  Poesy  55  Shaggy  forms 
o'er  ice-built  mountains  roam.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  #  F. 
xxxi.  (1787)  III.  236  The  Barbarians  roamed  through  the 
city  in  quest  of  prey.  1818  KKATS  Endym.  n.  993  Where, 
'mid  exuberant  green,  I  roam  in  pleasant  darkness.  1840 
DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  i,  In  the  summer  I  often  roam  about 
the  fields  and  lanes  all  day.  1894  BARING-GOULD  Deserts 
S.  France  I.  i  The  pastures  . .  are  roamed  over  by  dun- 
coloured  oxen. 

fig-  "S8?  GREENE  Enphues  Censure  Wks.  (Grosart)  VI. 
208  A  yalyaunt  mynde,  vnlesse  guyded  by  wysedome, 
rometh  into  many  inconsidered  actions.  1640  W.  STYLE  tr. 
Antisco*s  Sp.  Gallant  120  Suffering  their  thoughts  to  rome 
upon  other  matters.  18x4  GARY  Dante ^  Paradise  x.  4 
Wherever  eye  or  mind  Can  roam.  i88z  AINGER  Lamb  vi. 
101  He  was  allowed  to  roam  at  his  own  free  will  over  the 
experiences  of  his  life. 

ft.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xi.  109  J>e  porter,  .plukked  in 
pauci  priueliche,  and  lete  J>e  remenaunt  go  rowme.  Ibid. 
124  He  may  renne  in  arrerage  And  rowme  so  fro  home. 
1313  DOUGLAS  rfLneis  v.  xii.  62  He  rowm  is  wp  and  doun 
the  cost.  Ibid.  XH.  Prol.  201  Thochtfull  luftaris  rowmys 
to  and  fro.  1555  W.  WATREMAN  Fardlc  Facions  i.  iii.  36 
Tliei  ware  sterne,  and  vnruly..roilyng  and  rowmyng.. 
heather  and  thether.  1602  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  Epit.  368 
They.. had  roomed  about,  without  pittie  pyllaging  and 
dispeopling. 

b.   Const,  to,  toward,    thither,  from   (passing 
into  the  sense  of  go,  make  one's  way'). 

£1386  CHAUCER  Millers  T.  508  He  rometh  to  the  Car- 
penteres  hous.  1393  LANGL.  P,  PI.  C.  VH.  331  'By  be 
rode,'  qua(>  repentaunce,  '  fx>w  romest  toward  heuene '. 
c  1400  Destr.  Troy  818  Iason..rapis  hym  to  ryse  &  rom 
from  his  bede.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  in.  i.  51  Winch. 
Rome  shall  remedie  this.  lfarw,  Roame  thither  then. 
1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stuffe  Wks.  (Grosart)  V.  247  Three 
hundred  thousand  people  romed  to  Rome  for  purgatorie  pils. 
1631  R.  BOLTON  Comf.  Affl.  Consc.  (1640)  235  So  ravished 
in  Spirit,  he  roamed  toward  Heaven.  1636  R.  JAMES  Iter 
Lane.  40  We  did  rome  Under  thy  guidance  to  a  Roman 
way . .  From  Yorck  to  Chester. 

2.  trans.  To  wander  over  or  through  (a  place). 
1603  Philotits  xxv,  Be  ge  haue  rowmit  ane  Alley  thryse, 

It  is  ane  myle  almaist.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  82  Thus  the 
Orb  he  roam'd  With  narrow  search.  1671  —  P.  R.  n.  179 
False  titl'd  Sons  of  God,  roaming  the  Earth.  i79oCowpER 
Odyss.  xvni.  2  A  man  Accustomed,  .to  roam  the  streets  Of 
Ithaca.  1812  J.  WILSON  Isle  of  Palms  in.  4:1  Happy  as 
they  that  roam  the  Ocean's  breast.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng.  iii.  I.  312  The  last  wolf  that  has  roamed  our  island. 
1875  MERIVALE  Gen.  Hist,  Rome  Ixxv.  (1877)  624  A  mighty 
horde  of  savages  roaming  a  continent  in  search  of  food. 

1 3.  ?  To  carry  off  in  roaming.   Obs.~~y 

1655  GURNALL  Chr.  in  Ann.  \.  (1656)  127  Many  a  sweet 
meal  hath  he  [Satan]  robbed  the  Saints  of..:  take  heed 
therefore  that  he  roams  not  thine  away  also. 

Roamer  (r^u'maj).  Also  4-5  romare,  -ere, 
romber,  rowmer.  [f.  ROAM  v.  -f-EK1.]  One 
who  roams ;  a  wanderer,  rambler. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  iv.  120  Ti!  ..  religious  romares 
recordare  in  here  cloistres,  As  seynt  Benet  hem  bad,  Ber- 
narde  and  Fraunceys.  Ibid.  x.  306  Ac  now  is  religioun  a 
ryder,  a  rowmer  [v.r.  romere]  bi  stretes,  [and]  A  leder 
of  louedayes.  1598  FLORIO,  Romeo,  ..a  roamer.  1611 
COTGR.,  Rodeur,  a  vagabond,  roamer,  wanderer.  [1727 
in  BAILEY,  vol.  II.  1755  in  JOHNSON.]  71794  COLERIDGE 


728 

Sonnet  xii,  Pale  Roamer  through  the  night !  1846  PROWETT 
Prometheus  Bound  15  Calamity's  a  roamer,  still  abroad 
With  restless  flitting.  1883  JESSOP  in  igt/t  Cent.  Oct.  599 
They  are  not  afraid  of  work,  though  they  are  roamers. 

Roa'iniiig,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  ROAM  v.  +  -ING  1.]  The 
action  of  the  verb  ;  a  wandering  journey.  Also 
fig.  and  attrib* 

1581  MULCASTER  Positions  xxxix.  (1887)  204  It  were  to 
large  a  roming  place,  to  runne  over  the  port  that  the  church- 
men  haue  kept.  1582  STASYHURST  SEneis  i.  (Arb.)  18 
Through  this  wyde  roaming  thee  Troians  Italic  mishing 
Ful  manye  veers  wandred.  1660  H.  MORE  Myst.  Godl.\\i. 
\.  282  AH  Prophecies  are  not  from  the  mere  ravings  & 
roamings  of  a  buisie  Phansie.  1875  WHITNEY  Life  Lang, 
v.  82  This  may  seem  like  an  aimless  roaming  through  one 
department  of  our  vocabulary.  1883  Encycl,  Brit.  XVI.  48/2 
The  south  or  steppe  portion  of  Mesopotamia  was  from  early 
times  the  roaming-ground  of  Arabic  tribes. 

Roa'miiig,  ///.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.]  That 
roams  or  wanders. 

1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixvi.  §  4  Dominion  puer  the 
whole  band  of  that  roaming  and  spoyling  aduersarie.  1837 
W.  IRVING  Ca.pt.  Bonneville  III.  62  The  roaming  herds  of 
that  species  of  animal. 

Hence  Roa'mingly  adv. 

1621  LADY  M.  WROTH  Urania  211  With  him  I .  .came  into 
this  country,  where  euer  since  I  haue  romingly  endured, 
neuer  in  any  one  place  setled. 

Roan  (r<?un),  a.  and  sb}-  Forms :  6  roen, 
roone,  6-7  rone,  roane,  7-  roan.  [a.  OF.  roan, 
rotten,  F.  roitan^  =  Prov.  rouantt1\..  roano,  rovano 
(Florio),  Sp.  roano  (fr«<zw<?),  Vg.ruaot  of  unknown 
origin.  The  obs.  Du.  roaensch  (Kilian),  MLG. 
rowansk  are  also  from  OF.] 

A.  adj.  Of  animals :  Having  a  coat  in  which  the 
prevailing  colour  is  thickly  interspersed  with  some 
other;   esp.  bay,   sorrel,  or  chestnut   mixed  with 
white  or  grey.  Also  absol.  as  the  name  of  a  colour. 

a.  Of  horses.     (Cf.  ROANED.) 

The  prevailing  colour  is  freq.  expressed,  as  black,  blue, 
redt  silver,  strawberry  roan. 

1530  PALSGR.  263/2  Roen  colour  of  an  horse,  raven.  1538 
LELAND  I  tin.  (1769)  V.  56  Rethelan  ..  cummith  of  Rethe, 
that  ys  to  say  Roone  color  or  pale  redde.  1577  B.  GOOGE 
Heresbach's  Hnsb.  in.  (1586)  116  The  best  colours. .are 
these,  the  rone,  the  white  liarde,  the  bay.  1596  SHAKS. 
i  lien.  IVt\\.  iv.  120  Giue  my  Roane  horse  a  drench  (sayes 
hee).  1602  znd  Pi.  Return  fr.  Parnass.  \\.  v.  92, 1  rode 
that  same  time  vpon  a  Roane  gelding,  1664  BUTLER  Hud. 
ii.  i.  694  How  shall  I  answer  Hue  and  Cry,  For  a  Roan- 
Gelding,  twelve  hands  high  1  1707  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  4325/4 
A  white  roan  Mare  at  present,  but  when  she  sheds  her  Coat 
a  black  roan.  1808  SCOTT  Marmion  i.  v,  Proudly  his  red- 
roan  charger  trod.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  23  May  687  He  is  light 
roan  in  colour,  and  has  a  coach-horse  look  about  him.  1883 
Times  28  May  5/3  Mr.  John  Robinson's  silver  roan  mare 
Lady  Silver.  Ibid.  30  Nlay  5/1  The  Stand  Stud  Company's 
strawberry  roan  mare  British  Queen. 

b.  Of  other  animals,  esp.  as  the  distinctive  name 
of  a  species  of  antelope. 

1850  R.  G.  GUMMING  Hunter's  Life  S.  A/r.  (1902)  83/1,  I 
perceived  a  pair  of  the  rare  and  beautiful  roan  antelope  or 
bastard  gemsbok  warily  approaching  the  fountain.  1879 
R.  JEFFERIKS  Wild  Life  (1908)  75  Broad  green  meads, 
dotted  with  roan-and-white  cattle.  1885  Athenxumz  May 
570/1  A  female  roan  kangaroo  (Macro^us  erubescent).  189$ 
J.  G.  MILLAIS  Breath  fr.  Veldt  (.iSgg)  187  The  roan  ante 
lope  {Hippotragtts  equinns)  at  one  time  ranged  from  Cape 
Colony  up  to  Central  Africa. 
C.  transf.  as  a  colour  of  cloth,  rare. 

1861  READE  Cloister  fy  //.  Iv,  Her  farthingale  and  hose 
[were]  of  the  same  material,  but  a  glossy  roan,  or  claret 
colour. 

B.  sfr.l  1.  A  horse  of  a  roan  colour. 

1580  HLCNDEVIL    Horsemanship  v.  xviii.  8b,  The   other 

[    mad  Horse  was  a  Roane  of  Maister  Ashleis.     1596  SHAKS. 

i    i  Hen.  /V,  n.  iii.  72  What  Horse?    A  Roane,.. is  it  not? 

1653  A.  WILSON  Inconstant  Ladie  n.  iv,  Sweet  rone,  Deare, 

i    beast,  looke  to  thy  feet.     1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v., 

i    When  this  party-coloured  coat  is  accompanied  with  a  black 

head  and  black  extremities,  he  iscalled  a  roan  with  a  black- 

a-moor's  head.      184*  TENNYSON    Walk,    to  Mail  104  As 

quaint  a  four-in-hand  As  you  shall  see — three  pyebalds  and 

a  roan.     1877  G.  NEVILE  Horses  $  Riding  xv.  106  Black 

and  bay-roans  mean  roan  horses  with  black  or  bay  heads 

and  legs. 

b.  A  roan  cow,  ox,  or  bull. 

17..  RAMSAY  Wyfe  of  Auchtermuchty  ix,  Than  by  came 
an  illwilly  roan.  1789  MKS.  PIOZZI  Jrnl.  France  I.  148 
The  Carinthian  bulls,  .are  almost  all  blue  roans.  1890  '  R. 
BOLUREWOOD'  Col.  Reformer  (i%t)\)  121  He's  got  a  real  turn 
for  the  roans  and  reds. 

C.  A  roan  antelope. 

1893  MILLAIS  Breath  fr.  Veldt  (1899)  236  A  pan  under 
the  mountain  where  many  roans,  ..and  some  giraffes,  drank. 

f2.  Red  roan  :   (see  quot.).  Obs. 

1707  MORTIMER  Hnsb.  (1721)  I.  134  Barley  is  ripe,  when 
the  red  Roan,  as  they  call  it,  is  off  (that  is  a  reddish  kind  of 
Colour  that  is  on  the  Ear). 

Roan  (rt»»n),  sb.%  Also  5  royne,  6  rone.  [Of 
obscure  origin  ;  perhaps  the  place-name,  as  in  sb.% 
The  gap  in  the  history  of  the  word  is  remarkable.] 

fl.  Roan  skin,  some  kind  of  skin  or  leather. 
Also  roan  lanyar(d},  a  thong  made  of  this.  Obs. 

ci42sWvNTOUN  Cron.  vm.  4802  He  gert  brynge  hym  a 
litil  cofyne  j  A  royne  [v.r.  rone]  skyn  tuk  he  bar  of  syne, 
And  schare  a  thwaynge  at  al  laysere  \Wemyss  A  royne 


Lether,  look   Basill,  Buffe;  for  Cushions  [look]  portingale, 
Red  hides,  Roan,  Salt  Spanish,  Spruce  and  Swan  skinnes. 


ROAR. 

2.  A  soft  flexible  leather  made  of  sheepskin, 
used  in  bookbinding  as  a  substitute  for  morocco. 

1818  Art  Bk.-binding  27  The  back  must  have  a  piece  of 
blue  or  red  roan,  thinly  pared,  pasted  on.  1852  MORFIT 
Tanning  $  Curry  ing  (1%$-$)  365  Roan  is  sheep-skin  Morocco 
tanned  with  sumach,  but  wanting  the  grained  appearance 
of  true  Morocco.  1879  Casse/fs  Tec /in.  Educ.  IV.  90  Roans 
are  prepared  much  like  the  straight-grained  morocco,  but 
they.. are  much  thinner. 

Comb.  1845  Penny  Cycl.  Suppl.  I.  221/1  'Roan-bound' 
books,  .are  often  sprinkled  with  colour  by  the  bookbinders 
after  the  leather  has  been  attached  to  the  boards. 

t  Roan,  sb$  Obs.  Also  5  ron.  [i.  Roan,  an 
old  form  of  the  place-name  Rouen.  Cf.  Sp.  ruant 
'fine  Linnen  Cloath  made  at  Roan  in  France* 
(Stevens,  1706).]  a.  The  place-name  used  attrib. 
to  designate  the  linen  cloth  made  there,  b.  A 
make  of  linen  from  Rouen. 

a.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  311/2  Ron,  rothomagus,  rothomag- 
ensis.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Vestis  Rotoniagensis,  Roan 
clothe. 

b.  1617  MORYSON  It  in.  in.  134  These  carry  out  of  France 
great  quantity  of  Linnen  cloth,  which  we  call  white  Roanes, 
1696  J.  F.  Merck.  Wareho.  laid  open  35,  I.. shall  come  to 
Roans  and  Rasterns,  but  because  there  is  not  any  allowed 
to  come  I  shall  pass  it  by. 

Roan,  sb.±  dial.  Also  7-9  rone.  [var.  of 
RAWN  or  ROWN.]  The  roe  of  a  fish. 

1617  MORVSON  It  in.  in.  115  Botargo  (.  .the  rone  of  a  fish). 
c  1700  KENNETT  in  MS.  Lansd.  1033  If.  327  b,  Rone,  the 
row  in  a  female  fish,  which  in  males  is  calld  the  Milt.  1765 
Ann.  Reg.  138  An  uncommon  fish. .;  in  the  belly  were  two 
roes,  or  roans,  each  nine  feet  long.  1869-89  in  northern 
dial  glossaries  (Cumb.,  Lane.,  Line.). 

b.  Roan-fltuki  the  turbot  (cf.  rawn-jleuk), 

1882  DAY  Fishes  Grt.  Brit.  $•  Irel.  II.  12. 

Roan,  variant  of  RONE  sb.y  ROWAN. 

Roan-berry,  variant  of  ROWAN-BERRY. 

t  Roa'iied,  a.  Obs.  Also  5-6  ronyd,  6 
roned.  [f.  ROAN  a.]  Roan-coloured. 

1477  Paston  Lett,  III.  186  Hytt  is  told  me,  that  the 
Master  Porter  hath  a  coragiouse  ronyd  hors.  1537  Bury 
Wills  (Camden)  132,  I  geve  to  Thomas  Poole  a  blake  horse, 
also  a  ronyd  colte.  1579  Lane.  Wills  (Chetham)  II.  121 
One  roned  gelding.  i6oz  BRETON  Wonders 'worth  Hearing 
Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  6/2  He.. had  euer  more  pitty  on  one 
good  paced  Mare,  then  two  roaned  curtalles. 

|j  Roanoke  (rJu-an^k).  Also  7  rawranoke, 
roauoake,  -oack,  8  roenoke.  [From  the  Pow- 
hatan  or  Virginian  dialect  of  Algonkin.]  An  in 
ferior  kind  of  wampum  made  and  used  by  the 
natives  of  Virginia. 

16*4  Capt.  Smithes  Virginia  in.  418  Rawranoke  or  white 
beads  that  occasion  as  much  dissention  among  the  Salvages, 
as  gold  and  siluer  amongst  Christians.  1656  Stat,  Virginia 
(1823)  I.  307  Peeces  of  eight  that  are  good  and  of  silver 
shall  pass  for  five  shillings,  and  Roanoake  and  Wompom- 
peeke  to  keep  their  wonted  value.  1672  SIR  W.  TALBOT 
Discav.  y.  Lederer  27  Their  currant  Coyn  of  small  shells, 
which  they  call  Roanoack  or  Peack.  1705  R.  BEVERLEY 
Hist.  Virginia  (1722)  in.  i.  141  Upon  his  -Neck,  and  Wrists, 
hang  Strings  of  Beads,  Peak  and  Roenoke.  1859  BARTLETT 
Diet.  Amer.  (ed.  2)  368  Roanoke,  Indian  shell  money;  so 
called  in  Virginia.  1900  Harper's  Mag.  Mar.  511  Silver 
bangles,  and  ear-bobs,  and  strings  of  roanoke. 

Roan-tree,  variant  of  ROWAN-TREE. 

Roany.     (See  c^oot.) 

1849  ROWLANDSON  in  Jml.  R.  Agric.  Sac.  X.  n.  445  The 
tar  that  should  be  used  for  this  purpose  [sheep-smearing] 
comes  from  America,  and  is  called  '  roany  ',  being  of  a  fat 
unctuous  nature  of  the  consistence  of  very  thick  molasses. 

Roap,  obs.  f.  ROPE  z>.  Roapiness,  obs.  f. 
RoriNEss.  Roapy,  obs.  f.  ROPY. 

Roar  (ro^j),  st>.1  Forms:  a.  4-7  rore;  7 
roare,  7-  roar.  $.  Sc.  5  rare,  5-6,  8  (9  north.} 
rair.  [f.  the  stem  of  OK.  rdriant  ME.  roren,  to 
ROAR.  Cf.  OE.  tvulfa-^erdr  in  O.E.  Martyrol.  16. 
In  later  English  use  perh.  re-formed  from  the  vb.] 

1.  A  full,  deep,  prolonged  cry  uttered  by  a  lion 
or  other  large  beast ;  a  loud  and  deep  sound 
uttered  by  one  or  more  persons,  esp.  as  an  ex 
pression  of  pain  or  anger. 

a.  1390  GOWER  Conf,  III.  74  A  dragoun  ..Com  in  rampende 
among  hem  alle  With  such  a  noise  and  such  a  rore.  c  1400 
Destr.  Troy  8518  pen  Andromaca.  .With  a  rufull  rore  rent 
of  hir  clothis.  c  1400  Land  Troy  Bk.  17964  Many  boles  & 
bores,  With  lowyng  &  with  loude  rores. 

1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  n.  i.  315  Sure  it  was  the  roare  Of  a 
whole  heard  of  Lyons.  1637  MILTON  Lyctdas  61  The  rout 
that  made  the  hideous  roar.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  iv. 
500  The  slipp'ry  God.,  will  seem  a  bristly  Boar,  Or  imitate 
the  Lion's  angry  Roar.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834) 
II.  443  Very  bad  music,  badly  executed,  being  rather  roars 
or  squalls  than  songs.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  III. 
201  They  all  seize  it  with  a  bound,  at  the  same  time  ex 
pressing  their  fierce  pleasure  with  a  roar.  1832  TENNYSON 
CEnone  210  The  panther's  roar  came  muffled,  while  I  sat 
Low  in  the  valley.  1853  KINGSLEY  Hypatia  xxii,  A  roar 
of  hired  applause  interrupted  him.  1887  BOWEN  Virg. 
sEneid  n.  413  With  a  roar  of  wrath  at  the  maiden's  rescue 
..Greeks.. flew  to  assail  us. 

/3.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  HI.  vi.  872  Thai  rowpyd  wytht 
a  rare  at  anys.  c  1450  HOLLAND  Howlat  826  The  barde 
.  .Ran  fast  to  the  dure,  and  gaif  a  gret  rair.  1513  DOUGLAS 
JEneis  i.  ii.  ii  About  thar  closouris  braying  with  mony 
rair.  c  1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xiv.  116  The  Babe  he 
gifis  ane  rair.  1728  RAMSAY  Last  Sp.  Miser  xxix,  With  a 
rair,  Away  his  wretched  spirit  flew.  i8..in  Heslop  North 
umberland  Gloss.  (1894)  562  The  yow  gav  a  blare,  an' 
Robin  a  rair. 

fb.  Rumour.     Obs.  rare"1. 


ROAR. 

c  1510  Vox  Popnli  88  in  Hazl.  E.P.  P.  III.  271  The  en. 
crease  was  never  more.  Thus  goythe  the  voyce  and  rore. 
And  truthe  yt  is  indeade. 

C.  A  boisterous  outburst  of  laughter ;  also  ettipt. 
for  this,  esp.  in  echoes  of  the  Shaksperian  phrase 
belonging  to  ROAK  sd.~  b. 

1778  Phil.  Sttrv.  S.  Irel.  424  His  flashes  of  wit  and 
humour  keep  the  table  in  a  roar.  1803  Pic  Nic  (1806)  I. 
158  [He]  kept  the  company  in  a  roar  of  laughter.  1824  Miss 
MITFORD  Village  Ser.  i,  (1863)  210  He  was  once  in  danger 
of  being  turned  out  of  the  gallery  for  setting  all  around 
him  in  a  roar.  1891  KIPLING  Light  that  Failed  (1900)  203 
A  roar  of  laughter  interrupted  him. 

2.  transf.  The  loud  sound  of  cannon,  thunder,  a 
storm,  the  sea,  or  other  inanimate  agents. 

1548  PATTEN  Exped.  Scotl.  G  v,  With,  .horrible  rore  and 
terrible  thunderinge  of  gunnes.  1552  LVNDESAY  Monarche 
iv.  5998  Than,  with  ane  rair,  the  erth  sail  ryve,  And  swolly 
thame.  cifixi  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xin.  713  The  floods  of 
troubled  aire  to  pitchie  stormes  increase,. .Encountring 
with  abhorred  roares.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  586  Those 
deep-throated  Engins..,  whose  roar  Emboweld  with  out- 
ragious  noise  the  Air.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Past.  ix.  58 
Come  then,  and  leave  the  Waves  tumultuous  roar,  c  1764 
GRAY  Owen  26  Talymalfra's  rocky  shore  Echoing  to  the 
battle's  roar.  1797  MRS.  RADCI.IFFR  Italian  xii,  The  roar 
of  these  waters  has  made  my  head  dizzy  already.  1816 
BYRON  Ch,  Har.  in.  xxii,  Arm  !  Arm  !  it  is.  .the  cannon's 
opening  roar  !  1856  KAXE  Arct.  Exfil.  II.  xxlv.  245  We 
see  its  deep  indigo  horizon,  and  hear  its  roar  against  the 
icy  beach.  1887  BOWEN  Virg.  Eel.  v.  84  When  the  rock- 
strewn  valley  resounds  to  the  torrent's  roar. 

tRoar,^.-  Obs.  Forms:  a.  5-6  ro ore,  5-7 
rore.  (3.  6roare.  [a.  MDu.  mv-,  =  OS.  hrdra  (LG. 
rdrtj  r8r)j  OHG.  ruora  (MHG.  more,  G.  ?•«//?-), 
related  to  OE.  and  OS.  hr6r  stirring,  active :  see 
also  RORE  v.  and  cf,  UPROAR.  The  rime  of  rore  : 
pore  (  =  poor)  in  Chaucer  proves  that  the  word  is 
different  from  ROAR  st>.1]  Confusion,  tumult, 
disturbance.  Only  in  phrases  in,  on,  upon  a  roar 
(cf.  MDu.  in  roere  zijn,  hringen,  stellen,  etc.). 

a.  c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  v.  45  Whi  nyl  I  brynge  alle 
Troie  vpon  a  rore?  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  436/2  Rore,  or 
truble  amonge  be  puple,  tumultus,  cointnotio.  c  1489 
CAXTON  Sonncs  ofAymon  xx.  456  For  therof  ye  shall  see 
alt  fraunce  in  a  rore  and  trowble.  1513  MORE  Citron.^ 
Rich.  ///(:883)  15  Thus  should  all  the  realme  fall  on  a 
rore.  15*6  TINDALE  Acts  xix.  29  The  cite  was  on  a  roore. 
1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  292  The  people  beeyng  in  a 

§reate  rore  willed  enquierie..to  be  made  who  it  was.    1610 
HAKS.  Temp.  i.  ii.  2  By  your  Art.. you  haue  Put  the  wild 
waters  in  this  Rore. 

0.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  John  viii.  59  When  all 
should  be  set  on  a  roare.   1561  DAUS  tr.  Rnllinger  on  A/>oc. 
(1573)  167  The  Ephesians,  which  were  all  on  a  rpare  and 
worse  than  mad.  1563  Mirr.  Mag.,  Blacksmith  xlix,  When 
I  perceyved  the  Commons  in  a  roare. 

b.  A  wild  outburst  of  mirth.  (Perh.  associated 
with  ROAR  so.i,  as  in  modern  use  :  see  prec.  ic.) 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  v.  i.  211  Where  be  your  libes  now?.. 
Your  flashes  of  Merriment  that  were  wont  to  set  the  Table 
on  a  Rore. 

Roar  (ro'.i),  v.  Forms :  a.  i  r&rian,  3  rarin, 
4-6,  8  rara  (5  rar),  5-  rair  (5  rayr),  9  dial.  rear. 
0.  4  roren,  5  rory,  3-7  rore,  5-6  roor(e,  6-7 
roare,  6-  roar.  [OE.  rdrian,  —  MDu*  rceren, 
reren  (still  in  dial.  use)?  MLG.  raren  (LG.  raren, 
reren,  raren\  OHG.  rSrSn  (MHG.  rfrert,  G. 
rekren},  probably  of  imitative  origin.] 

1.  intr.  Of  persons:  To  utter  a  very  loud  and 
deep  or  hoarse  cry  (or  cries),  esp.  under  the  in 
fluence   of  rage,  pain,   or   great   excitement ;    to 
vociferate,  to  shout,  to  yell. 

a.  1x900  O.  E.  Martyrol.  192  Hwilum  hy  him  raredon 
on  swa  hrySro.  £950  Lindisf.  Gosp.t  Matt.  Introd.  7 
Stefn  leas  in  woestern . .  rarende  vel  bellende.  c  1000 
AURIC  Horn.  I.  66  Seo  dreori^e  modor . .  rarijende  hi 
astrehte  jet  ])xs  hal^an  apostoles  fotum.  a  1225  Juliana  48 
He  [began]  to  rarin  reowliche  ant  te  juren  ant  te  3eien. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  16104  Ne  heres  bou  noght  on  ilk-a  side 
hu  bai  apon  be  rar.  .1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.Consc.  7341  pe 
devels  obout  bam  ban  in  helle,On  bam  salle  ever-mare  rare 
and  yhelle.  1375  BARBOUR^VW^  v.  97  Thai  that  na  defens 
mycht  mak,  \  ull  pltwisly  couth  rair  and  cry.  c  1450  St. 
Ctithbert  (Surtees)  5358  He  rared  and  cryed  so  orribilly  [>at 
his  neghburs . .  bar  of  bairn  vggyd.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  300/1 
To  Rare  (or  grete,  A.),  vagire.  1513  DOUGLAS  /Ends 
v.  xi.  26  All  logidder  gan  to  weip  and  rair.  1588  A.  KING 
tr.  Canisius'  Catech.  92  b,  I  am  afflicted,. . I  rarit  for  ye 
disquietnes  of  my  hart.  1686  G.  STUART  Joco-Ser.  Disc.  24 
They. .  skreem'd,  and  raird  beyond  all  ayme.  1717  RAMSAY 
Elegy  on  Lucky  lVoodx\t  That  a'  the  warld  might  hear  the 
din  Rair  frae  ilk  head.  1809  T.  DONALDSON  Poems  146 
What  maks  ye  thus  to  rant  an'  rair?  1894  HESLOP  North- 
innbld.  Gloss.  s.v.  Rair,  Whativver  is  he  rair  in  there  at  ? 

0.  r  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  99/238  po  gan  be  Aumperur  for 
wrathbe  loude  ^eolle  and  rore.  c  1300  Havelok  2438  He 
bunden  him  ful  swibe  faste, . .  pat  he  rorede  als  a  bole. 
13 . .  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  B.  390  Sumine. .  stared  to  be  heuen, 
kwly  wyth  a  loud  rurd  rored  for  drede.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI. 
B.  v.  398  He.,  his  brest  knocked,  And  roxed  and  rored. 
c  1400  Land  Troy  Bk,  15726  The  stour  was  strong,  the  cry 
was  gret,  Thei  rored  grisly.  (.-1440  York  Myst.  xxxvii.  90 
Why  rooris  bou  soo,  rebalde?  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  \V. 
1531)  214  b,  Rorynge  and  cryenge,  Ryse  you  wretches  and 
come  to  your  Judgement.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  n.  iv.  286 
You . .  roared  for  mercy,  and  still  ranne  and  roar'd.  1624 

SUARLES   Job  Militant  xvii.   14  Th'  afflicted  . .  Roare  to 
eavens,  unanswer'd,  for  reliefe.  1676  HOBBES  Iliad  (I&TJ) 
105  But  Priam  had  forbidden  them  to  roar  Or  cry  outright, 
though  grieved  at  their  hearts.    1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  37 
P4  This  Sort  of  Fellows,  who  Roar  instead  of  Speaking. 

VOL.  VIII. 


729 

1711  DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  ii,  Then  I  cried,  nay,  roared  out,  I 
was  in  such  a  passion.  1838  Miss  MAITLAND  Lett.  fr. 
Madras  (1843)  237  She  has  nothing  to  do  but  to  roar  long 
enough  and  loud  enough,  and  she  is  sure  to  get  her  own 
way.  1895  'M.  FIELD*  Attila  \\\  106  Although  the  host 
of  warriors  roared  and  stamped  Acclaimingly. 

fig.  c  tfoCAX'TOtiSertmesqfAjmffH  x.  261  His  hert  rored 
in  his  beli  for  ioye. 

f  b.  To  shout  in  revelry  ;  to  revel  boisterously ; 
to  behave  in  a  noisy,  riotous  manner.    Also  with  it. 

1584  LYLV  Sappho  n.  iii.  108  To  th1  Tap-house  then  lets 
gang,  and  rore.  1592  —  Gallathea  i.  iv.  88  What  shall  wee 
doe  being  toss'd  to  shore?  Milke  some  blinde  Tauerne,  and 
(there)  roare.  1629  DEKJCER  London*  Tempe  (Percy  Soc.) 
48  The  gallant  roares;  roarers  drinke  oathes  and  gall.  1656 
HAMMOND  Leah  $  Rachel  (1844)  9  Such  as.. could  babble  in 
a  Pulpit,  roare  in  a  Tavern.  .71670  Roxb.  Ball.  (1890)  VII. 
37  We  rant  and  rore  it,  night  and  day,  we  spend  and  never 
spare.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  FoolofQnal.  (1809)  I.  58  These 
have  nothing  todo  but.  .to riot  it,  to  roar  it.  1763 CHURCHILL 
Apol.  Poems  1767  I.  68  If  they  in  cellar  or  in  garret  roar. 

C.  To  shout  with  laughter;  to  laugh  boister 
ously,  loudly,  or  without  restraint. 

1842  LEVER  J.  /Union  iii,  The  whole  party  were  roaring 
with  laughter.  1884  Punch  12  Apr.  179/1  New  members. . 
roared  when  he  shook  his  hand  over  his  head.  1893  Idler 
410,  I  read  '  Robert  Elsmere  '  and  roared  over  it. 

2.  Of  animals  (esp.  of  lions) :   To  utter  a  loud 
deep  cry.     Also  with  out. 

a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  xxi.  12  pair  mouth  ouer  me  bai  ware 
openand,  Als  lioun  reuand  and  rorand.  c  1350  Will.  Palcrne 
86  Whan  be  best  be  barn  missed.  .Reullche  gan  he  rore  & 
rente  al  his  hide,  c  1400  Ywaine  $  Gaw.  242  Lions,  beres, 
bath  bull  and  bare,  That  rewfully  gan  rope  and  rare. 
c  1440  Promp.  Parv,  437/1  Rooryn,  as  beestys,  rngio.  1530 
PALSGR.  694;'!,  I  roore,  I  yell,  as  a  beest  dothe,  je  braye. 
'549  Compl.  Scot.  vi.  39  The  suyne  began  to  quhryne  quhen 
thai  herd  the  asse  rair.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgritnage  n.  xx. 
(1614)  223  A  Lion  in  the  wood,  .roared  so  dernely.  a  1720 
SEW  EL  Hist.  Quakers  (1795)  I.  iv.  272  When  the  mouths  of 
lions  roared  against  me.  1782  COWPER  J.  Gilpin  206 
Whereat  his  horse  did  snort,  as  he  Had  heard  a  lion  roar. 
1827  D.  JOHNSON  Inrf.  Field  Sports  101  A  tiger  roared  out. 
1896  KIPLING  Seven  Seas,  Rhyme  Three  Sealers,  The  great 
man-seal  haul  out  of  the  sen,  aroaring,  band  by  band. 
Jiff.  1645  HAKWOOD  Loyal  Sn/>j.  Retiring-room  23  Doe 
but  permit  Luther  to  keep  close,  till  the  Popes  Bull  hath 
done  roaring. 

•f"  b.  transf.  Of  sheep,  birds,  or  bees.  Obs, 
1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.R.  xvni.  iv.  (1495)  751  The 
lambe  knoweth  his  owne  moder  in  somoche  that  yf  she 
rorhh  amonge  many  shepe  in  a  flocke,  anone  by  bletyng 
he  knowyth  the  voys  of  his  owne  moder.  1500-20  DUNBAR 
I'oews  xxxiii.  n^  He  lay  at  the  plunge  evirmair,  Sa  lang  as 
any  ravin  did  rair.  1759  Phil.  Trans.  LI.  300,  Jan.  15,  the 
bees  roared,  and  were  as  busy  as  they  are  in  the  height  of 
the  working  season.  1790  BURNS  Elegy  on  Henderson  viii, 
Ye  bitterns,  till  the  quagmire  reels,  Rair  for  his  sake. 

C.  Of  horses:  To  make  a  loud  sound  in  breath 
ing.  Cf.  ROARER  l  2  and  ROARING  vbl.  sb.  3. 

1880  W.  DAY  Racehorse  in  Ttaining  40  At  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  I  am  told,  horses  never  roar.  1889  ]  'orks. 
Post  25  Nov.  3/5  The  tendency  to  roar  is  not  a  matter  of 
heredity. 

3.  Of  cannon,  thunder,  wind,  the  sea,  or  other 
inanimate  agents:  To  make  a  loud  noise  or  din. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  6569  When  bey  were 
in  deppest  flod, . .  Ros  a  tempest,  rorande  loude.  c  1385 
CHAUCER  L.G.  IV.  1219  Dido,  The  thundyr  rorede  with  a 
gresely  steuene.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  xiv.  v.  648  He 
came  to  a  rough  water  the  whiche  roryd.  1530  PALSGR. 
693/2,  I  roore,  as  the  see  dothe  whan  there  bloweth  any 
storme,  Je  gronce.  1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xvii.  IJTO 
Our  cair  may  moue  the  stonis  And  hauie  rockis  to  rair. 
1617  MIDDLKTON  &  ROWLEY  Fair  Quarrel  iv.  i,  Does  not 
the  winds  roar,  the  sea  roar,  the  welkin  roar?  1669  EAKL 
WINCHILSEA  Relat.  Mt*  Etna  24  On  Friday  the  22,  the 
Mountain  again  roared  with  much  loudness.  1718  POPE 
Iliad  xin.  166  Hark  !  the  gates  burst,  the  brazen  barriers 
roar  !  1764  Museum  Rust.  III.  223,  I  caused  the  fire  to  be 
gradually  encreused  till  it  roared  again  in  the  furnace.  1816 
SCOTT  Old  Mort.  xxxvi,  The  ship. .went  roaring  through 
the  waves.  1861  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  at  O.rf.  xli,  The 
faggot  blazed  and  crackled,  and  roared  up  the  chimney. 

b.  Of  a  place  :  To  resound  or  echo  with  noise. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt.'s  T.  2023  Whan  it  was  day  he  broghte 

hym  to  the  halle,  That  roreth  of  the  criyng  and  the  soun. 
1667  MILTON  /*.  L.  vi.  871  Confounded  Chaos  roard,  And 
felt  tenfold  confusion  in  thir  fall. 

c.  Curling.  To  send  a  stone  with  great  speed. 
1786  BURNS  Tarn  Samson  v,  To  guard,  or  draw,  or  wick  a 

Lore,  Or  up  the  rink  like  Jehu  roar.  1817  Lintoun  Green 
38  Roaring  up  the  rink  he  flies,  The  guarded  tee  to  clear. 

d.  To  pass  away  with  a  loud  noise. 

1897  AllbntCs  Syst.  Med.  III.  969  His  appetite  was  bad, 
his  breathing  was  short,  wind  would  occasionally  'roar 
away '  and  then  the  distension  lessened. 

4.  trans.  To  utter  or  proclaim  loudly ;  to  shout 
(out).     Alsoy^. 

c  1400  Apol.  Loll.  (Camden)  58  Houndis  and  woluis  roryn 
be  psalmis,  ps  were  woluis  criyng  ilk  to  ober.  1587  FLEMING 
Contn.  Holinshed  III.  1367/2  The  popes  bull  hath  roared  it 
so  to  be.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  m.  i.  40  That,  .makes  him 
rore  these  Accusations  forth.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  i.  7 
Long  before  this  time,  she  had  roared  it  even  into  the  ears 
of  deaf  men.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  $  P.  279  Nor  will 
they  themselves  disdain  to  take  up  a  Tabor  and  Roar  out  a 
Song.  1706  E.WARD  Wooden  li'orld  Diss.  (1708)  78  He 
shall  roar  forth  Death  and  Destruction  about  the  hoisting 
of  a  Water-cask.  1749  FIELDING  TCH/I  Jones  xv.  v,  Roared 
forth  the  word  daughter.  18x0  CRABBE  Borough  xix.  77 
What  time  the  many,  that  unruly  beast,  Roars  its  rough 
joy.  1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  xiii,  The  songs  those  young 
fellows  were  roaring.  1850 — Pendennis  xxxi[i],  *  Oh,  never 
mind,'  Bungay  roared  out  with  a  great  laugh.  i878T'ENNYSON 
The  Rft>engc  v,  Sir  Richard  spoke,,  .and  we  roar'd  a  hurrah. 


ROARING. 

b.  With  complement  :   To  force,   call,  bring, 
render,  etc.,  by  roaring. 

1617  MIDDLETON  &  ROWLEY  Fair  Quarrel  iv.  i,  We'll 
roar  the  rusty  rascal  out  of  his  tobacco.  1725  RAMSAY 
Gentle  Sheph.  v.  i,  [He]  roars  up  Symon  frae  his  kindly 
rest.  1777  DR.  TAYLOR  in  Boswell  \GIobe)  411/1  He  will 
not  hear  you,  and  having  a  louder  voice  than  you,  must  roar 
you  down.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIFKE  Italian  vii,  Paulo,  who 
had  roared  himself  hoarse,  was  very  willing  to  be  silent. 

fRoara'tion.    Obs.  rare-1.    (See  quot.) 

1617  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  (ed.  3)  599  Such  Orations 
(roarations  ye  may  call  them). 

Roarer1  (ro»'rai).      [f.  ROAR  Z/.  +  -ER!.;/ 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  roars. 

1388  WYCLIF  Ecclns.  Ii.  4  Thou  hast  delyuered  me. .fro 
rorexis  [L.  a  rugientibns\. 

1598  FLOKIO,  Ruggiatore,  a  roarer.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp. 
i.  i.  18  What  cares  these  roarers  for  the  name  of  King  ?  1689 
COTTON  Winter  \xx\-\\\,  Into  our  fortress,  let  us  haste;  Where 
all  the  roarers  of  the  north  Can  neither  storm,  nor  starve 
us  forth.  1715  Flying  Post  27  Jan.,  For  roarers  of  the  word 
'  Church  ',  ^40.  For  a  set  of  No  Roundhead  '  roarers,  ^40. 
1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  144  P  8  The  roarer.. has  no 
other  qualification  for  a  champion  of  controversy  than  a 
hardened  front  and  strong  voice.  1790  MARSHALL  Rnr. 
F.con.  Midi.  II.  285  She  [a  cow]  was  a  '  roarer  '  and  a  breaker 
of  hedges.  1864  C.  W.  KING  Gnostics  54  fcromius  the 
Roarer,  an  appropriate  epithet  of  the  Grecian  Dionysus. 
1874  Contcmp.  Rev.  Oct.  669  To  exhibit  the  powers  of  every 
village  roarer,  and  to  prevent  all  congregational  singing. 

fb.  A  noisy,  riotous  bully  or  reveller;  a  wild 
roisterer.  Obs. 

1586  D.  ROWLAND  Lazarilh  n.  (1672)  R  5,  Canil  was 
dressed  like  a  Roarer.  1611  BEAU.M.  &  FL.  Philaster\.  iv, 
We  are  thy  -Mirmidons,  thy  Guard,  thy  Rorers.  1649 
W.  M.  Wandering  Jinu  (1857)  54, 1  am  a  man  of  the  Sword  ; 
a  Battoon  Gallant, ..in  rugged  English,  a  Roarer.  1x1704 
T.  BROWN  /V/C  Gaming  Wlcs.  1709  HI.  149  Is  there  any  so 
besotted  to  the  Bottle,  which  this  Discourse  of  Pliny's., 
cannot  reclaim. .  from  the  Suppers  of  Roarers  to  the  Dinners 
of  the  Cinicks?  1709  STEELK  Tatler  No.  40^3  All  your 
Top- Wits  were  Scowrers,  Rakes,  Roarers,  and  Demolishers 
of  Windows. 

C.  A  street-seller  of  newspapers,  who  calls  out 
fictitious  news. 

1865  Pall  Mall  G.  5  Aug.  6/2  One  of  a  class  of  men  known 
in  the  trade  as  '  roarers  '  went  round  with  a  few  evening 
papers  which  he  announced  to  be  'extraordinary  editions1. 

2.  A  horse  affected  with  roaring. 

1811  Sporting  Mag.  XXXVII.  129X116  horse. .turned  out 
to  be  what  jockiea  call  a  roarer,  which  is  a  defect  in  the 
wind.  1831  VOL* ATT  Hose  160  Many  more  carriage-horses 
become  roarers,  than  those  that  are  used  for  the  saddle 
alone.  1889  I  '0rks.  Post  25  Nov.  3  '5  The  records  state  that 
Eclipse  also  was  a  roarer,  or  '  high  blower',  as  the  term  was 
in  his  day  [a  1789],  the  word  'roarer'  not  having  yet  been 
applied  to  horses. 

3.  A  noisy  or  rousing  song. 

1837  MARRYAT  Dog  Fiend  ix,  Let's  have  the  roarer  by 
way  of  a  finish. 

4.  U.S.  slang.  Something  superlatively  good. 
1852  MRS.  STOWE   Uncle.  Tom's  C.  vii.  47  Thar'.s  Bruno — 

he's  a  roarer  1  1857  HEAVYSEGE  Saul  (1869)  141  Were  it 
not  the  roarer  of  all  jests,  To  up  and  peep  at  the  outside 
of  heaven?  1872  DE  VEHE  Americanisms  224  An  active 
young  man  or  a  bouncing  lass  is  apt  to  be  admiringly  desig 
nated  as  a  roarer. 

RoaTer  -.  dial.  [f.  East  Anglian  roar  to  turn 
over  (salted  herrings)  :  cf.  RORE  z\]  A  wooden 
basket  to  carry  salt  herrings:  cf.  ROARING  BASKET, 

1895  RYE  E.  Anglian  Gloss. 

Roarie,  obs.  form  of  RORY  a. 

Roaring  (ro^rin),  vb!.  sb.  Also  1-3  rarung, 
i  raring,  4,  6  Sc.  raryng;  4-6  roryng(e,  -ing, 
6  roaringe.  [f.  ROAR  v.  +  -ING  !.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  verb ;  the  utterance  of  a 
loud  deep  cry  or  sound  : 

a.  Of  animals  (cf.  ROAR  v.  2). 

a  1000  in  Wr.-\Viilcker  192  Barritvs^.  .jebota,  rarung. 
c  1050  Ibid.  495  Barritust  raringe.  ^1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints 
\.  (Catherine)  36  pe  noys,  be  raryng  &  be  bere  of  noyt, 
&  schepe  &  menstralsy.  1381  WYCLIF  yob  xxxix.  3  Thei 
ben  bowid  to  the  frut  of  kinde,  and  beren  ;  and  roringus 
thei  senden  out.  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  437/1  Rorynge,  crye 
of  beestys,  rngitits^  mugitits.  1552  HULOET,  Bellowyng  or 
rorynge  of  neate.  1555  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  94  Owre  men 
.  .harde..horryble  noyses  and  rorynges  of  wylde  beastes. 
1611  RIBLE  Job  iv.  10  The  roaring  of  the  Lyon,and  the  voice 
of  the  fierce  Lyon.  1638  SIR  T.  HKRBERT  Traz>.  (ed.  2)  126 
The  roaring  of  200  Mules  and  Asses.  1735  SOMERVILLE 
Chase  n.  492  The  King  of  Brutes  In  broken  Roarings 
breathes  his  last.  1785  SMELLIE  Buflbn'sNat.  Hist.  (1791) 
VI.  259  Following  the  tract  of  wild  beasts,.. terrified  by 
their  occasional  roarings.  1:1850  Arabian  Nts.  (Rtldg.) 
325  They  heard  the  roaring  of  the  lion . .  issue  from  the  wood. 
1897  Allbntfs  Syst.  Med.  IV.  762  The  'roaring'  of  the 
otherwise  silent  stag  at  the  rutting  lime. 

b.  Of  human  beings  (cf.  ROAR  v.  i). 

a  1240  Satvles  IVarde  in  O.E.  Horn.  I.  253  Kiseon  on  hare 
grimfule  ant  grurefule  nebbes,  ant  heren  hare  rarunge. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Merck.  T.  1120  Vp  he  yaf  a  roryng  and  a 
crye>  As  dooth  the  mooder  whan  the  child  shal  dye.  c  1440 
York  Myst.  xxxi.  215  And  lorde,  for  J>er  raryng  he  raysed 
hym  full  right.  1535  COVEBDALF.  Job  iii.  25  This  is  the  cause, 
that.. my  roaringes  fall  out  like  a  water  floude.  1631 
BYFIELD  Doctr.  Sabb.  163  Now  many  in  merry  meetings 
have  their  singing  of  Catches  and  their  roarings,  as  they  are 
called.  1687  T.  BROWN  Saints  in  Uproar  Wks.  1730  I.  72 
There's  such  calling  of  names, .  .such  roaring  and  screaming. 
1722  DE  FoE/'/a^7^(Rtldg.)  103  Others,  .vented  their  Pain 
by  incessant  Roarings.  1764  GRAY  J.  T.  16  AH  the  town 
rings  of  his  swearing  and  roaring  !  1853  KANE  Grinnell  E.vj>. 
xxxi.  (1856)  269.  I  might  defy  human  being  to  hear  her.. 

92 


ROARING. 

without  roaring.  1889  J.  M.  DUNCAN  Dis.  Women  (ed.  4) 
iii.  10  The  restlessness  and  groaning  or  roaring  under  spas 
modic  pain. 

c.  Of  inanimate  things  (cf.  ROAR  v.  3). 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.R.  v.  xxxviii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  $if 
be  water  is  to  inoche,  it  makef*  roryng  and  grolling  in  be 
wombe.  1553  BRKNDE  Q.  Curtius  in.  12  b,  [The  river]  fall- 
yng  downe  vpon  a  rock  beneth,  made  muche  noise  and 
ronnge.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp,  i.  ii.  204  The  fire  and  cracks 
Of  sulphurous  roaring,  1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram. 
x.  47  The  Roaring  of  the  Sea  is  most  commonly  obserued  a 
shore,  a  little  before  astorme.  1712  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  333 
F  5  The  Pomp  of  his  Appearance  amidst  the  Roarings  of 
his  Thunders.  1797-1805  S.  &  HT.  LEE  Canterb.  T.  \. 
352  The  low  and  monotonous  roaring  of  the  waves.  1817 
SHKLLEY  Rev.  Islam  x.  iv.  3  Like  the  roaring  Of  fire.  1869 
To  2  ER  Highl.  Tur&tyll.as&Tht  sighing  of  the  wind  in  the 
trees,  or  its  roaring  round  their  mountain  abodes. 

f2.  Bullying,  boisterous,  or  riotous  conduct.  Obs. 

1617  MIDULETON  &  ROWLEY  Fair  Quarrel  iv.  i,  You  and 
your  man  shall  roar  him  out  on't— for  indeed  you  must  pay 
your  debts  so,  for  that's  one  of  the  main  ends  of  roaring. 
1627  [-,ee  RIOTING  vbl.  sb.  \\.  1642  FULLER  Holy  $  Prof. 
St.  in.  i.  153  Whitest  they  keep  the  greatest  roaring,  their 
state  steals  away  in  the  greatest  silence, 

attrib.  1617  MIDDLETON  &  ROWLEY  Fair  Quarrel  n.  ii, 
What,  to  the  roaring  school  ? 

3.  A  disease  of  horses,  causing  them  to  make  a 
loud  noise  when  breathing  under  exertion  ;  the  act 
of  making  this  noise.  (Cf.  ROARER  *  2.) 

1823  in  CBABB.  1831  YOUATT  Horse  160  Roaring  is  no 
unusual  consequence  of  strangles.  1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr. 
Pract.  Agric.  (ed-4)  I.  441  Sometimes  roaring  is  occasioned 
by  a  distorted  larynx  produced  by  tight  reining.  1881 
Standard  29  July  5/2  Whether  '  roaring  '  can  be  cured  or 
not  is  a  question  upon  which  there  is  no  consensus  of  opinion. 

Roa'ring,  ///.  a.    [f.  as  prec,  +  -IN-G  ^.J 

1.  That   roars   or   bellows :    a.    Of  persons   or 
animals.     Also  spec,  of  horses  (see  prec.  3). 

1382  WVCI.IF  Ecchts.  H.  4 Thou  hast  delyuered  me.. fro  the 
rorende  men.  —  i  Peter  v.  8  5oure  aduersarie,  the  deuel, 
as  a  roryng  lyoun  goith  aboute.  1509  HA  WES  Past.  Picas. 
xxviii.  (Percy  Soc.)  134  Agaynst  day  began  to  nese  and 
cry  My  stede  Galantyse  with  a  roryng  breste.  1590 
SPF.SSKR  F.  Q.  \.  vi.  24  Wyld  roring  Buls.  1611  BIBLE  Ps. 
xxii.  13  They  gaped  vpon  me.  .as  a  rauening  and  a  roaring 
Lyon.  1727  DE  FOE  Hist.  Appar.  iii,  Dost  thou  know  I  am 
a  roaring  lion  ?  1848  THACKKRAY  Sk.  $  Trav.  London,  A 
Nighfs  Pleasure  i,  Cox's  most  roomy  fly,.. in  which  he 
insists  on  putting  the  roaring  grey  horse.  1889  Yorks.  Post 
25  Nov.  3/5  Melbourne  was  a  big  roaring  horse. 
b.  Of  the  sea,  wind,  cannon,  etc. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Sonorits,  Flumina  sonorn, 
roaringe  riuers.  1595  SPENSER  Epithal.  218  And  let  the 
roring  Organs  loudly  play.  1616  J.  LANE  Contn.  Sqr.'s  T. 
via.  445  So  theare  out  flies  the  roringst  batterie  on  all  the 
towne.  1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  91  What  volleyed 
from  the  roring  guns.  17..  RAMSAY  Horace  to  Virgil  16 
Thro'  tempests  and  a  rairing  tide.  1784  COWPER  Task  v. 
766  The  sea  With  all  his  roaring  multitude  of  waves.  1861 
FAIRBAIRN  fron  144  A  roaring  flame  rushes  from  the  mouth 
of  the  vessel.  1873  BLACK  Pr.  Thnle.  x.  153  The  mighty 
and  roaring  stream  of  omnibuses. 

C.  Roaring  buckle,  a  sea-shell  which  appears 
to  make  a  loud  noise  (imagined  to  be  the  roaring 
of  the  sea)  when  the  opening  is  held  close  to  the 
ear.  Sc.  (Cf.  ROARV  2.) 

1808  JAMIKSON  s.v.  Bnckic,  The  roaring  buckie,  Buccinum 
uiittatwn,  Linn.,  is  the  common  great  whelk.  1854  Zoologist 
XII.  4428  Waved  Buccine,  Buccinum  nndatum.,  .This  and 
the  larger  species  of  Fusus  get  the  provincial  name  of 
'  roaring  buckies  '.  1900  STRAIN  Elms-lie's  Dragnet  206  Two 
great  branches  of  pure  white  coral  and  six  large  'roaring 
buckies '. 

2.  Behaving  or  living  in  a  noisy,  riotous  manner; 
esp.  roaring  boy  (cf.  BOY  sb^\  6).     Now  only  arch. 

1584  \si\xSappho  in.  ii.  76  Whatshesoswaggersin  the  Van? 
O  !  thats  a  roring  Englishman.  1611  MIDDLETOM  &  DKKKER 
(/;V/c),The  Roaring  Girleior  Moll  Cutpurse.  1611  J.DAVIES 
(Heref.)  Sco.  Folly  ^rosart)  II.  44  The  diuell  is.  .nere  dead 
while  roring  boyes  do  Hue.  1658  ROWLEY,  TOUKNICUH,  etc., 
IVittk  of  Edmonton  \.  ii,  One  of  the  Country  roaring  Lads. 
171^  D'CTRFEY/J///jIII,23  Your  Roaring  Boys  who  every  one 
quails,  Fights,  Domineers,  Swaggers,  and  rails.  1764  FOOTK 
Mayor  of  Gar  rat  t  i,  You  vould  meet  some  roaring,  rare 
boys,  i'  faith.  1826  SCOTT  Woodst.  viii,  The  wild  life  of  a 
roaring  cavalier.  Ibid,  xx,  These  were  the  '  roaring  boys  ' 
who  met  in  hedge  ale-houses. 

•f  b.  transf.  Befitting  a  '  roarer  *.   Obs. 

c  1590  MARLOWI-;  Faitstus  viii,  Keep  out,  for  I  am  about  a 
roaring  piece  of  work. 

3.  Of  voice,  sound,  etc.  :  Extremely  loud. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.^  Edw.  /^  43  b,  The  dukes  angry 
countenaunce  and  roryng  voyce.  1631  R.  BOLTON  Comf. 
A$l.  Consc.  vli.  (1635)  230  He  breakes  out  oftentimes  into  a 
roring  complaint  of  sinne.  1659  PELL  linpr.  Sea  76  How 
their  roaring  oaths  gingle  in  their  mouthes.  1697  DRVDEN 
Virg.  Gcorg.  i.  442  With  a  roaring  sound  The  rising  Rivers 
float  the  nether  Ground.  1861  HUGHES  Tom  Rrcnvn  at  O.rf. 
xlvii,  I  don't  think  we  shall  even  have  a  roaring  song  along 
the  street  to-night.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  16  Feb.  1/2  Such 
steps.. are  not  forced  upon  us  by  a  roaring  agitation. 
b.  Path.  (.See  quot.) 

1854  WALSHE  * Dis.  Lungs  $  Heart  (ed.  2)  747  The  quality 
of  the  systolic  murmur  may  be.  .rasping,  sawing,  filing,  or 
if  the  blood  be  spanaemic,  roaring, 

4.  Characterized  by  riotous  or  noisy  revelry  ;  full 
of  din  or  noise. 

a  17x5  BURNET  Own  Time  (1766)  I.  168  It  was  a  mad  roar 
ing  time  full  of  extravagance.  1732  Di;  FOE  Plague  (Rtldg.) 
88_Revelling  and  roaring  extravagances.  1759  TOWNLEY 
High  Life  i,  We'll  have  a  roaring  Night.  1822  W.  IRVING 
Braceb.  Hall  vi,  49  A  generation  or  two  of  hard-livers,  that 
led  a  life  of  roaring  revelry.  1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  i.  viii, 


730 

We  can  hear  one  another  better  than  in  the  roaring  street. 
1879  STEVENSON  Trav.  Cevennes  (1886)  152  This  roaring 
table  d'hote. 

b.   The  roaring  game  (or  //<y),  the  game  of 
curling. 

[1786  BURNS  Vision  \,  i,  The  sun  had  clos'd  the  winter-day, 
The  Curlers  quat  their  roaring-play.  1790  A.  WILSON 
Rabby's  Mistake  Poet.  Wks.  (1846)  101  Far  aflf  the  curler's 
roaring  rink,  Re-echoed  loud.]  1865  JANET  HAMILTON  Poems, 
Winter  103  The  curlers  ply  the  '  roarin'  play  ',  An'  rinks  are 
made.  1877  Encycl.  Brit.  VI.  712/2  The  rules.. of  the 
Caledonian  Curling  Club  form  a  code  which  largely  regulates 
'  the  roaring  game',  .all  over  the  world, 

C.    The  roaring  forties:  see  FOBTY  sb.  4. 

5.  Roaring  drunk  (Sc.  fot£\  excessively  drunk 
and  noi*y. 

1697  VANBRUGH  Provoked  Wife  in.  39  Sir  John  will  come 
home  roaring  drunk.  1790  BURNS  Tain  o1  Shanterzd  That 
every  naig  was  ca'd  a  shoe  on,  The  smith  and  thee  gat  roar 
ing  foil  on.  1834  MAURYAT  P.  Simple  (1863)  104  Just  at 
that  time  came  down  the  sergeant  of  marines,  with  three  of 
our  men  whom  he  had  picked  up,  roaring  drunk.  1859 
FARRAR  J.  Home  xx,  I  bet  you  2  to  i..that  I  have  him 
roaring  drunk  before  a  month's  over. 

6.  Of  ailments:  Causing  one  to  cry  out;  extremely 
violent,    rare. 

1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Re/7.  n.  iii.  (1848)  106  He  that  is  tor 
mented  with  the  Gout,  is  ajJt  to  envy  any  Sick  man  that  is 
exempted  from  that  Roaring  pain.  1901  Silt  H.  SMITH 
Aittobiog,  H.  xxxiii.  10  An  exposure  of  this  sort  to  the  sun 
uf  India  would  probably  cause  a  roaring  fever  or  death. 

7.  Of  trade:  Very  brisk,  highly  successful. 

1796  Grose  s  Diet.  I  'ulgar  T.  (ed.  3),  Roaring  trade.,  a 
quick  trade.  1845  HOOD  My  Son%  Heir  xix,  A  Grazier  may 
be  losing  cash,  Although  lie  drives  a  *  roaring  trade  '.  1883 
I,D.  R.  GOWEK  Reminisc.  I.  xviii.  364  The  women  who  sell  the 
papers  are  evidently  making  a  roaring  trade. 

8.  colloq.  Boisterous,  exuberant. 

1848  THACKEKAY  Lett,  i  Nov.,  What  a  shame  it  is  to  go 
on  bragging  about  what  is  after  all  sheer  roaring  good 
health. 


Hence  RoaTingly  adv. 


Roa'ring  Meg.  [ROARING  ///.  a.  and  MEG!.] 

f  1.  a.  -  Mons  Meg :  see  MEG  l  b.  Hence,  a  huge 
piece  of  ordnance.  Alsoy?^.  Obs. 

*575  CHURCHYARD  Chips,  Siege  Edinb.  Castle  04  b,  With 
thondryng  noyes,  was  shot  of  [—  off]  roeryng  Meg.  1398 
(title},  Tyros  Roring  Megge.  Planted  against  the  walles 
of  Melancholy.  1637  WHITING  Albino  #  Bellama  10  But  a 
blunt  Earle . .  Beates  downe  a  Fortresse  like  a  Roaring  Meg. 
1656  TRAPP  Comm.  Job  xxxvii.  2  Drowning  the  noise  of 
their  consciences. .  by  ringing  their  greatest  Bells,  discharg 
ing  their  roaring-megs.  1700  J.  BROM&  Trav.  K'ig.t  Scot., 
etc.  (1707)  195  In  this  [sc,  Edinburgh]  Castle  is  one  of  the 
largest  Canons  in  Great-Britain,  called  Roaring-Megg. 

b.  (See  quot.) 

1847  R.  SIMPSON  Ann.  Derry  41  In  the  same  bastion  lies 
roaring  meg,  so  called  from  the  loudness  of  her  report  during 
the  siege  of  1688-9. 

f  2.  A  kind  of  top  (see  quots.).   Of>s~° 

1632  SHERWOOD  s.v.  Roaring,  The  top  called  a  roaring- 
meg,  trombe.  [Cf.  COTGR.  (1611),  Trombe,  a  round  and 
hollow  ball  of  wood,  hauing  a  peake  like  a  casting-top,  and 
making  a  great  noise  when  it  is  cast  as  a  top.] 

3.  (See  quot.) 

i8n  Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  I.  50  This  structure  of  the  clay., 
goes  by  the  name  of  the  shaggy  metal,  and  the  fresh  water 
which  makes  its  way  through  the  pores  has  the  expressive 
appellation  of  Roaring  Meg. 

Roa'r-worthy,  a.     nonce-word,     [f.  ROARV.] 

Worth  roaring  or  shouting  against. 

1713  ADDISON  Guard.  No.  124  To  roar. .loud  enough 
against  all  the  things,  that  are  roar-worthy  in  these  Realms. 

Roa*ry,  a.  and  sb.     rare.     [f.  ROAR  v.] 

t  1.  Given  to  roaring.     Also  as  sb.     Obs. 

Used  only  with  Tory:  cf.  TORY-RORY. 

c  1680  HICKERINGILL  Hist.  Wkiggistn  Wks.  1716 1.  23  The 
Papists  and  the  whory,  roary.  .Tories  were  Cavaliers.  1716 
Pol.  Ballads  (1860)  II.  184  Why  was  it  said  the  Tories  For 
me  did  try  amain?  Why  then  are  all  the  roaries  Why  are 
they  all  in  vain? 

2.  Roary  buckle  :  see  ROARING///,  a.  i  c. 

1819  W.TENNANT  Papistry  Storied  (1827)  18  Like  roarie-  ! 
buckies,  i'  their  din,  Loud  soundin'  as  the  sea  comes  in. 

Roase,  obs,  form  of  ROSE  sb. 

Roaaen,  obs.  form  of  ROSIN  sb. 

Roast  (rJ"st),  sb.  Forms:  4-7  roste,  rost, 
4-6  roost,  5-6  Sc.  roist,  6-  roast.  [In  sense  i, 
a.  OK.  rost  masc.  (mod.F.  rdt :  cf.  Frov.  rausf, 
Catal.  rost,  It.  arrosto]  or  roste  fern.,  roasting, 
roast  meat,  vbl.  sb.  from  rostir  ROAST  v.  In 
sense  2,  a  subst.  use  of  the  pa.  pple.  of  ROAST  v. 
In  other  senses  mainly  from  the  verbal  stem.] 

1.  A  piece  of  roast  meat,  or  anything  that  is  \ 
roasted  for  food  ;  a  part  of  an  animal  prepared  or  : 
intended  for  roasting. 

c  1330  Amis  fy  A  mil.  1235  Certes,  it  were  michel  vnright 
To  make  a  roste  of  leuedis  bright.  136*  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A. 
Prol.  108  Wib  good  wyn  of  Gaskoyne.  .^e  rost  [v.r.  roste] 
to  defye.  c  1420  Liber  Cocorum  (1862)  43  penne  take  by 
rost,  and  sklyce  hit  clene.  c  1470  Gol.  $  Gaw.  81  Schir  Kay 
ruschit  to  the  roist,  and  reft  fra  the  swane.  1575  Gantm. 


ROAST. 

•Gnrton  \\.  Song,  I  love  no  rost,  but  a  nut  brown  toste  And 
a  crablayde  in  the  fyre.  1591  FLORIO  -2nd  Frnites  55  Make 
loome  for  the  second  messe,  now  comes  the  roste.  a  1635 
CORBET  Poems  (1807)  36  Since  you  eat  his  roast,  It  argues 
want  of  manners  To  raile  upon  the  host,  a  1656  BP.  HALL 
Kent.  Wks.  (1660)  198  The  very  entrayles  must  be  washed 
and  put  into  the  roast.  1763  SMOLLETT  Trav.  (1766)  I.  v.dy 
The  bourgeois  of  Boulogne  have  commonly,  .a  roast,  with 
a  sallad,  for  supper.  1842  J.  AITON  Domest.  Econ.  (1857)  91 
Keep  a  small  roast  or  two  for  family  use.  1886  PASCOE 
London  of  To-day  48  That  dinner  consists  of ..  vegetables, 
roasts,  sweets,  with  dessert. 

b.  Phr.   To  rule  the  roast,  to  have  full  sway  or 
authority;  to  be  master.  Hence  ruler  of  the  roast. 

In  very  common  use  from  c  1530  onwards,  but  none  of  the 
early  examples  throw  any  light  on  the  precise  origin  of  the 
expression. 

(a)  14. .  Carpenter's  Tools  176  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  I.  85  What 
so  euer  56  brage  ore  boste,  My  mayster  }et  shall  reule  the 
roste.     1526  SICELTON  Magnyf.  805  Cra.  Con.   In  fayth,  I 
rule  mocha  of  the  rost.      Clo.  Col.  Rule  the  roste  !  thou 
voidest,  ye.     1559  T.  BRYCE  in  Farr  S.  P.  Eliz.  (1845)  I. 
175  When  shall  trew  dealing  rule  the  roste  With  those  that 
bye  and  sell?    1577  87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  II.  23/1  These 
were  Irish  potentate-;,  and  before  their  discomfiture  they 
ruled   Oie   rost.      1616  R.  C.  Times'  Whistle  (1871)  117  In 
cholerick  bodies,  fire  doth  govern  moste  ;  In  sanguine,  aire 
doth  chiefly  rule  the  rost.    1659  T.  PECKE  Parnassi  Pnerp. 
46  He  rules  the  Rost,  by  Night;  She  rules  the  Daies.  1708 
PRIOR  Turtle  $  Sparwnv  334,  I  never  strove  to  rule  the 
roast.     1778  FOOTS  Trip  Calais  n,  The  ladies  always  rule 
the  roast  in  this  part  of  the  world.     1820  CO.MIIE  Syntax, 
Wife  in.  276  This  is  the  toast,  Which  in  this  place  must 
rule  the  roast.     1855  KINGSI.EY   Wcstw.  Ho  I  x,  He  had  it 
all  his  own  way,  and  ruled  the  roast.. right  royally.     1876 
C,d.  Words  788  The  sensual  appetite  rules  the  roast,  and 
proclaims  its  determination  to  be  gratified  at  all  costs. 

(b)  1563  Homilies  \\.  Idolatry  in.  (1859)  248  For..Govern- 
ours,  you  have  the  Romans,  the  rulers  of  the  rost  (as  they 
say).      1581  J.  BELL  Haddon"s  ans-w.  Osor.  67  b,  If  you. . 
will  notwithstanding  be  accompted  a  ruler  of  the  Roast  in 
Divinitie.     1706  E.   WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  6 
This  Ruler  of  the  Roast  has  so  little  Christian  Honesty. 
1898  VILLARI   Machiavelli  35  The    lowest    men.. became 
'rulers  of  the  roast '. 

c.  In  various  figurative  or  allusive  expressions. 
In  the  earlier  of  these  the  precise  sense  is  not  clear. 
1508  KENNEDIE  Flytingiv.  Dnnbar  27  Ramowd  rebald, 

thow  fall  doun  att  the  roist,  My  laureat  lettres  at  the  and 
I  lowis.  fiSSo  LVNDESAY  Trag.  Cardinal  372  Of  rycht 
religious  men . .  Bot  not  to  rebaldis  new  cum  frome  the  roste. 
1576  GASCOIGNE  Philomcne  (Arb.)  114  Oft  times  they  buy 
the  rost  ful  deare,  It  smelleth  of  the  smoke.  1587  Mirr. 
Mag.,  Sir  Nicholas  Bnrdet  (1610)  488  Though  full  oft  we 
made  the  French  men  smell  of  the  rost,  Yet  in  the  end  we 
saine  of  fight  the  fame.  1596  COLSE  Penelope  (1880)  167 
Wei  let  him  heed  amidst  his  ioy,  Lest  Menelaus  marre 
his  roast.  1670  G.  H.  tr.  Hist.  Cardinals  n.  i.  121  Not 
caring  who  have  the  smoak,  whilst  they  themselves  run 
away  with  the  roast.  1680  COTTON  Comfl.  Gamester (td.  2) 
13  Under  the  notion  of  beinjj  very  merry  with  coine  and 
good  cheer,  they  will  make  him  pay  for  the  roast. 

t  d.  transf.  A  company,  troop.  Obs.  (Cf. 
BOILING  vbl.  sb.  4.) 

1608  T.  JAMES  Wickliffe  G  ivb,  The  whole  host  and  rost 
of  Moonks  and  Friars  beganne  to  praie. 

2.  Roast  meat ;  roast  beef. 

CI375  Cursor  M.  13373  (Fairf.),  pat  folk  J»at  day  fulle 
faire  was  fed  wib  soifien  &  roste  &  wilde  bred.  £1400 
Yivaine  #  Gaw.  221  Us  wanted  nowther  baken  ne  roste. 
1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  78  The  tane  lufis 
soddyn,  the  tothir  rost.  1535  COVERDAI.E  Isaiah  xliv.  16 
He  roste th  flesh,  that  he  maye  eate  roste  his  bt-ly  full.  1566 
Re&  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  489  Being  servit  with  bruise, 
beif,  muttoun,  and  ros_t  at  the  leist.  1600  ROWLANDS 
Lett,  Hutnours  Blood  iii.  9  Not  that  hee'Ie  cloy  him  there 
with  rost  or  sod.  1611  BIBLE  Isaiah  xliv.  16  He  eateth 
flesh  :  he  rosteth  rost,  and  is  satisfied.  1700  DRYDKN  Cock 
fy  Fox  36  On  holy  days  an  egg,  or  two  at  most ;  But  her 
ambition  never  reach'd  to  roast.  1717  LADV  MONTAGU 
Let.  to  C'iess  Mar,  Their  sauces  are  very  high,  all  the 
roast  very  much  done.  1834  SYD.  SMITH  Lett,  cccxl,  Tory  and 
Whig  in  turns  shall  be  my  host,  I  taste  no  politics  in  boil'd 
and  roast.  1856  KMEKSON  Eng.  Traits^  Aristocracy,  [He] 
should  have  as  much  boiled  and  roast  as  he  could  carry 
on  a  long  dagger. 

b.  In  figurative  or  allusive  expressions;  fin 
early  use  esp.  cold  roast  in  depreciatory  sense. 

.1400  Tourn.  Tottenham  136  'I  make  a  vow  ',  quoth 
Perkyn,  '  thow  speks  of  cold  rost '.  c  1460  Towneley  Myst. 
ii.  421  Yey,  cold  rost  is  at  my  masterts  hame.  1542  UDALL 
Erasm.  Apoph.  266  b,  A  beggerie  litle  tonne  of  cold  roste 
in  the  mountaignes  of  Savoye.  (11591  H.  SMITH  Semi. 
(1866)  II.  57  Great  boast  and  small  roast  makes  unsavoury 
mouths.  1634  LENTON  Inns  ofCrt.Anagr.  D,Toyourselfe, 
or  others,  when  they  boast  Of  dainty  cates  and  afterwards 
cry  roast.  1653  H.  COGAN  tr.  Scarlet  Gown  84  To  speak 
without  passion,  there  was  much  boast,  but  little  rost.  1681 
T.  FLATMAN  Heraclitus  Kidens  No.  35(1713)  I.  228  There, 
I  think  I  come  over  you  with  a  stroak  of  Roast.  1760 
FOOTE  Minor  Introd.,  I  tell  thee  the  plain  roast  and  boil'd 
of  the  theatres  will  never  do  at  this  table.  We  must  have 
high  seasoned  ragouts  and  rich  sauces. 
3.  An  operation  of  roasting  (metal,  coffee,  etc.), 
or  the  result  of  this. 

In  quot.  1582  prob.  after  G.  rost. 

1582  in  Trans.  Jewish  Hist.  Soc.  (1903)  IV.  94  In  which 
rostes  both   of  vitriall,  Copper  and  Coppris  makeinge,  he 
will  use  nothing  but  peate. 
1877   RAYMOND  Statist.   Mines^  fy  Mining  398   A_  dead 


113/1  In  Britain  large  roasts  [of  coffee]  are  the  rule.     1883 
Science  I.  105/1  Too  much  to  allow  the  temperature  to  be 
kept  sufficiently  high  to  obtairj  a  complete  roast. 
4.  The  process  of  bantering  unmercifully. 


ROAST. 


731 


ROASTING. 


174°  MRS.  DELANY  Lifctf  Con:  (1861)  II.  74  The  Knight 
bore  the  roast  with  great  fortitude.  1754  J.  SHEBBEAUE 
Matrimony  (1766.1  I.  190  David  Gam,  Esq.,  was  a  proper 
subject  for  a  Roast.  1796  Grose's  Diet.  Vulgar  T.  (ed.  3) 
s.v.,  He  stood  the  roast,  he  was  the  butt.  1817  Lint  on  n 
Green  27  He  had  been  jockeyed  to  his  cost,..  Which  made 
him  suffer  many  a  roast. 

5.  attrib.)  as  roast-cook ;  roast-bitter,  a  bitter 
principle  contained  in  the  crust  of  baked  bread  ; 
roast-post  [ad.  G.  rostpost\  a  quantity  of  ore 
prepared  for  roasting,  a  routing-charge ;  roast- 
stall,  a  form  of  roasting-furnace  (Cent.  Diet.}. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1122  The  heap. .must  be  then  well 
mixed,  and  formed  into  small  bings,  called  roast-posts.  1856 
Orr*s  Circle  Sci.t  Pract.  Chcm.  343  This  peculiar  bitter 
principle  is  called  'roast-bitter',  or  'Assamar'.  I  but.  344 
The  roast-bitter,  produced  by  baking  in  the  crust  of  bread, 
originates  in  all  farinaceous  food  in  the  same  way.  1896 
Daily  News  n  Dec.  12/7  Man  wants  situation  as  roast 
cook,  chefs  assistant,  or  carver. 

Roast  (raust),  v.  Forms  :  3-4  rosti,  5-6  rosty; 
4-6  roste,  5-7  rost ;  5-6  rooste,  6-  roast.  Also 
pa.  t.  5  roste  ;  pa.  pplc.  4  i-rost(e,  5  rosste, 
roste,  6  roost,  6V.  rostin.  [ad.  OK.;w//V(mod,F. 
*v//;'),  =  Prov.  raustir,  Catal.  rostir.  It.  arrostiret 
of  Teutonic  origin:  cf.  OHO.  roslcn  (MIIG. 
revsten,  G.  rosten ;  Du.  roosten],  f.  rost  masc., 
roste  fern.,  gridiron,  grill.] 

1.  trans.  To  make  (flesh  or  other   food)  ready 
for  eating  by  prolonged   exposure  to   heat  at  or 
before  a  lire. 

Also  freq.  in  mod.  use,  to  cook  (meat)  in  an  oven,  for 
which  the  more  original  term  is  bake. 

1397  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  4214  pis  gribliche  geant..adde  an 
vatte  baru  ynome,..And  rostede  in  his  gi'ete  fur.  Ibid. 
4920+112  [To]  be  kyng  he  bro'jte  yt  wel  y routed  \i\r. 
i-roste]  vor  veneson  newe.  c  1330  R.  BRUNSE  Citron.  U  'ace 
(Rolls)  12342  By  a  mykel  fir  he  sat,  Rostynga  s\\yn.  1387 
TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  165  Whan  be  fiesche  is  aweye 
i-sode  and  nou3t  i-rosted.  1:1420  Liber  Cocontm  (1862!  16 
Do  opon  a  broche,  rost  horn  bydene  A  lytel.  6*1450  St. 
Cuthbert  (Surtees;  1822  Vnto  a  place  whare  bai  suld  etc, 
pai  come  and  roste  bair  fysch  to  mete.  1530  PAI.SUR.  694/1, 
I  wyll  roste  my  pygges  or  ever  I  spytte  my  capons. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanes^  Contm.  25  That  day  of  an 
auncient  custome  there  is  roosted  a  whole  Oxe.  1665 
SIR  T.  HERBERT  TVw.  (1677)  385  They  eat  like  parent  Pigs 
if  you  roast  them.  1697  DRYDKN  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  67  Nor 
[do  thou]  rost  red  Crabs  t'oflend  the  niceness  of  their  Nose. 
1732  POPE  Ep.  CobJtam  219  Lucullus.  .Had  roasted  turnips 
in  the  Sabine  farm.  1788  GIBBON  Dec  I.  $  E.  I.  V.  189 
Forty  camels  were  roasted  at  his  hospitable  feasts.  1853 
SOVER  Puntroph.  124  These  goats  were  roasted  and.. it 
was  decided  that  this  dish  was  very  tolerable.  1882  Miss 
B K ADDON  Mt.  Royal  II,  x.  230  When  they  are  once  roasted, 
it  can  make  no  difference  who  eats  them. 
fig.  i$»  SKELTON  Why  not  to  Court?  109  Pescoddes 
they  may  shyll,  Or  elles  go  rost  a  stone.  1562  HEYWOOD 
Proi'.  $  Epigr.  Wks.  (1598)  F  2  b,  I  doe  but  roste  a  stone  In 
wanning  her.  1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  n.  iii.  14  Come  in  Taylor, 
here  you  may  rost  your  Goose. 

trans/.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  n.  ii.  483  Roasted  in  wrath 
and  fire,.. With  eyes  like  Carbuncles,  the  hellish  Pyrrhus 
Old  Grandsire  Priam  seekes.  1863  W.  C.  BALDWIN  Afr. 
Hunting  128  After  being  roasted  in  the  sun,  till  I  thought 
I  must  have  had  brain  fever. 

b.  techn.  To  expose  (metallic  ores,  etc.)  to 
protracted  heat  in  a  furnace,  in  order  to  remove 
impurities  or  reduce  to  a  more  tractable  con 
dition  ;  to  calcine.  (See  also  quot.  1898.) 

In  quot.  1582  piob.  after  G.  ro'steti. 

1582  in  Trans.  Jewish  Hist.  Soc,  (1903)  IV,  94  After  he 
hath  rosted  and  smolten  iij  or  iiij  sales  of  our  copper  ure. 
1741  CRAMICR  .-f.si'.  Metal  189  Bodies  refractory  in  the  Fire, 
are  more  easily  roasted.  1758  RtiD  tr.  M'acgners  Chyni. 
I.  145  This  operation  is  called  Roasting  an  Ore.  1811  A.  T. 
THOMSON  Lond.  Disp.  (1818)  484  Roast  the  sulphate,  that 
it  may  be  the  more  easily  reduced  to  a  very  tine  powder. 
1868  Rep.  U.  S.  Commissioner  Agric.  (1869)  402  Clay 
roasted  with  lime  gave,  .about  twice  as  much  potash.,  as  that 
roasted  without  lime,  1884  C.  G.  W.  LOCK  Workshop  Rec. 
Ser.  in.  4/1  The  ore  is  first  roasted,  and  then  finely  broken 
up.  2898  P.  MANSON  Trap.  Dis.  xxxv.  549  The  soil  had 
better  be  turned  over  with  the  plough,  or  roasted  with 
grass  fires. 

C.  To  expose  (coffee  beans)  to  heat  in  order  to 
prepare  for  grinding. 

1724  Abstract  Act  in  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  6270/9  Dealers.  .111 
Coffee  may.. Roast  their  Berries  at  such  Koasting-Houses. 
1728-38  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s,v.  Coffee,  The  ordinary  method  of 
roasting  coffee  among  us,  is  in  a  tin  cylindrical  box,  full  of 
holes. .  .The  spit  turns  swift, and  so  roasts  the  berries.  1837 
Penny  Cycl.  VII.  322/2  Much  more  depends  upon  the 
manner  of  roasting  and  making  the  coffee,  than  upon  the 
quality  of  the  bean.  1855  J.  W.  CHOKER  in  C.  Papers  (1884) 
HI.  327  The  men-of-war . .  could  have  in  a  week  roasted  and 
ground  coffee  enough  to  have  served  the  army  for  a  year. 

2.  To  torture  by  exposure  to  llame  or  heat. 

c  1290  St.  Christopher  199  in  6\  Eng.  Leg.  I.  277  |>e  king 
het  a -non  bat  Men  himscholden.  .with  strong  fuyr  and  pich 
rosti.  CI37S  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxii.  (Laurence)  484  pai.. 
wareforwondryt  bane,  bathe  gert  sa  rost  a  quyk  man.  1508 
DUNBAR  Elyting  123  He  that  rostit  Lawarance  had  thy 
grunge.  1535  COVKRDALE  Jer.  xxix.  22  Sedechias  &  Achab, 
whom  the  kmge  of  Babilon  rosted  in  the  fyre.  [1596  DAL- 
RYMI-LE  tr.  Leslie  s  Hist.  Scot.  v.  287  Ane  Witch  they  fand, 
resting  at  the  fyre.. ye  kingis  Image  artificiallie  wrochte  in 
wax.]  1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  v.  ^.279  Blow  me  about  in  windes, 
roast  me  in  Sulphure,  Wash  me  in  steepe-downe  gulfes  of 
Liquid  fire.  1781  Cow  PER  Conv&rs.  334  You  stir  the  fire  and 
strive  To  make  a  blaze — that's  roasting  him  alive.  1850 
THACKERAY  Petuiennis  xviii,  There  is  the  learned  Doctor 
Griddle,  who  suffered  in  Henry  VIII. 's  time,  and  Arch- 
bishop  Bush  who  roasted  him.  1899  Westm.  Gaz.  -  Dec.  6/3 


They  carried  the  wretched  negro  to  the  outskirts  of  the 
town,,  .and  then  roasted  him  to  death. 

3.  To  warm  (oneself  or  one's  limbs)  at  a  very 
hot  fire. 

1393  LANGL.  P.  Pl.C.  x.  144  To  sitten.  -by  the  hole  coles, 
..Reste  hym,  and  roste  hym.  1598  HAKLUYT  Voy.  1.250 
And  so  sitteth  downe  by  his  fire,  and  vpon  the  hard  ground, 
rosteth  as  it  were  his  wearie  sides  ihus  daintily  stuffed. 
1789  BURNS  tip.  to  J.  Tennant  21,  I  pray  an1  ponder  butt 
the  house  ;  My  shins,  my  lane,  I  there  sit  roast in\ 

4.  colloq.  or  slang,  fa.  (See  quot.)   06s.~~° 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Roasted,  arrested,  fit 
Roast  the  Dal,  I  will  Arrest  the  Rascal. 

b.  To  ridicule,  banter,  jest  at,  quiz  (a  person), 
in  a  severe  or  merciless  fashion. 

1726  SHELYOCKE  l-'oy.  round  World \-]-$  Having  converted 
the  Mercury  to  a  Brander,  who  might,  without  any  great 
difficulty,  have  roasted  this  insolent  Frenchman.  1754  J. 
SiiEBBKAiu-;  Matrimony  (1766)  I.  191  Expecting  much  diver 
sion  from  roasting  the  'squire.  1782  ELIZ.  BLOWER  C,eo. 
Batetnan  11.  130  The  Deputy  and  1  shall  roast  Mr.  Skip- 
slick.  1827  D.  JOHNSON  Ind.  Field  Sports  168  On  our 
return  to  dinner,,  .it  may  be  easily  supposed,  the  Beau  was 
well  roasted.  1865  CARLYI.E  Frcdk,  Gt.  xvi.  ix.  (1872)  VI. 
236  He  thrice. .ran  away  from  the  King,  feeling  bantered 
and  roasted  to  a  merciless  degree. 
C.  (^See  quot.) 

1888  fall  Mall  G.  24  Feb.  2 'i  There  are  few  among  the 
thousand  experts  that  he  employs  that  can  'roast '  him,  as 
they  cull  it — that  is,  click  off  a  message  too  fast  for  him  to 
follow  it. 

5.  ahsol.  To  perform,  carry  on,  the  process  of 
roasting. 

C  1386  CHAUCER  Prol.  383  He  koude  rooste,  and  selhe,  and 
boille,  and  frye.  1727  i'liilip  (V<7>'//(i8i6)  13  Another  fire 
place,  made  of  three  stones,  fit  to  roast  at.  ci86o  My  Receipt 
Bk.  (ed.  2)  62  Rub  the  liver  over  the  breast,  roast  at  a  very 
quick  tire.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  <y  Mining  w^  I 
have  had  no  difficulty  in  teaching  men  how  to  roast. 

6.  intr.  To  undergo  the  process  of  being  cooked, 
tortured,  or  calcined  by  exposure  to  fire  or  heat. 
Also  trattsf.  (quot.  1719  . 

a  1300  Leg.  Rood(\$>-]\}  58  Vp  a  gredire  hi  leide  him  sebbe, 
..To  rosti  as  me  deb  verst  fiesc.  a  1400  Sir  i'crc.  794  He 
..Keste  hym  reghte  in  the  fyre..  :  '  Ly  stille  therin  now 
and  roste  '.  £1430  Two  Cookery-bks.  15  pan  putte  it  on  a 
Spete  round,  an  lete  hem  rosty.  1326  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de 
\V.  1531)  32  b,  And  so  sayd  saynt  Laurence  whan  he  laye 
rostynge  on  the  yren  crate,  a  1529  SK  ELTON  J-\  Sparcrwc 
J333  By.  .all  the  dedly  names  Of  infernall  posty,  Where 
soules  frye  and  rosty.  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONK]  D'Acosta's 
Hist.  Indies  n.  vii.  98  When  the  fire  is  moderate,  and  the 
meat  in  an  equall  distance,  we  see  that  it  rostes  hansomcly. 
1719  LONDON  &  WISE  Compl.dard.  279  Care  must  be  taken 
to  water  all  your  Plants  largely,  or  else  they  will  roast  and 
scorch.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Xat.  (1834)  I.  634  When  roast 
ing  in  Phalans's  bull,.. the  pain  would  instantly  vanish. 
1819  SHKI.LKV  Cycl.  396  Then  [he]  peeled  his  flesh  with  a 
great  cooking-knife  And  put  him  down  to  roast.  1839 
L)E  LA  BKCHE  Rep.  Ceo/.  Connv.,  etc.  595  note, The  process 
. .  is  to  take  400  grains . .  and  place  it  in  a  crucible  to  roast  in 
an  air-furnace. 

Roast  (rJust),///.  a.  [Obs.  pa.  pple.  of  ROAST 
v.  Cf.  ROAST  sb.  2.]  Roasted,  prepared  by  roast 
ing.  See  also  ROAST  BEEF,  ROAST  MEAT. 

1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chrott.  (1810)  175  pe  comon  of  be  oste 
boulit  bam  hors  flesch,  Or  mules  or  assis  roste.  £1400 
MAUNDEV.  ( Koxb.)  .\iii.  57  pai  bro}t  him  parte  of  a  roste 
fisch.  c  1425  V0C'  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  662  Caro  assota,  rost 
rlesche.  1510  in  Archaeol.  Jrnl.  XLIII.  172  The  secund 
covrse.  Creme  off  almonds,  Rost  coney,  plouers.  ifazRclat* 
Plantation  Plymouth,  New  Eng.  47  'They,  .fell  to  eating 
a-fresh,  and  retained  sufficient  readie  rost  for  all  our  break 
fasts.  1819  SHELLEY  Cycl.  310  Feasting  on  a  roast  calf. 
1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  iii,  '  I  could  fancy  a  Welsh 
rabbit  for  supper  \  '  So  could  I — with  a  roast  onion.'  1878 
EMERSON  Misc.  Papers^  Sov.  Ethics  Wks.  (Bohn)  III.  377 
We  need  not  always  be  stipulating  for  our  clean  shirt  and 
roast-joint. 

Roa'Stable,    «•    rare~°.    [f.    ROAST   v.  + 

-ABLE.]     That  may  be  roasted. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  2  Rostable,  assatilis. 

Roast  beef.  Also  roast-beef,  f  ROAST///,  a. 
Hence  F.  roslnf.]  Beef  roasted  for  eating. 

0:1635  RANDOLI-H  Hey  for  Honesty  iv.  i,  My  nose  Smells 
the  delicious  odour  of  roast-beef.  1710  Tatler  No.  148  p  10, 
I  smclled  the  agreeable  Savour  of  Roast  Beef.  1731  FIELD 
ING  Crnb  St.  Op.  in.  ii,  Oh,  the  roast  beef  of  England, 
And  old  England's  roast  betf!  1806  A.  HUNTER  Culina. 
(ed.  3)  6  Long  may  it,  and  Roast  Beef,  be  the  pride  anil 
glory  of  this  happy  island.  1851  THACKERAY  Eug.  limn. 
v.  (1853)  236  A  hearty,  plain-spoken  man,  loving  his  laugh, 
his  friends,  his  glass,  his  roast-beef  of  Old  England. 

b.  attrib.^  as  roast-beef  stomach,  time  •  also 
roast-beef  dress  (see  quot.  1867);  roast-beef 
plant,  the  fetid  iris,  so  called  because  its  crushed 
leaves  emit  an  odour  likened  to  that  of  roast-beef. 

1712  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  517  ?  2  He  had  lost  his  Roast-Beef 
Stomach,  not  being  able  to  touch  a  Sirloin.  [1776  FOOTE 


k.^  Roast-Beef  Dress,  full  uniform;  probably  from  its  re 
semblance  to  that  of  the  royal  beef-eaters.  1874  LISLE  CARR 
y.  Gu-ynne  I.  iii,  His  smart  cob  duly  carried  him  to  the 
White  House  within  five  minutes  of  roast-beef  time. 

Roasted  (rested },///.  a.  [f.  ROAST  v.  +  -EoL] 
That  has  been  subjected  to  the  process  of  roasting. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  17288  +  455  pai  bro^t  som  of  a  rosted 
fische.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxii.  (Laurence)  489  pe  rostit 
syd  turne  upe  &  etc.  17x420  Liber  Cocorum  (1862)  55  With 
rostyd  befe  and  moton..And  rosted  vele  and  porke.  c  1440 
Pallad.  on  Hu$b.  \.  67  The  fruyt  thereof  not  scabby,  roostidi 


drie.  1562  J.  HKYWOOU  Prov.  ff  Epigr.  (1867)  70,  I  \volde 
rather  choose  to  begge,  Or  sit  with  a  rosted  appull,  or  an 
egge-  >S8»  in  Trans,  Jewish  Hist.  Soc.  (1903)  IV.  95  To 
myngle  them  with  ro>ted  stone  of  the  first  smelting.  1661 
LGVKLL  Hist.  Aniw.  <y  Miu.  Isagoge,  Rosted  meats  aic  best 
for  those  who  are  of  a  cold . .  temper.  1699  EVELYN  Acetaria 
(1729)  48  A  contented  Meal  with  a  roasted  Onion.  1710 
Tatler  No.  148  P  i  A  whole  roasted  O.\.  1778  James'  Diss. 
Fei-ers  (ed.  8j  44  He.  .said  he  was  perfectly  well,  and  insisted 
on  eating  a  meal  of  roasted  meat.  1821  SCOTT  Kcnilw,  ii, 
He  was  wont  to.. say  he  liked  as  well  to  see  a  roasted  here 
tic,  as  a  roasted  ox,  1877  Lncycl.  Brit.  VI.  112/2  The 
peculiar  aroma. .characteristic  of  the  roasted  seeds.  1882 
U.S.  Rep.  Prec.  Metals  603  The  quantity  of  roasted  mineral 
.  .averages  18  tons  pur  week. 

Jig.  1687  A.  LovEi.i.  tr.  ThcvenoCs  Trai:  11.  45  \Ve 
arrived  half  roasted  upon  [a]  hill. 

alisol.  1484  CAX'I  ox  Fables  of  A  Ifonce  vi,  Neyther  boylled 
ne  rosted  shalle  not  be  thy  i;n:te  bely  fylled  of  mt- .  a  1704 
T.  BROWS  Wks.  (1730)  I.  60  The  ant  ient  Fathers.  .Were  soon 
exchanged  for  primitive  boil'd  and  roasted.  1728  RAMSAV 
Fables^  Monk  fy  Millers  Wife  133  The  stov'd  or  roasted  we 
afford  Are  aft  great  strangers  on  our  board. 

f  b.  A  roasted  horse  i  in  allusive  phrases.  Obs. 

1575  GASCOIGNE Notes  Instruct,  W ks.  T  iv  b,  The  verse  that 
is  to  easie  is  like  a  tale  of  a  rosted  horse.  1577-87  HOLINS- 
m-:i)  C/iron.  II.  17/1  Certes  he  that  would  wind  vp  his  con 
clusion  so  fondlie,  might  be  thought  to  haue  as  nuiLh  \\'it 
as  a  rosted  horse.  1597  UKKTON  ll'iltcf  U  'it  Wks.  (CJrosart) 
II.  39/2  Now  he  would  whistle  in  his  fist,  and  by  and  by 
lull  nice  a  tale  of  a  rested  horse,  onely  to  make  me  men-it: 
withall.  1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Morals  644  Telling 
tales  of  a  tubbe,  or  of  a  roasted  horse. 

Roaster  (,i(Jii'st9J).  Also5roostare,  7  roster. 
[f.  ROAST  v.  +-KU!.  Cf.  Sw.  rostare,  G.  roster.] 

1.  One  who  roasts. 

c  1440  Proinp.  Parv.  437  Roostare,  or  hastelere,  assiitt1)'. 
c  1603  BRETON  Character  Q.  Eiiz.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  5/j 
The  cruell  Cookes  that. .were  the  rosters  of  men.  1611 
COTGK.,  Altoyanfiicr,  a  roster  of  short  ribbes  of  beefe.  1724 
Lond.  Gaz.  No.  6270.9  Such  Officer  or  Roaster  [of  coffee] 
for  not  duly  attending,  shall  forfeit .  .,£  10.  1787  WOLCOT  iP. 
Pindar)  Apol.  Post,  to  Ode  up^n  Ode.  A  roaster  of  himself, 
l-'elo  de  se.  1846  MRS.  GORE  Eiig.  Char.  (1852)  103  Rejoic 
ing  in  their  three  courses  and  dessert  prepared  by  a  French 
cook,  •  English  roaster,  and  Italian  confectioner.  1877 
RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  <y  Alining  444  The  roaster  op_ens 
the  first  door  that  approaches  him.  1880  Act  43  fy  44  I'ict. 
c.  20  §  2  *  Malt  trader  '  means  and  includes.,  a  roaster  of  malt. 

_/f^'.  1677  OTUAY  Cheats  of  S^apin  in,  Muster  up  all  the 
\  idlers. .  in  the  Town  ;  let  not  so  much  as  the  Roaster  of 
Tunes,  with  his  crack 'd  cymbal  in  a  case,  e.scape  ye.  1746 
Brit.  3Iag,  6  A  set  of  smart  Fellows.. call'd  Roasters. 

2.  a.  A  kind  of  oven  in  which  meat,  etc..  can  be 
cooked  by  roasting. 

1799  CT.  RUMFORU  /•,'«•.  .v.  ii,  Meat  of  every  kind  ..roasted 
in  a  roaster,  is  better  tasted,  .than  when  roasted  on  a  spit. 
1807  SoL'THEY  EsprieHas  Lett.  I.  142  Here  a  painted  piece 
of  beef  swings  in  a  roaster  to  exhibit  the  machine  which 
turns  it.  1842  LANCE  Cottage  Fanner  24  It  is  an  oven,  a 
roaster,  or  will  boil  any  thing  required  fur  the  house.  1884 
Health  Rxhib*  Catal.  66/1  I'astry  Oven  and  Roaster,  with 
sliding  shelves  on  brass  rollers. 

b.  A  furnace  used  in  roasting  ore. 

1837  Penny  Cycl.  VII.  502/1  Roasting. .  .The  furnaces  in 
which  it  is  performed  are  called  roasters,  and  are  of  the 
same  kind  as  the  melting  furnaces.  1882  U.  S.  Ref>.  Prec. 
Met.  260  A  10-stamp  mill  and  roaster. .has  reduced  the 
greater  portion  of  the  ores. 

attrib.  1875  Urcs  Diet.  Arts  I.  918  This  operation  affords 
scoriae,  which,  .are  known  as  roaster-slag. 

c.  An  apparatus  for  roasting  coffee-beans. 

1837  M.  DONOVAN  Dotn.  Econ.  II.  330  The  material  of 
which  the  roaster  is  made.. should  be  of  such  a  nature  as 
\vill  not  transmit  the  heat  speedily  from  the  fire  to  the  coffee. 
1858  SIMMONDS  Diet,  Trade  t  Roaster,  a  circular  iron  vessel, 
which  revolves  on  a  pivot,  for  roasting  coffee  berries. 

3.  A  pig,  or  other  article  of  food,  fit  for  roasting. 
1690  LOCKE  Govt.  I.  vi.  (Rtldg.)  57  The  mothers,  .ceased  to 

bring  them  any  more  roasters,  a  1722  LISLE  Husb.  (1757* 
475  It  could  not  be  expected  that  any  of  them  [pigs]  would 
be  properly  fat  for  roasters.  1814  Sporting  Mag.  XLIII. 
276  O,  that  beautiful  little  sow!  what  delightful  roasters 
she  produces.  1869  BLACKMORB  Lormi  D.  1,  When  we 
keep  a  roaster  of  the  sucking  pigs.  1890  Stratford  Her. 
24  Oct.  6/3  He  met  the  defendants  each  carrying  some 
potatoes.  ..When  questioned,  .they  replied  that  they  thought 
there  was  no  harm  in  taking  'a  few  roasters  '  home. 

4.  A  very  hot  day  with  a  scorching  sun. 

1874  M.  C.  Explorers  147  It  has  been  a  regular  roaster, 
and  I  have  been  out  all  day.  1893  J.  A.  BARKY  Steve 
Browns  Bunyip  150  The  day  was  a  roaster  for  a  tramp; 
but  there  was  no  help  for  it. 

Roasting  (rJn-stirj),  vW.  sb.  [f.  ROAST  v.] 
1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses. 
1398  TREVISA  Bart/t.  De  P.  R.  XVH.  Ixiv.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Bi 
rostmge  &  se^inge  berof  [sc.  beans]  swellinge  ventosite  is 
abated.  1474  Cov.  Leet  Bk.  (1908)  399  And  bat  he  sell 
no  maner  flesshe  and  ffysshe  but  hitt  be  good, ..both  in 
sethyng,  Rostyng  and  bakyng,  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de 
W.  1531)  205  Yet  was  not  that  roostynge  to  hym  so  greuous 
payne  as  was  to  Chryst  his  crucifyenge.  1582  in  Trans. 
Jewish  Hist.Soc.  (1903)  IV.  94  Which. .maketh  the  ure 
within  iiij  dayes,  by  once  resting  and  once  smelting,  to  yeeld 
black  Copper  and  Copperstone.  1635  PAGITT  Christiana- 
graphic  54  It  might  be  fitter  called  a  resting,  or  broyling, 
then  a  resting,  or  sleepe.  1681  OTWAY  Soldier's  Port.  m.  i, 
I  will  not  fail  to  wait  on  him  in  the  roasting  of  an  Egg.  1741 
CRAMEH  Ass.  Metal  189  Roasting,  called  in  German  Jtosten, 
Is  when  volatile  Bodies  are  separated  from  fixt  ones  by  the 
combined  Action  of  Fire  and  Air.  vjjgPhif.  Trans.  LXX. 
33  Tedious  and  troublesome  roastings  and  fusions  in  great 
degrees  of  heat.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  x.  ix.  p  9  She  began 
to  see  that  there  was  reason  in  roasting  of  eggs.  1869  K.  A. 
PAKKES  Pract.  Hygiene  (ed.  3)  196  Roasting  should  be 
slowly  done,  to  retain  the  juices.  1884  W,  H.  GREENWOOD 
Steel  <$•  Iron  81  The  calcination  or  roasting  of  iron-ores. 

92-a 


ROASTING. 


732 


ROB. 


1632 


b.  A  severe  handling,  bantering,  or  correction. 

c  17*8  EARL  OK  AILESBUKY  Met.i.  (Roxb.)  533  Dr.  Sache- 
verell's  trial,  which  his  persecutors  termed  the  roasting  of  a 
priest.  1755  J.  SHEBBEARI;  Lydia  (1769)  II.  145  They  would 
give  Mr.  Mathematic  a  roasting  and  humble  him  a  little. 
1888  Athenaeum  7  Apr.  436/1,  I  .  .thank  him  in  advance  for 
the  roasting  that  he  promises  me  in  his  coming  preface. 

2.  attrib.  a.  \Vith  names  of  apparatus,  etc.,  used 
in  or  connected  with  roasting,  as  roast  ing-furnace^ 
-/louse,  -oven,  ~rack,  -range,  -spit^  -stick,  -tongs. 

1437  Bnry  Wills  (Camdent  10,  j  p[ar]  rostyng  rakkes  fern. 
1525  6  Durh.  Ace.  Roils  (Surtees)  107  Pro  feodo  le  Rostyng- 
rang.  1647  HEXHAM  I,  A  resting  spit,  ecn  braedt-spit, 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  xx.  (Roxburgh)  248/2  He 
beareth  sable  a  Lanthorn  Makers  Resting  stick..  .It  is  of 
some  named  the  Roasting  tonges.  1724  Lond.  Gaz.  No. 
6270/9  Dealers,  .in  Coffee  may.  .  Roast  their  Berries  at  such 
Roasting-Houses.  1839  URE  Diet,  Arts  820  This  is  what 
is  called  a  walled  area,  and  sometimes,  improperly  enough, 
a  roasting  furnace.  1862  Cntal.  Internal.  E.rhib.,  Brit.  II. 
No.  5969  The  London  Roasting  Range..  with  cast-iron 
chimney-piece.  Ibid.  No.  5983  A  large  brick  roasting  oven. 
1883  Archxol.  Cant,  XV.  246  They  repeatedly  assailed 
Mr.  Annesley.  .with  pitchforks,  stones,  and  roastmg-spits. 
b.  In  the  sense  of  '  suitable  for  roasting  ,  as 
roasting-beef,  -eel,  -pig,  etc.  ;  roasting-ear  (of 
maize)  ;  roasting-orti 

1483  in  Davies  Yorks.  Rcc.  162,  ilj  greit  roistyng  els.  1620 
VESNER  Via  Recta  iii.  46  Rosting  Pigs  are  uf  most  men 
greatly  desired.  1644  J.  OSBORNK  in  F.  R  Tapper  Castle 
Cornet  (1851)  92  He  sends  you  a  barrel  of  roasting  beef. 
1705  BKVERLY  Virginia  in.  iv.  (1722)  152  They  delight 
much  to  feed  on  Roasting-ears;  that  is,  the  Indian  Corn, 
gathered  green  and  milky..  and  roasted  before  the  Fire  in 
the  Ear.  17*7  SWIFT  Mod.  Proposal  Wks.  1751  V.  94  Buy. 
ing  the  Children  alive,  and  dressing  them  hot  from  the 
Knife,  as  we  do  roasting  Pigs.  1797  F.  BAII.Y  Tour  (1856) 
365  We  longed  very  much  for  some  of  the  old  man's  roasting 
ears.  1825  Spirit  Publ.  Jrnls.  334,  I  went  to  his  hospitable 
board  one  Sabbath-day  ;..  he  had  a  roasting  pig.  1844  H. 
STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  168  The  sirloin  is  the  principal 
roasting  piece.  1863  in  Neiv  V'irginians  (iS8o)  II.  218  The 
corn  will  be  in  roasting-ear  about  the  ist  of  August.  1877 
RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  fy  Mining  249  Nearly  all  .south  of 
it  is  roasting-ore. 

Boa-sting,  ppl.  a.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2.] 

1.  That  roasts  tjneat,  etc.). 

1611   COTGR.,  Rostissiere,  a  rosting   Cookes  wife. 
SHERWOOD,  A  roster,  or  rosting  cooke,  rostisseitr. 

2.  Kxceedingly  hot  or  warm  ;  blazing,  scorching, 
1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  h'at.  (18,34)  II.  647  Wrapped  up  in  a 

warm  bed,  with  a  roasting  fire  in  the  chamber.  1812  H.  & 
.1.  SMITH  Rej.  Addr,  i.  (1873)  4  So  Drury,  first  in  roasting 
flames  consumed,..  Soars  without  wings.  1863  W.  C.  BALD 
WIN  Afr.  Hunting  183  In  the  middle  of  a  regular  roasting 
hot  day.  1894  CLARK  RUSSELL  in  My  First  Book  30  The 
roasting  calms  of  the  Equator. 

3.  That  is  being  roasted. 

1868  TENNYSON  Lucretius  131  Never  yet  on  earth  Could.. 
bits  of  roasting  ox  Moan  round  the  spit. 
Hence  Roa'stingly  adv. 
1890  Chamb.  friil.  26  Apr.  260/2  It  was..roastingly  hot. 

t  Roa  sting-iron.    Obs.    [ROASTING  vbl.  sb. 

2   a.]        -  RoAST-IBON. 

c  1340  Nominate  (Skeat)  489  Brandirne,  rostinghtron,  and 
panne.  1404  Dark.  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  398,  i  rostyngyrn. 
c  1473  Pict.  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  769  Hie  cratust  hec 
craticitla,  a  rostyngyryn.  'S1?  Sherfffdonts  of  Lanark^ 
etc.  (Maitland  Cl.)  195  Tuabrasin  morters,.  .thre  rostyn 
yrins.  1373  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  II.  269  Twa  frying 
pannis..;  twa  rosting  irnis. 

Roa'stiug-jack.  [ROASTING  vbl.  sb.  2  a.]  A 
contrivance  for  turning  meat,  etc.,  while  it  is  being 
roasted.  Cf.  JACK  $<U  7. 

\yfyCriesof  London  124  All  lodgers  to  accommodate  With 
roasting  Jacks  of  twisted  wire.  1842  LOVEK  Handy  Andy 
xxtv,  Some  cross  sticks  suspended  by  a  string,  after  the 
fashion  of  a  roasting-jack.  1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der. 
xxxv,  It  is  not  the  logic  of  human  action,  but  of  a  roasting- 
jack,  that  must  go  on  to  the  last  turn  when  it  has  been  once 
wound  up. 

a!trib.  1834  Tail's  Mag.  I.  132/1  The  roasting-jack  maker, 
the  watchmaker,  .  .the  gunmaker,  and  many  others.  1862 
Catal.  Intcrnat.  Exhib.^  Brit.  II.  No.  5979  Improved 
roasting-jack  screen. 

t  Roast-iron.  Obs.  Forms  :  4  rost-iren, 
-hirne,  -era,  5  -yern,  -yryn;  roste-iren(e, 
-iryn,  -yren,  -y(e)rne.  [f.  ROAST  zr.]  A  gridiron. 

The  sense  in  quot.  1519  is  not  clear. 

a  1350  St.  Laurence  255  in  Horstm.  Altengl,  Leg,  (1881) 
2^8  Thre  sides  endlang  had  it  ban..  And  ouer-thewert  with 
barres  brade,  pus  als  a  rostiren  was  it  made.  1373  Exch. 
Rolls  Scotl.  II.  450  In  vno  tripode  ferreo  siue  rosthirne. 
c  1440  Prow}.  Paw.  437/1  Rost  yryn,  or  gradyryn,  craii- 
cula^crates.  1459  Paston  Lett.  I.  468  Item,  j.  roste  Jren 
with  vij  staves.  1^19  Fabric  Rolls  York  Minster  (Surtees) 
267  If  the  let  t  ron  in  the  chapitor  were.,  set  in  myddys  of 
the  hye  where  [  —  choir],  and  the  roste  yerne  in  the  same 
where  set  m  ye  chapitour. 

Roast  meat.  Also  roast-meat,  [f.  ROAST 
///.  «.] 

1.  Meat  cooked  by  roasting. 

1530  PALSGR.  264/1  Roste  meate,  rost.  1555  EDEN 
Decades  (Arb.)  75  They  fownde  nother  man  nor  woman  but 
rostemeate  enough.  1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  Democritus 
to  Rdr.  8  They  serue  to  put  vnder  pies,,  .and  keepe  roste- 
meat  from  burning.  1662  S  i  KYI-I-.  In  Lett,  Lit.  Men  (Caniden) 
178  We  have  roast  meat,  dinner  and  supper.  1704  J.  PITTS 
Ace.  Moham.  23  As  for  rost  Meat,  they  cut  the  Flesh  into 
small  Pieces.  1765  GRAY  Skaks.  18  Better  the:  roast  meat 
from  the  fire  to  save.  1842  COMBE  Digestion  295  To  give  a 
weak  .  .  invalid  a  dinner  of  beefsteaks  or  roast-meat. 

attrib.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  150  They  [Persians 
are  no  great  Ro&t-  meat  -men.  a  1693  UrqitharCs  Rabelais 


in.    xxxvii.    310   The    Roast-meat    Cookery    of    the   Petit    [ 
Chastelet,  before  the  Cook-Shop. 

2.  In  fig.  phrases  :  a.  To  make  roast  meat  of,  to 
burn  (a  person)  ;  to  destroy  or  finish  off, 

1608  SHAKS.  Per.  iv.  ii.  26  She  quickly  pooped  him,  she    j 
made  him  roast-meat  for  worms.     ifyg^ESsAntic/trist  in 
They  shall  make  rost-nieat  of  the  whore,     a  1704  T.  BROWN 
Laconics  Wks.  1711  IV.  7  For  all  his  pretended  Meekness,     ! 
Calvin  made  Roast-meat  of  Servetus  at  Geneva,  for  his  Un- 
orthodoxy. 

b.  To  cry  roast  meat,  to  be  foolish  enough  to 
announce  to  others  a  piece  of  private  luck  or  good 
fortune.  ?  Obs. 

1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trail,  (ed.  2)209  At  length  the  home 
bred  Chyna   cryes  roast-meat.      1673   WYCHERLEY  Gent. 
Dane  ing*  Master  i.  ii,  Hark  you,  niadame,  can't  you  fare 
well  but  you  must  cry  '  Roast  meat '  ?     1687  SETTLE  Reft. 
Drydcn  41   It  being  something  Drydenish,  Illnatured  and     j 
unjauntee. .,  to  fair  well,  and  cry  Roast  meat,  especially  to     , 
a  Husbands   face.     1749  FIELDING   Tom  Jones   iv.   v,  To     t 
trumpet  forth   the  praises  of  such  a  person,  would,  in  the 
vulgar  phrase,  be  crying  Roast-meat,  and  calling  in  par 
takers  of  what  they  intended  to  apply  solely  to  their  own 
use.     1820  LAMB  Elia  i.  ChrisCs  Hosp.,  The  foolish  beast,    i 
not  able  to  fare  well  but  he  must  cry  roast  meat. 
f  C.  (See  quote.)     Obs. 

1674  WOOD  Life  (O.H.S.)   II.  296   He  gave  me  roast    i 
meat  and    beat  me  with    the    spit.     1687  (.iood  Advice  44 
Certainly  she.  .shows  her  self  an  ill  Courtier.. first  to  give 
him   Roast-Meat,  then  to  beat  him  with   the  Spit.     ^1700 
Ii.  K.  Diet*  Cant.  OVTC,  To  give  one  Rest-meat,  and  Bent    \ 
him  U'it/t  the  tyif,  to  do  one  a  Curtesy,  and  Twit  or  Up-     | 
braid  him  with  it.     1719  D'UKFEY  Pills  III.  22. 

f  3.  Roast-meat  attire  or  clothes,  holiday  garb. 

aijoo  15.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  CrewtRost-tHcat-clothst\iQ\\fay~ 
cloths.  1710  Brit.  Apollo  No.  73.  3/1  Dress'd  in  their 
Rt>ast-Me;it  Attire,  With  Fob  stor'd  with  Guineas. 

Roat^e,  obs.  ff.  ROTE.  Roating,  obs.  f.  ROT 
TING///,  a,  Roaue(r,  Roave(r,  obs.  ff.  ROVE(K. 

Rob  (lyb),  sb.  Now  rare.  Also  6  robbe,  8-9 
robb.  [a.  mod.L.  or  Y.  ;W>,  =  Sp,  rob.  1'g.  robet 
arrobe,  It.  rob^  robbo\  also  G.  and  older  Da.  rob. 
The  ultimate  source  is  Arab.  t-J;  robb.  rubb  or 
Pers.  rob9  nib  fruit-syrup.]  The  juice  of  a  fruit, 
reduced  by  boiling  to  the  consistency  of  a  syrup 
and  preserved  with  sugar;  a  conserve  of  fruit. 

1578  LYTE  Dodoens  683  The  Robbe  or  dried  iuyce  thereof,    j 
/(W.,  The  rob  made  with  the  iuyce  of  common  Ribes  and    ' 
Sugar,  is  very  good  for  all  the  diseases  aboue  sayde.     1620 
VKNSER  Via  Recta  yii.  124  The  Rob,  that  is,  the  iuyce  of    ' 
the  berries  boyled  with  a  third  part,  .of  sugar  added  vnto    , 
it, . .  is  preferred  before  the  raw  berries.     1656  \V.  COLES  Art    I 
of  Sinipling  xxv.  80  Continue  boyling    it.. till  it  attaine     ' 
unto  the  consistence  of  Honey,  and  then  it  is  by  Physitians    ! 
called  the  Rob.   1694  WEST.MACOTT  Script.  Herb.  203  These 
Robs, . .  and    Conserves,   are  not   to    be    given    to   costive 
Bodies.     1747  WESLEY  Print.  Physick  (1765)  122  Take  an 
ounce  of  Rob  of  Elder  in  Broth.    1796  WITHERING  Brit.  PI. 
(ed.  3)  II.  351  note,  The  berries  are  so  very  acid  that  birds 
will  not  eat  them,  but  boiled  with  sugar  they  form  a  most 
agreeable  rob  or  jelly.     1821  W.  P.  C.  BARTON  Flora  N. 
Amer.  I.  61  A  rob  might  also  be  prepared,  .by  evaporating 
the  syrup  obtained  from  them.     1864  Chamber s^s  Encyct. 
VI.  603/1  A  rob  made  of  it  [white  mulberry]  is  useful  in 
sore  throat. 

Jig.  1790  H.  WALI-OLE  Let.  to  Miss  Berry$\  Oct.,  There 
is. .a  quantity  of  calculations,  and  one  is  forced  to. .boll 
milliards  of  livres  down  to  a  rob  of  pounds  sterling. 

Rob  (rpb),  v.  Korms:  3-5  robben,  5  robbyn; 
4  robbi,  robby,  4-6  robbe,  5  (6  &•)  rub,  6- 
rob,  7  robb  (.5V.  robe),  [ad.  OF.  robber,  robert 
rouber,  etc.,  =  Sp.  robar,  Vg.  roitbar,  It.  mbare, 
of  Teutonic  origin,  the  stem  roub-  being  that 
represented  in  English  by  REAVE  z1.] 

1.  trans.  To  deprive  (a  person)  of  something  by 
unlawful  force  or  the  exercise  of  superior  power ; 
to  despoil  by  violence.  Also_/?^.  and  rcfl. 

a  1225  Ancr,  R.  86  pe  knihte  bet  robbe<5  his  poure  men. 
Ibid,  150  Him  luste  leosen  hit  &  beon  irobbed.  c  1290  St. 
Eustace  57  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  394  po  comen  ^eoues  and 
robbeden  him.  1340  Ayenb.  39  pise  greate  prelates  bet 
beniiue^  and  robbej?  hire  onderlinges.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI. 
A.  in.  iBSWithouten  pile,  pilour!  pore  ^ien  bou  robbedest. 
1387  TKEVISA  Higden.  (Rolls)  IV.  443  perfore  anon  the  hous 
was  i-broke ;  J>e  pore  men  were  i-spoylled  and  i-robbed. 
1422  tr.  Secrcta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  183  The  extorcioner 
rubbyth  and  Preyeth  good  men.  1535  COVERDALE  Prov. 
xxii.  22  Se  yl  thou  robbe  not  ye  poore  because  he  is  weake. 
1595  SHAKS.  John  iv.  iii.  78  Must  I  rob  the  Law  ?  1604  — 
Otk.  i.  iii.  2oq  He  robs  himselfe,  that  spends  a  bootlesse 
griefe.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  \.  viii.  35  When  a  man  robbs 
one  to  pay  another.  1715  DE  FOE  Fam,  Instruct,  i.  iv. 
(1841)1.74  Oh,  thieves,  thievesj  I  am  robbed.  1791  MKS. 
RAIJCLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  i,  Their  intention  was  to  rob  and 
murder  him.  1857  KINGSLEY  Two  Y.Ago  I.  280  As  usual; 
poor  Nature  is  being  robbed  and  murdered  by  rich  grace. 
1892  TENNYSON  Foresters  in,  We  never  robb'd  one  friend 
of  the  true  King.  We  robb'd  the  traitors  that  are  leagued 
with  John. 

trans/.  1739  MILLS  tr.  Duhamets  Husb.  \.  iv.  10  To 
hinder  weeds  from  robbing  the  cultivated  plants. 

b.  70  rob  Peter  to  pay  (^  give  to,  clothe}  Paul 
(see  PETER  sb.  2). 

£1380  WYCLIK  6V/.  Wks.  III.  174  Lord,  hou  schulde  God 
approve  bat  pou  robbe  Petur,  and  gif  bis  robbcre  to 
Poule  in  pe  name  of  Crist  ?  c  1440  Jacob's  Well  305  pei 
robbyn  seynt  petyr  &  }euyn  it  seynt  Poule.  1515  [see 
PKTEK  sb.  a].  1546. J-  HEVWOOU  Prov.  <y  Epigr.  (1867)  26 
Lyke  a  pyckpurs  pilgrim,  ye  prie  and  ye  proule  At  rouers, 
to  rob  Peter  and  paie  Poule.  1596  NASHE  Saffron  Waldcn 
Ep.  Ded.  B  ij  b,  Thow  shall  not  find  many  powling  pence 
about  him  neither,  except  he  rob  Peter  to  pay  Powle,  1657- 
1692  [see  PETEK  tb,  2].  1737  Genii,  Mag.  VII.  172/1  This 


Scheme  is.  .calculated.,  to  Rob  Peter  to  pay  Paul,  or,  to 
remove  y*  Burthen  from  one  Part  of  the  Community,  and 
lay  it  upon  another.  [1855  MOTLEY  Dutch  Rep.  m.  v.  (1866) 
430  It  was  not  desirable  to  rob  Saint  Peter's  altar  in  order 
to  build  one  to  Saint  Paul.  ] 
c.  Mining.  (See  quot.) 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  II.  86/2  Sometimes  it  [antimony] 
is  blended  with  the  richer  ores  of  silver,  and  renders  the 
extraction  of  that  metal  difficult  by  volatilizing  a  part  of 
the  silver,  or,  in  the  language  of  the  miners,  robbing  the  ore. 

2.  To  plunder  or  strip  (a  person)  feloniously^ 
(something  belonging  to  him) ;  to  deprive  (one) 
of  (something  due).     Also  tramf.  mfig.  (with  a 
thing  as  object). 

13..  C0frdeL.22%6  In  an  evil  tyme  our  emperour  Robbed 
King  Richard  of  his  tresour.  1340-70  Alex,  fy  Dind.  789 
To  robbe  men  of  hure  riht  ful  redy  ben  alle.  c  1400  Destr. 
Troy  6419  Ector..  Wold  haue  Robbit  the  Renke  of  his  riche 
wede.  c  1440  Jacob's  W'V//2i7  Myn  eyje  has  robbyd  my 
soule  of  his  lyif  with  watyr  of  lustys.  1535  COVERDALE 
2  Sam.  xvii.  8  As  a  Beer  that  is  robbed  of  hir  yonge  ones  in 
the  felde.  1563  WINJET  Wks.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  105  He  hes.. 
rubbithimof  hisgerisorhonouris.  1591  SPENSER  J\f.  Httbberd 
16  Myweake  bodie..Was  rob'd  of  rest  and  naturall  reliefe. 
1634  SliLTON  Counts  390  For  who  would  rob  a  Hermit  of 
his  Weeds.  1665  BOYLE  O<.cas.  ReJJ.  iv.  xii.  (1675)  240  A 
Cloud,  which  does  no  longer  receive  or  transmit  the  Light, 
but  robs  the  Earth  of  it.  1692  DKVDEN  St.  Enremont's  Ess. 
ii  The  Zeal  of  the  Citizen  robbed  the  Man  of  Himself.  1765 
A.  DICKSON  Treat.  Agric.  (ed.  2)  92  By  allowing  them  to 
grow,  we  allow  the  land.. to  be  robbed  of  its  vegetable 
food.  1784  COWPKR  Task  iv.  458  His  victims,  robb'd  of 
their  defenceless  all.  1807-8  IRVING  Sahnagundi^ifat,)  265 
[It]  long  since  ceased  bearing,.. every  tempest  robs  it  of  a 
limb.  1867  TROLLOPE  Chron.  Barset  Ixiii,  The  troubles  of 
life  had  almost  robbed  the  elder  lady  of  her  beauty.  1878 
HUXLKY  rhysiogr.  78  The  air. .which  had  been  thus  robbed 
of  its  oxygen. 

fb.  Similarly  with  double  object.    Obs.  (Cf.  5.) 

f  1330  Arth.  <y  Merl.  4323  (Kolbing),  Kepe  we  be  strait 
wais . .  &  robben  hem  her  sustenaunce.  1613  H  EYWOOD 
Silver  Age  in.  i,  Ceres  nor  loue,  nor  all  the  Gods  aboue, 
Shall  rob  me  this  rich  purchase. 

3.  To  plunder,  pillage,  rifle  (a  place,  house,  etc.). 
c  1230  Halt  Mcid.   15  Wes  helle  irobbed,  &  heuene  be8 

ifulled.  a  1240  Sawles  Warde  in  O.  E.  Horn.  I.  247  Ah  ne 
bihoueS  hit  nawt  bat  lis  bus  beo  irobbet.  1378  R.  BKI;NNE 
Chron.  (1810)  38  pe  Danes  vp  aryued,  Sounamptone  bei 
brent,  &  robbed  Cornwaile.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  1912  He. . 
told  furth  of  his  tale, . .  How  b«  rewme  was  robbet.  c  1465 
in  Three  \$th  Cent.  Chron.  (Camden)  23  The  Kynge  off 
Scot tes.. robbed  and  revid  the  cpntreaboute  Derham.  1513 
DOUGLAS  sK»eis  xii.  v.  103  ^on  ilk  stranger,  .our  marchu.( 
Invadis,  rubbis,  and  spuQeis.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  K,  in.  vi. 
106  One  that  is  like  to  be  executed  for  robbing  a  Church. 
1651  tr.  De-las-Coreras*  Don  Fenise  198  Pirats  who. .rob 
upon  the  sea  all  the  vessells  they  could  render  themselves 
masters  of.  a  1716  SOUTH  Serin.  (1744)  IV.  153  Robbing  the 
Spittle.  18x6  J.  WILSON  City  of  Plague  \\.  iii.  249  Wilt  thou 
rob  a  church  And  share. .The  general  spoil?  1855  MACAU- 
LAY  Hist,  Eng.  xii.  III.  221  In  the  country  his  house  was 
robbed. 

transf.    1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  fy  Mining  3:6 
Former  operations  were  principally  confined  to  robbing  the 
rich  pockets,  while  good  milling-ore  was  left  standing. 
b.  Const,  ^that  which  is  taken. 

c  1330  Arth.  <$•  Merl.  5105  (Kulbing),  Man!  cursed  palnem 
. .  badden  robbed  bis  cuntray  Of  al  bis  ich  fair  pray,  c  1400 
Destr.  Troy  3209  To  the  tempull  full  tyte  [he]  turnyt  agayne, 
To  rob  of  be  Riches,  and  Renkes  to  helpe.  £1420  Cont. 
Jintt  ccxxvii.  (1908)  298  pe  toun-.of  al  bing  bat  my;te 
be  bore  &  caryed  out  was  robbid  and  despoyled.  1590 
SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  vi.  4  All  the  rest  it  seemd  they  robbed 
bare  Of  bounty,  and  of  beautie.  1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  VIII, 
in.  ii.  255  Thy  Ambition.. robb'd  this  bewailing  Land  Of 
Noble  Buckingham. 

4.  absol.  To  commit  depredations ;  to  plunder  j 
to  take  away  property  by  force. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  6041  Hii  drowe  horn  toward  kanter- 
bury,  to  robbi  bere  al  so.  1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)38 
Of  Dan  mark  dukes  riche. .  Men  &  women  slouh,  &  robl>ed 
borgh  be  lond.  1390  COWER  Conf.\\.  134  For  every  thief 
upon  richesse  Awaiteth  forto  robbe  and  stele,  c  1400  Rom, 
Rose  5686  To  swinke  and  traveile  he  not  feynith,  For  for  to 
robben  he  disdeynith.  1534  MoRKC0;w/Crt^iV,7>iY'.Wks.  1200, 
I  mene  not,  to  let  euery  malefactor  passe  furth  vnpunislied, 
and  frely  runne  out  and  rob  at  rouers.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen. 
IV)  ii.  ii.  10,  I  am  accurst  to  rob  in  that  Theefe  company. 
1662  HIBBEKT  Body  Divinity  I.  165  A  man  may  rob  with  a 
pair  of  ballances  or  metewand  in  his  hand.  1682  Lond. 
Gaz.  No.  1737/4  They  Robbed  the  night  before  on  Brainford- 
Road.  1831  Insect  Misc.  (L.  K.  K.)  330  Sometimes.. small 
parties  of  three  or  four  [bees]  will  unite  to  rob,  as  we  may 
say,  on  the  highway. 

b.  Mining.  (See  quots.) 

1881  RAYMOND  Mining  Gloss^  Robt  to  extract  pillars 
previously  left  for  support ;  or,  in  general,  to  take  out  ore 
or  coal  from  a  mine  with  a  view  to  immediate  product,  and 
not  to  subsequent  working.  1883  GRESLEY  d'/nss.  Coal- 
inining)  Rob)  to  cut  away  or  reduce  the  size  of  pillars  cf 
coal,  &c. 

5.  To  carry  off  as  plunder ;  to  steal.    Now  rare. 
1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  381  pat  strange  men..asaileden  is 

lond..&  robbed  is  bestes  &  is  game.  13..  A'.  Alls.  3450 
(Laud  MS.),  Hij  robbeden  tresores  &  clobes.  1390  GOWKR 
Con/.  II.  160  He  anon  hem  wolde  assaile  And  robbe  what 
thing  that  the!  ladden.  1426  LYUG.  De  Guil.  Pilgr.  16014 
Swych  goostly  goodys  cserychon  Ben  y robbyd  And  agon. 
1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.S.)  91  A  man  gais  to  the 
were  for.. to  pele  and  rub  gudis.  1530  PALSGR.  693/1,  I 
robbe  his  treasour  from  hym.  1^79  W.  WILKINSON  Confitt. 
F<im.  of  Love  Ep.  Ded.  *ij,  Whiche  Vine  the  Foxes  some 
times  spoyle  and  endamage  by  robbyng  the  fruite.  1646  K. 
PiAiLLit  Anabapt.  (1647)  10  The  Priests  vestments,  which 
he  had  robbed  in  the  Cathedrall.  1697  DRVDEN  /  'irg.  Gcorg. 
iv.  312  They  themselves  contrive  To  Rob  the  Honey,  and 
subvert  the  Hive.  1830  CAMI-BKLL  Farewell  to  /,«v  7  ^ul 


BOB-. 


733 


ROBBING. 


Passion  robs  my  peace  no  more.  1850  THACKERAY  Petuiennis 
xxxvii[i],  There  was  a  sideboard  robbed  out  of  the  carved 
work  of  a  church  in  the  Low  Countries.  1887  MOLONEY 
Forestry  W.  Africa  176  The  descendants  of  the  Negroes 
who  were  robbed  from  Africa. 

t  b.   fig.  To  remove,  take  away,  cut  off  from 
something ;  to  ravish.     Qbs.  rare. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI,  B.  xiv.  132  Alias  !  bat  ricchesse  shal 
reue  and  robbe  marines  soule  Fram  be  loue  of  owre  lorde. 
1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  i.  iii.  173  What  is  thy  sentence  then, 
but  speechtesse  death,  Which  robs  my  tongue  from  breathing 
natiue  breath?  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  iv.  16  The  which., 
to  it  drew  The  eyes  of  all, . .  And  hearts  quite  robbed  with  so 
glorious  sight.  1627  Li sander  $  Cal.  L>ed.,  I3y  their  con 
versation  they  may  endeavour  to  rob  away  teadiousnes 
though  but  from  one  houre. 

6.  Card-playing.     (See  quots.) 

With  quot.  161 1  compare  Littre  s.v.  Piller  6. 

1611  COTGR.,  Piller, ..also,  to  rub,  or  rob,  at  cards.  1897 
FOSTER  Contpl.  Hoyle  277  (Spoil  Five),  Robbing  the  trump 
card.  If  the  trump  card  is  an  ace,  the  dealer  may  discard 
any  card  he  pleases  in  exchange  for  it.  Ibid.  299  (Cinch), 
He  may  search  the  remainder  of  the  pack,  and  take  from  it 
any  cards  that  he  pleases.  This  is  called  robbing  the  deck. 

x&ob-j  the  stem  of  ROB  v.t  used  in  a  few  combs, 
in  the  1 7th  cent.,  in  the  sense  of  'one  who  robs 
(the  person  or  thing  specified)',  as  rob-altar, 
-carrier,  -God,  -orchard,  -thief.  Also  ROB-POT. 

1614  T.  ADAMS  Devil's  Banquet  n.  49  'Will  a  man  rob 
God? '..But,  alas,  what  law  can  be  giuen  to  *rob  Altars 


humane  \  where  findest  thou  a  *  rob- God  without  his 
vengeance?  1623  R.  CARPENTER  Conscionable  Christian  80 
Sacrilegious  rob-Gods,  desperate  mocke-Preachers.  1673  S. 
PARKER  Repr,  Reh.  Transp.  517  Truants,  loiterers,  and 
*rob-orchards.  1600  Look  About  You  xxx,  Could  I  meet 
him,  I'd  play  *rpb-thief,  at  least  part  stakes  with  him.  1614 
T.  ADAMS  Devil's  Banquet  n.  82  His  extortion  hath  erst 
stolne  from  others,  and  now  hee  plays  rob-tbiefe,  and  steales 
from  himselfe. 

Rob,  obs.  form  of  ROBE. 

II  Koba.    O&s.-1    =  UONA-ROBA. 

1602  MIDDLETON'  Blurt  Master-Constable  n.  ii,  Hah  ! 
fast,  my  roba  fast,  and  but  young  night  ? 

Rob  and  (r<Ju-b£nd).  Naiit.  Also  8-9  robaii. 
[Later  var.  of  robin  ROBBIN,  app.  more  directly 
representing  one  or  other  of  the  forms  cited  under 
KABAND.  Sometimes  improved  into  rope-band,] 
A  piece  of  small  rope  passed  through  an  eyelet- 
hole  in  the  head  of  a  sail  and  used  to  secure  it  to 
the  yard  above. 

1762  FALCONER  Shipwreck  u.  80  To  each  yard-arm,  the 
head-rope  they  extend,  And  soon  their  earings  and  the 
robands  bend.  1769  —  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Sail,  The 
heads  of  all  four-sided  sails,  and  the  fore-leeches  of  lateen 
sails,  are  attached  to  their  respective  yard  or  gaff  by  a 
number  of  small  cords  called  robands.  1840  R.  H.  DANA 
Bef.  Mast  xiv,  All  hands  were,  .picking  old  rope  to  pieces, 
or  laying  up  gaskets  and  robands.  1860  H.  STUART  Sea~ 
titan  s  Catech.  2  What  is  a  roband  or  rolling  hitch  used  for  ? 
For  bending  sails,. .for  reefing  courses, .. &c.  1899  F.  T. 
BULLEN  Log  of  Sea-tvaif  82  In  a  man-of-war,  where  they 
can  send  a  man  to  every  roband. 

attrib.  1762  FALCONER  Shipwreck  157 The  reef-lines  next. . 
Through  eye-lid-holes  and  roband-legs  are  reev'd.  1769  — 
Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Reefing,  Provided  that  the  turns 
are  inserted  through  the  roband-legs. 

Robardesmen,  variant  of  ROBERDSMEN. 
Robbare,  obs.  form  of  ROBBER. 
Robbe,  obs.  form  of  ROB  sb.  and  z».,  ROBE. 
Robbed  (ipbd), ppl.a.    [f.  ROB  ».] 

1.  Plundered,  despoiled.     Also  absol. 

£1400  Rom.  Rose  6823,  I.. Robbe  bothe  robbed  and  rob- 
bours.  c  1450  Mirour  Saluacioun  (Roxb.)  iS  A  Samaritene 
.  .heled  this  robbed  man  of  his  woundes.  I&^SHAKS.  Oth. 
I.  iii.  208  The  rob'd  that  smiles,  steales  something  from  the 
Thiefe.  1679  DRYDEN  &  LEE  QLdipits  v.  i,  As  a  robbed 
tigress  bounding  o'er  the  woods,  1700  DRYDEN  Ovid's  Met. 
xii.  342  Bold  Amycus,  from  the  robb'd  vestry  brings  The 
chalices  of  heaven.  1874  WOOD  Nat.  Hist.  621  The  cod 
thus  hollowed  are  technically  called  *  robbed '  fish.  1894 
MRS.  DVAN  Man's  Keeping  (1899)  164  The  sadness  of  the 
eyes  with  the  look  of  robbed  motherhood  they  often  wore. 

2.  Carried  off;  taken  away. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  n.  viii.  40  A  Lyon,  which  hath  long 
time  saught  His  robbed  whelpes.  1870  Standard  5  Dec., 
They  are  all  the  more  savage  by  reason  of  robbed  repose. 

Robber  (rp-bai).  Forms:  a.  2  rubbere,  3  rob- 
bare,  3-4  robbere,  5  robare,  robbar,  6  Sc. 
rubber,  4-  robber.  j8.  4  robeour,  robbeo(u)r, 
-youre,4-5  robour(e,  robbour(e,  -or(e,  5  rob- 
bowre,  -eur.  [The  a-  and  £-forms  are  respectively 
a.  AF.  and  OF.  robbere,  robere,  and  robeour, 
robbottfj  etc.,  nom.  and  ace.  types  of  the  agent- 
noun  from  robber  to  ROB.  Cf.  Sp.  robador,  Pg. 
roubador^  It.  rubatore^\ 

1.  One  who  practises  or  commits  robbery;  a 
depredator,  plunderer,  despoiler. 

«.  c  1175  Lamb.  Horn.  29  Rubberes,  and  J>a  reueres,  and 
ba  t>eoues.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  150  In  one  weie  J>et  is  al  ful  of 
)>eoues  &  of  robbares,  &  of  reauares.  c  1250  Lutel  soth 
Serin.  27  in  O.E.  Misc.  186  Alle  bac-biteres  wendet  to  belle, 
Robberes,  and  reueres.  1340  Ayenb.  39  pe  bridde  is  ine 
robberes  and  kueade  herber?eres  bet  berobbeb  be  pilgrimes. 
1377  LANCL.  P.  PI.  B.  xiv.  182  pus..Ihesu  Cryst  seyde,  To 
robberes  and  to  reueres.  c  1425  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  638 
Robbers,  reuers,  rauenous  ryfelers.  c  1440  Promp.  Ptirv. 
437/2  Robare,  or  robbar  yn  the  see, ..pirata.  a  1533  LD. 
BERNEKS  Huon  xlviii.  160  They  were  robbers  of  the  see. 


"535  COVERUALE  Ps.  xxxiv.  10  Who  is  like  vnto  the  ?  which 
deTyuerest .  .the  poore  and  the  nedy  from  his  robbers,  1593 
SHAKS.  Rich.//,\u.  ii.  39  Then  Theeues  and  Robbers  raunge 
abroad  vnseene.  1634  MILTON  Comus  485  Som  roaving 
Robber  calling  to  his  fellows.  1671  — Samson  1188  Thou 
..like  a  Robber  stripdst  them  of  thir  robes.  1727  GAY 
Fables  I.  i,  Robbers  invade  their  neighbour's  right.  1794 
MRS.  RADCLIFKE  Myst.  Udolpho  xxviii,  Montoni  was  be 
come  a  captain  of  robbers.  1838  DICKENS  Nich.  Nick. 
iv,  Where  desperate  robbers  congregate.  1878  STUBBS 
Const.  Hist.  III.  xviii.  243  There  is  more  spirit  and  a  better 
heart  in  a  robber  than  in  a  thief. 

Jig.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  334  pus  beos  two  uncSeawes  beo5  two 
grimme  robbares. 

ft.  1297  R.Gi.ouc.  (Rolls)  8006  Willam  vr  king..robbeour 
he  was.  1303  R.  BKUNXE  Handl.  Synne  6127  Euery  man 
he  wened  had  be  a  robbour,  For  drede  bat  he  had  tresoure. 
f  1380  Sir  Fernmb.  4113  Al  ys  lygnage  in  euery  syde,  For 
robbours  bai  were  y-kud.  c  1400  Pdgr.  Sowle  iv.  xxxv. 

|    (Caxton,  1483)  83  Vpon  theues  and  morderevs,  Robbours 
and   reuours,..they   shalle  be  fyers  in  jugement.      c  1440 

i    Protnp.   Parz',   435/2   Robbowre,  on  the  londe,  spoliator. 
Ibid.,  RobbowK]  on  the  ^^.^^  pirata.    c  1500  Mtlwstnt  245 

i    Locher,  wliiche  afterward  delyueredthe  Countrey  of  Ardane 

j    fro  thevys,  murdrers,  &  robbeurs. 

b.  Const.  0fa  place,  etc. 

1465  Paston  Lett.  II.  251  Sly  ford  was  the  chyff  robber  of 
i  the  cherch.  1526  TINDALK  Acts  xix.  37  Nether  robbers  olT 
!  churches,  nor  yett  despisers  of  youre  goddes.  1557  R.  EDGE- 
j  WORTH  Serm.  289  He  putteth  example  of  di.sers,  and 
,  gameners,and  robbersof  dead  mensgraues.  1632  SHERWOOD, 
i  A  rubber  of  the  Princes,  and  publicke  treasure,  peculate ur. 

c.  trans/ .  (See  quots.) 

1670  Phil.  Trans.  V.  1197  Therefore  they  term  it  a  Rob 
ber,  as  a  substance  which  spoyls,  and  takes  away  the  rich 
ness  of  the  Ore.     1725  Family  Diet.  s.v.  Bce^  To  preserve 
Bees  from  Robbers,  which  very  commonly  infest  them,.. 
j    the  way  is  to  doom  the  Hives  very  close.     1816  KIKBY  & 
[    SP.  Entomol.  \x.  (1818)  II.  207  These  are  called  by  Schirach 
I    corsair  bees,  and  by  English  writers,  robbers.     1831  Insect 
,    Misc.  (L.  E.  K.)  329. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  Attrib.  in  various  senses, 
as  robber-gold^  -hold,  -inn,  -lairy  etc.  Also  object 
ive,  as  robber-hunting. 

1850  MRS.  BROWNING  Calls  on  the  heart  ii,  The  world.. 
Has  counted  its  *robber-gold.  1876  GREEN  Stray  Shed. 
(1892)  319  The  countless  *robber-holds  of  the  Angevin 
noblesse.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD'  Miners  Right  (1899) 
123/2,  I  had  no  great  natural  inclination  to  the  trade  of 
•robber-hunting,  1879  STEVENSON  Ess.  Trav.,  Amateur 
Emigrant  (1905)  82  He  had  visited  a  *robber  inn.  1866 
COMNGTON  sEneid-266  Grim  Cacus  in  bis  ': robber- lair.  1860 
PUSEY  Alin.  Proph.  243  Probably.. Edom.  .continued  his 
*robber-life  along  the  Southern  borders  of  Judah.  1856 
VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  I.  142  At  every  turn  have  we  to 
wrangle.. with  the^e  vultures  about  their  ^robber-toll.  1839 
CARLYLE  Chartism  v.  139  Silesian  *robber-\vars. 

b.  Appositive,  as  robber-chief >  -company,  -crew, 
etc. ;  robber-council  or  -synod,  the  ecclesiastical 
council  held  at  Ephesus  in  449,  the  decrees  of 
which  were  subsequently  rescinded. 

1816  I'YKON  Ch.  Jf<ir.  in.  xlviii,  In  proud  state  Each 
*robber  chief  upheld  his  armed  halls.  1899  Q.  Rev.  Jan.  n 
*  Robber-companies,  and  bishops  in  coats  of  mail.  1865 
PUSEY  Truth  Eng.  Ch.  90  Before  the  *robber-Council  of 
Ephesus  could  be  displaced  by  the  Fourth  General  Council 
at  Chalcedon.  1776  MICKLE  tr.  Camoens*  Lusiad  •$&  Soon 
shall  our  powers  the  *robber-crew  destroy.  1797  The  Col' 
legs  38  Arm'd  Justice  forth  the  *robber-demons  drove.  1869 
TOZER  Highl.  Turkey  II.  164  Mr.  Curzon  describes  his 
*robber-guard,  1836-48  I>.  D.  WALSH  Aristoph.,  Acham- 
ians  i.  v,  I  have  pierced  the  *robber-horde  Like  a  reed.  1865 
RUSKIN  Sesame  i.  (1907)  27/2  The  Rust-kings.  .lay  up 
treasures  for  the  rust ;  and  the  *Robber-kings,  treasures  for 
the  robber.  1871  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  IV.  201 
William  Peverel  reared  his  castle  of  Peak  Forest,  the  true 
vulture's  nest  of  a  *robber-knight.  1862  DRAPER  Intell. 
Develop.  Europe  ix.  (1864)  I.  287  Eutyches  appealed  to  the 
emperor,  who  summoned.. a  council  to  meet  at  Ephesus. 
This  was  the  celebrated  '  *Robber  Synod '.  1825  SCOTT 
Talism.  ii,  I  have  heard  that  the  road  is  infested  with 
*robber-tribes.  1853  KINGSTON  Manco  ii,  The  Spaniards 
attacked  Peru  with  their  small  but  determined  band  of 
*robber-  warriors. 

c.  Appositive  with  names  of  insects,  birds,  etc., 
as  robber-bee^  -fowl\  robber-crab,  a  large  tropical 
crab  which  steals  coco-nuts  ;  robber-fly,  a  fly  of 
the  family  A$ilid&t  given  to  preying  upon  other 
insects. 

1831  Insect  Misc.  (L.  E.  K.)  329  Robber-bees.  [Cf.  i  c.] 
1864  5  WOOD  Homes  without  H.  (1868)  oo  There  is  a  very 
remarkable  burrowing  crustacean,  called  the  Robber-Crab 
{Birgus  latro),  1891  ATKINSON  Last  of  Giant-killers  144 
As  soon  as  the  robber  fowl  had  begun  its  steady  flight.  1899 
D.  SHARP  Insects  491  Asilidae  (Robber-flies)..  .The  Asilidae 
is  one  of  the  largest  families  of  flies. 

Hence  Robbera'ceously  adv.y  in  a  manner  sug 
gestive  of  robbers ;  Bo'bberhood,  brigandage, 
robbery  ;  Ro  bberlet,  a  petty  robber. 

1772  H.  WALI'OLE  Lett.  (1904)  128,  I  did  not  know  that 
housebreaking  might  not  be  still  improving..  .In  less  than 
another  minute,  the  door  rattled  and  shook  still  more  *rob- 
beraceously.  1863  MARY  HOWITT  F.  B  renter's  Greece 
II.  172  The  sight  of  unburied  corpses  contributed  more  than 
anything  else  to  put  an  end  to  the  system  of  *robberhood  in 
this  part  of  the  country.  1884  J.  PAYNE  Tales Jr.  Arabic 
1 1.  83,  I  fear  lest,  if  thou  slay  him  in  our  dwelling-place  and 
he  savour  not  of  robbe rhood,  suspicion  will  revert  upon  our 
selves.  1865  KINGSLEY  Herew.  xxxiv,  Latrunculi  ^robber- 
lets),  sicarii,  cut-throats. 

Robbery  (rp-bari).  Forms:  a.  3-4  roberie, 
4  roborrye,  5-6  robery,  7  Sc.  roborie ;  3-6 
robberye,  3-7  robberie  (4  -eri5e),  6  Sc.  rub- 
berie,  -ery,  4-  robbery.  £.  4-6  robry(e»  -rie, 


5  roubry,  6  robri;  5-6  Si,  rubry,  -rie.  [a. 
OF.  roberie  (AF.  also  roberyc\  f.  rober  to  ROB  ; 
see  -ERY.] 

1.  The  action  or  practice  of  feloniously  seizing, 
by  violence  or  intimidation,  property  belonging  to 
another;  spoliation,  depredation. 

Prov.  Exchange  is  no  robbery  :  see  EXCHANGE  sb.  i. 

a.  c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  61  )if  he  binimeS  us  ure  a^te, 
oSer  burh  fur,  o'der  burh  biefes,  o6er  burh  roberie.  c  1250 
Old  Kent,  Serin,  in  O.E.  Misc.  30  Roberie,  Manslechtes, 
Husbernen,.,and..obre  euele  deden.  6-1290  Beket  2152  in 
S.  Eng.  Leg.  \.  168  pis  lubere  kni3tes..duden  gret  robberie. 
1303  R.  BRUNNU  Handl.  Synne  2449  pat  ys  boj>e  thefte  and 
robberye,  And  hyt  ful  dere  shal  he  a-bye.  1387  TREVISA 
Higden  (Rolls!  I.  137  pei  greij>eb  no  bing  bat  bey  dredeb 
to  lese,  bey  acountep  no  trt-spas  gretter  ban  robberie. 
1415  HOCCLEVE  Sir  ?.  OldcastZe  456  liy  violence  or  by 
maistrie,  My  good  to  take  of  me,,  .pat  is  verray  wrong  & 
robbeiie.  1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  sEsop  in.  vi,  He  that 
lyueth  but  of  rauyn  and  robberye  shal  at  the  last  be  knowen 
and  robbed.  1533  UI-LLENDKN  Livy  \.  vii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  39  In 
vading  be  saniyn  marc  be  rubbery  ban  ony  ordoure  of 
chevelrie.  1542  UDAI.I,  Erasm.  Apofh.  140  b,  That  persone 
committeth  plaine  robberie  or  spoyle,  who  denyeth  an  almes 
to  any  poore  creature  beeyng  in  extreme  neede.  1605  .SHAKS. 
JMeas.  for  >!/.  H.  ii.  176  Theeues  for  their  robbery  haue 
authority,  When  ludgts  sleale  tbemselues.  £1670  HOBBES 
Dial,  Com.  Laws  (i6£i)  117  Robbery  is  committed  by 
Force,  or  Terror,  of  which  neither  is  in  Theft;  for  Theft  i.-> 
a  secret  Act.  1769  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  IV.  241  Larciny 
from  the  person  is  either  by  privately  stealing,  or  by  open 
and  violent  assault,  which  is  usually  called  robbery.  1797- 
1803  S.  &  Hi.  \.v.v.Cantcrl\  T.  I.  114  He  was  an  easy  mark 
for  robbery.  1815  EbPHlNSTOKE  Ace.  Caubul  (1842)  II.  125, 
I  think  it  probable  that  the  people  of  those  parts  of  the 
country  which  are  out  of  Mght  of  the  government,  are  always 
addicted  to  robbery. 

0.  c  1330  Arth.  fy  Mcrl.  3501  (Kdlbing),  po  knijtes.  .Were 
ywent  in  to  desert,  To  libben  bi  her  robrie.     c  1400  Land 
Troy  ]>/<:.  8357  Ther  was  neuere  theft.  .That  wayted  better 
Ins  a-vauntage,  To  do  his  stelthe  and  his  robrye.     ('1470 
HENKY  Wallace  ix.  222  Her  I  gyffour  roubry  for  euirmar. 
1531  ELYOT  Civ.  i.   xxvi,  Compacte  of  malice  and  robry. 
1596  DALRYMPtE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  ix.  II.  165  Tha  war 
the  only  authoris  of  thift,  rubric,  and  rimiing  of  forrayis. 

b.  An  instance  of  this  ;  a  depredation. 

1297  R.  GLOIX.  (Rolls)  7597  He  bro^tc  vp  moni  ober 
hous  of  religion  also,  To  bete  bulke  robberie,  bat  him  bo^te 
he  adde  ydo.  1340  Ayenb.  39  per  byeb  zuo  uele  obre 
maneres  of  roberics.  1390  GOWEU  Con/.  II.  333  En>ample 
of  suche  Robberies  I  finde  write,  c  1460  in  Three  i^th  Cent. 
Chron.  (Camden)  41  Of  whiche  robrye  Syr  Gylbert..was 
atteynt.  1513  I\[ORE  in  Graf  ton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  770 
There  they  deuise  newe  robberyes  nightly.  1591  SPENSER 
M.  Hubberd 1 306  Each  place.. fil'd  with  treasure  rackt  with 
robberies.  1613  ROWLANDS  More  Knaues  Yet  (Hunterian 
Cl.)  15  Many  bolde  robberies  he  did  commit.  1657  G. 
THORNLEY  Duphnis^  fy  Chloc  43  A  young  Rustick,  yet  un- 
skill'd  in  the  Assassinations  and  Robberies  of  Love.  1780 
BENTHAM  Princ.  Legisl.  xii.  §  10  Where  robberies  are  fre 
quent  and  unpunished  robberies  are  committed  without 
shame.  1838  JAMES  Robber  i,  Giving  evidence  about  that 
robbery.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  <y  Mining  316  The 
placer-mining  of  the  gulch.. is  really  a  still  worse  robbery 
of  the  gold-deposits. 

f2.  concr.  Plunder,  spoil,  booty.     Obs. 

c  1330  Arth.  ff  Merl.  6684  (Kolbing),  pe  king,  .come  priuc- 
Hche..To  binimen  hem  her  robrie.  1450-1530  Myrr.  our 
Ladye  255  Helle  ys  pryued  of  robry.  \ifi$Paston  Lett.  II. 
251  Slyford.  .hath  most  of  the  robbery  next  the  Baylly  of 
E>'-  '535  COVEKDALE  A  uios  iii.  10  They  gather  together 
euell  gotten  goodes,  and  laye  vp  robbery  in  their  houses. 

Ro'bbin.  Naut.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  Forms  :  5 
robyn,  7-8  robin,  7-9  robbin,  9  -en.  [Var.  of 
ROBAND;  the  form  suggests  that  the  immediate 
source  may  have  been  French,  but  mod.F.  raban 
appears  to  be  a  later  adoption  of  Du.  raband] 
=  ROBAND. 

1497  Naval  Aces.  Hen.  I'll  (1896)  321,  iiij  Smale  lynes 
for  lachetes  &  Robyns  to  the  se'id  Ship.  1626  CAPT.  SMITH 
Accift.  Yn%.  Seamen  15  The  Robins,  garnit,  Clew  garnits, 
tyes,  marthts.  1627  —  Seaman's  Gram,  v,  22  The  Robbins 
are  little  lines  reeued  into  the  eylet  holes  of  the  saile  vncler 
the  head  ropes,  to  make  fast  the  saile  to  the  yard.  1729 
WRIGLESWOHTH  Jrnl.  Lye II  6  Dec.,  Keep  the  People  at 
Work  in  making  Points,  Gaskets,  Robins,  Matts,  Sinnet, 
&c.  for  Sea  Store.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  M'ord-bk.  576. 

Robbin,  variant  of  ROBIN. 
K.0'bbing,  vbl.  sb.   [f.  ROB  f.] 

1.  The  action  of  ROB  vb. ;    spoliation,  robbery. 
Also  attrib. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xiv.  301  je,  horw  be  pas  of  altoun 
Pouerte  myjte  passe  with-oute  peril  of  robbynge.  f  1425 
Eng.  Cony.  Irel.  26  All  be  contreys  about  dyuelyn,  wyth 
robynge  &  bernyng  &  sleyng,  weren  negbt  I-broght  to 
noght.  1465  Paston  Lett.  II.  251  The  chyff  maysters  of 
robbyng  was  the  Baylly  of  Ey,  [etc.].  \$\*Act4,Hen.  l'IIIt 
c.  20  Preamble,  The  same  mysgoverned  persons  shall  lyf  in 
robbyng  and  mysgovernaunce  duryng  ther  lyves.  1591 
SPARRY  tr.  Cattans  Geomande  119  It  is  very  ill  in  all 
demandes,  but  such  as  concerne.  .robbing,  rifling,  spoiling. 
1665  PEPYS  Diary  21  Sept.,  I  rode  in  some  fear  of  robbing. 
1678  R.  L'ESTRANGE  Scneca?s  Mor.  (1776)  62  There  is  no 
travelling  upon  the  road  for  robbing.  1725  Fatn.  Diet. 
s.v.  See,  This  subject  of  the  Bees  robbing  of  one  another. 
1831  Insect  Misc.  (L.  E.  K.)  329 The  robbing  season,  .occurs 
sooner  or  later  as  the  summer  has  been  more  or  less 
favourable. 

b.  With  a  and  pi.  =  ROBBEBY  ib. 

r  1220  Bestiary  792  lie  robbinge  do  we  of  bac.  1340 
Ayenb.  39  Zuyche  reuen,  prouost,  bedeles, .  .bet  make}?  be 
great  e  robbynges.  t  1460  Contin.  Brut  (1908}  518  Also,  At 
which  robbyng  diuerse  men  of  London. .  wer. .,  &  toke  part 
with  him.  1560  J.  DAUS  tr.  SUidane's  Comm.  405  Spoyl- 
ynges  and  robbinges  of  townes.  1657  Divine  Lover  300  The 


ROBBING. 


734 


ROBERT. 


tediousne^se  of  the  way,  beatinges,  robbings,  and  the  like 
are  but  necessarie  Mortifications.  1693  Mem.  Cnt.  Teckely 
n.  103  The  War  was  more  like  a  tumultuous  Robbing  than 
a  War  manag'd  with  prudence. 

f2.  eoncr.  Plunder,  booty.     Inquot.//.     Obs. 

c  1330  A  rt/t.  fy  Merl.  4730  (Kolbing),  pis  four  heben  kinges 
Went,  to  loken  [jis  robbeings. 

Bo'bbing,  ///.  a.  [f.  ROB  z-.]  That  robs  ; 
thieving,  predatory. 

1657  S.  PURCHAS  Pol.  Flying-Ins,  331  The  robbing  Bee 
and  the  Waspe.  .will  without  strife  or  difference  concurre 
together  to  rob  a  hive  of  Bees.  1886  Lett.  Donegal  54  There 
need  then  have  been  no  fear  that  the  robbing  scoundrels., 
would  have  escaped  punishment. 

Robbing,  obs.  form  of  ROBING. 

t Robbie:  see  ROUNCE-HOBBLE-HOBBLE. 

1616  B.  losses  Masque  of  Qneenes  Wks.  954  Rouncy  is 
oner,  Robbie  is  vnder,  A  flash  of  light  and  a  clap  of  thunder. 

Robbyng,  obs.  form  of  RIBBING. 

Robe  (r^b),  sb.  Also  5  roob(e,  6  robbe,  6-7 
roab(e;  Sc,  5-7  rob,  5  rowb.  [a.  OF.  robe 
{robbe,  ;v«<V), -Prov.  rottba,  Catal.  and  It.  roba, 
Sp.  roj>a,  Pg.  roupa  ;  the  stem  is  that  of  the  verb 
ROB,  the  original  sense  being  'spoil,  booty',  as 
in  OF.J 

1.  A  long  loose  outer  garment  reaching  to  the 
feet   or  the   ankles,  worn   by   both   sexes  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  and  still  by  men  of  some  Eastern 
nations  ;  a  gown.     Now  rare,  extiept  as  in  2. 

c  1275  i  Mission  Our  Lord  (A  in  O.  E.  Misc.  39  Ne  hedde  he 
none  robe  of  fowe  ne  of  gray,  a  1300  Cursor  M.  3676  His 
moder..cled  him, .Wit  his  brober  robe.  1340  Ayenb.  119 
Yef  me  yefj>  ine  be  kinges  cort  ane  robe  to  ane  childe.  1377 
LAXGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xin.  227  And  fewe  robes  I  funge  or  furred 
gounes.  t^M»tt.SecretaSecrgt.tPriv,  Priv.  151  FiymSuffysid 
a  lytill  gi~aue..for  his  halle,  and  for  his  roob.  1474  CAXTON 
Chesse  4  Theym  that  ben  clad  in  thy  clothyng  and  robys. 
1501  DOUGLAS  Pat.  Hon.  \\.  iii,  With  lawreir  crownit,  in 
robbis  side  all  new,  Of  a  fassoun.  1582  STANYHURST 
sKtu-is  n.  (Arb.)  68  Theare  [is]  wardrob  abundant  Of  roabs 
most  pretiouse.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xxxiv.  v,  In  auncient 
time  all  the  Images  and  Statues  erected  to  the  honour  of 
any  men,  were  in  their  gownes  and  robes.  1667  MILTON 
P.L.  n.  543  As  when  Alcides.  .felt  th'envenom'd  robe.  1730- 
46  THOMSON  Autumn  1240  The  glittering  robe  Of  every  hue 
reflected  light  can  give.  1796  HUNTER  St.  Pierre's  Stud. 
Nat.  II.  511  Turbans  and  flowing  robes  are  adapted  to 
hot  countries.  1840  THIKLWALL  Greece  VII.  89  The  looms 
of  Ionia  were  kept  in  constant  activity  to  supply  purple 
robes  for  the  courtiers.  1877  BRYANT  Odyss.  \.  278  The 
nymph  too,  in  a  robe  of  silver  white,  ..Arrayed  herself. 

transf.  1595  SHAKS.  John.  \\.  i.  141  O  well  did  he  become 
that  Lyons  robe,  That  did  disrobe  the  Lion  of  that  robe. 

Jig.  1611  BIBLE  Isaiah  L\i.  10  He  hath  couered  me  with 
the  robe  of  righteousnes.  1628  MILTON  I'ac.  Exerc.  21 
Hail  native  Language, . .  cull  those  richest  Robes,  and  gay'st 
attire  Which  deepest  Spirits,  and  choicest  Wits  desire. 
1667  —  P.L.  x.  222. 

b.  A  trade  name  for  a  special  form  of  lady's  dress ; 
a  piece  of  material,  either  plain  or  embroidered, 
partly  shaped  for  a  gown. 

1878  Sylvia's  Home  Jrul.  Feb.,  Ball  dress  (robe  Princess), 
of  blue  faille.  1892  Fashions  of  To-day  May  13  Robe  of 
old  gold  velvet,  collar  of  passementerie.  1899  World  of 
Dress  Jan.  3  Handsome  embroidered  chenille  robe.  lbid.t 
White  and  cream  lace  robes  in  enormous  variety. 

2.  A  lung  outer  garment  of  a  special  form  and 
material  worn  in  virtue  of,  and  betokening,  a  par 
ticular  rank,  calling,  condition,  or  office. 

c  1290  Bcket  324  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  1 16  pe  Abite  of  Monek 
he  nan  i.  Anda-bpueal  ban  clerkene  Robe,  a  1300  Cursor M. 
1/372  Tas  of.  .mi  king  rob..|»at  i  wer.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI. 
A.  in.  277  Schal  no  seriaunt  for  J»at  seruise  wen;  a  selk 
houue,  Ne  no  Ray  Robe  \vi|?  Riche  pelure.  1484  CAXTON 
Curtail  4  Oftymes  the  peple  make  grete  wondrynges  of  the 
ryche  robe  of  the  courtyour.  1537  STARKUV  Let.  in  Eng- 
UUkat(l&j&)  p.  Ixv,  Master  Pole  hathe  gotten  the  Cardynallys 
hatte  &  robbe  made,  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  Il^t  in.  ii.  56  Thus  I 
did  keepe  my  Person  fresh  and  new,  My  Presence  like  a 
Robe  Pontifical!  Ne're  scene,  but  wondred  at.  1603  — 
Meas.  for  M.  \\.  ii.  61  Nor  the  deputed  sword,  The  Mar 
shal  Is  Truncheon,  nor  the  ludges  Robe.  1778  POTTER 
sEschylus,  To  Mrs.  Montague  (i3o8)  p.  xxviii,  My  ponti 
fical  robe  trailing  on  the  pavement.  1841  LANK  Arab.  Nts. 
I.  85  He  then  bestowed  upon  him  a  robe  of  honour.  1855 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xiv,  III.  382  Johnson  had  therefore 
been  stripped  of  his  robe  by  persons  who  had  no  jurisdiction 
over  him. 

fig.  1837  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Par.  Serin.  I.  xxvi.  398  Surely 
these  attainments  are  hut  our  first  manly  robe. 

b.  //.  with  the  same  connotation.  Often  with 
qualifying  word  prefixed,  as  coronation,  parlia 
ment  robes ,  etc.  Master,  Mistress,  Yeoman,  of  the 
Robes :  see  these  words. 

1445  tr.  Claudia*  in  Anglia  XXVIII.  259  With  whos 
preyers  he  lyst  be  mevid  to  clothe  him  in  his  roobys..as 
consulers  vstd  before.  6-1450  Mcrlin\\\.  no  But  first  hadde 
Arthur  the  kynge  put  on  hym  an  habergon  vndir  his  robes. 
1526  Pil^r.  Perf,  (W.  de  W.  1531)  156  b,  Though  the  kynge 
were  before  hym  in  his  robes  of  golde.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen. 
/t^,  v.  i.  i2  You  haue.  .made  vs  dofle  our  easie  Robes  of 
Peace,  a  1618  SYLVESTER  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  61  Their  gar 
ments  passe.  .The  glorious  Salomon's  rich  roabes  of  Parlia 
ment.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  64  Pretors,  Proconsuls  to  thir 
Provinces  Hasting  or  on  return,  in  robes  of  State,  a  1715 
BURNET  Own  Time  in.  (1724)  I.  499  He  put  on  his  robes  in 
hast,.. and  called  up  the  Commons.  1769  SIR  W.  JONES 
Seven  Sisters  Poems  (1777)  35  Accept  the  robes  and  sceptre 
of  the  land,  1832  G.  DOWNES  Lett.  Cont.  Countries  I.  248 
The  senators  and  magistrates  of  Rome  appear  clad  in  the 
ecclesiastical  robes  of  the  period,  in  which  the  manuscript 
was  written.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  v.  I.  502  The 
..aldermen  came  in  their  robes  to  welcome  the  Duke. 


3.  //.  Outer  garments  or  clothes  in  general. 

c  1575  GASCOIGNE  Flowers  Wks.  (1575)  44  You  shall  knowe 
the  cause,  wherefore  these  roabes  are  worne,  And  why  I  goe 
outlandishe  lyke,  yet  being  Englishe  borne.  1596  SHAKS. 
Tarn.  Shr.  i.  ii.  132  Now  shal  my  friend  Petruchio  do  me 
grace,  And  offer  me  disguis'd  in  sober  robes,  To  old 
liaptista.  Ibid.  in.  ii.  114  See  not  your  Bride  in  these  vn- 
reuerent  robes.  1770  GOLDSM.  Des.  lriil.  336  She  left  her 
wheel  and  robes  of  country  brown. 

b.  fig.  A  covering   or  vesture   compared  to   a 
long  enveloping  garment. 

1633  DKUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Poems  Wks.  (1711)  25  The  Moon 
..  Impearling  with  herTears  her  Rob  of  Night.  1633  Ibid. 
39  Now,  ancient  Caledon,  Thy  Beauties  heighten,  richest 
Robs  put  on.  1697  DA.MI-IER  l/oy.  (1729)  I.  165  In  a  weeks 
time  the  Tree  casts  off  her  old  Robes,  and  is  cloathed  in  a 
new  pleasant  Garb.  1727-46  THOMSON  Summer  92  Prime 
cheerer,  Light ! . .  Nature's  resplendent  robe  !  1849  ROBERT 
SON  Serrti.  Ser.  r.  ii.  {1866}  38  Before  the  world  has  put  on 
its  full  robe  of  light.  1864  TENNYSON  Aylmer's  I'icld  158 
Another  [cottage]  wore  A  close-set  robe  of  jasmine. 

4.  The   long  robet   (the  dress  of)  the  legal   or 
clerical  profession  ;    the  short  robe,  (that  of)  '  all 
that  profess  arms,  or  usually  wear  swords '  (Cotgr.). 
So  both  robes,  either  robe. 

1601- [see  LONG  ROBH].  1622  BACON  Hen.  F//(i876)  127 
He  sent,  -commissioners  of  both  robes,  the  prior  of  Lanthony 
to  be  his  chancellor..;  and  Sir  Edward  Poynings.  .with  a 
civil  power  of  his  lieutenant,  a  1641  Bp.  MOUNTAGU  Acts  $ 
Mon.  (1642)95  A  Sanhedrim,  or  standing  great  Councell,.. 
made  up  of  both  Robes,  honourable  persons  amongst  their 
brethren,  Priests  and  Laicks  both.  1642-3  in  Rushw.  Hist. 
Coll.  (1721)  II.  nr.  137  They  have  spared. .no  Orders  of 
.Men,  the  long  Robe  as  well  as  the  Short  hath  felt  their  Fury. 
1672  MAKVKLL  Rch.  Transp.  \.  282  There  was  a  gentleman 
of  your  robe  a  Dignitary  of  Lincoln.  1711  STEELE  Spect. 
No.  157  »  6  Our  learned  Men  of  either  Robe.  1712-1875 
[see  LONG  ROBE]. 

b.   The  Kobe^  the  legal  profession. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  \.  §  96  He  was  a  son  of  the 
Robe  ;  his  Father  having  been  a  Judge  in  the  Court  of  the 
Common  Pleas.  1671  Bnccleuch  MSS.  (Hist  MSo.  Comm.) 
1.  497  Mr.  Commartin.  .is  a  man  of  the  robe,  but  in  very 
good  esteem  with  everybody.  1707  Reft,  upon  Ridicule  109 
The  most  eminent  Persons  of  the  Robe.  1770  FOOTE  Lame 
Lover  in,  I  was  some  years  in  the  Temple;  but  the  death 
of  my  brother  robb'd  the  robe  of  my  labours.  1850  THACKKKAY 
Pt'ndcnnis  x.xix,  The  cadets  of  many  of  our  good  families 
follow  the  robe  as  a  profession.  1855  MOTLEY  Dutch  Rep. 
1.  377  Rich  advocates,  and  other  Gentlemen  of  the  Kobe. 

5.  transf.  Persons  of  high  estate.   rare~~^. 

1589  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  vi.  xxxiii,  (1602)  163  So  plagueth 
ciuill  Warre,  and  so  from  Robe  to  Rag  doth  secure. 

6.  U.S.   and    Canada.    The  dressed  skin   of  a 
buffalo  (musk-ox,  etc.)  used  as  a  garment  or  rug. 

1836  Backwoods  of  Canada  55  A  light  waggon  comfortably 
lined  with  buffalo  robes.  1848  BARTLETT  Diet.  Amer. 
s.v.,  A  pack  of  robes  is  ten  skins,  tied  in  a  pack,  which  is 
the  manner  in  which  they  are  brought  from  the  far  West 
to  market.  1892  W.  PIKE  Barren  Ground  N.  Can  adit  106 
The  robes  were  in  splendid  condition;  the  undergrowth, 
which  resembles  a  sheep's  fleece . . ,  was  now  thick  and  firm. 

7.  attrib.  and  Comb.)  as  robe-maker,  -spinning^ 
-tearing;     f  robe-chamber,    f  robes-room,    a 
robing-room ;  f  robe-goer,  one  who  has  charge 
of  the  robes. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  i.  iv.  Handicrafts  131  The 
shining  wool!  Whence  the  robe-spinning  precious  Worms 
are  ful.  1665  PEPYS  Diary  23  June,  My  Lord  Sandwich 
did  take  me  aside  in  the  robe-chamber.  1679-88  Seer.  Serv. 
Money  Chas.  iff  Jos.  (Camden)  146  In  consideracion  of  his 
services  and  extraordinary  attendances  at  the  robes-roome 
ujjon  his  said  Majestic  and  the  Privy  Council!  and  Com 
mittees.  1701  Cal.  Treasury  P.  (1871)  529  Robegoers  and 
bedgoers.  1831  J.  MACDONALD  in  Life  (1849)  III.  174  A 
species  of  religious  robe-tearing.  1836-7  DICKENS  Sk.  Boz 
(1850)  149/2  There  were  Mr.  Harris  the  law-stationer,  and 
Mr.  Jennings  the  robemaker.  1902  Q.  Rev.  Apr.  533  His 
father  and  grandfather  were  both  robe-makers. 

Kobe  (r<"»b),  v.     Also  7  roab.    [f.  the  sb.] 

1.  trans.  To  clothe  or  invest  in  a  robe  or  robes  ; 
to  apparel ;  to  dress.     Also  refl. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xv.  333  3e  robeth  and  fedeth  Hem 
hat  ban  as  :je  han.  1655  tr.  Sorefs  Com.  Hist.  2<*rancion 
m.  60  A  Piece  of  rich  Satin,  to  new  Robe  him.  1711  (i. 
HICKES  Two  Treat.  Chr.  Priesth.  (1847)  II.  290  He  robed 
and  unrobed  himself  in  his  throne.  17*5  POPE  Odyss.  v. 
294  Ulysses  rob'd  him  in  the  cloak  and  vest.  1859  TENNY 
SON  Geraint  $  Enid  691  Rise  therefore;  robe  yourself  in 
this.  1886  MABEL  COLLINS  Prettiest  Woman  v,  She  robed 
herself  again  in  her  national  costume. 
fig.  1638  SIR  T.  HERBEKT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  14  Nature  roabing 
the  fruitfull  earth  with  her  choisest  Tapestry.  1803  FOSTER 
in  Lifeff  Corr.  (1846)  I.  223  He  robes  himself  in  moonlight. 
1850  LYNCH  Theoph.  Trinal  ix,  Love  robed  her  in  a  blush. 
1892  TENNYSON  Foresters  iv,  A  thousand  winters  Will  strip 
you  bare  as  death,  a  thousand  summers  Robe  you  life-green 
again. 

2.  intr.  To  put  on  robes  or  vestments. 

a  1626  BACON  Advt.  touching  Holy  War  (1629)  96  Only  to 
Roab,  and  Feast,  and  performe  Rites,  and  Obseruances. 
1829  SOUTHEY  All  for  Love  in.  xxi,  And  there  the  Priests 
are  robing  now.  1869  Daily  Netvs  14  Dec.,  The  Bishops 
were  to  meet  at  half-past  8  o'clock  in  a  meeting  hall,  where 
they  were  to  robe  and  form  in  procession. 

Robed  (rJubd),  ///.  a.     [f.  ROBE  v.  or  st>.] 

1.  Clad  in  robes ;  wearing  robes.     Also  with  in. 

c  1325  Metr.  Horn.  41  A  man  robed  m  wlank  wede.     1362 

LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  ix.  i  Thus  i-robed  in  russet,  romed  I 

a-boute.     a  1400  Isumbras  269    So  semly  als  thay  bothe 

ware,  If  thay  were  robed  riche.     1608  SHAKS.  Lear  in.  vi. 

38  (Q.1),  Thou  robbed  man  of  lustice  take  thy  place.     1634 

SIR   T.    HERBERT    Trav.    194    Roabed  and    laden   with.. 

Gemmes.     1757  GRAY  Bard  17  Rob'd  in  the  sable  garb  of 


Wpe.  i784CowpER  Tasku.  823  The  cause,  .has  been  found 
..in  the  skirts  Of  the  rob'd  pedagogue!  1834  LYTTON 
Pompeii  \.  iv,  In  the  centre  of  the  steps  appeared  a  priest 
robed  in  white  from  head  to  foot.  1885  Law  Times  LXXIX. 
385/1  Judge  Powell,  .intimated  that  he  should  sit  robed. 
fig.  1632  MILTON  L  'Allegro  61  Wher  the  great  Sun  begins 
his  state,  Rob'd  in  flames,  and  Amber  li^ht.  1712  AUDISOM 
Sfiect.  No.  265  F9  Ovid,  .tells  us.  .that  Aurora,  .is  robed  in 
Saffron.  1881  TENNYSON  To  Virgil  \,  Roman  Virgil,  thou 
that  singest  Ilion's  lofty  temples  robed  in  fire,  a  1901 
F.  W.  H.  MYERS  Hum.  Personality  (1503)  II.  299  Minds 
still  robed  in  flesh. 

2.  Wearing  robes  of  a  specified  kind,  as  fang-, 
loose-robed,  etc. 


1777  ELIZ.  RYVES  Poems  60  Where  loose-rob'd  Pleasure 
careless  roves.  1838  ELIZA  COOK  Spring  i,  Beauty  shines 
forth  in  the  blossom-robed  trees,  1849  M.  ARNOLD  o/nmrf 
Rei'eller  269  Passing  through  the  dark  stems  Flowing- 
robed.  1857  DfFfERis  Lett.  High  Lat.  (ed.  3)  92  Silence 
and  deep  peace  brooded  over  the  fair  grass-robed  plain. 

II  Robe  de  chambre  (iob  d^  Jahbr).  Also 
8  -chamber.  [F.  ;  see  ROBE  sb.  and  CHAMBER^.] 
A  dressing-gown  or  neglige  robe. 

1731  Gentl.  3fag.  I.  321  Instead  of  which  [knowledge], 
we  have  brought  home  the  French  Coifure,  the  Robe  de 
Chambre  of  the  Women,  and  Tonpc  and  Solitaire  of  the 
Men.  1732  Loud.  Mag.  Oct.  351/1  Her  Lady  Aunt  was 
dress'd  in  a  Robe  dc  chambre.  1824  BYRON  Jitan  xvi.  ,\i, 
Our  robe  de  chambre  May  sit  like  that  of  Nessus.  1848 
THACKERAY  lfan.  Fair  xxiy,  Pointing  to  the  spot  of  his 
robe  de  chambre  under  which  his  heart  was  still  feebly 
beating.  1893  Pioneer  of  Fashion  I.  iv,  A  particular  study 
has  been  made  of  our  robes  de  chambre. 

attrib.  1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Sat.  i.  ii-  38  That  Youth 
..All  but  a  robe-de-chamber  Dame  disdains, 

Ro'beless,  '.  [f.  ROBE  J£.  +  -LESS.]  With 
out  robes  ;  destitute  or  deprived  of  robes. 

1652  BENLOWE  Theoph.  ix.  xxviii,  John,  Joseph,  Robelesse 
fly;  Peter,  thou  stay'st,  and  stay'st  but  to  deny!  1880 
RUSKIN  Onr  Fathers  have  told  Us  i.  i.  26  Going,  in  his  full 
robes,  to  say  prayers  in  church,..  he  came  across  some  un 
happily  robeless  person  by  the  wayside. 

KODeU(e,  obs.  forms  of  RUBBLE. 

Rober  (nJu'bsi).  [f.  ROBE  sb.  or  v.  +  -ER  *.] 
One  who  has  charge  of,  or  who  invests  with, 
robes;  a  robe-maker. 

1884  Manch.  Exam,  28  June  7/1  He  was  steward  and 
rober  to  the  Connaught  Bar  on  Circuit.  1887  I?.ng.  Hist. 
Rev.  II.  480  A  prepositus.  .summoned  the  robers  to  place 
the  diadem  on  the  imperial  head. 

Roberd,  obs.  form  of  ROBERT. 

t  Roberdavy.  Obs.  Also  6  Bob  Dauie,  7 
Bob-o-Dauy.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  A  kind  of 
wine  used  in  the  i6-i7th  centuries. 

1542  BOOKDK  Dyctary  x.  (1870)  255  Also  these  liote  wynes, 
as.  .caprycke,  tynt,  roberdauy.  1553  BALE  I'ocation  22  They 
went  in  heaps  from  tauerne  to  tauerne  to  seke  after  the  best 
Rob  dauie  and  aqua  vite,  which  are  their  speciall  drinkes 
there.  1620  J.  TAYLOR  (Water-P.)  Praise  llempsced  Wks. 
(1630)  n.  65  Sherry,  nor  Rob-o-Dauy  here  could  flowe. 

i  Roberdsiueii.  Obs.  Forms  :  4(7)Boberdes- 
men  (7-8  Boberdsmeu),  4  Bobsrtes  men,  6, 
S-gBobertsmen.  [Probablyfrom  the  proper  name 
Roberd  ROBERT,  but  the  allusion  is  obscure.]  A 
certain  class  of  marauding  vagabonds  that  infested 
the  country  in  the  I4th  century. 

All  the  instances  later  than  the  i4th  century  are  merely 
historical. 

1331  Act  5  Ediv.  Ill,  c.  14  Diverges  roberies,  homicides, 
&  felonies,  ont  este  faitz  ein2  ces  heures  par  gentz  qi  sont 
appellez  Roberdesmen,  Wastours  &  Draghlacche.  1383 
Act  7  Rich.  //,  c.  i  |  5  Ordeignez  est  &  as^entuz  que 
Iestatutz..de  Roberdesmen  &  Diawlacches  soicnt  ferine- 
merit  tenus  &  gardez.  <  1394  P.  PI.  Crude  72  Ry^t  as 
Robertes  men  [they]  raken  aboute,  At  feires  &  at  ful  ales  & 
fyllen  \>e  cuppe.  1567  HAKMAN  Careat  (1869)  27  These  were 
then  the  cornmen  names  of  these  leud  leuterars,  Faytores, 
Robardesmen,  Drawlatches,  and  valyant  beggares.  1581 
LA.MUARDE  Eiren.  n.  vi.  (1588)  196  Drawlatches,  Wastours, 
or  Robertsmen,  that  is  to  say,  either  miching  or  mightie 
theeues.  n  1633  COKE  On  Lift.  (1648)  III.  197  What  this 
Robin  Hood  was  that  hath  raised  a  name  to  these  kind  of 
men  called  Roberdsmen,  his  followers.  1731  Gentl.  Mag. 
I.  238/1  [He]  instances  in  Robin  Hood,  and  says  that  from 
him  Thieves  and  Highwaymen  are  called  Robertsmen. 
1769  lii.ACKSTONE  Comm.  IV.xvii.  244  Persons  in  disguise.. 
(who  seem  to  have  resembled  the  Roberdsmen,  or  followers 
of  Robin  Hood).  1796  Sporting  Mag.  VIII.  76  Men  of  his 
[Robin  Hood's]  lawless  profession  were  from  him  called 
Roberdsmen. 

Roberie,  obs.  form  of  ROBBERY. 

Robert  (rp-b3.it).  [A  personal  name,  a.  F. 
Robert,  ultimately  of  Teutonic  origin.] 

1  1.   =  ROBIN  (UEDBREAST).  Obs. 

14..  in  Wr.-Wulcker  702  Hec  frigella^  a  roberd.  14.. 
Camb.MS.  Gg.j.^lf.  gb,  Robert  red  brest  and  the  wrenne. 

2.  =  HERB  ROBEKT.     Also  rober?  s-bill. 

1847  HALLIWELL,  .ff^er/,  the  herb  stork-bill.  1856  CAPERS 
Poems  158  The  foxglove,  the  rohert,  the  gorse,  and  the 
thyme.  1859  —  Ball.  $  Songs  129  The  yarrow  and  the 
robert's-bill. 

3.  A  policeman.     Cf.  BOBBY  2. 

1870  Figaro  18  Nov.  (Farmer),  The  '  British  Peeler'..  i>, 
after  all,  a  sensitive  creature.  The  blood  of  the  Roberts  is 
at  length  aroused. 

4.  A  waiter. 

From  a  series  of  articles,  professedly  written  by  a  waiter 
named  Robert,  which  appeared  in  Punch  in  1881-2. 

1886  Pall  Mall  G.  10  Aug.  3/2  The  Parisian  Roberts  now 
on  strike.  Ibid.  3  Sept.  3/1  The  Swiss  '  Robert  '  proposes 
that  his  new  '  Union  for  Swiss  Waiters  '  shall  be  called  the 
1  Winkelriedverein  *. 


KOBIGINOUS. 

Robert(e}s-men,  variants  of  ROBERDSMEX. 

Robeux,  obs.  f.  RUBBISH.  Robi,  obs.  f.  RUBY. 

t  Robi'gfittOTlS,  a.  Obs.~°  [ad.  L.  rolnginostis, 
t.robigo  rust]  'Much  blasted,  rusty  '(  Blount,l656). 

Robiis,  obs.  form  of  RUBBISH. 

Robill,  obs.  form  of  RUBBLE. 

Robin1  (r^'bin).  Forms:  4-5Robyn,6Roben, 
Sc.  Robene,  Robeen,  7  Sc.  Robein,  7,  9  Robbin, 
5-  Robin,  [a.  OF.  Robin ^  a  dim.  or  familiar 
form  of  the  personal  name  Robert.] 

For  several  specific  uses  see  ROUND  ROBIN. 

I.  1.  The  personal  name,  in  more  or  less  allus 
ive  or  general  application. 

Poor  Robin  :  see  POOH  a.  8.  For  dial,  uses  such  as  Robin- 
round-cap,  -run-rake,  etc.,  see  the  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troy/us  v.  1174  From  hasell  wode  there 
loly  Robin  pleyde.  1377  LANGU  P.  PL  B.  vi.  75  Saue 
lakke  \>e  iogeloure., And  Robyn  J?e  Rybaudoure.  ("1400 
Rom.  Rose  6337  Now  am  I  Robert,  now  Robyn  ;  Now  frere 
Menour,  now  lacobyn.  Ibid.  7455  He,  that  whylom  wasso 
gay,  And  of  the  daunce  loly  Robin,  Was  tho  become  a 
lacobin.  1555  LATIMER  in  FoxeA.%  M.  (1570)  III.  1919/2 
Now  that  would  I  see,  quoth  long  Roben,  ut  dicitur  vul- 
gariier.  1386  A.  DAY  Eng.  Secretary  n.  (1625)  23  Some 
Robin  the  divel],  or  I  wot  not  what  spirit  of  the  Ay  re.  1603 
Phi  lotus  cxxxvi,  Now  grace  and  honour  on  that  face,  Quod 
Robein  to  the  Haggles. 

II.  2.    =  ROBIN  REDBREAST  i  a.     (Cf.  Fris.  ro- 
byn\tsjet  robynderke,  I)u.  dial.  robijntje>  the  linnet.) 

1549  Co)iipl.  Scotl,  vi.  39  Robeen  and  the  litil  vran  var 
namely  in  vyntir.  1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  383 
Here  are  also  Ayeries  of  Hawks  and  sundry  others  Birds ; 
as  Goshawks,.  .Robbins,  Herons  white  and  beautiful.  1802 
WORDS  w.  Redbreast  chasing  Butterfly  3  The  pious  bird 
with  the  scarlet  breast,  Our  little  English  Robin.  1864 
TENNYSON  Enoch  Arden  677  On  the  nigh-naked  tree  the 
robin  piped  Disconsolate. 

b.  Any  bird  of  the  genus  Erithacus. 

1855  Orr's  Circle  Set.,  Org.  Nat.  III.  303  In  the  sub 
family  of  the  Erythadnse  or  Robins,  the  bill  is  rather  short, 
slender,  tapering,.. and  depressed  at  the  base. 

3.  U.S.  The  red-breasted  thrush,  Tttrdm  mi- 
gratorius. 

1798  Monthly  Alag,  May  331/2  The  American  robin, 
larger  than  ours.  1808  WILSON  Anier.  Ornith.  I.  37  The 
Robin  is  one  of  our  earliest  songsters.  1858  LONGF.  M. 
Standlsh  m.  3  Into  the  tranquil  woods,  where  blue-birds 
and  robins  were  building.  *888  G.  H.  KINGSI.KV  Sport  fy 
Trav.  vi.  (1900)  182  In  America  I  shoot  robins  and  find 
them  thrushes. 

4.  The  name  given  to  various  colonial  birds,  as 
in  New  Zealand  to  those  of  the  genus  Mirot  in 
Australia  to  species  of  Petroica  and  other  genera, 
in  Jamaica  to  the  green  tody,  etc. 

Recent  American  diets,  assign  the  name  to  the  red-breasted 
snipe  and  merganser,  and  to  the  mouse-bird  or  coly. 

a  1880  R.  DAVIES  Poems  <<$•  Lit.  Rein.  (1884)  264  In  the 
bush  [of  New  Zealand],  .the  robin  always  comes  about. 
1880  MKS.  MEREDITH  Tasnianfan  Friends  <$•  Foes  123 
The  Robin  (Petroica.  multicolor}  is. .certainly  more  bril 
liantly  beautiful  than  his  Knglish  namesake.  1894  NEWTON 
Diet.  Birds  791  A' obin^  a  well-known  nickname  of  the  Red 
breast,.,  has  been  transplanted,  .to  Jamaica  in  the  case  of 
the  Green  Tody. 

b.  With  distinctive  epithets  (adj.  or  sb.)  ap 
plied  to  many  birds,  esp.  of  the  colonies  or  India, 
as  blue  robin,  the  bluebird ;  golden  robin,  the 
Baltimore  oriole;  Indian  robin  (see  quot.  1855); 
magpie  robin  (see  MAGPIE  8)}  yetlow  robin  (see 
quot.  1855) ;  etc. 

For  an  enumeration  of  the  various  Australian  birds  thus 
named  see  Morris  Austral  English  390-1. 

1827  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  XV.  349  '  Tin's  bird,1  Mr.  Cayley 
says, '  is  called  yellow-robin  by  the  colonists.  It  is  an  in 
habitant  of  bushes  '.  1855  Orrs  Circle  Sci.,  Qrg.  Nat. 
III.  265  One  of  the  commonest  species,  the  Baltimore 
Oriole,.. has  received  the  name  of  Jire-bird.  . .  It  is  also 
called  the  Golden  Robin.  Ibid.  283  The  Eopsaltaria 
attstrafist  which  is  also  an  Australian  species,  is  known  to 
the  colonists  of  New  South  Wales  as  the  Yellow  Robin. 
Ibid.  307  The  Thamnobiafulicata^  or  Indian  Robin,  even 
exceeds  his  European  representative  in  boldness  and 
familiarity.  1884  Harpers  Mag.  Mar.  610/1  Our  New 
England  forefathers  call  him  the  '  blue  robin  '. 

C.  Used  attributively  or  appositively  in  names 
of  various  birds. 

Robin  accentor,  a  small  red-breasted  bird  of  the  thrush 
family  (Tharraleus  ruheculaides),  inhabiting  the  Hima 
layas  ;  Robin  breast,  =  robin  snipe ;  Robin  breastie, 
Sc,,  =  ROBIN  REDBREAST  ;  Robin  dipper,  U.S.,  the  buflle- 
headedduck;  Robin  (t  rock),  -rook,  -ruck,  dial.,  —sense 
2 ;  Robin  sandpiper,  the  knot ;  Robin  snipe,  (a)  = 
prec.  ;  (b)  the  red-breasted  snipe.  See  also  ROBIN  RUDDOCK.  . 

J55S  GESNER  Hist.  Anitn.  III.  699  A  robin  ..  alibis,  rob- 
byn  rock.  1736  PF.GGE  Kenticisms  (E.D.S.t,  Robin-rook, 
a  robin-redbreast.  1824  MACTAGGART  Gallovid.  Encycl.  412 
The  tane  p'them  was  the  Robbin  lireestie.  1872  COUES  N. 
Amer.  Birds  256  Robin-snipe.  .  .  Bill  equalling  or  rather 
exceeding  the  head.  Ibid.  632  Tringa,.  .Robin  Sandpiper. 
Bill  about  as  long  as,  or  rather  longer  than,  the  head.  1890 
DATES  Fauna  Brit.  India  Birds  II.  169  Tharrhalt-ns 
ntbeculoides,  the  Robin  Accentor. 

5.  attrib.  and  Comb.^  as  robin-song •;  robin-red 
adj. ;  robin  dinner,  a  Christmas  dinner  given  to 
London  waifs  by  subscription  ;  robin's  egg,  U.S.) 
(of)  a  greenish-blue  colour ;  robin-snow,  U.S.t 
a  light  spring  snow  coming  after  the  return  of  the 
American  robin. 


REAU   Early  Spring  in  Mass.  (1881)  4^9  The 
slight  robin  snow  of  yesterday  is  already  mostly  dissipated. 


735 

1873  ELIZ.  PHELPS  Trotty's  Wedding  Tour  166  She  saw  her 
robin's  egg  sash  and  gloves.  1880  LAMER  Owl  agst.  Robin 
Poems  (1892),  Nothing  but  robin-songs  heard  under  heaven. 
1892  Daily  News  21  Jan.  3/1  A  'Robin1  dinner  took 
place  last  night  at  the  headquarters  of  the  Camberwell  Mis 
sion.  1896  —  17  Oct.  6/5  A  robin-red  velvet  waistcoat. 

III.  6.  A  name  given  locally  or  dialectally  to 
various   plants,   as   red   campion,   ragged   robin, 
herb  Robert,  etc.     (See  Britten  &  Holland.) 

Red  robin:  see  RED  a.  19  and  RED  RAG  2. 

1694  WKSTMACOTT  Script.  Herb.  23  Altering  the  taste  with 
a  handful  of.  .Ground  Ivy,  or  Robin  leaves.  1906  Academy 
5  May  425/2  Dewdropt  daffodillies,  With  robin,  medled  in 
the  thicket  grass. 

b.  The  first  element  in  several  popular  names 
of  plants,  esp.  Robin  in  the  hedge  (see  quot.  1828); 
Robin-run-(in-}t he-hedge, ground-ivy;  goose-grass 
or  cleavers;   bindweed;  Lady's  bedstraw,  etc. 

See  also  Britten  &  Holland,  and  the  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

1796  WITHERING  Brit.  PI.  (ed.  3)  III.  526  Ground  Ivy... 
Robin  run  in  the  hedge.  Groves,  hedges,  and  shady  places. 
1824  MACTAGGART  Gallovid.  Encycl.,  Robbin-rin-the- 
I/edge,  a  trailing  kind  of  weed,  which  runs  along  hedges, 
a  robbin  net.  1828  Craven  Gloss.,  Robin-ith-hedge,  red 
flowered  Campion.  Lychnis  dioica.  1834  Tail's  Mag.  \. 
446/2  The  wild-pink  on  the  craggy  ledge,.. And  e'en  the 
Robin-run-i'-the-hedge,  Are  precious  in  mine  eyes.  1846 
KKIGHTI.EY  Notes  Virg.  Flora  385  Cleavers,  Clivers,  Goose- 
grass.  In  some  places  (particularly  in  Ireland)  it  is  called 
Kobin-run-the-hedge.  1847  HAI.LIWF.LI.  s.v.  Kobin,  Robin 
in  the  hose,  lychnis  silvestris.  1883  BURXF.  Shropm.  Folk- 
Lore  xxiii,  The  old  Ludlow  custom  of  dining  on  a  leg  of 
pork  stuffed  with  Robin-run-i'-the-hedge. 

c.  Used  attributively  in  plant-names,  as  robin- 
flower,  ragged   robin;    herb  Robert    (Britten   & 
Holland);  robin-net  (see b,  quot.  1824);  robin- 
wheat,  U.S.)  — robin* s  rye. 

Robin-wake,  —  wake-robin,  in  Crabb's  Technol.  Diet, 
(1823),  is  prob.  a  mistake. 

1886  Pop.  Sci.  jl/(7«//i/yXXIX.  368  The  birds  are  not  the 
only  harvesters  of  the  pretty  moss  known  as  robin-wheat. 

d.  In  genitive  combs,  forming  plant-names,  as 
robin's  cushion,  —  robins  pincushion  ;   robin's    i 
eye^s,   flower,  herb  Robert;  rose  campion,  etc. 
{Eng.  Dial.  Diet. ) ;    robin's   pincushion    (see 
quot.  1850);  robin's  plantain,  f,\S.t  a  species  of 
fleabane   (_£rigeron    belledifoliuni} ;    robin's  rye 
(see  quot.  1897). 

1846-50  A.    WOOD  Class-bk.  Bot.  326  Robin's   Plantain.     ' 
1850  Episodes  Ins.  Life  67  The  rose  bedeguar  wears  the 
appearance  of  a  mossy  tuft, ..In  some  parts  of  England  it     \ 
is  said  to  be  known  by  the  name  of  Robin's  Pincushion,     j 
1862  H.  MARRVAT  Year  in  Sweden  II,  286  A  stunted  wild-     j 
rose,  now  covered  with  those  feathery  red  excrescences..     \ 
called  in  England  'robin's-cushions  \  1897  Syd.  Soc.  Lex., 
Robin* s  rye,  a  common  name  for  the  hair-cap  moss,  Poly-    I 
trichina  juniper initm. 

IV.  7.  The  name  of  various  fishes:    a.  dial. 
A  small  or  an  inferior  codfish. 

1618  Naworth  Hoitseh.  Bks.  (Surtees)  Si,  2  robbins,  12 
codds,..3  robbins.  1807  C.  WAUGH  Fisherman" s  Def.  4 
(Cumb.  Gloss.),  The  small  cod  called  Robins.  1892  H,  A. 
MACPHF.RSON  Fauna  Lakeland  484  The  '  Robbin '  or 
'  Robin  '  is  a  deformed-looking  fish,  often  taken  at  the  end 
of  the  winter  fishing. 
b.  U.S.  (See  quots.) 

1876  GOODE  Fishes  Bermudas  10  The  Pilchard..,  Shad. ., 
and  the  Robin  {Decapterus  punctatus}^  are  used  as  •"  full- 
baits  '.  1888  —  A  mer.  Fishes  99  The  '  Sailor's  Choice ' . . 
bears  several  other  names,,  .as  the  '  Robin  '  and  *  Pin-fish  '. 
1894  Outing  XXIV.  263/2  'Here's  a  sea-robin  !'.  .The 
robin  grunted  vigorously  as  I  relieved  him  of  the  hook. 
O.  attrib. ,  as  robin  huss  (see  quot.  1879). 

1879  N.  <5-  Q.  5th  Ser.  XII.  193/2  The  Sussex  coast,  where 
the  small-spotted  dog-fish  (Scy  ilium  canicula]  is  termed  a 
robin  huss.  1883  DAY  Fishes  Gt.Brit.  <$•  Irel.  II.  310. 

t  Robin  -,  Obs.  Also  8  robbin.  [var.  of 
ROBING  vbl.  sb^\  =  ROBING  vbl.  sb.  2. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  III.  29  The  cuffs  and 
robins  curiously  embroidered  by  the  fingers  of  this  ever 
charming  Arachne.  1777  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Early  Diary 
7  Apr.,  Her  green  and  grey  [gown],,  .trimmed  with  gause, 
white  ribbons,  gause  apron,  cuffs,  robins,  etc.  1789  MRS. 
PIOZZI  JiHim.  France  I.  306  With  heavy  lace  robbins  end 
ing  at  the  elbow. 

Kobin  ;.     Commerce.     Also  robbin.     [a.  Fr. 

robing     (See  quot.  1858.) 

1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Robbin,  a  package  in  which 
pepper  and  other  dry  goods  are  sometimes  imported  from 
Ceylon.  The  robbin  of  rice  in  Malabar  weighs  about  84  Ibs. 
1880  WHILELY  Diary  <V  Aim.  82  Robin  of  coffee— i  to  i\ 
cwt.  1887  Daily  News  6  Oct.  2/8  Of  230  cases  240  bags 
and  robins  [of]  Cochin  ginger. 

Bo'bin4.  Chem.  [irreg.  f.  ROBINIA  :  see -IN  L] 

The  specific  toxin  of  Robinia  psendacac za. 

1901  British  Med,  Jrnl.  4  May  1070  The  vegetable  toxins 
of  ricin,  abrin,  and  robin. 

Robin,  variant  of  ROBBIN. 

II  Robine.  Obs.  Also  Eobin.  [F.]  An  early 
variety  of  pear. 

1706  LONDON  S;  WISE  Retired  Gardener  I.  29  The  Robine, 
or  Summer-  Pear-Royal,  is . .  of  a  strong  perfum'd  Taste,  very 
sugary.  1725  Family  Diet.  s.  v.  Pear,  Robin.,  is  in  Shape 
and  Size  like  a  small  Bergamot,.  .sugar'd  and  perfum'd 
Juice  [etc.].  Ibid.)  Robine  described  before.  1786  [see 
MUSK  s!\  4  d]. 

Robinet  (rp'binet).  Forms:  4-5  robynet, 
5-6  -ett,  6  -ette,  -att(e  ;  5  robenet,  6-  robinet, 
9  dial,  robinut,  robbinat.  [a.  OF. 
dim.  of  the  personal  name  Robin  ROBIN 


KOBIN   GOODFELLOW. 

In  the  following  quot.  probably  the  proper  name  of  the 
single  engine  (but  cf.  sense  2):  13..  Coer de  L.  1390  An 
other  schyp  was  laden  yet  With  an  engyne  hyghte  Robynet : 
It  was  Rychardys  o  mangenel. 

fL  App.  some  form  or  part  of  hoisting-tackle. 

1497  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  {•'//  (iBg6)  BgGynnewith  a  robenet 
&  other  apparell,  j.  Ibid.  113  Crane  rope,  j,  Robenet 
rope,  j,  Slyngrope,  j.  1512  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge 
(1886)  I.  608  Gynnes,  wheles,  cables,  robynettes,  sawes. 

f2.  A  kind  of  small  cannon.   Obs. 

1547  in  Archaeologia  LI.  263  Skottishe  Gounes  of 
Brasse. .  Fawcons  oo:ie.  Fawconetts  ix.  Robynetts  oone. 
1587  HARRISON  England  n.  xvi,  The  names  of  our  greatest 
ordinance  are  commonlie  these.  Robinet,  whose  weight  is 
two  hundred  pounds,  and  it  hath  one  inch  and  a  quarter 
within  the  mouth.  1611  FLOKIO,  Ribadochino^  small  piece 
of  ordinance  called  of  vs  a  Robinet. 

3.  —  ROBIN  !  2.    Now  north,  dial. 

^1425  I'oc.  in  Wr.-Wulcker  640  f  I  ec  frigclla,  robynet  red- 
brest.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  310/2  A  Robynett,  y>7£v//.rr.  1604 
DRAYTON  Owl  137  The  Sparrow  and  the  Robinet  agen,  To 
live  neere  to  the  Mansion  place  of  Men.  1630  —  Pluses' 
Ely$.\\\\..  io6The  Nightingale, .  .To  doe  her  best  shall  straine 
her  voyce;  And  to  this  bird  to  make  a  Set,  The  Mauis, 
Merle,  and  Robinet.  1867-  in  Lane.  andYorks.  glossaries. 

4.  A  cock  or  faucet  of  a  pipe  (see  quot.). 
The  ordinary  sen.se  of  F.  robinet. 

1867  SMYTH  Sailer's  ll'ord-bk.,  Robinet,  the  name  of  some 
useful  cocks  in  the  steam-engine,  as  for  gauge,  brine,  trial, 
and  steam-regulator. 

Ro'bing,  i'bl.  sb.     [f.  KOBE  v.  +  -IXG  *.] 

1.  Apparel,  array;  a  costume  or  gown. 

CJ470  Gotagyos  if-  (raw.  1265  Yone  riche  cummis  arait  in 
riche  robbing.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qital.  (iSoQi 
IV.  143  He  seized  the  hem  of  her  robing,  and  glued  it  to 
his  mouth.  1853  KANE  Grinnell  Exp.  xxxiv.  (1856)  302 
The  three  under-shirts,  the  fur  outer  robing,  and  the  seal 
skin  boots.  1867  MRS.  WHITNEY  L.  Goldthivaite  ix,  Her 
accumulating  treasure  of  reserved  robings.  1888  Pall  Mall 
G.  20  Mar.  5/2  The  woman  whose  graceful  personality 
shines  through  her  robing. 

2.  A  trimming  in  the  form   of  bands  or  stripes 
upon  a  gown  or  robe. 

1727  MKS.  DF.LANY  Life  fy  Corr.  (1861)  1. 143  Gold  chains 
..were  tacked  on  the  robings  of  their  gowns  in  loose  scol 
lops  in  the  manner  of  a  galloon,  1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela, 
\.  40,  I  made  Robings  and  Facings  of  a  pretty  Kit  of  printed 
Calico,  I  had  by  me.  1747  GARKICK  Miss  in  her  Teens  I, 
I'd  give  the  world  I  had  put  on  my  pink  and  silver  robings 
to-day.  1814  Hist.  Univ.  of  Oxford  \,  in  The  Doctors  in 
Divinity  being  distinguished  by  robeings  of  black  fur.  1886 
St.  James's  Gaz.  25  Sept.  n/i  The  most  lovely  trimmings 
are  of  large  panels  and  stripes,  or  rollings,  composed  partly 
of  lace,  partly  of  beaded  passementerie. 

3.  The  action  of  putting  on  robes. 

1838  DICKENS  Nich.  Nick,  xxv,  This  pious  reasoning  sup 
ported  the  bride  through  the  ceremony  of  robing. 

4.  attrib. ,  as  robing-room,  a  room  specially 
appropriated  to  the  putting  on  of  official  robes; 
so  robing  accommodation. 

1711-3  SWIFT  Journal  to  Stella  2  Jan.,  So  I  only  went 
into  the  robing-room,  to  give  my  four  brothers  joy.  1830 
MACAULAY  in  Trevelyan  10  Feb.,  Brougham. .  has  blamed 
Lord  Lansdowne  in  the  robing-room  of  the  Court  of  the 
King's  Bench.  1839  DICKENS  T.  Two  Cities  n.  iv,  Stryver 
shouldered  his  way  back  to  the  robing-room.  1897  Daily 
15  Oct.  5/1  Robing  accommodation  will  be  provided. 


Robin  GoodfellOW  (r^-bin  gu-dfeb").  [See 
ROBIN  i  and  GOODFELLOW.  For  the  use  of  the 
adj.  cf.  GOOD  a.  2  d.] 

1.  A  sportive  and  capricious  elf  or  goblin  be 
lieved  to  haunt  the  English  country-side  in  the  16- 
i^th  centuries;  also  called  Hobgoblin  or  Puck. 

A  full  account  of  the  popular  beliefs  concerning  Robin 
Goodfellow  is  given  by  Shakspere  in  Mids.  N.  11.  i.  33  ff.  In 
R.  Scot  Disc.  Witchcraft  (1584)  Devils  $  Sp.  i.  xxi.  he  is 
described  as  a  helpful  being,  similar  to  the  Scottish  brownie. 

1531  TINDALK  Wks.  (Parker  Soc.  1849)  139  The  scripture 
. .  is  become  a  maze  unto  them,  in  which  they  wander  as  in 
a  mist,  or  (as  we  say)  led  by  Robin  Goodfellow,  that  they 
cannot  come  to  the  right  way,  no,  though  they  turn  their 
caps.  1570  B.  GOOCE  Pop.  Kingd.  m.  (1880)  33  Masse 
driues  out  Robyn  good  fellow,  &  bugs  that  ualke  by  night. 
1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  \\,  \.  34  That  shrew'd  and  knaulsh 
spirit,  Cal'd  Robin  Good-fellow.  1601  SIR  W.  CORNWALLIS 
Disc.  Seneca  (1631)  84  Butwarres  best  use,  is  the  same  that 
nurses  make  of  Robi n-goodfel low,  to  terrific.  1622  BRETON 
Strange Netv$\J\.s,  (Grosart)  II.  10/2  In  the  old  time  when 
Hobgoblin  and  Robin  good  Fellow  made  country  wenches 


Mids.  Fairies  ix,  Robin  Goodfellow,  that  merry  swain.] 
transf.    1600  E.  GUILPIX  in  Eng.  Parnassus  223  Let  us 

esteeme  Opinion  as  she  is  ;  ..  The  Proteus  Robin  Good-fellow 

of  change. 

fb.  In  general  sense:  A  fairy  or  goblin  of  this 

kind.  Obs. 

a  1593  NASHE  Terrors  of  Night  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  222 

The  Robbin  good-fellowes,   Elfes,   Fairies,   Hobgoblins  of 


fellovves,  that   would    in  those   superstitious   times,   grind 
Cornefora  messeof  milke.   1635  HEY\vopD//*V?vi»rA,  1^.574 
These.  .  Make  fearefull  noise  in  Buttries  and  in  Dairies  ; 
Robin  good-fellowes  some,  some  call  them  Fairies. 
C.  With  punning  allusion  to  robbing-  ppl.  a. 

1686  W.  DE  BRITAINE  Hum.  Prttd.  xii.  59  If  not  to  prac 
tice  the  Law,  yet  to  gain  so  much  knowledge  therein,  as_to 
defend  your..  Estate  from  the  Robbing-good-Fellows  of  it. 

t  2.   Robin  Goodfelloius  lotise,  the  wood-louse. 

1552  HUI.OET,  Cheeselippe  worme,  otherwise  called  Robin- 
goodfellowe  his  lowse,  tyhts. 


ROBIN  HOG. 

Robin  Hog.     ?  A  constable. 

1705  HICKF.RIXGILL  Prifst-cr.  i.  (1721)  56  Calling  upon  the 
Jailors,  the  Simmers,  the  Rascals,  the  Robin  Hogs^  and 
iiumbailiffs,  to  help  you  to  smother  a  Book,  and  stop  it  in 
the  Press. 

Robin  Hood  (rp-bin  hud),  sb.  Forms:  4 
Robyn  hood,  4-6  node ;  Sc.  5  Bobyne,  6 
Robyn,  Robene  Hude,  6  Robeyn  Hwde  ;  6 
Bobin  Hoode,  -hoode,  6-  Bobin  Hood,  -hood, 
8  -Hood.  [A  personal  name,  whether  real  or  ficti 
tious  is  uncertain :  see  Child's  Ballads  III.  40-56, 
and  the  prefatory  matter  to  Ritson's  Robin  Hood.] 

1.  The  name  of  a  popular  English  outlaw  tradi 
tionally  famous  from  at  least  the  fourteenth 
century  ;  hence  allusively,  an  outlaw  or  bandit,  or 
leader  of  such  persons,  f  A  tale  (or  gesf)  of  Robin 
Hood,  an  extravagant  story. 

1377  LAXGL.  P.  PI.  B.  v.  402,  I  can  rymes  of  Robyn  hood, 
and  Randolf  erle  of  Chestre.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  vn. 
x.  3525  Lytill  Ihon  and  Robyne  Hude..  In  Yngilwode  and 
Barnysdale  Thai  oysyd  all  this  tyme  thare  trawale.  1439 
Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  16  The  same  Piers  Venables..  with  many 
other  unknowyn,.  .in  manere  of  Insurrection,  wente  into 
the  wodes  in  that  Centre,  like  as  it  hadde  be  Robyn- hode 
and  his  meyne.  1471  RIPLEV  Coiup.  Alch.  in  Ashm.  (1652) 
175  Many  man  spekyth.  .Of  Robyn  Hode,  and  of  his  Bow, 
Whych  never  shot  therin,  I  trow.  1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of 
Folys  (1874)  II.  155  Fables  and  lesti.s  of  Robyn  hode,  Or 
other  tryfyls  that  skantlyar  so  gode.  1562  J.  HEYWOOD  Prov. 
*V  Epigr.  (1867)  77  Tales  of  Robin  hood  are  good  among 
fooles.  a  1586  SIDNEY  Apol.  Poetry(kx\>.)  51  Lastly,.. they 
cry  out  with  an  open  mouth,  as  if  they  out  shot  Robin 
Hood.  1597  Carc-M  .IfSS.  (1869)  273  Sundry  loose  persons, 
as  some  of  the  McShees..and  others,  became  Robin  Hoods, 
and  slew  some  of  the  Undertakers.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  n. 
181  Hugh  MacGuyer  Lord  of  Fermanagh,  and  the  first 
Robinhoodof  this  great  rebellion.  1625  HART. 4nat.  Ur.  \.  iii. 
36  Let  vs  proceed  to  a  point.. which  will  seeme  to  many  a 
strange  Paradox,  or  a  tale  of  Robin  Hood.  1875  F.  HALL 
in  Lippincotfs  Mag.  XV.  343/2  It  was  a  notorious  free 
booter,  a  Hindu  Robin  Hood,  that  I  had  dropped  upon. 

attrib.  and  Comb.  1653  CUISENHALE  Cat/i.  Hist.  284  If 
any  contemn  the  authority  of  the  Romane  Churcb,  that  he 
shall  not  be  able  to  assure  himself  of  Scripture,  any  more 
then  of  a  Robinhood-tale.  1835  JAMES  Gipsy  vi,  '  This  is  a 
very  Robin-Hood-like  scene,'  said  Colonel  Manners.  1851 
PALGRAVB  Norm.  <$•  En^,  I.  563  Prosecuting  a  Robinhood 
insurrectionary  warfare  in  Lotharingia. 

f  2.  One  who  acted  the  part  of  Robin  Hood  in 
a  mummer's  play  or  yearly  festival.  Hence  Robin 
Hood's  days,  men.  Obs. 

1473  Paston  Lett.  III.  So,  I  have  kepyd  hym  thys  iij  yer 
to  pleye  Seynt  Jorge  and  Robyn  Hod  and  the  ShryrT  off 
Notyngham.  1531  Ace.  Ld.  Higk  7"reas.Scot,  V.  432  Item, 
vj  quarteris  gray  talTatis  of  Jeynes  to  be  ane  parte  of  the 
Kingis  Robene  Hudis  b.iner.  1549  LATIMER  dt/i  Scrm.  bef. 
Edw.  /'/,  Xvb,  Syr  thys  is  a  busye  daye  wyth  vs,..it  is 
Robyn  hoodes  daye.  Ibid.,  It  was  faine  to  geue  place  to 
Robyn  hoodes  men.  1579  TOMSON  Call-ins  Scrm.  Tim. 
23/1  God  will  not  haue  us  occupied  like  little  children  in 
puppets  or  hobbie-horses,  as  players  and  Robin  hoodes. 
1589  Hay,  any  Work  for  a  Cooper  3  Hearing  either  the 
Sommer  Lord  with  his  Male  game,  or  Robin  Hood  with  his 
Morrice  daunce  going  by  the  Church.  1616  NICCOLLS 
Londons  Artillery  87  This  worthy  practise,,  .when  her 
Robin  Hood  Had  wont  each  yeare..to  leade  his  yong 
men  out. 

fb.  The  play  or  mummery  in  which  Robin 
Hood  was  the  leading  character.  Obs. 

1578  Gen.  Assembly  in  Child  Ballads  II 1. 45/1  All  kynd  of 
insolent  playis,  as  King  of  May,  Robin  Hood,  and  sick 
others,  in  the  moneth  of  May,  played  either  be  bairnes  at 
the  schools,  or  others.  1580  Keg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  III. 
277  Dischargeing  all  and  sindrie  his  Majesteis  liegis  of  using 
of  Robene  Hude  and  uther  vane  and  unlesum  gammis. 

3.  As  a  plant-name :  f  a.   (See  quot.)   Obs. 

1665  REA  Flora  126  This  common  Anemone  is  by  many 
Gentlewomen,  and  others  as  ignorant,  called  Robin  Hood, 
Scarlet  and  John. 

b.  dial.    =  ROBIN  1  6. 

1844  W.  BARNES  Poems  Rural  Life  105  Theos  bank  wi' 
eltrot  flow'r  An  Robinhoods  drest.  1848-111  south-western 
dialect  use  (see  Britten  &  Holland,  and  Eng,  Dial.  Diet.). 

4.  Usedy^.  with  allusion  to  hood. 

1611  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Philaster  v.  iv,  Let  not.  .Your  Robin- 
hoods,  Scarlets  and  Johns,  tie  your  affections  In  darkness 
to  your  shops. 

5.  In  various  genitive  combs.,  as  Bobin  Hood's 
bargain,  pennyworth  :  see  PENNYWORTH  3  d ; 
HobinHoocTs  feather,  hatband  (see  quots.i82O, 
1828) ;  Robin  Hood's  mile,  one  of  several  times 
the  recognized  length. 

1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Cosmogr.  Glasse  57  Those  are  Robin 
Hodes  miles,  as  the  prouerbe  is.  1709  Brit.  Apollo  No.  58. 
3/1  When.. a  Purchace  you  reap,  That  is  wondrous  Cheap, 
They  Robin-Hood  Bargains  are  call'd.  i8zo  K.NOWLSON 
C attle-D actor  $-}  Traveller's  joy,  (or  Robin  Hood's  feather) : 
it  grows  among  ling,  and  runs  to  a  great  length.  1828 
Craven  Gloss.,  Rodin  Hood's  Jiat-band^  common  club-moss. 
Lycopodiuin  clavatum* 

Hence  Robin-Hood  z;.,  to  live  like  Robin  Hood; 
Robiu-Hoodism  (see  quot.).  nonce-words. 

1856  KINGSLEY  Poems,  The  Invitation,  Once  a  year,  like 
schoolboys,  Robin-hooding  go.  1887  Ch.  Times  9  Dec. 
1013/1  If  the  question  were  merely  a  matter  of  Robin- 
Hoodism — the  robbing  of  the  rich  for  the  sake  of  the  poor. 

JlZtobinia  (n?bi-nia).  Bot.  [mod.L.  (Linnseus), 
f.  Robin t  name  of  the  royal  gardener  at  Paris,  who 
introduced  these  trees  to  Europe  in  1635.]  A  genus 
of  North  American  trees  and  shrubs  of  the  bean 
family,  chiefly  represented  by  the  locust-tree. 


736 


>759  B.  STILLIXGFL.  Misc.   Tracts  (1762)  186  From  that 
distant  countrey  we  have  the  robinia's  and  a  honey-suckle. 


.— .   —    . 

False  Acacia,  or   Locust-tree.     Ibid.  46/1  There  are  two 


low  trees. 

Ro'bin  re'dbreast.    [Cf.  ROBIN  i  and  RED- 

BREAST.] 

1.  a.  The    European   redbreast    or  robin   (Eri- 
thacus  ritbecula),  usually  as  a  proper  name,  but 
also  with  a  and  pi. 

c  1450  HOLLAND  Hoivlat  647  Robyn  Redbrest  nocht  ran, 
I'ot  raid  as  a  hensman.  a  1529  SKELTON  P.  Sparowe  399 
Robyn  redbrest,  He  shall  be  the  preest  The  requiem,  masse 
to  synge.  1550  CROWLEY  Epigr.  863  When  the  short  dayes 
begyn  to  be  colde,  robinredbrest  will  come  home  to  ye.  1612 
WEBSTER  White  Devil  v.  (Routledge)  45/2  The  robin-red 
breast  and  the  wren,  .with  leaves  and  flowers  do  cover  The 
friendless  bodies  of  unburied  men.  1683  TRYON  Way  to 
Health  448  The  Raven  as  unfit  for  food,,  .and  the  pretty 
Robbin-Ked-Breast  for  its  Innocency,  are  very  seldom  killed. 
i7io  STEELE  Tatter  No.  134  f  2  Hearing  by  Chance  of  your 
Worship's  great  Humanity  towards  Robin-Redbreasts  and 
Tom  Tits.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  V.  314  Among 
slender  billed  birds,  he  enumerates  the  thrush, ..the  red 
start,  the  robin  red-breast.  1826  SCOTT  Woodst.  xxviii, 
Robin-red-breast,  whose  chirruping  song  was  heard  among 
the  bushes.  1862  All  Year  Round  13  Sept.  9  The  infliction 
.  .is  hard  upon  the  innocent  traveller,  who  has  been  brought 
up  to  respect  robin  redbreasts. 

b.  dial.  (See  quots.  and  cf.  ROBIN1  6  d.) 

1878  Folk-Lore  Rec.  I.  38  The  excrescence  often  found 
upon  the  briar-rose,  and  called  here  in  Sussex  by  the  name 
of  Robin  Redbreast's  Cushion.  1886  Cheshire  Gloss.,  Robin 
red-breast,  the  red,  mossy  gall  which  grows  upon  the 
branches  of  the  wild  rose. 

c.  dial.  The  red  campion,  Lychnis  diitma. 
1886  BRITTEN  &  HOLLAND  Plant-Names. 

2.  slang.  A  How  Street  runner.  Cf.  REDBREAST  2. 
1841  J.  f .  HEWLETT  Parish  Clerk  II.  173 The  New  Police 

Bill,  by  which  raw  lobsters  were  introduced  in  place  of 
robin-red-breasts.  1885  WINGFIELD  Barb.  Philpot  III.  ii. 
45  Vended  by  hawkers  in  the  street  under  the  noses  of  the 
robin-redbreasts. 

Ro-biii  rtrddock.  Now  dial.  Also  7,  9 
reddock(e,  9  riddick.  [See  ROBIN!  and  RUD 
DOCK.]  =  prec.  I  a. 

a  1566  R.  EDWARDES  Damon  <$•  Pithias  in  Dodsley  (1744) 
I.  272  Did  you  ever  see  two  such  litle  Robin  ruddocks? 
1620  SHKLTON  Quix.  \\.  x.  61  Then  sayd  Sancho :  By 
Saint  Roque,  our  Mistres  is  as  light  as  a  Robin- ruddocke. 
1639  in  Glouc.  Gloss.  (1890)  201  Hee  drew  it  as  blith  as  a 
Robin  reddocke  :  vizt.  As  a  robin  redbrest.  1825  JENNINGS 
Obs.  Dial.  IV.  Eng.  128  Wrans  an  robin-riddicks  Tell  all 
the  cares  o'  God.  1873-  in  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

Robishe,  obs.  form  of  RUBBISH  sb. 
II  Roble  (nrbltf).  [Sp.  and  Pg.  roble,  =  It.  revere, 
Prov.  ronre,  K.  rouvre  :— L.  robor-,  robur  oak-tree.] 

a.  The  California!!  weeping  oak  (Quercns  lobatd). 

b.  A  timber  tree  (Plofymtseium  platystachyuni) 
of  the   West  Indies,     c.  A   West-Indian    species 
of  catalpa  (C.  longisiliqua  or  longissimd}.     d.  A 
Chilian  species  of  beech  (Fagus  obliqua}. 

1864  GRISEBACH  Flora  W.  hid.  Isl.  Col.  Names,  Roble, 
Pliitywiscijim  platystachyitm.  1866  Treas.  Hot.  987/1 
Roble  i  a  shipbuilding  wood  obtained  from  Catalpa  longis- 
sima.  1871  KINGSLEY  At  Last  vii,  That. .is. .a  Carapo, 
that  a  Cedar,  that  a  Roble  (oak).  1885  LADY  BRASSEY  The 
Trades  177  There  were. .the  roble  (Catalpa  longissima}^  a 
tree  very  like  an  elm  [etc.]. 

Roble,  obs.  form  of  ROUBLE. 
Roble,  error  for  ramble :  see  RUMBLE  v. 
t  RO'blet,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  In  8  roiblet.  [Perh. 
for  Robimt  (cf.  dial,  remlet  for  remnant}^  which 
occurs  as  the  name  of  a  goblin  in  Wright's  Latin 
Stories  38.]     A  goblin  leading  persons  astray  in 
the  dark.     In  comb,  roblet-led. 

1755  J.  CLUBBE  Misc.  Tracts  (1770)  I,  52  From  hence 
superstition  has  possessed  the  inhabitantSj  that.. it  is  im 
possible  to  find  the  way  out  of  this  field  in  the  dark,  but 
that  every  one  that  is  so  hardy  as  to  make  the  experiment 
is  Roiblet-led\  by  which  they  mean  led  by  some  ghost  or 
phantom. 

Hence  fRo'blet  v.  trans.,  to  lead  astray.  Obs. 
1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  .5-  Selv.  65  One  reason. .why  the 
!  understanding  has  been  robletted  in  to  these  wastes  and 
1  wildnesses.  Ibid.  173  If  the  man.. will  needs  be  setting  up 
|  a  Will  in  the  wisp,  no  wonder  if  the  glare  of  it  sometimes 
i  roblet  him  into  bogs  and  marlpits. 

Roborant  (wu'b-,  r^borant),  sb.  and  a.  Med. 
\  [ad.  L.  roborant-,  roborans,  pres.  pple.  of  roborare : 
I  see  next.] 

A.  sb.  An  invigorating  or  strengthening  medicine. 
1661  R.  LOVEI.L  Hist.  Anim.  %  Min.  403  The  vertigo  is 

helped  by  temporal  repellers,  discutients,  roborants,..and 
quinces.  1789  CULLEN  Mat.  Med.  II.  6  Upon  the  same 
ground  [astringents]  are  fitly  enough  named  Strengthened 

I  or  Roborants.  1823-34  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  IV.  97 
In  China,  ginseng  has  for  ages  been  in  high  esteem.. as  a 

;    general  restorative  and  roborant.  1875  H.  C.  WOOD  Therap. 

'  ('870)59  Prunus  Virginiana..  is  frequently  useful  in  phthisis 
when  a  roborant  is  needed. 

B.  adj.  Strengthening ;  restorative. 

1836  in  SMART.  1885  W.  ROBERTS  Urin.  $  Renal  Dis.  in. 
iv.  491  Medicinal  agents  of  roborant  character  should  be 
exhibited  from  time  to  time. 


ROBTJRNEAN. 

"f*  R*0'bora/te,  pa,. pple.  Obs.  [ad.  iJt  fwwui-tti) 
pa.  pple.  of  rdborare:  see  next.]  Confirmed, 
ratified,  strengthened. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  245  The  kynge  made  a 
chanoure  roborate  by  auctorite  gftlie  pope.  1533  BELLES- 
DEN  Livy  I.  x.  (S.T.S.)  I.  54  Mony  vthir  bandis  war  robor 
ate  betuix  l>e  two  pepill.  1536  —  Cron.  Scot.  (1821)  I.  21 
The  peace  beand  roborat  in  this  maner,  baith  the  kingls  re- 
turnit  hame.  c  1550  ROLI.AND  Crt.  Venus  \\.  251  His  For- 
toun  was  with  strenth  so  roborait.  Ibid.  585  With  subtill 
wark  it  was  sa  roborat. 

t  Roborate,  v.     Obs.     [ad.  ppl.  stem  of  L. 

roborare  to  strengthen,  f.  robor-,  robur  strength.] 

1.  trans.  To  ratify,  confirm  (a  charter,  league, etc.). 
1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  203  Gregorius .. roborate 

the  sentence  of  excommunicacion  ageyne  Frederyke  the 
emperoure.  1513  BRADSHAW  St.  Werburgc  i.  2460  It  to  con- 
fyrme,  and  roborate  specyall  With  charters  and  dedes,  and 
seales  patent.  x6ix  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  iv.  §  20.  454/2 
Euen  now  will  I  confirme..your  ouer-worne  and  vnder- 
mined  Charters,  and  will  roborate  them  most  firmely  with  a 
new  oath.  1655  FULLER  Hist.  Cantb.  ii.  §  36  This  Bull  also 
relateth  to  ancient  priviledges  of  Popes  and  Princes,  be- 
itowed  upon  her ;  which  herein  are  roborated  and  confirmed. 

2.  To  strengthen,  invigorate ;  to  fortify.  Alsoyi^. 
1533  tr.  Erasm.  Expos.  Commune  Crede  1 18  b,  Anone  after 

as  waxyng  yonge  men,  they  were  roborated  and  made 
stronge  vnto  greate  batayles.  1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man 
163  He  prescribeth  stipticke.  .to  roborate  or  strengthen  the 
vertue  of  the  guttes.  1675  BAXTER  Cath.  Theol.  \.  in.  74 
By  preventing  Grace.  .,the  Liberty  of  the  Will.,  is  wonder 
fully  perfected  and  roborated.  1710  T.  FULLER  Pharm. 
Extemp.  85  It  roborates  the  Parts  that  are  hurt. 

absol.  1590  BARROUGH  Med.  Phy&ick  v.  v.  (1639)  275  Those 
things  which  doe  confirme  and  roborate.  1657  TOM  LISSOM 
Renous  Disp.  Pref.,  Some  Simples.. to  qualify,  the  rest  to 
roborate. 

3.  To  make  obdurate ;  to  harden,  rare  ~:. 

1652  GAULE  Magastrom.  217  To  what  end  served  those 
false  mirables  of  the  magicians,  but  to  roborate  or  harden 
Pharaohs  heart? 

Hence  f  Ro'borating  ///.  a.  Obs. 

1684  tr.  Bonefs  Merc.  Compit.  xix.  680  Before  all  things 
roborating  and  comforting  things  should  be  given  to  the  Sick. 

t  Robora'tion.  Obs.  Also  5  roboracion,  6 
-acioun,  -acyone.  [ad.  med.L.  roboratio,  noun 
of  action  f.  roborare :  see  prec.]  Confirmation ; 
strengthening;  support;  invigoration, 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  10,3  Hit  hade  be  sufficiaunte 
to  the  roboracion  of  a  sentence  if  hit  hade  be  seide  '  Pictagoras 
seide  so  '.  1473  in  Sheriffiioms  of  Lanark  fy  Renfrew 
(.Maitland  Cl.)  194  In  strenthnin  and  roboration  of  this 
present  obligation.  1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  i.  xii.  (S.  T.  S.) 
I.  70  To  J>e  strenth  &  Roboracioun  of  all  religloun  and 
ordoure  afore  divisit.  1556  Exhort,  to  North  in  Furniv. 
Ballads  I,  3o6Themachabiesbeyngfewe  in  the  comparason 
of  ther  enmys, ..  Zit,  trustyng  in  gode,  thai  haid  Robora- 
cyone.  i657ToMLiNSON  Renous  Disp.  54  This  Lotion  is  com 
mended,  as  of  sufficient  roboration  to  ballance  the  weakness 
of  the  Liver. 

t  Robo'rean,  a.  Obs.-*  [f.  L.  rdbore-us  +  -AN.] 

•Made  of  Oak,  or  such  like  strong  Timber.* 
1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.  Hence  in  some  later  Diets. 
RoboTeous,  a.  Obs.—Q  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ous.] 

'Of  the  nature  of,  or  pertaining  to  oak.' 
1727  BAILEY  (vol.  II.).    Hence  in  some  later  Diets. 

Kobous,  -ows,  -oys,  obs.  forms  of  RUBBISH. 

t  Rob-pot.  Obs.  [f.  ROB  v.  +  POT  sd.1  i  c.] 
A  deep  drinker,  a  toper. 

1599  PORTER  Angry  Worn.  Abingd.  (Percy  Soc.)  48  He 
challenge  all  the  true  rob-pots  in  Europe  to  leape  vp  to  the 
chinne  in  a  barrell  of  beere.  1603  DEKKER  Wonderfxtt 
Yeare  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  139  My  puffing  Host. .blest  him- 
selfe,  that  a  Londoner  (who  had  wont  to  be  the  most  valiant 
rob-pots)  should  now  be  strooke  downe  only  with  two 
hoopes.  1622  MASSINGER  &  DEKKER  Virg.  Martyr  n.  i, 
Bacchus,,  .grand  Patron  of  rob-pots. 

Robrisshe,  obs.  form  oi  RUBBISH,  rubric. 

Rob  Roy  (rpbjror).  [The  name  (meaning 
*  Red  Robert')  of  a  famous  Highland  freebooter 
(1671-1734),  given  by  John  Macgregor  (1825- 
1892)  to  a  canoe  in  which  he  made  extensive 
voyages.]  Rob  Roy  canoe,  a  light  canoe  for  a 
single  person  propelled  by  alternate  strokes  of  a 
double-bladed  paddle. 

[1866  J.  MACGREGOR  (title),  A  thousand  Miles  in  the  Rob 
Roy  Canoe.]  1876  Encycl.  Brit.  IV.  812/1  The  general 
type  of  this  '  Rob  Roy  '  canoe  is  built  of  oak  with  a  cedar 
deck.  1883  PallMallG.  28  Sept.  14/1  For  Sale,  a  Rob  Roy 
Canoe, ..with  sail,  mast  and  vane. 

Robryk,  obs.  form  of  RUBRIC. 

II  Robur  (rcm'bzu).  rare.  [L.  robur  an  oak.] 
A  very  hard-wooded  variety  of  oak.  Also  robnr-oak, 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  542  The  same  is  the  case  of  the 
mast-Holme,  the  wild  Robur  also,  and  the  common  Oke. 
1611  FLORIO,  Essalbarndtot  a  kind  of  Robur  or  Oke  tree. 

1882  'OuiDA  '  Maremma  ii,  It  was  again  noon  when  she 
passed  the  last  robur-oak  and  cork  trees. 

Roburite  (rJu'barsit).  [f.  L.  robur  strength + 
-ITE  4.]  A  flameless  explosive  of  very  hu;h 
power.  Also  attrib. 

1887  Pall  Mall  G.  24  Jan.  i/i  The  German  Army  also  pos 
sesses  a  new  explosive  agent,  called  Roburite.  1891  Athen- 
seum  17  Jan. 91/1  Roburite.. consists  of  chlorinated  dimtro- 
benzene  mixed  with  sufficient  ammonium  nitrate  to  com 
pletely  oxidize  it.  1897  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  II.  956  The 
result  of  his  [Bedson'sJ  analyses  shewed  the  absence  of 
deleterious  gases  in  roburite  smoke. 

fRobu-rnean,  a.  Cos.-0  [f.  late  L.  rdburnt- 
us.]  '  Of  or  belonging  to  Oak  (Blount,  1656). 


ROBUST. 

Robust  (robc-st),  a.  Also  6-7  robuste.  [ad. 
L.  robust-us,  f.  robur  strength.] 

1.  Of  persons  :  Strong  and  hardy  in  body  or  con 
stitution  ;  possessed  of  rude  strength ;  strongly 
and  stonily  built  ;  of  a  full  and  healthy  habit. 

1549  Compl.  Scot.  xvii.  146  The  pepil  chesit  ane  certan  of 
gouuernours  of  the  maist  robust  &  maist  prudent  to  be  there 
defifendours.  1563  T.  GALE  Enchirid.  43  b  (Stanf.),  Stronge 
&  robuste  persons.  <•  1645  HOWF.LL  Lett.  m.  xxi,  He  being 
newly  awak'd,.  .and  thinking  to  defend  himself,  a  robust 
boysterous  rogue  knockt  him  down.  1660  R.  COKE  Justice 
Vind.  9  The  most  furious  and  robust  man  is  not  the  best 
horse-breaker  and  pacer.  1736  CARTE  Ormonde  I.  576  To 
fall  in  with  them  sword  and  pike  in  hand,  which  would  give 
the  victory  to  the  robuster  men.  1789  W.  BUCHAN  Dom. 
Med.  (1790)  31  Though  grown  people,  who  are  hardy  and 
robust,  may  live  in  such  situations,  yet  they  generally  prove 
fatal  to  their  offspring.  1851  MACGILLIVRAY  Trav.  HUM- 
boldt  xviii.  (1836)258  On  this  journey  she  must  have  under 
gone  hardships  from  which  the  most  robust  man  would  have 
shrunk.  1845  DAY  tr.  Simon's  Anini,  Chein.  I.  264  The 
individual  whose  blood  was  analysed . .  was  a  robust  young 
man,  aged  29  years.  1895  SH AND  Gen.  Hainley  1.28  Although 
his  constitution  afterwards  hardened. .,  at  that  time  he  was 
far  from  robust. 

Comb.  1824  Miss  FERRIER  Inherit,  ix,  The  portrait  repre 
sents  a  considerably  larger  and  more  robust-looking  person 
than  Miss  St.  Clair. 

absol.  1836  THIRUYALL  Greece  xx.  III.  137  All  other 
maladies  terminated  in  this,  which  appeared  to  prey  equally 
upon  the  robust  and  the  infirm. 

b.  Similarly  of  the  body  or  its  parts,  constitu 
tion  or  habit,  health,  etc. 

i6»s  BACON  Ess.,  Anger  (Arb.)  566  Tender  and  Delicate 
Persons.. haue  so  many  Things  to  trouble  them;  Which 
more  Robust  Natures  haue  little  Sense  of.  1632  LITHGOW 
Trav.  ii.  46  Dalmatians.,  of  a  robust  nature,  couragious  and 
desperate.  1719  YOUNG  Par.  Job  260  Survey  the  warlike 
horse  !  didst  thou  invest  With  thunder  his  robust  distended 
chest  i.  1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  360  Thy  frame,  robust  and 
hardy,  feels  indeed  The  piercing  cold,  but  feels  it  unim- 
pair'd.  1834  LYTTON  Pompeii  n.  i,  His  form  was  still  so 
robust  and  athletic.  1860  W.  COLLINS  Worn,  in  White  134 
How  I  envy  you  your  robust  nervous  system.  1876  BRISTOWI; 
Tk.  tf  Pract.  Med.  (1878)452  The  patient  may  seem  in  fair, 
if  not  in  his  ordinary  robust,  health. 

Comb.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  7  Apr.  3/1  The  most  robust- 
lunged  must  find  the  stifling  atmosphere  a  severe  drain  on 
their  vital  force. 

o.  Of  plants :  Strong  and  healthy ;  sturdy. 
1756  BURKE  Subl.ff  H.  in.  xvi,  It  is  not  the  oak. .or any  of 
the  robust  trees  of  the  forest.  1769  E.  BANCROFT  Guiana. 
12  Canes,,  .even  after  this  precaution,  are  usually  too  robust 
and  luxuriant  to  make  sugar  with.  1796  C.  MARSHALL 
Gardening  xviii.  (1813)  292  A  robust  and  erect  stature  is  the 
beauty  of  any  plant.  1846  J.  BAXTER  Lilr.  Pract.  Agric. 
(ed.  4)  I.  141  It  grows  very  robust,  with  large  leaves,  flat 
and  narrow,  with  thick  veins.  1881  Encycl.  ISrit.  XII. 
349/2  The  Brompton  Stock.. is  a  robust  plant,  growing  3 
feet  high. 

d.  Zool.  Of  animal  structures  :  Stout,  thick-set, 
strongly  made. 

i8z8  STARK  Elem.  Nat.  Hist.  I.  281  Alectorides.  Bill 
shorter  than  the  head,  or  of  the  same  length  ;  strong,  robust. 
1841  Penny  Cycl,  XXI.  158/2  The  zygomatic  arches  are 
more  open  and  robust  in  the  former. 

2.  a.  Coarse,  rough,  rude.     Now  rare. 

c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  iv.  n  To  hant  that  game 
robust,  And  beistly  appetyte.  1665  HOOKE  Microgr.  Pref. 
Cij  b,  Feeling,  .being  a  sense  that  judges  of  the  more  gross 
and  robust  motions  of  the  Particles  of  Bodies.  1667  Decay 
Chr.  Piety  195  To  consider  our  ways,  to  reflect  not  only  on 
those  robust  gyant-like  provocations  which  have  thus  bid 
defiance  to  Heaven.  1730-46  THOMSON  A  utunm  529  Romp- 
loving  Miss  Is,  haul'd  about,  in  gallantry  robust.  1748 
FOOTE  Kiiightsu,  You  are  grown  too  headstrong  and  robust 
for  me.  187*  HOWELLS  Wedding  Journ.  (1892)  15  He., 
presently  began  a  robust  flirtation  with  one  of  them.  He 
possessed  himself,  after  a  brief  struggle,  of  her  parasol. 

b.  Pertaining  to,  or  requiring,  bodily  strength 
or  hardiness ;  vigorous. 

1683  TYRON  Way  to  Health  271  Men  ought  not  to  put 
Women  to  such  robust  Imployments  and  hard  Labours  as 
many  do,  except  pure  Necessity  compels  them  to  it.  a  1697 
AUBREY  Zm«(i8<j8)  1. 107  He  was  an  early  riser  and  studyed 
well, but  also  took  his  robust  pleasures  of  fishing,  fowling,£c. 
1707  MORTIMER  Husb.  (1721)  1 1. 31  They  [chestnuts]  afford  a 
good  robust  Diet,  and  are  very  nourishing.  1801  STRUTT 
Sports  ff  Past.  Introd.  p.  ii,  Most  of  them  consisted  of 
robust  exercises.  1871  LOWELL  My  Study  Windows,  Good 
Word  for  Winter,  Cowper.  .preferred  his.,  garden-walk  to 
those  robuster  joys. 

3.  fig.  Strong,  vigorous,  healthy. 

1788  New  Land.  Mag.  238  To  prevent  the  robust  title  of 
occupancy  from  again  taking  place,  the  doctrine  of  escheats 
is  adopted.  1836  fruity  Cycl.  V.  264  They  exhibit  a  robust 
sense,  a  mind  stored  with  classical  erudition.  1888  Glasgow 
Even.  Times  24  Aug.  2/5  English  is  a  robust  language. 

Comb.  1898  Wcslm.Gaz.  ii  July  3/2  Probably,  as  a  robust- 
minded  man,  he  may  have  agreed  with  Kinglake. 
b.  Philol.  (See  quots.) 

"77<  J.  RICHARDSON  Arab.  Gram.  8  The  three  letters 
Ij  j  \  are  called  weak... All  the  others  are  stiled  robust. 

1843  Proc.  Philol.  Soc.  I.  138  It  [Berber]  has  a  distinction  of 
letters.. into  robust  and  weak.  The  weak  letters  of  course 
are  W,  Y,  and  A. 

C.  Vigorous  in  mind,  voice,  etc. 

1851  H.  ROGERS  Ess.  (1874)  I.  vii.  333  The  beneficial  in 
fluence  he  has  exerted  as  a  most  robust  thinker  and  a  most 
admirable  writer.  1870  LOWELL  A  mong  my  Bks.  Ser.  L 
(1873)  203  Can  this  be  said  of  any  other  modern  ?  of  robust 
Corneille  ?  1897  Daily  Nm'S  5  Feb.  8/7  Signer  Ceppi,  a 
robust  tenor. 

Hence  Bobu-stfnl  a. ;  Robtrstfulness. 

1802  COURTIER  Solitude  38  Join  with  new  ardour  the 
VOL.  VIII. 


737 

robustful  strife.  1879  MEREDITH  Egoist  III.  xi.  241  He 
knew  his  breathing  robustfulness  to  be  as  an  east  wind  to 
weak  nerves. 

t  Robtrstic,   a.     Ol>s.     Also    7-8   -ick.    [f. 
ROBUST  +  -ic.]     Robust,  robustious. 

1683  TRYON  Way  to  Health  ro  Such  People  are ..  fit  for  all 


27  In  fine  it  rules  all,  though  ne'er  so  robustick. 

Hence  Bobu-sticness.   Obs. 

1676  HUBBARD  Happiness  of  a  People  3  By  reason  of  the 
robustickness  of  their  body. 

Robusti'city.  rare.  [f.  as  ROBUSTIC  +  -ITY.] 
Robustness. 

1777  R.  DONKIN  RliKt.  Coll,  201  Robusticity  is  no  valour, 
nor  is  debility  always  pusillanimity.  1874  JULIA  WARD 
Home  in  Sex  $  Educ.  22  The  stout  sisters  whose  full  out 
lines  attest  their  own  robusticity. 

Robtrstihood.  nonce-wd.  [f.  ROBUST,  after 
hardihood^  etc.]  Robustness. 

1834  MEDWIN  Angler  in  Wales  II.  50  He  was  a  High 
lander,  and  his  limbs  showed  the  robustihood  of  the  moun 
taineer. 

Robivstious,  a.     [f.  ROBUST  +  -ious.] 

In  common  use  during  the  lyth  century.  In  the  :8th  it 
becomes  rare,  and  is  described  by  Johnson  (1755)  as  '  now 
only  used  in  low  language,  and  in  a  sense  of  contempt*. 
During  the  icjth  it  has  been  considerably  revived,  esp.  by 
archaizing  writers. 

1.  Of  persons  :    Robust ;   stout   and   strong   or 
healthy-looking. 

^1548  HALL  Citron.,  Rich,  III,  56!),  Let  us..marche 
furth  like  sironge  &  robustious  champions.  1615  DANJKL 
Hymen's  Triumph  \\.  i,  Not  degenerate  From  my  robustious 
manly  Ancestors.  1654  H.  I, 'ESTRANGE  Chas.  I  (1655)  72 
This  Gunner  was  a  robustious  Vulcan.  1727  SWIFT  On  a 
Woman's  .Mind,  She  gets  a  Cold  as  sure  as  Death;.. 
Admires  how  modest  Women  can  lie  so  robustious  like  a 
Man.  x8ulKVING£ft«v£r.  Hall\\\\.  (1845)  39  The  number  of 
robustious  footmen  and  retainers  of  all  kinds  bustling  about. 
1863  A.  SMITH  Dreanithorp  24  The  robustious  fellow  who 
sits  at  the  head  of  the  table.  1875  DOWDF.N  Shaks.  213 
Carriers  and  drawers,  and  merchants,  and  pilgrims,  and 
loud  robustious  women. 

b.  So  of  the  body  or  its  parts,  constitution, 
appearance,  etc. 

1584  R.  PARSONS  Leycester^s  Comwonw.  (1641)  94  Her 
highnesse.  .well  stricken  in  yeeres,  and  of  no  great  good 
health  or  robustious  and  strong  complexion.  1599  NASHK 
Lenten  Stvffe  Wks.  (Grosart)  V.  256  It  will.. harden  his 
soft  bleding  vaines  as  stiffe  and  robustious,  as  branches  of 
Corral  1.  1620  VKNNEK  /  'fa  Recta  vii.  128  The  dry  Walnuts 
are  onely  good  for  robustious  bodies.  1671  MILTON  Samson 
569  These  redundant  locks  Robustious  to  no  purpose 
clustring  down.  1771  in  Hone  Every-day  Bk.  II.  207  It  is 
by  far  too  dainty  for  their  robustious  constitution.  1817 
BYRON  Let.  to  Murray  9  May,  I  am. .congratulated,  .on 
my  robustious  appearance.  1820  L.  HUNT  Indicator  (1822) 
II.  88  Ladies  who  are  shocked  at  that  robustious  indication 
of  good  health,  a  moist  palm. 

C.  Of  things:  Big  and  strong;  massive. 

^1548  HALL  Chron.}  Hen.  VL,  85  b,  When  the  duke  of 
Yorke  had  fastened  his  chaine  betwene  these  twoo  strung 
and  robustious  pillers  [i.  e.  the  Earls  of  Warwick  and  Salis 
bury].  i6ia-8  DANIEL  Life  $•  Reign  William  I.  Wks. 
(Grosart)  IV.  135  Roul,  or  Rou,  a  great  Commander 
amongst  them,  furnished  a  robustious  power,,. and  first 
landed  in  England.  1679  G.  R.  tr.  Boaistuan's  Theat. 
World  139  His  Cloak.. was  likewise  so  very  heavy  and 
robustious.  1809  IRVING  Knickerb.  (1861)  32  When  erect  he 
had  not  a  little  the  appearance  of  a  robustious  beer  barrel. 

transf.  1654  JER.  TAYLOR  Real  Prcs.  90  Against  this 
Kellarmine  brings. .a  most  robustious  argument.  1664  H. 
MORE  Myst.  /«/-/.  437  Assertours  and  Abettours  of  Truth, 
then  which  nothing  is  more  robustious  and  strong. 

2.  Violent,  boisterous,  noisy,  strongly  self-assert 
ive:  a.  Of  persons,  their  disposition,  etc. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.^  Hen.  F/7,  57  Men  throughe  abound- 
aunce  _  of  rycbes  waxe  more  insolent,  hedstronge  and 
robustius.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  nt.  ii.  10  O  it  offends  mee  to 
the  Soule,  to  see  a  robustious  Pery-wig-pated  Fellow,  teare 
a  Passion  to  tatters.  1681  H.  MORE  Exp.  Dan.\.  155  Men 
of  a  more  fierce,  strong,  robustious  temper,  .are  more  inept 
to  see  any  such  Spectra.  1732-8  SWIFT  Polite  Conv.  109 
You  are  so  robustious,  you  are  like  to  put  out  my  Eye. 
1839  DISRAELI  Corr.  if.  Sister  (1886)  146  They  had  a  roaring, 
robustious,  romping  party.  1881  World  28  Dec.,  He  is  a 
strong  '  robustious  lecturer.  1881  A.  LANG  Library  47  The 
man  who  is  defective  as  to  the  love  of  books,  .we  may  call 
..the  Robustious  Philistine. 

b.  Of  actions,  movements,  etc. 

1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  [',  m.  vii.  159  The  men  doe  sympathize 
with  the  Mastiffes,  in  robustious  and  rough  coming  on. 
i6ia  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  i.  250  This  robustious  play  By 
which  the  toiles  of  warre  most  livelie  are  exprest.  1649 
MILTON  Eikon.  37  In  Scotland  they  had  handl'd  the  Bishops 
in  a  more  robustious  manner.  1701  WOLLEY  Jml.  N.  Y. 
(1860)  46  They  [the  Indians],  .love  extremes  either  to  sit 
still  or  to  be  in  robustious  motions.  1839  Blackw,  Mag. 
XLVI.  39  The  laughter  becomes  louder  and  more  robustious. 
1897  SI-RIGGE  Life  Wakley  xxx.  276  The  crude  and  robust 
ious  declamations  of  a  demagogue, 

c.  Of  storms  or  climate  :  Violent,  severe. 

1612  DRAYTON  Poly-alb,  x.  77  Meeting  from  the  South 
Great  Neptunes  surlier  tides,  with  their  robustious  shockes. 
1638  QUARLES  Div.  Fancies  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  213/2  If  a 
robustious  Storme  should  rise,  .thy  Harbour's  safe  enough. 
1641  Newsfr.  Hell,  Rome,  etc.  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Main.)  IV. 
399  A  robustious  storm  of  wind  out  of  the  North. 

1889  STEVENSON  Edinb.  144  Slunk  from  the  robustious 
winter  to  an  inn  fire-side. 

Robu'stiously,  adv.  Now  arch.  [f.  RO 
BUSTIOUS  +  -LT  2.J  In  a  rough  or  boisterous 
manner;  with  noisy  self-assertion. 


ROCAMBOLE. 

1607  MIDDLETON  Phoenix  i.  iv,  There's  a  kind  of  captain 
very  robustiously  inquires  for  you.  1624  HEYWOOD  Gunaik. 
n.  115  Tall  and  spreading  trees  amongst  whose  leaves  the 
wind  onely  whispers,  but  never  robustiously  blowes.  1655 
Be.  RICHARDSON  Obs.  O.  T.  287  Speaketh  wickedly,  roughly, 
and  roboustiously. 

1893  STEVENSON  Cntriona  322,  '  I  believe  I  have  been 
quite  plain  from  the  beginning  ! '  cries  he  robustiously. 

Robu  stiousness.  Now  rare.  [f.  ROBUST 
IOUS  +  -NESS.]  Robustness ;  boisterousness. 

1600  ABBOT  Jonah  388  For  which.. we  are  fit,  by  the 
stayedness  of  our  Constitution  and  robust  iousnesse  of  nature. 
1650  GENTILIS  Consid.  10  The  Philosopher  from  the  robust- 
jousnesse  of  the  complexion,  argues  a  weaknesse  of  the 
intellect. 

1882   St.    James's  Caz.   n  Oct.  6  There  was  a  certain 

'  robustiousness  '  about  the  morals  put  together  by  the  firm. 

i     1894  HALL  CAINK  Manxman  401   He  threw  Auntie  Nan 

I    into  tremors  of  nervousness  by  his  noise  and  robustiousness. 

Robu'stly,  adv.      [f.  ROBUST  +  -LY  -.]     In  a 
j   robust  manner ;  strongly. 

1708    MOTTEUX   Rabelais   (1737)   V.    230    Your   Phrase, 

I    robustly  propt.     1709  MRS.  MANLEY  Seer.  Mem.  (1736)  II. 

!     46  Insensible,  Hoydening,  ungainly  Brisk,  robustly  Gay. 

1836  Random  Recoil.   Ho.  of  Lords  ix.  190  He  is  of  the 

:    ordinary  height,  rather  stoutly,  though  not  robustly  made. 

1878   BAYNE  Purit.  Rev.  xi.  458  Constituting  a  robustly 

Protestant  and  Liberal  Church. 

Robustness,    [f.  ROBUST  +  -NESS.]    Robust 

j    character  or  quality. 

1599  SANDYS  Europe  Spec.  (1632)  187  That  robustnesse  of 

|    body,  and  puissance  of  person,  which  is  the  onely  fruict  of 

i    strength  that  those  colder  climes  doe  yeild.     1632  LITHGOW 

I     Trav.   \\.  253   They  were  in  great  danger    of  perishing, 

!    although  the  robustnesse  of  my  body  carried  mee  through 

on  my  feete.    1672  BOYLE  \\'ks.  (1772)  III.  620  Rather  from 

the  robustness  of  the  bladder,. -than  from  the  non-gravita- 

i    tion  of  water.     1756  BURKE  Svbl.  <$-  B.  Wks.  I.  56  An  air  of 

i    robustness  and  strength  is  very  prejudicial  to  beauty.   1768- 

1    74  TUCKER  /,/.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  236  It  shows  more  robustness 

I    to  carry  a  weight  for  miles,  than  to  pull  out  a  wedge  at  a 

|    jerk.     1817   RICKMAN  Gothic  Arch.  (1862)  S  Strength  and 

j     robustness  are  retained  in  the  Doric.     1838  JAMES  Robber  i, 

His  arms  were  not  such  as  would  have  called  attention  from 

their  robustness.     1870  HOOKER  Student's  Flora  391  Very 

variable  in  habit,  size,  robustness. 

t  Robu'stous,  a.  Oh.  [f.  ROBUST +  -OUS.] 
Robust,  robustious. 

1597  GERARDE  Herbal  n.  Ixxviii.  315  Vnto  robust ous  or 
strong  bodies  twelue  sponfuls  may  be  giuen.  1655  HARTLIIJ 
Ref.  Silk-worm  23  She  is  not  a  nice  curious  kinde  of  Silk- 
worme;  but  stout  and  robustous,  that  will  require  little  care 
or  attendance.  1681  RVCAUT  tr.  Gradates  Critick  185  The 
Bonds . . ,  though  but  feeble,  were  yet  the  Chains  of  the  most 
robustous  Champions. 

t  RobtTStuOUS,  a.  Obs.  [f.  ROBUST,  after 
tempestuous.]  =  ROBUSTIOUS. 

1637  HEYWOOD  Pleas.  Dial.  Wks.  1874  VI.  258  Nymphs, 
not  generated,  .from  violent  and  robustuous  seas.  1648 
J.  BEAUMONT  Psyche  xiv.  xlv,  No  constraint  Can.. breed 
Robustuous  Firmnessin  a  broken  Reed. 

Hence  t  Robirstuousness.   Otis.—1 

1679  DRYDEN  Pref.  Trail.  $  Cr.  Ess.  (ed.  Ker)  I.  221  If 
he  want  the  skill  which  is  necessary  to  a  wrestler,  he  shall 
make  but  small  advantage  of  his  natural  robustuousness. 

fRobwort,  ?  variant  of  RIBWORT. 

c  1475  Pict,  lroc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  786  Hec  lancea,  a  rob- 
worte. 

Robyl,  obs.  f.  RUBBLE.  Robyn,  obs.  f.  ROBIN. 
Robys,  obs.  f.  RUBBISH. 

Roc  (r?k).  Forms:  a.  6  roche,  7  roque,  8 
rock,  9  roc  (rokh).  &.  6-7  rue,  ruch,  ruck(e, 
9rukh(kh,  [ad.  Arab.  ^  \  rokh)  rukk(kh  :  hence 

also  F.  rockt  It.  f  roche t  Sp.  f  rocho,  Pg.  roco ;  Sp., 
It.,  Pg.  rue  (ruck}.  The  older  source  for  the  word 
is  the  account  of  Madagascar  in  Marco  Polo  m. 
clxxxv  ('  et  1'appellent  les  genz  de  ces  isles  rue"1} ; 
in  mod.  use  it  is  partly  from  the  Arabian  A'ights.] 
A  mythical  bird  of  Eastern  legend,  imagined  as 
being  of  enormous  size  and  strength. 

o.  1579  TWYXE /VMJ.  agst.  Fortune  \\.  Ep.  Ded.  159  About 
the  Indian  sea  there  is  a  certeine  birdeof  an  incredible  big- 
nesse,  whom  our  countriemen  call  a  Roche,  which  is  able 
and  accustomed  to  take  vp,  not  onelie  a  man,  but  also  an 
whole  shippe  in  her  beake.  1631  MABBE  tr.  Celestina  Prol. 
(1894)  15  Of  a  bird  called  Roque,  which  is  bred  in  the  East 
Indian  Sea,  it  is  said  to  be  of  an  incredible  greatness.  1774 
GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1824)  II.  251  It  is  supposed  that  the 
great  bird  called  the  Rock,  described  by  Arabian  writers, . . 
is  but  a  species  of  the  condor.  1802  Arab.  Nts.  (1815)  I. 
242  The  roc  comes  and  seizes  them  both  in  its  claws.  1839- 
52  BAILEY  Festus  (1864)  418  Mild  rokh,  simorgh,  wise  sun- 
spirit.  1855  THACKERAY  Newcoines  xlvii,  I  might  wish  for 
the  roc's  egg.  1865  KINGSLEY  Herew.  i,  But  beyond,  things 
unspeakable— dragons,  giants,  rocs. 

/3.  1598  BP.  HALL  Sat.  iv.  vi,  68  Of  the  bird  Rue  that 
beares  an  elephant.  1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  n.  ii.  n.  i, 
As  I  goe  by  Madagascar  I  would  see  that  great  bird  Rucke 
that  can  carry  a  man  and  horse,  or  an  Elephant,  a  1635 
CORBET  Poems  (1807)  99  O  that  I  ere  might  have  the  hap 
To  get  the  bird  which  in  the  map  Is  called  the  Indian 
Ruck  !  1691  T.  HEYRICK  Misc,  Poems  7  The  Ruck,  in 
Madagascar  bred, . .  Whom  greatest  Beasts  and  armed 
Horsemen  dread. 

1841  LANE  Arab.  Nts.  (1859)  I.  in.  188  Wherupon  a  bird 
called  the  rukh'will  come  to  thee,  and.,  fly  away  with  thee. 

Roc,  obs.  form  of  ROCK,  ROOK. 

Rocambole  (r^'kamboul).  Forms:  7  roc- 
combo,  rockamboy(?) ;  Srockenbole,  rockan- 
bowl ;  rocambol,  rockam-,  rocombole ;  8-9 
rocambole,  [a.  F.  rocambole,  of  obscure  origin  : 

03 


BOCCELLATE. 

hence  also  G.  dial.  rockenboll(e,  -polle,  which  has  by  | 

some  been  regarded  as  the  source  of  the  F.  word.]  \ 

1.  A   species  of  leek  (Allium    Scorodoprasum]  \ 
indigenous  to  Northern  Europe,  used  as  a  season-  , 
ing  for  dishes;  Spanish  garlic,  sand-leek. 

1698  M.  LISTER   jfourn.  Paris  (1699)   150  Also  Leeks, 
Rockamboy,  and  Shallots  are  here  in  great  use.      1699 
EVELYN  Acctaria  28  A  light  touch  on  the  dish,  much  bet 
ter   supply'd   by   the   gentler  Roccombo.     1709  W.    KING    I 
Cookery  336  Where  rocombole,  shallot,  and  the  rank  garlic    , 
grow.  1786  ABERCROMBIE  Arr.  in  Gard.  Assist.^,  ix,  Some 
[are  raised]  by  small  bulbs  at  top  of  the  stalks,  as  rocambole    f 
and  tree  onion,    c  1820  Edin.  Encycl.  XL  264  The  Rocam-    , 
bole.. is  a  perennial  plant,  indigenous  to  Sweden  and  Den 
mark.     1855  DF.LAMER  Kitck.  Gard.  (1861)  48  Rocambole    ' 
produces  bulbs  on  the  top  of  its  stem,  and  in  the  axilla?  of    ; 
its  leaves.     1882  Garden  n   Nov.  425/2  Rocambole. .is  a    ! 
mild  form  of  Garlic. 

attrib.     1609  EVELYN  Acetaria  App.  P.  4,  Adding  to  the    j 
Spice  some  Roccombo- Seeds.      1766  ANSTEY  Bath  Guide    \ 
(ed.  3)  91  Puffs   his    vile   Rocambol   lireath  in  her   Face,     i 
1793  WOODVILLE  Med.  Bot.  111.459  Rocambole  Garlick. 
b.  fig.  That  which  gives  flavour  or  piquancy. 

1702  VANBRUGH  False  Friend  \.  i,  Difficulties  are  the 
Rocombolle  of  Love  ;  I  never  valu'd  an  easy  conquest  in 
my  life. 

2.  A  plant  of  this,  or  the  edible  portion  of  one. 
(See  also  quot.  1716.) 

1707  MORTIMER  Husb.  (1721)  II.  163  Rocamboles  are  a 
sort  of  wild  Garlick,  otherwise  called  Spanish  Garlick.  1716 
M.  DAVIES  A  then.  Brit.  11.349  Which  Heads  [of  leeks] 
some  call  Rockenboles,  tho'  others  say  that  the  Cluster  of 
the  Cloves  of  Garlick  is  the  proper  Rockanbowl.  1863 
Life  Normandy  II.  60  A  very  small  quantity  of  herbs— 
.  .chives  and  rocamboles — were  put  into  a  flat  pan. 

Rocate,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  ROCKET. 

Roccellate  (rpkse'l^t).  Chem.  [f.  as  next  + 
-ATE.]  A  salt  formed  by  the  action  of  roccellic 
acid  upon  a  base. 

1838  T.  THOMSON  Cheat.  Org.  Bodies  128  Dr.  Heeren,  from 
the  analysis  of  several  roccellates,  has  determined  the  atomic 
weight  of  the  acid  to  be  18*82.  1845  Penny  Cycl.  Suppl.  I. 
350/1  The  alkaline  roccellates  dissolve  in  water,  and  yield 
solutions  which  froth  like  soap. 

Roccellic  (rpkse'lik),  a.    Chem.    (See  quots.) 

1838  T.  THOMSON  Chem.  Org.  Bodies  128  Of  roccellic  acid. 
This  acid  was  discovered  by  Dr.  Heeren  in  the  Rocella 
tinctoria.  1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  s.v.,  Roccellic  acid 
forms  delicate,  white,  rectangular.. plates,  having  a  silvery 
lustre.  llnd.t  Roccellic  anhyaride..\&  a  colourless  or  faintly 
yellow  neutral  oil,  having  a  fatty  odour. 

Rocce  llin.  Chem.  Also  -ine.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-IN  1,  -INE -V]  A  coal-tar  colour  used  in  dyeing, 
derived  from  the  orchil  lichen. 

185*  GBEC;ORV  Org.  Chem.  (ed.  3)307  Rocelline.  .is  neutral, 
yields  no  red  colour  with  bleaching  liquor. 

RiOCCe'llinin.  Chem.  Also  -ine.  [Cf.  prec.] 
'  A  crystalline  substance  obtained  from  KocceUa 
tinctoria"  (Watts). 

1848  Chem.  Gaz.  VI.  126  Roccellinine. — Obtained  by  dry 
ing  the  gelatinous  mass  which  is  precipitated  from  the  lime 
solution  by  muriatic  acid,  and  boiling  in  strong  spirit.  1863 
Foivnes  Chem.  (ed.  9)  666  Hair-like  crystals  of  a  silvery 
lustre,  of  a  substance  called  roccellinin. 

Roccelo,  obs.  variant  of  ROQUELAURE.     Roe- 
combo,  obs.  var.  ROCAMHOLE. 
f  Rocester  earth.   0/>s.-°   (See  quot.) 

1483  Cath.  Angl.  310  Rocester  erthe,  campanum,  nitntm. 

Roch,  obs.  f.  HATCH  sb\  Roch,  obs.  f.  ROACH 
sbJ-  and  sb.*  Rochate,  obs.  f.  RociiKT1. 

Roche  (rJutJ),^.1  Now <//<?/.  Forms:  3- roche 
(4  rooche),  4-7  roch,  5-6,  9  dial.  rotch(e, 
7  roach,  [a.  OF.  roche,  rocche  (mod.F.  roche}, 
var.  of  racque^  roke  ROCK  sb\  Hence  also  MDu. 
roc  he  t  rotche,  rotse  (Du.  and  Fris.  rots).] 

1.  A  rock  or  cliff;  a  rocky  height. 

c  1250  Gen.  fy  Ex.  256  Til  ihesus  was..biried  in  3e  roche 
cold.  11290  iV.  Agatha  124  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  197  Strong 
fuyr..barnde  be  hard  roche  of  ston  ase  ^ei  it  Col  were. 
a  1300  Cursor  M,  6390  Moyses  on  be  roche  kan  stand,  & 
smat  it  wit  bis  forsaid  wand,  c  1380  Sir  Ferumb.  1108  Uy 
hilles  &  roches  swybe  horrible  on  hur  cors  bay  wente. 
c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  ii.  6  Vnder  be  roche  of  mount 
Caluarie.  1470-85  M\LORV  Arthur  i.  xxv.  73  Within  that 
lake  is  a  roche.  1515  Scottish  Field  634  in  Chetham  Misc. 
(1856),  All  rang  with  that  rowte,  roches  and  other.  1589 
Golden  Mirr.  (Chetham  Soc.)  12,  I  durst  not  well  approch, 
. .  But  closly  kept  me  vnderneath  a  roch.  1631  BRATHWAIT 
Whimzies,  Jealous  Neighbour  115  His  earth-reverting 
body,  .is  to  be  buried  in  some  cell,  roach,  or  vault.  \c  1700 
KENNETT  in  MS.  Lansd.  /ojj  fol.  326  Several  of  the  moun 
tains  in  Staffordsh.  are  called  Roches,  bearing  no  grass,  but 
running  in  bare  ridges  like  stone  walls.] 
fig.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  9975  £at  roche  bat  es  polist  sa 
slight,  es  maiden  maria  hert  ful  right.  1340  Ayenb.  142  J>e 
ilke  roche  is  lesu  crist  him-zelf. 

attrib.  1549  Com  pi.  Scotl.  vi.  38  The  depe  hou  cauernis 
of  cleuchis  &  rotche  craggis  ansuert  vitht  ane  hie  not.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  331  The  wild  Goats  called  Roch-goats, 
haue  their  homes  turning  backeward. 

tb.  A  huge  mass  of  stone  ;  a  boulder.   Obs. 

1*97  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  4165  Anon  rijt  he  horn  ssende 
Mid  gleyue  o^er  mid  roches,  &  vewe  aliue  he  let.  c  1330  R. 
BRUNNF,  Chron.  \Vace  (Rolls)  12171  Crete  roches  at  bem  he 
cast,  &  ber  schipes  to-rof  &  brast.  a  1585  MONTGOMERIE 
Cherrie  $  Slae  82,  I  saw  an  river  rin..  With  tumbling  and 
rumbling,  Amang  the  rochis  round. 

2.  In  north  and  north-midland  dial,  use,  applied 
to   various   kinds   of  rock,    stone,  or   geological 
strata.     Also  attrib.     Cf.  ROACH  sb*  4. 

1803  PLYHLGV  Agric.  Shropsh.  53  Rotch,  dark-grey  hard 


738 

rock.  x8ao  WU.BRAHAM  Gloss.  Cheshire,  Roche, refuse  stone. 
1831  J.  HODGSON  in  Raine  Mem.  (1858)  II.  217  Perpendicu 
lar  fissures  too  are  formed  in  the  roche.  Ibid.  218  The  roche 
pebbles  are  glazed.  1841  HAUVHOUra&sAgK^lttf?.  Gloss., 
Koche,  i.  The  strata  above  a  marshy  deposit;  2.  Earth 
mingled  with  stone  ;  3.  Any  strata  which  is  superincumbent 
to  the  one  about  to  be  worked.  1883  GRKSLEV  Gloss.  Coal- 
mining^  Rotche  or  Roche  (South  Staff.),  a  softish  and 
moderately  friable  sandstone. 

f3.  ?  Alum  or  borax.     (So  F.  roche.)  Obs. 

1494  in  Cov.  Corpus  Christi  Plays  88  It.  paid  for  a  strawen 
hate,  ob  ;  a  lefTe  of  roche  clere,  j  d.  1510  in  Willis  and  Clark 
Cambridge  (1886)  II,  199  Item  to  Paule  Smyth  for  certeri 
coloures  as.  .mastyke  vernysch  yelowe  moty  orpment  roch 
vermylyon  vergres. 

II  Roche  (.wj),  sit?  Geol.  [Fr. ;  see  prec.] 
Only  in  roches  moutonntes  :  see  MOUTONNEE. 

1865  tr.  F/gitier's  World  before  Deluge  (1891)  443.  1872 
C.  KING  Sierra  Nevada  70  Here,  sheltered  among  roches 
montonneeS)  began  to  appear  little  fields  of  alpine  grass. 
1874  J.  GEIKIE  Gt.  Ice  Agev\\.  90  note,  Rocks  which  are 
so  rounded,  whether  striated  or  not,  are  known  as  roches 
moutonnees. 

t  Roche,  J&3     Obs.—1     A  kind  of  wine. 

Perhaps  for  Rochel  ROCHELLE,  but  Roche  \&  a  common 
pjace-name  in  France,  and  sugar  de  Roche  is  freq.  men 
tioned  in  the  Durham  Account  Rolls  along  with  that  from 
Morocco  and  Cyprus, 

1x1400  Sir  Degrevant  1414  (Line.  MS.), Ever  scho  drewe 
thame  the  wyne,  Bathe  the  Roche  and  the  Ryne. 

Roche,  obs.  form  of  ROACH  si>.1 ;  obs.  var.  ROOK 
sb.~\  var.  ROTCH  Oh. ;  obs.  f.  ROUGH  a. 

Roche  (r0»tj),  v.1  Also  7, 9  roach,  [f.  ROCHE 
s&i  Cf.  ROCHE  ALUM.] 

1 1.  trans.  To  make  hard  like  a  rock.  Obs."1 

1582  STANVHURST  sE»ezs,  etc-^Arb.)  136  Thee  winters 
coldnesse  thee  riuer  hardlye  roching. 

2.  fa.  intr.  To  form  crystals.   Obs. 

1631  [see  ROCKING  t-bl.  s/>.].  1673  RAY  Tray.  (1738)  403 
When  burnt  it  is  turned  into  a  white  calx,  which  naturally 
roches  into  parelleljpipedums  of  the  figure  of  a  lozenge. 

b.  trans.  To  recrystallize  (alum)  in  lead-lined 
casks  after  previous  dissolution  by  water  or  steam. 

1678  Phil.  Trans.  XII.  1056  After  which  it  [alum]  is 
Reached,  as  followeth.  Being  washed,  it  is  put  into  another 
Pan  with  a  quantity  of  Water,  where  it  melts  and  boils  a 
little.  Then  is  it  scooped  into  a  great  Cask,  where  it  com- 
moniy  stands  ten  days,  and  is  then  fit  to  take  down  for  the 
Market.  1853  UKE  Diet.  Arts  I.  58  The  rough  alum  thus 
made  is  sometimes  purified  by  a  subsequent  recrystalliza- 
tion,  after  which  it  is  '  roched  '  for  the  market, — a  process 
intended  merely  to  give  it  the  ordinary  commercial  aspect. 

t  Roche,  v.z  Obs-1  [?  var.  oi  ruche  RICH  v:*\ 
trans.  To  tug  or  tear  (asunder). 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  12511  The  sea.. cut  down  bere  sailes, 
Ropis  al-to  rochit,  rent  vp  the  hacches. 

Roche  alum  (nMj  re-lorn).  Also  5  rooch, 
5-9  roch,  7-8  roach,  [f.  ROCHE  J^.I  +  ALUM, 
after  F.  a/itn  de  roche  (cf.  alun  en  rogue,  1368), 
It.  alhime  iU  rocca\  cf.  Du.  rotsaluin,  G.  rots- 
alaun,  and  the  synonymous  Sp.  picdra  alumbre, 
Pg.  pedra  (ajiume. 

The  statement  that  the  name  is  derived  from  Roccha,  a 
Turkish  province  in  N.  Syria,  is  evidently  quite  unfounded.] 

—  Rock  alum  (see  ALUM  i). 

a.  \q$  Libel  Eng.  Policy  \\\Pol,  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  i72They 
bringe  wyth  hem..  Colon,  roche-alum,  and  gode  golde  of 
Jene.  1453  in  Heath  Grocers  Contp.  (1869)422  AIum,foyleor 
rooch,  ye  bale,  iiijd.  1597  LOWE  Chirurg.  Y  4  b,  I'etonie, 
worme-wood,  roch  allom.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  165  Seeth 
the  same . .  together  with  Safron,  Roch-allom,  Myrrh,  and  the 
best  Attick  hony.  1669  STI*RMV  Mariner  s  Mag.  vn.  xxxiv. 
50  Put  in  it  the  bigness  of  a  Hens  Egg  of  Roch  Allom. 
1747  WESLEY  Print.  Physick  (1762)  42  Make  a  Plaister  of 
Roch  Allum,  Vinegar  and  Honey.  1753  J.  BARTI.ET  Gentl. 
Farriery  (1754)  190  Giving  drinks  prepared  with  green 
vitriol,  roch  allum,  Roman  vitriol.  1853  URE  Diet.  Arts 
(ed.  4)  I.  57  The  mother  liquor  of  the  'roch  alum  '  is  called 
1  tun  liquor  '.  1860  [see  ROCK  ALUM]. 

ft.  1619  BERT  Hawkes  84  Seeth  some  spring  water,  and. . 
put  into  it  a  peece  of  Roach-Allurn.  1620  Observ.  Silk- 
ivormes  Dj  b,  Roach  Allum,  called  Romish  Allum.  1704 
I.ond.  Gaz.  No.  4008/4  Roach-Allum,  Coffee,  Brimstone. 
*753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Sitppl.  s.v.  Phosphorus  faecalis^  Mix 
it  with  the  same  quantity  of  roach  alumgrossly_powdered. 
1799  G.  SMITH  Laboratory  II.  401  Together  with. .half  a 
pound  of  roach  alum,  &c. 

Roched,///.  a.  rare*1,  [f.  ROCHE  z/.1]  Sub 
jected  to  roching.  f  Roched petre,  =  ROCHE  PETRE. 

1666  BOYLE  Formes  <y  Qnal.  227  And  yet  these  Christals, 
though  sometimes  they  would  shoot  into  Prisme-like 
figures,  as  Roch'd  Petre;  and  sometimes  [etc.). 

Roche  lime.  Also  7-8  roach,  [f.  ROCHE  sb.^] 
Unslaked  lime  ;  lime-shells. 

1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  I.  41  Lime-water  is  prepared 
by  infusing  unslaked  lime  or  roche-lime  in  water.  1776  G. 
SF.MPI.E  Building in  ll'ater  49  We  spread  a  plentiful  Coat 
of  Roach-lime  and  sharp  Gravel  over  the  Ground.  1800 
Hull  Advertiser  5  Apr.  1/3  Mortar  composed  of  clean  sand 
and  Roche  Lime.  1830-9  CARLETON  Traits  (1843)  I.  118 
Our  plan  was  to  bring  a  pocketful  of  roche  lime  with  us, 
and  put  it  into  the  pool. 

Rochelle  (wfe-1).  Obs.  Also  6,  8  Rochel, 
6-7  Bochell.  [  f  he  place-name  (La}  Rochelle,  a 
seaport  of  western  France.] 

1.  Used  attrib.  or  absol.  to  designate  the  kind  of 
wine  exported  from  this  place. 

1391  EarlofDertys  E.vped.  (Camden)  10  Pro  Ixxvj  stopis 
vim  Rochelle  ab  ipsis  emptis  ibidem.  ?  1x1400  Morte 
Arthnre  203  Rynisch  wyne  and  Rochelle.  '.'(1475  Sqr. 
loive  Degre  760  Wyne  of  (ireke,  and  muscadell,  Both  clare, 
pyment,  and  Rochell.  1533  MORK  Ans-w,  Poysoned  />k. 


ROCHET. 

Wks,  1103/1  A  little  last  of  holesome  ynough,  though  some 
what  small  and  rough  rochel  wine.  1552  Keg.  Privy  Couttc. 
Scot.  I.  129,  vi  d.  the  pynt  of  Rochell  wyne.  1591  GREKNE 
I'pst.  Courtier  Wks.  (Grosart)  XI.  278  If  he  hath  a  strong 
gascoigne  wine, . .  he  can  allay  it  with  a  small  rochel  wine. 
1615  MARKHAM  Eng.  Honseiv.  n.  iv,  There  are  Rochell 
wines,  which  are  in  pipes  long  and  slender.  1731  MILLER 
Gard.  Diet.  s.v.  Wine,  They  transform  poor  Rochel  and 
Cogniac  White-wines  into  Rhenish. 

2.  Rochelle  salt:  (see  quots.).  Rochelle  powder, 
=  Seidlitz  powder. 

1753  LEWIS  New  Dispensatory  (1765)  475/2  Sal  Rupel- 
Itnsis,  Sel  de  Seignette,  or  Rochel  salt.  1767  MONRO  in 
Phil.  Trans.  LVII.  501  The  Rochelle  salt,  made  with 
the  acid  of  tartar,  and  the  fossil  alkali,  is  so  common  a 
purging  salt,  that  I  shall  not  enter  into  any  description  of 
it.  1808  REECE  Diet.  Dom.  Med.  s.v.  Rheumatism^  Then 
strain,  and  add  Rochelle,  or  Epsom  Salt.  1854  Pereira's 
Polarized  Light  (ed.  2)  227  In  Rochelle  salt  (tartrate  of 
potash  and  soda),  the  optic  axes  of  the.  .rays  are  consider 
ably  separated.  1888  Encycl.  JSrit.XXlU.  69/2  Rochelle 
salt ,  .is  prepared  by  not  quite  neutralizing  hot  solution  of 
carbonate  of  soda  with  powdered  cream  of  tartar. 

t  Ko'chen,  a.    Obs.—1    [f.  ROCHE  sb.*  +  -EN.] 

Having  the  nature  of  rock. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  9915  pegrund  neist  bar  es  ful  tru,  Metand 

wit  bat  rochen  stan. 
t  Roche  petre.    Obs.   In  7  rochpeter,  roch- 

peeter,    roch-peter.     [f.    ROCHE  s/>.1  +  PETRE.] 

Native  saltpetre,  occurring  as  an  efflorescence  on 

rocks. 
1634  J.  B[ATE]  Myst.  Natnre  54  The  ingredients  likewise 

are  chiefly  these,  Saltpeter,  Rochpeter,  Sulpher.    1665  Phil. 

Trans.  I.  36  A  fine  white  Salt,  which,  .seemed  to  have  Sides 

and  Angles  in  the  same  number  and  figure  as  Rochpeeter. 

1660,   STURM  Y   Mariners  Mag.  v.  xiii.  87    Roch-Peter.., 

Quick-Brimstone..,  and  fine  Powder-dust. 
Rocher  (rftfw).  Obs,  exc.  dial.  [a.  OF.  rochier 

(mod.K.    rocher}    masc.,    or   rochere,   -iere  fern., 

f.  roche  ROCHE  sb.^\    A  rock  ;  also  dial,  a  stony 

or  rocky  bank. 
13..  K.Alis,  7090  Ther  he  fond  latimeris  Thatladde  him 

to  hyghe  rochens,  To  rocheris  and  wildernes.  13. .  Gaw.  fy 
i  Gr.Knt.i$2-]  Such  aglauerande  glam..Ros,  bat  JJe  rocherez 
j  rungen  aboute.  £1450  Merlin  342  These  vj  kynges  com 
j  down  the  rocher  sore  hem  diffendinge.  1637  in  Sheffield 

Gloss.  (1888),  They  grow  out  of  such  a  rocher  of  stone  that 
!  you  would  hardly  thhike  there  were  earth  enough  to  nourish 
,  the  rootes  of  the  said  trees.  1675  HOBBES  Odyssey  (1677)  65 
|  A  rocher  with  his  arms  he  then  imbrac't .  1676  —  Iliad  224 
,  They  the  prey  let  go  To  save  it  self  i'  th'  woods  or  rochers 

high.     1888  Sheffield  Gloss.,  Rocher,  a  rock. 

Rochet  *  (rp'tjet).    Forms  :  a.  4-  rochet,  5-6 
j    rochett  (5  -yt,  -ytt,  6  -ate,  rogett),  6,  8  roch- 

ette;  6-8  rotchet  (6  -ette).  &.  6  rechet,  rachet, 

ratchet,     [a.    OF.    rochet    (also    roket,    roquet, 

whence  ROCKET  ^.1),  =  It.  roccetto,  rocchetto,  Sp. 
,  roqueta,  Pg.  rochete,  roqitete,  med.L.  rochetilm, 

roqnetnm,  etc.  (see  Du  Cange) ;  a  dimin.  of  the 

Teutonic  word  which  appears  as  OHO.  (Jt]roch, 
\  roc,  rokk  (MHG.  roc,  rock-,  G.  rock},  OS.  hroc 
\  (LG.  rock,  whence  Sw.  rock,  Icel.  rokkr),  MDu. 
i  roc,  rock'  (Du.  rok],  OFris.  (Ji}rock,  OE.  rocc,  and 
j  in  med.L.  as  roccus  (808).] 

1.  An  outer  garment  of  the  nature  of  a  smock- 
frock,  cloak,  or  mantle.     Now  dial. 

c  1400  ROM.  Rose  4754  For  al-so  wel  wol  love  be  set  Under 
ragges  as  riche  rochet.  ?  14. .  MS.  Bibl.  Reg.  12  B.  L  f.  12 
(Halliw.),  Superior vestismnlientm,  Anglicea.  rochet.  1547 
!  Test.  El'or.  (Surtees)  VI.  257  To  Edward  Hungaite,  my 
sone,  my  velvett  rochett.  1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Oltarivr 
Voy.  Ambass.  400  The  Envoy  help  d  him  to  nut  it  on,  with 
a  Rochet  of  cloath  of  Gold,  a  Girdle,  and  A  urban  t.  175$ 
SMOLLETT  DonQuix.  (1803}  IV.  139  They  threw  down  their 
staves,  laid  aside  their  rochets  or  mantles,  so  as  to  remain 
in  their  doublets.  1793  Minstrel  I.  27  The  young  ladies 
attired  in  a  kind  of  uniform,  in  fine  white  rochets.  1837- in 
Eng.  Dial.  Diet.  (Lane,  and  Devon). 

2.  Heel.  A  vestment  of  linen,  of  the  nature  of  a 
surplice,  usually  worn  by  bishops  and  abbots. 

o.  1382  WYCLIF  F.xod.  xxviii.  4  Cpope,  coote,  and    a 

rochet,  and  a  streyt  myter,  and  a  girdil  thei  shulen  make, 

a  1400  Stac.  Rome  501  An  Arm  men  seyn  is  ber  Of  seint 

Thomas.  .And  a  Rochet  |>at  is  good,  Al  be-spreint  with  his 

blod.     c  1425  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  649  Hecfoderis,  rochytt. 

1506  in  Clerk's  Bk.  (1903)  76  The  said  cferkis  or  one  of 

theym  shall  daily  intende  in  his  Rogett  at  morowe  masse. 

1532  MORE  Confut.  Barnes  vni.  Wks.  7^35/1  But  yet  he  iest- 

etn  on   theym  ferther,  because.. ye  bishoppes  wear  white 

rochettes.     1581  J.  BELL  H 'addon's  Ansiv.  Osor.  258  Having 

embrued  your  rotchets  in  so  much  Christian  bloud,  play 

•.    the  Butchers  morelike  then  Byshops.    1628-9  LAUD  Diary 

;    31  Jan.,  I  dreamed  that  I  put  off  my  rochet,  all  save  one 

i    sleeve.      1653  GATAKER  Vind.  Annot.  Jer.  9  The  Puritans 

j     ..would  cut  my  rochet  onely,  but  the  Papists  would  cut  my 

throat.     1730  SWIFT  Ballads  Wks.  1755  IV.  i.  112  To  give 

thee  lawn  sleeves,  a  mitre,  and  rotchet.  1790  BURKK  Fr,  Rev. 

'•    Wks.  V.  396  They  will  tell  you  that  they  see  no  difference 

1    between  an  idler  with  a  hat  and  a  national  cockade,  and  an 

i    idler  in  a  cowl  or  in  a  rochet.     1849  ROCK  Ch.  of  Fathers 

II.  17  The  rochet  is  only  a  modification  of  the  surplice,  as 

I    the  surplice  is  of  the  alb.     1884  rail  Mail  G.  i  Jan.  8  i  The 

sermon  being  ended,  the  Bishop-elect  was  conducted  to  the 

Islip  Chapel  to  put  on  his  rochet. 

ft.  1534  tr.  Lindeibood 's  Const.  Provinc.  67,  iii.  surplyces, 
one  rechet.  1552-3  Inv.  Ch.  Goods,  StftfbrdfgQMSUTplea 
and  a  rachet.  1559  AYLMER  Harborowe  N  iv,  To  see  the 
daye  wherein  they  myght  washe  their  goodly  whyte 
ratchettes  in  her  innocent  bloude.  1570  LEVINS  Manip. 
88  A  ratchet,  superpelliceum. 

b.  frattsf.  One  who  wears  a  rochet ;  a  bishop. 
1581  J.  BKI.L  Haddorfs  Answ,  Osor.  216  Then  follow  in 


ROCHET. 


739 


ROCK. 


order  the  Roystyng  route  of  Mylred  Prelates,  of  the  Scar 
let  crew  of  Rochettes,    and  shavelynges.    a  1661    FULLER 
Worthies  (1840)  I.  270  For  let  not  the  cloaks  carry  away 
the  credit  from  the  gowns  and  rochet  in  that  work.     1678 
BUTLER  Hud.  m.  ii.  544  When  Zeal  with  aged  Clubs  and 
Cleaves  Gave  chase  to  Rochets  and  White  Sleeves. 
t  C.  attrib.  as  adj.  Episcopal.  Obs. 
1554  BALE  Decl.  Bonnets  Art,  xxiv.  (1561)  gob,  AH  the 
other  fine  Rochet  men  of  Englande.     1641  MILTON  Reform. 
\\.  Wks.  1851  III.  46  Our  Prelatical  Schism,  and  captivity 
to  Rotchet  Apothegmes. 
3.  (See  quot.) 

17*8  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Rochets  are  also  the  Mantles 
wore  on  Days  of  Ceremony,  by  the  Peers  sitting  in  the 
English  Parliament..,  Those  of  Viscounts  have  two  Bands  or 
Holders  and  a  half;  those  of  Earls  three;  those  of  Mar- 
quisses  three  and  a  half;  those  of  Dukes  four. 

Rochet  (rp'tjet).  Now  local.  Forms:  a,  4 
ruget,  5  roget(t.  j8.  5  ruchet,  6  rochett(e,  6-9 
rotchet,  5-  rochet,  [a.  OF.  rouget^  f.  rotige  red.] 
The  Red  Gurnard. 

a.  ««377  Abingdoti  Ace.  (1892)  38  In  ruget,  vj  s.  c  1450 
Contin.  Brut  (1908)  447  Halybtit,  Gurnard  rosted.  Ro^et 
broyled.  c  1481  CAXTON  Dialogues  12  Whityng,  sprotie, 
rogettis  [F.  rouges]. 

p.  c  1430  Two  Cookery-Iks.  60  Codlyng,  Ruchet,  Rochys. 
1465  Mann,  <y  Hoitseh.  E.i-p.  (Roxb.)  305  Item,  for  rochetes 
the  same  day,  ob.  1508  W.  UE  WOKDK  B&,  Kcruynge  in 
Babees  Bk.  (1868)  280  Gornarde,  rochet,  breme,  cheuene. 
1528  PAYNELL  Salcrnes  Regim.  (1541)  54  b,  Among  all  see 
fyshe,  the  forsayd  condicions  consydered,  the  rochet  and 
gurnarde  seme  to  be  most  noisome.  1605  13.  JON'SON  Volponc 
in.  vii,  I  will..  rip  up  Thy  mouth,..  And  slit  thy  nose,  Lik 
a  raw  rotchet.  1655  MOUFET  &  BENNET  Health's  fm- 
Prov.  (1746)  258  Rochets,  or  rather  Rougets,  because  they 
are  so  red,  differ  from  Gournards  and  Curs,  in  that  they  are 
redder  by  a  great  deal,  and  also  less.  1727  Counter  Scuffle 
in  Dryattfs  Misc.  III.  336  Sitting  quiet  and  at  Ins  ease, 
With  bntter'tl  Rochets  thought  to  please  liis  Palate.  1740 
K.  BROOKES  Art  of  Angling  n.  xliii.  161  The  Red-Gurnard 
or  Rotchet..  has  a  large  Boney  Head  arm'd  with  Prickles, 
1863  COUCH  Brit.  Fishes  II.  19  Elleck..,  Red  Gurnard, 
Rotchet.  1888  GOODE  A  mcr.  Fishes  306  The  Red  Gurnard, 
or  Rochet,  T.  cuculus,  and  the  Piper,  T.  lyra  reach  three 
or  four  pounds. 

t  Rochet  '*.    Obs.-1    [a.  F.  rochet.']    A  bobbin. 
1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Clot/tt  That  for  the  Warp  is 
wound  on  a  kind  of  Rochets,  or  large  wooden  Bobbins,  to 
dispose  it  for  warping. 

Rochet,  obs.  form  of  RATCHET. 

Ro  chetecl,  a.  [f.  ROCHET  sb}-  2.]  Wearing 
a  rochet. 

1841  F.  E.  FACET  J/.  Mahoisin  32  That  arch-traitor 
William  Laud,—  that  rochetted  viper.  1868  BROWNING 
Ring  <$•  Bk.  vi.  1263  Still  rocheted  and  mitred  more  or  less. 

t  Ro'Cheter.  Obs~l  In  6  ratchetter.  [f. 
RoOELBT1.]  One  who  wears  a  rochet;  a  prelate. 

1559  AYL.MER  Harboroive  N  iv,  Had  not  these  ratchetters 
good  cause  to  hoope,  that  this  blessed  woman  should  haue 
followed  ? 

Rochett,  obs.  form  of  RATCHET. 
II  Rochetta.    Obs.    [ad.  It.  rocchetla.]    =  POL- 
Also  attrib. 


i66a  MERRETT  tr.  Deri's  Art  of  Glass  i,  Polverine,  or 
Rochetta,  which  comes  from  the  Levant  and  Syria,  is  the 
ashes  of  a  certain  herb  growing  there  in  abundance.  Ibid. 
xxii,  For  the  said  tubes,  they  take  half  Crystal  Fritt,  and 
half  Rochetta  Fritt.  1748  Phil.  Trans.  XLV.  563  There 
are  some  other  Plants  that  are  known  to  make  a  kind  of 
Pot-ash,  commonly  called  Rochetta,  which  is  said  to  be  even 
preferable  to  the  Barrilha,  especially  for  making  Glass.  1765 
Ibid.  LV.  21  With  metal  that  hath  much  salt,  as  crystal  and 
rochetta  have,  you  cannot  make  a  fair  green.  1799  G. 
SMITH  Laboratory  I.  174  Take  of  calcined  lead  15  pounds; 
of  rochetta,  or  pulverized  crystal  frit  12  pounds. 

Roching  (r0»'tjin),  vbl.  sb.  Also  7,  9  roach- 
ing.  [f.  ROCHE  v.  +-JNG1.]  The  action  of  the 
vb.  ROCHE  ;  chiefly  attrib.  in  roching  cask,  pan. 

1631  E.  JORDAN  Nat.  Bathes  vii.  (1669)  45  The  shooting 
or  roching  of  concrete  juyces,  is  worthy  to  be  observed.  1670 
W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol.  Ess.  68  Their  last  decoction,  which  is 
performed  in  their  reaching  pan.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  38 
Whenever.  .dissolved  in  a  saturated  state,  it  is  run  off  into 
the  crystallising  vessels,  wliich  are  called  roching  casks.  1854 
Pharinac.  Jrnl.  XIII.  622  The  formation  of  large  masses 
of  the  alum,  .  .  by  means  of  '  reaching  '  or  '  rocking  '.  1888 
W.  WHITE  Month  in  Yorks.  120  When  of  the  required 
density,  the  liquor  is  run  off  from  the  pan  to  the  '  roching 
casks'  —  great  butts  rather,  big  as  a  sugar  hogshead. 

Rocht,  var.  raught,  obs.  pa.  t.  of  RECK  v. 

Ro'chy,  a.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [f.  RUCHE  sb.1  +  -Y.] 

fl.  Full  of  rocks;  rocky.   Obs.-1 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (RolU)  2499  In  an  harde  rochi  stede  is 
buong  aboute  he  drou. 

2.  dial.   Having  the  character  of  roche. 

1841-87  in  Shropshire  and  Cheshire  glossaries. 

ROCK  (r^k),  so.1  Forms;  4-6  rokk(e,  4-7  rocke, 
5  roc,  5-6  rok(6j  6  roocke,  rough,  Sc,  roik,  rolk, 
rouk,  //.  rox;  4-  rock.  [a.  OF.  robe,  rat/ue, 
rocque  fern,  (also  roche  ROCHE  s&.l,  and  in  later 
F.  roc  masc.\  =  Prov.  rocay  rocha,  Pg.  rocha,  Sp. 
rocat  It.  roccaj  roccia,  med.L.  rocca  (767),  rochat 
of  unknown  origin.  OE.  stanrocc^  glossing  L. 
siopulus  and  obeliscus,  appears  to  imply  an  earlier 
adoption  of  the  Romanic  word.] 

I.  1.  A  large  mgged  mass  of  stone  forming  a 
cliff,  crag,  or  natural  prominence  on  land  or  in 
the  sea. 

The  Rocki&  freq.  used  ellipt.  for  the  Rock  of  Gibraltar. 

13..  Gaw.fy  Gr.  Knt.  2198  Heromez  vp  to  ^erokke  oft>oro} 
wonez.  c  1385  CHAUCEK  L.  G.  W.  2193  Ariadntt  The  holwc 


rokkis  answerden  hire  a-gayn.  c  1400  Dc*tr.  Troy  5699  His 
shippes  . .  rut  on  a  Rocke,  &  rent  all  to  pese;>.  c  1440 
Promp.  Pary.  4;;6/i  Rpkke,  yn  he  see,  idem  quod  roche. 
1486  Bk.  St.  Allans  d  iij  b,  Ther  is  a  Fawken  of  the  rock, 
And  that  is  for  a  duke.  1538  STARK tv  England  \.  ii.  65 
Lyke  as  maryners  . .  by  neclygence  run  apon  some  roke. 
1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  \.  \\.  121  That,  some  whirle-winde 
beare  Vnto  a  ragged,  fearefull,  hanging  Rocke,  And  throw 
it  thence  into  the  raging  Sea.  1606  G.  W[OODCOCKK]  Hist. 
Ivstine  xu.  53  He  came  to  a  maruelloiis  rough  and  huge 
rocke,  into  which  many  people  were  fled.  1687  A.  LOVELL 
tr.  Thcvenofs  Trav.  i.  140  A  pair  of  stairs  cut  out  in  the 
Rock.  1718  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  LUt.  II.  xlix.  61  \Ve 
..came  safe  to  Malta.. .  It  is  a  whole  rock  covered  with  very 
little  earth,  a  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hint.  11776)  I.  156  Split 
ting  the  most  solid  rocks,  and  thus  shattering  the  summits  of 
the  mountain.  1843  RUSKIN  Mod.  Painters  I.  u.  i.  §  4 
Every  minor  rock  comes  out  from  the  soil  about  it  as  an 
island  out  of  the  ^ea.  1860  TVNDALL  Glaciers  i.  \ii.  49  We 
diverged  from  the  snow  to  the  adjacent  rocks. 

Jig.  1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  v.  ii.  117  The  worthy  Fellow  is  our 
General.  He's  the  Rock,  The  Oake  not  to  be  winde-hhaken. 
c  1665  MRS.  HuTCHINSON  Mem.  Col.  Ilutchinson  11846)  29 
He  that  was  a  rock  to  all  assaults  of  might  and  violence. 

b.  A  large  detached  mass  of  stone;  a  boulder; 
also  U.S.  and  Austr.^  a  stone  of  any  size. 

1709  POPE  Ess,  Crit.  370  When  Ajax  strives  some  rock's 
vasi  weight  to  throw.  1712  S.  SEWALL  Diary  14  Apr., 
I  lay'd  a  Rock  in  the  North-east  corner  of  the  Foundation 
of  the  Meetinghouse.  It  was  a  stone  I  got  out  of  the  Com 
mon.  1793  HKI.Y  tr.  O' Flaherty's  Og'ygia  II.  186  The  sling 
..directed  rocks  nearly  with  as  much  violence  as  the 
onager.  laid.  187  Stones  and  rocks  were  thrown  from  the 
crohbow.  1838  S.  PAKKKK  Explor.  Toitr\\%$G)  51  It  is  one 
of  the  peculiarities  of  the  dialect  of.  .the  western  states,  to 
call  Mnall  stones,  rocks,  a  i86z  THOKEAL'  CapeCodx.  (1894) 
269,  I  saw  one  man  underpinning  a  new  house  in  Easlham 
with  some  '  rocks  ',  as  he  called  them.  1895  Harper's  Mag. 
Apr.  713/2  A  stone-pile  near  at  hand  where  they  filled  their 
pockets  full  of  rocks. 

C.  transf.  A  large  mass  or  pile  0/~  something. 

1766  STORK  Ace.  E.  Florida  52  The  oysters  are  so  plenti 
ful  here,  that  nothing  is  more  common,  than  at  low  water, 
to  see  whole  rocks  of  them.  1779  PALLAS  in  Lett.  Lit. 
Men  (Camdenjioy  They  were  Stopt  by  insurmountable  rocks 
of  Ice,  and  obliged  to  return. 

2.  In  figurative  or  allusive  uses  : 

a.  A   source  of  danger  or  destruction,  usually 
with  allusion  to  shipwreck. 

1526  Filgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  240  b,  The  meditacyon 
of  deth  maketh  man  to  escbewe  y3  rockes  and  perylles  of 
damnacyon.  1560  DAI'S  tr.  SUidane's  Comm.  376  It  is  not 
unknowen  unto  you,  how  they  stroke  upon  these  ro^ks.  1606 
S.  GARDINER  Bk.  Attgldtgfy  If  it  daslieth  against  the  rocke 
of  sinne,  it  is  in  great  ieopardie.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  n. 
xxxl  186  To  avoyd  both  these  Rocks,  it  is  necessary  to 
know  what  are  the  Lawes  Divine.  1683  TEMPLE  Mem. 
Wks.  1720  I.  377  It  would  be  a  Rock  upon  which  our 
firmest  Alliances  would  be  in  danger  to  strike  and  to  split. 
1734  SWIFT  Reasons  <*g$t.  Tythe  of  Hemp  Wks.  1745  VIII. 
96  A  rock  that  many  Corporations  have  split  upon,  to  their 
.  .utter  undoing.  1857  TROLLOPK /tort /w/t-r  ^-  DI.  .\v,  [He] 
will  not  be  so  shortsighted  as  to  run  against  such  a  rock. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  II.  295  The  rocks  which  lay  con 
cealed  under  the  ambiguous  terms,  good,  pleasure  and  the  like. 

b.  Something  which  affords  a  sure  foundation 
or   support;    something   which    gives   shelter    or 
protection ;  used  esp.  with  reference  to  Christ. 

1526  TINDALK  Malt.  xvi.  18,  I  saye..that  thou  arte  Peter. 
And  apon  this  roocke  I  wyll  bylde  my  congregacion.  1535 
COVEKDALE  Deut.  xxxii.  37  Where  are  their  goddes,  their 
rocke  wherin  they  trusted?  1571  Satir.  Poems  Reform. 
xxviii.  102  Swa  of  this  lyfe  the  Lord  was  miscontent,  Seand 
my  faith  not  foundit  on  ane  Roik.  1606  S.  GARDINER  Bk. 


Rocke.  1604  E.  GpUMSTONE]  tr.  D^Acosta's  Hist.  Indies 
in.  xvii.  173  In  running,  the  water  turnes  to  rocke.  1667  MIL- 
TON  P.  L.  xi.  491  Sight  so  deform  what  heart  of  Rock  could 
;  Drie-ey'd  oehold  ?  1784  COWPKR  Task  v.  534  We  build 


Angling  8  So  long  as  we  cast  our  faith  and  hope  vpon  our 
Christ  " 

;k,   thought    I   poore  changeling  rove.      1738 
WES  i  EY  Hymns, '  Praise  i>y  all  to  Christ  be  given  '  xiii,  Hell 


rocke  Christ  lesus.    1633  P.  FLETCHER  Pnrf>le  I  si.  xn.  lii,  He 
thou   my  rock,    though    I    poore   changeling   rove.      1738 


in  vain  against  us  rages;  Can  it  shock  Christ  the  Rock  Of 
eternal  Ages?  1780  COWPER  Progr. Error i^  Will  not  the 
sickliest  sheep  of  every  flock  Resort  to  this  example  as  a 
rock?  1809-10  COLERIDGE  Friend  (1865)31  The  rock  which 
is  both  their  quarry  and  their  foundation,  from  which 
and  on  which  they  are  built.  1873  O.  W.  HOLMES  Poet 
Brcakf.-t.  v,  It  is  the  material  image  of  the  Christian  ;  his 
heart  resting  on  the  Rock  of  Ages. 

c.  In  allusion  to  Numbers  xx.  u. 

1526  TINDALE  i  Cor.  x.  4  They  dronke  off  that  spretuall 
rocke  that  folowed  them,  which  rocke  was  Christ.  1850 
TENNYSON  In  Mem.  cxxxi,  O  living  will..,  Rise  in  the 
spiritual  rock,  Flow  thro"  our  deeds  and  make  them  pure. 
1880  N.  SMYTH  Old  Faiths  in  Xew  Lt.  II.  (1882)  45  The 
water  of  life  will  flow  from  the  rock  which  the  scholar 
strikes  with  his  rod. 

d.  In  various    phrases.     On   the   rocks t   quite 
destitute  of  means. 

1760-73  H.  BROOKE  FoolofQitaL  (1809)  1. 78  His  prayers 
and  tears  were  cast  to  the  winds  and  the  rocks.  1829 
LVTTON  Dei'erenx  i.  i,  Six  weeks  after  her  confinement,  she 
put  this  rock  into  motion— they  eloped.  1889  A.  G.  MUR 
DOCH  Scot,  Readings  Ser.  in.  101  Fork  out,  for  I'm  fair  on 
the  rocks. 

e.  U.S.  slang.  A  piece  of  money.     To  pile  up 
the  rocks j  to  make  money. 

1x1848  in  Bartlett  Diet.  Atner,  277  Here  I  am  in  town 
without  a  rock  in  my  pocket.  1849  SAXE  Poetns^  The 
Times  365  When  out  of  the  heaps  of  auriferous  ore  We 
can  fill  up  his  pockets  with  '  rocks  '  of  his  own.  1897  KIPLING 
Capt.  Courageous  i,  Old  man's  piling  up  the  rocks.  Don't 
want  to  be  disturbed  I  guess. 

3.  a.  Without  article,  or  in  generalized  use  : 
Hard  and  massive  stone.  Also_/S#*. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  vii.  33  But  all  of  Diamond.  .It  framed 
was,  one  massy  entire  mould,  Hewen  out  of  Adamant  rocke 
with  engines  keene.  1603  SHAKS.  Hen.  VIII^  i.  i.  1581*0  th1 
King  He  say't,  &  make  my  vouch  as  strong  As  shore  of 


1888  FERGUS  HLME  Mine.  Midas  i.  Prol.,  Their  combined 
action  had  broken  ofF  great  masses  of  rock. 

t  b.  Oil  of  the  rock,  =  ROCK-OIL.    Obs. 

1653  WALTON  Angler  viii.  172  Oyl  of  Peter,  called  by 
sonu-.Oyl  of  the  Rock. 

C.   Of  the  old,  or  new9  rock,  said   of  precious 
stones.     Also  transf. 

An  echo  of  French  uMige,</i.'  lavieilte,  or  nouvelle,rocht : 
see  I.ittie  s.v.  Roche. 

1698  FRVEK  Ace.  E.  India  $•  P.  34  Diamonds  of  both 
Rocks,  the  Old  and  New.  1738  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Tur* 
coise,  There  are  Turcoises.  .of  the  new  Rock  and  the  old.. . 
Those  of  the  old  Rock  are  a  deep  blue,  and  those  of  the  new 
Rock  more  whitish.  1763  H.  WALTOLE  Let.  to  G.  Montagu 
12  Nov.,  Sir  Michael  Foster  is  dead,  a  Whig  of  the  old  rock. 

d.  spec.  Sandstone.   (See  also  quot.  1712.)  local. 
1711   MORTON    Nat.    Hist.   Northants    265    Sand-stone, 

Lime-stone,  and  others  Kind  of  Stone,  that  are  usually  di.s- 
pos'd  into  Strata,  a  Pile, or  Parcel  of  which  is  here  called  a 
Rock.  1863  J.  SLEIGH  Hist.  Leek  259  The  '  Rough  Rock  ', 
or  upper  beds  of  Millstone  Grit  are  not  very  fo.^i  lift  runs. 
1883  GRESLKY  Gloss.  Coal-mining^  Rock  generally  nu-ans 
sandstone,  lbid.%  Rock  and  A*/^, .  .a  sandstone  full  uf  hulc 
patches  and  shreds  of  coal. 

e.  Agric.  (See  quot.  1844.) 

1765  Museum  Knst.  IV.  307  The  soil  is  light  and  stoney, 
with  a  rock  of  gravel  about  ten  or  twelve  inches  deep.  1844 
Civil  Eng.  ^  Arc/i.  Jrnl.  VII.  72/1  The  different  strata 
give  rise  to  what  are  usually  called  the  different  rock;-,  the 
term  'rock1  being  usually  applied  in  agriculture  to  thu  ba.-,e 
on  which  the  sub-soil  immediately  lies. 

f.  Geol.  One  of  the  stratified  or  igneous  mineral 
constituents   of   which  the   earth's  crust  is  com 
posed,  including  sands,  clays,  etc. 

1789  JOHN  WILLIAMS  Xnt.  Hist.  Min.  h'ittgd.  I.  3  Lime 
stone,  whinstone,  basal tes,  and  many  other  hard  rocks, 
continue  "firm. .quite  up  to  the  supetficies  uf  the  strata. 
1819  Pantologia  s.v.  bienite,  This  rock  is  composed  es 
sentially  of  crystals  of  felspar  and  hornblende.  1834  j. 
PHILLIPS  Geol.  in  Encycl.  Ulctrop.  11845)  VI.  537  The  ?eries 
of  stratified  rocks  in  the  North  of  England.  1878  HUXLEV 
Physi&gr,  169  The  rocks  are  comparatively  soft,  consisting 
for  the  most  part  of  sands,  clays  and  chalk. 

4.  transf.  a.  A  hard  confection  of  candied  su^ar 
variously  flavoured ;  dial.  sweetslurY.     Also  with 
qualifying  words,  as  almond,  peppermint  rock. 

App.  elHpt.  for  rock-candy  or  -sugar :  see  9  below. 

1736  BAILEY  Household  Diet.  s.v.  Rock-Sugar,  All  the 
rock  will  slip  out,  and  fall  most  of  it  in  small  pieces. 
1843  [see  NONTAKLIL  3].  1857  KINGSLEV  Tifo  I'ears  Ago 
xv,  Promising  them  rock  ana  bulls<--yes.  1878  MEREDITH 
Teeth  20  Biting  into  rock  and  other  hard  candies  is  certainly 
a  very  reprehensible  practice.  1897  MARY  KINGSLEY  W. 
Africa  227  Its  appearance  is  that  of  almond  rock,  and  it  is 
cut  easily  with  a  knife. 

b.  An  insoluble  soap  formed  by  the  blending  of 
calcium   stearate   and  oleate  of  tallow  dissolved 
through  lime. 

1856  Orrs  Circle  Sci.,  Pract.  Chew.  455  The  soap  thus 
formed  is  very  hard,  and  is  generally  called  rock.  1885  W, 
L.  CARPENTER  Soap  A>  Candies  254  The.se  salts,.. when 
mixed  together,  constitute  an  insoluble  soap,  technically 
called  'rock1. 

c.  ellipt.  (See  quot.) 

1811  Trans.  GcoL  Soc.  I.  53  The  rock-salt  obtained  from  it, 
being  principally  exported  to  the  Baltic,  obtains  the  name 
of  Prussia  Rock. 

d.  ellipt.  A  rock-cake. 

1892  F.  DAVIES  Cakes  <$•  Biscuits  101  This  quantity  bhould 
make  fifty  rocks. 

5.  a.  U.S.  =  ROCK-FISH  i. 

1698  G.  THOMAS  Pennsih-ania  (1848)  14  There  are.. Sal 
mon,  Trout,  Sturgeon,  Rock,  Oysters.  1776  CAKKOLL  JrnL 
(1845*  52  Lake  George  abounds  with  perch,  trout,  rock,  and 
eels.  1872  DE  VERE  Americanisms  383  The  Rock  is 
beautifully  marked  with  seven  or  eight  black  lines  on  a 
silver-bright  ground.  1888  GOODE  Amur.  Fishes  22  In  the 
North  it  is  called  the  'Striped  Bass',  in  the  South  the 
'  Rock  Fish  ',  or  the  '  Rock '. 

b.  The  rock-dove  or  rock-pigeon  (Columba 
livia}.  Usually  blue  rock. 

1863  [see  BLUE  a.  12].  1882  'OuiDA  '  Mareuuna  I.  v.  116 
The  blue-rock  was  carrying  dry  twigs  and  grass  to  his  home. 
1885  Field  4  Apr.  (Cassell),  Being  a  bit  slow  in  firing  a  fast 
rock  escaped  him. 

C.    ellipt.    —PLYMOUTH    ROCK. 

1908  Daily  Chron.  m  Jan.  3/4  The  order  of  merit  now 
stands  as  follows :— First,  White  Wyandottes;  second,  La 
Bresse;  third,  buff  rocks. 

II.  attrib.  and  Comb, 

6.  Attrib.  or  appositive :  a.  With  words  denoting 
something  which  consists  of,  or  is  formed  by,  rock, 
as  rock-abode^  -altar,  -cavern,  -dwelling,  etc. 

The  number  of  these  is  practically  unlimited  j  many 
examples  occur  in  recent  geological  works. 

1887  MORRIS  Odyssey  xn.  255  So  they  were  lifted  gasping 
into  that  *rock-abode.  183*  in  Archaeologia  (1854)  XXV. 
204  A  *Rock  Altar  on  the  heights  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
lake  of  La  Trinite.  1847  SINGER  Wayland  Smith  p.  xxix, 
The  Swedes.. show  a  *rock-cavern.  .as  having  been  his 
workshop.  1856  W.  L.  LINDSAY  Brit.  Lichens  13  The  ''rock- 
clefts  and  gullies  of  our  Highland  mountains.  1860  PUSEY 
Alin.  Proph.  145  Edom..,  its  ancient  capital,  its  'rock- 
dwellings,  have  been . .  anew  revealed.  1855  LEIFCHILD 
Cornwall  87  A  fissure  filled  by  basaltic  or  other  rocks, 
would  be  called  a  *rock  dyke.  1855  KINGSLEY  Glauctts 
(1878)  16  U  was  the  crawling  of  a  glacier  which  polished 


ROCK. 


740 


BOCK. 


that  *rock-face.  1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-wining,  *Rock 
Faulty  a  replacement  of  a  coal  seam  over  a  greater  or  less 
area,  by  some  other  rock,  usually  sandstone.  1831  M. 
RUSSELL  Egypt  xi.  §  i  The  relative  positions  of  the  great 
*rock-  for  mat  ions.  1754  BORLASE  Antiq.  Cornwall  161  Of 
*Rock  Idols.  1763  J.  HUTCHIKS  in  Mem,  IV.  Stukeley 
(Surtees)  II.  128,  I  am  apt  to  think  it  was  a  rock  idol. 
a  1700  EVELYN  Diary  (1644)  7  Oct.,  An  high  and  steepe 
mountainous  ground  consisting  all  of  *rock  marble.  1863 
A.  C.  RAMSAY  Pkys.  Geogr.  15  The  whole  *rock-masses  of 
the  outer  world.  1853  Zoologist  II.  4059  Its  own  selected 
hole  in  the  *rpck-pooh  1886  KIPLING  Departm.  Ditties^ 
Overland  Mail,  From  rice-field  to  *rock-ridge,  from  rock- 


'  grassy  "rock-encircled  Pound.  1770  HODSON  Dedic.  Temple 
\  of  Solomon  12  Down  whose  *Rock-encumber'd  Side-.roll'd 
1  the  chrystal  Stream.  1839  TALKOURD  Glencoe  in.  il,  With 
\  grief  For  *rock-enthroned  Scotland.  1598  SYLVESTER  Dif 

Bartas  i.  Eden  548  *Rock-fal'n  spowts,  congealed  by  colder 
I  air.  1649  DANIEL  Trinarch.,  Hen.  K,  civ,  They  cleave 

*Rocke-firmed  Towers,     a  1847  ELIZA  COOK  T/tere  would  I 


ridge  to  spur.  i8zi  SCOTT  Pirate  xxvli,  A  native  of  Zet 
land  familiar,  .with  every  variety  of  'rock-scenery.  1865 
LUBBOCK  Preh.  Times  245  A  number  of  small  caves  and 


1493  1  nese 

*rockslips  are  frequent  among  the  Andes.  1877  RAYMOND 
Statist.  Mines  %  Mining  126  The  great  changes,  .wrought 
in  the  underlying  *rock-strata.  1850  SIR  G.  WILKINSON 
Arckit.  Anc.  Egypt  92  *Rock  Temples  may  be  classified 
under  three  heads.  Ibid.  109  The  *rock  tombs  at  Thebes. 

b.  With  sbs.  denoting  markings  upon  rocks,  as 
rock-carvingt  -drawing,  -inscription,  etc. 

1861  G.  MOORE  (titlfp.\  The  Lost  Tribes  and  the  Saxons 
of  the  East,,  .with. .translations  of  Rock-Records  in  India. 
1865  TYLOK  Early  Hist.  Man.  v.  S8  Rock-sculptures  may 
often  be.. symbolic  boundary  marks.  1874  DEUTSCH  Rent. 
177  The  long  rock-inscription  of  Hamamat. 

c.  With    abstract   sbs.,   as  rock-accumulation^ 

-arrangement^  -disintegration,  etc. 

1874  GEIKIL:  Gt.  lie  Age  (1894)  220  The  direction  of  the 
streams  never  being  in  any  degree  influenced  by  the  rock- 
dislocations.  1881  JUDO  I'olcanoes  283  This  work  of  rock- 
disintegration.  1886  A.  WiHCHBLL  Walks  Geol.  Field  71 
During  the  long  history  of  rock-accumulation.  Ibid.  78  We 
catch  sight  of  a  general  method  in  rock-arrangements. 

d.  In  miscellaneous  uses, as  rock-demon^-diatnondj 
-fishing^  -flower,  -herb,  -spring,  -tackle. 

1871  TVLOR  Prim.  Cult,  II.  189  An  early  missionary  account 
of  a  *rock-demon  worshipped  by  the  Huron  Indians.  1836 
FUKNESS  A strologer  i.  66  Jacinth,  *rock-diamondt  crystal, 
sapphires  blue.  1740  R.  BROOKES  (title^,  The  Art  of 
Angling,  *Rock  and  Sea-Fishing,  c  1820  S.  ROGERS  Italy 
( 1 839)  32  Every  where  gathering  *  rock- flowers.  1626 
BACON  Sylva  §  570  There  be  likewise  *  Rock-Herbs;  But  I 
suppose  those  are  where  there  is  some  Mould  or  Earth. 
1712  MORTON  Nat.  Hist.  Northants^  265  This  County.. 
abounds  with  those  called  *Rock-Springs,  that  is,  the  last 
ing  or  perennial  ones,  whose  Ducts  or  Chanels  are  in  the 
Fissures  or  Interval!*  of  those  Rocks.  1884  \^th  Cent.  Feb. 
325  The  pure  outflow  of  a  rock-spring.  1793  SMEATON 
Edystone  L.  §  261  The  shears,  the  windlass,  and  all  the 
"rock  tackle. 

e.  Placed  after  the  words  qualified,   rare. 

1562  LEGH  Armory  Aj,  The  fourth  is  a  lugge  and  cuppe 
of  Ruby  rocke,  in  a  field  siluer.  1575  LANEHAM  Let.  (1871) 
51  Great  Diamons,  Emerauds,  Rubyes,  and  Saphyres : 
poynted,  tabld,  rok,  and  roound. 

7.  Objective  or  objective  genitive  :  a.  With  pres. 
pples.,  as  rock-battering-,  -boring)  -forming^  -loving. 

1605  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  \\.  iii.  Lawe  13  *Rock-batt'ring 
Bombards,  Valour-murdering  Guns.  1875  Encyct.  Brit. 
III.  808  A  good  *  rock-boring  machine,  .ensures  considerable 
economy  in  time  and  labour.  1893  J.  W.  GREGORY  (title], 
Tables  for  the  determination  of  the  "Rock- Forming 
Minerals,  compiled  by  F.  Lawinson-hessing.  1850  R.  G. 
GUMMING  Hunter's  Life  .V.  Afr.  (1902)  38/1  Even  the  *rock- 
frequenting  koodoos  themselves  made  bad  weather  of  it. 
Ibid.  37/2  It  was  just  the  country  to  suit  the  taste  of  the 
*rock-loving  koodoos.  1886  WINCHELL  Walks  Gcol.  Field  ^ 
A  "rock-melting  temperature.  1876  L.  STEPHEN  Eng.  1  h. 
iftth  C.  I.  v.  281  Like  some  mass  of  *rockpiercing  strata  of 
a  different  formation.  1608  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  u.  iv. 
Decay 656  O  Arm  that  Kings  dis-thrones  :  O  Army-shaving 
Sword  !  *Rock-razing  Hands  ! 

b.  With  vbl.  sbs.,  as  rock-blasting,  -boring,  etc. 

1838  DARWIN  in  Life  fy  Lett.  (1887)  I.  292  The  good  science 
of  rock-breaking.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  $  Mining 
366  The  great  improvements  in  mining  machinery,  in  rock- 
drillingj  in  explosives.  1886  WINCHELL  WeUks  Geot.  Field 
64  A  similar  process  to  rock-making.  1892  Pall  Mali  G. 
25  Feb.  z/i  Putting  to  an  end  rock-climbing  for  some.. time. 
C.  With  agent-nouns  (also  forming  names  of 
machines),  as  rock-breaker^  -builder,  etc. 

1874  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  fy  Mining  409  The  fine  ore 
and  clay, . .  without  sending  them  through  the  "rock -breakers, 
which  the  clay  tends  to  choke  up.  i88x  —  Alining  Gloss., 
Rock-breaker,  usually  applied  to  a  class  of  machines.. in 
which  the  rock  is  crushed  between  two  jaws.  1876  PAGE 
Adv.  Text-bk.  Geol.  iii.  67  The  principal  *rock-builders 
among  these  microscopic  organisms.  1806  IVestm.  Gas.  13 
Nov.  2/1  Accustomed  to  the  "rock-climbers  of  the  Tyrol, 
we  found  our  guides  slow.  1897  Outing  XXX.  136/1  The 
men  do  their  own  work  without  the  use  of  a  *rock  crusher, 
but  they  seem  to  like  the  life.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech. 
1960/2  *  Rock-pulverizer,  a  machine  or  mill  for  breaking 
.stone.  1887  Pall  Mall  G.  12  Feb.  n/i  Receiving  a  few 
bruises  from  vagrant  *rock-th rowers. 

8.  a.    Instrumental    and   locative,   as    rock-be- 
girdledt  -bestudded,  -bound,  -bred,  etc. 

1815  SCOTT  Rokeby  \\.  i,  *Rock-begirdled  Gilmanscar, 
1828  WORDSW.  Power  of  Sound  iii,  From  rocky  steep  and 
*rock-bestudded  meadows.  1635  QUARLES  Etnbl.  in.  xi.  28 
O  shall  my  *Rock-bethreatned  Soul  be  drown'd  ?  1840 
LONGF.  Wreck  Hesperus  x,  'Tis  a  fog-bell  on  a  *rock-bound 
coast!  1830  SCOTT  Auchindrane  i.  i,  As  the  *rock-bred 
eaglet  soars  Up  to  her  nest.  1856  KANE  Arctic  Expl.  I. 
xviii.  220  The  glaciers  descend ..  from  an  interior  of  lofty 
*rock-clad  hills.  Ibid.  ix.  96  The  same  frowning  cliffs  and 
*rock-covered  ice-belt.  1834  Penny  Cycl.  II.  283/1  The 
*rock-cut  tombs  or  temples  m  Nubia.  1820  SHELLEY 
Prometh.  Unb.  i.  120  Oh,  *rock- embosomed  lawns,  and 
snow-fed  streams.  1807  WORDSW.  White  Doe  VIH  253  The 


reard  Nottingham.     1815  SHELLEY   Alastor  562  A  pine, 

*  Rock-rooted,  stretched  athwart  the  vacancy  Its  swinging 

boughs.     1860  G.  H.  K.  Vac.  Tour  165  The  little  *rock-set 

basin  not  ten  yards  across.     1891  KIPLING  Light  that  Failed 

ii.  (1900)24  The  *rock-strewn  ridges  were  alive  with  armed 

men.  1842  A.  DE  VERB  Song  of  Faith  253  High  in  her  cloudy 

J    court  The  ''rock. throned  osprey.     1833  TENNYSON  Palace 

I    o/ 'Art  7 i  You  seem'd  to  hear  them  \$c.  waves] .. roar  *rock- 

•  thwarted    under    bellowing    caves,      a  1847    E  LIZA    COOK 
,    Stanzas  vi,  The  *rock-torn  plank  and  shattered  spar. 

b.  Parasynthetic,  as  rock-based,  -crested^  -faced) 
-roofed,  -scarped^  -wombed. 

1877  L.  MORRIS  Efic  of  Hades  n.  100  To  a  wild  headland, 
*rockbased  in  the  sea.  1837  A.  TENSENT  Vis.  Glencoe  10 
The  *rock-crested  Ailsa  begirt  with  the  wave.  1840  Ch'il 
Eng.  <$•  Arch.  Jrnl.  III.  84/1  The  substructure  is  a  stylo- 
bate,  or  continuous  pedestal,  resting  upon  a  deep  *rock- 
faced  plinth.  1889  Cath.  Honseh.  30  Nov.  3  It  is  faced 
with  coursed  rock-faced  ashlar.  1777  POTTER  sEschylns, 
\  Prometheus  22  Thy  *rock-roof  d  grottos  arch'd  by  nature's 
hand.  1819  SHELLEY  Cyclops  74  The  gathered  flocks  into 
the  rock-roofed  cave.  1852  MUNDY  Antipodes  (1857!  2  A 
*rock-scarped  table-land  covered  with  a  stunted  shrub-like 
gorse.  1798  W.  TAYLOK  in  Monthly  Mag.  V.  208  For  gain 
to  dig  the  *rock-womb'd  gold. 

c.  Similative,  as  rock-fast^  -Jirt/tt  -hearted;  also 
rock- heart. 

1647  WM.   FENNER  \l~ks.  (1658)  225  Can  any  rock-heart 

'    hold  out  and  not  be  broken  with  the  blowes  of  it  V     1647 

1    COWLKY  3Iistr,,  Innocent  III  iii,  Though  savage,  and  rock- 

,     hearted  those  Appear,  that  weep  not  ev'n  Romances  woes. 

1891  HARDY  Tess{  1900)  38/1  When,  .malignant  possibilities 

stand  rock-firm  as  facts.     1898  MEREDITH  Odes  Fr.  Hist.  23 

What  lie  constructed  held  rock-fast. 

d.  Misc.,  as  rock-free,  -rushing  w§st 

1605  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iii.  Captains  623   Rock- 
rushing  Tempests   do  retreat,  or  charge.      1615  CHAPMAN 
I     Odyssey  vn.  391  A  flood, Whose  shores.. on  good  aduantage 
'    stood,  For  my  receit,  rock-free,  and  fenc't  from  wind. 
9.  Special  combs.,  as   rock-apostle,   St.   Peter 

•  (in  allusion  to  Matt.  xvi.   18)  ;  rock-berg,  a  mass 
!    of  rock  resembling  an  iceberg;  rock-bind(ers), 

sandy  shale  (Gresley,  1883) ;  rock-biscuit,  a 
hard  variety  of  fancy  biscuit ;  rock-bone  (see 
quots.) ;  rock-bottom,  bed-rock,  used  at t rib.  in 
the  sense  *  lowest  possible ';  rock-bun,  =  rock- 
cake  \  rock  butter  (see  BUTTEK  sb.l  3);  rock- 
cake,  a  small  cake  or  bun  with  a  rugged  surface; 
rock  candy  (see  sense  4  a) ;  rock  cocoa  (see 
quot.);  rock  coral,  ? coral  of  a  massive  form; 
rock  cork,  a  light  variety  of  asbestos ;  pilolite ; 
rock  cotton,  V  mineral  cotton  (see  COTTON  *M  7); 
rock-craft,  skill  in  climbing,  or  moving  among, 
rocks ;  rock-drill,  a  rock-boring  instrument  or 
machine ;  rock  English,  the  mixed  English  of 
Gibraltar;  rock  fever,  an  enteric  fever  common 
at  Gibraltar  ;  Malta  or  Mediterranean  fever;  rock- 
fire  (see  quot.) ;  rock-flesh,  a  spongy  variety 
of  asbestos ;  rock-flint,  impure  flint ;  chert ; 
rock-flour,  =  rock-meal  \  rock-froth,  fused  lava 
much  inflated  by  bubbles  of  steam  or  gas  ;  rock- 
garden,  a  garden  consisting  of  rocks  and  rock- 
plants  ;  so  rock-gardening ;  rock  gas,  natural  gas 
obtained  by  boring  through  rock;  rock -hammer, 
a  hammer  used  for  rock-breaking ;  rock  harmon- 
icon,  -head,  -honey,  -hopping  (see  quots.) ; 
rock-isinglass  (see  GTPSINE  a.)  ;  rock  leather, 
a  variety  of  asbestos,  mountain  leather;  rock 
lizard,  -marl,  -marrow,  -meal,  -milk,  -mine, 
-nosing  (see  quots.)  ;  rock-paper,  a  very  thin 
and  flexible  variety  of  asbestos ;  f  rock-ray,  a 
line  or  reef  of  rocks;  rock  scorpion,  =  rock 
lizard ';  rock  silk,  a  silky  variety  of  asbestos; 
rock-soap,  a  kind  of  bole;  mountain  soap;  rock 
sugar  (see  sense  4  a) ;  rock  tar,  petroleum  ;  rock- 
wood,  a  compact  variety  of  asbestos. 

1865  RUSKIN  Sesame  i.  §  24  The  strong  angels  of  whom  the 
*rock-apostle  is  the  image.  1865  BURRITT  Walk  Land's 
End  242  The  tors  looked  like  *rockbergs,  once  floating  on 
the  great  revolving  drift.  1893  KMILE  HERISSE  Pastry 
Making  84  Raspberry  *Rock  Biscuits.  Proceed  as  in 
making  Almond  Rock  Biscuits.  x86a  RAMSAY  Rock  Spec. 
71  Argillaceous  sandstones,  .which  pass  under  the  name  of 
'rock*  or  '  *rock  binds*,  ijrox  GREW  Cosm.  Sacra  i.  v.  §6 
Among  many  varieties  both  in  the  Inner  and  the  Outer  Ear, 
those  which  appear  in  the  Passage  into  the  *Rock-bone,  are 
remarkable.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  390  In.. 
the  os  petrosum  or  rock-bone  of  the  ear,  they  grow  into  a 
substance  hard  as  steel.  1884  Lisbon  (Dakota)  Star  10  Oct., 
Boots,  shoes  and  rubbers  in  great  variety  and  at  "rock- 
bottom  prices.  1893  EMILE  HERISSE  Pastry  Making  140 
Finish  as  in  making  the  preceding  *Rock  Buns.  1805 
JAMESON  Syst.  Min.  II.  30  *Rock  Butter,  .appears  to  have 
nearly  the  same  constituent  parts  as  alum.  1883  MRS. 
CL\KKV  Plain  Cookery  7 1  *  Rock  Cakes.  \M6Confictioners 
Receipt^  Bk.  26  Rock  Cakes.. when  baked.. will  have  a 
rough,  irregular  surface.  1769  MRS.  RAFFALD  Eng.  House 
keeper  (1778)  203  Garnish  with  *rock  candy  sweetmeats. 


1815  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Low  fy  Law.  HI.  xliii,  A  knot  of 
rock-candy.  1891  Daily  News  24  Dec.  7/2  That  *rock 
cocoa  was  a  recognised  article  of  commerce,  manufactured 
of  cocoa,  starch,  and  sugar  in  such  quantities  as  to  be  easily 
soluble  in  water.  1705  Phil.  Trans.  XXV.  2217  It  very 
much  resembles  a  piece  of  white  unpolished  *Rock  Coral. 
1804  JAMESON  Syst.  Min.  I.  439  *Rock  Cork,  .occurs  some- 
times  massive,  sometimes  in  plates  and  with  impressions. 
1855  Orrs  Circ,  Set.,  Elem.  Chem.  174  Asbestos,  rock  cork, 
and  other  minerals.  1875  DAXVSON  Dawn  of  Life  ii.  21  A 
vein  of  fibrous  serpentine,  yielding  *  *rock  cotton  ',  for  pack 
ing  steam  pistons.  1892  Pall  Mall  G.  19  July  3/1  The 
difference  between  snowcraft  and  *rockcraft.  1877  RAY- 
MONO  Statist.  Mines  $  Mining  37  Had  it  not  been  for  the 
Burleigh  *rock-drill  the  work  would  have  been  abandoned 
long  since.  1842  BORROW  Bible  in  Spain{\%^  III.xiv.272 
They  were.. conversing  in  the  rock  Spanish,  or  *rock 
English,  as  the  fit  took  them.  1897  HUGHES  Mediterranean 
Fever  21  The  idea  of  a  specifically  distinct  '  *Rock  Fever  ' 
cannot  be  entertained.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1960/1 
*Rock-firet  an  incendiary  composition  which  burns  slowly 
and  is  difficult  to  extinguish.  1804  JAMESON  Syst.  Min.  I. 
439  note,  *Rock  flesh.  1822  P.  CI.EAVELAND  Min.  $  Geol. 
(ed.  2)  I.  407  When  in  thick,  spongy  plates,  it  has  been 
called  rock  or  fossil  flesh.  1883  Science  1. 404/1  Much*rock- 


1836  FL-RNESS  Astrologer  i.  note,  Poet  Wks.  (1858)  132  The 
I    grotto,  *rock -gar dens,  and  fossils  of  the  late  Thomas  Birds. 
1849  Florist  229  A  more  appropriate  ornament  for  *rock- 
gardening  could    hardly    be    met    with.     1874    RAYMOND 
j    Statist.  Mines  fy  Mining  408  In   preparing   ore  for  the 
!    stamps,..!  used  merely  *rock-hammers.     1876  STAINER  & 
•     BARRETT  Diet.  Mns.  Terms,  *Rock  harmonicon,  an  instru- 
I     ment,  the  sounds  of  which  are  produced  by  striking  gradu- 
|     ated   lengths  of  rock-crystal    with   a  hammer.     1885   [see 
HAKMONICONJ.     1839  URE  Diet,  Arts  960  The  outcrop  or 
!     basset  edge  of  the  strata,  called  by  miners  the  *rock-head. 
1875  CROLL  Climate  fy  T.  xxix.  467  It   is  seldom  that  the 
j     geologist  has  an  opportunity  of  seeing  a  complete  section 
i    down  to  the  rock-head  in  such  a  place.     1815  KIRBV  &  SP. 
]     Entomol.  x.  (1818)  I.  332  What  is  called  *rock  honeyjn 
i    some  parts  of  America,,  .is  the  produce  of  wild  bees,  which 
i     suspend  their  clusters,  .to  a  rock.    1887  GOODE  Fisheries  <$• 
j    Fish.lndust,  U.S.  II.  437  The  end  of  the  rope  is  thrown  to  a 
boat  just  outside  the  breakers,  and  the  raft  of  blubber  is 
!     towed  to  the  tender  or  vessel.    This  rafting  process  is  called 
by  the  sealers  (xrock -hopping*.     1695  Phil.  Trans.  XIX. 
151  Built  of  Gypsine   Stone,  or  *  Rock- 1  sing-glass,  resem 
bling  Alabaster,  but  not  so  hard.    1804  JAMESON  Syst.  A/in. 
I.  439  note;  The  plate-shaped  variety  is  named  *rock  leather. 
i8zz  P.  CLEAVELAND  Min.tf  Geol.  (ed.  2)  I.  407  Its  plates  nave 
also  received  the  trivial  names  of  rock  or  mountain  leather, 
rock  paper,  &c.,  according  to  the  ..  thickness  and  flex- 
ibility,  which  they  possess.     1842  BORROW  Bible  in  Spain 
(1843)  HI-  xiv-  269  He  was.. what  is  called  a  *rock  lizard, 
that  is,  a  person  born  at  Gibraltar  of  English  parents.    1832 
DE  LA  BECHE  Geol.  Man.  (ed.  2)  147  Shell-marl,  containing 
in  parts  tufaceous  limestone,  provincially  termed  '  *rock- 
marl'.     1876    PAGE  Adv.   Text-bit.   Geol.  xx.   411   Where 
solidified  by  the  subsequent  percolation  of  calcareous  waters, 
it  is  known  as  rock-marl.     1837  Proc.  Bem.v.  Nat.  Club  I. 
158  It. .answers  to  the  description  of  Lithomarge  or  *rock- 
marrow.     1887  CasselCs  Diet.,  *  Rock-meal,  a  white  cotton- 
like  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime,  occurring  as  an   efflor 
escence,  falling  into  a  powder  when  touched.    1804  JAMESON 
Syst.  Min.   I.   471  *Rock  Milk.     Its  colour   is  yellowish 
white.     1845  Kncycl.  Metrop.  VI.  503/1  Rock  milk  is  an 
absurd  name  for  a  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime  which  occurs 
in  the  form  of  a  fine  white  powder  in  the  crevices  of  cal 
careous  rocks,     a  1650  BOATE  Ireland* $  Nat.  Hist.  (1652) 
126  Of  the  second  sort  of  Iron-mine,  called  *Rock-mine. 
1886  Cheshire  Gloss.,   Kock  mine,  salt-mining  term;   the 
local  name  for  a  rock  salt  mine.    1888  Eneyel.  Brit.  XXIV. 
527/1  Only  the  larger  individuals,  however,.. come  close 
down  along  the  land  of  the  west  side.    These  the  ships  send 
their  boats  out  to  intercept,  and  this  forms  the  inshore  fish 
ing  or  '  *rock-nosing ',     i822*Rock-paper  [see  rock-Uather 
above].    1582  STANYHURST  JEneis  in.  (Arb.)  93  Then  we 
grate  on  *rockrayes  [L.  cautes],  and  bancks  of  stoanye 
Pachynus.    1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word*bk.,  * Rock-Scorf>iont 
a  name  applied  to  persons  born  at  Gibraltar.    1878  HEDDLE 
!     in  Mineral.  Mag.  II.  215  One  side  of  these  veins  is  sheathed 
with  a  variety  of  this  mineral  [/.  e.  pilolite],  which  may  be 
well  described  under  the  name  of  *rock  silk.    1804  JAMESON 
Syst,  Min.  1. 395  *Rock  Soap,  .is  massive  and  disseminated. 
1856  Orrs  Circ.  Set.,  Pract.  Chem.  456  The  ground  rock- 
soap  is  placed  in  wooden  vats.     1736  BAILEY  Household 
Diet.  s.v.,  To  make  *Rock-sugar.     1854  R.  D.  THOMSON 
Cycl.Chein.  441  *Rock..Tar,  or  Mineral  Naphtha.    1804 
JAMESON  Syst.  Min.  I.  449  *Rock  Wood.     1821  URE  Diet. 
Chem.,  Rock-wood:  see  Asbestus. 

b.  In  names  of  animals,  as  rock  badger,  the 
Cape  hyrax  (see  BADGER  sb?  i  c) ;  rock  barnacle, 
a  cirriped  of  the  genus  Balanus\  rock-borer,  a 
bivalve  mollusc  of  the  family  Petricolidx ;  f  rock 
buck,  the  ibex ;  rock  cavy,  a  Brazilian  species 
of  cavy  (Cavia  ntpestris) ;  rock  crab,  a  crab 
frequenting  rocky  coasts,  esp.  the  American  Cancer 
irroratus ;  f  rock  doe,  the  female  ibex  ;  rock 
goat,  the  ibex ;  rock  hare,  a  variety  of  hare  native 
to  the  Cape;  rock  kangaroo  (see  KANGAROO  sb. 
2);  rock  limpet,  the  common  limpet;  rock 
lobster,  a  crustacean  of  the  family  PalinuridK, 
to  which  the  crayfish  belongs;  frock  marder, 
the  stone-marten  (G.  stetnmarder}  ;  rock  mouse 
(see  quot.) ;  rock-noser,  the  right  whale ;  rock 
oyster  (see  quot.  a  1774)  J  rock-piercer,  a  worm 
of  the  genus  Terebella\  rock  rabbit,  a  rodent 
of  the  genus  Hyrax^  esp.  the  Syrian  and  South 
African  species ;  rock  rat,  (a}  ~  rock  mouse ;  (b} 
a  South  African  rodent  {Petromys  typicus) ;  rock 
seal,  the  common  seal  (Phoca  vitulina} ;  rock 


ROCK. 


741 


BOCK. 


serpent,  (a)  —rock  snake  ;  (b}  a  poisonous  Indian 
snake  of  the  genus  Bitngarns  ;  rock  shell  (see 
quot.  1848);  rock  slater,  a  wood-louse  of  the 
genus  Ligia ;  rock  snail  (see  quots.) ;  rock 
snako,  a  python,  esp.  P.  rtttcufatus  or  molurus ; 
rock  squid  (see  quot.)  ;  rock  squirrel,  a  variety 
of  squirrel  native  to  Ceylon  ;  rock  wallaby,  = 
rock  kangaroo ;  rock  whelk  (see  quot.) ;  rock 
whistler,  the  Alpine  marmot ;  rock  worm  (?). 

1792  KERR  Anim.  Kingd,  285  Bastard  African  Marmot, 
or  *Rock  Badger.  1824  [see  BADGER  sb.z  i  c].  1884  GOODE, 
etc.  Ntit.  Hist.  Aquatic  Anim.  828  The  *Rock  Barnacle 
inhabits  the  entire  North  Atlantic  coasts  of  both  continents. 
1854  A.  ADAMS,  etc.  Man.  Nat.  Hist.  149  "Rock-Borers. 
1681  GREW  Mnsxuin  i.  ii.  ii.  25  A  very  great  Horn  of  the 
*Rock-Buck,  or  of  the  Ibex  mas.  1771  PKNNANT  Synods. 
Quadrup.  244  *Rock  Cavy.  1801  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  II.  29 
The  Rock  Cavy  is  considered  as  an  excellent  article  of 
food,  and  is  even  superior  to  the  rabbet.  1876  Encycl.  Brit. 
V.  277/2  The  Rock  Cavy,  distinguished  by  its  short,  blunt 
nails,  is  found  in  rocky  situations  throughout  Brazil.  1871-2 
in  Goode  Nat.  Hist.  Aquat.  Aniui.  766  The  common 
*  "Rock  Crab ',  Cancer  irrorattts,  is  generally  common 
under  the  large  rocks  near  low-water  mark.  1887  in  Goode 
Fisheries  $  Fish.  Indust.  U.S.  II.  658  The  large  red  rock 
c.rv\)(Echidnocerflssctimanu$)v{\}\v  Kara  Hone  Islands.  1681 
GREW  Musxnnt  \.  ii.  ii.  24  The  *Rock-I>oe,  Ibex  fxnu'na, 
a  kind  of  wild  Goat.  1635  SWAN  Spec.  M.  (1643)  475  There 
is  another  Goat  called  the  *Rock-goat,  differing  from  the 
rest.  1731  MEDLEY  Kolben's  Cape  G.  Hope  iT.  116  The 
Rock-goat  is  as  well  known  in  the  Cape  countries  as  he  is 
in  Europe.  18x1  PINKERTON  Mod.  Geogr.  Switzerland  282 
Among  the  animals  peculiar  to  the  Alps  may  be  first  named 
the  ibex,  or  rock  goat  1848  G.  R.  WATKKHOUSE  Nat.  Hist. 
Mainm.  II.  93  The  *Rock  Hare.. is  about  equal  in  size 
to  the  Common  Hare.  1835  Penny  Cycl.  III.  127/2  The 
*rock  kangaroo  (Macropus  rnpestris),  remarkable  for  its 
bushy  fox-Hke  tail.  1846,  1863  [see  KANGAROO  2].  1884 
CasselFs  Faut.  Mag.  Apr.  272/1  The  rock-wallabies, or  rock- 
kangaroos  belong  to  these  mountains.  1859-62  RICHARD 
SON,  etc.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  346/2  These  shells  are  usually 
found  fixed  upon  rocks  on  the  shore,  hence  their  name  of 
*Rock  limpets.  1884  GOODE,  etc.  Nat.  Hist.  Aquatic 
Anitn.  780  The  Spiny  Lobster  or  *Rock  Lobster — Palin- 
urus  intermptiis.  1607  TOPSELL  Four-footed  Beasts  386 
They  come  sometimes  to  houses  and  to  rocks  ;  for  which.,  it 
is  called  a  House-marder  and  *Rock-marder.  1792  KERB 
A niin. Kingd.  234  *Rock  Mouse, . .  Mus  saxatilis. . .  Inhabits 
the  eastern  parts  of  Siberia.  1898  Nat.  Set.  June  411  From 
their  habit  of  hugging  the  shore,  .these  whales  are  known 
as  '  * rock-nosers '.  1716  Petivcriana  i.  130  This  resembles 
the  Virginia  *Rock-Oyster.  1x774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist. 
(1776)  VII.  51  The  oysters,  .found  sticking  to  rocks  at  the 
bottom  of  the  sea,  and  usually  called  rock-oysters.  1852 
MUNDV  Antipodes  (1857)  17  The  small  rock-oyster  of  New 
South  Wales  is  excellent  in  its  way,  although  inferior  to 
the  Carlingford.  1783  BARBUT  Venues  63,  loth  Genus. 
The  *Rock  Piercer.  ..  The  body  is  filiform.  1849  CRAIG 
s.v.  Rock%*  Rock-rabbitt  the  _Hyrax  syriacus,..is  a  small 
rabbit-like  animal,  both  in  point  of  colour  and  size,  but  has 
no  tail.  1892  HAGGARD  Nada  zn  The  sides  of  it  were 
sheer,  offering  no  foothold  except  to  the  rock-rabbits  and 
the  lizards.  1781  PENNANT  Hist.  Quadrup.  II.  450  *Rock 
Rat,  Mus  Saxatilis.  1801  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  II.  72  The 
Mus  Saxatilis  or  Rock  Rat  was  first  described  by  Dr. 
Pallas.  1884  GOODE,  etc.  Nat*  Hist.  Aquatic  Anim.  62  The 
Harbor  Seal.,  is  also  often  termed  Bay  Seal,,  .and  also  *Rock 
Seal  (SU'eti'Kobbc).  a  1801  PULTENEY  View  Writ.  Linn&us 
(1805)  229  *Rock-shell.  Aperture  terminating  in  a  straight 
spout.  1819  TURTON  Conchol.  Diet.  87  The  fishermen  of 
the  northern  coasts  of  Ireland  occasionally  saw,  what  they 
called  the  great  rock-shell.  1849  CRAIG  s.v.  Rock,  In  Con 
ch  ology,  Rock-shells,  the  common  name  of  certain  univalves, 
characterized  by  the  long  straight  canal  winch  terminates 
the  mouths  of  their  shells.  1877  Encycl.  Brit.  VI.  646/2  In 
the  '  "rock -slater  ',  Ligia. .,  the  embryo  is  bent  upwards 
within  the  egg.  1777  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  IV.  115  Helix 
Lapicida^  *Rock  Snail. . :  a  land  shell.  Inhabits  clefts  of 
rocks.  1819  TURTON  Conchol.  Diet.  44  Helix  lapicida^ 
Rock  Snail-shell.  1850  R.  G.  GUMMING  Hunters  Life  S. 
Afr.  (1902)  119/1,  I  suddenly  detected  an  enormous  old 
*rock -snake  stealing  in  beneath  a  mass  of  rock  beside  me. 
1859  TENNENT  Ceylon  II.  127  A  rock-snake,  python  reticul- 
at!(s,..a.  beautiful  specimen  at  least  ten  feet  long.  1839 
BEALE  Nat.  Hist.  Sperm  Whale  68  It  was  that  species  of 
sepia,  which  is  called  by  whalers  '  *rock-squid  '.  1852  E.  F. 
KELAART  Prodr.  Faunx  Zeylanicx  49  The  common  *Rock 
Squirrel.  1841  J.  GOULD  Monograph  Macropodidze  i.  pi.  5 
The  Great  *Rock  Wallaby  . .  inhabits  summits  of  sterile 
and  rocky  mountains.  1884  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Melb.  Mem. 
viii,  58  A  light  active  chap,  spinning  over  the  stones  like  a 
rock-wallaby.  1819  WM.  TURTON  Conchol.  Diet.  14  Buc- 
cinum  Lapillus,  *Rock  Whelk.  1865  Intellect.  OPS.  113 
The  *Rock -whistler  (Arctowys).  1883  Fish.  Exhib.  Catal. 
289  Baits,  natural. .  .These  include.. "rockworms,  prawns, 
1  red  bait  *,  small  fish. 

c.  In  names  of  birds,  as  rock  babbler,  a  South 
African  bird  of  the  genus  Ch&tops ;  rock  bunting 
(see  quot.) ;  rock-cock,  a  bird  of  the  genus 
Rupicola,  a  'cock  of  the  rock ';  frock  cormorant, 
?  the  shag ;  rock  crow,  =  ROCK -THRUSH  ;  rock 
duck,  the  harlequin  duck  ;  rock  fowl,  a  bird 
that  haunts  rocks ;  rock  goose,  the  kelp  goose 
(KELP1  4);  rock  grouse,  (a)  =  rock  ptarmigan; 
(&)  the  ptarmigan  [LagopUf  mittus]  ;  rock-hawk, 
the  merlin;  rock -hopper  (penguin),  a  species 
of  crested  penguin  (Eudyptes  chrysocome} ;  rock 
Uttky*»rVftC  pipit  \  rock  manakin,  the  crested 
manakin  (see  quots.  and  MANIKIN  3) ;  rock  martin 
(see  quots.) ;  f  rook  martinet  (see  MARTINET  1  i, 
quot.  1544);  rock  parakeet,  an  Australian  grass- 
parakeet  (Euphenta  pctropkila)  l  rock  partridge, 
(a)  the  white  grouse  or  ptarmigan  ;  (£)  the  Greek  or 


Barbary  partridge  (PARTRIDGE  13. 2);  rockpebbler 
(see  quot.) ;  rock  pipit,  the  sea-lark  (Ant hits  ob- 
scurus]  of  the  British  Islands;  rock  plover,  local 
U.S.,  the  purple  sandpiper;  rock  ptarmigan, 
the  American  species,  Lagoptis  rupcstris ;  rock 
sandpiper,  Tringa  striata  or  maHtima  ;  rock 
shrike  (see  quot.);  rock  snipe,  —  rock  sandpiper \ 
rock  sparrow,  a  bird  of  the  genus  Petronia ; 
rock  swallow,  a  swallow  that  builds  its  nest 
upon  a  cliff,  esp.  Cotile  or  Hiriindo  rupestris ; 
rock  swift,  the  white-throated  swift  of  N.W. 
America  (Panyptila  saxatilis]  \  rock  warbler, 
wren  (see  quots.). 

1875-84  SHAKPI-:  LayanFs  Birds  .9.  Afr.  <zviCh&toj>s  Aur* 
««/*«£,  Orange-breasted  *Ruck- Babbler,  [bid.  218  Chxtops 
Pycnopygius%  Damara  Rock-Babbler.  Ibid.  490  Fringillaria 
'I  "aA^w/Rock  Bunting.  1838  Encycl.  Metrop.(-i%^}  XXIV. 
192/2  Guianan,  or  Orange  *Rockcock,  Rather  larger  than  a. 
Wood  Pigeon,  a  1682  SIK  T.  BROWNE  Norf.  Birds  Wks. 
(Bohn)1 1 1. 315  The  *rock  cormorant.,  breedeth  in  the  rocks,  in 
northern  counties.  1785  PENNANT  Arct.  Zool.  II.  252  *Rock 
crow. . .  Breeds  in  crevices  of  rocks.  1704  ChurchilCs  l^'oy.  II. 
185/2  This  Country  [the  Cape],  .abounds  in.  ,*Rock-ducks 
with  yellow  necks,  Teal  [etc.].  1902  CORNISH  Naturalist 
Thames  150  Of  the  *rock-fowl,  the  puffins  fly  away  to  the 
Mediterranean.  1876  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  369  It  \_Berniclct 
antarctica]  lives  exclusively  on  rocky  parts  of  the  sea-coast ; 
hence  the  name  '*  Rock-Goose  ',  given  to  it  by  sailors.  1783 
PKNNANT  Arct.  Zool,  II.  312  *  Rock  Grfouse]..  .Never  takes 
shelter  in  the  woods,  but  sits  on  the  rocks,  or  burrows  in  the 
snow.  1831  RICHARDSON  in  Wilsons  Aiuer.  Ornith.  IV. 330 
The  rock  grouse,  in  its  manners  and  mode  of  living,  re 
sembles  the  willow  grouse.  1862  C.  A.  JOHNS  Brit.  Birds 
Index,  Rock-Grouse,  the  Ptarmigan.  1840  MACGILUVRAV 
Brit.  Birds  III.  317  Falco  ^Ksalon^  the  Merlin  Falcon. 
Stone  Falcon.  *Rock  Hawk.  1873  KIDDF.R  Nat.  HJst. 
Kergitclcn  I  si.  \.  46  The  whaler's  epithet '  *rock-hopper '  is  in 
this  case  particularly  well  applied,  since  they  are  the  most 
agile  of  all  penguins,  skipping  from  rock  to  rock.  Ibid.  9,  1 
discovered  a  lot  of  nests,  near  a  rookery  of 'rock-hopper  ' 
penguins.  1802  MONTAGU  Ornitli.  Diet.  (1831)  427  We  dis 
covered  these  birds  in  great  plenty  on  the  coast  of  South 
Wales,  where  it  was  known  by  some  of  the  natives  by  the 
name  of  *rock  lark.  1888  SAXBY  Lads  of  Lunda  259  I'll 
never  kill  a  rock-lark  while  I  live.  1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synofi. 
Birds  \\,  H.  518  *Rock  Manakin,  Pipra.  rufiicola,,  .inhabits 
various  parts  of  Surinam,  Cayenne,  &  Guiana,  in  rocky 
situations.  1852  TH.  Ross  tr,  Humboldfs  Trav.  II.  xix. 
210  The  rock-manakin  with  gilded  plumage  (Pipra  rupicola), 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  birds  of  the  tropics.  1842  Penny 
Cycl.  XXIII.  363/1  The  European  species  of  this  family 
are  the  Swift..  ;  the  *Rock-Martin  [etc.].  1883  NKWTON 
in  Encycl.  Brit.  XV.  581/2  The  Rock-Martin  of  Europe, 
Hirnudo  or  Biblis  nipcstris.  1888  SCLATER  &  HUDSON 
Argentine  Ornith.  I.  30  Petrocheiidon  fyrrhonota.  Red- 
backed  Rock-martin.  1863  GOULD  llandbk.  Birds  Austral. 
II.  76  *Rock-Parraket.  1787  LATHAM  Gen.  SynoJ>.  Birds 
Suppl.  I.  217  This  is  called  by  the  natives  Uscathachish^  by 
the  English, *Rock-Partridge.  1893  E.  H.  BARKER  W~and.S. 
Waters  267  The  rock-partridge,  or  bartavclle^  is  also  found, 
but  is  rare.  1898  MORRIS  A ustral  Engl. ,  *Rock-Pebblcr^  an- 
other  name  for  the  black-tailed  Parrakeet.  1831  RENNIE  Men* 
tagti's  Ornith.  Diet.  427  *Rock  Pipit  (Anthits  rupestris). 
1862  C.  A.  JOHNS  Brit.  Birds  175  The  Rock  Pipit  is  very 
similar  in  form  and  colour  to  the  last  species  [i.e.  the  Meadow 
Pipit].  1888  TRUMBULL  Names  Birds  182  It  is  the  Rock- 
bird,  *Rock-Plover,  and  Rock  Snipe  at  Rowley  and  Salem, 
Mass.  1819  Shaivs  Gen.  Zool.  XI.  290  *Rock  Ptarmigan 
{Lagopus  rupestris}.  1872  COUKS  N.  Amer.  Birds  235 

.ock   Ptarmigan.     Tail  black,.. with  a  black  transocular 


3' 

[see  rock-plover  above].  1879  NEWTON  in  Encycl.  Brit. 
IX.  192  The  Mountain- Finches,  .maybe  regarded  as  point 
ing  first  to  the  *Rock  Sparrows  (t'etrotiia)  and  then  to  the 
true  Sparrows  (Passer).  1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds 
II.  ii.  569  Hirundo  rnfesfrist .  .*Rock  Sw[allow].  1880 
L.WALLACE  Ben-/fnr  7  Lark  and  chat  and  rock -swallow 
leaped  to  wing.  1874  COUES  Birds  N.\V.  265  White- 
throated  or*Rock  Swift.  1848  GOULD  Birds  Austr.  III. 
pi.  69  Orignta  Ritbricata,  *Rock-Warbler.  7864-5  WOOD 
Homes  without  H.  xii.  (1868)  215  The  bird.. is  called  in 
differently  the  Rock  Warbler,  or  the  Cataract  Bird.  1872 
COUES  N.  Amer.  Birds  85  *Rock  Wren.  Brownish  gray, 
..everywhere  speckled  with  black  and  white  dots.  1882 
BULLER  Man.  Birds  N.  Zeal.  15  Xenicus  Gifoiventrist 
Rock- wren. 

d.  In  names  of  fishes,  as  rock  bass,  a  name 
given  to  several  American  fishes,  as  the  red-eye 
or  goggle-eye  {Amboplites  rupestris),  the  striped 
bass,  and  black  sea-bass;  frock-beard,  some 
American  fish  ;  rock  beauty,  a  coral-fish  of  the 
genus  Holacanthus ;  rock  blackfish  (see  quot.)  ; 
rock  codling,  a  North  American  species  of  cod  ; 
rock  cook, a  species  of  wrasse;  rock  eel, flounder 
(see  quots.) ;  rock  goby,  the  black  goby ;  rock 
grenadier  (see  quot.) ;  rock  gurnard,  (a)  the 
French  gurnard;  (£)  an  Australian  fish  of  the  genus 
Centropogon\  rock  hind  (see  quot.  1867);  rock 
ling,  an  Australian  sea-fish  (see  quot.);  rock 
native  (see  NATIVE  sb.  8  b) ;  rock  perch,  f  («) 
some  American  fish  ;  (£)  an  Australian  coral-fish ; 
rock  podler,  the  whiting  pollack  ;  rock  pouter, 
«  POUTER  sbl  3;  frock  ray,  the  thornback ; 
rock  salmon,  (a)  the  coalfish  ;  (£)  an  American 
fish  of  the  genus  Seriola ;  rock  shark,  sparus 
(see  quots.) ;  rock  sturgeon,  the  American  lake- 
sturgeon  ;  rock-sucker,  the  sea-lamprey ;  rock 
toudfish,  trout,  whiting  (see  quots.)* 


?i8n  LESUKVR  Jlist.  Poissons  nr.  88  Le  centrarchus  .. 
sous  le  num  anglais  de'*rock  basse'.  1892  Daily  News 
14  July  5/5  Rock  and  strawberry  bass  abound  in  the  Dela 
ware  and  Schuykill  Rivers  after  the  successful  planting  of 
four  years  ago.  c  1702  in  Danipiers  Voy.  (1729)  III.  411 
The  *Rock-beard.  TU  fat  and  good  Meat,  easily  skinn'd. 
1884  GOODIC,  etc.  Nat.  Hist.  Aquatic  Anim.  410  There  is  a 
small  species  (•Scrramts  trifurcns]  resembling  the  Sea  Bass 
which  has  been  found  only  in  the  vicinity  of  Charleston. ., 
where  it  is  called  the  *Rock  Black-fish.  1836  J.  RICHARD 
SON  Fauna  Bor.  Amer.  in.  Fishes  246  The  *' rock-codling 
. .,  which  they  take  near  Cape  Isabella.  1859-62  RICHARD 
SON,  etc.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  118/2  The  British  species  are. . 
the  Sea-wife  {Acantholabnts  yarrellii)\  the  *Rock-cook 
\AcetHtholabru&  cxolctns).  1876  GOODE  Fishes  Bermudas 
29  Their  habits  closely  resembling  those  of  the  '  *Rock-eel ' 
(Mitrxnoidt's  mncronatiis).  1867  SMYTH  Suitor  s  \Vord-bk., 
Craig-jlook,  the  smear-dab,  or  *ruck-flounder.  1863  COUCH 
firit.  Fishes  II.  153  An  example,  .which  differed  ..greatly 
in  appearance  from  what  is  usual  with  the  *Rock  Goby. 
1836  RICHARDSON  Fauna  Bor.  Amer.  in.  254  A/atronrns 
r»/ter<rrV,*Rock  Grenadier,  1836  YARREI.L  Brit.  Fishes  I. 
41  French  Gurnard, and  *Rock  gurnard.  1859-62  RICHARD 
SON,  etc.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  121/1  The  British  species  are — 
the  Red  Gurnard,,  .or  Gaverick  (Trigla  c«cu/ns)j  the  Rock 
Gurnard  (Tr.  linenta\  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-bk., 
*  Rock-Hind,  a  large  fish  of  tropical  regions,  St'franns 
catus.  1883  Fish,  E.vhib.  Catal*  (ed.  4)  179  Flying  Fish 
and  Jack  Fish  are  good  eating,  and  likewise  the  Rock 
Hind.  1898  MOKKIS  Austral  Engl.  392/1  The  Australian 
''Rock-Ling  is  Gcjiypterus  australis,.  .family  Opliidiid,?. 
c  1702  in  Dan/piers  Voy,  (1729)  III.  415  The  *Rock- 
Pearch.  1898  MORRIS  Austral  Engl.,  Rock-Perch^  the 
name  given  nt  Melbourne  to  the.. Coral-fishes.  It  is  not  a 
true  Perch.  1769  J,  WALLIS  Nat.  Hist.  Northumb.  I.  384 
\Vhhing-PulIack..,  *Rock  Podler.  1889  Pall  Mall  G.  16 
Nov.  6/3  Small  haddocks  and  *rock  pouters — cheap,  com 
mon  fish— are  often,  .sold  at  a  high  price  for  whiting.  1611 
COTGR.,  Rtiye  l-ouclce,  the  *Rock-Ray  ;  the  Ray  whose 
backe  is  set  thicke  with  little  knurles,  not  vnlike  vnto 
buckles.  1881  DAY  Fishes  Gt.  Brit.  I.  295  Gadus  vircnst.. 
locally . .  *rock -salmon, sakhe,  1882  Bulletin  U.S.  Fish  Com 
mission  I.  42  The  '  Rock  Salmon  '  of  Pensacola.  1804  SHAW 
Gen.  Zool.  V.  336  *Rock  shark,  Squalus  stcllaris. . .  Native 
of  the  European  seas.  1803  Ibid.  IV.  448  *Rock  Sparus, 
Sparus  Rupcslris. . .  Native  of  the  Northern  seas,  frequent 
ing  the  shares.  1884  GOODF,  etc.  Nat.  Hist.  Aquatic  Anim. 
258  There  is  also.,  a  large,  brilliantly  colored  form  [of 
sculpin],  known  as  the  '  Sea  raven  ',  **Rock  Toad-fish  ',  or 
'  Deep-water  Sculpin1.  1844-8  RICHARDSON  Ichthyol.  77/1 
Galaxias  alepidotus..  .New  Zealand.  Named. .'  *Rock- 
trout '  by  Cook's  sailors.  1876  GOODE  Anim.  Res.  U.S.  65 
Rock  trout  (C hints  censtcllatus).  1883  E.  P.  RAMSAY 
Food  Fishes  N.S.U-".  25  Odax  semifasciatus,  known  locally 
as  the  *  *rock-whiting  ',  '  stranger,1  &c. 

e.  In  names  of  plants,  as  rock  alyssum,  the 
gold-dust  {Alyssum  saxatile)  ;  rock  beauty,  an 
Alpine  and  Pyrenctan  plant  {Draba  pyrenaica} 
with  lilac  flowers  ;  rock  brake(s),  the  parsley 
fern  ;  rock  button-flewer,  a  tropical  flower  of 
the  genus  Gotnphia\  rock  candytuft  (see  quot.'  ; 
rock  cantaloup,  a  species  of  melon  ;  rock  chest 
nut-oak,  a  North  American  species  of  onk-tree 
{Quercus  prinus} ;  rock  cist,  cistus,  =  ROCK- 
ROSE  ;  rock  club-moss  (see  quot.) ;  rock  elm,  a 
North  American  species,  I  ~lmus  racemosa  ;  f  rock 
germander,  a  species  of  veronica ;  rock  hair 
(see  quot.  1861);  frock  herb(T,;  rock  kelp, 
s=  ROCK-WEED;  rock  knotweed,  various  species 
of  PolygQnum ;  rock  lily,  (a~)  a  cryptogamous 
plant  of  trojiical  America ;  (b]  an  Australian 
orchid  {Dcndrobium  speciosmti) ;  rock  lychnis,  a 
lychnis  of  the  sub-genus  Viscaria ;  rock  mad- 
wort,  =  rock  alyssum ;  rock  maple,  the  sugar 
maple;  rock  mint  (see  MINT  sb.~  2);  rock 
moss,  (a)  the  orchil  lichen;  (£)  cudbear;  rock 
oak,  =  rock  chestnut-oak ;  rock  onion  (see  ONION 
sb.  2) ;  rock  parsley  (see  quots,  and  PARSLEY  2) ; 
rock  pine  (see  quot.);  frock  rampion,  a 
species  of  campanula,  Campanula  pyramidalis ; 
f  rock  sage  (see  quot.) ;  rock  samphire,  (a) 
common  samphire  or  sea-fennel ;  (£)  marsh  sam 
phire  or  glasswort;  rock  savory  (see  quot.); 
rock  scorpion-grass,  sedge,  silk,  speedwell, 
stone-crop  (see  quots.  and  these  names) ;  rock 
tripe  (see  quot.) 

1846-50  A.  WOOD  Class-bk.  Bot.  632  Pteris  atropurpurea, 
*Rock  Brake.  1859'!'.  MOORF,  Brit.  Ferns  (1864) 133  The 
Rock  Brakes  is  a  mountain  Fern,  choosing  to  grow  in  stony 
situations.  It  is  comparatively  rare  and  local.  cvj\\ 
PKTIVF.R  Gazophyl.  ix.  §  90  *Rock  Button-Flower,  .growing 
luxuriently  wild,  about  that  Fertile  Promontory  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  1823  Hortus  Anglicus  II.  149  Ibcris 
Saxatilis)  *Rock  Candy  Tuft.  1786  ABERCROMBIE  Arr.  in 
Card.  Assist,  p.  vii,  Melons^  ..  *Rock  Cantaleupe,  Black 
rock  Cantaleupe.  1813  VANCOUVER  Agric.  Devon  ^  From 
two  of  these  hills,  which  were  occupied  by  three  plants 
each,  6i  brace,  .of  the  rock-cantelope  melon,  were  cut.  1866 
Treas.  Bot.  987/2  *Rockcist,  Hclianthtmum.  187*  OLIVER 
Elem.  Bot.  n.  141  Many  species  of  Rockcist  are  commonly 
cultivated  in  shrubberies  and  on  rock-work.  1836  FUR  NESS 
Astrologer  i.  14  Where  the  *rock-cistus  scents  the  vernal 
morn.  1873  [see  CISTUS].  1771  J.  R.  FORSTEK  Flora 
Amer,  Septentr.  48  Lycopodium  rupestre,  *rock  Club-moss. 
1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  85  *Rock  Elm.. is  extens 
ively  used  for  boat-building.  1853  MOODIE  Life  Clearings 
26  I  ts  rocky  banks. .  are  fringed  with . .  rock-elm,  that  queen 
of  the  Canadian  forest.  1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  App.  3-'4 
•Rock  Germander,  Veronica.  1756  Phil.  Trans.  XLIX. 
858  Muscus  corallinus  MXWJ&£f|*.*Rodl  Hair.  1759  B. 
STILLINGFL.  Misc.  Tracts  (1791)  180  The  lichen  jubatus, 
or  rock=-hair  in  exulcerations  of  the  skin.  1861  H.  MAC- 


BOCK. 

MILLAN  Footnolesfr,  .Vtiturc  94  A  very  curious  lichen  called 
rock-hair  (Alcctoriajubata),  which  covers  with  its  beard- 
like  tufts  the  trunks  of  almost  every  tree.  1694  Ace.  Sev. 
Late  I'oy.  (1711)  73  The  Leaves  of  the  great  *Rock  Herb, 
are  very  like  unto  a  Man's  Tongue.  1846  LINULEY  Veget. 
Kingd.  70  So  also  the  *rock-lily,  a  name  sometimes  given 
to  Seiaginellaconvoluta.  1879  H.  N.  MOSKLEY  Naturalist 
Q  (N.S.W.),  A  luxuriant  vegetation,  with 


•;iag 
on  Challenger 


Anelicus  II.  150,  2.  Alyssitm  Saxatile,  *Rock  Mad  Wort, 
or  Yellow  Alyssum.  1809  A.  HENRY  Trav.  68  A  ridge., 
covered  with  the  *rock  or  sugar  maple,  or  sugar-wood- 
1866  WHITTIER  Prose  Wks.  (1889)  I. ;-'o6  Two  noble  rock- 
maples  arched  over  with  their  dense  foliage  the  little  red  gate. 
1793-8  NEMNICH  Polygi.-Lex.  v.  957  *Rock  moss,  Lichen 
roccella.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  377  Most  of  which  lichens 
are  imported  from  Sweden  and  Norway,  under  the  name  of 
rock  moss.  1887  MOLONEY  Forestry  W.  Afr.  527  Orchella 
weed,  dyer's  weed,  rock  moss.  1773  Connect.  Col.  Rec. 
(1887)  XIV.  172  Resolved  ..that  the  *rock-oak  aforesaid 
with  stones  about  it  is  the  southwest  corner  of  Midletown. 
1852  C.  MOKKIT  Tanning  %  Currying  (1853)  99  It  is  known 
as  the  rock  oak,  from  the  situations  in  which  it  is  found. 
1611  COTGK.,  Persil  de  Roc,  ..  *Rocke  Parseltry,  stone 
Parseley.  1744  J.  WILSON  Synop.  Brit.  PI,  72  Peuccdanum^ 
Rock  Parsley.  1839  ?''««  PKATT  Brit.  Grasses  168  Curled 
Rock-brake,  Mountain  Parsley,  or  Rock  Parsley.  1889 
MAIDEN  Useful  Native  PI.  546  Frcnela  robusta,.**.  known 
as  **Rock  Pine'  in  Western  New  South  Wales.  1688 
HOLME  Armoury  \\.  67/2  The  *Rock  Rampions,  or  the 
Steeple  Bell-flower,  the  leaves  grow  in  a  bunch  like  Prim 
roses,  the  Hells  by  multitudes  hanging.. one  above  another 
Pyrumidically  to  the  top.. and  a  pointel  in  the  middle. 
1562 TURNER  Herbal  \\.  135  Thys  kinde  [of  sideritis].  .may 
be  called  in  English  Yronwurt  or  *Rock  Sage.  1597 
(jERARDE  Herbal  427  "Rocke  Sampler  hath  many  fat  and 
thicke  leaues.  1744  J.  WILSON  Synop.  Brit.  PI.  13  Salt 
wort  is  used  for  a  pickle  at  Newcastle  upon  Tyne,  where 
they  call  it  Rock-sampire.  1802-3  tr.  Pa/las'  Trar.  II, 
449  O-/MWKW,  the  genuine  rock-samphire  of  the  English. 
1877  Holderness  Gloss. ^  Rock-semper,  . .  rock  samphire. 
A  favourite  dish  with  those  living  on  the  banks  of  the 
Humber.  1822  Hortus  Anglicus  II.  96  Sntureia  Ruptm- 
fn's,  *Rock  Savory.  1855  ^IISS  PRATT  flower.  PL  _IV. 
47  'Rock  Scorpion-grass.  ..  This  beautiful  species  is  a 
mountain  plant.  1859 —  Brit.  Grasses  25  "Rock  Sedge,.. 
a  very  rare  plant,  from  3-6  inches  high.  1694  Ace.  Set'. 
Late  Voy.  iv.  74  The  Herb  was  like  Dodder,  Wherefore  it 
may  be  call'd  Water  or  "Rock  Silk.  1855  Miss  PRATT /VlffBW. 
PI.  IV.  91  Blue  *Rock  Speedwell.. is  a  mountain  flower. 
1882  Garden  22  July  60/1  All  the  Rock  Speedwells  with 
which  I  am  acquainted  are  beautiful.  1802  WILLICH 
Domest.  Kncycl.  IV.  143  The  rupestre^  or  *Rock  Stone- 
crop,.,  differs  from  tiie  preceding  species  [i.e.  yellow  stone- 
crop]  only  in  its  smaller  flowers.  1866  Treat.  Hot,  1172/2 
Tripe  de  Roche.  This  name,  or  that  of  *Rock  Tripe,  is 
given  in  North  America,  in  consequence  of  the  blistered 
thallus,  to  several  species  of  lichens  belonging  to  Gyrophora. 
and  Uinbilicarta,  but  especially  to  the  latter. 

Rock  (rfk),  sb.~  Forms  :  4,  6  roc,  5-6  rok'^k, 
6-  rock  ;  4-5  rokke,  4-7  rocke.  [Corresponds 
to  MDu.  rocke  (Du.  rok},  also  later  rocken  (Du. 
rokkeii))  MLG.  rocken,  OHG.  rocco,  ro'c}cho 
(MHG.  rocke,  rocke,  G.  rocketi),  ON.  rokkr  ^Icel. 
rokkiir^  Norw.  rokky  Sw.  rock.  Da.  rok}.  It  is 
not  clear  whether  the  word  is  native  English,  or 
a  later  adoption  from  the  Continent.  The  Ital. 
rocca,  Sp.  nteca,  Pg.  roca  are  supposed  to  be  of 
Teutonic  origin.] 

1.  A  distaff.     Now  arch,  or  Hist. 

1-1310  Northern  Poem  in  Rel.  Ant.  VII.  146  Hie  am  an 
aid  quyne  and  a  lam;.. Wit  my  roc  y  me  fede.  f  1340 
Notninale  (Skeat)  535  Conoilt  trahitl,  et  rantnnnt  Rokkt:, 
reel,  and  besme.  1387  TREVISA  tligden  (Rolls)  III.  33 
Sardanapallus..wasfounde.  .drawengepurpulle  of  a  rocke. 
L  1425  WVNTOUN  Cron.  in.  v.  721  His  oysse  was  mare  wibe 
rok  to  spyn  pan  landis  to  be  crowne  to  wyn.  c  1440  Alpk. 
Tales  290  He  made  his  doghters  to  be  clothe-makers,  &  for 
to  lere  at  spyn  on  he  rokk.  1519  HOKMAN  Vulg.  237  b,  A 
rocke  or  a  distafFe  lade  with  flexe  or  wolle.  1553 T.  WILSON; 
Rhet.  80  b,  When  wilt  thou  come  to  my  house,  swete 
wenche,  with  thy  rocke  and  thy  spindle?  1607  BEN  JONSON 
Entertainm.  at  Theobalds  32  The  three  Pares,  ..the  one 
holding  the  rock,  the  other  the  spindle,  and  the  third  the 
sheeres.  a  1687  H.  MORE  Cont.  Remark.  Stories  (1689) 
424  Once  as  Alice  sat  spinning,  the  Rock  or  Distaff"  leapt 
several  times  out  of  the  wheel.  1725  RAMSAY  Gentle  She/>h. 
iv.  i,  Speak  that  again,  and  trembling  dread  my  rock.  1776 
ADAM  SMITH  IV.  N.  i.  xi.  (1869)  1.260  The  exchange  of  the 
rock  and  spindle  for  the  spinning-wheel  was  the  first  capital 
improvement.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  405 
The  (lax,  rendered  straight  and  smooth  by  hackling,  is 
wrapped  loosely  round  the  rock,  from  which  it  is  gradually 
drawn  by  the  left  hand.  1851  Art  Jrnl.  fllnstr.  Catal.  \  **/2 
The  operation  of  spinning  is  carried  on  by  drawing  out  the 
fibre  from  the  rock,  and  supplying  it  regularly  to  the  fly. 
1870  MORRIS  Earthly  Par,  III.  iv.  41  Coarse  and  brown 
The  thread  was  that  her  rock  gave  forth. 

fig.  1737  E.  ERSKINK  Serm.  Wks.  1871  II.  2^1  It  is  easy 
for  God  to  give  wicked  men  another  tow  in  their  rock  than 
to  molest  the  Lord's  people.  1826  SCOTT  Jrnl.  9  Feb., 
Perhaps  she  has  no  tow  on  her  rock. 

2.  A    distaff   together    with    the   wool    or   flax 
attached  to  it ;  the  quantity  of  wool  or  flax  placed 
on  a  distaff  for  spinning. 

15..  Wyfe  of  Auchtermuchty  viii,  Than  hame  he  ran  to 
an  rok  of  tow,  And  he  salt  doun  to  say  the  spynning.  1615 
CHAPMAN  Odyssey  vi.  77  Her  mother  ..  at  [the]  fire,  who 
had  to  spin  A  rock,  whose  tincture  with  sea-purple  shin'd. 
1648  HEX  HAM  n,  Een  Rocke^  ofte  rocksel,  a  Rock  of 
yarne,  or  the  yarne  hanging  on  the  Rock.  1735  in 
Heslop  Northumbld.  Gloss.  s.v.,  Now  it  will  be  twelve 
o'clock  And  more  ;  for  I've  spun  off  my  rock.  1768  A.  Ross 
Song$i  Rock  $  Wee  Pickle  Tow  i,  She  louted  her  down, 


74.2 

an'  her  rock  took  a  low.  1827  CARLVLE  Germ.  Rom.  I.  100 
She  had  just  spun  off  a  ruck  of  flax.  1856  [see  3].  1894 
HESLOP  Northumbld.  Gloss,  s.v.,  To  'spin  off  a  rock  ' — 10 
finish  off  the  quantity  of  material  on  the  rock. 

t  *>•  fig'  t^ee  quot.  and  ROCKING  sb.*}  Obs. 

1793  Stilt.  Ace.  Scotland^  Mnirkirk  VII.  613  When  one 
neignbour  says  to  another,.  .*  I  am  coming  over  with  my 
rock,'  he  means  no  more  than  to  tell  him  that  he  intends 
soon  to  spend  an  evening  with  him. 

3.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rock-spun  adj.;  rock- 
guards,  f//Vz/.,  young  men  escorting  girls  to  or  from 
a  rocking;  rock-stick,  dial., ~- sense  i. 

1769  Dull.  Mercury  16-19  Sept.  2/2  Superfine  rockspun 
and  common  poplins.  1807  J.  STAGG  Poems  64  Frae  house 
to  house  the  rock  gairds  went.  1856  P.  THOMPSON  Hist. 
Boston  721  Rocky  a  portion  of  flax  wrapped  round  a  stick 
called  the  rock-stick,  attached  to  a  spinning-wheel. 
b.  Bock  Day,  Monday  (see  quots.  1841). 

1589  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  v.  xxiv.  108  Rock,  &  plow 
Mundaies  gams  sal  gang,  with  Saint-feast  &  Kirk-sights. 
1602-13  [see  HOCKEY'  aj.  1838  SIB  H.  NICOLAS  Chronol. 
led.  2)  160  Rock  Day,  or  St.  Distaffs  day,  the  day  after 
Twelfth  day,  i.e.  Jan.  7.  1841  HAMPSON  Mfdii  Aevi  Cat. 
I.  138  The  day  after  Twelfth  Day,  was  called  Rock  Day,. . 
because  women  on  that  day  resumed  their  spinning,  which 
had  been  interrupted  by  the  sports  of  Christmas.  Ibid.  139 
The  Monday  following  Twelfth  day,  was  for  the  same 
reason,  denominated  Rock  Monday. 

Rock  (rfk},  j/;.3  [f.  ROCK  £'.l]  The  action  of 
the  vb.  RocK1;  a  movement  or  swaying  to  and 
fro,  or  a  spell  of  this. 

1823  CHALMERS  Mem.  (1851)  III.  4,  I  dislike  the  idea  of 
him  getting  such  a  rock  upon  the  occasion  [of  a  voyage]. 
1876  SMILES  Sc.  Natur.  iv.  61  Giving  the  cradle  a  final  and 
heavy  ruck,  he  left  the  house.  1891  KIPLING  Light  that 
Failed  xv.  11900)  284  Dick  adjusted  himself  comfortably  to 
the  rock  and  pitch  of  the  [camel's]  pace. 

fRock,  sb.*    Obs.-'1    Some  species  of  dog. 

1719  D'UKi  EY  Pills  (1872)  II.  330  With  deep  mouth 'd 
Jowkrs  too,  and  Rocks. 

Rock,  obs.  form  of  Roc,  ROKE  sb. 

Rock  (rpk),  v.1  Forms  :  i  roccian,  3,  5 
rocken,  5  rokken;  4 rocky,  rokky,  4-5  rokk(e, 
4-7  rocke,  5  roke,  5-6  Sc.  rok,  6-  rock.  [Late 
OE.  roccian^  app.  f.  the  Teutonic  stem  rnkk-^ 
derivatives  of  which  are  cited  under  RICH  v?  It 
is  not  clear  whether  Ml)u.  and  MHG.fW&tt  (Da. 
rokke}  are  to  be  equated  with  OK.  roccian^  or  are 
mere  variants  of  the  usual  rncken^\ 

1.  trans.  To  move  (a  child)  gently  to  and  fro 
in  a  cradle,  in  order  to  soothe  or  send  it  to  sleep. 
Also  in  fig.  contexts. 

a  1100  in  Kluge  Ags.  Lesebuch(fA.  2)  89  Heohine  baSede 
&  beAede  &  smerede  &  beer  &  frefrede  &  swaSede  is:  roccode. 
a  1225  Ancr.  R.  82  Heo  makeft  of  hire  tunge  cradel  to  bes 
deoflcs  beam,  &  rocked  hit  ^eorneliche  ase  nurice.  <  1340 
Nominate  (Skeat)  402  Femme  berceUt  bercet  Woman  childe 
in  cradul  rokkith.  1387  TREVISA  lligdcn  (Rolls)  II.  159 
Gentil  men  children  beep  i-tau^t  to  speke  Frensche  from  jie 
tyme  bat  bey  beeb  i-rokked  in  here  cradel.  14..  W.  PARIS 
Cristine  318  (Horstm.  1878),  Ther  she  laye  als  innocente 
In  credylle  rokkede.  <  1440  Promfr.  Paru.  436/1  Rokke 
chylder,  yn  a  cradyle,  cunngito,  wotito.  1530  PALSGR.  693/1 
Go  rocke  the  chylde,  htre  you  nat  howe  he  cryeth.  1591 
SHAKS.  I'en.  fy  Ad.  1186  Lo,  in  this  hollow  cradle  take  thy 
rest,  My  throbbing  heart  shall  rock  thee  day  and  night. 
1602  MAKSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  \\.  ii,  That's  not  my  native 
place,  where  I  was  rockt.  1656  COWLEY  Pindar.  Odes,  ist 
Neni.  Ode  vi,  The  big-liinm'd  Babe  in  his  huge  Cradle 
lay,  Too  weighty  to  be  rockt  by  Nurses  hands,  Wrapt  in 
purple  swadling  bands.  1796  Grose s  I'ltlgar  T.  (ed.  3) 
s.v.,  He  was  rocked  in  a  stone  kitchen  ;  a  saying  meant  to 
convey  the  idea  that  the  person  spoken  of  is  a  fool,  his 
brains  having  been  disordered  by  the  jumbling  of  his 
cradle.  i8ao  SHELLEY  Vision  of  Sea  81  This  pale  bosom, 
thy  cradle  and  bed,  Will  it  rock  thee  not,  infant?  1866 
G.  MAC  DONALD  Ann.  Q.  Neighb.  xxv.  (1878)  437,  I  remem 
ber  rocking  you  in  your  cradle. 

b.  transf.    and  Jig.    of  the    wind,   sea,   earth, 
sleep,  etc. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  /K,  in.  i.  19  Wilt  thou.. Scale  vp  the 
Ship-boyes  Eyes,  and  rock  his  Braines  In  Cradle  of  the 
rude  imperious  Surge  ?  1602  —  Ham.  m.  ii.  237  Sleepe 
rocke  thy  Braine.  1602  MAKSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  in.  iv, 
To  rock  your  baby  thoughts  in  the  cradle  of  sleepe.  a  1656 
BP.  HALL  Serin.  Wks.  1837  V.  433  Surely,  he  were  a  bold 
man,  that  could  sleep,  while  the  earth  rocks  him.  1673 
[R.  LEIGH]  Transp.  Reh,  141  A  geographer  born  and  bred, 
..rockt  from  his  child-hood  on  the  seas.  1784  COWPEK 
Tiroc.  44  Spring  hangs  her  infant  blossoms  on  the  trees, 
Rock'd  in  the  cradle  of  the  western  breeze.  1877  TALMAGE 
Serin*  256  It  was  rocked  in  the  cradle  of  the  wind. 

2.  To   bring   into  a  state  of  slumber,  rest,   or 
peace  by  gentle   motion   to  and   Iro.     Const.  /<?, 
intot  or  asleep.     Also  ./[?*. 

a  1400  Seven  Sages  in  OfS,  Cott.  Galba  E.  ix,  fol.  26  b, 
Ye  third  wasshes  ye  shetes  oft,  And  rokkes  it  on  slepe  soft. 
1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xv.  n  Resoun  hadde  reuthe  on  me, 
and  rokked  me  aslepe.  c  1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Ay>non 
xvi.  376  We  ben  noo  children  for  to  be  rokked  a  slepe. 
1584  LVI.Y  Sappho  in.  iv,  I  shoulde  bee  quickly  rocked  into 
a  deepe  rest.  1607  HIERON  Wks.  I.  317  It  is  one  of  Sathans 
principall  businesses  to  rocke  men  asleepe  in  it.  1635 
PUARLES  EmbL  i.  xiv.  5  Blow  Ignorance  ;  O  thou,  whose 
idle  knee  Rocks  earth  into  a  Lethargic.  1681-6  J.  SCOTT 
Chr.  Life  (1747)  III.  87  To  chase  them  from  our  Minds, 
and  rock  ourselves  into  a  deep  Security.  1784  COWPEK 
Task  yi.  739  As  the  working  of  a  sea  Before  a  calm,  that 
,  rocks  itself  to  rest.  1819  SHEI.LEY  Cenci  iv.  ii.  39  Ye  con 
science-stricken  cravens,  rock  to  rest  Your  baby  hearts. 

b.  To  maintain  in  a  lulling  state  of  security, 
plenty,  hope,  etc. 


ROCK. 

1581  MULCASTKR  Positions  xxxvii.  (1887)  149  While  he 
was  rockt  in  ease,  and  his  state  vnassailed  by  any  mihcon- 
lentment.  1583  BABINGTON  Coitnnandm.  (1590)  66  Some 
times  Sathan  hath  rocked  this  soule  of  mine  in  the  chayer 
of  securitie.  1633  FOKD  Broken  H.  iv,  iii,  The  favour  of  a 
princess  Rock  thee,  brave  man,  in  ever-crowned  plenty. 
1880  MCCARTHY  Own  Times  xliv.  III.  333  Up  to  the  last 
he  had  been  rocked  in  the  vainest  hopes. 

3.  To  move  or  sway  (one)  to  and  fro,  esp.  in  a 
gentle  or  soothing  manner.     Also^Sg". 

14. .  W.  PARIS  Cristine  313  (Horstm.  1878),  Foure  mene 
rokede  hire  to  &  froo,  To  make  hire  payne  more  violente. 
a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  m.  (1605)  343  He  tooke  her  in  his 
armes,  and  rocking  her  to  and  fro  [etc.].  1680  DRYDEN  Ovid's 
Ef.  xi.  75  High  in  his  hall,  rock'd  in  a  chair  of  state,  The  king 
with  his  tempestuous  council  sate.  1847  DE  QUINCEY  Sp. 
Mil.  Nun  v.  Wks.  1853  III.  7  Our  poor  Kate,  that  had  for 
fifteen  years  been  so  tenderly  rocked  in  the  arms  of  St. 
Sebastian  and  his  daughters.  1891  KIPLING  Light  that 
Failed  xi.  (1900.1  187^  Torpenhow  put  his  arm  round  Dick 
and  began  to  rock  him  gently  to  and  fro. 

re/I.  1859  GEO.  ELIOT  A.  Bede  x,  After  Lisbeth  had 
been  rocking  herself  and  moaning  for  some  minutes,  she 
suddenly  paused.  1865  DICKENS  Hint.  /*;-.  in.  xv,  She  rocked 
herself  upon  her  breast,  and  cried,  and  sobbed. 

4.  To  make  (a  cradle)  swing  to  and  fro,  in  order 
to  put  a  child  to  sleep.     Also  transf.  andy%% 

1-1386  CHAUCER  Reeve's  T.  237  The  Cradel  at  hir  beddes 
feet  is  set,  To  rokken,  and  to  yeue  the  child  to  sowke.  1393 
LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  x.  79  To  ryse  to  be  ruel  to  rocke  j?e 
cradel.  t- 1532  Du  WES  Introd.  b'r.  in  Palsgr.  939  To  rocke 
the  cradelTipmrA/r.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  HI.  vi.  2  All  the 
Graces  rockt  her  cradle  being  borne.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny 
xxviii.  iv.  II.  303  To  procure  sleepe,  by  lying  in  some 
pretie  bed  that  may  be  rocked  too  and  fro.  1604  SHAKS. 
Oth.  ii.  iii.  136  He'le  watch  the  Horologe  a  double  set,  If 
Drinke  rocke  not  his  Cradle.  1781  COWPEK  Expost.  470 
This  island,.. The  cradle  that  receiv'd  thee  at  thy  birth, 
Was  rock'd  by  many  a  rough  Norwegian  blast.  1864 

rr- -- -    E'--     A-J    —    i  :-u*iv  rocking  baby's  cradle. 

has  rocked  the  cradles 


TENNYSON  En.  Ard.   194   Lightly  rocking  baby's  cradle. 
1898  //  'cstta.  Gaz.  20  Sept,  4/1  He  ' 
of  more  than  one  fresh  world. 


b.  transf.  in  gold-washing  (see  CRADLE  sb.  14). 
Hence  ab$oln  to  use  a  rocker  in  gold-digging.  Also 
trans.,  to  work  out  with  a  rocker. 

1849  Itlustr,  Lond.  Neivs  17  Nov.  325/1  The  one  digging 
and  carrying  the  earth  in  a  bucket,  and  the  other  washing 
and  rocking  the  cradle.  1884  '  R.  BOLDKEWOOU  'Melb.  Mem. 
168  Kach  man  dug,  or  rocked,  or  bore,  As  if  salvation  with 
the  ore  Of  the  mine  monarch  lay.  1898  Daily  News  13  Aug. 
7/2  Their  efforts  were  confined  to  rocking  out  bars  in  the 
river-bed. 

5.  To  cause  to  sway  to  and  fro  or  from  side  to 
side;  to  move  backwards  and  forwards.  AlsoTr/?. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  2179  pe  romeins.  .nolde.  hor  poer 
so  scnde  Ne  to  rokky  horn  so  in  be  se.  1340  Ayenb.  116 
peruore  bit  sainte  pawel  his  deciples  bet  hi  by  yzet  ase 
tours,  yroted  ase  trawes,  in  loue,  zuo  bet  non  uondmge  him 
ne  mo}e  resye  ne  rocky,  c  1460  Towncley  Mysi.  xxi.  330 
We  shall  so  rok  hym,  and  with  buffettys  knok  hym.  1567 
Gude  <$•  Godlie  B.  (S.T.S.)  153,  I  was.  .as  ane  fule  niockit, 
Euill  tocheit  and  rockit.  1590  SHAKS.  Mitts.  N.  iv.  i.  01 
Come,  my  Queen,  take  hands  with  me,  And  rocke  the 
ground  whereon  these  sleepers  be.  1598  CHAPMAN  Iliad  vi. 
in  The  blacke  Buls  hide.. was  with  his  gate  so  rockt, 
That  (being  large)  it  (both  at  once)  his  necke  and  ankles 
knockt.  1718  POPE  Iliad  xiu.  68  The  god  whose  earth 
quakes  rock  the  solid  ground.  1786  tr.  Beckford^s  I  'athek 
(1868)  52  A. sudden  hurricane  blew  out  our  lights  and  rocked 
our  habitation.  1853  URE  Diet.  Arts  (ed.  4)  II.  5  This 
frame,  .is  furnished  with  a  handle,  whereby  it  is  rocked  to 
bring  down  the  types  and  discs  upon  the  card.  1874  J.  W. 
LoxoAttter,  Wild-fowl  xii.  174^  The  boat  should  then  be 
'  rocked  '  continually  to  break  the  ice  as  it  goes, 
f  b.  ?To  clean  by  shaking.  Obs.  rare~l. 

See  the  note  on  the  word  in  the  glossary  to  the  poem.  But 
the  form  ruokeden  in  La^amon  22287  niakes  it  doubtful 
whether  this  is  the  true  explanation. 

13..  Gtiw,  #  Gr.  Knt.  2018  pe  ryngez  rokked  of  be  roust, 
of  his  riche  bruny. 

6.  intr.  To  sway  to  and  fro  under  some  impact  or 
stress  j  to  move  or  swing  from  side  to  side ;  to 
oscillate.    Also  dial.)  to  stagger  or  reel  in  walking. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  v.  xx.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Somtyme 
tee"p  rokke|>  and  waggeb.  a  1460  Lybeans  Disc.  1621  Syr 
Lambard..  rokkede  yn  his  sadell,  As  chyld  doth  ynakradell. 
1530  PA  LSGH.  693/1, 1  love  nat  to  lye  in  his  house,  for  if  there 
be  any  wynde  styrryng,  one  shall  rocke  to  and  fro  in  his 
bedde.  1593  SHAKS.  Lucrece  262  And  how  her  hand,  in  my 
hand  being  lock'd,  Forced  it  to  tremble,  .and  then  it  faster 
rock'd.  1600  HKYWOOD  \stPt.  Ediu.  IV^  iv.  iv,  Thou  hast  two 
ploughs  going,  and  ne'er  a  cradle  rocking.  1695  BLACKMOKE 
Pr.  Artk.  iv.  224  He  rocks  with  every  Wind.  1718  RAMSAY 
Christ's  Kirk  Gr.  in.  xiv,  Some  fell,  and  some  gaed  rockin. 
1797-1805  S.  &  HT.  LEE  Cant.  T.  1 1. 145  The  earth  rocked 
beneath  his  feet.  1820  SHELLEY  Prometh.  Unb.  \.  \.  68  As 
thunder,  louder  than  your  own,  made  rock  The  orbed  world  ! 
1850  TENNYSON  In  Me»i.  Concl.  63  The  blind  wall  rocks, 
and  on  the  trees  The  dead  leaf  trembles  to  the  bells.  1898 


.  .         . 

prevalent  belief  which  this  generation  has  witnessed,  have 
necessarily  set  many  minds  rocking  more  or  less.  1898 
All&utfs  Syst.  Med.  V.  824  Not  only  does  it.. pacify  the 
organ  rocking  under  the  tumult  of  its  unbalanced  parts[etc.]. 

b.  Of  vessels  under  the  effect  of  waves. 

15x3  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  v.  xiv.  77  Prince  Enee  persauit,  by 
his  rais,  Ouhow  that  the  schip  did  rok  and  tail^evey.  1807- 
P.  GASS  Jrnl.  49  The  waves  ran  very  high  and  the  boat 
rocked  a  great  deal.  1873  BLACK  Pr.  Thule  xxiv.  406  The 
.  .vessel  that  scarcely  rocked  in  the  water  below. 

transf.  1836  KINGSLEY  Lett.  (1878)  I.  35^  The  sea-birds 
played  about  over  the  sea,  or  sat  rocking  on  its  bosom. 

c.  To  swing  oneself  to  and  fro,  esp.  while  sitting 
in  a  rocking-chair. 


BOCK. 


743 


ROCKER. 


1795  SOUTHEY  Joan  of  Arc  i,  Elves  love  to  lie  and  rock 
upon  its  leaves,  And  bask  in  moonshine.  1844  DICKENS 
Mart.  Chuz.  xliv,  During  the  whole  dialogue,  Jonas  had 
been  rocking  on  his  chair.  1898  Nat.  A'<T'.  Aug.  898  He  is 
more  likely  to  spend  his  summer  holiday  fishing  with  a  male 
friend  than  rocking  beside  his  wife  on  a  hotel  piazza. 
d.  Const,  with  preps,  or  advs. 

1858  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt,  n.  vii.  (1872)  I.  92  Germany  was 
rocking  down  towards  one  saw  not  what.  1862  Catal. 
Intcrnat.  Exhib.,  Brit.  II.  No.  5993  This  lever  has  teeth. ., 
which  when  the  holt  is  shot  by  the  key,  rock  upwards  and 
fit  into  corresponding  recesses.  1863  JEAN  INGELOW  Songs 
of  Seven,  Seven  times  seven  i,  Lightly  she  rocked  to  her 
port  remote. 

Rock,  z>.-     [f.  ROCK  sb.*\ 

1 1.  trans.  To  encompass  or  wall  with  or  as  with 
rocks.  Obs.  rare. 

1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  309  Rocked  rounde  about, 
and  seated  in  the  most  inconstant  sea  that  is.  1634  ROW 
LANDS  Noble  Soldier  w.  i,  The  mother  Stands  rock'd  so 
strong  with  friends  ten  thousand  billowes Cannot . .  shake  her. 

2.    U.S.  slang.  To  throw  stonesat ;  to  stone. 

a  1848  In  I  Jar  t  let  t  Diet.  Anter.  277  Th<?y  commenced  rock- 
ing  the  Clay  Club  House  in  June.  187*2  O.  \V.  HOLMKS  Poet 
Break/.- 1.  xii,  The  boys  would  follow  after  him,  crying, 
'  Rock  him  !  Rock  him  !  He's  got  a  long-tailed  coat  on  !' 
1885  Wktrt  C  kineses  Drive  127  On  the  whole  it  is  simpler 
to  rock  him. 

Rockah.0  miny.  U.S.  Also  8  roccahomony, 
rockahoraonie,  -homine.  [Algonquin  Indian, 
f.  rok  corn,  +  0//<z;«  to  grind,  with  the  termination 
min.  See  Notes  &  Queries  (1906)  28  Apr.  326.] 
«=  HOMINY. 

1705  BEVERLY  Virginia  in.  §  19  Sometimes  also  in  their 
Travels,  each  Man  takes  with  him  a  Pint  or  Quart  of  Rocka- 
homonie,  that  is,  the  finest  Indian  Corn,  parched  and 
beaten  to  Powder.  1737  BRiCKF.LL.A'ii/.  Hist.  Carolina  288 
Rockahomine  meal  which  is  made  of  their  maize  or  Indian 
corn.  1743  M.  CATF.SBV  Nat.  Hist.  I.  p.  x,  They  thicken  their 
broth  with  roccahomony.  1901  MARY  JOHNSTON  Audrey  i, 
Platters  of  smoking  venison  and  turkey,  flanked  by  rocka- 
hominy  and  sea  biscuit. 

Rockalow,  variant  of  RoQUELAURE. 

Rock  alum.  [ROCK  sbJ\  (See  ALUM  i  and 
ROCHE  ALUM.) 

1671  PHILLIPS  s.  v.  A  Hunt,  Called  Roch  or  Rock  Allum. 
1678  R.  RUSSELL  tr.  Gebcr  iv.  iv.  246  Glassy  or  Rock  Allom 
hath  a  two  fold  way  of  Preparation,  a  1756  MRS.  HF.YWOOD 
New  1' resent  (1771)  263  A  pound  of  rock-allum,  burnt  and 
beat  to  powder.  1806  TUKTON  Linnasus*  Syst.  Nat.  VII. 
221  Alitiiten  romantint,  Rock  alum.  x86o  PIESSE  Lab* 
Chem.  Wonders  107  The  name  rock  or  roche  alum  indicat 
ive  of  good  quality.  1875  Encycl.  Brit.  I.  644/2  The  term. 
rock  alum,  commonly  employed  in  Europe. 

Rockamboy,  rockanbowl :  see  ROCAMBOLE. 

Rockat,  obs.  form  of  ROCKET. 

Rockaway  (rp-kaw*1).  U.S.  [?f.  ROCK  v.^] 
A  four-wheeled  carriage,  open  at  the  sides,  with 
two  or  three  seats  and  a  standing  top,  used  in  the 
United  States. 

1846  LOWELL  Lett.  (1894)  I.  121  Dr.  Liddon  Pennock  has 
driven  by  me  in  his  rockaway.  1863  Miss  HOPLEY.£//£  in 
South  I.  58  Those  not  possessing  carriages  and  '  rockaways  * 
availing  themselves  of  waggons.  1884  Harper's  Alag.  June 
86/2  With  the  aid  of  the  family  rockaway  the.  .party  were 
at  the  boat-house. 

Rock-basin.  [ROCK  sb,^~\  A  basin-shaped 
hollow  in  a  rock,  esp.  one  of  natural  origin ;  spec, 
in  Geol.  a  large  depression  in  a  rocky  area,  attrib 
uted  to  the  action  of  ice-masses. 

J754  BOULASE  Antiq.  Cornwall  164  The  Rock -basons 
shew  that  it  was  usual  to  get  upon  the  top  of  this  Karn. 
1763  J.  HUTCHINS  in  Mem.  IV.Stukeley  (Surtees  Soc.)  II. 
128,  1  am  apt  to  think  it  was  a  rock  idol  and  the  rock-basons 
on  it  seem  to  favour  such  a  conjecture.  1839  DE  LA  BF.CHE 
Rep.  Geot.  Cornw.,  etc.  xiv.  451  The  highest  block  is  decom 
posed  on  the  upper  surface,  so  that  one  of  those  cavities, 
commonly  termed  rock  basins,,  .is  produced.  1853  Zoologist 
11.4081,!  took  another  look  at  my  pretty  little  rock-basin 
at  Oddicoinbe.  1882  GEIKIE  Text-bk.  Geol.  vi.  i.  888  The 
abundant  ice-ground  a  id  lake-filled  rock-basins  of  glaciated 
regions. 

Ro'ck-bed.  [Ro:K  j<5.i]  A  floor  or  base  of 
rock  ;  a  rocky  bottom  or  under-stratum ;  often  Jig. 
(Cf.  Bed-rock,  s.v.  BED  sb.  18.) 

X8.39~S*  BAILEY  Festus  305  Ocean's  depths  He  clove  unto 
their  rock-bed.  1849  ROBERTSON  Serm.  Ser.  I.  ii.  (1866)  27 
Frivolity  has  turned  the  heart  into  a  rockbed  of  selfishness. 
i86z  A.  C.  RAMSAY  Rock  Spec.  (ed.  3)  126  In  some  localities 
in  Oxfordshire.. the  '  Rock  bed  '  of  the  Marlstone  becomes 
highly  ferruginous.  1883  E.  P.  RAMSAY  Food-Fishes  N.  S.  IV. 
42  A  hard  rock-bed  with  large  loose  stones. 

attrib.  1883  Home  Missionary  Sept.  201  The  religious 
conceptions  which  are  the  rockbed  ideas  of  Christianity. 

Ro'ck-bird.  [RocK  sd.1]  a.  A  bird  that 
haunts  rocks ;  esp.  a  puffin,  b.  A  bird  of  the 
genus  Riipicola  ;  a  '  cock  of  the  rock '.  c.  U.S. 
The  spotted,  or  the  purple,  sandpiper  (Tringa 
tnaculata^  or  mar  it  into]. 

1766  Citron,  in  Ann.  Reg.  129/1  The  place  of  resort . .  of . . 
numbers  of  rock  birds  or  puffins.  1796  MORSE  ..4  #/«*>*.  Geo%r. 
I,  212  Spotted  Tring.  Rock  bird.  Tringa  Macitlata.  1810 
in  Risdoris  Surv.  Devon  414  Rockbirds  are  very  plentiful. 
1859  ATKINSON  Walks  <V  Talks  (1892)  328  Mr.  Spencer 
made  some  inquiries  about  rockbird's  eggs.  i86a  JOHNS 
Brit.  Birds  Index,  Rock-birds,  the  Auk,  Puffin,  and  Guille 
mot.  1888  [see  rock-plover,  s.v.  ROCK  sb.1  gc]. 

Ro'ck-built,  «.  [RocK  sl>.l~\  Constructed  of, 
built  with  or  upon,  rocks. 

1777  POTTER  /Kschylns,  Prometheus  28  Arabia's  martial 
race. .Thro'  all  their  rock-built  cities  moan.  1797  The 


College  ii  And  rears  her  rock-built  Tuscan  piles  on  high,    i 
18x8  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  iv.  clxxxi,  The  armaments  which 
thunderstrike  the  walls  Of  rock-built  cities.     1840  CARLYLE    ; 
Heroes  i.  n  This  green,  flowery,  rock-built  earth. 

Rock  cod.    [ROOXJ&VI 

1.  A  cod  found  on  rocky  sea-bottoms  or  ledges.   : 
Chiefly  Sc.  and  north. 

The  first  quot.  may  belong  to  sense  2. 

1634  W.  WOOD  Nevj  Eng.  Prosjt.  (1865)  45  Besides  here  is    | 
a  great  deale  of  Rock-cod  and  Macrill.    a  1705-1758  [see 
RKD  a.  170].     1821  SCOTT   Pirate  ii,  In  an  overcharge  of 
about  one  hundred  per  cent  on  a  bargain  of  rock-cod.    1838 
Proc.  Berw.  Nat.  Club  I.  173  The  young  are  called  Cod-    ; 
lings  ;  and  when  the  fish  is  of  a  red  colour,  which  it  assumes 
after  lying  some  time  among  weedy  rocks,  it  is  then  called 
Rock  Cod,  or  Codling.    1854  H.  MILLER  Sc/i.  q  Sckm.  (1858) 
533  We..  caught,  ere  our  return,  a  basket  of  rock-cod  or 
coal-fish  for  supper. 

2.  Applied  to  various  fishes  of  other  genera,  as 
the  California!!  yellow-tailed    rock-fish,    the   red 
garrupa,   the  rock-trout  of  Puget  Sound,  several 
South  African  serranoid  fishes,  the  New  Zealand 
blue  cod,  etc. 

1796  STEDMAN  Snrittam  II.  46  The  other  is  that  fine  large 
fish  called  by  the  English  rock-cod.  1837  Penny  Cycl.  VII. 
76/1  Of  edible  sea  fish,  the  best  kinds  near  Canton  are  a 
sort  of  rock-cod.  1840  F.  D.  BENNETT  Whaling  Voy.  II.  16 
The  most  valuable  fish  in  the  waters  around  the  coast  is 
the  rock-cod.  1859  All  Year  Round  No.  4.  82  The  deep 
sea  fish—  the  '  schnapper  ',  the  *  king  fish  ',  the  '  grounder  ', 
and  the  rock  cod—  were  beyond  their  reach.  1880  R.  Connn, 
Fish.  IV.  S.  II  '.  10  The  genus  Serranns  comprises  most  of 
the  fishes  known  as  4  Rock  Cod  '..  .One  only  is  sufficiently 
useful  as  an  article  of  food  to  merit  notice,  and  that  is  the 
'  Black  Rock-Cod  '  (Serranns  damelii,  Giinther). 

So  Rock  codfish. 

1821  SCOTT  i  'irate  ii,  Erickspn  had  gone  too  far  in.  .charg- 
ing  the  rock  codfish  at  a  penny  instead  of  a  halfpenny  a-pouna. 
1845  COI'LTKR  Adv.  Pacific  xi,  A  number  of  rock  cod-fish. 

Rock  cress.  [RoCK^.1]  a.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Aralns.  t  b.  Samphire. 

c  1710  PETIVER  Catal.  Ray's  Eng.  Herbal  L,  Welsh  Rock 
Cre; 
P 

111 

1863  BABING-GoULD  Iceland  $55  A  trembling  Alpine  Rock- 
cress  (Arabis  Petrxa)  was  nestled  within  the  lip  [of  the  slag 
chimney],  1882  Garden  lojune  405/2  The  common  White 
Rock  Cress  (Aral'is  albida)  is  very  effective. 

Rock  crystal.    [ROCK  $bt\ 

1.  Pure  silica  or  quartz  in    a  transparent  and 
colourless  form,  most  usually  occurring  in  hexa 
gonal  prisms  with  hexagonal  pyramid  ends. 

1666  Pkil.  Trans.  I.  362  Rock-Crystal  is  not  fit  for  Optitk- 
Glasses.  1716  LADY  MONTAGU  Let.  to  C^tess  Mar  8  Sept.,  In 
almost  every  room  [are]  large  lustres  of  rock  crystal.  1786 
tr.  ftcckford's  I'athek  (1883)  79  Beneath  a  vast  dome, 
illuminated  by  a  thousand  lamps  of  rock  crystal.  1854 
Pereira's  Polarized  Light  {ed.  2)  19  Quartz  or  rock  crystal 
is  used,  under  the  name  of  Brazil  pebble,  as  a  refracting 
medium  for  spectacles.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.y)  Rock- 
crystal  is  sometimes  found  in  crystals  of  gigantic  size  ;  at 
other  times  in  excessively  small  specimens. 

2.  A  piece  of  this. 

1839  DE  LA  BECHE  Rep.  Ceol.  Cornw.,  etc.  xv.  496  Rock- 
crystals  are,  as  might  be  expected,  somewhat  frequent 
among  the  quart  ziferous  veins  in  the  granite.  1867  A, 
BILLING  Science  of  Gems  <^\  It  has  just  been  shown  that 
quartz  (rock)  crystals  are  stalagmitic  in  their  nature. 

Rock-dove.     [RocK  sb.^\   =  ROCK-PIGEON  i. 

1635  MOUFET  &  BENNET  Health's  Itufrov,  96  Rock-doves 
breed  upon  Rocks  by  the  Sea-side. 

1802  MONTAGU  Ornith.  Diet,  s.v.,  The  Rock  Dove  te  con- 
sidered  to  be  the  origin  of  our  tame  Pigeons.  1844  H. 
STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  247  The  white-backed  or  rock 
dove,  which  was  long  confounded  with  the  blue-backed 
dove.  1889  F.  A.  KNIGHT  By  Leafy  Ways  132  A  party  of 
rockdoves..  settle  down  in  a  corner  by  themselves. 

Rocke,  obs.  form  of  ROCK,  ROOK. 

Rocked  Cr^kt),///.  a.    Also  rockt.    [f.  ROCK 


1.  Of  a  child  :  Swung  to  and  fro  in  a  cradle. 

?  a  1500  Chester  PI.  (E.  E.T.  S.)  viii.  306  That  rocked 
Ribald,  and  I  may  raigne,  rufully  shalbe  his  reade  !  Ibid. 
x.  31.  1905  HOLMAN  HUNT  Pre-Raj>haeU:ism  II.  46  The 
sweet  composure  of  rocked  babyhood  came  back  to  me. 

2.  Subjected  to  rocking  or  swaying. 

1892  LD.  LVTTON  King  Poppy  Prol.  693  Down  from  the 
rockt  mast's  windy  rigging.  1894  Daily  News  19  June  6/6 
This  sets  in  motion  a  couple  of  cog  wheels,  which  work  in 
a  rocked  quadrant  at  the  back  of  the  bascule. 

t  Rocked,  a.  Obs.  [f.  ROCK  j£.i  +  -EDI.] 
Hard  as  a  rock  ;  stony. 

1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Wisd.  v.  23  And  from  rocked  wrath 
[L.petrosa  ird]  shal  thicke  haile  stones  be  cast. 

Rockelow,  variant  of  ROU.UELAURE. 

Rockenbole,  obs.  variant  of  ROCKAMBOLE. 

Rocker1  (r^kaa).  Also  5-6  rokkerfe,  6  rok- 
(k)ar.  [f.  ROCK^I  +  -ERI.J 

1.  A  nurse  or  attendant  charged  with  the  duty 
of  rocking  a  child  in  the  cradle.  Now  arch*  or 
Obs.  Also  generally,  one  who  rocks  a  cradle. 

14..  Lat.  Eng.  Voc.  In  Wr.-Wulcker  576  Crepumlarius,  a 
rokkere.  Ibid.  577  Cunabnlator,..^  rokkere.  1491  HEN. 
VII  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  I.  170  Agnes  Butler  and 
Emlyn  Hobbes  rokkers  of  oure  said  son.  1539  in  Nichols 
Lit.  Reni.  Edw.  VI  (Roxb.)  I.  p.  xxviii,The  lady  Maistres 
the  Nurice.  the  Rocker,  and  such  as  be  appointed  con- 
tynually  to  be  in  the  Prince's  grace  privie  chambre.  1577-87 
HOLINSHF.D  Chron.  III.  1130/2  Midwiues,  rockers,  nurses, 
with  the  cradle  and  all,  were  prepared  and  in  a  readinesse. 
1660  FULLF.R  Afi.rt  C>«  /«;///.  (1841)  261  It  happened  that  an 


aged  rocker,  which  waited  on  him,  took  the  steel  boots  from 
his  legs.  1678  VAUGHAN  Thalia  Rediv.,  Nativity  229  No 
rockers  waited  on  thy  birth,  No  cradles  stirred,  nor  songs 
of  mirth.  1707  tr.  Wks.  Ctess  D'Anois  (1715)  481  Her 
Nurse,  her  Foster-Sister,  her  Dresser,  and  Rocker.  176* 
Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  98  Attendants  on.,  the  prince  of 
Wales. ..Wet  nurse,.. Dry  nurse,  ..  Necessary  women,  .. 
Rockers.  1813  Ibid.  35  She  was  originally  engaged  as  a 
rocker  to  the  princesses.  1876  SMILES  Sc.  Natur.  i,  Some 
times  he  was  set  to  rock  the  cradle.  But  on  his  mother's 
arrival  at  home,  she  found  the  rocker  had  disappeared. 
Jig.  1804  Spirit  Public  Jrnls.  VIII.  166  Tte  cradle  of 
science;  to  which  cradle.. some  of  our  own  countrymen 
have  had  the  honour  to  be  appointed  rockers. 
b.  One  who  sends  others  to  sleep. 
1762  FOOTE  Orators  i.  (1780)  29  The  astonishing  abilities 
of  the  Rockers,  (for  by  that  appellation  I  choose  to  distin 
guish  this  order  of  Orators). 

2.  t  a.  //.  A  cradle.     Sc.  Obs. 

1566  in  Hay  Fleming  Mary  Q,  of  Scots  (1897)  499  Fyftein 
elne  of  blew  plading  for  to  mak  ane  cannabic  to  the  rokai  is. 
[bid,  500  Linnyng.  .to  be  schetis  to  the  rokaris. 

b.  One  of  the  pieces  of  wood  with  a  convex 
voider-surface   fixed    to  each  end  of  a  cradle,  to 
the  legs  of  a  chair,  or  any  other  thing,  in  order  to 
enable  it  to  rock. 

For  some  technical  uses  see  Knight  Diet.  J\fech. 

1787  M.  CUTI.KR  in  Life,  etc.  (1888)  I.  269  He  also  showed 
us.. his  great  arm  chair,  with  rockers.  1793  SM EATON  Edy~ 
stone  L.  §  80  In  some  degree  rounding,  like  the  Rockers  of 
a  cradle.  1865  UICKKNS  Mnf.J-'r.  i.  i.The  very  basket  that 
you  slept  in:. .the  very  rockers  that  I  put  it  upon  to  make 
a  cradle  of  it.  1883  Harper  s  Mag.  Mar.  577/2  His  child 
.should  not  have  its  brains  addled  on  a  pair  of  rockers. 
1892  Photogr.  Ann.  II.  478  A  light  frame  on  rockers,  upon 
which  the  developing  dish  rests. 

c.  Off  one  s  rocker,  crazy,     slang. 

1897  Daily  Nt-ws  29  June  3/5  When  asked  if  he  had 
swallowed  the  liniment,  he  said, '  Yes,  I  was  off  my  rocker  '. 

3.  f  a.  The  device  by  which  a  smith's  bellows 
is  worked.    Obs. 

1677  MOXON  Mtch.  Exer.  i.  2  At  the  ear  of  the   upper 
Bellows-board  is  fastned  a  Rope.. which  reaches  up  to  the 
Rocker,  and  is  fastned..  to  the  farther  end  of  the  Handle. 
b.   (See  quot.  1837.) 

1794  \V.  FKI.TON  Carriages  (1801)  1. 10  The  bottom  boards 
are  confined  thereto,  by  the  assistance  of  a  rocker,  which 
is  firmly  fixed  in  the  inside.  1837  W.  Ii.  ADAMS  Carriages 
221  The  rocker  or  false  bottom  beneath  the  bottom  framing, 
intended  to  give  greater  height,  scarcely  shows  at  all  in  per 
spective.  1877  THRUPP  Hist.  Coaches  136  At  one  time  the 
fashion  of  the  day  is  for  deep  quarters,  deep  rockers,  and  very 
shallow  panels.  1880  Coach  Builders'  Jrnl.  II.  134/1  After 
the  inside  bottom  edge  has  been  boxed  out  for  the  footboard, 
and  the  recess  boxed  out  on  the  outside  to  show  a  sham  rocker. 

4.  Something  which  rocks  or  is  rocked  alter  the 
manner  of  a  cradle;  in  various  special  senses  : 

a.  A  rocking-horse,    nonce-use. 

1846  UICKICNS  Cruket  OH  Hearth  ii,  Horses.. of  every 
breed;  from  the  spotted  barrel  on  four  pegs ..  to  the 
thoroughbred  rocker  on  his  highest  mettle. 

b.  U.S.  A  rocking-chair. 

1857  OI.MSTHD   Jourti,    Texas  49  She   sat  down  in  the 
rocker  at  one  end  of  the  table.    1895  SARAH  M.  H.  GARDNER 
Quaker  Idyls  i,  The  half  dozen  rockers  and  lounging  chairs. 

C.  A  gold-miner's  cradle  ;  =CHAIH.E  sb.  14. 

1858  Times  i  Dec.  9/3  The  only  mode  of  'washing  '  here, 
is  with  the  rocker,  an  inefficient,  laborious,  and  slow,  imple 
ment.      1882  I '.  S.  Ref>,  Prec.  Met.  196  A  grtat  extent  of 

ground  has  been  worked  along  Salmon  River,  principally 
y  rockers  and  other  primitive  appliances. 

d.  A  scientific  instrument  illustrating  the  effect 
of  heat  in  producing  vibration. 

i86»TvNDALL  Heat  iv.  §  113  (1870)99  He  determined  the 
best  form  to  be  given  to  the  '  rocker  ',  as  the  vibrating  mass 
is  now  called,  at\d  throughout  Europe  this  instrument  is 
known  as  Trevelyan's  Instrument.  1882  J.  MAIF.R  tr. 
Hospitalicr's  Electr.  170  The  armatures  of  the  two  electro 
magnets  were  placed  at  the  two  extremities  of  a  rocker. 

e.  Engraving.    —CRADLED.  13. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1430/1  The  instruments  used  are 
the  cradle  or  rocker,  scraper,  burni.sher,  roulettes.      1885 
Harper's  Mag.  Jan.  233/2  A  'rocker'  or  'cradle'  with  which 
to  lay  the  ground. 

5.  Chierly  U.S.    a.  A  keel  having  a  marked  up 
ward  curve;    a  curve   on   a  keel;   a  boat,   etc., 
having  a  keel  of  this  type. 

1876  Encycl.  Brit.  IV.  812/2  Other  canoes  are  built  chiefly 
for  sailing,  and  these  carry  '  drop  keels ',  '  rockers ',  and 
heavy  ballast,     a  1890  Trilnttie  Bk.  of  Sports  251  (Cent.), 
When  a  fast  sloop  of  the  straight-keel  type  came  out,  the 
rockers  were  beaten.     1895  OutzttgXXVl.  382/1  Two  thirds 
of  the  keel  is  almost  flat,  with  a  very  slight  rocker  at  the 
heel  and  a  more  pronounced  curve  under  the  fore-foot. 

b.  A  skate  with  a  curving  sole. 

1869  VANDERVKLL  &  WITHAM  Figure-Skating  Hi.  8i_The 
American  and  Canadian  '  rockers '.  .are  much  too  highly 
curved.  1875  K.NIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  2192/2  A  machine  for 
grinding  skates,  straight-edged  or  rockers. 

6.  attrib.   (in   senses  4   and   5),  as   rocker-cam, 
pump,  -shaft)  -sleeve,  type. 


of  a  magazine-gun.  1892  Daily  News  n  July  12/5  Rocker 
pumps,  pair  of  Sin.  lift  pumps.  1899  Westm.  Gaz.  28  Sept. 
3/3  A  bulb  fin  keel  of  the  rocker  type. 

Roxker  2.    [f.  ROCK  j<U  •*-  -EH  i.]  =  ROCKIKR. 

1862  [see  ROCKIKR].  1895  P.  H.  EMKRSOX  Birds  Nor/. 
Broadband  239  The  Stock-Dove,  miscalled  the  '  blue 
rocker ',  is  a  smaller  bird  than  the  old  '  ring-dow  '. 

RO'Cker  '•':  Sc.  rare  -'.  [f.  HOCK  **.*]  One 
who  takes  part  in  a  rocking. 


ROCKERED. 


744 


ROCKET. 


1818  Edinb.  Mag.  Aug.  153  He  was  esteemed  the  most 
acceptable  rocker,  whose  memory  was  most  plentifully  stored 
with  such  thrilling  narratives. 

Rockered  (r^-ksad),  «.  [f.  ROCKER  sb.1  +  -Ei>2.] 
Curved  like  a  rocker. 

1880  KEMP  Nelson's  Pract.  Boat-  Building  '67  The  rockered 
keel  curves  downwards,  or  the  reverse  way  to  the  cambered 
keel.  1893  Outing  XXVII.  200/2  A  twelve-inch  skate, 
rockered. 


Rockery  (r^-kari).     [f.  ROCK  sb^  +  -ERY.] 

1.  An  artificial  heap  or  pile  of  rough  stones  and 
soil  used  for  the  ornamental  growing  of  ferns  and 
other  plants.     Also  transf. 

1845  Florist  Jrnl.  224  On  the  top  and  sides  of  the  rockery,  .  . 
many  others  of  a  similar  nature  may  be  placed.  1878 
WILLIAMS  Midi.  Kailiv.  406  These  quarries  form  natural 
rockeries  of  vast  size.  1880  J.  FOTHERGILL  Probation  n.  xii, 
A  kind  of  rockery  which  ran  along  one  side  of  the  terrace. 

attrib.  1892  Garden  27  Aug.  190/1  C,  decumbcns  ,  .  is  a 
pretty  and  desirable  rockery  plant. 

2.  Natural  rockwork. 

1856  STANLEY  Sinai  -y  Pal.  In  trod.  (1858)  p.  xlv,  The  two 
ranges,  here  of  red  sandstone,  closed  in  upon  the  Nile..  ; 
fantastic  rockery,  deep  sand-drifts,  tombs  and  temples  hewn 
out  of  the  stone. 

Rocket  (r^-ket),  st>.*  Now  rare.  Forms  :  3-5 
roket  (5  -ete,  -ett,  -ytto,  6  -it),  5  rocat,  6 
rokkat,  -et;  4-  rocket  (9  -at),  5-6  rockett, 
8-9  rocQuet.  [a.  OF.  roket  ',  ro(c]qitet,  northern 
variant  of  rochet  ROCHET  I.  Hence  also  Flem. 
rokket.] 

1.  =  ROCHET!  i.     Now  dial.     Also  attrib. 

c  1290  St.  Agnes  73  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  183  A  Roket  he 
brouftte  on  is  hond  to  hire,  }wittore  nas  neuere  non.  pat 
[maide]  dude  on  bis  Roket.  la  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose 
1240  Ther  is  no  cloth  sitteth  bet  On  damiselle,  than  doth 
roket.  A  womman  wel  more  fetys  is  In  roket  than  in  cote, 
y-wls.  1382  \Vvci.iF  Gen.  xxxviii.  14  The  which  [Thamar],  the 
clothis  of  widewhed  don  down,  toke  to  a  roket  [L.  thcris- 
trnm\.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  1352  ^  pan  Pirrus  full  prestly  put  of 
his  clothes  ;  Toke  a  Roket  full  rent,,  .couert  hym  ^erwith. 
a  1529  SKELTON  K.  Rnmntyng  54  In  her  furred  docket,  And 
gray  russet  rocket.  1650  AW.  Execution,  Montrose  in  Harl. 
Misc.  (1745)  V.  }ig  He  came..  into  the  Parliament-house 
with  a  Scarlet  Rocket,  and  a  Suit  of  pure  Cloth.  1662  J. 
DAVJES  tr.  Olearins'  I'oy.  Ainbass.  316  Persons  of  quality.  . 
wear,  over  this  Coat,  a  kind  of  Rocket,  without  sleeves. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  iv.  vi.  (Roxb.)  322/1  There  is  an  other 
kinde  of  Mantle  called  a  Rockett  Mantle...  A  Rockett  is  a 
scant  cloak  without  a  cape.  £1710  CELIA  FIENNES  Diary 
(1888)  205  You  meete  all  sorts  of  Country  women  wrappd 
up  in  the  mantles  Called  West  Country  Rockets,  a  Large 
Mantle  doubled  together  of  a  sort  of  serge.  1837  W. 
HOWITT  Rural  Life  Eng.  (1838)  I.  230  Their  only  clothes  a 
large  old  duffle  garment,..  and  under  it  a  miserable  rocket. 
1901  F.  E.  TAYLOR  Folk-Speech  S.  Lanc,t  Rocket,  an  outer 
garment  worn  by  country-women. 

2.  Eccl.  =  ROCHET  1  2.     Chiefly  Sc. 

138*  WYCLIF  Exod.  xxix.  5  Thow  slialt  clothe  Aaron  with 
his  clothes,  that  is  to  seie,  with  rocket,  and  coote,  and  coope. 
c  1450  HOLLAND  Ifowlat  172111  quhyte  rocatis  arrayd  ;  .  .  That 
thai  war  btschopis  blist,  I  was  the  blythar.  1500-20  DuNBAR 
Poems  Ix.  33  Sum  rainyis  ane  rokkat  fra  the  roy.  a  1578 
LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Ckron.  Scot.  (S.T.S.)  I.  283  James 
Beltone..waa  taine  out  behind  the  hie  allter  and  his  rokit 
revin  oflfhim.  1647  WARD  Simp.  Cobler  56  Hath  Episcopacy 
beene  sucli  a  religious  Jewell,  .that  you  will  sell  all  or  most 
of  your  Coronets,  Caps  of  honour,  and  blue  Garters..  for  so 
many  Rockets?  1686  J.  S[ERGEANT]  Hist.  Monast.  Convent. 
157  The  Judge  of  Confidence,  is  attired  in  Purple,  in  the 
Habit  of  a  Prelate,  wearinga  Rocket.  1808  ScOTTJfdfW.Vt. 
xi,  With  mitre  sheen,  and  roequet  white.  1828-43  TYTLKU 
Hist.  Scot,  (1864)  I.  326  The  palls,  copes,  rocquets,  crosiers, 
censers,  and  church  plate,  were..  sumptuous. 

Rocket  (rp'ket),  sb?  Also  6  rokat,  rockat, 
rok(k)et,  rooked,  8  rockett,  roquet,  [a.  F. 
roqitette^  ad.  It.  rnchetta,  dim.  of  ruca  :—  L.  eruca 
a  kind  of  cabbage.  Hence  also  older  Du.  rocket(te.] 

1.  A  cruciferous  annual  (Eruca  sativa]  having 
purple-  veined  white  flowers  and  acrid  leaves, 
used  in  Southern  Europe  as  a  salad.  (Classed 
by  Linnaeus  as  firassica  eruca.)  f  Also,  wild 
rocket,  hedge  mustard. 

1530  PALSGR.  263/2  Rocket  an  herbe,  rocquette.  1548 
TURNER  Names  Herbes  (E.  D.  S.)  36  The  other  kynde 
called  in  latin  Eruca  syluestris  is  communely  called  in 
engHshe  Rokket,  it  hath  a  yealowe  floure.  1578  LYTE 
Dodoens  622  Rockat  flowreth  cheefely  in  lune  and  luly. 
1605  TIMMK  Quersit.  Pref.  p.  vi,  Like  bad  and  unskilful 
herborists,  to  sowe  rocket  and  to  weede  endive.  1693 
EVELYN  De  In  Quint.  Compl.  Card.  II.  200  Rocket  is  one 
of  our  Sallet  Furnitures,  which  is  sown  in  the  Spring  as 
most  of  the  others  are.  Its  Leaf  is  pretty  like  that  of 
Radishes.  1718  QOINCY  Compl.  Disp.  115  Rocket.—  This  is 
not  often  met  with  either  in  Composition  or  Prescription. 
1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Erncagot  It  may  be  pro 
pagated  in  like  manner  as  the  Rocket;  but..  is  hardly 
worth  cultivating.  1746  P.  FRANCIS  tr.  Hor.  Sat.  n.  viii.  68 
I  first,  .knew  Roquets  and  herbs  in  cockle  brine  to  stew. 

b.  With  specific  epithets,  esp.  Garden  rocket^ 
Roman  rocket  ',  and  Rocket  gentle. 

For  an  enumeration  of  the  varieties  see  Miller  Card.  Diet. 
(1731)  and  Chambers  Cjr/.  Siippl.  (1753),  s.v.  Eruca, 

I  U8  TURNED  Names  Herbes  (E.  D.  S.)  36  After  Dioscorides 
and  Plinie  there  are  two  kyndes  of  rokket.  The  one  is 
gardine  Rokket,  whiche  is  much  greater  then  the  other, 
and  it  hath  a  white  leafe,  some  abuse  thys  for  whyte 
mustarde.  £1550  H.  LLOYD  Treas.  Health  Y  v,  5  i.  of 
Nettels  sede  roket  royal.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  629  Erysimon 
hath  long  leaves  not  muche  nnlyke  the  leaves  of  Rockat 
gentle.  1597  GEKABDE  Herbal  191  Garden  Rocket  or 
Rocket  gentle,  hath  broade  leaues  like  those  of  Turneps. 
Ibid.  192  Rom:iitie  Rocket  is  cherished  in  gardens.  1629 


PARKINSON  Parad.  11.  xxxiv.  502  Our  Garden  Rocket  is 
but  a  wilde  kinde  brought  into  Gardens.  1731  MILLER 
Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Erucat  Great  Garden  Rocket,  with  a 
white  strip'd  Flower,.. was  formerly  very  much  cultivated 
in  Gardens  as  a  Sallad-Herb,  but  at  present  is  very  little 
us'd.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Suppl.  s,v.  Erncat  The  broad- 
leav'd,  narrow-podded  Rockett,  called  the  Rockett  gentle, 
or  Roman  Rockett.  1830  Edin.  Encycl.  XI.  283/2  Garden 
Rocket.,  is  an  annual  plant,  a  native  of  Switzerland.  1855 
DELAMER  Kitch.  Card.  (1861)  113  Garden  Rocket..  .Not 
unusually  eaten  in  France,  where  it  comes  up  in  gardens 
like  a  weed. 

2.  A  cruciferous  plant  of  the  genus  Hesperis^  esp. 
H.  matronaltSj  a  garden-flower  which  is  sweet- 
scented  after  dark. 

[1629  PARKINSON  Parad.  264  Dodonseus  accounteth  the 
ordinary  sort  [of  Hesperis\  to  be  a  kinde  of  Rocket.] 


petals  obliquely  bent.  1829  Encycl.  Mctrop.  (1845)  XX.  244 
H.  matronaliS)  the  Rocket,  of  which  there  are  several 
cultivated  varieties,  is  a  native  of  England.  1856  DELAMEK 
/'"/.  Card.  (1861)  102  The  Garden  Rocket  varies  in  colour 
from  light  blush  or  French  white,  to  light  purple  or  violet. 
1882  Garden  27  May  358/2  A  pure  white  single  Rocket, 
with  dense-set,  small  flowers. 

3.  With   qualifying  word  prefixed,  applied  to 
various  plants : 

Base  rocket,  the  wild  mignonette  (Reseda,  luteola}. 
Bastard  rocket,  t(«)  =prec. ;  (b)  one  of  the  mustard 
plants  (Brassica  erucastrum}.  Blue  rocket,  (a)  one  of 
several  kinds  of  wolfs-bane  or  aconite,  esp.  Acomtiun 
Napellns  \  (b)  applied  to  various  kinds  of  larkspur  (Delph 
inium)  ;  (c)  the  blue-bell  (Scitla  nntans).  Corn  rocket, 
asalnd  plant,  Bunias  or  Crambe  orientalis.  t  Crambling 
rocket,  -Scrambling  rocket.  Cress  rocket  (see  CRESS 
3).  Dame's  rocket,  dame's  violet  (see  sense  2).  Dyer's 
rocket  (see  DYER  2).  False  rocket,  U,S.^  a  cruciferous 
perennial  (lodanthus  p'uinatifida}.  Golden  rocket,  -- 
London  rocket.  Italian  rocket,  =  J>ase  rocket.  London 
rocket  (see  LONDON).  Marsh  rocket  (see  MARSH  4  c). 
Native,  Scrambling,  Sea  rocket  (see  quots.}. 
Square-codded  or  -podded,  Turkish  rocket,  —  Corn- 
rocket.  Wall  rocket,  =  Wild  rocket.  Water  rocket 
(see  quot.  1796).  White  rocket,  =  sense  2.  Wild 
rocket,  hedge  mustard.  Winter  rocket  (see  quots.). 
t  Wound  rocket,  Turner's  name  for  Herb  Barbara. 
Yellow  rocket,  the  winter-cress  (CRESS  i  b). 

1775  JENKINSON  Brit.  Plants  102  Reseda  Lntea.  *Base 
Rocket  with  all  the  leaves  trifid.  1828  J.  E.  SMITH  Eng. 
Flora  II.  348  R.  lutea.  Base  Rocket.  Wild  Mignon 
ette.  1863  [see  BASE  a.  i  b].  1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  App. 
324  Rocket,  *  Bastard,  Reseda.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  987/2 
Rocket,  Bastard,  Brassica  Erucastntm.  1827  T.  FORSTER 
Encycl.  Nat,  Phenomena  290  Monkshood  and  several  sorts 
of  Wolfsbane,  and  Larkspur  now  are  in  full  flower,  the  long 
blue  spikes  of  some  of  these  flowers  in  our  cottage  gardens 
are  called  ""blue  rockets.  1848  A.  S.  TAYLOR  Poisons  763 
Monkshood .  .which  is  also  known  under  the  name  of  Wolfs 
bane  and  Blue-Rocket.  1882  Ilardwickes  Science  Gossip  43 
Wild  Hyacinth  (A gr aphis  ttntans),  'Blue-rocket'.  1731 
MILLER  Card.  Dict.s.v.  Erucago,  We  have  but  one  Species 
of  this  Plant,  which  is.  .*Corn-Rocket.  1753  CHAMBEKS 
Cycl.  Snppl.  App.,  Corn-Rocket,  or  square-podded  Rocket, 
a  distinct  genus  of  plants,  called  by  botanists  Erucago. 
1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  App.  324  Rocket,  Corn,  Bunias. 
1597  GERARDE  Herbal  215  "Crambling  Rocket  hath  many 
large  leaues  cut  into  sundry  sections.  1775  JKNKINSON 
Brit.  Plants  147  Vella  annna.  *Cresse  Rocket  with 
pinnatifid  leaves.  1822  Hart  us  Anglicns  II.  146  Vellet 
Pseudo  Cytisus,  Shrubby  Cress  Rocket.  1866  Treas.  Bot. 
987/2  Rocket,  *Dame's,  Hesperis  tnatronalis.  1828  J.  E. 
SMITH  Eng.  Flora  1 1.  347  Reseda  luteola.  *Dyer's  Rocket. 
1856  A.  GRAY  Man.  Bot.  31  lodanthus,  *False  Rocket. 
1597  GERARDE  Herbal  278  Reseda  is  called.. in  English 
*Italian  Rocket.  iS^TMoRRis  Austral  Eng.  392/1  Rocket^ 
*  Native,  a  Tasmanian  name  for  Epacris  lanuginosa,  1796 
WITHERING  Brit.  Plants  (ed.  3)  III.  584  Erysimumojficinale 
..Hedge  Mustard,  or  Wormseed.  Bank  Cresses.  "Scram 
bling  Rocket.  1611  COTGR.,  Cachite^  *Sea-rocket.  1796 
WITHERING  Brit.  Plants  (ed.  3)  III.  563  Bunias  Cakile, 
Sea  Rocket.  1846-50  A.  WOOD  Class-bk.  Bot.  171  Cakile 
4farfi/Ma,..SaB  Rocket...  Native  of  the  sea-coast !  and  of 
the  lake-shores  of  N.  Y.  1760  J.  LKK  Introd.  Bot.  App.  324 
Rocket,  *Square-codded,  of  Montpelier,  Bunias.  1753 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Snppl.  s.v.  Erucago^  This  plant  has  been 
called,  by  other  authors,  the  "square  podded  rockett,  and 
the  echinated  mustard.  1887  Amcr,  Naturalist  XXI.  442 
It  is  called  in  England  ^Turkish  Rocket.  1611  COTGR.,  Ro~ 
qnette  sauvage^  wild  Rocket,  *wall  Rocket,  c  1710  PETIVER 
Caial.  Ray's  Eng.  Herbal  xlvi,  *Water  Rocket.  1753 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Snppl.  s.v.  Sisymbrium^  The  creeping 
water-sisymbrium  with  leaves  like  those  of  the  nasturtiums. 
This  is  called  by  some  water-rocket.  1796  WITHERING 
Brit.  Plants  (ed.  3)  III,  581  Sisymbrium  syfoestre.  Creep 
ing  Water  Cress.  Water  Rocket.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  II. 
987/2  Rocket,  *white,  Hesperis  tnatronalis.  1578  LVTE 
Dodoens  621  Eruca  sylvcstris.  *Wild  Rockat.  i&yaEdin. 
Encycl.  XI.  283/2  Wild-rocket,  or  Hedge-mustard..,  has 
been  sometimes  sown  and  used  as  a  spring  pot-herb.  1753 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Snppl.  App.,  Water-Rocket,  or  *Winter- 
Rocket,  the  name  of  a  species  of  Sisymbrium.  1796  WITHER 
ING  Brit.  Plants  (ed.  3)  III.  584  Erysimnm  Barbarea. 
"Winter  Cresses.  Winter  Rocket.  Rocket  Wormseed.  1548 
TURNER  Names  Herbes  (E.  D.  S.)  82  Barbare  herba..hath 
leaues  lyke  Rocket,  wherefore  it  maye  be  called  in  engHshe 
*wound-rocket,  for  it  is  good  for  a  wounde.  1826-7  Encycl. 
Metrop.  (1845)  XVIII.  616/1  Erysimum  officinale,  Bar- 
bareutn,  a  double  variety  is  cultivated  in  gardens,  and  is 
called  the  Double  *Yellow  Rocket.  1863  PRIOR  Plant-n. 
191  Rocket,  winter-,  or  Yellow-,  Barbarea  vulgaris. 

4.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rocket-seed  \  rocket-like, 
-leaved   adjs. ;     rocket    larkspur    (see    quots.) ; 
f  rocket  watercress,  the  meadow  cress   (CRESS 
i  b) ;  rocket  wormseed, »  winter  rocket  (see  3) ; 
rocket  yellow-weed,  =  base  rocket  (see  3). 

1548  TURNER  Names  Herbes  (E.  D.  S,)  74  Sisymbrium 


alterum  Is  called  also  Cardamine,  and  In  english  water 
cresses,  or  rocket  water  cresses.  1580  BLUNDEVIL  Horse- 
manship  in.  34  Some  would  giue  him  Onions  and  Roket 


The  narrower-leav'd,  rocket-like  sea  crambe.  1796  WITHER- 
ING  Brit.  /Y<z8fr(ed.3)  II.  446  Reseda  iutea.  Rocket  Yellow- 
weed.  1852  G.  W.  JOHNSON  Cottage  Card.  Diet.  782/1 
Rocket  Larkspur,  Delphinium  ajacis.  1866  Treas.  Bot. 
325/1  Delphinium  orientate  and  D.  Ajacis^  the  rocket 
larkspurs,  are  often  cultivated. 

5.  A  butterfly  of  the  genus  Mancipium. 

1832  J.  RENNIE  Consp.  Butterfi.  $  M.  4  The  Rocket  (J/. 
Daplidicet  Hubner)  appears  April,  May  and  August. 

Rocket  (rp'ket),  sb$  Also  7  racket,  roequet. 
[a.  F.  roquet  (i6th  c.),  or  ad.  It.  rocchetta,  in  med. 
L.  roccheta,  rocheta  (1379),  app.  a  dim.  of  It.  rocca 
ROCK  s6.z,  with  reference  to  the  form  of  the  thing. 
With  the  form  racket  cf.  F.  raqitette,  G.  rakete 
(earlier  racketc,  rachcte,  and  racket],  Du.,  Da.,  and 
Sw.  raket^\ 

1.  An  apparatus  consisting  of  a  cylindrical  case 
of  paper  or  metal  containing  an  inflammable  com 
position,    by   the   ignition   of  which    it    may   be 
projected  to  a  height  or  distance. 

Pyrotechnic  rockets  are  usually  constructed  so  as  to  burst 
in  the  air  and  scatter  a  shower  of  sparks.  Congreve  rocket'. 
see  CONGREVE  i. 

1611  FLORIO,  Rocchellot.  .any  kind  of  rocket  or  squib  of 
wilde  fire..  .Rocchftti,  rockets,  or  squibs  of  wilde-fire.  1624 
CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  in.  60  In  the  evening  we  fired  a  few 
rackets,  which  flying  in  the  ayre  ..  terrified  the  poore 
Salvages.  1669  STURMV  Mariner's  Mag.  v.  xiii.  87  To 
make  the  Composition  for  Rockets  of  any  size.  Il>iJ,  88 
Rockets  that  will  run  upon  a  Line.  1714  Lend.  Gaz.  No. 
5258/1  Any  Squibs,  Rockets,  Serpents  or  other  Fireworks. 
1766  R.  JotiEsFireivvr&s  n.  57  All  rockets  under  one  pound 
are  made  chiefly  of  gun-powder  and  charcoal.  1816  IlvnoN 
Siege  Corinth  xxxiii,  Up  to  the  sky  like  rockets  go  All  that 
mingled  there  below.  1858  GREENER  Gunnery  123  My  ex 
perience  with  rockets  goes  to  justify  me  in  asserting  that 
rockets  discharged  from  a  gun.. can  be. . effectually  con 
trolled.  1889  Infantry  Drill  425  Rockets  with  fireballs 
of  difteient  colours  are  best  for  signalling  during  night 
attacks. 

fig.  1716  GAY  Trivia  in.  414  When.  .Tragedies,  turn'd 
Rockets,  bounce  in  Air.  1751  EARL  ORRERY  Remarks  Sivift 
^752)53  His  friend  Dr.  Sheridan,  who.. was  continually 
letting  off  squibs,  rockets,  and  all  sorts  of  little  fireworks 
from  the  press. 

2.  transf.  a.   U.S.  A  form  of  cheering  used  in 
certain  American  universities. 

1868  in  IVestm.Gaz.  (1901)  26  Sept.  3/1  Three  cheers.. 

were  given  with  a  will,  followed  by  the  usual   tiger  and 

1  rocket '.    1879  Princeton  Bk.  387  The  twofold  tradition  in 

regard  to  the  origin  of  the  college  cheer,  or  Nassau  rocket. 

b.  A  rapid  rise  to  a  high  note,    nonce-use. 

1894  Du  MAURIER  Trilby  III.  138  The  little  soft  ascend- 
ing  rocket,  up  to  E  in  alt. 

3.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rocket  apparatus,  boat, 
boy,  brigade,  etc. ;   also  rocket  "maker,  rocket-like 
adv.  ;  rocket-bird,  an  Indian  bird  (see  quot.). 

1880  Daily  Neivs  26  Nov.  2/2  The  lifeboat  being  of  no 
avail,  the  Brocket  apparatus  was  got  into  action.  1885 
Field  4  Apr,  454/1  The  Paradise  flycatcher  {Tchitrma 
faradisi),  generally  yclept  the  Brocket  bird  by  our  country 
men,  c  1860  H.  STUART  Seaman's  Catech.  9  They  can.. 
be  fitted  as  "rocket  boats.  1782  in  Gentl.  Mag.  (1818) 
LXXXVIJI.  n.  123  Their  infantry  and  *rocket-boys  gained 
the  back  of  the  hill.  1813  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp. 
(1838)  XI.  314  I  have  received  your  letter  of  the  iith  regard 
ing  the  *Rocket  brigade.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1960/1 

*  Rocket-drift,  a  cylinder  of  wood  tipped  with  copper,  em 
ployed  for  driving  rockets.      1834  Penny  Cycl.  II.  420/1  A 

*  rocket  establishment  now  forms  a  regular  branch  of  the 
British  military  service,    a  1854  H.  REED  Lect.  Brit.  Poets 
xiv.  (1857)  I7I   A.  *rocket  fire  will  leap  up  into  the  heavens, 
outshining  and  outstripping  the  stars.      '799  G.  SMITH 
Laboratory  I.   26  Of  *rocket-flyers,  and   the   manner  of 
charging  them.      1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-hk.,  *Rocket- 
fratne^  the  stand  from  which  Congreve  rockets  are  fired. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech,  10.60/1,  *  Rocket-harpoon^  a  device 
for  killing  whales.     It  consists  of  a  rocket  having  a  pointed 
shell  at  its  front,     1832  SCOTT  RedgautUlet  Note  P,  The 
Scots  people  assembled  in  numbers  by  signal  of  Brocket 
lights.  1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  I.  96  Up  mounts 
speculation,  *rocket-like.      1882  Encycl.  Brit.  XIV.  572/2 
The  tail-block,  having  been  detached  from  the  *rocket-line, 
is  fastened  to  a  mast,  or  other  portion  of  the  wreck,  high 
above  the  water,   1799  C.  BUTLER  Hor.  Bibl.  126  They  had 
been  sold  to  a  Brocket-maker.      1858  HOMANS  Cycl.  Cottan. 
1215/2  The  establishment  of  life-boats  and  *rocket-mortars 
at  all   the  cjangerous  parts  of  the  coast.      1799  G.  SMITH 
Laboratory   I.    16  How  to  proportion  the   *  rocket  -poles. 
1882  Encycl.  Brit.  XIV.  572/2  The  "rocket  stations  on  the 
coast  at  the  3otb  June  1881  numbered  288.     1799  G.  SMITH 
Laboratory   I.  16   How  to  proportion  the  Brocket  sticks. 
1884  FROUDE  Carlyle  Life  Lond.  II.  273  He  had  just  dis 
covered  that  he    could   not   end  with  '  Frederick  *  like  a 
rocket-stick.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  55/1  In  1813  the  British 
Brocket- troop  rendered  considerable  service  at  the  battle  of 
Leipzig. 

t  Ro'Cket,  sb.t  Obs.  Also  5  roket,  5-6  -ette. 
[a.  OK.  roquet,  northern  form  of  rochet,  =  It. 
rocchetto :  see  RATCHET  sbl\ 

1.  A  bobbin.    « ROCHET 3.   rare"0. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  436/1  Roket,  of  the  rokke  (P.  roket 
of  spynnynge),  libnttn, pensnm.  i6n  FLORIO,  Rotchello%& 
rocket  or  bobbin  to  winde  silke  vpon, 

2.  A  blunt-headed  lance. 

1525  LD.  BEKNKKS  Froiss.  II.  clxii.  [clviii.]  448  All  maner 
of  knyghtes  and  squyers..that  wyll  come  thyder  for  the 
breakynge  of  fyue  speares,  outher  sharpe  or  rokettes  at 


I 


ROCKET. 

their  pleasure.  Ibid,  clxxiii.  [clxix.]  511  Suche  as  wolde  iust 
with  rokettes. 

t  Ro'cket,  sb.5  Obs.  rare.  In  6  rokket,  pi. 
rokettes.  [f.  ROCK  sb.1  +  -ET,  or  a.  OF.  roquette 
(Picard  rokette}.]  A  small  rock. 

1538  LELAND  Kin.  (1769)  VII.  115  In  the  Mouth  of  the 
Ryver..ys  the  Rokket  Godryve  wheryn  bredeth  Se  Fowle. 
Ibid.  116  Ther  be  of  the  Isles  of  Scylley  cxlvii.  that  bere 
Gresse  (besyde  blynd  Rokettes). 

t  Rocket,  s&.Q,  var.  of,  or  error  for,  ROCHET  sb2 

0x655  SIR  T.  MAYERNE  Archimag.  Anglo-Gall.  No.  40 
(1658)  35  To  make  a  sauce  for  fryed  Guritet  or  Rocket. 

Rocket  (rf7*ket),  v.     [f.  ROCKET  $b$\ 

1.  trans.  To  discharge  rockets  at;  to  bombard 
with  rockets. 

1803  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1835)  II.  467  They  con 
tinued  to  rocket  us  till  dark.  1810  Ibid.  (1836)  VI.  624  You 
must,  .rocket  Santarem  if  you  believe  that  the  boats  and 
materials  are  still  there. 

2.  intr.  a.  Of  a  horse  (or  rider).     To  spring  or 
bound  up  like  a  rocket ;  to  dart  like  a  rocket. 

1883  E.  PENNEI.L-ELMHIRST  Cream  Leiccstersh.  296  [His] 
small  mare  rockets  over  without  touching  a  twig.  1891 
I^IPI.ING  Light  that  Failed  xiii.  (1900)  224  If  you'd  seen  me 
rocketing  about  on  a  half-trained  French  troop-horse  under 
a  blazing  sun  you'd  have  laughed.  1898  HEWLETT  Forest 
Lovers  xxv,  The  man  swerved  at  the  onset ;  Prosper 
rocketed  into  him ;  horse  and  man  went  over  in  a  heap. 

b.  Of  game-birds  :  To  fly  up  almost  vertically 
when  flushed  ;  to  fly  fast  and  high  overhead. 

1860  RUSSELL  Diary  India  II.  169  Nothing  was  shot, 
though  some  pheasants  '  rocketed '  over  our  guns.  1879 
TEFFERIES  Amateur  Poacher  ii.  (1889)  24  Up  rose  a  large 
jird  out  of  the  water  with  a  bustling  of  wings  and  splashing, 
compelled  to  '  rocket '  by  the  thick  bushes  and  willow  poles. 

Rocket ee'r.  rare—1,  [f.  ROCKET  sb$  +  -EER.] 
A  discharger  of  rockets. 

1832  SOUTHEY  Hist.  Penins.  War  III.  837  With  this  force 
there  were.. forty  rocketeers,  and  an  officer  with  a  few 
artillerymen. 

Rocketer  (r^kfitai).  Also  grocketter.  [f. 
ROCKET  v.  2  b  i-  -ER.]  A  game-bird  that  *  rockets '. 

1863  '  OUIDA  '  Held  in  Bondage  (1870)  93  Isn't  it  beauti 
ful  to  see  Sabretasche  knock  down  the  rocketers  ?  1883 
ifjth  Cent.  Dec.  1090  The  'rocketer',  which  I  may  at  once 
define  as  a  bird  flying  fast  and  high  in  the  air  towards  the 
shooter. 

Ro'cketing,  ///.  a.  [f.  ROCKET  v.  +  -ING  2.] 
That  rockets,  in  the  senses  of  the  verb. 

1869  Pall  Mall  G.  24  Sept.  5  There  is  more  knack  and 
greater  coolness  required  to  kill . .  partridges  driven  over  bis 
head,  or  rocketing  pheasants.  188?  E.  PENNELL-ELMHIHST 
Cream  Leicestersh.  275  To  the  rocketting  bound  of  a  good 
free  horse  you  catch  your  breath,  thankfully,  happily.  1897 
W.  H.  THORNTON  Reminis.  Clergym.  xii.  339,  I  shot  a 
rocketing  cock  pheasant . .  with  a  single  bullet. 

Ro'Ckety,  a.  [f.  ROCKET  sb.%  +  -Y  i.]  Acting 
like  a  rocket ;  flighty. 

1881  Nation  XXXII.  289  We  complained  in  February  of 
the  fact  that  Mr.  Elaine  had  no  legal  training,  no  diplomatic 
experience,,  .and  a  rockety  mind. 

Ro'ck-fish.    [ROCK  j/*.1] 

1.  A  fish  frequenting  rocks  or  rocky  bottoms, 
spec,  as  the  name  of  many  unrelated  fishes,  such 
as   the   black   goby  or   sea-gudgeon,  the  striped 
bass,  the  wrasse,  etc.   (Cf.  ROCK  sb.2  9  d.) 

Also  with  defining  terms,  as  bearded,  black,  grass,  green, 
etc.,  applied  to  a  number  of  American  fishes,  chiefly  of  the 
genera  Sebastichthys  and  Sebastomits. 

161  x  COTGR.,  Canadelle,  the  smallest  of  rock-fishes, 
beautified  with  spots  of  sundry  colours.  1613  PURCHAS 
Pilgrimage  ix.  xiv.  (1614)  912  Mullets,  Breames,  Lobstars, 
and  angel-like  Hog-fish,  Rock-fish,  &c.  1666  J.  DAVIES 
Hist.  Caribby  Isles  100  Also  Rock-fishes,  which  are  red 
intermixt  with  several  other  colours.  1697  DAMPIER  Voy. 
(1729)  I.  91  The  Rock-fish  is  called  by  Sea-men  a  Grooper. 
1712  E.  COOKE  Voy.  S.  Sea  115  Pollock,  Cavallos,  Rock- 
Hsh,  Silver-Fish.  1740  R.  BROOKES  Art  of  Angling  135 
The  Sea-Gudgeon  or  Rock-Fish,  .is  a  slender  roundish  Fish, 
about  six  Inches  long.  1775  A.  BURNABY  Trav.  9  These 
waters  are  stored  with  incredible  quantities  of  fish,  such  as 
sheeps-heads,  rock-fish,  drums,  white  pearch.  ?  1835  Encycl. 
Metrop.  (1845)  XXIII.  223/1  The  Striped  Basse,  or  Rock- 
fi^h,  as  it  is  called,  is  very  common  along  the  coast  of  New 
York.  1862  ANSTF.D  Channel  1st.  11.  ix.  211  The  fishes  most 
commonly  brought  into  market  in  Guernsey  are  the  rock-fish 
(wrasse  or  wvizV-fishj . . )  and  the  conger.  1888  GOODE  A  mer. 
Fishes  21  Closely  allied  to  the  Pike-Perches  is  the  log-perch, 
P.  caprodes,  also  known  as  the  *  Rock-fish ',  and  '  Hog-fish  '. 

2.  *  A  codfish  split,  washed,   and  dried  on  the 
rocks'  (Cent.  Diet.  1890). 

Ro'ck-hewn,  a.  [ROCK  sb?\  Cut  out  of 
the  rock. 

1804  J.  GRAHAME  Sabbath  674  Winding  adown  the  rock- 
hewn  paths.  1853  ROCK  Church  of  Our  Fathers  III.  i.  154 
That  angel-trumpet  blast  which  will  crack  the  rock-hewn 
sepulchre.  1890  A.  J.  C.  HARE  S.-E.  France  577  A  rock- 
hewn  staircase  winding  round  the  steep. 

Ro  ckier.  dial.  [f.  ROCK  sb*  +  -IEB  *.]  The 
rock -dove  (Cohunba  livia). 

1780  G.  WHITE  Selborne  xciv,  There  were  among  them 
little  parties  of  small  blue  doves,  which  he  calls  rockiers. 
1802  MONTAGU  Ornith.  Diet,  s.v.,  Rock  Dove. .  .Provincial. 
Rockier.  1859  ATKINSON  Walks  .y  Talks  (1892)  350  The 
first  proved  to  be  only  a  domestic  pigeon.  The  other,  how 
ever,  was  a  genuine  wild  rockier.  1862  JOHNS  Brit.  Birds 
Index,  Rocker  and  Rockier,  the  Rock  Dove. 

Rockilo,  obs.  variant  of  ROQUELAUBE. 

Ro'ckiliess.     Also  7  rockienes,  rockinesse, 
9  rockyness.  [f.  ROCKY  a.1  +  -NESS.]  The  quality 
of  being  rocky  ;  rocky  character. 
VOL.  VIII. 


745 

1611  COTGR.,  Rochaille,  rockes  ;  rockinesse.  1640  Boston 
Rec.  (1877)  II.  55  Brother  Robert  Scott  hath  the  like  200 
acres  graunted  him  there,,  .without  alowance  for  rockienes 
or  swampe.  1661  CHILOREY  Brit.  Bacon.  3  The  rockiness 
and  dryness  of  the  Countrey.  1775  ADAIR  Amer.  Ind. 
228  The  Alps  of  Italy  are  much  inferior  to  several  of  the 
Cheerake  Mountains,  both  in  height  and  rockiness.  1805 
SAUNDF.RS  A/in.  Waters  153  The  New  Town,,. from  the 
great  inequality  of  its  site,  and  the  rockyness  of  its  soil, 
is  very  soon  dry  after  the  severest  showers. 

Ro'cking,  sb.  Sc.  [f.  ROCK  sb2]  A  social 
gathering  (originally  a  spinning  party)  of  a  kind 
formerly  held  on  winter  evenings  in  the  country 
districts  of  Scotland. 

1785  BURNS  ist  Ep.  to  Lapraik  ii,  On  Fasteneen  we  had 
a  rockin,  To  ca'  the  crack  and  weave  our  stockin.  1798  G. 
BURNS  in  Currie  Wks.  Burns  (1809)  III.  377  It  was  at  one 
of  these  rockings  at  our  house. .that  Lapraik's  song. .was 
sung.  1825  J.  WILSON  Noct.  Ambr.  Wks.  1855  1.  62  A' 
sorts  o'  deivelry  amang  lads  and  lasses  at  rock  ins  and  kirns. 

Ro'cking,  vbl.  sb}-     [f.  ROCK  vl  +  -ING1.] 

1.  The  action  of  swinging  or  swaying  to  and  fro, 
or  of  causing  such  motion. 

1398  TRKVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  v.  xx.  (Bodl.  MS.),  pe 
passions  of  teeb  is  diuers..,  as..breking  and  brusing.., 
rocking,  wagging  and  falling..,  and  ober  suche.  1586  B. 
YOUNG  Gitazzo's  Ci~'.  Conv.  iv.  223!),  It  hath  wrought  euen 
so  with  you,  as  the  rocking  of  y*  cradil  to  little  children. 
1647  HEXHAM  i,  A  rocking  of  a  child,  een  ivicginghe.  1756 
BURKE  Snbl.  fy  B.  Wks.  1842  I.  67  Rocking  sets  children 
to  sleep  better  than  absolute  rest.  1774  GOI.DSM.  Nat. 
Hist.  (1824)  II.  299  Some  branches,  .may  not  be  sufficiently 
strong,  and  still  others  may  be  too  much  exposed  to  the 
rockings  of  the  wind.  1814  SCOTT  Diary  21  Aug.  in  Lock- 
hart^  Go  to  bed  and  sleep  soundly,  notwithstanding  the 
rough  rocking.  IQOZ  BANKS  Newspaper  Girl  26,  1  was 
awakened,  .by  so  violent  a  rocking  of  my  bed  that  I  was 
tumbled  out  upon  the  floor. 

2.  The  operation  of  using  the  rocker  or  cradle 
in  engraving.      Also  attrib. 

1883  J.  C.  SMITH  Brit.  Mezzotinto  Porir.  iv.  ii.  p.  xxiii, 
The  cradle,  or  rocking-tool,  the  scraper,  etc.  1896  Daily 
News  16  Jan.  8/6  Those  preliminaries  of  biting,  rocking 
and  other  technicalities  which  have  for  so  long  deterred 
the  painter  from  taking  to  etching  or  mezzotint-engraving, 

Ro'Ckillg",  vbl.  st*.*,  variant  of,  or  error  for, 
ROCHING  vbl.  sb. 

In  quot.  1839  prob.  after  F.  rochcr  (see  Littre). 

1674  RAY  CW/.  Words,  Altom-Work  141  Thence  it  is 
taken  and  cast  into  a  pan,  which  they  call  the  rocking  pan  ; 
and  there  melted.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  121  Bismuth  lias 
the  advantage  of  boiling  up,  as  well  as  of  rocking  or  veget 
ating,  with  the  silver,  when  the  cupellation  requires  a  high 
heat.  1854  Pharmac.  Jml.  XIII.  622  The  formation  of 
large  masses  of  the  alum . .  by . . '  reaching  '  or  '  rocking  \ 

Rocking,  vbL  sb$  [f.  ROCK  st>.1]  A  rough 
mode  of  dressing  stone. 

1856  MORTON  Cycl.Agric.  11.395/1  Hackwork,  or  rocking, 
..is  that  mode  in  which  the  stone  has  an  artificial  rough 
ness  given  to  it  to  imitate  the  natural  face  of  a  rock. 

Rocking  (rp-kirj),///.  a.     [RocK  zU] 

1.  That  rocks ;  swaying,  oscillating ;  also,  caus 
ing  to  rock. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth,  De  P.R.  xvi.  xlviii.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
Poudre  hereof  to  feble  teebe  and  rokkinge  strength  and 
"  ham.  Ibid.  xvn.  xc.  (1495)  658  Mastyck.  .fastnyth 


Cyder  i.  225 

1812  J.  WILSON  Isle  of  Palms  i.  109  The  quiet  voice  of  the 
rocking  sea  To  cheer  the  gliding  vision  sings.  1817  SHELLEY 
Rev.  Islam  \\.  xiv,  And  who  shall  stand  Amid  the  rocking 
earthquake  steadfast  still?  1899  MACKAIL  W.  Morris  I. 
217  A  stranger  might  well,  from  his  rocking  walk  and  ruddy 
complexion,  have  taken  him  for  a  Baltic  sea-captain. 

2.  In  various  technical  terms,  as  rocking  far, 
beam,  lever,  rod,  shaft,  tree,  etc. 

1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  I.  PI.  m  A  cylinder  or 
segment  of  wood, . .  called  a  rocking  tree,  which  goes  across 
the  frame,  and  moves  on  the  pivots  fixed  into  it.  1841  Civil 
Kng.  fy  Arch.  Jrnl.  IV.  187/2  A  double  lever  on  the  rock- 
ing-shaft  for  working  the  valve.  1844  Ibid.  VII.  192/2  The 
rocking  rods,  .enabled  the  water  to  open  and  close  them, 
1876  GREECE  &  SIVEWRIGHT  Telegraphy  121  Let  the  ends 
of  two  rocking  levers,  by  the  tension  of  the  springs  ^  and  s', 
rest  on  these  pins.  Ibid.  125  The  vibrations  of  the  rocking- 
beam  must  be  slower  for  long  lines  than  fur  short  ones.  1884 
F.  J.  BRITTEN  Watch  <$•  Clockin.  131  Three  wheels  gearing 
together  are  planted  on  the  rocking  bar. 

Ro  cking-cliair.  [ROCKING  ///.  <z.]  A  chair 
mounted  on  rockers ;  also,  a  chair  having  a  rock 
ing  seat  attached  to  the  base  by  springs. 

1832  MRS.  TROLLOPE  Manners  Amer.  (1901)  II.  109  They 
..sit  in  a  rocking-chair,  and  sew  a  great  deal.  1855  BAIN 
Senses  #  Int.  n.  i.  §  19  The  rocking  chair,  introduced  by  the 
Americans, . .  is  another  mode  of  gaining  pleasure  from  move 
ment.  1897  '  MERRIMAN'  In  Kedar's  Tents  xxx,  She  was 
asleep  in  a  rocking-chair,  with  a  newspaper  on  her  lap. 

!Ro  ckiiig-liorse.  [ROCKING  ppl.  a.\  A 
wooden  horse  mounted  on  rockers  for  children  to 
ride  upon  with  a  rocking  motion. 

c  1804  H.  KNAPP  in  Rtoniana  225  Who. .  Makes  Pegasus  a 
rocking-horse.  i8z6  HONE  Every-day  Bk.  I.  292  Before  I 
had  ridden  anything  but  my  rocking  horse.  1869  TROLLOPE 
He  knew,  etc.  Ixxviii.  (1878)  433  The  boy  is  here,  you  may 
be  sure. .;  the  rocking-horse  makes  that  certain. 

attrib.  1834  West  India  Sk.  Bk.  I.  48  Porpoises,  .pur 
sued  their  course  with  a  sort  of  rocking-horse  motion  on 
the  surface.  1871  LOWELL  Wks.  (1890)  IV.  23  Common 
place  set  to  this  rocking-horse  jig  irritates  the  nerves. 

Ro'cking-stone,  [ROCKING///.  «.]  A  large 
stone  or  boulder  so  poised  on  a  limited  base  as  to 
be  easily  swayed  to  and  fro  ;  a  logan-stone. 


ROCK-PIGEON. 

1740  STUKELEY  Stonchenge  xi.  49,  I  have  seen  one 
of  these  rocking  stones,  as  call'd  commonly,  in  Derby 
shire.  1799  J.  ROUEKTSON  Agric.  Perth  573  The  rocking 
stone  of  Dron  is  10  feet  long  and  7  broad,  standing  in  an 
inclined  position.  1802  PLAVFAIR  Hnttonian  Theory  395 
What  are  called  rocking-stones  or  in  Cornwall,  Logan-stones. 
1855  J.  R.  LEIFCHILD  Corn-wall  2  Picturesque  coast  views,. . 
rocking-stones  and  stones  innumerable.  1871  L.  STEPHEN 
Piaygr.  Enr.  (1894)  iv.  96  A  mass  of  huge  loose  rocks,  which 
I  can  only  compare  to  a  continuous  series  of. .  rocking-stones. 

Ro  ckish,  a.  Also  6  rockishe.  [f.  ROCK  s&.1 
+  -ISH.J  f  Growing  upon,  composed  of,  rocks. 

ig6z  TURNER  Herbal  u.  (1568)  71  The  rockishe  ashe  is  of 
a  yelow  color.  1570  DEE  Math.Pref.  A  iiij  b,  Consider  the 
rockish  huge  mountaines,  and  the  perilous  vnbeaten  wayes. 
1582  STANYHUKST  sEneisiu.  (Arb.)  78  On  the  typ  of  rockish 
turret  stood  gastlye  Celseno. 

Rockite  (r^-ksit).  [f.  the  assumed  name  Cap 
tain  A^X'.J  A  member  of  an  Irish  organization 
associated  with  agrarian  disorders  in  the  earlier 
part  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

1828  Blacfcw.  Mag.  Dec.  757/1  Every  night  he  could  see 
bouses  in  the  distance  burning  round  about  him,  the  work  of 
the  incendiary  Rockites.  1831  Lincoln  Herald  27  May,  A 
band  of  Rockites  attacked  the  residence  of  a  magistrate  in 
the  county  of  Clare.  1880  W.J.  FnzI'ATRicK  Life  Doyle  II. 
333  He  urged.. the  'Rockites'  and  the  Ribbonmtn  to  ca>L 
their  evil  combinations  to  the  winds. 

attrib.  1832  Lincoln  Herald  14  Feb.  2/6  A  Rockite  notice 
. .  was  served  in  the  most  papulous  part  of  the  town  of  Long 
ford,  .on  Saturday  evening. 

Rocklay,  obs.  form  of  ROKELAY. 

RockleSS  (rp'kK's),  a.  [f.  ROCK  sbj-  +  -LESS.] 
Devoid  of  rocks  ;  without  rocks. 

c  1640  WALLER  OJ  Loving  at  First  Sight  ii,  'Tls  so  rock- 
less  and  so  clear  That  the  rich  bottom  does  appear.  1670 
DKYDEN  Conq.  Granada  \\.  i,  My  Heart's  so  plain,.  .''1  is 
weedless  all  above,  and  rocktess  all  below.  1682  —  Dnke 
of  Guise  ill.  i,  I'm  clear  by  nature,  as  a  rockless  stream. 
1883  Htirfers  Ma^.  l''ub.  3-^8  The  coast . .  is  flat  and  rockless. 

Ro'cklet  (rjrklrt).      [-LET.]      A  small  rock. 

1845  HIKST  Poems  65  From  every  rocklet  running,  flow  a 
myriad  murmuring  springs.  1868  W.  COKY  Lett,  fy  Jrnls. 
(1897)  230  Up  to  the  heights,  almost  up  to  the  protruding 
rocklets,  1880  SKNIOK  Trav.  fy  Ttont  in  Antip.  109  A 
reef  of  black-headed,  slippery  rocklets. 

Ro'ck-like,  a.  [f.  ROCK  sbJ-~\  Resembling  a 
rock  ;  hard  as  rock. 

1595  MARKHAM  Sir  R.  Grinvilc  cii,  Well  might  we  crush 
his  keele  with  rocklike  powers.  1819  SHELLEY  Lett.  Pr. 
Wks.  1880  IV.  85  We  entered  by  the  ancient  gate,  which  is 
now  no  more  than  a  chasm  in  the  rock-like  wall.  1824  Miss 
MITFORD  Village  Ser.  i.  (1863)  146  Wriggling  the  gig  round 
the  rock-like  stones.  1896  BADEN-POWELL  Matabele  Cam 
paign  xlii,  A  nugget  of  rock-like  bread. 


Rockliiig  (r^-klirj).  [ROCK  J£.I  +  -LING.]  A 
small  gadoid  fish  of  the  genera  Onos  or  Rhino- 
nemus  (formerly  Motelld],  esp.  the  sea-loach  or 
whistle-fish  (R.  cimbriiis}. 

1602  CAKEW  Cornwall  32  Of  flat  [fish  there  are]  Brets, 
Turbets,  Dories,.  .Cunna,  Rockling,  Cod,&c.  a  1705  RAY 
Syn.  Pise.  (1713)  164  MnsU'la  marina  vulgaris, . .  Rockling, 
..Whistle  Fish.  1769  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  III.  164  Three 
bearded  Cod,  Rockling.  1836  YARRELL  Brit.  Fishes  II. 
186  Three-liearded  Rockling,  Motella  vulgaris.  Ibid. 
190  The  Five-Bearded  Rockling,  Motclla  quinquecirrata. 
1863  COUCH  Brit.  Fishes  III.  m  Four-Bearded  Rockling, 
Motella  cimbria.  1883  Fisheries  Exhib.  Catal.  (ed.  4)  107 
Collection  of  Stuffed . .  Rockling,  Broad-nosed  Eel,  &c. 

BiO'ckman.    [ROCK  j^.1] 

1.  Sc.  One  who  takes  birds  on  rocks  or  cliffs. 
1825  JAMIESON  Suppl.^  Rockman,  a  bird  catcher,  Orkn.  ; 

so  named   from  the  hazardous  nature  of  his  employment, 
being  often  suspended  from  the  top  of  a  perpendicular  rock. 

2.  In  slate  quarries,  a  skilled  workman  who  gets 
out  the  slate  rock. 

1865  J.  BOWER  Slate  Quarries  ?Q  The  rockman.. gets  the 
blocks  in  the  quarry,  and  splits  them . .  ready  to  be  carried 
out  to  the  sawing  machinery.  1884  Christian  (fVr/^uSept. 
678/5  As  to  rockmen  and  labourers,  they  are  wanted  by  the 
hundred.  1892  Min.  Lvid.  Labour  Co  mm.  Group  A.  II.  2 
He  (sc.  a  rubbUher]  is  the  man  who  carries  away  all  the 
material  from  the  rock-men  to  the  place  where  the  slates 
are  made. 

Rock-oil.     [RocK  j^.1]     Native  naphtha. 

1668  CIIARLETON  Onomast.  236  Rock  oil,  or  Petroleum. 
1802-3  tr.  Pallors  Trav.  (1812)  II.  282  In  the  same  country 
are  springs,  having  inspissated  rock-oil  on  their  surface. 
1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  879  Rock-oil  is  very  inflammable. 
1856  Orr's  Circle  Sci.,  Pract.  Client.  482  An  oily  matter 
called  rock-oil  oozes  out  of  the  ground. 

Rockoon,  obs.  form  of  RACOON. 

Rock-ouzel.     [RocK  j<M]     The  ring-ouzel. 

1678  RAY  II  'illuzhbys  Ornith.  195  This . .  was  shot . .  not  far 
from  a  Village  called  Hathers-edge  in  the  Mountains  of  the 
Peak  of  Derbyshire,  where  the  Inhabitantscall  it  Rock-Ouzel. 
Ibid.  197  The  greater  Redstart  of  Olina,  called  by  Aldro- 
vand,  Merula  Saxatilis  \marg.  i.e.  The  Rock  Ouzel].  1772 
Phil.  Trans.  LXI 1. 266  The  Royston  Crow,  and  Rock  Ouzel, 
furnish  instances  of  such  a  regular  migration.  1802  MON 
TAGU  Ornith.  Dut.s.v.  Ring-ouzel,  The  young  birds,  before 
the  white  on  the  breast  appears,  have  been  considered  as  a 
different  species,  under  the  name  of  Rock-Ouzel.  1862 
JOHNS  Brit.  Bint's  Index,  Rock  Ouzel,  the  Ring  Ouzel. 

f  Rock-petre.  06s.—1   =  ROCHE-PETRE. 

1736  BAILEY  Honseh.  Diet.  E  6  Take  five  handfuls  of  common 
salt,  three  handfuls  of  bay  salt,  and  rock  petre  and  petre  salt 
of  each  one  handful. 

Bock-pigeon.    [RocK  aM] 

1.  A  species  of  dove  (Columba  livid]  inhabiting 
rocks  and  believed  to  be  the  source  of  the  domestic 
pigeon ;  the  rock-dove. 


ROCK-PIPIT. 

1611  COTGR.,  Colombe  rocheraye,  a  rocke  Pigeon.  1668 
CHARLETON  Qnontast.  77  Palnmbus  Rupicola. .,  the  Rock- 
Pidgeon.  1704  Diet.  Rust.  (1726)  II.  NIM,  Pigeons  or  doves 
are  of  various  kinds . . ,  as  Wood-pigeons,  Rock-pigeons  [etc.]. 
1780  G.  WHITE  Selbome  xciv,  I  readily  concur  with  you  in 
supposing  that  house-doves  are  derived  from  the  small  blue 
rock-pigeon.  i8oa  MONTAGU  Ornith.  Diet.  s.v.  Rock-dove^ 
Ornithologists  seem  to  differ  in  opinion  concerning  the 
Rock  and  Stock  Pigeon.  1859  DARWIN  Orig.  Spec.  i.  (ed.  2) 
25  The  rock-pigeon  is  of  a  slaty-blue.  1892  AGNES  CLERKE 
Fam.  Stud.  Homer  130  The  rock-pigeon,  called  from  its 
slate-coloured  plumage/$£/izVi* 

2.  Anglo-Indian.     A  sand-grouse. 

1885  NEWTON  in  Encycl.  Brit.  XIX.  84/2  It  may  be 
observed  that  the  'Rock-Pigeons'  of  Anglo-Indians  are 
Sand-Grouse.  1886  Ibid.  XXI.  259/1  The  expression  is 
decidedly  Dove-like,,  .so  that  among  Anglo-Indians  these 
birds  are  commonly  known  as  '  Rock-Pigeons'. 

Rock-pipit.  [RoCKjM]  The  rock-lark  or 
shore-lark  ( Ant/ins  obscnrus). 

1831  RENXIE  Montagu's  Ornith.  Diet.  427  Rock  pipit... 
This  species  appears  to  have  remained  long  either  unnoticed, 
or  confounded  with  others,  by  the  early  ornithologists.  1871 
NEWTON  YarreWs  Brit.  Birds  I.  588  The  Rock-Pipit  is  a 
constant  inhabitant  of  nearly  all  the  shores  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  1896  DIXON  Brit.  Sea  Birds  269  The  Rock 
Pipit,  .is  an  olive-brown  little  bird. 

Bock-plant.     [ROCK  j<M] 

f  1.  A  petrified  plant.    Obs. 

1691  RAY  Creation  i.  (1692)  82  Our  ordinary  Star-stones 
and  Trochites,  which  I  look  upon  as  a  sort  of  Rock-Plants. 
1753  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  Snfpl.  s.v.  Saint  Citthber?  s  Beads, 
'1  hey.. have  been  so  far  mistaken,  by  authors,  as  to  be 
supposed  a  sort  of  rock  plants. 

2.  A  plant  that  grows  upon  or  among  rocks. 
1694  tr.  Martens    I'oy.  Spitzbergen  58  The  Rock-plant, 

with  but  one  leaf.     Ibid.  72  The  Root  groweth  out  of  the 
Rocks,  wherefore  I  call  it  a  Rock  plant. 

i8z4  LOUDON  Encycl.  Card.  884  Mountain  or  rock  plants 
only  should  be  introduced  on  artificial  rock-work.  1841 
Penny  Cycl.  XX.  53/1  Rock-plants  are  those  plants  which 
are  distinguished  by  growing  on  or  among  naked  rocks, 
and  are  confined  to  no  particular  region  or  latitude.  1884 
Gardening Illustr.  8  Nov.  426/1  Rock  Plants . .  have  suffered 
considerably  from  the  long-continued  drought. 

3.  spec.  The  biting  stonecrop.    dial. 
1882  Devon  PSant.>tawes(E.D.S.). 

Rock-ribbed,  a.  [ROCK  sbl]  Having  ribs 
of  rock. 

1776  MICKLE  tr.  Camoens1  Lusiad  v.  212  And  Me  the  rock- 
ribb'd  mother  gave  to  fame.  1841  HKVANT  Thanatopsis  38 
The  hillsRock-ribb'd  and  ancient  as  the  sun.  1900  Scribno*s 
Rlag.  Sept.  293/2  Nearer  and  nearer  we  drew  to  the  rock- 
ribbed,  ice-encompassed  shore. 

Bock-rose.    [ROCK  sb\\ 

T 1.  ?  A  variety  of  Daphne  Cneorum.    Obs. 
1629  PARKINSON  Parad.  397  Cneorum  Mattliioli^  Small 
Rocke  Roses. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Helianthemum  or  Cistus 
(formerly  united   in  the  Linncean  genus   Cistifs), 
esp.  //.  vitlgare.     (See  also  CISTUS.) 

1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Cistnst  The  Male  Cistus  or 
Rock  Rose,  with  oblong  hoary  Leaves.  1753  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  Suppl.  App.,  Rock-rose,  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  Cistus  of  botanists.  1825  HOGG  Queen  Hynde  14  The 
day-breeze  play'd  in  eddies  weak,  And  waved  the  rock-rose 
to  her  cheek.  1846  LINDLEY  Veget.  Kingd.  350  South 
Europe  and  the  north  of  Africa  are  the  countries  that  Rock 
Roses  chiefly  inhabit.  1882  Garden  10  June  405/2  Rock 
Roses  (Helianthemum)  give  also  striking  masses  of  various 
colours — golden  yellow,  rose,  and  salmon-coloured. 

attrib.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  53/2  Almost  all  the  Rock- 
rose  tribe  (Cistacea?)  may  be  grown  with  success  on  rock- 
work.  1861  BENTLF.Y  Man.  Bot.  455  Cistacess.—  The  Rock- 
Rose  Order. 

3.  Australian  rock-rose,  a  plant   of  the    genus 
Hibbertia.  1889  in  Cent.  Diet.  s.v.  Hibbertia. 

t  Bock-ruby.  Obs.  [Cf.  ROCK  rf.i  6e.]  A 
species  of  garnet  or  amethyst  (see  quot.  1748). 

1544  ll'ill  of  Conrwaleys  (Somerset  Ho.),  Rocke  ruby. 
1572-3  in  Nichols  Progr.  ttliz.  (1823)  I.  323  One  tablet  of 
mother-of-perle..set  with  2  rock  rubyes  and  2  emeraldes. 
1626  BACON  Sylva  §  i  In  like  manner,  Cornish  Diamonds, 
and  Rock  Rubies, . .  are  the  fine  Exudations  of  Stone.  1748 
J.  HILL  Hist.  Fossils  591  The  Rock-Ruby.  This  is  the 
name  they  very  improperly  give  to  the  Garnet,  when  it  is  of 
a  very  strong  but  not  deep  red,  and  has  a  fairer  cast  of  the 
blue.  Ibid.)  The  bluer  Amethysts  being  by  some  [jewellers] 
caird  Rock  Rubies. 

Bock-salt.  [RocK  sby\  Salt  found  in  a  free 
state  disposed  in  strata,  and  capable  of  being 
extracted  in  large  lumps. 

1707  Lond.  Gaz.No.  4385/3  The  Antelope  of.  .Leverpole, 
with  Rock-Salt,  taken  the  i2th  Instant  by  two  Privateers. 
1748  Ansoft's  Voy.  \\.  viii.  309  Some  oakum,  about  a  tun  of 
rock  salt,  and  between  30  and  40^.  in  specie.     1802  PLAYFAIK 
Huttonian   Theory  364  The  district.. in  Cheshire,   which 
contains  rock-salt,  extends  over  a  tract  of  fourteen  or  fifteen 
miles.     1853  GREGORY  Inorg.  Chew.  98  Chlorine,  .occurs  in 
prodigious  quantity  in  the  well-known   substance,  sea  or 
rock-salt,    in   which    it    is   combined    with   sodium.      1886 
WINCH  ELL  Walks Geol.  Field  iy.  The  sediments,  .would  be 
deposited  upon  the  bed  of  rock-salt. 

b.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

1708  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4453/3  A  Survey  will  be  held  at 
Topsham, .  .on  Thursday  the  sth  of  August,  for  a  Rock  Salt- 
house,  with  three  Iron  Pans.      1811  Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  I.  38 
The  Cheshire  Rock-Salt  District.     1834-6  Encycl.  Metrop. 
(1845)  VIII.  430/2  Rock  salt-pits  are  sunk  at  great  expense. 
1839  URR  Diet.  Arts  1086  The  great  rock-salt  formation  of 
England  occurs  within  the  red  marl.     1883  Science  I.  518/2 
Magnus  found  that  rock-salt  plates  absorbed  heat  [etc.]. 

Ro'ck-shaft.  [RocK  z;.l]  A  shaft  which 
merely  rocks  or  osculates  about  its  axis  in  place 


746 

1   of  making  complete  revolutions;  esp.  one  working 
|    the  levers  connected  with  certain  valves  in  some 

forms  of  engines. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1960/2.  1896  Cosmopolitan  XX. 
|  421/1  On  the  bottom  of  the  vehicle,  in  front  of  the  operator 
i  is  a  rock  shaft,  upon  which  the  operator  places  his  foot  to 

manage  the  vehicle. 

Ro'ckship.  [f.  ROCK  sby\  The  fact  of  being 
;  a  rock  (with  allusion  to  Matt.  xvi.  18). 

18400.  S.  FABER  Christ's  Disc.  Capernaum  Introd.  p.  Ixii. 
!     note,  Demonstrating.. that  the  Roman  Bishop  must  needs 
be  the  inheritor  of  Peter's  imaginary  Rockship. 

Rack-Staff1.  [RocK  ^.l]  Part  of  the  ap 
paratus  for  working  a  smith's  bellows. 

1677  MOXON  Meek.  Exercises  \.  2  This  Handle  is  fastened 

!    a  cross  a  Rock-staff,  which  moves  between  two  Cheeks  upon 

I     two  Center-pins,  in  two  Sockets.    1831  J.  HOLLAND  Mnnitf. 

'    in  Metal  I.    177  The  bellows  occupying   the    inside,   and 

being  worked  by  a  rockstaff  from  without.     1894  HESLOP 

Nortlntmbld.  Gloss.,  Rock-staff,  the  lever  or  long  handle  by 

which  a  blacksmith  works  his  bellows. 

Rcrck-staff  -.     dial.     [RocK  sb?\     A  distaff. 

a  1825  FORBY  lroc.  E.  AngHa  s.v.  Rock,  'An  old  woman's 

!    rockstaff',  is  a  contemptuous  expression  for  a  silly  super- 

1    stitious  fancy. 

t  Ro'Ckster.     Obs.     Forms :    4    rokster,    5 

i   rokkestere.     [f.  ROCK  v.^  +  -STER.]  =*  ROCKER*  i. 

1377-80  Aces.,  etc.  Kxch.  Q.  R.  (Bundle  400  No.  4  m.  20), 

Mundine,  nutrici  domini  nostri  regis,  et  Raimunde  oberd, 

rokster.     14..  Lat,  Eng.  lrrc.  in  \Vr.-Wiilcker576  Crepnnd- 

'    aria.,  a  rokkestere.    Ibid.  577  Ctttia&U?attt#l..R  rokkestere. 

Rock-stone.    [ROCK  j£.i]    A  stone  of  the 

nature  of  a  rock ;  stone  obtained  by  quarrying  or 
cutting  from  the  rock. 

1545  HALF.  Image  Doth  Ch,  i.  xv.  (1550)  h  vj,  1'hese  stande 
euermore  on  the  glassy  sea,  they  set  sure  fotyng  vpon  the 

1  rocke  stone.  1668  CHAKLKTON  Onomast.  a+iSa.vuw,.  .Rock- 
stone.  1748  J.  HILL  Uist.  Fossils  447  White  or  whitish 
Rock  Stone,  Sywpexinm  albidttm.  1765  Museum  Rust. 
IV.  146  In  one  of  which  [kilns]  I  burn  chalk  cut  in  pieces, 
and  the  other  small  rock-stones.  1795  J.  PHILLIPS  Treat. 

,  Inland  Nov.  Add.  172  Coals,  coak,  iron,  iro:i -stone,  lime 
stone,  rock-stone,  bricks,  tiles,  and  other  minerals.  1808 

,  FOKSVTH  Beauties  Scot  1.  V.  517  Rock-stone,  formed  of  mica 
and  quartz  [is  found  in  Colonsay]. 

Rock-thrush..  [ROCK  sby\  A  thrush  of  the 
genus  Alonticola  (formerly  Pdrocinda], 

1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  II.  i.  54  Rock  Thrush, 

Menila,  saxatilis.     Size  of  a  Thrush.      Bill  pale  brown, 

1826  .Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.  XIV.  349  Petrocincla^  . .  Rock- 

1     thrush.      1835   Penny  Cycl.    IV.   479/1    There    are    other 

I     European  species  of  the  tribe,  such  as  Turdns  saxatilis, 

I    the  rock  thrush.      1859  DARWIN  Orig.  Spec.  iv.  (ed.  2)  89 

!     The   rock-thrush  of  Guiana,  birds  of  Paradise,  and  some 

others,  congregate.      1875-84  SHARPK   Layard?s  Birds  S. 

I    Africa  219  Cape  Rock-Thrush.     This  is  the  largest  of  the 

three  South  African  Rock-Thrushes. 

Ro  ckward,  adv.  [ROCK  sbl  +  -WARD.]  To 
wards  a  rock. 

1823  BYRON  Island  n.  xvii,  The  tropic  bird  wheel'd  rock- 
ward  to  his  nest. 

Rock-water.  [R<  CK  $b?\  Water  issuing  from 
a  rock,  naturally  clear  and  cold. 

1605  SYLVESTER  Die  Bartas  n.  ui.  Laive  g  Christ-Typing 
Manna,  Quails,  Rock-waters  fall.  1650  TRAPP  Co  mm.  Dent. 
xxviii.  2  As  the  rock-water  followed  the  Israelites  in  the 
wilderness.  1^05  ADDISON  Italy  461  It  was  extreamly 
muddy  at  its  Entrance,  .though  as  clear  as  Rock  Water  at 
its  going  out.  1772  GRAVES  Sfif.  Quix.  (1820)  I.  IQO,  I 
don't  pretend  to  live  upon  roots  and  rock-water.  1858  Miss 
PARDOK  River  .y  Desert  I.  159  A  delicious  fountain,  into 
,  whose  basin  the  sparkling  rock-water-is  poured. 

attrib.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  VII.  239  Her 
invitation  most  certainly  runs  all  in  the  rock-water  style. 

Rock-weed.  [RocK  sby\  A  seaweed,  esp. 
one  of  the  genera  Fucus  and  Sargassum,  growing 
on  tide-washed  rocks. 

1626  CAPT.  SMITH  Accid.  Yng.  Seamen  29  Rocke-weecle, 
adrift,  or  Hates.  1627  —  Seafitati's  Gram.  ix.  43  Rockweed 
doth  grow  by  the  shore,  and  is  a  signe  of  land.  1664  Phil. 
7'rarts.  I.  13  Upon  which..  Rock-weed  or  Sea-tangle  did 
grow  a  hand  long.  1777  G.  FOKSTER  Voy.  round  World  I. 
113  A  great  bed  of  floating  rock-weeds.  1819  WARDEN 
United  States  I.  366  The  coast  [of  Maine]  furnishes  a 
marine  vegetable  called  rock- weed.  1888  GOODE  A  met: 
Fishes  171  He  took  the  sprays  of  rock-weed  In  his  hands 
and  pulled  them  slowly  to  him. 

Ro-ck-work.    [f.  ROCK  sb.i] 

1.  A  natural  mass  or  group  of  rocks  or  stones. 
1706  Phil.  Trans.  XXV.  1954  These  are  pretty  Shells, 

and  frequently  found  in  Rock-work,  1713  STEELE  Guard. 
No.  101  The  garden.. is  fenced  on  the  lower  end  by  a 
natural  mound  of  rock-work.  1781  COWPER  Charity  96 
This  genial  intercourse,  .softens  human  rock-work  into  men. 
1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  53/2  Hints  should  be  taken  from  the 
natural  rock-work  that  often  meets  us  by  the  mountain  side. 
1890  Cent.  Mag.  Aug.  490/2  We  come  within  a  few  miles 
to  the  Vernal  and  Nevada  falls.. set  in  the  midst  of  most 
novel  and  sublime  rock-work. 

tratisf.  1761  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  233/2  Their  majesties' 
desert,  in  which  the  confectioner  had  lavished  all  his 
ingenuity  in  rock  work  and  emblematical  figures. 

2.  Stones  piled  together  with   soil   interspersed 
for  growing  Alpine  and  other  plants  in  a  garden ; 
a  rockery ;    also,  grotto-work,   rough  stone-work 
resembling  or  imitating  natural  rocks. 

1790  W.  WRIGHTE  Grotesque  Archit.  g  A  cascade,  .decor 
ated  with  rock-work.  1833  LOUDON  Encycl.  Archit.  §  1979 
Rockwork  is  one  of  the  most  common  ornaments  of  gardens. 
1843  Florist  225  Maritime  plants  can  be  planted  appro 
priately  at  intervals  round  the  pond  at  the  base  of  the  rock- 
work.  1880  JESSIE  FOTHERGILL  Probation  n.  xii,  A  bench 


ROCKY. 

situated  in  a  kind  of  rockery..  ;  the  seat  was  a  little  retired  in 
a  hollow  of  the  rock  work. 

attrib.  1824  LOUDON  Encycl.  Card.  (ed.  2)  Gloss,  s.v. 
Mitella%  Nforth]  Amerfican]  rockwork  plants,  which  prefer 
light  rich  soil.  i88z  Garden  i  Apr.  211/2, 1  wish  to  warn  all 
rockwork  planters  against  this  evening  Primrose. 

3.  Arch.  Masonry  very  rudely  or  roughly  faced. 
1842  GWILT  Archit.   §  2670    Rustics  and   rockwork  on 

columns  are   rarely  justifiable  except    for  the  purpose  of 
some  particular  picturesque  effect. 

4.  Skill  in  climbing  rocks  ;  (  rock-craft '. 

1898  M'cstw.  Gaz.  30  Mar.  3/2  Though  the  climbs  are 
short  they  afford  excellent  practice  for  learning  rock  work 
of  the  most  difficult  kind. 

Hence  Ro'ck-worked  a.,  very  rudely  faced. 

1859  GWILT  Archit.  §2666  Many  [basement  storie^]  are 
capriciously  rock-worked  on  their  surface.  Ibid.  §  2669  We 
now  return  to  the  subject  of  the  rock-worked  rustic. 

Rocky  (rfrki),a.i  Also  5-6  rokky,  6  rokki, 
6-7  rookie,  7-8  rockey.  [f.  ROCK  sb.\  +  -Y.] 

1.  Full  of,  abounding  in,  rocks ;    consisting  or 
formed  of  rock  ;  having  the  character  of  rock. 

14. .  Sailing  Directions  (Hakl.  Soc.,  1889)  21  And  in  xliij. 
or  xvj.  fadome  there  is  rokky  grounde.  1538  LF.LAND  /tin. 
(1768)  I.  106  The  Castelle  of  Nottingham  stonditli  on1| 
rokky  Hille  on  the  west  side  of  the  Towne.  1593  SKAKS. 
l\ich.  If,  n.  i.  62  England..,  Whose  rocky  shore  beates 
backe  the  enuious  siedge  Of  watery  Neptune.  1614 
RALEIGH  Hist.  World  v.  ii.  (1634)  338  The  Citadell,  called 
Acrocorlnthus,  stood  upon  a  steepe  rockie  hi!I  on  the  North 
side  of  the  towne.  1659  PEARSON  Creed  (1839)  315  In  a 
vault  made  by  the  excavation  of  the  rocky  firm  part  of  the 
earth.  1710  ADDISON  Taller  No.  120  P  2  Rocky  Paths  and 
pleasing  Grotto's.  1787  WINTER  Syst.  Hnsb.  347  Where  the 
ground  is  free  from  springs,  stoney  or  rockey.  1853  SIR  H. 
DOUGLAS  Milit.  Bridges  244  The  left  bank  was  rocky,  and 
nearly  level  with  the  water.  1860  TVNDALL  Glac.  i.  x.\.  139 
The  Trifti  glacier,  embraced  on  all  sides  by  the  rocky  arms 
of  the  Breithorn. 

Comb.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  iv.  i.  69  Thy  Sea-marge  stirrile, 
and  rockey-hard.  1728-46  THOMSON  Spring  398  The  next 
pursue  their  rocky-channel'd  maze  Down  to  the  river. 
1764  GOLDSM.  Trav.  85  Though  the  rocky-crested  summits 
frown.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat,  (1834)  I.  634  The  rocky- 
pointed  causey  of  punishment. 

b.  Rocky  A/otintaiitS)  the  great  mountain-range 
lying  towards  the  western  coast  of  N.  America. 

1805  LEWIS  £  CLARK  Erped.  Missouri  (1815)  I.  320  A  tribe 
on  this  side  of  the  Rocky  mountains  \Ibid.  311-9  the  Rock 
mountains].  1818-22  Encycl.  ftletrop.  (1845)  XIV.  395/2  To 
these  are  joined  the  Rocky  or  Stony  Mountains,  which  ex 
tend  as  far  as  N.  lat.  55°.  1850  B.  TAYLOR  Eldorado  II.  22 
Fort  Laramie,  at  the  foot  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

attrib.  [1804  LEWIS  &  CLARK  Exped.  Missouri  (1815)  I. 
197  Two  horns  of  the  animal  called  by  the  French,  the  Rock 
mountain  sheep.]  1818  T.  LAURIE  in  Mem.  IVernerian 
Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  (1821)  III.  308  Remarks.,  on  the  Skin  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  Sheep.  1828  RICHARDSON  in  Zool.  Jml, 
III,  517  Rocky  Mountain  Dormouse.  Ibid.  520  Rocky 
Mountain  Flying  Squirrel.  1842  PKICHARD  Nat.  Hist.  Man 
407  Rocky  Mountains  Indians  are  said  to  have  a  complexion 
of  a  swarthy  yellow.  1859  BAIKD  Mammals  N.  Anier. 
499  Rocky  Mountain  Rat.  1872  Corns  A71.  Anier.  Birds 
153  Rocky  Mountain  region,  U.S.  and  southward,  northeast 
to  Kansas. 

c.  quasi -rf.   The  Rockies,  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
1882  W.  A.  B.  GROHMANN  (title}.  Camp  in  the  Rockies. 

1892  Month  Apr.  88  The  solitude  of  the  snow-capped  Rockies. 

2.  fig.  a.  Of  the   heart   or  disposition  :  Flinty, 
slony,  hard,  unfeeling,  unyielding. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  in.  (1605)  327  The  grace  wherewith 
Anaxius  spake  it,  to  perswade  rockie  minds  to  their  ovvne 
harm.  1596  R.  LINCHK  Diella  (1877)  20,  I  know.,  all  will  not 
remoue  flynt-harted  rigour  from  your  rocky  breast.  1650 
How  ELL  Lett.  III.  7  May  He  also  move  My  mind,  and 
rockie  heart  so  strike  and  rend.  1690  NORRIS  Beatitudes 
(1692)  46  Some  men  of  Rocky  Hearts,  .that  would  see  the 


whole  World  in  Flames  without  any  concern.  1839-52 
BAILEY  Festtts  27  Like  God's  voice  Upon  the  worldling's 
proud,  cold,  rocky  heart. 


Comb.  ci6oa  K.  DAVISON  in  Farr  S.  P.  Eliz.  (1845)  II.  331 
Whose  rocks  and  rocky-hearted  foes  My  flight  on  euery 
side  enclose,  a  1849  MANGAN  Poems  (1859)  238  This  rocky- 
bosomed  beauty. 

b.  Firm  as  a  rock  ;  unflinching,  steadfast 
1622  MASSINGER  &  DEKKER  Virgin  Martyr  n.  iii,  I'll 
send  my  daughters  to  her,  And  they  shall  turn  her  rocky 
faith  to  wax.  1692  HICKKRINGILL  Good^  Old  Cause  Wks. 
1716  II.  518  Let  [such  effeminate  constitutions]  leave  the 
rugged  and  boysterpus  Wars  to  rugged  and  rocky  Com 
plexions  and  Constitutions.  1856  RUSKIN  Mod.  Paint. 
IV.  v.  xv.  §  23  Written  in  larger  and  rockier  characters 
upon  the  sky. 

o.  Resembling  a  rock  in  solidity. 
1825  J.  NEAL  Bro.  Jonathan  I.  274  A  smile  of  barbarous 
exultation,  .brightened  his.  .rocky,  square  forehead. 

f  3.  a.  Rocky  bone,  one  of  the  bones  of  the  ear. 
(Cf.  rock-hone,  s.v.  ROCK  sh.^  p\  Obs. 

1613  CKOOKE  Body  of  Man  440  Aboue  the  eares..aboue 
the  bones  called petrosa  or  the  rockie  bones.  1683  SNAPE 
Anat.  Horse  MI.  xiv.  (1686)  139  Which  Cavities  are  wrought 
by  Nature  in  the  Rocky-bone,  and  contain  in  them  the  in 
bred  Air. 

fb.  Rocky  rw/9>,  =  RocK-BUBY.   Obs. 
a  1728  WOODWARD  Fossils  i.  29  The  Rocky-Ruby,. .A" ub- 
inus  rupium.    This  is  of  a  Red  deep,  and  the  hardest  of  all 
the  kinds. 

4.  Growing  upon  or  among  rocks,  rare. 
1640  PARKINSON  Theatr.  Bot.  707  The  rockie  Cranes  bill 
[Geranium  sa.ratile}  is  a  lesser  plant  then  the  ordinary 
Doves  foot.  1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Lychnis^  Mar 
itime  Rocky  Campion,  with  an  Orpine  Leaf.  1805  LAMBERT 
tr.  Michanx'  Trav.  Allegany  Mts.  301  The  remainder  of 
this  tract.. produces  only  the  white,  red,.. and  rocky  oaks, 
&c.  intermixed  with  pines. 


ROCKY 


747 


BOD. 


5.  Brewing.  (See  quots.) 

Connected  with  rock  as  a  variant  of  rocke  :  see  ROCKING 
vbl,  s6.2  (quot.  1839)  and  cf.  F.  rocker-  in  Liltre. 

1835  W.  BLACK  Brewing  52  The  third  change  is  the 
cauliflower  or  curling  top,  rising  to  a  fine  rocky  or  light 
yeasty  head.  1836  Penny  Cycl.  V.  405/1  The  stages  of  a 
healthy  fermentation  are,  first,  a  creamy  scum  rising  on  the 
surface  :  this,  after  a  time,  begins  to  curl  and  becomes 
frosted  in  appearance;  it  then  becomes  rocky,  and  the  air 
vesicles  which  appeared  frosted  enlarge. 

Rocky  (ip-ki),  <7.a  [f.  ROCK  z-.l]  Unsteady, 
tottering,  unstable ;  in  early  use,  tipsy. 

1770  Gentl.  Mag.  XL.  559  To  express  the  condition  of  an 
Honest  fellow  and  no  Puncher  under  the  Effects  of  good 
Fellowship  it  is  said  that  he  is.  .Rocky.  1791-3  in  Spirit 
Public  yrnls.  I.  3  Our  Rulers  too  are — rocky.  1828  Craven 
Gloss.,  Rocky i  drunken,  tottering  in  his  gait.  1895  J.  G. 
MILLAIS  Breath  fr.  Veldt  (1899)  253  The  vision  of  the>u 
splendid  horns,  .made  me  a  bit  'rocky',  as  the  big  beast 
swung  round  to  stare  at  us.  1897  Westin.Gaz.  14  Apr.  7/2 
He  understood  that  the  society  in  which  his  money  was 
invested  was  in  a  '  rocky '  condition. 

b.  slangy  in  vaguely  depreciative  use. 

1883  Bicycling  News  28  Dec.  830  A  very  jolly  day  having 
been  spent,  notwithstanding  the  rocky  weather.  1890  L.  C. 
D'Ch'LE  Notches  12  It'll  be  a  little  bit  rocky  on  some  of  us. 

Rocky,  obs.  form  of  ROCK  v.1 

Rococe'sqLue, a.  rare-1,  [f.  next  +  -ESQUE.]  Of 
rococo  character  or  style;  suggesting  rococo. 

1885  FREEMAN  in  Times  20  Jan.  10/6  Not  to  imitate  the 
rococesque  lantern  arches. 

ROCOCO  (r0kJ>rk0),  a.  and  sb.  Also  roceoco. 
[a.  Jt1'.  rococo^  supposed  to  be  a  fanciful  formation 
on  the  stem  oirocaille  pebble-  or  shell-work. 

1836  Eraser  sMag.~X\\\.  214  There  are  two  especial  new 
ntots  (Ttirgot)  rococo  and  decoiisie.} 

A.  adj.  1.   Old-fashioned,  antiquated. 

1836  Foreign  Q.  Itev.  XVII.  432  This  species  of  delicacy 
seems  now  to  be  so  thoroughly  perntqut,  and  rococo^  or 
whatever  be  the  newest  and  moit  approved  term  for  old- 
fashioned,  that  [etc.].  1839  LADY  LYTTOH  Chei'tley  (ed.  2)  I. 
xii.  278  [He]  had  even  been  sufficiently  'rococo1  to  assert 
boldly  that  he  did  not  think  Victor  Hugo  so  great  a  genius 
as  Racine.  1859  SALA  Tw.  Round  Clock  (1861)  300,  I  do 
not  even  know  the  names  of  the  fashionable  dances  of  the 
day,  and  very  probably  those  to  which  I  have  alluded  are 
by  this  time  old  fashioned,  out  of  date,  rococo,  and  pigtaily. 

2.  Of  furniture  or  architecture  :  Having  the  char 
acteristics  of  Louis  Quatorze  or  Louis  Quinze 
workmanship,  such  as  conventional  shell-  and 
scroll-work  and  meaningless  decoration ;  excess 
ively  or  tastelessly  florid  or  ornate. 

1844  THACKERAY  Little  Trav.  Wks.  1900  VI.  27  The 
rococo  architects  have  introduced  their  ornaments.  1851 
MOGKORD  Prescrv.  Pict.  (ed.  3)  i.  10  The  poverty  of  in 
vention,  and  rococo  design  of  most  of  the  picture-frames 
now  made.  1876  HARDY  EtkelbcrLi  I.  24  An  oval  mirror 
of  rococo  workmanship.  1887  PATEK  liiiag.  Portraits  150 
That  rococo  seventeenth-century  French  imitation  of  the 
true  Renaissance. 

transf.  1878  E.  JENKINS  Haverlwlme  65  The  florid  and 
rococo  notions  of  Imperial  glory  flourished  by  his  political 
chief,  1881  Daily  TeUgr.  27  Dec.,  That  stately  rococo 
dance,  the  Minuet  de  la  Cour. 

B.  sb.  1.  The  style   of  architecture,   art,  etc., 
having  rococo  characteristics. 

1840  Civil  Eng.  $  ArcJt.  Jrnl.  III.  94/1  The  type  of  the 
ancient  church  was  replaced  by  the  absurdities  of  the 
rococo.  1881  H.  JAMES  Portrait  of  a  Lady  xxxv,  Miss 
Osmond,  indeed,  in  the  bloom  of  her  juvenility,  had  a  touch 
of  the  rococo.  1884  SVMONDS  Skaks.  Predcc.  xiv.  563  The 
whole  passage  illustrates  the  rococo  of  the  English  Renais 
sance  which  Marlowe  made  fashionable. 

2.  A  piece  of  work  in  this  style. 

1876  Academy  30  Dec.  623  These  Scenes  are  rococoes 
sufficiently  out  of  the  common  track  to  be  worthy  of  notice. 

Hence  Rococo 'city,    notice -wd. 

1844  E.  FITZGERALD  Lett.  (1889)  I.  125  Think  of  the  roco- 
cocity  of  a  gentleman  studying  Seneca  in  the  middle  of 
February,  .in  a  remarkably  damp  cottage. 

Rocolo,  obs.  variant  of  ROQUELAUEE. 

Rocou,  variant  of  Roucou. 

t  Rocc|uet.  Obs.  rare.  Also  roquet.  [? Adapta 
tion  of  a  native  name.]  (See  quots.) 

The  original  source  for  the  name  and  description  is 
Rochefort  Hist,  Antilles  (1658)  i.  xiii.  131. 

1666  J.  DA  VIES  Hist.  Caribhy  Isles  75  besides  these  greater 
sorts  of  lizzards,  there  are  in  these  islands.. others  which 
are  much  less ;  and  these  are  called . .  Roquets-  1685  R. 
BURTON  Eng.  Einp.  Ainer.  196  The  rocquet  is  a  pretty 
animal  in  this  isle.  1708  OLD.MIXON  Brit,  Einp.  II.  227 
The  Rocquet,  an  animal  whose  skin  is  like  a  wither 'd  leaf. 
1753  Chamber?  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Roquet. 

Rooquet,  obs.  form  of  ROCKET  sb^ 

Rod  (rfd),  sbl  Also  1-6  rodd-,  4-5  rodd,  5-7 
rodde.  [OE.  rodd,  corresponding  in  sense  to  the 
continental  forms  cited  under  ROOD  sb.,  but  in 
form  quite  distinct.  Prob.  related  to  ON.  ntdda 
*  club  ',  Norw.  dial,  rtuida,  rydda  '  a  large  pliant 
twig  or  stick  used  as  a  whip ',  rodda  *  a  stake  set 
upright  to  hang  things  on'  (Ross).] 

I.  1.  A  straight,  slender  shoot  or  wand,  growing 
upon  or  cut  from  a  tree,  bush,  etc. 

11x150  [see  sense  2].  #1250  Owl  <y  Night.  1123  Vor  me 
Jie  hoj>  in  one  rodde,  An  bu,  mid  ^ine  fule  codde, . .  Biwerest 
manne  corn  urom  dore.  f  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xi.  41 
Hingand  apon  a  spere  or  apon  a  rodd.  c  1430  Two  Cookery- 
bks.  52  Pryke  be  cofyn  with  a  pynne  y-stekyd  on  a  roddys 
eude.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  139  The  aungell 
sate  Uowne  &  knyt  roddes  &  wrought  on  y°  basket.  1572  in 


Feuillerat  Revels  Q.  Eliz.  (1008)  166  For  wicker  Roddes  to 
make  frettes.  1611  BIBLE  Gtn,  xxx.  37  lacob  tooke  him 
rods  of  greene  poplar,  and  of  the  hasel  and  chestnut  tree. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  107/2  To  put  two  rods  through 
the  cross  thrids  that  were  crossed  at  the  Warping.  1766 
Compl,  Fanner  s.v.  Surveying'  7  F  2/1  It  is  good  that  he. . 
carry  in  his  hand  a  bundle  of  rods,  to  stick  down  one  at  the 
end  of  the  chain.  1784  COWPKR  Task  vi.  166  So  thick  a 
swarm  Of  flow'rs,  like  flies  clothing  her  slender  rods,  That 
scarce  a  leaf  appears.  1802  JAMKS  Milit.  Diet,  s.v.,  Rods, 
or  sticks,  fastened  to  sky-rockets,  to  make  them  rise  in  a 
straight  line.  1867  JEAN  INGEI.OW  Lanrance  iu  130  The 
hazel  rods  Were  nodding  with  their  catkins.  18850.  G.  W. 
LOCK  Workshop  Rec.  Ser,  iv.  276/1  '  Osiers ',.. under  the 
technical  name  of  'rods'  and  willows,  are  a  merchantable 
commodity. 

b.  fig.  An  offshoot,  a  scion  ;  a  tribe.    (Biblical.) 

1460  Pel.,  AW.,  <y  L.  Poems  (r866)  81  To  the  all  synners  do 
go,.  .As  thou  art  parfyte  rodde  of  lesse.  1535  COVERDALE 
IsaiaJt  xi.  i  After  this  there  shal  come  a  rod  forth  of  y9 
Kynrede  of  lesse,  and  a  blossome  out  of  his  rote.  1611 
ISiBLi-:  Ps.  Ixxiv.  2  Remember,  .the  rod  \marg.  Or,  tribe] 
of  thine  inheritance  which  thou  hast  redeemed.  1780  [K. 
PKRRONET]  Occas.  Verses  (1785)  22  Extol  the  stem  of  Jesse's 
rod,  And  crown  Him  Lord  of  All.  ^1850  NEALE  Hymns 
East.  Ch.  (1866)  73  Rod  of  the  Root  of  Jesse,  Thou,  Flower 
of  Mary  born. 

C.  Iii  phr.  by  the  rod,  descriptive  of  an  old  form 
of  taking  or  surrendering  land. 

Cf.  Cotgrave  (1611),  s.v.  Verge. 

1736  Brasenosi'  Coll.  Doc.  C-  38  Came  and  surrendered  by 
the  rod  into  the  hands  of  the  Lords  of  the  fee,  a  cottage  [etc.]. 
1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  V.  560  An  attorney  who  makes 
a  surrender  ought  to  pursue  the  usual  form,  as  by  the  rod, 
<S;c.,  according  to  the  custom  of  the  manor. 

2.  An  instrument  of  punishment,  either  one 
straight  stick,  or  a  bundle  of  twigs  bound  to 
gether.  To  spare  the  rod,  etc. :  see  SPAKE  v. 

a  1150  Ags.  Ifom,  (ed.  Assmann)  xv.  119  Da  het  se  jercfa 
hi  mman..&  mid  greatum  roddum  buuton.  1390,  c  1450 
[see  b].  ^1491  C/tast.  Goddcs  Chyld.  14  Yf  the  childe  \\cxe 
wanton  the  nioder  beteth  him  fyrst  with  a  litell  rodde  and 
the  .strenger  lie  wexeth  the  greiler  rodde  she  takyth.  1551 
T.  WILSON  Logike  (1580)  36  The  rodde  as  an  instrument., 
helpeth  forward  tobryng  the  buye  to  some  goodnesse.  1580 
in  Boys  Coll.  Hist.  Sandwich  (1792)  231  Punished ..  with 
rodd,  shame,  restraint  of  pi. tie,  or  otherwyse,  1603  SHAKS. 
MfOS.forM.  i.  iii.  26  As  fond  Fathers,  Hauing  bound  vp 
the  threatning  twigs  of  birch. .  :  in  time  the  rod  [is]  Wore 
mock'd,  then  fear'd.  1636  Cov\  LKV  Poetical  Blossoms, 
l-'otc  iii,  I  would  not  be  a  School-master,  though  he  His 
Rods  no  lesse  than  Fasces  deemes  to  be,  1733  FIELDING 
Intriguing  Chambermaid  Epil.,  "1'is  Itard  to  pay  them  who 
our  faults  reveal,  As  boys  are  forced  to  buy  the  rods  they 
feel.  1780  COWPER  Boadicea  2  '1'he  British  warrior  queen, 
Bleeding  from  the  Roman  rods.  1824  \V.  IRVING  T.  Trav. 
I.  270  It  makes  a  vast  difference  in  opinion  about  the  utility 
of  the  rod,  which  end  happens  to  fall  to  one's  share.  1865 
KINGSLEY  Hereto,  xxxix,  To  fast  all  the  year  on  bread  and 
water;  and  to  be  disciplined  with  rods  or  otherwise. 

b.  fig.  A  means  or  instrument  of  punishment ; 
also,  punishment,  chastisement.  Formerly  common 
in  phr.  to  make  a  rod  for  oneself  ,  one's  oivn  back, 
etc.     To  kiss  the  rod  :  see  Kiss  v.  6. 

1390  GOWER  Con/.  II.  44  Cupide,  which  of  love  is  godd,  In 
chastisinge  hath  mad  a  rodd  To  dry  ve  awei  hir  \vantounesse. 
c  1450  tr.  DC  Iniitatione  in.  Iv.  132  Thy  discipline  is  upon 
me,  &  J>y  vodde  she  shal  teche  me. . .  I  encline  me  under  be 
rodde  of  by  correccion.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  v.  ii.  162, 
I  fere  me  ye  haue  made  a  rodde  for  your  self.  1535  COVEK- 
n\LELatti.  iii.  i,  I  am  the  man,  that  thorow  the  rodd  of  his 
wrath  haue  experience  of  misery*  1546  HEYWOOD  Prov. 
(1867)  5  Whan  haste  proueth  a  rod  made  for  his  owne  tayle. 
1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  11'',  HI.  u.  10  Thou  do'st . .  Make  me 
beleeue,  that  thou  art.. the  Rod  of  heauen  To  punish  my 
Mistreadings.  <ri6n  CHAPMAN  Iliad  \.  606  And  therefore 
..never  strive,  but  gently  take  your  rod.  1655  FULLER 
Ck.  Hist.  v.  234  It  hapned  that  this  Lord  first  felt 
the  smart  of  this  rod  which  lie  made  for  others.  1677  W. 
HUGHES  Alan o/ Sin  i.  ix.  39  Oh  how  the  good  man  smiles 
to  see  what  a  Rod  we  have  made  for  our  own  Back  !  1697 
DHYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  654  No  vulgar  God  Pursues  thy 
Crimes,  nor  with  a  common  Rod.  1734  E.  LRSKINB  Serm. 
Wks.  1871 II  284  How  little  fruit  is  there  of  rods,  whether 
public  or  personal.  1771  Junius  Lett.  Ixix.  (1788)  368 
Shortening  the  duration  of  parliaments.. b  keeping  the 
representative  under  the  rod  of  the  constituent.  1801  I. 
MILNKR  in  Life  xiii,  (1842)  249,  I  have  long  seen  it  very 
plain  that  mild  methods  will  not  do  for  me.  Nothing  but 
the  rod  answers  at  ail.  1860  MOTLKY  Netherl.  iii.  1.6;  it 
was  the  policy  of  both,  .governments,  .to  make  use  of  him 
as  a  rod  over  the  head  of  Philip. 

c.  A  rod  in  pickle^  f  lye>  ~\  pissy  usually  Jig.,  a 
punishment  in  store.     (Cf.  PICKLE  5<M  i  b.) 

1553  Kcspublica  in.  v.  820  Some  would  in  no  wyse  to  owre 
desyres  applye.  13ut  we  have  Roddes  in  pysse  for  them. 
1593  G.  HARVEY  Pierce**  Super.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  327,  I 
know  One,  that  experimentally  prooued  what  a  rod  in  lye 
could  do  with  the  curstest  boy  in  a  Citty.  1648  J.  DILLING- 
HAM  in  Ld.  Montagu  of  Beaulimi  $  P.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.) 
163  No  doubt  there  are  many  rods  in  pickle  against  many- 
great  ones.  1714  MANDEVILLE  Fab.  Bees  (1733)  I.  331, 1  see 
a  thousand  rods  in  piss,  and  the  whole  posse  of  diminutive 
pedants  against  me.  1798  Anti-Jacobiit  5  Mar.  (1852)  77 
He  keeps  for  Pitt  a  rod  In  pickle.  1848  MRS.  JAMESON 
Sacr.  $  Leg.  Art  (1850)  267  He  has  as  certainly  a  rod  in 
pickle  for  the  idle  and  unruly.  1886  A.  J.  C.  HARE  Story 
Life  (1900)  VI.  5  The  incarnation  of  a  rod  in  pickle,  but 
with  very  fine  qualities. 

•f  d.  A  rod  under  or  at  ones  girdle,  implying  a 

whipping  or  the  fact  of  having  been  whipped.   Obs. 

1579   LYLY   Euphnes  (Arb.)  34  They  put  gold   into  the 

hands  of  youth,  where  they  should  put  a  rod  vnder  their 

gyrdle.      1591  —  Endym,  u,  ii,  Away  peeuish  boy,  a  rodde 

!    were  better  vnder  thy  girdle  than  loue  in  thy  mouth.     1598 

!    B.  JOSSON  Ev.  Man  in  Hum.  v,  i.  (Q.1),  You  signior  shall  be 

|    carried  to  the  market  croue,  and  be  there  bound;  and  so 


shall  you  sir,  in  a  large  motlie  coate,  with  a  rodde  at  your 
girdle. 

3.  A  wand  or  stick  carried  in  the  hand,  such  as 
a  walking-stick,  shepherd's  or  herdsman's  stick, 
enchanter's  wand,  etc. 

c  1290  S.Eng.L'-g.  1.274/123  His  rodde  he  pi$te  in  |?e 
grounde :  and  heo  bi-gan  a-non  To  leui  and  blowe  and  here 
fruyt.  1474  CAXTON  Chess  HI.  (1883)  76  A  man  holdynge. . 
a  rodde  in  the  lifte  hand.  Ibid.)  The  rodde  is  for  to  dryue 
and  conduyte  wyth  all  the  bestes  vnto  her  pasture.  1511 
Guylforcie's  rilgr,  (Camden)  45  Ye  relyques  yl  Titus  caryed 
to  Rome,  that  is  to  say,..Aarons  rodde,  Moyses  rod.  1526 
TINUALE  Matt,  x.  10  Possess  nott  golde,  nor  silver.., 
Nether  shues,  nor  yet  a  rod  [so  Cranmer  (15391  a"d  Rheims 
(1582)].  1611  BIBLE  }'s.  xxiii.  4  Thy  rod  and  thy  stafte, 
they  comfort  me.  1634  MILTON  Counts  816  Without  his 
rod  revers't,  And  backward  mutters  of  dissevering  power, 
We  cannot  free  the  Lady.  1667  —  P.  L.  xi.  133  CharniM 
with  Arcadian  Pipe,  the  Pastoral  Reed  Of  Hermes,  or  his 
opiate  Rod.  1756-7  tr.  Kcyslers  Trav.  (1760)  II.  192  Here 
also  they  pretend  to  shew  the  rods  of  Mo^es  and  Aaron, 
&c.  1781  COWI'EK  Expost.  85  He  that  rul'd  them  with  a 
shepherd's  rod,  In  form  a  man,  in  dignity  a  God.  1819 
SHELLEY  U'.d.  Tyr,  \.  149,  I  struck  the  crust  o1  the  earth 
With  this  enchanted  rod,  and  Hell  lay  bare  !  1885  J.  PAYN 
Luck  f]f  Darrelts  xxxi,  Her  later  life,  with  its  far  more 
important  incidents,  had  swallowed  it  up  like  Aaron's  rod. 
b.  A  stick  or  switch  carried  in  the  hand  when 
riding.  See  also  RIDING-ROD. 

1432-5011-.  Hidden  (Rolls)  I.  353  Thei  haue  a  wonde,  oilier 
a  rixkliv.tu  cause  the  horses  to  move.  1614  MARKHAM 
Chctip  Husb.  i.  ii,  Carry  your  rod  without  offence  to  his  eye 
in  your  right  band.  1633  G.  HEKBEKT  Tcm/>li',  Charms  <y 
Knots  3  A  poore  mans  rod,  \\hen  thou  dost  ride,  \^  both  a 
weapon  and  a  guide.  (11648  LD.  llKnni--i<r  Antvbio&r. 
dS86)  73  The  rule  for  graceful  riding  is,  that  a  man  hold.  . 
hi*  rod  over  the  left  ear  of  his  horse.  1753  Chambers1  CyJ. 
Suppl.  s.v. 

C.  A    divining-rod  :    see  DIVINING-,  DOWSING- 
Ron,  and  cf.  MOSAICAI.  2. 

1617  MORYSOS  Itin.  i.  12  When  they  goe  over  silver,  they 
hay  the  Rod  bends  or  brcakes,  if  it  be  straightlv  held.  1641 
TIIOKNDIKK  Cort.  Ckimlics  \.  i.  $  i  Tho^e  that  seek  for 
mines  have,  .a  rod  which  they  hold  even-balanced  over  the 
place  where  they  hope  for  a  vein.  1778  PHYCK  J////.  Cornub. 
1 14  The  corpuscles,  it  was  said,  that  rise  from  the  M  irieral^, 
entering  the  rod,  determine  it  to  bow  down.  1836  R. 
FUKNLS.I  Astrologer  i,  To  cut  the  wondrous  rod, and  thence 
define  The  place  and  bearing  of  the  hidden  mine.  1865 
KINGSLKY  j/emv.  xxv,  There  might  be  iron-ore  in  the 
wolds  ;  and  if  you  could  find  it  by  the  rod,  we  might  get  it 
up  and  smelt  it. 

transf.  1649  G.  DANIEL  Triaarch,s  licit.  I',  civ,  Sot:  great 
a  fitith  have  Princes,  when  the  Sword  (Their  Rod  of  Pro- 
pheue)  leads  on. 

4.  A   wand  or  staff  (of  wood,  ivory,  or  metal) 
carried  as  a  symbol  of  office,  authority,  or  dignity. 
(See  also  BLACK  KOD.) 

c  1440  Sir  Goivt/icr  314  There  come  the  steward  with  a  rod 
in  his  honde,  To  do  him  thens  thus  he  wold  fonde.  c  1450 
Brut  545  Sir  Thomas  Percy,,  .stuard  of  the  Kynges  hows- 
old,  come  into  the  hall  amonges  the  pepill,  and  there  he 
brak  the  rodde  of  his  office,  a  1548  HALL  C/irwf. , /fim.  /•"///, 
215  The  erle  of  Avrondel  whiche  bare  the  rod  of  Yvery  with 
the  Dove  both  together.  1557  N.  T.  (Genev.)  Mark  xiv.  65 
The  sergeantes  smote  him  with  their  ruds  of  office.  1613 
SHAKS.  Hen.  /'///,  iv.  i.  89  Holy  Oyle,..The  Rod,  and 
iJird  of  Peace,  and  all  such  Emblemes.  1641  BAKER  Chron. 
(1653)  211  Receiving  at  tlie  Kings  hands  the  Rod  and  the 
Cap,  as  investitures  of  that  Dutchy.  1677  F.  SANDFORU 
Ceneal.  Hist.  Eng.  75  Delivering  Him  the  Scepter  to  hold 
in  His  Right  Hand,  and  the  Rod  Royal  in  his  Left  Hand. 
1728  CHAMUERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Vergers,  Inferior  Officeis,  who 
gu  before  the  Bishop,  Dean,  &c.,  with  a  Verge,  or  Rod  tip'd 
with  Silver.  1777  BRAND  Observ.  Pop.  Antiy.  xxv.  261  'I'he 
Staffer  Rod  of  Authority  in  the  Civil  and  in  the  Military 
.  .are  both  derived  from  hence.  1822  SCOTT  Nigel  ix,  Max 
well,  still  keeping  his  rod  across  the  door,  said, ..'  My  lord, 
tins  gentleman  is  not  known  '. 

b.  As  a  symbol  of  power  or  tyrannical  sway. 

i526TiNDALE  Rev.  ii.  27  He  shall  rule  them  with  a  rodde 
of  yeron.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  v.  884  That  Golden  Scepter.. 
Is  now  an  Iron  Rod  to  bruise  and  breake  Thy  disobedience. 
1748  GRAY  Alliance  58  Proud  of  the  yoke,  and  pliant  to  the 
rod.  1750  —  Elegy  47  Hands  that  the  rod  of  empire  might 
have  sway'd.  1786  BURNS  Address  to  Edinburgh  14  Here 
Justice.  .High  witlds  her  balance  and  her  rod.  1813 
SHKLLEY  Q.  Alab  v.  127  The  iron  rod  of  Penury  still  compels 
Her  wretched  slave  to  bow  the  knee  to  wealth.  Ibid.  ix. 
187  Tamely  crouching  to  the  tyrant's  rod.  1879  FROUDE 
Cxsar  xxvi.  437  They  would  fall  only  under  the  rod  of  less 
scrupulous  conquerors. 

5.  An  angling-rod ;  a  fishing-rod. 

a  1450  Fysshynge  w.  Angle  (1883)  6  Ye  muste  furst  lurne 
to  mak.  .your  rod,  your  lynys.  .&  your  hokes.  Ibid.  7  How 
3c  schall  make  your  Rodde  craftely.  1523-98  [see  ANGLE- 
HOD  ;  ANGLING  3].  1630  DRAYTON  Muses1  Elys.  Nymphal  vi, 
The  lusty  Samon.  .wresting  at  my  Rod  doth  niake  my 
Boat  turne  round.  1653  WALTON  Angler  120  This  kind  of 
fishing  with  a  dead  rod,  and  laying  night-hooks,  are  like 
putting  money  to  use.  1711  GAY  Rural  Sports  i.  134  Let 
the  fisherman.. Encrease  his  tackle,  and  his  rod  retye.  1753 
Scots  Mag.  Mar.  134/1  He  got  a  rod,  and  went  a-fishing. 
1856  '  STONEHENGE  Brit.  RuralSports  252/2  The  short  rod 
is  then  to  be  held  over  the  stream,  and  the  bait  gently 
dropped  into  the  water. 
b.  transf.  An  angler. 

1867  F.  FRANCIS  Atigiivg-xii.  (1880)441  One  of  the  keenest 
and  best  rods  on  the  river.  1894  Outing  XXIV.  257/2  He 
lands  more  big  fish  and  throws  back  more  small  ones  than 
any  other  rod  m  his  district. 

II.  6.  a.  A  stick  used  for  measuring  with.  Also 
nieasitring  rod. 

1495  Trevisas  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xvn.  clxxv.  716  He  that 
meetyth,  kepyth  and  departyth  feldes..and  meedys  vsyth 
a  rodde.  i5oa,  1599  [see  GAD  sb,\  6J.  1648  HEXHAM,  Lcn 

94-2 


ROD. 

Roede,..a.  Rod  of  ten  foot  long,  to  measure  grounds  or 
fields.  1656  [see  MEASURING  vbl.  sb.  4].  1705  ARBUTHNOT 
Coins,  etc.  viii.  (1727)  58  Decempeda  was  a  sort  of  measuring 
Rod  for  taking  the  dimensions  of  buildings.  1728  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.,  EzcckieCs  Reed,  or  Rod,  a  Scripture  Measure  [etc.]. 
1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  386  The  Rod  is  from  five 
to  ten  feet  in  length,  and  is  used  for  measuring  lengths, 
heights  and  breadths.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  J-arvi  I.  509 
The  rod,  divided  into  feet  and  inches,  is  put  down  to 
ascertain  the  depth  of  the  drain. 

b.  A  small  piece  of  wood,  bone,  etc.,  marked 
with  figures  and  used  in  calculating. 

1619  T.  BRETNOR  A  Prognost.  To  Mat  hem..  There  is.  .an 
excellent  treatise  of  Rabdologia,  or  Arithmeticall  Rods,  in 
vented  and  published  by  the  learned  Lord  of  Merchiston. 
1667  (see  RHABDOLOGY].  1678  PHILLIES  s.v.  Nt-piers  Hones 
or  Rods,  Which  Rods  being  rightly,  .disposed  one  with 
another,  represent  the  true  product  of  any  two  sums.  1825 
[see  RHABDOLOGICAL], 

7.  a.  A  measure  of  length,  equal  to  5^  yards  or 
i6j  feet ;  a  PERCH  or  POLE. 

c  1450  LOVELICH  Merlin  1940  Whanne  this  werk  was  thus 
begonne,  &  the  lieythe  of  fowre  roddis  vpe  was  j-ronne 
aboven  the  erthe.  c  1450  Godstow  Reg.  375  The  which  acre 
holdeth  in  lengthe  x.\.\ij.  roddis  and  liij.  fote  of  the  kyngis 
standard.  1474  Cov.  Leet  B^ok  II.  397  Out  of  the  seid 
yard  growith  a  Rodde  to  mesure  lond  by,  the  wich  Rod 
conteyneth  in  lengthe  v  yardes  &  halfe.  1570-6  LAMBAKDE 
Perautb.  Kent  1.1826)  352  This  auncient  bridge,  .conteined 
in  length,  about  twenty  and  sixe  roddes.  1657  S-  PURCHAS 
Pot,  Fly  ing- 1  us.  go  Those  that  were  seeking  for  her  abroad 
(although  some  rods  distant)  are  instantly  sensible  of  their 
felicity.  1678  Moxox  Mat/t.  Diet.  A  pp.  166  Eight  Furlongs, 
viz.  320  Rods,  make  a  Mile.  1706  [see  POLK  $l>.1  3].  1769  li. 
IJANCKOi-r  Guiana  362  Extending  a  thousand  or  fifteen 
hundred  rods  in  front  of  the  River.  1865  E.  BURRITT  Walk 
to  Land's  End  (1868)  191  Then  at  every  rod  you  have  a 
sea-view  of  peculiar  interest.  1884  Law  Titties  Rep.  LI. 
23^/2  That  A.B.  do  back  and  cope  a  hundred  rods  of  their 
wall.. on  penalty,  by  the  rod,  sixteen  shillings. 

Comb.    1778  [VV.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  25  Oct.  1775, 
To  harrow-in  the  wheat  on  the  rod-wide  beds  of  Barn  field. 
b.  A  measure  of  area  :  A  square  perch  or  pole  ; 
talso,  a  ROOD. 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  Si  Thou  shake  yoke  hem  and  make 
hem  to  tourne  foure  rodd  of  londe.  1542  RLCORDE  Gr. 
Aries  (1575)  208,  i  Perche  in  bredth,  and  40  in  length,  doe 
make  a  Rod  of  lande,  whiche  some  call  a  roode.  1571  DIGGKS 
Pantom.  n.  xvi.  Oij,  Now  bycause  I  would  cut  off  from 
that  figure  one  acre,  and  an  acre  conteineth  160  rods  :  I 
multiply  160  in  50.  1660  SHAKKOCK  Vegetables  19  A  rod 
or  pole  of  ground,  which  is  the  square  of  sixteen  feet 
and  a  half.  1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Surveying,  Which  you 
multiply  by  40,  because  there  are  40  Perches  in  a  Rod. 
1766  Coinpl.  Farmer  s.v.  Surveying  7  F  i/i  Example.  19 
rods  the  diagonal.  5  rods  the  perpendicular.  95  square  rods 
the  content.  1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  I. 
188  Half  an  acre,  or  eighty  rods,  of  land..,  is  sufficient  to 
keep  a  cow  during  a  year.  i858  Rep.  U.S.  Commissioner 
Agric.  (1869)  405  Five  and  a  half  square  rods  of  ground, 
which  had  not  been  manured. 

C.  A  measure  of  brickwork  :  (see  quots.). 
1663  GEIUUEH  Counsel  56  Bricklayers  do  work  at  twenty 
seaven  shillings  ttie  Rod.  Ibid.  63  A  Rod  i6£  Foot  square, 
ii  Bricks.  1667  PHI. MATT  City  <y  C  Build.  53  The  Brick 
layer.. doth  for  the  most  part  agree  by  the  Rod,  which  is 
sixteen  Foot  and  a  half  square  every  way,  and  two  hundred 
seventy  two  foot  in  all.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Meek. 
550  A  rod  of  standard  brick-work,  making  the  necessary 
allowance  for  mortar  and  waste,  will  require  4500  bricks. 
184^2  GVVILT  Encycl.  Arch.  §  2300  Consequently  272  feet  Is 
universally  taken  as  the  superficial  standard  content  of  a 
rod.  Ibid.)  A  cubic  rod  of  brickwork  would  be..  306  feet  cube, 
f  d.  (See  qnot.)  Obs.—1 

1630  in  Binnell  Descr.  Thames  (175^)  81  No  Fisherman . . 
shall  lay  any  more  or  greater  Quantity  [of  lampern-leaps] 
than  only  one  Rod  of  forty  Fathom,  containing  seven  Dozen 
of  Leaps. 

III.  8.  fa.  The  shaft  of  a  spear.    Obs.  rare. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  1234  The  king  share  thrugh  his  shild 
with  J>e  sharpe  ende,  And  the  rod  all  to  roofe  ri^ht  to  his 
honde.  Ibid,  i  io94The  roddis  all  to  Roofe  right  to  }>airehond. 
b.  dial.  The  shafts  of  a  cart  or  waggon. 

16^5  KENNETT  Par.  Antiy.  Gloss,  s.v.  Pnllanus,  In  a 
team,  the  horse  which  goes  in  the  rods  is  commonly  call'd 
the  Fillar.  1736  PEGGE  Kenticisms  (E.D.S.),  Rods,  of  a  cart 
or  waggon;  in  Derb.  the  sills.  1855  J.  C.  MORTON  Cycl. 
Agric.  II.  725  Rods  (Sussex',  cart  and  waggon  shafts. 

attrib.  1736  AINSWORTH,  A  rode,  or  roddle  horse  (filler), 
ft/ities  carro proxtme  subjt-ctus.  183?  Kentish  Gloss.,  Rod- 
horse,  a  horse  in  the  shafts  or  rods. 

9.  a.  A  straight  slender  bar  of  metal ;  a  con 
necting  part  or  shaft  which  is  slender  in  pro 
portion  to  its  length.  See  also  CONNECTING-HOD, 
guiding-^  lightning-^ piston-rod* 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Pendulum  Clock,  The  Iron 
Rod  or  Wiar  which  bears  the  Hob  at  bottom.  1750 
FUANKUN  Opinions  fy  Conject.  Wks.  1887  II.  183  Would 
nut  these  pointed  rods  probaMy  draw  the  electrical  fire 
silently  out  of  a  cloud?  a  1774  GOLDSM.  Surv.  Exf. 
P kilos.  (1776)  I.  155  As  the  rod  of  the  pendulum,  like  all 
other  bodies,  contracts  with  cold.  «8i£  J.  SMITH  Panorama 
Set.  fy  Art  I.  4  A  rod  of  good  steel,  in  its  hardest  state. ., 
may  be  broken  almost  as  easily  as  a  rod  of  glass.  1858 
LAKDNER  Hand-bk.  Nat.  Phil.  30  This  plunger  hangs  from 
a  rod . .  which  passes  through  the  cover  of  the  cylinder.  1883 
Encycl.  Brit.  XVI.  458/2  The  rod  in  the  shaft,  known  as 
the  main  rod  or  spear  rod,  is  usually  made  of  strong  balks 
of  timber  butted  together. 

b.  In  scientific  use  :  An  animal  or  vegetable 
structure  having  an  elongated  slender  form. 

1864  LUBBOCK  in  Nat.  Hist.  Rev.  IV.  269  In  the  younger 
females,  .the  eggs  did  not  descend  in  the  uterus  as  far  as 
the  *  rod  '.  1866  HUXLEY  Physiol.  ix.  223  This  is  the  layer 
of  rods  and  cones,  and  occupies  about  a  quarter  of  the 
whole  thickness  [uf  the  retina].  1878  BKLL  tr.  Gegenbaurs 


748 

Coinf.   Anat.  264  The  rods.,  become  united,  and  form  a 
special  structure,  the  '  rhabdom'.     1884  IJOWEK  &  SCOTT  De 
\    Bary*$  Phaner.  85  Examples  of  the  aggregated  rods  arc 
!    found  on  the  white  Eucalypti. 

C.  Something  resembling  a  rod  in  shape. 
c  1860  FARADAY  Forces  Nat.  Hi.  50  A  continuous  rod  of 
fluid  mercury.     1905  Athenaeum  22  Apr.  487/2  In  the  cry  of 
the  wind,  in  the  grey  rods  of  rain,  and  in  all  the  shifting 
shows  of  the  universe. 

IV.  1O.  attrib. ,  in  sense  '  having  the  form  of  a 
rod' :  a.  Of  metal,  etc.,  as  rod-bolt,  -iron,  -lead. 

1690  Act  2  Will.  <$•  Mary  c.  4,  Every  Hundred  Weight  of 
Iron  slit  or  hammered  into  Rods,  commonly  known  by  the 
Name  of  Rod  Iron.  1805  R.  W,  DICKSON  Ptact,  Agric.  I. 
PI.  48  The  rod  screw  for  the  auger,  four  feet.  1833  LOUDON 
Encycl.  Archil.  §  84  To  have  Norfolk  thumb  latches,  .and 
eight-inch  rod  bolts.  1868  JOYSSON  Metals  58  Hammered 
and  rolled  into  the  various  sections  known  in  commerce  as 
bar,  rod  iron,  and  the  like.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON 
Mtltt.  Diet.  220/2  Rod  Lead. . .  In  this  form  it  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  compressed  bullets.  1897  Outing  XXX. 
371/1,  I. .unfolded  my  patent  rod-lock,  and  left  my  wheel 
.supported  by  this  device. 

b.  Of  organic  structures,  as  rod-body ,  -cell. 
l877  Q-  jfrnl.  Microsc.  Set.  XVII.  276  Numerous  rod- 
bodies  were  observed  to  be  shot  out  of  a  fresh  section  just 
as  in  Geoplana,  but  the  rod-cells  were  not  isolated  success- 
ftilly.  1888  ROLLKSTON  £  JACKSON  Anim.  Life  532  In  the 
Turbellaria  very  similar  structures  are  met  with  in  the 
rhabdocysts  or  rod-cells. 

11.  atirib.  and  Comb.  a.  General,  as  rod-divina 
tion,  -grower,  -merchant;  rod-shaped  adj. 

1777  BRAND  Pop.  A  ntiq.  96  note,  Our  vulgar  Notion  of  the 
Hazel's  Tendency  to  a  Vein  of  Lead  Ore. .seems  to  be  a 
Vestige  of  this  Rod  Divination.  1851  Census  Gt.  Brit. 
(1854),  Rod  grower,  dealer  12.  1858  SIMMONDS /)/<;/.  Trade, 
Rod-merchant,  a  dealer  in  osiers  or  birch  and  alder  rods 
for  basket-making,  etc.  1876  Nature  30  Nov.  108/1  Very 
minute  rod-shaped  spicules. 

b.  In  sense  5,  as  rod-bearer ',  -holder;  rod-case , 
-hand  ;  rod-fishing,  -season  ;  rod-caught  adj. 

1864  ATKINSON  Stanton  Grange  13  The  glancing  trout 
made  the  rod-bearers'  fingers  itch  to  try  their  art.  1879 
Casscils1  7'echn.  Educ.  II.  356  They. .thus  decrease  the 
rental  of  waters  either  from  net  or  rodholders.  1883  Century 
Al^g'  July  370/1  The  Professor  climbed  up.. with  the  rod- 
cases.  Ibid.  382^1  By  a  simple  turning  over  of  the  rod- 
hand  while  drawing  firmly  on  the  line.  1885  Globe  2  Sept. 
(Cassell),  Rod- fishing  is  permissible  until  the  end  of 
October.  1898  Westin,  Gaz.  5  May  4/2  The  spring  rod 
season  for  salmon  is  nearly  over.  1901  Scotsman  4  Mar. 
ip/i  He  landed  his  record  rod-caught  fish— a  salmon  of 
sixty-seven  pounds. 

12.  Special  combs.,  as  rod-bat  (see  quot.  1842); 
rod-chisel    (see     quot.) ;     rod-fall    (see    quot. 
1887);    rod-ham,    a   piece    of  meadow-land   on 
which   osiers  grow;    rod-machine    (see   quot.) ; 
rod-mill,   a  workshop  where  iron  is  rolled  into 
rods ;    rod-planer    (see    quot.) ;    rod-roller,    a 
workman  engaged  in  rolling  iron  into  rods ;  rod- 
rope,  the  rope  by  which  boring-rods  are  worked; 
f  rod-woman,  a  seller  of  twigs. 

1842  C.  W.  JOHNSON  Farmer's  Encycl.  s.v.  Plough  981/1 
The  ploughman  next  changes  the  position  of  the  coulter  to 
the  opposite  side,  by  what  is  called  the  '  *rod  bat ',  that  is, 
a  wood-set  stick   with  a  crook  in  it.     1855  J.  C.  MORTON 
CycLAffric.  s.v.  Plough,  The.  .sheath, coulter,  road  bat  fjiVJ. 
1875   KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1961/1  *  Rod-chisel,  a  chisel  on 
the  end  of  a  withe  or  rod,  used  by  the  smith  in  cutting  hot 
metal.     1664  MS,  Agreement,  Maldon,  Esst-.v  lidl.  97  fol.  3 
Parccll  of  laud  called  Withers,  with  ye  *roJfall  and  other 
appurtenances.     1887  Kentish  Gloss.,  Rod/all, ..a  belt  of    t 
wood  about  a  rod.  .Jeep,  not  belonging  to  the  same  owner 
as  the  bulk  of  the  wood,  and  felled  at  a  different  time.  1883    ' 
TAUNT  Thames  (ed.  5)  44  From  here  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of    j 
crooked    stream,    bordered   with    *rodhums,   brings   us   to 
Shillingford    bridge.      1884    KNIGHT   Diet.   Mech.   Suppl.     ' 
762/2  *Rod  Machine,  a  machine  for  making  round  sticks,    , 
such  as  dowels,  pins,  stretchers,  broom-handles,  etc.     1885    ; 
Census  Instruct,  Index,  *Rod  Mill  Roller.     1901   IVcstni. 
Gaz.  10  Dec.  10/2  A  man  having  charge  of  a  rod  mill.  1875 
KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1961/2  *  Rod-planer,  a  special  machine- 
tool  for  planing  locomotive  connecting-rods,  guide-bars,  and 
similar  work.    1901  ll'estm.  Gaz.    10  Dec.  10/2  Upon   the 
basis  on  which   *rod  rollers  are  paid   to-day.     1839  UKK 
DLt.  Arts  966  Substituting  for  the  wheel  and  axle,  a  num 
ber  of  ropes  attached  to  the  *rod-rope.     iSoi  MIDDLETON 
Bhtrtt  Master-Constable  n.  ii,  My  mistress  cries  like  the 
*rod-woman, — quick,  quick,  quick,  buy  any  rosemary  and 
bays  ? 

t  Rod,  sbt   Sc.  Obs.    Also  6  roid,  rode.     [Of 

obscure  origin ;  peril,  due  to  a  wrong  analysis  of 
an  early  *fottrod:  see  TROD. 

Fute  rode  occurs  in  Kennedy's  Passion  of  Christ  11,  and 
is  probably  still  represented  by  Sc.  Jit-tod.  The  quality  and 
quantity  of  o  in  Sc.  are  so  variable,  that  it  is  now  impossible 
to  say  whether  rod,  rod  represents  this  word  or  the  Kng. 
road.  Cf.  however  the  dim.  form  roddin(g.\ 

A  path,  a  way  or  road. 

1375  BAKBOUR  Bruce  vi.  237  A  litill  rod  he  fand  Vp  toward 
the  crag  strikand.  Ibid.  x.  379  Thai.. on  range  in  ane  rod 
can  ga  On  bandit  and  feit.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  vi.  vii. 
43  The  hiddillis  held  thai  and  the  roddis  darn.  1567  Gude 
$  Godlie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  197  Prelstis,  wirschip  God,  And  put 
away  spur  Imagerie,..To  hell  the  way  and  rod.  1581 
BUKNE  in  Cath.  Tract.  (S.  T.  S.)  160  Ane  edder  in  the  hie 
vay,  and  serpent  in  the  rod.  1600  Reg.  Privy  Counc.  Scot. 
VI.  125  Making  of  roidis,  gaittis  and  passage'is  throw  the 
landis,  and  taking  of..wair  furth  thairot 

Rod,  obs.  form  of  ROAD,  ROOD,  RUD  sbs. 

t  Rod,  erroneous  variant  of  RAD  a.t  afraid. 

1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  210  German  us  bad  thame 
tha  souUl  nocht  be  rod,  Hot  half  gude  hoip  and  put  tliair 
Li  IP  in  God, 


BODE. 

Rod  (r/?d),  v.     [f.  ROD  sb.i \ 
fl.  trans.  To  furnish  with  rods  or  laths.    Obs~° 
1591  PEKCIVALL  Sp.  Diet.,  Ripiar pared,  to  lath,  to  rod 
a  wall. 

2.  U.S.  To  fit  with  lightning-conductors. 
#1890 Sci.    Amer.    LVIII.    358   (Cent.),    Several   other 

houses  in  the  town  were  rodded  in  the  same  way.  1891 
Boston  (Mass.)  Jrul.  n  Feb.  2/3  An  old  man  down  the 
country  refused  to  have  me  rod  his  dwelling. 

3.  intr.  To  cut  and  peel  osiers,  dial. 

1886  S.  W.  Line.  Gloss.  121  They  kep1  the  childer  away 
rodding. 

Rod,  v.  (to  rub)  :  see  RUD  v£ 
Rod,  obs.  or  dial.  pa.  t.  or  pa.  pple.  of  RIDE  v. 
Rodde,  obs,  pa.  t.  of  RIDE  v. 
Ro'dded,  ///.  a.     [f.  ROD  sb*  or  v.  +  -KD.] 
*t  1.   Formed  into  rounded  pleats.    Ol>s.~l 
1562  PHAEK  &neid  vin.  L  iv,  In  garded  frocks  they  shine 
with  roddid  wells  about  theyr  necks  [L.  virgatis  lucent 

2.  Made  or  furnished  with  rods. 

1750  ELLIS  Mod.  Hitsb.  IV.  iv.64  (E.D.S.),  Rodded  hurdles. 
,  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  674  The  hurdles 
:  employed  for  this  purpose  are  generally  of  two  kinds,  either 

flatted  or  rodded.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  I.  148  A 
1  rack  made  of  malleable  iron,.. not  sparred  but  rodded,  in 

the  sides,  to  keep  in  the  straw. 

3.  Shaped  like  a  rod. 

1842  H.  MILLER  O.  R.Sandst.v.  (ed.  2)  122  Its  [the  Glypto- 
lepisj  rodded,  obelisk-like  spires.     1899  tr.  Jaksch's  Clin. 
I     Diagnosis  vii.  (ed.  4)  295  Certain    histological  changes.. 
I     especially  affecting  the  '  rodded  '  lining  cells. 

Rodden  (r^d'n),  sb.  Sc.  Also  6  roddyne, 
8-9  roddin,  y  roddan,  r(h)oddon.  [Of  obscure 
formation,  but  prob.  related  to  RED  a.,  from  the 
same  grade  as  OK.  rudi&  rudu,  and  ON.  ro9t 
ro6i,  etc.]  A  berry  of  the  rowan  or  mountain  ash. 
Also  attrib.)  as  rodden-tree. 

15..  in  Bannatyne  MS.  (1879)  775  Quhen.  .gud  reid  wyne 
growis  on  the  roddyne  treis.  n  1694  SIR  A.  BALFOUR  Lett. 
(1700)  31  The  Fruit  whereof  hangs  in  Clusters  like  our 
Hoddens,  a  1783  Willy  o  Douglass-dale^  xix,  O  had  1  a 
bunch  o  yon  red  roddins,  That  grows  in  yonder  wood. 
1850  W.  JAMIE  Stray  Effusions  58  Twa  wimpling  burnies 
meet  Beside  the  rodden  glen.  1853  CADKNII&AD  Bon- 
Accord  200  (E.  D.  IX,),  The  roddens  hangin'  ripe  and  red. 
Rodden,  a.  rare.  [f.  R.ODJ*.1]  Made  of  rods. 
1796  \V.  H.  MARSHALL  W.  England  II.  209  Round  rodden 
cow  cribs. 

R.O  ddeil-fluke.    Sc.    Also  roddan-.     [Perh. 

f.  RODDING  vbl.  sb.% :  cf.  the  synonymous  raivn- 
fiuke.  In  Northumb.  called  roddaws.]  The  turbot. 
*795  J-  DONALDSON  Agric.  Kincardine  415  Scale,  turbot, 
(called  here  rodden  fluke,  and  bannock  fluke)  and  floumlers. 
iSoz  PINKERTON  Mod.  Gcogr.  1.  192  The  Turbot.. in  Scot 
land  is  called  Rodclen-fleuk  ;  tbe  last  word  being  a  general 
denomination  for  flounders  and  other  flat  fish.  1882  DAY 
Irishes  Grt.  Brit.  II.  12  Turbot, .  .Roddan  or  roan  fleuk,.. 
east  coast  of  Scotland. 

RO'ddikin.  Sc.  Also  6  rodekein,  8  -ikin, 
roddickin,  y  ruddiken.  [Perh.  ad.  Du.  or  Hem, 
*roodeketi,  dim.  of  roode  (Kilian),  =  READ  s~  ~ 
The  fourth  stomach  of  a  ruminant  animal. 

1599  in  Stirling  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  Trans.  (1902)  28  Item  xij 
rodekeins.  1796  Young's  Annals  Agric.  XXVII,  69  An 
obstruction  takes  place,  and . .  the  stomach,  called  the  Rodi- 
kin,  is  greatly  inflamed,  c  1805  MACNEILL  I'oe/ns  (1844)  88 
Roasted  hen,  and  collops  plenty;  And  roddickins,  and 
peaches  too.  1817  Blackw.  Mag.  Dec.  302  Pray,  sir,  allow 
me  to  help  you — I  shall  send  you  a  nice  piece  of  ruddiken. 

Roddin(g,  Sc.)  a  path  :  see  sheep-rodding. 

Ro'dding,  i^'/;/.)  s&.1    [f.  ROD  sb.*  or  z/.J 

1.  The  action  of  beating  with  a  rod  ;  caning. 
1630  A*.  Johnsons  Kingd.  <y  Commixi.  478  Their  capital! 

punishments  are  hanging,  rodding,  knocking  on  the  heads, 
drowning.  1906  H.  S.  SALT  Consolat.  Faddist  30  The  less 
they  did  attend,  The  more  he  brayed  of  rodding, 

2.  teckn.   (See  quots.) 

1885  GKKSLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining,  Rodding,  the  operation 
of  fixing  or  repairing  wooden  cage  guides  in  shafts,  a  1890 
Electr.  Rev.  XVI.  14  (Cent.),  In  most  of  the  systems  the 
cable  is  inserted  by  a  process  technically  called  rodding— 
that  is,  pushing  rods  through  the  duct  from  one  manhole  to 
the  next. 

3.  concr.  Metal  in  the  form  of  rods  ;  an  arrange 
ment  of  rods. 

1889  G.  FINDLAV  Eng.  Railway  80  It  has  been  found  that 
a  steel  channel  section  of  rodding  is  far  superior  for  the 
purpose.  1899  Daily  News  i  July  4/5  Electro  pneumatic 
signalling  does  away  with  rodding  and  wires. 

BiO'dding,  vbl.  sd.'2  Sc;  rare.  [f.  rodd,  var. 
of  rudd  spawn :  see  RKDD  s&,]  The  spawning 
of  fish.  Hence  rodding-time. 

1795  Statist.  Ace.  ScotL,  Campsie  XV.  321  note,  It  is  said 
that  the  raising  of  the  Damhead..is  the  sole  cause  why  the 
fish  come  not  up  in  rodding  time  to  the  Glazert. 

Roddle,  variant  of  RADDLE  sb± 

Ro'ddy,  a.     rare-'3,    [f.  ROD  sb^\    (See  quot.) 

1611  COTGK.,  I'trgeux,  roddie,  full  of  rods. 

Roddy,  obs.  form  of  RUDDY  a. 

t  Rode,  sbl  Obs.  rare.  [Prob.  a.  Du.  roede 
measuring-rod  (ten  feet  long)  :  see  ROOD  sb.]  A 
certain  length  of  dyke. 

1662  DUGDALE  hnbanking  <$•  Draining  242  That  the 
sewer . .should  be  dyked. -before  Michaelmasse  following, 
upon  pain  of  every  rode  not  done  3".  4''.  Ibid.,  Upon  pain 
aUo  of  iij".  inj'1.  for  every  rode  unfinished  at  Michaelmas 


BODE. 

Rode  (n?"d),  sb.-  U.S.  Also  7-8  road(e,  9 
rhode.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  A  rope,  esp.  one 
attached  to  a  boat-anchor  or  trawl.  (Cf.  RODING.) 

1679  Boston  Rec.  (1881)  VII.  135  A  roade  taken  out  of  his 
Boate  in  Ihe  time  of  ye  fire,  &  made  vse  of  to  pull  downe 
houses.  1726  PENHALLOW  Indian  Wars  (1859)  53  They 
fired.. with  such  resolution,  as  made  them  quit  one  of  their 
boats  by  cutting  their  roads  and  lashings.  1883  Fisheries 
Exhib.  Catal.  12  Manilla  Trawl  Rhode,  large  yarn. 
a  1890  Cent.  Dict.y  Rode, . .  a  rope  attached  to  a  boat-anchor 
orkfllock.  Perley.  [Bay  of  Fundy.] 

Rode,  sb$    dial.     (See  quot.  and  RODE  v.-) 

1838  HOLLOWAY  Prov.  Diet,  s.v., '  To  go  to  Rode,'  means 
to  go  late  at  night,  or  early  in  the  morning,  to  shoot  wild 
fowl,  which  pass  over-head  on  the  wing. 

.1    Also  7  road.    [Prob,  ad.  older  Da. 

roeden  (Kilian),  =  LG.  roden,  raden  (see 
Grimm),  OFris.  rotha  to  root  out,  extirpate.] 
trans.  To  clear  (a  stream,  dyke,  etc.)  from  weeds. 
Hence  Ro'ding  vbl.  sb. 

1616  in  W.  H.  Wheeler  Hist.  Fens  (1807)  App.  iv.  u  The 
Welland  to  be  roaded,  rooked,  hooked,  haffed,  scowered 
and  cleansed.  1662  DuODALK  Hist.  Imbanking  <$•  Drain 
ing  242  The  sewer  called  the  Beche.  .should  be  dyked, 
roded,  and  scoured.  1664-5  Act  16-17  Chas.  //,  c.  n  §  2 
[They] shall,  .maintaine  and  keeps  the  Rivers  of  Gleaneand 
Welland  with  sufficient  Dyking,  Roading,  Scowering  and 
Bancking.  1858  W.  H.  WHEELER  Drainage  Fens  fy  Low 
Lands  17  The  cost  of  this  work  in  the  fen  district,  where  it 
is  termed  '  roding  ',  is  about  205.  a  mile.  [Descr.  precedes.] 

Rode,  v.'2  Also  8  rod,  9  road.  [Of  ob 
scure  origin.  Sense  2  is  evidently  related  in  some 
way  to  cock-rode,  -road.] 

1.  intr.  Of  wild-fowl :  To  fly  landward  in  the 
evening. 

1768  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  II.  464  As  soon  as  the  evening 
sets  in,  the  decoy  rises  (as  they  term  it)..  .This  rising  of  the 
decoy  in  the  evening,  is  in  Somersetshire  called  roddmg. 
1885  N.  $  Q.  6th  Ser.  XI.  188  Gunners,  .wait  in  the 
marshes  in  the  Bristol  Channel,  in  the  evening,  to  shoot 
wild  fowl  '  roding  in '  half  an  hour  after  sunset.  1898  [see 
ROADING  vbl  sb.z\. 

2.  Of  woodcock :  To  perform  a  regular  evening 
flight  during  the  breeding  season. 

1865  J.  SLEIGH  Derbyshire  Gloss.  (E.D.D.).  1888  [see 
ROADING  vbl.  sb?\.  1907  BENSUSAN  Wild-Life  Stories  208 
When  a  woodcock  is  roding,  he  must  not  vary  his  pace,  his 
flight,  or  his  song. 

Rode,  obs.  f.  REED,  ROAD,  ROID  a.,  ROOD,  KUD, 
RUDE  ;  pa.  t.  or  pa.  pple.  of  RIDE  v. 

-rode  (f.  RIDE  v.} :  see  tide-,  wind-rode. 

Ro'ded,  a.  Also  roaded.  [Of  obscure  origin  : 
cf.  RODY  rt.]  Streaky.  (Generally  used  of  bacon.) 

1848-  in  dialect  glossaries.  1893  Natal  Times  30  Sept., 
They.. make  splendid  roded  bacon  and  good  hams. 

Rede-horse,  obs.  f.  ROAD-HORSE.  Rode- 
lofte,  obs.  f.  ROOD-LOFT.  Rodely,  var.  of  ROIDLY 
Obs. ;  obs.  f.  RUDELY. 

R,  ode  lit  (r^u'dent),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  L.  rodent- , 
rodens,  pr.  pple.  of  rodere  to  gnaw.J 

A.  adj.  1.  Zool.  Gnawing;  belonging  to  the 
order  Rodentia. 

1833  Penny  Cycl.  I.  184/2  Of  the  Rodent  mammals 
{Rodentia}  of  Africa,  .we  have  no  very  extensive  knowledge. 
1840  tr.  Cuvier's  Anim.  Kingd.  108  In  this  we  may  discern 
a  slight  approach  to  the  rodent  character  of  Cheirouiys. 
1877  W.  MATTHEWS  Ethn.  %  Phil.  Hidatsa  Ind.  50  The 
rodent  teeth  of  the  beaver  are  regarded  as  potent  charms. 
1883  Encyd.  Brit.  XV.  419/2  Rodent  Moles,  with  very 
small  or  rudimentary  eyes  and  ear-conchs. 

2.  Path.  (See  quots.) 

1853  PAGET  Lect.  Surg.  Path.  II.  452  The  Rodent  Ulcer 
is  the  disease  which  has  been  described  under  various 
names  :  such  as  cancerous  ulcer  of  the  face,  cancroid  ulcer 
[etc.].  1878  T.  BUYANT  Pract.  Sttrg.  I.  125  Rodent  ulcers 
are  closely  allied  to  the  cancers.  1893  St.  Bartholomews 
Hasp.  Rep.  XXIX.  191  Rodent  cancer  most  commonly 
occurs  on  the  face. 

3.  Of  waves :  Wearing  away  the  shore. 

1875  G.  MACDONALD  Malcolm  III.  x.  148  Out  came  the 
lovely  carving  of  the  rodent  waves. 

B.  sb.  Zool.  An  animal  of  the  order  Rodentia^ 
characterized  by  having  no  canine  teeth  and  strong 
incisors. 

1835  KIRBV  Hab.  <$•  Inst.  Amni.  II.  xxiv.  503  The 
animals  included  in  the  Order  of  Rodents,  or  gnawers  and 
nibblers.  1859  DARWIN  Orig.  Spec.  v.  (1860)  137  The  eyes 
of  moles  and  of  some  burrowing  rodents  are  rudimentary  in 
size.  1880  HAUGHTON  Phys.  Geogr.  vi.  287  The  peculiar 
families  of  South  American  Rodents— cavies,  spiny-rats, 
and  chinchillas. 

transf.  1885  LD.  R.  CHURCHILL  Sp.  (1889)  I.  235  Lord 
Derby  belongs  to  a  tribe  of  political  rodents. 

Rodeiltial  (r0ude-njal),  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -IAL.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Rodentia  or  rodent  animals. 
Hence  Bode'ntially  adv. 

1890  Nature  XLII.  193/1  The  dingo  and  several  other, 
chiefly  rodential,  placental  mammals.  189*  Pall  Mall  G. 
2  Aug.  2/2  A  nose  rodentially  keen. 

Rodentian  (roude-nfan),  a.  rare"1,  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -IAN.]  Belonging  to  the  rodents. 

1854  BADHAM  Halieut.  157  A  little  string  of  raw  rodentian 
delicacies,  dangling  by  their  tails  in  a  bunch. 

II  Rodeo  (r0d<r0).  Amer.  [Sp.  rodeo  a  going 
round,  a  cattle-ring,  etc.,  f.  rodear  to  go  round.] 

1.  A  driving  together  of  cattle  in  order  to  separ 
ate,  count,  inspect,  or  mark  them;  a  round-up. 
Also  otftf&yfti  rodeo-ground. 


749 

1834  DARWIN  Jrnl.  16  Aug.  in  Voy.  Beagle  (1839)  III. 
311  Once  every  year  there  is  a  grand  'rodeo'  when  all  the 
cattle  are  driven  down,  counted,  and  marked.  1851  Laws 
California  xcii,  Every  owner  of  a  stock  farm  shall  be 
obliged  to  give  yearly  one  general  rodeo.  1891  B.  HARTE 
First  Fain.  Tasajara  vii,  Her  native-bred  animal  fondly 
believed  that  he  was  participating  in  a  rodeo.  1892  GER 
TRUDE  ATHERTON  Doomsivoman  xxiv,  The  platform  on  one 
side  of  the  circular  rodeo-ground. 

2.  A  place  or  enclosure  where  cattle  are  brought 
together  for  any  purpose. 

1847  W.  C.  L.  MARTIN  The  Ox  24/1  To  collect  the  herd 
once  a  week,  driving  them  from  all  quarters  to  a  rodeo,  or 
circuit,  where  an  account  is  taken  of  their  numbers.  1866 
Athcn&itw  24  Nov.  672/3  In  fine  weather  they  are  left  on 
the  *  rodeo  ',  a  bare  piece  of  ground  near  the  house,  to  which 
they  are  driven  to  pass  the  night. 

Roder,  obs.  form  of  KOAJJEK  i. 

t  RoderigO.  Obsr*  [A  Spanish  personal 
name.]  Some  kind  of  snuff. 

a  1704  T.  BROWN  Dial.  Dead  Wks.  1711  IV.  34  As  long  as 
I  could.. have  my  Diamond  Snuff-box  full  QtOrangeree  or 
R  oderigo. 

Rodetreo,  obs.  variant  of  ROOD-TREE. 

t  Kodewort.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  rode  KUD  sb.  + 
WOBT.l  The  marigold. 

14. .  JlfS.  Sloanej,  If.  46  a/2  Solscqiiiuw,  Rodcwort  o^er 
marygoldys.  0450  Alphita  (Anecd.  Oxon.)  86  Incitba, 
sponsa  soils,  kal&ndnla^.  .goldwort  ltd  rodeuurt. 

t  Rodge,  variant  of  (or  error  for)  RADGE. 

1678  PHILLH-S,  Rodge  i  a  sort  of  Water-foul,  somewhat  like 
a  Duck,  but  lesser.  [Hence  in  some  later  Diets.] 

Rodges-blast,  variant  of  ROGER'S  BLAST. 

1883  G.  C.  DAVII-S  Norfolk  Broads  iv.  (1884)  28  Occasion 
ally  a  '  rodges-blast '  sweeps  like  a  whirlwind  over  the 
marsh,  lifting  the  reed-stacks,  wrecking  windmills,  and  dis 
masting  the  wherries.  Ibid,  xxxiv.  266  You  may  see.. the 
trees  uprooted  for  a  space  where  a  rodges-blast  has  de 
scended.  1890  '  D.  DALE  '  Noatis  A  rk  i,  A  sudden  squall 
came  up,  as  these  rodges-blasts  do  spring  up  on  the  Broads. 

Rodi(e,  obs.  forms  of  RUDDY. 

Rodiane,  obs.  form  of  RHODIAN. 

HiOdinal  (rp'dinal).  [Trade  name.]  A  prepaia- 
tionof  salts  of  paramidophenol together \vithsodium 
sulphite,  used  as  a  developer  in  photography. 

1892  Ihotogr.  Ann.  II.  go  RodinaL.has  a  developing 
power  equal  to  that  of  the  rapid  quinol  developer.  1893 
//'/(/.  III.  91  Longer  development  than  with  rodinal  is  re 
quired  in  order  to  obtain  sufficient  opacity. 

R.O'dillg,     [Cf.  RODE  sb.-]     An  anchor  rope. 

1897  KIPLING  Captains  Courageous  iii.  57  Dan  .  .twitched 
once  or  twice  on  the  roding,  and.. the  anchor  drew  up  at 
once.  Ibid.  viii.  153  Three  boats  found  their  rodtngs  fouled. 

fRodion.    Obs.~l    (See  quot.) 

Apparently  =  rod/on,  and  now  represented  by  ROGER  2  5, 
with  its  variants  RODGES-  or  ROGER'S  BLAST. 

1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  \\.  xv.  (MS.  Bpdl.  263)  If.  240,  I 
haue  herd  seid  of  ful  yore  agon  A  whirle  wynd  blowing 
nothing  softe  Was  in  old  Englissh  callid  a  Rodion,  That 
reiseth  duste  &  strauh  ful  hih  alofte. 

t  Rod-knight.  Obs.  [Later  form  of  OK. 
rddcniht.}  =  RAD-KNIGHT. 

c  1280  BR ACTON  ii.  xxxv.  §  6  Ut  si  quis  debeat  equitare 
cum  domino  suo  de  manerio  in  manerium,  &  tales  dicuntur 
Rodknights.  ^1290  Fleta  m.  xiv.  §  7  Per  servitium 
equitandi  mecum,  vel  cum  uxore  mea,  qui  Rodknyghts 
vocabantur.  [1614  SELDEN  Titles  Honor  334  Our  old  word 
Rodknights  (that  is,  Riding  Knights,  or  Knight-riders). 
1617  MINSHEU  Ductor  422  Rodk nig/its,  or  Rndkn2gJitst  are 
certaine  seruitours,  which  hold  their  lands  by  serumg  their 
Lord  on  horsebacke.  i68z  WARBURTON  Hist.  Guernsey 
(1822)  69  Bracton  calls  such  tenants  as  held  by  the  service 
of  riding  with  the  lords  from  one  manor  to  another.  Rod 
Knights.  1778  PENNANT  Tour  Wales  (1883)  I.  56  This  last 
[the  Radman]  seems  to  have  been  the  same  with  the  Rod 
or  Rad-knights.J 

RO'dless,  a.  [f.  ROD  j£.l  +  -LESS.]  Having 
no  ^fishing-)  rod. 

1834  Blacfciv.  Mag.  XXXV.  783  Angler,  .walking  rodless 
along  the  banks.  1859  HOLE  Tour  Ircl.  83  Away  went 
Frank  to  his  boat;  and  I,  rodless,  to  wander  ..among  the 
great  mountains. 

Ro'dlet.  [f.  ROD  $b.*L  +-LET.]  A  little  rod  or 
rod-shaped  object. 

1877  ROSENTHAL  Muscles  f!f  Nerves  21  Assuming  that  the 
rod  or  thread  consists  of  a  number  of  smaller  rodlets  or  tiny 
threads.  1883  Science  I.  370/2  An  envelope  composed  of 
little  rodlets,  standing  perpendicular  to  the  surface. 

Ro'd-like,<z-  [f- ROD sb.l  +  -LIKE.]  Resembling 
a  rod  ;  shaped  like  a  rod. 

1611  COTGR.,  Vergt,  made  of  rods,  or  twigs ',  also,  streaked 
with  long,  and  rod-like  rayes.  1796  WITHERING  Brit. 
Plants  (ed.  3)  III.  553  Stem  spreading,  rod-like.  1830 
LINDLEY  Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  158  Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  rod-like 
branches.  1877  HUXLEY  &  MwTwElem.Biol.  214  An  elong 
ated  rod-like  bone,  rather  thicker  towards  its  anterior  end. 

Rod  lofte,  obs.  form  of  ROOD-LOFT. 
Ro'dman.     Also  rodsman.     [f.  ROD  j<M] 

1.  An  angler;  a  rodster. 

1888  Pall  Mall  G.  19  May  6  [He]  is  not  only  a  penman, 
but  a  gunman,  a  rodman,  and  a  horseman.  1894  Daily 
Neivs  20  Feb.  5/3  The  complaints  by  the  rodsmen.  .against 
over-netting  are  louder  than  ever. 

2.  One  who  holds  up  the  rod  in  surveying. 

1891  Anthonys  Photogr.  Bulletin  IV.  177  The  rodman, 
with  his  rod  held  vertically,  appearing  in  the  center  of  each 
picture,  or  near  the  center. 

t  Rod-net,  var.  of  road-net :  see  ROAD  sb.  12. 

1617  MINSHEU  Ductor  422  Rodnet,  a  net  to  catch  black 
birds,  or  woodcockes  in.  [Hence  in  some  later  Diets.] 


RODOMONTADE. 

Hodliey  (r^dni).     [Of  obscure  origin,] 

1.  Coal-mining,    (See  quot.) 

1860  I'-ng.  fy  I' o  reign  Mining  Gloss.  77  Rodney,  a  roughly 
constructed  platform,  with  old  rails,  near  the  pit's  mouth, 
upon  which  a  large  fire  is  made  during  the  winter  nights, 
to  light  the  bank. 

2.  An  idler  or  loafer;  a  casual  worker;  a  dis 
reputable  character.      Also  a/tn'b.,  hulking,  rough. 

In  extensive  dialect  use:  see  Rng.  Dial,  Diet. 

1866  in  N.  <$•  Q.  3rd  Ser.  XI.  (1867)  494/1  There  was  Devil 
Lees. .,  a  great  big  rodney  fellow,  as  hard  as  a  giounsell 
toad.  1892  Daily  A'l-zvs  14  Mar.  6/r  The  '  Rodney1  has  no 
home  ;  he  sleeps  with  his  back  against  his  coke  oven,  or  in 
it  when  it  is  cleared  out. 

Rodochrome,  var.   RBODOCHBOME.     Rodok, 

obs.  f.  RUDDOCK.     Rodomel(le  :  see  RHOUOMEL. 

RodomOllt  (r^'dJm^nt).  Also  7  rodomoud, 
79  rodomonte,  6-7  rhodomonte.  [a.  F.  rodo- 
inont  or  It.  rodomonte,  from  the  name  of  the  boast 
ful  Saracen  leader  in  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso.] 
A  great  bragger  or  boaster.  Now  arch* 

1598  DALLINGTON  J\Ieth.  'J'rav.  X  4,  The  fourth  of  Tullies 
Khetorickes,  where  he  speaketh  of  a  bragging  Rhodomome. 
1600  O.  E.  (M.  SL-TCLIH-H)  Kepi.  Libel  \.  viii.  ac-7  As  if 
there  were  mure  terrible  Rodomontes among  the  Spaniardes, 
then  otherwhere.  1661  BOYLE  Style  <?/  Script.  6y  St.  Jude 
argues  with  the  Rodomonts  of  his  Time.  1770  BAKLTTI 
"Joitrn.  Lond.  to  Getioa  II.  n  Of  such  rodomonts  I  am 
told  that  1'urtiigal  has  even  a  laig<-i  number  than  of  idlers. 
[1893  SIKYKNSON  Cntriona  362,  1  can  never  think  how  I 
avoided  being  stabbed  myself  or  stabbing  one  of  these  two 
Rodomonts.]  , 

attrib.  and  Comb.  1611  COTCJR.,  ./?  pied  de  jtloinb^.  .Rodo- 
mont-like.  1626  B.  JONSON  Masques  Wks.  (1692)  646  Who 
had  thought  to  have,  .triumph!  our  whole  Nation,  In  his 
Rodomont  Fashion. 

Rodomontade  (r^tfrn^nttfi'd),  sb.  and  a. 
Also  7  rodomantade.  /3.  7-9  rhodomontade 
(7  rhado-,  rhada-)-  7-8  rhodomantade.  [a.  K. 
rodomontade,  l\..  rodoiuonlata,  -\-ada  (Floiio) :  see 
prec.  and  -ADE.] 

A.  sb.  1.  a.  A  vainglorious  brag  or  boast ;  an 
extravagantly     boastful    or    arrogant    saying    or 
speech;   f  an  arrogant  act. 

a.  1612  DONNE  Lett.  (1651)  128,  5  Challengers  cartells, 
full  of  Rodomontades.  1646  BUCK  Rick.  ///,  i.  12  Then 
they  might  have  acted  their  Rodomontades  and  injuries  in 
a  higher  Straine.  1672  DKVUKN  Heroic  Plays  Ess.  (Ker) 
I.  157,  I  could  easily  show  you,  that  the  rodomontades  of 
Alrr.anzor  are  neither  so  irrational  as  his,  nor  so  impossible 
to  be  put  in  execution.  1782  Y\ "I.SI.KV  M'ks.  (1872  XI.  16} 
We  need  not  cave  for  all  titejeroida  diet  a,  a.\\  the  rodomont 
ades,  of  France  and  Spain.  1849  MACAU  LAY  Hist.  Eng. 
vi.  II.  50  Wherever  became  he  piessed  horses  in  defiance 
of  law,,  .and  almost  raised  mobs  by  liis  indolent  rodomont 
ades.  1862  THACKERAY  Philip  viii,  Poor  Phil  used  to  bore 
me  after  dinner  with  endless  rodomontades  about  his 
passion  and  his  charmer.  1874  MOTLEY  John  of  Barnereld 
1.  i.  74  Spain  laughed  at  these  rodomontades. 

£,  1653  H.  COG  AN  tr.  Pinto  s  Trail,  ii.  4  At  the  first  view 
of  so  many  Rhodomontades  and  biavings,  we  were  in  some 
doubt  and  amaze.  1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  I.  i.  29  'Ihe 
Theolugist  should  be  forbidden  to  write  such  Rhodomont- 
ads.  1748  SMOLLETT  Rod.  Rand,  xliv,  The  rhodomontades 
they  uttered  on  the  subject  of  their  generoMty  and  couiage. 
1784  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Lett.  7  Dec.,  I  was  called  away  in 
the  midst  of  my  rhodomontade,  and  have  lost  all  zest  for 
pursuing  it.  1815  W.  H.  IRELAND. ^tribbleomania  136  note^ 
A  species  of  conversation.. which  consisted  of  the  mo*t 
improbable  rhodomontades.  1881  Littelt's  Living  Age  482 
Thi>  disloyal  rhodomontade  was  freely  circulated  throughout 
England. 

b.  Boastful  or  inflated  language ;  extravagant 
boasting  or  bragging. 

a.  1668  WILKINS  Real  Char.  209  Arrogance,..  Rodomont 
ade,  affectation  of  Empire.  1734  tr.  Rollins  Anc.  Hist. 
III.  vii.  449  Supplying  his  want  of  courage  with  rodomont 
ade.  1829  MACAULAY  Misc.  Writ.  (1860)  I.  392  We  could 
discern  its  meaning  through  a  cloud  of  rodomontade.  1877 
MOKLEY  Crit.  Misc.  Ser.  n.  9  A  detestable  compound  of 
vulgarity  and  rodomontade. 

ft.  a  1648  LD.  HERBERT  Autobiogr.  (1764)  160  The  Duke 
de  Crouy . .said  by  way  of  Rhodomontade, .  -he  saw  all  the 
rest  of  the  World  must  bow  under  the  Spaniard.  1711 
SHAFTESB.  Charac. (1737)  III-  276  To  see.  .their  rhodomont 
ade  and  poetical  bravado,  we  need  only  turn  to  our  famous 
poet-laureat.  1796  SOUTHEY  Lett.fr.  Spain  u?99>  T94. The 
Spaniards  are  not  inferior  in  rhodomontade  and  national 
prejudices.  i8az  HAZLITT  Table-t.  II.  viii.  194  A  profusion 
of  barbarous  epithets  and  wilful  rhodomontade.  1892 
Nation  25  Aug.  150/2  Tricoupis  ..  has  no  sympathy  with 
bluster  and  rhodomontade. 

t  2.  transf.  A  braggart.    =RouoMONT.   Obs. 

1692  HICKERINGILL  Good  Old  Cause  Wks.  1716  II.  530,  I 
can  scarce  pity  that  Rhodomantade,  that  dy'd  upon  the 
point  of  that  Sword,  a  1697  AUBREY  Lives  (1898)  I.  90 
There  was  a  Rhadamontade  that  would  fight  with  any  man 
and  bragged  of  his  valour. 

B.  adj.  Bragging ;  boastful ;  ranting. 

a.  <zi754CARTE//«/.  Eng.  (1755)  IV.  661  There  happened 
some  rodomontad  discourses  in  which  he  conceived  him 
self  affronted.  1803  MARY  CHARLTON  Wife  $  Mistress  II. 
175  Listening  to  the  flighty  and  rodomontade  ideas  that 
passed  his  lips.  1822  SCOTT  Nigel  xi,  He  again  ran  on  in  a 
grotesque  and  rodomontade  account  of  the  host. 

ft.  1767  S.  PATERSON  Anoth.  Trav.  II.  36  All  this  rhodo 
montade  popish  stuff.  1768  GOLDSM.  Goodn.  Man  \\.  i,  He 
has  got  into  such  a  rhodomontade  manner.  1818  HAZLITT 
Shaks.  Plays  (1838)  in  He  is  too  hot  and  choleric,  and 
somewhat  rhodomontade.  1832  S.  R.  MAlTLAMD^#wr«JW  <$• 
Wald.  13  The  same  rhodomontade  style  of  special  pleading. 


Rodomoivta'de,  v.     Also  rhod-. 
intr.  To  boast,  brag}  talk  big,  rant. 


[f.  prec.J 


RODOMONTADER. 

1681  W.  ROBERTSON  Pkraseol.  Gen.  (1693)  1083  To  Rodo 
montade,  inanitcr.  .gloriari.     1755  in  JOHNSON.     1840   H. 
AISSWOKTH  Tower  of  London  (1864)  7  You  have  learnt  to    j 
vhodomontade  at  the  court  of  Madrid,   I  perceive.     1855 
IVomans Devotion  111.49  How  long  shu  would  have  rhodo-    | 
montaded  in  this  way,  Nest  could  not  tell. 

Hence  Kodomonta'ding  vbL  sb.  and///,  a. 

1698  COLLIER  Immor.  Stage  ii.  (1738)  59  Rhodomontading 
..,  bombastic.     1782  Miss  HUKNEY  Cecilia  x.  vi,  He  soon 
finds  there's  nothing  to  be  got  by  rhodomontading.    1787  — 
Diary  16  Feb.,  I  think  his  rhodomontading  as  innocent  as    '• 
that  of  our  cousin.     1831  W.  IRVING  Life  fy  Lett.  (1864)  II.    } 
449    His    hero    a    rodomontading    Congressman    from   the    , 
Western  States.     1859  Athenxuin  7  May  610  The  careless    j 
or  rhodomontading  state-men ts  of  earlier  writers. 

Rodomonta'der.    Also  rhodo-.    [f.  prec.]   I 
A  boaster,  braj^art. 

a,  1853  W.  JAY  Antobiogr.  A'-  Rein.  (1854)  413  This  fanatical 
rodomontader.  1869  TOZER  I  light.  Turkey  II.  264  Among 

the  characters  ..  are  clever  Tom  Thumbs,  half-witted 
simpletons,  bold  rhodomontaders. 

So  Roclonioiita  clist. 

1655  TERRY  I'ty.  K.  India  167  When  this  Rhadomantadist 
had  ended  his  perillous  htory,  it  was  dinner. 

t  Rodomonta'do,  sb.  and  a.  Obs.  Also  6-7 
rodomantada,  7  roda-,8  rhodomantado,rhodo- 
montado.  [See  RODOMONTADE  sb.  and  -ADO.] 

A.  sb.  1.   =  RODOMONTADE  sb.  i. 

a.  1598  FI.OKIO  Diet.  To  Rdr.  a 6 b,  [Men  whose]  valour 
[i>]  bragardrit.-,  Astolpheidas^  or  Rodomontadas,  or  if  it 
come  to  action  crueltie.  1603  —  Montaigne  11.  ,\x.\i.  (1632) 
403  These  Rodomontades  must  be  employed  on  such  as 
feare  them.  1631  WKEVKK  Anc.  Funeral  Mon.  23  Roda- 
mantadoes,  or  thundring  declamations.  1715  LEONI  Pall- 
adios  Archtt.  (1742)  II.  91  This  must  be  either  a  Mistake, 
ur  a  Rodomontade. 

ft.  1652  Pica  for  Free  State  31  The  Roman  Religion., 
being  replenished  with  the  high  Rhodomontadoes  of  Saints 
and  miraculous  Stories.  1673  H.SirmsE  Further  \7ind. 
Dutch  War  65  It  was  a  Rhodomontado  of  Philip  II..  that 
He  had  rather  have  no  Subjects  at  all,  then  those  He  had 
to  be  Hereticks.  1700  DK  FOE  T-woGrt.  Quest,  considered 
4  It  does  not  use  to  be  the  Temper  of  the  English  to  run  on 
such  RliodomanUido's. 

2.  —  RODOMONTADE  sb.  2. 

1600  1>.  JONSON  Cynth.  Rev.  v.  iv.  Wks.  (1616)  245  Most 
terribly  he  comes  off ;  like  your  Rodomantada.  1657 
TOMLINSON  Rt'tioifs  Disf>,  Pref.,  As  for  those  flashy  Rhodo- 
mantadoes  that  go  about  to  adulterate  the  best  E.xoticks. 
1779  SWINIIUKNE  Trav,  Spain  269  Tlie  AndaUisians  seem 
to  me  the  great  talkers  and  rodoinontadoes  of  Spain. 

B.  adj.  =  RODOMONTADE  a. 

(1645  HOWELL  Lett.  ii.  xx iv,  The  Duke  of  Espernon  in 
a  kind  of  Rodomontade  way,  desired  leave  of  the  King  to 
block  up  Rochel.     1658  OSBOKN  Mem.   Q,  El  is,  100  He 
sought  peace  in  a  posture  far  below  the  usuall  pride  and 
Rhodomoniado-gallantry  of  that  Nation.     1698  T,  RV.MER 
Short  View  159  I'his  ratling  Rodomontade  speech. 
Hence  f  Rodomonta'do  v.     Obs.   nv\\ 
1693  W.  FHEKE  Sel.  Kss.  xxxii.  200  If  they  deal  in  History 
they  sophisticate  it ;  or  if  in  morality  they  Rhodomontado  it. 

Rodsman :  see  RODMAN. 

BiO'dster.     [f.  ROD  sb.1]     An  angler. 

1879  Leeds  Mercury  8  July  8  (Dayies),  There  were  close 
upon  500  competitors,  who  included  in  their  ranks  rodsters 
from  all  parts  of  the  three  kingdoms.  1883  Sportsman 
i  Sept.  4  Old  rodsters  and  young  rodsters  can  find  plenty  of 
occupation  on  the  river  hanks. 

Ro'd-wood.    [RoD  sb.^\   One  of  several  West   \ 
Indian  trees   or  shrubs  belonging  to  the  genera 
Lsetia,  Eugenia,  and  Calyptranthes. 

1716  Petiveriana  i.  §  258  Rodwood,  Myrtis  Barbadensls    \ 
vintinalibus   virgis.      1756    P.    BROWNE    Jamaica  240  It     j 
\Eugenia  virgata]  is  now  commonly  called  Rod-wood  by    | 
the  negroes.     Ibid.  249  Rod-wood.     The  tree  grows  to  a    \ 
considerable  size,  and  is  esteemed  a  fine  timber  wood.    1864 
GRISEBACH   Flora  \V.  Ind.  Isl.  Col.  Names,  Black,  broad- 
leaved,  red,  small-leaved,  white  Rod-wood. 

Ro-dy,  a.    dial.     Also  roady.   =  ROPED  a. 

1864  Reaiter  ig  Nov.  642/1  Rody. — Streaked  alternately 
with  lean  and  fat.  This  very  common  word  seems  to  be 
exclusively  applied  to  bacon  which  presents  this  appearance. 
1878-  in  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

Hody,  obs.  form  of  RUDDY  a. 

Rodyr,  obs.  form  of  RUDDER. 

Roe1  (rt?u)-  Forms:  a.  J  raha,  i,  5-6  raa, 
i,  4-6  ra,  6  ray,  7  rey,  6-  rae,  6  re.  0.  3  roa, 
4-6  ro,  roo,  6  rhoo,  row\e,  6-  roe,  [Common 
Teat.:  OE.  rdha,  rda,  rd,  =  MDu.  ret  ree  (Du. 
ree\  OS.  rtho  (LG.  rf),  OHG.  rtho  (also  r$h 
neut.,  G.  reh" ^  ON.  rd  (Da.  raa,  Sw.  ra),  of  un- 
certain  etym.  OE.had  also  a  fern,  ^^correspond 
ing  to  OHG.  reia.  After  1300  the  a- forms  are 
only  northern  and  Sc.] 

1.  A  small  species  of  deer  (Capreolns  cofim-a, 
formerly    Cervus    caprcohis]    inhabiting    various    | 
parts  of  Europe  and  Asia ;  a  deer  belonging  to 
this  species. 

a.  c  725  Corpus  Gloss.  403  Caj>ria,  raha.  c  875  Erfurt 
Gloss.  1161  Capriotiis.  raa.  CQOO  tr.  Bacda's  Hist.  I.  i. 
(1890)30  Hit  is  fiscwylle  &  fugolwylle,  &  ma;reonhuntunge 
heorta  &  rana.  c  1000  Sax.  Leechd.  I.  166  jyf  man  on 
huntube  ran  o35e  raejean  mid  fiane  . .  geweeceb.  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  19080  pe  propheci  was  ban  fild  sua  pat  said  pat 
halt  suld  seep  as  ra.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Reeve's  T.  4097,  I  is 
ful  wight,  god  waat,  as  is  a  raa.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.) 
xxxi.  143  In  bat  cuntree  also  er  many  cameliouns,  be  whilk 
es  a  lytill  beste  of  be  mykilnes  of  a  raa.  c  1480  HENRYSON 
Mor.  Fables  (lVol/%  Wether}  251 1  Went  neuer  Hound  mair 
haistelie  fra  the  hand,  Quhen  he  wes  rynnand  maist  raklie 
at  the  ra.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  IV.  iv.  55  Lol  ther  the 


750 

rais,  rynning  swyft  as  fyre.  Ibid,  xn.  Prol.  182  Kyddis 
skippund  throw  ronnis  eftir  rayis.  a  1585  MONTGOMERIE 
Chcrrie  .y  Sloe  21  The  hart,  the  hynd,  the  tlae,  the  rue, . .  War 
skowping  all  frae  brae  to  brae.  i6iz  Naworth  Househ. 
Bks.  (Surtees)  28  H.  Geldart's  son  bringing  a  rey.  17.. 
RAMSAY  To  Starrat  32  Blythly  wald  I  ..stend  o'er  burns 
as  light  as  ony  rae.  x88x  Berwick  Nat.  Club  Proc.  IX.  454 
1  As  wild  as  the  rae  '  is  a  well-known  Border  phrase. 

0.  a  1200  in  Fragm.  sElfrtc's  Gram.  etc.  (1838)  3  Ca/>rea, 
roa.     a  1225  St.  Marker.  3  As  fisch  ahon  on  hoke,  as  be  roa 
inumen  ibe  net.     ^1275  Serving  Christ  71  in  O.  E,  Misc. 
92    Ne  geyneb  vs  . .  pe   ronke   racches  bat  ruskit  be  ron. 
6*1330   K.  BUUNNE  Ckron.  H'ace  (Rolls)  15750    Fond  bey 
neuere.  .bukke  ne  do,. -cony,  fowen,  no  ro.      1387  TREVISA 
Higden  (Rolls)  I.  311  In  bat  londe  beef?  many  scheep.  .and 
fewe  roos  and  hertes.    c  1407  LYDG.   Rt-son  (y  Sens.  3728 
Hert,  and  hynde,  buk,  and  doo,.  .reyndere  and  the  dredful 
roo.     1481  CAXTON  Reynard  (Arb.)  99  Moclie  mete  of  hertes 
and  hyndes,  roes,.. and  moche  other  venyson.    ifiSS  COVER- 
DALE  i  Chron.  xiii.  8  Men  of  armes,  which. .were  as  swifte 
as  the  Roes  vpon  y8  mountaynes.      1575  TURBERV.  l-'enerie 
241  The  tayle  of  Harte,  Bucke,  Rowe,  or  any  other  Deare, 
is  to  be  called  the  Syngle.     1600  J.  PORY  tr.  Leo's  Africa 
iv.  216   Here  are  great  store    of  roes,  deere,  and  ostriches. 
1735  SoMBRVlLLB  Chase  ii.  160  Their  Courser;.,  than  tlie 
Mountain   Roe   More   fleet.      1799   J.    ROBERTSON    Agric. 
Perth  329  The  roes  travel  in  single  families,  seldom  more 
than   four  together.     1802  BISGLEY  Anint.  Stag.  (1813)  I. 
446  The  height  of  the  Roe  at  the  shoulders  is  about  two 
feet  and  a  half.     1863   K.INGSLEY  Hereiv.  i,  The  yellow 
roes  stood  and  stared  at  him. 

2.  attt-ib.  and    Comb,,    as    roe-doe,    -drive  (cf, 
I  >KLVE  sb.  i  c  and  2  b),  -head:  -hunt,  -/•*</,  -leather ', 
etc. ;  roe-hunter^  -hunting,  -shooting\  roe-footed. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  154/13  A  *Roe  doe, .capncn.  1575 
TUKBERV.  Venerie  142  They  neuer  part  vntil  the  Row-doe 
haue  fawned.  1897  Daily  Xews  17  Nov.  9/6  There  are 
*roe-drives  in  the  woods.  1631  CHETTLE  Hoffman  Cij,  I, 
my  good  Lord,  being  *roefooted,  outstrip!  him  in  running. 
1577  in  H.  Hall  Elh.  Soc,  (1886)  154, 18  *roeheads,  ,£4.  1840 
COLQUHOUN  ;l/;w<y  Loch  34  The  generality  of  *roe-hunts  are 
nothing  but  blunders  from  beginning  to  end.  Ibid,  35  One 
or  two  experienced  ^roe-hunters  had  the  whole  sport  to  them 
selves.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Hunting,  *Roe  Hunting. 
i84oCoLo.unouN  Moor  $  Lac  ft  39, 1  had  not  then  much  know 
ledge  of  roe-hunting.  1618  in  MacphersOD  Fauna  J^ake- 
land  (1892)  73  Making  a  paunel! .  .for  carrying  iij  *reykidds 
to  London,  xx'1.  1634  Ibid.  72  <ioinge  with  a  roe  kidd  to 
Judge  Cawlye,  -\ijr|.  1347  in  Riley  Mem.  Loud.  1,1868)  234 
The  hundred  of  Volether,  i6s.  1398  Ibid.  547  That  no 
manner  of  shepeslether  or  calveslether..be  dyed  after  the 
manner  of  rolether.  1354-5  Durk.  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees) 
555  Pro  *RaneUes  et  corduiis  pro  eisdem.  1383-4  Ibid. 
593  In  cordis  emp.  pro  le  Raanet.  1840  COLQUHOUN  Moor 
<y  Loch  35  Their  love  of  a  *roe-pasty  prevailing  over 
their  love  of  the  chase.  1620  in  Macpherson  Fauna  Lake 
land  (1892)  72  For  careing  *roe  pyes  to  my  Lord  Chancler'.s, 
xviijd.  1840  CotyuHot'N  Moor  $  Loch  38  Recommending 
the  above  manner  of  ^roe-shooting.  1571  U-'ills  fy  Inv.  N. 
C.  (Surtees,  1835)  352  Item  I  gyue  to  Edward  Archibald  iij 
'-  Roye  [?7¥A/raye]  skinnes.  c  1400  Rom.  Rose  7048  *Roo- 
venisoun  y-bake  in  paste.  1814  SCOTT  U'av.  xii.  note.  The 
learned  in  cookery . .  hold  the  roe-venison  dry  and  indifferent 
food,  unless  [etc.]. 

Roe  vr^0-  Forms  :  a.  5-6  roughe,  6-7  rough  ; 
5  roof,  /  roff(e  ;  6-7  rowe,  7-8  row.  /?.  7-  roe. 
[ME.  type  *wj(et  n>7f(f,  =MDu.  roch,  roge  (Kiliau 
roghe],  Flem.  rogt  MLG.  roget  roggt,  MHO.  roget 
OHG.  rogo.  It  is  not  clear  whether  the  word  is 
native  in  English  or  of  later  adoption.  For  forms 
with  final  n  see  ROWN.] 

1,  The   mass  of  eggs  contained   in  the  ovarian 
membrane  of  a  fish.     Hard  roe,  the  spawn  of  a 
female  fish ;  soft  roe,  the  milt  or  sperm  of  a  male 
fish.     Also  in  roe. 

a.  14..  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  591  Lactt's,  roof  of  fyshe,  or 
mylke  of  fyshe.  c  1430  Two  Cookery  Bks.  114  Tak  ye  rowys 
of  fissh  &  ye  Huere.  c  1460  J.  RUSSELI,  Bk.  Nurture  in  Babees 
Bk.  (1868)  161  White  herynge  in  a  dische,.  .looke  he  be 
white  by  j>e  boon,  be  roughe  white  &  nesche.  1530  PAI.SGK. 
177  Ocnet  the  roughe  of  a  fysshe.  Ibid.  264/1  Rowe  in  a 
fysshes  belly,  oevue.  1617  MINSHEU  Dnctor  422  Roffes 
or  Roughes  of  fish  that  spawne.  1653  H.  COGAN  tr.  Pinions 
Trav.  x.  31  He  got  his  Merchandise  aboard,  which.. was 
nothing  but  the  rows  of  shads.  1696  Phil.  Trans.  XIX. 
256  Composed  of  Globules,  so  like  the  Rowes  or  Spawn  of 
Fishes.  1733  P.  LINDSAY  Interest  Scotl.  201  The..  Herrings 
that  have  little  or  no  Milt  or  Row.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat, 
Hist.  (1776)  VI.  340  That  small  kind  of  mackarel  that  have 
neither  melts  nor  rows.  1832  [see  SALMON  $6.1  4]. 

3.  1595  SIJAKS.  Rom.  <V  Jul.  \\.  iv.  39  Here  comes  Romeo. 
tiler.  Without  his  Roe,  like  a  dryed  Hering.    1606  —  Trail, 
fy  Cr,  v.  i.  68  To  be.  .a  Herring  without  a  Roe,  I  would  not 
care.    1653  WALTON  A  ngler  viii.  162  You  shall  scarce.,  take 
a  Male  Carp  without  a  Melt,  or  a  Female  without  a  Roe  or 
Spawn.     1714  MANDEVILLE  Fab.  Bees  (1733)  II.  287  You 


PEN 


January. .  .Some  continue  in  roe  till  the  beginning  of  April. 
1800  Phil.  Trans.  XC.  169  It  is  remarkable  that  the  hard 
roe,  in  general,  does  not  emit  so  much  light  as  the  soft-roe. 
1848  LYTTON  Harold  vi.  i,  A  Moorish  compound,  made  of 
eggs  and  roes  of  carp.  1875  NICHOLSON  Man.  Zool.  (ed.  4) 
412  Fishes  are,  for  the  most  part,  truly  oviparous,  the  ovaries 
being  familiarly  known  as  the  '  roe  '. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb.*  as  roe-Jtsh,  -laden,  -like, 
vmlletj  sauce,  -shad,  -sick',  roe  com,  a  single 
egg  from  a  roe. 

1868  Rep.t  U.S.  Commissioner  Agric.  (1869)  321  These 
boxes  contain  each  two  thousand  ''roe  'corns  '.  1894  Outing 
XXIV.  54/2  The  killing  of  a  ""roe-laden  fish  on  her  way  to 
spawn.  1898  P.  MANSON  Trap.  Diseases  xxxvii.  573  A 
white  or  yellowish  *roe-like  substance.  1888  Gooo&Attttr. 
Fishes  368  Between  the  seasons  of  '  Fat  Mullet '  and  (*Roe 
Mullet '  there  is  an  intermission  of  two  or  three  weeks  in 
the  fishing.  1883  Cent.  Mag.  Aug.  549/2  Another  cook 


mean  the  prodigious  quantity  of  roe   they  spawn.     1769 
ENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  III.    141  [Cod]  begin   to   spawn    in 


ROEY. 

will  prepare  the  *roe  sauce  to  accompany  the  shad.  1884 
Harper  s  Mag.  June  88/2  There  was  a  great  *roe-shad 
hanging  by  his  gills.  1641  S.  SMITH  Herring  Buss  Trade 
24  For  what  sort  he  will  sell  them  [sc.  herrings] . .  *roe-sicke, 
cleere  or  pure  ware. 

Roe  3.    [Prob.  a  var.  of  Row  sb.]     (See  quot.) 
1830  CHALONEK  &  FLEMING  Mahogany  Tree  57  Roe  is 
that  alternate  streak  or  flake  of  light  and  shade  running  in 
the  grain. 

Roebin,  obs.  form  of  ROBBIN. 
Roebuck  (rJu-bwk).  Forms  :  a.  5  ra(a)buke, 
rabukk,  6  raybuck,  Sc.  rebuke.  £.  4-6  ro-, 
5  roo-,  6  rho-,  rowe-.  5,  7  roebucke,  6-  roe 
buck,  [f.  ROE  i  -t-  BUCK.  Cf.  MDu.  reebuck  (Du. 
-bok\  OHG.  rtfibofk  (G.  rehbocK],  ON.  rdbukkr 
(MSw.  robuk3  S\v.  rabock).]  The  buck  or  male  of 
the  roe-deer;  a  male  roe. 

a.  14..  Now.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  700  Hec  capra,  a  rabuke. 
1471  Rxch.  RollsScotl.  VII1.36Deij  capitibus  de  rabukkis. 
1483  Cat/i.  Aiigl.  298/1  Raa  buke,  capretts^  caprca.  a  1578 
LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  338  \Vther 
small  beistis  as  re  and  rebuke. 

p.   i398TREvisA/?arM.  De  P.R.  xviu.xxxi.  (Bodl.MS.), 

Ceruus  is  be  name  of  be  herte  of  (?e  bucke  and  of  be  Ro- 

buuke.     c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  l)igby  182)  iii,  He  is 

more  lasse  pen  an  hert  and  he  is  more  benn  a  Roo  bucke. 

1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  eij  b,  A  fayre  Roobucke  and  a  fayre 

doo.  1530  PALSGR.  263/1  Rho  bucke,  abeest.    i575TuKBKRV. 

j     I'enerie  143  He  is  not  called  a  greate  Rowebucke,  but  a 

'    fayre  Rowbucke.    1590  SPENSER  /''.  Q.  \.  vi.  24  He  would  him 

make.. the  Robuckes  hi  flight  to  overtake.     1608  TOPSELL 

,    Serpents^  (1658)  739  They  took  them  to  be  Serpents,  being 

in  quantity  as  big  as  Roe-bucks.    1661  LOVELL  Hist.Anim. 

.y  Mix.  106  Roe-buck.    The  flesh  is  better  than  that  of  other 

wild   creatures.      1732   LEDIAKD   St'tkos   II.    ix.    296  This 

natural  wall  along  which.. a  Roe-buck  would  hardly  have 

1    clamher'd.     1774  GOLUSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  III.  71  They 

'    resemble  the  roe-buck  in  the  colour  and  nature  of  their 

hair.     1801  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  II.  288  It  is  about  the  size  of 

the  common  or  European  Roebuck.     1881  GREENER  Gun 

513   Roe   bucks   are    occasionally   stalked    with    the    "360 

:    Kxpress  rifle. 

attrib.  c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  iv,pe  Roo 
bucke  flessh  is  most  hoUonie  to  eete  of  eny.  1551  Records 
of  Elgin  (New  Spald.  Cl )  I.  107  Tua  raybuck  skynnis. 
1801  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  II.  289  A  pair  of  horns  of  some 
animal  of  the  Roebuck  kind.  1892  MACPHERSON  Fauna 
Lakeland  72  A  coat  of  arms  which  included  three  Roebuck 
heads. 

Roe'buck-berry.    [f.  prec.]    The  fruit  of  a 

herbaceous  species  of  Rubus  (see  quots.),  or  the 
plant  producing  this. 
1771   PENNANT   Tour  in  Scotland  (1774)  94  They.. are 

j    remarkably  fond  of  the   Rubus  Saxatilis,  called   in    the 

i  Highlands  on  that  account  the  Roebuck  Berry.  179^ 
Statist.  Ace.  Scott.,  Lanark  XV.  25  Wild  fruits  are  here 
in  great  abundance,  such  as. .  Roebuck-berries,  and  straw- 

;  berries.  1845  New  Statist.  Ace.  Scot/.,  Ross  XIV.  191  Th^ 
native  fruits  of  the  parish  are  brambles,  roebuck-berries, 
raspberries.  1882  Garden  28  Jan.  57/3  Of  the  British 
species  not  hitherto  mentioned . .  the  Roebuck-berry  is 
Rubus  saxatilis. 

Roed  (jJud.i,  a.  [f.  ROE-.]  Having  roe ;  full 
of  spawn.  Also  in  combs,  full-,  hard-,  soft-roed. 

1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Oeitf,  Harcnc  au.v  ffnfs,  a  full-rowed,  or 
hard-rowed  Herring.  Ibid,^  Our^  full  rowed,  as  a  fish. 
1769  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  III.  161  The  fishermen  take  great 
numbers  [of  ling]  without  ever  finding  any  of  the  female  or 
roed  fish  among  them.  1799  Spirit  1'ubl.  Jrnls.  II.  221 

I    There  are  also  hard-roed  mackarel.     1819  Chron.  \\\  Ann. 

\  Reg.  7  Scotch  herrings..,  being  roed, and  very  luscious,  do 
not  keep  so  sound. 

Roe  "-deer.  Forms:  i  rah-,  2  roadeor;  6 
ro^vdeare,  7  roe  deere,  8-  roe-deer  (9  Sc.  rae-). 
[f.  ROE  i  -f  DEER.  Cf.  MDa.  and  MSw.  raadiur 
(Da.  raadyr-,  Sw.  radjur).'}  Deer,  or  a  deer,  of 
the  roe  kind ;  a  roe. 

:  1000  Sa.v.  Leechd.  III.  2  Nim.  .foxes  smero  &  rahdeores 
mearh.  ciooo  J^LFHIC  Gram.  (Z.)  309  Cafreolus^  rahdeor 
[a  1200  roadeor]. 

1575  TURBERV.  Vcncric  142  They  are  sweeter  of  Sent 
vnto  the  houndes  than  the  Harte  or  the  Rowdeare.  1688 
HOLME  Armoury  n.  134/2  A  Roe  Deere. .when  Lodged.. 
Beddeth.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl,  s.v.  Hunting,  We  have  no 
Roe  Deer  in  England  ;  but  they  abound  in  Scotland,  Ger 
many,  Africa,  &c.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  IV.  306/1 
The  roe-deer  differs  from  the  stag  and  fallow-deer.  1853 
JAMES  AgnesSorel  (1860)  I.  130  The  foot-prints  of  the  hare 
and  the  roe-deer  could  be  seen.  1876  SMILES  Sc.  Nat.  vii, 
The  horse-like  bark  of  the  Roe-deer,  .puzzled  him  very  much. 

Roelme,  obs.  form  of  REALM. 

II  Roer  (ru»j).  [Du.  roer,  ad.  G.  rohr  (OHG. 
rdr\  gun-barrel,  pipe,  reed.  So  Da.  r0r,  Sw. 
7VX]  A  long -barrelled  gun  used  by  the  Boers  of 
S.  Africa  in  hunting  large  game. 

1834  PRINGLE  Afr.  Sk.  88  Bold  Arend  !  come  help  with 
your  long-barrelled  roer.  1850  R.  G.  CUMMING  Hunters 
Life  S.  Afr.  (1002)  17/1  He  was  a  keen  hunter,  and  him 
self  and  household  subsisted,  in  a  great  measure,  by  the 
proceeds  of  his  long  single-barrelled  *roer'.  1899  RIUEH 
HAGGARD  Swallow  xvi,  All  were  well  armed  with  'roers' 
or  other  guns. 

Roe'stone.    [f.  RoE1.]  =  OOLITE. 

1804  R.  JAMESON  Syst.  Min.  I.  480  Roestone..  .Its  colour 
is  hair  brown  and  chestnut  brown.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts 
772  Oolite  or  roe-stone. —  It  consists  of  spherical  grains  of 
various  size,  from  a  millet  seed,  to  a  pea,  or  even  an  egg. 
1876  PAGE  Adv.  Text-bk.  Geol.  xvii.  332  The  true  oolites  or 
roestones  seem  to  be  more  of  chemical  than  of  mechanical 
origin. 

Roet,  variant  of  ROWET. 

Roe'y,  a.     [f.  ROE  '•'.']     Streaky. 

1850  CHALONER  £    FLEMING  Mahogany   Tree  49   The 


ROPE. 

Mahogany,  which  is  the  best  adapted  for  Shipbuilding,  is 
that  which  is  firm,  tough  and  roey. 

Rof(e,  obs.  pa.  t.  of  RIVE  z».i;  obs.  ff.  ROOF. 

f  Rofe.  Obs.~°  [Perh.  the  same  as  E.  Anglian 
rove  scurf,  scab.]  ?  Rind,  skin. 

1530  PALSGR.  263/2  Rofe  of  haken  or  befe. 

Rofe,  obs.  f.  ROVE  sb.  Rofel,  obs.  f.  RUFFLE. 
Roff(e,  obs.  pa.  t.  RIVE  v.1 ;  obs.  ff.  ROE  '*,  ROOF, 
ROVE. 

Rofia  (rwfra).  Also  8  rofeer,  9  roffia.  [Mala 
gasy.]  A  kind  of  palm  :  see  RAFFIA  and  RAPHIA. 

1729  DRURV  ftfadagascar  (1890)  172  Where  the  cattle  are 
kept  is  a  tree  called  rofeer.  1878  Antananarivo  Annual 
113  Of  the  Pahnae  there  is  but  one  species  found  in  Iimtrina, 
the  Rofia.  1880  J.  StBREEGrt.  African  I  si.  iv.  75  The  rofia 
has  a  trunk  of  from  thirty  to  fifty  feet  in  height,  and  at  the 
end  divides  into  seven  or  eight  immensely  long  leaves. 

attrib.  1883  Encycl.  Brit.  XV.  170/1  The  rofia  palm 
{Sagns  Rujfia},  from  whose  pinnate  leaves  a  valuable  fibre 
used  for  cloth  is  obtained. 

Jlofling,  obs.  form  of  RUFFLING. 

Roftile,  obs.  form  of  ROOF-TILE. 

t  Rog,  sb.  Obs.  Also  roge.  (Meaning  obscure  : 
perh.  not  the  same  word  in  the  two  quots.) 

la  1400  Morte  Art/t.  3273  That  euer  I  regnede  one  Jnr 
rog,  me  rewes  it  euer  !  ?  n  1500  Chester  PI.  (Shaks.  Soc.) 
II.  94  What  !  laye  thou  still  in  that  stonde  And  let  that 
losinger  go  on  the  roge  [rime  dogge], 

Rog  (r^g),  v.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  4-6  rogge, 
5  roggyn.  [Of  obscure  origin  ;  perhaps  related 
to  RUG  v.  Cf.  also  Norw.  dial,  rogga  to  set  in 
motion,  drive  on ;  rogg  energy.] 

1.  trans.  To  shake  (a  person  or  thing).     Also 
absol.  with  on,  at. 

*377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xvi.  78  It  [the  tree]  made  a  foule 
noyse,  pat  I  had  reuth  whan  Piers  rogged,  it  gradde  so 
reufulliche.  £1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  llr.  2708  Hypcnnncstra, 
In  hyre  armys  [she]  gan  hym  to  enbrace  And  hym  she 
roggith  &  a-wakyth  softe.  c  1422  HOCCLEVE  Jcreslans1 
Wife  355  Shee.  .rogged  on  hir  lord  and  him  awook.  c  1430 
LVDG.  Minor  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  41  She  rogged  on  hym,. . 
And  badde  hym  turne  hym.  c  1440  Prontp.  Pan1.  43^/2 
Roggyn,  or  meyyn  (or  schoggyn.  A',  rokkyn),  agito. 

1811  WILLAN  in  Archa?ologia(Y,.\).S.),  Reggie,  or  R(\<;g<', 
to  shake,  to  jumble.  1867  WAUGH  Oivd  Blanket  \.  7  Then 
he  '  rogged  '  at  the  door,  and  shouted  '  Hello ' ! 

2.  intr.  To  shake;  to  move  to  and  fro. 

?  111400  Morte  Arth.  784  He  romede,  he  rarede,  that 
roggede  alle  }>e  erthe  !  r  1440  Proiup.  Pan1.  435/2  Roggyn, 
or  waveryn  (or  schakyn),  vacillo.  1600  SURFLET  Countrie 
Faring  \\.  Ixii.  404  The  hiues shall  be  so  set,  as  that. .there 
may  not  any  occasion  be  giuen  to  shake  or  rogge  vpon  the 
other.  1886  CUNLIFFK  Rochdale  Gloss.,  Rog,  to  shake  with 
a  dull  sound, as  a  door  or  a  window  when  the  wind  is  high. 
1886  HOLLAND  Cheshire  Gloss,  s.v.,  A  window  or  door  ?-0gs 
\\fith  the  wind. 

Hence  Ro'ggiug  vbl.  sl>. 

(71440  Proinf>.  Pan>.  435/2  Roggynge,  or  schakynge, 
vacillacio.  1626  COSIN  Corr.  (Surtees)  I.  87, 1  came  home, 
..having  clered  my  self  by  the  way,  through  fogging  of  the 
coatch,  of  2  stones. 

Ro-gal,Koga-liau,fl^>.  rare-9,  [f.  'L.rogalh, 
f.  rogus  pyre.]  '  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  great  lire.' 

1656  BLOUNT  Gtossogr. 

Ro'gament.  rare  ~°.  [ad.  L.  rogamentum^ 
f.  rogare  to  ask.]  *  A  Proposition  to  be  granted.' 

1727  BAILEY  (vol.  II.). 

Rogatian  (wg^-Jan).  [f.  Rogatus,  the  leader 
of  the  sect,  who  flourished  in  the  4th  century.] 

=  ROGATIST. 

1564  Brief  Exam.  4^  b,  You  shall  readeof  theDonatistes, 
Rogatians,.. and  Papistes.  1781  GIBBON  Dec/.  <$•  /•".  xxi. 
(1787)  II.  237  Even  the  imperceptible  sect  of  the  Rogatians 
could  affirm,  without  a  blush,  that  when  Christ  should 
descend  [etc.].  1845  Encycl.  Metrop.  XI.  325/2  A  fourth 
part  of  the  Donatist  Prelates  followed  the  standard  of  Max- 
imin,  and  a  large  Body  was  distinguished  by  the  name  of 
Rogatians. 

So  Rogatianist.   rare—*. 

1608  T.  MORTON  Preamble  to  Incounter  Pref.  2,  Heretikes, 
called  Rogationists  (sic). 

Rogation  (wg^-Jan).  Forms :  4-6  roga- 
cioun,  5-6  rogacion,  5  -cyon  (ragacyoun),  6 
-tioun,  6-  rogation.  [ad.  L.  rogatio,  -ionis 
(f.  rogare  to  ask),  whence  also  F.  rogation  (i4th  c.), 
Sp.  rogation^  Pg.  roga$ao,  It.  rogazione.  The  pi. 
form  used  in  sense  i  corresponds  to  med.L.  Roga- 
tiones,  ftognciones,  F.  Rogations^  Sp.  Rogacioms, 
Pg.  J?QgOf9ftt  It.  Rogazioni^\ 

1.  Eccl.  (Usually//.)  Solemn  supplications  con 
sisting  of  the  litany  of  the  saints,  chanted  during 
procession  on  the  three  days  before  Ascension  Day; 
hence  freq.,  the  days  upon  which  this  is  done,  the 
Rogation  days.  (Cf.  ROVEISON.) 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls^  V.  299  Seint  Mammertus.. 
ordeyned  solempne  letanyes  ^at  beej>  i-cleped  $>e  Roga- 
ciouns,  a;enst  erfc»e  schakynge.  1430  in  Halliw.  Rara 
Mathem.  (1841)  92  pis  table  telly^t  qwen  lentyn  fallyth,.. 
qwen  \>e  Rogacyons  and  qwen  qwy  tesoneday.  c  i^oAstron. 
Cal.  (MS.  Ashm.  391),  And  so  in  like  forme  Estre,  Rogacion, 
and  Wytsonday.  1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  23  a/i  [The 
second  litany]  is  said  the  letanye  the  lasse,  the  rogacions, 
and  processions.  1547  Bk.  of  Marchauntes  bj  b,  Pardons, 
indulgences,  remissions,. .rogacions,. .and  holy  workes  of 
God.  1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  xli.  §  2  Supplications 
with  this  solemnitie  for  the  appeasing  of  Gods  wrath., 
were  of  the  Greeke  Church  termed  Litanies.  Rogations,  of 
the  Latine.  1604  Bk,  Com.  Prayer,  Tables,  etc.,  Rogations, 


751 

f  after  Easter  v  weekes.  1660  JER.  TAYLOR  Dnctor  Dulit. 
I  in.  iv.  (1676)  643  The  solemn  days  of  Rogation  which  we 
observe  in  the  Church  of  England  were  not  of  an  im 
memorial  beginning.  1704  NELSON  Fest.  ff  Fasts  \\.  vi. 
(*739)  S1^  The  Curate,  .in  the  Days  of  Rogations,  .shall 
admonish  the  People.  1782  PRIESTLEY  Corrupt.  Chr.  II. 
vm.  134  Mamert.  .hrst  instituted  the  fast  of  Rogation.  1872 
SHIPLEY  Eccl.  Terms  315  The  inner  narthex  was  the  place 
for  rogations,  watches,  funeral  rites,  and  sometimes  baptisms. 
1884  Cath.  Diet.  (1897)  794/1  The  Rogations  began  in  the 
kingdom  of  Burgundy. 

attrib.  1660  JKK.  TAYLOR  Duct.  Dtibit.  in.  iv.  xiii.  §  23 
The  Rogation  fast  (all  ihe  World  knows)  was  instituted  by 
Mammercus  Bishop  of  Vienna.  1812  J.  BRADY  Claris  Cal. 
I.  338  Leaving.,  the  object  of  Mumertus's  alteration  in  the 
Rogation  ceremony  undecided.  1872  SHIIJLEY  Eccl,  Terms 
s.v.  Regntionul.  Antiphons  used  at  Rogation-tide,  or  in 
connexion  with  litanies. 

b.  Rogation  days,  the  Monday,  Tuesday,  and 
Wednesday  preceding  Ascension  Day.  (Cf.  GANC;- 
DAYS.)  Rogation  -week,  the  week  in  which  Ascen 
sion  Day  falls.  (Cf.  GANG-WEEK.)  Rogation  Sun 
day ,  the  fifth  Sunday  after  Easter,  being  the  Sunday 
before  Ascension  Day. 

(a)  c  1400  llarl.  J/.S".  224?  If.  105!),  Euery  man .  .shulde 
faste  Monday,  Tewsday  £  Wednesday,  and  go  in  pro 
cession  ;  for  £ei  be  called  Rogacion  dayes  of  prayer.  1480 
CAXTON  Chron.  Eng.  (1520)  v.  58  b/i  In  Ins  tyme  were  the 
Rogacyon  dayes  ordeyned.  1503  in  Trans.  Roy.  Hist.  Soc. 
(1902)  152  So  was  it . .  ether  yn  the  Rogacion  dayes  or  a  litill 
befor.  1563  FOXE  A.fy  AT.  476  b,  I  wold. .that  you  would 
but  once  search  and  set  out  the  first  origin  of  these  Rogation 
days.  1611  COTCK.,  Rogations^  Rogation  dayes,  the  Roga 
tion  weeke.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  Monday, 
Tuesday,  and  Wednesday,  call'd  Rogations,  or  Rogation 
Days.  1812  J.  BRADY  Claris  Cal.  I.  335  So  early  as  the 
year  550,  Claudius  Mumertus., extended  the  object  of  the 
Rogation  days.  1882  Encycl.  Brit.  XIV.  696/1  The  three 
days  before  Ascension,  .are  still  known  in  the  English 
Church  as  Rogation  Days. 

(^)  *53°  PALSGR.  263/2  Rogation  weke,  la  scpmaiuc  dcs 
ronaisons.  1535  WRIOTHESLEY  Chron.  (Camden)  I.  27  The 
4th  day  of  May  followinge,  being  Tewsday  in  the  Roga 
tion  week.  1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stitjfc  30  Lent  might  be 
cleane  spung'd  out  of  the  Kalender,  with  Rogation  weeks. 
1634  CANNE  JVt'cess.  Scpar.  (1849)  123  The  observation  of 
Gangdays,  or  rogation  week,  is  wholly  popish.  1672  M  \i;- 
YEI.L  Reh.  Transp.  n.  186  You  that  do,  as  if  it  were  in 
Rogation  week,  perambulate  the  Hounds  of  government. 
1725  BOURNE  in  Brand  Pop.  Antiq,  (1777)  xxvi.  264  The 
Litanies  or  Rogations,  which.. gave  Name  to  the  Time  of 
Rogation-Week.  1812  J.  BRADY  Clavis^  Cal.  I.  336  The 
whole  week  in  which  these  clays  happen  is  styled  Rogation 
week.  1826  DIGIJY  Broadstime  Hon.  (1846)  II.  364  Cross- 
flower,  or  rogation-flower, ..  was  carried  in  the  processions 
of  rogation  week. 

(c)  1662  Bk.Com.  Prayer,  Tables, etc.,  Rogation-Sunday 
is  Five  weeks  after  Easter.  1681  WHARTON  J-'asts  fy  I-'cst, 
Wks.  (1683)  20  This  is  also  called  Rogation  Sunday  and  the 
week  following  Rogation  Week.  1725  BOURNE  in  Brand 
Pop.  Antiq.  (1777)  xxvi.  267  The  particular  Office  order'd 
by  our  Church  for  Rogation-Sunday.  1841  HAMPSON 
Medii  sEvi  Cal.  II.  339  The  ist  of  tlie  Rogations,  April  26, 
is  the  first  day  on  which  Rogation  Sunday  can  fall.  1872 
SHIPLEY  Eccl.  Terms,  Rogation  Sunday,  the  Sunday  before 
Ascension  day. 

C.  Rogation  flower,  the  milkwort  {Polygala  vul- 
garis})  formerly  made  into  garlands  and  carried 
in  processions  on  Rogation  days. 

1597  GEKARDE  Herbal  450  Milke  woort-.in  English  we 
may  cal  it  Crosse  flower,  Gang  flower,  Rogation  flower. 
1826  DlGBY  Broadstone  Hon.  (1846)  II.  364  Cross-flower, 
or  rogation-flower,  [blooms]  about  the  3rd  of  May.  1890 
Sarum  Dioc.  Gaz.  Jan.  6/1  To  make  'Good  Friday'  and 
'Rogation  Flower '  fit  guides  to  the  search  for  early  blos 
soms  of  Tuberous  Moschatel  and  Milkwort. 

fd.  transf.  Supplication  for  alms;  begging. 
Also  punningly,  with  allusion  to  '  rogue '.  Obs. 
c  1540  COPLAND  Hye  IVay  to  Spyttel  Ho.  425  And  so  they 
lewter  m  suche  rogacyons  Seven  or  eyght  yeres,  walkyng 
theyr  stacyons,  And  do  but  gull,  and  foiow  beggery.  1607 
MIDDLETON  Faw.  Love  i.  iii,  Gud.  How  is't?  methinks  thou 
hast  been  a  long  vagrant.  Lip.  The  rogation  hath  been 
long  indeed. 

2.  Rom.  Antiq.  The  act,  on  the  part  of  a  consul 
or  tribune,  of  submitting  a  proposed  law  to  the 
people  for  their  acceptance ;  also,  a  law  so  sub 
mitted  and  accepted. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  155  Graccus  desirede  those 
possessiones  to  be  restorede  to  the  peple  in  a  day  of  Roga 
cion,  when  thynges  to  be  restorede  awede  to  be  askede. 
1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  in.  xviii.  (S.  T.  S.)  II.  21  Be  bis  law 
wes  gevin  ane  scharp  brod  to  (>e  rogatioun  of  tribunis. 
a  1577  SiR_T.  SMITH  Commw.  Eng.  \.  vij.  (1609)  7  The  Em 
perors  claime  this  tyrannical  power  by  pretence  of  that 
Rogation  or  Plcbiscitum  which  Cains  Caesar  or  Octauius 
obtained.  1653  [F.  PHILLIPS]  Consid.  Crt.  Chancery  2.  The 
Romans,  .in  the  Rogation  and  promulgation  of  their  Laws. 
1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Rogatio,  Frequently,  also,  Roga 
tion  is  used  in  the  same  Sense  with  Law;  because  there 
never  was  any  Law  established  among  the  Romans,  but 
what  was  done  by  this  kind  of  Rogation.  1774  DI-:  LOLME 
Ccnstit.  Eng.  \\.  xv.  325  The  Tribunes,  .insisting  that  the 
Tribes  should  vote  on  their  three  rogations.  1853  MERI- 
VALE  Fall  Row.  Rep.  i.  i.  28  Still  more  were  they  alarmed 
when  he  proposed  and  carried  a  rogation  for  the  foundation 
of  ample  colonies.  1872  E.  W.  ROBERTSON  Hist.  Ess.  261 
The  era  before  the  Rogations  of  Licinius  became  law. 

f  3.    A  formal  request.    Obs. 

1603  JAS.  I  True  Law  Free  Mon.  Wks.  (1616)  202  In  the 
Parliament,  .the  lawes  are  but  craued  by  his  subiects,  and 
onely  made  by  him  at  their  rogation.  1647  DIGGES  Unla-ng. 
taking  tip  Arms  140  Their  rogation  must  precede  His  rati 
fication.  1680  FILMER  Patriarcha  in.  §  15  In  Parliament 
all  Statutes  or  Laws  are  made  properly  by  the  King  alone, 
at  the  Rogation  of  the  people. 


KOGERIAK. 

Hence  Roga'ticmal  a.     (See  quot.) 

1873  SHIPLEY  Eccl.  Terms,  Rogaiional  Anti/>Jwns,  anti- 
pi. ons  used  at  Rogation-tide,  or  in  connexion  with  litanies. 

Rogatist  (rJu'gatist).  [See  ROGATIAN.]  A 
member  or  adherent  of  a  certain  Donatist  sect. 

1565  T.  STAPI.ETON  Fort.  Faith  26*  Then  we  shoulde 
passe  to  the  Rogatistes  for  the  Church.  1656  BLOUXT 
Glossojrr..Circumcelians,  the  rigid  sort  of  Donatists,  as  the 
Rogatists  were  the  moderate.  1874  BI.OUST  Diet.  Sects 
133/1  The  party  of  Rogatists  inclined  to  moderation.  1893 
])itl>l.  Rev.  Apr.  399  [St.  Augustine]  writing  to  Vincent  the 
Rogatist. 

Ro-gative.  rare-1,  [ad.  Sp.  wgativa.]  A 
prayer  or  supplication. 

1882  Christian  /r<>;vV/Sept.  266  Sermons  preached  against 
the  evangelicals  during  tlie  rogatives  for  rain. 

Ro'gatory,  a.  rare.  [ad.  F.  rogatoire,  ad. 
med.L.  rogatorius  :  cf.  interrogatory.]  i^See  quots.) 

J843-56  IJOUVIF.R  Law  Diet.  U.S.,  Rogatory,  Letters^  a 
kind  of  commission  from  a  judge  authorizing  and  request 
ing  a  judge  of  another  jurisdiction  to  examine  a  witness. 
1874  Wooi-SEY  Introd.  Intern.  Lau>  (ed.  4)  §  76  Many 
countries  aid  one  another's  judicial  proceedings  by  consent 
ing  that  their  judges  may  accept  rogatory  commissions,  or 
act  as  agents  of  foreign  courts,  for  the  purpose  of  examining 
witnes.ses  or  othcr\\  ise  ascertaining  facts. 

t  Roge.      0/>s.—1     [ad.  I,,  rogns.]     A  pyre. 

1661  HicKERiNcn.i,  Jamaica  76  Then  if  lie  have  a  Slave, 
he  then  must  die  ;  And  the  same  Roge  burn  both. 

Roge,  see  KOI;  $/>. ;  obs.  form  of  ROGUK. 

tRo'ger1.   0/ts.  rare.  [An  early  canting  word. 

The^  was  probably  hard  (rf.ro°'acyons^,\,  ROOATION*  id), 
so  that  rogt'r  may  lie  connected  with  recite.] 

A  begging  vagabond  \vho  pretended  to  be  a 
poor  scholar  from  Oxford  or  Cambridge. 

('  1540  COPLAND  Hye  ll-'ar  to  Spyttel  Ho.  ";gi  Cometh  not 
this  way  Of  these  rovers,  that  dayly  syng  and  pray,  \Vitli 
Aw  Reghia,  or  de pr0fundi$*i  It'id.  413  There  is  another 
company  Of  the  same  sect,., To  whom  these  rogers  obey  as 
capytayns. 


''d^o.i^.  [A  personal  name  of  men, 
n.  OK.  Roger  ^  Rogier,  of  Teut.  origin,  «  OHG. 
Ritodeger,  ffrddgfr.] 

1.  Used  as  a  generic  or  special  name  for  persons. 
1631  WKEVER  AHC.  Funeral  Mon.  75  The  seruant  obeyed, 

and  (like  a  good  t  rustic  Roger)  performed  his  Masters  com- 
mandement.  1725  AVrc  Cant.  Diet.,  Ro^cr,  .  .likewise  a 
Thief-taker.  Ibid.,  Old  Roger,  the  Devil.  1885  Pitdscy 
O/tfi.  19  !K.  I).  D.)t  T"  next  customer  wor  a  roger. 

2.  f  a.   Cant.  A  goose.    Obs. 

1567  HAKMAN  Careat  (1869)  83  A  Rogfr,  or  tyb  of  tlie 
buttery,  a  (loose.  1622  FLETCHER  Kt'ggnr''s  IJush  v.  i,  Sur- 
prizing  a  Boors  ken,  for  grunting  cheats  !  Prfg.  Or  cack 
ling  Cheats?  Hig.  Or  Mergery-praters,  Rogers,  And  Tibs 
o'  th'  Buttery? 

b.   A  ram.    rare""1. 

1762  E.  COLLINS  Misc.  116  The  Ram  first  wore  that  very 
Coat  of  thine.  Shou'd  Roger's  Cast-off  make  thee  proud  or 
fine?  \iiote.  The  Ram  is  by  the  Shepherd  so  call'd.] 

3.  slang,  a.  (See  quot.  aij'oo.) 

1653  URQUHART  Rabelais  i.  .\i.  a  1700  B.  E.  Did.  Cant. 
Ovit',  Roger,,  .a  Man's  Yard.  1719  D'L'RiF.v  Pills  VI.  ?oi. 

•j"  b.  A  portmanteau.    Obs. 
a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew. 

4.  The  Jolly  Roger^  the  pirate's  flag. 

1785  GROSK  Diet.  Vulgar  T.  s.v.  Roger  >  Jolly  roger  >  a 
flag  hoisted  by  pirates.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  IVord-bk,^ 
Jolly  Rofft-r,  a  pirate's  flag  ;  a  white  skull  in  a  black  field. 
1883  STEVENSON  Trcas,  Isl.  iv.  xix,  There  was  the  Jolly 
Roger  —  the  black  flag  of  piracy  —  flying  from  her  peak.  1892 
Daily  Neivs  16  June  5/1  It  was  also  pirated  at  once  .  .  by  an 
American  publishing  company.  The  author  was  popular 
enough  to  be  worth  flying  the  Jolly  Roger  for. 

5.  E.  Aiiglia.   =••  ROGER'S  BLAST. 

1893  in  Co/ens-  Hardy  Broad  Norf.  12  Whenever  I  have 
heard  the  Broadland  sirocco  spoken  of  it  has  always  been  as 
'  Sir  Rodger  '.  1895  PATTERSON*  Man  %•  Nat.  67  A  sudden 
squall,  a  regular  '  Roger  ',  .  .  strikes  us  ;  and  heavy  rain  drops 
clown  from  an  overcast  sky.  1899  East  Anglian  Ser.  in. 
VIII.  127  -Roger's  Klast.'..  At  and  around  Haclleigh, 
Suff.,  it  is  called  '  a  Roger  '. 


"Roger  de  Coverley  (lyc^o-i  d 

[In  early  use  Koger  of  C  overly  :  the  later  form  is 
due  to  Addison's  introduction  of  Sir  Roger  de 
Coverly  (afterwards  Coverley)  in  the  Spectator. 

Ace.  to  Ralph  Thpresby  the  place-name  is  the  same  as 
Calverley  in  Yorkshire  (see  Notes  >$•  Queries  I.  369),  a  state 
ment  which  is  perhaps  supported  by  the  occurrence  of  'O 
brave  Roger  of  Cauverly  '  as  the  refrain  of  a  song  in 
D'Urfey's  Pills  (1719)  VI.  31.] 

An  English  country-dance  (and  tune).  Also  used 
with  the  prefix  Sir,  and  abbreviated  as  Sir  Roger. 

1685  PLAVFORD  Division.  Violin  C,  Roger  of  Coverly 
[name  of  tune].  1696  Dancing  Master  (1716)  167  Roger  of 
Coverly.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  $  P.  in  [They]  dance 
so  many  hours  to  a  Tune  called  the  Patamars  Tune,  when 
they  labour  as  much  as  a  Lancashire  Man  does  at  Roger  of 
Coverly.  c  1700  in  W.  Chappell  Pop.  Music  Olden  Time  534 
Old  Roger  of  Coverlay  for  evermore,  a  Lancashire  Horn 
pipe.  1811  T.  WILSON  Country  Dancf  'j(ed.  2)  88  Sir  Roger 
de  Coverley,  or  the  Finishing  Dance.  1860  MOTLEY  Let. 
to  Mother  28  Oct.,  Reels  and  flings,  and  strathspeys  and 
Roger  de  Coverleys.  1874  Ball-Room  Guide  80  Any  centre 
if  anse.  .answers  this  purpose;  but  the  prime  favourite  is 
Sir  Roger  de  Coverley.  1894  \qth  Cent,  XXXVI.  430  The 
performers  ranged  themselves  in  two  rows,  as  in  Sir  Roger. 

t  Roge*rian.  0/>s~l  [?  f.  the  name  Roger.] 
Some  form  of  wig. 

1597  HALL  Sat.  in.  v,  The  sportfull  winde,  to  mocke  the 
headlesse  man,  Tosses  apace  his  pitch  'd  Rogerian. 


ROGER'S   BLAST. 

Roger's  blast.  E.  Anglian.  [Evidently  a 
survival  of  Lydgate's  RODION,  with  assimilation  to 
the  personal  name.]  (See  quot.  a  1825,  and  cf. 

RODGES- BLAST  and  ROGEB2  5.) 

.71825  FORBV  I'oc.  E.  Anglia,  Rogers-blast^  a  sudden 
and  local  motion  of  the  air,  ..whirling  up  the  dust.. some 
what  in  the  manner  of  a  water-spout.  It  is  reckoned  a  sign 
of  approaching  rain.  1866  East  Anglian  1 1.  64  When  the 
fresh-waterman  sees  the  waving  of  the  reeds  and  sedges  by 
the  river-side,  he  knows  a  '  Roger's  blast '  is  coming,  which 
may  hurl  himself  and  his  craft  to  the  bottom.  iSg^CozENs- 
HAKDV  Broad  Norf.  95  These  heavy  gusts  of  wind  were 
called  Sir  Roger's  blasts. 

Roget(t,  obs.  ff.  ROCHET  sb.-  Rogg(e,  obs. 
variants  of  RUG  v.  Rogged,  obs.  f.  RUGGED  a. 
Roggery,  obs.  f.  ROGUERY. 

Ro'ggle,  v.   Now  dial.    [f.  ROG  v.  +  -LE.]    To 

shake,  or  cause  to  shake. 

iwSTREviSA  Barth,  De  P.R.  xi.  xiii.  _(Bodl.  MS.),  pat 
niaTceJ>  and  sownej?  somdele,  as  it  were  in  be  manere  of 
roggeling  and  hurlinge.  1811  [see  ROG  i>.  i],  1829-  in 
northern  dial,  glossaries. 

Rogh(e,  Roghlich, obs.  ff.  ROUGH  a., ROUGHLY 
adv.  Roght,  obs.  pa.  t.  RECK  v. ;  obs.  form 
of  ROUGH  a.  Roghtless,  obs.  f.  RUTHLESS  a. 
Roging,  obs.  f.  ROGUING. 

t  Ro-gitate,  v. ;  Rogita-tion,  Obs.*-°  [ad. 
L.  rogitare,  rogitalio.~\  (See  quots.) 

1656  HLOUNT  Glossogr^  Rogitate^.  .to  bid,  to  intreat,  to 
require  often,  to  beg.  1658  PHILLIPS,  R  agitation  ^an.  asking 
often,  an  intreating  earnestly. 

t  Rogorous,  a.     Obs~l     ? Roguish. 

1609  Ei'.  \Votn.  in  Hum.  Divb,  Alas  good  hearts,  what 
rogorous  villaine  would  commit  with  him? 

Rogue  (r<?llg),  sb.  Also  6  rog,  rogge,  rooge, 
6-7  roog,  roge,  roague,  roague.  [One  of  the 
numerous  canting  words  introduced  about  the 
middle  of  the  i6th  cent,  to  designate  the  various 
kinds  of  beggars  and  vagabonds,  and  perhaps  in 
some  way  related  to  ROGER*.  There  is  no  evid 
ence  of  connexion  with  F.  rogue  arrogant.] 

1.  One  belonging  to  a  class  of  idle  vagrants  or 
vagabonds.     Now  arch,  as  a  legal  term. 

For  the  legal  definition,  see  the  Act  14  Eliz.  c.  5  §  5. 

a.  1561  [see  b].  1567  HARMAN  Ozrw*1  (1869)  36  A  Koge  is 
neither  so  stoute  or  hardy  as  the  vprightman.  1570  GOOGF. 
Pop.  Kingd.vfc  Both  jeast  rs,  Rogesand  Minstrels  with  their 
instruments  are  heare.  1590  SIK  J.  SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons 
Ued.  8  Some  of  them  bare  legged,  or  bare  footed  like  roges, 
Ibid,  nb,  The  very  scomme,  theeues,  and  roges  of  England. 

£.  1577  Bullingers  Decades  (1592)  129  The  sturdie  roag 
vnworthie  of  an  almes.  1587  Mirr.  Mag.)  Sabrina  x,  The 
rascall  rude,  the  roag,  the  clubfist  griepte  My  sclender  arme. 
1600  J.  PORV  tr.  Leo's  Africa,  in.  153  These  lewd  miscreants 
run  like  roagues  naked  and  sauage  throughout  all  Africa. 
1600  BRETON  rasq nil's  Madcappe  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  6/r  He 
shall,  .in  a  lacket  and  a  paire  of  broages  Goe  passe  among 
the  company  of  roages. 

y.  1591  SPENSER  M.  Hubberd  187  Wildly  to  wander.. 
Withouten  pasport  or  good  warrantye,  For  feare  least  we 
like  rogues  should  be  reputed.  1605  SHAKS.  Lear  iv.  vii. 
39  And  was't  thou  faine..To  houell  thee  with  Swine  and 
Rogues  forlorne,  In  short,  and  musty  straw?  1*1661  FULLER 
ll'orthies  (1840)  III.  335  The  anti-friarists  maintaining,  that 
such  [begging  friars]  were  rogues  by  the  laws  of  God  and 
man.  1731-8  SWIFT  Pol.  Conv.  62  Ay,  a  rich  Rogue,  two 
Shirts  and  a  Rag.  1764  BURN  Poor  Laws  125  The  vagrant 
acts  of  late  years  have  distinguished  the  offenders  into 
three  kinds  ;  *  idle  and  disorderly  persons,  rogues  and  vaga 
bonds,  and  incorrigible  rogues'.  1824  Act  5  Ceo.  />",  c.  83 
§  8.  1838  Act  i  <y  2  Viet.  c.  38  (title),  An  Act  to  amend  an 
Act  for  punishing  idle  and  disorderly  Persons  and  Rogues 
and  Vagabonds. 

t  b.   Wild  rogue  :  (see  quots.).   Obs. 

1561  AWDELAY  Frat.Vacab,  (1869^  5  A  wildeRoge  is  he  that 
hath  no  abiding  place. .,  and  all  that  be  of  hys  corporation 
be  properly  called  Roges.  1567  HAHMAN  Caveat  ( 1 869)  41 
A  wilde  Roge  is  he  that  is  borne  a  Roge:  be  is  more  subtil 
and  more  geuen  by  nature  to  all  kinde  of  knauery  than  the 
other.  1608  DKKKER  Beltnan  of  London  Wks.  (Grosart) 

III.  97  The  Tame  Rogue  begets  a  Wilde-Rogue.     1673  R. 
HEAD  Canting  Acad.  70  WitdSogUltWt*  formerly  such 
who  were  begotten  by  very  Rogues,  such  who  had   been 
burnt  in  the  hand  or  shoulder,  or.  .whipt  at  the  Carts  arse. 

2.  A  dishonest,  unprincipled  person;  a  rascal. 
1578  LVTE  Dodoens  143  Certayne  deceytfull  and  naughtie 

rogues  that  would  be  taken  for  cunning  physitions.  1593 
Arden  of  Feversham  n.  i.  5  Such  a  slaue,  so  vile  a  roge  as 
he,  Lyues  not  againe  vppon  the  earth.  1605  First  Pt. 
Jeroninio  i.  vi.  49  My  Lord,  he  is  the  most  notorious  rogue 
That  euer  breathed.  1680  PRIDEAUX  Lett.  (Camden)  81 
Those  rogues  have  designes  goeing  on,  hut  if  the  King  will 
but  put  on  a  little  rigour  he  may  easylyquel  them.  1768-74 
TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  53  It  is  a  common  saying,  that 
you  must  set  a  rogue  to  catch  a  rogue.  1793  ALMON  Anecd. 

IV.  Pitt  II.  xxii.  28  The  Duke  of  Newcastle  said:  Fox 
was  rogue  enough  to  do  any  thing,  but.. not  fool  enough 
to  do  this,     1814  EARL  DUDLEY  Lett.  (1840)  34  Talleyrand, 
to  be  sure,  is  a  rogue  ;  but  he  is  a  rogue  of  long  experience. 
1858  O.  VV.  HOLMKS  Aut.  Breakf.-t.  xii,  He  who  is  carried 
by   horses    must  deal    with   rogues.      1888   BRYCE    Anier. 
Commw.  li,  (1889}  I.  619  The  newer  frames  of  government 
are   an    improvement  upon   the   older.      Rogues   are   less 
audacious. 

transf.  1904  MAX  PEMBERTON  Red  Morn  xi,  A  rogue  of 
a  ship  and  a  drunken  man  in  charge  of  her. 

•j-  b.  Applied  abusively  to  servants.    Obs. 

1596  SHAKS.  Tarn.  SAr.  iv.  i.  150  Off  with  my  boots,  you 
rogues  :  you  yillaincs,  when?.  .Out  you  rogue,  you  plucke 
my  foote  awrie.  1701  GIBBER  Love  Makes  Man  n.  i,  What, 
will  none  of  my  Rogues  come  near  me  now?  O  !  here  they 
are.  [Enter  several  Servants.}  1713  STEELE  Englishm. 


752 

No.   i.  8  My  Lord,  your  Rogue  has  me  safe  here.     1781 
COWTER  Conversat.  415  Yet  ev'n  the  rogue  that  serves  him 
. .  Prefers  his  fellow-grooms. 
t  C.  (See  quot.)    Obs. 


with  one  eare. 

3.  One  who  is  of  a  mischievous  disposition. 
Common  as  a  playful  term  of  reproof  or  reproach,  and 

freq.  used  as  a  term  of  endearment  by  i?th  c.  dramatists. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.lV,\\.  iv.  233  Ah,  you  sweet  little  Rogue, 
you  :  alas,  poore  Ape.  Ibid.  235  Ah  Rogue,  I  loue  thee. 
1602  -znd  Pt.  Return  fr.  Parnass.  n.  vi.  1025,  I  shall  be 
his  little  rogue,  and  his  white  villaine  for  a  whole  week 
after.  1672  VILLIERS  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  Rehearsal  i.  i,  I,  it's 
a  pretty  little  rogue ;  she  is  my  Mistress.  I  knew  her  face 
would  set  off  Armor  extreamly.  a  1744  POPK  Hor.Sat.  i. 
vii.  27  What?  rob  your  Boys?  those  pretty  rogues  !  1784 
J.  POTTER  l-'irtKous  Villagers  I.  161  It  is  evident,  that  sly 
rogue  Cupid  has  pierced  your  heart  with  one  of  his  keenest 
arrows.  1807-8  W.  IKVING  Salmagundi  (1824)  369  The  very 
negroes,  those  holiday-loving  rogues,  gorgeously  arrayed 
in  cast  off  finery.  1832  L.  HUNT  Poems^  185  Fondled  by 
the  ladies,  With  '  What  a  young  rogue  this  is  ! ' 

4.  Hort.  An  inferior  plant  among  seedlings. 
1859  DARWIN  Orig.Spec.  \.  (1860)  32  The  seed-raisers.. go 

over  their  seed-beds,  and  pull  up  the  '  rogues',  as  they  call 
the  plants  that  deviate  from  the  proper  standard.  1868  — 
Anim.  fy  PI.  II.  31  If  gardeners  did  not  generally. .pull  up 
the  false  plants  or  '  rogues '  as  they  are  called. 

5.  An  elephant  driven   away,    or  living   apart, 
from  the   herd,  and   of  a    savage    or  destructive 
disposition. 

A  rendering  of  Cingalese  horct,  sora  ~  Skr.  chora  thief. 

1859  TENNENT  Ceylon  II.  vni.  in.  327  The  outcasts  from 
the  herd,  the  '  Rogues'  or  hora  allia\ .  .there  is  not  probably 
one  rogue  to  be  found  for  every  five  hundred  of  those  in 
herds.  1885  H.  <_>.  FORBES  E.  Archipel.  164  We  had  at 
length  the  satisfaction  of  feeling  that,  .no  elephant,  unless  a 
rogue,  would  trample  us  down.  1886  P.  ROBINSON  Teetotum 
Trees  55  Killing  a  rogue.. now  falls  into  the  same  category 
as  any  other  act  of  public  justice, 

attrib.  1859  All  Year  Round  No.  32.  131  The  rogue 
elephants  haunt  and  destroy  plantations.  1885  G.  S. 
FORBES  //  'ild  Life  in  Canara  167  A  friend  of  mine 
travelling. .along  this  road  had  a  very  hazardous  meeting 
with  a  rogue  elephant. 

b.  Any  large  wild  animal  of  a  similar  character. 
Also  alt  rib. 

1872  R.  F.  BURTON  Zanzibar  II.  244  The  'rogue*.. is 
found  amongst  hippopotami,  elk,  deer  and  other  gramnivors 
as  well  as  amongst  elephants,  lions,  tigers,  and  the  larger 
carnivors.  Ibid.,  The  '  rogue  '  hippopotamus  is  an  old  male 
no  longer  able  to  hold  his  own  against  the  young  adults. 
1892  Spectator  10  Sept.  349  The  ferocity  of  the  'rogue' 
buffalo  and  '  rogue  '  hippopotamus. 

0.  A  horse  which  is  inclined  to  shirk  its  work  on 
the  race-course  or  in  the  hunting-field.  Rogue's 
badge,  a  hood  or  blinkers  put  on  a  race-horse  of 
this  description. 

1881  Standard  29  Aug.  5/3  Gentle  breaking,  on  the  other 
hand,  may. .prevent  a  racehorse  from  becoming  a  '  rogue  ' 
or  a  '  savage  '.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  j  June  4/1  A  description 
of  a  'rogue1  thoroughbred.  Ibid.)  The  ordinary  'rogue' 
has  become  fainthearted  through  punishment  of  whip  and 
spur  in  race  or  trial.  1891  Lie,  t'ict.  Gaz.  (Farmer),  He 
wore  the  rogue's  badge,  but  is  built  on  racing  lines. 

7.  attrib.   and    Comb.)    as    rogue-catcher,    -face, 
-hero,  -land,  -lawyer,  -like  adj.,  -priest,  Radical', 
f  rogue-house     (see    quot.) ;    rogue-pease  (?)  ; 
rogue-sapling,  a  sapling  of  an  inferior  kind. 

For  rogue  elephant,  etc.,  see  5  and  5  b. 

1630  DEKKER  znd  Pt.  Honest  ll'hore  i.  i.  Wks.  1873  II. 
179  Hold,  you  *Rogue-Catcher,  hold.  1869  R.  WALTON 
Midland  Circuit  142  The  Bow  Street  Runners  were  never 
excelled  as  rogue-catchers  by  any  other  body  of  men.  1697 
VANBRUGH  Prov.  Wife  v.  iii,  Stand  off,  "rogue-face.  1790 
GROSK  Prov.  Gloss,  (ed.  2)  Suppl.,  *  Rogue- House,  the  house 
of  correction.  1898  BESANT  Orange  Girl  n.  xx,  This  man 
had  for  years  exercised  absolute  sway  over  *Rogueland. 
1824  SCOTT  St.  Roman's  xviii,  Hut  the  'rogue-lawyers .  .have 
at  length  roundly  told  me  the  clause  must  be  complied  with. 
1707  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4357/4  At  Ham.  .are  to  be  sold, 
Garden  Beans,  Gosport-Beans,  *Rogue- Pease,  and  Hotspur- 
Pease.  1679  DRYDEN  Trail.  <$-  Cress,  in.  ii,  Thou  must  be 
gone,  to  the  fugitive  *rogue-priest,  thy  father.  1824  SCOTT 
in  Lock  hart  (1839)  V.  357  The  *rogue  Radicals  had  nearly 
set  me  on  horseback  again.  1889  PASK  Eyes  Thames  146 
Apple  standards  laden  with  the  light  silky-skinned  Manx 
codlins,  sometimes  broken  by  the  rosy-red  of  an  intruding 
'  *rogue '  sapling. 

8.  Special    combs,   with  genitive,    as   rogue's 
gallery,  a  collection  of  the  portraits  of  criminals  ; 
rogue's  gilliflower,  the  rocket  {Hesperis  matron- 
alts}  ;    rogue's  Latin,  thieves*  Latin  (cf.  LATIN 
K    i  c) ;    rogue's  march,   tattoo,   walk,   yarn 
(see  quots.).    Also  rogue  s  badge  (see  6). 

1889  Boston  (Mass.)  frnl,  24  Apr.  1/8  Their  features  adorn 
the  Brogues'  galleries  in  the  cities  of  the  Union.  1578  LYTI-: 
Dodoens  153  These  floures  be  now  called.,  in  English 
Damaske  violets.. and  *Rogues  gillofers.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt. 
Midi,  xxv,  He  knows  my  gybe  as  well  as  the  jark  of  e'er  a 
queer  cuffin  in  England — and  there *s*rogue's  Latin  for  you. 
1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.  March,  ''Rogue's  March,  a 
tune  which  is  played  by  trumpeters  or  fifers  of  a  regiment 
..for  the  purpose  of  drumming  out  any  person  who  has 
behaved  disorderly,  .in  a  camp  or  garrison.  1894  BLACK- 
MORE  Perlycross  81  To  have  him  drummed  out  of  the 
parish  to  the  Brogue's  tattoo.  1882  Daily  News  n  Jan.  2/1 
The  *Rogues'-walk  —  that  broad  ribbon  of  pavement 
stretching  from  Piccadilly-cirri  s  past  the  Criterion  Theatre 
and  Restaurant  to  the  top  of  the  Haymarket.  1769 
FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  *  Rogues-yarn,,  .a  rope- 


ROGUERY. 

yarn,  of  a  particular  construction,,  .placed  in  the  middle 
of  every  strand,  in  all  cables  and  cordage  in  the  king's 
service..  .The  use  of  this  contrivance  is  to  examine  whether 
any  cordage,  supposed  to  be  stolen..,  has  been  formed  for 
the  king's  service.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Newt.  Diet.,  Rogue's 
Yarn,  a  thread  of  worsted  in  the  strands  of  rope  manu 
factured  for  the  Royal  Navy,  introduced  for  the  purpose  of 
detecting  theft  or  embezzlement  :.  .it  serves  also  to  trace 
any  bad  rope  to  the  precise  yard  where  it  was  made.  1867 
SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bit.  577  Lately  the  rogue's  yarn  has 
been  superseded  by  a  thread  of  worsted. 

Rogue  (r<?ug))  V-  Also  6  ro(a)ge,  6-7  roague. 
[f.  ROGUE  ^.] 

1.  intr.  To  wander  idly  about  after  the  manner 
of  rogues  ;  to  live  like  a  rogue  or  vagrant  ;  also, 
in  later  use,  to  play  the  rogue  or  rascal. 

Very  common  c  1575-1650  ;  now  rare. 

o.  1570  LKVINS  Manip.  157/47  1°  R°ge>  vagari.  1583 
STUBBES  Anat.  Abns.  n.  (1882)  53  A  sort  of  vagarants,  who 


,  .  . 

FLETCHER  Christ's  Viet,  xiv,  And  in  the  midst,  Strife  still 
would  roaguing  be. 

£.  1600  HOLLAND  Liry  vm.  xxxiv.  306  Without  pasport, 
the  souldiors  may  wander  and  rogue.  1656  Bnrtoti's  Diary 
(1828)  I.  21  You  give  them  sixty  miles  compass  to  rogue  in, 
which  is  more  privilege  than  ever  beggars  enjoyed.  1667 
PEPYS  Diary  i  June,  Which  will  be  becoming  him  much 
more  than  to  live  wenching  and  roguing,  as  he  now  do. 
1680  SHADWELL  Woman-Capt.  n,  Where  have  you  been 
roguing,  Sirrah,  that  you  did  not  wait  on  me  home?  1701 
Burlesque  R.  L"1  Estrange*  s  Vis.  Qitcu.  250  He's  at  the  Play 
house  roguing  bin.  1755  JOHNSON  Rogue,  To  play  knavish 
tricks.  1896  KIPLING  Sezvri  Seas  190,  I've  rogued  an'  I've 
ranged  in  my  time. 

t  b.  So  to  rogue  it.    Obs. 

1615  J.TAYLOR  (Water-P.)/>««/wV/?^««  Wks.  (1630^11. 
149  Although  I  cannot  Rogue  it.  as  he  can,  Yet  will  I  shew 
myselfe  an  honest  man.  1632  SHERWOOD,  To  rogue  it  vp 
and  downe  the  countrie,  rodcr  le  pais. 

t  2.  trans.  To  denounce  as  a  rogue,  to  call  (one) 
a  rogue  ;  to  accuse  of  roguery.  Obs. 

1630  J.TAYLOR  (Water-  P.)  U'ks.  (Nares),  It  may  bee  thou 
wast  put  in  office  lately,  Which  makes  thee  rogue  me  so,  and 
rayle  so  stately.  1683  T.  HUNT  Def,  Charter  Lond.  25  The 
Poet  hath  undertaken  for  their  being  kicked,  .about  the 
Stage  to  the  Gallows,  infamously  rogued  and  rascalled. 
fb.  To  cast  discredit  on  (something).  Obs. 

1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  \.  v.  §  32.  778  Though  the 
Atheists  may  endeavour  to  rogue  and  ridicule  all  incorporeal 
substance  in  that  manner.  1685  H.  MORE  Rejl.  Baxter  15 
More  like  prophane  Buffonry,  to  rogue  and  abuse  so  Sacred 
a  Writing. 

3.  To  practise  roguery  upon  ;  to  swindle. 

1841  SUSANNA  HAWKINS  fot-ms  V.  45  An'  likewise  rogue 
and  cheat  the  poor,  Who  for  their  meat  do  labour  sore. 
1869  BLACKMORB  Lorna  D.  Iv,  We  have  rogues  to  deal 
with  :  but  try  we  not  to  rogue  them.  1889  W.  WEST  ALL 
Birch  Dene  II.  xii.  201  If  he  helps  me  to  rogue  other  folks, 
he'll  help  other  folks  to  rogue  me. 

4.  To  free  from  inferior  plants  or  seedlings. 
1766  Contfl.  Fanner  s.v.  Pease  5  Z  1/1  The  only  way  to 

prevent  this,  is  to  rogue  them,  as  the  gardeners  term  it, 
that  is  to  say,,  .to  draw  out  all  the  bad  plants  from  among 
the  good  ones.  1505  Dundee  Advertiser  25  July  6  Of  late 
agriculturists  have  had  excellent  opportunities  for  '  rogue- 
ing  *  their  drills. 

Ilo'guedom.  [f.  ROGUE  sb^\  The  world  of 
rogues  ;  rogues  collectively. 

1889  EARL  OF  DESART  Little  Chatelaine  II.  xx,  When 
you  trust  one  rogue,  you  trust  all  roguedom. 

Ro'gueling.  [f.  ROGUE  sb.]  A  minor  rogue. 

1790  Political  Misc.  32  Take  notice,  roguelings,  I  prohibit 
Your  walking  underneath  yon  gibbet. 

t  Rogue  money.  Sc.  and  north.  Obs. 
[ROGUE  sb.]  A  tax  formerly  levied  on  a  parish 
or  county  to  provide  a  fund  for  the  expenses  of 
the  apprehension,  prosecution,  and  maintenance 
in  gaol  of  rogues.  Also  attrib. 

1585  Vestry  2Jks.  (Surtees)  19  For  our  charges,  .when  we 
wer  at  the  CJuerter  Sessions  concerninge  the  Rogge  mony. 
1640  Ibid.  102  Item  for  Roog  mony,  il.  45.  1658  Ibid.  19 
note,  The  Rogue  money  is  a  yearely  payment  due  by  this 
Parish  at  Midsommer,  payable  to  the  High  Constable  for 
prisoners  in  goale,  correction,  &c.  1750  in  Lang  Highl. 
Scot.  (1898)  150  That  to  Answer  the  Expence  of  such  pro 
secutions  Rogue  money  be  imposed  upon  the  Respective 
Shires  as  usual.  1757  in  Stat.  Law  Scot.  A  Mag.  335 
Rogue-Money:  see  Delinquency.  1838  W.  BELL  Diet. 
Law  Scot,  613  The  sums  so  received  form  part  of  the  rogue 
money  of  the  county.  1862  Act  25  $•  26  I  'ict.  c.  35  §  20  The 
proceeds  of  such  sale  shall  be  paid  into  the  rogue  money 
funds  of  the  county. 

Roguery  (rJfgsri).     [f.  ROGUE  sb.  +  -ERT.] 
1.  Conduct  or  practices  characteristic  of  rogues; 
knavishness,  rascality  ;  f  idle  vagrancy. 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  /F,  H.  iv.  138  Heere's  Lime  in  this 
Sacke  too  :  there  is  nothing  but  Roguery  to  be  found  in 
Villanous  man.  1611  COTGR.,  Marandise,  beggerie,  roguerie, 
idle  knauerie,  .  .  vagabondrie.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc  s 
Trav.  97  Thus  was  discovered  the  roguerie  of  those  Magi- 
tians.  1745  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  IV.  356,  I  should 
have  succeeded  better,  but  for  the  folly  and  roguery  of 


of  my  own  duties  tempted  you  to  roguery.  1875  JOWETT 
Plato ;(ed.  2)  IV.  326  The  unrighteous  man.. had  far  better 
not  yield  to  the  illusion  that  his  roguery  is  clever. 

personif.  1794  SOUTHEY  Botany-Bay  Eel.  in,  When 
Roguery  rules  all  the  rest  of  the  earth,  God  be  thank'd,  in 
this  corner  I've  got  a  good  berth. 


ROGUESHIF. 

2.  A  practice,  procedure,  or  action  characteristic 
of  rogues  ;  a  knavish  or  rascally  act. 

c  1620  DONNE  Poems  (1633)  48  To  live  in  one  land,  is 
captivitie,  To  run  all  countries,  a  wild  roguery.  1667-8  PEPYS 
Diary  8  Feb.,  The  ripping  up  of  so  many  notorious 
rogueries  and  cheats  of  my  Lord's.  1722  DE  FOE  Col. 
Jack  i,  A  constable  and  his  watch,  crying  out  for  one  Wry 
neck,  who  it  seems  had  done  some  roguery.  1797-1805 
S.  &  HT.  LEE  Canterb.  T.  I.  212  He  has  been  in  more 
rogueries  than  battles,  I  believe.  1850  THACKERAY  rcn- 
dennis\,  There  are  worse  men.  .who  have  never  committed 
half  so  many  rogueries  as  he.  1879  BROWNING  Ned  Bratts 
91  Not  a  single  roguery,  from  the  cutting  of  a  purse  to  the 
cutting  of  a  throat,  but  paid  us  toll. 

3.  Playful  mischief ;  waggishness;  fun. 

1664 COTTON  SV«m»i.i.Wk3.(i7i5) 47 Cupid,  .prepares  him 
for  his  Roguery.  1681  WOOD  Life  n  June,  The  other  Terrx 
Fili-us  made  up  what  was  wanting. .;  full  of  Waggery  and 
Roguery,  but  little  Wit.  1711  SWIFT /.^A  (1767)  III.  165 
Lady  Berkeley  after  dinner  clapt  my  hat  on  another  lady's 
head,  and  she  in  roguery  put  it  upon  the  rails.  1755 
JOHNSON,  Roguery,  waggery;  arch  tricks,  a  1834  COI.K- 
RIDGE  Shafts,  Notes  (1875)  91  As  a  father  speaks  of  the 
rogueries  of  a  child.  1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Kitdge  ii,  The 
smile  of  one  expecting  to  detect  in  this  unpromising  stranger 
some  latent  roguery  of  eye  or  lip. 

4.  collect.  Weeds,   rare. 

1763  Ahiseum  Rust.  I.  33  Keep  the  land  plowing  the 
whole  following  summer,,  .to  keep  down  the  roguery.  1764 
Ibid.  II.  8  A  most  excellent  plant  to  sow  where  land  is 
rich,  and  inclined  to  breed  roguery. 

5.  A  place  in  which  persons  are  trained  to  become 
rogues. 

1822  GALT  Sir  A.  Wylie  I.  xxiii.  208  I  kept  a  roguery  for 
the  supply  of  the  London  Market. 

6.  Rogues  collectively  ;  rascaldom. 

1898  BESANT  Orange  Girl  n.  xxii,  A  thing  at  which  all 
Roguery  rejoiced. 

Boguesllip  (r^'-gjip).  Also  7  roagushipp. 
[f.  ROGUE  sb.\  The  state  of  being  a  rogue,  used 
as  a  mock  title  in  *  your  rogueship*,  etc. 

?  c  1600  Distr.  Emperorn.  i.  in  Bullen  Old  PL  (1884)  II  1. 194 
It  had  beene  better  for  your  perjurd  roagushipp,  Your  harte 
had  gorgd  a  hauke.  i6z$  FI.KTCHER  Nifkt-Vralker  ill,  v, 
I  would  lose  a  limb  to  see  their  rogueships  totter.  1709 
MRS.  CENTUVRE  Gamester  v,  What  makes  you  look  so, 
Sirrah?  Ha!  I  suspect  your  rogueship  has  done  something 
with  it.  1797  BRYDGES  Horn.  Tra"',  I.  144  His  rogueship 
from  the  flowers  and  trees  Would  call  the  very  birds  and 
bees. 

Roguing  (rJu'girj),  vbl.  sb.    [f.  ROGUE  v.] 

t 1.  The  action  of  wandering  about  the  country ; 
tramping  from  one  place  to  another  as  a  rogue 
or  vagrant ;  also,  an  instance  of  this.  Obs. 

1577  HARRISON  Descr,  Brit.  in.  v,  For  their  idle  roging 
about  the  countrie,  the  law  ordeineth  this  maner  of  correc 
tion,  c  1585  R.  &WWK&Answ.CairtUfrifht$  Beyng  children 
of  Death,  euen  for  smaller  Theftes,  Felonyes,  Roginges, 
andWanderinges.  1631  HEYLIN.SY,  George  106  Here,  .he  left 
off  his  roaguing,and  began  his  Villanies.  1651  W.  SHKPPARD 
England's  Balm  (1657)  2&  The  common  offences  of  Swearing, 
Drunkenness,.  .Vagrancy  or  Roguing. 

transf,  1681  OTWAY  Soldier's  Fort.  n.  i,  Here's  the  ring 
you  set  a  roguing. 

2.  Playing  the  rogue,  knave,  or  rascal,     f  Also 
in  phr.  to  go  a-rogtting. 

1619  FLETCHER  Mans.  Thomas  \\\.\^  This  was  thy  Roguing, 
For  thou  wert  ever  whispering  ;  fye  upon  thee.  1697  VAN- 
BRi'GH  Relapse  in.  ii,  You'll  never  leave  roguing,  I  see  that. 
1706  ESTCOURT  Fair  Example  \\.  ii,  You  are  going  a  rogue- 
ing.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  n.  (Globe)  546  Nothing  else  but 
the  Hopes  of  going  a  Roguing  brought  him  to  do  it. 

3.  Ilort.  The  elimination  of  inferior  plants. 
1858  DARWIN  in  Life  <y  Lett.  (1887)  II.  122  The  'roguing', 

as  nursery-men  call  the  destroying  of  varieties  which  depart 
from  their  type.  1859  —  Orig.  Species  i.  (1860)  34  The 
destruction  of  horses  under  a  certain  size  was  ordered,  and 
this  may  be  compared  to  the  'roguing'  of  plants  by 
nurserymen. 

BiO'guing,  ///.  a.  [f.  ROGUE  v.  +  -TNG  2.] 
Wandering,  living,  or  acting  like  a  rogue. 

1581  HANMER  Jes/ti(cs  Banner  cj  b,  I  woulde..that  you 
..sufred  the  roging  Jesuites  beyond  the  seas,  to  performe 
your  vowes.  a  1603  T.  CARTWKIGHT  Confut.  Rhejn.  N.  7\ 
(1618)  75  You  are  found  in  that  penury,  that  the  routng  and 
roging  stagers  are.  1625  HART  Anat.  £/>.  i. ii.  26Thisbase 
roguing  and  cozening  Kmpiricke.  1672  MARVELL  Keh. 
Transp.  i.  53  Perhaps  some  roguing  Boy  that  managed 
the  Puppets,  turned  the  City  wrong. 

fig.  1598  MARSTOM  Sco.  Villanie  u.  v.  197  Faire  age! 
When,  .roguing  vertue  brings  a  man  defame,  a  1603  T. 
CARTWRIGHT  Confut.  Rhem.  JV.  T.  (1618)  610  This  roguing 
sentence  wee  would  haue  suffered  to  wander  still. 

Roguish  (rofc-gij),  a.  Also  6  rogyshe,  6-7 
rogish,  6-S  rogueish.  [f.  ROGUE  sb.  +-ISH.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  appropriate  to,  characteristic  of, 
rogues  (for  vagrants);  disreputable. 

1572  Act  14  Eliz.  c.  5  §  4  Yf.  .they,  .do  eftsones  fall  againe 
to  any  kynde  of  Rogyshe  or  Vacabonde  Trade  of  Lyef. 
1592  GREENE  Black  BkSs  dlessenger  Wks.  (Grosart)  XI.  17 
So  wee  like  two  good  Horse-corsers.  .swapt  vp  a  Rogish 
bargaine.  1608  SHAKS.  Lear  in.  vii.  104  (Q.2),  Let's.. get 
the  bedlam  To  lead  him  where  he  would,  his  rogish  mad- 
nesse  Allowes  it  selfe  to  any  thing.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav. 
Yin.  360, 1  stayed  in  a  Spaniards  house . .  who  kept  a  roguish 
Tauerne.  1667-8  PEPYS  Diary  8  Feb.,  Bought  an  idle, 
rogueish  French  book,  L*escholte  desfilles. 

tb.  Vile,  wretched.  Obs~^    ^Cf.  ROGUY  a.  i.) 

«  1625  EEAL'M.  it  Fi..  Love's  Cure  n.  ii,  Lord  how  my  head 
aches  with  this  roguish  hat. 

2.  Acting  (f  or  wandering)  like  rogues  ;  knavish 
or  rascally  in  conduct. 

1596  SPENSER  State  IreL  Wks.  (Globe)  644/1  The  persons, 

VOL.  VIII. 


753 

by  whom  it  is  used,  be  of  better  note  then  the  former  rogish 
sorte  which  ye  reckned.  1641  HISDE  J.  Bruen  Iviii.  195 
He  abandoned  and  kept  out  of  his  house  all  roguish 
Players.  1687  A.  LOVKLL  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav.  i.  159  A 
great  Noise  of  roguish  Moors,  both  Men  and  little  Boys. 
175*  FIELDING  Amelia  xr.  iii,  A  law  very  excellently 
I  calculated  for  the  preservation  of  the  lives  of  his  Majesty's 
[  roguish  subjects.  1798  Anti-Jacobin  No.  2,  10  Or  roguish 
lawyer,  made  you  lose  your  little  All  in  a  lawsuit.  1828 
P.  CUNNINGHAM  N. S.  Wales  (ed.  3)  II.  207  As  long.. as 
England  cannot  keep  her  honest  poor,  so  long  will  it  be  her 
interest  to  turn  all  her  roguish  poor  out  from  her  bosom. 
1863  Confess.  Ticket-of-Leave  Man  17  A  roguish  linen- 
draper.,  became  bankrupt  for  ,£50,000. 

3.  Playfully  mischievous  ;  arch,  waggish. 

1681  DRVDEN  Span.  Friar  i,  The  most  bewitching  leer 
with  her  Eyes,  the  most  roguish  Cast.  1712  ADDISON  Spect. 
No.  269^8  Will  Wimble,  .shews  a  thousand  roguish  Tricks 
upon  these  Occasions.  1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol.  i.  xxv, 
The  lad  leap'd  lightly  at  his  master's  call.  He  was,  to 
weet,  a  little  roguish  page.  1781  BURNS  On  Cessnoch 
Banks  4  Our  lasses  a'  she  far  excels, — An1  she  has  twa 
sparkling  rogueish  een.  1840  DICKENS  OldC.  Shop  xviii, 
C'cxllin.  .eyeing  the  landlord  as  with  a  roguish  look  he  held 
the  cover  in  his  hand.  1886  SYMONDS  Renaiss.  It.  (1898) 
VII.  xiii.  223  lie  made  himself  a  favourite  by  roguish  ways 
and  ready  wit. 

Comb.  1841  LEVER  C.  Q^M  alley  x,  With  a  sleek  roguish- 
eyed  priest. 

4.  Of  plants  :  Inferior,  degenerate. 

1762  MILLS  Syst.  Pract.  Hush.  I.  472  There  will  always 
'    be,  in  every  sort,  some  roguish  plants,  as  the   gardeners 
term  them,  which,  if  left  to  mix,  will  degenerate  the  kind. 

Roguishly  (r^'giJH),  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.] 
I  In  a  roguish  manner;  knavishly ;  mischievously. 

1611  COTGR.,  Meschamment).. roguishly, knauisbly,  villan- 

I    ously.    1621  GRANGER  Expos.  Eccles.  303  His  heir  roguishly 

!    wasteth  all,  and  is  at  last  hanged.     1791  BOSWELL  Johnson 

i    an.  1763  May  16, '  From  Scotland,'  cried  Davies,  roguishly. 

1828  P.  CUNNINGHAM  N.S.  Wales  (ed.  3)  II.  47  Nearly  all 

1    the   Currency  criminals  have,  indeed,   been    furnished  by 

three  roguishly  prolific  families  in  the  colony.     1863  GEO. 

ELIOT  Romola  i,  A  man  of  slim  figure,  whose  eye  twinkled 

rather  roguishly, 

RogllislmeSS  (r^'gifnes).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -XESS.] 
.  The  state  or  character  of  being  roguish ;  knavery, 
;  roguery ;  also  in  later  use,  playfulness,  archness. 

*$7$  J.  JONES  Preserv.  Body  $  Soule  i.  xxxvi.  73  What 

labours  and  trades  be  best  for  the  communaltie  to  auoyde, 

as  well  roaguishnesse  as  idlenesse.     [1727  in  BAILF.Y.     1755 

in  JOHNSON.]     1816  FORSYTH  Italy  {ed.  2,1  393  These  ladies 

i     ..seem  to  inherit  from  their  lively  grand-mothers  a  peculiar 

roguishness  of  look.     1859  GKO.  ELIOT  A.  Bede  vii,  Her 

i    dark  eyes  hid  a  soft  roguishness  under  their  long  lashes. 

1875  M.  G.  PKARSE  Daniel  Q  norm  146  A  ripple  of  playful 

•    roguishness  came  over  Dan'el's  face. 

t  RiO'guy,  a.  Obs.  Also  6-7  roguie,  7-8 
roguey.  [f.  ROGUE  sb.  +  -Y  *.] 

1.  =  ROGUISH  a.  i  and  i  b. 

1598  MARSTON  Sea.   Villanie  Prol.  167  Goe  buy.. some 
\    roguie  thing,  That  thou  maist  chaunt  unto  the  chamber- 
i    maid.     1614  B.  JONSON  BartJi,  Fair  i.  iv,  The  blacke  boy  in 
Bucklers-bury,  that  takes  the  scurvy,  roguy  tobacco,  there. 
1621  FLETCHER  Pilgrim  in,  i,  If  I  had  open'd  this  when  it 
was  given  me,  This  Roguy  Box.      1680  R.  L'KSTRANCK 
Ansiv.  to  Litter  of  Libels  6  Discoursing  the  Roguy  Con 
trivances  that  were  made  use  of  for  the  gaining  of  Sub 
scriptions  to  a  Petition. 

2.  =  ROGUISH  a.  2. 

<ri6io  MIDDLETON,  etc.  IVidow  in.  ii,  To  light  upon  a 
roguy  flight  of  thieves.  1650  R.  STAPYLTON  Strata's  Ltnv- 
C.  If 'firs  v.  131  A  few  men  of  the  poorest  roguey  sort  of 
Hereticks.  1680  CROWNE  Misery  Civ.  IVar  i.  i,  A  roguy 
Lawyer  Will  ruine  all  again  with  a  meer  quirk.  1707  E. 
KILMER  Defence  flays  35  Keep  those  roguy  Players  at 
Arm's  length.  1712-3  SWIKT  Jrttl.  to  Stella  14  Mar.,  I 
doubt  I  shall  not  buy  the  library  ;  for  a  roguey  bookseller 
has  offered  sixty  pounds  more  than  I  designed  to  give. 

3.  =  ROGUISH  a.  3. 

1664  COTTON  Scarron.  i.  Wks.  (1715)  47  [This  Cupid  would] 
do  a  Thousand  Roguy  Tricks.  1692  R.  L1  ESTRANGE  Fables 
i.  Ixxiv.  (1714)  90  A  Shepherd's  Boy  had  gotten  a  Roguy 
Trick  of  crying  a  Wolfe,  a  1704  T.  BROWN  Lett,  to  Gent. 
$  Ladies  Wks.  1709  III.  n.  91  My  dear  Child,  thou  hast  a 
smiling  roguy  Air. 

Rohly,  obs.  form  of  ROUGHLY  adv. 

II  Rohun.  Med.  [Hindi.]  RoJnin  bark  (see 
quots.). 

1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Rohnn  bark,  the  bark  of  the 
Soymida  febrifuga^  which  is  said  to  be  a  good  substitute 
for  cinchona.  The  nux  vomica  bark,  is  often  sold  for  it  in 
the  East.  1887  _BENTLEY  Man.  Bot.  (ed.  5)  509  The  bark, 
which  is  official  in  the  Pharmacopoeia  of  India,  is  commonly 
known  under  the  name  of  Rohun  Bark. ..In  the  Bengal 
bazaars,  the  bark  of  Strychnos  Nux-vomica  is  also  known 
under  the  native  name  of  Rohun. 

||  Roliuua.  Bot.  [Hindi  rohiinna.'}  (See  quots. 
and  prec.) 

1846  LINDLEY  Veget,  Kingd.  462  The  bark  of  Soymida 
febrifuga,  the  Rohuna  of  Hindostan,  called  on  the  Coro- 
niandeicoast  the  Red-wood  tree.  1887  BENTLEY l\Ian.  Bot. 
(ed.  5)  620  The  febrifugal  bark  of  Soymida  febrifuga,  the 
Rohuna  tree. 

Rohje,  the  ray  :  see  ROUGH  sb* 

Roial,  roially,  etc.,  obs.  ff.  ROYAL(LY,  etc. 

Roid,  a.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  5  roide,  royd(e, 
rode  (rude),  [a.  OF.  roide t  rode  (also  northern 
reidet  mod.F.  raide) :— L.  rigid-urn  RIGID  a,y  but 
in  some  cases  (esp.  in  Sc.  texts)  perh.  a  variant  or 
scribal  alteration  of  RUDE  #.] 

1.  Stout,  strong  ;  violent,  rough. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  (Dubl.  MS.)  829*  The  kyng  of  batt 
cuntree..Had  rasyd  vp  a  rode  hoste.  <  1400  Destr.  Troy 


ROIL. 

1984  A  rak  and  a  royde  wynde  rose  in  hor  saile.  Ibid. 
4428  A  Roid  beste  vnreasonable,  |>at  no  Rule  holder,  c  1425 
WVNTOUS  Cron.  ix.  i,  27  pus  eftyr  a  royde  harsk  begynnynge 
Hapnyt  a  fast  and  gud  endynge.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace 
xi.  1362  For  all  thi  roitl  rahress,  Thow  has  na  charge. 

1883  Huddersfield  Gloss,  s.v.,  A  raid  night  is  a  stormy 
one  ;  raid  work  is  a  quarrel. 

2.  Rude,  large,  great,  unwieldy. 

a  1400  Cursor  M.  23911  (Gott.),  For-sake  \>\\  noght  J>is  roide 
werk,  For  J>ou  it  roid  \Cott.  rude]  and  stubil  be,  It  es  in  wor- 
schip  wroghtof  be.  1:1440  YorkMyst.  xxx.  175  Vourerichesse 
schal  be  refte  you  ^>at  is  rude  [rime  noyed,  stroyed].  c  1450 
St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  6025  pe  bell  it  was  so  grete  and 
royde  pat  of  J?e  caryage  he  was  oft  noyde,  c  1470  HENRV 
ll-'allace  v.  77  5nett  schede  he  thaim,  a  full  royd  slope  was 
maid. 

3.  Stiff,    rare-1* 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  25  The  Geant  roose  also,  but  hit  was 
not  lightly  for  bis  legges  were  royde. 

Roid(e,  obs.  forms  of  ROOD,  ROYD. 

t  Roi'dly,  adv.  Obs.  Also  5  royd(e)ly,  rodely. 
[f.  Ron>  a.  +  -LY  2.]  Rudely,  roughly,  severely. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xiv.  305  That  gret  hoost  roydly 
ruschit  wes.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xl.  (Nim'an)  1302  Qtihen 
bu  with  me  ?a  roydely  chid,  a  1400-50  Alexander  (Dubl. 
MS.)  784*  On  }>erige  with  hys  right  handehym  rodely  [he] 
strakez.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  10298  pai  .  .  Rofe  hit  full  roidly, 
rent  hit  in  peses.  1480  CAXTON  Myrr.  n.  xxiv,  Yf  ye  meue 
it  fast  and  roydly,  it  shal  bowe  anon. 

Roif,  Sc.  var.  Ro  sh.^  rest.  Obs.  Roignous,  var. 
Koixousrt.  Roik,  obs.  Sc.  f.  ROCK  sb.*-*  ROKE  sb. 

t  Roil,  sb^  Obs.  Forms  :  6  roile,  6-8  royle, 
7  royl,  8  roil.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 

1.  An  inferior  or  spiritless  horse. 

1523  SKELTON  Dk,  Albany  270  As  it  were  a  gote  In  a 
shepe  cote,  ..Therin,  lyke  a  royle,  Sir  Dunkan,  ye  dared. 
1576  GASCOIGNK  Philomene  (Arb.)  117  That  horse  which 
tyreth  like  a  roile,.  .Is  better,  much  than  is  the  harbrainde 
colte  Which  headlong  runnes  [etc.].  1580  HLUNDKVIL 
Horsemanship  i.  xii.  i6b,  If  a  faire'Mare  in  old  time  had 
bene  couered  with  a  fowle  roile,  or  had  bene  with  fole  out 
of  season  [etc.]. 

b.  A  draught-horse  (of  Flemish  breed). 

1587  HARRISON  Descr.  Eng,  in.  i,  Such  outlandish  horsses 
as  are  dailie  brought  ouer  vnto  vs.  .  ,  as  the  genet  of  Spaine, 
..the  Flemish  roile,  and  Scotish  nag. 

2.  A  clumsy  or  stoutly-built  female. 

1533  UDALL  Flpures  61  b,  There  is  not  one  crum  or  droppe 
of  good  fashion  in  all  that  great  royles  bodie..  .Catullus  ther 
speaketh  of  a  certaine  mayden.  1577  B.  GOOGE  Heresbaclis 
Hush,  i.  (1586)  46  And  brought  in  therewithal!  his  daughter, 
a  iolly  great  royle.  1591  PERCIVALL  Sp.Dict.^  Barragana^ 
a  great  ramping  wench,  a  roile.  1746  Rxuioor  Scolding 
(E.  D.  S.)  16  Ya  gurt  Roile,  ttll  ma,  ..what  Disyease  dest 
mean?  1778  —  Gloss.,  Roil,  or  Royle,  a  big,  ungainly  Slam 
makin  ;  a  great  awkard  Blowze  or  Hoyden. 

Roil,  sb*  rare.  Also  7  royl.  [f.  ROIL  z>.2] 
Agitation  or  stirring  up  (of  water).  Alsoy?^. 

1693  C.  MATHER  Invisible  U'orld  (1862)  189  Some  very 
great  Saints  of  God,  have  sometimes  had  hideous  Royl* 
raised  by  the  Devil  in  their  minds.  1893  KIPLING  J\lany 
Invent.  364  Port,  port  she  casts,  with  the  harbour-roil 
beneath  her  feet.  1895  Outing  XXVI.  62/1  The  roil  dis 
turbed  the  spot  where  the  fish  was  endeavoring  to  escape. 

t  Roil,  tf.l  Obs,-1  [Perh.  related  to  ROIL  z».i 
or  v;£\  ?  Rich,  luxuriant. 

13..  ti.  E.  Allit.  P.  13.  790  Bolde  burnez  wer  bay  bo^e 
with  berdles  chynnez,  Royl  rollande  fax  to  raw  sylk  lyke. 

Roil,  a.^  Now  dial,  (in  form  rile).  [Related 
to  ROIL  z».  3]  =  ROILED  ppl.  a. 

1662  GURNALL  Chr.  in  Arm.  v.  (1669)  83/1  How  his  spirit 
Is  royl  and  muddied.  1851  A*.  •$•  Q.  ist  Ser.  IV.  317  The 
water  is  too  rile  to  drink. 

Roil,  z'.1  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms  :  4-6  (9  dial!) 
roil(e,  5  roille,  roylle  (roylyn),  5-7  (9  dial.} 
royl(e,  9  dial,  rile,  ryle.  [Of  doubtful  origin: 
perh.  the  same  word  as  next,  but  no  similar  sense 
appears  in  OF.] 

It  Js  not  clear  whether  royhland  (v.r.  rnlyandc]  in  Wyn- 
toun  Cron.  v.  xii.  4644  belongs  to  this  verb  or  the  next. 

fl.  To  roam  or  rove  about;  to  gad  about, 
wander  ;  to  stray.  Obs. 

^1308  Old  Age  in  Rcl.  Ant.  II.  175  Hail  be  }e,  freiis,.. 
Evir  ?e  beth  r'oilend  the  londis  al  a-boute.  1387  TKF.VISA 
Higden  (Rolls)  1.  145  Armenius.  .gadered  kny^tes  bat  roiled 
[v.rr.  roillede,  royled]  aboute,  and  toke  Armenia.  1483 
CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  115  b/i  Holde  the  in  one  place  all  stylle 
and  \valke  not  ne  roylle  not  aboute  in  the  contree.  1532 
MORE  Confut.  Barnes  vin.  Wks.  747/2  Such  apostatas 
woulde  be  bound  to  no  cloyster,  but  haue  all  the  worlde  to 
royle  in.  1555  W.  WATREMAN  Fardle  Facions  i.  iii.  36 
Thei  ware  sterne,  and  vnruly,  .  .  roilyng  and  rowmyng  vpon 
heade,  heather  and  thether.  1565  GOLDING  OvifCs  Met.  in. 
55  When  roiling  safely  in  the  vale  before  the  herd  alone  He 
saw  an  heifar.  1619  BERT  Treat.  Hawkes  57  If  thy  hawke 
will  not  come,  or  not  abide  company..,  or  will  royle  or 
house. 

1  2.  To  move  about  vigorously.     Obs.  rare. 

ci4oo  Laud  Troy  Bk.  9192  Achilles  loked  to  Troyle, 
And  saw  how  he  be-gan  to  royle.  .a-monges  Gregeis.  Ibid. 
13346  Then  come  theder  dou5ti  Troyle  And  be-gan  amonges 
hem  royle. 

3.  dial.  To  play  or  frolic;  esp.  in  a  rough  manner; 
to  romp,  rampage  ;  to  fidget. 

1788-  in  various  dial,  glossaries. 

t  Roil,  z'-2  Obs.  rare.  In  4-5  royle,  5  roile. 
[ad.  OF.  roillier,  rooilier^  etc.  (see  Godefroy  s.v. 
roeillier},  related  to  roel'le  wheel.] 

1.  intr.  Of  a  stream  :  To  roll  or  flow. 


t-  1374  CHAUCER  Botth.  i.  pr.  vi.  (1868)  29pefletyng  streme 
bat  royleb  doun  dyuerselyfro  hey^e  mountaignes. 


ROIL. 


754 


HOISTING. 


2.  trans.  To  roll  (the  eyes);  to  revolve  (mentally). 

t  1430  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhode  in.  xliii.  (1869)  158  Thanne  j 
wole.  .chide  oon,  blame  an  oother,  and  roile  myne  eyen  as  a 
bole.  1447  BOKENHAM  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  253  Inportunely  he 
roylyd  in  hys  mende  How  he  myht  best  this  matere  ende. 

Roil,  z>.3  Now  U.S.  and  dial.  Forms:  6-7 
(8-9  dial:)  royl(e,  7  (9  dial.}  roile,  8-  roil. 
See  also  RILE  v.  [Of  obscure  origin.  An  obs.  F. 
ritiler,  to  mix  up  mortar,  is  cited  by  Godefroy.] 

1.  trans.  To  render  (water  or  any  liquid)  turbid 
or  muddy  by  stirring  up  the  sediment ;  henceyf^*., 
to  perturb,  disquiet,  disorder.  Cf.  RILE  v.  i. 


8  Beasts  of  the  rielde  doe  trouble  the  water,  and  roile  it 
with  their  feete.  1662  GURNALI.  C/ir,  in  Arm.  vn.  §  i 
(1669)  49/1  Though  the  Devil  throws  the  stone,  yet  'tis  the 
mud  in  us  that  royles  our  comforts,  a  1734  R.  NORTH  Litres 
(1826)  I.  195  The  state  was  not  very  much  roiled  with 
faction.  Ibid.  III.  183  King  William,  having  secured  his 
own  game,  would  not  roil  it  to  gratify  them.  1771  J.  ADAMS 
Diary  22  Aug.,  Wks.  1850  II.  290  His  imagination  is  dis 
turbed,  his  passions  all  roiled.  1854  THOREAU  Walden  xii. 
(1863)  245,  1  could  dip  up  a  pailful  without  roiling  it.  1900 
Scribners  Mag.  Sept.  378/2  His  nature  was  not  always 
serene  and  pellucid  ;  it  was  sometimes  roiled  by  the 
currents  that  counter  and  cross  in  all  of  us. 

2.  To  disturb  in  temper  ;  to  vex,  irritate,  make 
angry.  Cf.  RILE  v.  2. 

a  1734  NORTH  Lives  (1826)  II.  i63  That  his  friends..  should 
believe  it,  was  what  roiled  him  extremely.  Ibid.  III.  376  The 
doctor  came  out  from  the  meeting  (where  probably  he  had 
been  a  little  roiled).  1818  FKARON  Sk.  Amer.  97  Roads.. 
are  unpopular  in  this  state  :  ..we  were  mightily  roiled  (vexed) 
when  they  were  first  cut.  1866  BROGDEN  Prov.  Line. 

Roil,  v.±  Also  royl.  [Of  doubtful  origin  : 
connexion  with  proc.  is  not  clear.]  To  salt  (fish). 

1870  M.  GI.OVUR  Guide  Isle  of  Man  iSg  Such  as  are 
intended  for  red  herrings  are  first  '  royled  ',  or  rubbed  with 
salt,  iu  which  they  remain  for  two  or  three  days, 

Roile,  obs.  variant  of  ROWEL. 

Roiled  (roild),///.  a.  Also  7  royled.  (See 
also  RILED.)  [f.  ROIL  z>.3]  Rendered  turbid  by 
stirring  of  sediment  ;  also  fig.  of  the  passions. 

*6zz  S.  WARD  Life  of  Faith  (1627)  112   The  speckled 

hantasies,  darke  obliuion,  royled,  soyled  affections.     1647 

.  WARD  Simp.  Cobler  2  Sathan  is  now  in  his  passions,  bee 


ph 

N. 


feeles  his  passion  approaching  ;  he  loves  to  fish  in  royled 
waters.  1648  J.  BEAUMONT  Psyche  xx.  cxcv,  That  which 
bubbles  from  a  royled  .Mind.  1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt. 
Gloss,  s.v,,  How  roiled  the  water  looks. 

t  Roller1.  Obs.—0  In  6  roylar.  [f.  ROIL  f.1] 
One  who  roams  idly  or  dissolutely. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  )  Circtunsellionest  tauerne  haunt 
ers,  roylars  aboute. 

Roi-ler-.  U.S.  [f.  ROIL  z>.4]  An  apparatus, 
such  as  a  revolving  box,  used  in  salting  fish. 

1890  in  Cent.  Diet.  " 

Boiling,  rl>l.  sb.l   rare.   [f.  ROIL  z/.i]    f  T1 
action  or  practice  of  roving  or  roaming  about. 

Mare-roiling  (see  MARK  !  6  b)  may  also  belong  here. 

1398  TKKVISA  Bartli.  DC  P.  R.  ix.  xxvi.  (lipdl.  MS.),  Idel 
walking  and  roilingge  aboute  [was]  forboode  in  besaturdaie. 
1567  HARMAN  Caveat  (1869)  31  These  vnrewly  rascales,  in 
their  roylynge,  disperse  them  selues  into  seuerall  companyes. 

Boiling,  vbl.  $b$  rare.  [f.  ROIL  v.»]  The 
action  of  perturbing;  agitation,  turmoil;  irritation. 

1662  GURNALL  C/tr.  in  Arm.  LV.  §  i  (1669)  424/1  He  is  a 
rare  Christian  in  whom  the  stream  of  his  grace  runs  clear 
upon  such  royling.  1674  N.  FAIRFAX  BulkfySelv.  To  Rdr., 
An  ill  will'd  and  frampled  waspishness  has  broken  forth,  to 
the  royling  and  firing  of  the  age  wherein  we  live. 

Roily  (roi-li),  a.  Chiefly  U.S.  and  dial  [f. 
ROIL  sb$  or  v.'&\  Muddy,  turbid. 

1823  COOPER  Pioneers  xx,  For  fear  you  [the  sap]  should 
get  roily.  1846  WORCESTER,  Roily,  a,,  turbid;  ..  rily, 
1866  UROGDEN  Prov.  Line.  1880  Scrilmer^s  Mag.  Au^. 
484/1  If  the  water  is  very  roily  or  brackish.  1895  Oitting 
XXVI.  6^/1  He  abruptly  departed,  leaving  behind  him  a 
trail  of  roily  water. 

t  Roin,  sb.  Obs.~l  In  5  royne.  [a.  OF.  roigne 
(roingne,  roisne],  F.  rogne,  —  Prov.  ren/ia,  runka, 
Cat.  ronya,  Sp.  rofla,  Pg.  ron/ia,  It.  rognat  of 
unknown  origin.]  A  scab,  scurf. 

'la  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  553  Hir  nekke  was  of  good 
fasoun.  ..  Withoute  bleyne,  scabbe,  or  royne. 

t  Boin,  v.1  Obs.  In  4-6  royne.  [ad.  OF. 
roignier  (moil.F.  rogner],  rooignier,  for  earlier 
*rodognier  :—  pop.  L.  *rotundiarC)  f.  L.  rotundus 
ROUNU  a,']  trans.  To  pare  away  ;  to  clip  ;  to  cut 
short  or  curtail. 

c  1313  SHOREHAM  i.  973  Ase  mot  he  leche  ine  uoule  sores, 
Wanne  he  royneb  £>e  fel(?e.  1426  LYDG.  De  Guil.  Pilgr. 
17600  Thys  hand  kan  Royne  also  florynes  ;.  .Thys  hand 
kan  brake  Cofer  and  cheste.  1573  TWYNE  sEneid  x,  D  d  ij, 
Why  now  should  any  creature  dare  controu!  or  hang  down 
groyne  To  bend  back  your  decrees,  or  destines  now  presume 
to  royne. 

t  Boin,  v2  Obs.  In  4,  6-7  royne.  [Prob.  ad. 
OF.  *rognir  (cf.  rungier  in  Godef.  VII.  238/2), 
var.  vigrognir  GHOIN  z;.1]  intr.  To  growl. 

13.  .  Coer  tie  L.  1083  The  lyoun  was  hungry  and  megre,.  . 
Abrod  he  spredde  alle  hys  powes,  And  roynyd  lowde,  and 
gapyd  wyde.  1596  SPENSER  /''.  Q.  v.  ix.  33  Vet  did  he  mur- 
mure  with  rebellious  sound,  And  softly  royne,  when  salvage 
choler  gan  redound.  1611  COTGR.,  Ruir,  to  rore,  or  to 
royne,  like  a  Lyon. 

Hence  f  Boi'ner  ;  Boi'ning  vl>l.  sb.    Obs. 


1598  FLORIO,  Riiggiatore^  a  roarer,  a  bellower,  a  royner. 
1611  COTGR.,  Ruissement^  a  roaring,  or  Lion-like  royning. 

t  Roi'llish,  a.  Obs.  Forms :  4  roynyshe, 
-yssche,  6-7  roynish,  6  roinish.  [f.  ROIN  sb.  + 
-ISH.  Cf.  next.]  Covered  with  scale  or  scurf; 
scabby,  scurvy,  coarse,  mean,  paltry,  base. 

13..  St.  Rrkenu>olde  52  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881) 
267  pe  bordure  [was]  enbelicit  with  bry?t  golde  lettres,  Bot 
roynyshe  were  t?e  resones  £>at  J?er  one  row  stodene.  1393 
LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xxm.  83  (M.),  Re[ujmes  and  radegoundes 
and  roynyssche  [al.  roynouse]  scabbes,  Byles  and  bocches 
and.. agues.  1573  TUSSER  Hush.  (1878)  191  The  slouen  and 
the  careles  man,  the  roinish  nothing  nice.  1592  NASHE 
Four  Lett.  Confut.  Wks,  (Grosart)  II.  274  With  none  but 
clownish  and  roynish  ieasts  dost  thou  rush  vppon  vs.  1600 
SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  n,  ii.  8  The  roynish  Clown,  at  whom  so  oft, 
Your  Grace  was  wont  to  laugh,  is  also  missing.  1629  PAKKI  N- 
SON  Parad.  iii.  6  It  must  be  taken  vp  and  new  set,  or  else  it 
will  grow  too  roynish  and  cumbersome.  [1814  SCOTT  Wai>. 
ix,  Not  much  unlike  one  of  Shakespeare's  roynish  clowns.] 

t  Roi'IlOUS,  a.  Obs.  In  4-5  royn(e)ous, 
roignous,  ron-,  runyous,  ruynouse.  [a.  AF. 
roinos,  roynous,  rttinus,  OF.  roigneuxt  etc.  (mod. 
F.  rogneux),  —  Prov.  rognos,  ronkos.  Cat.  ronyost 
Sp.  ronoso,  Pg.  ronkoso,  It.  rognoso :  see  ROIN  sb. 
and  -ous.]  =  ROINISH  a. 

la  1366  CHAL'CER  Rout.  Rose  987  The  foule  croked  bowe 
liidous,  That  knotty  was,  and  al  roynous.  1377  LANC-L. 
P. PI.  B.  xx.  82  RewmesiS: radegoundes  and  roynouse  scalles, 
Byles,  and  bocches.  c  1400  Rom.  Rose  6190  This  argument 
is  al  roignous;  It  is  not  worth  a  croked  brere.  I474CAXTON 
Chess  54,  I  sawe  on  a  lyme  a  man  that  was  royneous  and 
ful  of  sores.  1491  —  Vitas  Patr.  (W.  de  W.  1495)  i.  xxxvii. 
44/1  His  body  l>y  straytnesse  of  lyffe  became  scabby  and 
ron  you  s. 

Roiot,  obs.  f.  ROYAT.  Rois(e,obs.Sc.ff.  ROSE  j^.1 

f  Roise,  v.  Obs.—1  In  5  royse.  [Of  obscure 
origin.]  intr.  ?To  rave,  talk  nonsense. 

c  1440  J  ~ork  iHyst.  xv.  69,  I  trowe  you  royse,  For  what  it 
was  fayne  witte  walde  I,  That  tille  vs  made  bis  noble  noyse. 

Roist,  dial,  variant  of  RICE  sbj- 

1736  PKGGI-;  K'enticisius  (E.  D.  S.),  Reist^  a  switch  to  beat 
a  dog  with  ;  or  long  wood,  for  brushwood,  before  it  is  made 
up.  Called  also  Rice. 

Roist,  obs.  form  of  ROAST  sb.  and  v. 

t  Roist,  v.  Obs."1  Also  6  (9  arch.)  royst. 
[ Back-formation  from  ROISTEK  sbJ-~\  intr.  To 
play  the  roister.  Cf.  ROISTER  v. 

1563  ftlirr,  Mag.  ii.  168  b,  Tray  tours  dyd  triumphe,.. 
Reuing  and  robbing  roysted  euery  where,  a  1591  H.  SMITH 
Serin.  (1867)  I.  361  They  cannot  be  esteemed  unless  They 
royst.  1606  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xvi.  cu.  404  When  their 
Retainers  royst  and  wrong,  yet  out  of  lustice  leape.  1632 
SHEKWOOD,  To  roist,,  .couitne  to  swagger, 
b.  So  to  roist  it  (out}. 

1579  NORTHBKOOKE  Dicing  (1843)  l(>9  Nowe  n  dayes  we 
see  many  seeke  nothing  but  to  royst  it.  1583  STUBBES 
Artat.  A  bits,  n.  (1882)  75  Some  of  them  haue..foure  or  hue 
benefices  apeece,  being  resident,  .at  neuer  a  one,  but  roist  it 
out  elsewhere,  1601  DENT  Pathw.  Hcancn  171  Borne  onely 
to  game,  riot,.. ruffle  it,  and  roist  it  out,  and  to  spend  their 
time  in  meere  idlenesse. 

Roister  (rorsts-i),  sb.l  Now  arch.  Also  7-9 
royater.  [ad.  F.  nistre  ($  ruistre),  'a  ruffin, 
royster,  hackster,  swaggerer '  (Cotgr.),  van,  with 
excrescent  r,  of  ruste  :— L.  rustic-urn  RUSTIC  «.] 

1.  A  swaggering  or  blustering  bully ;  a  riotous 
fellow;  a  rude  or  noisy  reveller. 

Very  common  c  1550-1700  ;  now  usually  ROISTERER. 

1551  T.  WILSON  Logike  L  vij  b,  Yf  slaughter  be  not  to  be 
borne,  .these  roisters,  and  fighters,  are  not  to  be  suffered  to 
go  vnpunished.  1579  TOMSON  Calvin's  Serin.  Tim.  97/2 
We  must  not  play  ye  iollie  roysters,  we  must  not  spred 
abroad  our  wings.  1621  HP.  MOUNT AGU  Diatribe  446  Such 
roysters  and  rake-shames  as  Mars  is  manned  with.  1649 
MILTON  Eikon.  iv,  His  adherents,  consisting  most  of  dissolute 
Swordmen  and  Suburb  roysters,  hardly  amounted  to  one 
ragged  regiment.  1687  T.  BROWN  Saints  in  Uproar  Wks. 
?73°  I-  74  Why,  how  now,  bully  Royster,  what's  the  mean 
ing  of  this  outrage  in  the  face  of  lustice?  1753-4  RICHARD 
SON  Grandison  (1781)  VI.  269  Mr.  Greville  is  a  roister.  1797 
BRYDGES  Horn.  Trav.  II.  410  These  roysters  batter  The 
walls  and  gates  with  dreadful  clatter.  1820  W.  IRVING  -S'£. 
Kk.  I.  75  He  now  suspected  that  the  grave  roysters  of  the 
mountain  had  put  a  trick  upon  him.  1870  EMERSON  Soc.  # 
Solit.  Wks.  (Bohn)  III.  26  If  new  topics  are  started,  graver 
and  higher,  these  roisters  recede. 

attrib.  and  Comb.  1573  TUSSER  Hnsb.  (1878)  188  Busie 
fault  finder. .  is  roister  like  ruffen.  1611  COTGR.,  Ritstrement^ 
royster-like;  sawcily.  1653  UROUHART  Rabelais  n.  xiv. 
(1737)  II.  113,  I. .with  my  cords  tied  him  royster-like  both 
hand  and  foot.  1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  i.  vii.  24  The 
Moon  ..  doth  not  so  much  as  look  as  if  she  liked  such 
Roister-company. 

b.  dial.   A  romp.  1790-  in  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

2.  '  A  hound  that  opens  on  a  false  scent.' 
1796  Grose's  Diet.  Vulg.  T.  (ed.  3). 

Borster,  sb*  rare-1,  [f.  the  vb.]  The  act 
of  roistering. 

1860  Cornh.  Mag.  Sept.  359  Some  beau  who  had  been  on 
the  roister  all  night. 

Roi'ster,  v.  Also  royster.  [f.  ROISTER  shX\ 
=  ROIST  v. 

1582  [see  ROISTERING///,  a.  i).  1663  J.  H.  Hist.  O.  Cram- 
well  ii.  5  He  was  presently  removed.. to  Lincoln's  Inne, 
where  he  might  with  less  imputation,  .royster  it  out.  1796 
[see  ROISTERING  ppl.  a.  \\.  1850  STRUTHERS  Poet.  Wks. 
II.  241  Who  will  may  strut  philosophizing,  And,  in  his 
frenzied  furor,  royster.  1855  KINGSLEY  Westw.  Hoi  xvi, 
He  might  have  ..  roystercd  it  in  taverns  with  Marlowe. 
1893  BARING  GOULD  Cheap  Jack  Zita  I.  118  Acquaintances 
who  had  roistered  or  dealt  with  him. 


trans/.  1879  I.OWKI.I.  Poet.  Wks.  371  The  wind  is  roister 
ing  out  of  doors. 

tBoi'Ster-doi'Ster.  Obs.  Also  6-7  royster 
doyster.  [The  name  of  the  chief  character  in 
Udall's  play,  based  upon  ROISTER  sb,\~\  A  roisterer 
or  roistering  fellow. 

a  1553  UDALL  (title),  Ralph  Royster  Doyster.  1592  G. 
HARVKY  Four  Lett.  iii.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  214,  [I]haue  scene 
the  madbraynest  Roister-doister  in  a  countreydashte  out  of 
countenaunce.  1593  —  Pierce' s  Super.  71  Vnlesse  he  wrote 
onely  to  roister-dpisters  and  hacksters.  1602  -2nd  Pt.  Return 
fr.  Parnass.  i.  ii.  276  Then  royster  doyster  in  his  oylie 
tearmes,  Cults,  thrusts,and  foines  at  whomesoeuer  he  meets. 

Hence  t  Rorster-doi'sterdom  ;  t  Borster- 
doi'steriug1  a.  \  f  Roi'ster-doi'sterly  a.  Obs. 

1592  NASHE  Four  Lett,  dnifnt.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  274 
Thy  roister-doisterdome  hath  not  dasht  vs  out  of  counten 
ance.  1593  G.  HARVEY  Pierce1  s  Super.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II. 
j  131  If  the  world  should  applaude  to  such  roisterdoisterly 
|  Vanity,  ..what  good  could  grow  out  of  it?  Ibid.  221  They 
that..deuide  their  roister-doistering  lestes  into  Cuttes, 
]  slashes,  and  foines. 

Roi'Sterer.  [f.  ROISTER  sb.  or  v.]  A  swag 
gering  or  noisy  reveller.  Cf.  ROISTER  sb.l  i. 

1820  SCOTT  Abbot  xv,  Carry  thy  roisterers  elsewhere — to 
the  alehouse  if  they  list.  1827  L/YTTON  Pelham  1,  I,ike  a 
lusty  roisterer  of  the  true  kidney.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist, 
ting.  iii.  I.  360  If  two  roisterers  met,  they  cocked  their  hats 
in  each  other's  faces.  1877  BLACK  Green  Past,  xlvi,  There 
were  no  roysterers  going  home. 

Boi-stering,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  ROISTEK  7'.]  The 
conduct  of"  roisterers;  a  revel  or  racket. 

1850  E.  WARBURTON  A*.  Hastings  II.  49  The.. Lieutenant 
of  the  Tower  will  soon  arrive,  and  if  thou  art  not  found  in 
thine  own  cell,  we  shall  have  prt-tty  roysterings.  1897  MARY 
KINGSLKY  Trai>.  II7.  Africa  ^19  He  keeps  steadily  at  it  in 
his  way,  reserving  his  roysterings  until  he  is  settled  in  life. 

Roi 'storing,///,  a.    [f.  ROISTER  z>.] 

1.  Blustering,  boisterous ;   associated  with  noisy 
revelling  ;  uproarious,  wild. 

1582  Si  ANYHURST  JEneis  ii.  (Arb.)6a,  I  thus  muttred,  with 
roystring  phren>ye  betraynted.  1796  BURKE  Regie.  Peact 
iv.  (1892)  337  The  unfortunate  antiquary,  .may  suffer  in  the 
loystering  horse-play  and  practical  jokes  of  the  servants' 
hall.  1820  SCOTT  Abbot  xix,  You  sit  singing  your  roister 
ing  songs  about  popes  and  pagans.  1879  MCCARTHY  Own 
Times  xxix.  II.  403  The  roystering  adventures  of  Light 
Dragoons.  1898  HODLEY  France  II.  iv.  vnl.  443  Those 
amazing  trials.,  which  the  whole  community  seems  to  enjoy 
as  a  roistering  farce. 

2.  Of  persons:  Given  to  noisy  revelling. 

1824  W.  IRVING  T.  Trav.  I.  45  A  roystering  country 
squire  of  the  neighbourhood.  1851  SIR  F.  PALGRAVK  Norm. 
<5-  Eng.  I.  486  The  roistering  Danish  men  were  living  at 
free  quarters  in  the  monastery.  1883  LOUD  R.  GOWER 
Reiiiint's.  II.  119,  I  found  the  only  inn  full  of  dirty  militia 
men  and  roystering  farmers. 

Hence  Roi'steringly  adv. 

1659  TORRIANO,  Alla-sbardelldta^  lavishly,  swaggeringly, 
roistringly.  1868  Morn.  Star  Jan.  27  The  students., 
roysteringly  kissed  the  fair  revivalists.  1893  Columbus 
Dispatch  9  Mar.,  Sailors  singing  roysteringly  or  well. 

t  Roi'sterkin.  Obs-1  [f.  ROISTEIU<M  +  -KIN.] 
A  petty  roisterer. 

a  1569  KINGESMYLL  Cotttf.  Afflict.  (1585)  C  viij,  The  whole 
rablement  of  her  bawdie  bawdes,  ruffling  roysterkins  with 
brawling  bragges. 

t  Roi'Sterly,  «.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  ROISTER  sb.1  + 
-LY1.]  Roisterous,  roistering. 

1592  G.  HARVEY  Four  Lett.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  169  His 
plausible  musteringe,  and  banquetinge  of  roysterly  acqnaint- 
aunce  at  his  first  comminge.  1593  —  Pierces  Sufier.  ibid. 
II.  116  Enery  ruffianly  Copesmate,  that..hanteth  roisterly 
companie.  a  1670  HACKET  Abp.  Williams  i.  (1692)  35  They 
delighted  altogether  in  the  garb  and  habit  and  roisterly 
fashions  of  men. 

Roi'SterotlS,  a.  Also  6  roysterus,  7,  9  -ous. 
[J.  ROISTER  j<U  +-ous.]  =  ROISTERING  ///.  a. 

1575  R.  B.  Appws  %  Virg.  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  IV.  133 
Never  was  that  mistress  so  furious  nor  curious.  Nor  yet  her 
blows  so  boisterous,  nor  roisterous,  nor  dolorous.  1581 
STANYHURST  sEtteis  i.  (Arb.)  21  One  ship  that,  .was  swasht 
wyth  a  roysterus  heape-flud.  1681  OTWAY  Soldiers  Fortune 
i.  i,  Rampant,  roysterous  whores.  1843  CARLYLE  Past  <5- 
Pres.  (1858)  156  Was  the  like  ever  heard  of?  The  royster 
ous  young  dogs,  .breaking  the  Lord  Abbot's  sleep.  1886 
I*  pool  Daily  Post  9  Feb.  4/6  Roysterous  fellows  who  kick 
the  shins  or  break  in  the  helmets  of  constables. 

tRoi'Sting,    vbl.    sb.     Obst    [f.    ROIST   v.] 

=•  ROISTERING  vbl.  sb. 

c  1560  I  NGELEND  Disobedient  Child  E  ij,  What  cryinge  was 
there  for  Gardes  and  Dyce  !  What  roysting,  what  i  uftlyng 
made  they  within  !  1584-7  GREENE  Carde  of  Fancie  Wks. 
(Grosart)  IV.  14  What  trouble  can  torment  mee  worse,  then 
to  see  my  sonne.. to  consume  his  time  in  roysting  and  ryot. 
1614  RICH  Honest ie  (1844)  17  Wee  must  not  condenme  her 
.  .by  her  perfuming,  by  her  ryoting,  by  her  roysting. 

tRoi'stiug,  ///.  a.  Obs.  Also  6ruysting, 
roystyng,  6-7  (9  arch?)  roysting.  [f.  ROIST  v.} 

1.  —ROISTERING///,  a.  I. 

1567  HARMAN  Caveat  (1860)  32  After  their  ruysting  re 
creation.  1593  G.  HARVEY  Pierces  Super.  156  His  Railing 
Poetry,  his  Roisting  Rhetorique.  1612  T.  TAYLOR  Contm. 
Titus  \.  6  The  ruffling,  and  roysting  life  of  a  number  of  our 
gallants,  and  lustie  bloods.  1812  W,  TENNANT  Anster  Fair 
iv.  2  With  a  roysting  brazen  clangour  dire. 

2.  =  ROISTERING///,  a.  2. 

a  1553  UDALL  Royster  D.  Prol.,  Whose  humour  the 
roysting  sort  continually  doth  feede.  1594  Lvi.v  Mother 
Bombie  i.  i,  She  is  mewed  vp.. least  she  should  by  some 
roisting  courtier  be  stollen  away,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies^ 
London  (1662)  207  Not  well  pleased  with  some  Roisting 


ROISTINGLY. 

Company  there,  he  embraced  the  next  opportunity  of  de 
parture  after  dinner. 

llcnce  fRoi'stingly  adv.    Obs. 

1571  GOLUING  Calvin  on  Ps.  Ixxiv.  22  They.. spew  out 
their  blasphemies  feersselyand  roystingly.  1581  G.  PETTI  E 
tr.  Gnazzo's  Civ.  Conv.  (1586)  in.  126  Those  women  that 
love  not  to  curie  vp  their  haire  roistinglie.  1614  LATHAM 
Falconry  (1633)  71  It  may  be  at  the  first  seeing  the  Doue  to 
stirre  and  flutter  she  may  come  roistingly  to  twitch  or  take 
it  away. 

Roiston  crow,  variant  of  ROVSTON  CROW. 

t  Roit,  JvM  Obs.—1  In  5  royt.  [Related  to 
ROIT  v.]  (See  quot.) 

ci44o  Protnp,  Parv.  427/2  Reyke,  or  royt,  ydylle  walk- 
ynge  abowt..,  disciirsus,  vagacio^  vagitas. 

Roit,  sb.*  Sc.  rare.  Also  royt.  [?  Related 
to  ROIT  #.]  An  abusive  term  applied  to  persons 
or  cattle  (see  quot.  1825). 

a  1585  POLWART  Fly  ting  w.  Montgoinerie  29  Thy  ragged 
roundels,  raueancl  royt,  Some  short,  some  lang,  some  out  of 
lyne.  1728  W.  STARRAT  Ep.  to  Ramsay  63  Hut,  lad,  neist 
mirk  we'll  to  the  haining  drive,.. The  royts  will  rest.  1825 
JAMIESON,  Roit,  royt,  i.  a  babbler.  2.  A  term  of  contempt 
for  a  woman.  It  is  often  conjoined  with  an  adj.  denoting 
a  bad  temper;  &*,,anill-natured-roit)\JQ\\\.  It  is  also  applied 
toa  female  brute,  as  to  a  cow.  1832-53  H'/iistlc-BinkicSzi;. 
\.  55  He  has  a  wife, . .  A  randy  royt  ca'd  Barmy  Betty  ! 

Roit,  v.  Xow  Sc.  and  dial.  In  5  roytyn, 
roytve,  9  Sc.  royt.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  intr. 
To  roam  or  rove  about.  Hence  Koi'ting  vbl.  sb. 

6-1440  Promp.  P<itv.  436/1  Roytyn,  or  yon  ydyl  a-bowte, 
. .  vagor,  discurro.  a  1450  MYRC  (1868)  999  For  goyng  to 
(>e  ale  on  halyday,  For  syngynge,  for  roytynge,  <S:  .syche 
fare.  1808  JAMIESON  s.v.,  A  beast,  that  runs  through  the 
fields,  instead  of  keeping  to  its  pasture,  is  said  to  royt. 

Roite,  obs.  form  of  ROOT  sb. 

Roitelet  (roi-telet,  ||  rwat'Id).  Now  arch. 
Also  7-9  roytelet  (8  -ett).  [a.  F.  roitelct,  f  royle- 
/t'/,  f.  OF.  roitcl9  roif.iel,  etc.,  dim.  of  roi  ROY  sb  ] 
A  petty  or  minor  king. 

1602  CAREW  Cornwall  67  To  their  gentlemen  they  carrie 
a  verie  dutiful!  regard, . .  holding  them  as  Roytelets,  because 
they  know  no  greater.     1641  HEYLIN  Hist.  Episc.  11.  (1657)    ' 
58  It  being  probable  that  there  were  other  petty  Kings  and    ! 
Roytelets  as  well  as  he.     1722  D.  COXK  Dcscr.  Carolina    \ 
06  Those  who  have . .  obtain  'd  the  favor  of  their  petty  royte- 
letts.     1738-41  WAKBUKTON  Div.  Legal.  (1788)  II.  151  The 
difference  between  an  Egyptian  monarch,  and  a  petty  roite- 
let   of  the   Philistines.     1815  J.  C.   HOBHOUSE  Substance 
Lett.  (1816)  I.  154  Even  the  roitelets  of  Palermo,  Brussels, 
Stockholm,  and  .Stutgard,  may  have  each  an  advocate  at 
the  Cabinet  of  St.  James's.     1847-9  HELI'S  Friends  in  C. 
(1859)  I.  82  The  endless  small   bickerings.. of  counts  and 
dukes  and  roitelets. 

tRoiter.  Obs.  Also  6  royter.  [ad.  Du. 
ruiter(ruyter)\ns!a&t  sense.]  Ahorscman, trooper. 

1583  STOCKER  Civ.  IVarres  Lowe  C.  iv.  61  The  Roiters 
of  the  Estates  were  at  Gelumuide.  Ibid.  64  The  Royters 
of  the  Enemie  were  ouer  hastie  in  the  chargyng  of  them. 

tRoi'tish,  a.  Obs~l  [?f.  ROIT  v.  +  -ISH.] 
?  Wandering,  straggling. 

1648  J.  BKAUMONT  Psycfa  vi.  clx,  No  Weed  presum'd  to 
shew  its  roitish  face  On  this  fair  stage. 

t  Rok.   O/'s.-1     (Of  obscure  meaning.) 

Taken  by  Morris  to  mean  *  crowd,  throng  ' :  cf.  RUCK  sb. 

13..  E.  E.  Allzt.  P.  B.  1514  per  was  rynging  on  ry;t  of 
ryche  metalles,  Quen  renkkes  in  ^at  ryche  rok  rennen  hit 
to  cache. 

Rok,  obs.  form  of  ROCK,  ROOK. 

Rokat,  obs.  form  of  ROCKET. 

Roke  (rJ"k),  sb.  Now  dial.  Also  6  Sc.  roik, 
royk,  rock ;  dial.  8  rooac,  9roac,  rovo)ak,  rawk, 
rauk.  See  also  ROOK,  ROUK,  ROWK.  [Prob.  of 
Scand.  origin.  The  variants  roke^  rawky  rowk 
would  normally  arise  from  an  OScand.  */-<z«/\r), 
which  has  been  superseded  by  a  form  with  umlaut 
(OX.  reykr,  Sw.  rokt  Da.  reg}  :  see  REEK  j<M 

It  seems  unlikely  that  MDu.  rooc  or  MLG.  rok  can  have 
had  any  influence  on  the  word.  Icel.  and  Norw.  rok,  Icel. 
roka, '  driving  spray  or  snow  ',  which  would  account  for  the 
form  roke  only,  are  also  unsatisfactory  as  regards  the 
meaning.] 

Smoke,  steam  ;  vapour,  mist,  fog ;  drizzling  rain. 

c  1250  Gen.  #  EJC.  1163  To-ward  sodome  he  sa3  3e  roke. 
And  oe  brinfires  stinken  smoke.  13 . .  Sir  ticucs  2647  Eueri 
seue  3er  ones..comej7  a  roke  &  a  stink  Out  of  )>e  water.  • 
c  1440  Promp.  Parzr.  436/1  Roke,  myste,  nebula.  ?«  1500 
Battle  Ottcrburn  in  Child  Ballads  III.  208/1  Tyll  the 
bloode  from  ther  bassonnettes  ranne,  As  the  roke  doth  in  the 
rayne.  1513  DOUGLAS  tfLneis  \\\.  iii.  95  The  rane  and  roik  I 
reft  fra  ws  sicht  of  hevin.  Ibid.  vn.  Prot.  36  The  firmament  j 
ourkest  with  rokis  blak.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  I.  489 
Winter  come  to  hand, ..With  mist  and  roik.  1570  LEVINS 
Manip.  160/2  Ye  Hore  roke,  pruina.  1781  HUTTON  Tour 
to  Caves  Gloss,  (ed.  2}  95  Roke,  fofi  or  mist.  1788  W. 
MARSHALL  Prau.  Yorks.,  Rooac,  or  AV/iv,  a  kind  of  smoke  j 
a  species  of  mist,  fog,  or  small  rain.  1828-  in  dial,  glossaries 
(Sc.  Yorks.,  Line.,  E.  Angl.,  Suss.,  I.  Wight,  Wilts.).  1891 
ATKINSON  Moorland  Par.  363  Spectacles.,  are  a  bother  in  a 
thick  mist  or  roke. 

Roke,  a  scratch,  flaw,  etc. :  see  ROAK. 

Roke,  obs.  form  of  ROCK,  ROOK,  RUCK. 

Roke  (rJuk),  v.1  Now  dial.  Also  7  roak(e. 
[See  ROKE  sb.] 

1.  intr.  To  give  off  steam  or  vapour  ;  to  steam ; 
to  smoke ;  to  be  foggy  or  misty. 

1613  WITHER  Abuses  Script  n.  i,  The  using  of  Tobacco 
thus  is  vaine :  I  meane  in  those  that  daily  sit  and  smoake 
Alehouse  and  Taverne  till  the  windowes  roake.  1614 
W.  BROWRB  ShcpfanCs  Pipe  \.  132  A  sticke,  that  takeni  is 


755 

From  the  Hedge,  in  water  thrust,  Neuer  rokes  as  would  tin; 
first.  17x700  KEN  Edmund  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  109  Her 
Tables  with  strong  Broths  and  Sauces  rok'd,  Which  gor- 
man'li/ing  and  foul  Lust  provok'd.  1790  GROSE  Proi\ 
Gloss,  (ed.  2)  s.v.,  He  roked  like  a  dunghill.  1876  Mid- 
Yorks,  Gloss,  s.v.,  He  sweats  and  rokes  like  an  old  horse. 
1883  in  Hants  Gloss. 

2.  trans.  To  expose  to  smoke.     In  quot.^^. 

c  1620  Z.  JioYo  Zion's  Flowers  (1855)  6  That  Gentiles 
roak't  in  sin  miglit  be  respected. 

tRoke,  v.-,  in  obscure  uses. 

Pcrh.  varr.  of,  or  errors  for,  rock,  rouk  or  ruck,  and  rake. 

a  1400  Sir  Pcrc.  1375  Were  thay  wighte,  were  thay  woke, 
Alle  that  he  tille  stroke,  He  made  thaire  bodies  to  roke. 
c  1400  Rom.  Rose  1906  The  shaft  I  drow  out  of  the  arwe, 
Roking  for  wo  right  wondir  narwe.  1418-20  J.  PAGE 
Sit'ffc'  of  Rotten  in  Hist.  Coll.  Citizen  Loud.  (Camden)  33 
There  leve  of  L'mfrevylt:  they  tuke,  And  in  to  the  cytte  the 
gon  roke. 

Rokeage  (rJu-ked3';.  [7.S.  [Amer.  Indian.] 
(See  (jtiol.  and  PIXOLE.) 

1848  BARTLETT  Diet.  Amer.  278  Rokcage,  or  Yokea£e> 
Indian  corn  parched,  pulverized,  and  mixed  with  sugar. 

Ho  kelay.  Sc.  Now  Hist.  Also  rocklay. 
[ad.  I*'.  roquelairet  var.  of  ROQUELAUEE.]  A  short 
cloak  worn  by  women  in  the  eighteenth  century. 

c  1805  MACNKILL  Poems  (1844)  97  He  has  coft  me  a  rock- 
lay  o'  blue.  1814  SCOTT  War.  M,  Having,  moreover,  put 
on  her  clean  toy,  rokelay,and  scarlet  plaid.  1821  —  Pirate 
vii,  The  best  chance  of  getting  a  new  rokclay  and  owerlay. 
1881  Ulack-n.:  Mag.  Apr.  526  Old  women  in  white  mutches 
and  scarlet  rokelays. 

Roker  (rdu-kai).  [?ad.  Da.  rokket  Sw.  rocka^ 
the  ray:  see  ROUGH  sb.]  (Sec  quots.) 

1882  Q.  Rev.  Oct.  467  'Roker'— by  which  all  fish  of  the 
Ray  family,  excepting  skate,  are  meant,  is  a  favourite  food 
of  the  working  classes.  1882  Academy  14  Oct.  280  Roker 
is  used  to  denote  the  thornback-ray  (Raja  clarata,  Lin.) 
exclusively..  .Rokers  fetch  ^x  less  price  than  skate  in  the 
markets,  and  are  always  quoted  separately. 

Roket(e,  obs.  ff.  ROCKET.   Rokh,  var.  Roc. 

t  Ro'king,  vbl.  sb.  Obs.-1  In  5  rokynge.  6 
rooking,  [rrob.  f.  ME.  *ro&et  repr.  OE.  hrdca 
spittle :  see  REACH  v.2]  Clearing  of  the  throat. 

1398  TKKVISA  Barth.  DC  P.  R.  iv.  ix.  (Tollemache  MS.), 
Full  of  spittynge,  snyuel  and  rokynge  [1582  rooking]. 

Rokk(e,  obs.  ff.  ROCK  sb.  and  v.  Rokker, 
Rokket,  obs.  ff.  ROCKEU,  ROCKET.  Rokki, 
Rokky,  obs.  ff.  ROCK  z/.i,  ROCKY  a. 

Roky  (rd"-ki\a.  Chiefly  ofo?/.  Also  8 Si: rocky, 
9  dial,  roaky,  rokey.  [f.  ROKE  sb.  +  -Y.]  Misty ; 
foggy  ;  drizzly.  Cf.  RAWKY  a.- 

c  1440  Protnp.  Parv.  436/1  Roky,  or  mysty,  ncbttlosits. 
1722  HAMILTON  Wallace  xn.  iv.  229  (1786)  238  A  rocky 
mist  fell  down  at  break  of  day.  a  1825  FOUBY  Voc.  E. 
Angliii)  Roky,  foggy.  1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss.,  Roaky, 
drizzly.  1872  TKNNYSON  Last  Tonrn.  502  [He]  in  a  voky 
hollow,  belling,  heard  The  hounds  of  Mark,  1888  KIDEK 
HAGGARD  Col.  Quarttch  xviii,  He  would  takeout  a  '  rokey' 
(foggy)  looking  bit  of  a  picture. 

Rol,  obs.  form  of  ROLL  sbl  and  v .% 

Roland  (rJu-land).  Also  4  Rouland  (Rau-), 
Roulond,  5  Rowlonde,  5-6  Rowlande,  6-9 
Rowland.  [OF.  Roland.} 

1.  The  legendary  nephew  of  Charlemagne,  cele 
brated  in  the  Chanson  de  Roland  and  many  other 
romances  (frequently  together  with  his   comrade 
Oliver) ;  hence,  one  comparable  to  Roland  in  re 
spect  of  courage  or  warlike  deeds ;  one  who  is  a 
full  match  for  another. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  15  Hou  king  charlis  and  rouland  faght. 
a  1330  Otnclfa  A  kni^t  bat  heet  Roulond,  &  a  nofrer  hatte 
oliuer,  tCni^tes  holden  wibouten  peer.  14. .  Sir  Beucs  (C.) 
1910  Soche  strokes  were  neuer  seen  yn  londe  Syth  Oly- 
uere  dyed  and  Rowlonde.  1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II. 
Ixxx.  [Ixxvi.]  zjgThey  weresuche  men  that  there  were  a  iii. 
M .  of  them  euery  man  worth  a  Rowlande  or  an  Olyuere ; . . 
nor  we  shall  not  fyght  agaynst  Rowlande  nor  Olyuer.  a  1548 
HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VI,  146  b,  To  haue  a  Rowland  to  resist 
an  Oliuer:  he  sent  solempne  Ambassadors  to  the  kyng  of 
Englande,offeryng  hym  his  doughter  in  manage.  —  Ediv. 
//'',  196  To  haue  a  Rowlande  for  an  Olyuer, ..he  procured 
an  amity  with  Henrie,  king  of  Castell.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen. 
Vft  i.  ii.  30  England  all  Oliuers  and  Rowlands  bred,  During 
the  time  Edward  the  third  did  raigne.  1828  SCOTT  F.  M. 
Pertfi  viii,  There  was  some  laughter.,  when,  as  Henry 
Smith  termed  itj  they  saw  their  Oliver  meet  with  a  Rowland. 

2.  (To  give}  a  Roland  for  an  Oliver,  (to  give) 
as  good  as  one  gets,  a  quid  pro  quo  or  tit  for  tat. 

1612  in  Birch  Crt.  $  Times  Jos.  I  (1848)  I.  187  Howso 
ever  it  fall  out,  there  is  hope  you  shall  have  an  Oliver  for  a 
Rowland.  1696  SOUTHERNS  Oronooko  1 1.  i,  I  have  a  Row 
land  for  her  Oliver,  and  so  you  may  tell  her.  1706  E. 
WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  07  For  tho'  she  can 
write  no  more  than  a  Mermaid,  yet  by  the  Help  of  some 
two-penny  Scribbler,  she  will  always  return  him  a  Rowland 
for  his  Oliver.  1773  Life  N.  Frffivde  132  We  resolved  to 
give  him  a  Rowland  for  his  Oliver,  if  he  attacked  us.  1816 
SCOTT  Antiy.  xxxv,  He  gave  my  termagant  kinsman  a  quid 
Pro  yieo—a  Rowland  for  his  Oliver,  as  the  vulgar  say.  1884 
RIOEK  HAGGARD  Dawn  xxxiii,  Comforted.. by  the  thought 
that  he  had  given  Mrs.  Carr  a  Roland  for  her  Oliver. 

II  Bole  (r<?«l).  Also  7  rowle,  roll.  [Fr.  rdle, 
in  the  same  sense,  properly  the  *  roll '  containing 
an  actor's  part.]  The  part  or  character  which 
one  has  to  play,  undertakes,  or  assumes.  Chiefly 
jig.,  with  reference  to  the  part  played  by  a  person 
in  society  or  life. 

1606  S.  GARDINER  £k.  Angling  102  The  Euangelist  from 
God  hath  receiued  such  a  rowle,  it  being  inioyued  him,  to 


ROLL. 

prepare  the  way  of  the  Lord.     1692  I/ESTRASCE  tables  281 

The  methods  of  Government  and  of  humane  Society  mu^t 

j     be  preserved,  where  every  man  ha.-,  his  roll,  and  his  station 

!     assigned  him.      1790-1    BUKNS  Let.  to  C.  Sharfc,  I  value 

!     the  several  actors  in  the  great  drama  of  life,  simply  as  they 

act  their  parts... As  you,  Sir,  go  through  your  rote  with 

such   distinguished  merit  [etc.],      1824   HVRON  Juan  xvi. 

xcvi,  Juan,  when  he  cast  a  glance  On  Adeline  while  playing 

her  grand  role.     1858  HOLLAND  TitcoinVs  Lett.  iii.  105  She 

was  really  very  pretty,  and  took  up  her  rote  with  spirit  and 

acted  it  admirably.     1888  UHYCI-:  Amer.  Coiiumu.  I.  195  In 

order  to  .support  the  role  which  they  unconsciously  fall  into 

when  talking  to  Europeans. 

trans/.  1875  H.C.WooD  Therap.  (1879)  535  As  it  is  always 
employed  in  combination  with  other  more  active  medicine-, 
..  the  rule  it  plays  is  somewhat  uncertain.  1895  J'AKKKS 
Health  35  The  role  of  these  microbes  is  to  disintegrate., 
organic  bodies  into  simpler  elements. 

Role,  obs.  varinnt  of  ROLL  $h^  and  v. ;  obs.  Sc. 
var.  Row  v.  Roleau,  obs.  var.  ROULEAU. 

t  Ro'less,  a.  Obs.  rare.  In  4  roles,  rooles. 
[f.  Ro  sb.  +-LESS,  or  ad.  O^.rolauss.  Cf.  also 
G.  ruhefas.]  Restless. 

<i  1300  Cursor  M.  24447  Apon  nn  tas  oft-sith  i  stud,  T\oK:s 
ram  band  to  be  rode,  c  1300  in  Wright  Lyric  P.  xii.  42  This 
world  mewurcheth  wo,  Roo-le.s  ase  theroo,  y  sike  for  un-selc. 

Roley-boley,  -poley,  obs.  ff.  ROLY-POLY  sh. 
Rolic,  variant  of  ROLLICK  v.  Roik,  ob^.  Sc. 
variant  of  KoCK  sl>.1 

Roll  (rJ"l),  st>.1  Koims :  3-7  rolle,  5-7  rol, 
rowle,  6-8  rowl,  6-7  roule  ;6  roull),  7-8  roul, 
6-7  (9)  role,  6-7  roole  (7  roale),  6-  Sc.  row; 
4-  roll.  fa.  OF.  rootle,  ronlle^  rolle,  role  (mocl.F. 
role:  see  ROLE),  =^ Prov.  rolle >  rotlle,  Cat.  rotllo, 
Sp.  rollo,  rol,  Pg.  ro/o,  It.  ruolo  :— ace.  of  L. 
rotulus  (whence  also  It.  rotolo,  rnotolo.  Sp.  and 
Pt;.  rotitlo).  Krom  OF.  the  word  has  also  passed 
into  the  other  Tent,  languages,  appearing  as  MDu. 
ntlle,  rolle  (Du.  rol',t  MI.G.  mile,  G.  roik,  OJccl. 
rolla,  Sw.  rulla,  mile,  Da.  mile,  rolle.'] 

I.  1.  A  piece  of  parchment,  paper,  or  the  like, 
which  is  written  upon  or  intended  to  contain 
writing,  etc.,  and  is  rolled  up  fur  convenience  of 
handling  or  carrying;  a  scroll. 

a  1325  Ancr.  A'.  344  Nis  non  so  luttl  bing  of  beos  bet  be 
deouel  naueS enbreued  on  his  rollc.  1303  K.  UKUNSI;  Handl. 
Synne  9287  WyJ>  hys  te|?e  he  nan  to  drawe,.  .pat  hys  rolle 
to-braste  and  rofe.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  800  For  to  knc-le 
on  his  knes..And  the  rolle  for  to  rede.  1463  Bury  II 'ills 
[Surtees]  20,  iij  merours  of  i;Ia>..,  \\'iche  be  redy  with  my 
other  glasys,  and  dyuerse  rolles  with  scripture.  1526  /'//:,'>'• 
Perf.  (\V.  de  W.  1531)  95  b,  The  thre  verses  wryten  in  the 
rowle  that  gothe  aboute  the  tree.  (11586  SIDNEY  f's.  XL. 
I  iv,  Lord,.. in  thy  bookes  rowle  I  am  wiit.  1605  CAMUKN 
j  Rein.  (1623)  188  Atlas  bearing  Heauen  with  a  roule  in- 
|  'scribed  in  Italian.  1718  PKIOK  Solomon  11.  277  l!usy  An^eK 
..spread  The  lasting  Roll,  recording  what  We  said.  1797- 
1805  S.  &  Hr.  LEK  Canterb.  '1\  I.  340  Several  small  rolls 
of  vellum  or  parchment.  1844  DICKKNS  Mart.  Chitz.  v,  'You 
sue*  said  Mr.  Pecksniff,  pas.sing  the  candle  rapidly  from 
roll  to  roll  of  paper,  *  some  traces  of  our  doings  here '.  1867 
LADY  HERBERT  Cradle  L.  101  He  .showed  them  a  rol!  con 
taining  a  panoramic  representation  of  his  travels.  1888 
W.  P.  FRITH  Autobiog.  III.  vi.  144  A  young  lady — with., 
a  roll  of  music  in  her  hand. 

2.  spec.  Such  a  piece  of  parchment,  paper,  etc., 
inscribed  with  some  formal  or  official  record ;  a 
document  or  instrument  in  this  form. 

Freq.  with  defining  term,  as  Rolls  of  Chancery,  Court, 
Parliament ;  also  CHECKER,  COURT-,  RENT-ROLL,  etc. 

1377  LANGI..  /'.  PI.  K  xix.  460  With  spiritus  intcilectus. 
they  seke  be  reues  rolles.  1433  Rolls  of  Par  It.  IV.  479/1 
That  the  rolles  of  account e  of  the  13aillifs,  and  the  rental! 
!  rolle,.  .and  all  Court  rolles  been  putteandkepte  in  the  cofrc. 
1444  Ibid.  V.  74/1  To  be  enacted  and  enrolled  of  record,  in 
theRolleof  thesaid  Parlement.  1469  Cal.Rcc.  Dublin (1889) 
I  I.  333  Allso  rollys  to  be  made  of  the  misis  and  costes.  Allsoo 
i  rollis  to  be  made  of  custumes.  1530  PALSGR.  537/1,  I  write 
a  thyng  in  to  a  rolle  of  a  courte,  to  remayne  for  recorde,_/t: 
cnrolle.  1591  LAMBARUE  Arckeion  (1635)  55  The  Chan 
cellor  had  the  keeping  of  the  Rolls  of  Record,  and  the 
making  oul  of  Writs  originall.  1611  ¥>\v,uf. Ezra  vi.  \  Searcli 
was  made  in  the  house  of  the  rolles,  where  the  treasures 
were  laide  vp.  1650  A cts Scdenint  2  Jan,,Thesaids  Lords. . 
ordaines  the  Lord,  who  is  Ordinar  in  the  Utter-house,  to 
make  ane  roll,  which  he  is  to  subscrive.  1711  ADDISON 
Spect.  No.  447  PS  Being  obliged  to  search  into  several  Rolls 
and  Records.  1765  BLACKSTONE  Comm.\.  163  This  law.  .is 
much  better  to  be  learned  out  of  the  rolls  of  parliament,  and 
other  records.  1801  STKUTT  Sports  fy  Past.  iv.  it.  296  In 
one  of  his  wardrobe  rolls  we  meet  with  the  following  entries. 
1863  H.  Cox  Itistit.  i.  iv.  17  The  practice  commenced. .of 
entering  the  petitions,  .on  the  Parliament  Rolls. 
Ji%.  1605  Tryall  Chevalry  \.  i,  He  finds  it  written  in  the 
Rowles  of  time,  c  1760  SMOLLETT  Ode  Independence  51 
The  rolls  of  right  eternal  to  display. 

b.  Master  (also  t  Clerk  or  Keeper}  of  the  Rolls t 
one  of  the  four  ex-officio  judges  of  the  Court  of 
Appeal  and  a  member  of  the  Judicial  Committee, 
who  has  charge  of  the  rolls,  patents,  and  grants 
that  pass  the  great  seal,  and  of  all  records  of  the 
Court  of  Chancery.  Also  transf.  (quot.  i6ocj). 

A  concise  historical  account  of  the  office  is  given  in  the 
Encycl.  Brit.  XX.  628. 

In  quot.  c  1687  the  reference  is  to  the  Isle  of  Man. 
1455  Rolls  of  Par  It.  V.  301/2  The  office  of  Keper  of  the 
Rolles  of  your  Chauncerie.  c  1460  J.  RUSSELL  Bk.  Nurture 
1017  Mastir  of  the  rolles,  ri}t  fms  ryken  y,  Vndir  lustice 
may  bitte  hym  by.  1495  Act  n  Hen.  K/7,  c  25  §  3  The 
chief  Fustices  of  either  Benche  and  the  Clerke  of  the  Rolles. 
1509  in  Leadam  Scl.  Cas<;s  Crt.  Requests  (Selden  Soc.)  12 

95-2 


ROLL. 

My  lord  Chaunceler  comaundyd  the  Examynacyon  vnto 
the  master  off  the  Rollys.  1581  LA.MBARUE  Eiren.  \.  v. 
(1588)  30  The  Clearke  of  the  Rolles  (nowe  called  Malster  of 
the  Rolles).  1609  HOLLAND  A  mm,  Marccll.  xxix.  ii.  361 
Having  governed  Syria,  and  gone  through  the  Office  of 
Master  of  the  Rolles.  c  1687  in  Scott  Peveril  y\.  ttote,Qne 
shilling]  apiece  to  be  giuen  by  them  to  the  said  cleark  of 
the  rolls,  for.. engrossing  these  articles,  a  1715  BUKNET 
Own  Time  in.  (1724)  I.  381  He  was  soon  after,  without  any 
application  of  his  own,  made  Master  of  the  Rolls.  1846 
McCuLLOCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  II.  183  The  Master 
of  the  Rolls  ranks  immediately  after  the  Chief  Justice  of 
the  King's  Hench.  1889  GRETTON  Memory  s  Hnrkback 
141  Those  who  knew  his  value  were  fain  to  secure  his 
services  as  Master  of  the  Rolls. 

Jig.  1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  502  Memory,  which  as  a 
faithful!  Recorder  or  Maister  of  the  Rolles  doth  preserue, 
store  vp  [etc.]. 

o.  7 he  Rolls,  the  former  buildings  in  Chancery 
Lane  in  which  the  records  in  the  custody  of  the 
Master  of  the  Rolls  were  preserved  (now  repre 
sented  by  the  Public  Record  Office).  Also  =  Rolls 
Court  (see  5). 

c  1430  LVUG.  Min,  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  104  Unto  the 
Rolls  I  gat  me..,  Before  the  clarkes  of  the  chauncerye. 
1598  STOW  Surv.  319  Since  the  which  time  [1377]  that 
house  hath  beene  commonly  called  the  Rolles  in  Chaun- 
cerie  lane.  1610  HOLLAND  Canuiens  Brit.  (16^7)  428  An 
house  of  Converts  [from  Judaism].,  which  King  Edward  the 
Third  appointed  afterwards  for  rolls  and  records  to  be  kept 
therein,  and  thereof  at  this  day  it  is  called  The  RowU. 
1668-9  PEPYS  Diary  15  Mar.,  Thence  to  the  Rolfs,  where 
I  made  inquiry  for  several  rolls,  a  1715  BUKSET  Own  Time 
in.  (1724)  I.  596  When  the  fifth  of  November,  .came,  in 
which  we  had  always  sermons  at  the  Chapel  of  the  Rolls. 
1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVIII.  33/2  The  order.. (if  presented  at 
the  Rolls)  is  at  once  drawn  up  by  t lie  secretary  of  the  master 
of  the  Rolls.  1846  MCCULLOCH  Ace.  Brit.  Em£,  (1854)  II. 
182  The  Master  of  the  Rolls .  .administers  justice  in  a  separate 
court  called  the  Rolls. 

3.  A  register,  list,  or  catalogue  (of  names,  deeds, 
etc.);  also  phr.  roll  of  fame.     Chiefly  in  fig.  use. 

In  very  frequent  use  from  c  1800.  The  early  examples  are 
only  contextual  uses  of  sense  i. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Pard.  T.  911  Com  vp,  ye  wyues,  Youre 
names  I  entre  heer  in  my  rolle  anon.  1393  LAXGL.  P.  PI.  C. 
iv.  in  pei  ouhten  For  to  spure-.What  manere  mester  ojjer 
merchaundise  he  vsede,  Kr  he  were  vnder-fonge  free  and 
felawe  in  5oure  rolles.  1433  Rolls  of  Par  It.  IV.  479  i  That 
..all  Burgeis  rolles. .been  putte  and  kepte  in  the  cofre. 
a  1529  SKELTON  Agst.  Gameschc  193,  I  rekyn  yow  in  my 
rowllys,  For  ij  dronken  sowllys.  1598  BARRET  Thcor. 
War  res  \\.  i.  18  To  keepe  a  roll  or  list  of  all  the  souldiers 
of  his  company.  1610  HOLLAND  Camd^ns  Brit.  (1637)  5&2 
Registred  in  the  roll  of  Saints.  1673  CAVE  Prim.  Clir. 
\.  i.  10  Banished  them  out  of  the  roll  of  their  Deities.  1692 
R.  L'EsTRAN'GE  Josfphns,  Entb.  to  Cains  xii.  (1733)90;  The 
Addition  of  one  more  to  the  Roll  of  our  former  Calamities. 
1725  Poi'E  Odyssey  viu.  418  Happy  King,  whose  name  The 
brightest  shines  in  all  the  rolls  of  fame  !  1768-74  TUCKER 
L.t.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  415  Retained  servants  entered  upon  the 
steward's  roll.  i8z8  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  vii,  The  merchants, 
shopkeepers,  and  citizens,  who-. filled  up  the  roll  of  the 
ordinary  magistracy.  1852  Miss  YOSGE  Cameos  (1877)  II. 
iv.  46  The  roll  of  the  slain  was  brought  to  them  as  they  sat 
down  to  supper.  1880  SWINBURNE  Stud.  Skaks.  118  The 
place  occupied  by  Bartholomew  Fair  on  the  roll  of  Ben 
Jonson's  [plays]. 

b.  Sc.  Law.  A  list  of  cases  coming  before  a 
judge  or  court. 

1826  SCOTT  Jrnl.  31  Jan.,  There  being  nothing  in  the  roll 
to-day,  1  stay  at  home  from  the  Court  1838  W.  HELL  Diet. 
Law  Scot.  867  The  roll  itself  is  a  list  of  the  several  causes, 
containing  the  surnames  of  the  parties,  and  of  the  counsel, 
and  in  the  weekly  printed  rolls,  the  name  of  the  agent  also. 
O.  The  official  list  of  those  qualified  to  practise 
as  solicitors  (f  or  attorneys). 

Commonly  pi.,  and  esp.  in  phr.  to  be  struck  off  the  rolls, 
to  be  debarred  from  practising  as  a  solicitor  in  consequence 
of  some  delinquency. 

[1835  Penny  Cycl.  III.  66/r  When  the  attorney  is  ad 
mitted,  he  subscribes  a  roll,  which  is  the  original  roll  of 
attorneys,  of  which  the  court  takes  notice  as  the  recorded 
list  of  its  officers.]  1840  DICKESS  Old  C.  Shop  xxxvi,  His 
daughter  could  not  take  out  an  attorney's  certificate  and 
hold  a  place  upon  the  roll.  1861  MRS.  H.WOOD  East  Lynne 
v,  He  was  on  the  rolls  but  had  never  set  up  for  himself. 
1862  A.  TROLLOPE  Orlty  Farm  I.  vii.  56  If  I  had.. thrown 
over  a  client  of  mine  by  such  carelessness  as  that,  I'd — I'd 
strike  my  own  name  off  the  rolls. 

4.  A  list  of  names  used  to   ascertain   whether 
each  one  of  a  set  of  persons  is  present ;  esp.  Mil. 
(  =  MUSTEK-ROLL)  or  in  scholastic  use. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  /r,  in.  ii.  106  Where's  the  Roll?,  .let 
them  appeare  as  I  call.    1598  BARRET  Thcor.  IVarres  v.  ii. 
143  He  taketh  a  roll  of  the  bands  committed  to  his  charge. 
1687  in  Magd.  Coll.  $  Jos.  //(O.H.S.)  117  We  called  over 
the  College  Roll.     1799  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1834) 
I.  37  It  would  surely  be  advisable  to  order  the  rolls  to  be 
constantly  called,  and  to  forbid  any  people  to  leave  camp. 
1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xx,  A  royal   pursuivant  was  dis 
patched.,  to  call  over  the  roll  of  Sir  John  Ramorny's  attend 
ants.  iBsgTHACKKRAV  Virgin,  xii, The  roll  of  each  company 
is  called  at  morning,  noon,  and  night. 

5.  attrib. ,  as  roll-bearer ;  Rolls-Arbitrerj  -Build- 
ittgst  -Chapel^  -Court ^  House.  Also,  Rolls  Series, 
a  series  of  '  chronicles    and  memorials  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  published  under  the  direction 
of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls ' ;  so  Rolls  edition. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  in.  Captaines  46  First  a 
Student  (under  others'  aw),  Then  Barister, .  .Then  Queen's 
Solicitor,  then  Roules-Arbitrer.     1708  J.  CHAMBEKLAYNE 
Pres.   St.  Gt.   Brit.  n.  HI.  (1710)    571    Six  Clerks   of  the 
Rolls-Chappel.    1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  70/1  Rolls-Court^ 
tlie  Court  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  of  which  there  arc 


756 

two,  one  at  Westminster,  ..the  other  in  the  Rolls  I3uil<l. 
ings  in  Chancery  Lane.  1849  ROCK  Ch.  of  Fathers  II. 
381  A  messenger,  called  from  Ins  office  the  Roll-bearer, 
carried  it.  1884  MORRIS  Spec.  Early  Engl.  II.  340  The 
English  text  of  T  re  visa  in  the  'Rolls'  edition.  1887 
FURSIVALL  Chron.  R.  Brunne  Introd.  xix,  So  much  worth 
less  repetition  in  Latin  as  the  Rolls  Series  must . .  contain. 

II.  6.  A  quantity  of  material  (esp.  cloth), 
rolled  or  wound  up  in  a  cylindrical  form,  some 
times  forming  a  definite  measure.  Also,  a  number 
of  papers,  etc.,  rolled  together. 

1378-9  Duih.  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  181  In  tribus  roll  de 
worset..pro  staminis  faciend.  1391  Earl  Derby's  Exped. 
(Cainden)  89  Pro  vno  rolle  de  satyn  nigri.  1440-1  Durh. 
Ace.  Rails  (Surtees)  627  Et  pro  a  Roller  de  Say  pro  camera 
Prioris.  c  1489  CAXTOX  Sonnes  of  Aymon  vii.  167  A 
hundred  rolles  of  silke.  1540  Act  32  Hen.  VIII,  c.  14  For 
cuery  rolle,  packe,  or  maunde  of  cony  skynnes,  xviii.s. 


Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  85,  I  felt,  .the  roll  of  English  Lead, ..but 
it  was  too  heavy  to  remove.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tom's 
C.  xiv.  127  The  young  man.. had  been  making  out  .1  roll 
of  bills  while  he  was  speaking.  1897  Miss  K.INGSLEY  Trav. 
Africa  517  (Quantities  of  gold  dust,  rolls  of  rich  velvets, 
silks,  satins,  iS;c. 

b.  A  quantity  (usually  small)  of  some  soft  sub 
stance  formed  into  a  cylindrical  mass. 

15..  HEX.  VIII  in  Vicary's  Anat.  (1888)  App.  ix.  221 
When  it  \sc.  the  plaster]  is  nere  colde,  make  yt  in  rolles. 
Ibid.,  Styrring  it  vntill  it  be  plaster-wyse  ;  and  so  make  it 
vppe  in  rolles.  1641  MILTON  Animtutv.  m.  63  It  ..was  a  pec 
toral  roule  we  prepared  for  you  to  swallow  down  to  your 
heart.  1717  AUDISON  O-'id's  Europas  Rape  2 7  Large  rolls 
of  fat  about  his  shoulders  clung.  ?  *79O  IMISON  Sch.  Arts 
11.85  Pour  it  into  water,  and  immediately  make  it  up  in 
rolls,  and  it  is  fit  for  use.  1809  POWELL  tr.  Lond.  Pharm. 
(ed.  2)  324  [The  soap  plaster]  must  be  formed  into  rolls 
when  it  begins  to  thicken.  1896  Daily  News  30  July  5/2 
Ireland  sells  its  butter  by  the  cask  and  firkin ;  England,  by 
the  pound,  the  'roll'  of  24  ounces,  the  stone,  and  the 
hundredweight. 

C.  A  quantity  of  tobacco  leaves  rolled  up  into 
a  cylindrical  mass;  tobacco  in  this  form. 

1633  Virginia  Stat.  (1823)  I.  205  Noe  tobacco.. shall  be 
made  uppin  rolle  except  betweene  the  first  day  of  August  and 
the  last  day  of  October.  166*  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Olearius*  I 'or. 
Atti&ass,  203  That  which  the  Ambassadors  sent.. consisted 
in.  .a  Vessel  of  Aquavita;,  and  a  Roll  of  Tobacco.  1719  DK 
FOE  Crusoe  i.  42,  I  raised  fifty  great  Rolls  of  Tobacco  on 
my  own  Ground,.,  and  these  fifty  Rolls  being  each  of  above 
a  loo  Wt.  were  well  cur'd  and  laid  by.  1728  CHAMHI-.HS 
Cycl.  s.v.,  The  generality  of  Tobacco  in  America  is  there 
sold  in  Rolls,  of  various  Weights.  1809  R.  LAXGI-OKD///- 
trod.  Trade  127  Tobacco  in  the  roll.  1843  Penny  Cycl. 
XXV.  17/1  The  finest  tobacco  however  is  made  into  rolls, 
which  from  their  shape  are  called  carrots.  1898  Daily 
.Vtn'jf  23  Apr.  5/1  The  rebate  on  tobacco.. for  the  manu 
facture  of  cigars  and  roll. 

d.    U.S.  The  specific  name  of  part  of  an  ox. 

1884  Harper  s  Mag.  July  299/1  The  division  is  made  into 
..loins,  ribs,  mess,  plates,  chucks,  rolls,  rumps. 

7.  A  small  quantity  of  cloth,  wool,  straw,  etc., 
rolled  up  into  the  form  of  a  band  or  fillet.     Now 
spec,  a  carding  of  this  form. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  Vffl,  78  b,  Gold  and  purple 
veluet,  embrodered  with  little  rolles  of  white  sattin.  1553 
UKKSUK  Q.  Curt  ins  Dj,  The  diademe  y*  King  ware  upon 
his  head,  .had  a  roule  about  it  of  white  and  grene.  1604  E. 
G[IUMSTONE]  D'Acosta^s  Hist.  Indies  vi.  xii.  456  A  red 
rowle  of  wooll,  more  fine  then  silke,  the  which  hung  in  the 
middest  of  his  forehead.  1683  SALMON  Daren  Mcd.  i.  318 
Set  it  upon  a  Wreath,  or  rowl  of  Straw  or  Rushes,  1707 
MORTIMER  Hitsb.  (1721)  I.  328  To  keep  them  [ants]  from 
Trees,  incompass  the  Stem  four  Fingers  breadth  with  a 
Circle  or  Roll  of  Wooll  newly  pluck 'd  from  a  Sheep's  Belly. 
ci8i6  Edin.  Encycl.  VII.  286  Children  are  employed  to 
lift  the  rolls  or  rowans  from  the  carding  engine,  and  unite 
them  on  the  feeding-cloth.  1835  URE  Philos.  Manuf.  169 
The  fleece,  .is  turned  out  in  rolls  called  cardings,  upon  an 
endless  cloth  placed  in  front  of  and  beneath  the  fluted 
cylinder.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1962/1. 

fb.  A  form  of  bandage ;   =  ROLLER  J/MO.   06s. 

1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydons  Quest.  Chirurg.  L  ij,  Y*  fore 
ende  of  the  sayde  rolle  oughte  to  be  sewed.  And  yf  nede 
be  there  ought  to  take  dyuers  rolles.  1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabel- 
houers  Bk.  Physicke^  306/2  We  must  rowle  the  same,  .with 
narrowe  rowles,  or  with  Fetles,  according  to  the  constitution 
of  the  disease. 

8.  •(•  a.  A  round  cushion  or  pad  of  hair  or  other 
material,  forming  part  of  a  woman's  head-dress. 

1538  ELYOT,  Anting,  the  heare  of  a  woman  that  is  layde 
ouer  hir  foreheed,  nowe  gentylwomen  do  call  them  their 
rolles.  1579  LYLY  Euphues.  (Arb.)  116  Take  from  them 
their  ..  Jewells,  their  rowles,  their  bouhst  rings,  and  thou 
shall  soone  perceiue  that  a  woman  is  the  least  parte  of  hir 
selfe.  1600  —  Midas  i.  ii, '  Now  you  can  say  no  more  of  the 
head,  begin  with  the  purtenances . . .' '  The  purtenances  !  it  is 
impossible  to  reckon  them  vp.. .  Hoods,  frontlets,.. ribbons, 
roles  '  [etc.].  1654  MS.  Diary ^  For  a  silver  Cawl  and  Rowl 
for  my  sister. ..  For  a  black  Cawl  and  Rowl.  17*5  DE  FOE 
Vf>y.  round  World  (1840)  133  Large  flat  plates  of  gold  upon 
the  hinder  part  of  her  head,  something  in  the  place  of  a  roll, 
such  as  our  women  wear.  1777  SHERIDAN  Sch.  Scandal  \\. 
i,  Your  hair  combed  smooth  over  a  roll. 

fig*  XS97  MIDDLETON  Wisd.  Solomon  xviii.  i  The  pitchy 
night  puts  on  a  blacker  rowl. 

fb.  A  piece  of  cloth  serving  to  form  a  turban. 

1553  EDEN  Treat.  Neive  Ind.  (Arb.)  147  The  gentlemen., 
baumg  theyr  heades  bounde  aboute  with  Hstes  and  rowles 
of  sundry  coloures  after  the  maner  of  theTurkes.  1572111 
Feuillerat  Revels  Q.  Eliz.  (1908)  1 74  Bumbast  to  stuf  Rowles 
for  the  Turkes  heades.  1583  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1904)  V.  252 
About  his  head  a  linen  rowle. 


ROLL. 

c.  An  annular  pad  for  placing  on  the  head  in 
older  to  facilitate  or  ease  the  carrying  of  heavy 
articles  on  it.  Now  dial. 

1681  C'iREW  Musxum  u.  i.  i.  182  A. .  Ring  of  Wood,  almost 
in  the  shape  of  a  Womans  Head-Roll,  but  not  so  big.  1681 
W.  ROBERTSON  Phraseol.  Gen.  (1693)  1083  A  roll  for  a 
woman's  head,  to  carry  things  on,  arculus.  1716  LADY 
M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  Ctess  Mar  14  Sept.,  Those  rolls 
our  prudent  milk-maids  make  use  of  to  fix  their  pails  upon. 
1855  [ROBINSON]  Whitby  Gloss.,  Roll,  a  circular  pad,  more 
or  less  annular  in  form,  worn  on  the  head  by  females  who 
have  to  carry  or  support  a  heavy  weight  with  that  member. 
fd.  A  support  for  a  gown  or  petticoat,  used 
instead  of  a  farthingale.  Obs.  rare~°. 

1611  COTGR.,  Hausse-cnl)  a  French  Vardingale  ;  or  (more 
properly)  the  kind  of  roll  vsed  by  such  women,  as  weare. . 
no  Vardingales.  [1632  SHERWOOD,  Roll  (which  some 
women  weare  vnder  their  gownes),  hausse- tttl.\ 

f  9.  A  billow,  a  roller.    Obs.  rare  ~l. 

1535  COVERDALE  Jonah  ii.  3  All  thy  wawes  and  rowles  of 
water  went  ouer  me. 

10.  A  small  loaf  of  bread,  properly  one  which 
has  been  rolled  or  doubled  over  before  baking. 

1581  W.  FULKE  in  Conf.  in.  (1584)  Qij,  The  sacramental 
bread,  .was. .a  rowle  of  bread.  1598  FLOKIO, /'a«t'  buffeto^ 
manchet  bread  or  roule.  c  1618  MORYSON  Itin.  iv.  iv.  i.  332 
These  wenien  present  them  with  Rowles  baked  like  dry 
Fritters.  1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1606)  74  Waster  Bread  seems 
to  be  Rowles  or  fine  manchet  Bread  used  principally  in 
Victualling  Houses  to  drink  with.  1711  SWIFT  Jrnl.  tt 
Stella  23  Dec.,  I  have  sat  at  home  all  day,  and  eaten  only  a 
mess  of  broth  and  a  roll.  1741  Compl.  Fam.*Piece  i.  ii.  98 
Toast  a  whole  French  Roll,  and  put  in  the  Middle  of  your 
Dish.  1790  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  VIII.  155  It  made  very  light 
breakfast  rolls.  1832  Blackiu.  Mag.  Jan.  11/2  New  novels 
.  .are  now  looked  for  as  regularly  as  rojls  for  the  breakfast 
table.  1889  GINTER  That  Frenchman  iii,  He  sits  down  to 
bis  rolls,  eggs,  and  coffee. 

attrib.  1844  J.  T.  HEWLETT  Parsons  <$•  IV.  xxxvii,  The 
milkman,  the  rollman,  the  butterman. 

b.  \\ith  punning  allusion  to  sense  2  b. 

1649  J.  TAYLOR  (Water- P.)  Wand.  West  4, 1  left  him  in  bis 
shop,  Lord  Haron  of  the  Browne  Loaves,  and  Master  of  the 
Rolls  ^n  that  place).  1848  KORSTER  Goldsm.  in.  vi.  (1854) 
I.  310  He  thought  nature  had  meant  him  for  a  lord  chan 
cellor.  '  No,'  whispered  Derrick,  who  knew  him  to  be  a 
wealthy  baker  from  the  city, '  only  for  a  master  of  the  rolls.1 

11.  a.   Arch.  A  spiral  scroll  used  in  Corinthian 
:    and    Ionic  capitals;   a   cylindrical   moulding;   a 

curl,  volute.  Roll  and  fillet ',  (a  round  moulding 
with  a  small  square  fillet  on  the  face  of  it '(Francis). 
1611  COTGK,,  /  'olitte,  the  writhen  circle,  or  curie  tuft  that 
bangs  ouer,  or  stickes  out  of  the  chapter  of  a  pillcr,  &c. ; 
and  is  tearmed  by  our  workmen  a  Rowle,  Cartridge,  or 
Carthouse.  1660  H.  HLOOME  Archil.  E  j,  The  lesser  rowles. 
1842  GWILT  Encycl.  Arch.  1026  R  oils,  .signifies  in  Gothic 
architecture  mouldings  representing  bent  cylinders.  1849 
KUSKIN  Seven  Lamps  iv.  §27.  116  It  is  a  tracery  of  three 
orders  ;..the  second  and  third  orders  are  plain  rolls.  1879 
;  CassclCs  Techn.  Ednc.  III.  40/2  A  portion  of  the  stone  on 
either  side  was  cut  away,  thus  leaving  the  cylindrical  roll 
clearly  defined. 

b.  Building.  A  strip  of  wood,  rounded  on  the 
!  top  and  fastened  on  the  ridge  or  the  lateral  joints 
|  of  a  roof,  to  raise  the  edges  of  sheet-lead  or  zinc 
,  and  so  prevent  the  entrance  of  rain-water.  Hollow 
i  roll)  one  formed  by  the  edges  of  two  sheets  of 
j  lead  or  zinc  being  bent  over  together. 

1833  Lou  DON  Encycl.  Arch.  §  1584  Lay  on  small  joists., 
and  rolls  (pieces  of  wood  rounded,  to  dress  the  edges  of  the 
lead  over).  1839  Civil  Eng.  <y  Arch.  Jrnl.  II.  78/2  The 
i  Water  falling  on  such  roof.. is  carried  off,  and  rolls  and 
seams  are  rendered  unnecessary.  1887  T.  HARDY  Wood* 
landers  I.  viii.  141  The  grey  lead  roofs  were  quite  visible.., 
with  their  gutters,  caps,  rolls,  and  skylights. 

12.  A  part  which  is  rolled  or  turned  over. 

1671  GHEW  Anal.  PI.  i.  iv.  (1682)  31  The  two  Rowls  be 
ginning   at   each   edge  of  the    Leaf,  and   meeting   in   the 
middle.     1709  STEELE  Taller  No.  15  F  4,  I  saw  the  Fellow 
..hide  Two  Cards  in  the  Roll  of  his  Stocking.     1713  SWIM 
Frenzy  ofj.  Denny  Wks.  1755  III.  i.  139  The  rolls  of  his 
'    stockings  fell  down  to  his  ankles.     1821  tr.  Dccandolle  <y 
,    SprengeCs  Philos.  Plants  55  The  roll  (ochrea)  is  commonly 
a  cylindrical  membrane. .  .It  appears  as  a  peculiar  organ  in 
!    the    PolygoncB  and    Cyperoidea:.     1841    S.  WARREN   Ten 
\     Thousand  a  Year  III.  ill.  in  He  had  two  waistcoats,  the 
i    under  one  a  sky-blue  satin,  (only    the   roll  visible).     1898 
I    Hutchinsoti's  Arch.  Surgery  IX.  363  The  first  was  in  the 
roll  of  the  reflected  prepuce. 

13.  attrib.)  in  sense  '  having  the  form  of,  made 
up  in,   a  roll ',   as  roll  bread,  brimstone^  candlet 
tobacco,  etc.     Also  t  roll-fashion. 

^1415  in  Rec.  St.  Mary  at  Hill  p.  xcvi,  Small  wex  Roll 
Candelles,  to  make  .v.  crosses  vpoii  the  awter.  1442  Rolls 
of  Parlt.  V.  61/1  Rolle  Worsted  xxx  yardes  long,  and  di. 
yard  brode  large.  1581  W.  Ft* LKE  in  Conf.  in. (1584) Q  ij.This 
thing  is  of  long  shape,  or  rowle  fashion.  1665  PEPYS  Diary 
7  June,  I  was  forced  to  buy  some  roll-tobacco,  to  smell  to 
and  chaw.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Roll,  Roll  Tobacco  is 
what  is  used  both  for  chewing  and  rasping.  1764  MnstxiR 
Knit.  II.  174  Four  ounces  of  roll  brimstone.  1766  Compl. 
F.inner  s.v.  Bread  T  2/1  We  also  meet  with  symnel  bread, 
mancbet  or  roll  bread,  and  French  bread;.. m  roll  bread 
there  is  an  addition  of  milk.  1778  AIKIN  tr.  Bfaumt\t 
Man,  Chem.  (1786)  224  Roll  Sulphur.  During  its  fixing  it 
takes  the  crystaline  arrangement  observed  in  the  inside  of 
rolls  of  brimstone.  1839  Civil  Eng.  %  Arch.  Jrnl.  II.  358/1 
Improvements  in  roll-lead  and  other  soft  metals.  1844  H. 
STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  III.  0.12  The  other  kind  is  called  roll 
arnotto.  1880  Nature  XXI.  210  The  'roll-cumulus'  of 
the  English  Meteorological  Office. 

b.  Arch.)  as  roll-moulding,  -tracery.  (Cf.  ua.) 

1830  WHEWELL  Arch.  Xotes  German  Churches  Pref.  n 


ROLL. 

The  interior,  .has.  .abundance  of  small  roll  mouldings. 
1835  R.  WILLIS  Arch.  Mid.  Ages  54  This  enables  us  to 
divide  it  at  once  into  two  classes.  Fillet-tracery  and  roll 
tracery.  1849  E.  SUAKI'E  Dec.  li'indoiu  Tracery  53  Roll- 
tracery  is  more  common  in  Geometrical,  than  in  Curvi 
linear  Windows,  a  1878  SCOTT  Led.  Arch.  (1879)  I.  248 
The  heaviness  of  large  roll  mouldings  was  often  relieved 
by  fillets. 

c.  Comb*)  as  roll-canling-cngine,  -holder ;  also 
roll-boiling  (see  quot.  1839  and  ROLLER  sb.  24). 
1835  URK  Pkilos.  Manuf.  168  The  finisher  or  roll-carding- 
engine  differs  from  the  scribbler  in  several  particulars.  1839 
—  Diet.  Arts  1327  That  part  of  the  process  where  a  per 
manent  lustre  is  given  usually  by  what  is  called  roll-boiling  ; 
that  is,  stewing  the  cloth,  when  tightly  wound  upon  a 
roller,  in  a  vessel  of  hot  water  or  steam.  1890  Anthony's 
Phot.  Bulletin  III.  3^2  There  is  no  scope  for  so  fixing  iliu 
roll  holder  in  its  case. 

III.  14.  A  cylindrical  piece  of  wood  or  metal 
used  to  facilitate  the  moving  of  something;  a 
roller ;  a  windlass. 

1426-7  Rcc.  St.  Mary  at  Hill  (1905)  64  Payd  for  a  rollu  & 
ij  goiouns  of  Iron  &  a  rope,  xiiij  d.  a  1547  SURREY  sEttcid 
n.  297  Underset  the  feet  With  sliding  roiles.  1593  ll'ills  .y 
/«!'.  y.  C.  (Surtees,  1860)  229  A  towele  rowle  of  wood,  2**. 
1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  539  [They]  could  not  be 
out  of  their  places  removed,  but.. with  leavers  and  roules 
put  under  them.  1683  PETTUS  Flcta  Minor  i.  52  If  you 
will  have,  .your  Silver  hollow  and  thin  for  separation  ..gran 
ulate  it  over  a  Role.  1735  J.  PRICK  Stonc-Br,  Thames  8 
The  Ribs.,  may  be  let  down  on  Rolls.  1793  SMEAION 
KdystoncL.  §  259  Fitted  out  with  a  roll  proper  for  heaving 
up  the  anchor  and  chains.  1842  GWILT  Encycl.  Arch.  1027 
When  blocks  of  marble.. are  to  be  moved,  they  use  what 
are  called  endless  rolls.  1884  F.  J.  BRITTEN'  Watch  ,|j- 
Clocknt.  Handbk.  39  A  roll  or  jumper.. keeps  each  wheel 
in  its  place. 

b.  Weaving.  In  the  old  hand-loom,  a  roller 
or  beam  round  which  the  warp  or  the  web  was 
wound.  Also  attrib.  and  in  combs,  cane-,  knee-, 
yarn-roll. 

1538  ELYOT,  /'auus,  also  a  weauers  rolle,  whereon  the 
webbe  of  clothe  i*  rolled  or  wounden.  1580  HOLLYBAND 
Treas.  Fr.  Tong,  Lou6et  the  roll  of  a  weauers  loome.  1728 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Tis  on  such  Rolls  that  the  Woollen, 
Silken,  and  other  Threads  are  wound,  whereof  the  Weaver's 
Works  consist,  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  XVIII.  835/2  From  this 
opening  the  web.. passes  to  the  knee  roll  or  web  beam.., 
round  which  U  is  rolled  by  means  of  the  spokes.  Ibid.) 
Opposite  to  the  breast-bar,  .is  the  cane-roll  or  yarn-beam. 
1823  Alech.  Mag.  143  As  he  was  turning  on  his  cane  at  the 
cane  spreaders,  he  missed  his  hold  of  the  role  stick.  1831 
G.  PORTER  Silk  Manu/.  215  The  beam,  or  yarn-roll,  on 
which  the  threads  are  wound. 

C.  Bookbinding.  A  revolving  patterned  tool 
used  in  impressing  and  gilding ;  also,  the  pattern 
produced  by  a  tool  of  this  kind. 

1656  BLOUST  Glossogr.  s.v.,  Books  in  Rolls  are  those 
which  have  a  Roll  of  Gold  on  the  edges  of  the  Cover.  1687 
MIKGE  Gt.  Fr.  Did.  i,  Roulette,  afairc  le  borddcs  Livres, 
a  Roll.  1818  Art  Bk.-binding  25  Have  a  piece  of  rough 
calf  leather  to  rub  your  tools,  rolls,  letters,  etc.  upon.  1879 
Ca&selCs  Tcchn.  Educ.  IV.  402  The  fillets  produce  lines  uf 
various  thicknesses. .,  whereas  the  rolls  are  covered,  .with 
a  complicated  pattern.  1890  [see  FILLET  j&  11  cj. 
flo.  Naut.  (See  quots.)  Obs. 

1611  COTGR.,  Molinet>..\\\z  roll  wherein  the  whip  of  a 
Rudders  tiller  goes.  1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  n. 
12  The  Whip-staffe.. going  thorow  the  Rowle,  and  then 
made  fast  to  the  Tiller  with  a  Ring.  1644  MANWARING  Sea- 
man"s  Diet.)  Roll^  is  that  round  p_iece  of  wood  or  iron, 
wherein  the  whip  doth  go.  [Hence  in  later  Diets.] 

16.  a.  A  roller  used  for  levelling  soil  or  crush 
ing  clods. 

1634  Althorp  MS.  in  Simpkinson  Washington*  (1860) 
App.  p.  Ixvii,  A  stone  roale  for  the  walkes.  1651  ROBERT 
CHILD  in  Hartlib  Legacy  (1655)  107  This  spreading  of  the 
Root  is  probable  to  be  best  effected  by  a  Rowl,  or  some 
such  tiling.  1677  PLOT  Oxfordsh.  248  A  weighty  Roll,  not 
cut  round,  but  octangular,  the  edges  whereof  meeting  with 
the  clods,  would  break  them  effectually.  1707  MORTIMER 
Httsb.  (1721)  I.  28  In  Oxfordshire  they  have  Rolls  made 
with  Steel  Edges,  which  as  they  go  round  cut  the  Turf. 
1767  A.  YOUNG  Farmer's  Lett,  to  People  107  Oxen  are  pre 
cisely  as  convenient,  .in  the  waggon,  in  carts,  and  lumbrills, 
in  rolls,  &c.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  I.  475  A 
one-horse  roll  then  follows  to  level  the  flag,  or  furrow.  1854 
Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XV.  ii.  483,  I  have  found  it  advisable 
to  use  the  roll  occasionally  to  firm  the  soil.  1899  RIDER 
HAGGARD  Farmer's  Year  148  First  a  roll  drawn  by  one 
horse  is  passed  over  the  land. 

b.  A  roller  used  to  crush,  flatten,  or  draw  out 
something,  esp.  in  metal- work  ing. 

1656  CROMWELL  in  Grose's  Antiq.  Rep.  (1808)  II.  411 
Liberty  to  use  all  or  any  singular  presses,  rolls  and  cutters. 
1676  J.  WoRLiDGEC'j'^?'(i69i)  103  Let  the  cylinders  or  rolls 
be  about  eight  or  ten  inches  in  diameter.  1728  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.,  Rolls,  in  Coining,  are  two  Iron  Instruments  of  a 
cylindrical  Figure^  which  serve  to  draw  or  stretch  out  the 
Plates  of  Gold,  Silver,  and  other  Metal.  1753  in  6th  Rep. 
Dep.  Kpr.  Rec.  App.  ir.  127  Cast  metallic  Rolls  for  the 
crushing. .or  grinding  of.. any  kind  of  Grain.  1843  HOLT- 
ZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  184  The  rollers  or  rolls  of  the  iron 
works  are  turned  of  a  variety  of  forms.  1884  W.  H.  GREEN 
WOOD  Steel  *V  Iron  319  The  Rolls  employed  for  the  conver 
sion  of  the  shingled  bloom  of  malleable  iron  into  puddled 
bar,  or  into  merchant  bars,  plates,  sections,  &c. 
O.  Paper-making.  [See  quot.  1875.) 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.,  Roll,  a  cylinder  mounted  with 
blades  for  working  paper-pulp  in  the  tub.  1880  J.  DCNBAK 
Pract.  Paper  maker -2^^  journals  of  the  roll  shaft  should 
be  frequently  wiped,  and  no  stuff,  .allowed  to  escape  at 
the  ends  of  the  roll  or  from  below  the  edge  of  the  roll  cover. 
17.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  roll-carriage ,  -press, 
-printing^  -train  ;  roll-turner. 


757 

See  also  i6c,  and  Knight  Diet.  Mech.  (1875)- 
1793  SMKATON  Edystoiie  L.  196  The  upright  views  of  the 
Roll  carriage,  .shew  distinctly  the  manner  of  supporting 
the  axis  of  the  rolls  on  iron  frames.  1866  Tonilinson\s 
Cycl.  Usef.  Arts  II.  461/2  Copper-plate  and  lithographic 
printing  is  performed  at  a  roll-press.  1881  RAYMOND  Mining 
Gloss.,  Roll-train,  the  set  of  plain  or  grooved  rolls  through 
which  iron  or  steel  piles,  ingots,  blooms,  or  billets  are  passed, 
to  be  rolled  into  various  .shapes.  1884  ffhaitt  Daily  Post 
24  Jan.  3/4  Rollturners.  —  Journeymen  Wanted.  1890  YV. 
J.  GORDON  Foundry  198  Printing  from  continuous  paper  i.-> 
known  as  'web-printing  ',  '  roll-printing1,  or  '  reel-printing  '. 
Roll,  J^.2  Also  7  rowlo,  8  rowl.  [f.  ROLL  v.1] 

1.  The  act  of  rolling;  the  fact  of  moving  in  this 
manner. 

1743  BULKELKY  &  CUMMINS  Voy.  S.  Seas  7  Upon  the  Rowl 
of  a  Sea,  all  the  Chain-Plates  to  Wind-ward  broke.  1847 
C.bRONTf-;7.  £yre  xxv,  I  wish  I  could  forget  the  roll  of  the  red 
eyes.  1871  TYNDALL/rrtf///.  Set.  (1879)  I.  vi.  194  The  roll  of 
the  Atlantic  was  full,  but  not  violent.  1897  Allbutt's  Syst. 
Mcd.  II.  916  In  tobacco  intermittence  the  patient  is,  I 
believe,  always  conscious  of  the  stop  and  roll-forward  [of 
the  heart]. 

Jig,  1827  Scorr  Jriil.  15  fune,  The  conversation  tookits 
old  roll.  1868  TENNYSON'  Spiteful  1. ft.  a,  1  hear  the  roll  of 
the  ages.  18840.  ALLEN  Philistia  I.  5  Before  he  can  set 
things  fairly  on  the  roll  for  belter  arrangement. 

b.  With  a  and  pi.  A  single  act,  spell,  or 
occasion  of  rolling. 

i8oz-iz  UEXTHAM  Ration.  JitiUc.  Evid.  Wks.  1827  IV.  34 
It  has  never  yet  been  proposed  that  they  should .  .take  a 
roll  in  the  contents  of  a  night-cart.  1820  T.  MIICHKI.L 
A  ristopli.  Clouds  (1838)  8  These  places  of  exercise  for  horses 
were  strewed  with  dust,.. and  a  roll  in  them  seems  to  have 
been  allowed  the  Greek  horses.  1877  TENNYSON  Harold  v. 
i,  If  this  war-storm  in  one  of  its  rough  rolls  Wash  up  that 
old  crown  of  Northumberland. 

C.  A  rolling  gait  or  motion;  a  swagger. 

1836-7  DICKENS  Sk.  Bozt  Characters  vii,  That  grave,  but 
confident,  kind  of  roll,  peculiar  to  old  boys  in  general. 

2.  MtL  Of  a  drum  :  A  rapid,  uniform  beating, 
produced  by  alternate  strokes  of  the  sticks,  and 
falling  upon  the  ears  as  a  continuous  sound.  Long 
roll  (see  quot.  1802), 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  xix.  (Roxb.)  154  2  The  maner 
of  which  beatings  is  performed  by.  .down  right  and  rowling 
blows,  for  which  they  hane  these  tonnes  :  A  Roofe.  A  Rowle 
[etc.].  1802  JAMES  Milit,  Diet.  s.v.  Kolet  Long  roll^  a  beat 
of  drum  by  which  troops  are  assembled  at  any  particular 
spot  or  rendezvous  or  parade.  1842  LI:VF.K  J.  lliuton  v, 
Amid  the  thunder  of  cannon,  the  deafening  roll  of  drums. 
1861  in  Post  Soldiers'  Lett.  (1865)  56  We  were  so  close  to 
their  batteries  that  we  could  hear.. the  drums  beating  the 
'  long  roll '. 

trans/.  1876  STAINER  &  BAURKTT  Diet.  Mits.  Terms  *.\., 
In  the  case  of  a  tambourine,  the  roll  is  produced  by  a  rapid 
succession  of  blows  from  the  knuckles. 

3.  Of  thunder,  etc. :  A  loud,  reverberating  peal ; 
a  continuous  reverberation  ;  a  prolonged  shout. 

1818  KEATS  Endytn.  r.  289  A  shout  from  the  whole  multi 
tude  arose,  That  linger 'd  in  the  air  like  dying  rolls  Of  abrupt 
thunder.  1839  DICKENS  Nick.  Nick,  xxii,  The  roll  of  the 
lighter  vehicles  which  carried  buyers  and  sellers  to  the 
different  markets.  1847  I)E  (JCINCLY  Sp.  Mil.  Niittv.  Wks. 
1853  III.  9  The  crowd  saluted  her  with  a  festal  roll,  long 
and  loud,  of  vivas.  1889  CONAN  DOYLE  M.  Clarke  3  The 
crash  of  guns,  like  the  deep  roll  of  a  breaking  wave. 

4.  A  rich  sonorous  or  rhythmical  flow  of  words 
in  verse  or  prose. 

1730-46  THOMSON  Autumn  17  Thy  tongue,  Devolving 
thro'  the  maze  of  eloquence  A  roll  of  periods,  sweeter  than 
her  song.  1858  FKOUDE  Hist.  Eng.  IV.  481  The  beautiful 
roll  of  its  language  mingles  with  the  memories  of  childhood. 
1868  TENNYSON  Lucretius  n  Fancy,  borne  perhaps  upon 
the  rise  And  long  roll  of  the  Hexameter,  1870  HUXLEY  Lay 
Serin,  iii.  (1874)  49  The  roll  of  Ciceronian  prose. 

5.  a.  Mns.  The  sounding  of  the  notes  of  a  chord 
in  rapid  succession ;  arpeggio.       1890  in  Cent.  Diet. 

b.  (See  quot.) 

1886  Appletorfs  Ann.  Cycl.  XI.  87  The  roll  is  the  most 
characteristic  of  all  the  canary-notes.  This  even  and  con 
tinuous  roll  is  as  perfect  as  the  trill  of  any  instrument. 

6.  An  undulation  or  swell  on  the  surface  of  land. 
1874  KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH  Rihblesdale   III.   153  Drained 

into  hollows  between  gentle  rolls  of  land.  1902  '  LINES 
MAN  '  Words  Eyewitness  285  As  she  looks  for  the  form  of 
her  absent '  man  '  across  the  great  yellow  rolls  of  the  veldt. 

7.  Mining.   (See  qtiots.) 

1831  GREENWELL  Coal-trade  Terms,  Northumb.  $  Dur/i., 
Roll',  see  Balk.  >86a  Min.  $  Smelting  Mag.  I.  313  'Swells', 
or  '  rolls  *,  and  '  nips ',  are  names  given  to  a  rising  up  in  the 
floor  of  a  coal  bed,  and  where  the  roof  and  the  floor  both 
swell  out,  so  as  to  reduce  the  thickness  of  the  bed.  1883 
Gi 
br 
h 

t  Roll,  sb$  Obs.  rare.  In  5  rolle,  6  roule. 
[a. OF.  roele^  roelle  (mod.F.  rotte/le],  dim.  of  roe, 
roue  wheel.]  A  flat,  circular  object ;  a  disk. 

c  1450  M.E.  Mcd.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  214  Tak  a  gret  rote  of 
radysche,  &  pare  hyt,  &  kytte  hyt  on  fyfty  Rounlettes,  . .  & 
on  be  morowe  eteixrolles  fastyngge.  1480  CAXTON  Myrr. 
in.  iv.  130  Thus,  .she  goth  til  she  be  al  rounde,  fayre,  and 
clere  in  semblaunce  of  a  rolle,  and  that  we  calle  the  ful  nione. 
c  1550  H.  LLOYI>  Treas.  Health.  N  vj.  To  cause  the  stone  to 
breke . . ,  make  ten  or  more  roules  of  Radyshes  rotes  [etc.]. 

Roll,  obs.  form  of  RdLE. 

tBoll,*.1  Obs.  Also  4-5  rolle.  [f.RuLL  j/i.i] 
To  enrol ;  to  write  (a  name,  etc.)  upon  a  roll, 
list,  or  register  ;  to  record  (a  statement  or  fact). 

1377  LANGL.  P,  PI,  B.  v.  278,  I  can  )>e  nou^te  assoille,Til 

bow  make  restitucioun. .,  And  sithen  tat  resoun  rolle  it  in  ^e 

,    regystre  of  hcuene.   'in  1400  Mart*  Arth.  2641  [Iam]Kydd 


|>; 
f 


ROLL. 

in  his  kalandcr  a  knyghte  of  his  chambyre,  And  rollede  the 
richeste  of  alle  be  Rounde  Table  !  £  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron. 
VIM.  xl.  6191  Of  archeris  thare  assemblid  were  Twenty 
thowsand,  that  rollyd  war.  c  1450  Cursor  M.  92  (Laud,  416), 
That  is  but  fantasy  of  this  world  As  yt  is  yn  many  boke 
rold.  1545  Keg'  Privy  Council  Scot.  1.  16  To  pas  to  Lauder 
..,and  ressave  the  gaidismusteris,.and  to  roll  thair  names. 
1597  SKKNE  DC  I'crb.Sign.  s.v.  Ballivus,  Quhen  the  Comp- 
ter  is  charged..  conforme  to  ane  former  compt.  rolled  of 
before.  1651  JEK.  TAYLOR  Serai,  for  Year  \.  (1678)  138 
None  of  you  all.,  ever  entered  into  this  house  of  Pleasure, 
but  he.  .had  his  name  roll'd  in  the  chamber  of  Death. 

absot.  1522  SKELTON  H'/ty  not  to  Court  191  He  rolleth  in 
his  recordes,  He  sayth,  How  saye  ye,  my  lordes?  Is  nat 
my  reason  good? 

Roll  O'^'l))  ^.-  Forms:  a.  3-7  rolle,  4-7 
role,  5  roily  11,  5-7  rol,  4  roll.  0.  5-7  roule, 
6-S  roul  (7  tool),  6-7  rowle,  6-8  (9)  rowl.  7. 
Sc:  (and  north.}  6  rou,  6-  row,  8-9  rowe,  9  ro. 
[ad.  OF.  rolcr,  roller,  router,  ^  1'rov.  rolar 
{rotlar\  $p.  rollar,  Pg.  rolar,  Catal.  rotolar, 
Jt.  rotolare  :—  pop.  L.  *rotitldre,  f.  rotnla,  dim.  of 
rota  wheel.  Hence  also  (M)Du.  and  G.  rollen, 
l-'risj.  rolje,  rolje,  LG.  ni/len,  Da.  ru/fe,  S\v.  m//a.] 

The  following  quotations  illustrate  the  Scottish  and 
northern  forms  :  — 

1513  Oouci..\s  .  A'wf/j-  i.  v.  72  Threty  king  tvvelfmonthis 
lowing  our.  1588  A.  KING  tr.  Canisiits'  Ciitcc/i.  97  To  rou 
?our  selfs  in  hair  claith.  1677  Lovers  Quarrel  153  in  Ha/1. 
l'..r.r.  II.  259  In  gold  and  .silver  tliou  shalt  row.  1725 
RAMSAY  Gentle  Skeph.  in.  ii,  A  fundling.  .Right  clean 
ruw'd  up.  1787  BURNS  Brigs  of  Ayr  120  In  mony  a  torrent 
down  the  snaw-broo  rowes.  i8a6j.WiLSON  AWif.^/wi/'.Wks. 
1855  I.  145  His  collie,  rowed  up  half  asleup.  1885  SIKAIH- 
tSK  More  Hits  ii,  A  clock  is  for  keeping  lime  if  it's  rowed  up. 
I.  Transitive  senses. 

1.  To  move   or  impel  forward  (an  object;  on  a 
surface  by  making  it  turn  over  and  over;  to  shift 
about,  to  send  down  to  a  lower  level,  etc.,  in  this 
manner.     Also  with  up  or  down,  rt?c<y,  etc. 

'  T375  ^V-  !'*-'£•  Saints  xlii.  (Agatha)  255  pane  bad  lie 
^chellis  8;  brynnand  cole  straw  in  be  flutirc,  ..  tv  nakyt 
|>;iru-ciie  hire  rul.  Ibid.  xlv.  (Christina)  -ji8  He..gert 

ours  \vicht  men  to  ga  bat  suld  rol  hire  to  it  fra.  1423 
J,\s.  I  KingisQ.  16^  So  mony  I  sawe  that  than  ijyinben 
wold,  And  failit  foting,  and  to  ground  were  rold.  1526 
TiNUALii  Murk  xvi,  3  Who  sliall  rolle  aw  aye  the  stone 
from  the  dore  off  the  sepulcre  V  1600  HOLLAND  Livy  XLII. 
II.  1124  They  rolled  downs  two  huge  stones,  whereof  the 
one  smote  the  King  upon  the  head.  1665  SIK  T.  HERBEKT 
Trav.  (1677)  154  An  Egg  that  fell  from  Heaven  into 
Kuphrates,  and  [was]  by  Fishes  rolled  on  Land.  1726 
SHELVOCKE  I'cy.  round  World  (1757)  406  They  rolled  our 
casks  down  to  the  boat,  but  always  expected  a  \\  bile  face  to 
assist  them.  1743  HULKELEY  &  CUMMINS  /  'oy.  S.  St-as  27  As 
Mr.  Cozens  was  rowling  up  a  steep  beech  a  Cask  of  Pease, 
he  found  it  too  heavy  for  him.  1832  MKS.  MAKCI.T  Seasons, 
Spring  (1847)  38  OlT  he  would  go,  rolling  alyiig  his  hoop, 
and  running  after  it.  1847  Act  10  ,y  11  I'ict.  c.  89  §  ^£ 
livery  Person  who  rolls  or  carries  any  Cask,  Tub,  Houp,  or 
Wheel..  upon  any  Footway. 

fig.  1581  R.  GOAUK  in  Con/,  in.  (1584)  Q  iiij,  You  heare 
his  answere,  this  stone  hath  bene  rpwled  enough.  1648  J. 
UICAUMONT  Psyche  !.  cxxxii,  Let  their  Wheels  in  any  Circle 
run  Uut  that  which  might  their  homage  roul  to  tliee  !  1651 
HODBKS  Lcviath.  in.  xxxiii.  201  He  had  rolled  oft"  from  the 
people  the  Reproach  of  Egypt.  1748  GRAY  Alliance  49 
Their  Arms,  their  Kings,  their  Gods  were  roll'd  away. 
1857  HKAVYSEGE  Saul  (1869)  186  How  light  the  heart  whose 
weight  is  from  it  rolled  I 

b.  To  drive  or  draw  (a  vehicle)  ;  to  wheel  (a 
cycle)  ;  to  move  by  means  of  rollers. 

1513  DOUGLAS  ^Sttt'is  v.  xii.  101  As  the  dirk  nycht  Rolfit 
his  cart  ourthwort  the  polis  brycht.  Ibid.  vi.  ix.  115  By 
horssis  four  furth  rollit  wes  his  chair.  1535  COVERDALE 
Jcr.  xlvi.  9  Get  you  to  horse  backe,  roll  forth  yc  Charettes. 
1598  SYLVESTER  Dtt  Bartas  n.  i.  in.  Furies  268  Already 
all  rowle-on  their  steely  Cars  On  thl  ever-shaking,  .bars  Of 
Stygian  Bridge.  1648  HEXHA.M  ii.  s.  v.  Rol,  Rolcrs  where 
with  a  ship  is  Roled  into  the  water,  or  into  a  haven.  1843 
THACKERAY  I/aggarty's  Wife  Wks.  1898  IV.  499  Isn't  he 
the  most  famous  physician  in  Dublin,  and  doesn't  he  rowl  his 
carriage  there  ?  1894  OiftiuffXXIV.  291/1  He  carried  a  lan 
tern  and  I  rolled  the  wheel  over  a  fair  road  and  a  large  dike. 

c.  To  convey  in  a  wheeled  vehicle, 

1778  W.  PRYCE  Min,  Cornnb.  146  Room  to  roll  back  the 
broken  deads  in  a  wheel-barrow.  1842  LOVEK  Handy  A  ndy 
xxi,  The  gig  is  round  the  corner,  and  the  little  black  mare 
will  roll  us  over  in  no  time.  1889  BARRIE  Window  in  Thrums 
ii,  He'll  be  to  row  the  minister's  luggage  to  the  post-cart. 

d.  To  cover  (a  distance")  by  cycling. 

1893  Oitti»ffX\Vl.  361/1,  1  had  rolled  off  seventy-seven 
miles  from  Allahabad. 

e.  absol.  To  bowl  ;  to  play  at  bowls. 
Cf.  ROLLING  vhl.  sb?  i,  quot.  1583. 

a  1864  HAWTHORNE  Amer.  Note-bks.  291  There  is  a  bowl- 
ing-alley  on  the  island,  at  which  some  of  the  young  fisher 
men  were  rolling. 

2.  To  form  into  a  mass  by  turning  over  and 
over;  to  pile  up  in  this  manner.     Alsoyf^. 

1547-64  BAULDWIN  Mor.  Philos.  (Palfr.)  97  Death.. 
rouleth  both  rich  and  poore  folke  together.  1553  EDLN 
Treat.  Newe  Ind.  (Arb.)  13  They  rowled  before  them  a 
bulwarke  or  countremure  of  earth.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr. 
Le  Blanc's  Trav.  106  The  tide,  .flowes  with  such  fury  and 
impetuosity,  as  it  were  mountains  rolled  up  in  water.  1667 
MILTON  P.L.  vi.  594  Down  they  fell  By  thousands,  Angel 
on  Arch-Angel  rowl'd,  The  sooner  for  thir  Arms.  1757  Wi 
WILKIE  Epigoniad  v.  122  Round  the  Theban  walls,  Heaps 
roll'd  on  heaps,  the  mingled  forest  falls.  1890  HOSMEK 
An^lo-Sax.  Freedom  360  The  enormousness  of  the  might 
which  the  autocrat  of  all  the  Russia*  is  so  rapidly  rolling  up. 
1892  P.  H.  EMERSON  Son  of  Fens  13  The  rollers  are  women 
who  roll  barley  into  ridges  or  tie  the  wheat. 


BOLL. 

tb.  To  form  (the  brow)  into  wrinkles.  Obs~v 
1635-56  COWLEY  Davidcis  i.  130  Thrice  did  he  knock  his 
iron  teeth,  thrice  howl,  And  into  frowns  his  wrathful  fore 
head  rowl. 

3.  To   drive  or  cause  to   flow  onward   with   a 
rolling  or  sweeping  motion.     Also  with  down. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ii.  583  Farr  off  from  these. .Lethe 
the  River  of  Oblivion  roules  her  watrie  Labyrinth.  1697 
DRYDEN  I'irg.  Georg.  m.  544  Where  proud  Ister  rouls  his 
yellow  Sand.  1726-46  THOMSON  Winter  876  Where.., 
fring'd  with  roses,  TengHo  rolls  his  stream,  They  draw  the 
copious  fry.  tygt  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart  (1837)  1.  vii.  iyo 
The  river  rolls  its  waves  below  me  of  a  turbid  blood  colour. 
i8oz  Kdin.  A't7'.  I.  208  A  river  rolls  down  materials  from. 
every  part  of  its  channel.  1843  TENNYSON  Lockslcy  Hail 
1 86  Mother-Age.. help  me  as  when  life  begun:  Rift  the 
hills,  and  roll  the  waters.  1931  Daily  Express  21  Mar.  5/6 
Thames  rolls  the  highest  tide  for  two  years. 

/•(.;//.  1704  The  Sci/wl  xxxv,  So  Swelling  Billows,  when 
the  Tempest  cease,  Foaming  a  while,  they  rowl  themselves 
to  peace.  1784  COWPEK  Task  n.  145  The  waters  of  the  deep 
shall  rise,  And . .  Shall  roll  themselves  ashore. 
fig.  1656  COWLEY  Pindar.  Odes,  Praise  of  Pindar  ii, 
So  Pindar  does  new  Words  and  Figures  roul  Down  his 
impetuous  Dithyrambique  Tide.  1833  TENNYSON  Dream 
Fair  Women  xlvii,  Hearing  the  holy  organ  rolling  waves 
Cf  sound  on  roof  and  floor  Within. 

b.  To  cause  (smoke,  etc.)  to  ascend  in  rolls. 
1743  FRANCIS  Horace's  Odes  i.  i.  5  In  clouds  th1  Olympic 

dust  to  roll,  To  turn  with  kindling  wheels  the  goal.  1840 
HAWIHOKNI;  niagr.  Sk.  (1879.)  173  The  hearth,  .heaped  with 
logs  that  roll  their  blaze  and  smoke  up  :i  chimney.  1887 
HOVVEN  sE>it:id  n,  758  Fierce  fire  by  the  wind  to  the  rafters 
is  rolled. 

c.  To  bring  ///  (wind)  copiously. 

1897  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  III.  474  He. .sits  up  in  hed, 
and  rolls  up  wind,  belching  it  forth  boisterously  for  many 
minutes. 

4.  transf.  fa.    To  roll  up,  to  recite  rapidly.  Obs. 
1538  TINUALI;  Obed.  Chr.  Man.  81  b,  It  is  ynough  yf  thou 

canst  rowle  vpp  a  payre  of  matenses  or  an  even-songe  and 
mumell  a  few  ceremonies.  1591  G.  Fi. ETCHER  Rttsse  Continw. 
(Hakl.)  121  The  boyes  that  are  in  the  church  answere  all 
with  one  voyce,  rowling  it  up  so  fast  as  their  lippes  can  go. 
b.  To  utter,  give  forth  i^words,  etc.),  with  a 
full,  rolling  sound  or  tone.  Chiefly  with  out. 

1561  Houv  tr.  distigiione's  Courtyer  i.  E  iv,  Yf  in  singing 
he  roule  out  but  a  playne  note.  1589  K.  HARVEY  PI.  Perc. 
(1590)  16  A  Preacher,  if  his  conceipt  be  anything  swift,  that 
he  can  rolle  it  in  the  pulpit,  must  haue  his  reader  at  his 
elbow  to  fauor  his  voice.  1703  tr.  Le  dele's  Prim. 
J-'at/icrs  289  To  seek  to  be  Admired  by  the  ignorant  Vulgar, 
by  rowling,  as  it  were,  some  words,  and  reciting  with  an 
extraordinary  swiftness.  18x4  SoUTHKY  Carntcit  Tri.  xvi. 
The  happy  bells,  from  every  town  and  tower,  Roll  their 
glad  peals  upon  the  joyful  wind.  1850  THACKEKAY  Pcn- 
dennis  xvi[ij,  Pen,,  .who  was  a  very  excitable  person,  rolled 
out  these  verses  in  his  rich  sweet  voice,  which  trembled 
with  emotion. 
o.  To  pronounce  or  sound  with  a  trill. 

1846  O.  W.  HOLMES  Rhymed  Lesson  Poet.  Wks.  (1895)  50 
Don't,  like  a  lecturer  or  dramatic  star,  Try  over-hard  to  roll 
the  liritish  R.  1850  THACKEKAY  Pendennts  xxvii[ij,  Roll 
ing  out  his  r  with  Gascon  force. 

6.  To  turn  round  on  (or  as  on)  an  axis ;  to 
cause  to  revolve  or  rotate ;  to  turn  over  and  over 
in  something  or  between  the  hands ;  also,  to  carry 
round  in  revolving. 

c  1400  Brut  253  pai . .  toke  a  spete  of  Copur  brennyng,  & 
put  hit  J'rou?  ^e  home  into  his  body,  and  oftetymes  rollede 
benvijj  his  bowailes.  £1430  Two  Cookery-bks.  45  pan  rolle 
|»in  stuf  in  ^>ln  hond,  &  couche  it  in  be  cakys.  1530 
PALSGK.  693/1,  I  rolle  a  thyng  bytwene  my  hande>,  je 
ronlle.  1535  Co\  EKUALE  Lam.  iii.  16  He  hath,  .rolled  me  in 
the  dust.  1614  MAKKHAM  Cheap^  Husb.  i.  iii,  A  branch  or 
two  of  Saven  anointed  or  rold  in  butter.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  vn.  499  Now  Heav'n  in  all  her  Glorie  shon,  and 
rowld  Her  motions.  1736  OKAY  Statins  \,  41  And  now  in 
dust  the  polish'd  ball  he  roll'd.  1799  WORDSW.  A  slumber 
did  my  spirit  seal  7  No  motion  has  she  now,.  .She  neither 
hears  nor  sees  ;  Rolled  round  in  earth's  diurnal  course. 
ftg.  <ri4oo  in  Tundalc's  fis.  (1843) I21  Thus  gud  feyth  is 
rolled  up^o  downe. 

rejl,  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie 's  Hist.  Scot.  \,  152  That 
he  mycht..\vith  the  gretter  confidence  row  him  selfe  in  al 
filihines.  1611  BIULU  Micah  i.  10  In  the  house  of  Aphrah 
rowle  thy  selfe  in  the  dust.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776) 
IV.  in  The  porcupine .  .is  said  to  roll  itself  upon  the 
serpent,  and  thu.^  destroy  and  devour  it.  1796  H.  HUNTER 
St.-Picrre's  Stud.  Nat.  (1799)  III.  341  A  mountain  of  water 
which  approached  us  from  the  Sea,  rolling  itself  over  and 
over.  1864  TENNYSON  En.  Arden  823  As  the  year  Roll'd 
itself  round  again  to  meet  the  day  When  Knoch  had 
return'd. 

b.  In  literal  renderings  of  Heb.  gafal* 

1560  BIBLE  (Geneva)  Ps.  xxii.  8  He  trusted  \marg.  roled] 
m  the  Lord.  1611  Ibid.,  He  trusted  [ware1,  rolled  himselfe] 
on  the  Lord. — Ps.  xxxvii.  5  marg.^  Rofie  thy  way  vpon 
the  Lord.  1637  SANDERSON  Serin.  (1681)  II.  88  Roll  thy 
self  then  upon  His  Providence,  and  repose  thy  self,  -upon 
His  promises.  1659  HAMMOND  On  Ps.  cxxxi.  3  To  roll  and 
repose  themselves  wholly  upon  God. 

C.  Naitt.  Of  vessels ;  To  cast  (masts,  etc.) 
overboard,  to  submerge  (tackle,  etc.),  by  rolling. 

1633  T.  JAMES  \>'oy.  107  Shee  would  haue  rowled  her  Masts 
by  the  boord.  1799  Naval  Chro n.  I.  11  One  of  the  store 
ships  rolled  away  her  masts.  1805  in  Nicolas  Disp.  Nelson 
(1846)  VII.  168  note,  The  Santa  Anna  rolled  over  all  her 
lower  m;tbts.  1868  U.S.  Reft,  Munit.  War  266  Three  times 
.  .did  the  ship  roll  her  main  chains  right  under,  and  threw 
the  water  on  the  upper  deck.  1882  NAKES  Seamanship 
198  Booms,  .have  been,  .rolled  overboard  off  the  yards. 

d.  To  cause  to  swing  or  sway  from  side  to  side. 

1804  J.  GKAHAME  Sabbath  2  As  his  stiff  unwieldy  bulk 
he  rolls,  His  iron-ann'd  hoofs  gleam  in  the  morning  ray. 
1836  SIR  G.  HEAD/frttM  TourzoS  Whenever,  .he  gave  the 


758 

emphatic  word  of  command  '  Row!  her  '  the  crowd. -trotted 
across  the  deck.  1904  \Vestin.  Gaz.  16  Aug.  8/1  The  crew 
.  .then  tried  the  old  whalers'  dodge  of  rolling  the  ship  with 
all  hands. 

rtfl.  1848  DICKENS  Donil-ey  xxxiv,  Then  she. .resumed 
her  chair,.. and  rolling  herself  from  side  to  side,  continued 
moaning  and  wailing  to  herself. 

e.  To  cause  to  fall  and  turn  over  by  means  of 
a  blow,  shot,  etc. ;  to  bowl  over, 

1850  R.  G.  Ci'MMiNG  Hunter's  Life  S.  Afr.  (ed.  2)  I.  154, 
I  got  within  range,  and  with  a  single  ball  I  rolled  him  over 
in  the  dust.  1888  HENTY  Cornet  of  Horse  xii,  F'alliugback 
under  a  tremendous  fire,  which  rolled  over  men  and  horse>. 

6.  fig.  f  a.  To  turn  over  in  discourse.    Obs. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  v.  1061  O  yrolled  schal  I  be  on 
many  a  lunge  ;  Thurgh-oute  be  worlde  my  belle  schalbe 
runge. 

b.    To   revolve,  turn   over   (a   matter)   in  the 
mind  ;  f  to  consider,  meditate  upon  (something). 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Bocth.  m.  met.  xi.  (1868)  100  Lat  hyin  wcl 
examine  and  rolle  witli  innehyni  self  the  nature  and  the  pro- 
pretes  of  the  thing,  c  1386  —  Pard.  T.  839  Ful  ofte  in  herte 
he  rollelh  vp  and  doun'l'he  beautee  of  thise  floryns.  c  1400  in 
Babees  Bk,  (1868)  333  Rolle  faste  this  reasoun  &  thynke 
wele  on  bis  clause.  1513  DOUGLAS  sKneis  v.  xi.  12  Juno,.. 
Rolling  in  mynd  full  inony  cankarit  bloik,  Has  send  adown 
..  Iris,  a  1586  SIDNEY  lys.  xxxv.  ii,  Those  wrong  doers. .for 
my  hurt  each  way  their  thoughtes  did  roule.  1687  H. 
RANDOLPH  Archipelago  36  We  resolved  on  an  excuse,  after 
rowling  a  great  many.  1710  SWIKT  Let.  9  Sept.  (Stager), 
1  came  home  rolling  resentments  in  my  mind  and  framing 
schemes  of  revenge.  1855  TEN  NVSOX  Brook  19880  Lawrence 
Aylmer,.. rolling  in  his  mind  Old  waifs  of  rhyme,. -Mused 
and  was  mute. 

7.  To  turn  (the  eyes)  in  different  directions  with 
a  kind  of  circular  motion. 

1513  DOUGLAS  ^Eneis  x.  viii.  23  On  Turnus  to  behald, 
Our  all  his  bustuus  body,  as  he  wald,  Rollyng  liys  eyn. 
4-1550  RHODES  Bk.  Nurture  174  in  Babccs  Bk.  (i86B)  76 
When  thou  shalt  speake  to  any  man,  role  not  to  faste  thyne 
eyu.  1593  SHAKS.  Lncr.  368  About  he  walks,  Rolling  his 
greedy  eyeballs  in  hLs  liead.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  616  | 
Bred  onelyand  completed  to  the  taste  Of  lustful  appetence, 
to.  .troule  the  Tongue,  and  roule  the  Eye.  1697  DRYUKN 
yirg.  Gt-org.  in.  658  He.. leaps  upon  the  Ground;  And 
hissing  rowls  his  glaring  Kye3  around.  1781  COWPKK 
Expost.  53  They. .  roll'd  the  wanton  eye,  And  sigh'd  for 
ev'ry  fool  that  flutter'd  by.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tout's 
C.  viii.  63  Sam,  however,  preserved  an  immovable  gravity, 
only,  .rolling  up  lib  eyes. and  giving.. droll  glances.  1899 
AllbntCs  Syst.  Mai.  VII.  512  It  was  observed  that  'he 
rolled  his  eyes  '. 

8.  To  coii  round  and  round  upon  itself  or  about 
an  axis  ;  to  form  into  a  roll  or  a  ball ;  to  wind,    i 
ibid,  or  curl  up.      Alsoyfg'. 

1526  TISDALE  Rev.  vi.  14  Heven  vanysshed  awaye,  as  a 
scroll  when  hitt  is  rolled  togedder.  1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  I '/, 
in.  i.  228  As  the  Snake,  roll'd  in  a  flowring  Banke,  With 
.shining  checkered  slough.  1728  CHAMBEKS  Cycl.  s.v.. 
Ribbonds,  however,  and  Laces,  Galloons,  and  Padua's  of 
all  Kinds,  are  thus  roll'd.  1791  '  ( '•  GAMBADO  '  Annals  of 
Horsem.  v.  (1809)  87  The  genteelest  method  of  rolling, 
strapping,  and  carrying  their  great  coats.  1796  WITHERING 
tint,  PI.  (ed.  3)  I.  386  Oval  spots  underneath  the  points  of 
the  leaf,  which  are  rolled  back.  1844  II.  Srni'iiKNS  Bk. 
Farm  III.  886  She  then  begins  to  roll  the  fleece  from  the 
tail  towards  the  neck.  1859  GEO.  ELIOT  A.  Bcde  xxxii,  '  I 
can't  speak  to  that/  said  Airs.  Poyser,  in  a  hard  voice, 
rolling  and  unrolling  her  knitting.  1893  LELAND  Jlfew.  I. 
224  She  rolled  us  each  a  cigarette. 

fig~  x*>5°  HUBUEKT  /'ill  Formality  189  The  very  bowels 
of  heaven  been  rowled  together,  and  turned  towards  you. 
1862  MRS.  RiDDELL6Y/y<y  J>'w£«r^2i6(Hoppe),  You  talk  like 
a  saint  and  a  philosopher  rolled  into  one.  1867  FREEMAN 
Norm.  Cony.  (1877)  I.  App.  768  Rolling  together  the 
Roman  pilgrimage  of  Cnut,  the  marriage  of  Gunhild,  and 
the  Italian  expedition  of  Conrad.  1887  Spectator  26"  Feb. 
287/2  Housemaid,  butler,  and  footman  rolled  into  one. 

refl.  1753  CHAMBERS  Cjr/.  Snpfl.  s.  v.  Lt-a/,  Rcvolittc 
tcaf, , .  a  leaf,  the  upper  part  of  which  rolls  itself  downward. 
1860  WARTER  Sea-board  II.  298  They  shut  themselves  up 
like  hedgehogs,  or  roll  themselves  into  a  hall. 

b.  With  np.  Also  Sc.  (in  form  row},  to  wind 
up  (a  clock). 

*53<>  PALSGK.  537/1, 1  enrolle,  I  rolle  up  a  writyng,  or  any 
other  thyng  rounde.  1608  TOI'SELL  Serpents  (1658)  789  They 
take  a  Spiders  web,  rolling  the  same  up  on  a  round  heap  like 
a  ball.  1671  GRKW  Anat.  PI.  (1684)  32  The  Labels  [of  fern 
are]  all  rowled  up  to  the  main  Stem.  17*5  Fam.  Diet.  s.v. 
Paste,  Afterwards  spread  it  \sc.  paste]  upon  a  Dish, ..and 
roll  it  up  in  large  Rolls.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Leaf, 
Instead  of  being  plaited,  they  are  rolled  up.  1837  LOCK- 
HART6V<7//  I.  ii,  74  The  most  venerable  figure  I  "had  ever 
set  my  eyes  on— tall  and  erect,  with,  .stockings  rolled  up 
over  his  knees.  1848  DICKENS  Dombey  xviii,  Rolling  up  j 
his  bed  Into  a  pillow. 

fig.  1609  B.  JOSSON  Masque  of  Qucenes  Wks.  (1616)  947  j 
To  rowle  up  how  many  miles  you  haue  rid.  1877  BHYANT  j 
A  Rain-dream  i,  As  the  slow  wind  is  rolling  up  the  storm.  ! 
1895  United  Service  Mag.  July  429  'Die  overwhelming  I 
force,  .could  not  fail  to.  .roll  up  the  Egyptian  Army  from  I 
that  point. 

rtfl.  X774  GOLIJSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  VII.  303  They  all,    i 
when  touched,  contract  themselves,  rolling  themselves  up 
like  a  balU     1834  Penny  Cycl.  II.  353/2  Its.. only  defence 
when  frightened  or  surprised,  is  to  roll  itself  up. 
C.  Const,  about,  on,  upon,  round, 

1530  PALSGR,  693/1  Rotle  this  towayle  aboute  your  legge. 
1683  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.i  Printing  xi.  P  9  A  round 
Wooden-Rowler  or  Barrel.,  j  to  contain  so  much  of  the 
Girt  as  shall  be  rowled  upon  it.  1697  DAMI-IEK  l-'oy.  (1729) 
IV.  x.  199  The  Women.,  wear  dried  Thongs  of  the  Sheeps 
Skins  rouled  round  their  Legs.  1753  J.  BAKTLET  Gentt. 
Farriery  (1754)  244  Rags  ..  may  be  rowled  on.  1868 
TENNYSON  Lucretius  82  Then  would  I  cry  to  thee  To., 
roll  .thy  tender  arms  Round  him. 


ROLL. 

0.  To  wrap,  envelop,  or  enfold  in  something; 
to  wrap  about  with  something.  Also  cllipt. 

c  1420  Li/'tr  Cocorum  (1862)  38  Rere  a  cofyne  of  flowre  so 
frc,  Rolle  in  bo  lampray.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  311/1  To  Rolle, 

'i  to  falde  or  to  lappe.     1530  PAI.SGU.  693/1  His  arme  was 


rolled  aboute  with  grene  sarcenet.  1588  HICKOCK  in  Hak- 
luyt  Voy.  (1599)  II.  220  Comming  out  of  the  water,  she 
rowleth  herselfe  into  a  yellow  cloth  of  foureteene  braces  long. 


1615  PUKCHAS  Pilgrimage^  VHI.  vi.  639  Their  Kings,  whose 
bodies  are.  .lapped  in  white  skinnes,  and  rowled  in  mats. 
1721  RAMSAY  Morning  Interview  88  The  nymph . .  rolls  her 
gentle  limbs  in  morning-gown.  1787  PEARSON  in  Med. 
Comm.  II.  136  The  belly  was  rolled  as  usual.  1833 
TENNYSON  Two  Voices  156  What  time  the  foeinan's  line 
is  broke,  And  all  the  war  is  roll'd  in  smoke.  1861  C.  READE 
Cloister  t(  //.  Ixiv,  Gerard  rolled  himself  in  the  bed-clothes. 

b.  With  up. 

1602  MAKSTON  Ant.  $  Mel.  i.  Wks.  1856  I.  10  Could  not 
the  fretting  sea  Have  row  I'd  me  up  in  wrinkles  of  his 
browe?  1607  CHAPMAN  Bitssy  d'Awfois  in.  ii,  Like  a 
Rippiers  legs  rowl'd  vp  in  bootes  of  haie  ropes,  ft  1756 
ELIZA  HEY  WOOD  New  Present  (1771)  262  Rolling  it  up  dry 
in  another  clean  cloth.  1799  U  NDERWOOD  Dis.  Children 
(ed.  4)  II.  112  Keeping  the  fractured  ends  of  the  bones 
apposed  to  each  other  without  rolling  up  the  arm  so  tight 
as  to  occasion  pain. 

10.  To  spread  out  (paste)  with  a  rolling-pin ;  to 
level  or  smooth  (ground)  with  a  roller;  to  render 
compact,  smooth,  or  Hat  by  means  of  pressure  with 
a  cylinder.     Also  with  ouf. 

c  1430  Two  Cookery-bks.  46  Rolle  it  on  a  horde  also  J'inne 
as  parchement.  1523  FITZHEKB.  I{u$b.  §  15  They  vse  to  role 
tlieyr  barley-grounde  after  a  shoure  of  rayne.  1573  TtssEK 
Ififsb.  (1878)  99  Some  rowleth  their  barlie  straight  after  a 
raine.  1669  WORUDGB  Syst.  Agric.  (1681)  270  You  may 
now  rowl  Wheat,  if  the  weather  prove  dry.  1710  STEELE 
Tatler  No.  203  p  8  He  may  have  Grass-plots  in  the 
greatest  Perfection,  if  he  will.,  water,  mow,  and  roll  them. 
1786  ABERCROMBIE  Card.  Assist.  92  Clean  and  roll  gravel 
walks,  and  pole,  roll,  and  mow  the  grass  lawns.  1837 
PC nny  Cycl.  VII.  503/1  It  [sc.  the  copper]  is  then  cut.  .into 
pieces,  .of  the  required  weight,  which  are  heated  in  the 
muffle  and  rolled  out.  1866  CRUMP  Banking  x.  227  The 
gold  bars  are  rolled  cold  to  the  thickness  of  the  coin.  1891 
W.  G.  GRACE  Cricket  270  The  captain  should  see  that  the 
pitch  is  carefully  and  thoroughly  rolled. 

absol.  1801  Fanner's  J\fag.  Apr.  128  Then  harrow  and 
roll  repeatedly;  hand-picking  as  before. 

b.  To  reduce  (stone  or  rock)  to  a  smooth, 
rounded  form  by  propulsion  in  flowing  water  and 
consequent  attrition. 

1811  PINKERTON  Pctral.  II.  90  As  those  blocks,  .appeared 
to  me  rolled,  I  asked  if  they  had  been  found  in  the  beds  of 
rivers,  1833  LYELL  Prlnc.  Geol.  III.  265  Columns  of  basalt 
being  undermined  and  carried  down.. the  river,  and  in  the 
course  of  a  few  miles  rolled  to  sand  and  pebbles. 
II.  Intransitive  senses. 

11.  To  move  by  revolving  or  rotating  on  (or  as 
on)  an  axis ;  to   move  forward  on  a  surface  by 
turning  over  and  over.    Also  with  advs.,  as  a/on^, 
down^J'ortk,  round. 

13. .  Caw.  ,5-  Gr.  Knt.  428  pe  fayre  hede.  .felle  to  J?e  erj?e, 
pat  fele  hit  fpyned  wyth  her  fete,  |>ere  hit  forth  roled.  1390 
GOWKR  Con/'.  III.  216  Me  thoglite  I  sih  a  harli  cake,  Which 
fro  the  Hull,  .cam  rollende  doun  atones.  1485  CAXTON  St. 
II  'enefryde  3  The  hede  rolled  doun  to  the  chirche  dore. 
1533  UDALL  Floures  nib,  [Sisyphus]  coulde  neuer  cause  it 
to  lye,  but  that  it  rolled  downe  to  the  hylles  foote  agayne 
immediately.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  I7,  in.  vi.  38  Her  foot.. is 
fixed  upon  a  Sphericall  Stone,  which  rowles,  and  rowles, 
and  rowle.s.  a  1616  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Wit  without  M.  v.  iii, 
My  head's  a  Hogshead  still,  it  rowls  and  tumbles.  1681 
CHETHAM  Angler's  Vade-tn.  xxvii.  (1689)  157  The  Lead 
dragging  and  rowling  on  the  Ground.  1738  tr.  Guasso's 
Art  Confers.  145  Round  me  circling  Pleasures  rowl.  1786 
tr.  Beckford's  Vathek  (1883)  36  Being  both  short  and 
plump,  he  collected  himself  into  a  ball,  and  rolled  round  on 
all  sides.  1812  CKABBE  Tales  \x.  09  Like  Pluto's  iron  drop, 
hard  sign  of  grace,  It  slowly  roll  d  upon  the  rueful  face. 
1836  DtCKEHS/Vafrv.  vii,  The  hall.,  rolled  between  his  legs. 
1887  BOWEN  sEtu'id  vi.  181  Massive  ash-trees  roll  from  the 
mountains  down  the  descent. 

b.  To  advance  with  an  easy,  soft,  or  undulating 
motion.  Alsoyi^. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  (Dub!.  MS.)  794*  He  als  rekyndly 
ran,  rolland  hym  vnder,  As  he  f?e  sadyll  hed  sewyd 
seuenten  wynter.  1586  B.  YOUNG  Gnazzjs  Civ.  Conv.  iv. 
221  According  to  the  Prouerhe,  The  tongue  rolles  there 
where  the  teeth  aketh.  1607  TOI'SELL  Four-f.  Beasts 
(1658)  452  The  poor  distressed  panther  rowled  after  him  in 
humble  manner.  1697  DUYIJEN  Virg.  Georg.  in.  649  In  fair 
Calabria's  \Voo_ds  a  Snake  is  bred..  :  Waving  he  rolls,  and 
makes  a  winding  Track.  1736  GRAY  Statita  vi.  26  A 
shining  border  round  the  margin  roll'd.  1827  CARLVI.IC  Misu. 
(1857)  1.  10  Rolling  after  it  in  many  a  snaky  twine. 
O.  Of  vehicles :  To  move  or  run  on  wheels. 

a  1721  PRIOR  Down  Ifall  58  Into  an  old  Inn  did  this 
Kquipage  roll  At  a  Town  they  call  Hodsdon.  1803  LE- 
MAISTKE  Sketch  Mod.  Paris\\\.  49  No  carriage  was  allowed 
to  roll  that  evening.  1843  LE  FEVRE  Life  Trav.  Pliys.  \\.  x. 
III.  4  Carriages,  .roll  round  and  round,  till  they  have  been 
fully  seen  by  the  public.  1860  THACKEKAV  Round.  Papers^ 
Thorns  in  Cushion^  The  carriages  of  the  nobility  and  guests 
roll  back  to  the  West. 

12.  a.  To  wander,  roam,  travel  or  move  about. 


And  yet  to  comfort  is  no  whit  the  neere.  1639  S.  Du 
VERGER  tr.  Camns  Adinir.  Events  311  Hee  begun  to  rowle 
up  &  down  from  house  to  house,  &  to  visit  the  neighbour 
hood.  17*6  LEONI  Alberti's  Archit.  I.  100/1  A  Trumpet  if 
.  .too  big,  does  not  give  a  clear  sound,  because  the  air  has 
room  to  rowl  about  in  it.  1867  LATHAM  Black  <y  White 
8y  The  'Johnnies'  who  wounded  or  unwouuded  came 


ROLL. 

rolling  home.  1886  STEVENSON  Kidnapped  284  You  have 
rolled  much.  .;  what  parish  in  Scotland,  .has  not  been  filled 
with  your  wanderings? 

b.   To  roll  up,  to  congregate,  gather,  assemble. 
slang  (orig.  Anstr^}. 

1887  FARRELL  Hoiu  He  Died  26  The  miners  all  rolled  up 
to  see  the  fun.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Miner's  Right 
(1899)  47/1  They  would  'roll  up',  so  successfully  that  a 
crowd,  .would,  on  the  appointed  day,  be  seen  marching.. 
down  the  main  street. 

C.  To  roll  into,  to  pitch  into  ;  spec,  to  thrash  or 
drub  (one).  Austr.  and  ^7.^. 

1890  '  R.  RoLDKKvrooD*  A  fitter's  Kigfit  xxvi,  If  somebody 
had  'rolled   into  me'  or  v  fee  versa,  it  was  doubtless  my 
own  affair.      1901  Scribners  Mag.  XXIX.  500/1  Put  her 
kites  on  and  let  her  roll  into  it. 
d.    U.S.   To  roll  out  :  (see  quot.). 

1872  Dr.  VERE  Americanisms  223  To  rollout  .  .means,  .to 
begin  a  journey  or  commence  an  enterprise. 

13.  To  ride  or  travel  in  a  carriage. 

1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  x.  v.  3  The  mone  intUl  hyr..cart 
of  nycht  Held  rolland  throw  the  hevynnis  myddil  ward. 
1754  GRAY  Pleasure  Vicissitude  67  Mark  where  Indolence 
and  Pride..  Go,  softly  rolling  side  by  side,  Their  dull  but 
daily  round.  1806  A.  HUNTER  Cw//««  (ed.  3)  135  Providence 
has  appointed  few  to  roll  in  carriages.  1855  KINGSLKY 
Glaitctts  i  You  are  going  down  by  railway,,  .and  as  you  roll 
along  [etc.], 

b.  To  be  carried,  or  move,  upon  flowing  water. 


1672  MARVELI,  Reh.  Transp.  i.  307  They  rowl'd  on  a 
flood  of  wealth.  1697  DRVDEN  IJirg.  Georg.  \.  418  When.  . 
cakes  of  rustling  Ice  come  rolling  down  the  Flood.  1725 
POPE  Odyssey  v.  469  Planks,  Beams,  dis-parted  fly  ;  the 
scatter'd  wood  Rolls  diverse,  and  in  fragments  strows  the 
tlood.  1827  POI.LOK  Course  T.  x.  20  Rolling  along  the  tide 
of  fluent  thought. 

14.  Of  time  or  seasons:  To  elapse;  to  move  on 
or  round',  to  pass  over  or  away.     Also  fg.  and 
with  compl.  (quot.  1808). 

1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  i.  v.  72  Than  the  3pung  child.. 
Threty  lai'.g  twelfmonthis  rowing  our  sal  be  king.  1639  S. 
Du  VERGER  tr.  Camus'  Admir.  Events  306  Thus  rowles 
the  event  of  humane  things.  1697  DRYDEN  l^irg.  Past.  iv. 
7  Saturnian  times  Rowl  round  again.  1738  GRAY  Proper- 
tins  iii.  38  Measured  out  the  year,  and  bad  the  seasons  roll. 
1788  GIBBON  Decl.  <y  F.  \.  V.  174  Generations  and  ages 
might  roll  away  in  silent  oblivion.  1808  SCOTT  Munition  vi. 
Introd.  25  When  the  year  its  course  had  roll'd,  And  brought 
blithe  Christinas  back  again.  1821  CLARK  VHI,  Atinstr. 
I.  4  Thus  labour's  early  days  did  rugged  roll.  1883  S.  C. 
HALL  Retrospect  II.  461  Years  rolled  on  and  developed  her 
intellectual  power. 

b.  To  succeed,  follow  on.    rare~l. 

1838  LYTTON  Alice  ix.  ii,  Still  day  rolled  on  day  and  no 
tidings. 

•j-O.  (See  quot.  1702.)    Obs. 

1702  Milit.  Diet.  s.  v.  To  Roul^  Officers  of  equal  quality, 
who  mount  the  same  Guards,  and  do  the  same  Duty,  re 
lieving  one  another,  are  said  to  Roul  ;  as  Captains  with 
Captains,  and  Subalterns  with  Subalterns.  1737  Common 
Sense  I.  161  No  gentleman  in  the  Army  would  have  rowlcd 
upon  Duty  with  such  pitiful  Officers.  1799  Triumph  of 
Benevolence  II.  412  They  refused  to  roll  with  him,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  sell  out. 

15.  Of  the  heavenly  bodies  :  To  perform  a  period 
ical  revolution.     Alsoy??; 

1604  T.  WRIGHT  Passions  vi.  319  A  stone  by  nature  is 
inclined  to  descend,  and  the  Sunne  to  rowle  about  the 
world.  1699  GARTH  Dispens.  in.  25  The  Earth  has  rowl'd 
twelve  annual  turns,  and  more.  1713  BERKELEY  Guardian 
No.  14,  The  earth,  .constantly  rolls  about  the  sun,  and  the 
moon  about  the  earth.  1781  COWPER  Charity  317  Philo 
sophy.  .Sees  planetary  wonders  smoothly  roll  Round  other 
systems  under  her  control.  1842  BORROW  Bible  in  Spain 
xxiv,  The  sun  was  rolling  high  in  the  firmament. 

transf.    1601  DANIEL  To  C'tessCumbl,  95  Wks.  (Grosart) 
I.  206  The  centre  of  this  world,  about  the  which  These 
reuolutions  of  disturbances  Still  roule. 
b.  With  compl.  To  traverse  in  revolving. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  VIM.  19  The  Firmament.  .And  all  her 
numberd  Starrs,  that  seem  to  rowle  Spaces  incomprehens 
ible.  c  174*  GRAY  Ignorance  n  Thrice  hath  Hyperion 
roll'd  his  annual  race. 

16.  Of  seas,  rivers,  etc.  :  To  flow  with  an  un 
dulating  motion  ;  to  move  in  a  full,  swelling,  or 
impetuous  manner,     -f  Also,  to  liquefy,  melt. 

1565  COOPER  T/tesaxrus  s.v.  Volutus,  A  waue  rollynge 
towarde  the  bankes.  1590  SPENSER  F.Q.  n.  i.  24  Through 
midst  thereof  a  little  river  rpld.  1610  G.  FLETCHER 
Christ's  Viet,  xii,  If  her  clowdie  browe  but  once  growe 
foule,  The  flints  doe  melt,  and  rocks  to  water  rowle.  1697 
DKYDEN  I'irg.  Georg.  in.  367  Rolling  from  afar,  The  spumy 
Waves  proclaim  the  watry  War.  1706  PRIOR  Ode  to  Queen 
xiii,  So  Volga's  Stream..  Rolls  with  new  Fury  down  thro' 
Russia's  Lands,  a  1720  SEWEL  Hist.  Quakers  (1795)  I.  in. 
205  Presently  a  Wave  came  rolling.  1814  SCOTT  Diary 
5  Sept.  in  Lockhart  (1837)  III._viii.  271  The  other,  called 
Down  Kerry,  is  a  sea-cave,,  .a  high  arch,  up  which_the  sea 
rolls.  1848  DICKENS  Dombey  xvi,  How  steadily  it  rolled 
away  to  meet  the  sea.  1888  F.  HUME  Mine.  Midas  \.  Prol., 
Half  a  mile  of  yellow  sandy  beach  on  which  the  waves 
rolled  with  dull  roar. 

fig,  1593  SHAKS.  Liter.  1118  Deep  woes  roll  forward  like 
a  gentle  flood.  1602  MAKSTOX  Antonio's  Rev.  n.  v,  Thy 
tide  of  vengeance  rowleth  in.  1675  HOISBES  Odyssey  n.  155 
Destruction  is  rowling  toward  ye.  1754  QKM  Progr,  Poesy 
10  The  rich  stream  of  musick.  .rolling  down  the  sleep 
amain.  1770  W.  HODSON  Ded.  Temple  of  Solomon  4  The 
Battle  roll'd  against  his  Side.  1852  M.  ARNOLD  Progress 
viii.  30  Bright  else,  and  fast,  the  stream  of  life  may  roll. 

b.  To  move  or  sweep  along  or  up  with  a  wave- 
like  motion  ;  to  advance  with  undulating  move 
ment  ;  to  ascend  or  descend  in  rolls  or  curls. 


759 

16*6  BACON  Sylva  §31  As  if  Flame,  .would  rowl  and 
turn  as  well  as  move  upwards.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xii.  182 
Fire  must.. wheel  on  th1  Earth,  devouring  where  it  rouls. 
1767  SIK  W.  JONES  Seven  Fountains  Poems  (1777)  34  His 
locks  in  ringlets  o'er  his  shoulders  roll'd.  1791  MRS.  RAD- 
CLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  ii,  The  dark  mists  were  seen  to  roll  off 
to  the  west.  1848  DICKENS  Dambcy  \\\t  It.. followed  the 
example  of  the  smoke  in  the  Arabian  story,  as  to  roll  out 
in  a  thick  cloud.  1858  KINGSLEY  Lett.  (1878)  I.  21  The  fog 
rolled  slowly  upward. 

C.  fig.   To  pour  in  ;  to  flow  in  in  abundance. 

1719  W.  WOOD  Surv.  Trade  332  Commodities  still  rolling 
in  in  Trade. 

d.  Of  land :  To  undulate ;  to  extend  in  gentle 
falls  and  rises.  Cf.  ROLLING///,  a.  5. 

1847  HERMANN  MELVILLE  Omoo  vii,  Across  the  water,  the 
land  rolled  away  in  bright  hillsides,,  .warm  and  undulating. 
1856  STANI.KY  Sinai  <$•  Pal.  (1858)  113  That  'great  and 
torrible  wilderness  '  which  rolled  like  a  sea  between  the 
valluy  of  the  Nile  and  ..  the  Jordan.  1894  HI.ACKMORK 
rtt'lycrtjss  128  Before  them  rolled  the  sweep  of  upland. 

17.  fa.  To  discourse  freely  or  loudly  against 
something.    Ol>s. 

(-1555  HAKPSFIKLD  Divorce  Hen.  /'/// (Camden)  82  To 
pour,  .out  their.. rhetoric,  and. . ryally  to  roule  and  revclle 
against  God'sowne.  .commandment.  1571  in  Hakluyt  /  Vv, 
(1904)  V.  124  Persons,  whose  tongues  too  readily  roule 
sometime  against  other  men's  painfull  travels. 

b.  Of  thunder,  etc. :   To  reverberate,   re-echo  ; 
to  form  a  deep,  continuous  sound  like  the  roll  oi 
a  drum. 

1598  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  i.  ii.  712  Loud  it  grones  and 
grumbles,  It  rouls,  and  roars,  and  round.. it  rumbles.  1667 
MILTON  J\  L.  x.  666  They  set.  .the  Thunder  when  to  rowle 
With  terror  through  the  dark  Aereal  Hall.  175?  w-  WILKIF. 
Hpigoniad  vu.  202  Then,  bellowing  deep,  the  thunder's 
awful  sound , .  Far  to  the  east  it  roll'd,  a  length  of  sky.  1797 
SOUTHEY  Joan  of  Arc  vi,  Deep  through  the  hky  the  hollow 
thunders  roll'd.  1817  BYRON  Manfred  \.  i,  O'er  my  calm 
Hall  of  Coral  The  deep  echo  roll'd.  1842  TENNYSON  Morte 
d' Arthur  i  So  all  day  long  the  noise  of  battle  roll'd.  1848 
DICKENS  Dombey  Ivi,  The  organ  rumbled  and  rolled  as  if 
the  church  had  got  the  colic. 

c.  Of  language,  talk,  etc.  :  To  flow ;  to  run  on. 
1743  FKANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Sat.  \.  iv.  13  And  as  his  verses 

like  a  torrent  roll,  The  stream  runs  muddy,  a  1764  LI.OYD 
Dial.  Poet.  Wks.  1774  II.  15  A  Poet  only  in  his  prose, 
Which  rolls  luxuriant,  rich,  and  chaste.  1784  in  Johnson- 
iana  (1836)  325  His  eloquence  rolls  on  in  its  customary 
majestic  torrent.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  v,  Mr.  Pen 
again  assented,  and  the  conversation  rolled  on  in  this 
manner.  1861  J.  PYCROFT  Ways  $  Words  34  Fox.. could 
..roll  on  for  hours  without  fatiguing  himself  or  his  hearers. 

d.  Of  sound  :  To  flow  in  deep  or  mellow  tones. 

1819  SCOTT  Ivanhoc  xxxviii,  The  deep  prolonged  notes. . 
rolled  on  amongst  its  arches  with  the  pleasing  yet  solemn 
sound  of  the  rushing  of  mighty  waters.  1850  THACKERAY 
Pcndcnnis  x.\[i]v,  She.  .sate  there  silent  as  the  songs  rolled 
by.  1862  Miss  BRADDON  Lady  Andley  xxix,  The  music 
still  rolled  on.  The  organist  had  wandered  into  a  melody 
of  Mendelssohn's. 

e.  Of  birds :  To  trill  or  warble  in  song. 

1886  AtyletotCs  Ann.  CycL  XI.  87  The  nightingale  is  one 
of  the  very  few  birds  that  share  to  some  degree  the  faculty 
of  rolling  at  any  pitch  of  the  voice  uninterruptedly. 

18.  To  turn  over  (and  over).     Esp.  of  persons 
or  animals  while  lying  on  the  ground. 

£1386  CHAUCER  Knight" s  T.  2614  He  rolleth  wider  foot 
as  dooth  a  bal.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  xix.  vii.  784  He 
trade  on  a  trap  and  the  bord  rollyd,  and  there  sir  Launcelot 
felle  doune.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  vii.  32  Whom  when  on 
ground  she  groveling  saw  to  rowle,  She  ran  in  hast  his 
life  to  have  bereft.  1810  CRABBE  Borough  \\\.  4  In  some  fat 
pastures  of  the  rich.. May  roll  the  single  cow,  or  favourite 
steed.  1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  in.  165  Kittenlike  he  [sc.  a 
leopard]  roll'd  And  paw'd  about  her  sandal.  1880  C.  R. 
MAKKHAM  Perttv.  Bark  207  The  cargo-mules  had  played 
every  kind  of  vicious  trick..,  running  off..,  and  constantly 
trying  to  roll. 

b.  Of  the  eyes :  To  move  or  turn  round  in  the 
sockets;  to  revolve  or  rotate  partially. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Prol.  201  Hise  eyen  stepe,  and  rollynge 
in  his  heed,  That  stemed  as  a  fprneys  of  a  leed.  a  1529 
SKELTONy^r^.(7rtr«*,rc/ffc'37  Your  ienglysterasglasse,Rowl- 
ynge  in  yower.  .hede,  vgly  to  see.  1590  SPENSER  F.Q.iu.  i. 
41  Her  wanton  eyes.. Did  roll  too  lightly.  171631  DONNK 
Poems  (1650)  46  Eyes  which  rowle  towards  all,  weep  not 
but  sweat.  1676  D'URFEY  Mute.  Fickle  in.  iii,  Look  how 
his  eyes  rowle ;  how  pale  his  lips  are.  1811  SHELLEY  St. 
Irvyne  in.  26  His  eyes  wildly  rolled,  When  the  death-bell 
tolled.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xxvi[i],  Her  shoulders 
.  .were  never  easy, . :  nor  were  her  eyes,  which  rolled  about 
incessantly. 

c.  To  turn  or  revolve  upon  an  axis. 

1646  SIR  T.  PKOWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  vr.  v.  294  The  Sun . .  hath 
also  a  dineticall  motion  and  rowles  upon  its  owne  poles.  1692 
IIENTLEY  Boyle  Lcct.  viii.  273  The  Earth  rowls  once  about 
its  Axis  in  a  natural  Day. 

d.  To  hinge  or  depend  on  something  (obs.)  ;  to 
turn  or  centre  on  a  subject. 

1707  Curiosities  in  Hush,  fy  Card.  140  The  whole  Secret 
of  the  Multiplication  of  Corn  rouls  on  Nitre,  which  has  the 
greatest  Effect  on  all  Corn-Lands.  Ibid.  231  His  whole 
Treatise  of  Nature  rouls  only  on  this  Point.  1763  J.  BROWN 
Poetry  <y  Music  §  4.  37  Their  Songs  rowl  principally  on  tht 
great  Actions  and  Events  which  concern  their  own  Nation. 
1842  BORROW  Bible  in  Spain  ii,  Our  conversation  rolled 
chiefly  on  literary  and  political  subjects. 

19.  To  turn  oneself  over  and  over  in  something; 
hence  fig.    to    luxuriate    or   abound    in    riches, 
luxury,  etc. 

1535  LVNDRSAY  Satyre  521  Ane  Prince  of.. puissance 
Quhom  }oung  men  hes  in  gouernance,  Holland  into  his  rage. 
1573  TCSSKR  Hnsb,  (1878)  25  Away  with  such  lubbers.. 


ROLL-CALL. 

I    that  roules  in  expences.    1575  GASCOIGNE  Notes  Instruction 

j    Wks.  (1575)  Tij,  It  is  not  inough  to  roll  in  pleasant  woordes. 

,     1607   Toi'SELL  l'oiir-f.   Beasts  (1658)   513  It  rowleth  and 

;    wnlloweth  in  the  mire.     1671  MILTON  /'.  A*,  in.  86  Rowling 

in  brutish  vices,     1696  TATE  &  BRADY  Ps.  cxxiii.  4  While 

they  grow  proud  by  our  distress  And  roll  in  Ease.     1773 

Wr.si.KY  H'ks.  (1830)  XIII.  83  The  English  Methodists.. 

i    do  not  roll  in  money,  like  the  American  Methodists.     1782 

I     Miss  BUKNEY  Cecilia  v.  x,  Rolling  in  wealth  which  you  do 

not  want.     1809  MALKIN  Git  Bias  \\.  ix.  p  4  The  authors 

roll  in  luxury  on  the  devastation  of  mankind.     1872  BLACK 

Adv.  rhacton  xxiv.  332  We  should  all  be  rolling  in  wealth 

directly. 

•j* b.  To  dabble,  speculate  in  (stocks).   Qbs~^ 
1711  STEEL*;  Sped.  No.  49  ?  5  He  lends,  at  legal  Value, 
considerable   Sums,    which    he    might   highly  increase    by 
rolling  in  the  Pnblick  Stocks. 

20.  Of  thoughts,  etc.  :  To  revolve,  come  round 
again,  in  the  mind. 

1547  BOORDE  Introd.  KnowJ.  i.  (1870)  117,  I  haue  suche 
matters  rolling  in  my  pate,  That  I  wyl  speake  and  tlo.  1702 
AnmsoN  Dial.  Medals  (1727)  42  She,  pleas'd  with  secrets 
rowling  in  her  breast.  1718  PRIOR  Solomon  11.  830  Here 
tell  Me,. .  What  difT 'rent  Sorrows  did  within  Thee  roll 3  1818 
G.  JKIIB  Corr.  (1834)  II.  353  Ifl  put  forward  anything  which 
had  not  long  rolled  in  my  mind. 

21.  Of  a  ship  :   To  sway  to  and  fro  ;  to  swing 
,    from  side  to  side.     Also  of  masts  :   (cf.  5  c). 

Opposed  \.Q  pitch )  which  signifies  'to  rise  and  fall  alter- 

!     nately  at  bow  and  stern  '. 

1600  HAKLUYT  V'oy.  III.  552  The  shippes  doe  roule  very 

•  much  in  the  harbour,  by  reason  in  foule  weather  the  S^a 
w  ill  bee  mightily  growen.  1627  CAIT.  SMITH  Seaman** 
(!rant.  v.  21  To  ki;epe  the  shrouds  tight  for  the  more  safety 
of  the  mast  from  rowling.  1687  A.  LOVKI.I.  tr.  ThcrcnoCs 
Trar.  n.  3  We  had  a  swelling  Sea  again  which  made  us 
rnwl  all  "night  long.  1711  W.  SUTHERLAND  Shipbuild. 
.-\ssist.  34  Kxtream  Breadths  will  be  in  the  Nature  of 
]!all.ince-,  and  will  cause  a  Ship  to  rowl.  1748  Anson's 
I'oy.  11.  v.  ?45  The  Sloop,  having  neither  masts  nor  sails 
to  sh.'.idy  her,  rolled  and  pitched,  .violently.  1821  J.  W, 
(.'KOKKK  Diary  28  Aug.,  Went  out. .to  see  the  steamboat 
arriving. .  ;  siie  rolled  tremendously.  1867  LATHAM  IHuik  ,y 
White  -2  We  shipped  great  waves,  and  rolled  to  larboard, 
lulled  Ui  starboard,  painfully. 

b.  To  sail  with  a  rolling  motion.     Also  in  phr. 
to  roll  down  to  St.  Helena  (see  quot.  i;g6\ 

1796  T.  TWINING  Tra~.>.  India,  etc.  {1893}  355  The  >hip 
remained  under  nearly  the  same  sail  for  many  days, ..roll- 
in,^  from  one  side  to  the  other,  the  wind  being  dhectly 
astern.  This  is  called  'rolling  down  to  St.  Helena'  by 
the  captains  of  Indiamen.  1834  MEDWIN  Angler  in  Walts 
II.  19  You  have  heard  of  rolling  down  from  the  Cape  to  St. 
Helena;  almost  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  it  blows  from 
the  same  quarter.  1890  CLAKK  RUSSELL  Marriage  at  Sea 
vii,  There  are  plenty  of  ships  . .  rolling  up  Channel,  and 
willing  to  land  us. 

c.  To  walk  with  a  rolling  gait ;  to  swagger. 
1843    CARLYLE    Past   fy   Pres.    (1858)    139    Now    rolling 

sumptuously  to  his  place  in  the  Collective  Wisdom.  1887 
I  RIDER  HAGGARD  A.  Quatermain  250  Umslopogaas  rolled 

along  after  us,  eating  as  he  went.  1890  CI.ARK  RUSSEI  i. 
'  A/arriage  at  Sea  iv,  He  rolled  up  to  us  and  answered  : 

'No  call,  I  think,  sir,  to  haul  in  much  closer'. 

d.  To  sway  heavily  (with  fat). 

1890  '  R.  KOLDREWOOD'  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  244  Grand- 
\    looking  bullocks,  all  '  rolling  fat '. 

22.  To   form   into   a   roll;   to   shrink  or   fold 
together  ;  to  curl  up. 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  v.  (1614)  xii.  507  The  drying  of 

!    the  barke  maketh  it  roll  together.      1721  MORTIMER  Hush. 

'•    (ed.  2)  II.  243  Which  you  may  know  by  their  Leaves  lying 

!    down,  rolling    up,   and    wrinkling.      190*    B/acfav,    Mag. 

Sept.  3 17/2  There  are  stoppages,  .when  the  net  has  '  rolled  ' 

—but  a  net  well  shot,  .scarcely  has  a  twist  in  it. 

23.  To  turn  out  after  being  rolled.     Usu.  with 
out.    Alsoy%>. 

1801  tr.  Gabridlis  Mysterious  Husb.  II.  37.  I  should  eat 
and  drink  more  than  I  should  earn..,  supposing  I  ever  did 
roll  out  to  be  good  for  anything.     1881  GEE  Goldsmith?* 
Hdbk.  (ed.  2)  227  Imperfect  bars  of  gold  usually  roll  with  a 
more   extended  jaggered   edge   as   the   process   proceeds. 
1896  Daily  News  6  July  11/2  After  a  dry  night,  the  wicket 

.    rolled  out  beautifully  on  Saturday  morning. 

•(•Roll,  zv*  Obs.—1  [ad.  OF.  roller,  roter,  etc., 
f.  roilt  ;w«7rust.]  trans.  To  polish,  burnish. 

ci275  LAY.  22287  H"  wende  to  hire  hinne;..hii  rollede 
wepne  and  soide  hire  stedes. 

Roll,  obs.  Sc.  variant  of  Row  v. 

Reliable  (n^'lab'l),  a.  [f.  ROLL  D?  +  -ABLE.] 
Capable  of  being  rolled. 

1729  SHELVOCKE  A  rtillery  v.  390  These  they  rounded  very 
exactly  that  they  might  be  the  more  rollable.  1864  in 
WEBSTER.  1896  Kodak  Nws  II.  n/i  The  use  of  reliable 
film  in  a  roll  holder. 

Roll-about,  a-  and  sb.    rare.    [f.  ROLLZ^] 

A.  adj.  Flump,  podgy,  roly-poly. 

1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xxvi,  A  little  fat  roll-about  girl  of  six, 
holding  her  mouth  up  to  be  kissed. 

B.  sb.  A  wanderer ;  a  rolling  slone. 

1893  BARING-GOULD  Cheap  Jack  Zita  I.  160  You  are  a 
rambler  and  a  roll-about—never  in  one  place. 
Rollar,  obs.  f.  ROLLER  sb. ;  obs.  Sc.  var.  RoWIB, 
Roll-call  (nMikgl).    [f.  ROLL  sb\  +  CALL  j£.] 
1.  The  act  of  calling  over  a  list  of  the  names  of 
persons  forming  a  military  or  other  body,  in  order 
to  ascertain  who  are  present ;  the  marking  of  such 
a  list  at  a  particular  time. 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet,  s.v.,  On  critical  occasions,  and  in 
services  that  require  promptitude  and  exertion,  frequent 
roll-calls  should  be  made.  1814  HT.  MARTINEAU  Detnerara 
ix.  124  There  was  no  roll-call  that  night.     1883  V.  STUART 
Egypt  3  Many  of  the  poor  fellows  will  never  answer  a  roll 


ROLL-CALLING. 

call  again.  1899  CROCKETT  Kit  Kennedy  304  The  professor 
of  that  class.,  was  strict  on  roll-calls. 

attrib.  1860  Q.  Rev.  Oct.  411  If  the  scapegrace  of  a 
public  school  is  apt  to  lay  the  blame  of  his  irreligion  on  his 
forced  attendance  on  'roll-call'  chapels.  1899  Westm. 
Gas.  i  July  5/3  The  ruling  of  the  President  in  respect  to  a 
roll-call  vote. 

transf.  1867  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cony.  (1877)  I.  2  Wiped  out 
of  the  roll-call  of  nations.  Ibid.  406  In  the  roll-call  of  his 
titles  England  held  the  first  place. 

2.  Alii.  The  signal  summoning  men  to  be  pre 
sent  at  the  calling  of  the  roll.  1890  in  Cent.  Diet. 

So  Bo '11- calling1. 

1763  Ann.  Reg.  159  The  soldiers, .  .immediately  after  roll 
calling, .  .assembled  toa  man.  1891  Daily  News  9  Nov.  3/1 
The  gathering  of  the  five  or  six  hundred  children  together 
in  the  morning  for  roll-calling  and  Bible-reading. 

Roll-Cellar.  [Ror.L  st>.1]  A  turned-over  collar 
on  a  garment.  (Now  rolled  collar?) 

1836  DICKENS  Sk.  Boz>  Scenes  vi,  Embroidered  waistcoats 
with  large  flaps,  have  yielded  to  double-breasted  checks 
with  roll-collars.  1841  S.  WARREN  Ten  Thousand  a  Year 
J.  i.  7  A  queer  kind  of  under-waistcoat,  which  in  fact  was 
only  a  roll-collar  of  rather  faded  pea-green  silk. 

Hence  Bo'll-co  llared  a.,  having  a  roll-collar. 

1853  R.  S.  SURTEKS  Sponge* s  Sp.  Tour  (1893)  369  He 
sports.. a  black  satin  roll-collared  waistcoat.  1884  E. 
YATF.S  Recoil,  (ed.  Tauchn.)  I.  46  '  Dandies  '  wore  high- 
collared  coats  and  roll-collared  waistcoats,  short  in  the  waist. 

Rolled  (rimld),  ///.  a.     [f.  ROLL  £>.-] 

1.  Turned  over  (and  over)   upon  itself;   formed 
into  a  roll ;  curled,  coiled. 

1467-8  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  621/1  Rolled  worsted,  xxx 
yerds  longe  and  di'  yerde  brode.  a  1550  Treat.  Galaunt 
182  in  Hazl.  E.P.P.  III.  159  Beholde  the  rolled  nodes 
stuffed  with  flockes.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Bookbinding, 
A  double  piece  of  roll'd  Paper.  1844  H.  STKPHENS  Bk.  Farm 
III.  887  The  rolled  fleece  wilL.be  bulky  in  hand.  1861 
IJKNTLF.V  Man.  Hot.  144  Those  in  which  the  leaf  is  simply 
bent  or  folded  ;  and.  .Those  where  it  is  rolled.  1880  Plain 
J  finis  Needlework  125  Few. .  teachers  appear  to  know  the 
difference  between  '  whipping  '  and  '  rolled  hem  '. 
b.  So  rolfed-iip,  rolled-in. 

1683  MOXON  Mech.  K.verc.,  Printing  xxiv.  ?  19  Small 
rowPd-up  bits  may  stick  upon  the  Hall-leathers.  1728 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Leaf,  They  are  rolled  up,.. as  the 
Leaves  of  the  Mountain  Cowslip.  1815  KIKBY  &:  Si>.  Rnt-j- 
niol.  xlii.  (1818)  I.  425  A  little  cell  formed  of  the  rolled-up 
leaf  of  a  plant.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  III.  836  The 
stance  for  the  rolled  up  fleeces  to  He  upon.  1883  HUXLEY 
Pract,  Biol.  95  The  interval  between  the  retracted  disc  and 
the  rolled-in  peristome. 

fc.  Rolled  hill:  (seequot.and  zltr oiling  trencK], 

1688  HOLMK  Armoury  in.  xvi.  (Roxb.)  102/1  A  Routed 
Hill,  is  a  great  banke  of  earth  made  betwixt  the  face  of  a 
Bulwark  and  the  besiegers  ;  which  being  cast  with  shovels 
longer  then  ordinary,  the  lower  part  of  this  heap  ouer  the 
vpper,  this  hill  is  turned  ouer  and  ouer,  and  is  rouled  on  by 
degrees  to  fill  the  ditch. 

2.  Made  to  roll  along. 

1598  B.  JON-SON  Ev.  Man  in  Hum.  Prol.,  Nor  [is]  roul'd 
bullet  heard  To  say,  it  thunders. 

b.  Rounded  by  friction  or  attrition  due  to  being 
moved  by  streams  or  tides. 

l833~4  J-  PHILLIPS  Geol.  in  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VI. 
545/1  Sometimes  it.. contains  rolled  and  broken  pieces  of 
crystallized  felspar.  1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  I,  xxxi.  427 
Among  the  rolled-Ice  off  Godsend  Island.  i88z  Hard- 
ivi.ke's  Sci,  Gossip  44  Rozel  [bay]  consists  of  a  con 
glomerate  of  rolled  pebbles. 

3.  That   has   been   compressed   by  a  roller,  or 
between  a  pair  of  rollers ;  formed  into  sheets  or 
bars  by  means  of  rollers. 

1806-7  J-  BF.RESFORD  Miseries  Hum.  Li/e(iB26)  u.  xiv, 
Your  newly-rolled  gravel  walk.  1836-41  BRANDK  Chem. 
(ed.  5)  303  One  of  the  plates  is  of  cast  and  the  other  of 
rolled  zinc.  1863  P.  BARKY  Dockyard  Econ.  257  Rolled 
armour-plates  are  to  be  preferred.  1884  Health  Exhib. 
Catal.  82/1  Rolled-iron  Joists  and  Girders. 

b.  Rolled  gold,  a  thin  coating  of  gold  applied 
to  a  baser  metal  by  rolling. 

1898  Westm.  Gaz.  17  Nov.  2/1  Here's  a  lovely  rolled  gold 
watch. 

Roller  (rJu-lw),  sb.l     Forms  :  5-6  (9)  rollar, 
6-7  (9  dial.)  rouler  (6   rouller),  6-8  (9  dial.} 
rowler   (6   rowlar),    9   Sc.  rower,   rouer ;    5- 
roller  (6  roler).     [f.  ROLL  v.2] 
I.  1.  A  rolling-pin.     Now  dial. 

f  1420  Liber  Cecorum  (i&6-2)  40  Make  ^y  past  With  water, 
t>er  of  py  fele  {read  fole]  f>ou  make  With  a  roller,  and  drye 
hit.  [1648  HEXHAM  u,  Een  Rol-stock,  a  Past-roler  to  make 
Pyes  with  ]  1882  Jamiesorfs  Diet.,  Rower,  a  roller  for 
flattening  dough  ;. .  West  of  S. 

2.  A  cylinder  of  wood  or  metal,  revolving  on 
pivots  or  a  fixed  axis,  for  lessening  the  friction  of 
anything  passed  over  it ;  also,  a  rounded  piece 
of  wood  over  which  an  endless  towel  is  passed. 

1434  E.  E.  JfV//s(i882)  102  Y  bequethe  my  roller  for  a 
towell  to  Margery  Bokeler.  1563-4  Sarum  Ckurc/i-w. 
Accts.  (Swayne)  no  A  roler  to  save  y«  rope  of  y«  clock  from 
fretyng,  vj  d.  1680  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  x.  186  Guiding 
the  String  from  the  Pole  to  the  Work  by  throwing  it  over 
a  Rowler,  moving  on  two  Iron  Center-pins.  1769  FALCONER 
Diet.  Marine  (1780),  Roller,  a  cylindrical  piece  of  timber, 
fixed,  .so  as  to  revolve  about  an  axis.  It  is  used  to  prevent 
the  cables,  hawsers,  &c.  from  being  chafed.  1780  J.  HOWARD 
Prisons  331  They  had  every  day  a  clean  towel  hung  on  a 
roller.  1867  SMYTH  .Sailor's  Word.bk.  324  The  pin  is 
relieved  of  friction  by  three  rollers  in  the  coak,  placed  equi- 
laterally.  1889  JESSOPP  Coming  of  Friars  vi.  298  The 
refinement  of  hanging  a  towel  on  a  roller  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  thought  of. 


760 

b.  The  revolvable  drum,  barrel,  or  axis  of  a 
winch  or  windlass. 

1659  LEAK  IVatenvks.  25  Two  Men  with  a  Lever  shall 
turn  a  Rowler  to  which  a  strong  Cord  is  made  fast.  1683 
MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  xi.  9  Upon  that  square  is 
fitted  a  round  Wooden -Rowler  or  Barrel.  1728  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Windlass,  The  Axis  or  Roller  goes  thro'  two  of 
the  Pieces,  and  turns  in  them.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech. 
2779/2  This  is  in  cases  where  the  windlass-roller  is  not 
solid,  but  consists  of  ratchet-heads  [etc.]. 

3.  One  of  a  number  of  cylinders  of  wood  or  other 
material,  either  attached  or  free,  for  diminishing 
friction  when  rolling  or  moving  a  heavy  body. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Palangg,.  .rollers  to  conueigh 
thinges  of  great  weight.  1606  SYLVESTER  Dn  Bartas  u.  iv. 
Magnificence  1148  What  mighty  Rowlers,  and  what  massie 
Cars  Could  bring  so  far  so  many  monstrous  Quars?  1687 
A.  LOVELL  tr.  '1  !ie~~enot's  Trav.  u.  24  They  have  a  kind  of 
sled  made  of  four  pieces  of  Timber  in  square ;  two  of  which 
serve  for  an  Axle-tree  to  two  great  rowlers.  1719  DE  FOE 
Cntsoe  i.  (Globe)  126,  I  went  to  the  Woods,  and  cut  Levers 
and  Rollers.  1783  ffnll  Gaol  Act  24  Any  stall,  shop,  or 
shed.. that  shall  be  moved  upon  wheels  or  rollers.  1837 
W.  B.  ADAMS  Carnages  Introd.  6  This  was  doubtless  the 
origin  of  rollers  or  round  logs  of  wood,  which  are  placed 
under  heavy  trees  or  beams  in  order  to  move  them  over  the 
surface  of  the  earth.  1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  fy  Iron 
338  The  rail . .  is  carried  along  upon  a  series  of  five  rollers . . 
to  a  circular  saw. 
b.  (See  quot.) 

1837  W.  B.  ADAMS  Carriages  95  Specimens  of  them  may 
still  be  seen  in  the  broad  wheels  of  waggons,  technically 
termed  rollers. 

4.  A   heavy  cylinder  of  wood,  stone,  or  (now 
usually)  metal,  fitted  in  a  frame  with  shafts  or  a 
handle,  for  crushing  clods,  etc.,  and   smoothing 
the  ground  by  compression. 

1530  PAI.SGR,  263/2  Rollar  or  rammer  of  husbandrie. 
1563  T.  H\LLArt  Garden.  (1593)  89  When  the  seedes  be 
sowen  and  couered  with  earth,  then  to  be  pressed  downe 
with  a  roller.  1623  J.  TAYLOR  (Water-P.)  Wk*=.  u.  241/1  Their 
exercise  ispriuately.  .to  rowle  the  great  rowler  in  the  alleies 
of  their  garden.  1697  DRYDKN  Virg.  Georg.  i.  260  Let  the 
weighty  Rowler  run  the  round,  To  smooth  the  Surface  of 
th'  unequal  Ground.  1707  MORTIMER  Hitsb.  (1721)  I.  17 
Where  Meadows  are  flooded,,  .roll  them  with  a  large  Barley 
Roller.  _  1787  W.  MAKSHALL  E.  Norfolk  (1795)  I.  145  The 
roller.. is  never  used  in  Norfolk  for  the  purpose  of  com 
pression.  1855  DELAMER  Kitch.  Card.  (1861)  17  A  roller, 
for  gravel-walks  and  grass.  1899  RIDER  HAGGARD  Farmers 
Ytar  145  One  of  the  oldest  and  quietest  horses. .was  drag-  ! 
ging  the  wooden  roller. 

fig.  1864  \JQ\\V.\A.  Fireside  Trav.  212  There  was  no  heavy 
roller  of  public  opinion  to  flatten  all  character. 

b.  A   rotating   cylinder    or    roll    for   pressing,    ; 
stamping,   crushing,   or  rolling ;  one  of  a  set  of    } 
rolls  for  forming  metal,  etc.,  into  bars  or  sheets;    ; 
also,  the  revolving  cylinder  of  a  printing-machine 
for  impressing  the  paper  upon  the  printing-matter. 

For  various  technical  uses  see  Knight  Diet.  Mech. 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.    s.v.    Printing,   The  Arms  of  the 
Cross  are  pull'd  ;  and  by  that  means,  the  Plate  with  its 
Furniture  [is]  pass'd  thro1  between  the  Rollers.  1738  Patent 
in  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VIII.  687/2  The  wooll  or  cotton 
being   thus  prepared,  one    end.. is  put   betwixt   a   pair  of 
rcwlers.     1825  J.  NICHOLSON    Operat.    Mech.   335  Placed     i 
under  a  tilt-hammer,  or  passed  through  the  rolls,  or  rollers,     : 
which  consolidates  it.     1838  Penny  Cycl.  XL  256/1   The     [ 
large  mass  of  melted  glass,  .exhibiting  changing  colours  in     | 
the  sheet  after  the   roller  has  been   passed  over  it.     1882 
Encycl.  Brit.  XIV.  385/2  Finally,  the  leather  is  rolled  and     ! 
compressed  on  a.  .wooden  bed  by  a  heavy  hand  roller. 

C.  Printing.  A  cylinder  or  roll  of  thick,  elastic 
composition,  mounted  on  a  metal  or  wooden 
axis,  for  inking  a  form  of  letter,  etc.,  before 
printing ;  also,  a  metal  cylinder  for  distributing 
ink  upon  this. 

1790  [see  INKING  vbl.  sb.  b}.  1824  J.  JOHNSON  Typogr. 
IL  532  From  its  being  a  cylindrical  power,  rollers  were 
indispensably  necessary.  1841  HANSAKIJ  Printing  118  If 
a  printer  employs  six  presses,  and  consequently  six  rollers. 
1893 Labour Comm.  Gloss,  s.v.,  An  iron  roller  covered  with 
a  composition  of  indigo.  It  works  on  a  'slab'.. and  inks 
the  type  used  in  printing. 

d.  Stationery.  A  rolling  blotter.     Also  attrib. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1963/1.  1899  Westm.  Gaz. 
28  Jan.  8/1  At  present  diplomatists  invariably  use  the 
roller  blotter  for  Important  documents.  This,  owing  to  its 
palimpsest  character,  is  quite  undecipherable. 

5.  A  cylindrical  piece  of  wood,  etc.;  esp.  one 
on  which  cloth  or  other  material  is  rolled  up. 

1567  MAPLET  Gr.  Forest  18  Ther  is  another.. which  hath 
ye  figure  of  a   narrow  Rowler.      1600    SURFLET  Conntrie 
Farme  i.  xxviii.  178   To   fit    the   colt  for   the  saddle,  the 
good  rider  must  first  put  vpon  his  head  a  halter,  with  a 
rouler  of  woode.      1691    RAY    Creation  (1692)  u.  89    The    j 
long  slender  Worms,.. that  breed  between    the    Skin  and    ] 
Flesh. .,  are  generally  twisted  out  upon  Sticks  or  Rowlers.    j 
1802   JAMES  Milii.  Diet.,  Roller,..^  long  piece  of  wood    i 
which    is    rounded  and  made  taper  to  suit  the  regulated    s 
size  of  a  military  tail.     1889  T.  HARDY  Mayor  Casterbr.    ''. 
xxxvii,  A  deal  wand — probably  the  roller  from  a  piece  of    ! 
calico.     1897  J.  HOCKING  Mist  on   the  Moors   hi,   The    i 
calico  blind,  which  was  fastened    to   a   roller,  was  pulled    ; 
down. 

8.  Organ-building.  A  rounded  slip  of  wood  or 
piece  of  metal  tube,  turning,  by  the  action  of  the 
key,  on  pins  inserted  into  its  ends,  and  having  two 
or  more  arms  at  right  angles  to  its  length. 

1632  [see  ROLLER-BOARD].  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3) 
XIII.  488/1  It  pulls  down  the  arm  /<,  by  the  wire  d, 
which  turns  about  the  roller  s  with  the  arm  a.  1840-81 

[see    ROLLF.R-BOARUj. 


ROLLER 

b.  The  toothed  or  studded  revolvable  barrel  of 
a  musical  box.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mich.  1963/1. 

7.  A  small  wheel  rotating  on  an  axle  or  axis ;  a 
short  cylinder  serving  as  a  wheel. 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Roller,  a  small  wheel  placed 
at  the  foot  of  the  hammer  of  a  gun,  or  pistol  lock,  in  order 
to  lessen  the  friction  of  it  against  the  hammer  or  feather 
spring.  1874  VANDERYKI.L  &  WITH  AM  Syst.  Figure-Skating 
(ed.  2)  iv.  63  There  have  been  many  attempts  to  imitate  skat 
ing  by  means  of  small  rollers  or  wheels  attached  to  the  feet. 
b.  Bookbinding.  =  ROLLJ£.I  140. 

1880  ZAEHNSDORF  Bookbinding  122  A  fine  line  worked  on 
the  centre  of  the  edge  of  the  board.. requires  more  pains 
than  simply  running  a  roller  over  it. 

8.  a.   (See  quot.) 

1856  'STONEHENGE  .5nY.  Rural  Sports  544/1  The  traces 
themselves  either  end  with  an  eye,  or,  with  a  full  fold 
upon  themselves,  with  an  iron  eye,  called  a  Roller,  and 
intended  to  be  used  upon  the  Roller-bolt  of  the  splinter-bar. 
b.  A  roller-chain  for  a  cycle  (i.  e.  one  in  which 
flexibility  is  obtained  by  the  use  of  small  rollers 
in  each  link). 

1897  A.  C.  PEMBERTON,  etc.  Compl.  Cyclist  115  From  a 
lengthy  experience  I  can  vouch  for  the  old  roller  being  by 
no  means  a  bad  chain. 

II.  9.  f  a.  ?  A  roll  01  paste.    Obs~l 
c  1420  Liber  Cocontm  (1862)  39  Lay  hit  in  a  roller  as  spar- 
lyng  fysshe,  Frye  hit  in  grece. 

b.  dial.  A  roll  or  cylinder  of  carded  wool. 
1844  W.  BARNES  Poems  Rural  Life  254  The  whindlen 

chaps  in  town  Wi1  backs  so  weak  as  rollers. 

c.  dial.  A  line  or  row  of  hay,  etc.,  raked  ready 
for  ricking. 

1844  W.  BARNES  Poems  Rural  Life  107  A-riaken  auver 
humps  an'  hollers  To  riake  the  grass  up  into  rollers.  1901 
Longm an* s  Mag.  July  209  Thelong  rollers  of  newly-cut  grass 
over  which  he  stepped  were  touched . .  by  arrows  of  light. 

1O.  A  long  bandage,  formed  in  a  roll,  for  wind 
ing  firmly  round  a  limb,  etc.  Now  more  freq, 
roller-bandage. 

It  is  not  certain  that  the  first  quot.  belongs  here. 

1534  /«r'.  IVardr.  Katharine  Aragon  in  Camden  Misc. 
(1855)  40  Item,  two  roullers,  the  one  lynnene,  the  other 
wullen.  1575  TURBERV.  Fautconrie  264  On  everie  side 
bynding  them  with  the  linnen  rollers  or  fillets  artificially. 
1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhoner*  s  Bk.  Physicke  285/2  Applye  it 
on  the  inflammation,  and  tye  it  with  a  Rowler,  but  not  to 
stiffe.  1643  J.  STEER  tr.  Exp.  Chyrnrg.  vi.  21,  I  anointed 


701/2  Holding  it  on  with  a  ^laister.  .put  over  it,  and 
ing  it  sufficiently  fast  with  a  Woollen  Rouler.  1753  BARTI.ET 
Gent.  Farriery  (1754)  299  It  would  be  very  proper  to  keep 
the  legs  and  pasterns  rolled  up  with  a  firm  bandage,  or  linnen 
rowler.  1783  H.  WATSON  in  Med.  Comtn.  I.  171  A  flannel 
roller,  .must. .be  applied  after  the  operation.  1803  Med. 
Jml.  X.  283  As  this  jacket  produces  but  little  sensible 
pressure,  I  should  not  altogether  trust  to  it,  without  apply 
ing  a  roller  over  it.  1843  R.  J.  GRAVES  Syst.  din.  Aled. 
xxiv,  297  Using  the  moistened  roller  to  keep  the  parts  ccol 
and  retain  the  dressings. 

fb.  A  swaddling-band.    Obs.  rare. 
1656  W.  Du  CARD  tr.  Cotttenins1  Gate  Lat.   Unl.  233 
From  sucking  they  proceed  to  weaning,  and  from  the  cradle 
to   the    rollers   of  the  legs.      1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.   Kersey), 
Roller,  a  Swath  ing-band  for  young  Children. 

c.  A  broad,  padded  girth  for  a  horse. 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  93/1  Rowler  or  Body  Girth,., 
which  slippeth  too  and  again  on  the  body  Girth,  or  Sur- 
s"mgle..to  keep  the  Girth  from  fretting  of  the  hair.  1856 
'STONEHENGE'  Brit.  Rural  Sports  347/1  When  this  has 
been  done . , ,  the  side-reins  are  buckled  on,  and  are  attached 
also  to  the  buckles  in  the  roller,  crossing  them  over  the 
withers.  Ibid.,  The  roller  has  been  hitherto  the  only  kind 
of  pressure  round  the  chest. 

III.  f  11.  A  large  cylindrical  block  of  stone, 
capable  of  rolling  easily  down  a  slope.  Qbs. 

1555  Lydgate's  Chron.  Troy  u.  xviii,  Tyll  the  Troyans 
from  the  crestes  caste  The  great  stones.. And  Rollers 
\MSS.  Callyon]  eke  grekes  to  oppresse.  1609  HOLLAND 
Amm.  Marcell.  430  Overwhelmed  with  stones,  fragments 
of  pillars,  and  with  Cylinders  \tnarg.  or  Rollers],  borne 
do\vne  the  steepe  descent.  1654  HAMMOND  Fundam.  187 
When  a  man  tumbles  a  cylindre  or  roller  down  a  hill,., 
the  man  is  the  violent  enforcer  of  the  first  motion  of  it. 

f!2.    =  GO-CART  i.  Obs.-^ 

1714  ALEX,  SMITH  Lives  Highiwaymen(z&.  2} II.  208  He  was 
such  a  forward  Child  that  he  could  run  about  without  a 
Rowler,  or  Lead  ing- Strings. 

f!3.  A  kind  of  stocking;   =  ROLL-UP  i.  Qbsr* 
1756  Connoisseur  No.  115  F3,  While  I  am  employed  in 
brushing  the  dust  from  my  black  rollers, ..  my  wig  is  sud 
denly  conveyed  away. 

14.  a.  Zool.  Some  infusorian. 

1769  Phil.  Trans,  LIX.  149  Fig,  3  is  the  volvox  volutans, 
or  the  roller. 

b.   Conch.  The  giant  stromb,  Strombus  gigas* 

1815  E.  J.  BURROW  Conch.  202  [Strombus]  Gigas.  Large 
Conch ;  large  Roller. 

C.  A  variety  of  tumbler-pigeon. 

1867  TEGETMEIER  Pigeons  xii.  127  The  propensity  to  the 
performance  of  eccentric  movements  which  distinguishes 
the  breeds  known  as  Tumblers  and  Rollers.  1879  L. 
WRIGHT  Pract.  Pigeon  Kpr.  128  The  true  Birmingham 
Roller,  which  turns  over  backwards  with  inconceivable 
rapidity. 

d.  A  cylinder-snake  of  the  family  Tortricidx  • 
a  short-tail.  1890  in  Cent.  Diet. 

15.  A  long,  swelling  wave,  moving  with  a  steady 
sweep  or  roll ;  a  heavy  billow. 

1829  MARRYAT  F.  Mildmay  xx,  A.,  sloop  of  war  was 
caught  in  the  rollers.  1855  KINGSLEY  Westiv.  Ho!  vi,  Not 


HOLLER. 


761 


ROLLICK. 


even  a  roller  broke  the  perfect  stillness  of  the  cove.  1897  F.T. 
RULLEN  Cruise  Cachalot  90  The  immense  rollers  setting  in 
shore,  .would  soon  carry  a  vessel  up  against!  lie  beetling  crags. 

Jig"  1863  Q.  Rev.  CXIV.  567  The  long  rollers  which  fol 
lowed  the  storm  of  the  Reform  Bill  yet  swelled  heavily 
across  the  ecclesiastical  waters. 

f  16.  Cant.  (See  quot.)   Obs.  rare~°. 

1812  J.  H.  VALX  Flask  Diet.,  Rollers,  horse  and  foot, 
patrole,  who  parade  the  roads  round  about  London  during 
the  night  for  the  prevention  of  robberies. 

17.  a.  A  ship  that  rolls  or  rocks. 

1890  STEVENSON  Lett.  (1899)  H-  l8S  Tne  Janet  is  the 
worst  roller  I  was  ever  aboard  of.     1897  Punch  6  Nov.  207/2 
Very  few  steamers  in  which  I  have.,  voyaged  that  have  not 
been  'rollers'. 

b.  One  who  rolls,  swings,  or  sways  from  side  to 
side.  Holy  Rollers',  (see  quot.  1893). 

1891  Pall  MallG.  i6Nov.  1/3  All  of  them  rolled  from  side 
to  side  like  ducks  on  a  common.   In  a  great  hall,  .were  fifty 
or  sixty  more  of  these  rollers,  smoking,  laughing,.. reading. 
1893  LKLAND  Man.  I.  300  When  the  Holy  Spirit  seized  them 
,  .the  Holy  Rollers,  .rolled  over  and  over  on  the  floor. 

IV.  18.   One  who  rolls  up  or  forms  into  a  roll 
or  coil ;  one  who  compresses  or  shapes  metal  by 
passing  it  between  cylinders  or  rolls. 

1591  PERCIVALL  Sp.  Dict.^Embolvedort  a  roller,  a  wrapper 
vp.  1793  Regal  Rambler  76  The  tall  taylor,  the  six  feet 
broad-shouldered  roller  of  ribbands.  1832  HT.  MARTINEAU 
Hill  fy  Valley  (1843)  83  They  saw  the  roller  and  his  catcher 
at  work.  1871  Daily  News  26  Sept.,  A  meeting  of  all  classes 
of  ironworkers,,  .shinglers,  rollers,  and  puddlers,  was  held. 
1890  Melbourne  Argus  20  Sept.  13/7  The  'roller'  now,  after 
first  gently  shaking  the  fleece  to  rid  it  of  any  dirt  or  adher 
ing  locks,  turns  back  the  neck. 

b.  One  who  rolls  a  thing  along.    rare~°. 

1648  HF.XHAM  n,  Een  Roller,  a  Roler,  or  a  Trundler. 
C.  dial.  (See  quot.  and  cf.  ROLLER  v.  2.") 

i8gz  P.  H.  EMERSON  Son  of  Fens  13  The  rollers  are 
women  who  roll  barley  into  ridges  or  tie  the  wheat. 

fl9.  //.  Curl-papers,  hair-curlers.    0/>s.~l 

1799  MRS.  J.  WEST  Tale  of  Times  I.  143,  I  will  put  my 
hair  in  rollers  this  very  evening. 

20.  A  butterfly  or  moth  which  causes  leaves  to 
roll  up  (see  quots.). 

1832  J.  RENNIE  Consp.  Ruttcrfl.  $  M.  156  The  Filbert 
Leaf  Roller  (Lozotxniet  Anellana,  Stephens)  appears  [in]. . 
July,  but  not  common.    Ibid.)  The  Gooseberry  Leaf  Roller. 

V.  attrib.  and  Comb, 

21.  Attrib.  with  names  of  persons,  as  roller-boy, 
-coverer,  -joiner,  -maker,  -man,  etc. 

1896  HOWELLS  Imjtr.  $  Exp.  27  He  became  a*roller  boy, 
and  served  long  behind  the  press  before  he  was  promoted  to 
..set  type.  1851  Census  (1854)  140  *RoIler-coverer.  1894 
Labour  Comin.  Gloss.t  Roller-Coverer^^.  person  who  covers 
rollers  for  spinning  purposes.  1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade, 
*Roller-join<'rs,  children  employed  in  certain  processes  of 
the  woollen  manufacture.  /%*&,  *  Roller-maker,  a  manu 
facturer  of  cylinders  of  different  kinds.  1885  Census  In 
struct.  Index  21  *Roller  Man.  1893  IVestw.  Gaz.  24  July 
2/7  A  foreman  roller-man  in  the  employment  of  the  South 
Wales  Tin  i'late  Company. 

22.  Attrib.  with  names   of  things :    a.  In  the 
senses   'of  or  pertaining  to  a  roller  or  rollers', 
(  having  the  form  or  movement  of  a  roller ',  '  oper 
ating  as  or  by  means  of  rollers',  etc. 

See  also  Knight  Diet.  Mech.  for  other  examples. 

1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  <y  Mining  ^30  To  prevent 
the  *roller-attachment  of  the  lever  from  striking  the  body 
of  the  trip-wheel.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  Suppl., 
'"Roller  Bearing.  1886  Bicycling  News  6  Aug.  664/1 
Bicycle,  Singer's  roller  bearings.  1835  URF.  Philos.  J/aww/T 
1 68  Being  rubbed. .by  a  fluted  cylinder  called  the  *roller- 
bowl.  1861  Chambers' s  Encycl.  II.  513/2  The  cloth.,  is 
first  brought  in  contact  with  ""'roller  brushes.  1896  Godey's 
Mag.  Apr.  375/2  A  third  has  both  *roller-chain  and  roller- 
sprocket.  1884  F.  J.  B  KITTEN  Watch  $  Clockm.  207 
*Roller  Edges  for  Lever  and  Chronometer  Escapements. 
1879  Lumberman's  Gaz.  Oct.  15  The  abrogating  of  the  old 
style  of  edging  up  on  the  log  through  the  introduction  of 
the  *roller  edger.  1855,  URE  Pkilos.  Manuf.  225  The 
*roller-pair.  .which  receives  the  fine  rovings  from  bobbins. 
1866  Tomlinson's  Cycl.  Use/.  Arts  II.  399/1  The  notes 
are  printed,  .by  means  of  *roller  presses  worked  by  steam. 
1844  H.  STEPHENS  fik.  Farm  II.  292  The  corresponding 
end  of  the  *rolter-shaft.  1878  ABNEY  Photogr.  (1881)  217 
Warnerke's  *rotler  slide  is  of  necessity  only  applicable  to 
sensitive  tissue. 

b.  In  sense  '  fitted  with,  coiling  up  on,  a  roller  \ 
as  roller-blind,  -curtain,  -map,  etc. 

1833  LOUDON  Encycl.  Archit.  §  673  But  the  chief  [kinds] 
are  *r oiler  blinds,  Venetian  blinds,  and  wire  blinds.     1904 
Westm.  Gaz.  4  Jan.  9/1  All  theatres  must  be  provided  with 
steel  Droller-curtains.     1897  KIPI.ING  Capt.  Cour.  199   He 
was  looking  earnestly  at  the  vast  "roller-map  of  America. 

c.  In    sense   4  c,   as   roller-box,    -composition, 
-mould,  -slock,  etc. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1964/1.  1888  JACOBI  Printer's 
l^ocab.  114. 

d.  In  sense  6,  as  roller-arm,  -frame,  -movement, 
-peg*    Also  ROLLER-BOARD. 

1852  SEIDEL  Organ  63  Instead  of  the  roller-board,  there 
is  in  some  organs  a  roller-frame.  1881  C.  A.  EDWARDS 
Organs  73  The  roller  movement .  .requires  a  number  of 
rollers  in  its  construction.  1881  W.  E.  DICKSON  Organ-Build. 
viii.  106  Iron  roller-arms  have  some  great  advantages. 

23.  a.    Objective,   as   roller-carrier,    -carrying 
adj.,  -making. 

1873  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1799/2  The  arm  m  s  is  the 
roller-carrier,  which  swings  on  a  pivot.  1887  Daily  News 
21  Oct.  3/5  My  first  phonograph  consisted  simply  of  a 
roller-carrying  foil.  1888  Encycl.  Brit.  XXIII.  708/1 
Since  then  glycerin  has  been  introduced  for  roller  making. 

VOL.  VTTI. 


b.  Instrumental,  as  roller-grinding,  -milling, 
-spinning',  also  roller-made,  -milled  adjs. 

a  1854  RICKARDS  in  Mc(Julloch  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (ed.  4) 
I.  701  The  wonderful  discoveries. . ,  such  as  roller-spinning, 
the  jenny,  the  carding-machine.  1879  Encycl.  Brit.  IX. 
344/2  The  various  systems  of  roller  grinding.  Ibid.,  Roller 
milling  or  crushing.  1888  POWLES  tr.  Kick^s  Flour  Manitf. 
151  Not.  .that  with  roller  milling  larger  bran  is  made  than 
with  siones.  1892  Daily  News  13  Sept.  5/4  Millers.. say 
that  there  is  less  nutriment  in  roller-made  flour. 

24.  Special  combs.,  as  roller  bandage,  =  sense 
10  ;  roller-beam,  part  of  a  drawing- frame  for 
cotton;  roller-boiling,  =  roll-boiling  (see  ROLL 
si). l  1 3  c) ;  roller-bolt,  part  of  the  splinter-bar  of  a 
carriage,  serving  also  as  a  step ;  roller-chair,  — 
rolling-chair ;  roller-coaster,  a  kind  of  sled  run 
ning  on  rollers  (see  COAST  v.  13);  so  roller-coast 
ing',  roller-mill,  a  mill  in  which  the  grinding  is 
done  by  rollers  ;  hence  roller- miller  ;  roller-shop, 
the  part  of  an  iron-works  where  the  metal  is 
rolled ;  roller-top,  =  ROLL-TOP  (also  attrib.} ; 
roller-towel,  a  towel  running  on  a  roller. 

1885  Buck's  Ref.  Hand-bk.  Mcd.  Set.  I.  470  The  usual 
form  of  bandage  is  what  is  known  as  a  '  'roller-bandage'. 
1835  URK  Pkilos.  iMamtf.  118  The  strong  *  roller-beam,  on 
which  are  fixed  several  such  drawing-heads.  i8jgCasse//'s 
Techn.  Educ.  IV.  376/1  This  process,  called  '  Droller  boiling  ' 
..,  effected  a  wonderful  improvement  on  the  finish.  1839 
URE  Diet.  Arts  1294  Two  splinter-bars,  with  their  Cruller- 
bolts,  for  connecting  the  traces  of  the  harness.  1851 
'NiMROD*  The  Road  16  He  placed  his  right  foot  on  the 
roller-bolt, — i.e.,  the  last  step  but  one  to  the  box.  1897 
IVestm.  Gaz,  21  June  7/1  She .  .was  then  placed  in  her  *roller 
chair  and  wheeled  out.  1888  Pall  Mall  G.  n  Sept.  4/2  The 
rage  for  rapid  transit  through  the  air,.. by  tobogganing, 
switchbacks,  or  "roller -coasters.  1887  Contemp.  Rev.  May 
733  Here  are  boating,  fishing,,  .""roller-coasting,  .for  boys, 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1964/1  *  Roller-mill.  i88z 
Lancet  10  June  967  To  produce  by  means  of  roller  mills 
the  largest  bulk  of  white  Hour  from  a  given  bulk  of  corn. 
1892  Daily  News  13  Sept.  5/4  Even  *roller  millers,  how 
ever,  have  not  got  it  all  their  own  way.  1890  W.  J.  GORDON 
Foundry  in  In  the  same  range  as  the  *roller-shop  is  the 
laboratory.  1897  KIPLING  Capt.  Conr.  198  The  father., 
laid  his  head  down  on  the  *roller-top  of  the  shut  desk. 
1897  \Vestm.  Gaz.  15  Jan.  9/2  Roller-top  desks.. sell  in 
Chemnitz  for ,£14.  1862  MRS.  H.  WOOD  Mrs.  Halliburton  s 
Troubles  xix,  Patience  dried  her  hands  upon  the  Droller- 
towel. 

Roller  (r£o'bn),  $b£  Ornith.  [a.  G.  roller, 
f.  rollen  to  roll.  Hence  also  F.  rollier  in  sense  i.J 

1.  An  insessorial  coracoid  bird  (usually  the  com 
mon  roller,  Coradas  garrulus}y  having  the  form 
of  a  crow,  and  brilliant  plumage. 

The  original  source  appears  to  be  Gesner  Hist.  Aniin,  in. 
Aves  (1604)  702,  who  says  the  bird  was  so  called  at  Stras- 
burg  (Argcntoratuw)  '  per  onomatopotiam '.  Later  writers 
have  variously  explained  the  name  as  referring  to  a  habit  of 
rolling  about  in  the  air,  or  of  rolling  over  sticks  and  stones 
in  seeking  food.  A  number  of  varieties,  as  A  ngola,  Indian, 
black)  crimson,  etc.,  are  enumerated  in  Shaw's  Gen.  Zool, 
(1809)  VII.  n.  387(1. 

[1663  SKIPPON  jQUTHt  LOT.U  C.  21  Aug., We.  .kill 'da curious 
bird  call'd  Rollar  Argentoratensls,  of  the  bigness  of  a  dove, 
and  of  a  blue  colour.]  1678  RAY  tr.  Willitghby's  Ornith. 
132,  I  am  verily  perswaded  that  this  bird  is  no  other  than 
the  Strasburgh  Roller.  1752  HILL  Hist.  Aniin.  388  The 
Cpvvus,  with  a  blood-red  back,  a  green  tail,  and  black 
wings,  the  Roller. . .  I  think  it  the  most  beautiful  of  all  Euro 
pean  birds.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  V.  242  The 
Roller,  .may  be  distinguished  from  all  others  by  a  sort  of 
naked  tubercles  or  warts  near  the  eyes,  which  still  farther 
contribute  to  encrease  its  beauty.  18*5  VIGORS  &  HOKS- 
FIELD  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  XV.  202  This  bird  \_Eurystomus 
orit-'ntalis] . .  was  originally  placed  by  Linnaeus  among  the 
Rollers.  1873  TKISTRAM  Moab  xv.  294  In  their  flight  these 
ravens  often  gambolled  like  the  roller,  dipping  perpendicu 
larly  and  performing  somersaults  in  the  air.  1893  SELOUS 
Trav.  S.E.  Africa  48  A  pair  of  those  rare  and  beautiful 
rollers  (Coracias  spatulatus)..came  and  perched  upon  the 
tree. 

attrib.   1855  KiNGSLEY  Glaucus  (1878)  29  The  blue  and 
green  Roller-birds,  walking  behind  the  plough. 
b.  Applied  to  other  birds  (see  quots.). 

1752  HILL  Hist.  Aniin.  503  The  grey  Ampelis,  with  the 
head  variegated  with  black,  the  Roller.  This  is  of  the 
sixe  of  the  common  black-bird.  1848  GOULD  Birds  Austr. 
II.pl.  17  Enrystoiiius  Australis, .  .Australian  Roller.  1869 
WALLACE  Malay  Archip.  42,  I  was  rewarded  by  finding  a 
splendid  deep  blue  roller  (Eurystomus  azureus). 

2.  A  variety  of  canary,  remarkable  for  rolling  or 
trilling  in  song. 

1884  R.  L.  WALLACE  Canary  Bk.,  The  most  valued  of  all 
[German  canaries]  are  the  variety  known  by  the  name  of 
the  Hartz  Mountain  Rollers. 

R.o-ller,  s&.'A    Oxford  slang.   =  ROLL-CALL. 

1883  Oxford  Review  26  April  345/1  Up  to  this  time 
a  nominal  five,  a  practical  four,  and  a  possible  three 
'  rollers  '  would  suffice. 

Roller,  v.    [f.  ROLLER  sb^\ 

1.  trans.  To  roll ;  to  press  or  pass  between  rolls. 
1827  Patents  in  Ann.  Reg.  534/2  Machinery  for  rolling 

or  rollering  wool  from  the  carding  engine. 

2.  dial.  To  rake  up  (hay)  into  rows. 

c  1830  MORTON  Glouc.  Farm  Rep.  15  in  L.  U,  K.t  Husb. 
Ill,  When  the  hay-making  machine  has  done  its  work,  the 
hay  is  hatched  or  rollered  up,  as  it  is  called.  fHd.t  When  the 
field  is  all  hatched  or  rollered,  people  with  forks  make  up 
the  hatches  into  cocks.  1893  DARTNELL  &  GODDARD  Wilti* 
Words  77  Hay  is  '  put  in  rollers  \  or  '  rollered  up'. 

Roller- board.  [ROLLER  sbl  6.]  The  board 
carrying  the  rollers  in  an  organ.  Also  attrib. 


1632  in  J.  Crosse  York  Mits.  Festiv.  (1825)  App.  2  Item 
the  rowler  board  carriages  and  keyes,  xx  //.  1840  Penny 
Cycl,  XVI.  492/2  Figure  3  is  a  perspective  view  of  a  roller- 
board  ;  A  A  A,  the  board  on  which  the  rollers  are  fixed. 
^55  K.  J.  HOPKINS  Organ  x.  47  There  are.. two  distinct 
kinds  of  key-movement  in  common  use  in  England ;  namely, 
the  lever  or  fan-frame  movement,  and  the  roller-board 
movement.  1881  W.  E.  DICKSOS  Pract.  Organ- Building 
viii.  96  Rollers  are  in  sets,  like  backfalls  and  squares,  and 
are  arranged  symmetrically  on  a  board  called  a  roller-board. 

Roller-gin.  [ROLLER  sb^-  4  b.]  A  cotton-gin 
in  which  the  cleaning  was  effected  by  tollers. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  378  The  roller-gin. . 
consists  of  two  shallow  fluted  rollers . .  placed  so  near  to  each 
other,  that  when  the  cotton  is  thrust  against  the  line  where 
they  enter  into  contact,  they  immediately  seize  hold  of  it. 
1851  Art  Jrnl.  illnstr.  CataL  p.  iii**/2  The  machine  now 
almost  universally  used  ..is  the  saw-gin,  the  roller-gin  having 
been  supplanted  even  in  India.  1888  Encycl.  Brit.  XXII  I. 
757/2  The  'roller  gin  '  could  clean  only  a  half  do/en 
pounds  [of  cotton]  a  day  by  slave  labour. 

Ro-llering,  vbl.  sb.     Roller-skating. 

1880  ll'orld  31  Mar.  12  The  rinks  at  lirighton.  .where 
'rollering'  has  once  more  set  in  with  unusual  severity. 

Ro'ller-skate.  [ROLLER  s6.L  7.]  A  skate 
mounted  on  small  wheels  or  rollers,  usually  two 
pairs,  instead  of  a  metallic  blade,  for  use  in  skating 
on  smooth  flooring,  etc.  Grig.  (',$.  Also  attrib. 

1874  VASDKRVELI.  &  WITMAM  Figure-Skating  (ed.  2)  iv, 
68  Good  ice-skaters  are  usually  under  the  impression  that 
they  can  at  once  perform  their,  .evolutions  on  these  roller- 
skates.  1887  Encycl.  Brit.  XXII.  105/2  The  fatigue  caused 
by  these  'roller  skates'  is  quadruple  that  of  ordinary  ice 
skating.  1893  KIPLING  Many  Invent.  5  The  roller-skate 
rattle  of  the  revolving  lenses. 

Hence  Bo'ller-skater,  -skating1. 

1874  VAXDF.RVKLL  &  WITHAM  Figure-Skating  (ed.  2)  iv.  63 
The  operation  of  the  ice  skate  seems  variable  and  uncertain 
to  the  roller-skater.  Ibid.  71  The  exercise  of  roller-skating 
becomes  ..  as  fascinating;  as  ice-skating.  1884  E.  VAT  KS 
Recoil,  (ed.  Tauchn.)  I.  181  The  London  world  went,  .mad 
over  the  production  of  Le  Prophets  [1847-52],  in  which,  by 
the  way,  roller-skating  was  first  introduced. 

Rolley  (rp'li).  Also  roily.  [Of  obscure  origin  : 
perh.  connected  with  ROLL  v.*t  but  cf.  RUI.LEY.] 

1.  Mining.  A  kind  of  truck  without  sides,  for 
merly  much  in  use  for  carrying  corves  along  under 
ground  horse-roads  or  upon  rails  to  the  shaft. 

1825  [see  b].  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  982  Each  corve..U 
j  lifted  from  the  tram..,  and  placed  on  a  carriage  called 
a  rolley,  which  generally  holds  two  corves.  1851  GRF.KN- 
WELL  Coal-Trade  terms,  Northninb.  fy  Durham  43  The 
rolley  was  contrived  as  an  improvement  upon  the  tram, 
upon  which  a  single  corf  was  placed. 

b.  attrib.  and  Comb,,  as  rolley -driver^  -horset 
-ivay,  -way-man,  -wheel,  etc. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  646  The  plate  rail 
ways  employed  in  coal-mines,  and  there  called  tram  and 
rolley-ways.  Ibid.  649  A  view  of  a  rolley  or  tram-wheel.  1839 
UKE  Diet.  Arts  982  The  rolley  driver,  with  his  horse,  takes 
them  to  the  bottom  of  the  engine-shaft.     //>/</.,  The  rolley 
horses  have  a  peculiar  kind  of  shafts.     1851  GREENWELL 
Coal-trade  terms,  Nortliitmb.  <y  Durham,  Rolleyway-man^ 
a  man  whose  business  is  to  attend  to  the  rolleyway,  and  keep 
it  in  order. 

2.  A  lorry;  =RuLLEV.     Also  attrib. 

1886  N.  Eastern  Daily  Gaz.  n  Aug.  1/6  Spring  Rolleys 
for  removing  Furniture.  Ibid.  1/4  Waterproof  Cart  and 
Rolley  Covers.  Ibid.  1/3  Wanted,,  .steady  Young  Man  as 
Rolleyman.  1894  HF.SLOP  Northnmbld.  Gloss,  s.  v., '  A  rail 
way  rolley,'  a  large,  flat,  four-wheeled  waggon,  used  for  the 
street  delivery  and  carriage  of  merchandize. 

Rollick  (r^-lik),  sb.     [f.  ROLLICK  v.] 

1.  Exuberant  gaiety  or  joviality ;  a  very  gay  and 
jovial  tone. 

1856  Titan  Mag.  Nov.  403  The  heat,  the  draughts,  the 
bustle,  rollick — all  The  genteel  pleasures  of  a  country  ball. 
1866  Pall  MallG.  No.  446. 141/2  An  unreal  rollick  in  his  voice 
and  manner.  1886  Alacm.  Mag.  Apr.  420  This  snatch, . .  in 
its  mixture  of  sentiment,  truth,  and  what  may  be  excusably 
called  '  rollick  ',  is  very  characteristic  of  its  author. 

2.  A  sportive  frolic  or  escapade. 

1876  J.  ELLIS  C&sar  in  Egypt  309  Off  for  a  rollick- 
sweeter  by  stealth  !  1883  J.  PARKER  Tyne  Chylde  7  Once 
my  life  was  a  child's  rollick,  half  trick,  half  dream.  1897 
'  F.  ANSTEY  '  Trav.  Comp.  ii,  Culd.  We  might  take  a  turn 
later  on,  and  see  the  effect  of  St.  Gudule  in  the  moonlight. 
Podb.  Something  like  a  rollick  that ! 

Rollick  (r^lik),  v.  Also  dial  rollo(c)k.  [Of 
obscure  origin.]  intr.  To  frolic,  sport,  or  romp, 
in  a  joyous,  careless  fashion ;  to  go  off,  move 
along,  enter,  etc.,  in  this  manner. 

1826  SCOTT  Jrnl.  2  Aug.,  Instead  of  writing  me  one  other 
page. .,  you  rollick  into  the  woods  till  you  have  not  a  dry 
thread  about  you.     1854  Miss  BAKER  Northantpt.  Gloss., 
Rollock,  to  romp  about  rudely.     1878  J.  T.  FIELDS  in  Life 
$  Lett.  B.  Taylor  1.  iv.  76  We  rollicked  along  into  Washing 
ton  Street.     1888  Pall  Mall  G.  28  Sept.  3/2  *  Q.'  appears 
as  a  rollicking  humourist . .  .He  rollicks,  perhaps,  a  little  too 
laboriously. 

b.  transf*  of  things  or  animals. 

a  1837  J.  CLARE  in  N.  fy  Q.  qth  Ser.  XI.  177/1  The  wind 
is  rollicking  about  to-day.  Wild,  Ixit  not  stormy.  1846 
T.  B.  THORPE  Myst.  Backwoods  13  Mounted  by  a  rider., 
he  [the  mustang  pony]  goes  rollicking  ahead.  1853  KINGS- 
LEY  Hypatia  xxix,  The  shrieks  of  his  lute  rose  shrill.. and 
rollicked  on  swifter  and  swifter  as  the  old  singer  maddened. 

c.  To  revel  joyously  in  something. 

1865  G.  MEREDITH  R.  Fleming  xxix,  There  was  some- 
ihing  desperately  amusing  to  him  in  the  thought  that  he 
had  not  even  money  enough  to.. provide  for  a  repast.  He 
rollicked  in  his  present  poverty. 


ROLLICKER. 

Hence  Bo'llicker ;  Bo'Uicking1  vbl.  sb. 

1830-2  CARLETON  Traits  (1843)  1*  IT3  There's  no  stop 
to  their  noise  and  rollokin.  1865  Sat.  Rev.  25  Nov.  667/2 
Lord  Amberley.  .would  never  have  to  leave  an  administra 
tion  headed  by  a  Whig,  for  any  amount  of  rollicking.  1893 
Columbus  (Ohio)  Disp.  19  Oct.,  It  is  the  same.. with  the 
ragged,  hungry  little  folk  of  the  western  isles  as  with  the 
romping  rolhckers  of  Glasgow. 

Rollicking,///-  a.  [f.  ROLLICK  v.  +  -ING 2.] 
Extremely  jovial  or  gay  ;  boisterously  sportive  : 

a.  Of  persons. 

1832  LYTTON  E.  Aram  n.  v,  Pray  tell  me  all  about  him, 
—a  wild, gay,  rollicking  fellow  still,  eh?  1858  DORAN  Court 
Fools  117  The  outlay  of  this  rollicking  Court  even  frightened 
the  Commons.  1881  BESANT  &  RICK  ChafL  of  Fleet  i.  v, 
He  was  a  rollicking,  jovial,  boon  companion. 

Comb.  1863  DICEY  Federal  St.  \.  36  Suspicious  glances 
directed  towards  a  rollicking-looking  clerk. 

b.  Of  disposition,  conduct,  actions,  etc. 

1826  HONK  Rvcry-day  Bk.  II.  467  The  '  tipsy  toss1  of  that 
actor's  head,  his  rollocking  look.  1842  BARHAM  Ingol.  Leg. 
Ser.  n.  Dead  Drummer,  The  pigeon-toed  step,  and  the 
rollicking  motion.  1874  ^UIiN<ANn  My  Time  vi.  50  He  used 
to  sing  to  us  some  rollicking  songs  with  strangely  worded 
choruses. 

trans/,  and _/?£-.  1857  B.  TAYLOR  North.  Trav.  xxv.  254 
There  was  no  lush,  rollicking  out-burst  of  foliage,.,  no  easy 
unfolding  of  leaf  on  leaf.  1871  L.  STEPHEN  Playgr.  Eur. 
(1894)  viii.  186  It  was  a  glacier  of  a  rollicking  spirit,  given 
to  plunge  in  broad  curves  over  hidden  ridges  of  rock. 

Hence  Ito'llickingly  adv.  ;  RoTlickingness. 

1842  Eraser's  M'aff.  XXVI.  447  No  man  could  sing  a 
song  more  rollickingly.  1865  Sitt.  Rev.  25  Nov.  667  The 
jocose  and  rollicking  chief  is  no  move.  His  two  successors 
hate  jocosity  and  rollickingness. 

BiO'llicksome,  a.  [f.  ROLLICK  v.]  Rollick 
ing.  Hence  Ro'llicksomeness. 

1847  litfickw.  Mag:  July  67/2  The  loud  rollcsome  sports 
in  which  he  bad  hitherto  been  a  leader.  1866  BtACKMORR 
C.  Noiuell  xxxiii,  Jack  is  obliged,  .to  bottle  up  his  inoney3 
his  rolHcksomeness  and  sentimentality. 

Ro'llicky,  a.    rare.    Given  to  rollicking. 

1889  J.  K.  JKROME  Idle  Thoughts  106  We  men  are  sup-    j 
posed  to  be  a  bold  and  rollicky  lot. 

t  Ro'lling,  Tbl.  J/;.1    Obs.  rare.    [f.  ROLL  z;.1]   | 
An  enrolling,  enrolment ;  an  entering  upon  a  roll.    I 

1303  R.   BRUNNK  Handl.    Synne  9801  Syker  ys,  bat  yn    , 
rolle  ys  leyde,  For  ban  may  hyt  neuer  be  wybseyde  ;  pe 
rollyng  foulobe  croppe  and  rote.     1465  Mann,  fy  Honseh. 
(Roxb.)  298    My  mastyr    paid  for    the  rollenge  [of 


.  . 

his  patent],  iij.s.  iiij.d.  ^1550  l-'o.v  popitli  43  in  Hazl. 
E.P.T.  111.  269  By  roulyng  and  by  dating.  1552  Reg. 
Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  32  That  thair 


g.     1552  Reg. 
be   Commissaris 


1770  in  J.  Bulloch  Pynours  (1887)  76  To  put  a  total  stop 
to  the  rolling  of  all  sorts  of  Casks.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts 
635  The  body  is.. then  dipped  and  rolled  in  the  hot  liquor. 


..This  is  technically  called  rolling  off,  or  roughing.  i86a 
ANSTED  Channel  Isl.  n.  xi.  286  The  only  reason  why  all 
are  not  rounded  is  that  the  work  of  rolling  and  wearing 
is  still  going  on  upon  recently  fallen  material. 

t  2.  a.  A  bandaging,  enswathing,  or  binding  up. 
b.  A  ligature  or  bandage.  Obs. 

c  1450  M.  E.  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  233  5>'f  fa  skyn  be 
broke. .,  [use]  ober  medycynes,  and  ?yf  hyt  nede,  as  on  be 
leg,  rollyngges.  1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydon'sQitest.  Chirurg: 
Lj  b,  Howe  many  maners  of  lygatures  or  roily nges  ben 
there?  1575  TURBBKV.  Faulconrie  264  This  ligature  and 
rolling  of  the  member  must  be  continued . .  xxx  dayes. 
1662  MEKKETT  tr.  NerCs  Art  of ^  Glass  xxxviii,  Rouling 
but  once  at  a  time,  and  letting  it  dry  a  little  before  the 
second  rouling.  1676  WISEMAN  Surg.  Treat.  (J.),  By  this 
rolling,  parts  are  kept  from  joining  together. 

3.  The  operation  of  compressing,  smoothing, 
or  levelling  a  surface  by  means  of  a  cylinder  or 
roller;  an  instance  of  this. 

1671  GREW  Anat.  PI.  (1684)  27  That  which  is  sometimes 
also  effected  in  Rowling  of  Corn.  1688  HOLME  Armoury 
in.  xv.  (Roxb.)  24/2  Of  the  severall  parts  of  a  Book. . .  Rowl 
ing,  the  printing  the  edges  of  the  couer.  1765  A.  DICKSON 
Treat.  A\gric,  (ed.  2)  340  When  land  is  laid  down  in  grass 
for  hay,  rolling  is  of  use  in  smoothing  the  surface.  1786 
ABERCROMBIE  Card.  Assist.  185  Give  a  good  rolling  after 
rain.  1801  Farmers  ;'/«£.  Apr.  129  After  the . .  land  has  been 
effectually  cleaned,  by  its  harrowings,  rollings,  and  pick 
ings.  1837  Penny  Cycl.  VII.  503/1  Copper  for  the  purpose 
of  rolling  leaves  the  smelting  works  in  cakes.  1868  JOYNSOM 
Metals  79  It  is  usually  subjected  to  repeated  hammerings 
and  rollings  at  a  low  heat. 

II.  4.  The  action  (on  the  part  of  something)  of 
turning  over  and  over,  revolving,  etc.,  or  of  moving 
onwards  in  this  way. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  436/2  Rollynge,  or  turnynge  a-bowte, 
I'olncio.  1548  EI.YOT,  Petaurum,.  .a  kynde  of  game  vsed 
in  old  tyme,  wherin  men  by  rollyng  of  wheles  were  cast  vp 
nlofte.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  n.  xiii.  (1614)  182  Their 
rolling  thorow  the  deepe  and  hidden  vaults  of  the  earth. 


deput..to  vesy  the  rolling  of  the  futmen. 

Rolling  (r#»'lin)j  -vbl.  sb£    [f.  ROLL  v.%] 

The  sense  is  not  clear  in  the  following  passage: 
a  1440    York   Myst,   xxx.   234   Do  rappe  on  the   renkis, 
{>at  we  may  raysewith  oure  rolyng. 

I.  1.  The  action  ot  turning  something  over  and 
over,  or  of  causing  it  to  roll  ;  f  bowling. 

1451  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Gilbert  (E.E.T.S.)  93  fat  >e  ony- 
ment  of  vertne  whech  was  with-inne  him  scluild  be  stered 
ft  rolled  .  .  |>at  aftyr  bat  rollyng  it  schuld  haue  be  mor  odour. 
1483-4  Durli.  Ace.  AW/s(Surtees)  414  In  i  hoggeshede  vini 
.  .cum  cariag.  et  rollyng.  1583  Burg^k  Rec.  Edin.  (1882) 
265  Proclamation;!!  to  be  maid  discharging,  .all  catchpulling, 
rulling,  playing,  di  inking  and  taverning.  1615  CROOKE  Body 
of  Man  629  The  Muscles  of  the  Tongue  are  assistant  vnto 
it  in..  his  Functions  of  Speaking,  Tasting  and  Rowling 
of  the  Meate.  1645  TOM  BBS  Anthropol.  13  The  rowling 
in  sugar  doth  make  the  stomache  swallow  bitter  pills. 


762 

1662  HIBBKRT  Body  Divinity  \.  174  In  an  unconstant  man 
there  is.  .uncertain  rollings  of  spirit.  1860  PUSEY_^//«. 
Proj>h.  386  The  swift  changes  of  man's  condition  in  the 
rolling-on  of  time.  1879  THOMSON  &  TAIT  Nat,  Phil.  I.  I. 
§110  This  motion  is  what  we  call  rolling,  or  simple  rolling, 
of  the  moveable  body  on  the  fixed. 

b.  Of  the  eyes :  The  action  of  moving  or  turn 
ing  to  and  fro  in  the  sockets. 

?  1566  J.  AI.OAY  tr.  Boaystiiau's  The  at.  World  Q  iv  b,  He 
had  reproued  ..  the  mouing  or  rowling  of  their  eyes. 
1610  ATTERSOLL  in  N.  $  Q.  gth  Ser.  IV.  104  Many  vse  in 
their  teaching, . .  hemming  in  the  throat,  rouling  of  the  eyes 
[etc.].  1647  N.  UACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  \,  xh.  (1739)  105 
Not  only  the  opening  of  the  eye,  hut  also  the  rowling  of  it 
about.  1728  YOUNG  Love  of  Fame  vi.  49  Mark  well  the 
rollings  of  her  flaming  eye.  1844  KINHLAKK  Eothen  xviii, 
The  peculiar  rolling  of  his  eyes  which  I  had  remarked. 
1848  DICKENS  Dombey  xxxi,  The  Native. .who  alarms  tlie 
ladies,  .by  the  rolling  of  his  eyes. 

C.  Wandering,  roaming,    rare, 

1624  lip.  Moi'NTAGU  Gagg'Vo  Rdr.  14  Let  him  come. .to 
the  poynts  controverted,  without  rowling,  rambling,  raving. 

5.  A  curve  or  spiral ;  a  turning  or  folding. 

1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist,  Aiv,  Flames  in  rowlings 
rouncle,  to  sweepe  the  starres,  the  mouth  dooth  cast.  1611 
COTGM.,  Ronlementi  a  rowling,  turning,  foulding  vp  or  in 
wards.  1660  H.  liLQOME  Arc/tit.  Ej,  /W«/rthath  a  Circle, 
or  rowling  about  of  one  part.  1883  HUXLEY  Pract.  Biol. 
96  The  movements  which  occur  in  contraction  ;  the  coiling 
up  of  the  stalk  ;  the  rolling  in  of  the  disc. 

6.  An  oscillation  or  swinging  from  side  to  side 
in  the  nature  of  a  partial  revolution   about  the 
centre  of  gravity;   spec,  of  ships  (cf.  ROLL  v2  21). 

1635  A.  STAFFORD  Fan.  Glory  (1869)  18  The  rowling  of 
the  Cradle,  put  her  in  mind  that  she  was  newly  enter'd 
Into  the  tempest  of  this  life.  ,i  1661  HOLYIMY  Juvenal 
(1673)  232  This  is  called  (as  a  long  continuance  at  sea., 
taught  me)  the  rowling  of  the  ship.  1769  FALCONER  Diet, 
Marine  (1780),  Rolling,  the  motion  by  which  a  ship  rocks 
from  side  to  side  like  a  cradle.  1836  Miss  MAITLAMJ  Lett. 
Madras  (1843)  24  Nothing  but  rolling  by  day  and  by  night : 
but  we  are  nil  looking  forward  to  a  week  at  the  Cape  to  set 
us  right  again.  1847  W.  C.  L.  MARTIN  Ox  37/2  A  grinding 
of  the  teeth,  and  a  rolling  about  as  if  from  extreme  agony 
or  colic.  1887  J.  BALL  Nat.  S.  Amer.  3  Forced  to  hold 
on  with  both  hands  during  the  rolling  of  the  ship, 

7.  Of  waves,  etc.:  The  action  of  moving  in  a 
swelling  or  heaving  manner. 

1632  J.  HAYWAKD  tr.  Biondi's  Eromena  158  The  motion 
and  rowling  of  the  sea.  1651  JKR.  TAYLOR  Serin,  for  Year 
(1678)  306  The  wave  of  a  Tide,  which  retired.. and  yet 
came  farther  upon  the  strand  at  the  next  rolling.  1832 
MAKRYAT  N,  Forster  xxiv,  The  rolling  of  the  surf.  1863 
Saf.  Rev.  6  June  729  When  all  this  is  brought  into  con 
nexion  with  the  rolling  back  of  the  stream,  and  the  mirac 
ulous  passage  of  the  Israelites. 

8.  The   sound   produced   by  the   motion   of  a 
wheeled  vehicle,  by  the  rapid,  continuous  beating 
of  a  drum,  or  by  thunder. 

1611  li.  RICH  Honestie  Age  (Percy  Soc.)  18  Your  eares 
againe  shall  be  so  incumbred  with  the  rumbling  and  rowl 
ing  of  coaches.  1811  BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.  (ed.  3)  s.v.,  Rolling, 
that  rapid  pulsation  of  the  drum  by  which  the  sounds., 
beat  upon  the  ear  with  a  rumbling  continuity  of  effect. 
1881  BESANT  &  RICE  Chapl.  Fleet  \.  vi,  The  noise,  .began 
in  the  early  morning  with  the  rolling  of  the  carts. 

b.  Of  canaries  :  (see  ROLL  v?  I7e). 

c  1890  tr.  Russs  Canary  Birds  99  They  either  depart 
from  the  'rolling',  or  they  do  not  achieve  the  desired 
duration  and  roundness  of  the  melodies. 

III.  9.  attrib,  and  Comb.t  as  rolling  contact, 
friction^  resistance;  rolling-house,  U.S.  an  in 
spection  warehouse  to  which  tobacco  was  conveyed 
by  rolling;  f  rolling  pear  (see  quot.  1672) ;  roll 
ing-road,  U.S.  (see  quot.);  rolling-room,  a  room 
at  the  Mint  in  which  the  metal  is  rolled  into 
strips ;  rolling-table,  a  table  on  which  fleeces 
are  rolled  up. 

1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  581  Trusting  to  the  sur 
face  or  ^rolling  contact,  to  produce  the  rotation  and  traverse 
of  the  cylinder.  1859  "Rolling  friction  [see  Rolling  resist 
ance],  1884  Cent.  Afag.  Jan,  446/2  The  commonest  mode 
of  moving  tobacco  was  yet  more  naked  ;  the  cask  was 
strongly  hooped,  and  then  rolled  ..  to  the  inspector's 
warehouse,  known  for  this  reason  as  a  *  "rolling-house1. 
1664  EVELYN  Kal.  Hort.  September  74  Emperours-pear, 
Cluster-pear,.  ,*Rowling-pear.  167:1  GREW  Anal.  Plants 
(1682)  15  Some  Apples  mend  their  Taste  by  Scoaping  and 
Pears  by  Rowling,  especially  that  called  the  Rowling  Pear. 
1859  RANKINE  Steam  Eng.  17  Ky  the  rolling  of  two  sur 
faces  over  each  other  without  sliding,  a  resistance  is 
caused,  which  is  called  sometimes  'rolling  friction',  but 
more  correctly  *rolling  resistance.  1696-1715  Laws  of 
Maryland  iv.  (1723)  10  His  Excellency  ..  hath  caused 
Four  *Rollinj*  Roads  to  be  made  and  cleared  for  the  Rolling 
or  Transporting  Tobacco  or  Goods  by  Land.  1884  Cent. 
Mag.  Jan.  447/1  The  road,  which  went  round  about  to 
avoid  hills,  was  called  a  '  rolling-road  '.  1815  Ann,  Reg.^ 
Chron.  84  The  silver  or  *rolling  room.  1900  H.  LAWSON 
Over  Sliprails  32, 1  was  slipping  past  to  the  "rolling-tables, 
carrying  three  fleeces  to  save  a  journey. 

fb.  Rolling  hose  or  stockings,  stockings  of  which 
the  tops  could  be  rolled  up  or  down  on  the  leg. 
Obs.  (Cf.  ROLL-UP  i.) 

1683  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  1834/4  A  pair  of  new  rowling  Wor 
sted  Stockings.  1686  Ibid.  No.  2155/4  A  Parcel  of  Rouling 
Silk  Hose.. supposed  to  be  stolen.  1704  Ibid.  No.  4067/7  A 
dark-coloured  Coat,  and  rolling  Stockings. 

c.  Naut.    in    rolling-chock,    -cleat,     -rope, 
tackle,  applied  to  devices  used  to  strengthen  the 
yards  against  the  strain  produced  by  the  rolling 
of  the  vessel. 


ROLLING. 

1762  FALCONER  Shipwreck  \\.  248  They  furl  the  sail,  and 


the  windward  of  the  mast,  in  order  to  confine  the  yard  close 
down  to.  .leeward  when  the  sail  is  furled.  1840  R.  H.  DANA 
Before  Mast  xxv,  We  were  hard  at  work.. getting  rolling- 
ropes  on  the  yard,.. and  making  other  preparations  for  a 
storm.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Nant,  Diet.,  Rolling-Chock,  or 
Rolling-Cleat,  a.  piece  of  wood  fastened  to  the  middle  of  an 
upper  yard,  with  a  piece  cut  out  of  Us  centre  so  that  it  may 
half  encircle  the  mast,  to  which  it  is  secured  by  an  iron 
parrel.  Ibid.,  Rolling-Tackles,  tackles  sometimes  attached 
to  a  lower  yardj  to  steady  it  in  a  heavy  sea. 

Rolling  (r<?u-lin),///.  a.     [f.  ROLL  v.-~\ 

1.  That  turns  over  and  over,  esp.  so  as  to  move 
forward  on  a  surface  or  down  a  slope. 

c  1500  MORE  Fortune  in  Songs,  Carols,  etc.  (E.E.T.S.)  78 
The  rollyng  disc  in  whom  your  lukk  doth  stonde.  1599 
SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  in.  vi.  31  That  Goddesse  [sc.  Fortune]  blind, 
that  stands  vpoti  the  rolling  vestlesse  Stone.  1611  HIBI.E 
Ecclits.  xxxiij.  5  His  thoughts  are  like  a  rolling  axeltree. 
1697  DRYDEN  lirg.Georg.  111.66  Sisyphus  that  labours  tip 
the  Hill  The  rowling  Rock.  1742  GRAY  Eton  29  What  idle 
progeny  succeed  To  chase  the  rolling  circle's  speed  ?  1847 
EMKKSON  Repr.  Men,  Goethe  Wks.  (Bohn)  I.  382  Nature 
will  be  reported... The  rolling  rock  leaves  its  scratches  on 
the  mountain.  1882  MINCHIN  UnipL  Kincmat.  71  The 
length  of  the  arc.. measured  on  the  surface  of  the  rolling 
body. 

b.  That  moves  or  runs  upon  wheels. 

1565  COOPER  Tht'sanriiss.v.  Voluens,  Plaustra  voluentia, 
rollynge  wagons.  1648  HEXHAM  n,  Ken  Rol-ivagen,  a  Rol- 
ing  wagon,  to  carry  wares  or  commodities  upon.  1853- [see 
ROLLING  STOCK  J.  1891  Daily  Ncu-s  7  July  2/5,  I  have  not 
thought  it  necessary  to  make  rolling-load  tests  personally. 

c.  Of  a  person,  his  opinions  :  Changeable,  shift 
ing,  variable,  inconstant.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1561  T.  NORTON  tr.  Calvin* s  Inst.  in.  179  Faith  is  not  con- 
tented  with  a  doutfull  and  rowling  opinion.  1613  PURCHAS 
Pilgrimage  n.  xix.  (1614)  219  Of  which  you  have  heard  their 
rolling  opinion  before.  1652  N.  CULVKRWFI,  Treat.  \.  ix. 
(1661)  58  Had  I  met  with  this  in  a  fluctuating  Academick, 
in  a  rowling  Sceptick.  1731  Rape  of  Helen  Pref.  p.  vi,  A 
man  that  has  a  rolling  fancy,  and  can  adapt  his  conceptions 
with  pompous  words  and  sounding  epithets,  is  sure  to  carry 
the  prize. 

d.  Of   time   or   seasons:  Steadily  moving   on 
wards,  elapsing  ;  also,  moving  round,  recurring. 

1695  PRIOR  Ode pres.  to  King  \\,  Oft  as  the  rolling  Years 
return.  1700  ROWE  Amb.  Step-Mother  \.  \,  Rolling  Time, 
that  gathers  as  it  goes,  r  1760  SMOLLETT  Ode  to  blue-ey*d 
Ann  19  When  rolling  seasons  cease  to  change.  1835 
WORDSW.  On  Death  /.  Hogg  13  Nor  has  the  rolling  year 
twice  measured,  .its  steadfast  course,  Since  [etc.].  1850 
TENNYSON  In  Mem.  li,  Ye  watch.. the  rolling  hours  With 
larger  other  eyes  than  ours. 

e.  Progressive ;  increasing,  accumulating. 

1719  W.  WOOD  SMV.  Trade  41  The  17  or  18  millions  lost 
..by  the  French  Trade,  .would  by  a  continued  rolling  En- 
crease,  have  added  more  than  sufficient  to  double  the  56 
Millions.  1887  Times  22  Apr.  7/6  He  established  rolling 
annuities  which  do  credit  to  the  ingenuity  of  the  light 
honourable  gentleman. 

2.  Revolving,  rotating  ;  turning  on,  or  as  on,  an 
axis;  moving  round  a  centre. 

1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Hart  as  \.  i.  387  Let  them  deny.  .End 
and  beginning  to  th*  Heav'ns  rowling  roundnes.  1596 
SPENSER  F.  Q.\.  v.  2  Whoso  list,  .search  the  courses  of  the 
rowling  spheares.  1670  MILTON  Brut  2  Goddess  of  Shades 
..,  who  at  will  Walk'st  on  the  rowling  Sphear.  1678  R. 
CUDWOKTH  Intell.  Syst.  882  Vulgar  Opinion.. supposes  the 
Fixed  Stars., to  be  the  Utmost  Wall,  or  Arched  Roof,  and 
Rowling  Circumference  thereof.  1707  PRIOR  Simile  6  Didst 
Thou  never  see. .A  Squirrel  spend  his  little  Rage  In  jump 
ing  round  a  rowling  Cage?  1784  COWPER  Task  v.  814  The 
God  Who.. wheels  his  throne  upon  the  rolling  worlds.  1848 
DICKENS  Dombey  xxlx,  Aldermen  and  knights  to  boot:  at 
whose  sage  nod . .  the  rolling  world  stands  still. 

b.   Of  the  eyes  :    Moving  to  and  fro  or  up  and 
down  in  the  sockets. 

1576  FLKMING  Panopl.  Episi.  245  When  I .  .cast  my  rolling 
eyes  from  corner  to  corner,..!  see  a  liuely.. image,  1598 
DHAYTON  Heroi(al  Ep.  Hi.  29  Whilst  I  behold  thy  Globe- 
like  rowling  Eye.  1725  RAMSAY  Gentle  Sheph.  n.  iv,  Thy 
..rowing  eye  that,  smiling,  tells  the  truth.  1875  BUCKLAND 
Log-bk.  195  Great  rolling  eyes.  [1899  Alttutt's  Syst. 
Med.  VII.  862  The  ocular  muscles  have  been  implicated, 
causing  rolling  movements  of  the  globes.] 

Comb.  1848  BUCKLEY  Iliad  305  The  Trojans  first  drove 
back  the  rolling-eyed  Gieeks. 

C.  Turning  round,  turned  over,  in  a  coil  or  fold. 

\-$..E.E.Allit.P,  B.  790  Isolde  burnez  wer  baybo^e  with 
berdles  chynnez,  Royl  rollande  fax  to  raw  sylk  lyke.  1611 


manner   of  forming   shutters   must    be   added   the   rolling 
shutters  of  Clark.. and  others.     1883  Cent.  Mag.  Sept.  725 
The  rolling  scrolls,  borrowed  from  the  Romans. 
d.  Of  thoughts  :   Revolving,    rare  *"'. 

1677  SKDLEY  Ant.  ff  Cl.  Wks.  1722  I.  165  Her  rowling 
Thoughts  on  some  dire  Mischief  bent. 
6.  Swinging,  swaying. 

1755  JOHNSON,  A  Wallow,*,  kind  of  rolling  walk.  1899 
Allbntt'sSyst.  Afftt.Vll.  580  Extreme  vertigo,  a  rolling  gait, 
and  lateral  nystagmus. 

3.  Heaving,  surging,  swelling,  flowing  strongly 
and  steadily  onwards. 

'633  T.  JAMES  Voy.  29  There  came  a  great  rowling  Sea. 
1642  H.  MORE  Song  of  Soul  \\.  cxxix.  Wks.  (Grosart)  31 
Woods  rent  from  hence,  its  rowling  rage  bestows  In  other 
places  that  were  bare  before.  1721  RAMSAY  Prospect  of 
Plenty  28  Herrings,  .like  best  to  play..  In  rowan  ocean,  or 
the  open  bay.  1773  WESLKY  Jrnl.  23  Mar.,  We  had  . .  a 


ROLLING. 

strong  gale,  and  a  rolling  sea.  1848  DICKLNS  Doinbey  iv, 
Think  of  the  pitch-dark  nights,  the  roaring  winds,  and 
rolling  seas.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  cxxix,  Thy  voice  is 
on  the  rolling  air. 

fig.  1695  LD.  PRESTON  Boctk.  i.  31  Toss'd  on  the  rowling 
Waves  Of  giddy  Chance.  1781  COUPER  Confer  sat.  557  Its 
head  is  guarded  as  its  base  is  sure  ;  Fix'd  in  the  rolling 
flood  of  endless  years. 

t  b.  Of  sands  :  Moving,  shifting.    Obs.  rare. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trai'.  vi.  293  A  fiery  faced  plahie,  scorcli'd 
with  burning  heate,  and  deepe  rolling  Sand.  1665  SIR  T. 
HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  32  Afrique,  where  the  greatest  part 
is  rowling  sands,  which  permit  no  foundation  of  Towns  nor 
long  stations. 

c.  Ascending  or  moving  in  curls  or  rolls. 

1664  POWER  Exfi.  Philos.  i.  21  A  tremulous  Motion  and 
Agitation  of  rowling  fumes.  1667  MILTON  /*.  /,.  i.  671  A 
Hill.  .whose  griesly  top  Belch'd  fire  and  rowling  smoak. 
1718  Po^E  Dune.  i.  248  He.  .lights  the  structure..:  The 
rolling  smoke  involves  the  sacrifice.  1770  GOLUS.M.  DCS. 
/-'///.  191  Round  its  breast  the  rolling  clouds  ate  spread. 
1906  Temple  Bar  Jan.  18  The  old  man  looked.,  through  the 
window  at  the  rolling  mist. 

4.  Producing  a  continuous   swelling  sound;   re 
verberating,  resounding.     Alsoy?^. 

1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Cant  us*  \at.  Paradox  n.  37  Seeing.. 
the  Rowling  Thunder  grumble,  and  the  stormy  clowds  burst 
under  his  feet.  1688  HOI.MI-:  Armoury  in.  xix.  (Roxb.) 
154/2  The  manner  of  which  beatings  [of  a  drum]  is  pei  formed 
by..  down  right  and  rowling  blows.  1781  COWTEK  /;'.r/*<»j(Y. 
499  Thy  Druids..,  while  the  victim,  .bled  to  death,  Upon  the 
rolling  chords  rung  out  his  dying  breath.  1842  TENNYSON 
Sir  Galakad  vii,  A  rolling  organ-harmony  Swells  up,  and 
shakes  and  falls.  1847  Ds  QuiMCEY  Span.  Mil.  Nun  11, 
Then  came  a  rolling  fire  of  thanks  to  St.  Sebastian. 
tb.  Fluent,  voluble.  Obs. 

1579  G.   HARVEY  Lcttcr-Bk.   (Camden)  71  The   ruulinge 
tongue,  .of.  .ouer  fine  Cambridge  barber.     1586  J.  HOOKER 
Hist.  Ircl.  in  Holinshcd  II.  94/2  He  was..  in  countenance 
amiable,  .  .a  rolling  tongue  and  a  rich  utterance. 
C.   Continuously  sounded  or  trilled. 

1863  A.  M.  BELL  Princ.  Speech  191  There  is  a  difficulty.,  to 
unaccustomed  organs,  in  producing  a  rolling  or  vibrated  R. 
1872  COUES  -V.  Artier.  Birds  151  Its  rolling  notes  recall 
those  of  the  Carolina  wren,  but  are  stronger. 

5.  Of  prairie-land,   etc.  :     Having  a    succession 
of  gentle  undulations;    wavy,   undulating.     Also 
transf.  of  mountainous  scenery.     Orig.  U.S. 

1819  SCHOOLCRAKT  Lead  Mines  26  The  lands  lie  rolling, 
like  a  body  of  water  in  gentle  agitation.  1835  W.  IRVING 
Tour  Prairies  xvi,  The  land  was  high  and  undulating,  or 
'rolling',  as  it  is  termed  in  the  West.  1890  'R.  HOLDKE- 
WOOD'  Col.  Reformer  '1891)  154  A  rolling,  rugged  down, 
flecked  with  patches  of.  .heath. 

6.  In   special   collocations  :    a.    Denoting  that 
the  thing  in  question  rolls   or  is  rolled  in  some 
way,  as  rolling  barrel,  book,  bridge^  chair  >  coulter  ^ 
hitch,  lamp,  pendulum,  plant,  purchase^  f  trench 
(ef.  ROLLED///,  a.  i  c),  weed,  wheel  (see  quots.). 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  .>/«•£.  238/1  Barrel,  a  cylindrical  vessel 
moving  on  an  axis,  for.  .making  gunpowder.  In  the  latter 
case  it  is  partially  filled  with  bell-metal  balls,  and  is  called 
a  *rolling-barrel.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  244 
An  expression  proper  unto  the  paginall  books  of  our  times, 
but  not  so  agreeable  unto  volumes  or  *rolling  bookes  in  use 
among  the  Jews.  1666  LonJ.  Gaz.  No.  36/1  The  preparations 
of  Waggons,  *Rowling  bridges  and  other  Instruments  of 
Wan1.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  16/1  These  rolling-bridges 
consist  of  a  number  of  cylindrical  rollers  which  turn  easily 
on  pivots.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  763/2  Rolling 
Bridge,  one  whose  roadway  traverses  longitudinally  on  piers 
.  .or  on  rails.  1700  DKYIJEN  OvitCs  Met*  xv.  339  By  slow 
degrees  he  \sc.  a  child]  gathers  from  the  ground  His  legs,  and 
to  the  ^rolling  chair  is  bound.  1819  LADY  MORGAN  Aittpbiog. 
(1859)  275  This  it  was  which  sent  me  (dressed  up  in  my 
roiling  chair)  to  thank  him  on  the  eve  of  his  departure. 
1886  W.  J.  TUCKKR  K.  Europe  114  His  Excellency,,  -enter 
ing  his  rolling-chair,  was  wheeled  off  to  bed.  1875  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Mech.,  *  Rolling-colter^  a  sharp-edged  wheel  which  is 
attached  to  the  beam  of  a  plow,  and  cuts  downwardly 
through  the  grass  and  soil.  1841  DANA  Seaman  s  Ulan.  40 
A  bend,  sometimes  called  a  *rolling  hitch,  is  made  by  two 
round-turns  round  a  spar  and  two  half-hitches  round  the 
standing  part.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  31  IX.  517/1  *Roll- 
ing  Lamp  :  .  .  though  the  whole  machine  be  rolled  along  the 
ground,..  the  flame  will  always  be  uppermost.  1849  CRAIG 
s.v.,  *Rolling-pciuiitliiiu,  a  cylinder  caused  to  oscillate  in 
small  spaces  on  a  horizontal  plane  ;  it  has  been  applied  to 
no  important  practical  purpose.  1864  WEBSTKU,  *  Rolling- 
plant^  the  locomotives  and  vehicles  of  a  railway.  1869 
BOUTELL  Arms  $  A  rmour  viii.  141  Of  these  cross-bows.. 
there  were  three  varieties,  severally  named—  the  hind's 
foot,  the  lever,  and  the  "tolling  purchase  [arfailete  a  tour\. 
1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  797  The  Turks.  .with  a 
*rowling  trench  drew  neerer  and  neerer  unto  the  castle. 
1641  MILTON  Anintadv.  Pref.,  As  if  he  had  the  surety  of 
some  routing  trench,  [he]  creeps  up  by  this  meanes  to  hi 
relinquish  'd  fortresse  of  divine  authority.  1 


Jan.  453/2  A   'tumble-weed1    or  ' 


y.    1888  Cent.  Mag. 
rolHng-weed  '  —  one  of 


those  globular  perennials  of  the  plains  that..  goes  rolling 
around  over  the  prairies  at  the  mercy  of  the  blast.  1863 
S.  R.  GKAVES  Yachting  Cruise  Baltic  48  These  rocks.. 
are  ground  together  by  a  heavy  *rolling-wheel  worked  by 
simple  machinery. 

b.  Denoting  that  the  thing  causes  rolling  or 
flattening,  as  rollinggirth,  machitie,  muscle,  stroke. 

This  sense  approximates  to  the  attributive  use  of  the 
vbl.  sb.,  and  is  not  always  distinguishable  from  it. 

1612  S.  STURTEVANT  Met.  (1854)  76  The  brasse  plate  and 
the  "rowang  girth  are  necessarie..  additions  in  the  Engine 
of  the  Printing  Presse.  1832  HT.  MARTINEAU  ///'//#  I'allty 
(1843)  83  The  roller  and  his  catcher  stand  on  each  side  of 
the  *roll  ing-machine.  1885  C.  G.  W.  LOCK  Workshop  Rec. 
Ser.  iv.  229  For  modern  work  [in  bookbinding),  the  rolling 
machine  is..  better  than  the  hammer.  1615  CuooKii  Body 
of  Man  629  There  are  three  kinde  of  Muscles.,  which  wee 


763 

may  call  Locutorij,  timtatorij  and  Cibi  reuolntores,  the 
Speaking,  the  Tasting  and  the  *RowIing  Muscle-.  1874 
J.  D.  HEATH  CroquttP layer y$  The  *Kollingor  Fullowing 
Stroke.  Ibid.,  It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  a  very  great 
amount  of  force  is  required  for  rolling  strokes. 

Hence  Ro  llingly  adv. 

1565  CoorER  T'A£sattrvst  ff0ltttatit>i,vt\th  tumblynge  and 
tossynge;rollingely.  Ibid.,VoluhiliU-r,  rollingely ;  ruundcly. 
[Hence  in  later  Latin  and  Italian  Diets.]  a  1839  (!ALT 
Demon  of  Destiny  vm.  11840)  52  Waves  on  waves  Ro.se 
rollingly.  a  1842  MAGINX  Sliaks.  Papers  (!&$<))  152  Which 
may  be  rollingly  Englished,  Ladies  [etc.]. 

Jfco  llilig-mill.  [K"i.i.]\t;  z'/</.  st>.~  or///,  a.] 
A  mill  or  powerful  machine  in  or  by  which  metal, 
etc.,  is  rolled  out  or  flattened. 

1787  M.  CUTLER  in  Life,  etc.  (1888)  I.  286  The  force.. 
which  is  applied  to  the  rolling  and  slitting  mills  by  means 
of  vastly  large  and  double  water-wheels.  1799  Hull 
Advertiser  27  July  4/3  The  immense  hammers,  the  whueU, 
the  rolling-nulls  and  the  water-works.  1863  P.  BARRY  Dock 
yard  Econ.  228  There  are  two  rolling-mills  at  proent 
working  at  Mill  wall,  one  for  angles  and  bar  iron,  and  the 
other  for  plates  and  heavy  bars.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mcch. 
Suppl.  763/2  Tlie  rolling  mill  for  sole-leather  has  :i  small 
brass  roller,  driven  by  steam-power  and  passing  a 

concave  bed  covered  whli  bra>s. 

Rolling-pin,     [f-  as  prec.] 
f  1.  A  cylindrical  piece   of  wood   round  which 
a  banner  may  be  rolled  to  prevent  creasing.  Obs~^ 

1497  in  W.  M.  Williams  Ann.  Founders  Co.  (1867)  47 
Paid  for  iij  IJaners...  Item,  for  a  cofyn  &  a  rollyng  pin  for 
the  same  Baners,  x.\d. 

2.  A  roller  or  cylinder  of  wood,  glass,  or  other 
material,  for  rolling  out  dough  or  paste  to  the 
required  thickness  for  pie-crusts,  etc. 

1589  RiuiiK  Biblioth.  SckoL,  A  roiing  pinne,  ma^i-,  ar- 
topta.  1594  PLAT  Jcivcll-ho.  in.  14  A  rolling  pinny  of  the 
same  scantling.  1602  —  Dulightes  for  Lotties  ,\iii,  Kuule 
your  paste  vppon  a  silked  paper  with  a  smooth  and  poli-hcd 
rowling-pin.  a  1655  SIK  T.  MAVEKNE  Archiving.  Anglo-Gail. 
No.  19  (1658)  14  As  soon  as  the  said  Viands  shall  have  bin 
beaten  with  the  pestell  or  rowling  pin.  1706-7  I-'AKHUIAK 
Beaux'  Strut,  iv.  i,  You  must  take  out  the  Bone,  and  U_at 
the  Flesh  soundly  with  a  rowling-pin.  1747-96  MKS.  (  ^LASSE 
Art  of  Cookery  ,\xi.  3.37  With  a  little  rolling  pin  roll  them 
out  as  thin  as  tiffany.  1844  DICKENS  Mart.  Chiiz*  xxxix.  She 
tripped  downstairs,  .for  the  pie-board,.,  then  for  the  rolling- 
pin.  1881  Macin.  Mag.  XLIV.  389  flattening  out  a  large 
flour  cake,  .between  her  hands.  There  was  a  rolling-pin  in 
the  house,  but  she  liked  the  old-fashioned  way. 

3.  Bookbinding*  An  implement  used  for  rolling 
leather. 

1880  ZAKHNSUORT  Bookbinding  89  Russia  and  calf  requiic 
no  setting  up  of  the  grain,  but  russia  must  be  well  rolled 
out  with  the  rolling  pm. 

Rolling-press,     [f.  as  prec.] 

1.  A   copperplate-printers'  press   in   which   the 
plate  passes  in  a  bed  under  a  revolving  cylinder. 

1625  NORUEN  Guide  Eng.  Trav,  To  Rdr.,  The  general! 
[tables]  can  hardly  be  enlarged,  to  be  imprinted,  but  by  cut 
ting  in  copper,  and  to  be  printed  in  a  Roiing  I'resse.  i66a 
EVELYN C«a/«^T".  (17691  48  One  of  bis  servant-,  to  attend  only 
M.  Antonio's  rolling-press  and  to  work  off  his  plates.  1703 
Phil.  Trans.  XXIII.  1516  The  evident  marks  uf  pressure 
by  the  Plate, . .  and  other  Circumstances  concurring,  I 
thought  this  must  needs  be  wrought  off  at  the  Rolling-press. 
1778  COLMAN  Prose  Sev.  Occas.  (1787)  II.  171  The  Rolling- 
Press,  at  a  very  considerable  expence,  has  added  its  assist 
ance.  1837  Penny  Cycl.  IX.  438/2  A  somewhat  complicated 
machine,  called  a  rolling-press.  1873  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek. 
619/1  The  first  copper-plate  presses  were  simple  pressure. 
The  rolling-press  was  invented  in  1545. 

attrib.  1728  CHAMBEKS  Cycl.  s.v,  Printing,  Rolling-Press- 
Printing,  is  employ 'd  in  taking  off  Prints  or  Impressions 
from  Copper-Plates  engraven,  or  etch'd,  1771  LUCKOMBE 
Hist.  Print.  87  This  is  the  first  English  book  embellished 
with  rolling-press  cuts.  1811  Self  Instructor  552  Notice 
must  be  given  to  the  rolling-press  printer. 

fb.  A  machine  for  printing  designs  on  calico, 
etc.  Obs-1 

1675  Land.  Gaz.  No.  1728/4  A  new  Invention.. for  the 
Printing  Broad  Callicoes  and  Scotch  Cloth,  with  a  double- 
necked  Rowling-Press. 

C.  A  form  of  copying  press.    rare—1. 

1787  M.  CUTLER  in  Life,  etc.  (1888)  I.  269  Another  great 
curiosity  was  a  rolling  press,  for  taking  the  copies  of  letters 
or  any  other  writing. 

2.  A   press   which   flattens,   smooths,   etc.,   by 
means  of  cylinders  or  rollers;  a  rolling-machine. 

1833  HOLLAND  Manuf.  in  Metal  II.  236  The  old  wooden 
rolling  press,  .is  an  exceedingly  simple  contrivance.  1839 
URE  Diet.  Arts  858  After  being  thus  annealed,  the  metal  is 

Massed  through  the  rolling  press.     1845  Penny  Cycl.  Suppl. 
.  219/2  The  '  rolling-press  '  has  greatly  improved  the  mode 
ofproceeding  [in  bookbinding]. 

Rolling  stock,  [f.  ROLLING///,  a.]  The 
locomotives,  wagons,  carriages,  or  other  vehicles, 
used  upon  a  railway.  Also  attrib. 

1853  S.  HUGHES  Gasworks  335  Expenses  necessary.. for 
keeping  in  perfect  order  both  the  rolling  stock  and  the 
permanent  way.  1861  Times  22  Aug.,  The  severity  of  the 
winter,  which  damaged  their  rolling  stocks  and  seriously 
injured  their  roadways.  1878  F.  S.  WILLIAMS  Midi.  Raihv. 
127  In  regard  to  the  rolling  stock.. a  deterioration  of  the 
value  of  the  locomotives  had  taken  place  to  the  amount  of 
.  .,£100,000.  1890  W.  J,  GORDON  Foundry  152  The  North 
Western  rolling-stock  works. 

fig,  1858  R.  S.  SI'RTEES  Ask  Mamma  Ixvi.  299  There  is 
a  regular  rolling  stock  of  bad  farmers  in  every  country. 

Rolling  stone.  Also  rolling-stone,  [f. 
ROLLING  ///.  a.  or  vbL  sb.-] 

1.  In  the  prov.  A  rolling  stone  gathers  no  moss, 
or  variants  of  this  :  see  Moss  sb.^  3  b. 


ROLOWAY. 

The  proverb,  with  the  same  or  similar  uording,  is  found 
in  various  languages  from  .it  least  the  151(1  century. 

1546  HEY  WOOD  Prov,  (1867)  26  The  rollyng  stone  neuer 
gatherth  mosse.  1581  MULC  ASTER  Positions  x.xxvii.  (18871 
156  [.They]  icape  as  much  learning,  as  the  rowling  .stone 
doth  gather  mosse.  1618  BRETON  Courtier  ,y  Countryman 
Wks.  (Grosarl)  II.  8/2,  I  haue  heard  that  roiing  stones 
gather  no  mosse.  1720  T.  BOSTON  Fourfold  .State  (1797! 
305  A  rolling  stone  gathers  no  fog.  1853  TRKNCH  Prov.  45 
The  old  Greek  proverb,  *  A  rolling  stone  gathers  no  moss  '. 

1886  '  SARAH  TVTLKR  '  Buried  Diamonds  xxii,  The  sudden 
turning  up  of  Jack  as  a  roving  brother,  who,  like  a  rolling 
stone,  gathered  no  moss. 

2.  A  rambler,  wanderer  ;  a  good-for-nothing. 
1611    COTGK.,   Rvdciir,.  .a    rolling   stone,    one   thnt   doe-» 

nought  but  run  ue  here  and  theie.  i6ai  SANDERSON  6Vr;;/.  I. 
212  Some  men  are  ever  restless  .  .  .IJut  llies  rowling  stones 
carry  their  curse  with  them  ;  they  seldom  gather  mo-.*. 

1887  H.   SMAKT    Cleverly  IVon    \.    i    It  was    odd    that    he 
should  have  been  so  much  of  a  rolling-stone.      1892  Hasten 
(Mass.)     Jrnl.    6  Dec.  6/5    He    was    a  shiftier  fellow,—  a 
rolling  stone. 

attrib.  1887  T.  A.  TuuLLoi'K  M'hat  I  rcnionl-cr  I.  ii.  41 
One  of  ihe  results  of  such  a  rolling-stone  life  as  mine  has  been. 

3.  A  cylindrical  stone  used  lor  crushing,  flatten 
ing,  etc.,  esp.  in  the  form  of  a  heavy  roller. 

1611  COTGR,,  Rollon,  a  rovvler,  a  rowling  stone.  1664 
EVELYN  Syfaa  (1679)  26  Stubbed  oak  is  the  fittest  limber 
fur  the  case  of  a  cider  mill,  and  suchlike  engines  as  best 
enduring  the  unquictness  of  a  ponderous  rolling  stone. 
1709  J.  WARD  Introd.  Math.  v.  (1734)  402  A  Cylinder 
(or  Solid,  like  a  Rolling-stone  in  a  Garden).  1768-74 
TUCKER  Lt.  Xat.  (1834)  I.  474  A  rolling  stone,  a  wheel 
barrow,  ..are  fitted  for  peculiar  uses  of  mankind.  1839 
BE  LA  BECIIK  A'*/.  Gcol.  Ccrnii:,  etc.  xv.  494  The  granitti 
annually  raised  in  the  district  and  employed  for  bridges, 
pavements,  rolling-stones  [etc.].  1846  KEK;HTJ.I-.Y  \i>tt's 
I  irS-  353  It  [the  threshing-floor]  was  then  made  solid  and 
level  with  rammers  or  a  rolling-stone. 

Rollock,  var.  RUI.UCK  v.  ;  dial.  f.  ROWLOCK. 

Eollster,  enon.  form  of  ROSTER. 

Ho'11-top.  [f-  ROLL  v;-}  Roll-top  desk,  a 
writing-desk  having  a  roll-over  top  or  cover. 

1890  in  Cent.  Di<  t,  1901  ll'cstui.  C,<iz.  7  Feb.  8/2  Ousting 
an  old-fashioned  table  in  favour  uf  a  roll-top  desk. 

Roll-up.     |'f.  Ron,  z'.-J 

1.  t  a.  =  Rolling-hose  (see  KOLLIM;  z'hl.  sb.-  9  IA 

J755  MASON  Let.  t<>  dray  27  June,  The  alliuuli:  of  bis 
square-toed  shoe  heuls,  the  breadth  of  bis  milk  -and-  watered 
rollups.  1824  Miss  1-  .M.  HAWKINS  Mem.  I.  51  Tlie  ex 
actitude  with  which  bi>  stockings  preserved  their  place  in 
the  obsolete  form  of  roll-ups. 

b.  =RoLV-i'<tLY  sb.  •;. 

1856  F.  K.  PAGKT  Otvlct  c/Owlst.  172,  I  wliipped  out,  and 
got  a  puff,  and  a  lump  uf  raspberry  roll-up.  1860  til  o. 
ELIOT  Mill  on  /•'/.  i.  vi,  I  know  what  the  puddui'b  to  be— 
apricot  roll-up. 

c.  An  aiticle  of  Ullage  coiled  or  rolled   up 
and  secured  by  means  of  a  strap. 

1890  S.  J.  DUNCAN  Sac.  Departure  71  One  portmanteau 
and  a  'roll-up  '. 

2.  Atistr.  An  assembly,  a  general  gathering  or 
meeting.     (Cf.  ROLL  v^  12  b.) 

1861  Times  g  Sept.,  No  sooner  was  this  fact  known  on  the 
diggings  than  there  was  a  'roll-up  '  to  demand  their  instant 
release.  1890  *  R.  BoLOREWOOD  '  Miner's  Right  xxxv,  Mak 
ing  as  much  nuise  as  if  you'd  hired  the  bellman  fora  roll-up. 

t  Roll-wagon,  -wain.  Obs.  [f.  ROLL  v.-] 
A  low-wheeled  vehicle  for  conveying  goods. 

1503  Arnolde*  sChr  on,  (iSn)  197  For  a  grete  packe  for  the 
rolle  wayne.  ..  Item  for  a  lytill  packe,  the  rolle  wayne. 
1647  HEXHA.M  i,  A  Kole-waggon,  ccn  rol-wagen.  1675 
WYCHERLEY  Country  Wife  iv.  iii,  I  cannot  make  china  for 
you  all,  but  1  will  have  a  rol-  waggon  for  you  loo. 

Ro'llway.   C.S.  Also  roll-way,  [f.  ROLL  v^\ 

1.  A  natural  slope  on  the  bank  of  a  river,  or  an 
inclined  shoot,  for  expediting  the  descent  of  logs, 
etc.,  to  the  surface  of  the  water  or  ice. 

1878  Lvtnbertttait's  Gaz.  Mar.  16  There  has  been  so  little 
ice  .  .  that  the  logs  .  .  have  floated  off  as  fast  as  they  have  been 
banked.  This  will  avoid  the  usual  delay  of  breaking 
rollways.  1895  Outing  XXVI.  392/1  The  banks,  .were.. 
lined  with  roll-ways,  piled  high  with  thousands  of  logs. 

2.  transf.  The  pile  or  stack  of  logs  on  a  river-bank 
awaiting  transportation. 

1888  Scrtl'itcr's  Mag.  Dec.  655  The  logs,  .are  piled  in  great 
roll-ways,  either  on  the  ice  or  on  a  high  bank.  1893  I  bid. 
June  714/2  This  hook  is  driven  firmly  into  a  log  at  the  foot 
of  the  rol  I  way,  and  as  it  is  pulled  out  the  whole  face  of  the 
roll  way  topples  forward  into  the  stream. 

Solly  (r^u'li),  a.  [f.  ROLL  v.-]  Somewhat 
rolling  ;  inclined  to  roll  or  cause  rolling. 

1885  LADY  BKASSKY  Ttte  Tra*les  36  Tuesday  and  Wednes 
day  were  squally  and  'roily  '  days,  and  writing  was  a  matter 
of  extreme  difficulty.  1887  —  Last  I'  fly.  6  Jan.,  Left  Bom 
bay  harbour  at  2  A.M.  and  proceeded  to  sea  under  steam. 
Kather  roily. 

t  Ro  Inient.  Obs.  Chiefly  Sc.  Also  5  roll- 
ment,  6  rolmond,  7  rowraont.  [f.  ROLL  e1.1  + 
=  ENROLMENT  2. 


1474  Ada  Audit.  (1839)  36  To  bring  the  Rolment  of  be 
court  autentikly  vnder  a  baljjeis  sele.  1499  Exch.  Rolls 
Scot.  XL  395  He  sail  put  thaim  in  the  rolment  of  his  court. 
1547-8  Burgh  Rec.  Prestiuick  (Maitland)  60  Produsyt  ane 
rowmont  of  court  of  be  bal^e  of  Kyll.  1562-3  Ree.  Priiy 
Council  Scot.  I.  229  Ane  pretendit  decrete  and  rolment  of 
Court.  1678  Siu  G.  MACKENZIE  Critn.  Laws  Scot.  ii.  viii. 
§  vii,  He  was  absolved  by  a  Rolment  of  Court. 

t  Roloway.  Obs.  [Of  obscure  origin  :  perh. 
a  misapplication  of  Ril.AWAjRiLLow.]  An  African 
monkey,  either  the  Diana  or  Palatine  Guenon. 

1781  PENNANT  Hist.  Qitadrup.  I.  185  M[onkey]  with  a 

90-2 


HOLY. 

triangular  black  face,  bordered  all  round  with  white  hairs. 
.  .Inhabits  Guinea  ;  is  called  there  Roloway.  1792  KEKK 
Aniin.  Kingd.  72  Palatine,  or  roloway...A  gentle  animal. 

Rolp,  obs.  Sc.  variant  of  Rocp. 

Roister,  erron.  form  of  ROSTER. 

Holy,  abbrev.  of  ROLY-POLY  sh.  5. 

1892  MRS.  H.  WARD  David  Grieve  \\.  75  '  He's  like  one 
of  Aunt  Hannah's  suet  rolies  ',  she  said. 

Roly-poly  (r^i  Ii|p<?u'li),  $b.^  a.j  and  atfc. 
Also  rolypoly.  Forms :  7  rowle-powle,  7~^ 
(9  dial.}  rowly-powly  (8  Sf.  -powl),  8  (9  dial.} 
rowley-powley,  8  rouly-pouly,  9  .V.  roulie- 
poulie,  8-9  rolly-pooly,  -polly,  9  rol(l)ey-pol- 
(l)ey  (-boley),roly-poley,  9  dial,  rolli-powley, 
6V. rollie-poly;  7 -roly-poly,  9 rolypoly.  [A pp. 
a  fanciful  formation  on  ROLL  v.%  In  sense  I  the 
second  element  may  be  based  on  POLL  j^.1] 

f  1.  A  worthless  fellow ;  a  rascal.  Obs. 

1601  B.  JONSON  Poetaster  \.  ii,  How  now,  good  man  slauc  ? 
what,  rowle  powle  [1692  rowly  powly]  ?  all  riualls,  rascall  ? 
1602  DKKKGK  Satirom.  Wks.  1873  I.  201  lie  have  thee  in 
league  first  with  these  two  rowly powlies.  1609  ARMIN  Maids 
cf  More-Cl.  (1880)  107  Sause  box,  rowly  powly,  am  I  not 
your  master? 

tb.  'f  adv.  Pell-mell,  without  distinction.  Ob$~* 

1605  ROWLANDS  HelFs  broke  loose  (Hunterian  Club)    17 
Wte'le  ayme  our  thoughts  on  high,  at  Honors  marke  :  AH 
rowly,  powly;  Tayler,  Smyth,  and  Clarke. 
tc.  adj.  V  Trifling,  worthless.   Obs.—'* 

1679  Sp.  Miles  Corbet  5  That  we  have  plotted  and  laboured 
long  to  turn  this  glorious  Monarchy  into  a  peddling  roly 
poly,  Independant  Anarchy. 

2.  The  name  of  various  games,  in  most  of  which 
the  rolling  of  a  ball  is  the  chief  feature. 

Johnson  (1755),  citing  Arbuthnot,  says  'A  sort  of  game,  in 
which,  when  a  ball  rolls  into  a  certain  place,  it  wins'.  For 
later  accounts  of  the  various  forms,  see  the  Eng.  Dial. 
Diet.  s.v. 

1713  ARBUTHSOT  John  Bull  ii.  xv,  If  this  be  your  Play.., 
let  us  begin  some  Diversion  ;  what  d'ye  think  of  Rouly- 
pouly,  or  a  Country  Dance?  1730  in  Lett.  C^tess Suffolk 
(1824)  I.  374  Lady  Betty  and  herself  play  only  at  quadiill-j  ; 
but  the  Duchess  of  Marlborough  takes  to  losing  her  money 
at  roly-poly.  1745  Act  18  Geo.  //,  c.  34  |  i  A  certain  per- 
nicious  Game  called  Roulet,  or  Roly-poly  is  daily  practised. 
1759  Brit.  Chron,  17  Aug.  163  As  some  men  were  playing  at 
Roily  poley  at  the  Bird-cage  alehouse.  1801  STSVTT S/vrtS 
«y  fast.  in.  vii.  (1810)  241  Half-bowl  is  practised  to  this  day 
in  Hertfordshire,  where  it  is  commonly  called  rolly-polly. 
1807  K.  S.  BARRETT  Rising  Sun  I.  76  To  a  luxurious  supper 
succeeded  wines,,  .fire  and  flames,  and  rolly-polly  on  the 
floor.  1847  Illustr.  Lond.  News  6  Nov.  302/1  Restore 
roulette  and  rowley-powley  to  the  Surrey  hills,  and  the 
Knaves-mire  flats.  1883  Lon^man''s  Afag.  Apr.  655  [At 
Haddington  Fair]  there  are  . .  travelling  photographers, 
merry-go-rounds..,  games  of  rolly-polly  [etc.]. 

a  f  trio,    1747  MKS.  S.  FIELDING  Lett.  David  Simple  I.  84, 
I  did  not  go  to  the  Roly-poly  or  Card-Tables. 
b.  //.  Billiard-balls,   nonce-use. 

1850  S.MiiDLEV  /''.  Fairlcigh  vii,  Going  to  have  a  touch  at 
the  rolley-polleys,  I  suppose. 

3.  A  game  in  which  children  roll  over  and  over 
down  a  bank  or  grassy  slope. 

1821  CLARE  Vill.  Minstr.  I.  128, 1 .  .often  mark'd  the  place 
I  play'd  At '  roly  poly  '  down  the  hill.  1894  HnsLor  Nortk- 
uinberld.  Gloss.  585. 

4.  A  jocular  name  for  a  pea. 

1784  Cries  of  London  32  Here's  your  large  Rowley  Pow 
lies,  no  more  than  Six-pence  a  Peck.  Ibid.  33  Rowley 
Powley,  jolly  Pease. 

5.  A  kind  of  pudding,  consisting  of  a  sheet  of 
paste  covered  with  jam  or  preserves,  formed  into  a 
roll  and  boiled  or  steamed. 

1848  THACKERAY  Bk.  Snobs  .\.\xv,  As  for  the  roly-poly,  it 
was  too  good.  1866  Times  2  Oct.,  He.. would  have  de 
voured  a  Charlotte  Russe  or  a  Nesselrode  pudding  as  un 
thinkingly  as  a  common  rolly-pooly.  1894  ASTLEY  Fifty 
Yrs.  Life  I.  247  Our  tnenn  not  bad— carrot  soup  (potted), 
mutton  pudding,. .and  marmalade  roly-poly. 

attrib.  1848  THACKERAY  Gt.  Hoggarty  Diamond  xii,  You 
said  I  make  the  best  roly-poly  puddings  in  the  world.  1851 
MAYHEW  Lond.  Labour  I.  197  It  is  sometimes  made  in  the 
rounded  form  of  the  plum-pudding  ;  but  more  frequently  in 
the  '  roly-poly'  style. 

6.  A  roll  or  coil  of  hair  (see  quot). 

1866  Daily  Tel.  16  Jan.  7/5  The  German  ladies  are  seen 
to  be  tremendous  in  back  hair,  front  cascades,  side  bulbs, 
transverse  roly-polies. 

7.  A  kind  of  dance  (see  quots.). 

1830-2  CAKLETON  Traits  (1843)  I.  341  The  usual  variety  of 
Irish  dances — the  reel,  jig,  fling,  three-part-reel,  four-part, 
reel,  rowly-powly.  1851  MAYHEW £«ttf!  Labour (i&bi)  III. 
145  When  I  danced,  it  was  merely  a  comic  dance — what  we 
call  a  '  roley  poley  '. 

8.  Austr.  A  salsolaceous  plant  having  charac 
teristics  similar  to  those  of  the  Rose  of  Jericho. 

1859  D.  BUN'CE  Trav.  w.  Leichhardt  in  Austr.  168  These 
weeds  grow  in  the  form  of  a  large  ball. . .  No  sooner  were  a 
few  of  these  balls  (or,  as  we  were  in  the  habit  of  calling 
them, '  rolly-poleys  ')  taken  up  with  the  current  of  air  [etc.]. 
1865  TENISON-WOODS  Disco-',  fy  Expl.  Austr.  II.  468  In  the 
dry  season  it  withers,  and  is  easily  broken  off  and  rolled 
about  by  the  winds,  whence  it  is  called  roley-poley  by  the 
settlers.  1896  li.  SPENCER  Thro*  Larafinta  Land  13  On 
the  loamy  flats.. the  most  noticeable  plant  is  Salsola  kalit 
popularly  known  as  the  Rolly-polly. 
b.  Roly-poly  grass  (see  quots.). 

1889  MAIDEN  Useful  Native  PI.  -i^Panicinnmacraciintnn^ 
..'Roly-poly  Grass'.  This  species  produces  immense  dry 
and  spreading  panicles.  1896  Daily  News  n  June  3/1  The 
singular  object  labelled  '  Roley-poley  grass  '.  .is  made  up  of 
tufts  of  a  particular  kind  of  grass,  which,  forming,  .into  a 


764 

.small  ball,  rolls  away  over  the  limitless  prairie,  gathering  as    1 
it  goes. 

9.  adj.  Short  and  stout ;  podgy,  dumpy,  plump.    : 
Chiefly  of  children. 

iSzo  Miss  MITKORO  in  L'Estrange  Life  (1870)  II.  85  The  ' 
very  reverse  of  the  romping  roly-poly  thing,  as  round  and 
blooming  as  a  rose,,  .which  is  my  beau-ideal  of  a  child  of  that 
age.  1853  Miss  MULOCK  Agatha's  Hnsb.  II.  i.  13  Cottages, 
in  the  doors  of  which  a  few  rolypoly,  open-eyed  children 
stood.  1865  —  Christianas  Mistake  44  A  little  roly-poly 
woman,  with  a  meek,  round,  fair-complexioned  face.  1885 
E.  GARRETT  At  Any  Cost  vii,  A  beautiful  beagle,  watching 
..over  two  roly-poly  pups. 

absol.   1836  Backwoods  of  Canada  ax6  One  little  girl,  a  fat    j 
brown  roly-poly,  of  three  years  old,  beat  time  on  her  father's 
knee. 

Comb.  1874  COUES  Birds  N.W.  147  The  plumage  all.. 
puffy,  making  very  pretty  '  roly-poly  '  looking  objects. 

II  Rom    (r/rn).      Also  //.    Koma(s).      [Gipsy    ; 
(Romany)    ram   man,   husband ;    pi.    romd.]     A 
(male)  gipsy,  a  Romany. 

1841  BOKROW  Zincali  Introd.  (1846)  20  He  is  to  live  in  a 
tent,  as  is  befitting  a  Rom  and  a  wanderer.     IHd.  in.  232    ' 
The.. speech  of  t lie  Roma,  or  Zincali,  as  they  style  them 
selves.     1862  R.  H.  PATTKRSON  Ess.  Hist.  <y  Art  141  The    j 
Israelites   have    a    peculiar    religion,    to    which   they  are 
fanatically   attached ;    the    Romas    (gypseys)   have   none.     , 
1883  Cent.  Mag.  Apr.  909/1   She  had  known  the  chiefs  of    • 
her  people  in  the  days,  .when  the  Rom  was  a  leader  in  the    i 
prize-ring,  or  noted  as  a  highwayman. 

Rom.,  abbrev.  of  Romans  ROMAN  sh^  2  b. 

Romack,  v.  :  see  ROMMACK. 

Roinage,  obs.  form  of  RUMMAGK  sb.  and  r. 

Romaic  (wm^i-ik),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  Gr. TOJ/I- 
ai'/fuy  Roman  (f.  'Pu//*/;  Roma  ROME),  used  spec, 
of  the  Eastern  empire.] 

1.  Forming,  composed   in,  pertaining   to,  etc., 
the  vernacular  language  of  modern  Greece. 

1809  W.  R.  WRIGHT  Hone  lonicx  (1816)  61  The  Romaic 
or  modern  Greek  language.     Ibid.  65  The  Romaic  dialect. 
1811   BYRON  (title\  Translation  of  the  Romaic  Song.    1869 
TOXKR  I  light.  Turkey  II.  184^  Throughout  these  parts  we 
found  the  Romaic  language  still  spoken.     1872  C.  W.  KING 
Gems  <y  Rings  I.  311  The  Greek  legends.. perpetually  ex 
hibit  the  so-called  Romaic  pronunciation  of  the  vowels. 

b.    sb.    The   vernacular   language    of   modern    I 
Greece  ;  a  dialect  of  modern  Greek. 

1810  BYRON  Let.  to  //.  Drury  3  May,  I  speak  the  Romaic, 
or    modern    Greek.      1811    —    Ch.    Har.    11.    Ixxiii.    notct 
The  Albanians  speak  a  Romaic  as  notoriously  corrupt  as 
the  Scotcli  of  Aberdeenshire.     1869  TOZKK  Highl.  Turkey 
11.  43  The  people  of  Nezero.. speak  Romaic. 

2.  Romaic  dance,  =  ROMAIKA  2. 

1830  H.  G.  KNIGHT  Eastern  Sk.  (ed.  3)  Pref.  p.  xxxi,  The     j 
Romaic  dance,  said  to  have  been  the  invention  of  Theseus.    ; 

Romaika    vromJHka.)     Also    7    Bomeica,   9    ; 
Romeka.     [ad.  mod.Gr.  pojfj.aiKrj :  sec  prec.l 

fl.   =  ROMAIC  i.  Obs~l 

1625  PURCH  AS  Pilgrims  1 1.  1340  Many . .  speake  the  vulgar 
Greeke,  that  is  Romeica  tongue. 

2.  A  modern  Greek  dance. 

1811  I'VRON    Ch.    Har.     n.    xxxviii.    note*    The    stupid 
Romaika,    the    dull    round-about    of    the    Greeks.      1841 
HAMPSON   Mcd.   SEvi  CaL   I.  259   The  Roineka,  a  dance 
among  the  modern  Greeks   which   imitates   the    tortuous 

1)assages  of  a  labyrinth.    1869  TOZKK  Highl,  Turkey  II.  118, 
never  saw  the  Romaika  worse  danced. 
II  Ronial  (roma'l).     Also  7-9  roruall,  S  ro(e)- 
maal,  9  roomal(l;  -maul,  roruel?  rumal.    [Urdu 
(Persian)  JU< .,  rilmal^  f.  ru  face  -i-  mill  wiping.] 

1.  A  silk  or  cotton  square  or  handkerchief,  some 
times  used  as  a  head-dress ;  a  thin  silk  or  cotton 
fabric  with  a  handkerchief  pattern. 

1663  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  170.1/4,  12  Pieces  of  Romals  or  Sea 
Hankerchiefs.  1696  J.  I1.  Merck.  \Varclio.  laid  o fan  35 
Romals,  of  which  there  are  usually  three  sorts,,  .there  is 
Silk  Romals,  there  is  Romals  Garrub  and  Cotton  Romals. 
1727  A.  HAMILTON  NeiG  Ace.  K.  Ind.  1 1.  xxxiii.  6  Radnugur, 
famous  for  manufacturing  Cotton  Cloth,  and  Silk  Romaals, 
or  Handkerchiefs.  1788  FALCOXBRIDGE  A_fr.  Slave  Trade 
54  Gold-dust,  for  which  the  Europeans  give  them  goods, 
such  as  pieces  of  India  chintz,  basts,  roinats,  guns.  1842 
Penny  Cycl.  XXII.  12/2  Tlie  imports  consisted  in  that  year 
[1839]  of  503,182  pieces  of  bandaimoes,  romals,  and  silk 
handkerchiefs. 

2.  The  handkerchief  or  bandage  used  by  Indian 
Thugs  to  strangle  their  victims. 

1836  SI.KLMAN  Rantaseeana  145  It  was  Fatima  who  in 
vented  the  use  of  the  roomal  to  strangle  the  great  demon 
Rukut-beej-dana.  1841  /'.  Parley's  Ann.  II.  374  He  then 
sei/ed  the  romel,  and  dexterously  twisted  it  round  the  neck 
of  his  brother. 

Roinail(rou'man),^,1  Forms:  a.  i//.  Romane, 
Bomanan.  £,  3-4  Romeiu,  4-6  Romayn(e, 
4-7  Remain  e.  7.  4-6//.  Romanys,  -nis,  6-7 
Romano.  5.  5-  Roman,  [ad,  L.  Roman-its , 
f.  Roma  ROME  :  cf.  It.,  Sp.,  Pg.  Romano.  The 
0-forms,  howeverj  are  a.  OF.  Remain  (i2-i3th  c.; 
so  mod.F.),  whence  also  MDu.  Komein.'] 

I.  1.  An  inhabitant  or  native  of  ancient  Rome; 
a  Roman  citizen  or  soldier  j  one  belonging  to 
the  Roman  state  or  empire. 

a,  ^893  K.  /KLFRED  Oros.  2  Hu  Romanum  wear5  an    ; 
wundor  obiewed.    a  900  c'.  H,  Martyrol.  25  Dec.,  Rotnanan    J 
Xesawon  fyren  cleowen  gefeallan  of  heofonum.     Ibid.  30 
July,  pa  weop  call  Romana  dujoS.     c  1000  Ags,  Gasp.  John    j 
xi.  48  Romane  cuma5  &  mma<3  ure  land. 

ft.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  Ckron.  (Rolls)  1201  Vor  be  brutons    j 
\vuxc  vaste,  |;e  romeins  bine^e  were,    c  1330  R.   UKUNNL    ! 


ROMAN. 

Chron.  U'acc  (Rolls)  5295  Romayns  dredden  hem  for  to 
deye.  Ibid.  3558  Neucrc  dirst  Romayn  stire  in  his  stour. 
(1380  \Vvci.iK  Scl.  Whs.  I.  328  pis  alien  was  kyng  bi  ^e 
graunt  of  Romayns.  r  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  iv.  x.  1242 
|'e  Romayn  slew  be  Frankis  man.  1456  SIK  G.  HA\E,Law 
Anna  (S.T.S.)  46  A  knycht  askit  ju.styng  of  a  Romayn, 
1526  TINDAI.K  Acts  xxv.  16  It  is  nott  tlie  maner  off  the 
Romayns  [etc.].  1581  SIDNEY  A  Pol.  Poetrie  (Arb.)  22 
Romanies,  Saxons,  Danes.  1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  iv.  iv.  47 
The  ha/ard.  .fall  on  me* by  The  hands  of  the  Romanies. 

y.  13..  Cursor  ft  r.  (Gutt.)  21470  Fordon  ?e  haue  me  wid 
3urdome,[>at  je  romanis  broght  fra  rome.  c  14*5  WYNTOUN 
Cron.  iv.  li,  150  He  knyt  hym  to  \>e  Tu.skanys,  And  war- 
rayide  wibe  f>aim  be  Romanys.  1513  DOUGLAS  sKneis  vi. 
,\v.  68  Hot  thow,  Romane,  remember.  .To  rewle  the  peptll. 
a  1591  H.  SMITH  Arrow  agst.  Atheists  iv.  I  2  b,  Mahomet 
with  his  Arabians  went,  and  first  tooke  part  with  the 
Romanes.  1611  BIBLE  Acts  xxii.  26  Take  heede  what  thou 
doest,  for  this  man  is  a  Romane.  1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE 
Hydriot.  ii.  15  Nor  is  it  improbable  that  the  Romanes  early 
possessed  this  Countrey. 

S,  c  14^0  \\'yntonris  Cron.  iv.  x.  1231  A  Roman  saw  a 
I'raukkis  man.  Ibid.  xxiv.  2157  Silla  hxin  a  Roman  wes. 
1549  Coinpi.  Scot.  98  Cheiffis  and  captans  of  tlie  armye  of 
the  romans.  1565  COOTKK  Thesaurus  s.v.  Gradits,  Tlie 
Komans  hadde  waye.  .by  Sicilie  to  atteine  the  empire  of 
Afrike.  1601  SHAKS.  fitl.  C.  in.  ii.  78  Friends,  Romans, 
Countrymen,  lend  me  your  ears.  1659. JEU. TAYLOR  Ducttr 
1'ref.  (1676)  p.  xiii,  Tribonianus  the  Lawyer,  who  out  of  tlie 
Laws  of  the  old  Romans  collected  some  choice  Rules.  1711 
ADDISON  Sfiect.  No.  81  F  7  When  the  Romans  and  Sabines 
were  at  \Yar.  1788  GIBBON  Ded.  <y  F.  li'ii.  V.  511  In  the 
lowest  period  of  degeneracy  and  decay,  the  name  of  Romans 
adhered  to  the  last  fragments  of  the  empire  of  Constanti 
nople.  iSix  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  \\.  Ixxiii.  note,  To  give 
details  of  these  nominal  Romans  and  degenerate  Greeks. 
1871  RUSKIN  Fors  ii,  Tlie  Romans  did  more,  and  said  less, 
than  any  other  nation  that  ever  lived. 

b.  King)  or  Emperor,  of  the  Romans^  the  sover 
eign  head  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

c  1440  Alph.  Tales  9  Philipp,  Jrat  was  kyng  of  Romayns. 
1492  Ace.  Ld.  tligh  Trcas.  Scot.  I.  200  To  pass  ..  to 
get  the  letteris  subscriuit  to  the  King  of  Rowmams. 
c  1536  in  Songs  $•  Carols,  etc.  (E.E.T.S.i  152  This  yer  [sc. 
1503]  cam  a  gret  embasset  from  he  Kyng  of  Romayns. 
«  1674  CLARKNDON  Hist.  Rcb.  xiv.  §  103  That  meeting  for 
the  choosing  a  King  of  the  Romans  was  of  vast  expense  to 
every  one  of  them.  1728  CHAMKKRS  Cycl.  s.v.,  King  of  the 
Romans,  in  our  Age,  is  a  Prince  elected,  and  deslgn'd 
Successor  to  the  German  Empire.  1788  GIBBON  DccL  $  F. 
V.  151  They  respectfully  saluted  the  august  Charlemagne 
with  the  acclamations  of  basiltits,  and  emperor  of  the 
Romans.  1845  Encycl.  Mctrop.  XII.  39/2  Again  was  a 
compromise  effected,  in  which  the  King  of  the  Romans 
appeared  as  a  mediator.  1878  Ettcycl.  Brit.  V 1 1 1.  1 8o/i  The 
German  sovereign,  .called  himself  merely  'King  of  the 
Romans '.  .until  he  had  received  the  sacred  crown  in  tlie 
sacred  city. 

c.  An  inhabitant  or  native  of  later  (medieval 
or  modern)  Rome. 

1547  BOORDE  Introd.  Know?,  xxii.  (1870)  177  Naples  ib 
ioyned  to  Italy,  wherfore  they  do  vse  the  fashions.. of 
Italyons  and  Romayns.  1788  GIBBON  Dccl.  $  F.  l.xix.VI.  552 
'The  Romans  were  excluded  from  the  election  of  their 


against  the  Romans. 

fd.  Mil.  (See  quots.)   Obs. 

1796  Grose's  Diet.  I  'ulgar  T.  (ed.  3),  Ronian^  a  soldier  in  the 
foot  guards,  who  gives  up  his  pay  to  his  captain  for  leave 
to  work  ;  serving,  like  an  ancient  Roman,  for  glory,  and  the 
love  of  his  country.  1801  JAMES./!/////.  Diet,  s.v.,  A  certain 
number  of  men  were  allowed  to  work  in  the  metropolis,  on 
condition  they  left  their  pay  in  their  officer's  hands.  These 
men  were  called  Romans, 

2.  //.  Those  inhabitants  of  ancient  Rome  who 
had  accepted  the  Christian  faith. 

a  1390  \VYCLIF  Rout.  Prol.,  Here  bygynneth  the  prologe 
of  Jerome  in  to  the  epistelesof  Poule  to  Romaynes.  a  1420 
//vV/.,  Romayns  ben  thei,  that  of  Jewis  and  of  hethene  men 
gaderid  to  gidere,  bileeueden  in  Crist.  1549  LATIMER  5/A 
Serin,  bef.  Ediv.  l'I  (Arb.)  139  The  steppes  thereof  are  set 
fertile  in  the  tenth  to  the  Romaynes.  1611  liiHLt:  Rout,  i, 
Paul  commendeth  his  calling  to  the  Romanes.  1632 
SANDERSON  Serin.  21  The  matter  whereabout  the  eater  and 
the  not-eater  differed  in  the  case  of  the  Romanes,  a  1704 
LOCKE  Par.  <y  Notes  Rout.  Synopsis,  The  Assurances  he 
labours  to  give  the  Romans,  that  they  are  by  Faith  in  Jesus 
Christ  the  People  of  God. 

b.  ellipt.  St.  Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Romans.   Freq. 
abbreviated  as  Rom. 

£•1430  U'ycliffitc  Bible  IV.  297  Here..bigynelh  a  prologe 
on  the  Romayns.  1660  JEK.  TAYLOR  Ductor  The  Table  s.v., 
Romans  14. 14  that  nothing  is  unclean  of  it  self,  a  1704  T. 
BKOWN  Laconics  Wks.  1711  IV.  14  The  Cavaliers.. us'd  to 
trump  up  the  iith  of  the  Romans  upon  the  Parliament. 
x8»4  CHALMERS  in  Mem.  (1851)  III.  38,  I  have  now  finished 
the  eighth  chapter  of  the  Romans.  1902  DENNEY  Death  of 
Christ  180  Romans  sixth  has  nothing  to  do  with  Romans 
third. 

3.  The  language  of  the  ancient  Romans,    rare. 
1656  BULLOKAR  Fnff.  Expos,  s,  v.  Romance^  That  tongue, 

which  was  corrupted  out  of  the  Latine  or  Roman  ;  which 
we  now  call  French.  i86a  LATHAM  Conigar.  1'hilol.  650 
The  only  Roman  which  is  known  to  us,  I.e.  the  Latin  of 
the  classics. 

b.  Romanic,  Romance,    rare. 
1838  Penny  Cycl.  X.  432/2  The  German   monarch  [in 
847]  took  the  oath  ill  Roman,  and  the  French  in  Teutonic. 

4.  Printing,  The  style  of  letters  distinguished 
by  this  name  ^see  ROMAN  a.  5)  ;  also//,  letters  of 
a  Roman  fount. 

1598  Ord.  Stationers''  Co.  m  I  list,  O.K.  Lett.  Foundries 
(1887)  129  Those  in  pica  Roman  and  Italic  and  in  Eng 
lish,  a  x6as  FLETCHER  Nice  Valour  iv.  i.  Did  I  not  say 


ROMAN. 

tliis  ichcrrit,  and  this  bob,  Should  be  both  Pica  Roman  ?    ( 
1676   MOXON   I'rint    I.ctt.  3,  I.. have   elected  them  for  a 
Patern  in  Romans  and   Italicks.     1683  —  Mccli.  Kxerc.t    \ 
/V/>///«£-xiii.  ?  i  Each  of  these  several  Si/es  in  the  Roman, 
..for  the  Punches  of  Romans  and  Italicks. .are  rot  to  be 
Forged  to  the  same  shape.      1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey) 
S.V.,  kHglisk  Roman,  a  sort  of  large  Printing-letter.     1771 
LUCKOMUK  Hist.  Print.  227  Roman  is  at  present  the  most 
prevailing  Letter  used  in  printing.     1834-6  BARLOW    in 
Encyd.  Aletrop.   (1845)  VIII.   771/2   No   intermixture   of 
Roman  and  Italic.     1848  HARK  Guesses  Ser.  ii.  (1867)  ^93    | 
The  notion  that  one  is  to  gain  strength  by  substituting     I 
italics  for  romans. 

tittrif:    1888  JACOUI  Printers'  I'ncal'.,  Roman  cases,  the    | 
cases  for  these  founts  as  distinguished  from  italic  cases. 

5.  A  Roman  note.     Cf. "ROMAN  a.1  40. 

1838  DICKENS  Nick.  Nick,  v,  Snubs  and  romans  are 
plentiful  enough. 

II.  6.  A  mc'inber  or  adherent  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  ;  a  Roman  Catholic. 

1547  13OOKDK  Introd.  A'noivl.  xx.  (1870)  172,  I  am  a  Greke.  ] 
.  .Yet  theRomayns  with  me  be  mervellous  wood.  1607  /.</. 
CokSs  SA.  ff  Charge  D  2  b,  The  true  harted  Protestants. . 
did  quickly  Cut  the  Throats  of  our  English  Romanies. 
1689  1'rot.  Garland  3  As  long  as  the  Romans  in  lirittain 
bore  sway,  Good  Men  was  Degraded,  and  in  Prison  i 
lay.  1719  DE  KOE  Crusoe  it.  (Globe)  449  You  will  allow 
it  to  consist  with  me,  as  a  Roman,  to  distinguish  far  between 
a  Protestant  and  a  Pagan.  1750  WKSI.KY  Wks.  (1872)  II. 
i97_The  congregation  was  four  times  larger  than  usual,  in 
which  were  abundance  of  Romans,  c  1816  MRS.  SIIKK- 
woou  Stories  Ch.  Ca.'ecli.  81,  I . .  attended  mass,  which  is  the 
name  the  Romans  give  to  the  Lord's  Supper.  1899  Ex 
positor  Oct.  28=  A  Puritan  is  satisfied  with  the  Pilgrim's 
/'rafress  and  a  Roman  with  the  Imitation  of  Christ. 

Comb.  1576  GASCOIGNE  Stt'ele  Gl.  (Arb.)  76  Some  do 
(Romainelike)  Esteme  their  pall  and  habyte  ouermuche. 

7.  The  Roman  rite  or  liturgy. 

1882  G.  H.  FORBES  Anc.  Irish  Missal  28  n:arg.,  The 
Postcommon  in  the  Roman  is  different.  Ibid.  35  marg., 
This  Service  is  not  in  the  Sarum  nor  the  Roman. 

Ro-man,  sb*  =  ROMANY 3. 

1851  BORROW  Lavengro  Ixxi,  A  daughter  of  mine,  married 
out  among  certain  Romans  who  walk  about  the  eastern 
counties.  1871  M.  COLLINS  Mart].  $•  Merck.  I.  ii.  94  We 
Romans  have  had  Ashridge  Common  for  our  camps. 

Roman  (rou-man),  a.1  Forms :  4  Komeiu, 
-eyn,  6  -eyne ;  4-6  Romayii,  6  -ayne  ;  4-7 
Eomain(e,  5-7  Romane,  6-  Roman.  [In  early 
use  a.  OF.  Koiaain,  -ayn,  subsequently  ad.  L. 
Komdn-us :  see  ROMAN  rf.l] 

I.  1.  Of  persons :  Inhabiting,  belonging  to,  or 
originating  from  the  ancient  city  of  Rome  or  its 
territory;  holding  the  position  of  a  citizen  or 
member  of  the  ancient  republic  or  empire  of  Rome. 

a  1300  Cursor  31.  22343  Bpt  at  |>e  last  the  romain  king  Sal 
of  hb  ost  mak  gret  gadering.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron. 
Wace (Rolls)  3366  pey  conseilled.  .pat  Brennescholde  turne 
a-gayn  To  wyjjstande  be  host  Romayn.  1390  GOWER  Conf. 

I.  220  Paulus  the  worth!  kniht  Romein.     1533  BELLENDEN 
Livy  Prol.  (S.T.S.)  I.  3  The  empire. .  Fra  romane  kingis  vnto 
consulhs  went,    1589  PCTTENHA.M  Eng.  1'oesic  i.  viii.  (Arb.) 
33  Horace  the  most  delicate  of  all  the  Romain  Lyrickes. 
1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.L.  IV.  ii.  4  Let's  present  him  to  the  Duke 
like  a  Romane  Conquerour.     1660  JER.  TAYLOR  Ductor  m. 
iii.  (1676)  574  The  Roman  Emperors  residing  in  the  East. 
1712   STEKLE  SfKt.  No.  502  T  i  Some  perusing  Roman 
Writers,  would  find  [etc.].    1756-7  tr.  Keysler's  Tray.  (1760) 

II.  408  On  the  window-shutters  are  to  be  seen  the  heads  of 
celebrated  Roman  ladies,  as  Martia,  Julia,  Aurelia.     1818 
CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2!  I.  388  What  the  Roman  lawyers  called 


a  jus  fraarium.     1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  80/2  Admixture 
of  the  northern  people  with  the  Roman  population. 

2.  Of  things:  Of  or  pertaining  to,  connected 
with,  ancient  Rome,  its  inhabitants  or  dominion  ; 
practised  or  used  by,  current  or  usual  among,  the 
Romans,  etc. 

a  1300  Cursor  AL  22255  fat  of  be  romain  sal  Impire  Hali 
lauerd  be  and  sire,     c  1386  CHAUCER  Wife's  Prol.  642  He 
often  tymes  wolde  preche,  And  me  of  olde  Romayn  geestes 
teche.      1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  tv.  xviii.  (S.  T.  S.)  II.  115 
Skairslie  mycht  be  romane  tends  be  bat  day  defendit.    1563 
COOPER  Thesaurus  App.,  Romulus,  as  the  Romayne  stories 
affyrme,  the  son  of  Mars.     1613  DEKKER  Strange  Horse 
Race  Wks.  (Grosart)  HI.  317  A  Race,  ..with  some  triumph-     ' 
ing  in'Chariots,  after  the  Roman  fashion.     1671    MILTON 
P.  K.  I.  217  To  rescue  Israel  from  the  Roman  yoke.     1738 
Gcntl.  Mag.  VIII.  233/2  A  Robe  somewhat  resembling  the 
Roman  Habit.     1776  ADAM  SMITH  W.N.  i.  v.  (1904)  I.  43     : 
The  northern  nations  who  established  themselves  upon  the     • 
ruins  of  the  Roman  Empire.  1819  S.  PAUKES  Chem.  Cateck.     j 
(ed.  9)  574/1  Tin,  used  in  the  Roman  coinage.    1872  RUSKIN     i 
Fort  xxi,  Just  where  the  Roman  galleys  used  to  be  moored. 

b.  Of  language,  etc.    =  LATIN  a. 

01330  R.  BKUNNE  Ckron.   Wace  (Rolls)  12538  He  spak 
wel  be  speche  Romayn,  For  he  had  longe  wib  hem  ben.    j 
139°  GOWER  Conf.  I.  206  For  Couste  in  Saxoun  is  to  sein    [ 
Constance  upon  the  word  Romein.     Ibid.  II.  90  The  ferste 
lettres  of  Latin,  Of  which  the  tunge  Romein  cam.     1612    j 
BKEREWOOD  Lang,  ff  Relif.  50  The   Spaniards  call  their 
language  Romance  till  this  day,  which  yet  we  know  to 
difler  much  from  the  right  Roman  tongue,    c  l6zo  A.  HUME 
Brit.  Tongue  (1865)  8  Quhat  was  the  right  roman  sound  of    | 
them  is  hard  tojudge,  seeing  now  we  heer  nae  romanes.    ! 
1784  COWPER  Tiroc.  605  'Tis  not  enough  that  Greek  or    I 
Roman  page,  At  stated  hours,  his  freakish  thoughts  engage. 
1841  LATHAM  Eng.  Lang.  45  At  a  given  epoch  between  the 
first  and  fifth  centuries  the  language  of  Gaul  was  more 
Roman  and  less  Celtic  than  that  of  Britain.     1871  EARLE 
PKt?*'  E"S'  To"f"e  §  59°  The  two  great  linguistic  elements 
of  Western  civilization,  the  Roman  and  the  Gothic. 

c.  Roman  Law,  the  system  or  code  of  law  de 
veloped  by  the  ancient  Romans,  and  still  accepted 
in  principle  by  many  countries. 


765 

1660  JEH.  TAYLOR  Ductor  in.  v.  (1676)  715  The  paternal 
power  is  defin'd  by  the  measures  of  the  Roman  law.  1681 
STAIR  Inst.  Law  Scot.  i.  i.  §  10.  7  Oft-times  by  the  Common 
Law,  we  understand  the  Roman  Law,  which  in  some  sort 
is  common  to  many  Nations,  a  1768  ERSKINE  lust.  Law 
Scot.  L  i.  §  i,  The  Roman  law  is  always  understood  by  way 
of  excellency.  1804  RANKKN  Hist.  France  III.  in.  iii.  292 
By  the  consuetude  of  Roman  and  Gothic  law  in  the  south 
and  west  counties.  1843  T.  AKNOLU  Lect.  Mod.  Hist.  (1860) 
41  Many  countries  have  adopted  the  Roman  law. 

3.  Of  antiquities,  etc.  :  Belonging  to,  surviving 
from,  the  time  of  the  Romans. 

a  1548  HAI.L  Chron.^  Hen.  K/VY,  73  A  pyller  which  was  of 
auncient  Romayne  woorke.  1388  SHAKS.  /,.  L.  L.  \.  ii.  617 
The  face  of  an  old  Roman  coine,  scarce  scene.  1663  Bi/'i  LUK 
Hud.  ii.  i.  310  Love  in  your  heart  as  idly  burns  As  Fire  in 
antique  Roman-Urns.  1699  Phil.  Trans.  XXL  287  Some 
of  the  backennost  part  of  which  is  an  Ancient  Roman  build 


ing.  1703  AnuisoN  //rt/xWks.  1721  II.  123  The  workman 
ship  of  the  old  Roman  pillars.  *774  PKNNANT  Tour  Scot  I. 
in  17J2  82  Ride  by  the  side  of  the  Roman  road.  1842 
Murray's  Hand-bk.  N.  Italy  251/2  A  complete  collection 
of  all  the  Roman  inscriptions  found  in  the  province  of 
Brescia.  1864  Cham  fan's  Kncycl.  VI.  23/1  As  seen  in 
ancient  Egyptian,  Greek,  and  Roman  lamps. 

4.  Of  a  type  or   kind   characteristic  of,   or  ex 
emplified   by,  the   Romans;   Roman-like,  esp.   in 
respect  of  honesty,  strictness,  courage,  or  frugality. 

1577  HKLLOWES  Gucuaras  Chron.  43  Longinus  vnde'r- 
standing  thereof,  dranke  poison, .  .This  Romaine  straunge  act 
of  Longinus  gaue  great  admiration.  1596  SHAKS.  Mcrch. 
/-'.  Hi.  il.  297  One  in  whom  The  ancient  Romane  honour 
more  appeares  Then  any  that  drawes  breath  in  Italic.  1606 
—  Ant.  <y  Cl.  i.  ii.  87  He  was  dispos'd  to  mirth,  but  on  the 
sodaine  A  Romane  thought  hath  strooke  him.  1762-71  H. 
WALVOLE  I'ertucs  A  need.  Paint.  Pref.,  It  is  not  rigid  nor 
Roman  to  say  it,  but  a  people  had  better  be  unhappy  by 
their  own  fault,  than  by  that  of  their  government.  1784 
Cow  PER  Task  iv.  1 68  A  Roman  meal;.. a  radish  and  an 
egg.  i7p8in/V«V.  Anti-Jacobin^^}  217  Burke,  in  whose 
breast  a  Roman  ardour  glow'd.  1898  Daily  News  6  Oct. 
3/1  Europe  may., resolve  to  place  a  sufficient  force  in  the 
island  to  make  a  Roman  peace. 

f  b.  transf.  Of  language  :  Lofty,  stately.   Oks. 

1619  J.  DYKK  Caveat  Archippus  23  Others. . affect .  .such 
a  Roman-English,  as  plaint  Englishmen  cannot  understand, 
1641  J.  TKAPI-E  Thcol.  Tiu-ol.  2-^7  Plainly  to  the  capacity 
of  the  Hearers, . .  not  in  a  stately  stile,  or  Roman  English. 

C.  ( )f  a  nose  :  Having  a  prominent  upper  parl 
or  bridge.  Also  transf.  of  a  horse's  nose. 

1624  MASSINGER  Renegado  i.  i,  A  third,  An  Austrian 
princess,  by  her  Roman  nose.  1650  BULWEK  Anthrofiomet. 
84  We  use  to  call  such  an  high  and  eminent  Nose,  a  Roman 
Nose.  1709  Tatler  No.  75  ;•  5  The  Butler,  who  was  noted 
for  round  Shoulders,  and  a  Roman  nose.  1780  COWI-EK 
Progr.  Err.  396  Some  Csusar  shows — Defective  only  in  his 
Roman  nose.  1831  You  ATT  Horse  viii.  117  In  some  horses, 
this  arch  is  more  than  usually  developed,.  .These  horses  are 
said  to  have  Roman  noses.  1883  Cos  setts  Nat.  Hist.  I.  S3 
In  man  there  is  the  Roman  nose,  the  pug,  the  straight,  the 
flat,  the  broken. 

5.  Of  letters :    Belonging  to    the   modern   type 
which  most  directly  represents  that  used  in  ancient 
Roman  inscriptions  and  manuscripts,  esp.  in  con 
trast  to  Gothic  (or  black  letter}  and  Italic. 

1519  Indent,  in  PhiloL  Sac.  Trans.  (1867)  364  After  thre 
dyverse  letters,  on  for  the  englysh,  an  other  for  the  laten, 
and  the  thyrde  of  great  romayne  letter.  1588  Prod,  for 
Watgktes  16  Dec.,  To  be  printed  and  marked  with  EL 
crowned,  and  a  Romaine  T  with  R.  1665  Sarum  Church™. 
Ace.  (Swayne)  239  One  large  Bible  in  folio  Buft  and  bost  of  a 
very  faire  Roman  letter.  1683  Moxox  Mec/t.  Exerc,,  Print 
ing  ii.  f  2  Bodies  are  commonly  Cast  with  a  Romain,  Italica, 
and  sometimes  an  English  Face.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v. 
Printing,  Hitherto  there  had  been  nothing  printed  but  in 
Latin,  and  the  vulgar  Tongues  ;  first  in  Roman  Characters, 
then  in  Gothic,  and  at  last  in  Italic.  18*8  STOVVEB  Printers 
Gram.  35  Even  in  those  nations  works  are  printed,  .with 
Roman  letters.  1857  Lowndes'  Bibliogr.  Man.  I.  186/2 
The  first  quarto  edition  of  the  authorised  version,  printed 
in  the  Roman  letter. 

b.  Of  handwriting :  Round  and  bold. 

1601  SHAKS.  Twcl.  N.  in.  iv.  31,  I  thinke  we  doe  know 
the  sweet  Romane  hand.  1685  BOYLE  JKtty,  Notion  Nat.  v. 
155  If  he  should  have  made  a  Text-hand  as  fair  asa  Roman- 
hand.  1716  LADY  M.  \V.  MONTAGU  Lett.  I.  xxvii.  89 
Achmet  Bey.  .can  already  write  a  good  Roman  hand.  1893 
Daily  News  18  Jan.  5/2  People  who  have  to  write  great 
quantities  of  'copy'  for  the  Press  ..  find  their  hands,  if 
Roman  and  fine  at  first,  gradually  disappearing  in  scrawl. 

6.  a.  Of  the  alphabet  or  its  characters  :   Em 
ployed  by  the  Romans,  and  (with  various  modi 
fications)  by  all  the  modern  nations  of  Western 
Europe  and  their  colonies. 


, 

equivalents  in  the  Roman  character.  1879  Encycl.  Brit. 
IX.  631/2  Many  new  sounds  had  to  be  represented  which 
were  not  provided  for  in  the  Roman  alphabet. 

b.  Of  numeral  letters:  (see  quot.  1728).     Op 
posed  to  Arabic. 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Character,  Roman  Characters 
consist  of  the  Uncial  or  Majuscule  Letters  of  the  Roman 
alphabet... The  Numeral  Letters  that  compose  the  Roman 
Character  are  in  Number  seven,  viz.,  I,  V,  X,  L  C  D  M 
il3&Phil.  Trans.  XXXIX.  139  The  Roman  Numeral  Ten, 
which  was  made  in  this  Form,  like  an  X.  1800  in  Arcluuo- 
logia  XIII.  124  All  the  sums  are  specified  in  Roman 
characters.  Ibid.  125  The  churchwardens  accounts  of 
Shorne.  .are  entered  in  Roman  numerals  as  iateas  the  year 
1621.  1847  Brit.  Mag.  XXXII.  364  His  singular  inter 
mixture  of  Arabic  and  Roman  numerals. 

7.  Anli.  =CuMi'osii'E  a.  z. 


ROMAN. 

1624  [see  ITALIAN  a.  i  c].  1703  T.  N.  City  $  C.  Purchaser 
27  Composite,  Compound,  or  Roman.  Ibid.  28  Scamozzi 
makes  the  Roman  Base  30111.  high.  1726  [see  COMPOUND 
a.  2  c].  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Composite,  The  Com 
posite  is  also  called  the  Roman  and  Italic  Order.  1841 
Penny  (.'yd.  XX.  72/2  Roman  architecture  presents  chiefly 
a  con-option  of  the  Doric  and  Ionic.  1842  Murray's  Hand- 
i-k.  N.  Italy  275/2  Neither  the  Roman  Corinthian,  nor  the 
Roman  Composite  bad  any  fixed  type. 

8.  Used    in    combination    with   other   adjs.,    as 
Roman-Alexandrian^  -British^  etc. 

Cf.  the  combs,  in  which  Roman  forms  the  second  element, 
c.  g.  Bn/O'j  Gallo-,  Grxco-Koman. 

1802-12  BKNTHAM  Ration.  Judic.  Krid.  (1827)  720  The 
maxim  of  the  Roman-Gallic  law.  1845  Encyd.  Mctrof. 
II.  855/1  The  Roman  Dutch  law  consists  of  the  civil  law 
and  the  ordinances  and  edicts  issued  by  the  supreme  power 
iii  Holland.  1854  MILMAN  Lat.  Chr.  \\.  iii.  (1864)  II.  227 
The  gradual  expulsion,  .of  the  British  and  Roman  British 
inhabitants.  1901  K.  NICHOLSON  Weights  <V  Measures  44 
A  weight  two-thirds  of  the  Roman-Alexandrian  talent. 

9.  Engaged  in   the   study  of  Roman  law,  anti 
quities,  history,  etc. 

1845  Eucycl.  Metro j>,  II.  748/1  To  the  Roman  lawyer  the 
study  of  Roman  antiquities  is  essential.  1879  Ency.  I.  Brit, 
X.  65/1  Though  public  games.. must  be  studied  by  the 
Roman  historian..,  yet  [elc.j. 

H.  10.  Pertaining  to  Rome  in  its  eccleMastical 
aspect ;  belonging  to,  connected  with,  etc.,  the 
Church  of  Rome.  Cf.  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  a. 

Roman  collar,  a  special  form  of  collar  worn  by  Roir.nn 
Catholic,  and  some  Anglican,  clerics. 

1535  LYHDESDAY  Satyr*  237  First,  al  the  Ruinane  Kir!-- 
will  ;e  begin.  1578  J.  NU.SUN  in  Allen  Alartjnfoii: 
Campion  (1908)  112  A  voluntary  departure  from  the  unitie 
of  the  Catholike  Roman  faith.  i6z8  PKYNM-;  Brief  Suntay 
Ep.,  Tlic  vtry  pillars,  and  foundation  stones  of  the  Roman 
and  Arminian  Faction.  1659  Ji;u.  TAYLOR  Due  tor  Pref., 
'J  he  Casuists  of  the  Roman  Church  take  these  things  for 
resolution.  1706  E.  \VtLLs  A  nm*.  Dow  ley  48  Those  called 
by  you  Roman  Missionaries  might  with  more  accuracy 
have  been  called  Romish  Missionaries.  1788  GIBHOX  Dec/. 
-y  F.  xlix.  V.  136  That  name,  with  the  addition  of  saint,  \* 
inserted  in  the  Roman  calendar.  1812  J.  BKADV  Clans 
Cat.  L  250  The  present  method  of  chaunting.  .is  frequently 
called  the  Gregorian  chaunt,  a-,  well  as  the  Roman  chaunt. 
1845  GLADSTONE  Glean.  (1879)  VII.  192  Probabilism  is  by 
no  means  the  universal  or  compulsory  doctrine  of  the 
Roman  theologians.  1897  HAI.L  CAINK  Christian  \.  i,  The 
younger  clergyman  wore  a  Roman  collar. 
fig.  1697  VANBRUCH  Relapse  v.  iii,  Come,  no  equivocation, 
no  Roman  turns  upon  us. 

11.  (ffoly)  Roman  Empire:  the  Romano-Ger 
manic  Empire  which  originated  with  Charlemagne 
in  800,  and  continued  to  exist  down  to  1806.  So 
Roman  Emperor.  =  EMPEROR  2. 

1610  Elan.  Armories  146  These  the  present  Armories  of 
the  Romaine  Empire.  Ibid.  147  The  sacred  Romane  Em 
pire.  1728  CHAMUEHS  Cycl.  s.v.  Empire,  The  Empire  of 
Germany. calTd  also,  in  Juridical  Acts  and  Laws,  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.  xlix.  V.  167  In 
obedience  to  a  secret  treaty,  the  Roman  emperor  immedi 
ately  withdrew.  1829  SCOTT  Anne  of  G.  vii,  These  dignit- 
arles,  because  they  held  their  fiefs  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire,  claimed  as  complete  sovereignty  [etc.].  Ibid,  xx, 
A  system  handed  down  to  us  from  the  most  Christian  and 
holy  Roman  Emperor,  Charlemagne.  1864  BKYCE  (title], 
The  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

t  b.  Roman   months,  after   G.  Romermonate  \ 

(see  quots.).   Obs. 

1670  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  525/2  The  Contribution  of  the 
Empire,  called  the  Roman  "Months,  is  not  yet  resolved. 
1687  Ibid.  No.  2284/1  This  Grant  of  the  Subsidy  of  100 
Roman  Months  hath  met  with  another  Perplexity.  1728 
CHAMBERS  Cyd.  s.v.  Emperor,  He  receives  a  Kind  of  Tribute 
from  all  the  Princes  and  States  of  the  Empire,  call'd  the 
Roman  Month. 

1 12.   ^  ROMANCE  i  b.  Obs, 

<:-i42S  St.  Mary  of  Oignies  it.  XL  in  Attglia  VIII.  179 
Alle  \>is  she  seyde  in  ryme  and  romayne  tunge.  Ibid,^  pe 
louely  songe  of  oure  lady,  bat  is  Magnificat,  she  rehercyd 
ful  often.  .,expounynge  hit  in  Romayne  tunge.  1530  PALSGR. 
44  Thoughe  the  olde  Romayne  tonge  use  many  suche  wordes, 
the  trewe  frenche  tonge  leaveth  never  the  e.  .onwritten. 
1612  [see  ROMANCE  sb.  ij.  1727  BAILEY  (vol.  II.),  Roman 
Language,  a  mixture  of  Gaulish  and  Latin.  1804  [see 

ROMANESQUE  <Z.l]. 

III.  13.  Of  or  pertaining  to  mediaeval  or  modern 
Rome  or  its  inhabitants ;  printed  at  Rome,  etc. 

1608  USSHER  Lett.  (1686)  22  We  have  long  expected 
them  from  the  Roman  Press.  1647  YOUNG  Ibid.  517  The 
Passage  Psal.  142.  g.  which  I  find  in  my  Roman  Edition. 
1705  AunibON  Italy  Wks.  1721  II.  127  In  several  of  the 
Roman  Churches  and  Chappels.  a  1715  BUKNET  Own  Time 
(17341  II.  546  He  staid  several  Years  at  Rome,  where  he 
became  acquainted  with  a  Roman  Lady.  1728  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Italian,  The  Tuscan  is  usually  preferred  to  the 
other  Dialects,  and  the  Roman  Pronunciation  to  that  of  the 
other  cities.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  134/1  A  collection  of 
popular  Roman  songs  was  published  by  the  Cavaliere  Vis- 
conti.  1853  HUMPHREYS  Coin-coll.  Man.  II.  514  This 
modern  Roman  series  has  generally  the  name  of  the  pope 
on  one  side. 

b.  Roman  school,  the   school   of  painting  of 
which  Raphael  is  the  leading  representative. 

1797  Encyd.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XIII.  599/2  The  artists  in  the 
Florentine  and  Roman  schools  painted  most  commonly  in 
water  colours  or  in  fresco,  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  76/2  The 
works  of  Raphael  exhibit  this  style  in  its  full  development 
..and  he  is  accordingly  the  head  or  representative  of  the 
Roman  school. 

c.  Roman  fevert  a  form  of  malarial  fever  pre 
valent  at  Rome. 

^1838  Encyd.  Metro}.  (1845)  XXIV.  131/2  The  Roman 
fever  appears  to  differ  m  degree  only  from  that  of  the  West 


ROMAN. 

Indies.     1896  W.  NOKIH  Roman  Fever  Pref.  p.  v,  The 
nature  and  origin  of  the  disease  known  as  'Roman  Fever  , 
a  local  form  of  u  malady  widely  prevalent  elsewhere. 
IV.  Iii  special  applications. 

14.  fa.  Roman  herbs-,  (see  quot.).   Obs. 

1578  LVTfl  Dad-Jens  5  They  do  commonly  call  al  such 
straunge  herbes  as  be  vnknowen  of  the  common  people, 
Romish  or  Romayne  herbes,  although  the  same  be  brought 
from  Norvveigh. 

b.  In  names  of  species   or  varieties  of  plants, 
fruits,  etc.,  as  Roman  apricot,  bean,  beet,  etc.  (see 
(juots,  and  these  words). 

1704  Diet.  Rust.  s.v.  Africocki  The  green  *Roman- 
Apricock,  the  largest  of  all  kinds  and  excellent  for  Compotes. 
1766  Compl.  Farmer  s.v.  Apricok  tree  E  3/2  The  Roman  is 
the  next  ripe  apricot.  1578  LYTK  Dodo-.'ns  474  In  Englishe 
of  Turner  it  is  called  kidney  benne. .,  it  may  be  also  named 
Garden  Smilax,  or  *  Romaine  Beanes.  1620  VESSEK  Via 
Recta  vli.  143  The  great  red  lieete,  or  *Romane  Beete. 
1856  WATTS  tr.  Cmclins  Handbk.  Chem.  X.  415  Fusing 
the  oil  of  *  Roman  camomile  with  hydrate  of  potash.  1861 
HKNTLKV  J/.t«.  Bot.  580  The  flowers  [of  the  Anthemis 
nob  His]  constitute  tlie  Roman  or  True  Chamomiles  of  the 
Materia  Medica.  1712  /'////.  Trans.  XXVII.  391  Tall 

*  Roman  Catch-Fly.    1648  HKXMAM  u,  *Romaine  Coriander, 
or  black  Cummine-seed.     1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet,  s.v.  Ger- 
auiuwt  *Roman  Crane's-bill,  with  strip'd   Flowers.     1822 
HortnsAiigl.  II.  189 E\rodium\Romanum.   Roman  Crane's 
Bill.      i83o  WAT-IS  tr.  Gmelins  Hatidbk.  CA<;w.  XIV.  144 
••Roman  cumin  oil  is  resini-jed  l»y  fuming  nitric  acid.    Ibia*. 
Roman  cumin  seeds,  distilled  four  times  with  water,  yield 
3-27  p.c.  oil.     1665  RE.\  I-'lora  123  The  "Roman  Cyclamen 
hath  rounder  leaves  than  the  last.     1897  Sytt.Soc,  £*fX.^ 
*R[oman]  fennel,  a  variety  of  l'\cniciilutn  vulgarc^  grown 
in  Rome,  characterised  by  its  large  fruit.     1877  D.  T.  FISH 
Bulbs   49  There    are    also   *Roman    hyacinths,  of   which 
very  little  indeed  seems  to  be  known,  excepting  that  they 
are   early,    sweet,  and   delicate.      1866   Treas.  Bot.  663/2 

*  Roman    laurel,  Laurus  nobil'ts.      1611    COIGIJ.,  Lavande 
Romaine,  *Roman  l.auender.     Ibid.  s.v.  Romain%  Laiclni4 
RonuiiiU)  *  Roman  Lectuce,  the  greatest  kind  of  Cabbadg-: 
Lee  t  uce.     1706  LONDON  &  Wist;  Retired  Card.  1.  xv.  192 
Now  you  may  sow. .the  George  Lettuce,  the  Roman,  the 
Royal  [etc.].     185*  G.  W.  JOHNSON  Cottage  Card.   Diet. 
531  Lajfuca,  Lettuce.  ..Large  Roman,  Malta,  for  summer. 
1796  C.  MARSHALL  Gardening  \v.  (1813)  243  The  *  Roman 
and  Portugal  [melons]  are  small  but  early.      1664  EvELVN 
Kai.  Hart.   (1729)  213  AVcter/««,..Red  *Roman,  little 
Green    Nectarine   [etc.].      1796   C.   MAKSIIALL  Gardening 
xvii.  (1813)  284  The  Newington,  red  Roman, ..and  murry 
[nectarine],  are  good  sorts.    1578  LYTE  Dodoens  129  The  fir.-,t 
kind  is  now  called.. in  English  Greek  or  "Romayne  Nettel. 
1713   Phil.    Trans.    XXVIII.   35    Roman  or  Pill    Nettle 
(Urtica  Romana\     1834    Penny   Cycl.    II.    420/2    In    the 
Roman  nettle  {Urtica  pilnlifcra)  they   [the  flowers]  are 
collected  into  round  heads.     1632  SutitwooD  s.v.  Nigellat 
Ordinarie  or  *Romane  Nigella.     1716  '  H.  S.  PHILOKEPOS 

I  'oitng  Card.  Director  89  "Roman  Peach.  1726  Diet.  Rust. 
(ed.  3)  s.v.  Peach,  There  are  many  other  sorts  of  Peaches ; 
a>  the  Crown-Peach,.  .Isabella,  Roman.  1597  OEKARUE 
Herbal  1047  The  great  Pease  is  called . .  in  English  *  Romance 
Pease,  or  the  greater  Pease.  Ibid,  247  *Romane  Rocket  is 
cherished  in  Gardens.  1796  C.  MARSHALL  Gardening  xvi. 
(1813)  275  The  round  leaved  sort  [of  sorrel],  commonly 
called  the  *  Roman,  is  reckoned  the  more  grateful  acid. 
lbid.t  Common  sorrel  likes  a  cool  moist  soil,  but  th^  Roman 
a  dry  one.  *578  LYTE  Dodoens  5  Wormwood  *  Romayne 
groweth  plentifully  in  Hungarie.  x86<5  Tn-as.  Bot.  1237/1 
Roman  Wormwood,  A  mbrosia  artemisixfolia ;  also  A  rtem- 
isia  pontica. 

c.  In  some  names  of  animals  or  birds,  as  Roman 
pigeon,  runt,  snail;  also  Roman-lamp  shell. 

1854  L.  A.  MEALL  Moitbray^s  Poultry  2^1  Roman  Runt :. . 
mentioned  by  some  writers  as  a  separate  subvariety.  i85i 
HULME  tr.  KIoqnin-Tandon  in.  ii.  84  The  Helix  Pomatia 
(Linn.)  or  Roman  Snail.  The  shell  of  this  species  is  ii  inch 
in  height.  1870  GILLMOUE  tr.  Figuier"s  Reptiles  ^  Birds 
vii.  (1092)  426  The  Roman  Pigeons,  thus  named  because 
they  are  very  common  in  Italy,  are  easily  recognised  from 
the  circle  of  red  which  surrounds  their  eyes.  1898  MORRIS 
Austral  Eng.,  Roman-Lamp  S/u'tt,  name  given  in  Tas 
mania  to  a  brachiopod  mollusc,  ll'aldheiwia  Jlavescens. 

15.  a.  Roman  balance,  beam^  or  steelyard^  the 
ordinary  form  of  steelyard. 

1611  COTGR.,  Crochet,,  .a  Romane  beame,  or  Stellucru. 
1678  J.  PHILLIPS  tr.  Tavernier" $  Trav.  n.  9  They  carry  their 
weights  always  along  with  them,  being  like  a  Roman  lieam, 
or  a  Stelleer.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Balance,  In  the 
Roman  Balance..,  the  Weight  used  for  a  Counterbalance  is 
the  same..;  in  the  Common  Balance,  the  Counterpoise  is 
various.  1764  J.  FERGUSON  Lect.  iii.  32  The.  .Roman  steel 
yard  is  a  lever  (./  this  kind,  1858  HOMANS  Cycl.  Commerce 
1758/2  The  Statera  Komatia,  or  Roman  steelyard,  is  men 
tioned  in  315  B.C.  1875  KSIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  2370/1  A 
Roman  balance  found  at  Pompeii  shows  that  they  also 
had  two  centers  of  suspension  for  varying  grades  of  weights. 
b.  With  names  of  measures  or  weights,  as 
Roman  foot,  wile,  ounce. 

1705  AHBUTHSOT  Coins,  etc.  (1727)  PI.  17  The  Roman 
Ounce  is  the  English  Avoiidupoise  Ounce.  1728 CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Measure,  The  Roman  Foot,  on  the  Monument 
of  Cossutius.  1760  RAPEK  in  Phil.  Trans.  LI.  774  An 
Enquiry  into  the  Measure  of  the  Roman  Foot.  1776  GIBBON 
Decl.  ff  F.  ii.  (1782)  I.  62  note,  The  whole  distance  was  725 
Roman,  or  665  English  miles.  1839  Penny  Cycl.  XV.  210/1 
Taking  the  Roman  foot  at  1 1.62  English  inches,  the  original 
Roman  mile  was  therefore  1614  yards. 

16.  a.    Roman   alum,    a   reddish   native  alum 
found  in  Italy,  or  a  manufactured  imitation  of  this. 

1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.  y.  Alloint  The  Roman-Allom  is  dark 
red,  transparent  within,  and  of  a  sharp  stiptick  Taste.  1753 
CHAMBERS  CycL  Suppl.  s.v.  Alum,  Roman  Alum  properly 
denotes  a  rock  Alum,  of  a  red  colour,  prepared  in  the 
country  near  Rome.  1839  URE  Diet.  A  rts  38  It  is  probable 
that  Roman  alum  is  a  sulphate  of  alumina  and  potash,  with 
a  slight  excess  of  the  earthy  ingredient.  1863  Fowne? 
Chem.  (ed.  9)  317  Roman  alum,  made  from  alum-stone. 


766 

b.  Roman  vitriol,  blue  vitriol,  sulphate  of  copper. 
1737  in  Bracken  Farriery  (1749)  3^3  Vitriol,  Roman,  per 

Pound,  (jC]o  i  4-  ?747  WESLEY  Prim,  rhysick  (1762)  42  A 
little  Roman  Vitriol  dissolved  in  a  Pint  of  Water.  1819 
S.  PARKES  Chan.  Catcch.  (ed.  9)  307  It  [copper]  is.. com 
bined  with  sulphuric  acid  to  form  Roman  vitriol.  1839 
UHH  Diet.  Arts  337  The  chemical  preparations  of  copper 
which  constitute  distinct  manufactures  are,  blue  or  Roman 
[  vitriol. .,  Verditer  and  Verdigris. 

c.  Roman  cement,  a  cement  or  hydraulic  mortar 
I    made  by  the  addition  of  calcareous  or  argillaceous 
I   matter  to  lime,  sand,  and  water.     Also  as  vb. 

The  original  Roman  cement  was  that  made  by  J.  Parker 
i    from  Sheppey  stone  and  patented  in  1796  ;  the  name,  how 
ever,  does  not  appear  in  the  specification  of  the  patent. 

c  1800  PAKKKR  &  Co.  {heading  of  circular),  Roman 
Cement,  artificial  terras,  and  stucco.  1810  in  Willis  &  Clark 
Cambridge  (1886)  II.  497  That  the  west  Part  [of  Trinity 
Coll.]. .be  new  fronted  with  Roman  Cement.  1838  OV/Y 
Etig.  <V  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  245/1  When  used  as  stucco,  this  lime 
is  certainly  superior  to  Roman  cement.  1845  FORD  Handbk. 
Spain  i.  62  The  cutaneous  stucco  by  which  his  own  illote 
carcass  is  Roman  cemented. 

d.  Roman  candle,  a  cylindrical  fire-work,  which 
throws  out  a  succession  of  stars. 

1834  MAKRYAT  /'.  Simple  (1863)  51  There  were  silver  stars 
and    golden    stars,    blue    lights    and    Catherine-wheels, . . 
Grecian-fires  and   Roman-candles.     1859  F.  A.  GRIFFITHS 
Artil.  Man.  (1861)  280  The  signal  rocket  stars  are  also  the 
best  for  Roman  candles. 

e.  In  names  of  colours,  as  Roman  lake,  etc. 

1835  FIKLD  Chroin.  99  An  observation  which  applies  to 
various  lakes  under  the  names  of  Roman  Lake,  Venetian 
Lake  [etc.]-     Ibid.  80  Roman  Ochre  is  rather  deeper  and 
more  powerful  in  colour  [etc.].     Ibid.  69  Roman  White  is 
of  ihc  purest  white  colour. 

17.   Misc.  uses,  as  Roman  mosaic  ^  punch,  satin, 

strings,  water. 
1757   A.  COOPKK  Distiller  213  Recipe   for    a   Gallon   of 

Roman  water.  . .  Take  the  outer  . .  peels  of  six  Citrons ; 
1  a  gallon  of  Proof  Spirit,  and  two  quarts  of  water.  1828 

lights  .5-  Shades  II.  79  Oh,  William,  can  you  tell  us  what 
\  Roman  punch  is?  1861  Chambers' s  Encycl.  II.  677/2 
;  The  best  [catgut]  strings  are  used  for  musical  instruments  ; 
|  and  those  which  come  from  Italy,  and  are  known  as  Roman 
1  strings,  are  the  strongest.  1883  Encycl.  Brit.  XVI.  854/2 

The  modern  so-called  '  Roman  mosaic '  is  formed  of  short 
1  and  slender  sticks  of  coloured  glass.  1890  Daily  AVaw  21 

Oct.  7/7  Roman  satin  is  much  used  for  ball  and  tea  gowns, 
i  also  dinner  dresses. 

Ro-man,  a2   =  ROMANY  a. a  3. 

1851  BORROW  Lavengro  l.vxi,  You  were  always  fond  of 
what  was  Roman.  1857  —  Romany  Rye  vi,  Mr.  Petuleiigro 
was  dressed  in  Roman  fashion. 

t  Jlomaiia'lity.  0/>s~l  [f.  ROMAN  a.1]  The 
Roman  Catholic  faith. 

1637  HASTVVICK  Litany  in.  19  Amongst  the  which  are  all 
those  that  are  spaniolized  and  any  wayes  affect  Romanality. 

K.O  man  Ca  tholic,  sb.  and  a.  [ROMAN  a.  10. 

The  use  of  this  composite  term  in  place  of  the  simple 
AV/«««,  Romanist,  or  Romish,  which  had  acquired  an 


(1618-24),  nn(l  appears  in  format  documents  relating  to  this, 
printed  by  Rushworth  (1659),  I*  85-89.  After  that  date  it 
was  generally  adopted  as  a  non-controversial  term,  and  has 
long  been  the  recognized  legal  and  official  designation, 
though  in  ordinary  use  Catholic  alone  is  very  frequently 
employed.] 

A.  sb,   A  member  or  adherent  of  the  Roman 
Church;  =  CATHOLIC  .f£.  2. 

1605  SANDYS  Europe  Speculum  K  3  b,  Some  Roman-Cath- 
oliques  will  not  say  grace.. when  a  Protestant  is  present. 
1615  DAY  Festivals  159  Nor  meant  it  Roman  Catholiques, 
but  good  true  Catholiques  indeed.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist. 
ii.  146  There  was  a  stifle  Roman  Cathohck  (as  they  delight 
to  term  themselves)  otherwise  a  man  well  accomplished. 
1715  ADDISON  Freeholder  (1751)  12  Having  been  joined  by 
a  considerable  Reinforcement  of  Roman-Cat holicks.  1791 
BOSWELL  Johnson  an.  1763,  5  Aug.,  In  the  afternoon  the 
gentlewoman  talked  violently  against  the  Roman  Cath- 
olicks.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Kng.  ii.  I.  231  His  brother 
and  heir  presumptive  was  known  to  be  a  bigoted  Roman 
Catholic.  1872  FRKEMAN  Sk,  European  Hist.  xvii.  §  16  By 
the  admission  of  the  Roman  Catholics  to  equal  rights  with 
Protestants. 

transf.  1629  H.  BURTON  Truths  Triumph  51  To  recon 
cile  this  Catnolicke  word  Imputation,  to  the  Church  of 
Rome,  and  to  make  it  a  Roman-Catholicke. 

B.  adj.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Church  of  Rome; 
=  CATHOLIC  a.  7. 

1614  T.  GENTLKMAN  England's  Way  to  Wealth  18  All 
those  Romaine  Catholicke  and  Papisticall  countries.  1623 
in  Rushworth  Hist.  Coll.  (1659)  !•  $6  That  as  well  the 
most  gratious  Infanta  as  all  her  Servants  and  Family  shall 
have  free  use  and  public  Exercise  of  the  Roman  Catholick 
Religion.  1678  EVELYN  Diary  15  Nov.,  Divers,  .were  sent 
to  theTowre,  and  all  the  Roman  Catholic  Lords  were  by  a 
new  act.  .excluded  the  Parliament.  171*  ADUISON  Spect. 
No.  458  F  5  English  Gentlemen  who  travel  into  Roman- 
Cat  holick  Countries.  1756-7  tr.  Kcysler's  Trav.  (1760)  1. 14 
The  largeness  and  opulence  of  the  lands  in  the  Roman 
catholic  districts.  1791  Act  31  Geo.  Ill,  c.  32  §  n  Any 
Roman  Catholick  Ecclesiastlck.  Ibid.  §  16  As  a  Roman 
Catholick  School-master  or  School-mistress.  1829^/10 
Geo.  II7,  c.  7  (A*.  C.  Emancipation),  Certain  Restraints  and 
Disabilities.. imposed  on  the  Roman  Catholic  Subjects  of 
His  Majesty.  1872  FREEMAN  Sk.  European  Hist.  xiii.  §  10 
This  Council ..  fixed  the  Roman  Catholic 


doctrines  and 
-Ca-tholicly 


practices  in  a  much  more  rigid  shape. 

Hence      Ro'iuan-Catliolically, 
<:/,.:   Ro'iuaii  Catholicism. 

1793  [see  CATHOLICLY  adv.  2  b].     a  1813  D'IsRAELi  Cur. 
Lit.  (1866)  88  Sigismund  lost  both  his  crowns  by  his  bigoted 


ROMANCE. 

attachment  to  Roman  Catholicism.  1842  MRS.  TKOLLOPE 
J 'isit  Italy  I.  iii.  43  Many  among  them  [si.  churches  in 
Genoa]  must  be  accounted,  Roman-catholically  speaking, 
us  very  rich.  1870-76  [see  CATHOLICISM  i  c]. 

Romance  (]0ma,"ns  ,  sb.  and  a.  Forms:  a. 
4  roxnaiiz,  romaunz,  4-6  (8-9)  romans^e,  5-6 
romauns,  romayns ;  Sc,  5  romanys,  5-6  roma- 
nis.  j8.  4-=;  romaunce  (4  ra-),  5  romawnce, 
-ounce,  4-  romance.  [In  ME.,  a.  OF.  romanz, 
rowans  (cf.  KOMAUNT)  :— pop.  L.  *romanice  adv. 
f.  L.  Romanic  us  :  see  ROMANIC.  Cf.  Cat.  rowans, 
Sp.  and  Pg.  romance,  Prov.  routnanso,  It.  rowanse, 
med.l,.  romancia,  -turn.  The  spelling  with  -auncc, 
-ante  was  very  early  adopted  in  English,  probably 
on  the  analogy  of  abstract  sbs.  In  ME.  verse  the 
stress  is  commonly  on  the  first  syllable,  except 
in  rimes.] 

I.  1.  The  vernacular  language  of  France,  as 
opposed  to  Latin.  In  later  use  also  extended  to 
related  forms  of  speech,  as  Pro  verbal  and  Spanish, 
and  now  commonly  used  as  a  generic  or  collect 
ive  name  for  the  whole  group  of  languages  de 
scended  from  Latin. 

£•1330  R.  BKUNNE  Chron,  Wace  (Rolls)  16701  Frankysche 
spec  he  ys  cald  Romaunce,  So  sey  bis  clerkes  &  men  of 
trauiice.  1338  —  Chron.  (1810)  205  pis  |>at  I  haf  said  it 
is  Pers  sawe,  Als  he  in  romance  laid,  per  after  gan  I  drawe. 
f  i4','"  Rom.  Rose  2170  Til  I.. undo  the  signifiaunce  Of 
this  theme  into  Romaunce.  c  1407  LVDG.  Reson  <$•  Sens. 
4883  Swich  a  book  in  Romaunce  Was  neuer  yet  y-made  in 
rraunce.  c  1450  LQVELICH  Grail  Iii.  1064  It  i>  ful  Syker,.. 
that  he  which  In  Romawnce  this  drovv  Owte,  he  knew  ful 
lytel  Of  Seynt  Graal. 

1612  BRERBWOOD  Lang,  fy  Rcl.:g.  250  The  Italian,  French, 
and  Spanish  ;  all  which  in  a  barbarous  word  have  been 
called  Romanse,  as  you  would  say,  Roman.  1614  SELDEN 
Titles  Hon.  44  In  the  Prouinciall  languages  or  Romances 
(as  the  French  and  SpanMi  are  called).  1708  MADOX 
JSjccAfeufrPref.'Ep.p.  xii,  Wiih  them  [Spaniard^]  Romance 
is  used  even  at  this  day  to  signify  the  Castilian  or  genuine 
language  of  Spain.  1775  Phil.  Trans.  LXVI.  146  Authors, 
who  deny  that  the  Teutonic  had  any  share  in  the  com 
position  of  the  Romance,  since  the  Franks  found  it  already 
established  when  they  entered  Gaul.  1823  ROSCOE-  tr. 
Sismwdis  Lit.  Eur.  (18461  1.  viu  188  The  two  languages 
of  the  people,  the  rustic  Romance,  and  the  Theotlsque, 
or  German.  1838  GUEST  //»/.  Eng,  Rhythm  I.  316  The 
Romance  of  Oc.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  81/2  The  process 
of  corruption  of  the  Latin  into  Romance  [in  Spain]  was  the 
same  as  in  France  and  Italy.  1891  Athenxinn  18  July  90/1 
The  tables  of  approximate  synonyms  from  Saxon,  Romance, 
and  Latin. 

Comb.  1883  Science  II.  115/1  The  present  Romance- 
speaking  population  of  Koumama. 

b.  attrib.  or  as  adj.     Derived  from,  or  repre 
senting,  the  old  Roman  tongue ;  descended  from 
Latin.     Also,    composed   in,   using,    etc.,  a   ver 
nacular  tongue  of  Latin  origin. 
Cf.  older  F.  langne  romance,  mod.  F.  langues  ro  manes, 
1420  Durham  //'///.r(Surtecs)  1.65  Item  lego  Matildi  filia.- 
Roberti  de   Hilton  ..fiHolee  meae  unum  romance  boke,  is 
callyd  ye  gospelles. 

1756-82  WAHTON  Ess.  Pope  I.  v.  290  The  Latin  language 
.  .was  succeeded  by  what  was  called  the  Romance-tongue. 
1776  BURNEY  Hist.  Music  (1789)  II.  iv.  248  The  Normans 
made  it  their  boast . .  that  they  spoke  the  Romanse  language 
with  purity.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  81/1  That  [izth] 
century  was  the  brilliant  age  of  Romance  poetry.  1871 
JIARLE  Philol.  Eng.  Tongue  §  351  Some  substantives  which 
have  come  to  us  through  the  French,  from  the  southern 
Romance  languages,  Provencal  or  Spanish. 

C.     -ROMANSU. 

1862  LATHAM  Compar.  Philol.  647  Of  the  Romance 
proper,  the  two  main  dialects  are — i.  That  of  the  valley 
of  the  Rhine.  2.  That  of  the  valley  of  the  Inn.  Ibid.,  At 
the  present  time  the  Romance  phonesis  is  largely  Slavonic. 
II.  2.  A  tale  in  verse,  embodying  the  adven 
tures  of  some  hero  of  chivalry,  esp.  of  those  of  the 
great  cycles  of  medieval  legend,  and  belonging 
both  in  matter  and  form  to  the  ages  of  knighthood  ; 
also,  in  later  use,  a  prose  tale  of  a  similar  character. 
Orig.  denoting  a  composition  in  the  vernacular  (French, 
etc.),  as  contrasted  with  works  in  Latin. 
a.  I3.».  Coer.  de  L.  7  Fele  romances  men  make  newe  Of  good 
knyghtes,  strong  and  trewe.  1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  i.  446 
The  romanys  now  begynnys  her  Off  men  that  war  in  gret 
distress,  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  3896  Was  neuer  red  in  no 
Romanse  of  Renke  vpon  ertlie  So  well  louyt  with  all  ledys. 
f  1475  Partenay  6417  Vf  any  man  demaunde..  What  me 
shall  call  thys  Romans  soueram,  hit  name  the  Romans  as  of 
partenay.  c  1500  Lancelot  209  One  to  my  wit  1 1  war  so  gret 
o  charg  For  to  translalt  the  romans  of  that  knycht.  1530 
PALSGK.  263/2  Romauns,  romant. 

3.  ci33o  Arth.  $  Merlin  y  (Kolbing),  Now  ich  3011  telle 
|>is  romaunce  :  A  king  hi}!  while  sir  Costaunce.  c  1374 
CHAUCER  Troylus  in.  980  He..tok  a  lyght  and  fond  his 
contenaunce,  As  for  to  loken  vp  on  an  old  romaunce.  c  14°° 
Land  Troy  Bk.  18640  And  thus  was  Troye  dryuen  doun. ., 
As  in  this  romaunce  men  may  rede,  c  1440  Pronip.  Paw. 


of  Warwicke,  Adam  Bell,  and  Clymme  of  the  Clough  and 
such  other  old  Romances  or  histoncall  rimes.  i66a  J.  DAVIES 
tr.  Olearius  Voy.  Ambass.  199  The  Grand  Rustam.  as  also 
the  only  celebrated  Heros  of  all  their  Romances.  1765 
PERCV  Essay  in  Reliqties  III.  p.  x,  Proof  that  the  old 
metrical  Romances  throw  light  on  our  old  writers  in  prose. 
1778  WARTON  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry  iv,  The  romance  of  the 
Squire  of  Low  Degree.  1802  RITSON  Anc.  Met.  Rom.  I. 
p.  xxxiv,  The  first  metrical  romance . .  is  the  famous  chanson 
de  Roland,  1844  HALLIWELL  Thornton  Rom.  p.  vi,  Thu 


ROMANCE. 

original  of  the  English  version  of  Perceval  is  an  Anglo- 
Norman  romance.  1881  HKRRTAGE  Charles  the  Crete 
(E.E.T.S.)  Introd.  v,  A  translation  of  the  French  prose 
romance  of  Fierabras. 

b.   Used  without  article. 
In  some  cases  perh.  collectively  or  as  a  plural. 

a.  a  1300  Cursor  J/.  2  Man  yhernes  rimes  for  to  here, 
And  romans   red   on   maneres   sere,  Of  Alisaundur  [etc.], 
a  1310  in  Wright  Lyric  Poetry  ix.  34  Heo   hath   a  mury 
mount  to  mele, . .  Romaunz  forte  rede.    1375  BARBOOJR  Bruce 
in.  437  The  king  ..  Red  to  thaim  ..  Romanys  off  worthi 
Ferambrace.     a  1400  Emare  215  To  he  palys  ^ey  }ede  in 
fere,  In  romans  as  we  rede,     c  1470  Golagros  <y  Gaiv.  878 
Oft  in  romanis  I  reid  :  Airly  sporne,  late  speid.     1502  Ord. 
Crysten  Men  (W.  de  W.  1506)  Prol.,  They  y*  loue   bettir 
romayns  of  warres.     1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  v.  Prol.  14  Sum 
plesance  takis  in  romanis  that  he  redis. 

ft.  13. .  K.  Alis.  9  Off  hey  dedys  men  rede  romance, .  .Off 
Rowelond,  and  of  Olyuer.  13. .  Gaiv.  <•(•  Gr.  Knt.  2521  As 
hit  is  breued  in  ^e  best  boke  of  romaunce.  c  1400  Land 
Troy  Bk.  13304  Iff  he  be  ferd  of  any  chaunce,  Lete  him  sitte 
&  rede  romaunce  ! 

3.  A  fictitious  narrative  in  prose  of  which  the 
scene  and  incidents  are  very  remote  from  those  of 
ordinary  life;  esp.  one  of  the  class  prevalent  in 
the  l6th  and  I7th  centuries,  in  which  the  story  is 
often  overlaid  with  long  disquisitions  and  digres 
sions.  Also  occas.,  a  long  poem  of  a  similar  type. 

The  immediate  source  of  this  use  was  app,  F.  ronian. 

1638  BAKER  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  III.)  30,  I  make  some 
choice,  and  runne  not  after  all  Spanish  Romances  with 
equal  passion.  1666  BOYLE  Occas.  I\efl.t  Disc.  nr.  ii,  Those 
voluminous  Romances  that  are  too  often  the  only  Books 
which  make  up  the  Libraries  of  Gallants,  and  rill  the  Closets 
of  Ladies.  1727  GAY  Bcgg.  Op.  i.  xiii,  I  find  in  the  Romance 
you  lent  me  none  of  the  great  Heroes  were  ever  false  in 
love.  1759  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  84  ?  2  In  romances,  when  the 
wide  fiefd  of  possibility  lies  open  to  invention,  the  incidents 
may  easily  be  made  more  numerous.  1842  BRANDE  Diet. 
Set.,  etc.  s.v.,  In  the  seventeenth  century  Le  Sage  natural 
ised  the  Spanish  romance  in  France.  1895  ARBEK  Greene's 
Menaphon  Introd.  xvi,  In  this  Pastoral  Romance.. there  is 
the  least  possible  Plot. 

b.  A  romantic  novel  or  narrative. 

1831  SCOTT  Pirate  Introd.,  The  very  moderate  degree  of 
local  knowledge . .which  he  has  endeavoured  to  embody  in 
the  romance  of  the  Pirate.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  Ii, 
He.. made  woful  and  savage  onslaught  on  a  poem  and  a 
romance  which  came  before  him  for  judgment.  1886  Illnstr. 
Loud.  News  10  July  26  My  addictiveness  to  the  perusal  of 
modern  romances. 

c.  transf.  andy^f.  (perh.  partly  from  2). 

1823  SCOTT  Let.  in  Westm.  Gaz.  (1905)22  Nov.  2/1  Abbots- 
ford,  .is  ..a  sort  of  romance  in  architecture.  1867  FRERMAN 
Norm.  Cong.  (1877)  I.  267  In  the  hands  of  William  of 
Malmesbury  the  story  becomes  a  romance.  1883  Cent.  Mag. 
Oct.  823/1  English  associations  are  to  us  utterly  delightful, 
and  London  especially  a  huge  romance.  1894  H.  DRUM- 
MONO  Ascent  Man  i  The  last  romance  of  Science.. is  the 
Story  of  the  Ascent  of  Man. 

4.  A  Spanish  historical  ballad  or  short  poem  of 
a  certain  form. 

From  Sp.  romance,  whence  also  F,  romance.  Attributive 
uses,  as  romance-book p,  -verse,  etc.,  are  common  in  works  on 
Spanish  literature. 

1605  VERSTEGAN  Dec.  Intell.  (1628)  200  The  Spaniards 
calling  to  this  day  such  Verses  as  they  make  in  their  Ian. 
guage,  by  the  name  of  Romances.  1706  STEVENS  Sp.Dict.^ 
Romaucero,  one  that  Composes  that  sort  of  Verses,  call'd 
Romances.  1756-82  WARTON  Ess.  Pope  I.  v.  290  Every 
piece  of  poetry  was  at  that  time  denominated  a  romance. 
183*  IRVING  Alhambra,  I.  297  For  some  time  a  vague  inter- 
course  was  kept  up  by  popular  songs  and  romances.  1847 
tr.  Boutenvek's  Hist.  Span.  Lit.  87  Another  publication. . 
appeared  in  1604,  and  contains  upwards  of  a  thousand 
romances  and  songs.  1893  H.  B.  CLARKE  Spanish  Lit.  45 
The  earliest  printed  romances  appear  in  the  Cancionero 
General  oK  1511. 

b.  Mus.  A  short  vocal  or  instrumental  piece  of 
a  simple  or  informal  character. 

[1797  Monthly  Mag.  III.  306  The  term  Romance,  as  used 
by  foreign  musicians,  is  not  so  familiar  with  us  as  to  be 
universally  understood.] 

1876  Rncycl.  Brit,  V.  685/2  The  concerto  for  pianoforte 
with  accompaniment  of  the  orchestra  in  E  may  be  instanced. 
Here  the  adagio  takes  the  form  of  a  romance.  1881  Grove's 
Diet.  Music  III.  147  Romance^  a  term  of  very  vague  signi 
fication,  answering  in  music  to  the  same  term  in  poetry, 
where  the  characteristics  are  rather  those  of  personal  senti 
ment  and  expression  than  of  precise  form. 

5.  That   class   of   literature    which    consists   of 
romances ;  romantic  fiction. 

1667  MILTON  P. L.  i.  580  And  what  resounds  In  Fable  or 
Romance  of  Uthers  Son.  1762  HURD  Lett.  Chivalry  $ 
Romance  v.  39  The  constant  mixture,  .of  pagan  fable  with 
the  fairy  tales  of  Romance.  1798  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Young 
Philos,  I.  no  A  young  lady.. very  deeply  read  in  romance 
and  novels.  1820  KEATS  Isabella  xlix,  O  for  the  gentle, 
ness  of  old  Romance,  The  simple  plaining  of  a  minstrel's 
song  \  a  1854  H.  REED  Lect.  Kng.  Lit.  ix.  (1878)  273  Scott 
was  to  establish  his  fame  as  the  great  writer  of  historical 
romance.  1891  H.  E.  WATTS  Cervantes  62  The  chorus  of 
detractors  was  swelled  by  all  those.,  whose  taste  In  romance 
had  been  ridiculed. 

personif.  1647  COWLKY  Aftstr.,  Innocent  III  ill,  Though 
savage,  and  rock-hearted  those  Appear,  that  weep  not  ev'n 
Romances  woes. 

fig.  1800  WORDSW.  A  narrow  Girdle  of  rough  Stones  38 
Lady  of  the  Mere,  Sole-sitting  by  the  shores  of  old  romance. 

b.  Romantic  or  imaginative  character  or  quality;  | 
redolence  or  suggestion  of,  association  with,  the  j 
adventurous  and  chivalrous. 

1801  MOORE  Morality^  In  feeling's  sweet  romance.    1807-8    \ 
IRVING  Salmag.  (1824)  163  Oh  !  my  romance  of  youth  is 
past — Dear  airy  dreams,  too  bright  to  last.     1838  DICKENS 


767 

Nidi.  Nick,  xviii,  Charity  must  have  its  romance.  1873  W. 
BLACK  P r.  'J'hule  xxiv.  392  Romance  goes  out  of  a  man's 
head  when  the  hair  gets  grey. 

6.  An  extravagant  fiction,  invention,  or  story  ;  a 
wild  or  wanton  exaggeration  ;  a  picturesque  false 
hood.     Also  without  article  (cf,  prec.)- 

1497  in  W.  M.  Williams  Ann,  Founders'  Co.  (1867)  46 
Recvyed..of  Maister  Chamb[er]leyne  of  London  for  a  fyne 
lost  by  Robt.  Wells  for  romaunce,  ij  d.  1638  SIR  T.  HER 
BERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  241  A  drink.. not  so  much  regarded  for 
those  good  properties,  as  from  a  Romance  that  it  was  in 
vented  and  brew'd  by  Gabriel.  1667  DRYDEN  &  I)K.  NEW 
CASTLE  Sir  M.  Mar-all  n.  ii,  This  is  romance — I'll  not  be 
lieve  a  word  on't.  1686  tr.  Chardhi's  Coronal.  Solyinan  108 
It  was  but  a  Romance,  tho  a  pernicious  Romance,  which 
the  General  of  the  Slaves  had  compos'd  to  set  those  two 
Lords  together  by  the  Ears.  1717  J.  KEILL  Anim.  (Econ. 
Pref.  (1738)  p.  xli,  The  late  Explications  of  Diseases  are 
only  Philosophical  Romances.  1789  BELSHAM  Ess.  I.  vii. 
131  Such  a  view.. of  human  life,  appears  to  me  no  better 
than  a  romance.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ix.  II.  439 
This  romance  rests  on  no  evidence,  and. .seems  hardly  to 
deserve  confutation. 

7.  Comb.  a.  Objective  and  obj.  gen.,  as  romance' 
maker )  -monger \  -writer  \  romance-making,  -writ 
ing;  romance-inspiring,  -making  adjs. 

c  1300  Hiivelok  2327  Roman/  reding  on  f>e  bok.  c  1440 
Proiiip.  Paw.  436/2  Romawnce  makare,  melopes.  1713 
AODISON  Guardian  No.  139  ?  i  Your  romance  writers  are 
likewise  a  set  of  men  whose  authority  I  shall  build  upon 
very  little  in  this  case.  1824  CAMPBELL  Theodoric  53  Con 
scious  of  romance-inspiring  charms.  1829  SCOTT  //  'av.  Gen. 
Pref.,  A  work  which  formed  a  sort  of  essay  piece,  and  gave 
me  hope  that  I  might  in  time  become  free  of  the  craft  of 
Romance-writing.  1861  Ln.  BROUGHAM  Brit,  Const.  \\.iS3 
The  favourite  theme  of  praise  with  all  our  romance-mongers. 
1890  L.  C.  D'OvLE  Notches  97  We  were  none  of  us.  .natur 
ally  of  a  romance-making  bent  of  mind. 

b.  Similative,  as  romance-like  adv.;  and  instru 
mental,  as  romance-empurpled,  -hallowed  adjs. 

1620-55  I-  JONES  Stone-Heng  (1725)  71  Romance-like 
hatched  out  of  their  own  Brains.  1868  M.  COLLINS  Sweet 
Anne  Page  I,  232  Romance-empurpled  Monte  Cristo.  1888 
SAXHY  Lads  of  Lunda  127  The  romance-hallowed  regions 
of  Robinson  Crusoe  and  Mungo  Park. 

8.  attrib.)  as  romance-novel;   nlso  passing  into 
adj.   with    the   sense ;    Having   the   character   or 
I    attributes  associated  with  romance;   chivalrous; 
romantic. 

1653  DOROTHY  OSBORNR  Lett.  (1888)  116  He  is  resolved  to 
be  a  most  romance  squire,  and  go  in  quest  of  some  en 
chanted  damsel.  1654  Ibid.  223  Can  there  be  a  romancer 
story  than  ours  would  make,  if  the  conclusion  prove  happy? 
1693 LOCK B  in  Fox  Bourne  Locke  (1876)  II.  243,  I  wonder, 
that  ..  men  should  return  again  to  the  romance  way  of 
physic.  1820  T.  MITCHELL  Aristoph,  I.  p.  Ixxxv,  The 
romance-novel. .  was  a  species  of  literary  guilt,  left  for  the 
invention  of  our  own  days,  a  1842  ARNOLD  Hist.  Route 
(1846)  II.  xxvii.  89  The  poetical  or  romance  accounts  of 
these  last  Gaulish  invasions.  1890  '  R.  BOLDRBWOOD  '  Col. 
Reformer  (1891)  113  An  occasional  romance  gleam  through 
the  somewhat  prosaic  mist  of  his  ordinary  day-dreams. 

Hence  -\  Koma  ncealist,  a  writer  of  romances. 
Roma-ncean  a.,  pertaining  to  the  period  of  old 
romances.  Roma-nceful  a.,  full  of  romance ; 
romantic.  Roma'nceishness,  tendency  towards 
what  is  romantic.  Roma'nceless  a.t  unromantic. 
Boiua-ncelet,  a  short  romance. 

1652  URQUHART  y«w/Wks.  (1834)  256  Le  Sieur  de  Balzak, 
who,  by  the  quaintest  *Romancealists  of  France,.,  was., 
esteemed  in  eloquence  to  have  surpassed  Ciceron.  1804 
SOUTH EY  Lett.  (1856)  I.  274  Is  this  only  mere  fiction  ;  or  had 
they  in  the  "romancean  days  any  'second  sight'  of  the 
diving  bell.  1868  F.  E.  PAGKT  Lucretia  108  The  *romance- 
ful  tragedy  of  the  poor  bride,  Ginevra  of  Modena.  1835 
BECKFOKD  Recoil.  53  At  length  he  could  bear  with  my 
*romanceishness  no  longer.  1856  Leisure  Hour  V.  67/2  He 
had  just  reached  the  quay,  and — *ronianceless  as  he  un 
doubtedly  was — was  ga/ing  with  some  interest  on  the  placid 
water.  1876  F.  HARRISON  Ess.  (1886)  219  Jane  Austen 
would  write  little  *romancelets  to  her  girl  correspondents, 
Romance  (r^marns),  v.  Also  4  romauncen. 
[f.  the  sb,,  or  ad.  F.  romancer  (OK.  romancier  to 
write,  etc.,  in  Romance),  =Sp.  and  Pg.  romancear^ 
It.  romanzare,] 

1 1.  intr.  To  compose  in  verse.  Ob$.~~^ 
13. .  St.  Gregory  (Vernpn  MS.)  19  Nou  wol  ich  ariht  bi- 
ginne  Romauncen  of  bis  ilke  song. 

2.  To  exaggerate  or  invent  after  the  fashion  of 
romances;  to  talk  hyperbolically. 

1671  J.  GLANVILL  Further  Disc.  Stubbed  I'le  be  bound  to 
believe  you,  yea  even  when  you  Romance  about  Jamaica. 
1707  NORRIS  Treat.  Humility  vii.  304  How  strangely  some 
vain  people,  when  they  are  upon  this  bragging  strain,  will 
romance  upon  themselves  and  (heir families.  1764  SMOLLETT 
Trav.  (1766)  I.  264, 1  am  apt  to  believe  the  fellow  romanced 
a  little,  in  order  to  render  the  adventure  the  more  marvel 
lous.  1807  G.  CHALMERS  Caledonia  I.  n.  i.  232  It  is  quite 
allowable,  for  the  chroniclers  of  the  middle  ages  to  romance 
in  this  manner.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xviii.  IV.  216 
Now,  when,  for  the  first  time,  they  told  the  truth,  they  were  j 
supposed  to  be  romancing.  1877  'RITA*  I'wienne  i.  ii,  | 
'Gaston  is  romancing  as  usual,1  said  a  beautiful  brunette. 

b.  To   have  romantic  ideas;    to  use   romantic    j 
language. 

1849  C.  BRONTE  Shirley  II.  xu.  292  That  I  am  a  '  romanc 
ing  chit  of  a  girl '  is  a  mere  conjecture  on  your  part :  I 
never  romanced  to  you.  1870  LOWELL  Stud.  Wind.,  Con- 
desc.  Foreigners^  While  I  had  been  romancing  with  myself, 
the  street  lamps  had  been  lighted. 

3.  trans.  To  say  hyperbolically.    rare~~l. 

1729  FIELDING  Temple  Beau  in.  x,  You  may  justly  say  of 


ROMANCIZE. 

them,  what  a  certain  philosopher  romanced  of  learning 

1  That  you  know  nothing  at  all '. 

b.  To  persuade  into  something  by  romancing. 

1825  Examiner  609/2  The  merits  and  conduct  of  a  family 
winch  we  are  to  be  romanced  into  a  legitimate  regard  for. 

4.  To  translate  into  a  Romance  tongue. 

1878  tr,  Lacroix*s  Set.  fy  Lit.  Middle  Ages  365  Various 
popular  songs  which  had  already  been  romanced—  that  is 
to  say,  written  in  the  vulgar  or  Romance  tongue. 

Romancer  (romcu-nsai).  Also  7  romanzer. 
[f.  ROMANCE  v.  +  -ER  ;  in  early  use  after  OF. 
romanceour,  later  rotnancter,  =  Sp.  romancero,  It. 
romanziere  (whence  perh.  the  form  in  •«•>).] 

1.  The    author   of    a    romance ;    a   writer    of 
romances  or  romantic  fiction. 

1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  157  pe  Romancer  it  saU, 
RfichardJ  did  mak  a  pele,  On  kastelle  wise  alle  wais, 
wrouht  of  tre  fulle  welle. 

1654  VILVAIN  Th.  Theol.  191  Fancies  as  fabulous  Poets  or 
Romanzers  devise.  1660  N.  INGELO  Bcutir.  $  Ur.  \.  I'ref.. 
He,  as  it  may  be  said  of  other  Romancers,  hath  made  the 
fabulous  rind  so  thick,  that  few  can  see  through  it  into 
the  useful  sence.  1738  WARBURTON  Div.  Leg.  \.  19  These 
political  Romancers  trom  Plato  to  this  Author.  1756-82 
WAKTON  Ess.  Poj>e  I.  vii.  355,  I  can  find  none  of  this  age. 
but  barren  chroniclers,  and  harsh  romancers  in  rhime,  1830 
SCOTT  Demonol.  x.  364  The  tale  might  have  made  the 
fortune  of  a  romancer.  1847  H.  MILLER  Test,  Rocks  ii. 
(1857)  80  Dragons  as  strange  as  were  ever  feigned  by 
romancer  of  the  middle  ages.  1882  Athenxum  No.  2828. 
20  In  him  has  passed  away  the  last  of  the  historical 
romancers  who  received  their  impulse  from  Scott. 

transf.  1856  LEVER  Martins  ofCro'  M.  14  Your  fashion 
able  architect  is  indeed  a  finished  romancer. 

2.  One  who  deals   in  extravagant  fictions  ;    an 
inventor  of  false  history;  a  fantastic  liar. 

1663  Proposal  to  use  no  Conscience  5  Those  who  are  given 
to  lying  shall  be  called  Romancers  or  Historians.  1671 
J.  GLANVILL  Further  Disc,  Stubhe  7  So  silly  a  Romancer 
are  you.  1820  T.  MITCHELL  Aristoph.  Clouds  (&•$)  65  See 
that  romancer  \_sc.  Phtlostratus]  in  his  life  of  Apolloniu-;. 
1864  PUSEY  Lect.  Daniel  viii.  552  Rationalists,  like  other 
romancers,  '  ought  to  have  good  memories1. 

3.  A  romantic  person,    rare"1. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1768)  V.  no,  I.  .thought  it  to 
be  a  feigned  or  Love-name... Most  of  the  fair  Romancers 
have  in  their  early  womanhood  chosen  Love-names. 

Hence  Roma  nceress.    rarc~l. 

1841  THACKERAY  Men  $  Pictures  Wks.  1900  XIII.  378 
The  mild  compositions  of  the  French  romancerc.sses  pall  on 
the  palate. 

t  Roma'ucialv  a.  06s.-1  [f.  ROMANCE  sb. 
-f-  -IAL.]  Romance-like,  romantic. 

1653  R.  SANDERS  rhysiogn.  b  2  b,  This  subject  Is  best  seen 
in  a  homely  and  plain  dress,  and  will  not  admit  of  a 
Romanuial  strain. 

Roma-iicical,  a.  rare.  [f.  ROMANCE -f-icAL.] 

1.  Of  the  nature  of  romances  ;  romantic. 

1656  DUCHESS  OF  NEWCASTLE  Natures  Pictures  C2b, 
Those  Tales  I  call  my  Romancicall  Tales.  1667  —  Life 
Dk.  Newcastle  Pref.  (1886)  p.  Ivii,  Telling  romancical  false 
hoods  for  historical  truths.  1825  LAMB  Lett.  (iSSS)  II.  138 
That  all  Spain  overflowed  with  romancical  books  (as  Macl^c 
Newcastle  calls  them). 

2.  Composing  or  inventing  romances. 

1822  LAMB  Klia  i.  Coutpl.  Decay  of  Beggar s^  The  poets 
and  romancical  writers  (as  dear  Margaret  Newcastle  would 
call  them).  1886  Academy  31  July  69/1  The  author  of 
Grandmothers  Money  is  an  old  romancical  hand.  1889 
Sat.  Rev.  18  May  619/2  The  representations  of  poets  and 
romancical  writers. 

Roma-ncing,  i'bl.  sb.  [f.  ROMANCE  z/.  -f  -ING*.] 

The  action  of  the  vb. ;  use  of  extravagant  fiction 
or  invention  ;  fictitious  narration. 

1695  D.  TURNER  Apol.  Chyrurg.  53  Launching  out  into 
a  further  liberty  of  romancing.  1719  WATERLAND  I'ind. 
Chr.  Div,  102  Writing  of  History  by  Invention,  is  really 
Romancing.  1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela.  (1824)  I.  90  But 
this,  to  be  sure,  is  horrid  romancing  !  1849  EASTWICK  Dry 
Leaves  181  Commend  me  to  a  Persian  for  romancing.  1884 
Publishers'  Circular  i  Nov.  1106/1  The  mischief  done  by 
historical  romancings  has  been  very  considerable. 

K.oiua'iicing', ///<*.  [-IKG*.]  That  romances  j 

indulging  in  fanciful  inventions  ;  romantic. 

1710  Medley  No.  12.  2  This  grave,  yet  sometimes  pleasant 
and  romancing  Author,  writ  several  Discourses.  1728 
M  ORGAN  Hist.  Algiers  1 1.  iii.  246  The  idle  Story,  picked  up  by 
Dr.  Tassyout  of  that  romancing  Manuscript.  i766GoLusM. 
I'ic.  IV.  xxiii,  A  story,  my  child,  told  us  by  a  grave,  though 
sometimes  a  romancing  historian.  1855  SMEDLEY  H.  Cover- 
dale  xxxi,  If  that  had  been  my  only  reason  for  accepting 
my  romancing  husband.  1865  LIVINGSTONE  Zambesi  xix. 

389  Marvels  equal  to  the  most  romancing  tales  of  ancient 

travellers. 
Homa'licist.     [ad.  Sp.  (and  Pg.)  romancista, 

or  f.  ROMANCE  sb*  +  -IST.]     A  writer  or  composer 

of  romances  ;  a  romantic  novelist. 
1656  BLOUNT  Gfossogr.,  Romancist  (from  the  Spa.  Rom- 

anci'sfn),  one  that  composes  such  Romances.     1866  READE 

G.  Gaunt  I.  101  He  told  his  story  like  an  attorney,  and  not 

like  a  Romancist.    1883  D.  C.  MTRRAY  Hearts  I.  243  Much 

oftener  than  the  romancist  cares  to  fancy. 

Roma  iicity.  nonce~u*J.  [f.  ROMANCE  sb.  + 
-ITT.]  A  romantic  quality  or  characteristic. 

1828  Sporting  Mag.  XXII.  238,  I  scarcely  know  any 
gronpe.  .in  which  there  are  more  oddities,  vanities,  jealousies, 
romancities,  fopoeries  and  fancies. 

Roma  iicize,  v-  nonce-wd.  [f.  ROMANCE  a. 
+  -IZE.]  trans.  To  invest  with  a  Romance  or 
Latin  character. 

1883  H.  KENNEDY  tr.  Ten  Brink's  E.  F.ng.  Lit.  127  When 
Lanfranc  sat  upon  the  archiepiscopal  seat  of  Canterbury 


ROMANCY. 

and  began  energetically  to  romancise  the  English  church 
and  clergy. 

Roma'iicy,  sl>.     [Alteration  of  ROMANCE  sb. ; 

perh.  after  Sp,  romance  or  It.  romanzol\ 
1 1.  A  romance  ;   =  ROMANCE  sb.  3.   Obs. 
1621  LADY  M.  WROTH  Urania  504  Must..shee  be  named 
as  if  in  a  Romancy,  that  relates  of  Knights,  and  distressed 
Damosells,  the  sad  Aduentures?    163*  URQUHART  Jewel 
Wks.  (1834)293  A  new  coined  romancy,  or  strange  history 
of  love  adventures.     1716  M.  DAVIES  Athen.  Brit.  II.  394 
Our  Star-gazing   Arian,  .has.. a  great    many  Papers   and 
Manuscripts  to  prove  the  Arian  Romancies. 
2.   Romance  language,    rare"1. 

1836  Rlackiv.  Mag.  XXXIX.  807  The  '  clerk  '  who  trans- 
lated   from   the    Latin    into    'romancy'    many  a   learned 
treatise. 

t  Roma'IlCy,  a.  Obs.  [f.  ROMANCE  sb.  +  -T.j 
Associated  with, or  redolent  of, romance;  romantic. 

1654  Gay  tons  Pleas.  Notes  Pref.  Verses,  Where  others 
Lamps  have  burnt  lonii  Attick  nights,  With  ranck  Romancie 
oyle  to  grease  their  Knights.  1659  WOOD  Lift-  (O.  H.  S.) 
I.  269  An  old  hou.se  situated  in  a  romancey  place.  1681 
SHADWELL  Lane.  Witches  i,  Canst  thou  think  they  are  such 
romancy  Knights,  to  take  Ladies  with  nothing  ? 

Ro  mancloni.     rare"1.     The  Roman  world. 

1887  T.  W.  ALLIES  Throne  Fisherman  193  Nor  did  they 
reverence  Rome,  .as  the  capital  of  Roinandom. 

Romaiie  (rom^n),  a.  rare.  [a.  K.  rornanet 
fern,  of  rowan  ROMAN  a.1]  ^ROMANCE  i  b. 

1837  Penny  Cycl.    IX.  401/1  They  speak  the  Lad  in,  a 
dialect  of  the  Romano  or  Romance  language. 

Romane'nsian,  a.  aud^.  [f.  mod. I ^./\o man- 
ens  is  (see  quot.)  +  -IAN. 

1571  Thirty-nine  Articles  xxii,  Doctrina  Romanensmm 
de  purgatorio,  indulgentiis, .  .res  est  futilis.] 

A.  adj.  Tending  towards,   taking  the  side  of, 
the  Church  of  Rome. 

1885  DIXON  Hist.  Ch.  Eng.  III.  283  What  is  that  but 
a  Romanensian  Antichristian  adumbration  of  the  Supper  of 
the  Ixird?  1891  llnd.  IV.  233  The  compliant  princess., 
relieved  her  devotions  of  all  trace  of  English,  calling  to  her 
side  a  Romanensian  chaplain.  1894  FOOTMAN///?/'.  J'ar.Ch. 
Chipping  Lawboarn  92  The  internecine  struggle  . .  between 
the  Romanensian  (to  adopt  Canon  Dixon's  phraseology) 
and  the  Reforming  parties  in  the  Church  of  Kngland. 

B.  sb.  A  favourer  or  adherent  of  the   Roman 
Church;  a  Roman  Catholic. 

1885  DixoN  Hist.  Ch.  Eng.  III.  385  They  were  found  in 
the  writings  of  Romanensians.  1891  Ibid.  IV.  237  To 
Mary.. all  were  heretics  who  were  not  Romanensians. 

fRo-maner.     Obs."0    A  Roman. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  84  Of  Rome,  Romaner,  Romanus. 

Ro'liianes.  [Gipsy  Romanes  adv.,  f.  Romano: 
see  ROMANY  ^.]  The  gipsy  tongue. 

1863  SMAKT  in  Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  App.  5  All  our  Gypsies 
In  speaking  Romanes  mix  it  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  with 
English.  1875  SMART  &  CROFTON  Dial.  Eng.  Gypsies  p.  ix, 
The  grammatical  forms.. of  the  'deepest'  extant  English 
Romanes.  1898  WATTS-DUNTON  Aylwin  m.  ix,  She  was 
one  of  the  few  Gypsies  of  either  sex  who  could  speak  with 
equal  fluency  both  the  English  and  Welsh  Romanes. 

Romaiie'se  l.  rare.  [f.  ROMAN  sb.1  or  a.i  + 
-KSE,  after  the  native  designation.]  =  ROMANSH. 

1841  LATHAM  Eng.  Lang.  392  The  precise  relation  of  the 
Romanese  with  the  other  Transalpine  Languages  has  yet 
to  be  determined.  1863  Chambers* s  Eiicycl,  V,  113/1  The 
Latin  of  the  Engadine..and  the  Romanese  differ  greatly 
from  Italian,  but  are  far  from  being  Latin. 

Romanese -.  rare.  [f.  ROMAN-YS  +  -ESE.]  //. 
Romany,  gipsies. 

1857  BORROW  Romany  Rye  xii,  That  sign  by  which  in 
their  wanderings  the  Romanese  gave,  .intimation  as  to 
the  direction  which  they  took. 

Romanesh,  obs.  variant  of  ROMANSH. 

Romanesque  (r^«mane'sk),  a.  (and  sb.}.  Also 
9  -esk.  [f.  ROMAN  sd.1  or  a.1  -t-  -ESQUE.  Cf.  F. 
romanesque  romantic.] 

1.  =  ROMANCE  sb.  \  b. 

1715  M.  DAVIES  Athen.  Brit.  I.  304  The  old  Norman 
Dialect  was  compos'd  of  those,  Theudisque  and  the 
provincial  and  vulgar  Romanesque  Dialects.  1804  MITFORD 
Inquiry  237  Southern  French,  formerly  distinguished  from 
the  northern  by  the  name  of  the  Roman,  Romanesk,  or 
Romance  language.  1871  EARLF.  Philol.  Eng.  Tongue  §  647 
The  German  language  has  taken  more  kindly  to  this 
Romanesque  ornament  than  English  has. 

b.  absol.  as  sb.  =  ROMANCE  sb.  i. 
1802    RANKEN    Hist.  France    II.  vn.  i.  336  The  two 

languages   approached   one   another   and   by  their    union 
generated  the  Romanesque  or  Romans,  a  new  tongue. 

2.  Arch.    Prevalent   in,   or   distinctive   of,   the 
buildings  erected  in  Romanized  Europe  between 
the  close  of  the  classical  period  and  the  rise  of 
Gothic  architecture. 

1819  W.  GCNN  Ing.  Gothic  Archit.  82  Capitals  of  different 
orders  and  magnitudes,  surmounted  with  Romanesque 
arches.  1842  GWILT  Encycl.  Archit.  §  286  Strongly 
marked  with  the  distinguishing  features  of  the  Byzantine 
and  Romanesque  styles,  a  1878  SIR  G.  SCOTT  Lee/. 
Arc&it.  (1879)  I.  15  In  England.. the  same  Romanesque 
architecture  had  grown  up  with  the  new  civilisation. 
b.  Built  in  the  Romanesque  style. 

1830  WHEWELL  Arch.  Notes  German  Ch.  48  In  the  three 
great  Romanesque  cathedrals  we  have  a  horizontal  mould 
ing.  1842  Murray's  Handbk.  N.  Italy  133  The  early  Lorn- 
bard  Romanesque  churches  exhibit  a  very  peculiar  character. 
1883  'OUIDA'  Wanda  I.  33  The  prisons  and  clock  tower 
are  Romanesque. 

O.  Characterized   by  the  use   or  prevalence   of 
the  Romanesque  style. 


768 

1850  SIR  G.  SCOTT  Anc.  Churches  79  The  architects  of  the 
later  Romanesque  period.  1882-3  SCHAFF  Encycl.  Relig. 
Kncnvl.  2139  The  Romanesque  period  of  Christian  sculpture 
may  be  said  to  begin  with  the  eleventh  century. 

d.  absol.  as  sb.  The  Romanesque  style  of  art  or 
architecture. 

1830  WHEWELL  Arch.  Notes  German  Ch.  Pref.  13  Spires, 
Mentz  and  Worms,  are  spoken  of.. as  three  great  examples 
of  the  Romanesque.  1850  SIR  G.  SCOTT  A  nc.  Churches  79, 
I  do  not  for  a  moment  admit  that  Romanesque  is  other  than 
a  purely  and  truly  Christian  style.  1883  Longman's  RIft-g. 
Nov.  45  Roman  art  had  died  and  was  not  yet  fully  revived 
in  the  Romanesque. 

3.  Painting.  (See  quot.) 

1842  BRANDE  Diet.  Sci.^  etc.,  Romanesque^  in  historical 
painting  it  consists  in  the  choice  of  a  fanciful  subject,  rather 
than  one  founded  on  fact.  The  romanesque  is  different 
from  romantic;  because  the  latter  maybe  founded  on  truth, 
which  the  former  never  is. 

Ro  manhood,  [f.  ROMAN  sby\  The  quality 
of  being  a  Roman. 

1839  CARI.YLE  Chartism  viii.  157  The  red  broad  mark  of 
Romanhood.  .has  disappeared  from  the  present. 

Roma'iiiaii,  a.1  [f.  ROMANY  •'>.]  Belonging  to 
the  Romany  or  gipsies. 

1857  BORROW  Romany  Rye  v,  An  iron  bar,  sharp  at  the 
bottom,  with  a  kind  of  ami  projecting  from  the  top  for., 
supporting  a  kettle  or  cauldron  over  the  fire,  and.. called 
in  the  Romanian  language,  (  Kekauviskoe  saster  '.  Ibid. 
xii,  The  word  for  leaf  in  the  Romanian  language. 

Roma'lliail,  ft.~  [f.  the  name  Roman-its 
(c  790 }  +  -TAX.]  Romanian  letters  (see  quot.). 

1894  W.  H.  FREKE  Winchester  Tropcr^.  xl,The  so-called 
Romanian  letters  which  were  devised  at  St.  Gall  (perhaps 
by  Romanus  himself)  to  give  directions  as  to  singing. 

Romanic  (r<?mce'nik),  a.  (sb.\  [ad.  L.  Rom 
anic-its,  f.  Romanus  ROMAN  sbJ-~\ 

1.  Of  languages:  Descended  from  Latin  ;  Rom 
ance.    Also,  composed,  etc.,  in  Romance;  using 
a  Romance  language. 

In  quot.  1845  equivalent  to  ROMANSH. 

1708  MADOX  JL.i'cAt'i/uerPref.  Ep.  p.  xii,  That  signification 
in  which  they  are  used  by  the  Romanick  writers.  1845 
J'ruc.  Philol.  Soc.  II.  133  The  Swiss  in  their  northern 
districts..,  before  the  Romanic  tongue  offends  the  earwith 
its  indefinite  misty  compromises.  1859  HAULKY  Ess.  x, 
(1873)  194  The  universality  of  this  formation  in  the  Romanic 
languages.  1888  P.  SCHAFF  Hist.  Ch.  VI.  i.  vi.  18  Several 
synods  in  Gaul,  in  the  thirteenth  century,  prohibited  the 
reading  of  the  Romanic  translation. 

b.  absol.  as  sb.   --^ROMANCE  sb.  i. 

1708  MADOX  Exchequer  Pref.  Ep.  p.  xii,  These  kind  of 
words.,  were  originally  Latin  :  Then  were  transmuted  into 
Romanick.  Ibid.  p.  xiii,  The  Latin  word  Senior,  elder, 
hath  a  new  import  in  the  Romanick. 

2.  Derived  or  descended  from  the  Romans ;  be 
longing  to  the  Romance  peoples. 

1847  BUNSF.N  Church  of  Future  25  He  of  Romanic  origin, 
the  Reformer  Calvin.  1867  PEARSON  Hist.  Eug.  I.  269  The 
neighbourhood  of  a  large  Romanic  population.  1876  HAN- 
CROFT  Hist.  U.S.  III.  iii.  49  Shall  the  Romanic  or  the 
Teutonic  race  form  the  seed  of  its  people? 

t  Roma'iiical,  a.1     Obs.—1    [f.  ROMAN  a.1] 

lielonging  to  the  Roman  Church. 

1663  J.  OWEN  Vind.  Aniinadv.  Wks.  1852  XIV.  341  [IfJ 
great  substantial  parts  of  religion.. be  once  rejected.. as 
Romish  or  Romanical. 

t  Roma'iiical,  #.2  Obs.~~l  [f.  F.  rotnan 
romance.]  Romancing,  romantic. 

1665  J.  SERGEANT  Sure  Footing  21 8  Tradition,  which  gives 
that  Hook  all  its  Authority,  and  secures  its  strange  Contents 
from  being  held  Romanical. 

Romanish.  (r0<miani[),  a.  and  sb.  [f.  L. 
Roman-us t  or  in  later  use  ROMAN"  sbl  or  a.^  + 
-ISH.  Cf.  G.  romanisch)  MDu.  romeinseh.] 

fl.  =  ROMAN  «.i  i.     Also  absol.  as  pi.  Obs. 

c888  K.  /ALFRED  Boeth.  i,  pa..yfel  be  se  cyning  Deodric 
. .  wi5  J>am  romaniscum  witum  dyde.  c  1000  ^LFRIC  Lives 
Saints  ix.  142  He  wses  xr  jewrejed.  .to  romaniscre  leode. 
f  1200  ORMIN  6902  Biforr  be  Romamsshe  king.  Ibid.  6yn 
Onnsaen  pe  Romanisshe  leode.  c  1205  LAY.  5289  Al  J>at 
Romanisce  folc  ferde  bi  heore  rsede.  c  1875  Ibid.  7936 
Lobliche  hii  fohte,  and  Romanisse  fuklen. 

2.  Belonging  to,  characteristic  of,  the  Church  of 
Rome;  Romish;   Roman  Catholic. 

Seo  ronmniscc  cyrice  occurs  in  the  OE.  translation  of 
Baeda's  Hist.  Eccl.^  but  the  later  use  is  Independent  of  this. 

1591  TURNBULL  Expos.  St.  Jas.  212  Who  are  now  hole, 
now  cold  in  religion  :  now  professours,  now  Romanish 
Catholikes.  1636  MASSINGER  Bashful  Lover  m.  iii,  I  do 
not  like  The  Romanish  '  restitution  '.  1688  (title),  A  brief 
but  full  Vindication  of  the  Church  of  England,  from  the 
Romanish  Charge  of  Schism.  1840  GLADSTONE  Ch.  Princ. 
Consid.  361  Affording  a  formidable  display  of  Romanish 
versatility.  1882-3  SCHAFF  Encycl.  Rclig:  Knoiul.  57  This 
city  [Louvain]  became  the  center  whither  all  the  Romanish 
emigrants  from  England  gathered. 

3.  absol.  as  sb.  =  ROMANSH. 

Perhaps  to  be  stressed  as  Roma'm&h. 

1689  HURNET  Tracts  I.  89  In  one  half  of  the  Country  they 
Preach  in  High  Dutch,  and  in  other  half  in  a  corrupt 
Italian,  which  they  call  Romanish.  1825  Encycl.  Metrop. 
(1845)  XVII.  768/2  The  Romansche  (or  Romanish}  has  a 
better  claim  to  be  considered  as  a  Dialect  of  the  French 
than  of  the  Italian. 

t Ro-manisk.    Ofo—1    (See  quot.) 

1542  BOORDE  Dyetaryx..  (1870)  255  Also  these  hole  wynes, 

as  rotnany.sk,  romny,  secke. 

Romanism  (rJu'maniz'm).     [f.  ROMAN  a.1] 
1.  The  Roman  Catholic   religion  or  doctrines  , 

Roman  Catholicism. 


ROMANITB. 

I       1674  BRF.VIXT  Saul  at  Kndor'i.  5  Thus  Papists  have  the 

|     Common  Faith,.. and  their  own  proper  Romanism.     1837 

I    WHATELY  (title).  Errors  of  Romanism.    1858  KINGSLEY  Lett. 

(1878)  II.  59  Romanism  under  the  Jesuits  became  a  different 

thing  from  what  it  had  been  before.     1871  —  At  Last  xiv, 

!    I  am  not  likely.. to  be  suspected  of  any  leaning  toward 

:    Romanism. 

2.  A  feature  of  Roman  architecture. 

1827  Gentl.  Mag.  XCVII.  11.  606/1  This  we  think  a 
Romanism,  injurious  to  the  simple  dignity  of  a  pediment. 
1851  RUSKIN  Stones  Ven.  I.  App.  xvn.  392  Every  stunted 
Grecism  and  stucco  Romanism,  into  which  they  are  now 
forced  to  shape  their  palsied  thoughts. 

3.  a.  Roman   institutions  ;  the  prevailing  spirit 
of  the  Roman  world  ;  Roman  sway  or  influence. 

1877  Smith* s  Diet.  Chr.  Biogr.  I.  461/2  The  coronation  of 
Charles.  .symbolise[s]  the  recognition  by  Romanism  of  the 
victory  of  Teutonism.  1887  Athenaeum  7  May  603  Hellen 
ism  and  Romanism,  how  each  began  and  ended,  and  the 
relation  between  the  two. 

b.  Partiality  for  the  Romans  ;  tendency  toward 
what  is  Roman  ;  acceptance  of  Roman  Law. 

1880  L.  WALLACE  Ben-Hur  354  A  woman,  whose  Roman 
ism  is  betrayed  by  the  colors  flying  in  her  hair.  1897  ting. 
Hist.Kct'.  Jan.  152  A  code  of  the  common  law,  then,  will 
buttress  our  ancient  usages  against  the  assaults  of  the 
modern  Romanism. 

Romanist  (w»*manist),  sb.  (and  a.},  [ad.  mod. 
L.  Romanista  (Luther,  1520):  see  ROMAN  a.1  and 
-IST.  So  G.  Romanist  (Luther),  F.  rotnanisU."] 

1.  A  member  or  adherent  of  the  Church  of  Rome  ; 
a  Roman  Catholic. 

1523  [COVERDALE]  Old  God  (1534)  F  iv,  The  Romanistes 

I    do  saye  euen  what  soeuer  they  lyst  of  theyr  own  priuileges. 

,     1547  Life  Ahp.  Canterb.  To  Rdr.  Ejb,  Idolatrous  Archi- 

I    flamines,  the  which  were  euery  one.  .professed  Raalites,  and 

f    sworne  Romanistes.     1620  USSHER  Serm.  35  In  vaine..doe 

i     the  Romanists  goe  about  to  perswade  vs,  that  their  Images 

be  no  Idoles.     1676  GI.ANVILL  Ess.  Philos.  <y  Relig.  v.  27 

We..grosly  contradict  our  selves,  in  most  of  our  Disputes 

against  the  Romanists.     1728  MORGAN  Hist.  Algiers  I.  iv. 

77  The  Christians  in  general,  but   more   particularly  the 

Romanists,  they  actually  hate  and  abominate.     1761  HUME 

Hist.  Eng.  II.  xxxv.  273  Southampton,  .stood  at  the  head 

of  the  Romanists.     1832  PALMER  Orig.  Liturg.  II.   254 

Romanists   may   object    that  mission.. is   lost   by  schism. 

1869 THIRLW ALL  Lett.  (i83i)  I.  264  It  is  the  Protestant  cause 

that  has  most  to  hope  from  free  discussion,  in  which  1  believe 

Romanists  never  engage  willingly.     1879  HADDAS  Apost. 

Succession  Pref.  p.  viii,  Romanists  also,  as  a  body,  condemn 

our  orders. 

b,  attrib.  or  as  adj.  Belonging  or  adhering  to 
the  Church  of  Rome. 

1635  LAUD  in  Ussher's  Lett.  (1686)  477  By  which  means 
the  Romanist,  which  is  too  strong  a  Party  already,  would 
both  have  strengthened,  and  made  a  scorn  of  you.  1687 
LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  I.  425  Mandamus's  have  been 
lately  sent  down  to  Magdalen  colledge  for  6  new  Romanist 
fellowes,  1849  LVELL  znd  Visit  U.S.  II.  291  Only  half  of 
these  are  Romanist  churches.  1864  HI-RTON  Scot  Abr.  I.  iv. 
191  A  large  portion  of  England  was  still  Romanist.  1888 
PATER  Ess.fr.  Guardian  (1896)  85  On  the  whole  actors 
fared  better  in  England  than  in  Romanist  France. 

2.  One  who  is  versed   in   or  practises   Roman 
Law  ;  a  lawyer  of  the  Roman  school.   Also  attrib. 

1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  xii.  (1739)  68  The  Saxons 
had  not  been  long  acquainted  with  the  Romanists,  but  they 
had  gotten  that  trick  of  theirs  also  of  disheriting  by  last 
Will.  1802  12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic.  Evid.  (1827)  I.  148 
The  Romanists,  and  after  them  the  English  lawyers  [etc.]. 
Ibid.  11.381  The  ecclesiastical  and  other  Romanist  lawyers 
..exhibit  a  perceptible  distinction.  1893  MAITLASD  Town 
ship  <V  Borough  14  Foreign  lawyers,  Romanists  and  Ger- 
manists,  are  disputing  strenuously. 

3.  A  student  of  Roman  antiquities. 

1858  RAiNE.T/iv//.  J.  Hodgson  II.  276  Horsley's  Britannia 
Romana  is  the  storehouse  from  which  succeeding  Roman 
ists  have  drawn  the  most  valuable  information.  1889 
Arch&ol.  JrnL  XLVI.  274  Archeology  in  England  for 
a  while  went  half  mad  upon  the  antiquity  of  man.  The 
Romanists  found  themselves  at  a  discount. 

4.  One  who  makes  a  special  study  of  Romance 
languages  or  philology. 

1886  Encycl.  Brit.  XX.  668/2  Romania.,  contains  articles 
of  the  most  eminent  Romanists.  1888  Jrnl.  £dnc.J&n.  32 
Those  who  claim  to  call  themselves  '  Romanists '..must 
make  a  much  more  complete  and  careful  study  of  Latin 
than  that  commonly  made  by  school-boys. 

Romani  stic,  a.     [f.  prec.  +-ic.] 

1.  Inclining  to,  tending  towards,  Romanism  ;  of 
a  Roman  Catholic  character. 

1829  NEWMAN  Lett.  (1891)  I.  206,  I  am  used  to  think  the 
country  has  not  much  to  dread  from  Romanistic  opinions. 
1854  HP.  WILBERFORCE  in  K.  S.  WilberfoTce  Life  (1882)  III. 
•320  Evasion  seems  to  me  the  very  clinging  curse  of  every 
thing  Roman  and  Romanistic.  1884  URWICK  Noncon 
formity  in  Herts.  1 73  Those  conformists  who  are  as  Protestant 
as  he,  yet  are  content  to  use  these  Romanistic  expressions. 

2.  Pertaining  to  Roman  Law. 

1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Judic.  E-vid.  (1827)  II.  422  The 
German  edition  of  Romanistic  procedure  is,  on  this  head, 
more  explicit  than  the  Galilean. 

3.  -  ROMANCE  i  b. 

i88a  MOZLEY  Retnin.  II.  Ixxxiv.  103  In  this  he  lets^out 
rather  than  avows  his  preference  for  the  Romanistic 
languages  to  the  Greek. 

So  Bomani'stlcal  a.   rare"1. 

1684  H.  MORE  Answ.  A  iv,  Whether  this  be  to  be  deemed 
Romanistical  or  Anabaptistical. 

Ro  maiiite.    rare~l.  =  ROMANIST  i. 

1839  J.  ROGERS  Antif>opoj>riestian  \\.  §  2.  119  Oh  foolish 
Romanites,  who  hath  bewitched  you,  that  ye  should  not 
obey  the  truth  ? 


ROMANITY. 

Homanity  (wmse'mti).     [f.  ROMAN  a.1] 

1.  A  Latin  lorm  of  expression.    rare~l. 

1740  GRAY  Let.  in  Mason  Mem.  (1807)  I.  240  Quitting  my 
Romanities.  .,  let  me  tell  you,  in  plain  English,  that  we 
come  from  Albano. 

2.  =  ROMANISM  3  a. 

1854  MILMAN  Lat.  Chr.  I.  465  Not  only  was  heathenism, 
but,  excepting  in  the  laws  and  municipal  institutions, 
Romanity  it.self,  absolutely  extinct.  1877  MULLINGER 
Schools  Chas.  Gf.  52  Romanity,  as  a  system,  was  at  an  end; 
and  in  its  place  monastic  mediaeval  Christianity  had  arisen. 

Romaimim  (r<?m<?hiiym).  [f,  the  name  of  the 
inventor,  K.  I.  Rowan.]  An  alloy  of  aluminium. 

1897  Cyclist  8  Dec.  1412  The  machines  are  built  of  tubes 
made  of  '  Romanium'.  1899  Fortn.  Rev.  LXV.  113  The 
Romanum  cycle  made  of  Romanium  and  Roman  bronze. 

Romaiiiza'tion.     [f.  ROMANTZE  v.~\ 

1.  Assimilation  to  Roman  customs  or  models. 
1876  WHITNEV  Study  Lang.>  etc.  167  Italy  after  its  first 

Romanization.  1885  A  rchaeol.  XLIX.  127  We  are  struck  by 
the  evidence  they  supplyof  its  thoroughgoing  Romanization. 

2.  Alteration  under  Romance  influence. 

1899  F.  H.  SYKES  Fr.  Elem.  in  M.E.  7  Middle  English 
underwent  a  romanization  of  its  phrasal  power  more  ex 
tensive  than  .  .  the  romanization  of  its  vocabulary. 

3.  Alteration  towards  Romanism. 

1893  Advance  (Chicago)  7  Dec.,  With  a  view  to  a  state- 
and-church  Romanization  of  our  public  school  system. 

4.  Transliteration  into  Roman  characters  ;  adop 
tion  of  the  Roman  alphabet. 

1894  Atfitnainm  10  Nov.  635/1  He  [a  Japanese]  spends 
seven  years  in  learning  to  read  and  write.    Yet  romanization, 
which  would  reduce  the  time  to  a  year  or  so,  is  scouted  by 
native  and  foreign  scholars  alike. 

Romanize  (r<?»'man3iz),  v.    [f.  ROMAN  a.i  + 
-IZE,  or  ad.  F.  romaniser^  Sp.  romanizar,  med.L. 


1.  trans.    To  render  Roman   in   character  ;    to 
bring  under  the  influence  or  authority  of  Rome. 

1607  R.  QAREW]  tr.  Estienne's  World  of  Wonders  58  The 
more  a  French-man  is  Romanized  or  Italianized.  1668 
DRYDF.M  Dram.  Poesy  Ess.  (Ker)  I.  82  Perhaps  too,  he  did  a 
little  too  much  Romanize  our  tongue,  leaving  the  words  which 
he  translated  almost  as  much  Latin  as  he  found  them. 
1762-86  H.  WALPOLE  Vertue's  Anccd.  Paint.  (1786)  II.  264 
His  ideas  were  all  romanized  ;  consequently  his  partiality 
to  his  favorite  people..  made  him  conclude  it  a  Roman 
Temple.  1790  PENNANT  London  (1813)  9  Long  before..  it 
[London]  was  fully  romanized.  1863  Edin.  Kev.66  The  wide 
territory  to  the  south  of  the  wall  of  Severus..  was  thoroughly 
Romanized.  1874  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  I.  i.  8  Both  Franks 
and  Visigoths  had  become  Romanised. 

to.    To  transliterate  into  Roman  characters. 

1836  [see  ROMANIZED  ///.  a.  i  b].  1858  J.  M.  MITCHELL 
Mem.  R.  Nesbit  vii.  179  note,  Mr.  Nesbit  uses  the  Marathi 
character,  which  we  have  Romanized.  1884  Athenseutn 
a  Feb.  148/1  The  Arabic  article  rendered  '  al\.is  written  in 
a  manner  which  should  be  romanized  as  '  la  '. 

c.  To  render  Roman  Catholic  in  character  or 
procedure. 

1851  KINGSLEY  Lett.  (1878)  1.  254  To  Romanize  the  Church 
Is  not  to  reform  it.  1862  Q.  Rev.  Apr.  325  The  sympathizer 
with  Rome  has  Romanized  the  services  of  his  Church  by  his 
hymns. 

2.  intr.  To  follow  Roman  custom  or  practice  ; 
to  accept  the  principles  of  Roman  Law. 

16*9  LiGHTFOOT  Misc.  137  Doth  the  lew  Romanize  or  the 
Roman  ludaize,  in  his  deuotions?  1656  BLOCNT  Glossogr. 
Romanize,..  to  imitate  the  speech  or  fashion  of  Rome,  or 
the  Romans.  1901  MAITLAND  Rede  Lect,  85  The  medieval 
chancery  has  often  been  accused  of  romanizing. 

b.  To  follow,  tend  towards,  go  over  to,  the 
Church  of  Rome  ;  to  become  Roman  Catholic. 

1637  GILLESPIE  Eng.  Pop.  Cerem.  in.  iii.  46  By  the  very 
same  reasons  prove  we,  that  Formalists  doe  Romanize,  by 
keeping  the  Popish  Ceremonies.  1644  MILTON  Areofi. 
(Arb.)  40  So  apishly  Romanizing,  that  the  word  of  command 
still  was  set  downe  in  Latine.  1848  NEWMAN  Loss  # 
Gain  159  Any  one  who  is  inclined  to  Romanize  should  go 
abroad.  1855  BP.  WILBERFORCE  m  R.  G.  Wilberforce  Life 
(1881)  II.  279  Miss  —  very  unsettled  in  mind.  Fear  that 
she  will  ultimately  Romanize. 

Ro'inanized,  ///.  a.     [f.  prec.  +  -ED.] 

1.  Drawn  towards,  affected  by,  Romanism. 

1610  R.  NICCOLS  England's  Eliza  xxi,  If  your  English 
Romanized  hearts  Gainst  nature's  custome  swell  with  foule 
defame.  1628  PRYNNE  Brief  Surv.  Ep.,  Some  spurious  and 
Romanized,  if  not  Apostatized  Sonnes,  and  Pastors  of  our 
Church.  1870  R.  ANDERSON  Missions  Amer.  Bd.  IV.  78 
The  Syrian  Catholic  or  Romanized  Jacobite. 

2.  Assimilated  to  the  Romans  or  to  things  Roman. 
1695  EDWARDS  Perfect.  Script.  285  A  battle  against  the 

Romans  and  Britains  Romaniz'd.  1818  HALLAM  Mid.  Ages 
(1872)  I.  285  The  barbarians  must  have  found  nothing  in 
Gaul  but  a  Roman  or  Romanized  aristocracy.  1844  Proc, 
Philol.  Soc.  I.  169  Welsh  and  Armorican  are  partially 
Romanized  languages.  1893  W.  M.  RAMSAY  C/t,  in  Roman 
Etnp.  287  note.  That  a  Jew.  .should  write  so  Romanized  a 
letter  is  even  more  improbable. 

b.  Expressed  in  Roman  characters. 
1836  (title),  A  Romanized  -Singhalese  and  English  Vocab 
ulary.  1859  (title).  The  Lady's  Tamil  Book,  containing.. 
portions  of  the  book  of  Common  Prayer  in  Romanized 
Tamil.  1876  Encycl.  Brit.  V.  653/2  Text-books  and  diction 
aries  in  Romanized  Chinese. 

Ro-inaiiizer.     [f.  ROMANIZE  v.] 

1.  One  who  favours  the  Church  of  Rome  or  the 
Roman  usage. 

1844  HOOK  Take  //>/<£  Pref.  ii,  Romanists  and  Romanizers 
..areas  much  opposed  to  primitive  doctrine  as  ultra-pro- 
testants  can  be.  1847  ~  Eccl.  Biog.  III.  545  Wilfred, 
ribbot  of  Ripon.  was.  .appointed  to  the  bishopric  ;  he  was  a 

VOL.  VIII. 


769 

Romanizer.  1832  BP.  WILBERFORCE  in  R.  G.  Wilberforce 
Life  (1881)  II.  149, 1  had  opposed  warmly  the  system  of  con* 
fession,  and  the  whole  system  of  the  Romanizers. 

2.  One  who  advocates  or  accepts  the  principles 
of  Roman  Law. 

1897  E*g-  Hist.  Rm.  Jan.  152  A  code  which,  .shall  enlist 
the  sympathies  of  at  least  one  body  of  Romanisers,  the 
students  of  the  canon  law. 

Ro'manizing,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as  prec.]  The 
action  of  the  vb.,  in  various  senses.  Also  attrib. 

X775  in  ASH  Suppl.  1836  (title),  The  Romanizing  System. 
1861  J.  G.  SHEPPARD  Fall  Rome  463  The  Romanizing,  so  to 
speak,  of  Frank  institutions.  1886  Encycl.  Brit.  XX.  696/2 
A  Romanizing  of  all  their  institutions  was  resorted  to. 

Ro-manizing,  ppl.  a.  [f.  as  prec.]  That 
Romani/es,  in  various  senses. 

1634  GI-IE  Foot  out  of  Snare  vii.  54  To  the  great  admira 
tion  of  the  stupid,  gullifyed,  Romanizing  beholders.  1710 
tr.  Werenfels's  Disc.  Logout.  204  Our  Romanizing  Authors 
shall  discover  all  the  Roman  Magistrates  [etc.].  185061'. 
WILRERFORCE  in  R.  G.  Wilberforce  Life  (1881)  II.  ii.  68,  I 
have  been  very  generally  blamed  for  encouraging  Roman 
izing  opinions.  1883  1'ortn.  Rev.  Feb.  1 88  This  lax  rule 
especially  favoured  tne  views  of  the  Romanizing  party. 

Ro'manly,  advl  [f.  ROMAN  a.*]  a.  After  the 
Roman  fashion,  b.  Towards  the  Roman  Church. 

1606  True  fy  Perfect  Relat.  Pp  ij,  In  as  many  kingdomes 
as  are  Romanly  Catholique,  1652-62  HEYLIN  Cosmogr. 
in.  (1673)  157/2  Severus ..  marched  towards  Persia  with  an 
army  Romanly  appointed.  1854  LOWF.LL  Jrnl.  Italy  Prose 
Wks.  1890  I.  144  The  peasant,  in  his  ragged  brown  cloak,., 
still  strides  Romanly.  1899  BARING-GOULD  Bk.  ll'c^t  \.  75 
[Bishop]  Grandisson  was  a  man  very  Romanly  inclined. 

Ro 'manly,  ado*  [f.  ROMAN  a.'*]  In  the 
Romany  or  gipsy  language. 

1851  BORROW  Lavengro  Ixxi,  She  has  sung  it  Christianly, 
though  perhaps  you  would  like  to  hear  it  Romanly. 

Ro'man-uosed,  «.  [See  ROMAN  <?.i  4  c.] 
Having  a  Roman  nose. 

1832  LYTTON  E.  Aram  ti.  v,  Fate  had  resolved  to  bait  his 
Roman-nosed  horse  and  refresh  himself.  1848  THACKERAY 
b'an.  Fair  i,  Biting  her  lips  and  throwing  up  her  venerable 
and  Roman-nosed  head. 

Romano-  (r0m£*n0),  used  as  combining  form 
of  ROMAN  a.\  as  in  Romano- British,  -Celtic,  etc. 

1871  EARLE  Philol.  Eng.  Tongue  §  39  By  inheriting  the 
relics  of  the  *Romano-British  civilisation.  1861  J.  G. 
SHEPPARD  Fall  Rome  422  In  the  dissolute  atmosphere  of 
*Romano-CeItic  Hfe.  1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration.  Jndic. 
E-vid.  (1827)  II.  202  In  the  English  ^Romano-ecclesiastical 
courts  the  evidence  is  on  the  same  footing.  Ibid.  I.  343 
The  technical  system  of  *Romano-Gallic  procedure.  Ibid. 
II.  424  In  *Romano-German,  as  in  Romano-Gallic  law. 
1864  BRYCE  Holy  Roman  Emp.  xx.  (1866)  402  Though  a 
simple  revival  of  the  old  *Romano-Germanic  Empire  was 
out  of  the  question.  1859  GULLICK  &  TIMES  Paint.  63  The 
amalgamation  of  the  Byzantine  style  with  the  old  native 
Longobardian,  produced  a  new  school,  which  is  known  as 
the  '  Romanesque ' or  *  Romano-Greek.  \iqbArchaeol.  (1800) 
XIII.  128  Ancient  inscriptions  ..  in  Roman,  or  "Romano- 
Lombardic  characters. 

Romans,  obs.  form  of  ROMANCE. 

Romansa,  variant  of  ROMANZA. 

Roma*nsh,  sb.  and  a.  Forms:  a.  8  Rom- 
aun(t)sh,  8-9  Romansh,  -sch(e,  9  Romauesh, 
Romonsch,  Romuntch.  0.  8  Rumaunsch,  9 
Roumansch,  Rumansh,  Rumonsh,  -sch(e, 
-tsch.  [a.  the  native  name  Rum-,  Roman(t}sch9 
-on(f}$ck,  etc. :— pop.  L.  Romanics  adv. :  see 
ROMANCE  j£.]  The  language,  of  Latin  origin, 
spoken  in  the  Grisons  or  eastern  district  of 
Switzerland. 

Sometimes  restricted  to  the  dialects  of  the  north-western 
part,  those  of  the  Engadine  being  called  Ladin.  Cf.  RHOTO- 
ROMANIC. 

a.  1663  SKIPPON  yottrn.  Low  C.  in  Churchill's  Voy.  (1732) 
VI.  606/1  The  Engadine,  where  all  the  inhabitants,  .speak 
an  odd  language,  called  Romauntsh.  1775  Phil.  Trans. 
LXVI.  129  This  language  is  called  Romansh,  and  is  now 
spoken  in  the  most  mountainous  parts  of  the  country  of  the 
Grisons.  1789  COXE  Trav.  Switzerland  III.  307  Titles  of 
Earliest  Books,  and  of  the  Bibles  printed  in  the  Romansh. 
i8oj  PINKERTON  Mod.  Geogr.  I.  573  Among  the  Grisons  in 
Engadin,  and  in  some  other  parts,  is  spoken  what  is  called 
the  Romansh.t  1842  Penny  Cyct.  XXIII.  423/1  One-half 
of  the  population  of  the  Grisons  speak  the  Romuntch  and 
Ladin.  1872  DIXON  Suntzers  58  In  Graubunden.  .nearly 
nine  thousand  families  speak  Romonsch. 

Comb.  1887  Encycl.  Brit.  XXII.  781/1  The  Romansch- 
speaking  Leagues  of  Rhaetia. 

ft.  1789  COXE  Trav.  S-witz.  III.  282  note,  It  is  called  by 
the  natives  Arumansh,  Rumaunsch,  Romansch,  Lingua 
Romanscha.  1825  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  XVII.  769/1  It 
. .  is  subdivided  into  two  branches  ;  the  Rumonsche,  spoken 
near  the  sources  of  the  Rhine,  and  the  Ladinsche  near  those 
of  the  Inn.  1841  Penny  Cyct.  XX.  83/1  The  Rumonsch  is 
a  written  language,  and  books  have  been  published  in  it. 
1875  WHITNEY  Life  of  Lang.  x.  184  Certain  dialects  of 
southern  Switzerland  are  enough  unlike  Italian  to  be  ordin 
arily  ranked  as  an  independent  tongue,  under  the  name  of 
Rhaeto-Romanic,  or  Rumansh. 
b.  attrib.  or  as  adj. 

1663 SKIPPON  Journ.  LmvC.  in  ChwrehiWs  Voy.  (1732)  VI. 
696/1  The  Lord's  prayer  in  the  Romauntsh  language.  1773 
Phil.  Trans.  LXVI.  129  An  Account  of  the  Romansh 
Language.  1828  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  XIX.  756/2  The 
most  complete  account  of  the  Romansh  language  is  that 
from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Plnnta. 

Romanso,Romant:  see  ROMANZO,  ROMAUNT. 

Romantic  (romse'ntik),  a.  and  sb.  Also  7  rom 
antique,  7-8  romantick.  [ad.  F.  romantique  ^ 
f.  romant,  older  form  of  roman  romance,  novel.  ] 


ROMANTIC. 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  the  nature  of,  having  the  qual 
ities  of,  romance  in  respect  of  form  or  content. 

1659  H.  MORE  Immort.  Sonl\\.  xi,  I  speak  especially  of 
that  Imagination  which  is  most  free,  such  as  we  use  in 
Romantick  Inventions.  1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Rejl.  (1848)  351 
Your  Friend  Mr.  Boyle. .was  saying,  that  he  had  thoughts 
of  making  a  short  Romantic  story.  1709  HEARNE  Collect. 
(O.H.S.)  II.  199  In  the  Bodl.  Library  is  a  Collection  of  old 
Romantick  Pieces.  1749  Power  <V  Harm.  Prosaic  Numbers 
45  Romances  and  Novels  are  often  writ  in  this  mixt  Lan 
guage,  between  Poetry  and  Prose :  and  hence  it  is  some 
times  called  the  Romantick  Stile.  1777  RICHARDSON  Aral', 
Diet.  Diss.  p.  xxix,  Romantic  Fiction  has  long  been  con 
sidered  as  of  Eastern  oiigin.  1829  SCOTT  IV av.  Gen.  Pref., 
It  was  a  step  in  my  advance  towards  romantic  composition. 
1846  WRIGHT  Ess.  Mid.  Ages  II.  38  Nothing  can  be  more 
erroneous  than  the  attempt  to  trace  the  origin  of  romantic 
literature  to  one  particular  source. 

b.  Mus.  Characterized  by  the  subordination  of 
form  to  theme,  and  by  imagination  and  passion. 

1885  FILLMORE  Pianof.  Music  80  In  romantic  music  con 
tent  is  first  and  form  subordinate.  1887  Grove* $  Diet.  Music 
IV.  414  There  were  in  romantic  opera  four  principal 
elements — the  imaginative,  the  national,  the  comic,  and  the 
realistic. 

2.  Of  a  fabulous  or  fictitious  character ;  having 
no  foundation  in  fact. 

1667  Psrvs  Diary  10  Mar.,  These  things  are  almost 
romantique,  and  yet  true.  1673  I'ain  hisolency  Rotue  36, 
I  marvel  (though  you  read  this,  and  much  more  as  Romant 
ick  in  the  Popes  Letters)  that  you  can  credit  all  this  done 
by  a  person,  about  an  hundred  years  since.  1728  MORGAN 
Algiers\.  62  Nicephorus  relates  that..S.  Peter  preached 
the  Gospel  in  Mauritania  :  But  this  is  looked  upon  to  be 
intirely  romantick.  1824  UIIIDIN  Libr.  Conip,  672  The  notion 
of  an  early-printed  edition  of  the  Canterbury  Tales,  by 
Wynkyn  de  Worde,  is  purely  romantic. 

t  b.  Having  no  real  existence ;  imaginary ; 
purely  ideal.  Obs. 

1660  TATHAM  Charac.Rump Dram.  Wks.  (1878)  290  Upon 
the  onely  security  of  Mr.  Harrington's  romantick  Common 
wealth.  1690  T.  BI'RNET  Theory  Earth  II.  171  We  must 
not  imagine  that  the  prophets,  .feigned  an  idea  of  a 
romantick  state,  that  never  was  nor  ever  will  be.  1711  G. 
HICKFS  Two  Treat.  Chr.  Priesth.  (i8^7J  1.  214  He  must 
give  them  priests  without  human  infirmities;  if  I  may  say 
it,  romantic  priests. 

8.  Of  projects,  etc. :  Fantastic,  extravagant,  quix 
otic  ;  going  beyond  what  is  customary  or  practical. 

1671  SIR  W.  THOMPSON  in  Feret  Fulhatn  (1900)  I.  50  The 
romantic  and  visionary  scheme  of  building  a  bridge  over 
the  river  at  Putney.  1719  W.  WOOD  Surv.  Trade  170 
What  is  here  represented,  will  be  treated  by  some  of  our 
Planters,  as  Romantick.  1746  Rep.  Conduct  Sir  J.  Cope  50 
Few  crediting  so  'romantick'  an  Enterprize.  1800  MRS. 
HEKVEY  Monrtray  Fam.  II.  67  It  is  his  intention  equally 
to  share  his  future  inheritance  with  his  brother.  A  most 
romantic  idea.  1854  TRENCH  Synon.  (ed.  2)  66  A  romantic 
scheme  is  one  which  is  wild,  impracticable,  and  yet  contains 
something  which  captivates  the  fancy. 

4.  Having  a  bent  or  tendency  towards  romance  ; 
readily  influenced  by  the  imagination. 

1700  ROWE  Amb.  Step-Moth,  n.  i,  How  great  a  good  by 
me  sincerely  offer'd  Thy  dull  Romantick  Honour  has 
refus'd.  1778  Miss  BDXNEYJ£<V//Md  Ixii,  lam  not  romantic  ; 
— I  have  not  the  least  design  of  doing  good  to  either  of  you. 
1832  G.  DOWNES  Lett.  Coni.  Countries  I.  37  The  Wood  of 
Boulogne  is  the  favourite  resort  of  the  Parisian  when  he 
wishes  to  be  romantic.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ii.  I. 
199  To  unhappy  allies.. he  extended  his  protection  with  a 
romantic  disinterestedness. 

b.  Tending  towards,  characterized  by,  romance 
as  a  basis  or  principle  of  literature  or  art.  (Opposed 
to  classical?) 

1819  [see  CLASSICAL  a.  6].  1841  EMERSON  Ess.,  History 
Wks.  (Bohn)  1. 11  The  vaunted  distinction  between.  .Classic 
and  Romantic  schools,  seems  superficial  and  pedantic.  1851 
GALLENGA/ta/y  II.  65  That  new  school  of  literature  to  which 
the  vague  denomination  of  Romantic  had  been  generally 
applied.  1878  DOWDEN  Stud.  Lit.  25  A  leader  of  the 
Romantic  movement. 

5.  Characterized  or  marked  by,  invested   or  en 
vironed  with,  romance  or  imaginative  appeal. 

1666  PEPVS  Diary  13  June,  There  happened  this  extra 
ordinary  case — one  of"  the  most  romantique  that  ever  I 
heard  of  in  my  life, and  could  not  have  believed  [etc.].  1766 
GOLDSM.  b'ic,  II*.  i,  The  girl  was.. called  Sophia;  so  that 
we  had  two  romantic  names  in  the  family.  1813  SCOTT 
Trierm.  i.  xix,  Yet  e'en  in  that  romantic  age,  Ne  er  were 
such  charms  by  mortal  seen.  1854  RUSKIN  Lect.  Archit. 
$  Paint,  ii.  65  You  feel  that  armour  is  romantic,  because  it 
is  a  beautiful  dress,  and  you  are  not  used  to  it.  1874 
GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  6.  407  The  romantic  daring  of 
Drake's  voyage.. roused  a  general  enthusiasm  throughout 
England. 

b.  Of  places:  Redolent  or  suggestive  of  romance  ; 
appealing  to  the  imagination  and  feelings. 

1705  ADDISON  Italy  2  It  is  so  Romantic  a  Scene,  that  it 
has  always  probably  given  occasion  to  such  Chimerical 
Relations.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  m.  v.  357  An  Island,  which 
..may  in  all  these  views  be  truly  stiled  romantic.  1816 
PEACOCK  Headlong  Hall  iii,  To  put  his  romantic  pleasure- 
grounds  under  a  process  of  improvement.  1864  SKEAT  tr. 
Uhland"s  Poems  57  Stilt  my  heart  no  quiet  knows ;  With 
him..Tow'rds  romantic  isles  it  goes. 

Comb.  1828  Sporting  Mag.  XXI.  224  The  hunting  events 
of  the  romantic-scened  county.  1849  ].  FORBES  Physician's 
Holiday  xiii.  (1850)  123  It  is  a  romantic-looking  spot. 

c.  Similarly  of  persons,  their  character,  etc. 
1846  GROTE  Greece  \.  xvii.   (1862)  I.  395  The  exploits  of 

many  of  these  romantic  heroes.  1856  STANLEY  Sinai  ^-  Pal. 
(1858)328  The  grandest  and  most  romantic  character  that 
Israel  ever  produced,  Elijah  the  Tishbite. 

Comb.  1847  H.  MELVILLE  Onwo  l.vxviii,  He  was  a  sun 
burnt,  romantic-looking  European. 

97 


ROMANTICAL. 


770 


ROME. 


B.  st>.  1.  A  feature,  characteristic,  idea,  etc., 
belonging  to,  or  suggestive  of,  romance. 

a  1628  F.  GREVIL  Life  Sidney  (1652)  13  Doe  not  his 
Arcadian  Romantics  live  after  him  ?  1679  ALSOP  Melius 
Ing.  n.  yi.  324  Some  legendary  Fabler  that  has  stufft  a 
Farce  with  Romantics.  0:1846  RODGER  Poems  (1897)  12 
Quat  your  romantics,  your  airs,  and  your  antics.  1887 
BLACK  Sabina,  Zcntbra  221  There  you  are  with  your 
romantics  again. 

2.  A  romantic  person ;  esp.  an  adherent  of  rom 
anticism  in  literature ;  a  romanticist. 

1865  Reader  3  June  619/1  This  enthusiasm  for  enthusiasm 
..was  natural  to  the  whole  race  of  romantics  of  that  day. 
1882  STEVENSON  in  Longman's  Mag.  I.  77  Walter  Scott  is 
out  and  away  the  king  of  the  romantics.  1898  L.  STKPHEN 
Stnd.  Biogr.  II.  iv.  142  The  same  view,  .made  him  dislike 
Carlyle  and  Froude  as  romantics,  if  not  charlatans. 

Roma-ntical,  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -AL.]  Having  a 
romantic  character  or  tendency. 

1678  CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  i.  ii.  60  This  Theology  of 
Epicurus  was  but  Romantica!.  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time 
iv.  (1724)  I.  762  He  represented  the  matter  as  so  easy,  that 
this  appeared  too  romantical  to  the  Prince  to  build  upon  it. 
1759  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  \.  xxi,  Our  knowledge  physical, 
metaphysical,  ..  romantical.  1829  MRS.  S.  C.  HAI.L  Sk. 
Irish  C/iar,  i.  (1855)  29  It's  mighty  fine  to  be  so  romantical 
all  for  pure  love.  1885  LADY  HRASSEY  Trades  206  The 
literature  ..  is  written  from  a  statistical,  'romantical',  or 
'  missionarial '  point  of  view.  1891  H.  E.  WATTS  Cervantes 
97  They  brought  the  romantical  way  of  writing  into  discredit. 

Romaiitica'lity.  [f.  prec.]  Romantic  qual 
ity  ;  a  romantic  thing  or  characteristic. 

c  1852  THACKERAY  Let.  in  Esmond  (Bjogr.  ed.)  p.  xxxui, 
Take  care  not  to  be  juggled  by  romanticalities  and  senti 
mentalities.  1881  Scribner's  Mag.  XXII.  391/2  She  liked 
the  excitement, — the  romanticality  of  it. 

Romantically,  adv.     [f.  ROMANTICAL  a.] 

1.  In  a  romantic  manner;  after  a  romantic  fashion. 
•687  BURNKT  Cont.  Reply  VarillasgR  After  he  had  turned 

this  as  Romantically  as  he  could,  he  makes  her  to  dye.  1813 
Examiner  n  Jan.  17/2  Romantically  preferring  his  good 
conscience,  .to.  .a  pension.  1856  DOVE  Logic  C/tr.  Faith 
vi.  §  4  Those  who  reject  Revelation  are  the  most  romant 
ically  credulous  on  all  other  matters.  1865  E.  C.  CLAYTON 
Cruel  Fortune  I.  149,  I  should  never  have  suspected  you 
of  being  so  romantically  absurd. 

2.  In  a  romantic  or  picturesque  way  in  respect 
of  situation  or  scenery. 

1772-84  Cook"s  Voy.  (1790)  I.  140  Two  fortified  villages... 
The  smallest  was  romantically  situated  upon  a  rock.  1796 
MORSE  Anter.  Gcogr.  I.  517  A  small  cascade,  inhere  the 
water  falls  15  or  20  feet,  very  romantically  between  two 
rocks.  1817  J.  SCOTT  Paris  Revis.  (ed.  4)  270  The  situation 
altogether  is  as  romantically  lovely  as  can  be  imagined. 
1884  PENNINGTON  Wiclif  iv,  132  A  place  romantically 
situated  on  the  bank  of  the  Severn, 

Roma-iiticalness.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.] 
Romantic  quality  or  character. 

1770  BARETTI  JrnL  Land,  to  Genoa  II.  134  This  village 
..has  nothing  remarkable  but  the  romanticalness  of  its 
situation,  i^oz  Westm.  Gaz.  28  June  3/1  A  world  of  sub 
dued  romantical  ness. 

Roma'iiticism  (-isiz'm).     [f.  ROMANTIC  ct.] 

1.  A  romantic  fancy  or  idea. 

1803  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rev.  I.  380  Public  opinion  heeds 
little  the  romanticisms  of  speculative  philosophy. 

2.  Tendency  towards  romance  or  romantic  views. 
i84oTHACKKRAV  Paris  Sk.-bk.  (1872)  43  The  romanticism 

killed  him.  1864  D.  G.  MITCHELL  Sev.  Stor.  7,  I  do  not 
believe  that  such  imaginative  exaltation  of  feeling,  .would 
beget.. the  very  romanticism  of  charity.  1873  BLACK  Princ. 
of  Thitle  (1874)  II.  iv.  126  Although,  doubtless,  a  girl's 
romanticism  was  a  pretty  thing,  it  would  have  to  yield  to 
the  actual  requirements  of  life. 

3.  The  distinctive  qualities  or  spirit  of  the  rom 
antic  school  in  art,  literature,  and  music. 

1844  H.  F.  CHORLEY  Music  $  Manners  III.  36  M.  Liszt 
illustrates  in  himself  the  criticism,  the  pianism,  the  romant 
icism  of  the  new  schools.  1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN  Mystics 
(1860)  II.  248  Side  by  side  with  the  advocates  of  faith  and 
feeling  in  the  religious  province,  appeared  German  Romant 
icism  in  the  field  of  art  and  literature.  1878  SEELEY  Stein. 
III.  437  Stein  belonged  to  the  class  of  society  which 
naturally  furnished  recruits  to  Romanticism. 

Ronia'iiticist.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -IST.] 

1.  An  adherent  of  romanticism  in  literature  or  art. 
1830    Blacfav.  Mag.    XXVII.  317    The  much-disputed 

provinces  of  the  Classicists  and  Romanticists.  1856  R.  A. 
VAUGHAN  Mystics  ( 1 860)  II.  248  The  Romanticists  were  the 
enthusiastic  champions  of  the  Ideal  against  Realism.  1885 
PATER  Marius  the  Epicurean  1. 100  A  mere  love  of  novelty 
..,  as  with  the  Euphuism  of  the  Elizabethan  age  and  of  the 
modern  French  romanticists. 

2.  In  appositive  use,  passing  into  adj. 

1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  II.  6  A  few  years  ago 
some  Romanticist  litterateurs  of  Germany  woke  him  up. 
1875  DOWDEN  Shaks.  227  The  German  Romanticist  critic 
Franz  Horn.  1888  PATER  Ess.  Guardian  (1896)  104  Writers 
as  unlike  Wordsworth  as  the  French  romanticist  poets. 

Hence  Romantic!  stic  a. 

1889  Harper's  Mag.  Sept.  641/1  It  was  once  for  all 
accomplished  by  the  romanticists  of  the  romanticistic 
period.  1895  Cent.  A  fag.  July  418, 1  had  a  visit  from  another 
romnnticistic  Englishman. 

Romaiiti'city.  Now  rare.  [f.  ROMANTIC  <z.] 
Romantic  quality  or  character;  romanticism. 

1781  ELIZ.  BLOWER  Geo.  Batcman  III.  139  Gave  an  air  of 
romanticity  to  the  scene,  which  greatly  pleased  them.  1811 
MOORE  Mem.  (1853)  I.  247  You  must  not  be  surprised  if 
such  a  sweet  and  picturesque  situation  should  inspire  me 
with  more  than  usual  romanticity.  1832  J.  P.  KF.NNEDY 
Swallow  B.  xxx.  (1860)  298  There  was  a  moral  romanticity 
in  it. 


Romanticize,  v.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -izE.] 

1.  trans.  To  render  romantic  in  character. 

1818  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  690  A  wood,  .which  the  old 
workman.. has  romanticised  with. .fifty  seats  and  honey 
suckle  bowers.  1836  Eraser's  blag.  XIV.  720  The  endless 
succession  of  Giaours,  Childe  Harolds,  Laras,  Corsairs,., 
which  have  romanticised  French  taste.  1900  British 
Weekly  10  May  70/4  Modern  feeling  has  greatly  romantic 
ised,  we  do  not  say  raised,  the  idea  of  love. 

2.  intr.  To  indulge  in  romance. 

1868  Daily  News  21  Dec.,  A  gentleman.. may  be  led  on, 
like  Pendennis  with  Fanny  Bolton,  to  flirt  and  romanticise 
beneath  him. 

Hence  Roma'nticized,  Roma*nticizing>///.o^  j. 

1855  MILMAN  Lat.  Chr.  xiy.  vii.  (1864)  VI.  246  The  free 
prolix  Epopee  of  the  Trouvere,  in  its  romanticised  classic 
form.  1867  Spectator  6  Apr.  387  We  cannot  but  marvel  ex 
ceedingly  that  the  romanticizing  critics  have  not  made  the 
discovery  for  us. 

Roma'nticly,  adv.    Now  rare  or  Obs.    [f. 

ROMANTIC  a.  +-LY2.]  In  a  romantic  manner; 
romantically  ;  f  romancingly,  falsely. 

1681  H.  MOKE  Expos.  Dan.  App.  n.  289  The  conceit  looks 
almost  as  Romantickly  or  fabulously.. as  that  of  the 
Romanists.  1694  STRYPE  Cranmer  in.  xxxviii.  465  He  tells 
us  Romantickly  in  the  same  Argument,  That  many  Posts 
went  [etc].  1749  BP.  NEWTON  Milton's  P.L.  I.  57  note^ 
King  Arthur,  son  of  Uther  Pendragon,  whose  exploits  are 
romanticly  extoll'd  by  Geoffry  of  Monmouth.  1775  BUHNABY 
Trav.  55  A  small  cascade,  which  falls  about  fifteen  or 
twenty  feet,  very  romanticly,  from  between  two  rocks. 
1806  SURR  Winter  in  Lond.  III.  109  [She  is]  violently  and 
romanticly  in  love  with  this  young  man. 

Roma'nticneSS.  rare.  [-NESS.]  Romantic 
quality  or  character. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  II.  40  Having  heard  me 
often  praise  the  romanticness  of  the  place.  ?  1756  H.  WAL- 
POLE  Let.  to  Benttey  Aug.,  A  whimsical  mixture  of  devotion 
and  romanticness. 

Roma'ntico-,  used  as  combining  form  of  ROM 
ANTIC  a.,  as  in  romantico-heroic  adj.,  -history. 

1825  CARLVLE  Schiller  n.  (1845)  60  Hence.. their  sub 
divisions  of  'romantic',  and  'heroic',  and  Romantico- 
heroic'.  a.  1849  POE  Marginalia  Wks.  1864  III.  547  His 
romantico-histories  have  all  the  effervescence  of  his  verse. 

Roma  iitism.  [a.  F.  romantisme,  f.  romant- 
iqueJ\  Romanticism ;  romance-writing. 

1885  Athenaeum  30  May  696  Victor  Hugo  [was]  not  so 
much  the  most  glorious  survival  of  romantism  as  romantism 
itself.  1890  F.  M.  CRAWFORD  With  the  Immortals  73,  I 
do  not  like  the  frantic  side  of  this  modern  romantism. 

Roma'ntist.  rare.  [f.  after  prec. ;  see  -1ST.] 
A  romanticist ;  an  idealist. 

1887  Macm.  Mag.  June  143  Goethe  was  alsoa  Romantist. 

fRo'many1.  Obs.  Forms:  4Romani(e,  -ye, 
Romaine,  5  Romaynge,  Romayne.  [ad.  OF. 
Romanie,  ad.  late  L.  Romania  (see  Du  Cange), 
f.  Romamts  ROMAN  a."]  The  Roman  Empire. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  22319  He  sal  haue  mikel  lauerdhede  Of 
romanie,  and  al  [>e  impire.  13..  Seuyn  Sag.  2093  (W.), 
In  al  Poile  ne  Romanye  Ne  is  so  mochel  tresorie.  1377 
LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xv.  559  Many  man  for  crystes  loue  was 
martired  in  Romanye,  Er  any  crystendome  was  knowe  bere. 

t  Ro'many  2.  Sc.  Obs.  Also  5  Romynis.  [a. 
OF.  rontine,  ronmine^  rommeine  (Godef.),  of  ob- 
I  scure  origin :  Palsgrave  (200  and  559)  gives  it  as 
1  rommenis,  -ys,  and  equates  it  \i\ihpeaux  de  Lorn- 
bardie.^  Romany  huge  (also  banes  ^  skins))  some 
kind  of  small  fur  used  for  lining  garments. 

1495  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scotl.  I.  227  For  Romany 
huge  to  lyne  the  sammyne  gowne.  1498  HALIBURTON  Ace. 
Bk.  74  Item  a  bred  of  Romany  bowgh.  Ibid.  171  Romynis 
bowgh.  1507-8  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scotl.  IV.  19  For  1 
Romany  skinnis  to  the  samyn.  1513  Ibid.  IV.  427  Half 
ane  mantill  of  Romany  banes.  1539  Ibid.  VII.  27  Item,., 
to  lyne  ane  goun..,  vj  dosane  ane  skyu  les  romany  buge. 

Romany3  (ipmlni),  sb.  and  a.  Also  Rom 
many,  -anee,Romeny,-ani.  [Gipsy Ro'tnanit  fern, 
and  pi.  of  Ro'mano  adj.,  f.  Rom  gipsy :  see  ROM.] 

1.  A  gipsy ;  also  collect.,  the  gipsies. 

i8ia  J.  H.  VAUX  Flash  Diet.,  Romany^  a  gypsy.  1841 
BORROW  Zincali  Introd.  (1846)  3  Some  account  of  the 
Rommany,  as  I  have  seen  them  in  other  countries.  Ibid. 
12  The  peculiar  habits  of  the  Rommanees.  1897  Daily 
Neivs  27  Jan.  6/5  The  Romanies,  or  gipsies,  are  working 
in  the  last  stage  of  poverty,  and  are  very  poorly  fed. 

2.  The  language  of  the  gipsies. 

1812  J.  H.  VAUX  Flash  Diet,  s.v.,  To  patter  romany,  is 
to  talk  the  gypsy  flash.  1841  BORROW  Zincali  Introd.  (1846) 
5  Welcomes  and  blessings  were  poured  forth  in  floods  of 
musical  Rommany.  1871  M.  COLLINS  Marq.  $  Merch.  I. 
vii.  221, 1  understand  Romany  pretty  well. 

3.  attrib.  or  as  adj.    =  GIPSY  4  and  5. 

1841  BORROW  Zincali  Introd.  (1846)  5  One  of  the  principal 
attractions  of  a  Rommany  choir  at  Moscow.  Ibid.  21  Their 
tricks  and^  Rommany  arts.  1871  M.  COLLINS  Marq.  <$• 
Merch.  I.  i.  47  The  gipsy  language— the  Romany  speech. 
1877  M.  M.  GRANT  Snn-Maid  i,  The  Spanish  remnant  of 
the  old  Romany  tribes. 

Romanye,  variant  of  RUMNEY. 

Romanys,  obs.  form  of  ROMANCE. 

fRoma*nza.  Obs.  Also-ansa.  [ad.It.nw/<z;/20: 
see  next.]  A  romance  ;  a  romantic  fancy. 

1641  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Biondis  Civil  Warres  iv.  54  The 
supposal..smels  of  a  Romansa  and  inchantment.  1656  — 
ir.  Boccalinis  Advts.fr.  Parnass.  I.  Ixxviii.  (1674)  105  The 
Paladins  of  Spanish  Romania's,  a  1661  FULLEK  Worthies, 
Surrey  in.  (1662)  87  Conceiving  it  rather  a  Romanza  or 
Fiction  than  a  thing  really  performed,  fbid.^  Yorks.,  It 
will  sound  Romanza-like  to  posterity. 


t  ROma'nzo.     Obs*   rare.     In    7    romanso, 
roraanco.   [a.  It.  romanzo  :  see  ROMANCE  sd.] 
a.  A  romance,     b.  Romantic  style. 

1628-9  DIGBY  Voy.  Medit.  Pref.  (Camden)  p.  xxiii,  Sweet 
boys  and  dear  venturous  knights,  worthy  to  be  put  in  a  new 
romanso.  1647  EVELYN  Corr.  (1872)  ill.  5  (Stanf.),  For 
I  was  expected  all  ribbon,  feather,  and  romanfo. 

Roma*nzoyite.     Min.    Also  -owite,  -ofite. 

[Named  by  N.  Nordenskiold  (1820)  after  Count 
Rowanzoff.]  A  variety  of  grossularite. 

1823  W.  PHILLIPS  Min.  (ed.  3)  33  Romanzovite.  It  is  of 
a  brown,  brownish  black,  and  black  colour  ;  and  is  described 
as  occurring  either  compact  or  in  crystalline  plates.  1830 
H.  J.  BROOKE  in  EncycL  Metrop.  (1845)  VI.  491/1  Garnet. .. 
Reddish-brown,  Essonite,  Cinnamon-stone,  Romanzovite. 
1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem. 

Romaunce,  obs.  form  of  ROMANCE. 

Roniaunt  (r^m^-nt),  sb.  and  a.  arch.  Forms  : 
6  roma(u)nte,  6-8  romant,  7  romand,  7,  9 
romaunt.  [a.  OF.  romant  (later  roman\  an 
analogical  variant  of  romanz,  romans  ROMANCE.] 

1.  A  romance  ;  a  romantic  tale  or  poem. 

1530  PALSGB.  486/2  Though  I  fynde  it  moche  used  in  the 
Romante  of  the  Rose,  it  is . .  nowe  lytle  used.  1542  Chaucer 's 
Rom.  Rose  39  It  is  the  Romaunte  of  the  Rose,  In  whiche  all 
the  arte  of  loue  I  close.  1593  DRAYTON  Eel.  vi.  37  Or  else 
some  Romant  unto  us  areede.  1614  SELDEN  Titles  Honor 
44  Take  for  it,  this  testimony  out  of  an  old  Romaunt.  1682 
CREECH  Lucretius  (1683)  119  Ten  thousand  such  Romants 
the  Vulgar  tell.  1765  PERCY  Rcliqnes  III.  p.  vi,  As  the 
Songs  of  Chivalry  became  the  most  popular  compositions 
in  that  language,  they  were  emphatically  called  Romans  or 
Romants.  1812  BYRON  (title),  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage, 
a  Romaunt.  1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  vi,  Then  there  are 
the  minstrels,  with  their  romaunts  and  ballads.  1884 
RUSKIN  Art  of  England  \.  5  The  habit  of  regarding  the 
external  and  real  World  as  a  Singer  of  Romaunts  would 
have  regarded  it. 

2.  A   Romance   form   of  speech;    also  attrib.^ 
Romance,  Romanic,  in  respect  of  language. 

In  quots.  applied  to  older  French  and  to  Romansh. 

1530  PALSGR.  Introd.  41  Mye  is  an  olde  Romant  worde. 
Ibid.  446/1  Je  ruse,.. and  in  olde  Romant  je  lobe.  Ibid. 
486/2  \\.\odkerdre\  is  an  olde  Romant  worde  and  nowe  lytle 
used. 

1855  MILMAN  Lat.  Chr.  ix.  viii.  (1864)  V.  396  note,  But 
was  the  Romaunt  version  understood  in  Metz?  /£/<£  405 
The  Romaunt  among  the  peasants  of  the  Alpine  valleys. 

Romawnce,  obs.  form  of  ROMANCE. 

Romayn(e,obs.  ff.  ROMAN;  varr.  ROMANY  *  Obs. 

t  Roiilb,  v.     (Origin  and  meaning  obscure.) 

CI330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  8198  (Petyt  MS.), 
J>e  dragons, .Wipped  wyb  wenges,  ouerwarpen  &  went, 
kracchid  with  clawes,  rombed  [?'.  r.  rubbed]  &  rent. 

Romb(e,  obs.  ff.  RHOMB. 

Ronibel,  -ble,  obs.  ff.  RUMBLE  sb.  and  v. 

Rombelow(e,  obs.  ff.  RUMBELOW. 

Rombowline.  Naut.  Also  r(h)um-.  [Of 
obscure  origin.]  (See  quots.) 

1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seaman's  Man.  120  Komboivlinet  con 
demned  canvas,  rope,  &c.  i86a  NARES  Seamanship  (ed.  2) 
24  RhjunboW'line^  soft  rope  for  nippers,  etc.  1864  WEBSTER, 
Rowboiyline,  old,  condemned  canvas,  rope,  &c.,  unfit  for  use 
except  in  chafing-gear.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word'bk.  580 
The  refuse  [is  worked]  into  rumbowline  for  temporary  pur 
poses,  not  demanding  strength. 

t  Ronibpyle,  sb.  and  v.  Cant.  Obs.  (See  quots.) 

(71700  li.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crciut  Romboyles^  Watch  and 
Ward.  Ibid.)  RomboyTd^  sought  after  with  a  Warrant. 

Rombustical,  Rombustious,  obs.  forms  of 

RUMBUSTICAL,  -TIOUS. 

T"  H/0'lllby.  Obs."~l  [ad.  It.  r<?w/'/,pl.  of  rombo 
RHOMB,]  A  lozenge  or  rhomb. 

1598  R.  D.  Hypnerotomachia  67  b,  The  mouth  of  the  arches 
were  stopped  with  rombyes  of  cleare  glasse. 

Rome  (r<?um),  sb.  Also  4  Horn,  5-6  Roome, 
6  Room.  [a.  OF.  Rome\—\*.  Roma. 

The  pron.  (r»m),  indicated  by  the  old  spelling  Room(e  and 
by  the  rime  with  doom,  etc.,  was  retained  by  some  educated 
speakers  as  late  as  the  iyth  cent.] 

i.  The  city  or  state  of  Rome ;  the  Roman  empire. 
Freq.  in  personified  use. 

c 888 K.  ALFRED  Boetk.xxvii.  §i  SeCatuluswses hereto;^ 
on  Rome.  971  BlickLHom.  191  Ic  wille  gangan  to  Rome. 
c  1205  LAV.  5986  Hrennes  walde  Rome  fulle  fiftene  ^ere. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  22241  All  kingrikes  J?at  rome  was  vnder 
Fra  lauerdhedo  romebamsundre.  ci33oR.  BRUNNE  Chron. 
Wa(C  (Rolls)  3460  |?yse  wer  gon  to  Lumbardye  To  procure 
Rome  more  partye.  c  14*5  WVNTOUN  Cron.  v.  xi.  3534  f>e 
Saxonys  . .  Agane  Rome  rasse  wibe  mekyl  mycht.  1490 
CAXTON  Eneydos  Ixv.  166  The  historyes  of  the  romayns,  and 
of  theyrn  that  founded  roome.  1542  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph. 
248  b,  One  of  the  olde  souldyours  of  Roome.  1588  SHAKS. 
Tit.  A.I.I.  82  These  that  Suruiue,  let  Rome  reward  with 
Loue.  1624  QUARLES  Job  Militant  x.  xxix,  Who,  that  did 
e're  behold  the  ancient  Rome,  Would  rashly  give  her 
Glorie  such  a  doome  ?  1671  MILTON  P.R.  iv.  80  All 
Nations  now  to  Rome  obedience  pay.  1741-2  GRAY  Agrippa 
17  The  willing  homage  Of  prostrate  Rome.  1780  COWPER 
Boadicea  17  Rome.. Tramples  on  a  thousand  states.  1820 
BYRON  Mar.  Fal.  v.  i,  A  wife's  dishonour  unking'd  Rome 
for  ever.  1841  ARNOLD  Lect.  Mod.  Hist.  (1860)  29  Rome. . 
has  been  the  source  of  law  and  government. 

b.  In  proverbs. 

(<i)  1562  HEYWOOD  Prw.  <r  Epigr.  (1867)  168  Roome  was 
not  bylt  on  one  day.  1705  HICKERINGILL  Priest-cr.  iv. 
(1721)  214.  1776  ABIGAIL  AIMMS  Fam.  Lett.  (1876)  202  But 
Rome  was  not  built  in  a  day. 

(b)  1599  PORTKR  Angry  Wojn,Abingdon (Percy  Soc.)  solle 
do  as  company  dooth ;  for  when  a  man  doth  to  Rome  come, 
he  must  do  as  there  is  done.  1670  G.  H.  tr.  Hist.  Car- 


ROME. 


771 


KOMIZED. 


dinals  \,  i.  5  Whilst  one  is  at  Rome,  one  must  live  as  they  do 
there.  1817  BYRON  Bepgo  ix,  And  you  at  Rome  would  do 
as  Romans  do,  According  to  the  proverb.  1863  W.  C. 
BALDWIN  Afr.  Hunting  \\\.  267,  I  always  do  in  Rome  as 
Rome  does,  eat  (if  I  can)  whatever  is  set  before  me. 

(c)  1721  KELLY  Sc.  Prov.  194  It  is  hard  to  sit  in  Rome, 
and  strive  against  the  Pope. 

c.  Applied  to  Constantinople,  the   capital   of 
the  eastern  Roman  empire. 

1603  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1638)  13  Yet  haue  the  Sarasins 
attempted  both  Romes  :  they  haue  besieged  Constantinople, 
and  haue  wasted.. the  sea  coasts  of  Italy. 

2.  The  city  of  Rome  as  the  original  capital  of 
Western  Christendom,  and  the  seat  of  the  Pope; 
hence,  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  its  influence 
or  institutions,  etc. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  IVks.  III.  263  How  falsely  freris  feyneb 
^ifte  of  bis  tresore  to  ech  pope  of  Rome.  Ibid.  281  Dispen- 
sacion  of  ^>e  Bischop  of  Rome,  c  1400  Apol.  Loll.  (Camden) 
12  In  J>e  court  of  Rome  mai  no  man  geyt  no  grace,  but  if  it 
be  bowt.  Ibid.)  pe  kirk  of  Rome,  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron. 
vi.  xiii.  1096  f>e  auchtande  Bennet  tuk  £>e  se  Off  Rome  as 
pape.  1537  STARKEY  Let,  in  England  p.  xlvii,  The  wych 
you  perauenture  wyl  impute  to  thys  defectyon  from  Rome. 
"595  SHAKS.  John\.  ii.  70  King  lohn  hath  reconcil'd  Hitn- 
selfe  to  Rome.  1654  BRAMHALL  in  Usshers  Lett.  (1686)  612 
Your  selves  have  preached  so  much  against  Rome,  and  his 
Holiness,  that  Rome  and  her  Romanists  will  be  little  the 
better  for  that  Change.  1749  GRAY  Installat.  Ode  47  The 
majestic  lord,  That  broke  the  bonds  of  Rome.  1791  BOS- 
WELL  Johnson  (Oxf.  ed.)  II.  548  He  argued  in  defence  of 
some  of  the  peculiar  tenets  of  the  Church  of  Rome.  1840 
NEWMAN  in  Apol.  iii.  (1904)  70/1  Rome,  though  not  defer 
ring  to  the  Fathers,  recognizes  them.  1892  J.  M.  STONE 
Faithful  unto  Death  vi.  119  It  was  also  thought  that  many 
clergymen  hesitated  to  marry,.. in  case  of  a  reconciliation 
with  Rome. 

transf.  1821-2  SHELLEY  Chas.  /,  I.  58  That  is  the  Arch- 
bishop... Rather  say  the  Pope:  London  will  be  soon  his 
Rome.  1899  Daily  News  26  June  7/2  An  imposing  demon 
stration,  in  honour  of  Calvin,  has  just  been  held  in  the  City 
of  Geneva,  which  he  raised  to  the  proud  position  of '  the 
Rome  of  Protestantism '. 

3.  Comb,  f  a.  Appositive,  etc.,  as  Rome-burgh, 

et  fond,  -lede,  riche^  street,  -fhede,  -ware. 


A 

da;,,  

R/tet.  48  As  farre  as  hence  to  *Rome  gates.  1390  GOWER 
Conf.  Prol.  715  Cesar  Julius,  which  tho  was  king  of  *Rome 
lond.  ci2og  LAY.  7187  Swa  bat  *Romleode  comen  to 
bissen  beoden.  c  1200  ORMIN  8305  Fra  batt  patt  he  bigann 
to  rixlenn  I  *Rome  riche.  13..  Seuyn  Sag.  1687  (W.), 
Thourgh  *Rome  stretes.  c  1205  LAY.  9046  Kinbelin . .  weorede 
*Rome-beode  wiS  vncuoe  leode.  c  888  K.  /ELFRED  Boeth. 
xxvii.  §  i  Hit  waes  Sa  swi3e  micel  sido  mid  *Romwarum. 
c  1205  LAY.  7936  LaSliche  heo  feohten  &  Rom-ware  feollen. 
b.  Objective,  etc.,  as  Rome-believer,  -bred^  etc. 

1792  G.  GALLOWAY  Poems  40  Pit  [  =  put]  sandals  on,  Or  bare- 
foot  scud  like  Rome-believers.  1802-12  BENTHAM  Ration. 
Jndic.  Evid.  (1827)  IV.  147  Such  also  has  been  the  general 
practice  under  Rome-bred  law  on  the  continent  of  Europe. 
1846  G.  S.  FABER  Lett.  Tractar.  Secess.  68  He  has  told  us, 
that.. a  real  Papist  lay  concealed  beneath  an  outwardly 
professing  and  Rome-vituperating  Anglican. 

t  Rome,  v.     Obs.-1     ?  To  stretch. 

c  1340  Nmninale  (Skeat)  252  Homme  apres  dormer  se 
es6rechet  Man  aftur  slepe  romuth  hym. 

Rome,  obs.  form  of  ROAM,  ROOM,  RUM  a. ;  see 
also  ROMY  v.  Romege(r,  obs.  ff.  RUMMAGE(R. 
Romein(e,  obs.  ff.  ROMAN  sb.  and  a.1 

R»O*lueiue.  Min.  [Named  by  A.  Damour 
(1841)  after  the  crystallographer  Roml  de  L1  Isle.] 
A  native  antimoniate  of  calcium  occurring  in 
yellow  crystals.  Also  Komeite. 

1849  CRAIG,  Romeine^  a  mineral  occurring  in  small  square 
octohedrons,  in  groups  of  minute  crystals.  1852  BROOKE  & 
MILLER  Phillips*  Min.  681  Romeine..is  found  in  the  man 
ganese  mines  of  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont.  1868  WATTS  Diet. 
Chem.)  Romeine^  or  Romeite. 

Romekin,  obs.  form  of  RUMKIN. 

Ro  nieless,  a.  rare  — *.  [f.  ROME  sb.  +  -LESS.] 
"Without  Rome  ;  destitute  of  Rome. 

1883  FREEMAN  Chief  Periods  Europ.  Hist.  173  One  of  the 
most  wonderful  features  of  the  age  in  which  we  live,  .is  that 
the  world  is  Romeless. 

Romelynge,  obs.  form  of  RUMBLING. 

Romenay,  -ey,  variants  of  RUMNEY. 

Romeo-ing.  nonce-ivd.  [f.  the  Shaksperean 
Romeo.]  Conduct  resembling  that  of  Romeo. 

1827  HONE  Every-day  Bk.  II.  133  This  Romeoing  is 
rendered  more  scenical  by  a  tree. 

Ro'iue-peimy.  Now  Hist.  Forms :  I  Eom- 
P8eni(s,  -penis,  -pen.es,  2  -peni ;  4-5  Rome  peny 
(5  Roome,  Rurae),  9  Rome-penny  (7  dial. 
Ream-),  [f.  ROME  sb.  2  +  PENNY.]  =  PETER('S)- 

PENNY. 

a  1000  in  Cockayne  The  Shrine  208  Six  selc  Rompenis 
agifen  be  Petres  mscsse  dee^e.  aiooo  Laws  Northnni- 
Man  Priests  !vii.  (Liebermann),  We  willab  bxt  aclc 
Rompsni  beo  ^elaest  be  Petres  msessan  to  Sam  bisceop 
stole,  a  1023  WULFSTAN  Horn.  (1883)  113  Sulha^lmessan  and 
rompenegas  and  cyricsceattas.  a  1193  BENEDICT  OF  PETER 
BOROUGH  Chron.  (Rolls)  II.  226  Episcopus  Dunelmensis 
jura  ecclesiee  Eboraci,  scilicet  Le  Rom-peni.  .detinuit.  1377 
Rolls  of  Parlt.  III.  21/1  La  charge  de  le  Denier  Semt 
Piere,  appelle  Rome-peny.  a  1400  Chron.  J.  Brompton, 
in  Twysden  Decent  Script.  (1652)  1235  Scilicet  de  Rume- 
peny,  id  est,  de  den.irlo  sancti  Petri.  c  1470  HARDY  NG 


I  Chron.  xcix.  VIM,  At  his  death  he  gaue  to  Roome  eche  ye  re 
The  Roome  pence,  through  Westsex  all  about.  Ibid.  cm.  vi, 

1  Offa  [gave]  through  Mers  the  Rome  peny  Vnto  the  Churche 
of  Rome.  1674  RAY  N,C.  Words,  Ream-penny  \  q.  Rottie- 
/te««y...'He  reckons  up  his  ream-pennies',  that  is,  tells 
all  his  faults.  1889  Archaeol.  Rev.  Aug.  43  It  was  called 
Rome-scot,  Rome-penny,  Hearth-penny. 

Homer,  obs.  form  of  RUMMER. 

t  Bo-me-raiker.    Obs.  Chiefly  Sc.    Also  6 

Rome-raker  (Rourne-),  -rakar,  -raikar,  Roome 
raiker.  [f.  ROME  sb.  2  +  RAIKER.]  =  ROME-RUNNER. 
1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  III.  276  Ane  Rome-raiker  that 
gane  had  mony  gaittis.  c  1550  LYNDESAY  Trag.  Card.  377 
Off  Rome  rakaris,  nor  of  rude  Ruffianis,  Offcalsay  Paikaris, 
nor  of  Publycanis.  1566  DRANT  Horace^  Sat.  vi.  Divb,  Not 
roumerakers,  nor  rente  rackers  nor  staynde  with  vices  mo. 
a  1585  POL  WART  Fly  ting  iv.  Montgomerie  751  Gleyd  glaiker 
roome  raiker  for  releife. 

Ro'nie-riumer.  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  Also  4  Rome- 
renner.  [f.  ROME  sb.  2  -f  RUNNER.]  A  person, 
esp.  a  cleric,  who  was  constantly  journeying  to 
Rome  to  obtain  benefices  or  other  advantages. 

1362  LANGL.  P. PI.  A.  iv.  in,  I  schal  a-signe..alle  Rome 
Renners  ..  Here  no  seluer  ouer  see.  ^1380  WYCUF  Wks. 
(1880)  23  t>us  bes  rome  rcnneris  beren  be  kyngys  gold  out  of 
oure  lond.  1395  PURVEY  Rononstr.  (1851)  88  Though  so 
great  hil  of  gold  were  in  Ingelond,  and  no  man  outake 
siche  Rome-renneris  toke  of  it.  1577  in  J.  Morris  Troubles 
Cath.  Forefathers  (1872)  I.  ii.  79  Masters,  you  that  are 
sworn,  this  fellow  here,  Cuthbert  Maine,  is,  as  you  see,  a 
Rome-runner. 

-&§$  Short  Hist.  Cath.  Ch.  Eng.  258  Abuses  chiefly  caused 
by  so  called  Rome-runners — priests  thronging  to  Rome 
and  importuning  the  Holy  See  for  benefices. 

RO'me-SCOt.  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  Forms :  i  Rom- 
Sescot,  2,  6-7  Romscot,  7-8  Roomscot;  i  Rome 
scott,  i-  Rome  scot,  3-  Romescot,  8-  Rome 
scot  (also  5  -scote,  5-6  -scotte).  [See  ROME  sb.  2 
and  SCOT  sb.  The  OE.  word  was  probably  the 
source  of  MDa.  Romskud^  MSw.  Romskott,  -skiith* 
ON.  Romaskattr]  =  ROME-PENNY. 

c  1050  in  Liebermann  Gesctzc  474  Rom^escot  sy  a^ifen  on 
sanctus  Petrus  ma^ssedEejz;  ser  untlern  after  middesumera. 
f  1050  Laws  Edw.  Confessor  c.  10  (Liebermann),  De  denario 
Santi  Petri  (qui  Anglice  dicitur  Romescot).  1127  O.  E. 
Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1127,  purh  ban  he  was  legat  of 
3one  Rome  scott.  £1130  HENRY  OF  HUNTINGDON  Hist. 
Angl.  vi.  (Rolls)  188  Rex  vero  Knut  Romam  splendide 
perrexit ;  et  eleemosynam,  quse  vocatur  '  Romscot ',  . . 
perenniter  assignavit.  c  1237  ROGER  OF  WENDOVER  Florcs 
Hist.  (1841)  I.  258  Denarium  beati  Petri,  ..  quod  Anglice 
'  Romescot '  appellatur.  1387  TKEVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VI. 
213  He..grauntede  to  seynt  Peter  of  everiche  hous  of  his 
kyngdom  a  peny,  bat  longe  tyme  of  Englisshe  men  was 
i-cleped  Rome  scot.  1451  in  T.  Gardner  Hist.  Dnnivich 
(1754)  148  Payd..for  Romescot  in  Fest.  Paschae,  n  oo. 
1512  MS.  Ace.  St.  John's  Hospital^  Canterbury,  Payd  for 
romscot  to  Cosmas  Bleune  cherche,  j  d. 

1631  WEEVER  Anc.  Man.  157  Of  Pardons,  Pilgrimages, 
and  Romescot.  1653  MILTON  Hirelings  57  They. -might 
produce,  .that  Romescot,  or  Peter's  penny,  was  by  as  good 
statute  law  paid  to  the  Pope.  17x6  M.  DAVIES^//^«.  Brit. 
I.  188  Such  a  Badge  of  the  Romish  Supremacy,  that  no 
other  Nation  ever  wore..,  viz.  Peter- Pence  or  Rome-Scot. 
1812  J.  BRADY  Clams  Cal.  II.  206  The  confirmation  he  gave 
to  the  payment  of  the  ancient  Rome  Scot,  or  Peter's  Pence. 
1875  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  II.  xvi.  415  Even  Peter's  pence, 
the  ancient  Romescot, ..was  witheld  for  a  time. 

attrib,  1661  J.  STEPHENS  Procurations  103  The  Cardinal 
is  pleased . .  to  collect,  that  a  judgement  fell  upon  this  Land, 
when  first  it  fell  off  from  Rome-scot  pay. 

If  (See  quot.) 

1596  SPENSER  State  Irel  Wks.  (Globe)  663  This  was  the 
course  which  the  Remains  used  in  the  conquest  of  Eng 
land,.,  cutting  upon  everye  portion  of  lande  a  reasonable 
rent,  which  they  called  Romescott. 

So  f  Borne-shot.   Obs. 

c  iioo  in  Birch  Cartul.  Sax.  III.  264  Relaxamus  etiam  eos 
qui  intra  villam  ipsius  procinctus  commorantur  a  collecta 
denariorum  quam  romeschot  appellant,  a  xxzi  O.  E.  Chron. 
(Laud  MS.)  an.  1095,  Man  syooan  baet  Rom^esceot  be  him 
sende.  1546  BALE  Eng.  Votaries  i.  43  b,  Thys  Inas . .  clogged 
the  west  Saxons  with  payment  of  the  Rome  shott.  1550  Ibid. 
ii.  Hiv,  He  also  restrained  the  Rome  shot.  1570  FOXE  A.  fy  M. 
(ed.  2)  177/1  Through  which  deuotion  of  the  said  kinges  first 
came  in  the  Peterpence  or  Romschots  in  this  realme.  a  1643 
SIR  J.  SPELMAN  Life  Alfred  (1709)  23  The  same,  it  seems, 
was  called  Rome-snott  or  Peter  Pence. 

Romesome,  obs.  form  of  ROOMSOME. 
Rometh(e,  obs.  forms  of  ROOMTH. 
Romeward   (rJu'mwgid),   adv.   and    a.      [f. 
ROME  sb.  +  -WABD.] 

1.  Towards,  in  the  direction  of,  Rome. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Waee  (Rolls)  6810  How  longe  be 
Romayns  scholde  soiourne,  &  whan  bey  scholde  to  Rome- 
ward  tourne.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  zoo  Every  lond,  to 
Romeward  which  hadde  be  soubgit  tofore.  c  1411  HOCCLEVE 
De  Reg.  Princ,  1262  Seint  Ambroses  legende  seith,  how  he 
Ones  to  Rome-ward  took  his  viage. 

1887  BOWEN  Virg.  Eel.  1.26  What  was  the  mighty  occasion 
that  Romeward  called  thee  to  go? 

2.  Towards    the    Roman    Catholic   Church    or 
Roman  Catholicism. 

1864  NEWMAN  Apol.  iv.  (1904)  135/1  As  soon  as  I  turned 
my  face  Romeward.  1871  E.  HARRISON  in  Life  <5-  Lett. 
Jowett  (1897)  II.  27  Newman  stirred  the  soul  of  Oxford 
and  drew  all  Romeward. 

Comb.  1876  Fox  BOURNE  Locke  I.  459  Such  a  system  of 
Church  discipline  as  Stillingfleet  and  the  Romeward-tending 
Church  of  England  advocated  and  enforced. 

3.  As  adj.    Directed   to,   tending   towards,    the 
Roman  Catholic  Church. 

1831  UP.  WiLUKRt-oRCE  in  R.  G.  Wilberforce  Life  (1881) 


II.  no  That  Romeward  tendency  which,  in  many  minds,  is 
our  present  especial  danger.  1887  Spectator  12  Mar.  360/2 
His  distinct  repudiation  of  Romeward  doctrine. 

So  Bo'mewards  adv. 

1849  M.  ARNOLD  Resignation  9  So  warriors  said,  Scarfd 
with  the  cross..  :  so  [said].  .The  Goth,  bound  Rome-wards. 
1866  T.  HARTER  Peace  thro'  Truth  Ser.  i.  p.  xcvii,  Devout 
and  earnest  persons,  casting  a  wistful  glance  Romewards. 

Romeyn(e,  obs.  forms  of  ROMAN  a.i 
Roillic  (r<7u-mik),  a.  and  sb.     [f.  ROM-AN  a.  + 
-ic.J    The  distinctive  epithet  of  a  system  of  phon 
etic  notation  devised  by  Dr.  H.  Sweet. 

1877  SWEET  Handbk.  Phonetics  102  This  system,  which  I 
call '  Romic  '  (because  based  on  the  original  Roman  values 
of  the  letters).  Ibid,  202  Detailed  comparison  of  Glossic 
and  Romic. 

t  Ro'niified,  ///.  a.  Obs.  [See  ROME  sb.  z 
and  -IFY.]  That  has  gone  over  to  Rome. 

1609  SIR  E.  HOBY  Let.  to  T.  I/[tggons}  6  My  readines  is 
alwaies  prest  to  answere  you,  or  any  Fugitiue  Rom  t  fled 
Renegado  whomsoeuer.  1613  —  Counter-Snarle  66. 

Romi-petal,  a.  [f.  ROME  sb.t  after  centripetal. 
Cf.  med.L.  l\omipeta^\  Tending  towards  Rome. 

1897  Eng.  Hist.  Rev.  Oct.  628  The  kind  of  jurisprudence 
which  is  the  outcome  of  this  judicial  system  is  likely  to  be 
a  centripetal,  Romipetal  kind. 

Romish,  (nw'mij),  a.  Also  6  Homishe, 
Khomish,  Romysh(e.  [f.  ROME  sb.  +  -ISH.  Cf. 
OFris.  Kuinisk,  -esk>  (M)Du.  Koojmch^  OHG. 
RQmisC)  Rttmisc  (MHG.  Ramisch,  G.  K'omisch\ 
MDa.  Romsk,  MSw.  Romsk,  Rbnisk.] 

1.  Belonging,  pertaining,  or  adhering  to  Rome 
in  respect  of  religion ;  Roman  Catholic. 

Chiefly  in  hostile  or  opprobrious  use. 

1531  TINDALE  E.tp.  i  'John  iv,  Examine  the  Romish 
bishop  by  this  rule.  1560  DAL'S  tr.  Sleidane's  Connn.  92 
The  Emperor  chooseth  out  certen  of  the  Romysh  Relygion 
to  make  a  decree.  1585  Act  27  Elis.  c.  2  §  i  Priests,  .made 
.  .according  to  the  Order  and  Rites  of  the  Romish  Church. 
1628  PRYNNE  tirief  Surv.  Ep.,  lesuiticall  Treatises,  or 
Romish  prayer-bookes,  Portuahses,  and  Mannuals.  a  1674 
MlLTON/frj/.^/flWWMfiv.Wks.  1851  VI 1 1. 491  Upon  promise 
of  the  Duke  to  become  Romish.  1725  BERKELEY  Proposal 
Wks.  1871  III.  225  Our  neighbours  of  the  Romish  com 
munion.  1791  UOSWKLL  Johnson  (Oxf.  ed.)  1 1.  642  The 
charity  in  which  he  lived  with  good  men  of  the  Romish 
Church.  1814  SCOTT  Diary  26  Aug.  in  Loikhart,  Here, 
after  1745,.. the  priest  of  Egg  used  to  perform  the  Romish 
service.  1850  lii*.  WILBERFORCE  in  R.  G.  Wilberforce  Life 
(1881)  FI.  91  An  assurance  sufficient  to  convince  me  that 
there  is  no  danger  of  your  acting  in  fact  as  a  Romish  con 
fessor  in  the  orders  of  the  English  Church,  1862  FURNIVALL 
R.  Brunne"s  Handl.  Synne  (Roxb.  Club)  p.  xlviii,  The 
Romish  second  (Mosaic  third)  Commandment, 
fb.  absoLiftpl.  Roman  Catholics.  Obs. 

1605  SANDYS  Europx  Spec.  Y  3,   In   other   points   they 
seeme  to  stand.. between  the  Romish  and  the  Protestants. 
1625  PEMBLG  Justification  (1629)  75  Against  this  the  Romish 
contend,  labouring  to  proue  [etc.]. 

f  2.  Romish  Catholic,  =  ROMAN  CATHOLIC.  Obs. 

1606  Proc.  agst.  Traitors  28   In  the  names  and  for  the 
behalfe  of  all   the  English  Romibh  Catholiques.     1646  T. 
TEMPLE  Irish  Reb.  (1746)  24  The  Romish  Catholics  now 
privately  enjoyed  the  free  exercise  of  their  Religion.     1689 
Conn.  Col.  Rec.  (1859)   III.  468  We  doe  aduise  that. .no 
romish  catholick  be  suffered  to  keep  armes   within  your 
government  or  citty,    1826  [see  HOLY  CROSS]. 

f3.   =  ROMAX  0.  i.  Obs. 

1567  DRANT  Horace,  Ep.  Dvb,  I,  the  romishe  musicion. 
1579  SPENSER  Shcph.  Cal.  Oct.  55  The  Romish  Tityrus,  I 
heare,  Through  his  Mecasnas  left  his  Oaten  reede.  1600 
DEKKER  Gentle  Craft  18  Do  this,  and  I  will  give  thee..  My 
cambricke  apron,  and  my  romish  gloves.  1658  '  OPTATUS 
DUCTOR'  Quest,  of  Quest.  23  S.  Peter  and  S.  Paul,  .caused 
no  part  of  the  bible  to  be  translated  into  the  Romish  language. 
1797  T.  HOLCROFT  tr.  Stolberg's  Trav.  III.  Ixxi,  A  Romish 
squadron  landed  at  Pompeii. 

f4.  Romish  alum:  see  ROMAN  a.1  16  a.  Obs. 

1620  Observ,  on  Silkwormes  D  b,  Roach-Allum,  called 
Romish  Allum. 

f5.  Romish  herbs :  see  ROMAN  a.1  14  a.  Romish 
beans, peas:  see  ROMAN  a^  14!),  Obs. 

1648  HEXHAM  n.  s.v.  Roomsch,  Romish  Pease,  or  Pease 
growing  about  poles.  /&&,  Romish  beanes. 

Hence  Bo'mishly  adv.,  Ro-misfcness. 

1658  OSBORN  King  Jos.  Wks.  (1673)  484  Prayers  and  Fasts 
appointed  to  be  used  by  those  Romishly  affected  through 
out  this  whole  Realm.  1682  Roxb.  Ball.  (1884)  V.  194  Lest 
they. .be  unto  Newgate  sent,  There  (Romishly)  to  keep  a 
Lent  1864  MRS.  OLIPHANT  Perpetual  Curate  I.  iii.  51,  I 
think  he  has  a  bad  attack  of  Romishness  coming  on.  1886 
Lett,  front  Donegal  40  This  contempt  for  what  they  call 
'  Romishness '. 

Bo -mist.    ?  Obs.    [f.  ROME  sb.  ^  +  -IST.]    A 

Roman  Catholic,  a  Romanist. 

1592  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  ix.  xlviii.  (1602)  222  One  selfe- 
same  Religion  (such  as  Spanish  Romistes  haue'.  1606 
DEKKER  Double  P.  P.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  159  Since  so 
strange  Commotion.  .Puffes  the  Romist  vp  in  Armes.  1677 
W.  HUGHES  Man  e/Sin  n.  x.  177  This,  .consists  in  Words 
and  Deeds.  Now  Romists  have  a  Marvellous  Stroak  at 
both.  1716  M.DAVIES  Athen.  Brit.  III.  Diss.  Drama  6 
The  Emblem  of  Geometry  being  apply'd  to  Presbytery,  and 
the  visionary  Romists.  1784  J.  UROWN  Hist.  Brit.  Ch. 
(1820)  I.  iv.  80  The  Church  of  England's  imitation  of  the 
Romists.  1821  Fair  Witch  of  Glasllyti  II.  349  The 
Dominicans  were  the  ultra  Romists. 
f  b.  So  Romist  Catholic.  Obs.-^ 

1661  BOYLE  Style  of  Script.  96  As  much  a  nose  of  wax  as 
the  Romist  Catholics  say  we  make  the  other. 

R.O  mized,  ///.  a.  rare  — l.  [See  ROME  sb.  2 
and  -IZE.]  Siding  with  Rome. 

97-2 


BOMMACK. 

1655  FULLER  Ch,  Hist.  in.  52  The  Romiz'd  faction  were 
zealous  in  his  behalf. 

BiO'inmack,  v.  dial.  In  8  romack,  9  rora- 
mak,  -mock.  [Of  obscure  origin  :  the  variant 
rammack  has  a  wide  range,  and  nimmack  is  cur 
rent  in  north-western  dialects.] 

1.  trans.  To  rummage  or  fish  up. 

1770  Boston  Rec.  (1887)  XVIII.  30  Were  it  pp.-sible  to 
romack  up  any  absurd  obsolete  notion,  which  might  have 
Deemed  calculated  to  propagate  slavish  doctrines. 

2.  intr.  To   romp   or   gambol  boisterously  or 
rudely.     Hence  Ko'mmacking///.  a. 

a  1825  FORBY  yoc.  E.  Anglia  *.v*  01837  CLARE  in  Miss 
liaker  Nortkampt.  Gloss.  (1854)  s.v.,  She  s  a  rommaking, 
slommaking  thing.  1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt.  Gloss. 

Romme,  obs.  f.  ROOM.  Rommidge,  obs.  var. 
RUMMAGE  v.  Rommy,  obs.  var.  ROOMY  adv. 
Romnay,  -ney,  variants  of  RUMNEY. 

t Romongour.    Ofo—1    [App.  a  comb,  of 

-monger,  but  the  first  element  is  obscure.  The 
French  original  has  maskignons^  A  (horse-) 
coper,  corser,  or  dealer. 

1340  Ayenb.  44  pe  zixte  is :  [to]  hede  be  zo^nesse  of  be 
binge  bet  me  wyle  zelle,  ase  do^  be  romongours  of  hors. 

RomoUTj  obs.  form  of  RUMOUR. 
Romp  (rprap),  sb.    [Perh.  a  later  form  of  RAMP 
sb^  with  slight  modification  of  sense.] 

1.  One  who  romps;  esp,  a  play-loving,  lively, 
merry  girl  (or  woman). 

1706  VANDRL'GH  Prov.  \Vife\\'.  iii,  One  that  knows  how  to 
deal  with  such  romps  as  you  are.  1713  ARBUTHNOT  John 
Hull  i\.  i,  Your  Romps  that  have  no  regard  to  the  common 
Rules  of  Civility.  1783  JOHNSON  in  Boswell  Life  (Oxf.  ed) 
II.  512  She  was  a  better  romp  than  any  I  ever  saw  in 
nature.  1806-7  J.  BERESFORD  JlfisfHes  Hunt.  Life  (1826) 
xvin.  xv,  The  Matrons  and  Seniors  of  the  Stage  frisking 
and  dashing  through  the  parts  of  Romps  and  Rakes.  1846 
DE  QUINCEY  Syst.  Heavens  Wks.  III.  171  Such  a  girl., 
you  might  call  a  romp;  but  not  a  hoyden,  observe;  no 
horse-play.  i86a  SALA  Seven  Sons  I.xL  257  Another  variety 
of  the  fat  school-girl  is  there  in  the  romp. 

2.  A  piece  of  lively,  boisterous  play ;  a  merry 
frolic.     Freq.  in  //. 

1734  FIELDING  Universal  Gallant  in,  What,  are  you  at 
romps,  good  people?  1756-82  J.  WARTON  Ess.  Pope  I.  iv. 
248  A  game  of  romps  was  never  so  well  dignified  before. 
1797  MME.  D'AKBLAY  Lett.  Dec.,  My  little  rogue  soon 
engaged  him  in  a  romp.  1847  TICKNOR  Li/et  Lett,  fy  Jrnts. 
II.  xi.  229  The  most  thorough  game  of  romps  I  have  come 
across  for  many  a  day.  i88z  Miss  BRADUOS  Mt.  Royal  II. 
x,  I  have  been  having  a  romp  with  my  godson, 

Comb.  1730-46  THOMSON  Antumn  528  Romp-loving  Miss 
Is  haul'd  about,  in  gallantry  robust. 

Romp  (rpmp)j  v.  [Perh.  a  modification  of 
RAMP  v\  Cf.  ROMP  sl>.} 

1.  intr.  To  play,  sport,  or  frolic  in  a  very  lively, 
merry,  or  boisterous  manner. 

1709  STEELE  Taller  No.  15  r  2  This  careless  Jade  was 
eternally  romping  with  the  Footman.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt. 
.\'at.  (1834)  II.  143  How  will  you.. prevent  your  sons  from 
consorting  with  the  blackguard,  or  your  daughters  from 
romping  among  the  grooms?  1789  MRS  PIOZZI  Journ. 
France  I.  83  Gentlemen.. romped  with  the  girls  of  the 
house.  1842  J.  WILSON  Chr.  North  (1857)  1. 143  The  young 
people  will  have  been  romping  about  the  parlours.  1881 
H.  SMART  Race  for  Wife  ii,  They  had  romped  together  as 
children. 

transf.  1891 '  J.  S.  WINTER  '  Lumley  ix,  The  big  mare. ., 
after  romping  about  the  road  for  a  minute  or  two,  tore  away 
up  a  steep  hill. 

2.  Chiefly  racing  slang  \  a.  To  move,  cover  the 
ground,  easily  and  rapidly. 

1891  '  J.  S.  WINTER  '  Mrs.  Bob  120  To  use  the  language  of 
the  turf,  she  romped  clean  away  from  them.  1893  H.  M. 
DOUGHTY  Our  Wherry  70  In  what  was  rough  water  to  our 
little  ship  we  romped  along. 

b.  To  get  in  (or  honte)y  to  win  a  race  or  prize 
with  the  greatest  ease. 

1888 'THORMANBY'  Men  of f  the  Turf  16  Eclipse. .simply 
romped  in,  the  easiest  of  winners.  1891  Sporting  Life  20 
Mar.  (Farmer),  I  recall  his  recent  half-mile  at  Oxford,  when 
he  romped  home  in  the  easiest  possible  manner. 

3.  trans.  To  drive  or  convey  in  a  romping  fashion. 
1895  KIPLING  wid  Jungle  ttk.  78  Baloo.. would  shamble 

alongside  a  wavering  line  and  half  frighten,  half  romp  it 
clumsily  back  to  the  proper  road.  1897  Daily  News  3  May 
7/3  They  were  being  romped  back  to  Hanopoulo  as  fast  as 
mules  could  take  them. 

Rompe,  obs.  form  of  RUMP. 

t  Rompee.  Her.  Obs.  Also  7  rompe.  [Altera 
tion  of  F.  rompit  (pa.  pple.  of  rompre}^  on  the 
analogy  of  other  heraldic  terms  in  -ee.]  Broken. 

1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  in.  v.  133  He  beareth,  Sable,  a 
cheueron  Rompee,  betweene  three  Mullets,  Or,  by  the 
Name  of  Sank.  Ibid.)  This  cheueron  in  Blazon  is  called 
Rompe  or  rather  Rompu.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cjwit  Rompee^ 
or  Romptt)  in  Heraldry,  is  applied  to  Arms,  or  other  Ordin 
aries,  that  are  represented  broken  ;  and  to  Chevrons  whose 
upper  Points  are  cut.  [1868  CUSSANS  Her.  (1893)  82  In  this 
example,  .the  Pales,  .are  rompii,  or  broken  by  a  Bend.] 

Romper  (lympaz),    [f.  ROMP  v.  +  -ER.]    One 

who  romps. 
1842  A.  DE  VEHE  Song  of  Faith  206  Boarding-school 

rompers,   academic   praters.     1876  T.    HARDY   Ethelbcrta. 

(1890)  104  To  look  wistfullyat  the  sitters  when  romping  and 

at  the  rompers  when  sitting. 

t  Ro-mpering.    Obs.— l     (Meaning  obscure.) 
a  1616  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Wit  -without  M.  v,  I  scorne  sleepe. 

..I  scorne  meate,  I  come  for  rompering,  1  come  to  waite 

upon  my  charge  discreetely. 


772 

Ro'mping.  vbl.  sb.  [f.  ROMP  v.  +  -ING  1.]  The 

action  ofthe  verb  ;  boisterous  play. 

1711  STEELE  Sped.  No.  145  P  6  His  Pleasantry  consists  in 
Romping.  1731-8  SWIFT  Pol.  Conv.  56,  I  have  torn  my 
Petticoat  with  your  odious  Romping.  1825  J.  Nir.AL  Bro. 
Jonathan  1. 27  She  loved  romping.  1825  HONE  Every-day 
Bk.  I.  135  The  period  that  ushers  in  the  carnival  with 
rompings  in  the  streets. 

Ro'mping,  ppl.  a.    [f.  ROMP  v.  +-ING  'A] 

1.  Of  persons  :    That   romps;    engaged   in,    or 
given  to,  romping. 

1711  STEELE  Spect.  No.  187  p  3  The  Air  she  gave  herself 
was  that  of  a  Romping  Girl.  1810  SIR  A.  BOSWELL  Edinb. 
Poet.  Wks.  (1871)  53  There,  romping  miss  the  rounded 
slate  may  drop,  And  kick  it  out  with  persevering  hop.  1869 
TROLLOPE  He  knew*  etc.  xlvii.  (1878)  260  Simply  a  romping 
girl,  hardly  more  than  a  year  or  two  beyond  her  teens. 
jig.  1839-52  BAILEY  Festus  253  Thine  eyes  are  like  two 
romping  stars.  1887  HALL  CAINE  Deemster  vi,  And  so  five 
tearing,  romping  years  went  by. 

2.  Of  actions,  etc.  :  Having  the  character  of  a 
romp  or  romps. 

i8oa  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Fr.  Governess  Wks.  1832  III.  180 
Miss  Fanshawe,  in  a  romping  manner,  pulled  the  paper  out 
of  her  hands.  1835  Politeness  <$•  Gd.-brccding  48  Avoid  all 
romping  tricks.  1890  '  L.  FALCONER  '  Mademoiselle  Ixe  iy, 
[She]  listened  respectfully  to  a  denunciation  of  lawn  tennis 
as  a  romping  and  unfeminine  pastime. 

Hence  Ro'mpingly  adv.  (Webster,  1864). 

Ro'mpish,  a.  [f.  ROMP  sb,  +  -ISH.]  Inclined 
to  romp ;  frolicsome. 

1711  [implied  in  ROMPISHNESS].  1775  ASH,  Rompish^ 
inclined  to  rough  play.  1824  MACTAGGART  Gallovid.  Encycl. 
s.v.  Ramf,  A  creature  is  ramp  that  is  rompish  inclined.  1891 
Sat.  Rev.  14  Feb.  195/1  A  rompish  young  personage. 

Hence  Ro'mpislily  adv.  \  Bo'inpishness. 

1711  STEELE  Sped.  No.  187  PS  She  would.. run  into  some 
other  unaccountable  Rompishness.  1847  WEBSTER,  Ronip- 
ishly.  1855  TaifsRIag.  XXII.  220 Calculated  todevelope 
playful  rompishness  into  boldness. 

Rompney,  variant  of  KUMNEY. 

Ro-mpster.     rare  — *.   —  ROMPER. 

1893  Pall  Mall  G.  5  Jan.  3/1  Unfamiliar  to  the  Yuletide 
rompsters  of  England. 

Rompt,  obs.  form  of  RUMP.  Rompth,  obs.  var. 
ROOMTH.  Rompu,  Her. :  see  KOMPEE.  Rompus, 
obs.  f.  RUMPUS. 

Rompy  (r^nnpi),  a.  [f.  ROMP  J£.  +  -Y.]  Char 
acterized  by  romps  or  romping  ;  full  of  frolic. 

1863  READE  Hard  Cash  I.  134  Well,  perhaps  it  is  a  little 
rompy.  1867  F.  H.  LUDLOW  Brace  of  Boys  282  Everybody 
was  permitted  to  be  young  again,  and  romp  with  the 
rompiest.  1877  DIXON  Dianat  Lady  Lyle  II.  vi.  i.  91 
Bessie  is.  .plump,  rompy,  bursting  with  health. 

f  Romsen,  obs.  variant  of  RAMSON. 

1647  HEXHAM  Eng.-Dutch  Diet.  (Herbs),  Romsens,  Kuop 
loockt  ofte  ivilde  Loock. 

Romth.(y,  variants  of  ROOMTU(Y. 

Romulelan,  a.  —  next  (sense  2). 

1866  Chambers s  Encycl.  VIII.  309/1  In  the  Romuleian 
legend.  lbid.t  The  Romuleian  myth. 

Romuliau  (romi«'lian),a.  rare.  Also  7  -ean. 
[ad.  L.  Romuleus,  or  f.  Romuhis  the  founder  of 
Rome  +  -IAN.] 

1 1.  Roman  Catholic.  Obs .-' 

1614  BF.  HALL  No  Peace  with.  Rome  §  3  What  heresie  is 
there  in  all  times  which  that  Romulean  wolfe  and  her 
bawling  clients  are  not  wont  to  cast  vpon  vs? 

2.  Derived  from,  connected  with,  Romulus. 

1842-3  Smith's  Diet.  Grk,  <y  Rom.  Antiq.  604  Six  ancient 
Romulian  years  of  304  days  each.  1886  Encycl.  Brit.  XX. 
676/1  Exposure  or  killing  of  a  child  by  its  father  contrary  to 
the  Romulian  rules. 

t  Ro'inulist.   Obs.  rare.  [f.  Round-its  +  -1ST.] 

1.  A  descendant  of  Romulus  ;  a  Roman. 

1594  KVD  Cornelia  in.  ii.  57  Why  from  Molossus  and  false 
Hanibal  Haue  yee  reseru'd  the  noble  Romulists? 

2.  A  Roman  Catholic. 

1620  lip.  HALL  Hon.  Marr.  Clergy  n.  xvii,  That  sowre 
milke  wherewith  the  shee-wolfe  of  the  Seven  Hills  feeds  the 
faction  of  her  Romulists  and  Rhemists. 

fRO'my,  v.  Obs.  Forms:  4  rumy-,  rumi-, 
romi-,  4-5  romy,  5  romee,  rome.  [Of  obscure 
origin.  The  synonymous  Sc.  form  RUMMIS(H) 
may  indicate  an  OF.  *rumir,  *romiry  with  length 
ened  stem  *rztmiss-.'\  intr.  To  roar,  to  cry. 

a  1300  E.  E.  Ps.  ciii.  22  Lyoun  whelpes  rotniand  Jrat  l>a! 
reue  swa.  11325  Prose  Psalter  xxi.  12  Hij  maden  her 
sautes  vp  me  as  a  lyon  rauissand  and  rumiand.  13. .  E.  E. 
Allit.  P.  B.  1543  He..romyes  as  a  rad  ryth[er]  bat  rorez 
for  drede.  ?«i4oo  Morte  Arth.  1124  Thane  he  romyed 
and  rared,  and  ruydly  he  strykez.  c  1440  Alph.  Tales  300 
pis  lyon  wakend  &  myssyd  his  felow,  &  soght  here  &  per 
rornyand  &  couthe  not  fynde  hit.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur 
v.  iv.  165  He  rored  and  romed  soo  hydously  that  it  were 
merueill  to  here.  [Copying  the  allit.  Morte  Arth.  784.] 

Hence  tRo'mying  vbL  sb.   Obs. 

c  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Const.  4774  Bot  what  pat  romiyng 
sal  signify,  Na  man  may  whit,  bot  God  almyghty.  c  1440 
Alph,  Tales  301  With  a  grete  romying  he  ran  opon  bairn. 

t  Roil !.      Obs.     [Of  obscure  origin. 

The  word  being  app.  southern,  it  is  uncertain  whether  the 
original  form  is  ron  or  rqn  '. — *nin :  the  latter  would  have  a 
parallel  in  Ir.  rann  verse,  poem,  but  any  real  connexion 
between  the  two  is  very  doubtful.  In  Cursor  M.  219  the 
form  ron  prob.  stands  for  rount  rfint  but  riot  ran  (riming 
with  don  done)  in  line  26938  may  belong  here.] 

A  short  poem  or  song,  esp.  a  love-song. 

a  IMS  Leg,  KatJt.  loS  Nalde  ha  nane  ronnes  ne  nane  luue 
runes  leornin  ne  lustnen.  c  1275  Lime  Ron  ?  in  O.  E. 


RONDEAU. 

Misc.  93  A  mayde  Cristes  me  bit  yorne,  ^at  ich  hire  wurche 
a  luue  ron  {rinus  -mon,  con].  1327  in  Rel.  Antiqux  I. 
119  Herkne  to  my  ron  As  ich  ou  telle  con.  c  1370  Clcne 
Maydenhod  (Vern'on  MS.)  2  Of  a  trewe  loue  clene  and 
derne  Ichaue  I-write  >e  A  Ron  [rimes  -mon,  con,  vpponj. 

tBon2.  Ois.-1  [var.  of  Ro  s6.  The  -n  is 
prob.  not  due  merely  to  the  rime-word  don  :  cf. 
RONE  v.  and  mistrun  for  MISTBOW  s&.~\  Rest. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  24163  O[n]  quam  sal  i  nu  cri  and  call,  I 
redles  vte  o  ron  \v.r.  ro]  ? 

t  Bon '•'>.    Sc.     Obs.  rare.     Some  kind  of  fish. 

1525  in  Excerfla  Lit.  Dam.  yas.  F(Bann.  Cl.)  7,  ij  ronis, 
Ixxxilij  merlingis.  Ibid.  8,  j  ron. 

Ron,  obs.  form  of  RONE  sb.\  ROUN,  RUN. 

Ronagate,  obs.  form  of  RUNAGATE. 

II  Roiicador  (rc-rjkadooj).  U.S.  [Sp.,  agent- 
noun  f.  roncar  to  snore,  snort.]  One  or  other  of 
several  sciaenoid  fishes  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  North 
America  (see  quols.). 

i88a  JORDAN  &  GILBERT  Synpp.  Fishes  N.  Amer.  572 
Scizna  j^rtr?w/,..Roncador.  Scixna saturna, .  .Red  Ron- 
cador.  1884  RATHUUN  Nat.  Hist.  Aqnat.  Attiin,  in.  379 
Corvina.  Saturna.  This  fish  is  known  where  found  as  the 
'  Red  Roncador  ' ;  less  commonly  as  the  '  Black  Roncador  ' 
or  'Croaker1.  1888  GOODE  Aitier.  fishes  135  Umbrina 
roncador,  generally  known  as  the  '  Yellow-tailed  '  or  '  Yel- 
low-finned  Roncador'. 

Ronceval,  variant  of  ROUNCIVAL. 
Ronchal,  variant  of  RHONCHAL. 
Bond  (r^nd),  s&.1  Now  dial.  [var.  of  RAND  si.] 
1 1.   =  RAND  si.  2.  Obs. 

1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  x.  148  When  he  ys  rysen  [he]  rome]? 
out,  and  ryght  wel  aspie^  Whar  he  may  rarest  haue  a  repast 
ojjer  a  ronde  of  hacon.  1466  Mann,  ff  hottseh.  Exp. 
(Roxb.)  435  In  ij.  rondes  of  beffe,  vj.d.  1572  J.  JONES 
Buckstones  Bathes  Beticfyte  9  b,  Some  in  forme  of  Cakes,  as 
at  weddings  :  some  Rondes  of  Hogs,as  at  vpsittings.  1623 
Altltorf  HIS.  in  Simpkinson  Washington*  (1869)  App.  46 
For  a  sirloin,  a  rumpe,  a  buttocke,  2  necks,  and  a  rond  of  beef. 

2.  In  East  Anglia,  a  marshy,  reed-covered  strip 
of  land  lying  between  the  natural  river-bank  and 
the  artificial  embankment.  Cf.  RAND  sb.  \. 

1865  [see  REED  sb.1  14],  1878  MILLER  &  SKEKTCHLY  Fen- 
land  i.  8  In  most  parts  of  our  country  the  rivers  have  their 
sloping  shores  and  ronds.  1887  RYE  Norfolk  Broads  94 
You  will  be  run  on  to  the  rond  so  firmly..,  that  you  will  be 
unable  to  get  off  till  the  tide  rises. 

attrib.  l88z  C.  DAVIES  Nor/.  Broads  f,  Rivers  xv.  (1884) 
1 10  The  rond  islands  go  floating  up  and  down  until  they 
find  a  haven  in  some  dyke  or  bay. 

t  Bond,  sb.-  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
A  (dry)  stick  or  rod. 

a  1*25  Ancr.  R.  148  pe  grene  bowes  beo3  al  uordruwede, 
&  forwuroen  to  druie  hwite  rondes.  Ibid.  150  Hwonne  \te 
rinde  is  aweie, .  .adruieS  jje  bowes,  &  iwuroet  hwite  rondes, 
to  none  binge  betere  ben  to  fures  fode. 

t  Bond,  v,  Obs.  rare.  [?  f.  OE.  rpnd  ROND 
sb.,  RAND  sb.~\  trans.  To  cut  or  tear  into  strips. 
(Also  with  to-.") 

a  1225  St.  Marker.  6  Wi3  sweord  scharpe  ant  wi3  eawles 
of  irne  hire  leofliche  lich  rondin  ant  rendin.  a  1225  Leg. 
Kath.  1074  Her..wes  |>is  meidell  iset,  for  to  al  torenden  & 
reowofullrche  torondin. 

Rond,  obs.  form  of  ROUND. 

II  Rondaclie  (rpndse-f,  ||  rondaj).  Also  7 
ro(u)ndass.  [F.  rondacht,  f  rondace  (hence  Du. 
rondas},  (.  rond  ROUND  a.] 

1.  A  small  circular  shield  or  buckler. 

1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  vi.  xxvi.  487 
For  defensive  armes  they  had  little  rondaches  or  targets. 
1623  HEXHAM  Tongue-combat  43  The  Targets  or  Round- 
asses  which  some  of  these  Gens-gallants  did  beare.  1672 
DRYDEN  Assignation  n.  i,  Haunting  her  Street  by  Night, 
with  Guittars,  Dark-Lanthorns,  and  Rondaches. 

1837  LOCKHAKT  Scott  (1839)  VI.  351  This  shield,  .being  a 
round  rondache,  or  highland  target.  1897  Daily  News 
i  Feb.  6/2  A  circular  rondache  of  bright  steel. 

f  2.  trans/.  A  foot-soldier.   Obs. 

1629  S'hertogenbosh  38  We..tooke  in  some  Workes  from 
the  Enemies,  and  brought  into  the  towne  2  Rondasses.  1646 
HOWF.LL  Leviis  XI II,  122  He  offer'd  with  his  rondaches, 
and  by  an  assault  Seaward,  to  carry  the  Town. 

II  Bonde  (r?nd).  Typog.  [a.  F.  ronde,  fem.  of 
rond  ROUND  a.]  A  form  of  type  imitating  hand 
writing.  Also  attrib. 

i838Ti.MpERLEY  Printers'1  Man.  63  Ronde  Type,  in  imita. 
tion  of  secretary,  has  been  very  lately  introduced  to  the 
notice  of  the  profession.  1846  Wood  ff  Skat-woods'  Spec. 
Bk.  Type,  Great  Primer  Ronde.  1888  JACOBI  Printers' 
yocab.  115  Ronde,  a  fancy  character  of  type  somewhat 
similar  to  a  script. 

Ronde,  obs.  form  of  ROUND. 

Rondeal,  obs.  form  of  RONDEL. 

||  Rondeau  (rfndo,  ||  rondo).  Also  6  rund-, 
8  roundeau.  [F.,  later  form  of  rondel :  see  next.] 

1.  A  short  poem,  consisting  of  ten,  or  in  stricter 
sense  of  thirteen,  lines,  having  only  two  rimes 
throughout  and  with  the  opening  words  used 
twice  as  a  refrain.  (See  also  ROUNDO.) 

1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  xxvi.  71  A  boke.-conteyn- 
inge  all  the  songes,  baladdes,  rundeaux,  and  vyrelayes, 
which  the  gentyll  duke  had  made  in  his  tyme. 

1691  DRYDEN  Ajnphitryon  iv.  [heading],  A  rondeau. 
1700  T.  BROWN  tr.  Fresny's  Amusements  132  Their  most 
diversified  Conversations  are  a  sort  of  Roundeaus  that  end 
either  in  Artificial  Slanders,  or  jjrpss  Flattery.  1710  POPE 
Lett.  (1736)  V.  87  This  sort  of  writing  call'd  the  Rciidean  is 
what  I  never  knew  practis'd  in  our  nation.  1837  HALLAM 
Hist.  Lit.  i.  viii.  §  13  They  dealt  much  in  the  rondeau,  a  verj 


RONDEL. 


773 


HOOD. 


popular  species  of  metre  long  afterwards.  1877  Miss 
YONGE  Cameos  III.  vi.  46  She.,  used  to  sit  up  half  the  night 
writing  ballads  and  rondeaux.  1889  A.  LANG  Lett,  'on 
Lit.  ii.  (ed.  z)  25  In  his  first  volume  Mr.  Bridges  offered  a 
few  rondeaux  and  triolets. 
b.  transf.  A  refrain. 

1800  MAR.  EDCEWORTH  Belinda,  (1831)1!.  xxv.  178  This  is 
the  rondeau  of  your  argument. 

2.  Mus    (See  quot.  1841  and  RONDO  i.) 

'773  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Early  Diary  (1889)  I.  186  Hetty. . 
began  z  rondeau  in  the  overture  to  Sacchini's  new  opera. 
1786  Gentl.  Mag.  LVI.  i.  430  Rondeau.  Sung  by  Mr. 
Wekhsell  and  set  by  Mrs.  Hook.  1841  PeimyCycl.  XX.  142/1 
Rondeau  (Fr.)  or  Rondo  (It.),  a  kind  of  air  consisting  of 
two  or  more  strains,  in  which,  after  finishing  the  second 
strain,  the  first  is  repeated,  and  again  after  the  third,  etc., 
always  returning  to  and  concluding  with  the  first. 

Rondel  (rondel).  Also  4  rondeal,  5  -delle, 
6-7  rondell.  [a.  older  F.  rondel  masc.  (later 
rondeau :  see  prec.),  or  rondelle  fern.,  f.  rond 
ROUND  a.  Cf.  ROUNDEL  and  RUNDLE.] 

1.  A   circle ;    a    circular    object.      Now   arch. 
f  Also  spec,  a  round  shield ;  (he  midriff. 

The  precise  sense  in  quot.  1630  is  not  clear. 

c  1290  St.  Michael  452  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  1.312  A  luyte  ron 
del  ase  a  sikel  Men  seoth  bar-on  lijt  1486  l>k.  St.  Albrtns 
e  viij,  In  the  mydref  that  callid  is  the  rondell  also.  1529 
MOKE  Dyaloge  11.  Wks.  188/2  The  ayre  striken  w'  thebreth 
of  the  spiker,  &  equally  rolling  forth  in  rondels  to  the  cares 
of  the  hearers.  1549  Compl.  Scot.  vi.  <p  Mak  reddy  Jour. . 
halbardis,  rondelhs,  tua  fiandit  sourdis  and  tairgis.  1593 
Q.  ELIZ.  Boeth.  113  Hast  thou  not  thus  wrapt  a  rondell  [L. 
orbt-ni\  of  dyvine  sinceritie?  1610  HOLLAND  Camdcn's 
Brit.  i.  654  They  give  a  jirke,  as  if  a  twig  bended  into  a 
rondle  were  sodainly  let  go.  1630  B.  JONSON  New  Inn  I. 
vi,  Chalk,  and  renew  the  rondels,  I  am  now  Resolved  to 
stay.  1871  R.  ELLIS  Catullus  xvii.  26  As  some  mule 
[leaves]  in  a  glutinous  sludge  her  rondel  of  iron, 
t  b.  l:orlif.  A  round  tower.  Ola. 

1686  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  2159/1  The  Dukeof  Lorrain's  Attack 
embraces  three  Rpndelsor  Towers.  1687  B.  RANDOLPH  A  rchi- 
pclago  2  The  maine  castle  is . .  fortified  with  six  very  large 
towers  or  rondells.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  Rondel, 
in  Fortification,  is  a  round  Tower  sometimes  erected  at  the 
Foot  of  the  Bastions.  [Hence  in  later  Diets.] 
t  C.  A  round  or  rung  of  a  ladder.  Obs. 

1723  Briton  No.  6  And  make  their  Vices  the  only  Rondels 
whereby  they  mount  the  Ladder  of  tovv'ring  Preferment. 

2.  A  rondeau,  or  a  special  form  of  this. 

1390  GOWEK  Conf.  I.  133  He  can  carolles  make,  Rondea!, 
balade  and  vh  elai.  a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  i,  Y  made  for 
lier  loue  songges,  balades,  rondelles,  virallayes,  and  diuerse 
nwe  thinges.  1604  E.  G[KIMSTONE]  D'Acasta's  Hist.  Indies 
vi.  xxviil.  492  They  haue  likewise  put  our  compositions  of 
musicke  into  their  language,  as  Octaves,  Songs,  and  Ron- 
dells.  1811  BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.  (ed.  3)  s.v.  Roundelay,  Some 
writers  speak  of  the  Roundelay,  or  Rondel,  as  a  kind  of  air 
appropriated  to  dancing.  1887  GLEESON  WHITE  Ball.  <fr 
Rondeau  Introd.  p.  Iviii,  In  its  origin  the  rondel  was  a  lyric 
of  two  verses.. .With  Charles  d'Orleans  the  rondel  took  the 
distinct  shape . .  of  fourteen  lines  on  two  rhymes.  Ibid.,  Nor 
are  these  rondel-triolets  exceptions ;  they  are  quite  common 
till  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

Rondelai  :  see  ROUNDELAY. 

tRo'ndelet.  Obs.  rare.  Also  roudlette. 
[a.  F.  rondelet,  dim.  of  rondel  RONDEL  2.]  A  short 
rondeau.  (Cf.  ROUNDLET.) 

1575  GASCOICNE  Notes  Instruction  Wks.  U  j  b,  Then  haue 
you  also  a  rondlette,  the  which  doth  alwayes  end  with  one 
self  same  foote  or  rcpeticion,  and  was  thereof  (in  my  iudge- 
}nent)  called  a  rondelet. 

Rondelet,  obs.  variant  of  RUNLET  1. 

II  Rondeletia  (rfndelrpa).  Also  -olecia. 
[mod.L.,  after  the  French  naturalist  Rondelet 
(1507-66).] 

1.  A  tropical  American  genus  of  Cinchonacex ; 
a  plant  or  shrub  of  this  genus. 

1771  Encycl.  Brit.  III.  s.v.  1819  Pantologia  X.  s.v.,  The 
species  chiefly  cultivated  is.. American  rondeletia,  with  a 
woody  stalk  ten  or  twelve  feet  high  ;.. flowers  sessile,  white. 
1882  Garden  8  Apr.  242/2  RondeTetias.  .may  now  be  struck 
from  cuttings  made  of  the  young  shoots. 

2.  A  perfume  resembling  that  which  is  charac 
teristic  of  this  genus  of  plants. 

1840  HOOK  Fitzherbert  I.  vii.  77  His  yellow  silk  pocket, 
handkerchief  scented  ..  with  a  vile  mixture  of  musk  and 
bergamot,  yclept  rondolecia.  1866  Treas.  Bat.  980/1  The 
peifume  sold  as  Rondeletia  takes  its  name  from  this  plant, 
but  is  not  prepared  from  any  part  of  it. 

Rondell,  obs.  form  of  RONDEL,  RUNDLE. 
II  Rondelle  (rpndc-1).     [F.,  f.  rond  ROUND  a, 
Cf.  RONDEL.]     A  round  ;  a  circular  piece. 

In  quot.  1839  'he  process  described  is  a  French  one. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  328  The  thick  cake  of  congealed 
metal  (rondelle)  is  lifted  off  with  tongs.  Ibid.,  These  rand- 
elies  are  immediately  immersed  in  cold  water.  1879  G. 
PKESCOTT  Sf.  Telephone  288  A  rondelle  of  firwood  is  fixed 
normally  to  the  tube  by  its  centre. 

Rondelle,  obs.  form  of  RONDEL. 

Ro-udelled,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  RONDEL  I  b.]  Fur 
nished  with  small  towers. 

1858  H.  MAYHEW  Upper  Rhine  (1860)  342  A  belvidere 
built.. at  the  cost  of  Herr  Hofrath  von  Seyfried,  whose 
rondelled  residence  is  seen  close  by. 

Rondle,  variant  of  RONDELLE. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1970/1  Rondle  (Metal-working), 
.  .the  crust  or  scale  which  forms  upon  the  surface  of  molten 
metal  in  cooling,  and  which  is  removed . .  as  it  congeals. 

Rondlet,  obs.  f.  RUNLET.  Rondlette,  var. 
RONDELET  Obi.  Rondnesse,  obs.  f.  ROUNDNESS. 


II  Rondo  (rf>'nda).     [It.  rondo,  a.  F.  rondeau.] 

1.  Mus.  '  A  piece   of   music   having   one   prin 
cipal  subject,  to  which  a  return  is  always  made 
after  the  introduction  of  other  matter    (Grove). 

1797  Monthly  Mag.  HI.  227  A  cantabile  movement..,  the 
subject  of  which  is  highly  graceful ',  and  is  succeeded  by  a 
very  pleasing  rondo.  1811  BUSBV  Diet.  Music  (ed.  3)  s.v., 
The  Rondo.. takes  its  name  from  the  circumstance  of  the 
melody  going  round,  after  both  the  second  and  third  strain, 
to  the  first  strain,  with  which  it  finally  closes.  In  the  vocal 
Rondo  considerable  discernment  is  requisite  in  the  choice  of 
proper  words.  1861  Sat.  AVe-.  14  Dec.  6ioThe  King.. thus 
cuts  the  Gordian  knot,  and  brings  down  the  curtain  upon  a 
rapturous  rondo  from  the  prbna  donna.  1887  H.  C.  BAN 
ISTER  Mus.  Anal.  ix.  218  When.. there  is  more  than  one 
Episode,  and  therefore  at  least  two  returns  to  the  Subject, 
the  Episodical  Movement  is  termed  a  Rondo. 

flttnb,  1874  OL'SELEY  Mus.  Form  46  A  tabular  view  of  the 
Rondo  Form. .will  sufficiently  explain  its  structure.  1899 
Atlantic  JlfowM/rLXXXIII.  753/2  The  white  distrusts  the 
Indian, ..the  Greaser  hates  the  white;  there  is  a  perfect 
rondo  movement  of  dislike  and  antagonism. 

2.  A  game  of  chance  played  with  balls  on   a 
table.     In  quot.  aitrib. 

1859  J-  w  PALMER  A'«o  A1-  Old  229  (Cent.),  With  card  and 
dice,  roulette  wheels  and  rondo  balls,  he  fooled  himself  to 
the  top  of  his  bent. 

Rondure  (r()-ndiu.i).  [ad.  F.  rondeur.]  A  circle 
or  round  object ;  roundness.  Cf.  ROUNDUKE. 

c  i6ooSHAKS..y<?tt«.  xxi,  All  things  rare,  That  heauensayre 
in  this  huge  rondure  hems. 

1868  BROWNING  Ring  <y  Bk.  I.  27  The  rondure  brave,  the 
lilied  loveliness.  1874  SYMONDS  S&.  Italy  f,  Greece  (1898)  I. 
xi.  213  Cherubs  clustered  in  the  rondure  of  rose-windows. 

Rone  (r^un),  sb,^  Now  dial.  Also  5-6  (9) 
ron,  6  pi.  ronnis,  -ys,  9  roan.  [A  northern 
word  and  prob.  of  Scand.  origin,  being  phonetic 
ally  equivalent  to  mod.Norw.  dial,  rune,  var.  of 
runne,  rtain,  ON.  runnr  (mod.Icel.  runnur  and 
runni),  in  the  same  sense.  The  form  raties  in 
the  alliterative  Morte  Arth.  923  is  no  doubt  an 
error.]  A  brake  or  thicket ;  thick  bush  or  under 
growth.  Also  attrib.,  as  rone-root. 

13. .  Gaw.  A>  Gr.  Knt.  1466  He  rechated,  £  rode  bur^  ronez 
ful  hyk.  a  1400  distill  of  Susan  72  pe  rose  ragged  on  rys, 
richest  on  Rone.  (1470  HENRY  Wallace  v.  357  The  rone 
wes  thik  that  Wallace  slepyt  in.  1513  DOUGLAS  SEncis  vn. 
Prol.  69  Smal  byrdis,  flokand  throw  thik  ronnis  thrang.  1535 
STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  I.  359  With  inos  and  mure  and  inony 
wodis  wyld,  And  ron  and  roche.  a  1585  MONTGOMKRIE 
Fly  ting  288  The  Weird  Sisters..  Saw  reavens  rugand  at 
that  ratton  be  a  ron  ruit. 

1820  Blcickiv.  Mag.  Nov.  145  The  foot-path,  .conducting 
us  through  a  roan  of  stunted  oak  and  hazel.  1824  iUAC- 
TAGGAKT  Gallovid.  Encycl.  s.v.  Rosscns,  The  hounds  could 
not  uncover  him,  so  the  ron  was  set  in  flames  about  his  lu.^s. 
1846  BROCKETT  N.  C.  Gloss.,  Rone,  properly  a  thick  planta 
tion  of  bushes ;  but  in  the  North  usually  applied  to  a  thick 
cover  of  whins,  which  is  called  'a  rone  of  whins'.  1880 
Antrim  <$•  Down  Gloss.  83  '  Hazely  roans,'  hazel  brakes. 
'  Brackeny  roans,'  fern  brakes. 

t  Roue,  sb.*  Also  5  roone.  Perh.  early  forms 
of  roan  ROWAN  (the  berry). 

a  1440  Sir  Eglam.  612,  Yschalle  geve  the  a  nobylle  stede, 
Also  redd  as  ony  roone  [rimes  stone,  slon,  upon].  13..  in 
Pinkerton  Anc.  Sc.  Poems  (1786)  192  My  ruble  cheiks,  wes 
reid  as  rone,  Ar  leyn.  a  1586  MONTGOMERIE  Misc.  Poems 
xli.  12  Quhair  lilies  lyk  lou  is,  Als  rid  as  the  rone  [rime  gone]. 

Rone,  sb$  Sc.  rare.  Also  7  ronn.  [Of 
obscure  origin.]  A  strip  or  patch  of  ice  formed 
on  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Hence  Ro-iiy  a. 
(see  quot.  1 6  39). 

'535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  1050  5e  ar  the  lamps  that  sould 
schaw  them  the  licht  To  leid  them  on  this  sliddrie  rone  of 

¥:e.    1639  SIR  R.  GORDON  Hist.  Earls  Sutherl.  (1813)  208 
his  wes  called  the  Ronie  rode,  becaus  it  hapned  in  the 
wunter  season,  when  as  the  ground  wes  full  of  ronns,  or 
sheckles  of  yce.     1851  W.  ANDERSON  Rhymes,  etc.  (1867)  12 
He  slippit  his  foot  on  a  rone  i'  the  brae. 

Rone  (roun),  sb.l  Sc.  Also  ronn,  rhoue,  roan. 
[Of  obscure  origin.]  A  pipe  or  gutter  leading 
down  from,  or  fixed  under,  the  eaves  of  a  roof  to 
carry  off  the  rain-water. 

a.  1808  JAMIESON,  Rone,  the  spout  affixed  to  the  side  of  a 
house,  for  carrying  down  the   rain-water   from    the  roof. 
1822  GALT  Provost  xxvii,  There  being  then  no  ronns  to    ! 
the  houses, ..the  rain  came  gushing  in  a  spout.    1859  M.    j 
FINDLATER  Betty  Musgrave  in  The  drip  from  a  broken    i 
rone  falling  into  the   hollowed    doorstone.    1876  W.  P. 
BUCHAN  Plumbing  i.  3  Simple  half-circle  iron  rhones— i.  e.,    I 
half-round  eaves  gutters  made  of  cast  iron, 

0.  1821  GALT  Ann.  Parish  xxxiii,  Getting.. the  window  ' 
cheeks  painted,  with  roans  put  up.  1831  J.  WILSON  Nodes  ' 
Amb.  Wks.  1856  III.  152  You  couldna  hae  been  waiter  had  ! 
you  stood,  .under  a  roan.  Say  spout,  James,  roan  is  vulgar  I 
—it  is  Scotch.  1893  CROCKETT  Slickit  Minister  175  Climb-  : 
ing  up  a  convenient  roan  or  water  pipe. 

t  Rone,  v.    Obs.  rare.   [var.  of  Ro  v.,  the  »   i 
of  the  inf.  being  taken  as  part  of  the  stem.     Cf.    j 
mistrun  for  MISTROW  v.,  and  see  RON  2.]     trans. 
To  recreate  ;  to  comfort  or  console. 

In  the  E.  E.  Psalter  rendering  L.  consolari. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  3351  Ysaac  him  yode  to  rone  [v.r.  ro], 
Thoght  on  thing  he  had  to  done.      a.  1300  E.  E.  Psalter    i 
Ixxvi.  3,  [I]  Forsoke  mi  saule  roned  to  be.    Itid.  cxvii.  76 
Be  bl  rnerci  bat  ite  rone  me. 

Hence  t  Eo'ning  vbl.  sb.  Obs. 

(11300  E.  E.  Psalter  xxii.  5  Mikel  ronynge  bai  me  do. 
Ibid,  xciii.  19  pine  roninges  fained  mi  saule  in  querte. 

Rone,  obs.  f.  ROAN  ;  obs.  pa.  t.  RAIN  v.  Rong,  j 
obs.  f.  RANK  a.,  RUNG  sb. ;  obs.  pa.  t.  REIGN  v., 


RING  v.  Ronge,  variant  of  ROU.NGE  v.  Obs. 
Rongue,  obs.  f.  RUNG  sb.  Ronk(e,  obs.  ff. 
RANK  a.  Roruk-,  var.  RANK  z/.i  Obs.  Ronlet, 
obs.  f.  RUNLET.  Ronne,  obs.  f.  RUN  v.  (and 
pa.  pple~).  Ronneagate,  obs.  i.  RUNAGATE. 

t  Ronnelles,  obs.  var.  RENDLES,  rennet. 

1530  PALSGR.  177  Maisgue,  the  ronnelles  iuche  as  chese  is 
made  with. 

Ronnen,  obs.  pa.  pple.  of  RUN  v.  Ronner, 
obs.  f.  RUNNER.  Ronnet,  Sc.  var.  RUSNET  st>.1 
Ronning,  obs.  f.  RUNNING.  Ronnogate,  obs. 
f.  RUNAGATE.  Ronnon,  -yn,  obs.  inf.  RUN  v. 
Ronnyng,  obs.  f.  RUNNING.  Ronnysh,  var.  of 

RUNISII  <Z.a 

Ronqnil  (rp-rjkil).  U.S.  [ad.  Sp.  romjuillo 
slightly  hoarse,  f.  ronco  hoarse.]  One  or  other  of 
a  group  of  fishes  found  in  the  North  Pacific. 

1882  JORDAN  &  GILHKRT  Synof>.  Fishes  N.  Amer.  6iq 
Icosicitfa  (The  Ronquils).  Ibid,  623  B\atKymaster\ 
signattis,.  .Ronquil. 

Ronsake,  obs.  form  of  RANSACK  v. 

Roiisa  rclian.  rare  -'.  [f.  Pierre  de  Konsard 
(1524-1585),  the  French  poet.]  =next. 

1697  DRYDEN  Ded,  sEncid'E.ss.  (ed.  Ker)  II.  206  To  this 
the  Ronsardians  reply, ..what  remained  for  him,  but,  with 
out  delay,  to  pursue  his  first  adventure? 

Ro'nsardist.  [See  prec.  and  -1ST.]  A  fol 
lower  of  Ronsard ;  a  poet  who  writes  in  the  style 
of  Ronsard. 

1879  Encycl.  Brit.  IX.  651/1  He  wrot'e  sonnets  and  odes 
as  became  a  Ronsardist.  1894  GOSSE  Jaccbean  Poets  g 
Barnaby  Barnes,  that  isolated  Ronsavdist  among  our 
London  poets,  published  no  lyrics  after  1595. 

So  Ro'nsardizing*  fpl.  a. 

1879  Encycl.  Brit.  IX.  651/1  pesportes..and  Bertaul.. 
continue  the  Ronsardizing  tradition. 

Ronsee,  -si,  varr.  ROUNCY  Obs.  Ronsoune, 
obs.  f.  RANSOM.  Ront(e,  obs.  ff.  RUNT. 

Rbntgen  (ro-nt-yjen),  the  name  of  a  German 
scientist  (Prof.  Conrad  W.  Rontgen),  used  attrib. 
in  Kotitgen  rays  (see  RAY  sb.^  I  and  quots.), 
photograph. 

1896  THOMSON  in  Proc.  Royal  Sac.  LIX.  274  The  Rfmtgen 
rays,  when  they  fall  upon  electrified  bodies,  rapidly  dis 
charge  the  electrification.  1896  —  in  Nature  27  Feb.  ^91 
The  methods  of  producing  Rontgen  photographs.  1896 
M'Clure's  Mag:  Apr.  405  The  Rontgen  rays  are  certain 
invisible  rays  resembling,  in  many  respects,  rays  of  light, 
which  are  set  free  when  a  high  pressure  electric  current  is 
discharged  through  a  vacuum  tube. 

Hence  Bo'ntgenism  ;  So'utgenize  v. 

1899  Proc.  Royal  Soc.  LXV.  120  The  analogy  between 
the  conductivity  of  salt  vapours  and  that  of  Runtgenised 
gases.  1900  Dimglisotfs  Med.  Diet.  App.,  Rocntgenism, 
morbid  condition  induced  by  X-rays. 

Rony  a. :  see  RONE  sbj  Ronyon :  see  RUN- 
NION.  Ronyous,  variant  of  ROINOUS  a.  Obs. 

tRoO,i*.  Obs.—1  [ad.  OF.  ntf(mod.F. roue'}:— 
L.  rota.  Cf.  Row  sbZ]  A  wheel. 

?<!  1400  Morte  Arth.  3374,  I  salle  redily  rolle  |ie  roo  at  be 
gayneste.  [Cf.  3388  Abowte  scho  whirles  the  whele.] 

Roo,  var.  Ro,  rest;  obs.  f.  ROE,  Row. 

ROO  (rz<),  v,  Orkn.  and  Shetl.  dial.  Forms  :  7-8 
row,  8-9  rue,  9-  roo.  [Of  Scand.  origin,  corre 
sponding  to  Norw.  dial,  rua,  Icel.  ryja  (pa.  t. 
rilSi,  pa.  pple.  riiinu').']  trans.  To  strip  (sheep) 
of  wool  by  hand ;  to  pluck  (wool)  in  this  manner. 

1612  [see  nil.  sb.  below],  1615  Acts  Lawting  Shertf 
Orkney  (Maitland  Cl.)  175  It  is  statut  and  ordanit  that  it 
sail  nocht  be  lesum  to  no  maner  of  persone  nor  persones 
to  rowing  [sic]  ony  scheip  unto  the  tyme  they  be  law- 
fullie  warnit.  1629  Ibid.  205  That  nane  tak  . .  nor  row 
sheip  on  Sonday.  a  1733  Shetland  Acts  8  in  Proc.  Soe. 
Ant.Scotl.  XXVI.  (1892)  198  That  none  mark  lambs  or 
row  sheep.. but  at  the  sight  of  sufficient  witnesses.  1809 
A.  EDMONSTON  Zetland  II.  211  About  the  middle  of  May, 
when  the  fleece  begins  to  loosen  spontaneously,  it  is  pulled 
off  with  the  hand  ;  this  operation  is  called  rooing  the  sheep. 
1856  ELIZA  EDMONDSTONE  Sk.  <y  Tales  Shetland  xiv.  175 
The  wool  is  never  shorn,  but  rooed,  that  is,  pulled  with  the 
fingers  from  the  creature's  back,  lock  by  lock. 

Hence  Hoo'iug  vbl.  sb.     Also  attrib. 

1612  Acts  Laivtiiig  Sheriff  Orkney  (Maitland  CI.)  160 
Act  for  Thift,  Rowing  and  pulling  of  Scheip.  1807  J.  HALL 
in  Bulwark  (1905)  June  140/2  Nor  does  this  operation,  here 
called  '  rooing  ',  seem  to  give  the  animal  the  smallest  pain, 
if  performed  at  the  proper  season.  1822  HIOBERT  Descr. 
Shetl.  Isl.  430  At  the  same  time  the  general  rneing  begins. 
1883  R.  M.  IERGUSSON  Rambles  xvi.  104  It  is  the  rooing 
day,  when  sheep  are  shorn. 

Roob,  obs.  form  of  ROBE. 

Rood  (r«d),  si.  Forms  :  a.  1-6  rod,  3-6  rode 
(6  roide,  rodde),  4-7  roode,  5  roed,  rowd, 
6  roud,  6-  rood.  0.  Sc. 5  rwd,  5-6 rud,  5 -rude, 
6-  ruid  (9  reed).  [OE.  r6d  fern.  (obi.  cases  ride, 
pi.  roda},  corresponding  in  sense  I  to  OFris.  rSde, 
OS.  ruoJa,  Olcel.  rdda  (also  ridi  masc.) ;  the 
latter  is  prob.  from  OE.  In  the  sense  of  twig  or 
ROD  (also  measuring-rod,  measure  of  land),  the 
cognate  forms  appear  as  Fris.  roede  (roe),  MDu. 
ro(o]de,  roede,  ruede  (Du.  roede),  OS.  ruoifa 
(MLG.  rode,  rodhe,  LG.  rode,  rSe\  OHG.  rouda, 
ruada,  ruota  (MHG.  mote,  rute,  G.  ruthe,  rule). 
In  OE.  the  original  application  of  this  sense 


ROOD. 

appears  only  in  the  compound  seglrod  sail-yard, 
which  corresponds  to  OliG.  segalrodaJ\ 

I.  f  1.  A  cross,  as  an  instrument  of  execution  ; 
=  CROSS  sb.  i.  Obs. 

a  900  Q.E.  Martyrol.  30  Nov.,  On  Patria  paere  ceastre  he 
waes  ahangen  on  rode.  971  Blickling  Horn.  191  Forbon  be 
he  me  of  eorban  to  heofenum  labap,  py  sceal  min  rod  on- 
wended  beoa.  c  1000  ^ELFRIC  Gen.  xl.  19  ^Efter  pam  haet 
Pharao  be  ahon  on  rode  [  =  22  on  gealjan].  a  1154  0. 1',. 
Ckron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1137,  J>e  ludeus  of  Nonmic  bohton 
an  cristen  cild..,  &.  .him  on  rode  hengen.  a  1325  Ancr. 
R.  122  Seint  Andreu  muhte  i^olien  het  te  herde  rode,  hef 
him  touward  heouene.  c  1290  Holy  Rood  75  in  S.  Eng.  Leg. 
I.  3  Huy  founden  roden  breo  :.  .pe  rode  bat  god  was  on  ido, 
and  bat  be  tweie  beoues  weren  on  an-honge.  13..  E.  E. 
Allit.  P.  C.  96  pa?  I  be  nummen  in  Niniue  &  naked  dis- 
poyled,  On  rode  rwly  to-rent. 

2.  The  cross  upon  which  Christ  suffered;  the 
cross  as  the  symbol  of  the  Christian  faith.  Now 
only  arch. 

a  900  O.  E.  Martyrol.  25  Mar.,  Seo  Cristes  rod  on  baere  lie 
WEES  ahongen.  ^950  l.indisf.  Gosp.  John  xix.  25  Sestodun 
.  .aet  Saer  rode  haelendesmoder.  .&  suoester,  c  1000  ^Ei.FRic 
Saints1  Lives  vi.  74  Mid  hali^-domeof  ^ses  haelendes  rode. 
c  1205  LAV.  11165  Pa  rode,  be  Crist  ure  lauerd  alisden  on  bes  \ 
middelxrd.  c  1290  Holy  Rood  24  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  i  He 
seide  me.. to  burie  |>e  rode  op-on  Caluarie  hulle.  ("1350 
Will.  Palerne  1669  IJi  pat  blisful  barn  bat  bou^t  us  on  be 
rode.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  427  J?e  foure  Irene 
nayles  bat  Crist  was  i- nay  led  with  to  he  rode.  1430-40 
LYDG.  Bochas  \.  i.  (1514)  3  You  for  to  sane  He  starf  upon 
the  roode.  c  1530  Hickscormr  12  Whan  she  sawe  her  sone  on 
the  rode,  The  swerde  of  sorowe  gave  that  lady  a  wounde. 
a  1600  MONTCOMBRIB  Devot.  Poems  iii.  41  When  he  wes 
rent  vpon  the  rude,  He  boght  belevers  with  his  blude.  1609 
J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Holy  Roode  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  22/2  We 
must  endure  the  Racke,  as  he  the  Rood. 

1801  WORDS w.  Cuckoo  fy  Nig/it.x'ix,  God,.. that  died  upon 
the  rood,  From  thee  and  thy  base  throat,  keep  all  that's 
good.  1868  MORRIS  Earthly  Par.  (1870)  I.  i.  336  Good 
hope  I  have  Of  help  from  Him  that  died  upon  the  rood. 

fig.  ^950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt.  xvi.  24  £if  hua  wll  setter 
meh  ge-cyme..£enimina  roda  Tel  unha;Io  his  &  ^efyl^eS 
me.  c  1175  Lamb.  Horn.  147  He  mune^eS  us  an  ooer  rode 
to  berene,  pet  is  inemned..fieises  lensing.  6*1200  ORMIN 
5609  He  take  hiss  rode,  &  bere  itt  rihht  &  follghe  swa  min 
biMie.  a  1225  A  ncr.  R.  60  J>u  schalt  acorien  pe  rode,  pet  is, 
acorien  his  sunne. 

•f-b.  Used  without  article,  esp.  on  rood.   Obs. 

c  825  Vesp.  Hymns  xiii.  16  Me^en  5orh  rode  deaSes  for- 
dresK-nde.  0900  O.  E.  Martyrol.  25  Mar.,  ^Efter  pry  in 
monSum  wars  Crist  ahangen  on  rode.  £950  Lindisf.  Gosf>. 
Matt,  xxvii.  42  5if  [he]  cynig  israhela  is,  asti^e  nu  of  rode. 
a  1225  St.  Marker,  i  Efter  ure  lauerd  es  pine,  ant  his 
passiun,  ant  his  deS  on  rode.  (1250  Gen.  «y  Ex.  386  Ne 
.sulen  it  neuere  ben  un-don,  Til  ihesus  be'5  on  Rode  don. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  10393  ^esu  crist  was  tan  And  don  on  rode 
for  our  wite.  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  705  He  on  rode  pat 
blody  dyed.  1423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q.  cxxxix,  lie  him  that 
starf  on  rude,  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  ix.  151  '  Mercy,'  he 
said, '  for  him  that  deit  on  rud '.  1500-20  DUSBAR  Poems  ix. 
103  Thow,  quhois  blude  on  rude  ran  for  my  deid.  1567 
Gnde  $  Godlie  Ball.  (S.  T.  S.)  131  On  Rude,  thow  sched 
thy  blude. 

1823  ROSCOE  tr.  SismondCs  Lit.  Europe^*,®)  II.  139  The 
curse  of  God  who  died  on  rood,  was  on  that  sinner's  head. 
fo.  In  adjurations, /<3r  the  rood!  etc.   Obs. 

c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  1766  For  cristes  rode  !  What  haue  y  don 
wou}?  13. .  Sir  Beues  461  '  IJeues  !'  a  seide,  '  for  pe  rode, 
What  dostow  her?'  c  1420  Sir  Atnadace  (Camden)  xiii, 
For  the  rode,  On  quat  maner  spendutte  he  his  gud,  That 
thusgate  is  a-way?  c  1470  Golagros  fy  Gaiu,  124  Schir 
Gawyne,  graith  ye  that  gait,  for  the  gude  rude  ! 

d.   In  asseverations,  by  the  rood!  etc.     Now 
only  arch. 

13..  Sir  Bates  968  '  Blebelich,'  a  seide,  'be  pe  rod!' 
1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  iv.  134  'And  3et,'  quod  resoun,  (  bi 
pe  Rode  I  shal  no  reuthe  haue  '.  c  1412  HOCCLKVE  De  Reg. 
Princ.  1459  Now,  by  the  roode,  fader,  sothe  sey  ye.  £1450 
HOLLAND  Howlat  94  Be  the  rud,  I  am  richt  rad  For  to 
behald  }our  halyness.  1519  Interl.  Four  Elein.  in  Hazl. 


(by 

roode).  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  in.  iv.  14  Qu.  Haue  you  forgot 
me?  Ham.  No  by  the  Rood,  not  so. 

1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  i.  xxii,  Now,  by  the  rood, . .  Your 
courtesy  has  err'd.  1859  TENNYSON  Vivien  374  Yea,  by 
God's  rood,  I  trusted  you  too  much.  1896  A.  AUSTIN 
England* s  Darling  \.  i,  By  the  rood  !  they  are  wise  enough. 

3.  A  crucifix,  esp.  one  stationed  above  the  middle 
of  a  rood-screen  ;  also  rarely ',  a  figure  of  the  cross 
in  wood  or  metal,  as  a  religious  object. 

The  roods  at  certain  places  are  frequently  mentioned  as 
special  objects  of  pilgrimage  or  worship.  In  some  cases  rood 
denotes  especially  the  image  of  Christ  as  distinct  from  the 
cross  itself. 

(1072  in  Earle  Land  Charters  250  He  haefo"  |>ider  ynn 
gedon..ii  mycele  ^ebonede  roda  butan  oSrum  litlum  silf- 
renum  swur-rodum.  a  1122  O,  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an. 
1083,  On  baere  rode  pe  stod  bufon  pam  weofode.  Ibid.  an. 
1102,  peofas.-breokan  pa  mynstre  of  Burh,  &  paer  inne 
naman .  .roden  &  calicen  &  candel-sticcan.  c  1205  LAY.  22101 
pe  king  nom  ane  rode  [£1275  an  halidomj.  1297  R.  GLOUC. 
Chron.  (Rolls)  6594  He  wende  him  uor£  to  chirche  &  bi- 
uore  pe  rode  com.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  v.  145,  I  swere.. 
pat  sunne  wol  I  lete, . .  Andbiddepe  RodeofBromhoImbringe 
me  out  of  dette.  Ibid.  vn.  93,  I  bar  horn  J»at  I  borwede, 
.  .by  pe  Rode  of  Chestre  \  c  1449  PECOCK  AV/r.  n.  ix.  194 
[To  go]  to  the  rode  of  the  north  dore  at  London  rather  than 
to  ech  other  roode.  1496-7  Rec.  St.  Mary  at  Hill(\go$) 
324  Item,  to  the  karvare  ..for  mendyng  the  Roode,  the 
Crosse,  pe  Mary  &  lohn.  1503  Ptumpton  Corr.  (Camden)  179 
That  wold  be  the  most  joyfulltydings  unto  me.  .,asknoweth 
the  blessed  Rode  of  Rodeborne,  who  save  you  in  His  blessed 
keepinge.  1584  FKNNEB  Def.  Minister*  (1587)  106  All 


774 

Roodes,  all  Images  of  Saintes..,  should. .be  defaced.  1594 
LYLV  Mother  Bombie  v.  iii,  Get  you  gone,  or  I  swenre  by 
the  modes  bodie  lie  lay  you  by  the  heeles.  1625  PAGITT 
Christianogr.  (1635)  22  Vouchsafe  to  blesse  this  Rood  of  the 
Crosse,  that  [etc.].  1702  POPE  Wife  of  Bath  245  He.. now 
lies  buried  underneath  a  Rood,  Fair  to  be  seen,  and  rear'd 
of  honest  wood.  1778  Eng.  Gazetteer  (ed.  2)  s.v.  Wheat- 
hamstead,  Here  are  the  remains  of  the  popish  image  called 
the  Rood,  which  is  turned  into  the  clerk's  desk.  1812  BRADY 
Clavis  Cal.  II.  154  One  of  the  most  famous  of  these  Cruci 
fixes  was  found  at  Boxley  Abbey  in  Kent,  styled  the  Rood 
of  Grace.  1853  RUSKIN  Stones  Ven.  II.  iv.  70  The  great 
rood  that  crosses  the  church  before  the  altar,  raised  in  bright 
blazonry  against  the  shadow  of  the  apse.  1873  W.  H.  DIXON 
Two  Queens  III.  xvi.  v\.  243  Praying  and  going  on  a 
pilgrimage  to  shrine  and  rood. 

b.  A  figure  or  representation  of  the  cross. 
1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B,  xv.  506  Bothe  riche  and  religious 
bat  Rode  bei  honoure,  pat  in  grotes  is  ygraue  and  in  golde 
nobles. 

4.  ellipt.  Holy  Rood  day.    Sc. 

1814  J.  TRAIN  Mountain  Muse  30  [She  told]  How  he,  by 
lore  obtained  at   School,  Each  month  could  count  from 
Rood  to  Yule. 

5.  Holy  Rood  :  a.  =  sense  2.     Now  arch. 

it  i  too  Leg.  Rood  3  paere  hal^an  rode  jemetnes.  cuoo 
O.  E,  Chron.  (MS.  F)  an.  200,  On  pysum  £eare  was  ^efunden 
seo  halige  rod.  t;izoo  Vices  fy  Virtues  33  Ac  3in  lauerd 
lies  ofearnede  on  Sare  hali  rode.  1:1290  Holy  Rood  i  in 
.S'.  Eng,  Leg.  I.  i  pe  holie  rode  i-founde  was,  ase  ich  eov 
noube  may  telle.  c  1300  Havelok  431  Haue  he  be  malisun 
..of  be  leue  holi  rode,  a  1515  fnterlud of  Droichis  173  in 
Dnnbars  Poems  (1897)  320  God  bliss  thame,  and  the  Haly 
Rude.  1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  in,  ii.  78  But  by  the  holy 
Rood,  I  doe  not  like  these  seuerall  Councels,  I.  1648 
HERRICK  Hesper.,  Old  Wives  Prayer^  Holy-Rood  come 
forth  and  shield  Us  i'  th'  citie,  and  the  field. 

1798  COLERIDGE  Ane,  Mar.  vi.  xx,  And,  by  the  holy  rood  ! 
A  man  all  light,  a  seraph-man,  On  every  corse  there  stood. 
1839  LONGF.  Celestial  Pilot,  Then  made  he  sign  of  holy 
rooil  upon  them.  1842  TENNYSON  Day-dream^  Revival  iii, 
By  holy  rood,  a  royal  beard  ! 
b.  =  sense  3.  Now  arch. 

a  1122  O.  E,  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1070,  Hi..geodon  into 
he  mynstre,  clumben  upp  to  \>e  halje  rode.  1583  FULKE 
Def.  Tr.  Script,  iii.  (1843)  187  Catholic  Christians  that  rever 
ently  kneel  m  prayer  before  the  cross,  the  holy  rood,  the 
images  of  our  Saviour  Christ  and  his  saints. 

1815  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  ir.  xxiii,  The  Abbot  on  the  thresh 
old  stood,  And  in  his  hand  the  holy  rood,    1865  KINGSLEY 
Hereiv.  ii[i],  Under  the  altar  behind  the  boly  rood.     1899 
E.  J.  CHAPMAN  Drama  of  Two  Lives  48  The  Holy  Rood 
With  its  crown'd  Christ. 

T  c.   =  sense  4.    Obs.  rare. 

c  1400  Master  of  Game  W$>.  Digby  182)1!,  Aboute  pe  tyme 
of  holy  rode  inSeptembre.  1573  P.  MORE  A  fat.  fyPrognost. 
A  viij  b,  At  holy  Roode,  and  Gregorie,the  nyght  and  day  is 
equal. 

d.  attrib.  (See  also  ROOD  DAY.) 

1023  in  Kemble  Cod.  Dipl.  IV.  25  Ic  ^Elfric..Sas  ilke 

t .. .:ii,  rj   * i   i__t i_  »  c .    • 


kinges  godne  wille  mid  Sam  hale^an  rode  tacne  jefjestni. 
a  1225  Leg.  Kath.  193  [She]  wrat  on  hire  breoste..J>e  hati 
rode  taken,  c  1400  Brut  292  In  whiche  jere,  on  Holy  Roed 


$eue,  deide  Sere  lohn  of  Eltham. 

6.  attrib.  and  Combn  as  rood-altar,  Sc,  an  altar 
of  the  Holy  Rood;  rood-arch  (see  quot.  1850); 
rood-beam,  a  transverse  beam  supporting  the 
rood,  usually  forming  the  head  of  a  rood-screen ; 
f  rood-board,  Sc.  an  offertory-box  in  which 
collections  for  the  rood  were  taken ;  rood-cloth, 
a  cloth  used  to  cover  the  crucifix  over  the  rood- 
screen  during  Lent;  -f Rood-even,  the  i3th  of 
September  (see  ROOD  DAY)  ;  Rood-fair,  Sc.  an 
annual  fair  held  locally  either  in  May  or  September; 
t  rood-light,  a  light  maintained  before  or  beside 
the  rood ;  f  Rood-mass,  a  mass  said  in  honour  of 
the  rood ;  also  f  Rood(s)mas  (day),  =  ROOD  DAY  ; 
t  rood-pine,  the  torment  of  the  cross;  rood- 
priest,  a  priest  who  officiated  at  a  rood-altar; 
rood-situation,  the  position  of  a  rood  in  a 
church ;  t  rood-soller,  a  rood-loft ;  rood-stair,  a 
staircase  giving  access  to  a  rood-lolt  (1875  Encycl. 
Brit,  II.  472)  ;  rood-steeple  —  rood-tower \  rood- 
stone  (see  quot.) ;  f  rood-token,  the  sign  of  the 
cross ;  rood-tower  (see  quot.)  ;  f  rood-wold,  the 
rood  or  cross. 

1472  E.vtr.  Aberd.  Reg.  (1844)  1.31  Schir  Androu,..chaplan 
of  ye  *Rude  altar  in  ye  parisch  kirk  of  ye  said  burgh,  1556 
Ibid,  296  Maister  Edward  Menzies,  cheplane  of  the  ruid 
alter  in  the  organ  loft.  1650-1  Extr,  Rect  Stirling  (1887) 
301  The  annuell  of  the  Rude  altar.  1850  PARKER  Gloss, 
Arch.  (ed.  5)  393  The  term  *rood-arch  is  sometimes  applied 
to  the  arch  between  the  nave  and  chancel,  c  1386  CHAUCER 
Wife's  Prol.  496  He.  .lith  y-graue  vnder  the  *roode  beem. 
1850  PARKER  Gloss,  Arch.  (ed.  5)  392  The  rood.. was  sup 
ported  either  by  a  beam  called  the  rood-beam,  or  by  a 
gallery  called  the  rood-loft.  1556  Extr,  Rec.  Stirling  (1887) 
68  Quhatsumevir  persone  being  charget  to  gaddir  with  the 
*Rud  brod.  1466  in  Archaeologia  L.  i.  (1887)  44  Item  j 
*Rode  clothe  steyned  w1  the  passioun  of  our  lorde  of  the 
yifte  of  lohne  Crouton.  1566  in  Peacock  Eng.  Ch.  Furniture 
(1866)  159  One  rood  clothe,  one  banner  clothe,  one  veale. 
1375  HARBOUR  Britce  XVH.  634  On  the  *Rude-evyn,  in  the 
dawing,  The  IngHss  host  blew  till  assale.  1685  Acts  Parl, 
Scot,  (1820)  yill.  504  Ane  free  fair  yearly  to  be  holdin..at 
the  paroch  kirk  of  Killmanevock  upon  the  Second  Day  of 
September  called  the  *Ruidfair.  1790  MORISON  Poems  n 
When  lads  an'  lassies . .  Came  to  the  Rood  Fair  jauntin.  1832 
CARLVLE  in  Froude  Lift  (1882)  II.  313  We  despatched  the 
animal  to  Alick,  to  make  ready  for  the  '  rood  fair  '.  1442  in 
Bucks.,  Berks.,  fy  Oxon.  Arcnxol.  Jrnl.  (1908)  June  25  Res- 
sevyd  at  Cristemas  for  ye  *rode  lyght  of  ye  parishe,  v\  vi*. 


ROOD. 

1549  Test.  Ekor.  (Surtees)  VI.  21  The  residue  to  the  uphold- 
ynge  of  the  rode  light.  1545  Ibid.  235  For  the  *roode  masse 
singinge  everye  Friday,  c  1630  RISDON  Surv.  Devon  §  245 
(1810)  258  Fairs  they  have  on  Roodmas  day,  and  on  St. 
James's  day.  1825  J  AMIESON  Snppl,^  Rndesme$stRitdes»iast 
a  name  given  to  a  certain  term  in  the  year,  Dumfr.  c  1200 
ORMIN  2018  Ne  munnde  he  na;fre  letenn  himm  purrh  *rode- 
pine  cwellenn.  1516  in  Jeayes  Derbyshire  Charters  (1906) 
No.  91  Indenture  between  Sir  Thomas  Russell,  (  *rood- 
prest,'..and  John  Knyvetone.  1618  in  Scottish  Antig.  XI. 
21  Umquhill  Sir  Robert  Meldrum,  ruidpreist  of  Kinedvard. 
1655  FULLER  IVatthatn  Abbey  16  Harpsfield  . .  confesseth 
himself  ignorant  of  the  reason  of  the  *Rood-scitiiation. 
4:1562  in  Shropsh.  Parish  Doc.  (1903)  61  To  a  peynetr  for 
peynetyng  the  *rode  soler,xiid.  1801  SCOTT  Eve  of  St.  John 
xx,  By  the  black  *rood-stone, . .  I  conjure  thee,  my  love,  to 
be  there  !  [Note.  The  black-rood  of  Melrose  was  a  crucifix 
of  black  marble.]  971  Blickling  Horn.  243  Hie  ^esawon 
Cristes  *rodetacen  on  his  onsiene.  c  1000  JKufSK  Horn.  II. 
40  And  wyrcan  mid  J>aes  lambes  blode  rodetacn  on  heora 
gedyrum.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  20  Et  te  biginnunge  of  euerich 
tide.  .makieS  rodentokne,  also  ich  er  tauhte.  1823  Prcus 
Gothic  Arch.  Gloss.,  *  Rood-tower,  Rood-steeple^  the  tower 
or  steeple  built  over  the  intersection  of  the  body  and  cross- 
ailes  of  a  church.  1839  Penny  Cycl.  XIV.  8/2  Placed  in  the 
Rood  (or  central)  tower,  c  1250  Gen.  <$•  Ex.  255  Til  ihesus 
was  on  werlde  boren,  And  til  he  was  on  5e  *rode-wold, 

II.  7.  As  a  linear  measure :  A  rod,  pole,  or 
perch.  Now  only  in  local  use,  and  varying  from 

6  to  8  yards. 

904  in  Birch  Cart.  Sax.  II.  266  Se  [ha^a]  is  fram  paere  ea 
.  .east  wardes  .xxviii.  roda  lang  &  ponon  subwardes  .xxiiii. 
roda  brad.  1466  Mann,  fy  Housch.  Exp.  (Roxb.)  438,  j. 
acre  of  lond  conteynyth  in  lengthe  .xl.  rodes.  1543  in  Lett. 
$  P.  Hen.  VI/f,  XVIII.  n.  118  For  skoryn  of  a  water  souer 
..,cxx  rud  after  id.  ob.  a  rud.  1634-5  BRERETON  Trav, 
(Chetham  Soc.)  17  It  is  ten  English  rood  long  on  the  sides, 
eight  rood  broad.  1766  J.  BARTRAM  Jrnl.  7  Jan.  26  At 
about  200  yards  from  it  runs  out  a  large  stream  of  water, . . 
and  may  be  smelt  at  some  roods  distant.  1790  \V.  MAR 
SHALL  Rur.  Econ.  Midi.  Co.  Gloss.,  Rood,  a  measure  of 
eight  yards  in  length.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric. 

I.  112  These  (stones],  .are  commonly  put  about  the  middle 
of  the  work,  in  the  proportion  of  nine  or  ten  to  every  rood 
of  seven  yards.     1856  MORTON   Cycl.  Agric.   II.   1126/1 
/?<W,..(Chesh.),  of  hedging,  8  yards  ;..(Derbys.),  of  bark, 
seems  to  be  a  pile  7  yards  in  length  ;  of  draining  or  fencing, 

7  or  8  yards  fete.].     1881  Chesltire  Gloss.  s.v.,  Such  piece 
work  as  hedging  and  ditching,  draining,  putting  up  posts 
and  rails,  &c.,  is  done  at  so  much  per  rood. 

8.  A  superficial  measure  of  land,  properly  con 
taining  40  square  poles  or  perches,  but  varying 
locally ;  a  plot  of  land  of  this  size. 

A  table  of  local  variations  from  the  statute  rood  is  given 
in  Morton  Cycl,  Agric.  II.  939. 

In  OE.  this  use  appears  only  in  descriptions  of  boundaries, 
as  the  designation  of  particular  strips  of  cultivated  land. 
The  ME.  evidence  is  also  very  scanty,  though  the  Latinized 
form  roda  occurs  freely  in  charters. 

889  in  Birch  Cart.  Sax.  II.  202  West  be  5y  wioda  and- 
langes  3are  rode  o5  dane  pyt.  961  Ibid.  292  Andlang  paere 
rode  innon  syx  aeceras.  1058  in  Earle  Land  Charters  248 
Of  8aere  dune  andlang  pxre  rode  o5  hit  cym<5  beneo3an 
stancnolle. 

1139  in  Dugdale  Monast.  Angl.  (1655)  1-  469/1  Una  roda, 
ab  aquilonan  parte  virgulti.  ?  1231  Ibid.  II.  40/2  Except  a 
una  roda,  quam  retineo  ad  viam  habendam  juxta  haiam 
meam.  1279  Rot.  Hundred.  (1818)  II.  572/1  In  mesuagio  j 
rodam  et  xiiij  acras  terre.  a  1377  in  Dugdale  Monast. 
Angl.  (1655)  II.  354/2  Unam  virgatam  lix.  acras,  tres  rodas 
&  xxxv.  perticatas  terrae.  1442  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  59/1  The 
feerde  parte  of  a  Rode  of  Londe.  c  1450  Godstow  Reg.  287 
The  forsaid  Rode  of  land,  with  all  his  pertynentis.  1538 
tr.  FitzherbcrCs  Justyce  Pence  114  One  rode,  that  is  the  4 
part  of  an  acre  of  lande.  1571  DIGGKS  Pantoni.  n.  xi.  N  ij, 
So  manye  perches  you  maye  conclude  the  Area  of  that 
Figure,  which,  .bringeth  10  Acres  3^  Roodes.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  i.  196  His  other  Parts  besides  Prone  on  the  Flood,.. 
Lay  floating  many  a  rood.  1713  ARBUTHNOT  John  Bull  n. 
vi,  Nic... calculated  theAcres  and  Roods  to  a  great  nicety. 
1770  GOLDSM.  Des.  lfill.  58  A  time  there  was . .  When  every 
rood  of  ground  maintained  its  man.  1805  Trans.  Soc. 
Arts  XXIII.  43,  I  had  an  acre  and  three  rood  of  carrots. 
189*  STEVENSON  Across  the  Plains  ii.  95  His  old  family 
estates,  not  one  rood  of  which  remained  to  him. 

b.  A  measure  (of  land,  paving,  digging,  build 
ing,  etc.)  corresponding  to  a  square  pole  or  perch, 
but  with  local  and  other  variations.  (See  quots.) 

1464  Charters  Peebles  (1872)  153  John  Thomsoun..sal 
pay  for  his  fredom  xs.  at  Beltan,  or  a  rud  of  causay. 
^1470  HENRY  Wallace  vn.  826  Wallace.. Romde  him  about 
a  large  rude  and  mar.  1532  Extr.  Rec.  Edin.  (1871)  58  To 
the..calsay  makaris  for  ilk  scottis  rude,  that  is_to  say  vj 
eluis  of  lenth  and  vj  elms  of  breid,  xxx  schillingis  Scottis. 
1597  SKENE  De  Verb.  Sfen,  s.v.  Particata,  Sex  elnes  lane, 
and  sex  elnes  broad,  makis  ane  fall.  To  this  fall  the  little 
ruid,  or  ruid  of  warke,  or  of  buirdes,  or  of  maisone,  or  sklait 
warke,  is  equal.  1609  —  Reg.  Maj.,  Burrtnv  Lawes  cxix, 
Ane  Ruid  of  land  within  ane  Baronie,  sould  be  measured 
be  sax  elnes.  ..Ane  Ruid  of  land  within  burgh,  conteines 
twentie  fute.  1829  Glover's  Hist.  Derby  I.  91  Slate  is  sold 
by  the  rood,  or  in  sufficient  quantity  to  roof  in  44  square 
yards.  1849  CRAIG,  Rood..  .In  Building,  36  square  yards. 
In  Flooring,  100  square  feet.  1856  MORTON  Cycl.  Agric. 

II.  1126  Rood,  ..  (Chesh.),  -.  of  land,  8  yards  square  =  64 
square  yards  ;  of  marl,  64  cubic  yards... (Durham),  of  wall, 
building,  7  yards. .  .(Berwicks.),.  .of  masonry,  6  yards  square, 
2  feet  thick  [etc.]. 

f  C.  A  measure  of  timber.  Obs. 

1391  Mem.  Ripon  (Surtees)  III.  106  In  j  rod  meremii 
sarrand.  eodem  tempore;  3$.  +d.  1534-5  Durh,  Ace.  Rolls 
(Surtees)  in  Pro  sarracione  j  di.  Rude  meremii.  1597  [see 
b].  1631  Knaresb.  Wills  (Surtees)  II,  122, 1  discharge  him 
of  the  payment  of  xxijj.  enenst  one  rood  of  boardes  he 
bought  of  me. 

f  9.  A  measure  of  wine.     [MDu.  roede^     Obs. 

150*  ARNOLDE  Chron.  (1811)  190  The  rood  of  reynysb  wyne 


.  . 

II.  235  Upon  the  Rood  day.  .early  in  the  morning.  1825 
JAMIBSON  Snppl.  s.v.,  The  i4th  of  September  is  still  called 
Rude  day  in  Lanarkshire.  .  .In  Roxb.  Rnde~day  is  the  251(1 


ROOD. 

of  Dordreight  is  x.  awmes.-.Item  the  rood  of  Andwarp  is 
xiiij  awmes. 

10.  Comb.t  as  rood-breadth  \  f  rood-  fall  (cf.  8  b, 
qnot.  1597).  Also  ROOD  LAND. 

1396  Chron.  de  Melsa  (Rolls)  II.  88,  3  perticatas  terrae  cum 
7  rodefallis  [v.r.  rudefallis]  in  Suttona.  1806  J.  GRAHAME 
Birds  of  Scot.  i.  23  The  oak  majestical,  whose  aged  boughs 
Darken  a  rood  breadth. 

Rood,  ^-  [var.  of  ROUD,  rudd,  etc.  :  see  REDD 
j£.2]  intr.  To  spawn. 

1868  PEARD  Water-farm,  iv.  45  The  heavier  fish  rood  on 
the  deeper  runs. 

Rood,  obs.  pa.  t.  of  RIDE  v. 

RoO'd  day.     Now  only  Hist.     [Rooo  sb.  2.] 
a.  The  Exaltation  of  the  Cross  (14  September). 
b.  The  Invention  of  the  Cross  (3    May).     The 
earlier  use  is  Holy  Rood  day  in  both  senses. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  20  pis  winter  schal  biginnen  ette  holi  rode 
dei  ine  heruest.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  1932  pe  biginingge 
of  may,  As  }e  abbeb  ofte  yhurd  be  holi  rode  day.  c  1380 
WYCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  I.  392  On  Hooli  roode  Day.  1486  />'£. 
St.  Albans  Ev,  Tyme  of  grece  begynnyth  at  mydsomer 
day  And  tyll  holi  Roode  day  lastyth.  15*3  FITZHKRB. 
Httsb.  §  134  At  any  tyme  tjetween  Martilmas  and  holyrode- 
day.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  /I',  i.  i.  52  On  Holy-roode 
day.  1613  SELDEN  Ilhistr.  Draytoris  Poly-olb.  D.'s  Wks. 
1726  III.  1792  For  the  invention  she  is  yet  celebrated  in 
holyrood  day  in  May.  1641  Art.  Agreement  in  Harl.  Misc. 
(1811)  VII.  216  That  there  shall  be  a  league  offensive  and 
defensive,  concluded  and  conformed  by  both  parties,  at  or 
before  Holyrood-day  next.  1731  Ccntl.  Mag.  (1732)  402 
Sept.  14.  Being  Holy  Rood  Day,  the  King's  Huntsmen 
hunted  their  Free  Buck  m  Richmond  new  Park. 

i«jao  Extr.  Rec.  Stirling  (1887)  4  To  be  pait  on  the  morne 
eftir  the  Rud  day.  1597  Returnfr.  Pamass.  n.  i.  739  And 
a  drye  cowe  shall  be  7  years  oulde  at  the  nexte  roode  daye. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  \\\.  187/2  The  Dominican  Monks.. 
Fast  seven  Months  together  from  Rood  Day  in  September  to 
Easter.  1711  Extr.  Rec.  Aberdeen  (1872)  344  The  citizens  to 
be  advertised  to  enter  ther  children  .  .  at  Roodday  and  Lam- 
bas.  a  1779  D.  GRAHAM  Hist.  Bnck-haven  in  Writ.  1 
II.  235  Upon  th 
SON 

day  in  Lanarkshire.  .  .In  Roxb.  Rnde~day 
September,  which  corresponds  with  the  i4th  old  style.  1841 
HAMPSON  Medii  rf£vi  Cal.  I.  269  The  day  of  the  Invention 
of  the  Cross,  and  one  of  the  Rode  or  Rood  days. 

Roode,  obs.  pa.  t.  of  RIDE  v. 

Roodge,  z>.  Also  9  dial,  rooge,  rouge,  rudgo. 
[Of  obscure  origin.]  trans.  To  push  or  lift;  to 
move  with  effort. 

1676  Doctrine  of  Devils  27  If  as  Demonologers  say,  a 
Devil..  can  act  mans  body,  so  as  to  move,  carry,  roodge, 
hurry,  transport  it  as  he  pleaseth.  1849-  in  Eng.  Dial, 
Diet.  s.v.  Rooge  and  Rudge. 

Rood  goose.  Sc.  Also  8-9  rude  goose. 
[Of  obscure  origin.]  =  ROAD-GOOSE. 

The  two  earliest  quots.,  which  relate  to  Ross-shire,  are  the 
only  real  evidence  for  the  name. 

1791  Statist.  Ace.  Scotl.  I.  265  A  species  of  geese  called 
rood  geese,  which  are  esteemed  good  eating.  1794  Ibid* 
XII.  274  Rude  geese  and  swans  sometimes  come  there  in  the 
winter  and  spring.  1817  FORSTER  Nat.  Hist.  Swallow 
Tribe  (ed.  6)  94  Rat  or  Road  goose.  Clatter  goose,  Brand 
goose,  Rood  goose.  1862  JOHNS  Brit,  Birds  Index,  Rood 
Goose,  the  Brent  Goose. 

t  Rood  land.  Obs.  [f.  ROOD  sb.  8  +  LAND  sb.  7.] 
A  plot  of  land  of  one  rood  in  extent. 

14..  Norn,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  737  Hec  virgata,  a  rodlande. 
c  1450  Godstow  Reg.  556  The  forsaid  Rode  loud.  £1510 
Reg.  Burscough  If.  4  (P.R.O.),  On  the  Northe  Syde  of  the 
sayd  chapelle  is  viij  acres  and  iij  Rode  londes  and  viij  falle. 
1594  in  Antiquary  XXXII.  118  Rent  of  a  rode  land,  xv$. 
1635  MS.  Indenture  (Lanes.),  A  parcel  of  land  containing 
one  roodland  of  land. 

RoO'd-loffc.  Also  roodloft,  rood  loft.  [f. 
ROOD  sb.  3  +  LOFT  sb.  4.]  A  loft  or  gallery  form 
ing  the  head  of  a  rood-screen. 

1399  Mem.  Ripon  (Surtees)  III.  133  Pro  j  rodeloft  de  novo 
faciendo  ex  convencione,  3/.  6s.  So1.  .  .  Et  in  j  porcione 
meremii..pro  prsedicto  rudeloft,  4$.  1431  E.  E.  IVills  oo 
For  the  reparacion  of  the  chirch,  and  specially  pe  rodelofte 
of  Stoke,  Cs.  1477-9  R€C'  St*  Mary  at  /////(  1905)  80  For 
scowryng  of  the  Standardis  candilstikkis,  &  the  Rode 
Ioft,..iij$,  viijrf.  1503  HAWES  Example  Virtite  xiii.  242 
The  rood  loft  was  yuery  garnysshed  with  gold.  1579 
NORTHBROOKE  Agst.  Dicing  (1843)  148  Wheresoeuer  they 
reade  this  worde  crosse,  they  aduance  out  of  hande  their 
roode  and  roodeloft.  c  1630  RISDON  Surv.  Devon  §  88 
(1810)  86  It  sheweth  a  fair  church,  with  a  rich.  .rood  loft. 
1719  ASHMOLE  Antiq.  Berks.  I.  69  Under  the  King's  Arms, 
placed  over  the  Rood-Loft,  is  this  Distich.  1797  NICHOLLS 
CJiurchw.  Ace.  131  The  rood-loft,  -was  a  gallery  in  popish 
times  situate  in  every  Church  between  the  nave  and  the 
chancel.  1816  Gentl.  Mag.  LXXXVI.  _i._  500  Near  the 
third  window  there  are  some  steps  remaining,  which  pro 
bably  led  to  the  rood-loft.  1840  PARKER  Gloss.  Archit. 
(ed.  3)  329  Roodlofts  do  not  appear  to  have  ueen  common  in 
this  country  before.  .the  fourteenth  century.  1872  ELLA- 
COMBE  Bells  ofCh.  in  Ck.  Bells  Devon  iv.  65  In  some  places 
there  was  a  gable  or  turret  over  the  Rood-loft  to  hold  this 
sacring  bell. 

attrib.  1483-5  Rec.  St.  Mary  at  Hill  (1905)  117  A  newe 
holowe  key  to  the  Roode  loffte  dore.  1899  DARIMO-GOOLD 
Bk.  of  West  II.  224  A  barrel  of  this  explosive  which  had 
been  placed  in  the  rood-loft  staircase. 

Roo'd-screen.  [f.  ROOD  sb.  3.]  A  screen, 
usually  of  richly  carved  wood  or  stone  and  pro 
perly  surmounted  by  a  rood,  crossing  the  nave  of 
a  church  beneath  the  chancel-arch  and  separating 
the  nave  from  the  choir. 

1843  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  Jrtil.  VI.  256/1  The  inclosure  of 
the  altar  by  r\  screen  or  railing,  answering  to  the  rood- 


775 

screen.  1861  Archseol.  sEliana  V.  xvu.  157  The  seats. .are 
the  residue  of  those  which  ..  occupied  their  appropriate 
place  along  the  east  front  of  the  rood-screen.  1870  F.  R. 
WILSON  Ck.  Lindisf.  61  A  carved  oak  rood-screen  has  been 
recently  placed  at  the  chancel  arch. 

attrib.   1863  Catal.  Internat.  £,Y/ttt.,  Brit.  II.  No.  5983, 
A  pair  of  rood-screen  gates  in  hammered  iron  and  brass. 
Rood-stake :  see  RUD-STAKE. 
t  Rood-tree.  Obs.  [f.  ROOD  $b*  2.]   The  cross 
on  which  Christ  died.     Alsoyf^. 

c  1200  ORMIN  348  To  wurrpenn  offredd  her  O  rodetreoww- 
ess  allterr.  Ibid.  5602  piss  draedunng  iss  batt  rodetreo 
patt  Crist  himm  sellf  space  offe.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  16604 
Apon  be  mom  ofcaluariepai  sett  pis  rode  tre.  c  i34oHAMijOLE 
Pr.  Co'isc.  5260  Als  he  henged  on  pe  rode  tre,  ..When  he 
deyhed  for  mans  trespas.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  1161,  I 
lieve  and  triste  in  Cristes  feith,  Which  deide  upon  the  Rode 
tree,  a  1450  MYRC  248  Hyt  ys  goddes  body  bat  soffered  ded 
Vp  on  the  holy  rode  tre.  c  1485  Digby  Myst,  in.  1939  That 
for  vs  dyyd  on  pe  rode  tre. 
Roody,  obs.  form  of  RUDDY. 
Roof  (r«0,  s?''  Forms:  a.  i  hrof,  3  rhof; 
1-5  rof,  4-6  roff,  rofe,  5  roffe;  4-  roof,  4-7 
roofe,  6  rooff(e;  5-6  rouf,  6  rouffe,  roughe, 
rowff(e,  6-7  rowfe,  roufe.  £.  3-6  roue,  4-6 
rove;  //.  4-5  roaues(5  -ys),  5  rooves,  -is.  7. 
Sc.  5-6  ruf,  rufe  (north,  ruffe),  6  pi.  ruvis, 
6,  8-9  ruif  (7  ruiff),  9  reef.  [OE.  hrof^ 
OFris.  rhoof  (Fris.  roef)t  MDu.  roof,  ronf,  roef 
(Du.  roef,  cabin,  coffin-lid),  MLG.  and  LG.  rof, 
Olcel.  hr6f  boat-shed  ;  the  stem  does  not  appear 
to  be  otherwise  represented.  English  alone  has 
retained  the  word  in  a  general  sense,  for  which  the 
other  languages  use  forms  corresuonding  to  OE. 
fn-c  thatch.] 

1.  The  outside  upper  covering  of  a  house  or  other 
building;  also,  the  ceiling  of  a  room  or  other 
covered  part  of  a  house,  building,  etc. 

a,  Beowulf '927  He  to  healle  ^eong..?;eseah  steapne  hrof 
golde  fahne.  a  900  CYNEWULF  Crist  14  Nu  ^ebrosnad  is  hus 
under  hrofe.  Ibid.  495  Cynmg  ure  gewat  burh  ba;s  temples 
hrof.  cg$p  Lindisf. Gosp.  Luke  xii.  3  pactte  ineare  sprecend 
jie  woeron  in  cottum,aboden  bi5  on  hrofum.  c  1000  ^ELFRIC 
Horn.  I.  318  Entas  woldon  arxran.  .aiine  stypel  swa  heahne 
ba^t  his  hrof  astige  oS  heofon.  c  1200  ORMIN  11351  pedeofell 
..sctte  himm  hc^he  uppo  be  rhof.  c  1290  S.  Ji'ig.  Leg.  I. 
187/99  }wane  is  blod  spreinde  In  pe  rof  an  hei^.  ci3oo 
Havelok  2082  A  rof  shal  hile  us  bo  be  o-nih  t .  1390  GOWER  Conf. 
I.  258  The  Sparke  fyred  Up  in  the  Rof;.  .whan  the  wyndes 
blowe,  It  blaseth  out  on  every  side.  ci^pPromp.  Parv. 
435/2  Roof,  of  an  howse,  tectnm,  doma.  1471  Cat.  Rec. 
Dublin  (1889)  I.  347  And  put  a  roffe  of  oke  tymber  therupon. 
c  1500  Melusine  297  She  made  it  to  louche,  .the  rouf  of  the 
chambre  that  was  ryght  hye,  1535  COVERDALE  2  Kings 
xxiii.  12  The  altares  vpon  the  rofe  of  Achabs  perler,  which 
the  kynges  of  luda  had  made,  1600  J.  PORY  tr.  Leo's 
Africa  vn.  286  The  walles  of  their  houses  are  built  of 
chalice,  and  the  roofes  are  couered  with  strawe.  1610  HOL 
LAND  Catndens  Brit,  (1637)  429  The  Rowfe  covered  over 
with  sheets  of  Lead.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  58  Thou  may'st 
behold  Outside  and  inside  both,  pillars  and  roofs  Carv'd 
work.  1717  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Lett.  I.  xxxvii.  142 
The  roof  was  painted  with  all  sorts  of  flowers.  1795 
SOUTH KY  Joan  of  Arc  v,  The  shatter'd  roofs  Allow'd  the 
dews  of  night  free  passage.  1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sci. 
<5-  Art  I.  254  Among  the  ancients,  in  those  countries  where 
It  seldom  rained,  roofs  were  made  quite  flat.  1841  W. 
SFALDING  Italy  fy  If.  1st.  I.  151  The  introduction  of  columns 
..for  the  purpose  of  strengthening  the  roof.  1871  YEATS 
Tech.  Hist.  Comm.  132  Most  houses  in  mediaeval  times  were 
built  high  and  narrow,  with  steep  pointed  roofs. 
fig,  ('1250  Death  155  in  O.E.  Misc.  178  pi  bur  is  sone 
ibujd  pat  pu  schald  wunien  inne.  pe  rof..  schal  ligge  j 
o  pine  chinne.  c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  x,  Seeking  that  beau- 
tious  roofe  to  ruinate,  Which  *o  repaire  should  be  thy  I 
chiefe  desire.  1781  COWPER  Table-T.  625  The  mind , .  Flew  I 
to  its  first  position  with  a  spring  That  made  the  vaulted  ! 
roofs  of  pleasure  ring. 

ft.   a  1225  Ancr.  R.  152  5et  is  ancre  iefned  her  to  sparuwe    | 
pet  is  one  under  roue,    c  1384  CHAUCER  H.  Fame  m.  1948    , 
On  the  rove  men  may  yet  seen  A  thousand  holes.     1387 
TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)   VI.    55   Constantinus  . .  unheled 
chirches  roves  \y.r,  rooves]  and  coppes.    c  1400  Laud  Troy 
Bk.  17845  Aboute  the  roue  That  scholde  be  set  the  temple    1 
aboue.     1445  in  Anglia  XXVIII.  275  Vpon  high  bankys    : 
he    makith    new    roovis,      a  1500    Nut    Brown   Maid  in 
Arnolde's  Chron.  (1811)  200  And  vs  abowe,  noon  other  roue,    : 
but  a  brake  bussh  or  twayne.     a  1550  Image  ipocr.  \.  87  in    ! 
Skelton's  Wks.  (1843)  II.  415  To  runne  in  att  the  rove. 

*y.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxvii.  (Machor)  60  He  saw  I 
angelis.  .one  pe  ruf  of  pat  house  lycht.  c  1440  York  Myst.  \ 
xiv.  18  pe  walles  are  doune, . .  pe  ruffe  is  rayned  aboven  cure  j 
hede.  ci47<>  Kauf  CoU^ear  672  The  rufe  reulit  about  in  i 
reuall  of  Reid.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneisiv.  viii.  112  The  nycht  : 
oule,  Hekh  on  the  ruif.  Ibid.  xii.  47  Of  gretting.  .The  ; 
rufis  did  resound.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  183  Y8  Ruffe  of  , 
a  house,  culmen.  1633  Extr.  Rec.  Stirling  (1887)  169X0 
repair  thair  grammer  scoole..and  putt  on  ane  new  ruiff  | 
thairon. 

b.  With  under,  beneath,  f  within,  to  denote 
entering,  being  or  living  in,  a  house. 

Beowulf  40$  pa  secj  wisode  under  Heorotes  hrof.    ^950 
Lindisf,  Gosf*.  Matt  viii.  8  Nam  ic  wyr3e  baet  8u  inngae    j 
under  rof  mm.     1382  WYCLIF  Ib?d.t  That  thou  entre  vndir 
my  roof.     1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  I.  31    j 
Thay  nevir  thair  heid  sett  yndir  the  ruffe  of  ony  hous.    j 
1601  SHAKS.  TwcL  N.  iv.  iii.  25  Vnderneath  that  conse 
crated  roofe,  Plight  me  the  full  assurance  of  your  faith,    j 
1726-46  THOMSON  Winter  483  Beneath  his  low  illustrious    j 
roof,  Sweet  Peace  and  happy  Wisdom  smoothed  his  brow. 
1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  vi.  i,  That  since  you  were  now    I 
under  my  roof,  I  could  not  refuse  to  receive  their  proposals. 
1837  LOCKHART  Scott  I.  ix.  317  They  had  both  seen  Scott 
frequently  under  their  own  roofs.     1888  BURGON  Lifts  i» 


ROOF. 

Gd.  Men  I.  iii.  302  For  about  two  years  they  lived,  .under 
the  roof  of  their  father's  youngest  sister. 

Jig.  1643  FULLER  Holy  %  rrof.  St,  iv.  xxi.  353  Some 
maintain  that  Princes  are  too  high  to  come  under  the  roof 
of  any  Laws. 

C.    Used    by  extension  to    denote   a   house  01 
chamber.     Chiefly  poet. 

1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI>  n.  iii.  56,  I  tell  you  Madame,  were 
the  whole  Frame  here,.  .Your  Roofe  were  not  sufficient  to 
contayn't.  1600  —  Aty.L,u.\\\.  17  Come  not  within  these 
doores :  within  this  roofe  The  enemie  of  all  your  graces 
Hues.  1623  FLETCHER  &  ROWLKY  Maid  in  Millu.  ii,  My 
dwelling,  sir?  Tis  a  poor  yeoman's  roof  scarce  a  league 
off.  1757  GRAY  Bard  55  Shrieks  of  death  thro1  Berkley's 
roofs  that  ring.  1819  SHELLEY  Cyclops  83  Whence  come 
they,  . .  approaching  in  ill  hour  The  inhospitable  roof  of 
Polypheme? 

fig.   1617  HIERON   Wks.  II.  370  What  is  my  heart,  that 
Thou  shouldest  come  within  the  roofe  thereof? 
t  d.  A  story  or  floor  in  a  house.   Obs. 

^1617  MORYSON  //;"//.  i.  1 8  The  building,  .is  all  of  free  stone 
sixe  or  seven  roofes  high.  Ibid*  112  The  houses  of  the  City 
are  foure  roofes  high. 

2.  fig.  a.  The  highest  point  or  summit  of  some 
thing  ;  that  which  completes  or  covers  in. 

cS8S  K.  ALFRED  Bocth.  xi.  §  2  Ic  eow  m;c^..xe''cccan 
hwa;t  se  hrof  is  ealra  ^es^lSa.  (7900  CYNKVVULF  Crist  749 
pa:t  we  to  J>am  hyhstan  hrofe  ^cstigan,  hal^um  weorcum. 
f  950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Mark  xiii.  27  From  hrof  vel  heum 
eardes  wi5  to..heannise  heofnes.  c  1200  Vices  fy  Virtues 
95  De  faste  hope  haftV  hire  stede  up  an  heih,  fur  Si  hie  is  rof 
and  wrikS  alle  5e  hire  bie3  beneSen.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI. 
IJ.  xix.  324  Of  al  holy  writ  he  made  a  rofe  after,  And  called 
pat  hous  vnite.  1477  NORTON  Ord.  Alch,  in  Ashm.  (1652)  22 
Blessed  is  he  that  maketh  due  proofe,  For  that  is  roote  of 
cunning  and  roofe.  1526  Pitgr.  Perf.  (\V.  de  W.  1531)  142 
The  rofe  y'  couereth  ail,  is  the  theologicall  vertue  hope. 
1588  A.  KING  tr.  Canisitts'  Catech.  80  Ye  perfectione  and 
ruif  of  y°  haill  wark  is  Charitie.  1833  TKNNYSON  Lotos 
Eaters  69  Why  should  we  only  toil,  the  roof  and  crown  of 
things? 

b.  Applied  to   heaven,  the  upper  air,   etc.,  as 
covering  the  earth. 

\c  700  C*:OMON  Hymn  6  He  aerist  scop  nelda  barmim 
heben  til  hrofe.] 

a  900  CYNEWULF  Crist  60  pas  sidan  xesceaft,  swylce  rodores 
hrof.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  22170  Na  land  pat  man  kan  neuen, 
Under  pe  rof  o  crisis  heuen.  13. .  A'.  Alis.  513  (\V.),  He  schal 
beo  kyng  al  above  liylwene  this  and  heven  rove.  1399 
LANGL.  Rich.  Redeles  in.  248  I  die  rewme  vndir  rofT  of  \^ 
reyne-bowe.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  n.  ii.  313  This  most  excel 
lent  Canopy  the  Ay  re,,  .this  Maiesticall  Roofe,  1815  SHELLEY 
Alastorgf)  The  varying  roof  of  heaven  And  the  green  earth. 
1821  —  Epipsych.  542  Under  the  roof  of  blue  Ionian  weather. 

c.  Something  which  in  form  or  function  is  com 
parable  to  the  covering  of  a  house. 

Cf.  OE.  }&s  helmes  hr6ft  heor^es  /rr<£/"(Beowulf), 
c  1611  CHAPMAN  Hlad  xvn.  326  The  cruel  steel  afflicting 
all,  the  strongest  did  not  dwell  Unhurt  within  their  iron 
roofs.  1633  MILTON  Arcades  88  Under  the  shady  roof  Of 
branching  Elm  Star-proof.  1697  UKYDEN  Virg.  Georg. 
iv.  61  Nor  liees  are  lodg/d  in  Hives  alone,  but..  Their 
vaulted  Roofs  are  hung  in  Pumices.  1774  UOLDSM.  Nat. 
Hist.  (1776)  VIII.  08  To  prevent  the  earth  from  falling., 
they  make  a  sort  of  roof  with  their  gluey  substance.  1817 
SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  vn.  xi,  In  that  roof  of  crags  a  space 
was  riven.  1834  WORDS w.  Noonday  Hymn  20  A  church  in 
every  grove  that  spreads  Its  living  roof  above  our  he;id«. 
1840  GEN.  MERCER  in  R.  J.  Macdonald  Hist.  Dress  R.A. 
(1899)  54  This  elegant  coiffure  was  ornamented  with  ..  a 
cockade  in  front  of  the  roof. 

d.  Mining.     The   stratum    lying   immediately 
over  a  bed  of  coal;  the  top  of  a  working  or  gallery. 

1686  PLOT  Staffordsk,  147  A  roof  of  loose  rotten  stone 
without  any  certain  beding  or  diping.  1708  J.  C.  Cotnpl, 
Collier  (1845)  30  Leave  perhaps  about  a  Foot  thick  of  the 
Coal  top  for  a  Roof.  1778  W.  PRYCE  A/in.  Cornub.  79 
When  the  Miners  dig  down  or  along  in  a  large  Lode,  then 
the  roof,  i.  e.  the  upper,  the  hanging  wall,  or  incumbent  wall 
of  the  Lode  or  Fissure,  is.  .over  their  head*.  1789  J.  WIL 
LIAMS  Nat.  Hist.  Alin.  Kingd.  1.  72  Lime-stone  may  be 


L,aw.  Kep.  10  (J.  />.  IJW.  553  Without  leaving  ; 
coal  or  other  support  for  the  roof  of  the  mine. 

3.  The  roof  of  the  mouth,  the  palate.  Also  ellipt. 
ciooo  /ELFRIC  Gloss,  in  Wr.- Wiilcker  I.  157  Palatum^  uel 

ttranon,  goma,  uel  hrof  Saes  muSes,  c  1340  Nominate  (Skeat) 
30  lungyues  et  Palet,  Gomes  and  the  roof  of  the  mouth. 
I387TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  257  Men  of  myddel  londes 
[sownefj  her  wordes]  in  be  roof  of  be  moup.  c  1450  Two 
Cookery-bks.  78  Kutle  a  Swan  in  the  rove  of  the  mouthe. 
1486  Bk.  St.  Attans  c  vj  b.  Put  som  in  the  Roofe  of  her  mowth. 
1535  COVERDALE  Job  xxix.  9  When  their  tonges  cleued  to 
the  rofe  of  their  mouthes.  a  1586  SIDNEY  Ps.  xxn.  ix,  My 
cleaving  tongue  close  to  my  roofe  doth  bide.  1611  COTGR., 
Alnette^.  .a  little  peece  of  flesh  in  the  roofe  of  the  mouth. 
1644  Z.  BOYD  in  Ziotfs  Fltnuers  (1855)  App.  9  The  tongues 
of  all,  did  cleave  unto  their  roof.  1741  A.  MONRO  Attat. 
Nerves  (ed.  3)  132  The  Base  of  the  Nostrils  and  Roof  of  the 
Mouth.  1847  W.  C.  L.  MARTIN  The  Ox  56/1  The  roof  of 
the  mouth  and  the  tongue  are  black.  1868  Daily  News  26 
Aug.,  A  gold  roof  for  false  teeth.  1890  [see  PALATE  i  bj. 
b.  Similarly  of  other  parts  of  the  body,  etc. 
1863  HUXLEY  Man's  Place  in  Nat.  §  ii.  77  In  the  gorilla, 
..the  roofs  of  the  orbits  rise  more  obliquely  into  the  cranial 
cavity.  1870  ROLLESTON  Anint.  Life  12  The  removal  of 
the  roof  of  the  cranium.  1872  COUES  N.  Amer.  Birds  29 
The  scale  forms  the  floor  instead  of  the  roof  of  the  nostrils. 
1888  FAGGE  &  PYE  SMITH  Princ.  $  Pract.  Med..  (ed.  a)  I. 
56  The  thinning  of  the  roof  of  an  abscess  which  is  about  to 
1  point '. 

4.  f  a.  Sf.  A  canopy  or  tester.     Obst 

!5<>S  Exch.  Rolls  Scot.  XII.C73Tua  bosteris,  vj  werdoris, 


ROOF. 


776 


HOOF-TREE. 


tua  ruffis  of  carsay  red  and  gren.  1533  Ace.  Ld.  H.Treas. 
Scot.  VI.  182  To  lyn  the  rufe  of  the  said  curtingis,  iij  elnis 
bukrame. 

b.  The  top  of  a  carriage,  coach,  or  other  covered 
vehicle. 

1706  PHILLIPS  fed.  Kersey),  Roof^  the  top  of  a.. Coach. 
1806  J.  BERKS  FORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life  \\.  xiii,  Seeing  and 
hearing  the  roof  of  a  crazy  coach  groan,  crack,  and  bend, 
over  your  head.  1837  W.  B.  ADAMS  Carriages  88  To  form 
the  roof,  arching  timbers  are  laid  across  from  side  to  side. 
1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iii.  I.  379  The  passengers.. 
were  all  seated  in  the  carriage.  For.. it  would  have  been 
most  perilous  to  mount  the  roof. 

5.  The  back  or  ridge  (of  a  bull).    rare—1. 
The  Fris.  reef  is  similarly  used. 

1808  Compl.  Grazier  (ed.  3)  9  The  roof  [of  a  bull  ought  to 
be]  wide,  particularly  over  the  chine  and  hips,  or  hooks. 

6.  slang,  a.   A  hat.     b.  The  head. 

1857  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  \.  v,  Equipped  in  his  go-to- 
meeting  roof.  1897  MARSHALL  Ponies  70  (Farmer),  He.. 
was  bald  upon  the  roof. 

7.  attrib.   a.  In  sense   i,   with  terms  denoting 
some  part,  accessory,  or  feature  of  the  roof,  as 
roof -beam  t  -coping,  -cover,  -crest,  etc. 

1647  HEXHAM,  The  "roofe  beame,  den  dack  balck.  1873 
MORLEY  Rousseau  I.  vii.  258  My  imagination,  .languishes 
and  dies  in  a  room  and  under  roof  beams.  1890  A.  J.  C. 
HARE  S.-E.  France  $77  Yellow  and  orange  houses,  each 
with.. ornamented  "roof-coping.  1875  KNIGHT  Dict.Mech. 
1973/2  Horizontal  slats,  slightly  raised  above  the  'roof- 
cover.  Ibid.,  Other  kinds  of  "roof-coverings.  i86a  Catal. 
Internat.  Exhib.,  Brit.  II.  No.  2329,  'Roof,  cresting., 
glazed,  and  enamelled.  Ventilating  *roof  crest  tiles.  1886 
WILLIS  &  CLARK  Cambridge  III.  287  The  tower  is  in  four 
stages,  the  two  highest  of  which  rise  above  the  "roof-line  of 
the  adjoining  chambers.  1894  J.  WATSON  Jedburgh  Abbey 
(ed.  2)  119  The  date  of  the  earliest  of  the  "roof-markings. 
a  1878  SIR  G.  SCOTT  Lcct.  Archit.  (1879)  I.  53  They  could 
not,  under  the  same  *roof-plane,  introduce  the  intersecting 
vaults.  1833  LOUDON  Encycl.  Archit.  §  153  One  of  them.. 
is  called  the  "roof  plate,  a  1878  SmG.  SCOTT Lect.  Archit. 
(1879)  I.  251  Placed  in  a  side  wall  and  under  a  level  roof- 
plate.  1844  WHITTIER  Bridal  of  Pennacook  259  And, 
adown  the  'roof-pole  hung,. .In  the  smoke  his  scalp-locks 
swung.  1853  LONGF.  Hi  aw.  xii.  179  The  roof-poles  of  the 
wigwam  Were  as  glittering  rods  of  silver.  1849  Ecclesiologist 
IX.  15  The  ends  of  the  'roof- rafters.  1881  RUSKIN  Our 
Fathers  have  told  us  i.  (1884)  22  The  Cathedral  is  seen  be 
neath  us,.. our  gained  hill-top  being  on  a  level  with  its 
'roof-ridge.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  HI.  xii.  451/1  ''Roofe 
Rooms.  1848  KICKMAN  Styles  Archit.  p.  liii,  The  pendants, 
or  vaulting  shafts,,  .would  here  be  more  correctly  called 
*  roof-shafts.  1891  T.  HARDY  Tessxx'iii*  (1900)  55/2  Clinging 


to  the  roadside  bank  like  pigeons  on  a  'roof-slope.  1839  UKK 
Diet,  Arts  624  Between  the 'roof-space  over  the  pot. .a 
large  passage  is  opened.  1648  HEXHAM  n,  Kap-raven^ 
*Roofe-sparrs.  1860  DICKKNS  Uncomvi.  Trav.  78  The  rain 
was  jerking  in  gushes  out  of  the  old  *roof-spouts.  1848 
THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  Ixv,  The  landlord.. led  the  way  up 
the  stairs  to  the  "roof-storey.  1828-43  TYTLER  Hist.  Scot. 
(1864)  I.  137  The  third  [stone],  .shivered  its  strong  *roof- 
timbers  into  a  thousand  pieces.  1611  SPEED  Hist,  Gt.  Brit. 
ix.  xiv.  §  i.  746 Those  fires,  .taking  hold  of  the  *roof-tops  of 
both  the  royall  houses.  1887  BOWEN  Virg.  sEneidiv.  185 
When  day  comes,  on  the  roof-top  tall  or  the  tower  she 
alights.  1839  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  Jrnl.  II.  191/1  "Roof- 
trusses  may  be  made  entirely  of  cast-iron.  1875  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Meek.  1975/1  Roof-truss^  the  framework  of  a  roof, 
consisting  of  thrust  and  tie  pieces.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON 
Pract.  Agric.  I.  91  Two  *roof- windows,  at  6s.  each. 

b.  In  sense  2  d,  as  roof-coal^  -crag,  etc. 

1821  MANDER  Derbysh.  Miner's  Gloss.,  Roof-work,  putting 
Slabs  and  other  pieces  of  Timber  to  support  the  roof  of 
Gabes  and  works  in  Mines.  1833-4  \-  PHILLIPS  Ceol.  in 
Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VI.  704/1  An  idea  of  the  appear 
ances  of  the  Hutton  roof  crags.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  978 
The  roof-stratum  begins  to  break  by  the  sides  of  the  pillars. 
Ibid.  079  When  a  coal  has  a  following  or  roof-stone,,  .this 
facilitates  the  labour.  1883  Science  I.  192/1  The  exposure 
of  the  roof-shales  is  not  sufficient  to  prove  the  absence  of 
such  detritus.  1887  P.  MCNEILL  Blawearie  134  The  day  on 
which  I  got  my  head  crushed  wi'  the  fa'  o*  roof-coal. 

c.  In  sense  4  b,  as  roof-irons^  -seat. 

1894  Daily  Neivs  12  Dec.  8/4  Hansom  cabs  had  got  no 
roof  irons  to  carry  luggage.  1897  Outing  XXX.  108/1  The 
scared  old  gent  on  the  front  roof-seat.  1900  F.  ROGERS 
Man.  Coaching  iv.  73  In  the  present  coach,  the  roof-seats 
are  fastened  on  the  roof,  with  their  edges  fair  with  the  front. 

8.  Comb.  a.  Objective,  as  roof -building ,  -hattnt- 
ing)  -reaching  %&)%. ;  roof-draining  -raising. 

1803  HAN.  MoRE^oy  to  Plenty  (S.P.  C.  K.)  46  All  the 
workmen  were  looking  forward  to  the  usual  holiday  of  roof, 
raising.  1842  TENNYSON  Day-Dream  37  Roof-haunting 
martins  warm  their  eggs.  1849  Ecclesiologht  IX.  357  note, 
The  metal-work  required  for  roof-draining.  1860  GEN.  P. 
THOMPSON  Audi  Alt.  clxx.  III.  197  A  provision.. beneath 
the  talents  of  the  roof-building  ape.  1895  Westnt.  Gaz. 
3  Sept.  8/i  Luxuriant  shrubs,  and  roof-reaching  roses. 

b.  Similative,  as  roof-high,  -shaped  adjs. ;  roof- 
like  ,  -wise  ad  vs. 

i6nCoTGR.  s.v.//aM#;««n?,Adishofbrewes,  whose  soppes 
are  heaped  roofewise  one  vpon  another.  1792  WORIJSW. 
Descrip.  Sketches  211  Mists.  .Spread  ropflike  o'er  the  deep 
secluded  vale.  1831  CARLYLESW/.  Res.  \.  iii,  Those  thick  locks 
.  .overlapping  roof-wise  the  gravest  face  we  ever  in  this  world 
saw.  1832  HT.  MARTINKAU  Each  $  All  ii.  27  It  will  take 
a  life  time  for  our  clumps  to  grow  roof-high.  1860  MAURY 
Phys.  Geogr.  (Low)  ii.  39 The  Gulf  Stream  is.. roof-shaped. 

9.  Special  combs.,  as  roof-cat,  an  Indian  species    , 
of  wild  cat;  roof-garden,  a  garden,  or  collection    I 
of  plants  in  large  pots,  etc.,  on  the  (flat)  roof  of   j 
a  house  or  other  building  ;  roof-lorn  a.,  roofless  ; 
roof-mask  (see  quot.) ;    t  roof-nail,   nails  used 
to  secure  roofing  material ;  roof-nucleus,  Anat., 

a  part  of  the  brain  (see  quota.);  f  roof-pincer, 


a  surgical  instrument  for  raising  the  uvula ;  roof- 
rat  (Sc.  -rotten),  a  variety  of  the  black  rat ;  roof- 
snake,  an  Indian  snake  infesting  roofs ;  roof- 
slate,  a  roofing  slate ;  roof-swell,  a  variety  of 
organ  swell ;  f  roof-trough  (with  allusion  of 
Chaucer  Millers  T.  437). 

1895  MRS.  CROKER  Village  Tales  (1896)  52  He  lay  awake 
all  night  long,  and  listened  to  the  wild  *roof-cats  stealing 
down  the  thatch.  1894  R.  H.  DAVIS  Eng.  Cousins  112  On 
the  top  of  the  barge  is  a  *roof-garden  of  pretty  girls.  1898 
Daily  News  15  Aug.  3/1  The  New  York  theatres  are  re 
joicing  in  the  possession  of.  .roof  gardens.  1804  EUGENIA 
DE  ACTON  Tale  without  Title  III.  127  To  find  himself  con 
veyed  to  a  *roof-lorn  cottage.  1851  RUSKIN  Stones  Ven.  II. 
vi.  sog  The  "roof-mask,  which  protects  this  lower  roof  from 
the  weather.  1350  in  Riley  Mem.  Loud.  (1868)  262, 2,600  de 
wyndounail,.  .23.000  de  *rofnail.  1477-9  Rcc.  St.  Mary  at 
/////( 1 905)  87  For  sprigge,  xljd,  &  for  Rofe  nayle,  viijd. 
1875  Encycl.  Brit.  I.  872/1  Two  grey  masses,  named  *roof 
nuclei.  1886  Buck's  Handbk.  Med.  Set.  II.  329  The  so- 
called  roof-nucleus.. of  the  cerebellum.  1690  BLANCARD 
Lex,  Med.  591  Staphylepartest..i\\e  *roof  pincer.  1819 
Edin.  Mag.  July  506  Black  rotten,  "Roof  Rotten.  1884 
Chambers*  Jrnl.  Apr.  215/2  There  are  few  bungalows 
the  thatched  roof  of  which  is  not  the  occasional  abode  of. . 
the  sattkor^  or  *roof-snake.  1803  PLYMLEY  Agric.  Shrofsh. 
43  The  "'roof-slate,  or  schistus  tegulaiis,  which  contains 
more  silex  than  argill.  1852  SEIDEL  Organ.  27  The  "roof  or 
door  swell,.,  when  accurately  constructed  (of  oak  wood),  is 
the  best  sort.  1665  BRATHWAIT  Comment  Two  Talcs  23 
Every  one  is  to  enter  into  their  *Roof-trough  or  Kimelyn. 

Roof  (r;/f),  v.  Forms :  5  rof(e,  rove,  7  roofe, 
rooff(e,  6-  roof.  [f.  the  sb.  Cf.  older  MG.  roev- 
ent  rneven  (TeutonistaJ,  Flem.  roeven.] 

1.  trans.  To  provide  or  cover  with  a  roof.    Also 
with  in,  over. 

ci47S  Crabhouse  Reg.  (i83g)  61  She.. new  rofyd  it.  and 
leyde  therupon  a  fodyr  of  led.  1483  Paston  Lett.  III.  281, 
I  wulle  that  the  seid  ele.  .be  newe  rofed,  leded,  and  glased. 
1705  ADDISON  Italy  (Bohn)  I.  444  Ancient  Roman  buildings 
..roofed  with  either  vaults  or  arches.  17*6  POPE  Odyss. 
xxni.  196  Around  the  tree  I  rais'd  a  nuptial  bower,  And 
roof  d  defensive  of  the  storm  and  shower.  1773  New  Hamp 
shire  Prov.  Papers -(1873)  VII.  673, 1  think  it  would  be  much 
preferable  to  roofing  them.  1819  SCOTT  Ivanhoe  xlii.  note^ 
The  builders  had  attained  the  art  of  using  cement,  and 
of  roofing  a  building.  1851  CARLYLE  Sterling  i.  xii,  Next 
day,  I  had  the  passage  at  the  entrance  of  the  house  repaired 
and  roofed.  1886  H.  F.  LESTER  Under  two  J<'ig  Trees  5  If 
you  roof  over  the  area,  how  on  earth  are  they  to  get  any 
light  in  the  kitchen? 

rejl.  and  fig.  1634  HEVWOOO  Maidenh.  well  lost  i.  Wks. 
1874  IV.  109  He  has.. many  a  stormy  night  Beene  forc'd 
to  roofe  himselfe  i'th  open  field.  1872  TYNDALL  Forms  of 
Water  133  The  sea  freezes,  roofing  itself  with  ice  of  enorm 
ous  thickness. 

b.  To  set  as  a  roof  over  something. 

1818  SHELLEY  Prometh.  Unb.  iv.  113  The  temples.  .Of 
Man's  ear  and  eye,  Roofed  over  Sculpture  and  Poesy. 

2.  To  be  or  form,  to  lie  as,  a  roof  over  (some 
thing).     Also_/%".  and  with  in. 

1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  130  The  stones  so  great,  that  eight 
floores  it,  eight  roofTes  it.  i66«  ROWLEY  Birth  of  Merlin  iv. 
i,  Know'st  thou  what  pendulous  mischief  roofs  thy  head  ? 
1819  BYRON  Juan  ii.  115  As  the  new  flames  gave  Light  to 
the  rocks  that  roofd  them.  1833  TENNYSON  Eleanore  99  As 
thunder-clouds  that..  Roof'd  the  world  with  doubt  and  fear. 
1865  KINGSLEY  Herew.  ii,  Huge  fir-trees  roofed  it  in,  and 
made  a  night  of  noon. 
b.  To  shelter,  house. 

1820  SHELLEY  Sensit.  PI.  i.  57  Flow'rets  which.. Fell  into 
pavilions,. .To  roof  the  glow-worm  from  the  evening  dew. 
1883  JEFFERIES  Story  of  my  Heart  156  That  his  children 
may.  .have  sufficient  to  eat,  drink,  clothe,  and  roof  them. 

3.  inlr.  To  dwell  under  one  roof.    rare—1. 

1606  HEYWOOD  Challenge  v.  i,  Farewell  world,.. thou  wilt 
not  suffer  Vertue  And  Beauty  roofe  together. 

4.  trans.  To  sit  on  the  roof  of  (a  coach). 

1844  W.  H.  MAXWELL  Sports  fy  Adv.  Scot.  xxxi.  (1855) 
250  The  accustomed  process  of  roofing  a  stage-coach. 

Roof,  obs.  f.  ROE  s&.t£  ;  obs.  pa.  t.  RIVE  &.1 

Roofage  (rw-fed^).  [f.  ROOF  sb.  +  -AGE.] 
The  material  of  a  roof;  roofing  of  any  kind. 

1865  E.  BURRITT  Walk  to  Land's  End  205  The  graceful- 
ness  of  its  roofage,  the  delicacy  of  its  carved  work.  1867 
G.  MUSGRAVE  Nooks  <$•  Corners  Old  France  II.  149  The 
dark  slates  that  form  the  universal  roofage.  1887  W.  G. 
PALGRAVE  Ulysses  237  A  spacious  raised  wooden  shed,., 
roofed  with  thatch— your  only  Shinto  wear  for  roofage. 

transf.  sSnSvMOMDfl  Grk.  Poets  x.  311  Branching  limes, 
and  elms  with  their.. gnarled  boles  and  sombre  roofage. 

Roof-cast,  obs.  variant  of  ROUGH-CAST. 

Roofe,  obs.  variant  of  RUFF. 

Roofed  (r/7ft) ,  ///.  a.    [f.  ROOF  v.  +  -ED  i.] 

1.  Having  a  roof;  covered  with  or  as  with  a  roof. 
Also  with  ?'«,  over. 

laisoo   Chester  Plays  in.    34   Three   roofed   chambers. 
1555  L'DEN  Decades  (Arb.)  116  Beinge  roofed  and  paued    I 
with  maruelous  arte.     1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  in.  iv.  40  Here    I 
had  we  now  our  Countries  Honor,  roofd,  Were  the  grac'd    I 
person  of  our  Banquo  present.     1673  RAY  Joum.  Lmv  C.    \ 
39  The  first  publick  Building  that  we  saw  so  rooft  since  we 
left  England.     1756-7  tr.  Kcysler's    Trav.   (1760)  II.  466    | 
Three  detached  parts  of  it,  which   are  roofed,  but  very    \ 
ruinous.     1792  WORDSW.  Descrip.  Sketches  184  She  seeks  a    ; 
covert  from   the  battering    shower    In  the  roofed  bridge,    t 
1832  G.  DOWNES  Lett.  Cont.  Countries  I.  274  The  Gallery    j 
of  Kaltwasser,  which  is  roofed  like  a  house.     i8<J3  GEO. 
ELIOT  Romola  xxxiii,  A  truncated  tower  roofed  in  with 
fluted  tiles.     1896  W.  BLACK  Briseis  xxiv,  In  th«  roofed- 
over  portion  of  the  Ereclheum. 

2.  As  the  second  element  in  combs,  denoting  a   ' 
particular  form  or  kind  of  roof. 


1600  HAKLUYT  Voy.  III.  391  Their  houses  are  flat-rooffed. 
1671  MILTON  P.  R.  ii.  293  He..entr'd  soon  the  shade  High 
rooft.  1703  NEVE  City  $  C.  Purchaser  271  All  kind  of 
flat  Roofd  Buildings.  1804  Europ.  Mag.  XLV.  60/2  The 
thatch-roofd  village,  and  the  busy  town.  1857  DUFFERIN 
Lett.  High  Lat.  (ed.  3)  139  To  He  shivering  inside  a  grass- 
roofed  church.  1871  MORRIS  in  Mackail  Life  (1899)  I.  245 
Thorshaven,  with  its  green-roofed  little  houses. 

Koo'fer.  [f.  ROOF  sb.  or  v.]  One  who  con 
structs  or  repairs  roofs. 

1855  OGILVIE  Snppl.  1887  Pall  Mall  G.  15  Sept.  8/2  The 
metal  workers  show  their  processes,  also  roofers,  plumbers, 
plasterers,  leather-workers. 

Roo'fing,  (s>/>/.)  sb.    [f.  ROOF  sb.  or  v.  +  -ING  1.] 

1.  The  act  of  covering  with   a  roof;    material 
used  or  suitable  for  roofs  j  that  which  forms  a  roof 
or  roofs. 

ci44o  Pallad.  on  Hnsb.  r,  383  (Bodl.  MS.),  And  lete  hem 
drie  er..rovyng  [be]  selte  uppon,  lest  all  be  shent.  1598 
STOW  Sitrv.  i8oHee..gaue  all  the  timber  for  the  roofting 
of  the  two  side  lies.  1611  CORYAT  Crudities  163  Whiche 
forme  of  roofing  is  generally  vsed  in  all  those  Italian  cities 
that  I  saw.  1655  FULLER  Waltham  Abbey  19  Lead,  Stone, 
and  Timber,  all  devoured  in  the  roofing,  flooring,  and 
finishing  of  their  Steeple.  1725  7<Vt///.  Dict.s.\.  Thatching^ 
A  thousand  handfuls  of  Reed.  .will.. cover  about  three 
square  of  Roofing.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  FoolofQnal.  (1809) 
III.  ri2  The  hovel  was  of  mud-walls,  without  any  roofing. 
1828-43  TYTLER  Hist.  Scot.  (1864)  I.  137  A  huge  machine 
was  constructed,  covered  by  a  strong  roofing  of  boards  and 
hides.  1846  MCCULLOCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  I.  165 
Thick  and  heavy  slates.. are  used  for  building  as  well  as 
for  roofing.  1876  Miss  BKADDOK  J.  Haggard's  Dau.  III. 
166"  Arnold  went  up  to  an  old  farmhouse. .to  settle  a 
question  of  roofing  and  thatching. 

transf.    1883  GKESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  206  Roofing^ 
the  upper  5  or  6  feet  of  the  rock-sail  beds. 
b.  attrib.  with  material^  s/ufe,  tile,  etc. 

1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Set.  fy  Art  I.  191  In  Holland, 
they  frequently  glaze  their  roofing  tiles.  1833  Penny  Cycl. 
I.  406/1  It  is  as  hard  as  roofing  slate.  1846  KEIGHTLEY 
Notes  Virg.  375  It  is  of  good  size,  for  roofing-timber.,  is  cut 
out  of  it.  i86a  Catal.  Internat.  Exhib.  t  Brit.  II.  No.  6029 
Galvanized  corrugated  iron  roofing  sheets.  1886  C.  SCOTT 
Sheep- Farm  ing  98  There  are  now  so  many  light  roofing 
materials,— such  as  the  Willesden  roofing  paper. 
C.  altrib*  in  other  nses. 

1867  Chambers' s  Encycl.  IX.  439/1  The  various  kinds  [of 
tiles]  used  for  roofing  purposes,  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Alech. 
J973/2  Roofing-machine,  one  for  preparing  material  for 
rooting  purposes.  1896  Daily  News  3  Aug.  3/5  Bridge  and 
roofing  firms  have  been  busy. 

2.  Alining1,  (See  quots.) 

1747  HOOSON  Miners  Diet.  R  iij,  Rooflng-'v-,  rising  up 
wards  in  the  Work,  be  it  either  directly  or  by  degrees.  1860 
Eng.  S(  For.  Mining  Gloss,  (ed.  2)  78  Roofing^  when  the  top 
of  the  loaded  skip  wedges  against  the  top  of  the  gate-road. 

Roofless  (rw'fles),  a.     [f.  ROOF  sb.  +  -LESS.] 

1.  Of  buildings  :  Having  no  roof. 

1610  HOLLAND  Cantden's  Brit.  i.  402  At  Luton  I  saw  a 
faire  church  but  the  Quier  then  roofelesse.  1725  RAMSAY 
Gentle  Skt'ph.  \\.  iii,  The  wind  made  Glaud  a  roofless  barn. 
1793  COVVPER  A  Tale  •$%  Within  that  cavity  aloft  Their  roof 
less  home  they  fixt.  1835  LYTTON  Rienzi  i.  xii,  He  gazed 
around  upon  the  roofless  columns  and  shattered  walls.  1877 
WALLACE  Russia  xxviii.  436  But  the  great  majority  of  the 
houses  were  still  roofless. 

2.  Of  persons  :  Not  sheltered  by  a  roof. 

1829  LYTTON  Disowned  13  The  stolen  feasts  and  the  roof 
less  nights  of  those  careless  vagabonds.  1839  F.  A.  KEMBLE 
Resid.  in  Georgia  (1863)  7  Though  the  Irish  peasant  is 
starved,  naked  and  roofless.  1863  W.  B.  JERKOLD  Signals 
of  Distress  58  These  roofless  creatures. 

Roo'flet.  [f.  ROOF  sb.  +  -LET.]  *  A  small  roof 
or  covering1  (Ogilvie  Snppl.  1855). 

Koo'f-tile.  ?  Obs.  Also  5  roff  tyle,  rofe-, 
rof  tile ;  6  roofe  tyle.  [f.  ROOF  st>."]  A  tile  for 
covering  the  top  ridge  of  a  roof;  a  ridge-tile. 

1426-7  Rec.  St.  Mary  at  Hill  (1905)  65  Also  paid  for  a 
quartern  roff  tyle,.  .xvd.  1477  Act  17  Edw.  /K,c.  3  Whityng 
&  anelyng  de  tewle  appellez  pleintile  autrement  nosmez 
thaktile,  roftile  ou.crestile,  corneitile  &  guttertile.  1546 
Ace.  St.  Dnnstan's, ' Cant.  (1885)  68  For  playne  tylle,  iiij  s. 


the  Roof.     1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Tyle,  Ridge,  Roof,  or 
Crease  Tyles,  are  those  used  to  cover  the  Ridges  of  Houses. 

Roo'f-tree.  Also  5  ruff  tree,  roffetre,  6  (8) 
Sc.  rufe,  ruif  tre,  J-  roufe.  [f.  ROOF  sb.} 

1.  The  main  beam  or  ridge-pole  of  a  roof. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parr'.  435/2  Roof  tree  (or  ruff  tree) ,_,#$/««/. 
£'475  Pict.  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  777  Hocfestnm^  a  roffetre. 
1560  ROLLAND  Seven  Sages  14  The  ruif  tre  of  all  this  haill 
Maissoun.  1570  Henry's  Wallace  v.  209  A  gret  rufe  tre 
[v.r.  raftrej  he  had  in  till  his  hand.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s.v.  Roof^  Roof-trees.. is  also  used  for  the  upper  Timbers 
of  any  Building;  whence  in  the  Northern  Counties,  it  is 
common  to  signify  a  whole  Family,  by  saying,  all  under 
such  a  one's  Roof- Tree.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  viii,  Ye  have 
riven  the  thack  off  seven  cottar  houses— look  if  your  ain 
roof-tree  stand  the  faster.  1857  DUFFERIN  Lett.  High  Lat. 
(ed.  3)  132  Instead  of  sleeping  in  the  tent,  he  determined  to 
seek  shelter  under  a  solid  roof-tree.  1873-6  STEVENSON 
Ess.  Trav.  (1005)  146  Wood  for  the  fire,  or  for  a  new 
roof- tree. 

b.  Sc.  in  allusive  use  (see  quots.). 

c  1730  BORT  Lett.  N.  Scotl.  (1754)  II.  41  As  we  say.  .—To 
your  Fireside  *,  he  says  much  to  the  same  Purpose — To  your 
Roof  Tree.  1837  LOCKHART  Scott  IV.  vi".  191  Lord  Melville 
proposed  a  bumper,  with  all  the  honours,  to  the  Roof-tree. 
1842  D.  VEDDER  Poems  141  We'll  a'  baud  a  ranting  holi 
day,  An'  drink  success  to  the  laird's  roof-tree. 


ROOFWARD. 


777 


ROOKERY. 


2.  Naut.  (Seequots.  and  cf.  ROUGH-,  RUFF-TKEE.) 

It  is  doubtful,  in  view  of  the  variant  forms,  whether  the 
first  element  here  is  really  ROOF  sb.  The  spelling  does  not 
appenr  to  have  been  in  actual  use  after  the  i7th  century, 

1626  CAPT.  SMITH  Accid.  Yng.  Seamen  13  They  make  a 
lury-mast.  .with  yards,  rouftrees,  or  what  they  can.  1627 
—  Seamarfs  Gram.  vii.  32  The  Roufe-trees.  .are.  .small 
Timbers  to  beare  vp  the  Gratings  from  the  halfe  Decke  to 
the  fore-castle.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  xv.  (Roxb.) 
37/1  The  Roofe  trees  are  light  wood  that  goes  ouer  the 
decks  and  fore-castle  to  beare  vp  the  gratings  and  ledges 
wherein  the  netting  ly.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  T?chn.  I.  s.v., 
That  Peece  of  Timber  which  on  Occasion  is  laid  over  the 
Half  Deck  to  bear  up  Nettings,  Sails,  or  Peeces  of  Canvas, 
is  called  a  Roof-tree.  [Also  in  Chambers  (1728),  Crabbe 
(1823),  etc.) 

Kooiward,  adv.  [f.  ROOF  sb.  +  -WARD.] 
Toward,  in  the  direction  of,  the  roof. 

1866  J.  CONINGTON  SEneid  55  Firebrands  roofward  dart. 
1876  MORRIS  Sigurd  2  A  mighty  tree,  That  reared  its 
blessings  roofward. 

Boofy  (r«'fi ',  a.     [f.  ROOF  sb.  +  -Y.] 

1.  Furnished  with  a  roof. 

1697  DRVDEN  Virg.  Georg.  in.  634  Whether  to  roofy 
Houses  they  repair,  Or  sun  themselves  abroad  in  open  air. 

2.  Abounding  in  roofs. 

1884  Harpers  Mag.  268/1  The  roofy  wilderness  of  the 
metropolis. 

3.  transf.  High-pitched. 

1897  HALL  CAISE  Christian  i.  ix,  Capable  of  saying  little 
humorous  things  m  a  thin  '  roofy  '  voice. 

Roofye,  variant  of  RUFFY. 

Roog,  obs,  form  of  ROGUE. 

Rooge,  var.  of  ROODGE  z/.,  ROUGE  $b.~ 

Rooing,  vbl.  sb. :  see  Roo  v. 

Book  (ruk),  $b.\  Forms  :  a.  I  hrooc,  hroc, 
roc,  3  rok,  3-6  roke,  5-7  rooke,  5-  rook. 
#.  Sf.  (and  north.}  5-6  ruke,  6  reuk,  rwik, 
6-7  ruik(e.  [OE.  hr6c^  =  MDu.  roec^  roek-t  roue, 
rouk-  (Du.  and  Fris.  roek\  MLG.  rdk,  rook  (LG. 
rokt  roke,  rauk,  ratt/ce),  ON.  hrdkr  (obs.  Da.  rog], 
OHG.  hntoh  (MHG.  ruoch,  G.  ruc/i);  cf.  also 
MSw.  rokat  Sw.  rakat  Da.  raagc.  The  name  may 
be  of  imitative  origin.] 

1.  A  black,  raucous-voiced  European  and  Asiatic 
bird  (Corutis frugilegxs},  nesting  in  colonies;  one 
of  the  commonest  of  the  crow-tribe,  and  in  the 
north  of  Britain  usually  called  a  crow. 

The  equation,  in  OE.  and  ME.  glosses,  with  L.  graculus 
(grallus)t  jackdaw,  is  probably  inexact. 

a.  £725  Corpus  Gloss.  G.  154  Grallus^  hrooc.  c  1000 
/£LFRIC  Saints'  Lives  I.  492  Da^r  flujon  sona  to  hrocas  and 
hremmas.  a  1250  Oivl  $  Night.  1130  Golfinc,  rok,  ne 
crowe,  ne  dar  bar  neuer  cuinen  i-hende.  c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg. 

I.  437/196  Blake  foule  huy  sei^e,  Ase  it  crowene  and  rokes 
weren,  fleon  bi  \>e  Eyr  wel  hei^e.     ^1340  Nominate  (Skeat) 
792  Roke,  Rauen, and  goldefynch.  c  1384  CHAUCER//.  Fame 
u.   1516   The  halle  was  al  ful  y-wys  Of  hem. .As  ben  on 
trees    rokes    nestes.     c  1400   Laud   Troy   fik.    17214   The 
Gregais  wol  not  hir  bodigrauen,  But  let  hit  ligge  to  roke  £ 
rauen.     1486  Bk.  Sf.  Albans  d  ij,  That  hawke  that  will  slee 
a  Roke  or  a  Crow  or  a  Reuyn.     a  1529  SKELTON  P.  Sparowe 
462  The  roke,  with  the  ospraye  That  putteth  fysshes  to  a 
fraye.     1588  SHAKS.  L.L.  L.  v.  ii.  915  When  Turtles  tread, 
and  Rookes  and  Dawes.     1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  x.  xii.  I. 
276  The  Crowes  and  Rookes  have  a  cast  by  themselves. 
1663  SUTLER  Hi(d.  i.  i.  76  He'd  prove. .a  Goose  a  Justice, 
Ana  Rooks  Committee-men,  and  Trustees.    1726-46  THOM 
SON    Winter  141  A  blackening  train  Of  clamorous  rooks 
thick  urge  their  weary  flight.     1768  PENNANT  Brit.  ZooL  I. 
168  Rooks  are  sociable  birds,  living  in  vast  flocks :  crows  go 
only  iii  pairs.     1802  MONTAGU  Ornith.  Diet,  s.v.,  The  Rook 
is  partial  to  cultivated  parts,  as  well  as  to  the  habitation  of 
man.     1841  Penny   Cycl.    XX.    148/2    Grain,   and   insects 
especially,    form    the   food    of    the    Rook.     1870   MORRIS 
Earthly  Par.  I.  n.  529   From  hill  to  hill  the   wandering 
rook  did  sail,  Lazily  croaking. 

p.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.}  viii.  31  per  commes  rukes 
and  crakes  and  ober  fewles.  1424  Sc.  Acts  Jas,  I  (1814) 

II.  6  Rukes  bigande  in  kirk  ;ardis,  orchardis  or  treis  dois 
gret  skaiihe  apone  cornis.    c  1450  HOLLAND  Howlat  794  Sa 
come  the  Ruke  with  a  rerd    and    a  rane  roch.      1500-20 
DUNBAR  Poems  xxxiii.  117    Had  he  reveild  bene   to  the 
rwikis,  Thay  had  him  revin  all  with  thair  clwikis.     1570 
Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xv.  53  $e  gleds  and  howlets,  rauins 
and  rukis. 

2.  Applied   to    persons  as  an    abusive  or  dis 
paraging  term. 

1508  DUNDAR  Flythu*  57  Revin,  raggit  ruke,  and  full  of 
rebaldrie.  1593  Tell-TrotKs  N.  Y.  Gift  (Shaks.  Soc.)  13 
Callinge  his  wittes  together  (of  which  he  had  no  small 
neede,  being  mated  with  two  such  rookes).  Note.  They  are 
rookes  for  their  troubling  tongs.  1603  DEKKEK  Wonder- 
full  Year  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  89  So  many  Rookes,  catch 
polls  of  poesy,  That  feed  vpon  the  fallings  of  hye  wit. 
a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Worcestershire  in.  (1662)  168  In 
plain  English,  this  Scotish  Demster  is  an  arrant  rook, 
depluming  England,  Ireland  and  Wales,  of  famous  Writers, 
meerly  to  feather  his  own  Country  therewith.  1721  RAMSAY 
Ode  to  (he  Ph —  xii,  Ve'll  worry  me,  you  greedy  rook.  1784 
BURNS  Rob  Mossgiel  4  Such  witching  books  are  baited 
hooks,  For  rakish  rooks  like  Rob  Mossgiel. 

b.  A  cheat,  swindler,  or  sharper,  spec,  in  gaming. 

1577  Nottingham  Rec.  IV.  173  For  against  thys  Fayre 
evere  noughte  rooke  wyll  come.  1662  GURNALL  Chr,  in 
Arm.  iv.  §  2  (1669)  77/1  They  meet  with  many  Rooks  and 
Cheaters  in  their  dealing.  1693  Humours  Town  25  To 
shake  away  an  Estate  to  known  Rooks  that  live  by  the  Dice, 
is  an  unaccountable  piece  of  folly.  1705  WVCHEKLEY  Let. 
to  Pope  7  April,  So  J  am  (like  an  old  Rook,  who  is  ruined  by 
Gaming)  forced  to  live  on  the  good  Fortune  of  the  pushing 
\uini-  Men,  1767  COLMAN  Pros*  Sw.  O^<is.  (1787)  II.  82 
VOL.  Vlll. 


They  need  not  be  guilty  of  burglary,  turn  Rooks  and 
Sharpers,  commit  fraudulent  bankruptcies  [ctu.|.  1824 
Hist.  Gaming  50  We  scarcely  know  whether  yet  to  class 
him  with  the  rooks  or  the  pigeons.  1889  Spectator  18  May, 
To  punish  the  rooks  by  positive  fines  and  the  pigeons  by 
the  public  exposure  of  their  folly. 

a/pos.  I67&OLDHAM  Lct.fr.  Country  Wks.  (1854)  74  Poets 
are  culHe.s,  whom  rook  fame  draws  in. 

t  c.   A  gull,  a  simpleton.   Obs. 

1598  B.  JONSON  Every  Man  in  Hum,  i.  v,  Hang  him, 
rooke,  he  !  why,  he  has  no  more  Judgement  then  a  malt- 
horse.  1601  —  Poetaster  \.  ii,  What?  shall  I  haue  my 
sonne  a  stager  now  ?  an  enghle  for  players  ?  a  gull  ?  a  rooke  ? 
1611  CHAPMAN  May  Day  in.  ii,  An  arrant  Rooke  by  this 
light ;  a  capable  cheating  stocke  |  a  man  may  carry  him  vp 
and  downe  by  the  cares  like  a  pipkin.  163?  BASTWICK 
Litany  \.  7  Such  men  as  study  by  all  means  to  serve  God. . 
are  by  these  varlets  called  rooks. 

d.  slang.  A  ;  black-coat '.     Cf.  ROOKSHIP. 
1859  Slang  Diet.  82  Rookt  a  clergyman. 

3.  Cant,  ami  dial.   (See  quots.) 

1796  Grose's  Diet.  Vulgar  T.  (ed.  3),  Rook,,  .the  cant 
name  for  a  crow  used  in  house-breaking.  1812  J.  H.  YAUX 
Plash.  Diet.,  Rook,  a  small  iron  crow.  1879  Miss  JACKSON 
Shrofish.  Word-l>k.  355  Rook,  the  iron  key  used  for  u  indin- 
up  a  kitchen-grate  when  it  is  too  wide. 

4.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rook-catcher,  -net,  -shoot- 
ing\  rook-like ;  rook-haunted,  -tenanted. 

I573~4  Saffroti'Walden  Aces.  (MS.),  For  a  rokenet,  Si-. 
1637  BASTWICK  Litany  i.  8  The  Church-wardens  through 
the  Kingdome  are  the  Prelats  rook-catchers.  1837  DICKKNS 
Pickw.  vii,  Your  friend  and  I.. are  going  out  rook-shooting 
before  breakfast.  1870  —  E.  Drood  ii,  Divers  venerable 
persons  of  rook-like  aspect.  1872  MORRIS  in  Mackail  Life 
(1899)  I.  280, 1  am  writing  among  the  grey  gables  and  rook- 
haunted  trees.  1874  Lisu:  CARR  J.  Gn-ynnc  I.  i.  i  A  cluster 
of  old  elms,  rook-tenanted. 

b.  Special  combs.,  as  rook-bolter  (see  quot.)  ; 
rook-boy,  one  employed  in  scaring  rouks  from 
corn ;  rook-grove,  a  clump  of  trees  containing  a 
rookery ;  rook-hawk,  (a)  a  hawk  trained  to  fly 
at  rooks  ;  (tf)  the  hobby  ;  rook-hawking,  the  sport 
of  flying  hawks  at  rooks  ;  rook-pie,  a  pie  made 
with  (young)  rooks ;  rook -rattle,  a  rattle  used  in 
scaring  rooks;  rook-rifle,  a  rifle  of  small  bore 
for  shooting  rooks ;  rook-starver,  dial.,  a  rook- 
scarer ;  rook-starving,  dial. ,  look-scaring ;  rook- 
worm,  a  worm  eaten  by  rooks. 

1840  SPURDENS  E.  Anglian  Wds.^Quarrel,  a  kind  of  bird- 
bolt,  ..now  only  used    by  'rook-bolters  for  beating  down 
rooks'  nests.     1885  Census  Instruct.    Index,  *Rook   Boy. 
rti68z  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Norf.  Birds  Wks.  (Bohn)  III.  321 
By  reason  of  the  great  quantity  of  corn-fields  and  "rook 
groves.     1855  SALVIN   &    BRODRICK   Falconry   63   One    of 
William   Barr's  best   *rook   Hawks  in   1852  was  an  eyess 
Tiercel.     1887  A.   C.    SMITH   Birds  of  Wiltshire   72  The 
Hobby... I  am  told  that  its  provincial  name  in  Wiltshire  is 
the  '  Rook  Hawk '.      1855  SALVIN  &  BRODKICK  Falconry  63 
We  now  come  to   a  somewhat  similar  sport,   viz.  *Kook 
hawking.     1769  MRS.  RAFFAI.D  Eng:  Housekpr.  (1778)  157 
A  *Rook  Pye.     Skin   and   draw  six   young   rooks.     1837 
DICKENS  Pickw.  vii,  Indistinct  visions  of  rook-pie  floated 
through  his  imagination.     1892  '  Q.'  /  saw  three  Ships  163    > 
Scattered  among  these  were  ox-bells,  *rook-rattles,  a  fog 
horn  or  two.     18^9  STONEHENGK   Shot-Gun   104  In   *rpok 
rifle-shooting  at  birds  just  fledged.  1895  BURROUGHS  White  s 
Selborue  I.  143  A  '  "rookstarver '.    1766  Compl.  Farmer  &.\.     j 
Red-worm  6  K  3/1   It  is  called  a  grub,  by  others  the  large     j 
maggot,  and  the  "rook  worm,  because  the  rooks  eat  it.  1841     i 
Penny  Cycl.  XX.  148/2  The  larva:  of  the  cock-chafler  {Melo-    \ 
lmtfawlfaris).,&n  called  Rook-worms  in  many  places. 

Rook  (ruk);  sb.*  Chess.  Forms :  4-5  rok, 
5-6  roke  (5  roche),  6-7  rock;  5-  rook  (7  -ke). 
[a.  OF.  roc(k>  rok,  ro(c)qt  =  Sp.  and  Pg.  roque,  It. 
roccO)  med.L.  rocus,  rochus,  also  MLG.  roch  (G. 
roch,  roche})  ON.  hrdkr  (Icel.  hrdkur],  MSw. 
rokk)  obs.  Da.  rok,  rocke.  The  ultimate  source  is 
Pers.  -tj  rukhy  the  original  sense  of  which  is 

doubtful.]  One  of  four  pieces  which  at  the  be 
ginning  of  the  game  are  set  in  the  corner  squares, 
and  have  the  power  of  moving  in  a  right  line 
forwards,  backwards,  or  laterally  over  any  number 
of  unoccupied  squares;  a  castle.  Also  inyf^.  con-  j 
texts. 

13. .  Guy  ll'anv.  (1883)  426  \ViJ>  a  roke  he  brae  his  heued    \ 
ban.     ^1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  11397  Somme    ' 
. .  Drowe  forthe  meyne  for  (>e  cheker  Wyb  draughtes  queinte    ' 
of  knight  &  rok.     t  1407  LYDG.  Reson  $•  Sens.  6717  Hyr 
Rokys  at  eche  corner  oon  Wer  makyd  of  a  ryche  stoon. 
c  1450  Treat.  Chess  (MS.  Ashm.  344),  Draw  thy  knyght  in    i 
a  ande  say  click,  Sythen  thy  Roke  in  b  and  say  chek.   c  1489 
CAXTON  Sonncs  of  Ay»ion  xxii.  478  Yonnet.  .played  wytli 
his  roke  that   he  sholde  not  be  mated.     1562  ROWBOTHUM 
Playe  of  Cheasts  A  iv  b,  The  Rooke  is  made  lykest  to  the 
Kinge  and  the  Queene,  but  that  he  is  not  so  long.     1591 
FLORID  -2nd  Frutes  75,  I  had  beene  taken  napping,  if  I  had 
plaid  that  rooke.     1622  FLETCHER  Span.  Cur.  in.  iv,  Now 
play  your  best  Sir,  though  I  lose  this  Rook  here,  Yet  I  get    I 
libertie.     1656  BEALE   Chesse-play  2  In  the  corner  of  the    i 
field  the  Rooke,  Rock,  or  Duke,  who  is  sometimes  fashioned    i 
with  a  round  head,  sometimes  like  a  Castle.     1735  BERTIN     , 
Chess  56  The  bishop  gives  a  check  in  his  queen's  rook's    i 
fourth  square.     1812  CRABBE  Tales  xi.  363  Nor  good  nor    \ 
evil  can  you  beings  name,  Who  are  but  rooks  and  castles  in 
the  game.     1870  HARDY  &   WARE  Mod.   Hoyle,  Chess  39    ! 
The  Rook.. may  pass  along  the  entire  length  of  the  board    ! 
at  one  move. 

Rook,   sb.'''     Sc.    and    north,    dial.       [Var.   of    : 
ROKE  or  KOUK  :  the  difference   in  the  vowel    is 
iiausiu;!.]     Mist,  fog. 


c  1700  KF.SXETT  in  J/.S".  Lansd,  1033  fol.  327  b,  A  Rook,  a 
steam  or  vapour.  1786  Har'st  A'/A-  (1794)  27  Mair  scouthry 
like  it  ;,till  does  look,  At  length  comes  on  in  mochy  rook. 
1825  in  BROCKETI.  1894  tiESLOP  Northumb.  Gloss.  584 
Yonder 's  a  rook  on  the  law. 

Rook,  dial.)  a  heap  :  see  RUCK  sb* 

Hook,  obs.  form  of  ROCK  sb\ 

Rook  (ruk),  v.l     [f.  ROOK  j£.i  2  b.] 

1.  trans.  To  cheat ;  to  delraud  by  cheating,  esp. 
in  gaming  ;  to  clean  of  money  by  fraud,  extortion, 
or  other  means  ;  to  charge  extortionately. 

Chiefly  in  slang  or  colloquial  use. 

^159°  [?LoDGt]  Sir  T.  More  i.  ii,  Let  them  gull  me, 
widgeon  me,  rook  me,  fopp  me.  1598  B.  Joxsox  Ev.  Man 
in  Hiun.  in,  i,  If  he  should  prooue,  Riitiarnmplenus^  then 
s'blood  I  were  Rookt.  1654  GAVION  Pleas.  Notes  iv.  xviiL 
261  How  easily  doth  a  brother  rooke  a  brother,  I  mean  the 
craftie  brother  the  weaker?  1673  [R.  LKIGH]  Transp.Reh. 
87  This  may  be  a  fair  warning.. to  take  heed  he  be  not 
rookt  by  such  polititians.  1691  WOOD  Ath.  O.von.  II.  302 
The  unsanctified  crew  of  Gamesters,  .rook'd  him  sometimes 
of  all  he  could  wrap  or  get.  1710  PALMKK  Proi'.  209  Drawn 
in  by  guinea-droppers,  and  rook'd  of  forty  guineas  and  a 
watch.  1780  H.  WALI'OI.E  Let.  to  Earl  Harcourt  10  June, 
Whether  terrified. .,  or  to  rooke  new  legions,  .of  Infer nals, 
the  Gordon  is  fled.  1822  SCOTT  Nigel  xxi,  It  was  this 
same  Glenvarloch  that  rooked  me,  at  the  ordinary,  of  every 
penny  I  had.  1862  M.  NANKR  Life  I'isct.  Dundee  II.  321 
The  Decreet  of  the  Mint  by  which  they  had  been  so  terribly 
rooked.  1897  ANSTEY  Trav.  Coinp.  ii,  Not  such  a  bad 
dinner  !  Expect  they'll  rook  us  a  lot  for  ii,  though. 

f2.  To  take  by  cheating,  or  by  fraudulent  means. 

1648  SY.MMOXS  I'ind.  Chas.  /,  161  How  they  rooked  to 
themselves  all  the  Plate  and  Money.  1653  MILTON  ///><• 
Hags  Wks.  1851  V.  361  The  Title  of  Gchari.  -to  those  thing-, 
which  by  abusing  his  Maker's  name  be  rook'd  from  Xa;t- 
inan.  1695  COTTON  Martial  I.  Ixvi.  59  Dubt  hope. .  For  ten 
vile  pence  eternal  glory  rook? 

f  3.  intr.  To  practise  cheating.   Obs. 

1668  DKVDKN  £ven.  Love  in.  i,  In  the  gaming-house, 
where  I  found  most  of  the  town-wits;  the  prose-wits  play 
ing,  and  the  verse-wits  rooking.  1676  SHAOWELL  Libertine 
n,  You  women  always  rook  in  love,  you'll  never  play  upon 
the  square  with  us.  1693  LOCKI-:  Educ.  §  70  Learning  to 
wrangle  at  Trap,  or  rook  at  Span-farthing. 

f4.  (Meaning  uncertain.)    Obs. 

1632  'stoiKL'sx Hyde  Park  in.  i,  lie  rooke  for  once,  my  Lord, 
He  hold  you  twenty  more... Done  with  you  too. 

Rook,  v.z  [f.  ROUK  sb.-]  i  To  castle  at  chess  ' 
(Ogilvie,  1850). 

t  Rook,  ?'.:J    Obs.    (Exact  meaning  not  clear.) 

1616  i:i  \\'.  H.  Wheeler  Hist.  Fens  (1897)  App.  iv.  ii  1'bc 
Welland  to  bo  loaded,  rooked,  hooked,  hafled,  scowered, 
and  cleansed. 

Rook,  to  crouch,  cower  :  see  RUCK  v. 

Hooker1,  rare—1,  [f.  ROOK  Z/.1  +  -EU1.]  One 
who  rooks  or  cheats. 

1683  KKNNETTtr.  Erasm.on  Folly  78  There  is  a  pernicious 
destructive  sort  of  flattery,  wherewith  rookers  and  iliark> 
work  their  several  ends  upon  such  as  they  make  a  prey  of. 

Roo*ker  2.  (Sec  quot.) 

1851-3  Toinlinsoifs  Cycl.  Arts  (1867)  1. 179/2  The  rooker} 
a  tool  resembling  the  letter  L,  fixed  in  a  wooden  handle, 
for  the  purpose  of  drawing  out  the  ashes  from  the  oven. 

Roo'keried,  a.    [f.  next.]     Having  a  rookery. 

1836  R.  FUKNESS  Astrologer  \\.  Wks.  (1858)  149  Descend 
ing  by  The  rook  Vied  Holme,  and  to  the  town  on  Wye. 

Itookery  (nrksri).     [f.  ROOK  sb.1  +  -ERY.] 

1.  A  collection   of  rooks'   nests  in  a  cltimi; 
trees  ;  a  colony   of  rooks. 

1725  Fain.  Dict.s.v.tThey  are  commonly  Groves  and  tall 
Trees  near  Gentlemens  Houses  in  the  Country  thai  make 
your  Rookeries.  1772  T,  SI.MI'SON  Vi'miin-Killeyzi  Gentle 
men  keep  rookeries  for  the  sake  of  hearing  a  continual 
noise.  1822  SCOTT  Nigel  xvi,  Like  crows  upon  a  falc.m 
that  strays  into  their  rookery.  1842  TENNYSON  Locksky 
Hall  68  The  many-winter'd  crow  that  leads  the  clanging 
rookery  home.  1883  Congregational  Year  Book  58  To 
many,  Church  questions  seem  as  trivial  as  the  politics  of  a 
rookery. 

b.  The  realm  of  rooks.    rare~l. 
1738  Genii.   Mag.  VIII.    301/2  This   seemed   to   be   no 
Breach  of  the  Laws  of  Rookery,  and  was,  I  saw,  practised 
by  every  one  of  the  Rest. 

2.  A  breeding-place,   common  resort,   or  large 
colony:  a.  Of  sea-birds,  esp.  penguins. 

1838  POE  Narr.  A.  Gordon  Pym  Wks.  1896  I.  441  Navi 
gators  have  agreed  in  calling  an  assemblage  of  such  en 
campments  [of  albatross]  a  rookery.  1840  Penny  Cycl. 
XVII.  410/2  The  towns,  camps,  and  rookeries,  as  they  have 
been  called,  of  these  birds  [penguins].  1897  li\st»i.  Ga~. 
20  Aug.  2/1  Further  on  . .  we  found  a  rookery  of  many 
thousands  of  the  superb  red-tailed  tropic  bird  (Pliatton 
phcenicurus). 

b.  Of  seals  or  other  marine  mammals. 

1847  SiRj.  Ross  Voy.  Antarctic  Reg.  I.  47  Some  of  their 
[sc.  seals']  haunts,  or  as  the  sealers  term  them  '  rookeries '. 
1860  Merc.  Mar.  Mag.  VII.  208  The  sea-elephants.. are 
gregarious,  and.. will  often  congregate  in  'rookeries'  of 
hundreds.  1881  Nature  XXV.  205  The  'rookery  'of  the 
sea-bears  still  found  in  abundance  on  St.  Paul's  Island. 

3.  A    cluster   of   mean   tenements  densely  pop 
ulated  by  people  of  the  lowest  class. 

1829  Farmer's  Jrnl.  14  Sept.  294  This  court  is  known  by 
the  name  of  the  '  Rookery  ,  (from  there  being  a  humble 
family  in  each  room).  1851  H.  MAYHEW  Land.  Labour 
(1862)  II.  331  We  visited  Market  Street,.,  a  well  known 
rookery  of  prostitutes.  1887  JKSSOPI-  Arcady  In  trod.  p.  xiii, 
A  dozen  families  are.. in  a  rookery  which  grew  upon  the 
edge  of  a  piece  of  waste. 

attrib.  1883  Good  Words  Aug.  542/1  A  '  rookery  '  district 
in  the  great  metropolis. 

b.  f^See  quot.) 

98 


imp  oi 


ROOKING. 

1860  Slang  Diet.  (ed.  2)  201  Rookery^  in  Military  slang, 
that  part  of  the  barracks  occupied  by  subalterns,  often  by 
no  means  a  pattern  of  good  order. 

C.  transf.  in  various  applications. 

1864  HERSCHEL  Fam.  Lect.  Sci.  34  Java  itself  I  should 
observe  is  one  rookery  of  volcanoes.  189*  Nation  LV. 
480/1  The  Inns  of  Court  and  of  Chancery.,  have  been,  .an 
immemorial  rookery  for  authors.  1899  SOMERVILLE  &  Ross 
Irish  R.  M.  252  Dr.  Fahy's  basement  storey,  with  the 
rookery  of  paying  guests  asleep  above. 

4.  dial,  or  slang.  A  row,  disturbance. 

1824  Spirit  Publ.  Jrnls.  (1825)  416  At  this  moment  there 
was  a  terrible  rookery  and  noise  outside  the  court.  1838 
HOLLOWAY  Prov.  Diet,  s.v.,  _'  To  make  a  rookery '  is  to 
make  a  great  stir  about  anything. 

Koo'king,   vbl.  sb.1    [f.   ROOK  w.l  + -nro  *.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  cheating  or  defrauding. 

1652  BROME  Damoiselle  iv.  i,  Though  cheating  there,  and 
Rooking  be  as  free  As  there  is  square  play  at  the  Ordinaries. 
1707  Reflex,  upon  Ridicule  266  They  consider  themselves 
as  in  the  Enemies  Country,  and  think  that  Rooking  is  a 
kind  of  Lawful  Profession.  18250  WESTMACOTT^M^-.  Spy 
II.  235  Most  passive  pigeon  that  ever  submitted  to  rooking. 

attrib.  1659  Invisible  John  made  Visible^  4  The  Tower, 
formerly  a  noble  and  unexpensive  Prison,  is.. rendered  a 
rooking  Pinfold,  a  1677  BARROW .SVrw.  Wks.  1716  III.  287 
This  rooking  Trick, ..to  dodge  and  shuffle  with  God. 

XtoO'king,  vbt-  sb?  [*•  ROOK^.I]  The  driving 
away  of  rooks  from  fields. 

1883  Harpers  Mag.  April  652  Other  items  are.,  weeding, 
and  rooking,  or  employing  a  boy  to  drive  away  the  rooks. 

RoO'king,  ///.  a.  [f.  ROOK  z/.1]  Cheating, 
swindling,  dishonest. 

16..  Robin  Conscience  16,  I  walkt  into  St,  Georges  Field, 
Where  rooking  Rascals  I  beheld.  1641  MILTON  Reform.  \. 
Wks.  (1851)  III.  14  A  band  of  rooking  Officials,  with  cloke 
bagges  full  of  Citations.  1680  COTTON  Compl.  Gamester 
(ed.  2)  9  A  Crown  the  Rooking-winner  lent  him.  .to  bear  his 
charges  homewards. 

RoO'kish,  a.  [f.  ROOK  sb^-  +  -ISH.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  rooks ;  resembling  a  rook. 

1738  Common Sense\\.  120 They  seem  now  to  be  the  Out 
casts  of  the  Rookish  Race.  1869  Daily  News  23  Jan.,  It 
gives  a  rookish  look  to  a  corpulent  Frenchman,  and  makes 
a  thin  one  spectral. 

BOO'kle,  v.t  dial.  var.  of  ROOTLE  v.  Hence 
Roo'kler;  Roo'kling  ppl.  a. 

1855  KINGSLEY  Westw.  Ho  !  viii,  Such  were  then  the  pigs 
of  Devon:  not  to  be  compared  with  the.. game-flavoured 
little  rooklers.  1857  —  Two  Y.  Ago  II.  70  Rookling  in 
their  drains,  like  an  old  sow.  1865  —  Poems^  Martin 
Lightfoot's  Sotigt  To  the  rookling  sow  took  he. 

IloO'klet,  -ling.  [f.  ROOK  sbl]  A  young  rook. 

1854  Zoologist  XII.  4325  An  attack  is  regularly  made 
upon  the  rooklings  by  the.. gamekeeper.  1897  Badminton 
Alng.  IV. 427  Each  time  the  old  birds  approach,  the  'rook- 
lets  '  positively  quiver  with  excitement. 

Rookly,  variant  of  ROKELAY. 

Roo'kship.  [Cf.  ROOK  sbl  2  d.]  A  mock  title 
applied  to  a  clergyman. 

1710  Welshman's  Tales  7  He  call'd  him  Knave  in  a  Black 
Coat :  which  rais'd  his  Rookships  Passion  so. 

t  RoO'kster.    Obs.    [f.  ROOK  z/.i]    A  cheat. 

1697  POTTER  Antiq.  Greece  i.  xxv.  (1715)  135  Beggars, 
Jack-puddings,  Rooksters,  and  such  like. 

Roo'ky,  sb.     slang.     A  raw  recruit. 

1893  KIPLING  Many  Invent.  134  You  can't  drill,  you  can't 
walk,  you  can't  shoot,,  .you  awful  rookies. 

BiOO'ky,  a±  [f.  ROOK  sby\  Full  of,  abound 
ing  in,  consisting  of,  rooks  ;  also_/#: 

1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  in.  ii.  51  Light  thickens,  And  the  Crow 
makes  Wing  to  th' Rookie  Wood.  x8oo  HUKDIS^VI?'.  Village 
157  The  rooky  tribe  attend,  and  perched  at  hand, Watch  me 
moist  furrow.  1860  Slang  Diet.  (ed.  2)  201  Rooky,  rascally, 
rakish,  scampish.  [1890  Temple  Bar  Aug.  474  At  this 
latening  season  most  of  the  English  are  winging  home  to 
their  rooky  woods.] 

EiOO'ky,  a.2  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  [f.  ROOK 
$b.'A]  Foggy,  misty.  Cf.  ROKY  a. 

1691  RAY  N.  C.  Words,  Rooky^  misty,  c  1700  KENNErrin 
MS.  Lansd.  JOjj  fol.  327  b,  Rooky>  misty  or  dark  with 
steam  and  vapour.  1808  JAMIESON  s.v.  Rak,  We  say  it  is 
a  rooky  day,  when  the  air  is  thick  and  the  light  of  conse 
quence  feeble.  1825  BROCKETT  N,C.  Gloss. 

Xtoolf  V.     rare.     (See  quots.) 

1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss.,  Rool^  to  ruffle,  to  rumple  clothes, 
by  throwing  ihem  negligently  about.  1886  yrnl.  Microsc. 
Sec.  VI.  23  Whenever  the  balsam  begins  to  ( rool '  or 
cause  hitching  of  the  specimen.  Ibid.  24  The  balsam  catches 
to  the  stone  and  '  rools  ',  carrying  the  preparation  with  it. 

Kool(e,  obs.  forms  of  ROLL  sbl  and  v.2 

Room  (r«m),  sb.1  Forms  :  (see  below).  [Com 
mon  Teut. :  OE.  rum  neut.,  =  MDn.  ruuni,  ruym, 
ruem  (Du.  rutm),  OS.  r&m  (LG.  r&tri),  OHG. 
r&m  (G.  raum),  ON.  and  Icel.  nim  (Sw.  and  Da. 
runij  Norw.  rom})  Goth.  rum.     The  relationship 
to  forms  in  ru-  outside  of  Teutonic  is  uncertain.] 
A.  Illustration  of  forms. 
a.  1-3  rum,  4  rume. 

Beowulf  '2690  pa  him  rum  ajeald.  c  1200  ORMIN  8489  J)e 
Laferrd  haffde  litell  rum.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  20856  For  pis 
bok  has  na  no^er  rume. 

0.  4-6,  9  dial,  roum,  4-7  roume,  5-6  rovme. 

CI330  Arth.  fy  Merl.  6926  (Kolbing),  On  a  swi>e  grene 
roum.  c  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  9168  pe  roume  and  J« 
space.. In  pe  cete  of  heven.  c  1450  HOLLAND  Hmvlat  475 
With  all  the  relykis  raith,  that  in  that  rovme  was.  c  1495 
The  Epitaffe,  etc.  in  Skelton's  Wks.  (1843)  II.  389  Though 
the  roum*  vnmete  were  for  his  potier  degre.  1526  TINDALE 
Luke  ii.  7  Be  cause  there  was  no  roume  for  them.  1577  B. 
GOOGB  Heresbach's  Hnsb.  i,  (1586)  13  These  great  rovmes 


778 

that  you  see.  1639  SIR  W.  MURE  Ps.  civ.  9  The  beames  of 
all  his  bigh-raisd  roumes.  1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss,  s.v.,  Ith 
roum  o  comin  to  me,  he  went  haam. 

y.  5-6  rowm,  5-7  rowme,  6  rowlm(e. 

0:1400-50  Alexander  4020  He  ^at  ristis  in  pat  rowme. 
c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  438/1  Rowm,  space, ..spact'nm.  1535 
COVERDALE  2  Esdras  vii.  4  It  was  large  of  rowme.  1562 
Cal.  Rec.  Dublin  (1801)  II.  21  The  said  rowlme  of  alderman 
of  this  cittie.  1608  Church-w.  Ace.  Pittingion^te.  (Surtees) 
150  For  a  rowme  to  build  a  stall  on.  1654  in  Campbell  Bal- 
werino  (1899)  403  Finding  that  rowme  and  place  not  propriat. 
8.  5-7  rome,  5  rom,  rombe,  5-6  romme,  7  rum. 

c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk,  3230  Ther  myght  thei  alle  stonde 
In  romme.  c  1440  Ge ne rydcs  2044  In  euery  rome.  £1449 
PECOCK  ,/?tf/n  m.  xiii.  366  Dwelling  ferther  fro  thens  in  rom  be. 
1530  PALSGR.  628/2  Make  romme,  maysters,  here  cometh 
a  player.  1552  in  Vicary's  Anat.  (1888)  119  As  they  in 
theire  severall  romes  doo  serve.  1603  OWEN  Pembroke 
shire  (1892)  255  Their  rarietie  might  have  claimed  rome  in 
this  place.  1684  Pennsylv.  Arch.  I.  86  One  in  the  rum  of 
Ralph  withers  Deceased. 

f.  5-7  roome,  5-  room. 

1494  in  Hoitseh.  Ord.  (1790)  109  To  bee  discharged  of  their 
roomes.     1497  BP.  ALCOCK  Mons  Perfect.    Dnjb/z  His 
felowes  in  y*  room.     1549-62  STERNHOLD  &  H.  Ps.  Ixxxiv.  3 
The  sparowes  fynde  a  roome  to  rest.   1651  HOBBF.S  Leviath. 
in,  xxxiv.  211  Substances,  .take  up  roome.     *6g6  C/wrc/i-w, 
Ace.  Pittington  260  A  new  saxton  to  be  chosen  in  his  roome. 
B.    Signification. 
I.  1.  Space;  dimensional  extent. 

rtiooo  Genesis  1166  pa  his  tidd^e^e  under  rodera  rum  rim 
waes  zefylled.  c  1200  ORMIN  8489  pe  Laferrd  haffde  litell 
rum  Inn  all  patt  miccle  riche.  c\yy>  Arth,  <y  Merl.  7896 
(Kolbing),  Her  main  J>ai  kedde  &  large  roume  about  nem 
redde.  1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xi.  469  So  fele  battalis  and  so 
braid,  That  tuk  so  gret  rowme  as  thai  raid,  c  1440^^/1/1. 
Tales  50  What  was  pe  grettest  mervayle  &  fayrest  ping  pa* 
evur  God  made  in  leste  rowme?  1523  FITZHERB.  Hitsb.  §  26 
Whan  it  is  mowen,  it..taketh  more  rowme  in  the  barne 
than  shorne  come  dothe.  a.  1568  ASCHAM  Scholtnt.  it.  (Arb.) 
114  To  draw  other  mens  workes  for  his  owne  memorie  sake, 
into  shorter  rowme.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  vii.  xxxvni,  A 
painted  table,  ,.  which  tooke  up  no  greate  roume.  1699 
BENTLEY  Phctl.  414  Both  Labour  and  Room  was  saved  by 
their  repeated  Contractions.  1733  TULL  Horse-Hoeing 
Hush.  91  It  filling  less  room  (by  the  breaking)  is  a  proof  of 
its  specific  gravity  being  increased.  1830  WOKDSW.  Let.  to 
Dyce,  In  the  edition  of  1827  it  was  diligently  revised,  and  the 
sense  in  several  instances  got  into  less  room.  1847  C.  BKONTE 
J.  Eyre  xxiv,  Mr.  Rochester  won't,  though  there  is  so  much 
room  in  the  new  carriage.  1855  DELAMER  Kitch.  Card. 
(1861)  107  Cos  lettuces  will  take  up  somewhat  less  room. 

f  b.  On  (or  by)  roomt  to  or  at  a  distance ; 
apart.  06s.  Cf.  A-ROOM  adv. 

c  1250  Gen.  fy  Ex.  4021  3ede  eft  balaam  up  on-rum.  13. . 
Prov.  Hendyng  in  Pass.  Christ  (E.E.T.S.)  54  Fie  pou  most 
and  fiitte  on  roume  With  eie  and  eke  with  herte.  c  1400 
Destr.  Troy  2835  When  the  Grekes  se  the  grete  nauy,  pai 
girdon  o  rowme.  a  1440  Sir  Eglam.  1087  By  rome  some 
stode  and  hur  behelde.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  v.  x.  14  Eneas 
.  .gaif  command  About  the  court  the  peple  on  rowm  to  stand. 

2.  Sufficient  space ;  accommodation.    (Also  with 
addition  of  amplet  enough,  etc.) 

c  1000  Ags.  Gasp.  Luke  ii.  7  Hij  neefdon  rum  on  cumena 
huse.  13..  Settyn  Sag.  599  (W.),  The  ympe  had  roum,  and 
wexeth  fast,  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  ii.  (Paul}  88  To  .here 
hym  wes  sik  prese,  pat  fawt  of  rowme  gret  par  wes.  c  1400 
Land  Troy  Bk.  3230  To  the  hauen  of  Athenes.  .For  ther 
myght  thei  alle  stonde  In  romme.  14. .  Sir  Bates  (O)  3078 
Than  began  Beuys.  -to get  hym  rowme  wythgode  Marglay. 
1535  COVERDALE  Isaiah  xlix.  20  This  place  is  to  narow,  syt 
nye  together,  yl  I  maye  haue  rowme.  1583  Leg.  Bp.  St. 
A  ndrois  147  For  laik  of  rowme,  that  rubiature  Bespewit  vp 
the  moderator.  1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Reji.  (1848)  50  How  many 
thousand  times  more  there  might  be  without  wanting  room. 
1671  in  i2th  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  22  It  was  so 
hard  to  get  room  that  wee  were  forced  to  goe  by  four  a 
clocke.  1791  COWPER  Retired  Cat  73  With  hunger  pinch'd, 
and  pinch'd  for  room.  1858  LYTTON  What  ivilt  He  do  i.  iv, 
All  the  men  who  rule  England  have  room  in  that  palace. 
b.  Const,  for,  or  to  with  infin. 

£1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  1999  Ariadne,  He. .hath  roume 
&  ek  space  To  welde  an  axe.  1417  in  Surtees  Misc.  (1890) 
12  That  Hesyll  may  have  rowme  thar  to  lay  hys  sole.  1478 
EARL  RIVERS  in  Gairdneir^AVc/*.  ///  (1878)  App.  396  If  ye 
may  get  rome  for  iij  or  iiij  men  of  thys  contre..for  to  be 
in  the  parlement  hows.  1535  COVERDALE  Ps.  xvii[i].  36  Thou 
hast  made  rowme  ynough  vnder  me  for  to  go.  1587  in 
Feuillerat  Revels  Q.  Eliz.  (1908)  391  For  Roome  for  the 
office  and  masters  lodging  at  Grenewiche.  1611  BIBLE  Gen. 
xxiv.  23  Is  there  roome  in  thy  fathers  house  for  vs  to  lodge 
in?  1662  STILLINCJFL.  Orig.  Sacrae  in.  iv.  §  7  There  would 
be  room  enough  for  them,  and  for  provision  for  them.  1757 
GRAY  Bard  51  Give  ample  room,  and  verge  enough  The 
characters  of  hell  to  trace.  1795  Genii.  Mag.  542/2,  I 
request  you  will  spare  room  for  one  tribute  more  to  his 
memory.  1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Loom  fy  Lugger  \\.  i.  18  We 
must  teach  him.. that  there  is  room  in  the  wide  world  for 
all.  1840  PennyCycl.  XVII.  345/1  The  plants,  .would  then 
have  room  to  grow  out.  1868  HELPS  Realmah  xvii.  (1876) 
460  There  was  not  sufficient  room  for  the  furniture. 

3.  To  make  room :   f  a.    To  clear  a  space  for 
oneself.    06s. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  vi.  234  He  smertly  raiss,  And,  strik* 
and,  rowm  about  him  mais.  c  1400  Sowdone  Bab.  876  Tho 
Roulande  Durnedale  oute-drowe  And  made  Romme  abowte. 
1470  HENRY  Wallace  HI.  140  The  Scottis  on  fute  gret 
rowme  about  thaim  maide  With  pon^eand  speris.  1535 
COVERDALE  Josh.  xvii.  $5  Make  thyselfe  rowme  there  in  the 
londe  of  the  Pheresites  and  Raphaim. 

b.  To  make  way,  yield  place,  draw  back  or 
retire,  so  as  to  allow  one  to  enter,  pass,  etc. 
Similarly  To  give  room,  and  with  imperative 
suppressed. 

(a)  r  1440  YorkMyst.  xxii.  i  Make  rome  be-lyve,and  late  me 
gang.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  \\\.  i.  213  There  was  made 


ROOM. 

pees  &  rome,  &  ryght  so  they  yede  with  hym  vnto  the 
hyghe  deyse.  1530  PALSGR.  628/2  Make  romme,  maysters, 
here  cometh  a  player.  1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  Ven.  iv.  i.  16 
Make  roome,  and  let  him  stand  before  our  face.  1613  PUR- 
CHAS  Pilgrimage  n.  xx.  (1614)  222  Make  roome,  I  pray,  for 
another  Rabbi  with  his  Bird.  1711  ADDISON  £/£<:/.  No.  122 
p  6  Notwithstanding  all  the  Justices  had  taken  their  Places 
upon  the  Bench,  they  made  room  for  the  old  Knight.  1812 
J.  WILSON  Isle  of  Palms  iv.  251  In  churchyard  on  the  Sab 
bath-day  They  all  make  room  for  her. 

(/;}  a  1400  St.  Alexius  (Laud  108)  481  5iuep  me  roum,  & 
lat  me  se  J?e  body  pat  was  boren  of  me.  1526  TINDALE 
Luke  xiv.  o  Geve  this  man  roume.  1592  SHAKS.  Rom.  <J- 
Jul.  i.  v.  28  A  Hall,  Hall,  giue  roome,  and  foote  it  Girles. 
1601  —  All's  Well  i.  ii.  67,  I.. wish., I  quickly  were  dis- 
solued  from  my  hiue  To  giue  some  Labourers  roome. 

(c)  1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  v.  ii.  703  Roome  for  the  incensed 
Worthies.  1601  —  Jul.  C.  in.  ii.  170  Roome  for  Antony, 
most  Noble  Antony.  1808  SCOTT  Marm.  i.  xii,  Room, 
lordings,  room  for  Lord  Marmion.  1827-35  N.  P.  WILLIS 
The  Leper  i  Room  for  the  leper  !  Room  ! . .  The  cry  pass'd  on. 
C.  To  provide  or  obtain  space  or  place  for 
something  by  the  removal  of  other  things. 

1666  PEPYS  Diary  10  Sept.,  Clearing  out  cellars,  and 
breaking  in  pieces  all  my  old  lumber,  to  make  room.  17^8 
C.  JONES  Hoyle's  Games  27  Throwing  out  the  best  Cards  m 
your  Hand . .  in  order  to  make  Room  for  the  whole  suit.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vi.  II.  142  He  explicitly  said.. that 
room  must  be  made  for  them  by  dismissing  more  Pro 
testants.  1895  Law  Times  Rep.  LXXII.  861/2,  750  tons  of 
the  coal  had  been  sold  to  make  room  for  cargo  at  a  South 
American  port. 

4.  transf,  or  Jig,  Opportunity  or  scope  to  do 
something.  Also  in  OK.  without  infinitive. 

In  i8th  cent,  examples  the  sense  sometimes  appears  to  be 
*  occasion  ', '  reason ', '  cause  ' . 

Beowulf  2690  Frecne  fyrdraca  faahSa  gemyndis  raesde  on 
5one  rofan  3a  him  rum  ageald.  a  1000  Boethius  Met*:  x. 
30  Dea3  p«es  ne  scrifeo,  ponne  him  rum  forlaet  rodora 
waldend.  c  1205  LAY.  1003  pe  riche  haueS  muchel  rum,  to 
raesan  biforen  pan  wrecchan. 

1535  COVEKDALE  WisdomyX\.  19  Euen  when  thou  iudgest, 
thou  geuest  rowme  to  amende  from  synnes.  1637  RUTHER 
FORD  Lett.  (1862)  I.  364  Pray  that  the  Lord  w"  be  pleased 
to  giue  me  room  to  speak  to  His  people  in  His  name.  1703 
MARLBOROUGH  Lett.  $  Disp.  (1845)  1. 170  To  give  no  room  to 
the  King  of  Portugal  to  fall  off  again,  I  shoulc  [etc.].  1793 
SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  183  As  soon  as  the  season  would 
give  us  room  to  suppose  we  were  likely  to  have  success. 
1827  KEBLE  Chr.  Y.  2  The  trivial  round,  the  common  task 
Would  furnish . .  Room  to  deny  ourselves. 

b.  Opportunity,  scope,  or  opening  for  some 
thing,  by  which  it  is  rendered  possible. 

1692  R.  L'EsTRANGE  Fables  (1714)  29  There's  room  yet  for 
a  Distinction.. betwixt  what's  done  Openly.. and  a  Thing 
that's  done  in  Hugger-mugger.  tynSrcCLB  TatlerNo.  198 
P  6  Caelia  had  no  more  Room  for  Doubt.  1726  SWIFT 
Gulliver  i.  vii,  Still  there  was  Room  for  Mercy.  1828  SCOTT 
F.  M.  Perth  xv,  There  is  no  room  for  pardon  where  offence 
must  not  be  taken.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng,v\.  HI.  too 
As  to  most  of  the  provisions  there  was  little  room  for  dis 
pute.  1875  JOWETT  Pinto  (ed.  2)  V.  122  In  such  a  common 
wealth  there  would  be  less  room  for  the  development  of 
individual  character. 

O.  In  uses  similar  to  prec.,  but  more  directly 
transf.  from  the  literal  sense. 

1577  St.  Augustine* s  Manuell  Q  iiij,  Hauyng  thee  in  my 
hart . .  so  as  there  may  be  no  rowme  in  me  for  any  counterfet 
or  vncleane  loue.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  /F,  in.  in.  174 
There's  no  roome  for  Faith,  Truth,  nor  Honesty,  in  this 
bosome  of  thine.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc  s  Trav.iS$ 
Then  there  was  amongst  us  such  a  tyde  of  tendernesses, 
there  was  not  room  for  words.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg. 
iv.  331  No  room  is  left  for  Death,  they  mount  the  Sky.  1710 
STEELE  Taller  No.  139  P  i  Business  and  Ambition  take  up 
Men's  Thoughts  too  much  to  leave  Room  for  Philosophy. 
1764  GOI.DSM.  Trav.  268  But  while  this  softer  art  their  bliss 
supplies,  It  gives  their  follies  also  room  to  rise.  1868 
TENNYSON  Spiteful  Letter  14  What  room  is  left  for  a  hater  ? 
t  d.  Leisure,  time  to  do  something.  Obs. 

1769  G.  WHITE  Selborne  xxvi,  Where  you  spent.. some 
considerable  time,  and  gave  yourself  good  room  to  examine 
the  natural  curiosities. 

II.  5.  A  particular  portion  of  space;  a  certain 
space  or  area. 

^1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  0168  pe  roume  and  f>e  space 
J>at  es  contende  In  \>&  cete  of  neven  has  nane  ende.  c  1440 
Alph.  Tales  50,  And  all  (>e  wittes  of  a  man  is  sett  in  £at 
litle  rowm.  a  1483  EARL  RIVERS  in  Gairdner  Rich.  Ill 
(1878)  App.  395  Ye  will  leve  a  rome.  .for  a  skochon  of  the 
armez  of  Wodevile  and  Scalis.  1509  FISHER  Funeral  Serm. 
C'tess  Richmond  Wks.  (1876)  304  It  is  so  grosse,  that  it 


fortie  acres.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  in.  69  That  the  whole 
roome  towards  the  streets  may  be  reserved  for  shoppes. 
1695  WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Earth  m.  n.  (1723)  178  Which 
[Earth]  he  fancies. .to  contract  it  self  into  a  lesser  Room. 
1755  J.  SHEBUEARE  Lydia  (1769)  I.  55  When  he  was  at  lee 
ward,  he  was  equally  cautious  of  allowing  a  proper  room, 
through  fear  of  receiving  a  shot  betwixt  wind  and  water. 
1779  JOHNSON  Wks.  (1787)  IV.  478  A  journal  of  the  weather 
. .  which  exhibits  in  a  little  room,  a  great  train  of  different 
observations.  1833  L.  RITCHIE  Wand,  by  Loire  186  The 
squares,  amounting  to  thirty-three,  are  not  worth  the  room 
which  their  names  would  occupy.  1885-94  R.  BRIDGES 
Eros  $  Psyche  April  28  A  Zephyr  straying  out  of  heaven's 
wide  room  Rush  a  down. 

f  b.  A  (short)  space  of  time.   Obsr* 

14. .  Sir  Beues  (C)  1007+19  PC  Sarsyns  yn  a  rome  At  that 
tyme  were  ouercome. 

fc.   A  space,  compartment,   or  square   on  an 
abacus,  chess-board,  etc.  Obs. 

1541  RECORDE  Gr.  Artes  120  When  the  summe  to  be 
abatyd,  in  any  lyne  appeareth  greater  then  the  other,  then 
do  they  borowe  one  of  the  next  hygher  roume.  1562 


BOOM. 

ROWBOTHUM  Playe  ofCheasts  A  vj  b,  The  king . .  hath  Hbertie 
to  assault  thre  roumes  or  stepps  as  he  listeth. 
d,  Shipbuilding.  (See  quots.) 

1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut,  Dict.}  Timber-and-Room,  Room- 
and-Timber,  Room-and- Space, . .  in  shipbuilding,  the  distance 
from  the  moulding  edge  of  one  timber  to  the  moulding  edge 
of  the  timber  next  to  it.  c  1860  H.  STUART  Seaman  s 
Catech,  66  '  Room  and  space  '. .  is  the  distance  occupied  by 
each  set  of  timbers,  called  a  '  frame  ' ;  measured  along  the 
keel  it  varies  from  2  ft.  6 in.  to  3 ft.  gin.  in  ships  of  war. 
1874  THEARLE  Naval  Arc/tit.  86  These  plates.. are  all  in 
either  three,  four,  or  even  six  room  and  space  lengths.  Ibid. 
92  Thus  the  intercostal  portions  are  twice  the  room  and 
space  in  length. 

f  6.  A  particular  place  or  spot,  without  refer 
ence  to  its  area.  Obs. 

1:1330  Arth.  $  Merl.  6926  (Kolbing),  He  fond  cartes.. 
&  loges  &  pauilouns  Teh  on  a  swi(?e  grene  roum.  c  1440 
Generydes  2044  The  Sowdon..rideth  streyte  to  his  pavilion, 
With  lordes  abought  hym  ineuery  rome.  1470-85  MALORY 
Arthur  x.  xxxviii.  474  Ye  may  kepe  the  rome  of  thys 
Castel  this  twelue  moneth  and  a  day.  1533  BELLENDEN 
Livy  n.  v.  (S.T.S.)  I.  145  This  codes,  set  be  aventure  in 
ane  rovme  maid  for  defence  of  J>e  said  brig.  1540  Test. 
Ebor.  (Surtees)  VI.  94  For  my  rowme  where  I  shalbe buried. 
1611  BIBLE  Wisdom  xiii.  15  And  when  he  had  made  a  con- 
uenient  roume  for  it,  set  it  in  a  wall.  1674  N.  FAIRFAX 
Bulk  ff  Selv.  30  If  the  Soul.,  settles  in  some  room  whence 
it  may  best .  .sway  the  whole  body. 

tb.  Sc.  A  place  in  a  series,  narration,  or  logical 
sequence.  Obs. 

1590  BRUCE  Sertn.  Sacram.  C  3  b,  In  the  third  roume,  it 
corns  in  to  be  considered,  how  [etc.].  1616  in  Sprott  Scott. 
Liturgies  Jets.  VI  (1901)  19  We  seeking  Thy  Kingdom  and 
the  righteousness  of  it  in  the  first  rocr.-..  1731  WODROW 
Hist.  Sit/.  Ch.  &0£(s830)  II.  139/2  Thus,  in  the  first  room, 
our  religious  and  reformation-rights,  and  next  our  lives  and 
civil  liberties,  are  laid  at  the  King's  feet.  1724  —  Life  J. 
Wodrow  (1828)  4  In  the  last  room  I  shall  give  account  of 
his  manuscripts. 

C.  spec,   (See  quot.) 

xSsSSiMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Room,  a  fishing  station  in 
the  British  North  American  Provinces. 

7.  Sc,  fa.'^/.  Domains,  dominions,  territories, 
bounds.   Obs. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vi.  270  Sa  he  begane  with  strenth 
and  stalwart  hand  To  chewyss  agayne  sum  rowmys  off 
Scotland.  1533  ^KLLENDEN  Livy  i.  iii.  (S.T.  S.)  I.  26  The 
romanis  increscit  Ilk  day  in  new  mvnitioun,  bringand  new 
rowmes  vnder  bare  dominioun.  1560  ROLLAND  Seven  Sages 
i  Rome.. Conquest  grit  realmes,  lordschips  and  rowmes 
braid.  1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xviii.  39  Lat  neuer  ^ai 
Ruffians  within  $our  rowmis  reill, 

b.  An  estate  in  land  ;  a  piece  of  ground  held 
or  occupied  by  one;  a  farm.  Now  rare. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixxix.  6  For  rekkyning  of  my 
rentis  and  roumes,  ?e  neid  nocht  for  to  tyre  jour  thowmes. 
1546  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  1. 22  In  thair  persoms,  landes, 
rowmes,  possessionis.and  gudis.  1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform. 
xxiii.  30  Thair  was  sum  that  tuik  thy  rowmis  in  few.  c  1657 
SIR  W.  MURE  Hist.  Ho.  of  R&wallam  Wks.  (S.T.S.)  U. 
242  Garnegepand  Calder,  rowmes  now  not  knowne  by  these 
names.  1688  W.  SCOT  OFSATCHELL  Hist.  Name  Scot (1776) 
45  Ev'ry  pensioner  a  room  did  gain,  For  service  done  and 
to  be  done.  2808  JAMIESON  s.v,,  Room  is  still  commonly 
used  for  a  farm.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xlv,  Zealous  pro 
fessors,,  .to  whom  the  preceding  Duke  of  Argyle  had  given 
rooms  in  this  corner  of  his  estate,  1884  Scotsman  26  July 
3/1  Three  m^rks-.of  Land  in  the  room  of  Gord,  Keotha, 
and  Bremer  in  the  Parish  of  Cunningsburgh. 

8.  An  interior  portion  of  a  building  divided  off 
by  walls  or  partitions ;  esp.  a  chamber  or  apart 
ment  in  a  dwelling-house,      f  Formerly   also,   a 
compartment,  bay,  stall  (of  a  bam,  stable,  etc.). 

See  also  the  combs,  bed-^  dining-,  drawing-room ^  etc. 

1457-8  Dttrk.  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  637,  j  grangie  de  5 
rowmez. .  .Pro  factura  j  rowme  in  tenemento.  1556-7  Cal. 
R€C.  Dublin  (1889)  I.  460  None  shall  devyde  the  dwelling 
bowses  of  this  cittie  into  sondrie  rowlms  for  their  private 
gayn.  1598  SHAKS.  Merry  W.  v.  v.  61  Search  Windsor 
Castle. .  .Strew  good  lucke  (Ouphes)  on  euery  sacred  roome. 
1617  MORYSON  Itin.  I.  58  Under  the  fortification  of  the 
Castle  round  about,  are  stables  for  horses,  and  some  roomes 
for  like  purposes.  1653  DOROTHY  OSBORNE  Lett,  (1888)  132 
Tis  a  very  fine  seat,  but . .  Sir  Thomas  Cheeke  . .  told  me 
there  was  never  a  good  room  in  the  house.  1703  NEVE  City 
fy  C,  Purchaser  61  To  distribute  the  whole  Ground-plot .  . 
into  Rooms  of  Office,  or  Entertainment.  1760  WESLEY 
Wks.  (1872)  III.  12,  I  was  obliged  once  more  to  coop  myself 
up  in  the  Room.  1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  ii, 
The  room  appeared  to  have  been  built  in  modern  times  upon 
a  Gothic  plan.  1841  LANE  Arab.  Nts.  I.  122  Low  seats 
which  generally  extend  along  three  sides  of  the  room.  1891 
E.  PEACOCK  N.  Brendon  II.  67  The  rooms  of  the  cottage 
were  low. 

trans/,  and^f.  1579  SPENSER  Skeph.  Cal.  Dec.  68  The 
honey  Bee,  Working  her  formal!  rowmes  in  wexen  frame. 
1608  TOPSELL  Serpents  (1653)  643  The  whole  Combe  con- 
taineth  four  orders  of  Cells ;  the  first  the  Bees  occupy. . . 
The  last  is  appointed  for  the  room  of  Honey-making.  1629 
SIR  W.  MURE  True  Crucifix  50  Our  harts  for  Him. .  A 
rowme  should  bee  to  rest  in,  and  reside. 

b.  pi.  Chambers  or  apartments  occupied  by  a 
person  or  persons ;  lodgings. 

1837  DICKENS  Pickw.  ii,  I  trust  I  shall  have  the  pleasure 
of  seeing  you  and  your  friend  at  my  rooms.  1879  Miss 
BRADDON  Cloven  Foot  xxviii,  Can  I  nave  his  rooms  for  a 
few  nights?  1 .  .don't  want  to  go  to  a  hotel.  1886  C.  E. 
PASCOE  London  of  To-day  xxii.  (ed.  3)  213  The  rooms  of 
the  Society  of  Arts  .  .  are  m  John  Street. 

c.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  (See  quots.) 

1795  Statist.  Ace.  Scot.  XV.  339  The  rent  of  a  room  and 
kitchen,  or  what  in  the  language  of  the  place  is  stiled  a  but 
and  a  ben.  1829  HOGG  Sheph.  Cal.  vi,  The  Room,  which, 
in  those  days,  meant  the  only  sitting  apartment  of  a  house. 
1877  Holdcrness  Gloss.,  A* ft?///, . .  the  parlour  or  sitting-room. 


779 

d.   The  persons    assembled   in   a   room ;    the 

company. 

1712  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  269  P  12  His  venerable  Figure 
drew  upon  us  the  Eyes  of  the  whole  Room.  1898  HEWLETT 
Forest  Lovers  vi,  As  for  the . .  old  soul  by  the  fire,  she  kept 
her  back  resolutely  on  the  room. 

9.  In  various  technical  applications  : 

a.  One  of  the  passages  or  spaces  for  working 
left  between  the  pillars  of  a  coal-mine.     Chiefly 
in  phr.  pillar  and  room^  Sc.  stoop  and  room.     Cf. 
PILLAR  sb,  7,  POST  sb.1  7d. 

1789  J.  WILLIAMS  Min.  Kingd.  I.  8  The  boards  or  rooms 
in  which  the  colliers  are  working.        1839  URE  Diet.  Arts 
960  Each  miner  continues  to  advance  his  room  or  working- 
place,  till  [etc.].     Ibid.  975  [The  system  of]  working  with 
pillars  and  rooms,  styled  post  and  stall.    18836  RES  LEY  Gloss. 
Coal-m.  206  Room  and  Ranee  (S.),  a  system  of  working 
i    coal  somewhat  similar  to  double  stall.     1893  Labour  Com- 
\    mission  Gloss.  s.v.  Stoop,  In  the  stoop  and  room  the  seam  is 
divided  into  pillars  called  stoops  by  passages  at  right  angles 
to  each  other  called  rooms. 

b.  A  measure  of  coals  (see  quot.  1883). 

1800  COLQUHOUN  Comnt.  Thames  iii.  147  Coals  are  some 
times  bought  by  what  is  called  the  Room.  1824  Meek.  Mag. 
90  Some  merchants.,  will  promise  to  give  sixty-eight  sacks 
to  a  room.  1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-in.  206  ROOM,  , .  a  weight 
of  7  tons  of  coal,  or  5}  chaldrons  by  measure. 

C.  Naut.  (See  quot.) 

1805  Mast-room  [sec  MAST^.'  4  b].  c  1850^? udint.  Nav. 
(Weale)  143  Rooms,  the  different  vacancies  between  the 
timbers,  and  likewise  those  between  the  beams,  as  the  mast- 
rooms,  capstan-room,  hatch-room,  £c. 

d.  local.  The  space  between  the  thwarts  of  a 
boat.  (A  Scandinavian  sense.) 

1855  Norfolk  Words  in  Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  $5  Room,  the 
space  between  thwarts.  1896  Good  Wds.  Jan.  17/1  The 
scan  is  shot.  It  had  Iain  a  huge  brown  heap  in  its 
proper  'room'  or  compartment  of  the  boat.  1899  S  PENCE 
Folk-Lore  127  The  boat  was  divided  into  six  compartments, 
viz.,  fore-head,  fore-room,  mid-room  [etc.]... The  shott  was 
double  the  size  of  a  room. 

10.  attrib.  and  Comb,  (in  sense  8),  as  room-bell^ 
-door,  -grate,  etc. ;  room-keeper. 

1722  DC  FOE  Col.  Jack  ii,  One  of  our  room-keepers 
says,  he  saw  a  couple  of  young  rogues  ..  hanging  about 
there.  1786  ABERCKOMBIE  Card.  Assist.  291  Placing  the 
glasses . .in  a  room-window  to  the  sun.  1824  SCOTT  St. 
Ronans  xxxviii,  I'll  bring  word  to  your  room-door,  .how 
she  is.  1828  MOIK  Mansie  Waucli  53  The  prices  of  the 
room-grate,  the  bachelor's  oven,  the  cheese-toaster.  1861 
Chambers.^  Encycl.  II.  12/2  The  use  of  room-bells  is  uni 
versal.  1866  J.  MACGKEGOR  Rob  Roy  on  Baltic  192  The 
rioter  is  my  English  room-companion  of  the  Norway  inn. 
1883  Cent.  Mag.  Sept.  739  It  pays  room  rent  and  lights. 
b.  Room-bound^  -ridden^  confined  to  one's  room. 

1855  DICKENS  Little  Dprrit  i.  xv,  As  the  room-ridden 
invalid  settled  for  the  night.  1857  MRS.  MATHEWS  Tea- 
Table  T.  II.  62,  I  was  generally  room-bound,  and  therefore 
unable  to  attend  public  worship. 

Ill,  f  11.  A  place  in  which  one  is  stationed  or 
seated ;  a  particular  place  assigned  or  appropri 
ated  to  a  person  or  thing.  Obs. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  330  With  J>at  rysis  vp  pe  renke  & 
his  rowme  lefys.  c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  xxx.  113 
Euery  man  cam  forth  for  to  doo  his  deuoyre,  eche  of  hem 
in  his  rowme  in  defending  the  place.  1513  SIR  T.  MORE  Rich. 
Ill,  Wks.  42/1  To  whome  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  saide, 

foe  afore  Gentlemenne  and  yomen,  kepe  you  re  rowmes.  1565 
vu?.\.  Reply  Harding  (1611)213  Eustatbius..  was  the  Presi 
dent,  and  the  Bishop  of  Romes  Legates,  .sate  in  the  fourth 
roome  beneath.  1593  SHAKS.  Rick.  //,  v.  v.  108  Go  thou 
and  fill  another  roome  in  hell.  1610  FLETCHER  Faithf. 
Sheph.  iv.  i,  A  blast.. by  chance  may  come,  And  blow  some 
one  thing  to  his  proper  room.  1672  DA  VIES  Rites  Durham 
33  Were  placed,  in  their  several  Rooms,  one  above  another, 
the  most  excellent  Pictures.  1698  [R.  FERGUSON]  View 
Eccles.  8  The  Terms  Mr.  Lobb  hath  been  contending  for, 
are  not  hitherto  allowed  a  room  in  theConfessions  of  Faith 
of  the  Reformed  Churches.  1721  WODROW  Hist.  Suff.  Ch. 
Scot  I.  (1830)  II.  140/2  The  nth  act  of  this  session.,  deserves 
a  room  in  this  collection. 

trans/,  c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad  ix.  568  All  the  Greeks  will 
honour  thee,  as  of  celestial  1  roome. 

b.  Contrasted  with  company,  in  phrases  denoting 
that  the  absence  of  a  person  is  preferred  to  his 
presence.  Also  transf. 

1577  STANYHURST  Descr.  Irel.  7/2  For  such  a  scoffing  pre 
late,  hys  rowme  had  bene  better  then  his  company.  1603 
HOLLAND  Plutarch's  M  or.  645  Better  his  roome,  than  com 
pany  (quoth  ech  one).  1646  FULLER  Wounded  Cause,  (1841) 
283  Preferring  his  room,  and  declining  his  company,  lest  his 
sadness  prove  infectious  to  themselves.  1672  H.  MORE  Brief 
Reply '306, 1  must  confess  I  had  rather  have  their  [sc.  images] 
room  than  their  Company.  1724  H.  JONES  Virginia  53 
Felons . .  whose  Room  they  had  much  rather  have  than  their 
Company.  1770  Placid  Man  II.  219  You  would  as  lief 
have  my  room  as  my  company.  1880  Adam  <$•  Eve  328  I'd 
rather  have  his  room  than  his  company. 

t  c.  A  place  or  seat  in  the  theatre.   Obs. 

1599  &  JONSON  Ev.  Man  out  of  Hum.  \\.  i,  Yet  he  pours 
them  [names]  out  as  familiarly,  as  if  he  had . .  ta'en  tobacco 
with  them  over  the  stage,  in  the  lord's  room.  1600  E.  BLOUNT 
Hosp.  Incurable  Fooies  Ep.  Ded.,  I  beg  it  with  as  forced 
a  looke,  as  a  Player  that  in  speaking  an  Epilogue  makes 
loue  tp  the  two  pennie-roume  for  a  plaudite.  1611  CORYAT 
Crudities  248  They  sate  on  high  alone  by  themselues  in  the 
best  roome  of  all  the  Play-house,  a  1619  [see  penny-room , 
s.v.  PENNY  12]. 

fd.  transf.  A  settled  place  in  a  person's  affec 
tion  or  regard.  Obs. 

1598-9  FORD  Parisians  i.  (1636)  121  Let  Pollipus..be  the 
man  that  shall  possess  the  second  room  in  your  good  liking. 
1607  HIEKON  Wks.  I.  211  Are  these  things  strangers  to 
thy  thoughts,  or  doe  they  take  vp  a  chiefs  roome  in  thy 


BOOM. 

affections?  1685  BAXTER  Par.  N.  T.  Phil.  i.  7  You  have  a 
great  room  in  my  heart. 

f!2.  An  office,  function,  appointment;  a  post, 
situation,  employment.  Obs. 

Exceedingly  common  in  the  i6th  century. 

(71483  BARADOUN  in  Pol.,  Rel.,  $  L.  Poems  (1903)  289 
In  the  courte,  is  many  noble  Roome;  But  god  knowith,  I 
can  noon  soche  cacche.  1485  Rolls  of  Par  It.  VI.  357/2  Th1 
Office  or  Rowme  of  oon  of  the  Yomen  ofourc  Crowne.  1514 
Mem.  Ripon^  (Surlees)  I.  303  We  have  yeven  and  graunted 
unto  hym  th*  office  and  rowme  of  baner  berer  befor  S.  WiU 
fride.  1589  Hay  any  Work  19  To  haue  the  romes  of  the 
true  and  natural  members  of  the  body.  1598  R.  GKENKWEY 
Tacit  us  i  Ann.  yi.  iii.  (1622)  125  One:  is  appointed  oucr 
the  rest  to  exercise  the  roome  of  a  Consul!.  1605  CA.MUKX 
Rem.  (1623)  249  He..forsooke  a  right  worshipfull  roome 
when  it  was  offered  him.  1644  BULWGR  Chi>oi.  146  That 
none  should  be  admitted  into  roomes  of  divine  calling,  but 
such  who  are  called  and  are  fit. 

t  b.  \\ithout  article  :  Office,  position,  authority. 

1480  Robt.  Devyll  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  I.  37  A  Jue  sate  at 
the  borde,  that  greate  rowme  longe  In  that  house  be;ire 
1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Polys  (1874)  II.  13  If  that  thou  be 
hye  of  rowme  and  name  If  thou  offende  the  more  shall  be 
thy  shame.  1541  PAYNELL  Catiline  iv.  5  To  some  desirous 
therof  he  benight  roume  and  auctori  tie.  1582  N.  T.  (Rhem.) 
John  x.  i  notet  Calvin,  Luther,. .and  al  that  succede  them 
in  roome  and  doctrine. 

tc.  To  bear  (the)  room,  to  be  in  office  or 
authority  ;  to  have  all  the  power.  Obs. 

1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.  786  Beryst  thou  any  rome,  or 
cannyst  thou  do  ought  ?  1530  in  Furniv.  Ballads  fr.  MSS. 
I.  317  Marchaunte  Strayngers  beryth  the  Rowme  1534 
WHITINTON  Tullyes  Ojficcs  ii.  (1540)  99  In  that  yen:  that  I 
bare  roume. 

1 13.  An  office  or  post  considered  as  pertaining 
to  a  particular  person,  esp.  by  right  or  by  in 
heritance.  Obs. 

c  1450  HOLLAND  Howlat  984  Bot  thow  reule  the  richtuiss, 
tm  rovme  sail  orere.  1513  BR ADSHAW ,57.  Werbitrgej.  2517 
This  noble  abbesse  ..  dyl>  gently  prepared  to  supple  her 
rowme.  1586  J.  HOOKER  Hist.  Irel.  m  Holinshed  II.  151 
He.  .procured  them  to  be  rempued,  and  their  roomes  to  be 
supplied  with  ..  learned  Englishmen.  1628  MILTON  I'ac. 
Exerc.  58  Then  quick  about  thy  purpos'd  business  come, 
That  to  the  next  I  may  resign  my  Roome.  1651  N.  BACON 
Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  n.  i.  (i73Q)  7  The  Dukes,  .forsake  the 
Court,  Favourites  step  into  their  rooms.  1699  T.  QOCKMAN] 
Tullys  Offices  (1706)  290  That  Man.. that  outs  the  rightful 
Heirs. .and  procures  himself  to  be  put  into  their  Rooms. 
1751  LABELYE  Westm.  Bridge  83  The  Rooms  of  those  re 
moved  or  dead,  being  filled  up  with  Persons  fully  as  honest. 
b.  In  one's  room,  in  one's  place,  denoting  sub 
stitution  of  one  person  or  thing  for  another.  (In 
early  use  with  reference  to  offices  or  appointments.) 

(a)  1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  m.  viii.  183  Takynge  his 
leue  he  sayth  to  the  captayne  that  he  shall  putte  another 
for  hym  in  his  rowme.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Slcidane's  Comm. 
279  In  whose  roume  afterward  succeded  George  Selde  a 
Civilan.  1581  PETTIE  tr.  Guazzo's  Civ.  Conv.  n.  (1586)  53  b, 
That  he  may  be  put  from  his  office,  and  some  other  placed 
in  his  roome.  1631  WEEVEK  Anc.  Funeral  Man.  69  Detain 
ing  many  of  them  in  prison.. that  others  of  Fiis  owne 
followers  might  bee  placed  in  their  roomes.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  in.  285  Be  thou  in  Adams  room  The  Head  of  al!  man 
kind.  1706  VANBRUGH  Mistake  u,  A  proposal . .  to  take  you 
(who  then  were  just  Camillo's  age)  and  bring  you  up  in  his 
room.  1771  Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  137  The  names  of  the  Earl 
of  Gianard..and  Lord  Sudley..to  be  added  to  the  list  in 
their  room.  1800  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart  (1837)  I.  x,  321,  I 
refer  you  for  particulars  to  Joseph,  in  whose  room  I  am  now 
assuming  the  pen.  1883  Catholic  Diet.  s.v.  Carthusians^ 
With  grief  he  [St.  Bruno]  left  his  beloved  companions,  the 
most  prudent.. of  whom,  Landwin,  he  appointed  prior  in 
his  room. 

(b}  1599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado  i.  i.  304  Warre-thoughts  Haue 
left  their  places  vacant  :  in  their  roomes  Come  thronging 
soft  and  delicate  desires.  1673  AUSTEN  Fruit  Trees  n.  148 
As  these  are  removed  the  husbandman  plants  others  in  their 
roomes.  1711  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's  Gardening  172  If 
several  Elms  should  die  successively  in  the  same  Place,  you 
should  put  Lime-Trees,  .in  their  Rooms.  1774  GOLDSM. 
Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  III.  354  The  old  long  hair  falling  off,  and 
a  shorter  coat  of  hair  appearing  in  its  room. 

C.  In  the  room  of,  in  the  place  (for  office)  ojt 
in  lieu  oft  instead  of,  a  person  or  thing.  (Cf.  prec.) 

(<*)  '535  COVERDALE  Matt.  ii.  22  But  when  he  herde  that 
Archelaus  did  raynge  in  lury,  in  y*  rowme  of  his  father 
Herode.  1599  HAKLUYT  Voy.  II.  n.  60  So  we  placed  other 
men  in  the  roomes  of  those  that  we  lost.  1667  PEPVS  Diary 
i  Sept.,  The  Attorney-General  is  made  Chief  Justice  in  the 
room  of  my  Lord  Bridgeman.  1709  STEKLE  Tatler  No.  ix 
Pg  Declared  Alderman.,  in  the  Room  of  his  Brother, .. 
deceased.  iSaSTHiRLWALL  Greece  IV.  41  A  Spartan  named 
Leon,  had  taken  the  command  in  the  room  of  Pedaritus. 
1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt.  Gloss.  s.v.,  He  went  in  the 
room  of  another. 

(b)  1615  W.  LAWSON  Country  Hoitsew.  Garden  (1626)  30 
An  eye  or  bud,  taken. .from  one  tree,  and  placed  in  the 
roome  of  another  eye  or  bud.  1668  HALE  Pref.  Rollers 
Abridgment  4  It  is  much  out  of  use,  and  new  Expedients 
substituted  in  roome  thereof.  1736  BUTLER  Anal.  \.  v,  To 
substitute  judgment  in  the  room  of  sensation.  1749  FIELD 
ING  Tom  Jones  v.  iv,  You  must  let  me  have  my  old  one 
again,  and  you  may  have  this  in  the  room  on't.  1846 
TRENCH  Huls.  Led.  Ser.  n.  i.  142  In  the  room  of  shifting 
cloud-palaces.. stands  for  us  a  City  which  hath  come  down 
from  heaven. 

d.  Used  with  vbl.  sbs.     Now  dial. 
i8oa  Mus.  E.  PARSONS  Myst.  Visit  III.  144  In  the  room  of 
loitering  about  Paris.. I  shall  have  the.  .pleasure  of  being.. 
a  little  useful.     1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss,  [see  Forms  ft], 

Room  (™m),  sb.~  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  6  rome, 
roome.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  Scurf  on  the  head ; 
dandruff. 

98-a 


ROOM. 

1578  Lvi  E  Dodoens  262  The  same . .  doth  cure  -  -  the  scurffe 
or  roome  of  the  head.  Ibid.  410  The  lye.  .is  very  good  to 
washe  the  scurffe  of  the  head, . .  causing  the  rome  and  scales 
to  fall  off,  1847  HALLIW.,  ROOM,  dandruff.  Somerset.  1886 
ELWORTHV  W.  Somerset  Wd.-Bk.  s.v. 

Room(n7m),  a.  Obs.  exc.  Sc.  Forms:  1,3  rum, 
3  rume;  4-5  roume  (4  roumm),  4-6  rowm(e, 
5  rowmme;  4-5  rorae,  5  romme,  rombe  ;  6-9 
room  (7  roome).  [Common  Teut. :  OE.  nimt^ 
OFris.  rum  (mod.Fris.  runi^  rom\  MDu.  wturn, 
rttym  (Du.  mini),  MLG.  r&m,  ruem  (LG.  ritm)t 
OHG.  riimi,  ON.  r«W(Sw.  and  Da.  rum,  Norw. 
rotn) :  cf.  ROOM  s&.1] 

f  1.  Spacious,  large,  ample  in  dimensions ;  wide, 
extensive.  Obs. 

Buowulf-zfa  puhte  him  call  to  rum  wongas  &  wic-stede. 
cSag  Vesp.  Psalter  xxx.  9  Du  xesettes  in  stowe  rumre  foet 
mine.  Ibid.  clii.  2s£>issie,  micel  &  rum.  c888  K.  ALFRED 
Boeth.  xix.  §  i  Behealde  he.  ,hu  neara  J>aere  eoroan  stede  is, 
j>eah  heo  us  rum  >ince.  ciooo  Ags.  Gosp.  Matt.  vii.  13  Se 
weg  is  swiSe  rum,  \>e  to  forspillednesse  ^elast,  c  1200  URM1N 
3689  He  wollde  3ifenn  uss  All  heoffness  rume  riche.  c  1250 
Owl fy  Night.  643  Mi  nest  is  holeuh  &  rum  amidde.  a  1300 
Cursor  At.  3318  Fodder  and  hai  (?ou  sal  find  bun  ;  Na 
roummer  sted  in  al  he  tun.  a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  \xx\\\. 
15  In  |je  felde  of  thaneos, |>at  is,  in  be  rowme  stede  of  meke 
comaundment.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Reeve's  T.  225  Ther  was 
no  rommer  herberwe  in  the  place.  '.',11400  Marie  Artk. 
3470  A  renke  in  a  rownde  cloke,  with  righte  rowmme  clothes. 
>423  JAS-  I  Kingis  Q.  Ixxvii,  I  was  anon  In  broght  Within 
a  chamber,  large,  rowm,  and  faire.  c  1470  HENKV  Wallace 
vii.  986  A  rowme  passage  to  the  wallis  [thai]  tbaim  dycht. 
1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  I.  379  He  set  his  feild  furth  on 
am:  rowmar  plane.  1560  HOLLAND  Seven  Sages  13  Lat  vs 
bair  mak  ane  hous  baith  rowme  &  squair.  c  1635  CAPT. 
UOTELEK  Dial.  Sea  Serv.  (1685)  133  It  causeth  a  Ship  to  be 
much  Roomer  (that  is  larger)  within  ttoard. 

fb.   The  room  sea,  the  open  sea.    Obs.~~l 

c  1400  Sc.   Trojan   War  11.  1978  Tharfor  in  haist  to  l?e 
rowme  se  Thai  torned  and  held  on  bar  way. 
t  c.  Open  to  chuice.    Obs.~l 

1481  CAXTQN  Reynard  (Arb.)  108  Whan  reynard  herde 
that  it  stode  so  rowme  that  he  shold  chese  to  knowleche 
hym  ouercomen  and  yelde  hym  Or  ellis  to  take  the  deth. 

t  2.  a.  Distant,  remote.    Obs.  rare. 

(-1449  PECOCK  Repr.  i.  xiv.  79  Doom  of  resoun.-as  the 
next  and   best  reule,  and  the  power  of  resoun  as  for  the 
romber  and  ferther  reule.     Ibid.  it.  xx.  272  Into  departing 
and  disseuering  and  into  rombe  distaunt  being. 
fb.  Of  winds  :   =LABGE  a.  14.   Obs. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  ii.  45  This  hauen  wherein  we  lay, 
expecting  roome  windes.  Ibid.  59  Having  roome  windes, 
and  a  fresh  gale,  in  24.  houres  we  discovered  the  lie. 

3,  Sc.  Clear,  unobstructed,  empty. 

Some  cognate  uses  are  found  m  OE.  texts. 

1641  FERGUSON  Sc.  Prov,  4  b,  A  fair  fire  makes  a  roome 
flet.  1710  RUDDIMAN  Gloss.  Douglas"  JEncis  s.v.  Roume, 
We  say,  To  make  a  room  house,  when  one  drives  them  out 
that  are  in  it.  1810  J.  COCK  Simple  Strains  1. 142  (E.D.D.), 
When  in  their  beds  and  snugly  laid  There's  silence  and  a 
room  fireside. 

f4.  Comb.',  room-handed, -hende  arfjs.,  liberal, 
generous;  room-house,  a  privy  (cf.  long-house 
s.v.  LONG  a.  18).  Obs. 

c  iioo  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  29  5ef  Jm..best  rum-handed  to 
glewmen.  c  1205  LAV.  6538  He  wes.  .radful  and  rihtwUand 
a  mete  rum-hende.  c  1250  Owl  <jr  Night.  652  Men  habbej? 
among  opre  iwende  Arum-hus  at  heore  bures  ende. 

Hoom,  obs.  variant  of  RUM  a. 

t  Room,  adv.  Obs.  Forms:  i  rume, 4 romme, 
4,  6-7  rome,  6-7  room(e.  Comp.  6  rowmer, 
6-7  romer,  7  roamer,  rummore.  [OE.  nimet 
f.  rum  adj.,  *=  OS.  and  OHG.  riimoJ\ 

1.  Widely;  far  and  wide;  to  or  at  a  distance. 
atooo  Genesis  1456  Heo  wide  hire  willan  sohte  &  rume 

fleah.  Ibid.  1895  Sceoldan.  .fya.  rincas  J?y  rumor secan  ellor 
e^elseld.  1340-70  Alex.  <y  Dind.  80  Whi  farest  (>ou  so 
fihtinge,  folk  to  distroie,  &  for  to  winne  J?e  word  wendest  so 
romme?  Ibid.  581  Of  richesse  &  of  renoun  romme  be  je 
kidde.  c  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  v.  xiii.  553  Whilis  thei  stonden 
or  sitten  or  knelen  rombe  fer  ech  from  othir. 

2.  Amply;  fully;  to  the  full. 

a  1000  Genesis  1372  Drihten.  .rume  let  willeburnan  on 
woruld  J?ringan.  c  1000  Sa.ron  Leechd.  I.  282  Hyt  rum 
J>a  wyrmas  forS  xelaedeb.  13. .  Sir  Beues  1860  pe  geaLiit 
was  wonder-strong,  Home  }?retti  fote  long. 

3.  Naut.   =  LAHGE  adv.  7  a. 
Very  common  from  c  1580  to  1630. 

1564  SPARKE  in  Hawkins'  Voy.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  10  He  espied 
another  Island, .  .and  being  not  able.,  to  fetch  it  by  night, 
went  roomer  untill  the  morning.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr. 
Nicholay's  Voy.  i.  xi.  13  Leauing  the  coast.. we  bare  roome 
to  seawards.  1597  J.  PAYNE  Royal  Exch.  33  Halebollinge 
to  double  the  poynt,  a  luff  from  the  rock,  rowmer  from  the 
sand.  1622  Reiat.  Eng.  Plantation  Plymouth  in  Arber 
Pilgr.  Fathers  (180,7)  435  We  could  not  fetch  the  harbour, 
but  were  fain  to  put  room  again,  towards  Cape  Cod.  1669 
STURMY  Mariner  s  Mag.  i.  ii.  19  The  Chase  pays  away 
more  room.  Ibid.^  The  Chase  goes  away  room,  her  Sheets 
are  both  aft. 

b.  Const,  with  the  land,  etc. 

1537  Adm.  Court  Exemplifications  i.  No.  174  Seeing  a 
shipcoming  somewhat  rome  with  theym.  1357  JENKINSON 
in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1599)  I.  310  The  wind  vering  more 
northerly,  we  were  forced  to  put  roomer  with  the  coast  of 
England  againe.  Il'id.t  We  were  forced  to  beare  roomer 
with  Flamborow  head. 

Room  (rwm) ,  v.1  Now<&xS.  march.  Forms: 
i  rumian,  3-4  rumen,  3-5  rume  (5  ruym) ; 
4-5  roume  (5  reume),  5-6  rowm(e,  6  rovm  ; 
5  rom(e,  9  room.  [OK.  nimiant  f.  rum  ROOM 


780 

a. ;  perh.  formed  anew  in  ME.  Parallel  forms 
are  Fris.  r&mje^  rovije^  Da.  rumntet  Fasr.  rtima, 
Norw.  roma.  The  usual  OE.  verb  was  ryman  : 
see  RIME  v.^\ 

f  1.  a.  intr.  To  become  clear  of  obstructions. 

c  1000  Saxon  Leechd.  I.  76  Drince  5reo  ful  fulle  on  niht 
nistij  ;  bonne  rumaS  him  [sc.  the  man]  sona  se  innaS. 

fb.  trans.  To  clear  (the  throat).    Ofo.-1 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  372  b/i  Take  a  softe  egge  and 
bere  hit  to  suster  Andree  of  ferriere  for  to  rume  her  throte. 

2.  trans.  To  clear  (a  space)  from  persons  or 
things,  esp.  by  superior  force.  Now  arch. 

a  1375  Joseph  Arim.  597  Euer-more  J>e  white  kniht  hem 
be  place  roumede.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  ix.  xxv.  3182 
Quhen  be  feld  was  rowmytswa,The  Duke  of  Burgone.  .On 
a  syd  enterit  in  be  place,  c  1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  ofAymon 
ix.  245  Guycharde  and  I  shall  rowme  the  waye  afore  you. 
c  1500  Lancelot  3385  Neuer  mycht  be  sen  His  suerd  to  rest, 
that  in  the  gret  rout  He  rowmyth  all  the  compas  hyine 
about.  1513  DOUGLAS  ^Eneis  xn.  xii.  38  Quhen  voydit 
weill  and  rowmyt  was  the  feild. 

1816  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XLI.  527  For  them  the 
monks  had  room'd  their  eating  hall, 
f  b.  To  remove,  shift.    Ods."~} 

13. .  Senyn  Sag.  2468  (W.),  Th1  emperour  had  wonder  of 
this,  And  let  reume  his  bed. 

t  3.  a.  intr.  To  give  way  ;  to  depart.   Obs. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Ckron.  Wace  (Rolls)  13072  On  alle 
sides  he  smot  aboute,  &  made  beym  roum  \text  rounnj 
borow-out  ^e  route.  1340-70  Alex.  (y  Dind.  2  Whan  )jis 
weiih  at  his  wil  \\eduring  hadde,  Ful  rabe  rommede  he 
rydinge  bedirre. 

f  b.  trans.  To  vacate,  leave,  abandon.  Obs. 

1393  LASGL.  P.  PI.  C.  i.  189  And  yf  he  [a  cat]  wratthe,  we 
mowe  be  war  and  hus  way  roume.  1481  CAXTON  Reynard 
(Arb.)  31  Many  of  his  lignage.  .token  leue  soroufully,  and 
romed  the  court.  Ibid.  61  On  the  ntorow  erly  he  ruymed 
his  castel  and  wente  with  grymbart.  1513  DOUGLAS  siSnttS 
x.  viii.  18  Seand  Rutylianis  Withdraw  the  feyld  sa  swy_th, 
and  rovm  the  plan  is.  1566  DRANT  Horace^  Sat.  vi.  D  vj,  I 
may  rome  my  mastership,  wheresoeuer  lyketh  me. 

f  C.  refl.  To  betake  (oneself)  off\  to  give  (one 
self)  free  scope.  Obs. 

1598  W.  PHILLIP  tr.  Linschoteti  i.  xcii.  148  Comming  with 
the  ship, . .  he  had  almost  laid  her  on  ye  same  place,  where 
the  other  was  cast  away  :  but  day  comming  on,  they  romde 
themselues  off,  and  so  escaped.  1621  R.  BOLTON  Stat.  Irel. 
313  He  had  a  scope  of  a  hundred  and  twentie  miles  long 
and  a  hundred  and  odd  miles  broade  to  runne  and  roome 
himself. 

4.  trans.  To  extend,  enlarge.   Obs.  exc.  dial, 

a  1300  Cursor  M,  14922  Es  resun  bat  wee  vr  rime  rume 
And  set  fra  nu  langer  bastune,  £1325  Ckron.  Eng.  83  in 
Ritson  Metr.  Rom.  II.  273  Fourti  fet,  roumede  and  giete, 
Into  the  see  he  made  him  lepe.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  vii. 
(Wemyss)  1936  Than  lohne  bischop  of  Glasgw  Rowmyt  be 
kirk  of  Sanct  Mongw. 

1894  H  ESLOP  Northumbld.  Gloss.,  Rooming-down^  extend 
ing  the  bottom  of  a  bore  hole.  A  term  used  by  sinkers. 

Room  (rwm),  v.'*  Also  Sc.  6-  roum,  rowrn. 
[f.  ROOM  j^.1] 

1 1.  Sf.  a.  trans.  To  install.    Obs.  rare, 

1567  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  533  To  that  effect  that 
he  may  be  inaugural,  placeit,  and  rowmit  thairin.  1663 
SIR  G.  MACKENZIE  Relig;  Stoic  xii.  (1685)  114  Nothing  is 
roomed  in  our  judgment  and  apprehension  but  what  first 
entered. 

fb.  To  assign  (common  pasturage)  propor 
tionally  among  the  different  4  rooms '  or  lands 
entitled  to  share  in  it. 

Used  only  in  connexion  withSouM  v. ;  for  illustrations  see 
that  word. 

2.  L/.S.  a.  intr.  To  occupy  rooms  as  a  lodger ; 
to  share  a  room  or  rooms  with  another ;  to  live 
together  in  the  same  room(s). 

1828  MRS.  STOWE  Let.  in  Life  (1889)  n.  41  She  rooms  with 
me,  and  is  very  inteiesting  and  agreeable.  1856 —  Dred'u, 
Clayton  and  Russel  had.,  roomed  together  their  four  years 
in  college.  1860  Ann.  Amherst  College  47  Many  of  the 
students  who  roomed  in  the  College  lost  their  all.  1888 
HOWELLS  A.Kilburn  ill,  1  didn't  let  him  room  in  your  part 
of  the  house  ;  that  is  to  say,  not  sleep  there. 

b.  trans.  To  accommodate  or  lodge  (guests). 

1864  Daily  Tel.  13  Oct.,  The  door's  open,  and  if  they 
couldn't  room  any  more  guests  they'd  pretty  soon  close  up, 
I  guess.  1892  Rep.  A  trier.  Mission.  Assoc.  101  We  have  to 
room  them  with  the  normal  and  college  students  in  the  col 
lege  buildings. 

t  Room,  v.Z     Obs."1    ?  To  stretch  out,  aim  at. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  2466  Roomes  [v.r.  rooues]  n03t  at  be 
raynbowe  J?at  reche  30  ne  may. 

Room,  obs.  form  of  ROAM  z>.,  ROME. 

Roo'mage.  6^*$".  rare.  [f.  ROOM  s&.1  +  -AGE.] 
Space  ;  internal  capacity  ;  accommodation. 

i843\VHiTTiER  Cassandra SouthwickiioPa.^  with  coins 
of  Spanish  gold.  .The  roomage  of  her  hold.  1865  BURRITT 
Walk  Land's  End  vi.  209  Mat  and  seat  the  rotunda  of 
St.  Paul's,  and  the  nave  of  Westminster,  to  every  foot  of 
their  magnificent  roomage.  Ibid.  xii.  399  It  entertained 
Charles  II  in  its  best  guest  and  banquet  room,  and  William 
Prynne  with  coarser  roomage  and  fare. 

Roomage,  obs.  variant  of  RUMMAGE. 

Roomal,  variant  of  ROMAL. 

f  Roome,  obs.  variant  of  RHOMB. 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Grant,  xv.  73  For  to  learne 
to.. know  the  tides,  your  Roomes,  pricke  your  Card,  say 
your  Compasse. 

Roome,  obs.  form  of  ROME. 
Roomed   (r/Jmd;,   a.      [f.   ROOM    sb.^  -f-  -ED.] 
With  defining  word  prefixed  :  Having  rooms  of  a 


ROOMLY. 

specified  number  or  kind,  as  one-,  double-,  many- 
roomed  \  also  wide-roomed ',  f  spacious. 

1548  UDALL,  etc.  Luke  xiii.  115  b,  The'i  that  are  of  suche 
sortes,  dooe  choose  the  brode  and  the  wyde  roumed  waie. 
1610  HEALEY  St.  A  ug.  Citic  of  God  566  The  Arke  had  roomes 
below  and  roomes  above,  and  therefore  was  called  double 
roomed.  1840  'Lwoo'sCottagersMan.  (L.U.K.)  30  Trans 
forming  every  two-roomed  hut  into  such  cottages.  1890 
[see  FOUR  C.  i  b].  1895  SCULLY  Kafir  Stories  57  A  little 
one-roomed  building,  set  apart  for  guests. 

Roome, d)ge,  obs.  forms  of  RUMMAGE. 

Roo'mer.  t/.S.  [f.  ROOM  #.2  2  a.]  A  lodger 
who  occupies  a  room  or  rooms  without  board. 

1887  Ohio  State  *JrnL  2  Sept.,  Complaint  had  been  made 
by  some  of  the  roomers  in  the  Mithoff  block.  1889  N,  Y. 
Evening  Pest  29  Dec.,  On  the  third  floor  were  a  number  of 
roomers. 

t  RoO'luery.  Obs.~~*-  [ad.  Sp.  romeria^  f.  Roma 
ROME.]  A  pilgrimage. 

1663  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (1677)  62  In  his  Roomery  in 
the  way  to  Medina. .  he  was  wounded  to  death. 

Room-free,  a.  Sc.  and  north.  Also  3-4  rum-, 
4-5  roum-fre.  [f.  ROOM  sbj-  +  FREE  a.] 

1 1.  Entitled  to  free  accommodation  in  a  mill  for 
the  purpose  of  having  one's  corn  ground.  Obs. 

iz-jg  Percy  CAa^w/(z;^(Surtees)233Erunt  rumfre  et  mill- 
tuifre  ad  molendinum  de  Wllouer  de  omnibus  bladis  suis. 
« 1300  in  Hodgson ///s/.  Northitmb.  (1832)  II.  118  Liberi  hint 
a  multura..et  sint  Rumfre  propinquius  quod  molant  post 
me  ipsum  et  post  bladum  inventum  in  trimodio.  1315-7  in 
Laing  Charters  (1899)  7  Quod  ipsi  sint  rumfre  in  eodem 
molendino.  .quandocunque  voluennt  niolere  blada.  1484—5 
Extr.  Rec.  Peebles  (1872)  31  We  find  at  the  comes  of  Cors- 
cunnyngfeld  audit  to  be  rowme  free  in  the  myln  of  Peblis 
to  the  fourtl  corne. 

2.    (See  quot.) 

1887  Jatnieson's  Diet.  Suppl.  s.v.,  To  sit  room-free  in  a 
dwelling-house  means  to  sit  rent-free  \  and  to  hold  a  pro 
perty  room-free  is  to  hold  it  without  paying  the  usual 
burghal  duties. 

Roo 'infill,  sb.  [f.  ROOM  .r<M  +  -FUL2.]  As 
much  or  as  many  as  a  room  will  hold. 

1710  SWIFT  Exam.  No.  25  F  8  Where  it  is  a  Man's  Busi 
ness  to  entertain  a  whole  Room-full,  it  is  unmannerly  to 
apply  himself  to  a  particular  Person.  X7?z  FRANKLIN  Lett. 
Wks.  1887  IV.  537  [Of  books]  I  brought  none  with  me,  and 
have  now  a  roomful.  1841  BROWNING  Pippa  Passes  ii,  This 
room-full  of  rough  block-work.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis 
xxv[i].  One  day  he  went  to  the  Hall,  and  there  was  a  roomful 
of  visitors.  1884' EDNA  LVALL  '  We  Two  xxvj,  She.. had 
to  serve  her  roomful  of  enemies. 

Roo  mful,  a.  rare.  [f.  ROOM  j£.l  +  -FUL  I.] 
Capacious,  ample,  roomy. 

1601  DONNE  Progr.  Soul  xxxiv.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  82  Now 
in  a  roomefull  house  this  soule  doth  floate.  1892  BROOKK 
E.  E.  Lit.  II.  xvi.  85  He  reared  aloft  the  Firmament  and 
this  roomful  land  stablished. 

Room-handed,  -house  :  see  ROOM  a.  4. 

KiOO'inily,  adv.  [f.  ROOMY  a.  +  -LT  ^.]  With 
plenty  of  room  ;  amply,  spaciously. 

1818  Edin.  Mag.  Oct.  329  We  roomily  dwell  in  the 
heather-bell.  1855  KINGSLEY  IVestw.  Hot  xxi,  Walls,.. 
some  twelve  feet  high,  between  which  the  whole  crew., 
were  housed  roomily.  1884  RIDER  HAGGARD  Dawn  25  Her 
figure  was  so  finely  proportioned  and  so  roomily  made. 

Roo'miness.  [f.  KOOMY  a.  +  -NESS.]  The 
quality  of  being  roomy  or  spacious  ;  capaciousness. 

1840  MOORE  Mem.  (1856)  VII.  275  Russell's  berth  was., 
the  chief  object  of  our  attention,  and  I  was  most  agreeably 
surprised  by  its  roominess.  1856  STONEHENGE  Brit.  Rural 
Sports  ii.  in.  i.  392/1  A  bolder  and  fuller  head,  with  great 
width  and  general  roominess  of  skull.  1892  E.  REEVES 
Homeivard  Bound  198  We  prefer  our  old  friend's  saloon, 
passages,  and  general  roominess. 

Jig.  1889  DIGGLE  Life  B/>.  Fraser'i.  13  This  complete  un 
selfishness  gave  Bishop  Fraser  great  intellectual  roominess. 

Roo-ming-house.     U.S.     (See  quot.) 

•Lftg-S  Spectator  16  Sept.  366/1  We  go  to  no  hotel,  but  look  for 
what  Americans  call  a  *  rooming  house  ',  i.e.,  a  house  which 
lets  furnished  apartments. 

RoO'iuless,  a.  rare.  Also  6  roumlea.  [f. 
ROOM  $b.{]  Lacking  room  or  space;  strait,  con 
fined  ;  also,  without  rooms. 

1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Mark  iii.  28  The  shyppe 
wherein  Jesus  preached  is  very  narowe  and  roumles  to  vn- 
cleane  and  synfull  persons. 

Roomlet.    rare~*.    [-LET.]    A  small  room. 

1880  Miss  BIRD  Japan  II,  242  Steep,  narrow  staircases, 
nefarious-looking  roomlets,  irregular  balconies. 

t  RoO'mlineSS.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  ROOMLY  a.] 
Roominess. 

1744  Land.  Mag.  557  The  primary  Enquiry  is  to  the 
Roomliness  and  Strength  of  the  Ship.  Ibid.  558  Roomliness 
and  Strength  of  Decks. 

t  Roo  nily,  a.  Obs.—1  [f.  ROOM  j<M  +  -LY  i. 
Cf.  OE.  runuic abundant,  plentiful,  liberal.]  Large. 

1743  Land.  <$•  C.  Brewer  in.  (ed.2J  191, 1.  -boil  it  with  two 
Pounds  of  Hops.. in  a  roomly  Canvas  or  such  as  they  call 
Straining  Cloth. 

t  RoO'mly,  adv.  [OE.  riimlice  (see  ROOM  a. 
and  -LY  2),  =  MDu.  rumclike,  -lijc  (Du.  ruimelijk\ 
MLG.  rumelik(ent  OHG.  rfimlihho,  MSw.  rum- 
lika,  -leka.}  Liberally,  largely,  abundantly. 

t-ggo  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt.  Introd.  18/14  [He]  rumlice 
foretacnas  [L.  clementer  inform at\.  971  Blickling  Horn. 
49  And  £if  we  [>onne  lustlice  &  rumlice  ^a  welan  daelaj> 
earmum  monnum.  c  1000  ,/ELFRIC  Saints'1  Lives  I.  514  Bige 
us.  .rumlicor  to  d»s  he  hlafe.  cizoo  Trin.  Coll.  //<«//.  213 
pe  sullere  do3  narewere  J>ane  he  sholde,  and  te  biggere 
rumluker  JKUI  he  sholde.  c  1*05  LAY.  2452  Alle  J?a  vncuSe 


ROOM-MATE. 


781 


ROOSE. 


to  hire  comen . .  for  seoluere  £  for  golde,  &  heo  rumliche  hit 
$ef.  a  1300  E,  E.  Psalter  xxx.  30  And  roum-like  sal  he 
yhelde  in  land  To  bas  bat  ere  pride  doand.  c  1425  WYNTOUN 
Chron.  ix.  ix.  1136  (Royal  MS.),  Tillordis  rowmiyhelandis 
gave ;  His  swnnys  he  mad  rych  and  mychty. 

Roo'm-mate.  U.S.  [f.  ROOM  sb?\  One  who 
lodges  in  or  occupies  the  same  room  or  rooms 
with  another  ;  a  fellow-lodger. 

1838  J.  L.  STEPHENS  Trav.  Russ.  $•  Turk.  Emp.  I.  251 
With  a  Frenchman  and  a  Greek  for  my  room-mates. 
1849  W.  S.  MAYO  Kaloolah  (1850)  107  My  interesting 
room-mates  were  so  far  recovered  as  to  be  able  to  take  the 
air  upon  deck.  1899  WHITEING  j  John  St.  zio  Little  Nance, 
the  chum  and  room-mate  of  Tilda, 

t  Roo  msome,  a.  Obs.  In  6  romesome,  6-7 
roomesome,  7  rowmsome,  roomsom.  [f. 
ROOM  a,]  Ample,  capacious,  roomy. 

1581  PETTIE  tr,  Guaszefs  Civ.  Conv.  i.  (rs86)  22  b,  I  know 
by  this  your  exposition  of  this  worde  (Civile)  the  field  wee 
haue  to  enter  into  is  verie  wide  and  roomesome.  1598 
FLORIO  Diet.  To  Rdr.,  A  more..vnweildie  and  more  roome 
some  vessell  then  the  biggest  hulke  on  Thames.  1602  J 
DAVIES  (Heref.)  Minim  inModttm  xxiii.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I. 
7  The  Cells.. Are  made  by  right  more  rowmsome  then  the 
rest,  a  1642  SIR  W.  MONSON  Naval  Tracts  m.  (1704)  357/1 
She  is  Roomsom  for  her  Men.  1671  EVELYN  Diary  16  Oct., 
An  old  house.. made,  .capable  and  roomesome. 

BiOO'mstead.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  Also  7 
roomesteade,  8  room  stead,  [f.  ROOM  sbf\  A 
compartment  or  division  ;  a  certain  space  or  length. 

1641  BEST  Farm,  Bks.  (Surtees)  47  The  greate  roonie- 
steade  in  the  northende  of  the  rye-barne  helde  all  our 
winter  corne  this  yeare.  Ibid.,  As  much  as  could  possibly 
be  layed  in  that  roomsteade.  1691  J.  GIBSON  in  Archaeo- 


logia  XII.  188  Dr.  Uvedale  of  Enfield.  ..His  greens  take  up 
six  or  seven  houses  or  roomsteads.  1718  in  Trans.  Cumb. 
$•  Westin.  Archxol.  Sac.  (N.S.)  III.  200  Benjamin  Parish 
hath  one  firehouse  containing  two  room  steads.,  to  lett. 
1764  Skeffling  Inclosure  Act  9  The  pieces,  parts,  or  room- 
steads  of  the  earth-bank.  1800  TUKE  Agric.  93  A  roomstead 
(i.  e.  one  post  and  two  rails),  being  is.  yd,  including  carriage. 
1820  W.  SCGRESBY  Acc.  Arctic  Reg.  II.  461  The  carpenters 
had  completely  cleared  the  roomstead.  Note}  Roomstead  is 
the  space  between  any  two  ribs  or  frames  of  timber  in  a  ship. 
t  RoO' Ulster.  Obs.—1  An  occupant  of  space. 
1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  <*i-  Selv.  181,  I  being  at  no  agree 
ment  with  this  same  hideous  Rooms ter. .,  I  may.  .have  my 
harmless  mistake  paid  home  by  a  vile  mischance. 

Roomth  (r?7m]j).  Now  dial.  Also  6  rumeth, 
6-7  rometh(e,  roometh;  6  romth(e,  rompth; 
7  roumth,  roomthe.  [f.  ROOM  a.  +  -TH  :  cf. 
Fserbese  n'tmd.  The  earlier  form  is  RIJITH.] 
1.  Space ;  esp.  ample  or  unconfined  space.  *f  To 
make  roomth,  to  make  way. 

1340  BIBLE  (Cranmer)  2  Sam.  xxii.  20  For  he  brought  me 
out  into  roumth,  he  delyuered  me,  because  he  had  a  loue 
vnto  me.  1559  AYLMER  Harborowe  E  iy  b,  All  histories  and 
monumentes  canne  not  be  contained  in  so  lyttle  rometh. 
1575  Gammer  Gurton  u.  iv,  Make  here  a  little  romth.  i6iz 
DRAYTON  Poly-olb.\\.  122  But  Rydoll, ..Not  finding  fitting 
roomth  upon  the  rising  side,  Alone  unto  the  West  directly 
takes  her  way.  1643  TKAPP  Comnt.  Gen.  xliii.  25  A  mans 
gift  makes  roomth  for  him,  1881-  in  dial,  glossaries  (Leic.. 
Warw.,  Sheff.). 

jb.  Space  occupied  by  an  object ;  extent,  bulk. 
1603  DRAYTON  Bar.  Wars  vi.  xxviii,  Whose  romth  but 
hinders  others  that  would  grow.  i6zz  MALYNES  Anc.Law- 
Merch.  40  Pease  grinded  weigh  more  than  corne,  the  round- 
nesse  giveth  cause  to  have  more  roomth.  1674  N.  FAIRFAX 
Bulk  <$•  Selv.  54  Having  seen  what  the  Worlds  lastingness 
and  roomth  is. 

•f'C.  Extent;  jurisdiction.   Obs.~~l 
x6oi  BP.  W.  BARLOW  Defence  188  Lastly,  that  the  Church 
haue  roometh  vniuersally  extended. 

f  2.  Sufficient  space  or  scops  for  or  to  do  some 
thing.  Obs. 

a  1540  BARNES  Wks.  (1573)  298  The  false  brethren,  .unto 
whom    S.  Paule  gaue   no   romthe   as   concernyng   to   bee 
brought  into  subiection.      1596  DRAYTON  Legends  iv.  209 
Where  now  my  Spirit  got  roomth  it  selfe  to  show.     1615 
W.  LAWSON  Country  Housew.  Garden  (1626)  10  So  there 
be  sufficient  roomth  left  for  walkes.     1639  H.  AINSWORTH 
Pentateuch  Gen.  ix.  27  *  Inlarging '  also,  is  not  only  of 
roomth  to  dwell  in . . ,  but  oftentimes  of  the  heart. 
fb.  A  sufficient  occupation.   06s.~l 
1585  DYER  Prayse  of  Nothing  C  ij,  It  were  a  romth  for 
some  idle  bodye,  to  looke  into  the  accedents  of  euery  state, 
which  hath  been  diuersly  afflicted  for  nothing. 
•1*3.  A  defined  or  limited  space.   Obs. 
1550  Nottingham  Rec.  IV.  98  In  the  est  end  of  the  Spyces 
Chamber  a  romthe  for  a  p[r]esse.     1579  TWYNE  P/iis.  agst. 
Fortune  i.  6  b,  This  narrowe  roomth,  and  place  of  necessitie, 
is  knowne   without   Astrologicall  coniecture.      1596-7    S. 
FINCHE  in  Hist.  Croydon  (1783)  155  We.. are  now  fillinge 
the  voyde  rometh  therin  with  earth  andrubbishe.     1639  H. 
AINSWORTH  Pentateuch  Num.  ti.  27  So  many  thousand 
tents  as  Israel  had  could  not  be  pitched  in  a  little  roomth. 
fb.  A  chamber,  apartment.  Obs. 
1579  FENTON  GwzVczVm/.  415  A  fire  kindled.. in  their  stoare 
house  called  the  Arzenale,  euen  in  the  rometh  where  was 
their  saltpeter.     1635  Maldon  Doc,  (Bundle  So,  No.  2),  vii-. 
viiW.  for  dressing  up  the  said  moote-hall,  counsell  chamber, 
and  other  the  Romethes  there  this  yere. 
f  4.  An  office,  function,  or  dignity.   Obs. 
1504  LADY  MARGARET  tr.Zte  Imit.  iv.  v.  267  By  the  puttynge 
to  of  the  handes  of  the  Bysshoppe  thou  arte  admyttyd  vnto 
that  hye  rometh.     ^1530  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  in.   II. 
153  Very  gladde  I  wolbe  that  he  in  that  romethe  myght  doo 
your  most  excelent  Grace  service.     1586  in  lo/A  Rep.  Hist. 
iMSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  439  The  credytt,  vocacion,  rompth, 
promotion  and  callinge  of  Bayliefes.  a  1604  HANMEK  Chron. 
frel.  (1633)  57  He  preferred  one  lohn  his  Deacon  and  dis 
ciple,  to  the  roomth. 


fb.  A  position  or  office  pertaining  to  a  person; 
one's  place.  Obs. 

1544  A.  COPK  Hannibal  fy  Scipio  40  They  commanded  to 
let  the  old  Senatours  go  free,  and  use  their  romthes.  1573 
TWYNE  Virgil  Life  C  j  b,  When  his  voice  failed  him  at  eny 
time,  Meca:nas  supplied  his  romth  in  readynge.  1600  S. 
FINCHE  in  Hist.  Croydon  (1783)  154  b,  Margaret  her 
daughter  is  in  good  hope  to  supplie  her  mothers  romthe. 

t  c.  hi  the  roomth  of,  in  the  place  of,  instead  of. 
Also  with  possessives.  Obs. 

1533  WRIOTHESLEY  Chron.  (Camden)  I.  21  The  Lorde 
William  Howarde  as  deputie.  .in  the  romth  of  the  Marshall 
of  Englande.  1572  J.  STOCKWOOD  Serin.  24  Aug.  78  It  were 
farre  better  that  they  were  vtterly  remoued,  and  able 
Pastors  put  in  iheyr  roomths.  1615  W.  LAWSON  Country 
Houseiv.  Garden  (1626)  6  Our  old  fathers  can  tell  vs,  how 
woods  are  decaied,  and  people  in  the  roomth  of  trees 
multiplied.  1624-5  Nottingham  Rec.  (1889)  IV.  393  An 
no  ther  Counceller  to  be  ellected  in  his  roomthe. 

t  RiOO'mthily,  adv.  Obs~l  [f.  ROOMTHY  «.]  In 
respect  of  space  ;  spatially. 

1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  <y  Selv.  103  God  by  making  of  a 
body  and  real  space  with  it,  ..is  thereby,  .no  more roomthily 
there  than  he  was  before. 

!  RoO'llltliiness.  Obs.  Alsoyroomethinesse, 
roomthyness(e.  [f.  ROOMTHY  #.]  Roominess. 

1553  GRIMALDE  Cicero's  Offices  (1556)  55  Likewise  in  a 
noble  mannes  howse..ther  must  be  made  a  provision  for 
roomethinesse.  1570  T.  NORTON  tr.  Nowel's  Catech.  60 
Neither  is  there  any  thyng  or  place  that  is  not  enuironed 
and  enclosed  witli  the  roomthinesse  of  heauen.  1627  DRAYTON 
Agincourt  8  Tents  and  Pauillions  in  the  fields  are  pitcht, 
(E'r  full  wrought  vp  their  Roomthynesse  to  try).  1674  N. 
FAIRFAX  Bulk  fy  Selv.  23  The  everlasting  time  and  bound 
less  roomthiness.  Ibid.  82  There  is  roomthiness  between 
that  and  the  other  boundary  or  term. 

t  Roo'mthsome,  #.    Obs.-1    In  6  romth-. 

[f.  ROOMTH.]     Spacious,  roomy. 

1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stnjfe  42  A  cage  or  pigeon  house, 
romthsome  enough  to  comprehend  her  and. .her  nurse. 

Room  thy  (r;7'mbi),  a.  Now  dial.  Also  6 
rornthie,  romthy,  room(e)thie,  roomethy.  [f. 
ROOMTH  4- -Y.] 

1.  Spacious,  ample,  roomy. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  i.  30  With  a  slacke  or  romthy 
kynde  of  knitting.  Ibid.  33  These  bones  in  women  [are]., 
much  more  ample,  and  romthy.  1612  DRAYTON  Poly-old,  i. 
210  After  whom,  cleere  Enian  in  doth  make,  In  Tamer's 
roomthier  bankes  their  rest  that  scarcely  take.  1655  FULLER 
Ch.  Hist.  u.  104  Because  England  was  richer  and  roomthyer 
then  their  own  Countrey.  1676  HUBBARD  Happiness  People 
55  God  will  rather  have  his  people.. pent  up  in  a  corner, 
then  roomthy,  and  swoln  with  pride.  1726  S.  SEWALL 
Lett.-bk,  (1886)  II.  202  He  has  a  situation  roomthy  and 
beautifull  enough  to  build  the  New-Jerusalem  in.  1854-  in 
dial,  glossaries  (Northamp.,  Warw.,  Oxf.). 

f2.  Pertaining  to  space ;  occupying  space.    Obs. 

1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  fy  Selv.  21  Time  had  not  been  if 
God  had  not  made  timesome  beings,  nor  room  if  he  had  not 
made  roomthy. 

t  RrOO'lttWard,  adv*  Naut.  Obs.  Also  7  roome-. 
[f.  ROOM  adv.}  =RooM  adv.  3. 

1611  COTGR.,  Bonier  au  i>ent>  to  beare  roomeward  ;  or,  to 
fill  the  sayles  with  wind.  1647  W.  BROWNE  tr.  Polexander 
n.  in.  214  My  Pilot  was  constrained  to  goe  Roome-ward  to 
Sea.  Ibid.  226  This  Fleet  . .  put  roome-ward  to  Sea,  as 
soone  as  they  had  descried  us.  1658  EARL  MONM.  tr. 
Partita's  Wars  Cyprus  140  Having  fallen  much  Roome- 
ward  at  the  beginning  of  the  fight, ..they  kept  aloof  from 
the  great  gallic. 

So  f  Roo'm-way  adv.    Obs.—*- 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  ix.  44  When  she  would 
not  come  neere  the  land,  but  goeth  more  Roome-way  than 
her  course,  wee  say  she  beares  off*. 

I&OOUiy  (r«  mi),  a.  and  adv.  Also  7  roumy, 
rommy.  [f.  ROOM  .r£.l+  -Y.  Cf.  MLG.  rnmich, 
ruyrnich,  G.  raumig.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  ample  dimensions;  capacious, 
large;  wide. 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Cram.  xi.  52  This  makes  a 
Ship  more  roomy,  a  1656  Bp.  HALL  Rcm,  IVks.  (1660)  64 
A  place  both  more  publick,  roomy,  and  chargelesse.  1697 
DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  u.  388  Let  thy  Vines  in  Intervals  be 
set,  Indulge  their  Width,  and  add  a  roomy  Space.  1743 
BLAIR  Grave  267  His  roomy  chest  by  far  too  scant  To  give 
the  lungs  full  play.  1773  Life  N.  Frwvde  199  He  agreed . . 
to  accommodate  us  all  on  board  his  Ship,  which  was  a  very 
fine  and  roomy  one.  1807  G.  CHALMERS  Caledonia  I.  i.  ii. 
101  In  this  roomy  currach,  St.  Cormac  sailed  into  the  north 
sea.  1855  THACKERAY  Neiucomes  viii.  I.  77  A  gentleman  of 
bland  aspect  with  a  roomy  forehead.  1883  J.  GILMOUR 
Mongols  xxvii.  320  The  outer  garment  of  both  sexes  is  a 
wide  roomy  coat  which  reaches  down  to  the  ground. 

fig.  1693  DRYDEN  Juvenal ^Ded.(i697>  p.  Ixxxii,  This  sort 
of  Number  is  more  roomy :  The  Thought  can  turn  it  self 
with  greater  ease  in  a  larger  compass.  1827  POLLOK  Course 
T.  (1854)  280  A  roomy  life,  a  glowing  relish  high. 

2.  Of  female  animals  :  Of  large  proportions  in 
ternally. 

1796  W.  H.  MARSHALL  \V.  Eng.  II.  202  Some  roomy  good 


cows.  1853  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XIV.  u.  430  A  well-pro 
portioned  roomy  cow.  1853  STONEHENGE  Greyhound  174 
A  large  roomy  bitch,  .will  most  probably  *  throw  '  a  lot  of 


undersized  greyhounds.     1894  Field g  June  846/1  [A  mare,] 
a  fine, roomy  daughter  of  Lincolnshire  Lad  II. 
t  B.  adv.  Naitt.   =KooM  adv.  3.   Obs. 

1624  CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  192  At  last  she  bore  up  rommy 
for  the  Sea,  and  we  heard  of  her  no  more.  Ibid.  224  The 
next  was  a  ship  of  Holland... She  was  put  roomy.  1626  — 
Accid.  Yng.  Seamen  18  Beare  vp  the  hehne,  goe  roumy. 

R.OO11  (ron).  Sc.  Also  roeUjFoond,  andRuND. 
[Of  obscure  origin.]  A  piece  of  the  list  or  selvage 


1    of  cloth ;  a  strip  or  shred.     Also  roon-shoon  (sec 
1    quot.  1824). 

1785  BURNS  To  W.Simpson  Postscr.  iii,  They  thought  the 
'  Moon,  Just  like  a  sark,  or  pair  o'  shoon,  Woor  by  degrees, 

till  her  last  roon  Gaed  past  their  viewin,     1808  JAMIESON, 
:    Roon,  a  shred,  a  remnant,,  .also  roond.     1824  MACTAGGAKT 

Gallovid.  Encycl,,  Roon-shoon,  shoes  made  of  the  roons,  or 

selvages  of  cloth.     1862  HISLOP  Prov.  Scot.  179  The  best  o' 

wabs  are  rough  at  the  roons. 

i     Roonde,  obs.  f.  ROUND.  Roone,  obs.  f.  ROAN. 
Roong,  obs.  pa.  pple.  of  RING  v^- 

Roop  (r«p)j  sbl  [var.  of  ROUP  $b$\  Hoarse 
ness  ;  a  hoarse  sound. 

1674  RAY  N.  C.  Words  y)  A  Roop,  a  Hoarseness.  1788- 
I  in  northern  dial,  glossaries  (Yks.,  Northumb.).  1898  Daily 
I  News  22  Feb.  3/3  That  touch  of  noble  hoarseness,  .like  the 
!  roop  of  the  bow  on  the  string  of  a  violoncello. 

Roop,  sb.*,  in  northern  and  Sc.  phrase  stoop  and 
\  roop,  completely  :  see  STOOP  sb. 

Roop,  v.  rare.  [Cf.  ROOP  sb^\  intr.  To  utter 
a  hoarse  note  or  sound. 

1894   CROCKETT  Love   Idylls   (1901)    182  A  sleepy    hen 
;    rooped  lazily  in  a  hole  under  the  hedge.      1894  —  Raiders 
(ed.  3)  234,  I  only  rooped  like  a  rough-legged  fowl. 
Roop(e,  obs.  ff.  ROPE;   variants  of  ROUP. 
Rooped,  ft.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Also  7  roopt, 
9  roopit,  -et,  and  ROUTED,  [f.  ROOP  sb.1]  Hoarse. 
1677    NICOLSON   in    Trans,  R.  Soc.  Lit.   (1870)   IX.  316 
Roopt,  hoarse  with  bawling.     1822  SCOTT  Nigel  xv,  He  bad 
something  of  a  catarrh,  and   spoke  as  hoarse  as  a  roopit 
raven.     1881  J.  L.  ROBERTSON  in  Edwards  Mod.  Sc.  Poets 
III.  35  The  minister  grew  hearse  and  roopit. 

Roopee,  obs.  form  of  RUPEE. 

Roope-sicke:  see  ROPE-SICK  a. 

Roopy  (r/7'pi),  a.  Chiefly  dial.  See  also 
I  RoupYiz.^  [f.  ROOP  sb.1]  Hoarse. 

1825-  in  dial,  glossaries  (Northumb.,  Durh,,  Yks.,  Berks, 
Hants).  1850  DICKENS  D.  Copperjield\\\,  He  had  observed 
I  was  sometimes  hoarse— a  little  roopy  was  his  exact  ex 
pression.  1864  Miss  BRADDON  J,  Marchmont's  Legacy 
III,  179  The  lonely  hen  set  up  a  roopy  cackle. 

Roopy,  variant  of  ROUPY  a.1 

Roor,  obs.  form  of  ROAK. 

Roorback  (rii^ubsek).  U.S.  Also  -bach.  [A 
fictitious  personal  name  :  the  accounts  of  its  origin 
differ  widely  from  each  other.]  A  false  report  or 
slander  invented  for  political  purposes. 

1864  WEBSTEK,  Roorback,  a  forgery  or  fictitious  story  pub 
lished  for  purposes  of  political  intrigue.  [Note.  The  word 
originated  in  1844,  when  such  a  forgery  was  published,  pur 
porting  to  be  an  extract  from  the  'Travels  of  Baron  Roor. 
bach '.]  1884  Boston  (Mass.)  Jrnl.  6  Sept.,  The  Herald  and 
Globe  abound  in  roorbacks  which  are  designed  to  influence 
the  vote  in  Maine. 

Roore,  obs.  form  of  ROAR. 
Roos,  obs.  form  of  ROUSE  sb. 
Roosa,  rusa  (rz7*sa).     Also  roussa,  rusha. 
[Hindi  nisd.]     Roosa  grass^  an  Indian  grass  (An- 
dropogon  Sch&nanthus  or  Cymbopogon  Martini}^ 
from  which  roosa  oil  is  distilled. 

1853  T.  C.  ARCHER  Pop.  Econ.  Bot.  279  Oil  of  Indian  Grass, 

Roosa  Oil,  or  Roosa-ke-til,  is  distilled  from  the  leaves  of 

Andropoeon  Calamus  aromaticns.     1858  SIMMONDS  Diet. 

1     Trade,  Roosa-Grass  Oil.     1885  WATT  Econ.  Prod.  India 

1    249  This  is  the  roussa  paper  grass,  abundant  everywhere  in 

the  Deccan.     Ibid.  250  Perhaps  the  name  by  which  it  is 

i    most  generally  known  is  rusa  oil.     Ibid,,  Rusha  oil. 

Roose,  sb.  ?0t>s.  Forms  :  a.  3-5  ros,  4  rose, 
4-5  roos,  5  roys(e.  /3.  4-6  rous,  7  rowze.  7. 
Sc.  4-6,  9  ruse,  5  rus(s,  6  ruys,  ruiss(e.  8.  8- 
roose.  [a.  ON.  hros  (Icel.  hr6s^  Fser.  ros,  Nonv., 
Sw.,  and  Da.  ros) :  cf.  ROOSE  z/.] 

1.  Boasting,  vainglory ;  an  instance  of  this,  a 
boast,  brag,  vaunt. 

a.  c  1200  ORMIN  4910  All  idell  jellp  £  idell  ros  pu  cwennk- 
esst  i  be  sellfenn.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  11948  Nu  bat  i  do 
bou  it  for-dos,  And  bar-of  sal  )jou  mak  na  ros.  13. .  Minor 
Poems  fr.  Vernon  MS.  505  Such  bing  as  bou  seyst  and 
doos,  pi  Nei^ebor  wol  ^erof  make  Roos.  c  1400  Song 
Roland  650  Shall  none  of  you  mak  your  rose  or  ye  go 
furore,  c:  1450  Cust.  Perseverance  1068  perfore  do  as  no 
man  dos, . .  &  of  l>i-self  make  gret  ros.  1486  Bk.  St.  A  Ibans 
e  vj  b.  The  master  to  his  man  makyth  his  Roys  That  he 
knowith  be  kynde  what  the  hert  doys  Alt  huntyng. 

ft.  1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  5158  Ne  be  nat  proude 
!  bogh  bou  weyl  dous,  yn  byn  herte  to  make  a  rous.  1463  G. 
,  ASHBY  Poems  n  Goo  forth,  lytyll  boke,  mekely,  without 
'  rous.  16..  Sir  Lambewell y>^  in  Percy's  Folio  MS.,  Bait. 
,  4-  Rom.  I.  154  Shee  warned  me  be-forne,  of  all  things  that 
I  did  vse,  of  her  I  shold  neuer  make  my  rowze. 

•y.  c  1470  Gol.  <y  Gaw.  98  Bot  thow  mend  hym  that  mys.. 

!    Thow  sail  rew  in  thi  ruse.     1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  vm.  Prol. 

50  Sum  makis  a  tume  ruse,     a  1572  KNOX  Hist.  Ref.  Wks. 

1846  I.  242  What  thei  receaved  we  can  nott  tell;  but  few 

maid  ruse  at  thare  returnyng.    1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's 

I    Hist.  Scot.  II.  242  Johne  Moydert.  .maid  meikle  ruse  that 

!    he  him  selfe  was  the  cheif  of  Makdonelis   kynd.      1808 

JAMIESON,  To  mak  a  tume  ruse,  to  boast  where  there  is  nu 

ground  for  it,  but  the  reverse. 

S.  1718  RAMSAY  Christ's  Kirk  Gr.  in.  iv,  W  ha  wins  syn  may 

make  roose,  Between  you  twa.  17 . .  I\  I  aggie's  Tocher  in  Herd 

Coll.  Sc.  Songs  (1776)  II,  78  We'll  mak  nae  mair  loom  roose. 

•f  2.  Commendation,  praise.   Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  13896  Quen  he  his  aun  roos  has  soght, 

!     In  his  muth  sothfast  es  noght.     a  1350  St.  Nicholas  87  in 

'    Horstm.  Altengl,  Legend.  (1881)  12  Noght  for  no  ruse  of 

'.    erthli  thing  Bot  allone   vnto  goddes  louyng.     c  1375  Sc. 

i    Leg.  Saints  xli.  {Agnes)  114  pe  prefet  begane  to  spere.. 

\    quhat  man  it  wes.-bat  agnes  be  ruse  of  mad,     c  1470  Gol.  «y 

I    Gaw.  1241  All  erdly  riches  and  ruse  is  nogbt  in  tliair  garde. 


BOOSE. 


782 


ROOSTING. 


Rooso,  obs.  form  of  ROSE  s&. 

Roose  (r«z,  Sc.  toz),v.  Now  Sf.  and  north,  dial. 
Forms  :  a.  3  rosenn,  4  ros,  4-5  (9  dial.}  rose, 
5  roys.  0.  4-9  ruse,  5-6  rus(s,  6  rws,  ruis, 
7-9  ruze ;  6  reuse,  7  reou.se,  reuze ;  Sc.  dial. 
8  reeze,  rease,  8-9  reese.  y.  6  rowse,7-9  rouse. 
8.  7-  roose  (dial.  8  rooyse,  9  rooze,  roois).  [a. 
ON.  hrdsa  to  boast  of,  praise  (Icel.  hrosa,  Fser. 
nfro,  Norw.  and  Sw.  rara,  Da.  rase) :  cf.  ROOSE  sb.] 

fl.  intr.  To  boast  or  be  proud  (/something.  Obs. 

CI200ORMIN  4906  fatt  iss  hzfcdd  sinne..To  rosenn  off 
bin  ha?herrle?5c.  £1475  Rauf  Coilyar  481  Of  that  Ryali 
array  that  Rolland  in  raid,  Kauf  rusit  in  his  hart  of  that 
Ryall  thing. 

t  2.  reft.  a.  To  boast  oneself;  to  vaunt.  Const. 
of,  that  with  clause,  or  infin.  b.  To  praise  or 
commend  oneself.  Obs. 

o.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  28102  Ic  ha  me  rosed  in  my  mode 
bath  o  my  werkes  wye  and  gode.  a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter 
xxxi.  3,  I  cried  all  be  day  rosand  me  of  rightwisnes. 

0.  13..  -S^.  Peter  $  Paul  152  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg. 
(1881)  78  Simon.. rusid  him  ban  bat  he  might  raise  Dede 
men  to  lyue.  c  1340  HAMPOLE  Prose  Tr.  12  Noghte  ruysand 
hyme  of  liis  reghtwesnes.  c  1400  Alelayne  956  So  mot  I 
spede,  He  sail  noghte  ruysse  hym  of  this  dede.  c  1460 
Tovinelcy  Myst.  xxiii.  492  He  has  hym  rused  of  great 
prophes.  1508  DUNBAR  Tun  Mariit  Wemcn  194  He. . 
inakis  repet  with  ryatus  wordis,  Ay  rusing  him  of  his  radis. 
1533  GAU  Richt  Yay  75  Mony  spekis  mekil  and  rwsis 
thayrne  of  faith,  c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  iii.  21 
Reuse  nocht  jour  self,  latt  vbiris  preiss  jour  rentis. 

y.  (1440  York  Myst.  xxix.  271  Oure  stiffe  tempill, ..This 
rebalde  he  rowses  hym  it  rathely  to  rayse. 

fi.  "637-50  Row  Hist.  Kirk  (Wodrow  Soc.)  476  Alledging 
that  honest  ministers  that  went  to  the  Bishop  roosed  them 
selves  little  of  it. 

3.  trans.  To  praise,  extol,  commend,  flatter. 

a.,  a  1300  Cursor  M.  2417  Sua  j>ai  rosed  hir  to  be  king  )>at 
he  bam  did  befor  him  bring.  13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  1371  To 
rose  hym  in  his  rialty  rych  men  sojtten.  c  1460  Tovjneley 
Myst.  ii.  95  What  gifys  god  the  to  rose  hym  so !  Ibid,  xii. 
234  Here  is.. the  Teg  of  a  goys,  With  chekyns  endorde, 
pork,  partryk,  to  roys.  1877  N.  W.  Line.  Gloss.,  Rose,  to 
praise,  to  flatter. 

ft.  c  1460  Towneley  Myst.  xxi.  33  For  if  other  men  ruse 
hym,  we  shall  accuse  hym.  c  1475  RaufCoiliear  80  Thank 
me  not  ouir  airlie, . .  For  I  haue  seruit  the  jit  of  ly  till  thing 
to  ruse.  1513  DOUGLAS  /Eneis  i.  ix.  84  This  ilk  Tewcer  his 
enemyis  of  Troy  Rusit  and  lovit.  1570  Satir.  Poems 
Reform,  xii.  132  Be  my  saule,  my  self  culd  neuer  ruse  3ow. 


Reuze,  to  extol  or  commend  highly.  1715  RAMSAY  Christ's 
Kirk  Gr.  n.  viii,  They  rus'd  him  that  had  skill,  a  1800  in 
Skinner  Misc.  Poet,  no  There's  nane  that  reads  them..  But 
reezes  Robie.  a  1800  Young  Allan  ii.  in  Child  Ballads  \V. 
378  Some  there  reasd  their  hawk,  their  hawk,  And  some 
there  reasd  their  hound.  1879  JOHN  WHITE  Jottings  225 
(E.D.I).),  I've  rus'd  ye  for  yer  head  and  heart. 

y.  1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasm.  Par,  i  Cor.  27  If  such  let 
passe  nothing  undone  and  unsuffered  and  all  to  be  rowsed 
and  commended  of  the  lewde  people,  a  1553  VaM.\.Royster 
D.  I.  i,  Prayse  and  rouse  him  well,  and  ye  haue  his  heart 
wonne.  1766  A.  NICOL  Poems  104,  I  right  fickle  was  and 
fain  To  be  sae  rous'd.  1843  CLARK  Rhymes  23  Wi'  flattery 
I'll  no  rouse  thee. 

S.  1703  THORESBY  Yorkshire  Wds.  (E.  D.  S.),  Rooyse,  to 
extol.  1723  RAMSAY  Fair  Assembly  w,  These  modest  maids 
inspire  the  muse,  In  flowing  strains  to  shaw  Their  beauties, 
which  she  likes  to  roose.  1785  BURNS  ist  Ef.  to  J.  Lapraik 
94  Friends  an  folk  that  wish  me  well,  They  sometimes  roose 
me.  1786  —  Ded.  to  G.  Hamilton  3  A  fleechan,  fleth'ran 
Dedication,  To  roose  you  up,  an'  ca'  you  guid.  1834  A. 
SMART  RamU.  Rhymes  162  Let  poets  in  their  idle  lays 
Roose  up  auld  Scotland's  early  days.  1865  WAUGH  Lane. 
Songs  30  Aw  roos't  her,  poor  lass. 

D.  In  various  proverbs  and  sayings. 

1710  RUDDIMAN  Gloss.  Douglas  SEneis  s.v.,  Every  body 
ruses  the  ford  as  he  finds  it.  1721  KELLY  Scot.  Prov.  210 
If  it  be  ill,  it  is  as  ill  rused.  Hid.  282  Ruse  the  fair  Day  at 
Night.  1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  xxvii,  Let  ilka  ane  roose  the 
ford  as  they  find  it. 

RoO'ser.  Sc.  rare.  Also  rusar,  ruser.  [f. 
ROOSE  v.  Cf.  ON.  krtsari.]  A  boaster,  braggart. 

1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  III.  440  [It]  hapnis  oft  ane 
vanter  to  be  Hear, . .  And  ane  gude  rusar  [is]  seindill  ane  gude 
rydar.  1721  KELLY  Scot.  Prov.  36  A  great  ruser  was  never 
a  good  rider. 

Rooser,  variant  of  HOUSES,  a  sprinkler. 

Rocvsing,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  ROOSE  v.]  a.  Boasting, 
vaunting,  vainglory,  b.  Commendation,  praising. 

c  woo  ORMIN  4564  5sen  rosinng,  &  5xn  idell  sellp.  Ibid. 
4902  Rosinng  &  all  idell  3ellp..iss  haefedd  sinne.  (11300 
Cursor  M.  28524  per-of  haf  i  made  rosyng.  c  1340  KAMI-OLE 
Pr.  Consc.  7070  What  avayld  us  pryde, . .  rosyng  of  ryches  or 
of  ryche  aray?  c.  I35d  St.  John-t,^  in  Horstm.  Altengl. 
Lef.  (1881)  38  pe  sext  teches.  .To  refuys  riches  for  ruseing. 
a  1800  Redesdale  t,  Wise  William  in  Child  Ballads  IV.  383 
There  fell  a  roosing  them  amang. 

Roosing,  obs.  form  of  ROUSING. 

Roost  (rest),**.1  Forms  :  i  hrost,  4  rooste, 
5  roist,  6  roust,  rowst,  ruste  (7  roest),  6-  roost. 
[OE.  Artist,  =  MDu.  and  Flem.  nest,  and  prob.  OS. 
kr6st  the  spars  of  a  roof  (cf.  sense  3).  The  further 
relationship  is  uncertain.] 

1.  A  perch  for  domestic  fowls;  also  gen.  a 
perching-  or  resting-place  of  a  bird. 

a  uoo  Gere/a  in  Anglia  IX.  262  On  odene  cylne  macian 
— ofn  &  aste  &  fela  Singa  macian  sceal  to  tune — £e  eac 
henna  hrost.  1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xii.  xvii. 
(Bodl.  MS.),  [The  cock]  sette^  nexte  to  hym  one  rooste  be 
henne  bat  is  moste  fatte  and  tendre.  1530  PALSGK.  264/1 


Roost  for  capons  or  hennes,  jevssover.  1565  HARDING 
Confttt.  Apol.  17  b,  Gete  ye  now  vp  into  your  pulpettes,  like 
bragging  cockes  on  the  rowst,  flappc  your  winges,  and 
crow  out  alowde.  1593  DRAYTON  Eel.  iii.  46  Since  good 
Robin  to  his  Roost  is  gone.  1607  TOPSELL  Four-f.  Beasts 
151  In  a  Dogge  [the  power  of  smell]  is  that  sence  which 
searcheth  out  and  descryeth  the  roustes,  fourmes,  and 
lodgings  of  Wilde  Beasts.  1700  DRYDEN  Cock  $•  Fox  46 
Sooner  than  the  matin-bell  was  rung,  He  clapp'd  his  wings 
upon  his  roost,  and  sung.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  138 
F  12  When  she  is  to  see  the  hogs  fed,  or  to  count  her  poultry 
on  the  roost.  1820  W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  II.  359  The 
sudden  rustling  in  the  thicket  of  birds  frightened  from  their 
roost.  1884  ALLEN  Amer.  Farm  Book  491  Swabbed  along 
the  roosts  and  laying  boxes.. it  has  proved  destructive  to 
these  vermin. 

b.  A  hen-house,  or  that  part  of  one  in  which 
the  fowls  perch  at  night. 

1580  HOLLYBAND  Treas.  Fr.  Tong,  Gelinier,  a  hen  house, 
a  roust.  1589  Hay  any  Work  36  He  sleepeth  belike  in  the 
top  of  y°  roust.  1671  MILTON  Samson  1693  As  an  ev'ning 
Dragon  came,  Assailant  on  the  perched  roosts,  And  nests  in 
order  rang'd  Of  tame  villatic  Fowl.  1784  COWPER  Task  v. 
58  Now  from  the  roost,  or  from  the  neighb'ring  pale, . .  Come 
trooping..  The  featber'd  tribes  domestic.  1821  CLARE  K*7/. 
Minstr.  I.  18  Sad  deeds  bewailing  of  the  prowling  fox ; 
How  in  the  roost  the  thief  had  knav'd  his  way.  1839 
Lincoln  Gaz.  12  Feb.  3/4  The  rogues  went  to  another  roost 
adjoining  the  house.  1855  D.  ].  BROWNE  Amer.  Poultry 
Yard  83  The  dormitory,  or  roost,  should  be  well  ventilated, 
Ibid.,  To  let  air  or  light  into  the  roost. 

c.  A  collection  or  number  of  fowls,  etc.,  such 
as  may  occupy  a  roost. 

1827  COL.  HAWKER  Diary  (1893)  I.  303,  I  killed  a  roost  of 
small  birds. 

d.  Jig.  A  resting-place  ;  a  lodging,  bed. 

1858  O.  W.  HOLMES  Aut.  Breakf.-t.  (1883)  122  The  world 
has  a  million  roosts  for  a  man,  but  only  one  nest.  1864 
LOWELL  Fireside  Trav.  no  The  only  roost  was  in  the 
garret,  which.. contained  eleven  double  beds,  ranged  along 
the  walls.  1891  C.  ROBERTS  Adrift  Amer.  23,  I  selected 
what  appeared  to  me  to  be  about  the  best  spot  for  a  roost, 
and.  .made  a  fairly  comfortable  bed. 

2.  Without  article,  in  various  phrases : 

a.   To  go,  etc.,  to  roost.     Also  Jig.  of  persons  : 
To  retire  to  rest.     (Cf.  Flem.  le  roest  gaan.} 

a  1529  SKELTON  E.  Rummyng  191  The  hennes  ron  in  the 
mashfat ;  For  they  go  to  roust  Streyght  ouer  the  ale  ioust. 
a  1631  DRAYTON  Noah's  Flood  383  When  the  crowned  cock 
..Comes  to  roost  by  him.  1648  HEXHAM  n,  Roesten,  to 
Jugge,  or  goe  to  Roest,  as  Hens,  Patridges,  &c.  1797-1808 
VINCE  Aslron.  xxi.  228  The  birds  went  to  roost.  1836 
MACGILLIVIIAY  Trav.  Humboldt  viii.  109  These  birds  go  to 
roost  long  before  night.  1867  '  OUIDA  '  Castletnaine' s Gage 
(1879)  20  The  swallows  were  gone  to  roost  amidst  the  ivy. 


bi 

I  will  have  my  gruel  a-bed.  1879  STEVENSON  Travels  in 
Cevennes  (1886)  212  Half  an  hour  later,  and  I  must  have 
gone  supperless  to  roost. 

b.  At  roost,  roosting,  perched.     Also  to  take 
roost,  to  perch. 

1692  SIR  R.  L'ESTRANGE  Fables  cccliii,  A  Fox  spy'd  a 
Cock  at  Roost  with  his  Hens  about  him.  1713  DEKHAM 
Phys.-Theol.  vn.  ii,  The  Breast,  and  its  Bone,  made  like  a 
Keel.. to  counterpoise  the  Body,  and  support  and  rest  it 
upon  at  Roost.  1848  LYTTON  Harold  ML  ii,  Where  the 
falcon  took  roost.  1864  BROWNING  Mr.  Sludge,  While  you 
cling  by  half  a  claw  To  the  perch  whereon  you  puff  your 
selves  at  roost. 

c.  To  come  home  to  roost,  to  come  back  upon 
the  originator. 

1810  SOUTHEY  Kehama  Motto,  Curses  are  like  young 
chickens :  they  always  come  home  to  roost.  1838  LYTTON 
Alice  340  The  curse  has  come  home  to  roost.  1887  LOWELL 
Democr.  173  All  our  mistakes  sooner  or  later  surely  come 
home  to  roost. 

3.  In  various  local  applications  (see  quots.). 
1790  MORISON  Poems  105  (E.  D.  D.),  Frae  the  roost  a  rung 

she  drew.  1808  jAMiESON,./?0<7.r/,  ..the  inner  roof  of  a  cottage, 
composed  of  spars  of  wood  reaching  from  the  one  wall  to 
the  other. . .  It  is  also  vulgarly  used  to  denote  a  garret.  1856 
MORTON  Cycl.  Agric.  II.  725/2  Roost,  (Lancas.),  the  upper 
part  of  a  cow-house  ;  loft  over  stable. 

4.  atlrib.,as  roost-time,  -tree;  roost  lay  (see  quot.). 
1780  G.   WHITE  Selborne   xciv,  They  happened  to  be 

suddenly  roused  from  their  roost-trees.  1823  EGAN  Groses 
Diet.  Vulg.  T.,  Roost  Lay,  stealing  poultry.  1884  JEFHERIES 
Life  of  Fields  (1908)  97  A  loud,  .clamour  of  rooks  and  daws, 
who  have  restlessly  moved  in  their  roost-trees.  1889  — 
O^t'ft  Air  216  The  partridges  may  run  through  to  join  their 
friends  before  roost-time  on  the  ground. 

Roost  (rwst),  sb.z  Also  7-9  roust,  8-9  rost,  9 
rust.  [a.  ON.  rfst  (Norw.  r«st),  in  the  same  sense.] 
A  tumultuous  tidal  race  formed  by  the  meeting  of 
conflicting  currents  off  various  parts  of  the  Orkney 
and  Shetland  Islands. 

1654  BLAEU  Atlas,Scotia  150 Exiguisscaphulisquas  facile 
maris  aestus  ac  fluctus,  quern  Roosts  appellant,  absorbet. 
i693j.  WALLACE  Orkney  93  Roust,  a  very  tempestuous  tide. 
1774  Low  Orkney  (1879)  14  Where  the  water  breaks  on 
Stroma,  it  goes  off  in  vast  whirls,  and  forms  a  roust  by  the 
dancing  of  the  stream.  1821  SCOTT  Pirate  \,  The  current  of 
a  strong  and  furious  tide,  which.. is  called  the  Roost  of 
Sumburgh.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XXI.  384/1  The  majestic 
cliffs  and  towering  headlands  that  frown  over  the  dark  and 
stormy  seas  and  rousts.  1868  D.  GORRIE  Summers  <$•  W. 
Orkneys  v.  161  The  roosts  are  in  their  wildest  state  of  agita 
tion  with  ebb  tides  and  westerly  swells. 

Roost,  obs.  form  of  ROAST  sb.  and  v. 

Roost  (rz/st),  v .  Forms  :  6  rust(e,  roste,  6-7 
roust(e,  rowst,  <-  roost,  [f.  ROOST  sb.1  Cf. 
Flem.  roesten  (Kilian).j 


1.  Of  birds  :  To  settle  on  a  perch  or  the  like  for 
sleep  or  rest ;  to  settle  for  sleep,  go  to  rest. 

1530  PALSGR.  696/1  These  capons  ruste  whan  it  draweth 
towardes  nyght,  they  be  wyser  than  men  be.  1577  B. 
GOOGE  Heresbach's  Husb.  IV.  (1586)  166  After  the  seuenth 
moneth,  you  may  put  them  to  roust  in  the  house  with  the 
other  Peacockes.  1600  SURFLET  Countrie  Farms  i.  xv.  96 
By  hauing  rousted  vpon  the  trees  in  the  open  aire.  a  1682 
SIR  T.  BROWNE  Tracts  (1683)  29  Sitting,  roosting,  covering 
and  resting  in  the  boughs.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  in.  i.  400 
The  greatest  part  of  the  birds.. were  such  as  are  known  to 
roost  on  shore.  1791  COWPER  Yardley  Oak  52  Time  hath 
made  thee  what  thou  art — a  cave  For  owls  to  roost  in.  1852 
M.  ARNOLD  Empedocles  n.  432  On  the  cliff-side,  the  pigeons 
Roost  deep  in  the  rocks. 

transf.  1567  TURBERV,  Epit.,  etc.  36  No  sooner  stirres 
Auroras  Starre, ..But  they  that  rousted  were  in  rest.. Do 
pack  apace  to  labours  left,  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies  (1840) 
I.  106  Verres.. never  saw  the  sun  either  to  rise  or  set,  as 
roosted  after  or  before. 

b.  Of  persons :  To  seat  oneself,  to  perch,  colloq. 

1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  viii,  Down  to  the  flat  shelf  on  which 
the  sufferers  had  roosted.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tom's 
C.  vi,  About  a  dozen  young  imps  were  roosting,  like  so 
many  crows,  on  the  verandah  railings.  1897  FLANDRAU 
Harvard  Episodes  60  She  is  the  woman  who,  when  you 
call,  roosts  discreetly  at  the  extreme  end  of  a  long  sofa. 

2.  To   lodge,   harbour,    make    one's   abode   or 
quarters.     In  mod.  use  :  To  pass  the  night. 

1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  Wks.  (Grosatt)  IV.  95  Banisht 
he  was,  and  longer  in  lerusalem  might  hee  not  roust.  1610 
HOLLAND  Camden's  Brit.  (1637)  366  A  rabblement  of  Danes 
rousted  heere  one  whole  yeare.  [1664  J.  \jf.wStone.Heng 
(1725)  206  Camden  finds  him  and  his  Danes  roosting  after 
wards  for  one  whole  Year  at  Cirencester.)  1716  B.  CHURCH 
Hist.  Philip's  War  (1865)  I.  161  It  was  hard  to  tell  where 
to  find  Annawon,  for  he  never  roosted  twice  in  a  place. 
1813  SIR  R.  WILSON  Priv.  Diary  (1862)  II.  486,  I  am  most 
anxious  to  be  on  the  wing,  and  again  roosted.  1855 
THACKERAY  Newcomes  xxxix,  Stopped  to  roost  at  Terracina. 
1883  J.  A.  SYMONDS  Shaks.  Preiiec.  v.  (1900)  166  These 
vagrants  wandered  up  and  down  the  country,  roosting  in 
hedge-rows. 

b.  fig.  or  in  fig.  contexts. 

c  1554  COVERDALE  Hope  of  Faithful  Pref.  A  iij,  It  vn- 
knowne,  all  vices_  swarm  and  roste  in  vs.  15.98  MARSTON 
Sco.  yillanie  1.  ii.  178  Modestie  is  rousted  in  the  skyes. 
1607  S.  HIERON  Wks.  I.  262  Men  haue  euen  determined 
with  themselues,  that,  let  the  word  of  the  kingdome  roust 
where  it  will,  sure  with  them  it  shall  not  harbour.  1660 
BONDE  Scut.  Reg.  108  So  great  ignorance  cannot  roust  in 
their  pates,  who  are  so  worldly  wise.  1730  YOUNG  ist  Ep. 
to  Pope  10  Where  speculation  roosted  near  the  sky.  1793 
BURNS  Address  spoken  by  Miss  Fontenelle  5  So  [I]  sought 
a  Poet,  roosted  near  the  skies. 

3.  trans.  To  afford  a  resting-place  to  (one) ;  to 
accommodate,  harbour.     Alsoy^f. 

1854  S.  DOBELL  Balder  iii.  Poet.  Wks.  1875  II.  17  They 
defy  the  storms  of  heaven,  and  roost  The  weary-winged 
Ages.  1873  CARLETON  Farm  Ball.  43  You  have  often  slept 
in  pens ;  I've  a  mind  to  take  you  out  there  now,  and  roost 


Now  rare.     [f.  ROOST  sb^\   A 


in  pwwj    A   vc  .1  mull 

you  with  the  hens  1 

Roo'st-cock. 

domestic  cock. 

1606  H.  PARROT  The  Mous-Trap  (Halliw.),  Gallus,  that 
greatest  roost-cock  in  the  rout.  1627  E.  F.  Hist.  Edw.  H 
(1680)  88  The  old  Roost-cock  in  his  Country-language.  1668 
CHARLETON  Onomast.  75  Gallus  Gallinaccus,.  .fat  House, 
or  Roost-Cock.  1736  AINSWORTH  n,  Gallinaceus,..*.  roost- 
cock,  a  cockerel,  c  1750  [MRS.  PALMER]  Devonsh.  Dial. 
(1837)  18  Their  blowzy  faces  as  rid  as  roost-cocks.  1789  G. 
WHITE  Selborne  cv,  Roost-cocks,  which  had  been  silent, 
began  to  sound  their  clarions.  1858  POLSON  Law  fy  Lawyers 
116  A  beautiful  roost-cock  flew  upon  his  head  and  crowed 
three  times. 

Rooste,  obs.  form  of  ROAST  sd.  and  v. 

Roo'sted,  a.  rare.  [f.  ROOST  v.  or  j^.1]  Perched 
on  a  roost.  Alsoy^. 

1748  THOMSON  Castle  Indol.  n.  xl,  Yet  oft  his  anxious  eye 
Mark'd  them,  like  wily  fox  who  roosted  cock  doth  spy. 
1779  SHERIDAN  Critic  n.  ii,  Is't  thus  your  new-fledged  zeal 
Ajid  plumed  valour  moulds  in  roosted  sloth  1 

Rooster  (nJ-staa).  Chiefly  U.S.  and  dial. 
[f.  ROOST  JA.1  +  -EB1.] 

1.  A  cock. 

1822  J.  FLINT  Lett.fr.  Amer.  264  Rooster,  or  he-bird.— 
Cock,  the  male  of  the  hen.  1836  Backwoods  Canada  308 
The  produce  of  two  hens  and  a  cock,  or  roosttr,  as  the 
Yankees  term  that  bird.  1847  H.  MELVILLE  Omoo  Ixvi, 
With  a  rooster's  quill,  therefore,  a  bit  of  soiled  paper,  and  a 
stout  heart,  he  set  to  work.  1882  Garden  20  May  348  At 
sunrise  I  was  awakened  by  a  sturdy  old  rooster. 
b.  transf.  of  persons. 

1871  G.  MEREDITH  H.  Richmond  II.  214  Hang. .your  talk 
of  a  fine  girl,  like  my  Janet,  as  a  piece  of  poultry,  you  young 
rooster!  1881  Pkilad.  Sec.  No.  3428.  2  It  is  not. .in  the 
nature  of  things  that  a  rooster  in  the  Legislature  should 
quietly  submit  to  be  lectured  by  a  rooster  outside  of  the  legis 
lature.  1897  BARRERE  &  LELAND  Diet.  Slang  1 1 . 1 56  Queer 
rooster  (American  thieves),  a  man  that  lodges  among  thieves 
to  pick  up  information  for  the  police. 

2.  U.S.  (See  quot.) 

1871  in  De  Vere  Americanisms  262  Rooster ..  indicates  a 
bill,  or  proposed  law,  which  will  benefit  the  legislators— and 
no  one  else. 

Roo'Sting,  vbl.  sbJ-    [f.  ROOST  v.] 

1.  Perching  for  rest ;  places  for  perching. 

1604  DRAYTON  Owle  Poems  (1619)  423  By  all  signcs.  .The 
Birds  therein  their  nightly  roosting  made.  1713  DERHAM 
Vhys.-Tlieol.  vn.  i.  §  5  The  Legs  all  curved  for  their  easy 
Perching,  Roosting,  and  Rest.  1820  SCOTT  in  Lockhart 
(1837)  IV.  376  A  great  deal  of  valuable  fir  planting,  which 
you  may  remember ;  line  roosting  for  the  black  game. 

2.  ailrib.,  as  rwstittg-cagt,  -house,  -time,  etc. 


ROOSTING. 


783 


ROOT. 


1621-3  MIDHLETON  &  ROWLEY  Changeling  iv.  i,  At  roost 
ing  time  a  little  lodge  can  hold  'em.  1840  Penny  Cyct. 
XVIII.  477/1  The  first  roosting-perch.  .should  be  placed 
lengthways.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  1. 153  An  open 
ing.. in  the  outer  wall  of  the  roosting-house,  1874  J.  W. 
LONG  Anter.  Wild-fowl  ix.  161  In  the  evening  the  ducks 


will  be  seen  coming  from  the  roosting-ponds.  1879  JEFFF.RIES 

Wild  Life  281  Thej   ' 

roosting-trees. 


ey  [sc.  rooks]  stretch  from  here  to  the 


b.  Esp.  roosting-place ;  also_^. 

1725  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Poultry,  Being  wont  in  a  Morning 
early,  to  go  out  of  the  Hen-House  or  Roosting-PIace.  1789 
G.  WHITE  Selborne  cvi,  The  poultry  dared  not  to  stir 
out  of  their  roosting-places.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  \.  xiii. 
f  6,  I .  .slunk  to  my  roosting-place,  where  I  fell  asleep.  1844 
ALB.  SMITH  Adv.  Mr.  Ledbury  iii,  Jack  quitted  his  roost 
ing-place  amongst  the  baggage.  1874  J.  W.  LONG  Amer. 
Wild-fowl  xxiv.  245  When  their  feeding-grounds  and  roost 
ing-places  are  near  together. 

t  RoO'Sting,  vbl.  sb.Z  Ods.~~l  In  6  roostynge. 
[Cf.  ROOST  sb,*\  Turbulent  flow  or  turmoil. 

IS5S  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  382  We  mette  northerly  wyndes 
and  greate  roostynge  of  tydes. 

RoO'Sting,  ///.  a.  [f.  ROOST  v.]  That  roosts 
or  perches  ;  going  to  roost. 

1798  BLOOMFIELD  Farmer's  Boy,  Autumn  xlii,  From  each 
hough  The  roosting  Pheasant's  short  but  frequent  crow  In 
vites  to  rest.  1813  SCOTT  Rokeby  v.  ii,  Hoarse  into  middle  air 
arose  The  vespers  of  the  roosting  crows.  1886  Daily  News 
24  Sept.  5/2  They. .startle  from  its  crumbling  recesses  the 
roosting  doves. 

Root  (rwt),  sbj-  Forms :  a.   i,  5  rot,  3-6  rote, 
4  rotte,  5  roth,  roytt,  rowte,  6  rott,  roite, 
rout(e,  rowth,  9  dial,  roit;  4-7  roote,  5-  root. 
0.  Sc.  5-6  rut,  6  ruite,  rwit,  5-  rute,  6-  ruit, 
9    reet,    rit ;     north.     9    reut,    rut,    re(e)at. 
[Late  OE.  r6t,  a.  ON.  r6t  (Icel.  and  Frcr.  r6f], 
Norw.  andSvv.  rot  (MSw.  roof],  Da.  rod  (•(•  rood},    \ 
NFris.  rot,  rut  (prob.  from  ODa.),  LG.  rut.   The    j 
original  stem  *wrot-  is  connected  on  the  one  hand    j 
with  L.  radix,  and  on  the  other  with  OE.  ivyrt :    J 
see  WORT.     The  usual  OE.  words  for  ( root '  are    \ 
wyrttntma  and  wyrtivala.'] 

I.  1.  That  part  of  a  plant  or  tree  which  is 
normally  below  the  earth's  surface ;  in  Bot.t  the 
descending  axis  of  a  plant,  tree,  or  shoot,  de 
veloped  from  the  radicle,  and  serving  to  attach  j 
the  plant  to  and  convey  nourishment  from  the 
soil,  with  or  without  subsidiary  rootlets  or  fibres; 
also  applied  to  the  corresponding  organ  of  an 
epiphyte,  and  to  the  rootlets  attaching  an  ivy  to  its 
support. 

a  1150  in  Napier  Contrib.  O.E.  Lex.  54  Se  Codes  freond 
cwasd   bset  he  leofode  be  weode  &  be  wyrtan  roten  &  he    j 
wasteres  drence.   Ibid.,  He  leofede  be  wyrtan  rotan.    a  1175    '• 
in  Hist.  Holy  Rood-tree  4  An  fet.  .wses  ifylled  of  \>&t  ylce     i 
watere  &  ba  jyrdse  J>eron  asette,  forban  oe  he  nolde  baet     \ 
Sa  roten  fordru^ode  waeron.    c  1200  ORMIN  10064  Palt  a*e    ; 
shollde  ba  beon  sett  Rihht  att  te  treowwess  rote,     a  1300 
in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  10  per  nis  . .  no  tre  in  erp  so  fast,  mid 
al  har  rotis  so  fast  ipi^t,  bat  [etc.],    a  1300  Cursor  M.  1346 
pis  tre  was  of  a  mikel  heght..,  And  to  be  rotte  [Go'tt.  rote] 
he  kest  his  he.     1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  vit.  06  Mi  plouh-pote 
schal  be  my  pyk,  and  posshen  atte  Rootes.     1390  GOWER 
Con/.  I.  7  Now  stant  the  crop  under  the  rote,   c  1440  Promp. 
Parv.  437/2  Rote,  of  a  thynge   growynge,   radix.      1483 
Cath.  AngL  314/2  A  Rute,  radix,radicula.     1513  DOUGLAS    ; 
/Encis  iv.  viii.  80  Als  far  his  ruite  doith  spreid  Deip  ondir    ' 
erth.     J573TussER  Husb.  (1878)  98  Get.. a  parer..to  pare    : 
away  grasse  and  to  raise  vp  the  roote.     1613  SHAKS.  Hen,    \ 
VI II,  i.  ii.  97  Though  we  leaue  it  with  a  roote  thus  hackt, 
The  Ayre  will  drinke  the  Sap.     1672-3  GREW  Anat.  PL 
(1682)  128  What  the  Mouth  is  to  an  Animal ;  that  the  Root 
is  to  a  Plant.     1750  GRAY  Elegy  102  Yonder  nodding  beech, 
That  wreathes  its  old  fantastic  roots  so  high.     1792  J.  BEL- 
KNAP  Hist.  New  Hampsh.  III.  108  When  the  roots  have 
been   loosened  by  the  frost,  they  are  . .  cut  and  dug  out 
of  the  ground.     1815  SHELLEY  Alastor  531  Ancient  pines 
Branchless  and  blasted,  clenched  with  grasping  roots  The 
unwilling  soil.     1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  II.  383 
In  transplanting  walnuts,,  -great  care  should  be  taken  that 
their  roots  be  as  little  injured  as  possible.     1884  BOWER  £ 
SCOTT  De  Bary's  Phaner.  438  In  the  growing-point  of  the 
stem,  branches,  and  roots,  and  in  young  rudimentary  leaves. 
b.  In  phr.  by  the  root($},  denoting  the  complete 
pulling  up  of  a  plant  or  tree.     (Cf.  9  c.) 

c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  IV.  2613  Hypemmestra,  The  floure, 
the  lefe,  ys  rent  vp  by  the  rote  To  maken  garlandes.  c  1400 
MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.j  xvii.  79  So  bat  bai  be  taken  vp  by  Jje 
rules,  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  131  Drawe  vp  by  pe  rote, 
eradico.  15*6 /V&- r. /V#C  (W.  de  W.  1531)23  He..plucketh 
vp  the  breers,  wedes  and  grasse  by  the  rotes.  1593  SHAKS. 
3  Hen.  K/,  v.  iv.  69  Yonder  stands  the  thornie  Wood,  Which 
..Must  by  the  Roots  be  hew'ne  vp  yet  ere  Night.  1648 
MILTON  Ps.  Ixxx.  54  The  tusked  Boar  out  of  the  wood  Up 
turns  it  by  the  roots.  1667  —  P.  L.  n.  544  As  when 
Alcides.  .tore  Through  pain  up  by  the  roots  Thessalian 
Pines.  1765  A.  DICK  SON  Treat.  Agric.  (ed.  2)  112  The 
weeds  themselves  must  be  pulled  up  by  the  root.  1833 
HT.  MARTINEAU  Briery  Creek  ii.  26  They  could  pull  up  a 
tall  tree  by  the  roots. 

o.  Used  without  article;  also  in  phrases  as 
to  take  root,  to  settle  properly  in  the  ground,  to 
make  root,  strike  root. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Squire's  T.  153  Euery  gras  that  groweth 
vp  on  roote.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  265  For  a  tree 
may  not  take  per  [L.  ibi\  roote  for  sattenes  of  the  erthe. 
c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  437  Rotyn,  or  take  rote,  as  treys, 
radico.  c  1480  HENRYSON  Fables,  Trial  Fox  xxx,  Ouer 
Ron  and  Rute  thay  ran  togidder  raith.  £1560  A.  SCOTT 
Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  xxxv.  p  He  sail  haif  brute,  as  tre  on 
rute  Endlang  the  rever  pfantit.  1573  TUSRER  Hush,  (1878) 


83  Thy  garden  plot. .Well  clensed  and  purged  of  roote  and 
of  stone.  1611  BIBLE  Ps.  Ixxx.  9  Thou,  .didst  cause  it  to 
take  deepe  root,  and  it  filled  the  land.  1707  MORTIMER 
Hnsb.  7  This  will  cause  it  to  strike  fresh  Root.  1725  Fam. 
Diet.  s.v.  Root-grafting,\J\i\z\\  Piece  of  Root  will  draw  in 
Sap,  and  nourish  the  Graft.  1738  WESLEY  Ps.  LXXX.  xi, 
Water'd  with  Blood,  the  Vine  took  Root.  1856  GLENNY 
Everyday  Bk.  263  The  object  of  this  is  to  let  them  make 
root  when  inclined,  but  not  to  grow  any  until  wanted. 

1878  BROWNING   La  Saisiaz  29   Fruit  Others    reap    and 
garner,  heedless  how  produced  by  stalk  and  root. 

2.  The  permanent  underground  stock  of  a  plant 
from  which  the  stems  or  leaves  are  periodically 
produced  ;  also,  by  extension,  a  plant,  herb. 

CX2OO  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  161  [It]  is  cleped.  .wildernessegef 
bare  manie  rotes  onne  wacseS.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's 
Hist.  Scot.  I.  36  The  herb  gude  to  give  the  cattel  against 
the  rute  that  thay  cal  trifoly.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  \\.  iv. 
39  As  Gardeners  doe  with  Ordure  hide  those  Roots  That 
shall  first  spring,  and  be  most  delicate.  1664  EVELYN  Kal. 
Hort.  April  (1671)  48  Transplant  such  Fibrous  roots,  .as 
Violets,  Hepatica,  Primroses.  1786  ABERCROMBIE  Card. 
Assist.,  Arr.  81  The  propagation  of  bulbous  and  tuberous 
roots  for  general  supply.  1847  MRS.  LOUDON  Amateur 
Card.  Monthly  Cal.  22  i  Others  succeed  pretty  well  by 
buying  imported  roots  from  the  nurseryman  every  year. 
1858  KINGSLEY  Poems  137  That  roots,  which  parch  in  burn 
ing  sand,  May  bud  to  flower  and  fruit  again. 

3.  The  underground  part  of  a  plant  used  for  eat 
ing  or  in  medicine  ;  now  spec,  in  Agric.,  one  of  a 
fleshy  nature,  as  the  turnip  or  carrot,  and  by  exten 
sion,  any  plant  of  this  kind. 

a  1150  [see  sense  i].  f  1200  ORMIN'  3213  Hiss  clrinnch  wass 
waterr  ..,HJss  metewilde  rotess.  c  1205  LAY, 31885  pat  folc .. 
lufeden  hi  wurten,  bimoren  and  bi  rote.  13. .  Cursor  Af*  4711 
(Gutt.),  pe  wrecched  pore  mint  findnafode, .  .patsoght  bairn 
rqtis  als  be  suyn.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xvi.  244  Bestes 
[live]  by  gras  &  by  greyn  and  by  grene  rotes.  1:1400 
MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  viii.  30  pai  HiTe  with  dates  and  rules  and 
herbes.  1:1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  xxi.  70  He  hath  in 
his  house  a  rote  that.-shal  gyf  me  help,  a  1533  Ln. 
BERNERS  Huon  xxi.  63,  I  haue  eten  none  other  thynge  but 
rootes  &  frutes.  1551  TURNER  Herbal  (1568)  21  It  is 
euidently  knou-en  that  water  wyll  \vexe  thycke,  if  this  roite 
be  brused  and  put  in  it.  1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  i.  iii.  84  Or 
haue  we  eaten  on  the  insane  Root,  That  takes  the  Reason 
Prisoner?  1617  MORYSON  I. 'in.  i.  34  Corne  fields  set  with 
cabbages  and  roots.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  i.  339  We  here 
Live  on  tough  roots  and  stubs,  to  thirst  inur'd  More  then 
the  Camel.  1704  F.  FULLER  Med.  Gymn.  (1711)  94  These 
Roots  may  be  so  manag'd  by  a  good  Hand  as  to  eat  as 
Food.  1763  Museum  Rust.  I.  332  This  root  would. .fill 
them  up  with  flashy  fat.  1801  Farmers  Mag.  Jan.  113 
Very  few  turnips  are  with  us  this  season  ;  this  root  having 
generally  failed.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Isl.  v.  Ivi.  5  Melons, 
and  dates,  and  figs,  and  many  a  root  Sweet  and  sustaining. 

1879  CasselPs  Tec/in.  Editc.  IV.  237/1  Cattle  require  their 
'  roots  *  to  be  carted  from  the  field  to  the  homestead. 

b.  With  defining  words  :  (see  quots.). 
1787  Gentl.  Mag.  Nov.  963/1  The  Mangel  Wurtz..or 
Root  of  Scarcity.  1789  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  VII.  33  The 
cows  fed  on  the  Common  Turnep  gave  most  milk.. and 
those  on  the  Root  of  Scarcity  the  least.  1801  Farmers 
Mag.  Jan.  87  In  the  mean  time,  all,  rich  and  poor,  have  the 
greatest  abundance  of  the  root  of  plenty,  potatoes. 

4.  a.  The  imbedded  or  basal  portion  of  the  hair, 
tongue,  teeth,  fingers,  nails,  or  other  members  or 
structures  of  the  body. 

a  i»25  Leg.  Kath.  2122  [To]  fnirhdriuen  hire  titles  wi5 
irnene  neiles,  &  renden  ham  up  hetterliche  wi5  J?e  breoste 
roten.  4:1320  Sir  Tristr.  1485  His  tong  ha^  he  ton  And 
schorn  of  bi  be  rote.  1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  y. 
xxviii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  pese  boones  stonde  of  twey  ordres  in 
be  oone  side  with  pe  rootes  of  be  fingres.  1508  KENNEDIE 
Flyting  10.  Dnnbar  374  The  ravyns  sail  ryve  na  thing 
bot  thy  tong  rutis.  1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  91  If  they 
be  not  kilde,  they  wyL.eate  the  rotes  of  the  horse  eares, 
and  kil  hym.  1580  BLUNDEVIL  Horsem.  iv.  cxvii.  54  A 
malander  ..  hath  long  haires  with  stubborne  roots.  1607 
SHAKS.  Timon  v.  i.  136  Each  false  [word]  Be  as  a 
Cantherizing  to  the  root  o'  th1  Tongue.  1681  GREW 
Musxum  i.  v.  i.  85  Beneath,  close  by  the  Root  of  the  Saw, 
are  two  oblique  Nostrils.  1710  Land.  Gaz.  No.  4672/4  A. . 
Spanish  Dog,  with . .  one  large  Liver  colour  Spot  at  the  Root 
of  his  Stern.  1798  COLERIDGE  Anc.  Mar.  ii.  xiii,  Every 
tongue,  through  utter  drought,  Was  withered  at  the  root. 
1817  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  xix.  (1818)  II.  145  The  rightful 
queen .  .seized  her  with  her  jaws  near  the  root  of  the  wings. 
1856  STONEHENGE  Brit.  Rural  Sports  479/2  The  root  of 
the  thumb  should  be  brought  close  up  to  the  ribs.  1898 
Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  V.  151  Most  frequently  it  starts  from 
the  root  of  the  lung. 

b.  The  more  or  less  *  muddy  *  base  of  a  crystal 
or  gem,  esp.  of  an  emerald. 

1695  WOODWARD  Nat.  /fist.  Earth  iv.  (1723)  192  Their 
Root,  as  the  Jewellers  call  it ;  which  is  only  the  Abruptness 
at  that  End  of  the  Body  whereby  it  adhered  to  the  Stone, 
1867  BILLING  Sci.  of  Gems  126  A  large  piece  of  veiny,  cloudy 
root  of  amethyst,  2^  inches  by  2  inches  (not  good  enough  to 
rank  as  a  jewel). 

c.  That  part  of  anything  by  or  at  which  it  is 
united  to  something  else. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trar.  i,  22  The  breadth  of  Italy  at  the 
roote  and  beginning  thereof,,  .from  the  Adriaticke  coast,  to 
the  riviera  di  Genoa.  1840  Civil Eng.  fy  Arch.  Jrnl.  III. 
257/1  A  wooden  jetty  has  been  run  put  from  the  root  of  the 
pier.  1869  SIR  E.  REED  Ship  Build,  xx.  430  The  angle 
iron,  .is  liable  to  open  at  the  root  under  very  heavy  blows. 
1884  F.  J.  BRITTEN  Watch  $  Clockm.  289  In  watches  the 
roots  of  all  the  wheels  and  pinions  are  left  square  except 
the  roots  of  the  barrel  or  great  wheel  teeth  and  the  roots  of 
the  centre  pinion  leaves. 

5.  The  bottom   or  base  of  something  material ; 
esp.  the  foot  of  a  hill. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Clerk's  T.  58  At  the  West  syde  of  Ytaille, 
Doun  at  the  roote  of  Vesulus  the  coldc.  1483  CAXTON 


Gold.  Leg.  59  b/2  Whan  moyses  had  brouht  them  forth  unto 
the  rote  of  the  hylle  they  stode  there.  1553  EDEN  Treat. 
Neiv  Ind.  (Arb.)  20  Mountaynes..at  the  rootes  wherof  are 
found  Rubines,  Hiacinthes.  1579  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot. 
Ill,  189  That  na  thing  remane  within  the  clois  about  the 
rute  of  the  tour  bot  the  dur  thairof.  1635-56  COWLHY 
Daviefeis  i.  Poems  (1905)  261  Numbers  which  still  encrease 
more  high  and  wide  From  One,  the  root  of  their  turn'd 
Pyramide.  1687  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenofs  Trav.  n.  74  A  rock 
..,  at  the  root  whereof  there  is  a  little  spring  of  Water. 
1726  LEONI  Albertfs  Archil.  I.  n/i  That  Stream. .con 
tinually  undermining  and  eating  away  the  Root  of  the 
Mountain.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Isl.  vu.  xi.  3  A  burst  of 
waters  driven  As  from  the  roots  of  the  sea.  1844  MRS. 
BKOWNINQ  Drama,  of  Exile  Poems  1850  I.  85  Split  the 
charnel  earth  To  the  roots  of  the  grave.  1897  GEIKIE  Anc. 
Volcanoes  Grf.  Brit.  I,  12  There  will  thus  be  a  constant 
pressure  of  the  molten  magma  into  the  roots  of  volcanoes. 

II.  6.  The  source  or  origin  of  some  quality,  con 
dition,  tendency,  etc.  Also  occas.  without  const. 
Freq.  with  fig.  context  directly  referring  to  sense  r. 
c  i2ooOi<MiN  41*76  Forr  niss  nan  mahht  tatt  bettre  ma^  pe 
winnen  eche  blisse  pann  allre  mahhte  rote  111335.  a  1225 
After.  R.  54  Biginnunge  &  rote  of  bisilkereoufle  was  a  liht 
sih5e.  a  1300  Cursor  AI.  28744  pou  pain  be  roles  as  bou 
mai  O  bis  man  .sin  to  do  awai.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  III.  197 
Pite,  men  sein,  is  thilke  roote  Wherof  the  vertus  springen 
alle.  1423  JAS.  I  Good  Counsel  2  Wertew  floure  and  rut  is 
of  noblay.  1467-8  Rolls  of  Par  It.  V.  622/2  It  was  shewed  . . 
that  Justice  was  grounde  well  and  rote  of  all  prosperite. 
1525  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  II.  clxxviii.  [clxxiv.J  535  This 
rote  and  foundacion  of  hatred  multyplyed  greatly  after.  1589 
Pasquifs  Return  C  iij  b,  This  is  the  roote  of  all  the  iiiis- 
chife.  1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  n.  iii.  89  The  Root  of  his 
Opinion,  whicli  is  rotten,  As  euer  Oake  or  Stone  was 
sound.  1639  S.  Di;  YI;UGF,R  tr.  Camus'  Admir.  Events  34 
To  cut  up  the  roote  of  all  these  fooleries  in  her  sonne,  1711 
STEKLE  .i'/cc/.  No.  48  F  4,  I  have  several  Follies  which  I  do 
not  know  the  Root  of.  1720  RAMSAY  Prosp.  Plenty  145 
Malicious  envy  !  root  of  a'  debates.  1821-2  SHI  LI.FY 
C/ias.  I,  i.  i.  103  The  root  of  all  this  ill  is  prelacy.  1884  tr. 
Lotze's  Metaph.  513  The  root  of  all  these  difficulties  seems 
to  be  a  confusion  in  our  idea  of.  .an  acting  force. 
b.  Predicated  of  persons  or  material  things. 
1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xv.  98  Prestes,  and  prechoures. ., 
That  area  rote  of  (>e  rJ3te  faith,  c  1386  CHAUCER  Can. 
Yearn,  T.  516,  I  wol  it  verifie  In  thisChanoun,  roote  of  alle 
trecherie.  c  1400  Beryn  4015  Saflf  the  Burgeysu  of  the 
town,  of  falshede  ^at  were  rote,  c  1485  Digby  Myst.  (1882) 
i  in.  1671  O  blyssyd  woniman,  rote  of  ower  savacyon.  1549 
i  LATIMER  znd  Serm.  btf.  Edw.  VI  (Arb.)  64  These  Haltering 
clawbackes  are  originall  rotes  of  all  mischyue.  1590  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  n.  vii.  12  All  otherwise..!  riches  read,  And  deeme 
them  roote  of  all  disqujetnesse.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  645 
To  the  Tree  Of  prohibition,  root  of  all  our  woe. 

7.  A  source  of  some  quality,  etc.  ;  esp.  a  virtue 
or  vice  giving  rise  to  some  condition  or  action. 

c  1200  ORMIN  11658  Alle  fule  lusstess  Bigmnenn  |?aere  & 
springenn  ut  Oft  j;luterrnessess rote,  a  1310 in  Wright. Spec. 
P.  xviii.  57  Suete  Jhesu,..In  myn  huerte  thou  sete  a  rote 
Of  thi  love,  c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  173  This  [covetous- 
ness]  is  a  venymous  rote  bat  makty  here  seruyce.  .not 
acceptable  to  god.  c  1400  Apol.  Loll.  (Cainden)  91  Wene  we 
not  pe  gospel  to  be.. in  \>e  leuis  of  wordis,  hut  in  rot  of 
resoun.  1564  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  I.  291  Hir  Majestic 
wald  nocht  that  ony  rute  were  left  behind,  quhilk  mycht 
engender  ony  new  displesour  or  grudge  betuix  thame. 
1603  H.  CROSSK  Vertues  Cpmmw.  (1878)  26  Considering 
those  inconueniencies  that  rise  out  of  the  roote  of  abound- 
ance.  1671  MILTON  Samson  1032  Or  was  too  much  of  self- 
love  mixt,  Of  constancy  no  root  infixt.  1781  COWPER 
Expost.  in  Faith,  the  root  whence  only  can  arise  The 
graces  of  a  life  that  wins  the  skies.  1813  MOORE  Lores 
Angels,  yd  Angel's  Story  x,  Humility,  that  low,  sweet 
root  From  which  all  heavenly  virtues  shoot.  1876  MELLOR 
Pries tk.  ii.  77  The  root  of  bitterness  out  of  which  all  this 
strife  has  grown  is  simple. 

fb.    To  take  root,  to  spring/^;//  something. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  43  Vr  dedis  fro  vr  hert  tas  rote,  Quedur 
J>ai  be  worthi  or  bale  or  bote. 

8.  A  person  or  family  forming  the  source  of  a 
lineage,  kindred,  or  line  of  descendants. 

13..  Settyn  Sages  1072  (W.),  I  ne  mai  do  thi  sone  no  bot, 
But  yif  I  wite  the  sotne  rot,  Of  what  man  hit  was  biyete. 
c  1375  Cursor  M.  10162  (Trin.),  loachim  bringere  of  bote,  he 
was  comen  of  dauid  rote.  1388  WYCLIF  Isaiah  xi.  i  And  a 
2erde  schal  go  out  of  the  roote  of  Jesse.  1555  HARPESFIELD 
in  Bonner  Horn.  6  For  as  much  as  they  two  were  the  very 
route,  where  of  all  men  must  ryse.  1581  STANYHURST 
sEneis  i.  (Arb.)  17  Thence  flitted  thee  Latin  ofspring,  Thee 
roote  of  old  Alban,  1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  in.  i.  5  It  was  saide 
.  .that  my  selfe  should  be  the  Roote,  and  Father  Of  many 
Kings.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  383  To  confound  the  race  Of 
mankind  in  one  root.  1766  BLACKSTONE  Cotnm.  II.  217 
This  taking  by  representation  is  called  a  succession  /« 
stirpes,  according  to  the  roots;  since  all  the  branches 
inherit  the  same  share  that  their  root,  whom  they  represent, 
would  have  done.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  a)  111.  409  It 
was  introduced  with  a  view  to  discard  the  son ;  and  that 
the  father  should  become  the  propositus  or  roott  to  whom 
N°  10  is  exactly  in  the  same  relation  as  N°  n  is  to  the  son. 
1873  DIXON  Two  Queens  i.  i.  1.^4  Among  the  deputies  were 
many  who  had  sprung  from  Oriental  roots. 

trans/,  a  1653  GOUGE  Cotnm.  Heb,  vii,  Shem  was  the  root 
of  the  Church. 

b.  A  scion,  offshoot.     (Chiefly  Biblical.) 

13..  Guy  Warw.  (1883)  442  pei  he  be  J>e  deuels  rote,  V 
schal  noust  fle  him  a  fot.  1381  WYCLIF  i  Macc.\.  10  And 
there  wente  out  of  hem  a  roote  of  synne,  Antiochus  the 
noble.  —  Rev.  xxii.  16.  1526  TINDALE  Rev.  v.  5  A  lion 
beinge  off  the  tribe  off  Juda,  the  rott  of  David,  hath 
obtayned  toopentheboke.  1611  BIBLE  Isaiah  xi.  10  In  that 
day  there  shall  bee  a  roote  of  lesse,  which  shall  stand  for  an 
ensigne  of  the  people.  163*  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  435  The 
plants  of  their  Parishes,  being  the  rootes  of  meere  Irish. 
T745  W.  ROBERTSON  in  Trans.  $  Paraph.  Scot.  Ch.  vi.  13 
So  in  this  cold  and  barren  World  That  sacred  Root  arose, 

9.  That  upon  or  by  which  a  person  or  thing  is 


BOOT. 

established  or  supported  ;  the  basis  upon  which 
anything  rests. 

In  igth  cent,  use  common  in  the  phr.  to  hare  (its')  root(s 
in  (something). 

1340  Ayenb.  116  [To]  strengbi  his  roten  me  be  erbe  of 
libbende.  1377  LANGL,  P.  PI.  B.  xx.  53  Antecryst  cam 
banne  and  al  f>e  croppe  of  treuthe  Torned  it  vp  so  doune 
and  ouertilte  be  rote.  1523  COVERDALE  Old  God  $  New 
(1534)  D  iv,  By  so  moche  the  more  the  christen  fayth  waxed 
stronge  and  gathered  fast  rotes.  1563  WINJET  Wks. 
(S.  T.  S.)  I.  127  Sen  it  hes  the  grund  and  deip  ruitis  in  the 
Scriptuir.  1612  SELDEN  lllustr.  Drayton's  Poly-olb.  xvii. 
(1876)  II.  250  Some  have  referred  the  utmost  root  of  the 
Lancastrian  title  to  Edmund,.. eldest  son  to  Henry  III. 
1679  NESS  Antichrist  180  Two.. is  the  lowest  number  (for 
one  is  but  the  root  of  numbers).  1720  OZELI.  I'ertot's  Rom. 
Rep.  II.  XI.  179  Cato..fell  into  Pompey's  Hands,  who  to 
cut  up  the  Root  of  the  Civil  War,  put  him  to  Death.  1784 
COWFER  Task  v.  353  Our  love  is  principle,  and  has  its  root 
In  reason.  1787  —  Stanzas  Bills  Mortality  24  A  worm  is 
in  the  bud  of  youth,  And  at  the  root  of  age.  1820  SHKLLEY 
Prometh.  Unb.  II.  iii.  42  The  nations  echo  round,  Shaken 
to  their  roots,  as  do  the  mountains  now.  1849-50  ALISON 
Hist  Europe  II.  vi.  §  63.  57  This  prodigious  change,  .laid 
the  axe  to  the  root  of  the  aristocracy.  1874  STEVENSON 
Ess.  Tra-.'.  (1905)  245  A  high  wind  under  a  cloudless  sky. . 
seems  to  have  no  root  in  the  constitution  of  things. 

b.  Of  qualities,  esp.  with  reference  to  their  hold 
upon  persons. 

1340  Ayenb.  34  Of  be  rote  of  auarice  guob  out  manye  smale 
roten.  c  1400  -SV.  Trojan  War  II.  396  In  be  which  dame 
Auaryce  Festned  hyr  rotes  at  dewyce.  1556  J.  HEYWOOD 
Spider  fif  Fly  xxxix.  17  Where  honestnes  or  vertusnes  hearth 
rout.  1570  DEE  Math.  Fref.  *iiij  b,  What  rotes. .veruie 
had  fastened  in  his  brest.  1605  SHAKS.  Maib.  iv.  iii.  85 
This  Auarice  . .  growes  with  more  pernicious  roote  Then 
Summer-seeming  Lust.  1781  COWPER  Table  Talk  15  With 
a  courage  of  unshaken  root,  In  honour's  field  advancing  his 
firm  foot.  1841  TRF.NCII  Parables  xii.  (1877)  241  Righteous 
ness,  both  in  its  root  of  faith  and  its  flower  of  charity. 

c.  In  phrasesdenoting  completeness  orthorough- 
ness,  as  to  the  root(s),  by  the  root(s),  etc.    (Cf.  I  b.) 

1388  WYCLIF  Ps.  li[i].  7  Therfor  God_  schal  distrie  thee  in 
to  the  ende,  he  schal  drawe  thee  out  bi  the  roote. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  93  b,  Wherby  these  newe 


cannot  delue  him  to  the  roote.  1640-1  in  Rushw.  (1721)  in. 
I.  187,  I  wonder  not  at  all. .that  they  would  have  them 
[Bishops]  up  by  the  Roots.  1781  COWPF.R  Truth  574  Since 
the  dear  hour  that.. cut  up  all  my  follies  by  the  root.  1818 
CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  III.  12  This  argument  was  quite  cut 
up  by  the  roots  by  the  determination  of  the  House  of  Lords 
in  the  case  of  Tong  v.  Robinson.  1860  RUSKIN  Unto  this 
last  i.  §  22  He  [the  merchant]  has  to  understand  to  their 
very  root  the  qualities  of  the  things  he  deals  in.  1894 
FENN  Real  Gold  89  As  if  he  were  enjoying  himself  right 
down  to  the  roots. 

10.  The  bottom  or  real  basis,  the  inner  or  essen 
tial  part,  of  anything. 

The  root  of  the  matter,  a  literal  rendering  of  Heb. 
slioresh  dabar  in  Job  xix.  28. 

1:1386  CHAUCER  Can.  Yeom.  T.  908  (Ellesm.  MS.),  lelle 
me  the  roote.. Of  that  water,  if  it  be  youre  wille.  1393 
LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xv.  64  [He]  bat  borw  resoun  wolde  be  rote 
knowe  Of  god  and  of  his  grete  myjtes,  his  graces  it  letteth. 
1426  LYDG.  De  Gail.  Pilgr.  10033  Yiffthe  roote  be  wel  out 
souht,  Strengere  than  thow.that  ys  he  nouht.  1565  COOPER 
Thesaurus,  Stiff's  quzstionis,  the  roote,  and  foundation  of 
a  question.  1611  BIBLE  Job  xix.  28  Seeing  the  root  of  the 
matter  is  found  in  me.  1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  <J-  Sehl.  168 
That  everlastingness  which  the  soul  has  in  the  root.. 
is  of  the  same  kind.  1735  Col.  Rec.  Pennsylv.  IV.  45 
Until  he  advisedly  looketh  into  the  Roots  of  it  and  tries 
it  by  the  Rule  of  Law.  1850  ROBERTSON  Serin.  Ser.  in.  v. 
(1872)  61  In  every  such  case  it  may  be  taken  for  granted  that 
the  root  of  the  matter  has  not  been  reached.  1875  SWIN 
BURNE  Ess.  4-  Stud.  274  His  resolute  desire  to  get  at  the 
roots  of  things,  and  deeper  yet  if  deeper  might  be. 

f  b.  The  bottom  of  the  heart,  in  various  figur 
ative  uses.  Obs. 

For  earlier  examples  see  HEA  RT-ROOT  i.  I  n  latest  examples 
perh.  an  alteration  of  rote. 

1485  CAXTON  Paris  ft  V.  (1868)  11  In  hym  I  haue  putte 
the  rote  of  myn  entyere  herte.  1508  DUNBAR  Poems,  Tua 
Mariit  Wcmen  162,  I  sail  a  ragment  reveil  fra  the  rule  of 
my  hert.  c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  xv.  i  Vp,  helsum 
hairt !  thy  rutis  rais,  and  lowp.  1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  n.  i.  202 
A  Curse  begin  at  very  root  on's  heart.  1607  CHAPMAN 
Bussy  D'Ambois  Plays  1873  H-  8z  As  illiterate  men  say 
Latine  praiers  By  roote  of  heart,  and  daily  iteration.  1684 
BUNYAN  Pilgr.  n.  ii  That  thou  read  therein  to  thy  self.and 
to  thy  Children,  until  you  have  got  it  by  root-of-Heart. 
C.  At  (the}  root,  at  bottom,  essentially. 

1855  KINGSLEY  Westw.  Ho  I  ii,  He  was,  at  root,  a  godly 
and  kind-hearted  pedant  enough.  1857  BORROW  Rom.  Rye 
xvi,  At  the  root  mad. 

11.  a.    To  take  (or  strike}  root,  to  obtain  a  per 
manent   footing   or  hold ;   to   settle  down  in  a 
place,  etc. 

1535  COVERDALE  2  Kings  xix.  30  And  the  doughter  luda 
..shall  from  hence  forth  take  role  beneth,  and  beare  frute 
aboue.  1560 DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  92  b,  No  suche  sectes 
can  take  roote  or  remayne  emonges  them.  1605  CAMDEN 
Rein.  (1623)  10  This  warlike..  Nation,  after  it  had  as  it  were 
taken  roote  here.  1784  COWPF.R  Task  II.  568  Prejudice  in 
men  of  stronger  minds  Takes  deeper  root,  confirm'd  by 
what  they  see.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  x.  xi.  P  5  As  soon  as 
1  had  taken  root  in  my  new  soil.  1840  DICKENS  Bant. 
Rudge  xlviii,  The  cause  has  taken  a  deep  root,  and  has 
spread  its  branches  far  and  wide.  1899  GARDINER  Crom 
well  36  The  idea  struck  root. 

tb.  A  hold  upon  a  person's  affections,  con 
fidence,  or  favour.  Obs. 


784 

a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  (1724)  I.  207  Such  an  attempt . . 
would  give  him  a  faster  root  with  the  King.  1756  HOME 
Douglas  n,  Let  not  thy  jealousy  attempt  to  shake  And 
loosen  the  good  root  he  has  in  Randolph. 

c.  A  strong  link  or  attachment. 

1854  KINGSLEY  Lett,  (1878)  I.  432  The  awful  feeling  of 
having  the  roots  which  connect  one  with  the  last  generation 
seemingly  torn  up. 

12.  Koot-and-branch  :  see  BRANCH  sb.  6b. 

For  root  and  crop,  root  and  rind,  in  similar  uses,  see 
CROP  sb.  5  and  RIND  sb>  2. 

1642  SIR  E.  DERING  Sp.  on  Relig.  94,  I  never  gave  my 
name  in  to  take  away  both  root  and  branch. 

b.  In  adverbial  use  :  Completely,  utterly. 

1640  SLINGSBV  Diary  (1836)  66  Some  do  petition  to  reform 
them,  others  to  abolish  them  root  and  branch.  1650  K. 
STAPVLTON  Strada's  Low  C.  Wars  v.  141  Constantly  to 
endeavour  the  extirpation  of  it,  Root  and  Branch.  1777 
!  J.  ADAMS  Fain.  Lett.  (1876)  299  If  our  people  do  not  turn 
out  now  and  destroy  Burgoyne's  gang,  root  and  branch. 
1829  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  Introd.,  Cutting  off  the  tribe  of  Mac- 
Gregor  root  and  branch.  1887  Times  (weekly  ed.)  23  Sept. 
1 7/3  You  may  look  forward . .  to  local  government  being  dealt 
with  by  Parliament  root  and  branch. 

t  c.  ellipt.  The  policy  of  total  abolition.   Obs. 

1679  EVELYN  Sylva  (ed.  3)  2  Professing  themselves  against 
Root  and  Branch. 

d.  In  attributive  use,  of  persons  or  things. 

"737  Gentl.  Mag.  VII.  499  These  are  Root  and  Branch 
Men,  and  strike  at  the  Foundation  of  all  our   National 
Happiness.     1788  Ann.  Reg.,  Misc.  143,  I  have  hit  upon  a 
plan  which  will  make  root  and  branch   work  of  it,  and  do 
the  business  effectually.     1816  Kdin.  Rev.  XXVII.  167  We 
I    have  seen  that  our  root-and-branch  Reformer  went  a  great 
deal  farther.     1858  J.  PAYN  Foster  Brothers  xv,  The  boy- 
had  become  at  heart  a   root-and-branch  democrat.     1887 
Diet.  Nut.  Biog.  IX.  249/2  The  so-called  root-and-branch 
bill  for  the  total  extinction  of  episcopacy. 
III.  f!3.  Astro!,  =  RADIX  2.  Obs. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Man  of  Law's  T.  314  Of  viage  is  ther 
!    noon  eleccioun, . .  Noght  whan  a  roote  is  of  a  burthe  yknowe  ? 


in  the  rote  of  their  natiuity.  1603  [see  RADIX  2].  1647 
LILLY  Clir,  Astral,  clvii.  654,  I  oft  am  enforced  to  name 
the  Root  of  the  Nativity,  it  were  more  proper  to  say  the 
Radix,  for  our  English  doth  not  well  expresse  the  sense  of 

14.  Math.  a.  A  number,  quantity,  or  dimension, 
which,  when  multiplied  by  itself  a  requisite  number 
of  times,  produces  a  given  expression.     Cube  (or 
third)  root:  see  CUBE  sb.  3.     Square  (t quadrate) 
or  second  root :  see  SQUARE  a. 

1557  RECORDS  Whetstone  Civ,  The!  onely  haue  rootes, 
whiche  bee  made  by  many  multiplications  of  some  one 
number  by  it  self.  1571  DIGCES  Pantom.  I.  xxy.  H  j  b,  The 
roote  quadrat  of  the  whole  number,  is  the  desired  distance 
or  line  Hypothenusal.  1660  BARROW  Euclid  Expl.  Signs, 
The  Side  or  Root  of  a  Square.  1679  MOXON  Math.  Diet.  38 
Cube  Root,  the  Root  or  Side  of  the  third  Power :  So  if  27 
be  the  Cube,  3  is  the  Side  or  Root.  1706  W.  JONES  Syn. 
Palmar.  Matheseos  47  The  Root  or  First  Power  being 
taken  as  a  Side,  the  Second  Power  will  be  a  Square.  1753 
Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.,  The  extraction  of  the  roots  of 
algebraic  quantities.  Ibid.,  Impossible  Root  is  not  only  the 
square  root  of  a  negative  quantity,  but  any  other  root 
denominated  by  any  even  number.  1798  HUTTON  Course 
Math.  (1799)  I.  80  Roots  are  sometimes  denoted  by  writing 
!  the  character  V  before  the  power,  with  the  index  of  the 
I  root  against  it.  1859  B.  SMITH  Arith.  fr  Algebra,  (ed.  6) 
'  199  The  Square  Root  of  any  proposed  quantity.  1898  G. 
CHRYSTAL  Introd.  Algebra  (1902)  5  Special  cases  are  the 
second  root  written  V«!  'he  third  root  or  cube  root  [etc.], 
b.  The  value  or  values  of  an  unknown  quantity 
which  will  satisfy  a  given  equation. 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  If  the  Value  of  x  be  Negative, 
e.gr.  x  =  -5,  the  Root  is  said  to  be  false.  1798  HUTTON 
Course  Matk.  (1799)  I.  249  To  find  the  root  of  the  cubic 
equation  x'J  +  x'+x  =  100,  or  the  value  of  x  in  it.  1826  in 
Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  I-  544/2  Both  members  of  an  equation 
may  be  raised  to  the  same  power,  orthesame  root  of  them 
may  be  extracted.  1885  WATSON  &  BURBURY  Wnih^rii. 
Electr.  t,  Magn.  179  The  three  roots  are  always  real.  The 
equation  is  the  same  as  that  [etc.]. 

15.  Philol.  One  of  those  ultimate  elements  of  a 
language,   that  cannot  be   further   analysed,  and 
form  the  base  of  its  vocabulary  ;  f  a  primary  word 
or  form  from  which  others  are  derived. 

1530  PALSGR.  Introd.  31  His  thre  chefe  rotes,  that  is  to 
say,  his  theme,  his  preterit  participle,  and  his  present  in- 
fynityve.  1599  Broughton's  Lett.  xii.  39  Recourse  must  be 
had  to  the  Hebrew,  euen  to  a  false  roote.  1615  BEDWELL 
Index  Ass.  O  iij,  The  theame  or  roote,  as  they  call  it,  from 
whence  it  isderiued,  is.  .Kara',  to  reade.  1631  GOUGE  God's 
Arrows  i.  §  Ji.  15  The  word.. is  derived  from  the  same 
roote.  1740  CHESTERF.  Lett.\y\\\.  (1792)  I.  177  The  shortest 
and  best  way  of  learning  a  language  is  to  know  the  roots  of 
it  ;  that  is  those  original  primitive  words,  of  which  many 
other  words  are  made.  1760  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  iv.  xxix, 
As  it  is  a  fault  only  in  the  declension,  and  the  roots  of  the 
words  continue  untouch'd.  1837  G.  PHILLIPS  Syriac  Gram. 
20  The  simplest  forms  of  nouns  are  those  which  consist  only 
of  the  letters  composing  the  root.  1856  STANLEY  Sinai  <y 
Pal,  (1858)  260  Sharon,  a  name  of  the  same  root  as  that 
used  to  designate  the  table-lands  beyond  the  Jordan.  1883 
MORFILL  Slavonic  Lit.  ii.  39  A  Slavonic  root,  meaning 
dwelling. 

b.   With  punning  allusion  to  sense  I. 

1663  HUTLER  Hud.  i.  i.  59  Hebrew  Roots,  although  th'are 
found  To  flourish  most  in  barren  ground,  He  had  such 
plenty.  1812  COMBE  Syntax,  Picturesque  xxnl.  20  What 
though  by  toil  and  pain,  I  know  Where  ev'ry  Hebrew  root 
doth  grow.  1831  CARLYI.E  Misc.  (1857)  II.  328  No  Greek 
Roots  grew  there. 


/  ROOT. 

'le.  MMS.  (See  quot.  1889.) 

1811  BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.  (ed.  3),  Root,  a  term  applied  by 
theorists  to  the  fundamental  note  of  any  chord.  1818  — 
Gram.  Mus.  314  The  Triad  may  have  its  mediant  either  two 
whole  tones,  or  a  tone  and  a  semitone,  above  its  Root.  1867 
MAcFARREN  Harmony  (1892)  51  The  inversion  of  a  chord 
is  the  placing  one  of  its  other  notes,  instead  of  the  root,  in  the 
bass.  1889  PROUT  Harmony  iii.  §  58  Much  trouble  is  some- 
times  caused  to  students  from  the  word  Root  being  used  in 
two  senses  by  theorists — as  the  lowest  note  of  any  combina 
tion  of  thirds,  and  also  as  the  fundamental  tone  in  the  key 
from  which  the  combination  is  harmonically  derived. 

IV.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

17.  Attrib.  in  sense  i,  with  words  denoting  some 
part,  appendage,  or  feature  belonging  to  a  root, 
as  root-bark,  -bud,  -cap,  -fibre,  etc. 

1832  Planting  7  in  Huso.  III.  (L.U.K.),  Should  the  soil 
be  dry. .,  the  bark  in  question  is  gradually  converted  into 
'root-bark.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  603 
They  are  enabled  to  propagate  their  subterraneous  wires  or 
'root-buds.  1875  HUXLEY  &  MARTIN  Elein.  Biol.  71  Its 
lower  end  is  covered  by  the  'root-cap  of  the  ultimate  ter 
mination  of  the  principal  root.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract. 
Agric.  II.  779  It  is  quite  necessary  Ibat  the  sets  have  formed 
'root-fibres  at  the  bottoms  before  they  are  removed.  1874 
COOKF.  Fungi  9  A  stray  fragment  of  a  'root-fibril.  1875 
HUXLEY  &  MARTIN  Elein.  Biol.  vi.  41  Appendages,  consist 
ing  of  leaves,  branches,  'root-filaments,  and  reproductive 
organs.  1882  Garden  25  Feb.  133/1  'Root  fungus  frequently 
attacks  the  Rose.  1707  MORTIMER  Ilusb.  513  marg.,  'Root 
grafting.  £1820  Ediu.  Encycl.  XI.  196/1  Recourse  is  some 
times  had  to  root-grafting.  1868  Rep.  U.S.  Commits. 
Agric.  (1869)  249  The  large  amount  of 'root .growth  in  the 
deeper,  central  parts  of  the  ridge.  1857  A-  GHAV  First 
Less.  Bot.  (1866)  31  The  absorbing  surface  of  roots  is  very 
much  greater  than  it  appears  to  be,  on  account  of  the 'root- 
hairs.  1849  BALFOUR  Man.  Bot.  §  963  They  [broomrapes] 
attach  themselves  to  the  roots  of  various  plants,  and  are 
hence  called  'Root-parasites.  1883  Science  I.  369/2  The 
cause  of  the  'root-rot  in  grape-vines.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON 
Pract.  Agric.  I.  550  Different  new  lateral  stems  or  'root- 
scions  are  sent  off.  1848  LINDLF.Y  Introd.  Bot.  (ed.  4)  n.  183 
•Root  secretions  are  now  regarded  as  unimportant.  1805 
R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  620  The  branching  out  of 
the  stringy  *root-shoots  or  wires.  1742  Lond,  ft  Country 
Brewer  iv.  (ed.  2)  258  The  •Root-spire.. will  be  so  many 
Tails  to  increase  the  Measure.  1804  J.  GRAHAME  Sabbath 
(1827)  82  When  the  wren. .from  the  'root-sprig  trills  her 
ditty  clear.  1803  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  751 
The  earth  being  well  laid  upon  the  hills  round  the  'root- 
stems  of  the  plants.  1875  BENNETT  &  DYER  tr.  Sacks'  Bot. 
608  The  cut  surface  of  the  "root-stump  remains  at  first  quite 
dry.  1786  ABERCROMBIE  Card.  Assist.  17  To  clear  away  alt 
'root-suckers.  1803  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  625 
The  continued  propagation  of  potatoes  by  subterraneous 
buds,  or  'root-wires. 

b.  In  the  sense  '  made  of  roots '. 

1853  LOWELL  Moosehead  Jrnl.  Prose  Wks.  1890  I.  9  Some 
times  a  root-fence  stretched  up  its  bleaching  antlers.  1864 
ATKINSON  Stanton  Grange  7  On  the  garden  side,  a  root- 
bench  was  constructed  against  the  bole  of  the  tree.  1895 
Outing  XXVI.  389/2  The  grass  needs  time  to  weave  the 
deep,  tough,  root' carpet  so  essential  for  sure  footing. 

C.  Misc.,  as  root-beset,  -built,  -inwoven  ;  root- 
bitten,  -bound,  -stricken,  -torn ;  root-devouring, 
-digging,  -eating,  -feeding;  root-like. 

1897  MARY  KINGSLEY  W.  Africa  554  A  narrow,  slippery, 
muddy,  "root-beset  bush-path.  1872  TENNYSON  Gareth  ff 
Lynctte  445  Wan-sallow  as  the  plant  that  feels  itself  •Root- 
bitten  by  white  lichen.  1634  MILTON  Comustte  As  Daphne 
was  'Root-bound,  that  fled  Apollo,  a  1763  SHENSTONE 
Economy  I.  167  Suffice  the  'root-built-cell,  the  simple  fleece, 
..the  crystal  stream.  1817  KIRBY  &  Sp.  Enlomol.  xvi.  II. 
5  The  males  of  another  'root-devouring  beetle.  1877  tr. 
Tiele's  Hist.  Relig.  17  Lowest  in  the  scale  stands  the  reli 
gion  of  the  "root-digging  Australians.  1882  Garden  Mar. 
147/2  The  Cabbage  fly  is  much  of  the  same  size  as  the 
'root-eating  fly.  1892  LUBBOCK  Beaut.  Nat.  67  Others  col 
lect  'root-feeding  Aphides  into  their  nests.  1792  S.  ROGERS 
Pleas.  Mem.  i.  79  Yon  'root-inwoven  seat.  1832  LINDLEY 
Introd.  Bot.  III.  v.  351  Generally  the  root  or  'root-like 
bodies  are  to  be  excluded  from  all  characters  higher  than 
those  of  species.  1860  CHRISTINA  ROSSETTI  Poems  (1904) 
191/1  Thou,  'root -stricken,  shalt  not  rebuild  thy  decay  On 
my  bosom  for  aye.  1871  R.  ELLIS  Catullus  Ixiv.  288  Tall 
'root-torn  beeches, 

18.  In  sense  3,  as  root-boat,  -cellar,  -crop,  -culture, 
etc. ;  also  root-eater,  -gatherer,  -pedlar,  -woman. 

For  names  and  descriptions  of  various  implements  or 
machines,  as  root-bruiser,  -cutter,  -digger,  etc.,  see  Knight 
Diet.  Mech.  (1875)  and  Suffl.  (1884). 

1636  Muldon  Borough  Deeds  (Bundle  no,  fol.  2),  March  12. 
Re[ceived]  for  the  groundage  of  a  '  Root  boate  at  barrow  hills. 
'  td.  1822  LOUDON  Encycl.  Card.  378  The  "root-cellar  may 
have  a  few  divisions  on  the  ground  to  keep  the  different  roots 
apart.  1834  Husb.  I.  382  (L.  U.  K.),  Regarding  'root  crops, 
Mr.  Cuthbert  Johnson  also  mentions  [etc.].  1847  W.  C.  L. 
MARTIN  Ox  115/1  Of  all  these  root-crops,  it  appears  that  the 
least  exhausting  to  the  land  is  that  of  the  heel.  1840  BUKL 
Farmer's  Comt.  163  The  advantages  of  "root  culture  to  the 
soil.  1807  T.  YOUNG  Led.  Nat.  Phil.  II.  208/2  Scythes, 
chaff  cutter,  "root  cutter,  a  1735  ARBUTHNOT  Misc.  Wks. 
(1751)  I.  212  Any  Daughter  of  a  Waterdrinker  and  'Root- 
eater.  1562  TURNER  Herbal  Ii.  56  b,  Theyr  "root  gatherers 
digged  not  theyr  rootes  hole  out  of  grounde.  Ibid.,  Y" 
Duche  'roote  pedlers  of  Antwerp.  1699  EVELYN  Acetaria 
App.  P  5  b,  So  have  you  a  Composition  for  any  "Root-Pud 
ding.  1820  W.  1'oOKR  Luciaii  I.  306  You  are  nothing  but  a 
•rootscraper  and  a  mountebank.  1851  MAYHEW  London  Lab. 
I  i-io/i  The  '"root -sellers'  (as  the  dealers  in  flowers  in  pots 
are  mostly  called).  1802  WILUCH  Dom.  Encycl.  III.  503/2 
'Root-Steamer,  an  useful  machine.. for  steaming  potatoes, 
carrots,  and  other  rools,  with  the  view  of  feeding  cattle. 
1886  C.  SCOTT  Slutp-Famiingta  A  "root  store,  a  small  hay 
shed  and  a  comfortable  hut  for  the  shepherd,  are  all  requis 
ites  of  the  lambing  fold.  Ibid.  66  Corn  boxes  do  not  need 
to  be  so  large  as  the  "root  troughs.  1898  Alll-nlfs  Syst. 


ROOT. 

ATed.  V.  895  Raw  fruits,  *root  vegetables,  and  bread  must 
be  avoided.  1801  Spirit  Public  Jrnls.  V.  304  Nor  will  he 
despise  the  filth  and  rubbish  of  a  "root -woman's  cellar. 

19.  In   sense  4,  as   root-drawer^  -forceps  \  root- 
affection^  -centre,  -sheath,  etc. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeau"  s  Fr.  Chirurg.  b  4  b,  The  Roote- 
drawer,  to  drawe  any  roote  of  a  toothe.  1859  Todtfs  Cycl. 
Anat.  V.  497  The.  .inner  rootsheath  lies  in  immediate  con 
tact  with  the  outer  rootsheath.  1872  HUXLEY  Physiol*  xii. 
278  The  superficial  epidermic  cells  of  the  hair  sac.. become 
converted  into  root  sheaths.  1875  Dental  Cosmos  XVII. 
509  The  forcing  of  delicate  beaks  of  a  fine  pair  of  root-for 
ceps  up  between  the  root  and  the  bone.  1899  Allbuifs 
Syst.  Med.  VI.  46  The  painful  impressions  upon  the  root 
centres.  Ibid.  894  As  a  rule  the  root -affect  ion  is  most  severe. 

20.  In  sense  9  or  10,  as  root  -conception,  >evil> 
-fallacy^  -idea>  etc. 

1862  R.  VAUGHAN  Eng.  Nonconf.  194  These  were  the 
*root  conceptions  of  their  faith.  1891  HIBBERT  Eng,  Gilds 
143  That  *root-evil  of  our  present  industrial  system,  irregu 
larity  of  employment.  1872  MORLEY  Voltaire  236  Without 
seeking  to  expose  the  *ropt  fallacy  of  idea.  1847  Proc. 
Philol.  Soc.  III.  34  The  writer  is  convinced  that  the  *root- 
ideas.  .are  few  in  number.  1866  DK.  ARGYLL  A* cignof  Law 
ii.  70  Force  is  the  root-idea  of  Law  in  its  scientific  sense. 
1681  FLAVEL  Method  of  Grace  xi.  233  Christ.,  the  compre 
hensive  *root-mercy,  from  whom  are  all  other  mercies.  1875 
E.  WHITE  Life  in  Christ  n.  xiv.  (1878)  155  S.  Paul  and  the 
other  apostles  treat  this  as  a  *root-principle  of  the  gospel 
theology.  1853  KINGSLEY  Hypatia  viii,  He  found  himself 


There  are  multitudes  of  books  indeed,  and  of  them  many  con 
cern  not  themselves  about  *Roottruths.  18986.  MEREDITH 
Odes  Fr.  Hist.  61  Strength  is  of  the  plain  "root-virtue  born. 

1855  KINGSLEY  Glancus  32  The  great  *root-wonder  of  a 
number  of  distinct  individuals  connected  by  a  common  life. 

21.  a.  In  sense  14,  as    root-factor^    -limitation^ 
-point. 

1857  Trans.  Cambr.  Phil.  Soc.  (1864)  X.  i.  263  We  then, 
in  the  common  way,  establish  the  existence  of  the  root, 
factor.  Ibid,  266  The  curves  P  — 0,  Q=0,  the  intersection 
of  which  determines  the  root-points.  i&j^Ibid.  (1879)  XII. 
"•  395  C*n  tne  geometrical  representation  of  Cauchy's 
theorems  of  Root -limitation. 

b.   In  sense  15,  as  root-character ',  -period,  -syl- 
labhy  -vowel,  -word. 

1571  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Ps.  xxxiv.  6  All  agree  not  in  the 
woord.  .which  some  supposing  too  bee  derived  of  the  roote- 
woord.  1587  —  De  Mornay  xxviii.  444  Now  the  word 
Silo  (saith  Kimhi  in  his  booke  of  Rootewordes)  signifieth 
the  Sonne  of  him.  1845  Proc.  Philol.  Soc.  II.  50  Those 
syllables  which  are  dignified  by  the  name  of  root  syllables. 
1852  Ibid.  V.  201  The  root-vowel  a  of  the  Latin  fra-ter. 
1865  TYLOR  Early  Hist.  Man.  iv.  61  Two  divisions  of  the 
root-words  of  our  Aryan  language.  1871  Public  Sch.  Lat. 
Gram.  §  14.  21  The  last  letter  of  a  Root,  as  g  in  flag-,  is 
the  Root-character.  1874  SAYCE  Compar.  Philol.  vi.  227 
The  root-period  is  not  inconsistent  with  a  rudimentary  in 
flection. 

O.  In  sense  16,  as  root-note,  -position ,  -pro 
gression. 

1883  Groi'e's  Diet.  Music  III.  158/1  The  group  of  har 
monics  generated  by  their  fundamental  or  root  note.  1891 
PROUT  Counterpoint  (ed.  2)  192  This  will  give  us  a  most 
unpleasant  mediant  chord  in  root  position  in  the  fourth  bar. 
1901  —  Harmony  v,  We  have  several  times  made  the  bass 
fall  a  fifth,  to  impress  upon  the  student  the  identity  of  the 
root-progression. 

22.  Special  combs.,  as  root-alcohol  (see  quot.); 
root-beer,  U.S.,  a.  beverage  prepared  from  roots; 
root-beetle,  a  beetle  infesting  the  roots  of  trees  ; 
root-climber,  a  plant  which  climbs  by  the  aid  of 
rootlets  developed  on  the   stem ;   root  coal  (?) ; 
f  root  colour,  a  dye-colour  produced  by  certain 
roots;  hence  "\  root -coloured  adj.;  root-devourer, 
a   beetle    living   upon   roots    (see   quot.) ;    root- 
digger,  (a)  a  primitive  implement  for  digging  up 
edible   roots;    (£)   one   of   a   tribe   of  American 
Indians  (cf.  DIGGER  2  c)  ;  root-footed  a.,  rhizo- 
podous ;  root-form,  (a)  a  basal  or  primitive  form 
(of  something)  ;  (£)  an  insect  form  which  infests 
the  roots ;   root-hold,  attachment  by  means  of 
roots  (freq. /£•.);  root-prune  v.,  to  prune  (a  tree) 
by  cutting  its  roots  ;  so  root-pruning  \  root-run, 
the  space  over  which  the  roots  of  a  plant  extend  ; 
root-stroke,  a  decisive  stroke,  a  fatal  blow;  root- 
worm,  a  worm  attacking  the  roots  of  plants. 

1883  R.  HALDANE  Workshop  Rec.  Ser.  n.  11/2  * Root- 
alcohol. — A  number  of  roots  and  tubers . .  have  been  availed 
of  for  the  manufacture  of  alcohol.  1851  HAWTHORNE  Ho. 
Seven  Gables  iii,  No  less  than  five  persons,  .enquired  for 
ginger-beer  or  *root-beer  or  any  drink  of  a  similar  brewage. 

1856  KANE  Arctic  Expl.  I.  xxix.  387,  I  will  stay  only  long 
enough  to  complete   my    latest   root-beer  brewage.     1817 
KIKBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  xxiii.  II.  372  In  the  morning.. the 
HopliX)  *root-beetles  before  mentioned,  have  their  dances 
in  the  air.     1897  J.  C.  WILLIS  Flowering  PL  $  Ferns  I. 
177  * Root-climber.    1813  VANCOUVER  Agric.  Devon  71  The 
*root  coal  has  a  broken  and  wavy  texture.    1777  Diet.  Chem. 
I.  U  8  notet  The  stuffs  intended  to  receive  a  'root  color. 
Ibid.)  The  nuts  and  roots  employed  in  the  *root-colored 
dye.     1817  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  xxiii.  II.  349  The  *root- 
devourers  or  tree-chafers (Melolontha,  Hopliat&.c.)  support 
themselves ..  in  the  air  and  over  the  trees.     1865  LUBBOCK 
Prek.  Times  420  ^Root-diggers  are  either  made  of  horns,  or 
of  crooked    sticks   pointed   and   hardened   by  fire.      1866 
Proc.   Phiiad.  Acad.  225  The  Shoshoni,  or   Root-Digger 
skulls,  three  in  number,  vary  in  form.     1862  ANSTED  Channel 
Isl.    ii.   ix.  242   The   rhizopoda  or    "root-footed    animal*. 
1875  WHITNEY  Life  Lang.  13  The  'root-form  of  the  verb. 

VOL.  VIII. 


785 

1884  W.  K.  PARKER  Mammalian  Desc.  (1885)  iv.  72  The 
primordial  root-form  of  all  the  nobler  creatures,  now  exist- 
ing.  ..A  still  lower  root-form  than  the  Tadpole.  1888 
Encycl.Brit.  XXIV.  230  A  number  of  minute  insects. . ;  these 
are  the  root-forms  (rauicola)  of  Phylloxera.  1864  SPENCER 
lllustr.  Progr.  372  It  would  become  possible  for  plants  of 
higher  organization  to  find  *roothold.  1880  Miss  BIRD 
Japan  I.  123  Even  maples  had  found  roothold  in  their 
gigantic  stems.  1831  B'hatn  $  Midi.  Gardener's  Mag.  Apr. 
39  All  plants  that  are  breaking  very  strong  should  be  *root- 
pruned.  1841  T.  M.  RIVERS  (title},  *Root  Pruning  of 
Pears  and  other  Trees.  1882  Garden  Jan.  35/3  Roses., 
cease  to  grow  altogether  if  their  "root-run  remain  saturated. 


a  1732  BOSTON  Crook  in  Lot  (1805)  no  Even  when  the  *root- 
stroke  is  given  in  believers,  the  rod  of  pride  buds  again. 
a  1732  —  Mem.  xi.  (1899)  361  The  gospel-doctrine  has  got  a 


root-stroke  by  the  condemning  of  that  book.     1883  Science 

II.  143/2  These  observations  refer  chiefly  to   the   crown- 
borer,  the  'root-worm,  and  the  crown-miner. 

Root,  J0.2  dial.  [f.  ROOT  v*]  The  action 
of  the  vb.  ROOT  -  ;  chiefly  in  phr.  on  the  root. 

1846  in  N.  4-  Q.  4th  Sen  V.  326,  1  can  give  these  old  bones 
a  root.  1892  J.  A.  OWEN  On  Surrey  Hills  56  Fur,  fish,  and 
feather  need  all  look  alive  when  Toby  was  on  the  root. 
1895  Month  Oct.  248  One  of  our  rustic  friends  had  a  sow, 
with  a  litter  of  pigs,  out  on  the  root,  as  he  termed  it. 

Boot  (r«t),  vl  Forms:  4-6  rote  (5  rotyn), 
4-7  roote,  7-  root  (6  wroot,  rowt)  ;  5-6,  9  Sc. 
rute,  ruit,  9  dial,  reut,  reeat,  reet,  etc.  [f. 
ROOT  st>.1  Cf.  MS\v.  rota  to  make  rootfast,ntf<w, 
rota  sig,  obs.  Da.  rode,  to  take  root.] 
I.  In  pa.  pple.  rooted. 

Perhaps  to  some  extent  directly  f.  ROOT  sb^ 

1.  a.  Filled  or  covered  with  roots. 

c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Hoin.  163  pat  lond . .  bicam  waste,  and 
was  roted  oueral,  and  swo  bicam  wildernesse. 

b.  Furnished  or  provided  with  roots;  estab 
lished  or  fixed  by  having  taken  root.  AlsoyT^. 

c  1400  Apol.  Loll,  92  As  we  watteren  plantis  til  bey  ban 
ben  rotid,  and  ban  we  cessen  to  waiter,  c  1425  Eng.  Conq. 
Irel.  20  Ther-for  we  willen  withstond.  .be  yuel  whil  hit  is 
comyn,  ar  hit  be  Iroted.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane^s  Cotmn. 
321  b,  Sence  Luthers  doctrine  was  depely  roted  &  spred 
abrode.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  II.  290 

guhen  heresie  deiper  was  ruted.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc. 
ovt.  Eng.  i.  Ixvi.  (1739)  145  Edward  the  first  pursued  the 
same  course,  especially  in  his  first  times,  when  he  was  but 
tenderly  rooted.  1670  R.  BAXTER  Cure  Ch.  Div.  in.  v. 
Pref.,  The  sin  may  be  multiplyed  and  rooted  past  all  hope 
of  remedy.  1782  COWPF.R  Poet^  Oyster  <$•  Sensit.  PI.  16,  I 
envy  that  unfeeling  shrub,  Fast  rooted  against  ev'ry  rub. 
1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sci.  fy  Art  II.  584  The  dissipa 
tion  of  prejudices,  which  are  deeply  rooted.  1868  J.  H. 
BLUNT  Kef.  Ch.  Eng.  I.  105  Her  affection  for  him  seems  to 
have  been  very  deeply  rooted.  1888  BRYCE  Amer.Cotnmw. 

III.  339  Present  arrangements  were  far  too  deeply  rooted 
for.,  alteration. 

C.  Fixed  or  firmly  attached  by  the  root  or 
roots.  Const,  z«,  between,  to,  etc.  Also  iransf. 
mfig.  (cf.  2). 

1398  TRE  VISA  Barth.  DeP.  R.  v.  xxxi.  (Eodl.  MS.),  Suche 
postemes  whanne  bei  beb  ibradde  and  iroted  and  ipi;t  in 
be  side.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  133  b,  The 
more  it  groweth  and  spredeth  his  braunches,  the  more  surely 
it  is  roted  and  fastned  in  the  grounde.  1597  A.  M.  tr. 
Guillettieau's  Fr.  Chirurg.  19/1  Some  vlcerationsare  rotede 
betweene  vaynes  and  tendones.  1681  GREW  Musseumi.  vii. 
ii.  165  His  Horns  rooted  between  the  Eyes  and  the  Snout. 
1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  m  689  Hellebore,  and  Squills  deep 
rooted  in  the  Seas.  1717  ADDISON  tr.  Ovid's  Met.  n.  Wks. 
1721 1.  165  She  found  Her  self  with-held,  and  rooted  to  the 
ground.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  n.  x.  244  The  Jesuits  being 
thus  firmly  rooted  on  California,.. have  already  extended 
their  jurisdiction  Cjiiite  across  the  country.  1801  SOUTHEY 
Thalaba  xii,  iii,  The  living  flower  that,  rooted  to  the  rock, 
..Shrunk  down  within  its  purple  stem  to  sleep.  1837 
DISRAELI  Venetia  m,  vii,  He  remained  rooted  to  the 
ground.  1861  PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  48  Another  proof 
how  entirely  the  German  aliens  were  rooted  in  English  soil. 

2.  Jig.    Firmly  fixed  or  established,  deeply  im 
planted,  in  something  :  a.  Of  abstract  things;  esp. 
qualities,  etc.,  in  a  person's  nature. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  386  Alle  Codes  hesten..beo5  ine  luue 
iroted.  1340  Ayenb.  26  panne  sseweb  hy  be  kueades  fjet 
were  y-hole  and  yroted  ine  be  herte.  1387  TREVISA  Higden, 
(Rolls)  VII.  401  It  is  hard  to  worche  uppon  ^oughtes  bat  is 
i-rotedinoflonge  tyme.  c  1430  Pol.,  Kel.t  <$•  L.  Poems  (1866) 
43  That  pasaunt  Goodnes  . .  whiche  Rotide  is  in  youre 
femynete._  1530  PALSGR.  694/1  If  a  vyce  be  ones  rooted  in 
a  man,  it  Is  harde  to  get  it  away.  1570  GOLDING  Justin 
xxix.  129  b.  The  naturall  hatred  that  was  knowen  to  bee 
roted  in  him  against  the  Romaynes  euen  from  his  very 
childhoode.  1651  HOBBES  Lruiath.  n.  xxx.  179  By  what 
means  so  many  Opinions  . .  have  . .  been  so  deeply  rooted 
in  them.  1736  BERKELEY  Discourse  Wks.  1871  III.  417 
Obedience  to  all  civil  power  is  rooted  in  the  religious  fear 
of  God.  1849  M  ACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iv.  1 .  456  The  principle 
..was  firmly  rooted  m  the  public  mind.  1877 R.  H.  HUTTON 
Ess.  (ed.  -2)1.  74  If  the  passion  of  avarice  be  not  wholly 
rooted  in  him. 

b.  Of  persons  in  practices,  opinions,  etc. 

c  1323  Minor  P.  fr.  Vernon  MS.  663  Corteis  knihthod 
and  clergye,  pat  wont  were  vices  to  forsake,  Are  nou.. 
Rooted  in  Ribaudye.  6  1380  WYCLIF  \Vks.  (1880)  131  pus 
bes  possessioners.  .ben  out  of  fety,  hope  &  charite,  &  harde 
rotid  in  heresie.  1447  BOKENHAM  Seyntys  v.  305  In  Crystys 
feyth  rotyd  so  wel  was  he.  1451  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Aug. 
(E.  E.  T.  S.)  45  Whan  bei  had  be  with  him  3eres  and  were 
roted  in  religion.  1547  Act  i  Ed-w.  I^f,  c.  3  §  7  Children 
. .  brought  vp  in  idlenesse . .  be  so  rooted  in  it.  1611  BIBLE 
Eph.  iii.  17  That  yee  being  rooted  and  grounded  in  loue, 
May  be  able  to  comprehend,  .the  loue  of  Christ.  1661  A. 
WRIGHT  Expos.  Ps.  xcii.  13  We  cannot  root  firmly  there, 
unless  we  are  rooted  in  Jesus  Christ.  1714  A.  COLLINS  Gr, 
Chr.  Relig.  35  The  Jews  were  so  rooted  in  their  notion  of 


EOOT. 

a  Temporal  Deliverer.  1823  GILLIES  Aristotle's  Rhetoric 
x.  210  The  man  rooted  in  villainy  will  be  guilty  of  all  sorts 
of  enormity. 

II.  3.  trans.  To  furnish  with  roots  ;  to  fix  or 
'   establish  firmly ;  to  implant  deeply,  attach  strongly. 
Freq.  transf.  or  Jig. ,  and  const,  in,  into,  fOj  etc. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xxii.  3  He  gaf  me  lastynge  in  his 
biddyngis,  and  rotid  me,  and  made  me  perfite  in  charite. 
a  1500  Bernardns  DC  Cnra  Ret  Fain.  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  226  For  it 
fosteris  and  rutis  bam  in  bar  vice.  1591  SHAKS.  Tivo  Gent. 
n.  iv.  162  Lest  the  base  earth  Should.  .Disdaine  to  roote 
the  Sommer-sweUing  flowre.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie^s 
Hist.  Scot.  I.  210  To  festne  and  to  rute  it  into  the  hartes 
of  wandireris  by  the  way.  c  1600  SHAKS.  Sonn.  cxlii,  Roote 
pittie  in  thy  heart.  1647  HAMMOND  Power  oj  Keys  vii.  137 
This  course  being  thus  taken  for  the  planting  and  rooting 
all  good  resolutions.  1691  DRYUKN  King  Arthur  iv.  i, 
Amazement  roots  me  to  the  ground.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  xm. 
189  The  God  arrests  her  with  a  sudden  stroke,  And  roots 
her  down  an  everlasting  rock.  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mori. 
xxxviii,  All  Jenny's  efforts  to  remove  him  from  the  garden 
served  only  to  root  him  in  it.  1841  LYTTON  Night  $  Morn 
ing  i.  i,  Our  poor  Caleb  had  for  years  rooted  his  thoughts 
to  his  village. 

re/t.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  m.  55  Al  be  riche  retynaunce 
bat  rotet>  hem  on  fals  lyuynge  Were  betle  to  (?at  brudale. 
a.  1400  Ptymer (iBgi)  27  And  y  bane  rotid  me  in  a  worschip- 
ful  puple.  1535  COVERDALK  Ecclus.  xxiv.  8  Let  thy  dwell- 
inge  be  in  lacob, . .  &  rote  thy  self  amonge  my  chosen.  1810 
SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  n.  xix,  Firmer  he  roots  him  the  ruder  it 
blow.  18^6  FKOUDE  Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  I.  i.  10  One  of  many 
of  the  rising  merchants  who  were  now  able  to  root  them 
selves  on  the  land.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  188  Forms 
which  have  rooted  themselves  in  language. 

4.  intr.  Of  plants  :  To  take  or  strike  root. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  437/2  Rotyn,  or  take  rote,  as  treys 
and  herbys,  radtco,  1471  RIPLEY  Conip.  Alch,  in.  xvii.  in 
Ashm.  (1652)  143  Then  shall  thy  seeds  both  roote  and  spyre. 
1577  B.  GooGKaeres&afh^s  ffusb.  i.  (1586)  30  The  fyrstdooth 
roote  all  in  length  lyke  the  Radihhe.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  K, 
v.  ii.  46  Her  fallow  Leas,  The  Darnell,  Hemlock,  and  ranke 
Femetary,  Doth  root  vpon.  1673  Lady's  Call.  i.  v.  §  28  A 
tender  plant,  that  will  scarce  root  in  stiff  or  rocky  ground. 
1707  MORTIMER  !hisl>.  (1721)  II.  125  They  root  very  deep, 
therefore  plant  your  sets  pretty  deep.  1763  MILL^  Pract. 
Husb.  IV.  152  That  no  crop  will  thrive  well..,  unless  the 
ground  be  trenched  deeper  than  the  thyme  rooted.  1801 
Mariner's  ftlag.  Jan.  104  The  potatoes  continued  to  root 
well.  1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  ted.  4)  I.  315 
There  are  several  varieties  of  the  Amaryllis  that  do  not 
root  so  freely  as  others.  1860  GF.N.  P.  THOMPSON /!*«// j4//. 
ex.  III.  31  They  may  not  come  to  fruit  now,  but  they  will 
begin  to  root. 

b.  fig.  To  take  root;  to  settle,  establish  one 
self.  Freq.  with  in. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xv.  2  pai  haf  festid  baire  hope  in 
be  land  of  heuen,  and  rotid  in  Inf.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  x. 
78  Dowel. .sauej?  be  squle,  bat  sunne  ha^  no  miht..ne  to 
Reste,  ne  to  Rooten  in  |>e  herte.  1382  WYCLIF  Ecclns. 
xxiv.  16  And  I  rootede  in  a  puple  wrshipid.  1526  Pilgr. 
Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  132  So  yl  the  grace  of  god  &  his 
vertues  may  rote  in  our  soules.  1571  GOLDING  Calvin  on 
Ps.  Ixxiv.  22  That  comon  errour  of  theirs,  wherein  they 
rooted,  is  quite  dasshed.  a  1625  COPE  in  Gutch  Coll.  Cur. 
I.  121  True  honour  will  ever  root,  where  false  glories  fade 
like  flowers.  1688  CROWNE  Darius  iv,  Oh  1  thou  art  rooting 
deeper  in  my  heart,  Tear  thyself  from  me.  1740  SOMF.R- 
VILLE  Holbinol  i.  77  What  Love  can  decay  That  roots  so 
deep  \  1753  FOOTE  Englishm.  in  Paris  n,  Now  I'll  redeem 
my  error,  and  root  for  ever  here.  1869  MeI*ARBN  Senn. 
Ser.  ii.  vii.  113  The  small  continuous  vices,  which  root  under 
ground  and  honeycomb  the  soul. 

C.  To  have  a  basis  in  something. 

z88i  New  Eng.  Hist.  Reg.  XXXVI.  181  These  local 
divisions.. root  in  the  military  institutions  of  the  ancient 
Teutons. 

III.  5.  trans.  To  pull,  tear,  drag,  or  dig  -up  by 
the  roots;  to  uproot.  Alsoy^f. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.^.xi.xiii.  (Bodl.  MS.),pondre 
..destroie^  hi^e  treen  &  rotej?  hem  vp  \t\\>  here  blostringe 
oute  of  grounde.  Ibid.  xvn.  cl,  Whan  bei  [thorns]  beb  ifalle 
ober  roted  [1495  rotyd  vp]  J»ei  be^>  tbound..to  fagettes  & 
ibrende.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Extirpo^E-vtirpare 
<$•  funditus  tollere  vitta,  to  roote  vp  and  take  cleane 
away.  1611  BIBLE  i  Kings  xiv.  15  The  Lord. .shall  root 
vp  Israel  out  of  this  good  land,  which  bee  gaue  to  their 
fathers.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  n.  414  Root  up  wild 
Olives  from  thy  labour'd  Lands.  1712  ADDISON  Sfect.  No. 
451  ir  3  It  would.. root  up  the  Corn  and  Tares  together. 
1737  Genii.  Mag.  VII.  48/2  As  if  they  intended,  .to  root  up 
all  Order  and  Harmony  of  Government.  1847  W.  C.  L. 
MARTIN  Ox  37/2  The  utility  of  rooting  up  as  much  as 
possible  all  noxious  plants  from  pasture  grounds,  and  the 
ditches  around  them,  is  palpable. 

6.  To  pull,  dig,  or  take  out  by  the  roots ;  hence 
fig.)  to  extirpate,  exterminate,  destroy. 

Cf.  OUTROOT  ?'.,  and  the  variant  ROUT  v. 

c  1450  tr.  De  Imitatione  \.  iii.  5  If  men  wolde  yeue  so  gret 
diligence  to  rote  oute  vices.  1535  COVERDALE  i  Kings 
xviii.  4  Whan  lesabel  roted  out  y°  prophetes  of  y"  Lorde. 
a  1586  SIDNEY  Ps.  v.  ii,  Thou,  .shall  roote  out  the  tongues 
to  lyeing  bent.  1610  HOLLAND  Catnderfs  Britain  (1637;  163 
Under  a  faire  pretence  and  shew  of  rooting  out  superstition. 
1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenofs  Trav.  ii.  23  So  many  Soldiers 
would  be  sent  out  against  them,  that  they  would  be  utterly 


rooted  out.    1712  ADDISON  Spect,  No.  505  f  5  It  is  the  chief 
of  this  Paper  to  root  out  popular  Errors.     178* 
Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  ix.  vi,  Not  all  her  unwillingness. . 


Bus: 


could  now  root  out  her  suspicions.     1853  KINGSLEY  Hypatia 
xxix,  You  may  root  out  your  own  human  natures  if  you 
will.     1879  FROUDE  Oja>-xvii.  288  The  punishment  fell  on 
his  tribe.     The  Eburones  were  completely  rooted  out. 
b.  Const,  of j  from. 

1535  COVERDALE  Job  xviii.  14  All  his  comforte  and  hope 
shal  be  roted  out  of  his  dwellynge.  Ibid.^  Amos  ii.  3, 1  will 
rote  out  the  iudge  from  amonge  them.  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
vi.  855  He  meant  Not  to  destroy,  but  root  them  out  of 

99 


ROOT. 

Heav'n.  £1715  SWIFT  Serm.  iii.  Wks.  1751  XIII.  26  This 
would  root  out  Envy  and  Malice  from  the  Heart  of  Man. 
1729  LAW  Serious  C.  xi.  (1732)  164  He  that  is  endeavouring 
to.,  root  out  of  his  mind  all  those  passions  of  pride. 

c.  intr.  To  die  out  completely. 

x8a8  P.  CUNNINGHAM  N,  S.  Wales  (ed.  3)  II.  2  By  suppos 
ing.. that  their  descendants  gradually  rooted  out  or  became 
blended  with  the  aborigines. 

d.  To  raise  completely  out  of  something. 

1844  MRS.  BROWNING  Drama  of  Exile  Poems  1850  I.  62 
Root  out  thine  eyes,  Sweet,  from  the  dreary  ground. 

7.  a.  To  clear  away  (^ forth}  completely. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvn.  clxxx.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
He  schal  be  porled  &  perissched  &  rased  and  roted  awey. 


memorie.  1871  TYNDALI.  Frag.  Sci.  (1879)  I.  ix.  296  A  glacier 

is  undoubtedly  competent  to  root  such  masses  bodily  away. 

b.  To  drag, tear,  remove  by  force,/hMWa  place. 

1567  Gnde  $•  Godlic  Ball.  (S.  T.  S.)  104  Thay  sail  us  rule 

from  the  ground.     1582  STANYHURBT  sKneis  in.  (Arb.)  71,  I 


breast  of  fools  Can  root  their  passions.  1805  SOUTHEY 
.Madoc  n.  xvi,  Rear  away  These  wretches  !.  .And  root  them 
from  the  earth. 

O.   Without  const.     To  uproot,  outroot. 

1582  STANYHURST  sEnns  ir.  (Arb.)  64  Yf  you  father  also 
Voure  self  too  murther,  too  roote  your  progenye  purpose. 
1629  GAULE  Holy  Mudn.  203  We  cannot  root  them,  we 
must  restraine  them.  1773-83  HOOLE  Or/.  Furioso  xxiv. 
346  The  trees,  and  cave  ht  view'd  ;  Those  lopt  and  rooted, 
this  in  fragments  hew'd. 

8.  To  lop  the  roots  or  rootlets  from. 

1844  H.  STKPHKNS  Bk.  Farm  II.  19  A  field  of  25  acres  of 
excellent  Swedes  was  pulled,  rooted,  and  topped. 

Root  (r/7t),  vP  [Later  form  of  WROOT  v., 
probably  through  association  with  prec.  See  also 
ROUT  v.  in  this  sense.] 

1.  intr.  Of  swine :  To  turn  up  the  soil  by  grub 
bing   with  the   snout ;   to  dig  with  the   snout  in 
search  of  food. 

1538  LELAND  I  tin.  (1768)  III.  19  If  a  Man  do  but  cast  corn 
wher  Hogges  have  rotid,  it  wyl  cum  up.  1607  TOPSKLL 
Four-f.  Beasts  668  [Swine  will]  rise  in  flesh,  .the  sooner  if 
they  be  permitted  to  roote  now  and  then  in  the  mire.  1653 
H.  COGAN  tr.  Pitt  to' s  Trav.  xlix.  190  Wild  Boars,  that  were 
rooting  in  the  earth  near  to  a  pond.  1727  SWIFT  To 
Delany  Wks.  1751  VII.  235  A  Sooterkin,  Which  ..  in  the 
Soil  began  to  root,  And  litter'd  at  Parnassus'  Foot.  1850 
Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XI.  n.  599  Store-pigs,  .may  be  allowed 
to  root  in  fallows  or  on  the  dung-heap.  1871  L.  STEPHEN 
Playgr.  Eur.  (1894)  ix.  212  The  Alpine  pig.. roots  con 
tentedly  round  the  chalets. 

Jig.  1809  Ann.  Reg.  745  Whilst  others  were  thus  rooting 
for  preferment,  Mr.  Paley  was  engaged  in  the  composition 
of  an  important  work. 

b.  transf.  of  certain  fishes,  worms,  etc. 
1653  WALTON  Angler  y\.  196  The  Barbell,  .loves  to  live., 
where  it  ts  gravelly,  and  in  the  gravel  will  root  and  dig  with 
his  nose  like  a  Hog.  c  1730 SWIFT  Z>uvftWlQ.  1751  XIII.  218 
As  when  from  rooting  in  a  Bin,.. A  lively  Maggot  sallies 
out.  1883  Science  II.  154/1  Many  fishes.. have  the  habit 
of  rooting  in  the  mud  for  their  food.  1890  fllustr.  Lomt, 
News  13  Sept.  330/1  Disturbing  the  morning  meal  of  the 
crows  rooting  in  the  litter-heaps. 

o.  dial.  To  poke  about,  rummage ;   to  pry  or 
poke  into  a  thing  ;  to  lounge  or  idle  about,  etc. 

1831  LOVER  Leg.  Irel.  Ser.  i.  189  She  run  rootin'  into 
every  corner  o'  the  room,  lookin1  for  it.  1893  MRS.  H. 
WARD  David  Grieve  iv.  xi,  She  took  him  about  with  her, 
'rootin  ',  as  she  expressed  it,  after  the  hens  and  pigs.  1896 
CROCKETT  Grey  Man  xxxvi,  There  I  was  rooting  and  ex- 
pi  or  ing. 

d.    U.S.  slang.  To   be   active  for  another  by 
giving  support,  encouragement,  or  applause. 

1895  in  Funk's  Standard  Diet.  1897  FLANDRAH  Harvard 
Episodes  164  The  fellows  who  had  promised  to  vote  for 
wolcott.  .were  beginning  now  to  *  root1  for  him  vigorously. 

2.  trans,    a.    To  turn  over,   dig  up,  with  the 
snout.     Also^f.,  to  search  outt  hunt  up. 

1591  SHAKS.  yen.  fy  Ad.  636  He..haumg  thee  at  vantage 
..Wold  roote  these  beauties,  as  he  root's  the  mead.  1607 
—  Titnon  v.  i.  168  Alcibiades.  .,Who  like  a  Bore  too  sauage, 
doth  root  vp  His  Countries  peace.  1691  RAY  Creation  i. 
(1701)  155  He  is  provided  with  a  long  and  strong  Snout.., 
conveniently  formed  for  the  rooting  and  turning  up  the 
Ground.  1717  PopE///a</xn.  166  On  every  side.  .they.. root 
the  shrubs  and  lay  the  forest  bare.  i8oj  Sport.  Mag.  XX.  64 
Lonely  watch'd  he  the  grunters  all  day,  As  they  rooted  the 
stubbles  for  shack.  1866  Daily  Telegr.  12  Jan.  5/5  There 
is  a  reason  for  everything,.. if  we  will  only  strive  to  root 
and  think  it  out.  1894  HALL  CAINE  Manxman  v.  v,  From 
underneath  the  sofa  m  the  parlour  he  rooted  up  a  brown 
paper  parcel. 

b.  To  form  (holes)  by  rooting.    rare~l. 

1854  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XV.  i.  21  They  enforced 
penalties  for  letting  hogs  root  holes  in  embankments. 

Root,  obs.  form  of  ROT,  ROTE  ;  dial,  f.  RUT. 
Hoota  baga,  obs.  form  of  RUTA-BAGA. 
Roo -table,  a,     [f.  ROOT  7/.1]     (See  quot.) 

1611  COTGR.,  Enracinable^  rootable,  fit  to  take  root. 

B*OOtage  (nrted^).    [f.  ROOT  sbl  or  v.1} 

1 1.  The  act  of  rooting  out.   06s."1 

1587  HARRISON  England  in.  ii.  (1878)  16  The  like  order  is 
taken  with  us  for  our  vermines,  as  with  them  also  for  the 
rootage  out  of  their  wild  beastes. 

2.  Root-hold ;  firm  rooting. 

1874  MURDOCH  Sandy  M'Tartan  22  The  thistle-flow'r  o' 
Scotland  !— It  finds  fit  rootage  there.  1878  B.  TAYLOR 


786 

Datkalion  in.  i.  101  Our  seeds  of  total  life  Find  rootage, 
and.. Redeem  this  desolation.  1885  }l<nniletic  Rev,  Sept. 
232  Being  destitute  of  rootage  in  the  soil  of  faith. 

Roote,  obs.  form  of  ROT  v.,  ROTE,  ROUT. 

Rooted  (r«'ted),  ppl.  a.    [f.  ROOT  v.1  and  sl>.1] 

1.  Having  roots;  furnished  with  roots. 
Chiefly  of  plants,  but  also  in  transf.  uses. 

1557  RECORDE  Whetst.  Giijb,  Now  will  we..intreate 
more  of  rooted  nombers.  171*  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's 
Gardening  160  The  best  way  of  planting  Woods,  is  to  do  it 
with  rooted  Plants.  1786  ABERCKOMBIE  Card.  Assist.  78 
Plant  either  in  full  plants,  or  rooted  slips.  1839  Penny 
CycL  XV.  509/2  Grinders  simple  or  compound,  rooted. 
1870  ROLLESTON  Anitit,  Life 4  The  Squirrels.. live  on  seeds 
and  have,  like  most  Muridae,  rooted  molars.  1882  VINES 
tr.  Sacks'1  Bot.  848  We  assume,  .that  the. .shoot  is  rooted. 
b.  With  qualifying  adj.  or  adv.  prefixed. 

See  also  bulbous-,  fibrous-^  tuberous-rooted. 

1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Fendut  Kadis  fendit,  the.  .many-rooted 
Raddish.  1699  PETIVER  in  Phil.  Trrns.  XXI.  293  The 
Radishes,  both  Garden  and  Spanish,  (which  is  the  large 
Black-rooted  ;). .and  the  round  and  long  Rooted  Turnep. 
1707  MORTIMER  Husb.  (1721)  II.  160  They  shoot  out  during 
the  Summer  many  well-rooted  Suckers,  1731  MILLER  GVjrrf. 
Diet.  s.v.  Adonis ',  The  Hellebore-rooted  Pheasant's-eye. 
« 1822  SIIEI.I.EY  Ess.  -V  Lett.  (1886)  58  The  bare  boughs  of 
the  marble-rooted  fig-tree.  1883  Groye's  Diet.  Music  III. 
158/2  To  decide  whether  G  or  F  or  D  is  the  root,  or  whether 
indeed  it  is  even  a  double-rooted  chord. 

2.  Planted  in  the  ground ;  attached  or  fixed  by 
roots  ;  firmly  implanted ;  having  taken  root. 

1390  GOWF.R  ConJ.  I.  86  Ther  was  nevere  rooted  tre,  That 
stod  so  faste  in  his  degre.  1718  POPE  Iliad  xiv.  578  Full  in 
his  eye  the  weapon  chanced  to  fall,  And  from  the  fibres 
scoop'd  the  rooted  ball.  1784  COWPER  Task  n.  looThe  fixt 
and  rooted  earth,  Tormented  into  billows,  heaves  and 
swells.  1859  GEO.  ELIOT  A.  Bcde  xlix.  There's  no  more 
moving  you  than  the  rooted  tree. 

Jig:  1878  CUYLER  Pointed  Papers  171  Nor  will  the 
drought  affect  a  well-rooted  Christian. 

b.  transf.  Of  habits,  opinions,  etc. 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  263  b,  To  be  a  conquerour 
of  vyce,  by  holy  roted  loue  &  assured  hope  of  y°  kyngdome 
of  god.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.^  Hen.  IVt  290,  Nor  roted 
malice  is  not  in  hast  plucked  up.  1605  SHAKS.  Macb,  v.  in. 
41  Can'st  thou  not..Plucke  from  the  Memory  a  rooted  Sor 
row  ?  1693  Apol.  Clergy  Scot.  38  Single  Acts  may  grow  into 
rooted  Habits.  1710  BERKELEY  Princ.  Hum.  Knoivl,  §  124 
Ancient  and  rooted  prejudices.  1777  BURKE  Addr,  to^the 
King  Wks,  1842  II.  396  This  scheme  being.. set  up  in  direct 
opposition  to  the  rooted  and  confirmed  sentiments  and 
habits  of  thinking  of  an  whole  people.  1825  SCOTT  Jrnl.  28 
Nov.,  He. .never  moved  from  his  rooted  opinion,  blow  as  it 
listed.  1883  F.  M.  CRAWFORD  Dr.  Claudius  iii,  Have  you 
a  very  strong  and  rooted  dislike  to  the  society  of  women  ? 

c.  Of  maladies  :  Deep-seated,  chronic. 

1744  BERKELEY  Sin's  §  119  Though  not  a  perfect  recovery 
from  my  old  and  rooted  illness.  1807  Med.  Jrnl.  XVII.  270 
Her  complaint  everyday  gained  ground,  and  appeared  of  a 
very  rooted  nature. 

3.  Torn  up  by  the  roots. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit,  (ed.  3)  XVI.  252/2  These  would  have 
represented  the  river-gods  as  seated  on  ruins,  brandishing 
rooted-up  trees. 

Roo'tedly,  adv.  [f.  ROOTED  ///.  a."}  In  a 
rooted  or  firmly  grounded  manner. 

1610  SHAKS.  Temp,  in.  u.  103  They  all  do  hate  him  As 
rootedly  as  I.  1653  HEMINGS  Fatal  Contr.  i.  ii,  The  Queen 
as  rootedly  does  hate  her  sonnes  As  I  her  Ladyship.  1814 
J.  MURRAY  in  Smiles  Mem,  (1891)  I.  230  Their  praise  is., 
rootedly  confirmed  on  a  second  perusal.  1880  G.  MI:RE- 
DITII  Tragic  Com.  xvi,  At  the  age  of  forty,  men  that  love 
love  rootedly. 

Roo  tedness.  [f.  ROOTED  ///.  a.]  Rooted 
or  firmly  grounded  character  or  quality. 

1642  W.  PRICE  Serm.  14  Rootednesse,  groundednesse  in 
knowledge.  1676  W.  ALLEN  Addr.  Non-Confonn.  153 This 
diffidence  proceeds .. from  the  rootedness  and  strength  of 
your  prejudice.  1860  W,  G.  WARD  Nat.  fy  Grace  142  The 
strength,  earnestness,  rootedness,  of  this  recognition,  c  1880 
PUSEY  in  Liddon  Life  (1893)  I.  xii.  281  Evidence.. of  the 
sincerity  and  rootedness  of  his  own  conviction. 

t  RoO'teii,  v.  Obs,—1  [f.  ROOT J&1  +  -EN.]  trans. 
To  furnish  with  a  root. 

1649  BLITHE  Eng.  Improv.  fntfir.  (1653)  *&5  Untill  they 
be  so  rootened  and  stifned  so  strong  that  they  will  endure  a 
beast  rubbing  upon  them. 

Root-end.  [r.  ROOT  sb.]  That  end  of  a  stem, 
hair,  etc.,  which  is  next  the  root;  the  end  of  a 
seed  from  which  the  root  is  developed. 

1636  SANDERSON  Serm.  II.  54  A  heart  hardned  with  long 
custom  of  sinning,  .is  like  the  knotty  root-end  of  an  old  oak. 
1707  MORTIMER  Hush.  (1721)  I.  343  When  the  Sprits  come 
forth  at  the  Root-end  of  the  Corn.  1743  R.  MAXWELL  Set. 
Trans.  331  When  you  take  out  the  Lint.. set  it  upon  the 
Root-end  in  Rows.  183*  Planting  29  in  Hitsb.  III. 
(L.U.K,),  The  leaves  should  be  cutoff  half  way  up  from  the 
root-end  of  the  cutting.  1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric. 
(ed.  4)  II.  403  Raising  the  first  sheaf. .,  and  passing  it  with 
the  root-ends  downwards  to  the  ground.  1879  A,  GRAY 
Struct.  Bot.  fed.  6)  13  The  root.. originates  in  tissue  just 
back  of  that  which  covers  the  root -end  of  the  caulicle. 

Hooter1  (r»'t3i).     [f.  HOOT  v.^  or  sb.1] 

1.  An  extirpator,  eradicates  uprooter  (of  some 
thing).  Usually  const,  out,  up. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane'sComin.  37  b,  Whiche  had  alwayes 
ingendred  the  roters  out  of  Heresyes.  1570  GOLDING  Justin 
xvi.  85  b,  Cassander  the  father  of  them,  the  rooter  vp  of  the 
kynges  house.  1622  MASSINGER  &  DKKKER  Virg.  Martyr 
i.  i,  The  strongest  champions  of  the  Pagan  gods,  And  rooter 
out  of  Christians.  1650  ARNWAY  Tablet  (1661)  154  The 
rooters  up  of  religion  and  monarchy.  Ibid.  184  Rooters  of 
truth  and  order.  1862  RAWLINSON  Anc.  Mon.t  Chald&a  vii. 
164  The  destroyer  of  crops,  the  rooter-up  of  trees. 


ROOTING. 

2.  spec.  A  '  root-and-branch  '  man.    Now  Hist. 
1642  SIR  E.  DERING  Sp.  on  Relig.  161  The  Rooters,  the 

Antiprelaticke  party  declaim  against  me.  1660  SOUTH  Serttt. 
(1717)  IV.  27  The  Rooters  and  Through-Reformers  made 
clean  Work  with  the  Church.  1824  SOUTHEY  Bk.  of  Church 
xvii.  I.  378  Vane  and  Cromwell,  who  now  began  to  appear 
among  the  rooters  as  they  were  called.  1900  W.  A.  SHAW 
Hist.  Eng,  Ch.  1640-60  I.  79  Its  numbers  included  more 
than  the  mere  Rooters. 

3.  slang.  (See  quots.) 

It  is  not  certain  that  these  belong  here. 

1840  GEN.  MERCER  in  R.  J.  Macdonald  Hist.  Dress  R.A. 
(1899)  50  The  remainder  of  the  hair  was  gathered  into  a  queue 
behind  .  .  and  tied  close  to  the  head  ;  this  we  called  a  rooter. 
1860  Slang  Diet.  (ed.  2)  201  Rooter^  anything  good,  or  of 
a  prime  quality  ;  'that  is  a  Rooter  *,  i.e.,  a  first-rate  one  of 
the  sort. 

RoO'ter2.    rare.     [f.  ROOT  v.?] 

1.  A  pig  which  roots.     Also  transf. 

1648  HEXHAM  n,  Een  IVrocter,  a  Rooter,  or  a  Grubber. 
1681  T.  FLATMAN  HeracUtus  Ridens  No.  29  (1713)  I.  191 
If  he  be  not  a  Hog,..  he  is  always  a  Rooter,  whining,  and 
grunting.  1864  Daily  Telegr.  27  Sept.,  He  is  a  very  ugly 
pig  —  a  cross  between  the  Irish  '  greyhound  '  and  the  Yankee 
'rooter1.  1886  P.  ROBINSON  ?><?/<>/«/«  7Vr«  25  The  pig  may 
..grow  gaunt  and  fierce,  a  rooter  among  strange  wild  foods. 

£5.   One  who  '  roots  '  for  another.    (RooT  z'.2  i  d.) 

1895  in  J-'unffs  Standard  Diet.  1901  Speaker  19  Jan.  439 
At  the  first  class  cricket  matches  for  years  he  has  been  what 
in  the  States  they  call  a  rooter. 

Boo'tery.  [f.  ROOT  sl>y]  A  pile  formed  of 
tree-roots  with  interspersed  soil  for  the  ornamental 
growing  of  garden-plants.  Cf.  ROCKERY. 

1882  in  Imperial  Diet.  (Annandale).  1898  Gardener's 
Mag.  3  Sept.  572/2  Rosa  Luciae  —  R.  Wichuraiana  of  Amer 
ican  gardens—  is  already  becoming  popular  in  this  country 
for  covering  ground,  for  rooteries,  &c. 

Roo't-fall,  sb-     rare.     [ROOT  sb^~\ 

1.  A  tree  which  has  fallen  owing  to  the  roots 
giving  way. 

a  1634  COKE  On  Lift.  iv.  Ixxiii.  (1648)  300  That  no  trees 
other  then.-meerly  windefals  and  rootfals  may  be  thrown 
down  or  taken  away. 

2.  The  condition  of  being  root-fallen. 

1886  Times  18  Aug.  10/6  The  Hessian  Fly  confines  its 
injury  to  the  joints  of  the  straw,  causing  a  disorder  analog 
ous  to  that  of  root-fall  and  '  gout  '  in  the  stems. 

Roo*t-fall,  v.  rare"1.  [Cf.  next.]  intr.  To 
become  root-fallen. 

1813  in  W.  Marshall  Review  V.  35  In  loose  land  subject  in 
any  degree  to  cause  wheat  to  root-fall. 

RoO't-fallen,  a.  [f.  ROOT  j£.l]  Of  grain- 
crops:  (see  quot.  1764). 

1763  Museum  Rust.  I.  mThe  wheat  [is]  on  that  account 
very  much  subject  to  be  root-fallen.  1764  Ibid.  III.  145 
What  I  mean  byroot-fallen  is,  that  when  the  plants  become 
tall  and  weighty,  the  roots  are  apt  to  give  way,  and  the 
plant  come  to  the  ground.  1807  A.  YOUNG  Agric.  Essex 
(1813)  1.9  It  is  horrid  land.  ..It  runs,  by  frosts,  from  the 
roots  of  wheat,  which  becomes  root-fallen.  1854  Jrnl.  R, 
Agric.  Soc.  XV.  I.  124  The  crop.,  was  much  root-fallen. 

RoO'tfast,  a.  Forms:  2  rotfest,  4-6  rote- 
fast,  5  rote  faste,  Sc.  rutfast.  [a.  ON.  rdtfastr 
(Norw.  and  Sw.  rotfnst,  Da.  rodfasf)  :  see  ROOT 
sfi.1  and  FAST  a.~\  Firmly  settled  or  held  by  the 
roots;  securely  established. 

1127  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1127,  J>a  be^ohte  he  him 
bxtsifhe  mihte  ben  rotfest  on  Engle  land  [>aet  be  mihte 
habbeneal  his  wile.  ciy]$CnrsorM.  11703  (Fairf.),  \V\\>  bis 
stert  vp  J>is  tree  rotefast,  and  ber  hit  stode  a  welle  oute-brast. 
c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xliv.  (Lucy)  260  Scho  mycht  nocht 
steryt  be  mare  Jane  ware  a  rutfast  tre.  c  1440  Jacob**  Well 
289  Stedfastnesse,  bat  makyth  a  mannys  berte  styff  as..  a 
rotefast  tre  |>at  no  storme  may  ouyrthrowe. 

Hence  Roo'tfastness.    rare~l. 

1526  State  P.  Hen.  VIII,  VI.  534  Whanne  He  shall  per- 
ceeyue  that  the  oolde  tre  for  lakk  of  vegeetyue  sprytis  maye 
nott  opteeyne  perfect  rotefast  nesse. 

Roother,  obs.  form  of  RUDDER. 
Roo't-house.     [f.  ROOT  sby\ 

1.  An  ornamental  building  made  principally  of 
tree-roots,  esp.  in  a  garden. 

1765  R.  DODSLEV  Leasoives  in  Shenstone"1!  Wks.  (1777) 
II.  289  Winding  forward  down  the  valley,  you  pass  beside 
a  small  root-house,  where  on  a  tablet  are  these  lines.  Ibid. 
1  1.  294  Here,  entering  a  gate,  you  are  led  through  a  thicket 
of  many  sorts  of  willows,  into  a  large  root-house,  inscribed 
to..  the  Earl  of  Stamford.  1802  MRS.  E.  PARSONS  Myst. 
Visit  II.  243  Behind  it  was  a  root  house,  where  the  fire 
wood  was  kept.  1831  Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  v.  (1863) 
440  They,  .had  adjourned  to  the  root-house,  a  pretty  rustic 
building  at  the  end  of  the  garden. 

2,  A  house  or  barn  for  storing  roots. 

1805  R.  W.  Dick'soN  Pract.  Agric.  I.  60  Root-Houses. 
Where  a  number  of  cows..  are  fed  on  winter  roots  and 
vegetables,  ..it  is  highly  necessary  to  have  houses  of  this 
sort.  1847  W.  C.  L.  MARTIN  Ox  1  1  5/1  Where  hay  is  scarce, 
carrots  form  a  very  economical  substitute  ;  they  must  be 
kept  in  dry  root-houses  or  in  trenches. 

Roo'tiiiess.  [f.  ROOTY  a,]  The  quality  of 
being  rooty. 

1804  Trans.  Soc.  Arts  XXII.  351  Its  extreme  rootiness 
may  perhaps  be  occasioned  by  the  hemp  growing  too  thin 
on  the  land. 

Roo  'ting,  vbl.  sbl    [f.  ROOT  z>.i  or  *&»] 
i.  The  action  of  taking  or  striking  root  ; 


c  1380  WYCLIF  VVks.  (1880)  201  And  bat  we  falle  not  in-to 
dispeir  of  goddis  mercy  for  olde  rotynge  &  custome  in 
synne.  ^1440  Promp,  Parv.  437/2  Rotynge,  or  takyinge 
rote  yn  waxynge,  radicacio.  1611  COTGR.,  Enracine- 
inent,  a  rooting,  or  taking  root,  a  i6ao  DYKE  Right 


ROOTING. 

Receiving  Christ  (1640)  170  Plants  and  trees  first  roote 
before  they  growe,  &  then  growth  followes  after  their  root 
ing.  1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Carnation,  Let  him.. put  the 
Earth  down  upon  it  to  facilitate  its  Rooting.  1825  Green- 
house  Comp.  I.  223  Rooting  generally  takes  place  in  six 
months,  but  with  some  species  a  year  is  required.  1849 
Beck's  Florist  297  That  the  plants  which  have  been  removed 
may  get  a  chance  of  rooting  before  frosts  set  in. 
b.  allrib.,  as  rooting-grounJ,  -place. 
1827  STEUART  Planter's  G.  (i82B)  451  In  this  way,  in  good 
rooting-ground,  he  would  have  roots  sixteen  or  seventeen 
feet  long.  1854  Zoologist  XII.  4445  If  all  the  seed  that  fell 
should  find  no  rooting-place. 

2.  A  root ;  roots  collectively ;  also,  a  firm  hold 
or  attachment  by  means  of  roots.     Often  fig. 

a  1300  Cursor M.  9269  '  lesse,1  he  said,  '  of  his  roting  Soth- 
fastle  a  wand  suld  spring  '.  1516  TINDALK  Matt.  xiii.  6 
Hitt  cauth  heet,  and  for  lake  off  rotynge  wyddred  awaye. 
?  1579  MONTGOMERY:  Misc.  Poems  XLVIII.  7  Quhais  raiting 
sure  and  toppis  reaching  he  Mot  brek  the  storme.  a  1619 
FOTHKRBY  Atheomastix  l.  x.  §  5  A  weake,  and  a  flickring 
opinion, . .  hauing  no  rooting,  nor  footing.  1674  Z.  CA\\  DREY 
Catkolicon  17  This  Parochial  Combination  would  give  the 
Royal  interest  the  strongest  rooting  in  the  hearts  of  his 
subjects.  1707  MORTIMER  Huso.  (1721)  II.  25  Ashes.. are 
best  transplanted  young  because  of  their  deep  Rooting. 
1763  MILLS  Fract.  Husb.  III.  349  That  the  grass  may  have 
time  to  get  good  rooting.  1858  London  Rev,  Oct.  28  The 
desire  of  gaining  for  oneself. .  a  rooting,  and  a  place  of  rest, 
on  the  soil  of  one's  own  land. 
b.  In  phr.  to  take  rooting. 

1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm,  Par.  Mark  iv.  32  Because  it 
coulde  not  for  stones  take  rootyng  but  lacked  rootes.  1591 
SPENSER  Ruins  of  Rome  248  Thence  til'  Imperiall  Eagle 
rooting  tooke.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  I.  vi.  (1614)  31 
Religion.. taketh  naturally  such  rooting,  that  all  politicall 
Lawes  and  tortures  cannot  pluck  it  vp.  1677  YAKRANTON 
Eng.  Imfrov.  62  The  Linen  Manufacture,  .will  take  deep 
rooting  and  get  a  good  Foundation  on  a  sudden.  1728 
MOKGAN  A Igiers  II.  ii.  234  He  determined  to  nip  in  the 
Bud  this  dangerous  Rival,  before  he  took  too  firm  Rooting. 

3.  The  action  of  implanting. 

1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  I.  225  He  caused 
the  croce  of  Christe  to  be  placed  in  dprpes  and  in  Tounis, 
to  the  ruiting  of  the  Luife  of  Christe  in  the  ground  of  the 
hartes  of  his  awne. 

4.  The  action  of  taking  out  or  up  by  the  roots. 
1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Extirpatio,  a  pluckynge  vp  by 

therootes;  a  rootynge  out.  1617  FLETCHER  Valcntinian  in. 
iii,  Were  it  to  save  your  worth,  Or  to  redeem  your  name  from 
rooting  out,.  .  Iought,andwoulddye  for  ye.  1632  SHERWOOD, 
A  rooting  vp,  rooting  out,  or  plucking  vp  by  the  roote,  dcs- 
racinement.  1846 iGRO^Gmce (1862)  II.  334  The  rooting  up 
of  an  olive-tree  in  Attica  was  forbidden.  1876  FREEMAN 
Norm.  Conq.  V.  507  To  attempt  a  deliberate  rooting  up  of 
the  speech  of  their  island  kingdom. 

Roo  tilig,  vbl.  f*.2  [f.  ROOT  v.2]  The  action 
of  grubbing  in  the  earth  for  food.  Also  transf. 

1600  SURFLET  Cowitrie  Faring  vii.  xxvii.  853  The  hunts- 
man  therefore  shall  know  the  fairenes  of  the  bore,  .by  his 
traces,  rootings,  soile,  and  dung.  1611  COTGR.,  Fougc,  the 
rooting  of  wild  Swyne  among  Fearne,  &c.  1686  PLOT 
Stajfordsh.  387  They  have  apretty  device  here,  .to  prevent 
their  hogs  from  rooting.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat,  Hist,  (1776) 
VII.  108  The  jaws,  .are  extended,  and  evidently  formed 
for  rooting  in  the  ground.  1893  KIPLING  Many  Invent, 
319  After  two  hours  of  rooting  through  this  desolation  at 
an  average  rate  of  five  miles  an  hour. 

attrib.  1898  Gardener's  Mag.  3  Sept.  572/1  A  good  pig 
has  been  known  to  indicate  40  Ibs.  weight  of  truffles  m  a 
rooting  day. 

Roo  ting,  ppl.  a.1  [Rooi  v.1]  That  takes  or 
strikes  root.  (.See  also  quot.  1776.) 

1766  Compl.  Farmer  s.v.  Orchard,  You  should  observe 
never  to  sow  too  near  the  trees,  nor  suffer  any  great  rooting 
weeds  to  grow  about  them.      1776  J.  LEE  tntrod.  Hot.  378 
Radicans,  rooting,  striking  Root   laterally  and  fixing  to    , 
other  Bodies.     1841  Penny  Cyd.  XX.  373/2  They  possess    1 
rooting  and  floating  stems.     1877  HULME  Wild  Ft.  p.  vi, 
Silverweed.—  Flowers  solitary  on  slender  axillary  peduncles, 
springing  from  the  rooting  nodes. 
b.  spec,  in  plant-names. 

1841  Penny  Cyd.  XIX.  485/2  Rhtts  radicans  (Rooting 
Poison-Oak).  1859  Miss  PRATT  Brit.  Grasses  24^4  Rooting 
Bristle  Fern.  Fronds  three  or  four  times  pinnatifid. 

RoO'ting,  ///•  a--  [f.  ROOT  z>.2]  That  roots 
or  grubs. 

1594  SHAKS.  Kick.  Ill,  \.  iii.  228  Thou  eluish  mark'd, 
abortiue,  rooting  Hogge.  1613-6  W.  BROWNE  Brit.  Past. 
H.  i,  Nor  boorish  hog-heard  fed  his  rooting  swine.  1642 
SIR  E.  DERING  Sp.  on  Kelig.  95  Many  others  of  your 
rooting  Tribe.  1870  MORRIS  Earthly  Par.  1 1 1.  iv.  296  The 
rooting  swine  Beneath  the., oak-trees  grunt  and  whine. 

Rootle  (r«'tT),  v.  Also  dial,  routle.  [f. 
ROOT  ».'•*  +  -LE.  See  also  ROOKLE  v.] 

1.  intr.  To  root  or  grub ;  transf.  to  poke  about. 
1809  BATCHELOR  Anal.  Eng.  Lang.  141  Rootle,  to  dig  up    ; 

roots  like  swine.  1854  Miss  BAKER Northatnpt.  Gloss.  I.  181 
How  them  children  are  rootling  about!  1865  F.  BOYLE  Dyaks 
of  Borneo  22  The  backs  of  the  pigs  rootling  among  the  debris 
almost  brush  the  flooring.  1899  Content  f.  Rev.  Dec.  795 
A  pug,  rootling  about  among  the  ivy,  startled  out  a  great 
fat  rabbit. 

2.  trans.  To  root  or  grub  up ;  to  rout  out. 

1863  MRS.  GASKELL  Sylvia's  Lovers  xxiii,  A  misdoubt 
me  ifthere  were  a  felly  there  as  would  ha1  thought  o'  rout- 
ling  out  yon  wasps'  nest.  1885  FiMng  I.  415  Rootling  up 
the  sand  and  gravel  for  his  livelihood.  1889  JESSOPP 
Coming  of  Friars  242  The  litter  of  pigs  that  were  rootling 
up  the  beech-nuts  in  the  woods. 

Roo't-leaf.     [f.  ROOT  s6.1]     A  radical  leaf. 

1712  Phil.  Trans.  XXVII.  385  The  Root-leaves  [of 
sciatica  cresses]  stand  on  long  foot-stalks.  1796  WITHER 
ING  Brit.  PI.  (ed.  3)  II.  198  The  root-leaves,  .are  never 
wing-cleft.  1347  W.  E.  STKELE  Field  Bot.  47  Root-leaves 


787 

..long-stalked,  divided  into  3  deep.  1870  HOOKKR  Stud. 
Flora  359  Spiranthesautumnalis^ . .  flowering -stem  sheathed 
distinct  from  the  root-leaves. 

Rootless  (nrtles),  a.  Also  5-6  rooteles,  7 
rootlesse.  [f.  ROOT  s&J-  +  -LESS  :  cf.  ON.  r6tlauss> 
Norw.  rotlatiS)  Da.  rodl&s.] 

1.  Without  roots  ;  destitute  of  roots. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  iv.  770  Ful  oft  a  by  worde  here  I 
seye,  That  rooteles  mot  grene  M>one  deye.  1652  HENI.OWES 
Tkeoph,  vi.  xxxi,  As  Aarons  rootless  Rod,  so  didst  thou 
fructifie  !  1781  HUKNS  First  ^salut  iv,  Like  the  rootless 
stubble  tost,  Before  the  .sweeping  blast.  1839  Penny  Cycl, 
XV.  509/2  Grinders  compound  or  rootless.  1882  FARKAK 
Early  Chr.  I.  492  Like  a  rootless  stalk  on  a  thin  soil. 
b.  Jig,  or  in  fig.  contexts. 

1656  JEANES  Fnln.  Christ  387  All  terrestriall  treasures, 
and  riches,  are  rootlesse.  1754  YOUNG  Centaur  ii.  Wks.  1757 
IV.  1 39  We  are  for  rootless  joys,  joys  beyond  appetite;  which 
is  the  sole  root  of  sensual  delight.  1867  H.  MACMILLAN  Bible 
Teach,  xi.  (1870)  218  Separated  from  Him,  man  is  an  incom 
plete  creature,.. rootless,  hungry,  dry,  and  withered.  1890 
Spectator 28  June,  A  rootless  religion  is  no  religion. 

2.  Afits.  (See  ROOT  sbJ-  16.) 

1867  MACFARRKN  Harmony  (1892)  167  The  seemingly 
rootless  harmony  of  the  3rd  and  6th  of  the  supertonic.  .has 
been  satisfactorily  traced  to  the  dominant  as  its  generator. 

Hence  Roo'tlessness. 

1865  Pall  Mall  G.  29  Mar.  2  Mr.  Disraeli's  rootlessness  of 
character  as  we  have  called  it,  probably  con  tributes  Co  bis  wit. 

Rootlet  (rw'tlet).     [f.  HOOT  sb±  +  -LET.] 

1.  A  branch  of  the  root  of  a  plant;  a  subsidiary 
root ;  also,    one   of  the  secondary    roots  thrown 
out  laterally  for  support  by  ivy  and  a  few  other 
climbing  plants. 

J793  MAKTYN  Lang.  Bot.  s.v.,  Root-leaf  and  Rootlet  are 
more  proper  in  English  than  Radical  leaf  and  Radicle. 
1827  STKUART  Planter's  G.  (1828)  237  Every  effort  must 
be  made  to  preserve  the  minutest  fibres  and  capillary  root 
lets  entire.  1860  Gosstc  Rom.  Nat.  Hist.  57  He  tears  up 
the  reluctant  tree,  and. .exposes  the  juicy  and  tender 
rootlets.  1888  J.  INGLIS  Tent  Life  in  Tigerland  116  A 
fine  old  fig-tree,  with  numberless  tendrils  and  rootlets  hang 
ing  pendant. 

Jig.  1878  CUYLER  Pointed  P.  170  The  soul  thus  reaches 
down  through  its  every  rootlet  into  Christ's  deep,  cool  well. 
b.  Used  collect,  without  article.    rare~^. 

1894  liARiNG-GoULn  Deserts  S.  France  I.  23  To  combine 
with  their  delicate  lacings  of  rootlet  to  keep  the  soil  in  place. 

2.  Malting.    The  radicle  of  a   steeped   grain. 
Also  collect. 

1830  in  M.  Donovan  Dom.  Econ.  I.  83  The  moment  the 
rootlet  makes  its  appearance,  the  vegetation  is  stopped. 
1860  E.  S.  \VHITE  Maltster's  Guide  62  Floor  charges 
occasionally  arise  from  the  rank  growth  of  rootlet.  Ibid. 
92  It  is  necessary  to  separate  the  rootlets  from  the  malt. 

3.  Physiol.  A  slender  branch,  fibre,  etc.,  of  some 
structure,  such  as  a  vein  or  nerve. 

1875  EncycL  Brit.  I.  903/1  The  veins  corresponding  to 
them  are  rootlets  of  the  inferior  vena  cava.  1876  BRISTOWE 
Th.  <$•  Pract.  Med.  (1878)  659  Membranous  pellicles.. pro 
longed  by  rootlets  into  the  Lieberkiihnian  follicles.  1899 
Atlbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VI.  768  The  rootlets  of  the  third 
nerve  pass  archwise  through  the  tegmentum  cruris. 

RiOO'tliiig.     [f.  ROOT  sd.1]   =  ROOTLET  i. 

a  1706  EVELYN  Sylya  (1776)  106  Laying  bare  the  whole  root 
and  then  dividing  it  into  four  parts,  in  form  of  a  cross,  to 
cut  away  the  interjacent  rootlings.  1787  MARSHALL  E. 
Norfolk  I.  236  Its  rootlings  being  unable  to  make  the 
proper  progress  in  a  compact  or  a  cold  soil.  1861  Macm. 
Mag.  June  126  A  pea  is  planted,  and  there  spring  from  it  a 
rootling  and  a  plantling. 

Roo't-stock.     [f.  ROOT  sd.1] 

1.  Bot.  A  rhizome ;  a  stem  that  grows  entirely 
underground  ;  a  creeping  stem. 

1832  Planting  132  in  Husb.  III.  (L.  U.  K.),  Fourteen 
large  trees,  growing  from  the  same  root-stock.  1861  MRS. 
LANKESTER  Wild  Flowers  43  The  Large-flowered  Hyper- 
icum,  or  St.  John's  Wort, . .  has  a  creeping,  woody  rootstock. 
1877  F.  G.  HEATH  Fern  World  21  The  lower  leafy  portion 
of  the  frond  almost  touches  the  crown  of  the  root-stock. 

2.  A  source  from  which  offshoots  have  arisen  ; 
a  primitive  form. 

1877  DAWSON  Grig*  World  xiii.  272  The  Egyptians  being 
. .,  if  languages  have  one  origin,  likely  to  be  near  its  root- 
stock.  1888  CLODD  Story  of  Creation  (1894)  128  Whether 
there  was  an  ancestral  form  or  rootstock  from  which  both 
reptile  and  mammal  branched  off.. is  not  clear. 

Rootte,  obs,  form  of  ROT  v. 

RoO't-walt,  v.  Now  dial.  Forms :  6  rote 
wait,  6,  9  rootwalt,  9  dial,  rootwelt,  -wout, 
-waut,  -wart.  [f.  ROOT  ^.I  +  \VALT  z>.]  trans. 
To  overturn  by  the  roots ;  to  uproot. 

1532  WHVTFORD  Werke  for  Househ,  E,  The  curse  of  the 
parentes  dothe  eradicate,  rotewalt  and  utterly  destroy  the 
possessyars  and  the  kynred  of  the  chylder.  1577-87 
HOLINSHED  Chron.  II.  353  Much  hurt  was  doone  by.  .the 
root  waiting  of  trees,  as  well  in  woods  as  orchards.  i8»8 
CARR  Craven  Gloss.,  Root-ivelted,  torn  up  by  the  roots. 
1862-  in  dial,  glossaries  (Yks.,  Lane.,  Chesh.,  Shropsh.). 

Boo  t-weed.  [ROOT  sb.]  A  weed  which  pro 
pagates  itself  chiefly  by  means  of  roots,  as  dis 
tinguished  from  weeds  which  originate  from  seed. 

1765  A.  DICKSON  Agric.  (ed.  2)  II.  270  To  increase  the 
food  of  plants,  and  destroy  root-weeds.  1790  MARSHALL 
E.  Midi.  II.  43  Extirpating  the  roots  of  twitch  and  other 
root  weeds.  1837 Flemish. Husb.  71  in  Husb.  III.  (L.U.K.), 
The  root-weeds  are  necessarily  cleaned  out  in  the  spreading. 

Boo'ty,  sb.  Mil.  slang,  [ad.  Urdu  (Hindi) 
rotf."\  Bread. 

1883  SALA  in  lUustr.  Loud.  AVwj  7  July  3/3   At  least 


HOPE. 

eight  years  ago  I  heard  of  a  private  soldier  complaining., 
ttiat  he  had  not  had  his  '  proper  section  of  rooty '. 

Rooty  (r«'ti),  a.  Also  5  ruty,  6  rutty,  7 
rootle,  [f.  ROOT  s6.l  +  -Y.]  Abounding  in  roots ; 
full  of  roots  ;  consisting  of  roots. 

1483  Cat/I.  Angl.  314/2  Ruty,  radicosus,  c  1611  CHAPMAN 
Iliad  XVM.  654  As  a  syluane  hill  Thrusts  backe  a  torrent. . . 
Nor  can  [it]  with  all  the  confluence  breake  through  his  rootie 
sides.  1649  BLITHK  Eng.  Improver  Impr.  (1653)  196  Lands 
above  measure  hard,  rooty,  rushy,  twichy,  or  any  way  un- 
feacible.  1713  DKKHAM  Physico-TheoI.  x,  Such  Vegetables 
as  are  weak  [support  themselves]  by  striking  in  their  rooty 
Feet.  1818  KKATS  Endynt.  iv.  793  There  was.  .not  a  tree, 
beneath  whose  rooty  shade  He  had  not  with  his  tamed 
leopards  played.  1853  G.  J.  CAVLKY  Las  Atforjas  I.  176 
Some  embers  which  smouldered  dimly  round  a  huge  rooty 
log.  1884  T.  HARDY  It'tssi-.r  Tales  (1889)  180  He  retired 
down  the  rooty  slope. 

Rooty,  var.  ROWTY  a.  dial.  Rooue,  obs.  f. 
ROOF.  Roound,  obs.  f.  ROUND. 

Koove  ;rov),  it.  Sc.  In  6  rufe,//.  ruvis,  9 
dial,  ruove,  rov.  [var.  of  ROVE  sb.'*]  A  burr  for 
a  rivet.  Cf.  RKW  sb.z 

1513  DOUGLAS  /Enfis  I.  iii.  49  [The  ship]  quhairin  ancyant 
Alethes  was,  The  storme  ourset,  raif  ruvis  and  syde  semis. 
1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scat.  I.  140  With,  .pleven  plait  with 
mony  riall  rufe,  With  courtlie  cast  of  cot-armour  abufe. 
Ibid.  II.  167  Throw  birneis  bricht  quhair  all  thair  ruvis 
raue.  1892  GEOKGK  STEWART  ShttltUld  Tali's  led.  2)  70 
Dey  wir  bi.^sit  \vi'  timmer  pins,  bit  efter  dey  cam  hamc 
dty  were  clinkit  wi'  seam  an  ruove. 

Roove,  variant  of  ROVE  si.'*  and  si.5 

Roo ve  (rov) ,  &.1  Sc.  Also  6  ruiff,  9  dial,  ri v. 
[f.  ROOVE  sb.~\  trans.  To  rivet,  secure  with  a  rivet. 

1587  Sc.  Acts  Jas.  VI,  c.  136  (1814)  III.  522/1  pat  her  be 
a  prik  of  Irne, .  .passing  throw  be  middis  of  be  said  ovir 
corss  bar,  Ruiffit  bayth  onuer  and  abone.  1646  KAILLIK 
Lett.  <y  jrnls.  (1841)  II.  403  If  this  naill  be  once  rooved, 
we  with  our  teeth  will  never  gett  it  drawne.  a  1678  A. 
WEDDEKBURN  Serin,  xxx.  277  The  Mediator,  .hath  driven 
the  nail,  and  rooved  it  so  fast,  that  there  were  no  possibility 
to  draw  it  again.  1824  MACTAGGAKT  GtUItnid.  Encycl.  s.v.. 
My  fellow  went  tip  and  ropv'd  that  nail  on  the  other  side. 
1890  SERVICE  Notandums  ix.  64  It  was  an  aim  ring  rooved 
in  a  muckle  stane. 

fig.  1654  A.  GKAY  Serin.  (1755)  viii.  r4i  The  great  Voice 
of  our  Consciences  and  of  all  the  Convictions  which  God 
rooves  upon  them.  1725  RAMSAY  Gentle  Sheph.  v.  iii,  The 
Lord  o'  Heaven.. Confirm  your  joys,  and  a'  your  blessings 
roove  !  1791  LEARMONT  l\>ems  58  Guid  is  roovit  to  nae 
state:  It  comes  to  us  an'  lea'es  the  great. 

Koove  (r»v\  v.'l    Mining.     (See  qnot.) 

1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  206  Koove,  to  rub  or 
knock  against  the  roof. 

Rooved,  a.  rare.  [f.  ROOVE  sb.  or  v\\  Riveted ; 
in  combs,  silver-,  brass-moved. 

1661  \?tk  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Com.  App.  VII.  387  Seven 
silver-rooved  daggers..;  nine  brass-rooved  daggers. 

Roozer,  dial,  form  of  ROUSEH.  Ropalic,  var. 
RHOPALIO.  Roparie,  obs.  f.  ROI-EBY. 

Rope  (ri«p),  rf.1  Forms:  a.  1-4  rap,  2-5, 
Sc.  7-9  rape;  4  rayp,  6-9  raip(e,  6  raipp ; 
8-9  raep,  9  dial.  reap(e,  reeap.  0.  3-4  rop, 
4-7  roop(e,  5-6  roppe,  6-7  roap(e  ;  3-  rope. 
[Common  Teut. :  OE.  rap  masc.,  =  OFris.  rap 
(in  silrap;  WFris.  reap,  KFris.  rop,  but  NFris. 
riap :— *rep~),  MDu.  and  Du.  rap,  MLG.  rep, 
reep,  reip  (LG.  rep),  OHG.  and  G.  reif,  ON.  reip 
neut.  (Icel.,  Faer.,  Norw.  reip,  Sw.  rep,  ^  reep, 
Da.  reb,  f  rceb,  ree/,  etc.),  Goth,  raip  (in  skauda- 
raip  shoe-thong).  In  the  Lex  Salica  (^490)  the 
Old  Prankish  form  appears  to  be  Latinized  as 
reipus  (only  in  a  transferred  sense),  and  from 
early  Teutonic  the  word  passed  into  Finnish  as 
raippa  rod,  twig.] 

I.  1.  A  length  of  strong  and  stout  line  or  cordage, 
usually  made  of  twisted  strands  of  hemp,  flax,  or 
other  fibrous  material,  but  also  of  strips  of  hide, 
pliant  twigs,  metal  wire,  etc. 

In  technical  use  the  name  of  rope  is  given  to  cordage 
above  one  inch  in  circumference,  and  the  largest  sizes  are 
called  cables.  For  the  nautical  names  of  special  ropes,  as 
bolt-,  breast-,  bucket-,  buoy-rope,  see  the  first  element. 

o.  c  725,  c  825  [see  sense  2).  c  888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xm, 
Ne  max  hit  mon..mid  rape Rebindan.  £950  Lindisf.Gosp 
John  ii.  15  [He]  Reworhte . .  suuopa  of  rapum.  mBUckL 
Horn  241  HraSe  hie  sendon  rap  on  his  sweoran,  and  hie  hine 
tuzon  xeond  bare  ceastre  lanan.  HS4  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud 
MS.)  an  1140,  Me  Utt  hire  dun  on  niht  of  be  tur  mid  rapes. 
c  1175  Lamb.  Horn.  47  Me  nom  rapes  and  caste  in  to  him  for 
to  draaen  hine  ut  of  Hsse  putte.  c  1205  LAY.  1099  Heo  nhten 
heora  rapes  heo ranrden  heora  mastes.  1375  HARIIOUR  britce 
III.  691  Ankyrs,  rapys,  baith  saile  and  ar,  And  all  that  nedyt 
toschipfar.  aijoo-w  A  lexamler  1520  He.  .sammes  bairn 
on  aithire  side  with  silken  rapis.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vn. 
201  A  bauk  was  knyt  all  full  of  rapys  keyne.  1508  DUNBAR 
Tua  Mariit  IVetneti  331,  I  wald  haif  ridden  him  to  Rome, 
with  ane  raip  in  his  held,  a  1383  MONTGOMEKIE  flyting 
401  Thir  ladies  lighted  fra  their  horse,  And  band  them  with 
raipes.  1718  RAMSAY  Christ's  Kirk  Gr.  in.  xii,  His  young 
wife,  .sneg'd  the  raips.  .We  'er  knife  that  day.  1783  BURNS 
Mailie's  Elegy  vii,  Vv*ae  worth  that  man  wha  first  did  shape 
That  vile,  wanchancie  thing— a  raep  1 

3.  c  1275  LAY.  20333  Hii  worpen  vt  one  rop  and  HalOOU 
hine  igrop.  1303  R.  BBUNNE  Haiuil.  Synne  8055  Aboute 
\K  body  a  rope  bey  wonde,  And  to  be  here  fast  (>cybonde. 
1387  TKEVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  199  Meny  yuy  stalkes 
i-tounde  in  a  schorp  rope,  c  1400  Dtstr.  Troy  13020  Hir 
hondes  bounden  at  hir  backe  bigly  with  ropes.  1489  CAX- 

09-  . 


ROPE. 


788 


ROPE. 


TON  Faytts  of  A  .  i.  xvii.  49  Bounden  togider  and  wel  teyed 
with  ropys.  1535  COVERDALE  Judges  xvi.  8  Theprynces  of 
the  Philistynes  broughte  vp  vnto  her  seuen  new  roapes.  1581 
T.  "B?.\,i.H  addon's  Answ.  Osor.  218  b,  Chayned  wit  nan  Iron 
Roape,  and  lying  under  hys  table  ampngest  dogges.  1607 
TorsEi.L/'ow;':/'  Beasts  (1658)  249  Their  daggers,  and  a  rope 
of  leather  thongs,  wherewithall  they  entred  the  battail.  1627 
CATT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.v,  20  The  standing  ropes  are  the 
shrouds  and  staies.  1673-4  GREW  Anat.  /'/.  (1682)  139  The 
Barque  of  any  Tree,  as  of  Willow  (whereof  are  usually  made 
a  sort  of  Ropes).  1720  POPK  Iliad  xxni.  139  With  proper 
Instruments  they  take  the  Road,  Axes  to  cut,  and  Hopes  to 
sling  the  Load.  1781  GIBBON  DecL  %  /•".  xix.  (1787)  11.  133 
Tying  their  legs  together  with  ropes,  they  dragged  them 
through  the  streets.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  156/1  Ropes 
formed  of  iron  wire  have  been,  .introduced  to  a  consider 
able  extent.  187*  YEATS  Tech.  Hist.  Comm.  70  Ropes  were 
used  in  the  gymnasium  by  the  ancient  Greeks. 
b.  Jig.  or  in  fig.  contexts. 

c  1000  .&LFRIC  Horn.  1.  208  Anra  jehwilc  manna  is  kewriSen 
mid  rapum  his  synna.  ciaoo  Vices  ff  Virtues  45  tor  us  te 
warning  ure  ropes  ne  to-breken.  ciaooORMiN  15818  J>e?? 
wrohhtenn  rap)>urrh  sinnfull  lif  To  dra^henn  hem  till  belle. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  21920  Ded  sal  rug  us  til  his  rape.  13.  .  K. 
Alts.  6282  (Laud  MS.),  Now  be  kyng  hah  al  pis  in  his  rope, 
He  shipped  swi>e  in  to  Ethiope,  1434  MISYN  Mending  Life 
107  Abundance  of  Riches,  flaterynge  of  wymmcn,  Fayrnes  or 
bewte  of  ^outhe  :  pis  is  pe  threfold  rope  hat  vnnethis  may 
be  brokyn.  1560  HOLLAND  Strtn  Salt's  83  Gif  ?e  may  not 
eschaip,  Than  ar  ?e  baith  but  dout  tane  in  the  raip.  1624 
BEDELL  Lett,  xi.  156,  I  haue  met  with  sundry  that  pull 
this  roape  as  strongly  the  other  way. 

C.  Used  without  article,  as  a  material. 

1769  FALCONF.B  Diet.  Marine  s.v.  Rope-hands^  Certain 
pieces  of  small  rope  or  braided  cordage.  1839  URE  Diet. 
Arts  1076  Two,  three,  or  more  strands  of  shroud  or  hawser* 
laid  rope.  1876  VOVLE  &  STEVKNSON  Milit.  Diet.  352/1  The 
strength  of  Manilla  rope  is  less  than  that  of  hemp  rope. 

2.  In  various  special  uses  : 

a.  A  stout  line  used  for  measuring;  a  sounding 
line  ;    hence  in   later  use,   a  certain    measure   of 
length,  esp.  for  walling  or  hedging.     Now  local. 
Also  rope-length. 

("725  Corpus  Gloss.  (Hessels)  B  178  Bolides,  sundjerd  in 
scipe  z't-/  metrap.  £825  Vesp.  Ps.  civ.  u  CweoSende  oe  ic 
selle  eorSan  rap  erfes  cowres. 

1561  Act  5  EUz.  c.  4  §  15  What  Wages  every  Workman 
..shall  lake..  for  Ditching,  Paving,  Railing  or  Hedging, 
by  the  Rod,  Pearch,..  Rope  or  Foot.  1597  SKKNJI  DC  I  'en>. 
Sign.  s.v.  J'articatii,  Ane  rod,  ane  raip,  ane  lineal  f;ill 
of  measure,  are  all  ane,  ..for  ilk  ane  of  them  conteinis  sex 
elnes  in  length.  1797  I'ILLINGSLEY  Agric.  Somerset  79  The 
e.vpence  of  a  list-wall  may  be  thus  calculated  per  rope  of 
twenty  feet  running  length.  1850  Jrnl,  A'.  Agric.  Soc.  XI. 
n.  728  Dry  walls,  built  4  feet  high  at  i</.  a  foot  (2c*/,  per  rope 
length).  1886  in  Eng.  Dial.  Diet,  s.v.,  To  the  Agricultural 
Labourer  who  shall  best  dig  and  lay  a  Rope  and  Half  of 
Hedge. 

b.  A  line  stretched  between  two  points  at  some 
height  above  the  ground,  upon  which  an  acrobat 
performs  variovis  feats.     (See  also  tight-rope.) 

i6aoSiRS.D'EwEsinCW/.  Life  %  T.  Jas.  I  (1850  117  A 
pretty  pastime  called  dancing  upon  the  ropes.  1693  DKYDEN 
Ditfrcsnoy'sArt  Paint.  Pref.  49  Like  a  ski  I  full  dancer  on  the 
Ropes  (if  you  will  pardon  the  meanness  of  the  similitude). 
1707  J.  STEVENS  tr.  Quevedo's  Com.  Wks.  (1709)  434  She.. 
exercis'd  herself  upon  the  Streight  Rope.  1740  SOMERVILLE 
Hobbinol  i.  303  Thus  on  the  slacken'd  Rope  The  wingy- 
footed  Artist..  Stands  tott'ring. 

fig.  1612  WEBSTER  White  Devil  v.  ii,  See,  see  Flamineo.. 
Is  dancing  on  the  ropes  there,  and  he  carries  A  money-bag 
in  each  hand,  to  keep  him  even. 

C.  //.  The  cords  marking  oft  a  prize-ring  or 
other  enclosed  space. 

1854  DICKENS  Hard  T.  ii,  He  would..  bore  his  opponent 
..to  the  ropes,  and  fall  upon  him  neatly.  1859  LEVER  D, 
Dunn  xxx,  This  unforeseen  '  bolt  over  the  ropes'. 

d.  A  clothes-line. 

1833  CARLYLE  in  Froude  £/>fc(:882)  II.  365  To-day  white 
sheets  hang  triumphantly  on  the  rope. 

e.  L7.S.    A  lasso. 

1888  Cent.  Mag.  Feb.  506/1  The  rope,  whether  leather 
lariat  or  made  of  grass,  is  the  one  essential  feature  of  every 
cowboy's  equipment. 

3.  A  cord  for  hanging  a  person  ;  a  halter  ;  the 
hangman's  cord. 

c\*y>St.  James  ny  inS.  Eng.  Leg.  1.37  Ane  Rophedude 
a-boute  is  necke,  and  ladde  him  toward  is  dome.  1297  R. 
Gi-ouc.  (Rolls)  9212  An  rop  me  dude  aboute  is  nekke,  he 
suor  honge  he  ssolde.  r  1300  Cursor  HI.  16501  A  rape  he 
gatt  al  priueli,.  .her-wit  him-self  he  hang.  ^1330  R.  BRUNNE 
Chron,  Wace  (Rolls)  10010  per  ostages.  .he  heng..wyprop 
&  streng.  c  moAlj&h.  Tales  178  Shohangid  hur  selfe.  And 
as  sho  did  it  £e  rape  braste,  &  sho  was  still  on  life,  c  1489 
CAXTON  Sonnes  ofAymon  xi.  281,  1  promyse.  .to  lend  e  you  a 
rope,yf  yehavenedeofit.  i^sLYNDESAV-Sa/yr^^o,  I  think 
to  se  thy  craig  gar  ane  raip  crack,  a  1585  MONTCOMERIK 
Flytingtfi  Goe  ride  in  a  raipe  for  this  noble  new  jeir.  a  1649 
DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Hist.  Jas.  K,  Wks.  (1711)  112  Because 
they  could  not  agree  among  themselves  about  those  who 
should  stretch  the  Ropes,..  they  escaped  all  the  Danger. 
1670  COTTON  Esfrrnon  i.  in,  127  An  old  man..  told  me  this 
story,..  being  one  of  those  set  apart  for  the  Rope.  1713 
ARBUTHNOT  John  Bull  n.  iii,  When  these  Wretches  had  the 
Rope  about  their  Necks.  1781  COWPER  Retirem.  584  All 
had  long  suppos'd  him  dead,  By  cold  submersion,  razor, 
rope,  or  lead.  1857  BORROW  Romany  Rye  xli,  He  used  to 
say,  that  they  were  fools,  who  did  not  always  manage  to 
keep  the  rope  below  their  shoulders.  1898  BESANT  Orange 
Girl  n.  ix,  I  feel  .  .  as  if  the  rope  was  already  round  my  neck. 
*t*b.  Used  in  angry  exclamations.  Obs. 

1598  R.  BERNARD  Terence,  A  ndria  \.  ii,  What's  the  matter 
now  with  him?  What  a  rope  ailes  hee?  What  a  diuell 
would  he  haue?  1599  PORTER  Angry  Worn.  Abingdon 
(Percy  Soc.)  46  Boy,  Hold  fast  by  the  bucket,  Hodge.  Hod. 


A  rope  on  it  !  1682  N.  O.  Boileaits  Lutrin  iv.  19  What  the 
Rope  ails  you?  (cry'd  the  testy  Lacquey). 

fc.  As  an  allusive  or  derisive  cry.   Obs. 

1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  Vf,  i.  iii.  53  Winchester  Goose,  I  cry, 
a  Rope,  a  Rope.  Now  beat  them  hence.  1663  BUTLER  Hud. 
i.  i.  546  He  understood.  .What  Member  'tis  of  whom  they 
talk  when  they  cry  Rope,  and  Walk  Knave,  walk. 

4.  In  various  figurative  phrases  : 

a.  To  give  one  rope  (enough,  at  plenty  of  rope), 
to  allow  one  free  scope  or  action,  esp.  in  order 
that  he  may  embarrass  or  commit  himself.     So  to 
have  plenty  of  rope,  etc. 

a  1659  BP.  BROWNKIG  Serin.  (1674)  I.  iii.  42  Give  them 
rope,  and  scope  enough,  let  them  do  their  utmost.  1672 
R.  WILD  Poet.  Licent.  28  The  Papists  swelling  is  the  way 
to  burst,  Let  them  have  Rope  enough,  and  do  their  worst. 
1687  SETTLE  Rcfl.  Drydeti  67  Give  our  Commentator  but 
Rope,  and  he  hangs  himself.  1855  tsee  HANG  v.  B.  3  b]. 
1887  J.  HAWTHORNE  Tragic  Mystery  xiv,  Evidently,  the 
best  way.  .was  to  give  him  plenty  of  rope  wherewith  to  hang 
himself.  1892  '  ANSTEY  '  /  'oces  Pofiuli,  Free  Speech,  1  appeal 
to  you,  give  this  man  rope  —  he's  doing  our  work  splendidly. 

b.  To  come,  or  run,  to  the  end  of  one's  rope, 
to  be  finally  checked  in  wrong-doing.     So  one's 
rope  is  out,  etc. 

1686  tr.  Chard  ins  Coronat.  Solyman  106  Being  run  to  the 
end  of  his  Rope,  as  one  that  had  no  more  Excuses  to  make. 
1898  BKSANT  Orange  Girl  Prol.  7  His  rope  is  certainly  long 
out,  so  that  he  is  kept  from  Tyburn  Tree  by  some  special 
favour.  Ibid.  n.  xii,  They  have  come  to  the  end  of  their 
rope  :  their  time  is  up. 

C.  To  know  the  ropes,  to  understand  the  way 
to  do  something;  to  be  acquainted  with  all  the 
dodges.  So  to  learn,  put  one  up  to,  the  ropes. 

1840  R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast  ix,  The  captain,  who.  .'  knew 
the  ropes',  took  the  steering  oar.  1874  Slang  Diet.  271  'To 
know  the  ropes,'  is  to  be  conversant  with  the  minutix  of 
metropolitan  dodges,  as  regards  both  the  streets  and  the 
sporting  world.  1876  BESANT  &  RICE  Gold.  Butterfly  xliii, 
You've  sought  me  out,  and  gone  about  this  city  with  me  ; 
you've  put  me  up  to  ropes.  1894  MASKELYNE  Sharps  <y 
l''lats  98  The  circle  was  composed  entirely  of  men  who 
thought  they  '  knew  the  ropes  'as  well  as  he  did. 

d.  On  the  high  ropes  :  see  HIGH  a.  17  h. 

II.  6.  A  quantity  of  some  material  twisted  to 
gether  in  the  form  of  a  rope  ;  a  rope-like  structure  ; 
a  thing  having  the  elongated  form  of  a  rope  or  cord. 
1394  Earl  Derby's  Ex{>.  (Camden)  158  Diuersis  operariis 
facientibus  ropezde  dicto  feno.  1523  FITZHKRB.  Hush.  §  25 
For  to  knowe  \vhanne  it  I  hay]  is  wyddred  ynotighe,  make  a 
lyttell  rope  of  the  same.  1610  MARKHAM  Master^,  n.  ex. 
351  With  a  soft  rope  of  hay.  1677  GREW  Anat.  /f>«//j(i682) 
187  By  the  Length.  .do  run  a  pair  of  little  Vascular  Ropes. 
1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  i.  ii.  2  A  Fog  which  sometimes 
casts  it  self  into  Shreds  or  Ropes,  and..  furls  up  into  Gos- 
samere.  1731  MILLER  Gard.  Diet,  s.v,  Asplentutit,  Seed- 
pods,  .furmsh'd  with  a  little  round  Rope.  1759  MILLS  tr. 
DnhaweFs  ffusl\  i.  viii.  (1762)  44  This  would  only  raise  a 
long  unwieldy  rope  of  turf.  1843  Civil  Etig,  fy  Arch.  Jrnl, 
VI.  38/2  The  effect  of  this..  is  to  form  a  running  rope  of 
water  in  the  pipe.  1891  T.  HARDY  Tcss  xxxix,  An  immense 
rope  of  hair  like  a  ship's  cable. 

b.  A  rope  of  sand,  something  having  no  co 
herence  or  binding  power. 

1624  GATAKER  Transubst.  152  Like  ropes  of  sand  (as  wee 
are  wont  to  say)  doe  these  things  hang  together.  1670 
CLARENDON  Contempl.  /'j.Tracts(i72^)  583  Which  destroys 
all  possible  security  and  confidence  in  this  rope  of  sand, 
which  Tradition  is.  1780  Gouv,  MORRIS  in  Sparks  Life  fy 
IVrit,  (1832)  I.  222  Our  union  will  become  a  mere  rope  of 
sand.  1800  J.  ADAMS  lVks.  (18,54)  IX.  87  Sweden  and 
Denmark,  Russia  and  Prussia,  might  form  a  rope  of  sand, 
but  no  dependence  can  be  placed  on  such  a  maritime  coali 
tion.  1894  MRS.  F.  ELLIOT  Koittait  Gossip  iv.  124  The 
alliance  fell  through  of  itself  like  a  rope  of  sand. 

6.  A  number  of  onions,  etc.,  strung  or  plaited 
together.     Also  ellipt. 

1469-70  Durh.  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  93  Pro  14  Rapys  del 
unyons.  1562  J.  HEVWOOD  Prov,  <$•  £p!gr,  (1867)  206  Wilt 
thou  hang  vp  with  ropes  of  ynions?  1622  MASSINGER  & 
DBKKER  Ptrg.  Klart,  n.  iii,  Let  us  both  be  turned  into  a 
rope  of  onions  if  we  do  not  !  1674  JEAKE  Arith.  (1696)  66 
Garlick,  In  i  Hundred  15  Ropes.  In  i  Rope  15  Heads. 
1706  E.  WARD  Hud.  Rediv.  (1707)  I.  iy,  19  Be  sure  you 
never  trust.  .The  Value  of  a  Rope  of  Onions  With  him  that 
halts  'twixt  two  Opinions.  1794  STEDMAN  Surinam  (ed,  2) 
1  1.  xix.  70  From  the  middle  of  the  branches  appears  the  seed, 
hanging  down  also  in  the  form  of  a  large  rope  of  onions. 
i&aoPallMallG.  g  June  7/2  '  Ropes*  ofova  being  washed 
ashore  from  the  weeds  along  the  banks. 

b.  A  thick  string  ^/"pearls.     Also  ellipt. 

1630  DAVENANT  Just  Italian  in.  i,  This  orient  Roap  is 
yours  and  you  must  wear't.  1632  MASSINGER  City  Madam 
in.  iii,  Rubies,  sapphires,  And  ropes  of  orient  pearl.  1665 
SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav,  (1677)  140  About  his  neck  (wasl  a 
rope  or  carcanet  of  great  Oriental  Pearl.  1870  DISRAELI 
Lothair  xxxiii,  The  Justinianis  have  ropes  of  pearls— 
Madame  Justiniam..  gives  a  rope  to  every  one  of  her 
children  when  they  marry. 

t  C.  fig.  A  long  series.  Obs. 

1621  BURTON  Anat.  Rlel,  in.  iv.  i.  iii.  (1651)  673  A  rope  of 
Popes,  that  by  their  greatness  and  authority  bear  down  all 
before  them.  1631  R.  BOLTON  Comf.  Ajffl,  Consc.  (1635)  32 
An  aspersion  .  .  that  not  all  the  bloud  of  that  rope  of  Popes, 
which  constitute  Antichrist,  could  ever  be  able  to  expiate. 

7.  A  viscid  or  gelatinous  stringy  formation  in 
beer  or  other  liquid.    Also  attrih. 

1747  MRS.  Gi-t&sv.  Cookery  xvii.  150  The  best  Thing  for  Rope 
Beer.  1846  TIZARD  Brewing  (ed.  2)  532  The  viscid  and  oily 
effect  termed  '  the  rope  '.  1857  G.  BIRD  Urin.  Deposits  (ed.  5) 
278  They  will..  form  dense  masses  in  the  urine,  hanging  in 
ropes  like  the  thickest  puriform  mucus.  1869  BLACKMORE 
Lorna  D.  vii,  I  count  him  no  more  than  the  ropes  in  beer. 


III.  attrib.  and  Comb,  (in  senses  1-3). 

8.  a.  Attrib.  in  sense  *  made  of  rope  ',  as  rope- 
basket,  -breeching,  -bridge^  -buffer,  -cable,  etc. 

1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  I.  415  The  ploughman 
driving  by  means  of  rope  reins.  1816  SIR  H.  DOUGLAS 
Milit.  Bridges  167  Rope-bridges  were  formerly  much  used 
in  war.  1820  SCORESBV  Are.  Regions  II.  234  All  the  oars 
are  fixed  by  rope-grommets  to  a  single  thole.  1836  Pt-nny 
Cj'tt.  VI.  260/1  If  provided  only  with  rope  cables  it  is 
necessary  LO  ride  with  a  bower-anchor  and  a  kedge.  1848 
tr.  Hoffmeister's  Trait.  Ceylon,  etc.  ix.  330  We  saw  only  a 
few  solitary  men,  with  rope-baskets  on  their  arms.  1856 
'  STONEHKNGE'  Rrit.  Rural  Sports  79/1  The  former  size 
[of  gun]  may  be  used  with  a  rope-breeching,  which  is 
attached  to  the  bows  of  the  punt.  1876  PREECE  &  SIVE- 
WRICHT  Telegraphy  171  The  pad  or  rope-buffer^  is  next 
placed  over  this.  1882  'OuiDA1  Maremma  I.  ii.  45  Its 
miserable  horses  straining  at  their  rope  harness, 

b.  Attrib.   in  misc.   uses,   as   rope-machinery^ 
-manufacture  ,  -pattern^  -traction^  -trade,  etc. 

1838  Civ.  Kng.  $•  Arch.  JrnL  I.  320/2  On  Huddart's  Rope 
Machinery.  ..  The  above  communication  on  the  improve. 
ments  in  rope  manufacture  [etc.].  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX. 
260/2  Rope-traction,  .is  attended  with  great  expense  from 
the  wear  of  the  ropes.  1886  Encycl.  Brit.  XX.  845/1  A 
distinct  branch  of  the  rope  trade.  1890  SAYCE  Hittites 
vii.  116  The  so-called  rope-pattern  occurs  once  or  twice  on 
Babylonian  gems. 

c.  Objective  with  agent-nouns,  as  rope-bearer, 
-hauler,  -layer,  -spinner,  etc.     Also  ROPE-MAKER. 

1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stujffc  27  Not  a  slop  of  a  ropehaler 
they  send  forth  to  the  Queenes  ships,  but  hee  is  first  broken 
to  the  Sea  in  the  Herring  mans  Skiffe.  1640-1  Canterb. 
Marriage  Licences  (MS.),  Robert  Adman  [of  Wye]  rope- 
layer.  1723  Land.  Gaz.  No.  6186/10  William  Buckland,.. 
Ropespinner.  Ibid.  No.  6187/4  James  Cleaver,.  .Rope- 
Weaver.  iSoz  SURR  Splendid  Misery  I.  125  Her  Ladyship 
is  the  best  rope-skipper  we  have.  1841  renny  Cycl.  XX. 
154/2  Some  of  the  principal  rope-manufacturers  of  Great 
Britain.  1887  P.  McNsiLL  Blazvearie  121  Straight  to  my 
companion  went  the  rope-bearers. 

d.  Objective,  with  vbl.  sbs.  and  pres.  pples.,  as 
rope-breaking,  -dosing,  "laying,  -making,  etc. 

1791  BENTHAM  Pano^t.  \.  Postscr.  162  Any  rope-making 
legislator,  or  any  legislator's  rope-making  friend.  1815 
KIKBV  &  SP.  Entomoi.  xiii.  (1818)  I.  406  A  process  more 
singular  than  that  of  rope-spinning.  1835  URE  Fhilos. 
Manuf.  62  Rope-making  and  wire-working  belong  also  to 
this  head.  1847  HALLUV.  s.v.,  The  ancient  custom  of  rope- 
pulling  is  always  strictly  observed  in  Ludlow  on  Shrove 
Tuesday.  1886  Encycl.  Brit.  XX.  846/1  An  American 
rope-laying  machine  is  in  use.  Ibid.,  They  receive  no  fore- 
twist  in  the  rope-closing  apparatus. 

e.  \Yith  pa.  pplcs.  or  adjs.,  as  rope-fastened, 
-girtt  -held,  -muscled,  -shaped,  etc. 

1699  R.  L'EsTBANGE  Erasm.  Colfoq.  (1725)  269  He  would 
take  Care  that  this  Tribe  of  Half-shod,  and  Rope-girt 
People  should  never  fail.  1780  FAWKES  tr.  Apollonins 
Rhodius,  Argonautic$  i.  1235  Here  the  rope-fasten'd  stone 
they  heave  on  shore.  Which  servM  as  anchor  to  the  ship 
before.  1839  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bat,  450  Rope~shaped^  .  . 
formed  of  coarse  fibres  resembling  cords,  c  1860  H.  Si  UART 
Seaman's  Catech.  37  They  have  the  advantage  of  rope- 
stiopt  leading  blocks.  1876  M.  COLLINS  Blacksm.  $  Scholar 
II.  22  A  huge  brown  rope-muscled  hand.  1892  SLADEN  Jaj>s 
at  Home  xxvi,  Pilgrims  of  every  degree,  from  the  rope-shod 
pauper,  to  the  swaggering  plutocrat, 

9.  Special  combs.,  as  rope-bark,  U.S.,  the  shrub 
Dirca  palustris,    also    called    leather-wood   and 
moose-wood;     rope-barrel,  =  rope-roll',     rope- 
chaiu,  an  ornamental  chain  (for  a  watch,  etc.)  of 
a  rope-pattern;  f  rope-craft,  rope-making;  rope- 
dauce,  a  performance  on  the  tight-rope  ;   rope- 
drill,  a  form  of  military  drill  in  which  a  stretched 
rope   is   used  to   represent  part  of  a   company; 
rope-end,  =  ROPE'S-END  ;    rope-ferry,  a    ferry 
worked  by  a  rope;  rope-grass  (see  quot.  1848); 
rope-ground,  a  rope-walk;    f  rope-law,  hang 
ing  ;    f  rope-leap,    death    by   hanging  ;    rope- 
moulding,  a  moulding  of  a  rope-pattern  ;  rope- 
paper,  -pump  (see  quols.)  ;  rope-quoit,  a  quoit 
made  of  a  ring  of  rope,  used  for  playing  on  board 
ship  ;  rope-railway,  a  railway  on  which  rope- 
traction  is  employed  ;  f  rope-rhetoric  (?);  rope- 
ring,  a  ring  for  boxers  marked  off  by  a   rope  ; 
rope-roll,  a  cylinder  or  drum  on  which  drawing- 
ropes  are  wound  ;   rope-runner,  f  one  who  has 
run  from  the  rope  ;  (see  also  quot.  a  1886)  ;  rope- 
sheaf  (see  rope-barrel}  ;    rope  stitch  (see  quot. 
1882)  ;  f  rope-trick,  ?a  punning  or  illiterate  dis 
tortion  of  *  rhetoric';  rope-twine,  ?  thick  twine, 
or   rope-yarn  ;    rope-twister,  an   implement  for 
making  hay  or  straw  ropes;  rope-walker,  a  rope- 
dancer  ;   rope-way,  =  rope-railway  ;    rope-weed, 
-wind  (see  quots.). 

Various  technical  combs.,  such  as  rope-clatnp,  ~cl\ttch, 
•elevator,  etc.  are  explained  in  Knight  Diet.  Mech. 

1851  DUNCLISON  Med.  Dict.t  *Rope  Bark,  Dirca  palustrts. 
1811  FAREV  in  \V.  H.  Marshall  Review  (1817)  IV.  no  A 


zontal  rope-sheaves,  a  1490  BOTONER  /tin.  (Nasmith,  1778) 
167  he  domum  de  *rope-crafft.  1883  J.  PARKER  Tyne 
Chylde  7  I,ife  was  a  *rope-dance,  a  swing,  a  butterfly  chase. 
1844  Regal.  <f-  Ord.  Army  295  Squad  or  Light  Infantry 
Drill;.  .'Rope  Drill,&c.  xSsgGEO.ELiOT^.  Bede  v,  Hunt 
ing  Will  Maskery  out  of  the  village  with  "rope-ends  and 
pitchforks.  1788  M.  CUTLER  in  Life,  etc.  (1888)  I.  309  It 


ROPE. 


789 


ROPE  LADDER. 


is  a*rope-ferry.  1897  ^K/iw^XXIX.  564/1  To  cross  theriver 
by  the  old  rope  ferry,     1848  CKAIG,  *  Rope-grass,  the  common 
name  of  the  plants  of  the  genus  Restio,  from  the  supple 
shoots  of  many  of  the  species  being  used  as  withes  at  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.     1799  Hull  Advertiser  21  Dec.  j/r 
To  enter  into  partnership  in  a  *  Rope-Ground.     1841  Penny 
Cycl.  XX.  154/1  Spinning  rope-yarns..  in  the  rope-ground, 
or  rope-walk.     159*  WARNER  Alb,  Eng,\\\.  xxxvn,  Both 
did  fault  in  one  same  ill.  Yeat  *rope-law  had  the  Youth,  the 
Fryar  liv'd  Cleergie  knaved  slill.     1611  COTCR.,  Demisaitt, 
a  halfe-leape  ;  aUo,  the   *roape-leape,  or  some  ntens  last- 
leape.      1836  H.  G.  KNIGHT  Archit.  Tour  Normandy   \<y) 
The   most  common   mouldings   are   the   billet,  ..  hatchet, 
nebule,  star,  *rope.     1873  W.  MC!LWRAITH  Guide  Wigtown 
shire  103  Quaint  pepper-box  turrets,  rope  mouldings,  crow- 
stepped  gables.     1888  JACOBI  Printers'  Vocab.  115  *Rope 
Paper,  strong  packing  paper  of  various  sizes  made  largely 
of  old  rope,     1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama.  Sci.  fy  Art  II.  146 
A  "rope  pump,  which  consists  of  a  rope  rapidly  revolving 
over  two  pulleys,  one  of  which  is  at  the  top  and  the  other 
in  the  water  of  the  well.    1893  F.  F.  MOORE  I  Forbid  Banns    \ 
xii,  He  went  amidships  to  where  a  game  of  *rope  quoits 
was  being  played,    a.  1890  Engineer  LXVIII.  454  {Cent.)(     ; 
*Rope  railways,  as  they  were  called,  or  rope-ways  for  trans-    j 
mitting..  goods.     1596  NASHE  Saffron  Wai  den  Ep,  Ded., 
Vtterly  thou  bewrayest  thy  non-proficencie  in  the  Doctors    ' 
Paracelsian  *rope-retorique.    1813  Sporting  Mag.  X  LI.  40  A 
stand  up  fight  in  a  twenty  feet  *rope-ring.  1851  GKEENWELI.    | 
Coal-trade  Terms,  Northumb,  fy  Durh.  45  The  diameter    ! 
of  a  *rope-roll  should  not  be  less  than  8  feet.    1875  MARTIN    \ 
Winding  Mach.  64  We  must  give  up  using  metallic  ropes    | 
wound  upon  rope-rolls  in  working  from  great  depths.    1612 
BEAUM.  &  FL.  Coxcomb  ir.  Hi,  Stand  further  friend  :  I  doe    I 
not    like   your   "rope-runners,     a  1886   All   Year  Round    j 
(Cent.),  A  rope-runner  is  pretty  much  the  same  as  a  break- 


man 

Needlework  192/2  *Rope  Sti 

Stem  Stitch  in   appearance,  and   only   differs  from  those 


an  on  a  goods-train.    1882  CAULFEILD  &  SAWAKU  Diet. 
eedlework  192/2  *Rope  Stitch..  is  similar  to  Crewel  and 


stitches  in  being  worked  from  the  top  of  the  material  down' 
wards.  1899  Miss  MASTERS  Bk.  Stitches  81  Knotted  rope 
stitch  is  effective  for  coarse  outlines.  1596  SHAKS.  Tain. 
Skrewi.u.  ii2  That's  nothing;  and  he  begin  once,  hee'I 
raile  in  his  *rope  trickes.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  55 
Small  Ropes  and  *Rope« twine.  Ibid.  n.  (Globe)  395  One 
of  the  English  Men,  with  a  Piece  of  Rope-Twine..ty'd  his 
two  Feet  fast  together.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  III. 
969  A  hay  rope,  twisted  on  the  spot . .  with  a  *rope-twister  or 
thraw-crook.  1615  SANDYS  Trav.  77  Grammarian,  painter, 
*rope  walker — All  knowes  The  needy  Greek — bid  go  to 
heaven,  he  goes.  1611  COTGR.,  Voluble,  Withiwind,  Hind-  i 
weed,  *Roapweed.  1855  Miss  PRATT  Flower.  PI.  IV.  17 
Field  Bindweed.. has  many  country  names,  as  *Ropewind, 
Withy  wind. 

Rope  (r0up),  sZ>.%    Now  dial.     Forms:  I  rop 
(hrop),  4-5  //.  roppes  (5  roppis),  7  rop,   ?,  9 
rap,  9  rapp  ;  5-  //.  ropes  (5  ropys),  7-  rope.    ; 
[OE.  rop  (hrop}i  =  MDu.  rop,  of  uncertain  rela-    j 
tionship  ;  in  later  use  becoming  identical  in  form 
with  prec.]    A  gut,  entrail,  intestine.    Freq.  in  pi. 

ciooo  Sax.  Leechd.  II.  230  On  haere  wambe  &  on  |?am    j 
roppe  &  smsel  bearmum.    c  1000  ^ELFRIC  Gloss,  in  Wr.-    ! 
Wiilcker  113  Colum^  hrop.     1340  Ayenb.  62  He  is  ase  be    j 
gamelos  ^et  leueb  by  be  eyr  and  najt  ne  lieb  ine  his  ruppes    \ 
bpte  wynd.    13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  C.  270  He  glydes  in  by  fc>e    i 
giles, .  .Relande  in  by  a  rop,  a  rode  bat  hym  bojt.     1398 
TREVISA  Barth.  DC  P.  R.  xvii.  Ixiv.  (Bodl.  MS.),  He  fat 
etej>  benes  alwey  contynualli  habe  ache  &  gnawinge  in    < 
guttes  &  in  roppes.     c  1430  Two  Cookery-Iks.  39  Take  be 
Roppis  with  be  talour,  &  parboyle  hem.    c  1460  J.  RUSSELL    \ 
Bk.   Nurture  in   Babees  Bk.   (1868)  149    Fried   mete   bat    ! 
stoppes  and  distemperethe  alle  j»e  body,  bothe  bak,  bely,  ft    j 
roppes.     1530  PALSGR.    263/2    Ropes  in  the   small  gultes. 
1674  RAY  N.  C.  Words  59  In  the  South  the  Guts  prepared    I 
and  cut  out  for  Black  Puddings  or  Links  are  called  Ropes. 
c  1700  KESNETT  in  MS.  Lansd.  1033,  fol.  328  The  guts  of 
fowls  are  calld  raps  in  Kent.     1772  GRAVES  Spir.  Qnix.  x. 
xi,  A  brace  of  ostriches  roasted,  at  the  upper  end,  with  the 
ropes  on  a  toast,    a  1793  G.  WHITE  Selborne  (1853)  275  The    , 
entrails.. might  have  been  dressed  like  the  ropes  of  a  wood 
cock.    1828-  in  many  dial,  glossaries. 

t  Rope,  sb.%  Obs.  Forms:  I  hrop,  2  rop,  j 
4  roupe.  [OE.  7tr<$p,  =  Fris.  rop,  MDu.  and  Du.  j 
roepj  OHG.  ruof  (,G.  ruf),  ON.  hr6p  (Norw.  and  I 
Sw.  rop,  Da.  raab\  Goth,  hrdps :  cf.  ROPE  v.2]  ! 
Outcry,  clamour,  cries  of  distress  or  lamentation. 

The  spelling  roupe  may  be  due  to  confusion  with  ROUP. 

971  Blickl.  Horn.  185  paer  bi(?  a  wop  &  hrop  &  toba  grist-    I 
bitung.    c  1205  LAY.  15066  per  wes  wop,  her  wes  rop,  & 
reuliche  iberen.     13..  Seuen  Sag.  1185  (W.),  With  lourand 
chere,. .  Hond  wnngging,  and  loud  roupe,  And  here  visage 
al  biwope. 

Hope  (wup),  z'.1  Also  4  north.  raip(e.  [f. 
ROPE  sd.1  Cf.  ON.  reipa  to  fasten  with  a  rope 
(whence  early  northern  ME.  raipe\  MLG.  repen^ 
reepen,  MDa.  rebet  to  measure  with  a  rope.] 

1.  trans.  To  tie,  bind,  fasten,  or  secure  with  a 
rope.  Also  with  up. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  24023  Vn-reufulli  bai  can  him  raipe,  Fill 
snoberli  him  for  to  snaipe. 

c  1515  Cocke  Lorell's  B.  12  Some  roped  y*  hoke,  some  y*    \ 
pompe,  and  some  ye  launce.     1610  MARKIIAM   Masterp.  n.    ; 
ex.  391  Then  rope  his  legs  with  a  soft  rope  of  hay.     1639  T.    , 
DE  GREY  Cotnpl.  fforsem.  (1656)  373  Rope  up  all  his  legges    ' 
to  the  body,  not  suffering  him  to  lie  down.    1787  MARSHALL 
E.  Norfolk  (1795)  II.  387    To  Rope,  to  tedder  ;  as  a  horse. 
1856  KANE*4r£/.  Expl.  II.  xvi,  169  Every  bag  was,  in  sailor-    , 
phrase,   roped  and  becketed  ;  in  ordinary   parlance,   well    , 
secured  by  cordage.     1873  BLACK  Pr.  Thule  xxv.  417  The 
slain  deer  roped  on  to  the  pony.     1889   J.  ABERCROMBIE 
Eastern  Caucasus  3  In  less  than  half  an  hour  the  baggage    , 
was  in,  every  thing   roped  tight   and  we  were  jolting  at  a 
rapid  pace, 

trans/.  1862  TVNDALL  Mountaineer,  xi.go  We  skirt  a  pile 
of  moraine-like  matter,  which  is  roped  compactly  together 
by  the  roots  of  the  pines. 


ta.   In   mountaineering,  to  attach  (persons)  to 
each  other  by  means  oi  a  rope  for  greater  safety. 

1862  TYNDALL  Mountaineer,  ii.  14  We  accordingly  rope 
ourselves,  and  advance  along  the  edfie  of  the  fissure.  1871 
L.  STEPHEN  Playgr.  Eur.  n.  iv.  312  Guides  have  sometimes 
objected  to  rope  a  party  together. 

absol.  1865  Sat.  Rev.  29  July  141/2  The  quest  ion  of  roping  or 

not  roping  is  always  a  fertile  source  ofdi>cussion  in  the  Alps. 

1894  G.M.  \?v.w  Alpine  Valley  1. 133  Shall  we  rope  together? 

C.   To  rope  itt  to  make  use  of  the  rope  in  order 

to  proceed  with  greater  safety. 

1881  STEVENSON  Virg.  Pnerisyne  (1895)  163  An  Alpine 
climber  roping  it  over  a  peril. 
d.  To  assist  with  ropes. 

1890  HALLETT  1000  Miles  400  Just  below  the  island,  .is  a 
very  long  rapid,  down  which  we  were  roped. 

2.  To  inclose  or  mark  off  (a  certain  space)  with 
a  rope.    Usually  const,  in,  off,  out,  round. 

1738  in  Waghorn  Cricket  Scores  (1899!  20  The  ground  will 
be  roped  round  as  usual.  1809  Sporting-  Mag.  XXXIII. 
228  A  thirty-feet  ring,  roped,  was  the  field  of  blood.  1824 
SCOTT  St.  Ronatfs  xvii,  Traversing. .as  limited  a  space  of 
ground  as  if  it  had  been  actually  roped  in  fur  their  pedes 
trian  exercise.  1866  Pall  Mall  G.  No.  450.  199/2  The 
ground  is  roped  out. 

3.  Naut.  (Sec  quot.  1 846.) 

1846  A.  YOUNG  Xaut.  Diet,  s.v.,  To  rope  a  sail,  is  to  sew 
the  bolt-rope  round  its  edges.  1882  NARKS  Seamanship 
(ed.  6)  12  A  square  sail  is  roped  on  the  after  side.  Ibid.  130 
All  fore-and-aft  sails  are  roped  on  the  port  side. 

4.  a.   U.S.  and  Austr.   To  catch  with  a  rope  ; 
to  lasso.     Also_^.  (see  ROPEAHLE  a.}. 

1848  RUXTON  Life  Far  West  (1849)  20  Maybe  you'll  get 
'roped  '  by  a  Rapaho  afore  mornin'.  1884  '  R.  lioi.uKKwoou  ' 
Melb,  Mem.  xxi,  150  You  could  'rope',  .any  Clifton  colt  or 
filly,  back  them,  in  three  days,  and  within  a  week  ride  a 
journey. 

b.  To  rope  in,  to  draw  into  some  enterprise  ; 
to  ensnare,  lo  lure  or  decoy.  Orig.  U.S. 

1848  BARTLETT  Diet.  Amer.  278  To  rope  z«,  to  take  or 
sweep  in  collectively  ;  an  expression  much  used  in  colloquial 
language  at  the  West.  1859  —  (ed.  2)  370  Rope  i",  to 
decoy,  viz.,  into  a  mock-auction  establishment,  a  gambling- 
house,  etc.  1899  SOMKKVII.LK  &  Ross  Irish  R.  M.  275,  I 
won't  be  roped  into  this  kind  of  business  again. 

5.  Racing.  To  pull  back  or  check  (a  horse)  so 
as  to  prevent  it  from  winning  in  a  race. 

1857  G.  LAWRENCB  Guy  Lir.  ix,  Where  the  bold  yeomen, 
in  full  confidence  that  their  favourite  will  not  be  'roped', 
back  their  opinions  manfully  for  crowns.  1887  BLACK 
Sabina  Zcinbra  311  They  declare  he  roped  Redhampton  at 
Liverpool. 

b.  absol.  To  lose  a  race  intentionally  by  hold 
ing  back. 

1887  Cyclist  14  Sept.  1203/1  In  athletics  the  only  men 
who  can  make  it  really  worth  while  to  'rope '  are  the  back- 
mark  men.  1894  A.  MORRISON  M.  Hewitt^  Investigator  ii, 
He  wouldn't  dare  to  rope  under  my  very  eyes, 

6.  intr.  To   be   drawn  out  into  a   filament  or 
thread  ;  to  become  viscid  or  ropy. 

1563  GOLDING  OvitCs  Met.  i.  (1593)  4  Then  Isikles  hung 
roping  downe,  1584  R.  SCOT  Discov.  Witchcr.  xn.  xxi. 
(1886)  229  It  will  rope  like  birdlime,  that  you  maie  wind  it 
about  a  Sticke.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xi,  xv,  If  a  man 
touch  it,  rope  it  wil  and  draw  small  slimie  threds  after  it. 
1644  PLATTES  in  UartliPs  Legacy  (1655)  231  They  put  it 
into  Coolers,  and  when  it  is  well  cooled  it  will  rope  like  oyl. 
1743  Lond.fy  Country  Brew.m.  (ed.  2)  167  It  causes. .their 
Lread  to  rope  as  well  as  their  Beer.  1797  F.  BAILY  Jrnl. 
'J'oJtr  N,  A  vier.  (1856)  181  By  trying  whether  it  will  rope 
betwixt  the  finger  and  thumb,  n^fkartttac.  Jrnl.  XIII. 
366  His  syrups  thicken  (technically  called  roping}. 

b.  trans.  To  pull,  draw  out,  or  twist  into  the 
shape  of  a  rope. 

1843  P.  Parley's  Ann.  IV.  363  They  dabbed  the  treacle 
into  each  other's  eyes,  and  roped  it  over  each  other's 
shoulders.  1887  MEREDITH  Ball,  fy  Poems  9  Old  Kraken 
roped  his  white  moustache. 

t  Rope,  v*  Obs.  [OE.  hrdpan  (pa.  t.  hrtop}, 
=  OFris,  (k}r6pa,  MDu.  and  Du.  roepen,  OS. 
krdpan  (LG.  roperi),  OHG.  /iruo/an,  etc.  (G. 
rufen\  ON.  hropa  (Norw.  and  Sw.  ropa,  Da. 
raabe} :  cf.  Goth,  hropjan.  Prob.  of  imitative 
origin.]  intr.  To  utter  a  cry  or  shout ;  to  cry 
out.  Hence  Ro'ping  vbl.  sb. 

a  1000  Guihlac  878  J>a  wrohtsmiSas  wop  ahofun,  hreopun 
hretSIease.  ciooo  Ags.  Ps.  (Thorpe)  cxlvi.  10  Se  be  mete 
syle<5..hrefnes  briddum,  bonne  heo  hropende  him  cijeaS 
to.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  330  Mid  |>us  onwille  halsunge  (she] 
weope<5  &  gret  [7\  ropes;  C.  rope3]  efter  sume  helpe. 
c  1400  Ywaine  <V  Gaw.  242  Lions,  beres,  bath  bul  and  bare, 
That  rewfully  gan  rope  and  rare.  1549  Compl.  Scot.  vi.  39 
The  ropeen  of  the  rauynis  gart  the  crans  crope. 

t  Rope,  v^  Obs.  rare,  [?  Related  to  REI-EZ/.!] 
trans.  To  lay  hold  of.  Hence  Bo'ping  ubl.  sb.t 
touching,  probing  (of  a  matter). 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  128  pe  uoxes..drawe5  al  into  hore  holes, 
bet  heo  muwen  arepen  &  arechen  [C.  ropin  &  rimen;  T. 
repen  &  rinenj.  Ibid.  314  UnneaSe,  fjauh  a  last,  t>uruh  ben 
abbodes  gropunge  [7*.  ropinge  ;  C.  replug],  he  hit  seide. 

tRope,  V-4  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
intr.  ?To  fall  in  torrents.  Hence  Hoping ///. a. 

a  \qoo-y>  Alexander  wjf)  pan  fell  |?ar  fra  be  firmament, as 
it  ware  fell  sparkis,  Ropand  doun  o  rede  fire,  ^an  any  rayn 
thikire.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  3693  With  a  ropand  rayne  rugh 
was  the  se.  Ibid.  4631,  9637. 

Rope,  obs.  f.  RAPE  sb.* ;  obs.  pa.  t.  of  REAP  v. 

Ropeable  (rJu-pab'l),  a.  Austr.  slang,  [f. 
ROPE  v.l  +  -ABLE.]  Requiring  to  be  roped;  in 
tractable,  wild  ;  violently  angry. 


1891  Melbourne  Argus  loOct.  13/4  The  service  has  shown 
itself  so  '  ropeablc  '  heretofore  that  one  experiences.. satis 
faction  in  seeing  it  roped.  1898 '  R.  BOLDHEWOOD  '  Romance 
of  Canvass  Town  322  Your  Aunt  would  be  ropcable. 

Ro'pe-band,  etymologizing  form  of  ROBAND. 

1769  FALCONER  Ditt.  Marine  (1780),  Rope  tana's,,  .pro 
nounced  roebins,  certain  pieces  of  small  lope,  or  braided 
cordage,  used  to  tic  the  upp^r  edges  of  the  great  sails  to 
their  respective  yard-*.  1792  Falconers  Ship-.vr.  n.  324 
note.  They  are  passed .. between  the  rope-baud  lei^.  1846 
A.  YOUNG  Naut.  J^ict.^  l\ope-ttandst  or  Rol>an<h^  suml! 
pieces  of  two  yarn  foxes  plaited,  or  of  sennit  or  spun-yarn, 
sometimes  used  to  confine  the  head  of  a  sail  to  its  yard  or 
gaff.  1867  SMYIH  Sailor's  IVord-bk.  579. 

Hoped  (rtfupt),///.  a.     [f.  ROPE  sb^-  or  ^.'] 

1.  a.  Formed  into  viscous  threads,    rare"1. 
1607  WALKINC;TON  Optic  Class  124  He  ..  voided  a  great 

abundance  of  roped  phltgme. 
b.  Twisted  like  a  rope. 

1880  Archaepl.Cant.  XIII.  115  An  oval-shaped  Sign,  con 
taining,  within  a  roped  wreath,  the  figure  of  Sir  John 
Scheme.  1901  Illnitr.  London  Xews  22  June  912  The 
helmet,  with  slightly  roped  tomb,  opens  down  the  centre  of 
the  chin-piece. 

2.  Girdled  with  a  rope;  tied  or  fastened  with  a 
rope ;  marked  off  by  a  rope,  etc. 

1834  MOTLEY  Corr.  I.  37  These  are  your  true  monks  — 
none  of  your  bare-footed,  rosaried  and  roped  friais.  1881 
Daily  News  13  April  2/8  The  heats  were  decided  in  a  roped 
ring  of  about  18  feet.  1894  Persian  Pict.  17  Their  tlunkeys 
laden  with  roped  bundles  uf  grass. 

b.  Performed  by  means  of  roping. 
1893  Athni.fitm  30  Sept.  460/1  Our  roped  ascent.. ua-> 

probably  the  lirht  ever  made. 

Ro-pe-dancer.  [ROPE  sb.1  2  b.  Cf.  Du. 
reepdanser.]  One  who  'dances'  or  balances  on  a 
rope  suspended  at  some  height  above  the  ground; 
a  funambulist.  Al^oyi^. 

1648  \VILKINS  Dxdalits  n.  vii,  It  [pctatninaria]  is  probably 
derived  from  the  Greek  word  TreravOm,  wliich  signifies  to  Fly, 
and  may  refer  tosut.h  kind  of  Rope-Dancers.  1670  KACKAKD 
Cont.  Clergy  33  Those  usually  that  have  been  rope-dancers 
in  the  schools,  oft-times  prove  Jack  puddings  in  the  pul 
pit.  1707  SIR  W.  HorE  New  Method  Fencing  \\\.  35 
The  surprising  ..  Feats  of  Activity,  performed  by. .  Rope- 
Dancers,  and  Tumblers.  1760-72  H  ,  UHOOKE  Fai'-i  ofQuai. 
(rSog)  III.  143  Posture-master,  rope-dancer,  aii'i  c'jinliljrisi. 
1822  HAZI.ITT  Tal'le-t,  I.  i.  18  To  balance  liimst-lf  fur  ;riy 
time  in  the  same  position  tlie  rope-dancer  must  strain  every 
nerve.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  i.  I.  102  All  who  live 
by  amusing  the  leisure  of  others,  from  the  painter  and 
the  comic  poet,  down  to  the  rope-dancer. 

Rope-dancing,  vbl.  sb.  [ROPE  sb.i  2  b.] 
The  action  of  *  dancing'  or  balancing  on  a  stretched 
rope  ;  funambulism.  Also  transf. 

a  1704  T.  IJKOWN  Wks.  (1709)  III.  in.  i.]2  As  the  Romans 
borrow  d  their  Comedy  from  the  Grecians;  so  it  is  not 
improbable,  that  to  them  likewise  they  owe  their  Rope- 
Dancing.  1775  JOHNSON  in  lioswell  16  Oct.,  At  the  Boule 
vards  saw  nothing,  yet  was  glad  to  be  there.— Rope-dancing 
and  farce.  1836-7  DICKENS  S&.  2>ozt  Scenes  xiv,  There 
was  a  spectral  attempt  at  rope-dancing  in  the  little  open 
theatre.  1871  KINGS  LEV  At  I.astvt  The  rope -dancing  which 
goes  on  in  the  boughs  of  the  Poui  tree. 

So  Ro-pe-dancing1///.  a. 

c  1825  /i«<ryc/.,V*/tt»/.  (1845)  XVII.  549  Rope  Dancing  Ele 
phants  were  exhibited  byGalbawhenPrsetor.  1872  HOWELLS 
li/edd.  Jonrn.  (1892)  276  Every  swaggering  statue  of  a 
saint,  every  rope-dancing  angel. 

Rope-end,  variant  of  ROPE'S-END  v. 

1872  IJLACKMORE  Maid  of  Skcr  vi,  The  corners  such  as,  in 
the  navy,  we  should  have  been  rope-ended  for.  1877  W.  S. 
GILBERT  Foggerty's  Fairy  (1892)  200  She  was  a  precious  bad 
lot  as  ought  to  be  rope-ended. 

t  RO'pefull.  Sc.  Obs.  In  6  rapfow,  raipfull. 
[f.  ROPE  j£.i]  A  gallows-bird. 

1567  Safir.  Poems  Reform,  viii.  i  Renigat  rapfow  !  thocht 
bow  raif. ..  Quhat  say  is  thow  bot  we  knaw  our  sell?  1583 
Leg.  Bp.  St.  Androis  401  To  help  that  raipfull,  scho  bcs 
reft  him  Whairfore,  ye  say,  my  ladie  left  him. 

Ro-pe-honse.    [ROPE  sb.i] 

1.  A  building  in  which  ropes  are  made  and  stored. 
1571  A.  JENKINSON  Voy.  fy  Trav.  (Hakl.Soc.)  II.  284  He 

hath  giuen  them  ground. .to  place  a  rope  house  ioyning  to 
their  owne  house.  1667  Pcrvs  Diary  30  June,  They  are 
fain  to  take  the  deals  of  the  rope-house  to  supply  other 
occasions.  1693  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2846/3  For  Building  a  New 
Rope-House,  and  some  Store-Houses,  at  Their  Majesties 
Yard  at  Portsmouth.  1777  (title\  Trial  of  John  the  Painter 
for  wilfully  and  maliciously  setting  Fire  to  the  Rope  House 
in  the  King's  V'ard  at  Portsmouth.  i8ia  Chron.  in  Ann. 
Reg.  82  The  eastern  rope-house  of  Plymouth  dock.yard. 
1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  $•  Mining  132  A  blacksmith- 
shop,  a  rope-house,,  .and  one  machine-shop. 

2.  A  salt-house  in  which  the  brine  is  evaporated 
on  suspended  ropes. 

aiSss  Tomlinsons CycL  Use/.  Arts  II.  554/1  TbsJMWuM 
de  Cordes,  or  rope-house,  was  invented  by  an  ingenious 
Savoyard,  named  liuttel. 

Rope  la'dder.  [ROPE  sby\  A  ladder  made  of 
two  long  pieces  of  rope  connected  at  intervals  by 
pieces  of  rope,  wood,  or  metal.  Also  transf. 

1704  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4008/2  Others  climbed  over  the  Walls 
by  the  help  of  some  Rope-Ladders.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F. 
Ivi.  V.  618  At  the  dead  of  night  several  rope-ladders  were 
dropped  from  the  walls.  1817  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  xxu. 
(1818)  11.291  It  consists  of  little  silken  threads,  which  it  has 
spun  in  a  zigzag  direction,  forming  a  rope-ladder.  1875 
KNIGHT  Did.  Mech.  1980/1  Rope  ladders  are  employed  for 
enabling  persons  to  ascend  and  descend  from  the  deck  of  a 
ship  or  from  her  booms  into  boats  alongside. 


ROPE-LIKE. 

Ro'pe-like,  adv.  and  a.  [ROPE  sli.1}  a.  adv . 
After  the  manner  of  a  rope.  b.  adj.  Resembling 
a  rope. 

1849  Sk.  Nat.  Hist.,  Mammalia  III.  144  The  left  tusk. . 
tapering  gradually  to  a  point,  with  a  spiral  twist  (ropehke) 
throughout  its  whole  extent.  1867  LATHAM  Black^ly'hite  1 18 
Parasitic  plants  and  rope-like  lianas  begin  to  appear.  1883 
W.  S.  KENT  Fisheries  Bahamas  37  The  rope-like  bundle  of 
spicules,  that  in  Hyalonema  form  a  simple  stalk. 

Rcvpe-maker.  [ROPE  so.1  Cf.  Da.  reep- 
maker.}  One  who  makes  ropes  ;  a  roper. 

1388  WYCLIF  Acts  xviii.  3  He  dwellide  with  hem,  and 
wrou^te;  and  thei  weren  of  roopmakeris  craft,  a  1490 
BOTONER ///;;.  (Nasmith,  1778)  2iSClrcumferentiamarisci. Ml 
brachia,  ut  relatum  mihi  per  untim  rope-maker,  c  1515  Coeke 
Lorell's  B.  5  Nycke  crokence  the  rope  maker.  And  steuen 
mesyll-mouthe  muskyll  taker.  IS9»  GREENE  Upst. Courtier 
Wks  (Grosart)  XI.  259  Now  sir  this  Ropemaker  huntelh 
mee  heere  with  his  halters.  1614  T.  GENTLEMAN  England!  I 
Way  to  '.uin  Wealth  31  Houses  and  worke-yards  erected  for  j 
Coopers,  and  Rope-makers.  1622  PEACHAM  Compl.  Gent.  i. 
(1634)  15  A  Gardiner,  Ropemaker,  or  Aquavita>seller.  1710 
ADDISON  Tat/er  No.  116  rs  They  begged  Leave  to  read  a 
Petition  of  the  Rope-Makers.  1769  [see  ROPER  i).  1842 
DICKENS  Amer.  Notes  (1850)  143/2  The  men  were  employed 
as  shoemakers,  rope-makers,,  .and  stonecutters.  1872  YEATS 
Techn.  Hist.  Comm,  46  A  representation  is  extant  of  a  rope- 
maker  at  work  with  his  assistants. 

Ro'peiwaiiship.  [Roi-E  rf.1,  after  horseman 
ship,  seamanship.}  The  art  of  walking  along,  or 
climbing  tip,  a  rope. 

1869  Daily  News  28  Sept.,  The  cheering  for  both  the  per- 
formers  in  this  daring  act  of  ropemanship  was  tremendous. 
1891  Sat.  Rev.  23  May  612/2  Seamanship  and  'ropeman 
ship'  were  far  more  important  than  they  are  now. 

t  Rope  Monday.  Obs.  [f.  ROPE  sbl :  see 
note  to  HOCKTIDE.]  =HocK  MONDAY. 

Occurs  freq.  in  the  Maldon  records,  and  is  clearly  the 
Monday  following  the  second  Sunday  after  Easter. 

1403  Maldon.  Court-Rolls  Bundle  r  No.  5,  Die  lune 
proximo  ante  festum  apostolorum  Philippi  et  Jacobi  vide 
licet  Ropemoneday.  1463—  Liter  B.  ful.  viii  b,  At  the 
Courte  holde  at  Maldon,  with  the  lete,  on  the  Monday  call  yd 
Ropemonday.  1468  —  Court-Rolls  Bundle  44  No.  4,  Die 
lune  vocata  Ropemondaye  secundo  die  Mali. 

Roper  (rcu-pai).  [f.  ROPE  sb.1  +  -ER1.  Cf. 
MDu.  reefer,  MLG.  refer.'} 

1.  One  who  makes  ropes ;  a  rope-maker. 

1226  in  J.  T.  Gilbert  Hist.  4-  Manic.  Doc.  Iret.  (Rollsl  82 
Philippus  le  ropere.  1321-2  Rolls  of  Parlt.  1.391/2  Pur 
lescustagesde  VI  Ropers  alauntzde  Brideport.  1362  LANGL. 
P.  PI.  A.  v.  166  A  Ropere,  a  Redyng-kyng  and  Rose  be 
disschere.  a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  79  An  ensaumple 
of  a  ropers  win"  that  was  not  trew  in  kepinge  of  her  mariage.  ' 
1497  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  Vll  (1896)  185  Payed  ..  Willyam 
Ellyott  &  Edmond  White  Ropers  of  Lynne  for  an  hawser. 
1540  Act  32  Hen.  Vll  I,  c.  14  Smithes,  ropers,  shypwrightes 
.  .and  other .  .handy  craftes  men.  1586  FERNE  Blaz.  Gentrie 
21  Valentinian,  the  sonne  of  a  roper,  possessed  the  Romane 
Empire.  1622  Relat.  Plantation  Plymouth,  New  Enf.  8 
Having  a  noose  as  artificially  made,  as  any  Roper  in  Eng 
land  can  make.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  113/1  Yarn  spun 
by  the  Roper.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine,  Conifer,  a 
rope-maker,  or  roper.  1802  Naval Chron.  VIII.  258  The. . 
ropers,  riggers,  and  riggers' labourers.  1860  Maem.  Mag.  I. 
226  To  begin  a.. discourse  with  him,  and  then  walk  back- 
wards,  like  a  roper. 

t  to.  John  Roper's  window,  a  rope-noose.  Obs. 
1552  HULOET  s.v.,  Reslio  is  he  that  loketh  in  at  John  ropers 
window,  by  translation,  he  that  hangeth  him  selfe. 

•j-  O.  One  who  deserves  the  rope.   Obs. 
1615  THOMAS  Diet.,  A  Roper  or  an  vngracious  fellow, 
nequam. 

2.  One  who  secures  bales,  etc.,  with  a  rope. 
1850  OGILVIE  Imperial  Diet. 

3.  Racing.  A  jockey  who  prevents  a  horse  from 
winning  by  holding  it  in ;  one  who  intentionally 
loses  any  race  by  similar  methods. 

1870  Daily  News  31  Jan.,  Stick  to  his  post  he  must,,  .un 
less  '  the  ropers '  are  to  have  it  all  their  own  way  in  the 
Spring  Handicaps.  1876  BESANT  &  RICE  Cold.  Butterfly 
xxxiii,  He  would  go  back  to  the  old  courses  and  become 
a  Roper.  1887  Cyclist  14  Sept.  1203/2  The  difficulty  of 
establishing  a  case  against  a  persistent '  roper  '  is  very  much 
greater  in  cycling. 

4.  U.S.  One  who  uses  a  lasso. 

1808  PIKE  Sources  Mississ.  (1810)  160  Taking  the  wild 
horses,  in  that  manner,  is  scarcely  ever  attempted,  even  wilh 
the  fleetest  horses,  and  most  expert  ropers.  1888  Cent.  Mag. 
Feb.  506  A  really  first-class  roper  can  command  his  own  price. 

6.  A  gambling-house  decoy.     Also  roper-in. 

1859  in  Bartlett  Diet.  Amer.  (ed.  2)  371  A  young  man  at 
his  hotel,  who  turned  out  to  be  a  roper  in  of  a  gambling 
house.  1873  E.  KING  Soutlurn  States  v.  61  The  ropers  for 
gambling-houses . .  haunt  each  conspicuous  corner. 

Ro'pe-ripe,  a.  and  sb.     [ROPE  sb.1  3.] 
A.    adj.    Ripe  for  the  gallows;  fit  for  being 
hanged.     Obs.  exc.  arch.  • 

1552  HULOET,  Roperype,  or  vngracious  waghalter,  ne- 
guam.  1562  J.  HEYWOOD  Prov.  ft  Epigr.  (1867)  206 
Whether  wilt  thou  hang  vp  with  ropes  of  ynions  ?  Or  stifly 
stande  vp,  with  roperipe  minions  ?  1597  CHURCHYARD  Choree 
Cciii,  But  gallows  lucke.and  rope  ripe  happe  At  length  was 
guerdon  for  our  paine.  [1892  H.  V.  MILLS  Lake  Country 
Romances  147  Thou  art  a  rope-ripe  rascal  thyself.] 
t  b.  Applied  to  language.  Obs. 

'553  T.  WILSON  Rhet.  59  If  we  firste  expresse  our  mynde  in 
plaine  wordes,  and  not  seeke  these  roperype  termes  which 
betraie  rather  a  foole,  than  commende  a  wyse  man.  1574 
RICH  Mercury  «f  Soldier  M  ij  b,  When  it  pleaseth  you  to 
bestow  so  many  nice  names  and  other  rope  rype  terms  upon 
such  as  be  my  subjectes.  1611  CHAPMAN  May  Day  Plays 
1873  11.  368  Ixml  how  you  roule  in  your  rope  ripe  termes. 


790 

t  B.  sb.  One  who  is  ripe  for  the  gallows.  Obs. 

1573  TUSSER  Husb.  (1878)  183  Giue  hardnes  to  youth  and 
to  roperipe  a  twig.  1600  ?  LYLY  Maidl  Meiam.  n.  ii,  How 
the  diuel  stumbled  this  case  of  rope-ripes  in— into  my  way  ? 
1632  SHERWOOD,  A  rope-ripe,  ripe  for  the  rope,  or  deseruing 
the  ropt,grevolablc,  rclasche  ne pcndu,  pendard. 

Ropery  (r^-psri).  Also  6  roppery,  roparie, 
6-7  -erie.  [f.  ROPE  sbl  +  -EBY.] 

1.  A  place  where  ropes  are  made;  a  rope-walk. 
In  early  quots.  as  a  locality  in  London. 

1363  Lett.  Bks.  Land.  G.  fol.  133  De  Grossers  in  Roperie, 
cs.  [1382  Ibid.  H.  fol.  138  b,  In  parochia  Omnium  Sanct 
orum  in  Roperia.]  1598  STOW  Surv.  London  vii.  (1603)  42 
Wolfes  gate  in  the  roparie  in  the  Parrish  of  Alhallowes. 

I744J.  WILSON  Synop.  Brit.  Plants  55  Musk  Thistle,. .on 
the  ropery,  by  the  sides  of  the  road  to  the  glass-houses.  1775 
SWINBURNE  Trav.  Spain  (1779)  xvii.  123  The  new  ropery, 
and  the  forges  where  they  put  fresh  touch-holes  into  old 
cannon.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1072  This  rope  is  fixed  at 
the  head  and  foot  of  the  ropery.  1885  L' fool  Daily  Post 
30  J  une  4/5  H  e  had  a  lease  of  a  shipbuilding  yard  and  ropery. 

2.  Trickery,  knavery,  roguery.     Also  attrib.  (cf. 
ROPE-RIFE  a.  b).     Now  only  arch. 

c  1530  Prodigal  Son  61,  I  praye  you,  good  syr,  holdc  me 
excused,  For  to  such  roppery  termes  I  am  not  vsed.  1592 
SHAKS.  Rom.  %  Jut.  n.  iv.  154  What  sawcie  Merchant  was 
this  that  was  so  full  of  his  roperie  ?  1618  FLETCHER  Chances 
in.  i,  You'll  leaue  this  roperie  [vnd/ol..  Roguery]  when  you 
come  to  my  yeares.  1871  MEREDITH//.  Richmond\\\.  187 
You  were  born  of  ropery,  and  you  go  at  it  straight,  like  a 
webfoot  to  water. 

Rope's  end,  sb.    [ROPE  sbl] 

1.  The  end  of  a  rope  ;  esp.  a  piece  from  the  end 
of  a  rope  used  as  an  instrument  of  punishment. 

c  1460-70  The  Good  Wyfc  91  in  Bk.  Precedence  41  Take 
not  cuery  roppys-end  Witt  euery  man  |>at  hallis.  1590 
SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  iv.  iv.  16  To  what  end  did  I  bid  thee  hie 
thee  home?  E.  Dro.  To  a  ropes  end  sir,  and  to  that  end 
am  I  return'd.  1663  PEPYS  Diary  23  June,  I  beat  him,  and 
then  went  up  in  to  fetch  my  rope's  end.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr. 
Thevenot's  Trav.  I.  196  With  Ropes-ends  laying  one  another 
over  the  Shoulders.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine,  Bouts 
dc  corde,  a  cat  of  nine  tails,  colt  or  rope's  end  for  punish 
ment.  1828  P.  CUNNINGHAM  N.  S.  Wales  (ed.  3)  II.  287,  I 
allow  them  to  carry  ropes-ends  in  their  pockets  to  touch  up 
the  lazy  fellows.  1847  H.  MELVILLE  Omoo  xi,  Fastening  a 
rope's  end  to  each  sleeper,  he  rove  the  lines  through  a  num 
ber  of  blocks.  1887  BESANT  The  World  Went  xiv,  If  you 
anger  me  more,  you  shall  taste  the  rope's-end. 

2.  A  halter ;  a  hangman's  noose. 

1821  SCOTT  Pirate  v,  I  cannot  see  the  pleasure  men  pro 
pose  by  dangling  in  a  rope's-end  betwixt  earth  and  heaven. 
1888  STEVENSON  Black  Arrow  200  If  we  fell  to  be  recog 
nised. .  I  should  be  kicking  in  a  rope's  end. 

Hence  Rope's-end  v.,  to  flog  with  a  rope  s  ena  ; 
Hope's-ending  vbl.  sb. 

1825  Gent/.  Mag.  XCV.  n.  397  '  To  leather,' '  to  strap,'  '  to 
ropes-end,'  &c.,  speak  for  themselves.  1836  E.  HOWARD  R. 
Reefer  xxxviii,  I  would,  .rope's-end  those  lubbers.  1885 
RUNCIMAN  Skippers  fi  Sh.  75  He  could  not  rope's-end  the 
owner  of  the  boat.  1887  BESANT  The  World  Went  iv,  In 
such  ships  are  floggings  daily,  and  mutinous  words,  with 
rope's-ending  and  continual  flogging. 

t  Rope-Sick,  a.  Obs.  Also  roope-sicke. 
[ad.  Du.  dial,  ropziek  (Boekenoogen  Zaansche 
Volkstaal  857).]  Of  herring:  Having  the  back 
infested  with  parasitic  worms. 

The  pamphlet  of  1614  is  the  source  of  later  quots. 

1614!'.  GENTLEMAN  Eng.  Waytomin  Wealth  is'l'heroope- 
sicke  Herrings  that  will  not  serue  to  make  barreld  Herrings. 
Ibid.  20  They  [herrings].. do  alwaies  at  that  season  become 
Roope-sicke  and  do  spawne  and  become  Shotten  betwixt 
Wintertonness  and  Orfordness.  Ibid.  29.  1622  MALYNES 
A  nc.  Laiu-Merch.  243  All  those  Herrings . .  (which  are  rope- 
sicke)  they  may  not  bring  home  into  Holland,  a  1642  SIK 
\V.  MONSON  Naval  Tracts  vi.  (1704)  524/2  Betwixt  Winter- 
ton  and  Orfordness  they  use  to  Spawn,  and  are  called  by 
the  Hollanders  the  Rope-sick  Herrings. 

f  Rope-tide.  Obs.-1  [See  ROPE  MONDAY.] 
=  HOCKTIDE. 

1406  Maldon  Court-RoUs  Bundle  2,  No.  2,  Soluet  ad 
Ropetyde  prox.  \\\s.  '\\\\d. 

Ro'pe-walk.  [ROPE  J/;.1]  A  stretch  of  ground 
appropriated  to  the  making  of  ropes. 

1692  in  Picton  L'fool  Mimic.  Rec.  (1883)  I.  312  The  rope 
walke  to  be  converted  to  no  other  use  but  a  rope  walke. 
1716  I.ond.  Can.  No.  5488/9  A  Rope-Walk,  and  other  Free- 
hold  Lands.  1761  Brit.  Mag.  II.  591  For  the  sake  of  peace, 
France  will  demolish  the  new  works  at  Dunkirk, . .  and 
destroy  the  rope-walks.  1824  Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser. 
i.  (r863)  8  A  rope-walk  shaded  with  limes  and  oaks.  1855 
KINGSLEY  West™.  Hoi  xxviii,  Bridgeland  Street..,  which 
then  was  but  a  row  of  rope-walks  and  sailmakers'  shops. 

trans/.  1851  H.  MELVILLE  Whale  xxxi,  He  is  never 
chased  ;  he  would  run  away  with  rope-walks  of  line. 

Ro'pe-work.    [ROPE  jvU] 

1.  A  place  where  ropes  are  made. 

1797  Encvcl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  493/2  The  methods  prac 
tised  in  different  rope-works  are  . .  exceedingly  different. 
1806  RENNIE  in  Smiles  Engineers  II.  239  Block-machinery 
and  rope-works  might  likewise  be  worked  by  steam-engines. 
1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  xix,  The  three  strands  of  the  conversa. 
lion,  to  speak  the  language  of  a  rope-work. 

2.  An  arrangement  of  ropes. 

1816  SIR  H.  DOUGLAS  Milit.  Bridges  176  The  general  rope- 
work  to  support  the  flooring  of  the  bridge  was  made  of 
hawsers. 

Ro-pe-yard.    [ROPE  j*.i] 
f  1.  =  ROBAND.   Obs.~°  (?  Error  for  rope-yarn.) 
1611  COTGR.,  Ratans,  rope-yards;  the  ropes,  or  treble 
cordes  whereby  the  sayles  of  a  ship  are  tied  vnto  the  yardes. 
2.  A  yard  where  ropes  are  made. 
1664  PEPYS  Diary  19  July,  Down  by  water  to  Woolwich, 


ROPING. 


day  to  the  anchor-smiths  and  the  rope-yards.     1864  SPENCER 
Ilhtstr.  Progress  188  There  are  the  vessels  in  which  cotton 
is  imported,  with  the  building-slips,  the  rope-yards. 
Ro'pe-yarn.     Chiefly  Naut.     [RorE  sby\ 
1.  A  single  yarn  forming  part  of  a  strand  in  a 
rope ;  a  piece  of  yam  obtained  by  unpicking  an 
old  rope. 

1623  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Hempseed^'m..  (1630)  m.  66/2 
Your  mastlines,  ropeyarnes,  gaskets,  and  your  staves.  1627 
CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  v.  25  Rope  yarnes.  .serue  to 
sarue  small  ropes,  or  make  Sinnet,  Mats,  Plats,  or  Caburnes. 
1720  DE  FOE  Capt.  Singleton  (1906)  169  We.  .hauled  home 
the  topsail  sheets,  the  rope-yarns  that  furled  them  giving 
way  of  themselves.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine,  Rope- 
yarn,.,  the  smallest  and  simplest  part  of  any  rope,  being  one 
of  the  threads  of  which  a  strand  is  composed.  1840  R.  H. 
\)hx*Bef.Mast  iii,  These  'rope  yarns'  are  constantly  used 
for  various  purposes.  1885  RUNCIMAN  Skippers  <$•  Sh.  259 
He  could  clear  a  ropeyarn  held  four  feet  ten  above  the  deck. 
b.  Used  to  denote  a  small  or  trifling  thing. 
1801  NELSON  23  May  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  IV.  384  Not 
a  Rope-yarn  can  be  carried  away  or  expended  (except  in 
Battle)  between  this  period  and  September  ist.  1835 
MARRYAT  J.  Faithful  xiv,  I  can  trust  Tommy  as  far  as 
keeping  off  the  river  sharks ;  he'll  never  let  them  take  a  rope- 
yarn  off  the  deck.  1879  L.  FARRAGUT  D.  G.  Farragut  v. 
33  If  you  touch  a  rope-yarn  of  this  ship,  I  shall  board 
instantly. 

2.  Yarn  obtained  by  untwisting  an  old  rope,  or 
such  as  is  used  for  making  ropes. 

1626  CAPT.  SMITH  Accid.  Yng.  Seamen  16  Then,  [cables 
serve]  as  the  rest  of  the  ouer-worne  tackling,  for  rope  yarne, 
calurne, sinnit,  and  okum.  1698  FRYER  Acc.E.  India  ft  P- 
37  The  bended  Planks  are  sowed  together  with  Rope-Yarn 
of  the  Cocoe.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  85,  I  had 
made  me  a  long  Line  of  some  Rope  Yarn.  1766  Compl. 
Farmer  s.v.  Trellis  7  M  2/1  The  shoots  of  the  trees  are 
fastened  to  this  frame  with  ozier  twigs,  rope  yarn,  or  any 
other  soft  bandage.  1805  Sporting  Mag.  XXV.  76  Bound 
with  a  thread  of  rope-yarn.  1859  CORNWALUS  New  World 
I.  15  Attached  to  the  rigging  by  pieces  of  rope-yarn. 

Ropia,  obs.  variant  of  RUPEE. 

t  Ropier,  obs.  variant  of  ROPER. 

1720  Land.  Gaz.  No.  5908/9  Joseph  Barnes,  late  of  Killing- 
worth,  Ropier. 

Ro'pily,  adv.  [f.  ROPY  a.~\  '  In  a  ropy  manner ; 
in  a  viscous  or  glutinous  manner,  so  as  to  be 
drawn  out  like  a  rope  '  (Webster,  1864). 

Ropiness  (rou'pines).  Also  7-8  roapiness. 
[f.  ROPY  a.  +  -NESS.]  The  condition  or  property 
of  being  ropy  or  viscous ;  stringiness. 

1663  BOYLE  Use/.  Exp.  Nat.  Philos.  n.  xix.  285  Divers 
;  formidable  diseases  which  seem  to  proceed  from  the  coagula 
tion,  or  ropinesse  of  the  blood.  1682  Art  *  Myst.  Vintners 
(1703)  15  The  foulness  and  ropiness  of  Wines.  1733  Phil. 
Trans.  XLI.  700  The  Fetor  and  Roapiness  in  her  Urine 
abated.  1742  Land,  fs  Counliy  Brew.  i.  (ed.  4)  41  To  pre 
vent  its  running  into  Cohesions,  Ropiness,  and  Sourness. 
1839  URE  Diet.  A  rts  1304  The  tannin  by  this  time  will  have 
separated  the  azotized  matter  from  the  liquor,  and  removed 
the  ropiness.  1850  Brit.  Assoc.  Rep.  Sections  (1851)  60 
Complaints  respecting  a  disease  in  their  bread  termed  ropi 
ness.  1883  Science  I.  367/2  The  ropiness  of  milk,  .is  caused 
by  the  action  of  a  microscopic  organism. 

Roping  (r<7<'-pirj),  vbl.  sb.    [f.  ROPE  s6J  or  z>.i] 

1.  Ropes  collectively ;  cordage,  rope-work. 

1566  Southampton  Crl.  Leet  Rec.  (1905)  I.  38  The  pyleing 
and  ropeing  of  the  weste  caye  ys  to  be  also  amended.  1720 
DE  VovCnpt.  Singleton  v.  (1840)  80  Roping  made  of  mats 
and  flags.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  III.  975  The 
roping  when  completed  has  the  appearance  of  a  net  with 
square  meshes.  1883  WALSH  Irish  Fisheries  10  Oftentimes 
good  nets  are  lost  by  reason  of  those  nearer  on  the  roping 
giving  way. 

2.  A  ropy  or  rope-like  formation. 

1638  tr.  Porta's  Nat.  Magic  vm.  iv.  221   Aloes.. beat 
together  [with  waters]  until  it  turn  to  water,   and   swim 
about  in  ropings.     1849  DANA  Geol.  iii.  (1850)  190  With  the 
usual  ropings  and  twistings  in  the  surface. 
1 3.  The  operation  of  rowelling.  Obs.~° 
1611  COTGR.,  Selon,  a  rowell ;  or  the  rowelling,  or  roping 
of  a  bruised  or  strained  horse. 

4.  U.S.  and  Atislr.  The  action  of  catching  or 
securing  with  a  rope.  Roping  in  :  (see  ROPE  i*.1 4  b) . 

1848  BARTLETT  Diet.  Amer.  278  Roping  in,  cheating.  A 
very  common  expression  in  the  South-western  States.  1849 
in  De  Vere  Americanisms  (1872)  629  I'll  lay  bank,  if  you 
must  have  a  game,  but  I'll  make  one  condition  :  no  roping 
in  !  1890  '  R.  BOLDHEWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  1 19  The 
drafting,  the  roping,  the  branding,.. were  novelties  and 
excitements  of  a  very  high  order. 

5.  The  action  of  fitting  with  haulage  ropes. 
1884  Manch.  Exam.  16  Sept.  5/3  The  permanent  roping 

of  the  rapids  is  also  talked  of. 

6.  Racing.  The  action  of  holding  back  or  check 
ing  a  horse  to  prevent  it  from  winning ;  also  transj. 
(see  quot.  1874). 

1864  Daily  Telegr.  6  May,  The  Chester  Cup  contest  was 
perfectly  fair  ;  there  was  no  suspicion  of  '  roping  .  1868  t. 
YATES  Rocks  Ahead  i.  vi,  It  was  understood  that. .there 
was  to  be  no  more  'pulling',  or  'roping',  or  any  other 
chicanery.  1874  Slang  Diet.  271  When  a  pedestrian  or 
other  athlete  loses  where  he  should  have  won,  according  to 
his  backer's  calculations,  he  is  accused  of  roping. 

7.  attrib. ,  as  roping-needle,  -pole,  -twine. 

ci86o  H.  STUART  Seaman's  Catech.  53  The  roping  is 
sewn  on  to  the  sails  with  roping  twine.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor  s 
Word-bk.  580  Roping-Needles,  those  used  for  roping,  being 
strong  accordingly.  1890  '  R.  BOLOREWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer 
xii,  A  first-class  stockman,  and  handy  with  the  ropmg-pole. 


ROPING. 

Roping,  variant  of  ROUPING  vbl.  sb. 

Ro'ping,  ///.  a.  [f.  ROPE  v.1  +  -ING  2.]  Form 
ing  ropes  or  rope-like  threads,  esp.  of  a  viscid  or 
glutinous  nature;  turning  ropy. 

c  1440  Promp'  Parv.  436/2  Ropynge,  ale  or  o^er  lycowre, 
"'Iscosus.  1486  Bk.  St,  Albans  Aiij  h,  If  it  be  glnymous 
and  roping  she  engenderith  an  euel  c-illid  the  Cray.  1577 
B.  GOOGK  Heresback's  Husb.  iv.  (1586)  184  The  best  Hony 
..is. .fine,  roping,  if  it  be  drawen  in  length.  1599  SHAKS. 
Hen.  IS,  in.  v.  23  Let  vs  not  hang  like  roping  Ibyckles 

rn  our  Houses  Thatch.  1614  LATHAM  Falconry  i.  49 
water,  but  a  reaping  froth  in  it.  1686  GOAU  Celcst. 
Bodies  n.  ii.  169  We  shall  number  Fifty  Fogs,  and  some 
Roping  Filat  besides  thinner  mistiness.  1694  SALMON 
Bate's  Dispens.  (1713)  223/2  Adding  of  liquid  or  roping 
Pitch-like  Soot  3iij.  1820  CLARE  Rural  Life  (ed.  3)  116 
Let  dust  keep  gathering  on  the  ground,  And  roping  cobwebs 
dangle  round. 

Ro'pish,  a.  [f.  ROPE  j<M  7.]  Somewhat  ropy; 
tending  to  ropiness.  1855  OGILVIE  SuppL 

BiQ-pishness.  rare-1.  [Cf.  prec.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  ropish. 

1664  EVELYN  Syfoa,  (1679)  27  The  very  saw  dust  is  of  use, 
as  are  the  ashes  and  He.,, to  cure  the  roapishness  of  wine. 

Roploch,  obs.  form  of  RAPLOCH. 

Roppe,  obs.  form  of  ROPE. 

Ropy  (r(Tupi),(7.  Also  6  ropye,  7  roapie,  7-8 
roapy.  [f.  ROPE  sbl  +  -Y.] 

1.  Forming  or  developing  viscid,  glutinous,   or 
slimy  threads  ;  sticky  and  stringy. 

1480  CAXTON  Trevisa's  Iligden  m.  xx,  Lentulus  spat  and 
Jirewe  ropy  spotel  in  his  face,  a  1500  Promp.  Parv.  436/2 
Ropy  as  u&..8&eantt.  a  1529  SKELTON  E.  Rnmmyng  24 
Her  lewde  lyppes-.slauer,  men  sayne,  Lyke  a  ropy  rayne. 
1547  HORDE  Introd.  Knoiul.  i.  (1870)  123  There  ale  is  stnrke 
nought,  lokinge  whyte  it  thycke,.  .smoky  and  ropye.  1651 
J.  CLEVELAND  Poems  (1677)  87  Like  Snakes  engendring 
were  platted  her  Tresses,  Or  like  to  slimy  streaks  of  Ropy 
Ale.  1697  DRVDEN  l^irg.  Georg.  in.  759  Roapy  Gore  he  from 
his  Nostrils  bleeds.  1721  BRADLEY  Phiios.  Ace.  Wks.  Nat. 
122  AH  that  roapy,  viscid  gluten,  separated  there  by  the 
Glands.  1772  T.  PERCIVAL  Ess.  (1777)  I.  337  The  mucilag 
inous  or  ropy  substance  which  grows  copiously  on  it.  1831 
YOUATT  Horse  viii.  150  A  considerable  discharge  of  ropy 
fluid  from  the  mouth.  1850  Brit.  Assoc.  Rep.  Sections 
(1851)  60  Observations  on  Ropy  Bread.  1877  BLACKMORE 
Erg  mat  III.  xliii.  45  With  a  swirl  and  a  curl  of  ropy  mud. 
fig.  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  534  If  there  be 
any  thing  of. .selfishness,  or  other  passion  intermingled,  it 
is  ropy  and  imperfect,  1791  GIFFORD  Baviad  4-  Mmnad 
(1794)  44  The  ropy  drivil  of  rheumatic  brains.  1815  J.  C. 
HOBHOUSE  Substance  Lett.  (1816)  II.  187  The  writers  whose 
best  pages  seem  but.  .ropy  drivelHngs. 
b.  transf.  of  the  air. 

1726  LEONI  Alberti"s  Archit.  I.  64/1  You  will  find  the 
Air. .thick  and  heavy,  and  perfectly  ropy;  so  that. .you 
shall  sometimes  see  a  sort  of  strings,  .like  cobwebs,  1788 
J.  MAY  Jrnl.  $  Lett.  (1873)  106  My  lungs.. have  been 
irritated  for  several  days  by  the  thick  ropy  air.  1789  Ibid. 
125,  I  often  find  them  \sc.  beds]  musty,  and  the  air  of  the 
sleeping-rooms  thick  and  ropy. 

2.  Having  the  form  or  tenacity  of  a  rope ;  sug 
gestive  of  a  rope. 

1763  Museum  Rust.  IV.  5  There  still  are  grass  and 
weeds  remaining,  that  will  the  next  ploughing  cause  the 
furrows  to  be  ropy.  1823  ROSCOE  tr.  Sist/iondis  Lit.  Ear. 
(1846)  II.  xxxii.  346  The  massy  heap  of  ropy  ringlets  his 
vast  hands  divide.  1851  RUSKIN  Stones  Ven.  (1874)  I. 
xxvi.  289  Spongy  lavas,  which  the  volcano  blast  drags 
hither  and  thither  into  ropy  coils.  1881  JUDD  Volcanoes  iv. 
98  Lavas  which  present  this  appearance  are  frequently  called 
'  ropy  lavas  '. 

fig.  1878  MRS.  STOWE  Pogannc  P.  iii.  22  Zeph..is  one  o' 
them  ropy,  stringy  fellers,  jest  like  touch-wood. 

Roque,  obs.  variant  of  Roc. 

1!  Roquefort  (roWFor).  [See  clef.]  A  kind  of 
cheese  made  at  Roquefort  in  the  S.W.  of  France. 

1837  Fenny  Cycl.  VII.  15/2  In  France  the  Roquefort  cheese 
is  compared  to  our  Stilton,  but  is  much  inferior.  1882  Bazaar 
15  Feb.  176  Roquefort  is  made  with  a  mixture  of  goats'  and 
ewes'  milk,  the  manufacture  being  originally  restricted  to  the 
plateau  of  Larsac. 

Roquelaure  (r^-kclooj).  Now  Hist.  Also  a. 
S  roequelaure.  (3.  8  roccelo  (9  roccillo),  rocolo, 
i-oquelo  (9  roquello)  ;  9  dial,  rockalo-w,  -elow, 
rockilo.  7.  9ro(c)quelaire  (cf.  ROKELAY).  [a.  K. 
roquelaure,  named  after  the  Duke  of  Roquelaure 
(1656-1738).  With  the  £-forms  cf.  Sp.  roch.]  A 
cloak  reaching  to  the  knee  worn  by  men  during 
the  eighteenth  century  and  the  early  part  of  the 
nineteenth. 

o.  1716  GAY  Trivia  i.  51  Within  the  Roquelaure's  Clasp 
thy  Hands  are  pent.  1760  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  yi,  vi, 
I  have  a  project  ..  of  wrapping  myself  up  warm  in  my 
roquelaure,  and  paying  a  visit  to  this  poor  gentleman. 
1791  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  (1820)  II.  212  Presently 
he  saw  a  gentleman,  wrapped  up  in  a  roquelaure,  alight  and 
enter  the  inn.  1836  MARRYAT  Japhet  Ixx,  I  went  out  and 
purchased  a  roquelaure,  which  enveloped  my  whole  person. 
1859  -4#  Year  Round  No.  18.  432  Owens.. had  constantly 
worn  a  large  cloak,  or  roquelaure  (as  the  article  was  called 
at  that  time),  of  a  dark  blue  colour.  1901  GUY  BOOTHBV 
My  Indian  Queen  i,  I  donned  my  roquelaure,  and  descended 
to  the  street. 

attrib.  1806  NOBLE  Contn.  Granger  III.  490  The  rogue- 
lanre  cloak. .displaced  the  surtout. 

ft.  1754  Connoisseur  No.  33.  136  Close  by  the  parlour  door 
there  hung  a  pair  of  stag's  horns,  over  which  there  was  laid 
across  a  red  Roccelo  and  an  amber-headed  cane.  1796  MME. 
D'ARRLAY  Camilla  ix.  iii,  She  then  saw.. a  figure  wrapt 
round  in  a  dark  blue  roquelo.  1812  —  Diary  (1846)  VI.  353, 
I  have  often  seen  him.  .muffled  up  in  a  plain  brown  rocolo. 


791 

i8z8  CARE  Craven  Gloss.,  Koccilh,  a  cloak.  1860  Slang 
Diet.  201  Rock  a  Low,  an  overcoat.  1884  E.  YATES  Recoil. 
I.  47  Some  old  gentlemen  wore  cloaks,  too,  in  my  youth 
[1836-47],.  .one  kind,  .[being]  known  to  the  London  public 
as  a  '  rockelow  '. 

y.  1825  HONE  Every-day  Bk.  I.  1197  A  sort  of  uniform 
coat  and  a  plaid  rocquelaire.  a  1849  POK  Cask  cf  Amontil 
lado  273  Drawing  a  roquelairc  closely  about  my  person. 

Roquet  (rim'ke),  sl>.  [App.  an  arbitrary  varia 
tion  of  CROQUET,  perh.  by  a  misunderstanding  of 
the  phr.  to  take  croquet,]  In  croquet,  the  act  of 
hitting  another  player's  ball  with  one's  own. 

1866  LE  FANU  All  in  Dark  I.  xii.  101  Trevor  and  Wil 
liam  Maubray  played  rather  acrimoniously,  making  savage 
roquets  upon  one  another.  1877  Encycl.  I>rit.\l.  609/1 
When  able  to  make  a  roquet  at  several  yards  with  tolerable 
certainty,  the  learner  should  next  practise  rushing. 

attrib.  1874  HEATH  Ctvqitct~Playtr  46  A  ball  can  be  sent 
off  the  ground  in  a  roquet-stroke,  .without  incurring  any 
penalty. 

Roquet  (rju-kc),  v.  [See  prec.]  trans.  In 
croquet :  f  a.  =  CROQUET  v, ;  also  absol.  b.  Of  a 
ball :  To  strike  (another  ball),  c.  To  strike  (an 
other  player's  ball)  with  one's  own ;  also  absol. 

1862  Rules  Croquet  i  Miss  Mallet  shows  the  field  how  to 
Roquet,  ll'itt.  §3  Should  a  player  strike  a  ball,  lie  is  en 
titled  to  Roquet  it  in  anydirection  he  pleases.  1874  HKATH 
Croqjift-Player  12  If  his  hall  ..  hits  or  '  roquets'  another 
ball,  he  places  it  in  contact  with  that  ball.  1877  I-'.ncycL 
Krit.  VI.  609/1  Each  ball  can  only  be  roqueted  once  during 
each  turn.  Ibid.,  Roqueting  with  such  force  [etc.]. 

Hence  Koqueted  (iwi-k«rl)  ppl.  a.,  Roqueting 
(r<Tn'k«|irj)  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1869  Laws  Croquet  11  It  is  necessary  that  the  roqueted 
ball  should  be  perceptibly  moved.  1869  BKADWOOD  The 
O.  V.  //•  (1870)43  Farfetched  differences  between  'roquet 
ing  '  and  '  croqueting  '.  1874  HICATH  Cro^iu-t-Playcr  41  It 
is  desirable  that  the  touch  of  the  roqueting  ball  should 
scarcely  disturb  it. 

Roquet:  see  ROCKET  and  ROCQUET. 

Roral  (ro')-ral),  a.  rare,  [f.  L.  rat--,  stem  of 
;u?  dew.]  Dewy,  roscid. 

1656  BI.OUNT  Glossogr.  1737  M.  GREEN  Spleen  77  These 
see  her.  .With  roral  wash  redeem  her  face,  And  prove  her 
self  of  Titan's  race.  1888  A.  S.  WILSON  Lyric  of  Hopeless 
Love  xcvi,  The  round  dewdrop  on  the  flower  Absorbeth  by 
its  roral  power  The  treasures  of  the  air. 

t  Ro'rant,  a.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  rorant-,  rorans, 
pres.  pple.  of  rorare  to  bedew.]  Falling  as  dew. 

1686  GOAD  Celcst.  Bodies  n.  xiii.  337  Yet  we  must  not 
necessarily  infer,  there  is  any  Rorant  Vapour  descending. 

Rora-tion  >,  perversion  of  OBATION^. 
1595  MUNDAY  John  a  Kent  n.  i,  The  Lordes  were  so  pon- 
timcally  pleased  with  your  roration. 

Rora'tioii  -.  [ad.  L.  rdratio.~\  '  A  Falling  of 
Dew  '  (Bailey,  vol.  II,  1727). 

Rore,  obs.  form  of  ROAB. 

t  Rore,  sb.     Obs.     [ad.  L.  ror-,  ros.]     Dew. 

c  1600  Tinion  III.  v.  (1842)  54  My  words,  neither  aspersed 
nor  inspersed  with  the  More  or  rore  of  eloquence. 

Rore  (rooj),  v.  rare.  Also  5  roryn,  rooryn. 
[a.  MDu.  roeren  or  MLG.  roren  to  move,  stir; 
but  sense  2  may  have  some  other  origin.] 

1.  To  turn  over,  to  stir  about  or  up,  to  trouble. 

Stilt  E.  Anglian  in  a  special  sense  :  see  ROARER  -. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv,  437/1  Rooryn,  or  ruffelyn,  amonge 
dyuerse  thyngys  (If.  P.  rooryn  or  purlyn.amorige  sundry 
thynges),  manumitto.  1565  GOLDING  Ovufs  Met.  III.  597 
[He]  rores  the  water  with  the  teares  and  sloubring  that  he 
made. 

f  2.  To  exchange,  barter.  Hence  Ro'riug  vbl.  sb. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  71/1  Chawngyn,  or  roryn,  supra  in 
Earteryn.  Ibid.  437/1  Rooryn,  or  chaungyn  on  chaffare  for 
a  nother, .  .cambio.  Rorynge,.  .cambium. 

•\  3.  To  affect  with  some  feeling.   Obs. 

1481  CAXTON  Reynard  (Arb.)  64,  I  am  oftymes  rored  and 
prycked  in  my  conscience  as  to  loue  god  aboue  all  thynge. 

tRo'rer.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  MDu.  roererorLG. 
rdrer :  see  prec.]  A  disturber  of  the  peace. 

1311  Lett.  Bk.  Land.  D.  fol.  133  b,  Simon  Braban  [in 
dicted],  .quia  ipse  est  noctivaguset  Rorere.  Ibid.,  Thomas 
de  Bery.  .quod  ipse  vivit  de  perquisitis  de  Rorers. 

t  RO'rid,  a.  Obs.  Also  7  roride.  [ad.  L.  rorid- 
us,  f.  ror-,  ros  dew.]  Dewy  ;  of  the  nature  of  dew. 

Very  common  in  171)1  cent.,  esp.  in  rorid  cloud. 

1801  DF.KKER  Satirom.  Wks.  1873  I.  228  Rorid  cloudes 
being  suckt  into  the  Ayre.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud. 
Ef-  345  The  Rainebow.  .caused  by  the  rayes  of  the  Sunne, 
falling_upon  a  roride  and  opposite  cloud.  1693  EVELYN  DC 
la  Quint.  Compl.  Card,,  Melons  3  A  little  Rorid  meazing 
out  out  of  the  Pulp,  but  by  no  means  Watrish  and  Flashy. 
1715  tr.  Pancirolltts'  Rerum  I\Icm.  II.  306  It  was  known 
to  the  Greeks. .,  not  under  the  Name  of  Manna,  but  of  aerial 
or  rorid  Honey. 

Roriierous,  a.  rare.  [f.  L.  rorifer  + -ovs.] 
Bringing  or  bearing  dew.  Also  transf. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.  1672-3  GREW  Anat.  PI.  (1682)  67 
The  Succus  or  Sap  they  carry,  seems  to  be  a  kind  of  Dewy 
Vapour,  therefore,  they  may  not  improperly  be  called  Ron- 
ferous  or  Vapour-Vessels.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Rori- 
ferous-Duct,  q.  d.  Dew-dropping  Pipe  ;  a  Name  given  the 
Thoracick  Duct,  from  its  slow  Manner  of  conveying,  .the 
Chyle  into  the  common  Stream  of  Blood.  1851  DUNGLISON 
Med.  Diet.,  Rorijerous,  an  epithet  given  to  vessels  which 
pour  exhaled  fluids  on  the  surface  of  organs. 

So  Bori-fiueut  a.,'  flowing  with  dew '  (Johnson, 
•755);  Bori-fluous  [ad.  L.  rorijlmts],  a.,  '  flow 
ing  with  dew'  (Bailey,  vol.  II,  1727);  Bori'- 
ffenous  a.,  '  produced  of  dew'  (ibid.}. 


ROSACEOUS. 

Roring,  obs.  form  of  ROARING;  see  RORE  v. 

Rorito'rious,  a.  —  RORY-TORY  a.  2. 

1821  EGAN  Real  Life  I.  619  The  Randallites  were  ran- 
torious,  and,  flushed  with  good  fortune,  lined  the  public- 
houses  on  the  road  to  ivct  their  whistles. 

Rorqual  (r^Mkwgl).  [a.  F.  rorqual  (Cuvier), 
ad.  Norvv.  reyrkval,  repr.  ON.  "reySar-,  Olcel. 
reySar-hvalr,  f.  reySr  the  specific  name  +  hvalr 
whale.]  A  whale  of  the  genus  Balxnoptera,  having 
a  dorsal  fin  ;  the  finner. 

1827  E.  GRIFFITH  Cuvier's  Anim.  Kingd.  IV.  493  The 
Bala;na5..are  divided  into  three  sub-genera:  The  Whales 
Proper..;  the  Fin  Fish..;  and  the  Rorquals,  the  throat  of 
which  is  channelled  with  folds  in  longitudinal  furrows.  1840 
Cuvier's  Anim.  Ktngd,  149  The  Rorquals  (Balxnoptera} 
have  a  dorsal  (in,  and  are  subdivided  according  as  the  belly 
is  smooth  or  wrinkled.  1860  Gosst:  Rom.  Nat.  Hist.  n=, 
The  species  was  no  donbt  the  great  rorqual.  1897  F.  T. 
BULLEN  Cruise  of'  Cachalot '  6 1  Finbacks,  a  species  of  ror. 
qual,  were  always  pretty  numerous, 

fRorra.  Obs.-1  .Some  kind  of  dish  or  seasoning. 

a  1450  Tourn.  Tottenham  The  Feest  iv,  Ther  was  pestcls 
in  poyra  And  ladnls  in  rorra  For  potage. 

Rorty  WMti),  a.  LOW  slang.  Also  raughty. 
[Of  obscure  origin.]  Fine,  splendid,  jolly,  etc. 

<•  1864  VANCE  ChUaleary  Coi-e  i  ^Farmer),  I  have  a  rorty 
sal.  1885  Punch  22  Aug.  86/2  It's  nice,  if  it's  naughty  ! 
I'm  regular  rorty.  1886  —  28  Aug.  90  '2  We'd  a  rorty  old 
time...liiit  Stonehenge,  as  I  say,  is  a  fizzle. 

Hence  Ko-rtiness. 

1885  Rrfsree  23  Aug.  (Ware),  She  reminded  me  a  little  too 
much,  in  her  rortyncis,  of  the  serio-comic  lady  [etc.]. 

ROTulent,  a.  rare.   [ad.  L.  rornlent-ns  dewy.] 

1656  Ui.oi.-NT  Glossogr.,  R orult->tt,  covered  with,  or  full  ol 
dew.  1826  KIRIIY&  Si-.  Entomol.  IV.  xlvi.  275  Rorulent. 
covered  like  a  plum  with  a  bloom  which  may  be  rubbed  off. 

t  Ro'ry,  iz.i  Ol's.  rare.  Also  7  roarie.  [f.  L. 
ror-,  ros  dew.]  Dewy. 

1600  I'AIKKAX  Tasso  T.  xiv,  On  I.ibanon  nt  first  his  foote  he 
set,  And  shooke  his  wings  with  roarie  May-dewes  wet.  1621 
QUARLES  Argalns  4-  P.  III.  Wks.  (Gro»«rt)  III.  273/1  A 
Crowne  of  burnisht  Gold,  beshaded  o're  With  Foggs  and 
rory  mist. 

Rory  (roo-ri),  a.  2    Sc.   =  RORY-TORY  i. 

1866  JAS.  SMITH  Merry  Bridal g  Wi'  a'  her  falderals  sae 
gay,  An'  rory  ribbons  fieein'.  ipoi  Tailor  q  Culler  8  Aug., 
The  time  when  large  overcheck  tweeds  and  designs  dis 
tinctly  '  rory  '  were  the  common  style. 

Ro-ry-to'ry,  a.    dial.     Also  rory-cum-tory. 

[Cf.  TORY-HOKY.] 

1.  Loud  or  gaudy  in  colour. 

1874  S.  P.  Fox  Kingstridge  266  Rory  lory,  tawdry. 
1880  MKS.  PARR  Adam  $  Em  vi.  89  Dressin'  up  in  that 
rory-tory  stuff. 

2.  Noisy,  boisterous. 
i 

Cli 


Ros,  obs.  pa.  t.  RISE  v. ;  obs.  f.  Roosii,  ROSE. 

t  Rosabel.  nonce--vora.  [ad.  L.  rosa  bella.] 
A  beautiful  rose. 

1523  SKF.LTON  Garl.  Laurel  977  My  mayden  Isabel!, 
Reflaring  rosabell,  The  flagrant  camamell. 

Rosace  (ro"'z«is,  ||  rozas).  [a.  F.  rosace  (1547 
in  Godef.  Comfl.},  f.  rose  ROSE  sb.] 

1.  A  rose-window.     Also  at/rib. 

1849  ALLIES  Jrnl.  France  101  A  vast  decorated  window 
terminating  in  a  great  rosace  above.  1871  Standard  17 
June  5/4  The  Church  is  lightsome  with  its  frequent  rosace 
windows.  1889  A.  M.  F.  ROBINSON  End  A/id.  Ages  289 
The  Gothic  front  with  its  deep  porch  and  rosace. 

2.  An  ornament  or  design  resembling  a  rose  ;  a 
rosette. 

1873  FERGUSON  in  H.  B._ Tristram  LandofMoab  384  The 
1  rosaces  '  between  the  triangles  at  Mashita.  1883  Grove's 
Diet.  Music  III.  161/2  Under  the  head  of  Ruckers  will  be 
found  illustrations  of  the  rose  or  rosace  as  used  by  those 
great  [violin-Jmakers. 

II  Rosacea  (wz?"J'a).  Path.  [fern,  of  L.  ros- 
acetis,  in  the  sense  of  '  rose-coloured '.]  A  hyper- 
remic  form  of  acne ;  in  full,  acne  rosacea. 

[1833  Cycl.  Pract.  Med.  I.  30/2  The  treatment  of  acne 
rosacea  demands  great  perseverance.]  1876  DUHRING  Dis, 
Skin  73  In  rosacea  of  the  nose,  the  skin  has  the  appearance 
ofbeing  hot  and  inflamed.  TSig^Allbntes  Syst.Med.  VIII. 
613  Rosacea  is  commoner  in  women  than  in  men. 

Rosaceaii  (roz^-jan).  Bot.  [Cf.  next  and  -AN.] 
A  plant  of  the  order  Rosacese. 

1854  S.  THOMSON  ll-'and.  Wild  Fl.  \\.  105  In  the  straw- 
berry, ..a  true  rosacean,  the  carpels  are  borne  on  the 
receptacle.  1896  Naturalist  91  The  main  reason  for  in 
vestigating.,  the  rosacean  plants. 

Rosaceous  (roz^-Jas),  a.  [ad.  L.  rosaceus, 
f.  rasa  ROSE  sb.] 

1.  Bot.  Belonging  to,  characteristic  of.  the  natural 
order  Rosacex,  of  which  the  rose  is  the  type. 

1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Channencrion,  The  Flowers 
are  rosaceous,  and  consist  of  four  Leaves.  1777  LIGHTFOOT 
Flora.  Scotica  II.  734  The  leaves,  .form,  at  the  summits  of 
the  branches,  barren  rosaceous  stars.  1830  LINDLEY  Nat. 
Syst.  Bot.  82  No  Rosaceous  plants  are  unwholesome.  1861 
BENTLEY  Man. Bot.  232  Rosaceous  [corolla],  .is  composed  of 
five  petals,  without,  or  with  very  short  claws,  and  spreading 
in  a  regular  manner. 

2.  Resembling  a  rose  in  form  ;  rose-like. 

1783  BARBUT  Hermes  93  Echinus  Rosaceus  Linn.,  the 
Rosaceous  Sea  Urchin.  1896  VIZETELLV  tr.  Zola's  Rome 
263  The  snacious  porch,  whose  lofty  vaulted  ceiling  was 
adorned  with  panels  displaying  a  rosaceous  pattern. 


KOSACJC. 


793 


ROSA  SOLIS. 


3.  Path.  Of  the  nature  of  rosacca, 

1900  Archives  of  Surgery  XI.  209  The  sting  attaching  to 
all  acne  of  the  rosaceous  or  tuberous  types,  is  that  a  sus 
picion  of  intemperance  is  excited  in  all  beholders. 

t  Rosa  cic,  a.  Chem.  Obs.  [Cf.  prec.  and-ic.] 

Rosacic  add,  the  name  given  by  Proust  to  a  sup 
posed  acid  forming  a  constituent  of  lateritious 
urinary  sediment. 

1807  T.  THOMSON  Chem.  (ed.  3)  II.  317  The  other  three 
[acids],  namely,  the  uric,  rosacic,  and  amuiotic,  are  never 
employed  as  instruments  of  analysis.  1826  HENRY  Elem. 
Chem*  II.  415  According  to  Proust, ..this  sediment  contains, 
mixed  with  uric  acid  and  phosphate  of  lime,  a  peculiar  acid, 
which  he  terms  the  rosacic,  from  its  resemblance  in  colour 
to  the  rose.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  161/2  If  this  opinion 
be  correct,  no  such  substance  as  the  rosacic  acid  exists. 

Rosacrucian,  obs,  f.  KOSICKCCIAN. 

t  Rosage,  a.  Obs—1  fad.  L.  rosdce-m  or  OK. 
rescue.]  Gum  f<Wfl£jf,»GouT  sbJ-  2. 

c  1450  in  I'icary's  Anat.  228  Vnclir  the  nose  lyes  a  wayne, 
There-wythe  shall  the  frensi  be  sclayne,  And  the  gome 
rosage  [  =  gut  roset,  p.  229]  alswa. 

l-Rosagiue.  Obs-9  [a.  F.  rosagint.]  The 
oleander  or  rose-bay. 

1545  ELYOT,  Nerinm^  a  tree  or  shrub  whyche  hath  leaues 
lyke  an  almonde,  which  some  doo  call  Oleander,  some 
Rosagine. 

Resale,  variant  of  REZAI. 

1820  MRS.  SHERWOOU  Orange  Grove  21  A  warm  cotton 
quilt  or  rosaie.  1825-9  —  Lady  of  Manor  V.  40  My 
women  had  stretched  themselves  on  their  rosaies. 

t  Ifcosair.  Obs.—^  [ad.  L.  rosar-ium  ROSARY.] 
A  rose-bed,  rose-garden. 

c  1440  Ptillad.  on  Hush.  xii.  344  Rosair  in  Feueryeer  al 
though  me  make,  Now  make  hit  tlier  is  war  me. 

t  Rosa'ker.  Obs*  Also  6  rosager,  7  rosacre. 
[Alteration  of  ROSALGER.]  Realgar. 

1592  Wills  ff  fm>.  Durh.  (Surtees)  212,  iiij  Ibs.  of  arsnecke 
and  rosager  8*1.  1598  IJ.  JOXSON  Ev,  Man  in  Hum.  HI.  v, 
A  tabacco-pipe. .  will  stifle  them  all  in  the  end,  as  many  as 
vse  it  ;  it's  little  better  then  rats  bane,  or  rosaker.  1616 
BACON  in  A.  Wilson  Jas.  I  (1653)  86  Poyson  after  poyson  : 
First  Rosaker,  then  Arsnick,  then  Mercury  sublimate.  1643 
Five  Yrs.  K.  jas.  in  1 1  art.  Misc.  (Malh. )  V.  378  He  gets  into 
his  hands  certain  poisons,  viz.  rosacre,  white  arsnick  [etc.]. 

Ro  sal,  a.  rare,  [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  -AL.  Of.  F. 
rosal  rose  (i3th  c.  in  Godef.  C0/7;//.),and  ROSEAL.] 

fl.  Rosy,  roseate,  ruddy.  Obst 

1566  DKANT  Jeremiah  iv,  Rosall  ruddish  reade  within, 
clare  rede  as  preciouse  stones.  1620  SHELTON  Qmx.  iv.  vii, 
And  at  the  Time,  we  Phoebus  may  devise  Shine  thro'  the 
Rosal  Gates  of  th'  Orient  bright.  1641  BEEUOME  Poems 
E  6  Thus  from  forth  her  rosall  gate  she  sent,  Breath  form'd 
in  words. 

2.  Bot.  Rosaceous,    rare. 

1846  LINDLEV  Veget.  Kingd.  563  Rosal  Exogens,  with 
polypetalous  flowers,  and  carpels  both  free  from  the  calyx 
[etc.].  1858  —Sch.  Bot.  x.  160  The.. Plane  tree  belongs  to 
the  Urtical,  and  the.. Apple  to  the  Rosal  alliance, 

t  Rosalger.  Obs.  Also  rosealgar,  -alger. 
[var.  of  RESALGAU  (cf.  Pg.  rosdlgar) :  see  also 
ROSAKER.]  Realgar,  disulphide  of  arsenic. 

14 . .  [see  RESALGAR].  1543  Bk.  of  Rates  C  iij  b,  Rosealgar 
the  C.  pound.  1580  GREENE  Mamiliia  \.  Wks.  (Grosart) 
II.  114  The  mouse,  if  she  feede  vpon  rose-alger  for  the 
glistering  hue,  deserueth  to  be  poysoned.  1662  Stat.  Irel. 
(1765)  II.  403  Rosalger,  vide  arsenick,  the  pound  4d. 

t  Rosalia.  Path.  Obs.  Also  rossalia.  [mod. 
L.,  prob.  of  Italian  origin  ;  cf.  It.  roselliay  rosolia 
measles,  and  see  rosillia  in  Du  Cange.] 

1.  (See  quot.) 

1676  JAS.  COOKE  Marrow  Chirurg.  iv.  i.  ix.  (ed.  3)  740 
Rossalia,  red  fiery  spots,  which  break  out  at  the  beginning 
of  Diseases  all  over  the  Body  as  if  it  were  a  small  Erysipelas. 

2.  Scarlatina ;  scarlet  fever. 

Good  wished  to  revive  the  name  rosalia  in  place  of  the 
'barbarous  and  unclassical  term  '  scarlatina. 

1822  GOOD  Study  Med.  (1829)  III.  13  The  disorder., 
evinced  all  the  common  symptoms  of  a  mild  rosalia ;  and, 
like  rosalia,  it  proved  itself  contagious. 

Rosaiiiliiie  (rJuz^-nilam).  Chem.  Also  -in. 
[f.  ROSE  -f  ANILINE.  Named  by  Hofmann.j  A 
powerful  organic  base,  derived  from  aniline  by 
treatment  with  a  reagent,  yielding  crystalline  salts 
much  used  in  dyeing;  a  dye-colour  Obtained  from 
this.  Also  attrib. 

1862  HOFMANN  in  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  XII.  5,  I  ..propose  the 
term  Rosaniline  for  the  designation  of  the  new  substance. 
Ibid.  7  Both  classes  of  rosaniline-salts  crystallize  readily. 
1872  J.  P.  COOKE  New  Chem.  321  Rosaniline  is  a  base  like 
ammonia.  1898  Allbntfs  Syst.  Med.  V.  412  Here  the  ros- 
aniline  is  the  staining  principle  and  not  thehydrochloric  acid. 

t  Roaare,  obs.  var.  of  ROSARY  3  b  or  ROSIER. 

c  1500  KENNEDIE  Poems  (Schipper)  iv.  58  pocht  we  brek 
vowis..To  be,  Rosare,  and  rule  of  our  remeid. 

Rosariaii  (r^zee-rian).  [f.  L.  rosdri-um  (see 
ROSARY)  +  -AN.] 

1.  One   who  is  interested  in  the  cultivation  of 
roses ;  esp.  an  amateur  rose-grower. 

1864  HIBBERD  Rose  Book  12  To  furnish  the  rosarian  with 
an  intelligible  key  to  the  catalogues  [of  roses].  1882  Garden 
25  Feb.  1 32/3,  I  have  no  doubt  many  rosarians . .  have  found 
swarms  of  the  black  ants  on  the  top  of  Rose  buds. 

2.  R.  C.  Ch.    A  member  of  a  Confraternity  of 
the  Rosary. 

1867  R.  PALMER  Life  P.  Howard  40  note.  The  Con- 
fraternity  of  the  Holy  Rosary,  called  '  Rosarians  '.  1871-* 
Rosarian  I.  378  A  Rosarian  asks  prayers  for  the  conversion 
of  her  three  brothers. 


'  Bo'saried,  ///.  a.  [!*•  ROSARY  +  -ED.]  Pro 
vided  with,  or  wearing,  a  rosary. 

1834  MOTLEY  Corr.  I.  37  These  are  your  true  monks— 
none  of  your  bare-footed,  rosaried  and  roped  friars,  but 
jovial  old  gentlemen. 

II  Kosa'rio.  Obs.  [It.,  Sp.,  or  Pg.  rosario.] 
=  ROSARY. 

1622  MABBE  tr.  Aleman's  Guzman  d'Atf.  i.  n8  It  is  a 
common  practice  amongst  Theeves  and  Ruffians,  to  haue 
their  Rosario  still  in  their  hand.  1652  How  ELL  tr.  Giraffis 
Rev.  Naples  n.  70  The  Nunnes.  .made  solemn  processions, 
repeating  the  most  holy  Rosario.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  11.  v. 
186  She  was  deep  laden  with  steel,.. rosarws>  European 
j  bale  goods. 

tRcrsarist.  Obs.  rare.  [See  ROSAKY  and 
-IST.]  One  who  uses  the  rosary. 

1637  A.  C.  &  T.  V.  (title),  Jesus,  Mary,  Joseph,  or  the 
Devout  Pilgrim  of  the  Ever  Blessed  Virgin  Mary,. . 
published  for  the  benefit  of  the  Pious  Rosarists. 

II  Rosarium  (r0ze>ri£m).  [L,  rosarium  :  see 
ROSARY.]  A  rose-garden. 

1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  158/2  They  form  an  elegant  section 
of  flowers  for  the  rosarium.  1869  S.  R.  HOLE  Bk.  about 
Roses  48  The  Rosarium  must  be  both  exposed  and 
sheltered;  a  place  both  of  sunshine  and  of  shade. 

Rosarubie :  see  ROSE-A-RUBY. 
-  Rosary    (rJ«'zari).     [ad.    L.    rosarium    rose- 
j    garden,  f.  rosa  ROSE  sb.     Hence  also  It.,  Sp.,  and 
i    Pg.  rosariOj  F.  rosaire  (1611)  in  sense  5.] 

fl.  The  title  of  a  treatise  on  alchemy  (.Rosarium 

phifasophomni)  by  Arnaldus  de  Villa  Nova.  Ofrs.—1 

-.1386  CHAUCER  Can.  Yeom.  T.  876  Lo,  thus  seith  Arnold 

;    of  the  new  toun,  As  his  Rosarie  maketh  mencioun..,  Ther 

may  no  man  Mercuric  mortifie. 

2.  Hist.  A  base  or  counterfeit  coin,  of  foreign 
i    origin,  current  in  England  during  the  thirteenth 

century  at  the  value  of  a  penny,  and  declared 
illegal  by  Edward  I. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  289  Kyng  Edward 
dampned  sodeynliche  fals  money  bat  was  slyliche  i-brou^t 
up  :  men  cleped  )>e  money  pollardes,  crocardes  and  rosaries 
\_rosarios}.  a  1513  FAUYAN  Chron.  vn.  401.  1568  GRAFTON 
Chron.  II.  182.  1605  CAMDKN  Kern.  (1623)  176  Afterward 

j  Crocards  and  Pollards  were  decried  downe  to  an  halfe 
penny,  Rosaries,  Stepings  and  Staldings  forbidden.  1749 
J.  SIMON  Ess.  Irish  Coins  15  note,  These.. foreign  coins, 

|  called  Mitres,  Lionines,  Rosaries,.. &c.  from  the  stamp  or 
figures  impressed  on  them,  were  privately  brought  from 
.  .beyond  the  seas,  and  uttered  here  for  pennies. 

3.  A  piece  of  ground  set  apart  for  the  cultivation 
of  roses ;  a  rose-garden,  rosarium.     Also,  a  rose- 
bed,  rose-plot. 

c  1440  PaUad.  on  Husb.  HI.  526  This  mone  is  eke  rosaries 
to  make  With  setes,  or  me  may  her  sedes  sowe.  Ibid,  iv, 
126  Soone  in  this  mone  ek  make  vp  thi  rosary.  1570  LEVINS 
Manip.  105  A  Rosariti,  rosarium.  1608  MACHIN  Dumb 
Kt.  iv.  i,  What,  is  there  a  Hercules  that  dare  to  touch  Or 
enter  the  Hesperian  rosaries  ?  1657  G.  THORNLEV  Daphnis 
fy  Chloe  182  Alas,  the  Rosaries,  how  are  they  broken  down  ! 
1815  Hist.  y.  Decastro  iv.  37  Coming  to  the  rosary,.  .1  sat 
down  upon  the  seat.  1822  LOUDON  Encycl.  Card.  §  6555  In 
rosaries  commonly  but  one  plant  of  a  sort  is  introduced,  and 
the  varieties  which  most  resemble  each  other  are  placed  to 
gether.  1869  S.  R.  HOLE  Bk.  about  Roses  44  Men  of  moder 
ate  means  may  make  or  maintain  a  Rosary  at  a  very 
moderate  expense. 

fig.  ci^iflAlpk.  Tales  325/1  He  was  hedid  &  cristend 
in  his  awn  blude,  &  broght  vnto  be  rosary  of  paradyce. 
1671  J.  WEBSTER  Metallogr.  i68This  is  the  key  of  all  their 
secrets,  and  onely  can  open  the  door  into  the  Philosophers 
Rosary.  [Cf.  sense  i.] 

f  b.  A  rose-bush  or  rose-tree.    Obs.  rare. 

1513  SKELTON  Garl.  Laur.  979  The  ruddy  rosary,  The 
souerayne  rosemary,  The  praty  strawbery.  1606  Proceed, 
agst.  Garnet  D  d  3  The  sweetest  and  the  fairest  blossome 
that  euer  budded,  either  out  of  the  white,  or  the  red  Rosary. 

T" 4.  Used  as  the  title  of  a  book  of  devotion.  Obs. 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf,  (W.  de  W.  1531)  298  Here  begynneth  the 
Rosary  of  our  Sauyour  Jesu,  gyuynge  thankes  and  prayse 
to  his  holy  name,  by  maner  of  meditacyon  and  prayer.  1533 
(title\  The  Mystik  sweet  Rosary  of  the  faythful  soule: 
garnished  rownde  aboute..with  fressh  fragraunt  flowers. 
1583  STUBBES  (title),  The  Rosarie  of  Christian  Praiers  and 
Meditations  for  diuers  Purposes. 

5.  A\  C.  Ch.  A  form  of  prayer  or  set  of  devo 
tions  consisting  in  the  recitation  or  chanting  of 
fifteen  decades  of  Aves,  each  decade  being  pre 
ceded  by  a  Paternoster  and  followed  by  a  Gloria; 
Our  Lady's  Psalter ;  a  book  containing  this. 

There  are  also  other  rosaries,  as  that  of  St.  Bridget,  of  the 
Seven  Dolours,  etc.  :  see  the  Catholic  Diet,  s.v. 

1547  Homilies  i.  \\\GoodWorksui.(i%$9)6i.  Letus rehearse 
some  other  kinds  of  papistical  superstitions  and  abuses,  as 
of  Beads,  of  Lady  Psalters  and  Rosaries.  1570  GOOGE  Pop. 
Kingd.  iii.  (1880)  36  b,  Used  commonly  as  most  of  weight, 
the  Rosaries  do  flourish  wondrously.  1605-6  Act  3  Jas.  I 
c.  5  §  24  No  person  shall  bring  from  beyond  Seas  ..  any 
Popish  Primers,  Ladies  Psalters,  Manuels,  Rosaries.  1679 
J,  SHARP  Serin.  St.  Margarets  28  You  may  entertain  your 
selves  with  saying  over  your  Rosary.. and  other  Private 
Prayers.  1715  BENTLKY  Serm.  x.  371  Nothing  but  Mass- 
books  and  Rosaries,  ..dry  Postills  and  fabulous  Legends. 
1792  J.  TOWNSEND  Journ,  thro*  Spain  II.  17  We  met 
twelve  fine  made  fellows  who  came  from  Navarre  singing 
the  rosary.  1830-2  CARLETON  Traits  (1843)  1.240,  I. .sig 
nalized  myself  frequently  by  taking  the  lead  in  a  rosary. 
1884  Tablet  n  Oct.  591/1  St.  Dominic's  Priory,  .seems  to 
be  more  and  more  recognised  as  the  centre  of  the  devotion 
of  the  Rosary. 

transf.  1616  B.  JONSON  Entertainment  at  AUhorpe  Wks. 
875  As  the  rosarie  of  Kisses,  With  the  oath  that  neuer 
misses.  1649  MILTON  Hilton,  i.  Wks.  1851  III.  347  To  throw 


|    contempt.,  upon  this  his  IdoIU'd  Book,  and  the  whole  rosarie 
!    of  his  Prayers. 

b.  In  full  The  Rosary  of  Ottr  Lady,  etc. 

1570  FOXE  A.  fy  M.  (ed.  2)  860  Among  the  which  Friers 

,    there  was  one  named  Alanus  de  rupe,  a  Blacke  Frier,  whiche 

made  the  Rosarye  of  our  Ladyes  Psalter  (so  they  terme  it). 

1584  R.  SCOT  Disc.  IVitchcr.  (1886)  445  An  example  taken 

'    out  of  the  Rosarie  of  our  Ladie,  in  which  booke  doo  remaine 

'•     ..ninetie  and  eight  examples  to  this  effect.     1635  A.  STAF- 

1    FOKD  few.  Glory  235  The  Sodalilie  of  the  Rosary  of  this 

our  blessed  Lady.     1669  (title),  The  Method  of  Saying  the 

'•    Ro.sary  of  Our  Blessed  Lady. 

6.  J?.  C.  Ch.  A  string  of  a  hundred  and  sixty- 
five  beads  divided  into  fifteen  sets  (each  having  ten 
Small  and  one  large  bead),  carried  on  the  person 
and  used  to  assist  the  memory  in  the  recital  of  the 
Rosary ;  also,  a  similar  set  of  fifty-five  beads  (the 
lesser  rosary] .  The  small  beads  represent  Aves 
and  the  large  ones  Paternosters  and  Glorias. 

1597  ^*1>-  HALL  Sat.  vi.  H,  \Vhen  at  the  Corner-crosse  thou 
did 's,t  him  meet,  Tumbling  his  Rosaries  hanging  at  his  belt. 
1744  OZELL  tr.  Brantome's  Sj>.  Rhodom,  (ed.  2)  175  A  Death's 
Head  at  the  End  of  aGold  or  Diamond  Rosary.  1794  MRS. 
RADCLIFFE  Myst.  Udolplto  xxxi,  I  leave  it  to  cowards  like 
thee,  to  carry  rosaries.  1832  W.  IRVING  Alhamora  II.  223 
Information  having  been  carried . .  of  the  crosses  and  rosaries, 
and  other  reliques  contained  in  the  bag.  1858  tr.  Life  of 
Xavier  13  Each  one  wore  his  rosary  hanging  round  his  neck. 

fig.  1820  KEATS  Isabella  xxiv,  Come  down,,  .ere  the  hot 
sun  count  His  dewy  rosary  on  the  eglantine.  i88x  DUF- 
FIELD  Don  Qiti.r.  II.  46,  I  came  against  a  rosary  or  a  string 
of  people  miserable  and  unhappy. 

b.  A  string   of  beads  used  by  other  religious 
sects  in  the  recitation  of  their  prayers. 

1868  Proc.  Geogr.  Soc.  15  July  154-5  The  Tibetans  made 
use  of  the  rosary  and  prayer- wheel. .  .The  rosary,  .ought  to 
have  108  beads.  1883  GILMOUR  Mongols  xvii.  204  Buddhism 
puts  into  his  hand  a  rosary. 
C.  Path.  (See  quots.) 

1897  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  III.  115  The  enlargement  of  the 
ends  of  the  ribs  at  the  junction  with  the  costal  cartilages — the 
1  beads  '  which  collectively  form  what  is  called  the  '  rosary  ' 
—is  the  earliest  of  alt  the  bone  changes.  1901  Dunglison's 
Med.  Diet.  App.,  Kosnry,  rachitic,  row  of  elevations  like 
beads,  on  the  cartilages  of  the  ribs  in  rickets. 

f7.  A  chaplet  or  coronet.     (In  quots.  fig."}    Obs. 

1651  JER.  TAYLOR  Holy  Dying  \\\.  §  i  Christ  hath  now  knit 
them  into  Rosaries  and  Coronets,  a  1667  —  Diary  i  Every 
day  propound  to  your  selfe  a  Rosary  or  a  Chaplet  of  good 
Works,  to  present  to  God  at  night. 

t  8.   (See  quot.)   0/>s.-° 

1656  BLOUNT  (copying  Cotgrave),  Rosary t . .  an  ordinary 
Limbeck  for  distilling  Rose  water. 

9.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rosary  bead,  chain^  con 
fraternity,  devotion.  Kosary-Sunday,  K.  C,  Chn 
the  first  Sunday  in  October,  when  the  victory  over 
the  Turks  at  Lepanto  (1571)  is  celebrated. 

1748  Earthquake  at  Lima(<s.A.  2)  271  Rosary  Devotion. 
1834  Penny  Cycl.  IV.  78  Beads  (Rosary  Beads)  are  made  of 
horn,  ebony,  ivory,,  .and  other  materials.  1865  PallMallG. 
No.  206.  10/2  Sunset  on  Rosary-Sunday.  1871-1  (title), 
The  Rosarian  ;  a  monthly  organ  of  the  Holy  Rosary  Con 
fraternity.  1873  Catal.  Exhib,  Jewellery  (S.  Kensington 
Mus.)  No.  770,  Rosary-chain  of  pearls  and  diamonds  with 
cross  as  pendant.  1884  Tablet  1 1  Oct.  591/1  Rosary  Sunday 
has  always  been  distinguished  by  a  special  observance. 
b.  Rosary-palm,  -peay  -shell:  (see  quots.). 

1684  tr.  Exquemeling" s  Bucaniers  Amer.  i.  33  There  be 
also  in  Hispaniola  four  other  species  of  Palms,  which  are. . 
Palma,  Espinosa  or  Prickle-palm,  Paint  a  a  chapelet  or 
Rosary-palm  [etc,].  1866  Trcas.  Bot.  854/2  Pea,  Rosary, 
the  seed  of  Abrus Precatorius,  1898  \\.QW.\§  Austral Eng. 
394/2  Rosary-shell.  In  Europe,  the  name  is  applied  to  any- 
marine  gastropod  shell  of  the  genus  Monodonta.  In  Aus 
tralia,  it  is  applied  to  the  shell  of  Nerita  atrata. 

||  Rosa  SOliS.  Obs.  Also  rosa-solis.  [mod. 
L.,  lit. '  rose  of  the  sun  '  (f.  rosa  rose,  and  solis,  gen. 
of  sol  sun),  but  the  original  form  is  Ros  SOLIS. 

Rosasolis  is  also  recorded  as  a  Pg.  form.) 

1.  The  plant  sundew,  Drosera  rotundifolia. 
1568  TURNER  Herbal  in.  79  Rosa  solis  is  a  little  small 

herbe  that  groweth  in  mossey  groundes  and  in  fennes.  1584 
COGAN  Haven  Health  228  Take  a  pottel  of  good  Aqua  vita, 
.  .and  put  into  it  two  good  handfuls..of  the  herbe  called 
Rosa  Solis.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  1367  Let  them  lay 
the  leaues  of  Rosa  solis  in  the  spirit  of  wine.  1626  BACON 
Sylva  §495  The  Herb  called  Rosn-Solis  (wherof  they  make 
Strong  Waters).  1796  WITHERING  Brit.  PI.  (ed.  3)  II.  324 
Round-leaved  Sundew.  Rosasolis,  Redrot. 

2.  A   cordial  or  liqueur  originally  made  from 
or  flavoured  with  the  juice  of  the  plant  sundew, 
but  subsequently  composed  of  spirits  (esp.  brandy) 
with  various  essences  or  spices,  sugar,  etc. 

In  Meeting  of  Gallants  (1604)  18  converted  into  rose  of 

1563-4  Will  of  Simon  Smyth  (Somerset  Ho.),  A  pottle  of 
the  best  rosasolis.  1584  COGAN  Haven  Health.  226  These 
sundrie  others  are  ..rather  vsed  as  medicines  than  with 
meates:  such  is  Aqua  vitx,  Aqua  composite  Rosa  Solis. 
*S97  GERARIJK  Herbal  1367  That  liquor  made  thereof  \sc. 
sundew]  which  the  common  people  do  call  Rosa  Solis. 
1602  MIDDLI-TON  Blurt,  Master  Constable  in.  iii,  He  so 
smells  of  ale  and  onions,  and  rosa-solis,  fie.  1641  G.  H. 
Witts  Recreations  Y6b,  Wee  abandon  all  Ale,  and  beare 
that  is  stale,  Rosa-solis  and  damnable  hum.  1702  FARQUHAR 
Twin  Rivals  n.  it,  I  an't  for  your  hot  spirits,  your  rosa 
solis,  your  ratafias,  your  orange- waters.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE 
FoolofQual.  (1809)  III.  145  [They]  were  regaling  themselves 
with  a  glass  of  rosasolis.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xxxviii, 
You  winna  be  the  waur  o'  a  glass  of  the  right  Rosa  Solis. 
Jig.  1601  BRETON  Longing  of  a  Blessed  /Avxr/ Wks.  (Gro 
sart)  I.  13/2  The  Rosa  solis  the  sicke  soule  reuiueth.  1643 


ROSAT. 

Mere.  Brit.  No.  10,  76  (Stanf.),  This  Rosa  Soils  of  Intellig. 
ence  to  comfort  them  in  their  agony  of  ill  news, 

t  Rosat,  ft-  and  sb,  Obs.  [a.  F.  rosat  or  ad.  L. 
rosa/tts.']  =  ROSET  a.  Also  as  sb.t  oil  of  roses. 

1579  LANGHAM  Card.  Health  (1633)  539  Sugar  rosat,  dis- 
solue  sugar  in  Rose-water,  and  seeth  it  well,  and  cast  it  on  a 
marble  stone  till  it  be  cold.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  83  As 
touching  the  oile  Rosat,  made  by  way  of  infusion,  it  was 
in  request  before  the  destruction  of  Troy.  1674  J.  MOI.INS 
Ana/.  Obs.  14  Sept.,  [He]  applyed  his  Calchanthum  to  it. ., 
continually  renewing  his  Stupes  diped  in  Rosat. 

Rosat,  obs.  form  of  RUSSET. 

t  Rosate,  «.  Obsr*  [ad.  L.  ro$atus\  cf.  prec.] 
==  ROSEATE  a.  i. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xiv.  i,  In  one  place  they  [grapes]  are 
of  a  fresh  and  bright  purple,  in  another,  of  a  glittering, 
incarnate,  and  rosate  colour. 

t  Rosated,  ppl,  a.    Ohs.    [See  prec.  and  -ED.] 

1.  Crowned  with  a  chaplet  of  roses. 

a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Yorkshire  in.  (1662)  207  He  ap- 
peareth  there  neither  laureated  nor  hederated  Poet, ..but 
only  rosated,  having  a  Chaplet  of  four  Roses  about  his  head. 

2.  ?  Treated  with  oil  of  roses. 

a  1774  GOLDSM.  Sttrv.  F.xp.  Philos.  (1776)  II.  382  Rosated 
spirit  of  wine,  quite  limpid,  and  spirit  of  vitriol,  almost  so, 
produce  a  red. 

Rosciaii  (rf'J'an),  a.  [f.  the  name  of  Quintus 
AVjrz'tt-f  Gallus  (f6a  B.  a),  a  famous  Roman  actor.] 
Characteristic  of  Roscius  as  an  actor ;  famous  or 
eminent  in  respect  of  acting. 

1636  HEVWOOD  Challenge  for  Beauty  Pro!.,  Our  (once 
applauded)  Rosscian  straine  In  acting  such  might  be 
reviv'd  againe.  1659  PECKK  Parnassi  Piter/1.  180  That 
Ben,  whose  Head  deserv'd  the  Roscian  Hayes,  Was  the 
first  gave  the  Name  of  Works,  to  Playes.  1861  DICKENS 
Gt.  Expect,  xxx,  The  celebrated  provincial  amateur  of 
Roscian  renown. 

Roscid  (rp'sid),  a.  Now  rare.  Also  roscide. 
[ad.  L.  roscid'tis  dewy,  f.  ros  dew  :  cf.  ROUID.] 
Dewy,  moist,  dank  ;  resembling  or  falling  like  dew. 

1626  BACON  Syh-a  §  55  The  Spirits  of  the  Wine,  doe  prey 
vpon  the  Roscide  luyce  of  the  Body.  1642  H.  MORE 
Immort.  of  Soul  I.  iii.  18  In  a  roscid  cloud  I  did  espy  A 
Lunar  rainbow.  1684  tr.  Bonefs  Afcrc.  Compit,  xix.  713 
Roscid  vapours. .are  restored.. by  such  things  as  breed  an 
halituous  Blood.  1730-4  WATERLAND  Script.  I'intf,  Wks. 
1843  IV.  183  The  falling  drops  of  small  roscid  rain.  1744 
ARMSTRONG  Art  Pres.  Health  (1807)  49  The  fine  and  subtle 
spirits  cost  too  much  To  be  profus'd,  too  much  the  roscid 
balm.  1819  H.  BCSK  Vestriad  \.  312  No  shout..  Buoys  him 
on  tip-toe  to  their  roscid  heaven. 

t  Ro-scidating,  ppl.  a.  Obs.-1  [Cf.  prec.] 
Having  a  dewy  or  cooling  effect. 

1638  RAWLEY  tr.  Bacon  s  Life  $  Death  (1650)  64  Refriger- 
atours  which  passe  not  by  the  Stomach ;  Drinkes  Roscidat- 
ing,  or  engendring  Oyly  Juyces. 

Rose  (rouz),  sb.  and  a.  Forms:  i~  rose,  5 
roos,  5-6  roose,  ross,  5,  7  rosse,  6  ros,  roase  ; 
Sc.  5  roise,  5-6  rois,  roys(e;  9  dial.  rooas(e, 
rwose.  [OE.  rose  or  iifse,  ad.  L.  rosa  (It.,  Sp., 
Pg.  rosa,  F.  rose} ;  in  ME.  prob.  reinforced  from 
French.  Cf.  MDu.  rose  (Du.  roos,  Fris.  raw), 
LG.  rose,  OHO.  r&sa  (G.  rose},  ON.  rd*sa  (MSw. 
rosa,  Da.  rose  ;  Icel.  r6st  Sw.  ros}.  L.  rosa  is  prob. 
an  adoption  of  Gr.  /SoSca  through  intermediate 
Greek  and  Italian  dialects  (lirugmann,  I.  684).] 
A.  sb.  I.  The  flower  or  plant. 

1:  A  •  "well-known  beautiful  and  fragrant  flower 
which  grows  upon  a  shrub  of  the  genus  Rosa,  usu. 
of  a  red,  white,  or  yellow  colour,  and  cultivated 
in  most  civilized  countries. 

The  petals  of  the  rose  have  been  used  for  various  eco 
nomical  purposes:  cf.  ATTAR,  OTTO',  ROSE-CAKF,  ROSE- 
VINEGAR,  ROSE-WATER,  etc. 

^888  K.  /ELFRED  Bocth.  ix,  Se  stearca  wind-.toweorpS.  . 
t>£ere  rosan  wlite.  a  1000  ^LFRIC  Horn.  I.  444  Rbsena 
blostman  &  lilian  hi  ymtrymedon.  c  1055  Byrhtferth's 
Handboc  in  Attglia  VIII.  299  paer  we  onfengon  ^aete 
rosena  swsec.  a  1225  A  tier.  R.  276  And  breres  bereS  rosen, 
&  berien,  &  blostmen?  13-.  CoerdeL.  3736  Lad  yes  strowe 
here  boures  With  rede  roses,  and  lylye  flowres.  1390 
GOWER  Conf.  I.  173  As  the  Netle..The  freisshe  rede  Roses 
hrenneth  And  makth  hem  fade,  c  1450  Godstow  Reg.  558 
Yeldyng  therof  yerely  to  hym..j.  Rose  atte  fest  of  seynt 
lohn  Baptist.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (\V.  de  W.  1531}  234  So 
longe  it  is  called  the  budde  of  a  rose,  as  it  is  not  a  perfyte 
rose.  1595  BARNFIELD  Cynthia  (1841)  10  Euer  as  she  went 
she  strew'd  the  place,  Red-roses  mixt  with  Daffodillies  fine. 
1620  VENNER  Via  Recta  vii.  148  In  the  Red  Roses,  earthy 
parts  are  predominant.  1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Rejl.  (1848)  360 
Roses. .do  not  onely  keep  their  Colour  longer  than  Tulips, 
but  when  that  decays,  retain  a  perfum'd  Odour.  1742  GRAY 
Propertins  ii.  10  There  bloom  the  vernal  rose's 


earliest 

pride.  1781  COWPER  Retirem.  724  Flow'rs  by  that  name 
promiscuously  we  call,  But  one,  the  rose,  the  regent  of 
them  all.  1809  BYRON  Bards  fy  Rev.  76  As  soon  Seek 
roses  in  December— ice  in  June.  1856  RUSKIN  Afoef. 
Painters  IV.  v.  xiv.  §  25  A  rose  is  rounded  by  its  own  soft 
ways  of  growth.  1882  Garden  11  Feb.  93/1  A  bunch  of 
green  Roses  gathered  from  a  bush  in  the  open  air. 
b.  Oil  of  roses,  rose-oil  (see  sense  I9d). 
c  1400  Lanfrancs  Cirurg.  13  Aboute  (?e  wounds  leie  a 
medicyn  defensif,.  .oile  of  rosis,  &  a  Htil  vynegre.  1541 
COPLAND  Guydorfs  Q nest.  Chirurg.  Oj  b,  Anoynte  it  with 
oyle  of  Roses  or  other  oyntement  to  my ty gate  the  smert. 
1563  HVLL  Art  Gardening  (1593)  88  The  best  making  of 
the  oile  of  Roses  is  on  this  wise,  first  clip  off  the  rose  leaues 
from  the  whites,  and  boiling  the  same  in  oyle  Oliue,  then 
sun  the  same  in  a  glasse  for  fiftie  dates,  c  1623  LODGE 
Poore  Mans  Talent  (Hunterian  Cl.)  43  Mintts  bruised  and 
mixed  wyth  oyle  of  Roses,  and  applied  to  the  stomacke,  is 

VOL.  " 


793 

good  against,  .vomytt.  1662  [see  OIL  si'.1  B.  2].  1725  Fant. 
Diet.  s.v.  M'onml,  Take.  .Pitch  or  Gum,  Oil  of  Roses  [etc.]. 
'753  Chambers"  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Rose^  How  to  gain  a  larger 
quantity  of  the  essential  oil  of  roses.  1868  WATTS  Diet. 
Chem.V.  115  Oil  of  roses  is  often  adulterated  with  oil  of 
geranium. 

C.  Cakes,  honey,  sugar,  syrup,  water  of  roses 
(cf.  19  d,  and  ROSE-CAKE,  etc.). 

c  1430  Two  Cookery-Iks.  27  Take  Quynces,.. caste  hem  on 
a  potte,  &  caste  ber-to  water  of  Rosys.  1553  [ste  sense  19  d]. 
1671  PHILLIPS,  Rhodamtl^..  Honey  of  Roses.  1676  J.  COOKB 
Marrow  C/iirurg.  (ed.  3)  785  Manna  dissolv'd  in  Syrup  of 
Roses.  1680  OTWAY  Cains  Marius  v.  ii,  Remnants  of 
Pack-thread,  and  old  Cakes  of  Rose-;.  1725  Fam,  Diet.  s.v. 
Appetite,  With  a  little  Syrup  of  Roses  make  a  small  Lump 
of  it.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Rose^  Sugar  of  Roses  is 
made  of  Red-Rose  Leaves,  dried  in  an  Oven. 
d.  Used  without  article. 

c  1440  tr.  Pallail,  on  Hnsb,  vi.  211  In  euery  pound  of 
oil  an  vnce  of  rose  Ypurged  putte.  Ibid.  216  In  luce  of 
rose.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  312/1  Oyle  of  Rose,  rodoliitm. 
1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1149  Three  ounces  of  essence  of  rose. 
1871  IVARRAR  \Vitn.  Hist.  ii.  63  The  rocks  should  tlow  with 
honey,  and  the  briars  bloom  with  rose. 

2.  A  rose-plant,  rose-bush,  or  rose-tree. 

In  early  quots.  not  clearly  distinguishable  from  sense  r. 

c  1380  WYCLIP  6W,  Wks.  \,  108  pis  smelle  is  Crist,  clepid 
plantinge  of  rose  in  Jerico.  1577  B.  GOOGE  Heresbactis 
Hu&b.  (1556)  67  Roses.. are  diverslie  planted.  1597  <JI-:KARDK 
Herbal  1080  We  haue  in  our  London  gardens  one  of  the 
red  Roses,  whose  flowers  are.. of  great  estimation.  1664 
EVELYN  Kalcnd.  Hort*  69  In  mid  June  Inoculate  Jasmine, 
Roses,  and  some  other  rare  shrubs.  1725  Fain.  Diet.  s.v. 
Rose-tree^  The  Rose  deserves  as  much  care  as  any  Shrub 
that  grows  in  a  Garden.  1731  MILLER  Gctrd,  Diet,  s.v. 
Rosat  The  next  Sort  of  Rose  which  flowers  in  the  open  Air, 
is  the  Cinnamon.  1822  LOUIJON  Rncycl.  Card.  (1824)  892 
Roses  require  some  attention  to  pruning.  1843  Beck's 
Florist  137  The  first  prize  for  twenty  Roses  in  pots.  i88z 
Garden  4  Mar.  142/2,  I  have  a  green  Rose,  evidently  a 
climber. 

b.  Aitstr*  A  name  given  to  the  *  scrub-vine* 
(Ban era  rubioides],  and  to  a  shrub  {Boron ia  ser- 
rulata}  of  the  order  Rutacese. 

1874  Treas.  Dot.  Suppl.  s.v.,  Rose,  Australian,  Boronia 
semtlata.  Ibid^  Rose,  River  (Tasm.),  Bdttera  rubioides, 
1891  W.  TILLF.Y  Wild  West  Tasmania  7  (Morris^  The., 
troublesome  liauera  shrub;  whose  gnarled  branches  have 
earned  for  it  the.. expressive  name  of  'tangle-foot '  or  '  leg 
ropes'.  [It]  has  been  named  by  Spicer  the  '  Native  Rose'. 

3.  With  defining  term  prefixed  (denoting  either 
one  of  the  numerous  varieties  of  the  common  rose, 
or  some  other  plant),  as  Alpine^  apple,  Ayrshire, 
Banksian,  etc. 

The  more  important  of  these,  as  blush-,  bricr-^  cabbage-^ 
canker-^  China-^  Christmas-rose,  etc.,  are  treated  under  the 
first  element  or  as  main  words.  Only  a  few  of  the  many 
others  in  use  are  illustrated  here. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  495/2  The.. \\lpjne  in- 
ermous  rose,  grows  five  or  six  feet  high.  1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.v. 
Rose-tree,  There  are  two  other  sorts  of  Striped  Roses,,  .one 
of  which  is  call'd  the  York  and  Lancaster  Rose,  and  the 
other,  the  *Apple  Rose.  1837  RIVEKS  Rose  Amateur's  G, 
42  The  "Ayrshire  Rose.,  is  merely  a  seedling  hybrid  from  our 
Kosa  arvensis.  Ibid.  52  The  true  *B&nksian  Roses  are  not 
adapted  for  pillar  roses..  :  they  require  a  wall.  i864HiBBEun 
Rose  Bk.  8  A'.  Banksix  is  the  type  of  a  restricted,  .section 
of  climbing  roses,  natives  of  China;  known  in  gardens  as 
Banksian  roses.  1837  RIVERS  Rose  Amateur  s  G.  20  Hybrid 
China  roses.,  owe  their  origin  to  the  China,  Tea-scented 
Noisette  and  *I3ourbon  roses.  Ibid.  50  The  *Boursault 
Rose  (Rosa  Alpina)..  .This  is  a  most  distinct  group  of  roses, 
with  long,  reddish  flexible  shoots.  1786  ABERCROMBIE  Gard. 
Assist.^  Arr.  33/1  Indian  or  *Chinese  rose.  1837  RIVEKS 
Rose  Amateur's  G.  68  The  common  Chinese  Rose,  (Rosa 
indica),  and  the  crimson  Chinese  Rose,  or  Rosa  semper* 
florens.  1725  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Rose-tree,  The  best  Season  in 
England  to  plant  "Dutch  Roses.  1786  ABERCROMBIE  Gard. 
Assist.,  Arr.  33/2  *Eglantine  rose,  or  sweet  briar.  1647 
HEXHAM  i,  An  *Eglantire  Rose.  1707  MORTIMER  Hns6. 
(1721)  II.  165  The  *Ever-green  Rose,  that  grows  like  wild 
Eglantine.  1844  KITTO  P/tys.  Hist.  Palestine  vii.  284  The 
principal  species  in  that  country  are.. the  hundred-leaved 
(or  damask)  rose,  the  yellow  rose,  and  the  evergreen  rose. 
1725  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Rose-tree^  The  *hundred-leav'd  Rose, 
without  smell.  1864  HIBBERD  Rose  Bk,  6  R.  Dantascena, 
R.  Gallic  a,  and  R.  centifolia,  constitute  together  the  section 
QtCcntifolinm^  or  hundred-leaved  roses.  1837  RIVERS  Rose 
Amateurs  G.  87  The  single  ''Macartney  Rose  was  brought 
from  China,  in  1795,  by  Lord  Macartney.  1786  ABER 
CROMBIE  Gard.  Assist.,  Arr.  32/2  *Marbled  rose.  1797 
Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  495/1  Marbled  rose. .,  having. . 
large,  double,  finely-marbled,  red  flowers.  1797  Encycl. 
Btit.  (ed.  3)  VI IF.  499/1  The  seeds  having  been  carried  by 
the  French  to  their  West  India  settlements,  it  hath  thence 
obtained  the  name  of  ""Martinico-rose.  1807  Miller's  Gard. 
Diet,  s.v.  Rosa,  Double  China  Rose,  commonly  called  in 
the  West  Indies,  Marttnico  Rose.  1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.v. 
Rose-tree,  The  *  Yellow  Rose  has  broad  Leaves  of  a  yellow 
Lemon  Colour,  and  has  no  smell. 

b.  \Yith  defining  term  (genitive  phrase)  added  : 

Rose  of  the  Alps,  one  of  a  small  species  of  shrubs,  Rho 
dodendron  iiirsntuni  or  R.  ferrngiiiettiit,  natives  of  the 
Alps  ;  Alpine  rose.  Rose  of  Cayenne  :  (see  quot.  1874). 
Rose  of  heaven,  a  beautiful  garden-flower,  Lychnis  or 
yiscaria  Ctfli-rosa.  Rose  of  Jerusalem,  a  species  of 
Amomum  (see  quot.  1598).  Rose  of  May,  the  common 
white  narcissus  ;  poets'  narcissus  (N.  poet  ten  s\  Rose  of 
the  mount,  a  variety  of  peony.  Rose  of  the  prime, 
the  primrose.  Rose  of  Sienna,  Ii.dian  mallow.  Rose 
of  the  Virgin,  the  rose  of  Jericho.  Rose  of  the  World, 
(a)  a  variety  of  the  common  rose;  (b)  a  handsome  rose- 
coloured  flower,  Camellia  japonica  Rosa-mundi.  Also 
ROSE  OF  JERICHO,  ROSE  OF  SHARON. 

1598  FLORIO,  Ainomo,^  sweete-smelling  shrub  in  Armenia  ' 
with  leaues  like  the  \ine,  called  our  Ladies  Rose,  or  the  j 
Rose  of  leru-alem,  or  Garden  Pepper.  1611  COTGR.,  Rose  ( 


ROSE. 

'  de  nostre  Dante,  Rose  of  the  mount,  Knights  filoome, 
Peonie,  Pionie.  1628  WITHER  Brit.  Remeinb.  137  Here 
plucks  the  Cowslips,  Roses  of  the  Prime,  There  Lavander, 
sweet  Marjoram  and  '1  hyme.  a  1653  GOUGE  Comm.  Hcbr. 

i  ix.  121  There  is  a  rose  of  Jerusalem,  which  is  milk  white, 
and  called.  .Amomum.  1725  Fum.  Diet.  s.v.  Rose  (/F//<Y>, 
The  Indian  and  Japan  Mallows  ; . .  it's  more  known  by 
the  Name  of  the  Rose  of  Sienna.  1731  MILLER  Gard.  Diet. 

i  s.v.  Rosa,  The  Rose  of  the  World,  or  Rosa  Mimdi.  1852 
G.  W.  JOHNSON  Cottage  Gard,  Diet.  790  ;r  Rose  of  Heaven, 
Lychnis  Coeli-Rosa.  Ibid.,  Rose  of  the  World.  1866  Cham* 
bcrs's  Encycl.  VIII.  337/1  Numerous  superstitions  are  con- 

,    nected  with  this    plant,  which    is   called  Rosa  Jlfariy,  or 

;  Rose  of  the  Virgin.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  991/1  Rose  of  the 
Alps.  Ibid.)  Rose  of  May.  1874  —  Suppl.  s.v.,  Rose  of 
Cayenne,  Lie&ria, guianensis,  \  or,  according  to  some  author 
ities,  Dicypclliiiin  caryophyllatunt. 

II.  In  allusive,  emblematic,  or  figurative  use?. 
4.    a.  The   flower  as   distinguished  by  its  sur 
passing  beauty,  fragrance,  or  lich  red  colour. 

971  Blickl.  Horn.  7  Seo  readnes  f'xre  rosan  lixe}?  on  be. 
a  1225  Leg.  Kath.  1423  Se  rudie  &  se  reade  ilitet  eauereuch 

•     leor  as  lilie  ileid  to  ro^e,     a  1300  Cursor  Jlf.  9927  It  castes 

;    lem   ouer  al  sa  bright.  -Als   ros   (;at  es  als  in  springing. 

i  '"  J38s  CHAUCER  L.  G.  II'.  613  Cleopatra,  Sche  was  fayr  as 
is  the  Rose  in  may.  ^  1420  Antnrs  of  Arth.  i6r,  I  was 
reddere  in  rode  |?an  rase  in  J»e  rayne.  c  iqiQGelagrosfy  Gait.'. 

''  854  The  b!ude..As  roise  rngit  on  rise,  Our  ran  thair  riche 
vedis.  1597  SIIAKS.  2  Hen.  /^,  n.  iv.  28  Your  Colour  (I 
warrant  you)  is  as  red  as  any  Rose,  a  1732  GAY  Neiv  Song 
on  AViy  Siinifics  55  Sweet  as  a  ruse  her  breath  and  lips. 
1798  COLERIDGE  Anc.  filar,  \.  ix,  Red  as  a  rose  is  she. 
1856  KMKKSON  /''»?.  Trails,  Race,  The  old  men  are  as  red 
as  roses,  and  still  handsome, 

b.  With  reference  to  the  prickles  (commonly 
called  thorns}  of  the   bush  on  which   the  flower 
grows.     Alsoyf^. 

a  900  O,  /'-.  Martyrol.  2  Sept.,  He  waes  cristen  Isece,  ond 
he  eardode  in  haefienra  midlene  swa  swa  rose  sio  wyrt  bi3 
on  |:orna  midlynas.  a  1250  Ou>l  fy  Nighf.  444  pe  rose  al* o 
myd  hire  rude  pat  cumep  of  }^e  ^orne  wode.  c  1300  R. 
(jLOL'C.  (Rolls)  6794  As  (?e  rose  springj*  of  he  brer  bat  ssarp 
&  kene  is.  1390  GOWKR  Conf.  I.  62  That  was  a  Rose  is 
thanne  a  thorn.  1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  Prol.  ix,  There  is  no 
rose.. in  garden,  but  there  be  sum  thorne.  1535  COVERDALE 
Song  Sol.  ii.  i  As  the  rose  amonge  the  thornes,  so  is  my 
loue  amonge  the  daughters.  #1586  MONTGOMERIE  Misc. 
l\H'ins  xl.  46  Sen  peircing  pyks  ar  kyndlie  with  the  rose. 
1611  COTGR.  s.v.,  No  Rose  without  a  prickle.  1667  MILTON 
/'.  L.  iv.  256  Flours  of  all  hue,  and  without  Thorn  the 
Rose.  1819  SCOTT  Ivanhoe  xviii,  To  gather  life's  roses,  un 
scathed  by  the  briar.  1882  CHRISTINA  ROSSETTI  Poems 
(1904)  174/1  Herself  a  rose, ..She  bore  the  Rose  and  felt  the 
thorn. 

c.  In  miscellaneous  uses. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xi.  546  The  king  had  said.  .That  ane 
rose  of  his  chaplet  Wes  faldyn.  1423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q.  i£6, 
I  pray  for  all  the  hertis  dull,  That.. has  no  curage  at  the 
rose  to  pull.  1546  HEYWOOD  Pror.  <y  Epigr.  (1867)  21,  I 
toke  hir  for  a  rose,  but  she  breedth  a  burre.  1560  ROLLAND 
Crt.  Venus  \.  587  Of  ail  vertewis,  lufe  is  the  crop  and  rois. 
1600  S.  NICHOLSON  Acolastvs  (1876)  24  None  must  pluck 
the  Redrose  of  her  prime,  Hut  he  that  gaynes  her  with  a 
gulden  voyce.  1629  H.  BURTON  Tfiittis  Triumph  285  The 
passage  from  earth  to  heauen  is  not  st rowed  with  roses. 
1842  TENNYSON  Vision  of  Sin  m.  5, 1  saw  that  every  morn 
ing.. God  made  Himself  an  awful  rose  of  dawn.  1877  — 
Harold  in.  i,  The  Saints  are  virgins;  They  love  the  white 
rose  of  virginity.  1899  W.E.  NonKis<7.  tngilby  vi, '  [Enter 
taining]  is  not  all  roses,  you  see  ',  the  girl  remarked. 

d.  Bed  of  roses  :  (cf.  BED  sb.  6  b\ 

[a  1593  MARLOWE  Pass.  Shepherd  iii,  There  will  I  make 
thee  a  bed  of  Roses.  1648  HEURICK  Hesp.,  Upon  F.liz* 
Herrick,  In  thy  bed  of  Roses,  then,.. Sleep,  while  we  hide 
thee  from  the  light.  1665  DRYDEN  Ind,  Einp.\.  ii,  Think'st 
thou  1  lie  on  beds  of  roses  here.] 

1806  Cobbetfs  Parl.  Deb.  VII.  1243  So  that  he.. does  not 
Imagine  the  directors  lay  on  a  '  bed  of  roses  \  1895  Diet. 
Nat,  Biogr.  XLIV.  396/2  These  border  commands  were  no 
beds  of  roses. 

5.  transf. '  A  peerless  or  matchless  person  ;  a 
paragon  j  esp.  a  woman  of  great  beauty,  excellence, 
or  virtue.     Also  const,  of. 

Frequently  used,  es$.  in  early  examples,  to  designate  the 
Virgin  Mary, 

a  1400  Minor  Poems  from  Vernon  JA9.  xxviii.  41  Heil 
Rose  hi^est  of  hyde  and  hewe.  1412  LYDG.  Chron,  Troy  i. 
2974,  I  5ow  beseche,  O  goodly  fresche  rose,  Myn  emprise  to 
brmgen  to  an  ende.  c  1450  St,  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  6440  Of 
Religioun  he  was  f>e  rose.  1508  UUKBAH  Gold.  Targe  253 

0  reuerend    Chaucere,  rose  of  reihoris  all.     1596  SHAKS. 

1  Hen.  IV)  i.  iii.  175  To  put  downe  Richard,  that  sweet 
louely  Rose,  And  plant  this  Thorne.     1602  —  Ham.  iv.  v. 
157   Oh   Rose  of  Slay,  Deere   Maid,  kinde    Sister,  sweet 
Ophelia.     1653  H.  COGAN  tr.  Pinto  s  Tra-u.  xxiii.  86  The 
same  Priest,  .began  to  sing  aloud  these  words  'Virgin,  you 
are   a    Rose'.     1683  IV hip  for  Derit  118  By  all  the  most 
blessed  Names  of  the  Virgin . . ,  beautiful  Soul,  blessed  Rose. 
1720  T.  M.  tr.  Hoi-stilts'  Pc<rad.  Soul  (1771)  453  Mystical 
Rose,  Pray  for  us.     1731-8  SWIFT  Pol.  Cvnv.  i,  Mist,  Well ; 
her&'s  a  Rose  between  two  Nettles.  Neverout.  No,  Madam  ; 
..here's  a  Nettle  between  two  Roses.     1819  SCOTT  Ivaniioe 
xiv,    A    Saxon    heiress   of    large    possessions..,  a  rose    of 
loveliness,  and  a  jewel  of  wealth.     1872  in  Mrs.  Somcrville 
Personal  Recoil,  iv.  (1874)  61  They  called  her  the  '  Rose  of 
Jedwood  '.     1882  [see  4  b]. 

6.  Eng.  Hist.  The  flower,  white  or  red,  which 
was  respectively  the  badge,  emblem,  or  symbol  of 
the  rival  Houses  of  York:  and  Lancaster.     Also 
transfn  the  parties  thus  symbolized. 

Wars  of  the  Roses,  the  civil  wars  in  the  fifteenth  century 
between  the  Yorkists  and  Lancastrians. 

For  the  reputed  adoption  of  the  emblem,  see  Shaks. 
i  Hen.  \*I,  n.  iv.  27  it. 

1509  HAWKS  Past.  Pleas.  (Percy  Soc.)  i  Grace  shal  him 
[Prince  Henry]  well  enclose,  Whiche  by  true  right  spiange 

100 


ROSE. 

of  the  reed  rose,  a  15*9  SKELTON  Sp.  Parrot  37  Cryst  saue 
Kyng  Henry  the  viii.,  our  royall  kyng,  The  red  rose  in 
honour  to  florysh  and  spryng  !  x6ia  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  v. 
64  Whose  marriages  conioyn'd  the  White-rose  and  the  Red. 
1642  FULLER  Holy  $  Prof.  St.  v.  v.  378  The  Red  rose  might 
become  White,  by  losing  so  much  bloud,  and  the  White 
rose  Red  by  shedding  it.  1738  De  Foe's  Tour  Gt.  Brit. 
(ed.  2)  III.  120  It  proved  a  lucky  Day  to  the  White  Rose 
of  York  and  made  the  Red  Rose  of  Lancaster  look  pale  and 
wan.  1829  SCOTT  Anne  of  G.  vii,  The  civil  discords  so 
dreadfully  prosecuted  in  the  wars  of  the  White  and  Red 
Roses.  1878  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  III.  xviii.  274  Henry  VII, 
combining  the  interests  of  the  rival  roses. 

b.  As  the  emblem  of  England.  Cf.  12  c. 
1629  B.  JONSON  Underwoods^  To  E.  Ftluter,\Vho  did  this 
Knot  compose  Again  hath  brought  the  Lily  to  the^Rose. 
1825  A.  CUNNINGHAM  German  Lairdie  ii,  He's  pu'd  the 
rose  o' the  English  loons,..  But  our  thistle  top  will  jag  his 
thumbs. 

7.  Under  the  rose,  privately,  in  secret,  in  strict 
confidence;  SUB  ROSA.    Also  transf.  (qnot.  1876). 

So  early  mod.Du.  onder  de  roose^  (KUian),  MLG.  under 
derrosen,  G.  unter  tier  rose  :  there  is  reason  to  believe  that 
the  phrase  originated  in  Germany. 

1546  State  Papers  Hen.  VUI,  XL  200  The  sayde  ques- 
tyons  were  asked  with  lysence,  and  that  yt  shulde  remayn 
under  the  rosse,  that  is  to  say,  to  remayn  under  the  bourde, 
and  no  more  to  be  rehersyd.  1622  FLETCHER  Beggars'* 
Busk  n.  iii,  If  this  make  us  speak  Bold  words,  anon,  'tis  all 
under  the  Rose  Forgotten.  1644  HOWKLL  Parables  Times 
147  Being  all  under  the  Rose  they  had  privilege  to  speak 
all  things  with  freedom.  1687  T.  BROWN  in  Dk.  Bucking- 
hams  JK&r.  (1705)  II.  131  Where  under  the  Pulpit,  as  under 
the  Rose,  we  may  say  what  we  please  against  either  State 
or  Church.  1708  Brit.  Apollo  No.  112.  3/1  But  when  we 
with  caution  a  secret  Disclose,  We  cry  Be  it  spoken  (Sir) 
under  the  Rose.  1775  J.  ADAMS  in  Fam.  Lett.  (1876)  61  In 
Congress  we  are  bound  to  secrecy.  But,  under  the  rose,  I 
believe  that  ten  thousand  men  will  be  maintained  in  the 
Massachusetts.  1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  xxvi,  Why,  ye  are 
to  understand,  ..  I  speak  amang  friends,  and  under  the 
rose.  1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  xxviii,  This  fine  fellow, 
whom  he  believed  to  be  his  cousin  under  the  rose, 
b.  In  allusions  to  the  above  phrase. 

1730  FIELDING  Rape  upon  Rape  Wks.  1775  II.  51  The 
rose  is  ever  understood  over  the  drinking-room,  and  a  glass 
is  the  surest  turnkey  to  the  lips.  1890  Ch.  Times  21  Feb., 
If  these  persons  are  well  informed  (and  some  of  them  are 
very  near  the  rose)  the  prospect  of  legislation  is  not  too 
brilliant. 

III.  As  a  designation  of  colour. 

8.  A  delicate  red  or  light  crimson  colour. 

1530  PALSGR.  264/1  Rose,  colour.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s.v.  Colour^  The  same  blue,  with  red  half  in  grain,  makes 
amaranth,  tan-colour,  and  dry  rose.  1761  Poetry  in  Ann. 
Reg*  234  Did  they,  no  matter  how,  disturb  their  cloaths ; 
Or,  over  lilied,  add  a  little  rose  !  1834-6  in  Encycl.  Metrop. 
(1845)  VIII.  463/1  Several  different  shades  of  enamel 
colours,  rose,  red,  and  brown.  1864  LOWELL  Fireside  Trav. 
286  One  great  mountain  that  soaked  up  all  the  rose  of 
sunset.  1882  Garden  23  Dec.  548/1  The  flowers.. bright 
magenta  shaded  with  warm  rose. 

9.  Chiefly  //.     The  fresh  pink  or  ruddy  hue  of 
the  complexion,  esp.  in  young  women. 

1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  i.  i.  129  How  now  my  loue?  Why 
is  your  cheek  so  pale  ?  How  chance  the  Roses  there  do  fade 
so  fast?  1607  EARL  STIRLING  J.  C&sar  in.  ii,  I  see  the 
Roses  fading  in  thy  face.  1622-1713  [see  LILY  3].  1775 
SHICRIUAN  Duenna  n.  i,  Then  the  roses  on  those  cheeks  are 
shaded  with  a  sort  of  velvet  down,  that  gives  a  delicacy  to 
the  glow  of  health.  1812  CRABRE  Tales  xvi.  266  In  Anna's 
cheek  revived  the  faded  rose.  1877  MRS.  OLIPHANT  Makers 
Flor,  vi.  172  The  fresh  country  ladies  had  to  be  warned 
against  spoiling  their  natural  roses  with  paint. 

10.  The   rose,  a  popular  term  for  a  local   in 
flammatory  cutaneous  disease,  frequently  accom 
panied  by  fever,  in  which  the  skin  assumes  a  deep 
red  colour  ;  erysipelas  ;  St.  Anthony's  fire. 

Perhaps  originally  from  Dutch  or  German. 

1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhouers  Bk.  Physicke  286/1  If  then  anye 
man  get  the  Rose  or  anye  other  inflammation.  1638  A. 
Fox  Wurtsi  Surg.  n.  xxu  134  There  are  other  humours 
which  fall  into  the  Knee,  even  as  the  Rose  or  Anthonies 
Fire  useth  to  fall.  1788  Med.  Comm.  II.  182  The  Rose,  or 
Erysipelas  of  the  extremities,  is  commonly  preceded  by 
lownes-s.  1833  Cycl.  Pract.  Med.  II.  105/2  Erysipelas.. is 
known  in  popular  language  by  the  name  of  the  Rose,  from 
the  colour  of  the  skin.  1900  Hntchinsorfs  Arch.Surg.yH. 
209  Local  cyanosis,  although  less  common  than  local  roses, 
is  often  quite  as  definitely  in  association  with  the  too  liberal 
use  of  alcoholic  beverages, 

transf.  1799  W.  BUTTER  (title},  On  the  Venereal  Rose. 

11.  f  a.  A  rose-coloured  wine.  Obs.—1 

c  1460  J.  RUSSELL  Bk.  Nurture  115  perfore  a  pipe  of 
coloure  de  rose  bou  kepe..;  the  reboyle  to  Rakke  to  pe  lies 
of  be  rose,  |?at  shalle  be  his  amendynge, 

b.  A  rose-coloured  or  reddish  variety  of  apple, 
pear,  potato,  etc. 

1676  WORLIDGE  Cyder  (1691)  179  Alexandrian  Roses  I 
have  not  heard  of.  1822  LOUDON  Encycl.  Gard.  §  1434 
Dessert  Pears... Rose,  Thorny  Rose.  1860  R.  HOGG  Fruit 
Manual  214  (Pears)  Summer  Rose  (Epine  Rose  ;  Ognonet ; 
Rose;  Thorny  Rose). — Fruit  medium  sized,  oblate.  1888 
Daily  Neivs  10  Sept.  2/7  Potatoes... Early  Roses  are  the 
freest  from  blight. 

IV.  A  figure  or  representation  of  the  flower. 

12.  a.    Her.  A  conventional  design   or  figure 
representing  this  flower,   usu.  consisting    of  five 
lobes  or  petals. 

13..  Sir  Bcues  3786  Here  armes  were  riale  of  si;t..;t>e 
chaumpe  of  gold  ful  faire  tolede,  Portraid  al  wijj  rosen  rede. 
1459  Paston  Lett,  I.  469  My  maister  helmet  in  the  myddes, 
with  rede  roses  of  my  maisters  armes.  a  1550  in  Baring- 
Gould  &  Twigge  W.  Armory  (1898)  6  Boscowne  :  Ermyn  a 
rose  gul[es].  1562  LECH  Armory  ijob,  The  fickle  Geules, 


794 

n  Rose,  Or.  xtfio  GUILLIM  Her*  in.  ix,  A  rose  gules 
Barbed  and  Seeded.  1675  [see  CHEVRON  so.1  2].  1708  J. 
CHAMBERLAYNE  St.  Gt.  Brit.  (1710)  57  The  White  Rose  was 
the  ancient  bearing  of  the  House  of  York,  and  the  Red 
Rose  that  of  Lancaster.  1722  A.  NISBET  Syst.  Her.  I.  379 
Crest,  an  Hand  issuing  from  a  Cloud,  and  reaching  down  a 
Garland  of  Roses  proper.  1864  [see  BARBED  ppL  a.1  3]. 
1868  CUSSANS  Her.  (1893)  105. 

to.  A  representation  of  the  flower  in  needlework 
or  painting. 

1434  E.  E.  Wills  102  A  whit  couerkell  with  roses  & 
flourdeluces.  1466  Records  in  Archaeologia  (1887)  L.  i.  38 
Item  j  vestment  of  blewe  chamlet,  enbraudet  w*  whyte 
Roses.  1542  Ibid.^6  Item  a  vestementblwe  Chamlet  w*  rosis. 
a  1548  HALL  Citron.,  Hen.  F///(  73  b,  All  the  Copes  and 
Vestementes  wer.  .poudered  with  redde  Roses  purled  with 
fine  golde. 

c.  As  an  emblem  of  the  houses  of  York  or  Lan 
caster,  or  of  England.     Cf.  6. 

[a  1475  G.  CHASTELLAIN  Chron.  (Euvres  1864  IV.  155  Un 
chevalier,  .portant  le  nouvel  collier  du  roy,  la  rose  blanche 
et  !e  soleil.]  15..  Sir  Andrew^  Barton  in  Sitrtees  Misc. 
(1890)  67  When  he  saw  the  Lion  of  England  out  blaisse, 
The  sterne  [read  streemers]  and  the  roose  about  his  eye. 
1853  HUMPHREYS  Coin-coll.  Man.  II.  463  The  twopenny 
pieces  [of  Jas.  I]  have  a  rose  on  one  side,  and  a  thistle  on 
the  other,  crowned. 

f  13.  A  kind  of  cup  or  bowl,    Obs.  rare. 

1444  Test.Ebor.  (Surtees)  II.  112,  I  wil  yt  William  my 
sone  haue..ij  standing  cuppis  of  a  sute  gilt,  ij  coveryd  pecis 
call  id  rpsis.  1459  Paston  Lett.  I.  469  Item,  j.  paire  basyns, 
with  gilt  verges,  and  j.  rose,  with  my  maisters  helmet 
enameled  and  gilt  in  the  myddes. 

14.  A   rose-shaped   design   of  metal    or  other 
material ;  an  imitation  of  a  rose  in  metal-work,  etc. 

1459  Paston  Lett.  I.  469  Item,  j.  stondynge  cuppe  gilt, 
with  j.  kever,  with  j.  rose  in  the  toppe,  weiyng  xl  unces. 
1488  Ace.  Ld.  High  Trcas.  Scot.  I.  82  Item,  ane  vche  of 
gold  maid  like  ane  ros  of  diamantis.  c  1520  Mem.  Ripon 
(Surtees)  III.  206  Item  pro  ij  rygges,  roses,  £  key  plattes, 
i6(/.  1578  in  Feuillerat  Revels  Q.  Eliz.  (1908)  293  For 
xxxtia  dozen  of  Roases  mowlded  &  guylded.  i6rx  COTGR., 
Rosettet.  .the  Rose  at  the  end  of  the  cheeke  of  a  bitt,  next 
to  the  reynes.  1655  MARQ.  WORCESTER  Cent.  Inv.  §  70  A 
Key  with  a  Rose-turning  pipe  and  two  Roses,  pierced 
through  endwise  through  the  Bitt  thereof.  1661  BOYLE 
Style  of  Script,  (1675)  173  In  roses  of  diamonds,  the  Jewels 
oftentimes  keep  us  from  minding  the  flower  and  the  enamel. 
1706  STEVENS  Sp.  Diet.,  Roseta,  a  little  Rose,  such  as  is 
made  upon  curious  Works  in  Silver,  or  the  like  to  cover  a 
rivet,  or  for  such  use.  1806  A.  HUNTER  Culina  54  Put  on 
the  upper  crust  with  a  hole  in  the  middle,  to  be  covered 
with  a  rose  of  the  same  paste.  1879  Encycl.  Brit.  IX.  254/2 
The  fish. -are.  .packed  with  the  heads  outwards  in  hogs 
heads,  and  a  'rose1  offish  in  the  middle  to  keep  the  level. 
b.  Golden  rose^  an  ornament  of  wrought  gold, 
blessed  by  the  pope  on  the  fourth  Sunday  in  Lent, 
and  usually  sent  as  a  mark  of  favour  to  some 
notable  Roman  Catholic  personage,  city,  or  church. 
Also  ettipt. 

The  ornament  has  been  of  various  forms;  the  design 
finally  adopted  is  a  thorny  branch  with  several  leaves  and 
flowers,  surmounted  by  a  principal  rose — all  of  pure  gold. 

1560  PAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  50  The  golden  Rose, 
which  the  Pope  had  lately  consecrated,  he  sendeth  to 
Henry  the  eyghte.  1617  MORYSON  It  in.  I.  149  Vessels  of 
gold  and  silver,  Roses  hallowed  by  the  Pope  (which  these 
Princes  hold  for  rich  presents).  1696  PHILLIPS  s.v.  Rose. 
18453.  AUSTEN  Ranke's  Hist.  Ref.  I.  435  The  legate., 
was  at  length  prevailed  upon  to  deliver  to  the  elector  the 
golden  rose  which  had  been  entrusted  to  him.  1884  Cath. 
Diet.  (1897)  413/1  Among  the  recipients  of  the  rose  have 
been.  .Napoleon  III,  and  Isabella  II  of  Spain. 

C.  The  card  of  a  mariner's  compass  (?<?&.),  or 
of  a  barometer. 

1527  R.  THORNE  In  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1589)  257  The  roses  of 
the  windes  or  pointes  of  the  compasse.  1594  R.  ASHLEY  tr. 
Leys  le  Roy  in  The  inuention  of  the  Sea-mans  compas, 
consisting  of  a  Rose,  and  a  needle  of  steele.  1795  C. 
HUTTON  Math.  Diet.  II.  373/1  The  32  lines  in  the  rose  or 
card  of  the  compass. 

d.  A  knot  or  ornamental  device  inserted  in  the 
sound-hole  or  the  table  of  certain  stringed  instru 
ments  of  the  guitar  type. 

1676  MACE  Miis.  Monum,  49  The  Knot  or  Rose  in  the 
Lute  Belly,  would  be  little  and  smoothly  cut.  1728 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Lute,  In  the  middle  of  the  Table  is  a 
Rose  or  Passage  for  the  Sound.  1885  Grove's  Diet.  Music 
III.  161/1  In  the  harpsichord  and  spinet  there  was  usually 
but  one  soundhole  with  its  rose. 

e.  Arch.   =  ROSETTE  2. 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Abacus,  Some  Ornament,  as  a 
Rose,  or  other  Flower,.,  in  the  middle  of  each  Arch.  2  bid. 
s.v.  Capital,  Twisting  round  towards  the  middle  of  the 
Face  of  the  Capital,  and  terminating  in  the  Rose.  1842 
GWILT  Encycl.  Arch,  s.v.,  The  centre  of  the  face  of  the 
abacus  in  the  Corinthian  capital  is  decorated  with  what  is 
called  a  rose. 

15.  An   ornamental    knot  of  ribbon    or  other 
material  in  the  shape  of  a  rose,  worn  upon  a  shoe- 
front.    Cf.  ROSETTE  i. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  \\\.  ii.  288  Two  Prouinciall  Roses  on 
my  rac'd  Shopes.  1650  T.  B[AYLEY]  Worcester's  Apoph. 
39  Silk  stockings  with  roses  and  Garters  suitable.  1774 
Westm.  Mag.  II.  484  Undress,..— Coloured  Slippers,  and 
small  Roses.  1808  SCOTT  Marm.  vi.  Introd.  42  The  heir, 
with  roses  in  his  shoes,  That  night  might  village  partner 
choose. 

transf.  1609  B.  JONSON  Sil,  Woman  n.  i,  All  the  yellow 
doublets,  and  great  roses  i'  the  towne  will  bee  there. 

b.  A  rosette  worn  on  a  cap  or  hat,  spec,  that  of 
a  clergyman.  Also  Comb. 

1779  Centl.  Mag.  XLIX.  190  How  long  has  the  Rose  been 
part  of  the  clerical  habit?  Ibid.  349  The  rose,  I  apprehend, 


ROSE. 

is  peculiar  to  the  English  Clergy.  1796  PEGGE  Anonym* 
(1809)  147  The  Clergyman  wears  a  rose  in  his  hat.  1825-9 
MRS.  SHERWOOD  Lady  of  Manor  IV.  xxviii.  402  A  rose  of 
lace  lay  on  the  table,  it  had  been  taken  from  the  cap  of 
Theophilus.  1837  SYD.  SMITH  Let.  Singleton  Wks.  1859 
II.  277/1  The  Bishop  of  Winchester  was  a  Curate;  almost 
every  rose-and-shovelman  has  been  a  Curate  in  his  time. 

16.  fa.  A  kind  of  star-fish.    0Ar.~l 

1668  CHARLETON  Onomast.  59  Stella  wannx,.. Star 
fishes,  Roses. 

b.  (Seequot.  1881.) 

ci8^9  L.  WRIGHT  Pigeon  Keeper  166  We  see  even  now 
occasionally  an  all  but  circular  '  rose '  instead  of  a  frill  in 
some  Owls.  Ibid.t  The  round,.. amply  developed  'rose- 
frill  '.  1881  J.  C.  LYELL  Fancy  Pigeons  184  The  rose  is 
formed  by  the  feathers  on  the  crown  of  the  head  growing 
out  from  the  centre  in  regular  form. 

c.  A  formation  suggestive  of  a  rose ;  the  cir 
cular  protuberance  round  an  animal's  horn  at  its 
rise  from  the  forehead;  a  growth  around  the  eyes 
of  certain  birds. 

1880  DAWKINS  Early  Man  iv.  88  This  most  remarkable 
antler,  characterised  by  the  absence  of  a  burr  or  rose.  1890 
Jrnl.  Microsc.  Sci.  XXX.  90  It  [tetronerythrin]  was  first 
found  in  the  so-called  'roses'  around  the  eyes  of  certain 
birds  by  Dr.  Wurm. 

17.  A  perforated  metal  cap  or  nozzle  attached 
to  the  spout  of  a  watering-pot,  etc.,  to  distribute 
water  in  fine  sprays;  also,  a  perforated  plate  fitted 
on  the  orifice  of  a  water-pipe,  etc.,  to  serve  as  a 
sprinkler  or  strainer. 

1706  LONDON  &  WISE  Retird Gardner  I.  251  This  Vessel 
imitates  exactly  the  Rain..,  by  shedding  the  Water  it  con 
tains  out  of  a  Thousand  little  Holes  that  are  in  the  Rose  of 
it.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  I.  230  Pieces  of  tubes., 
with  a  rose,  like  that  of  a  gardener's  watering  pot.  1846 
A.  YOUNG  Nattt.  Diet.,  Rose,  or  Strainer,;*,  plate  of  copper 
or  lead  perforated  with  small  holes,  sometimes  placed  upon 
the  heel  of  a  pump  to  prevent  any  thing  being  sucked  in 
which  might  choke  the  pump.  1892  Phot.  Ann.  II.  48  Use 
a  rose  on  the  tap  for  washing  plates. 

fig.  1861  A.  WYNTER  Social  Bees  276  His  whole  body 
became  in  a  few  minutes  one  rose,  from  which  the  water 
previously  imbibed  transuded. 

18.  ellipt.    a.  =  ROSE  DIAMOND. 

1678  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  1330/4  Four  Roses,  cut  in  India, 
weighing  3  Garrets  i,  being  good  stones.  1703  Ibid.  No. 
3930/4  One  [Ring]  with  13  Diamonds  set  in  a  Lozenge, 
Roses.  1786  H.  WALPOLE  in  Leslie  &  Taylor  Sir  J. 
Reynolds  (1865)  11.480,  4600  diamonds,  all  roses.  1851-3 
Tomlinsotfs  Cycl.  Arts  (1867)  I.  307/2  The  brilliant  and 
the  rose  lose  in  cutting  and  polishing  somewhat  less  than 
half  their  weight.  1898  WIGLEY  &  STANSBIE  Art  Goldsm. 
132  Roses  are  often  cut  with  fewer  facets  than  are  shown  in 
the  illustration. 

b.  A  rose-window. 

1823  PUGIN  Gothic  Archit.  Gloss,  s.v.  Rose-window,  The 
gable-windows  of  many  of  the  English  churches  may  boldly 
claim  a  comparison  with  the  finest  roses.  1851  LONGF. 
Gold.  Leg.  iii.  Cathedral,  See,  too,  the  Rose,  above  the 
western  portal..,  The  perfect  flower  of  Gothic  loveliness  ! 
1905  BOND  Gothic  Archit.  517  In  France  the  rose  was  first 
put  under  a  circular  arch. 

c.  =  ROSE-NAIL. 

1851-3  TomlinsonsCycl.  Arts  (1867)  II.  206  A  thinner 
sort,  called^«e  rose,  are  used  in  pine  and  other  softwoods. 
1884  Encycl.  Brit.  XVII.  165/2  Thus  we  have  the  names 
tacks,  sprigs,  and  brads  for  very  small  nails  ;  rose,  clasp,  and 
clout,  accoiding  to  the  form  of  head. 
V.  attrib.  and  Comb* 

19.  Attributive  :    a.   In  general  uses,  as  rose- 
amateur^  -bloom t  -flower,  -form,  etc. 

1837  RIVERS  Rose  Amateur's  G.  19  Hybrid  Provence 
roses  are  very  robust  and . .  useful  to  the  *rose  amateur.  1820 
KEATS  Eve  St.  Agnes  xxv,  "Rose-bloom  fell  on  her  hands, 
together  prest.  c  1330  Arth.  fy  Mcrl.  3061  (Ktilbing),  Violet 
&  *rose  flour  Wone^  ban  in  maidens  hour,  a  1400  Stockh. 
Med.  MS.  i.  57  in  Anglia  XVIII.  296  Take  an  hand-full  of 
rose-flowris.  1751  MEAD  Wks.  (1775)  372  To  rub  it  often 
with  vinegar,  in  which  rose-flowers.,  have  been  infused. 
1846  LINULEY  Veget.  Kingd.  564  Perpendicular  section  of 
a  Rose-flower.  1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Opulus,  The 
Flowers  consist  of  one  Leaf,  which  expands  in  a  circular 
*Rose  Form.  1864  HIBBERD  Rose  Bk.  95  The  *rose  grower 
must  never  confound  together  the  idea  of  a  climbing  with 
that  of  a  pillar  rose.  1857  A.  GRAY  first  Less.  Bot.  (1866) 
125  A  *Rose-hip  may  be  likened  to  a  strawberry  turned 
inside  out.  ?  1803  COLERIDGE  Recoil.  Love  iv,  As  when 
a  mother  doth  explore  The  *rose-mark  on  her  long-lost 
child.  1850  OGILVIE,  Rose-bug^  a  winged  insect.. which 
feeds  on  *rose-petals.  1611  BIBLE  Eccl.  xxiv.  14,  I  was 
exalted.. as  a  *rose-plant  in  lericho.  1822  LOUDOK  Encycl. 
Card.  (1824)  892  Rose-plants  should  be  a  year  in  pots., 
when  it  is  intended  to  force  them.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II. 
93  As  for  *Rose-rewes,  the  earth  ought  to  be  digged  and 
opened  about  the  roots.  1632  SHERWOOD,  A  *rose-sttll, 
rosaire.  1675  WOOLLEY  Gentleiv.  Comp.  150  Then  put  it 
in  a  Rose-Still,  with  slices  of  Lemon-peel,  c  1440  Alph, 
Tales  324  pis  man  was  passand  ferd  £  compuncte,  for  als 
mekull  as  it  was  not  *rose  tyme.  1837  RIVERS  Rose 
Amateurs  G.  82  It  sold  for  a  high  price. .,  when  first  sent 
forth  to  the  *rose  world. 

b.  In  the  sense  of 'used  for  cultivating  roses', 
'overgrown,  overspread  with  roses',  'bordered 
with  roses ',  as  rose-arbour,  -bank)  -bed,  -garden, 
-walk)  *(*  -yardt  etc. 

1580  HOLLYBAND  Treas.  Fr.  Tang,  Vn  Rosier,  a  "Rose 
arbour.  1591  PERCIVALL  Sp.  Diet.,  Rosal,  a  *rosebanke. 
(11849  BEDDOES  Wolf  rant's  Dirge^  On  a  rose-bank  to  lie 
dreaming  With  folded  eye.  a  noo  in  Napier  O.  E.  Glosses 
xxiii.  8  Rosetis,  *rosbeddum.  1610  GUILLIM  Her.  in.  vii, 
Knights.. whose  worth  must  be  tried  in  the  field,  not  vnder 
a  Rose-bed  or  in  garden-plot.  1812  CKABHF.  Tales  xiii.  418 
Save  where  the  pine.. on  the  rose-beds  threw  a  softening 


HOSE. 

shade.  1883  R.  W.  DIXON  Mano  \,  \\.  16  Winding  walks 
along  *rose-borders  led.  1825  SCOTT  Taltsm.  xxiii,  The 
song  of  the  nightingale  will  sooner  blight  the  *rose-bower 
she  loves.  1535  COVERDALE  Ecclus.  xxxix.  13  Florish  as 
the  *rose  garden,  synge  a  songe  of  prayse.  1848  THACKERAY 
l^an.  fair  xxxix,  Poor  Lady  Crawley's  rose-garden  became 
the  dreariest  wilderness.  1856  N.  fy  Q.  2nd  Ser.  II.  72/2 
[He]  has  a  perfectly  green  rose  in  flower  in  his  new  ''rose- 
house.  1708  KERSEY,  Rosere,  a  *Rose-plat.  £1765!'.  FLLOYD 
Tartarian  T.  (1785)  55/2  Gulpenhe  has  placed  a  large 
dyke  at  the  end  of  the  'rose-walk.  1483  Cat/i.  Angl.  31 1/2 
A  *Rose  serde,  rosetum.  1530  PALSGK.  264/1  Roseyarde 
where  roses  growe,  rosier. 

C.  In   sense    '  made   of  roses ',  as  rose-crown, 
-crantSj  -garland,  -wreath. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg:  Saints  i.  (Peter)  708  With  lely  and  rose- 
cronis  in  hand,  c  1384  CHAUCER  H.  Fame  i.  135,  I  sawgh 
..on  hir  hede.  .Hir  Rose  garlonde,  white  and  rede.  1477-9 
Rec.  Si.  Mary  at  Hill  (1905)  81  For  Rose-garlondis  and 
wodrove-garlondis  on  Saynt  Barnebes  day.  1513  DOUGLAS 
&nei$\.  vii.  8  For  the  victor  a  bull,  and  all  his  heid  Of 
..rois  garlandis  reid  Buskit  full  weill.  a  1634  CHAPMAN 
Alphonsus  Plays  1873  III.  271  When  thou  hadst  stoln  her 
damtie  roseCorance  And  pluck'd  theflow'rof  her  virginitie. 
1643  A.  Ross  Mel  Helic.  106  A  Rose-crown  was  more  fit 
For  thee,  and  Thorns  for  this  of  mine. 

d.  In  sense  *  made  from  roses  ',  '  flavoured  or 
scented  with  essence  of  roses ',  as  rose-camphor, 
-honey,  -oil,  -powder ,  -sugar,  etc. 

1552  TURNER  Herbal  11,  u  iij,  Rose  oyle  conforteth  the 
same  partes  that  the  stilled  water  of  roses  doth.  1620  VKN- 
NER  Via.  Recta  vii,  129  The  best  way  to  eate  them  is  with 
Rose-sugar.  1648  HEX  HAM  n,  Roosen-honigh,  rose-hony. 
1657  T.  REEVE  God's  Plea  for  Nineveh  123  Lawn,  musks, 
civets,  rosepowders,  gessamy  butter,  complexion  waters. 
1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Ointment,  To  have  Rose  Ointment, 
Take.,  fresh  red  Roses  pounded  [etc.].  1839  UKE  Diet.  Arts 
1149  The  most  fashionable  toilet  soaps  are,  the  rose,  the 
bouquel[ttc.].  ifyi  Penny  Cycl.yiX..  160/1  A  dirty  oil  results, 
which  on  standing  for  some  time  forms  several  distinct 
layers,  the  upper  one  of  which  is  sold  as  rose-oil.  1855 
OGILVIE  SuppL,  Rose-camphor,  one  of  the  two  volatile  oils 
composing  attar  of  roses.  1883  Cassell's  Diet.  Cookery 
771/2  Rose  Brandy,  for  flavouring  Cakes  and  Puddings. 
Ibid.  772/1  Rose  tea  in  some  complaints  is  a  useful  tonic. 

e.  In  sense  *  designed  or  made  in  the  form  of  a 
rose  ',  as  rose-hand,  -boss,  -knot,  -lashing,  etc. 

1510  York  Fabric  ^?0/&(Surtees)  263  Also  yt  is  ordeynd  rose 
bandes  and  fillettes  and  other  carrifying  wark.  i€xi  FLORIO, 
Rosette, little  Roses;  also  Rose purles or  worke  in  bone-lace. 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Knot,  The  principal 
of  these  are  the  diamond-knot,  the  rose-knot,  the  wall-knot. 
1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seaman's  Man.  13  The  foot-ropes,  .should 
be.. seized  to  the  boom  by  a  rose-seizing  through  an  eye- 
splice.  1842  FKANCIS  Diet*  Arts  fy  Sci.,  Rose  Ornament, 
a  common  ornament  in  cornices,  around  apertures,  and  in 
other  parts  of  Gothic  architecture.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's 
Word-bk.t  Rose-Lashing,  this  lashing  is  middled,  and 
passed  opposite  ways ;  when  finished,  the  ends  appear  as  if 
coiled  round  the  crossings.  1873  TRISTRAM  Moab  xt.  199 
On  the  flat  wall  itself  runs  a  large  pattern  like  a  continued 
W,  with  a  large  rose  boss  between  each  angle. 

20.  Attrib.,  in  sense  *  having  the  colour  of  a 
rose',  passing  into  adj.,  rosy,  roseate,  rose-coloured. 

1816  BYRON  Ch.  Har.  in.  xcix,  The  snows  above  The  very 
Glaciers  have  his  colours  caught,  And  sun-set  into  rose-hues 
sees  them  wrought.  1830  TENNYSON  Adeline  7  Thy  rose- 
lips  and  full  blue  eyes  Take  the  heart  from  out  my  oreast. 
1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xxi[i],  She  was  ordinarily  pale, 
with  a  faint  rose  tinge  in  her  cheeks.  1876  Contemp.  Rev. 
June  48  The  roselight  of  the  morning  sun. 

b.  Used  predicatively. 

1833  TENNYSON  Pal.  of  Art  169  The  lights,  rose,  amber, 
emerald,  blue.  1871  J.  HAY  Pike  County  Ball.  (1880)  54 
A  sky  as  glad  as  the  smile  of  Heaven  Blushed  rose  o'er  the 
minster-glades. 

c.  With  names  of  colours:  cf.  ROSE- PINK, -RED. 

1812  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  VIII.  n.  434  Green  Parrakeet,  with 
rose-blue  head.  1845  Beck's  Florist  232  Among  the  best 
were  Ivery's  Prince  Albert  [petunia],  rose-crimson.  i88a 
Garden  15  July  58/2  Flowers  large,  semi-double,  delicate 
rose-lilac. 

21.  Parasynthetic :  a.  With  reference  to  colour, 
as  rose-bellied,  -enamelled,  -faced,  -fingered,  etc. 


RAELI  Viv.  Grey  vi.  ii,  Rays  of  living  fire  flame  over  the  rose- 
enamelled  East.  1820  SHELLEY  Prometh.  Unb.  1.321  Golden- 
sandalled  feet,  that  glow  . .  Like  *rose-ensanguined  ivory. 
1847  WEBSTER,  *  Rose-faced.  1884  TENNYSON  Becket  Pro!., 
The  rosefaced  minion  of  the  King.  1599  T.  M[OUFET]  Silk* 
ivormes  ii  *Rose-fingred  Dame  no  sooner  had  put  out 
Nights  twinckling  fires.  1838  W.  MAGINN  Homeric  Ball, 
(1850)  25  Until  the  rose-fingered  queen  of  day  Sprang  from 
the  dawn.  i8ia  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  VIII.  n.  434  *  Rose-headed 
Parrakeet. ..  Green  Parrakeet,  with  rose-blue  head,  black 
throat  and  collar.  1830  TENNYSON  Arab.  Nts.  140  Flowing 
beneath  her  *rose-hued  zone.  1875  M.  COLLINS  Blacksmitk 
<V  Sch.  I.  274  The  eye  is  aroused  by  the  beauty  of  her  *rose- 
tinged  cheek.  1855  SINGLETON  Virgil  I.  247  She  said,  and, 
turning  off,  reflected  sheen  From  her  *rose-tinted  neck. 

b.    With   reference   to   form,  as   rose-flowered \ 
•headed,  -leaved,  etc. 

1703  in  Dampier's  Voy.  (1729)  III.  456  Rose  Podded  Rest* 
harrow.  . .  Grows  a  Foot  and  half  high.  1753  Chambers* 
Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Pxonia,  The  dwarf  rose-flowered  winter 
piony.  1803  R.  W.  UICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  597  Prevent 
ing  the  beans  from  becoming  what  is  termed  rose-headed. 
1839-52  BAILEY  Festus  189  By  the  bloom  wherein  thou 
dwellest,  As  in  a  rose-leaved  nest.  £-1850  Rudim.  Nov. 
(Weale)  135  Boat-nails.. are.. generally  rose-headed.  1887 
BENTLEY  Man.  Bot.  (ed.  5)  495  The  true  German  Geranium 
Oil  or  Oil  of  Rose-leaved  Geranium. 

22.  a.  Similative,  as  rose-bright^  -carved,  ~cutt 
-fragrant^  ~fres/it  etc. 


795 

1609  ).  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Holy  Roode  cxxv,  Yet  Rose-sweet 
is  the  ingresse  to  these  Briers.  1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Pears, 
When  they  serve  them  up,  they  range  them  handsomly 
upon  a  Dish  Roseways.  Ibid.  s.v.  Rasberry-Bush,  Five 
Leaves  rose-wise.  1773  GOLJJS.M.  She  Stoops  to  Conq.  in,  A 
parcel  of  old-fashioned  rose  and  table-cut  things.  1805 
SCOTT  Last  Minstrel  \\.  xxili,  Blaz'd  every  rose-carved 
buttress  fair.  1839-48  BAILEY  Festus  xiv.  138,  I  could  sit 
and  set  that  rose-bright  smile,  Until  it  seem  to  grow  im 
mortal  there.  1887  G.  MEREDITH  Ball.  <y  Poems  155  This 
body  stood  rose-warm  in  the  courts,  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  ' 
Col.  Reformer  (1891)  336  Antonia,  cool,  glistening,  delicately 
robed,  and  rose-fresh. 

b.  Instrumental,  as  rose-clad^  'Covered,  etc. 
1869  S.  R.  HOLE  Bk.  about  Roses  142  Now  we  have  passed 

through  the  *Rose-clad  walls— through  the  Rose-wreathed 
colonnades  and  courts  of  the  outer  palace.  1849-50  ALISON 
Hist.  Europe  IV.  xxvi.  §  71,  615  The  *rose-covered  fields  of 
Fayoum  .  .were,  .visited.  1598  SYLVESTEK  Du  Bnrtas  \\.  ii. 
ii.  542  May  still  raigns,  and  "rose-crown'd  Zephyrus . .  makes 
the  green  trees  to  buss.  1849  M.  ARNOLD  Myccrinus  93  Here 
came  the  king,  holding  high  feast,  at  morn  Rose-crown'd. 
1868  MORRIS  Earthly  Par,  (1870)  1. 1.  405  So  far. .That  she 
a  *rose-hedged  garden  could  behold,  1591  SYLVESTER  Du 
Bartns  i.  v.  1029  An  ex t ream  Fever,  .wanly  did  displace 
The  *Rose-mixt-Lillies  in  her  lovely  face.  1818  SHELLEY 
Rosal.  fy  Helen  820  His  cheek  became,  -fair,  As  *rose-o'er- 
shadowed  lilies  are.  1869  *  Rose- wreathed  [see  rose-clad}. 

c.  \Vith  vbl.  sbs.  and  ppl. adjs.,  as  rose-bearing, 
-diffusing,  gathering,  etc. 

1756  DYKK  Fleece  1.470  A  drear  abode  !  from  rose  diffusing 
hours.  1863  S.  R.HOLE  in  Gardeners  Ann.  109  One  of  the 
chief  charms  of  rose-growing  is  the  frequent . .  arrival  of  New 
Roses.  1869  —  Bk,  about  Roses  87  The  teaching  of  those 
Rose-loving  brothers  over  the  Border.  1882  Miss  BRADUON 
Mt.  Royal  ii,  He  had  never  paused  in  his  rose-gathering. 

23.  Special  combs. ;  rose-berry,  a  hip  ;  rose- 
bit  (see  quots.)  ;  rose-box,  a  box  for  holding 
roses ;  rose-burner,  =  ROSETTE  5  c  ;  rose- catarrh, 
U.S.y  rose-cold  or  rose-fever;  rose-cistern,  one 
receiving  the  rose  of  a  pump  ;  rose-clinch,  a 
kind  of  nail  (see  quot.  1875) ;  also  attrib.\  rose- 
cold,  U.S.,  a  kind  of  fever  resembling  hay-fever  ; 
f  rose-cross  [F.  -rose-croix^  =  ROSICKUCIAN  a.  ; 
-f- rose-cup,  =  sense  13;  rose-draught,  a  drink 
made  from  or  with  the  essence  of  roses ;  rose- 
encrinite,  a  rose-like  fossil  crinoid  ;  rose-eyed, 
a.  (see  PIN-EYED  a.} ;  rose-fever,  C7.S.,  the  rose- 
cold  ;  rose-gall,  an  excrescence  produced  on  the 
dog-rose,  etc.,  by  certain  insects;  tr°se-garland, 
a  form  of  still ;  •{•  rose-gold  (?)  ;  rose  hatband, 
a  hatband  decorated  with  a  rosette  ;  rose-head, 
(a)  a  kind  of  nail  (see  quot.  1835)  »  W  an  instru 
ment  used  in  dentistry;  rose-hip, ^rose-berry \ 
rose-iron,  an  iron-glance  or  haematite,  occurring 
in  rosette-like  groups  of  tabular  crystal  found  in 
Switzerland  (CasselVs  EncycL  Diet.} ;  7  rose-key, 
a  key  in  which  the  end  of  the  hollow  stem  is  of 
a  rose-shaped  pattern;  f  rose-knight,  ?a  Rosi- 
crucian;  rose-lathe,  a  rose-engine;  rose-nozzle, 
=  sense  17;  t  rose-parley,  pleasant  conversation 
or  discourse;  rose-pear  (see  quot.  1708) ;  trose- 
pence,  coin  of  low  value,  bearing  the  figure  of 
a  rose,  issued  for  currency  in  Ireland;  Tr°se~ 
pipe,  the  shaft  or  stem  of  a  rose-key;  rose- 
point,  point-lace  exhibiting  the  raised  pattern  of 
a  conventional  rose;  rose-pump,  one  having  a 
rose  at  the  shaft-end  ;  rose-ring  (sec  quot.  and 
sense  1 8  a) ;  rose-spot,  Path.^  a  red  spot  character 
istic  of  certain  fevers ;  rose -sprinkler,  =  sense  1 7  ; 
f  rose-stone  (see  quot.);  rose-work,  work  pro 
duced  by  or  turned  in  a  rose-engine ;  the  process 
by  which  this  work  is  produced ;  also  attrib. 

i8s6CAPKRN  Poems  76, 1  track'd  her  where  hawthorn  and 
*roseberries  burn  To  vie  with  the  holly's  rich  glow,  1868 
Ref.  l/.S,  Comm.  Agric.  (1869)  178  Among  them  \sc.  small 
fruits]  may  be  noted  red  and  black  currants,.. and  rose- 
berries,,  .the  fruit  of  the  Rosa  cinnantomea,  1846  HOLTZ- 
APFFEL  Turning  \\.  565  The  *rose-bit.. is.,  very  much  used 
for  light  finishing^  cuts,  in  brass,  iron,  and  steel ;  the  ex 
tremity  is  cylindrical, .  .and  the  end  is  cut  into  teeth  like  a 
countersink.  1873  Sut  T*  SEASON  Fret  Cutting 70  Arose- 
bit  is  a  conical  piece  of  steel,  cut  into  a  coarse  file,  and  used 
for  sloping  off  the  edges  of  the  screw-holes,  so  that  the  screw- 
head  may  not  project  above  the  metal.  There  is  another 
kind  of  rose-bit  for  wood-work.  1863  S.  R.  HOLE  in  Car- 
betters'  Ann.  5  *Rose-boxes  and  tubes  are  ordered  from 
London.  1879  WEBSTER  SuppL  s.v.  Burner,  *Rose-burner. 
1887  Casselfs  EncycL  Diet.,  *Rose-catarrh.  1778  PRYCE 
Min.  Cornub.  170  A  pump,  ihat  conveys  the  water  from 
the  *rose  cistern  to  the  tye  pump.  1851-3  Tomlinsons 
Cycl,  Arts  (1867)  II.  206  *Rose-clench  is  a  sort  much 
used  in  ship  and  boat-building.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mec/t, 
1506/1  Rose-clinch  nail ;  rose  head,  square  point,  either 
clinched  or  riveted  down  on  a  washer  or  rove.  1879  WEB 
STER  Supply  *Rose-cold.  1880  Libr.  Univ.  Knowl.  (N.Y.) 
VII.  377  Two  forms  [of  hay-fever],  one  called  the  rose  cold  or 
June  cold,  corresponding  to  the  affection  known  in  England. 
1627  DRAYTON  Agincourt,  etc.  216  The  *Rpse-crosse  know, 
ledge  which  is  much  like  that,  A  Tarrying-iron  for  fooles  to 
labour  at.  1438  Will  of  Matilda.  Lane  (Somerset  Ho.),  My 
salt  saler  and  my  ij  *Rose  cowppes  be  delyvered  to  William 
Kirketon  and  to  John  Kirketon.  1849  Blackw.Mag.  Jan.  40 
One  might  as  well  take  a*rose-draught  for  the  plague.  i88a 
OGILVIE,  Rlwdocrinus,  ..  the  *rose-encrinites.  1884  J-  E. 
TAYLOR  Sagacity  fy  Mar.  Plants  79  Common  people  have 
long  distinguished  such  Primroses  under  the  names  of 
'pin-eyed  '  and  *  "Rose-eyed  '.  1879  WEBSTEK  Suppl.,  Hay- 
fever,  .is  also  called .. hay-cold,  rose-cold,  and  *rose-fever. 


ROSE. 


tions  of  the  rosa  syh-estris,  or  dog  rose.  1822  LOUDON 
EncycL  Card.  (1824)  893  Some,  .are  attacked  by  the  Cynips 
rosse, which,  by  puncturing  the  bark,  occasions  the  production 
of  rose-galls.  1527  ANDREW  Brunsivykes  Distyll.  Waters 
biv.Ye  shall  dystylle  in  common  styllatoryes  named  *Rose- 
garlandys.  1708  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  4408/4  Lost..,  a  Gold 
Watch, . .  with  a  *Rose-Gold  Chain.  Ibid.  No.  5464  /3  A  *Rose 
Hat-band  about  his  Hat.  1835  Partingtoris  Brit.  Cycl,, 
Arts  ff  Sci.  I.  862/2  To  form  the  heads  of  horse-naiU, 
called  *rose  heads.  1859  J,  TOMES  Dental  Surg-.  344  The 
rose-head  is  very  serviceable  in  reducing  to  a  cylindrical 
form  the  ragged  opening  of  a  small  cavity.  1655  MARQ. 
i  WORCESTER  Cent.  Invent,  (1663)  E  3  b,  A  *Rose  Key.  1631 
]  R.  BOLTON  Com/.  Ajfl.Consc.  (1640)266  Let.. all  thePhysi- 
!  tians  in  the  World,  even  the  *Rose- Knights,  as  they  call 
i  themselves,  lay  all  their  heads  together  for  the  cure.  1855 
'  OciLViS  Suppl^  'Rose-lathe.  1879  GOODE  Anim.  Res.  <y 
;  Fisheries  U.  S.  247  *Rose-nozzles  (for  washing  eggs).  1582 
STANYHUKST  sEneis  \\.  (Arb.)  62  Shee  claspt  my  righthand, 
hersweet*ro.separlye  thus  adding.  1611  CoTGR.,/V*Vf  d'cau 
1  rose,  the  *Rose-Peare.  1708  KERSEY,  Rose~pe&r,  a  kind  of 
'  Pear  whose  Pulp  eats  short,  and  is  ripe  in  August  and  Sep- 
I  tember.  1556  Proclam.  19  Sept.  in  Tudor  Proclam.  (18^7), 
Their  saydc  Maicsties..do  will  and  commaunde  that  all 
*rose  pence  shall,  .be  no  more  receyued  nor  taktn  for  lawe- 
full. .  monye,  within  thys  their  realme  of  England,  or  any 
other  their  domynyonsexcepte. .  Iielande.  1655  MARQ. WOR 
CESTER  Cent.  Invent.  §44  To  make  a  Key  of  a  Chamber 
door,  which  to  your  sight  hath  its  Wards  and  *Rose-pipe 
but  Paper-thick.  1865  Athenasum  No.  1944. 132  *Rose-pomt 
and  pillow  lace.  1882  CAULFEILD&  ^tcwt&toDiet.Needlcwk. 
454/2  Spanish  Point,  or  Spanish  Guipure  a  Bride,  or  Rose 
Point,  is  a  Needle  Lace.  1778  PRYCE  J//;;.  Cormtb.  170 
Old  fire  engine  *rose  pumps.  1838  Civil  En*,  fy  Arch. 
Jrnl.  I.  139/1  And  the  diameters  of  the  tie  and  rose  lift 
pumps  were  ii  inches.  1705  Land.  Gaz.  No.  4121/4  Lost, 
.  .a  ^Rose  Ring,  with  a.. Brilliant  in  the  middle,  set  round 
with.,  small  Diamonds.  1888  FAGGE  &  PVE-SMVTH  Pi  inc. 
fy  Pract.Medt  (ed.  2)  1.172  It  is  often  impossible  to  say.. 
whether  they  are  really  *rose-spots  or.. ordinary  pimples. 
1890  Anthony's  Photogr. Bulletin  III.  22  The  rubber  tubing 
over  the  washing  tank  was  removed,  and  a  *rose  sprinkler 
attached  to  the  faucet.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  <y  P.  213 
The  Names  of  Rough  Stones  [/>.  diamonds],  A  *Rose 
Stone,  if  round  ;  if  long,  a  Fossel.  1680  MOXON  Mech.Exerc. 
xiv.  241  Of  *Rose-\vork,&c.  Rose-Work  Turning,  or  Works 
of  any  other  Figure,  are  performed .  .after  the  same  manner 
as  Oval  Work  is  made.  1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sci.  fy 
Art  I.  81  Watch-cases,  snuff-boxes,  and  various  sorts  of 
trinkets,  are  sometimes  formed  by  what  is  called  rose-work, 

b.  In  names  of  plants,  flowers,  etc. :  rose 
acacia,  a  tree  (Robinia  hispidd}  having  rose- 
coloured  flowers;  the  American  moss-locust ;  rose 
box,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Cotoncaster  (Cent. 
Diet.} ;  rose  briar,  a  rose-bush  or  rose-tree ; 
frose  elder,  the  Guelder  rose;  rose  geranium, 
a  rose-scented  species  of  geranium,  Pelargonium 
capitatum ;  rose  laurel,  the  oleander ;  rose 
lichen,  a  kind  of  lichen,  Parmelia  kamtschadalis, 
used  for  giving  a  perfume  and  rosy  hue  to  the 
fabric  in  calico-printing;  rose  lily,  lupine  (see 
quots.);  rose  mallow,  (a]  the  hollyhock,  Althsea 
(or  Malva)  rosea ;  (£)  the  genus  Hibiscus  of  the 
N.O.  Afalvacese'j  a  plant  of  this  genus  ;  rose  oak, 
?  some  Indian  species  of  rhododendron  ;  f  rose 
parsley,  a  species  of  anemone,  A.hortensis\  frose 
pea,  a  species  of  garden  pea  cultivated  in  the 
1 8th  century;  rose  plantain,  the  name  of  several 
species  of  plantain  (see  quots.);  rose  poppy,  the 
corn  rose ;  t  rose  ribwort,  the  rose  plantain ; 
rose  snowball  tree,  tangle,  tulip  ^see  quots.); 
rose  vine,  (J.S.,  a  climbing  rose ;  rose-willow, 
one  of  several  species  of  salicaceous  trees  or  shrubs, 
as  Salix  helix,  S.  rosea,  or  S.  purpurea ;  rose- 
withy  (see  quot.).  Also  ROSE-APPLE,  -BAY,  etc. 


less.  1598  FLORIO,  Rosawt  Rosaro,  a  *rose  bryer.  1840 
HOR.  SMITH  Cromwell  I.  109  A  coppice,,  .matted  with  wild 
rose-briars.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  1237  The  *Rose  Elder 
groweth  in  gardens,  and.. is  called  in  Latine,  Sainbucus 
rosea,  and  Sainbucus  aquatica,  being  doubtlesse  a  kind  of 
the. -water  Elder.  1867  AUGUSTA  WILSON  Vashti  xxxiii, 
A  few  violets,  mignonette,  and  one  very  luxuriant  *rose- 
geranium.  1883  LAUV  BKASSEV  In  the  Trades  426  The 


Herbes  (E.  D.  S.)  56  AVr/<?w..maye  be  called  in  englishe 
Rose  bay  tree  or  *rose  Laurel.  1870  MORRIS  Earthly  Par. 
III.  iv.  no  The  bright  rose-laurels  trembled  in  the  air. 
1840  BROWNING  Sordello  n.  30  If  he  stopped  to  pick  'Rose- 
lichen,  or  molest  the  leeches  quick.  _  1831  M.  RUSSELL 


1  Corolla  pale  flesh-colour,  standard  red.  1731  MILLER  Card. 
Diet.,  Malva  rosea:  *Rose  Mallow,  or  Hollyhock.  1857 
A.  GRAY  First  Less.  Bot,  (1866)  115  A  pollen-grain,  .of 
Hibiscus  or  Rose-Mallow,  studded  with  prickly  points. 
1879  E.  ARNOLD  Lt.  Asia  43  Lower  grew  "rose-oaks  and 
the  great  fir  groves.  1548  TURNER  Names  Herbes  (E.  D.  Sj 
13  Anemone  groweth  muche  about  Bon  in  Germany  ;.  .it  is 
called  of  the  common  herbaries  Herba  venti,  it  may  be 


called  in  english  "rose  per^eley.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II. 
227  This  Argemony  aforesaid  hath  leaues  like  to  Anemony, 
t.  Rose  Persly  or  Windfloure :  jagged  they  be  in  maner  of 
garden  Parsly.  J7ZS  Family  Dictt  s.v.  Pease,  Tufted  or 

100-2 


EOSE. 

*Rose  Pease,  of  two  Sorts.  1726  B.  TOWSSEND  Compl. 
Seedsman  5  The  Rose  Pea,  or  Crown  Pea,  brings  a  Bunch 
of  Peasecods  on  the  Top  of  the  Plant,  and  no  where  else. 
1629  PARKINSON  Paradisi  352  Plantago  Rosea,  *Rose 
Plantane.  1741  [see  PLANTAIN  '  i  b].  1876  EncycL  Brit. 
IV,  120/2  The  variety  of  Plantago  media,  called  the  Rose- 
plantain  in  gardens.  1648  HEXHAM  n,  Keren-rose,  *Rose- 
poppie,  that  growes  in  Corne.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  342 
*Rose  Ribwoort  hath  many  broade  and  long  leaues.  1852 
G.  W.  JOHNSON  Cottage  Card.  Diet.  790/2  *Rose  Snowball 
Tree,  Viburnum  Opulus  roseum.  1846  LINDLEY  Veg. 
Kingdom  23  Cerajiiiaces. — "Rosetangles... Seaweeds  of  a 
rose  or  purplish  colour,  seldom  olive  or  violet.  1850 
OGILVIE,  *Rose-tuli/>,  a  species  of  tulip,  the  Tulipa  rosea. 
1879  TOURGEE  l-'ools  Errand  (1883)  36  A  little  verandah, 
over  which  clambers  a  *rose-vine  Rlill  wreathed  with  buds 
and  blossoms.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  1204  The  *Rose 
Willow  groweth  vp  likewise  to  the  heighth  and  bignesse  of 
a  shrubbie  tree;. .the  branches  are  many,  whereupon  do 
growe  very  many  twigs  of  a  reddish  colour.  1789  E. 
DARWIN  Bot.  Card.  n.  I.  75  notet  The  scales  of  the  ament 
in  the  salt*  rosea,  rose-willow,  grow  into  leaves.  1855 
Miss  PRATT  Flower.  PL  V.  72  Rose  Willow. .owes  its 
name.. to  certain  rose-like  expansions  at  the  end  of  the 
branches.  1671  SKINNER  Etym.  Bot.t  *Rose-withy,  vel 
Rose-bay ;  Willow-herb. 

c.  Ent.  In  the  names  of  insects  which  frequent 
and  feed  upon  the  rose :  rose-aphis,  the  plant- 
louse  Aphis  (or  Siphonophora]  rosea  ;  rose-beetle, 
bug,  the  rose-chafer  or  rose-fly  ;  rose-cutter  bee 
(see  quot.) ;  rose-fly,  the  rose-chafer ;  rose  gall 
fly,  an  insect  which  produces  galls  on  rose-leaves  ; 
rose-erub,  -maggot,  a  grub  or  maggot  of  a 
rose-infesting  insect ;  rose-megachile,  a  species  of 
leaf-cutting  insect  (^.{.rose-cutter  bee}\  rose  plume, 
a  species  of  moth  (see  quot.);  rose  sawfly,  a 
hymenopterous  insect  which  lays  its  eggs  in  rose- 
leaves.  Also  ROSE-CHAFER. 

1806  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  VI.  i.  171  Aphis  Rosx  or  *Rose 
Aphis  is  very  frequent  during  the  summer  months  on  the 
young  shoots  and  buds  of  roses.  1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Syn, 
Birds  II.  i.  3  Burton  asserts  their  fondness  for  the  *Rose 
Beetle  [scarabcus  anratus],  1884  Leisure  Hour  Jan.  48/1 
The  most  expensive  beetles  are  the  Cetonias,  or  Rose- 
beetles,  of  the  Eastern  Archipelago  and  Africa,  a  1817 
DWIGHT  Trav.  Neiu  Eng.,  etc.  (1821)  II.  398  An  insect,  .not 
unlike  a  *rosebug  in  form,  but  in  every  respect  handsomer. 
1868  Rep.  U.  S.  Comm.  Agric.  (1869)  87  The  much-dreaded 
rose-bug,  Macrodactylus  subspinosus.  1864-5  J*  ^-  WOOD 
Honies  without  H.  viii.  (1868)  177  These  cells  are  made  of 
rose-leaves,  and  are  the  work  of  the  *Rose-cutter  Bee 
(Megachile  Willoughbiella}.  1753  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl., 
*  Rose-fly,  ..a  peculiar  species  of  fly  found  very  fre 
quently  on  rose  bushes.  1855  OGILVIE  Stippl.,  Rose- 
fly.  1882  Garden  25  Nov.  469/1  Very  nearly  allied  to  the 
gall-flies  of  the  Oak  is  the  *Rose  gall-fly.  1863  S.  R. 


unusually  plentiful.  1868  tr.  Figuiers  Insect  World  (\ 
366  "Rose  Megachile  {Megachile  centuncularis).  1832  J. 
RENNIE  Consp.  Butterfl.  <y  M.  231  The  *Rose  Plume 
(Ptcrophorus  rhododactytu*,  Kabricms)  appears  in  gardens, 
about  roses.  1840  HHREMAN  Gardener's  Libr.  II.  169 
Zaraca  Fasciata^  Red-bodied  *Rose  Saw-Fly. 

24.  Special  collocations  in  sense  20 :  rose- 
aniline,  =  ROSANILINE  ;  rose  breccia  (see  quot. 
and  BRECCIA);  rose-comb,  a  flesh-coloured  car 
uncle  lying  flat  upon  the  head  of  certain  fowls, 
as  in  the  Sebright  cock;  also,  a  Sebright  cock; 
hence  rose-combed  adj. ;  rose  copper  (see  quot. 
1706);  rose-ear,  a  dog's  ear  so  hanging  as  to 
expose  the  flesh-coloured  inner  side  ;  rose-fish,  a 
scorpoenoid  fish,  esp.  the  Norway  haddock,  Sebastes 
fiiarinttSj  or  the  red-fish ;  rose-garnet,  Min.j  a 
rose-red  variety  of  garnet  found  in  Mexico  (Encycl. 
Diet.} ;  rose  glass,  a  rose-coloured  kind  of  glass 
made  in  France  (Knight);  jroso  madrepore 
(see  quot.);  rose  manganese,  ll/tn.,  rhodonite; 
rose  opal,  Min.,  a  rose-hued  opal  occurring  with 
quincite  (EncycL  Dict^}\  rose  pearl  (see  quot.) ; 
rose  quartz,  Min.y  a  translucent  variety  of  quartz, 
of  a  rose-red  colour;  rose  sparus,  a  Mediterranean 
fish  (see  quot.) ;  rose  wing,  (a)  a  species  of  moth 
with  rosy  wings;  (£)  a  variety  of  pigeon. 

1879  WEBSTER  Suppl.,  *Rose-anilme.  1839  Civil  Eng.  fy 
Arch,  Jrnl.  II.  453/2  Antique  *Ro$e  Breccia.  Clear  red 
ground  with  little  spots  of  rose  and  black,  others  white. 
1889  Cent.  Diet.  s.v.  Comb,  A  *rose  comb.,  is  best  illustrated 
in  the  Hamburg  fowls.  1885  Bazaar  30  Mar.  1265  Black 
*rosecombed  bantams,  bred  from  noted  prize  winners.  1683 
MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.^  Printing  xvii.  P  i  *Rose  Copper  is 
commonly  accounted  the  softest.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey), 
Rose-Copper,  a  Copper  melted  several  times,  and  separated 
from  its  gross  and  earthy  Parts.  1839  UKE  Dict.Artsfo^  The 
reverberatory  furnace  generally  employed,  .for  refining  rose 
copper,  1883  G.  STABLKS  Our  Friend  the  Dog  \'\\.  61  *  Rose- 
ear. — I  n  this  ear  the  tip  turns  down wardsand  backwards,  and 
the  inner  side  is  exposed.  1855  QctLWt $ttfl&.  "Rose-fish. 

""  GOODE  Atner.  Fishes   257  The   Rose-fish,  Sebastes 


...epore.. .  Inis  is  one  ot  the  most  elega 

the  ramified  Madrepores,  being,  when  recent,  of  a  beautiful 
rose-color.  1856  DANA  Rudhn.  Treat.  A  fin.  72  Rhodonite 
(Manganese  spar  ;  *Rose  manganese)  is  of  a  beautiful  rose 
colour,  inclining  sometimes  to  violet.  1872  L.  P.  MEREDITH 
Teeth  233  '  *Rose  Pearl '.  This  romantic  name  is  given  to 
a  base  of  comparatively  recent  introduction,  .intended  as  a 
substitute  for  continuous  gum.  1819  BAKEWELI,  Introd. 
Min.  II.  241  "Rose-quartz.  1844  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  Jrnl, 


796 

VII.  77/a  Red  granite,  hornblende  and  rose  quartz,  ..being 
exceedingly  abundant.  1803  SHAW  Gen.  Zool,  IV.  n.  407 
*Rose  sparus. . .  Size  and  shape  of  a  Perch  :  colour  most 
beautiful  rose-red.  1832  J.  RENNIE  Consp.  Butterfl.  <y  M. 
46  The  *Rose  Wing  {Callimarpha  roseat  Latrellle)  appears 
[at]  the  end  of  June  and  beginning  of  July.  £1879  L. 
WRIGHT  Pigeon  Keeper  x.  127  In  the  neighbourhood  of 
Birmingham  many  fanciers  prefer  the  Mottle . .  with  no 
other  marking  than  the  mottled  shoulder  :  these  are  often 
called  Rosewmgs. 

b.  In  names  of  birds  :  rose  cockatoo,  the  rose- 
breasted  cockatoo ;  rose  fly-catcher,  an  American 
rose-coloured  fly-catching  warbler,  as  Cardellina 
rubra  or  C.  rubrifrons  {Cent.  Diet?)  ;  so  rose 
fly-catching  warbler  ;  rose  linnet,  lintie,  (a) 
the  red-breasted  linnet ;  (b)  the  redpole ;  rose 
ouzel,  the  rose-coloured  ouzel ;  rose  parrakeet, 
=  NONPAREIL  5  b  (EncycL  Diet.  1886,  s.v.  Parra- 
keef] ;  rose  pastor,  the  rose  ouzel ;  rose  pigeon 
(see  quot.) ;  rose  starling,  the  rose-coloured 
ouzel ;  rose  tanager,  warbler  (see  quots.). 

1899  W.  T.  GREENE  Cage-birds  78  The  *Rose,  or  Rosy- 
breasted  Cockatoo  is  a  common  Australian  species,  that  is 
often  palmed  off  on  the  unwary  as  a  '  Grey  Parrot '.  1884 
COUES  ^V.  Anier.  Birds  314  Cardcllina^.  ,*Rose  Fly- 
Catching  Warblers.  1823  JAMIESON,  *Rosc-lintie>  the  red- 
breasted  linnet.  1827  FLEMING  Brit.  Anim.  85  Fringilla 
Linaria,  Rose  Linnet.  1876  SMILES  Sc.  A'a/.  xiii.  260  The 
Reed  Warbler,  the  Rose  Linnet,  the  Twite . .  bred  in 
suitable  localities  round  the  loch.  1831  RENNIE  Montagu's 
Ornith,  Diet.  436  *Rose  ouzel  {Pastor  roseus).  1887  A.  C. 
SMITH  Birds  Wilts.  214  In  England  it  [the  Rose-coloured 
Pastor]  has  been  styled  the  '  Rose  Ouzel '.  1841  SELBY  in 
Proc.  Be-no.  Nat.  Club  I.  253  *Rose-pastor,  killed  at 
Tweedmouth.  1819  S/tazv's  Gen.  Zool.  XI.  i.  42  *Rose 
pigeon  (Coluinba  vnniata) .. ;  the  under  parts  of  the  body 
of  a  hoary  red.  1857  Zoologist  XV.  5669  A  young  *rose- 
starling  flew  ..  into  the  room.  1884  COVES  JV.  Aruer.  Birds 
318  P[yranga]  zstiva. . .  *Rose  Tanager.  Summer  Red- 
Bird.  1889  Cent.  Diet.  s.v.  Cardettina,  C.  rubra  is  the 
*rose  warbler,  entirely  red ; . .  found  in  Texas  and  southward. 

Rose  (r^uz)j  z'.1  [f.  ROSE  sb. ;  in  sense  4  after 
F,  roser.] 

tl.  intr.  To  blossom  like  a  rose.  Ol>s~l 

The  text  has  ryseth.  but  the  rime  requires  roseth. 

14. .  LVDG.  Goodly  Ballad  in  Thynne  Chaucer  (j-S"^}  234  b, 
Myn  herte  welkeneth  thus  sone,  anon  it  roseth;  Nowhotte, 
nowe  colde,  and  efte  in  feruence. 

2.  trans.  To  colour  like  a  rose ;  to  make  rosy. 
Usually  in  pa.  pple* 

1610  G.  FLETCHER  Christ's  Viet.  I.  xlvi,  Ros'd  all  in  lively 
crimsin  ar  thy  cheeks.  1614  SYLVESTER  Bcthulia?$  Rescue 
iv.  372  Her  ruddy  round  Cheeks  seem'd  to  be  composed  Of 
Roses  Lillied,  or  of  Lillies  Rosed.  1773  Gcntl.  Mag.  XL-Ill. 
512  When  once  set  free  again,.  .We  can  be  ros'd  and  lillyM 
in  a  minute.  1847  TENNYSON /V/#c.  vi.  324  She  turn'd  ;  the 
very  nape  of  her  white  neck  Was  rosed  with  indignation. 
1876  T.  HARDY  Rthelberta  xxxi,  Picotee'.s  face  was  rosed 
over  with  the  brilliance  of  some  excitement. 

3.  To  perfume  with  rose-scent. 

1875  TENNYSON  Q.  IWary  in.  v,  It  shall  be  all  my  study  for 
one  hour  To  rose  and  lavender  my  horsiness. 

4.  To  treat  (wool,  etc.)  with  a  chemical  mix 
ture  in  order  to  impart  a  rosy  tint. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  791  The  wool  is  then  removed  and 
washed.  It  must  be  rosed  the  following  day. 

Rose,  v.%    dial,     (See  quots.  and  RUSE  V.*) 
1825  J.  JENNINGS  Dial.  IV.  Eng.t  To  Rose,  to  drop  out 
from  the  pod,  or  other  seed  vessel,  when  the  seeds  are  over 
ripe.     1847  HALLIW.  s.v.,  When  the  upper  part  of  a  quarry 
or  well  falls  in,  it  is  said  to  rose  in. 

Rose,  pa.  t.  RISE  v. ;  obs.  f.  ROOSE. 

t  RO'SeaC,  a.  Obs~l  In  7  roseack.  [f.  L. 
rose-us  -f  -AC.]  Rose-like,  rosy. 

1638  BRATHWAIT  Bamabeesjrnl.  iv.  (1818)  173  Lips  I  relish 
richly  roseack,  Purely  nectar  and  ambroseack. 

t  BiOSeager.  Sc.  Obs.  [?  Misuse  of  rosager, 
var.  of  ROSAKER.]  (See  quot.) 

1684  SYMSON  Galloway  in  Macfarlanc's  Geogr.  Collect. 
(S.  H.S.)  II.  103  Their  Beir  is  commonly  very  oatie,  and  in 
some  places  mixt  with  darnel,  which  they  call  Roseager. 
Ibid.)  This  Roseager  being  narcotick  occasions  strangers  to 
find  fault  with  our  ale. 

Roseaker :  see  ROSAKER. 

Roseal  (rJu-zial),  a.  Now  arch.  Also  6-7 
roseall,  rosiall,  7  rosial.  [f.  L.  rose-us  +  -AL, 
or  from  ROSE  sb.  +  -IAL.] 

1.  =  ROSEATE  a.  i. 

a.  1531  ELYOT  Gov.  n.  xii,  Beholding  the  rosiall  colour, 
which  was  wont  to  be  in  his  visage,  tourned  in  to  sallowe. 
1595  Blanchardine  (1890)  220  Seazing  vpon  the  rosiall  lips 
of  his  royall  Queene.  1620  Swetnant  Arraigned  (i$So)  25 
Then  I  must  blame  you,  Ladie,  you  doe  ill,  To  blast  those 
Rosiall  blossomes.  1636  DAVESANT  Wits  Wks.  (1673)  187 
The  Stones  are  Rosial  and  Of  the  white  Rock. 

p.  1587  M.  GROVE  Felops  fy  Hipp.  (1878)  44  She  whose 
roseall  hue  was  staynde  and  hyd  on  euery  cheeke.  a  1592 
GREENE  Jos.  IVt  v.  iii,  The  Rosenll  crosse  is  spred  within 
thy  field,  Asigne  of  peace.  1607  DEKKER  Whore  of  Babylon, 
Wks.  1873 1 1. 209  By  that  blest  flowerVpon  whose  roseal  stalke 
our  peace  does  grow.  1622  PEACHAM  Cotnpl.  Gent.  (1661) 
164  Sibilla  Agrippa  is  to  be  drawn  in  a  Roseall  garment,  a 
woman  in  years.  1747  Gentl.  Mag,  242  Far  in  the  roseal  east, 
Aurora's  seat.  1893  F.  THOMTSON  Poems  69  Child-angels, 
from  your  wings  Fall  the  roseal  hoverings..0a  the  cheeks 
of  Viola. 

2.  =  ROSEATE  a.  2. 

1577-87  HOLINSHKD  Cnron.  I.  92/1  Cast  vpon  his  sacred 
toome  the  roseall  garlands  gaie.  1893  F.  THOMPSON  Poems 
59  They  took  the  roseal  chaplet  up, 

3.  =  ROSEATE  a.  3. 


ROSE-BAY. 

a  1601  ?  MARSTON  Pasquil  <$•  Kath.  ir.  135, 1  did  but  softly 
sip  The  Roseall  juice  of  your  reuiuing  breath.  1652  CRASH  AW 
Carmen  Deo  Nostro,  Prayer^  The  rich  &  roseall  spring  of 
those  rare  sweets. 

Rose-alger:  see  ROSALGER. 
Rose-apple,    [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  APPLE.] 

fl.  A  kind  of  apple  having  rose-coloured  flesh. 

1626  BACON  Sylva,  §  510  Few  Fruits  are  coloured  Red 
within  :  The  Queen-apple  is  :  and  another  apple,  called  the 
Rose-apple.  1693  EVELYN  De  la  Quint.  Compl.  Card.  I. 
126  The  Rose-Apple  extremely  resembles  the  Apis  in  all  its 
outside. 

2.  a.  A  small  tree  of  the  genus  Eugenia  (esp. 
E.JamboS)  E.  malaccensis,  and  E.  ayuea),  extens 
ively  grown  in  the  tropics  for  its  beautiful  foliage 
and  fruit,     b.  The  edible,  sweet-scented  fruit  of 
this  tree,  used  for  making  preserves,  etc. 

1812  [see  JAMBO  c].  1830  LINDLEY  Nat.  Syst,  Bat.  65 
The  balsamic  odour  of  the  eastern  fruits  called  the  Jam- 
rosade  and  the  Rose  Apple.  1871  KINGSLEY  At  Last  xvi, 
That  with  leaves  like  a  great  myrtle,  and  bright  flesh- 
coloured  fruit,  [is]  a  Malacca-apple,  or  perhaps  a  Rose-apple. 
1885  LADY  BRASSEY  The  Trades  323  The  islands  also  pro 
duce  custard-apples,  bread-fruit,  rose-apples. 

3.  Austr.  The  Queens!  and  or  sweet  plum,  Oiuenia 
cerasifera.  1889  MAIDEN  Useful  Native  PL  49. 

Rose-a-ruby.  Also  7  rosarubie.  [App.  f, 
ROSE  sb.  and  RUBY  sb.]  The  pheasant's-eye, 
Adonis  atttumnalis. 

1597  GERARDE  Herbal  310  Our  London  women  do  call  it 
[Adonis  flower]  Rosearubie.  1629  PARKINSON  Par  ad.  293 
Some  of  our  English  Gentlewomen  call  it  Rosarubie:  we 
vsually  call  it  Adonis  flower.  1671  SKINNER  Etym.  Bot., 
Rose  a  Ruby,  Flos  Adonis  Ruber.  1753  Chambers' Cycl. 
Suppl.  s.v.  Adonis,  There  are  three  varieties  of  this  plant 
[sc.  Adonis],  commonly  called,  i.  The  common  red  bird's  eye, 
or  rose  a  ruby  [etc.].  1864  PRIOR  Plant-n.  192. 

Roseate  (rwziet),  a.  Also  6-7  roseat,  7 
rosiat.  [f.  L.  rose-us  +  -ATE  2.] 

1.  Having  the  pink  or  light  crimson  hue  of  roses ; 
rose-coloured,  rose-red,  rosy. 

1589  LODGE  Scillaes  Metant.  (Hunterian  Cl.)  20  So  maist 
thou  . .  knit  thy  temples  with  a  roseat  twist.  1600  Eng, 
//tf//c<7«Tj,The  rich  adorned  rayes  of  roseate  rising  morne. 
1725  POPE  Odyss.  iv.  784  The  morn  reveals  the  roseate  East. 
1794  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Myst.  Udolgho  xxxv,  The  setting- 
rays  tinged  their  snowy  summits  with  a  roseate  hue.  1820 
SHELLEY  Prometh.  Unb.  n.  i.  25  Through  yon  peaks  of 
cloud-like  snow  The  roseate  sunlight  quivers.  1874  SYMONDS 
Sk.  Italy  iff  Greece  (1898)  I.  133  The  roseate  whiteness  of 
ridged  snow  on  Alps. 

Comb.  1830  EncycL  Metrop.  (1845)  XXI.  305/2  Chest  and 
belly  roseate  red.  1839  DE  LA  BKCHE  Rep.  GeoL  Cornw. 
xv.  502  Among  the  innumerable  varieties  of  elvans..we 
may  notice  that  which  is  roseate-tinted. 

b.  In  names  of  birds,  as  roseate  spoonbill,  tern, 
cockatoo. 

(a)  1785  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  III.  i.  16  Roseate 
Spoonbill,  Platalea  Ajaja. ..The  plumage  is  a  fine  rose- 
colour.  1838  AUDUBON  Ornith.  Biog.  IV.  iBSThe  Roseate 
Spoonbill  is  found  for  the  most  part  along  the  marshy  and 
muddy  borders  of  estuaries.  1872  COUES  N.  Amer.  Birds 
264  Roseate  Spoonbill.  In  full  plumage  rosy-red,  whitening 
on  neck. 

(/')  1813  MONTAGU  Ornith.  Diet.  Suppl.  s.v.  Tent,  The 
length  of  the  Roseate  Tern  is  only  fifteen  inches  and  a  half. 
1835  AUDUBON  Ornith.  Kiog.  III.  296  Beautiful, indeed, are 
Terns  of  every  kind,  but  the  Roseate  excels  the  rest.  1862 
C.  A.  JOHNS  Brit.  Birds  565  Roseate  Terns  have  been  dis 
covered.,  in  the  mouth  of  the  Clyde,  Lancashire,  and  the 
Farn  Islands. 

(c)  1877  Nature  16  Aug.  336  A  Roseate  Cockatoo  (Cacatita 
rosekapilla)  from  Australia. 

2.  Formed  of,  consisting  of,  roses.  ?  Obs, 

1607  HEYWOOD  Fayre  Ulayde  E.rch.  Wks.  1874  II.  66 
Devise  sweet  roseat  coronets.  1630  DRAYTON  Pluses'  Elys. 
Nymphal  iii.  12  The  most  renown'd  With  curious  Roseat 
Anaclems  are  crown 'd.  1742  COLLINS  Ode  Mercy  25  To  thec 
we  build  a  roseate  bow'r.  1783  O'KEEFE  Birth-Day  22  With 
roseate  chaplets  crown 'd. 

1 3.  Rose-scented.    Obs*  rare. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  643  Roseat  Dews  dispos'd  All  ..to  rest. 
1720  POPE  Iliad  xxin.  227  Celestial  Venus  hover'd  o'er  his 
Head,  And  roseate  Unguents,  heav'nly  Fragrance !  shed. 

4.  Jig.  Rosy  ;  happy,  smiling. 

1873  W.  BLACK  Pr.  ofThnle  v.  77  How  bright,  and  rose 
ate,  and  happy  she  looked.  1887  STEVENSON  Misadv.  J. 
Nicholson"?)  At  which  meal  the  re-assembled  family  were  to 
sit  roseate. 

b.  Rose-coloured,  optimistic. 

1868  G.  DUFF  Pol.  Stirv.  195  A  very  roseate  account  of 
the  empire.  1881  GOLD.  SMITH  Lect.  fy  Ess.  261  A  persuasive 
person  who  could  depict  the  merits  of  his  scheme  with  rose 
ate  but  delusive  eloquence. 

Hence  Ro'seately  adv. 

1834  W.TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mem.  (1843)  II.  556  Hope  Is 
like  the  first  blush  of  dawn,  roseately  beautiful.  1859  Chantb. 
frill.  XI.  128  The  golden  bars.  .Soon  leave  the  earth,  but 
linger  roseately. 

Ro'Seate,  v.     rare.     [f.  prec.] 

fl.  intr.  (See  quot.)  Obs.~° 

1611  FLORIO,  Rcscggiaret..\.o  roseate,  to  flower  or  bud  as 
Roses. 

2.  trans.  To  render  roseate  or  rosy. 

1852  W.  JERDAN  Autobiog.  II.  ix.  100  He  was  a  fine  ex 
ample  of  a  rubicund  Scotchman;  fattened  and  roseated  in 
London.  1898  TALMAGE  in  Christian  Her.  20  Apr.  344/4 
The  millennial  June  which  shall  roseate  all  the  earth. 

Rose-bay,    [f.  ROSK  sb.  +  BAY  *M] 
1.  The  oleander  or  rose-laurel,  Nerhtm  Oleander* 
Also  rose-bay  tree. 
1548  TURNER  Names  Hetbes  (E.  D.  S.)  56  Nerion,  other. 


ROSE-BREASTED. 

wyse  called  Rhododendron..,  maye  be  called  in  englishe 
Rose  bay  tree  or  rose  Laurel.  1597  GERARDE  Herbal  1220 
Rose-Baie  is  a  small  shrub  of  a  gallant  shewe  like  the 
Bale  tree.  Ibid.,  This  plant  is  named,. Rose  Tree,  Rose 
Baie,  Rose  Bale  tree.  1698  Phil.  Trans.  XX.  331  The 
Flowers  seem  to  resemble  the  Oleander  or  Rose-Bay.  1725 
Fain.  Diet.  s.v.,  Most  hired  Gardeners  are  apt  to  lay  the 
Branches  of  Rose-Bays,. .preferring  their  own  Advantage 
to  their  Master's  Pleasure,  who  would  delight  in  seeing  a 
Rose-Bay-Tree  adorn'd  with  Branches  at  the  Foot.  1846- 
50  A,  WOOD  ClasS'b/e.  Bot.  458  Nerium  Oleander,  Rose 
Bay-tree..  .This  splendid  shrub  is  common  in  Palestine. 

2.  a.  The   rhododendron  (and  azalea),     b.    A 
tree  or  plant  of  this  genus. 

1760  J.  LEE  Introd,  Bot.  App.  306  Bay,  Mountain  Rose, 
Rhododendrnni.  Ibid.  325  Rose  Bay,  Dwarf,  Rhododen 
dron.  1796  WITHERING  Brit.  PI.  II.  239  Azalea procmn- 
l>cns,.  .Trailing  Rosebay.  Highland  mountains.  1845-50 
MRS.  LINCOLN  Lcct.  Bot.  164  Rhododendron,,  .sometimes 
called  mountain  laurel  or  rose-bay.  1846-50  A.  Wooo 
Class-bk.  Bot.  376  Rhododendron  maximum,  American 
Rose  Bay.  ^^  Atlantic  Monthly  LXXXII.  498  Purple 
rhododendron  or  mountain  rose-bay  (A*.  Catawbiense}. 

3.  The  willow-herb,   Epilobiiun  angustifolium. 
Also  attrib. 

1671  SKINNER  Etytn,  Bot.^  Rose-withy,  vel  Rose-bay; 
Willow-herb.  1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  App.  325  Rose  Bay 
Willowherb,  Epilobium.  1777  JACOB  Catal.  PI.  Favcrshaat 
66.  1846-50  A.  WOOD  Class-bk.  Bot.  262  Epilobium 
angustifoltuin. . .  Willow  Herb.  Rose-bay.  1855  M  iss 
PKATT  Flower.  PI.  II.  280  Epilobium  anguslifolium  (Rose 
Bay,  or  Flowering  Willow). 

Rose-breasted,  a.  Ornith.  [f.  ROSE  sb.} 
Having  a  breast  of  a  rosy  or  carmine  hue.  In  the 
names  of  various  birds,  as  rose-breasted  cockatoo^ 
finch,  jly~c(itcher,  grosbeak ,  etc. 

1801  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.   Birds  Suppl.  II.   223  Rose- 
breasted  Fly  Catcher.. .  N.S.  Wales.  xSioA.  W ILSON  A  incr. 
Ornith,  II.  135  The  Rose-breasted  Grosbeak  is. .thirteen 
inches  in  extent.  1847  LEICHHARDT  Jrnl.  viii.  272  The  rose- 
breasted  cockatoo  (Cocatua.  eos,  Gould)  visited  the  patches 
of  fresh  burnt  grass.    1859-63  J.  G.  WOOD  Illustr.  Nat.  Hist. 
II.  192  The  Rose-breasted  Nyctiornis,  or  Red-faced  Night. 
feeder.     1884  CoUES    N,    Amer.    Birds    348    CarAodactts 

frontalis   rhodocolpus, . .  Rose-Breasted    Finch.     loid.    389 
Zamelodia  ludouictana, . .  Rose-Breasted  Song  Grosbeak. 

Ro'Sebud.     Also  rose-bud,     [f.  ROSE  sb.} 

1.  The  bud  of  a  rose ;  the  flower  of  a  rose  before 
it  opens.     Also_/%-. 

1611  BIBLE  IVisd.  ii.  8  Let  vs  crowne  our  selues  with 
Rose  buds.  1647  CRASHAW  Steps  to  Temple,  Tear  iv,  Such 
a  Pearle  as  this  is..  The  Rose  buds  sweet  lip  kisses.  1727- 
46  THOMSON  Swn?ner  1587  The  parted  lip,  Like  the  red- 
rose  bud  moist  with  morning-dew.  1773  Phil.  Trans. 
LXIII.  129  The  rose-tree.. was  covered  with  leaves  and 
rose-buds.  1825  J.  NEAL  Bro.  Jonathan  I,  33  Her. .mouth, 
like  the  wet  rose-bud,  was  brimful  of  something  like 
poetry.  1856  MRS.  BROWNING  Aur.  Leigh  u.  12  Rosebuds 
reddening  where  the  calyx  split. 

attrib.  1798  WOLCOT  (P.  Pindar)  Tales  Hoy  Wks.  1812 
IV.  407  Her  rosebud-Hps  expanded  with  a  smile.  1890  '  L. 
FALCONER'  Moselle  Ixe  v,  Her  rosebud-like  beauty. 

2.  transf.  A  pretty  maiden  ;  a  girl  in  the  first 
bloom  of  womanhood  ;  also  as  a  term  of  endear 
ment.     Cf.  BUD  j/>.l  3  b. 

£1790  BURNS  To  Miss  Cruikshank  i  Beauteous  rose-bud, 
young  and  gay,  Blooming  on  thy  early  May.  1807-8  W. 
IRVING  Salinag.  (1824)  162  Two  sister  nymphs, ..Twin  rose 
buds  bursting  into  bloom.  1848  KINGSLEY  Saint's  Trag. 
n.  vi,  My  fair  rose-bud — A  trifle  over-blown,  but  not  less 
sweet — I  have  been  pining  for  you. 

b.    U.S.  A  debutante.     In  quots.  attrib. 

1885  Harper's  Mag.  Mar.  544/2  The  girls  have  gone  to  a 
'  rose-bud  '  dinner.  1890  Cent.  Mag.  Aug.  582  They  flutter 
their  brief  hour  in  society. . .  Some  of  them  hold  on  like  grim 
death  to  rosebud  privileges, 

3.  Rosebud-nail :  (see  quot.). 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Rose-bud  Nails,  are  small  round- 
headed  nails,  driven  in  the  centre  of  the  roses  of  the  plates. 

4.  Sc,  Some  kind  of  small  sea-shell. 

1893  CROCKETT  Stickit  Minister  (1895)  242  The  lady 
teachers  wandered  about  and.  .explored  with  their  classes 
the  great  shell-heaps  for  '  rosebuds  and  *  legs  of  mutton  '. 

Bib'se-busli.     [f.  ROSE  s6.  +  BUSH  j<M] 

1.  A  bush  of  the  rose  kind.     Also  attrib. 

1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay  xix.  (1592)  296  There  U  not 
here  so  faire  and  sweet  a  Rosebush,  which  hath  not  very 
sharpe  pricks.  1611  COTGR.  ,  Rosier,  a  Rose-tree,  Rose 
bush,  Rose-brier,  a.  1691  BOYLE  (JO,  This  way  of  procuring 
autumnal  roses  will,  in  most  rose  bushes,  fail.  1707  Curios 
ities  in  Husb.  *  Card.  259  The  Buds  of  Rose-bushes. 
^1765  FLLOYD  Tartarian  T.  (1785)  65/2  A  spring-. takes 
it's  source  from  the  foot  of  a  rose-bush.  1807  SOUTHEV 
Lett.  (1850)  III.  68  Here  I  am  now  planting  garden- 
enclosures,  rose-bushes,,  .and  resolute  to  become  a  moun 
taineer.  1850  THACKERAY  Fendennis  xxviii,  Hejr  hands 
were  guaranteed  from  the  thorns  of  her  favourite  rose 
bushes  by  a  pair  of  gauntlets.  1897  Outing  XXX.  244/2 
A  deep  valley,  where  great  trees  were  reduced  to  a  rose 
bush  size. 

2.  Austr.  A  kind  of  timber-tree  (see  quot.). 
1889  MAIDEN  Useful  Native  PI.  532  Eiipontatia  lattrina, 

..'  Rose-bush',  or  '  Balwarra  '.  A  small  tree.  The  wood  is 
soft,  close,  coarse-grained,  and  of  a  yellowish-brown  colour. 

Rose-cake,    [f.  ROSE  sb.\ 

•fl.  A  preparation  of  rose-petals  in  the  form  of 

a  cake,  used  as  a  perfume,  etc.   Obs. 

1598  FLORIO,  Rosata,  a  rose  cake.  1607  TOPSELL  Four- 
footed  Beasts  91  Calves  marrow  with  an  equal  quantity 
of  whay,  Oyl,  Rose-cake  and  an  Egge,  do  soften  the 
hardness  of  the  cheeks  and  eye-lids.  1615  J.  STEPHENS 
Satyr.  Ess-,  Country  Bridegroom,  He  must  savour  of 
gallantry  a  little  ;  though  he  perfume  the  Table  with  Rose- 
cake.  ^11676  HALE  Prim,  Grig,  Alan.  in.  iv.  (1677)  271 


797 

The  experience  of  the  growing  of  Moths  out  of  the  Seeds 
of  Lavender,  and  Worms  in  Rose-cakes.  1738  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v,  Rose'water^  The  rose-leaves,  remaining  at  the 
bottom  of  the  still,  are  kept  under  the  name  of  rose-cakes 
for  a  perfume. 

2.  (See  quot.  and  ROSETTE  3.)  ?  Obs. 

1670  PETTUS  Fodinx  Reg.  4  When  they  are  smelted  and 
cast  into  a  solid  form,  if  Lead,  they  call  them  Pigs;. .if 
Copper,  Rose-cakes. 

3.  A  kind  of  sweetmeat  (see  quot.). 

1902  MRS.  RATTRAV  Sweetmeat-Making  114  Rose  Cake. 
..Flavour  with  oil  of  roses,  and  colour  with  cochineal. 

Hose-campion,  [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  CAMPION  -.] 
A  pretty  garden-plant  of  the  genus  Lychnis  or 
slgrostemmct)  having  rose-coloured  flowers ;  esp. 
Z.  or  A.  coronaria  ;  mullein-pink. 

1530  PAI.SCK.  264/1  Rosecampyon  a  floure.  1548  TURNER 
Names  Hcrbes  (K.  D.  S.)  79  The  third  is  called  ThryalHs, 
and  Rosccampi[on]  in  englishe.  1626  BACON  Syiva  §  560 
Plants,  that.. have  a  Kinde  of  Downey  or  Velvet  Rine, 
upon  their  Leaves  ;  as  Rose-Campion.  1688  [see  CAMPION  2\, 
1718  GARDINER  Rapin  on  Gardens  (ed.  3)  i.  35  /Ethiopis, 
Woolfbane,  red  Rose-campions  rise.  1786  ABERCKOMBIE 
Card.  Assist. ^  Arr.  65  Rose  campion  (agrosteinuia}.  1866 
Treas.  Dot.  700/2  Coronaria^  in  which  the  calyx  is  thickened 
in  fruit ;  the  Rose  Campion  (.Lychnis  coronaria}  is  a  good 
example.  1872  TENNYSON  Last  Tournament  234  Glowing 
in  all  colours,  the  live  grass,  Rose-campion,,  .poppy,  glanced 
About  the  revels. 

RO'Se-cha:fer.  Ent.  Also  S  chaffer,  [f.  ROSE 
sb.  +  CHAFER  *.]  A  beetle  of  the  genus  Cetonia 
(esp.  C.  aurata})  of  a  burnished  green  or  copper 
colour,  frequenting  roses  and  in  the  grub-state 
very  destructive  to  vegetation  ;  the  rose-fly. 

1704  PETIVEU  Gazophyl.  iii.  §  23  Scarabxits  j>ectinar!us 
S).  .the  Rose  Chaffer.  1817  KIKIJY  &  SP.  Entomof, 


found  on  the  flowers  of  the  turnip  plant.  1899  D.  SHARP 
InsectsiQQ  In  Britain  we  have  only  four  kinds  of  Cetoniides; 
they  are  called  Rose-chafers. 

Rose-cheeked,  a.    [f.  ROSE  sb.] 

1.  Having  ruddy  or  rose-coloured  cheeks;  rosy- 
cheeked. 

1592  SHAKS.  Ven.  fy  Ad.  I,  Rose-cheek'd  Adonis  hied  him 
to  the  chase.  1607  —  Timon  iv.  iii.  86  Bring  downe  Rose. 
cheekt  youth  to  the  Tubfast,  and  the  Diet.  1642  H.  MOKE 
Song  Saul  ii.  App.  xcix,  Fair  comely  bodies,  goodly 
beautifi'd,  Snow-ltmb'd,  rose-cheek'd.  1833  TENNYSON 
Millers  Daughter  133  Rosecheekt,  roselipt,  half-sly,  half- 
shy,  You  would,  and  would  not,  little  one. 

2.  Qniiih.  Rose-cheeked  kingfisher >  an  Ethiopian 
species,  Ispidina  picta. 

1868-71  R.  B.  SHAKI-E  Monograph  Alcedinidae  141. 
Ro*se-co:lour,  sb.    Also  rose   colour,     [f. 
ROSE  sb,  or  #.] 

1.  The  colour  of  a  rose ;  rosy  or  crimson  tint  or 
hue.     Also  attrib. 

1382  WYCLIF  Esther  xv.  8  She  forsothe  thur^sbed  the 
chere  with  rose  colour  [1388  colour  of  roosis],  1526 
TINDALE  Revelation,  xvii.  4  And  the  woman  was  arayed  in 
purple  and  rose  color.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  A  ing' 
thistus.  The  more  rose  colour  the  better.  i6iz  FLOKIO, 
RoditCiZ.  precious  stone  of  a  Rose-colour.  1725 /'<*///. /)/c/. 
s.v.  Anemone,  The  Turkish  or  Bizantine  [anemone],  of  a 
Rose-colour.  1780  J.  T.  DILLON  Trav.  Spain  (1781)  318 
[It  is]  called  Rosiclei  by  mineralogists,  from  its  rose-colour 
appearance.^  1793  T.  BEDDOES  Calculus^  etc.  222  The 
blood  contained  in  the  left  ventricle,  .was  of  a  rose  colour. 
1828  STARK  Elan,  Nat.  Hist.  I.  452  Body  shaded  with  rose- 
colour,  and  silvery.  1856  DANA  Rudiin.  Treat*  Min.  72 
Rhodonite . .  is  of  a  beautiful  rose  colour,  inclining  sometimes 
to  violet. 

transf.  1870  EMERSON  Soc.  fy  Sol^Fanntng^  The  farmer's 
office  is.. important,  but  you  must  not  try  to  paint  him  in 
rose-colour.  1883  Harper's  Mag.  Feb.  419/1  Lawson.  .was 
inclined  to  see  things  in  rose-color. 

2.  fig.  A   pleasant   or   attractive   experience  or 
outlook,     (So  F.  couleur  de  rose :  see  COULEUB.) 

1883  LORD  R.  GOWER  My  Reminisc,  I.  313  Even  a 
fashionable  painter's  life  is  not  all  rose  colour.  1885  New 
Bk.  Sports  222  A  canoe  trip  cannot  be  warranted  to  be  all 
rose-colour  more  than  any  other  human  undertaking. 

So  Bo-se-co-lour  v.  (see  quot.).    rare"1. 

1556  OLDE  Antichrist^  n  As  for  this  beast,  he  hathe 
allready  rose  coloured  him  self  a  great  while  with  sayntes 
blood. 

R-o'se-co;  loured,  a.    [f.  ROSE  sb.] 

1.  Having  the  pink  or  light  crimson  colour  of  a 
rose;  roseate,  rosy. 

1526  TINDALE  Rev*  xvii.  3,  I  sawe  a  woman  sytt  apon  a 
rose  colored  best.  1580  in  Lfturg.  Serv.  Q.  Eliz.  (1847)  57^ 
Strengthen  her  hand . .  to  double  into  the  bosom  of  that  rose, 
coloured  whore  tliat  [etc.].  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrfutaffe  vui. 
ii.  (1614)  733  First  coloured  blacke,  then  ash-coloured,  then 
rose-coloured,  then  red.  1717  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to 
CtcssMari  Apr.,  The . .  drawers . .  are  of  a  thin  rose-coloured 
damask.  1789  PILKINGTON  F/Vru  Derbysh.  I.  323  A  dry. 
spongy,  violet  pulp,  from  which  a  rose-coloured  pigment  may 
be  prepared.  1854  TOMLINSON  A  rago's  Astron.  59  Several 
rose-coloured  protuberances.. beyond  the  dark  limb  of  the 
moon.  1886  A.  WINCHELL  Walks  Geol.  Field  131  A  second 
basin  ..  has  its  bottom  covered  by  ..  rose-coloured  salt- 
crystals. 

b.  In  specific  names,  as  rose-coloured  a!gset  co-w 
in  rd,  founder  ^  ouzel ',  pastor ',  pelican,  sea-anemone^ 
spoonbill^  starling,  thrush^  vervain :  see  quots. 
and  thesbs.,  <mdcf.RoBBj£,  23,  24,  ROSEATE  a,  ib. 

1861  BKNTLEY  Man..  Dot.  717  Rhodo$porese>  Floridex*  or 
*  Rose-coloured  Alga?.  1837  MACCILLIVRAY  Hist.  Brit.  Birds 
I.  613  The  *Rose-coloured  Cow-bird  (Turd us  rose  us  Linn.) 


EOSEB. 

is  about  the  size  of  the  Spotted  Starling.  1795  SHAW 
Naturalises  Miscellany  VII.  pi.  238  The  *  Rose- coloured 
Flounder.  1766-1832  [see  OUZEL  2b  and  PASTOR  sb.  4], 
1843  YAKKELL  /•'•{'•  ^"'<fr  Ij-  52  The  Rose-coloured  Pastor 
is  an  accidental  visiter  to  this  country.  1785  LATHAM  Gen. 
Synopsis  of  Birds  III.  n.  579  *  Rose-coloured  Pelican,  the 
plumage  wholly  of  a  rose-colour.  1802  KING  LEY  Aniin. 
&*0£r.( (1813)  III.  435  The  "Rose-coloured  Sea  Anemone. 
On  this  species  the  Abbe  Dicquemaire  made  several  ex 
periments,  to  ascertain  its  powers  of  production.  1870 
GILLMOKE  tr.  Firmer  s  Reptiles  fy  Birds  (1892)  325  The 

*  Rose-coloured  spoonbill,  a  native  of  South  America,  the 
plumage  of  which  possesses  the  most  beautiful  tints.     1843 
YARRELL  Brit.  Birds  II.  51  Turdits  rosens,  *  Rose-coloured 
Starling.     1792    PENNANT   Arct.   Zool.   II.    Index,  *Rose- 
tolored  Thrush.    ibttHortusAnglicus  II.  136  V.Aitbletia. 

*  Rose-coloured  Vervain.  ..Flowers  pink  or  crimson,  numer 
ous,  in  stalked  heads, 

*|*  2.  Clad  in  red  or  scarlet  robes.   0?>s.~l 

1546  Gasser's  Frognost.  D  5b,  The  roase  coulered  persons 
subject  to  Jupiter,  as  Patriarches,  Cardiiialles,..shalbe  had 
in  much  estimation  and  honour. 

3.  fig.  Characterized  by  cheerful  optimism,  or 
tendency  to  regard  matters  in  a  highly  favourable 
or  attractive  light. 

1861  HUGMKS  Tom  Brown  at  O.rf.  II.  102  Oxford  was  a 
sort  of  Utopia  to  the  Captain... He  continued,  .to  behold 
towers,  and  quadrangles,  and  chapels, . .  through  rose- 
coloured  spectacles.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  i  Aug.  165  All  the 
facts  of  the  case  that  might  chance  to  interfere  with  the 
rose-coloured  view  uf  the  'Company  of  Jesus'  that  is 
habitual  to  him.  1875  MRS.  TROLLOI-E  Charming  Fellow 
I.  vii,  84  This  rose-coloured  condition  of  things  did  not  la^t. 

Hence  Rose-colourist,  one  who  takes  a  rose- 
coloured  view  of  things,  nonce-ivord. 

1852  C.  REAIJK  I\-g  II  V>#f«A>/tf«  (1853)  *35  'This  day,  in 
particular,  is  a  happy  one,'  added  the  rose  colourist. 

Rosecrucian,  obs.  form  of  Rosi CRUCIAN. 

Ro'se-cut,  a.  and  sb.  Also  rose  cut.  [ROSE 
sb.  18.]  Uf  diamonds  :  ^see  quots.). 

1842  FKANCIS  Diet.  Arts.  1850  HOLTZAI'FKKL  Turning 
III.  1322  The  rose  cut  consists  of  triangular  facets  arranged 
upon  and  around  a  central  hexagon.  1862  Chambers' s 
tincycl.  Ill,  536/1  Vertical  and  lateral  appearance  of  rose- 
cut  diamond.  1877  Encycl.  Brit.  VII.  165/2  The  rose  cut., 
is  given  to  stones  which  have  too  little  depth  to  be  cut  as 
brilliants  ;  it  has  the  whole  upper  curved  surface  covered 
with  equilateral  triangles. 

Rosed  (njuzd),  a.    [f.  ROSE  sb.  or  vl~\ 

*(•  1.  a.  Flavoured  or  compounded  with  rose- 
petals,  b.  Rose-scented.  Obs. 

156*  TURNER  Ifcrl<al  (1568)  u.  7  If  ye  take  it  inwarde,  you 
must  take  it  wyth  losed  honye  or  wyth  rose  leaues.  a  1586 
SIDNEY  Arcadia  (1622)  234  A  rosed  breath,  from  lips  more 
rosie  proceeding.  1643  A.  Ross  Mel  Hclic.  168  If  Musk, 
Perfume,  or  rosed  air,  Or  Balm  could  vaporatefromlb.ee. 
1652  CADEMAN  Distiller  of  London  147  The  same  quantity 
drunk  with  rosed  Honey  looseth  the  Belly. 

2.  Rendered  red  or  rosy  in  colour;  rose-coloured, 
rose-hucd.     (Cf.  ROSE  z>.l  2.) 

1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  And.  \\.  iv.  24  Alas,  a  Crimson  riuer  of 
warms  blood  . .  Doth  rise  and  fall  betweene  thy  Rosed 
lips.  1880  G.  MEREDITH  Tragic  Com.  (iBSi)  134  fte  was  a 
bridegroom,  for  whom  the  rosed  Alps  rolled  out  a  panorama 
of  illimitable  felicity. 

3.  Adorned  with  representations  of  roses.  Alsoyf^. 
1891  Miss  DOWIE  Girl  in  Karp.  143  A  settee,  .covered  in 

faded  rosed-over  tapestry.  1898  G.  MEREDITH  Odes  Fr, 
Hist.  70  The  rosed  and  starred  Revolving  Twelves  [sc. 
hours]. 

4.  Of  a  watering-pot :  Having  or  provided  with 
a  (specified  kind  of)  rose.     In  quots.  fine-rosed. 

1850  Beckys  Florist  Mar.  67  They  are  watered  with  a 
little  chilled  water  (using  a  fine-rosed  pot).  1875  Carpentry 
<y  5"tf/«.  95  Made  damp  at  pleasure  by  watering  from  a  very 
fine  rosed  watering  pot. 

Rose  clramoiid.  [f.  ROSE  sl>.]  A  nearly 
hemispherical  flat-bottomed  diamond,  having  the 
upper  surface  cut  into  many  triangular  facets  or 
planes  ;  a  rose-cut  diamond. 

1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  fy  P.  214  A  Rose  Diamond  that 
is  very  thick,  it's  good  to  set  it  close.  1705  Lend.  Gas. 
No.  4154/3  A  large  pair  of  Rose  Earings,  with  a  large 
Diamond  in  each,  set  round  with  12  small  Rose  Diamonds. 
1753  HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  I.  vn.  xcv.  437  Six  dozen  of 
buttons  and  six  dozen  of  button-holes  of  rose  diamonds, 
1850  HouTZAPFFEt.  Turning  1 1 1.  1322  Diamonds  that  have 
defects  are  split  by  cleavage,  and  the  pieces  are  cut  into 
rose  diamonds.  1898  WIGLEY  &  STANSBIB  Art  Goldsw.  132 
Rose  diamonds  are  frequently  cut  from  rough  chips. 

attrib.  1707  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4300/3  A  Pair  of  Rose 
Diamond  Ear-Rings.  1725  ^K  FOE  fay.  round  ll'orld 
(1840)  142  A  ring  of  silver,  with  false  stones  in  it,  like  a 
rose-diamond  ring. 

Rose-drop,     [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  DROP  sb.~\ 
fl.  An  ear-drop  forming  a  rose-setting.  OJ>s~l 
1707  Land.  Gaz.   No.  4300/3  A  Pair  of  Rose  Diamond 
Ear-Ruigs,  with  Rose  Drops,  containing  36  Rose  Diamonds. 

2.  Med.  (See  quot.,  and  cf.  rosy-drop.'} 

1719  QUINCY  Phys.  Diet.  (1722)  iS8  Gutta  Rosacea,  Rose- 
Drop,  is  an  Eruption  upon  the  Skinj  chiefly  in  the  Face, 
which  marks  It  with  red  notches  or  Wheals  of  a  red 
Colour.  1851  DUNGUSON  Diet,  Afed. 

3.  A  kind  of  lozenge  or  sweet  (see  quots.). 

1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Rosc-drofa  ..  a  lozenge 
flavoured  with  rose  essence.  1889  R.  WELLS  Bread  fy 
Biscuit  Baker's  Assist,  jr  Rose  Drops,  .are  made  as  in  the 
preceding  case.  Flavour  with  essence  of  rose  and  colour 
with  cochineal. 

t  Rosee.  Also  rose,  roseye.  [ad.  OF.  rosif,  f. 
rose  ROSE  sb."\  A  dish  flavoured  with  rose-petals. 

1381  in  Pegge  Forme  of  Cury  (1780)  105  For  to  make 
Rosee,  Tak  the  flowris  of  Rosys..und,  ,bray  hem  wel  in  a 


ROSE-ENGINE. 

morter  [etc.].  Ibid.  43.  c  1390  Forme  of  Cnry  No.  52 
Rosee.  Take  thyk  mylke,..Cast  berto  suger..,  Dates 
ymynced  [etc.],..seeth  it,  and  alye  it  with  flours  of  white 
Rosis.  c  1430  Two  Cookery-l'ks.  24  Roseye.— Take.  .Red 
Rosys,  an  grynd  fayre  in  a  morter  with  Almaunde  mylke. 

Ro'Se-euigine.  [f.  ROSE  sb.~\  An  appendage 
to  a  turning-lathe  by  means  of  which  curvilinear 
or  intricate  patterns  can  be  engraved. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1161  Coloured  transparent  glass  is 
applied  as  enamel  in  silver  and  gold  bijouterie,  previously 
bright-cut  in  the  metal  with  the  graver  or  the  rose-engine. 
1843  Penny  Cycl.  XXV.  424  '-2  Holding  the  headstock  steady 
when  the  rose-engine  is  to  be  used  as  a  common  lathe. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mtch.  549/1  A  straight-line  chuck  is 
used  in  a  rose-engine  when  the  patterns  are  to  be  made  to 
follow  a  straight  instead  of  a  circular  direction. 

attrib.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  168/1  Rose-engine  turning. 
1851-3  Tomlinsons  Cycl.  Arts  (1867)  II.  778/2  The  rose- 
engine  lathe  differs  from  the  common  lathe  in  this  [etc.]. 

Roseer(e,   obs.  ff.   ROSEB.     Rose-hill:   see 

ROSELLA  i.     Rossi,  variant  of  REZAI. 

Ro  seine.  Chem.  Also  rosein.  [f.  L.  rose- 
WJ  +  -INES,  -IN1.]  One  of  the  red  salts  derived 
from  rosaniline ;  spec,  acetate  of  rosaniline. 

1862  HOF.MANN  in  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  XII.  5  Mr.  Nicholson 
designates  the  pure  base  of  the  redcolouiing  matter  by  the 
name  of  Roseine.  1862  MILLER  Elem.  Chem.,  t'rAMed._2) 
440  When  treated  with  peroxide  of  lead  and  sulphuric  acid, 
aniline  furnishes  a  delicate  rose  colour,  which  Dr.  D.  Price 
has  called  roseine.  1883  Science  II.  143/2  Indigo,  carmine, 
and  roseine,  mixed  so  as  to  pioduce  the  same  tint. 

t  Rosel.  Obs~l  [a. OK.nw/(mod.F.  roseau}.] 
A  reed. 

c  1400  tr.  Sccreta  Secret.^  Gov.  Lordsh.  63  A  . .  feble  feer, 
J>at  vnnethes  may  to-brenne  rosels  and  smal  chippys. 

Ro'se-leaf.  [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  LEAF  sb.}  The  leaf 
of  a  rose ;  usually,  a  rose-petal. 

?rt  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  905  And  many  a  rose-leef  ful 
long  Was  entermcdled  ther-among.  c  1385  —  L.  G.  W,  228 
A  garlond  on  bis  hed  of  rose  leuys  Stekid  al  with  lylye 
flourys  newe.  156*  TURNER  Herbal  (1568)  n.  7  You  must 
take  it  wyth  rosed  honye  or  wyth  rose  leaues.  1598  HP.  HALL 
Sat.  iv.  iv,  Seest  thou  the  Rose-leaues  fall  vngathered?  1721 
YOUNG  Revenge  n.  i,  In  ceaseless  tears,  and  blushing  with  her 
love..,  like  a  rose-leaf  wet  with  morning  dew.  17990.  SMITH 
Laboratory  I.  334  Take  the  distilled  rose-leaves,  from  which 
all  the  spirit  and  oil  is  extracted.  1821  SHELLEY  Music, 
when  soft  -voices  die  5  Rose  leaves,  when  the  rose  is  dead, 
Are  heaped  for  the  beloved's  bed.  1895  Atlantic  Monthly 
Mar.  294  That  soft  hand-pressure,  like  a  pad  of  rose-leaves. 

Comb.  1832  J.  RENNIE  Consp.  Butterft.  $  M.  156  The 
Rose  Leaf  Roller  (Losotsenia  Kosana,  Stephens)  appears 
the  middle  of  June,  in  gardens  about  rose-trees. 
fig.  1851  THACKERAY  in  Scribners  Alag.  II.  132/2  A  very 
little  domestic  roseleaf  rumpled  puts  me  off  my  work.  1870 
Miss  BROUGHTON  Red  as  Rose  I.  63  The  velvet  rose  leaf  of 
her  cheek.  1897  Miss  KINCSLEY  W.  Africa  489  It  is  sad 
to  think  of  this  thorn  being  added  to  the  rose-leaves  of  a 
West  Coast  chiefs  life, 

Ro'Seless,  a.  [f.  ROSE  sb]  "Without  or  de 
stitute  of  roses;  pale,  colourless. 

1831  Fraser's  Mag.  III.  52  Her  cheek  was  roseless  and 
emaciated.  i88a  Garden  14  Jan.  28/3  In  this  Roseless 
season  it  is  pleasant  to  be  able  to  pick  bunches  of  white 
Roses,  or  what  looks  like  them. 

Roselet1  (r^u'zlet).  Forms  :  5  roslett,  6  rose- 
lette,  9  roselet.  [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  -LET.]  A  little 
rose ;  a  figure  or  representation  of  this ;  f  spec,  in 
Her.  (see  quot.  1562). 

1486  Bk,  St.  Albans  b  iij  b,  The  threde  baage  is  roslettys. 
1561  LEGH  Armory  (1597)  37  The  third  badge  are  Rose- 
lettes,  that  is  to  say  single  Roses,  that  haue  but  v.  leaues 
a  peece.  1896  Westm.  Gaz.  20  July  1/3  She  rapidly 
gathers  the  simple  open-hearted  roselets  wherever  she  can 
ipy  them. 

So  Ro*selette.    rare-1. 

1870  ROCK  Text.  Fabr.  \.  196  To  take  these  roselettes  for 
the  1'udor  flower  would  be  a  great  mistake. 

II  Eoselet 2.  [Norman  dial.]  The  sand-smelt. 
(Cf.  ROSERET.) 

1862  ANSTED  Channel  I  si.  n.  ix.  212  The  roselet  (atherlna 
presbyter),  a  kind  of  smelt,  is  abundant  and  delicious. 

Rose- like,  a.  [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  -LIKE  i.]  Re 
sembling  a  rose  in  colour,  appearance,  or  fragrance. 

1530  PALSGR.  322/2  Roselyke,  of  the  coloure  of  a  rose, 
rosaicque.  1601  MARKHAM  Mary  Magd.  Lament.  Pref.  74 
Marie  shewes  to  maids..  How  they  should  weepe,  and  decke 
their  rose-like  cheekes,  With  showers  of  greefe.  1661 
LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  fy  Min.  Isagoge,  As  the  Thrush,., 
black-bird,  saxatile, . .  double-coloured,  roselike,  brassilian 
and  Indian  stare.  1705  Phil.  Trans.  XXV.  1869  The  Rose- 
like  parts  were  not  near  so  large  upon  the  little  Leaves, 
1705  GARDINER  Rapin  on  Gardens  (1728)  i.  28  Drest  in 
white  Robes  she  spreads  a  Rose-like  Bloom.  1818  SHELLEY 
Rosal.  $  Helen  1010  The  rose-like  hues  which  flow  From 
sunset  o'er  the  Alpine  snow.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  978/1  It  [the 
genus  Rhodorrhisa}  derives  its  name  from  the  rose-like 
smell  peculiar  to  the  rootstocks. 

Hose-lipped,  a.  Also  -lipt.  [f.  ROSE  sb.  + 
LIPPED  ppl.  a,~\  Having  lips  of  a  rosy  hue. 

1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  iv.  ii.  63  Turne  thy  complexion  there : 
Patience,  thou  young  and  Rose-lip'd  Cherubin.  1750 
WARTON  Ode  to  Fancy  56  Where  Laughter  rose-lipp'd  Hebe 
leads.  1796  New  Ann.  Rep.  165  See,  as  the  rose-lipt  Alme 
weave  the  dance,  To  melting  airs  they  move,  in  amorous 
play.  1827  HOOD  Mids.  Fairies  Ixxxi,  His  pretty  mouth 
..Lay  half  way  open  like  a  rose-lipp'd  shell.  1896  Hous- 
MAN  Shropshire  Lad  liv,  For  many  a  rose-lipt  maiden  And 
many  a  lightfoot  lad. 

Roselite  (r<7"'zetoit).  Min.  [f.  Prof.  G.  AW,  a 
German  mineralogist  (1798-1 873)  + -LITE.]  A  rare 
hydrous  arsenate  of  cobalt  and  calcium,  of  vitreous 


798 

lustre,  found  in  rose-red  crystals  at  Schneeberg  in 
Saxony. 

1830  Encycl.  Mctrop.  (1845)  VI.  485/2  Roselile?.  .Occurs 
in  attached  crystals  on  greyish  quartz.  Primary  form  a 
Right  rhombic  prism.  1857  DANA  Man.  Min.  (1862)  268 
Roselite,  a  rose-red  mineral,  related  to,  if  not  identical 
with,  cobalt  bloom.  1875  Jrnl.  Cheat.  Soc.  XXVIII.  240 
On  the  crystalline  form  of  roselite. 

Rose'lla  '.  [App.  for  Rose-fuller^  f.  Rose-hill^ 
Paramatta  near  Sydney:  see  Morris  Austral 
£ng;']  The  rose  parakeet  of  Australia,  Platy- 
cemts  eximius. 

1847  LEICHHARDT  Jrnl.  III.  80 The  common  white  cocka 
too,  and  the  Moreton  Kay  Rosella  parrot,  were  very  numer 
ous.  1881  Chequered  Career  167  The  bright-plumagedpara- 
quets  and  rosellas  that  are  so  familiar  to  the  Australian  eye. 

Rose'lla-,  rose'lle.  Alsorozelle.    [Perh. 

a  corruption  of  the  French  name  Voseille  (sorrel) 
de  GuiftJe.']  The  red  or  Indian  sorrel,  Hibiscus 
sabdariffa. 

1857  Tail's  Mag:  XXIV.  164  (India.}  Fields  of  the  beauti- 
fully  rosy-tinted  roselle.      1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.   Trade, 
Rosellc.  ..Its  calyxes,  .are  much  employed  for  making  tarts, 
jellies,  and  refreshing  drinks :  a  fibre,  also  known  as  gayal 
fibre,  is  obtained  from  the  stem.    1887  MRS.  DALY  Digging 
<$•  Squatting  122  Rosellas  we  grew  most  successfully..  .My 
mother  managed  to  invent  Rosella  syrup,  one  of  our  most 
refreshing  beverages.    1890  WATT  Diet.  Eton.  Prod.  India 
IV.  243  The  seeds  of  the  Rozelle  are  used  medicinally. 

Rose-malloes,  variant  of  RASAMALA. 

1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Rose-malloes^  a  name  in 
Bombay  for  the  liquid  storax  obtained  from  Liqttidambar 
orientate  of  Miller.      1881  Encycl.  Brit.  XII.   718/2   An 
American  Liqiiidambar  also  produces  a  rose-malloes-like 
exudation. 

Rosemary  (rJu'zmari).  Forms  :  5  rose  mary, 
6  rosmary,  6-7  rosemarie  (6  -ye),  7  rose- 
mery ;  6-  rosemary.  [An  alteration  of  Ros- 
MAUINE,  ad.  L.  ros  mart  mis  or  late  L.  rosmarinum 
(neut.),  whence  also  It.  rosmarinot  F.  romarin 
(OF.  romm-t  roum-,  rosmarintrosamerine)t  Prov. 
and  Cat.  roMani(n)J~Pg.r0swam'nfo(Sp.  romero), 
and  in  the  Teut.  languages,  MDu.  rosemarine^ 
-ijn  (Du.  ros-j  rozemarijn},  MHG.  rdsenmarht, 
roszmarin  (G.  rosmarin),  MSw.  rosemarin  (S\v. 
and  Da.  ros  Mann}. 

The  L.  name,  which  also  appears  as  viarlnus  ros,  ros 
marl's^  and  simply  rost  means  '  sea-dew ',  which  has  been 
supposed  to  have  reference  to  the  plant  growing  near  the 
sea.  In  English,  as  in  some  of  the  older  Teut.  forms,  the  first 
element  has  been  assimilated  to  ROSE  sb.^  and  the  second 
may  have  been  taken  as  the  name  of  the  Virgin.] 

1.  An  evergreen  shrub  (Rosmarintu  officinalis},  of 
the  N.O.  LabiatXj  native  to  the  south  of  Europe, 
the  leaves  of  which  have  an  agreeable  fragrance, 
and  have  been  much  used  in  perfumery,  and  to 
some  extent  in  medicine. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  437/1  Rose  mary,  herbe  (A',  rose- 
maryne),  rostnarimts,  rasa  marina.  1523  SKELTON  Garl. 
Laurel  980  The  ruddy  rosary,  The  souerayne  rosemary, 
The  praty  strawbery.  1578  LVTE  Dodocns  263  Rosemary 
floureth  twise  a  yeare,  once  in  the  spring  time  of  the  yeare, 
and  secondarily  in  August.  1603  DEKKER  \Vonderfull 
Yeare  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  114  Rosemary  which  had  wont  to 
be  sold  for  12.  pence  an  armefull,  went  now  for  six  shillings 
a  handfull.  1671  GREW  Anat.  Plants  (id^z]  17  Some  Veget 
ables  lose  their  Smell,  as  Roses ;  others,  keep  it,  as  Rose 
mary.  1712  tr.  Pomefs  Hist.  Drugs  I.  211  Aromatick 
Herbs,  as  Thyme,  Rosemary,  Lavender,  and  the  like.  1785 
MARTYH  Rousseau's  Bot.  xii.  (1794)  125  If  you^ compare  the 
flowers  of  sage  and  rosemary  together,  you  will  find  them 
agree  in  most.,  particulars.  1807  J.  E.$UTTUPtot.Bfft.  190 
It  has  been  long  ago  asserted  that  wax  may  easily  be  gathered 
from  the  leaves  of  Rosemary.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  992/1  Rose 
mary.,  is  employed  in  the  form  of  lotion  and  wash  for  the 
hair.  1883  'OuiDA*  Maremma  I.  115  Its  sides  were 
clothed  with  myrtle,  aloe,  and  rosemary. 

b.  With  pi.     A  plant  or  species  of  rosemary. 

1866  Cornhill  Mag.  Nov.  537  A  tangled  growth  of  heaths 
and  arbutus,  and  pines,  and  rosemaries. 

2.  In  passages  referring  to  the  use  of  rosemary  as 
an  emblem,  or  on  particular  occasions  (as  funerals 
and  weddings),  or  for  decoration,  etc. 

(<?)  1584  C.  ROBINSON  Handefull  Pleas.  Deities  Aljb, 
Rosemarie  is  for  remembrance,  betweene  vs  daie  and  night. 
1601  SHAKS.  Ham.  iv.  v.  175  There's  Rosemary,  that's  for 
Remembraunce.  1706  ESTCOURT  Fair  Example  in.  i,  I 
dreamt  last  Night  of  Rosemary,  that  betokens  Honour. 

(b)  1592  SHAKS.  Rom.  <y  Jut.  iv.  iv,  79  Sticke  your  Rose 
marie  On  this  faire  Coarse,  and  as  the  custome  is,  And  in  her 
best  array  bearehertoChurch.  1682  WillqfToMtr&aaaR* 
set  Ho.),  My  body  to  the  earth  without  any  ceremony  then 
Rosemary  and  wine.    1700  T.  BROWN  tr.frwy^t  Amusem. 
22  There  goes  a  Funeral  with  the  Men  of  Rosemary  after  it. 
1725  BOURNE  in  Brand  Pop.Autiq.  (1777)  in.  29  The  carrying 
of  Ivy,  or  Laurel,  or  Rosemary,  or  some  of  those  Ever-Greens 
[at  funerals],  is  an  Emblem  of  the  Soul's  Immortality. 

(c)  1601  SIR  W.  CORNWALLIS  Essays  n.  1.  [xlix.]  Nn  6  As 
trim  as  a  Brides  rosemary,    a  1652  BROME  City  Wit  v.  i, 
They  passe  as  to  the  \Vedding  with  Rosemary.    1663  KII.LI- 
GREW  Parson's  Wedding  \.  i,  Go  get  you  in  then,  and  let 
your  husband  dip  the  Rosemary. 

(ff)  1611  KEAUM.  &  FL.  Kt.  Burning  Pestle  v.  i,  We  will 
have.. a  good  piece  of  beef,  stuck  with  Rose-mary.  17.. 
Boy  <5-  the  Mantle  xxxvi.  m  Percy  Reliques,  Where  stood 
a  boar's  head  garnished  With  bayes  and  rosemarye.  1808 
SCOTT  Marm.  vi.  Introd.  59  Then  the  grim  boar's  head 
frown'd  on  high,  Crested  with  bays  and  rosemary.  1831 
LYTTON  E.  Aram  i.  v,  The  ale,  and  the  cider  with  rose 
mary  in  the  bowl,  were  incomparable  potations. 

3.  Applied  to  various  other  plants,  usually  with 


ROSE   NOBLE. 

qualifying  word  prefixed,  as  golden,  poet* s,  Spanish, 
ivild  rosemary  :  (see  quots.). 

1507  GKRARDE  Herbal  in.  vi.  mo  The  Poets  Rose 
marie  or  Gardrobe,  Casia  Poetica  L'Obclij.  1611  COTGR., 
Rosmarin  sauragc,  (the  red-branched)  wild  Rosemarie. 
1753  Chambers*  Cycl.  Suppl.  App.t  Spanish- Rose  mary,  a 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  Thymel&a  of  botanists. . . 
Poet's-Rosemary,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  Cassia  of 
botanists.  1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  App.  325  Rosemary, 
Wild,  Sedum.  Ibid.,  Rosemary,  Lesser  Wild,  Andromeda. 
1860  PIESSI:  Lab.  Chan.  Wonders  172  In  Sweden  the  marsh 
sedtim  or  wild  rosemary  takes  the  place  of  the  hop.  1862 
C.  A.  JOHNS  Brit.  Birds  426  A  shiub  (popularly  known  on 
the  coast  of  Norfolk  by  the  name  of  '  Rosemary '),  the 
S*rJa  fruticosft,  Shrubby  Sea  Blite,  of  botanists.  1889 
MAIDEN  Useful  Native  PI.  396  Cassinia  Ixvis.  .,  Called 
*  Wild  Rosemary  '  in  parts  of  Queensland.  A  rather  slender 
shrub.  1898  MORRIS  A  ustral  Eng.  395/2  Rosemary,  Golden, 
name  given  in  Tasmania  to  the  plant  Oxylobium  ellipticum. 

4.  attrib.xn&  Comb.^  rosemary  branch  Camphor  ^ 
/lower,  oilj  etc. 

1551  Totters  Misc.  (Arb.)  187  Of  a  Rosemary  braunche 
sente.  1577  F.  de  Lisle" s  Lcgcndarie  B  vj  b,  But  as  sone  as 
she  had  gotten  her  desired  pray,  shegaue  them  a  losemarie 
wipe,  dismissing  them.  1611  FLORID,  Rosmaro^..^s>Q  a 
Rosemary-tree.  1674  PETTY  Disc.  Diipl.  Proportion  75  A 
foot  square  of  a  Rosemary-Field  may  be  smelt  one  Perch  or 
Rod.  1706  [see  HUNGARY].  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Con 
serve  of  Rosemary  Flowers,  Essence  of  Rosemary,  Rose 
mary-Water,  &c.  1753 —  Suppl.  s.v.  Thymelxa,  Short  rose- 
mary-Hke  leaves.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  170/2  It  deposits 
a  stearopten,  or  rosemary-camphor.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  807/2 
Oil,  Rosemary^  the  volatile  oil  distilled  from  the  branches 
of  Rosmarinus  cffichuilis. 

b.  Rosemary-stones  \  (see  quot.). 

1686  PLOT  Staffordsh.  155  A  sort  of  fiiable  stone  of  a  deep 
I    yellow  colour  found  sparsitn  in  lumps  amongst  the  stifFest 
and  fattest  Mailes  at  Eardley..,  used  by  the  painters,  and 
by  the  workmen  all  call'd  by  the  general  name  of  Rosemary- 
Stones. 

C.   Rosemary-leaved^  in  plant-names. 

1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Afyrtust  Rosemary-leav'd 
Myrtle.  1753  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Thymelxa^  The 
rosemary-leaved  African  Thytnefaa,  with  long  flowers.  1786 
ABERCROMBIE  Card.  Assist.,  Arr.^  Santolina,.. Rosemary 
leaved.  Ibid.  41  Lavender  cotton,..  Rosemary  leaved.  1855 
Miss  PRATT  Flower.  PL  V.  88  Rosemary-leaved  Willow. 

t  BiO'sen,  a.    Obs*    Also  5  rosene,  rosyne. 

[f.  ROSE  J0.+-EN4.] 

1.  Formed  or  consisting  of  roses ;  pertaining  to 
roses ;  distilled  from  roses. 

c  1000  Sax.  Lcechd.  I.  302  genim  t>ysse  ylcan  wyrte  seaw 
aglaofotis  mid  rosenan  ele  semencjed.  ?  a  1366  CHAUCER 
Rom.  AV-stf845  His  leef  a  rosen  chapelet  Had  maad.  c  1374 
—  Boeth.  n.  metr.  iii.  ( 1868}  39  Whan  ^e  wode  wexej>  redy 
of  rosene  floures.  1446  LYDG.  Nightingale  Poems  (1900)  20 
Cadre  on  an  hepe  these  rosen-floures  fyve. 

2.  Rose-coloured,  rosy,  roseate. 

tiooo  ^ELFRIC  Horn.  II.  334  pa  betwux  hancrede  lac; 
j  se  halga  wer  geedcucod,  mid  rose[n]um  hiwe  ofergoten. 
/znoo  Anglo-Saxon  Hymn.  (Surtees)  105  Mid  snlicum 
leohte  &  wliterosenum.  a  noo  Gloss,  in  Haupt  Zeitschrift 
IX.  483  In  rosatum,  on  rosenne  [altered  to  gerosedne]. 
c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  11.  metr.  iii.  (1868)  39  Whan  phebus 
•  •  bygynne|>  to  spreden  his  clerenesse  with  rosene  chariettes. 
Ibid.  in.  metr.  $.64  pe  day..  ledif>be  rosene  horse  of  ^esonne. 
1 1402  LYDG.  Compl.  Bl.  Knt.  656  Er  the  sonne  to-morwe  be 
risen  newe,  And  er  he  have  ayein  his  rosen  hewe.  1412-20  — 
Troy-bk.  n.  3923  Alias  !  chaunged  is  hir  rosen  hewel 

Rosen,  obs.  form  of  ROSIN. 

Hose-nail,  [f.  ROSE  sb.]  A  wrought  nail 
having  a  round  head  made  with,  or  cut  into, 
triangular  facets. 

1640  in  Entick  London  (1766)  II.  177  Chair  nails,  Copper 
nails,  rose  nails,  and  saddle  nails.  1660  Book  of  Rates  s.v. 
Wattes^  Copper  nailes,  Rose  nailes,  and  Sadlers  nailes.  1703 
R.  NEVE  City$  C.  Purchaser  212  Rose  Nails. .are  drawn 
four-square  in  the  Shank.  1851-3  Tomlinsons  Cycl,  At  is 
(1867)  II.  206/1  Rose  nails  are  made  from  ii  to  40  Ibs.  per 
thousand.  1879  Cassell's  Techn.  Educ.  IV.  12/1  'A  ten- 
pound  rose"  would  signify  a  rose-nail,  of  which  a  thousand 
would  weigh  ten  pounds. 

Rosenante,  var.  of  ROSINANTE. 

t  Rosenet.   Obs.-*-  =•-  CORNET  sbl  4. 

1580  BLUNDEVIL  Horsemanship  iv.  55  b,  Open  the  rift  with 
a  Rosenet  or  drawer. 

Rosennie,  obs.  form  of  ROSINY. 

Hose  noble,    [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  NOBLE  j<M  2.] 

1.  A  gold  coin  current  in  the  fifteenth  and  six 
teenth  centuries,  being  a  variety  of  the  noble  with 
the  figure  of  a  rose  stamped  upon  it,  and  of  varying 
value  at  different  times  and  places.  Cbs.  exc.  Hist. 

1473  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  I.  64  A  Tranche  croune 
and  half  a  TOSS  noble.  1488  Ibid.  coTakin.  .the  saim  tyme, 

viii  royse  nobillis.    1494  HALYBURTON  Ledger  51  A  fardyn 
*J      J         .1.11     •   '       .     .i—  ._    £-„*„     .1  A».,v    jy*~ 


the  provest  for  the  wyld  aventurs, .  .ane  ross  noble,  iij"  viij". 
1589  WOTTON  Lett.  (1907)  I.  235  In  receiving  my  money  at 
Stoade  I  took  rose  nobles  after  20$.  $d.  1630  A'.  Johnson's 
Kingd.  «t  Commw.  A  3,  [The  French]  have  thought  to  dis- 
grace  his  whole  storie,  by  calling  him  a  Pensioner  of  Eng 
land,  and  a  man  hired  to  write  by  the  good  Rose-nobles  of 
England.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  111.  29/1  The  Rose  Noble 
is  also  termed  the  Rose  Royal,  or  the  Royal  of  England. 
1710  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4748/4  A  Queen  Elizabeth's  Piece  of  351. 
3  Rose  Nobles.  1726-31  TINDAL  Rafin's  Hist.  Eng.  (1743) 
II.  xvi'l.  157  The  double  Rose-Noble,  or  Rose-Rial,  which  is 
a  noble  Medal.  1820  SCOTT  Monast.  xxix,  The  knight  cut 

•  short  his  aigument,  by  throwing  the  landlord  a  rose-noble. 
1853  HUMPHREYS  Coin  Collector's  Man.  II.  449  There  was 

i  ;ilso  the  old  noble,  now  called  the '  rose  noble  ',  to  distinguish 
it  from  the  George  noble  which  had  been  newly  issued.  1888 


f 


EOSEO-. 

RIDER  HAGGARD  C0LQitaritckx\\t  There  were  Rose  Nobles 
of  Edward  IV. 

trans/.  1611  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Philaster  v.  iv,  Capt. 
Philaster.  Cry  my  Rose  nobles,  cry.  All.  Philaster. 

attrib.  a  1668  DAVENANT  Man's  the  Master  Epil.,  You 
men  with  bright  rose-noble  hair.  1695  in  J.  W.  Dray  ton's 
Heroical  Ep.  Aiv,  All  is  Standard,  all  Rose-noble  Gold. 

2.  dial,  or  local,  a.  The  hound's  tongue  {Cyno- 
glossitm  officinale}.  b.  The  figwort,  esp.  the 
knotted  figwort  {Scrophitlaria  nodosa}. 

1876-  in  BRJTTEN  &  HOLLAND  Eng.  Plant-names.  1877 
Hard-wickers  Science  Gossip  46/1  Scrofihularia  nodosa  is 
known  by  the  name  of  '  rose-noble  \  1900  MC!LROV  Craig- 
linnie  Burn  ix,  Salutary  herbs,  such  as  rosenoble,  dande 
lion, ..and  hoarhound. 

Roseny,  obs.  form  of  ROSINY. 

K.OS6O-,  combining  form,  repr.  L.  rose-its  in 
the  sense  '  rose-coloured ',  in  names  of  various  salts, 
alkalis,  etc.,  as  roseochrome,  -chromic^  -chromium, 
-cobalt,  -cobaltia^  -rhodium. 

1853  Chem.  Gaz.  XI.  208  Fixed  bases  decompose  the  salts 
of  roseocobaltia.  1857  Ibid.  XV.  147  The  salts  of  roseo- 
cobalt  have  a  purely  saline.. taste.  1859  Ibid.  XVII.  84  A 
new  ammoniaco-metallic  base,  which  the  author  calls  roseo- 
chrome.  1889  MORLF.Y  &  Mum  Watt's  Dict.Chem.  II.  160 
Roseochromium  chloride.  1894  Ibid.  IV.  407  Roseorhodium 
compounds. 

Hose  of  Jericho.    [Cf.  Ecdus.  xxiv.  14.] 

1.  A  small  annual  cruciferous  plant  (Anastatica 

/u'eroc/iunttna'),na.tivet.Q  the  arid  deserts  of  South 
west  Asia  and  North-east  Africa,  the  dried  fronds 
of  which  unfold  under  the  influence  of  moisture  ; 
the  resurrection  plant,  Mary's  flower,  or  rose  of 
the  Virgin. 

ci4oo  Three  Kings  Cologne  90  In  bis  \vey  pat  oure  lady 
seynt  Marie  ^ede  in  to  E^ipt,  and.  .bat  sche  come  a^ene, 
-rowe  drye  roses  \>e  wich  be  cleped  be  roses  of  lerico.  1548 

TURNER  Names  Herbes  (E.  D.  S.)  12  For  lackeof  that,  thys 
rose  of  hierico  semeth  to  be  amomis.  1597  [see  HEATH  sb. 
5  b].  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  258  Likewise  the  mice  of  the 
herb  Ainomum  \inarg.  Rose  of  Jericho],  1687  LOVKLL  tr. 
T/ievenot's  Trav.  i.  193  In  the  plain  of  Jericho,  there  are 
Roses  of  Jericho  (as  they  call  them). .,  they  blow  not  unless 
they  be  put  into  water,  and  then  they  blow  in  all  seasons. 
1703  MAUNDRELL  Journ.  Jents.  (1721)  86  The  Roses  of 
Jericho  were  not  to  be  found  at  this  season.  1760  J.  LEK 
Introd.  Bot.  App.  325  Rose  of  Jericho,  Anastatica.  1849 
UALFOUR  Man.  Bot.  §  762  Rose  of  Jericho,,  .remarkable  for 
the  hygrometric  property  of  the  old  withered  annual  stems. 
1872  H.  MACMILLAN  True  Vine  vi.  257  Like  the  rose  of 
Jericho,  which. .is  carried  by  the  wind  to  some  moist  place 
where  its  seed  may  be  sown. 

t  b.  (See  quot.)     Obs.  rare  ~°. 

1753  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl.  App.t  Rose  of  Jericho^  a 
name  by  which  some  call  the  Hesperis. 

1 2.  transf.  The  Virgin  Mary.    Obs.  rare. 

ci43o  LVDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  48  This  rose  of 
Jericho,  ther  grewh  non  suyche  in  May.  Ibid.  96  This 
Rose  of  Jericho  fresshest  on  lyve.  c  1485  Digby  Myst. 
i.  13  This  glorious  maiden. .of  lerico  the  sole  rose  Floure. 

Rose  of  SharOU  (Je>rpn).  [Heb.  Sharon^  the 
name  of  a  fertile  level  tract  along  the  coast  of 
Palestine  between  Joppa  and  Mount  Carmel.] 

1.  a.  An  Eastern  flower  variously  identified  with 
the  crocus,  polyanthus  narcissus,  and  cistus. 

The  identity  of  the  flower  is  quite  uncertain.  The  Hebrew 
word  is  habatyeleth)  which  the  translators  of  the  Revised 
Version  explain  as  *  the  autumn  crocus  '. 

1611  BIBLE  Song  Sol.  \\.  i,  I  am  the  rose  of  Sharon,  and 
the  lillie  of  the  valleys.  1764  CHURCHILL  Gotham  Poems 
1767  II.  13  The  Rose  of  Sharon  which  perfumes  the  Vale. 
a  1826  HEBF.R  ' By  cool Siloaiii's  shady  rill*  4  How  sweet 
the  breath,  beneath  the  hill,  Of  Sharon's  dewy  rose.  1835 
V.  MONRO  Ramble  in  Syria  I.  75  Unless  the  '  rose  of 
Sharon  '  is  the  Cistus  rosens  of  Linnaeus,  which  grows 
abundantly,  I  know  not  what  it  may  be.  1856  N.  <$•  Q. 
and  Ser.  II.  437/2  Even  less  like  a  true  rose  than  J-felian- 
thetnutit  rosenm, .,  which  Monro  and  Wilde  think  the '  Rose 
of  Sharon '. 

b.  U.S,  The  Syrian  hibiscus,  H.  syriacus  or 
Althxa  frutex. 

1847  DARLINGTON  Amer.  Weeds  $•  Use/.  PL  (1860)  67 
Syrian  Hibiscus.  Rose  of  Sharon.  Shrubby  Althaea. 

c.  dial.  A  species  of  St.  John's  wort,  esp.  Hy- 
perictun  calycinum. 

1882  Garden  15  July  41/2  The  Olympic  St.  John's  Wort 
is. .nearly  as  large  as  the  common  Rose  of  Sharon.  1886 
R.  HOLLAND  Cheshire  Gloss.  291  Rose  of  Sharon,  Hypericitm 
calycinum. 

2.  Used  figuratively.     (See  quots.) 

1781  COWPER  Hope  463  See  Germany  send  forth  Her  sons 
to.. plant  successfully  sweet  Sharon's  rose  On  icy  plains. 
1819  SCOTT  Ivan/toe  xx[i]v,  I  am  not  an  outlaw,  then,  fair 
Rose  of  Sharon. 

Roseola  (njzrfla).  Path.  [mod.L.,  f.  rose-us 
rosy -fdimin.  suffix  -ola\  cf.  F.  rostfo/e.]  A  rash 
of  rosy  spots  or  eruptions  occurring  in  measles  and 
similar  diseases  ;  also,  false  or  German  measles. 

1818  E.  THOMPSON  tr.  Cullen's  Nosologia  (ed.  3)  326 
Roseola  ;  Rose  Rash.  A  rose  coloured  efflorescence,  with 
out  papulae  or  wheals.  1880  Flint's  Princ.  Med.  1071  The 
eruptive  fever  called  roseola  or  rose  rash,  sometimes  called 
false  measles,  is  an  affection  of  very  little  importance.  1889 
E.  SMITH  Treat.  Dis.  Childr.  (ed.  2)  31  Epidemic  roseola, 
often  called.  .German  Measles,  is  a  mild  infectious  com- 
plaint. 

Hence  Roseo-liform  a. 

\%y}Allbnt?s  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  485  The  term  includes., 
erythematous  urticaria  in  sheets  (roseoliform,  rubeoliform, 
scarlatiniform). 


799 

Rose'olar,  a.  Path.  [f.  prec.  +  -AR.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  roseola. 

1877  F.  T.  ROBERTS  Handbk.  Med.  (ed.  3)  I.  no  Roseolar 
or  erythematous  eruptions  have  been  observed  in  some 
instances,  and  in  others  certain  bluish  spots.  1896  AllbutCs 
Syst.  Med.  I.  820  The  appearance  of  roseolar  spots. 

Rose'OloilS,  a.     Path,     [-ous.]   =prec. 

1861  UuMSTiiAu  l^en.  Dis.  (1879)  747  In  some  cases,., 
punctae  of  a  deeper  color  are  seen  on  the  surface  of  the 
roseolous  patches.  1873  F.  T.  ROBKRTS  Handbk.  Med. 
1008  A  roseolous  rash.  1897  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  II.  564 
Roseolous  and  other  eruptions. 

Ro  seons,  a.    [f.  L.  rose-us  +  -ous.]  Rose-like. 
1786  ABKRCROMBIE    Gard.  Assist.^  Arr.   58   Hollyhock 
(alcca],  Roseous  or  rose-flowered, 
Rose-pink,  sb.  and  a.  [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  PINK  sb.r>~\ 

A.  sb.  1.  A    pigment   of  a  pinkish  hue,   pro 
duced    by   colouring   whiting    or   chalk    with    a 
decoction  of  Brazil-wood,  etc. 

1735  J.  PEELE  Perspective  29  Rose-pink  finely  ground 
and  powdered.  1795  Gcntl.  Mag.  LXV.  n.  741,  I  should 
suppose  rose-pink  no  other  than  chalk  or  whiting  tinged  of 
a  red  colour.  1836-7  DICKENS  Sk,  Boz,  Scenes  xx,  A  dinner 
.  .where  clean  faces  appeared  in  lieu  of  black  ones  smeared 
with  rose  pink.  1847  SUBATON  Builder's  Man.  100  Take 
of  linseed  oil  one  quart,  alkenett  root  one  ounce,  and  rose 
pink  half  an  ounce. 

2.  A  pink  tint  or  hue  like  that  of  roses. 

1864  in  WEBSTER.  1882  Garden  i  April  223  Dense  trusses 
of  flowers  of  a  lovely  rose-pink.  1885  G.  MEREDITH  Diana 
i,  Rose-pink  and  dirty  drab  will.. have  passed  away. 

B.  adj.  1.  Of  a  pinkish  colour  resembling  that 
of  the  rose ;  rosy  pink,  roseate, 

1843  POKTLOCK  Gtf<?/.  213  Arragonite  is  found. .at  Down 
Hill,  of  a  rose  pink  shade.  1883  V.  STUART  Egypt  363  In 
the  centre  of  the  great  hall  is  a  beautiful  rose-pink  granite 
sarcophagus. 

2.  Jig.   =  ROSE-COLOURED  a.  3. 

1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  \.  n.  iii,  If  we  pierce  through  that 
rosepink  vapour  of  Sentimental  Ism,  Philanthropy,  and 
Feasts  of  Morals.  1861  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  at  Oxf.  xiii, 
Hardy. -would  test  his  new  idea. .and  ruthlessly  strip  off 
any  tinsel  or  rose-pink  sentiment.  1891  FARRAR  in  Harper 's 
Maff.  May  903  The  people  of  our  slums  will  never  be  won 
by  a  rose-pink  religionism. 

Hence  Ro'se-pink  v.,  lo  colour  with  rose-pink. 

1836-7  DICKENS  Sk.  Boz,  Scenes  xiii.  117  'Where's  the 
bleeding  officer?' — 'Here!'  replies  the  officer,  who  has 
been  rose-pinking  for  the  character. 

t  Ro'Ser.  Obs.  Also  5  roseer(e,  5-6  rosere. 
[a.  AK.  *roser,  =  OF.  rosier  ROSTER.]  A  rose-bush. 

<ri3po  Havelok  2919  pe  heu  is  swilk  in  hire  ler,  So  is  be 
rose  in  roser.  ?«i366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  1651  In  thilke 
mirour  saw  I  tho..  A  roser  charged  ful  of  roses,  c  1400 
MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  ix>35  pase  braunchez  bat  ware  brynnand 
become  reed  roseres,  and  base  braunchez  bat  ware  nost 
kindled  become  whyte  roseres.  c  1450  LOVELICH  Grail 
xliii.  239  Vndir  a  Roser  thou  wen  test  there  To  schonen  the 
hete  In  alle  Manere.  1523  SKELTON  Carl.  Laurel  656  The 
bankis  enturfid  with  singular  solas,  Enrailid  with  rosers. 
a  1568  Tayis  Bank  114  Roseris  raiss  on  raw. 

attrib.  c  1485  E.  E.  Misc.  (Warton  Cl.)  67  The  same  maner 
throve  anothere  hole  of  a  red  rosere  branche. 

Rose-rash.  Path.  [f.  ROSE  sh.  +  RASH  $b.%\ 
=  ROSEOLA. 

1818  [see  ROSEOLA].  1834  Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  IV. 
420  note,  For  the  annular  rose-rash,  the  warm-bath,  gentle 
laxatives,  and  the  mineral  acids  are  recommended.  1894 
DUKES  Features  Epjd.  Roseola  15  To  mistake  roserash  for 
measles  causes  infinite  trouble. 

Ro'se-red,  a.  and  sb.  [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  RED  a.  or  sb. 
Cf.  MDu.  rose(ii)roo£  (Du.  roze-,  rozenrood},  MUG. 
rose(n}r$£  (G.  rosenrof}^  MSw.  rosenerodh  (S\v. 
rosenrod)  Da.  -r&d],  Icel.  rdsraudur.] 

A.  adj.  Red  like  a  rose;  lose-coloured. 

a.  1300  A".  Horn  16  He  was  whit  so  be  flur,  Rose  red  was 
his  colur.  £1386  CHAUCER  Sec.  Nuns  T.  254  Two  corunes 
han  we,  Snow  white  and  Rose  reed,  that  shynen  cleere. 
01400  Lybeaus  Disc.  1538  Knyghtes  ..  That  heth  armed 
sure  In  rose-reed  armure.  1:1425  Orolog:  Sapient,  vii.  in 
Anglia  X.  388  By  be  vertue  of  bat  rose-rede  blode  bat  bou 
schaddest. 

1796  KIKWAN  Elem.  Min.  (ed.  2)  I.  328  Redstone.. — Its 
colour,  by  reflected  light,  is  rose  red.  1828  STARK  Elem. 
Nat.  Hist.  I,  474  Body  beautiful  rose  red,  silvery  on  the 
sides  and  abdomen.  1871  R.  ELLIS  Catullus  Ixiv.  275 
They.. Swim  in  a  rose-red  glow. 

B.  sb.  A  red  like  that  of  a  rose. 

a  1400  Pol.,  ReL,  <$•  L.  Poems  (1903)  271  Wrout  is  on  be 
bok  with-oute,  V.  paraffys  grete  &  stoute  Bolyd  in  rose  red. 

1839  URE  Diet,  Arts  53  The  l\icketi\  physodes  gave  a 
yellowish-gray ;  \.\\epustulatus,  a  rose  red.  1873  TENNYSON 
Gareth  $  Lynette  1061  Beyond  a  bridge  of  treble  bow,  All 
in  a  rose-red  from  the  west.  1882  Garden  i  April  211  They 
are  both  of  a  uniform  soft  rose-red. 

Roseret.    rare.     (See  quot.  and  ROSELET  2.) 
1843  RICHARDSON  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  XI.  179  Athertna 
presbyteroidcs  (Nob.),  Tasmanian  Roseret. 

Rose  rial.  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  [f.  ROSE  sb.  + 
RIAL  sb.1  3.]  A  gold  coin  of  the  value  of  thirty 
shillings,  having  the  figure  of  a  rose  upon  one  side, 
coined  by  James  J. 

1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  i.  283  Pieces  of  thirty  shillings,  called 
Rose  Ryals...And  the  aforesaid  Rose  Ryall  was  nine  penny 
weight  and  five  graines.  1695  LOWNDES  Ess.  Amendmt. 
Silver  Coins  26  A  Commission.  .To  Coin  Rose-Rialls.  .and 
Angels.  1710  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  II.  s.v.,  In  3  James  I 
rose  rials  of  gold  were  coined  at  30"  a-piece  and  spur-rials 
at  15*.  1853  HUMPHREYS  Coin-coll.  Man.  II.  465  The  rose 
rial  of  30  shillings  was  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding 
reigns.  Ibid.^  The  motto  on  the  reverse  of  the  rose  rial. 


ROSET. 

'     B»o*se-root.    Bot.    [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  ROOT  sb.} 

1.  One  of  certain  related  herbaceous  plants,  esp. 
Seditm  rhodiola  or  Rhodiola  rosea,  growing  in 

•  rocky  districts  or  on  cliffs,  the  root  of  which 
emits  a  rose-like  fragrance  when  bruised  or  dried; 
=  ROSE  WORT  i. 

1597  GERARDE  Hcrball  416  Doubtlesse  it  tooke  his  name 
Rhodia  radix,  of  the  roote,  which  smelleth  like  a  Rose: 
in  English  Rose  roote,  and  Rose  woort.  1611  COTGR., 
Racine  sentant  la  rase,  Rosewort,  Roseroot;  an  hearb. 
1786  ABKRCROMBIE  Card.  Assist.,  Arr.  65  Rhodiola  rosea, 
or  rose  root.  1806  [see  ROSEWORT  i].  1858  KINCSLEY  Misc. 
1. 164  Sea-green  rose-root,  with  its  strange  fleshy  stems  and 
leaves,  which  mark.. the  beginning  of  the  Alpine  world. 

attrib.  1855  Miss  PRATT  1<  lower.  PL  II.  327  Sediim 
Rhodiola^  Rose-root  Stone  crop. 

t2.   =OuiiiNE2.     (Cf.  ROSEWORT  2.)  Obs. 

1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Anacampseros,  Telephiunt, 
or  Rhodia  Radix  ;  in  English,  Orpine,  Live-ever,  or  Rose- 
root.  1753  Chambers*  Cycl.  Suppl.  Af>p.,  Rose-root,  a  name 
by  which  some  call  the  Anacampseros  or  Orpin. 

Ro'sery.     [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  -ERY.]     A  portion  of 
a  garden  set  apait  for  growing  roses ;  a  rosarium  ; 
!    a  cluster  or  plantation  of  rose-bushes. 

1864    llnsBKKD  Rose  Bk.    \\:   83   Those  who    form   their 

I    roseries  by  planting  small  plants.     1883  J.   PAYN   Thicker 

|    than  Water  xiii,  With  walled  gardens,  a  huge  rosery  and.. 

1    a_bowling-green.      1888  Cooperative  News  4  Aug.  783  The 

hills  are  crowned,  .by  art  with,  .fairy-like  roseries. 

Hose-sceilted,  a.  [t".  ROSE  sb.}  Having 
the  perfume  of  a  rose. 

1785  MARTVN  Rousseatts  Bot.  xxiv.  (1794)  335  The  Rose- 

I    scented  [geranium]  has  also  lobed  leaves.      1817  KISBY  & 

i    SP.  Entomol.  xxi.  (1818)  II.  249  The  rose-scented  Capricorn 

{Cerambyx  tiiosc/tatus,  L.)  produced  a  similar  effect.     1820 

KEATS  ' tiards  of  J'assi'ofi  andofMirtli'   14  Wliere  the 

daisies  are  rose-scented.      1852  G.  W.  JOHNSTON  Cottage 

Gard.  Diet.  819.  i  Sedum  Rhodiola  (Rose-scented). 

Reset  (wzc*t),  sb,^  Also  5  rosytt,  6  rosett, 
6-8  rosset.  [Based  upon  ROSE  sb.  Cf.  ROSET  a. 
and  ROSETTE. 

F.  rosette  occurs  in  sense  i,  but  Is  app.  not  recorded  till 
much  later  than  the  first  English  examples.  A  med.L. 
rosetits  'rose-coloured  '  is  given  by  JJu  Cange  (1279'.] 

fl.  A  rose-coloured  pigment,  or  the  colour  pro 
duced  by  this.  (Cf.  ROSET  a.  2.)  Obs. 

c  1485  E.  E.  Misc.  (Warton  Cl.)  72  To  temper  roset,  grynd 
hit  on  a  stone,  with  as  rnyche  gume  and  also  myche  water 
:4s  of  rosytt.  1558  WARDF,  tr.  Alexis1  Seer.  i.  v.  92  Than 
scrape  the  saied  roset  and  kepe  it,  and  whan  you  will  write 
withall,  stiepe  it  in  gonuned  water.  1578  LYTK  Dodoens  547 
With  the  iuyce  of  this  herbe  (red  IJlite),  one  may  write  as 
faire  a  red,  as  with  roset  made  of  Brasill.  1612  PEACH  AM 
Gcntl.  Excrc.  \.  xxiii.  (1634)  So  Take  Elorey  Blew,  and 
grinde  it  with  a  little  fine  Roset,  and  it  will  made  a  deep 
Violet.  1674  LF.YBOL'RN  Cc>)npl.  Surv.  305  Rosset,  washed 
and  tempered  with  Gum  water,  differs  not  much  in  Colour 
from  Lake.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  149/1  Rosset. .is  a 
soft  and  fadetng  colour  which  will  not  continue  long. 

f  2.  ?  The  rose-pear  (cf.  ROSE  sb.  23).   Obs. 

x6oo  SURFLET  Coutttrie Farme  HI.  xlix.  537  Garden,  tender 
and  delicate  peares,  such  as  are  the  Kusebianand  the  Marie 
peare,  the  roset,  hasting,,  .butter  peare. 

3.   =  ROSETTE.    Also  Comb. 

1807  in  Georgians  Hill///j/.  Eng.  Dress  (iSg$)  II.  222  My 
shoes  [are]  of  white  satin  with  silver  rosets.     1830  Mech. 
Afag-.XlV.  31   By. .again  subjecting  it  to  the  hammer,  a 
beautiful  roset-shaped  Damascus  is  obtained.     1831  DAVIES 
Nat.  Med.  47  A  number  of  small  whitish  crystals,  disposed 
in  rosets  or  in  a  radical  form. 

Roset  (rJ'zC-t),  sb*  Sc.  Also  6  ros(a)it,  rosett, 
6,  9  rosit,  8-9  rozet,  9  rozit,  rozzet.  [Var.  of 
Rosix,  perh.  by  a  further  alteration  of  ROSIL  :  cf. 
Sc.  gi'oset*  rangat*}  with  F.  grosdlle,  ringaiUc.~\ 
Rosin,  resin.  Also  attrib. 

1501  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  II.  24  For  vij  pund  of 
rosait  to  mak  the  clath  thicht.  1513  DOUGLAS  &neis\\.  iii. 
45  Full  of  rosett  doun  belt  is  the  fir  tre.  Ibid.  113  A  huge 
heip..Of  dry  aik  schidis  and  fat  rosit  treis.  1536  BELLEN- 
DEN  Cron.  Scot.  (1821)  I.  136  With  birnand  flammis  of  pik, 
roset  and  brintstane.  1578  Inventories  R.  "wardrobe  (1815) 
257  Ane  barrcll  of  auld  rosett. 

«i774  FERGUSSON  Election  Poems  (1845)  40  The  canty 

cobbler   quats  his  sta',   His   roset    and  his  lingans.     1786 

BURNS  To  a  Louse  v,  O  for  some  rank,  mercurial  rozet,  Or 

j    fell,  red  smeddum.     i8z8  MOIR  Mansie  IVauck  vii.  64,  I 

:    was  visibly  convinced  by  the  smell  of  burnt  roset.     1884  D. 

I    GRANT  Lays  fy  Leg.  North  16  The  flame.. as  fiercely  as  a 

I    rozet  log  On  winter  hearth  did   flare.     1894  LATTO  Taut. 

Bodkin  iii,  The  rozet  spread  oot  like  a  pancake  i'  his  loof. 

b.  Roset~endt  the  rosined  end  of  a  shoemaker's 

I   thread. 

1808  MAYNE  Siller  Gun  I.  xx,  Sae,  here  and   there,   a 
|    rozit-end  Held  on  their  locks  !     1868  G.  MACUONALD  R.  Fal~ 
\    coner  xi,  He  had  just  cracked  the  roset-ends  off  his  hands. 

t  Roset,  «.  Obs.  Also  5  rosett,  roseet,  ros- 
ete  (russet),  5-6  rosette,  6  rosset.  [In  sense  I 
ultimately  repr.  late  L.  rosat-us  (in  oleum  rosatum, 
whence  also  OF.  hnile  rosat).  Sense  2  may  be 
an  attrib.  use  of  ROSET  sb.}] 

1.  (Placed  after  the  sb.)     Compounded  with  the 
essence  of  roses;  distilled  from  roses  : 
a.  Sugar  roset.     (Cf.  OF.  suere  rosach.') 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xyii.  cxxxvii.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
Wi(?  sugere  is  ymade  succura  rosacia  suger  rosette  that  hafc> 
vertu  to  comforte  and  to  binde.  c  1450  BURGH  Secrees  1712 
Sugre  Roseet  with  aloes  mastyk  \Vel  chawyd.  1450-80  tr. 
Secreta  Secret.  31  Take  sugir  rosett  with  aloe,  and  mastyk 
and  chewe  alle  harde.  1563  HYLL  Art  of  Garden.  (1593)  89 
That  which  is  called  suger  roset.  .helpeth  the  bloudy  flixe. 
1579  LANGHAM  Garden  Health  (1633)  533  Sugar  Roset  is 


ROSET. 


800 


ROSEWOOD. 


good  for  the  bloudy  flux,  the  chollerick  vomitings.  1657 
W.  COLES  A  dam  in  F.dcit  82  Confections,  .which  ^lill 
retain  with  them  the  name  of  sugar,  as  Sugar  Roset,  Sugar 
Violet,  &c. 

b.   Oil,  vinegar )  honey  reset. 

a  1400  Stockh.  Aled.  MS.  ii.  260  in  Anglia  XVIII.  314  ^if 
it  be  lewkyd  with  oyle  of  [sic]  roset.  c\4&*M.b..AIed.  Bk. 
(Heinrich)  92  For  to  make  oile  roset  [t'.rr.  rosete,  rosette, 
russet ;  tr.  L.  oleum  rosaceum}.  1541  ELYOT  Cast.  Heithe 
93  b,  Use  to  take  whyte  wine  good,  white  vyneger  rusette, 
water  of  roses,  in  equall  poiiions.  1558  WAKUE  tr.  Alexis' 
Seer.  1. 1.  8  b.  You  must  adde  unto  it  a  lytie  grene  waxeand 
a  very  lytle  Honye  roset. 
2.  Rose-coloured,  roseate. 

1548  ELYOT,  Rnbriceta,  rosette  colour,  suche  as  women 
vse  to  peincte  theim  with.  1558  PHAKK  sKneid  i.  Bivb, 
His  mother,  .with  a  roset  youth  his  eyes  and  countenance 
overcheard.  Ibid.  vn.  144  The  golden  morning  bright  with 
roset  wheles  dyd  mounting  rise. 

Ro  set,  V.  Sf.  Also  6  rosat.  [f.  ROSET  ^.-] 
trans.  To  smear  or  rub  (esp.  a  violin  bow)  with 
rosin.  Hence  Ro'seting  r/>/.  sb. 

1513  Ace.  Ld.  H.  Treas.  Scot.  IV.  476  For  a  barrell  of 
uley  to  the  Margret  for  the  rosat yn  of  iiir,  xlvs.     find,  477 
For  ane  pot  to  the  rosat  yn  of  hir.     a  1774  KERGUSSON  Poems 
(1845)  5  Fiddlers  !  your  pins  in  temper  fix,  And  rozet  weel 
your  fiddlesticks.     1820  HOGG  Shepherd's  Cat.  vi,  Such  a 
forenoon  of  cutting,  and  sewing,  and  puffing,  and  routing. 
1865  TESTER  Poems  161  Roset  weel  yer  fiddle  bow. 
Reset,  obs.  form  of  RUSSET. 
BiO'se-tree.    Also  rose  tree.     [f.  ROSE  sb.  + 
TREK  sb.}     A  rose-bush. 

(-1340  Nominate  (Skeat)  667  If,  rose r  et  cenelerc^  Hu-, 
roset  re  and  hawetre.  1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvn. 
cxxxvii.  (Hodl.  MS.),  pe  rose  tree  .springe}*  somtyme  bi 
sowingeof  sede.  1611  [see  Rose-BUSHJ.  1664  EVELYN  Kal. 
Hort.  (1729)  195  It  were  profitable  now  also  to  top  your 
Rose  Trees.  1712  ADUISON  Spcct.  No.  418  p8  His  Rose, 
trees,  Wood-bints,  and  Jessamines,  may  flower  together. 
1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1824)  III.  305  They  are  to  be 
met  with.. upon  the  leaves  of  the  a-^h,  the  poplar,  and  the 
rose  trees.  1859  GEO.  KLIOT  A.  tiede  xx,  The  very  rose 
trees,  at  which  Adam  stopped  to  pluck  one,  looked  as  if 
they  grew  wild.  1864  TENNYSON  Aylmers  !•'.  157  One  [hut] 
iook'd  all  rosetree,  and  another  wore  A  close-set  robe  of 
jasmine  set  with  stars. 

Rose-tta-wood.    (See  quot.) 

1843  HOLTZAPFFKL  Turning  I.  103  Rosetta-Wood,  is  a 
good  sized  East  Indian  wuod..  ;  the  general  colour  i-;  a 
lively  red-orange..  ;  the  wood  is  close,  hard,  and  very 
beautiful  when  first  cut. 

Rosette  (r^ze-t).  [a.  F.  rosette^  dim.  of  rose 
ROSE  sb.  :  see  -KTTK.] 

1.  A  decoration  consisting  of  a  bunch  or  knot  of 
ribbons,  leather  strips,  worsted  or  the  like,  con 
centrically  disposed  so  as  to  resemble  a  rose,  and 
worn  as  an  ornament  or  badge. 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Rosette*  an  ornamental  bunch 
of  ribands,  or  cut  leather,  which  is  worn  both  by  officers 
and  soldiers  in  the  British  service,  on  the  upper  part  of 
their  cues.  1838  DICKENS  Nitkleby  xxiv,  A  pair  of  white 
soiled  satin  shues  with  large  blue  rosettes.  1848  LAY  A  KM 
Nineveh  (1850)  325  The  ornaments  on  his  robes  consisted  of 
rosettes  and  fringes.  1871  G.  MEREDITH  //.  Richmond 
xliii,  1  he  ladies  were  working  rosettes  for  me. 

trans/.  1863  TYXDALL  Heat  v.  §  195  We  have  our  drop  of 
water  moulded  to  a  most  beautiful  rosette. 
b.  spec,  as  a  decoration  ol  harness. 

1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Rosette,.. a.n  ornament  for  a 
horse's  head-stall.    1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1984/1  Rosette, 
..a  leather  or   metallic   ornament    placed  on   a  bridle  or 
halter  at  the  point  where  the  front  joins  the  crown-piece. 
C.  Naut.  A  form  of  knot. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1240/2. 

2.  Arch.  An  ornament  resembling  a  rose  in  form, 
painted,  sculptured,  or  moulded  upon,  attached  to, 
or  incised  in  a  wall  or  other  surface. 

1806  DALLAWAY  Obs.  Eng.  Archil.  179  About  the  reign  of 
Edwaid  III.  .more  ornament  was  introduced,  and  delicately 
carved  orbs  and  rosettes  were  added.  1838  Murray's  Hdhk. 
N.  Germ.  493  The  winding  stair  terminate^  under  a  species 
of  carved  rosette.  1872  ELLACOMHE  Bells  of^  Ch.  in  Ch. 
Bells  Dezwn  215  A  girdle  of  twelve  oval  medallions  contain 
ing,  in  relief,  busts  of  the  twelve  Apostles,  each  divided  by 
elegant  rosettes. 

b.  A  rounded  ornamental  perforation ;  a  rosace 
or  rose-window. 

1836  LONGF.  in  Life  f  1891)  I.  248  The  two  round  windows 
or  rosettes  are  exquisitely  beautiful.  1851  RUSKIN  Stones 
ye  nice  (1874)  I.  xvii.  184  The  arches  in  pairs,  or  in  triple 
and  quadruple  groups, .  .with  small  ro>ettes  pierced  above 
them  for  light. 

3.  Metallurgy.  One  of  the  disk-like  plates  formed 
by  successive  sprinklings  of  water  upon  the  molten 
copper  in  a  crucible. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XI.  467/1  By  again  sprinkling 
water  on  the  mass  of  copper,  it  is  all  ot  it  reduced  into 
plates,  which  are  called  rosettes^  and  these  plates  are  what 
is  called  roset  te-c  of  per.  1839  URK  Diet.  Arts  326  The 
matt.,  being  sprinkled  with  water  and  taken  off,  leaves  the 
black  copper  to  be  treated  in  a  similar  way,  and  converted 
into  rosettes.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1970/1  Copper  thus 
treated  is  known  iiS  rose  co/>pert  from  its  red  color,  and  the 
disks  are  known  as  rosettes. 

4.  a.   Biol.  A   cluster   of  organs   or   parts,    a 
marking  or  group  of  markings,  resembling  a  rose 
in  form  or  arrangement. 

1834  MCMUKTRIK  Citvier's  Anim.  Kingd.  312  In  the  third 
section  of  the  sedentary  rectigrade  spiders,  the  Orbitelx^ 
the  external  AIM  are  almost  conical,  slightly  salient,  con- 
vergent,  and  form  a  rosette.  1872  H.  A.  NICHOLSON 
Palaeont.  105  In  another  great  group  the  ambulacral  areas 


.  .simply  form  a  kind  of  rosette  upon  the  upper  surface  of 
the  shell.  1888  ROLLKSION  &  JACKSON  Anim.  Life  723 
'  Ciliated  rosettes,1  or  minute  depressions  into  the  mesoglaea. 

b.  A  cluster  of  leaves  naturally  disposed  like 
the  petals  of  a  rose. 

1847  W.  E.  STEKLE  Field  Bot.  42  Scions  short,  terminat 
ing  in  a  rosette  of  leaves.  1870  HOOKER  Stud.  l<lora  359 
Leaves.. in  lateral  rosettes. 

C.   17.  S.     A  disease  of  peach-trees,  causing  the 
leaves  and  shoots  to  form  compact  tufts. 
1895  in  Funk"s  Stand.  Diet. 

5.  a.  A  circular  rose-like  pattern  ;  also,  one  of 
the  pattern-disks  of  a  rose-engine. 

1843  Penny  Cycl.  XXV.  424/2  Upon  the  mandril  are 
mounted  the  pattern  guides,  or  rosettes,  circular  plates  of 
gun-metal  or  brass,  each.. having  two  patterns  or  waves 
upon  its  rim.  1867  Chambers'*  Encycl.  IX.  594/2  A  number 
of  rosettes  are  generally  strung  at  once  on  the  mandiel. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  963/2  The  means  by  which  the 
stars,  rosettes,  and  ornamental  tablets,  .are  produced  around 
the  denominating  figures,  etc.,  of  bank-notes. 

b.  =1\O8K  DIAMOND. 

1865  BRANDE  &  Cox  Diet.  Set.  etc.,  s.v.  Diamond,  They 
aie  cut  chiefly  into  two  iorms,  called  brilliants,  and  ruse- 
diamonds  or  rosettes. 

c.  Any   object,   or  arrangement   of  parts,   re 
sembling  a  rose  in  form. 

1856  Orr's  Circ.  Sci.,  Pract.  Cheat.  507  The  gas  must  be 
burnt  under  a  platinum  rosette.     1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech. 
1984/1  Rosette^ .  .a  form  of  gas-burner  in  which  the  gas  issues 
at  a  circular  .series  of  holes. 

6.  attrib,    and    Comb.,   as   rosette  form^  plate  ; 
rosette-like  adj. ;  rosette  copper  t^see  sense  3). 

1857  HKNFREY  Elem.  Bot.  23  The  rosette-like  off-shoots  of 
House-leeks.     1888  ROLLKSION  &  JACKSON  Anim.  Life  235 
Two  cords,  .connect  the  rosette  plates  at  one  end  with  the 
corresponding  plates  at  the  other  end.    1898  MANSON  Trop. 
IJis.  25  In  quartans  and  tertians. .sporulating  rosette-forms 
are  seen  occasionally. 

Rosette,  obs.  form  of  ROSET  at 

Rose'ttecl,  a.    [f.  KOSETTE  +  -ED  2.]    Having, 

furnished  or  ornamented  with,  rosettes;  formed 
into  rosettes. 

1836  E.  HOWARD  F.  Reefefx.x\\\\,  His  laced  cocked  hat, 
with  the  resetted  corners.  1836-7  DICKENS  Sk.  Boz,  Scenes 
xx,  Knee  cords  and  tops  superseded  nankeen  drawers  and 
rosetted  shoes.  1871  J  igure-T  raining  75  Balancing  herself 
on  the  very  tips  of  her  rosetied  and  high-heeled  slippers. 

Ro'Sety,  a.  St:  Also  -etty.  [f.  ROSLT  sb.*] 
Rosined  ;  resinous. 

1882  Jamieson's  Sc.Dict.,Rosetty,  tipped  or  smeared  with 
rosin;  &strosetty  sticks,  lire  lighters.  1888  HARKIK  Aitld 
Lie/it  Idylls  iv.  94  '  Rosetty  desiny)  roots  '  for  firewood. 
1894  LATTO  Tarn.  Bodkin  x.xvi,  The  tooth  cud  be  easily 
pn'd  oot  by  means  o'  a  rosety  string. 

Rose-vi  iiegar.  [i.  ROSB  sb.  +  VINEGAR  s/>.] 
(Sec  quot.  i860.) 

1603  F.  HKKING  Cert.  Rules  B  2  Let  him  wash  his  face., 
with  rose-water  and  rose-vinegar.  1610  ii.  JONSON  Alch.  v. 
ii,  Purposing.  .T'liaue  burnt  rose- vinegar,  triackie,  and 
tarre,  And  ha'  made  it  sweet.  1713  Phil.  Trans.  XX.V1H. 
138  Moislned  with  Rose-Vinegar.  1715  J<am.  Diet.  s.v. 
AAU/-J&»/fltThen  they  may  be  eaten  with  green  Sauce,., 
or  with  Rose-Vinegar.  1866  Chumbets's  Encycl.  VIII. 
335/2  Rose  Vinegar,  made  by  steeping  rose  petals  in 
vinegar,  is  useful  as  an  external  application  in  headaches, 
for  dissipating  unpleasant  smells  in  apartments. 

Hose- water  (w'>-ziwg-t3j).  [f.  ROSE  st>.+ 
\VATEK  sb.  Cf.  MDu.  rose(it}->  rooswater  i^Du. 
rozemuater\  MLG.  rosenwater,  MHG.  rds^en)- 
tuasfier  ^G.  rosenwasscr),  MSw.  rosenvatn  (Sw. 
-vatteti)  L)a.  -vana).] 

1.  Water  distilled  from  roses,  or  impregnated 
with  essence  of  roses,  and  used  as  a  perfume,  etc. 

1398  TRKVISA  Barf  A.  De  P.  R.  xvii.  y.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Men 
temper  be  wyne  wij?  rose  water.  1456  Cov.  Leet-bk,  292  He 
payde  for  a  glasse  of  Rose  water  that  my  lord  Ryvers  had 
U  s-  '553  EUEN  Treat.  Newe  Ind.  (Arb.)  17  Their  Priestes 
washe  the  Image  of  the  deuyll  with  rose  water.  1594  NASHK 
Ltnjort.  Trav.  Wks.  (Giosart)  V.  37  Their  nere  bitten 
beardes  must,  .be  dewd  euerie  daie  with  ruse  water.  1620 
VfcNNtR  I'ia  Recta  vi.  95  Orenges  sliced  and  sopped  in 
Rose-water  and  Sugar,  are  very  good  to  coole . .  the  stomacke. 
1662  GURNALLC/JT.  in  Arm.  xi.  215/1  The  Rose-water  is  not 
the  less  sweet,  because  one  writes  Wormwood-water  on  the 
glass.  1712  tr.  PomeCs  Hist.  Drugs  J.  in  It  is  of  these 
Roses  we  make  the  best  Rose-Water.  1782  Miss  lifRNKV 
Cecilia  vi.  xi,  After  dinner  you  shall  bathe  them  in  rose- 
water.  1850  THACKEKAV  Pendennit  Ii,  He.. could  scent  his 
pocket-handkerchief  with  rose-water.  1856  DELAMER  /'/. 
Garden  (1861)  141  A  well-known  type  is  the  medical  rose, 
grown,  .for  the  preparation  of  rose-water  by  distillers. 
b.  With  a  and  pi.  rare. 

1583  LICHEFIELD  tr.Castan/u'da'sConq.  E.  Ind.  i.  xiii.  33 
So  came  they  theiher,.  .finding  there.. coralls,  Rose  waters, 
and  all  kinde  of  Conserues.  a  1586  SIUNEV  Arcadia  (1622) 
246  Haue  you  euer  scene  a  pure  Rosewaier  kept  in  a  crystall 
glasse?  how  fine  it  looks  ?  how  sweet  it  smels?  1806  Med. 
jrnl.  XV.  70  A  fragrant  rose  water  is  distilled  from  the  root 
[of  yellow  rose-wort].  1870  KMERSO.V  Soc.  fy  Sol.  vii.  133 
\Ve  may  yet  find  a  rose- water  that  will  wash  the  negro  white. 

C.  attrib.)  as  rose-water  bottle^  dish,  etc.;  also 
rose-water  pear  i^see  quots.  1676,  1786)  ;  rose- 
water  still,  a  still  for  making  rose-water. 

1663  BUVI.E  Use/.  Exp.  Nat.  Philos.  n.  it.  79  Made  by  a 
bare  distillation  in  a  common  rose-water  still.  1676  \Vou- 
LilXJE  Cyder  (1691)  214  The  Rosewater-pear,  the  Shurtneck, 
..are, .very  good  table  fruit.  1698  FRVKK  Ace.  E.  India, 
fy  P.  248  Also  Rose- Water  Bottles,  the  best  Water  whereof 
is  Distilled  here.  1786  ABEHCROMHIK  Gard.  Assist.,  Ayr. 
p.xii,  Pears,  ..Principal  Varieties..  .Summer  Pears  Ripe  in 
August  and  September.. .  Rose-water  [elc.J.  1869  Corpora. 


fian  $  College  Plate  6  The  fashion  of  ewers  and  rose-water 
dishes  was  introduced  from  the  East  to  Europe.  Ibid^  Rose- 
water  Ewer.  1886  Cakes  <fy  other  Good  Things  (ed.  2)  3  Rose- 
water  Cake.  i898jEANES.J/0</.  t'0w/tT/.263RosewaterIce. 

2.  Jig.  or  in  tig.  context. 

1590  GREENE  Never  too  late  (*6oo)  8  \Vetting  Cupids 
wings  with  rosewatcr,  and  tricking  vp  his  quiver  with 
sweete  perfumes.  1598  E.  GUILPIN  Skial.  (1878)  65  But  I 
must.,haue  A  blessing  of  Rose-water,  ere  I  goe.  1830  Morn. 
Chron,  4  Aug.,  But  for  the  1500  killed  and  wounded,  .this 
would  almost  have  been  what  Mirabeau  said  was  impos. 
sible:  a  revolution  of  rose-water.  1870  LOWKLL  Study 
Wind.,  Condesc.  Foreigners  Wks.  1890  III.  241  We  do  not 
ask  to  be  sprinkled  with  rosewater. 

3.  attrih.  in  fig.  uses : 

a.  Of  language  :  Fair,  flattering,  rare  —!. 

1598  E.  GUILPIN  Skial.  (1878)  37  Come  to  the  Court,  and 
Balthazer  affords  Fountaines  of  holy  and  rose-water  words. 
..  Nothing  but  cossenage  doth  the  world  possesse. 

b.  Gentle,  mild,  sentimental. 

1837  CAKLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  n.  vi.  i,  It  is  not  a  Revolt,  it  is  a 
Revolution  ;  and  truly  no  rose-water  one  !  1855  MRS.  GAS- 
KF.LI.  Noith  ft  S.xv,  'They  are  that,'  replied  Mr. Thornton. 
'  Rose-water  surgery  won  t  do  for  them  '.  1872  BAGEHOT 
Physics  $  Pol.  (1876)  213  This  is  no  pleasant  power,  no 
*  rose-water '  authority. 

c.  Llegaut,  superfine. 

1840  THACKERAY  Catherine  in,  To  paint  such  thieves  as 
they  are  :  not  dandy,  poetical,  rose-water  thieves;  but  real 
downright  scoundrels.  1883  Cent.  Mag.  Sept.  738  Because 
you're  not  [rich],  she  will  sirike  for  one  of  tliem  rose-water 
snobs  on  Algonquin  Avenue. 

d.  Pleasant,  comfortable,    rare. 

1889  GRETTON  Memory's  Harkback  21,  I  was  to  be  cut 
adrift . .,  and  sent  to  rough  it  among  strangers  in  a  new  and 
anything  but  a  rose-water  life. 

Hence  Bo'se-water  v.,  Ro-se-wa  tercel  a. 

1600  ROWLANDS  Lett.  Humours  Blood  iv.  63  MelUluuious, 
sweete  Rose-watred  elloquence.  1876  SIR  R.  F.  BURTON  in 
Lady  Burton  Life  II.  (1893)  72  My  language  is  not  rose- 
watered.  1893  Edin.  Rev.  July  59  Literary  revolutionists 
have  rosewatered  Catiline, 

Ro'se-wimdow.    Eecl.  Arch.    [f.  ROSE  sb. 

+  \ViNJ>ow  sb.]  A  circular  window,  esp.  one 
divided  into  compartments  by  mullions  radiating 
from  a  centre,  or  filled  with  tracery  suggestive  oi 
the  form  of  a  rose ;  a  Catherine  or  marigold 
window. 

*773  NOORTHOUCK  New  Hist.  London  610  Those  in  the 
second  stage  aie  of  the  kind  called  rose  windows.  18*0 
D.  TURNEH  Tour  Xormandy  I.  178  These  large  circular 
windows,  sometimes  known  by  the  name  of  rose  windows. 
1849  FKEEMAN  Arc/tit.  373  Some  of  the  aisle  windows  at 
Oppenheim  are  little  more  than  rose  windows,  a  1878  SIR 
G.  SCOTT  Lect.  Arc/tit.  (1879)  II.  218  The  general  idea.,  may 
be  said  to  be  parallel  to  that  of  a  circular  or  rose  window. 

Jfcco'sewoocl.     [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  WOOD  sbt~\ 

1.  One  ot  several  kinds  of  valuable,  fragrant, 
close-grained  cabinet-wood,  chiefly  that  yielded  by 
tropical  leguminous  trees  of  the  genera  Dalbergia 
(esp.  1}.  tn'gra)  and  JMachxrium  ;  also,  a  tree  yield 
ing  this  wood. 

The  true  rosewood  of  commerce  is  that  imported  from  S. 
America,  esp.  from  Brazil,  where  the  name  Jncaranda  is 
applied  to  Dalbetgia  and  to  several  species  of  Machxrium. 

1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc  s  Trav.  26  Here  is  likewise.  . 
the  most  exquisite  Rosewood.  1666  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Rochefort's 
Caribby  Ides  40  The  wood  called  Rose-wood  is  fit  not  only 
for  the  Carpenter,  but  also  for  the  Joyner.  1703  Lond.  Gaz. 
No.  3917/4  The  Loading  of  the  Dorothy, . .  consisting  of 
Canary  Wines,  Orchilla,  Rosewood.  1745  P.  THOMAS  'jrnt. 
Anson's  yoy.  252  There  is  also  another  particular  Wood, 
which  they  call  Kose-wood...Its  colour  is  black,  inclining 
to  red.  i8ax  J.  SMYI  H  Pract.  Customs,  294  RoseWood  is  used 
principally  by  cabinet-makers  for  drawing-room  furniture. 
The  smell  of  real  Rose  Wood  is  very  fragrant,  resembling 
that  of  roses.  1843  HOLTZAPI-KEL  Turning  I.  104  The 
colours  of  rose-wood  aie  from  light  hazel  to  deep  purple,  or 
nearly  black.  2870  YEATS  Nat.  Hist.  Comm.  224  The  best 
rosewood  comes  from  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

22.  The  fragrant  wood  ol  certain  species  of  Con 
volvulus,  as  C.Jloridus  and  C.  scoparius,  and  of  the 
allied  genus  1\  hodorrhiza^  natives  of  the  Canary 
Islands. 

1671  SKINNER  Etym.  Bot.^  Rose-wood,  lignum  Rhodium, 
Aspalathus,  sic  dictum  quia  odore  omninp  Rosam  relert. 
1718  QUINCV  Compl.  Disp.  85  Rosewood  is  accounted  as- 
tiingent  and  drying.  1797  bncycl.  Brit.^  ted.  3)  II.  396/1 
The  rose-wood,  whence  the  oleum  rhodii  is  obtained,  1866 
Treas.  Bot.  978/1  A' hodorrhiza . .derives  its  name  from  the 
rose-like  smell  peculiar  to  the  rootstocks  and  lower  part  of 
tlie  stems,  which  yield  a  kind  of  Rosewood  (lignum  rhodii}. 
>868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  V.  116  Oil  of  Rosewood,  a  volatile 
oil  obtained  from  rosewood  {Convolvulus  scoparius). 

3.  The  \\  est  Indian  candlewuod,  Amyris   bal- 
samifera;  also  A.  montana. 

1756  P.  BROWNE  Jamaica  208  White  Candlewood.or  Rose 
wood.  .  .The  wood,  .bears  a  fine  polish,  and  has  a  fine  smell. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit,(zd.  3)  I.  644/1  The  [Amyris]  balsamifera, 
or  rose-wood,  is  found  on  gravelly  hills  in  Jamaica  and  others 
of  the  West  India  islands.  1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning\. 
104  Amyris  montana  is  called  Yellow  candle-wood,  or  rose 
wood.  1858  SIMMONDS  DUt.  Trade. 

4.  Applied  lo  several  Australasian  trees,  as  the 
myall,  pencil  cedar,  and  sandalwood  (see  quots.). 

1779  FORREST  Voy.  N.  Guinea  256  Here  grows  a  kind  of 
rose  wood,  called  narra,  many  dammer  trees.  1838  MIT- 
CHKLL  Three  L^ped.  I.  203  One  or  two  trees  of  a  warmer 
green,  of  what  they  call  '  rosewood ',.  .gave  a  fine  effect. 
1866  Treas.  Bot.  992/1  Rosewood,  New  .xmth  Wales.  The 
wood  of  Trichiita  glanduiosa.  1889  MAIDEN  Useful 
Native  PI.  126  Eiemophiln  Mitchelti, ..'  Rosewood  r,  or 
'Sandalwood'.  Ibid.  212  Acacia  glaucesctns,.. a.  'Rose- 


EOSEWOOD. 


801 


ROSIN. 


wood'.  Ibid.  419  Dysoxylon  Fraserianum^ ..called  van- 
ously  '  Rosewood  ',  *  Pencil  Cedar ',  and  '  Bog-onion  '. 

attrib.  1844  LEICHHARDT  in  J.  D.  Lang  Copksland  (j&w) 
91  The  Rosewood  Acacia,  the  wood  of  which  has  a  very 
agreeable  violet  scent  like  the  Myal  Acacia, 

6.  With  defining  terms : 

African  rosewood,  the  West  African  tree  Pterocarpus 
crinaceus ',  also,  the  wood  of  this.  Burmese  rosewood, 
=  LINGO.  Dominica  rosewood,  a  West  Indian  tree,  Cor- 
dia  Gcrascantkus;  also,  the  wood  of  this.  (East)  Indian 
rosewood,  the  blackwood  of  the  East  Indies,  Dalbergia. 
latifolia.  Jamaica  rosewood,  the  sweet-smelling  wood 
of  Amyris  balsamifcra,  or  of  Linociera  ligustrina.  IVIoul- 
mein  rosewood,  a  species  of  Millettia^  native  to  Burma. 

1866  Treas.  Bot.  380,  774,  991-2.  1886  Encycl.  Brit.  XX. 
852/1.  1890  Cent.  Diet.  s.v. 

6.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rosewood-coloured  adj.; 
rosewood  marble,  oil^piano^  shelf,  tree. 

1842  TENNYSON  Talking  Oak  118  She  left  the  novel  half- 
uncut  Upon  the  rosewood  shelf.  1852-3  Tomltnsons  Cycl. 
Arts  (1867)  II.  123/1  Rosewood  marble,  so  called  from  its 
marking  resembling  that  of  rosewood,  is  extremely  hard  and 
of  close  texture.  1848  THACKERAY  l'an.  Fair  Iv,  She  also 
left  the  fire-irons,,  .and  the  rosewood  cottage-piano.  1868 
WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  V.  116  Rosewood-oil  is  sometimes  used 
for  adulterating  oil  of  roses.  i874STEWART  £  BRANDIS  Flora 
N.  W.  ff  Central  India  148  Dalbergia  latifolia..^  the 
Blackwood  or  Rosewood  tree  of  Southern  India. 

Hence  Bo'sewoodize  z1.,  to  suffuse  or  stain  with 
a  colour  like  that  of  rosewood. 

1853  C.  READE  Chr.  Johnstone  v,  A  race  of  women  that 
the  northern  sun  peachifies  instead  of  r ose wood iz ing. 

Ro'Sewort.  Bot.  [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  WORT  sb. 
In  sense  i  prob.  ad.  G.  rosemwtrz,  Du.  roosen- 
wortel  (Kilian).] 

1.  =ROSEROOT  i.    Now  rare. 

1578  LVTE  Dodoens  341  Rosewurt  or  the  roote  savering 
like  the  Rose,  groweth  in  Macedonia  and  Hungarie.  1597 
GERARDE  Herbal  416  Rosewoort  hath  manie  small,  thicke, 
and  fat  stems,  growing  from  a  thicke  and  knobby  roote. 
1611  [see  ROSE-ROOT  ij.  1796  WITHERING  Brit.  PI.  (ed.  3} 
II.  389  Yellow  Rose-wort,  Rose-root.  Mountains  of  West 
moreland  [etc.].  1806  Med.  Jrnl.  XV.  70  Yellow  rose-wort. 
Rose-root.  ..  Leaves  numerous,  . .  fleshy,  sea-green,  some 
times  tinged  with  purple.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  992/1, 

f2.   =  ORPINE  2.  (Cf.  ROSEROOT  2.)  Oh. 

1725  Fain.  Diet,  s.v,,  They  dry  the  Leaves  of  Rose-Wort, 
and.  .hang  'em  up  in  some  high  Place  that  is  expos'd  to  the.. 
Sun.  1758  BORLASE  Nat,  Hist.  Cornwall  233  Rose-wort, 
Telephium  rosennt,  gathered  . ,  among  the  rocks  at  the 
Land's  End. 

3.  pi.  Lindley's  name  for  the  Rosacex. 

1845  LINDLEY  Sch.  Bot.  (1862)  58  Order  XXIII.  Rosacex. 
— Roseworts.  1846  —  Veget.  Kingd.  564  That  Roseworts 
have  some  intimate  relationship  with  Myrtleblooms  is  proved 
by  Applewoi'ts. 

Rosial(l,  -iar,  -iat,  obs.  ff.  ROSEAL,  ROSIER, 

ROSEATE. 

t  Ro'siar.     Obs—*     ?  A  rose-apple. 

1620  VENNER  Via,  Recta  vii.  109  Such  are  our  Queene- 
Apples,  and  Russetings,.  .and  next  our  Rosiars. 

f  Rosical,  a.t  ?  misprint  for  rosial  ROSEAL  a. 
1635  R.  JOHNSON  Tom  a  Lincoln  i,  Thy.  .Rosical  cheeks 
surpassing  Snow  for  whiteness. 

KosicleT.  rare.  Also  7  rosiclear,  8  rossi- 
cler.  [a.  Sp.  and  Pg.  rosicler  bright  red,  etc.] 

t 1.  Used  as  a  fanciful  title.  Obs. 

1611  BEAUM.  £  FL.  Philaster  v.  iv,  My  Royal  Rosiclear, 
We  are  thy  Mirmidons,  thy  Guard,  thy  Rorers. 

2.  A/in.  Any  of  the  varieties  of  ruby  silver  ore, 
as  proustite  and  pyrargyrite. 

The  Spanish  name;  not  now  in  English  use. 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Silver,  The  Rossicler  is  another 
black  Mineral  distinguished  by  whetting  and  rubbing  it 
against  Iron,  which  turns  it  red.  1780  J.  T,  DILLON  Tray. 
Spain  (1781)  318  One  very  curious  specimen,  like  an  in 
crustation  of  rubies,  called  Rosicler  by  mineralogists,  from 
its  rose-colour  appearance. 

||  3.   (See  quot.) 

1883  BURTON  &  CAMERON  Gold  Coast  I.  19  The  Rosicler, 
or  rosy  dawn-light  was  that  of  a  May  morning. 

Ttosicrucian  (rJ^zikrw'pan),  sb.  and  a.  Also 
7  Roso-,  Rose-,  Rosie-,  8  Rosy-,  7-8  Rosa-cruc 
ian  (7  -ant) ;  7  Rose-,  8  Rosy-,  7-9  Rosicrusian; 
7  Rosi-crutian.  [f.  mod.L.  rosa  crucis  (Du 
Cange)  or  crux,  as  a  rendering  of  G.  Rosenkreuz 
(see  def.) :  cf.  F.  rose-croixy  Sp.  rosacruz,  and  rosy 
cross  s.v.  ROSY  a.  5.] 

A.  sb.  A  member  of  a  supposed  society  or 
order,  reputedly  founded  by  one  Christian  Rosen- 
kreuz  in  1484,  but  first  mentioned  in  1614, 
whose  members  were  said  to  claim  various  forms 
of  secret  and  magic  knowledge,  as  the  transmuta 
tion  of  metals,  the  prolongation  of  life,  and  power 
over  the  elements  and  elemental  spirits. 

1624  T.  SCOTT  Vox  Dei  52  The  bretheren  cf  the  invisible 
order  of  the  Rosacru[ci]ants.  1653  WALTON  Angler  xii.  227 
A  mysterious  knack,  which.. lies  locked  up  in  the  braine 
or  brest  of  some  chimical  men,  that  like  the  Rosi-crutians, 
yet  will  not  reveal  it.  1663  SPENCER  Prodigies  (1665) 
46  The  Rosie-Crucians  acted  so  hugely  by  imagination  in 
Philosophy, ..are  so  invincibly  resolved  upon  their  hypo 
theses,  that  [etc.].  1690  LOCKE  Hum.  Und.  n.  i.  (1695)  48 
This  some  may  suspect  to  be  a  step  beyond  the  Rose- 
crucians.  1714  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  574  F  i,  I  was  once 
engaged  in  Discourse  with  a  Rosicrusian  about  tJte  great 
Secret.  £1740  BOLINGBROKE  Ess.  Pope  Wks.  1754  IV.  85 
AH  the  folly  and  knavery,  .of  wizards,  of  witches,  and  of 
rosycrucians.  1820  SCOTT  Monast.  ix, '  I  used  to  doubt  the 
existence  of  Cabalists  and  Rosicrucians/  thought  the  Sub- 

VOL.  VIII. 


Prior.  1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  II.  98  The 
Rosicrucians  pretended  that  they  could  prolong  life  in 
definitely.  1891  Myst.  Rosie  Cross  5  It  is  commonly 
held.. that  there  is  a  close.. connection  between  the  Al- 
chymists  and  the  Rosicrucians. 

B.  adj.  Belonging  or  pertaining  to,  connected 
with,  characteristic  of,  this  society. 

1662  SPARROW  tr.  Behme's  Rent.  Wks.,  Apol.  Perf.  132 
Not  Tinctured,  according  to  the  Cabalisticafl,  Theophrast- 
icall,  Roso-Crucjan  kind.  1678  BUTLER  Hud.  in.  iii.  15 
Rosi-crusian  Virtuoso's  Can  see  with  Ears,  and  hear  with 
Noses.  1710  ADDISON  Tatler  No.  243  r  2  To  speak  in 
Rosycrucian  Lore,  I  have  entered  into  the  Clefts  of  the 
Karth.  1712-4  POPE  Rape  Lock  To  Mrs.  A.  Fermor,  These 
Machines  I  determined  to  raise  on  a  very  new  and  odd 
foundation,  the  Rosicrucian  doctrine  of  Spirits.  1815  Miss 
PORDEN  The  Veils  Introd.,  On  the  Rosicrusian  mythology, 
a  system  of  poetical  machinery  might  be  constructed  of  the 
highest  character.  1864  W.  SMITH  Shau's  Hist.  I*~ng.  Lit. 
xv.  (1865)  294  The  fantastic  theories  of  Paracelsus  and  the 
Rosicrucian  philosophers. 

Hence  Rosicrn'cianism,  Rosier  ucia'nity, 
Bosicru'cianize  i\ 

1:1740  BOLINGBROKE  Ess.  Pope  Wks.  1754  IV.  44  Had 
Arnobius.  .lived  in  our  days,  you  would  have  been,  .made 
the  father  of  *rosycrucianism.  1850  Fraser's  Mag.  XLII. 
528  The  Rosicrucianism  of  so  vigorously-minded  a  man  as 
Samuel  Johnson,  1838  Blackw.  Afag'.  XL IV.  639  A  cir 
cumstance  occurred,  .that  by  no  means  diminishes  the 
*Ro$tcruciamty  of  my  notions  of  the  spiritual.  1833  Ed  in. 
RL-ZI.  LVII.  136  A  constant  endeavour  to  *rosicrusianize 
every  subject. 

Ro'Sied,  a.  rare.  [f.  ROSY  a.  +  -ED.]  Made 
rosy  or  rose-red  ;  decked  with  roses. 

1855  OGILVIE  Suppl.t  Rosied,  ..  adorned  with  roses  or 
their  colour.  1889  Universal  Rev.  Nov.  437  The  northern 
streamers  upon  rosied  wings  Shimmer  and  wheel  and  fade. 

BrO'sier.  Obs.  exc.  poet.  Also  6  roysyer, 
rosyer,  rosyar,  rosiere,  6-7  rosiar.  [a.  F. 
rosier  :— L.  rosarium,  f.  rosa  ROSE  sb. :  cf.  ROSAUY 
and  ROSEB.]  A  rose-tree,  rose-bush. 

1523  SK ELTON  Carl.  Laurel  1178  Of  Vertu  also  the 
souerayne  enterlude  ;  The  Boke  of  the  Rosiar.  a  1548  HALL 
Chron.,  Hen.  VIII,  61  Y«  first  an  Oliue  tree, .,ye  iii.  a 
Roysyer  with  the  armes  of  England  [etc.].  1590  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  ii.  ix.  19  Ne  other  tire  she  on  her  head  did  weare,  But 
crowned  with  a  garland  of  sweete  Rosiere.  1620  T.  GRANGER 
Div.  Logike  120  How  many  flowers  the  rosiers  bring. 

1829  SOUTHKY  A/tforLovem.  xii, The  nightingale.. Hath 
in  the  garden  rosier  trill'd  A  rich  and  rapturous  song,  a  1851 
Mom  Tower  of  Ercildonne  vii,  The  rosiers  twain  that  shed 
their  bloom  In  autumn  o'er  the  lover's  tomb. 

Ro'Siery,  irreg.  variant  of  KOSEBY. 

1791  ANNA  SEWARD  Lett.  (1811)  III.  81  The  rosiery  will 
not,  I  trust,  have  exhausted  all  its  bloom,  and  fragrance., 
before  I  reach  you. 

Rosignell,  obs.  Sc.  f.  ROSSIGNOL. 

Rosil  (rp *zil,  rp'z'l),  sb.  Now  dial.  Forms  : 
5  resell,  6  rossall,  6,  8  rossell  (8  rossel)  ;  5 
rosyle,  7,  9  rosil,  8-9  rossilj  9  rozzel,  rozzle. 
[Variant  of  ROSIN  sbl\ 

1.  Rosin,  resin. 

14. .  Nom.  in  Wr.-Wulcker  683  Hec  rosina,  rosyle.  1485-^ 
Dur/t*  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  416  Pro  4°r  dd.  de  resell,  -$s.  ^d. 
1571  in  Eng.  Hist.  Rev.  XII.  447  For  mixing  white  wax 
with  rossalT  and  turpentyne.  1579  York  Fabric  Rolls 
(Surtees)  117  For  rossell  to  theplumber,  35.  1691  RAY  S.JJr 
£.  C.  \Vords  K.V.,  I  suppose  from  rosint  whicli  here  in 
Essex  the  Vulgar  call  Rosill.  1787-10  many  dialect  glossaries. 

2.  A  kind  of  soil  (see  ROSILLY  a.}. 
Hence  Bo'sil  v.    dial. 

1819  R.  ANDERSON  Cumbld.  Ball,  (c  1850)  95  He  rozzelt 
the  strings. 

Ro'silly,  a.  dial.  Forms :  6  rosellie,  8 
rosselly  ;  7- rosilly.  [f.  ROSILJ^. +  -Y.]  Of  soil: 
(see  quots.  1691  and  a  1825).  Cf.  ROSINY  a.  2. 

1577  HARRISON  Descr.  Brit.  I.  xiii.  in  Holinsked  I.  38  The 
red  or  white  sandy  [mould},  the  lomye,  roselly,  grauelly, 
chalky  or  blacke.  1691  RAY  S.  fy  E.  C.  Words,  Rosil  or 
Rosilly  soil;  Land  between  Sand  and  Clay,  neither  light 
nor  heavy.  1721  MORTIMER  Hiisb.  (ed.  2)  n.  42  That  which 
I  have  observed  to  be  the  best  is  a  rosselly  top,  and  a 
brick  earthy  bottom.  In  general,  a  true  Rossel  or  light 
Land,  whether  white  or  black,  is  what  they  are  usually 
planted  in.  a  1825  FORBY  Voc.  E.  Anglia^  Rosilly,  like 
rosin.  It  is  applied  to  a  soil  both  sandy  and  clayey. 

Ko-sily,  adv.  [f.  ROSY  a.  +  -LY2.]  With  a 
rosy  hue  ;  in  a  rosy  manner. 

1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  x.  x.  F  22  They  live  like  so  many 
sons  of  the  church,  rosily,  merrily,  and  fatly.  1852  M. 
ARNOLD  Empedocles  n.  81  The  white  Olympus-peaks 
Rosily  brighten.  1893  E.  H.  BARKER  Wand.  S.  Waters  ^ 
The  after-light  of  sunset  was  lingering  rosily  upon  the  naked 
crags. 

Rosin  (r^'zin),  sb.  Forms  :  a.  4-6  rosyn,  5 
roosyn,  6  rosing,  4, 6- rosin,  7-8  rozin.  £.  4-6 
rosyne  (5  ross-),  4-7  rosine,  7  rozine.  7.  4 
roseyne,  6  -eyn ;  5  ros(s)ene.  5.  6  roasen, 
rossen,  6-8  rosen,  rozen,  7  rozzen.  c.  6 
rosome,  9  dial,  rosum.  [An  alteration  of  RESIN 
sb.  Further  alterations  are  ROSIL  and  ROSET.  For 
the  change  of  vowel,  which  appears  also  in 
Anglo-L.  rosina t  cf.  OF.  roisin  (G.  rosine^  Du. 
rozijn,  Da.  rosin)  as  a  variant  of  raisin.] 

1.  =  RESIN  sb. ;  spec.t  this  substance  in  a  solid 
state  obtained  as  a  residue  after  the  distillation  of 
oil  of  turpentine  from  crude  turpentine. 

The  colour  of  the  product  (yellow,  brown,  or  black)  depends 
on  the  continuation  of  the  heat  employed. 

t.  Lucy  183  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881)  19 


Pik  and  rosyn  he  bad  in  cast,  And  oyle,  to  ger  be  fire  brfn 
fast.  1382  WYCLIK  Ezek.  xxvii.  17  Bawm,  and  hony,  and 
oyle,  and  rosyn.  c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg.  132  An  entreet 
maad  of  .ij.  parties  of  whi^t  rosyn,  &  oon  partie  of  wex. 
1496  Naval  Aces.  Hen.  VII  (1896)  174  Laying  on  of  piche, 
Rosyn  &  talow  uppon  the  seid  ship,  c  1550  Disc.  Common 
Weal.  Eng.  (1893)  246  Tarre,  pitche,  rosing  whereof  we 
haue  none  at  all.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  134/15  Rosin, 
resina.  i6n  BIBLE  Song  Holy  Children  22  To  make  the 
ouen  hote  with  rosin,  pitch,  towe,  and  small  wood.  1660 
I?OYLE  Neiv  E*p.  Phys,  Meek.  Proem  n  A  melted  Cemeni, 
made  of  Pitch,  Rosin,  and  Wood-ashes.  1712  E.  COOKK 
Voy.  S.  Sea  204  A  sort  of  Rozin,  winch  is  good  for  curing 
of  Wounds.  1779  Phil.  Trans.  LXX.  17  The  powder  of 
rosin  will  be  attracted  by  those  parts  only  of  the  electro- 
phorus,  which  are  electrified  positively,  1821  CRAIG  Lect. 
Drawing,  etc.  vii.  400  A  solution  of  rosin  or  fine  Burgundy 
pitch  in  pure  spirit  of  wine.  1865  KINGSLEY  Hereu:  x, 
They  wore  coats  stiffened  with  tar  and  rosin.  1873  E.  SPON 
Workshop  Rec.  Ser.  i.  346/2  Black  Rosin  is  an  important 
article  in  the  composition  of  good  [printing-]  ink. 

ft.  1367-8  Dtu-h.  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  386  In  sex  libris  de 
rosine,  zod.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  200  Thei  go  be  nyhte 
unto  the  Myne  With  pich,  with  soulphre  and  with  rosine. 
1454  Cat.  Rec.  Dublin  (1889)  I.  283  No  maner  of  man 
dvvellynge  in  the  said  cite  shulde..by  salte,  ire,  pych, 
rosyne,  collys.  1551  TURNER  Herbal  (1568)  30  The  small 
leues  in  the  top  broused  or  broken  sauour  lyke  rosyne.  1604 
E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acostas  Hist.  Indies  iv.  xxviii.  285 
Liquors,  oiles,  gummes,  and  rozines.  1613  PURCHAS 
Pilgrimage  vm.  xii.  (1614)  803  All  whiche  they  mingled 
together  with.. the  fume  of  Rosine.  1681  Rosine  [see 
RKSIN  sh.  -2], 

V-  1390  Earl  Derby's  Exped.  (Camden)  64  Pro  melle, 
lynesede, .  .roseyne.  1465  IV'aterf.  Arch,  in  ioth  Rep.  Hist, 
mSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  302  Yren,  pitche,  rosene,  nor  tarre. 
1485  Cely  Papers  (Camden)  181  Paid  be  hym  for  a  qwartt 
of  rossene,  xjd.  1533  ELVOTO^A  Helthe  (1539)  58  They  be 
somtyme  made  with  roseyn.  1548  —  Diet.  s.v.  Ccdria,  The 
roseyn  that  renneth  out  of  the  great  cedre  tree. 

5.  1447  I'OKENHAM  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  78  A  vessel  of  bras.. 
Full  of  pyche,  vosen  oyle  and  smere.  1516  Gahvay  Arcli,  m 
\Qth  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm,  App.  V.  397  Pich,  canvas, 
rossen.  1582  STANYHURST  &neis  iv.  (Arb.)  109  Vessels, 
calcked  with  roasen  smearye.  1602  MARSTON  Antonio's 
Rev.  in.  iv,  My  fiddlestick  wants  rozzen.  1651  BIGGS  Neiu 
Disp,  P  126  Aloes  by  ablution  looseth  the  juice,  and  there 
remaineth  a  meer  roxen.  1742  YARROW  Love  at  First  Sight 
98  A  piece  of  Rozen,  and  two  Yards  of  Catgut.  1779  Phil. 
Trans.  LXX.  16  Some  powder  of  rosen.. is  shaken  upon 
the  electrophorus. 

€.  1541-2  in  Swayne  Sarnvi  Churchiv.  Ace.  (1896)  269  A 
Torche  of  Rosome  weynge  ix  li.  ij  s.  iij  ff.  1872  DE  VERE 
Americanisms  536  Rosum  is  a  common  corruption  of  rosin, 
which  is  almost  universally  pronounced  ros'm  by  the  mass 
of  the  people.  1880  li7.  Corniv.  Gloss. ,  Rosm/i,  rosin. 
b.  With  a  and  pi.  A  particular  kind  of  rosin. 

1604  E.  G[RIHSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  iv.  xxviii. 
285  Liquors,  oiles,  gummes,  and  rozines,  which  come  from 
divers  plants  and  hearbes.  1672-3  GREW  Anat.  PI.  \\.  iii. 
(1682)  67  In  the  dryed  Root  of  Angelica,  &c.  being  split,  the 
Milk.. appeareth,.  .condensed  to  a  hard  and  shining  Rosin. 
1718  Quiscv  Compl.  Disp.  7  The  former  is  the  case  of 
cnrystallized  Salts,  Rosins,  and  the  like. 

2.  attrib.  and  Cotnb.t  as  rosin  boiler •,  candle, 
gas  i  size,  soap  \  rosin-weeping^\. ;  rosin-end  (see 
quot.);  -f  rosin  flower,  a  pine  tree;  rosin  oil, 
plant,  rose,  tin  (see  quots.)  ;  rosin-tree,  a 
South  African  shrub  (Cineraria  resznifera),  which 
exudes  resin;  rosin-weed,  U.S., the  compass  plant 
(Silpkium  ladniatuiii}. 

1880  J.  DUNBAR  Pract.  Papermakcr  54  Cubic  contents  of 
small  *rosin  boiler.  1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Chandelle^Chandelles 
de  Buchst  *rosen  candles,  vsed  by  the  poorer  sort  of 
people  neere  vnto  Bourdeaux.  1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss. t 

Rosin-end,  a  shoe-maker's  waxed  or  rosinned  thread. 
c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xi.  434  As  when  a  torrent . .  beares 
blasted  Oakes,  and  witherd  *rosine  flowres,..into  the 
Oceans  force.  1839  URE  Diet,  Arts  562  *  Rosin  gas  is 
cheaper  than  oil  gas.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  807/2  Oilt  *Ros!fi, 
an  oil  obtained  from  the  resin  of  the  pine-tree,  used  by 
painters  for  lubricating  machinery,  and  other  purposes. 
1856  A.  GRAY  Man.  Bot.  (1860)  209  Silphium,  *Rosin-Plant. 
Heads  many-flowered,  radiate.  1886  BRITTEN  &  HOLLAND, 
*  Rosin  Rose.  Hypericum  culycinum,  L.,  and  If.  perfor- 
atttm,  L.,  the  smell  of  which  is  supposed  to  resemble  that 
of  rosin.  Yks.  1880  J.  DUNBAR  Pract.  Papermaker  55  Take 
. .  10  gallons  of  thick  prepared  *rosin  size.  1839  URE  Diet. 
Arts  1 144  Of  Yellow  or  *Rosm  Soap.  1867  BRANDE  &  Cox 
Diet.  Sci.t  etc.  III.  310/2  * Rosin  Tin,  a  miner's  name  for 
pale-coloured  translucent  Tinstone  with  a  resinous  lustre. 
1815  ANNE  PLUMPTREtr.  Lichtensteins  Trav.  S.Africa  II. 
176  A  shrub,  which  grows  from  two  feet  to  three  feet  and  a 
half  high,  called  by  the  colonists  harpnisbosjes,  the  *rosm 
tree.  1834  SCHOOLCRAFT  Exped.  297  Among  the  flowers, 
the  plant  called  "rosin-weed  attracts  attention  by  its  gigantic 
stature.  1608  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iv.  Decay  970  With 
a  Pole  of  *rozen-weeping  Fir. 

Rosin  (rfj'zin),  v.  Forms :  5  rossyen,  6 
roson,  7  rosen,  rosin,  rozen,  7-8  rozin,  9  U.S. 
rosum.  [f.  the  sb.] 

1.  trans.  To  smear  over,  or  seal  up,  with  rosin  ; 
to  rub  (esp.  a  violin  bow  or  string)  with  rosin. 

1497  Naval  Aces.  ffen.  VII  (1896)  294,  C  weight  Rosyn 
to  Rossyen  the  seid  Ship  abouewater.  1588  LAMBARDE 
Eiren.  iv.  iv.  461  Well  sewed  with  thread  well  twisted, 
waxed  and  rosoned.  1624  Althorp  MS.  in  Simpkinson 
Washington^  (1860)  App.  p.  liv,  To  the  tinker  for  new 
rozening  and  mending  13  black  jackes  and  2  botles.  1641 
FULLER  Holy  ff  Prof,  St.  iv.  i.  240  Those,  who  make  musick 
with  so  harsh  an  instrument,  need  to  have  their  bow  well 
rosend  before.  1756  Connoisseur  No.  128  F  4  Not  one  of 
these  people  will  open  their  mouths,  or  rosin  a  single  string, 
without  being  very  well  paid  for  it.  1823  J.  BADCOCK  Dom. 
Amusent.  175  [Place  layers,)  till  the  jar  is  full,  then  bung 
and  rosin  it.  1896  LUMSDEN  Poems  43  He  screwed  her  up 
wi'  conscious  pride  And  rosin'd  her. 

101 


ROSINACEOUS. 

absot.  1607  DEKKER  &  MARSTON  Westw.  Hoe  D.'s  Wks. 
1873  II.  341  They  are  but  rozining,  sir,  and  theile  scrape 
themselues  into  your  company  presently. 
fis*  *6so  B.  Discollint.  34  My.  .heart-strings  are  grown 
so  Veeble,  that  if  I  should  not  rozen  them  now  and  then 
(.with  a  little  mirth)  they  would  soone  crack  quite  asunder. 

2.  Jig.  To  supply  with  liquor;  to  make  drunk; 
also  jrttr.f  to  indulge  in  drink.  Now  dial. 

1729  FIELDING  Pleasures  Town  in.  i,  A  fiddlestick  is  a 
drunkard:  Why?  Because  it  loves  ros'ning.  1828  CARR 
Craven  Gloss.,  Rosinnsd,  drunk.  '  He  war  purely  rosinn'd.' 
1869-  in  dialect  glossaries  (Northumbld.,  Lane.,  Line.). 

t  Bosina-ceous,  a.  Ol>s.~l  [f.  ROSIN  sb.  + 
-ACEOUS.]  Yielding  resin  ;  resinous. 

1669  WORUDGF,  Syst.  Agric.  (1681)  105  Roots  of  the  Firs, 
Pines,  or  other  Rosinaceous  Trees, 

Rosiiiante  (r^zinre'nti).  Also  8-9  rozinante. 
[ad.  Sp.  Rocinante  (f.  rocin  horse,  jade :  see 
ROUNCY),  the  name  of  the  horse  ridden  by  Don 
Quixote.]  A  poor,  worn-out,  or  ill-conditioned 
horse  ;  a  hack,  a  jade. 

Usually  with  capital,  as  a  quasi-proper  name, 

1759  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  \\.  xvii,  Ill-fated  sermon  !.  .trod 
deep  into  the  dirt  by  the  left  hind-foot  of  his  Rosinante. 
1788  J.  MAY  Jml.  <y  Lett.  (1873)  100,  I  felt  queer  enough 
mounted  on  my  Rosinante,  about  thirteen  hands  high. 
1816  Sporting  Mag,  XLVIII.  233  The  more  humble  donkey 
and  spare  Rosinante  trotting  and  snorting  along  the  road. 
1867  LADY  HEKBERT  Cradle  L.  56  A  wretched  *rosinante  ', 
such  as  would  appear  at  a  Spanish  bull-fight. 

t  Rosi'Ue.  Obs»~~l  [f.  L.  ros-a,  after  regTna, 
etc.  Cf.  REGINE.]  A  rose  ;  in  quot,  as  a  title  of 
the  Virgin  Mary. 

1500-20  DCNBAR  Poems  Ixxxv.  8  Our  tern  inferne  for  to 
djspern,  Hulpe  rialest  rosyne. 

Rosined  (ip'zind), ///.<*.  [f. ROSING.  + -ED1.] 
Smeared  or  rubbed  with  rosin;  resinous. 

1598  GRKNKWEY  Tacit ns^Ger mania  (1622)271  Amber,  .will 
burn  like  unto  wood  pitched  and  rosened.  1613  PURCHAS 
Pilgrimage  vin.  xii.  (1614)  804  Foure  women  attending  with 
Torches  of  Pine  tree  Rosenned.  1714  GAY  Sheph.  Week 
vi.  24  That  Bowzybeus  who  could.. with  the  rozin'd  Bow 
torment  the  String.  1832  BRKWSTKR  Natural  Magic  viii. 

181  Its  vibrations,  .may  be  kept  up,  by  drawing  a  rosined 
fiddle-bow  across  it.     1887  BOWEN  JEneidv,  663  The  God 
of  the  flames. .  Riots  on  bench,  and  on  oar,  and  on  rosined 
timbers  of  pine. 

ItO'SineSS.  Also  7  rosyness.  [f.  ROSY  a.~\ 
Rosy  colour  or  complexion. 

1651  DAVEMANT  Gondibcrt  in.  i.  36  Orna  now.. breaks 
through  her  blushes  so  As  the  fair  Morn  breaks  through  her 
rosyness.  1824  Miss  MITFORO  Village  Ser.  i.  (1863)  133 
Such  a  complexion,,  .so  healthily  fair  with  such  a  sweet 
ro^iness.  1879  CHRISTINA  ROSSETTI  Seek  fy  Find  65  Snow 
..on  mountain  heights,  flushed  with  pure  rosiness  at  the 
fall  of  day. 

Ro  sing,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  ROSE  v.i  4.]  The  action 
of  treating  with  chemicals  in  order  to  redden. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  787  There  next  follows,  .the  rosing 
by  boiling  in  a  bath  of  salt  of  tin.  Ibid.  790  The  rosing  is 
given  with  solution  of  tin,  mixed  wilh  soap  water. 

Ro'siiig,  /'/'/.  a.  rare"1,  [f.  ROSE  sb.  or  z>.] 
Rose-like,  rosy. 

c  1480  HENRYSON  Test.  Cres.  464  Nocht  is  ?our  fairnes  bot 
ane  [aiding  Flour  ;..5our  roising  reld  to  rotting  sail  retour. 

t  RO'Sinish,  a.  Obs.-'1  [Rosix  sb.]  Resinous. 

1600  SUHFLET  Countrie  Farms  n.  xliv.  291  Take  of  the. . 
greenest,  and  most  rosinish  leaues  of  Nicotiana  that  can  be 
chosen  a  pound. 

Ro'sinpus,  a.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  [f.  ROSIN 
sb.]  Resinous. 

1651  R.  CHILD  in  Hartlib's  Legacy  (\f>$$  50  The  Cpuntrey 
aboundeth  much  with  Firs,  and  Pine-trees :  which  the 
Inhabitants  usually  cut,  that  the  Gum,  Rosinous,  or 
Turpentine  substance  may  sweat  forth.  1707  Curiosities 
in  Hnsb.  fy  Card.  93  There  are  Juices,  i.  Aqueous,. .5. 
Rosinous,  6.  Bituminous.  1725  Fam.  Diet,  s.v,  Aloest 
Aloes  Wood  is  Rosinous.  1794  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXIV. 
388  The  candles  made  of  white  luc  also  smoked  and  produced 
a  rosinous  smell. 

Rosiny  (r^-zini),  a.  Also  6rosinie,  7  roziny; 
6-7  roseny,  7  ros-,  rozenny,  -ie.  [f.  Rosix  sb.] 

1.  Full  of  rosin ;  resinous. 

1562  TURNER  Herbal  n.  (1568)  89  A  tede  is  a  fat  and 
roseny  pece  of  a  pyne  or  pich  tre,  which  hewen  of  serueth 
for  torches.  1576  G.  BAKER  Jewell  of  Health  So  The  lyke 
doe  they  describe  of  the  fattes  and  rosinie  substances.  1605 
TIMME  Quersit.  i.  xiii.  62  Some  whole  trees  are  to  be  scene 
more  sulphurus  and  roseny  than  other  some.  1638  RAWLEY 
tr.  Bacons  Life  ty  Death  (1650)  4  Trees  Odorate,.  .and 
Trees  Rozennie,  last  longer  in  their  Woods,  or  Timber, 
than  those  abovesaid.  1669  [see  RESINACEOUS].  1904  E. 
NESBIT  Phoenix  $  Carpet  i.  4  The  rosiny  fire-lighters  that 
smell  so  nice. 

1 2.  Of  soil :  Resembling,  having  the  colour  of, 
rosin.  Obs.  (Cf.  ROSILLY  a.) 

1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  \.  xi.  (1614)  59  The  soile  is  of  a 
rosennie  clay.  1685  TEMPLE  Ess.  Gardening  Wks.  1720  I. 

182  Of  all  sorts  of  Soil,  the  best    is  that  upon  a  Sandy 
Gravel,  or  a  Rosiny  Sand. 

Ro-sion.     rare~°.     (See  quot.) 

1656  B  LOU  NT,  K0sion,..Si  gnawing,  a  griping,  a  biting. 

Ro'sist.     rare.     [ROSE    sb]     A    grower    or 

'  fancier*  of  roses. 

1869  S.  R.  HOLE  Bk.  about  Roses  24  Passing  from  the 
bluecoat  school  of  Resists  to  the  black. 

HtO'sland.  dial.  [f.  Ross  sb$]  (See  first  quot.) 

1704  Diet.  Rust.  (1726),  Rosland,  heathy  Land,  or  full  of 
Ling;.  .Waterish,  or  Moorish  Land.  1889  i'niversal  Rev. 
Nov.  435  On  river  plain  And  smothered  rosland  stirs  the 
snow  and  dies. 


802 

t  Rosmarine  l.  Obs.  Forms:  (i  rosmarim,) 
4-8  rosmarine  (4  -yne),  5  ros  maryn,  rose- 
maryn(e,  4,  6,  8  rosemarine.  [A  more  original 
form  of  ROSEMARY.] 

1.  Rosemary. 

[c  1000  Sax.  Leechd.  I.  184  Deos  wyrt  f>e  man  rosmarim, 
&  oSrum  naman  bo}>en  nemnej>.] 

13..  in  Relig.  Antiq.  I.  195  The  rote  of  rosmaryne  Man 
may  set  welle  and  fyne  Betwene  Aprile  and  the  May.  1390 
GOWER  Coftf.  HI.  132  His  herbe  propre  is  Rosmarine, 
Which  schapen  is  for  his  covine.  14. .  Med.  MS.  in  Anglia 
XIX.  79  Rosmarine.  £1450  M.E.  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich) 
182  Tak  ^e  rote  of..rosmaryn,  lauender,  prymmerole.  1481 
BOTONER  Tulle  on.  Old  Age  (Caxton)  f$  Violettys,  rose- 
marynes,  maiorons,  gylofres.  1591  SPENSER  Muiopot.  200 
Colde  Lettuce,  and  refreshing  Rosmarine.  1598  lip.  HALL 
Sat.  iv.  iv.  1 18  Byting  on  Annis-seede,  and  Rose-marine. 
1654  H.  L'EsTRANGEC/idj.  /  (1655)  200  Mr.  Prynne  and  Mr. 
Burton  were  brought  into  London  in  great  pomp  and  state, 
being  conducted  with  many  thousands  of  horse  and  foot, 
having  sprigs  of  Rosmarine  in  their  hands.  1742  SHENSTONE 
Schoolntistr.  109  Trim  rosemarine,  that  whilom  crown'd 
The  daintiest  garden  of  the  proudest  peer. 

2.  Sea-dew.    rare~L. 

1616  B.  JONSON  Quccnes  Masques  Wks.  902  You  shall., 
steep  Your  bodies  in  that  purer  brine,  And  wholsome  dew 
call'd  Ros-marine. 

t  Rosiuarilie  2.  0/>s.~~l  [f.  mod.L.  rosmar-ns 
(i6th  cent.,  ad.  Da.  ros  mar}  t  or  It.  and  Sp.  ros- 
marOj  Pg.  rosmar\  the  ending  may  have  been 
suggested  by  morse  marine.'}  The  walrus. 

1590  Si'EssiiK  F,  Q.  ii.  xii.  24  The  horrible  Sea-satyre, .. 
And  greedy  Rosmarines  with  visages  deforme. 

Rosiuiuian  (r^zmi'nian).  [See  def.]  a.  sh. 
A  member  of  the  Institute  of  Charity,  a  religious 
congregation  founded  in  1828  by  Antonio  Ros- 
inini-Serbati  (1797-1855).  b.  adj.  Of  or  pertain 
ing  to  Kosmini,  his  Order,  or  his  philosophy. 

1874  tr.  Ubcnveg's  Hist.  Phil.  11.496  Manzoni.. applied 
the  Kosminian  principles  to  the  art  of  composition.  1882 
W.  LOCKHART  in  tr.  Rosminis  Sketch  Slod,  Phil,  Introd. 
p.  li,  The  preliminary  difficulty  in  understanding  the  Ros 
minian  philosophy.  1886  IV.  Lockharfs  Life  Rosminiy.y.>C\. 
(ed.  2)  I.  284  Here  at  present  resides  a  small  community  of 
Rosminian  Fathers.  Ibid.  II.  340  Notwithstanding  all  the 
accusations  of  heterodoxy  against  the  Rosminians. 

Hence  Bosmi*nianismtthe  philosophical  system 
or  principles  of  Rosmini. 

1874  tr.  Uberiueg's  Hist.  Phil.  \\.  496  Pestalozza,  whose 
F.lementi  di  Filosofia,  1847,  contain  the  best  exposition  of 
Rosminiamsm. 

Rosoch:  see- ROSOTH. 

Roso-crusian,  obs.  form  of  ROSICRUCIAN. 

Rosoglio,  variant  of  ROSOLIO. 

Ro  solate.     Chem.     [f.  ROSOL-IC  +  -ATE  *.] 

A  salt  of  rosolic  acid. 

1835  R.  D.  ff  T.  Thomson's  Rec.  Gen.  Set.  I.  50  The  pre 
cipitation  of  the  rosolate  of  lime, 

Rosolic  (razf'lik),  a.  Chcm.  [f.  L.  ros-a  + 
-OL  +  -ic.J  Rosolic  acid—  AURIN. 

1835  A*.  D.  fy  T.  Thomson's  Rec.  Gen.  Sci.  I.  50  Rosolic 
acid  is  a  resinous  mass  which  may  be  reduced  to  powder, 
and  assumes  an  orange  yellow  colour.  1857  Manch.  Mem. 
XV.  2  On  the  Composition  and  Derivation  of  Rosolic  Acid. 
1878  tr.  Ziemsseits  Cycl.  Med.  XVII.  520  The  same  holds 
good  as  regards  corallin  or  pceonin,  a  red  colour  composed 
of  rosolic  acid. 

Ros  olio  (n?zJu'li0).  Also  ros(s)oglio.  [a.  It. 
rosolio  i  var.  otrosoli;  see  Ros  sous.  Cf.  mod.L. 
rossolium.]  A  sweet  cordial  made  in  Italy  and 
Southern  Europe  from  spirits,  raisins,  sugar,  etc. 

1819  T.  HOPE  Anast.  I.  iv.  (1820)  82  To  support  the 
ardour  of  my  affections  with  rosogHo  and  spice.  1834 
MARRYAT/*.  Simple  xvii,  I  walked  to  a  posada  (that's  an 
inn),  and  drank  seven  bottles  of  rosolio  to  keep  myself 
quiet.  1864  VISC'TESS  STKANGKOKD  Adriatic  269  The  best 
liqueurs  in  the  world,  maraschino,  rosogHo  of  several  sorts 
[etc.].  1901  BESANT  Lady  of  Lynn  xi,  The  wine  of  Lisbon 
and  Canary,  the  rosolio  and  the  ratafia. 

Rosoth,  a  spurious  word  due  to  printers'  errors 
for  rother-soil :  see  ROTHEB  2. 

1671  PHILLIPS  s.v.  R other-beasts,  Whence  Ro-soil  [1678- 
1706  Rosoth~\  is  used  in  Herefordshire,  for  the  soil,  .of  those 
beasts.  1708  KERSEY,  Rother-soil  or  Rosoth.  1721  BAILEY, 
Rot  her ~soil )  Rosoch. 

tBosp,  v.l  Obs-1  [?var.  of  RASP  z;.l  Cf. 
Norw.  dial,  rosp  a  rasp.]  trans.  To  waste. 

£•1250  Gen.  <$•  Ex.  2132  Al  oat  5ise  first  .vu.  maken,  Sulen 
Sis  ooere  vii.  rospen  &  raken. 

I  Rosp,  v.*  Obs.-»  [Cf.  RASPZ/.2,  and  Flem. 
ruispen,  ruspen  (Kilian),  MLG.  ruspen]  intr*  To 
belch.  Hence  f  Ro'sping  vbl,  sb. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  437/1  Rospynge,  or  bolkynge  (S. 
balkynge),  enictacio. 

t  Rospeys,  rospyse,  varr.  RASPIS  *.  Obs. 

t:  1440  Promp.  Parv.  437/1  Rospeys,  wyne,  vinum 
rosatum.  1463  Mann.  $•  Househ.  Exp.  (Roxb.)  307  Item, 
for  a  botelle  of  rospyse,  iiij.d. 

BOSS  (rps),  sb.^-  Also6Ros,  SRosse.  The  name 
of  a  county  in  the  north  of  Scotland,  used  attrib. 
in  Ross  herald^  one  of  the  six  Scottish  heralds. 

1475-6  Exch.  Rolls  Scot.  VIII.  372  Diligens  signifero, 
nunc  Ross  heraldo  nuncupato.  \*p&Acc.  Ld\  High  Treas. 
Scot.  V.  266  Delivrit  to  Ros  herrold,  lettre  requiring  my 
lordis  of  Arrane  and  Murray  to  restor  the  Kingis  gunis. 
1566  Cfil.  Scottish  Papers  (1900)  II.  250  Lettre.  .caried  by 
Wm.  Steward  alias  Ros  harald  of  armes  to  the  Q.  of 
Scottes.  1641  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  Ser.  ii.  I.  405  Be- 
foir..Johne  Malcome,  Ross  Herakl.  1742  AI.KX.  NISHET 


BOSSY. 

System  pf  Heraldry  II.  iv.  xvi.  171  Rosse  Herald,  so  named 
from  the  County  of  Ros?,  which  was  of  old  an  Appendage 
of  the  Crown.  1863  G.  SETON  Law  <y  Pract.  Heraldry  in 
Scotl.  37  The  Heralds  attached  to  the  Lyon  Court  are  six 
in  number,  viz.,  jslay,  Rothesay,  Marchmoitt,  Albany^£LcsSj 
and  Snowdon. 

Ross  (i?s),  sb.l  Also  6  rose,  6-7  rosse,  9  dial. 
rawse.  [App.  of  Scand.  origin,  corresponding  to 
Norw.  dial,  ros  (nts),  small  rubbish,  scrapings.] 

f  1.  Rubbish,  refuse,  dregs.  Obs. 

1577  HARRISON  England  m.  viii.  (1878)  II.  53  The  heads 
of  saffron  .  .  being  scowred  from  their  rose  [1587  rosse  or  filth] 
..are  interred  againe.  1587  Ibid.  n.  xx.  (1877)  I.  331  Either 
reserued  in  the  house,  or  hauing  the  rosse  pulled  from  their 
rootes,  laid  againe  in  the  earth.  1630  LF.VETT  Ordering 
of  Bees  (1634)  51  Put  the  Combes  and  water  together  into 
a  Canvas  bagge,.  .  and  straine  as  much  as  you  can..,  casting 
away  the  rosse  that  remaineth  in  the  bag. 

2.  The  scaly  outer  portion  of  the  bark  ol  trees. 
Chiefly  U.S. 

The  Eng.  Dial.  Diet.  (1904)  gives  rawse  or  ross  as  a 
Sussex  word,  with  the  sense  '  the  scrapings  of  oak-bark, 
lichen,  and  moss  '. 

1778  J.  CARVER  Trav.  N.  Amer.  497  The  ross  or  outside 
bark  [of  the  ash]  being  near  eight  inches  thick,  1828-32 
WEBSTER,  Ross,  the  rough  scaly  matter  on  the  surface  of 
the  bark  of  certain  trees.  New  England,  c  1840  LASCE 
Cottage  Farmer  23  Get  then  some  oak  baik,  cut  off  the 
ross,  and  chop..  the  inner  rind.  1873  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech. 
1984/2  Rossing-jnachine,  a  machine  for  removing  the  ross, 
or  rough  scaly,  exterior  portion  of  bark,  from  the  remainder. 

Ross,  ^••*  /.Hal.  [a.  Welsh  r/ios.]  A  marsh, 
morass.  Cf.  ROSLAND. 

1839  LEWES  Gloss.  Hereford, 

ROSS,  v.     &.S.     [f.  Ross  rf.1  2.]    (See  quots.) 

1864  WEBSTER,  Kt>ss,  to  divest  of  the  ross,  or  rough,  scaly 
surface  ;  as,  to  ross  bark.  1878  Lumberman's  Gaz.  Mar.  16 
Removing  the  bark  from  the  top  of  the  log,  or  '  rossing  '  it, 
as  it  is  termed  by  loggers. 

Hence  Bo'ssing  vbl.  s6.     In  quots.  atlrib. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1984/1  Rossing-machine.    Ibid. 


1985/1  Rossing  Attachment  for  Saw-Mill. 

Ross,  obs.  form  of  ROSE  sl>. 

t  Ro'SSals.  Obs.~l  [ad.  mod.L.  rossaKa  :  see 
ROSALIA.]  =  ROSALIA  i. 

1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  fy  Min.  327  The  measells.  .are 
cured  as  the  small  pocks  ;  hereto  belong  the  crystals, 
tubercles,  rubeols,  and  rossals. 

Rosse,  obs.  form  of  ROSE  sb. 

Rossel(l  :  see  ROSIL  and  RUSSEL. 

t  Ro'SSeld,  a.     06s.~~l     (Meaning  uncertain.) 

?  4x1400  Morte  Arth.  2793  Thorowe  a  rownnde  rede 
schelde  he  ruschede  hym  sone,  That  the  rosselde  spere  to 
his  herte  rynnes  ! 

Ro'SSelled,  a.  dial.  Also  8  rostled,  9  ross- 
ill'd.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  (See  quots.) 

1781  HUTTON  Tonr  to  Caves  Gloss.,  Rostled,  half  rotten 
as  apples  sometimes  are.  1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss.,  Ross- 
cird,  decayed,  ..  a  rossell'd  apple.  1862  C.  C.  ROBINSON 
Dial.  Leeds  Gloss.  395  'A  rossill'd  apple.'  Said  only  of 
this  species  of  fruit. 

Rossellie,  obs.  form  of  ROSILLT. 

Rossen,  obs.  form  of  ROSIN. 

Ro'sser.  U.S.  [f.  Ross  v.  +  -ER.]  A  rossing- 
machine. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1984/2  A  common  use  of  the 
rosser  is  in  saw-mills,  .  .  to  remove  the  hark  from  the  log  in 
advance  of  the  path  of  the  saw. 

Rosset,  obs.  form  of  ROSET,  RUSSET. 

II  Rossignol.  Also  6  rosignell.  [F.  ross- 
ignol:—  pop.  L.  *litsciniolu,  a  masc.  form  of  L. 


f  1.  The  nightingale.  Obs.-1 

1590  BUREL  Passage  Pilgr.  in  Watson's  Collect.  Sc. 
Poems  (1706)  ii.  28  The  Osill  and  the  Rosignell,  The 
Phcenix  and  the  Nichtingell. 

2.   Canada.  The  song-sparrow  (Afe/osftsa). 

1879  A.  B.  STREET  in  Poems  q/  Places,  Brit.  Amer.  ii 
The  brown  rossignol's  shrill  carol. 

•\  Rossin,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  pple.  of  ROAST  v. 

1597  Trials  Witchcr.  in  Sfald.  Club  Misc.  (1841)  I.  85 
The  ane  half  of  the  day  rossin  in  his  bodye,  as  gif  he  hed 
bene  rossin  in  ane  vne. 

Rossing-machine  :  see  Ross  v. 

Rosslynge,  obs.  form  of  RUSTLING. 

II  ROS  SOliS.  Obs.  [L.  ros  dew  +  w/«  gen. 
of  sol  sun.  The  plant  and  liquor  are  also  known 
in  F.  (and  Pg.)  as  rossoli(s,  whence  Sp.  and  It. 
rosoli  in  sense  2  (cf.  ROSOLIO).] 

1.  The  plant  sundew  ;  =  ROSA  SOLIS  I. 

1578  LVTE  Dodoens  414  The  Ros  Soils  and  Woolfes  clawe 
do  growe  in  drie  waterie  Countries.  1621  BUUTON  Anat. 
Mel.  n.  iv.  I.  iii.  440  Rosemary,  Ros  Soils,  Betony,  Saffron. 
1652  CADEMAN  Distiller  of  London  34  ^  •  •  Ros  sol's' 
gathered  in  due  season,  and  clean  picked.  1728  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Rosolis,  It  bad  its  Name  because  antiently  pre 
pared  wholly  of  the  Juice  of  the  Plant  Ros  soil's.  1757  A. 
COOPER  Distiller  in.  1.  (1760)  215  The  Ros-Solis  or  Sundew, 
from  whence  this  Cordial  Water  has  its  name. 

2.  =  ROSA  soi.is  2.   rare. 

1652  CADEMAN  Distiller  of  London  Table  of  Waters,  Ag. 
Roris  Solis,  Ros  solis  proper. 
fRossome.     Obs.-1     [Obscure.]     Redness. 

1527  ANDREW  Brttnswyke's  Distyll.  Waters  Livb,  The 
same  water  is  good  agaynste  the  impetigines,  and  the 
rossome  [G.  die  rote\  in  the  face. 

RO'SSy,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  Ross  sby\  Rub 
bishy  ;  of  the  nature  of  ross. 

1657  S.  PURCHAS  Pol.  Flying.  Ins.  68  The  sap  ..  where- 


ROSTEL. 


803 


ROSTRUM. 


with  they  temper  the  dry  rossie  dross,  that  they  gnaw  off 
from  old  decayed  posts  and  pales. 

Rossy,  obs.  f.  ROSY  a. 

Bost(e,  obs.  K.  ROAST,  ROOST,  RUST. 

Rostel  (rfstel).  Bot.  [Anglicized  f.  ROST 
ELLUM.]  The  radicle  of  a  seed. 

1793  MARTYN  Lang.  Bot.  s.v.  Rostellum,  The  Rostel,  or 
descending  plane  part  of  the  Corcle  or  heart,  in  the  first 
vegetation  of  the  seed.  1832  Planting  13  in  Husb.  III. 
(L.  U.  K.),  The  rostel,  or  first  radicle,  which  descends  into 
the  soil,  and  becomes  the  root  of  the  tree.  1876  Encycl. 
Brit.  IV.  266/2  The  corcule  (which  includes  the  plumule  or 
future  stem  and  the  rostel). 

Rostellar,  a.  Bot.,  etc.  [f.  ROSTELL-UM  + 
-AR.]  Pertaining  to,  or  constituting,  a  rostellum. 

1877  HUXLEY  Anat.  Inv.  Anim.  iv.  212  The  Diphyllidea 
have . .  two  armed  rostellar  prominences.  1885  H.  O.  FORBES 
Wand.  E.  Archipelago  93  An  insect,  to  secure  the  pollinia, 
would  require  to  alight  on  the  margin  of  the  rostellar 
platform. 

Rostellate,  a.  Bot.,  etc.  [f.  ROSTELL-UM  + 
-ATE.]  Having  a  rostellum. 

1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  IV.  xlvii.  384  Mouth  perfect, 
or  rostellate.  1830  LINDLEY  Nat.  Syst.  Hot.  257  Character 
ised  by  having . .  a  superior  perianthium  and  rostellate  seeds. 
1866  Treas.  Bot.  992/2  A' ostellate,..  terminating  gradually  in 
a  hard  long  straight  point — as  the  pod  of  radish. 

Rostelliform,  a.  Bot.,  etc.  [f.  ROSTELL 
UM.]  Of  the  form  or  shape  of  a  rostellum. 

1819  SAMOUELLF.  Entomol.  Cornpcnd.  292  Proboscis 
sheathed  heneath  a  rostelliform  process.  1830  LINDLEY 
Nat. Syst.  Bot.  257  Seeds  with  a.. lateral  rostelliform  hilum. 

II  Rostellum  (rpste'lcm).  [a.  L.  rostellum 
a  small  beak  or  snout  (Pliny),  dim.  of  rostrum.'] 

1.  Bot.  a.  A  radicle :  cf.  ROSTEL.  ?  Ofrs. 

1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  i.  vii.  (1765)  15  Rostelhttn,  a  plain 
Part  of  the  Corculum  ;  which  descends.  1797  Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  III.  435/2  The  Corculum.  .consists  of  two  parts,  viz, 
plumula  and  rostellum.  1832  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  (1839) 
250  The  radicle.. (rhizoma.  or  rostelluiii)',  cotyledons..; 
and  plumule. 

b.   (See  quots.) 

1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  175/2  Rostellum.. K  applied  to  the 
short  beak-shaped  process  found  on  the  stigma  of  many 
violets,  as  Viola,  hirta,  V.  odorata,  and  V.  canina,  &c.  ; 
and  Orchidaceee,  as  Orchis,  Spiranthes,  Listera,  &c.  1849 
BALFOUR  Man.  Bot.  §  421  In  Orchids,  each  of  the  pollen 
masses  has  a  prolongation  or  stalk,,  .which  often  adheres  to 
a  prolongation  at  the  base  of  the  anther,  called  rostellum. 
1862  DARWIN  Orchids  Introd.  6  The  rostellum  either  in- 
eludes  or  is  formed  of  viscid  matter. 

2.  Zool.  a.  The  tubule  and  enclosed  siphuncle 
of  the  various  species  of  louse,  replacing  the  usual 
mouth  apparatus  of  insects. 

1826  KIRBY  £  Si'.  Entomol.  III.  363. 
b.  The   protruding   fore-part   of  the   head   of 
tapeworms,  armed  with  hooklets  or  spines. 

1849  in  CRAIG.  1856-8  W.  CLARK  Van  der  Hoevcn's  Zool. 
I.  180  Txnia. . .  Head  with  four  suctorial  oscules,  and  mostly 
with  a  rostellum  median,  imperforate,  retractile.  1888 
ROLLESTON  &  JACKSON  Anim.  Life  225  Tacttia  elliptica.. 
also  possesses  a  peculiar  round  rostellum  beset  with  four 
irregular  rows  of  sixty  small  hooks. 

Roster  (rp-stM).  Also  9  roister,  rollster. 
[ad.  Du.  rooster  table,  list,  a  transferred  use  of 
rooster  gridiron  (f.  roostai  to  roast),  in  allusion 
to  the  parallel  lines  drawn  on  the  paper.] 

1.  Mil.  A  list  or  plan    exhibiting  the  order  of 
rotation,  or  turns  of  duties  and  service,  of  officers, 
men,  and  bodies  of  troops. 

Also,  esp.  [S.S.,3.  simple  list  or  register  of  officers,  divisions 
of  a  regiment,  etc.,  with  various  particulars  relating  to  them. 

1727  H.  BLAND  Mil.  Disc.  xix.  207  As  each  Nation  had  a 
different  Number  of  Battalions  in  Flanders,  their  Duty  was 
regulated  by  a  Roster.  Ibid.  283  At  the  Opening  of  the 
Campaign,  he  [the  Adjutant-General]  is  to  settle  with  the 
Majors  of  Brigade  the  Rosters  for  the  several  Duties.  1799 
WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1834)  I.  36  Major  General 
Baird  having  desired  to  be  relieved — Colonel  WeUesley, 
being  next  on  the  roster,  was  ordered  on  the  same  night  to 
command  within  the  fort.  1824  —  Siippl.  Desp.  (1867)  II. 
332  The  officers  throughout  the  service.. perform  the  duty 
by  what  is  called  in  the  army  a  Roster,  which  is  not  kept 
by  the  commanding  officer,  but  in  the  orderly  room.  1857 
SIR  W.  NAPIER  Life  Sir  C.  Napier  I.  377  It  was  in  strict 
accordance  with  the  customs  of  the  service,  namely,  to  place 
some  captains  on  to  the  field  officers'  roister.  1884  LD. 
ROBERTS  in  igt/i  Cent.  June  1066  He  becomes  a  duty  man, 
and  is  on  the  roster  for  guards,  &c. 

2.  transf.  A  list  or  table  exhibiting  the  names 
of  a  set  of  persons,  esp.  as  taking  turns  of  duty 
witli  each  other. 

1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Roster,  a  list  showing  the 
turn  or  rotation  of  service  or  duty,  as  in  the  case  of  police- 
magistrates  . .  and  others,  who  relieve  or  succeed  each  other. 
1881  Art  Interchange  (N.Y.)  27  Oct.  89  On  the  feminine 
side  of  the  [opera]  company's  roster  there  is  more  cause  for 
apprehension.  1892  Nation  29  Dec.  493/1  The_  author  s 
roster  of  the  diplomatic  body  stationed  at  Berlin  in  1837. 

Roster,  obs.  form,  of  ROASTER. 

tRostle,  sb.  Obs.-"  [?  ad.  L.  rostellum,  Cf. 
ROSTEL.]  (See  quot.) 

1583  HIGINS  Junius'  Nomencl.  300/2  Vectis  rostratus,.. 
a  b;irre  or  leauer  with  an  iron  point  or  end  :  a  rostle. 

t  Ro'Stle,  v.  Ot>s.  Also  5  ro(o)styl,  etc. 
[?f.  OE.  rostian  to  roast:  see  -LE.]  trans.  To 
burn  slightly;  to  parch. 

Perh.  represented  by  mod.  northern  dial,  rossel,  rozzel, 
etc. ;  see  Eng.  Dial.  Diet,  s.v,  Rozzle. 

c 1440  Promp.  Pan.  437/1  Rost[l]j  d,  sum  what  brennyd 


[Winch,  rostylyd,  sumwat  brente],  tistlllatus.  Ibid.,,  Roost- 
[t]one  [Winck,  rostolone,  K.  rostelyn,  P.  rostlyn],  ustulo, 
itstilio.  Ibid.)  Rostlynge  [WW/i.roostyllynge],  nstyllaeio. 

Rostral  (rostral),  a.  (s&.}.  Also  5  rostrale, 
6  rostralle.  [ad.  late  L.  rostral-is^  f.  L.  rostr-um 
beak  :  see  -AL.] 

fl.  Rostral  bone,  the  coracoid  process.  Also 
absol.  as  sb.  Obs. 

c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirnrg,  156  For  to  fastne  J>e  schuldre, 
Jns  boon  rostral  is  putt  in  inaner  of  a  wegge.  Ibid.  (Addjt. 
MS.),  Two  smale  bonys  whiche  be^  y-clepyde  rostralis. 
1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydon1?  Quest.  Chirurg.  Gj,  [One 
branch]  byndeth  &  closeth  these  two  addycyons  called 
Rostralles. 

2.  Of  columns,  pillars,  etc.  :  Adorned  with  the 
beaks  of  galleys  or  with  representations  of  these. 
Also  transf. 

Rostral  crown,  a  golden  crown,  adorned  with  figures  of 
ships'  beaks,  awarded  to  the  person  who  first  boarded  an 
enemy's  ship. 

1709  ADDISON  Tatler  No.  161  77  The  Other  wore  a  rostral 
Crown  upon  her  Head.  1734  tr.  Ratlin's  Anc,  /list.  (1827) 
I.  n.  377  A  rostral  pillar  was  erected  in  his  honour,  c  1800 
Miss  E.  C.  KNIGHT  Autobiogr.  1.  118  At  the  extremity  of  the 
saloon..  was  a  rostral  column,  on  which  were  inscribed  the 
names  of  the  heroes  of  the  Nile.  1860  MOTLKY  Netherl. 
(1868)  I,  v.  258  The  Genoese  merchants  liad  erected  two  rostral 
columns.  1883  Cent.  Mag.  Nov.  78/2  Its  fountains,  obelisk, 
allegorical  statues  of  chief  French  cities,  rostral  and  other 
lamp-posts. 

3.  Zool,  Of  or  pertaining  to,  situated  in  or  upon, 
the  rostrum. 

1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  IV.  xlvi.  316  Rostral.  .,  when 
seated  on  a  rostrum.  1854  Orrs  Circ.  Sci.,  Org,  Nat.  1.  271 
The  compressed  rostral  teeth  of  the  saw-fish  are  deeply  im 
planted  in  sockets.  1880  GUNTHER  Fishes  335  The  rostral 
cartilage  is  produced  into  an  exceedingly  long,  flat  lamina. 

Rostrate  (r^'str^t),  a,  [ad.  L.  ro$trat-usy  f. 
rostrum  beak  :  see  -ATE.] 

fl.   =  ROSTRAL  a,  2.  Ob  s. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  vi.  iv.  I.  456  Forasmuch  as  we  are 
light  vpon  the  mention  of  Naual  or  Rostrate  coronets,  this 
would  be  noted  [etc.].  1674  EVELYN  Navig.  Misc.  Writ. 
(1825)  645  Their  rostrate  crowns,  and  that  pretty  insolence 
by  act  of  senate  allow'd  to  C.  DuiHius. 

2.  Having,  or  furnished  with,  a  rostrum  ;  ter 
minating  in  a  rostrum  :  a.  Bot. 

1819  Pantologict)  Rostrate  fruit,  in  botany,  n  beaked 
fruit.  Having  a  process  resembling  the  beak  of  a  bird  :  as 
in  geranium,  scandix,  pecten.  1830  LINDLEY  Nat.  Syst. 
llot.  61  The  apex..  rostrate,  and  elongated  in  various  ways 
beyond  the  insertion  of  the  filament.  1870  J.  D.  HOOKKR 
Stud.  Flora  13  Nuphar  luteum.  .  .  Berry  ovoid  rostrate. 
b.  Ent.,  Zool.,  etc. 

1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  IV.  xlvi,  307  Rostrate.  .,  when 
the  anterior  part  of  the  head  is  elongated  and  attenuated 
into  a  cylindrical  or  many-sided  rostrum  or  beak-.  1848 
Proc.  Ber^u.  JVaf.  Club  II.  305  Kody  ovate-oblong,  narrowed 
and  rostrate  in  front.  1884  Geot.  Mag.  560  In  other  forms, 
the  anterior  extremity  becomes  nasute  or  rostrate. 

IlostratecllJP'stre'ted),^.    [Seeprec.  and  -ED.] 

1.  =RoSTRALrt.  2;  also  of  a  galley,  having  a  beak. 
1705  ARBUTHNOT  Coins,  etc.  (1727)  249  He  brought  to  Italy 

an  hundred  and  ten  rostrated  Galleys  of  the  Fleet  of  Mithn- 
dates.  1796  MORSE.^  mer.  Geogr.  1  1.  424  The  rostrated  column 
erected  by  Duillius.  1832  Examiner  324/2  With  Roman 
temples  and  rostrated  columns  at  the  side  scenes.  1839 
Civil  Eng.%  Arch.  Jrnl.  II.  104  The  rostrated  decorations 
of  the  pedestal,  .proclaim  it  at  once  to  be  a  naval  trophy. 

2.  =  ROSTRATE  a.  2. 

1771  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  42/1  The  antherx  are  rostrated  and 
barren.  1819  G.  SAMOUELLK  Entoin.  Compendium  230 
Front  as  if  truncated,  vertical,  not  rostrated.  1849  Proc. 
Benv.Nat.  Club  II.  370  Head  rostrated.  1866  R.TATE  Brit. 
Mollusks  iv.  71  The  jaw  of  A  rion  hortensis  contrasts  strongly 
with  the  smooth  rostrated  jaw  of  Litnax. 
b.  In  specific  names  of  fishes,  etc. 

1797  SHAW  Naturalist's  Misc.  IX.  pi.  304  The  Rostrated 
whale..,  Blackish  sharp-snouted  whale,  c  1800  Ibid.  XIV, 
pi.  586  The  Rostrated  Gymnotus  :  ..  Long-snouted  Gymf 
notus.  1803  —  Gen.  Zool.  IV.  II.  337  Rostrated  chsetodoni 
Ibid.  401  Rostrated  scarus.  \ 

Rostrato-,  combining  form  of  ROSTRATE  a.t 
occas.  used  to  form  adjs.,  as  rostrato-nariform. 

1846  DANA  Zooph.  (1848)  432  In  some  instances  the  outer 
lip.  .is  elongate,  producing  a  rostrato-nariform  shape. 

Rostri  ferous,  a.  [f.  rostri-,  as  combining 
form  of  L.  rostmm  +  -FERGUS.]  Having  a  rostrum 
(esp.  as  distinguished  from  a  proboscis). 

1852  DANA  Crust,  i.  440  Ophthalmic  ring  not  rostriferous. 
1888  ROLLESTON  &  JACKSON  Anim.  Life^ifii  With  mouth 
.  .at  the  end  of  a  non-introversible  snout,  i.e.  rostriferous. 

RO'Striform,  a.  [ad.  mod.L.  rostriformis  \ 
cf.  prec.  and  -FORM.]  Having  the  form  or  shape 
of  a  beak  or  a  rostrum;  beak-like. 

1801  Phil.  Trains.  XCI.  260  Its  beginning,  with  a  rostri- 
form  point.  1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol,  III.  xxviii.  17  With 
a  maxilliferous  mouth  seldom  rostriform.  1856-8  W.  CLARK 
Van  der  Hoeveris  Zool.  I.  415  Head  with  anterior  process 
mostly  rostriform. 

Rostro-,  used  as  combining  form  of  ROSTRUM 
in  some  scientific  terms,  as  rostro-antennary^ 
-branchial^  -lateral. 

1872  H.  A.  NICHOLSON  Palaeont.  151  The  one  nearest  the 
rostrum  *  rostro-lateral1.  1888  Huxley  fy  Martin's  Elem. 
Biol.  225  A  rostro-antennary  branch  ;..  distributed  to  the 
antennule  and  rostrum. 

Ro'stroid,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  ROSTR-UM  +  -om.J 
Beak-like,  rostriform. 

1867  Smithsonian.  Misc.  Collect.  VII.  2  The  head  has  the 
same  long,  rostroid  appearance. 


t  Ro'StrOUS,  a.    06s.—1    [f.  I,.  ros/r-um  beak 
+  -ous.]     Having  a  beak  or  rostrum  ;  beaked. 
1651  BIGGS  Nt'w  Disp.  ?  284  Therefore  rostrous  animals, 

as  birds,  because  they  want  teeth,  have  need  of  a  double 

stomack. 

Ro'strulate,  a.  Ent.  [See  next  and  -ATE.] 
Having  a  rostrulum. 

1826  KIRBY  &  Sp.  Entomol.  IV.  xlvii.  383  Mouth  rostrulate. 

II  RiO'Strullim.  Ent.  [mod.L.,  dimin.  of  L. 
rostrum  beak.]  The  mouth-organ  of  the  rtilicidx 
or  fleas  (see  quot.). 

1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  \\\.  xxxiii.  362  Kosii-uluui,.. 
the  oral  instrument  of  Aphaniptera  .  .in  which  the  ordinary 
7>v//*z'are  replaced  by  a  bivalve  beak. 

II  Rostrum  (restrain).  PI.  rostra,  rarely 
rostrums,  [a.  L.  rostrum  beak.]  _,- 

1.  Ronir  Antiq.  The  platform  or  stand  for  public 
speakers  in  the  Forum  gf  ancient  Rome,  adorned 
with  the  beaks  of  ships  taken  from  the  Antiates  in 
338  B.C.;  also,  that  part  of  the  Korum  in  which 
this  was  situated  :  a.  In  //.  ,  _  , 

1579  NORTH  Plutarch,  Cicero  (1896)  V.  366  Antonius.. 
commaunded  his  head  and  his  hands  should  straight  be  set  up 
over  the  pulpit  for  Orations,  in  the  place  called  Rostra.  1600 
HOLLAND  Livy  IV.  xvii.  151  The  Statues  of  these  Embass- 
adours  which  were  at  Fidene  murdered,  were  set  up  openly 
at  the  charges  of  the  citie  in  the  Rostra.  1647  R.  STAPYLTON 
Ju-i'cnnl  61  The  city  of  Rome  had  four  great  forums  or 
piazzas,  i.  Forum  Rotnanum  or  vetus,  wherein  was_the 
comitium  or  hall  of  justice,  the  rostra  or  pulpits  for  orations 
[etc.].  1741  MIDDLE-TON  Cicero  I.  v.  393  Before  they  met, 
he  called  the  people  likewise  to  the  Rostra.  1765  SMOLLETT 
Trav.  (1766)  II.  128  Their  rostra  were  generally  adorned 
with  the  heads  of  some  remarkable  citizens.  1841  Penny 
Cycl.  XX.  176/1  The  rostra  was  between  the  Comitium,  or 
place  of  assembly  for  the  Curiffi,  and  the  Forum,  properly 
so  called,  or  place  of  assembly  for  the  Comitia  Tributa. 
1879  FROUDE  Ctesar  xv.  241  Pompey  came  forward  on  the 
Rostra  to  speak. 

b.  In  sing.  ;  also  applied  to  the  orators'  stand 
in  the  Athenian  assembly. 

1713  ADDISON  Calt>  n.  ii,  Myself  will  mount  the  Rostrum 
in  his  favour.  1751  KARL  ORRERY  Rem.  Swift  (1752)  185 
What  a  glorious,  what  a  consistent  figure,  must  Swift  have 
made  in  the  rostrum  at  Rome.  1770  LANGHORNE  Plutarch 
(1879)  I.  191  When  he  came  down  from  the  rostrum,  the 
women  paid  their  respects  to  him.  1850  GHOTK  Greece  II. 
Ivi.  (1862)  V.  92  Hyperbolus  is  named  by  Aristophanes  as 
having  succeeded  Kleon  in  the  mastership  of  the  rostrum  in 
the  Pnyx. 

2.  transf.  A  platform,  stage,  stand,  etc.,  adapted 
for  public  speaking. 

The  singular  form,  though  strictly  incorrect,  is  the  one 
commonly  employed  in  this  sense. 

1766  CLAP  Hist.  Vale  C.  77  It  is  built  of  Brick,..  with  a 
Steeple  and  Galleries,  in  which  are  three  Rostra  for  Ora 
tions,  Disputations,  &c.  1776  H.  WALPOLE  Let.  to  C'tcss 
Ossory  17  Dec.,  For  want  of  Parliament  General  Burgoyne 
is.  .making  an  oration  from  the  rostrum  to  the  citizens  of 
Westminster.  1813  Examiner  29  Mar.  198/2  From  the  okl 
rostrum,  he  harangued  the  populace.  1840  DICKENS  Barn. 
Ruiigc  xxxix,  Mr.  Tappertit  mounted  on  an  empty  cask 
which  stood  by  way  of  rostrum  in  the  room.  1877  BLACK 
Green  Past,  xxxix,  The  auctioneer  had  an  improvised  rost 
rum  put  up  for  himself  at  the  end  of  the  long  table. 
fig.  1886  LOWELL  Democracy  (1887)  II  This  age  of  pub 
licity,  where  the  newspapers  offer  a  rostrum  to  whoever  has 
a  grievance,  or  fancies  that  he  has. 

b.  spec.  A  pulpit.     PC&ojlg. 

1771  SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl.  (1815)  167  Humphry,  .owned 
that  he  had  been  encouraged  to  mount  the  rostrum  by  the 
example  and  success  of  a  weaver,  who  was  much  followed 
as  a  powerful  minister.  1784  COWPER  Task  II.  409  The 
things  that  mount  the  rostrum  with  a  skip,  And  then  skip 
down  again.  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mart,  xxxi,  As  the  worthy 
divine..  was  advancing  towards  the  rostrum.  1873  IM. 
DAVIES  Unorth.  Land.  (1876)  77  Mr.  Banks  glided  into  the 
Rostrum.  Ibid.  100  Though  mounted  withal  on  the  rost 
rum  of  Nonconformity. 

c.  The  platform  as  an  institution. 

1883  WHITTIER  Our  Country  43  Free  press  and  rostrum, 
church  and  school. 

3.  Rom.  Antiq.  A  beak-like  projection  from  the 
prow  of  a  warship;  =BEAK  sb.l  7. 

1674  EVELYN  Navigation  ff  Commerce  Misc.  Writ.  (1825) 
637xThe  Thasii  added  decks  ;  Piszus  the  rostrum,  or  beak- 
head.  a  1700  —  Diary  June  1645,  The  beakes  of  these 
vessells  are  like  the  ancient  Roman  rostrums.  1705  AUDLSON 
Italy  14  An  old  Rostrum  of  a  Roman  Ship,  that  stands  over 
the  Door  of  their  Arsenal.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  176/1  It 
pointed  towards  the  Comitium,  and  the  rostra  were  affixed 
to  the  front  of  it,  just  under  the  arches. 

4.  f  a.  The  beak  or  nose  of  an  alembic  or  still. 
1660  BOYLE  New  Exp.  Phys.  Jlf,-c/t.  viii.  64  The  Rostrum 

or  Nose  of  it.,  was  Hermetically  closed.  1684  tr.  BlancarcTs 
Phys.  Diet.,  Rostrum,  the  Pipe  to  conveigh  the  Liquor 
distilling  into  the  Receiver.  [Also  in  various  later  Diets.] 

t  b.  The  nozzle  of  a  pair  of  bellows.    Obs. 
I7o«  BAYNARD  Cold  Bathing  II.  236  Bellows  to  draw  the 
Aereal  Niter  in  at  the  Valve  or  Clack.,  which  closing  by  the 
Pressureof  the  Hand,  squeezethitoutofthe  Rostrum  or  Nose. 

t  c.  (See  qnot.)    Obs. 

1711  QUINCY  Phys.  Diet.  (ed.  2),  Rostrum,  is  used,  .also 
for  a  crooked  Scissars  which  the  Surgeons  in  some  Cases 
make  use  of  for  the  Dilatation  of  Wounds.    [Hence  in 
Johnson,  and  various  later  Diets.) 
fd.  (See  quot.)    Obs. 

'753  Chamber?  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.,  Rostrum  is  also  used  to 
signify  an  instrument  wherewith  paper  is  ruled  for  musical 
compositions. 

5.  /.ool.,   etc.    a.    A  beak   or  snout  ;   an  oral 
apparatus  of  an  elongated  form. 

101-3 


ROSULATE. 

1753  Chambers*  Cyct.  Suppl.  s.v,,  The  rostrum  or  snout 
in  fishes  varies  very  much  in  figure.  1803  P.  RUSSELL 
Indian  Fishes  II.  69  1'he  length  from  the  rostrum  to  the 
caudal  fin.  1834  McMt'RTRiE  Cuviers  A  nim.  Kingd,  303  A 
sucker  or  siphon,.. in  the  form  of  an  acute  inarticulated 
rostrum,.. fulfils  the  functions  of  a  mouth.  1871  DARWIN 
Desc.  Man  I.  viii.  255  In  some  weevil- beetles  there  is  a 
great  difference  between  the  male  and  female  in  the  length 
of  the  rostrum  or  snout. 

Comb.  1826  KIRBV  &  SP.  Entomol.  III.  xxxiv.  514  The 
Rhynchophorous  or  rostrum-bearing  beetles. 

b.  A  process  or  formation  resembling  a  beak. 

1815  BURROW  Conchol.  33  Caitda,  rostrum  or  beak;  the 
elongated  bases  of  the  belly,  lips  and  columella.  1831 
KNOX  Cloquefs  Anat.  37  This  aspect  ..  presents  on  the 
median  line  a  ridge,  called  the  rostrum  or  azygous  process. 
1878  HOLDER  Hum.  Osteol.  (ed.  2)  79  The  rostrum  of  the 
sphenoid  would  fit  into  the  gap  between  them.  1884-5 
KiversideNat.  Hist.  (1888)  I.  373  The  apex  of  this  phragmo- 
cone  is  enveloped  In  a  second  calcareous  shell,  the  rostrum 
or  guard. 

6.  Bot.  (See  quots.) 

1832  LINDLEY  Introd,  Bot.  (1839)  J7°  The  whole  mass  of 
the  corona  is  the  orlncitlu$..\  certain  horn-like  processes  are 
cornna,  or  horns ;  the  upper  end  of  these  is  the  beak,  or  rost 
rum.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  176/2  Rostrum,  a  botanical 
term  applied  to  any  rigid  prolongation  of  remarkable  length, 
or  to  any  additional  process  at  the  end  of  any  of  the  parts  of 
a  plant.  1866  Trcas.  Bot.,  Rostrum,  any  beak-like  exten- 
sion  ;  as  In  the  stigma  of  some  asclepiads. 

Rosulate  (r^-ziwl/t),  a.  Bot.  [f.  late  L. 
rosula,  dim.  of  rosa  rose  + -ATE  2.]  (See  quots.) 

1832  LINDLEY  Introd.  Bot.  418  Rosulate^  when  parts.. lie 
packed  closely  over  each  other,  like  the  petals  of  a  double 
ro.se.  1857  HENFREY  Eiem.  Bot.  44  Where  these  so-called 
'radical'  leaves  are  arranged  with  some  regularity,  and 
spread  out  horizontally,  as  in  the  House-leeks,  they  are  said  to 
be  rosulate.  1872  OLIVER  Eiem.  Bot.  ii.  221  A  low  perennial, 
with  tufted  woody  stock,  rosulate  linear  leaves,  and  pedun 
culate  capitate  Bowers. 

Rosum,  U.S.  and  dial,  variant  of  ROSIN  sb. 

B,OSy  (rJu'zi),  a.  Also  6  rossy,  6-8  rosie, 
S  rosey.  [f.  ROSE  sb.  +  -Y.  Cf.  MDu.  rosich 
(Du.  rozig}^  MUG.  rosic^  (G.  rosig,  rosig], 

An  OE.  rosig  has  been  inferred  from  the  dat.  sing. 
wscnm  tn  Thorpe's  Horn.  sElfri&\\.  334.  But  this  appears 
to  be  an  error  for  rosenur/t,  which  is  the  reading  in  two 
Bodleian  MSS.] 

1.  Having  the  crimson  or  pink  colour  of  a  rose  ; 
rose-coloured,  rose-red. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  in.  1755  Elementes  ..  Holden  a 
bond  perpetuely  durynge,  That  Phebus  mot  his  rosy  day 
forth  brynge.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  108/35  Rossy,  roseus. 
1615  CKOOKE  Body  of  Man  410  This  spirit,  .blesseth  all 
paries  with  ioy  and  iolitie  and  dies  them  with  a  Rosie 
colour.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  175  For  see  the  Morn., 
begins  Her  rosie  progress  smiling.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  vn. 
239  Alcinous  gave  the  sign,  And  bade  the  herald  pour  the 
rosy  wine.  1784  COWPER  Task  i.  495  The  lark  is  gay,  That 
dries  his  feathers.  .Beneath  the  rosy  cloud.  1823  CLISSOLD 
Ascent  Mt.  Blanc  23  The  western  arc  of  the  misty  circle 
kindled,  from  a  rosy  to  a  deep  reddening  glow.  1843  Beck's 
Florist  198  The  dark  crimson  feathered  upper  petals,  .con 
trast  prettily  with  the  white  centre  and  rosy  under  petals. 
1871  R.  ELLIS  Catullus  Ixiv.  309  Wreaths  sat  on  each  hoar 
crown,  Whose  snows  fiush'd  rosy  beneath  them. 

b.  Said  of  persons,  their  features,  etc.,  especially 
as  betokening  good  health. 

1593  SHAKS.  Lncr.  386  Her  lily  hand  her  rosy  cheek  lies 
under.  1611  —Cymb.  v.  v.  121  That  sweet  Rosie  Lad.  1697 
DRYDEN  SEneid  n.  807  She  held  my  hand, ..Then  from 
her  rosy  lips  began  to  speak.  1736  Gentt.  Mag.  VI.  454/1 
Dear  Doctor,  answered  the  Dean  ;  you  look  well  and  rosy, 
your  Colour  is  fresh.  1797-1805  S.  &  HT.  LEE  Canterb.  T. 
II.  165  The  carriage  he  was  often  pleased  to  fill  with  tired 
and  rosy  vintagers.  1807-8  W.  IRVING  Salmag.  (1824)  276 
Whenever  he  went  a  sparking  among  the  rosy  country 
girls  of  the  neighbouring  farms.  1848  THACKERAY  Van. 
Fair  xx,  The  honest  Irish  maid-servant.. asked  leave  to 
kiss  the  face  that  had  grown  all  of  a  sudden  so  rosy.  1875 
H.G.VVooD  Tkerap.  (1879)  408  It  is  an  every-day  occurrence 
to  see  pale  anaemic  patients  become,  whilst  taking  it,  rosy 
and  plethoric. 

c.  Blushing ;  accompanied  with  blushes. 
i6nSnAKS.  Cymb.\\.  v.  n  She.  .pray 'd  me  oft  forbearance  : 

did  U  with  A  pudencie  so  Rosie  [etc.].  1614  TOMKIS 
Albnmazar  \.  i,  Thou  know'st  my  rosy  modesty  cannot  do 
it.  1781  CowfER  Anti-Thelyph.  87  She.. turn 'd  her  rosy 
cheek  away.  1878  BROWNING  La  Saisiaz  10  Due  return  of 
blushing  '  Good  Night ',  rosy  as  a  borne-off  bride's, 

d.  spec.  (See  quot.) 

1847  HALLIW.  s,v.,  Hens,  when  they  commence  laying,  and 
their  combs  look  red  and  healthy,  are  said  to  be  rosy. 

e.  ellipt.  as  a  slang  term  for  '  wine  *. 

1840  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  vii,  Richard  Swiveller  finished 
the  rosy  and  applied  himself  to  the  composition  of  another 
glassful. 

2.  Resembling   a  rose;    esp.    sweet-smelling   or 
fragrant  as  a  rose,  rose-scented. 

a  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  m.  (Sommer)  247  b,  Did  not  a 


B.  JONSON  Epigr.  xcvii,  His  clok  with  orient  veluet  quite 
lin'd  through,  His  rosie  tyes  and  garters  soore-blowne.  1744 
AKENSIUE  Pleas,  Imag.  n.  168  That  name  indeed  Becomes 
the  rosy  breath  of  love. 

fig.  i8eo  KEATS  Lamia  i.  82  Whereat  the  star  of  Lethe 
not  delay'd  His  rosy  eloquence. 

3.  Abounding  in,  decorated  with,  roses ;  com 
posed  of  roses. 

1508  DUNBAR  Goldyn  Targe  40  The  rosy  garth  depaynt 
and  redolent  ..  Arayed  was,  by  dame  Flora  the  queene. 
1590  S  TENSER  F.  Q.  i.  ii.  37  A  Rosy  girjond  was  the  victors 
meede.  1634  MILTON  Comus  105  Braid  your  Locks  with 


804 

rosie  Twine.     1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Past.  VI.  34  His  rosie    | 
Wreath  was  dropt  not  long  before.     1743  FRANCIS  tr.  Hor.t 
Odes  i.  v.  2  What  youth,  the  rosy  bower  beneath,  Now 
courts  thee  to  be  kind? 

fig-  1*37  MONRO  Pract.  Ots.  iv.  in  Exped.  n.  194  As  this 
life  is  Rosie,  so  it  hath  flowers  mixed  with  thornes. 

4.  Of  times,  circumstances,  etc.  :   Bringing  hap 
piness  ;  bright,  gladsome ;  promising,  hopeful. 

J775  SHICKIDAN  Duenna  l.  \,  Her  rosy  slumbers  shall  not 
fly.  i8zo  KEATS  Lamia  I.  199  As  though  in  Cupid's  college 
she  had  spent  Sweet  days . . ,  And  kept  his  rosy  terms.  1874 
L.  MORRIS  To  a  Child  of  Fancy  ii,  My  little  dove,..  Who 
through  the  laughing  summer  day  Spendest  the  rosy  hours 
in  play.  1887  H.  SMART  Cleverly  Won  ix.  To  be  purposely 
knocked  over  when  his  chance  of  winning  looked  rosy, 
would  be  too  provoking. 

b.  transf.  Of  temperament :  Sanguine,  rare. 

1878  STEVENSON  Inland  I'oy.  (1902)  80  My  companion,  in 
a  rosier  temper,  listened  with  great  satisfaction  to  my 
Jeremiads. 

5.  In  special  collocations,   as  rosy  cross,  the 
supposed  emblem  of  the  Rosicrucians(also  attrib.~); 
rosy  drop  (see  quots.  and  ROSE-DROP  2)  ;  rosy 
finch,  a  bird  of  the  genus  Leucosticle,  native  to 
the  northern  parts  of   Asia  and  N.W.  America ; 
f  rosy  gills  (see  quot.)  ;  rosy  gull,  an  American 
species  of  gull. 

Also  in  various  names  of  moths,  as  rosy  day,  footman^ 
minor,  rustic:  see  J.  Rennie  Butterflies  fy  Motlis  (1832) 
72,  86,  etc. 

1631  UOLTON  Coinf.  Ajffl.  Consc.  (1640)  90  In  this  conflict 
..no  new  devise  of  the  Knights  of  the  *Rosie-crosse.  .is 
able  any  whit,  or  at  all,  to  revive,  ease,  or  asswage.  1653 
T.  VAUCHAN  (title)t  The  Fame  and  Confession  of  the 
Fraternity  of  R.  C.  Commonly,  of  the  Rosie  Cross.  1664 
BUTLER  Hud.  n.  iii.  651  As  for  the  Rosie-cross  Philosophers, 
Whom  you  will  have  to  be  but  Sorcerers.  1821  SCOTT 
Kenihv.  xviii,  Thou  hast  gulled  the  whole  brotherhood  of 
the  Rosy  Cross.  1891  [see  ROSICKUCIAN  A].  1822  GOOD 
Study  Med.  (1829)  II.  359  Carbuncled-face.  "Rosy  drop. 
187%  NAPHEYS  Prevent,  fy  Cure  Dis.  III.  xiii.  1081  Red 
swelling  on  the  face  of  hard  drinkers  and  high  livers,  known 
as  l  rosy  drop  '.  1801  LATHAM  Synop.  Birds  Suppl.  II.  207 
*Rosy  finch.  Fringilla  rosea . .  Inhabits  among  the  willows 
..in  Sibiria.  1884  COUES  N.  Amer.  Birds  350  Lctico- 
slicte, . .  Rosy  Finches,  a  1700  Ii.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew, 
*Rosy-gillst  sanguine  or  fresh-colour'd.  1831  Wilsons 
Amer.  Ornit/i.  IV.  353  Lams  Franklinii,  Franklin's 
*RoseyGull.  1872  COUES  N.  Amer.  Birds  316  Wedge- 
tailed,  or  Ross'  Rosy  Gull, .  .white,  rosy-tinted. 
b.  In  collocations  used  attrib.  (see  quots.). 

1843  Proc.  Benu.  Nat.  Club  II.  49  C.  rosacea. — Rosy 
Feather  Star.  1865  GOSSE  Land  <V  Sea  257  The  cones  of 
pellucid  rosy  lilac,  the  Rosy  Crumb  Sponge.  1898  IVestin. 
GHZ.  4  Nov.  9/2  Mandarin,  Muscovy,  and  rosy-bill  ducks. 

6.  With  other  adjs.  (or  sbs.)  expressing  colour, 
as  rosy  crimson,  rosy  red;  also  rosy  bright. 

1608  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iv.  Decay  159  The  Lillies 
of  her  breasts,  the  Rosie-red  In  either  cheek.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  vin.  619  With  a  smile  that  glow'd  Celestial  rosie  red. 
1725  POPE  Odyss.  in.  505  The  racy  wine, ..By  ten  long 
years  refin'd,  and  rosy  bright.  1832  TENNYSON  (Enone  176 
From  the  ground  her  foot  Gleamed  rosywhite.  1843  Bfafi 
Florist  179  With  large  handsome  foliage  and.  .flowers  of  a 
pleasing  rosy-crimson  colour.  1882  Garden  22  Apr.  271  The 
glowing  rosy  purple  hue. 

7.  Comb.,  chiefly  parasynthetic,  as  rosy-bosomed, 
-cheeked,-coloured, -faced,  etc.;  also  rosy-blushing, 
-dancing,  -warm. 

1398  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  ii.  iv.  Columns  449  Heav'n's 
*Rosie-blushing  cheeks.  1634  MILTON  Comus  986  The 
Graces,  and  the  "rosie-boosoiri  d  Howres.  1728-46  THOMSON 
Spring  1007  The  rosy-bosom'd  Spring  To  weeping  Fancy 
pines.  1603  BRETON  Packet  Mad  Lett.  I.  iii,  The  beautifull 
lineaments  of  »rosie  cheekt  Ladies.  1824  Miss  MITFORD 
Village  Ser.  I.  (1863)  114  Rosy-cheeked  apples,  plums  with 
the  bloom  on  them.  1833  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xxi.  IV. 
6ro  Foxhunting  squires  and  their  rosycheeked  daughters. 
1669  H.  MORE  Exp.  7  Epist.  78  The  Cardinals  should  go  in 
their  "Rosie-coloured  Hats  and  Robes.  1716  ROWE  Ode 
for  Nav  Year  viii,  On  the  balmy  air  sits  rosy-colour'd 
health.  1823  SCOTT  Qitentin  D.  xx,  All  the  rosy-coloured 
ideas.. which  flutter  about  the  couch  of  a  youth.  1754 
GRAY  Poesy  28  The  "rosy-crowned  Loves  are  seen  On 
Cytherea's  day.  1796  T.  TOWNSEND  Poems  31  O'er  the 
"rosy-dancing  tide.  1824  W.  IRVING  T.  Trav.  (1848)  5  In 
the  opinion  of  the  "rosy-faced  butler.  1744  AKENSIDE 
Pleas.  Imag.  n.  634  O  restore  The  "rosy-featur'd  maid. 
1728  THOMSON  Spring  488  While  the  "rosy-footed  May 


church,  c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  n.  1198  Therwith  al  "rosy 
hewed  tho  wex  she.  1773-83  HOOLE  Orl.  Fur.  xxv.  347,  I 
view'd  Her  sparkling  eyes,  her  features  rosy-hu'd.  1791 


. 

Ep.  (1695)  21  A  "Rosie-tincted  Feature  is  Heav'ns  Gold. 
1833  TENNYSON  Two  Voices  60  In  tufts  of  rosy-tinted  snow. 
1818  KEATS  Endyin.  iv.  313  Let  it  mantle  "rosy-warm  With 
the  tinge  of  love. 
Rosy  (rtfu-zi),  v.    rare.     [f.  the  adj.] 

1.  trans.  To  render  rosy;  to  tinge  with  rose- 
colour. 

1632  COLLIER  in  Benlowe  Theoph.  B  ivb,  Fond  Sense,  cry 
up  a  rosie  Skin,  Sacrata  rosy'd  is  within.  1864  A.  DE  VERB 
Infant  Bridal  195  At  first  a  gentle  fear  Rosied  her  coun 
tenance.  1883  JEFFERIES  Story  of  my  Heart  iii,  The  purple 
of  sunset  rosied  the  sward. 

2.  inlr.  To   become  rosy  or  rose-red.     Hence 
Ro'sying  vbl.  sb. 

1862  THORNBURY  Life  Turner  I.  28  The  rosying  in  twilight 
of  the  reaches  of  the  Thames.  1881  Argosy  XXXII.  223 
The  sea-pinks  rosying  in  ocean  cave. 


HOT. 

Kosycrusian,  obs.  form  of  ROSICRUCJAN. 

Rosy-fingered,  a.  Having  rosy  fingers. 
Chieflyy^.,  after  the  Homeric  /3oSo5a«Ti;Aos  M<us). 

1590  SPKNSER  /*".  Q.  I.  ii.  7  The  rosy  fingred  Morning 
faire.  1599  B.  JONSON  Cynthia's  Rev.  in.  v,  Take  her  by 
the  Rosie-fingerd  hand.  1657  J.  SMITH  Myst.  Rhet.  9 
Poets,  that  choose  rather  to  say,  rosie-fingered  Aurora  than 
red-fingered  Aurora.  1685  DBYDEN  Albion  fy  Alb.  u.  i,  The 
rosy-fingered  morn  appears.  1762  COWPER  To  Miss  Mac 
artney  97  So  may  the  rosy-finger'd  hours  Lead  on  the 
various  year.  1791  —  Odyss.  IX.  194  The  rosy-fingered 
daughter  of  the  dawn.  1853  KINGSLEY  Heroes  iv.  (1868)  45 
Rosy-fingered  Eos  came  blushing  up  the  sky.  1871  PAL- 
GRAVE  Lyr.  Poems  83  Rosy-finger'd  ye  come,  and  golden- 
hair'd  as  the  day. 

Rosyn(e,  obs.  forms  of  ROSIN. 

Rot  (r<Pt),  si.1  Forms  :  4-6  rote,  4-5  rott, 
5-7  rotte,  5  root;  4-  rot.  [App.  of  Scand. 
origin  :  cf.  Icel.,  Foer.,  Norw.  rot,  Sw.  dial,  rat, 
obs.  Da.  rodt,  rod,  raad  (iCth  c.),  LG.  rot, 
related  to  ROT  v.,  ROTTEN  a.] 

1.  The  process  of  rotting,  or  the  state  of  being 
rotten  ;  decay,  putrefaction  ;  also,  rotten  or  decayed 
matter. 

a  1300  Cursor  AT.  5921  For  |?e  rotte  bat  bar-on  felh.Ne 
was  in  hus  na  vessel  fre.  Ibid.  19001  In  hell  Ne  suld  noght 
crist  be  left  to  duell,  Ne  neuer  o  rote  his  flexs  ha  sight.  13. . 
E.  E.Allit.  P.  B.  1079  per  was  rose  reflayr  where  rote  has 
ben  euer.  1382  WYCLIF  Micali  ii.  jo  For  the  vnclennesse 
therof  it  shal  be  corrupt  with  the  warst  rott.  c  1440  Promp. 
Parv.  437/1  Rot,  or  rotynge,  corrupcio,  putrcjaccio.  1483 
Cath.  Angl.  312/1  A  Rote,  caria,  caries,  liuor.  1750 /Vi/V. 
Trans.  XLV1.  444  It  was  a  hollow  Bag,  as  he  thought,  filled 
with  Rot  and  corruption.  1834  S.  DOBELL  Balder  i,  Your 
rot  Glimmers  in  corse-lights  on  the  shuddering  dark. 

fig-  '538  STARKEY  England  u.  ii.  194  Who  ys  so  blynd 
that  seth  not ..  the  grete  infamy  and  rote  that  remeynyth  in 
vs  ?  1581  MULCASTER  Positions  159  marg.,  The  main  rot  of 
the  Romaine  empire.  1601  WEEVER  Mirr.  Mart.  A  vij, 
Many  headed  Rumour,  Vices  preseruer,  vertues  festred  rot. 
1859  WHITTIER  Preacher  65  From  the  death  of  the  old  the 
new  proceeds,  And  the  life  of  truth  from  the  rot  of  creeds. 

2.  A  virulent  disease  affecting  the  liver  of  sheep 
which  are  fed  on  moist  pasture-lands ;  inflamma 
tion  of  the  liver  caused  by  the  fluke-worm,  liver- 
rot.     Usually  with  the. 

See  a\so/oot-,  hunger-,  liver-,  pelt-,  mater-,  tuinler-rot. 

1:1400  Rule  St.  B?nct  1331-2  For  thurgh  a  schep  (>at  rote 
base  hent  May  many  schep  with  rote  be  schent.  c  1460 
Towneley  Myst.  xii.  26  All  my  shepe  ar  gone, .  .The  rott 
has  theym  slone.  1338  STARKEY  England  I.  iii.  08  When 
they  [i.  e.  sheep]  are  closyd  in  ranke  pasturys  &  butful 
ground,  they  are  sone  touchyd  wyth  the  skabe  and  the 
rotte.  1346  Stiff  lie.  Poors  Commons  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  85 
When  it  hath  pleased  God  to  punish  vs  with  the  rot  of 
our  shepe.  1647  TRAPP  Comm.  Rom.  v.  12  As  the  rot  over- 
runneth  the  whole  flock.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  xn.  179  His 
cattel  must  of  Rot  and  Murren  die.  1712  E.  COOKE  Voy. 
S.  Sea  69  Sometimes  the  Rot  among  Cattel  is  rather  a 
Relief  than  a  Damage.  1766  Compl.  Fanncr_  s.v.  RaliHt 
6  H  4/2  Rabbits  are  subject  to.  .the  rot,  which  is  caused  by 


flooding,  where  it  is  practised,  that  the  fatal  disease  of  rot 
is  introduced.  1864  T.  S.  COBBOLD  Entozoa  171  In  the 
season  of  1830-31,  the  estimated  deaths  of  sheep  from  rot 
was  between  i,ooo,oeo  and  2,000,000. 

b.  A  particular  form,  instance,  or  epidemic,  of 
this  disease. 

1538  STARKEY  England  l.  iii.  98  Commynly  they  dye 
of  skabe  and  rottys  in  grete  nombur,  wych  cumyth.. by- 
cause  they  are  nuryschyd  in  so  fat  pasture.  1617  MORY- 
SON  /tin.  n.  68  Many  private  men  in  England  have  in  one 
yeere  lost  more  cattel  by  a  rot,  then  the  Pale  lost  by  this 
spoyling  of  the  rebels.  1668  MORE  Din.  Dial.  n.  x.  (1713) 
116  Nor  dare  I  adventure  to  propose  to  you  the  Murrain  of 
Cattle  or  Rots  of  Sheep.  1763  MILLS  Pract.  Huso.  III. 
416  A  farmer  who  kept  four  hundred  sheep  tried  this  receipt 
in  the  last  general  rot  (about  five  vears  ago).  1768-74 
TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  535  The  simple  sheep  licks  up 
the  autumnal  dews  hanging  upon  her  pasture,  which  gives 
a  rot  to  her  flesh.  1864  J.  FORSTER  Sir  J.  Eliot  I.  102  Was 
not  the  first  rot  or  scab  that  came  among  English  sheep 
brought  by  one  out  of  Spain  f 

fig.  1667  DAVENANT  &  DRYDEN  Tempest  Epi!.  4  Among 
the  muses  there's  a  general  rot.  1763  H.  WALPOLE  Lett. 
(1892)  IV.  432  There  seems  to  be  a  rot  among  princes  :  the 
Emperor  Don  Philip  and  the  Duke  are  dead. 

e.  Red  rot:  see  RED  a.  19.  White  rot,  the 
plant  Hydrocotyle  vulgaris,  belonging  to  the  order 
Umbelliferst ;  marsh  pennywort,  sheep-rot ;  also, 
rot-grass  (Pinguicula  vulgaris}. 

1597  GERARDE  Herbal  424  Water  Penny woort  is  called. . 
in  English  Sheepes  killing  Pennygrasse,  Pennyrot.  and  in 
the  north  countrie  White  rot.  1640  PARKINSON  Theat.  Bat. 
534  They  call  it  [butterwort]  White  rot, ..(or  the  Country 
people  doe  thinke  their  sheepe  will  catch  the  rot,  if  for 
hunger  they  should  eate  thereof.  1806  GALPINE  Brit.  Bot. 
21  Hydrocotyle,  White-Rot.  1886  HOLLAND  Cheshire  Gloss. 
389  White  Rot,  Hydrocotyle  vulgaris. 

3.  A  putrescent  or  wasting  disease  in  persons. 

1388  WYCLIF  Prm.  xii.  4  Rot  is  in  the  boonys  of  that 
womman,  that  doith  thingis  worthi  of  confusipun.  a  1585 
MONTGOMERY  Flytingyz  The  painful!  poplesie,..The  rot, 
the  roup,  and  the  auld  rest,  a  1592  GREENE  Jos.  IV, 
IV  iii,  Go,  and  the  rot  consume  thee  !  1607  SHAKS.  Timon 
iv.  iii.  64,  I  will  not  kisse  thee,  then  the  rot  returnes 
To  thine  owne  lippes  againe.  1630  BULWER  Antliro- 
pomet.  87  We  most  justly  abhorre  the  Nose  that  is  sunk  into 
this  figure  by  the  Venerian  rot.  «6«a  R.  MATIIEW  Uiil. 


ROT. 

Alch.  69  Abusing  himself  in  all  blasphemies,  riot  and  excess, 
in  due  time  the  Rot,  or  the  Pox  overtook  them.  1836 
Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  7)  XI V.  510/2  The  disease  called  grinder's 
rot,  an  incurable  consumption.  1898  [see  GRINDER  g], 

*t*  b.  In  the  imprecation  J\ot  on  or  upon.   Obs. 

1624  HEYWOOD  Captives  u.  ii.  in  Bullen  O.  PI.  IV,  Rott 

on  that  villeyne  !  no.    1638  CoWLKY £0fV' J  Riddle  I,  A  rott 

upon  you ;  you  must  still  be  humoured.     Ibid,  iv,  Rot  on 

your  possibles. 

4.  Decay  in  timber  or  other  vegetable  products, 
stone,  etc.     See  also  DBY-ROT. 

1830  LYELL  Princ.  Geol.  I.  217  The  rock  may  with  pro 
priety  be  said  to  have  the  rot,  for  it  crumbles  to  pieces  in 
the  hand.  1841  EMERSON  Man  the  Reformer  Wks._(Bohn) 
II.  240  Every  species  of  property  is  preyed  on  by  its  own 
enemies,  as  iron  by  rust,  timber  by  rot.  1868  Rep.  U.  S. 
Comnt.  Agric.  (1869)  214  Low,  wet  soils  almost  invariably 
produce  rot  in  the  berry.  1882  DE  WINDT  Equator  85 
Enormous  holes  in  the  bamboo  flooring  occasioned  by  rot. 

5.  slang.  Nonsensical  rubbish;  trash,  bosh. 
1848   SHILLETO  in  Whibley  In  Cap  fy  Gown  (1890)   228 

Your  Natural-rot,  your  Moral-bosh.  1857  HUGHES  Tom 
Brown  vi,  Let's  stick  to  him  and  talk  no  more  rot.  1882 
Miss  BRADDON  Mt.  Royal  III.  i.  13  You  are  just  the  sort  of 
woman  to  believe  in  that  kind  of  rot. 

6.  Cricket.    A    rapid   break-down    or    fall    of 
wickets  during  an  innings.     Also  transf. 

1884  LillyivJiite's  Cricket  Ann.  64  After  this  came  the  rot, 
and  the  total  only  reached  118.  1901  Westm.Gas,  24  Apr.  2/3 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  something  can  be  done  (as  cricketers 
would  say)  to  '  stop  the  rot  *. 

7.  Comb.,  as  rot-disease,  epidemic, -proof, -proofed, 
-stricken  ;  f  rot-bean  (see  quot.) ;  rot-grass,  one 
or  other  of  several  plants  supposed  to  cause  rot  in 
sheep  (see  quots.);  rot-heap,  a  rubbish-heap ;  rot- 
steep  (see  quot.  1838)  ;  rot-stone,  =  rotten-stone. 

1716  Peti-veriana  i.  180  Barbadoes  *Rot-bean,.  .Jctaiba 
Barbad.  lobis  minoribus.  1864  T.  S.  COBBOLD  Entozoa  173 
The  main  facts  relating  to  the  origin . .  of  the  *rot-disease. 
Ibid.  172  The*rot  epidemic  of  1824.  1631  R.  ^{..Arraignin. 
Whole  Creature  ix.  69  They  are  as  *rot  grasse  to  sheepe. 
1794  HUTCHINSON  Hist.  Cumb.  L  App.  30,  Pinguiciila  vut- 
garis,  Rot-grass,  supposed  highly  injurious  to  sheep,  on 
moi.st  grounds.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  1.350  Melica 
ccerulea^ . .  fly-bent  or  rot-grass.  1863  PRIOR  Brit.  Plants  192 
Rot-grass,  from  its  being  supposed  to  bane  sheep,  a  grass 
in  the  sense  of  herbage,  Ptnguicula  vulgaris.  1881  Miss 
ORMEROD  Man.  Injurious  Ins.  43  Burning  the  infested  old 
cabbage-stocks . . ,  instead  of  throwing  them  into  *rot-heaps. 
1870  Daily  News  19  Aug.  2  Blocks  of  wood  on  end,  with 
gravel  pounded  between,  the  whole  made  permanently 
waterproof  and  *rotproof.  1884  Health.  Exhib.  Cat.  90/1 
Rotproof  Non-poisonous  Wall  Linings.  Ibid.  104/2  Ham 
mock  Awnings,  comprising  also  *Rotproofed  specimens. 
1838  T.  THOMSON  Chcm.  Qrg.  Bodies  396  The  cloth  is  steeped 
in  a  weak  alkaline  ley  to  remove  the  weaver's  dressing.  This 
is  technically  called  the  *rot  steep.  1874  W.  CROOKES  Dye 
ing  fy  Cal.-printtng  45  The  'rot  steep  ,  so  called  because 
the  flour  or  size  with  which  the  goods  were  impregnated 
was  formerly  allowed  to  ferment  and  putrefy.  1819  SCOTT 
Leg.  Montrose  vi,  The  soldier,  who  was.. burnishing  his 
corslet  with  *rot-stone  and  shamois-leather.  1897  Mont  It 
June  638  One  who.. had  allowed  human  beings  to  perish 
like  *rot-stricken  sheep. 

t  Rot,  S&.2  Obs.  [a.  Du.  rot  neut,  or  G.  rotte 
fern.,  a.  OF.  rotte,  rote,  route,  ROUT  j£.l]  A  file 
(of  soldiers).  Cf.  RAT  sb$  Also  attrib. 

1635  BARRIFFE  Mil.  Discipl.  cxx.  (1643)  417  The  other 
thirty  two  rots  of  Muskettiers  belonging  to  the  middle 
squadron.  1637  MONRO  Expedit.,  etc.  n.  Abridgm.  Exerc. 
183  There  must  be  nine  Rots  of  Pikemen,  which  have  the 
Right  hand,  and  twelve  Rots  of  Musketiers  on  the  left 
hand.  Ibid.)  Two  are  esteemed  as  Leaders,  being  a  Cor- 
porall  a  Rot-master  or  Leader,  and  an  under  Rot-master. 

t  Rot.  a.  Obs.  [f.  ROT  v.  Cf.  Du.  rot,  LG. 
rb'tt  rot.\  Rotten ;  decayed. 

1598  BP.  HALL  Sat.  iv.  iv.  118  Byting  on  Annis-seede,  and 
Rose-marine,  Which  might  the  Fume  of  his  rot  lungs  refine. 
1620  Westward  for  Smelts  (Percy  Soc.)  19  Her  teeth  were 
rot,  Her  tongue  was  not.  1631  R.  H.  Arraignm.  Whole, 
Creature  xiv.  235  Those  things.. are  as  rot  as  our  Irish 
bogs,  or  English  Quagmires.  1707  MORTIMER  //>«£.  (1721) 
I.  189  A  good  quantity  of.  .well-rot  Dung  and  Earth  mixt 
together. 

Rot  (rpt),  v.  Forms  :  i  rotian,  3  rotien,  3-4 
rotie,  3-5  rotye,  5  rootye  ;  3-5  roten,  5  rotyn 
(rooton);  4  roote,  4-5  root,  5  royt ;  4-6  rote, 
rotte,  4-  rot.  [Common  Tetit. :  OE.  rotian,— 
Fris.  rotsje,  MDu.  roten,  rotten  (Du.  rotten},  OS. 
rotdn  (MLG.  roten,  LG.  rotten}  y  OHG.  ro%pn\ 
Icel.  rota  (trans.),  obs.  Da.  rodde,  rede :  see  ROTTEN 
a.,  and  cf.  the  etym.  note  to  RET  z>.-] 

1.  intrt  Of  animal  substances :  To  undergo 
natural  decomposition  ;  to  decay,  putrefy,  through 
disease,  mortification,  or  death. 

€897  K.  ^ELFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xxi.  153  Swa  se  Ixce, 
tfon ne  he  on  untiman  lacnaS  wunde,  hio  wyrmse<5  &  rota5. 
(iooo  Sax.  Leechd.  II.  264  Mane^um  men  lungen  rotaS. 
c  1055  Byrhtfertfis  Handbag  in  Anglia  VII 1. 299  Mid  ^am 
man  smyrao  ricra  manna  lie  (?set  hij  rotian  ne  mason. 
c  1200  ORMIN  4773  He  warrb  all.  .secnedd,  Swa  swibe  patt 
hiss  bodi}  toe  To  rotenn  bufenn  eor|>e.  c  1275  Serving 
Christ  72  in  O.  E.  Misc.  92  Bobe  him  schal  rotye  >at  body 
and  pe  bon.  13 . .  Sir  Beues  2697  Her  I  legge  al  to-blowe, 
And  roteb  me  flesch  fro  b6  bon.  1387  TREVISA  Higden 
(Rolls)  I.  363  pere  is  an  ilond,  pere  no  dede  body  may  roty. 
c  1440  Jacob's  Well  125  panne  fell  on  his  fote  a  maladye, 
bat  it  rotyd.  {71520  L.  ANDREW  Noble  Ly/e  Lij,  Than  the 
fedders  of  the  goshawke  rote  of  y*  dounge  of  ardea  as  far 
as  it  toucheth.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Acts  ii.  gb, 
Although  his  bodye  was  laid  in  graue  voyde  of  all  lyfe,  yet 
ther  it  did  not  rotte  or  putrify.  i6oz  SHAKS,  Ham.  v.  i.  179 


805 

How  long  will  a  man  lie  i'  th'  earth  ere  he  rot?  1737 
Ccntl.  Mag.  VII.  117/2  The  rest  are  stark  dead,  and  may 
rot  when  they  list.  1791  COWPER  Iliad  iv,  212  Where  he 
left  his  brother's  bones  to  rot.  1887  MORRIS  Odyss.  xn.  46 
Dead  men  rotting  to  nothing. 

b.  Similarly  of  other  substances  liable  to  natural 
decay,  as  timber,  fruit,  vegetable  matter,  etc. 

c  897  K.  /ELFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xxii.  171  Of  Sa:m 
treowe  sethim,  Saet  rut f re  ne  rotaS.  c  1000  /KLFRIC  Exod. 
xvi.  24  Hit  [sc.  the  manna]  ne  rotode.  c  1200  Vices  c^ 
Virtues  91  Hier  is  igadered  swilch  timber  Se  nseure  rotien 
ne  mni.  c  1250  6V?*.  <$•  Ex.  3342  It  [the  manna]  wirmede, 
bredde,  and  rotede  5or.  a.  1300  Cursor  M.  23893  pat  bat 
besaunt  rote  noght  in  hord.  1382  WYCLIF  7-svzmA  xl.  20  The 
stronge  tree,  and  the  vtiable  to  roten,  ches  the  wise  craftes 
man.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  ii.  5  Cedre  may  nogt  rote  in 
erthe  ne  in  water.  1470-83  MALORY  Morte  Arth.  xvu.  vi. 
698  She  lete  make  a . .  clothe  of  sylke  that  shold  neucr  rote 
for  no  maner  of  weder.  1530  PALSGR.  694/1  This  peare  wyll 
rotte  if  you  eate  it  nat  betyme.  1581  MuLCASTER -/VjvVltfWJ 
vi,  (1887)  40  Like  come  not  reaped,  but  suffered  to  rotte  by 
negligence  of  the  owner.  1630  R,  Johnson's  Kingd.  <$• 
Commiv.  540  Yet.. the  Grasse  groweth  at  least  one  yard 
high,  and  rotteth..upon  the  ground.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr. 
Thevenofs  Trav.  I.  136  Sycamore-Wood.. that  does  not 
rot  so  soon  as  other  Wood.  1726  LEONI  Albertis  Arch.it. 
I.  34/1  There  will  be  some  small  unconcocted  Stones  in  it, 
which  afterwards  coming  to  rot,  throw  out  little  Pustules. 
1748  Anson's  Voy.  n.  iv.  219  Several  of  her  casks  had  rotted. 
1822  SHELLEY  When  the  Lamp  iv,  From  thy  nest  every 
rafter  Will  rot.  1858  GLENNY  Everyday  Bk.  203/2  Piled  in 
a  stack,  till  the  grass  and  fibre  all  rot  together.  1876  J. 
SAUNDERS  Lion  in  Path  i,  Still  year  after  year  the  fruit  has 
rotted  and  dropped. 

C.  In  pa.  pple.  used  predicatively. 

c  1290  St.  "James  301  in  S.  Eng.  Leg,  I.  43  pis  joungue 
Man  sixe  and  britti  dawes  heng  up-on  be  galu-trco  Are  is 
fader  a-^ein  to  him  come,  bat  i-roted  he  au^te  to  beo.  c  1350 
Will.  Paler nc  4124  For  many  a  day  hade  i  he  ded  &  to  dust 
roted,  nadde  it  be  goddes  grace.  1387  TREVISA  Higden 
(Rolls)  VI.  475  Whan  here  body  was  j-take  up  of  be  erbe  it 
was  i-fbunde  a!  i-roted  and  i-torned  into  powder.  1419  in 
Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser. ir.  1.69  The  Kele..is  yrotyt  and  must 
be  chaungyd.  1561  HOLLYBUSH  Horn.  Apoth,  27  If  the 
iaundis  were  rotted  in  a  man.  1593  SHAKS.  Liter,  823  The 
branches  of  another  roote  are  rotted.  1668  [see  next].  1726 
LEONI  Albertis  Archit.  1.7/1  Stones. .in  Buildings,  if  their 
Tops  are.  .rotted,  shew  the  Intemperature  of  the  Air.  1872 
BUSHNELL  Serm.  Living  Sub j.  369  They  are  humbled  to  a. 
point  so  low  by  their  idols,  rotted  into  falsehoodf  buried  in 
lust  and  shame. 

d.  With  away,  off,  out. 

c  1440  Alph,  Tales  64  per  happend  a  surans  for  to  fall  in 
hys  lymbe,  bat  his  fute  rotid  off.  a  1548  HALL  C/tron.t 
Rich.  IIL,  28  Myles  Forest,  at  sa'mct  Martyns  le  graunde 
by  pece  nieale. miserably  rotted  awaye.  1607  SHAKS.  Timon 
iv.  iii.  63  Thy  lips  rot  off.  1668  CULPEPER  &  COLE  Barthol. 
Anat.  m.  ix.  149  Some  Scythians,  whose  earlets  ar  mortified 
and  rotted  of  with  cold.  1678  ILLINGSWORTH  {title\  A  Just 
Narrative,  or  Account  of  the  Man  whose  Hands  and  Legs 
rotted  off  in  the  Parish  of  Kingswinford.  1802-12  I'CNTHAM 
Ration.  Judic,  Evid.  (1827)  I.  398  Say,  you  wish  your 
tongue  may  rot  off,,  .if  you  ever  saw  any  such  tiling.  1849 
LYKLL  -2nd  Visit  U.  S.  II.  137  Some  of  the  trunks  must 
have  rotted  away  to  the  level  of  the  ground. 

2.yf^.  in  various  contexts,  chiefly  denoting  decay 
of  a  moral  or  abstract  kind. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  84  peo  bet  rotiecS  and  stinkecS  al  ine  ful<5e 
of  hore  sunnen.  1382  WYCLIF  Jer.  xiii.  9  Thus  to  roten  Y 
shal  make  the  pride  of  Juda.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PL  C.  vi.  151 
Ryght  so  religion  roteb  and  sterueth.  1460  Roils  ofParlt. 
V.  377/2  Though  right  for  a  tyme  rest  and  bee  put  to 
silence,  yet  it  roteth  not  ner  shall  not  perissh.  1594  T.  li. 
La  Priinand.  Fr,  Acad.  n,  27r  If  wee  staye  and  as  it  were 
rotte  in  these  base,  brutish  and  supposed  pleasures.  1707 
M.  HENRY  Serm.  Wks.  1853  JI-  597/r  It  is  true  of  prayer, 
what  we  say  of  winter,  that  it  never  rots  in  the  skies.  1838 
LYTTON  Alice  vr,  v,  Take  the  history  of  any  civilised  state 
before  she  rotted  back  into  second  childhood.  1870  LOWELL 
Study  Windows  25  If  they  are  cheated,  it  is,  at  worst,  only 
of  a  superfluous  hour,  which  was  rotting  on  their  hands. 
1891  Spectator  13  June,  A  kind  of  society.,  which  always 
ends,  sooner  or  later,  by  rotting  down. 

3.  Of  persons :  To  become  affected  with  some 
putrescent  or  wasting  disease,  esp.  as  the  result  of 
confinement  in  jail. 

1340  Ayenb.  32  pe  ilke  anlikneb  bane  ssrewe  bet  heb  leuere 
rotye  in  a  prison  [etc.],  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xiv.  22  Lo, 
how  pacience.  .brouhte  hem  al  aboue  bat  in  bale  rotede. 
1542-3  Act  34  <$•  35  Hen.  VIIft  c.  8  §  i  Many  rotte,  and 
perishe  to  death  for  lacke  of  helpe  of  surgery.  1387  GOLDING 
De  Mornay  xxvii.  (1592)  437  If  I  in  the  meane  whyle  do 
rotte  there  [in  prison].  1692  Covenant  of  Grace  n,  I  might 
use  extremity  towards  you,  cast  you  into  Prison,  and  there 
let  you  Rot.  1758  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  22  p  5  Some  will 
confess  their  resolution  that  their  debtors  shall  rot  in  gaol. 
1784  COWPER  Task  m.  805  He.. Can  dig,  beg,  rot,  and 
perish.  1889  JESSOPP  Coming  of  Friars  i.  6  The  civil 
authorities  took  no  account  of  them  as  long  as  they  quietly 
rotted  and  died. 

b.  Of  sheep :  To  become  affected  with  the  rot. 

1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  66  If  thou  waine  thy  calues  with 
hey,,  .the  rather  they  wyll  rotte  whan  they  come  to  grasse. 
1596  HARJNGTON  JMetam.  Ajax  (1814)  3  The  poor  sheep 
would  eat  him  without  salt  (as  they  say);  but  if  they  do, 
they  will  soon  after  rot  with  it.  1637  MILTON  Lycidas  127 
The  hungry  Sheep.. Rot  inwardly,  and  foul  contagion 
spread.  1683  TRYON  Way  to  Health.  88  Over-wet  Weather 
will  corrupt  them,  and  cause  them  to  Rot  in  moist  low 
Grounds. 

4.  trans.  To  affect  with  decomposition,  putres 
cence,  or  decay  ;  to  corrupt,  make  rotten. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Cook's  T.  43  Wei  bet  is  roten  Appul  out  of 
hoord,  Than  bat  it  rotie  al  the  remenaunt.  1557  NOKTH 
Gueuara's  Diall  Pr,  442  Let  an  apple  have  never  so  little 
a  broose,  that  broose  is  ynough  to  rotte  him  quickely.  1572 
BOSSEWELL  Armorie  n.  118  Her  dung  is  poyson  to  the 


KOTA. 

Hauke,  and  rotteth  her  fethers.  1604  HIERON  Wks.  I.  504 
He  shewed  His  Justice  in  rotting  it  at  the  other  time.  1672 
MARVELL  Reh.  Transp.  i.  132  A  Dart,  that  where  it  does 
but  draw  blood,  rots  the  person  immediately  to  pieces.  1726 
LHONI  AlbertVs  Arc/lit.  I.  58/1  To  keep  the  mortar  from 
rotting  the  Timber.  1733  TULL  Horse~noeing  Hnsb.  68  It 
Is  long  continual  Rains  that  Rot  or  Chill  the  Blossoms.  1820 
W.  SCORESBY  Ace.  Arctic  Reg.  I.  271  The  salt  in  the  sea.. 
destroys  the  tenacity  of  the  bay-ice. .,  and,  in  the  language 
of  the  whale-fisher,  completely  rots  it.  1889  Anthony's 
Photogr.  Bull.  II.  241  It  is  necessary  to  rot  or  sweat  ink 
after  it  is  ground  from  ten  to  twenty-four  hours. 

re/I.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  $•  Cl.  i.  iv.  47  This  common  bodie 
..Goes  too,  and  backe,.  .To  rot  itselfe  with  motion.  1649 
BLITHE  Eng.  Improv.  hiipr.  (1653)  113  Many  of  your  Cold, 
Sowr,  Rushy  Pastures,  Rot  themselves  though  never  plowed. 

b.  fig.   Also  const,  with  off,  out. 

1567  Trial  Treas.  in  Hazl.  Dodslcy  III.  284  The  Ruler  of 
all  rulers  will.,  rot  their  remembrance  off  from  the  ground. 
*579  TOMSON  Calvin  s  Serin,  Tun.  116/2  We  shall  see  these 
vermine  that  seeke  nothing  else  hut  to  rotte  or  venime 
the  Church  of  God.  1628  FORD  Lover's  Mel.  \.  ii,  Why 
shouldn't  I.. snarl  at  the  vices  Which  rot  the  land.  1848 
LYTTON  Harold ix.  ii,  Better  that  \ve  had  rotted  out  our  lives 
in  exile.  1871  CARLYLE  in  Daily  News  4  Jan.,  This  I  lay 
at  the  door  of  our  spiritual  teachers.,,  who  thereby  incal 
culably  rot  the  world. 

c.  spec.  To  ret.     Cf.  ROTTIXG  vbl.  sb.  2. 
1835-6  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VIII.  702/1  The  operation 

of  rotting,  or  as  it  is  most  commonly  called,  water-retting, 
flax  and  hemp. 

5.  To  affect  (sheep)  with  the  rot.     Also  absol. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  408  panne  he  Icdib  his  sheep 
wel  in  hool  pasture  t>at  wole  not  rote.  1523  FITZHKRB. 
Husb,  §  54  It  is  necessary  that  a  shepeherde  shoulde  knowe 
what  thynge  rotteth  shepe.  1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  iv.  iv.  93 
More  dangerous  Then  baites  to  fi>h,  or  hony  stalkes  to 
sheepe,  When  as  the  one  is  wounded  with  the  baite,  The 
other  rotted  with  delicious  foode.  a  1656  VINES  Lord's 
Sitppcr  (1677)  221  No  shepherd  would  call  his  sheep  into  such 
pastures  as  will  certainly  rot  them.  1725  RAMSAY  Gentle 
Sheph.  i.  ii,  Blashy  thows  ..  may  rot  your  ews,  1794 
Trans.  Soc.  Arts  XII.  235  Produce  of  the  land.. very 
rushy, . .  and  always  rotted  sheep.  1854  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc. 
XV.  i.  234  Apparently  sound  pastures,  .have  rotted  sheep 
this  Season. 

6.  Used    in    imprecations   against   a   person    or 
thing,  sometimes  merely  an   outburst  of  irritation 
or  impatience. 

1588  SHAKS.  Titus  A.  v.  i.  58  But  vengeance  rot  you  all. 
1611 — Cymb.  n.  iii.  136  The  South-Fug  rot  him.  1664 
COTTON  Scarronides  i.  Wks.  (1715)  37  Where  on-,e  your 
what  shall 's  caH'ums — (rot  em,  It  makes  me  mad  1  have 
forgot  'em),  Liv'd  a  great  while.  1682  DRVDEN  Frol.  to 
Southerns  s  Loyal  Brother  5  Both  pretend  love,  and  both 
(plague  rot  'em  !)  hate.  1709  STEELE  Taller  No,  73  P  2  Rot 
you,  Sir,  I  have  more  Wit  than  you.  1756  FOOTE  Engl.fr. 
Paris  ii,  I'll  be  rot  if  we  don't  make  them  caper  higher. 
1767  S.  PATERSON  Anoth.  Trav.  II.  52  Rot  the  name  of  the 
first  post  !  I  have  forgot  it.  1817  KEATS  Lett.  Wks.  1889 
III.  74  For,  rot  it  !  I  forgot  to  bring  my  mathematical  case 
with  me.  1859  DICKENS  T,  TT.VO  Cities  n.  v,  '  She  was  the 
admiration  of  the  whole  Court  ! '  *  Rot  the  admiration  of 
the  whole  Court  ! ' 

7.  slang.  To  chaff  severely.     Also  absol. ,  to  talk 
nonsense.     (Cf.  ROT  sf>.1  5.) 

1890  LEHMANN  H,  Fludycr  at  Cambridge  106  Everybody 
here  would  have  rotted  me  to  death.  1899  PHILLPOTTS 
Jlunian  Boy  169  Freckles,  who  was  an  awfully  sportsman 
like  chap  really,  said  he  wa-i  only  rotting  all  the  time. 

K-ota  (jfJu'la).      [a.  L.  rota  wheel.] 

1.  A  political  club,  founded  in  1659  by  J.  Har 
rington,  which  advocated  rotation  in  the  offices  of 
Government ;    also,  a  society  of  this  type. 

1660  HARRINGTON  (title),  The  Censure  of  the  Rota  upon 
Mr.  Milton's  Book,  entituled,  The  Ready  and  Easie  way 
to  Establish  A  Free  Common-wealth.  1662  in  J.  Ogilby 
King's  Coronation  (1685)  3,  I  . .  With  Common-wealths 
and  Rota's  fill  their  heads.  a  1680  BUTLER  Characters, 
Politician,  A  speculative  Statesman,,  .that  did  all  his 
Exercises  in  the  late  Times  of  cursed  Memory  at  the  Rota, 
but  is  not  yet  admitted  to  practise. 

attrtb.  1664  BUTLER  Hud.  n.  iii.  1108  As  full  of  tricks,  As 
Rota-men  of  Politicks.  1673  Character  Coffee- House  in 
Ilarl,  Misc.  (1745)  VI.  429  A  CofTee-House  is  ..a  Rota 
Room,  that,  like  Noah's  Ark,  receives  animals  of  every 
Sort.  1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxon.  II.  439  Dr.  Will.  Petty  was 
a  Rota-man  and  would  sometimes  trouble  Ja.  Harrington 
in  his  Club. 

2.  A    rotation    (of  persons,  etc.)  ;   a    round   or 
routine  (of  duties,  etc.) ;  f  a  rote. 

1673  RAY  Journ.  Low  C.  425  These  [councillors]  are  taken 
out  of  the  great  Council,  and  go  round  in  a  rota.  1710 
PALMER  Proverbs  95  Such  Formal  Devotions  that  are 
nothing  but  a  Rota.  1751  R.  PALTOCK  P.  Wilkitu  (1884)  I. 
186  The.. occurrences  which  happened  during  this  period. . 
consisted  chiefly  of  the  old  rota  of  fishing,  watering  [etc.1. 
1800  COLQUHOUN  Comm.  Thames  631  Perambulating  the 
River.. agreeably  to  a  rota  which  is  laid  down.  1844  i'1 
Ribton-Turner  Vagrants  $  Vagrancy  (1887)  254  The  ex 
perience  of  those  managers  who  have  taken  their  rota  of 
duty  in  the  office.  1868  ROGERS  Pol.  Econ.  xiii.  (1876)  10 
According  to  a  rota  to  be  agreed  on  between  each  other. 
"b.  A  list  of  persons  acting  in  rotation  ;  a  roster. 

1856  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  i.  vii,  The  senior  fag  who  kept 
the  rota.  1878  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  III.  xx.  419  Pleas  of 
debt,  which  required  the  attendance  of  the  parties  to  suits 
and  the  rota  of  qualified  jurors.  1882  KEARV  Outl.  Print* 
Belief  ix.  437  They  heard  names  called  over  and  voices 
answering  as  if  by  rota. 

3.  R.  C.  Ch.  The  supreme  court  for  ecclesiastical 
and  secular  causes.     (Cf.  ROTE  $b$  2). 

1679  BURNET  Hist.  Ref.  I.  50  At  that  time  Staphileus 
Dean  of  the  Rota  was  there.  1685  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  2081/1 
The  Republick  of  Venice  have  named  four  Persons  for 
the  Pope  to  chuse  one,  to  fill  the  Place  of  Auditor  of  the 


BOTAL. 

Rota.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  The  Rota  consists  of 
twelve  Doctors,  chosen  out  of  the  four  Nations  of  Italy, 
France,  Spain,  and  Germany.  1765  BLACKSTONE  Comtn. 
I.  Introd.  15  To  tell  the  king's  courts  at  Westminster, 
that  their  practice  is.  .conformable  to  the  decrees  of  the 
Rota  or  Imperial  Chamber.  1845  S.  AUSTIN  Rankc's  Hist. 
Ref.  III.  149  He  also  claimed  the  holidays  of  the  Roman 
rota  for  himself.  1877  D.  LEWIS  tr.  Sanders  De  Schism. 
Anglica  Introd.  p.  Ixxiv,  The  next  day  was  the  day  of  the 
Conference  with  the  Dean  of  the  Rota.  1908  Westm.  Gaz. 
6  July  5/1  A  special  law  for  regulating  the  working  of  the 
ancient  tribunals,  the  Rota,  and  the  Segnatura. 

Rotacism,  -ize,  variants  of  KHOTACISM,  -IZE. 
Rotal  .jtfu-tal),  a.  [ad.  late  L.  rotal-is  wheeled, 
or  f.  rota  (see  prec.)  +  -AL.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  wheel  or  wheels.     Alsoy?^. 
1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.^  Rotal,  of  or  belonging  to  a  wheel 

[ed.  1674  addst  also  inconstant,  now  up,  now  down],  1881 
lllustr.  Land.  News  5  Nov.  439/2  The  Cannebicre  is  in  a 
chronic  state  of  vocal  and  rotal  tumult. 

2.  Pertaining  to  rotation  or  circular  motion. 
1855  OGILVIE  Snp/>l.t   Rotal  action   of  affinity,  a   term 

applied  to  the  inductive  action  of  affinity,  as  exhibited  in 
the  voltaic  circle,  in  which  it  assumes  a  circular  direction  or 
return  upon  itself, 

3.  R.  C.  Ck.    Connected  with  the  Rota. 

1907  Cath.  Weekly  8  Nov.  8/2  On  November  12  the 
Sacred  Congregation  of  Rites  will  hold  a  rotal  meeting. 

Ho  tali  an  (rot^'lian),  sb.  and  a.  Zool.  [f. 
mod.L.  Rotalia  (Lamarck,  1809),  neut.  pi.  of  late 
L.  rot  alls  :  see  prec.] 

A.  sl>.  A  foraminifer  of  the  genus  Rotalia. 

•  1869  Monthly  Microsc.  Jrnl.  303  If  one  of  the  simple  Rot- 
alians  were  thickened  and  drawn  out  at  the  umbilici.  1879 
CARPENTER  in  Encycl.  Brit.  IX.  380/2  The.  .spiral  mode  of 
growth  differs  entirely  from  that  of  ordinary  Rotalians. 

B.  adj.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  genus  Rotalia. 
1862  CARPENTER  Micros,  (ed.  3)  517  The  two  great  series 

which  may  be  designated  (after  the  leading  forms  of  each) 
as  the  Textularian  and  the  Rotalian.  1879  —  in  Encycl. 
Brit.  IX.  380/1  This  intermediate  skeleton,  .completely  en 
velops  the  original  rotalian  shell. 

Rotalid  (KW'Ulid),  sit.  and  a.  Zool.  [See 
prec.  and  -ID.]  a.  sb,  A  foraminifer  of  the 
family  Rotalidea.  b.  adj.  Belonging  to  this  family. 

1888  ROLLESTON  &  JACKSON  Anim.  Life  886  Exceptions  to 
tliis  rule  however  occur  among  the  Rotalid  Tinopormae, 
Ibid.  892  There  appear  within  the  adult  minute  young  with 
calcareous  tests, ..  three-chambered  in  the  Rotalid. 

Rotaliform,  a.  Zool.  [See  prec.  and  -FORM.] 
Having  the  typical  form  of  the  genus  Rotalia. 

1888  ROLLESTON  &  JACKSON  Anim.  Life  895  Typically 
spiral  and  '  Rotaliform  ',  i.  e.  coiled  so  that  the  whole  of  the 
segments  are  visible  on  the  superior  surface, 

Itotaline  (rJu'talsin),  a.  and  st>.  [ad.  mod.L. 
Rotalina :  see  ROTALIAN.] 

A.  adj.    Of  or   belonging  to  the  Rotalina t  a 
sub-family  of  Rotalidea, 

1862  CARPENTER,  etc.  Introd.  Foraminif.  212  It  is  in  the 
true  ./?0te#,3?..that  we  meet  with  the  highest  development 
of  the  Rotaline  type.  1888  ROLLESTON  &  JACKSON  Anim. 
Life  889  Calcareous  spicules . .  make  up  its  Rotaline  test. 

B.  sb.  A  member  of  the  Rotalina. 

1862  CARPENTER,  etc.  Introd.  Foraminif.  200  Certain 
shells  ranked  by  D'Orbigny  under  the  genus  Valvulina  are 
true  Rotalines.  1879  H,  A.  NICHOLSON  Palseont.  1, 116  One 
of  the  earliest  representatives  of  the  Rotalines. 

f  Rotan.    slang,     Obs.—"    (See  quot.) 

1725  New  Cant.  Diet.,  Rotan,  a  Coach,  or  Waggon,  any 
thing  that  runs  upon  Wheels ;  but  principally  a  Cart. 

Rotang  (rtHarrj).  Also  7  rottang.  [ad.  Malay 
rotan  :  see  RATTAN,  So  F.  and  G.  rotangt  F. 
rotin,  Du.  rotting.']  One  of  the  rattan  palms. 
Also  attrib.  with  cane,  palm. 

[1598  \V.  PHILLIP  tr.  Linschoten  i.  xvi.  28  There  is  another 
sorte  of  the  same  reeds  which  they  call  Rota:  these  are 
thinne  like  twigges  of  Willow  for  baskets.] 

1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Mandelslo's  Trav.  134  From  their 
Neighbours  they  fetch  Timber  to  build  withall,  Rottang, 
that  is,  cordage  of  Cocoe.  1697  Phil.  Trans.  XIX.  590 
Anchors  of  Iron  and  Wood,  Cables  of  Rotang  Canes.  1771 
Encycl.  Brit.  II.  8/1  There  is  but  one  species  [of  calamus], 
viz.  the  rotang,  a  native  of  India.  1846  LINDLKY  I'eget. 
Kingd.  135  The  Calami,  or  Rotangs,  and  the  siliceous 
secretions  of  their  leaves,  indicate  an  affinity  with  Grasses. 
1884  Longman's  Mag.  June  191  Spindle-trees  grew  side 
by  bide  with  prickly  Rotang  palms. 

Rotary  (r^n'tari),  a.  and  sb,  [ad.  late  L. 
rotari-us  (Quicherat),  f.  rota  wheel  :  see  -ARY.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  motion:  Circular;  taking  place 
round  a  centre  or  axis. 

1731  BAILEY,  vol.  II,  Rotary  ^  of  or  pertaining  to  a  wheel; 
whirling  or  turning  round,  as  a  rotary  motion. 

1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama.  Sci,  $  Art  I.  330  A  rotary 
motion  is  very  frequently  transmitted  by  means  of  an  endless 
strap.  1853  KANE  Grinnell  Exped.  xv.  (1856)  113  During 
its  rotary  oscillations  against  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  1867 
DENISON  Astron.  10  But  the  rotary  motion  of  the  earth  is  of 
no  use  for  measuring  latitude, 

Comb.  1883  Wheel  World  Mar.  185  The  '  Orbi-cycle ',  a 
rotary-motioned  front  steerer. 

2.  Operating  by  means  of  rotation  ;  rotative. 

Used  spec,  to  designate  a  large  number  of  machines  in 
which  the  action  depends  on  the  rotation  of  some  part. 

1799  Repertory  Arts  X.  303  Similar  effects  may  be  pro- 
duced . .  by  a  rotary  cutter.  1838  Civil  Eng.  $  A  rch.  jfrnl. 
I.  139/1  The  expansive  principle  would  not  answer  for 
rotary  or  double  engines.  1844  GROVE  Contrib.  Sci.  351 
Two  sets  of  magnets  are  employed,  the  one  set  stationary, 
and  the  other  rotary.  1884  J.  BURROUGHS  Locusts  %  Wild 
H.  118  All  our  general  storms  arc  cyclonic  in  their  character, 
that  is,  rotary  and  progressive. 


80fi 

3.  Of  persons  :   Acting  in  rotation. 

l86a  Congrcgatimalist  30  May  (Cent.1,  Several  years  since 
they,  .became  an  Independent  Presbyterian  church  with  a 
rotary  board  of  elders. 

B.  sb.  A  rotary  machine  or  apparatus. 

1888  JACOBI  Printer's  I'ocab.  115  Rotary,  a  short  term  for 
rotary  printing  machines.  1890  W.  J.  GOKDON  Foundry  203 
This  machine  gives  twice  the  speed  of  the  early  rotaries, 

Ro  tascope.  [f.  L.  rota  wheel :  see  -SCOPE.] 
A  kind  of  gyroscope. 

183*  \V.  R.  JOHNSON  in  Sillimaiis  Jml.  XXI.  265  De 
scription  of  an  Apparatus  called  the  Rotascope,  for  exhibit 
ing  several  phenomena  and  illustrating  certain  laws  of 
rotary  motion.  1873  Span's  Diet.  Engin.  VII.  2440  The  gyro 
scope  or  rolascope,  an  instrument  illustrating  the  tendency 
of  rotating  bodies  to  preserve  their  plane  of  rotation. 

Rotatable  (rote'-tab'l),  a.  [f.  ROTATE  v.  + 
-ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  rotated  ;  admitting  of 
rotation  or  rotatory  movement. 

1873  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech,  1926/1  Sims's  uterine  repositor 
consists  of  a  short  metallic  sounder,  rotatable  on  a  long 
shaft.  1889  Sci.  Amer.  LX.  306/3  The  rotatable  blade  is 
designed  to  do  the  general  work  of  the  pressman  in  making 
forms  ready. 

Rotate  (rou't/t),  a.  Bot.  [f.  L.  rota  wheel  + 
-ATE  2.]  Wheel-shaped ;  esp.  of  a  monopetalous 
corolla  with  a  short  tube  and  spreading  limb. 

1785  MARTVN  Rousseau's  Sot.  xii.  129  This  genus  is  easily 
known  by  the  monopetalous,  rotate  or  wheel-shaped  corol. 
1830  LINDLCY  Nat.  Syst,  Sot.  206  Corolla  superior,  monopet 
alous  or  polypetalous,  rotate  or  tubular.  1872  OLIVER  Elein. 
Bot.  ii.  211  A  perennial  herb,  with.,  scorpioid  cymes  of  rotate 
bright-blue  flowers. 

t  Rotate,  pa.  pple.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  rotat-us, 
pa.  pple.  of  rotare  :  see  next.]  Revolved. 

HjiRteL.KfCamf.AMi.  n.  viii.  in  Ashm.(i652)  i37Thyngs 
into  thyngs  must  therfore  be  rotate,  Untyll  dyversyte  be 
brought  to  parfyt  unyte. 

Rotate  (rot^'t),  v.  [f.  L.  rotat-,  ppl.  stem  of 
rotare  to  turn  or  swing  round,  whirl  about,  roll 
round,  revolve,  f.  rota  wheel.] 

1.  intr.  To  move  round  a  centre  or  axis;   to 
perform  one  or  more  revolutions. 

1808  Mcd,  Jrnl.  XIX.  899  Permitting  the  corresponding 
part  of  the  bone  to  rotate  upon  it.  1853  KANE  Grinneit 
Expcd.  xxxvii.  (1856)  339  Our  brig  had. .rotated  consider 
ably  to  the  northward.  1868  LOCKYER  Eleni.  Astron.  §  104 
The  Sun,  like  the  Earth  or  a  top  when  spinning,  turns 
round,  or  rotates,  on  an  axis. 

2.  traits.  To  cause  (a  thing)   to  turn  round  or 
revolve  on  a  centre  or  axis. 

1831  ¥^on.CloqiicfsAnat.Tf>t>  It  brings  the  thigh  toward 
that  of  the  opposite  side,  bends  it  a  little,  and  carries  it  out- 
v-ard  by  rotating  it.  1844  G.  DODD  Textile  Mamif.  i.  38 
The  warper.. rotates  the  vertical  wheel  or  frame,  .by  means 
of  the  wheel.. and  the  rope.  1878  HUXUEY  1'hysiogr.  193 
Sometimes  the  masses  of  lava  are  rotated  in  their  flight. 

3.  To  change,  or  take,  in  rotation. 

1879  J.  HAWTHORNE  S,  Stronie  I.  iii.  36  She  could  mow  a 
field,  drain  it,  plough  it,  and  rotate  its  crops.  1894  SPERRY 
Talks  iv.  Young  Men  159  It  is  wise  to  alternate,  or  rotate 
the  various  forms  of  life's  duties  so  as  to  secure  daily,  rest 
ful  change,  both  physical  and  mental. 

4.  To  put  out  in  turn. 

1881  Harper's  Mag.  LXIII.  265  Both,  after  a  brief  ser. 
vice,  were  rotated  out  of  office. 

Hence  Bota'ted  ///.  a. 

1824  A.  DODS  (title).  Pathological  Observations  on  the 
rotated  or  contorted  Spine,.. called  Lateral  Curvature. 

t  Rotated,  a.   Bot.    Obs.    =  ROTATE  a. 

'753  Chambers  Cycl.  Suppl.  Aff.  s.v.  Petal,  The  second 
class  is  of  the  plants  with  ..rotated,  or  wheel-like  flowers. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  III.  442/2  The  figure  of  Solids  is 
either.  .Rotated,  wheel-shaped,  plain  [etc.]. 

Rotating  (otfHbt),  ///.  a.    [f.  ROTATE  v.] 

1.  a.  Turning  round  on  a  centre  or  axis. 

1854  EMERSON  Lett,  ff  Soc.  Aims,  Resources,  Our  Coper. 
nican  globe  is  a  great  factory  or  shop  of  p^ower  with  its 
rotating  constellations.  1863  TYNDALL  Heat  i.  10  The  edge 
of  a  swiftly  rotating  wheel.  1875  BEDFORD  Sailor's  Pocket 
Bk.  iv.  (ed.  2)  82  If  the  veering  of  the  former,  and  the  marked 
fall  of  the  latter  prove  the  gale  to  be  rotating,  or  cyclonic. 
b.  Causing  rotation  ;  rotatory. 

1883  J.  MILLINGTON  Are  "we  to  read  backwards  ?  67  The 
rotating  muscles  have  a  much  more  numerous  amount  of 
contractions  to  effect. 

2.  Acting  in  rotation  ;  rotative. 

1884  Atkenxuui  IQ  Jan.  82/3  Four  rotating  regents  con 
ducted  the  classes  of  philosophy  or  arts. 

Rotation  (rotes'/an),  [ad.  L.  rotation-em,  n. 
of  action  f.  rotare  :  see  ROTATE  v.  and  -ATION.  So 
F.  rotation,  Sp.  roladon,  It.  rotazione.] 

1.  The  action  of  moving  round  a  centre,  or  of 
turning  round  (and  round)  on  an  axis ;  also,  the 
action  of  producing  a  motion  of  this  kind. 

1555  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  185  The  rotation  or  impulsion 
of  the  heauens.  1594  PLAT  Jewell-lw.  II.  37  A  trew  & 
philosophical!  rotation  whereby  the  inwarde  fire  of  nature 
may  be  stirred  vppe  in  euery  vegetable.  1603  TIMME 
Quersit.  I.  ii.  8  By  the  yearly  and  continual  rotation  and 
reuolution  of  the  right  heauen,.  .all  thinges  might  be  well 
gouerned.  1661  GLANVILL  Van.  Dogm.  158  [A]  puzled 
Candidate,.. being  ask'd  what  a  circle  was,  describ'd  it  by 
the  rotation  of  his  hand,  a  1680  BUTLER  Kent.  (1759)  I-  3?8 
All  Rotations  and  Wheelings  cause  a  kind  of  Giddiness  in 
the  Brain.  1720  WF.LTON  Suffer.  Son  of  God  I.  viii.  200,  I 
see.  .all  Things,  .as  if  they  were  whirl'd  about  by  the  Quick 
Rotation  of  a  Wheel.  1784  COVVPER  Task  in.  160  Some. . 
tell  us  whence  the  stars;. -what  gave  them  first  Rotation. 
1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sci.  It  Art  I.  559  His  diurnal  rota 
tion  is  believed  to  be  performed  in  10  hours,  16  minutes, 


ROTATIVE. 

2  seconds.  1831  WOODWAKD  Mollusca  \.  64  Eyes  fixed, 
incapable  of  rotation.  1876  TAIT  Kec.  Adz1.  Phys.  Sci.  xii. 
(ed.  2)  294  This  property  of  rotation  may  be  the  basis  of  all 
that  to  our  senses  appeals  as  matter. 
fix*  164?  MAY  Hist.  Par/,  i.  i.  4  The  perpetuall  Rotation 
of  fortune.  1700  CONGKEVE  Way  of  World  n.  iv,  She  has 
that  everlasting  rotation  of  tongue.  1710  PALMER  Proverbs 
245  A  jest  keeps  an  ill  story  alive  and  in  countenance,  and 
gives  it  a  rotation. 

2.  The  fact  of  coming  round  again  in  succession  ; 
return  or  recurrence  ;  a  recuning  series  or  period. 

1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug.  Citie  of  Cod  xxi.  17.  858  That 
rotation,  and  circumvolution  of  misery  and  blisse,  which  he 
[Origenj  held,  that  all  mankind  should  run  in.  a  1676  HALE 
Prim.  Orig.  Matt.  (1677)  150  That  by  a  kind  of  circulation 
or  rotation  Arts  have  their  successive  invention  and  perfec 
tion.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  I.  172  Medicines.. suffer 
a  rotation  of  fashions  like  our  cloaths.  1765  A.  DICKSOS 
Treat.  Agric.  (ed.  2)  47  It  observes  a  constant  rotation, and 
is  conveyed  regularly  from  the  earth  to  the  air,  and  from 
the  air  to  the  earth.  1779  J.  MOORE  l-'iew  Soc.  Fr.  (1789) 
I.  xxix.  244  There  is  a  constant  rotation  of  society  at 
Ferney.  1847  W.  C.  L.  MARTIN  The  Ox  33/1  It  is  not., 
until  the  close  of  the  third  [year]  that  the  (teeth]  next  in 
rotation  succeed.  1890  W.  J.  GORDON  Foundry  127  The 
Earl  of  Seafield's  forest..,  which  is  regularly  planted  and 
felled  so  as  to  cut  a  thousand  acres  annually  on  a  rotation 
of  sixty  years. 

b.  Regular  and  recurring  succession  in  office, 
duties,  etc.,  of  a  number  of  persons.  Freq.  in 
phr.  by  or  in  rotation. 

The  recent  adoption  of  this  sense  in  general  use  is  noticed 
in  the  British  Mag.  for  April  1763  (IV.  542),  and  ascribed 
to 'advertisements  from  the  Police  relating  to  the  justices 
sitting  by  rotation,  the  felony-rotation  in  Bow-street ',  etc. 

1656  HARRINGTON  Oceana  (1700)  54  Equal  Rotation  is 
equal  vicissitude  in  Government,  or  succession  to  Magistracy 
confer'd  for  such  convenient  terms.. as  take  in  the  whole 
body  by  parts.  1660  MILTON  Free  Covtmiv.  Wks.  1851  V. 
439  A  numerous  Assembly  of  them  nil  form'd  and  conven'd 
on  purpose  with  the  wariest  Rotation,  a  1721  SHEFFIELD 
(Dk.  Buckhm.)  Wks.  (1753)  II.  180  This  is  no  small  advan 
tage  in  Republicks,  where  a  sort  of  rotation  is  necessary, 
by  which  men  are  seen  under  several  capacities.  1762 
FALCONER  Shipwr.  n,  483  So  the  brave  mariners  their  pumps 
attend,  And  help  incessant  by  rotation  lend.  1800  COLQU- 
HOUN  Connn.  Thames  xiit.  366  Five  of  the  twenty-one 
Directors  shall  go  out  of  office  by  rotation  every  year. 
1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Manch.  Strike  73  Three  members., 
sit  daily, . .  viz.,  the  treasurer,  secretary,  and  one  of  the  other 
members  in  rotation.  1888  BRYCE  A mer.  Cotnntw.  (1890)  II. 
88  In  America,  .the  tendency  is  towards  '  rotation  '  in  office. 
C.  Agric.  A  change  or  succession  of  crops  in  a 
certain  order  on  a  given  piece  of  ground,  in  order 
to  avoid  the  exhaustion  of  the  soil. 

1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes^  Agric.  Digest  76  A  regular 
ind  Fallow  is,  perhaps,  more  convenient 


rotation  of  Crops  a 
than  profitable.    ] 
derived  from  the 


than  profitable."  1791  YOUNG  Trav.  France  346  The  effects 
'  :  rotation  of  crops.     Ibid.,  The  miserable 


rotation  of  crops  and  fallow  might  be  observed. 

3.  atlrib.  and  Comb.^  as  rotation-movement ,  -tide ; 
t  rotation-office  (see  sense  2  b,  note)  ;  rotation 
grasses,  grasses  sown  in  a  rotation  of  crops. 

1768  Ann.  Reg.)  Chron.  57/2  The  sitting  Magistrates,  .at 
the  Rotation-office  in  Whitechapel.  1812  Sporting  Mag. 
XL.  283  At  the  Leeds  Rotation-office  this  month,  John 
Waddington,  of  Farnley..,  was  convicted,  .for  shooting  a 
hare.  1865  Proc.  Amer.  PhiL  Soc.  X.  165  Evidences  of 
rotation-tides.  1886  Daily  News  n  Dec.  6/3  As  temporary 
pastures,  that  is  to  say,  rotation  grasses  (including  clover), 
are  included  in  the  arable  area,  one  would  naturally  look 
for  a  proportional  diminution  in  rotation  grasses.  1899 
Allbntt's  Syst.  Med.  VII.  883  The  balancing,  nodding,  and 
rotation  movements  are  more  especially  likely  to  preserve  a 
definite  rhythm. 

Rotational  (uJt^-J^nal),  a.     [f.  pnc.+-4b] 

Acting  in  rotation  ;  of  or  belonging  to  rotation. 

1853  DE  MORGAN  in  Graves  Life  Hamilton  (1889)  III.  394 
Members  to  go  out  by  rotation  each  year... The  rotational 
electors  to  be  distributed  through  the  year.  1870  PKOCTOH 
Other  Worlds  v.  in  The  energies  indicated  by  mere 
velocity  of  motion,  whether  orbital  or  rotational,  must  be 
equally  disregarded.  1886  BALL  Story  Heavens  534  In  a 
similar  manner  we  (ind  the  rotational  moment  of  momentum 
for  each  of  the  other  planets. 

Rotative  (r^i'tativ),  a.  [f.  L.  rotdt-,  ppl.  stem 
of  rotare-.  see  ROTATE  v.  So  F.  rotatift  -we.] 

1.  Rotating,  turning  round  like  a  wheel ;  acting 
or  operating  by  circular  motion. 

1778  PRVCE  Mitt.  Cornub.  313  He  completed  both  a 
reciprocating  and  a  rotative  or  wheel  engine.  1799 
Repertory  Arts  X.  295  How,  by  means  of  a  rotative  saw, 
to  shape  a  piece  from  the  rough.  1822  New  Monthly  Mag. 
VI.  267  By  means  of  rotative  machinery,  connected  with.. 
a  steam-engine,  or  other  rotative  power.  1877  Encycl.  Brit. 
VI.  499/2  No  rotative  engine  had  yet  been  erected  at  Man 
chester. 

b.  Produced  by  rotation  ;  producing,  connected 
with,  rotation. 

1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  443  Mouldings,  which 


doctrine.  '  1879  NEWCOMB  &   HOLDEN  Astron.  211  The 
rotative  forces  acting  on  A  and  B  are  as  it  were  distributed. 
C.  Of  the  nature  of  rotation. 

1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  522  The  general  practice 
..is  to  give  the  tool  a  constant  rotative  shuffling  motion. 
1868  LOCKYEK  Elem.  Astron.  §  359  As  the  Earth's  rotative 
movement  is  uniform. 


ROTATOR. 

2.  Acting  or  coming  in  rotation  ;  recurrent. 

1813  T.  BUSBY  Lucretius  II.  v.  Comm.  p.  xxv,  By  the 
rotative  course  of  nature  [the  earth]  is  now  enabled  to  bring 
forth  some  things  which  she  did  not  yield  at  her  beginning. 
1864  R.  A.  ARNOLD  Cotton  famine  372  Cotton  was  cultiv 
ated  in  India  as  a  rotative  and  not  as  a  special  crop. 

Rota'tO-,  used  as  combining  form  of  mod.L. 
rotatus  ROTATE  a.  in  rotato-dentate,  'plane, 

1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  \,  xiii.  (1765)  34  Rotato-dentatc, 
wheel -shaped  and  indented.  Ibid,  iii.  7  Rotato-plane, 
wheel-shaped  and  flat. 

Rotator  (wt^'tar).  [a.  L.  rotator,  agent-n. 
from  rotare  to  ROTATE.  Cf.  F.  rotateur.] 

1.  Anat.  A  muscle  by  which  a  limb  or  part  can 
be  moved  circularly. 

1676  WISEMAN  Surg.  Treat,  vit.  vjii.  494  The  Triceps, 
together  with  the  Levidus,  and  the  four  little  Rotators. 
1744  tr.  Boerhaave's  Inst.  III.  254  There  was  no  other 
Place  where  the  Rotators  of  the  Thigh  could  be  fixed, 
which  draw  it  partly  outwards.  1808  BARCLAY  Muscular 
Mot.  389  In  rolling  the  arm,  the  rotators  radiad  co-operate 
with  the  muscles  called  supinators  ;  the  rotators  ulnad,  with 
the  pronators.  1893  A.  S.  ECCLKS  Sciatica  74  The  action 
will  only  be  carried  to  the  extent  possible  without  using  the 
external  rotators  of  the  thigh. 

attrih.  1744  tr.  Boerhaave's  Inst.  III.  254  The  Rotator 
Muscles  insert  their  Tendons  into  the  Protuberant  Process. 
1899  Allbntfs  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  31  The  spasmodic  action 
shifted  from  one  rotator  muscle  to  another. 

2.  A  thing,  apparatus,  part,   etc.,  which   has  a 
rotatory  motion  or  action. 

1772  Scots  Mag.  XXXIV.  186/2  A. .machine,  which  he 
[William  Kenrick]  says  he  has  contrived  and  denominated 
a  Rotator.  1803  Naval  Chron.  X.  191  The  spring  part.. is 
fixed  to  a  rotator,  or  revolving  apparatus.  1875  BEDFORD 
Sailor's  Pocket  Bk.  v.  (ed.  2)  161  The  rotator  [of  a  log]  is  a 
continuation  of  the  part  that  holds  the  wheelwork.  1884 
W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel  ff  Iron  xi.  214.  In  the  front  end 
of  the  rotator  are  the  slag-holes. 

3.  One  of  the  Rotatoria",  a  rotifer. 

1876  Beneden's  Anim.  Parasites  36  An  animal,  .which  is 
only  an  imperfectly  described  Rotator. 

4.  Math.    (See  quot.) 

1879  THOMSON  &  TAIT  Nat.  Phil.  I.  T.  §  345  The  reciprocal 
of  this  time  we  shall  call.. the  rapidity  of  the  system,  for 
convenience  of  comparison  with  the  frequency  of  a  vibrator 
or  of  a  rotator,  which  is  the  name  commonly  given  to  the 
reciprocal  of  its  period. 

Rotatory  (rJu-tatari),  a.  and  sb.  [See  ROTATE 
v.  and  -ORY.J 

A.  adj.  1.  a.  Of  the  nature  of  rotation ;  con 
nected  with  rotation. 

T75S  JOHNSON,  To  Wheel^.tv  have  a  rotatory  motion. 
1777  Phil.  Trans.  LXVII.  266  A  new  Theory  of  the 
Rotatory  Motion  of  Bodies  affected  by  Forces  disturbing 
such  Motion.  1794  G.  ADAMS  Nat.  <$•  E.\pcr.  Phil.  III. 
xxxii,  308  The  obstacles  in  the  rough  road  cause  this 
rotatory  motion  in  the  wheel.  1833  HERSCHEL  Astron.  vii. 
234  By  a  sufficient  rotatory  velocity.  i&4sToDu&  BOWMAN 
Phys.  A  nut.  I.  145  A  rotatory  movement  at  the  hip-joint. 
i88a  MINCHIN  Unipl.  Kinematics  22  The  theory  of  the 
rotatory  polarisation  of  quartz. 

b.  Rotating;  working  by  means  of  rotation. 

1812  H.  &  J.  SMITH  Rej.  Add?:  89  Pure  child  of  Chance, 
which  still  directs  the  ball,  As  rotatory  atoms  rise  or  fall. 
1837  BUEWSTER  Magnet.  112  Trying  if  the  magnetic  needle 
would  be  dragged  along  by  the  rotatory  plates,  c  1850 
Rttdim.  Nav.  (\Veale)  67  The  track  of  five . .  rotatory  storms. 
1892  STEVENSON  Across  the  Plains  ii.  93  Urging  their 
horses  with  cries . .  and  cruel  rotatory  spurs. 
C.  Causing  rotation. 

1828  STARK  Elem.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  444  Rotatory  organ 
quadrilobed.  1871  T.  R.  JONES  Anim.  Kingd.  (ed.  4)476 
A  small  oval  orifice  situated  near  the  sinuated  dUk  formed 
by  the  rotatory  organs.  Ibid.^  The  rotatory  apparatus. 

2.  Going  round,  or  coming,  in  rotation. 

1824  W.TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  CIII.  193  This  principle 
of  frequent  rotatory  election.  1831  W.  GODWIN  Thoughts 
Man  97,  I  become,  .wearied  with  the  repetition  of  rotatory 
acts  and  every-day  occurrences. 

B.  sb.  A  rotifer.     t^Cf.  ROTATOR  3.) 

1835  KIKBY  Hab.  $  Inst.  Anim.  I.  iv.  154  The  Rotatories, 
to  which  the  wheel-animalcules  belong. 

t  Rotch.  Sc.  Obs.  In  6  roche,  rotche.  [Of 
obscure  origin.  For  later  examples  see  RATCK 
sb.\-  i.]  A  gun  or  gun-barrel. 

1571  BANNATYNE  Jrnl.  (1806)  147  There  was  in  her.  .thre 
or  foure  last  of  powder,  some  crosletis,  and  roches  of  small 
ordinance.  1598  R.cg,  Prhy  Council  Scot.  V.  438  Sic  peceis 
as  sal  be  of  the  lenth  of  ane  elne  in  the  rotche  at  the  leist. 

Rotch(e,  variants  of  ROCHE  sbl 

Rotche  (*jf*J).  Ornith.  Also  rotch,  roach, 
and  ROTCHIE.  [A  later  form  of  ROTGE,  but  the 
precise  source  is  not  clear.]  The  little  auk. 

a.  1809  EDMONSTON  Zetland  Isl.  II.  274  Alca  Alle, 
Rotche,  Greenland  Rotche.  1843  YAKRELL  Brit.  Birds  III. 
358  The  Little  Auk,  or  Common  Rotche, ..is  only  a  winter 
visiter  to  the  British  Islands.  1894  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds 
797  In  Smith  Sound  the  Rotche  is  said  not  to  breed  below 
lat.  63°  or  above  79°. 

8.  1820  W.  SCOKESBY  Acc.  Arctic  Reg.  I.  536,  I.. have 
observed  it  in  pursuit  of  the  rotch.  1831  RENNIK  Montagues 
Ornith.  Diet.  438  The  Rotch  has  sometimes  been  found  dead 
very  remote  from  the  sea.  1841  Prec.  Beriu,  Nat.  Club  I. 
255  The  Mergulus  alee,  rotch,  a  species  that  breeds  i:i  very 
high  latitudes. 

y.  1820  W.  SCORESBY  Acc.  Arctic  Reg.  \.  528  Alca.  Alle, 
the  Little  Auk,  or  Roach.  1813  —  yrnl.  142  An  immense 
quantity  of  roaches.. flew  past  the  ship  towards  the  west. 

tRotchet,  obs.  form  of  RATCHET. 

1764  Ann.  Reg,  i.  78/2  Barret  and  main  spring. .  .Great 

wheel  and  rotchet. 


807 

Rotchet(te,  obs.  forms  of  ROCHET. 
Ro'tchie.     Ornith.  =  ROTCHE. 

1831  RENNIE  Montagues  Ornitk.  Diet.  438.  1859  MAC- 
CuNTOCK  Voy.  '  Fox  *  139  The  rotchie  or  little  auk  lays  its 
single  egg  upon  the  bare  rock. 

Rote  (i'^«t),  sb.1  Now  only  Hist.  [a.  OF.  rote 
(rothe,  route})  ~  Prov.  and  med.L.  rota,  rotta\ 
also  MDu.  rote,  MLG.  rotte,  rode,  MHG.  rote, 
rott(e,  OHG.  rota,  rotta.  The  original  form  was 
prob.  *hrotta,  an  early  Teutonic  adoption  of  the 
Celtic  word  recorded  by  Venantius  Fortran atus 
(6th  cent.)  as  chrotta^  on  which  see  CROWD  sb.^\ 
A  mediaeval  musical  instrument,  probably  of  the 
violin  class. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  7408  Dauid  cuth  on  sere-kin  note,  Bath 
he  cuth  on  harpe  and  rote.  13..  E.  E.Allit.  P.  B.  1082 
Organes  &  pypes,  &  rial  ryngande  rotes  &  be  reken  fybel. 
i39oGowER  CwwClII.  303  He  tawhte  hir  til  sche  wascertein 
Of  Harpe,  of  Citole  and  of  Rote,  f  1407  LYDG.  Reson  fy 
Sens.  2394  He  kan.«Touche  be  era  fie,  and  nat  be  rote, 
Harpe  and  lute,  fythel  and  Rote,  c  1450  HOLLAND  /fowlat 
759  The  rote,  and  the  recordour,.  .The  trumpe,  and  the 
talburn.  1590  SI'ENSER  /•'.  Q.  n.  x.  3  Argument  worthy  of 
Maconian  quill;  Or  rather  worthy  of  great  Phoebus  rote. 
1596  //'/V.  iv.  ix.  6  There  did  he  find.. The  faire  Pceana 
playing  on  a  Rote. 

1814  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  in.  xxiii,  The  lad  can  deftly  touch 
the  lute,  And  on  the  rote  and  viol  play.  1823  ROSCOE  tr. 
Siswondfs Lit.  E-ur.  (1846)  I.  v.  128  Rsaltry,  symphony, 
and  rote,  Help  to  charm  the  listening  throng.  1859 
JEPHSOS  Brittany  vii.  93  To  converse,  or  sing  ancient 
Breton  lays  to  the  rote,  1884  HF.ROS-ALLKN  Violin  Making 
62  The  only  difference  between  the  earliest  crwtlis..and  the 
latest  rotes . .  seems  to  be  the  addition  of  the  bow  and  finger 
board. 

Rote  (r<?"t),  sb.~  Also  4-5  rcote,  5-6  root, 
5  rot,  5-7  roat(e.  [Of  obscure  origin  ;  there  is 
no  evidence  to  confirm  the  suggestions  that  it  is  a. 
OF.  rote^  route  route,  way,  or  ad.  L.  rota  wheel.] 

1 1.  a.  Custom,  habit,  practice.   Obs. 

c  1315  SHOREHAM  in.  210  py  wykked  rote,  Wanne  |>ou  ne 
halst  |'y  masseday,  As  god  hyt  ha^  y-hote.  1390  GOWER 
Conf.  III.  45  Thilke  art  which  Spatula  is  hote,  Ami  used  is 
of  comun  rote  Among  Paiens.  Ibid.  50  He..broght  hem 
into  such  a  rote,  That  upon  him  thei  hot  he  assote.  ^1440 
Proinp.  Parv.  437/2  Root,  of  vse  and  custome. 

fb.  Mechanical  practice  or  performance  ;  regu 
lar  procedure ;  mere  routine.  Obs.  (Cf.  sense  2.) 

1581  MULCASTKR  Positions  xli.  (1887)  242  By  the  meere 
shadow,  and  roat  of  these  sciences.  1693  EVELYN  De  La 
Quint.  Cotnpl.  Gard.  I.  3  A  presumptuous  Pratling  Ignor 
ance,  upheld  by  some  wretched  Rote.  1712  J.  JAMES  tr. 
Le  Blond's  Gardening  So  Experience,  Tryal  upon  the 
Ground,  and  a  certain  Rote,.. necessary  to  this  End.  1768 
Woman  of  Honor  II.  81  His  education  had  proceeded  in 
the  common  rote  through  school  and  college.  Ibid.  II.  189 
He  took  the  role  of  forms  to  be  the  very  quintessence  of 
affairs. 

t  C.  A  rigmarole.   Obs.  rare. 

14..  iSfV  JfcuM (MS* S)  1191  Men  seye.  .In  olde  roote  pat 
wimmannes  bolt  is  sone  schote.  1681  Peace  $  Truth  14 
The  Church  of  Rome  hath  turned  Prayer  into  a  meer  Rote 
or  Charm  of  unintelligible  Words. 

2.  By  rote,  in  a  mechanical  manner,  by  routine, 
espt  by  the  mere  exercise  of  memory  without 
proper  understanding  of,  or  reflection  upon,  the 
matter  in  question  ;  also,  f  with  precision,  by  heart. 

a.  With  say,  sing,  play,  etc. 

The  meaning  of  the  first  quot.  is  not  clear. 

13. .  Gaiv.  fy  Gr.  Knt.  2207  pat  gere  as  I  trowe,  Is  ryched  at 
be  reuerence,  me  renk  to  mete,  bi  rote,  c  1394  P.  PI.  Crude 
377  A  ribaut..pat  can  nou$t  wel  reden  His  rewle  ne  his 
respondes,  but  be  pure  rote.  1444  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  217 
Suych  labourerys  synge  may  be  roote,  '  Alle  goo  we  stilie, 
the  cok  hath  lowe  shoon '.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W. 
1531)  160  Yf  it  were,  than  I  myght..saye  my  seruyce  by 
rote  and  custome.  1577-82  BRETON  Toyes  Idle  Hea<i  Wks. 
(Grosart)  I.  27/1,  I  did  not  sing  one  noate,  except  it  were 
by  roate.  1628  EARLE  Microcosm.,  Shop-keeper  (Arb.)  54 
Hee  tels  you  lyes  by  rote.  1662  PLAVKORD  Skill  AIus.  n. 
(1674)  no  To  learn  to  play  by  rote  or  ear  without  Book. 
1715  DE  FOE  Fam.  Instruct.  \.  vi.  (1841)  I.  112  We  can  all 
repeat  the  Commandments  by  rote,  1773  HAN.  MORE 
Search  after  Happiness  ii.  141,  I  talk'd  by  rote  the  jargon 
of  the  schools.  1832  HT.  MARTISEAU  /////  $•  Valley  v\\.  in 
The  young  ladies.. played  their  duet  more  by  rote  than  con 
amore  this  night.  1856  HAWTHORNE  Kng.  Note-bks.  (1870) 
II.  1 60  This  guide,  .did  his  business  less  by  rote,  .than  any 
guide  I  ever  met.  1878  Bosw.  SMITH  Carthage  436  The 
college . .  wheie  little  boys  learn  to  repeat  by  rote  the  Koran 
from  end  to  end. 

b.  With  know,  get,  learn,  etc. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Pro/.  329  Ther-to  he  koude  endite,  and 
make  a  thyng,. .  And  eue>-y  statut  koude  he  pleyn  by  rote. 
—  Prioress*  T.  1712  He..herkned  ay  the  wordes  and  the 
noote,  Til  he  the  firste  vers  koude  al  by  rote,  c  1440 
Partoiu>p*yn$  The  maner  of  spyces  I  know  by  rote.  1531 
TINDALE  Prol.  Ep.  Rom.  Wks.  39,  I  thinke  it  meete  that 
euery  christen  man. .know  it,  by  roate  and  without  the 
boke.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  ix.  6  Singing  all  her  sorrow 
to  the  note,  As  she  had  learned  readily  by  rote.  1624 
HEYWOOD  Gunaik.  VHI.  375  The  Psalmes  of  David  which 
shee  li ad  almost  adnngnem  and  by  roat.  1663  BUTLER  Hud. 
I.  i.  135  All  which  he  understood  by  Rote,  And  as  occasion 
serv'd,  would  quote.  1709  STEELE  Tatter  No.  38  P  12  He 


doctrines,  which  they  have  learned  by  logic,  by  rote,  at 
secondhand.  1874  L.  STEPHEN  Hours  in  Library  (1892)  II. 
iii.  102  In  time  we  learn  by  rote  the  lessons  which  we  had 
to  spell  out  iii  our  youth. 


ROTED. 

3.  attrib.,  as  rote  knowledge,  -learning,  -lesson, 
-work\  rote-learned  adj.;  also,  f  by-rote  babble^ 
lesson. 

1598  E.  GUILPIN  Skial.  (1878)  45  T1  heare  a  Parrat  cry 
Her  by-roate  lesson  of  like  curtesie.  1641  MiLTQN  Anitttadv. 
Wks.  1851  III.  201  To  pray  in  his  own  words  without  being 
.  .fescu'd  to  a  formal  injunction  of  his  rote-lesson.  1669 
PENN  No  Cross  Wks.  1782  II.  197  A  little  by-rote-babble, 
with,  .an  hour's  talk  in  other  men's  words.  1848  ELIZA  COOK 
To  Charlotte  Cushvian  iii,  No  rote-learned  Mghing.  1862 
G.  P.  MARSH  Orig.  fy  Hist.  Eng.  Lang.  25  A  rote-knowledge 
of  paradigms  and  definitions.  1864  KNIGHT  Passages  H  Wx.-. 
Life  I.  i.  23  The  dreary  life  of  a  day-school..,  for  the 
education  was  altogether  rote-work.  1876  GRANT  Burgh 
Sch.  Scot.  ii.  xiii.  401  The  rote-learning  of  rules  once  so 
universal. 

t  Rote,  sb*  Obs.-1  [a.  OF.  rote,  var.  of  route 
ROUT  sb.\  Hence  also  MDu.,  MLG.,  MHG., 
MSw.  rote,  MDa.  rode.'}  A  company,  squadron. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  311  [Greta]  was  |-e  firste 
lond  J>at . .  tau^te  horse  men  to  ryde  in  rotes  [L.  turmas\. 

t  Rote,  sb.±  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  med.L.  rota  [Du 
Cange).]  A  certain  measure  or  weight. 

c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  n.  Ixvii.  84  Take 
..J?e  Ferthe  party  of  a  Rote,  and  put  all  in  x  Rotes  of 
swete  water.  Ibid.  85. 

Rote  (r<7llt),  sbS*  Now  rare.  Also  6  root.  [ad. 
L.  rota  ROTA,  or  (in  sense  2)  a.  F.  rote.] 

1 1.  A  wheel  used  as  an  instrument  ot  torture  or 
punishment.  Obs. 

1526  R.  WHYTFORDJI/arftYigtf  (1893)43  All  theyr  membres 
S:  hole  body  stretched  vponarote  or  turnyng  whele.  a  1575 
Diitrn.  Oicnrr.  (Bann.  CI.  1250  James  Caddtir.  .,  being.,  lane 
in  Striueling  in  manor  foirsaid,  wt-t.  brukin  011  the  root. 

t  2.  /'.  C.  Ch.  =  ROTA  3.  Obs. 

1528  GARDINER  in  Burnet  Hist.  Ref.t  Rec.  (Pocock)  I.  106 
One  Jacobus  Symonet,  dean  of  the  rote.  1529  MOKE 
Dyalflge  in.  Wks.  216/1  Sauyng  the  premunyre,  we  myghte 
haue  it  trycd  in  the  rote  at  Rome.  1787  CHARLOTTE  SMITH 
Romance  Real  Life  II.  130  At  the  court  of  Rome,  the 
department  called  the  Rote,  allowed  the  validity  of  her 
marriage. 

3.  Rotation;  turn.    rare~l. 

1831  Fi-ascr's  Mag.  III.  508  They  at  first  resolved  That 
each  should  govern  in  diurnal  rote. 

Rote  (rJut),  sb£  Now  U.S.  [See  RUT  sb.X] 
The  roaring  of  the  sea  or  surf. 

1610  R.  NICCOLS  England's  Eliza  cclxx.  837  While  the 
seas  rote  doth  ring  their  doleful  I  knell.  i68a  FLAVEL  Fear 
24  Such  a  noise  as  the  rote  of  the  sea.  1855  HALIBURTON 
Nature  <$•  Human  -V.  210  When. .the  rote  is  on  the  beach, 
it  tells  me  it  is  the  voice  of  the  south  wind  giving  notice  of 
rain.  1864  LOWELL  Fireside  Trav.  193  X.  walked  away, 
rumbling  inwardly  like  the  rote  of  the  sea  heard  afar.  1869 
T.  W,  HIGGINSON  Oldport  Romance  xviii,  She  could  only 
distinguish  the  rote  on  the  distant  beach. 

fRote,  a.,  obs.  variant  of  ROTTEX  a. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Sec.  A'wwV  T.  17  (Cambr.  MS.),  ^\t  seen 
men  \veel.. That  ydilnesse  is  rote  slogardye.  Ibid.  228 
Neuere  mo  ne  schal  they  rote  be. 

Rote  (r<5ut),  f.l     Also  7  roat.     [f.  ROTE  sb.-] 

1.  trans.  To  repeat,  to  run   over,  to  rattle  off, 
from  memory.     Also  absol. 

1593  DRAYTON  Eel.  i.  16  Ravish'd  to  heare  the  warbling 
Birds  to  roat.  1630  —  Afitses  F.liz.  Nymphal  ii.  121  If  by 
chance  a  Tune  you  roate,  'Twill  foote  it  finely  to  your  note. 
1681  BAXTER  Answ.  Dodvell  iv.  57  Did  you  think  that  your 
roteing  over  the  name  to  them  that  deny  the  thing,  would 
make  a  wise  man  change  his  Religion?  1816  J.  GILCHHIST 
Philos.  Etym.  134  It  is  really  to  be  wished  that  authors 
would  think  more  and  rote  less.  Ibid.  140  The  usual  viola 
tions  of  usage  might  be  put  into  a  sixpenny  piece  to  be 
rotedofTby  the  grammatical  disciple.  1838  TUFI-ER  Proverb. 
Philos. ,  Of  Memory  iii,  Memory  is  not  wisdom  :  idiots  can 
rote  volumes. 

f  2.  To  learn  or  fix  by  rote.    Obs.  rare. 

1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  in.  ii.  55  Now  it  lyes  you  on  to  spenke 
to  th'  people . .  with  such  words  That  are  but  roated  in  your 
Tongue.  1775  T.  SHERIDAN  Art  Reading  283  Not.,  able 
to  repeat  even  what  is  perfectly  roted  on  the  memory. 

Hence  Eo'ting  vbl.  sb.  and///,  rt. 

1816  J.  GILCHRIST  Philos.  Etyvi,  186  Can  our  roting, 
repeating  scholar  make  Latin  as  Cicero  made  it?  1817  — 
Intell.  Patrimony  15  You  will  witness  much  reading,  roting 
and  repeating  among  those  who  pretend  to  learning. 

Rote  (i^"t),  v$     [ad.  L.  rotare,  f.  rota  wheel.] 

•\  1.  trans.  To  rotate.  Obs. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  i.  27  When  the  cubit  is  at 
furthest  extended,  the  posteriour  and  great  Processe  thereof, 
is  roted  and  wlieled. 

2.  intr.  To  go  out  or  in  by  rotation  or  turn. 

« 1697  AUBREY  Lives ^  J,  Harrington  (1898)  1.291  Now 
this  modell  upon  rotation  was  : — that  the  third  part  of  the 
Senate  should  rote  out  by  ballot  every  yeare.  1806  W. 
TAYLOR  in  Ann.  Rez1.  IV.  240  Of  three  County  Members 
one  might  rote  out  yearly.  1860  GEN.  P.  THOMPSON  Audi 
Alt.  clxxi.  III.  199  Here  the  only  way  seems  to  be,  that 
instead  of  roting  out,  as  was  the  device  of  our  ancestors, 
men  should  for  once  in  a  way  rote  in, 

tRote,  w.3   Obs.    [Cf.  ROTTLE  e'.]   ?  To  flatter. 
^1330  Arth.  *  Merl.  3867  (Kolbing),  per  mi^t  men  se  J>e 
baners  roten,  pe  stedes  for^  wel  3ern  schoten. 

Rote,  obs.  f.  ROOT,  ROT,  ROUT,  RUT. 

tRo'ted,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [app.  f.  ROTE  sb.'2] 
Skilled,  practised,  experienced. 

1470-85  MALORY  Morte  Arth.  x.  xxxvi.  472  This  malgryne 
was  an  olde  roted  knyghte,  and  he  was  called  one  of  the 
daungerous  knyghtes  of  the  world  to  doo  bataille  on  foot. 

Roted,  obs.  f.  ROOTED,  ROTTED.     Rotel,  obs. 

f.  ROTTLE  V. 


KOTER. 

t  Rote-master.  Obs.-1  [ad.  Du.  rotmeester, 
G.  rottmeister :  see  ROT  sb.-]  One  in  command 
of  a  company  of  gunners. 

1523  Lett,  $  Pap.  Hen.  VIII,  III.  n.  1526. 

Roten,  obs.  f.  ROTTEN  a. 

t  Ro'ter  *.  Ob$.~^  [a.  OF.  rotier^  variant  of 
routiert  ROUTER  sb^\  A  robber,  highwayman. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  6032  Aboute  heruest  bis  deneis  as 
roters  [z'.r.rotours,  rotors]  arnde  Bi  chilterne  &  to  oxenford. 

Roter  -  (r<Ju't9i).  [f.  ROTE  z».1]  One  who  re 
peats  by  rote. 

1624  Bi*.  MOUNTAGU  Gagg  301  Such  Roters  as  these,  are 
the  men  that  talk  of  Fathers  amongst  their  Gossips  and 
Proselytes.  1816  J.  GILCHRIST /'>&//<);.  Etym.  217  A  canting, 
mystical,  visionary  race  of  roters,  eternally  saying  after 
consecrated  authorities.  1817  —  Intell.  Patrimony  102 
The  sole  reason  must  have  been,  that  he  was  less  of  a 
reader  and  roter. 

Rotey-time :  see  RUTEY  sb. 

Rotge  e.  Ornith.  [Given  by  Martens  (1675) 
as  the  name  current  among  Dutch  or  Frisian 
sailors,  with  the  statement  that  it  is  derived  from 
the  bird's  cry  rottet  tet ;  but  perh.  a  misunder 
standing  of  Kris.  rotgieS)  pi.  of  rotgoes,  brent 
goose.]  The  little  auk.  See  also  KOTCHE. 

1694  Martens'  I'oy.  Spitsbergen  in  A  cc.  Scv.  Late  Voy.  \\. 
76  The  old  Lumbs  have  a  very  tough  and  dry  Flesh,  not  to 
disparage  the  Rotges,  Kirmews  and  young  Lumbs  when 
boiled.  Ibid.  (1711)  91  The  calling  or  crying  of  the  Rotges 
amongst  one  another.  1839  Cornhill  Mag.  I.  109  Passing 
Cape  Dudley  Diggs,  we  landed  at  a  breeding-place  of  rotges 
(little  auks).  1882  Mature  XXVI.  387  Manyrotgees  had 
their  young  among  the  basaltic  columns. 

Ro't-gnt,  ro'tgnt.    [f.  ROT  v.  +  GUT  sl>.] 

1.  An  adulterated  or  unwholesome  liquor  ;  spec* 
bad  small  beer,  or  (in  C/.S.}  inferior  whiskey. 

1633  HEYWOOD  Eng.  Trav.  iv.  Wks.  1874  IV.  72  Let  not  a 
Teaster  scape  To  be  consuiiTd  in  rot-gut.  1666  G.  HARVEY 
Morb.  Angl.  xxviii.  (1672)  76  They  overwhelming  their 
panch  daily  with  a  kind  of  flat  Scarbier,  or  Rot-gut;  we  with 
a  bitter  dreg-gi-ih  small  liquor.  1715  ADDISON  Drummer  v. 
Wks.  1830  II.  208  Sir  George,  Drink  nothing  but  smallbeer 

for  a  fortnight .   But.  Smallbeer  !  Rot-gut!   1831  LOVER 

Leg.  222  To  the  divil  I  pitch  sitch  rot-gut.  1867  P.  FITZ 
GERALD  ;y  Brooke  St.  1 1.  67  What  is  it  to  me.,  if  you  fill 
your  cellars  with  all  the  'rotgut'  in  the  kingdom?  1893 
HENLEV  &  STEVENSON  Deacon  Brodie  i.  iv,  What  brings 
the  man  from  stuff  like  this  to  rotgut  and  spittoons  at  Mother 
Clarke's. 

2.  attrib.  or  as  adj.      Of  liquor  :   Unwholesome, 
deleterious,  injurious  to  the  system. 

1706  T.  BAKEK  Tunbridge  Walks  in.  i,  Damn  rotgut 
Rhenish:  we'll  have  Mrs.  Motion's  health  in  a  bumper  of 
Barcelona.  1767  S.  PATERSON  Anoth.  Trav.  II.  42  Their 
only  ,,rink  was  a  cursed  rot-gut  stuff,  which  they  called 
wine.  1830  MAKRYAT  Kings  Own  xxxiv,  The  rotgut  French 
wines  had  given  him  a  pain  in  the  bowels.  1871  Daily  News 
19  Jan.,  To  take  glass  after  glass  of  rotgut  rum,  schnapps, 
or  arrnck. 

b.  spec.  (Seequot.)  U.S. 

1888  GOODE  Amer.  Fishes  432  Its  flesh  spoils  very  quickly 
after  the  fish  is  taken  from  the  water,  hence  the  name  '  Rot- 
gut  Minnow  ',  applied  to  it  in  Alabama. 

Roth,  obs.  form  of  ROOT  st>.1 

t  Rothef  f-1  Obs.-1  [ad.  ON.  rdfa,  =  OE. 
r&dan  \  see  REDE  v^\  trans.  To  counsel,  advise. 

c  1300  Havelok  2817  And  siben  shal  ich  under-stonde  Of 
you. . Manrede,  and  holde  obes  bobe,  Yif  ye  it  wilen,  and 
ek  rothe. 

t  K.oth.6,  ^.2  Obs~l  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
intr.  ?  To  lalk  nonsense. 

c  1440  1  'ork  Myst.  xvii,  122  Kyng  !  In  be  deuyl  way, 
dogues,  Fy  !  Now  I  se  wele  ^e  robe  and  raue. 

t  Ro'thel,  v.  Obs.  rare.  (Of  obscure  origin 
and  doubtful  meaning.) 

13.  .E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  59  A!  is  robeled  &  rosted  ryjt  to  be 
sete,  Comes  cof  to  my  curte,  er  hit  colde  worbe.  Ibid,  890 
penne  vch  tolke  ty^t  hem  bat  hade  of  tayt  fayled,  &  vchon 
robeled  to  be  rest  bat  he  reche  111051. 

II  Rotheln  (r(>''teln).  [G.  rotheln,  roteln  pi., 
f.  rot'Ji)  red.]  German  measles. 

1873  F.  T.  ROBERTS  Handbk.  Med,  179  Hybrid  of  Measles 
and  Scarlatina— Rothelin.  1877  Ibid,  (ed.  3)  1. 147  Riitheln 
has  been  regarded  either  as  a  mild  form  of  measles  or  scarlat 
ina.  1889  E.S.MiTH/Vrtc/.  Treat,  Dis.  C&&f¥tt(ed,9)iL  32  An 
attack  of  ro theln  is  then,  as  a  rule,  a  very  insignificant  matter. 

Rother  (r^*3aj).  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms  :  a. 
i  briber,  hryper,  1-2  hrytfer,  4  riper.  0.  2-3 
retSer,  4  reper,  5-6  rether.  7.  2-3  reo'Ser, 
3  roper,  3-  rother,  5  rodder,  6  rowder.  8.  i 
hru^er,  3  rufler,  ruper,  4,  6  ruther,  5  rudder. 
[OE.  briber,  hrydtr,  =  OFris.  (Ji^ritker,  reder 
(NFris.  ridder,  redder  young  ox,  WFris.  rier 
heifer),  a  derivative  from  the  stem  hrift-  (found  in 
hriSfald,  -//«?/ iflfe), «  OS.  hrtth,  for  earlier  *hrinf-t 
which  is  also  represented  by  OHG.  hrind  (G. 
rind),  MLG.  and  MDu.  rind-,  rint  (Du.  rund}, 
The  shortening  of  the  vowel  before  the  ending 
-ther  (as  in  mother,  brother}  prob.  took  place  in 
later  OE.,  with  subsequent  variation  due  to  the 
influence  of  r. 

It  is  not  clear  whether  OE.  hryfier  is  a  mere  variation  of 
hrfSer,  or  represents  an  original  ablaut  variant  *hmnJ>-.\ 

1.  An  ox;  an  animal  of  the  ox  kind;  //.  oxen, 
cattle,  neat. 

o.  805-31  Charters  O.  E.  Texts  444  An  hriSer  du^unde. 
971  BlicKl.  How,  199  He  ..  ongan  sceotan  wi^»  bses  be  he 


808 

geseah  \>xt  hryber  stondan.  c  1000  Sax.  Lecchd.  II.  100 
genim  cealfes  scearn  obbe  ealdes  hry|;eres  wearm  &  le^e 
on.  £1050  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  341  Armenia^  hryoera 
heorde.  a  ixaa  O.  E,  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1012,  Hi., 
hine  ba  \>scr  oftorfodon  mid  banum  &  mid  hryScra  heaf- 
dum.  £1400  Tre v isa's Higden  (Rolls)  III.  205  Senewes  of 
schepe  and  of  reberen  [&.  riberen]. 

£.  c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  37  Det  oref . .  be5  shep  and 
reSeren  and  get  and  swin.  a  1290  Leben  Jesu  (Horstm.) 
853  Fond  he  her  inne  ..  Schep  and  rebren,  and  coluerene 
eke.  c  1306  Pol.  Songs  (Camden)  220  Upon  a  retheres  hude 
forth  he  wes  y-tuht.  1387  THEVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  13 
pisilond.  .bringe^  forl>.  .reberen  and  ober  bestes.  a  1400-50 
Alexander  1239  Meliager  with  his  men  ..  Raschis  with 
rethere  &  rydis  bot  a  quyle  [etc.].  1509  Will  of  Alyll 
(Somerset  Ho.),  Duos  Retheres  et  viginti  oues. 

Y.  CJ22$  Leg.  Kath.  60  pe  riche  reo3eren  &  schep  .. 
brohten  to  lake.  1:1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  300/11  Garganes 
reo^eren  and  obure  bestes  I-nowe.  .to  heore  lesewe  heom 
drowe.  13..  A'.  A  Us.  4719  Men  to  heom  threowe  dr'it  and 
donge,  Withfoule  ayren,  withrotheres  lunge.  i39&TREvisA 
Earth.  Dt  P.  R.  xvm.  i.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Bestes  bat  eteb  grete 
gras  and  herbes  as  roberen.  1474  ll'aterf.  Arch,  in  jot/t 
Rep.  Hist.  JlfSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  311  Rodders  or  ony  othre 
marchaundise.  1607  SHAKS.  Timon  iv.  iii.  12  It  is  the  Pas- 
tour  Lards  the  rothers  [em.  for  Brothers]  sides.  1873  PARISH 
Diet.  Sussex  Dial.,  Rothert.  .a  horned  beast. 

6.  c  1050  in  Kemble  Cod.  Dipt.  IV.  275  J>seron  naes  orf- 
cynnes  nan  mare  buton  vii  hrufteru.  c  I205  LAY.  8106 
Isla^ene  weoren  to  bon  mele  twself  busend  ruoeren.  1297 
R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  1209  King  cassibel.  .sacrefize  to  horgodes 
..Vourti  bousend  of  ruberen.  1485  Water/.  Arch,  in  loM 
Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comnt.  App.  V.  319  The  said  bouchers 
bye  the  same  rudders  in  thar  names.  1518  in  Trans.  Kil 
kenny  Arch.  Soc.  Ser.  n.  IV.  112  An  Indentur  . .  vpon  ij 
rudders  to  be  payed,  .yerly  to  Gerald  Erie  of  Kildare. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rother-cattle,  -driver^ 
-herd,  -soil, 

c  1000  /ELFRIC  Gen,  xlv.  10  Eowre  sceap  and  eower  hrySer- 
heorda.  c  1000  —  Horn.  I.  322  Amos  hatte  sum  hrySer-hyrde. 
cn75  Lamb.  Ifom.  07  Amos  het  a  reo^er  heorde.  1396 
Chancery  Warrants  file  s6oQuatre  boefs,  pris  de  quarante 
soulds,  [stolen]  dejohan  apjakke,  retherdryver.  1578  LVTE 
Dodoens  752  The  leaves  of  Klme  are  good  fodder  for  rother 
cattell.  1602  CAKEW  Cornwall  23  Beastes  seruing  for  meate 
onely,  are  Pigs,  Goates,  Sheepe,  and  Rother  cattell.  1670 
'BLQUKTG&usegr.  (ed.  3)  s.v.,  Hence  Rother-soyle,  also  used 
in  Hereford  shire,  for  the  soyle  or  dung  of  those  beasts. 

Rother,  obs.  form  of  RUDDER. 

t  Bother-beast.    Obs.  =  ROTHER  i. 

a.  1483  in  Somerset  Wills  (IQOI)  254  Also  two  oxen  ..  and 
all  my  rother  bostes.  1533  in  Weaver  Wells  Wills  (1890)  61 
Every  child  of  my  son  Thos.  a  Rother  beste.  I567GOLDING 
Ovid's  Met.  vii.  89  b,  The  cruell  Beare  to  fall  Upon  the 
herdes  of  Rother  beastes  had  now  no  lust  at  all.  1630  R. 
Johnsons  Kingd.  #  Commiu,  78  You  shall  see  Heards  of 
Rother  Beasts  and  Horses,  and  Flocks  of  Sheepe.  c  1640 
J.  SMYTH  Hund.  Berkeley  (1885)  19  Lands  which  suffice  for 
the  breedinge  of  an  horse  beast  or  Rother  beast.  1670 
BLOUNT  Glossogr.  (ed.  3),  Rother-beasts  (a  word  used  both 
in  our  old  Statutes,  and  still  in  the  North  of  England). 

£.  1561  HOLLYBUSH  Hom.Apoth,  25  The  maryof  Hertes, 
Roes,  or  rudder  beastes.  1596  HARINGTON  Mctant.  Ajax 
Prol.  A  viij,  The  rut  her  beastes  that  eate  too  greedily  hereof 
wil  swell  til  they  burst.  1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  in.  xiv. 
(1660)  163  The  Bull  is  the  ringleader  amongst  ruther  beasts. 
1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  <y  P.  244  The  Ruther  Beasts  with 
distended  Bags  grazing  in  the  Meadows. 

t  RO"th.eren,  a.  Obs.  Forms:  i  hryperen, 
4-5  reperen  (5  -erne),  rotheren  (roperne), 
rutheren.  [OE.  hryfteren,  i.hryfar  ROTHER.  Cf. 
OS.  hrttherin,  MLG.  rindern.]  Of  or  belonging 
to  oxen  or  cattle.  Retheren  tongue.,  bugloss. 

c  1000  Sax.  Lecchd.  II.  186  Jenim  hryberen  fixsc  jesoden 
on  ecede.  1387  TBEVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  309  It  was  a 
grete  abhomynacioun  among  be  Egipcians  to  sle  reberen  or 
ete  reberen  flesche.  1398  —  Earth.  De  JP,  R.  XVIIL  i.  (Bodl. 
MS.),  Roberen  flesche  and  gote  flesche  is  better  sode  banne 
rested.  £1400  Trevisa?s  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  504  The  Danes 
.  .slou}  him  with  stones  and  with  rutheren  bones.  14.. 
MS.  Sloane  j  If.  5/2  Buglossa,  . .  lingua  bouis.  gallice, 
Lange  de  boef.  Anglice,  reberne  lounge. 

Rother  ham  (r^'Saram).  Also  Rotheram. 
The  name  of  a  parish  and  township  in  Yorkshire, 
formerly  used  attrib.  to  designate  an  improved 
form  of  plough  introduced  (app.  from  Holland) 
about  the  middle  of  the  i8th  century. 

1763  MILLS  Syst.  Hnsb.  I.  255  The  Rotheran  [sic],  or 
patent  plough,,  .deserves  the  husbandman's  particular  at 
tention.  1763  Museum  Rust.  I.  24  To  stir  the  intervals,., 
the  Rotheram  plow  may  be  used.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON 
Pract.  Agric.  I.  7  An  intelligent  farmer,  .assures  us,  that  the 
rotheram-plough..goes  very  light,  and  is  very  useful.  1844 
H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  I.  406  About  the  middle  of  the  past 
century,  the  Rotherham  plough  appears  to  have  been  par 
tially  introduced  into  Scotland. 

t  Ro'therisli,  a.  Obs.-1  [f.  ROTHER  +  -ISH.] 
Resembling  oxen. 

nzoo  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  37  Sume  men.-winned  wi5  be 
eor5e,  and  tili^et  michel  to  oore  mann^es  bihofpe,  and  bese 
men  be3  icleped  ruSerthsse  men.  Of  bese  shepishse  and 
rufterishse  men  specS  be  prophete. 

Rothesay  (r?']>s<*).  Also  5  Hoth(is)say, 
6  Rothsey.  The  name  of  an  ancient  castle  in 
Scotland,  used  attrib.  in  Rothesay  herald^  one  of 
the  six  Scottish  heralds.  Also  ellipt. 

1401-2  Exch.  Rolls  Scot.  (1880)  III.  552  In  partem  pen- 
sionis. .,  videlicet  Rothesay  heraldo.  1488  Sc.  Acts  Parl. 
(1814)  II.  214/1  The  lettrez  brocht  fra  him  be  Rothissay 
herrald.  1507  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  III.  371  Item,  to 
lilewmantill,  now  callit  Rothsey,for  to  pas  in  France.  1581 
Sc.  Acts  Parl.  (1814)  III.  286/1  His  said  office  of  Rothesay 
herauld.  1641  Keg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  VII.  331  The  other 
two  [were  charged]  by  John  Spence,  Rothesay  Herald, . .  to 
render  their  houses.  174*  A.  NISBET  Syst.  Heraldry  II.  iv. 


ROTOLO. 

xvi.  171  Rothsay  has  his  Name  and  Title  from  the  Castle 

of  Rothsay,.  .an  antient  Residence  of  our  Scots  Kings  in 

the  Isle  of  Bute.     1863  [see  Ross  sb.*}. 
t  Rothly,  a.     Obs~l     (Meaning  uncertain.) 
a  1400  Pi  still  Susan  341  po  bat  robly  cherl  ruydely  rored, 

And  seide  bi-fore  be  prophete :  '  bei  pleied  bi  a  prine  '. 
t  Rothun.     Obs.—1     (Meaning  uncertain.) 
13..  £.  £.  Allit.  P.  B.  1009  Suche  a  robun  of  a  reche  ros 

fro  be  blake,  Askez  vpe  in  be  ayre  &  vsellez  ber  flowen. 

Rotie,  obs.  form  of  ROT  v. 

Rotifer  (nJu'tifai).  [mod.L.  (Leeuwenhoek, 
1702),  f.  L.  rota  wheel  +  -jer  bearing.]  An  animal 
cule  belonging  to  the  class  Rotifera. 

1793  T.  BEDDOES  On  Calculus  250  The  phenomena  dis 
played  by  the  roiifer.  .appear  inexplicable.  1835-6  Todd"s 
Cycl.  Anat.  I.  608/2  Singular  experiments  on  the  apparent 
resuscitation  of  the  Rotifer.  1846  DANA  Zoofh.  ii.  (1848) 

11  Polyps  are  ..  even   less   complex  in  structure  than  the 
minuter  Rotifers.     1872  NICHOLSON  Bid.  15  The  Rotifers 
are   minute   mostly   microscopic  creatures    which    inhabit 
almost  all  our  ponds  and  streams/ 

II  Rotifera  (n?ti-fera).  [mod.L.,  neut.  pi.  of 
rotifer(us} :  see  prec.]  A  class  of  minute  (usually 
microscopic)  animalcules,  having  rotatory  organs 
which  are  used  in  swimming. 

1830  R.  KNOX  BJclard's  Anat.  18  Other  animals  some 
what  more  compound,  as  the  rotifera..and  the  polypi.  1848 
CARPENTER  Anim.  P/tys.  ii.  (1872)  112  The  groupof  Rotifera 
or  Wheel-Animalcules,  which  is  one  of  great  interest  to  the 
Microscopist.     1896  tr.  Boas1  Text-bk.  Zool.  157  The  Roti 
fera  lay  two  different  kinds  of  eggs. 

Hence  Roti. 'feral  a.,  Botrferous  a.,  of  or  be 
longing  to  the  Rotifera. 

1835-6  Tudtfs  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  607  The.. rotatory  or  wheel- 
like  organs  of  the  Rotiferous  Infusoria.  1871  T.  R.  JONES 
Anim.  Kingd.  (ed.  4)  463  In  the  rotiferous  animalcules.  1886 
Encycl,  Brit.  XXI.  8/1  Possessing  undoubtedly  Rotiferal 
characters. 

tRo'tified,  ///.  a.  Obs.-1  [f.  ROTE  st>2] 
Repeated  by  rote. 

1719  D'URFEY  Fills  V.  242  Let  'em  tire  all  that  pass  with 
their  rotified  Cant, '  Will  you  buy  any  Shoes,  pray  see  what 
you  want  \ 

RiO'tifbrm,  a.  rare  ~°.  [ad.  mod.L.  roti- 
formis,  f.  L.  rota  wheel.]  (See  quots.) 

1855  OGILVIE  Suppl^  Rotiform,  shaped  like  a  wheel.  1864 
WEBSTER,  Rotiform^.  .having  a  very  short  tube,  and  spread 
ing  Hmbs; — said  of  a  monopetalous  corolla. 

Rotine,  obs.  form  of  ROUTINE. 

Roting,  obs.  form  of  ROOTING,  ROTTING. 

II  Rotl  (rp-t'l).  Forms :  7  rethel,  rotte  (?rotle), 
rotal,  9  rotol,  rottle,  rattle,  rutl,  rotl.  [a. 
Arab.  Jb.  retly  rail,  which  is  supposed  by  some 
to  be  an  alteration  of  Gr.  Ai'rpa.]  An  eastern 
weight,  varying  in  different  places  and  for  differ 
ent  commodities,  but  usually  something  between 
one  and  five  pounds.  Cf.  ROTOLO. 

1615  W.  BEDWELL  Arab.  Tntdgntan  s.v.,  An  hundred 
Rethels  do  make  a  Can  tar.  1685  POCOCKE  Comm.  Hosca  iii. 
2  It  contained  the  weight  of  seventy-two  thousand  drachms, 
that  is,  five  hundred  common  rotals.  l0lyAXoVKU.tr.  Thews- 
not's  Trav.  \.  262  The  Quintal  contains  150  Rottes,  the  Rotte 

12  ounces.    1825  Milbunfs  Oriental  Commerce  I.  88  [At 
Judda]  15  Vakias  make  i  Rattle  ;  2  Rattles  i  maund.    1826-7 
Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  XVIII.  438/2  The  Greek  rotl=\%Q 
dirhems  is  used  in  weighing  cotton  thread;  the  common 
rotl  =  144  dirhems.     1836  LANE  Mod.  Egypt.  II.  8  The  rutl 
is  about  is^oz. 

Rotle,  obs.  form  of  ROTTLE  v. 

t  Ro'tnCSS.    Obs-1    [Cf.  ROT  a.]   Rottenness. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  149  Seint  Laurence, 
whos  chirche  dissolved  and  lowsed  boru^  longe  rotnes  [L. 
carie]  he  reparailde. 

t  Roto'cracy.  Obs.  [f.  rot(ten) :  see  ROTTEN  a. 
7  c  and  -OCRACY.J  The  body  of  persons  who  had 
the  control  of  rotten  boroughs. 

1831  Examiner  81/2  Why  have  a  constituency,  if  the  con 
stituency  is  passively  to  subserve  to  the  Rotocracy? — (we 
thank  The  Times  fur  the  word).     1831  FONBLANQUE  Eng. 
under  7   Administr.    (1837)   II.  101   Lest   the   Rotocracy 
should  imagine,  .that  it  has  been  the  cause  of  the  progress 
of  society. 

Holograph,  (r^'t^gitef).  [f.  L.  rota  wheel  + 
-GRAPH. J  A  photographic  print  (esp.  of  a  page 
in  a  book  or  manuscript)  made  by  exposing  the 
object  through  a  lens  and  prism,  so  that  its  re 
versed  image  is  thrown  upon  part  of  a  roll  of 
sensitive  paper.  Also  attrib. 

1898  In  Trade  Marks  Jrnl.  No.  1098  (1899)  408.  1903 
H.  S.  Ward's  Fig.  Photogr.  (ed.  3)  95  '  Rotograph  '  Papers. 
Ibid.  183  '  Rotograph  '  formulae.  1906  Oxford  Univ.  Press 
Circular  (24  Nov.),  Rotary  Bromide  Prints,  or  Rotographs. 

||  Rotolo  (r^-t^I^).  Forms:  7  rottala,  rotola, 
rotello,  8  rottel(TiO,  8-9  rotolo,  9  rottolo ; 
also  //.  7  rottollies,  8-9  rotoli,  9  rottolis.  [a. 
It.  rotolo  (pi.  rotoli\  ad.  Arab,  ratl.]  =RoTL. 

1625  PURCHAS  Pilgrims  I.  iv.  347  The  weight.. is  two 
Rottalas,  a  Rottala  is  a  pound  of  their  weight.  Ibid.  II. 
vii.  1188  Three  hundred  and  sjxtie  Rottollies  of  Moha. 
Ibid.  ix.  1644  Eight  and  twentie  Rotellos  of  this  place. 
1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  %  P.  207,  i  Rotola  is  16  (June,  or 
i  /.  Averd.  1727  W.  MATHER  Yng.  Man's  Comp.  390  In 
Aleppo,  some  [commodities]  are  weighed  by  the  Rotolo  of 
680  Drachms ;  some  by  that  of  700,  and  others  by  that  of 
720  Drachms.  1765  Ann.  Reg.  i.  75  At  Brundisi,  a  hundred 
rotoli  (a  weight  of  about  33  ounces  English!  of  Roman  silver 
denarii  were  lately  discovered.  1853  W.  B.  BARKER  Lares 
$  Penates  75  From  a  rotolo  of  coffee,  or  a  few  rotolos  of  rice, 


ROTOMBE. 

the  whole  town  became  at  length  compelled  to  furnish  a 
stated  contribution.  1867  BAKKR  Nile  Trib.  vi.  116  [He]  has 
always  consumed  daily  throughout  his  life  two  rottolis 
(pounds)  of  melted  butter. 

Rotombe,  variant  of  ROTUMBE  Obs. 
I)  Roto  iida.     Now  rare.     [It.,  fern,  of  rotondo 
round.      Hence  also  F.  rotonde.'] 

1.  spec.  The  Pantheon.     Cf.  ROTUNDA  i  b. 

1670  LASSELS  l^oy.  Ital.  n.  235  From  hence  I  went  to  the 
Rotonda  otherwise  called  anciently,  the  Pantheon,  a  1747 
HOLDSWORTH  Remarks  Virgil  (1748)  218  The  doors  to  the 
Rotonda  at  Rome.  1756-7  tr.  Keysler^s  Trav.  (1760)  II. 
464  Behind  the  Pantheon  or  Rotonda  are  to  be  seen  the 
ruins  of  those  [baths]  of  Marcus  Agrippa, 

2.  A  round  or  circular  object. 

1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  127  f  9  When  I  survey  this  new- 
fashioned  Rotonda  [the  hoop-petticoat]  in  all  its  Parts. 

3.  =ROTUNDO  3. 

1874  LADY  HERBERT  tr.  Hulmer's  Ramble  1.  iv.  (1878)  39 
In  the  rotonda,  a  species  of  ante-room  generally  attached 
to  the  bed-carriages. 

Rotor  (n?u-t(?.i).     [Irreg.  for  ROTATOR.] 

1.  Math.  (See  quot.  1873.) 

1873  CLIFFORD  in  Lond.  Math.  Soc.  Proc.  IV.  381,  I  pro- 
pose  to  use  the  name  rotor  (short  for  rotator)  to  mean  a 
quantity  having  magnitude,  direction,  and  position,  of  which 
the  simplest  type  is  a  velocity  of  rotation  about  a  certain 
axis.  1882  Nature  XXVI.  218  Such  a  displacement  is  the 
same  as  a  rotation  about  the  polar  of  the  given  line,  and  is 
hence  called  by  Clifford  a  Rotor. 

2.  The  rotating  part  of  a  dynamo  or  motor. 
1903  St*  James's  Gaz,  7  Feb.  17/2  Both  the  rotor,  and 

what  is  usually  known  as  the  statpr  of  the  motor,  are  con- 
structed  so  as  to  be  capable  of  rotation  about  a  common  axis. 

I  RotoU'lld,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  It.  rotondo 
or  L.  rolund-us  :  see  ROTUND  a.]  Round. 

1433  LYDG.  S.  Edmund  m.  1447  Out  off  a  chapel,  that 
callyd  was  rotounde  They  took  the  martir.  c  1440  Stacy ons 
of  Rome  745  At  seynt  mary  Rotounde  [v.r.  >e  Rounde] 
there  is  a  chyrche  fayre  I-founde.  1619  H.  HUTTON  Follies 
Anat.  (Percy  Soc.)  23  His  circled  panch,  is  barrell  like, 
rotound  Like  earths  vast  concaves  hollow  and  profound. 

t  Rotour.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  roteor,  rote(e)ur, 
f.  rote  ROTE  s&.1]  A  player  on  the  rote. 

In  last  quot.  perhaps  an  error  for  riotour. 

1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  1042  ?yf  |>ou  euer  with 
logeloure,  with  hasadoure,  or  with  rotoure,  Hauntyst 
tauerne.  1394-5  Durh.Acc.  Rolls  (SurteesJsgg  Uni  Rotour 
de  Scocia,  6s.  Bd.  c  1430  LYDG.  Mm.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  35 
He  is  a  person,  she  thynkethe,  of  fair  figure,— A  yong  rotour, 
redy  to  hir  pleasier. 

Rotour:  see  ROUTER  sbl 

tB.otsb.ip.   Obs.  rare.  [f.  ROT  a.]  Rottenness. 

c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg.  86  If. .  J>ei  han  greet  putride  & 
rotschipe,  Ratine  bou  nedist  a  ful  drie  medicyn.  Ibid.)  If 
^at  he  haue  a  litil  putrede  or  rotschipe. 

Rottack :  see  ROTTOCK. 

Rottan  (rft'n).  Now  Sc.  and  dial.  Also  6, 
8-9  rotten,  6  rotton.  [var.  of  RATTON,  For 
the  difference  in  vowel  cf.  Fris.  rdt,  roat>  rotte-, 
MDu.  and  MLG.  rotte  (Du.  rot},  MSw.,  Norw., 
and  Icel.  rotta  (Sw.  rattat  Da.  rotte).]  A  rat. 

7^1500  Chester  PI.  in.  179  Here  cattis  maken  it  full 
crowse,  here  a  rotten,  here  a  mowse.  1575  Gamin.  Gurton 
in.  iii,  Thou  skald,  thou  bald,  thou  rotten,  thou  glutton  ! 
I  will  no  longer  chide  thee.  1673  WEDDERBURN  Voc.  15 
(Jam.),  Glis,  a  rotten.  1756  MRS.  CALDERWOOD  Jrnl.  (1884) 
53  Even  the  poor  dancer  creept  out  of  bed  like  a  poisoned 
rotian.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xxii,  I  had  them  a'  regularly 
entered,  first  wi'  rottens— then  wi'  slots  or  weasels.  1886 
BRIERLEY  Cast  upon  World  162  They  looken  as  hungry  as 
two  rottans.  1894  LATTO  Tarn.  Bodkin  vti,  The  squeekin' 
o'  mice  an'  rottans. 

b.  attrib.y  as  rottan-fall  (rat-trap),  -hole. 

1673  WEDDERBURN  Voc,  13  (Jam.),  Decifinla,  a  rotten  fall. 
1839  MOIR  Mansie  IVauch  (ed.  2)  xxvii,  Div  ye  keep  rotten- 
fa's  aboot  your  premises?  1865  G.  MACDONALD  A,  Forbes 
ii,  I  hae  been  seekin'  ye.  .i*  the  verra  rottan-holes. 

f  Rotte,  obs.  form  of  RAT.     (Cf.  prec.) 

14..  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  624  Ratot  rotte. 

Rotte,  obs.  form  of  ROT,  RUT  ;  see  also  ROTL. 

Rotted  (rp'ted),  ///.  a.     Also  3  roted,  4-5 

rotid,  -yd(e,  5  rooted,  -yd.     [f.  ROT  ?.4-SDV| 

1.  That  has  undergone,  or  passed  into  a  state  of, 
decay  or  putrefaction. 

a  1225  A  ncr.  R.  84  Yet  wolde  he  teteren  &  pileken,  mid  his 
bile,  roted  stinkinde  fleshs.  1340  Ayenb.  205  A  roted  eppel 
amang  Jte  holen  makef>  rotie  (re  yzounde.  1398  TREVISA 
Barth.  De  P.R.  VH.  xxxvi.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Fehris  putrida, 
roted  feuer,  hab  bat  name  of  roted  humoures  of  the  whiche 
it  is  ibredde.  c  1400  Lanfmnc's  Cirurg.  86  Pou^  bat 
bou  dense  (?e  rotid  boon  wib  schauynge.  1681  CHETHAM 
Angler's  Vade~m,  iv.  §  14  (1689)  45  The  body  of  a  rotted 
alder.  1721  BRADLEY  Philos.  Ace.  Wks.  Nat.  130  These 
have  always  their  Habitation  in  shady  moist  Places,  chiefly 
in  rotted  Wood.  1812  SIR  J.  SINCLAIR  Syst.  Husb.  Scot. 
I.  282  The  manure.. was  rotted  dung,  turned  over  and  pre 
pared  for  the  purpose.  1855  CARLYLE  in  E.  FitzGerald's 
Lett.(i8Sg)  I.  235  All  the  horrors  of  a  half  rotted  ship.  1880 
C.  R.  MARKHAM  Peruv.  Bark  78  The  dead  and  rotted  roots 
of  the  rasamala-trees  were  allowed  to  remain. 

2.  spec.  Of  sheep:  Affected  by  the  rot. 

1837  YOUATT  Sheep  xi.  450  The  liver  of  a  rotted  sheep. 
1867  BRANDS  &  Cox  Diet.  Set'.,  etc.  s.v.  Rot,  This  difference 
..occasions  some  rotted  sheep  to  thrive  well.. to  a  certain 
stage,  when  they  suddenly  fall  off. 

Hence  f  Bo'ttedness,  rottenness.    Obs. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xm.  xxvi.(6odl.  MS.),  pey 
haue  reste  in  here  rotednes  and  in  filbe.  Ibid.)  Slyme . .  of 
rotednes  fat  is  vpon  be  water.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  m. 
433/2  To  scrape  away  the  rottedness  of  the  Cranium. 

VOL.  VIII. 


809 

Rottel,  obs.  form  of  ROTTLE. 

Rotten    (r^'t'n),    a.     Forms :    3    rotin,    4-6 

roten,  4-5  rotun,  5  rotyn,  5-6  roton,  6  rotne ; 
4,  6  rottyn,  6  rottin(e,  rotton  ;  5-  rotten,  [a. 
ON.  rotinn  (Icel.  rotinn,  Fser.  rotin^  Norw.  roten', 
MSw.  rot  in  9  rutin,  Sw.  ratten,  Da.  raaden, 
f  rodden},  which  has  the  form  of  a  strong  pa.  pple. 
belonging  to  the  ablaut-series  rent-,  raut-}  rut- : 
cf.  ROT  v.  and  the  forms  cited  tinder  RET  v.Z\ 

I.  1.  Of  animal  matter :  In  a  state  of  decom 
position  or  putrefaction  ;  decomposed,  putrid. 

a  1225  Attcr.  A'.  84  Roted  [T.  rotin]  stinkinde  fleshs.  13. . 
Cursor  M.  22907  (Gutt.),  Dede  bar  gun  his  carion  li,  And  £at 
was  rotin  al  to  noght.  c  1330  A  rth.  $•  Mcrl.  73  (Kolbing),  When 
ich  am  dede  &  roten  in  clay.  1388  WYCLIF  Numb.  v.  21 
The  Lord  make  thin  hipe  to  wexe  rotun,  and  thi  wombe 
swelle,  and  be  brokun.  ^1450  Myrr.  our  Lady  c  320  The 
bodyes  of  nl  men  and  women . . ,  thoughe  they  be  roten  or 
brente.  c  1489  CAXTON  -Sonncs  of  Ay  won  x\x.  439,  I  am 
sory  that  ye  be  not  deed  rotyn  wythin  the  pryson.  1533 
GAU  Richt  Vay  81  The  same  body  quhilk  vesz  grawit  &: 
rottine.  1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  v.  ii.  666  The  sweet  War-man 
is  dead  and  rotten,  1651  HOBEES  Leviath.  iv.  xllv.  348  To 
give  life  again  to  a  dead  man,  and  renew  his  inanimate  and 
rotten  Carkasse.  1692  Christ  Exalted  79  Which  J  am  sure 
have  a  worse  Savour  than  the  rottenest  Egg  in  the  Town. 
1701  STANHOPE  St.  Bernard's  Medit.  St.  Augustine,  etc. 
via.  iii.  365  Its  boasted  Charms  shall  sink  into  a  rotten  Car 
cass.  1893  W.  R.  GOWERS  Man.  Dis.  Nerv.  Syst.  (ed.  2)  II. 
437  The  sclerotic  after  death  was  rotten  and  discoloured. 

2.  Of  vegetable  or  other  substances  :  In  a  state 
of  thorough  decay. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psaltcr\.  3  Auerous  men. .bat  gifes  froit, 
bot  when  it  is  rotyn  &  out  of  tyme.  c  1374  CHAUCER  Anel. 
$  Arc,  314  Sheo  that  hem  trustithe  shall  hem  fynde  als 
faste  As  in  a  tempeste  is  be  Roton  maste.  c  1400  MAUNDF.V. 
(Roxb.)  vii.  25  pai  [sc.  apples]  will  he  roten  within  viii. 
dayes.  1493  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  VII  (1896)  259  Sayles  olde 
&  Rotyn,  j  ;..Cokke  Botes  to  the  seid  ship  olde  &  Rotyn,  j. 
1555  EDF.N  Decades  (Arb.)  in  Those  shyppes  beinge  nowe 
rotten  for  age.  1583  HOLLYBAND  Campo  di Fior  131, 1  have 
but  a  few  nuttes,  and  those  are  broken  and  rotten.  1621 
BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  n.  iii.  v.  (1651)  341  They  start  at  the 
name  of  death,  as  a  horse  at  a  rotten  post.  1697  DRYDEN 
Virg.  Georg.  iv.  62  In  the  rotten  Trunks  of  hollow  Trees. 
1760  BROWN  Compl,  Turner  n.  69  Rotten  sawdust,  or  any 
other  rotten  wood.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  323  The  true 
pedigree  of  property,  and  not  rotten  parchments  and  silly 
substitutions.  1813  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp.  (1838)  X. 
378  There  is  one  pontoon  p,uite  rotten.  1870  F.  R.  WILSON 
Ck.  Lindisf.  99  The  interior  was.. full  of  rotten  sittings  of 
all  sorts  and  sizes. 

jig.  ^1386  CHAUCER  Prol.  Reeve's  T.  21  We  olde  men.. 
Til  we  be  roten,  kan  we  nat  be  rype.  1546-  [see  RIPE<Z.  i  c]. 
1579  SPENSER  Sheph.  Cal.  Dec.  118,  1.. follies  nowe  have 
gathered  as  too  ripe,  And  cast  hem  out  as  rotten  and  un- 
soote.  1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  in.  ii.  126  You'l  be  rotten  ere 
you  bee  halfe  ripe. 

b.  In  fig.  contexts. 

1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  54  We  that  be  In    , 
religyon  sholde  ..  purge  the  rotten  bowes  by  confessyon.    ' 
1567  Gitde  %  Godlie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  186  O  cankerit  carionnis,     I 
and  o  je  rottin  stakis.    1602  MARSTON  Ant.  fy  Mel.  iv.  Wks.     ' 
1856  I.  46  O  rotten  props  of  the  craz'd  multitude.     1654 
WHITLOCK  Zootomia  36  What  rotten  Tenements  are  our 
Bodies  ?    1781  COWPER  Progr.  Err.  288  Sin's  rotten  trunk,     ; 
concealing  its  defects. 

c.  ahsol.  The  decayed  part. 

i6zgCHAPMAN  Juv.  Poems  (Globe)  259  To  pick  out,  like  the  | 
rotten  out  of  apples..,  a  poor  instance  or  two.  i875TENNY-  I 
SON  Q.  Mary  n.  ii,  My  Lord,  cut  out  the  rotten  from  your  i 
apple. 

3.  Of  air,  water,  etc. :  Putrid,  corrupted,  tainted, 
foul,     f  Rotten  fever,  putrid  or  septic  fever. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  16435  A  man- 
qualm  cam  ..  porow  roten  eyr,  borow  wykkede  wyndes. 
(1440  Gesta  Rom.  Iviii.  374  (Add.  MS.),  Be-fore  hem  all 
he  caste  oute  the  rotyn  watyr.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus^ 
Putort  a  rotten  sauour.  1567  Glide  fy  Godlie  B.  (S.  T.  S.) 
185  Stinkand  pulis  of  euerie  rottin  synk.  1600  E.  BLOUNT 
tr.  Conestaggio  238  At  which  time  Queene  Anne  his  wife 
fell  sicke  of  a  rotten  feuer.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $•  Cr.  v.  i.  21 
The  rotten  diseases  of  the  South.  1671  SALMON  Syn.  Med. 
in.  Ixxxv.  737  The  putrid  or  rotten  Feaver.  1802  Med.  Jrnl. 
VIII.  358  The  room  was  on  the  ground  floor,  seemed  very 
damp,  and  had  a  rotten  smelL 

4.  Of  ground,  soil,  etc. :  Extremely  soft,  yield-    I 
ing,  or  friable  by  reason  of  decay. 

c  1440  Pallad.  on  Husb.  i.  64  A  roten  swerd  and  welnygh 
blak,..And  tough  to  glewe  ayeyn  [etc.].  1483  CAXTON  G. 
de  la  Tour  D  viij  b,  So  they  tooke  their  waye  thorough 
the  medowe,  where  were  old  cloddes  all  roten.  1565  COOPER 
Thesaurus,  Cariosa  terra,  rotten  earth  quickly  fallen 
to  duste.  1607  J.  NORDEN  Surv.  Dial.  in.  113  They  are 
taken  in  bogges,  and  such  rotten  grounds  as  cattle  cannot 
feed  upon.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Gcorg.  i.  304  Sow  Beans 
and  Clover  in  a  rotten  Soil.  1806  PIKE  Sources  Mississ. 
(1810)  87  The  ice  [was]  very  dangerous,  being  rotten.  1860 
TYNDALL  Glac.  \.  viii.  60  Scattering  with  my  axe . .  the  rotten 
ice  of  the  sharper  crests.  1892  P.  H.  EMERSON  Son  of  Fens 
118  That's  rotten  (boggy)  that  side,  aint  it? 
b.  Of  rocks :  Partly  decomposed. 

1805  FORSYTH  Beauties  Scot,  III.naBesidesthe  hard  sort, 
much  is  to  be  found  of  what  is  commonly  called  rotten  whin. 
1839  MURCHISON  Silur.  Syst,  i.  xxvii.  341  The  subsoil . .  con- 
sists  of  rotten  shale  with  scarcely  the  vestige  of  a  solid  bed 
of  stone.  1852  JOHNSTON  Elem.  Chem.  $  Geol.  viii.  119  The 
decayed  traps,  under  the  local  names  of  Rotten  rock,  Marl, 
etc.  1868  Rep.  U.S.  Comm.  Agric.  (1869)  69  The  sand 
marls  of  the  rotten  limestone  group  of  this  State. 

5.  Of  sheep  :  Affected  with  the  rot. 

c  1460  Tcnvneley  Myst.  xli.  221  Both  befe,  and  moton  Of 
an  ewe  that  was  roton.  1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  55  To 
knowe  a  rotten  shepe.  Ibid.,  Take  the  shepe,..and  yf  the 


ROTTEN-HEAKTED. 

skynne..be  pale-coloured,  and  watrye,  thanne  is  he  rotten 
ISS5  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  So  They  dyed  yet  dayly  as  it 


rotten,  the  Eyes  are  pale  and  dark.  1810  PARKINSON  Live 
Stock  I.  422  The  nineteen  [sheep]  all  died  rotten.  1844 
C.  W.  JOHNSON  in  H.  Stephens Bk.  Farm  II. 45  Mr.  Rusher 
..purchased,  for  a  mere  trifle,  20  sheep,  decidedly  rotten. 

transf.  1704  Diet.  Rust,  s.v.  Rot,  If  he  [the  horse]  be 
rotten,  bis  Liver  and  Lights  are  so  putrified,  that  they  are 
not  to  be  recovered, 

b.  Characterized  by  the  occurrence  or  prevalence 
of  sheep-rot. 

1799  Agric.  Surv.  Lines.  329  In  rotten  years,  the  sheep 
that  feed  on  the  salt  marsh.. sell  very  high.  1810  PARKIN- 
SON  Live  Stock  I.  425  The  farm .  .was  deemed  so  rotten,  that 
the  oldest  inhabitants  advised  my  father,  .not  to  keep  sheep. 

6.   Damp,  wet,  rainy. 

*599  B.  JONSOM  Ev.  Man  out  of  Hum.  \.  iii,  Expectation 
Of  rotten  weather,  and  vnseason'd  howers.  1828  COL. 
HAWKER  Diary  (1893)  I.  347  A  rotten  pinching  white  frost. 
1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  I.  300  A  raw  rotten  fog  after 
frost.  1881  Folk-Lore  Rec.  IV.  131  A  Saturday's  rainbow 
is  sure  to  be  followed  by  a  week  of  rotten  (rainy)  weather. 
II.  7.  Morally,  socially,  or  politically  corrupt. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  I.  7  For  bei  ben  divydid  fro  f?e 
comoun  maner  of  lyvynge  bi  hir  rotun  rytys.  c  1384 
CHAUCER  //.  Fame  in,  1778  Ye  maisty  Swyne,  ye  ydel 
wrechhes,  Ful  of  roten  slowe  techches.  a  1548  HALL  Chron., 
Hen.  KA/fiSog)  429  So  perdurable,  .that  they  can  never  be 
clerely  extirpate,  .out  of  their  rotten  hartes.  1555  in  Strype 
Eccl.  Mem.  (1824)  III.  App.  xl.  in  And  root  up  the  rotten 
race  of  the  ungodly.  1602  SHAKS./TOM.  i.  iv.  po  Something 
is  rotten  in  the  State  ofDenmnrke.  1661  J.  DAVIES  Civil 
Wars  372  Purging  his  army  by  casting  off  such  officers  as 
he  conceived  rotten.  1718  Free-thinker  No.  14.  95  He  is 
Rotten  at  the  Core,  and  his  Soul  is  dishonest.  1797  GODWIN 
Enquirer  \.  xii.  103  This  rotten  morality  will  not  abide., 
examination.  1851  GALI.ENGA  Italy  61  A  scheme  of  nation 
ality  having  for  its  head  a  rotten  papacy.  1890  'R.  BOLDRE- 
WOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  148  The  whole  rotten  sham 
which  calls  itself  a  prosperous  colony. 

fb.  Of  language:  Morally  offensive;  obscene. 

cx62o  MORYSON  I  tin.  iv.  (1903)  417  Blasphemous  oathes 
and  rotten  talke  are  among  their  national!  vices.  1641 
HINDE  y.Bruen  li.  165  To  be  pure  in  lips  and  tongue,  never 
suffering  any  rotten  speech  to  fall  from  him. 

c.  Rotten  borough  :  see  BOROUGH  3  c. 
8.  Weak,  unsound. 

^1607  SHAKS.  Cor.i.  x.  23  Nor  sleepe,  nor  sanctuary,.. shall 
lift  vp  Their  rotten  Priuiledge,  and  Custome  'gainst  My 
hate  to  Martius.  1658  OSBORN  K.  Jas.  Wks.  (1673)  501 
Upon  a  hope  (though  a  rotten  one)  of  a  future  preferment. 
1737  WHISTON  Josephus,  Hist.  I.  xxvi.  §  2  This  fellow  per 
ceived  the  rotten  parts  of  the  family,  and  what  quarrels  the 
brothers  had. 

b.  slang.  In  a  very  poor  state,  of  a  very  bad 
quality,  quite  worthless  ;    '  beastly '.     Also    as   a 
mere  expletive  (quot,  1892). 

1881  STEVENSON  £jr/,  5  Dec.,  You  may  imagine  how  rotten 
I  have  been  feeling,  and  feel  now.  1892  HENLEY  &  STEVEN- 
SON  Deacon  Brodie  iv.  i,  Just  like  you.  Forgot  the  rotten 
centrebit.  1895  Westm.  Gaz.  20  April  7/2  Outside  the  com 
petition  they  were,  comparatively  speaking,  a  rotten  team. 

c.  Printing.   (See  quot.) 

1888  JACOBI  Printers1  I'ocab.  115  Rotten,  term  applied  to 
unsound  impression  in  printing. 

f9.  Jig.  More  than  ripe.    Obs.  rare. 

1640  SHIRLEY  Constant  Maid\\\.  ii,  My  part  is  rotten  in 
my  head,  doubt  not.  —  Humorous  Courtier  in.  i,  Pray 
let  me  have  All  these  directions  in  manuscript.  Til  not  see 
her  Till  they  be  rotten  in  my  head. 

1O.  attrib.  and  Comb. 

a.  Paraaynthetic,  as  rotten-fust ianed,  -planked, 
-throated^  -timbered  adjs.    Also  ROTTEN-HEARTED. 

1598  E.  GUILPIN  Skial.  (1878)  55  You  rotten- throated 
slaues,  Engarlanded  with  coney-catching  knaues.  1818 
KEATS  Endym.  n.  18  Many  old  rotten-timber'd  boats  there 
be.  1853  R.  S.  SURTEES  Sponge's  Sp.  T.  (1893)  220  All  the 
scowling,  rotten-fustianed,  baggy-pocketed  scamps  of  the 
country.  1855  BROWNING  Hugues  of  Saxe-Gotha  xxix,  At 
the  foot  of  your  rotten-planked,  rat-riddled  stairs. 

b.  With  adjs.,  as  rotten-dry,  -red,  -rick,  -ripe\ 
also  rotten-roasted. 

1596  NASHE  Saffron  Walden  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  93  By 
this  time  imagin  him  rotten  ripe  for  the  Vniuersitie.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  365  That  they  be  not  brittle,  and  rather 
ripe  drie,  than  sere  or  rotten-dry.  1623  MIDDLETON  More 
Dissemblers  iv.  i,  [Ducks]  all  rotten  roasted  and  stuffed  with 
onions.  1840  BROWNING  Sordello  n.  731  Fruits  like  the  fig- 
tree's,  rathe-ripe,  rotten-rich.  1861  L.  L.  NOBLE  Icebergs 
319  Stumps  of  all.  .colors,  from  rotten-red  and  brown  down 
to  coal-black.  1869  LOWELL  Glance  behind  Curtain  vi,  The 
time  is  ripe,  and  rotten-ripe,  for  change. 

c.  Rotten-egg  vb.,  to  pelt  with  rotten  eggs. 
1884  B'ham  Weekly  Post  25  Oct.  3/7  He  was  rotten-egged, 

stoned,  and  otherwise  greatly  abused. 

Ro'tten,  &•  rare>  [f-  prec.  Cf.  Icel.  and  Norw. 
rotnat  S\v.  mttna,  Da.  raadne.]  trans.  To  rot. 

1611  SPEED  Theat.  Gt.  Brit.  (1614)  2/2  How  the  Romans 
found  it,  held  it,  and  left  it,  as  times  ripened  and  rottened 
their  successe. 

t  Ro'ttenhead.  Obs.—*  [-HEAD.]  Rottenness. 
1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mar.  697  Itpreserveth  the  flesh 
for  a  time  from  rottenhead  and  putrifaction. 

Rotten-hearted,  «.  [f.  ROTTEX  a.  +  HEART 
sb.~\  Of  a  thoroughly  corrupt  nature  or  character. 

£-1386  CHAUCER  Parson's  T.  f  689  pis  roten  hertid  synne 
of  Accidie  and  of  slouthe.  1620  SANDERSON  Serin.  I.  136  A 
rotten-hearted  hypocrite  humbleth  himself  outwardly,  but 
repenteth  not  truly.  1643-4  VICARS  God  in  Mount  (1844)  6 
Perfidious  and  rotten-hearted  Prelates.  1647  CLARENDON 
Hist,  Reb.  iv.  §  in  The  People,  .affronted  such  Lords  as 

102 


ROTTENISH. 

came  near  them, ..calling  them  Rotten-hearted  Lords.  1754 
HUME  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.,  Jas.  I  ff  Chas.  1,  I.  315  The  cry  con 
tinually  resounded  against  bishops  and  rotten-hearted  lords. 
1788  BURNS  Let.  to  W.  Cruikshank  Dec.,  That  puritanic, 
rotten-hearted,  hell-commissioned  scoundrel.  1840  DICKENS 
Barn.  Rudge  Uvii,  Abject  things  those  rotten-hearted  jails 
had  made  them. 

Ro'ttenish.,  a.    rare.     [f.  ROTTEN  a.  +  -ISH.]   ' 
Somewhat  rotten  or  decomposed. 

a  172*  LISLE  Husb.  (1752)  24  A  layer  of  wet  and  rottenish 
dung.  1831  Blackw.  Mag.  XXX.  507  Most  of  the  said 
sticks  are  rather  rottenish. 

t  Bo'ttenly,  a.    Ola.  rare.   [-LY!.]   Rotten. 

1435  MISYN  Fire  of  Love  81  Als  bis  rotynly  body  suffyrs.    ! 
1573  TCSSER  Husb.  (1876)  44  A  rottenly  mould  is  land 
woorth  gould. 

Ro-ttenly,  adv.  ra>-e-°.  [-LY  2.]  In  a  rotten 
manner  ;  unsoundly,  etc.  1847  in  WEBSTER. 

Rottenness  (rfj't'nines).  Forms  :  4-5  roten- 
(n)esse  ;  5  rotynes(se  ;  6  rottennes,  rottinnes, 
rottynnesse,  6-7  rotten(n)esse,  7,  9  rotteness  ; 
7-  rottenness,  [f.  ROTTEN  a.  +  -NESS.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  rotten  or  decayed;  nn- 
soundness,  corruptness ;  also  concr.,  decayed  or 
putrid  matter. 

1382  WYCLIF  Ecclus.  xix.  3  Rotennesse  and  wormes  shuln 
eritagen  hym.  4:1400  Lanfranc'sCirnrg.  82  pat  be  rotynes 
&  be  quytture  my}te  be  bettere  goon  out.  1483  CAXTON 
Gold.  Leg.  299  b/i  He  clensyd  hym  from  al  rotynes.  1530 
PALSGR.  264/1  Rottynnesse  of  any  thynge,/^wrr//w?Y.  1579 
\V.  WILKINSON  Confut.  Fam.  Love  Ep.  Ded.  *iij  b,  Their 
blossotnes  are  as  dust  and  their  fruite  as  rottennesse.  1631 
WIDDOWES  Nat.  Philos.  37  Distilled  water  of  Oke  leaves 
cureth  Fluxes,  and  rottennesse  of  the  Liver.  i66zSTiLLlNGFL. 
Orig.  Sacrx  I.  i.  §  9  For  the  sake  of  the  apparent  rotten 
ness  of  the  Superstructures  to  question  the  soundness  of  the 
foundations.  1722  WOLLASTON  Relig.  Nature  ix.  181  The 
vitious  life . .  usually  ends  ill ;  perhaps  in  rottenness  and  rags. 
1781  COWPER  Expost.  90  He  found,  conceal'd  beneath  a  fair 
outside,  The  filth  of  rottenness.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mob  v.  8 
Loading  with  loathsome  rottenness  the  land.  1884  Law 
Times  LXXVII.  384/2  The  scaffolding ..  gave  way,  owing 
to  the  rottenness  of  a  putlog. 

fig.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Luke  xxiii.  174  b,  He 
alone  of  all  men  was  not  corrupt  with  any  rottennesse  of 
vice  or  of  inordinate  desires.  1633  G.  HERBERT  Temple, 
Church  Porch  iii,  Continence  hath  his  joy  :  weigh  both  ; 
and  so,  If  rottennesse  have  more,  let  Heaven  go.  1859 
KINGSLEY  Misc.  II.  45  Mr.  Froude  shows,  .his  deep  sense 
of  the  rottenness  of  the  Church.  1879  FARRAR  St.  Paul  I. 
331  It  was  Rome  at  the  epoch  of  her  most  gorgeous  gluttonies 
and  her  most  gilded  rottenness. 

f  2.  Ripeness  (of  an  impostume).  Ol>s.~l 
1607  MARKHAM  Horsemanship  vn.  57  If  by  no  meanes  it 
will  come  to  any  head  or  rottennes,  then  you  shall  ouer 
night  apply  round  about  the  wenne  Bole-armonike  and 
vineger  mixt  together. 

3.  The  condition  of  sheep  affected  by  rot. 
1704  Diet.  Rust.  s.v.  Sheep,  It  stirs  up  the  natural  Heat  of 
the  Sheep,  that  wasts  the  moisture,  and  prevents  Rotten 
ness.  1789  T.  WRIGHT  Meth.  Watering  Meadows  (1790)  41 
In  six  weeks  afterwards  the  lambs  were  killed,  and  dis 
covered  strong  symptoms  of  rottenness.  1867  BRANDE  & 
Cox  Diet.  Sci.^  etc.  s.v.  Rot,  The  signs  of  rottenness  are 
sufficiently  familiar  to  persons  about  sheep. 

Ro'tten  Bow.  [App.  f.  ROTTEN  a.  +  Row  sb.l 
The  name  was  formerly  applied  to  various  streets 
in  different  towns,  the  reason  for  the  application 
being  usually  obscure. 

In  Scotland  and  the  north  of  England  the  older  form  is 
usually  ration  raw  (see  RATTON  and  ROTTAN),  and  thus 
app.  of  different  origin.] 

1.  A  road  in  Hyde  Park,  extending  from  Apsley 
Gate   to   Kensington   Gardens,  much   used   as   a 
fashionable  resort  for  horse  or  carriage  exercise. 
Now  usually  called  the  Row. 

1799  SHERIDAN  Pizarro  Prol.,  Anxious — yet  timorous  too  ! 
— his  steed  to  show,  The  hack  Bucephalus  of  Rotten-row. 
1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xxxix  [xl],  He  had  cantered 
out  of  Rotten  Row  into  the  Park.  1860  W.  H.  RUSSELL 
Diary  India  I.  102  The  ride  in  Rotten  Row,  the  dreary 
promenade  by  the  banks  of  the  unsavoury  Serpentine.  1882 
Encycl.  Brit.  XIV.  824/1  Its  Rotten  Row  alive  with 
equestrians. 

2.  Naut.  (See  quots.) 

1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  580  Rotten  Row,  a  line  of 
old  snips-in-ordinary  in  routine  order.  1891  H.  PATTERSON 
llliistr.  Naut.  Diet.  378  Rotten  Row,  a  certain  place  in  a 
navy  yard  in  which  worn-out  vessels  are  moored. 

Ro'tten-stone.  Also  rottenstone.  [f.  ROT 
TEN  a.  +  STONE  sb.]  A  decomposed  siliceous  lime 
stone  chiefly  used  as  a  powder  for  polishing  metals. 

1677  PLOT  Oxfordsh.  66  Nothing  does  brighten  Copper  so 
well,  as  a  sort  of  stuff  they  call  rotten  stone.  1731  FIELDING 
Grub  St.  Op.  il.  iv,  Your  bills  for  tutty  and  rotten-stone, 
when  you  used  nothing  but  poor  whiting.  1777  G.  FORSTKR 
Voy.  round  World  II.  355  A  sort  of  tripoly,  which  is  called 
rotten-stone  by  some  miners.  1823  W.  PHILLIPS  Min.  (ed.  3) 
50  Rottenstone.  .is  dirty  grey,  or  reddish  brown,  passing 
into  black :  it  is  dull,  earthy,  soft,  meagre  to  the  touch,  and 
fetid  when  rubbed  or  scraped.  1862  ANSTED  Channel  Isl. 
i.  vi.  127  The  interstices  of  the  rock  are  generally  filled  with 
a  red  friable  stone,  called  rotten-stone.  1876  A.  H.  GREEN 
Phys.  Geol.  ii.  §  6.  73  When  the  calcareous  part  of  such 
rocks  has  been  dissolved  out  by  the  action  of  water  a  sort 
of  siliceous  skeleton  is  left  called  Rottenstone. 

attrib.  1807  VANCOUVER  Agric.  Devon  (1813)  57  A  decom 
position  of  the  shaley  rotten-stone  rock.  1867  J.  HOGG 
Microsc.  i.  iii.  159  The  finest  tripoli  or  rotten-stone  powder. 

Hence  Bo'tten-stone  v.,  to  polish  with  rotten- 
stone  (Cent.  Diet.). 


810 
Rotter  fo-taO.    [f.  ROT  *.] 

1.  A  causer  of  rot.    rare. 

1611  COTGR.,  Pourrissetir,  a  rotter;  and,  particularly,  the 
spotted, .  .short-tailed  Serpent,  Seps. 

2.  slang.  In  vaguely  depreciative  use  :  One  who 
is  objectionable  on  moral  or  other  grounds. 

1894  G.  MOORE  Esther  Waters  xl,  A  regular  rotter ;  that 
man  is  about  as  bad  as  they  make  'em.  1899  KIPLING  Stalky 
172  What  d'you  take  any  notice  of  these  rotters  for?  1900 
'  G.  SWIFT'  Sotnerley  155  He  liked  his  mother  and  sisters. .  : 
all  other  women  he  classed  as  '  rotters  '. 

3.  Something  which  is  rotten  with  age. 

1901  H  ENLEY  Hawthorne  %  Lavender,  An  old  black  rotter 
of  a  boat  Lay  stranded  in  mid-stream. 

Ro  ttiug,  vbl.  sb.  Also  i ,  3  rotung,  4  roting, 
4-5  rotyng(e,  rooting,  5  Sc.  rutting,  etc.  [f. 
ROT  v.  +  -ING  i.] 

1.  The   process   of  decaying,  decomposing,   or 
putrefying;  false,  decomposed  or  putrid  matter. 

c  1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Thorpe)  xxix.  8  Hu  nyt  is  be . .  min  cwalu, 
o55e  min  rotung  on  byrgenne?  c  izy>  Hali  Meid.  (Bodl.)  16 
As  bet  swote  smirles . .  wit  bet  deade  licome  bet  is  ber-wi3 
ismiret,  from  rotunge.  a  1300  Cursor  HI.  11505  For  roting 
es  na  better  rede.  Ibid.  11859  Pe  roting  bat  him  rennes 
vte,..Nemai  na  liueand  man  it  thole.  >3o8TREvisA  Bartk. 
DC  P.  R.  v.  xxxviii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Yuel  humours  schuld 
esilich  berein  be  gadered  to  corrupcion  and  rooting,  r  1420 
Liber  Cocorum  (1862)  33  Presse  out  bo  blode  for  anythyng, 
pat  is  cause  for  grete  rotyng.  c  1480  HENRYSON  Test.  Ores. 
464  5our  roising  reid  to  rotting  sail  retour.  1526  Pilgr. 
Pcrf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  240  b,  That  vile  and  stynkyng  caryon 
. .  lyeth  in  putrefaction  or  rottyng.  1597  A.  M.  tr.  Gnille- 
mean's.  Fr.  Chirurg.  10  b/2  Least  the  ayre  cause  therine 
some  corruptione  and  rottinge.  1611  COTGR.,  Pourris,  a 
suppuration,  a  rotting.  1726  LEONI  Albertfs  Archil.  I. 
75/2  The  rotting  of  the  weeds  raises  unwholesome  vapours. 
1837  W.  B.  ADAMS  Carriages  306  The  ordinary  process  of 
decomposition  in  wood  by  what  is  technically  termed  'rot 
ting  '.  1892  W.  PIKE  Barren  Ground  N.  Canada  174  The 
ice  now  began  to  show  signs  of  rotting. 

2.  The  process  of  retting  (flax). 

1862  Chambers's  Encycl.  IV.  367/1  The  operation  is 
called  rotting  or  retting,  and  requires  to  be  managed  with 
great  care.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1993/2  Rotting,  the 
steeping  of  flax-stalks  to  soften  the  gum  and  loosen  the 
fiber  from  the  woody  portions. 

Routing,  ///.  a.  Also  4  rotand,  5  roting, 
6  roatiug.  [t.  ROT  v.  +  -ING  2.] 

1.  Undergoing  decomposition  or  decay  ;  suffering 
from  rot. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  28823  Be  bis  lede  bou  ta  bisning  bis 
heui  rotand  werlds  thing.  1435  MISYN  Fire  of  Love  98  pe 
rotyng  flesch  suffyrs  not  owr  mynde  in  god  bisily  to  be 
borne.  1638  COWLEY  Love's  Riddle  m,  Goe,  get  you  gone, 
looke  to  your  rotting  cattell.  1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Hor., 
Sat.  II.  iii.  164  Of  straw  he  made  his  bed,  While  moths 
upon  his  rotting  carpet  fed.  1798  COLERIDGE  Anc.  Mar. 
iv.  v,  I  looked  upon  the  rotting  sea, . .  I  looked  upon  the 
rotting  deck.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  x.  xxi,  Each  well 
Was  choked  with  rotting  corpses.  1859  KINGSLEY  Misc.  II. 
40  He  sketches  for  us  the  rotting  and  dying  Church.  1883 
R.  W.  DIXON  Mano  \.  viii.  21  Life's  rotting  root  in  sadness 
lingers  late. 

2.  Productive  of  rot  or  decay  ;  causing  rottenness. 
1563   PILKINGTON    Burning  S.   Paul's  Bij,  The    good 

shepeherde  will  not  lette  hys  shepe  feede  in  hurtful  and 
roating  pastures.  1715  LEONI  Palladia's  Archil.  (1742)  I.  2 
The  rotting  moisture  we  have  spoken  of.  1818  SHELLEY 
Rosal.  ff  Helen  928  The  prisoners . .  in  their  rotting  dungeons 
lay.  1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  II.  275  An 
'  excess  of  fluid ',  which,  in  what  are  called  '  rotting  meadows', 
the  sheep  is  obliged  to  take  in  with  its  necessary  food.  1897 
MARY  KINGSLEY  W.  Africa  547  In  a  rotting  climate  like 
West  Africa. 

Hence  Bottingness,  rottenness.   r*f»     . 
1495  Trevisa's  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xix.  Ixxviii.  908  Rotyng- 
nesse  is  corrupcion  of  substauncyall  moysture. 
t  Ro'ttle,  sb.     06s.-1     [ad.  OF.  raielle,  dim. 
of  rale  :  see  RATE  sb.^]     The  spleen. 

c  1450  BURGH  Secrees  1744  Ache  in  the  Rottle  And  ek  in 
the  haunches.  [Cf.  Sccreta  Secret.  31  Akyng  of  thyn 
haunchis  and  of  thi  mylte.J 

Rottle  (ip't'l),  v.  Now  dial.  Also  4-6  rotle, 
4-5  rotel,  5  rottill-.  [  =  MDu.  and  MLG.  rotelen, 
G.  rosseln  (also  Du.  reutelcn,  LG.  riiieln,  G.  rot- 
selti),  prob.  of  imitative  origin  :  cf.  RATTLE  v.  and 
RUTTLE  v.~\  intr.  To  rattle,  in  various  senses. 

13..  K.  Alis.  930  Mony  a  baner,  of  gold  and  ynde,  That 
day  rolled  with  the  wynde.  Ibid.  1871  Mony  scheld  ther 
was  y-founde,  And  mony  baner  was  rotelande.  13..  Pol., 
Rel.,  «t  L.  Poems  (1903)  249  Whanne. .  be  brote  Roteletj,  And 
be  hew  Falewet}.  a  1400  Rel.  Antiq.  I.  65  His  teth  shulle 
I  ratelen ;  And  his  throte  shal  rotelen.  1577  B.  GOOGE 
|  Heresbach's  Husb.  in.  (1586)  132 b,  It..rotleth  with  much 
noise  in  the  throte.  1608  TOURNEUR  Reveng.  Trag.  iv.  ii, 
He  whurles  and  rotles  in  the  throate.  1675  COTTON 
Burlesque  upon  B.  Wks.  (1725)  278  Hearing  Blood  in 
Throats  to  rottle,  Like  Liquor  from  a  strait-mouth'd  Bottle. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  ii.  134/1  A  Goat  when  he  sendeth 
forth  his  Cry  Rattleth  or  Rotteleth.  1719  HAMILTON  Ep.  i. 
viii.  in  Ramsay  Poems,  Tho'  1  should  baith  reel  and  rottle, 
..At  Ed'nburgh  we  sail  ha'e  a  bottle.  1841  HARTSHORNS 
Salop.  Ant.  Gloss.  551  Rottling  in  his  throat.  1861  R. 
YOUNG  Rabin  Hilts  Visit  Rlwy,  i.  xvii,  Dont'e  hear  The 
snarten  creter  rottlen  on  ?  1898  RAYMOND  Men  6 '_  Mendip 
vi,  A . .  note,  so  crisp  that  he'll  rottle  'twixt  your  vinger  an' 
thumb. 

Hence  Ko'ttling  vbl.  sb. 

a  1400-50  Alexander  943  Alexander . .  Sees  slike  a  rottill- 
i  yng  in  be  rewme  &  ridis  al  be  faster.  14 . .  Siege  Jerusalem 
\  277  pan  was  rotlyng  in  Rome, . .  Schewyng  of  scharpe  stele 
i  and  schcldes  ydressed. 


ROTUND. 

Ro'ttock.  Now  Sc.  Forms :  4  rottok,  9  -aok, 
-iek.  [?  f.  ROT  v.]  A  decayed  or  musty  thing. 

13..  St.  Erkenwolde  344  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881) 
274  Alle  be  blee  of  his  body  was  blakke  as  be  moldes,  As 
rotene  as  be  rottok  bat  rises  in  powdere. 

1806  JAMIESON  Pop,  Ball.  I.  293  Now  a'  their  gear  and 
aid  rottacks  Had  faun  to  young  Hab  o'  the  Heuch.  \Gloss. 
'  Old  musty  corn.  Literally,  the  grubs  in  a  bee-hive.']  1844 
T.  ANDERSON  in  Edwards  Mod.  Sc.  Poets  i4th  Ser.  164 
He'd  sic  routh  o'  auld  rotticks  was  left  by  his  daddy.  1867 
GREGOR  Banjfshire  Gloss.,  Rottack,  anything  stored  up 
for  a  long  time  with  the  idea  of  mustiness. 

Kotton,  obs.  form  of  ROTTAN,  -EN. 

II  Rotula  (rp-ti«la).  PI.  usu.  rotulffl  (rftittli). 
[L.  rotula,  dim.  of  rota  wheel.] 

1.  Anat.  a.  The  knee-cap,  patella. 

£1400  Lanfranc'sCirurg.  177  Around  boon . .  clepid  rotula, 
&  of  summen  it  is  clepid  be  yje  of  be  knee.  1597^  A.  M .  tr. 
Guillemeau's  Fr.  Chirurg.  p.  xlj  b/i  That  which  is  rotunde- 
lye  elevatede,  is  called  Rotula,  or  the  shive  of  the  knee.  1715 
S.  SEWALL  Diary  2  July,  I ,.  was  grievously  surpris'd  to 
find  Hannah  fallen  down  the  Stairs  again,  the  Rotula  of  her 
Left  Knee  broken.  1741  MONRO  Anat.  Nerves  (ed.  3)  291 
The  Substance  of  the  Rotula  is  cellular.  1803  J.  BARCLAY 
New  Anat,  Nomencl.  127  Those  parts  in  the  sacral  ex 
tremities  . .  are  the  tibia,fibula,  poples,  and  rotula. 
b.  The  point  of  the  elbow. 

1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qual.  (1809)  1.98  The  ball., 
lodged  on  the  rotula  of  my  left  arm.  1900  Daily  News 
3  July  3/4  The  rotula  of  the  elbows  form  big  balls  like  knots 
on  a  crabtree  stick. 

2.  a.  One  of  five  radial  pieces  forming  part  of 
the  oral  skeleton  of  sea-urchins. 

1877  HUXLEY  Anat.  Inv.  Anim.  ix.  576  Superiorly,  the 
epiphyses  of  each  pair  of  alveoli  are  connected  by  long 
radial  pieces — the  rotitlx,  articulated  with  their  edges. 
Ibid.,  The  radii  and  rotula?  are  ambulacral.  1888  ROLLES- 
TON  &  JACKSON  Anim.  Life  560  This  apparatus  consists  of 
an  interradial  portion . .  and  of  a  radial  portion — viz.  the 
rotula  and  the  radii. 

b.  A  calcareous  formation  in  the  integument  of 
some  holothurians. 

1888  ROLLESTON  &  JACKSON  Anim.  Life  550  The  calcareous 
deposits  of  the  body  are  as  a  rule  represented  only  by 
scattered  spicules.  -,by  wheels  (=rotulae),  e.  g.  in  Chirodota, 
. .  or  variously  shaped  plates. 

3.  A  genus  of  sea-urchins. 

1753  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl.  S.V.,  The  characters  of  the 
rotula:  are,  that  they  are  flat  shells  in  form  of  a  cake. 

4.  (See  quot.  1760.) 

1760  J.  FERGUSON  (title\  The  Description  and  Use  of  the 
Astronomical  Rotula,  shewing  the  Change  and  Age  of 
the  Moon,  the  Motions  and  Places  of  the  Sun,  Moon,  and 
Nodes  in  the  Ecliptic  [etc.].  1883  Blackw.  Mag.  Aug.  258 
Rotuias,  orreries,  dials,  everything  he  could  think  of,  his 
patient  hands  elaborated. 

Hence  Bo'tulad  adv.    (See  first  quot.) 

1803  J.  BARCLAY  New  Anat.  Nomencl.  166  In  the  sacral 
extremities,.  .Rotulad  will  signify  towards  the  rotular  as 
pect.  1808  —  Muscular  Motions  435  The  vagina.. is  in 
passing  the  joint  extended  rotulad  and  poplitead  of  the 
centre  of  motion. 

Rotular  (rf  tirflai),  a.     [See  prec.  and  -AR.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  rotula  or  knee-cap. 
1803  J.  BARCLAY  New  Anat.  Nomencl.  166  Towards  the 

rotular  aspect.  1814  WISHART  tr.  Scarpa's  Treat.  Hernia 
Expl.  Table  p.  xvi,  The  aspects  and  positions  here  are  tibial, 
fibular,  rotular,  and  popliteal. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  a  roll. 

1871  WRIGHT  Homes  of  Other  Days  ix.  140  The  number 
which  remain  lead  us  to  believe  that  every  gentleman's 
family  possessed  one  of  these  rotular  manuals  of  English 
history. 

t  Rotule.   Obs.-'1    [a.  F.  rotule.]    =  ROTULA  i. 

1578  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  i.  33  A  common  cauitie,  wherein 
lyeth  the  hole,  or  rotule  of  the  knee. 

Rotulet  (rjj-titflet).  [f.  L.  rotut-us  roll  +  -ET.] 
A  small  roll ;  one  of  the  parts  of  a  large  roll. 

1848  REEVES  Ecel.  Antiq.  Doivn  p.  xii,  The  four  rotulets 
which  comprise  the  taxation  of  Armagh  and  Tuam  are 
stitched  together.  1887  WILLMORE  Hist.  Walsall  45  An 
error  in  the  transcription  from  the  original  rotulet. 

t  Rotumbe.  Obs.  rare.  Also  rotombe.  [ad. 
med.L.  rotumba  (Du  Cange).]  Some  vessel  used 
in  alchemy. 

c  1460-70  Bit.  Quintessence  10  pe  which  licour  gadere  to- 
gidere  in  a  rotumbe.  Ibid.,  It  nedit  to  be  putrified  in  a 
rotombe. 

Eotun,  obs.  form  of  ROTTEN  a. 

Rotund  (nrtzrnd),  sb.  Now  rare.  [Subst.  use 
of  next :  cf.  F.  rotonde,  It.  rotonda] 

f  1.  A  globe  or  ball.    Obs.-1 

iSSoJ.CoKE  Eng.  f,Fr.  Heralds  §  64  The . . kyng of  Eng- 
lande..is  fygured holdynge  in  his  left  hand  a  ronde  rotunde, 
representyng  his  Impery. 

f  2.  A  circular  company  of  persons.   Obs. 

1636  R.  GRIFFIN  in  Ann.  Dubrensia  (1877)  53  Since  '.hat 
brave  Heroe  dy'd. .,  Arthur,  with  his  rotund  of  Knights. 

f  3.  A  round  building  or  space.   Obs. 

1740  DYER  Ruins  Rome  402  And  Phoebus'  temple  nodding 
with  its  woods  Threatens  huge  ruin  o'er  the  small  rotund. 
1756  BURKE  Subl.ff  B.  il.  ix,  For  in  a  rotund,  whether  it  be 
a  building  or  a  plantation,  you  can  nowhere  fix  a  boundary. 
1778  England's  Gazetteer  (ed.  2)  s.v.  Wells,  The  chapter 
house  is  a  rotund,  supported  by  a  pillar  in  the  middle. 

t4.  A  round  cf  occupation.   Obs.-1 

1799  SICKELMORE  Agnes  tr  Leonora  I.  2  She  retired  from 
the  bustle  and  monotony  which  a  diurnal  rotund  of  company 
produces. 

5.  A  round  expanse  or  extent ;  one  who,  or  that 
which,  has  a  rounded  form. 


ROTUND. 


811 


BOUCOU. 


1802  MRS.  J.  WEST  Infidel  Father  I. 16  The  frown  which 
gradually  overcast  the  luminous  rotund  of  Lady  Fitz  John's 
countenance.  1860  I.  TAYLOR  Ult.  Civiliz.  183  The  merry 
rotund  of  the  front  aspect.  1882  Nature  XXV.  405  Not 
only  do  the  worker-ants  store  the  '  rotunds  ',  but  when  they 
require  food  they  go  to  the  rotunds,  which  feed  them. 

Rotund  (r0t»'nd),  «.  [ad.  L.  rotund-us?  related 
to  rota  wheel :  cf.  ROTOUND  a.  and  ROUND  a^\ 

1.  Round,  circular,  orbicular.     Now  rare  except 
in  scientific  use. 

1705  AoDisoN//rt/j'i77, 1.  .can't  forbear  thinking  the  Cross 
Figure  more  proper  for  such  spacious  Buildings  than  the 
Rotund.  1796  W.  H.  MARSHALL  W.  England  II.  75  The 
Town..,  surrounded  with  inferior  streets,  caps  a  rotund 
hillock.  1843  b.  C.  HALL  Ireland  III.  200  All  the  Mithraic 
..temples  were  rotund.  1856-8  W.  CLARK  Van  derHoeven's 
Zool.  I.  153  Test  rotund  or  cordate.  1866  Treas.  Bot. 
99V1  Rotund^  orbicular,  a  little  inclining  to  be  oblong. 
1878  ANDERSON  Exp.  Yuu-nan  210  The  more  rotund 
character  of  the  parietals. 

Comb,  1852  DANA  Crust,  n.  1270  Centre  of  posterior 
margin  deeply  rotund-excavate. 

2.  Of  the  mouth :  Rounded  iu  the  act  of  utter 
ance.     Hence  transf^  sonorous,  full-toned. 

After  L.  ore  rotundo  (Horace  Ars  Poet.  323). 

1830  JAMES  Darnteyx\,  Along  detail  of  grievances  poured 
forth  from  the  rotund  mouth  of  Jekin  Groby.  1831  DE 
QUINCEY  in  Blackiv.  Mug.  XXIX.  765  The  style  of  Latin 
they  affect  is.. too  florid,  too  rotund.  1865  DICKENS  Mut. 
Fr.  iv.  xiii,  A  most  rotund  and  glowing  negative.  1886 
Manck.  Exam.  14  Jan.  5/6  He  read  out,  in  a  fine,  rotund, 
elocutionary  style,  the  message. 

3.  Rounded,  plump,  podgy. 

1834  JAMES  J.  Marxian  Hall  x,  Various  peculiar  points 
in  his  rotund  conformation.  1836  KANE  Arct.  ExpL  II. 
xxiv.  243  If  they  would  bring  to  me  their  rotund  little  com- 
pan  ion  within  three  days.  1866  GEO.  ELIOT  F.  Holt  xxx, 
This  pink-faced  rotund  specimen  of  prosperity. 

Hence  Rotu'nd  v.  trans. ,  to  make  round,  cause 
to  become  round. 

1650  BULWER  Anthropomet.  20  He  would  have  them  by 
some  device  to  have  their  Heads  rotunded  or  rounded.  i8zz 
Examiner  187/1  A  tall  gaunt  Scot,  somewhat  rotunded  by 
good  fortune  and  ministerial  dinners. 

Rotunda  (r<3twnda).  [van  of  ROTONDA,  after 
L.  rotunda,  fem.  of  rotundus.  See  also  ROTUNDO.] 

1.  A  building  round  in  shape  both  inside  and 
outside,  esp.  one  with  a  dome. 

a  1700  EVELYN  Diary}  Feb.  1645,  Virgil's  sepulchre  erected 
on  a  steepe  rock,  in  forme  of  a  small  rotunda  or  cupolated 
columne.  1753  HAN  WAY  Trav.  (1762)  I.  in.  xliii.  199  These 
edifices  are  rotundas,  of  about  thirty  feet  diameter.  1789 
MRS.  PIOZZI  Journ.  France  I.  393  The  Temple  of  Vesta., 
is  a  pretty  rotunda.  1814  COL.  HAWKER  Diary  (1893)  I. 
116  A  grand  and  fine-built  rotunda  for  wheat  and  flour. 
1863  MARY  HOWITT  tr.  F.  Brewer's  Greece  II.  xiv.  103  We 
were  conducted  through  a  garden  into  a  large  rotunda,  with 
an  arched  roof,  a  1878  SIR  G.  SCOTT  Led.  Archit.  (1879) 
II.  232  The  Pantheon  is.  .a  simple  rotunda. 

transf.  1710  ADDISON  Tatkr  No.  116  F  i  It.  .covered  the 
whole  Court  of  Judicature  with  a  kind  of  Silken  Rotunda, 
in  its  Form  not  unlike  the  Cupola  of  St.  Paul's. 

b.  As  the  name  of  particular  buildings  of  this 
form,  such  as  the  Pantheon  at  Rome. 

1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav.  i.  187  The  Dome.., 
which  is  much  like  the  Dome  of  the  Rotunda  at  Rome. 
1705  ADDISON  Italy  176  After  having  survey'd  this  Dome, 
I  went  to  see  the  Rotunda^  which  is  generally  said  to  have 
been  the  Model  of  it.  1775  Ann.  Reg.  1.217/1  A  temporary 
octagon  kind  of  building,  erected  about  20  yards  below  the 
rotunda  [at  Ranelaghj.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  186/2  The 
Rotunda  or  Church  of  Santa  Maria  Maggtore  at  Nocera. 
1872  R.  B.SMYTH  Mining  $  Mzn.  Statistics  %i  The  gutter., 
had  been  traced  under  the  rotunda  in  the  Botanical  Gardens. 

2.  A  circular  hall  or  room  within  a  building. 

1828  J.  F.  COOPER  Notions  of  Amer.  II.  158  In  the  rot 
unda,  or  the  great  hall  of  the  capitol.  1841  Penny  Cycl. 
XX.  187/1  A  better  example  of  a  rotunda  may  be  seen  in 
that  of  the  Bank  of  England.  1901  Daily  Tel.  18  Mar.  10/7 
The  Reading  Room  of  the  British  Museum. .,  that  immense 
rotunda. 

Q.attrib.  and  Comb.^  as  rotunda  fonn,- house,  etc. 

•&i$Sj>ortingMag;  XLII.  54  The  rotunda  form  of  stabling 
was  originally  recommended  about  seventeen  years  since. 
1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  186/2  A  rotunda-house,  about  50  feet 
in  diameter.  Ibid.  187/1  The  rotunda  interior  of  St.  Peter- 
le- Poor's,  London.  1841  Civil Eng.  fy  Arch.  Jrnl.  IV.  117/2 
The  tholus,  or  concave  dome,.. renders  the  rotunda-shape 
.  .the  most  complete  for  internal  effect. 

t  Rotu'iidal,  a.  Obs.-1  [f.  ROTUND  a.  +  -AL.] 
Round,  circular. 

1624  DARCIE  Birth  of  Heresies  xx.  81  Who  did  not  insti 
tute  for  you  these  rotundall  hosts,  or  that  they  should  bee 
rather  round  then  square. 

t  Rotu  iidant.  Obs.—1  [f.  ROTUND  a.,  after 
quadrant^\  A  round  thing, 

1661  K.  W.  Conf.  Ckarac.^  College  Butler  §  i  He  measures 
not  by  the  chaine  nor  the  quadrant,  no,  by  the  retundant 
[sfc]  rather,  i.e.  thejugg. 

Rotundate  (nrtzrndA),  a,  Bot.  and  Zool. 
[ad.  L.  rotundat-ust  pa.  pple.  of  rotundare,  f. 
rotundus  round.]  Rounded  off. 

1776  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  383  Rotnndatum,  rotundate, 
rounded,  or  with  Angles  In  a  Circle.  1826  KIRBY  &  SP. 
Entomot.  IV.  xlvi.  261  Rotundate. .,  rounded  at  the  angles 
or  sides.  1847  Proc.  Bcrw.  Nat.  Club  II.  239  Ligulamem- 
branaceous,  rotundate.  1872  OLIVER  Elem.  Bot.  n.  149  A  bi 
ennial  herb,  with  simple  alternate  stipulate  rotundate  leaves. 

Rotu'iidi-,  combining  form  of  L.  rotundus 
round,  used  in  a  few  words,  as  rotundifoliate  a., 
-fo*lious  a.j  having  round  leaves;  rotirndiform 
a., rounded;  rotirndit'y  v.t  to  make  rotund. 


1858  MAVNE  Expos.  Lex.,  Rotundifolius,  having  round    i 
leaves;  round-leaved:  *rotundifoliate.     1727  BAILEY   (vol.     , 
II),  *Rotnndifolioust  which  has  round  leaves.     1846  MRS.    ! 
GORE  Engl.  Char.  (1852)  140  Not  a  note  or  letter  passing 
through  the  hands  of  these  worthies  but  assumes  a  *rotundi- 
form  shape.     1876  M.  B.  EDWARDS  John  $  I  363  Sausages 
..oleaginous  and  *rotundifying. 

t  Rotu'iidious,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [See  ROTUND 
a.  and  -lous.]  Rounded,  spherical. 

l(5so  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  IVks.  n.  70  So  your  rare  wit.. 
Lyes  in  the  caue  of  your  rotundious  skull.  Ibid.  169/2 
Till  Tytans  glory  the  rotundious  Globe  with  splendor  filles. 

Rotundity  (r0tz>'nditi).  [ad.  L.  rotunditas^ 
f.  rotund-us  round :  see  -JTY.  So  F.  rotondit^ 
It.  rotonditd)  Sp.  rotundidad.] 

1.  The  condition  of  being  round  or  spherical ; 
roundness,  sphericity. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeau?  s  Fr.  Chirtirg.  10  b/i  The  heade 
. . ,  the  rotunditye  and  rowndnes  therof.  Ibid.  43/1  The  hole 
as  greate  as  the  rotunditye  of  a  bullet.  1610  HEALEY  St. 
Aug.Citieo/Godi&s  Which  in  the  beginning  gave  rotundity 
both  to  the  Heavens  and  Sunne.  1650  BVLWRRAntkt"0#0rnet. 
85  Some  bring  in  another  rotundity  of  face.  i66oF.  BROOKEtr. 
L,e  Blanc's  Trav.  348  They  believe  the  rotundity  of  the  earth. 
I733CHF.YNE  Eng.  Malady  \i.  ii.  §  7  (1734)  131  Gold.. having 
no  innate  Fluidity,  nor  natural  Rotundity  of  Particles.  1837 
W.  IRVING  Capt.  Bonnffutlfe  II.  52  Large  tracts,  which  are 
probably  concealed  from  view  from  the  rotundity  of  the 
lake's  surface.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  xlx.  318  One  of  the 
most  convincing  proofs  of  this  rotundity. 

b.  concr.  A  round  or  spherical  mass ;  a  round 
building,  etc. 

J744  J-  ARMSTRONG  Preserv.  Health  II.  544  This  huge 
rotundity  we  tread  grows  old.  1799  CAMPBELL  Picas.  Hope 
n.  21 1  The  shrine  where  motion  first  began, . .  From  whence 
each  bright  rotundity  was  hurl'd.  1819  W.  FAUX  Mem. 
Days  Amer.  (1823)  95  Dr.  Storton's  chapel,  an  immense, 
elegant  rotundity,  like  Rowland  Hill's  in  the  Surrey  road. 
1839  HAWTHORNE  Transformation  1,  The.  .black  rotundity 
of  the  Pantheon,  a  1864  —  Amer.  Note-Bks.  (1879)  II.  81 
The.  .winter-squash. .turns  up  its  big  rotundity  to  ripen  in 
the  autumn  sun. 

2.  Rounded  fullness,  esp.  of  language. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  n.  xi[ij.  (Arb.)  114  It  niust  be 
slenderer  in  some  part,  and  yet  not  without  a  rotunditie  and 
smoothnesse  to  gme  the  rest  an  easie  deliuerie.  a  1661 
FULLER  (Annandale),  For  the  mere  rotundity  of  the  number 
and  grace  of  the  matter  it  passeth  for  a  full  thousand.  1803 
Edin.  Rev.  II.  245  In  order  to  give  their  narrative  smooth 
ness  and  rotundity.  1819  G.  S.  FABER  Dispensations  (1823) 
I.  108  In  order  to  give  due  rotundity  to  his  grand  system. 
1879  FARRAR  St.  Paul  (1883)  686  He  began,  .with  true  legal 
rotundity  of  verbiage. 

3.  Roundness  or  plumpness   of  the  body  or  its 
parts ;  fullness  of  habit. 

1786  tr.  Beckford's  Vathek^  (1883)  38  The  cursed  Indian, 
who  still  preserved  his  rotundity  of  figure.  i8z6  in  Sheridan' 
iana  88  The  jolly  rotundity  of  his  Lordship.     1891  HARDY 
Tess  xi,  The  faultless  rotundities  of  a  lusty  country  girl. 
b.  Used  concr.     (Cf.  i  b.) 

1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  fy  It.  Note-oks.  II.  31  An  ugly,  old, 
fat,  jolly  Bacchus,,  .a  tipsy  rotundity  of  flesh.  1900  G.  H. 
KINGSLEY  Sport  $  Trav.  425  That  this  cumbrous  rotundity 
may  attack  a  wounded  whale  is  likely  enough. 

Rotu'ndly,  adv.    [f.  ROTUND  a.  +  -LY  ^.] 

T"l.  In  a  round  form.   Obs. 

1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemeau's  Fr.  Chirurg.  p.  xij  b/i  That 
which  is  rotundelye  elevatede,  is  called  Rotula. 

2.  Roundedly,  fully. 

1863  Sat.  Rev.  u  Apr.,  The  French.. suppose  that  they 
are  the  most  completely  and  rotundly  civilized  of  all  the 
nations  of  the  world. 

Rottrndness.    rare-*.    [-NESS.]    Roundness. 

1727  BAILEY  (vol.  II). 

Rottriido.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  [Alteration  of 
ROTUNDA.] 

T  1.  A  circular  form  or  figure.    Obs.  rare. 

1625  PURCHAS  Pilgrims  II.  x.  1832  Builded  in  a  rotundo^ 
and  open  at  the  top  with  a  large  round.  1632  LITHGOW 
Tra-v.  x.  428  The  Hand  lyeth  almost  in  a  Rotundo. 

2.  A  circular  building,  chamber,  or  space. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  vm.  368  The  chiefest  Mosque,  .[has] 
many  lies,  Quires,  and  circulary  Rotundoes.  1686  PLOT 
Staffordsk.  338  A  large  Rotundo  fenced  about  with  a  high 
wall  of  brick,  opening.. against  the  Front  of  the  house. 
1804  EUGENIA  DE  ACTON  Tale  without  Title  III.  232  The 
open  benches  in  this  rural  rotundo.  1845  PETRIE  Round 
Towers  Irel.  i.  iii.  33  The  Persians.. may  have  worshipped 
fire  in  rotundos  of  above  30  feet  diameter. 

attrid.  1806  SURR  Winter  in  Land.  II.  218  There  was  a 
pavilion  erected  in  this  garden, . .  built  in  the  rotundo  form. 

3.  A  rounded  part  of  a  coach.     [F.  rotonde.] 
1867  DIXON  New  Amer,  I.  iii.  35  Cutting  off  the  coupe  oi 

a  French  diligence,  and  bellying  out  the  rotundo. 

Rotundo-,  used  as  combining  form  of  L. 
rotundus ,  in  rotun do-ovate  «.,  -tetragonal  a. 
(see  quots.). 

1775  J,  JENKINSON  tr.  Linnxus*  Brit.  PI.  Gloss.,  Rotundo- 
ovate^  oval,  but  rather  roundish.  RotundO'tetragonal^ 
having  four  angles  rather  roundish.  1847  W.  E.  STEELE 
Field  Bot.  57  Leafl.  rotundo-ovate,  abruptly  cuspidate. 

II  Roture  (rot*7r).  [F.,  app.  :-L.  ruptura 
breaking,  rupture  :  see  Littre.] 

1.  Plebeian  tenure. 

1682  WARBURTON  Hist.  Guernsey  (1822)  89  This  division  is 
to  be  understood  of  estates  that  are  in  roture.  1818  HALLAM 
Mid.  Ages  (1868)  106  A  nobleman  might,  and  often  did, 
hold  estates  in  roture,  as  well  as  a  roturier  acquire  a  fief. 

2.  Plebeian  rank. 

1795  HELEN  M.  WILLIAMS  Lett.  France  I.  194  The  period 
was  still  remembered  when  a  round  cap  was  the  badge  of 
roture.  i88a  Encycl.  Brit.  XIV.  177/1  He  himself  always 


signed  the  name  Delabruycre  in  one  word,  thus  avowing  his 
roture. 

II  Roturier  (rotwryd),  sb.  and  a.  Also  7  rot- 
urer,  and  8-9  fem.  -iere  (-y£r).  [F.,  f.  roture : 
see  prec.  and  -IER.] 

1.  A  plebeian ;  a  person  of  low  rank. 

1586  FERNE  Blaz.  Gentrie  12  Be  he  Marchaunt,  Burgesse, 
Roturier,  peysaunt  or  slaue.  1594  R.  ASHLEY  tr.  Lays  le 
Roy  56  Although. .it  was  not  lawfull  for  any  Roturier  or 
common  person,  to  possesse  any  fee  simple.  1649  H  DWELL 
Pre-em.  Part.  10  The  poor  Roturier  and  Vineyard  man. 
1660  —  Parly  of  Beasts  18  My  profession  was  both  a  Vine 
yard-man,  and  a  Roturer,  a  poor  Peasan  I  was.  1756 
NUGENT  Gr.  Tour  IV.  13  The  third  are  the  Rotnritrs,  and 
comprehends  their  tradesmen,  yeomen,  and  husbandmen,  or 
peasants.  1798  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Yng.Philos.  1. 104  Sink 
ing  into  the  rank  of  plebeians,  rotuners,  fellows  who  live  by 
digging.  1807  Edin.  Rev.  II.  125  The  roturier  and  the 
noble  were  pretty  nearly  equal.  1833  LYTTON  Godolphiu  38 
She'll  take  in  some  rich  roturier,  I  hope.  1868  Miss  BHAD- 
DON  Dead  Sea  Fr.  I.  iv.  61  Palaces  are  common  enough.., 
and  the  roturier  may  find  one  ready  for  his  occupation. 
b.  adj.  Plebeian. 

1614  SELDEN  Titles  Hon.  302  With  the  Roturier  or  base 
tenures,  this  place  hath  not  to  do.  1791  CHARLOTTE  SMITH 
Cetestina  (ed.  2)  IV.  227  Her  mother  was  roturiere.  1792 
—  Desmond\.  243  You,  Sir,  have  owned  that  your  family  is 
roturier.  1817  LADY  MORGAN  France  \.  (1818)  I.  73,  I  have 
heard  Napoleon's  roturiere  origin  quoted  by  the  royalistes 
purs.  1835  H.  GREVILLE  Diary -2  May,  His  manners,  though 
courteous..,  are  roturier  and  vulgar. 

2.  In  Canada,  one  who  holds  real  estate  subject 
to  an  annual  rent. 

1861  MAY  Const.  Hist.  (1863)  Il.xvii.  575  A  representative 
assembly,  to  which  freeholders  otroturifrs  to  the  amount  of 
^500  were  eligible  as  members. 

Roty :  see  RUTTY.  Rotyd(e,  obs.  ff.  ROTTED. 
Kotye,  obs.  f.  ROT  v.  Rotyn,  obs.  f.  ROT 
«/.,  ROTTEN  a.  Rotyng(e,  obs.  ff.  ROOTING, 
ROTTING. 

Rou,  var.  of  Ro,  rest ;  obs.  Sc.  f.  ROLL  v. ;  var. 
of  Row  a?  Roub,  obs.  form  of  RUB  v. 

Rouble  (rw'b'l).  Forms:  a.  6  rubbel,  6-7 
rubbell,  rubble,  roble,  robell.  (3.  7-9  ruble, 
8  rubel.  7.  7-9 rouble  (8-9  rooble).  [a.  Russ. 
py6.if>  ruble  (also  py6jieBHKB  rublevift  silver 
rouble),  of  doubtful  origin.  The  current  English 
spelling  has  been  adopted  from  French.] 

1.  The  Russian  monetary  unit,  in  early  times  a 
money  of  account  equal  in  value  to  an   English 
mark,  or  13^.  4^.,  subsequently  a  silver  coin  now 
(since  1897)  worth  2s.  i\d. 

Florio  fi6n)  defines  Robbone  as  'a  coine  of  gold  in  Mus- 
couy  called  a  rubble  or  roble1,  but  see  quot.  1617  here. 
Roubles  ofgoldand  platina  have  been  coined  in  the  igth  cent. 

a.  1554  HAssEin  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1589)  293 There goeth.. 23 
Altines,  and  twoDengaesto  a  Rubble.  Ibid^ Three  Rubbles  of 
siluer.  a  1584  S.  BOROUGH  Ibid.  (1599)  1. 1.  280  They  held  one 
tooth  of  a  Morse,  .at  a  roble.  1584  SIR  J.  BOWES  m  Tolstoy 
Interc.  Eng.  <$*  Russia  (1875)  227  None  of  theim  had  clothes 
on  his  back  worth  a  robell.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  i.  290 
They  make  all  contracts  by  a  money  called  Rubble,  which 
js  altogether  imaginarie,  for  they  have  no  such  coyne,  and 
it  is  esteemed  in  England  at  thirteene  shillings  foure  pence 
sterling.  1635  PAGITT  Ckristianogr.  (1639)  17  Some  of  their 
Bishops  have  2000,  some  3000  Rubbles  per  annum. 

ft.  1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  <y  Commw.  (1603)  154  They 
receive,  some  1000,  some  80  rubles  a  yeare.  1664  MARVELL 
Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  147  Is  six  thousand  rubles  yearly., 
so  necessary  a  summe  to  so  great  a  Prince  ?  1710  LD. 
WHITWORTH  Ace.  Russia  (1758)  75  In  1703,  great  quantities 
of  specie,  Rubles,  half  Rubles,  &c.,  were  made,  though  the 
mass  of  the  money  is  still  in  Copecks.  1716  J.  PERRY  State 
of  Russia  7  note,  A  Ruble  is  100  Russ  Copecks,  which  was 
then  each  Copeck  full  an  English  Penny  Value;  but  since 
the  Czar  has  recoined  his  money,  it  is  little  more  than  half 
the  former  Value.  1753  HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  I.  vr.  Ixxxi. 
371  They  keep  accounts  in  rubles  and  copeeks,  one  hundred 
copeeks  to  a  ruble.  i8n  P.  KELLY  Univ.  Cambist  371 
This  gives  the  value  of  the  old  Ruble  3*.  2tf.  sterling,  and  of 
the  new,  3$.  z^d.  1823  BYRON  Jttan  ix.  Ixxix,  Already  they 
beheld  the  silver  showers  Of  rubles  rain,  as  fast  as  specie 
can,  Upon  his  cabinet.  1855  Englishwoman  in.  Russia  37 
He  came  to  borrow  a  few  rubles,  which  she  kindly  gave  him. 

y.  i66z  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Olearius*  Voy.  Ambass.^  97  Though, 
in  trading,  the  Muscovites  use  the  words,  Altin,  Grif,  and 
Rouble..,  yet  is  there  no  Coins  of  that  kind.  1728  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s-v.  Money,  In  Muscovy,.. the  Rouble  [is]  equal  to 
ico  Copecs,  or  2  Rixdollars,  or  9  Shillings  Sterling.  1833  R. 
PINKERTON  Russia  8  The  support  of  this  naval  establish 
ment  costs  the  crown  30  millions  of  roubles  annually.  1868 
Pall  Matt  G.  23  July  8  Rye-flour  now  costs  i  rouble  20 
kopecs  (four  shillings)  the  poud  (thirty  pounds).  1891  Mel 
bourne  Argus  7  Nov.  13/7  The  yearly  pay  of  a  private  [in 
the  Russian  army]  is  2  roubles  70  copecks. 

2.  A  paper  money  of  less  value  than  the  silver 
rouble  (see  quots.). 

1811  P.  KELLY  Univ.  Cambist  I.  375  In  1808,.. i  Silver 
Ruble  was  worth  2  Rubles  of  Exchange,  or  2  of  Bank  Paper. 
1873  BEDFORD  Sailor's  Pocket-bk,  ix.  (ed.  2)  317, 100  Copecks 
=  i  Silver  Rouble  =  3.?.  -zd.  Paper  money  is  the  chief 
medium  of  payment.  The  paper  Rouble  is  worth  about 
zs.  €><?.  sterling. 

Roubt,  obs.  f.  ROUT.  Rouch(e,  obs.  ff.  ROUGH 
a.  Roucht,  obs.  pa.  t,  REACH  v. 

t  Roucote.     Obs.—*-     Some  kind  of  fish. 

c  1640  J.  SMYTH  Hund.  Berkeley  (1885)  319  Sorts  of  sea  fish 
[taken]  in  this  river... An  haddocke,  a  Roucote,  the  sea  tad. 

B.OUCOU(rz7kw-),  s6.  Alsoyrocour,  7-90:00011, 
8  rocow,  rocko,  9  rocu. ;  8  rowcow,  roucau. 
[a.  F.  roucoU)  rocou,  ad.  Brazilian  (Tupi)  ttrucd,] 

102  -  2 


ROUD. 


812 


ROUGH. 


1.  A  dye-yielding  tree,  Bixa  orcllana,  of  the  West 
Indies  and  South  America.    Also  roucou-tree. 

a.  1666  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Rocheforfs  Caribby  Isles  ^  The 
Roucou  is  the  same  tree  which  the  Brazilians  call  Lrucu. 
1716  Petiveriana  i.  176  Maucaw,  or  Roucou-tree.  1756  P. 
KROAVNK  Ja»taica  254  The  Roucou  or  Aruotto  Tree...  All 
the  seeds  of  this  plant  are  covered  with  wax.  1871  C. 
KINGSLEY  At  Last  viii,  This  was  a  famous  plant — Bixa. 
Orellana,  Roucou ;  and  that  pulp  was  the  well-known 
Arnotta  dye  of  commerce. 

ft.  1681  GKEW  Musxutn  n.   i.  i.  185  A  Leaf  of  the  Rocour.     \ 
Tree,     1783  JUSTAMOND  tr.   RaynaCs  Hist.  Indies  V.  28    ' 
They  painted  all  their  bodies  over  with   the  juice  of  the 
rocou  or  arnotto,   which  gave  them  the  appearance  of  a 
boiled  lobster.     1848  tr.  Hojfntcistcrs  Tra->.  Ceylon,  etc.  iii. 
128  Scattered  groups  of  MagnoliaSj  or  Rocit-trccs^  in  full    , 
flower. 

2.  The  dye  or  dye-stuff  obtained  from  this  tree ;    I 
also  called  anatta  or  amatto. 

a.  1666  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Rocheforfs  Caribby  Isles  255  A 
certain  red  composition  they  call  Roucou  from  the  name  of 
the  tree  that  produces  it.  1712  tr.  Pomefs  Hist.  Drugs  I. 
223  The  savage  Americans  cultivate  the  Shrubs  that  bear 
the  Roucou  with  great  Industry.  1794  MORSE  Ainer.  \ 
Geogr.  596  A  red  or  yellow  dye  called  Roucau,  and  some 
other  trifles.  1825  WATERTON  IV and.  South  Amcr.  iii.  190  { 
They  paint  themselves  with  the  Roucou,  sweetly  perfumed. 
i8po  Si.  James's  Gaz.  21  Oct.  14/1  The  peculiar  tints,  .are 
said  to  be  due  to  the  saffron,  roucou,  cayenne,  and  other 
savories  used  in  food. 

0.  1698  FKOGER  Voy.  126  The  chief  Commodity  of  the 
Country  is  Sugar  and  Rocou.  1706  Lond,  Gaz.  No.  4269/3, 
65  Casks  of  Rocko,  and  4  Barrels  of  Indigo.  1796  STEDMAN 
Surinam  I.  xv.  400  AH  the  Guiana  Indians  disfigure  them 
selves  more  or  less  by  the  use  of  arnotta  or  rocow.  1887 
MOLONEY  Forestry  IV.  Afr,  277  The  well-known  orange 
dye  known  as'Arnatto1  or  '  Rocou1  is  prepared  from  the  , 
red  pulp  covering  the  seeds  of  this  plant. 

Hence  Roucou*  z>.,  to  stain,  with  roucou. 

1871  KINGSLEY  At  Last  \mt  The  Indian. .,  when  he  has 
*  roucoued  '  himself  from  head  to  foot,  considers  himself  in     j 
full  dress. 

Roud,  obs.  or  dial.  var.  of  RUDD  (the  fish). 

Roud,  sb.  dial.  [Cf.  next  and  RUD  sd.]  The 
act  of  spawning. 

1893  COZENS-HARDY  Broad  Xrf.te  (E.  D.D.),  The  broad, 
land  fishes  are  said  to  be  on  the  roud. 

Roud  (ruud),  v.  dial.  [Cf.  RODDIXG  vbl.  sb.~t 
ROOD  v.  and  Rut)  sb^\  intr.  To  spawn. 

i83a  Blackw.  Mag.  Jan.  101  The  great  time  for  bobbing  is 
when  the  roach  and  bream  are  rouding  or  spawning.  1882 
C.  DAVIES  Norfolk  Broads  xviii.  (1884)  131  The  'rouding ' 
or  spawning  time  of  the  bream  and  the  roach. 

Roudes,  variant  of  RUDAS  Sc, 

t  Roudge.  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
Some  kind  of  coarse  cloth. 

1547  BOORDE  Introd.  Know!,  v.  (1870)  139  Symple  rayment 
doth  serue  us  full  well  \  Wyth  dagswaynes  and  roudges  we 
be  content.  Ibid.  vi.  142  They  do  were  wylde  beastes  skinnes 
and  roudges. 

Roue,  obs.  pa.  t.  RIVE  v.l\  obs.  f.  ROOF,  ROVE. 

II  Roue  (r«v).  [F.  roit4j  pa.  pple.  of  routr  to 
break  on  the  wheel.  The  name  was  first  given  to 
the  profligate  companions  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans 
(c  1720),  to  suggest  that  they  deserved  this  punish 
ment.]  One  who  is  given  to,  or  leads,  a  life  of 
pleasure  and  sensuality;  a  debauchee,  a  rake. 

1800  MRS.  HERVEY Mourtray  Fam.  I II. 60  Madame  Duplia 
thought.. it  was  much  to  be  lamented,  that  so  fine  a  young 
lady  should  fling  herself  away  on  a  roue.  1831  Society  I.  48 
He  associated  with  none  but  black-legs  and  roues  of  the 
worst  description.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J,  Eyre  xv,  I  knew  him 
for  a  young  roue  of  a  vicomte—  a  brainless  and  vicious  youth. 
1873  SYMONUS  Grk.  Poets  v.  137  Anacreon  died  at  the  ripe 
age  of  eighty-five..,  a  hoary-headed  rate. 

attrib.  1837  J.  F.  COOPER  Europe  II.  79  There  is  a  certain 
roue  atmosphere  about  them. 

Hence  Roueism,  rakish  life. 

1847  MRS.  GORE  Castles  in  Air  xxxi.  (1857)  303  In  spite 
of  his  vocation  of  roueism. 

Rouen  (r«*ah).  The  name  of  a  city  in  North 
ern  France,  used  to  designate  various  things  in 
some  way  connected  or  associated  with  it,  as 
Rouen  bushel,  duck  (a  common  domestic  variety), 
lilac.  (See  also  ROAN  sb.3  and  Row  AX  3.) 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Measure,  That  of  Archangel  is 
equal  to  three  Rouen  Bushels.  1854  MEALL  Moubray's 
Poultry  355  The  Rouen  ducks  are  good  sitters,  c  1877  L. 
WRIGHT  Bk.  Poultry  539  The  Rouen  Duck,  .almost  exactly 
resembles  the  Wild  Duck,  or  Mallard,  in  its  plumage.  i88a 
Garden  13  May  322/1  The  Rouen  Lilac. .is  an  extremely 
pretty  shrub. 

b.  ellipt.  —  Rouen  duck. 

1854  MEALL  Moubray's  Poultry  309  The  Rouen  is  of  the 
largest  size,  c  1877  L.  WRIGHT  Bk.  Poultry  539  He  beat  all 
other  ducks  in  weight  with  Rouens. 

Rouen,  van  of  ROWEN,  Rouer,  obs.  Sc.  var. 
ROLLER;  obs.  f.  ROVER.  Rouf,  obs.  f.  ROOF 
sd.,  ROUGH  a.  Roufe,  obs.  var.  ROVE  sb. 
Rouffe,  obs.  f.  ROOF.  Rouffyn,  obs.  f.  RUFFIN. 
Rouful,  obs.  f.  RUEFCL. 

Rouge  (r«s),  a.  and  sbl  Also  5  rowdge,  Sc. 
rouch,  roche,  6  ruge.  [a.  F.  rouge :— L.  rubeum, 
ace.  of  rubcits,  related  to  ruber  and  rtifus,  and 
ultimately  to  RED  a.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Rouge  Croix  (or  f  Cross),  Rouge 
Dragon,  the  titles  of  two  of  the  Pursuivants  of 
the  English  College  of  Arms,  so  called  from  their 
badges. 


.  olls  of  Par  it.  VI.  384/2  Richard  Greenwood,  other 

wise  called  Rowdgecrosse.   1491  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot. 


__j  348 

Eng.  Expos.,  Roitgccrosse,  the  name  of  an  office  of  one  of 
the  Purseuante  at  arnies.  Rouge  dragon.  1656  [see  PORT 
CULLIS  sb.  4_],  1691  WOOD  At/i.  Qxon.  I.  349  He  had  been 
Rouge  Croix  and  Windsore  Herald.  1733  Lond.  Gas.  No. 
6084/4  Rouge  Croix,  Pursuivant  of  Arms.  Rouge  Dragon, 
Pursuivant  of  Arms.  1766  ENTICK  London  IV.  27  The 
four  pursuivants,  who  are,  Rougecroix,  Bluemantle,  Rouge- 
dragon,  and  Portcullis,  are  also  created  by  the  earl-marshal. 
1806  A.  DUNCAN  Kelsons  Funeral  29  Rouge  Croix  Pursuiv 
ant  of  Arms  in  close  mourning,  with  his  Tabard  over  his 
Cloak.  Ibid,  30  Rouge  Dragon  Pursuivant  of  Arms,  habited 
as  Blue  Mantle.  1869  FURNIVALL(?.  Eliz.  A  tad.  p.  xxiv,  To 
Mr.  G.  E.  Adams,  Rouge  Dragon, . .  I  tender  hearty  thanks. 

2.  Rouge  royal,  a  Belgian  marble  of  a  reddish 
colour.  (pf.  Littre,  s.v.  Royal  18.) 

1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Rouge  Royal^  a  kind  of 
marble.  1896  IVestm.  Gaz.  30  Apr.  2/1  Columns  of  rouge- 
royal  marble  stand  as  sentinels  at  the  foot. 

B.  j£.l    1.    A  fine  red  powder  prepared  from 
safflower,  and  used  as  a  cosmetic  to  give  an  arti 
ficial  colour  to  the  cheeks  or  lips. 

1753  Lo.  CHESTERF.  World  No.  18  r  12  To  lay  on  a  great 
deal  of  rouge,  in  English  called  paint.  1762  Songs  •$•  Poems 
Costume  (Percy  Soc.)  240  Let  the  world  be  the  judge :  Why 
you  daub  'em  all  over  with  cold-cream  and  rouge.  1789 
MRS.  PIOZZI  Journ,  France  1. 183  A  custom,  .prevails  here, 
of  wearing,  .no  rouge.  1807  ROBINSON  Archxol.  Grseca  v. 
xxv.  543  The  Athenian  women.,  applied  to  their  faces  a  layer 
of  ceruse  or  white  lead,  with  deep  tints  of  rouge.  1875  MKS. 
RANDOLPH  Wild  Hyacintk  I.  19,  I  recollect  I  had  rubbed 
rouge  on  my  cheeks  and  white  stuff  on  my  nose. 
Jig'.  1762-72  H.  BROOKE  Foot of '£?«#/.{  1792)  II.  1 88  The  glow 
of  modesty  is  the  only  rouge  that  will  be  allowed  to  any  fair 
face.  1812  Miss  L.  M.  HAWKINS  C'tesstic  Gertr.  (ed.  2)  1.  324 
Illicit  connections  she  seemed  to  consider  as  the  rouge  of 
modern  character* 

b.  transf.  A  rouged  person. 

1855  THACKERAY  Newcontes  1,  Miss  Newcome  rode  away 
— back  among  the  roses  and  the  rouges. 

c.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  o&ronge-poi\  rouge-maker, 
•making}  rouge-like  adj. 

1800  Mcd.  Jrnl.  III.  130  A  small  circular,  rouge-like  ap 
pearance  on  each  check.  1813  M(X>RK/'af/-«VVlii.  12  Thy 
roseate  days,  When  the  rich  rouge-pot  pours  its  blaze  Full 
o'er  thy  face.  1851-4  Tomlinsotts  Cycl.  Usef.Arts  11.473/1 
Dr.  Ure's  account  of  the  process  of  rouge-making.  1858 
SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Rouge  and  Carmine  Maker,  a  pre- 
parer  of  those  colours. 

2.  A  red  preparation  of  oxide  of  iron,  used  as 
a  plate  powder. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  309  The  best  sort  of  polishing  powder 
calledyVrftr/A'ri''  red  rouge  or  plate  powder  is . .  precipitated 
oxide  of  iron.  1850  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  III.  1082  The 
red  and  black  oxides  of  iron,  .are  prepared  by  manufactur 
ing  chemists . .  as  polishing  powders,  commercially  known  as 
crocus,  rouge,  red  stuff, . .  &c.  1884  W.  H.  GREENWOOD  Steel 
ft  Iron  44  A  bright  red  pulverulent  powder,  forming  the 
*  rouge  '  or  '  colcothar  *  of  commerce. 

attrib.  1884  F.  J.  BRITTEN  Watch  fy  Clockm.  50  Using  a 
rouge  leather  to  touch  up  highly  polished  surfaces. 

3.  =RED^.i6b. 

1821  Sporting  Mag.  VII.  285  So  his  men  fac'd  about  and 
they  fought,  and  gave  all  the  rouges  a  good  dusting.  1897 
W.  C.  HAZLITT  Four  Generations  II.  181  De  Merger  was 
in  politics  a  Rouge,  and  belonged  to  a  very  advanced  polit 
ical  club  at  Tours.  1900  Q.  Rev.  Apr.  339  Politically  they 
[sc.  Canadians]  were  divided  into  Conservatives,  Liberals, 
Radicals,  Clear-Grits  and  Rouges. 

4.  Rouge  et  Noir  (r//3  e  nwar),  a  game  at  cards, 
so  called  because  the  table  at  which  it  is  played 
has  two  red  and  two  black  diamond-shaped  marks, 
upon  which  the  players  place  their  stakes  accord 
ing  to  the  colour  they  favour. 

1791-8  [see  c].  1808  Sporting  Mag.  XXX.  26  The  foreign 
games  of  Roulet  and  Rouge  et  Noir.  1817  Ibid.  L.  129  He 
..allowed  a  game  called  Rouge  et  Noir  to  be  played  by 
various  persons.  1833  BARNEWALL  &  CRESSWELL  Rep.  I.  272 
A  certain  unlawful  game  of  cards  called  *  Rouge  et  Noir  '. 
1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xliv,  If  we'd  gone  to  Rouge  et 
Noir,  I  must  have  won. 

b.  ellipt,  A  rouge-et-noir  table. 

1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xliv,  You  have  been  at  the 
Rouge  et  Noir:  you  were  there  last  night. 

C.  attrib.  with  debt^  game,  table. 

1791  in  A.  C.  Bower  Diaries  #  Corr.  (1903)  140  There  is 
another  new  Table  brought  up,  called  the  Rouge  &  Noir 
game.  1798  Sporting  Mag.  XII.  53  A  Rouge  et  Noir  table 
with  its  appendages.  1837  LYTTON  Falkland  23  The  sons 
who  had  horses  to  sell  and  rouge-et-noir  debts  to  pay.  1863 
BURTON  Bk.  Hunter  i.  55  The  billiard-room  and  the  rouge- 
et-noir  table. 

5.  The  red  colour  in  the  game  of  rouge  et  noir. 
1827  LYTTON  Pelham  xix,  He  set  them  all  at  one  hazard 

on  the  rouge.  1850  Bokris  Hdbk.  Games  (1867)  343  The 
first  parcel  of  cards  played  is  usually  for  noir,  the  second  for 
rouge. 

Rouge  (n/ds),  sb2  football.  Also  rooge, 
ruge.  [Eton  school-term,  of  obscure  origin.] 

1.  A  scrimmage.     Also  transf. 

1863  KINCLAKE  Crimea  II.  412  He  wedged  his  cob  into 
the  thick  of  the  crowd — the  '  rooge  ',  he  would  call  it  in  his 
old  Eton  idiom  of  speech.  1875  Punch  27  Feb.  88/2  Then 
followed  a  lively  '  rouge ',  or  '  scrimmage  ',  in  which  most  of 
the  leading  lawyers  of  the  House  took  part.  1899  SIR  H. 
WEST  Recoil.  II.  xxi.  276  The  Peers  and  under-the-Gallery 
people  acting  exactly  as  we  used  to  in  a  '  rouge  '  at  football 
at  Eton. 

2.  (See  quot.  1892.) 

i8S4[HEMVNG]  Et-jn  School  Days  xxiii.  260  Next  to  a  goal, 


a  ruge  is  the  best  thing  you  can  have.  x868//;<rj/  Johnian 
Mag.  X.  349  The  School  gained  three  rouges,  but  each  time 
the  place-kick  at  the  gual  was  unsuccessful.  1892  F.  MAR 
SHALL  Football  34  (Eton),  Should,  .the  ball  go  behind  from 
the  charge  and  be  touched  by  one  of  the  attacking  side,  a 
'  rouge '  will  be  scored.  Now  three  rouges  make  a  goal. 
b.  Canada.  (See  quot.) 

1895  Ow//«g-XXVII.  249/2  A  'rouge*  occurs  when  a  man, 
in  order  to  save  his  team  from  a  '  try  '  being  tallied  against 
them,  himself  touches  the  ball  down  behind  his  own  goal, 
and  thereby  gives  one  point  to  the  opposing  side. 

Rouge  (r«3),  ^.T    [f-  ROUGE  sbl] 

1.  trans.  To  colour  with  rouge. 

1777  MME.  D'AKIJLAY  Early  Diary  (1889)  II.  178  His 
face  was  very  delicately  rouged,  1812  H.  &  J.  SMITH  Kcj. 
Addr.)  G.  Barnwell,  Her  face  was  rouged  up  to  the  eyes. 
1827  LADY  MORGAN  O*Briens  ty  O^Flahertys  II.  28  Lady 
Knocklofty,  dear,  says  I,  I  wish  you  would  allow  me  to 
rouge  you.  1903  CORNISH  Naturalist  Thames  167  No 
sheep  sent  to  shows  are  allowed  to  have  their  coats  rouged. 
b.  fig.  To  cause  to  colour  or  blush. 

1815  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  (1876)  IV.  284  Madame.., 
though  rouged  the  whole  time  with  confusion,  never  ven 
tured  to  address  a  word  to  me.  1867  A.  J.  E.  WILSON 
Vaskti  x.\x,  Her  thin  but  still  lovely  features,  rouged  by 
a  hectic  glow. 

2.  intr.  To  employ  rouge  on  the  face. 

1782  Miss  BL'RNEY  Cecilia  i.  iii,  One  of  them  asserting 
boldly  that  she  rouged  well,  a  debate  ensued,  which  ended 
in  a  bet,  1822  HAZLITT  Tablc*t.  Ser.  u.  v.  (1860)  120  Rouge 
high  enough,  and  never  mind  the  natural  complexion.  1848 
THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  l.\iv.  She  rouged  regularly  now. 
1880  '  OUIDA  '  Moths  III.  17  Vera  would  be  a  sublime  wax 
doll,  if  she  rouged. 

b.  fig.  To  colour,  to  blush. 

1780  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  I.  321  They  all  stared,  and 
to  be  sure  I  rouged  pretty  high. 

Rouge,  v.z  rare  -1.  (Perh.  the  same  as  Cornish 
dial,  rooge,  to  handle  roughly.) 

1612  W.  PARKES  Curtainc-Dr.  21,  I  am  so  valerous  that 
I  dare  rate  And  rouge  ten  Sergeants  at  the  Counter-gate. 

Rouged  (rwgd),///.  a.  [f.  ROUGE  z/.i  i  +  -ED1.] 
Coloured  with  rouge. 

1813  Sketches  of  Character  (ed.  2)  I.  76  How  lovely  black 
hair  looks  on  a  rouged  cheek  !  1845  MRS.  S.  C.  HALL 
Whiteboy  vi,  The  rouged,  and  ornamented,  and  perfumed 
remains  dressed  for  the  funeral  as  if  for  a  feast  !  1876  J. 
SAUNDKKS  Lion  in  Path  xvii,  A  bevy  of  rouged  and  pow 
dered  dowagers. 

transf.  1820  Edin.  Rev.  XXXIV.  102  The  prevailing  tone 
of  rouged  and  smiling  folly. 

Rou'gedom.  rare—1,  [f.  ROUGE  j^.1]  The 
domain  of  the  rouged  ;  the  demi-monde. 

1861  A.  LEIGHTON  Storied  Trad.  Sc.  Life  Ser.  n.  33  She 
flew  to  him  and  hugged  him  with  the  art  of  one  of  the 
denizens  of  Rougedom. 

Rouge  et  TsToir :  see  ROUGE  sbl  4. 

Rougeing,  variant  of  ROUGING. 

Rough  (rrf),  sbl  Forms  :  3  ruhe,  4  ro^,  5,  7 
roughe,  6-  rough,  9  ruff;  Sc.  6,  9  rouch,  9 
roch.  [f.  ROUGH  a.] 

I.  1.  The  roughness  or  rough  surface  of  some 
thing.     rare"1. 

13..  Ancr.  R.  184  (Titus  MS.),  He  is  \>\  file,  fct  lorimers 
habben,  &  filed  awei  al..ti  ruhe  of  sunne. 

2.  a.  Rough  or  broken  ground. 

c  1480  HENRYSON  Mor.  F'ab.,  Wolffy  Wether  viii,  He  wald 
chace  thame  baith  throw  rouch  &  snod.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  ii.  948  So  eagerly  the  fiend,  .through  strait,  rough, 
dense,  or  rare,.,  pursues  his  way.  1799  WOKDSW.  LncyCray 
xvi,  O'er  rough  and  smooth  she  trips  along.  1821  SHELLEY 
Hellas  646  To  light  us  to  the  edge  Through  rough  and 
smooth. 

b.  A  stretch  of  rough  ground ;  esp.  a  steep  bank 
or  slope  covered  with  undergrowth   or  trees  ;    a 
coppice.     Now  local. 

1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxviu.  ii.  668  A  mountaine  countrey 
it  was,  full  of  roughs  and  crags.  1631  G.  SANDYS  Ovid's 
Met.  i.  (1626)  13  These  roughs  are  craggy:  moderate  thy 
haste.  1669  WORLIDGE  Syst.  Agric.  (1681)  331  Rongkt 
the  rough  Coppice.  Wood,  or  Brushy-wood.  1736  PECCE 
Kcnticisnt$($L.  D.  S.),  Rough t  a  wood,  c  1811  JANE  AUSTEN 
Let.  in  Pearson's  Stst  Catal.  (1900)  6  We  walked  Frank  last 
night  to  Crixhall  ruff,  and  he  appeared  much  edified.  1841 
HARTSHORNE  Salop.  Antiq.  Gloss.  551  Rough,  &  wood  or 
copse.  1878  JEFFERIES  Gamekeeper  at  H.  ii.  31  This  mere 
boy  at  snap-shooting  in  the  '  rough '  will  beat  crack  sports 
men  hollow. 

c.  The  rough  ground  at  the  edge  of,  or  between 
the  greens  on,  a  golf-course. 

1901  Scotsman  9  Sept.  4/7  Thanks  to  Vardon  having  pulled 
into  the  rough,  the  Scotsman  secured  the  sixteenth  [hole]. 

3.  A  spike  inserted  in  each  heel  of  a  horseshoe 
in  'roughing'  horses  to  prevent  slipping. 

1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  Suppl.  770/1  If  this  steel  rough 
be  made  to  fit  the  hole  exactly,  it  remains  firm  in  its  place. 

4.  Comm.  A  particular  make  of  linen. 

1890  Daily  News  20  Dec.  2/5  Flax  and  Linen.  ..Roughs 
and  drills  are  going  off  steadily. 

II.  f5.  a.  Roughness  (of  the  sea),    Obs.^ 
13..  E.E.AUit.P.  C.  144  Fysches  Durst.nowhere  for  ro5 

arest  at  J>e  bothem. 

f  b.  A  spell  of  stormy  weather.   Obs-. 

1633  P.  FLETCHER  Pise.  Ecleg.  I.  xviji,  In  calms,  to  pull 
the  leaping  fish  to  land— In  roughs,  to  sing  and  dance  along 
the  golden  sand.  Ibid.  vii.  xxxii,  In  calms  you  fish ;  in 
roughs  use  songs  and  dances. 

6.  The  rough,  disagreeable  part,  side,  or  aspect 
of  anything ;  that  which  is  harsh  or  unpleasant ; 
rongh  treatment,  hardship. 

1642  HOWELL  For.  Trav.  (Arb.)  86  In  the  roujjh  of  their 


BOUGH. 


813 


BOUGH. 


fury  the  greatest  execration  they  use  to  rap  out,  is  [etc.J.    | 
1725  VANBRUGH  Prov.  Wife  iv.  iii,  Justice..  .Doeshenot  use 
you  well?    Sir  John.  A  little  trxm  the  rough  sometimes. 
1801  MAR.  EDCEWORTH  Contrast  *Vks.  1832  V.  134  His  new 
foreman  bore  the  rough   well.      1861   GEN.    P.  THOMPSON 
Audi  Att.c\v\\.  III.  164  When  he  is  brought  into  court,  and 
trailed  through  all  the  rough  of  calling  a  spade  a  spade.    , 
1893  C.  G.  LELAND  Memoirs  I.  31  When  doing  rough  and 
tough  in  West  Virginia. 

b.  Used  in  contrast  to  smooth.     Also  pi. 
1612  Bucdeuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  126,  I  truly 
delivered  as  well  the  rough  as  the  smooth  of  all  my  speech. 
1822  IRVING  Bracebr.  Hall  (1890)  147  Through  the  rough 
and  the  smooth,  the  pleasant  and  the  adverse.     1829  SIR  T. 
LAWRENCE  in  D.  E.  Williams  Life  (1831)  II.  519  The  boys    I 
.  .must  encounter  the  rough  and  the  smooth  of  weather,  as  of    j 
life.     1900  J.  K.  JEROME  Three  Men  on  Bummel  190  One    ' 
must  take  a  little  rough  with  one's  smooth. 

//.    1804  Europ.  Mag.  XLV.  334/1  In  this  manner  had    i 
Blair  and  his  horse  Pocket . .  travelled,  and  taken  the  roughs    j 
and  the  smooths  of  the  world  together.     1862  THACKERAY    j 
Philip  ix,  You  and  I  will  take.. the  roughs  and  the  smooths 
of  this  daily  existence. 

7.  A  man  or  lad  belonging  to  the  lower  classes 
and  inclined  to  commit  acts  of  violence  or  dis 
order  ;  a  rowdy. 

x837B.\RHAM  \\\  Life  Sf  Lett.  (1870)  II.  39  There'll  be  lots  of    : 
new  policemen,  To  control  the  rogues  and  roughs.      1847 
Illustr.  Loud.  News  27  Nov.  339/1  Will  you  let  the  jury    ; 
know  what  '  Roughs  '  are  ?   I  believe  it  is  an  electioneering 
name  for  ruffians.     1853  Croker  Papers  (1884)  III.  268  To 
be  stoned  by  some  of  the  thousand  roughs  with  which  the 
accesses    to    Parliament    will   be    thronged.     1883  Lo.   R. 
GOWER  Rcminisc.  II.  108  She  is  educating  and  civilising  a 
little  colony  there  of  roughs  and  vagabonds. 

8.  colloq.  Short  for  ROUGH-RIDER. 

1899  Daily  News  23  Feb.  6/2  The  Roughs  swore  by  Roose-  j 
velt.  1900  Westni.  Gaz.  17  July  8/1  The  'Roughs*  and  , 
the  '  Sharps'  of  the  iSth  Battalion  Imperial  Yeomanry. 

III.  9.  Rough  or  refuse  matter  in  the  working    ' 
of  minerals.    Cf.  Row  sb.§  2. 

1677  YARRANTON  Eng.  hnprov.  59  In  the  Forest  of  Deane 
.  .iron  is  made  at  this  day  of  Cinders,  being  the  rough  and 
offal  thrown  by  m  the  Romans  time.     1778  PKYCE  Min.     • 
Cor  nub.  223  The  rough  that  is  carried  back  with  the  stream,     , 
by  drawing  it  over  again,  may  be  rendered  merchantable  at    i 
a  lower  rate  than  the  crop  ;  and  the  rough  of  this  rough,  is    , 
thrown  aside  to  make  leavings.     1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  1244     | 
The  ore,  on  issuing,  deposits  its  rough  in  the  first  basin. 
1875  J.  H.  COLLINS  Met.  Mining  in  Material  of  a  mixed     j 
nature,  called  '  dredge  ',  or  '  roughs ',  or  '  rows '.    1881  RAY 
MOND  Mining  Gloss.,  &wgftf...coarse,  poor  sands,  result 
ing  from  tin-dressing.     1887  P.  M'NEILL  Blaivearie  174 
Then  it  was  indeed  difficult  to  detect  the  foul  from  the 
roughs  of  the  main  coal. 

b.  Agric.  (See  quot.  1853.) 

1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  267  A  second  woman  is 
required  to  riddle  the  roughs  from  the  foul  spout  into  a  heap 
by  itself.  1853  EncycL  Brit.  II.  282/2  The  unthrashed  ears 
and  broken  straw  called  roughs  or  shorts. 

10.  a.  A  rough  draft.    rare~~l. 

1699  S.  SEWALL  Diary  23  Sept.,  Agree  for  is/,  and  draw  a 
rough  of  it  and  take  his  hand  to  it. 

b.  The  rough  state  or  material  of  anything  ;  the 
rough  outline  of  a  spoon,  etc. ;  hence  rough-maker,    j 

1799  Repertory  A  rts  X.  295  How,  by  means  of  a  rotative    ' 
saw,  to  shape  a  piece  from  the  rough.  1879  Casselfs  Techn. 
Educ.  IV. 413/2  The  'rough-maker*,  .smooths  off  the  burr 
left  by  the  stamp,  strikes  up  finally  the  under  side,  and 
bends  down  the  little  curve  at  the  end  of  the  handle. 

c.  Unhusked  rice  ;  paddy.     (Cf.  ROUGHS.  21.) 
1837  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  54  An  Improved  Mortar 

for  Dressing  Rough  or  Paddy,  or  Redressing. 

11.  In  the  rough  :  a.  In  a  rough,  imperfect,  or 
unfinished  state;  in  a  preliminary  sketch  or  design. 

1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  159  Every  kind  of  sur- 
face  is  first  formed  in  the  rough,  and  then  finished  by  means 
of  tools.  1848  MILL  Pol.  Econ.  n.  xvi.  §  4  (1876)  259  We 
must  never  forget  that  the  truths  of  political  economy  are 
truths  only  in  the  rough.  1879  B.  TAYLOR  Germ.  Lit.  99 
An  unlettered  minstrel,  with  great  qualities  in  the  rough. 

b.  In  an  untidy  state;  in  disorder;  in  an  every 
day  condition. 

1825  MRS.  CAMERON  Seeds  of  Greediness  3  '  We  are  all  in 
the  rough  to-day,  Sir,'  answered  the  woman ;  l  for  I  am  very 
busy  with  this  job'.  1844  DICKENS  Mart.  C/tuz.  xxxiii, 
'  You'll  have  a  party?'  said  Crimple.  '  No,  I  won't,'!  said  ; 
-  'he  shall  take  us  in  the  rough'.  1865—  Mut.  Fr.  n.  i,  I 
wish  you'd  come  with  me,  and  take  her  in  the  rough,  and 
judge  her  for  yourself. 

c.  Approximately,  roughly. 

1868  ROGERS  Pol.  Econ.  iii.  (1876)  29  In  the  rough,  it  I 
may  be  said  that  the  cost  of  producing  a  pound  Troy  of  ! 
gold  [etc.]. 

t  Bough.,  sb.~  Obs.  Forms  :  2  ruhha,  roche  (?), 
3  roh^e,  5  rowhe,  rowe,  rowghe,  6  roughe. 
plate  OE.  ruhha,  ME.  type  r^,=MDu.  roch(e9 
rochghe9  rogghe  (Du.  rog,  Fris.  roch},  MLG.  roche, 
ruche  (hence  Da.  rokke,  S\v.  rocka}9  G.  roche, 
t  roch.  Obscurely  related  to  OE.  reohhe  REIGH.] 
The  fish  called  the  RAY. 

cino  in  Napier  Contrib.  O.E.  Lex.  60  Fannus,  suhha 
[tread  ruhha].  aizoo  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  543  Fannus^ 
ro(che).  c  1275  LAV.  29557  Hii..nemen  roh^e  tayl.-and 
honge[de  on  hjis  cope,  c  1440  Promp.  Parr.  438/1  Rowhe, 
or  reyhe,  fysche  (A',  rowe-fysshe,  P.  rowghe),  ragadies. 
153°  PALSGR.  264/1  Roughe  fysshe. 

Rough,  obs.  var.  of  RUFF  (the  fish) ;  see  also 
ROUGHY. 

Rough.  (r*?f),  a.  Forms:  (see  below).  [OE. 
nth,  rug-,  =  Fris.  rtich  (pi.  ruge}t  t  ruwgt  MDu. 
ruuch  (rugh-},  ruych  (Da.  rut/),  MLG.  rfich, 


ntge  (LG.  rug\  hence  Da.  "\  rug\  OHG.  ruukt 
ruh,  rtichj  ruoch  (G.  rank}.  Varying  notation  of 
the  vowel  and  final  guttural  gives  rise  to  a  large 
number  of  spellings  in  ME.  In  OE.  the  stem  rug> 
also  appears  (by  a  normal  change)  as  ntw-, 
whence  ME.  and  later  Kowa.] 

A.  Forms. 

a.  1-3  ruh  (i  hruh,  3  ruhh),  3  ruhe}ruch3e, 

1,  4,  6,  8  Sc.  ruch,  5  Sc.  reach  t,  6  Sc.  rwch ; 

4  rob,  rohUj  rohw,  5-7  Sc.  roche,  6  Sc.  rocht, 
5,  8-9  Sc.  roch;  5  rouh,  rowh,  5-9  St\  rouch, 
6  Sc.  rouche,  rowch ;  6  routh,  rowth. 

c  1000  Saxon  Leechdoms  III.  170  f>a:t  he  habbe  ruh  lie. 
rtiioo  in  Napier  O.  E.  Glosses  3250  Nodosi  cippi^  ruches., 
stocces.  Ibid.  5189  Hirsutas  /anas,  hruhge  wulla.  c  1200 
ORMIN  9663  Ruhh  &  harrd  &  sharrp.  12..  After.  R.  184 
(MS.  C.),  Of  bi  ruchse  sunnen.  13..  Cursor  JA  21962 
(Edin.),  pe  tobir  sal  be  ful  ruch  and  rebe.  c  1450  HOLLAND 
Howlat  616  The  rouch  Wodwyss  wyld.  1477  Paston  Lett. 
III.  186  Fixid  so  fast  with  hys  prikks  rowh.  1523  SKELTON 
Garl.  Laurel  803  Florisshyng  of  flowris,  With  burris  rowth. 
c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  v.  58  Quhair  the  gait  is 
ruch.  1596  DALRYMPLK  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  I.  28  A  rouch 
rock  or  craig.  17. .  RAMSAY  Vision  H,  The  air  grew  ruch. 
1808  JAMIESON  s.v.,  A  rouch  hass,  or  throat.  1872  W. 
ALEXANDER  Johnny  Gibb  viii,  Your  fader — the  roch  dyker. 

0.  i  rus,  3-5  ruj(e,  5  rujhe  ;  4  ro3(e ;  4-5 
rou;,  row3  e,  5  rou;e. 

'i a  1000  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wulcker  243  Sebuf  ficbeain,  ..itcl 
ruj.  13. .  E.  E.  Allit,  P.  B.  1545  pe  honde.  .rasped  on  be 
ro3  wo5e.  1382  WYCLIF  Gen.  xxv.  25  And  al  in  inane  r  of  a 
skyn  row?.  1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  A*,  v.  xxiii.  (Bodl. 
MS.},  5'f  bey  been  rou^e  and..brodc.  ^1425  Cursor  J/. 
21962  (Trin.),  pe  toj?er  shal  be  wondir  rovvge. 

7,  4  rug(g,  4-7  (9  Sc.)  rugh  (5  rughh,  rught) ; 
4-6  rughe  (4  rugh3e,  6  ruyghe) ;  4-6  rogh(e, 

5  roght ;  4-5  rowgh,  5-6  rowghe  ;  5-7  roughe 
(5  rought),  4-  rough. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  3489  pe  first. .was  rogh  as  hare,. .He 
f>at  was  rugh  was  rede  wit-als.  13. .  Ibid,  24838  (Edin.),  pe 
wedir.  .bigan  be  rug  and  re(?e.  (11340  HAMPOLE  Psalter 
Ixviit.  14  Wi^>  |?e  haire  J?at  is  rughe  S:  sharpe.  c  1400  Destr. 
Troy  6632  With  a  rught  batell.  ^1400  MAUNDEV.  xxviii. 
(1839)  285  Thei  beren  gret  Wolle  and  roughe.  c  i^QProntp. 
Parv.  437/2  Rowghe,  scharp  or  knotty.  1495  Tmnsas  De 
P.R.iv.  iii.  82  The  thynge  is  rough,  1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM 
Cosmogr,  Glasse  45  The  bodye . .  beyng  a  rough  stone. 
5.  6  rouf,  roffe,  6-7  ruffe,  7-8  ruff. 

1577  B.  GOOGE  HercsbacJis  Husb.  i.  (1586)  28  b,  The  blades 
of  both  kindes  are  ruffe.  1663  SIR  T.  HERBEKT  Trav.  (1677) 
20  Winds  and  ruff  Seas.  1683  PETTUS  Flcta  Minor  i.  (1686) 
9  It  was  ruffe  and  sharp,  a.  1738  SWIFT  To  Dr.  Sheridan 
12  Compar'd  with  which . .  A  Smoothing-Ir'n  itself  is  ruff. 
1787  Elinor  53  Saw  away  the  ruff  corners  of  your  mind. 

B.  Signification. 

1.  1.  Having  a  surface  diversified  with  small 
projections,  points,  bristles,  etc.,  so  as  to  be  harsh 
or  disagreeable  to  the  touch;  not  even  or  smooth. 

a  1000  Riddles  xxvi.  5  Stabol  mm  is  steap,.  .neoj?an  ruh 
nathwEer.  cxooo  Sax.  Leechd.  I.  254  Deos  wyrt..hafaS 
leaf  neah  swycle  mistel ;  )>a  beo5  ru^e  &  brade.  a  1225 
After.  R.  284  Nis  )?et  iren  acursed  J?et  iwur3e3  Jje  swarture 

6  ^e  ruhure  so  hit  is  ofture  &  moreiviled?     13..  E.  E. 
Allit.  P.  B.  1724  pe  fyste .. rasped  renyschly  f>e  wojewith 
be  ro^  penne.     13..  Ga.~w.  <$•  Gr.  Kt.  745  pe  hasel  &L  ^e  lia^- 
fjorne . .  With  ro3e  raged  njosse  rayled  ay- where,    a  1400-50 
Alexander  3815  pai..findis  all  be  strandis  Full  of  Redis.. 
rughere  ban  thornes.     c  1460  Wisdom  1055  in  Macro  Plays 
70  Tyll  bi  nakyde  body  were  all  rought,  Ande  evyn  rent  to 
pe  bony.s  bare.     1526  SKELTON  Afagnyf.  453  Whan  the  noppe 
is  rughe,  it  wolde  be  shprne.     1553  EDEN  Treat*  New  Ind. 
(Arb.)  16  Theyr  skinne  is  very  rowghe  and  full  of  chappes, 
and  riftes  like  the  barke  of  a  tree.     1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v. 
342  Fruit  of  all  kindes,  in  coate,  Rough,  or  smooth  rin'd. 
1670  in  \2tk  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  15  Thesilke.. 
will  soone  grow  rough,  gather  dust  and  sullie.    1774  GoLDSM. 
Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  III.  221  The  tongue  is  rough,  and  beset 
with  prickles.     1781  COWPER  Retirement  230  Rough  elm, 
or  smooth-grain'd  ash,  or  glossy  beech.     1820  SHELLEY 
Prometh.  Unb.  in.  iii.  21  The  rough  walls  are  clothed  with 
long  soft  grass.     1873  J.  RICHARDS  Operator  s  Hdbk.  135 
The  lumber  is  guided  by  its  rough  surface  before  coming  in 
contact  with  the  cutters. 

b.  Of  cloth :  Coarse. 

a  1000  Ags.  Hymn.  (Surtees)  103  Ruhne  wsefels,  yrcum 
tegimen.  c  1000  ^LLFRIC  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  125  Amphi- 
baluni,  rahhnegul,  1426  LYDG.  De  Guff.  Pilgr.  17168  Off 
rowh  frese,  she  hadde.  .A  garnement  shape  lyk  a  sak.  1530 
PALSGR.  322/2  Roughe  as  course  clothe  is,  ntde.  1611  BIBLE 
Zech.  xiii.  4  Neither  shall  they  weare  a  rough  garment  to 
deceiue.  1648  HEXHAM  n,  Rouw  Liken,  Rough,  or  Course 
cloth.  1886  C.  D.  WARNER  Their  Pilgr.  3  A  gentleman 
clad  in  a  perfectly-fitting  rough  travelling  suit. 

c.  A  rough  bonet  one  with  meat  on  it.  Sc. 

1826  SCOTT  Woodst.  xx,  A  hungry  tyke  ne'er  minds  a 
blaud  with  a  rough  bane. 

2.  Having  the  skin   covered  with  hair ;  hairy, 
shaggy,   hirsute.      In   later  use   spec,    undipped, 
unshorn  ;  having  a  rough  coat  of  hair. 

c  IOOO^ELFRIC  Gen.  xxvii.  n  Esau  min  broSur  ys  ruh  and 
ic  com  smefte.  a  1225  St.  Marker.  12  [She]  sette  hire  fot 
uppon  his  ruhe  necke.  a  1250  Owl  %  Night.  1013  Hi  gob 
bi-tist  mid  ru^e  uelle.  13..  K.  Alts.  5956  He  was  rughher 
than  any  ku.  1382  WYCLIF  2  Kings  i.  8  A  row:j  man,  and 
with  an  hery  gyrdyl  gyrd  to  the  reenys.  £1400  MAUNDEV. 
(Roxb.)  xxxii.  147  pe  folk  er  all  full  of  febers  and  rugh. 
1481  CAXTON  Myrr,  n.  viii.  83  Men  and  wymmen  alle  naked 
and  also  rowhe  as  beeres.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus^  s.v. 
HorridnS)  Sus  horridus,  a  rough  hogge  with  bristles 
standynge  vp.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  n.  i.  250  Til!  new- 
borne  chinnes  Be  rough,  and  Razor-able.  1637  MILTON 
Lycidas  34  Rough  Satyrs  danc'd,  and  Fauns  with  clov'n 


heel.  1708  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4421/8  Both  are  Rough,  having 
lain  at  Grass  all  the  Winter.  1875  EncycL  Brit.  I.  396/1 
Few  fat  sheep  are  now  sent  to  market  rough  after  the  ist  of 
April.  1897  Daily  News  2  Feb.  9  '4  Fat  bulls  and  rough 
cows  were  a  difficult  sale. 

f  b.  Of  hides:  Undressed,  untanned.    Also  of 
shoes,  etc. :  Made  of  undressed  hide.   Obs. 

c  1050  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  468  Pcro,  hemming  /.  ruli  s>co. 
a  1300  Cursor  J/.  3677  Wit  a  rugh  skin  sco  hidd  his  hals. 
c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxxvi.  (John  Baptist}  279  With  a 
belte  of  reucht  skine  made.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I. 
265  Hauenge  clothes  of  the  ru^he  skynnes  of  bestes,  1489 
CAXTON  Faytcs  of  A.  n.  xxxv.  K  j  b,  All  rounde  aboute  are 
nayled  rowhe  hydes  and  all  wete  and  fresshe.  1508-  [bce 
RILLING  s&.].  1588-9  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  IV.  365 
Rouch  hydis  and  barkit  leddir.  1645  Rec.  Elgin  (1903) 
I.  179  Sex  roche  hyddes  pertaining  to  the  said  Johne. 

3.  Of  ground ;  Difficult  to  traverse ;  uneven, 
rugged,  broken;  uncultivated,  wild. 

c  1000  Life  St.  Guthlac  (1848)  20  Da  ferdon  begen  burh  S;i 
ru^an  fennas.  c»2oo  OKMIN  9211  Whacrse  iss  all.  .sharrp, 
&  ruhh,  &  gatelae^  f>urrn  borrness  &  burrh  breress.  13.. 
Ga.\v,$  Gr.  Kt.  1898  Renaud  com  richchande  bur^  a  ro^e 
greue.  1387  TKEVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvn.  cxxvii,  (Bodl. 
MS.),  Paliurus  is  a  ^istel..&  growib  in  row^  londe  and 
vntelied.  1526  TINDALE  Luke  iii.  5  And  the  rought  wayes 
shalbe  made  smptli.  1553  EDEN  Treat.  New  Ind.  (Arb.) 
14  This  region  is  rough  with  mountaynes.  1593  SHAKS. 
Rich.  //,  11.  iii.  4  These  high  wilde  hi  lies,  and  rough 
vneeuen  waies,  Drawes  out  our  miles.  1611  IJIBLE  Deut. 
x.\i.  4  The  Elders  of  that  cine  shall  bring  downe  the  heifer 
vnto  a  rough  valley.  1686  tr.  Chardiifs  Trav.  Persia  386  The 
Road  is  somewhat  crooked  and  rough.  1719  DE  FonCrusoc 
i.  (Globe)  297  We  had  some  rough  Way  to  pa-^s  yet.  1791 
COWPEK  Odyss*  vn.  346  The  shore  presented  only  roughest 
rocks.  1820  SHELLEY  Sensit.  PI.  n.  44  Into  the  rough  woods 
far  aloof.  1865  RUSKIN  Sesajne  i.  §  26  Most  men's  minds 
are  indeed  little  better  than  rough  heath  wilderness.  1885 
Law  Rep.  Weekly  Notes  146/2  A  small  cottage  and  some 
22  acres  of  rough  land  held  therewith. 
Jig.  1671  MILTON  P.  R.  \.  478  Hard  are  the  ways  of  truth, 
and  rough  to  walk.  1741-2  GRAY  A%rip.  53  Gain  the  rough 
heights,  and  grasp  the  dangerous  honour.  1821  SHELLEY 
Epipsych.  72  She  met  me,  Stranger,  upon  life's  rough  way. 
II.  4.  a.  Of  the  sea  or  water :  Running  high, 
agitated,  turbulent. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  C.  147  Hit  reled  on  round  vpon  be 
roge  ybes.  1 1400  Destr.  Troy  3693  With  a  ropand  rayne 
rugh  was  the  se.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  xiv.  v.  648  He 
came  to  a  rough  water  the  whiche  roryd.  1553  EDEN 


Treat.  New  Ind.  (Arb.)  33  The  sea  was  very  rough.  1593 
SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  in.  ii.  54  All  the  Water  in  the  rough  rude 
Sea.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  17  The  winds  grew  contrary  : 


and  the  seas . .  too  rough  to  be  brooked  by  so  small  a  vessel!. 
1662  J.  DAVIKS  tr.  Mandelslo's  Trav.  117  The  sea  is  rough 
at  all  times,  there  is  no  Landing  without  danger.  1743  P. 
FRANCIS  tr.  Hor.t  Odts  in.  xii.  9  When  he  rises  with  vigor 
from  Tiber's  rough  waves.  1808  JAMIESON  s.v.  Hcis,  One 
is  said  to  get  a  heisie  in  a  rough  sea.  1862  Miss  BRADDON 
Lady  Amihy  x,  She  had  always  been .  .afraid  of  a  rough  sea. 

fig>  'f  1596  Sir  T.  More  n.  iii.  27  A  quiet  ebb  will  follow 
this  rough  tide.  1769  SIR  W.  JONES  Palace  Fortune  Poems 
0777)  23  And  rough  with  tempests  [is]  his  afflicted  breast. 
1887  Times  (Weekly  ed.)  16  Dec.  1/3  He  will  find  rough 
waters  very  soon. 

b.  Of  weather,  wind,  etc.:   Stormy,  tempestu 
ous,  violent ;  rigorous,  severe. 

13..  Cursor  M.  24838  (Edin.),  pe  wedir  als  in  somer  smebe 
Son  bigan  be  rug  andrebe.  13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  C.  139  RO? 
rakkes  ber  ros  with  rudnyng  an-vnder.  1470-85  MALORY 
Art/turxx.  i.  797  Wynter  with  rrisrou^  wyndes  and  blastes. 
1530  PALSGR.  669/2,  I  pull  in  the  sayle  of  a  shyppe,  as 
marryners  do  in  a  roughe  wether.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus, 
Dies  titrbidus,  a  foule  rough  day.  1605  SHAKS.  Macl.  \. 
iii.  147  Time,  and  the  Houre,  runs  through  the  roughest 
Day.  1663  COWLEY  Verses  $  Ess.  (1669)  108  The  roughest 
season  of  the  sky.  1764  GOLDSM.  Trav.  166  Turn  we  to 
survey  Where  rougher  climes  a  nobler  race  display.  1784 
COWPER  Task  in.  441  That  no  rough  blast  may  sweep  His 
garlands  from  the  boughs.  1818  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart 
(1837)  IV.  iv.  123  Should  the  weather  be  rough,.. do  not 
think  of  riding.  1852  M.  ARNOLD  Entpedocles  \.  ii.  246  Nor 
is  the  wind  less  rough  that  blows  a  good  man's  barge. 

C.  Of  a  voyage  or  journey :  Accompanied  or 
attended  with,  performed  in,  rough  weather. 

1854  DOYLE  Brmvn,  Jones  <y  R.  2  After  a  rough  passage, 
..landed  at  Ostend.  1877  [see  PASSAGE  sb.  4). 

5.  Of  actions,  etc. :  Violent ;  marked  by  violence 
towards,  or  harsh  treatment  of,  others. 

01300  Cursor  M.  21962  His  first  comme  it  was  ful  smeth, 
be  to|?er  sal  be  rugh  and  reth.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  10161 
With  a  rumour  full  roide  &  a  roght  hate.  Ibid.  I3go2  The 
ruerde  wax  ranke  of  bat  rught  fare.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI^ 
iv.  vii.  8  Rough  deeds  of  Rage,  and  sterne  Impatience.  1611 
—  Cymb.  iv.  i.  22  Her  Father.. may  (happily)  be  a  little 
angry  for  my  so  rough  vsage.  1635-56  COWLEY  Davideis 
iv  83  Nor  was  their  Lust  less  active  or  less  bold,  Amidst 
this  rougher  search  of  Blood  and  Gold.  1756  tr.  Keysler's 
Trav.  (1760)  IV.  446  The  elector.. seemed  highly  provoked 
at  this  rough  usage.  1861  HUGHES  TomBrown  at  Oxf.  ix, 
There  might  be  some  reason  for  the  rough  handling  he  had 

fot.  1881  STEVENSON  Virg.  Puerisque  (1903)  65  Those  who 
ave  .  not  learn  t  the  rough  lessons  that  youth  hands  on  to  age. 

b.  Of  places   or  times:    Riotous,   disorderly; 
attended  with,  or  marked  by,  rowdiness. 

1863  MRS.  GASKELL  Sylvia's  Lovers  iv,  The  town  was 
rough  with  a  riot  between  the  press-gang  and  the  whaling- 
folk  1884  Western  Daily  Press  2  June  3/1  In  the  language 
of  the  police  the  Derby  Day  was  the  '  roughest '  which  they 
had  ever  experienced. 

c.  Troublous,  unpleasant. 

1891  F.  FACET  Spirit  of  Discipline  164  Things  promised  a 
rough  time  for  the  Church  at  Ephesus. 

6.  Of   language    or  expression :   Harsh,    over 
bearing ;  uncivil,  rude;  angry,  passionate. 


.ROUGH. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  2031  Antenor.  .rekont  by  row  all  bere 
rogh  speche.  1535  COVERUALE  i  Kings  xii.  13  The  kynge 
gaue  the  people  an  harde  rough  answere.  a  1548  HALL 
Ckron..RUh.  Ill,  14  b,  Letters  of  a  more  rougher  and  haw- 
ter  sort,  not  without  minatorie  termes.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  K, 
v.  ii.  313  Our  Tongue  is  rough,  Coze,  and  my  Condition  is 
not  smooth.  1617  MORVSON  I  tin.  i.  84  Austine  Barbadici. ., 
byfaire  and  rough  tearmes,  kept  the  league  unbroken.  1647 
CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.  \.  §  27  The  Duke,  by  his  rougher 
Dialect,  in  the  end  prevailed.  1709  STEELK  Tatler  No.  31 
F  2  [He]  called  him . .  Lyar,  Dog,  and  other  rough  Appellat 
ives.  1754  CHATHAM  Lett.  Ncpheiv\.  39  Towards  Servants, 
never  accustom  yourself  to  rough  and  passionate  language. 
1848  THACKERAY  I'an.  Fair  lix,  The  landlady  reproached 
herself  bitterly  for  ever  having  used  a  rough  expression  to 
her.  1891  BP.  W.  How  Lighter  Moments  (1900)  22  He 
answered  with  a  rough  '  Yes  '. 

Jig.  1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  in.  iii.  55  Thou'rt  like  to  haue 
A  lullabie  too  rough. 

b.  So  of  features  or  looks. 

1595  SHAKS.  John  in.  i.  104  The  grapling  vigor,  and  rough 
frowne  of  Warre.  1849  ] KXE&  Woodman  v,  My  friend,., 
whose  looks  are  rougher  than  his  intentions. 

7.  Of  persons,  their  disposition,  etc.  :  Inclined 
to  be  violent,  harsh,  rude,  or  ungentle. 

To  cut  up  rough '.  see  CUT  v.  59  1. 

1530  PALSGR.  322/2  Roughe,  boystous  in  dealyng,  royde. 
*535  COVERDALE  Wisdom  xviii.  15  As  a  rough  man  of  warre. 
'593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  irl,  iv.  ix.  44  Be  not  to  rough  in  termes, 
For  he  is  tierce.  1600  E.  BI.OUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  23  Fearing 
more  the  Kings  choler,  by  reason  of  his  rough  inclination. 
1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  in,  ii.  25  You  haue  bin  too  rough,  som- 
thing  too  rough:  you  must  returne,  and  mend  it.  1746  P. 
FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Ep.  n.  i.  384  The  bards.  .Who  dare  not 
trust  the  rough, contemptuous  stage.  1802  MAR.  EDGEWORTH 
Moral  T.  (1816)  I.  xvii.  142  So  rough  in  my  manner  to  him 
..that  he  thinks  I  have  no  feeling.  1867  PRINCESS  ALICK 
Mem.  (1084)  170, 1  am  so  afraid  they  will  be  too  rough  with 
her.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  1.  231  Nay,.. do  not  be 
rough  ;  good  words,  if  you  please. 

transf.     1671  MILTON   Samson   1066   A   rougher   tongue 


Draws  hithcrward,  I  know  him  by  his  stride.  1742  GRAY 
Spring  38  Brush'd  by  the  hand  of  rough  Mischance.  1821 
SHELLEY  Dirge  for  the  Yearg  So  White  Winter,  that  rough 


nurse,  Rocks  the  death-cold  Year  to-day. 

b.  7"Ae  rougher  sex,  the  male  sex. 

1781  COWPKR  Conversat.  843  Divest  the  rougher  sex  of 
female  airs.  iSza  Scorr  Nigel  Introd.  Epist.,  I  must  abide 
by  the  general  opinion,  that  he  is  of  the  rougher  sex. 

c.  Of  horses  :    Not   properly   broken  in ;    not 
easy  to  rule  on.    rare, 

1590  SHAKS.  M^ids.  N.  v.  i.  119  He  hath  rid  his  Prologue, 
like  a  rough  Colt.  1685  COTTON  tr.  Montaigne  I.  xlviii.The 
Prince  of  Sulmona,  riding  a  rough  horse  at  Naples.  1797 
Encyct.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VIII.  666/1  The  more  he  trots,  and 
the  more  he  rides  rough  horses,  the  better. 

8.  Of  remedies,    medicines,   etc.  :    Violent   in 
effect ;  strong,  powerful. 

a  1674  CLARENDON  (J.),  He.  .forced  him  to  a  quicker  and 
rougher  remedy.  1705  ARBUTHNOT  Coins,  etc.  (1727)  284  His 
Purgative  Medicines  are  generally  very  rough  and  strong. 

9.  colloq*  a.  Bearing  or  falling  hardly  on  a  per 
son,  etc. 

1870  BRET  HARTE  Luck  Roaring  Camp  2  Sandy  Tipton 
thought  it  was  '  rough  on  Sal '.  1887  BESANT  Kath.  Regina 
iv,  She  is  a  governess  somewhere,  I  believe.  It's  rough  on 
her,  isn't  it  ? 

b.  Severe  on,  *  down  '  on,  a  person. 

1870  BRET  HARTE  Luck  Roar  ing  Camp  15  They're  mighty 
rough  on  strangers.  1895  HARDY  in  Harper's  Mag.  Mar.  579 
The  management  had.  .been  rough  on  cousins  ever  since. 

10.  dial.  Unwell,  sick,  ill. 

a  1893  Story^  of  Dick  viii.  85  (Wilts.  Gloss.),  She  was  took 
rough  as  it  might  be  uv  a  Monday. 

III.  11.  Of  sounds :   Discordant,  harsh. 

c  1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg.  197  Also  her  vois  is  row?,  ouber 
sumtyme  it  is  wondirly  scharp.  c  1450  HOLLAND  affOttat 
215  The  Ravyne,  rolpand  rudly  in  a  roche  ran.  1580  SFEN- 
SER  Let.  Harvey  in  H.'s  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  35  Rough  words 
must  be  subdued  with  Vse.  1608  SHAKS.  Per.  in.  ii.  88  The 
rough  and  woeful  music  that  we  have.  1683  KENNETT  tr. 
Erasm.  on  Folly  (1709)  16  The  delivery  of  Achilles  was 
rough,  harsh,  and  hesitant.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.yz 
P  12  It  requires  very  little  skill  to  make  our  language  rough. 
1845  Proc.  Philol.  Soc.  II.  139  In  general  it  will  be  found 
to  have  affected  broad,  rough  sounds.  1876  BRISTOWE  Th. 
fy  Pract.  Med.  (1878)  505  The  roughest  and  most  grating 
murmurs. 

b.   Gram.  Aspirated. 

1736  AINSWORTH  Lat.  Diet.  n.  s.v.  H,  The  original  softer 
N  and  If,.. and  the  rougher  J-  and  n  the  parent  of  H.  1746 
[see  BREATHING  vbl.  sbt  9].  1785  Ess.  Punctuation  153 
That  the  letters  over  which  it  [  J  is  placed,  should  be  pro 
nounced  with  a  rough  breathing.  1880  Encycl.  Brit.  XI. 
355/1  H  still  remained  as  the  rough  breathing. 

12.  Sharp,  acid,  or  harsh  to  the  taste,  esp.  of 
wine  or  cider. 

1545  ELYOT,  s.v.  Asfier,  Asperum  itznutn,  a  rough  wyne. 
'583  STUBBES  Anat.  Abns.  ii.  (1882!  25  Harshe,  rough, 
stipticke,  and  hard  wine.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  fy  Cl.  i.  iv.  64 
Thy  pallat  the[n]  did  daine  The  roughest  Berry  on  the 
rudest  Hedge.  1743  P.  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Odes  i.  xx.  6 
'Twas  rack'd  into  a  Grecian  cask,  Its  rougher  juice  to  melt 
away.  1800  Med.  Jrnl.  IV.  252  Six  pounds  and  a  half  of 
syrup,  which  had  rather  an  unpleasant  rough  taste.  1834 
Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  IV.  no  New  and  rough  port- 
wine,  diluted  with  an  equal  quantity  of  cold  water.  1892 
Saf.Rev.is  Oct.  435/2  That,  .attraction  that  West-country 
folk  find  in  rough  cider. 

13.  Of  diction,  style,  etc. :    Wanting  grace  or 
refinement ;  rude,  unpolished,  rugged. 

1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  I.  5  Thocht  thi  langage  be  bayth 
rouche  and  rude,  ?it  neuirtheles  the  sentence  is  richt  gude. 
1599  SHAKS.  !Un.  r,  Epil.  i  Thus  farre  with  rough  and  all- 


814 

vnable  Pen,  Our  bending  Author  hath  pursu'd  the  Story,  t 
1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  27  The  Art  of  Painting  hath  j 
been  about  the  time  of  her  infancy . .  rough  and  poore.  1709 
POPE  Ess.  Crit.  338  Most  by  Numbers  judge  a  Poet's  song  ; 
And  smooth  or  rough,  with  them  is  right  or  wrong.  1751 
CHATHAM  Lett.  Nefiheiv  i.  lYour  translation.,  is  very  close  to 
the  sense  of  the  original..,  the  numbers  not  lame,  or  rough. 
1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  MidL  xxxii[i],  Gifted  with  a  sort  of  rough 
eloquence  which  raised  him  above  his  companions.  1881 
JOWETT  Thucyd.  I.Introd.  p.viii,  The  old  version  ofHobbes 
..is  very  rough  and  inaccurate. 

14.  Of  persons,  their  disposition,  etc. :  Lacking 
in   culture    or  refinement ;  uncultivated ;    having 
rude  manners  or  ways. 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L,  L.  \.  ii.  306  Their  shallow  showes,..And 
their  rough  carriage  so  ridiculous.  1688  PENTON  Guardians 
Instruction  (1897)  20,  I  was  pleased  to  see  the  ruff  boyish 
humour  filed  a  little.  1709  ADDISON  Taller  No.  108  P  4 
A  plain,  rough,  honest  Man,  and  wise,  tho'  not  learned.  1781 
GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.x'ix.  (1787)  II.  134  Who,  under  the  sem 
blance  of  a  rough  soldier,  disguised  the  most  artful  insinua 
tion.  1821  SHELLEY  Epipsych.  440  The  mossy  tracks.. 
(Which  the  rough  shepherd  treads  but  once  a  year).  1842 
MIALL  in  Nonconf.  II.  249  A  rougher  earnestness  than  is  at 
present  fashionable.  1888  F.  HUME  Mute.  flfi'rfasi.Prol., 
The  man  at  his  feet  was  a  rough,  heavy-looking  fellow. 

absol.  1784  COWPER  Tiroc.  341  Great  schools  suit  best  the 
sturdy  and  the  rough. 

b.  Rough  and  round  or  tough  :  cf.  ROUGH  AND 
HEADY. 

1825  SCOTT  Jrnl.  iS  Dec.,  1  love  the  virtues  of  rough  and 
round  men.  1848  DICKENS  Doinbcy  ix,  A  blundering  young 
rough-and-tough  boy  like  me. 

c.  Unrefined  (but  kindly  or  friendly). 

1848  DICKENS  Dombey  xxxii,  The  generous.. youth,  whom 
he  had  loved,  according  to  his  rough  manner.  1864  TENNY 
SON  Aylmcr's  F.  591  Being  much  befool'd..By  the  rough 
amity  of  the  other.  1873  BLACK  Pr.  Thule  (1874)  9  Mac 
kenzie  offered  them  a  rough  and  hearty  welcome. 

15.  Of  occupations  or  exercises:    Requiring  or 
associated  with  rude  energy  or  strength. 

1717  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  Pope  p  5  The  softness 
and  warmth  of  the  climate  forbid,  .all  rough  exercises. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  VIII.  665/2  This  rough  work,  all 
at  once,  is  plainly  . .  detrimental  at  first.  1865  RUSKJN 
Sesame  ii.  §  68  The  man,  in  his  rough  work  in  open  world, 
must  encounter  all  peril  and  trial.  1906  Temple  Bar  Jan.  6 
Living  in  a  native  hut  and  maintaining  himself  by  the 
roughest  labour. 

IV.  16.  Of  materials  :  In  a  natural  or  crude 
state ;  undressed,  unwrought ;  not  brought  by 
working  into  a  finished  condition  or  form. 

1434  in  Dugdale  Monast.  (1846)  VI.  1414/1  All  the  inner 
side  of  rough  stone,  except  the  bench-table-stones.  1435 
Coventry  Leet  Bk.  181  Here  is  a  ston  of  rough-iron,  the 
whiche  must  be  tendurly  cherysshet.  1485  Nott.  Rec.  III. 
231,  vj.  lode  of  rugh  plaster  vnbrenned.  1545  Bk.  of  Rates 
d  ij  b,  Blowynge  homes  the  dossen. . .  Roughe  homes  the  M. 
1582  in  Trans.  Jewish  Hist.  Soc.  (1903)  IV.  03  For  everie 
quintall  of  rough  Copper  he  made  (being  cxij  //.)  he  must 
have  vij.  Kebulls  of  Copper  ure.  1601  Act  43  Eliz,  c.  10  §  2 
Other  Engine  to  stretche  or  straine  any  roughe  and  un- 
wroughte  Woollen  Clothe.  1670  PETTUS  Fading  Reg.  5  In 
these  Veins.,  are  often  found  Loadstones,..  Rough  pearl  and 
Soft  diamond.  1766  Compl.  Farmer  s.v.  Queen-bee^  The 
intestines  of  these  bees  are  found  at  times  to  be  more  or  less 
distended  with  honey,  and  with  rough  wax.  1788  GIBBON 
Decl.  (V  F.  \.  V.  227  A  chair  or  pulpit  of  rough  timber.  1839 
URE  Diet.  Arts  704  The  bloom  or  rough  ball,  from  the 
puddle  furnace.  1897  HENTY  On  the  Irrawaddy  131  As 
they  [sc.  jewels]  were  in  the  rough  state,  he  had  no  idea 
what  size  they  would  be  when  cut. 
fb.  Sc.  Raw,  uncooked.  Obs~l 

1793  T.  SCOTT  Poems  351  Nae  mair  a  rive  o'  gait,  or  fowl, 
Ha'f  rough,  ha'f  roastet  on  a  coal,  But  guid  sirloin. 

17.  Made   in   a   general   way  without   detailed 
minuteness ;   having  an  approximate  accuracy  or 
adequacy;  rudely  sufficient ;  also,  in  a  preliminary 
form,  to  be  further  improved  or  elaborated. 

1607  SHAKS.  Timon  i.  i.  43,  I  haue  in  this  rough  worke, 
shap'd  out  a  man  [etc.].  a  1766  G.  COLMAN  Posth.  Lett. 
(1820)  336, 1  have  drawn  put  the  above  rough  sketch,  merely 
to  enable  you  to  think  in  the  same  train  with  me.  1801 
Farmer's  Mag.  Jan.  21  A  subject  susceptible  only  of  a 
rough  guess.  1819  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart  (1837)  IV.  viii, 
255,  I  add  a  rough  drawing  of  the  arms.  1866  ROGERS 
Agric.  fy  Prices  I.  xxiii.  601  The  possible  produce  was  in  a 
rough  way  understood  and  attained.  1882  FLOVER  UnexpL 
Baluchistan  70  The  inhabitants  seemed  capable  of  a  rough 
division  into  three  classes. 

b.  Rough  draft,  draught  (cf.  DRAUGHT  sb.  32). 

1699  TEMPLE  Ess,  Pop.  Discontent  Wks.  1720  I.  263,  I 
shall.. trace  upon  this  Paper  the  rough  Draught  of  some 
such  Notions  as  I  have  had  long  and  often  in  my  Head. 
1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  To  Rdr.  A  vj  b, 
This  rough  Draught  of  my  untutor'd  Pencil.  1712  STEELE 
Sped.  No.  272  F  i  The  rough  Draught  of  the  Marriage 
Settlement.  1831  [see  DRAUGHT  sb.  32].  1879  FROUDE 
Cssar  xiii.  173  His  Agrarian  law,  the  rough  draft  of  which 
had  been  already  discussed. 

c.  Rough  copy  (cf.  COPY  sb.  6). 

1781  COWPER  Table-T.  614  A  rough  copy  of  the  Christian 
face  Without  the  smile,  the  sweetness,  or  the  grace.  1811 
Miss  L.  M.  HAWKINS  C'tess  $  Gertr.  (1812)  I.  259  She 
could  not  always  read  his  rough  copy.  1888  M.  ROBERTSON 
Lombard  St.  Myst.  xxii,  The  supposed  deeds  were  only 
rough  copies. 

18.  Not  very  good  or  perfect. 

i8iz  Examiner  7  Sept.  563/2  Barley  rather  a  rough 
sample.  x86a  MILLER  Elem,  Ckem.,  Org.  (ed.  2)  337  Red 
liquor^  a  rough  acetate  of  alumina  used  by  the  calico- 
printer.  1868  JOYNSON  Metals  22 The  iron.. run  into  rough 
moulds  or  channels  made  in  sand. 

b.  London  slang.  Coarse  or  stale  (food). 

1851  M.AYUbw  Lend.  Labour  \,  53/1  The  '  dropped '  and 


ROUGH. 

'rough1  fish  is  bought  chiefly  for  the  poor.    1859  Slang 
Diet.  82  '  Rough  fish  ',  bad  fish. 

C.  Lacking  in  comfort  or  refinement. 
1859  JEFHSON  Brittany  i.  5  Who  can  put  up  with  rough 
accommodation  on  an  emergency.     1881  R.  BUCHANAN  God 
fy  the  Man  n.  v,  The  rough  fare  of  the  ship's  crew. 

19.  Comprising  or  requiring  only  the  rnder  de 
grees  or  processes  of  workmanship  or  skill. 

1680  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  xi.  211  We  will  not  suppose 
that  the  Groove*  are  of  equal  depth  with  the  Rough-work 
ing  of  the  Gouge.  1704  FULLER  Med.  Gyntn.  Pref.,  We 
know,  .their  Pharmacy  \vas  Rough  and  Barbarous.  1746 
P.  FKANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Sat.  n.  iii.  34  Here  the  rude  chisel's 
rougher  strokes  I  trac'd.  1803  Med.  Jrnl.  X.  90  To  avail 
themselves  of  those  methods,  however  rough  and  unsightly 
they  may  appear,  which  experience  shews  to  possess 

treat  power.     1845  Penny  Cycl.  SuppJ.  I.  674/1  After  the 
rst   or   rough   boring    the    interior    is    fine-bored.      1860 
TOMLINSON  Arts  <$•  Manuf.   2  Ser.   Cutlery  61  The  first, 
which  is  called  rough  buffing,  is  with  Trent  sand,  and  the 
second,  gloss  buffing. 

b.  Ignoring,  or  incapable  of,  fine  distinctions ; 
not  entering  into  minutiae  or  details. 

1819  SCOTT  Ivanhoc  xlii,  The  natural  and  rough  sense  of 
Robin  Hood.  1855  PUSEY  Doctr.  Real  Presence  Note  B 
43  Such  a  rough,  indefinite  mind  as  Luther's.  1873  HAMER- 
TON  Intell.  Life  xi.  ii.  405  In  this  rough  justice  of  the  world 
there  is  a  natural  distribution  of  rewards. 

20.  Sc.  Having  abundance  or  plenty,  esp.  of  a 
homely  or   plain  sort.      Also  rough  and  round, 
coarse  but  plentiful. 

1721  KELLY  Sc.  Pro-j.  145  He  has  a  Hole  under  his  Nose 
that  will  never  let  him  be  rough.  1808  JAMIESON  s.v.,  A 
gude  rouch  house,  a  house  where  there  is  abundance  of 
provisions.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi.  xlv[i),  Plenty  of  all  the 
requisites  for  '  a  rough  and  round  dinner '. 

V.  21.  In  special  collocations,  as  rough  arch, 
a  discharging  arch ;  rough  baud,  dial.,  a  band 
playing  'rough  music';  trough  bear,  a  Scot 
tish  variety  of  barley  ;  rough  bine,  a  prickly 
hop-bine  (see  quot.) ;  rough  book,  Naut.  (see 
quot.) ;  rough  bounds,  (a)  the  Scottish  High 
lands  ;  (6)  part  of  western  Inverness-shire ;  rough 
coal  (see  quots.) ;  rough  coat,  the  first  coat  of 
plaster  on  lath ;  rough  coating,  =  ROUGH-CAST 
sl>.  2 ;  rough  Epsom  (see  quot.)  ;  rough  file,  a  file 
with  a  deep-cut  face ;  rough  house,  U.S.,  a  dis 
turbance,  row  ;  rough-knots,  '  unsophisticated 
seamen  '  (Smyth)  ;  rough-mast,  mortar,  plate, 
-rendering  (see  quots.);  rough  rice,  unhusked 
rice,  paddy ;  rough-scuff,  U.S.  (see  quots.)  ; 
t  rough  setter,  a  rough-stone  mason ;  rough- 
skins,  U.S.  (see  quot.) ;  rough-slant,  U.S.,  a 
lean-to,  a  rude  shelter ;  rough-stoning,  scour 
ing  with  rubbing-stone;  rough  strings  (see 
quots.) ;  rough  stuff,  (a)  the  bottom  stuff  for 
boots  and  shoes ;  (Ii)  coarse  paint  used  before  the 
final  coat;  rough  timber  (see  quot.  1711); 
t  rough  wall,  rubble  work  ;  rough -waller,  a 
builder  of  rough-stone  walls. 

1833  LOUDON  Encycl.  Archit,  §  1075  All  the  doors,  win- 
dows,  etc.,  to  be  saved  with  *rough  arches  (to  have  dis 
charging  arches)  over  the  same.  1854  Wilts.  A  rch.  Mag. 
I.  88  The  procession  was  in  each  instance  headed  by  what 
is  called  a  '  *rough  band '.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  I.  61/1 
The  common  barley, . .  the  Highland  barley,  more  commonly 
called  *rongh  bear  [etc.].  1846  J.  BAXTER  Libr.  Pract. 
Agric.  (ed.  4)  I.  398  What  is  commonly  called  'white  bine  ', 
tolerably  free  from  the  rough  barbs  which  are  often  found 
on  the  under  part  of  the  leaves,  which  constitute  a  '  *rough 
bine '.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  580  *  Rough  Beau, 
those  in  which  the  warrant  officers  make  their  immediate 
entries  of  expenditure.  1814  J.  GRANT  Orig.  Gael  288  The 


Loch  Lochy,  and  the  sea,  and  generally  called  the  Rough- 
bounds.  1862  SKENE  Introd.  Dean  ofLismorJs  Bk.  p.  xv, 
The  Garbh  chriochan  or  rough  bounds,  consisting  of 
Arisaig,  Moydart,  Moror  and  Knoydart.  1789  J.  WILLIAMS 
Min.  Kingd.  I.  244  "Rough,  roch,  or  rock  coal,.. is  a  free 
coal  of  various  degrees  of  strength  and  hardness,  commonly 
of  a  good  black  colour.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  562  The  open- 
burning  cubical  coals  are  known  by  several  local  names ; 
the  rough  coal  or  clod  coal,  from  the  large  masses  in  which 
they  may  be  had.  1853  J.  PHILLIPS  Man.  Gcol.  204  The  coal 
is  partly '  splint ',  partly  '  rough '  or  '  cheery '.  1875  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Mech.  1993/2,  * Rough-coat, ..the  first  coat  on  lath. 
On  brick  it  is  termed  laying. . ;  on  masonry,  rendering.  1791 
W.  H.  MARSHALL  W.  Eng.  (1706)  II.  297  Stucco  is  analogous 
to  the  materials  of  a  dam, ..'Rough  Coating,  to  the  puddle 
of  Canal  Makers.  1853  URE  Diet.  Arts  1.  57  The  alum 
mothers  are  boiled  down  to  a  crystallizing  point,  and  afford 
a  crop  of '  *Rough  Epsom ',  which  is  a  sulphate  of  magnesia 
and  protoxide  of  iron.  1834-6  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VIII. 
275/2  Files  of  the  very  coarsest  sort  are  called  rubbers, 
and  the  next  in  order  to  these  are  called  *rough  files. 
1895  Harper's  Mag.  Mar.  540/2  They  might  be  gom'  to 
hev  considerable  "rough  house— a  fuss,  I  mean,  sir.  1867 
SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-tk.  s.v.  Mast,  ' Rough-mast,  or 
rough-tree,  a  spar  fit  for  making  a  mast.  1773  ASH  s.v. 
Roughcasting,  The  'rough  mortar  on  the  surface  of  a 
building.  1823  CRABB  Tichtul.  Diet.,  Rough  mortar,  a 
sort  of  sand  which,  when  mixed  with  mortar,  makes  it  look 
as  red  as  blood.  1883  J.  D.  WEEKS  Rep.  Manuf.  Glass  20 
'Rough  plate  is  the  crude  plate-glass  as  it  comes  from  the 
annealing  oven.  1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build,  393 


„,.«,.  (ed.  2)  371  'Rough, ..^, 

rabble.    1864  WBBSTBH,  Rough-Kuff.a  rough, coarse  fellow. 


ROUGH. 

1435  in  Dugdale  Monast.  (1846)  VI.  1415/1  Will.  Horwode 
shall  nether  set  mo  nor  fewer  free  masons,  *rogh  setters  ne 
leyes  thereupon.  1859  BAKTLETT  Diet.  Amer.  (ed.  2)  371 
*Rough$kinSi  a  gang  of  Baltimore  bullies.  1855  MRS.  GAS- 
KELL  North  <y  S.  xii,  There  had  been  *rough-stoning  done  in 
the  middle  of  the  floor.  1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  189 
The  pieces  of  timber  which  are  thus  placed  under  the  steps 
are  called  *rough  strings.  1842  GWILT  Encycl.  Arch, 
§  2026  The  framed  timbers  which  support  the  steps  of  a 
staircase.. generally  consist  of  two  pieces  inclined  to  the 
pitch  of  the  stairs,  called  the  rough  strings.  1889  Charity 
Organis.  Rev.  Jan.  7  Clickers  cut  out  the  leather  for  the 
uppers,  *rough-stuff  cutters  that  for  the  soles  and  heels. 
1607  Nott.  Rec.  IV.  284  The  marketts  of  sawen  and  cloven 
tymber.  .exceptinge  all  *rough  tymber.  1711  W.  SUTHER 
LAND  Shipbuild.  Assist.  163  Rough  Timber ;  that  which  is 
only  cut  down,  and  the  Boughs  lop'd  off.  1398  Hist.  Dun. 
Script.  Tres  (Surtees)  p.  clxxx,  Exterius  de  puro  lapide 
vocato  achiler. .,  interius  vero  de  fracto  lapide  vocato  *rogh- 
wall.  1864  C.  W.  KING  Gnostics  174  The  common  workman 
who  ran  up  the  body  of  the  wall . .  was  called  the  '  *Rough- 
waller  '.  1885  WESTALL  Old  Factory  i,  He  was  a  first-rate 
hedger  and  ditcher  and  rough  waller. 

b.  In  names  of  animals,  esp.  fishes  and  reptiles, 
as  rough  aphrodite,  bullhead,  dab,  etc.  Also 
rough-tail,  -"wing. 

1783  BARBUT  Verifies  43  Aphrodita  Scabra,  the  *Rough 
Aphrodite.  1803  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  IV.  n.  259  *Rough  bull 
head,  Cottus  Scaber.. .Native  of  the  Indian  seas.  1840 
Cuvier's  A  nitn.  Kingd.  323  P\leuronectes\  leminoides, 
the  Long,  or  *Rough  Dab.  1843  R.  T.  LOWE  Fishes 
Madeira  i.  55  Trachichthys  pretiosns^  *  Black-mouthed 
affonsin  or  *Rough-fish.  1883  DAY  Fishes  Gt.  Brit.  II. 
342  Fuller's  ray,..*Rough  flapper,  Edinburgh.  1802  SHAW 
Gen.  Zool.  III.  i.  229  *Rough  lizard.  LacertaStellio..  .This 
species  is  remarkable  for  the  unusually  rough,  .appearance 
of  its  whole  upper  surface.  1769  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  (1776) 
III.  75  *Rough  Ray..  .The  upper  part  of  the  body,  .entirely 
covered  with  small  spines.  1883  DAY  Fishes  Gt.  Brit.  II. 
346  The  Homelyn  ray :  rough  ray '.  sandy  ray.  1781 
PENNANT  Hist.  Qnadrup.  II.  524  *  Rough  Sea!..  .Perhaps 
what  the  Newfoundland  Seal-hunters  call  Square  Phipper. 
1866  Chambers'*  Encycl.  VIII.  585/1  The  Rough  ..Seal 
(P.  his-phia)  frequents  quiet  bays  on  the  coasts  of  Green 
land.  1802  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  III.  n.  494  'Rough  snake, 
Coluber  Scaber.  1803  Ibid.  IV.  n.  408  *Rough  spams, 
Spams  Dentex.  1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  $  Min.  234 
*Kough-taiIe  [~  the  horse  mackarel].  .is  a  dry  fish  and  en- 
gendreth  thick  juyce.  1887  Encycl,  Brit.  XXII.  192/1  s.v. 
Snakes,  Family  3.  Uropultidse  (Rough  Tails),  i&jj  Nature 
3  May  18/1  A  *Rough  Terrapin  (Clcintnys  punctidaria) 
from  the  Upper  Amazons.  1802  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  III.  1.55 
"Rough  tortoise,  Testudo  scabra  ?  1819  G.  SAMOUELLI-; 
Entomol.  Compend.  408  Tortrix  rugosaua,  the  *Rough- 
wing.  1832  J.  RENNIE  Consp.  Butterfl.  fy  M.  184  The  Rough- 
Wing. .appears  the  beginning  of  June  on  hedges.  Ibid.  180 
The  Grey  Rough-Wing.  1648  HEXHAM  n,  Een  Steen-rwormt 
a  *Rough-worme  in  a  mans  foote,  or  a  Lope, 

C.  In  names  of  plants,  as  rough  bindweed, 
bristle-grass,  cadlock,  etc. 

1601  *Rough-bindweed  [see  BINDWEED  2].  1611  COTGR., 
Lisetpicquunt)  Rough  Bindweed.  i823CRABB  Techn.Dict.^ 
Rough  Bindweed,.. the  Smilax  aspera  of  Linnaeus.  1859 
Miss  PRATT  Brit.  Grasses  82  *Rough  Bristle-grass.  1611 
COTGR.,  Langne  de  ba-uf, ..  Ox-tongue,  *rough  or  small 
Buglosse.  1790  W.  H.  MARSHALL  Midi.  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.), 
Cadlock,  *  Rough,  ..wild  mustard.  1859  Miss  PRATT  Brit. 
Grasses  73  Tufted  Hair-grass .  .is  also  termed  *Rongh-caps% 
from  its  long,  narrow,  rough,  twisting  leaves.  Ibid.  63 
"Rough  Cat's-tail.  1849  CRAIG,  *Rongh-chevril,  the  plant 
Anthriscusvnlgaris.  1562  TURNER  Herbal  n.  26  a,  Lago- 
pus  maye  be  called  in  Englishe  Haris  foot  or  *rough  clauer. 

1611  COTGR.,   Trejfte  bas^  hares-foot,  rough  Clauer.     1771 
Encycl.  Brit.  II.  304/1  Dactylis  . .  gloi neratus,  or  ""rough 
cock's-foot    grass.      1805   R.  W.    DICKSON    Pract.  Agric. 
II.  832    Rough  Cock's-foot    Grass  ..  is  a   coarse,  rough 
grass,    but  very  hardy  and  productive.     1859  Miss  PRATT 
Brit.  Grasses  97  Rough  Cock's-foot.     1889  MAIDEN  Useful 
Native  PI.  143  Trema  aspera, . . '  "Rough  Fig'. . .  This  shrub 
is  firmly  believed  by  some  to  be  poisonous.     1886  BRITTEN 
&  HOLLAND  Plant-n.,  *  Rough  Grass,  Dactylis  glomerata. 
1833    STURT    S.    Australia    I.   iii.    118   The   *rough-gum 
abounded  near  the  creek.      1898  MORRIS   Austral  Eng. 
180/1    Rough-barked  or  Rough   Gum,  Eucalyptus  botry- 
oides.     1784  CULLUM  Hist.  Haivsted  4  *Rough  Horse-tail, 
or    Shave  grass    (Equisetum    hyemale)    in    woods.      1861 
BENTLEY    Man.    Bot.    705    Equisetum    hyemale,    Rough 
Horse-tail,  which  is  largely  imported  from  Holland  under 
the   name   of  Dutch  Rushes.       1883   Almondbury   Gloss. 
s.v.  Kex,  There  are  two  sorts  of  kex— Shiny  Kex,  An 
gelica   sylveslris ;    and   *  Rough    K  ex,   Heracleum   spon- 
dylium.     1877  E.  LEIGH  Cheshire  Gloss,,  * Rong/i~nntt  the 
sweet  or  Spanish  chestnut.     1^48  TURNER  Names  Herbes 
(E.  D.  S.)  76  It  may  be  called  in  englishe  Cow-persnepe  or 
*rough  Persnepe.     1797  BILLINGSLEY  Agric.  Somerset  116 
The  sorts  [of  potatoes]  cultivated  are  the  kidney,.. *rough 
red,  purple,  and   silver-skin.      1886  BRITTEN  &  HOLLAND 
Plant-n.  408  *Rough    Robin,  Lychnis  Fhs-cuculi.      1548 
TURNER  Names  Herbes  (E.  D.  S.)  46  It  maye  be  named  in 
englishe  *rough  Trifoly  or  harefote.     1886  BRITTEN  £  HOL 
LAND  Plant-n.,  "Rough  Weed,  Stachys  palustris. 

22,  With  sbs.  used  attrib.,  as  rough-board,  -edge, 
-weather. 

1862  BURTON  Book'hunter  i.  18  He  was  not  a  black-letter 
man,.. or  a  rough-edg_e  man.  1865  DICKENS  Mut.Fr.  n.  xii, 
Rough-weather  nautical  clothes.  1893  <?«//«£  XXI 1. 122/1 
Curiosities  without  number  hide  the  rough-board  walls. 

23.  Comb.)  forming  parasynthetic  adjs.,  as  rough' 
backed,  -bearded^  -edged,  -faced,  and  sbs.  derived 
from    these,   as   rough-handedness,    -heart ednes s  \ 
also  rough-looking. 

1837  Penny  Cycl.  IX.  396  Any  other  *rough -barked  plant. 

1612  WEBSTER  White  Devil  v.  i,  No  *rough-bearded  comet 
Stares  on  thy  mild   departure.      1828  J.  E.  SMITH  Engl. 
Flora  II.  49  Leaflets  ovate,  pinnatifid,  *rough-edged.    1895 
F.  M.  CRAWFORD  Casa  Braccio  xvii,  The  lower  story  was 
built  of  "rough-faced  blocks  of  travertine  stone.     1849  D.  J. 


815 

BROWNE  Amer.  Poultry  Yd,  (1855)  Z43  One  short,  squat, 
*rough-feathered,  ill-marked  goose.  x6ix  COTGR.,  Per  eke  de 
incr,  the  sea  Perch  ;  a  wholesome,  *rough-find,  and  tongue- 
lesse,  rocke-fish.  1703  J.  PHILIPS  Splendid  Shilling  128 
Walnut  in  *rough-furrow'd  Coat  secure.  1704  Diet.  Rust. 
(1726)  s.v.  Oa&,  The  *rough-grain'd  Body  of  a  stubbed  Oak. 
1840  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  xv,  A  gentle  hand — rough- 
grained  and  hard  though  it  was.  1548  ELYOT,  Hispidus, 
bristled,  or  *rough  beared.  1648  HEXHAM  n,  Ruydig- 
heydt^  Scabbinesse,  Scurvinesse,  or  Rough-haired.  1793 
MARTYN  Lang.  Bot.,  Hirtns,  rough-haired.  1863  Life  Nor- 
inandy  II.  224  A  couple  of  big  rough-haired  deer-bounds. 


269  The  age  of  conquest  and  rough-handed  violence. 
GKETTON  Memory* s  llarkback  22  One  instance  as  well  as  a 
hundred  will  tell  my  babyism  and  their  *rough-handedness. 
1856  LEVER  Mar  this  o/Cro'  M.  244  To  rub  shoulders  with 
the  coarse-minded,  the  *rough-hearted,  and  the  vulgar.  1615 
BvFIELD  CWou.  iii.  12  The  first  is  fear..,  as  it  is  opposed  unto 
boldness,  conceitedness,  *rough-heartedness.  1860  RUSKIN 
Unt o  this  Last  \v,  §  79  These  *rough-jacketcd,  rough-worded 
persons.  1806  SURK  ^tV»to*fVf£0tt4/oMUI.s26A*rough-look- 
ing  sea-faring  man,  about  four-and-thirty  years  old.  1630  A*. 
Johnson's  Kingd,  fy  Cowiniv,  279  More  *rough  mannerd 
than  the  Silesians  and  Bohemians.  1594  NASHE  Unfort. 
Trav.  Wks.  (Grosart)  V.  104  Boulstered  out  with  "rough 
plumed  siluer  plush.  1690  NORRIS  Beatitudes  (1692)  83 
The  World  is  made  for  the  bold  and  violent,  the  *rougli- 
spirited  and  turbulent.  1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  Wts. 
(Grosart)  IV.  248  Hee  wil  sende  a  ^rougher  stringed  scourge 
amongst  vs.  1533  *  Rough-tasted  [see  APPLE  i],  1731 
MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  U'ines,  Of  the  same  Sort  are  certain 
austere  or  rough-tasted  Substances.  1872  TENNYSON*  Caret h 
fy  Lynette  885  *Rough-thicketed  were  the  banks  and  steep. 
1598  MARSTON  Sco.  Villanie  in.  ix.  217  Higher  straii.fs 
Then  well  beseemes  a  "Vough-tongu'd  Satyres  part.  1855 
KINGS  LEY  f/eroes,  Argonauts  v.  165  They  were  rough- 
tongued.  i7z8CnAMBF.RS  Cycl.  s.v.  7'Y/e*,  Some  cutting  faster, 
as  the  *rough-tooth'd  file.  1818  KEATS  Kndym.  n.  £64 
No  longer  did  he  wage  A  *rough-voic'd  war  against  the 
dooming  stars.  1865  MORRIS  Jason  xvn.  79  The  shout  Of 
rough- voiced  sea-folk  enueth  every  song. 

b.  In  specific  names  of  animals,  birds,  etc. 
1890  Cent,  Diet,  s.v.,  The  *  rough-backed  cayman,  Allig 
ator  or  Caiman  trigonatus,  of  South  America.  1785  LATHAM 
Gen.  Synop.  Birds  VI.  586  *Rough-bilied  Pelican.  1803 
SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  IV.  n.  191  *Rough-finned  band-fish,  Cepola 
Trachyptera.  1843  R.  T.  LOWE  Fishes  Madeira  I.  155 
Mttgil  corrugatuS)  Common  or  *Rough-lipped  Grey  Mullet 
of  Madeira.  1887  CasseU's  Encycl.  Diet.)  *Rough-necked 


332    The   rough-tailed   stickleback    (G*  trachurus}. 
AUDUBON  Ornith.  Biog.  IV.  593  "Rough-winged  Swallo1 
Hirundo  Serripennis.     Ibid,  595  In  its  general  appearance 
..the  Rough-winged  Swallow  is  extremely  similar  to  the 
Bank  Swallow.     1872  COUES  N.  Amer.  Birds  114  Stelgido- 
pteryx,  Rough-winged  Swallow. 
C.  In  specific  names  of  plants. 

1882  Proc.  Berwick  Nat.  Club  IX.  430  There  is  a  fine 
cluster  of  *  rough-barked  Spanish  chestnuts  among  the  oaks. 
1889  MAIDEN  Useful  Native  PI.  441  The  former  [was 
called]  by  the  colonists  '  Rough-barked  Bloodwood '.  Ibid, 
85  Echinopogon  ovatus, . .  *Rough-bearded  Grass.  1833 
Proc.  Berwick  Nat.  Club  I.  29  Hieraciuni  prenanth. 
oides  —  *Rough-bordered  Hawkweed.  *753  Chambers' 
Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  TithymaluS)  The  wart-Spurge,  or 
*rough-fruited  Spurge.  1822  Hortus  Anglicus  II.  7  /'. 
Argemone*  Long  'Rough-headed  Poppy.  1789  J.  PILK- 
INGTON  View  Derbysh.  1.443  Lathyrus  hirsutus,  *Rough 
podded  Vetchling,  or  Pease-everlasting.  1796  WITHERING 
Brit.  Plants  (ed.  3)  III.  640  Ervum  hirsutum^  Rough 
podded  Tare.  1822  Hortus  Anglicus  II.  246  L.  Hirsutns, 
Rough-podded  Lathyrus.  Ibid.  463  T.  Dactyloidcs^ 
*Rough-seeded  Tripsacum.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract. 
Agric.  II.  826  The  Common  or  ""Rough-stalked  Meadow 
Grass.  1854  H.  MILLER  Sch*  $•  Schni.  (1858)  398  The 
characteristic  vegetable  is  the  *rough-stemmed  tangle — 
Laminaria  digitata. 

Hough  (r»f),  adv.  Also  7-8  ruff;  Sf.  6  (8) 
ruch,  9  rouch,  roch.  [f,  the  adj.  Cf.  the  earlier 
form  Row  adv\ 

1.  In  a  rough  manner ;  roughly,  rudely ;  without 
special  care  or  accuracy,  etc. 

1560  HOLLAND  Seven^Sages  Prol.  iii,  Scho..Meruellit  at 
me  how  I  durst ..  Aganis  wemen  to  speik  sa  ruch  and  rude. 
1610  HOLLAND  Camdens  Brit.  (1637)  759  The  river  Cain, 
which  running  rough  upon  stones,  cutteth  through  it.  1680 
OTWAY  Orphan  \\.  iv,  Should  you  charge  me  rough  I  should 
but  weep.  1687  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  2289/7  A  plain  brown  cropt 
Nag,.. Walks  and  trots  well,  gallops  rough.  1762  MILLS 
Syst*  Husb.  I.  92  Before  the  land  is  plowed  rough  for  a 
spring  crop.  1780  Mirror  No.  97  They  should  be  taught . .  to 
speak  their  own  language  rough  and  round.  1858  KINGSI.EY 
Poems  62  As  we  pledge  the  health  of  our  general,  Who  fares 
as  rough  as  we.  1897  Outing  XXX.  481/2  In  polo,  a  man 
rides  rough  all  the  time. 

b.   To  lie  (or  sleep}  rough  (see  quots.), 


Night.     1796  Grose's  Diet.   Vul&  . . 
(ed.  3),  To  lie  rough, . .  to  sleep  on  the  bare  deck  of  a  ship. 


snire  LrMvr..     10   sleep   rough  t  or 
about  out  of  doors  like  a  vagabond. 

2.  Comb.  a.  With  verbs,  as  rough-bore^  to  bore 
roughly,  rough-enter,  -/mil,  -lay,  etc. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Crustareparietes^ . .  to  rough  lay ; 
to  pariette  walks.  1593  NASHE  Christ's  T.  Wks.  (Grosart) 
IV.  69  Now  the  raine  wil  rough-enter  through  the  crannies 
of  theyr  wauering.  1679  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  ix.  155  They 

fenerally  Rough-plain  their  Boards  for  Flooring.      1776  G. 
EMPLE  Building  in  Water  3  They.,  could  not  conveniently 


BOUGH. 

get  the  Ruins  at  that  Time  removed,  therefore,  they  only 
just  rough-levelled  them.  1793  S.MEATON  Edystone  L.  §  81, 
I  immediately  rough-turned  a  piece  of  wood.  1812  SIR  J. 
SINCLAIR. tyit.  Hush.  Scot.  11.  App.  50  After  kiln-drying  the 
barley,  it  is  put  into  the  mill,  and  rough  hulled.  1829  A. 
CUNNINGHAM  Lives  Brit.  Painters  I.  in  Having  received 
an  agreeable  letter  from  Dr.  Franklin  be  rough-wrote  an 
answer.  1881  Miss  BRADDON  Asphodel  II.  66  [He]  bad 
rough-ploughed  a  thousand  acres  or  so  of  his  best  land. 
1890  W.  J.  GORDON  Foundry  18  At  first  it  is  rough  bored, 
should  it  not  have  been  cast  hollow. 

b.  \Vith  pa.  pples.  used   attributively  or  pre- 
dicatively,  as  rough-bedded,  -clad,  -cut,  etc. 

1593  SHAKS.  Lucrece  1249  As  in  a  rough-grown  grove. 
1612  DKAYTON'  Poly-olb.  I.  52  Thou  Jernsty,  bravely  crown 'd 
With  rough- imbattl'd  rocks.  1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc. , 
Printing  xiii.  p  3,  I  have  Fil'd  the  Face.. with  a  Rough- 
Cut-File.  1727-46 THOMSON  Sttftttuer  1761  A  savage,  .with 
the  unfashioned  fur  Rough-clad.  1793  SMEATON  Edystone 
L.  §  148  The  second  step  rough  bedded.  1818  SCOTT  Rob 
Roy  xix,  The  crowd,  .forced  its  way  up  a  steep  and  rough- 
paved  street.  1864  TENNYSON  Enoch  Arden  95  His  face, 
Rough-redden'd  with  a  thousand  winter  gales.  1877  R.  J. 
MORI;  Under  the  Balkans  215  A  small  bit  of  woollen  carpet 
laid  on  the  red  rough-plastered  floor.  1887  RUSKIN  Pr;c- 
terita  II.  400  Floors  and  partitions  all  of  rough-sawn  larch. 

c.  With  pres.  pples.,  as  rough-blustering,  -cfauk- 

ing,  -living,  -rising. 

1605  SYLVESTER  Du  Barias  \\.  iii.  Laiw  1003  Rough- 
blust  ring  Boreas  nurst  with  Riphean  snow.  1729  SAVAGF, 
U'andercr  n.  15  Rough-rising  from  yon  sculptural  wall, 
Bold  prophets  nations  to  repentance  call  !  Ibid.  \ .  460  His 
chains  rough-clanking  to  discordant  groans.  1743  FRANCIS 
tr.  Ifflr.,  Odes  in.  vii.  28  The  rough-swelling  tides.  1808 
JAMIF.SON  s.v.  Rouch,  A  profane  swearer,  a  drunkard,  £c. 
is  called  a  rouch,  or  a  roucb-living  man. 

d.  \Vith    vbl.    sbs.,   as   rough- boring^   -locking, 
-rolling. 

1853  L'RE  Diet.  Arts  (ed.  4)  II.  509  Shingling,  .costs,  in 
wages,  TS.  fjd,  per  ton  ;  and  rough-rolling,  is.  yd.  1859 
MARCY  Prairie  Trav.  iii.  93  Rough-locking  is  a  very  safe 
method  of  passing  heavy  artillery  down  abrupt  declivi 
ties.  1890  Rep.  Brit,  Assoc.  939  The  mild  steel.,  is  after 
forging  and  rough-boring  subjected  to  the  process  of  oil- 
hardening. 

Rough  (r»f)>  zv1     Also  8  ruff.     [f.  the  adj.] 

I.  1.  trans,  -fa.  To  raise  a  nap  on  (cloth)  ;  = 
Row  zi.7    Obs, 

1483-4  Act  i  Rich.  Ill,  c.  S§  i3Tayntours.  .for  evenyngeof 
cloth  onely  after  it  commeth  from  the  Mille  and  before  it  be 
rouglied  [AF.  text  roughex], 

b.  To   turn,  pull,  scrape  or  rub  up,  so  as  to 
make  rough.     Alsoy?^. 

1763  MILLS  Pract.  llnsb.  III.  i2sThe  wheat. .felt  a  little 
rough  in  the  hand,  because,  not  having  been  stiired  for  .six 
years,  the  little  hairs  that  are  at  the  extremity  of  the  grain, 
and  the  particles  of  the  bran,  were  roughed  up.  1850  HOLT* 
ZATFFEL  Turning  III.  1121  The  face  of  the  polisher  is 
roughed  up,  or  thoroughly  scraped  with  an  old  razor  blade 
or  knife.  1879  JEFFERIES  Wild  Life  124  If  the  hurricane 
roughs  up  the  straw  on  all  the  ricks  in  the  parish.  1884  — 
Life  of  Fields  (1891)  171  It  roughs  them  up  the  wrong  way. 

c.  To  make  rough ;  to  ruffle. 

1844  MRS.  BROWNING  Dead  Pan  x,  Thine  eagle,  blind  and 
old,  Roughs  his  feathers  in  the  cold.  1875  R.  BROWNING 
Aristoph.  Apol.  114  Go  ask  my  rivals. .how  they  roughed 
my  fleece.  1887  Daily  News  29  Sept.  3/1  The  salt  water 
caused  it  to  blister  and  roughed  her  bottom. 

d.  spec.  (See  quots.) 

1825  JENNINGS  Dial.  W.  Eng.  p.  xviii,  To  Rough ^  to 
roughen ;  particularly  a  horse's  shoes.  1838  HOLLOWAY 
Prov.  Diet.,  To  rough,  to  put  long  headed  nails  into  a 
horse's  shoes  to  make  them  rough,  and  so  prevent  the  horse 
from  slipping  in  frosty  weather.  1889  GRETTON  Memory's 
Harkback  152  The  ordinary  remedy  was  to  '  rou:;h  '  your 
horse ;  that  is,  to  turn  up  the  heels  of  the  shoes,  and  fasten 
them  with  great-headed  nails. 

2.  a.  To  offend,  grate  upon  (the  ear). 

1623  H.  SYDENHAM  Ser»t.  (1637)  133  Those  eares  which 
have  been  stockt  hitherto  with  the  supple  dialect  of  the 
Court.. will  not  be  rough't  now  with  the  course  phrase  of  a 
reproofe. 

b.  To  use  rough  language  to   (a  person) ;  to 
ruffle  (one). 

1861  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  at  Oxf.  iii,  [He]  lost  no  chance 
of  roughing  him  in  his  replies.  1883  Cent.  Mag.  Sept.  737, 
I  didn't  mean  to  rough  you  when  I  said  that.  1  don  t  want 
to  hurt  your  feelings. 

c.  To  deal  roughly  with,  ill-use  (one). 

1868  Pall  Mall  G.  5  Oct.  4  This  year  a  band  of  these 
Hungarians ..  were  considerably  roughed  and  mishandled. 
1869  T.  B.  ALDRICH  Story  Bad  Boy  191  How  tenderly  the 
years  touched  him..  ! — all  the  more  tenderly,  .for  having 
roughed  him  so  cruelly  in  other  days. 

3.  inir.  a.  To  become  rough  or  stormy,  rare—1. 
1876  CAPT.  R.  F.  BURTON  Gorilla  L.  I.  21  The  cruel  crawl 
ing  sea  began  to  rough,  purr,  and  tumble. 

b.  To  bristle  or  ruffle  tip. 

1904  SLADEN  Lovers  Japan  xii,  When  a  snake  is  drawn 
backwards,  its  scales  rough  up  like  cogs  and  hold  It. 

II.  4.   To  rough  itt  to  face  or  submit  to  hard 
ships,  rough  or  casual  accommodation,  etc.  ;  to 
do  without  ordinary  conveniences  or  luxuries;  to 
live  in  a  rough  way. 

1768  J.  BYRON  Narr.  Patagonia  205  We  were  obliged  to  ruff 
it  the  whole  passage.  1796  WASHINGTON  Writ.  (1892)  XIII. 
341  Never  having  been  accustomed  to  shift  or  rough  it.  1826 
SCOTT  Jrnl,  20  Nov.,  The  expense  of  travelling  has  mounted 
high.  I  am  too  old  to  rough  it.  1879  GEO.  ELIOT  Theo. 
Such  ii.  37  Roughing  it  with  them  under  difficulties. 
b.  To  rough  (if)  out :  (see  OUT  adv.  7  b). 

1821  SCOTT  Pirate  xxix,  We  have  no  other  course  for  it 
hut  to. .rough  it  out  as  well  as  we  can.  1833  MARRVAT  P. 
Simple  (1863)  404,  I  determined,  to  use  a  nautical  expres- 


BOUGH. 

sion,  to  rough  it  out.     1836  Backwoods  of  Canada  41,  I 
might,  .have  roughed  out  a  year  or  so. 

5.  trans,  a.  To  break  in  (a  horse). 

1802  JAMES  Mil.  Dict.t  To  Rough  Horses,  a  word  in 
familiar  use  among  the  dragoons  to  signify  the  act  of  break 
ing  in  horses,  so  as  to  adapt  them  to  military  purposes. 

b.  To  expose  (an  animal)  to  rough  weather 
and  hard  or  scanty  fare. 

1858  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XIX.  i.  147  The  idea. .that 
'  roughing '  calves  (which  means  exposing  them  to  cold  and 
hunger)  makes  them  hardy. 

III.  6.  \Vith  various  advs.  a.  To  trim  or 
work  ^"in  a  rough  fashion. 

1789  G.  KEATE  Peleia  Isl.  96  Timber. .which  being  cut 
down  at  the  back  of  the  island  and  roughed  off,  they  could 
easily  manage  to  bring  round. 

b.  To  shape  or  cut  otit  roughly ;  to  plan  or 
sketch  out  roughly. 

1793  SMEATON  Edy stone  L.  §  144  The  two  new  steps,  .and 
all  the  dovetails  were  roughed  out.  1820  W.  SCORESHY^O:. 
Arc.  Reg.  I.  232  In  the  formation  of  these  lenses,  I  roughed 
them  out  with  a  small  axe.  1843  HOLTZAI-I-FKL  Turningl. 
168  The  stone  is  first  roughed  out  with  a  point  and  mallet. 
1875  Carpentry  .v  Join.  113  He  will  rough  out  these  at  his 
own  saw  pit  with  the  usual  felloe  saw. 

C.  To  fill  or  work  ?'«,  to  sketch  /';;,  roughly. 

1864  BLACKMORE  Clara  I  'anghan  xxi,  I  had  just  roughed 
in  my  outline.  1891  KIPLING  Light  that  Faittd1  (1900)  129, 
I  must  rough  'em  in  with  the  pencil. 

d.  To  work  down  (iron)  into  rods. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  707  A  steam  engine  of  thirty-horse 
power  can  rough  down  in  a  week  200  tons  of  coarse  iron. 

e.  Jlfus.  To  tune  up  roughly. 

1889  Grove's  Diet.  Music  IV.  554  As  much  proficiency  in 
tuning  as  enabled  him  to  'rough  up',  the  technical  term  for 
the  first  tuning  of  a  pianoforte. 

f.  To  dig  out  in  a  rough  manner. 

1887  Daily  News  8  Feb.  6/3  Miners  rough  out  the  clay 
in  the  first  place  with  pick  and  shovel,  and  ..  machinery 
finishes  the  circular  cutting  with  mathematical  accuracy. 

7.  To  work  or  shape  in  a  rough  preliminary 
fashion. 

1815  SCORESBY  in  Mem.  Wernerian  Soc.  II.  270, 1  roughed 
them  with  a  small  axe.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  596  The  piece 
of  glass  is  now  roughed  into  a  ciicular  form.  1850  HOLT- 
ZAPFFEL  Turning  III.  1034  The  alabaster  is  roughed,  or 
roughly  ground  on  what  the  lapidary  terms  a  roughing  or 
lead  null,  a  1890  E.  L.  WILSON  Quarter  Cent.  Photogr.  35 
(Cent.),  In  the  grinding  of  a  lens  the  first  operation  consists 
in  roughing  it,  or  bringing  it  approximately  to  the  curvature 
it  is  ultimately  to  assume, 

b.  To  clean  (grain)  roughly. 

1851  Jrnl.  R.  Agrtc.  Soc.  XII.  n.  412  He,. 'chaffs'  or 
'roughs  '  the  corn  once  over  with  a  roughing-machine. 

c.  To  heckle  (flax)  roughly.    See  also  RUFF  v. 

1882  Encycl.  Urii.XlV.  665/1  In  the  case  of  heckling  by 
machinery,  the  flax  is  first  roughed  and  arranged  in  stncks, 
as  above  described  under  hand  heckling.     1902  Brit.  Med. 
Jrnl.  31  May  1341  The  process  of  roughing,  sorting,  and 
hackling  the  flax. 

t  Rough,  v.'t  Obs.  Forms:  4  roirwen,  5  row- 
(w)hyn,  rewyn,  5-6  rough.  [ME.  type  *ro)en 
(roweri})  corresponding  in  form  to  OHG.  and 
MHO.  rohen  (yuken)  to  roar,  and  in  meaning  to 
(M)Du.  rocheleHj  G.  rocheht.]  intr.  To  cough, 
to  hawk,  to  clear  the  throat. 

13..  Old  Age  in  Reliq.  Antiq.  II.  211,  I  nvele,  I  roxle,  I 
rake,  I  rouwe.  c  1440  Promp.  Part'.  249/1  Hostyn,  or 
rowhyn,  or  cowghyn  (//.,  rowwhyn. .),  tttssio.  (11470  H. 
PARKER  Dives  •$•  Pauper  (W.  de  W.  1496)  iv.  iv.  164/1  He 
cought  &  roughed  so,  that  his  sone..myght  haue  no  reste 
by  hym  in  the  chambre.  a  1539  SKELTON  Col.  Cloitte  1223 
Let  hym  cough,  rough,  or  sneuyll. 

Rough,  obs.  var.  of  ROE,  ROOF  ;  var.  of  RUFF  v. 

RoU'ghage.  dial,  and  U.S.  [f.  ROUGH  a.  + 
-AGE.]  The  less  useful  or  refuse  part  (of  crops) ; 
rough  grass  or  weeds. 

1883  Encycl.  Amer.  I.  98  The  'roughage*  of  crops  has 
been  neglected,  the  entire  straw  and  stalks  being  burned. 
1890  Glouc.  Gloss.,  Roughage,  rubbish  ;  the  clearings  off  the 
land  or  out  of  ditches  would  be  so  called. 

Rough-and-ready,  a.    Also  unhyphened. 

1.  Of    things :     Not    elaborately    or    carefully 
ordered,  contrived,  or  finished;  just  good  enough 
to  serve  the  purpose. 

1810  F.  J.  JACKSON  in  Sir  G.  Jackson  Diaries  fy  Lett. 
(1873)  I.  120  A  more  rough  and  ready  state  of  things.. than 
we  had  before  been  accustomed  to.  1858  R.  S.  SL-RTEKS 
Ask  Mamma  xlv,  The  hunting  establishment  was  of  the 
rough  and  ready  order.  1893  SIR  R.  BALL  Story  of  Sun  222 
Therough-and-readycompasssoinvaluable  to  the  navigator. 

Comb.  1856  STONEHENGE  Brit.  Rur.  Sports  4:4/1  Sharp 
spurs  are  on  the  heels — rough  and  ready-looking  prads  these. 

2.  Of  persons :    Ready  to  take  things   as   they 
come ;   not  finical  or  particular ;    working   in    a 
rough  but  prompt  and  effective  manner. 

1849  E.  E.  NAPIER  Exp.  S.  Afr.  I.  163  If  you  can  catch 
a  sober,  rough-and-ready  '  Totty  ',  who  is  able  to.. put  his 
hand  to  any  thing.  1870  W.  THORNBURV  Tour  round  Eng. 
I.  ii.  44  In  a  few  days  his  rough  and  ready  hand  was  on 
their  collars.  1894  MRS,  F.  ELLIOT  Roman  Gossip  iv.  94  A 
sort  of  leer,  as  of  a  rough-and-ready  cynic. 

3.  Of  manner,  etc. :  Roughly  efficient  or  effective, 
without   entering   into   minutiae    or    observing   a 
regular  procedure. 

1860  EMERSON  Cond.  Life  \\.  (1861)  39  The  rough  and  ready 
style  which  belongs  to  a  people  of  sailors,  foresters,  farmers, 
and  mechanics.  1868  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong,  (1877)  II.  495 
A  rough  and  ready  way  of  repaying  themselves.  1897  A  ttbutfs 


816 

Syst.  Med.  II.  880  Instead  of  all  this  rough-and-ready  turb 
ulence,  relays  of  attendants  should  be.  .organized. 

Rough-and-tumble,  «•»  sb.t  and  adv.  Also 
unhyphened.  [Orig.  boxing  slang.] 

A.  adj.  1.  Characterized  by  rough  informality 
or  disregard  of  usual  rules ;  having  the  character 
of  a  scuffle  or  scramble  ;  rude  and  disorderly. 

1832  J.  P.  KENNEDY  Su>a/l<nv  B.  xv.  (1860)  138  Rough- 
and-tumble  fights  in  which  they  were  often  engaged.  1859 
IJARTLETT  Diet.  Amer.  (ed.  2)  371  A  rough  and  tumble  fight 
is  said  to  be  one  in  which  all  the  laws  of  the  ring  are  dis 
carded.  1872  O.  W.  HOLMES  Poet.  Breakf.-T.  x,  That  circle 
of  rough-and-tumble  political  life  where  the  fine-fibred  men 
are  at  a  discount.  1887  STEVENSON  Underwoods  i.  iv.  7 
Their  rough-and-tumble  play  they  shared. 

transf.  1899  CALLOW  Old  Lond.  Tew.  i.  3  There  was  always 
a  more  or  less  rough-and-tumble  air  about  the  place. 

2.  Of  persons :  Practising  irregular  or  informal 
methods  of  boxing,  etc. ;  inclined  to  be  rough  or 
violent. 

1848  K.  D.  WALSH  Aristoph.  157  nofe^  The  victories  of., 
wrestlers,  boxers,  and  rough-and-tumble  gentlemen.     1860 
O.  W.  HOLMES  Elsie  tenner  (i^j)  39  The  rough-and-tumble 
fighters  all  clinth.      1890  F.  W.  ROBINSON   l^ery  Strange 
Family  18  Rough-and-tumble  lads,  with  no  fine  feelings. 

3.  transf.    Riotous,  disorderly,  forming  a  con 
fused  mass  or  group. 

1858  O.  W.  HOLMES  A  itt.  Breakf.-t.  (1883)  237  Dare-devil 
impudence  of  rough-and-tumble  vegetation.  1879  STEVEN 
SON  Trav.  Cevennes  (1886)  49,  I .  .found,  .another  marish 
bottom  among  rough-and-tumble  hills. 

B.  sb.  1.  Haphazard  or  random  fighting,  strug 
gling,  or  adventure  ;   scuffle,  scramble. 

1810  Edin.  Rev,  XV.  447  When  two  persons  fight,  it  is 
generally 'according  to  the  rule  of  rough  and  tumble '.  1840 
R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast  xxviii.  92  The  old  brig-. in  which 
I  had  spent  nearly  a  year,  and  got  the  first  rough  and  tumble 
of  a  sea-life.  1873  WHYTE-MELVILLF,  Katerfelto  i,  The 
Cornish  hug,  the  Devonshire  shoulder-grip,  and  the  West 
Somerset  rough-and-tumble. 

2.   With  a.    A  random  or  free  fight  or  set-to. 

1821  SOUTH F.V  in  Q.  Rev.  XXIV.  494  The  Coalheaver.. 
closed  with  him  at  once  for  a  rough-and-tumble.  1887  RIDER 
HAGGARD  A.  Quaterinain  viii,  He  had  been  successful  in 
his  rough  and  tumble  with  the  Elmoran. 

C.  adv.  In  a  rough,  informal  manner. 

1818  J.  PALMER  Jrnl.  Trav.  131,  I  understand  the  ques 
tion  is  generally  asked,  will  you  fight  fair,  or  take  it  rough 
and  tumble?  1825 J.  NEAL  Bro.  Jonathan  III.  270  A  bit 
of  clear  tussle  with  a  redhot  Mohawk  or  so — rough  an1 
tumble — would  be  a  relief  to  me. 

Hence  Rough -and-  tumbling1,     nonce-wd. 

1808  ASHE  Trav.  I.  296  No  fighting,  no  racing,  no  rough 
and  tumbling,  or  anything  to  be  observed  but  industry. 

Rough-board,  v.     [Rouen  a.  21.]     trans.  To 

cover  with  rough  boards. 

1849  D.  J.  BROWNE  Amer.  Poultry  Yd.  (1855)  87  Rough- 
board  it  from  the  apex  downward  by  the  sills  to  the  ground. 

Bough-cast,  roughcast  (rzrfkast),///.  a. 
and  sb.  Also  7  ruff-cast,  [f.  ROUGH  adv.  and  a. 
See  CAST  v.  57,  45,  and  sb.  25.] 

I.  1.  ///.  a.    Of  walls,  etc. :    Roughly  coated 
with  a  mixture  of  lime  and  gravel. 

1519  HORMAN  Vulg.  241  Some  men  wyll  haue  theyr  wallys 
plastered,  some  pergetted..,  some  roughe  caste.  1617 
MORVSON  Itin.  i.  188  The  building  of  the  City  is.. of  un 
polished  stone  with  the  outside  plastered,  and  rough  cast. 
1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  \.  7  As  white-limed  houses  exceed 
those  which  are  only  rough  cast.  1704  SWIFT  T.  Tub  xi, 
He  rubbed . .  against  a  rough-cast  Wall.  1830  Miss  MITFORD 
Village  Ser.  iv.  (1863)  259  A  low,  white,  irregular,  rough- 
cast  building.  1861  NEALE  Notes  Dalmatia,  97  Arbors 
running  along  the  top  of  rough-cast  walls. 
b.  transf.  oryf^.  Also  const,  with. 

1606  SYLVESTER  Du  Bart  as  u.  \v.j\I agnificenceitf&  Where 
Wals  are  rough-cast  wlh  the  richest  Stones.  1655  VAUGHAN 
Silex  Stint,  i.  Regeneration^  My  walke  a  monstrous,  moun- 
tain'd  thing,  Rough-cast  with  rocks  and  snow.  1681  GREW 
MuscCitm  i.  iv.  iv.  76  The  Shell  underneath  or  within  is 
white  :  without,  it  is  all  over  rough-cast. 

2.  sb.  A  composition  of  lime  and  gravel,  used 
as  a  plastering  for  the  outside  of  walls. 

1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  in.  i.  71  Let  him  haue  some  Plaster, 
or  some  Lome,  or  some  rough  cast  about  him,  to  signifie 
wall.  1622  MABBE  tr.  Ale  man's  Guzman  d'Alf.i.  39  The 
face  of  her.. looked  like  an  old  wall  all  to  bedawbed  with 
rough-cast.  1663  GERBIER  Counsel  79  Rough-cast  upon 
Lath  being  very  well  done,  is  worth  eighteen  pence  the 
yard.  1789  M.  MADAN  tr.  Persius  (1795)  120  note,  The 
plaster,  parget  or  rough  cast  of  a  wall.  1810  WORDSAV. 
Prose  Wks.  (1876)  II.  277  The  house  must  be  covered  with 
rough-cast,  otherwise  it  cannot  be  kept  dry.  1850  Ecclesiol. 
XI.  74  Both  tower  and  spire  are  covered  with  rough-cast. 
1883  MRS.  BANKS  Forbidden,  to  Marry  I.  v.  85  Black  beams 
intersecting.. the  weather-stained  roughcast. 
b.  transf.  or  Jig.  Also  with  a. 

1609  J.  DA  VIES  (Heref.)  HolyRoode  D  2  b,  A  Rough-cast  of 
thicke  Gore  his  Body  shrouds.  1648  J.BEAUMONT  Psyche  \y.\\. 
ccxcix,  Her  scurfy  Roughcast  scaled  off,  and  all  Her  Skin  to 
fresh  and  tender  smoothness  left.  1658  ROWLAND  tr.  Moufefs 
Thcat.  Ins.  922  [The  wasp's  nest  is]  well  fenced  above  with 
a  certain  rough-cast  to  keep  off  all  wind  and  weather. 
C.  attrib.  Consisting  of  rough-cast.  Also^/^. 

1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stuffe  Wks.  (Grosart)  V.  201  With 
light  cost  of  rough  cast  rethoncke  it  may  be  tollerablely 
playstered  ouer.  .71670  WOOD  Life  (O.  H.  S.)  I.  280  Two 
or  three  stones,  and  some  rough-cast  stuff  were  blown  from 
off  the  tower.  1828  Lights  fy  Shades  II.  122  A  decent- 
looking  inn  with  a  rough-cast  coating. 

II.  t 3,  sb.  A  rough  sketch  or  outline.   Obs. 
Properly  in  two  words,  as  in  the  earlier  quots. 

1579  GOSSON  Sch,  Abuse  (Arb.)  24  To  show  you  that  in 


HOUGHED. 

a  rough  cast,  which  I  see  in  a  cloude.  1641  MILTON  Ch. 
Go-vt.  i.  vii,  If  we  look  at  his  native  towardlinesse  in  the 
rough  cast  without  breeding.  1644  DIGBY  Nat.  Bodies 
a  iv  b,  A  loose  modell  and  roughcast  of  what  I  designe  to  do. 
4.  ///.  a.  Roughly  or  rudely  contrived,  designed, 
or  made;  of  a  rough,  imperfect  type. 

1591  NASHE  Prognostication  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  151  Vtter- 
ing  in  tlieirfurye  such  rough  cast  eloquence.  1635-56  COWLEY 
Davidcis  i.  811  He  smooth'd  the  rough-cast  Moons  imper 
fect  mold.  1693  DRYDEN  Disc.  Satire  Ess.  (Ker)  II.  55  This 
rough-cast  unhewn  poetry  was  instead  of  stage-plays  for  the 
space  of  an  hundred  and  twenty  years  together.  1714  R. 
FIDDES  Pract.  Disc.  II.  367  This  brightest  jewel  and  orna 
ment  of  human  nature  is  so  rough  cast.  1880  STALLYBRASS 
tr.  Grimm' 's  Teut.  Myth.  1. 103, 1  can  only  look  upon  Csesar's 
i  statements  as  a  halt-true  and  roughcast  opinion.  1892  J, 
TAIT  Alind  in  blatter  (ed.  2)  159  The  rough-cast '  goodness  ' 
of  the  bonus  homo  of  Christianised  heathenism. 

Rough-cast  (nr fkast) ,  v.  Also  7  rogh-,  roof-, 
[f.  ROUGH  A&+CJUR  v.  Cf.  prec.] 

1.  trans.  To  coat,  cover,  or  fill  in,  with  rough-cast. 
1565  CoorER  Thesaurus,  Incrnsto,  to  parget,  or  to  rouglie 

cast.  1584  in  Willis  £  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  I.  294 
To  Parkes  seruant  for  roughcasting  and  filling  the  place 
behind  the  armes  and  Creast.  1639  [see  PARGET  sb.  i\. 
1757  Phil.  Trans.  I.  199  The  steeple  is  ..roughcasted  on 
the  outside.  1797  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Let.  July  27  Our  cot 
tage  is  now  in  the  act  of  being  rough  cast.  1833  LOUDON 
Encycl.  Archit.  §478  It  is  brought  to  an  even  surface  by 
rough-casting  it  with  a  mixture  of  lime  and  fine  gravel. 
1875  W.  MC!LWRAITH  Guide  ll'igt owns/tire  31  Some  of  the 

I    houses  have  been  carefully  rough-cast  and  white-washed. 
transf.  and_/%-.  1593  NASHE  Christ's  T,  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV. 

I  210  With  blacke  boyling  Pitch,  rough  cast  ouer  her  counter- 
feite  red  and  white.  1609  J.  DA  VIES  (Heref.)  Hum,  Heauen 

I    on  Earth  Wks.  (Grosart)   I.   43/2    Rogh-cast  the  skin  of 

I  smooth-fac'd  glozing  Guile  With  burning  blisters  to  consume 
the  same.  1640  BASTWICK  Lord  Bishops  ii.  C,  Thus  did  they 
incrustare  vitiat  parget,  or  roughcast  their  vices. 

2.  To  mould,  fashion,  or  shape  roughly ;  to  pre 
pare  in  a  rough  form. 

The  first  quot.  may  belong  to  sense  i. 

1586  T.  H.  La  Primaitd.  Fr.  Acad.  \.  Ep.  Ded.,  This  Pla- 

tonical  Academic  &  schoole  of  moral  philosophy,  which . .  was 

:    raised  up  &  set  togither  in  France,  &  is  newly  rough-cast 

(as  you  see)  by  an  English  workman,    a  1613  OVERBURY 

!    Characters,  Tt&ter.Vfn.  (1856^78  A  Taylor  is  a  creature 

i    made  up  out  of  threds,  that  were  pared  off  from  Adam,  when 

i    he  was  rough-cast,  a  1658  CLEVELAND  Poems  (1677)  58  Nor 

•    bodily,  nor  ghostly  Negro  could  Roughcast  thy  Figure  in 

:    a  sadder  mold.    1751  WARBURTON  &  HURD  Lett.  (1809)  85, 

!    I  have  so  imperfect  an  idea  of  my  subject,  and  rough-cast 

my  composition  so  loosely,  that  my  works,  if  they  escape 

damning,  are  yet  in  a  state  of  purgatory.     1835  W.  IRVING 

in  Life  $•  Lett,  (1866)  III.  72,  1  have  commenced,  and  have 

rough-cast  several  of  the  chapters. 

Hence  Bou'gh-caster,  a  workman  who  puts  on 
rough -cast. 

1594  in  Antiquary  XVII.  211  Itm.  to  the  roughcaster, 
xxvji\,  viijii'.  1855  in  OGILVIE  Suppl. 

Rou-gh.-casting,^/.  sb.  [f.  ROUGH-CAST  &,] 

1.  The  action  of  coating  with  rough-cast. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus^  Tectorium,  the  plaisterynge, 
pargettynge,  or  rough  castyng  of  walles.  1611  COTGR., 
Crespissement,  a  pargetting,  rough -cast  ing.  1703  R.  NEVE 
City  $  C.  Purchaser  236  River-sand  is  very  good  for  Rough- 
casting  of  Walls.  1795  W.  H.  MARSHALL  W.  Eng.  II.  296 
An  admirable  theory  of  the  operation  of  roughcasting.  1833 
LOUDON  Encycl.  Archit.  §  529  Roughcasting^  or  Hurling  as 
it  is  called  in  Scotland,  is  a  mode  of  outside  finishing  well 
calculated  to  protect  walls  from  the  weather. 

2.  concr.   =  ROUGH-CAST  sb.  2. 

1703  Art's  Improvement  i.  8  Of  a  Serviceable  and  useful 
Plaster..,  the  which  they  call  Rough-casting.  1823  P. 
NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  380  Rough-casting  is  an  outside 
finishing  cheaper  than  stucco.  1875  W.  M^ILWRAITH  Guids 
Wigtownshire  So  On  the  inside  of  the  walls  the  plaster  still 
clings  here  and  there, — coarse,  however,  as  modern  rough, 
casting. 

Rou'gh-coated,  a.  [ROUGH  a.]  Having  a 
rough  coat.  Chiefly  of  animals. 

1687  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  2303/4  A  large  grey  Gelding, . .  rough 
i    Coated.     1742  De  Foe's  Tour  Gt.  Brit.   III.  257  Rough- 
coated  Fish,  such  as  Rousses,  Haus,  £c.  the  coarsest  of  all. 
1843  HOLT2APFFEL  Turning  I.  89  Lance- wood. .is  called  one 
of  the  rough-coated  woods.   1851  C.W.  H[OSKINS]  Talpa  133 
!    His  hot  and  rough-coated  nag  jumped  with  some  alacrity. 

Ron 'gh-dr aft,  v.  [Cf.  ROUGH  a.  17  b.]  trans. 
To  draft  in  a  rough  form, 

1879  Miss  BRADDON  Cloven  Foot  x.  101,  I  am  ready  to 
,    rough-draft  any  form  of  settlement  you  dictate. 

Ron'gh.-draw,  v.  ?  Obs.  [RouoEaftr.]  trans. 
;  To  draw,  draft,  or  design  roughly.  Hence 
Boirgh-drawn  ///.  a. 

167*  DRYDEN  Cong.  Granada  I.  n.  i,  His  Victories  we 
scarce  could  keep  in  view,  Or  polish  'em  so  fast  as  he  rough- 
drew.  1679  —  Troil.  ff  Cress.  Prol.,  In  this  my  rough- 
drawn  Play,  you  shall  behold  Some  Master-strokes.  1716 
M.  DAVIES  At/ten.  Brit.  II.  21  The  Author  of  such  Legal 


nor  acted,  but  rough-drawn  by  him. 

Roirgh-dry,    v>     [Rouen   adv."]    trans.  To 

,    dry  (clothes)  without  smoothing  or  ironing. 

1837  DICKENS  Pick™,  xvii,  The  process  of  being  washed 
in  the  night-air,  and  rough-dried  in  a  close  closet. 

So  Kou*ffli-dry  a. 

1890  Cent.  Diet.,  Rough-dry,  dry  but  not  smoothed  or 
,  Ironed  :  as,  rough-dry  clothes. 

Roughed  (r»ft),  ppL  a.  [f.  ROUGH  z>.*] 

1.   Plastering.  (See  quot.  1823.) 

1813  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  393  Rendered,  Floated, 


ROUGHEN. 


817 


ROUQHINGS. 


and  Set,  for  paper,  should  be  termed  roughed-in.  1829 
ELMES  Dilapid.  App.  p.  Ixvi,  Repair  the  defective  and 
damaged  brick-work,  roughed  and  guaged  arches. 

2.  Rendered  rough,  in  various  senses. 

1866  J.  B.  ROSE  Virg.  Eel.  fy  Georg.  30  Their  foreheads 
fair  were  roughed  with  horn.  1888  Cent.  Mag.  Nov.  83/1 
A  roughed  woman  who  will  eat  our  provender  and  bring 
us  no  profit. 

Roughen  (wfn),  v.    [f.  ROUGH  a.  +  -EN  s.j 

1.  trans.  To  render  or   make  rough;   to  bring 
into  a  rough  state.     Also  with  up. 

1582  STANVHURST  Mneis  \\\,  (Arb.)  79  Whilst,  .seas,  with 
north  blast  and  wynter  frostye,  be  roughned.   1720  A.  HILL 
Wks.  (1753)  I.  16  That  no  harsh  technical  terms  should  be 
introduc'd  to  roughen  poetry  with  the  drynessof  philosophy. 
I75S  Connoisseur  No.  83  P  8  To  roughen  the  verse  and 
make  it  roar  again  with  reiteration  of  the  letter  R.     1820 
SHELLEY  Promt  th.  Unb.  n.  i.  128  Its  rude  hair  Roughens 
the  wind  that  lifts  it.    1844  G.  DODD  Textile  Manuf.\\\,  105 
The  nap  of  the  cloth  is  roughened  up  by  a  brush.     1873 
SPON  Workshop  Rec.  Ser.  i.  2/2  The  surface  of  the  paper  is 
roughened  by  using  the  erasing  knife. 

reft.  1855  DICKENS  Dorrit  \.  xvi,  There  are  times  when 
that  girl's  whole  nature  seemed  to  roughen  itself  against 
seeing  us  so  hound  up  in  Pet. 
to.  To  '  rough  '  (a  horse). 

1864  MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett.  III.  238,  I  had  him  roughened 
the  first  day  of  the  frost. 

c.  Jig.  To  irritate,  ruffle. 

1859  DICKENS  T.  Two  Cities  n.  v,  What  has  roughened 
your  temper?  1896  MRS.  H.  WARD  Sir  G.  Tressady  190 
The  creditor's  temper  had  been  roughened. 

2.  To  grind  down  roughly. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Artsgss  Pointing,  is  executed  on  two  iron 
or  steel  grindstones,  by  two  workmen,  one  of  whom 
roughens  down,  and  the  other  finishes. 

3.  intr.  To  become  rough,  in  various  senses. 
1730-46  THOMSON  Autumn  577  The  cap,  the  whip,  the 

masculine  attire,  In  which  they  roughen  to  the  sense.  1794 
MRS.  PIOZZI  Synon.  II.  327  The  wild  scenery  roughens  at 
every  step.  1813  EUSTACE  Class.  Tour  (1821)  I.  viii.  309 
The  river  roughening  into  a  torrent.  1865  THIRLWALL  Lett. 
(1881)  II.  37  The  wind  was  rising  and  the  sea  roughening. 

jig.  1821  SHELLEY  Hellas  282  Latmos,  and  Mycale, 
roughen  With  horrent  arms. 

b.  To  have  a  rough  feel.   rare~^. 

1829  LANDOR  I  mag,  Corw.,  Penn  fy  Ld.  Peterborough, 
Something  that  roughens  in  the  hand,  like  gold. 

Hence  Botrghener,  one  who  or  that  which 
roughens  ;  Ron  'greening  vbl.  sb.  and  ppl.  a. 

1583  STANYHURST  jfeneis  in.  (Arb.)  87  Graunt  to  vs  milde 
passadge,  and  tempest  mollifye  roughning.    1728-46  THOM 
SON  Spring  640  Far  in  the  grassy  dale,  Or  roughening  waste. 
1744  J.  ARMSTRONG  Art  Pres.  Health  iii,  The  roughening 
deep  expects  the  storm.    1825  L.  HUNT  Bacchus  in  Tuscany 
82  This  letter  [rj.  .he  had  learnt,  .most  probably  in  Tuscany, 
where  it  is  in  great  request,  as  the   roughener  of  a  soft 
language.     1898  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  V.  706  There  is  often 
some  evidence  of  recent  endocarditis  about  the  stricture  in 
the  form  of  roughening  or  small  vegetations. 

Rou'ghened  (roTnd),  ppl.  a.  [f.  ROUGHEN 
z>,]  That  has  been  made  rough,  in  various  senses. 

1810  SCOTT  Lady  ofL.  iv.  xxi,  The  voice  .  .though  strain'd 
and  roughen'd,  still  Rung  wildly  sweet  to  dale  and  hill. 
1830  HERSCHEL  Study  Nat.  Phil.  161  Thus,  roughened 
iron,  especially  if  painted  over  or  blackened,  becomes  dewed 
sooner  than  varnished  paper.  1876  PREECE  &  SIVEWRIGHT 
Telegraphy  14  The  hydrogen,  being  readily  discharged 
from  its  roughened  surface,  rose  in  bubbles. 

Comb.  1888  RUTLEY  Rock-forming  Min.  36  The  wrinkled 
or  roughened-looking  surfaces  of  sections  of  olivine  crystals. 


Rou'gher  (r^-faj).     [f.  ROUGH  v.  or  a.  +  -ER.] 

1.  A  workman  who   makes    something    in   the 
rough  ;  one  who  carries  out  the  less  finished  opera 
tions  of  a  work. 

1885  Census  Instruct.  Index,  a  1890  E.  L.  WILSON 
Quarter  Century  in  Photogr.  35  (Cent.),  When  the  glass 
[for  a  lens]  is  handed  to  the  rougher,  it  is  round  in  shape. 
1893  Labour  Comm.  Gloss.,  Roughers,  the  workers  in  the 
iron  industry  employed  at  the  '  rolls  '. 

2.  Weaving.    A  piece  of  cloth  taken  from  the 
loom  and  ready  for  perching. 

1888  Encycl.  Brit.  XXIV.  661/2  Woollen  cloth  from  the 
loom,  called  'roughers',  has  an  irregular,  slack  aspect. 

3.  A  board  studded   with  steel   spikes  or  teeth 
for  heckling  flax.     Cf.  RuFFER2. 

1882  Encycl.  Brit.  XIV.  665/1  The  heckler  ..  dashes  the 
fibre  into  the  teeth  or  needles  of  the  rougher  or  '  ruffer  ' 
heckle.  The  rougher  is  a  board  plated  with  tin  [etc.], 

4.  colloq.  A  rough-rider. 

1901  Daily  Express  28  Aug.  6/6  Lord  Maidand.  .served 
at  the  Cape  as  adjutant  of  the  prototype  '  Roughers  '. 

Rougliet  (rzrfet).  dial.  Also  9  roughit,  6,  9 
ruffet.  [f.  ROUGH  a,~\  a.  A  field  overgrown 
with  bracken  or  bushes  ;  a  stretch  of  waste  land  ; 
a  copse,  b.  Coarse  dried  grass  left  on  pasture- 
lands  as  winter  fodder  for  cattle  (cf.  ROWET), 

1616  LANE  Cont.  Syr.'s  T.  iv.  414  Right  perfect  in  the 
skilles  Of  ridinge  goiles,  plaines,  ruffetes,  dales,  and  hills. 
1788  W.  H.  MARSHALL  Yorks.  I.  236  The  old  well-timbered 
woods.,  have.,  got  up  fortuitously  from  seedling  -plants, 
rising  in  neglected  roughets.  1796  —  W.  Eng.  II.  68  The 
produce—  arable  crops,  grass,  wood,  and  roughets  of  furze, 
and  rubbish.  1847-  in  dial,  glossaries  (Heref.,  Glouc.,  Kent). 

Rou'gh-f  oot  ,  a.  rare.  [Cf.  next.]  a.  =  ROUGH- 
FOOTED  2.  b.  Having  hairy  feet. 

a.  1351  Mi  NOT  Poems  ii.  19  Rughfute  riueHng,  now  kindels 
J?i  care.  1617  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Forth  Feasting,  The 

ough-foot  Hair  safe  in  our  Bushes  shrouds. 


ough-foot  Hair  safe  in  our  Bushes  shrouds. 

Roivgh-footed,  a.    Also  5  rouh-,  roghe- 
3-7  ruffe-,  and  see  Row  a.1  3.     [RouGH  «. 
VOL.  VIII. 


6- 


1.  Having  feathered  feet.    Chiefly  in  spec,  names 
of  birds,  as  rough-footed  dove^  eagle,  etc. 

1495  Trevisii's  De  P.  R.  xn.  vii.  417  Therfore  rouh  foted 
[1398  rowe-fotid,  1535  roughfoted]  douues  brede  well 
nyghe  in  euery  month.  1530  PALSGR.  264/1  Roughe  foted 
dove,  coulomb.  1594  BARNRELD  Affect.  Sheph.  n.  vii,  He 
giue  thee  fine  ruffe-fooled  Doues  to  keepe.  1611  COTGK., 
C/uvecht,..  th'ordinarie  rough-footed,  and  short-taild  Owle. 
1668  CHARLETON  Qnomast.  63  Morphno  congener, , .  the 
Rough-footed  Eagle.  Ibid.  75  Alba,  Lagopus,.  .the  white 
and  rough-footed  Partridge.  1678  RAY  Wiltughhy'sOrnith. 
156  A  rough  footed  Cock  and  Hen.  1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.v. 
Pigeon,  The  tame  Rough-footed  ones  differ  not  much  from 
the  wild  [pigeons].  1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  IV. 
709  Rough-footed  Cock.  1834  MUDIE  Brit.  Birds  I.  74 
The  principal  [fancy  pigeons]  are  the  Barbary,  the  Laced, 
the  Norway,  the  Rough-footed  [etc.]. 

2.  Wearing   shoes    of  undressed    hide  with  the 
hair  on.     Now  Hist. 

a  1529  SKELTON  Agst.  Scottes  170  Of  the  out  yles  the 
roughe  foted  Scottes.  1542  ELDER  Let.  to  Hen.  VIII  in 
Btinnatyne  Misc.  (1827)  I.  13  They  call  \vs  in  Scotland 
Reddshankes,  and  in  your  Graces  dominion  of  England 
roghe  footide  Scottis.  1818  [see  RED-SHANK  i].  1825  SCOTT 
Talisman  xv,  Though  the  rough-footed  knaves  be  our 
enemies  in  Cumberland. 

Rou'gh-grixid,  v.  [ROUGH  adv.]  trans. 
To  grind  roughly  or  so  as  to  leave  an  unsmoothed 
or  uneven  surface. 

1660  INGELO  Benth.  fy  Ur.  n.  (1682)  120  Two  rows  of 
teeth  to  rough-grind  the  Meat.  1850  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning 
III.  1317  The  stone  is  rough-ground  to  the  rounded  form. 
1863  W.  PHILLIPS  Sp.  v.  83  Ordered  to  rough-grind  their 
swords. 

Hence  Bough-grinder  jBougfh-grinding^/.^. 

c  1790  IMISON  Sell.  Arts  II.  155  This  tool,  or  rough-grinder, 
should  be  of  an  elliptical  form.  1850  HOLTZAPI-FKL  Turning 
III.  1298  The  first  process  in  glass-cutting,  or  the  rough 
grinding,  is  performed  with  cast-iron  wheels,  called  mills. 

Bou'gli-head.    Sc.  and  US.    [ROUGH  a] 

1.  Sc.  A  grass-turf.  ?  Obs. 

1765  in  W.  Hunter  Biggar  <\-  JIo.  of  Fleming  (1862)  ii.  14 
[A  complaint,  .was  lodged  against  certain  feuars  for  cutting 
Roughheads],  1862  Ibid.  xv.  183  Large  supplies  of  peats 
and  divots,  or,  as  they  are  generally  called,  roughheads. 

2.  The  red  dace  or  red-fin. 
1886  in  Cassell's  Encycl.  Diet. 

3.  *  The  iguanoid  lizard  of  the  Galapagos,  Tra- 
chycephalus  stibcristatus*  (Cent.  Diet.). 

Rough-hew  (r»'f|hi«),  v.  [ROUGH  adv.  Cf. 
Fris.  nlchhouwen  rough-hewing.  J  trans.  To  hew 
(timber,  etc.)  roughly  ;  to  shape  out  roughly,  give 
crude  form  to ;  to  work  or  execute  in  the  rough. 

I53°  PALSGR.  694/2,  I  rougheheawe  a  pece  of  tymber  to 
make  an  ymage  of,  or  to  put  to  some  byldyng,y'c  charpis. 
1598  FLORIO,  Scappezzare,  to  rough  hewe  a  peece  of  timber 
or  stone.  1640  BP.  HALL  Episc.  in.  vii.  254  It  appeares  then, 
that  Farell  and  Viret  rough-hew'd  this  statue,  which  Calvin 
after  polished.  1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  215  f  8  To  return 
to  our  Statue  in  the  Block  of  Marble,  we  see  it  sometimes 
only  begun  to  be  chipped,  sometimes  rough-hewn. 
b.  transf.  w  fig. 

1565  COOPER  Thes.  s.v.  Exascio,  It  is  rough  hewed,  or 
squared  out,  or  it  is  begunne.  1592  N  ASHE  Four  Lett.  Con/ut. 
Wks.  (Grosart)II.  197  He..speakes  not  that  sentence  in  the 
Pulpit,  which  before  he  rough-hewes  not  ouer  with  hispenne. 
1602  SHAKS.  Ham.\.  ii.  10  There's  a  Diuinity  that  shapes  our 
ends,  Rough-hew  them  how  we  will.  1651  Fuller's  Abel 
Rediv.(i^6-j)  II.  284  And  first  he  rough-hewed,  and  after 
polished  and  published,  his  exquisite  tract.  1829  SCOTT 
Abbot  xxxviii.  Note  T,  The  supernatural  machinery  with 
which  his  plan,  when  it  was  first  rough-hewn,  was  con 
nected.  1860  SMILES  Self-Help  xiii.  340  Daily  life  being 
the  quarry  from  which  we.  .rough-hew  the  habits  which 
form  it. 

absol.  a  1680  BUTLER  Rem.  (1759)  I.  174  This  proves  that 
Wit  does  but  rough-hew,  Leaves  Art  to  polish,  and  review. 

Hence  Rotrgh-hewer  [cf.  Fris,  ruchhouiver]  ; 
Rou-gh.-liewing'  vbl.  sb. 

1573  BARET  A  Iv.  s.v,  Heiu.  A  rough  hewer,  lapicida.  1587 
FLEMING  Contn.  Holinshcd  III.  1272/1  If  things  be  not  in 
perfection  vpon  this  first  rough  hewing.  1855  OGILVIE 
Supply  Rough-haver,  one  who  rough-hews.  1868  Westm. 
Rev,  Jan.  188  Both  were  engaged  in  rough-hewing  an  em 
pire.  ..And  though  Miss  Martineau  regards  some  parts  of 
the  rough-hewing  process  as  '  a  national  calamity  *  [etc.]. 

Ron  -gh-hewed,  ///.  a.    ?  Obs.  =  next. 

1591  LYLY  Wks.  (1902)  I.  424, 1  mette  I  know  not  with  what 
rough-hewed  Ruffian.  1598  MARSTON  Pygmal.  Sat.  iii,  Now 
grim  Reprofe,  swell  in  my  rough-heu'd  rime.  1611  COTGR. 
s.v.  Graces,  Hee  is  a  harsh,  vnpleasant,  rough-hewed,  cur 
rish,  or  churlish,  fellow.  1652  ASHMOLE  Theatr.  Chem. 
Brit.  Prol.  13  Ancient  Rough-hew'd  Expressions. 

Rough-hewn  (rz?-f,hi?7n),  ppl.  a.  [ROUGH 
adv.  Cf.  ROUGH-HEW  v.] 

1.  Roughly  hewn  or  shaped  out,  roughly  wrought; 
lacking  the  finishing  process. 

1530  PALSGR.  694/2  It  is  rough  hewen  all  redy,  I  wyll  nowe 
fall  a  karvynge  of  it.  1592  NASHE  P.  Penilesse  Wks. 
(Grosart)  II.  35  Their  heads,  like  rough  hewen  Gloabes,  are 
fit  for  nothing  but  to  be  the  blockhouses  for  sleepe.  a  1631 
DONNE  Elegy  viii,Thy  head  is  like  a  rough-hewn  statue  of 
jeat.  1800  WORDSW.  Hart-Leap  JfW/i.xvii,  Three  several 
pillars,  each  a  rough-hewn  stone.  1833  HT.  MARTINEAU 
Charmed  Sea  ii.  16  The  holes  between  the  rough-hewn  logs 
were  stuffed  with  moss.  1852  MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett.  II.  179  A 
statue  that  had  been  perfectly  polished  in  front,  and  left 
rough-hewn  behind. 
b.  transf.  and  fig. 

1593  G.  HARVEY  Piercers  Super.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  300 
Smooth  voyces  do  well  in  most  societies..,  when  rough- 
hewne  words  do  but  lay  blockes  in  their  own  way.  1608 
D.  T.  Ess.  Pol.  <J-  Mor.  66  b,  To  polish  and  fashion  out  his 


.    then  rough-hewen  fortune,  with  the  edge  of  his  subduing 

|    sword.     1672  DKYDKVt Assiftuitum  in.  i,  Lord,  what  a  Mon- 

!    ster  of  a  Man  is  there  !  With  such  a  Workiday,  rough-hewn 

Face   too!      1718  POPE  Arachne  172   In   a  strong   satyr's 

rough-hewn  form  he  came.     1856  R.  A.  VAUGHAN  Mystics 

(1860)  I.  41,  I  give  these  remarks  just  as  I  find  them,  brief 

j    and  rough-hewn.      1865   KIXGSLEY  Hemu,  ii,   Envy  and 

I    hatred,  like  all  other  vices  in  those  rough-hewn  times,  were 

j    apt  to  take  very  startling.. shapes. 

2.  Of  persons :  Lacking  in  refinement  ;  un 
cultivated,  plain,  blunt;  t  rough-natured,  cruel. 

1600  HOLLAND  Livy  \\.  \\\.  82  Being  a  rough  hewen  soul- 

:    diour,  and  not  used  to   make   Orations.      1609  —  A  mm. 

>    Marcell.yiy.y..  1.380  A  barbarous  and  rough  hewen  fellow,.. 

shaking  a  drawne  sword  in    his  hand.      1660   WILLSFORD 

Scales  Commerce  149  But  leaving  the  rough-hewn  and  cross- 

grain'd  people  to  their  own  imaginations.     1719  DE  FOE 

I     Crusoe  n.  (Globe)  356  The  English   Man  reply'd  like  a  true 

I    rough-hewn  Tarpaulin.      1744   OZELL  tr.   Bra.ntome's  Sp. 

j    Rhodom.  95  A  brave,  bold,  rough-hewn  Gentleman  of  Brit- 

I    any.     1831  SCOTT  Ct.  Rob,  iii,  The  rough-hewn  native  of  the 

I    north.     1892  filo nth  Nov.  310  Rough-hewa  rustics  without 

|    manners. 

transf.  1604   F.  HERING  Mod.  Defence  16  Medecines. .. 
i    The  third  and  last  are  termed  Violent,  churlish  or  rough- 
hewen. 

Rough-hound.  [ROUGH  a]  A  dog-fish,  esp. 
of  the  large  and  small  spotted  species.  Cf.  row- 
hoitnd,  s.v.  Row  a.1 

1602  R.  CAREW  Surv.  Cornw.  i.  ^2  Of  flat  [fish  there  are] 
Brets,  Turbets,  Dories, . .  Guilthead,  Rough-hound,  &c.  1674 
I  RAY  Coll.  Words,  Fishes  98  Rough  Hounds,  iVustelus, 
1710  SIBBALD  Fife'  4'  Kinross  ii?  Ciitulus  major  vulgarist 
the  Rough  Hound.  1740  R.  BROOKES  Art  of  Angling  191 
Of  the  Bounce,  Rough-Hound  or  Morgay.  1848  Zoologist 
VI.  1973  Small  Spotted  T)QgtScy Ilium canicula.  Frequently 
called  'rough  '  or  *  row-hound  '.  1854  I'AIJUAM  Halieitt.  430 
The  dog-fish  tribe..,  whether  the  white,  blue,  or  basking 
shark,  the.  .rough-hound  or  Bounce,  &c. 
Roughing1  (rwiirj),  vbL  sb.  [f.  ROUGH  v] 

1.  The  action  of  making  rough.     Alsoy^-". 

1755  Mem.  Capt.  /'.  Drake  II.  i.  6  She  would  not  even 
receive  some  Presents  I  offered  her,  but  stood  Proof  against 
my  Ruffing  and  Smoothing.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON 
Milit.  Diet.  353/1  The  term  roughing  is  applied  to  the  action 
of  a  rasp  on  a  fuze,  to  make  it  bite  in  the  tuze-hole. 

b.  The  process  of  treating  horse-shoes  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  prevent  slipping. 

1865  City  Press -25  Mar.,  In  consequence  of  the  late  severe 
weather,  and  the  evil  results  of  roughing.     1889  GRETTON 
Memory's  Harkback  153  His  horse,  .being  badly  pricked  in 
the  roughing. 

2.  The  action  or  operation  of  preparing  roughly 
or  treating  in  a  preliminary  manner.     In  various 
technical  uses  (see  quots.). 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  635  The  body  is  now  put  into  a 
coarse  hair  cloth,  then  dipped  and  rolled  in  the  hot  liquor, 
until  the  root  ends  of  the  beaver  are  thoroughly  worked 
in.  This  is  technically  called  rolling  ofT,  or  roughing.  1850 
HOLTZAPFFEL  Turn  ing  III.  1314  For  large  stones,  the  rough 
ing  is  generally  commenced  with  grinding  emery.  1854  Jrnl. 
R.  Agric.  Soc.  XV.  n.  378  The  first  separation  of  the  chaff 
and  pulse  {usually  called  roughing).  1882  Encycl.  Brit. 
XIV.  665/1  The  flax  is,  after  roughing,  broken  or  cut  into 
three  lengths. 

b.    With  ad  vs.,  as  down,  in,  up. 

i8zs  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  617  The  stucco.. is 
rubbed  over  the  wall  with  a  flat  brush  of  hogs1  bristles. 
When  this  process,  called  roughing  /'«,  has  been  performed 
[etc.].  1839  UKE  Diet.  Arts  591  The  apartment  in  which 
the  roughmg-down  ..is  performed,  is  furnished  with  a  con 
siderable  number  of  stone  tables.  1873  SPON  Workshop 
Rec.  Ser.  i.  122/2  Bastard  stucco  is  of  three  coats,  the  first 
is  roughing  in  or  rendering.  1881  Mechanic  §  567.  263  It  is 
used  for  'roughing  down'  or  taking  off  the  bulk  of  the 
superfluous  wood.  1884  Pall  Mail  G.  4  Mar.  9/1  The 
*  roughing-up '  of  the  dog  was  finished,  and  he  then  went 
back  to  the  studio. 

C.  concr.  (See  quots.) 

1834-6  BARLOW  in  Encycl.  Metrop.(\^^  VIII.  760/2  The 
nap,  or,  to  use  the  technical  word,  the  roughing,  consists 
chiefly  of  beaver  down  [etc.].  Ibid.  762/1.  1875  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Mt-ch.  1993/2  The  first  coat.. on  masonry  [is  termed] 
rendering  or  roughing. 

3.  The  fact  ot"  undergoing  hardships,  or  living 
under  hard  conditions. 

1841  B.  HALL  Patchivork\.  45  Abundant  opportunities.. to 
gratify  the  taste  of  the  greatest  lover  of  roughing.  1854  J.  L. 
STEPHENS  Centr.  Amer.  376  Pawling  with  the  experience 
of  seven  years  'roughing'  had  expedients.  1893  A.  H.  S. 
LANDOR  Hairy  Ainu  2  A  man  who  could  stand  any  amount 
of  hardships  and  roughing. 

4.  Boxing.  ?  Rough  or  foul  handling. 

1866  in  Encycl.  Bnt.  (1888)  XXIV.  691/1  Boxing: .  .That 
no  wrestling,  roughing,  or  hugging  on  the  ropes  be  allowed. 

5.  attrib.    (in   sense    2),   as   roughing-cy Under ^ 
-gouge^  -lathe,  -machine,  -mill,  -roll,  -roller,  -tool. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  705  These  roughing  cylinders  are 
generally  7  feet  long.  Ibid.  706  The  shingling  mill.,  consists 
of  two  sets  ofgrooved  cylinders,  the  first  beingcalled/«^,Y//«^- 
roltsor  roughing  rolls.  1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Tnming\\.  510 
The  gouge  or  roughing  out  tool  for  brass-work.  1850  Ibid. 
III.  1034  The  alabaster  is  roughed,  or  roughly  ground  on 
what  the  lapidary  terms  a  roughing  or  lead  mill.  1851 
Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Sac.  XII.  ii.  412  He. .'chaffs'  or  *  roughs  * 
the  corn  once  over  with  a  roughing-machine.  1873  J. 
RICHARDS  Operator's  Hdbk.  163  A  roughing  gouge,  to  re- 
duce  the  piece  so  that  it  will  fit  the  rest.  1889  G.  FINDLAY 
Eng.  Railway  112  An  interesting  feature  of  this  shop  is 
the  '  roughing  lathe '. 

RoUghingS  (rr-firjz).  dial.  Also  8  roughin. 
[App.  a  var.  of  ROWEN,  influenced  by  ROUGH  a. 
through  the  variant  Row  a.1]  (See  quots.) 

1674  RAY  #.  C.  Words,  Eddish^  Roughings.  1691  -  S.  * 

103 


ROUGHISH. 

E.  C.  Words,  Roughings,  latter  grass,  after-mathes.  1694 
KENNETT  Par.  Antiq.  Gloss,  s.v.  Ernes,  Roughings  and 
Aftermaths.  1736  J.  LEWIS  Isle  of  Thanet  Gloss.  (E.D.S.), 
Roughin,  the  grass  after  mowing.  1736  PEGGE  Kenticisms 
(E.D.S.),  £rsA,..the  stubble  after  corn  is  cut.  In  Derby, 
shire  they  call  it  edidge,  and  restrain  it  to  roughings  or 
aftermaths.  1843  WAY  in  Promt.  Pan.  424  note,  In 
Hampshire  and  Sussex  it  is  called  rowings  or  roughing 
1875  PARISH  Sussex  Gloss.,  Rowens,  or  Roughings.  1883 
Hampshire  Gloss.,  Roughings,  winter  dried  grass. 

Roughish   (rtrfij),   a.     [f.  ROUGH  a.  +-ISH.] 
Somewhat  rough. 

1764  GKAINGF.I:  Sugar  Cane  HI.  227  note,  The  nut  [of  tl 
hiccory]  whose  shell  is  thick,  hard,  and  roughish.     1796 
WITHERING  Brit.  PI.  (ed.  3)  II.  93  Straw  3.cornered,  angles 
acute,  roughish.    1813  JANE  AUSTEN  Lett.  (1884)  II.  202  It 
is  but  roughish  weather  for  any  one  in  a  tender  state.    1850 


loobery  under  Arms  \,  tie  couio.  .nuc<iiuu£inon  ,^.^  .v» 
Comb.  1847  WM.  DARLINGTON  Amer.  Weeds,  etc.  (1860) 
207  Leaves.. roughish-puberulent  beneath.  1852  GRAY  in 
Smithsonian  Contrib.  Knmul.  V.  VI.  77  Stems.  2-3  feet 
high,  roughish-hirsute.  1855  LEIFCHILD  Cornwall  268 
steps  a  shrewd,  roughish-looking  man. 

Rough  leaf.    [ROUGH  a.] 

1.  The  first  true  leaf  of  a  (garden  or  field)  plant, 
as  distinguished  from  the  cotyledons ;  a  foliage  leaf. 

1754  JUSTICE  Scots  Card.  Direct.  95  In  about  three  Weeks 
Time  these  Plants  will  begin  to  put  out  their  rough  Leaves. 
1763  MILLS  Syst.  Huso.  IV.  174  Soon  after  it  has  put  out  it  s 
third,  or  what  the  gardeners  call  it's  rough,  leaf.  1801  Far. 
iner's  Mag.  Nov.  413  As  soon  as  they  have  put  out  the 
rough  leaf  they  should  be  transplanted.  1844  H.  STEPHENS 
Bk.  Farm  III.  749  Its  cotyledons  then  expand  upwards  into 
two  rudimentary  smooth  leaves,  and  immediately  thereafter 
two  true  or  rough  leaves  appear. 

2.  The  stage  of  growth  when  the  true  leaves  have 
appeared. 

1733  TULL  Horse-Hoeing  Husb.  x.  95  They  are  so  long  in 
such  dry  poor  Land  before  they  get  into  Rough  Leaf. 
1787  WINTER  Syst.  Husb.  239  The  fly  too  frequently  de 
stroys  the  youns;  [turnip)  plants  before  they  grow  into 
rough  leaf.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  660 
After  the  plants  have  formed  considerable  tops,  and  are  in 
what  is  usually  termed  rough  leaf.  1848  Proc.  Berui.  .Vat. 
Club  II.  323  A  healthy  braird  being  produced,  nearly  in 
a  slate  approaching  to  the  '  rough  leaf. 

Rough-leaved,  a.  [ROUGH  a.]  Having  rough 
leaves.  Often  in  plant-names,  as  rough- leaved  fig. 

1668  WILKINS  Real  Char.  So  Herbs  considered  according 
to  the  Superficies  of  their  Leaves, ..may  be  distinguished 
into  such  as  are  Rough  leaved.  1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet. 
s.v.  Ulmus,  The  common  rough-leav'd  Elm.  1797  Encycl. 
Brit.  (ed.  3)111.  42 1/2  Rough-leafed  plants.  1834  AUDUBON 
Omit  A.  Biogr.  1 1.  448  The  Rough-leaved  Cordia . . ,  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  of  the  Weat  Indian  trees.  1868  WHITTIER 
Among  the  Hills  Prel.  54  Nightshade  and  rough-le.-xved 
burdock.  1889  MAIDEN  Useful  Native  PI.  30  Ficus  aspera, 
.  .*  Rough-leaved  Fig  '. 

Rough-legged,  «•  [ROUGH  a.]  Having  hairy 
or  featnered  legs ;  esp.  of  birds  :  having  the  tarsi 
feathered. 

1611  CoTGR.jCo?  de  bois,  a  blacke,  and  rough-legd  Moore- 
cocke.  1691  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2647/4  A  chesnut  Gelding.., 
rough  Legg'd,  having  all  his  Paces.  1776  PENNANT  Brit. 
Zool.  II.  App.  529  Roughleg'd  Falcon.  This  species  is  a 
native  of  Denmark.  1811  A.  WILSON  Amer.  Ornith.  IV. 
60  The  Rough-legged  Hawk  measures  twenty-two  inches 
in  length.  1830  Cumb.  Farm  Rep.  57  Husb.  III.  (L.  U.  K.), 
The  farm  horses  in  greatest  repute  in  this  district  are 
the  rough-legged  Clydesdale  or  Lanarkshire  breed.  1840 
Cuvier's  Anim.  Kingd.  171  The  Rough-legged  Buzzard... 
One  of  the  most  widely  diffused  of  Birds.  1896  LYDDEKER 
Brit.  Mammals  42  The  rough-legged  bat,  vcspertilio 
dasycneme. 

Roughling,  obs.  form  of  RUFFLING  a. 

t  RoU'ghly,  a.  Obs.-1  In  5  roghlych.  [f. 
RODGH  a.  +  -LY  1.]  Harsh-sounding. 

13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  C.  64  Goddes  glam  to  hym  glod,.. 
With  a  roghlych  rurd  rowned  in  his  ere. 

Roughly  (ro'fli),  adv.  Forms:  4  ruchli, 
rohly,  6  Sc.  rouehly ;  4  rughli,  4,  6  rughly, 
6  rughtly,  6-  roughly,  7  ruffly.  [f.  ROUGH  a.] 

1.  In  a  rough,  ungentle,  or  violent  manner ;  with 
roughness  or  violence. 

121300  Cursor  M.  32151  pe  wind!  to  do  rughli  to  rise. 
c  1325  Metr.  Horn.  (1862)  23  Kinric  sal  rohly  rise  Igain 
kinnc.  1536  SKELTON  Magnyf.  1910, 1  rushe  at  them  rughly, 
and  make  them  ly  full  lowe.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's 
Comtn.  365  He  dealeth  so  sharply  and  roughly  with  him.  1601 
SHAKS.  Twel.  N.  m.  iv.  124  The  Fiend  is  rough,  and  will 
not  be  roughly  vs'd.  1638  SANDERSON  Serm.  (1681)  II.  113 
God  in  His  dispensations  commonly  . .  dealeth  roughliest 
with  us  at  the  first.  1680  Halton  Corr.  (1878)  I.  219  The 
K.  received  them  but  ruffly.  1712  STEELE  Spect.  No.  427 
p  i  One  whose  own  Character  has  been  very  roughly  treated. 
1778  Miss  BURNEY  Evelina  Ixxxit,  Shaking  him  roughly  by 
the  hand.  1844  THIRLWALL  Greece  Ixiv.  VIII.  305  When  it 
appeared  that  the  ambassadors  had  received  no  instructions 
on  this  head,  they  were  roughly  dismissed.  1884  W.  C. 
SMITH  Kildrostan  87  Give  me  the  calm  of  Tempe  where  no 
wind  Blows  on  the  vine-stocks  roughly. 

Comb.  1836  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  II.  ix.  95  There  are 
emotions  among  rude,  roughly-nurtured  men  which  vent 
themselves  in  true  poetry. 

2.  Without  much  care,  skill,  or  finish ;  in  a  rude 
or  imperfect  manner. 

1607  NORDEN  Surv.  Dial.  m.  120  The  Surueyor  and  his 
Clarke  may  enter  them  roughly  in  a  booke,  and  afterward 
inroll  them  faire  in  a  booke  of  Parchment  for  Continuance. 
1662  J.  DAVIES  tr.  Oleariits1  Voy.  Ambass.  10  The  Miracles 
of  S.  Nicholas,  painted  according  to  the  mode  of  the 
Country,  very  roughly  ;  and  without  proportion.  1797  MRS. 


818 


ghly 

.„,,-,  Cycl.  Arts  II.  169/1  The  man  then  gets 

out  a  mass  of  rock  and  dresses  it  roughly  into  a  cylinder. 
1889  JESSOPP  Coming  of  Friars  ii.  54  The  smaller  strips  of 
parchment.. have  been  roughly  hound  together  in  volumes. 

Comb.  1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  IV.  L  546,  I  placed 
under  a  wine-glass  several  of  each  along  with  roughly- 
powdered  camphor.  1875  SIR  T.  SEATON  Fret-Cutting  67 
The  iron  [is]  run  along  the  roughly-cut  moulding. 

3.  Without  strict  accuracy  or  precision  ;  only  in 
an  approximate  or  general  way. 

1841  Penny  Cycl.  XXI.  287/2  The  population  of  Servia  is 
roughly  reckoned  at  about  half  a  million  of  inhabitants.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iii.  I.  420  note,  King ..  roughly  esti- 
mated  the  common  people  of  England  at  880,000  families. 
1865  RUSKIN  Sesame  i.  §  33  Now,  £700  is  to  £  50,000,000 
roughly,  as  sevenpence  to  two  thousand  pounds.  1893  EARL 
DUNMORE  Pamirs  I.  36  The  Vedas..,  which  date  back, 
roughly  speaking,  some  3000  years. 

t  Rough  mason.   Obs.  [ROUGH  a.]  A  mason 
building  only  with  unhewn  stone._ 
Common  in  i6th  c.,  with  various  spellings. 

1444  Act  23  Hen.  VI,  c.  12  Les  gagez  ascun  frank  mason 
ou  maister  Carpenter  nexcede  pas  par  le  jour  iiijrf. ..un 
rough  mason  &  mesne  Carpenter,  .iii d.  par  le  jour.  1504 
Bury  Wills  (Camden)  99  Kerry  Brown,  rough  mason.  1538 
ELYOT,  Cementarii,  daubers,  pargetters,  rowghe  masons, 
whiche  do  make  onely  walles.  1554-5  in  Willis  &  Clark 
Cambridge  (1886)  II.  470  Covenauntted  with  Scott  the 
ruyghe  mayson  to  make  vpp  the  new  wall  and  chimnays. 
1602  Burford  Reg.,  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.,  Yarr.  Collect.  I. 
165  For  a  maister  free  Mason,  vrf.  For  a  maister  rough 
Mason,  vrf. 

Rough  music :  see  Music  sb.  2  a.  Hence 
Rough-music  v.,  to  subject  (a  person)  to  this 
form  of  annoyance. 

1847  MRS.  GORE  Castles  in  the  A  ir  I.  xiii.  284  Poor  Nixon 
.  .had  been  more  than  once  rough-musicked  by  his  neigh 
bours.  1854  KNIGHT  Once  upon  a.  Time  II.  250  The  offender 
was  rough-musicked. 

Roughness  (ro'fnes).  Forms :  4  rowjnes, 
6  rowghnes,  5-7  roughnesse,  6-7  -nes,  6- 
roughness ;  6  rouf-,  roff-,  ruffenesse;  Sc.  6 
rowchnes,  9  ro(u)ehness.  [f.  ROUGH  a.  +  -NESS.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  rough  to  the  touch. 

1398  TREVISA  Bnrth.  De  P.  R.  v.  xxvii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  )>ey 
be  nought  itaried  and  ilette,  by  meting  and  feling  of  rowj- 
nes.  1495  ibid.  iv.  iii.  82  Roughnesse  is  not  elles  but  an 
vneuynnesse  in  an  harde  thynge.  1572  BOSSEWELL  A  rmorie 
II.  61  A  beaste  so  called  for  the  roughnesse  and  sharpenesse 
of  his  prickes.  1577  B.  GOOGE  llercsbach's  Husb.  i.  (1586) 
29  b,  Cattell  can  not  away  with  it,  for  the  sharpenesse  and 
ruffenesse  of  the  eares.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xiii.  xii,  The 
roughnesse  of  Paper  is  pollished  and  smoothed  either  with 
some  tooth,  or  els  with  a  Porcellane  shell.  1648  MILTON 
Observ.  Peace  Ormond  Wks.  1851  IV.  571  For  that  hairy 
roughness  assum'd  won  Jacob  the  Birthright  both  Temporal 
and  Eternal.  1700  DRYDEN  Ovid's  Met.  \.  545  While  yet 
the  roughness  of  the  stone  remains.  1796  WITHERING  Brit. 
PI.  (ed.  3)  III.  649  Teeth. .long,  expanding,  sharp,  and 
giving  the  plant  its  roughness  to  the  touch.  1846  GREENER 
Sci.  Gunnery  275  This  roughness,  .answers  the  same  as 
friction  by  relief.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  647 
Roughness  is  hardness  mingled  with  inequality. 
b.  Ruggedness,  brokenness  (of  ground). 

1565  COOPER,  Loci  iniqua  asperitcis,  vneuen  roughnesse. 
1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  i.  xv.  16  By 
reason,  .of  the  roughnesse  of  the  place  being  ful  of  rocks. 
1686  tr.  Chardin's  Trav.  Persia  341  By  reason  of  the 
Roughness  and  Height  of  the  Mountaines.  1781  COWPER 
Conrersat.  699  They . .  From  such  communion . .  Feel  less 
the  journey's  roughness  and  its  length.  1811  PINKERTON 
Mod.  Geogr.  (ed.  3)  82  The  rich  roughness  of  an  English 
prospect,  diversified  with  an  abundance  of  wood.  1878 
BROWNING  La  Saisias  45  If  Roughness  of  the  long  rock, 
clamber  lead  not  to  the  last  of  cliff. 
O.  A  rough  part  or  place. 

1674  N.FAIRFAX  Bulk  >,  Selv.  151  Those  thick  rough, 
nesses  that  sence  beholds  them  with.  1747  Gentl,  Mag.  209 
To  call  these  scabbed  roughnesses  scales  . .  is  a  great  in 
accuracy,  a.  1774  GOLDSM.  Surv.  Exp.  Philos.  (1776)  II. 
192  The  resined  bow.. being  drawn  along  the  string,  its 
roughnesses  catch  the  string  at  very  small  intervals.  1834-6 
BARLOW  in  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VIII.  664/2  The  threads 
.  .remove  every  roughness  and  inequality  from  the  inside 
of  the  barrel.  1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  #  It.  Note-bks.  1.  242 
Trees  and  shrubbery. .  mantle  a  host  of  rocky  roughnesses, 
and  make  all  look  smooth. 

fig.    1885  SPURGEON  Treas.  David  Ps.  cxxxi.  2  The  Psalm 
ist.,  had  smoothed  down  the  roughnesses  of  his  self-will. 
d.   U.S.  (See  quot.) 

1872  DE  VERE  Americanisms  536  Roughness  in  South 
Carolina  denotes  shucks  or  cornhusks,  on  account,  probably, 
of  the  roughness  of  the  serrated  blades. 

2.  Harshness,  unpleasantness,  crudeness  (of  sound, 
taste,  colour)  ;  inelegance  (of  diction,  etc.). 

1495  Trevisa's  Earth.  De  P.  R.  v.  xxiv.  134  Roughnesse 
of  voyce  comyth  of  dryenes  of  ayre.  1579  E.  K.  Ded. 
Spenser's  Sheph.  Cal.,  Now,.. for  al  the  compasse  of  the 
speach,  it  is  round  without  roughnesse,  and  learned  without 
hardnes.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  338  Divers 
plants  containe  a  gratefull  sharpnesse..,  or  an  austere  and 
inconcocted  roughnesse.  1675  A.  BROWNE  App.  Art  of 
Limningiv  Let  not  the  Roughness  of  the  Colour  discourage 
you  from  proceeding.  1697  DRYDEN  Ded.  AZneid  Ess. 
(Ker)  II.  215  Wherever  that  [the  caesura]  is  used,  it  gives  a 
roughness  to  the  verse ;  of  which  we  can  have  little  need  in 
a  language  which  is  overstocked  with  consonants.  1730 
MILLER  Gard.  Diet.  s.v.  Wine,  The  coarse  Wines  ..by 
reason  of  their  great  Austerity  and  Roughness.  1818 
KEATS  Endym,  II.  818  O  dearth  Of  human  words  !  rough 
ness  of  mortal  speech  1  1884  R.  W.  CHURCH  Bacon,  ix.  2t6 
Their  roughness  gives  a  flavour  which  no  elaboration  could 


ROUGH-RIDING. 

give.  1897  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  II.  843  Roughness  [of 
wines]  is  due  to  tannic  acid. 

pi.  1804  W.TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mem.  (1843)  I.  513  Ease 
usually  results  from  polishing  away  roughnesses.  1874 
H.  R.  REYNOLDS  John  Bapt.  ii.  in  The  grammatical 
roughnesses.. favour  the  idea.  1883  A.  ROBERTS  0.  T. 
Revision  xi.  232  Its  provincial  roughnesses  were  smoothed 
and  softened. 

3.  Storminess,  inclemency  (of  weather,  etc.). 
1545  ASCHAM   Toxoph.  l.  (Arb.)48  The.. winter,  for  the 

roughnesse  of  it,  is  cleane  taken  away  from  shoting.  1553 
EDEN  Treat.  Nevj  Ind.  (Arb.)  28  Partly  enforsed  by  rough 
nes  of  the  sea.  1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  274  They 
made  great  reckoning  of  the  roughnes  of  the  sea.  1634  W. 
TIHWHYT  tr.  Balzac's  Lett.  I.  351  The  roughnesse  of  the 
season.. makes  mee  over  apprehensive  to  stirre  out  of  my 
Chamber.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  The-ucnot's  Trav.  n.  3  The 
roughness  of  the  Sea.. was  occasioned  by  the  violence  of 
the  Wind. 

4.  Harshness  of  tone  or  manner ;  severity. 

1530  PALSGR.  264/1  Roughnesse,  impetuositt,  rudevr, 
rudesse.  1548  UUALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Matt.  xi.  sob, 
They  that  be  not  moued  with  austeritie  and  roughnes,  be 
wonte  to  bee  wonne  by  fayre  speakyng  and  gentilnes. 
a  1572  KNOX  Hist.  Ref.  Wks.  1846  I.  195  The  hardis  in 
Baptisme  signifie  the  rowchnes  of  the  law,  and  the  oyle  the 
softnes  of  Goddis  mercy.  1649  Nicholas  Papers  (Camden) 
156  Sec.  Nicholas.. should  come  againe  unto  the  King  as 
before,  but  with  much  more  roughnes  and  sharpnes.  1683 
BURNET  tr.  Mare's  Utopia  (1685)  92  Religion,  notwithstand 
ing  its  Severity  and  Roughness.  1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela 
I.  55  Having  been  crying,  at  his  Roughness  in  the  Entry,  I 
turn'd  away  my  Face. 

5.  Rudeness    or    ruggedness    of    character    or 
manners  ;  lack  of  politeness  or  refinement. 

1605  SHAKS.  Lear  n.  ii.  103  This  is  some  Fellow,  Who 
hauing  beene  prais'd  for  bluntnesse,  doth  affect  A  saucy 
roughnes.  1683  D.  A.  Art  Converse  Pref.,  The  Citizens  of 
Edenborough  have  laid  down  the  greatest  part  of  their 
former  Roughness.  1747  CARTE  Hist.  Eng.  1. 14  He  was. . 
well  qualified  by  these  talents  to  polish  the  roughness  of 
the  people  he  was  to  govern.  1784  COVVPER  _  Task  v.  480 
What  were  left  of  roughness  in  the  grain  Of  British  natures, 
wanting  its  excuse  That  it  belongs  to  freemen,  would  dis 
gust  And  shock  me.  1818  HAULAM  Mid.  Ages  (1872)  II. 
253  With  all  the  national  roughness  and  honesty.  1865 
TROLLOPE  Helton  Est.  iii,  With  something  of  the  promised 
roughness  of  the  farmer.  1886  Tip  Cat  xv.  200  None  of 
them  noticed  the  roughness  of  the  serving  up. 

6.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.    Abundance  or  plenty  in 
a  rough  kind  of  way. 

1803  Anderson's  Cumb.  Ball.  55  We've  roughness  amang 
hands,  we've  kye  i'  the  byre.  1832-53  Whistle- Binkie  Ser. 
n.  58  He  said  he  was  a  lairdie,  O'  riggs  and  roughness 
plenty.  1880  Antrim  ff  Dcnvn  Gloss,  s.v.,  '  There's  a  great 
roughness  about  his  farm,'  i.  e.  great  plenty. 

ROU  gh-ride,  v.  [Back-formation  from  ROUGH- 
RIDEB.]  inlr.  To  ride  an  unbroken  horse;  also 
Jig.,  to  domineer  over. 

1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  92,  I  can 
rough-ride  a  bit.  1896  MRS.  CAFFYN  Quaker  Grandmother 
32  She  rough-rides  over  every  one  and  everything. 

Rough-rider  (ro'firsi'dai).  Also  Sc.  roueh- 
rider.  [ROUGH  a.] 

1.  A  horse-breaker. 

1791  WOLCOT  (P.  Pindar)  Rights  of  Kings  Wks.  1812  II. 
392  That  every  Subject  ought  to  wear  a  Saddle  O'er  which 
those  great  Rough-Rideis,  Kings  may  straddle.  1804 
Sporting  Mag.  XXIL1.  288  Advised  him  to  send  the  horse 
to  be  broke  in  by  a  rough-rider.  1857  BAGEHOT  Biogr. 
Studies  63  You  might  as  fitly  employ  some  delicate  lady  as 
a  rough-rider.  1887  SIR  R.  H.  ROBERTS  In  the  Shires  i.  ii 
There,  too,  is.. the  rough-rider,  in  a  pair  of  old  brown 
leather  breeches. 

b.  Mil.  (See  quot.  1853.) 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Rough  Riders  are  the  assistants 
of  the  riding  master,  and  one  should  always  be  appointed  to 
each  troop.  1847  ALB.  SMITH  Chr.  Tadpole  xxxyii,  I've 
ridden  colts  that  have  thrown  all  the  best  rough-riders  in 
the  Blues.  1853  STOCQUELER  Mil.  Encycl.  236/2  Rough 
Rider,  a  non-commissioned  officer  in  the  cavalry  regiments, 
whose  business  it  is  to  break  in  refractory  horses,  and  assist 
the  riding-master  when  required.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON 
Milit.  Diet.  353/1. 

2.  A  horseman  of  a  rough  type  ;   one  engaged 
in   rough   work   or   who   can   ride   an  unbroken 
horse;  also  Sc.,  a  circus-rider. 

1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xvi,  Thou  shalt  answer  the 
challenge,  as  good  right  thou  hast,  having  had  injury  from 
this  rough-rider.  1860  EMERSON  Cond.  Life  ii.  (1861)  40 
These  rough  riders,  —  legislators  in  shirt-sleeves.  1888 
ROOSEVELT  in  Cent.  Mag.  Feb.  505/2  The  rough-rider  of 
the  plains,  the  hero  of  rope  and  revolver.  1890  '  R.  BOLDRE 
WOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  94  A  matchless  rough-rider,  and 
wellnigh  impossible  to  be  thrown. 

b.  Mil.  An  irregular  cavalryman. 

1884  Manch.  Exam.  30  Oct.  5/5  The  Cape  roughriders 
will  be  more  suitable  for  this  employment  than  the  regular 
troopers.  1891  MOULLIN  Surg.  i.  v.  126  Cavalry  soldiers 
i  and  rough-riders.  1890  ROOSEVELT  in  Scribner's  Mag. 
XXX.  7/1  When  finafly  the  Generals  of  Division  and 
Brigade  began  to  write  in  formal  communications  about 
our  regiment  as  the  '  Rough  Riders ',  we  adopted  the  term 
ourselves. 

Rou  gh- riding,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  after  ROUGH- 
KIDEB.]  The  action  of  a  rough-rider.  Alsoyijf. 

1844  DISRAELI  Coningsby  v.  iii,  The  Prince  Colonna,  who, 
since  the  steeple-chase,  had  imbibed  a  morbid^predilection 
for  such  amusements,  and  indeed  for  every  species  of  rough- 
riding.  1864  KNIGHT  Passages  Work.  Life  II.  vi.  _i2r  He 
did  me.. good  in  his  rough-riding  when  1  was  learning  my 
paces  in  this  intellectual  manege. 

So  Bon-gh-riding  ppl.  a. 

1881  J.  RUSSELL  Haigs  xiv.  426  With  the  rough-riding 
men  on  both  sides  of  the  frontier,  to  meet  was  to  fight.  1898 


ROUGHSHOD. 

Daily  News  31  May  2/3  Qualifying  themselves  to  become 
rough-riding  sergeants  and  instructors  of  young  recruits. 
Roughshod  (r»-f|>d),  a.  and  pa.  pple. 

1.  Ofnorses :  Having  shoes  with  the  nail-heads 
projecting ;    chiefly  Jig.  in  phr.  to  ride  roughshod 
over,  to  domineer  or  tyrannize  over,  to  treat  with 
out  any  consideration. 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  lit.  50/1  Rough  shod, — when  the 
nails  are  not  yet  worn  that  holds  on  the  shoes.  1790  BURNS 
Ball.  Ditinfries  Election  xxiii,  Lord,  send  a  rough-shod 
troop  o'  Hell  O'er  a'  wad  Scotland  buy  or  sell,  To  grind 
them  in  the  mire  !  1813  MOORE  Post-bag\.  20  'Tis  a  scheme 
of  the  Romanists,  so  help  me  God  !  To  ride  over  your  most 
Royal  Highness  roughshod.  1861  Sat.  Rev.  Nov.  547  \Ve 
remember  that  we  have  ridden  roughshod  over  neutrals  in 
our  time.  1896  A.  DOBSON  i8M  C.  Vignettes  Ser.  ill.  v.  149 
The  Doctor  rode  rough-shod  over  him  with  an  inaccurate 
illustration. 

trans/.  1891  SMILES  Mem.  J.  Murray  I.  v.  92  The  rough 
shod  way  in  which  it  [the  Edinburgh  Review]  endeavoured 
to  crush  down  rising  authors. 

2.  As  pa.  pple.  Provided  with  shoes  which  are 
roughed  to  prevent  slipping. 

1826  SCOTT  Jrnl.  26  Nov.,  Horses,  .gone  to  the  smithy  to 
be  roughshod  in  this  snowy  weather, 

Rough-skinned,  a.  [ROUGH  a.~\  Having  a 
rough  skin  or  bark.  Rough-skinned  plum,  the 
grey  plum  (PLUM  sb.  3  h). 

1598  SYLVESTER  Dit  Bartas  \\.  ii.  I.  Ark  412  The  proud 
Horse,  the  rough-skinn'd  Elephant.  1752  J.  HILL  Hist. 
Anim.  292  The  compressed,  roundish,  rough-skinned  Ostra- 
cion. .,  the  Sunfish.  1846  LINDLEY  Veget.  Kingd.  543  The 
Rough-skinned,  or  Gray  plum  o_f  the  same  colony  [Sierra 
Leone]  is  the  produce  of  Parinarium  excelsum.  1902 
CORNISH  Naturalist  Thames  49  In  the  crevices  of  pines, 
oaks,  elms,  and  other  rough-skinned  timber. 

Rou'ghsome,  a.  Sc.  [f.  ROUGH  a.  +  -SOME.] 
Somewhat  rough;  rough-mannered,  unpolished. 

c  1660  LIVINGSTONE  in  Sel.  Biogr,  Wodrow  Soc.  I.  265  The 
rubbish  of  a  roughsome  nature.  1713  WODROW  Cory.  (1843) 
I.  502  Satirical  jesting,  taunting  or  roughsome  ways  in  con 
versation.  1836  Fraser's  Mag.  XIV.  433  That's  a  rough- 
some  way  o1  ganging  to  work.  1884-  in  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

Bough-spoken,  a.  [ROUGH  adv.~\  Blunt  or 
rough  in  speech. 

1633  FORD  Broken  ff.  iv.  i,  A  gallant  man  at  arms  is_here  ; 
..blunt  and  rough-spoken,  Vouchsafing  not  the  fustian  of 
civility.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xlv,  He  was.. the  queerest 
rough-spoken  deevil  too  that  ever  ye  heard  !  1856  R.  A. 
VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  I.  vi.  iv.  180  At  last  a  voice  cried 
out.  .(I  think  it  was  that  roughspoken  Carvel,  the  butcher). 

Bough-spun,  i.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  [ROUGH 
adv.]  Of  persons:  Rough-mannered,  unpolished. 

1822  HOGG  Perils  of  Man  II.  228  A  gay  rough  spun  cout 
he  was.  1828  Craven  Gloss,,  Rough-spun,  blunt,  unpolished, 
clownish.  [Also  in  later  glossaries.] 

Rought,  obs.  pa.  t.  of  REACH,  RECK,  \\'OKK  ; 
obs.  f.  ROUGH,  ROUT,  RUTH. 

t  Rou'ghtless,  a.  Obs.—1  In  5  roghtlesse. 
[App.  f.  rought,  obs.  pa.  t.  of  RECK  ».]  Heedless. 

c  1500  in  Halliw.  ATitg.  Poet.  69  Dreding  ye  were  of  my 
woos  roghtlcsse,  That  was  to  me  a  grevous  hevinesse. 

Bough-tree.  Naut.  [In  earlier  use  a  var. 
of  RUFF-TREE  and  ROOF-TREE  2 ;  later  also  f. 
ROUGH  a.]  (See  quot.  1769.) 

1629  Admiralty  Court  Exam.  48  Took  the  rough  trees 
of  the  shipp  and  nayled  deales  upon  them  and  launched 
them  overboard.  1671  PHILLIPS,  Rough-trees,  in  Navigation, 
are  small  timbers  to  bear  up  the  gratings  from  the  half- 
Deck  to  the  forecastle.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine 
(1780),  Rough-tree,  a  name  given  in  merchant-ships  to  any 

last,  yard,  or  boom,  placed  as  a  rail  or  fence  above  the 


Diet.,  Kough-Tree,  an  unfinished  spar.  1867  SMYTH 
Sailors  Word-bk.  581  [copying  Falconer  and  Young  ;  hence 
also  in  later  Diets.]. 

b.  Comb.  Bough-tree  rail,  timber  (see  quots.). 

1794  Rigging  ft  Seamanship  141  They  are  extended  from 
the  rough-tree-rail  of  the  quarter-deck.  Cl86o  H.  STUART 
Seaman's  Catech.  70  What  is  meant  by  the  rough-tree  rail? 
It  covers  the  heads  of  the  timbers,  and  forms  the  boltom  of 
the  hammock  netting.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-bk.  581 
Rough  Tree  Timber,  upright  pieces  of  timber  placed  at 
intervals  along  the  side  of  a  vessel,  to  support  the  rough-tree. 

Rough-up,  slang,  [f.  ROUGH  v.]  a.  An  in 
formal  encounter  or  contest,  b.  A  trial  race. 

1889  Referee  26  Jan.  (Farmer),  In  a  similar  rough  up  with 
the  gloves  to  that  under  notice.  1901  Times  26  Nov.  4/5 
In  his  opinion  there  was  no  difference  between  a  rough-up 
and  a  trial. 

Bough-wrought,  pa.  pple.  [ROUGH  adv.\ 
Roughly  worked,  shaped,  or  prepared. 

1680  MOXOH  Mech.  Excrc.  xii.  211  Till  you  have  rough- 
wrought  all  your  Work  from  end  to  end.  1764  Museum 
Rust.  II.  136  When  the  scantlings  are  large,  I  lay  them, 
after  they  are  rough-wrought,  to  soak  in  a  pond  of  water, 
i8zi  SHELLEY  Ess.  ft  Lett.  (1852)  II.  249  It  is  a  sort  of 
flatfish  dome,  rough-wrought  within  by  the  chisel. 

Boughy1  (ro-fi).  Sc.  [Cf.  RUFFY.]  A  withered 
bough  ;  a  dry  stick  or  splinter,  esp.  one  used  as 
a  light  or  torch. 

1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  Hv,  Laying  the  roughies  to  keep  the 
cauld  wind  frae  you.  1819  Ibid.  x.xv\.  foot-note,  When  dry 
splinters,  or  branches,  are  used  as  fuel  to  supply  the  light 
for  burning  the  water,  as  it  is  called,  they  are  termed,  as  in 
the  text,  Roughies. 

Bou-ghy  2.  Also  ruffle,  ruffy.  [?  f.  ROUGH  o.J 
An  Australian  fish  (Arripis  georgianus)  of  the 
perch  family. 


819 

1875  Spectator  (Melbourne)  19  June  81/1  Common  fish, 
such  as  trout,  ruffles,  mullet, ..and  others. 

Bouging  (rtt'girj),  vbl.  sb.  Also  rougeing. 
j  [f.  ROUGE  v.]  The  action  or  practice  of  applying 
rouge  to  the  face.  Also  transf. 

1816  J.  SCOTT  Vis.  Paris  (ed.  5)  80  Gilding,  like  rougeing, 
suggests  the  very  reverse.  1830  N.  S.  WHEATON  Jrnl,  368 
The  practice  of  rouging . .  is  confined  to  actresses  and  women 
of  pleasure.  1892  Daily  News  I  Mar.  5/4  Unless  indeed 
this  natural  rougeing  is  as  attractive  to  the  opposite  sex  as 
the  artificial  kind  is  supposed  to  be  in  our  species. 

Bougy  (r«'gi),  a.  [f-  ROUGE  sb.  +  -Y.]  Full  of, 
sprinkled  with,  rouge  ;  resembling  rouge. 

1884  BRITTEN  Watch  fy  Clockni.  50  Particles  of  dust,  and 
even  hard  rouge,,  .may  be  removed  by  a  clean  rougy  brush. 
1886  LINSKILL  Haven  under  Hill  I.  viii.  105  It  was  all  dusty 
with  red  rougy  dust. 

Rouh,  obs.  form  of  ROUGH  a. 

Bouk  (ruuk,  rak),  sb,  Sc.  and  north,  [Var.  of 
ROKE  sb.,  and  of  ROOK  sb.3]  Mist,  fog. 

c  1500  Ro^ulis  Cursing  168  in  Laing  Anc,  1'vet.  Scot!.  215 
Quhair  thair  is  hunger,  cald  and  thrist,  Dirknes,  mirknes, 
rouk  and  mist,  a  1510  DOUGLAS  K.  Hart  \.  10  For  wes  he 
never  git  with  schouris  schot,  Nor  }it  ourrun  with  rouk,  or 
ony  rayne.  1659  HAY  Diary  (S.  H.  S.)  170  Thick  rouk  in 
the  morning.  1808  in  JAMIESON.  1825  in  BHOCKETT.  1861 
J.  BKOVVN  Horx  Subs.  Pref.  p.  vii,  Now,  the  rouk  (mist 
born  of  early  frosts)  is  lying  white  and  chill,  a  1870  H.  S. 
RIDDELL  J'oet.  ll'ks.  (1871)  I.  199  Yon  rouke  that's  floating 
by  sae  grey. 

tRouk,  v.  Obs.  north,  and  Sc.  Also  5-6  rowk. 
[Perh.  a  special  sense  of  rouk  RUCK  zi.l,  but  see 
also  RUNK  z».]  inlr.  Only  in  phrase  rouk  and 
roun(ii),  to  talk  privately. 

£•1440  York  Myst.  vii.  48  Me  liste  no}t  nowe  to  rouk  nor 
rowne.  a  1500  in  Ratis  Raving,  etc.  103  A  woman  suld 
..with  no  ;onge  men  rouk  \_v.r.  rowk]  na  roune.  1529 
LYNDESAY  Compl.  185  Roundand  and  rowkand,  ane  tyll 
vther.  a  1575  Dinrn.  Occurr.  (Bann.  Cl.)  45  The  Inglismen 
begouth  to  gif  bakkis.  and  to  rouk  and  round,  sayand  it 
was  ane  greit  matter  to  brek  the  Scottis. 

Hence  f  Bou'ker,  a  whisperer,  tale-bearer. 

1551  ABP.  HAMILTON  Cateih.  71  A  rowkar  and  rpwnar  sail 
fyle  his  awin  saule.  Ibid.,  Ane  rowkar  and  doubil  toungit. 

Rouk(e,  obs.  or  dial.  ff.  RUCK  sb.  and  v. 

Roukere :  see  RUCKEK. 

BoU'ky,«.  Sc.  and.  north,  [f.  ROUK  sb.  +  -Y.  Cf. 
ROKY  and  ROOKY.]  Misty,  foggy. 

1808  JAMIESON,  Ronky,  misty.  1813  PICKEN  Poemsll.  130 
Blae  was  the  mornin1,  an'  rouky  an'  raw.  1829  BROCKETT 
N.  C.  Gloss,  (ed.  2)  249  Rouky,  misty,  damp,  foggy. 

II  Boulade  (r«la'd).  Mtis.  [F.,  f.  roukr  to 
roll.]  A  quick  succession  of  notes,  properly  as 
sung  to  one  syllable. 

1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Roulade,  (Fr.)  a  Trill, 
Trilling,  or  Quavering.  1728  in  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  1818 
BUSBY  Gram.  jUus.  150  A  Roulade  is  a  smooth  but  rapid 
course  of  notes,  interspersed  in  the  course  of  an  air  without 
breaking  the  measure.  1839  COL.  HAWKER  Diary  (1893)  II. 
166  Vercellini  was.  .singing  his  roulades  in  the  garden.  1894 
Times  M  June  8/1  The  roulades  in  which  the  soprano  part 
of  Donizetti's  once  popular  opera  abounds. 

transf.  1859  All  Year  Round  No.  36.  219  There  are  no 
rattling  roulades  of  cabs,  no  rolling  thunder  waggons  of 
omnibuses.  1872  GEO.  ELIOT  Middlem.  xliii,  A  few  notes 
from  a  man's  voice  and  then  a  piano  bursting  into  roulades. 
1895  Miss  MULHOLLAND  Striking  Contrast  3 1 3  The  birds 
j  sang  joyous  roulades  through  the  shady  woods. 

Hence  Roula'ded,  Koula-ding///.  adjs. 

i860  All  Year  Round  No.  4r.  342  A  rouladed  piano  scale, 
1  fired  off  by  the  swiftest  and  most  dexterous  ofThalberg's 
I  hundred  fingers.  1867  Miss  BROUGHTON  Cometli  up  as  a 
Flower  vii,  The  trilling,  roulading  carpenter. 

Roul(e,  obs.  ff.  ROLL  sb.  and  v.,  RULE. 

II  Rouleau  (r«lo-).  Also  8-9  roleau.  PL 
rouleaus,  -eaux.  [F.,  repr.  OF.  rolel  (pi. 
roleaux),  f.  role  roll.] 

1.  A  number  of  gold  coins  made  up  into  a 
cylindrical  packet. 

In  1694  (Ladies'  Diet.)  defined  as  'a  paper  of  Guineas,  to 
the  number  of  39';  in  1796  (Grose's  Diet.)  the  number  is 
given  as  '  from  twenty  to  fifty  or  more  '. 

1693  SOUTHERNE  Maid's  Last  Prayer  I.  i,  I  must.. send 
some  rouleaus  to  the  bank,  to  pay  my  damn'd  debts,  a  1694 
ETHEREDGE  Song  of  Basset  Wks.  (1735),  'Tis  only  Cony  can 
redress  Her  Grief  with  a  Rouleau.  1716  PorE  Basset-Tittle 
81  In  bright  Confusion  open  Rouleaux  lie,  They  strike  the 
Soul,  and  glitter  in  the  Eye.  1772  FOOTE  Nabob  n,  Teach 
him  the  best  method  of  making  a  rouleau.  1823  BYRON 
Juan  xii.  xii,  How  beauteous  are  rouleaus  !  how  charming 
chests  Containing  ingots,  bags  of  dollars,  coins.  1884  M  Rs. 
C.  PRAED  Ziro  ii,  She  held  towards  him  a  rouleau  of  gold. 

fig.  1775  SHERIDAN  Duenna  Hi.  vii,  A  walking  rouleau — a 
body  that  seems  to  owe  ail  its  consequence  to  the  dropsy  1 
b.  transf.,  esp.  of  blood-corpuscles.  Also  attrib. 

1858  BIRCH  Anc.  Pottery  II.  269  The  moulds  were  then 
piled  in  rouleaux  or  stacks.  1877  F.  T.  ROBERTS  Handkk. 
Med.  (ed.  3)  I.  54  The  red  corpuscles  show  a  marked  tend 
ency  to  run  together,  and  under  the  microscope  are  seen  to 
form  '  rouleaux  '.  1897  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  II.  750  Roul 
eaux  formation  may  be  absent  altogether. 

2.  A  roll ;  a  coil. 

1795  in  w-  Roberts  Mem.  Han.  More  (1835)  I.  467  (Stanf.), 
The  charming  rouleau  of  Cheap  Repository  poetry  which  you 
bestowed  upon  me.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic 
35_i  Into  the  third,  or  upper  place,  they  slide  a  roleau  of 
wire,  weighing  150  kilogrammes.  1861  Times  25  Sept.,  The 
great.coat  is  worn  in  a  rouleau  round  the  body.  1876  GEO. 
ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  xxxiv,  Her  yellow  face  with  its  darkly- 
marked  eyebrows  and  framing  rouleau  of  grey  hair. 

3.  A  trimming  of  a  rolled  form  (see  quot.  1882). 
1827  Souvenir  I.  13  (Stanford),  Skirt  trimmed  with  two 


ROTJMAN. 

flounces  each,,  .with  one  satin  rouleaux  on  the  lower  edge. 
1835  Court  Mag.  VI.  p.  vi,  Dark  brown  velvet  mantle 
lined  with  swansdown,  a  rouleau  of  which  edges  the  collar, 
sleeves,  and  round  of  the  cloak.  1882  CAULFEILD  &  SAWARD 
Diet.  Needlewk.  427/1  Rouleau,  a  French  term  denoting  a 
large  Piping,  or  rolled  trimming,  sometimes  used  as  a  decor 
ative  covering  for  the  heading  round  a  Flounce,  or  any  such 
kind  of  Hem. 

t  Roulekere.    Obs.—^    A  name  for  the  hare. 

Perhaps  for  rou-lokere,  but  lekere  occurs  below. 

13. .  MS.  Digby  86  fol.  i68b,pe  westlokere,  pe  waldenete, 
be  sid-lokere,  And  eke  be  roulekere. 

Rouler,  obs.  or  dial.  var.  ROLLER  sb. 

f  Roulet.  Obs.-1  [a.  OF.  roulet >  rotet,  dim.  of 
rdle  roll.]  A  small  roll. 

c  1540  Fractysc  Cyrurg.  Moitntpyller  A  j,  Then  he  putteth 
and  layeth  betwene  those  partyes  and  the  Skul  roulettes 
[printed  Ronlettes],  stupes,  or  plagettes  made  uf  lynte. 

II  Roulette  (rwle-t).  Also  8  rowlet,  8-9  roulet. 
[F.,  dim.  of  roue  lie  wheel.] 

f  1.  A  small  wheel.   Obs.  rare. 

a  1734  NORTH  Life  Lord  Keeper  North  (1742)  137  The 
Manner  of  the  Carriage  [of  coal]  is  by  laying  Rails  of  Tim 
ber  from  the  Colliery,  down  to  the  River,,  .and  bulky  Carts 
are  made  with  four  Rowlets  fitting  these  Rails.  Il'id.  294 
Wherever  there  was  like  to  be  a  Friction,  a  Roulet  was 
placed  to  receive  it. 

2.  A  game  of  chance  played  on  a  table  with  a 
revolving  centre,  on  which  a  ball  is  set  in  motion, 
and  finally  drops  into  one  of  a  set  of  numbered 
compartments. 

1745  Act  18  Geo.  //,  c.  34  §  i  A  certain  pernicious  game 
called  roulet  or  roly-poly  is  daily  practised.  1808  Sporting 
jl/tig;  XXX.  26  The  foreign  games  of  Roulet  and  Rottge  et 
Noir.  1860  LD.  LYTTON  Lucile  u.  i,  The  duke. . turn  d  to 
roulette,  And  sat  down,  and  play'd  fast,  and  lost  largely. 
i88z  SKRGT.  KALLANTJNE  Ex-per.  iv,  Roulette.. wms  to  be 
found  at  all  the  lower  description  of  [gambling]  houses. 
b.  attrih.)  as  roulette  box,  table,  -wheel. 

1827  PISKAELI  Viv.  Grey  v.  vi,  The  Roulette  table  opens 
immediately.  1851  MAVHEW  Lond.  Labour  I.  371  The  rafiler 
of  the  China  ornaments  produces  a  portable  roulette  box  or 
table.  1863  TREVELYAN  Compet.  Wallah  (1866)  59  Foreign 
noblemen. .  tuining  the  crank  instead  of  the  roulette -wheel. 
O.  The  centre  part  of  a  roulette  table  ;  a  box 
used  for  a  simple  form  of  roulette.  Also  Comb. 

1850  Bohn's  Hdbk.  Games  (1867)  348  He  throws  an  ivory 
ball  into  the  concavity  of  the  Roulette,  in  a  direction  opposite 
to  the  movement  which  he  has  given  to  the  movable  bottom. 
1851  MAYHKW  Lond.  Labour  \.  371  What  may  be  called 
'the  board*  of  some  of  these  'roulettes'  is  numbered  to 
thirty- two.  Ibid.  189,  I'm  a  roulette-maker  now. 

3.  Math.  A  certain  curve  (?ee  quots.). 

1867  BRANDE  Diet.  Sti.,  etc.  III.  314/2  Roulette,  the 
curve  traced  by  any  point  in  the  plane  of  a  given  curve 
when  the  latter  rolls,  without  sliding,  over  another  fixed 
curve.  1879  SALMON  Higher  Plane  Curves  vii.  284  Roulettes 
or  curves  generated  by  a  point  on  a  rolling  curve. 

4.  A  device  to  keep  the  hair  in  curl. 

1860  FAIRHOLT  Costume  (ed.  2)  571  To  'put  a  wig  in  pipes' 
was  a  phrase  descriptive  in  the  last  century  of  a  wig  whose 
cuilswere  kept  in  order  by  roulettes.  1874  'I  ejnfle  Bar  XLI. 
54  Their  hair.. is  piled  up  in  a  wonderful  pyramid  of.  .rolls 
all  so  stiff  that  they  stand  alone  without  the  aid  of  pads, 
roulets,  puffs,  or  hair-pins 

5.  Engraving.  (See  quots.) 

1854  FAIRHOLT  Diet.  Terms  Art  376  Roulette,  a  small  in 
strument.,  used  by  engravers  to  produce  a  series  of  dotted 
lines  on  a  plate.  It  takes  two  forms,  one  like  a  spur- rowel. ., 
and  another  which  rolls  at  right  angles  with  the  shaft  of  the 
tool.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1994/1  Engravers'  roulettes, 
principally  used  in  mezzotinting  to  raise  the  burr  when  the 
original  ground  produced  by  the  cradle  has  been  too  much 
scraped  or  burnished  away. 

6.  A  revolving  toothed  wheel  used  for  perforat 
ing  adhesive  postage  stamps. 

1867  Philatelist  I.  102  The  next  sort  [of  perforation],  .is 
that  not  made  by  a  fixed  machine,  but  by  what  is  called  the 
roulette,  or  revolving  wheel.  Ibid.  103  A  line.. which  acts 
as  guidant  to  the  roulette. 

7.  A  light  roller  used  in  massage. 

1895  Syd.  Soc.  Lex.t  Pressions,  in  massage,  methods  ol 

Eressing  or  compressing  the  muscles,  by  means  of  the  whole 
and,  the  tips  of  the  fingers,  or  the  roulet. 
Hence  Boule'tter,  a  player  at  roulette. 
1891  Pall  Mall  G.  *  June  6/1  We  should  have  whole 
courts  full  of  titled  rouletters. 

Roule-tted,/3.///f-  [f.  prec.]  Of  postage 
stamps  :  Perforated  by  means  of  a  roulette. 

1867  Philatelist  I.  166  Some  of  the  rouletted  specimens 
are  but  an  apology  for  it.  1870  Rautledge's  Ev.  Boy's  Ann. 
Feb.  Suppl.  3  Not  being  rouletted,  they  may  be  considered 
proofs.  1891  WF.STOBV  Post.  Stamfs  Gt.  Brit.  3  Unused 
rouletted  specimens  exist. 

So  Koule-tting  vbl.  sb. 

"80S  Pop-  Sci-  Monthly  Mar.  604  Rouletting  is  done  with 
a  tool  very  much  like  those  sold  on  the  streets . .  to  cut  glass. 

Kcmliehe,  obs.  form  of  RULY. 

Roulie-poulie,  Sc.  variant  of  ROLY-POLY  sb. 

f  Roulk,  ?  error  for  RAUK  a.,  hoarse. 

c  1450  HOLLAND  Hmulat  45  (Bann.  MS.),  [It)  rowpit  rewth- 
fully  roch  in  a  roulk  rud  rane. 

Koull,  obs.  f.  ROLL  sbl  Rouller,  obs.  var. 
ROLLER  sb.  Rouly-pouly,  obs.  f.  ROLY-POLY  sb. 
Roum,  obs.  or  dial.  f.  ROOM  sb.  and  v. 

B.OUman(r!JTnan),  sb.  and  a.  [ad.  F.  Roumain, 
ad.  the  native  name  Roman  :— L.  Roman-us.] 
A.  sb.  1.  =  ROUMANIAN  sb.  i. 

1856  H.  STANLEY  Rouman  Aiithol.  Pref.  p.  ix,  The  descent 
of  the  Roumans  from  the  legionaries  of  Trajan  and  Aurel- 

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ROUND. 

entomb'd  his  head.  1614  —  Doomsday  in.  i,  Immortall 
Monarch,  ruler  of  the  rounds.  1642  H.  MORE  Sotig  of  Soul 
i.  xxx.  Wks.  (Grosart)  16  As  those  farre  shining  Rounds  in 
open  skies.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Columb.  \.  253  To  yon  dim 
rounds  first  elevate  thy  view. 

b.  This  (earthly,  etc.)  round t  the  earth. 

cxs86  CTESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXXII.  ix,  Lett  all  this  round 
Thy  honor  sound.  1594  KYD  Cornelia,  n.  347  The  ^Mon- 
archies,  that  couer  all  This  earthly  round  with  Maiestie. 
1607  T.  DAVLES  (Heref.)  Summa  Totalis  Wks.  (Grosart)  I. 
21/2  The  Delvge  (that  did  rince  this  Rovnd).  1667  MILTON 
P.  L.  vu.  267  Elemental  Air,  diffus'd  In  circuit  to  the  utter 
most  convex  Of  this  great  Round.  1831  CARLYLE  Sort.  Res. 
I.  iv,  Some  incarnate  Mephistopheles,  to  whom  this  great 
terrestrial  and  celestial  Round,  after  all,  were  but  some 
huge  foolish  Whirligig. 

c.  The  vault  of  heaven. 

c  1500  MONTGOMERIE  SoHtt.  xxxi.  7  Behind  the..tuinkling 
round  of  burning  rubies  rare,  Quhair  all  the  gods  thy  duell 
ing  do  desyre.  1629  MILTON  Hymn  Nativ.  x.  102  Nature 
that  heard  such  sound  Beneath  the  hollow  round  Of  Cyn 
thia's  seat.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Past.  in.  160  The  round  of 
Heav'n,  which  all  contains.  1808  SCOTT  Marm.  \.  Introd.  50 
The  wild  birds  carol  to  the  round.  1879  BURROUGHS  Locusts 
fy  Wild  Honey  99  Not  a  speck  or  film  in  all  the  round  of 
the  sky. 

2.  An  object  of  a  circular  form.     In  early  use  in 
spec,  senses,  as  a  heraldic  roundle,  a  round  piece 
of  metal,  a  round  mark  in  archery,  etc. 

c  1500  Sc.  Poem  on  Her.  107  in  Bk.  Precedence  97  In  armis 
ar  sertene  rondis,  as  ball.  1508  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas,Scot. 
IV.  121  To  Will  Raa,  cultellar,  forviij  roundis  to  the  Kingis 
suordis  and  grinding  of  thaim.  1531  in  Butt  Fords  Archery 
(1887)  1^1  Paied  to  Byrde  Yoeman  of  the  Kinges  bowes 
for  making  the  Roundes.  (1555  EDW.  VI  Jrnl.  (Roxb.) 
312,  I  lost  the  chaling  of  shoting  at  roundes,  and  wane  at 
rovers.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  109  Ouer  their  shashes  the 
men  weare  rounds  of  stiffhed  russet  to  defend  their  brains 
from  the  piercing  feruour.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  \.  vi.  60/2, 
I  shall  in  the  first  place  speak  of  the  Rounds,  Roundles,  or 
Roundlets.  1757  W.  WILKIE  Epigoniad  n,  46  The  Theban 
spear  \ , .  Full  to  the  center  of  the  shield,  it  came ;  And,  rising 
swiftly  from  the  polish'd  round,  His  throat  transfiVd.  1810 
SIR  A.  BOSWELL/W£  Wks.  (1871)  54  Those  polish'd  rounds 
which  decorate  the  coat,  And  brilliant  shine  upon  some 
youth  of  note. 

t  b.  Some  species  of  flat  sea-fish.   Obs  — l 

1602  CAREW  Cornwall  32  Of  flat  [fish  there  are]  Brets, 
Turbets,  Dories,  Round,  [etc.]. 

o.  A  large  round  piece  of  beef,  usually  one  cut 
from  the  haunch. 

In  Langl.  P.  PI.  C.  x.  148,  where  one  MS.  gives  rounde  of 
bacon,  the  correct  reading  is  clearly  ronde :  see  ROND  so.1  i. 

1821  SCOTT  Pirate  xvii,  The  board  groaned  with  rounds 
of  hung  beef.  1853  R.  S.  SURTEES  Spongers  Sp.  Tour  liv. 
309  A  magnificent  cold  round  of  home-fed  beef,  red  with 
saltpetre.  1870  E.  PEACOCK  Ralf  Skirl.  I.  16  A  round  of 
cold  spiced  beef. 

transf.  1861  G.  F.  BERKELEY  Eng.  Sportsman  xv.  246  The 
quarters  of  the  animal  are  indeed  '  rounds  of  beef '. 

d.  Brewing.  A  large  vessel  or  cask  employed 
in  the  final  process  of  fermenting  beer. 

1806  Hull  Advertiser  n  Jan,  2/2.  1830  M.  DONOVAN 
Dom,  Econ.  I.  173  Cleansing  is  generally  performed  in  a 
number  of  vessels  like  hogsheads,  called  the  rounds^  from 
which  the  drink,  if  porter,  is,  when  sufficiently  purged, 
pumped  up  into  immense  store  vats.  1880  Spans*  Encycl. 
Manuf.  n.  406  It  was  at  one  time  the  practice  amongst  the 
Scotch  brewers  to  employ  fermenting  rounds  only,  and  to 
cleanse  from  these  directly  into  the  casks. 

3.  A  rung  or  rundle  of  a  ladder. 

1548  ELYOT,  Climacter,  the  rounde  or  step  of  a  ladder. 
1579-80  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  410 
Item,  for  the  ladder  rownes,  vjrf.  1615  W.  LAWSON  Country 
Housew.  Card.  (1626)  40  A  Ladder  of  eight  or  moe  rounds. 
1667  L.  STUCLEY  Gospel  Glass  xxvi.  (1670)  253  They 
should  be  but  as  the  rounds  of  a  Ladder.  1709  Tatler 
No.  42  Pi3  A  Ladder  of  Ten  Rounds.  1854  Miss  BAKER 
Northampt.  Gloss.  s.v.(  The  common  mode  of  describing 
the  length  of  a  ladder  is  to  call  it  'a  ladder  of  so  many 
rounds'.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1245/^1  The  collapsing- 
ladder,  .has  rounds  pivoted  to  the  side-rails. 
b.  jig.  or  in  fig.  context. 

1577-82  BRETON  Floorisk  upon  FancJe  Pref.,  To  make  my 
Ladder  of  such  stuffe  As  I  may  trust. . .  But  then  the  Rovndes 
must  not  be  made  of  Rimes,  a  1601  ?  MARSTON  Pasquil  fy 
Kath.  (1878)  i,  127  Let  who  will  climbe  ambitions  glibbery 
rounds.  1661  J.  DAVIES  Civil  Warres  152  They .  .pursue  their 
.  .intentions  to  the  very  uttermost  round  of  the  ladder.  1742 
RICHARDSON  Pamela  III.  173,  I  should  scorn  to  make  my 
self  a  Round  to  any  Man's  Ladder  of  Preferment.  1786-7 
Microcosm  {ed.  2)  437  Having  arrived  at  the  'topmost 
round '  of  that  learning  which  this  seminary  was  capable  of 
bestowing.  1858  LONGF.  Ladder  St.  Augustine  ii,  Our 
pleasures  and  our  discontents  Are  rounds  by  which  we  may 
ascend.  1875  MRS.  TROLLOPB  Charming  Fellow  I.  xiii.  170, 
I  may  consider  myself  on  the  first  round  of  the  ladder. 
f  C.  The  rounce  of  a  printing-press.  Obs.~Q 

1648  HEXHAM  n,  Rondtset  the  Wheele  or  Round  of  a  presse. 
d.  A  tooth  or  stave  of  a  trundle. 
31  Phil.Trans.  XXXVII.  6  To  this  is  applied  aTrundle, 


1805  BREWSTER  Ferg* 

I.  82  note,  The  cylindrical  bars  of  trundles. .are  called 
staves,  or  rounds.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meclt.  2634/1  Trundle- 
wheel,  a  wheel  acting  as  a  pinion,  in  which  the  cogs  consist 
of  rounds  or  trundles  fastened  in  disks  which  are  secured  to 
an  axle. 

e.  A  round  cross-bar  connecting  the  stilts  of  a 
plough,  or  legs  of  a  chair ;  a  stretcher. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1746/2,  1994/1.  2426/2.  1905 
MARY  E.  WILKINS  Debtor  266  Eddy  _sat  down  and  swung 
his  feet,  kicking  the  round  of  the  chair. 

f.  An  iron  bar  of  circular  section. 


821 

1891  Times  5  Oct.  4^4  Engineers  are  sending  in  good  orders 
for  turning  rounds,  6cc.,  and  the  demand  for  the  general  run 
of  sizes  in  rounds,  flats,  squares,  &c.,  is  steadily  increasing. 

4.  f  a.  A  piece  of  sculpture  or  statuary  executed 
in  the  round  (see  5  a).  Obs. 

1622  PEACHAM  Compl.  Gtnt.xii.  (1634)  no  Besides,  Rounds 
(so  Painters  call  Statues  and  their  fragments)  may  be  had 
when  the  life  cannot.  Ibid.^  A  Round  is  better  to  draw  by 
..than  any  flat  or  painting  whatsoever.  1662  EVELYN 
Chalcogr.  116  Rounds,  Busts,  Relievos  and  entire  Figures, 
a  1700  —  Diary  22  Oct.  1644,  Over  the  door  is  a  round  of 
M.  Angelo. 

b.  Arch.  A  rounded  moulding.     (Cf.  quarter- 
round,  s.v.  QUARTER  sb.  30.) 

1673  MOXON  tr.  BarozzCs  Arch.  44  The  Astragalocs,  or 
Rounds.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Solute,  In  others,  the 
Round  is  parallel  to  the  Abacus,  and  springs  out  from  be 
hind  the  Flower  thereof,  a  1878  SIR  G.  SCOTT  Lect.  Archil. 
(1879)  I.  249  Its  practical  use  being  to  strengthen  the  hol 
lows  rather  than  to  enrich  the  rounds. 


+  r>     A   nnontitv  nf  m-itpriil    in  i  rl  f  ii  11  in    -i   mil  '  curious  Squares  and  Rounds  Wherewith  tliuu  Mow  ht  betwixt 

TC.  Aquantity  ol  material  made  op  m  a  roi.  t|le  grounds  Of  fruitful!  Kent.    1728  I'OPK  Dime.  n.  165  -So 

1696  J.  F.  Mtnk,Wareh>.  laid  open  5   The  Cambncks  |  jove.s  bri  ht  bow  d-    }        ils  wa'lr  .  rullmi.     I?99  N,,,..S<)^ 

are  sold  .ma  Parcel,  the  Kentings  are  sold  by  Rounds,  as  |  A       in  Nicolas  nisp_  (l84S)  II  I.  343  Castel-a-M are,  which 


ROUND. 

The  old  Walls.  .are  yet  standing:  There  are  of  them  four 
Rounds,  built  at  divers  times.  1725  J.  HKNI.KV  tr.  Mont- 
Jaucon's  Antiq,  Italy  (ed.  2)  21  A  Round  of  Walls  fortified 
with  Towers.  1820  SCOTT  Monnst.  v,  The  small  round,  or 
turret  closet,..  was  accessible  by  another  door.  1865  HUNT 
Pop.  Rout.  West  Eng.  (1896)  275  Then  it  was  that  they 
constructed  the  rounds..  to  protect  their  tin  ground.  1881 
FREEMAN  Venice  133  The  arches  of  the  round  rest  on 
heavy  rectangular  piers  of  truly  Roman  strength, 

b.  A  circular  part,  form,  or  arrangement  of 
natural  origin. 

1602  CAKF.W  Cornwall  107  The  Hand  is  square  with  fou  re 
rounds  at  the  corners  like  Alount  Kdgecumb.  1632  Ln  HGOW 
Trav.  ix.  307  High  are  thy  rounds,  steepc,  circled,  as  I  see. 
1741  LADY  FOHFRBT  Lett,  (1805)  III.  z6<j  A  vast  round  of 
mountains,  joined,  and  covered  with  fir-trees.  1784  HIXK- 
FOKU  /'a^/:t'Xf{i308)68  She  passed  the  large  round  of  honey 
suckles,  her  favourite:  resort. 

C.  A  curve  or  bend,  as  of  a  river,  bay,  etc. 

1616  U.  JONSON  Qiiecncs  Masques  Wks.   II.  908  Those 
curious  Squares  and  Rounds  Wherewith  tliuu  flow'bt  betwixt 
the  grounds  Of  fruitful!  Kent.     1728  I'oi'i-:  Dune.  n.  165  So 
' 


. 
four  or  five  in  a  Round. 

d.  A  plane  with  a  convex  bottom  and  iron,  for 
working  hollows  or  grooves. 

1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II,  488  Concave  and  convex 
planes,  called  hollows  and  rounds,  include  the  fifth  or  sixth 
,  .of  the  circle.  1875  KNIGHT/)/*:/.  Meek,  1113/1  The  illustra 
tion  shows  the  use  of  hollows  and  rounds,  in  the  molding  of 
a  panel  door. 

5.  The  round:  a.  That  form  of  sculpture  in 
which  the  figure  stands  clear  of  any  ground,  as 
distinguished  from  relief. 

1811  Self  Instructor  512  The  art  of  drawing,  both  from  the 
round  and  from  life.  1873  FOKTNUM  A/aioticfixv.  171  Many 
early  pieces,  modelled  in  high  relief  and  in  the  round,  are 
probably  of  this  origin.  1900  A.  S.  MURRAY  Catal.  Sculpt. 
Part/ten.  113  In  slab  xxxviii.  the  cow's  right  horn  must  have 
been  carved  in  the  round,  only  the  tip  being  attached  to  the 
background  of  the  relief. 

b.  A  rounded  or  convex  form. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVII.  407/1  Lay  the  bend  mould 
upon  it,  so  as  may  best  answer  the  round  according  to  the 
grain  of  the  wood.  1876  Encycl.  Brit.  IV.  43/1  The  back 
springs  back  into  its  rounded  form,  a_nd  thus  the  face  presents 
the  appearance  of  having  been  cut  in  the  round. 

C.  The  natural  form  of  timber,  without  being 
squared  in  any  way. 

1813  VANCOUVER  Agric.  Devon  251  Beech  about  the  same, 
and  sycamore  is.  -$d,  all  m  the  round,  and  where  the  trees 
were  fallen. 

II.  6.  The  circumference  or  outer  bounds  of 
some  circular  object  ;  the  complete  circle  ^some 
thing  (with  or  without  implication  of  the  included 
area). 

14.  .  Vac.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  600  Paritonitis,  the  rownde  of 
the  erth.  1593  SHAKS.  Lucr.^-z  To..  turn  the  giddy  round 
of  Fortune's  wheel.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  32  On  the  left 
side  stands  the  round  of  an  ancient  Chappell.  1707  MORTI- 


exterior  Round.  1784  Cow  PER  Task  iv.  258  The  moon.. 
Resplendent  less,  but  of  an  ampler  round.  i8zx  ScorrPirat* 
xxv,  The  wide  round  of  earth,  .holds  nothing  that  I  would 
call  a  recompense.  1833  TENNYSON  Miller's  Daughter  102 
The  dark  round  of  the  dripping  wheel.  1856  STANLEY  Sinai 
<5r  Pal.  (1858)  476  The  '  circles*  or  the  (  round '  of  the  oases 
of  the  Jordan. 

fig.  1865  NEALE  Hymns  Paradise  66  There  the  soul,  in 
fullest  tenour,  Graspeth  Wisdom's  total  round.  1870  LOWELL 
My  Books  Ser.  i.  (1873)  170  Shakespeare,  the  vast  round  of 
whose  balanced  nature  seems  to  have  been  equatorial. 

7.  A  circle,  ring,  or  coil ;  an  annular  enclosing 
line  or  device,      f  In  round,  in  a  circle. 

1382  WVCLIF  Lev.  xix.  27  Ne  je  shulen  in  rownde  [L.  in 
rotundum]  dodde  heer,  ne  shaue  beerde. 

1589  FLEMING  Virg.  Georg.  \,  g  The  serpent  huge  with 
winding  bowts  and  rounds  Slides  downe..in  maner  of  a 
riuer.  1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  iv.  i.  88  What  is  this,  that., 
weares  vpon  his  Baby-brow,  the  round  And  top  of  Souer- 
aignty?  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ix.  183  The  Serpent. .fast 
sleeping  soon  he  found  In  Labyrinth  of  many  a  round  self- 
rowld.  174*  tr.  Heister^sSurg.  in.  (1768)  II.  386  Then  the 
Roller  ascends  gradually  by  spiral  Rounds  towards  the 
Inguen.  1817  J.  EVANS  Excurs.  Windsort  etc.  169  At  each 
end,  in  a  round,  is  a  knight  on  horseback,  in  the  manner  of 
ancient  se^ls.  1884  Times  (weekly  ed.)  28  Dec.  7/1  Upon 
which  was  engraved  in  a  round,  an  inscription  of  a  star  with 
six  rays. 

Jig.  1868  NETTLESHIP  Ess.  Browning's  Poetry  viii.  291  We 
cannot  each  finish  our  lives  to  a  perfect  round. 
fb.  ?A  single  turn  of  a  chain.   Obs. 

1693  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2838/4  Lost. .,  a  Gold  Chain  with  7 
Rounds.  1708  Brit,  Apollo  No.  8.  4/2  A  Gold  Chain  con 
taining  six  Rounds  with  a  Gold  Locket. 

O.  A  single  turn  of  yarn,  etc.,  when  wound  as 
on  a  reel. 

1753  HANWAV  Trav.  II.  i.  v.  18  A  moss,  which  is  about 
60  inches  in  the  round,  can  be  most  conveniently  reeled  off. 
1880  Plain  Hints  58  All  materials  in  skeins  are  divided 
above  into  'rounds'  as  they  are  comparatively  easily 
counted. 

8.  A  structure,  or  part  of  one,  a  building,  enclos 
ing  wall,  etc.,  having  a  circular  form. 

a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  336 
Ane  greit  round  as  h  had  bene  ane  blokhouse.  lbia.t 
Farder  thair  was  tua  great  roundis  in  ilk  syde  of  the  geit, 
1602  MARSTON  AntOWff*  Rev.  Prol.,  If  any  spirit  breathes 
within  this  round  [sc.  the  theatre],  Uncapable  of  waightie 
passion.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  i.  16  Arotundo-.open  at  the 
top  with  a  large  round.  1706  tr.  C'tfss  D^Anois  Trav.  127 


.  .  . 

is  opposite  Naples,  and,  by  the  Round  of  the  I  Jay,  twelve 
miles  distant.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Columb.  I.  262  The  yielding 
concave  bends  sublimer  rounds.  1890  Murray's  Lincoln 
shire  177  The  Trent  makes  some  eccentric  windings,  called 
'  rounds  ',  in  this  parish. 

•f  d.  In  round)  round  about.   Ot>s.~} 

1618  HOLTON  Horns  in.  x.  (1636)  205  That  most  spaciuu- 
city..  was  girt  in  round  by  Caesar  with  woikcs,  stakes,  and 
u  ditch. 

9.  A  circular  group,  knot,  or  assemblage  of  per 
sons.  Freq.  in  phr.  in  a  round,  in  a  ring. 

With  quots.  1590,  1887  cf.  sense  n. 

1590  SIJKNSKR  /'.  Q.  i.  vi.  7  A  troupe  of  Faunes  and  Satyres 
far  away  Within  the  wood  were  dauncing  in  a  rownd.  1623 
BINGHAM  Xenophon  96  The  Souldiers,.  gathered  together, 
and  stood  in  rounds.  1655  STANLEY  Hist.  I'  kilos.  (1687)  52 
From  midst  of  that  learn'd  Round  come  I.  1711  AUDISON 
Spectator  No.  i  F  5  Sometimes  I  am  =cen  thrusting  my 
Head  into  a  Round  of  Politicians  at  Will's.  1725  POPK 
Odyss.  vni.  518  The  peers  encircling  form  an  awful  round. 
1887  KLSKIN  Prxterita  II.  215  The  dance  of  four  sweet 
Pisan  maids,  in  a  round. 

fig,  1784  Cou  I'KR  Task  u.  385  Constant  at  routs,  familiar 
with  a  round  Of  ladyships.  1826  LAMH  Pop.  Fallacies  xiii, 
Cannot  we..  know  Sulpicia  without  knowing  all  the  ruutid 
of  her  card-playing  relations? 

b.  A  circular  group  of  things  ;  a  number  of 
things  set  or  arranged  in  a  ring. 

1598  SHAKS.  Merry  IV.  iv.  iv.  50  (My  daughter)  and  my 
little  sonnc,  And  three  or  foure  more  of  their  growth,..  With 
rounds  of  waxen  Tapers  on  their  heads.  1620  J.  PYHER  tr. 
Hist,  Astrea  i.  u.  7  He  made  a  Round  of  dead  bodies  about 
Clidaman.  i663CnABLETON  Chor.  Gigant.  33  Encompassed 
only  with  a  round  of  Columns.  1700  T.  BROWN  tr.  Fresny's 
Ainuscm.  131  A  Grave  Assembly,  but  ill  seated  upon  Low 
Stools  set  in  a  Round. 

fig.  1767  YOUNG  Farmer's  Lett,  to  People  2  In  a  round  of 
different  professions,  all  must  either  immediately  or  rela 
tively  depend  on  each  other.  1865  GEO.  ELIOT  A.  Bcde 
xxxvi,  Repeating  again  and  again  the  same  small  round  of 
memories. 

III.  1  10.  A  swinging  stroke  or  cut.   06s. 

ci45o  Fencing  w.  ttuo  handed  Sword  in  Rel.  Antiq.  I, 
309  A  gode  rounds  with  an  hauke  and  smyte  ry3t  doune. 
Ibid.,  Gedyr  up  a  doblet  and  spare  not  hys  croune,  With 
a  rownde  and  a  rake  abyde  at  a  bay.  a  1627  SIR  J.  BEAU* 
MONT  Boswortli  F.  547  Erects  his  weapon  with  a  nimble 
round,  And  sends  the  Peasant's  arm  to  kiss  the  ground. 

11.  A  dance  in  which  the  performers  move  in  a 
circle  or  ring,  or  around  a  room,  etc. 

1513  DOUGLAS  JEneis  XH.  Prol.  193  Sum  sing  sangis, 
dansis  ledys,  and  rovndis.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  Yf> 
108  To  tel  you.  .what  roundes  were  daunced  in  large  ana 
brode  places  .  .  it  were  a  long  woorke.  1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  iv. 
i.  130  lie  Charme  the  Ayre  to  giue  a  sound,  While  you  per- 
forme  your  Antique  round.  1636  J.  STRATFORD  in  Ann. 
Dnbrensia(i%Tj)  49  Keeping  their  Revells  now  on  Cotswold 
downes,  In  thy  great  honour,  dancing  Masques,  and 
Rownes.  1695  BLACKMORE  Pr.  Arth.  i.  702  The  Jocond 
Fairies  dance  their  silent  round.  1798  WORDSW.  Peter  Bell 
I.  223  Peter,  by  the  mountain  rills,  Had  danced  his  round 
with  Highland  lasses.  1819  SCOTT  Ivanhoe  xliv,  A  good 
fellow  and  a  merry,  who  will.,  draw  _a  bow,  and  dance  a 
Cheshire  round,  with  e'er  a  man  in  Yorkshire.  1892 
SYMONDS  M.  Angela  (1893)  I.vii.  34  Ballats  for  women  to 
chant  as  they  danced  their  rounds  on  the  piazza. 

fig,  1579  GOSSON  Sch.  Abuse  (Arb.)  45  There  are  other 
which  haue  a  share  with  them  in  their  Schooles,  therefore 


Three  years  she  grew  28  Where  rivulets  dance  their  way 
ward  round. 

b.  The  music  for  such  a  dance.   W*~*. 

1626  BRETON  Pasquits  Madcappe  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  7/2 
A  Fidler..Who..can  but  play  a  Round  or  Hey-de-gey, 
And  that  perhaps  he  onely  hath  by  roate, 

t  C.  Sallingers  (prob.  =  St.  Lcgers)  round.  Obs. 

1607  HEYWOOD  Worn,  killed  iv.  Kindn.  Wks.  1874  II.  98 
Wee'l  have  Sellengers  round.  £1645  CLEVELAND  Let. 
Wks.  (1677)  126,  I  look  upon  your  Letter  as  a  Spittle- 
Sermon  ;  Salinger's  Round,  the  same  again.  1698  E.  WARD 
Lond.  S&  u.  (1709)  3.0  'Twill  make  a  Parson  Dance 
Sallingers-round,  a  Puritan  Lust  after  the  Flesh. 

12.  Movement  in  a  circle,  or  about  an  axis ; 
motion  round  a  certain  course  or  track. 

1604  E.  G[RiMSTONEj  D'Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  v.  xxviii. 
415  The  children  with  the  old  men  made  a  certaine  shew, 
with  rounds  and  turnings.  1647  COWLEY  Mi$tr.t  Love  <$• 
j^tfe  iv,  [The  sun]  does  three  hundred  Rounds  enclose 
Within  one  yearly  Circles  space.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  xiv.  339 
In  giddy  rounds  the  whirling  ship  is  tost.  1738  WESLEY 


BOUND. 

//>;«/«,  Eternal  Power  i,  Where  Stars  revolve  their  little 
Rounds.  1820  SHELLEY  Witck  of  Atl.  400  Those  streams 
of  upper  air  Which  whirl  the  earth  in  its  diurnal  round. 
1821  SCOTT  Pirate  i,  His  kill-joy  visage  will  never  again 
stop  the  bottle  in  its  round.  1877  R.  J.  MORE  Under  tlie 
Balkans  xv.  216  At  the  end  of  the  third  round  they  all 
marched  out  of  the  house. 

fig.  1846  KEBLE  Lyra  Innoc.  (1873)  108  The  rounds  of 
restless  Love  When  high  and  low  she  searches.  1850 
ROBERTSON  Sertn.  Ser.  in.  ix.  (1853)  115  1°  a  constant  round 
from  the  capital  to  the  watering  place,  and  from  the  water 
ing  place  to  the  capital. 

•(•  b.  In  (a)  roimd,  in  a  circle.   06s. 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  9  This  Motion  worketh  in  round  at 
first.. and  then  worketh  in  Progress.  1632  J.  HAYWARD 
Biondrs  Eromena  37  He  ranne  always  in  a  round,  going. . 
very  little  wide  from  the  same  place. 

O.  A  roundabout  way  or  course ;  one  which 
turns  round  in  a  circle. 

1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  N.  in.  i.  109  He  leade  you  about  a 
Round.. through  bush,  through  brake,  through  bryer.  1719 
DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  269,  I  bad  them.. then,  keeping 
out  of  Sight,  take  a  round,  always  answering  when  the 
other  hollow'd.  1722  —  Joum.  Plague  (Rtldg.)  25,  [He] 
fetch'd  a  Round  farther  into  Buckinghamshire . .  to  a 
Retreat  he  had  found  out  there.  1773  UOLDS.M.  Stoops  to 
Cong,  v,  You  took  them  in  a  round,  while  they  supposed 
themselves  going  forward.  1841  JAMES  Brigand  xxxviii, 
You  have  given  yourself  a  long  round,  and  forced  me  to 
take  a  long  round  in  order  to  meet  you. 

13.  A  recurring  or  revolving  course  o/"time. 

1710  STEELE  Tatler  No.  181  F  i  We  make  it  [the  clock] 
strike  the  Round  of  all  its  Hours.  1710  CONGREVE  To 
Cynthia  27  Thro'  each  returning  Year,  may  that  Hour  be 
Distinguish'd  in  the  Rounds  of  all  Eternity.  1798  ROGERS 
Epistle  to  Friend  12  The  gay  months  of  Carnival  resume 
Their  annual  round  of  glitter  and  perfume.  1818  KEATS 
Endym.  \.  983  What  a  calm  round  of  hours  shall  make  my 
days.  1842  TENNYSON  Lore  q-  Duty  4  Shall  Error  in  the 
round  of  time  Still  father  Truth  ? 

b.  A  recurring  or  continuous  succession  or  series 
of  events,  occupations,  duties,  etc. 

1655  VAUGHAN  Silex  Scint.,  Repentance  E  4,  In  all  this 
Round  of  life  and  death.  1667  MILTON/".  £.  VI.  6  A  Cave... 
Where  light  and  darkness  in  perpetual  round  Lodge  and 
dislodge  by  turns.  1729  BUTLER  Serin.  Wks.  1874  II.  rg5 
Care  and  sorrow  and  the  repetition  of  vain  delights  which 
fill  up  the  round  of  life.  1752  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  191 
pn  This  is  the  round  of  my  day;  and  when  shall  I.. so 
change  it  as  to  want  a  book  ?  1813  F.  J.  JACKSON  in  Sir  G. 
Jackson's  Diaries  ft  Lett.  (1873)  II.  191  The  noisy  round 
of  the  so-called  pleasures  of  a  London  season.  1841  13.  HAL 


Patchwork  1 1.  209  The  same  causes  bring  a  perpetual  round 
of  company  to  Malta.  1883  E.  PENNELL-£LMHIRST  Cream 
of  Leicestersh.  337  The  Quorn  had  a  round  of  sport  from 
noon  till  dark. 

14.  Mil.  The  walk  or  circuit  performed  by  the 
watch  among  the  sentinels  of  a  garrison,  camp, 
etc.,  esp.  during  the  night.     Chiefly  in  phr.  to  go 
(t  maket  fake,  tread],  pace,  or  ivalk  the  round. 

After  F.  ronde,  whence  also  Sp.,  Pg-,  and  It.  ronda. 

1598  BARRET  Theor.  IVarres  vi.  iv.  244  The  first  [soldier] 
in  the  time  of  winter  maketh  his  Rounds  &  counter  Roundes 
forsixe  houres.  1616  J.  LANE  Contn.Sqr?s  T.  vm.  434  So 
gettlnge  vp,  he  quicklie  trode  the  rowne, . .  and  crie[d] 
revenge,  which  pleasd  the  soldiers  tooth.  1646  H.  P.  Medit. 
Seige  92  He  that  hath  the  charge  of  the  Guard  in  the  night 
time  is  to  walke  the  round  at  times.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s.v.,  In  strict  Garrison,  the  Rounds  go  every  Quarter  of  an 
Hour,  a  1791  LANGTON  in  Boswell  (Oxf.  ed.)  II.  272  He 
accompanied  the  Major  of  the  regiment  in  going  what  are 
styled  the  Rounds^  where  he  might  observe  the  forms  of 
visiting  the  guards.  1813  SCOTT  Trierm.  in.  x,  As  when  a 
guard  Of  some  proud  castle,  holding  ward,  Pace  forth  their 
nightly  round.  1868  Regul.  $  Orders  Army  §  859  Com- 
manders  of  Guards  are  to  go  their  rounds  twice  by  day  and 
twice  by  night. 

fig*  1855  BROWNING  Master  Hugues  iv,  You  may  challenge 
them,  not  a  response  Get  the  church«saints  on  their  rounds  ! 
b.  A  watch  under  the  command  of  an  officer, 
which  goes  round  a  camp,  the  ramparts  of  a 
fortress,  etc.,  to  see  that  the  sentinels  are  vigilant, 
or  which  parades  the  streets  of  a  town  to  preserve 
good  order  ;  a  military  patrol. 

1581  BLANDY  Castle  of  Policy  18  b,  Corporal!,  gentleman 
in  a  company  or  of  the  Rpunde,  Launce  passado.  1598 
BARRET  Theor.  IVarres  iv.  ii.  107  The  Round  finding  the 
Sentinel!  vigilant,  neede  not  alwayes  approch  neare  him. 
1627  R.  BERNARD  Isle  of  Man  (1635)  152  Divers  times  meet 
ing  the  Gentlemen  of  the  round-.,  he  would  stop  their 
passages  and  turne  them  backe  againe.  1652  WADSWORTH 
tr.  SandovaVs  Civ.  Wars  Spain  151  After  which  they  kept 
their  Rounds  and  Guards  in  the  Citie.and  sent  Hors  to  the 
relief  of  Segovia.  1711  E.  WAKD  Quix.  193  Don  Vincent 
fearing  to  be  taken  up  by  the  Rounds, . .  left  that  Street  With 
all  possible  speed.  1802  JAMES  Mil.  Diet,  s.v.,  As  soon  as 
the  sentry.. perceives  the  round  coming,  he  shall  give  notice 
to  the  guard.  1878  STEVENSON  Inland  Voy.  84  It  was  just 
the  place  to  hear  the  round  going  by  at  night  in  the  dark 
ness,  with  the  solid  tramp  of  men  marching. 

15.  A   customary  circuit,  walk,   or  course ;  the 
beat  or  course  traversed  by  a  watchman,  constable, 
vendor,  etc. ;  also  transf.     Freq.  in  phr.  to  walk, 
fake,  gO)  etc.,  on£$  round($). 

1607  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Summa  Totalis  Wks.  (Grosart) 
1. 10/2  Ere  once  the  Sunne  his  Round  perambulate.  1688 
FEN  TON  Guard.  Instr.  ( 1 897)  43, 1  could  willingly  have  heard 
him  la  Proctor  in  Oxford]  longer  but  that  he  was  to  go  his 
Rounds.  1709  STEELE  Tatler  No.  2  P  2  The  watchful  Bell 
man  march'd  his  Round.  1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela  IV.  74 
I  n  the  Account  she  gave  us  of  her  benevolent  Round,  as  Lady 
pavers  calls  it.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xvii,  The  regularity 
with  which  the  keeper  makes  his  rounds  with  a  loaded 
fowling-piece.  1861  DICKENS  Gt.  Expect,  xxxii,  A  pot 
man  was  going  his  rounds  with  beer.  1878  J.  W\\.\.v&SoHgs 


823 

of  Ita2%  36  If  a  dead  man  should  be  found  By  these  same 
lishers  in  their  round. 

attrih.  1897  CROCKETT  Lad's  Love  xxv,  These  irregular 
and  uncovenanted  halts,  not  entered  in  the  round  book. 

10.  A  turn,  a  walk  or  drive,  round  a  place  or 
to  a  series  of  places,  for  the  purpose  of  recreation, 
sight-seeing,  purchasing,  etc. ;  esp.  in  phr.  to  maket 
go,  take  a  round.  Alsoyf^. 

1611  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Philaster  11.  iv,  Come,  Ladies,  shall  we 
talk  a  round  ?  As  men  Do  walk  a  mile,  women  should  talk 
an  hour  After  supper.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  fy  P.  ipo 
Thence  we  took  a  Round.. to  the  English  Tombs.  Ibid. 
137  Liberty  to  take  a  Round  about  the  Castle.  1709  STEELE 
Tatler  No.  13  F  i,  I  went  into  Lincoln-Inn- Walks ;  and 
having  taken  a  Round  or  Two,  I  sate  down.  1765  FOOTE 
Commissary  1,  Mercy  upon  me,  what  a  round  I  have  taken  I 
.  .don't  you  see  I  am  tired  to  death  ?  a  1822  SHELLEY  Faust 
n.  364  Yet  I  will  take  a  round  with  you,  and  hope.. To  beat 
the  poet  and  the  devil  together. 

slang,  c  1848  '  JUDSON  *  Myst.  N.  Y.  r.  113  Taking  a  cruise 
about  town,  or  going  on  a  spree,  is  called  taking  a  round. 
b.  A  series  ^visits  or  calls. 

1772  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Early  Diary  30  Apr.,  We  went 
yesterday  to  make  a  round  of  visits.  1843  DICKENS  Mart. 
Chnzz.  xxvii,  I  had  a  round  of  visits  to  make.  1866  G. 
MACDONALD  Ann.  Q.  Neighb.  xi,  I.  .made another  round  of 
visits. 

C.   Go/f.    A  spell  of  play  in  which  the  player 


Encycl.  Sport  I.  \T$  Medal  play,  the  method  of  playing  a 
game  of  golf  by  counting  the  number  of  strokes  taken  to 
the  round  by  each  side. 

17.  The  circuit  of  a.  place,  etc.  t  Also  in  early 
use  without  const. 

1609  B.  JONSON  Sit.  Worn.  iv.  ii,  He  walks  the  round  up 
and  down,  through  every  room  o1  the  house.  1655  tr.  SoreFs 
Com.  Hist,  Francion  iv.  n  The  principal  was  by  that  time 
in  the  court  and  walked  the  round  with  a  great  lanthorn 
before  him.  1712  AHBUTHNOT  John  Bull  i.  x,  You  have 
danc'd  the  Round  of  all  the  Courts.  1779  JOHNSON  in  Bos- 
well  27  Oct.,  I  am  glad  that  you  made  the  round  of  Lich- 
field  with  so  much  success.  1843  LE  FEVRE  Life  Trav. 
Phys.  II.  n.  ii.  189  In  a  short  time  we  made  the  round  of 
the  Society.  1861  PEACOCK  Cry  II  G.  xxxi,  Lord  Curryfm.  . 
—in  his  official  capacity  —  taking  the  round  of  the  rooms. 
1883  J.  GILMOUR  Mongols  xviii.  211  You  will  find  him.. 
going  the  rounds  of  the  sacred  place,  prostrating  himself  at 
every  shrine. 

Jig.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bit.  582  Rounds  of  the 
Galley  i..  is  figurative  of  a  man  incurring  the  expressed 
scorn  of  his  shipmates. 

b.  To  go  the  roundy  of  communications,  news, 
etc.,  to  be  passed  or  handed  on  round  a  whole  set 
of  persons,  etc.  Also  const,  of. 

1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hydrol.  Chym.  124  The  rest..  com 
municate  it  one  to  another,  till  it  hath  gone  the  round. 


1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Tale  of  Tyne  v.  79  No  light  sayings 
of  his  upon  the  matter  were  going  the  round  of  his  neigh 
bourhood.  1840  THACKERAY  Paris  Sk.-bk.  I.  66  The  follow. 


. 

ing  anecdote,  that  is  now  going  the  round  of  the  papers. 
1861  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  at  Oxf.  ii.  (1889)  9  This  cele 
brated  epistle..  created  quite  a  sensation,  .as  it  went  the 
round  after  tea. 

c.  //.  (See  quots.  ;  and  cf.  ROUNDSMAN  i.) 

1795  SIR  F.  M.  EDEN  State  Poor  II.  29  Most  labourers 
are,  (as  it  is  termed,)  on  the  Rounds;  that  is,  they,  go 
to  work  from  one  house  to  another  round  the  parish. 
1813  BATCHELOR  Agric.  608  (Ii.  D.D.),  The  increase  of 
population  has  caused  a  deficiency  of  employment,  which  is 
so  remarkable  in  some  seasons,  that  a  great  proportion  of 
the  labourers  'go  the  rounds'.  1854  Miss  BAKER  North- 
ampt.  Gtoss.i  Rounds-Men,  labouring  poor,  who  are  taken 
into  employment  by  the  farmers  in  rotation  ;  when  they  are 
said  to  be  'on  the  rounds  '. 

IV.  1  18.  In  round,  in  turn  or  rotation,  rare. 

1527  Churchw.Acc.  St.  Giles^  Reading  32  At  this  accompte 
hath  bene  dismissed  John  Beke  and  chosen  in  round 
Richard  Body. 

19.  Jl/us.  f  a.  A  kind  of  song  sung  by  two  or 
more  persons,  each  taking  up  the  strain  in  turn. 

1530  PALSGR.  264/1  Rounde  a  songe,  rondeau,  mrelay. 
1586  W.  WEBBE  Eng.  Poetrie  (Arb.)  61  The  sixt  kinde,  is 
called  around,  beeing  mutuallie  sung  betweenetwo:  one 
singeth  one  verse,  the  other  the  next,  eche  rymeth  with 
himselfe.  1603  HARSNET  Pop.  Impost,  x,  He  had  beene.. 
the  master  setter  of  catches  or  roundes  vsed  to  be  sung  by 
Tinkers,  as  they  sit  by  the  fire  with  a  pot  of  good  ale 
betweene  theyr  legges.  1641  BROME  ¥tmtaUCr*m  iv.  i,  A 
Round,  a  Round,  a  Round,  Boyes,  a  Round,  Let  Mirth  fly 
aloft,  and  Sorrow  be  drown'd.  1683  SOAME  &  DRYDEN 
Boileaus  Art  Poet.  \\.  366  Each  poem  his  perfection  has 
apart;  The  British  round  in  plainness  shows  his  art. 
b.  (See  quot.  1872.) 

1776  BURNEY  Hut.  Mus.  (1789)  III.  348  A  round  is  no 
more  than  a  song  of  as  many  strains  or  sections  as  parts. 
1811  BUSBY  Diet.  Mus.  (ed.  3),  Round,  a  species  of  fugue  in 
the  unison,  composed  in  imitation  of  a  catch,  and  so  called 
because  the  performers  follow  each  other  through  the 
several  parts  in  a  circulatory  motion.  1872  BANISTER  Music 
(1885)  xxxv.  188  A  Round  is  a  species  of  Canon,  for  three 
or  more  equal  voices,  in  which  one  voice  sings  a  short  com 
plete  melody,  which  is  then  sung  by  a  second  voice,  the 
first  voice  proceeding  to  another  accompanying  melody. 

20.  A  quantity  of  liquor  served  round  a  com 
pany,  or  drunk   off  at  one  time  by  each  person 
present     f  To  keep  the  round,  to  drink  equally 
with  the  others. 

1633  G.  HERBERT  Temple,  Ch.  Porch  v,  Drink  not  the 
third  glasse...It  is  most  just  to  throw  that  on  the  ground, 
Which  would  throw  me  there,  if  I  keep  the  round.  1667 
DAVENANT  &  DRYDEN  Tempest  \\.  i,This  is  prize  brandy... 
Let's  have  two  rounds  more.  1716  ADDISON  Freeholder 


ROUND. 

No.  8  P2  The  Tories.. can  scarce  find  beauties  enough  of 
their  own  side,  to  supply  a  single  round  of  October.  1760 
C.  JOHNSTON  Chrysal  (1822)  I.  71  A  round  or  two  of  loyal 
toasts.  1799  GBO.  IV  in  Paget  Papers  (1896)  I.  150  Every 
Round  was  a  bumper  to  you  in  the  very  best  Claret  I  had. 
1821  SCOTT  Pirate  iv,  A  round  of  cinnamon-water  serving 
only  like  oil  to  the  flame.  1883  STKVENSON  Treas.  1st,  xxi, 
Serve  out  a  round  of  brandy  to  all  bands. 
b.  A  single  piece  of  toast,  etc. 

1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Rudge  iv,  A  couple  of  rounds  of 
buttered  toast,  a  1845  BAKHAM  Ingold.  Leg.,  Knt.  <$•  Ladyt 
A  round  and  a  half  of  hot  buttered  toast. 

21.  A  quantity  representing  a  single  turn  of  work 
by  a  set  of  men  ;  each  man's  contribution  to  this. 

1708  J.  C.  Compleat  Collier  (1845)  37  Those  Sticks  im 
mediately  show  him  how  many  Rounds  the  Barrow-Men 
have  put. 

22.  A  single  discharge  of  each  piece  of  artillery 
or  firearm ;  each  of  the  shots  fired  by  a  single  piece. 

1725  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  6378/4  The  great  Guns,  .fired  several 
Rounds.  1794  NELSON  30  July  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  I. 
462  The  Garrison  fired  one  general  round,  when  they 
nearly  all  left  their  guns.  1821  SCOTT  Kenilw.  xxx,  A 
round  of  artillery.. was  discharged  from  the  battlements. 
1846  GREENER  Set.  Gunnery  58  The  number  of  rounds  that 
each  gun  fired  averaged  1,249.  ^78  loM  Cent.  Mar.  446 
Of  the  men  sent  to  Malta,  .a  considerable  proportion,  .had 
never  even  fired  a  round  of  ball  cartridge. 

b.  A  single  charge  of  ammunition  for  a  firearm. 

1747  Genii.  Mag.  345  Wolfe's  regiment  carried  into  the 
field  24  rounds  a  man..  .Afterwards  they  had  a  supply  of 
8  rounds  a  man  more.  1815  WELLINGTON  6  May  in  Gurw. 
Desp.  (1838)  XII.  355,  I  have  thought  it  expedient  to  lodge 
in  the  fortress . .  i  ,000,000  rounds  of  musket  ammunition.  1868 
Regnl.  $  Orders  Army  §  630  For  every  trained  soldier  in 
the  infantry  go  rounds  of  ball  Cartridges,  and  300  rounds  per 
Battery  for  Artillery.  1879  Casselt's  Techn.  Edttc.  I.  66/1 
The  reduction  in  the  weight  of  the  arm  with  sixty  rounds  of 
ammunition  was  three  pounds. 

23.  a.    Card-playing.    A  single  turn  of  play  by 
all  the  players. 

a  1735  GRANVILLE  Epigr.  $  Char,,  Women,  Women  to 
cards  may  be  compar'd  ;  we  play  A  round  or  two,  when  us'd 
we  throw  away.  1742  HOYLE  Wkistvz  You  must  play  three 
Rounds  of  Trumps,  otherwise  you  may  have  your  strong 
Suit  trumped.  1850  Bohris  Hand-bk.  Games  (1867)  137  At 
the  fourth  round  of  trumps.he  revokes,  and  afterwards  trumps 
your  suit.  1885  R.  A.  PROCTOR  Whist  i.  27  The  first  round 
may  show  it  to  be  unadvisable  to  continue  the  suit. 

b.  Pugilism.   A  single  bout   in  a   fight   or   a 
boxing-match.    Also  transf. 

iBia  Sporting  Mag.  XXXIX.  187  The  round  lasted  three 
minutes.  1846  C.  ST.  JOHN  Wild  Sports  Highl.  248  We 
heard  the  clash  of  horns  as  two  rival  stags  met  and  fought  a 
few  rounds  together.  1886  CAROLINE  HAZARD  Mem.  J.  L. 
Diman  i.  i6This  friendship,  which  dated  from  a  round  of 
fisticuffs  and  bloody  noses  on  both  sides. 

C.  Archery.  The  discharge  of  a  certain  number 
of  arrows  by  each  archer. 

1873  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  373/2  The  origin  of  'The  York 
round  ',  on  which  all  public  competitions  by  archers  are  now 
conducted.  Ibid.t  Two  days'  shooting,  or  the  result  of  a 
'double  round  '.  1879  M.  &  W.  H.  THOMPSON  Archery  12 
The  '  National  Round  '.  .consists  of  48  arrows  at  60  yards, 
and  24  arrows  at  50  yards. 

d.  Sport.  A  spell  of  play  forming  a  definite 
stage  in  a  competition  or  match. 

1902  Encycl.  Brit.  XXVIII.  425/2  All  the  clubs  entered 
are  drawn  by  lot,  in  pairs,  to  play  together  in  the  first 
round ;  the  winners  of  these  ties  are  then  similarly  drawn  in 
pairs  for  the  next  round. 

24.  a.  A  separate  or  distinct  outburst  ^/"applause, 
cheers,  etc. 

1815  SCOTT  Guy  M,  xxxvi,  The  gravity  with  which  he 
accommodated  himself  to  the  humour  of  the  moment., 
procured  him  three  rounds  of  applause.  1867  DICKENS  Let. 
to  Miss  Hogarth  29  March,  The  roars  of  welcome  and  the 
rounds  of  cheers.  1884  Western  Daily  Press  21  Oct.  8/1 
Mr.  Chamberlain,  on  rising  to  reply,  was  received  with 
several  rounds  of  hearty  cheers. 

b.  A  single  stroke  in  succession  from  each  bell 
of  a  set  or  peal.  Also  transf. 

1826  LAMB  Pop.  Fallacies  ix,  Ringing  a  round  of  the 
most  ingenious  conceits.  1872  ELLACOMDE  Bells  ofCh.  in 
Ch.  Bells  Devon  iii.  35  The  ringing  'rounds',  and  'cali 
changes  '  was  a  good  deal  cultivated.  1897  JANE  Lordship 
xiii,  A  man  well  practised  in  all  that  pertained  to  bells, 
whether  rounds,  changes,  eights,  twelves. 

Bound  (raund),  sb?  p.  ROUND  z;.l]  The  act 
of  rounding.  Chiefly  Naut.  with  aft,  down. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Architecture^ 
The  horizontal  curve,  or  round-aft,  of  the  first  transom. 
1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.,  Round-Aft^  in  shipbuilding, 
the  outward  curve  or  convex  form  of  the  stern  from  the 
wing  transom  upwards.  1869  SIR  E.  REED  Shipbuild*  xii. 
241  A  stringer  angle-iron  is  worked  at  the  beginning  of  the 
round-down  in  order  to  form  a  finish  to  the  deck  planking. 
1876  Encycl.  Brit.  IV.  44/1  The  pressure  of  the  roller  against 
the  hack  gives  the  required  '  round  ',  which  can  be  varied  by 
raising  or  lowering  the  pitch  of  the  roller. 

Round  (raund),  a.  Forms :  a.  4  rund(e,  4-5 
rond(e ;  3-  round,  4-6  rounde  (5  rouned, 
rovnd),  rownd(e,  5  rowndde,  rowunde ;  5 
roende,  6  roound(e,  8-9  Sc.  and  north,  roond. 
#.  4-5  roon,  5  roune,  rowne,  8-9  Sc.  and  north. 
roon',  roun'.  [a.  OF.  rund->  rond-y  round-,  etc. 
(mod.F.  rond  masc.,  ronde  fern.),  representing 
earlier  *redond,  *rodond,  =  Prov.  rtdon,  redun* 
Sp.  and  Pg.  redondo,  It.  ritondo,  rotondo  (and 
tondo]  :-L.  rotundns  :  see  ROTUND  a.  The  French 
word  is  also  the  source  of  MDu.  ront,  rond-  (Du. 


ROUND. 

rond},  MHG.  runt,  rund-  (G.  runa]y  (M)Sw., 
Da.,  Norw.  rund^  Fris.  ronn,  \ruwn.'] 

I.  1.  Having  all  parts  of  the  surface  equi 
distant  from  the  centre ;  spherical,  globular  ;  re- 
sembling  a  ball. 

c  1290  5.  Eng.  Lfg.  I.  311/407  Ase  an  Appel  fc»e  eor)»e 
is  round.  Ibid.  318/654  pe  eor^e  a-midde  |>e  grete  se  ase 
a  luyte  bal  is  round,  a  1300  Cursor  M.  293  In  be  sune . .  Es 
a  thing  and  thre  thingys  sere  ;  A  bodi  rond,  and  hete, 
and  light,  c  1386  CHAUCER  P"rankl.  T.  500  This  wyde  world 
which  that  men  seye  is  round,  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.) 
i.  4  pis  ymage  was  wont  to  haid  in  his  hand  a  rounde 
appel  of  gold,  c  1470  Gol.  fy  Gaw.  886  Armyt  in  rede  gold, 
and  rubeis  sa  round.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Globus^ 
The  rounde  earth  appearyng  aboue  the  sea.  1590  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  i.  v.  35  An  huge  round  stone  did  reele  Against  an  hill. 
1631  WIDDOWES  Nat,  Philos.  18  Hayle  is  rayne,  made  hard 
in  the  fall,  the  higher  the  fall,  the  rounder  and  lesser.  1688 
HOLME  Armoury  n.  114/2  Bolle  of  a  Poppy  is  the  round 
seed  Pod.  1753  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Leaf^  A  sage 
leaf  appears  like  a  rug,  or  shag,  ..embellished  with  fine 
round  crystal  beads.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qua!. 
(1809)  IV.  no  The  motions  whereby  the  round  universe  con 
tinues  its  course.  1800  tr.  Lagrange's  Chem,  II.  238  By 
dissolving  in  this  manner  it  becomes  round,  and  acquires 
transparency.  1864  TENNYSON  Voyage  ^  We  knew  the  merry 
world  was  round,  And  we  might  sail  for  evermore. 

fig.  1583  STUBBES  Anat.  Abus.  n.  (1882)  10  To  lawe  go 
they,  as  round  as  a  ball,  till.. both,  or  at  least  the  one, 
become  a  beggar  all  daies  of  his  life. 

b.  Round  shot)  spherical  balls  of  cast-iron  or 
steel  for  firing  from  smooth-bore  cannon. 

1616  J.  LANE  Contn.  Sqr?s  T.  v.  245  Powder,  crosse  barrs, 
round  shott,  pikes.  1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  xiv. 
67  Round  Shot  is  a  round  Bullet  for  any  Peece.  1728  CHAM 
BERS  Cycl.)  Shot.,  are  of  several  Sorts;  as  Round-shot,  or 
Bullets  fitted  to  the  Bore  of  the  Piece.  1748  Anson's  I  'or. 
n.  ix.  227  The  great  guns  loaded  with  two  round-shot  for 
the  first  broadside,  and  after  that  with  one  round-shot  and 
one  grape.  1847  MARRYAT  Childr.  N.  Forest  xxiii,  Duke 
Hamilton  having  his  leg  taken  off  by  a  round  shot.  1883 
STEVENSON  Treas.  1st.  xvii,  The  round  shot  and  the  powder 
for  the  gun  had  been  left  behind. 

Comb.  1832  GEN,  P.  THOMPSON  Exerc.  (1842)  II.  175  But 
a  mathematical  formula,  when  right,  is  a  terrible  modifica 
tion  of  truth,  a  round-shot-like  method  of  conveyance,  which 
.  .tells  dangerously  on  arriving  at  its  destination. 

ellipt.  1707  Lond.  Ga-z.  No.  4380/2  We  gave  him.. our 
Broadside  with  Double  and  Round.  1736  [CHETWOOD]  Voy. 
Vaughan  (1760)  II.  214  We  fir'd  upon  'em  with  our  Double 
and  Round.  1804  MONSON  in  Owen  Wellesley's  Desp.  (1877) 
544  We.  .charged  the  enemy's  advanced  party  under  a  most 
tremendous  discharge  of  round,  grape,  and  chain,  c  1860 
H.  STUART  Seaman  s  Catech.  13  When  loading  with  round 
and  grape. 

2.  Cylindrical ;  circular  in  respect  of  section. 
1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  1172  Stakes  of  ire  monion,..  Aboue 

ssarpe  &  kene  inou,  bine}>e  grete  &  rounde.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg. 
Saints  ii.  (Paul)  85opai..}>e  padok  fand  In  a  rownd  tour 
still  3elland.  1389  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  8  per  shul  be  founde 
v.  tapres  rounde, . .  for  to  ben  ilijt  on  heye  feste  dayes.  c  1440 
Promp.  Parv.  438/1  Rownde,  as  a  spere  or  a  staffe,.  .teres. 
1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  a  vij,  This  hawke  has.  .a  flat  leg,  or  a 
rownde  legge.  1530  PALSGR.  264/1  Rounde  tothe.  1577 
B.  GOOGE  HeresbacWs  Husb.  ii.  (1586)  106  Such  as  are 
flawed,  seruing  for  Fillers  of  Churches,  or  other  round 
woorkes.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  484  Hollow  Engins  long 
and  round  Thick-rammd.  1680  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  xiii. 
223  Turners  work  with  a  round  String  made  of  Gut.  1728 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  File,  Those  in  common  use  are  the 
Square, ..  Half-round,  Round,  Thin  File,  &c.  all  which  are 
made  of  different  Sizes.  1796  H.  HUNTER  tr.  St..Pierre's 
Stud.  Nat.  (1799)  III.  16  That  tower  in  the  horizon. .is 
blue,  small  and  round.  1843  CARLYLE  Past  fy  Prcs.  (1858)  94 
Rounder  than  one  of  your  own  sausages.  1884  F.  J.  BRITTEN 
Watch  <$•  Clockm.  36  A  Round  Broach  is  used  for  burnish 
ing  brass  holes. 

fb.  Sc.  Of  cloth:  Made  of  thick  thread.  Obs. 
1488  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  I.  139  For  thre  elne  of 
rownde  braide  clayth.  1503  Ibid,  II.  212  For  x  elneroundair 
claith,  to  be  tua  sarkis.  1566  in  Hay  Fleming  Afary  Q. 
of  Scots  (1897)  503  Tuelf  elne  of  rownd  cleith  to  be  schetis 
to  the  servandis.  1589  Exch.  Rolls  Scot.  XXII.  72  Small 
lyning..,  round  lining.. at  6.S.  6ar.  the  eln. 

c.  Having  a  convex  surface,    rare—*. 

1523  FITZHF.RB.  Husb.  §  33  This  shall  cause  the  landetolye 
rounde,.. and  than  shall  it  not  drowne  the  corne. 

d.  Of  the  shoulders  :   Having  a  forward  bend 
from  the  line  of  the  back. 

1709  Tatler  No.  75  P  5  The  Butler,  .was  noted  for  round 
Shoulders,  and  a  Roman  Nose.  1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  634 
His  awkward  gait,. .round  shoulders,  and  dejected  looks. 
a  1890  T.  C.  CRAWFORD  .£«£".  Life  87  (Cent.),  He  is  of  medium 
height,  with  sloping,  round  shoulders. 

3.  Of  persons  (or  animals) :    Plump,  free  from 
angularity  ;  also,  stout,  corpulent. 

^1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  351/227  ^wane  heo  cam  horn  at  cue, 
fair  and  round  heo  was.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  8570  J?ikke 
mon  he  wasynou,  round  &  no^t  wel  long.  1390  GowEnCffnf. 
II.  40  Hou  sche  is  softe,  How  sche  is  round,  hou  sche  is 
sinai.  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  438/1  Rownde,  for  fetnesse, 
obesus.  1576  FLEMING  tr.  Caius1  Dogs  (1880)  8  Such  a  one. . 
asis..smoothe, full, fatte, and  round.  1596 SHAKS.  i  Hen. IV, 
n.  iv.  155  Why  you  horson  round  man?  what's  the  matter? 
1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol.  i.  Ixix,  A  little,  round,  fat,  oily 
man  of  God.  1828  TICKNOR  in  Life,  etc.  I.  xix.  381  She  is 
a  nice  round  lively  little  girl.  1856  EMERSON  Eng.  Traits, 
Race,  They  are  round,  ruddy,  and  handsome,.. and  there  is 
a  tendency  to  stout  and  powerful  frames. 

b.  Of  limbs,  or  parts  of  the  body  :  Plump, 
full,  filled -out ;  well-shaped. 

£1386  CHAUCER  Knight's  Tale  1278  Hise  lymes  grete,.. 
Hise  shuldres  brode,  hise  armes  rounde  and  longe.  1390 
GOWER  Conf.  III.  27  He  seth  hire  necke  round  and  clene, 
Therinne  mai  no bon  be  sene.  1600  SHAKS.  A.Y.L. ii. i.  25 
And  yet  it  irkes  me  the  poore  dapled  fooles  [$c.  deer] . .  Should 


823 

.  .Haue  their  round  hanches  goard.  1614  SYLVESTER  Betfiu- 
lia's  Rescue  iv.  372  Her  ruddy  round  Cheeks  seem'd  to  be 
composed  Of  Roses  Lillied,or  of  Lillies  Rosed.  1833  IRVING 
Alhambra  I.  29  The  play  of  a  graceful  form  and  round 
pliant  limbs.  1859  TENNYSON  Elaine  1177  Take., These 
jewels,  and  make  me  happy,  making  them  An  armlet  for 
the  roundest  arm  on  earth. 

C.  Of  garments  :  Made  so  as  to  envelope  the 
body  or  limbs  in  a  circular  manner  ;  cut  circularly 
at  the  bottom,  so  as  to  have  no  train  or  skirts. 

la  1400  Morte  Arth.  3470  A  renke  in  a  rownde  cloke,  with 
righte  rowmme  clothes,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  I'll  I  ^ 
239  A  ryche  goune  of  cloth  of  golde  reised,  made  rounde 
without  any  trayne  after  the  Dutche  fassyon.  1592  GRKKNK 
Canny  Catch.  Wks.  (Grosart)  XI.  95  The  round  hose  bum- 
basted  close  to  the  breech  ..is  now  common  to  etiery  cull  ion 
in  the  country.  1596  NASHE  Saffron  IValdcn  Wks.  (Gro 
sart)  III.  55  If  you  aske  why  I  haue  put  him  in  round  hose, 
that  vsually  weares  Venetians?  1687  A.  LOVKLL  tr.  Thevc- 
not's  Tray.  n.  gi  [The  vest]  is  cut  very  round  before,  so 
that  the  right  side  of  it  reaches  over  the  Stomauk.  1796  in 
A.  C.  Bower  Diaries  <y  Corr.  (1903)  163,  I  have  bought  a 
s  got  ted  muslin  round  gown.  1872  Gt;o.  ELIOT  Middlem., 
Finale,  When  he  wore  a  round  jacket,  and  showed  a  mar 
vellous  nicety  of  aim  in  playing  at  marbles.  1882  L.  CAMP 
BELL  Life  Clerk  Maxwell  iii.  48  A  round  cloth  jacket  for 
winter  wear. 

d.  Of  sails:  Distended,  bellied. 

1881  Daily  Tel.  28  Jan.,  Our  old  patched  sails  overhead 
were  as  round  as  the  brig's  bows. 

4.  Having  all  parts  of  the  circumference  equi 
distant  from  the   centre;    circular,  formed  like  a 
circle ;  also,  annular,  spiral. 

a  1300  St.  Edmund  232  in  E.  E.  P.  77  preo  rounde  cerclen 
heo  wrot  in  J>e  paume  amidde.  1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron. 
(1810)  146  Of  pen  yes  rounde  to  Richard  gan  he  bede  Sexti 
jxmsand  pounde.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  357  pe  sacrid 
cost  whijt  £  round  fat  men  seen  in  be  preestis  hondes. 
c  1430  Two  Cookery-bks.  42  |-an  take  fayre  brede,  &  kytto 
it  as  troundez  rounde.  1466  in  Archacol.  L.  I.  (1887)  35 
Item  j  Rowne  hope  for  the  curtyne  of  oure  lady  in  tne 
chapell.  1530  PALSGR.  264/1  Rounde  buckeler,  raddle.  1597 
SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IV,  n.  i.  95  Sitting  in  my  Dolphin-chamber 
at  the  round  table,  by  a  sea-cole  lire.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT 
Trav.  97  The  low-roome  was  round  and  spacious.  1660 
F.  BROOKE  tr.  Lc  Blanc  s  Trav.  98  The  Wi/ard  makes  a 
round  hole  in  the  ground.  1683  TEMPLE  Mem.  Wks.  1720 
I.  387  He  wou'd  be  glad  to  see.  .the  Spanish  Territories  lie 
closer  and  rounder  than  they  were  then  left.  1747  GRAY 
Death  favourite  Cat  8  The  fair  round  face,  the  snowy 
beard,  The  velvet  of  her  paws.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist. 
(1776)  IV.  55  The  ears  are  like  those  of  a  rat,  being  short 
and  round.  1804  Mcd.  Jrnl.  XII.  76  Forming  somewhat 
the  shape  of  a  round  hat.  1841  ~L\v,K  Arab.  Nts.  I.  122 
A  round  cloth,  spread  in  the  middle  of  the  floor.  01878 
SIR  G.  SCOTT  Lect.  Archit.  (1879)  1.  155  In  both  countries 
the  round  abacus  was. .used  from  an  early  period. 
fig.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  402  Thus  haue  I  runne 
about  a  round  row  of  writers,  and  haue  shewed  wherein  they 
are  to  be  marked. 

f  b.  Of  vessels :  Broad  in  the  beam  and  with 
blunt  stem  and  stern.  Obs. 

1600   E.    BLOUNT  tr.   Conestaggio   183    With   threescore 

fdleis,   and   some  round   vessels.     1632   J.    HAYWARD   tr. 
iondfs  Eromena   ii    He   might   then   either   leave   the 
Galley. .or  send  her  backe  againe,  and  there  hire  or  buy  a 
round  vessell. 

c.  Exhibiting   a  curvilinear  form  or   outline; 
curved ;  forming  a  segment  of  a  circle. 

1662   EVELYN  Chalcogr.  5  Some  round  cheezil  or  lathe 

?erhaps  it  was.  1669  STORMY  Mariner  s  Mag.  i.  ii.  24 
'igure  A  is  contained  under  one  Limit  or  Term,  which  is 
the  round  Line.  1678  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  iv.  70  There 
are  several  other  Plains  in  use  among  Joyners,  called 
Molding-plains;  as,  the  Round,  the  Hollow  [etc.].  1842 
GWILT  "Encycl.  Arch.  §  397  Sometimes  we  find  one  [pointed 
arch].. inserted  between  several  round  ones.  1875  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Mech.,  Round  chisel,  an  engraver's  tool  having  a 
rounded  belly.  Ibid,,  Round-plane,  a  plane  with  a  round 
sole  for  making  rounded  work. 

d.  Of  measure :  Circumferential. 

1707  MORTIMER  Husb.  (1721)  II.  98  This  Table  of  Round 
Measure  shews  how  much  in  length  makes  a  solid  Foot  of 
Timber  in  any  round  piece. 

e.  Of  vowels:  Produced  by  contracting  the  lips 
towards  a  circular  form. 

1867  A.  J.  ELLIS  E.  E.  Pronunc.  i.  iii.  §  3.  160  Round  or 
Labialised  Vowels.  1888  SWEET  Hist.  Eng.  Sounds  20 
The  unrounding  of  back  round  vowels  is  rare. 

5.  Going  round  in,  tracing  out,  a  circle.    Round 
dance,  —  RING-DANCE  (see  also  quot.  1868). 

1530  PALSGR.  264/1  Rounde  daunce.  1565  COOPER 
Thesaurus,  Vertigo  caeli,  the  rounde  course  of  celestiall 
bodies.  1648  WINYARD  Midsummer-Morn  2  His  blood 
rides  the  round  post,  or  dances  the  Morrice  through  him. 
1683  PENN  in  R.  Burton  Eng.  Emf>.  Amer.  (1685)  117  The 
other  part  is  their  Cantico,  performed  by  round-Dances. 
1868  WHYTE  MELVILLE  White  Rose  I.  i.  3  The  lightest 
mover  that  ever  turned  a  partner's  head  in  a  waltz  (we  did 
not  call  them  round  dances  then).  1891  Scribner's  Mag. 
Sept.  287/1  Each  vessel  making  a  complete  circuit  of  the 
world  on  the  round  voyage. 

tb.  Round-about;  to  the  opposite  quarter.   Obs. 

1611  COTGR.,  Revirade,  a  wheeling,  or  round  turne  ;  a 
backe  iert.  Ibid.,  Virevoulte,  a  veere,  whirle,  round  gambol. 
c.  Of  time  :  Recurrent,    rare"1. 

1860  EMERSON  Cond.  Life  vii,  The  round  year  Will  bring 
all  fruits  and  virtues  here. 

6.  Boxing.  Of  blows:   Delivered  with  a  swing 
of  the  arm.     Also  transf.  of  persons. 

1808  Sport.  Mag.  XXX.  247  Giving  a  round  blow.  1810 
/W£  XXXVI.  195  He  is  a  slow  round  hitter.  1861  DICKENS 
Gt.  Expect,  iii,  [He)  made  a  hit  at  me — it  wasa  round  weak 
blow  that  missed  me  and  almost  knocked  himself  down. 
1901  EDGKWORTH-JOHNSTONR  Boxing  42  The  left  elbow 


ROUND. 

'    must  be  raised  outwards  until  in  a  line  with  the  shoulder.. . 

The  blow  is  a  round  one. 

II.  7.  Of  numbers  :  Full,  complete,  entire  ;  esp. 

round  dozen.     Also  transf.  expressed  roundly. 
1340  Ayenbite  i   Blind,  and  dyaf,  and  alsuo  domb.    Of 

zeuenty  yer  al  uol  rond.  01572  KNOX  Hist.  Ref.  Wks. 
'  1846  I.  40  Yitt  have  I  haid  the  round  desone  ;  and  sevin  of 

thame  ar  menis  wyffis.     1638  BAILLIE  Lett.  $  Jrnls.  (1841) 

I.  125  On  Thursday.. we  had  no  scant  of  protestations; 
i  more  than  a  round  dozen  were  inacted.  1677  W.  HUGHKS 
I  Man  of  Sin  n.  ii.  25,  I  will  stint  at  Twelve.  ..When  the 

round  Dozen  is  pay'd  off,.. I  mean  no  more  than  bare 
I  Interest  thereby.  1711  Country -Man's  Let.  to  Curate  4 

This  he  pretends  to   make  good  by  an  enumeration  of  a 

round  Dozen  of  our  Reformers.     1748  Anson's  I'oy.  \\.  ix. 

227  This  Manila  ship,  whose  wealth,  .we  now  estimated  by 

round  millions.     1837  HAWTHORNE  Twice-told  T.  (1851)  I. 


is  a  round  score  01  muskets  lor  tne  seven  oi  us. 

b.  Hound  number,  a  number  which  is  only  ap 
proximately  correct,  usually  one  expressed  in  tens, 
hundreds,  etc.,  without  precise  enumeration  of  units. 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  vi.  i,  Nor  is  it  unreason 
able  to  make  some  doubt  whether.  .Moses  doth  not  some 
time  account  by  full  and  round  numbers.  1649  ROUERTS 
Clavis  Bibl,  57  It's  usuall  in  Scripture  to  put  ihe  round 
number,  for  the  punctual  number.  1727  NEWTON  Chronol. 
i  Amended  (1728)  i.  64  Appion.. tells  in  round  numbers  that 
:  Carthage  stood  seven  hundred  years.  1770  LANGIIORNE 
!  Plutarch  (1879)  '•  491/2  ^  >s  common  for  historians  to 
make  use  of  a  round  number,  except  in  cases  where  great 
precision  is  required.  1824  JEFFERSON  IVrit.  (1830)  IV.  389, 
I  shall  speak  in  round  numbers,  not  absolutely  accurate. 
1858  DORAM  Walpole's  Last  Jrnls.  I.  485  It  is  now,  in 
round  numbers,  fifty-five  millions,  1871  EARLE  Philol.  Eng. 
Tongue  (1880)  §  456  An  abstract  substantive  which,  .has  a 
peculiar  utility  in  expressing  the  more  conventional  quanti 
ties  or  Round  numbers. 

Comb.  1851  MAYHKW  Land.  Labour  (iftfa)  II.  526  This, 
still  pursuing  the  round- number  system,  would  supply  nearly 
live  articles  of  refuse  apparel  to  every  man. 
fig.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xlv,  Such  may  be  stated, 
in  round  numbers,  to  be  the  result  of  the  information  which 
Major  Pendennis  got.  1874!'.  HARDY  Farfr.  Mad.  Crowd 
x,  Well,  ma'am,  in  round  numbers,  she's  run  away  with  the 
soldiers. 

c.  Of  computation,  etc. :  Approximately  exact ; 
roughly  correct,    rare. 

In  quot.  1746  perhaps  =  'high  ',  'liberal*. 

1631  GOUGE  God" s  Arrows  n.  §  i.  131  He  would  in  a  round 
reckoning  have  beene  said  to  have  raigned  one  and  forty 
yeares.  1746  Ace.  French  Settlements  N.  Amer.  iS  In  the 
year  1700,  it  was  computed,  that  there  were  about  five 
able,  effective  men  in  Canada;,  .some  judicious 


1831  SCOTT 


thousand          ,  ,  . 

people  think  it  is  a  pretty  round  computation.     1831 
,    Cast.  Dang,  vii,  'I  may  form  a  round  guess,'  answered  the 
stranger,  *  what  I  might  have  to  fear  '. 

8.  Of  a  sum  of  money  :  Large,  considerable  in 
amount. 

1579  Nottingham  Rec.  IV.  192  The  londe  lorde  shall  be 

bownde  to.  .the  towne  in  a  good  round  somme  of  money. 

1599  SANDYS  Eurofiae  Spec.  (1632)  138  Their  Annates  and 

tenths  doe  still  runne  current  .  .  :  and  amount  no  doubt  unto 

1    a  good  round  summe.     1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  VIII,  v.  iv.  84 

lie  lay  ye  all  By  th*  heeles,  .  .a/id  on  your  heads  Clap  round 

•     Fines  for  neglect.     1673  T.  L.  Remarques  Humours  Town 

1    35  A  round  sunim  of  ready  money.      1711  STEELE  Spect. 

No.  41  F  5   At  length  he  was  forced  to  the  last  Refuge,  a 

round  Sum  of  Money  to  her  Maid.   1769  BLACKSTONE  Comm. 

IV.  218  It  being  usual  m  those  courts  to  exchange  their 

spiritual  censures  for  a  round  compensation  in  money.    1817 

SCOTT  Let.  in  Lot.  k  hart  (1837)  IV.  ii.  67  My  sum  is  L.i7oo, 

1    payable  in  May  —  a  round   advance,   by'r   Lady.     1822  — 

Pirate  xxxiv,  The  burgh  will  be  laid  under  a  round  fine. 

1887  T.  A.  TROLLOPE  What  I  remember  1  1.  21,  I  came  home 

1    from  my  ramble  with  a  good  round  sum  in  my  pocket. 

fb.  So  of  quantities.   Obs.  rare. 

1622  MALYNES  Anc.   La~v*Merch,    129   A   Merchant   in 

|    Spaine  dealing  for..  America,  will  buy  a  round  quantitie  of 

1    Germanic  commodities  or  manufactures  made  there.     1659 

1    RUSHW.  Hist.  Collect.  I.  464  To  get  in  a  good  and  round 

supply  of  Provision  into  the  Citadel. 

*f  C.  Ample,  generous.   Obs.—1 

1592  NASHE  P.  Penilesse  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  64  If  any 

Mecsenas.  .extend  some  round  liberalitie  to  mee  worth  the 

;    speaking  of. 

9,  Brought  to  a  perfect  finish  or  completeness  ; 
1    neatly  turned  or  finished  off. 

a  1568  ASCHAM  Scholetn.  n.  (Arb.)  112  All  his  sentences  be 

rownd  and  trimlie  framed.     1616  B.  JONSON  Epigr.  xcviii, 

He  that  is  round  within  himselfe.    1660  HP.  FELL  Life  Ham- 

\    mond  H.'s  Wks.  1674  I.  23    His  stile,  though  round  and 

\    comprehensive,  was  incumbred  sometimes  by  Parentheses. 

1781  COWPER   Tablc-t.  517  If  sentiment  were  sacrific'd  to 

i    sound,  And  truth  cut  short  to  make  a  period  round.    1839-52 

j    BAILEY  Festus  332  Ere  yet  he  could,  .foresee  Life's  round 

career  accomplished  in  the  skies.     i84oCARLYLE  Heroes  iii. 

i    (1858)  263  It  is  truly  a  lordly  spectacle  how  this  great  soul 

I    \sc.  Shakspere]  takes-in  all  kinds  of  men  and  objects,..  sets 

;    them  forth  to  us  in  their  round  completeness. 

tb.  Thoroughly  accomplished;  carried  out  to 
|    a  proper  finish.    Obs.  rare. 

1596  NASHE  Saffron  IValden  37  Wee  might  haue  made 
round  worke,  and  gone  thorough  stitch.  16*5  BACON  Ess., 
Simulation  »y  Diss.  (Arb.)  510  Simulation  and  Dissimula 
tion  commonly  carry  with  them  a  Shew  of  Fearfulnesse, 
which  in  any  Businesse  doth  spoile  the  Feathers  of  round 
flying  yp  to  the  Mark.  1665  in  Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  IV.  352 
These  instructions  to  make  round  work  were  backed  with  a 
commission  to  the  justices  to  hear  and  punish. 

C.  Of  the  voice,  sounds,  etc.:  Full  and  mellow; 
sonorous,  full-sounding. 

1832  L.  HUNT  Poents  201  The  rounder  murmur,  fast  and 
flush,  Of  the  escaping  gush.  1837  DICKENS  Pickw.  xxviii, 


HOUND. 

The  merry  old  gentleman,  in  a  good,  round,  sturdy  voice, 
commenced  [a  song].  1884  F.  M.  CRAWFORD  Mr.  Isaacs  ix, 
His  voice.. was  wonderfully  smooth  and  round. 

III.  flO.  Of  blows,  etc.:  Heavy,  hard,  severe, 
swingeing.   Obs. 

Perh.  originally  = (  swinging  * :  cf.  sense  6. 

c  1380  Sir  Ferumb.  632  Helmes  &  hauberkes  J>ay  kutte 
a  two,  wi>  hure  strokes  rounde.  c  1425  Cast.  Persev.  2069 
in  Macro  Plays  139  To  rounde  rappys  ?e  rape,  I  rede  ! 
1426  LYDG.  De  Gnil'Pilgr.  16228  Hys  Strqkys  wern  so  Fel 
and  Rounde.  1586  J.  HOOKER  Hist.  Irel.  in  Holinshed  II. 
87/2  What  a  round  fall  he  caught  in  his  owne  turne.  c  1595 
CAPP.  WVATT  R.  Dudley's  Voy,  W.  Ind.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  58 
Wee  had  franklie  bestowed  upon  her  verie  rownde  and 
sownde  volHes  of  shott.  1760-71  H.  BROOKE  FoolofQual. 
(1800)  III.  20  She  gave  me  a  round  cuff  on  the  side  of  my 
head. 

t  b.  Of  fighting  :  Vigorous  ;  general.  Obs. 

1601  LD.  MOUNTJOY  in  Moryson  Itin.  (1617)  n.  156  The 
enemy  one  day. .began  a  round  fight  with  us,  close  to  our 
trenches.  1633  T.  STAFFORD  Pac.  Hib.  in.  xiii.  (1821)  368 
Seeing  them  likely  to  draw  on  a  round  Skirmish.  1654 
Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  II.  65  Lambert. .is  for  having  a 
perfect  league  with  Spain  and  a  round  war  with  these 
Countries. 

c.  Of  measures,  etc.  :  Summary,  vigorous ; 
severe,  harsh. 

1617  Fortescue  Papers  (Camden)  21  If  it  will  not  be  fitt 
that  order  be  given  for  a  speedye  and  rownde  proceeding. 
1670  BAXTER  Cure  CJi.  Div.  Pref.  3  It  is  sharper  and 


The  round  proceeding  of  the  Lord  Godolphin  reconciled 
many  to  him. 

H.  Of  movement:  Quick,  brisk,  smart.  Chiefly 
in  phr.  a  (good}  round  pace. 

1548  PATTEN  Exped,  Scotl.  Fvj,  We  cam  on  spedily  a 
both  sydes..,  but  y«  Scots  indede  wl  a  rounder  pace.  1565 
COOPER  Thesaurus,  Cituin  agmen^..^\  armie  marchyng  a 
rownde  pase.  1631  MASSINGER  Emperor  East  in.  ii,  But, 
when  we  are  entered,  We  shall  on,  a  good  round  pace.  1710 
Lend.  Gaz,  No.  4779/4  Trots  all,  and  at  a  round  Rate. 
1771  MACKENZIE  Man  of  Feeling  xiv,  He  walked  a  good 
round  pace.  1806  A.  HUNTER  Cnlina(t&,  3)  135  The  same 
effect  will  scarcely  be  produced  by  four  hours  round  trotting. 
1859  TENNYSON  Enid  33  Round  was  their  pace  at  first,  but 
slacken'd  soon.  1870  PEACOCK Ralf Skirl.  II.  214  He.. pro 
ceeded  on  his  way  at  a  round  trot. 

fb.  Of  delivery:  Fluent,  easy.  Obs, 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Volubilitas  lingua!,  rounde  or 
quicke  speakyng,  without  impediment  or  staggerynge.  1573 
BARET  Ah*  s.v.,  A  man  that  hath  a  rounde  and  flowing 
vtterance.  1736  AINSWORTH  Eng.-Lat.  Diet,  s.v.,  To  have 
around  delivery,  expedite  loqui, 

t  C.  Of  the  tongue :  Ready,  prompt.   Obs. 

a  1568  ASCHAM  Scholem.  n.  (Arb.)  115  Those  that  haue  ye 
inuentiuest  heades,  for  all  purposes,  and  roundest  tonges  in 
all  matters  and  places. 

12.  Plain,  honest,  straightforward. 

1516  BP.  Fox  RuleofSt.Benet  A  ijb,  We  haue  translated 
the  sayde  rule  into  oure  moders  tonge,  commune,  playne, 
rounde  englisshe.  1579  E.  K.  Ded.  Spenser's  Sheph.  Cal. 
§  2  The  speach..is  round  without  roughnesse.  i6o4.SiiAKs. 
Oth.  i.  iii.  90, 1  will  a  round  vn-varnish'd  Tale  deliuer.  1625 
BACON  Ess.,  Truth  (Arb.)  501  It  will  be  acknowledged,., 
that  cleare  and  Round  dealing,  is  the  Honour  of  Mans 
Nature.  1628  FELTHAM  Resolves  (1647)  235  It  is  good  to 
be  just  and  plausible.  A  round  heart  will  fasten  friends, 
and  linke  men  to  thee  in  the  chaines  of  love,  a  1700  B.  E. 
Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Round-dealing,  Plain,  Honest  Dealing. 
[Hence  in  later  Diets.]  1814  CHALMERS  Evid.  iii.  96  They 
deliver  what  they  have  to  say  in  a  round  and  unvarnished 
manner. 

13.  Of   persons :    Plain-spoken,    not    mincing 
matters,  uncompromising,  severe  in  speech  (f  or 
dealings)  with  another. 

1524  State  Papers,  Hen.  VIII,  IV.  225  Onles  ye  see 
some  likelihode  that  she  woll  falle  to  folowe  th$  Kingis 
mynd,  the  spnner  ye  be  round  with  her  the  better.  1539 
CROMWELL  in  Merriman  Life  %  Lett.(iqo-z)  II.  177  The 
said  bishop  hath  bene  very  playn  and  Rownde  with  Mes 
sieurs  of  the  counseill  there.  1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch 
(1612)  747  Upon  land  they  [sc.  pirates]  found  he  [Cassar]  was 
very  round  with  them,  as  also  their  judge  at  Sea.  1607 
SHAKS.  Timon  n.  ii.  8  He  will  not  heare,  till  feele :  I  must 
be  round  with  him.  a  1639  W.  WHATELEY/VO/^/^  n.  xxvi. 
(1640)  33  He  is  plaine  and  duly  round  with  him;  a  plaine 
laying  open  of  the  fault  of  the  offender,  is  necessary  to  bring 
him  to  the  sight  of  his  fault.  i867TROLLOPE  Chron.  Barset 

II.  Ivii.  135  Must  he  not  be  round  with  her,  and  give  her  to 
understand  in  plain  words?    1869  —  He  kne^u,  etc.  ii,  We 
all  know  what  a  husband  means  when  he  resolves  to  be 
round  with  his  wife. 

b.  Similarly  without  const.     Somewhat  rare. 

1565!*.  STAPLETOM  Fortr.  Faith  112*  S.  Augustin  vehe 
ment  and  rounde  as  you  see,  after  his  maner.  1633  EARL 
MANCH.  AlMondo  (1636)  50  A  man  may  be  mannerly  in  the 
form,  but  must  be  round  in  the  matter,  a  1649  WINTHROP 
New  Eng.  (1853)  I.  99  The  deputy  began  to  be  in  passion, 
and  told  the  governour  that,  if  he  were  so  round,  he  would 
be  round  too. 

C.  Of  speech,  esp.  reproof  or  chiding. 

c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  ix.  xviii.  1763  The  Erie  maid  an- 
suere  rownd,  He  walde  nocht  for  a  thowsand  pownd.  1570 
Henry's  Wallace  xi.  1362  For  all  thi  round  reheirsThow 
has  na  charge.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V,  iv.  i.  216  Your  reproofe 
is  something  too  round.  1641  MILTON  Animad-v.  Wks.  1851 

III.  230  To  deale  by  sweet.. instructions,  gentle  admoni- 
tions,and  sometimes  rounderreproofs.  1655  Nicholas  Papers 
(Camden)  II.  234  Card[inal]  Mazarine  writ  a  round  and 
peremptory  lettre  to  Monsr  de  Bourdeaux  to  conclude  y-> 
peace  or  come  away.     1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones\\\\.  iv, 
Gave  her  servants  a  round  scold.   1809  W.  IRVING  Knickerb, 
vn,  ix.  (1849)  4.28  A  memorial  addressed  to  the  governor, 
remonstrating  in  good  round  terms  on  his  conduct.     1864 


824 

[    M.  EYRE  Laity's  Walks  S.  France  v..(i86s)  55  She  tells 
you  home  truths  in  the  roundest  manner. 

14.  Of  lies  or  oaths :  Bold,  arrant,  downright ; 
not  toned  down  in  any  way. 

1645  Liberty  of  Conscience  28  Yet  Hushai  made  a  round 
lie.  a  1714  SHARP  Serm.  Wks.  1754  IV.  309  Either  a  round 
oath,  or  a  curse,  or  the  corruption  of  one.  1843  DICKENS 
Mart.  C/:uz.  xlii,  To  swear  a  few  round  oaths.  1874  Slang 
Diet.  272  Round  un,  an  unblushingly  given  and  well-pro 
portioned  lie. 

t  b.  Gross,  heinous.    Ols.  rare. 

1638  MEDE  Wks.  (1672)  311  If  thou  makest  not  thy  mouth 
a  glorious  organ,,  .thou  art  a  deep  and  a  round  offender. 
c.  Of  assertions,  etc. :  Positive,  unqualified. 

\TyjGentl.  Mag.  VII. 494/2  This  B.J.  is  a  round  Asserter 
when  he  said  [etc.],  a  1814  BURNEY  in  Boswelts  Johnson 
(Globe)  an.  1780  note.  This  assertion  concerning  Johnson's 
insensibility  to  the  pathetic  powers  of  Otway  is  too  round. 
i8zz  SCOTT  Peveru  xxi,  Julian  made  no  answer  whatever 
to  this  round  intimation. 

IV.  15.  In  special  collocations  :  round-back, 
a  person  having  a  rounded  back ;  round  ball, 
(a)  a  kind  of  musical  instrument  for  beating ;  (/<) 
a  particular  form  of  ball-game;  round  bolt,  a 
forelock  bolt ;  round  bone  (see  quots.);  round 
cap,  one  who  wears  a  round  cap ;  f  an  under 
graduate  of  Cambridge  ;  round  coal,  coal  from 
which  the  small  has  been  separated ;  large  or 
'lumpy'  coal;  round  corn  (see  quot.);  round 
dropstone,  =  DROPSTONE  ;  round  frock  (see 
quot.  1875);  hence  roiind-frocked  adj. ;  round 
game,  any  game,  esp.  at  cards,  in  which  each  of 
a  number  of  persons  plays  on  his  own  account; 
round  haddock  (see  quot.) ;  fr°und  hale  (see 
quot.  and  HALE  s&.s  i)  ;  round  iron,  a  bulbous 
soldering  iron  ;  f  round-long  a.,  oblong  ;  round 
meal,  coarse  oatmeal;  round  O,  (a)  a  'round' 
lie  ;  (ff)  a  circle  or  number  of  persons;  (c)  Cricket 
(see  quot.);  found  peal  (see  quot.);  round- 
ridging,  ploughing  in  rounded  ridges ;  f  round 
ringing  (see  quot.)  t  round  salad  (?)  ;  round 
seam, seizing,  sewing,  splice,  stern  (see  quots.) ; 
round  text,  large  round-hand  ;  round  tilth  (see 
quots. ) ;  f  round  tire,  some  part  or  form  of  woman's 
head-dress ;  round  tool  (see  quot.) ;  round 
towel,  one  which  has  the  two  ends  sewed  together ; 
round  tower,  Archsol,  one  of  a  number  of  high 
circular  towers,  somewhat  tapering  from  the  base 
to  a  conical  roof-crowned  top,  which  are  found 
in  certain  countries,  esp.  Ireland  ;  round  trade 
(see  quot.) ;  round  trip,  a  circular  tour  or  trip, 
one  which  brings  the  traveller  back  to  the  starting- 
place  ;  round  turn,  work  (see  quots.). 

1605  BEN  JONSON  Volpone  v.  i,  But  your  clarissimo,  old 
"round-back,  he  will  crump  you  like  a  hog-louse,  with  the 
touch.   1688  HOLME  j-Jrwowry  m.  xvi.(Ro.vb.)  55/2 The  third 
sort  consists  in  striking,  as  Tabor, Timbrell, . .  Bell,  Cymball, 
*Round  Ball,  Jews  Harp.     1871  CUTTING  Student  Life 
Amhcrst  112  '  Wicket '  and  '  Round  Ball '  were  quite  com 
mon  once,  though  of  late  years,  '  Base  Ball  '  has  entirely 
superseded  them.     1703  R.  NEVE  City  $  C.  Purchaser  33 
*Round-boIts  (or  long  Iron-pins)  with  a  Head  at  one  end, 
and  a  Key-hole  at  the  other.     1831  YOUATT  Horse  262  The 
joint  of  the  upper  bone  of  the  thigh  with  the  haunch  is  com 
monly  called  the  whirl  or  *round  bone.     1856  STONEHENGE 
Brit.  Rur.  Sports  673/2  Round-Bone  Disease  is  not  un 
common.  ..  When  the  horse  is  lame  behind,  ..  the  farrier 
[often]  fixes  upon  the  round-bone  as  the  seat  of  the  mischief. 
1719  Frcethwker'No.  153  Many  a  Damsel,  who  has  marry'd 
a  "Round-Cap,  has  dearly  repented  of  her  Bargain... An 
Undergraduate  should  no  more  be  allowed  to  venture  upon 
Wedlock,  than  an  Apprentice.    1706  J.  C.  Cowpl.  Collier 
(1845)  38  If  the  Coals  be  Hewed  or  Wrought  pretty  *Round 
and  Large  Coals.    1764  Museum  R ust.  III.  xx.  84  The  com 
mon  custom,  of  calling  large  coals  round  coals.    1883  GRES- 
LKY  Gloss.  Coal-tit.  207  Round  Coal,  coal  in  large  lumps, 
either  hand-picked  or  after  passing  over  screens  to  take  out 
the  small.     1889  Cent.  Diet.  s.v.  Corn,  *Round  corn,  a 
trade-name  for  the  grain  of  a  class  of  yellow  maize  with 
small,  round,  very  hard  kernels.    1668  CHARLETON  Onomast. 
252    Stalagmites,  ..  *Round   Dropstone.      1797  Sporting 
Mag.  X.  98  Members  of  the  Agriculturean  Club,  or  •Round- 
Frock  Society.     1875  PARISH  Sussex  Dial.,  Round-frock, 
a  loose  frock  or  upper  garment  of  coarse  material,  generally    ! 
worn  by  country-people  over  their  other  clothes.     1809  W. 
STEVENSON  Agric.  Survey  88  The  '  *round-frocked  farmers  '    j 
(for  they  pride  themselves  on  frequenting  the  markets  in  the 
dress  of  their  forefathers).  1790  SCOTT  \n  Lockkart (1837)  I. 
vi.  169  At  night  [we]  laugh,  chat, and  play  "round  games  at 
cards.    1838  DICKENS  Nickleby  i,  Speculation  is  a  round 
game  ;  the  players  see  little  or  nothing  of  their  cards  at  first 
starting.    1883  LD.  R.  COWER  Kennnisc.  I.  122  What  splen-    | 
did  round  games  we  used  to  play  in  the  evenings  1     1883 
ig/A  Cent.  July  162  The  fish  intended  for  the  table  are  not    ' 
eviscerated,  hence  they  are  called  '"round1  haddocks  to 
distinguish  them  from   the  others  which  are  called  'kit' 
I.  CARPENTER  PI.  Mans  Plough  209  The 
he  plaining  and  polishing  of  the  carnall 


ROUND. 

Cash  vli,  Alfred  told  her  '  the  round  0  ',  which  had  yielded 
to  '  the  duck's-egg ',  and  was  becoming  obsolete,  meant  the 
cipher  set  by  the  scorer  against  a  player's  name,  who  is 


haddocks.    1607  J.  CARPENTER  PI.  Mans  Plough  209  The 
*Round-Hale  is  the 
mans  actions.     1873 
and  Soldering  Tools 
COLE  Barthol.  Anat 

and  somwhat   square,     a  1843   SOUTHEY  Doctor  Interch. 
* 


*Round-Hale  is  te  plaining  and  polishing  of  the  carnall 
mans  actions.  1873  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  2242/1  Plumbing 
and  Soldering  Tools.,  .d,  "round  iron.  1668  CULPEPPER  & 
COLE  Barthol.  Anat.  i.  xviii.  49  Their  shape  is  *round-long 


of  [time]  the  Ringers  please.  1786  Young's  Ann.  Agri 
culture  V.  107  We  reject  up-setting,  which  is  here  called 
Around-ridging..;  and  we  plough  the  land  flat.  1688  R. 
HOLME  Armoury  in.  462/2  *Round  Ringing,  when  the 
Bells  are  up  at  set,  that  is  with  their  mouths  upright, 
both  in  the  Fore  stroak  and  Back  stroak.  1578  LYTE 
Dodoens  422  They  do  mingle  it  amongst  other  herbes,  in 
*rounde  salades,  and  lunkettes  with  egges.  1626  CAPT. 


,  . 

xxiv.  (1847)  VII.  79  It  was  *round  Meal.  1844  H.  STE 
PHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  365  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  round 
meal  makes  the  best  porridge  when  properly  made.  1605 
London  Prodigal  m.  li,  My  maisters  mind  is  bloody,  thats 
a  *round  O  (aside},  And  therefore,  syr,  intreatie  is  but 
vaine.  1845  Athenxum  Feb.  no  The  playhouse  additions 
and  omissions  were  all  very  well  for  the  round  O  of  ad 
mirers  who  went  to  see  and  hear,  1863  C.  READE  Hani 


leather  to  expand  but  in  one  direction,  when  the  needle  is 
passed  through  it,  namely,  upwards.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's 
Word-bk.  581  Round-Seam,  the  edges  or  selvedges  sowed 
together,  without  lapping.  1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seaman's 
Man,  8  Seizing  the  parts  together  with  a  *round  seizing. 
1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-bk.  581  Round  Seizing,  this  is 
made  by  a  series  of  turns,  with  the  end  passed  through  the 
riders,  and  made  fast  snugly.  1879  Encycl.  Brit.  X.  692 
*Round  sewing  or  ordinary  glove  stitch,  pique*  stitch, 
and  prick  seam.  1753  Chambers*  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Splice, 
*  Round-Splice,  is  when  a  rope's  end  is  so  let  into  another, 
that  they  shall  be  as  firm  as  if  they  were  but  one  rope. 
1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  582  Round  Splice,  one  which 
hardly  shows  itself,  from  the  neatness  of  the  rope  and  the  skill 
of  the  splicer,  c  1850  Rudim.  Nov.  (Weale)  143  *  Round 
stern,  the  stern  of  a  vessel  whose  bottom,  wales,  &c.  are 
wrought  quite  aft,  and  unite  in  the  stern-post.  1766  SERLE 
Art  Writing  6  The  large  *Round  Text. .cannot  be  con 
sidered  as  a  distinct  Hand.  1849  LYTTON  Caxtons  22  De 
signed  for  the  less  ambitious  purposes  of  round  text  and 
multiplication.  1763  Museum  Rust.  I.  112  They  keep  their 
lands  constantly  cropped  without  fallow,  which  they  call 
sowing  a 'round-tilth.  1796  BOYS  Agric.  Kent  (1813)  73  The 
..rich  sandy  loam.. cultivated  under  the  round  tilthsystem 
of  East  Kent,  viz.  Beans,  Wheat,  Barley.  1637  R  EEVE  God's 
Plea  123  How  much  girdles,  gorgets,.. slippers,  *roundtires, 
sweetballs,  rings, .  .do  cost  in  our  dales,  many  a  sighing  hus. 
band  doth  know  by  the  years  account.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet. 
Mech.,  *  Round-tool,  a  round-nose  chisel,  .for  making  con 
cave  moldings.  1896  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  I.  452  A  pulley 
is  firmly  fastened  to  the  foot  of  the  bed  (an  ordinary  *round 
towel  is  a  useful  one).  18270.  HIGGINS  Celtic  Druids  Pref. 
p.  xlvi,  Throughout  Scotland  and  Ireland  there  are  scat 
tered  great  numbers  of  *Rouud  Towers.  #1878  SIR  G. 
SCOTT  Lect.  Archit.  (1879)  II.  14  The  Early  Irish  remains 
are  mainly  of  three  classes  :  the.  .domestic  buildings  of  the 
monks  ;  the  oratories  and  churches  ;  and  the  round  towers. 
1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  * Round-trade,  a  term  on  the 
river  Gaboon  and  neighbourhood  for  a  description  of  bar 
ter,  comprising  a  large  assortment  of  miscellaneous  articles. 
1892  Pall  Mall  G.  4  July  7/2  A  stated  fare  will  be  charged 
for  the  "round  trip.  1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seaman's  Man.  53 
Haul  well  out,  and  take  a  "round-turn  with  the  earing  round 
the  cringle.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet,  s.v.,  To  take  a 
round  turn  of  a  rope,  means  to  pass  it  completely  round  any 
thing  in  order  to  hold  on.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bit, 
582  Round-Turn  in  the  Hawse,  a  term  implying  the  situa 
tion  of  the  two  cables  of  a  ship,  which,  when  moored,  has 
swung  the  wrong  way  three  times  successively  ;  if  after  this 
she  come  round  till  her  head  is  directed  the  same  way  as  at 
first,  this  makes  a  round  turn  and  elbow.  1750  W.  ELLIS 
Mod.  Hitsbandm.  I.  16  This  we  call  *round  work,  because 
the  ploughman  begins  in  the  middle  of  so  much  ground  as 
he  intends  for  one  broad-land. 

b.  In  names  of  plants,  etc. :  round  Adam's 
apple  (see  ADAM'S  APPLE  i) ;  round  aristclochia, 
birthwort,  =  round  heartwort ;  round  dock, 
•j*  (a)  monk's  rhubarb ;  (£)  dial.,  the  common 
mallow  (by  error  for  round  hock] ;  round  edder 
(see  EDDER  sb?)  ;  round  heartwort,  a  variety 
of  birthwort  (Aristolochia  rotunda}^  having  round 
roots  ;  round  radish,  the  common  radish  ;  round 
rape,  round  turnip,  the  common  turnip. 

1729  Dampier's  Voy.  III.  444  *Round  Adam's  Apple.  Its 
Flowers  five  leaved  with  Purple  Veins ;  the  Fruit  round. 
1548  TURNER  Names  Herbes  (E.  D.  S.)  15  Aristolochia  is  of 
three  sortes.  The  fyrst.  .may  be  named  in  englishe  *round 
.  .astrolochia  or  round  hertworte.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
$..v.Ari$tolochia^\\t  round  [aristolochia]  is  of  a  sub-acrid.. 
Taste.  1551  TURNER  Herbal(\^K)^ Aristolochia  rotunda 
..may  be  called  in  Englyshe  . .  *round  byrthwurte.  1725 
Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Wounds,  Aloes,  Round  Birthwort.  1713  tr. 
Pomet's  Hist.  Drugs  I.  27  The  great,  common  *round 
Dock,  which  many  People  cultivate.  1825  JENNINGS  Dial. 
W.  Eng.  64  The  round-dock  leaves  are  used  at  this  day  as  a 
remedy.,  for  the  sting  of  a  nettle.  1729  DAM  PIER  Voy.  III. 
449  *Round  Edder.  Has  a  round  cordated  milky  Lf-af.  1548 
*round  hertworte  [see  round  aristolochia],  1580  I!LUNDE- 
VIL  Horsem.  v.  5  b,  Take  of.  .round  Hartwood,  one  ounce. 
1611  COTGR.,  Rave  ronde,.  .the  *round  Raddish.  156?  TUR 
NER  Herbal  \\.  113  The  great  *round  rape  called  commonly 
a  turnepe.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  593  The  round  Rape  or  tur- 
nep  at  the  beginning  hath  great  rough  brode  leaues.  1731 
MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Rapa,  *Round  Garden  Turnip, 
with  a  white  Root. 

C.  In  names  of  fishes,  etc.,  as  round  fish,  fish 
of  a  rounded  (as  opposed  to  flat)  form  ;  round- 
fish ;  (a]  the  pilot-fish,  Coregonus  quadrilateralis ; 
(/;)  the  common  carp  ;  round  herring,  land- 
crab,  -mouth,  -oyster,  tail  (see  quots.  and  sbs.). 
1630  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  fy  Commoniv.  124  Upon  the 
coast  of  Bretaigne,  where  it  is  muddy,  store  of  *roundfish, 
as  Lamprey,  Conger,  Haddocke.  1895  Daily  News  25 
Nov.  5/3  The  immature  fishes  caught  by  line  are  almost 
entirely  round  fishes,  such  as  haddock  and  cod.  1836  SIR 
J.  RICHARDSON  Fauna  Bor.  Anter.  III.  204  Our  voyagers 
named  it  the  *round-fish,  and  I  have  given  it  the  specific 
appellation  of  quadrilateralis.  1882  JORDAN  &  GILBERT 
Synop.  Fishes  North  America  298  C[orfgonus]  quadri* 
lateralis, . ,  Pilot-fish  ; . .  Shad  Waiter,  Round-fish.  Ibid.  263 


ROUND. 

Etru»teus,..*Round  Herrings.  1729  DAMPIER  Voy.  III. 
419  The  *Round  Land-Crab.  Runs  Side-ways  and  Swiftly. 
1886  Athensum  May  618/3  The  *round-mouths,  such  as 
the  lamprey,  which  differ  from  all  other  vertebrates  in  the 
constitution  of  their  mouth.  1681  GREW  Musxum  i.  vi.  ii. 
144  The  *Round-Oyster.  with  similar  sides  produced  from 
an  oblique  Navle.  1836  YARRKI.L  Brit,  fishes  \  I.  32  The  pos 
terior  edge  [of  the  tail]  becomes  convex  ; . ,  which  has  caused 
this  fish  [bull-trout]  to  be  designated  in  the  Annan  by  the 
name  of'Roundtail  when  old,  and  Sea-Trout  when  young. 
1832  J.  RF.NNIE  Consp.  Butterfl.  #  M.  159  The  *Round  tip 
(Ditula  rotundana. .}.  Wings  six  lines,  very  bluntly 
rounded,  smoke-coloured.  Ibid.  114  The  *Round  Wing 
(Cabera  rotund  art  a^..}. .;  wings  one  inch  one-twelfth  to 
one-fourth,  snow-white,  rounded. 

16.  Parasynthetic  combs.,  as  round-backed,  -bar 
relled,  -bellied^  -bottomed^  -celled,  -cornered, 
-edged,  -eyed,  -footed,  -hoofed,  etc. ;  also  round- 
made,  -shapen;  ROUND-ARCHED,  -EARED,  etc. 

1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  403  If  the  field  has  a 
*round-backed  form,  the  dunghill  should  be  placed  on  the 
top  of  the  height.  1682  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  1768/4  A  white 

§rey  Roan  Gelding,.. "round  barrel'd,  full  gascoign'd.  1828 
COTT  F.  M.  Perth  viij,  A  strong  black  horse, .  .strong 
limbed,  well-coupled,  and  round- barrel  led.  1611  COTGH., 
Matrac,  a.. wide,  *round-bellied  bottle.  1738  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.,  Retort,  ..  a  round- bel lied  vessel,  either  of  earth  or 
glass.  1756  NUGENT  Gr.  Tour,  Germany  II.  323  Large, 
round-bellied  vessels  of  great  burthen.  1826  KIKBY  &  SP. 
Entomol.  III.  xxix.  93  The  Around-bottomed  phial  some 
times  used  by  chemists.  1873  T.  H.  GREEN  Introd,  Pathol. 
(ed.  2)  120  A  small  *round-celled  sarcoma  of  the  liver.  1704 
Diet.  Rust.  (1726)  s.v.  Mallows,  Great  white  Roots,  from 
whence  arise  *round-corner'd  Leaves.  1843  HOLTZAPFFEL 
Turning  I,  228  A  piece  of  flat  iron.. is  thinned.. by.. a 
*round-edged  fuller.  1848  DICKENS  Dombey  xxiii,  Rob  the 
""round-eyed,  .looked  on  and  listened.  14. .  in  Harrow,  Hell 
Introd.  25  After  the  asse,  \vell-monthid,  well-wyndyd,.  .and 
*rownd-foted.  1593  SHAKS.  Ven.  <$•  Ad.  1,  *Round-hoofed, 
short-jointed,  fetlocks  shag  and  long,.. Look,  what  a  horse 
should  have,  he  did  not  lack.  1672  JOSSELVN  Nerj.  Eng. 
Rarities  20  The  Maccarib,..^.  kind  of  Deer,  as  big  as  a 
Stag,  round  hooved.  1898  R.  BRIDGES  Prometh.  Wks.  1. 50 
Round-hoofed  or  such  as  tread  with  cloven  foot?  1866 
GEO.  ELIOT  F.  Holt  (1868)  19  The  little  *round-limbed 
creature  that  had  been  leaning  against  her  knees.  1820 
SCOTT  Abbot  xx,  The  falconer,  .mounted  his  stout,  *round- 
made,  trotting  nag.  1776  DA  COSTA  Elem.  Conchol.  222 
Both  the  *round-mouthed  [shells]  and  these.  1661  R.  W. 
Coitf,  Charac.  (1860)  37  The  byasseof  all  his  wooden  headed 
*roundnodled  associates.  1704  Diet,  Rust.  (1726)  s.v. 
Ranunculus,  *Round-pointed  Leaves,  of  a  pale,  yellow 
blush  on  the  inside.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic 
330  Driving  a  round-pointed  bar  into  a  sort  of  loam.  1852 
MUNDY  Antipodes  (1%$-])  195  Many  of  these,  .were  mounted 
on  rough,  *round-ribbed  cart  mares.  1874  J.  W.  LONG 
Amer.  Wild-fowl  v.  94  By  well-bred  I.. mean.. a  long,., 
round-ribbed,  and  broad  loined  dog.  c  1400  MAUNDEV. 
(Roxb.)  xxii.  100  paire  mouthes  er  *round  schapen,  lyke  a 
hors  scho.  1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  77  The  .ix,  propertyes 
of  a  foxe.  The . .  thyrde,  to  be  *rounde-syded.  1862  (  VAN- 
DF.RDECKEN  '  Yacht  Sailor  143  A  beamy,  round-sided  vessel. 
1690  Lond.  Gaz.  No,  2579/4  A  *round-skirted  Saddle 
stitch'd  with  Silver.  x86x  WHYTE  MELVILLE  Mkt.  Harb. 
81  The  person's  boots ..  were  neat,  *round-toed  Welling 
tons.  1866  STEPHENS  Runic  Man.  I.  305  Bone  Combs,., 
more  or  less  *roundtopt.  1892  E.  REEVES  Homeward 
Bound  12  The  hills  around  Auckland  ..  are  nearly  all 
round-topped.  1683  Land.  Gaz.  No.  1837/4  He  is  a 
*round  trussed  Man.  1677  Ibid.  No.  1208/4  Of  a  low 
stature,  *round  visaged.  1605  SHAKS.  Lear  i.  i.  14  She 
grew  "round  womb'd,  and  had.  .a  Sonne  for  her  Cradle. 

b.  In  generic  or  specific  names  of  animals,  birds, 
etc.,  as  round-billed,  -bodied^  -crested^  -f ur  rowed j 
-horned,  -lipped,  -tailed,  'toed. 

1688  Phil.  Trans.  XVII.  990  These  Birds  more  than  any 
other  *Round-bill'd  Birds  seem  to  grope  for  their  Meat  in 
Cow-dung.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1824)  II.  408  One 
species  of  round-billed  water  fowl.  1752  J.  HILL  Hist. 
Anim.  16  Tsenia  feres,  the  *round-bodied  Tsenia:  it  is 
common  in  the  mud  of  ponds  and  ditches.  1748  CATESBY 
Nat.  Hist.  (1754)  94  The  "round-crested  Duck. ..The  head 
is  crowned  with  a  very  large  circular  crest.  1783  LATHAM 
Gen,  Synop.  Birds  II.  i.  362  Round-crested  Flycatcher  : 
the  crown  of  the  head  is  furnished  with  a  remarkable  rounded 
crest.  1681  GREW  Musxum  142  The  *Round  Furrow 'd 


Escallop,  with  smooth  Shells  or  Valves.  1782  JEFFERSON 
Notes  Virginia  (1787)  88  The  flat-horned  elk,  or  original. 
The  *round-horned  elk.  1776  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  III.  52 
*  Round-lipped  [whale}.  The  character  of  this  species  is  to 
have  the  lower  lip  broader  than  the  upper,  and  of  a  semi 
circular  form.  1801  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  II.  n.  495  Under- 
jawed  Mysticete.. .  Round-lipped  Whale.  1766  Complete 
Farmer  s.v.  Insect  X.  3/2  Those  *round-tailed  worms, 
which  are  found  in  the  intestines  of  men,  horses,  &c.  1781 
PENNANT  Hist.  Qnadrup.  II.  540  Manati,  Round-tailed. 
1804  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  V.  i.  228  Round-tailed  Chub.  i75z 
HILL  Hist.  Anim.  112  The  *round-toed  Rana,  with  the 
body  narrow  behind. 

O.  In  names  of  plants,  etc.,  as  round-fruited ', 
-podded,  -rooted,  -seeded.  Also  ROUND-LEAVED. 

1855  Miss  PRATT  Flower.  PL  V.  296  * Round-fruited  Rush. 
Stem  erect,,  .capsule  roundish.  1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Blow- 
ing,  The  *  Round-Podded  of  Carnations.,  will  begin  to  crack 
their  Husks  on  one  side.  1611  COTGR.,  Pied-poul,  the 
*round-rooted,  or  Onion-rooted  Crowfoot.  1731  MILLEK 
Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Raphanus,  The  small  round-rooted  Radish 
is  not  very  common  in  England.  Ibid.  s.v.  Aristolochia, 
The  round-rooted  Birthwprt.  1729  Dampiers  Voy.  111.442 
The  *Round  seeded  Sensible. 

17.  In  comb,  with  nouns  used  attrib. 

1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  i.  v.  666  Where  She.,  may 
rear  Her  round-Front  Palace  in  a  place  secure.  1688 
HOLME  Armoury  in.  358/2  The  fourth  [sort  of  turner's 
tool]  is  termed  a  round  edge  Grooving  Hook.  1728 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Nails,  Round-head  Nails,  proper  to 
fasten  in  Hinges.  1815  T.  SMITH  Panorama  Sci.  &  Art 

VOL.  VIH. 


825 

I.  TII  One  which  is  convex,  is  sometimes  called  a  round- 
sole  [plane].  1851-3  Tomlinsofts  Cycl.  Arts  fy  ManuJ. 
(1866)  I.  642/1  Round  edge  equalling  file,  and  round-edge 
joint  file.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1995/1  Round-joint 
File, a.  kind  of  clockmaker's  file.  Ibid.,  Round-nose  chisel, 
Round-nose  plane.  1889  I).  J.  HAMILTON  Text-bk.  Path. 
I.  363  The  large  round-cell  sarcoma.  1895  Model  Steam 
Eng.  90  It  is.. 'roughed  down'  with  a  round-end  tool  to 
the  required  form. 

Hound  (ruund),  adv.  and  prep.  [f.  ROUND  a. 
or  sb.l  In  early  use  peril,  for  around^  after  F. 
en  rond,  au  rond.] 

In  both  adv.  and  prep,  the  strengthened  forms  fill  round} 
right  round)  round  and  round,  are  common. 

A.  adv.  (For  idiomatic  uses  with  bring ^  come, 
gtf*%°)  sce  these  verbs.) 

I.  1.  Of  motion :  With  a  circular  course,  so  as 
to  return  again  to  the  point  of  departure.  Also 
transf.  of  time. 

a  1290  Beket  2125  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  167  Al  round  it  orn 
aboute  is  heued,  ase  it  were  a  dyademe,  And  al-round  bare- 
abouten  it  lay.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Orbis,  To  go 
rounde  or  in  a  rynge.  1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  i.  ii.  712 
Loud  it  grones  and  grumbles,  It  rouls,  and  roars,and  round- 
round-round  it  rumbles.  1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Circulation,  The 
vapour . .  seemes  to  goe  round,  or  circle. wise.  1743  P. 
FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Odes  iv.  xi,  21  Mecasnas  counts  a 
length  of  years  To  roll  in  bright  succession  round.  1746 
—  Epist.  n.  i.  289  As  the  year  brought  round  the  jovial 
day.  1798  COLERIDGE  Anc.  Mar.  i.  xvii,  It  ate  the  food.. 
And  round  and  round  it  flew.  1863  WHITTIER  Mithri- 
dates  at  Chios  32  Once  more  the  slow  dumb  years  Bring 
their  avenging  cycle  round.  1875  TOWETT  Pluto  (ed.  2)  IV. 
253  Thus  we  go  round  and  round  in  a  circle  and  make  no 
progress. 

fig.  1704  SWIFT  Tale  Tub  Pref.,  He  may  ring  the  Changes 
as  far  as  it  will  go,  and  vary  his  Phrase  'till  he  has  talk'd 
round. 

b.  To  each  in  turn  of  an  assembled  company 
(orig.  as  seated  at  a  table) ;  hence,  with  (succes 
sive)  inclusion  of  all  those  belonging  to  a  com 
pany,  body  of  persons,  etc. 

1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  VI 'I '/,  i.  iv.  97  A  health  Gentlemen,  Let 
it  goe  round.  1713  SWIFT  Cadenus  <*j-  Vanessa  350  She 
nam'd  the  ancient  Heroes  round,  Explain'd  for  what  they 
were  renown'd.  1786  BURNS  Halloween  vii,  The  auld 
Guidwife's  weel-hoordet  nits  Are  round  an1  round  divided. 
1826  LAMB  Pop.  Fallacies  ix,  When  a  money  subscription 
is  going  round.  1863  SPEKE  Disc.  Nile  36  One  pig,  enough 
to  feed  the  whole  camp  round.  1883  STEVENSON  Treas. 
/si.  (1886)  5  Sometimes  he  would  call  for  glasses  round. 
•{•  O.  From  all  sides;  all  over.  Obs.  rare. 

1634  SHIRLEY  Opportunity  v.  ii,  Pis.  Looke  better  on  me. 
Lau.  We  have  scene  you  round,  Sir.  1726  SWIFT  Gulliver 
i.  ii,  When  he  alighted,  he  surveyed  me  round  with  great 
Admiration.  1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  /K  xiv,  After  he  had  fora 
good  while  examined  the  horse  round,  finding  him  blind  of 
one  eye,  he  would  have  nothing  to  say  to  him. 
t  d.  On  all  four  feet.  Obs. 

1687  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2290/4  A  black.. Colt,  .shoed  round. 
1711  Ibid.  No.  4875/4  Shod  all  round.  1768  WESLEY  Jrnl. 
31  Oct.,  I  procured  one  to  shoe  my  horse  all  round. 

fig.  1731-8  SWIFT  Polite  Convt  95  This  is  his  Fourth  Wife  ; 
then  he  has  been  shod  round. 

6.  Through,  throughout ;  from  beginning  to  end. 

Chiefly  in  phr.  all  the  year  round  (also  used  attrib.}.  The 
use  approaches  that  of  the  prep,  following  the  sb. 

1733  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Yellow,  The  flowers  of 
the  acacia.. may  be  kept  all  the  year  round.  1851  MAYHEW 
London  Lab.  II.  112  Some  [buyers]  collect  the  skins  all  the 
year  round.  1872  Dublin  Univ.  Mag.  Feb.  224  The  San 
Franciscans  now  eat  the  best  of  grapes,  cherries,  and  pears, 
almost  the  year  round.  1893  K.  SANBORN  S.  California. 
1 88  Pasadena  is  the  greatest  all-the-year-round  health-resort 
in  the  world. 

f.  So  as  to  include  or  visit  in  succession  a  number 
of  places  or  persons. 

1821  CLARE  Vill.  Minstr.  II.  117  Seeking,  hirpling  round 
from  time  to  time,  Her  harmless  sticks  from  hedges  hung 
with  rime.  1861  [see  Go  v .  88  c].  ^  1884  DOWELL  Taxa 
tion  <5~  Taxes  (1888)  III.  33  Employing  a  number  of  young 
men  to  go  round  with  samples.  1897  ANSTEY  Trav.  Comp.  ii( 
Mr.  Podury,  who's  kindly  volunteered  to  conduct  us  round. 

g.  =  ABOUT  adv.  9.    (Chiefly  U.S.~] 

1860  O.  W.  HOLMES  Elsie  V.  xvi,  Those  unwholesome., 
creatures,  that  look  not  fit  to  be  round  among  live  folks. 
1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD'  Colt  Reformer  (1891)  in  There 
were  no  wild  beasts,  or  robbers,  likely  to  be  '  round  '.  1894. 
MRS.  DYAN  Man's  Keeping  (ifyg)  25  That  sickening  old 
brute.. has  been  fooling  round  making  up  to  the  General 
and  Mrs.  Yorke  lately. 

2.  In  a  ring  or  circle  ;  so  as  to  encompass,  en 
circle,  or  enclose  something;  on  each  wall  or  side 
(of  a  room,  etc.). 

a  1290  [see  sense  i],  a  1539  Cart.  Ricvalle  (Surtees)  341 
The  hiromys  north  therof  seelydround  with  wayn scot.  1565 
COOPER  Thesaurus,  Orbem  facere, . .  to  stande  rounde,  that 
they  may  be  ready  for  their  enemies  euery  way.  1593 
SHAK-S.  3  Hen.  VI,  in.  ii.  171  Vntill  my  mis-shap'd  Trunke, 
that  beares  this  Head,  Be  round  impaled  with  a  glorious 
Crowne.  1615  ('..  SANDYS  Trav.  234  The..principall  houses 
were  stucke  round  on  the  outside  with  lampes.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  vii.  90  How  first  began. .the  ambient  Aire 
wide  interfus'd  Imbracing  round  this  florid  Earth.  1732 
BERKELEY  Alciphr.  L  §  i  Fields  planted  round  with  plane- 
trees.  1797  COLERIDGE  Kubla  Khan  7  So  twice  five  miles 
of  fertile  ground  With  walls  and  towers  were  girdled  round. 
1817  KEATS  */  stood  tip-toe*  166  He  had  found  A  little 
space,  with  boughs  all  woven  round.  1859  TENNYSON 
Geraint  fy  Enid  335  My  followers  ring  him  round.  1893 
C.  G.  LELAND  Mem.  I.  36  A  hall,  hung  round  with  many 
old  family  portraits. 

b.  So  as  to  form  a  ring  or  circle  ;  so  as  to  have 
a  circular  form  or  section. 


ROUND. 

^1386  CHAUCER  Pro!.  589  His  heer  was  by  his  erys  ful 
round  yshorn.  1542-3  Act  34  $  35  Hen.  VIII,  c.  6  Pinnes 
..shal..haue..the  point  well  and  rounde  filled  canted  and 
sharped.  1580  BLUNDEVH,  Horsem.  v.  40 b,  When  the  horse 
lieth  down,  he  spreadeth  himselfe  abrode,  not  being  able  to 
lie  round  togither  on  his  bellie. 

3.  In  every  direction  from  a  centre ;  on  all  sides ; 
all  about. 

c  1440  York  Myst.  xxx.  165  He  \vill..refe  vs  \>e  remys  l>at 
are  rounde.  c  1500  World  $  Child  $  For  I  am  kynge  and 
well  knowen  in  these  realmes  rounde.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis 
v.  vi.  79  As  this  gonkeir  heiron  trcd  and  uit  sett,..wenyng 
hyin  victour  round.  1626  BACON  Sytra  §  201  All  Sounds 
move  Round  ;  That  is  to  say;  on  all  Sides.  1719  YOUNG 
fiusiris  i.  i,  Which  will  rise  in  flames  At  the  least  breath, 
and  spread  destruction  round.  1781  MORISON  in  Sc.  Para- 
P/tr.  xxxv.  5  As  dew  upon  the  tender  herb  diffusing  frag 
rance  round,  1808  SCOTT  Marm.  i.  x,  As  Lord  Marmion 
cross'd  the  court,  He  scatter'd  angels  round.  1852  M. 
ARNOLD  Tristram  fy  Iseult  247  AU  round  the  forest  Mveeps 
off,  black  in  shade.  1884  Graphic  18  001.398/1  We  have 
managed  to  annoy  foreigners  all  round. 

"b.  I3y   measurement   in   all  directions   from   n. 
given  centre. 

1656  H.  PHILLIPS  Pitrch.  Patt.  (1676)  112  Within  20  miles 
round  off  London.  1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  \V.  iii,  Scarce  a 
farmer's  daughter  within  ten  miles  round  but  what  had 
found  him  successful  and  faithless.  1833  HT.  MARTINEAU 
Loom  $  Lugger  i.  vi.  93  They  will  wake  up  all  the  sheep 
in  the  pens  for  a  mile  round.  1842  LOUISA  S.COSTKLLO  Pilgr. 
Au-uergne  II.  158  Hundreds  of  peasants.. hurrying  to  mass 
from  every  village  for  leagues  round. 

C.  In  the  neighbourhood  or  vicinity;  round  about. 

1785  BURNS  Cotter's  Sat.  Nt.  iv,  Belyve  the  elder  bairns 
come  drappin  in,  At  Service  out,  amang  the  Farmers  roun'. 
1865  KINGSLF.Y  tfertw.  xli,  Hardly  a  French  knight  or  baron 
round  but  had  a  blood-feud  against  him. 

4.  By  a  circuitous,  roundabout,  or  indirect  way 
or  course. 

1668  PEPYS  Diary  7  July,  We  are  fain  to  go  round  by 
Newgate  because  of  Fleet-bridge  being  under  rebuilding. 
1718  S.  SEW  ALL  Diary  2  July,  Lt.  Govr.  came  home  round 
in  Mr.  Gore's  Calash.  1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  IV.  x,  The  horse- 
way,  .was  five  miles  round,  though  the  foot-way  was  but 
two.  1801  Farmers  Mag.  Nov.  396  For  exporting  cattle, 
too  large  for  sending  round  by  the  heads  of  the  Friths. 
1850  MRS.  BROWNING  Romance  Swan's  Nest  xv,  Ellie. .  ro.se 
up  gaily,.  .And  went  homeward,  round  a  mile. 

b.  Denoting  arrival  or  presence  at  some  point 
or  place  reached  by  an  indirect  route. 

1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  $•  P.  175  The  rest  [of  the  sea 
ports]  are  Possessed  by  the  Malabar  Raja's  round  to  Porto 
Novo.  1755  WASHINGTON  Writ.  (1889)  I.  208  Doctor  Craik 
is  expected  round  to  Alexandria  in  a  vessel.  x8zz  SHELLEY 
Prose  Wks.  (1880)  IV.  270,  I  suppose,  .that  you  will  not  be 
round  here  until  the  middle  of  summer.  1841  J.  T.  Hi-:w- 
LETT  Parish  Clerk  I.  97  The  carriage  was  ordered  round. 
1897  FLANDRAU  Harvard  Episodes  VJQ  If  I'd  only  known.., 
I  could  have  asked  some  of  the  fellows  round  to  meet  you. 

5.  Cricket,  a.  In  the  direction  lying  behind  the 
batsman  ;  '  to  leg'. 

1857  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  n.  viii,  A  beautifully  pitched 
ball  for  the  outer  stump,  which  the.  .unfeeling  Jack,  .hits 
right  round  to  leg  for  five.  1882  Daily  Telegr.  20  May, 
Murdoch  hit  him  round  and  drove  him  for  a  brace  of  4*5. 

b.   =  ROUND- ABM  i. 

1859  AM  Year  K ound  No.  13.  305  Southey  bowled  slow 
twisters  at  one  end,  and  I  bowled  '  round  '  at  the  other. 

II.  6.    With  a  rotatory  or  whirling  movement. 
c  1500  World  Sf  Child  79  Lo,  my  toppe  I  dryve  in  same,— 

Se,  it  torneth  rounde  !  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Roto,  to 
tourne  a  thing  rounde  like  a  wheele.  1596  SHAKS.  Tarn. 
Shr.  v.  ii.  20  He  that  is  giddie  thinks  the  world  turns 
round.  1638  BRATHWAIT  Bamabees  Jrnl.  n.  (1818)  65  Who 
will  drink  till  th1  world  run  round-a.  1679  PRANCE  Add. 
Narrative  26  The  Compendiarist's  head  turns  round.  1719 
DE  FOE  Crusoe  ii.  (Globe)  509  The  whole  World  is  in  Motion, 
rouling  round  and  round.  1782  COWPER  J.  Gilpin  41  Smack- 
went  the  whip,  round  went  the  wheels.  1860  TYNDALL 
Glac.  i.  iii.  30, 1  struck  my  staff  into  the  snow,  and  turned 
it  round  and  round.  1869  RUSKIN  Q.  of  Air  \.  §  39  Their 
[dolphins']  black  backs  roll  round  with  exactly  the  slow 
motion  of  a  water-wheel. 

7.  In  a  curve,  spirally. 

1611  COTGR.,  Chantourjie,  turned  round,  as  the  shell  of  a 
snayle. 

8.  In  the  opposite  direction ;  to  or  towards  the 
opposite  quarter. 

#1765  Sir  Andre-M  Barton  \.  iii.  in  Percy  Reliqttes  II. 
177  King  Henrye  frownd,  and  turned  him  rounde.  1787 
*G.  GAMBADO*  AcarL  Horsftn.  (1809)  38  If  his  horse  has 
stopt  and  turned  round  five  thousand  times  with  him. 
1842  MACAULAY  Horatius  Iviii,  Round  turned  he,  as  not 
deigning  Those  craven  ranks  to  see.  1875  JOWETT  Plato 
(ed.  2)  I.  464  Socrates  looked  round  at  us  as  his  manner  was. 
b.  To  the  opposite  view ;  to  a  different  opinion, 
frame  of  mind,  etc. 

1825-  [see  COME  v.  67  c].  1855  KINGSLEY  IVfstiv.  Ho  !  xv, 
He  submitted  for  the  nonce,  and  Gary  thought . .  that  he  had 
talked  him  pretty  well  round.  1859  GEO.  ELIOT  A.  Bede 
xxi,  The  only  way  to  bring  him  round  would  be  to  show 
him  what  was  for  his  own  interest.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist. 
viii.§  2.461  England  veered  round  again  to  Protestantism 
under  Elizabeth,  a  1887  JEFFERIES^^^  Hedgeroiv  (1802) 
318  It  was  no  little  matter  to  coax  him  round  to  unchain  his 
vessel. 

III.  1 9.  Roundly ;  with  a  round  or  full  utter 
ance  ;  in  round  terms.   Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Pard.  T.  Prol.  3  I  n'chirche  whan  I  preche,  I 
peyne  me  to  haue  an  hauten  speche ;  I  rynge  it  oute  as  rounde 
as  eny  belle.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Clausulx  rotunda, 
full  and  perfitte  clauses  of  sentenses  fallyng  rounde.  1575 
Gnmm.  Gurton  iv.  ii[i],  Yet  take  hede,  I  say,  I  must  tel  you 
my  tale  round.  1682  N.  O.  Boileau's  Lutrin  \\,  73  Thus 
spoke  our  Lover  whining,  plain  and  round.  1780  Mirror 

104 


BOUND. 

Xo.  97  They  should  be  taught . .  to  speak  their  own  lan 
guage  rough  and  round. 
b.  spec.  (See  quot.) 

1774  Ann.  Reg.t  Nat.  Hist,  65/2  When  a  bird  is  thus 
become  perfect  in  his  lesson,  he  is  said  to  sing  his  song 
round,  or  in  all  its  varieties  of  passages,  which  he  connects 
together,  and  executes  without  a  pause. 

flO.  With  a  free  or  easy  motion;  with  celerity 
or  freedom.  Obs, 

£-1386  CHAUCER  Sir  Thomas  175  His  steede  ..  gooth  an 
Ambil  in  the  way  Ful  softely  and  rounde.  1586  B.  YOUNG 
Gnazzo*$  Civ.  Conv.  iv.  189  We  are  after  meale  merier,  giue 
more  pleasant  aunsweres,  and  goe  rounder  away  with  anie 
matter,  then  when  we  are  fasting,  1597!'.  MORI.EY  Introd. 
Mus.  27  You  must  begin  againe  and  sing.. in  halfe  tyme 
(that  is,  as  rounde  againe,  as  you  did  before). 

f  b.  Copiously  ;  without  restraint.   Obs.  rare. 

1582  STANYHURST  SEneis  n.  (Arb.)  64  Round  fel  I  too 
weeping,,  .with  at  eke  thee  sorroful  houshold. 

t  C.  Openly;  in  a  straightforward  manner,  rare. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  n.  ii.  139,  I  went  round  to  worke,  And 
(my  yong  Mistris)  thus  I  did  bespeake.  1650  MILTON 
Tenure  Kings  32, 1  question  not  the  lawfullness  of  raising 
War..,  for  no  Protestant  Church  but  have  don  it  round  and 
maintain'd  it  lawful. 

fd.  Round  or  rattle,  in  any  case.    Ol>s.~l 

a  1670  HACKET-^/V*.  Williams  n.  (1692)206  In  conjunction 
with  them,  or  out  of  conjunction  ;  round  or  rattle,  if  he  were 
rich  he  must  be  a  booty,  or  a  compounder. 

11.  Comb,  (in  various  senses),  as  round-blazing, 
-burning,  -rolling,  -turning  adjs. ;  round-stirring 
sb. ;  round-beset,  -fenced  adjs. ;  round-spun  a.,  of 
strong  stuff;  sturdy. 

1581  MULCASTER  Positions  xxvi,  This  exercise  do  I  like 
best  of  any  rounde  stirring  without  the  dores.  1591  SYL 
VESTER  Du  Hart  as  i.  iv.  130,  I  see  not  how,  in  those  round- 
blazing  beams  [etc.].  1598  Ibid,  n.  ii.  i.  38  Though  round. 
fenc't  with  guard  of  armed  Knights.  1611  Sec.  Maidens 
Tras?.  in.  i,  The  house  is  round-beset  with  armed  men. 
1642  H.  MORE  Song  Soul  \.  \.  60  Round-turning  whirlwinds 
on  Olympus  steep.  1729  SAVAGE  tt'anderer  in.  19  Yet 
reddening,  yet  round-burning  up  the  air,  From  the  white 
cliff,  her  feet  slow-rising  glare!  1783  COWPER  Epitaph  on. 
Hare  29  Eight  years  and  live  round-rolling  moons  He  thus 
saw  steal  away.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xii,  He's  weel  kend 
for  a  round  spun  Presbyterian,  and  a  ruling  elder  to  boot. 

B.  prep. 

1.  Of  motion  :    So  as  to  encircle,  or  make  the 
complete  circuit  of;  so  as  to  go  around. 

1602  SHAKS.  flam.  in.  ii.  165  Full  thirtie  times  hath 
Phcebus  Cart  gon  round  Neptunes  salt  Wash.  1667  MILTON 
P.  L,.  iv.  661  Those  have  thir  course  to  finish,  round  the 
Earth.  1727-46  THOMSON  Summer  1495  A  Drake,  who., 
bore  thy  name  in  thunder  round  the  world.  1763  J.  BROWN 
Poetry  <%•  Music  vi.  125  Holding  a  Branch  of  Myrtle  in 
their  Hand,  which  was  sent  round  the  Table.  1820  KEATS 
hatnia  i.  43  The  God,  dove-footed,  glided  silently  Round 
bush  and  tree.  1865  KINGSLEY  Herew.  vi,  Then  he  rode 
back  to  the  ship,  and  round  and  round  her.  1880  HAUGHTOM 
Phys,  Geogr,  ii.  17  Her  day  is  now  equal  to  her  periodic 
revolution  round  the  earth. 

Comb.  1872  C.  KING  Sierra  Nevada  vii.  134  A  weather- 
beaten  round-the-worlder.  1889  A  dvance  (Chicago)  Jan.  24 
As  travelers  come  home  from  a  round-the-world  tour. 

b.  So  as  to  include,  traverse,  visit,  etc.,  in  turn 
or  successively  ;  also,  all  about  (a  certain  area). 

1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  in.  iv.  12  Anon  wte'l  drinke  a  Measure 
The  Table  round.  1689  BURNET  Tracts  \.  77  All  those 
offices  go  round  the  several  Communities,  who  have  the  right 
of  nomination  in  their  turn.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  \\, 
526  Round  the  Streets  the  reeling  Actors  ran.  1713  SWIFT 
Cadenus  fy  Vanessa  366  A  Party  next  of  glitt'ring  .Dames, 
From  round  the  Purlieus  of  St.  James.  1849  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  iii.  I.  338  Three  coaches,  .were  sent  every  after 
noon  round  the  city  to  bring  ladies  fo  the  festivities.  1867 
SMYTH  Saitors  \Vord-bk.,  Round  the  Fleet,  a  diabolical 
punishment,  by  which  a  man,  lashed  to  a  frame  on  a  long 
boat,  was  towed  alongside  of  every  ship  in  a  fleet,  to  receive 
a  certain  number  of  lashes.  1895  Bookman  Oct.  16/2 
Several  gentlemen.,  who  make  a  very  good  living  by  hawk 
ing  these  nightingales  round  the  caf«5s. 

C.  Throughout,  all  through  ;  from  beginning  to 
end  of  (a  period  of  time). 

a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  (1734)  I.  472  The  King.. was 
often  weary  of  time  and  did  not  know  how  to  get  round 
the  day.  17*5  POPE  Odyss.  vn.  151  Verdant  olives  flourish 
round  the  year.  1839-52  BAILKV  Festus  317  Oh,  thou 
wouldst  promise  me  the  clock  round. 

2.  Around ;  about ;  on  the  circuit  or  outer  bounds 
of;  so  as  to  surround  or  envelop. 

1662  EVELYN  Chalcography  32  Put  it  round  the  brims  of 
your  plate.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenofs  Trav.  i.  ii.  3 
On  the  Shoar,  round  this  Port,  there  are  several  fair  Palaces. 
1725  POPE  Odyss.  v.  475  The  chief,  .binds  the  sacred  cinc 
ture  round  his  breast.  1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  W.  viii,  Our 
family  dined  in  the  field,  and  we  sate.. round  a  temperate 
repast.  1831  CARLYLE  Sart.  Res.  in.  x,  Round  one  of  those 
Book-packages .  .come . .  various  waste  printed-sheets.  1861 
PATTISON  Ess.  (1889)  I.  45  Round  the  apartment,.. on  every 
projecting  ledge..,  was  displayed. -the  silver  and  pewter 
plate.  1887  BOWEN  sEneid  \.  649  The  veil  Woven  with  a 
border  round  it  of  yellow  acanthus. 

b.  Having  (some  person  or  thing)  as  the  central 
figure  or  subject. 

1898  Echo  i  July  1/6  An  American  author,  .has  written  a 
novel  round  tbe  author  of  the  famous  Persian  '  Rubaiydt '. 

3.  In  all  (or  various)  directions  from ;    on   all 
sides  of. 

1729  J.  ROGERS  12  Serm.  (1730)  347  When  we  come  to  look 
round  us  from  the  Ascent  we  have  made.  1775  R.  KING 
Life  tf  Corr.  (1894)  I.  18  The  Sheep  &  Cattle  belonged  to 
Men  in  Chelsea  and  round  the  same.  1816  J.  WILSON  City 
of  Plague  i.  i.  53  When  round  me  silent  Nature  speaks  of 
death.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iii.  I.  339  In  the  Ian- 


826 

guage  of  the  gentry-  many  miles  round  the  Wrekin,  to  go  to 
Shrewsbury  was  to  go  to  town.  1885  Harper's  Mag.  Feb. 
445/2  She  looked  round  her,  and  backed  against  some  one 
coming  up  the  street. 

4.  So  as  to  revolve  about  (a  centre  or  axis). 
1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Venus ^  Her  Motion  round  her 

own  Axis  [is  performed]  in  23  Hours.  1771  Encycl,  Brit.  I. 
442  Jupiter  turns  round  his  axis  in  9  hours  56  minutes.  1866 
Chambers' s  Encycl.  VIII.  361/2  The  pressure,  .will.. cause 
the  ship  to  revolve  round  the  centre  of  gravity. 

5.  So  as  to  make  a  turn  or  partial  circuit  about, 
or  reach  the  other  side  of. 

1743  UULKEI.EY  &  CUMMINS  Voy.S.  Seas  i  This  Squadron 
was  designed  round  Cape  Horn  into  the  South  Seas.  1787 
'  G.  GAMBADO'  Acad.  Horsent.  (1809)  34  In  turning  sharp 
round  a  post.  1833  HERSCHEL  Astron.  i.  20  The  effect  of 
refraction,  by  which  we  are  enabled  to  see . .  round  the  inter 
posed  segment.  1852  DICKENS  Bleak  Ho.  iii,  We  went 
round  the  corner.  1894  HALL  CAINB  Manxman  408  They 
brought  up  a  carriage  and  drove  him  round  the  bay. 

Comb.  1820  Edin,  Rev.  XXXIV.  305  Round-the-corner 
sort  of  personal  satire. 

b.  To  come  or  get  round  (a  person)  :  see  COME 
v.  44,  GET  v.  42  a. 

Round  (rannd),  v.^  Forms :  4  ro\vn-,  5 
rownd(e,  6  rounde,  rond(e  ;  4-  round,  [f. 
ROUND  «.,  in  early  use  perh.  after  OF.  rondir. 
Cf.  MDu.  and  Dn.  ronden,  G.  (late  MHG.) 
ntnden,  riinden,  Da.  runde,  Sw.  rurufa.] 

I.  trans,  1.  To  make  round ;  to  invest  with  a 
circular  or  spherical  form.  Also  reft.,  to  contract 
into  a  circle  or  ball. 

f  1375  Cursor  M.  7531  (Fairf).  He  toke  v.  stanes  rowned 
\vij>  gynne.  c  1430  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhode\\.  cxlvii.  (1869)  133, 
I  am  be  . .  irchownes  doubter,  rownded  to  gideres  wiche 
roundeth  him  for  vertu  with  hise  broches.  1608  TOPSELL 
Serpents  (1653)  697  This  Serpent,  .climbeth  up  into  trees 
where  it  roundeth  it  self  round  into  a  circle.  1670  PETTUS 
Fodinx  Reg.  41  The  Moniers,  who  are  some  to  sheer  the 
Monte,. .some  to  round  it,  and  some  to  stamp  or  coin  It. 
1806  J.  GRAHAME  Birds  of  Scot.  i.  5  Even  now  he  sits,.. 
Half-hid,  and  warps  theskep  with  willow  rind,  Or  rounds  the 
lid,  still  adding  coil  to  coil.  1847  TENNYSON  Princess  \\. 
350  On  the  lecture  slate  The  circle  rounded  under  female 
hands  With  (lawless  demonstration.  1871  TYNDALL  Fragw. 
Sci.  (1879)  II.  x.  211  What  rounded  the  sun  and  planets? 

b.  To  draw  together,  or  expand,  into  a  rounded 
form.  Also  refl. 

1867  A.  J.  ELLIS  E.  E.  Pronunc.  i.  iil  §  3.  161  By  more  or 
less  rounding  the  lips  while  the  lingual  position  is  held. 
1890  CLARK  RUSSELL  Ocean  Trag.  II.  xx.  156  Amazement 
..rounded  her  eyes.  1^94  MRS,  F.  ELLIOT  Roman  Gossip 
viii.  225  Her  eyes  rounded  themselves  in  her  head. 
C.  To  labialize  (a  vowel). 

1867  A.  J.  ELLIS  E.  E.  Pronunc.  I.  iii.  §  3.  162  Hence  we 
have  this  relation  ..  that  (u)  is  almost  (a)  labialized  or 
rounded.  1890  SWEET  Primer  Phonetics  (1902)  17  Hack 
and  mixed  vowels.. are  rounded  by  lateral  compression  of 
the  corners  of  the  mouth  and,  apparently,  of  the  cheeks. 

2.  fa.  To  deface  (coin)  by  cutting  or  paring.  Obs. 
c  1400  Brut  clxili,  Kyng  Edward.. chaungede  his  mony, 

bat  £o  was  foule  cotte  &  rounded.  1602  FULBECKE  ist  Pt. 
Parallel  89  Such  as  clip,  wash,  round,  or  file  mony,  are  only 
to  forfeit  their  lands  during  their  life,  a  1625  SIR  H.  FINCH 
Law  (1636)  222  To  clip,  wash,  round,  or  file,  any  mony  of 
this  Realme. 

t  b.  To  cut  (the  hair)  short  round  the  head ;  to 
trim,  crop  (the  head,  a  person)  in  this  way.  Obs. 

Common  in  i6th  ce"ht.;  in  later  use  only  as  an  echo  of 
Lev.  xix.  27. 

1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  183  Barbosus.  .was  put 
from  Yrlonde  in  that  he  did  rownde  the  maydes  after  the 
consuetude  of  men.  1508  KENNEDIE  Flyting  w.  Ditnbar 
399, 1  sail  degraid  the,.  .Ger  round  the  hede,  transforme  the 
till  a  fule.  1577-87  HOLINSHKD  Chron.  II.  8  To  shave  their 
beards,  to  round  their  heare,  and  to  frame  themselves,  .after 
the  Norman  manner.  1611  BIBLE  Lev.  xix.  27  Ye  shall  not 
round  the  corners  of  your  heads.  1637  GILLESPIE  Eng.  Poft. 
Cerem,  in.  iii.  38  The  law.. simply  forbiddeth  to  round  the 
head.  1781  S.  PETERS  Hist.  Connecticut  69  The  Levitical 
law  forbids  cutting  the  hair,  or  rounding  the  head. 

fig,  a  1548  HALL  Chron,,  Rich.  ///,  36  He  was  rounded 
shorter  by  the  whole  head  without  attaynder  or  judgement. 

absot.  1546  LANGLEY  tr.  Pot.  Verg,  de  Invent,  in.  xii. 
80  b,  Harbours  to  shaue  and  rounde  were  instituted  by  the 
Abantes. 

fo.  To  cut  or  pare  (the  nails).   Obs.—° 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  220/46  To  Rond  the  nayls,  fiutare, 
d.  To  crop  (the  ears  of  dogs). 

1781  P.  BECKFORD  Th.  Hunting  (1802)  70  note,  It  may  be 
better. .to  round  them  [sc.  a  dog's  ears]  at  their  quarters, 
when  about  six  months  old..  .Dogs  must  not  be  rounded  at 
the  time  they  have  the  distemper  upon  them.  1845  YOUATT 
Dog  ix.  (1858)  258  Some  sportsmen  are  accustomed  to  round 
the  ears,  that  is  to  cut  off  the  diseased  part.  1856  STONE- 
HENCE  Brit.  Rur.  Sports  120/2  The  Young  Hounds  will 
require  to  be  Rounded,.. an  operation  for  the  removal  of  a 
portion  of  their  ears,  so  as  to  prevent  their  being  torn  by 
the  briars  and  thorns. 

3.  To  make  convex  or  curving  in  outline  ;    to 
raise  to  a  relief;  to  form  into  a  cylinder. 

1677  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  ii.  29  Hammer  down  the 
corners  of.. this  shank,.. and  round  it  as  near  as  you  can 
with  the  hammer.  1702  ADDISON  Dial.  Medals  Wks.  1766 
III.  165  The  figures  on  several  of  our  modern  Medals  are 
raised  and  rounded  to  a  very  great  perfection.  1719  UE 
FOE  Crusoe  \.  144  Getting  one  [block  of  wood]  as  big  as  I  had 
Strength  to  stir,  I  rounded  it.  1876  Encycl.  Brit.  IV.  43/1 
When  the  glue  is  quite  dry  the  back  is  rounded  by  beating 
with  a  hammer. 

refl.  1872  O.  W.  HOLMES  Poet  Break/. -t.  ii,  The  sail., 
swelled  and  rounded  itself  like  a  white  bosom  that  had 
burst  its  bodice. 


ROUND. 

b.  To  develop  or  fill  out  to  a  rounded  form. 

a  1839  PRAED  Poems  (1864)  II.  23  Slender  arms  before  my 
face  Are  rounded  with  a  statue's  grace.  1847  W.  C.  L. 
MARTIN  The  Ox  65/2  These  cows,  .become  full-fleshed  and 
ruunded.  1884  AUGUSTA  J.  E.  WILSON  Vashti  i,  Sixteen 
years  had  ripened  and  rounded  the  girlish  form, 

4.  To  finish  off,  bring  to  completeness  or  to  a 
perfect  form. 

1610  SHAKS.  Temp.\\.\.  158  We  are  such  stuffe  As  dreames 
are  made  on ;  and  our  little  life  Is  rounded  with  a  sleepe. 
1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  ft  Selv.  73  These  hidden  working 
laws  that  round  the  world.  1778  Ann.  Reg.  35 They,  .took 
such  measures,  .as  strongly  indicated  a  design  of.  .entirely 
rounding  his  possession  of  Silesia.  1848  L.  HUNT  Jar  of 
Honey  x.  127  We  shall  round  our  subject  by  finishing  tbe 
circle  where  we  began  it.  1895  MRS.  OLIPHANT  Makers  of 
Mod.  Rome  i.  vi.  97  The  history  of  the  first  dedicated 
household,  .is  thus  rounded  into  a  perfect  record. 

b.  To  frame  or  turn  (a  sentence,  etc.)  neatly  or 
gracefully. 

a  1732  SWIFT  Afisc.  (J.),  A  quaint,  terse,  florid  style, 
rounded  into  periods  and  cadencies,  without  propriety  or 
meaning.  1791  BOSWELL  Johnson  (Oxf.  ed.)  I.  151  His 
periods,  though  not  diligently  rounded,  are  voluble  and 
easy.  1842  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Par.  Serin.  V.  ii.  23  The  intro 
duction.,  of  serious  and  solemn  words,  .to  round,  or  to  give 
dignity  to,  a  sentence.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  p.  xii, 
In  framing  an  English  sentence  or  in  rounding  a  paragraph. 

c.  To  finish  or  end  (a  sentence,  etc.)  with  some 
thing. 

1780  Mirror  No.  97  He  rounded  this  pathetic  period  with 
one  of  his  best  oaths.  1838  DICKENS  Nickleby  xiv,  Ken- 
wigs  was  going  to  say  ' house ',  but  he  rounded  the  sentence 
with  'apartments'.  1866  N.  ft  Q.  3rd  Ser.  IX.  486/1 
Rounding  his  challenge  with  a  sweeping  attack  upon  Arch 
bishop  Laud.  1883  F.  M.  CRAWFORD  Dr.  Claudius  xiii, 
Having  rounded  it  [the  conversation]  neatly  with  a  couple 
of  anecdotes,,  .he  rose  to  go. 

5.  Round  up :    a.  To   collect   or  gather  up  in 
a  round  mass  or  ball.     Also  refl. 

1615  T.  ADAMS  Black  Devil  71  Innumerable  plagues  of 
Hell  are  rounded  up  together  in  one.  1642  FULLER  Holy  ft 
Prof.  St.  v.  xviii.  429  He  rounded  himself  up  in  his  own 
prickles.  1650  W.  D.  tr.  Comenius'  Gate  Lat.  Unl.  §  43 
The  milkie-circle  throngelh  together  a  world  of  little  small 
stars  crouded,  (rounded)  up  close  into  one  heap. 

•fb.  To  rebuke  or  reprove  (ti  person).   Obs,~l 

1678  BUNVAN  Pilgr.  i.  (1900)  99  Then  Christian  roundly 
answered,  saying,  Demas  [etc.],  marg.  Christian  roundeth 
up  Demas. 

c.  To  make  up,  complete  (a  number). 
i8o6CuMBERLAND;T/£w.  1.262 [Johnson added]  'I  want  one 

of  the  dozen,  and  I  must  request  Mrs.  Cumberland  to  round 
up  my  number '. 

d.  Naut.   (See  quot.  1886.) 

1846  [see  sense  7  a].     1886  Encycl.  Brit.  XXI.  604  Round 
?//>,  to  shorten  up  a  tackle  ;  to  pull  up  a  slack  rope  through 
a  block. 

e.  To  collect  (cattle,  etc.)  by  riding  round  the 
scattered  herd  and  driving  it  together.   Orig.  U.S. 
and  Austr.     Cf.  7  c. 

1847  CAPT.  C.  STURT  Narr.  Expect.  C.  Australia  (1849) 
I.  228  \Ve  rounded  up  the  cattle  till  the  moon  should  rise. 
1881  GRANT  Busk-Life  Queensland  II.  xxxiv.  198  As  the 
eager  stock-horse  rounded  up  the  panting  mob.     1891  C. 
ROBERTS  Adrift  Amer.  175  Before  we  turned  in  the  horses 
were  all  rounded  up. 

transf.  1889  Boston  (Mass.)  Jrnl.  27  May  4/5  All  the 
suspects  will  be  rounded  up  for  the  coroner's  inquest.  1903 
Times  21  Sept.  4/5  The  endless  stretches  of  country  ..to  be 
*  rounded  up '  by  the  cowboy  at  the  end  of  the  season. 

f.  Similarly  without  up. 

1865  TUCKER  Austral.  Story  108  In  the  act  of  rounding 
some  cattle  for  the  purpose  of  yarding  them.  1885  MRS. 
C.  PRAED  Head  Station  54  A  stockman  and  a  brace  of  black 
boys  rounded  the  mob. 

6.  Round  off\  a.  To  make  round,  convex,  or 
curved  by  trimming  off  edges  or  angles ;  to  cut 
off  (points,  etc.)  so  as  to  make  round. 

1680  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  xii.  207  With  the  Draw-knife 
round  off  the  Edges,  to  make  it  fit  for  the  Lathe.  1683  — 
Printing  xi.  p  22  The  two  upper  corners  of  these  Rails,  are 
rounded  off  that  they  may  not  mark  the  Paper.  1723 
CHAMBERS  tr.  Le  Clerc's  Archit.  I.  8  Vitruvius  orders  the 
Plinth  of  the  Tuscan  Column  to  be  rounded  off.  TJt^Limd. 
Gaz.  No.  6356/3  A  Slit  in  her  Right  Ear,  if  not  rounded  off 
since  lost.  1814  SCOTT  Diary  i6th  Aug.  in  Lockhart,  The 
lower  [stone],  .is  shorter,  and  rounded  off,  instead  of  being 
square  at  the  comers.  1846  BRITTAN  tr.  Malgaigne"s  Oper. 
Snrg.  217  An  oval  wound  with  the  anterior  angle  rounded 
off.  1875  Carpentry  &  Join.  62  Do  not  round  off  the  upper 
edge  of  these. 

transf.  1807  J.  OPIE  Lect.  Art  iii.  (1848)  304  Classing  his 
colours, ..  gently  rounding  off  his  light. 

b.  To  finish  off,  complete  (an  estate,  etc.)  by 
addition  of  adjacent  lands. 

1820  SCOTT  in  Lockhart  (1837)  IV.  xi.  376  It  is  ;£  zoo  too 
dear,  but.,  it  rounds  the  property  off  very  handsomely.  1876 
FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  V.  28  An  unscrupulous  grantee 
would  sometimes  round  off  his  estates  by  seizing  small 
parcels  of  land.  1890  Spectator  8  Mar.,  Those  efforts  at 
'rounding  off'  dominion  which  so  constantly  result  in 
disaster. 

o.  To  finish  or  complete  appropriately ;  to  end 
neatly  or  elegantly. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clartssa\.  135,  I  gave  him.. a  frown 
.  .as  much  as  to  say,  Swear  to  it,  Captain.  But  the  varlet  did 
not  round  it  off  as  I  would  have  had  him.  1818  SCOTT  Rob 
Roy  i,  He  had  picked  up. -a  convenient  expression,  with 
which  he  rounded  off  every  letter  to  his  correspondent. 
1874  DEUTSCH  Rem.  62  Prefacing,  and  rounding  it  off  by  an 
epilogue.  1887  CREIGHTON  Hist.  Ess.  xii.  (1902)  334  Mr. 
Symonds  has  wished  to  round  off  his  book  too  completely. 
d.  To  cause  to  pass  pleasantly. 


BOUND. 


827 


BOUND. 


1824  BYRON  Juan  xv.  xx,  A  conversational  facility,  Which  | 
may  round  off  an  hour  upon  a  time. 

7.  Round  in :  a.  Naut.  To  haul  in.   (Seequots. 
1627  and  1846.) 

1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Grain,  ix.  42  Let  rise  the 
maine  tacke  and  fore  tacke,  and  hale  aft  the  fore  sheat 
to  the  cats  head,  and  the  maine  sheat  to  the  cubbridge 
head,  this  is  Rounding  in,  or  rounding  aft  the  saile.  1769 
FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.,  Round-in  the  weather- 
braces  1  1825  H.  B.  GASCOIGNE  Path  to  Naval  Fame  53 
While  some  to  ease  the  Tacks  and  Sheets  are  found,  The 
Weather  Braces  in  again_they  Round.  1841  R.  H.  DANA 
Seaman  s  Man,  49  Sometimes,  if  the  weather  brace  cannot 
be  well  rounded  in,.. the  sail  may  be  clewed  up  to  leeward 
a  little,  first.  Ibid.,  Ease  off  the  lee  brace  and  round  the 
yard  in.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.,  Round  in,  to  haul 
in  on  a  rope  ;  especially  on  a  weather  brace.  To  round  in 
a  Tackle,  means  to  haul  in  the  slack  of  it  in  a  horizontal 
direction  ;  the  term  round  up  is  applied  in  a  similar  manner 
when  the  tackle  is  in  a  vertical  or  sloping  direction. 

b.  To  round  off  ( =  6  c). 

1889  STEVENSON  Edinburgh  142  A  martial  swan-song,.. 
fitly  rounding  in  the  labours  of  the  day. 

c.  To  round  up  (  =  50). 

1900  Daily  News  15  May  3/3  Perhaps  It  would  be  diffi 
cult  to  find  men  better  fitted  to  'round  in*  Republican 
stragglers.  1907  Month  July  65  The  cattle  must  be  rounded 
in  before  breakfast. 

8.  a.  Round  out,  to  finish  or  complete;    to  fill 
out,  make  plump. 

1856  HAWTHORNE  Eng.  Note-bks.  (1870)  II.  18  Her  dream  is  ' 
half  accomplished  now,  and.. the  remainder  may  soon  be  j 
rounded  out.  1867  OLIPHANT  Madonna  Mary  II.  223  Your  j 
native  air  will  soon  round  out  your  dear  cheeks. 

b.  Round down,  =  OVERHAUL  v.  i.    Naut. 
1886  Encycl.  Brit.  XXI.  604/2  Round  dtnun,  to  overhaul, 

to  slack  by  hand. 

c.  Round  over^  to  turn  over  so  as  to  close  at 
the  end. 

1895  ll^estnt.  Gaz.  22  Jan.  8/2  A  new  automatic  machine, 
for  rounding  over,  turning  in,  or  closing  cartridges. 

II.  9.  To  make  the  complete  circuit  of,  to  pass 
or  travel  round  (the  world,  a  place,  etc.). 

1592  GREENE  Conny  Catch.  Pref,  p.  i,  I  haue  scene  the 
world,  and  rounded  it,  though  not  with  trauell,  yet  with  ex 
perience.  1613  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  84  A  hundred  Knights 
Circling  the  sad  pile. .  .Thrice  it  they  round,  Their  weapons 
clash.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  684  While  the  low  Sun  To 
recompence  his  distance,  in  thir  sight  Had  rounded  still  th* 
Horizon.  1707  J.  STEVENS  ir.{?K£zvi^£/.y  Can.  IV ks.  (1709)232, 
I  saw  the  Man  round  and  round  him,  as  a  Dog  does  before 
he  lies  down.  1799  SOUTHBY  Eng.  Eel.  Poet.  \Vks.  III.  169 
With  Cook  he  rounded  the  great  globe.  1850  TENNYSON 
In  Mem.  Ixiii,  The  circuits  of  thine  orbit  round  A  higher 
height,  a  deeper  deep. 

fig.   1726-46  THOMSON  Winter  19  To  thee..The  Muse., 
renews  her  song.    Since  has  she  rounded  the  revolving  year. 
b.  To  walk  round,  take  a  turn  round,  make  the 
rounds  of  (a  place,  etc.).  ?  Obs. 

i6zz  MABBE  tr.  Alematfs  Guzman  d*Alf.  i.  70  Taking 
the  care  vpon  him  to  round  the  house  three  or  foure  times 
aday.  1648  GAGE  West  Ind.  58  With  two  servants  he  would 
round  the  City.  1668  DRYDEN  Even.  Love  i.  ii,  Prythee, 
let's  round  the  street  a  little ;  till  Maskall  watches  for  their 
women,  a  1734  NORTH  Examett  in.  vti.  §93  (1740)  577  Be 
fore  I  settled  in  my  Quarters,  I  rounded  the  Crowd,  to  ob 
serve,  as  welt  as  I  could,  what  was  doing.  1736  CARTE 
Ormonde  I.  273  The  vigilant  governor,  .had  caused  all  the 
watches  to  be  twice  or  thrice  rounded  that  night. 

10.  To  pass  round  so  as  to  get  to  the  opposite 
side  of  (a  place). 

1743  BULKELEY  &  CUMMINS  Voy.  S.  Seas  60  Keeping  along 
Shore,  and  rounding  every  Bay.  1803  NELSON  23  May  in 
Nicolas  Di$p.  (1845)  V.  73  She  rounded  Ushant  yesterday 
afternoon.  1869  TOZER  Highl.  Turkey  I.  201  The  road., 
penetrating  from  time  to  time  into  the  mountain  side  to 
round  a  gorge.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  6.  407  The 
daring  adventurer . .  rounded  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

b.  slang  or  dial*  To  *  get  round '  a  person  ;  to 
obtain  information  about  or  from  (one)  by  arti 
fice,  etc. 

1854  Miss  BAKER  NortJiampt.  Gloss.  s.v.,  Ill  round  her, 
and  get  the  secret  out  before  I've  done  with  her. 

11.  To  surround  or  encircle;  to  encompass  with 
something. 

1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  in.  ii.  161  The  hollow  Crowne  That 
rounds  the  mortall  Temples  of  a  King.  1599  T.  M.  Silk 
ivormcs  60  Rounding  themselues  ten  thousand  times  and 
more  Yet  spinning  stU  behind  and  eke  before.  1629  MAXWELL 
tr.  Herodian  (1635)  253  Protracting  the  time,  till  his  whole 
army  had  rounded  them.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  fy  /*. 
296  They  rounding  their  Cook  Rooms  with  small  Furnaces. 
1765  J.  BYRON  Voy.  in  Hawkeswort/t  (1773)  I.  77  We  cut 
it  [sc.  a  cable]  into  junk  and  bent  a  new  one,  which  we 
rounded  with  old  rigging.  1844  MRS.  BROWNING  Drama  of 
Exile  977  This  Is  the  zodiac  of  the  earth,  Which  rounds  us 
with  a  visionary  dread.  1854  —  Virgin  Mary  to  the  Child 
Jesus  iv,  How  motionless  Ye  round  me  with  your  living 
statuary. 

b.  In  pa.  pple.  rounded. 

1500-20  DUNBAK  Poems  lix.  26  Cuddy  Rig  the  Drumfress 
fuill  May  him  resave  agane  this  5u'ill,  Alt  roundit  in-to  Cal 
low  and  reid.  1594  GREENE  &  LODGE  Looking  Gl.  G.'sWks. 
(Rtldg.)  117/1  Great  Nineveh,  Rounded  with  Lycus'  silver- 
flowing  streams.  1648  GAGE  West  Ind.  57  A  white  mantle 
of  lawn  or  cambrick  rounded  with  a  broad  lace.  1660  F. 
BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanks  Trav.  32  The  town  is  large,.,  well 
rounded  both  with  walls,  and  gardens  and  Arable  land.  1871 
G.  MACDONALO  Wks,  Fancy  <j-  I  mag.  \.  285  Soon  was  she . . 
rounded  with  dead  glitter. 

C.  To  hem  or  shut  in.    rare"1. 
1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  fy  Cr.  i.  iii.  196  To  weaken  and  discredit 
our  exposure,  How  rnnke  soeuer  rounded  in  with  danger. 


12.  To  cause  to  turn  round,  or  move  in  a  circle  ; 
to  bring  round.  Also  with  off. 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  Hence,  to  round  a  Horse  upon 
a  Trot,  Gallop,  &c.  is  to  make  him  carry  his  Shoulders  and 
Haunches  roundly  or  compactly  upon  a  larger  or  smaller 
Circle,  without  traversing  or  bearing  to  a  Side,  1833  TENNY 
SON  Mariana  in  the  South  79  The  day.  .slowly  rounded  to 
the  east  The  one  black  shadow  from  the  wall.  1852  LEVER  J/. 
TYwway  xxxi, '  She's  a  stout  boat  to  stand  this,'  said  Tom,  as 
he  rounded  her  off,  at  a  coming  wave.  1890  CLARK  RUSSELL 
Ocean  Trag.  III.  xxxiv.  241  Rapidly  averting  his  glance 
when  she  chanced  to  round  her  face  towards  him  on  a  sudden. 
III.  intr.  13.  To  walk  or  go  about;  spec,  of 
a  guard,  to  go  the  rounds. 

c  1532  Du  WES  Introd.  Fr.  in  Palsgr.  938  To  ronde  or  go 
about,  arondir.  1598  BARRET  Thcor.  Wars  iv.  iv.  115  The 
Gouernour.  .rounding  extraordinarily  is  to  giue  the  Word 
first  vnto  the  Round.  1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  i.  i.  §  3 
The  wise  mans  eyes  keepe  watch  in  his  head  whereas  the 
foole  roundeth  about  in  darknesse.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  iv. 
685  Oft  in  bands  While  they  keep  watch,  or  nightly  round 
ing  walk..,  thir  songs  Divide  the  night. 

b.  To  take  a  circular  or  winding  course  ;   to 
make  a  turn,  curve,  or  sweep;  to  turn  round,  in 
various  senses. 

1674  Boston  Rec.  (1881)  VII.  89  A  high  way. .to  runn.. 
betweene  his  other  lands  and  soe  roundinge  about  the  side 
of  the  hill.  1679  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  ix.  153  These  four 
Winding  steps  aforesaid,  rounding  one  quarter  about  the 
Newel,  turns  your  Face  in  your  Ascent.  1726  'L'e.w&iAlbertfs 
Archil.  II.  36/1  Those  fluting*,  .must  round  clear  round  the 
Column.  1757  W.  WILKIE  Epigoniadi.  2  Time's  oblivious 
gulf,..  In  whose  wide  vortex  worlds  themselves  are  tost,  And 
rounding  swift  successively  are  lust.  1834  MARRYAT  P. 
Simple  (1863)  392  We  tore  clear  from  her,  and  rounding  to 
the  wind  shot  a-head.  1859  TENNYSON  Pelteas  fy  Ettarrc 
138  The  men  who  met  him  rounded  on  their  heels  And 
wonder'd  after  him.  1872  JENKINSON  Guide  Lakes  (1879) 
333  Rounding  to  the  left,  and  attaining  the  top  of  Whiteside, 
the  tourist  [etc.]. 

fig-  1750  FIELDING  Amelia  vm.  ii,  Booth  had  a  little 
mercy  on  the  poor  bailiff  when  he  found  him  rounding  in 
this  manner,  and  told  him  he  had  made  the  matter  very  clear. 

c.  To  curve  off. 

1677  MOXON  Meek.  Excrc,  i.  5  The  Heads  of  Pins  that 
round  off  towards  the  edges.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Optrat. 
Mechanic  509  The  back  of  it  \sc.  the  discharging  pallet]  a 
little  rounding  off  from  the  centre. 

d.  Naut.  Round  to,  to  come  to  the  wind  and 
heave  to. 

1830  MARRYAT  King's  Own  xni,The  frigate . .  now  prepared 
to  round-to.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast  xviii,  She  rounded- 
to  and  let  go  her  anchor.  1890  CLARK  RUSSELL  Marriage 
at  Sea  vi,  As  she  rounded  to,  a  whole  green  sea  struck  her 
full  abeam. 

6.  slang.  To  become  an  informer;  to  peach. 
Usu.  const,  on  (a  person). 

1859  Slang  Diet.  82  Round,  to  tell  tales,  to  '  split ' . . ;  'to 
Round  on  a  man',  to  swear  to  htm  as  being  the  person, etc. 
1869  Times  19  Jan.  n/6  He  said  'I  suppose  Calvin  has 
"rounded"  on  me,  and  I  will  *' round"  on  him'.  1877 
BESANT  &  RICE  Harp  fy  Cr.  xxiv,  You  know  I  would  not  be 
such  a  bad  lot  as  to  round  on  your  cousin,  whatever  he's  done. 

14.  To  become  round,  circular,  or  spherical  j  to 
grow  or  develop  to  a  full  round  form. 

z6ix  SHAKS.  IVint.  T.  n.  i.  16  The  Queene.  .rounds  apace  : 
we  shall  Present  our  seruices  to  a  tine  new  Prince  One  of 
these  dayes.  1807  CRABBE  Par.  Reg.  in.  554  Here  clothed 
and  fed,  no  sooner  he  began  To  round  and  redden,  than 
away  he  ran.  1877  TENNYSON  Harold  i.  i,  Albeit  no  rolling 
stone,.. Thou  hast  rounded  since  we  met.  1893  Chamb. 
Jrnl.  19  Aug.  514/1  The  little  green  apples  grew  and 
rounded  and  yellowed. 

fig.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem.  xlv,  So  rounds  he  to  a 
separate  mind  From  whence  clear  memory  may  begin. 

b.  To   have  or  assume  a  curved   or   rounded 
form ;  to  curve  or  inflect.     Also  with  away  or  up. 

1670  NARBOROUGH  Jrnl.  in  Ace.  Sev.  Late  Voy.  \.  (1694) 
42  Over  the  Cliff  the  Hill  rounds  up  to  the  top.  Ibid.  62 
The  South  part  rounds  away  in  a  Foreland  :  The  South- 
shore  rounds  away  South-east  from  this  Foreland.  1711  W. 
SUTHERLAND  Shipbuild.  Assist.  45  If  the  Beams  are  required 
to  round  equal  and  alike.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVII. 
411/1  In  such  a  manner  that  the  sheer  rounds  up,  and  the 
highest  part  is  in  the  midships.  1832  L.  HUNT  Poems  196 
That  recess,  Rounding  from  the  main  stream,  c  1850 
Ritdim.  Navig.  (Weale)  129  The  ledges.. arch  or  round-up. 

fig*  J8S9  WHITTIER  My  Psalm  64  All  the  angles  of  its 
strife  Slow  rounding  into  calm. 

c.  Of  a  whale  :  To  prepare  or  make  ready  to 
dive  by  arching  the  back. 

1889  in  Cent.  Diet,  s.v. 

d.  To  round  up,  to  collect  in  a  body. 

1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD'  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  239  They 
are  off  at  full  speed,  .until.,  they  can  halt  and 'round  '  up 
in  the  beloved  camp.     Ibid.  241   The.  .cattle,  .being  per 
mitted   to  round   up  on   the  camp.     1896  BADEN-POWELL 
Matabele  Campaign  vii,  I  sounded  my  whistle  and  started 
along  on  the  spoor,  the  scouts  rounding  up  to  me  and  taking 
up  the  trail. 

Rotl lid  (raund),  v.%  Now  arch*  Forms  :  a. 
i  runian,  2  runien,  3  runen,  3-4  rune,  4  run  ; 
3  rouny,  3-7  roune  (4  -en,  rone,  5-6  rovne), 
4-6,  8  Sc.  roun.  /3.  5  rownen,  -yn,  4-7 
rown(e.  7.  5  ronde,  5-7,  9  round,  6-7  rounde  ; 
6  rownd,  Sc.  rund.  [OK.  ninian  (f.  run  ROUN), 
=  MDu.  riineu,  ruynen,  OS.  runfai  (MLG.,  LG. 
nlneti),  OHG.  runhi,  MSw.  runat  to  whisper. 
The  normal  modern  form  would  have  been  rown ; 
for  the  excrescent  dcL  SOUND  sbt  and  BouND///.^.1] 

In  senses  1-3  very  common  down  to  the  i7thcent.,  freq. 
with  the  addition  of  in  the  (or  one's}  ear. 


1.  intr.  To  whisper,  to  speak  in  a  whisper ;  to 
converse  or  talk  privately ;  t  also  occas.,  to  mutter 
or  murmur. 

a.  c  IOOO/ELFRIC  Grain,  xxxvi.  (Z.)  217  Susurro,  ic  runi^e. 
c  1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Spelman)  xl.  8  Togeanes  me  Sohtan  \Caittbr. 
MS.  runedon]  ealle  fynd  mine,  c  1250  Lutel  suth  Serin. 
59  in  O.  £*  Misc.  188  peos  prude  maidenes  fc>at..runeb  to- 
gaderes  and  spekej?  of  derne  luue.  c  1290  Beket  1188  in  X 
ting.  Leg.  I.  140  He  rounede  in  is  wines  ere,  and  tolde 
hire  al  is  ^ou}t.  c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  169  Mekeliche  he  gan 
mele,  Among  his  men  to  roun.  1390  GOWEH  Con/.  I.  161 
Whan  thei  rounen  in  hire  Ere.  ^1407  LYDG.  Reson  ff  Setts. 
4583,  I  say  yt  out,  me  lyst  nat  rovne,  Thus  ye  shuld  hir 
name  expovne.  a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  40  He  turned 
towarde  the  peple,  &  sawe  hem  roune,  iape,  comi-saile,  and 
iangle,  eche  with  other,  a  1548  HALL  CJiron,,  Rdw.  /-',  22  b, 
The  duke  rouned  with  the  Maire  and  sayed,  this  is  a  mar- 
ueileous  obstinate  silence.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  220  To 
Roune,  in  aurem  loqui. 

ft.  13. .  Cocr  de  Lion  2142  The  steward  on  knees  him  set 
a  down,  With  the  emperour  for  to  rown.  13. .  R.  H.  A  Hit.  P. 
C.  64  Goddes  glam  to  hym  glod,..With  a  roghlych  rurd 
rowned  in  his  ere.  1415  HOCCLEVE  Sir  J.  Oldcastle  93 
Rowne  in  the  preestes  ere  &  the  greuance  Of  thy  soule 
meekly  to  him  confesse.  c  1440  CATGKAVE  Life  St.  Kath. 
iv.  2096  Eche  to  other  ful  preuely  thus  dede  rowne.  1526 
SKELTON  Magnyf.  1664  Yf  it  lyke  you  that  I  myght  rowne 
in  your  eyre. 

•y.  a  1450  Mankind  292  (13ranc.ll),  He  wyll  ronde  in  yowur 
ere.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  deW.  1531)  gsPreuy  backbytynge 
..is  whan  one  whyspereth  or  roundeth  with  an  other  & 
secret dy  speketh.  .euyllof  theyr  neyghbour.  1592  GREENE 
Conny  Catch,  in.  Wks.  (Grosart)  X.  170  Then  hearken  in 
thy  eare,  saide  the  Nip,  and  so  rounding  with  him,  cut  the 
poore  mans  purse.  1620-6  QUARLES  Feast  for  Wormes  517 
My  sacred  Muse  hath  rounded  in  mine  eare,  And  read  the 
myst'ry  of  a  twofold  feare.  i8zz  SCOTT  Nigel  iii,  So  they 
let  me  go,  and  rode  out,  a'  sniggering,  laughing,  and  round 
ing  in  ilk  ither's  lugs. 

fb.  transf.  Of  the  wind:  To  whistle.    Obsr*- 

c  1440  Pallad.  on  Husb.  vi.  156  But  ther  the  place  is  cloos 
is  hem  tenclude,  And  holde  out  wynde,  although  he  rowne, 
or  crie. 

2.  trans.  To  whisper  (something) ;  to  utter  or 
communicate  in  a  whisper. 

a.  c  xooo  in  Salomon  fy  Saturn  (Kemble)  258  peah  |>e 
mon  hwylces  hlihge..ne  relist  bu  hweet  hy  ra;don,  o3oe 
runion.  1303  R-  BRUNNE  Handl,  Synne  6930  A  man.. 
Rouned  yn  seynt  Ihons  ere,  pat  he  hadde  broght..byrty 
pounde.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  1 1.  200  The  mannes  herte  anon 
is  there,  And  rouneth  tales  in  hire  Ere.  1721  RAMSAY 
Liicky  Spence  xiii,  I..  Roun 'd  in  his  lug,  that  there  was  a 
Poor  country  Kate  [etc.]. 

ft  £1386  CHAUCER  Wife's  T.  Prol.  241  (Ellesm.),  What 
rowne  ye  with  oure  mayde  ?  1:1412  HOCCLEVE  De  Reg. 
Princ.  1273  Seint  Ambrose  ..  Anon  right  rowned  to  his 
compaignye,  '  Sires,  it  is  tynie  bat  we  hennes  hye '.  c  1450 
Myrr.  Our  Lady  47,  I  rowned  to  the  in  the  quyer  halfe 
wordes,  &  therfore  I  am  byden  to  satysfaccion.  1683  K. 
HOOKER  in  Pordage  Mystic  Div.  Pref.  Ep.  81  When  thei 
rown  in  their  maids  ears  so  frequently  and  fiercely,  What 
slow  haste  make  yee? 

y.  a  1529  SKELTON  Bougc  of  Court  513, 1  haue  an  errande 
to  rounde  in  your  ere.  1552  in  Vicarys  Anat.  (1888)  App. 
.xvr.  292  Certeyne  busie  bodies,  .rounded  into  the  eares  of 
the  preachers,  .their  tender  consideracion.  1611  SHAKS. 
ll'int.  T.  i.  ii.  217  They're  here  with  me  already ;  whisp'ring, 
rounding  :  Sicilia  is  a  so-forth.  c  1680  Row  Suppl.  Blair's 
Antobiog.  (Wodrow  Soc.)  547  The  Prelates  did  round  and 
whisper  among  themselves  what  was  spoken  or  done.  1823 
SCOTT  Qitentin  D.  xxxvi,  Bringing  out  honest  De  la  Marck's 
plan..,  instead  of  rounding  it  in  my  ear.  1858  CARLYLE 
Fredk.  Gt.  ix.  x.  (1865)  III.  173  111  Margraf  rounded  things 
into  the  Crown- Prince's  ear,  in  an  unmannerly  way. 

3.  To  address  (a  person)  in  a  whisper;  in  later 
use  esp.  to  take  (one)  privately  to  task. 

a.  £.  c  1400  LOVE  Bonavent.  Mirr.  (1908)  106  Sche  wente 
..to  hir  sone  Jesu..and  rowned  hym  in  the  ere  and  seyde. 
1535  COVERDALE  Job  xxxiH.  15  In  dreames  and  visions  of 
the  night  season. .he  rowneth  them  in  the  eares,  1597  J. 
KING  On  Jonas  (1618)  145  They  shall  euen  feel  themselues 
to  be  touched,  and  so  closely  rouned  in  the  eare,  as  they 
cannot  deny  their  offence.  1649  R.  HODGE  Plain  Direct, 
18  She  went  round  about,  and  rowned  him  in  his  ear. 

V-  ^530  PALSGR.  694/2  Go  rounde  hym  in  the  eare  and 
bydde  bim  come  and  suppe  with  me.  1577787  HOLINSHED 
Chron.  I II.  1149/1  George  Gilpin.  .came  to  him  and  rounded 
him  in  bis  eare.  1606  S.  GARDINER  Rk.  Angling  85  Elias 
thought  himself  the  only  remainder  of  the  Church  of  Israel 
..:  But  God  otherwise  rounded  him  in  the  eare.  a  1689 
MRS.  BEHN  Novels  II.  260  At  first  he  thought  to  round  him 
severely  in  the  ear  about  it.  1731  MEDLEY  Kolberis  Cafe 
G.  Hope  I.  82  The  king  of  the  country  sent  for  him  and 
rounded  him  in  the  ear  on  his  purpos'd  treachery.  1815 
Hisf.  John  Decastro  I.  49  Old  Crab  did  not  let  slip  so 
favourable  an  opportunity  to  round  his  brother  a  little  in 
the  ear  upon  this  subject.  1855  KINGSLEY  Weslw.  Ho  I 


the  ear  upon  this  subject.     1855  KINGSLEY  l^estw.  . 
xviii,  He  rounded  his  friend  Mr.  Brimblecombe  in  the  ear, 
and  told  him  he  had  better  play  the  man  a  little  more. 

b.  With  double  object:  To  whisper  (some 
thing)  to  (a  person). 

1579  GOSSON  Sch.  Abuse  (Arb.)  74  His  Pypers  were  ready 
too  rounde  him  in  the  eare,  what  he  should  speake.  1604 
MIDDLETON  Black  Bk.  Wks.  1885  VIII.  29  This  rammish 
penny-father  I  rounded  in  the  left  ear.  .the  place  and  hour. 
1688  Vox  Cleri  Pro  Rege  53  We  have  oft  of  late  been 
rounded  in  the  Ears,  That  the  Priests  Lips  do  keep  Know 
ledge.  1823  LAMB  Ella  \\.New  Year's  Coming  of  Age*  He 
slily  rounded  the  first  lady  in  the  ear,  that  an  action  might 
lie  against  the  Crown.  1868  BROWNING  Ring  $•  Bk.  iv.  600 
Then  round  us  in  the  ears  from  morn  to  night,.. That  you 
are  robbed,  starved,  beaten  and  what  not. 

*f-  c.  To  whisper  into  (the  ear).    Obs.  rare. 

1624  QUARLES  job  Militant  vii.  13  Did  Record  ever 
round  thine  eare,  That  God  forsooke  the  heart,  that  was 
sincere?  1646  —  Judgement  fy  Mercy  Wks.  (Grosart)  1.93 
But,  hark,  my  soule,  there's  something  rounds  mine  eare. 

104 -a 


ROUND  ABOUT. 

t4.  intr.  To  speak,  talk,  discourse  (of  some 
thing).  Obs. 

c  xaoo  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  107  His  e^en  to  sen,  his  earen  to 

listen, ..his  mu5  to  runien.     13..  Sir  Bettes  4  Lordinges, 

herkneb  to  me  tale  ! . .  Of  a  kni?t  ich  wile  }ow  roune.    c  1375 

Cursor  M.  14922  (Fairf.),  For-^i  in  rime  wille  we  roun. 

jb,  trans.  To  say,  speak,  tell  (something).  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  28110  Oft  ic  ha  roned  soth  or  lese  pat  i 
wyst  noiber  queber  it  wese.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Sir  Thopas 
124,  I  wol  yow  rowne  How  sir  Thopas. .Is  comen  agayn  to 
towne. 

f5.  intr.  To  take  counsel,  deliberate,  meditate. 

ci205  LAY.  5817  per  innen  heo  speken,  per  inne  heo  run- 
den  ane  lutle  white.  Ibid.  19340  Cnihtes  gunnen  runen, 
cnihtes  gunnen  raeden.  1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  v,  vii.  (1554) 
127  Perseueraunce,  who  list  muse  and  roun,  Graunteth  to 
them.  .The  triumph. 

fb.  trans.  To  talk  about  (or  over} ;  to  discuss. 

c  1205  LAY.  9860  Al  niht  heo  runden,  Whset  heom  weoren 
to  raede.  Ibid. 24887  per  men  gunnen  rune..wulc  andswere 
he  ^iuen  wolde.  13..  Cursor  M.  19713  (Gott.),  pair  redis 
J>arfor  gun  bai  rune  wid  all  be  kepers  of  hat  tune.  ^1450 
Cov.  Myst.  (Shaks.  Soc.)  401  Rapely  ye  renne  your  resonvs 
to  rowne.  1535  STEWART  Cro*.  Scot.  II.  629  Syne  quietlie 
togidder  tha  did  roun  The  fassoun  how  he  wald  gif  ouir  the 
toun.  1637  RUTHERFORD  Lett.  (1862)  I.  204  Oh  how  many 
black  accounts  have  Christ  and  1  rounded  over  together  in 
the  house  of  my  pilgrimage  ! 

f  c.   To  take  or  give  as  counsel.   Obs. 

c  1205  LAY.  13189  Heo  redden,  heo  runden  [^1275  roun- 
eden],  ..pat  Ambrosie  heo  wolden  habben.  Ibid.  16997  ^e 
\>e  wolde  runen  selest  raeden. 

Round  about,  adv.  and  prep.  [See  ROUND 
adv.  and  ABOUT.] 

In  Gower  Confessio  Amantis  and  Spenser  F.Q.  the  in 
verted  form  about  round  is  also  used. 

A.  adv.  1.  In  a  ring  or  circle  ;  all  round ;  on 
all  sides  or  in  all  directions. 

1338  R.  BRUNNEC^WW.  Wace  (Rolls)  8783  Rounde  aboute, 
ben  ar  bey  [stones]  set.  135110  GOWER  Conf.  1.54  A  litel  plein, 
All  round  aboute  wel  besein  With  buisshes,  c  1420  LYDG. 
Assembly  of  Gods  386  Thus  was  the  table  set  rownde  aboute 
With  goddys  &  goddesses.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xxxi. 
117  Euery  chambre  was  walled  and  closed  rounde  aboute. 
1526  TINDALE  Row*  xv.  19  From  Jerusalem  and  the  costes 
rounde  aboute,  vnto  Illiricum.  1581  BLANDY  Castle  of 
Policy  i6b,  The  souldiar  standes  readely  furnisht  to  fight 
in  the  fielde,  where  he  may  looke  round  aboute.  1617 
MORYSON  I  tin.  i.  58  Under  the  fortification  of  the  Castle 
round  about,  are  stables  for  horses.  1655  STANLEY  Hist. 
Philos.  (1701)  86/2  Frequently  looking  back  and  round 
about,  as  greedy  to  be  Revenged  of  the  Enemy.  1703 
MAUNDRELL  Journ.  Jems.  (1707)  17  On  the  other  side., 
stood  a  great  square  Tower,  and  round  about,  the  rubbish 
of  many  other  Buildings.  1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  March 
pane  p  2  The  Paste  must  be  carefully  stirr'd  to  the  Bottom, 
and  also  round  about.  1768  Ross  Helenore  66  When  day 
was  up,  an' a'  clear  round  about.  1859  GEO.  ELIOT  A.  Bede 
x,  They  work  at  different  things — some  in  the  mill,  and 
many  in  the  mines,  in  the  villages  round  about.  1878 
BROWNING  Poets  Croisic  i,  Yon  hollow,  crusted  roundabout 
With  copper  where  the  clamp  was. 

2.  With  a  circular  or  encircling  movement ;  so 
as  to  pass  or  turn  right  round. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ivi.  14  Let  anis  the  cop  ga  round 
about.  1535  LVNDESAY  Satyre  824  Me  think  the  warld 
rinnis  round  about.  1586  B.  YOUNG  Guazzo'sCiv.  Conv.  iv. 
188  Euerie  one  beganne  to  drink  round  about.  1611  COTGR., 
Virevoultert  to.  .turne  or  wheele  round  about  1648  HEX- 
HAM  ii,  Rondt'Oin  gaen,  to  goe  Round  about. 

3.  To  the  opposite  direction. 

1582  ALLEN  Martyrdom  Campion  (1908)  115  Which 
[psalms]  finished  turning  himself  round  about  to  all  the 
people,  [he]  said  unto  them  in  this  sort,  a  1800  Lady 
Maisry  xil,  She's  turnd  her  right  an  roun  about.  1901  M. 
CARMICHAEL  Life  Walshe  vi.  82  And  do  but  turn  round 
about  and  behold  the  gentle  city  of  Lucca. 

4.  By  a  circuitous  path  or  route. 

1870  SPURGEON  Treas.  David  Ps.  xxx.  2  He  went  at  once 
to  head-quarters,  and  not  roundabout  to  fallible  means. 
1886  HOLLAND  Chesh.  Gloss.  s,v.  Raind-abait,  To  go  reawnd- 
abeawt  for  th'  next  road. 

B.  prep.  1.  So  as  to  move  or  pass  round ;  so 
as  to  encircle  by  moving  round. 

1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  JEsofi  v.  ix,  I  haue  gone  round 
aboute  the  countre  and  prouynce.  a  1548  HALL  Chron., 
Ediu.  IV ',  8  b,  The  lord  Scales  roade  round  aboute  hym. 
1598  SHAKS.  Merry  W.  iv.  iv.  31  An  old  tale  goes,  that 
Herne  the  Hunter.  .Doth.. Walke  round  about  an  Oake. 
1605  —  Macb.  iv.  i.  4  Round  about  the  Caldron  go :  In  the 
poysond  Entrailes  throw,  a  1639  CAKF.W  Beautiful  Mis 
tress  12  The  darkness  flies,  and  light  is  huiTd  Round  about 
the  silent  world.  1735  POPK  Prol.  Sat.  186  He  who  now  to 
sense,  now  nonsense  leaning,  Means  not,  but  blunders 
round  about  a  meaning,  a  1833  Battle  of  Otterburn  iv, 
He  marchd  up  to  Newcastle,  Ana  rode  it  round  about.  1882 
BLACKMORE  Christoivell  ii,  Tim  went  round  about  it,. .and 
avoided  the  village. 

2.  In  a  ring  or  circle  about;  on  all  sides  of;  in 
all  directions  from. 

1535  COVERDAI.E  Exod.  vii.  24  The  Egipcians  dygged 
rounde  aboute  y*  ryuer,  for  water  to  drinke,  1590  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  u.  ii.  25  Attonce  he  wards  and  strikes  ;  he  takes  and 
paies;.  .Before,  behind,  and  round  about  him  laies.  1632 
MILTON  Penseroso  48  And  hears  the  Muses  in  a  ring,  Ay 
round  about  Joves  Altar  sing.  1676  GRtwAnat.  PI.  (1682) 
175  Sometimes  they  \sc.  flowers]  are  placed  round  about  the 
Branch,  that  is,  Coronated-  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v. 
Horse-Shoe^  Shoes  with  swelling  Welts  or  Borders  round 
about  them.  1833  TENNYSON  Lady  ofShalott  iv.  i,  Round 
about  the  prow  she  wrote  '  The  Lady  of  Shalott '.  1871 
EARLE  Philol.  Eng.  Tongue  (1873)  8  Round  about  these,  m 
a  broken  curve,  are  found  the  representatives  of  the  Low 
Dutch  family. 


828 

Roundabout  (roirndabaut),  sb.  and  a.  Also 
round-about,  [f.  prec.] 

A.  sb.  1.  A  circle ;  a  circular  course  or  object ; 
a  circular  encampment,  a  surrounding  hedge,  etc. 

£1535  in  Dugdale's  Monast,  (1825)  V.  184/2  There  is  in 
the  seid  close  a  motte  called  the  round  abowte,  1591  SYL 
VESTER  Da  Dartas  i.  vi.  911  An  Iron  Fly  flew  out ;  Which 
having  showne  a  perfect  Round-about,.. returned  unto  her 
Master.  1674  FAIRFAX  Bulk  <y  Selv.  199  All  the  round 
about  of  earthly  beings.  1795  Statist.  Ace.  Scot.  XV.  84 
There  are  a  great  many  round-abouts  in  the  parish,  com 
monly  called  Picts  Works.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  i,  A  Pict's 
camp,  or  Round-about.  1854  Miss  BAKER  Northatnpt. 
Gloss,,  Round- About,  the  boundary-hedge  ofacoppice.  1894 
Murray's  Handbk.  Oxf.  1 36  The  Camp,  locally  the  '  Round 
about  ',  is  140  yds.  in  diameter. 

b.  A  plump,  rounded  figure,  rare  "-1. 

1812  COMBE  Syntax,  Picturesque  i,  Her  face  was  red,  her 
form  was  fat,  A  round-about,  and  rather  squat. 

O,  Sc.  '  An  oatcake  of  a  circular  form,  pinched 
all  round  with  the  finger  and  thumb '  (Jam.). 

1824  Tournay  31  (Jam.),  Nackets  and  round-abouts  to 
your  coffee.    1828  MOIR  Mansie  tt'auch  iii.  (1849)  18  Round 
abouts  and  snaps  brown  and  white  quality. 

2.  fa.  A  farthingale.   Obs.-*- 

1532  LATIMER  Serm.  xxxv.  (1584)  281  In  the  old  tyme 
women  were  content  with  honest  and  single  garments.  Now 
they  haue  found  out  these  round -aboutes. 
b.   U.S.  A  short  jacket. 

1843  MARRVAT  M.  Violet  xliv,  To  wear  their  light  nan 
keen  trousers  and  gingham  round-abouts.  1876  'MARK 
TWAIN  '  Tom  Sawyer  i,  She  turned  just  in  time  to  seize  a 
small  boy  by  the  slack  of  his  roundabout. 

o.   tf.S.  An  armchair  with  a  rounded  back. 

1864  in  WEBSTER. 

3.  f  a.  A  shifty  person.   Obs,-1     Cf  B.  i  a. 
1605  BRETON  I  pray  you  he  not  Angrie  Wks.  (Grosart)  II. 

8/1  This  rascal  round-about,  without  good  complexion  or 
good  condition. 

b.  A  circuitous  or  indirect  way  ;  a  detour. 
1755  WASHINGTON  Writ.  (1889)  I.  152  A  very  fatiguing 
ride  and  long  round  about,  brought  me  to  the  General.. at 
Frederick-Town.  1786  COWPER  Let.  Lady  Hesketh  17  Apr. 
(1904)  III.  1 8  A  door  opening  out  of  our  garden . .will  save 
the  roundabout  by  the  town.  1827  SCOTT  Jrnl,  10  July,  I 
went  to  CadelPs  by  the  Mound,  a  long  roundabout.  1858 
MRS.  CARLVLE  Lett.  II.  384  A  bridge  burnt  down  over  the 
Trent,  which  occasioned  a  great  roundabout.  1879  BROWN 
ING  Martin.  Relph  126  The  floods  were  out,  he  was  forced 
to  take  such  a  roundabout  of  ways  ! 

fig~  *734  NORTH  Examen  in.  vi.  §  10  (1740)  430  We  must 
be  excused  for  walking  the  Author's  Pace,  in  all  his  Round 
abouts,  though  it  be  out  of  all  known  Track  of  Truth. 

C.  An  indirect  utterance  ;  a  circumlocution. 
1616-61  HOLYDAY  Persius  (1673)  340/2  Wherefore,  not  to 
trouble  our  selves  with  these  round-abouts,  the  old  and 
ordinary  exposition  ..  seems  to  me  most  easie.  1753-4 
RICHARDSON  Grajidison  (1781)  II.  77,  I  began  with  my 
roundabouts  and  my  suppose's.  1775  S.  J.  PRATT  Liberal 
Opin.  cxxy.  (1783)  IV.  143  Unsettle  by  systems  and  long- 
laboured  literary  roundabouts,  the  very  marrow  in  the  hol 
low  of  your  bones.  1802  MRS.  E.  PARSONS  Myst.  Visit  III. 
243  After  several  roundabouts  leading  to  the  subject.  1875 
BROWNING  Aristopk.  Apol.  148  All  my  roundabout  Knds  at 
beginning,  with  my  own  defence. 

4.  fa.  A  kind  of  round  dance.    Obs. 

1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  W.  ix,  Though  the  Miss  Flambproughs 
..understood  the  jig  and  round-about  to  perfection,  yet 
they  were  totally  unacquainted  with  country  dances.  1815 
P.  ROBERTS  Cambrian  Antiq.  46  The  Roundabout,  or  more 
precisely  the  Cheshire-round. .,  is  danced  by  two  only. 
b.  A  merry-go-round. 

1763  Brit.  Mag.  IV.  50  There  was  a  round-about  for 
children  to  ride  in,  and  all  sorts  of  toys  sold  as  at  other 
fairs.  1813  Sporting  Mag,  XLII.  so  There  were  the  usual 
swings,  ups-and-downs  and  roundabouts.  1879  SALA  Paris 
Herself  Again  (1880)  JI.  320  The  great  roundabouts, 
worked  by  steam,  made  a  fearful  clatter. 

transf.  1780-2  COWPER  Jackdaw  25  He  sees,  that  this 
great  roundabout — The  world,  with  all  its  motley  rout,.. Is 
no  concern  at  all  of  his. 

C.  A  circular  tour  or  excursion. 

1894  IVestm.  Gas.  20  Oct.  7/2  The  general  manager., 
personally  conducted  the  party  on  a  '  roundabout ',  which 
took  in  fifty.,  miles  of  the  Cambrian  Railway. 

5.  a.  A  burglar's  tool :   (see  quot.). 

1796  Grose's  Diet.  Vulg.  T.  (ed.  3),  Round  About,  an 
instrument  used  in  house-breaking... It  will  cut  a  round 
piece,  about  five  inches  in  diameter,  out  of  a  shutter  or  door. 
b.  A  rotatory  vessel  used  in  tanning. 

1852  MORFIT  Tanning  <y  Currying-  (1853)  411  In  some 
places  the  tanning  process  is  slightly  modified,  .by  the  use 
of  a  large  barrel-churn,  or  roundabout^  which  receives  both 
the  skins  and  alum-bath. 

6.  Sc.  (See  quot.  and  B.  5.) 

1825  JAMIESON,  Round- A  bout,.,  a.  fire-place,,  .in   which 
the  grate  is  detached  from  the  walls,  and  so  placed  that 
persons  may  sit  around  it  on  all  sides/ 

B.  adj.   1.    Not  following  a  straight  course ; 
not  straightforward  ;  circuitous,  indirect. 

a.  Of  persons,   rare.     Cf.  A.  3  a. 

1608  MIDDLETON  Mad  \VorId\\.  i,  You  progressive  round 
about  rascal.  1823  COLERIDGE  Table-t.  4  Jan.,  A  rogue  is 
a  roundabout  fool, 

b.  Of  a  way  or  journey. 

1701  J.  NORRIS  in  Pennsylv.  Hist.  Soc.  Mem.  IX.  43  We 
had  a  roundabout  journey.  1710  STEELE  Tatler  No.  254 
F  7  To  carry  them  a  dark  Round-about  Way  to  let  them  in 
at  a  Back-Door.  1834  JAMES  J,  Marston  Hall  xi,  I  in- 
formed  him  that  I  enjoyed  a  roundabout  more  than  a 
straightforward  track.  1893  SELOUS  Trav.  S.  E.  Africa.  56 
After  a  hard  day's  walk  over  a  very  roundabout  road. 
o.  Of  methods  or  procedure. 


ROUND-ABM. 

1704  NORRIS  Ideal  World  n.  i.  7,  I  need  not  argue  this 
roundabout  way.  1778  Miss  BURNEY  Evelina  xxvi,  She 
declared  that  she  would  have  nothing  to  do  with  any  round 
about  ways,  but  go  openly  and  instantly  to  law.  1833  L. 
RITCHIE  Wand,  by  Loire  241  Why  move  towards  your  object 
in  this  round-about  manner?  1864  BOWEN  Logic  vii.  204 
The  logicians  invented  the  awkward,  roundabout,  and  oper- 
ose  process  which  they  called  Reduction  per  impossibile. 

d.  Of  statements  or  utterances. 

1755  SMOLLETT  Quix.  (1803)  II.  193,  I  would  not  willingly 
disclose  myself  of  a  sudden,  but  prepare  him  by  some  round 
about  insinuation.  1818  HAZLITT  Eng.  Poets  v.  (1870)  114 
A  flimsy,  round-about,  unmeaning  commencement.  1861 
T.  A,  TROLLOPE  La  Beata  I.  ix.  254  Before  the  old  wax- 
chandler  had  got  a  quarter  through  his  hints  and  round 
about  explanations.  1885  CLODD  Myths  $  Dr.  i.  vi.  105 
The  savage.. will  use  all  sorts  of  roundabout  phrases  to 
avoid  saying  it. 

e.  Of  a  blow.    rare. 

1830  LVTTON  Paul  Clifford  vi,  That  round-about  sort  of 
blow  with  the  left  fist  is  very  unfavourable  towards  the  pre 
servation  of  a  firm  balance. 

2.  Taking  a  complete  survey,    rare. 

a  1704  LOCKE  Wks.  (1724)  III.  391  Those  who  readily  and 
sincerely  follow  Reason,  but  for  want  of  having  that  which 
one  may  call  large,  sound,  round  about  Sense,  have  not  a 
full  view  of  all  that  relates  to  the  Question.  [1876  BANCROFT 
Hist.  U.S.  VI.  li.  467  Hamilton  was  excelled  oy  Madison 
in  wisdom,  large,  sound,  roundabout  sense  and  perception 
of  what  the  country  would  grant.] 

3.  Ofgarments:  Cut  circularly  round  the  bottom; 
without  a  train  or  tails  ;  going  right  round. 

1710  STEELE  Tatler  No.  245  Fz  Six  round-about  Aprons 
with  Pockets.  1837  HOOK  in  New  Monthly  Mag.  XLIX. 
468,  I  hear  the  rustling  of  Mrs.  Brandyball's  roundabout  silk 
gown.  1854  J.  L.  STEPHENS  Centr.  Anter.  6,  I  took  my 
seat  in  a  roundabout  jacket  upon  a  chair  exceedingly 
comfortable. 

4.  Of  persons  :  Plump  or  stout  in  figure. 

1806  SCOTT  Fam. tLctt.  (1894)  I.  ii.  35  We  have.. a  little 
roundabout  girl  with  large  dark  eyes.  1840  BREMNER 
Excurs.  Denmark^  etc.  II.  406  The  easy  round-about  men 
seen  in  Copenhagen,  would  excite  a  smile  if  seen  side  by 
side  with  these  handsome  fellows.  1892  TENNYSON  Foresters 
i.  i,  Each  of  'em.  .as  sleek  and  as  round-about  as  a  mellow 
codlin. 

5.  Allowing  persons  to  sit  all  round.  (Cf.  A.  6.) 
1815  PENNECUIK  Descr.  Tweeddale  82  The  round-about 

fireside,  .was  universally  in  use  in  the  kitchen. 

6.  That  surrounds  or  encircles. 

c  1860  H.  STUART  Seaman's  Catech.  49  The  head  of  the 
sail  is  brought  to  the  gaff  by  an  earring  and  roundabout 
lacing. 

Rou'ttdabout,  v.  rare.  [f.  the  adv.]  intr. 
(with  it).  To  wander  about.  Similarly  (or  from 
the  adj.),  Boundabouta'tion,  circumlocution ; 
Ronndabotrtedly  adv.t  =  roundaboutly  ;  Botiud- 
abou'tedness,  Roundabout! *lity,  =  roundabout- 
ness  ;  Rou'ndabou:ting-  vbl.  sb,y  the  action  of 
going  round  about;  Rou'udabou'tly  adu.t  in  a 
roundabout  manner;  Rou'ndabon-tuess,the  qual 
ity  of  being  roundabout. 

1812  BYRON  Waltz  To  Pub!.,  Away  they  went,  and  *round- 
abouted  it  till  supper-time.  1812  H.  &  J.  SMITH  Rej. 
Addr.  xix,  To  finisn  my  tale  without  "roundaboutation. 
1833  M.  SCOTT  T.  Cringle  xv,  You  had  better  say  boldly  that 
you  do  not  without  any  roundaboutation.  1870  DICKENS 
E.  Drood  ix,  What,  .was  euphuistically,  not  to  say  Round 
aboutedly,  denominated  '  the  apartment  allotted  to  study  '. 
1840  Fraser's  Mag,  XXII.  346Thelengthinessand  **round- 
aboutedness'  which  distinguish  the  effusions  of  diplomatists. 
1863  Examiner  5  Sept.,  A  precious  example  of  "round- 
aboutility  worthy  of  note,  a  1860  J.  YOUNGER /3«/^/V.  (1881) 
xviii.  212  Its  friskmgs,  wanderings  and  *round-aboutings. 
1876  Miss  BROUGHTON  Joan  i,  He  said  it.. more  lengthily 
and  "roundaboutly.  1810  SOUTHEY  in  C.  C.  Southey  Life 
(1850)  III.  274  The  vice  of  the  Friend  is  its  *roundabout- 
ness.  i826MissMiTFORD  Village  Ser.  in.  (1863)479  Woody 
lanes,  which  wind  along  from  farm  to  farm,,  .meandering 
with  such  a  surprising  round-about-ness.  1891  Athenseum 
18  Apr.  505/2  Coleridge  replies  in  a  letter  intensely  char 
acteristic  in  its  roundabout  ness. 

Roundal,  obs.  form  of  ROUNDEL. 
Round-all.    (See  quot.) 

1851  MAYHEW  Lond.  Labour\\\.  112  Doing.. round-alls 
(that  *s  throwing  yourself  backwards  on  to  your  hands  and 
back  again  to  your  feet). 

Roundar,  variant  of  ROUNER  Obs. 

Round-arch.  Arch.  [ROUND  a.  17.]  attrib. 
Characterized  by  arches  of  a  semicircular  or 
rounded  form,  as  in  the  Romanesque  style. 

1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVI.  275/1  There  is  quite  as  much  dis 
similarity  as  resemblance  between  the  Lombardic  or  round- 
arch  style  of  Italy  and  that  of  this  country.  1853  RUSKIN 
Stones  Venice  II.  vi.  215  Romanesque:  Round-arch  Archi 
tecture.  Never  thoroughly  developed  until  Christian  times. 
a  1878  SCOTT  Lect.  Archit.  (1879)  I.  18  The  round-arch 
variety  [was  perfected]  in  the  twelfth  century. 

Round-arched,  a.   [ROUND  a.  16.]    Having 

rounded  arches ;  spec.  =  ROUND-ARCH. 

1606  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iv.  Magnificence  887  Then 
..they  come  Into  a  stately,  rich,  round-arched  Room. 

1849  FREEMAN  Archit.  137  Consistent  round-arched  archi 
tecture  took  a  leap  from  Etruria  to  Germany  and  England. 
1887  RUSKIN  Pr&terita  II.  199  Two  of  the  churches  repre 
senting  the  perfectest  phase  of  round-arched  building   in 

Round-arm,  a.  and  adv.     [ROUND  a.  17.] 
1.   Cricket.  Of  bowling:  Performed  with  an  out 
ward  swing  of  the  arm ;  also  ellipt.  (Cf.BowL  v^  4.) 

1850  (BAT'  Cricket.  Man.  33  Upon  the  introduction  of 
what  was  denned  4  round  arm  '  [bowling],  the  path  of  the 


ROUND-ARMED. 


829 


ROUNDEL. 


ball  assumed  a  curvilineal  form.  Ibid.  34  Mr.  J.  Wills,  .de 
voted  much  time  in  maturing  the  round-arm  system.  1889  in 
Lucas  Hambledon  Men  (1907)  184  My  opinion  is.  .that  with 
the  present  grounds  round-arm  must  be  depended  upon. 

2.  Of  blows  :  Dealt  with  a  circular  sweep  of  the 
arm.  Also  as  adv. 

1886  Daily  News  4  Sept.  6/6  The  blow  was  a  round-arm 
one,  and  was  done  purposely.  1898  DOYLE  Trag.  Korosko  v, 
He  hit  like  a  girl,  round  arm,  with  an  open  palm. 

So  Bound-armed  a. 

1884  Sat.  Rev.  26  Jan.  108/1  The  clumsy  round-armed 
hit . .  is  not  esteemed  so  highly  as  a  straight  hit  made 
correctly  from  the  shoulder. 

f  Round-bow,  v.  Obs.  [ROUHD  adv.  2  b.]  intr. 
To  curve  convexly. 

1591  SYLVESTER  Dn  Bartas  i.  ill.  436  If  in  every  coast 
Seas'  liquid  Glass  round-bow'd  not  every  where,  With  sister 
Earth,  to  make  a  perfect  Sphear. 

t  Round-dealing,  a.  Obs.  [ROUND  adv. 
10  c.]  Dealing  plainly  or  honestly. 

16^2  CHAS.  I  Answ.  to  Printed  Bk.  i  Who.  .like  Round- 
dealing  men  tell  Us  in  plain  English,  That  they  have  done 
Us  no  wrong.  1653  R.  SANDERS  Physiogn.  162  A  round- 
dealing  friendship,  without  deceit  or  circumvention,  1667 
O.  HEYWOOD  Heart-  Trcas.  viii.  Wks.  1827^  II.  88  Such  are 
the  chastising  words  of  a  round-dealing  ministry,  bitter  at 
present,  but  profitable  afterwards. 

Comb.  1674  FAIRFAX  Bulk  $  Selv,  37  To  this  we  answer 
round-dealing-wise. 

Hound -eared,  a.  [ROUND  a."]  Having  round 
ears,  or  ear-like  appendages. 

a.  In  names  of  plants  (see  quots.). 

1704  Diet.  Ritst.  (1726)  s.v.  IVit/ty,  The  round-ear'd  shin 
ing  Willow.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  359/2  Salix  aurit<i, 
round-eared  sallow:.. stipules  roundish,  convex,  toothed. 
1855  Miss  PRATT  Flower,  PL  V.  98  Round-eared  Sallow,  or 
Trailing  Sallow  ;.  .sometimes  becomes  a  bushy  tree,  but  is 
more  commonly  a  shrub. 

b.  Of  a  cap. 

1740  RICHARDSON  Pamela  I.  50,  I  bought  of  a  Pedlar,  two 
pretty  enough  round-ear'd  Caps,  a  little  Straw  Hat.  1742 
FIELDING  J.  Andrews  iv.  xvi,  She  wore  one  of  her  own 
short  round-eared  caps.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xxxvi,  The 
mistress  of  the  place,  with  her.. hair  straggling  like  that  of 
MegEera  from  under  a  round-eared  cap.  1847  MRS.  SHER 
WOOD  Life  xiii.  232  A  gentle,  quiet,  old-fashioned  looking 
girl,  in  a  white  apron  and  round-eared  cap. 

Rou'iided,  ///.  a.     [f.  ROUND  ^.i] 
I.  fl.   a.    Of  persons   or   their  heads:    Ton 
sured  ;  shorn,  cropped,     b.  Of  the  hair :  Closely 
cut  or  trimmed.  Obs. 

1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  ix.  xiv,  Like  a  byshop  rounded  and 
yshorne.  1432-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  263  The  men  of  that 
londe  be  rowndede  in  the  maner  of  a  cercle,  as  moche  as 
men  be  of  moore  nobilite,  in  so  moche  thei  be  rowndede 
more  hye.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  lix.  19  He  wantis  nocht 
bot  a  rowndit  held.  1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  I.  120/1 
For  he  was  rounded  or  shauen  after  the  maner  of  the  East 
church.  1605  CAMDEN  Rein.,  Epigr.  10  Among  whom  long 
bushie  haire  was  the  signale  mark  of  Maiestie,..when  as 
all  subiects  were  rounded,  and  the  Kings  only  long  haired. 

2.  Of  a  convex  form;  rising  with  an   outward 
curve  or  swell  on  all  sides. 

1712  PARNELL  Sped.  No.  460  F  6  The  Top  of  the  Building 
being  rounded,  bore  so  far  the  Resemblance  of  a  Bubble. 
1795  SOUTHEY  Joan  of  Arc  vii.  349  Where  the  buckler  was 
beneath  Rounded,  the  falchion  struck.  1869  TOZER  Highl. 
Turkey  1. 19  These  tents  were  circular  in  form,  and  rounded 
towards  the  top.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr.  xix.  337  The 
rounded  surface  of  the  earth. 

b.  Esp.  of  hills  or  rising  ground. 

1841  SPALDING  Italy  fy  ft.  /si.  I.  30  The  mountains,  .are 
rounded  in  shape.  1853  KANE  Grin  fie  II  Expcd.  xxviii. 
(1856)  229  At  another  time,  you  travel  over  rounded  dunes 
of  old  seasoned  hummock.  1871  KINGSLEY  At  Last  i,  A 
rounded  hill  some  fifteen  hundred  feet  high. 

3.  Of  limbs,  etc.  :  Having  a  full,  swelling  form; 
symmetrical,  finely  shaped. 

1830  TENNYSON  Sea-Fairies  4  The  weary  mariners,  .saw. . 
Sweet  faces,  rounded  arms,  and  bosoms  prest  To  little  harps 
of  gold.  1855  KINGSLEY  West™.  Ho  I  xxiii,  Her  stature 
was  taller,  her  limbs  were  fuller  and  more  rounded.  1863 
Miss  BRADDON  Eleanor's  Victory  i,  The  ankle  so  revealed 
was  rounded  and  slender. 

4.  Having    a  roundish  or  circular,  globular  or 
spherical,  form. 

1834  McMuRTRiE  Cnvier's  Aniw.  Kingd.  351  The  body  is 
rounded  and  convex  in  some,  oval  or  oblong.. in  others. 
1851  CARPENTER  Man.  Phys.  (ed.  2)  184  All  stages  of  grada 
tion  may  be  traced,  between  simple  rounded  cavities-. and 
the  lenticular  lacuna.  1899  Allbutt's  Syst.  Mai.  VIII.  926 
Tlie  individual  lesions.. may  form  large  rounded  patches. 
b.  Geol.  Made  round  and  smooth  by  attrition. 

1802  PLAYFAIR  Huttoniart  Tk.  51  The  fragments  of  the 
primary  rock. .are  many  of  them  rounded  and  worn.  1839 
URE  Diet.  Arts  830  Portions  of  rounded  gravel  and  organic 
remains.  1893  SIR  H.  H.  HOWORTH  Glacial  Nightmare  I. 
36  While  rounded  boulders  occur  on  the  mountains,  un 
rounded  ones  occur  in  the  river  beds. 

o.  Formed  into  a  coil  or  round,    rare* 

1845  S.  JUDD  Margaret  i.  xvii,  Bull,  the  dog,  lies  rounded 
on  the  hearth,  his  nose  between  his  paws,  fast  asleep. 
d.  Trimmed  to  a  cylindrical  form. 

1890  (R.  BOLDHEWOOD*  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  225  The 
1  cap ' .  .always  of  rounded  and  not  of  split  timber  like  the 
lower  bars. 

5.  Made  round  or  curved,  esp.  at  an  extremity 
or  end. 

_  1796  WITHERING  Brit.  PI.  (ed.  3)  IV.  106  Clefts  differing 
in  depth,  generally  three  at  the  end,  which  is  rounded.  1831 
KNOX  Cloquffs  Anat.  137  At  its  fore  part  it  is  surmounted 
by  a  blunt  and  rounded  edge.  1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning 
II.  629  Those  angular  threads  which  are  rounded  at  the 


top  and  bottom,  and  which  are  thence  called  rounded  or 
round  threads.  1884  F.  J.  BRITTEN  Watch  $  Clockm.  133 
The  teeth  on  the  under  side  of  the  wheel  . .  should  be 
rounded. 

b.  Curved  off. 

1856  STONEHENGE  Brit.  Rural  Sports  476/2  The  inside 
hand  lays  hold  of  the  loom  just  where  the  rounded-off  part 
joins  the  square.  1897  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  II.  1087  The 
members  of  which.. are  characterised  by.. a  rounded-off 
head  carrying  a  terminal  mouth. 

c.  Of  arches;  also  of   architecture,  =  RouND- 
AECH(ED). 

1859  RUSKIN  Two  Paths  i.  §  33  The  whole  great  French 
school  of  rounded  architecture.     1874  SY.MONDS  Sk.  Italy  # 
Greece  {&•]<$)  92  Remains  of  Roman  architecture,  .induced 
them  [sc.  artists]  to  adopt  the  rounded  rather  than  the  pointed 
arch.     1885  E.  SANDERSON   Outt.   World's  Hist.   365  The 
rounded  arch  of  the  Norman  style.. began  to  give  place., 
to  the  pointed  arch  of.. the  Gothic  architecture. 

II.  6.  Brought  to  a  full,  complete,  finished,  or 
perfect  state ;  snowing  no  lack  or  defect. 

1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Epist.  \.  vi.  60  A  thousand  talents 
be  the  rounded  sum  You  first  de.sign'd.  1808  SCOTT  Let. 
2  Nov.  in  Lockhart3  They  have  begun  in  a  truly  manly 
and  rounded  manner.  1845  E.  HOLMES  Life  Mozart  258 
Hummel  was  seated  at  Mozart's  piano,  and.. made  such 
progress  as  to  delight  every  one  with  his  smooth,  brilliant, 
and  rounded  execution.  1888  BURGON  Lives  12  Good  Men 
II.  xii.  421  His  seemed  a  perfectly  rounded  life. 

b.  Of  periods:  Neatly  finished  ;  well  turned. 

1772  Town  #  C.  Mag.  99  To  introduce  a  rounded  period 
or  a  smart  antithesis.  1793  BURNS  Address  spoken  fry 
Miss  Fontenelle  13  Can  you  ..  With  ..  solemn-rounded 
sentence,  Rouse  from  his  sluggish  slumbers  fell  Repentance  ? 
1898  G.  W.  E.  RUSSELL  Coll.  ff  Recoil,  xii.  161  An  inex 
haustible  supply  of  sonorous  phrases  and  rounded  periods. 

7.  Of  sounds  or  the  voice  :  Sonorous,  mellow, 
harmonious. 

1860  TYNDALL  Clac.  \.  ii.   n  The  sound  was.. sometimes 
broken  into  rounded  explosions.     1891  KILLING  Light  that 
Failed  (iqoo)  222  The  voice  was  fuller  and  more  rounded, 
because  the  man  knew  he  was  speaking  of  his  best  work. 

8.  Of  vowels:  Affected  by  labialization. 

1867  A.  J.  ELLIS  A'.  E.  Pronunc.  i.  iii.  §  3.  162  Applied  to 
the  rounded  or  labial ised  forms  of  these  vowels.  1890 
SWEET  Primer  Phonetics  (1902)  17  Such  a  vowel,  .will  still 
retain  much  of  its  distinctive  rounded  character.  Ibid,  26 
Pairs  of  rounded  and  unrounded  vowels. 

Hence  Kou'ndedly  adv.  ;  Rou  ndediiess. 

1867  Contentp.  Rev.  VI.  266  The  very  roundedness  of 
intellectual  surface  he  presents,  .at  first  sight.  z868  TEN  NY- 
SON  Lucretius  190  Rosy  knees  and  supple  ruundedness. 
1878'!'.  SINCLAIR  Mount  %i  [It]  made  Milton's  work  indefinite 
and  grandiose  instead  of  simply  freely  roundedly  grand. 

Roundel  (rau'iidel).  Also  5  roundele,  5-6 
-elle,  5-7  -ell,  7  -ill ;  5  roundul,  Sc.  -all,  6-8 
-alj  7  -ill;  5  rowndel,  6  -ale,  6-7  -ell.  [ad.  OF. 
rondel  masc.  or  rondel le  fern.,  f.  rond  ROUND  a. 
Hence  also  med.L.  rondelhis,  -um  and  rottdella, 
It.  rondello,  rondella^  MDu.  and  Du.  rondeel, 
MLG.  rondel^  rundel,  G.  rundel  (rondel)*  Sw. 
rundel)  Da.  runddel,  T"  rundel.  For  varying 
adoptions  of  the  word  in  English  see  RONDEL, 
ROUNDLE,  and  RUNDLE.] 

I.  1.  A  circle  drawn,  marked  out,  or  formed  in 
any  way.  Now  dial. 

a  1290  Beket  2128  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  1. 167  5wane  men  peyn- 
tiez  an  Anletnesse,.  .here  is  depeint  a  Roundel  al  a-boute 
be  heued.  c  1384  CHAUCER  //.  Fame  n.  791  Yf  that  thow 
Thorwe  on  water  now  a  stoon, . .  hyt  wol  make  anoon  A  litel 
roundell  as  a  sercle.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  i.  ix.  533  As 
men  may  be  a  roundall  se  Alerkit  to  be  delt  in  thre.  c  1440 
Promp.  Pam.  438/1  Rowndel,  rotnndale.  1529  MOKE 
Dyaloge  i.  Wks.  121/1  Those  nygromancers.  .that  put 
theyr  confydence  in  the  roundell  and  cercle  on  the  gjounde. 
1561  EDEN  tr.  Cortes' Art  Navig.  i.  xx.  22  The  Epicicle,  is  a 
circle  or  little  roundel.  1634  WITHER  Embl.  157  These 
roundells  helpe  to  shew  the  mystery  Of  that  immense  and 
blest  Eternitie.  1875  PARISH  Diet.  Sussex  Dial.,  Roundel, 
a  circle;  anything  round.  1876  F.  K.  ROBINSON  Whitby 
Gloss.  s.v.,  'A  witches  roundel,1  that  within  which  she 
performs  her  rites. 

b.  Something  forming  a  circle  or  ring ;  a 
number  of  things  or  persons  disposed  or  grouped 
in  a  circle.  Now  rare. 

1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  Evljb,  All  theys  oder,  crokes  and 
Roundulis  bene.  Ibid.,  The  crolces  and  the  Koundellis 
of  the  Nombles  of  be  dere.  1532  MORE  Confut.  Tindale 
Wks.  707/2  A  mainy  of  leud  mocking  knaues,  which., 
woulde  gette  them  into  a  roundell  turnyngt  theym  backe 
to  backe.  1598  HAKLUYT  Voy.  I.  95  The  roofe  whereof 
consisteth .  .of  wickers  meeting  aboue  in  one  little  roundell, 
out  of  which  roundell  ascendeth  vpward  a  necke  like  vnto 
a  chimney.  1613  W.  BROWNE  Brit.  Past.  i.  iii.  55  It  was 
a  Roundell  seated  on  a  plaine, — Enuiron'd  round  with 
Trees.  1657  W.  COLES  Admit  in  Eden  1,  The  white  Flowers 
grow  in  spoaky  roundels.  1713  J.  WARDER  True  Amazons 
49  Cut  a  notch  in  your  Straw-hive,  not  through  the  Roundal 
as  before,  but  somewhat  less.  1893  KIPLING  Many  Invent. 
1336  Company,  .gathered  itself  into  a  thing  like  a  decayed 
aloe-clump . . ;  and  in  that  clump,  roundel,  or  mob,  it  stayed. 

fc.  The  outer  circuit  or  rim  g^  anything.  Obs. 
1534  MORE  Treat.  Passion  Wks.  1347/2  Into  all  the  worlde 
is  gone  out  the  sowne  of  them,  and  into  the  endes  of  the 
roundel  of  the  earth  the  wordes  of  them.  1633  BP.  HALL 
Hard  Texts  430  As  for  the  outmost  roundells  of  those 
wheels  they  were  of  a  vast  and  dreadful  height. 

•f  d.  A  round  hole  or  hollow.  Obs. 
1578  BANISTER   Hist.  Man  i.  8  [The]  Suture,  .creeping 
..through  the  middest  of  y°  eyes  roundell.    Ibid.  12.     1614 
B.  JONSON  Barth.  Fair  iv.  vi,  Come  put  in  his  Icgtje  in  the 
middle  roundell,  and  let  him  hole  there. 


2.  fa.  Sc.  A  small  round  table.  Obs. 

c  1500  Priests  of  PebUs  23  Befoir  them  was  sone  set  a 
roundel  bricht,  And  with  ane  clene  claith  finelie  dicht.  It 
was  ouir-set.  Ibid.  579  Ane  Roundel  with  ane  cleine  claith. 
1548  E.ttr.  Rec.  Edinb.  (1871)  136  Ane  bnyrd  and  form, 
stule  and  rowndale,  xlviii  s. 

fb.  A  round  mat  for  vessels  to  stand  on.  Obs. 
1548  ELYOT,  Orfa's,  a  roundell  to  sette  dysshes  one  for 

soylynge  of  the  table  clothe.  1725  Fani.  Diet.  s.v.  Dis- 
tiuatifmt  D.  I.  is  a  Glass  or  earthern  Vessel  nam'd  the 
Recipient}  they  place  it  upon  a  Roundel  of  Straw,  that  it 
may  have  the  firmer  Footing. 

c.  A  circular  wooden  trencher. 

1797  Gentl.  Mag.  LXVII.  i.  281/1  The  circular  beechen 
plates,  called  roundels.  1827  Ibid.  XCVII.  n.  592  They  are 
called  roundels,  are  always  twelve  in  a  full  set,  and  are 
made  of  beech-wood.  1851  Archaeologia  XXXIV.  225 
Account  of  some  'Roundells'  or  Fruit  Trenchers  of  the 
Time  of  James  I. 

3.  A  small  round  shield.     Now  Hist. 

1538  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treat.  Scot.  VII.  13  Gevin  for  four 
roundelli.s  to  speris,  vj  cronis.  1562  J.  SHITE  tr.  CttmbiuCs 
Turk.  Wars  17  The  Turkes  covered  their  headt.s  with 
roundels  and  targes.  1585'!".  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay^s 
I'oy.  iv.  v.  116  [They]  are  armed  with.. bucklers,  roundels 
and  targets  of  steele.  1846  FAIRHOI.T  Costnmc  in  Eng:  592 
Roundel,  the  small  circular  shield  of  the  fourteenth  century. 
b.  (See  quots.) 

1846  FAIRHOLT  Costume  in  Eng,  163  He  has  roundels  at 
the  bend  of  the  arm,  and  upon  the  shoulders,  which  are 
sometimes  chased  and  ornamented.  1879  PLANCHE  Cycl. 
Costume  128  The  plate-gorget,  and  circular  gussets  of  plate 
to  which  English  antiquarians  have  given  the  names  of 
palettes  and  roundels,  protect  the  arm-pits. 

fc.  Anglo-Indian.    An  umbrella ;  a  sunshade. 
Recorded  earlier  as  rondcll  (1676),  rnndell  (1680):    see 

Yule  &  Burnell  (iS86)  850/2. 

1716  in  J.  T.  Wheeler  Madras  in  Old,  Time  (1861)  II.  230 
Cooks,  water  bearers,  coolies,  Palankeen  boys,  roundel  men. 
1773  IVES  Voy.  21  To  hire  a  Roundel-boy,  \vh<>-^  business 
is  to  walk  by  his  master,  and  defend  him  with  his  Roundel 
or  Umbrella  from  the  heat  of  the  sun. 

4.  A  small  circular  object ;  a  little  disk  or  rounded 
piece. 

1542  UDALL  Erasin,  Apoph,  29  A  maiden.,  did  with  \voon- 
dreous  sleight . .  cast  vp  and  receiue  again  one  after  another, 
twelf  trendies  or  rowndelles.  1545  KAYNOLD  Byrth  Man- 
kynde  n.  x.  (1634)  150  Temper  the  whole  masse  into  little 
roundels  or  trochisks,  each  waying  a  dram.  1649  Hi'.  HALL 
Cases  Consc.  176  The  first  verses  of  that  divine  Gt^pcll  arc 
singled  out,  printed,  in  a  small  roundell,  and  sold  to  the 
credulous  ignorants.  1725  Fain.  Dict.s.\.  Scorznncra,'\^c. 
Flower,  .when  it  fades,  leaves  a  Cottonny  Roundel  behind 
where  the  Seed  is.  1812  SIR  J.  SINCLAIR  Syst.  Hush,  Scot. 
ii.  Apn.  46  The  right  hand  or  lesser  handle,  attached  to  the 
larger  one  by  the  iron  rod  F,  and  the  wooden  roundels  G, 
H.  1863  WVNTER  Subtle  Brains  15  Again  rummaging,  I 
come  upon  roundels  formed  from  the  bottoms  ol  earthen 
ware  vessels.  1883  Athenaeum  5  Way  572/3  The  prehis 
toric  practice  of  trepanning  the  skull  might  have  been 
performed,  .by  removing  a  roundel. 

b.  spec.  A  perforated  iron  disk  placed  between 
the  stock  and  cheeks  of  a  gun. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1994/1. 

5.  f  a.  An  ornamental  circle  sewn  or  embroidered 
on  a  garment.  Obs. 

1546  fnv.  Ch.  Goods  (Surtees)  139  Three  albes  with  par- 
rettes  of  blak  satten  with  roundelles.  1577  HAKKISON  Eng 
land  n.  v.  (1877)  124  Those  [mantles]  of  the  chanons  are  of 
Murreie  with  a  roundell  of  the  arms  of  S.  George.  1609 
DEKKER  Rattens  Aim.  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  iSoDo  not  those 
Roundels  hang  about  him,  shew  like  so  many  pardons, 
tyed  to  the  partes  of  his  body  with  Labels? 

b.  Her.   =  ROUNDLE  i  b. 

1562  LEGH  Armory  149  Whether  are  Roundells  of  all 
suche  coloures,  a=  ye  haue  spoken  of  here  before  ?  or  shall 
they  be  named  Roundelles  of  those  coloures  ?  1655  M. 
CARTER  Honor  Rediz'.  (1660)  165  If  these  roundals  are 
charged  in  counter-changes  as  before,  then  they  are  only 
called  Roundals.  1880  Encycl,  Brit.  XI.  697/2  The  Roundel, 
if  of  metal,  is  a  simple  disk. 

C.  A  decorative  panel,  plate,  medallion,  etc., 
of  a  round  form. 

1859  GULLICK  &  TIMBS  Paint.  307  [The  altar  piece]  has 
also  gables  and  medallions  or  roundels.  1875  FORTNUM 
Rlaiolica  iii.  26  Each  roundel  is  a  massive  disc  of  terra 
cotta,  of  a  single  piece.  1891  Proc.  Sac.  Antiq.  Jan.  223 
A  copper  roundel,  once  gilt,  with  a  shield  of  the  arms  of 
England. 

d.  A  circle  of  painted   glass;    a  small  round 
pane  or  window. 

1865  Athenxuin  No.  1974.  285/1  The  allegorical  figures  in 
the  roundels.  1886  Pall  Mall  G.  31  Aug.  4/2  Occasionally 
white  roundels,  or  bottle  ends  on  a  ground  of  blue  or  green. 

6.  fa.  A  sphere  or  globe.  Obs.  (Cf.  ROUNDLE  2.) 

c  1590  in  Nichols  Progr,  Q.  Eliz.  (1823)  III.  53  A  general 
resemblance  of  the  Roundel  to  God,  the  World  and  the 
Queene.  Hid.,  The  Roundell  hath  no  bonch  or  angle 
Which  may  his  course  stay  or  entangle.  1591  SYLVESTER 
Du  Bartas  i.  iv.  328  More  or  less  their  roundels  wider  are, 
As  from  the  Center  they  be  neer  or  far.  1601  HOLLAND 
Pliny  I.  188  Anacharsis  the  Scythian,  .inuented  the  cast  of 
turning  the  roundell  or  globe. 

b.  A  ball  or  bead-moulding. 

1535  COVERDALE  2  Ckroti.  iv.  12  The  two  pliers  with  the 
roundels  and  knoppes  aboue  vpon  both  the  pilers.  1609 
BIBLE  (Douay)  i  Kings  vi.  18  Al  the  house  was  covered 
within  with  ceder,  having  roundels.  1850  PARKER  Gloss. 
Arch.  (ed.  5),  Roundel^  the  bead  or  astragal  moulding. 
f  c.  The  ball  of  the  elbow-  or  the  knee-joint. 

1541  COPLAND  GuydotCs  Quest.  Chimtrg.  G  ij  b,  In  suche 
maner  that  the  sayde  roundelles  entre  in  to  the  holownesse 
of  the  sockettes.  1643  J.  STEER  tr.  E*p.  Chyrurg.  xv.  60 
It  is  necessary  that  part  which  belongeth  to  the  rowndeli  of 
the  knee  be  made  hollow. 


EOUNDELAY. 

t  7.  A  cylinder  (of  wood)  ;  a  rung  of  a  ladder. 
Obs.  (Cf.  ROUNDLB  3.) 

1583  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Kichclay's  Voy.  iv.  xxxiii.  156 
Solon.. made  them  to  be  written  in  boords  or  roundeltes  of 
wood  (which  roundels,  according  to  Aristotle,  were  called 
Cyrbes).  1589  NASHE  Martin  Marprelate  Wks.  (Grosart) 
I.  156  These  men  must  needs  (and  so  doo)  dislike  of  all 
degrees;  worthie  themseluea  to  proceede  by  no  degrees, 
but  roundels. 

8.  a.  Sc.  A  round  turret. 

1738  De  Foe's  Tour  Grt.  Brit.  III.  248  [The  castle  of 
Drumlanrig]  is  Four-square,  with  Roundels  in  the  inner 
Angles  of  the  Court.  i8ai  SCOTT  Pirate  xxx,  The  window 
of  the  west  roundel  of  the  auld  house. 

b.  Fortification.  A  circular  bastion. 

1853  STOCQUELER  Alii.  Encycl.  237/1. 
II.   9.  A  rondeau  or  rondel. 

c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  Prol.  423  Manye  an  ympne . .  That 
hightyn  baladis,  roundelys,  &  vyrelayes.  c  1386  —  Knt.  sT. 
1529  Whan  that  Arcite  had.  .songen  al  the  roundel  lustily. 
c  1407  HOCCLEVE  Min.  Poems  60  This  rowndel  shul  we 
synge.  1483  CAXTOH  G.  de  la  Tour  a  j,  I  made  songes, 
layes,  Roundels,  balades . .  in  the  mooste  best  wyse  I  cowde. 
1513  DOUGLAS  /Eiieis  vin.  Prol.  67  The  rail3ear.  .ratlis 
furth  ranis, . .  baith  roundalis  and  ryme.  1530  PALSGK.  264/1 
Roundell,  rondeau.  1644  MILTON  Areopagitica  (Arb.)  37 
A  higher  straine  then  their  owne  souldierly  ballats  and 
roundels  could  reach  to.  17 ..  RAMSAY  Ricky  Sf  Sandy  26 
A  summer  day  I  never  thought  it  lang,  To  hear  him  make 
a  roundel  or  a  sang.  1835  LYTTON  Rienzi  u.  i,  I  think  one 
troubadour  roundel  worth  all  that  Petrarch  ever  wrote. 
1868  MORRIS  Earthly  Par.  (1870)  I.  r.  209  He  rode,  scarce 
touched  by  care. .,  Humming  a  roundel  with  a  smile.  1883 
SWINBURNE  (titled,  A  Century  of  Roundels. 

transf.  1582  STANYHUKST  sEneisw.  (Arb.)  111  The  skrich 
howle. .  Her  burial  roundel.. cruncketh  in  howling. 

10.  A  round  dance.     Cf.  ROUNDELAY  3. 

1590  SHAKS.  Mills.  N.  u.  ii.  i  Come,  now  a  Roundell,  and 
a  Fairy  song.  1825  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  XVII.  548/2 
The  Roundel  or  Country  Dance  seems  to  be  purely  English. 
1863  COWDEN  CLARKE  Sltaks.  Char.  iv.  103  Rousing  the 
mole-cricket  with  their  midnight  roundels  upon  the  pearly 
grass. 

Roundelay  (rau-ndeL?')-  Also  6-7  -laye,  7 
-laie  ;  6  rundelaye,  -ley,  roundley,  7  roundel- 
lay,  [ad.  F.  rondelet  ROUNDLET,  f.  rondel  ROUND 
EL,  with  the  ending  assimilated  to  LAY  s&.4] 

1.  A  short  simple  song  with  a  refrain. 

1573  G.  HARVEY  Letter-bk.  (Camden)  105,  I  beseeche  you 
marke  my  roundelaye.  1589  GREENE  Menaphon  (Arb.)  37 
Menaphon.  .began,  after  some  melodie,  to  Carroll  out  this 
roundelay.  1612  DRAYTON  Poly-alb.  To  Rdr.,  Shepheards. . 
singing  roundelaies,  to  their  gazing  flockes.  a  1664  KATH. 
PHILIPS  Poems  (1667)  189  At  our  Feast  he  gets  the  Praise, 
For  his  enchanting  Roundelayes.  1700  DRYDEN  Pal.  ty 
Arc.  688  Who,  listning,  heard  him  while  he  search'd  the 
Grove  And  loudly  sung  his  roundelay  of  love.  1765  STERNE 
Tr.  Shamty  VII.  xliii,  The  sister  of  the  youth  . .  sung  alter 
nately  with  her  brother — 'twas  a  Gascoigne  roundelay. 
1808  SCOTT  Marm.  til.  viii,  Now  must  I  venture,  as  I  may, 
To  sing  his  favourite  roundelay,  c  1860  LONGF.  Whither  1  v, 
The  water-nymphs  that  are  singing  Their  roundelays  under 
me.  1877  A.  B.  EDWARDS  Up  Nile  449  The  two  crews  met 
every  evening  to  smoke,  and  dance,  and  sing  their  quaint 
roundelays  together. 

b.  transf.  A  bird's  song  or  carol. 

1641  BEEDOME  Poeins,  Constant  Maid\\*,  The  winged 
birds . .  Each  one  by  turne  did  sing  his  rounde-lay.  1653 
WALTON  Angler  iii.  78  The  Cuckoe  and  the  Nightingale., 
with  their  pleasant  roundelayes  bid  welcome  in  the  Spring, 
1813  SCOTT  Rokeby  u.  xvi,  \Vhile  linnet,  lark,  and  black, 
bird  gay,  Sing  forth  her  nuptial  roundelay.  1863  LONGF. 
Wayside  Inn  i.  Poets  T.  xviii,  The  whirr  Of  meadow-lark, 
and  her  sweet  roundelay. 

f  c.  The  competitive  singing  of  such  songs.  Obs. 

1655  VAUGHAN  Silex  Stint.  (1858)  242  Here  many  garlands 
won  at  roundel-lays  Old  shepherds  hung  up  in  those  happy 
days,  From  Daphnis. 

2.  The  music  of  a  song  of  this  type. 

1593-1600  BRETON  Doff,  tf  Prim.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  16/1 
The  muses  all  haue  chose  a  settinge-place  To  singe  and 
play  the  sheppherdes  rundeley.  1604  —  Passionate  Shep 
herd  ibid.  5  while  yee  tune  your  pipes  to  play  But  an  idle 
Roundelay.  1820  KEATS  Isabella  xxxii,  The  breath  of 
Winter.,  plays  a  roundelay  Of  death  among  the  bushes  and 
the  leaves. 

3.  A  kind  of  round  dance. 

1589  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  vi.  xxxi.  135  When  as  they  fel  to 
Rowndelaies, .  .Not  Satires,  or  the  Naiades,  were  halfe  so 
nimble,  a  1633  T.  TAYLOR  God's  Judgem.  i.  n.  xxxvi.  (1642) 
288  They  fell  a  dancing,  men  and  women  mixtly  together, . . 
a  ridiculous  roundelay,  c  1800  H.  K.  WHITE  Poems  (1837) 
126  Dance,  dance  away,  the  jocund  roundelay  !  1867 
LONGP.  tr.  Dante,  Inf.  vii.  24  So  here  the  folk  must  dance 
their  roundelay. 

f  b.  A  fairy  circle  or  ring.    Obs.~l 

11638  CORBET  Poems  (1648)  8  Those  Rings  and  Rounde 
lays  Of  theirs,  which  yet  remain,  Were  footed.. on  many  a 
grassy  plain. 

RovmdeleeT.  nonce-wd.  [f.  ROUNDEL  9.]  A 
writer  or  composer  of  roundels. 

1888  STEVENSON  Epil.  to  Inland  Voy.^  Mr.  Lang,  Mr. 
Dobson,  Mr.  Henley,  and  all  contemporary  roundeleers. 

Koundeles,  rennet:  see  RUNDLES. 

B.oundelet(e,  etc. ,  obs.  forms  of  ROCNDLET. 

Rounder  (rcwndsi).     [f.  ROUND  sb\  and  vJ\ 
I.  1.  One  who  goes  round,  in  special  senses  : 
fa.  One  who  goes  the  round  of  a  watch   or 
sentinels ;  esp.  Mil.,  an  officer  or  soldier  of  the 
round.    Obs. 

1624  T.  LUSHINGTON  Serm.  1.41  In  our  modern  Wars., 
sometime  the  Rounder  will  clap  a  musket-shot  through  a 
sleepy  head.  1650  R.  ELTON  Art  Mil.  (1659)  188  Severall 


830 

Rounders,  .are.  .to  admonish  the  Sentinels  (In  case  of 
neglect).  1672  VENN  Mil.  fy  Mar.  Discipl.  5  And  upon  his 
return  there  are  four  other  Rounders  to  be  sent  twice  in  a 
night,  to  discover  round  the  quarters.  1770  Gentl.  Mag. 
X  L.  369  The  boundary  of  the  dockyard . .  visited  once  if  not 
oftener  in  the  night  by_  the  Rounders  (those  who  have  the 
immediate  superintending  of  the  watchmen). 
l>.  A  Methodist  local  preacher. 
1820  POIAVHELE  Introd.  to  Lavington*  s  Enthus.  Metk.  $ 
Papists  p.  Ixxxviii,  Many,  .prefer,  .even  the  Rounder, 
whether  male  or  female,.. to  the  accredited  and  licensed 
Minister.  1893  l  Q.'  Delect.  Duchy  116  On  Sundays  he., 
became  a  Rounder,  or  Methodist  local  preacher. 

c.  =  ROUNDSMAN  i. 

1896  in  Eng.  Dial.  Diet, 

d.  U.S.  One  who  makes  the  round  of  prisons, 
workhouses,    drinking   saloons,   etc. ;   a   habitual 
criminal,  loafer,  or  drunkard. 

1884  [see  REPEATER  5  b].    1891  Boston  (Mass.)  Jrnl.  7  July 
2/4  The  regular  rounders  who  are  beginning  to  receive  long 
sentences  under  the  new  drunkenness  law.     1894  Oitting 
XXIV.440/2  A  gay  young  bravo,  one  of  New  York's  many 
'  rounders  ',  or  all-nighters. 

2.  //.  A  game,  played  with  bat  and  ball  between 
two  sides,  in  which  each  player  endeavours  to  hit  and 
send  the  ball  as  far  away  as  he  can,  and  to  run  to  a 
base  or  right  round  the  course  without  being  struck 
by  the  fielded  ball. 

For  a  full  description  of  the  game  see  Gomme  Trad. 
Ga»ies(iBg8)  II.  145-6. 

1856  STONEHENGE  Brit.  Rural  Sports  500/1  Rounders, 
besides  an  ordinary  field,  requires  only  a  ball  and  a  stick 
resembling  a  common  rolling-pin.  1862  Dublin  Univ.  Mag. 
I.  642  What  schoolboy  has  not  played  rounders  in  his 
youth?  1894  ASTLEY  50  Years  Life  I.  7  Rounders  and 
marbles  were  our  principal  amusements. 

b.  A  complete  run  at  the  game  of  rounders. 

1856  STONEHENGE  Brit.  Rural  Sports  501/1  When  only 
one  of  the  side  is  left  in,  the  others  being  all  put  out,  he 
may  call  for  '  three  fair  hits  for  the  rounder  '.  1898  ALICE 
U.  GOMME  Trad.  Games  II.  146  When  a  complete  rounder 
is  obtained,  the  player  has  the  privilege  of.  .counting  the 
rounder  to  the  credit  of  his  side. 

3.  A  round  of  thanks,  applause,  etc. 

1882  ULACKMORE  Christowellll.  xv.  299  Mrs.  Cork.. was 
off,  amid  a  rounder  of  '  Thank'e,  ma'am  ;  thank'e  '. 

4.  A  round  blow. 

1883  R BADE  in  Harper's  Alag.  Dec.  132/1  The  carter,., 
while    endeavoring    a    tremendous    rounder, . .  received    a 
dazzler  with  the  left. 

II.  5.  A  round  tower.     Cf.  ROUNDEL  8  a. 

1782  PENNANT  Journ.  Chester  to  London  u  A  strong  wall 
fortified  with  round  towers..  .Some  of  the  walls,  and  about 
six  or  seven  rounders,  still  exist. 

6.  A  round  oath. 

1885  MRS.  C.  PRAED  Head  Station  I.  vii.  120  Though  we 
can  all  swear  a  rounder  in  the  stockyard  or  on  the  drafting 
camp. 

III.  7.  slang.    One  who  rounds  on  others. 
1884  Good  Words   June  399/2    'Rounders' — that  is,  in 
formers — . .  will  quietly  give  *  the  tip '  to  a  detective. 

8.  One  who  rounds  any  kind  of  work ;  esp.  in 
shoemaking  (see  quot.  1893). 

1881  Instructions  Census  Clerks  (iS&$  4°  Bookbinding  :. . 
Rounder.  Ibid,  45  Needle  Maker  : . .  Rounder.  Ibid.  76 
Boot  and  Shoe  Making  :  . .  Rounder  and  all  Rounder.  1889 
Daily  News  23  Dec.  2/6  The  manufacturers  determined 
..to  suspend  clickers,  machinists,  and  rough  stuff  cutters, 
and  the  rounders  and  finishers.  1893  Labour  Connn, 
Gloss.,  Rounders,  a  country  expression  for  the  youths  in 
the  boot  and  shoe  industry  who  cannot  be  trusted  to  cut  the 
best  materials,  and  who  therefore  cut  such  materials  as 
common  outsides,  fittings,  and  linings.  In  London  they  are 
termed  improvers. 

9.  a.  A  kind  of  boring-tool. 

1839  URE  Diet.  Arts g(&  The  boring  tools  are  represented 
in  the  following  figures  :—..  10.  The  rounder.  1869  GREEN- 
WELL  Mine  Engin.  139  The  rounder  resembles  a  beche 
externally,  but  it  is  solid  and  well  steeled  at  the  bottom. 
1894  HESLOP  Northnml'ld.  Gloss.,  Rounder^  a  boring  tool 
used  fur  breaking  or  cutting  off  any  projection  which  may 
have  occurred  in  the  hole. 

b.  A  tool  by  which  a  rounded  form  is  given  to 
something. 

1846  HOLTZAPFFEL.  Turning  II.  642  A  rod  of  wood., 
reduced  to  a  cylinder  by  a  rounder  or  witchet.  1875 
KNIGHT ^Dict.  Meek.  1994/2  Rounder,.. o,  plane  used  by 
wheelwrights  for  rounding  off  tenons. 

10.  Phonetics*  A  sign  used  to  indicate  the  round 
ing  of  a  vowel. 

1888  SWEET  Hist.  Eng.  Sounds  2  When  a  mid  vowel  is 
formed  with  the  rounding  of  a  high  vowel,  it  is  said  to  be 
over-rounded,  which  is  denoted  by  adding  the  '  rounder '. 

Rounder :  see  ROUNDUKE. 

Round-ffeLced,  a.    [ROUJSD  a.  16.] 

1.  Having  a  round  face. 

1676  WYCHERLEY  PI.  Dealer  v.  ii,  He  was  pretty  tall, 
round-faced,  and  one.. I  ne'er  bad  seen  before.  1678 
BUTLER  Hud.  it.  iii.  713  The  Roman  Senate. .Did  cause 
their  Clergy.  .The  round-fac'd  Prodigy  \sc.  an  owl]  t'avert. 
1832  DOWNES  Lett.  Cont.  Countries  I.  530  Around-faced 
man,  of  rather  low  stature.  1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  I. 
228  The  edges  are.. trimmed  with  a  round-faced  hammer. 
1888  Riverside  Nat.  Hist.  V.  517  On  the  island  of  Formosa 
!  also  occurs  an  allied  round-faced  species. 

2.  Round-faced  macaque^   the   Formosan  rock- 
macaque  {Macaques  cyclopis}y  having  a  flat,  round 

j    face,  and  resembling  the  Bengal  macaque. 
1887  in  CasselFs  Encycl.  Diet.  s.v. 

Boundgar,  obs.  form  of  ROUNGEB. 


ROUND-HEADED. 

Rou'nd  hand.    [f.  ROUND  a.  +  HAXD  sbl\ 

1.  A   style  of  handwriting  in  which  the  letters 
are  round,  bold,  and  full. 

i68a  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  1732/4  The  Bastard  Italians  (com 
monly)  called  the  new  A-la-mode  Round-hands,  with 
Round-mix!  Running-hands,  and  mixt  Secretaries.  1686 
W.  ELDER  (title)  in  Arber  Term  Catal.  II.  158/1  A  Book 
of  Copies  for  Learners  of  Round-hand.  1748  HARTLEY 
Ob$en>.  Man  \.  iii.  302  The  common  Round-hand,  various 
Law-hands,  and  various  Short-hands.  1766  SERLE  Art 
Writing  3  Round  Hand.  ..In  writing  this  Hand,  let  the 
Slope  be  inclining  to  your  Right  Hand.  1848  THACKERAY 
Van.  Fair  i,  The  orphan,  little  Laura  Martin  (who  was  just 
in  round-hand).  1899  AlHtutfs  Syst.  Med.  VII.  436  A 
word  written  in  the  'round  hand'  of  the  copy  books. 

attrib.  and  transf.  1766  SERLE  Art  Writing  61  The 
capital  Round  Hand  Letters.  1844  ALB.  SMITH  Adv.  Mr. 
Lcdlmry  xxiv,  'Time  flies  quickly,'  as  we  learn  from  the 
roundhand  copies.  1888  PATER  Apprec.  (1890)  2  Something 
very  tamely.. confined  to  mainly  practical  ends— a  kind  of 
'  good  round  hand '. 

2.  attrib.  Of  bowling :   Performed  with  a  hori 
zontal  swing  of  the  hand  or  arm  ;  round-arm. 

1851  LILLYWHITE  Guide  Crick.  14  Mr.  Willes.. first  intro 
duced  round-hand  bowling,  and  Lambart  first  practised  it 
.  .forty  years  ago.  1884  Harper's  Mag.  Jan.  299/2  Oh,  for 
..the  round-hand  bowling  of  our  fathers'  day  ! 

So  Rou'nd-hauder,  a  '  round-arm '  blow. 

1892  W.  S.  GILBERT  Foggerty's  Fairy  169  He  planted  a 
round-hander  on  the  Sergeant's  left  ear. 

Roundhead,  round-head  (raivnd,hed). 
Also  7-8  Round-head,  -Head,  Round  head. 
[ROUND  «.] 

1.  Eng.  Hist.  A  member  or  adherent  of  the  Par 
liamentary  party  in  the  Civil  War  of  the  ifth  cen 
tury,  so  called  from  their  custom  of  wearing  the 
hair  close  cut. 

In  this  sense  now  usu.  with  capital  and  as  one  word. 

The  name  appears  to  have  arisen  towards  the  end  of  the 
year  1641 :  see  Clarendon  Hist.  Reb.  iv.  §  121.  Rushworth 
Hist.  Coll.  (1692)  in.  i.  463  attributes  its  origin  to  an  officer 
named  David  Hide,  who  (app.  on  27  Dec.  of  that  year) 
threatened  to  '  cut  the  Throat  of  those  Round-headed  Dogs 
that  bawled  against  Bishops'.  Brathwait's  use,  if  earlier 
than  this,  may  be  only  an  accidental  anticipation  of  it. 

1641  BRATHWAIT  Merc.  Brit,  iv,  See.. how  these    notted 
and  round  heads  with  their  prick  eares  doe  listen  and  stare 
on  their  predicating  Pinner.     164*  Heads  of  all  Fashions  4 
A  Round-head  is  a  man  whose  braine's  compact,  Whose 
Verities   and  Trulies  are  an    Act    Infallible.      1651    [see 
CAVALIER  sf>.  3],    a  1671  LD.  FAIRFAX  Mem.  (1699)  95  Those 
of  the  array  exceeded  their  commission  in  oppressing  many 
honest  people,   whom,    by   way  of   reproach,   they   called 
Roundheads.      1735    UOLINGBROKE    On    Parties    53    The 
Whigs   were   not  Roundheads,   tho'   the   Measures    They 
pursued,  .gave  Occasion    to   the  Suspicions    I    have   men 
tioned.     1816  SCOTT  Old  Mort.  viii,  My  cockade  and  my 
broadsword  are  my  commission,  and  a  better  one  than  ever 
Old  Nol  gave  to  his  roundheads.     1842  TENNYSON  Talking 
Oak  299  Far  below  the  Roundhead  rode,  And  humni'd  a 
surly  hymn. 

transf.  1643  »n  Swainson  Prov.  Names  Brit.  Birds 
(E.  D.  S.)  no  Her  colour  is  most  comely,  And  a  Round-head 
is  she  \sc.  a  cuckoo],  And  yet  no  sect  She  doth  respect. 

attrib.  1845  JAMES  Arralt  Neil  i,  The  roundhead  rascals, 
I  wish  I  had  my  sword  in  their  stomach.  1855  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  xv.  III.  520  They  would  have  been  pointed  at 
in  the  street  as  Roundhead  knaves. 

f  2.  A  kind  of  weapon  :  (see  quot.  1643).  Obs. 

1643  Mercurius  Civicus  No.  n.  84  A  thousand  of  those 
weapons  which  the  Papists  call  Round-heads,  for  that  with 
them  they  intended  to  bring  the  Round-heads  into  subjec 
tion.  1643  [ANGiERj  Lane.  I'all.  Aclwr  22  A  new-invented 
mischievous  Instrument. . .  An  head  about  a  quarter  of  a  yard 
long,  a  stafie  of  two  yards  long  put  into  their  head,  twelve 
iron  pikes  round  about,  and  one  in  the  end  to  stop  with  ; 
This  fierce  Weapon  they  called,  A  Round-head.  1644-5 
Rec.  Nottingham  (1900)  V.  232  Paid  to  Richard  Smith  for 
roundheads  for  the  towne,  V1'.  Ibid.  233. 

3.  a.  A  siluroid  fish  of  S.  America,     b.  The 
weakfish  of  N.  America. 

1842  Penny  CycL  XXII.  17/1  It  is  said  that  the  other 
species,  the  round-head  {Callickthys  littoralis^  HancocJO, 
has  not  been  known  to  attempt  such  excursions.  Ibid.,  The 
round-head  forms  its  nest  of  grass. 

4.  attrib.  or  as  adj.  Round-headed. 

1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVI.  276/1  Columns.. are  employed  as 
piers  to  support  the  arches  (not  round-head,  but  pointed). 
1907  Man.  Old  Derbyshire  55  The  intrusion  of  a  round 
head  people  upon  the  Neolithic  long-heads. 

Round-headed,  a.    [ROUND  a.  16.]    Having 

a  round  head,  in  various  senses. 

In  the  following  quot.  the  precise  meaning  is  not  quite 
clear:— 1633  ROWLEY  Match  at  Midn.  MI.  i,  Marry  who 
thou  wool  to  make  a  shew  to  shrowd  thee  from  the  storme 
round  headed  opinion,  that  swayes  all  the  world,  may  let  fall 
on  thee. 

1.  Of  persons  :    Wearing  the  hair  closely  cut ; 
spec,  belonging  to  the  Roundhead  party. 

1642  in  N.  $  Q.  ioth  Ser.  X.  357/2 That  Mr.  Seldon..had 
more  learning  than  a  thousand  round-headed  Pirns.     1643 
PRYNNE  Gag  for  Long-haired  Rattle-Heads  L  j  b,  The 
honour  of  our  ancient  Kings,  who  were  Roundheaded, 
like  to  the  Coslestiall  spheare.     1650  COWLEY  Guardian  v. 
iv  You  have  invited.. the  widdows  round-headed  kindred? 
1816  SCOTT  Old  Mort.  xxxv,  I  thought  I  had  to  do  with  the 
son  of  an  old  round-headed  rebel.     18*6  —  Woodst.  i,  Those 
round-headed  commonwealth  knaves. 

2.  a.  In  specific  names  of  animals. 

1720  Dampier"s  Voy.  III.  399  Roundheaded  Armadillo. 
1768  PENNANT  Brit.Zool.  (1776)  III.  56  Roundheaded  cacha 
lot  :  this  species  was  taken  on  one  of  the  Orkney  Isles.  1855 
Orr's  Ci>-c.Sci,,Org.  Nat.  I  [1. 410 The  Round-headed  Por 
poise  (Pkoc&na,  welas}..\s  distinguished  by  its  very  convex 


BOUNDHEADISM. 


831 


BOUNDLE. 


rounded  head.    1897  H.  O.  FORBES  Hand-bk,  Primates  I. 
89  The  round-headed  sportive-lemur. 
to.  In  specific  names  of  plants. 

1753  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Mushroom^  The  round- 
beaded  spring  Mushroom.  1789  J.  PILKINGTON  View 
Derby s/t.  I.  380  Juncus  conglomeratus.  Round  headed 
Rush.  1796  WITHERING  Brit,  PL  (ed.  3)  II.  333  Round- 
headed  Garlic.  Ibid.  III.  522  Round-headed  Mint.  £1833 
S'vanland  Farm  Rep.  127  in  Hush,  III,  Dactylis  glome- 
rata,  Round-headed  cock's-foot.  1855  Miss  PRATT  Flower. 
PL  III.  345  Round-headed  Rampion.  1859  —  Brit,  Grasses 
VI.  22  Round-headed  Cotton-grass.  Ibid.  40  Round  Headed 
Sedge. 

3.  Of  arches,  windows,  etc.,  or  building  charac 
terized  by  these. 

1758  BP.  LOWTH  Life  Wittam  of  Wykeham  vi.  209  With 
round  pillars..,  round-headed  arches  and  windows.  iSz/ 
Gentl.  Mag.  XCVII.  H.  497  This  recess  was  originally  illu 
minated  by  five  narrow  round-headed  windows.  1881  FREE 
MAN  Snbj.  Venice  104  Above  was  a  simple  round-headed 
clerestory. 

4.  Of  things  which  assume  a  rounded  form  to 
wards  the  top  or  end. 

1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  v,  The  Cheviots  rose  before  me ; . . 
huge,  round-headed,  and  clothed  with  a  dark  robe  of  russet. 
1818  —  Let.  in  Lock/tart  (1837)  'V.  iv.  135  To  plant 
birches,  oaks,  elms,  and  suchlike  round-headed  trees  along 
the  verges  of  the  Kaeside  plantations.  1866  G.  STEPHENS 
Runic  Mon.  I.  227  These  round-headed  grave-stones  can  be 
traced  back  in  England  to  the  nth  or  i2th  century. 

5.  Of  nails,  etc.,  ending  in  a  round  disk  or  knob. 
1802  JAMES  Mil,  Diet.  s.v.  Nail,  Rose-bud  Nails  are  small 

round-headed  nails,  driven  in  the  centre  of  the  roses  of  the 
plates.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  256/1  The  screws. .are 
round-headed  and  countersunk.  1875  DARWIN  Insectiv.  PL 
vii.  139  A  considerable  number  of  the  round-headed  tentacles 
were  inflected. 

Kouudheadism.  rare~l.  [f.  ROUNDHEAD.] 
A  Roundhead  fashion. 

1630  BULWER  Anthropomet.^  The  City-Flat-Cap  imi 
tates  the  Brasilean  Flat-Head,  and  is  no  other  then  a 
Grecian  or  Gallo-Grecian  Round-headnisme  [sic]. 

Rou'lld-house,  sb.  [In  sense  I  app.  f.  ROUND 
sb.1  14  b  (cf.  Ou.  rondhuis  guard-house)  ;  in  other 
senses  f.  ROUND  «.] 

1.  A  lock-up  ;  a  place  of  detention  for  arrested 
persons.     Now  only  Hist. 

1589  in  Antiquary  XXXII.  373  [Rent  of]  the  rounde 
house,  iiijW.  1684  Sht- Wedding  (title-p.),  For  which 
Fact  the  said  Parties  were  both  Committed,  and  one  of 
them  remains  now  in  the  Round  House  at  Greenwich. 
1697  VANBRUGH  Prov.  Wife  iv.  i,  Out  of  respect  to  your 
calling,  I  shan't  put  you  into  the  round-house.  1707 
CIBBER  Double  Gallant  i,  I  sit  up  every  night  at  the 
Tavern  :  and  in  the  Morning  lie  rough  in  the  Round 
house.  1791  WOLCOT  (P.  Pindar)  Remonstrance  Wks.  1812 
II.  455  Thence  at  the  Round-house,  in  about  an  hour  Re 
news  his  poor  debilitated  power  Of  comprehending.  1817 
Miss  EUGEWORTH  Harrington  (1832)  17  The  beggars,  .were 
led  in  captivity  to  round-houses.  1840  DICKENS  .#«*-«.  .A1  «^<,* 
Ixxiv,  Mr.  Dennis,  having  been  made  prisoner  late  in  the 
evening,  was  removed  to  a  neighbouring  round-house  for 
that  night.  1863  KINGSLEY  Water-Babies  v,  Put  him  in 
the  round  house  till  he  gets  sober. 

attrib.  1747  HOADI.Y  Suspicions  Hush.  n.  iv,  If  this  should 
prove  a  Round-House  Affair. 

2.  Naiit.  A  cabin  or  set  of  cabins  on  the  after- 
part  of  the  quarter-deck  (cf.  quot.  1769). 

Now  in  use  only  on  old  sailing  vessels  (where  it  forms  the 
quarters  of  the  sailmakers,  carpenters,  and  apprentices), 
and  in  connexion  with  Board  of  Trade  tonnage  measure 
ments,  when  it  generally  includes  all  c'abins  built  on  deck. 

1626  CAPT.  SMITH  Accid.  Yng.  Seamen  10  The  Captaines 
Cabben  or  great  Cabben,  the  stearage,  the  halfe  DecKe,  the 
round  house,  the  Forecastle.  1627  — Seaman's  Gram.  n.  6 
The  Masters  Cabin  called  the  round  house. .  is  the  vtmost  of 
all.  1691  T.  H(ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent.  126  The  Guns  in  the 
Fore-castle  and  steerage  clear  the  Deck,  as  those  of  the 
Round-house  do  the  Quarter  deck.  1725  DE  FOE  Voy. 
round  World(\$>qz)  28  We. .secured  the  Steerage,  as  also 
the  roundhouse,  so  that  we  could  not  possibly  be  surprised. 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  Round-house,  a  name 
given,  in  East-Indiamen,and  other  large  merchant-ships,  to 
a  cabin.. built  in  the  after  part  of  the  quarter-deck,  and 
having  the  poop  for  it's  roof.  The  apartment  is  usually  called 
the  coach  in  our  ships  of  war.  1834  Ts1v.w\*i  Angler  in  Wales 
I.  229  One  of  my  cabin-windows  (for  I  had  half  the  round 
house)  was  open.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tom's  C.  xiv, 
The  steersman  at  the  wheel  paused  and  smiled,  as  the 
picture-like  head  gleamed  through  the  window  of  the  round 
house.  1906  Temple  Bar  Jan.  76  The  reefers  in  the  half- 
deck  also  start  their  sing-song,  and  the  supernumeraries,  in 
'  the  round-house  ',  make  what  melody  they  can. 

attrib.  1846  YOUNG  Nant.  Diet,  s.v.,  The  beams  on  which 
the  poop  rests  are  called  the  round-house  beams. 
D.  (See  quot.) 

c  1850  Rudim.  Navig,  (Weale)  143  Round-house  at  the 
Head)  conveniences  or  seats  of  ease  for  the  officers. 

3.  a.  A  round  shed   or  building  in  which  ma 
chinery  is  worked  by  circular  movement. 

1656  W.  DuGARD  tr.  Comenins*  Gate  Lat.  Unl.  133  Hee 
that.-turneth  about  a  draw-beam  with  levers;  or  walking 
in  the  round-hous  whirleth  the  crane.  1886  ELWORTHY  W. 
Somerset  Word-Bk.  s.v.,  Few  farms  are  without  a  round 
house  in  which  the  horses  go  round  and  round. 
b.  Part  of  a  windmill  (see  quot.). 

1876  MRS.  EWING  Jan  of  tlte  Windmill  iii,  The  projec 
tion  is.. an  additional  passage,  encircling  the  bottom  story 
of  the  windmill.  It  is  the  round-house.  The  round-house 
is  commonly  used  as  a  kind  of  store-room. 

4.  U.S.    A  circular  shed  for  locomotives,  with 
a  turn-table  in  the  centre. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1994/2.  1881  Scribners  Mag: 
XXII.  833  The  narrow-gauge  of  the  N.P.C.R.R.  crawls 


like  a  snake  from  the  ferry  on  the  bay  to  the  roundhouse 
over  and  beyond  the  hills.  1891  C.  ROKKRJS  At/rift  A mer. 
225,  I  found  a  quiet  corner  to  sleep  in,  in  the  round-house,  as 
they  call  the  engine-sheds. 

Hence  Roirnd-house  v.,  to  confine  in  a  round 
house. 

1889  CONAN  DOYLE  Micah  Clarke  xiii.  117,  I  have  been 
round-housed  many  a  time  by  the  watch. 

Roirnding,  vbl.  sbl    [f.  ROUND  v.1  +  -ING  *.] 

I.  1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  trans,  senses. 
1562-3  Act  5  Eliz.  c.  xi.  §  r  Clipping,  washing,  rounding, 

or  filing. .  of  any  the  proper  Moneys  or  Coines  of  this  Realme. 
1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Arrondissement,  The  pieces,  or  shreds  that 
are  cut  off  in  the  rounding  of  a  garment.  1794  Rigging  fy 
Seamanship  56  Rounding  is  giving  the  rope  an  additional 
turn  after  being  closed.  1867  A.  J.  ELLIS  E.  E.  Pronunc. 
i.  iii.  §  3.  161  When  the  labial  passage  is  large  and  uncon 
strained  by  rounding  or  narrowing  of  the  labial  orifice.  1885 
C.  G.  W.  LOCK  Workshop  Rec.  Ser.  iv.  236/1  '  Rounding  ' 
applies  to  the  back  of  the  book,  and  is  preliminary  to  back 
ing.  1886  T.  FROST  Reminisc.  Country  Journalist  y\.  (1888) 
121  Canning.,  was  so  extremely  fastidious  about  the  round 
ing  of  his  periods. 

b.  Naut.  with  in,  up  (see  quots.). 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  Rounding-in^  gener 
ally  implies  the  act  of  pulling  upon  any  rope  which  passes 
through  one  or  more  blocks,  in  a  direction  nearly  horizontal. 
Ibid.,  Rounding-up.  .is  expressed  of  a  tackle  which  hangs 
in  a  perpendicular  position,  without  sustaining  or  hoisting 
any  weighty  body  :  it  is  then  the  operation  of  pulling  the 
blocks  closer  to  each  other,  by  means  of  the  rope  which 
passes  through  them.  1890  CLARK  RUSSELL  Marriage  at 
Sea  xiii,  The  sailors  fell  to  rounding-in^  as  it  is  called,  upon 
the  main  and  main-topsail  braces. 

2.  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  intrans.  senses.    Also 
with  up. 

1674  FAIRFAX  Bulk  fy  Sek1.  90  Suppose  ..  the  Planets 
still  holding  their  rooms,  and  holding  on  their  roundings 
as  they  did  before.  1732  WHAI.EY  Poems  48  With  happy 
Roundings  swell'd  the  Breast.  1862  Cornh.  Mag.  Nov.  646 
1  Rounding  '  or  treachery  is  always  spoken  of  very  indig 
nantly,  and  often  severely,  .punished.  1868  VERNKY  Stone 
JLdge  x,  Come,  Roland,  I'll  none  waste  my  time  with  such 
roundings.  igo6Brit.  Med.  Jrnl.  13  Jan.  70  A  little  rounding 
up  of  the  abdomen. 

3.  attrib.)  as  rounding-brass,  -iron,  -knife,  etc. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  383/1  Rounding  Knife,  a  short 

broad  Blade  like  a  Turkish  scimitar,  a  thick  back  and  short 
handle.  1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  232  The  top  and 
bottom  rounding  tools.. are  made  of  all  diameters  for  plain 
cylindrical  works.  1845  YOUATT  Dog  iii.  83  When  the  time 
comes,  the  ears  of  the  dog  should  lie  rounded  ;  the  size  of  the 
ear  and  of  the  head  guiding  the  rounding-iron.  1851-4 
Tomiinson's  Cycl.  Useful  Arts  (1866)  I.  838/2  When  quite 
dry,  the  proper  width  is  given  to  the  brim  by  means  of  a 
rounding-brass,  or  gauge.  1876  Eneycl.  Brit.  IV.  44/1  The 
backing-machine  is  worked  by  the  hand,  and  its  action  is 
somewhat  similar  to  that  of  the  rounding-machine. 
b.  So  roiinding-up  machine,  tool. 
1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  831/2  A  rounding  up 
machine  can  shape  100  pairs  of  soles  per  hour.  1884 
BRITTEN  Watch  <*»•  Clockm.  125  The  fraises  do  not  supersede 
the  Rounding  Up  Tool. 

II.  4.  A  rounded  edge  or  surface ;    a  curvat 
ure;  a  curved  part  or  outline  ;  "f  a  tonsure. 

1551  ROBINSON  tr.  Morels  Uiop.  \.  (1895)  70  He  shoulde 
be  dyscryued  by  hys  rounding  and  his  eare  marke.  ft  1583 
in  HalHwell  Kara,  Mathem.  (1841)  38  That  Glasse  woulde 
make  the  face,  .narrowe  accordioge  vnto  the  roundinge  of 
the  glasse.  1680  MOXON  Mech.E.vere.  xiii.  226  A  Tooth  of 
Steel  with  such  Roundings  and  Hollows  in  the  bottom  of  it 
as  I  intended  to  have  Hollows  and  Roundings  upon  my 
Work.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qual.  (1809)  ill.  149 
Never  did  I  behold  such,  .symmetry,  such  roundings  of 
angles.  1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Print.  309  A  mortise. .from 
within  an  inch  of  the  rounding  to  an  inch  and  an  half  of  the 
bottom.  1833  LOUDON  Eneycl.  Archit.  §602  The  rounding 
of  the  chimney  breast  £21842  SIR  C.  BELL  Anat.  #  Phu. 
Express.  (1872)  223  He  makes  roundings  merely;  he  is  in 
capable  of  representing  the  elegant  curved  outline  of  beauty. 
1897  Westm.  Gaz.  8  Jan.  8/3  The  cork  disc  is  driven.,  down 
into  the  rounding  outside  the  bottle  top. 

6.  Naut.  A  service  of  small  rope  or  cordage, 
wound  round  a  cable,  spar,  etc.,  to  prevent  chafing. 

1748  Ansoiis  Voy.  n.  i.  115  An  iron  chain,  or  good  round 
ing,,  .to  secure  them  [sc.  cables]  from  being  rubbed  by  the 
foulness  of  the  ground.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780) 
Fourrer,  to  serve  the  cables  as  with  plat,  rounding,  keek- 
ling,  &c.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  Bef.Mast  iii,  This  chafing  gear 
consists  of.  .roundings,  battens,  and  service  of  all  kinds. 
1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Wcrd-hk.  s.v.  Mat,  Rounding  is  now 
used  instead  of  mats,  it  being  neater  and  holding  less  water. 
1882  NARES  Seamanship  i,ed.  6)  229  Take  apiece  of.. stout 
rounding  to  the  topmast. 

^Q.  pi.  Some  part  of  a  woman's  head-dress.  Obs. 

1732  Lena.  Mag.  Oct.  351/1  The  Head-Dresses,  with  the 
Peeks,  Lappets,  and  Roundings. 

7.  //.  Clippings;   parings. 

1883  HALDANE  Workshop  Receipts  Ser.  n.  300/2  'Wet* 
materials :.  .roundings  of  hides  previously  limed.  1889 
Charity  Organis.  Rev.  Jan.  9  [They]  are  forced,  .to  sell  the 
'  roundings '  (inferior  portions) .  .at  a  considerable  loss. 

Rou'iiding,  vbl.  sb£  [Later  form  of  ROUNING 
vbl.  sb. :  cf.  ROUND  v*]  Whispering,  private  talk. 

1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Polys  (1570)  85  Within  the  Churche 
the  seruice  to  encomber  With  their  lewde  barking,  rounding, 
din  and  cry.  Ibid.  (1570)  208  They  flatter  their  lorde  with 
wordes  fayre  and  gay  And  vayne  roundinges.  1609  La 
BALMERINOCH  Narr.  in  Pitcairn  Crim.  Trials  1 1.  586  Then, 
be  his  Ma.  countenance,  and  some  rounding  that  past 
betuixt  his  Ma.  and  Sir  A.  Hay,  I  beganne  to  be  in  some 
suspicione. 

Bou'nding,  ///.  a.     [f.  ROUND  z/.i  +  -ING  2.] 

1.  Surrounding,  encircling. 

1600  TOURNEUR    Trans/.   Metam.   Ixvi,   All   with    their 


poyson  like  a  rounding  ring  ;  The  good  encombred  Knight 
encompassing.  1830  TENNYSON  Mariana  44  For  leagues 
no  other  tree  did  mark  The  level  waste,  the  rounding  gray. 

2.  Assuming    or  having  a    circular    or  convex 
form  ;  tending  towards  roundness. 

1670  NARBOROUGH  Jrnl.  in  Ace.  Sev.  Late  Voy.  i.  (1694) 
24  Upon  which  rounding  Point  stand  black  Rocks.  1709 
Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4510/7  The  Hoy  Burthen  9  or  10  Tun,., 
with  a  clean  Tail,  a  rounding  Wale.  1786  ABERCROMBIE 
Card.  Assist.  94  Turning.. the  clean  fresh  gravel  to  the 
top,  levelling  it  even  in  a  rounding  manner.  1869  WHITTIER 
Noretnbega  14  Unbroken  over  swamp  and  hill  The  round 
ing  shadow  lay. 

b.  In  predicative  and  quasi-adv.  use. 

1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  xv.  P2  It  hath  two 
of  its  Fore-Angles,  .cut  off  either  straight  or  rounding, 
according  to  the  pleasure  of  the  Work-man.  1712  J.  JAMES 
tr.  Le  Blond's  Gardening  155  You.  .fill  them  with  Mold. ., 
which  you  lay  rounding  in  the  Middle  like  an  Ass's  Back. 
1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  80  In  some  degree  rounding, 
like  the  Rockers  of  a  cradle.  1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Tnrning\\. 
499  If  it  [sc.  a  board]  should  be  obviously  higher. .at  the 
edges  from  being  'cast  and  rounding'.  1858  Skyring's 
Builder's  Prices  4  Care  should  be  taken  to  allow  for  the 
remedy  of  that  defect,  by  laying  the  joist  rounding. 

3.  Circular,  circuitous ;  moving  round. 

1711  Milit.  8f  Sea  Diet.  (ed.  4),  Caracol^  as  Wheel  by 
Caracol  ;  used  only  among  the  Horse,  and  is  a  Serpentine 
or  Rounding  Motion  of  Wheeling.  1728  MALLET  Excursion 
Wks.  1759  I.  101  Where  these  huge  globes  Sail  undisturb'd, 
a  rounding  voyage  each.  1883  WHITTIER  Our  Country  35 
Alone,  the  rounding  century  finds  Thy  liberal  soil  by  free 
hands  tilled. 

Roundish,  a.    ff.  ROUND  a.  +-ISH.] 

1.  Somewhat  round. 

1545  RAYNOLD  Byrth  Mankynde  25  The  backe  or  outer 
syde  therof  roundysshe  and  smothe.  a  1608  DF,E  Relat. 
Spir.  i.  (1659)  357  They.. break  up  the  rock.. in  roundish 
lumps  as  big  as  a  twopeny  loaf.  1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.^ 
Printing  xi.  F  15  The  edges  a  little  BeviTd  roundish  away. 
X733  TULL  Horse-Hosing  Husb.  xxiii.  (Dubl.)  355  The 
Corner  of  the  Plate.,  we  make  a  little  roundish.  1755  MASON 
Let.  to  Gray  27  June,  Mynn  Herr —  is  of  a  roundish,  squab 
figure.  1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  III.  xxxv.  600  An 
oblong  and  sometimes  roundish  spot.  1875  BUCKLAND/.^- 
Book  34  The  mark  of  the  foot  is  of  a  roundish  form.  1897 
Allbutt^s  Syst.  Med.  III.  80  Some  osteophytes  are  flat  and 
roundish. 

2.  Comb.    a.  Parasynthetic,    as    roundish-faced, 
-featured,  -leaved,  -shaped. 

1670  NARBOROUGH  yrnl.  in  Ace.  Se~u.  Late  Voy.  i.  (1694) 
64  These  People  are.  .roundish  Faced,  and  well  shaped. 
1753  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Ranunculus,  The  roundish 
leaved  ranunculuses.  1836-9  Todd's  Cycl.  Anat.  II.  485/2 
When  they  are  viewed  in  an  aggregate  form,  the  semblance 
of  roundish-shaped  granules  is  seen.  1881  CARLYLE  Re 
minisc.  II.  35  She  was  roundish-featured. 

b.  With    adjs.,  as   roundish-deltoid,  -obovate, 
-oval,  -ovate. 

1828  J.  E.  SMITH  Eng.  Flora  II.  263  Leaves  roundish- 
oval,  always  longer  than  they  are  broad.  Ibid.  265  Leaves 
roundish-obovate,  serrated.  1847  STEELE  Field  Bot.  134 
Leaves  roundish-ovate,  toothed,  wrinkled.  Ibid.  214  Rachis 
green,  fronds  linear  ;  pinnae  roundish-deltoid. 

Hence  Rou'iidislmess,  *  the  state  of  being 
roundish*  (Webster,  1828-32). 

Roundle  (rairnd'l).     [var.  of  ROUNDEL.] 

1.  A  ring  or  circle ;  an  object  of  circular  form  ;  a 
disk,  round  plate,  etc.  (Cf.  ROUNDEL.)  Now  rare. 

JS59  MORWYNG  Evonym.  206  Take  the  rout  of  Dragons 
made  cleen  and  cut  in  to  thin  roundles.  1601  HOLLAND 
Pliny  II.  128  Good  it  is  also  to  cut  them  into  roundles. 
1632  SIR  S.  D'EwES  Autobiog.  (1845)  II.  72,  I  caused  them 
all  [ST.  coins]  to  be  put  into  roundles  of  ivory,  and  placed 
them  In  drawers  in  a  box,  1688  HOLME  Armoury  n.  88/1 
The  flowers  grow  in  roundles,  towards  the  top  of  the  stalk. 
1855  tr.  Labarte"s  Arts  Mid.  Agesf.  xxix,  Painted  roundles 
or  fruit  trenchers.  1887  PARISH  &  SHAW  Kent  Gloss., 
fic''ittid/et..the  part  of  a  nop-oast  where  the  fires  are  made, 
which  is  generally  circular. 

to.  Her.  One  of  various  circular  charges  dis 
tinguished  by  their  tincture.  (Cf.  ROUNDEL  5b.) 

1610  GUILLIM  Her.  iv.  xix,  Of  the  first  sort  are  Roundles, 
of  which  Leigh  giueth  examples  of  nine  sundry.  1688 
HOLME  Armoury  i.  60/2,  I  shall  in  the  first  place  .speak  of 
the  Rounds,  Roundles,  or  Roundlets.  1728  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.)  Pellets,  in  Heraldry,  a  Name  given  those  Roundles 
which  are  Black ;  call'd  also  Ogresses  and  Gun-stones. 
1864  BOUTELL  Her.  Hist.  $  Pof.  xvii,  (ed.  3)  260  He  charged 
this  group  upon  a  roundle.  1868  CUSSANS  Her.  (1893)  73 
Roundles  arz  small  circular  figures— of  frequent  occurrence 
in  Heraldry — forming  a  distinct  group  of  Charges. 

c.  =  ROUNDEL  jb. 

1869  BOUTELL  Arms  fy  Armour  x.  193  The  roundles  at 
the  elbows  and  shoulders  sometimes  assumed  the  form  of 
lions'  faces.  Ibid.  196. 

f2.  A  sphere  or  globe.  Obs.  (Cf.  ROUNDEL  6  a.) 
1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  30  We  speake . .  [of]  the  round 
ball  of  the  earth  ;  and  confesse  that  it  is  a  globe.  ..But  yet 
the  forme  is  not  of  a  perfect  and  absolute  roundle.  1609  — 
Amm.  Marct'll.  xx.  iii.  145  The  Sunne.  .and  the  roundle  of 
the  Moone.  1674  FAIRFAX  Bulk  fy  Selv.  182  To  find  out  a 
scantling  beyond  which  the  roundle  or  globe  of  the  earth 
is  not. 

f3.  A  round  of  a  ladder.  Obs.  (Cf.  ROUNDEL  7.) 
1643 SIR  T.  BROWNE Relig.  Med. 25 Things.. which.. serve 
..to  judicious  beliefs  as  scales  and  roundles  to  mount  the 
pinnacles.. of  Divinity,  a  1663  SANDERSON  Serni.  (1681) 
II.  310  When  they  are  in  the  top  of  their  Jollity  and  gotten 
to  the  uppermost  Roundle  of  the  ladder. 

•f-4.   =  ROUNDEL  9.  Obs. 

1544  Lydgate's  Bochas  Prol.  li,  Complamtes,  ballades, 
roundles  [Bodl.  MS,  roundelis],  virelaies.  1579  SPENSER 
Shefh.  Cal.  Aug.  125  Sike  a  roundle  never  heard  I  none. 


ROUND-LEAVED. 

Round-leave d ,  a.  Bot.  Also  8  round- 
leafed,  [ROUND  a.  i6c.]  Having  round  leaves. 
Chiefly  in  specific  names  of  plants. 

The  number  of  varieties  distinguished  by  this  name  is 
very  large ;  only  a  few  are  given  here. 

1634  T.  JOHNSON  Merc.  Bot.  19  Round  leaved  water  Pim- 
pernell.  1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Sallow,  The  vulgar  round 
Leav'd  Sallow  proves  best  In  drier  Banks.  1731  MILLER 
Card.  Diet,  s.v.  Mentha,  The  Great  Kound-leafd  Water- 
Mint,  with  a  variegated  Leaf.  1786  ABEKCROMBIE  Arr.  in 
Card.  Assist.  64  Round  leaved  winter  green.  1809  KENDALL 
Trav,  III.  346  The  lumberers,  .meaning  by  soft  ivood  all 
the  evergreens ;  and  by  hard  wood  all  deciduous  or  as  they 
call  them  round-leaved  trees.  1847  W.  C.  L.  MARTIN  The 
Ox  37/2  The  great  round-leaved  willow  (salix  caprea). 
1882  Garden  28  Oct.  375/2  Round-leaved  Catchfly,  with 
deep  scarlet  flowers. 

Rorrndlet.  Forms  :  4  rownde-,  4-8  rounde- 
let  (5  -lett,  5-6  -lete)  ;  4  rondlet,  5  rownd- 
let,  rounlet,  5,  7-  roundlet  (7  -lett).  [ad.  OF. 
rondelet,  dim.  vi  rondel  ROUNDEL.  Cf.  ROUNDELAY.] 

T  1.  A  short  roundel.   Obs. 

^1386  CHAUCER  frankl.  T.  220  (Corpus  MS.),  Of  such 
matiere  made  he  many  layes,  Songes,  compleigTHes,  rounde- 
letis,  virrelayes.  1580  GREENE  Tullies  Lone  Wks.  (Grosart) 
VII.  136  So  Terentia  taking  the  Lute  in  hir  hand  beganne 
to  warble  out  this  roundelet. 

2.  A  small  circle  or  circular  object ;  a  little  disk 
or  round  ornament ;  a  circular  clump,  etc. 

1380-1  Durh.  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  389  In  vj  Roundeletys 
empt.  pro  magno  altare,  ixd.  1385  Ibid.  265  In  tribus 
rondlettys  einptis  pro  rasturis.  ivd.  £1450  in  Aungier 
Syon  (1840)  367  Torches,  mattes,  uattes  [?  read  natr.es],  and 
roundlettes  for  the  chirche.  c  1450  M.  E.  Med,  Bk. 
(Heinrich)  196  Drawt  hyt  two  &  fro,  as  bou  woldest  tempre 
wax,  &  mak  hyt  m  roundeletes.  Ibid.  214  Tak  a  gret  rote 
of  radysche.  .&  kytte  hyt  on  fyfty  Rounlettes.  1603  DRAY- 
TON  Bar.  Wars  v.  Ix,  The  troubled  Teares.  .Made  them  to 
seeme  like  Roundlets,  that  arise  By  a  Stone  cast  into  a 
standing  Brooke,  a  1646  J.  GRKGORY  Posthnma  (1650)  310 
The  little  Circles  or  Roundlets  dispersed  here  and  there 
about  the  Hemispheres.  1892  BRIGHTON  Sir  P.  Wallis  103 
The  figure-head  of  the  Shannon^  a  colossal  female  bust, 
ornamented  with  a  necklace  of  gilded  roundlets.  1906 
Dollar  Mag,  June  91  The  roundlet  of  trees  presents  the 
appearance  of  a  fortification. 

t  b.  A  part  of  a  hood  (see  quots.).  Obs. 

1603  STOW  Sur?'.  545  These  hoodes  were  worn,  the 
Rotmdelets  vpon  their  heades,  the  skirtes  to  hang  behind  in 
their  neckes.  1834  PLAMCHB  Hist.  Brit.  Cost.  191  The 
alteration  of  the  chaperon,  .into  a  regularly-formed  crown 
within  a  thick  roll  called  the  roundlet. 
O.  Her.  =  ROUNDLE  i  b. 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  \.  vi.  6i/r  He  beareth  Party  per 
Pale  Vert  and  Argent,  three  Roundletts  counterchanged. 
1738  CHAMBERS  Cycl.%  Pellets^  in  heraldry,  a  name  given 
those  roundlets  which  are  black.  1766  [see  OGRESS  2J. 
1838  Penny  Cycl.  XII.  140/2  There  are  nine  roundlets,  or 
balls,  also  used  in  heraldry. 

T  3.  A  small  cask  ;  a  runlet.    Obs. 

1388  Durh.  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  48  In  duo  Rowndelet'  de 
Sturgeown,  -]s.  1435-6  in  Heath  Grocers"  Comp.  (1869)  418 
The  costis  of  x  butts  &  vi  roundeletts  of  resins  of  Corent. 
1466  Paston  Lett.  II.  267  A  roundlet  of  red  wine  of  xv. 
gallonys.  1538  FITZHERB.  Jnstyce  Peas  109  The  price 
of  the  But,  Tone,  Hoggeshede,  Punchion,  Tierce,  Barel  or 
Roundelet  to  be  sold  in  grosse.  1594  PLAT  ytvotlt-fo.  70 
Set  your  roundelet  in  the  sunne.  1656  BLOUNT,  Roundlet^ 
a  certain  measure  of  Wine,  Oyle,  &c.  containing  eighteen 
Gallons  and  an  half,  c  1730  BURT  Lett.  N.  Scotl,  (1760)  II. 
xviii.  83  Horses  loaded  with  Roundlets  of  Usky. 

Rcmndley,  obs.  form  of  ROUNDELAY. 

Rou-ndliness.  rare-1.  [Cf.  ROUNDLY  a.] 
Rounded  outline  or  contour. 

1870  G.  H.  KiNGSLEY.9/.  fy  Trav.  (1900)  iv.  75The'roundli- 
ness  '  and  development  of  the  upper  part  of  the  back  and 
arms  are  buperb. 

t  Rou'iidling.  Obs.-1  [f.  ROUND  a.  +  -LING.] 
A  variety  of  apple. 

1655  MOUFET  &  BENNET  Healths  Jmprov.  196  Round- 
lings  are  called  mala  Sceptiana. 

Rou'iiclly,  a.  rare  -1.  [f.  ROUND  a.  +  -LY  1.] 
Somewhat  round. 

1613  W.  BROWNE  Brit.  Past.  i.  iv,  A  Scyte,  About  the  edges 
of  wnose  roundly  forme  In  order  grew  such  trees  as  doe 
adorne  The  sable  hearse. 

Roundly  (rau'ndli),  adv.  Also  5  roundliche, 
Sc.  rondely,  6  roundely,  roundly e,  6-7  round- 
lie,  [f.  ROUND  a.  +  -LY2.  Cf.  MDu.  rondelic 
(Du.  -lijK))  G.  rundlich,  MSw.  rundeliga  (Sw. 
rundlig»n)j  Da.  rtmdelig^en.] 

fl.  At  a  quiet  but  steady  pace.   Obs. 

c  1430  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhode  \.  cxxxv.  (1869)  71  Soonere  "is 
the  muleofte  at  seynt  james  that  goth  roundliche  [F.  quifa 
rondement  son  train\  than  is  thilke  smiteth  and  sporeth  his 
hors,  and  maketh  him  go  sharpliche. 

2.  To  the  full ;  completely,  thoroughly ;  in  a 
thoroughgoing  manner. 

c  1450  in  Househ.  Ord.  (1790)  75  And  to  awnswere  roundly 
there  to  every  gallon,  pottell,  and  pynte,  by  measure.  i579~ 
So  NORTH  Plutarch.  Lycurgus  (1612)  52  He  that  was  taken 
with  the  maner,  had  his  payment  roundly,  and  was  punished 
with  fasting  besides.  1597  SHAKS.  2  lien.  IV^  in.  ii.  21,  I 
was  call'd  any  thing :  and  I  would  haue  done  any  thing 
indeede  too,  and  roundly  too.  1640  BROME  Sparagits  Garden 
HI.  vii,  And  a  man  had  come  to  London  for  nothing  else  but 
to  be  Cheated,  hee  could  not  bee  more  roundlier  rid  of  his 
money.  1692  SOUTH  Serm.  (1744)  II.  287  Every  hypocrite 

.  -who  never  comes  up  roundly  to  the  whole  compass  of 
his  duty.  1784  COWPER  Task  vi.  606  God . .  Will  reckon  with 
us  roundly  for  tb'  abuse  Of  what  he  deems  no  mean  or 
trivial  trust.  1825  SCOTT  Taltsm.  ix,  The  blame  rests.,  with 


832 

those  with  whom., I  hope  to  reckon  roundly.  187*  RUSKIN 
Eagle's  N.  §  88  The  result  of  our  instruction  is  only  that  we 
are  able  to  produce  the  most  perfectly  and  roundly  ill-done 
things  that  ever  came  from  human  hands. 

3.  Plainly,    outspokenly,  without   mincing  the 
matter,  bluntly. 

1528  GARDINER  in  Bui-net  Hist.  Ref.  (Pocock)  Rec.  I.  Ii. 
127  On  the  morrow  we  returned  unto  the  pope's  holiness 
and  spake  roundly  unto  him.  1589  GREENE  Menaphon  (Arb.) 
58  Pleusidippus..gaue  him  the  lie  roundly  In  this  replie. 
1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  World  n.  (1634)  456  They  told  the 
Prophet  roundly,  that  they  would  worship  the  Queene  of 
Heaven.  1682  DUYDEN  &  LEE  Dk.  Guise  n.  i,  And,  pr'ythee, 
tell  him  roundly  of  his  faults.  1745?.  THOMAS  Jnil.  Ansotfs 
Voy.  276  Our  Commodore  ..  roundly  answer 'd  ..that  he 
would  go  when  he  saw  it  convenient.  1775  SHERIDAN  Rivals 
i.  ii,  Let  me  beg  you.  .to  enforce  this  matter  roundly  to  the 

S'rl'.    1821  J.  W.  CHOKER  Diary  17  Aug.  in  C.  Papers  (1884), 
e  renewed  all  his  complaints.. and  said  roundly  that  he 
would  not  go  on  any  longer.     1874  SYMONDS  Sk.  Italy  $ 
Greece  (1898)  I.  275  He  told  his  father  roundly  that  he  would 
not  go. 

b.  Frankly,  openly,  without  concealment. 
1593  R.  HARVEY  Philadelphia  19  Morgan  began  roundly 
to  make  open  warre  agaynst  him.  ai6i6  BEAUM.  &  FL. 
Little  French  Lawyer  m.  ii,  [He]  has  challeng'd  me  down 
right,  defied  me  mortally..  .What  a  bold  Man  of  War  !  he  in 
vites  me  roundly.  164*  Compl.  to  Ho.  Commons  17  Wee 
must  nowdeale  roundly  for  the  truth.  1851  HUSSEY  PaJ>al 
Poiver\,  39  The  claim  which  he  advanced  somewhat  roundly, 
and  beyond  his  predecessors  apparently. 

4.  Without  circumlocution  ;  straight. 

1534  MOKE  Treat.  Passion  Wks.  1303/2  He  went  roundly 
to  the  matter,  and  sayd  vnto  them  :  what  wyl  ye  gyue  me 
and  I  shal  delyuer  hym  to  you.  1597  MORLEY  Inirod.  Mus. 
143  Then  (to  go  to  the  matter  roundly  without  circumstances) 
here  be  two  parts.  1632  BP.  ANDREWES  Semi.  (1841)  IV.  160 
They  go  roundlier  to  the  point  than  doth  Suarez,  or  any  of 
them  have  been  blundering  about  this  gear  of  late.  1625 
PEEKE  Three  to  One  A  4,  Not  to  weary  you  with  long 
Preambles, . .  I  will  come  roundly  to  the  matter. 
b.  Without  qualification  ;  absolutely. 

1596  BELL  Surv.  Popery  in.  VL  310  When  cardinall  Allen, 
in  his  notes  vpon  this  place,  auoucneth  roundly  that  this  text 
conuinceth  praier  for  the  dead.  1635  G.  HERBERT  Temple ^ 
Affliction  v,  I  scarce  beleeved,  Till  grief  did  tell  me  roundly, 
that  I  lived.  1671  J.  WEBSTER  Metalhgr.  vii.  116  But  we 
may  as  roundly  say,  that  the  Lapis  Lazuli  \R\ht  Marchasue 
of  Gold.  1709  SWIFT  Vind.  BicksrstoffVfk*.  1751  IV.  219 
He  very  roundly  asserts,  That  he  is  not  only  now  alive,  but 
was  likewise  alive  upon  that  very  29th  of  March.  1773 
WESLEY  Wks.  (1872)  X.  418,  I  do  not  roundly  affirm  this  of 
every  sentence . .  in  the  fifty  volumes,  a  1817  DWIGHT  Trav. 
New  Eng.,  etc,  (1821)  II.  155  When  I  ventured  lo  question 
the  soundness  of  these  assertions,  he  roundly  replied  that 
they  were  certain  truths.  1888  BURGON  Lives  12  Gd.  Men 
II.  424  [He]  prints. .certain  discreditable  words  which  he 
roundly  asserts  that  I  wrote. 

5.  Sharply,  severely  ;  unsparingly 

1570  GRINDAL  Let.  Wks.  (Parker  Soc.)  324  The  Vice- 
chancellor  and  heads  of  houses  proceed  not  so  roundly  m  this 
case  as  were  requisite,  in  my  judgment.  1588  J.  UDALL  Dio- 
trephes  (Arb.)  27  The  Queene  shall,  .take  them  vp  roundly, 
that  they  shall  not  dare  to  speake  any  more.  1607  HIERON 
Wks.  I.  233  He  takes  them  vp  very  roughly  and  very 
roundly,  calleth  them  a  generation  of  vipers.  1687  A,  LOVELL 
tr.  Thevenofs  Trav.  in.  2  They  must  also  expect  to  be 
roundly  fined,  and  some  have  been  fined  m  above  Ten  thou 
sand  Livres.  1752  FIELDING  Amelia  vii.  iif  I  took  the  young 
lady  herself  very  roundly  to  task.  i8zo  SCOTT  in  Lockhart 
(1839)  II.  302  This  said  Kehama..wiH  get  it  roundly  in  the 
Edinburgh  Review.  1893  W.  PIKE  Barren  Gr.  N.Canada  96, 
I . .  abused  him  roundly  when  I  found  he  had  come  without  it. 

f6.  Fluently,  glibly;  readily.    Obs. 

1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst.  m.  222  They  falsly,  yea  & 
wrongfully  pretende  the  knowlege  of  Christ,  although  they 
can  eloquently  &  roundely  talke  of  the  Gospell.  i£93SHAKS. 
Rich.  //,  n.  L  122  This  tongue  that  runs  so  roundly  in  thy 
head,  c  1620  MORYSON  I  tin.  iv.  (1903)  393  All  the  Polonians 
..can  speake  the  lattin  lounge,  and  that  roundly,  but  most 
falsly,  1696  S.  PATRICK  Comm.  Exod.  iv.  ii  Cannot  I.. 
take  away  this  Impediment. .,  and  make  thee  to  speak  as 
roundly  and  gracefully  as  any  Man  living? 

7.  Rapidly,  smartly,  briskly,  promptly. 

1548  ELYOT,  Cursim  legere%  to  reade  a  pase,  to  reade 
roundely.  1573  G.  HARVEY  Letter-bk.  (Camden)  46  He 
never  made  am  bones  at  it,  but  trudgd  up  roundely  to  work 
the  feat.  1607  T.  WALKiNGTONC^.GYojsxiii.  (1664)  138  He 
fell  roundly  to  his  victuals,  having  not  eat  any  in  a  seven  night 
before.  1639  LD.  DUNGARVAN  in  L ismore Papers  Ser.  n.  (1888) 
IV.  45  Wee  had  neither  foote  nor  artillery  yet  was  it  resolued 
wee  shold  charge  them  roundly,  a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time 
in.  (1724)  I.  362  Lord  Shaftesbury  reckoned  himself  gone  at 
Court,  and  acted  more  roundly.  1794  Rigging  <$•  Seaman 
ship  II.  322  The  main  sheet  [is]  eased  off  roundly.  1821 
SCOTT  Pirate  xxxi,  I.  .enforced  my  commands  with  a  blow, 
which  he  returned  as  roundly.  1882  NARES  Seamanship 
(ed.  6)  209  Slack  off  the  studding-sail  sheets  roundly. 

8.  In  a  circular  manner ;  in  a  circle ;  rotundly. 

f  1565  JEWEL  Reply  Harding (1611)  204  And  thus  M.  Hard- 
ings  reasons  run  roundly  against  himselfe.  1590  SPENSER 
F.  Q.  n.  ii.  15  Her  golden  lockes  she  roundly  did  uptye  In 
breaded  tramels.  1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  i.  ii.  1024  But 
the  Heav'ns  course,  not  wandring  up  nor  down  Continually 
turns  only  roundly  round.  1648  HEXHAK  n,  Rondelikt 
roundly,  or  in  the  forme  of  around.  1806  FORSYTH  Beauties 
Scotl.  III.  349  One  third  of  the  county  [Dumbarton],  as  yet 
open,  or  but  roundly  inclosed ;  that  is,  the  farms  are  in 
closed  but  not  subdivided.  1851  HAWTHORNE  Twice-toM  T. 
II.  xi.  161  Sometimes  a  lady  passed,  swelling  roundly  forth 
in  an  embroidered  petticoat.  1865  Reader  No.  139.  242/3 
Round  and  roundly  oval  cells.  1873  RUSKIN  Love's  Jlfeitrie 
iii.  §  82  Its  beak,  .is  bent  down  so  roundly  that  the  angriest 
parrot  cannot  peck,  but  only  bite. 

b.  In  a  finished  or  polished  style. 
1709  POPE  Ess.  Crit.  359  Leave  such  to  tune  their  own 
dull  rhymes,  and  know  What'i  roundly  smooth  or  languish- 
in  gly  Blow. 


ROUNDNESS. 

9.  Generally;  on  a  general  estimate. 
1699  BF.NTLEV  Phal.  74  That  seems  to  be  spoken  roundly 
and  in  the  gross,  without  taking  notice  of  odd  years. 

Round-mouthed,  a.  [ROUND  «.  16.]  Having 
a  round  month. 

1681  GnEVfMus3>uw  i.  vi.  i.  134 The  Lesser  Round-Mouth'd 
Snail,  with  a  shorter  knobed  Turban.  1752  J.  HILL  Hist. 
Anint.  137  The  deeply-sulcated,  round  mouthed  Turbo. 
1776  DA  COSTA  Elem.  ConchoL  222  Gualtieri  has  arranged 
all  the  taper  shells  together,  both  the  round-mouthed  and 
these.  1830  Cumb.  Farm  Ref>.  65  in  Husb.  III.  (L.  U.  K.), 
The  round-mouthed  spades  used  in  forming  canals,  etc., 
called  here  navigation  spades.  1851  WOODWARD  Mollusca 
i.  12  The  round-mouthed  sea-snails  are  nearly  all  vegetarians. 
1906  RAVES  Bells  36  The  bells  seem  round-mouthed. 

Roundness  (ratrndnes).  Also  4  rond(e)-,  $ 
ro wnde- ,  4-6  rounde-,  5-6  rownd-.  [f.  ROUND  a.  ] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  round  ;  rotundity. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  v.  pr.  iv.  (1868)  164  pe  same 
roundenes  of  a  body  O,  ober  weyes  be  sy;t  of  be  eye 
knowej*  it,  and  ober  weyes  be  touching,  c  1400  MAUNDEV. 
(1839)  xiv.  159  And  rignte  as  the  Perl  of  bis  owne  kynde 
takethe  Roundnesse,  righte  so  the  Dyamand . .  takethe 
squarenesse.  c  1400  Pilgr.  Smvle  (Caxton,  1483)  v.  xiv. 
107  In  a  round  spere  ne  ben  no  mo  partes  of  shap  but  only 
the  roundenes.  1545  ASCHAM  Toxoph.  (Arb.)  127  Round 
nesse. .is  fittest  shappe  and  forme,  .for  fast  mouing.  1590 
STOCKWOOD  Rules  Construction  48  The  depth,  height, 
squarenes,  roundnes,  of  a  thing.  1642  FULLER  Holy  $  Prof. 
St.  in.  xxii.  213  The  diamond  hinders  the  roundnesse  of 
the  ring.  1701  NORRIS  Ideal  World  i.  ii.  eg  Roundness 
being  comprehended  in  the  idea  of  a  circle.  1774  GOLDSM. 
Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  VIII.  149  A  figure  which  bears  some  re 
semblance  to.  .the  roundness  of  a  kernel.  1832  BREWSTER 
Nat.  Magic  vi.  148  Distant  objects  concealed  by  the  round 
ness  of  the  earth. 

fig>  '845  MAURICE  Mor,  Philos.  in  Encycl  Metro/'.  II. 
604/1  It  is  a  set-off  against  this  consideration,  that  roundness 
and  completeness  are  the  great  characteristics  of  Aristotle. 

b.  Fullness,  plumpness  (of  figure,  etc.). 

1829  LYTTON  Devereux  i.  ii,  His  figure,  .destitute  of  the 
roundness  and  elasticity  of  youth.  1838  —  Leila  \.  iv, 
Leila  was  of  the  lightest  shape  consistent  with  the  round 
ness  of  womanly  beauty.  1886  G.  R.  SIMS  Ring  o1  Bells  \\. 
iv.  64  Oflate  the  little  face  had  lost  its  roundness. 

c.  Of  numbers:  (see  ROUND  a.  7  a). 

1841  MYERS  Cath.  Th.  iv.  §  34.  352  A  certain  roundness 
of  numbers.. we  may  readily  anticipate,  when  whole  cen 
turies  are  in  question. 


God  aloone,  and  glorious  vpon  the  roundenesse  of  erthes. 
c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xx.  90  We  schuld  hafe  sene  all  be 
roundeness  of  be  firmament,  bat  es  to  say  bathe  be  emi- 
speries.  Ibid.  03  So  mykill  base  be  erthe  in  roundeness  all 
aboute.  1527  R.  THORNE  in  Hakl.  l-roy.  (1589)  253  Under 
the  which  is  comprehended  all  the  roundnesse  of  the  earth. 
a  1596  SPENSER  Kuines  of  Rome  viii,  One  would  weene  that 
one  sole  Cities  strength  Both  land  and  sea  in  roundnes  bad 
survew'd.  1604  E.  G[RiMSTONE]tr.  D^Acosta's  Hist.  Indies 
i.  ii.  6  These  two  elements,  having  their  bounds  and  limits 
within  their  own  roundnes  and  greatnes.  1664  EVELYN 
Pomona  vii.  (1729)  72  Let  the  reserved  Branches  be  divided 
at  a  convenient  roundness. 

3,  f  a.  A  circular  course ;  an  orbit ;  a  spiral  or 
ring.  Obs. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  iv.  metr.  vi.  (1868)  144  3if  bat  he  ne 
clepip  nat  ajein  be  ry^t  goynge  of  binges,  and  ^if  bat  he  ne 
constreynede  hem  nat  eftesones  in  to  roundenesse  enclined. 
1572  J.  JONES  Bathes  Ayde  ii.  14  They  framed  brasen  pypes, 
which  tney  routed  into  many  roundnesses,  so  ye  pypes  did 
resemble  the  Spyres  of  a  Dragon. 

to.  A  round  object  or  formation  ;  a  rounded 
projection. 

1382  \VYCLIF  i  Kings  vii.  35  In  the  cop  forsothe  of  the 
foot  was  a  maner  roundnes,  of  a  cubite  and  a  half,  so  forgid, 
that  the  watir  vessel  my}te  be  sette  there  aboue.  1541 
COPLAND  Gnydoit's  Quest.  Chirurg.  Gijb,  Towarde  the 
elbowe  ben  receyued  ye  roundnesses.  1549  Compl.  Scot.  vi. 
55  Ane  grit  roundnes  ol  lycht  sal  gyf  lycht  to  mair  nor  the 
half  of  ane  les  roundnes.  1580  HOLLYBAND  Treas.  Fr.  Tongt 
Condyle,  the  roundenesse  or  knots  in  the  knee,  anckle, 
elbow,  and  knuckles.  1631  WIDDOWES  Nat.  Philos.  45 
Lettise  hath  his  leaves  gathered  into  a  curled  roundnesse. 
1708  Phil.  Trans.  XXVI.  112  Twas  all  over  cover'd  with 
a  great  number  of  exceeding  small  rising  roundnesses. 

4.  Fullness  or  careful  finish  of  language  or  style. 
1557   SIR  J.  CHEKE  in   Hoby^  tr.  Castigliones  Courtier 

ad  fm.,  The  roundnes  of  your  saienges  and  welspeakinges  of 
the  saam.  1579  E.  K.  Ded.  Spenser's  Sheph.  Cat.  §  i  The 
whole  Period  and  compasse  of  speache  so  delightsome  for 
the  roundnesse.  iGaa  Fotkerbys  Atheom.  Pref.  p.  xx,  I 
haue.. hindered  not  the  context,  and  roundnesse  of  the 
speech.  1727  BAILEY  (vol.  II)  s.v.  Stile,  The  roundness  of 
periods  charms  the  ear,  and  affects  the  mind.  1741 


Literature,  A  good  writer,  if  he  has  indulged  in  a  Roman 
roundness,  makes  haste  to  chasten  and  nerve  his  period  by 
English  monosyllables.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  II.  no 
Are  you  and  I  expected  to  praise.. only  the  clearness  and 
roundness  of  the  language? 

f  5.  Uprightness,  straightforwardness,  openness. 

1557  N.  T.  (Genev.)  ROM.  Argt.,  Euery  man  to  walke  in 
roundnes  of  conscience  in  his  vocation.  1586  T.  B.  La 
Primand.  Fr.  Acad.  i.  400  Let  all  faining  and  dissimula 
tion  be  banished  from  us,  and  all  roundnes  and  integritie  of 
hart  and  maners  appeere  in  all  our  actions.  1628  LE  GRYS 
Barclay's  Argenis  126  Gelanorus  knowing  him  to  be  of  a 
most  clear  roundness,  turned  out  of  his  way  to  him.  a  1649 
DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Hist.  Scot.  (1655)  38  The  roundness  of 
his  intentions  and  his  honesty. 

6.  Plainness  or  severity  (of  speech). 

1619  Vise.  DONCABTER  in  Eng.  fy  Germany  (Camden)  103 


ROUND-NOSED. 

I  returned  this  rough  answere. . .  For  which  roundnes.  though 
I  have  sufficient  warrant.,,  yet  it  may  be  I  should  have 
spared  some  part  of  the  harshnes. 

f7.  Energy,  activity  ;  thoroughness.    Obs. 

1629  Dec/.  Apprehension  Bfi.  Chalcedon  36  [That]  they 
and  every  of  them  proceed  with  all  diligence  and  roundness 
.  .against  the  said  Smith.  1709  STRYPE  Ann.  Ref.  I.  iv.  83 
Had  it  not  been  for  Cecyl's  Wisdom,  Diligence,  and  Interest 
with  the  Queen,  in  all  likelihood  it  had  not  proceeded  with 
that  Roundness  it  did. 

Round-nosed,  a.  [ROUND  a.  16.]  Having  a 
round  nose.  Chiefly  of  tools  (cf.  round-nose^  s.v. 
ROUND  a,  17). 

1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Testa,  A  kind  of  hlunt,  and  round-nosed 
Porpose.  1677  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  i.  5  Flyers  are  of  two 
Sorts,  Flat  Nos'd,  and  Round  Nos'd.  1766  Conipl.  Fawner 
s.v.  Surveying  7  G  1/2  Good  iron-wire  and  curtain-rings  to 
make  it  of,  and  a  sharp-edged  file,  and  round-nosed  plyers  to 
make  it  with.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1742/2  Pliers  with 
peculiarly  shaped  or  proportioned  jaws  are  called  long- 
nosed  pliers,  round-nosed  pliers, , .  etc.  1898  A  rchaeol,  Jrnl. 
V.  270  Among  the  relics  were  a  few  stone  hammers  or 
polishers,  a  number  of '  round-nosed  '  chisels  of  bone. 

t  Rou'lido.  Obs.  Also  S  Bound  O.  [Ang 
licized  form  of  F.  rondeau.]  —  RONDEAU. 

1710  POPE  Lett.  (1735)  I.  94  The  vulgar  spelling  and  pro 
nouncing  it  Round  O,  is  a  manifest  Corruption.  1751  EAKL 
ORRERY  Remarks  Swift  (1752)  55  On  Roundos  hereafter 
your  fiddle-strings  spend,  Write  verses  in  circles,  they  never 
shall  end.  1765  PERCY  Reliq,  II.  n  The  versification  is  of 
that  species,  which  the  French  call  Rondeau,  very  naturally 
englished  by  our  honest  countrymen  Round  O. 

Round  O   :  see  ROUND  a.  15. 
Round-off,  a.     [f.    ROUND    z>.i  +  OFF   adv.] 
Round-off  file  :  (see  quot.). 

1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  826  Nicking  and  piercing 
files,  .are  called  round-off  files,  and  are  used  for  rounding 
or  pointing  the  teeth  of  wheels.     1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech. 

Round  Ro'bin.     Also  round  robin. 

t 1.  (See  quots.)  Obs. 

1546  COVERDALE  tr.  Calvin's  Treat.  Sacr.  Pref.  Aij, 
Certayne  fonde  talkers,  .applye  to  this  mooste  holye  sacra- 
mente,  names  of  despitte  and  reproche,  as  to  call  it  Jake  in 
the  boxe,  and  round  roben,  and  suche  other  not  onely  fond 
but  also  blasphemouse  names.  1555  RIDLEY  in  Foxe  A.  fy  M. 
(1570)  1924/2  There  were  at  Paules.. fixed  railing  bils 
against  the  Sacrament,  terming  it  Jacke  of  ye  boxe,  the 
sacrament  of  the  halter,  round  Robin,  with  lyke  unseemely 
termes. 

T  2.  Applied  to  persons.   Obs. 

1592  GREENE  Conny  Catch.  Wks.  (Grosart)  X.  36  There  in 
faith  round  Robin  his  deputie,  would  make  them,  like 
wretches,  feel  the  waight  of  hisheauiest  fetters.  1636  R.  N. 
in  Ann.  Ditbrensia  (1877)  66  Thou  art  he  in  whom  All  the 
brave  Robins  meet  to  make  vp  one,  Round-Robin,  a  1671 
HACKET  Abp.  IVilliavis  11.  (1692)  177  These  Wat  Tylers  and 
Round-Robins  being  driven  or  persuaded  out  of  Whitehall. 

3.  A  document  (esp.  one  embodying  a  complaint, 
remonstrance,  or  request)  having  the  names  of  the 
subscribers  arranged  in  a  circle  so  as  to  disguise 
the  order  in  which  they  have  signed. 

Originally  used  by  sailors,  and  frequently  referred  to  as  a 
nautical  term. 

(a)  1731  Gentl.  Mag.  I.  238  The  Method  used  by  Sailors 
when  they  mutiny,  by  signing  their  names  in  an  orbicular 
manner,  which  they  call  a  round  Robin.  1742  J.  CAMPBELL 
Lives  Admirals  (1750)  II.  98  The  sailors  on  board  the 
fleet,  signed,  what  is  called  by  them,  a  round  Robin,  that  is, 
a  paper  containing,  .their  names  subscribed  in  a  circle,  that 
it  might  not  be  discerned  who  signed  first.  1828  Lancet 
2i  June  382/2  If  thirteen  physicians,  .had  written  what 
seamen  call  a  round  robin  to  an  authority.  1847  H.  MEL 
VILLE  Omoo  xx,  I  proposed  that  a  '  Round  Robin  '  should 
be  prepared  and  sent  ashore  to  the  consul.  i87oTHORNBURY 
Tour  rd.  Kng.  I.  192  [He]  so  tormented  his  crew  that  they 
signed  a  round  robin,  and  sent  it  to  the  Admiralty. 

(<*)  1755  CHESTERF.  in  World  No.  146  P  8  If  I  thought  it 
could  be  of  any  use,  I  could  easily  present  them  with  a 
round  robin  to  that  effect  of  above  a  thousand.. names. 
1791  SIR  \V.  FORBES  in  Bosiuell  (Oxf.  ed.)  II.  60,  I  enclose 
the  Round  Robin.  This  jeu  d'esprit  took  its  rise  one 
day  at  dinner  at  our  friend  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds's.  1829 
Farmer's  Jrnl.  Oct.  330  Last  week  the  whole  of  the 
tenants.. sent  a  round-robin  to  his  lordship's  steward. 
a  1859  MACAULAY  Biog,  (1867)  217  He  tried  to  induce  a  large 
number  of  the  supporters  of  the  government  to  sign  a  round 
robin  desiring  a  change.  1896  J.  D.  COLERIDGE  Eton,  in 
the  Forties  133  The  headmaster  suggested  our  signing  and 
sending  a  round  robin  of  congratulation. 

transf.  1816  COLERIDGE  Lay  Serin.  (Bohn)  349  Such  a  round 
robin  of  mere  lies,  that  you  knew  not  which  to  begin  with. 

f  4.  (See  quot.)   06s.~° 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  97/2  Round  Robins,  narrow 
Ruffs  only  about  the  Doublet  Collar. 

5.  Mech.  (See  quots.) 

1794  W.  FELTON  Carriages  (1801)  II.  195  The  round 
Robin  is  a  broad  rim  fixed  to  the  end  of  the  axletree  bed, 
to  prevent  dirt  falling  in  to  injure  the  Arms  of  the  Axletree. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  669/1  Cuttoo-plate, ..otherwise 
called  a  dirt-board,  or  round  robbin. 

6.  a.   U.S.  The  fish  Decapterns  punctatus. 

1876  GOODE  Fishes  Bermudas  46  The  Round  Robin  is 
seined  in  great  numbers  in  Hamilton  Harbor. 
b.  The  angler-fish,  Lophius  piscatorius. 
1880  E.  Cornwall  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.). 

7.  Devon  dial.     a.  A  small  pancake. 

1847  HALLIVVELL. 

b.  Herb  Robert ;  Ragged  Robin. 
1882  Devonsh.  Plant  Names. 

Round-shouldered,  a.    [ROUNDS.  16.]    Of 

persons  :  Having  round  shoulders  ;  round-backed. 

1586  WYNKFEILDE  in  Trial,  etc.  Mary  Q.  of  Scots  (1889!  2 

Y«  Q,  of  S.  being  of  stature  tall  and  bodie  corpulent,  round 

VOL.  VIII. 


833 

shouldered.  1682  Land.  Gaz.  No.  1737/4  A  middle  sized 
man,  a  little  round  shouldered.  1753  HANWAY  Trav.  (1762) 
II.  xvi.  i.  437  note,  The  oriental  people  generally  are  round- 
shouldered,  arising  from  their  manner  of  sitting.  1825  J. 
NEAL  Bro.  Jonathan  \.  191  He  stood. .regarding  his  vulgar 
.  .round-shouldered  brother  opposite.  1863  DICKENS  Mitt. 
Fr,  i.  v,  A  broad,  round-shouldered,  one  sided  old  fellow  in 
mourning. 

trans/.  1895  RIDER  HAGGARD  Heart  of  the  WorldyCiv,  To 
the  right  and  left  of  us  the  huge,  round-shouldered  mountains 
stretched  in  a  majestic  sweep. 

Ro'undsman.    [f.  ROUND  sb.^\ 

1.  A  labourer  in  need  of  parochial  relief,  who 
was  sent  round  from  one  farmer  to  another  for 
employment,  partly  at  the  expense  of  the  farmer 
and  partly  at  the  cost  of  the  parish. 

1793  EDEN  State  of  the  Poor(i-jg-j)  II.  384  Persons  work 
ing  in  this  manner  are  called  rounds-men,  from  their  going 
round  to  village  or  township  for  employ.  1820  SYD.  SMITH 
Wks.  (1859)  I.  302/2  The  system  of  roundsmen  is  much 
complained  of.  1830  COBBETT  Riir.  Rides  (1885)  II.  350 
The  labourers  here  who  are  in  need  of  parochial  relief,  aie 
formed  into  what  are  called  roundsmen.  1854  Jrnl.  R. 
Agric.  Soc.  XV.  n.  262  The  surplus  labourers  are  employed 
in  turns  by  the  farmers..:  these  odd  men  were  called 
'rounds-men '. 

attrib.  1834  Taifs  Mag.  I.  37/2  At  present  the  rounds 
man  system  is  a  wasteful  and  unequal  tax. 

2.  One  who  makes  rounds  of  inspection  ;    esp. 
U.S.  a  police-officer  in  charge  of  a  patrol. 

1883  Daily  News   18   Oct.   3/2   A  roundsman  and    five 
patrolmen  were  present  to  preserve  order.     1888  Pall  Mall 
G.  9  Mar.  2/3  Shortly  before  the  Emperor  left  the  palace 
two  roundsmen  and  two  detectives  patrolled  the  road. 

3.  A  person  employed  by  a  tradesman  to  go  the 
round  of  his  customers  for  orders  and  the  delivery 
of  goods. 

1884  Weekly  Notes  29  Nov.  216/2  The  defendant  agreed 
to  serve  the  plaintiff  as  '  roundsman  '  and  assistant. 

Round  Table,  sb.     Also  Table  Bound. 

1.  a.  The  table,  celebrated  in  mediaeval  legend, 
round  which  Arthur  and  his  chosen  knights  were 
supposed  to  have  sat,  and  which  was  made  round 
so  that  there  might  be  no  pre-eminence  or  rivalry. 

The  earliest  mention  of  the  table  is  that  in  Wace's  Roman 
de  Brut  (1155).  From  at  least  the  i5th  century  (see  quot. 
1485}  the  name  has  been  given  to  a  large  circular  table  pre 
served  at  Winchester,  bearing  the  names  of  Arthur  and  his 
most  famous  knights. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  14  O  kyng  arthour  |?at  was  so  rike, . .  O 
ferlys  bat  hys  knythes  fell,  pat  aunters  sere  I  here  of  tell,. . 
For  to  were  be  ronde  tabell.  c  1330  R.  ERUNNE  Chron. 
Wace  (Rolls)  10525  For  his  barons  bat  were  so  bolde..Dide 
Arthur  ordeyne  ^e  round  table  [F.  la  roonde  table}  pat  3it 
men  telle  of  many  a  fable.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  in.  i. 
101  For  I  shalle  gyue  hym  the  table  round,  the  whiche 
Vtherpendragon  gaue  me.  1485  CAXTON  Malory  s  A  rthur 
Pref.,  In  dyuers  places  of  Englond  many  remembraunces 
ben  yet  of  hym.. .At  wynchester  the  rounde  table.  1589 
NASHE  Anat.  Absurd.  Wks.  (Grosart}  I.  14  The  feyned  no 
where  acts  of  Arthur  of  the  rounde  table.  1612  DRAYTON 
Poly-olb.  iv.  299  Then  sing  they  how  he  first  ordain'd  the 
Clrcled-board,  The  Knights  whose  martial  deeds  far  fam'd 
that  Table-round.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Table,  The 
Round  Table ..  was  an  Invention  of  that  Prince,  to  avoid 
Disputes  about  the  upper  and  lower  End.  1802  RITSON 
Metr,  Rom.  I.  p.  xlvi,  Neither,  .does  this  impostour 
[Geoffrey  of  Monmouth]  ever  mention  the  round  table. 
b.  In  Knight  (etc.)  of  the  Round  Table. 

c  i-yysArth.fy  Merl.  6518  (Kolbing),  Next  hem,  wij>  outen 
fable,  Sat  be  kni3tes  of  be  rounde  table.  Vic  1400  Morte 
A  rth.  17,  1  salle  telle  3ow  a  tale . .  Off  the  ryealle  renkys  of 
the  Rowunde  Table.  1430-40 LYDG.  Bochas\\\\.-xxv.  (1494) 
Eij,  Arthure. . Amonge  his  knightes  of  the  round  table. 
Ibid.  E  Sj  b,  By  othe  and  promyse  bounde  To  brotherhede 
of  the  table  rounde.  1470-85  MALORY  A  rthnr  iv.iv.  124  By 
my  hede  said  Arthur  he  is  best  worthy  to  be  a  knyght  of 
the  rounde  table  of  ony  that  ye  haue  reherced.  1589 
PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  i.  xix.  (Arb.)  57  Old  aduentures  and 
valiaunces..of  king  Arthur  and  his  knights  of  the  round 
table.  1671  PHILLIPS,  Knights  of  the  Round-Table,  or  King 
Arthur's  Knights.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Table,  Paulus 
Jovius  says,  'twas  under  the  Empire  of  Frederic  Barberosa, 
that  the  Knights  of  the  Round  Table  first  began  to  be 
talk'd  of.  1781  GIBBON  Dec!.  $•  F,  xxxviii.  (1787)  III.  619 
The  gallantry  and  superstition  of  the  British  hero, ..and 
the  memorable  institution  of  his  Knights  of  the  Round 
Table.  i8oz  RITSON  Metr.  Rom.  III.  240  Queen  Guinever, 
..with  certain  knights  of  the  round-table,  clothe'd  all  in 
green.  1859  TENNYSON  Geraint  3  The  brave  Geraint,.  .one 
Of  that  great  Order  of  the  Table  Round. 
C.  The  body  of  knights  of  this  order. 

^1330  Arth.  %  Merl.  2196  (Kolbing),  Afterward .. Our 
king  bigan  be  rounde  table.  .Of  kni^tes,  bat  men  wist  best 
In  Jns  warld.  la  1400  Morte  A  rth.  93  That  thow  bee  redy 
at  Rome  with  alle  thi  Rounde  Table.  1470-85  MALORY 
Arthur  ix.  i.  339  All  your  courte  and  alle  your  Round 
table  is  by  sire  launcelot  worshipped.. more  than  by  ony 
knyghte  now  lyuynge. 

1842  TENNYSON  Morte  d'Arth.  234  But  now  the  whole 
Round  Table  is  dissolved. .,  And  I,  the  last,  go  forth  com- 
panionless. 

fd.  A  meeting  or  assembly  of  Arthur's  knights 
and  nobles.  Obs. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  Chron.  (Rolls)  3916  per  nas  bituene  bis  & 
spayne  no  prince  wiboute  al  bis,  pat  nas  at  bis  rounde 
table,  &at  is  feste  ywis.  ?a  1400  Mortt  Arth.  ssWhenehe 
thys  rewmes  bade  redyne..,  Then  rystede  that  ryalle  and 
helde  the  Rounde  Tabylle.  Ibid.  74  Thus  one  ryalle  araye 
he  helde  his  Rounde  Table,  c  1470  HARDING  Chron.  Ixiii.  25 
He  \sc.  Arthur]  held  his  houshold,  and  the  rounde  table, 
Some  time  at  Edenburgh,  some  tyme  at  Striueline. 

e.  attrib.)  as  Round  Table  cycle^  hero,  knight^ 
legend^  etc. 


ROUND-TJP. 

1700  DRYDEN  Wife  o/ Bath's  T.  352  Is  this  the  custom  of 
King  Arthur's  court  2  Are  all  Round-Table  Knights  of  such 
a  sort?  1798  CTESS  PURGSTALL  Let.  in  Lockhart  Scott 
(1837)  I-  i*-  288  Don't. .give  him  a  name  out  of  your  list 
of  round-table  knights.  1883  Encycl.  Brit.  XV.  523/1  He 
[Walter  Map]  was.. one  of  the  principal  creators  of  the 
Round  Table  legends.  1886  Ibid.  XX.  646  Pedigree  of 
the  Round-Table  Heroes.  1897  AMOURS ^"c^/.  Allit,  Poems 
(S.  T.  S.)  p.  Ixxii,  One  of  the  slock  stories  so  common  in  the 
Round  Table  cycle. 

2.  An  imitation  of  Arthur's  Round  Table  as  an 
institution;  an  assembly  of  knights  for  the  pur 
pose   of  holding  a  tournament  and  festival,  esp. 
that  instituted  by  King  Edward  III  in  1345. 

The  statements  in  Dugdale,  Warton,  etc.,  in  regard  to  the 
tournament  held  by  Mortimer  at  Kenilworth  in  1279  are 
based  on  misunderstandings  of  the  older  authorities  (see 
Wykes  in  Ann.  Monast.  (Rolls)  IV.  281-2  and  Rishanger 
Chron.  94). 

[1232  Patent  Rolls  (1903)  492  De  rotunda  tabula  pro- 
hibenda. — Rex  omnibus  fidelibus  suls  qui  convent uri  suntad 
rotundam  tabulam,  salutem.  c  1330  Ann.  Land,  in  Chron. 
tidvj.Ifyll  (Rolls)  I.  46  Tabula  rotunda  apud  \VaIdene,  ubi 
Ernulpbus  de  Mounteneye  a  Rogero  de  Leyborne  lancea 
interfectus  est.]  c  1400  Brut  (1908)  296  When  be  lustes 
were  don,  King  Edward  made  a  grete  soper,  in  be  wiche 
he  ordeyned  feest,  and  bygan  be  Rounde  Table,  &  ordeyned 
&  stefastyd  be  day  of  be  forsaide  Rounde  Table  to  be  holde 
ber  at  Wynciissore  in  Whitesen-wike  euermore  after  erly. 
1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  Cij,  A  good  lady  that  gat  a 
grete  blame  at  a  grete  feste  of  a  round  table  atte  Joustes. 
1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  c.  120  The  king  of  Englond 
toke  pleasure  to  newe  reedefy  the  Castell  of  Wynd^ore,.  .and 
tltei-  first  e  begonne  the  table  rounde.  1552  in  Archaeoloeia, 
(i863)_XXXIX.  34  To  the  knights  of  the  Round  Table  (if 
I  do  it  not  in  my  lifetyme)  x.\s.  to  be  =pent  at  Myle  end. 
1765  PERCY  Reliq.  I.  35  Any  king  was  said  to  '  hold  a  round 
table  '  when  he  proclaimed  a  tournament  attended  with 
.some  peculiar  solemnities.  1803  GODWIN  Li/e  Chaucer  I. 
133  Edward  III.  .purposing  from  the  knights  whose  prowess 
on  this  occasion  should  be  the  most  approved,  to  select  the 
members  of  his  new  order,  to  be  styled  knights  of  the 
Round  Table.  1846  Archacologia  XXXI.  106  The  feast  of 
the  Round  Table.. in  March,  1345. 
fb.  (See  quot.)  Obs. 

The  quotation  is  a  direct  translation  from  Walsingham 
Historia  Brevis  (1574)  154- 

1592  STOW  Ann.  (1595)  367  King  Edward  [III  in  1345] 
caused  to  be  called  together  a  great  many  Artificers,  to  the 
Castell  of  Windsore,and  beganne  to  builde  an  house,  which 
was  called  the  round  Table. 

3.  A  name  applied  locally  to  various  natural  or 
artificial  antiquities,  freq.  reputed  to  have  associa 
tions  with  King  Arthur. 

I37S  BARBOUR  Bruce  xin.  379  Beneth  the  castell  [of 
Stirling]  went  thai  soyne,  Riclit  by  the  Rownde  Tabill 
thair  way.  1530  LINDKSAY  Test.  Papyngo  634  Adew,  fair 
Snawdoun,  with  thy  touris  hie)  Thy  Chapell  royall,  Park, 
and  tabyll  rounde  '.  1612  SKLDEN  lllnstr.  Dray  ton's  Poly- 
olb.  iy.  302  In  Denbighshire,  .is  a  circular  plain,  cut  out  of 
a  main  rock,  with  some  twenty-four  seats  unequal,  which 
they  call  Arthur's  Round  Table.  1813  SCOTT  Trierin.  i. 
vii.  He  pass'd  red  Penrith's  Table  Round,  For  feats  of 
chivalry  renown'd.  1836  Penny  Cycl,  VI.  106/2  A  space  of 
ground  [at  Caerleon],  which  it  is  believed  was  a  Roman 
amphitheatre,  is  commonly  called  Arthur's  Round  Table. 
1872  HARDWICKE  Trad.,  etc.  Lanes.  216  Several  circular 
mounds  in  various  parts  of  England,  .are.  .honoured  with 
the  name  of '  King  Arthur's  Round  Table  '. 

4.  Used  generally  (alone  or  as  attrib.  phrase)  to 
denote  a  number  of  persons  seated  round  a  circular 
table,  or  imagined  as  forming  a  gathering  of  this 
kind. 

1826  Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  n.  (1863)  342  For  cards 
she  had  no  genius.  Even  the  noise  and  nonsense  of  a 
round-table  could  not  reconcile  her  to  those  bits  of  painted 
pasteboard.  1852  Life  in  Bombay  33  The  snug  round-table 
dinner-party.  1885  Encycl.  Brit.  XVIII.  656/2  Those  four 
hundred  poets  who  formed  the  famous  '  Round  Table1  in  the 
sultan's  ..  palace.  1889  Pall  Mall  G.  6  Nov.  4/1  The 
4  New  Round  Table'  is  a  symposium  on  Home  Rule — a 
collection  of  remarks.,  from  persons  of  various  standpoints. 

Hence  Round-table  v.,  to  take  part  in  a  round- 
table  conference  ;  Round -tabler.  nonce-uses. 

1887  Pall  Mall  G.  3  Feb.  i  When  Mr.  Goschen  goes  over 
to  the  Tories  on  one  side,  Mr.  Chamberlain  round-tables  on 
the  other.  1889  Ibid.  6  Nov.  4/1  Other  round-tablers  are 
Mr.  Andrew  Reid..,  Lord  Monkswell..,  and  others. 

Round-top.     Also  roundtop.    [f.  ROUND  a.J 

1.  Naut.  A  platform  (formerly  circular)  about  a 
mast-head. 

1706  PHILLIPS  (ed.  Kersey),  Top-Armours,  are  a  kind  of 
Clothes,  &c,,  set  about  the  Round-tops  of  the  Masts.  173* 
DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  xi,  A  man  on  the  roundtop  cried  out,  Au 
voile,  a  sail.  1769  R.  WOOD  Rss.  Genius  ffotner  p.  xxxi, 
As  I  looked  from  the  round-top  of  the  main  mast,  the  fresh 
water  appeared  like  an  immense  muddy  pond.  1855 
KINGSLEV  IVestiv.  Hoi  xxi,  The  fog  was  up  to  our  round- 
tops  at  sunrise  this  morning.  1876  BANCROFT  Hist.  U.  S. 
VI.  xl.  242  Jones  could  use  only  their  nine-pounders  and 
muskets  from  the  round-tops. 

2.  attrib.  Having  a  rounded  top. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mech.  644  [A  railway]  known 
..by  the  denomination  of  the  edge  rail,  round-top  rail,  fish- 
backed  rail,  &c. 

Round-towner.  [f.  ROUND prep.~\  One  who 
loafs  about  a  town. 

1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.  10  Oct.  1775,  I  hope 
I  shall  never  pay-off  another  'Round  Towner.  Ilnd.t 
Digest  36  The  Roundtowners  are  wholly  ineligible  as  in 
door  Servants. 

Round-up.     [See  ROUND  sb.-  and  z*.1] 
1.  Ship-building.     (See  quot.  1846.) 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Transom,  The 

105 


BOUNDUHB. 

former  of  these  is  called,  .the  round-up,  and  the  latter  the 
round-aft.  Jbid.^  Tonture  des  bauxt  the  round-up,  or  con 
vexity  of  a  ship's  beams.  1833  RICHARDSON  Merc.  Mar. 
Arch.  8  Short  curved  line  for  the  round-up  and  round-aft  of 
the  wing  transom.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Nant.  Dict,^  Round-up 
of  the  Transoms  ;  the  segment  of  a  circle  to  which  they  are 
sided;  of  beams,  that  to  which  they  are  moulded.  1869 
His  E.  REED  Shipbuilding  xx.  431  While  the  frames  and 
keel  of  the  ship  are  in  progress,  beam  moulds,  with  the 
round-up  and  lengths  marked  on  them,  are  given  out  to  the 
workmen  to  guide  them  in  making  beams. 

2.  tf.S.  (and  Atistr.).     The  driving  of  cattle, 
etc.,  together  or  into  an  enclosure,  usually  for  the 
purpose  of  registering  ownership,  counting,  etc. 

i88a  BAILLIE-GROHMAN  Camps  Rockies  xii.  339  To  collect 
these  stragglers  and  to  take  a  census,  ..the  annual  'round 
up'  is  held.  1887  T.  R.  Ranche  Life  Montana  160  When 
they  have  gone  some  miles,  the  captain  of  the  round-up 
tells  them  to  spread  out  into  a  wide  half-circle,  driving-in 
all  the  horses. 

b.  A  meeting  or  social  gathering  of  acquaint 
ances  or  friends  ;  a  reunion. 

1887  A.  A.  HAYES  Jesnifs  Ringvjo  We'll  have  a  round 
up  of  your  old  friends.  1895  Daily  News  16  Sept.  6/4  The 
good  bishop  had  a  family  reunion  or  'round  up 'on  the 
lawn  of  one  of  his  estates. 

3.  U.S*  A  settlement,  clearance. 

1886  Philadelphia  Times  3  May  (Cent.),  That  exception 
..will  probably  be  included  in  the  general  round-up  to 
morrow. 

BiOUndure  (rairndiiU).  Also  7  rowndure. 
[f.  ROUXD  a.  Cf.  ROHDUBK.]  Roundness;  rounded 
form  or  space. 

In  Shaks.  K.  John  n.  i,  259  the  reading  of  the  first  folio 
is  rounder. 

1600  DKKKER  Fortunatus  Dram.  Wks.  1873  I.  90  Your 
cries  to  me  are  Musicke,  And  fill  the  sacred  roundure  of 
mine  eares  With  tunes  more  sweete  then  moving  of  the 
Spheres.  1620  —  Dream  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  40  Were  all 
the  Rowndure  betwixt  Hell  and  Heauen  One  Clowd  con- 
dens'd,  and  into  blackness  driuen.  1633  KAVISR  Thentr. 
Honour  i.  ii.  12  The  frightfull  eye  of  the  Gyant  Polyphemus, 
great  and  wide  ns  the  roundure  of  the  Sunne.  1818  KEATS 
JKX.M.  (1889)  III.  p.  CXXXIX]  You  might  suppose  that  the 
fair  roundure  of  her  fingers  reached  back  to  heaven. 

Rou  iidward,  (t.  and  adv.  nonce-ivord.  [f. 
ROUND  adv.'\  In  a  circular  direction. 

1893  Scribner's  Mag.  XIII.  376'!  There  was  a  bolt,  .rear 
ward,  roundward,  upward,  downward.  Ibid.  376/2  There 
was  the  same  rearward,  roundward  bolt. 

Rou'ndway,  a.    rare.     [f.  ROUND  a.  17.] 

1.  ?  Having  a  round  passage-way. 

1862  Catal.  Internal.  Exhib.  Brit.  II.  No.  2409  Improved 
extra  strong  round-way  screw-down  bib  and  stop  cocks. 

2.  Moving  round  in  the  arena. 

1875  MORRIS  /ff««Wvm.  636  From  concourse  of  the  hollow 
seats  where  roundway  games  were  wrought. 

Roxrndways,  adv.    rare.     —  ROUNDWISE. 

1644  DIGBV  Nat,  Bodies  xxvi.  §  5.  236  The  second,  go 
crosse  or  roundwayes  about  the  ventricles  within  the  hart. 
1769  MRS.  RAFFALD  Eng.  Housekpr.  9  Skin  and  cut  round- 
ways  in  slices  six  large  Spanish  onions. 

Kound-winged,  a.    [f.  ROUND  a.  16.] 
fl.  Arch.    =  PERIPTERAL  a.  Obs.  rare—*-. 
1715  LEONI  Palladia"1*  Archil.  (1742)  II.  8  This  prospect 
is  call'd  Peripteros,  that  is,  wing'd  lound. .,  the  same  round- 
wing'd  prospect  remaining.. to  every  one  that    saw    the 
Temple  in  flank. 

2.  Ent.    In   the   names   of  moths,    as   round- 
winged  muslin,  (white-)'wave  (see  quots.). 

1832  J.  REKNIE  Consp.  Butter/?,  <$•  M,  275/1  Round- 
Winged  Wave  [114,  The  Round  Wing,  Cabera  rotundaria}. 
1869  E.  NEWMAN  Brit.  Moths  27  The  Round-winged 
Muslin  (Nudaria  Scttcx).  1887  Cassell's  Encycl.  Diet. 
S.V..  Round-winged  white-wave,  a  British  geometer  moth, 
Cabera  exanthemarta.  1907  R.  SOUTH  Moths  Brit.  Isles 
Ser.  i.  175  The  Round-winged  Muslin  (Comacla  senex)..', 
the  wings  of  this  moth  are  rounder  in  outline  than  those  of 
the  Muslin. 

3.  Applied   to    certain  hawks,   as   those  of  the 
genera  Accipiter  and  Astur.        1890  in  Cent.  Diet. 

Rotrndwise,  adv.  and  a.  Now  rare.  [f. 
ROUND  a.  +  -WISE.] 

L  adv.  In  a  circular  form,  disposition,  or  arrange 
ment;  circularly. 

1577  HARRISON  Eng.  n.  xxv.  (1877)  364  King  Edward  the 
first. .did  first  come  the  penie  and  smallest  peeces  of  siluer 
roundwise.  1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Lev.  xix.  27  Neither  shal 
you  cut  your  heare  roundwise  ;  nor  shave  your  beard.  1675 
HAN.  WOOLLEV  Gentlewoman*  Comp.  146  Take  Apples 
sliced  thin  round-wise.  1725  Fam.  Diet,  s.v.  Larch-Tree, 
It  produces  its  Branches  roundwise,  at  some  equal  Distance 
from  each  other. 

2.  adj.  Circular,  round.    rare*~l. 

1633  P.  FLETCHER  Purple  fsl.  ii.  xxviii,  The  form  (as 
when  with  breath  our  bagpipes  rise,  And  swell)  round-wise, 
and  long,  yet  long-wise  more, 

Round-wood :  see  ROWAN  *. 

1857  THOREAU  Maine  W.  (1894)  7^  Mountain-ash,  or 
round-wood,  as  the  Maine  people  call  it. 

Round-worm.  Zool.  Also  round  worm, 
[f.  ROUND  a.  +  WORM  sb.  In  early  examples  only 
descriptive,  later  a  specific  name.]  A  parasitic 
worm  of  a  rounded  form  infesting  the  human  in 
testines  :  a.  A  worm  of  the  genus  Lumbricus  or 
Ascaris,  esp.  A.  lumbricoides. 

1565  COOPER,  Litmbricus,  a  longe  rounde  woorme..in 
mans  body.  1611  COTGR.,  Ascaride,  a  kind  of  small  round 
worme,  which  breeds  in  the  bowels.  1658  Mon/et's  Theat. 
Insects  n.  xxxii,  Round  worms  [breed]  only  in  the  small 


834 

guts,  Ascarides  in  the  Longanurn,  the  Gourd-worms . .  in  all.  ' 
1683  t'Ml.  Trans.  XIII.  154  The  Lumbricus  teres,  that 
common  Round  Worm  which  Children  usually  are  troubled 
with.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XI.  343/1  The  long  round 
worms  seem  to  be  the  most  dangerous  which  infest  the 
human  body,  as  they  often  pierce  through  the  stomach  and 
intestines.  1822  GOOD  Study  Meii.  (1829)  I.  345  The  head 
of  the  long  round  worm  is  slightly  incurved.  1829  COOPER 
Ibid.  344  It  is  calculated  one-half  of  the  total  number  of 
children  have  either  the  round,  or  thread-worm.  1896  tr. 
Boas'  Text  Bk.  Zool.  160  The  Common  Round-worm 
(Ascaris),  often  of  considerable  size. 

b.  A  nemathelminth,  or  a  nematode  worm. 
1836-9  TodoTs  Cycl.  Anat.  II.  116/2  Nematoidea,.. 
Round-worms. .  .Body  elongated,  rounded,  elastic.  1864 
Chambers' s  Encycl.  VI.  704/1  The  N[ematelmiaJ  are  some 
times  termed  Round-worms,  just  as  the  Platyelmia..are 
called  Flatwortns.  1896  tr.  Boas'  Text  Bk.  Zool.  158 
Nemathclminthes  (Round-worms). 

Rou'ndy,  a.    Now  dial.    [f.  ROUND  <?.] 

1.  Rounded  ;  of  a  round  shape. 

rt  1586  SIDNEY  Arcadia  (1891)  310  Her  roundy  sweetly 
swelling  lippes  a  little  trembling,     1821  CLARE  Vill.  Min-    ; 
strel  II.  55  Welcome,  red  and  roundy  sun,  Dropping  lowly 
in  the  west. 

2.  dial.  Of  coals  :  (see  ROUND  a.  15). 
1868-  in  northern  dial,  glossaries. 

Roune,  var.  of  ROUN  sb.,  ROUND  v.-\  obs.  f. 
RUNE  s6.2 

t  Rou'ner.  Obs.  Forms :  I  runere,  4-6 
rowner  (5  -ere,  6  Sc.  -ar),  5  rouner  (6  Sc.  -ar, 
roundar).  [OE.  runere,  f.  runian  to  whisper, 
ROUND  v.2  Cf.  MDn.  runer  (ruyner,  runaer, 
etc.),  MLG.  runer,  OHG.  rAnari  (G.  rauner).] 
A  whisperer ;  a  taller,  tale-bearer. 

c  xooo  J£LFRIC  Gram,  xxxvi.  (2.)  217  Hie  susitrro,  Ses 
runere  obbe  wroht.  1388  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  I.  271  Rowners 
and  flatreres.  c  1425  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  687  Rowners, 
uagaboundes,  forgers  of  lesynges.  a  1470  H.  PARKER  Dives  Ar 
*  (W.  de  W.  1496)  IV.  v.  199/2  A  preuy  rowner,  that 


fryuely  telleth  false  tales  amonges  the  people.     1500-20 
)CNBAR  Poems  xx.  33  Be  thow  not  ane  roundar  in  the 
nwke.    Ibid.  xxvi.  52  With..rownaris  of  fals  lesingis.  1551 


ABP.  HAMILTON  Catec/i.  71  Of  thame  that  r.r  quysperaris, 
rowkaris  and  rounaris. 

Roung,  obs.  Sc.  pa.  pple.  of  REIGN  z». ;  obs.  f. 
RUNG  sb. 

t  Rounge,  v.  06s.  Also  6  Sc.  runge,  ronge, 
rownge.  [ad.  OF.  roiingier,  rungier,  rangier 
(mod.F.  ranger) :  of  obscure  formation.] 

1.  intr.  To  roar,  cry  out. 

a  1375  Joseph  Arim.  361  He  roungede  an  heij,  and  rorede 
so  harde,  his  ei^en  flowen  out  of  his  hed. 

2.  intr.  and  trans.  To  gnaw  ;  to  champ. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  177  For  evere  on  hem  I  rounge  and 
gknawe  And  hindre  hem  al  that  evere  I  mai.  c  1400  Pilgr. 
Sowle  (Caxton)  I.  xx.  (1859)  20  Lyke  a  worm  I  am  woned 
to  bvte  and  to  rounge  them  that  wronge  theym  selue. 
c  1430  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhode  i.  Iv.  (1869)  33  It  wolde  neuer 
stinte  to  rounge  {printed  raunge]  so  michel  til  it  hadde 
slayn  his  mayster.  Ibitt.  n.  cxxxvi.  129  As  the  wolf  that 
hath  strangled  the  shepe..and  hath  rounged  his  chekes. 
1513  DOUGLAS  j&neis  III.  iv.  93  With  ^our  chaftis  to  gnaw 
5e  sail  be  fane,  And  runge  jour  tabillis  all  and  burdis. 
Ibid.  iv.  iv.  ii  Hir  fers  steid  stude  stamping,.. Rungeand 
the  fomy  goldin  bitt. 

b.  inlr.  To  chew  the  cud. 

^2410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxiv,  For  euer- 
more  she  [the  hare]  fumeth  and  croteth  and  roungeth  and 
bereth  talowe  and  grece.  1486  Bk.St.  Aibans  eiijb,  All 
[beasts]  that  here  skyne  and  talow  and  Rounge.. shall  be 
fiayne  safe  the  hare. 

3.  trans.  To  clip  (coin).  Sc, 

1540  Sc.  Acts  Jos.  V  (1814)  II.  373  pat  na  maner  of  man 
tak  vpoun  hand  for  to  Ronge  the  croun  of  wecht.  1619  in 
C.  Innes  Sk.  E.  Scot.  Hist.  App.  (1861)  522  Thair  wes  tuo  of 
the  xx  mark  peceis  rounged  and  far  les  then  the  thrid  wes. 

Hence  t  Bounged///.  a.  Obs. 

(11572  KNOX  Hist.  Kef.  Wks.  1846  I.  404  Thair  clyppit 
and  rowngeit  Soussis.  .ar  commandit  to  have  course  in  this 
realme.  1622  W.  ScorCoHrse  Conformitie  x.  43  To  attaine 
thirteen  rounged  and  dilapidate  Bishoprickes. 

t  Rou'nger.  Obs.  Also  5  roungere,  roundg- 
ar.  [f.  ROUNGE  v.  3,  or  ad.  AF.  *roungere,  OF. 
rongeur.]  A  clipper  of  coins. 

1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  238  Edward,  .wille  wile 
certeyn,  who  schent  has  his  mone.  Of  clippers,  of  roungers 
[F.  roygnurs\  of  suilk  takes  he  questis.  <  1430  Pilgr.  Lyf 
Manhode  in.  xvii.  (1869)  144  This  hand  isan..vnhelere  and 
brekere  of  cofres,  and  a  roungere  of  floreyns.  a  1600  in 
Drake  Eboracutn  i.  vi.  (1736)  189  Roundgars  of  gold, 
washers  of  gold. 

t  Roiriiing,  vbl.  sb.  Obs.  Also  i  runung, 
3  runing,  roning;  4-6  rounyng(e,  5  rounn-, 
rovn-) ;  4-6  rownyng(e,  5  rowyn-),  5-6  rown- 
ing(e,  6  rowening).  See  also  ROUNDING  vbl. 
sl>.2  [f.  OE.  runian,  ME.  rounen:  see  ROUND 
z<.2]  Whispering ;  private  conversation  or  con 
sultation,  etc. 

c  1000  ^LFRIC  Horn,  (ed,  Assmann)vi.  161  Hi.. on  synder- 
licum  runung_um  bat  riht  call  rxtldon.  c  1205  LAY.  14070 
He  wolde  wi5  J»an  kinge  holden  runinge,  c  1275  —  3249 
pe  Scottene  king  and  beduk.  .mid  hire  stille  rouningnemen 
neom  to  reade.  13..  A'.  Alis.  7604  (Laud  MS.),  After  bis 
queynt  rounyng  Alisaunder  spedde  in  bis  doyng.  c  1384 
CHAUCER  //.  Fame  ill.  1960  And  ouer  alle  thehouses  Angles 
Ys  ful  of  rovnynges.  f  1450  tr.  De  Imitatione  in.  i.  64  ' 
Blessid  be  bo  eres  bat  receyueb  of  goddys  rounynge,  _& 
takib  non  hede  of  pe  rounyng  of  bis  worlde.  c  1475  in 


ROUF. 

240  Castyng  abrode  a  suspicyouse  bablynge,  of  gatheryng, 
and  assemblynge,  and  rownyngc,  and  talkynge. 

t  EiOU'ning,  ppl.  a.  Obs.  Also  i  runiende,  4 
rownande,  rownende.  [Cf.  prec.]  Whispering, 
murmuring. 

c  1050  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wulcker  441  Mitsitantes^  ba  runiendan. 
13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  112  Swangeande  swete  J?e  water 
con  swepe,  VVyth  a  rownande  rourde  raykande  ary}t.  1383 
WYCLIF  Ecclus.  xxi.  31  The  rownende  grucchere  shal  de- 
foule  his  soule. 

Hence  f  Bou'ningly  adv.,  in  a  whisper.   Obs. 
c  1380  WVCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  328  Sum  confessioun  is  made  to 
man,  and  bat  may  be  on  many  maneres;  outher  opynly  & 
generaly..or  priuely  &  rownyngly.      1406    HOCCLEVE   La. 
Male  Regie  172  Ctoos  kepte  I  me  ;  no  man  durste  I  depraue 
But  rownyngly  ;  I  spak  no  thyng  on  highte. 
Rounsefal,  obs.  form  of  ROUNCIVAL. 
t  Roirnsepike.     Obs.   rare.    In  5  rounse-, 
rownsepyk.  [Of  obscure  origin  :  cf.  RAMPIKE  and 
RAMPICK.]    A  leafless  branch. 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  vi.  xvi.  209  Ouer  his  hede  he 
sawe   a  rownsepyk,   a  bygge  bough   leueles.      Ibid,,  Syr 
Launcelot  putte  aweye  the  stroke  with  the  rounsepyk. 
Rovmseval,  obs.  form  of  ROUNCIVAL. 
Kounsy,  obs.  form  of  ROUNCY. 
t  Rount,  a.     Obs.-"    Roan. 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  11.  155/1  Colours  of  Horses... 
Rount,  is  a  kind  of  flesh  colour,  or  a  Bay  intermixt  with 
white  and  gray  ;  a  Roan-colour.  Ibid.,  Grissel,  is  a  light 
Rount. 

Rountree,  obs.  variant  of  ROWAN-TREE. 
Roup  (raup),  sb.}-   Sc.  and  north.   Also  7  roop, 
8   roupe,  9  north,  raup.     [f.  ROUP  v.  2.]    An 
auction  ;  the  act  of  selling  or  letting  by  auction. 

1693  STAIR  Instil,  i.  xvi.  (ed.  2)  135  A  Roup  at  the  half 
or  major  part  of  the  Owners  against  the  rest.  1698  A. 
FLETCHER  Two  Disc.  Aff.  Scot.  36  The  letting  of  Farms.  . 
by  Roop  or  Auction.  1700  LAW  Council  of  Trade  (1751)  9 
All  other  effects  that  shall  be  sold  by  public  roupe  in  this 
kingdom.  1785  MRS.  GRANT  Lett.fr.  Mountains  (1813)  II. 
114  Every  article  of  cattle  and  furniture  was  sold.  The 
roup  lasted  a  week.  1833  Act  3^-4  Will.  IP,  c.  46  §  70 
The  said  collector  is.  .to  sell  by  public  roup..  such  part  of 
the  said  goods  and  effects.  1878  C.  GIBBON  Far  the  King  i, 
Bauldy's  chief  business  had  been  to  announce  roups. 

attrib.  and  Comb.  1785  MRS.  GRANT  Lett.fr.  Mountains 
(1813)  II.  no  Roups,  then,  are  a  source  of  great  amusement 
here  and  a  very  expensive  one  to  the  roup-makers.  1829 
HOGG  SAffA.  Cal.  ii,  This  cow.  .is  valued  in  my  roup-roll 
at  fifteen  pounds.  1890  SERVICE  Notnndwns  5  Shall  I 
reprint  the  roup  bills  o'  my  ryegrass  parks? 

Roup  (r«p),  sb?  Forms  :  6  roupe,  6-7  roope, 
7  rup,  roupp,  6-  roup,  7-  roop.  [Of  obscure 
origin.]  A  disease  in  poultry  characterized  by 
morbid  swellings  on  the  rump. 

1551  TURNER  Herbal  I.  B  v,  Garlyke.  .is  also  good  for  the 
pype  or  roupe  of  hennes  and  cockes,  as  Pliny  wryteth.  1578 
LYTE  Dodoens  638  They  cure  the  pipe  or  roupe  of  Pultrie 
and  Chickens  with  Garlyke.  1614'  MARKXAM  Cheap  Hitsb. 
(1623)  141  The  roupp  is  a  filthy  bile  or  swelling  on  the 
rumpe  of  Poultrie,  and  will  corrupt  the  whole  body.  1765 
Treat.  Dom.  Pigeons  34  The  wet  roop  next  falls  under  our 
consideration.  1803  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.Agric.  II.  1210 
The  Roup  is  shown  by  the  rump  becoming  swelled  and 
enlarged,  c  1858  Euz.  WATTS  Poultry  Yard  167  Inflamma- 
tion  and  Intumescence  of  the  Rump  Gland.  .To  this  affection 
the  term  *  roup  '..is  often  applied. 

attrib,  and  Comb.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1768) 
VI.  Ixxvi.  324  Thou  droopest  like  a  pip  or  roup-cloaking 
chicken.  £1858  ELIZ.  WATTS  Poultry  Yard  168  Baily's 
roup  pills  are  almost  universally  known  and  appreciated. 
Roup  (r»p),  rf.3  Also  8  roupe,  and  ROOP  st>,1 
[Prob.  of  imitative  origin.] 

1.  Sc.  and  north.  Hoarseness,  huskiness  ;  t  some 
disease  affecting  the  throat. 

a  1585  MONTGQMERIE  Flyting  323  The  rot,  the  roup,  and 
the  auld  rest.  1674-  [see  Roop  sbJ\  ci77oBEATTiE  To 
Alex.  Ross  iii,  O  may  the  roupe  ne'er  roust  thy  weason. 
1773  FERGUSON  Poems  (1789)  II.  77  To  fleg  frae  a'  your 
craigs  the  roup,  Wi'  reeking  het  an'  creeshy  soup.  i8u- 
in  northern  dial,  glossaries. 

2.  A  form  of  purulent  catarrh  affecting  domestic 
poultry. 

1808  JAMIESON,  Roup.  .also  denotes  a  disease  which  affects 
hens  in  the  mouth  or  throat.  1849  D.  J.  BROWNE  Anur. 
Poultry  Yd.  (1855)267  The  symptom  most  prominent  m 
the 

wha  ,  . 

Bk.  Poultry  200  In  very  aggravated  cases  of  roup  the 
entire  throat  is  sometimes  filled  with  the  diseased  secretion. 
(raup),  v.  Sc.  and  north.  Also  4  roupe, 


. 

he  roup,  is  difficult  and  noisy  breathing,  beginning  with 
hat  is  termed  the  gapes,  as  in  the  pip.    c  1877  L.  WRIGHT 
k.  Poultry  200  In  very  aggravated  cases  of  roup   the 
ntire  throat  is  sometimes  filled  with  the  diseased  secretion. 
Roup  (raup),  v.   Sc.  and  north.   Also  4  roupe, 
5-6  rolp,  6  rowp,  9  north,  raup,  rawp,  etc.   [Of 
Scandinavian  origin  :  cf.  Icel.  raupa  (Fter.  reypa) 


. 
Rovnynge,  lapynge,  or  other  Insolence.     1533  MORE  Afol.    \ 


ongm : 

to  boast,  brag,  MSw.  rbpa  to  shout,  Da.  rebe  to 
disclose,  reveal.] 

1.  intr.  To  cry,  shout,  roar ;  to  croak.  Now  arch. 

13. .  St.  Alexius  566  in  Horslm.  Altenfl.  Leg:  (1881)  187 
Scho  beganne  to  roupe  &  rare.  <r  1450  HOLLAND  Hmvlat 
215  The  Ravyne,  rolpand  rudly  in  a  roche  ran.  1513 
DOUGLAS  JEncis  ix.  viii.  44  Taikand . .  na  maner  schame, 
Sua  amangis  men  to  ryn,  and  roup  or  rame.  1535  LYNDESAY 
Satyre  3075  Thir  ruiks  thay  roupit  wonder  fast.  1571  Satir. 
Poems  Kef  arm.  xxyiii.  89  Rowpand  for  riches . .  Sum  bene 
fice  I  bocht  or  euer  it  vaikit. 

1841  LYTTON  Nt.  $  Horn.  (1851)  in  There  they  were, 
romping  and  rouping  in  the  garden,  like  a  couple  of  gaol 
birds.  1892  MRS.  STUART  MEXTEATH  Lays  Kirk  <j-  Covenant 
24  Let  heretics  both  rave  and  roup. 

f  b.  trans.  To  proclaim  or  utter  with  a  loud 
voice.     Obs. 

1513  DOUGLAS  Minis  m.  i.  129  The  lattir  halsing  syne 


ROUPED. 

lowde  [we]  schowtit  thrive,  Rowpand  at  anis,  adew  !  Ibid,  | 
iv.  viii.  129  Or  lyk  Orestes, . .  Rowpit  and  sung  quhow  he  his 
modir  fled,  a  1572  KNOX  Hist.  Kef.  Wks.  1846  I.  96  The^e 
slaves  of  Sathan.  .rowped  as  thei  had  bein  ravinis,  yea, 
rather  thei  yelled  and  rored  as  devillis  in  hell)  '  Heresy  ! 
heresy ! ' 

f  c.  To  invoke  loudly.    Obs.  rare, 

1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  iv.  ix.  75  Thre  hundreth  goddis 
with  liir  mouth  rowpit  sche.  Ibid.  xi.  51  Thow  Proserpyne, 
quhilk,  by  our  gentile  lawis,  Art  rowpit  hie,  and  jellit 
lowd  by  nycht. 

2.  To  sell  or  let  by  auction. 

15)58  LAUDER  Minor  P.  n.  37  lustice  is  rowpit,  as  vtheris 
waris  ;  This  is  most  plane,  and  nocht  obscure.  1574  Reg* 
Privy  Council  Scot,  II.  391  To  caus  rowp  the  said  croft 
and  myre.  1590  Ibid.  IV.  534  That  the  small  custumes 
..micht  be  yeirlie  roupit  and  sett  to  the  best  availl.  1637 
RUTHERFORD  Lett*  (1862)  I.  Ixxxviii.  225  If  men  and  angels 
were  rouped  and  sold  at  the  dearest  price.  1693  STAIR 
Instit.  i.  xvi.  (ed.  2)  135  Either  to  take  his  part  at  such  a 
rate, ..or  Roup  his  own  part  when  he  pleases.  1733  P. 
LINDSAY  Interest  Scot.  213  Those  poor  Fishermen,  .must 
pay  it,.. or  have  their  Houshold-furniture  distrained  and 
roupt  for  the  Payment  of  it".  18*7  SCOTT  Jrnl.  n  Apr., 
The  parks  were  rouped  for  ^100  a  year  more  than  they 
brought  last  year.  1879  Scotsman  22  Alar.,  The  Linlithgow 
town  and  bridge  customs  were  rouped  yesterday.  1889 
BARRIE  Windmv  in  Thrums  90  His  effects  were  rouped 
before  I  knew  him. 

b.  To  sell  up  (a  person). 

£1817  HOGG  Tales  $  Sk.V\.  61  He  has  since  heard.,  that 
they  had  been  rouped  out  at  the  door.  1824  MACTAGGART 
Gatlovid.  Encycl.  342  Squire  Kirtle . .  May  roup  his  farmers. 
1871  C.  GIBBON  Lack  of  Gold  viii,  It  was  not  Angus's  fault 
that  he  was  rouped. 

Hence  Rou'ping///.  a. 

1530  LYNDESAY  Test.  Papyngo  1083  The  rowpand  Reuin 
said;  sweit  syster,  lat  se  jour  holy  intent. 

Rouped,  a.  Sc.  and  north.  Also  8-9  roupet, 
-it,  and  ROOFED,  [f.  ROUP  sb$  +  -ED.]  Affected 
with  hoarseness ;  hoarse. 

1677-  [see  ROOFED  a.].  1786  BURNS  Earnest  Cry  fy 
Prayer  ii,  Alas !  my  roupet  Muse  is  haerse !  1806  A. 
DOUGLAS  Poems  29  Is  your  throat  no  dry  an'  roupit  Whistlin 
a'  day  loud  an'  sweet?  1897  I^EATTY  Secretar  xli,  He  had 
a  voice  like  a  roupet  craw. 

Roupee,  obs.  form  of  RUPEE. 

Rouper  (rcm-pai).     Sc.    Also  6  rowper.     [f. 

Roup  v.  +  -EB  1.     Cf.  Iccl.  rattpari  braggart.] 

1.  One  who  cries  or  shouts. 

a  1583  POLWART  Fly  ting  w.  Montgomery  757  Ragged 
rowper  like  a  raven. 

2.  One  who  sells  goods  by  auction. 

1799  W.  THOM  Wks.  447  A  rouper  is  pursuing  his  interest 
when  he  pays  the  bell-man  to  intimate  his  roup. 

Roupie,  obs.  form  of  RUPEE. 
Rouping    (rail-pig),  vbl.   sb.     Sc.  and  north. 
Also  6  rowp-,  7  roupeing,  roping,    [f.  ROUP  #.] 

1.  The  action  of  selling  or  letting  by  auction ; 
also,  an  auction,  a  roup. 

JS93  •&-.  Acts  Jas.  VI  (1816)  IV.  30  The  commoun  guid 
and  patrimonie  of  all  Burrowis  within  this  Realme,  . . 
efter  the  seirlie  rowping  and  setting  thairof,  as  vse  is. 
1646  R.  BAILLIE  Anabaptism  (1647)  >7  One.. in  a  public 
roping  did  seem  to  use  some  couzenage  in  buying  of  a 
house.  1685  Min.  Bk.  New  Mills  Cloth  Manuf.  (1905)  85 
Appoynts  [that]  a  roupeing  be  called  upon  Monday.  1786 
FRASER  TYTLER  The  Lounger  No.  79  r  4  Was  you  ever  at 
a  sale,— a  rouping  you  call  it  in  this  country?  1818  SCOTT 
Hrt.  Midi,  xlii,  After  the  rouping  is  ower,  and  the  bills  paid. 
1888  BARRIE  Auld  Lie/it  Idylls  ii,  Then  took  place  the 
rouping  of  seats  in  the  parish  church. 

b.  Comb.)  as  rouping-clerk,  an  auctioneer's 
clerk;  f  rouping- wife,  -woman,  a  woman  who 
holds  auctions,  or  who  buys  at  auctions  for  the 
purpose  of  selling  again. 

1782  SIR  J.  SINCLAIR  Observ.  Scot.  Dial.  127  Rouping- 
wife)  a  female  auctioneer.  1785  Gentl.  Mag.  LV.  i.  201 
The  furniture  of  the  house  being  previously  sold  to  a 
rouping-woman,  as  she  called  it.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  iv, 
His  neighbour  the  rouping-wife,  or  saleswoman.  1882  J. 
WALKER  Jaunt  to  Auld  Reekie  180  Would'st  [thou]  be 
degraded  to  a  rouping  clerk. 

2.  Crying,  yelling. 

_  ci86s  S.  S.  JONES  Northumb.  115  Ilka  bairnie  spite  o* 
its  roupin1  an1  skirlin'  had  getten  washed  an'  busked  up. 

BiOUpy  (rzrpi),  a.1  Also  9  roopy.  [f.  ROUP 
sb*]  Of  poultry :  Affected  with  the  roup  (inflam 
mation  of  the  rump-gland). 

1722  DE  FOE  Plague  (Bohn)  165  The  breath  of  such  a 
person  would  poison.. even  a  cock  or  hen  :..it  would  cause 
them  to  be  roupy,  as  they  call  it.  1823  New  Monthly  Mag. 
VIII.  501  Fast  he  sat  as  roopy  turkey-poult.  1830  *  B. 
MOUBRAY'  Poultry  (ed.  6)  [73  Imposthume  upon  the  rump 
is  called  roup.  Ibid.}  74  Roupy  hens  seldom  lay. 

Roupy  (rw-pi),  a.  2    [f.  ROUP  sb.%\ 

1.  Hoarse,  husky. 

1808  JAMIESON  s.v.  Roup,  A  peculiar  sense,,  .denoting., 
hoarseness  of  voice,  as  the  adj.  roupy  is  now  used.  1872 
F.  W.  ROBINSON  Bridge  of  Glass  ii.  i,  The  sheep  grew 
wheezy  and  roupy  and  unnaturally  dispirited.  1898  MUNRO 
J.  Splendid  iv.  48  The  crows.. complained  in  a  rasping 
roupy  chorus. 

2.  Of  poultry  :  Affected  with  the  roup  (purulent 
catarrh).     Also,  pertaining  to  the  roup. 

1830  'B.  MOUBRAY'  Poultry  (ed.  6)  32  Cocks.. are  liable 
to  become  aguish, .  .perhaps,  in  the  end,  turning  roopy  or 
glandered.  Ibid.  74  When  the  malady  becomes  confirmed, 
with  running  at  the  nostrils,  swollen  eyes,  and  other  well, 
known  symptoms,  they  are  termed  Roupy.  1:1877  L. 
WRIGHT  Bk.  Poultry  199  The  characteristic  roupy  dis 
charge. 


835 

fig,  1863  QUINN  Heather  Lintie  64  Wi'  dark,  bedimmed, 
dull  roupy  e  en . .  We  slowly  staumer  on. 

Roupy,  obs.  form  of  RUPEE. 

Rourde,  variant  of  REBD(E  sb.  Obs. 

f  Rous,  sb.  Sc.  Obs.-1  [Of  obscure  origin  : 
cf.  next.]  A  heavy  fall  or  crash. 

'535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  III.  135  His  hors  hapnit  to 
snapper  and  to  fall,  With  sic  ane  rous  quhill  that  him  self 
flew  wnder. 

Rons  (raus),  adv.  rare.  Also  9  rouse. 
[Echoic.]  With  a  bounce  or  bang. 

1672  VILLIERS  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  Rehearsal  in.  ii,  'Slife,  Sir  ! 
you  should  have  come  out  in  choler,  rous  upon  the  Stage, 
just  as  the  other  went  off.  1888  KLWOKTHY  W.  Somerset 
\yord~bk.  s.v.)  Down  come  the  roofj  rouse. 

Rous,  variant  of  ROUSE  a.t  red.   Obs. 

Rousaiit  (rau'zant),  a.  Her.  [f.  ROUSE  z/.1  + 
-ANT  i.]  (See  quot.  1780.) 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  ir.  xix.  479/1  A  Falcon  rowsant  to 
the  Sinister,  is  the  Crest  of  Falckenstein  of  Bavaria.  1780 
EDMONDSON  Cosnpl.  Body  Her.  II,  Rousant,  a  term  given 
by  some  Heralds  to  a  bird  rising,  as  if  preparing  to  take 
wing.  1868  CUSSANS  Heraldry  (1893)  95  Rising,  or  Rousant. 
..This  term  is  usually  employed  in  blazoning  Swans. 

Rousch,  obs.  form  of  RUSH  v. 

t  BiOUSe,  $b.l  Obs.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  Mirth. 

c  1400  Beryn  1669  The  todir  burgeyse  rose  hym  vp,  for  to 
make  Rouse,  And  axid  of  his  fclawe  [etc.].  Ibid.  3610 
Beryn  &  his  feleshipp  wer  within  the  house,  And  speken  of 
hir  answer,  &  made  but  litill  rouse. 

Rouse  (ruuz),  sb*  Also  6-7  rowse.  [f, 
ROUSE  z;.1] 

f  1.  A  shake  (of  the  feathers,  etc.).   Obs. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xxiii.  (Arb.)  272  These 
fowles  in  their  moulting  time,  when  their  feathers  be  sick, 
and  be  so  loase  in  the  flesh  that  at  any  little  rowse  they  can 
easilie  shake  them  off.  1600  BRETON  Melanch.  Humours 
Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  14/1  But  all  in  feare  to  make  so  farre  a 
flight,  Vntill  his  pennes  were  somewhat  harder  growne  ; 
Hegaue  a  rowse.  1614  LATHAM  Falconry  (1633)  53  If  her 
stomacke..be  cold  and  dull,  she  will  flie  wildeand  carelesly, 
and  on  plains  and  rowses.  1672  JOSSELYN  New  Englands 
Rarities  17  The  Porcupine..,  a  very  angry  Creature  and 
dangerous,  shooting  a  whole  shower  of  Quills  with  a  rowse 
at  their  enemies. 

2.  Mil.  The  signal  for  arousing ;   the  reveille. 
1802  JAMES  Milit,  Dict.t  Rouse,  one  of  the  bugle-horn 

soundings  for  duty.  1821  JOANNA  BAILLIE  Metr.  Leg.% 
Wallace  xxxvii,  No  more  again  the  rouse  of  war  to  hear. 
\%6$Cornh.  Mag.  VII.  446  The  first  notes  of  the  rouse  are 
dismal,.. but  they  are  succeeded  by  a  few  others  of  an 
encouraging  and  lively  character.  1894  WOLSELEY  Marl- 
bcrough  II.  198  When  the  '  rouse'  had  sounded  that  morning. 

3.  A  violent  stir. 

1824  W.  IRVING  T.  Trav.  1. 61  He  revolutionized  the  whole 
establishment,  and  gave  it  such  a  rouse  that  the  very  house 
reeled  with  it. 

Rouse  (rauz),  j£.3  Nowarafc.  Also  7rouce, 
rouze,  7,  9  rowse.  [Prob.  an  aphetic  form  of 
carouse^  due  to  the  phrase  to  drink  car-ouse  having 
been  apprehended  as  to  drink  a  rouse. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  the  word  is  ad.  Da.  (also  Sw, 
and  Norw.)  nes,=Du.  raes,  LG.  ruse,  G.  rausch  intoxica 
tion,  drunken  fit ;  but  both  form  and  meaning  are  more 
easily  accounted  for  by  the  above  explanation.  '  The 
Danish  rowsa '  in  Dekker  Gulfs  Hornbook  may  be  simply 
due  to  the  passages  in  Shaks.  Hamlet.} 

1.  A  full  draught  of  liquor  ;  a  bumper. 

1603  SHAKS.  Ham.  i.  ii.  126  And  the  Kings  Rouce,  the 
Heauens  shall  briute  agauie.  i6a6  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.) 
Trav.  Wks.  (1630)  IIL  80/2  Because  death  should  not  terrifie 
him,  they  had  giuen  him  many  rowses  and  caiowses  of  wine 
and  beere.  1640  GLAPTHORNE  Wallcnstein  v.  ii,  My  Lord, 
. .  take  me  off  This  lusty  rowse  to  your  owne  health. 

1820  SHELLEY  Let.  to  Maria  Gisborne  65  Then  all  quaff 
Another  rouse,  and  hold  their  sides  and  laugh. 

2.  A  carousal  or  bout  of  drinking. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  ii.  i.  58  There  was  he  gaming,  there 
o'retooke  in's  Rouse.  1619  FLETCHER  Mons.  Thomas  i.  ii, 
She  has  heard..  The  gambols  that  you  plaid..,  your  several 
mischiefs,  Your  rowses  and  your  wenches.  1654  GAYTON 
Pleas.  Notes  iv.  viii.  217  After  a  good  rouze,  or  good  dose 
of  Nepenthe^  they  are  in  a  trance. 

iSssKiNGSLEY  Westw.Ho!  viii,  Amyas.. invited,  -his old 
schoolfellows.. to  a  merry  supper  and  a  'rowse'  thereon 
consequent.  1863  COWDEN  CLARKE  Skaks.  Char.  v.  131  It 
was  natural  that  a  free,  open-hearted  soldier  should  wel 
come  the  arrival  of  his  brother -officers  with  a  rouse. 

3.  In   the    phrases  to  take  one's  rouse,  have  a 
roztse,  give  a  rouse. 

(a}  1602  SHAKS.  Hani.  i.  iv.  8  The  King  doth  wake  to  night, 
and  takes  his  rouse.  1616  Marlowe's  Faustus  (Rtldg.)  122/2 
He  took  his  rouse  with  stoops  of  Rhenish  wine.  1623  MAS- 
SINGER  Dk.  Milan  i.  i,  Your  lord,  by  his  patent,  Stands 
bound  to  take  his  rouse. 

(b)  1609  B.  JONSON  Sil.  Worn.  in.  vi,  We  will  haue  a  rouse 
in  each  of 'hem,  anon,  for  boldBritons,  yfaith.  1667  DAVENANT 
&  DRYDEN  Tempest  iv.  iii,  I  long  to  have  a  rouse  to  her 
grace's  health.   1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xxxiv,  Rambling  up  and 
down  this  d — d  vault,  and  thinking  about  the  merry  rouses 
we  have  had  in  it.     1842  TENNYSON  Vision  of  Sin  iv.  ix, 
Fill  the  cup,  and  fill  the  can  :  Have  a  rouse  before  the  morn. 
1864  BURTON  Scot  Abr.  II.  181  Patrick's  neighbour,,  .with 
whom.. he  has  a  merry  rouse. 

(c)  1604  SHAKS.  Qth.  u.  iii.  66  'Fore  heauen,  they  haue 
giuen  me  a  rowse  already.      1609  HEALEY  Discov.  New 
World  84  Giue  me  one  rouse,  my  freind,  and  get  thee  gone. 
1842  BROWNING  Cavalier  Tunes  \\.  i,  Give  a  rouse  :  here 's, 
in  Hell's  despite  now,  King  Charles! 

t  Rouse,  a.  Obs.  Also  5  rous,  rowse.  [a. 
OF.  rous  (mod.F.  roux) :— L.  russitm,  ace.  of 
ritssus  red.]  Red-haired.  (Only  in  personal  names.) 

c  1400  1'waine  15-  Gaw.  1146  Pray  to  hir.  .That  sho  forgif 


BOUSE. 

the,  jn  this  stede,  Of  Salados  the  rouse  ded.  c  1400  Brut 
cxxxiv.  138  After  bis  William  Bastard  regnede  his  sone 
William  [be]  Rous.  c  1425  in  Maskell  Mon.  Rit.  (1847)  III. 
345  For  the  souks  of  the  kyngis  William  Rowse,  Herry  the 
firste  [etc.].  1531  ELYOT  Gov.  i.  xii,  William  called  Rouse. 

House  (rauz),  v.1  Also  5-8  rowse,  6-8 
rowze,  6-9  rouze  (7  rouz),  7,  9  St.  roose.  [Orig. 
a  technical  term  in  hawking  and  hunting,  and  so 
presumably  of  AF.  or  OF.  origin,  but  the  pre 
cise  source  is  obscure.  In  general  use  common 
after  £1585,  and  freq.  strengthened  by  up.  Cf, 
also  AKOUSE  v.1] 

I.   fl.    reft.    a.    Of  a   hawk:    To  shake  the 
feathers.     Obs.  rare.     Cf.  sense  9. 

1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  A  vi,  And  whan  tie  she  bathe  doone 

she  will  rowse  hire  myghtyly.    [1825  SCOTT  Betrothed  xxiu, 

The  ..  vigour  with  which  they  pruned  their  plumes,  and 

shook,  or,  as  it  was  technically  termed,  roused  themselves.] 

fb.  (See  quot.)    Obs.  rare. 

1530  PALSGR.  694/2,  I  rowse,  I  stretche  my  selfe,  as  a  man 
dothe  whan  he  gothe  to  prove  a  maystrye.y'e  me  coppie.    It 
was  a  sporte  tose  bim  rowse  him  selfe  and  stretche  out  his 
armes,  or  ever  he  began  to  wrestyll. 

2.  trans.  To  cause  (game)  to  rise  or  issue  from 
cover  or  lair.  Cf.  RAISE  vj-  4  b. 

1531  ELYOT  Gov.  i.  xviii,  If  they  wold  use  but  a  fewe 
nonibre  of  houndes,  onely  to  harborowe,  or  rouse,  the  game. 
1575  TURBERV.  Venerie  106  The  huntesman.  .shall  then  go 
before  them  and  rowze  the  Deare.    1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  /K, 
i.  iii.  198  The  blood  more  stirres  To  rowze  a  Lyon,  then  to 
start  a  Hare.    1627  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Antiado  Wks.  (1630) 
i,  93  So  hath  this  Woodmanship  diuers  and  sundry  tearmes 
of  Art..  as  you  must  say,  Rowse  a  Bucke,  Start  a  Hare, 
and  vnkennel  a  Foxe.     1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  in.  624 
Thou  mayst..  Rouze  from  their  Desart  Dens,  the  bristled 
Rage  Of  Boars.     1709  PRIOR  Henry  <$•  Emma  397  To  beat 
the  woods,  and  rouse  the  bounding  prey.     1774  GOLDSM. 
Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  III.  121  The  chief  huntsman,  entering 
with  his  hounds  within  the  lines,  rouzed  the  game  with  a 
full  cry.     1831  SCOTT  Cast.  Dang,  vi,  He  proposes  to  go  to 
rouse   the  wild  cattle.      1858  KINGSLEY  Poems  160  They 
roused  a  hart,  .  .  A  hart  of  ten. 

fig-  JS89  GREENE  Menaphon  (Arb.)  15  When  they  want 
certaine  liquid  sacrifice,  to  rouze  her  [the  muse]  fooi  th  her 
denne,  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  II  t  \\.  iii.  128  To  rowze  his  Wrongs, 
and  chase  them  to  the  bay. 

f3.  a.   To  raise  or  set  up,  to  ruftle.   Obs. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  xi.  9  An  Eagle,  seeing  pray  appeare, 
His  aery  plumes  doth  rouze.  Ibid.  n.  iii.  35  He..,  standing 
stoutly  up,  his  lofty  crest  Did  fiercely  shake,  and  rowze  as 
coraming  late  from  rest.  1604  DRAYTON  Qwl&  732  As  he 
stands  proudly  rowzing  up  his  Plumes. 

T  b.  To  raise  or  lift  up.     AlsoySg".    Obs. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen,  IV>  iv.  i,  118  Henry;  Bullingbrooke 
and  hee  Being  mounted,  and  both  rowsed  in  their  Seates. 
1633  P-  FLETCHER  Purple  Isl.  xi.  xxix,  She  strives..  to.. 
rouze  her  fainting  head,  which  down  as  oft  would  fall.  1650 
EARL  MONM.  tr.  Renault's  Alan  hec.  Guilty  310  When  he 
heard  the  comfort  of  birds  or  the  noyse  of  the  waters  he 
rowsed  up  his  soul  to  bis  Creator. 

refl-  '599  SHAKS.  Hen.  V^  i.  it,  275,  I  will..  shew  my  sayle 
of  Greatnesse,  When  I  do  rowse  me  in  my  Throne  of  France. 

4.  To  cause  to  start  up  from  slumber  or  repose  ; 
to  awaken  from  sleep,  meditation,  etc.  Also  with 
up,  out. 

J593  SHAKS.  Rich*  //,  !.  iii.  134  Rouz'd  vp  with  boystrous 
vntun'd  drummes.  J6oi  —  Tiuel.  N.  n.  iii.  60  Shall  wee 
rowze  the  night-Owle  in  a  Catch  ?  1632  MILTON  L*  Allegro 
54  The  Hounds  and  horn  Cbearly  rouse  the  slumbring  morn. 
1711  ADDISON  Spect.  No,  55  P  i  A  young  Fellow  who  was 
rouzed  out  of  his  Bed,  in  order  to  'be  sent  upon  a  long 
Voyage.  1757  W.  WILKIE  Efigoniad  vii.  231  The  stars 
descend  ;  and  soon  the  morning  ray  Shall  rouse  us  to  the 
labors  of  the  day.  1819  SHELLEY  Cenci  iv.  iv.  18,  1  must  rouse 

im  from  his  sleep,  Since  none  else  dare.     1853  KINGSLEY 

ypatia  xxviii,  At  last  a  low  whistle  roused  her  from  her 


, 

dream.  1896  BADEN-POWELL  Matabele  Campaign  iii,  Here 
I  roused  out  Pyke,  the  officer  in  command.  Ibid,  xvi,  At 
2.30  we  were  roused  up. 

absol.  1846  TRENCH  Mirac.  xiv.  (1862)  244  Christ  rouses 
from  the  bier  as  easily  as  another  would  rouse  from  the  bed. 
b.  To  disturb,  chase  away  (sleep),    rare. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  HI.  329  The  cited  dead  Of  all  past  Ages 
to  the  general  Doom  shall  hast'n,  such  a  peal  shall  rouse 
thir  sleep. 

5.  fig.  a.  To  awaken  or  startle  (one)  from  a 
state  of  ease  or  security. 

1594  T.  B.  La  Pritnaud.  Fr.  Acad,  \\.  577  Although  some 
men..  fall  sometimes  into  this  senslesnesse,  yet..  God  after 
wards  rowseth  them  vp  well  enough.  1627  DRAYTON  \  Agin- 
court  ico  And  in  vpon  Northumberland  doth  breake, 
Rowzing  the  Sluggish  villages  from  sleepe,  1650  HUBBERT 
Pill  Formality  90  It  rowsed  him  out  of  his  security,  a  1740 
WATERLAND  Serrtt.  xxxiii.  Wks.  1823  IX.  412  His  present 
fears,  rather  than  any  thing  of  true  penitence,  roused  him 
up,  and  made  him  have  recourse  to  God.  1770  PITT  in 
Almon  Anecd.  (1810)  II.  xxxix.  104,  I  mean  to  rouse,  to 
alarm  the  whole  nation—  to  rouse  the  Ministry,  if  possible, 
who  seem  awake  to  nothing  but  the  preservation  of  their 
places. 

b.   To  stir  up,   excite   to  vigorous   action  or 
thought,  to  provoke  to  activity. 

£1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LV.  iv,  Purple  morn,..  and 
midday  cleare,  Shall  see  my  praying  voice  to  God  enclin'd, 
Rowzing  him  up.  1612  T.  TAYLOR  Comm.  Titus  i.  16  When 
the  holy  Ghost  would  rowse  vp  the  slothful!  seruant,  he 
threateneth  him  his  portion  with  hypocrites.  1678  R. 
L'ESTRANGE  Seneca's  Mar.  (1702)  120  Philosophy..  rouzes, 
us  where  we  are  faint  and  drouzy.  1710  STEELE  Tatler 
No.  2  P2  The  Emperor  is  rouzed  by  this  Alarm.  1777  WAT- 
SON  Philip  II  (1793)  II.  xin.  173  The  Spaniards,  rou/ed  by  the 
danger  which  threatened  them,  .  .  made  a  bold  and  vigorous 
resistance.  1808  filed.  Jrnl.  XIX.  161  Emetics..  I  thought 
might  rouae  the  liver  from  its  state  of  torpor.  i86oTvNDALL 

105-2 


ROUSE. 

Glac.  i.  xxvil.  197  Vainly  the  postilion  endeavoured  to  rouse 
them  [se.  horses]  by  word  and  whip.     1888  BRVCE  Amer. 
C0Muiw.ll.  413  To  excite  the  voters  by.,  the  sense  of  a  com 
mon  purpose,  rousing  them  by  speeches  or  literature. 
C.   Const,  to  or  into. 

1701  DE  FOE  Trueborn  £"«£-.  45  Till  Pity  rowz'd  him  from 
liis  soft  Repose,  His  Life  to  unseen  Hazards  to  expose.  1715 
POPE  Itia.i  n.  94  Unite,  and  rouze  the  sons  of  Greece  to 
arms.  1743  R.  BLAIR  Grave  319  Enough  to  rouse  a  dead 
man  into  rage.  1831  SIR  J.  SINCLAIR  Corr.  II.  181  They 
roused  the  population  to  action,  and  armed  them.  1847 
MARTIN  Ox  130/2  The  animal  is  roused  to  fury.  1863  GKO. 
ELIOT  Ronola  vi,  His  pride  was  roused  to  double  activity. 
d.  To  provoke  to  anger. 

1843  P.  Parleys  Ann.  IV,  355  He  felt  a  delight. .in 
plaguing  the  nursemaid,  and  in  rousing  the  cook. 

6.  refl.  in  senses  4  and  5. 

1590  LODGE  Rosalynde  (Hunteiian  CI.)  85  With  that  his 
brother  began  to  stirre,  and  the  Lion  to  rowse  himselfe, 
1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  fy  Cr.  in.  Hi.  222  Sweete,  rouse  your  selfe ; 
and  the  weake  wanton  Cupid  Shall  from  your  necke  vnloose 
his  amorous  fould.  1656  SANDERSON  Serut.  (1689)  141  Rowz 
ing  up  himself  and  his  spirits  with  /eat  as  hot  as  fire.  1726 
SWIFT  Gulliver  iv.  ii,  I  roused  myself,  and  looked  about  me 
in  the  Room  where  I  was  left  alone.  1794  MRS.  RADCLIFI-E 
Myst.  Udolpho\v,  He  seemed  by  an  effort  to  rouse  himself. 
184*  TENNYSON  Ld.  of  Bur  lei gh  21  From  deep  thought 
himself  he  rouses. 
b.  Const,  to. 

1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay  Pref.  (1592)  p.  vi,  That  reason 
rowseth  up  her  selfe  to  rest  vpon  trueth.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant. 
$  Ct.  v.  ii.  287, 1  see  him  rowse  himselfe  To  praise  my  Noble 
Act.  1693  OWEN  Holy  Spirit  114  Let  such  Souls  rouze  up 
themselves  to  lay  hold  on  him.  1746  P.  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace, 
Epist.  i.  Si.  48  Will  you  not  rouse  you  to  preserve  yourself? 
1848  DICKENS  Dombey  xxxli,  The  Captain .. roused  himself 
to  a  sustained  consciousness  of  that  gentleman's  presence. 
1880  MRS.  FORRESTER  Roy  $  K  I.  2  He  too  rouses  himself 
to  acknowledge  the  general  homage. 

7.  To  stir  up,  agitate,  put  into  motion,  bring  into 
an  active  state. 

1582  STANYHURST  sEneis  \\.  (Arb.)  50 Thee  water  is  rowsed, 
they  doe  frisk  with  floxvnse  to  the  shoare  ward.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  \\.  287  The  sound  of  blustring  winds,  which 
all  night  long  Had  rous'd  the  Sea.  1728  T.  SHERIDAN  tr. 
Persiits  vi.  (1739)  84  In  rouzing  the  Strings  of  the  Lyre. 
1785  BURNS  Ep.  to  Rev.  J.  M'Math  n  Lest  they  shou'd 
blame  her,  An*  rouse  their  holy  thunder  on  it.  1810 
Sporting  Mag.  XXXVI.  277  All  the  charges  which  they 
and  the  prosecutor  had  roused  up  against  him.  1836  Back- 
ivoods  of  Canada  79  The  landlady,  .led  me  to  a  blazing 
fire,  which  her  damsels  quickly  roused  up. 

b.   To  stir  up,  excite,  inflame  (a  feeling). 

1589  GREENE  Menaphon  (Arb.)  68  He  began  thus  torowze 
vp  his  furie.  1637  HRYLIN  Ansio.  Burton  184  You  call  upon 
the  nobles  to  rowze  up  their  noble  Christian  zeale.  1666 
DRYDEN  Ann,  Mirab.  cxc,  But  sharp  remembrance..  And 
shame.. Rouse  conscious  virtue  up  in  every  heart.  175* 
HUME  Ess.  fy  Treat.  (1777)  I.  12  The  spirit  of  the  people 
must  frequently  be  rouzed.  1777  ROBERTSON  Hist.  Amer. 
n.  (1778)  I.  116  Those  unprovoked  injuries  rouzed  their 
courage.  1841  ELPHINSTONE  Hist.  Ind.  II.  605  Tins  crime 
only  roused  the  indignation  of  the  Marattas,  without 
weakening  their  power.  1875  JOWKTT  Plato  (zd.  2)  IV.  156 
The  passions  of  religious  parties  have  been  roused  to  the 
utmost. 

C.  To  stir  (a  liquid,  esp.  beer  while  brewing). 

1823  J.  BADCOCK  Dom.  Amnsem.  101  Having  poured 
boiling  water  on  the  suspected  sample,  rouse  it  well.  1839 
URE  Diet.  Arts  118  Rouse  the  beer  as  the  hops  are  gradu 
ally  introduced.  1876  Encycl.  Brit.  IV.  275/2  This  is  done 
by  '  rousing  '  the  gyle  every  two  hours  with  a  utensil  made 
fur  the  purpose. 

8.  Naiit.  To  haul  z'«,  out)  or  np  with  force. 

c  i6as  Nomenclator  Navalis  (MS.),  Rowse  in  is  a  wprde 
theie  use  particulerlie  when  as  a  Cabell  or  Hawser  doth 
lie  slack  in  the  water  and  they  would  have  him  made 
tawght.  Ibid.}  To  keepe  it  [the  cable]  stiff  and  tawght, 
they  will  hale  in  soe  much  as  lies  slack,  and  this  they  call 
Rowsing-in  the  Cabell  or  Rowse-in  the  Hawser.  [Hence 
in  various  i7th  cent,  nautical  works.]  1769  FALCONER  Diet. 
Marine  (1780),  Reconvrer,  to  rowse-in,  or  haul  any  rope  into 
the  ship.  1833  MARRYAT  N.  Forster  v,  You  and  the  boy, 
rouse  the  cable  up. .,  and  bend  it.  1841  R.  H.  DANA  Sea 
man's  Man.  xv.  85  Rouse  the  cable  out  through  the  hawse- 
hole.  1886  J.  M.  CAULFEILD  Seamanship  Notes  3  Rouse 
out  reef  pendant. 

transf.  1890  '  R.  BOI.DREWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  193 
You  cut  a  straight  sapling  while  we  rouse  out  the  saddle- 
straps  for  a  splice. 

II.  intr.  f9.  Of  hawks  or  other  birds  and 
animals  :  To  shake  the  feathers  or  body.  Obs, 

1486  Bk.St.  Albans  Cviij,  She  Rousith  when  she  shakith 
all  hir  federis.  1575  TURBERV.  Faulconrie  149  Then  suffer 
hir  until  she  rowse  or  mewte,  and  when  she  hath  done  either 
of  them  unhoode  hir.  1639  T.  DE  GRAY  Compl.  Horsem. 
216  You  shall  perceive  him  either  to  shake  his  head,  or  to 
winch  with  his  tayle,  to  rouze,  or  shake.  1657  R.  LIGON 
Barbadoes  (1673)  4  The  Turtles,  .there,  mute,  prune,  and 
oyl  their  feathers;  rouse,  and  doe  all  their  offices  of  nature. 
1678  PHILLIPS, Rowze, in  Faulconry  is  when  a  Hawk  lifteth 
up,  and  shaketh  her  self. 

10.  Of  game  :  To  rise  from  cover,    rare. 
iS7STuKDERV.  yenerieiob  All  the  horsemen  must  quickly 

cast  abrode  about  the  couert,  to  discouer  ye  Harte  when  he 
rowzeth  and  goeth  out  of  his  hold.  1590  SIR  T.  COCKAINE 
Treat.  Hunting  C  iv  b,  This  done,  you  may  begin  to  tuft 
for  a  Bucke,  and  finding  him  single,  especially  if  he  rouse 
foorth  of  a  great  brake,  put  your  hounds  softly  upon.  1826 
HONE  Every-day  Bk.  II.  1031  A  red  buck  roused,  then 
crossed  in  view. 

11.  To  move  with  violence ;  to  rush.    rare. 

1582  STANYHURST  JEneis  \.  (Arb.)  19  A  king  he  placed, 
throgh  whose  Malestical  Empyre  Theese  blasts  rouze  for 
ward,  or  back  by  his  regal  upomctment.  1818  Sporting  Mag. 
II.  279  The  Paddington  boy. .tried  again  to  rouse  in  upon 
JJoly's  victualling* office. 


836 

1 12.  To  rise  up,  stand  on  end.   Ot>s,~l 

1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  v.  v.  12  My  Fell  of  haire  Would  at  a 
dismall  Treatise  rowze,  and  stirre  As  life  were  in't. 

13.  To  get  up  from  sleep  or  repose ;  to  waken  up. 

1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  in.  ii.  52  Good  things  of  Day  begin  to 
droope,  and  drowse,  Whiles  Nights  black  Agents  to  their 
Prey's  doe  rowse.  1642  MILTON  Apol.  Smcct.  Wks.  1851 
III.  266  Up,  and  stirring,  .with  the  Bird  that  first  rouses. 
1682  CREECH  Lucretius  (1683)  131  And  softer  Curs,  that  lie 
and  sleep  at  home,  Do  often  rouse,  and  walk  about  the 
Room.  1707  J.  STEVENS  tr.  Qucvedo's  Com.  Wks.  (1709) 
229  Day  came,  and  we  all  rouz'd.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  n. 
(Globe)  488  Rouzing.. from  Sleep  with  the  Noise,  I  caus'd 
the  Boat  to  be  thrust  in.  1882  FLOYKR  Unexpl.  Baluchistan 
99,  I  gradually  roused  up  on  hearing  this,  and.. put  my 
head  out  of  the  tent  door.  1890  Illustr.  Land.  News  13 
Dec.  746/1  When  I  roused,  the  yellow  sun  was  pouring  in 
at  my  lattice. 

b.  fig.  To  become  active ;  to  bestir  oneself, 
take  heart  or  courage,  etc. 

1589  L.  WRIGHT  Hunting  of  Antichrist  13  Shortly  after 
began  to  rowse  our  noble  and  valiant  Lion  of  England, 
Henrie  the  eight  of  famous  memorie.  1611  SPEED  Hist. 
Gt.  Brit.  vn.  xxxvi.  (1623)  386  Hubba  that  had  harried  the 
English,  and  now  rouzed  upon  the  newes  of  King  Elfred's 
victory  and  life.  1624  QUARLES  Job  Militant  xix.  6  Rouze 
up,  fond  man,  and  answere  my  replies.  1740  Johnsorfs 
Debates  (1787)  I.  91  It  is  surely  time  for  this  nation  to 
rouse  from  indolence,  and  to  resolve  to  put  an  end  to  frauds 
that  have  been  so  long  known.  1791  COWPER  Iliad  iv.  498 
Be  it  ours  to  rouse  at  once  To  action.  1831  SCOTT  Cast. 
Dang.  ,\iii,  In  God's  name,  rouse  up,  sir  ;  let  it  not  be  said 
that  [etc.]. 

C.  Of  qualities  or  feelings. 

1671  MILTON  Samson  1690  His  fierie  vertue  rouz'd  From 
under  ashes  into  sudden  flame.  1759  ADAM  SMITH  Moral 
Sent.  (1804)  I.  181  Our  indignation  louses  and  we  are  eager 
to  refute,  .such  detestable  principles.  1850  THACKERAY  Pen- 
dennis\yix\t  Arthur,  .felt  his  anger  rousing  up  within  him. 

Rouse  (muz),  v.2  Also  Sc.  and  north,  roose, 
rooze.  [Aphetic  form  of  AUROUSE  v.~\ 

1.  trans.  To  sprinkle  (herring,  etc.)  with  salt  in 
the  process  of  curing. 

17..  in  Laudcr's  Suppl.  Decis.  Lds,  ConncillV.  845  His 
charter  not  mentioning  that  it  was  for  export,  he  was  not 
bound  to  rouse  them  with  salt  upon  salt.  1800  Chro>i.t 
Ann.  Reg.  110/2  Herrings  sprinkled  (or  as  it  is  termed 
'  roused  or  corned ')  with  a  moderate  quantity  of  salt  will  con 
tinue  perfectly  good  at  least  two  months.  1854  H.  MILLER 
Sch,  #  Schm.  (1858)  43  We  could  see.. the  curers  going 
about  rousing  their  fish  with  salt,  to  counteract  the  effects 
of  the  dog-day  sun.  1894  R.  LLIGHTON  Wreck  Golden  Fleece 
57  While  I  go  below  and  roose  the  tish. 

2.  To  cause  (water)  to  overflow  (see  quot.). 
1794  DAVIS  Agric.  Wilts  38  In  the  catch-meadows.. the 

great  object  is  to  keep  the  ( works  of  them '  as  dry  as 
possible  between  the  intervals  of  watering;  .  .care  is  neces 
sary  to  make  the  most  of  the  water  by  catching  and  rousing 
it  as  often  as  possible. 

t  Rouse,  ^.3  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
?  To  rest,  settle. 

1563  FoxE-4.  <$•  M.  1393/2,  I  was  caryed  to  my  Lordes 
Colehouse  agayne,  where  1  with  my  syxe  fellowes  do  rouse 
together  in  the  straw,  as  cherefullye.  .as  other  doo  in  theyr 
beds  of  downe.  1616  Rich  Cabinet  153  The  maister  of  the 
house  began  to  rouse  his  shoulders  in  a  rich  chair  e. 

Rouseabout  (rcurzabaut).     [f.  ROUSE  v.^~\ 

1.  dial.  (See  quots.  1778  and  1886.) 

1746  Exmoor  Scolding  (E.  D.  S.)  30  A  rubbacrock,  rouze- 
about  ..  swashbucket.  1778  —  Gloss.t  A  Rouzabout^  a 
restless  Creature  never  easy  at  Home,  but  roaming  from 
Place  to  Place.  Also,  a  Sort  of  large  Pease  [etc.].  1886 
ELWORTHY  W.  Somerset  Word-bk.  633  R ouse-ahout.  .im 
plies  coarseness,  roughness,  awkwardness,  yet  withal  bust- 
ling  activity. 

2.  Austr.  A  man  or  boy  employed  on  a  sheep 
station  ;  an  odd  man  on  a  farm.  Cf.  ROUSTABOUT. 

1881  Chamb.  Jrnl.  Mar.  157  Rouseabouts  are  men  and 
boys  who  pen  the  sheep,  pick  up  the  fleeces  as  they  are 
shorn,  sort  and  pack  the  wool  [etc.].  1890  Melbourne  A  rgus 
20  Sept.  13/6  The  shearers  hold  themselves  as  the  aristo 
crats  of  the  shed,  and  never  associate  with  the  'rouse- 
abouts'.  1893  J.  A.  BAKRY  S.  Brown"1  s  Bunyip  280  The 
everlasting  drudgery  of  the  rouseabout. 

3.  Rouse-about  block)  a  large  snatch-block. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  2230/1. 

Roused  (rauzd),  ///.  a.1  [f.  ROUSE  z>.l  +  -ED*.] 
Disturbed ;  aroused,  awakened. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  i.  62  The  whole  family.  .Rashly 
out  of  their  rouzed  couches  sprong.  1602  SHAKS.  Ham.  n. 
ii.  510  So  after  Pyrrhus  pause,  A  rowsed  Vengeance  sets  him 
new  a-worke.  1716  Loyal  Mourner  10  And  rouz'd  Sea- 
Monsters  in  the  'lempest  play.  1820  SHELLEY  Witch  Ail. 
I,  The  flagging  wing  Of  the  roused  cormorant.  1856 
STONEHENGE  Brit.  RuralSports  129/1  The  fine  fresh  scent 
of  a  newly-roused  fox.  1894  MRS.  H.  WARD  Marcella.  II. 
245  He  leant  over  her  in  his  roused  strength. 

Roused,///.  a.2     (See  ROUSE  v.*  i.) 

i&W  Shetland  News  22  July  (E.  D.  D.},  Two  small  cargoes 
of '  roused  '  herrings  were  sent  south  from  Lerwick. 

t  Rousee.  Obs.  [a.  OF.  rousee,  rosee  (mod.F. 
roste})  ultimately  f.  L.  ros.]  Dew. 

1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  cxl.  208  How  oure  men  reioysed 
them  of  a  dew  or  rousee  descendyng  thenne  fro  heuen. 
Ibid.)  Thenne  began  to  falle  a  rayne  or  a  dewe,  so  swete  a 
rousee  was  neuer  seen. 

Rousement  (rcm-zment).  U.S.  [f.  ROUSE 
V.1  +  -MENT.]  Arousing  up  of  religious  excitement. 

1883  Congregationalist  27  Sept.  (Cent.),  Deep  strong  feel 
ing,  but  no  excitement.  They  are  not  apt  to  indulge  in  any 
more  rousement s.  1885  Home  Missionary  Apr.  473  The 
'  rousement '  as  the  religious  excitement  was  called,  was  not 
long  in  cuining. 


BOUSING. 

Rouser  (rairzsj).    [f.  ROUSE  vl  +  -EK1.] 

1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  rouses  or  stirs  up. 
1611  COTGR-,  Esveilkur,.  .a  rowser,  a  raiser  from  sleepe. 

1612  SHELTON  Quix.  i.  in.  vi,  AH  this  which  I  have  de- 
painted  to  thee,  are  inciters  and  rowsers  of  my  mind.  1783 
J.  YOUNG  Cnt.  Gray's  Elegy  (1810)  44  The  rousers  to  morn 
ing  labour  are  also  enumerated  as  four.  1801  SCOTT 
Glcnjinlas  xxxv,  Within  an  hour  return'd  each  hound ;  In 
rush'd  the  rousers  of  the  deer.  1898  MONSON  Trap.  Dis. 
xii.  212  A  fine  stream  of  iced  water  poured  on  the  forehead 
from  an  elevation  will  act  as  a  stimulant  and  rouser. 

b.  An  implement  or  apparatus  used  for  stirring 
(csp.  beer  in  brewing). 

1830  M.  DONOVAN  Dom.  Econ.  I.  165  A  vertical  rod 
plunges  down  the  copper. .  .This  rod  terminates  in  a  hori 
zontal  har,  carrying  an  extended  cliain,  calleO,  on  account 
of  its  duty,  a  rouser.  The  rod  and  router  are  both_kept 
in  continual  motion.  1839  URE  Diet.  A  rts  585  The  inter- 
mixture  may  be  effected  either  by  lading  the  glass  out  of 
one  pot  into  another.. or  by  stirring  it  up  with  a  rouser. 
1854  RONALDS  &  RICHARDSON  Client.  Tcchnol.  (ed.  2)  I.  287 
The  contents  can  be  constantly  agitated  by  the  rouser. 

altrib.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  116  The  rouser  shaft  may  be 
lifted  by  means  of  the  chain. 

2.  One  who,  or  that  which,  is  remarkable  in 
some  respect. 

1859  BARTLETT  Diet.  Amer.  (ed.  2)  372  Rotiscr,  something 
very  exciting  or  very  great.  Thus  an  eloquent  spe'ech  or 
sermon,  a  large  mass-meeting,  or  a  big  prize-ox,  is  a  rouser. 
1868  Putnam's  Mag.  Jan.  70  He's  a  rouser  to  make 
punch,  1  assure  you.  1895  CKOCKETT  in  Cornh.  Mag.  Dec. 
578  For  a'  the  leers  in  the  pairish — and  there  are  some 
rousers— ye  beat  them  clean. 

b.  An  outrageous  falsehood. 

1815-9  BROCKETT  N.  C.  Gloss,  s.v.  Ruze.  1838  HOLLOWAY 
Prov.  J)ict.t  Rouser,  or  a  Rousing  Lie,  is  such  a  monstrous 
lie  as  rouses  the  wonder  and  astonishment  of  every  one  who 
hears  it.  1873  LELAND  Egypt.  Skctch-Bk.  176,  I  like  a 
man  to  tell  a  rouser  while  he  is  about  it. 

3.  A  loud  noise  ;  a  noisy  person,  song,  etc. 

1731  SWIFT  Strefhon  $  Chloc,  He.. Let  fly  a  Rouzer  in 
her  Face.  1872  DE  VERB  Americanisms  225  The  rouser  is 
..a  man  who  talks  very  loud  and  occasionally  yells.  1893 
MILLIKEN  'Arry  Ballads  64  (Farmer),  We  made  the  whole 
place  ring  a  rouser,  till  Jolter  implored  us  to  stop. 

4.  Austr.  =ROCSEABOUT  2. 

1902  H.  LAWSON  Children  of  Bush  241,  I  must  get  some 
more  money  for  the  rouser  from  some  of  those  chaps. 

Rousette,  variant  of  KOUSSETTE. 

Rousing  (rau'zirj),  vbl.  s6.^  [f.  ROUSE  v.1  + 
-INU  !.]  Ihe  action  of  the  verb  in  various  senses. 

ciSSo  JEFFERE  Bugliears  Epil.,  With  sowcynges,  with 
rowsynges,  with  bownsynges.  1587  GOLDING  De  Mornay 
xvii.  (1617)  290  A  rouzing  of  her  feathers  &  a  vaine  flap 
ping  of  her  wings.  1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's  Gram.  vii. 


ig  ot  tbe  blugga.. 

1719  BAVNAKD  Health  (1740)  19  Ferments  in  the  body  pent, 
which  early  rowzing  may  prevent.  1756  BURKE  Subl.  $  B. 
Wks.  1.  265  That  without  this  rousing  they  would  become 
languid  and  diseased.  1823  J.  BADCOCK  Dom.Atinisen^.  22 
The  addition  of  lime  to  the  pyrolignous  acid,  -is  done  in  a 
large  vessel  by  frequent  rousings  up.  4:1870  STUBBS  Lect. 
Enrop.  Hist.  n.  x.  (1904)  258  A  sort  of  rousing  appears  to 
take  place. 

R.OU  sing,  vbl.  sb.2  [f.  ROUSE  v.~]  The  action 
of  sprinkling,  etc. 

1706  A.  BOVER  Ann.  Q.  Anne  IV.  51  The  clause  relating 
to  the  rousing  of  herrings  with  foreign  salt.  1842  J.  WILSON 
Voy.  Scotl.  II.  158  The  necessities  of  gutting  and  rousing. 
i88j  NOLOHZY  Forestry  W.  Afr.  127  It  is  recommended  that 
new  resins  should  be  subject  to  a  rough  sifting  and  rousing 
in  common  soda-and-water. 

Rousing  (rcnrzirj),  ///.  a.     [f.  ROUSE  D.1] 

In  the  following  quotation  the  precise  sense  is  not  clear. 

1606  Wily  Bc'gitiled'&'\)1  lie. .wrap  me  in  a  rousingCalue- 
skin  suite,  and  come  like  some  Hob-goblin,  or  some  Diuell 
Ascended  from  the  grisly  pit  of  Hell. 

1.  That  rouses,  awakens,  or  stirs  up. 

1641  MILTON  Aniuiaiiv.V/k'i.  1851  III.  250  Against  negli 
gence  or  obstinacy  will  be  requir'd  a  rousing  volie  of  Pas- 
torly  threatning.  1663  BOYLE  Occas.  Rejl.  iv.  ix.  (1848)  222 
The  careless  Sensualists,  that  fly  a  rowzing  Sermon.  1755 
Connoisseur  No.  92  p  8  Justice  Silence.. has  no  sooner 
swallowed  the  rouzing  cup,  than  he  roars  out  a  catch.  1791 
MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Rom.  Forest  ii,  He  gave  the  fire  a  rousing 
stir.  1889  Spectator  14  Dec.  830  He  was  the  most  rousing 
of  our  poets. 

trans/.  1799  ROBERTSON  Agric.  Perth  181  A  rousing  fur 
row  should  be  given  to  it,  and  the  rough  stubble  turned 
down. 

2.  a.  Of  a  lie  :  Outrageous,  gross. 

1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  Inij.  viii.  133  It  were  likewise  a 
good  roosing  miracle,  and  bigger  then  belief,  that  a  certain 
Holy  House.. should  be  carried  out  of  Palestine  into  Italy. 
1677  COLES  Eng.-Lat.  Diet.,  A  rousing  lye,  mendaeium 
magnificnm.  1706  PHILLITS  (ed.  Kersey),  Rousing  Lie,  a 
whisking  great  one.  1791  BURNS  Death  f,  Dr.  Hornbook  i, 
Ev'n  Ministers,  they  hae  been  kenn'd..A  rousing  whid,  at 
times,  to  vend.  1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss. 

b.  Of  a  fire  :  Roaring,  blazing  strongly. 

1682  TATE  Afrs.  %  Achit.  n.  547  For  our  wise  rabble  ne'er 
took  pains  to  inquire,  What  'twas  he  burnt,  so  it  made  a 
rousing  fire.  1760-72  H.  BROOKF.  Fool  of  Qua!.  (1809)  II. 
151  The  weather  was  very  cold..,  and  I  had  a  rousing  fire. 
1838  DICKENS  Lett.  (1880)  I.  9  A  rousing  fire  halfway  up  the 
chimney.  1887  R.  N.  CAREY  Uncle  Max  vi,  Come  into  the 
parlor :  there  is  a  fine  rousing  fire  that  will  soon  warm  you. 
C.  Of  trade,  etc. :  Brisk,  lively. 

1767  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  ix.  v,  A  Jew.  .had  the  ill  luck  to 
die  of  a  strangury,  and  leave  his  widow  in  possession  of  a 
rousing  trade.  1893-  in  Eug .  Dial.  Diet,  in  various  contexts. 


ROUSINGLY. 

3.  Of  the  nature  of,  connected  with,  awakening 
or  rising. 

1671  MILTON  Samson  1382,  I  begin  to  feel  Some  rouzing 
motions  in  me.  1712-14  POPE  Rape  Lock  i.  15  Now  lapdogs 
give  themselves  the  rowsing  shake. 

4.  That  is  awakening  or  rising. 

1821  CLARE  Vill.  Minstr.  I.  13  Meeting  objects  from  the 
rousing  farm. 

Hence  Boivsingly  adv. 

1664  H.  MOKE  Myst.  Iniq.  376  To  act  more  rousingly. 
1847  WEBSTER,  Rousingly,  violently,  excitingly. 

Bousseauail  (rasJu-an),  a.  [f.  the  name  of 
the  French  author  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau  (1712- 
78).]  Pertaining  to  Rousseau  or  his  views  on 
religion,  politics,  education,  etc.  So  Kous- 
seaue-sque,  Bonsseau'ian,  Kousseau'ish  atijs. ; 
Rousseau-ism,  the  principles  or  doctrines  of 
Rousseau  ;  Rousseau -1st,  Ronsseau'ite,  one  \vho 
follows  Rousseau. 

1865  Pall  Mall  G.  12  Dec.  10  It  is  mere  Rousseauism 
which  induces  men  . .  to  overlook  the  former  while  they 
reprobate  the  latter.  1873  MOKLEY  Rousseau  II.  132  Writ 
ing  Rousseau. ite  essays.  1879  DCHVDEN  Sauthey  53  A 
creature  overflowing  wilh  Rousseauish  sensibility.  1881 
World  28  Dec.,  His  confessions ..  are  not  at  all  Rousseau- 
ian,  save,  perhaps,  in  style.  1889  Q.  Rt-v.  Apr.  545  This 
Rousseauan  fiction  of  man's  essential  goodness. 

Rousset,  obs.  form  of  RUSSET. 

II  Boussette  (r«se-t).  [F.,  a  derivative  of  OF. 
rous  (F.  roux)  red.] 

1.  The  frugivorous  bat,  Pteropus  vulgaris. 

1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1862)  I.  473  Of  foreign  bats,  the 
largest  we  have  any  certain  accounts  of,  is  the  Roussette,  or 
the  Great  Bat  of  Madagascar.  1781  PENNANT  hist.  Quad- 
nip.  II.  550  Many  of  the  Roussettes  are  of  an  enormous 
size.  1833  Penny  Cycl.  I.  184/1  The  common  roussette . . , 
which  inhabits  Madagascar  and  the  Isle  of  France.  1839 
Cuvier's  Anint.  Kingd.  I.  70/2  Some  of  the  Cheiroptera, 
such  as  the  Roussette  Bats.  1845  Encycl.  Aletrop.  XXIII. 
670/2  [The]  Edible  Roussette  is  the  largest  of  the  genus. 

2.  A  shark  of  the  family  Scylliidtt. 

1882  JORDAN  &  GILBERT  Synop.  Fishes  Nt  Amer.  58  Scyl- 
liidx  (The  Roussettes). 

II  Ronssillon  (rKM-'yaft).  [See  def.]  A  red 
wine  made  in  the  old  province  of  Roussillon  (now 
the  department  of  Pyrenees-Orientales)  in  the  south 
of  France. 

1768  Phil.  TVuMS.LXI.zSyThe  Malaga,  Migraine,  Rous- 
sillon,  began  to  freeze.  1865  '  OL-IDA  '  Stratkmore  II.  xxii. 
281  Draughts  of  fierce  Roussillon,  or  above-proof  cognac. 

URoussin.    rare-1.    [F.]   =RouNcyl. 

1653  URQUHART  Rabelais  i.  xxiii,  He  rode  a  Naples  cour- 
ser,  a  Dutch  roussin,  a  Spanish  gennet. 

Roust  (must),  sb.  Now  Sc.  Forms  :  3  rowwst, 
5  rowste,  6,  9  roust,  [a.  ON.  must  (Norw. 
ratal,  Fser.  reyst,  Sw.  rist,  Da.  resf)  voice.] 
Voice,  cry ;  shout,  roar. 

cnooORMiN9i97j)e  rowwst  iss  herrd  off  asnne  mann  pan 
epebb  bussi  wesste.  a  1400-50  Alexander 488  Anectanabus 
.  .drafe  thui-^e  be  sale  With  slike  a  rowste  &  rerid.  1513 
DOUGLAS  sEneis  iv.  Prol.  67  The  feildis  all  doith  of  thar 
roustis  resound.  1808  JAMIESON,  Koust,  the  act  of  roaring 
or  bellowing,  c  1820  G.  BEATTIE  John  of  Arnka  (1882)  34 
(E.  D.  D.),  To  ilk  bellow,  roust  and  roar. 

Roust  (roust),  z/.l   Sc.   [f.  ROUST  sb.   Cf.  Norw.    j 
musta,  roiista,  in  the  same  sense.]   intr.  To  shout, 
bellow,  roar,  make  a  loud  noise. 

15x3  DOUGLAS  SEneis  x.  vi.  79  As  Pharon  cryis  and  dois 
rowst  Wyth  haltand  wordis.  Ibid.  xu.  xii.  69  Of  thar 
rowsting  all  the  large  plane  And  woddis  rank  rowtis  and 
lowisagane.  1813  W.  BEATTIE  Poems  (1871)  34,  I  hear  the 
stirkies  roustin'.  1819  TENNANT  Papistry  Storm' it  (1827) 
119  He  had  a  trumpet  braw,  Whairwi'  he  'gan  to  roust  and 
blaw.  Mod.  Dinna  roust  an'  roar  like  that. 

Roust  (must),  v.*  dial,  and  U.S.  [?  Altera 
tion  of  ROUSE  w.l]  trans.  To  rout  out. 

1658  D.  LUI-TON  Flanders  9  Who  will . .  ere  long  roust  them 
out  of  this  Hole,  and  make  them  look  out  another  kennel. 
1858  BEECHEK  Life  Thoughts  (1859)  1 15  To  roust  out  all  the 
vermin  and  the  nibbling  mice  and  turn  up  the  yellow  dirt 
to  the  sun.  1890  H.  M.  STANLEY  In  Darkest  Africa  I.  xiii. 
333  They  were  thoroughly  rousted  out,  and  their  camps  were 
destroyed. 

Roust,  obs.  form  of  ROOST,  RUST. 

Roustabout  (rau-stabaut.)     [f.  ROUST  v.*] 

1.  U. S.  A  wharf  labourer  or  deck  hand. 

1868  Putnam's  Mag.  Sept.  342  As  the  steamer  was  leaving 
the  levee,  about  forty  black  deck-hands  or  '  roustabouts  ' 
gathered  at  the  bows.  1872  DE  VERE  Americanisms  225 
The  Western  rough  is  frequently  a  roustabout.  1891  C. 
ROBERTS  Adrift  Anter.  216  On  all  these  river  boats  most 
of  the  men  employed  are  what  is  termed  roustabouts,  and 
are  just  ordinary  labourers  who  are  picked  up  anywhere. 

2.  Austr.  A  handy  man.     Cf.  ROUSEABOUT  2. 

1883  Longin.  Mag.  June  178  This  poor  young  man  had 
been  a  '  roustabout '  hand  on  a  station.  1896  Daily  Citron. 
15  Aug.  n/i,  I  was  working  on  a  Queensland  gold-field 
once,  first  as  '  feeder '  and  general  '  roustabout ',  then  as 
engine-driver. 

Rou-ster.     U.S.  =  ROUSTABOUT  i. 

1883  American  VI.  40  Men.. who  used  to  be  rousters, 
and  are  now  broken  down  and  played  out. 

Rousti,  rousty,  obs.  forms  of  KUSTT. 

Roustlynge,  obs.  form  of  RUSTLING. 

Rout  (rout),  sb.1  Forms:  a.  3-4  rute,  4 
rut(te  ;  3-  route,  4-7  rowte,  5  rouwte,  5-6 
routte;  4-  rout  (6  routt),  4-7  rowt.  &.  3 
roujte,  5  roughte ;  4  rouht,  5-6  rought ;  5 


837 

rowght,   5-6  rowth.     [a.   AF.   rute,  OF.  route 

•  (also  rote>  rotte,  whence  ROT  sb?}  :— L.  rupta,  fern, 
of  rtiptus  broken,  the  original  sense  being  'divi 
sion,  detachment'.] 

I.  1.  A  company,  assemblage,  band,  or  troop  of 
persons.     Now  chiefly/^/. 


In  later  use  usually  with  some  tinge  of  sense  5. 

12..  After.  R.  92  Ure  Lefdi  mid  hire  meidenes,  &  al  be 
englene  uerd  [C.  rute].  a  1300  Cursor  Al.  13503  pis  bred 
and  fische  was  delt  a-bute,  Had  nan  defaut  in  al  pat  rute. 
CI386  CHAUCER  A'nt.'s  T.  1636  To  the  paleys  rood  ther 
many  a  route  Of  lordes,  vp  on  steedes  and  palfreys,  c  1430 
LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  104  Beneth  them  sat 
clarkes  a  great  rout,  Which  fast  dyd  wryte.  c  1450  Miroi 


of  all  the  hole  rowte.  1533  URKNDK  Q.  Citrtius  Ffvij,  The 
souldiours  were  not  sturred  to  eny  sedicion,  but  repayred 
by  rowtes  unto  theyr  capitaynes.  1600  FAIRFAX  Tasso  \\, 
ii,  The  helpe  obtaine  Of  all  the  blessed  of  the  heau'nly 
rout.  1616  B.  JONSON  Forrest  iii,  The  rout  of  rurall  foike 
come  thronging  in.  1710  J.  PHIUI-S  Pastorals  i.  25  'Mong 
rustick  Routs  the  chief  for  wanton  Game.  1810  SCOTT  Lady 
of  L.  m.  xx,  A  blithesome  rout,  that  morning  tide,  Had 
sought  the  chapel  of  St.  Bride,  a  1839  PRAED  Poems  (1864) 
II.  39  And  now,  amid  that  female  rout,  What  scandal  doth 
he  buzz  about?  1866-7  J-  THOMSON  NakedGoddess  25  All 
the  people  swarming  out,  Young  and  old  a  joyous  rout. 

b.  A  number  of  animals  going  together  ;  a  pack, 
ilock,  herd,  etc.     Now  rare. 

c  1275  LAY.  2598  par  he  balu  funde  vppen  one  route  of 
wolues  awedde.  la  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  909  Nyght- 
yngales  a  full  grete  Route,  That  flyen  ouer  his  heed  aboute. 
1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  Pro].  146  Wib  bat  ran  bere  a  route 
ot  ratones  at  ones,  c  1440  Pallad,  on  Husb.  i.  851  Al  the 
route  [of  snails,  etc.]  A  trayne  of  chalk  or  askis  holdith  oute. 
1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  eij,  My  chylde,  callith.. a  Rowte  of 
Wolues  where  thay  passin  inne.  I576TUKBERV.  /  'cnerie  100 
Of  fallow  beasts  the  company  is  called  an  heard,  and  of 
Uacke  beasts  it  is  called  a  rout,  or  a  Sounder.  1598  MAN- 
WOOD  Lawes  Forest  iv.  (1615)  45  Foresters  and  good  wood 
men  do  use  to  say.  .A  rout  uf  Wulfes.  1674  JOSSELYN  Tivo 
Voy.  67  They  commonly  go  in  routs,  a  rout  of  wolves  is  12 
or  more,  a  1732  GAY  Fables  ir.  ii,  Around  him  throng  thy 
feather 'd  rout.  1774  J.  BRYANT  ]\Iyihol.  11.365  Nothing  can 
represent  more  happily.. the  rout  of  animals  first  bursting 
from  their  place  of  confinement.  1821  CLARE  Vill.  Alinstr. 
I.  89  Noisy  bark  of  shepherds*  dogs,  The  restless  routs  of 
sheep  to  stop. 

C.  A  large  number  or  collection  of  things. 
la  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  1667  To  pulle  a  Rose  of  all 
that  Route  To  bere  in  myn  honde  aboute.  1390  GOWEK 
Con/.  II.  296  His  Ape..hadde  gadred  al  aboute  Of  stickes 
hiere  and  there  a  route.  1513  DOUGLAS  sKneis  vin.  v.  53 
The  serpent  of  Lern..of  heidis  wyth  hyr  mekle  rout.  1561 
T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst.  iv.  151  That  which  is  of  God 
scarcely  gHmmereth  through  at  holes,  among  the  rout  of 
the  inuentions  of  men.  1624  CAI-T.  SMITH  Virginia  n.  39 
With  an  infernall  rout  of  words  and  actions. 

f  2.  \Yithout  article :  Assemblage,  gathering, 
array,  etc.  Chiefly  in  prepositional  phrases.  Obs. 
CI275  LAY.  25416  Sone  a-^ein  come  cnihtes  to  route,  mid 
wepne  wel  idiht.  c  1290  S.  Eng.  Leg.  1. 101/14  Folk  wende 
budere..bi  manie  scor  to-gadere...po  seinte  lucie  bis  i-saij 
al  dai  so  gret  route  [etc.],  a  1300  Cursor  J/.  7537  Quen 
dauid  went  him  forth  in  route,  He  sagh  be  folk,  (>ai  war  in 
dute.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xxiv.  {Alexis)  516  In  ilke  syd 
J>ai  gadryt  owt,  to  met  bat  sancte,  In-to  gret  rowt.  1:1430 
Hymns  Virgin  (1867)  84  At  mydday  y  was  dubbid  kny5t,  In 
route  y  lerned  for  to  ryde.  c  1440  York  Myst,  xix.  149 
Gars  gadlr  in  grete  rowte  Youre  knyghtis  kene  be-lyue. 
1609  SKENK  Reg.  Maj.  136  Na  man  within  burgh  dwelland, 
salbe  bound  in  man-rent,  nor  ryde  in  rout,  in  feir  of  weir, 
with  any  man. 

t  b.  In  routt  in  succession,  in  order.  Obs. 
^*375  Cursor  M.  7047  (Fairfj,  Esebon  ..  toke  israel  to 
lede  and  loke;  he  led  ham  vij  ?ere  in  rowte.  c  1430  Bk. 
Curtasye  670  in  Babees  Bk.,  penne  comes  be  pantere  with 
loues  thre,  ..  And  sailer  y-coueryd  and  sett  in  route;  With 
J>o  ouemast  lofe  hit  shalle  be  sett. 

3,  In  (or  on}  a  rout,  in  a  troop,  body,  etc. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  5155  pai  come  all  wit  in  a  rutte  \Gott. 
apon  a  route],  1387 TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  409 They  leueb 
so  esiliche  in  a  rowte,  pat  seelde  bey  bereb  purse  aboute. 
c  1400  26  Pol.  Poems  143,  I  fonde  there  byrdys  with  feders 
shene,  Many  oon  sittyng  apon  a  rowte.  1423  JAS.  I 
Kingis  Q.  cliii,  Lytill  fischis  ..  In  a  rout  can  swym  So 
prattily.  c  1500  Lancelot  2956  Furth  by  o  syd  assemblyng 
on  a  rout  Whar  that  one  hundereth  knychtis  was,  &  mo. 
1513  DOUGLAS  ^Eneis  i.  iv.  51  The  mekle  hirdis  followit  in 
a  rowt.  a  1329  SKF.LTON  E.  Rummyng  362  There  came  an 
hepe  Of  mylstones  in  a  route. 

4.  An  attendant  company  ;  a  suite,  retinue,  train. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  5311  lacob  went  ban  wit  his  rute,  His 

tuelue  him  al  abute.  13..  K.  Alis.  181  (Laud  MS.),  Forb 
she  ferde,  myd  her  route.  £1430  Syr  Gene  r.  (Roxb.)  116 
In  his  route  He  broght  .iii.  M1  knightes  stoute.  c  1477 
CAXTON  Jason.  118  As  Peleus  and  the  gentill  men  of  his 
route  sawe  the  noble  flees . .  they  were  all  ameruailed.  1538 
LELAND  Itin.  (1769)  VI.  35  Willyam  Tresham..was  cruelly 
slayne  by  one  Salisbyri  andGHn  of  Wales  with  their  Route. 
1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  I,  9/1  An  He.  .Most  meet  where 
thou  maist  plant  thyselfe  with  all  thy  rout.  1763  J.  BROWN 
Poetry  $  A/us,  vi.  108  The  accidental  Adventure  of  Thespis 
and  his  Rout. 

II.  5.  A  disorderly,  tumultuous,  or  disreputable 
crowd  of  persons. 

c  I290.S".  Eng.  Leg.  1. 211/392  pare  comen  Waste  op  of  be  putte, 
deuelene  a  gret  rou5te.  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  1782  penne 
ran  bay  in  on  a  res,  on  rowtes  ful  grete.  1399  LANGL.  Rich. 
Redeles  I.  16  By  rewthles  routus  bat  ryffled  euere.  c  1450 
St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  5265  Of  men  and  women  so  grete  a 
route,  And  childer,  lay  be  kirke  aboute,  And  made  slyke  noys 
and  cry.  1338  STARKICY  England  i.  iii.  77  Loke  what  an 
idul  route  our  nobul  men  kepeand  nurj  sch  in  theyr  housys. 


ROUT. 

1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  119  Foulkes  , .  assemblync  to- 
gether  a  great  rowte  of  Ruffians  and  Robbers  issued  out  of 
the  Castell  of  Bedford.  1621  BURTON  Aitat.  iWel.  \,  ii.  HI. 
xv.  (1651)  135  An  honest  man  knows  not  in  what  sort,  to 
carry  himself  with  credit  in  so  vile  a  rout.  1655  MILTON 
Sec.  Defence  291  A  hireling  rout  scraped  together  from  the 
dregs  of  the  people.  1737  WHISTON  Joscphus,  Antij.  xiv. 
xi.  §  5  Hyrcanus.  .alledgedthat  a  rout  of  strangers  ought  not 
to  be  admitted.  1750  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  48  f  9  To  the 
noisy  route  of  bacchanalian  rioters.  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mori. 
xxxiv,  '  Ay— the  trumpeter  to  the  long-ear'd  route,  I  sup 
pose,'  replied  Claverhouse,  1854  MILMAS  Lat.  Chr.  vr.  iii. 
I  (1264)  III.  478  A  great  rout,  at  least  5000, .. inarched  forth 
to  Settimo.  1876  BANCROFT  Hist.  U.S.  I.  xiv.  450  Revel 
ling  with  a  luxurious  and  abandoned  rout. 

b.  Law.  An  assemblage  of  thiee  or  more  per 
sons  proceeding  to  commit  an  unlawful  act. 

[1379-80  Rolls  of  Parlt.  III.  Si  Les  routes  &  jt^emble^ 
|  venantz  issint  hors  de  Gales.  Ibid.,  Que  en  ce^t  present 
j  Parlement  les  ditz  Mesfesours,  &  les  Route-ledcrs,  soient 
|  restreintz  de  lour  grante  malice.] 

1429  Rolls  of  Parlt.   IV.   345/2  The  saide    tropa^.-otir-. 

,     come,  .with  grettur  ruwtes  and  riotes  thunue  e\'cr  thay  dedt! 

byfore.     1464  Cov.    Lect   Bk.   331    If  any  personnel,  .vexc 

!     tliair  neyghbours,  cure  subgittcs,  with-in  oure  seid  Cite,,  .or 

make  any  Routes  or  conuenticles  within  the  same.     1530-1 

Act  22  Hen.  /'///,  c.  15  All  ryottes,  rowtes,  and   vnlawfull 

I    assemblies  committed  and  done  aboue  the  nombcr  of  twenty 

\    persones.     1581  LAMIJARDE  Eiren.  \\.  v.  (1588)  185  A  Route 

f    is  a  disordered  assembly  of  three  or  moe  persons,  mouuin^ 

;    forward  to  commit   by  force  an  unlawful!  acte.     1641    in 

,     Rushw.  Hist.  Coll.   in.  (1692)  I.  465  All  good  and  lawful 

:     ways  and  means  for  preventing    of  Tumults  and    KouK 

1682   Sec.   Plea   Nonconformists    Ded.  A  3  !>,   Punish    not 

Religious  Assemblies  of  peaceable  Men,  under  the  odious 

names  of  Routs  and  Riots.     1743  in  Wesley  Jrnl.  (1749) 

]     120  Several  disorderly  persons,  Stiling  themselves  Methodist- 

i    preachers,  go  about,  raising  routs  and  liuts,     1774  JLH--EK- 

SON  Antobiog.  Wks.  1859  I.  140  Our  laws,  for  the  suppress- 

,    sion  and  punishment  of  riots,  routs,  and  unlawful  assemblies. 

1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  17/1  Two  minor  offences  of  rout  and 

unlawful  assembly,  which  are  similar  to  riot,  are  generally 

treated  on  under  that  head.      1886  Encycl.  Brit.  XX.  564/2 

A  rout  is  an  unlawful  assembly  which  has  made  a  motion 

lu wards  the  execution  of  its  common  purple. 

6.  The  whole  number  of  persons  constituting  a 
certain  (disreputable)  class. 
a  1400  Minor  Poems  fr.  Vcrnon  MS.  598/532  Doute  wel 


Both  by  nyght  and  day.  1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  Inst. 
i.  65  The  deuell  and  all  the  route  of  the  wicked.  1579  E.  K. 
Dcd.  Spenser  sSheph.  Cal.,  I  scorne  and  spue  out  the  rake- 
hellye  route  of  our  ragged  rymers.  1616  R.  C.  Times  Whistle 
(1871)  18  You  shalbe  cast  Into  that  pitt,  with  the  ungodliu 
rout.  1651  Fullers  Abel  AW«-.,  Luthcr(iZfy)  I.  62  Whom 
the  pope  of  Rome  and  the  rout  of  the  wicked  persecute  and 
dishonour.  1896  HOUSMAN  Shropshire  Lad  xix,  Now  you 
will  not  swell  the  rout  Of  lads  that  wore  their  honours  out. 

f7.  The  rout,  the  common  herd,  the  rabble.  Obs. 

J375  BARBOUK  Bruce  ix.  504  Renownit  of  so  hye  prowe-, 
That  he  of  vorscbip  passit  the  rout,  c  1400  Apol.  Loll. 
(Camden)  61  pu  schal  not  folow  be  rowt  to  do  iuel.  1550 
CROWLEY  Last  Trumpet  402  It  is  God  that  appointeth 
Kings  and  rulers  ouer  the  route.  1593  BII.SON  Govt.  Christ's 
Ch.  349  Did  ever  God  or  Mans  Lawe  preferre  the  feete 
before  the  head,  the  rowt  before  the  ruler.  1633  G.  HER 
BERT  Temple,  Sacrifice  185  Thus  trimmed  forth  they  bring 
me  to  the  rout,  Who  '  Crucifie  him ',  crie.  1673  Rewartjues 
Humours  Town  50  Such  easie  representations  were  then., 
for  the  Rout  and  Plebeans.  1708  MRS.  CENTLIVRB  Busic 
Body  i.  i,  'Tis  a  vast  Addition  to  a  Man's  Fortune,  accord 
ing  to  the  Rout  of  the  World,  to  be  seen  in  the  Company  of 
leading  Men.  1730  SWIFT  Tranlits  Wks.  1751  X.  148  Tim1 
perhaps  among  the  Rout,  He  wildly  flings  his  Filth  about. 

fb.  With  adjs.,  esp.  common  or  vulgar.  Obs. 
1590  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  HI.  i.  101  That  [will  be]  supposed 

by  the  common  rowt.  1621  T.  WILLIAMSON  tr.  Coulart's 
Wise  Vieillard  103  The  base  rabble,  and  rascally  route  of 
the  world.  1637  R.  ASHLEY  tr.  MalvezzCs  David  Persecuted 
187  The  vulgar  rout  breede  such  kinde  of  people  by  ap 
plauding  them.  1693  SOUTH  Serm.  454  The  multitude  or 
common  rout,  like  a  drove  of  sheep.  1700  ASTRY  tr. 
Saavedra's^  Royal  Politician  \.  112  To  be  Born,  only  to 
make  One  in  the  World,  is  for  the  Vulgar  Rout. 

fc.  To  rule  the  rout,  to  have  full  sway.  Obs. 
1370  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xii.  76  Sen  double  murther 

markis  to  reule  the  rout. 

8.  Riot,  disturbance,  stir,  uproar. 

1439  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  16/2  In  manere  of  Werre,  Riote, 
Route  and  Insurrection  arraied.  1537  TottelCs  Misc.  (Arb.) 
239  He  in  the  midst  of  all  this  sturre  and  rout,  Gan  bend 
his  browes,  and  moue  him  self  about.  1591  SPENSER  M. 
Hubbfrd  558  Then  made  they  revell  route  and  goodly  glee.' 
1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  \\.  iii.  210  Giue  me  to  know  How  this  foule 
Rout  began:  Who  set  it  on.  11690  Ld.  Delamere  iii.  in 
Child  Ballads  IV.  113/1  Such  a  rout  has  been  in  the 
parliament,  as  I  hear,  Betwixt  a  Dutch  lord  and  my  lord 
Delamere.  1728  SWIFT  Jrnl.  Mod.  Lady  Wks.  1751  VII. 
195  Not  School-boys  at  a  Barring-out  Rais'd  ever  such  in 
cessant  Rout.  1766  [ANSTEY]  Bath  Guide  v.  53  Are  the 
Fiddlers  come  hither  to  make  all  this  Rout  ?  1804  FESSEN- 
DEN  Democracy  Unveiled  (1806)  II.  84  Who  and  what  are 
ye,  Patriots  stout,  For  Freedom,  who  make  such  a  rout? 
1872  ULACKIE  Lays  Highl.  80  The  winds  without  kept 
whistling  rout. 

b.  Fuss,  clamour,  noise.  Formerly  common  in 
phrase  to  make  a  rout  about  (something). 

1684  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rcl.  (1857)  I*  3°°  'Twas  strange  any 
man  should . .  make  all  this  rout  that  was  about  it.  a  1714 
M.  HENRY  Acts  xii.  6  Tradition  makes  a  mighty  rout  about 
these  chains.  1771  T.  HULL  Sir  W.  Harrington  (1797)  II. 
206  There  used  to  be  a  great  rout  made  about  some  very 
high  piece  of  service  the  Captain  was  to  do  for  him.  1824 
LADY  GRANVILLU  Lett.  (1894)  I.  326,  I  cannot. -help  feeling 


ROUT. 

nervous  about  my  presentation,  because  they  all  make  such 
a  rout  about  it.  1834  Miss  BAKER  Northainpt.  Class.  s.v., 
'  What  a  rout  she's  making  over  it ! '  '  She  needn't  make 
such  a  rout  about  such  a  trifle.' 

t  C.  Sway,  influence.     In  phr.  to  bear  a  (or  the) 
rout.   Obs. 

155°  in  Tytler  Hist.  Scat.  (1864)  HI.  383  The  Scots  beara 
fell  rout  in  this  court,  and  be  much  made  of.  1616  J.  LANE 
Contn.  Sqr.'s  T.  v.  40  The  man  at  Fregiley  bears  all  the 
rowt. 

9.  A  fashionable  gathering  or  assembly,  a  large 
evening  party  or  reception,  much  in  vogue  in  the 
eighteenth  and  early  nineteenth  centuries.  (Cf. 
DRUM  sb.1  10.) 

1741  FIELDING  Amelia  IV.  vi,  She  went  directly  to  a  rout 
where  she  spent  two  hours.  1751  JOHNSON  Kamtlert-fo.  84 
f  ii  Ladies  of  my  age  go  to  assemblies  and  routes  without 
their  mothers.  1771  SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl.  31  May,  She 
keeps  a  small  rout  at  her  own  house,  never  exceeding  ten 
or  a  dozen  card-tables.  1810  SIR  G.  JACKSON  Diaries  <y 
Lett.  (1873)  I.  128  Last  night  I  was  at  a  really  grand  rout 
at  Lady  Rowley's.  1858  KINGSLEY  Poems  (1878)  236  As  if 
the  sum  of  joy  to  you  Were  hunt  and  pic-nic,  rout  and  ball. 
1887  RUSKIN  Prxterita  II.  390  One  rarely  heard,  .of  her 
going  to  a  theatre,  or  a  rout,  or  a  cricket-match. 

b.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rout  biscuit,  -chair, 
-china,  day,  etc. 

1775  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Early  Diary,  Lett.  Nov.,  He  was 
obliged  to  go  in.  .to  Lady  Harrington's  before  he  came,  it 
being  her  Rout  Day.  1785  TRUSLER  Mod.  Times  III.  202 
All  tlie  rout-going  men  and  women  of  rank.  1812  Miss 
L.  M.  HAWKINS  C'tess  <y  Gertrude  I.  265  She  had  not  hired 
rout-chairs,  rout-glasses,  rout-china,  to  accommodate  her 
guests.  1813  Examiner  15  Mar.  171/1  The  usual  lumber 
ofarout.party.  1858  DICKKNS  Lett.  (1880)  II.  52  He  is 
transformed  into  a  rout-furniture  dealer  of  Rathbone  Place, 
&j&£ruyd.  Brit.  III.  252/2  The  dough  for  rout  biscuits  is 
placed  in  a  strong  metal  box  or  chamber  in  which  a  piston 
is  tightly  fitted. 

C.  Rout-cake,  a  rich  cake  originally  made  for 
use  at  receptions. 

1807  J.  BERESPORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life  xv.  §  6.  60  Such 
feminine   bon-bons  as  sweet-meats,   rout-cakes,    and    the 
choicer  kinds  of  fruit.     1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  in,  He 
managed  a  couple  of  plates  full  of  strawberries  and  cream, 
and   twenty-four    little   rout   cakes.     1873    Miss   BRADDON 
Lucius  Davoren  I.  Prol.  ii,  Think  of  the  macaroons  and 
rout-cakes  we  have  trampled  under  our  heels. 
d.  Rout-seat  (see  quot.  1858). 
1836-7  DICKENS  Sk.  Boz,   Tales  iii,  The  furniture  wa 


Girl  n.  iii,  Some  of  them  rolled  upon  the  rout  seats,  and  so 
fell  fast  asleep. 

Hence  Rou'tiug  vbl.  sb.,  the  frequenting  of  routs  ; 
also  routing-day,  a  day  for  holding  a  rout. 

1750-1  MRS.  DELANY  Autobiog.  (1861)  III.  2  The  day  is 
tomorrow  ;  but  tiiat  not  being  a  proper  routing  day,  I  choose 
to  have  them  on  the  eve.  1754  SHEBBEARE  Matrimony 
(1766)  II.  84  Lady  Sapplin  returned  to  the  London  Life  of 
Visiting,  Routing,  Carding.  1767  LADY  S.  LENNOX  Life  e, 
Lett.  (1901)  I.  211,  I  own  I  am  wore  to  death  with  routing, 

Rout  (raut),  sb*     Also  7  rowt(e,  7-8  route. 

Eid.  obs.  F.  route  (cf.  F.  Jitroute  DEROUT  sb.}  :— 
.  rupta :  see  prec.] 

1.  Disorderly  or  precipitate  retreat  on  the  part 
of  a  defeated  army,  body  of  troops,  etc. 

1598  BARRET  Theor.  IVarres  i.  i.  4  Men  once  disordered., 
commonly  fall  to  rout.  1600  E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio 
50  Manie  of  the  Nobilitie,  ..seeing  the  armie  in  route,  sought 
the  King.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  770  Wherein  remaind..to 
our  Almighty  Foe  Cleer  Victory,  to  our  part  loss  and  rout. 
1764  GRAY  Triumph  ofOwen^  Where  he  points  his  purple 
spear,  Hasty,  hasty  Rout  is  there.  1814  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  in. 
xxvii,  Of  rout  and  rally,  war  and  truce,— As  heroes  think, 
so  thought  the  Bruce.  1873  LONGF.  Wayside  Inn  HI.  Sp. 
Jew's  Second  T.  5  In  rout  before  his  path  From  the  field 
of  battle  red  Flee  all.  1878  J.  MILLEK  Songs  of  Italy  64 
There  was  rout  Of  ships  like  the  breaking  ofregiments. 

trans/.  1743  P.  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Epist.  n.  i.  351  Chairs, 
coaches,  carts,  in  rattling  rout  are  roll  d.  1807  J.  BARLOW 
Columb.  HI.  261  Our  scanty  feast ;  Which,  driven  in  hasty 
rout,  our  train  supplied. 

b.  Esp.  in  phr.  to  put  to  {the}  rout. 

1612  North's  Plutarch  1124  Men.. who  so  plied  the 
Athenians,  that  they  brake  them,  and  put  them  all  to  rout. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  IV.  3  The  Dragon,  put  to  second  rout, 
Came  furious  down.  1770  LANGHORNE  Plutarch  (1870)  II. 
683/2  Against  him,  Pompey  sent  Afranius,  who  put  him  to 
the  route.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  India  III.  36  The 
entrenchment  was  carried,  and  the  Burmas  were  put  to  the 
rout,  c  1850  LANE  Arab.  Kts.  (Rtldg.)  477  They  instantly 
put  them  in  disorder,  and  very  soon  to  rout. 
fig.  1596  SIR  J.  DAVIES  Orchestra,  xxxii,  How  doth  Con 
fusions  Mother,  headlong  Chance,  Put  reasons  noble 
squadron  to  the  rout  ?  1843  LE  FEVRE  Life  Trait.  Phys. 
III.  in.  viii.  183  Napoleon  put  to  rout  all  these  things  when 
he  inhabited  the  palace.  1873  M.  ARNOLD  Lit.  <y  Dogma 
(1876)  237  To  baffle  and  put  to  rout  their  false  dogmatic 
theology. 

2.  An  instance  of  this;  a  complete  overthrow 
and  flight. 

1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  v.  iii.  4!  Then  beganne..A  Rowt, 
confusion  thicke :  forthwith  they  flye.  1647  CLARENDON 
Hist.  Rcb.  i.  §  86  The  Retreat  had  been  a  Rout  without  an 
Enemy.  1704  ADDISON  Campaign  Misc.  Wks.  1726  I.  79 
The  rout  begins,  the  Gallic  squadrons  run.  1748  Anson's 
Voy.  n.  xii.  (1776)  361  The  other  two  Squadrons,  .were 
calm  spectators  of  the  rout  of  their  comrades.  1836  THIRL. 
WALL  Greece  III.  28!  A  body  of  Locrian  cavalry,  which 
came  up  as  the  rout  began,  aided  the  Bo:otians  in  the 
slaughter  of  the  flying  enemy.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng. 
v.  I.  580  lhe  retreat  soon  became  a  rout.  1874  GREEN 


838 

j    Short  Hist.  iv.  §  i.  162  The  rout  of  an  English  detachment 

.  .prolonged  the  contest  into  the  winter. 

i      AF    "65i   CULPEPPER  Astrol.   JuJgein.   Dis.   (1658)   114 

Nature  gets  strength  over  the  disease,  and  will  at  last  put 

I    him  to  a  total   rout.     1667  Plcl'Ys  Diary  i  Sept.,  Sir  H. 

Cholmly  tells  me  there  are  hopes  that  the  women  also  will 

have  a  rout. 

3.  A  defeated  and  fleeing  band  or  army. 
1621  LADY  M.   WROTH   Urania  301  He  disordered  the 
,    ranck,  and  brake  Antissius  order,   whereupon  their  men 
were  in  routs.     1647  SPHIGGE  Anglia  Rediv.  i.  ii.  (1854)  12 
J  he  lieutenant-general. .pursued  the  enemy,  lodged  most 
of  the  remains   of  the  rout  in    Dlechingdon  house.     1828 
SCOTT  /•'.  M.  Perth  ix,  Therefore  was  he  given  to  be  a  rout 
and  a  spoil  to  his  enemies. 

Rout,  s6.3  Sc.  and  north.  ?  Obs.  [Related  to 
ROUT  z>.c] 

1 1.  A  violent  movement.   Obs.-1 
13..  CKIIU.  A>  Gr.  Knt.  457  With  a  runisch  rout  be  raynez 
I    he  tornez,  Hailed  out  at  j;e  hal-dor,  his  lied  in  his  hande. 
2.  A  (heavy)  blow  or  stroke. 

1375  BABBOUR  Bruce  H.  356  [They]  plungyt  in  the  stalwart 
stour,  And  rowtis  ruyd  about  thaim  dang.  14 . .  Sir  Bates 
(MS.  O)  3957  Sir  Beues..gaue  kynge  lour  suche  a  rout, 
I  hat  he  neuer  rose.  £1480  HENRYSON  Fables,  Wolf  If  Fox 
I  xx,  The  cadgear  wald  haif  raucht  the  foxe  ane  rout.  1513 
DOUGLAS  /Kneis  xm.  Prol.  r48  Syne  to  me  wyth  his  club 
he  maid  a  braid,  And  twenty  rowtis  apoun  my  rigging  laid. 
1583  Leg.  Bp.  St.  Andt-ois  703  Ane  porter.. to  the  bischop 
his  bhssing  gave,  Betuixt  the  schoulders  a  royall  route, 
Turning  him  wodderschins  about.  1728  RAMSAY  Fables 
Monk  f,  Miller's  Wife  246  With  a  great  rung.. to  lend  him 
a  sound  rout.  (11779  GRAHAM  Writ.  (1883)  II.  98,  I  gave 
l^er  such  a  rout  over  her  long  snout.  1824  MACTAGGAKT 
t-atloviii.  Encycl.  414  Rout,  a  heavy  blow  with  a  stick. 

t  Rout,  sb.*    Sc.    Obs.  rare.     [Origin  and  real 
meaning   obscure.]      In   phrases   bone   and  rout, 
stout  and  rout,  completely. 
Cf.  the  later  form  sloop  androop,  s.v.  STOOP  sb. 
f  T375  •!>'•  Leg.  Saints  xxxvii.  (Vincent)  353  pane  gert  he 
his  body  here.. to  bestis  &  foulis..til  ete  hyme  bath  stout  & 
rout  [rime  dome].      Ibid,  xlvii.  (Effame)  92  For  bane  be 
gret  fir  suld  brek  oute,  &  bryne  be  madyne  bane  &  route. 

Rout  (raut,  Sc.  rut),  sb.->  Chiefly  Sc:  Also 
9  rowt.  [f.  ROUT  v?  Cf.  Norw.  rut  in  the  same 
sense.]  A  loud  noise  or  shout. 

In  some  cases  not  clearly  separable  from  next,  owing  to 
the  similarity  of  the  senses  and  the  ambiguity  of  the  spelling. 
1513  DOUGLAS  sJiiieis  \.  iii.  52  In  the  mene  quhile,  with 
mony  rout  and  roir  The  see  thus  trublit.  1513  Scottish 
Field '633  in  Chtthanl  Misc.  (1856),  For  there  was  shott  at 
a  shotte,  a  thousand  at  once,  That  all  rang  with  that  rowle, 
roches  and  other,  a  1774  FERCUSSON  King's  Birthday 
Poems  (1845)  2  The  hills  in  terror  would  cry  out  And  echo 
to  thy  dinsome  rout.  1813  PICKEN  Poems  I.  45  They  mak' 
sic  rout  an'  rair  Soun'  thro'  ilk  region  o'  the  air.  a  1878 
AINSLIE  Land  of  Burns  (1892)  218  Wi'  eerie  rair  an'  rowt 
Cried  the  wakrife  spirit  out.  1882  J.  WALKER  Jaunt  to  A  uld 
Retkie  170  The  limmer's  [  =  cannon's]  rout  wad  ding  them 
maistly  deaf. 

Rout  (raut),  sb$  Sc.  [f.  ROUT  v.3  Cf.  Norw. 
rant.]  A  bellow  or  low  (of  an  ox,  etc.). 

1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  xn.  ii.  136  Lyke  as  the  bull.  .Gevis 
terribill  rowtis  and  lowis  monyfald.  1817  Lintoun  Green  49 
A  crummie's  rowt !  The  english  call  a  low  !  1866  J.  SMITH 
Marry  Bridal  17  The  Bull  rins  wild  amang  the  nowte,  An' 
funkin  daft  wi'  merry  rowt.  1880  J.  E.  WATT  Poet.  Sk.  64 
(E.  D.  D.),  Her  voice  it  resembles  the  rowte  o'  a  coo. 

•I  Rout,  s6J  Sc.  Obs.  rare.  Also  6  rute. 
[Of  obscure  origin:  cf.  ROOD-GOOSE,  and  Icel. 
hrota,  hrotgds,  Norw.  rotgaas,  Fris.  rotgoes,  Du. 
rot%ans,  the  brent-goose.]  A  species  of  wild  goose. 
The  misprint  rovthurrok  in  quot.  1578  is  evidently  the 
ultimate  source  of  routheroock-goosc  in  P.  Neill  Tour 
Orkney  f,  Shetland  (1806)  196. 

1551  Sc.  Acts  Mary  (1814)  II.  484  The  wylde  guse  of  the 
greit  bind,  ij  s.     The  claik,  quink,  and  rute,  the  price  of  the 
peece,  xviijrf.     1578  LESLIE  De  Orig.  Scot.  37  Alia  sex 
Anserum  genera  apud  nos  inueniuntur.  tnarg.  Vulgus  his 
uocibus  distinguit  Quinck,  Skilling,    Claik,    Routhurrok    i 
[rtvif/Rout,  Hurrok],  Ridlaik.     1639  SIR  R.  GORDON  Hist. 
Earls  of  Sutherland  3  In  all  this  province  ther  is  great    j 
store  of. .  wildgouse,  ringouse,  routs,  whaips,.  .and  all  other 
kinds  of  wildfowl. 

t  Rout,  sb*  Obs.  rare.  Also  rowt.  [Of  ob 
scure  origin.]  A  close  or  field. 

1615  SIR  R.  BOYLE  in  Lismore  Papers  (1886)  I.  82,  I 
bought  the  lease. . of  Drombegg  rout,  half  a  ploughland. 
1633  Ibid.  IV.  127  An  enclosed  rowt  abowt  4  irishe  acres  of 
meddow. 

tRout,  rf.9  Obs.  rare-1.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
Some  kind  of  horse. 

1697  VANBRUGH  Msop  i.  iv.  ii,  Your  Worship  has  six 
Coach-Horses, ..besides  Pads,  Routs,  and  Dog-Horses. 

Rout  (raut),  sb.™  [f.  KOUT  v.8]  The  act  of 
searching,  or  of  turning  out  something. 

1821  CLARE  Vill.  Minstr.  1 1.  32  There  came  the  snail  from 
his  shell  peeping  out,  As  fearful  and  cautious  as  thieves  on 
the  rout.  1880  MRS.  PARR  Adam  $•  Eve  II.  138,  I  didn't 
count  'pon  this  rout-out  comin'  yet  whiles,  for.  .Eve. 

Rout,  obs.  variant  of  ROUTE. 

Rout  (raut),  v.l  OPS.  exc.  dial.  Forms:  i 
hrutan,  4-7  rowte  (5  rowtyu),  4-6  route,  6- 
rout  (9  dial,  routy).  Also  pa.  t.  4  rout,  //. 
rout(t)en.  [OE.  hrtitan,  =  Q¥ri$.  hruta,  rhfita, 
rula,  OS.  hrutan,  MDu.  rulen,  OHG.  rii^an, 
rityn  (G.  ruszen,  raussen),  prob.  of  imitative 
origin.  An  ablaut-variant  appears  in  ON.  and 
Icel.  hrjdta,  Norw.  rjola,  ryta.~\  intr.  To  snore. 

In  common  literary  use  from  £1300  to  1600. 

c  725  Carpus  Gloss.  1923  Slerteus,  hrutende.   c  1000  /ELMIIC    • 


ROUT. 

Grani.  xxviii.  (Z.)  168  Sterlo,  ic  hrute.  13..  Coer  de  L. 
4229  They  sleptefasle  and  gun  to  route.  13..  E.E.Allit.P. 
C.  i86He..Slypped  vpon  a  sloumbe  sclepe,  &  sloberande  he 
routes.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  m  He  wot  noght.  .hou  the 
day  is  come  aboute,  Bot  onli  forto  slepe  &  route  Til  hyh 
midday.  31450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  81  The  good  man 

..made  semblaunt  that  he  had  slepte,  and  routed.  1483 
CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  97/2  Thenne  he  fylle  a  slepe  and  rowled 
so  fast,  that  noman  myght  awake  hym.  1532  MORE  Confut 
Tindale  Wks.  595/1  Tyndal  of  likelyhode  lay  nere  him  and 
heard  hym  all  the  while  snorte  &  rowte.  1581  J.  BELL 
H  addon' i  Answ.  Osar.  sob,  Ye  route  so  soundly  in  these 
drousie  dreames,  that  you  cannot  bee  awakened  out  of  them  : 
and  therefore  I  will  leave  you  snortyng  in  them.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  309  The  Dolphins  and  Whales  be  heard 
to  rout  and  snort  again,  they  sieepe  so  soundly.  1644 
BuLWERCVimi/.  73Asoulder,  that. .routeth and snorteth.  .in 
his  sleep.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  i,  Are  ye  lying  routing  there, 
and  a  young  gentleman  seeking  the  way  to  the  Place  ?  1851 
T.  STERNBERG  Dial,  f,  Folk-Lore  Northants  S3.  1888 
EI.WORTHY  W.  Somerset  IVord-bk.  s.v.  Routy. 

Hence  Rotrting  vbl.  sb. 

ci386  CHAUCER  Reeve's  T.  246  His  wyf  bar  him  a  burdon 
a  Inl  strong,  Men  myghte  hir  rowtyng  heere  two  furlong. 
c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  438/2  Rowtynge,  yn  slepe,  stertura. 
1519  HOKMAN  Vulg.  46  b,  Thy  routtynge  awaked  me.  Ibid., 
1'hy  roultynge  is  harde  hither.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  ix.  x, 
They..keepe  such  a  snorting  and  routing  in  their  sliepe, 
that  they  bewray  where  they  be.  1650  VENNER  Via  Recta 
304  Offensive  rowtings  and  oftentimes  untimely  awakings 
do  ensue. 

Rout  (raut,  Sc.  rat),  v.2  Now  rare.  Chiefly 
north,  and  Sc.  Forms  :  4  rute,  5  rut ;  4  route, 
rowte,  6  rowt,  8  rout.  [Prob.  of  Scand.  origin : 
cf.  Norw.  ruta  in  the  same  sense,  an  ablaut-variant 


intr.  Of  the  sea,  winds,  thunder,  etc. :  To  roar, 
make  a  loud  noise. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  21869  Pe  see  sal  rise  and  rute ;  Man! 
man  sal  del  for  dute.  13..  Coer  de  L.  4304  That  stone 
whanne  it  out  fleygh,..' Alias  !' they  cryede. .' It  routes 
as  it  wer  a  thondyr '.  13..  St.  Cristofer  370  in  Horstm. 
Altengl.  Leg.  (1881)  459  pe  water  bygane  to  bolne  &  rowte. 
And  ofte-tyms  hym  turnede  abowte.  c  1374  CHAUCER 
Troylus  ill.  743  The  sterne  wind  so  loude  gan  to  route  That 
no^wight  other  noyse  mighte  here.  1513  DOUGLAS  SEntis 

1.  ii.  64  Dyrknes  as  nycht  besett  the  seis  abowt ;  The  firma 
ment  gane  rummeling  rair  and  rowt.      a  1776  Lowlands  of 
Hollands,  in  Child  Ballads  II.  318  The  weary  wind  began 
to  rise,  and  the  sea  began  to  rout  [rime  about]. 

Hence  Eou'ting  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

c  1384  CHAUCER  Ha.  Fame  m.  1933  Ryght  so  hyt  ferde, 
As  clooth  the  rowtynge  of  the  ston.'That  from  thengyne  ys 
leten  gon.  1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  \.  iv.  75  Passit  eke  haue 
}e  The  eyir  rowtand  Caribdis  rolkis  fell.  Hid.  VH.  ii.  132 
Ane  cheif  gret  forest  . .  namy t  from  a  haly  routand  well 
1795  Statist.  Ace.  Scot.  XVI.  9  A  Routing  Well  at  Monk- 
toun,  that  is  said  always  to  predict  a  storm.  1901  SAVAGE. 
ARMSTRONG  Ballads  of  Doivn  371  Dangerous  eddies., 
named,  from  their  loud  and  ominous  roaring  sound,  '  the 
Routing  Rocks.' 

Rout  (raut),  ».3  north,  and  Sc.  Also  4-6, 
8-9  rowt(e,  5,  9  rote,  7,  9  rawt,  9  raut.  [a. 
ON.  rauta,  Norw.  ranta,  MSw.  and  Sw.  dial. 
rota,  in  the  same  sense.] 

1.  intr.  Of  cattle  :  To  bellow,  roar,  low. 

c  1300-  [implied  in  sense  2],  1483  Cath.  Angl.  313/1  To 
Rote  (to  Rowt,  sicut  bos  A.);  boare,  mi'gire.  1533 
BELLENDEN  Livy  i.  iii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  23  The  ky..lowit  \v.r. 
rowtit]  agane  on  be  samyn  maner.  121585  MONTGOMEKIE 
ffytwfjpl  All  the  ky  in  the  countrey.. routed  in  a  reane. 
1620  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  66  The  Swine  grunteth,  The 
Cow  rowteth.  1674  RAY  N.  C.  Words  39  To  Rowt  or  Rawt, 
to  lowe  like  an  Ox  or  Cow.  1721  RAMSAY  Richy  $  Sandy 
72  Nuckle  kye  stand  rowting  in  the  loans.  1786  BURNS 
Ordination  vi,  Nae  mair  thou'lt  rowte  out-owre  the  dale, 
Because  thy  pasture's  scanty.  1820  SCOTT  Monast.  iii,  To 
see  poor  Grizzie  and  Crumble,  .turning  back  their  necks  to 
the  byre,  and  routing.  1851  MAYNE  REID  Scalp  Hunt,  iv, 
The  animal  'routed1  with  extreme  terror;  and,  plunging 
forward,  soon  headed  the  band.  1893  CROCKETT  Stickit 
Minister  229  After  him  thundered  the  bull,  routing  in 
blood-curdling  wrath. 

b.   Of  other  animals,   rare. 

1560  ROLLAND  Crt.  Venus  iv.  406  Scho..nndis  it  deid : 
than  scho  dois  rout  and  rair. 

2.  transf.  Of  persons  :  To  roar  or  cry  loudly. 

c  1300  Havelok  1911  He  maden  here  backes  al  so  bloute 
Als  here  wombes,  and  made  hem  rowte  Als  he  weren  kradel- 
barnes.  a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  Ixxvi.  i  He  is  all  in 
silence  bifor  god,  bof  he  rowt  and  rare  all  day.  £1425 
WYNTOUN  Cron.  in.  vii.  953  To  rare  Swa  bat  he  lik  was.  .to 
rowt  In  til  his  ded  thraw  til  a  nowte.  1787  BURNS  The 
Calfv,  To  hear  you  roar  and  rowte,  Few  men  o'  sense  will 
doubt  your  claims  To  rank  amang  the  Nowte.  1816  SCOTT 
Old  Mart,  xiv,  The  carle  gae  them  a  screed  o1  doctrine  1 
.  .lie  routed  like  a  cow  in  a  fremd  loaning.  1868-  in  Eng. 
Dial.  Diet,  1893  STEVENSON  Catriona  323  It  is  quite  need 
less  to  rowt  at  a  gentleman  in  the  same  chamber  with 
yourself. 

b.  To  make  a  roaring  noise. 

1834  M.  SCOTT  Cruise  Midge  (1863)  53  One  or  two  of  the 
demon-like  Savages  were  routing  on  bullock's  horns. 

3.  trans.  To  utter  in  roars  ;  to  shout  out. 

1807-10  TANNAHILL  Poems  (1846)  83  Hearing  a  lively  out- 
rid' sermon,  Even  though  rowted  by  a  stirk.  1886  STEVEN 
SON  Kidnapped  xxix,  '  1  have  no  manner  of  inclination  to 
rowt  out  my  name  to  the  countryside,'  said  Alan. 

Hence  Rou'ting  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1483  Cath.  Angl.  313/1  A  Rowtynge,  boatus,  boewa, 
untgitus.  1570  GOOGE  Pop.  Kingd.  I.  (1880)  8  They  laugh 
and  with  a  rowting  noyse,  their  greefe  they  plaine  discrye. 


ROUT. 

a  1609  ALEX.  HUME  Day  Estivall  228  Of  bleiting  sheepe. ., 
Of  calues  and  rowting  ky.  1641  BEST  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees) 
117  That  they  may  not  hear  the  rowtinge  and  blaringe  one 
of  another,  for  feare  that  the  kyne  breake  over  to  them. 
1644111  Ritchie  Churches  of  St.  Baldred  (1880)  263  The 
sikness  among  beastis,  callit  the  routing  evil.  1778  Genii. 
Mag.  XLVIII.  408  In  Rutting  time,  bucks  keep  a  continual 
routing,  or  bellowing.  1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  xiv,  They 
cou'dna  get  a  word  o*  sense  out  o'  him,  for  downright 
fright  at  their  growling  and  routing.  1867  CARLYLE  E, 
Irving  303  Especially  one  [bridge]  called  '  rowting  ',  i.  e. 
bellowing  or  roaring  '  Brig  \  spanning  a  grand  loud  cataract, 
t  Rout,  ^.4  Obs.  Forms :  4  pa.  t.  rutte, 
routte ;  6  rought,  rowte,  rout(e.  [a.  OF. 
router  (roucter,  roupter},  ruter,  roter  (mod.F. 
roter)  :— L.  ructare :  cf.  ERUCTATE  z>.]  intr.  To 
belch,  to  bring  up  wind. 

1377  LANGL,  /'.  PI,  B.  v.  398  He..roxed  and  rored,  and 
rutte  [v.r.  routte]  atte  laste.  c  1500  ll-'orld  $  Child  Boo,  I 
cough  and  rought,  my  body  wyll  brest,  Age  dothe  folowe 
me  so.  1530  PALSGR.  695/1,  I  rowte,  I  belche,  as  one  dothe 
that  voydeth  wynde  out  of  his  stomacke,  je  roucte.  1535 
LYNDESAY  Satyre  4353  Scho  riftit,  routit,  and  maid  sic 
stends.  £1550  H.  LLOYD  Treas.  Health  Yvij,  \Vhatsoeuer 
helthful  man.-losyth  his  voyce  &  routeth  withall,  he  dyeth 
wythin  seuen  dayes. 

t  Rout,  v.5  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  roujte.  [f. 
OF.  (a)  route  (see  ROUTE  ,r£.),  used  as  a  cry  to 
direct  hunting-dogs:  see  Godefroy  VII.  251/3.] 
Of  a  huntsman  :  a.  intr*  To  shout  to  the  dogs. 
b.  trans.  To  direct  (a  dog)  by  shouting. 

ri4io  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  Prol,,  He  shall 
se  the  hert  passe  byfore  hym  and  shall  halowe  and  route 
myghtlich.  Ibid.^  He  shall  route  and  blowe  as  lowde  as 
he  may.  Ibid,  xxxiv,  As  ofte  as  any  hounde  cacchetb  it, 
he  shulde  hue  to  hym  by  his  name  and  route  hym  to  his 
felawes. 

t  Rout,  v.G  Obs.  Forms  :  i  hrutan,  5  ruten, 
4  rute,  pa.  t.  rut;  4-5  route,  5  rowte.  [OE. 
hrutan,  of  obscure  relationship.  Cf.  ATROUT  v. 
and  REAT  v.] 

1.  intr.  To  rush,  dash ;  to  move  with  great  force 
or  violence. 

a  TOGO  Riddle  xxxvi.  7  Ne  set  me  hrutende  hrisil  scribeff. 
a  1225  Leg,  Kath.  2005  Hit  bigon  to  claterin,.  .ba  J>e  treo& 
te  irn ;  &  ruten  for3  wi5  swuch  rune  be  stucchen  of  baoe 
[etc.],  c  1380  Sir  Ferwnb,  1343  To  a  wyndowe  wente  }?es 
barouns  fre  &  ther  J>ay  loked  oute,  pay  seje  be  wa^es  of  be 
se  harde  to-gadre  route,  c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  6806 
Cariolus.  .And  Theseus  kyng  to-geder  routed  With  speres 
scharpe,  that  men  myjt  here.  1:1400  Destr.  Troy  912  The 
dragon. .rut  out  roidly  with  a  rede  hete.  Ibid,  5699,  12691, 
ci4so  Fencing  w.  tivo  handed  Sword  in  ReL  Ant.  I.  309 
Thy  rakys,  thy  rowndis,  thy  quarters  abowte,  Thy  stoppis, 
thy  foynys,  lete  hem  fast  rowte. 

2.  trans.  To  throw,  cast,  hurl. 

c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  3662  Thei  sette  engynes  al  aboute, 
And  grete  stones  thei  did  in  route,  c  1460  Pronip.  Parz-. 
(Winchester)  388/2  Rowtyn  or  throwyn,  proicio.  (71460 
Play  Sacram,  701,  I  shalle.. shake  thys  cake  owt  of  thys 
clothe  &  to  the  ovyn  I  shall  yt  rowte. 
b.  To  stir  vigorously. 

c  1440  Pallad.  on  Husb.  xi.  299  Aftir  dayes  iij  they  goth 
therto,  And  myghtyly  they  route  [L.  commovent\  hit  to 
and  fro. 

0.  To  beat  severely.     (Cf.  ROUT  sb.*  2.) 

1398  TREVISA  Bartk.  De  P.  R.  vi.  xv.  (Tollem.  MS.),  He 
route^  and  bete^>  him  ofte,.leste  he  drawe  to  euyl  maneris 
and  tacchis.  6-1440  York  Myst.  xxxiii.  issfroubeslassched, 
lusschyd,  and  lapped.  5ai  rowted,  russhed,  and  rapped. 
1768  Ross  Helenore  i.  44  Their  task  was  mair  nor  they  cud 
well  mak  out,  An'  as  they  promis'd,  they  their  backs  did  rout. 

Hence  Bou'ting  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

13..  E.E.Allit.P.  B.  354  I  sende  out. .Such  a  rowtande 
ryge  J>at  rayne  schal  swy^e.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  1986  With 
a  routond  rayn  ruthe  to  beholde.  c  1450  Cast.  Persev.  1829 
(Macro  Plays),  I  schape  bese  schrewys  to  mekyl  schame  : 
iche  rappyth  on  oj?er  with  rowtynge  rele. 

t  Ho ut,  z>.7  Obs.  Forms  :  4  rute,  4-6  route, 
5-6  rowt(e,  5  rought,  6-7  rout.  [In  part 
at  least  a.  OF.  router  (also  arrotiter)y  f.  route 
ROUT  sb.l  and  ROUTE  sb. ;  but  sense  2  may  have 
some  other  origin.] 

1.  intr.  To  assemble,  to  gather  or  herd  together '; 
also,  to  take  part  in  a  gathering. 

Quot.  c  1350  may  belong  to,  or  indicate  the  development 
of,  sense  2. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  11633  Quen  maria  sagh  fc>aa  bestes  rute, 
First  sco  was  gretli  in  dute.  Ibid.  14618  Son  wit  Jjam  he 
was  vmsett ;  par  bigan  t?ai  for  to  rute  And  for  to  gadir  him 
a-bute.  c  1350  Will.  Palerne  5478  Robboures  ne  reuowres 
mi}t  route  none,  J»at  ^ei  nere  hastili  hange.  c  1418  Pol. 
Poems  (Rolls)  II.  246  Where  shuld  he  other  route  or  ride 
Agayns  the  chief  of  chivalrie.  \QtflSc.Acts  Jas.  /7{i8i4) 
II.  50  At  na  man. .ride  nor  rowt  in  feir  of  weir  w*  na  man 
bot  wl  Jje  king  or  his  ofiiciaris.  1530  PALSGR.  695/1,  I 
rowte,  I  assemble  togyther  in  routes,  or  I  styrre  aboute,  je 
me  arroute.  I  lyke  nat  this  geare  that  the  commens  begyn- 
neth  to  roQte  on  this  facyon.  1562  LKGH  Armory  77  Where 
other  beastes  do  herde  and  rowte  together,.,  the  Lyon  wyll 
not  so  do.  1622  BACON  Hen.  VII  (1876)  66  The  meaner  sort 
routed  together,  and  suddenly  assailing  the  earl  in  his  house, 
slew  him,  and  divers  of  his  servants. 

2.  To  stir,  move  ;  to  make  a  movement. 

c  1380  WVCLIF  Sel.  Wks.  I.  209  He  pursue^  a  preest . .  and 
somoni}>  him  and  traveilijj  him,  bat  it  is  hard  to  him  to 
rowte.  ci3&6  CHAUCER  Man  of  Law's  T.  540  In  al  that 
lond  no  cristen  dorste  route  ;  Alle  cristen  folk  been  fled  fro 
that  contree.  14. .  Sir  Beues  (MS.C)  2626  No  man  durste 
yn  }>at  cuntre  rowte,  Be  hoole  xx  myle  abowte.  1436  Pol. 
Poems  (Rolls)  II.  167  Code  see-menne..bete  theme  home, 
and  made  they  myght  not  route,  c  1500  World  $  Chi 


orning,  and  routed  them  up  to  an  early  breakfast.     1892 
'eiu  York  Sun  8  May  2/7  He  ran  to  a  neighbouring  farm- 


839 

He  is  in  euery  dede  doughty,  For  hym  dare  no  man  rowte. 
a  *553  UIJALL  Roister  D.  iv.  vii,  Nowe  sirs,  keepe  your  ray, 
and  see  your  heartes  be  stoute,  But  where  be  these  caitifes, 
me  think  they  dare  not  route. 

3.  To  be  riotous,  behave  riotously. 

c  1400  Beryn  2766  This  gardeyn  is..ful  of  may  flouris,.. 
The  wich  been  so  redolent,  &  sentyn  so  a-boute,  That  he 
must  be  ry}te  lewd,  t^at  )»enn  shuld  route,  c  1460  Wisdom 
505  (Macro  Plays),  Yeue  to  yowur  body  ^at  ys  nede,  Ande 
euer  be  mery;  let  reuell  rowte!  1570  LEVINS  Manip, 
228/38  To  Route,  or  royst,  grassari.  1591  SPENSER  Vis. 
Be  Hay  xii.  166  When  from  nigh  hills,  with  hideous  outcric, 
A  troupe  of  Satyres  in  the  place  did  rout. 

4.  trans.  To  scour,  ride  over,  in  a  troop. 
1500-20   DUNBAR   Poems  xlii.  92  Sklandir  ..  him  aganis 

Assemblit  ane  semely  sort  full  sone,  And  raiss  and  rowttit 
all  the  planis. 

Hence  Roirting  vbL  sb.  and///,  a. 

1513  in  Pitcairn  Crim.  Trials  (Bann.  Cl.)  I.  95  For  riding 
furth  of  burgh  in  warlike  manner  in  'routing',  and  for 
thereby  breaking  the  Acts  of  Parliament.  1583  OOLDING 
Calvin  on  Dent.  iii.  16  When  folke..keep  rowtings  in 
Tauerns  or  Alehouses.  1634  C.  DOWNING  State  Eccles,  07 
In  that  routing-rush  of  reformation,  who  could  expect  but 
the  part  corrected  must  needs  be  for  the  timeneare  to  utter 
mine,  1650  (title),  The  Routing  of  the  Ranters,  a  true 
Relation,  with  some  of  their  abominable,  .behaviour. 

Rout  (rciut),  z/.3  Also  6-7  rowte,  9  dial. 
routy.  [Irregular  var.  of  ROOT  r.2] 

1.  intr.  Of  swine  :  To  turn  up  the  soil  with  the 
snout  in  search  of  food.     Now  chiefly  dial. 

1S47-64  BAULDWIN  Mor.  Philos.    (Palfr.)  22  Swine  had 
rather  lie  routing  in    durt   &    in    mire,  then   in  cleare  & 
faire    water.     1576   GASCOIGNE  Steele  Cl,  (Arb.)  70  They 
did  not  rowte  (like  rude  vnringed  swine)  To  roote  nobilitie 
from  heritage.     1656  BAXTER  Reformed  Pastor  21  To  take 
us  up  into  heaven,  ..while  we  think  of  no  such  matter,  but 
are  routing  in  the  earth.     1688  HOLME  Armoury  \\.  135/2 
Boar  and  Swine  are  said  to  Rout,  or  be  Routing,  or  Worm 
ing,  if  they  break  Into  Gardens.     1864  KINGSLEY  Rom.  fy 
j     Teut.  287  If.  .you  find  pigs  routing  In  your  enclosure,  you 
!    may  kill  one.    1886  EI/.YORTHY  IV.  Somerset  \Vord-bk.  633. 
b.  To  poke  about,  rummage.  (Cf.  ROOT  z\2  i  c.) 
1711  SWIFT  Jrnl.  to  Stella  22  Oct.,  I  must  rout  among 
your   tetters,  a   needle   in   a   bottle   of  hay.     1760-72   H. 
BROOKE  Fool  of  Qual.  (1809)  III.  67  The  company  staid 
routing  and  searching  the  house  below.    1836  MOORE  Mem. 
(1856)  VII.  170  Performed  some  of  my  home  commissions, 
besides  routing  away  for  a  couple  of  hours  at  the  British 
Museum.     1897  BEATTY  Secrctar  37  We  heard  them  rout- 
ing  about,  and  swearing,  amongst  the  butts  of  ale. 

2.  trans*  To  turn  over,  or  dig  ?//,  with  the  snout. 

1371  TUSSER  100  Points  Husb.  9  For  rowting  thy  pas 
ture,  ring  Hogs  thou  hast  nede.  1621  Nottingham  Rec. 
IV.  378  For  soffering  the  medow  to  be  routted  vp.  1726 
LKONI  Albert? s  Archit.  II.  54/2  They  used  to  raise  some 
thing  of  a  fence  about  it  [sc.  a  dead  body]  to  keep  off  the 
beasts  from  routing  it  up.  1787  BECKFOKD  Italy  II.  269 
Routing  up  the  moss  at  their  roots  in  search  of  acorns. 
1818  KEATS  Endymion  i.  282  When  snouted  wild-boars 
routing  tender  corn  Anger  our  huntsmen. 

fig*  1836  SIR  H.  TAYLOR  Statesman  xxxii.  251  A  lawyer 
..busy. .in  routing  and  tearing  up  the  soil  to  get  at  a  grain 
of  the  subject. 

b.  transf.  To  tear  «/,  scoop  out. 
1726  LKONI  Albert?*  Archit.  I.  72/2  The  water  that 
rushes  down  precipitately,  routs  up  the  bottom,  and. . 
carries  away  every  thing  that  it  can  loosen.  1843  HOLT- 
ZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  135  The  elastic  tool.. is  put  in  motion, 
and.  .routs  or  cuts  out  the  shallow  recess.  1884  JF.FFERIES 
Life  of  Fields  (1908)  117  Like  the  claws  of  some  prehistoric 
monster,  the  shares  [of  the  steam-plough]  rout  up  the  ground. 

3.  To  fetch  or  turn  (a  person)  out  of  bed ;   to 
cause  to  get  up.     Also  with  out. 

1787  M.  CUTLER  Life,  etc.  (i8SS)  I.  287  The  people  at  the 
White  House  were  gone  to  bed.  but  I  soon  routed  them. 
1856  MRS.  STOWE  Dredxxx.  303,  I  took  a  notable  turn  this 
mor  - 
Ne 
house,  routed  out  the  people. 

b.  To  search  out,  bring  to  light. 

1805  G.  M'INDOB  Million  of  Potatoes  149  Syne  routed 
up  a  glass  for  John.  1836  MARRYAT  •#//<&//.  Easy  xviii,  The 
soldiers  will  soon  have  our  description  and  rout  us  out.  We 
shall  be  pinned  in  a  couple  of  days.  1859  MEREDITH  A'. 
Feverel  xvi,  Have  you  more  of  them,  sir ;  of  a  similar 
description?  Rout  them  out ! 

C.  To  drive  out  from  a  place. 

1812  H.  &  J.  SMITH  Rej.  Addr.  v.  (1873)  38  Who  routed 
you  from  a  rat-hole.  xSao  W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.^  Rip  van 
Winkle  §  12  From  this  strong  hold  the  unlucky  Rip  was 
routed  by  his  termagant  wife. 

4.  To  turn  over;  to  toss  or  drive  about. 

1843  HOOD  Tale  of -a  Trumpet  121  After  poking  in  pot 
and  pan,  And  routing  garments  in  want  of  stitches.  1856 
STONEHENGE  Brit.  Rural  Sports  59/2  Let  him  be  put  on 
the  scent  of  pheasants..,  and  let  him  rout  them  about  well 
for  a  few  minutes. 

Hence  Roirting  vbl.  sb.  and  ppl.  a. 

•LSjiSdwle-ho.  II  'omen^ ,  in  Hazl.  E,  P.  P.  IV.  xi 8  Plant 
them  round  with  many  a  pin,  Ringed  for  routing  of  pure 
gplde.  1579  FULKS  Heskins'  Par  I.  124  Leauing..M.  Hes. 
kins  with  his  groyne  serening  in  that  swill,  I  will  chase  him 
from  routing  in  the  holy  auntient  garden  of  Irenaeus.  1758 
EDWARDS  Sonn,  xliv.  (Todd),  Do  thou  the  monumental  hil 
lock  guard  Fromtramplingcattle.andtheroutingswine.  1820 
CLARE  Rural  Life,  Poet's  Wish,  43  Curse  upon  that  routing 
jade,  My  territories  to  invade,  a  1852  MOORE  Moral  Posi 
tions  iii,  To  guard  the  frail  package  from  lousing  and  rout 
ing,  There  stood  my  Lord  Eld-n,  endorsing  it  'Glass'. 
1875  BLACKMORE  Alice  Lorraine  III.  vi.  89,  I  would  give  a 
month's  tithes  for  a  good  day's  routing  among  that  boy's 
accumulations. 

attrib.  1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  737  The  stringings 
..are  inlaid  with  the  routing  gage.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet. 
Meek.  1995/2  Routing-machine.  Ibid.  1996/1  Routing-tool. 


ROUTE. 

Rout  (rdut),  7^.9  [App.  an  alteration  of  ROOT 
v.lt  but  cf.  MDu.  nlten  (later  my  ten,  ruitett]  in 
the  same  sense.  In  later  use  perh.  associated  with 
z^O]  trans.  To  root  oitt,  to  extirpate. 

1591  WMxat  Prognostication  12  If  God  or  the  king  rout 
them  not  out  with  a  sharpe  ouerthrow.     c  1605  ?  ROWLEY 
Birth  of  Merlin  iv.  i,  With  an  utter  extirpation  To  rout  the 
Brittains  out  and  plant  the  English.  1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Car. 
dinals  \.  n.  52  The  Jews  were.. routed  out  of  Jerusalem. 
1700  ASTRY  tr.  Saavedras  Royal  Politician  I.  199  The  ill 
Seed  be  routed  out  before  it  take  Root.     1754  A.  MUKFHV 
.     Gray's  Inn  yrnl.  No.  89  Whole  Families  are  entirely  routed 
;    out  of  House  and  Home.     1800  J.  MILNER  Lett,  to  Preben 
dary  (1815)  98  It  was  to  repress  and  rout  out  these,  .that 
the  crusade. .and  the   Inquisition  were  set  on  foot.      1865 
KINGSLEY  Hereward  xxi,  Make  the  most  of  her  before  I 
[    rout  thee  out.    1907  Blackw.  Mag.  Dec.  758/2  One  may  see 
i    the  agents  of  Shems-ed-Dulal.. passing  along  to  rout  out 
Christianity  from  Nubia. 

tb.   With  out  omitted.    Qbs.  rare*1. 
1682  LUTTRELL  Brief  R el.  (1857)  I.  162  The  magistrates 
1     there  have  quite  routed  the  meeting  houses  hi  that  citty, 
and  severall  of  the  hearers  sent  to  prison. 

Rout  (rcmt\  e/.l't  Also  7  root,  route,  rowt'e. 
ff.  ROUT  j*.2] 

1.  trans.  To  put  (an  army,  body  of  troops,  etc.) 
to  rout;  to  compel  to  flee  in  disorder. 

c  1600 [see  the?//,  sb.].  x6ix  SHAKS.C>/«&  v.ii.  12 Stand,.. 
The  lane  is  guarded  :  Nothing  rowtsvs,butThe  villanyofour 
feares.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  n.  178  The  Irish,  .were  suddenly 
routed,  and  our  men  followed  the  execution.  1644  \oth 
Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comtn.  App.  IV.  69  Col.  Lndlowe  with  a 
regiment,  .of  about  300  [horse]  did  charge  and  route  1400  of 
the  King's  forces.  1680  HICKERINGILL  Curse  Ye  Meroz  14 
1  The  French-men  who  rooted  bis  Army.  011727  NEWTON 
ChronoL  Amended  \v.  (1728)  299  They  routed  the  army  of 
Pharaoh.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.  xli.  IV.  167  They  were 
routed  at  the  first  onset.  1839  THIRUVALL  Greece  xlviii. 
VI.  127  The  Egyptians,  .were  routed  and  fled  toward  the 
fortress.  1874  OR  KEN  Short  Hist.  iv.  §  6.  205  A  small 
English  force. .sufficed  to  rout  the  disorderly  levies. 
b._/Ar.  To  discomfit,  defeat  utterly. 
1676  I).  GRANVIM.E  Lett.  (Surtees)  159  A  sound  Arch 
deacon  sure. .will  rowte  him.  #1704^  VRQVfH  Satire  itfon 
French  /\7«g-Wks.  1730  I.  60  But  now  I'm  clearly  routed 
by  the  treaty.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xxvii.  179  This 
gravity  and  decorum  routed  and  surprised  the  Colonel  more 
than  any  other  kind  of  behaviour  probably  would. 
c.  To  disperse,  dispel,  scatter,  drive  away. 
1648-9  Eikon  lifts.  109  They  think  no  Victories  so  effectuall 
to  their  designs  as  those  that  most  rout  and  waste  my 
Credit  with  my  People.  1683  TRYON  H'ay  to  Health  536 
'Tis  certain  that  such  diseases ..  are  not  to  be  routed  by  all 
their  Regiments  [etc.].  1840  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  v,  A  few 
whispered  words.. routed  these  symptoms  effectually.  1850 
THACKKRAY  Pendennis  vii,  He.. routed  his  mother's  objec 
tions  with  infinite  satisfaction  to  himself. 

f2.  a.  intr.  To  break  into  rout;  to  flee  in 
disorder.  Qbs. 

1631  CHAPMAN  Cxsar  $•  Powfiey  Plays  1873  III.  163  The 
souldiers.  .Euery  way  routing:    as  th'  alarme    were  then 
Giuen  to  their  army,     a  1680  BUTLER  Rein.  (1759)  I.  6  The 
gallant    Subvolvani.  .make    a    Sally    Upon    the    stubborn 
Enemy,  Who  now  begin  to  rout  and  fly. 
f  b.  refl.  in  the  same  sense.   Obs. 
1636  E.  DACRES  tr.  Machiavel*  s  Disc.  Liz-y  II.   333  If 
the  first   front  be  broken,,  .they  fall    together  into  a  con 
fusion,  and  rout  themselves.      1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb. 
vn.  §  195  The  whole  Body  Routed  themselves,  and  fled. 
Hence  Rotrting  vol.  sb. 

c  1600  EDMONDS  Qbserv.  Cesar's  Comm.  So  The  disorder 
or  rowting  of  an  enemie  which  is  caused  by  the  bow-men. 
1650  FULLER  Pisgah  iv.  v.  85  So  vain  is  it,  for  men  to  out 
vie  Gods  routings,  with  their  recruitings. 

Routable  (rmrtab'l),  a.  [f.  ROUT  z/JO  + 
•ABLE.]  Capable  of  being  routed. 

1853  G.  J.  CAVLEV  Las  Alfoijas  I.  5  The  most  formidable 
of  French  impossibilities  are  always  routable  by  a  charge  of 
cavalry. 

Routa'tion.     nonce-word.     =ROUT  sbJ-  9. 

1809  Spirit  Public  Jrnls.  XIII.  178  Lady  A.. chooses 
a  distant  night  which  does  not  interfere  with  any  then 
declared  routations. 

Route  0"»t),  sb.  Forms:  3  rute,  4-6,  8- 
route  (6  roote,  7  rote,  routte) ;  6-9  rout  (6  Sc. 
rowt),  [a.  F.  roiite  (OF.  also  rute] :— L.  rupta 
(sc.  via),  fern,  of  ruptus  broken  :  cf.  ROUT  sb.1 
and  sb.^  for  other  developments  of  meaning. 

Found  in  ME.,  and  in  the  end  of  the  i6th  cent.,  but 
not  finally  adopted  until  the  beginning  of  the  iSth  ;  from 
that  time  down  to  c  1800  the  usual  spelling  was  rout.  The 
pronunciation  (rdut),  which  appears  in  early  igth  cent,  rimes, 
is  still  retained  in  military  use.] 

1.  A  way,  road,  or  course ;  a  certain  direction 
taken  in  travelling  from  one  place  to  another ;  a 
regular  line  of  travel  or  passage. 

a  izz$A'icr.  R.  350  pe  godepilegrim.  ,ne  etstont  nout  ase 
foles  do5,  auh  halt  foro  his  rule,  c  1315  SHOREHAM  i.  1358 
Wo-so  lokef?,  ne  gej>  he  nau^t  derk,  Ac  ly^t  ine  lyues  route. 
c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxii,  Hunters  also 
beyonde  |?e  see  callen  of  an  herte  or  of  a  boore  J>e  routes 
and  [?e  paas;..paas  hei  clepe  ^e  goynges  whtre  a  beeste 
gooth,  and  ^e  routes  where  as  he  is  ypassed. 

?  1568  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xlvi.  52  Steir  be  the  compas, 
and  keip  hir  rowt.  1582  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  Castankeda^s 
Cong.  E,  Ind.  i.  ii.  5  b,  The  Captaine  generall  commaunded, 
that. .  they  shuld  every  one  make,  and  keepe,  their  roote  or 
course  to  Cabo  Verde.  1594  BLUNDEVIL  Exerc.  (1507)  204 
The  Mariners ..,  to  bee  the  better  assured  of  their  routes  and 
courses  on  the  sea,  do  deuide  euery  quarter  of  the  Horizon 
into  8  seuerall  windes.  Ibid.  330. 

a.  1677  Phil*  Trans.  XII.  880  The  Routs,  Courses  and 
Distances  of  the  principal  Ports.  1710  Lond.  Gaz.  No. 


ROUTE. 


840 


ROVE. 


cliff* 


4732/1  We  were  to  take  the  Rout  through  the  Sarfana. 
1774  J.  BRYANT  Mythol.  II.  58  He  is  said  to  have  per 
severed  in  his  rout  westward.  1808  PARSONS  Trav.  Asia, 
etc.  iv.  77  We  still  remained  in  camp,  the  ground  being  too 
swampy  to  continue  our  rout.  1835  WILLIS  Penciltings  I. 
iii.  28  It  is  impossible  to  conceive  a  rout  of  more  grandeur 
than  this  famous  road  along  the  Mediterranean  from  Nice 
lo  Genoa. 

£.  1748  Aiisoifs  Voy,  Introd.,  The  chart  of  that  northern 
Ocean,  and  the  particulars  of  their  route  through  it.  1749 
CHESTEKF.  Lett,  clxiv.  (1774)  II.  469,  I  leave  the  choice  of 
the  route  to  you.  1794  PALEY  Evid.  (1800)  80  They  parted 
from  one  another,  and  set  forwards  upon  separate  routes. 
1840  THIRLWALL  GreeceVix.  VII.  359  Antigonus.  .attempted 
to  overtake  him,  by  a  different  route,  which  traversed  the 
plains  north  of  the  Sangarius.  1877  FI:OLT>E  Short  Stnd. 
(1883)  IV.  i.  x.  113  They  had  gone  by  separate  routes  to 
separate  ports. 

b.  In  transf.  or  fig.  uses. 

1630  LORD  Banians '88  As  some  report,  the  River  Ganges 
was  carried  from  her  wonted  Rote,  to  runne  in  a  new  chanell. 
1673  O.  WALKER  Educ.  6  The  narrow,  rough,  and  un 
beaten  routtes  of  Industry  and  labour.  1738  WARBURTON 
Div.  Legat.  \.  377  This  Emulation  disposed  him  to  take  a 
lifferent  Rout  to  Fame.  1781  COWPER  Conversat.  213  At 
v'ry  interview  their  route  the  same,  The  repetition  makes 
ttention  lame.  1824  UVRON  Juan  xv.  H,  It  wearies  out. 
So  the  end's  gain'd,  what  signifies  the  route?  1884  tr. 
Lotze's  Metapli,  374  Nature  seems.. to  reach  many  of  her 
ends  by  long  circuitous  routes.  1899  Allbittt's  Syst.  filed. 
VII.  547  Micro-organisms  may  sometimes  enter  by  this 
route  and  thus  invade  the  meninges. 

2.  Routine,  regular  course,  rare. 

1725  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Blcod^  Those  who  use  sick  Persons 
only  by  a  certain  Rout,  order  them  to  be  bled.  1803  Med. 
Jtnl.  X.  293  It  seems  to  me  there  was  pretty  much 
regularity  in  the  rout  of  the  disease.  i854TnoRKAU  IValdcn 
Concl.)  It  is  remarkable  how.  .insensibly  we  fall  into  a  par 
ticular  route,  and  make  a  beaten  track  for  ourselves. 

3.  Mil*  The  order  to  march. 

1784  R.  HAGE  Barham  Downs  II.  118,  I  was  under  the 
care  of  a  surgeon,  and  our  route  came  for  a  march.  1796 
Grose's  Diet.  I7nlgar  T.  (ed.  3),  Rout,  an  order  from  the 
.Secretary  at  War,  directing  the  march  and  quartering  of 
soldiers.  1826  G.  R.  GI.EIG  Subaltern  iii,  Nor  was  it  till 
the  evening  of  the  27lh  that  the  long-expected  route 
arrived.  1878  MAJOR  GRIFFITHS  Eng.  Army  iii.  67 
'Routes',  or  marching  orders,  are  issued  by  the  Quarter 
master-General's  people. 

fig.  1844  W.  H.  MAXWELL  Sports  fy  Adv.  Scot,  xxxix. 
(1855)  306  Old  Daly  found  his  route  had  come. 

b.  In  phr.  to  get,  or  give,  the  route,  to  receive, 
or  issue,  marching  orders. 

1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  xxiv,  As  transports  were  in 
plenty,  they  would  get  their  route  before  the  week  was  over. 
Ibid,  xxxii,  '  I  don't  move  till  O'Dowd  gives  me  the  route,' 
said  she.  1886  MKS.  RIDDELL  For  Dick's  Sake  ii,  We  are 
expecting  to  be  sent  on  active  service  immediately,  and..  I 
don't  care  how  soon  we  get  the  route.  1890  '  R.  BOLDRE- 
WOOD'  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  120  A  feeling  of.  .satisfaction 
possessed  him  when  he  got  the  route  for  Warbrok. 

c.  Column  of  route,  the  formation  assumed  by 
troops  when  on  the  march. 

1844  Queen's  Regnl.  fy  Ord.  Army  179  A  Column  of 
Route  is  to  proceed  wilh  as  extensive  a  front  as  the  road 
will  permit. 

4.  attrib.)  as  route-form,  -map,  -marching. 

1868  Qiteens  Regul.  <$•  Ord.  Army  §  1118  The  Troops  on 
borne  Service  are  to  be  practised  in  route  marching  once  a 
week.  1883  Science  II.  86/1  A  route-map  of  Russia  in 
Europe.  1888  PENNELL  Sent.  Jonrn.  99  The  route-form 
was  passed  from  one  to  the  other. 

||  5.  En  route  (an  rut),  on  the  way. 

1779  in  Jesse  Geo.  Sehvyn,  etc.  (1844)  IV.  112  On  which 
day  be  would  certainly  be  en  route  with  Mie  Mie.  1857 
Taifs  Mag.  XXIV.  165  Bread,  biscuits,  jams,  and  other 
things  not  procurable  en  route.  1867  LATHAM  Black  fy 
White  34  Informing  a  friend. .that  certain  goods  were  en 
route  to  him  from  England  in  a  certain  ship.  1879  SHAND 
Shooting  Rapids  I.  vii.  119  They  changed  horses  twice  en 
route. 

Hence  Routes.,  to  mark  as  available,  to  send 
or  forward,  to  direct  to  be  sent,  by  a  certain  route. 
(Chiefly  in  railway  use.)  Also  Rou'ting  vbl.  $b.t 
delineation  of  routes,  etc. 

1881  National  Baptist  XVII.  374  The  coloring  and  route- 
ing  of  the  map.. add  greatly  to  its  value.  1890  Whitby 
Gaz.  21  Nov.  3/5  Passenger  tickets  used  on  the  Scarborough 
and  Whltby  Railway. .,  whether  such  tickets  be  routed  or 
not.  1893  Pall  Mall  G.  25  Jan.  2/1  Goods  routed  this  way 
are  taken  by  rail  to  Dululh. 

f  Route,  perh.  an  error  for  ROOK  sd.l 

a  1529  SKELTON  P.  Sparowe  449  The  churlysshe  chowgh  ; 
The  route  and  the  kowgh. 

Route,  obs.  form  of  ROOT. 

Routed  (rau'ted),///.  a.  [f.  ROUT  vW  +  -ED  1.] 
Put  to  rout ;  compelled  to  flee  in  disorder. 

1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  &  Cl.  in.  i.  9  Spurre  through  Media., 
and  the  shelters,  whether  The  routed  flie.  1678  SIR  R. 
L'ESTRANGE  Seneca's  Mor.  (1696)  124  It  fares  with  us  in 
Humane  Life,  as  in  a  Routed  Army.  17*4  DE  FOE  Mem, 
Cavalier  (1840)  200  The.. remains  of  bis  routed  regiments. 
1770  LANGHORNE  Plutarch  (1851)  I.  293/1  The  poor  remains 
of  his  father's  routed  forces.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng. 
v.  I.  614  The  routed  army  came  pouring  into  the  streets  of 
Bridgewater.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  v.  §  i.  224  The 
routed  soldiery  turned  into  free  companies  of  bandits. 

t  Router,  sbl  Obs.  Forms:  4  roto(u)r,  5  Sc. 
rw-,  rutowr,  6  rutour ;  5  rowter,  6  rout(t)er. 
[a.  AF.  routour,  OF.  roufeur,  f.  route,  in  the  sense 
either  of  'band,  troop'  (Roux  sbty  or  *  road ' 
(ROUTE  sk)  :  cf.  RUTTER.] 

1.  A  lawless  person;  a  robber,  ruffian. 


[1379  R  nils  ofParlt.  III.  62/2  En  grant  confort  &  abaun-    : 
dissement  des  tielx  malfeisours  &  routours.] 

a  1400  [see  RoTER1].     £1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.v.  xiii.  4648 
Qwhar  Bellyal  barnys  ar  bul^eande  And  rutowris  raggit  bar 
rul^eande.     1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  xx.  51   To  venge  vpon 
thyse  false  rowters,  and  theuys  the  oultrage  that  they  had 
don.     Ibid,  xxxi.  67  They  toke  alle  the  maydens  of  the 
town  lyke  rowters  &  theues.     1536  BELLENDEN  Cron.  Scot,    \ 
(1821)  I.  32  Than  sal  thay  corruppit  rutouris  his  minions,    , 
be  salut  as  kingis. 

2,  A  swaggering  soldier  or  bully, 

1557  Welth  <$•  Helth  388  (1907),  Who  cummeth  there? 
Hance  bere  pot,  Ascon  router.  1576  BP.  WOOLTON  Chr. 
Man.  I  v  b,  They  set  them  out  wyth  sumpteous  and  gorge 
ous  apparell  of  dy uers  colors,  some  tyme  lyke  Routters,  some 
tyme  lyke  Rouffyns. 

Rou'ter,  sh?    [f.  ROUT  v.*\     (See  quot.) 

16x1  COTGR.  Rotifleur^  a  snorer,  a  snorter,  a  rowter. 

Router  (rairtai),  sb$  [f.  ROUT  sbl  5  or  z>.7] 
One  who  takes  part  in  a  rout ;  a  riotous  person. 

1670  Tryal  of  Rndyard,  AIoort  etc.  in  PkfUUX  (1721)  1. 
369  They  never  had  been  guilty  of  being  Rioters  and 
Routers.  1788  W.  MARSHALL  Prov.  Yorksh.^  Rooter*. .a 
person  rushing  into  company  abruptly,  or  rudely. 

Rou'ter,  s6.*  nonce-word,  [f.  ROUT  sb*  9.] 
One  who  gives  a  rout  or  reception. 

1809  Spirit  Public  Jrnls.  XIII.  179  Very  considerable 
losses  exalt  the  character  of  a  rout  prodigiously ;  and  if  a 
young  heir  is  done  over,  it  is  a  stamp  of  honour  to  the 
router. 

Router  (rau'tai),  sbf>     [f.  ROUT  z>.8  2  b.] 

1,  A  kind  of  plane  used  in  moulding. 

1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  488  The  central  plate  of 
the  plough  is  retained  as  a  guide  for  the  central  positions  of 
the  router  and  cutter.  1875  SIR  T.  SKATON  Fret-Cutting 
in  To  assist  in  smoothing  the  ground  and  getting  it  level 
in  all  parts,  carvers  frequently  make  use  of  a  '  router  ',  a 
species  of  plane. 

attrib.  1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  II.  488  The  router- 
gage,  .has  a  tooth  like  a  narrow  chisel.  Ibid.  487  A  router 
plane,  .has  a  broad  surface  carrying  in  its  center  one  of  the 
cutters  belonging  to  the  plough. 

2.  One  who  routs  out  or  draws  forth. 

a  1890  in  Cent.  Diet.)  He  is  a  fair  scholar,  well  up  in 
Herodotus,  and  a  grand  router-out  of  antiquities. 

Hence  Rou'ter  v.,  to  cut  away,  hollow  out,  with 
a  router.  1890  in  Cent.  Diet. 

Routll  (raub),  so.  Sc.  and  north.  Also  rowth. 
[Of  obscure  origin.]  Abundance,  plenty. 

1720  RAMSAY  Edinb.'s  Salut.  to  Ld.  Carnation  iv,  But 
routh  for  pleasure  and  for  use..  You's  hae  at  will.  1725  — 
Gentle  Skeph.  in.  iv,  Nor  does  he  want  o'  them  a  rowth  at 
will.  1783  BURNS  Scotch  Drink  123  Fortune  !  if  thou'H 
but  gie  me. .rowth  o'  rhyme  to  rave  at  will,  Tak  a'  the 
rest.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq.  xl,  I  trow  there  was  routh  o'  com 
pany.  1842  J.  AITON  Dottiest.  Economy  (1857)  144  An  un 
favourable  impression,  .which  requires  more  hospitality  and 
routh  to  remove  than  should  be  gone  into  at  a  manse.  1894 
CROCKETT  Raiders  (ed.  3)215  He  has  a  barren  heritage  and 
routh  of  heather. 

Prov.  1737  RAMSAY  Scot.  Prov.  (1797)  14  A  boundless 
hunter,  and  a  gunless  gunner,  see  aye  rowth  of  game. 

Routh  (raub),  a.  Sc.  Also  rowth,  ruth. 
[Cf.  prec.]  Abundant,  plentiful;  well  supplied. 

1791  LEARMONT  Poems  28  [They]  rue  the  day  wi1  wailin's 
rowth.    1822  GALT  Provost  xxxv,  She.  .had  aye  a  ruth  and 
ready  hand  for  the  needful.     1863  QUINN  Heather  Lz'nfze 
225  Tae  keep  us  rowth  I've  meal  eneuch. 

Routh,  obs.  f.  ROUGH  a,,  var.  of  ROWTH  (row 
ing),  obs.  f.  RUTHJA  Routher,  obs.  f.  RUDDER. 
Routhero(o)ck  :  see  ROUT  sb.i  Routhless, 
obs.  f.  RUTHLESS. 

Roirthy,  a.  Sc.  [f.  ROUTH  j£.]  Plentiful, 
abundant,  possessed  of  plenty. 

1792  BURNS  Country  Lassie  12  Then  wait  a  wee,  and 
cannie   wale,   A   routhie   butt,   a  routhie   ben.     a  1880   in 
Edwards  Modern  Sc.  Poets  I.  291  O' Siller  I've  never  been 
routhy. 

Hence  Rotrthiiiess. 

1872  J.  PATERSON  Antobiogr.  Remin,  iv.  87  This  was  not 
enough  to  account  for  her  evident  rowthiness. 

j]  Routier,  obs.  variant  of  RUTTIEK. 

1677  Phil.  Trans.  XII.  880 The  Author  hath,  for  the  Sake 
of  Merchants,  annexed  the  Routier  of  the  East  and  West- 
Indies. 

Routina*rity.  nonce-word.  [Cf.  next  and  -ITY.] 
Tendency  to  routine. 

1868  Vise  STRANGFORD  Select.  (1869)  I.  215  By  their 
apathy,  or  their  stupidity,  or  selfishness,  or  routinarity,..if 
I  may  use  the  terms. 

Routrnary,  a.    rare.    [f.  ROUTINE  + -ABY.] 

According  to  routine  or  custom. 

1870  EMERSON  Soc.  <$•  Solit.  vii,  He  retreats  into  bis  rout- 
inary  existence,  which  is  quite  separate  from  his  scientific. 

Routine  (r«tf*n).  Also  7  rotine,  routin.  [a. 
F.  routine  (f  rotine}^  f.  route  ROUTE  sb.~\ 

1.  A  regular  course  of  procedure ;  a  more  or  less 
mechanical  or  unvarying  performance  of  certain 
acts  or  duties. 

a  1680  BUTLER  Rem.  (1759)  1 1. 29  The  general  Business  of 
the  World  lies,  for  the  most  Part,  in  Rotines  and  Forms. 
1751  CHESTERF.  Lett.cdx.  (1792)  III,  195  Haunt  the  Courts 
particularly  in  order  to  get  that  routine.  1777  J.  ADAMS 
Fam.  Lett.  (1876)  247,  I  have  got  into  the  old  routine  of 
war  office  and  Congress.  1808  SCOTT  in  Lockhart  (1837)  I. 
i.  31  Our  class  was,  in  the  usual  routine  of  the  school, 
turned  over  to. .the  Rector.  1846  GREENER  Set.  Gunnery 
126  More  intimately  acquainted  with  the  routine  of  iron 
manufacturing  than  any  other  person.  1871  R.  H.  HUTTON 
Ess.  II.  393  His  external  career  was.  .identified  with  all  the 
dullest  routine  of  commercial  duties. 


b.  A  set  form  (of  speech) ;  a  regular  set  or 
series  (of  phrases,  etc.).  rare. 

1676  SHADWELL  Virtuoso  i.  i,  To  have  a  form,  a  fashion  of 
wit,  a  rotine  of  speaking,  which  they  get  by  imitation. 
1681  R.  L'ESTRANGE  Casuist  Uncasd  Pref.  p.  vi,  They 
have  a  certain  Routin  of  Words,  and  Sayings,  that  have  the 
tone  of  Magique  in  the  very  Sound  of  them.  1822  HAZLITT 
Table-t.  Ser.  H.  v.  (1869)  123  A  routine  of  high  flown  phrases. 

2.  Without  article :  Regular,  unvarying,  or  me 
chanical  procedure,  discharge  of  duties,  etc. 

1789  MRS.  Piozzt  Journ.  France  II.  25  The  laws  of  in 
sipid  and  dull  routine.  1830  D'!SRAELI  Chas.  I,  III.  iv.  39 
He  was  an  honest  man,  but  the  harness  of  routine  had 
rusted  on  his  back.  1848  MILL  Pol.  Econ.  I.  vii.  $  5  (1876) 
67  Any  process  which  cannot  be  reduced  almost  to  an  affair 
of  memory  and  routine.  1877  FROUDE  Short  Stnd.  (1883) 
IV.  i.  viii.  87  The  succession  to  the  English  crown  had  not 
yet  settled  into  fixed  routine. 

3.  attrib.  Of  a  mechanical  or  unvaried  character; 
performed  by  rule. 

1817  J.  SCOTT  Paris  Revisit,  (ed.  4)  8  To  quit  for  a  time 
their  natural  track,  and  respite  their  routine  tasks.  1845 
LD.  CAMPBELL  Chancellors  xxxvii.  (1857)  II.  137  Somerset 
resolved,  .to  place  the  Great  Seal  in  the  hands  of  some  one 
who  might  do  its  routine  duties.  1890  *  R.  EOLDREWOOD  ' 
Col.  Reformer  (1891)  177  The  routine  life.. would  be  un- 
endurably  dull. 

Routineer  (rwuniou)  [f.  prec.  +  -EEB,  perh. 
after  K.  routinur,]  One  who  acts  by,  or  adheres 
to,  routine. 

1875  JovtKTT Plate  (ed.  2)  I.  422  He  has  been  a  true  mystic 
and  not  a  mere  routineer  or  wand-bearer.  1878  R.  WILLIS 
Life  of  Harvey  166  The  routineer,  with  an  appropriate 
salve  for  every  sore. 

So  Bouti-ner.    rare—1. 

1875  W.  CORY  Lett.  <$•  Jrnls.  400  Those  good  things  of 
the  mind  which  the  old  routiners  reserved  for  Masters  of  Arts. 

Routing,  vbl.  sbs.  and///,  adjs.,  see  ROUT  sl>.\ 
ROUT  z/.1,  etc.,  and  ROUTE  v. 

Routmisb.  (n/trnij),  a.  [f.  ROUTINE +  -ISH.] 
Of  the  nature  of  routine.  So  Ronti'nism,  pre 
valence  or  domination  of  routine  ;  Routi'nist,  one 
who  acts  by  routine. 

1830  Blackiv,  Mag.  XXVII.  425  There  was  nothing  rout- 
inish  in  his  Pilgrimage.  He  did  not  stroll  about  with 
cicerones  and  guide-books.  1852  C.  MORFIT  Tanning  <$• 
Currying  (1853)  163  The  old  routinists.  .give  the  hides  a 
soaking  of  ten,  twelve  and  even  fifteen  months.  1860  SMILES 
Self-Help  viii.  218  The  late  Duke  of  Wellington  was  a  great 
routinist.  1883  Jrnl.  Educ.  XVII.  151  Where  'stony 
routinism'  prevails.  1889  Lancet  5  Oct.  703/1  He  depre 
cated  routinism,  automatism,  mechanical  prescription  in 
medicine. 

fRou-tious,  a.  Obs.-1  [f.  ROUT  j<M]  Dis 
orderly,  riotous. 

1602  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xin.  Ixxyii.  320  Their  most  in- 
cestious,  lecherous,  and  routious  Drinke-mad  Feasts. 

t  Rou'tisll,  a.  Obs-1  [f.  ROUT  ^.15  b.]  Re 
sembling  a  rout. 

(i  1734  NORTH  Examen  \.  ii.  §  115  The  Common  Hall.. 
became  a  routish  Assembly  of  sorry  citisens. 

Routous  (rdu'tss),  a.  Law.  Now  arch.  [f. 
ROUT  j^.1  5  b.]  Of  the  nature  of,  concerned  in, 
constituting,  a  rout. 

1632  Star  Chamber  Cases  (Camden)  139  Thomas  Brough- 
ton,  joyning.,with  divers  others..,  came  in  a  riotous  and 
routous  manner  armed  to  the  said  chappell.  1673  Life  ff 
Death  ofJ.Alleine\\.  (1838)64  As  for  riotous,  routous  and 
seditious  assemblies  he  did  abhor  them.  1846  DE  QUINCEY 
Wellesley  Wks.  1858  VIII.  29  To  be  routous  is  nothing  like 
so  criminal  in  law  as  to  be  riotous.  I  never  go  beyond  the 
routous  point. 

Rontously(rdn't3sli),t3:^.  Law.  Now  arch.  [f. 
prec.  +  -LY  ^.]  In  a  routous  or  disorderly  manner. 

1663  in  Life  <y  Death  J.  Alleine  \\.  (1838)  64  That  he., 
did  riotously,  routously  and  seditiously  assemble.  1680 
New  Jersey  Archives  (1880)  I.  304  Capt.  Phillip  Carteret.. 
hath  persisted  and  riotously  and  routously  with  Force  and 
Arms,  endeavoured  to  assert  and  maintain  the  same.  1776 
GOUVR.  MORRIS  in  Sparks  Life  <$•  Writ.  (1832)  I.  99  Many  hard 
names,  .of  which  I  believe  the  very  gentlest  and  smoothest 
kind  are  riotously  and  routously.  1800  ADDISON  Re£,  274 
These  men  were  indicted  for  having  unlawfully,  riotously 
and  routously  assembled  together.  1880  Tiniest  Oct.  11/3 
(  Unlawfully,  riotously,  and  routously  '  assembling  together. 

Routy,  form  of  ROWTY  a.   dial. 

Rouwe,  obs.  form  of  ROUGH  a.  and  v*,  Row  v. 

Rouwte,  obs.  form  of  ROUT  sb* 

II  Roux  (r").  [F.  roux  red,  browned.]  A 
mixture  of  melted  butter  and  flour  used  for 
thickening  soups  and  gravies. 

1882  MRS.  H.  REEVE  Cookery  <$•  Housek.  xxiii.  271  Sauces 
require  to  be  bound  together,  and  for  this  purpose  either 
roux,  arrowroot,  potato  flour,  or  eggs  are  used. 

Rouz(e,  obs.  forms  of  ROUSE  v.1 

f  Rouze,  v.  ?  nonce-word.    (^See  quot.) 

1681  OTWAY  Soldier's  Fort.  i.  i,  To  see  a  pretty  Wench 
and  a  young  Fellow  touze  and  rouze  and  frouze  and  mouze. 

f  Rouzie-bouzie,  a.  Obs.  ?  Uproariously  drunk. 

1693  SOUTHERNS  Maitfs  last  Prayer  ui.  i, J  may  return 
most  rouzie-bouzie,  and  if  I  find  you  have  injur'd  me,  1'H 
swinge  you  all,  by  Hercules. 

t  Rouzle,  v.    ?  nonce-word.   To  rumple. 

^1722  MRS.  CENTLIVRE  Platonick  Lady  iv,  Well,  I  pro 
test  you  are  a  waggish  Man ;  Lord  how  you  have  rouzl'd 
and  touzl'd  one  ! 

Rovcaste,  obs.  variant  of  ROW-CAST  v. 
Rove    (r»v),   st>.1     Now   dial.     Also    6   rofe, 
7  roufe.    [a.  ON.  hrttfa  (Norw.  ntvat  Sw.  ntfva, 


ROVE. 

Da.  roe}  or  MDu.  rove  (Du.  r6of\  MLG.  rove, 
roffe  (LG.  rove,  rave^  etc.))  MHG.  (and  G.)  rufe, 
related  to  OHG.  riob,  ON.  hrjufr,  OE.  hrtof 
scabby,  leprous.] 

1.  t  a.  A  scabby,  scaly,  or  scurfy  condition  of 
the  skin.  Obs. 

a  1400  Stockholm  Med.  MS.  in  Anglia  XVIII.  117  For 
hym  hat  hath  skabbe  or  roue.  1423  26  Pol.  Poems  1 1 1  From 
worldis  worschipe  y  am  shoue,  And  brou^t  abas  from  al 
astat ;  My  skyn  is  clobed  al  on  roue. 

b.  A  scab ;  the  scaly  crust  of  a  healed  or  heal 
ing  wound. 

1590  BARROUGH  Meth.  Physick  n.  iv.  (1639)  76  The  un- 
skilfuil.  .pull  away  the  scab  or  rove,  which  they  ought  not 
to  do  before  they  see  the  rove  lifted  up.  1601  HOLLAND 
Pliny  II.  448  The  gall  likewise  of  the  Sea-scorpion,  taketh 
off  the  roufe  of  sores.  1823  E.  MOOR  Suffolk  Wds.  320. 
1897  N.  ff  Q.  yth  Ser.  XI.  67. 

f  2.  A  rind,  hard  skin,  or  crnst.    Obs.  rare. 

1530  PALSGR.  263/2  Rofe  of  baleen  or  befe.  1601  HOLLAND 
Pliny  I.  377  The  very  pure  and  perfect  Baulme..,  when  it 
hath  gum  mingled  among, -.will  gather  soon  a  brittle  roufe 
or  crust  vpon  it,  which  quickly  cracks  and  breaks. 

Rove  (rtfiv),  j<5.2  Forms :  a.  5  rewe,  rowe. 
p.  5  rofe,  roff(e,  6  rugh,  7  roue,  rooue,  5- rove. 
See  also  ROOVE  sb.  [a.  ON.  ro  (Norw.  ro,  F?er. 
r6gv],  in  the  same  sense.  On  the  excrescent  v  of 
the  usual  forms  cf.  the  etym.  note  to  Ro  sb^\ 

1.  A  small  metal  plate  or  ring  on  which  the 
point  of  a  nail  or  rivet  is  clinched  or  beaten  down 
in  the  building  of  boats  or  small  ships ;  a  burr. 

a.  c  1440  York  Myst.  viii.  109  Take  here  a  revette,  and 
|?ere  a  rewe  [rime  newe].  la  1500  Newcastle  Play  26  All 
things  I  him  fulfill,  Pitch,  tar,  seam,  and  rowe  [rime  t  her  to]. 

ft.  1406  Durk.  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  606  Item  in  exp. 
Ricardi  Couhird..pro  seme  et  Rufe.  1474-5  fbid.  645  Cum 
seme,  rove,  clavis  ferr.  et  lign.  pice,  et  bitumine  emp. 
pro  eadem.  1486-95  [see  2].  a  1625  Nomenclator  Navalis 
(Hart  MS.  2301),  The  Rove  is  that  little  iron  plate  into 
which  the  clinch  nails  are  clinched.  1750  BLANCKLEY  Nov. 
Expos.  137  Roves,  are  small  square  Pieces  of  Iron,  with  a 
Hole  punched  in  the  Middle  of  them,  through  which  the 
Nail  goes,  where  it  is  clenched,  and  fastens  the  Boards 
of  Pinnaces,  Yawles,  or  Wherries  to  one  another.  1794 
Rigging  ff  Seamanship  8  Rove,  a  small  square  piece  of 
iron,  with  a  hole  in  the  middle,  whereon  is  clenched  the 
point  of  a  nail,  to  prevent  its  drawing.  1860  TOMLINSON 
Arts  fy  Mannf.  Ser.  n.  Steel ^  They  are  clenched  either 
by  hammering  down  the  extremity,  or  by  placing  over  it  a 
little  diamond-shaped  plate  of  metal  called  a  rove,  and 
rivetting  the  end  of  the  clench  nail  down  upon  it.  1889 
[see  CLINCH  sh}  i].  1894  HESLOP  Nor  thumb*  Gloss., 
Seam-nail,  a  nail  without  a  point,.. on  to  which  a  rove  is 
rivetted. 

f2.  Rove  and  clinch  (nails),  nails  provided 
with  roves  for  clinching.  Obs. 

1486  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  VII  (1896)  15,  Ixj  lb  di.  of  long 
Rofe  &  clenche.  1495  Ibid.  152  Roff  &  clynche  nayles 
xliiij  lb...In  clynche  worke  Roff&  nayle  xij1  .  1598  STOW 
Snrv.  (1603)  139  Nayled  with  rugh  and  clench.  1626  CAPT. 
SMITH  Accid.  Yng.  Seamen  3  The  Carpenter  and  his  Mate 
is  to  haue  the  Nayles,  Clinches,  roue  and  clinch-nailes. 

ellif>t,  1644  MANWARING  Seaman's  Diet.  86  The  Planckes 
of  Clincher-boates,  are  thus  fastned  together,  which  kind  of 
work  is  called  Rove  and  Clinch. 

t  Rove,  sb.%  Obs.  Also  7-8  roove.  [ad.  F. 
arrove*  obs.  var.  arrobe*  ad.  Sp.  and  Pg,  arrobat~\ 
=  ARROBA. 

a.  1588  PARKE  tr.  Mendozas  Hist.  China  350  You  shall 
haue  foure  roues  of  wine.. for  foure  rials  of  plate,,  .foure 
roues  of  suger  for  five  rials.  1596  M ELLIS  Recorders  Gr. 
Artes  543  Forraine  wools,  to  wit,  French,  Spanish,  and 
Estrich,  is  also  sold  by  the  pound  or  C.  weight,  but  most 
commonly  by  the  Roue,  25  pounds  to  a  Rove.  1632 
LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  482  Two  Roves  of  Figges  and  Rasins. 
1699  J.  DICKENSON  yml,  Trav.  69  We  had  five  Roves  of 
Ammunition-Bread..;  twenty  Roves  of  strung  Beef ;  sixty 
Roves  of  Indian-Corn.  1720  Land.  Gaz.  No.  5911/1  A  Rove 
.  .is  32  Pounds. 

j3.  1656  PHILLIPS  Purch.  Patt.  (1676)  213  There  are  some 
other  denominations  of  these  weights  in  several  places,  as 
..Rooves.  17x2  \V,  ROGERS  I'oy.  (1718)  39  Our  boat 
returned  and  brought  a  present,  being  a  Roove  of  fine 
sugar.  1714  Lo'id.  Gaz.  No.  5190/2  Fifty  Rooves  of  Gold. 

Rove  (r0uv),  j£.-t     [f.  ROVE  z/.1] 

1.  A  ramble  or  wandering. 

1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  IK.  673  In  thy  nocturnal  rove,  one 
moment  halt.  1840  BROWNING  Sordello  \\.  269  Sordello's 
paradise,  his  roves  Among  the  hills  and  valleys,  plains  and 
groves.  1870  Pall  Mall  G.  24  Aug.  10,  I  have  not  set  off 
on  my  day's  rove  without  taking  precautions. 
fig.  1786  BURNS  Ep.  to  Young  Friend  vi,  Never  tempt  th1 
illicit  rove,  Tho'  naething  should  divulge  it. 

b.  In  phr.  on  or  iipon  the  rove\  dial,  a  rove. 

1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss.  s,v.,  Cattle  are  . .  said  to  be  all  a 
rove  when  they  are  running  about  in  hot  weather.  1830 
GALT  Lawrie  T.  vm.  xii,  He  went  upon  the  rove.  1876 
BESANT  &  RICE  Gold.  Butterfly  xx,  Isaac  went  around  on 
the  rove. 

2.  Sc.  A  mental  wandering  or  raving.   rare*~l, 
'789  J-  BROWN  Rem.  (1807)  274  In  his  roves  he  was  often 

about  that  place. 

3.  dial.  A  method  of  light  ploughing. 

1702  Farm  Lease  (Essex),  The  Landlord  is  to  allow  the 
tennant  4/-  an  acre  for  every  acre  plowed  to  clean,  and  2/- 
an  acre  for  every  Rove  for  what  land  is  fallowed,  the 
tennant  not  exceeding  three  earths  and  i  Rove.  1740  in 
Cullum  Hist.  Hawsted  (1784)  217  Three  clean  earths  and  a 
rove.  1784  Ibid.t  A  rove  is  half  a  ploughing  :  two  furrows 
are  made  instead  of  four.  1808  Young's  Ann.  A gric.  XLV. 
342  Instead  of  an  entire  clean  earth  of  four  furrows,  the 
plough  goes  over  it,  making  only  two,  this  slight  kind  of 


841 

ploughing    is    sometimes ..  called    a    rove.     1823-    in    E. 
Anglian  and  Essex  glossaries. 

Rove  (r0uv),  sb.f*  Also  9  roove.  [Related  to 
ROVE  zj.3] 

1.  A  sliver  of  any  fibrous  material  (esp.  cotton 
or  wool)  drawn  out  and  very  slightly  twisted. 

1789  E.  DARWIN  Bot.  Card.  (1791)  If.  58  With  quicken'd 
pace  successive  rollers  move,  And  these  retain,  and  those 
extend  the  rove.  1801  Encycl.  Brit.  Suppl.  II.  518/1  Such 
is  the  state  of  the  slab  or  roove  of  the  first  formation.  1839 
URE  Diet.  Arts  357,  30  coils  of  the  sliver  or  roove  are  laid 
in  one  length  of  the  bobbin  barrel.  1884  W.  S.  B.  MCL,ARF,N 
Spinning  (ed.  2)  54  The  carriage ..  drawing  out  the  rove 
which  has  been  thus  delivered. 

2.  collect.  Textile  material  in  this  form. 

1901  Scotsman  9  Oct.  11/3  Rove  is  quiet  at  ^9.  IDS.  for 

200  lb. 

Rove  (nTuy),  f.1  Forms:  5-7  roue,  6  roaue, 
6-8  roave,  5- rove.  [Of  doubtful  origin  :  possibly 
a  Midland  form  of  RAVE  v2  to  stray  (cf.  note  to 
ROVER  !).  In  senses  5  and  6  perhaps  partly  in 
fluenced  by  ROVE  z;.2] 

I.  f  1.  intr.  To  shoot  with  arrows  at  a  mark 
selected    at  pleasure   or  at  random,  and   not   of 
any  fixed  distance.     Also  without  const.  Qhs. 

The  object  of  roving  was  evidently  to  give  practice  In 
finding  the  range  of  the  mark,  while  shooting  at  the  butts 
and  pricks  taught  accuracy  of  aim. 

1474  Coventry  Leet  lik.  389  pat  no  maner  persone  of  bis 
Citie  frohensfurth  rove,  but  shote  at  stondyng  prikkes  & 
buttes.  1586  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  n.  ix,  39,  I  see  him  roue 
at  others  marke,  and  I  vnmarkt  to  be.  1622  DRAYTON  Poly- 
olb.  xxvi.  122  At  Markes  full  fortie  score,  they  used  to  Prick 
and  Rove.  1633  BP.  HALL  Hard  Texts, N.  T.  123  A  certain 
man  drew  a  bow  without  any  aim  or  intention  of  any 
speciall  marke  but  only  roving  in  common  at  the  army, 
t  b.  fig.  or  in  fig.  context.  Obs. 

1565  JEWEL  Reply  Harding  (\bi\)  412  Which  purpose  if 
he  neuer  vouchsafe  once  to  touch,  but  range  abroad,  as  his 
manner  is,  &  roaue  idlely  at  matters  impertinent,  then  must 
wee  needes  say  he  bewraieth  his  want.  1579  SPF.NSER  Sheph. 
Cal.  Aug.  79  She  rovde  at  me  with  glauncing  eye.  1602 
FULBECKE  -2nd  Pt.  Parallel  55,  I  would  first  that  Anglo- 
nomoph.  should  shew.,  in  what  sort  partition  is  made  : 
otherwise  I  should  but  roue  at  an  vncertaine  marke.  1615 
T.  ADAMS  White  Devil?,  His  hypocrisie  that  roaved  at  the 
poore,  but  levelled  at  his  profit. 

f  c.  esp.  To  form  a  conjecture,  to  guess  (at  a 
thing).  Obs. 

1558  in  Feuillerat  Revels  Q.  Ells.  (1908)  17  The  chardge 
may  be  roved  at.  1600  HAKLUYT  Voy.  (1810)  III.  46  Vet 
did  he  but  rove  at  the  Matter,  or  (at  the  least)  gathered  the 
knowledge  of  it  by  Conjectures  only.  1627  Br.  HALL  Epist. 
in.  v.  324  Then  I  could  tell  how  to  take  a  direct  aime, 
whereas  now  I  must  roue  and  coniecture.  1674  N.  FAIRFAX 
Bulk  fy  Selv.  168  That  Centaur  and  Meremaid,  that  never 
were  but  in  the  wildest  thoughts  of  him  that  sometimes 
roved  at  them. 

fd.  With  complement  expressing  distance.  Oh. 

1590  SIR  J.  SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  46  b,  Two  or  three 
scores  off;  and  rouing  sixe,  seauen,  or  eight  scores,  c  1590 
GREENE  Fr.  Bacon  (1630)  7  But  Bacon  roues  a  bow  beyond 
his  reach,  And  tels  of  more  then  Magicke  can  performe. 

1 2.  To   shoot  away  from  a  mark ;  hence,  to 
wandery>w«  the  point ;  to  diverge,  or  digress.  Obs. 

c  1555  HARPSFIELD  Divorce  Hen.  VIII  (Camden)  52  Thus 
you  see  how  far  and  wide  the  adversaries  rove  from  the 
mark  and  matter  they  should  shoot  at.  1581  W.  CHARKE 
in  Conf.  iv.  (1584)  D  d  iiij,  Roue  not  in  generall  discourses, 
that  come  not  neere  the  marke.  1633  Bi>.  HALL  Hard  Texts, 
N.  T.  304  From  which  graces  some  having  roved,  and 
taken  a  wrong  aime. . ,  have  turned  aside  in  to  vain  jangling. 
1648  MILTON  Sonn.  xii.  13  But  from  that  mark  how  far  they 
roave  we  see. 

1 3.  trans,   a.  To  aim  at  (a  mark).  Obs.—1 

1546  J.  HEYWOOD/V<TZ>.  (1867)  30  Yet  haue  ye  other  markis 
to  roue  at  hand. 

fb.  To  shoot  (an  arrow,  etc.)  without  fixed 
aim.  Hence _/#•.,  to  utter  at  random.  Obs. 

1581  J.  BELL  H addon* &  Answ.  Osorins  161  If  Osorius 
require  this  at  our  handes,  that  whatsoever  his  lavlshe 
lounge  shall  rashly  roave  at  large,  be  coyned  for  an  un- 
reproveable  oracle,  1396  HARINGTON  Apol.  Aja.v  (1814)  39 
After  they  had  roved  three  or  four  idle  words  to  praise  a 
man,  straight  they  marr  all  at  the  buts.  1607  —  in  J\~ugae 
Ant.  (1804)  II.  47  Manie  bowlts  were  roved  after  him,  and 
some  spitefulHe  feather 'd. 

f  C.  To  pierce  with  arrows,  etc.   Obs. 

Perhaps  by  confusion  with  rove,  pa.  t.  of  RIVE  v.1  3. 

a  1575  tr.  Pol.  Verg.  Eng.  Hist.  (.Camden)  I.  44  He  roved 
the  olde  man  throughe  with  his  swerde.  Ibid.  143  They 
roved  him  throughe  with  arrowse. 

4.  intr.  Angling.  To  troll  with  live  bait. 

1661  WALTON  Angler  (ed.  3)  xii.  184  If  you  rove  for  a 
Pearch  with  a  Minnow,  then  it  is  best  to  be  alive.  1787  T. 
BEST  Angling  (ed.  2)  49  If  you  rove  for  him,  with  a  minnow 
or  frog  (which  is  a  very  pleasant  way)  then  your  line  should 
be  strong.  1867  F.  FRANCIS  Angling  \\.  (1880)  71  Roving 
for  barbel  is  not  often  resorted  to. 

II.  5.  intr.  To  wander  about  with  no  fixed 
destination ;  to  move  hither  and  thither  at  random 
or  in  a  leisurely  fashion ;  to  stray,  roam,  ramble. 

1536  Act  27  Hen.  VIII,,  c.  28  §  i  A  greate  multytude  of 
the  Relygyous  persons  in  suche  smale  Houses  doo  rather 
chose  to  rove  abrode  in  apostasy  than  to  conforme  them  to 
the  observacion  of  good  Relygyon.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron. 
II.  156  The  Souldiours  that  lay  in  Southwarke..roued  ouer 
vnto  Westminster,  and  spoyled  there  the  kmges  Palace. 
1627  HAKEWILL  Agol.  (1630)  282  On  Sea  we  rou'd  three 
dayes  as  darke  as  night.  1650  FULLER  Pisgah  i.  v.  12  Such 
the  store  of  ravenous  beasts  freely  roavingup  and  down  the 
countrey.  1711  STEELE  Sped.  No.  254  p  3  One  would  think 
you . .  roved  among  the  Walks  of  Paradise.  1798  WORDSW. 


ROVE-BEETLE. 

I  Peter  Dell  1.241  He  roved  among  the  vales  and  streams,  In 
the  green  wood  and  hollow  dell,  c  1835  WILLIS  Florence 
Gray  48,  I  have  roved  From  wild  America  to  Bosphor's 
waters.  1879  FROUUE  Caesar  ix.  98  They  roved  over  the 
waters  at  their  pleasure,  attacking  islands  or  commercial 
ports. 

trans/,  a,  1691  BOYLE  Hist. of  Air  (1692)  249  The  numerous 
sorts  of  saline  corpuscles  that  rove  up  and  down  in  the  air. 
1850  W.  COLLINS  Antonina  iv,  The  rich  light  roved  over 
the  waters. 

b.  fig.  or  in  fig.  context. 

1579  GOSSON  Sch.  Abuse  (Arb.)  16  When  Quid  had  roaued 
long  on  the  Seas  of  wantonnesse,  hee  became  a  good  Pilot 
to  all  that  followed.  1598  BARRET  Theor.  Warres  in.  i.  32, 
I  haue  in  general!  roued  ouer  some  part  thereof  alreadie. 
1658-9  in  Burtons  Diary  (1828)  IV.  37,  I  had  rather  that 
this  House  were  laid  aside  by  a  question,  than  rove  up  and 
down  thus,  and  do  nought.  1667  DUCHESS  OF  NEWCASTLE 
Life  Dk.  JVf  (1886)  iv.  253  For  though  my  judgment  roves 
at  random,  yet  it  can  never  miss  of  errors,  1738  WESLEY 
HymnS)  '  Infinite  /'(nver,  Eternal  Lord '  ix,  Then  shall  my 
Feet  no  more  depart,  Nor  my  Affections  rove.  1784  Cow  I>KR 
Task  iv.  232  Roving  as  I  rove,  Where  shall  I  find  an  end, 
or  how  proceed?  1812  CRABBE  Tales  ii.  399  Then  roved  his 
spirit  to  the  inland  wood. 

c.  Of  the  eyes  :  To  look  in  various  directions ; 
to  wander.     Also  transf. 

a  1656  BP.  HALL  Rem.  IV ks.  (1660)  951  Durst  we  give  our 
eyes  leave  to  rove  abroad  in  wanton  glances?  1737  Genii. 
Mag.  VII.  697/1  Her  eyes  rove  fast  his  wish'd  approach  to 
hail.  1838  JAMES  Robber  \,  The  stranger's  eye  roved  on  to 
the  landscape.  1902  'LINESMAN'  Words  Eyewitness  126 
A  Boer  searchlight.,  which  roved  like  an  angry  eye  from 
end  to  end  of  our  line  of  march. 

d.  To  extend,  stretch  out.   rare~~*. 

1639  FULLER  Holy  IV ar  v.  xviii.  (1840)  273  North  East 
ward,  it  [the  kingdom]  roued  ouer  the  principalities  of 
Antioch  and  Edessa. 

6.  trans.  To  wander  over,  traverse. 

1634  MILTON  Counts  60  Comus..  Roaving  the  Celtick  and 
Iberian  fields,  At  last  betakes  him  to  this  ominous  Wood. 
1667  —  /'.  L.  ix.  575  On  a  day  roaving  the  field,  I  chanc'd 
A  goodly  Tree  farr  distant  to  behold.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  x. 
335  O  blind  to  fate  !  what  led  thy  steps  to  rove  The  horrid 
mazes  of  this  magic  grove?  1783  W.  THOMSON  Watson's 
Philip  ///,  vr.  (1793)  II.  248  He  had  also  ships  of  war  under 
his  command  which  roved  the  sea.  1807  WORDSW.  Misc. 
Sonn.  ii.  xviii,  A  labyrinth,  Lady  !  which  your  feet  shall 
rove.  1859  TENNYSON  Elaine  35  Roving  the  trackless 
realms  of  Lyonnesse. 

f7.  refl.  To  betake  oneself  to  wandering.  Ot>s.~l 

1653  CHISENHALE  Cath.  Hist.  376  They  quit  the  harbor 
adjoyning  to  that  Rock,  and  rove  themselves  upon  the 
billows  of  strange  contests. 

8.  dial.  To  wander  in  mind  or  in  speech,  to 
rave  ;  to  be  light-headed  or  delirious.  Chiefly  St\ 

1720  PENNECUIK  Helicon  15,  I  roave,  all  sense  is  gone,  I'll 
flyaway.  1766  SHIRRA  Deathbed  Dial,  in  Rem.  (1850)  26 
He  roved  much  through  this  day.  1824  MACTAGGART 
Gallovid.  Encycl.  414  When  one  talks  while  sleeping,  we  are 
said  to  be  roving  in  our  sleep.  1897  J.  HAMMOND  Cornish 
Parish  339  If  we  are  distracted  with  pain,  we  are  'roving  \ 

t  Hove,  zr.2  Obs.  Also  6-7  roue.  [ad.  MDu. 
or  MLG.  roven  to  rob  (see  REAVE  z'.1),  but  perh. 
not  clearly  distinguished  from  prec.]  intr.  To 
practise  piracy  ;  to  sail  as  pirates. 

ai548(HALL  Chron.,  Edw.  IV  222  The  bastard,  .made 
sayle  with  all  haste  &  Roued  on  the  sea.  1553  BRENDE 
Q.  Cnrtius  B  iiij,  He  became  a  Pirate,  and  roved  on  the 
sea,  where  he  toke  .170.  shippes.  1613  PuRCHAS  Pilgrimage 
vi.viii.  (1614)  6oiTripolis,  ..a  receptacle  of  the  Pyrats,  which 
roue  and  rob  in  those  seas,  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  ff  P. 
42  With  fourteen  Sails  of  Ships  they  roved  on  the  Coasts  of 
Malabar. 

Rove  (r£av),  z>.3  [Of  obscure  origin  :  cf.  ROVE 
j#.5]  trans.  To  form  (slivers  of  wool  or  cotton) 
into  roves  or  rovings. 

1789  Trans.  Sec.  Arts  I.  34  The  Cotton  is  carded,  roved 
and  spun  into  threads.  1796  MORSE  Amer,  Geogr.  1.  543 
Machinery  to  sliver,  rove,  and  spin  flax  and  hemp.  1833 
URE  P  kilos.  Manuf,  215  Although  both  [flax  and  wool] 
must  be  roved  and  spun  upon  similar  principles,  each  re 
quires  peculiar  modifications  in  its  machinery.  1879  Cassell's 
Techn.  Educ.  I.  214/1  The  cotton  is.  .cleaned. ..After  that 
it  is  roved,  a  process  by  which  each  ribbon  is  greatly 
attenuated. 

t  Rove,  z>.4     Obs.—1     (Meaning  not  clear.) 

c  1330  Arth.  <$•  Merl.  1933  (KSlbing),  A  begger  J>er  com  in. 
. .  Wi£>  his  scholder  he  gan  roue  &  bad  gode,  for  godes  loue, 

Rove,  f.5  dial.  Also  9  roove.  [Of  obscure 
origin.]  (See  quots.) 

1711  Brit.  Apollo  No.  143.  2/1  It  is  Bacon  before  it  is  roved 
or  dry'd.  1847  HALLIW.,  Roo-ve,  to  dry  meat  in  a  chimney, 
or  over  a  kiln.  Glove.  1890  Clone.  Gloss.,  Rove,  to  smoke- 
dry  meat. 

Rove  (r0uv),  v.G  [Of  obscure  origin.]  trans. 
To  reduce  (a  grindstone)  in  diameter  by  means  of 
a  special  tool.  1830-  [see  ROVING  rot.  so.*}. 

Rove  (n?uv),///.  a.  rare—1,  [irreg.  pa.  pple. 
of  RIVE  Z/.1]  Rove-ash^  made  of  riven  ash-wood. 

1802  Naval  Chron.  IX.  293  A  rove-ash  oar  that  will  dress 
clean  and  light,  is  too  pliant. 

Rove,  pa.  t.  and  pa.  pple.  of  REEVE  ^.l ;  pa.  t. 
of  RIVE  v±  and  z>.2;  Sc.  var.  of  Ro,  rest;  obs. 
f.  ROOF  sb. 

Ro-ve-beetle.  [?f.  ROVE  z>.*]  A  beetle  of 
the  family  Staphylinidaz. 

1781  BAR  BUT  Insects  95  They  are  by  some  called  Rove- 
Beetles.  1784  PENNANT^TI:/'.  Zool.  Suppl.  155,  i8i7KiRBY 
&  SP.  Entonwl.  xxiii.  (1818)  II.  322  The  anterior  tarsi  of 
many  of  the  larger  rove-beetles.  1868  Rep.  U.  S.  Cotrtm. 
Agric,  (1869)  307  Many  of  the  rove  beetle*:,  Staphylinidx^ 

106 


ROVEISON. 

are  found  m  decaying  animal  and  vegetable  substances, 
1883  Good  Words  Dec.  762/2  Many  of  the  Rove  or  Cock- 
tail  Beetles  found  it  out  nearly  as  soon. 

T  HiOVeison.  Obs.  rare.  In  4  roueiso(u)n, 
rouyson.  [a.  OF.  roveison,  etc.  :— L.  rogation-em  : 
see  ROGATION.]  //.  Rogations. 

c  1300  S.  F-ng.  Leg.,  Litany  (MS.  Harl.),  pe  feste  of  be 
Roueisons  J>e  lasse  Letanie  is.  Ibid.  (MS.  Ashm.),  Wen 
me  aboute  feldes  go^  wi|?  baners  as  }e  ise^  pre  clawes  & 
uasteb  ek,  bat  me  clnpe]?  J?e  rouysons.  Ibid.,  St.  Edmund^ 
in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  So  In  o  tyme  of  fc»e  roueisouns  J^is  holi 
man  also  Prechede  a  dai  at  Oxenford. 

Kovelling.    rare.   =  ROVE  $bJ* 

1803  LUCCOCK  Naturff  of  IVool  146  The  object  here  is  to 
break  the  wool  completely;.. and  to  form  it  into  a  thin  roll, 
or  *  rovelling',  of  the  slightest  texture  imaginable.  Ibid. 
147  The  particles,  .produce  no  rovelling,  and  cannot  be  spun 
in  the  same  manner  as  a  woollen  thread. 

Roven,  var.  pa.  pple.  REEVE  v.1 

Rover1  (r^i'vaj).  Also  6-7  rouer,  6roauer; 
Sf.  rever.  [f.  ROVE  v.1  The  Sc.  form  rever  may 
stand  for  *raver,  or  be  due  to  confusion  with 
ROVER  -  and  REAVER.] 

1.  Archery.  A  mark  selected  at  will  or  at  ran 
dom,  and  not  of  any  fixed  distance  from  the 
archer.  Also  in  later  use,  a  mark  for  long 
distance  shooting  (contrasted  with  butt).  Most 
frequently  in  phr.  (to  shoot)  at  rovers. 

a.  1468  Coventry  Lect  Bk.  338  Hit  isordeyned.  .^atnoman 
within  bis  Citie  frohensfurth  shote  at  Rovers,  but  at  buttis 
&  standyng  prikkis.  1531  ELYOT  GPV.  (1580)  82  At  rovers 
orpryckes,  It  is  at  his  plesure  that  shoteth,  howe  faste  or 
softly  he  Hstcth  to  goe.  1541-2  Act  33  Hen.  yi/f,  c.  9.  §  2 
Noe  Man  under  thage  of  xxiiij  yeres  shall  shoote  at  any 
standinge  prick  excepte  it  be  at  a  Rover  whereat  he  shall 
chaunge  at  every  shoote  his  marke.  1615  M  ARKHAM  Country 
Contentm.  108  The  Roauer  is  a  marke  incertatne, .  .and. . 
must  haue  arrowes  lighter  or  heauier,  according  to  the  dis 
tance.  1638  J.  UNDERHILL  Neu'sfr.Amcr.  in  Mass.  Hist. 
Colls.  (1837)  VI.  26  They,  .shot  remote,  and  not  point-blank, 
as  we  often  do  with  our  bullets,  but  at  rovers.  1700  DRYDE.M 
Iliad  i.  77  The  god  nine  days  the  Greeks  at  rovers  kill'd.  1728 
RAMSAY  Archers  diverting  themselves  i  The  Rovers  and 
the  Butts  you  saw.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  II.  214/1  All 
these  prizes  are  shot  for  at  what  is  termed  rovers,  the  marks 
being  placed  at  the  distance  of  185  yards.  1819  SCOTT 
I-canhoe  xiv,  The  distance  between  that  station  and  the 
mark  allowing  full  distance  for  what  was  called  a  shot  at 
rovers.  1856  FORD  Archery  104  Concerning  roving,  or 
shooting  at  rovers,  very  few  words  will  suffice. 

ft.  c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  v.  44  To  schute  at 
buttis,  at  bankis  and  brais;  Sum  at  the  reveris,  sum  at  the 
prikkis.  a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.T.  S.) 
I.  340  The  said  IngHschemen  sould  schute  aganis  thame 
ether  at  prickis,  reveris  or  at  buttis. 

b.  fig.,  chiefly  in  phr.  to  shoot  at  rovers. 

1551  CRASMER  Answ.  Gardiner  63  Where  you  pretende 
to  shoote  at  the  butte,  you  shoote  quite  at  the  _  rouers,  and 
cleane  frome  the  marke.  1572  CHURCHYARD  in  J.  Jones 
Bathes  of  Bathes  Ayde  To  Kclr.,  At  rovers  they  but  shot 
their  shafts.  1600  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  67  Note  this, 
that  popularitie  is  the  rover  they  ayme  at,  in  all  their  pro 
ceedings.  1661  GI.ANVILL  Van.  Dogm.  107  Hut  Nature  shoots 
not  at  Rovers.  1702  Exam.  Burners  Expos ,39  Art.  34  He 
will  be  found  to  shoot  all  the  while  at  Rovers,  and  wide  of 
the  Mark. 

f  c.  A  kind  of  arrow  used  in  roving.  Obs. 

1599  JONSON  Cynthia's  Rev.  v.  x,  Here  be  [arrows]  of  all 
sorts,  flights,  rouers,  and  butt-shafts.     1624  QUARLES  S  ion's 
Elegies  HI.  iv,  His  Bowe  is  bent,  his  forked  Rouers  flye. 
a.  attrib. ,  as  rover  mark,  -shooting,  shot. 

1566  WITHALS  Diet.  64  The  rouer  markes,  incerta.  1598 
SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  ii.  in.  Colonies  118  Here,  if  I  list, 
or  lov'd  I  rover-shooting,..!  could  derive  tbe  lineall  De 
scents  Of  all  our  Sires.  1643  HERLE  Attsw.  Feme  n  Such 
another  rover  shot  as  wide  in  the.  .extent  of  both  thetermes, 
as  time  it  selfe  Hath  and  Will.  1685  TEMPLE  Ess.,  Gardens 
n.  ii  Perhaps,  .these  fine  Schemes  would  prove  like  Rover 
Shots,  some  nearer  and  some  further  off. 

f  2.  At  rovers  (rarely  at  rover),  without  definite 
aim  or  object ;  at  random,  haphazard.  Chiefly  in 
phr.  with  run,  talk,  live,  etc.  Obs. 

(a)  1532  MORE  Conf ut.  Barnes  vin.  Wks.  786/2  Either  their 
dede  and  declaracion  must  nedes  stande  and  be  firme,  or  els 
all  runne  at  rouers  and  nothing  be  certain  or  sure.     1562 
J.  HEYWOOD  Prov.  fy  Epigr.  (1867)  56  Leat  not  your  toung 
roon  at  rouer.    1625  BP.  MOUNTAGU  App.  C&sarz&ft  Walk  at 
random  and  at  rovers  in  your  by-paths,  if  you  please.    1697 
J.  SERGEANT  Solid  Philos.  362  Which,  let  loose  to  fly  at 
rovers,  are  too   hard   for   their   Reason  Unestablish'd   by 
Principles. 

(b)  154*  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  288  b,  Thy  dooynges  o 
Cato  dooen  more  nere  approche  vnto  the  spirite  of  pro- 
phecie..  .Menyng  that  Cato  talked  at  rouers.    1587  GOLD- 
ING  De   Mornay  xxvi.  (1592)  405  These  particularities., 
do   euidently  shew  that  Moyses   speaketb  not  at  rouers. 
1606  Sir  Gyles  Goosecappe  i.  i.  in  Bullen  Old  PI.  III.  n 
A  good  bustling  Gallant,  talkes  well  at  Rovers.     1686  tr. 
Chardins  Trav.  Persia  337  After  several  Discourses  at 
Rovers,  be  told  me,  He  was  very  much  troubl'd  for  me. 
1725  WODROW  Corr.  (1843)  III.  178  Unless  I  had  then  a 
fuller  view  of  circumstances  than  I  have,  I  can  only  talk  at 
rovers  in  it. 

(c)  1555  WATREMAN  Fardle  of  Facions  i.  v.  55  The  Kinges 
of  Egipte..ltued  not  at  rouers  as  other  kinges  doe.     a  1658 
CLEVELAND  Rebel  Scot  iii,  Hence  'tis  they  live  at  Rovers 
and  defie  This,  or  that  place,  Rags  of  Geography.     1691  J. 
NORRIS  Pract.  Disc.  3  A  Man  were  better  have  no  Mark 
before  him,  but  live  at  Rovers. 

(d)  1611  COTGR.,  A   veue  de  POIS^  at  randon,  roaming,  at 
rouers,  at  large.     1654  VILVAIN   Theorem.    Theol.  vii.  205 
A  giddy  Ostrich,  .having  laid  Mr  first  Eg  at  rovers  on  the 
sands.     1681-6  J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Life  ii.  489  We  must  necess 
arily  think  of  God  at  Rovers  without  any  certain  aim  or 
rule  to.  .direct  our  apprehensions. 


842 

3.  One  who   roves  or  wanders,  esp.  to  n  great 
distance ;  a  roving  person  or  animal. 

1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  i.  ii.  176  Next  to  thy  selfe,  and  my 
young  Rouer,  he's  Apparant  to  my  heart.  1700  BLACKMORE 
xxxiv  Ch.  Isaiah  259  Vultures  and  all  the  rovers  of  the  air 
To  the  red  fields  of  slaughter  shall  repair.  1742  YOUNG  Kt, 
Th.  ix.  1612  Yet  why  drown  Fancy  in  such  depths  as  these  ? 
Return,  presumptious  rover  !  1835  W.  IRVING  Tour  Prairies 
172  The  Indian  of  the  west  is  a  rover  of  the  plain.  1849 
Sk.  .\'af.  Hist.,  Mammalia,  III.  70  These  young  rovers  the 
French  hunters  call  betes  de  compagnie.  1872  TENNYSON 
Last  Tourn.  542  Harper,  and  them  hast  been  a  rover  too. 

transf.  1895  WORKMANS  Algerian  Mem.  29  We  wheeled 
the  rovers  out,  and  mounted  for  our  journey  of  over  1500 
miles. 

fb.  An  inconstant  lover;  a  male  flirt.  Obs. 

c  1690  STEPNEY  Spell  4  Whene'er  I  wive,.. Wit,  beauty, 
wealth,  and  humour  give,  Or  let  me  still  a  rover  live.  1710 
ADDISON  Tatler  No.  157  §  14  An  old  Friend  of  mine,  who 
was  formerly  a  Man  of  Gallantry  and  a  Rover,  a  1721 
PRIOR  Song  xix,  Phillis,  give  this  Humour  over,.. I  shall 
turn  an  errant  Rover,  If  the  favour's  still  refus'd. 

4.  Croquet,  a.  (See  quot.  1869.) 

1869  Laws  Croquet  9  Rover,  a  ball  that  has  gone  through 
all  its  hoops  and  is  ready  to  peg  out.  1874  HEATH  Croquet 
Player  81,  I  have  seen  many  a  game  won,  even  when  the 
adversary  had  both  balls  rovers,  and  the  other  side  had 
scarcely  started. 

b.  A  player  whose  ball  is  a  rover. 

1874  HEATH  Croquet  Player  71  The  adversary  Is  supposed 
..to  be  a  go*od  player,  and  likely,  if  he  gets  in,  to  make 
a'long  break,  become  a  rover. 

Rover2  (r^u'vsi).  Also  4  rovere,  5  rovare, 
rowar,  5-7  rouer.  [a.  MDu.  or  MLG.  rover, 
f.  roven  to  rob  :  see  REAVER.] 

1.  A  sea-robber,  pirate. 

In  later  use  tending  to  coalesce  with  so.1  3. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  359  It  fell  per  chance  upon  a  day  A 
Rovere  of  the  See  was  nome.  1436  Libel  Eng.  Policy  in 
Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  164  Of  this  Bretayn..  Are  the  grettest 
rovers  and  the  grettest  thevys  that  have  bene  in  the  see 
many  oone  yere.  c  1460  FORTESCUE  Abs.  fy  Lim.  Man.  vi. 
(1885)  123  It  shalbe  nescessarie  bat  the  kynge  haue  alway 
some  ftloute  apon  the  see,  ffor  the  repressynge  off  rovers. 
a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII 91  The  kynges  subiectes.. 
were  greuously  spoyled  and  robbed  on  the  sea,  by  Frenche- 
men,  Scottes  and  other  rouers.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl,  Ep. 
385  You  are  in  peril  of  Pyrates  and  Rouers  to  spoyle  you. 
1613  PURCH  AS  Pilgrimagev.ix..  (1614)  609  Algierhauingbeene 
of  olde,  and  still  continuing  a  receptacle  of  Turkish  Rouers. 
1653  H.  COGAN  tr.  Pinto's  Trav.  xxiii.  81  This  Rover,  be 
lieving  that  we  were  Chineses,  came  and  assailed  us  with 
two  great  Juncks.  1700  S.  L.  tr.  Fryke's  Voy,  E.  Ind.  193 
These  Rovers  had  several  Oars  with  them.  1752  HUME 
£ss,  #  Treat.  (1777)  I.  552  The  early  Romans  really  exer 
cised  piracy,.. and. .,  like  the  Sallee  and  Algerine  rovers, 
were  actually  at  war  with  most  nations.  1807  G.  CHALMERS 
Caledonia  I.  in.  vii.  378  1'he  Danish  rovers  had  also  con 
siderable  establishments  at  Waterford.  1855  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  xv.  III.  547  To  ransom  a  Christian  captive  from 
a  Sallee  rover  was.. a  highly  meritorious  act.  1867  FREE 
MAN  Norm.  Cong.  I.  295  There  appears  by  his  side  another 
rover  of  the  North..,  the  famous  Olaf  Tryggwesson. 
fb.  A  pirate  ship ;  a  privateer.  Obs. 

1590  E.  WEBBE  Trav.  (Arb.)  19,  I  went  againe  into  Russia 
..  :  in  which  our  voyage  we  met  with  v.  Rovers  or  men  of 
war,  whom  we  set  vppon,  and  burnt  their  Admirall.  1692 
LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  II.  423  Algier,  12  March.  All 
our  rovers  except  2  are  laid  up,  and  the  men  employed  in 
the  army.  1720  DE  FOE  Capt.  Singleton  i.  (1906)  3  Coming 
home  again  from  the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  we  were 
taken  by  an  Algerine  rover,  or  man-of-war.  1726  Adv. 
Capt.  R.  Boyle  (1768)  21  We  found  ourselves  within  half  a 
Mile  of  a  Rover  of  Barbary. 

f  2.  A  marauder,  robber.   Obs. 

1550  BALK  Eng.  Votaries  n.  H  iiij,  Ansetmus.  .obstinately 
withstode  him  to  the  very  face  like  a  rufielinge  rouer.  1570 
FOXE  A.  ff  M.  (ed.  2)  2286/1  Thomas  Horton  Journeying. . 
between  Mas  trick  and  Cullen,  chanced  to  be  taken  there  by 
certayne  Rouers.  1609  BIBLE  (Douayja  Kings  xiii.  20  The 
rovers  of  Moab  came  into  the  land  the  same  yeare.  1638 
BRATHWAIT  Barnabees  Jrnl.  m.  (1818)  99  As  these  privately 
conferred,  A  rover  took  them  unprepared,  a  1707  S.  PATRICK 
Autobiogr.  (1839)  7  They  declared  neither  for  King  or  par 
liament;  intending  only  to  stand  upon  their  guard  against 
rovers. 

Rover  3  (itfn'vai).    [f.  ROVE  &-.3] 

1.  One  who  makes  cotton,  etc.,  into  roves ;  an 
attendant  at  a  roving-frame. 

1742  RICHARDSON  De  Foe's  Tour  Gt.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  III.  165 
On  the  first  Stage  were  the  Teazer,  Carder,  Rover,  Spinner, 
Reeler  of  the  Cotton  Wool.  1881  Daily  News  17  Nov.  2/5 
The  rovers  and  slubbers  got  8s.  a  week,  and  they  are  getting 
145.  a  week  now.  1885  Manch.  Exam.  7  Apr.  4/4  A  carder 
and.  .a  rover  were  remanded  on  a  charge  of  setting  fire  to 
.  .the  mill. 

2.  A  roving-frame. 

1897  TraMs  Social  England  VI.  73  In  the  preparing 
frames,  known  as  slubbers  or  rovers,  the  bobbins  were 
necessarily  large  and  weighty. 

t  ItO'very 1.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  MDu.  or  MLG. 
roverie  :  cf.  REAVEBV.]  Piracy. 

1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xu  xlii.  1086  He  laid  the  whole  fault 
of  all  the  roverie  and  piracie  at  sea  upon  Gentius  the  king 
of  the  Illyrians.  1610  —  Cam  den*  $  Brit.  11.  205  These 
Norwegians  who  with  their  manifold  roberies  and  roveries 
did  most  hurt. 

RO'VCry 2.     rare—1,     [f.  ROVE  z'.1]     Roving. 

a  1653  BINNING  Sinner's  Sanct.  Wks.  1839  I.  304  How 
many  impertinences  and  roveries  and  wanderings. 

Roving  (r^u-virj),  vbl.  $b±     [f.  ROVE  z;.1] 

1.  Archery.  The  action  or  practice  of  shooting 
at  a  random  mark. 

1480  Coventry  Leet  Bk.  457  pe  people  of  bis  Citie  yerely 


BOVINGK 

breken  the  hegges  &  dykes  of  }>e  seid  Priour  in  diuerse 
places  in  Jjeir  shotyng  cald  Rovyng.  Ibid.  458  Although 
such  rovyng  about  the  Citie  of  London  £  alt  ober  grete 
Cities  is  suffred.  1562  J.  HEVWOOD  Prov.  fy  Epigr.  (1867) 
184  Of  an  archers  rouyng.  1626  SHIRLEY  MaicTs  Revenge 
i.  ii,  Montenegro.  How  now,  are  thy  arrows  feathered? 
I'elasco.  Well  enough  for  roving.  1665  J.  FBASER  Polichron. 
(S.  H.  S.)  150  Few  or  none  could  compeat  or  cop  witli  him 
in  arching,  either  at  butts,  bowmarks  or  roaving.  1856  [see 
ROVER'  i],  1887  BUTT  Ford's  Archery  137  When  there  is 
sufficient  space  for  golf  links,  roving  might  still  be  practised. 
fig.  1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  fy  Selv.  76  Some  low  and 
underly  rovings  at.  .that  height  and  depth  of  workmanship. 
b.  attrib.,  as  roving  arrow,  shaft. 

1479  in  Longman  &  Walrond  Archery  (1894)  119  Shoyting 
shaues,  rowying  shaftes,  childre  shaftes,  dense  arrows  un- 
nykt.  1562  J.  HEYWOOD  Prov.  %  Epigr.  (1867)  184  What  a 
shafte  shootes  he  with  a  rouyng  arrowe  ?  1622  DRAYTON 
Poly-olb.  xxvi.  330  With  Broad-arrow,  or  But,  or  Prick,  or 
Rouing  shaft. 

2.  The  action  of  wandering  or  roaming. 

1611  COTGR.,  Escnmementt..&\sot  a  raunging,  rouing. 
1637  RUTHERFORD  Lett.  i.  xc.  (1664)  184  Galloping  after 
our  own  night-dreams,  (such  are  the  roving  of  our  mis 
carrying  hearts).  1691  HARTCI.IFFE  Virtues  185  It  doth 
answer  to  all  the  numberless  Rovings  of  men's  Fancies. 
1741  WATTS  Improv.  Mind  xv.  Wks.  (1813)  103  If  we  in 
dulge  the  frequent  rise  and  roving  of  passions.  1789  BEL- 
SHAM  Ess.  I.  x.  191  The  study  of  Mathematics  contributes  to 
.  .check  the  rovings  of  fancy.  1837  W.  IRVING  Capt.  Bonne- 
I'ille  I.  296  Every  year  this  animal's  rovings  are  restricted. 
b.  attrib.  (passing  into  the///,  a.). 

1820  W.  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  (1859)  2  It  has  been  either  my 
good,  or  evil  lot  to  have  my  roving  passion  gratified.  1846 
A.  YOUNG  Naut,  Diet.,  Roving-Commission^  an  authority 
granted  by  the  Admiralty  to  the  officer  in  command  of  a 
vessel  to  cruise  wherever  he  may  see  fit.  1892  Daily  News 
19  Feb.  7/4  A  new  sort  of  roving  power  had  been  obtained 
by  the  War  Office  under  the  Ranges  Act. 

fBo'ving,  vbl.  sb?  Obs.  [f.  ROVE  z/.2]  The 
pursuit  of,  an  act  of,  piracy  or  robbery. 

a  1513  FABYAN  Chron.  vii.  (1811)  361 _  Natwithstandynge  the 
great  harmys  they  bad  done  by  rouing  ypon  the  see.  1585 
T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Voy.  i.  viii.  8  Most  of  them 
..lyuing  onely  of  rouings,  spoyles,  and  pilling  at  the  Seas. 
1611  COTGR.,  Piraterie^  piracie,  roving.  1660  F.  BROOKE 
tr.  Le  Blanc  s  Trav.  17  They  are  there  much  vext  with 
the  continuall  rovings  and  robberies  of  the  Arabians. 

Roving  (n?u-virj),  vbl.  sb.'t     [f.  ROVE  z>.^] 

1.  The  process  of  converting  cotton,  wool,  etc., 
into  roves. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Opcrat.  Mech.  390  Three  such  skeins 
being  passed  through  another  drawing-frame,  and  stretched 
in  their  progress,  become  fitted  for  roving,  the  last  step  in 
the  preparatory  processes.  1853  URE  Diet.  Arts  (ed.  4)  I. 
758  The  first  operation  is  called  'spreading '...the  second 
and  third  *  drawings',  ..and  lastly  the  'roving'.  1861 
FAIRBAIRN  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  p.  Ixi,  Improvements  in  card 
ing,  roving,  combing,  spinning,  and  weaving. 

2.  concr.  A  rove. 

1802  PALEY  Nat.  Theol.\\\.  (ed.  2)  96  He  sees,  .the  wool 
in  rovings  ready  for  spinning  into  threads.  1835  URE 
Philos.  Mann/.  20  Drawing  these  out  into  slender  spongy 
cords,  called  rovings,  with  the  least  possible  twist.  1884 
W.  S.  B.  MCLAREN  Spinning  (ed.  2)  231  The  spindles  also 
begin  to  turn  comparatively  slowly,  putting  a  little  twist  for 
the  first  time  into  the  roving. 

b.  Roves  collectively. 

1844  G.  DODD  Textile  Mannf.  \.  31  The  'tube-roving 
frame  ' . .  produces  a  much  larger  quantity  of  roving . . ;  but 
the  roving  produced  is  inferior. 

3.  attrio.  a.  In  names  of  machines  (or  parts  of 
these),  as  roving-billy,  -bobbin,  -box,  -frame,  etc. 

1795  Edin.  Ad-vert.  6  Jan.  15/1  Five,  .carding  engines. ., 
four  roving  billies.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic 
390  The  loosely  twisted  thread  from  the  roving  bobbin. 
Ibid.  387  The  spinning-frame,  .is  more  closely  allied  to  the 
bobbin  and  flier  roving-frame.  1835  UKE  Philos.  Mamtf. 
in  The  bobbin  and  fly  frames,  or  roving-machines.  1884 
W.  S.  B.  M^LAREN  Spinning  (&&.  2)  120  The  dandy  roving 
boxes  arranged  in  any  number  of  spindles  and  boxes  that 
are  convenient. 

b.  Misc.,  as  roving-department,  -room,  -waste. 

1835  URE  Philos.  Mannf.  414  There  was  no  appearance  of 
dirt  or  of  impure  air  in  the  preparing  or  roving-rooms.  1862 
At/u'nseum  30  Aug.  264  In  the  so-called  '  roving',  .depart 
ment  of  flax-factories.  1894  Times  17  Aug.  9/3  Slubbing 
waste,  roving  waste,  ring  waste,  yarn  waste. 

Ro'Ving,  vbl.  $b*  [f.  ROVE  v$\  The  action 
of  reducing  the  diameter  of  a  grindstone.  Also 
attrib.  as  roving-plate. 

1850  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  III.  1109  The  roving  plate. . 
jumps,  and  appears  to  fill  the  stone  with  minute  furrows. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1023/2  Turning  or  roving  is 
effected  by  reversing  the  motion  of  the  stone  and  holding  a 
hooked  flat  tool  against  its  edge. 

Roving,  corruption  of  ROBAND. 

c  1860  H.  STUART  Seaman  s  Cateck.  47  Take  one  of  the 
robands  next  to  the  midship  one..,  and  take  the  midship 
roving  for  a  stop.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  IVord-bk.  s.v.  Ravens. 

Roving  (rJu-virj),///.  a.     [f.  ROVE  v±~\ 

"\\.  Random;  conjectural.   Obs. 

1635  Court  Min.  E.  India  Co.  (1907)  64  A  roving  estimate. 
1649  HEYLIN  Relat.  fy  Observ.  i.  57  By  a  roaving  Accusa 
tion  shot  at  randome  at  me.  1687  RYCAUT  Hist.  Turks  II. 
258  The  occasion  of  this  unexpected. .resolution  caused 
many  roving  guesses  and  opinations  of  the  reasons  of  it. 

2.  That  roves ;  wandering,  roaming  ;  nomadic. 

1634  MILTON  Cotnus  485  Som  roaving  Robber  calling 
to  his  fellows.  1667  —  P.  L.  HI.  432  Imaus..,  Whose 
snowie  ridge  the  roving  Tartar  bounds.  1749  JOHNSON 
Irene  i.  ii,  A  roving  soldier  seiz'd..  A  virgin  shining  with 
distinguish'd  charms.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  <y  F.  \.  V.  174  The 
same  life  is  uniformly  pursued  by  the  roving  tribes  of  the 
desert.  1837  W.  IKVINC  Capt.  Bonneville  I.  29  Roving 


BOVINGLY. 

bands  of  independent  trappers.  1856  STANLEY  Sinai  #  Pal. 
xi.  (1858)  395  Up  this  rich  plain  came  the  roving  Danites 
from  the  south. 

Comb.  1838  DICKENS  Nicklcby  xxiii,  There  was  a  roving- 
looking  person  in  a  rough  great-coat. 

b.  Rowing  blade  :  see  BLADE  sb.  lib. 

1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xvi,  I  shall  have  the  renown  of 
some  private  quest,  which  may  do  me  honour  as  a  roving 
blade.  1886  'SARAH  TVTLER  '  Buried  Diamonds  xxviii, 
Whatever  you  like  to  call  my  finej  roving  blade  of  a  brother- 
in-law. 

C.  Roving  sailor^  a  local  name  of  various  plants, 
as  the  ivy -leaved  toadflax,  and  the  creeping  saxi 
frage  or  loosestrife. 

1882  Devon.  Plant.nanies  (E.  D.  S.).  1891  '  MAXWELL 
GRAY  '  Heart  of  Storm  I.  173  A  low  stone  wall,  over  which 
the  dainty  little  '  roving  sailor  '  spread  its  shining  trails. 

3.  transf.  a.  Of  the  eyes  or  sight. 

1596  SPENSER  F,  Q.  iv.  iv.  7  His  roving  eie  did  on  the 
Lady  glaunce.  1728-46  THOMSON  Spring-  504  Nature, .  .un- 


disguis'd  by  mimic  Art, . .  spreads  Unbounded  beauty  to  the 
roving  eye.  _  1769  SIR  W.  JONES  Palace  cf  Fortune  Poems 
(1777)  24  Maia..Cast  on  an  emerald  ring  her  roving  sight. 
1841  BARHAM  Ingol.  Leg.  Ser.  u.  Smugglers  Leap,  He  has 
curling  locks,  and  a  roving  eye. 

b.  Of  the  thoughts,  affections,  discourse,  etc. 

^1630  MILTON  Passion  22  These  latter  scenes  confine  my 
roving  vers.  1660  GOUGE  Chr.  Direct,  ii.  (1831)  21  Though 
roving  thoughts,  as  birds,  will  hover  about  thee..,  yet  suffer 
them  not  to  lodge  and  nestle  in  tbee.  1693  STEPNEY  in 
Dryden  yuvenal\\\\.  (1697)  211  Such  Frollicks  with  his  Rov 
ing  Genius  suit.  1784  CowpEfl  7VK/&  n.  525  Their  rules  of  life. . 
prov'd  too  weak  To  bind  the  roving  appetite.  i8i2CRAHBE 
Tales  xi.  401  Yet  pride  still  lived,  and  struggled  to  sustain 
The  drooping  spirit  and  the  roving  brain.  1885  Law 
Times  Rep.  LII.  586/2  Such  a  general  and  roving  inter 
rogatory  as  this  should  not  be  allowed. 

4.  Characterized  by,  inclined  to,  wandering  or 
roaming.  (Cf.  vbl.  sbl  2  b.) 

1725  BERKELEY  Proposal  Wks.  1871  III.  227  The  Ameri 
cans,  so  long  as  they  continue  their  wild  and  roving  life. 
1821  SCOTT  Pirate  xxxi,  I  hope  a  gentleman  of  the  roving 
trade  has  as  good  a  right  to  have  an  alias  as  a  stroller. 
1851  MAYHEW  Land.  Labour  I,  321  This  passion  for  '  a  rov 
ing  life'  (to  use  the  common  expression  py  which  many  of 
the  street-people  themselves  designate  it).  1863  W.  C. 
BALDWIN  Afr.  Hunting  i.  2  Being  of  a  roving  turn  of  mind, 
I  was  placed  in  the  large  merchant's  office  of  an  ex-M.P., 
with  a  view  of  being  fitted  for  going  abroad. 

Ro'vingly,  adv.    [f.  ROVING///,  a.] 

tl.  Without  fixed  mark  or  definite  aim.    Obs. 

1601  DEACON  &  WALKER  Answ.  Daret  iBg  Are  you  not 
ashamed  thus  rouingly  to  raunge  with  your  pen  lie  ?  a  1691 
BOYLE  Wks.  (1772)  V.  522  What,  by  reason, .  .he  can  either 
not  at  all,  or  but  rovingly,  guess  at. 

2.  Iii  a  wandering  fashion  ;  towards  roaming. 

1701  WOLLEY  Jrnl,  N.  York  (1860)  45  As  to  their  way  of 
living,  it's  very  rudely  and  rovingly,  shifting  from  place  to 
place,  according  to  their  exigencies.  1849  Blackiv.  blag. 
LXVI.  706  We  can  assure  all  who  are  rovingly  inclined. 

ROW  (r<?u),  sb^-  Forms  :  a.  i,  4-5  (6-9  north. 
and  Sc.)  raw  (4  rau),  3-5  (6  Sc.)  rawe.  /3.  4-7 
rowe,  5-  row,  5-6  roo,  7  roe.  [?OE.  raw  (see 
sense  8  b),  var.  of  r&w  REW  sb.^-t  which  may  be 
related  to  MDu.  rU  (Du.  rij),  MHG.  rthe  (G. 
reihe).~] 

I.    1.    A  number  of  persons   or  things  set  or 
arranged  in  a  (straight)  line.     Freq.  const,  of. 

When  used  without  of,  the  context  generally  makes  clear 
the  composition  of  the  'row';  examples  like  quot.  13.. 
are  rare. 

a.  a  1225  Leg.  Kath,  1930  peet  al  J>e  hweoles  beon  Jmrh- 
spitet  mid  kenre  pikes.. rawe  bi  rawe.  a  1300  Cursor  M, 
23043  pe  formast  rau  sal  stan  him  nere,  Als  Jjaa  J?at  er  his 
dughti  dere.  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  105  pe  playn,  be 


<ingt.    __, -, 

series,  c  1730  RAMSAY  Fables^  Ram  $  Buck  4  Leading 
his  family  in  a  raw.  1786  BURNS  Toothache  v,  [Where] 
ranked  plagues  their  numbers  tell,  In  dreadfu'  raw.  1800- 
in  common  Sc.  and  northern  use. 

ft,  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  438/1  Rowe,  or  reenge,  series^ 
linea.  1526  TINDALE  RIark  vi.  40  They  sate  doune  here 
a  rowe  and  there  a  rowe,  by  houndredes  and  by  fyfties. 
1382  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  Castanhedas  Cong.  E.  Ind.  \.  Ixxi. 
146  The  Captaine..,  returning  to  shoot  the  Saker  againe, 
did  carrie  away  another  row  of  beams.  1610  HOLLAND 
Camdeii's  Brit.  (1637)  429  A  new  Church.. supported  with 
sundry  rowes  of  marble  pillars.  1697  DKYDEN  Virg, 
Georg.  iv.  213  He  knew  to  rank  his  Elms  in  even  Rows. 
1707  MORTIMER  Huso.  (1721)  I.  347  One  which  hath  four 
Rows  of  Grain  on  the  Ear, .  .and  the  other  two  Rows.  1779 
COWPER  Pine-apple  fy  Bee,  The  pine-apples,  in  triple  row, 
Were  basking  hot.  1810  CRABBE  Borough  i.  292  The  lads 
who  tow  Some  enter'd  hoy,  to  fix  her  in  her  row.  1848 
LYTTON  Harold  xi.  ii,  Row  by  row,  line  by  line,  all  the 
multitude  shouted  forth  [etc.  ].  1887  MORRIS  Odyssey  xn. 
91  Threefold  rows  of  teeth. 

b.  A  number  of  persons  or  things  arranged  in 
a  circle,   rare, 

1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  402  Thus  haue  I  runne  about 
a  round  row  of  writers,  and  haue  shewed  wherein  they  are 
to  be  marked.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  in.  137  Some  slxe  miles 
from  Salisbury  is  a  place  in  the  fields  where  huge  stones  are 
erected.. standing  in  three  rowes  after  the  forme  of  a 
crpwne.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  129,  I.. surrounded  myself 
with  a  Row  of  Stakes  set  upright  in  the  Ground. 

c.  transf.  A  string  or  series  ^/"something. 

c  1510  MORE  Picus  Wks.  13/1  Thy  prayer.. rather  inter 
rupted  and  broken, . .  then  drawen  on  length  with  a  continuall 
rowe  and  noumber  of  woordes.  '559  in  Strype  Ann.  Ref. 
(1824)  I.  App.  xi.  36  Let  them  shew  me  their  busshoppes  ; 
they  are  so  far  off,  as  to  bringe  a  rowe  in  order  unto  St. 


843 

Paul.  1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  fy  Selv.  106  By  which  kind  of 
Mathematical  parts . .  he  does  all  his  great  feats  in  his  whole 
row  of  Answers,  a  1691  BOYLE  Wks.  (1774)  IV.  75  There 
can  be  no  ingredient  assigned.. that  may  not  be  derived 
either  immediately,  or  by  a  row  of  decompositions,  from  the 
universal  matter. 

2.  An  array  or  set  of  persons  (or  things)  of  a 
certain  kind  ;  a  class  or  category,  -\  The  lower 
row,  the  populace.  Now  rare. 

a  1300  K.  Horn  1086 (R,\  Horn..sette  him  doun  wel  lowe 
In  the  beggeres  rowe.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  225  That  I 
mai  stonde  in  thilke  rowe  Amongeshem  that  Saundres  use. 
//>/</.  II.  76 The  lord  nomore  hath.  .Than  hath  the  povereste 
of  the  rowe.  1483  CAXTON  G.  de  lit  TVrwkvb]  To  putte 
her  self  in  the  Rowe  or  companye  of  them  that  were  re- 
nommed.  1581  PICT  ME  Gnazzo's  Civ,  Conv.  i,  (1586)  24  The 
error  of  the  world,  which  estemeth  them  in  the  row  of  the 
tollerable.  1601  K.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  fy  Comttiiv.  (1603)  200 
In  the  rowe  of  these  potent  princes  inhabiting  betweene 
Indus  and  Ganges  dwelleth  the  King  of  Narsinga.  1654 
H.  L'ESTKANGE  C/ias.  I  (1655)  128  To  allow  the  use  of 
lawful  pastimes  in  the  lower  row  upon  that  day.  1678 
CUDWORTH  Intell.  Syst.  13  Democritus..was  of  the  Italick 
Row,  or  Pythagorick  Succession.  1738  tr.  Gnazzo's  Art 
Conversation  71  Those  whom  you  have  now  described,  I 
think  should  stand  in  the  Row  of  the  Desirable  and  Com 
mendable.  1787  M.  CUTLER  in  Life,  etc.  (i83S)  I.  225  She 
has  an  only  daughter,,  .who  is,  at  least,  approaching  the 
old-maid's  row.  i8zi  W.  LIDDLE  Poenis^  31  Ifye'd  been  o' 
the  batch'lor  row,  It  ne'er  wad  bred  up  sic  a  struw. 
fb.  Place,  position,  or  rank.  Obs.~l 

a  1310  In  Wright  Lyric  P.  iv.  25  He  byt  us  buun  of  hyse  ; 
Ant  on  ys  ryht  hond  hente  rowe. 
•f1  C.  A  company.     Obs.  rare. 

c  1450  LOVELICH  AH/i,  $  Mcrl.  1416  Mochel  wers  schal  I 
sein  aforn  al  this  rowe!  c  1460  Townelcy  !\Iyst.  xiii.  109 
God  looke  ouer  the  raw,  Full  defty  ye  stand. 

f3.  a.  A  ray  or  beam.    Obs.  (Cf.  DAY-KAWE.) 

a  1225  Juliana  21  pe  rawen  rahten  of  luue  burh  euch  115 
of  his  limes,  &  inwift  bearnde  of  brune.  1412-20  LYUG. 
Chron.  Troy  i.  1199  Whan  bat  be  larke..Gan  to  saluu  the 
lusty  rowes  rede  Of  Phebus  char.  15. .  Tayis  Bank  26  The 
reid  sone  rais  with  rawis. 

fb.  A  (written  or  printed)  line.  Obs. 

1:1384  CHAUCER  //.  Fame  \,  448  He  most  rede  many  a 
Rowe  On  Virgile  or  on  Claudian.  ft  1400-50  Alexander 
2843  Quen  he  bis  rawis  had  rede  he  rewfully  wepid,  1598 
Bp.  HALL  Sat.  iv.  i.  6  Which  who  reads  thrise,.  .And  deep 
intendeth  every  doubtfull  row,  Scoring  the  margent. 

fc.  Chess.  A  file  or  rank.  Obs. 

(11500  MS.  Ashmole^  344.  fol.  lob,  Then  fayne  a  drawght 
in  the  same  rowe  w*  \>\  Roke, 

fd.  The  letters  of  the  alphabet.    Cf.  (CHRIST-) 
CROSS-ROW.  Obs. 

1570  FOXE  A,  fy  M.  (ed.  2)  175/1  This  Charles  builded  so 
manie  monasteries  as  there  be  letters  in  y9  row  of  A.  B.  C. 
1611 J.  DAvircs(Heref)  Sco.  Folly,  ToCtessPembroke'W\&. 
(Grosart)  II.  63/1  But  I  Am  little  i,  the  least  of  all  the  row. 

4.  A    number  of  houses  standing  in  a  line ;  a 
street  (esp.  a  narrow  one)  formed  by  two   con 
tinuous  lines  of  houses.     (Cf.  REW  sb.-} 

Chiefly  Sc.  and  north.  ^  being  common  in  local  names  of 
particular  streets  in  various  towns  (cf.  next). 

c  1450  St.  Cuthhert  (Surtees)  1881  Of  bat  towne  on  be  este 
rawe  A  house  bren.  c  1470  HENRY  \Vallace\\\.  558  Haist  bow 
fast. ..Behynd  thaim  cum,  and  in  the  Northast  raw.  1531 
Test.  Ebor.  (Surtees)  VI.  19  The  third  part  of  one  Raw 
called  Scherome  Raw.  1564  Extr,  Burgh  Rec.  Edin. 
(1875)  185  The  hie  passege  quhllk  ledys  fra  the  West  Port 
to  the  Commoun  Mwre  throuch  the  raw  and  streit  callit 
[blank],  1663  Providence  Rec.  (1894)  V.  205  Being  in  the 
Towne  of  Providence  afores[ai]d,  and  in  the  Rowe  of  the 
Towne.  1753  W.  MAITLAND  Hist.  Edin.  i.  vi.  97  The 
Brewery  in  the  Candle  maker  Row.  1807  CRABBE  Par.  Reg. 
I.  169  This  infected  row  we  term  our  street.  1832  W. 
STEPHENSON  Gateshead  Poems  50  When  he  got  up  to  the 
raw,  An  open  door  and  light  he  saw.  1900  GUTHRIE  Kitty 
Fagan  43  Passing  down  the  row,  her  passage  was  like  a 
procession. 

b.  The  Row,  used  ellipt.  for  Goldsmith's  Row  (?) , 
Paternoster  Row,  and  Rotten  Row,  in  London. 

1607  MIDDLETON  Michaelmas  Term  in.  iv,  Where  grows 
this  pleasant  fruit?  Says  one  citizen's  wife  in  the  Row. 
1812  COMBE  Picturesque  xxin,  vlis  not  confined.  .Tovulgar 
tradesmen  in  the  Row.  1823  BYRON  Let.  to  Moore  27  Aug., 
The  shipwreck,  .'took',  as  they  say  in  the  Row.  1884 -£;/£-. 
Illustr.  Mag.  Oct.  25/2  There  are  bad  riders  in  the  Row. 

c.  In  Yarmouth,  one  of  a  number  of  narrow 
lanes  connecting  the  main  streets. 

1599  NASHE  Lenten,  Stuffe  19  Yarmouth.  Hersumptuous 
porches  and  garnisht  buildings . . ,  the  spanbroad  rowse  run 
ning  betwixt.  1742  RICHARDSON  De  Foe's  Tour  Gt.  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  I.  61  The  Streets  [of  Yarmouth]  are  all  exactly  strait 
..,  with  Lanes  or  Alleys,  which  they  call  Rows,  crossing 
them  in  strait  Lines  also,  1865  Daily  Telegr.  25  Aug., 
These  '  rows  '  are  simply  alleys  running  from  one  main 
thoroughfare  to  another.  They  are  almost  inconceivably 
narrow. 

d.  In  Chester,  one  of  several  raised  and  covered 
galleries  running  along  the  sides  of  the  four  main 
streets. 

1610  HOLLAND  Cavtden's  Brit.  (1637)  605  Galleries  or 
walking  places,  they  call  them  Rowes  having  shops  on  both 
sides.  1777  Phil,  Trans.  LXVIII.  132  There  is  a  form  of 
building  peculiar  to  Chester,  called  the  Rows,  which  are 
covered  galleries  that  make  a  complete  communication 
between  most  of  the  principal  streets.  1847  ALB.  SMITH 
Chr.  Tadpole  Introd.  (1879)  3  The  wind  came.. brawling 
along  the  covered  rows. 

5,  a.  A  line  of  seats  in  a  theatre,  etc. 

1710  STEELE  Tatler  No.  130  p  12  They  shall  have  a  Place 
kept  for  them  in  the  first  Row  of  the  Middle  Gallery.  1758 
JOHNSON  Idler  No.  18  F  6  She  [was],  .among  those  that  sat 
in  the  first  row.  1793  BOSWELL  Johnson  (Oxf.  ed-)  II.  573 


ROW. 

I  An  appearance  so  improper  in  the  front  row  of  a  front  box 
1888  Encycl.  Brit.  XXIII.  223/1  The  chief  priestesses.. 
occupied  marble  thrones  in  the  TrpoeSpio.  or  front  row, 

b.  U.S.  A  story  or  flat  in  a  building. 

1873  '  SUSAN  COOLIDGE  '  What  Katy  Did\\\,  '  Which  row 
are  you  going  to  have  a  room  in  ?  '  she  went  on. 

6.  A  line  of  plants  in  a  field  or  garden. 

1733  TULL  Horse-hoeing  Hnsb.  (Dubl.)  127  Servants  are 

apt  to  Hoe  too  far  from  the  Rows.     1786   ABERCROMBIE 

Card.  Assist.  328  Dig  the  ground  between  the  plants,  rai>- 

:    ing  the  earth  ridge-ways  along  the  rows  on  both  sides.    1855 

\     E.  S.  DELAMEK  Kitchen  Garden  (1861)  41  Set  another  row 

'•    parallel  to,  and  a  foot  apart  from,  the  former;  and  then  a 

1     couple  more  rows,  which  will  complete  the  bed. 

attrib.  1778  [W.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.^  Digest  63 
i  A  comparative  view  of  the  Row  and  Random  Cultures. 
1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract,  Agric.  I.  466  Others  accustomed 
to  the  row  system.  1838  Planting  23  in  JIusb.  III. 
(L.  U.  K.),  For  these  crops,  .the  row  and  ridge  system  of 
culture  should  be  adopted.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mcch. 
Suppf.,  Rmv  Markcr^\\  implement  for  marking  <;ut  ground 
for  planting  in  rows. 

D.   U.S.    To  have  a  hard  (long^  etc.)    row   to 
hoe,  to  have  a  difficult  task  to  perform. 

1835  D.  CROCKETT  Tour  Dmvn  East  69,  I  never  opposed 
Andrew  Jackson  for  the  .sake  of  popularity.  I  knew  it  was 
a  hard  row  to  hoe.  1848  LOWELL  Biglow  /'.  Ser.  i.  Wks. 
(1884)  213  You've  a  darned  long  row  to  hoe.  1892  GL'NTER 
Miss  Dividends  ix,  I  am  afraid  Harry  Lawrence  has  a 
hard  row  to  hoe. 

c.  U.S.  To  hoe  ones  own  row,  to  do  one's  own 
work  ;  to  mind  one's  own  business. 

1871  in  De  Verc  Americanisms 6o&  Now  that  I  have  hoed 
my  own  row..,  they  deluge  me  with  congratulations. 

7.  a.  (See  quot.) 

1807  SEWF.LL  in  Young  Agric,  Essex  II.  60,  24  of  the 
bunches  [of  teazle]  are  fixed  on  a  small  stickj  and  called  a 
row,  240  of  which  make  a  load  in  bulk. 

b.  A  hedgerow.     Also  L'.S.  a  wall. 

a  1825  FORBY  Voc.  E.  Anfftia,  Ro^v,  a  hedge.     1883  Cent. 

Mag.  Sept.  636  A  pair  of  brown-thrashers.. were  flitting 

from  bush  to  bush  along  an  old  stone  row  in  a  remote  field. 

II.  In  prepositional  phrases.    (See  also  AKOW.) 

f  8.   On  row :  a.  In  a  line.  Obs. 

a.  c  1330  Art/i.  fy  Mcrl.  5408  Her  names  to  tellen  Jou  in 
sawe  Huu  baiwenten  al  on  rawe.  First  wenten  J?re  wib  t;ret 
honour  [etc.].  1375  I' ARBOUR  Bruce  xr.  431  Thai  stude 
than  rangit  all  on  raw,  Rtddy  for  till  byde  battale.  c  1400 
MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxii.  102  He  mase  bam  to  sitt  on  rawe 
and  delez  pam  bis  relefe.  1:1470  HENRY  Wallace  iv.  430 
In  a  dern  woode  he  stellit  thame  on  raw.  1513  DOUGLAS 
sKneis  vn.  xi.  91  He  drivis  furth  the  stampand  hurs  on  raw 
Vnto  the  gok.  1530  LYNDESAY  Test.  Papyngo  643  Sum 
tyme  in  the  I  led  ane  lustye  lyfe,  The  fallow  deir,  to  see 
thame  raik  on  rawe. 

0.  c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  779  Lat  mo  men  wib  \&  ride  On 
rowe.  ci33,aA»tis  <y  Amil.  1900  When  thai  were  semly 
set  on  rowe. 

f  b.  In  order,  in  succession.   Obs. 

[A  doubtful  example  occurs  in  Saxon  Leechd.  II.  238 
Sele  bonne  drincan  on  sume  rawe  (tread  sume  on  rawe) 
nigon  da^on.] 

a.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  221  pis  are  the  maters  rtdde  on  raw, 
pat  I  thynk  in  bis  bok  to  draw.  Ibid.  5460  Quen  he  endid 
had  his  sau  His  suns  blessed  he  on  rau.  a  1400  Sir  Perc. 
1193  Thus  he  dalt  thame  on  rawe  Tille  the  daye  gunne 
dawe.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  301/1  On  Rawe,  gradatim^ 
ordinatini)  seriatim.  1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  v.  iii.  56  By 
cuttis  than  per  ordour,  all  on  raw,  Thair  place  thai  chesit. 

ft.  c  1320  Sir  Tristr.  504  pe  rauen  he  gaue  his  5iftes..On 
rowe.  a  1450  MYRC  123  And  say  the  wordes  alle  on  rowe, 
As  a-non  I  wole  ^ow  schowe.  c  1470  HAKDVNO  Chron. 
ccxxxn.  ii.  3  The  Frenche  assembled  . .  And  gate  the  lande 
ay  by  and  by  on  rowe.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Picas,  xxvii. 
(Percy  Soc.)  132  Full  wofull  was  my  herte,  Whan  all  on 
rowe  they  toke  me  by  the  hande. 

T  9.  By  row,  in  order,  one  after  another.  Obs. 

ci33o  Arth.  $  Alerl.  8632  (Kolbing),  per  he  was  of 
Arthour  biknawe  &  of  his  feren  al  bi  rawe.  c  1374  CHAUCER 
Troylus  n.  970  Right  as  floures..spreden  in  hire  kynde 
cours  by  rowe.  1442  Cursor  M.  9712  (Bedford),  To  haue 
Recorde  no  dome  owe,  Or  we  assent  all  be  Rowe.  c  1460 
Haw  the  Goode  IV if  158  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  I.  191  Take  a 
smerte  rodde,  and  bete  hem  alle  by  rowe.  1533  MORE 
Debell.  Salem  Wks.  1031/1  Thus  haue  I . .  now  replied  to 
euery  chapyter  of  hys  booke  by  row.  c  1555  HAHPSFIELD 
Divorce  Hen.  VIII  (Camden)  78  Consider  all  these  parts  of 
the  decalogue  by  rowe  as  diligently,  .as  you  may. 

7 1O.  In  row,  in  line,  in  order.  Obs. 

c  1460  Vrbanitatis  37  in  Babees  Bk.  (1868)  14  Do  hem  no 
Reuerens,  but  sette  alle  in  Rowe.  1542  UDALL  Erasm. 
Apoph.  Pref.  **ij,  The  ordre  of  regions  and  kyngdomes  as 
thei  stand  in  rowe.  c  1650  in  Percy's  Folio  flfS..  Bail.  % 
Rom.  I.  277  To  whom  there  did  succeed  in  row  8  heyres  of 
his  successmelye. 

f  11.   On  a  row :  a.   =  8  a.  Obs. 

a.  13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  545  Set  hem  alle  vpon  a  rawe, 
&  gyf  vchon  in-Iyche  a  peny.  c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk. 
2925  Thei  sayled  alle  on  a  rawe,  Til  thei  were  come  ther 
thei  were  knawe.  ci^oAlph.  Tales  292  Hym  J?oght  J?at 
he  saw  in  a  vision  a  grete  multitude  of  virgyns  goyng  on  a 
raw  by  hym.  a  1500  Gest  of  Robin  Hood  1222,  1  wolde  not 
that. .  For  all  the  golde  in  mery  Englonde,  Though  it  now 
lay  on  a  rawe. 

ft.  a  1310  in  Wright  Lyric  P.  ix.  35  Hire  gurdel  of  bete 
gold  is  al.. ;  Al  whith  rubies  on  a  rowe.  c  1330  R.  BRUNNE 
Chron.  IVace  (Rolls)  1683  Coryneus . .  busched  bem  on  a 
rowe.  1430-40  LYDG.  Bochas  ix.  xxxi.  (MS.  Bodl.  263)  fol, 
433  That  thei  sholde  be  pleyn  confessioun  Requere  mercy 
knelyng  on  a  rowe.  a  1500  Gest  of  Robin  Hood  237  And 
nowe  they  renne  away  fro  me,  As  bestis  on  a  rowe.  a  1548 
HALL  Chron.t  Hen.  VIII  22  b,  Thei  frapped  together 
.xxiiij.  greate  Hulkes  . .  and  set  them  on  a  rowe.  i6ai  T. 
WILLIAMSON  tr.  Gouletrt's  IVise  Vieillard  90  Their  vertuous 
children  . .  About  their  table  all  on  a  rowe.  1682  DRYDEN 
Dk.  Guise  V.  ii,  Five  Hundred  Popular  Figures  on  a  Row. 

106-2 


ROW. 


844 


BOW. 


f  b.  In  order  or  succession  ;  one  after  another  ; 
all  together.  Obs. 

c  1400  Sowdone  Bab.  390  That  he  myght  the  Romaynes 
kille,  Playnly  on  a  rowe.  c  1450  LOVELICH  iVerlinv.  1474 
(Kolbing),  For  thinges,  that  ben  past,  I  knowe,  And  thinges, 
that  ben  comeng  vpppn  a  rowe.  c  1552  in  Strype  Cranmer 
(1694)  II.  137  The  child  that  is  yet  unborn  Shal  them  curse 
al  on  a  rowe.  1597  BEARD  Theatre  Gods  Jndgem.  (1612) 
202  They  slew  their  law  full  King,  and  set  vp  three  other  on 
a  row.  1610  WH.LET  Daniel  446  All  the  Popes  vassals.. so 
haue  beene  of  late  the  kings  of  France  on  a  rowe. 

12.  In  a  row,  so  as  to  form,  or  be  in,  a  line. 


_    _  -  

Brickes.  .when  many  bee  laied  in  a  rowe.  1697  DRYDEN 
Virg.  Georg.iv.-zst  They.. chime  their  sounding  Hammers 
in  a  Row.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  n.  (Globe)  385  When  the 
poor  Women  ^aw  themselves  set  in  a  Row  thus.  1843 ./V««y 
Cycl.  XXVII.  237/2  [The  shores]  north  of  the  island  are 
beset  with  almost  innumerable  islets,  which  lie  along  it  in  a 
row.  1855  MRS.  CARLYLE  £*tf.  II.  251  Near  the  sea.. are 
three  houses  in  a  row. 

13.  f  a-  By  or  on  rows,  —  8  b,  9.   Obs. 

c  1440  York  Myst.  \x.  50  Maistirs,  takes  to  me  mtente, 
And  rede  youre  resouns  right  on  rawes.  £1460  T<nune/ey 
Myst.  xviii.  60  In  som  mynde  it  may  the  bryng  To  here  oure 
sawes  red  by  rawes. 

b.  In  (or  t<?«)  rows,  in  lines. 

(-1450  HOLLAND  Hovulat  244  Quhen  thai  war  rangit  on 
rawis.  1508  DUNBAR  Tita  Mariit  Wemen  35  Ane  marbre 
labile.. With  ryale  cowpis  apon  rawys.  1694  Ace.  Sev, 
Late  I'oy.  n.  (1711)  126  Round  about  this  Star  are  small 
black  Spots,  in  rows.  1706  LONDON  &  WISE  Retir"d  Card. 
I.  332  Planted  in  Rows  at  Five  Inches  Distance  from  each 
other,  a  1822  SHELLEY  Faust  n.  254  An  hundred  bonfires 
burn  in  rows. 

ROW  (rcm),  sb.~  [A  slang  or  colloquial  word, 
of  obscure  origin,  in  common  use  from  riSoo. 
Noted  by  Todd  (1818)  as  *  a  very  low  expression'.] 

1.  A  violent  disturbance  or  commotion  ;  a  noisy 
dispute  or  quarrel.     Kreq.  in  phr.  to  make,  or  kick 
up,  a  row. 

1787  in  A.  C.  Bower  Diaries  fy  Corr.  (1903)^  76  The  man 
makes  a  row  and  sayes  he  cannot  get  others  without  money. 
1789  Loiterer  No.  12.  12,  I  shall . .  now  and  then  kick  up  a 
row  in  the  street.  1806  SURR  Winter  in  Lend.  III.  203  It 
was  reserved  for  the  present  winter,  .to  introduce  in  the  pit 
of  the  opera  a  row,  in  the  lowest  sense  of  that  vulgar  word. 
i8zo  BYRON  Juan  iv.  xcix,  As  boys  love  rows,  my  boyhood 
liked  a  squabble.  1857  HOLLAND  Bay  Path  xii,  She  was 
not  prepared  for  so  terrific  a  row  as  he  said  had  taken  place. 
1885  ANSTEV  Tinted  Venus  25  You  can  do  no  good  to  your 
self  or  any  one  else  by  making  a  row. 

Comb.  £1840  MITFORD  Lett.  $  Rein.  (1891)  130  It  was  a 
case  like  that  of  the  row-loving  Irishman. 

b.  In  phr.  Whafs  the  row  ?  What  is  all  the 
noise  about  ?  What  is  the  matter  ?  What  is  doing  ? 

1837  DICKENS  Fickw.  ii,  What's  the  row,  Sam?  1838  — 
O.  Twist  viii,  Hullo,  my  covey  !  What's  the  row  ?  1849 
THOREAU  Week  Concord  Riv.  Friday  357  Come  to  see  the 
sport  and  have  a  hand  in  what  is  going, — to  know  '  what's 
the  row  ',  if  there  is  any. 

2.  Noise,  din,  clamour. 

1845  FORD  Hatidbk.  Spain  i.  23  The  varied  and  never- 
ceasing  din..,  the  dust,  the  row,  which  Spaniards,  men  as 
well  as  beasts,  kick  up.  1863  KINGSLEY  Water  Bab.  (1874) 
34  Never  was  there  heard  ..  such  a  noise,  row,  hubbub, 
babel,  shindy,  hullabaloo.  1864  HEMYNG  Eton  School  Days 
ii,  Chudleigh  was  going  to  speak..,  when  Chorley  cried, 
'Hold  your  row,  will  you?  ' 

Row  (r0u),  sb$  [f.  Row  v.^\  A  spell  of  row 
ing  ;  a  journey  on  the  water  in  a  rowing-boat. 

[Hexham  (1647)  gives  rowe  in  the  sense  of  'oar1:  there 
appears  to  be  no  other  evidence  for  this.] 

1847  in  WEBSTER.  1864  LOUISA  S.  COSTELLO  Tour  Venice 
310  Re-entering  the  gondola  [we]  resumed  our  row.  1873 
HELPS  Anim.  fy  Mast,  i.  (1875)  3  He  asked  me  to  go  out 
for  a  row  with  him. 

tRow,  $b±  Obs.  rare.  [OE.  ttfc^-ON.  r6\ 
see  Ro  sb.]  Rest. 

a  looo  Guthlac  184  Donne  hy  of  wabum  wer^e  cwoman, . . 
rowe  jefegon.  <?  1450  MYRC  447  In  goddes  body  I  be-leue 
nowe  A-monge  hys  seyntes  to  ^eue  me  rowe. 

Row  (rau),  so.5     [See  Row  a.1] 

f  1.  Roughness.    Obs.  rare. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  184  He  is  bi  uile,  &  uileS  awei  al  bi  rust 
&  al  |>i  ruwe  of  bine  sunnen.  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron. 
(1810)  215  pou  has  frendis  inowe..,  If  bou  turne  to  be  rowe, 
bei  salle  drede  be  chance. 

2.  Cornish  mining.  *  Coarse,  undressed  tin  ore ; 
refuse  from  the  stamping  mills.1 

1860  Ettg.  fy  For.  Mining  Gloss,  (ed.  2)  21  Row,  large 
stones,  rough,  a  1863  TBEGEI.LAS  Cornish.  Tales  (iS6B)  94 
Go  athurt  the  floors  ovver  to  a  laarge  pile  of  Row.  1875 
J.  H.  COLLINS  Met.  Mining  in  Material  of  a  mixed  nature, 
called  '  dredge  ',  or  '  roughs ',  or  '  rows ', 

T"  Row,  sb$  Sc.  Obs.  rare.  In  6  roow.  [a. 
F.  roue  :— L.  rota.']  A  wheel. 

1582-8  Hist,  ff  Life  Jos.  VI  (1804)  154  To  be  publickly 
punisht,  brokin  upoun  the  roow,  and  thus  pynit  to  the 
death. 

Row,  sb.t  Also  6  rowe.  [Cf,  Row  z-.8]  A 
rove  of  wool  or  cotton. 

1673  WEDDERBURN  Voc.  (Jam.),  Filuttt,  a  thread.  Naeta, 
a  rowe.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat,  Mechanic  385  The  por 
tions  thus  rolled  are  called  rows,  rolls,  or  rowans.  Ibid.  391 
The  rows  or  rowans  are  taken  to  a  roving-billy. 

Row,  obs.  form  of  ROE  sb. 

Row  (rau),  a.^  Obs.  exc.  dial,  or  arch.  Forms  : 
a.  1-3  ruw-  (i  ru-),  3  ru.  £.  i  row-,  3-5  rowe 
(4  rouwe),  4-  row.  [An  inflectional  variant  of 


ROUGH  a. :  cf.  MDu.  and  MLG.  ruw-}  ru  (Du. 
ruw).    See  also  Row  sb.&\ 

1.  Rough,   in   various   senses.     (Common  from 
c  1300  to  1450.) 

a.  931  in  Birch  Cartul.  Sax.  II.  364  To  (Saere  ruwan 
hecgan.  944  Ibid.  557  On  Sone  ruwan  hlync.  c  1000  in 
Cockayne  Narrat.  (1861)  22  Waeron  hie  swa  ruwe  and  swa 
Sehsere  swa  wildeor.  c  1000  ^LHUC  Genesis  xxvii.  23  pa 
ruwan  handa  waeron  swilce  bees  yldran  broSur.  c  1225 
Attcr.  A*.  120  f»et  ruwe  vel  abute  be  heorte.  c  1250  Gen.  <y 
Ex.  1544  Ysaac  wende  it  were  esau,  for  he  grapte  him  and 
fond  him  ru. 

/3.  944  in  Birch  Cartul.  Sax.  II.  557  Andlang  baes  rowan 
linces.  a  1300  Owl  <y  Night.  1013  Hi  gob  bytuht  myd 
rowe  felle.  £1350  ipoinadon  6147  Hys  hed  ys  row  wyth 
feltred  here.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  x.  120  pe  rose.. Out 
of  a  ragged  roote,  and  of  rouwe  breres  springeb.  c  1400 
Beryn  520  He  axid  his  staff  spitouslich  with  wordis  sharp 
&  rowe.  c  1440  CAPGK.  Life  St.  Kath.  i.  942  Cande  be  rych, 
whech  hath  a  see  ful  rowe.  a  1529  SKELTON  Agst.  Garnesche 
iii.  124  Thow  a  Sarsens  hed  ye  here,  Row  and  full  of  lowsy 
here.  1746-  in  south-western  dial,  use  (see  E.  D.  D.). 

2.  In    special   collocations,   as   row   cheer  (^\^ 
dashle,  dog^  hound,  smith  (f) :  (see  quots.). 

1403-4  in  Eickley  Little  Red  Bk.  Bristol  II.  183  No 
Smyth  yclepid  a  Rowsmyth  of  the  towne  of  Bristow.  c  1440 
Protnp.  Parv.  437/2  Rowchere,  a£rt*K0ttr&  1848  Zoologist 
VI.  1973  Small  Spotted  Dog,  Scy  Ilium  canicula.  Fre 
quently  called  'rough  '  or  'row-hound'.  1891  CHOI-E  Hart- 
land  Gloss.  s.v.  Dashle^  The  milk-thistle  is  called  Milky- 
dashle,  and  the  Scotch  thistle  Row-dashle,  Ibid.,  Rcnu- 
ifogs..,  Rough  men (Clovelly), 

3.  Comb.,  as  row-foot(ed),  =ROUGH-FOOT(ED). 
Now  arch. 

1398  TKEVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xii.  vi.  (Tollem.  MS.), 
Rowe-fotid  dowues  bredeb  euery  monbe.  1564-78  BULLEIN 
Dial.  agst.  Pest  (1888)  6,  I  had  better  bee  hangad  in  a  withie 
or  in  a  cowtaile,  than  be  a  rowfooted  Scot,  a  1802  Kinmont 
IVillie  xxv.  in  Scott  Border  Min.  (1869)  269  '  Why  trespass 
ye  on  the  English  side  1  Row-footed  outlaws,  stand  ! '  quo1 
he.  1896  KIPLING  -Seven  Seas  118  What  care  I  for  your 
row-foot  earls  ? 

Row  (ran),  a.2  Now  north,  dial.  Forms : 
i  hreow,  5-6  rowe,  5-7,  9  dial,  row,  9  dial.  rou. 
[OE.  hrtow,  app.  an  ablaut- variant  of  hr  aw  RAW 
a.]  Raw,  uncooked,  untanned,  etc.  Also  row-eyed^ 
•nosed  adjs. 

fiooo  /ELFRIC  Exod.  xii.  9  Ne  eton  je  of  bam  nan  bing 
hreowes.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  312/1  Rowe,  crifdus,  incoctns. 
Ibid.)  To  be  Rowe,  crudere.  1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  n. 
x.xxv.  152  Ayenst  brenninge  yron  may  haue  no  defence  row 
leder  nor  also  lamynes  of  yron.  1551  TURNER  Herbal  i. 
(1568)  B  v,  Garlyke.  .swageth  the  olde  coughe,  taken  row 
or  soden.  1562  Ibid.  11.  72  The  rowe  iuice  . .  dronken 
softeneth  the  belly.  1686  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2156/4  A  white 
cropt  Gelding  with  a  whisk  Tail,  Row-nosed  and  Row^eyed. 
1829  BROCKETT  N.  C.  Gloss,  (ed.  2),  Rou,  cold,  bleak  and 
damp  ;  especially  as  applied  to  a  place,  or  to  the  weather.  1894 
HESLOP  Northumb.  Gloss,,  Ro,  roa,  row,  raw,  as  meat  that 
is  under-cooked. 

t  Row,  adv.  Obs.  Also  4-5  rowe.  [f.  Row  a.1] 
Roughly;  angrily,  fiercely.  Chiefly  in  phr.  to 
look  row. 

1*97  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  500  King  lotrin..dude  al  is  wille, 
vor  he  lokede  so  rowe.  13..  CoerdeL.  4661  Kyng  Richard 
..on  hym  gan  to  look  rowe.  c  1386 CHAUCER  Can.  Yeoin.  T. 
861,  I  haue  yow  toold  ynowe  To  reyse  a  feend  al  looke  he 
neuer  so  rowe.  c  1440  Eng.Conq.  Irel.  89  The  kynge  henry 
.  .was  a  man.  .row  \-v.r.  roghly]  lokynge,  and  rede  in  wreth. 
(.-1450  Merlin  xi.  168  He  was  grete  and  longe,  and  blakke 
and  rowe  rympled.  a  1500  Chaucer's  Dream  in  C.'s  Wks. 
(1598)  358/1  His  heavy  brow  He  shewed  the  Queene,  & 
looked  row. 

Row  (n"i),  &.1  Forms:  i  rowan,  3  rowen, 
rouwen,  rojen,  reowe,  3-6  rowe  (4  rowwe), 
4-  row,  6  roa ;  St.  5  rou-,  roy,  6  roll.  Also  pa.  t. 
i  reow,  3  rue,  3-4  rewe  ;  //.  i  reowon,  -un, 
hrowun,  hreeuun,  reon,  2  reowan ;  fa.  pple. 
6  rowen.  [OE.  rdwan^  =  OFris.  *rdia  (WFris. 
roeije,  EFris.  r6it  rote,  NFris.  rut,  ro)t  MDu. 
royen,  roeyen  (Du.  roeijen}t  MLG.  and  LG. 
r&jen,  rojen,  MHG.  ruejen,  ON.  and  Icel.  r6a 
(Norw.  roa,  ro,  Sw.  and  Da.  re).  The  root  ro-  is 
also  the  base  of  OE.  rfaor  RUDDER,  and  various 
forms  of  it  appear  in  the  related  languages,  as 
Olr.  rdme  (Ir.  rdmh\  L.  remus,  Gr.  tperfSv  oar, 
cperijs  ro\ver.] 

I.  1.  intr.  Of  persons :  To  use  oars,  sweeps,  or 
similar  means,  for  the  purpose  of  propelling  a 
boat  or  other  vessel. 

cogo  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Luke  viii,  23  Hrowundum.  .Saem  (vcl 
miooy  jehrowun)  [he]  slepde  [c  1000  pa  big  reowun,  ha 
slep  he],  c  1000  ^LFRIC  Cothq.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  96  Ic  astige 
min  scyp .  .and  rowe  ofer  splice  dselas.  a  IIM  O.  E.  Ckron. 
(Laud  MS.)  an.  1046,  Hissciperes.  .wurpon  hine  on  bone  bat 
..£  reowan  to  scipe.  0205  LAY.  7813  Nu  bohte  Julius 
Cezar.. rouwen  swa  longe,  bat  he  come  to  Londen.  c  1290 
S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  139  Heo  roweden  forth  al  bane  dai.  c  1320 
Sir  Tristr.  1656  So  rewe  be  kni?tes  trewe  ;  Tristrem,  so  rewe 
he.  13. .  E,  E.  Allit  P.  C.  216  pay  ruyt  hym  to  rowwe  & 
letten  >e  rynk  one.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  4521  J>us  went 
bay  to  water,  . .  Sesit  vp  bere  sailes,  &  in  sound  Rowet. 
c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  38  They  made  redy  their  oores  and 
rowed  by  the  force  of  their  armes.  1553  KDEN  Treat.  New 
2nd.  (Arb.)  39  They  were  enforsed  to  gather  vppe  theyr 
sayles,  and  to  rowe  only  with  the  maste.  1578  T.  N.  tr.  Cong. 
W.  India  38  Having  rowen  little  more  then  halfe  a  league, 
they  espied  a  greate  Towne.  1582  STANYHURST  SEneis  ni. 
(Arb.)  76  Oure  sayls  are  strucken,  we  roa  furth  with  speedi- 
nes  hastye.  1617  MORVSON  I  tin,  i.  3  All  Passengers  without 
difference  of  condition  must  help  to  rowe,  1700  DRYDEN 


Ceyx  ff  Ale.  92  The  sailors  ship  their  oars,  and  cease  to  row. 
1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  57  They  pray  as 
they  row,  backwards.  1810  CRABBB  Borough  xxii.  325  To 
row  away  with  all  my  strength  I  try'd.  1865  J.  THOMSON 
Sunday  up  River  v.  i,  Boating  on  our  river.  1  to  row  and 
you  to  steer. 

trans/.  1655  MARQ.  WORC.  Cent.  Inv.  §  15  The  course., 
according  to  which  the  Oars  shall  row. 

b.  Jig.  or  in  fig.  context.     (See  also  2.) 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  411  We  shulden  be  pilgryms 
heere  &  rowe  wisely  in  bis  boot  to  heuene.  1393  LANGL. 
P.  PI.  C.  xi.  52  To  repenten  and  ryse,  and  rowen  out  of 
synne,  To  contricion.  c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  evil,  xi, 
To  wisshed  port  with  joy  they  row.  1630  J.  TAYLOR 
(Water-P.)  Cast  aver  Water  Wks.  n.  161  To  their  iournies 
end  all  Creatures  rowes.  1663  BUTLER  Hud.  i.i.  874What- 
soe're  we  perpetrate  We  do  but  row,  we  are  steer 'd  by  Fate. 
1728  EARL  OK  AILESBURY  Mem.  (1890)  650  Certain  it  was  that 
in  her  Court  there  were  persons  that  looked  one  way  and 
rowed  another.  1736  AINSWORTH  Eng,-Lat.  Diet.)  To  row 
one's  own  course,  or  do  as  one  pleaseth. 

c.  To  r<nv  dry,  to  perform  merely  the  action  of 
rowing  either  in  pretence  or  as  an  exercise  ;  also, 
to  row  without  splashing,  or  (jocularly)  without 
getting  wet.     Also  fig. 

1833  MARRYAT  P.  Simple  xxvlli,  '  He's  rowing  dtyt  your 
honour — only  making  bilave.'  '  Do  you  call  this  rowing 
dry?'  cried  another,  as  a  sea  swept  over  the  boat.  1867 
SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  583  Row  Dryt  the  order  to  those 
who  row,  not  to  splash  water  into  the  boat. 

d.  Rowed  of  all !    (See  cu,iot.  1867.) 

1836  MARRYAT  Midsh.  Easy  ii,  '  In  bow— rowed  of  all.' 
The  boat  was  laid  alongside.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word, 
bk.  583  Rovottl  of  all,  the  orders  for  the  rowers  to  cease, 
and  toss  their  oars  into  the  boat  simultaneously,  in  naval 
style. 

e.  With  complement  denoting  the  place  of  the 
rower  in  the  boat. 

1856  STONEHENGK  Brit.  Rural  Shorts  476/2  A  companion 
who  will  not  mind  a  few  splashes,  .should  be  put  in  to  '  row 
stroke  '.  18830.  READE  in  Harper's  Mag.  Dec.  131/2  [He] 
rowed  six  in  the  college  boat.  1889  J.  K.  JEROME  Three 
Men  in  Boat  vii,  I  gave  it  up  at  last ;  I  said  I'd  row  bow. 

f.  To  row  over,  to  go  over  the  course  without  a 
competitor,  thus  winning  a  race  or  heat. 

1888  WOODGATE  Boating  (Qsi&m,)  243  Winners  of  the  Wing- 
field  Sculls:  1834.  A.  A.  Julius  rowed  over. 

2.  a.    To  row  against  the  flood,  stream,  wind 
and  tide^  etc.     Freq.  in  fig.  use,   to  undertake  a 
difficult  or  arduous  task;  to  work  in  adverse  cir 
cumstances  or  in  the  face  of  opposition. 

a  1250  Prov.  Alfred  145  in  O.  E.  Misc.  no  Strong  hit  is 
to  reowe  ayeyn  be  see  bat  floweb.  1311  Pol.  Songs  (Cam- 
den)  254  Whoso  roweth  a^ein  the  flod,  Off  sorwe  he  shal 
drinke.  1390  GOWER  Conf,  II.  61  Betre  is  to  wayte  upon 
the  tyde  Than  rowe  ayem  the  stremes  stronge.  1470-83 
MALORY  Arthur  x.  xxviii.  458  They  must  be  foughten  with 
alle,  or  els  we  rowe  ageynst  the  streme.  c  1485  Digby  Myst. 
IV.  491  Ya,  I  wyll  no  more  row  ageyn  the  Flode,  I  wyll  sett 
my  soule  on  a  mery  pynne.  1677  HORNECK  Gt.  Law 
Consideration  v.  (1704)  373  He  that  can  row  against  the 
stream,  may  with  great  facility  row  with  it.  1679  PETTY  in 
Ld.  E.  Fitzmaurice  Life  (1895)  244,  I  have  been  travailing 
in  dark  dirty  crooked  ways,  and  have  been  rowing  against 
wind  and  tide.  1822  SCOTT  Nigel  Introd.  Ep.,  No  one  shall 
find  me  rowing  against  the  stream...!  write  for  general 
amusement.  1855  KINGSLEY  Westw.  Ho !  iv,  I  am  not 
going  to  be  fool  enough  to  row  against  wind  and  tide  too. 

*t*  b.  To  row  past  one's  reach,  to  attempt  more 
than  one  can  do.  Obs. 

1557  Totters  Misc.  (Arb.)  129,  I  rowe  not  so  farre  past 
my  reache.  1575  GASCOIGNE  Hearbes,  Weedes,  etc.  Wks. 
(1587)  131  Hold  wyth  the  head,  and  row  not  past  thy  reach. 
Ibid.  150  Thus  can  I.,  adventure  for  to  teach  The  falcon  fly, 
and  yet  forwarne  she  row  not  past  her  reach. 

c.  To  row  in  the  same  or  in  one  boat  (see  quots.). 

1796  Grose's  Diet.  Vnlg.  T.  (ed.  3),  To  r<nv  in  the  same 
boat,  to  be  embarked  in  the  same  scheme.  1801  COL.  HAN 
GER  Life  II.  347  This  society  (pardon  the  vulgarity  of  the 
expression  !)  all  rowed  in  one  boat,  passing  bills  from  one  to 
the  other.  1812  J.  H.  VAUX  Flush  Diet.,  Row  in  the  boat, 
to  go  snacks  or  have  a  share  in  the  benefit  arising  from  any 
transaction  to  which  you  are  privy.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor*s 
Word-bk.  583  To  Row  in  the  same  Boat^  to  be  of  similar 
principles. 

3.  Of  a  boat  or  other  vessel :  To  move  along  the 
surface  of  water  by  means  of  oars. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  xvii.  (Martftn)  33  As  fysche  wald  he 
dwel  in  be  flud,  &  our-tyrwit  bads,  bat  rowyt  bare.  1398 
TREVISA  Earth.  DeP.R.  xin.  xii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  [In  the 
Dead  Sea]  maye  no  schip  rowe  nober  sayle.  1500-20  DUN- 
BAR  Poems  Ixxxviii,  29  Where  many  a  barge  doth  saile,  and 
row  with  are.  1590  SIR  J.  SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  12  All  the 
long  boates.  .do  rowe  with  all  furie  towards  the  land.  1750 
BLANCKLEY  Nav.  Expos.  14  Barge — Rows  with  twelve 
Oars.  1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  226  We  therefore 
agreed  that  the  light  yawl  should  row  the  headmost. . .  Each 
boat  rowed  with  four  oars.  1794  MRS.  KADCLIFFE  Myst. 
Udolpho  xvi,  Montoni's  gondola  rowed  out  upon  the  sea. 

b.  To  row  guard,  the  rounds ,  of  a  guard-boat : 
to  go  the  rounds  amongst  warships  in  harbour. 

1758  Ann.  Reg.  i.  81/1  The  boats  from  every  ship  in  com 
mission  . .  attended,  and  rowed  guard  round  the  Royal  Anne. 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine,  Guard-boat,^,  boat  appointed 
to  row  the  rounds  amongst  the  ships  of  war  which  are  laid 
up  in  any  harbour.  1799  Naval  Chron.  I.  258  The  Terrible's 
cutter  in  Rowing  Guard  got  among  the  breakers. 

O.  trans.  To  be  fitted  or  rowed  with,  to  carry 
(so  many  oars). 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  s.v.  Boat,  Pinnaces . .  are 
somewhat  smaller,  and  never  row  more  than  eight  oars. 
1799  NELSON  in  Nicolas  Dis6.  (1845)  I.  ii  The  Spanish 
barge  rowed  twenty-six  oars,  besides  Officers,  thirty  in  the 
whole.  1806  A.  DUNCAN  Life  Nelson  178  In  a  t>mall  boat 


BOW. 

rowing  six  oars.  1854  H.  MILLER  Sch.  $  Schm.  (1855)  508, 
I  purchased,  .a  light  little  yawl.. that  rowed  four  oars. 

4.  Of  waterfowl,  fish,  etc. :  To  swim,  paddle. 

Similarly  used  of  persons  in  Beowulf  512,  539. 

1631  WIDDOWES  Nat.  J>kilos.6$  Geese,  Duckes,  Swannes, 
have  whole  feete  to  rowe  in  the  water.  1604  Ace,  Sev.  Late 
Voy.  n.  (1694)  no  When  they  [i.e.  starfish]  swim  in  the 
Water  they  hold  their  Legs  together,  and  so  they  row  along. 
1728-46  THOMSON  Spring  777  In  the  pond  The  finely- 
check  er'd  duck  before  her  train  Rows  garrulous.  1827 
HOOD  Mhis.  Fairies  iv,  Others  [sc.  fish]  with  fresh  hues 
row'd  forth  to  win  My  changeable  regard.  1885-94  K- 
BRIDGES  Eros  •$•  Psyche  Sept.  6  Down  he  dived,  And  rowing 
witli  his  glistening  wings  arrived  At  Aphrodite's  bower. 

II.  5.  trans.  To  propel  (a  boat  or  other  vessel) 
by  means  of  oars.  (See  also  quot.  1788.) 

c  1340  JViw//«rt/tf  (Skeat)  316  Hoimne  neefde  -ucroun  aage, 
[Man]  Schippe  with  ore  rowith.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  223 
The  barge  Envie  stiereth  . .  Wher  Falssemblant  with  Ore 
on  honde  It  roweth.  1466  Mann,  fy  Househ.  Exj>.  (Roxb.) 
211  To  the  men  of  the  Kervelle  for  rowenge  the  bote  to 
Manytre.  a  1513  FABYAN  Chron.  (1516)  n.  205  Rowe  the 
bote  Norman,  rowe  to  thy  lemman.  1590  SPENSER  F.Q.  n. 
vi.  10  In  this  wide  Inland  sea,.. my  wandring  ship  I  row. 
1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.,  Oar,.. an  Instrument  whereby  a 
Boat,  Barge,  Galley,  &c.  is  row'd,  or  ad  vanc'd  along  theWater. 
1788  FKANKLIN  II' ks.  (1888)  X.  17  A  large  boat  rowed  by 
the  force  of  steam  is  now  exercised  upon  our  river.  1810 
CRABBE  Borough  xxii.  167  Alone  he  row'd  his  boat;  alone 
he  cast  His  nets  beside.  1884  PAE  Eustace  77  The  arrange 
ment  was  that  Willy  should  row  one  boat  and  Eustace  the 
other. 

b.  To  make  (a  stroke),  to  use  (an  oar),  in  the 
course  or  exercise  of  rowing. 

1866  WOODGATE  Rowing  $  Training  55  He  must  impress 
upon  all  his  crew  the  necessity  of  not  rowing  a  single  stroke 
carelessly.  Ibid,  58  In  these,  .two  men  row  a  pair  of  oars. 

c.  With  race,  heat,  etc.,  as  complement. 

1888  WOODGATE  Boating  (Badm.)  252  This  [1846]  was  the 
first  race  rowed  in  keelless  boats.  Ibid.,  This  [1877]  is  the 
only  dead  heat  ever  rowed  in  this  race. 

6.  To  convey  (persons)  on  the  water  in  a  boat 
propelled  by  oars.     Also  refl. 

1375  BARBOUK  Bruce  in.  425  pe  thrid  wes  ane  pat  rowyt  Jiaim 
our  deliuerly,  and  set  bairn  on  be  land.  1470-85  MALORY 
Arthur  i.  xxv.  73  Go  ye  into  yonder  barge,  and  rowe 
your  self  to  the  swerd.  a  1513  FABYAN  Chron.  (1516)  n.  205 
This  Mayer.,  was  rowed  tbyther  by  water.  1812  BYRON 
Ch.  Har.  i.  Ixx,  Some  o'er  thy  Thamis  row  the  ribbon' d 
fair.  1832  G.  Downs  Lett.  Cont.  Countries  I.  392,  I  had 
to  be  rowed  out  a  little  from  the  shore.  1839  FR.  A. 
KEMBLE  Resid,  in  Georgia  (1863)  62  We  rowed  the  doctor 
over  to  see  some  of  his  patients. 

7.  transf.  To  convey,  transport,  propel,   move, 
in  a  manner  or  with  a  movement  similar  to  row 
ing.    Also,  to  take  as  payment  for  rowing  (see  quot. 
1607). 

1607  DEKKER  Knights  Conjuring  Fj,  At  Westminster- 
bridge  ..  ready  to  be  torne  in  peeces  to  haue  two  pence 
rowed  out  of  your  purse.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vii.  439  The 
Swan.. Rowes  Her  state  with  Oarie  feet.  1707  MORTIMER 
Httsb.  (1721)  I.  24  'Tis  a  vast  quantity  of  Water  that  their 
turning  will  row  along  upon  a  fiat.  1713  DERHAM  P/iys. 
Theol.  vii.  i.  §  5  [The  legs)  somewhat  out  of  the  Center  of 
Gravity . .  for  the  better  rowing  their  Bodies  through  waters. 
1787  T.  BEST  Art  of ' Angling  i  The  tail  an  instrument  of  pro- 

5ressive  motion  which  serves  to  row  them  forward.     1884 
///.  Engin.  I.  u.  78  With  the  lever  it  is  rowed  to  the  right 
or  left  as  may  be  required. 

8.  U.S.   slang,    a.   To  row  (one)  up  Salt  River, 
to  rout  or  defeat  in  politics ;  also  —  next. 

1835  D.  CROCKETT  Tour  down  East  46  [Judge  Clayton] 
made  a  speech  that  fairly  made  the  tumblers  hop.  He 
rowed  the  Tories  up  and  over  Salt  river.  1848  BARTLETT 
Diet.  Amer.  279  To  Row  j<£  Salt  River,  is  a  common 
phrase,  used  generally  to  signify  political  defeat.  The  dis- 
tance  to  which  a  party  is  rowtd  up  Salt  river  depends 
entirely  upon  the  magnitude  of  the  majority  against  its 
candidates.  1855  HALIBURTON  Nat,  <$•  H.  Nature  I.  27  We 
rowed  him  to  the  very  head  waters  of  Salt  River  in  no  time. 
b.  To  row  (one)  up,  to  treat  (one)  to  a  severe 
verbal  castigation. 

1845  in  Eartlett  Diet.  Amer.  (1848)  279  We  should  really 
like,  of  all  things,  to  row  up  the  majority  of  Congress  as  it 
deserves  in  regard  to  the  practice.  1850  LOWELL  in  Scud- 
der  Life  I.  303,  I  am  tired  of  controversy,  and,  though  I 
have  cut  out  the  oars  with  which  to  row  up  my  friend 
Bowen,  yet  I  have  enough  to  do. 

9.  a.  To  make  (one's  way)  by,  or  as  by,  rowing. 
1821  SCOTT  Kenilw.  xxv,  Joan . . ,  with  robust  pace,  and  red 

sturdy  arms,  rowed  her  way  onward,  amongst  those  prim 
and  pretty  moppets. 

b.  To  have,  make  use  of,  in  a  rowing-match. 
1888  WOODGATE  Boating  ('Badm.)  245  The  winners  only 

rowed  seven  oars  in  the  final  heat.  1900  SHERWOOD  Oxford 
Rowing  160  Corpus,  .rowed  an  untrained  man. 

c.  To  row  against  (another  person  or  crew). 
1888  WOODGATE  Boating  237   Beach.. rowed  Wallace 

Ross  for  the  championship. 

d.  To  row  down,  to  overtake  by  rowing. 

1869  in  Sherwood  Oxford  Rowing  156  What  is  allowed 
to  be  the  strongest  crew  upon  the  river . .  has  been  rowed 
down  every  day. 

Row  (r<?u),  z/.2  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  4-5  rowe. 
[Related  to,  or  formed  on,  Row  sb^~\ 

•f*  1.  intr.  ?  To  run  in  a  straight  line.   Obs. 

ciyto  Maximoti  in  Rel.  Ant.  I.  120  Hunten  herd  y 
blowe,  Hertes  gunne  rowe,  Stunte  me  no  ston. 

*t*2.  To  send  out  rays;  to  shine;  to  dawn.  Obs. 

c  1320  Pol.  Songs  (Camden)  239  The  rybaudz  a-ryseth  Er 
}K  day  rewe.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xvm.  123  Eyther  axed 
other.  .Of  the  dyne  and  of  the  derknesse,  and  how  J>e  daye 
rowed.  1390  GOWEH  Conf.  I.  315  Whan  the  dal  began  to 
ruwe,  Tho  mihten  tliei  the  sot  he  knowe. 


845 

J*£'  c  X374  CHAUCER  Compl.  Mars  2  Loo  Venus  rysen 
amonge  yow  rowes  rede  And  floures  fressh  honouren  thee 
this  day. 

3.  trans.  To  arrange,  put  or  place  in  a  line  or 
row.   Now  dial.   Also  in  pa.  pple.,  set  with  some- 
i    thing  in  a  row  or  rows. 

For  other  purely  dialect  senses,  see  the  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 
1657  THOKSLEV  Daphnis  -y  Chloc  197  His  mouth  rowed 
•  with  Elephant-pearl.  1703  R.  NEVE  City  $  Country  Purch. 
\  42  They  Row  them  up,  like  a  Wall..,  with  some  small 
i  Intervals  betwixt  them,  a  1717  PA KNELL  Poet.  U'ks.  (183^3) 
i  59  Bid  her  wear  thy  necklace  rowed  with  pearl.  1824-  in 
!  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

b.  intr.  To  come  up  in  rows ;  to  form  in  a  row 
or  rows.  c  1830-  in  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

Row  (rau),  v.?>     slang  QI  colloq,     [f.  Row  sti.'-*] 

1.  trans.  To   attack   or   assail   (a   person)   in  a 
rough  manner;  to  rag  (a  man  or  his  rooms).  ?  Obs. 

1790  £.«Vtf«rNo.S5,  ii  'Let's  row  him,  Racket,'  exclaimed 
a  third  ;  upon  which  they  unanimously  turned  their  horses 
against  me.  1803  Gradtts  ad  Cantab.  s,v.,  To  row  a  room  ; 
to  break  the  furniture.  1825  WEST.MACOTT  Eng.  Spy  \.  158 
Rowing  a  fellow— going  with  a  party  in  the  dead  of  ni^ht 
to  a  man's  room,  nailing  or  screwing  his  oak  up  [etc.].  1863 
E.  HITCHCOCK  Kem.  Amherst  Coll.  335  The  smart  stories 
told  by  collegians  about  'rowing  Freshmen  '. 
b.  To  rouse  up  by  making  a  noise. 

1800  Sporting  Mag.  XV.  86  Racket  rowed  me  up  at  seven 
o'clock. 

2.  To  rate  or  scold  (a  person)  angrily  or  severely  ; 
to  take  sharply  to  task. 

a  1809  J.  PALMER  Like  Master  (i%ii)  I.  xv.  212  Helen  will 
row  you  well.. if  you  are  not  as  good  as  your  word.  1856 
Miss  YONGE  Daisy  Chain  i.  xix,  I  suppose  you  think  I 
have  no  right  to  row  you,  but  I  do  it  to  save  you  from 
worse.  1863  GLADSTONE  in  Morley  Life  (1^05)  I.  738 
She  rowed  me  for  writing  to  Lord  Palmerstoil  about  her 
accident. 

absol.  1843  SIR  J.  PAGET  Man.  fy  Lett.  vi.  150,  I  have 
succeeded  I  trust  in  reproof — rowing  in  good  earnest,  till  a 
culprit  even  wept. 

D.  To  criticize  sharply  or  severely. 

i8z6  FROUDE  Rem.  (1838)  I.  197,  I.. will  try  my  best  to 
set  to  rights  the  places  you  row. 

3.  intr.  To  make  a  row  or   disturbance ;    f  to 
engage  in  a  rag. 

1797  LOUISA  GURNEY  in  A.  J.  C.  Hare  Gurncys  of  Earl- 
ham  (1895)  I.  66  After  scolding,  rowing,  bickering,,  .we  all 
agreed  to  go.  1851  B.  H.  HALL  College  Words  s.v.t 
Flushed  with  the  juice  of  the  grape,  all  prime  and  ready  fur 
rowing.  1868 Daily  Telegr.  31  Julys/6  The  noisy,  ill-bred 
herd  of  greedy  Germans  that  stormed,  rowed, ..and  up>et 
benches.  1882  BRET  HAKTE  Flip  iv,  You  forget  how  you 
used  to  row.. because  tramps,  .came  to  the  ranch. 

tl&OW,  v.±     Obs.~^  (Meaning  doubtful.) 

Phonetically  it  might  belong  to  Row  v.*t  but  the  context 
rather  suggests  connexion  with  Row  a.1 

<•'  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls')  10338  penne  by. 
gynnes  be  lough  to  flowe,  &  ouer  \>e  bankes  to  renne  &  rowe. 

t  K.OW,  z\5  06s~l  [Related  to  Row  sb*  Cf. 
Ro  v.]  intr.  To  rest. 

c  1400  Beryti  284  Madam!  wol  ye  stalk  Pryuely  in-to  J?e 
garden,  to  se  the  herbis  growe?  And  aftir,  with  our  host  is 
vvyjF)  in  hir  parlour  rowe. 

Row,  v.$     Now  dial.     [Of  obscure  etym.] 

T"L  trans.  To  thrust  the  fingers,  to  poke  (in 
something).  Obs. 

?i4,.  Stasyons  of  Jerus,  561  m  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg. 
(1881)  363  f  Jesus]  bad  hym  pute  his  bond  in  his  ryjht  syde ; 
When  Thomas  had  rowyd  in  his  wonde,  He  wepe  full 
sore.  1600  CAWDRAY  Treas.  Similies  517  Hee  that  roweth 
in  an  eye  for  the  getting  out  of  a  moate,  when  a  beanie 
is  sticking,  there  is  small  hope  that  he  shall  cleare  that  eye. 
b.  dial.  *  To  make  a  vigorous  investigation ' 
into  something.  1877  in  Holderncss  Gloss. 

2.  To  stir,  to  mix  by  stirring  ;  to  poke  or  rake 
about.  Freq.  with  up. 

1641  S.  SMITH  Herring  Buss  Trade  10  One  Boy  doth 
row  and  stlrre  them  up  and  downe  in  the  salt.  1704  Diet. 
Rust.  (1726)  s.y.  Brewing^  Afterwards  it  [liquor]  is  to  be  put 
into  the  Flashing-Tub  to  wet  the  Malt,  as  stiff  as  you  can 
well  row  it  up.  Ibid.)  The  same  rowed  as  before.  1765 
Cotnpt.  Maltster  fy  Brewer  7  When  the  first  mash  is  quite 
done  rowing  up.  1788  W.  H.  MARSHALL  Prov.  Yorksh.) 
To  rcnv,  to  rake  or  stir  about,  as  ashes  in  an  oven.  1877 
Holdermss  Gloss.,  Row.upt  to  stir  up  a  sediment  until  it 
becomes  equally  diffused. 

Row  (rau),  z/.7  Now  dial.  Also  6-7  rowe  ; 
pa.  pple.  5  rowen.  [f.  Row  at.1]  trans.  To 
raise  a  nap  on  (cloth).  Cf.  NAP  z/.2  2. 

In  quot.  1604  confused  with  the  shearing  process. 

1487  Rolls  ofParlt.  VI.  403/1  An  Act  that  no  Stranger 
or  Denizen  shall  carry  any  Woollen  Clothes  out  of  this 
Realme,  before  they  be  Barbed,  Rowed  and  Shorne.  1511-2 
Act  3  Hen.  Vllf)  c,  6  §  i  The  Walker.. shall  not  rowe  nor 
werke  any  Clothe  or  Webbe  with  any  Cardes.  1543  Act 
i  Rick.  Iff,  c.  8  §  13  (Publ.  Gen.  Acts),  Teyntours  whiche 
hereafter  shalbe  vsed.. for  due  stretchyng  of  cloth  onely, 
after  that  it  commeth  fro  the  my  11,  and  before  it  be 
roweu.  1557  in  Hakluyt  yoy.(iyyj)  '•  298  Whether  our  set 
clothes.. be  rowed  and  shorne;  because  ofttimes  they  goe 
vndrest.  1604  Maldon  Borough  Deeds  (Bundle  126,  No.  i), 
Ad  eskurand.  et  tondend.  (Anglic^  to  thick  and  to  rowej 
apud  molendinum  suum.  1624  in  Strype  St&uf&  Surv. 
(1720)  I.  130  My  twelve  Cloth-workers,  that  usually  row  and 
iheere  my  Clothes.  1886  ELWORTHY  IV.  Somerset  Wd.-bk.t 
Rowy  to  roughen  cloth,  /.  e.  to  comb  or  teaze  out  a  nap  on 
it,  as  on  a  blanket. 

Row,  v$  Sc.  rare.  [App.  a  var.  of  ROVE  v.3 
Cf.  Row  j£.T]  trans.  To  make  (wool)  into  roves. 
_  17. .  Tarry  Woo  in  Herd  Scots  Songs  (1776)  II.  100  When 
'tis  carded,  row'd,  and  spun  Then  ihc  work  is  haflcns  done. 


ROWAN-TREE. 

Row,  Sc.  var.  ROLL  sb±  and  v. ;  obs.  f.  ROLL  v.. 
RUE  v. 

Rowable  (r^-ab'l),  a.  rare.  [f.  Row  z>.i] 
Capable  of  being  rowed,  or  rowed  upon. 

1570  LKVINS  Manip,  3  Rowable,  reniigabilis.  a  1637  B. 
JONSON  Horace^  Art  Poet.  94  That  long  narrow  fen  Once 
rowable,  but  now  doth  nourish  men.  1886  Camb.  Univ. 
Alag.  Nov.  108  The  only  piece  of  rowable  water  on  the  Cam. 

Rowage  (nJu-eds).     [f.  Row  v.1  +  -AGE.] 

f  1.   Rowing  dues  or  charges.    Obs.~l 

c  1680  DALLAS  Stiles  (1697)  414  Merchant  of  the  &aid 
Towage,  Rowage,  Anchorage,  ..and  other  dues. 

<i.  Provision  or  equipment  for  rowing.    rarc~l. 

1859  LEWIS  lavas.  Brit,  by  Cxsar  76  The  vessels  could 
lie  in  shallow  water..,  and  the  rowiige  would  make  them 
independent  of  wind  and  tide. 

Rowal,  obs.  form  of  ROWEL  sb. 

Rowan  1  (rJu'an,  Sc.  rau'an).  north,  and  Sc. 
AUo  roan,  rown,  etc.  (see  ROWAN-THEK).  [Oi 
Scand.  origin,  corresponding  either  to  Norw.  rogn 
(cf.  Rowx),  or  more  probably  to  raitn  (routt, 
raott,  Sw.  ron,  Da.  r&n),  of  which  Icel.  rcyni)  ^ 
MS\v.  rone,  MDa.  renc,  arc  derivative  forms.] 

1.  The  mountain  ash;   =  KO\VANT-TREE  i. 

1804  J.  GRAHAMK  Sabbath  443  The  sloe,  or  rowan's  bitter 
bunch.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  ofL.  in.  iv,  A  heap  of  wither'd 
boughs  was  piled,  Of  jumper  and  rowan  wild.  1861  p.  H. 
HAIGH  Conq.  Brit,  by  Saxons  78  notc^  The  tret  of  which  he 
speaks  is  probably  the  mountain -ash,  rown  or  witch.  1887 
R.  BUCHANAN  Heir  of  Linne  iii,  The  rowan  or  mountain- 
ash  shook  its  scarlet  berries  and  dipped  its  tasselled  hair. 

2.  The  berry  of  the  mountain  ash.    Also  attrib. 
1880  II.  Touu  Poet.  \yks.  (1907)  213  Still  shine  the  rowans 

led.  1897  SAKAII  GUANO  Beth  tik.  xxix,  Hips  and  haws  and 
rowans  also  rioted  in  red.  1899  Daily  jVc'ivs  4  Nov.  7/6 
Rowan  jelly  with  game. 

3.  jKfftvan~bffrry,=^^itct 

1814  SCOTT  Diary  23  Aug.  in  Lockbrrt  (1836)  III.  vii.  227 
A  pennon  of  silk,  with  something  like  round  red  rowan- 
berries  wrought  upon  it.  1845  AVzc/  Stat.  Ace.  Scot.  XIV. 
191  The  native  fruits  found  in  the  parish  are  brambles,.. 
roanberrits  and  bazelnuts.  1891  BAKKIE  Little  Minister 
(1890)  6  Rowan  berries  in  your  black  hair. 

Rowan  -  (ruiran).  Sc.  [t  or  rvwin* ,  ROWING 
vbl.  sb$~\  A  roving  (of  wool  or  cotton). 

c  1816  Eifin.  Encycl.  VII.  286  Children  are  employed  to 
lift  the  rolls  or  rowans  from  the  carding  engine.  1825  J. 
NICHOLSON  Operett.  Mechanic  391  The  rows  or  rowans  are 
taken  to  a  roving-billy.  1890  Scott.  N.  fy  Q.  Aug.  53  The 
1  piecers  '  attended  to  the  Billy  and  '  pieced  '  or  mended  the 
'rowans '  or  rovings  as  they  were  drawn  in  by  the  slubber. 

i' Rowail  .  Sc.  Obs.  In  5-6  Bowaue(-nis). 
App.  the  place-name  Rouen  (cf.  ROAN  sbty,  used 
attrib.  to  designate  various  kinds  of  cloth. 

1488  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  I.  153  For  ij  elne  j 
quartar  of  Rowane  gray  for  a  gowne  to  the  Duke.  1494 
Ibid.  231  To  Robert  Lundye  and  the  3ong  Lard  of  Ardross, 
vij  ellis  of  Rowane  lanne.  1500  HALYBURTON  Ledger ^(1867) 
260,  5  ell  of  Rowanis  clath  to  be  hym  a  gon.  isoz  in 
Pitcairn  Critn.  Trials  I.  ^29  Unius  toge  de  Rowaue-taiuie. 

Rowan,  variant  of  ROWEN. 

Rowan-tree,  north*  and  Sc.  Forms  :  a.  6-9 
roun- ;  6,  8  rown- ;  8  rowen- ;  8-  rowan-.  $. 
7-  roan-,  S  roane-,  9  royn(e-.  7.  7,  9  raun- 
tree  ;  9  rauntry  ;  8-9  rantree}  rantry ;  9  ranter, 
rautle.  [See  ROWAN  *.] 

1.  The  mountain  ash,  Pyrus  Aucitpana. 

a.  1548  TUKNEK  Names  Herbes  (E.  D.  S.)  75  The  seconde 
kynde  [of  sorbus]  is  called.. in  Englishe  a  rountree 'or  a 
Quicken  tree.  1597  JAS.  I  DxnionoL  i.  iv.  12  Such  kinde 
of  Charmes  as  commonlie  daft  wiues  vj,es,  for  healing  of 
forspoken  goodes, . .  by  knitting  roun-trees.  .to  the  haire  or 
tailes  of  the  goodes.  1615  W.  LAWSON  Orch.  $  Card.  (1623) 
13  Ashes,  Rountrees,  Burt-treesj  and  such  like.  1788 
PICKEN  Poems  $gnotet  Alluding  to  the  vulgar  opinion  of 
rountree  being  efficacious  against  all  sorts  of  charms.  1828 
SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  xxvii,  Amid  extensive  forests  of  oak- 
wood,  hazel,  rowan-tree,  and  larches.  1842  Proc.  Berw, 
Nat.  Club  II.  x.  7  The  rowan-tree  assumed  a  taller  habit. 
iSgsCROCKETT  Love  /^&f  (zoox)i79Tlltt  rowan  tree  which 
used  to  grow  from  a  cleft  to  the  right. 

/ft.  1671  SKINNER  Etyuwl.  130t.,  Roan-tree,  Sorbus  syh-cs- 
tris  Alpina.  1762  Br.  FORBES  Jrnl.  (1886)  164  You  can 
see  Ash,  Oak,  Birch,  Roan-tree.  1791  W.  GILPIN  Forest 
Scenery  I.  37  The  mountain-ash,  often  called  the  roan  tree, 
should  be  mentioned.  1814  HUDDLESTON  Tolantfs  Hist. 
Druids  283  Roan  tree  and  red  thread,  Put  the  witches  to 
their  speed.  1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss.  s.v.,  Pointing,  it  may 
be  supposed,  at  the  royn-tree  in  her  hand.  1859  \V.  S  COLE- 
MAN  Woodlands  (1866)  57  From  very  early_  times,  the  Roan 
Tree  enjoyed  a  wide  reputation,  .for  the  inherent  magical 
powers  attributed  to  it. 

y.  a  1694  SIR  A.  BALFOUR  Lett.  (1700)  31  A  kind  of  Fruit 
tree  called  Cormes,  not  much  unlike  our  Raun-tree.  1801 
HOGG  Scot.  Pastorals  26  Mark  yon  rauntree  spreading 
wide.  1811  WILLAN  Yorks.  IV.  Riding,  Rantry.  1822  W. 
IRVING  Braced.  Hall  II.  165  A  branch  of  rauntry  or  moun 
tain-ash.  1853  JAMIE  Emigrants  Family  40  (.E.  D.  D.)» 
Though  they  had  used  the  rantree's  branch. 

2.  attrib.  with  berryy  branch,  cross,  etc. 

a.  1723  NISBET  Heraldry  372  Three  Rowentree  Branches 
sliped  proper.  £1770  Laidley  Worm  in  Evans  Old  Ball. 
(1784)  III.  175  Crying,  that  witches  have  no  power  Where 
there  is  rown-tree  wood.  iSao  ScOTTd4A£»4  xxvii,  A  rowan- 
tree  switch  for  a  whip.  1821  —  Kenilw.  i,  The  Eldorado, 
where . .  country- wenches  thread  rubies  for  necklaces,  instead 
of  rowan-tree  berries.  1831  CARLVLE  in  Froude  (1882)  II. 
278  The  'rowan-tree  gate  '  and  all  gates  but  the  outer  one 
are  removed. 

0.  1825  Miss  KENT  Sylvan  Sk.  251  A  roan-tree  cross, 
which  he  bears  in  the  left  hand. 

y.  1768  Ross  HeUtiore  i*  6  The  jizzen-bed  wi(  rautree 


ROWBALL. 

leaves  was  sain'd.  1768  —  Rock  $•  Wee  Pickle  Tow,  I'll 
gar  my  ain  Tammie..cut  me  a  rock.. Of  good  rantry-tree 
for  to  carry  my  tow.  1884  D.  GRANT  Lays  #  Leg,  North 
103  A  rantree  stick  Was  quickly  cut  fae  coppice  thick. 

Rowar,  variant  of  ROLLER,  ROWER. 

Rowball.  ?  Obs.  [ad.  Pg.  (also  Sp.)  robah, 
the  name  of  a  fish  resembling  a  bream,  also 
applied  to  several  American  fishes.]  (See  quots.) 

1803  P.  RUSSELL  Indian  Fishes  II.  68  Both  fishes, 
especially  the  first,  are  esteemed  for  the  table,  and  are 
known  to  the  English  under  the  name  of  Rowball.  1804 
SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  V.  i.  155  Indian  Polyneme,  Polynemus 
Indicns...  Rowball.  Ibid.  156  Four-Fingered  Polyneme, 
Polynemus  Tetradactylus  ;.  .like  the  former,  called  Row- 
ball  by  the  English. 

Row-barge.  Now  only  Hist.  [f.  Row  z/.1] 
A  barge  propelled  by  oars  or  sweeps. 

c  1513  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  in.  I.  155  The  one  was  Coke 
the  Qwenys  servant  in  a  row  barge,  a  1548  HALL  Chron., 
Hen.  VHI)  23  The  said  Admiral!  put  hymself  in  a  small 
rowe  barge,  with  three  other  small  rowyng  shippes  and  his 
awne  ship  boate.  1653  H.  COGAN  tr.  1'into's  Trav.  xxiii. 
83  After  these  vessels  followed  a  number  of  row-barges. 
a  1656  USSHER  Ann.  (1658)  288  The  rest  were  of  the  nature 
of  Row-barges.  1716  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  5464  Going  in  the 
Chertsey  Row-barge  from  London.  1737  Gcntl.  Mag.  VII. 
370/1  No  Tilt-Boat  or  Row- Barge  to  take  at  one  Time  more 
than  37  Passengers.  1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  xxvii.  II.  128 
He  was  followed  by  some  row-barges  and  some  craycrs. 
1860  MOTLEY  Netherl.  I.  v.  165  Teligny  ventured  forth  in 
a  row-barge. 

Row-boat  (r0irb0"t).  [f.  Row  z>.i  Cf.  Du. 
roeiboot  (Fris.  -boat}^  A  boat  propelled  by  oars  ; 
a  rowing-boat. 

1538  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  VI.  42:  Item,  to  Johne    j 
Bertane  for  grathing  of  the   Kingis  row  boit  in  tymmer    ' 
werkmanschip.      1648    HEXHAM    n,    Een   Roey-schipt   ofte 
schuyte,  a  Rowe-boate.     1697  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  3315/1,  I  lay 
there  3  days  after,  but  could  see  nothing,  except  a  Row-boat. 
1728  MORGAN  Algiers  II.  i.  218  Well-known  and  often  fre 
quented  creeks  serve  now  to  conceal  their  Brigantines  and    ! 
Row  Boats.     1753  HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  I.  n.  xvi.  70  These 
robbers  ..  go.,  in  row-boats   which  carry  from  twenty  to 
thirty  hands.     1801  COL.  HANGER  Life  II.  394,  I  pressed  a 
strong  row-boat,   with  two  men.     1867  CARLYLE  E.  Irving 
107  Our  vessel  was  a  rowboat  belonging  to  some  neighbours. 
1893  'Q. '  Delect.  Duchy  13  A  fishing-boat  with  a  small 
row-boat  in  tow. 

Rowbour,  variant  of  RUBBOUR  Obs. 

t  Row-bowls.  Sc.  Obs.  [f.  row  ROLL  ^.2] 
The  giime  of  bowls. 

1501  Acc.Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  II.  112  Gifiin  to  the  King 
himself  that  he  playit  at  the  row  bowlis,.  .Ivjj.  1505  Ibid. 
III.  134.  1507  Ibid.  392. 

Row-cast,  dial,  variant  of  ROUGH-CAST. 

(11517  Merton  Coll.  Doc.  (MS.),  Shall  Rovcaste  and  par- 
gett  all  the  Stone  walls.  1746  Exmoor  Scolding  (E.  D.  S.) 
46  More  an  zo,  thee  wut  rowcast,  nif  et  be  thy  own 
Vauther.  1778  —  Glass.,  To  Row-cast  (i.  e.  to  rough-cast), 
to  throw  Dirt  that  will  stick.  1881-  in  dial,  glossaries 
(Glouc.,  Som.,  Devon,  Isle  of  Wight). 

Rowch,  obs.  f.  ROUGH  a.  Rowche,  var.  of 
ROCHE  sb.1  3.  Rowchnes,  obs.  Sc.  form  of 
ROUGHNESS.  Rowde,  obs.  f.  RUDD. 

Row-de-dow  (raud/dau*).  [Echoic :  cf.  Row 
sb.-  and  ROW-DOW-DOW.]  Noise  or  din,  uproar, 
disturbance.  Also  attrib. 

1848  LOWELL  Btglow  P.  Ser.  i.  Poems  1890  II.  102  Let 
'lone  the  rowdedow  it  saves  To  hev  a  wal-broke  precedunt. 
1887  Scottish  Leader  19  Oct.  4  He  seems  to  have  braced 
himself  for  a  superior  effort  in  his  favourite  row-de-dow  line. 

So  Row-de-dowing  vbl.  sb. 

1832  LADY  GRANVILLE  Lett.  (1894)  II.  130,  I  think  there 
will  be  a  great  row-de-dowing  amongst  them  all. 

Rowdge,  obs.  form  of  ROUGE  a. 

Rowdiness  (rau-dines).  [f.  ROWDY  a.  +  -NESS.] 
The  quality  of  being  rowdy  ;  disorderliness. 

1862  TROLLOPE  N.  Amer.  I.  309  They  have  learned  to  dis 
like  the  rowdiness  of  their  country's  politics.  1895  BKSANT 
Westminster  ix.  229  For  downright  bludgeon  rowdiness 
and  riot,  the  rabble  at  Westminster  ..was  equalled  by  few 
towns. 

Row-dow-dow  (rau'ddujdau).  [Echoic.]  An 
imitation  of  the  sound  produced  by  beating  a  drum. 

1814  SCOTT  Wav.  xxxtv,  As  this  was  beyond  the  capacity 
of  the  drubber  of  sheep-skin,  he  was  fain  to  have  recourse  to 
the  inoffensive  row-dow-dow.  1863  Life  in  Normandy  I. 
25  The  band  ceased  to  play,  and  the  drums  struck  up  a 
row-dow,  row-duw-dow,  all  striking  at  the  same  moment 

Rowdy  (rau'di),  sbJ-  and  a.  Also  9  rowdey. 
[Of  American,  but  otherwise  quite  obscure,  origin.] 
A.  sbl  Originally,  a  backwoodsman  of  a  rough 
and  lawless  type ;  hence,  a  rough,  disorderly 
person ;  one  addicted  to  quarrelling,  fighting,  or 
disturbing  the  peace : 

a.  In  American  use,  or  with  ref.  to  America. 
1819  W.  FAUX  Mem.  Days  Amer.  (1823)  179  No  legal  in 
quiry  took  place,  nor,  indeed,  ever  takes  place  amongst  the 
Rowdies,  as  the  Back-woodsmen  are  called.     Ibid.  277  The 
hunters,  or  Illinois  Rowdies,  as  they  are  called,  are  rather 
troublesome.   They  come  rudely  with  their  hats  on  into  the 
parlour,  and,  when  drunk,  threaten  Mr.  Flower's  life.    1824 
H.  C  KNIGHT  Lett.fr.  South  93  The  riotous  roisters,  or,  as 
they  are  here  [Kentucky]  called,  rowdies,  will  fight.. from 
mere  love  of  fighting.     1864  NICHOLS  40  Years  Amer,  Life 
II.  89  A  mob  of  Boston  rowdies  went  over  to  Charlestown 
and  plundered  and  burnt  the  Ursuline  Convent  of  Mount 
Benedict.       1871  in  De  Vere  Americanisms  s.v.,  Roughs 
and  rowdies  are  multiplying  fearfully  in  our  borders. 

b.  In  general  use. 

1865  Sat.  Rev,    15  July  74/2  The  organization  of  the 


846 

rowdies  was  perfect,  all  Conservative  rowdies  being  massed 
on  one  side  of  the  hustings,  and  all  Liberal  rowdies  on  the 
other.  1887  IVcstm.  R ev,  June  280  When  he  assures  us  that 
these  Belfast  rowdies  are  the  most  intelligent  of  the  Irish 
people,  we  take  leave  to  exercise  our  own  judgment  a  little. 
1905  J.  B.  FIRTH  High-w.  <J-  B.  Derbyshire  390  A  horde  of 
callous  rowdies. 

B.  adj.  1.  Belonging  to  the  cla^s,  having  the 
manners  or  conduct,  of  rowdies ;  of  a  rough  and 
disorderly  type. 

1819  W.  FAUX  Mem.  Days  Amer.  (1823)  316  When  the 
English  first  came  to  Evansville  settlement,  these  Rowdey 
labourers  had  nearly  scared  them  out.  Ibid.  332  He  could 
not  find  a  man  to  serve  the  warrant,,  .and  means  to  impanel 
a  Rowdey  jury,  and  try  the  matter  before  himself.  1844 
MKS.  HOUSTON  I7oy.  Texas  II.  106  The  rowdy  fellow  (ang- 
lice  scamp)  is  held  in  check  by  the  consciousness,  that  should 
he  offend. .,  tarring  and  feathering  would  be  his  portion. 
1863  HAWTHORNE  Our  Old  Home  I.  38  Transforming  him 
, .  from  the  most  decorous  of  metropolitan  clergymen  into 
the  rowdiest  and  dirtiest  of  disbanded  officers.  1883  LORD  R. 
GOWEK  Rcminis.  II.  53  A  town  of  steep  streets  crowded 
with  a  rowdy  mob. 

b.  transf.  Of  animals  ;  Refractory ;  inclined  to 
give  trouble. 

1872  C.  H.  EDEN  My  Wife  fy  I  in  Queensland  iii.  69 
Branding  or  securing  a  troublesome  or,  colonially,  a  '  rowdy  ' 
bullock.  1895  A.  B.  PATEKSON  iManfr.  Snowv  River ^(1896) 
125,  I  can  ride  a  rowdy  colt. 

2.  Characteristic  of  rowdies ;  esp.  marked  by  dis 
orderly  roughness  or  noise. 

1852  BKISTED  Upper  Ten  Thousand-^  My  red  wheels  are 
rather  rowdy,  I  must  own;  not  exactly  the  thing  for  a 
gentleman.  Ibid.  239  Low,  shabby,  dirty  men,.. alike  in 
their  slang  and  rowdy  aspect.  1863  E.  DICEY  Federal  St. 
251  A  regular  noisy,  rowdy,  glorious,  Fourth  of  July.  1882 
Miss  BRAODON  M.t.  Royal  vi,  I  think  I  should  go  to-night 
to  the  most  rowdy  theatre  in  London. 

Rowdy,  sh2  slang.  ?O&s.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
Cash,  coin. 

1841  LEMAN  REDE  Sixteen  String  Jack  i.  iv,  Kit.  He's 
got  the  rowdy,  hey?  Theo.  Rowdy  !  What's  rowdy,  I 
wonder?  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  Ixxvi,  But  he  has  got 
the  rowdy,  which  is  the  thing.  1856  Punch  23  Aug.  79  The 
Queen  of  Oude  May  spend  her  Rowd-y,  careless  and  sans 
sfftta, 

Rowdy(rau'di),t/.  [f.RowDY^.1]  intr.  To  play 
the  rowdy ;  to  act  in  a  noisy,  disorderly  manner. 

1896  A.  MORRISON  Child  Jago  282  You  came  in  drunk, 
and  rowdied  about  the  church  with  your  hat  on. 

Rowdy-dowdy,^,  slang-.  [Cf. ROW-DE-DOW.] 
Characterized  by  noisy  roughness. 

1882  in  OGILVIE.  1898  J.  K.  JEROME  Sec.  TJioughts  293  In 
Rook-land  the  rowdy-dowdy,  randy-dandy,  rollicky-ranky 
boys  get  up  very  early.  1901  Daily  News  lojan.  9/3  They 
commenced  a  music  hall  song — *  A  Little  Bit  Off  the  Top', 
and  other  rowdy  dowdy  songs. 

Rowdyish  (rau-di,ij\  a.  [f.  ROWDY  a.  +  -ISH.] 
Somewhat  rowdy. 

1850  HAWTHORNE  Amer.Note-Bks.  (1883)  389  A  brandy- 
burnt  and  rowdyish  sort  of  personage.  1874  W.  R.  GREG 
Rocks  Ahead  201  The  administration  has  fallen^into  the 
hands  of  men  too  rowdyish,  too  infamous,  or  too  incapable 
to  be  endured. 

Rowdyism  (rau-di|iz'm).  [f.  ROWDY  sbl-  + 
-ISM.]  Conduct  characteristic  of  rowdies. 

1857  B.  TAYLOR  N.  Trav.  xx.  205  The  purposed  rowdyism 
of  the  man's  style  shows  a  little  too  plainly.  1874  BURNAHO 
Afy  Time  xxxi.  310  Door-knocker  wrenching,  street-fight 
ing,  and  suchlike  rowdyism.  1893  LELAND^CW.  I.  302  The 
degrading  influences  of  this  rowdyism. 

Rowdyon  (Promp.  Parv.  437)  :  see  RODION. 

Rowe,  variant  of  Ro  (obs.}  ;  dial,  and  Sc.  var. 
ROLL  v. ;  obs.  f.  Row  sb.t  a,,  and  z>. ;  obs.  f.  RUFF 
(the  fish) ;  var.  WBO  (obs.). 

Rowed  (r^nd),  a.    [f.  Row  sb.^] 

1.  Having  stripes  of  a  specified  colour. 

15..  in  Percy's  Folio  MS.,  Ball.  <y  Rom.  I.  391  The  red 
blood  in  her  face  did  rise ;  it  was  red  rowed  for  to  see.  1552 
Invent.  Ch.  Goods  (Surtees)  41  One  suyt  of  vestmentes  of 
whyt  rowyd  sarsnet. 

2.  Having  (a  specified  number  of)  rows. 

1768  MILLS  Syst.  Pract.  Husb.  I.  419  Both  the  four  rowed 
and  the  six  rowed  barley  are  generally  sown  in  the  autumn. 
1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farni  II.  360 The  natural  classifica 
tion  of  barley  by  the  ear  is  obviously.. i-rowed,  6-rowed, 
and  2-rowed.  1866  Chambers's  Encycl.  VIII.  393/2  Rye- 
grass.  .,  a  two-rowed,  flatly-compressed  spike. 

Rowed,  ppl*  a.  rare-1,  [f.  Row  z/.C]  Of 
herrings  :  Stirred  up  and  down  (in  salt). 

1641  S.  SMITH  Herring  Buss  Trade  10  One  boy  takes  the 
rowed  Herring,  and  carries  them  in  Baskets  to  the  Packers. 

Rowed,  variant  of  ROWET  dial. 

Rowel  (rau'el),  sb.  Forms  :  5  roile ;  5  rewel-, 
6  ruel ;  5  rowelle,  5-8  rowell,  6  rowyll,  6-7 
rowal,  5-  rowel ;  6  rowle,  7  roule.  [ad.  OF. 
roely  rouel  masc.,  or  roele^  rouele,  ruele  (etc.) 
fern.,  dim.  of  roe,  roue  (see  Row  st>.G) :— L.  rota 
wheel.  Cf.  med.L.  rotella.] 

I.  1.  A  small  stellar  wheel  or  disk  with  sharp 
radial  points  and  capable  of  rotation,  forming  the 
extremity  of  a  spur. 

c  1400  Destr.  Troy  1258  He  Richet  his  Reynes  and  his 
roile  stroke,  c  1430  Pttgr.  Lyf  Manhode  n.  xcviii.  (1869) 
in  A  peyre  spores  she  nadde  on,  with  longe  rewelles  wel 
arayed.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  312/2  A  Rowelle  of  a  spore, 
ferpctra,  stimulus,  1512  Act  4  Hen.  Vllf^  c.  19  §  14  Lyke 
dyverse  Rowles  of  Spurres  betwyxte  the  barres  of  the  Crosse. 
1562  TURNER  Herbal  n.  (1568)  43  Lupine  hath,  .a  lefe  with 
v.  or  seuen  iaggcrs,  which. .haue  the  lykenes  of  aruel  of  a 


BOWEL. 

spor.  1616  BRETON  Good  fy  Bad  xv,  When  to  maintains 
valor  his  spurres  haue  no  rowels  nor  liis  sword  a  point.  1688 
HOLME  Armoury  in.  304/1  A  Scotch  Spur,  .is  an  old  way  of 
making  Spurs,  Rowels  not  then  being  in  fashion.  1784 
COWPER  Task  vi.  527  With  sounding  whip,  and  rowels  dyed 
in  blood.  1808  SCOTT  Alarm,  vi.  xiv,  Lord  Marmion  turn'd, 
..And  dash'd  the  rowels  in  his  steed.  1833  J.  HOLLAND 
Manuf.  Metal  II.  310  The  rowel  occurs  for  the  first  time 
in  a  sketch  belonging  to  the  latter  end  of  the  thirteenth 
century.  1877  BLACK  Green.  Past,  xiii,  The  rowels  of  his 
spurs  were  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter. 
jfcg.  1602  MARSTON  Ant.  $•  Mel.  v.  Wks.  1856  I.  62  Your 
wits  spurs  have  but  walking  rowels;  dull,  blunt,  they  will 
not  drawe  blood. 

b.  Her.  (See  quot.  1562.) 

1562  LEGH  Armory  185  He  beareth  Argent  a  Mollet  of 
v.  pointes,  Azure.  If  the  pointes  be  euen  they  be  called 
Rowelles.  1603  STOW  Surv.  (1908)  I.  52  A  Crosse  double  to 
the  ring,  betwene  fower  rowals  of  sixe  poyntes.  [1610 
GUILLIM  Her.  in.  v.] 

c.  The  rowel-head  (see  next). 

1844  DISRAELI  Coningsby  iv.  xiv,  The  yeoman  struck  his 
spurs  to  the  rowels.  1863  THORNBURV  True  as  Steel  I.  155 
Up  to  the  rowel  went  every  spur. 

d.  attrib.  and  Comb.^  as  rowel-deep  adv.,  -head^ 
-maker i  -spur. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  llf,  i.  i.  46  He.  .strooke  his  able  heeles 
Against  the  panting  sides  of  his  poore  lade  Vp  to  the 
Rowell  head.  1686  PLOT Staffordsk.  377  The  Rowell  maker 
. .  makes  the  5,  6,  7,  8,  or  10  pointed  rowells,  of  iron  or  steel. 
i8zo  SCOTT  Abbot  xviii,  I  will  remain  here,  with  bridle  in 
hand,  ready  to  strike  the  spurs  up  to  the  rowel-heads.  1870 
LOWELL  Study  Windows  2  All  the  couriers  in  Europe  spur 
ring  rowel-deep  make  no  stir.  1880  in  Mrs.  O'Donoghue 
Ladies  on  Horseback  (1881)  232  A  correspondent.. advises 
ladies  to  use  a  rowel  spur,  with  five  prongs. 

1 2.  a.  The  rim  of  a  wheel.   Obs. 

*ta  1400  Morie  Arth.  3262  Abowte  cho  whirllide  a  whele 
.. ;  The  rowelle  whas  redegolde  with  ryalle  stonys  ;..The 
spekes  was  splentide  alle  with  speltis  of  siluer. 
T"  b.  A  small  wheel  or  pinion.    Obs. 

1599  T.  M[OUFET]  Silkwormes  35  Ingenious  Germane,  how 
didst  thou  convey  Thy  Springs,  thy  Scrues,  thy  rowells,  and 
thy  file? 

f3.  EccL  ?  A  wheel-shaped  chandelier.   Obs. 

Occurs  as  ruele  in  Latin  context  in  1245-52  (Camden 
Jlfisc,  IX.  10) ;  also  in  Latin  form  rotella  (ibid.  23). 

1451  in  Gardner  Hist.  Dunwick  (1754)  149  For  Wax  a^ens 
Estern,  and  filling  the  Rowel.  1505  Will  of  Joan  Longe 
(Somerset  Ho.),  I  begueth  to  the  makyng  of  a  Rowell  in  the 
same  church.  1565  in  Peacock  Eng.  Ch.  Furniture  (1866) 
159  Item  one  Pax,  candellstickes,  Rowelles,  Mass  bookes. 

attrib.  1542  Masham  Parish  Ace.  (MS.),  Resauyd  and 
gathryde  in  the  Church  for  the  rowell  Candell  afore  the 
rood,  xxd. 

II.  "I*  4.  a.  The  end  of  a  pig's  snout,     b.  The 
knee-pan.     C.  A  vertebra.   Obs. 

c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  v,  And  whan  alle 
J?at  faileth  hem,  pei  wrote  in  \>e  grounde  with  J>e  rowell  of 
hir  snowte,  be  whiche  is  reght  herde.  1543  TRAHERON  Vigors 
Chirurg.  183  b,  Of  the  dislocation  of  the  panne  or  rowell  of 
the  knee.  1586  BRIGHT  Mclanch.  xxvi.  149  The  rowels  of 
the  neckbone  with  their  snagges  hinder  that  inclination. 

T"  5.  a.  A  small  knob  on  a  scourge.    Obs.~* 

1540-1  ELVOT  Image  Gov.  xxxix.  98  Whipped  throughoute 
the   citie   of   Rome   with  whyppes    full   of  ruelles   called 
Scorpions.     [Cf.  Elyot  (1538),  Scorpio^..^.  whyppe  hauing 
plummetts  of  leade  at  the  endes  of  the  cordes.] 
f  b.  A  knob  on  a  horse's  bit.  Obs. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  vii.  37  The  yron  rowels  into  frothy 
fome  he  bitt.  1598  FLORIO,  Mellone,.. rowels  in  the  mouth 
of  a  horses  bit  like  melons.  i6o7MARKHAM  Caval.  11.  (1617) 
106  By  the  cruelty  of  their  bytts,  as  by  hie  ports  with 
Trenches,  and  rough  roulesor  buttons. 

6.  Farriery.  A  circular  piece  of  leather  or  other 
suitable  material,  with  a  hole  in  the  centre,  in 
serted  between  the  flesh  and  skin  of  a  horse  or 
other  animal  to  cause  discharge  of  humours  j  also, 
any  kind  of  insertion  used  for  this  purpose. 

Properly  distinct  from  a  setont  but  the  two  are  sometimes 
confused. 

1580  BLUNDEVIL  Horsemanship  v.  51  Two  round  rowels 
made  of  the  vpper  leather  of  an  old  shoo,.. and  let  such 
rowels  be  three  inches  broad.  Ibid.  51  b,  When  he 
goeth  vpright,  pull  out  the  rowell.  1607  MARKHAM 
Caval.  vii.  (1617)  42  After  the  sore  hath  runne  eight  or 
tenne  dayes,  you  shall  heale  it  by  taking  away  the  rowell. 
1610  —  Master^,  n.  clvii.  464  Tye  the  two  ends  of  the 
tampins  or  rowels  together.  1714  PhiL  Trans,  XXIX.  48 
Putting.. a  Rowel  or  Seton  under  the  Chin,  in  the  Dew 
laps.  1761  EARL  OF  PEMBROKE  Mil.  Equitation  (1778)  127 
When  horses  are  out  of  case,,  .a  rowel,  and  two  ounces  of 
the  following  powder,.. are  of  great  service.  i8oa  WILLICH 
Dotnest.  Encycl.  III.  s.v.,  Rowels  are  eminently  useful  in 
carrying  off  rheums  or  defluxions  from  the  eyes.  1846  J. 
BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric,  (ed.  4)  II.  141  A  seton  or  a 
rowel  should  be  retained  for  three  or  four  weeks.  1885  G. 
FLEMING  Vet.  Surg.  i.  195  The  rowel  itself  is  simply  a 
small  piece  of  thin  leather,  felt,  indiarubber,  gutta-percha, 
or  even  lead. 

attrib,  1678  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  1295/4  A  black  Gelding,., 
with  a  Rowel  Mark  on  the  farther  Buttock.  1704  Ibid. 
No.  4068/4  A  grey  Mare..,  Ewe-Neck'd,..and  hath  six 
Rowel-Marks. 

•}•  7.  ?  A  circular  drain-cover.    Obs."~l 

1601  Nottingham  Rec.  IV.  262  To  carry  away  our  meaner, 
to  th'end  rowells  be  nott  stopped  when  the[y]  sweepe  downe 
ther  channels. 

f  8.  A  round  or  rung  of  a  ladder.   Obs~l 

1652  STERRY  Eng.  Deliv.  North.  Presb.  46  A  ladder  joyn- 
ing  heaven  and  earth,  in  which  ladder  every  Rowel  is  a 
spiritual,  a  living  glory. 

9.  ?  A  radiating  group  of  twigs. 

1869  BLACKMORE  Lorna  D.  xvii,  To  fill  the  tips  of  the 
spray- wood  and  the  rowels  all  un  the  branches  with  a  crowd 


ROWEL. 

of  eager  blossom.  1894  HALL  CAINF.  Manxman  \\.  vii,  The 
rowels  of  the  thin  boughs  overhead, 

Rowel  (rciu'tH),  z'.1     [f.  ROWEL  sb.  i.] 

1.  intr.  and  with  it.     To  use  the  spur-rowels. 
1599  NASHK   Lenten  Stuffe  Wks.  (Grosart)  V.  249   The 

dust  that  they  raise  in  hot  spurd  rowelling  it  on  to  per  forme 
complementes  vnto  him.  1890  KIPLING  in  Fortn.  Rev. 
XLVII.  68 1  He'll  answer  to  the  whip,  and  you  can  rowel 
enough  for  both. 

2.  trans.  To  spur  (a  horse)  with  the  rowel. 

1833  Eraser's  Mag.  VII.  270  Carl.,  rowetled  his  horse 
sharply.      1863  W.  C.    BALDWIN  Afr.  Hunting  vi.  200,  I 
nursed  my  nag  to  the  best  of  my  judgment,  rowelling  him 
well,  but  holding  him  fast  by  the  head.     1893  Scribner's 
Mag.  XIII.  378/1  He  rowelled  the  horse  with  his  burnished 
spurs. 

b.  To  prick  with  rowels. 

1891  KILLING  Light  that  Failed  (1900)  271  He  was  rum 
maging  among  his  new  campaign-kit,  and  rowelling  his 
hands  with  the  spurs. 

Rowel  (rcnrel),  z'.2  Also  6-7  rowell.  [f. 
ROWEL  sb.  6.]  trans.  To  insert  a  rowel  in  (a 
horse  or  other  animal). 

1580  BLUNDEVIL  Horsemanship  v.  51  Rowell  the  two 
slittes  or  cuttes  with  two  round  rowels.  Ibid.  51  b,  It  shall 
be  needefull  to  rowell  him  with  a  leather  rowell  vpon  the 
shoulder  point,  and  to  keepe  him  rowelled  the  space  of 
fifteene  daies.  1657  W.  COLES  Adam  in  Eden  ccii,  The  root 
serveth  to  rowell  Cattle  and  to  cure  them  of  the  Cough.  1675 
Lond.  Gaz.  No.  1049/4  Lost..,  a  small  white  hound  Bitch, 
. .  having  been  roweled  in  the  Breast  three  dayes  since. 
1711  Ibid.  No.  4917,4,  2  spots  on  her  farther  Hip  as  if 
she  had  been  Rowell'd.  1771  SMOLLETT  Hnwph.  Cl.  24  May, 
I  can  dress  a  horse. .,  and  bleed  and  rowel  him.  1818  SCOTT 
Rol>  Roy  vii,  I  could  attain  no  information  beyond  what 
regarded  worming  dogs,  rowelling  horses,  and  following 
foxes.  1841  HARTSHORNE  Shropsh.  Gloss.  552. 

Rowel-bone :  see  RUEL-BONE. 

Rowelled,".  rare-1,  [f.  ROWEL  sb.  i.]  Of 
a  spur  :  Furnished  with  a  rowel. 

1834  PLANCHE   Brit.  Costume  99  The    rowelled    spur    is 
first  seen  on  the  great  seal  of  Henry  III,  but  it  is  not  com 
mon  before  the  reign  of  Edward  I, 

Rowelled,  ppl*  a-  rare  -1.  [f.  ROWEL  v.^\ 
Having  a  rowel  inserted. 

1580  BLUNDEVIL  Horsemanship  v.  56  b,  So  as  the  rowelled 
place  may  be  in  the  verie  middest  thereof. 

Rowelling,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  ROWEL  w.2]  The 
operation  of  inserting  a  rowel  in  a  horse,  etc. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  218  Take  a  sliuing  or  slip  of  the 
root  and  draw  it  through  the  eare  of  sheep  or  horse  in 
manner  of  rowelling.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  90/2  Rowel 
ling  of  Horses  is  putting  of  Hair  Rings  through  the  Horse 
skin  to  draw  out  Corruption,  c  1720  GIBSON  Farrier's  Guide 
ii.  Ivii.  (1738)  216  Rowelling  is  an  artificial  vent  made  to 
discharge  noxious  humours.  1747  Gent  1.  Mag.  488  If  this 
method  is  observed,  with  rowelling, ..it  probably  will  pre 
vent  the  mortality.  1831  YOUATT  Horse  399  The  manner 
of  rowelling  has  been  described  at  page  186. 

attrib,  1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Rowelling^  Take  some  Horse 
hair,.,  put  it  into  the  Rowelling-Needle.  1834  PERCIVALL 
Hippopath.  I.  136  With  a  pair  of  rowelling  scissors,  we  first 
slit  the  skin  sufficiently  to  admit  of  the  finger.  1885  G. 
FLEMING  Vet.  Snrg.  i.  74  A  special  form  of  scissors  named 
rowelling  scissors,  or  rowelling  bistoury. 

Rowen  (ratrcn).  Now  chiefly  dial,  and  U.S. 
Forms :  a.  4  rewayn,  5  ryweyn,  6  rewen.  (3. 
5  raweyne,  rawen,  8-9  rawing  (9  rawn).  7.  5 
rowayne,  roweyn,  6-  rowen,  9  rouen,  rowan  ; 
7  rowin,  7-9  rowing,  [a.  ONF.  *reivain  (cf. 
mod.Picard  rouain,  Norman  revouin\  =  OY.  (and 
mod.F.)  regain ;  for  the  etymology  of  the  second 
element  see  GAIN  s&.2  and  v.2  An  Anglo-Latin 
rewaynum  occurs  in  the  I4th  cent.] 

1.  The  second  growth  or  crop  of  grass  or  hay  in 
a  season  ;  aftermath,  eddish.  Cf.  ROTJGHINGS. 

The  precise  application  of  the  term  (esp.  with  regard  to 
cutting  the  aftergrowth  or  leaving  it  for  pasture)  varies  to 
some  extent  in  ditferent  localities. 

a.  a  1345  in  Bp.  Hatfield's  Survey  (Surtees)  201  Et  de 
ipf.  rec.  de  re  way  no  omnium  pratorum  in  parco  post  falca- 
cionem.  1383  Ibid.  170  Pastura  prati,  post  asportationem 
feni  de  Rewayn.  c  1470  Horst  S/tefie,  $  6'.  (Roxb.)  7  The 
second  croppe  they  carye  home  of  ryweyn.  1577  [see  y]. 

3.  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  424/2  Raweyne,  hey  (/*.  rawen), 
fenum  serotinum.      1710  HILMAN    Tusser  Kediv.  xvi.  25 
Ther  is  a  Water-retting  and  a  Dew  retting,  which  last  is 
done  on  a  good  Rawing,  or  aftermath  of  a  Meadow  Water. 
1866  Athenzum  23  June  827/2  The  'rawing'  of  our  East 
Anglian  farmers.      1895  RYE  E.  Angl.  Gloss.,    Rawn,  a 
second  growth  of  meadow  grass. 

y.  c  1440  Hor$)  Shepe,  <$•  G.  140  The  secunde  crop,  thei 
carie  home  Roweyn  \i'.r.  Rowayne].  1514  BARCLAY  Cyt.  fy 
Uplondyshm.  (Percy  Soc.)  9  Gyve  to  the  bestes  good  rowen 
in  pleynte.  1580  TUSSER  Husb.  (1878)  126  Which  euer  ye 
sowe,  that  first  eat  lowe.  The  other  forbare  for  rowen  [1577 
rewen]  to  spare.  1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.t  Edish, . .  the  rowen 
or  aftermath.  1669  WORLIDGE  Syst.  Agric.,  Rowett t  rough 
Pasture  full  of  Stubble  or  Weeds.  1710  HILMAN  Tusser 
Rediv.  (J),  Rowen  is  a  field  kept  up  till  after  Michaelmas, 
that  the  corn  left  on  the  ground  may  sprout  into  green. 
1796  J.  ADAMS  Diary  Wks.  1851  III.  417  A  soft  fine  rain 
. .  will . .  lay  the  foundation  of  fine  rowen  and  after  feed. 
1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  972  Cow-keepers 
find  great  advantage  in  keeping  the  animals  constantly  fed 
with.,  fresh  cut  grass,  and  soft  green  rouen.  1846  Jrnl.  R. 
Agric.  Soc.  VII.  i.  61  Sainfoin . .will  yield  a  good  crop  of 
hay..  ;  and  the  rowen  is  most  valuable  for  lambs.  1880 
HOWELLS  Undiscov.  Country  xx.  309  The  sunny  glisten  of 
meadows  where  the  Shakers'  hired  men  were  cutting  the 
rowan. 

fig-  "875  Galaxy  XIX.  560  The  rowen  of  Democratic 
victory  has  been  as  plenteous  as  the  harvest. 


847 

b.   In//,  form. 

1638  QUARLES  Hieroglyph,  xiv.  iii.  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  196 
By  the  low-shorn  Rowi  us  doth  appear  The  fast-declining  year. 
1639  HORN  &  ROB.  Gate L at.  £/«/.xxxv.  §  419  The  latewaid 
crop  (eddish,  rowings)  shoots  out  afresh  of  grass  springing 
up  the  second  time.  1721  MORTIMER  Hush.  (ed.  3)  I.  233 
For  the  Wintering  of  Cattle,  about  September  you  must  turn 
them  out. .  into  your  Rowens.  1805  R.  W.  DiCKfiON-/*#w/. 
Agric.  II.  1030  In  order  to  their  being  fattened  out  on  the 
rouens.  a  1825  FORBY  Vec.  E.  AngHa,  Kawings,  after 
grass.  1850  MRS.  UROWXING  Lady  Gcraldinc's  Courtship 
xxxix,  And  across  it  from  the  rowans  A  brown  partridge 
whirring  near  us,  till  we  felt  the  air  it  bore.  1876  Surrey 
Gloss,  s.v.,  To  put  the  cattle  into  the  rowens  is  to  turn  them 
out  into  the  fields  lately  mown. 

fig.  a  1644  QL-AHLKS  Virgin  WzV&wWks.  (Grosart)  III. 
292/2  When  we  had  taken  the  first  crop  of  his  exuberous 
baggs,  you  might  have  then  made  bold  to  eate  the  Rowens. 

f2.  a.  =A'owen  partridge.  Also  transf.  of  a 
woman.  Obs. 

1603  HOLLAND  Pliitarcfcs  Mor.zig  As  for  the  partridges, 
.  .the  old  rowens  full  subtilly  seeme  to  wait  the  comming  of 
the  said  hunters  [etc.J.  1603  Philotits  xxxiii,  The  deuill 
cum  lick  that  bcird  auld  rowan  ;  Now  sie  the  trottibus  and 
trowane,  Sa  busilie  as  sho  is  wowane. 

1 b.  Rowen  butter  or  cheese.    Obs. 

1675  HAN.  WOOLLEY  GcntlfW.  Comp.  215  When  your 
Rowens  come  in,  . .  do  not  lavish  away  your  Milk-butter 
or  Cheese. 

3.  attrih.  and  Comb.)  as  rowen  crop,  grass,  hay  ; 
also  f  rowen  butter  (see  quot.  1745);  t  roweu 
(-tailed)  partridge,  a  partridge  frequenting  a 
field  of  rowen  grass  or  hay  :  cf.  RuiN-TAZL(BD). 

With  quot.  1882  cf.  ROWKT,  quot.  1893. 

1523  Ace.  St.  John's  Hosp.,  Cant.  (MS.),  For  the  rowen 
grass  of  the  appull  garden.  1600  HOLLAND  Pliny  xvm. 
xxviii.The  rowen  grasse  afterwards commeth  up . .  tliickeand 
high  for  pasture  and  forrage.  Ibiti.,  To  the  end  there  may 
be  a  second  math  of  rowen  hay  in  Autumne,  1603—  /'//<.'- 
arch's  Mor.  570  The  old  rowen  partridges  teach  their  yoong 
ones  how  to  runne  awaie  from  before  the  fowler.  1626 
BRETON  Fantastickt'S\\'\is.  (Grosart)  II.  7/1  Bucks  now  are 
in  season,  and  Partridges  are  Rowen-taild.  1745  DC  J-\'c's 
fcng.  Tradcstn.  iii.  (1841)  I.  23  You  bargain  for  the  right 
rowing  butter,  which  is  the  butter  that  is  made  when  the 
cows  are  turned  into  the  grounds  which  have  been  mowed. 
1765  Rluseuin  Rii&t.  IV.  275,  I  shut  that  up  for  a  rowen 
(aftermass)  crop  of  hay.  1801  HUNTINGTON  Bank  of  Faith 
91  This  I  feared  would  fall  heavy  upon  me,  as  my  rowen 
hay  keeps  my  cows.  1866  BKOGDEN  Prov.  Line.  s.v.  Kwen, 
The  rowen  hay  season  affords.,  an  extra  employment  i88z 
J KFFERIES  Bevis  III.  xvii.  268  Grey  rowen  grass  at  the  verge 
of  the  ditch  showed  that  frost  had  wandered  thither. 

Rowen  i^-cheese) :  see  RUEX. 

Rower1  (rJu'w).  Also  5  roware,  -ere,  6  Sc, 
rollar.  [f.  Row  z'.1  Cf.  MDu.  royer,  rocyer 
(Du.  roeijer\  MLG.  royer,  roier,  Norw.  roar.'] 

1.  One  who  rows  ;  an  oarsman. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  iv.  met.  iii.  (1868)  122  pe  rowers 
and  pe  maryners  hadden  by  pis  . .  dronken  be  wickede 
drynkes.  1382  WYCLIF  Ezek.  xxvii.  6  Thei  maden  to  thee 
thi  seetis  of  rowers  of  yuer  of  Ynde.  c  1440  Promp*  Parv. 
437/2  Roware,  yn  a  water,  retnex.  1513  DOUGLAS  sKneis 
x.  iv.  118  Furth  held.  .Aulestes..withgret  strenth  of  rowaris 
in  that  pres.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Retnex,  To  ease 
or  healpe  the  rowers  with  settinge  vp  a  sayle.  1600  HOL 
LAND  Liiiy  xxxvir.  x.  950  Polyxenidas..  would  neither  have 
rowers  nor  other  mariners  in  any  number  about  his  fleete. 
1689  BURNET  Trav.  \\.  (1750)  102  Which  runs  with  such  a 
Force,  that  we  went  thirty  Miles  in  three  Hours,  having  but 
one  Rower.  1732  LEDIARD  S ethos  Il.vin.  140  Other  accom 
modations ..  for  the  slaves,  sailors,  and  rowers.  1775  JOHN- 
SON  West.  Isl.  Wks.  X.  497  Sir  Allan  victualled  it  for  the 
day  and  provided  able  rowers.  1833  DOWNES  Lett.  Cont. 
Countries  I.  113  We.  .embarked  in  a  covered  boat,  after  a 
battle  with  the  rowers,  who  wanted  to  force  us  into  a  wet  one. 
1877  A.  B.  EDWARDS  Up  Nile  xvii.  470  A  crew  of  steady 
rowers  can  do  thirty  miles  a  day 

2.  //.  =  REMEX  2. 

1884  COUES  N.  Ainer.  Birds  115  Rudders,  or  true  tail- 
feathers,  like  the  remiges  or  rowers,  are  usually  stiff,  well- 
pronounced  feathers. 

t  Rower  -.  Obs.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  dead  or 
fallen  tree. 

1404  in  Wilts.  Archeeol.  Mag.  (1879)  XVIII.  164  Sept 
Kiesnes  [=chenes]  appellez  'rowers  pour  foaile.  1413 
Patent  Roll  i  Hen.  I7,  Arbores  mortuas  vocatas  Rowers. 
1453  Rolls  of  Par  It.  V.  306/1  Nor  of  the  undrewode  and 
Rowers  in  a  woode..for  theire  perpetuell  fuell. 

t  Rower  3.     Obs.    [f.  Row  vJ  +  -EB  1.]    One 

who  puts  a  nap  on  cloth. 

1598  DELONEY  Jacke  Nnvb.  \\.  38  These  were  shearemen 
everie  one,..  And  hard  by  them  there  did  remaine  Full  foure 
score  rowers  taking  paine. 

Rower,  Sc.  variant  of  ROLLER  sb.i 

f  Rower-back.  Obs:~l  [a.  Du.  roerbak :  see 
ROBE  v.~\  A  trough  in  which  herrings  are  stirred 
among  salt. 

1641  S.  SMITH  Herring  Buss  Trade  9  One  man  takes  the 
full  Baskets,  when  they  [sc.  herrings]  are  gipt,  and  carries 
them  to  the  rower  backe,  wherein  is  salt.  [Hence  in  later 
Diets,  and  Encycls.] 

Rowet  (rcliret\  dial.  Also  7  roet,  ruet,  9 
rou(e)t,  rowett,  rowed.  [App.  f.  Row  aJ- ;  cf. 
ROUGHET.]  Aftermath,  winter-grass ;  also,  coarse 
grass  growing  on  waste  land  or  in  ditches,  etc. 

c  1700  KENNETT  in  MS.  Lansd.  1033  fol.  326  Roet  or  Ruet, 
pasture  ground  fed  with  cattle  as  distinguish!  from  hay- 
ground,  a  1722  LISLE  Hnsl<.  (1752)  251,  I  was  afraid  they 
would  have  been  much  pinched,  their  rowet  being  gone. 
1823  E.  MOOR  Suffolk  Words,  Rout,  coarse  grass,  which 
looks  brown  and  sare  in  the  meadows  in  spring.  1850 
OGILVIE,  Aftermath  >  ,'v$  also  called  latter  math,  rowen,  or 


KOWING. 

rowett.  1893  MRS.  KENNARD  Diogenes  Sandals  ix,  Gale 
walked,  .mile  after  mile,  over  'rowett1  and  'burnett'. 

attrib.  1766  Compl.  farmer  s.v.  Dairy,  The  foddering 
season  in  the  former  holds  so  much  longer,  occasioned  by 
the  rowet-grass  falling  of  a  month  sooner.  1893  Wiltshire 
Gloss.,  I\o?uet~grass,  the  long  rough  grass  in  hedges,  etc., 
which  cattle  refuse;  rowan  or  coarse  aftergrass. 

KiOW'ety,  a.    rare.    Also  rowetty.    [f.  prcc.] 

•f  1.  Roweiy  grass,  rowen  or  rowet-grass.    Obs. 

aiyzz  LISLK  Hush.  (1752)  19  They  will  not.  .encourage  a 
rowety  grass  to  arise. 

2.    =  ROWTY  a.    rare. 

1878  JF.KFERIF.S  Gamekeeper  at  //.  31  The  body  hidden  by 
the  tangled  dead  ferns  and  '  rowetty  '  stuff.  1879  —  //  'Hd 
Life  ii.  26  A  little  of  that  rowetty  grass  seen  in  the  damp 
furrows  of  the  meadows. 

Rowfe,  Rowff\e,  obs.  forms  of  ROOF  sb. 

Row-footed  :  see  Row  a.1 

Row-galley.    Now   Hist.    [f.   Row  v\  + 

GALLEY  sbl\  A  galley  moved  or  propelled  by  oars. 

a  1548  HALL  C//»v«.,  Hen.  I'  II  I,  22  Three  Galies  of  force, 
with  diuerse  Foyste^  &  Rowgalies.  1577-87  HOUNSHKD 
Citron.  I.  28/1  Cesar.  .got  together  £o  saile  of  great  ships 
and  row  gallics.  1596  DALKYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  XcoL 
II.  326  A  rowgaylay  weil  furnist.  1748  Ansons  I'oy.  n.  vi. 
202  Two  Row-galliesof  thirty-six  oars  a-piece.  1795  NKI.SJX 
7  Feb.  in  Nicolas  Disfi.  (1845)  II.  5  The  Enemy  would  have 
had  the  Ports  of  this  Island  full  of  Row-galleys.  1836 
MARHYAT  Midsh.  Easy  (1863)  215  It  is  a  galley,  sir  —  one  of 
the  row  galleys  —  I  can  make  out  her  bank  of  oars.  1876 
BANCROFT  Hist.  U.S.  V.  x.  4-59  Two  British  ships,  .captured 
or  destroyed  the  four  American  row-galleys  in  the  ri\er. 

Rowgh(e,row3(e,obs.ff.RouGH<7.;  var.  ROUGH 
sb.~  Obs.  Rowght,  obs.  var.  ROUT  si).  Rowh^e, 
obs.  ff.  ROUGH  a.,  var.  ROUGH  sb.-  Obs.  Rowhyn, 
var.  ROUGH  v2  Obs. 

Howiiiess  ^('•'•int-s).  [f.  Rowv  a.  +  -XKSS. 
Cf.  ROE  3  and  RUKV.]  The  state  of  bein^  rowy  or 
streaked;  streakimss. 

1875  LAS  LETT  Timber  178  That  [mahogany]  cut  in  the 
province  of  Tabasco  has  generally  some  row  mess  ox  figure 
to  recommend  it.  1885  W.  L.  CAKPENTKR  Soap  fy  Candies 
174  Lest  any  portions  of  lye  should  be  accidentally  entangled 
in  the  soap,  producing  want  of  homogeneity,  called  'rowi- 
ness  \  seen  when  the  soap  is  cut  up. 

Rowing  (r^'irj),  vbl.  sb.1  [f.  Row  z;.1  +-ING  !.] 

1.  The  action  (or  f  occupation)  of  propelling  a 
boat,  etc.,  by  means  of  oars. 

c  95o/,fW/.r/C  Gtfs/>,  Mark  vi.  48  He  .  .  jesash  hia  wynnennde 
in  rowincg.  Ibid,  John  xxi.  8  OSri..  Sennas  on  scip  vet  on 
rouing  cuonion.  1382  WYCLIF  Mark  vi.  48  He  sy?  hem 
trauelinge  in  rowynge.  £1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxxiii. 
151  Sum.  .died  for  weryness  of  rowyng  and  ower  trauaillyng. 
1436  Pol.  roeins  (Rolls)  II.  197  Suche  another  rowynge.. 
Was  not  sene  of  princes  many  a  day.  1555  Act  2^3  Phil. 
$•  Mary  c.  16  §  i  Watermen  exercising,  using  and  occupying 
Rowing  upon  the  River  of  Thames.  1585'!'.  WASHINGTON 
tr.  Nicholay's  I'oy.  \\.  xi.  46  With  strength  of  rowing  we 
coasted  along.  1642  FULLER  Holy  ^-  Prof.^  St.  v.  xviii, 
Here  what  tugging,  what  towing,  what  rowing  !  1653  H. 
COGAN  tr.  Pinto's  Trav.  x.  30  They  gave  over  rowing,  and 
..asked  us  what  we  desired  of  them.  1769  FALCONER  Diet. 
Marine  (1780),  Vogite^  the  rowing  of  a  galley.  1825  J. 
NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  55  The  very  best  and  most 
effectual  posture  in  a  man  is  that  of  rowing.  1863  Sa/. 
Rev.  4  Apr.  438  Such  rowing  as  that  of  Oxford  is  always 
worth  going  to  see.  1887  STEVENSON  Merry  M'en  \.  13  Sea- 
cloth  polished  on  the  bench  of  rowing. 

fig.  1638  RAWLEY  tr.  Bacon's  Life  %  Death  (1650)  63  The 
continued  Course  of  Nature,  like  a  running  River,  requires 
a  continuall  rowing  and  sailing  against  the  stream. 

b.  fig.  (See  Row  v.1  8  b.) 

1856  in  De  Vere  Americanisms  (1871)  s.v.,  We  hope  the 
President  gave  his  Secretary  a  good  rowing  up;  he  cer 
tainly  deserved  it  for  his  imbecility. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  Denoting  '  propelled  by 
oars  ',  as  rowing-barge,  -boat,  -ship. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.t  Hen.  VIII,,  23  A  small  rowe  barge, 
with  three  other  small  rowing  shippes.  1647  HEXHAM  i,  A 
rowing  berge,  een  roey-jacht.  iSzoCROKER  Diary  n  Mar., 
Went  out  in  a  rowing-boat  to  the  breakwater.  1863  Sat. 
Rev.  4  Apr.  437  A  severely-contested  match  between  two 
well-manned  rowing-boats.  1901  IVcstm.  Gaz.  n  Feb.  10/1 
Two  4oft.  steam  pinnaces  and  one  soft,  rowing  barge. 

b.  Denoting  '  connected  with,  used  in,  rowing  ', 
as  rowing-gear  •,  -seat,  -wheel. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  438/1  Rowynge  sete  yn  a  schyppe, 
transtrum.  1613  in  Scot.  Hist.  Rev.  (1905)  July  360  Ane 
gailley..with  her  sailling  and  rowing  geir.  1648  HEXHAM 
n,  Een  Riem-banck)  ..  the  Seats,  or  Rowing-seats  in  a 
Galley  or  Boate.  i8o8TREViTHiCK&DiCKiNSON/'a&*«^.S^«r. 
No.  3148  In  a  ship.,  we  place  a  rowing  wheel  shaped  like  an 
undershot  water-wheel  furnished  with  floats  or  pallets.  1884 
KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  SuppJ.  770/2  Rowing  Gear,  outriggers 
and  various  devices  to  assist  the  oarsman. 

C.  Misc.,  as  rowing-club,  -match,  -room,  -shirt, 
•supper. 

1801  STRUTT  Sports  ff  Past.  \\.  ii.  70  Rowing  matches  were 
substituted..  upon  the  Thames  during  the  summer  season. 
1850  THACKERAY  Pendcnnis  xxx,  Those  ferocious  dandies, 
in  rowing  shirts  and  astonishing  pins  and  waistcoats.  1856 
KANE  Arct.  Exfl.  II.  xxvL  264  A  stretch  of  the  land-water 
wide  enough  to  give  us  rowing-room.  1866  WOODGATE 
Rowing  *  Training  86  The  private  races  of  the  numerous 
rowing  clubs  in  the  kingdom.  1889  GRETTON  Memory's 


. 

As  to  these  rowing  suppers,  he  would  set  them 
down  at  once. 

t  Rowing,  vbl.  sb.*  Obs.-1  [f.  Row  sb.l  or 
v.2]  Becoming  rowy  or  streaky. 

1750  W.  ELLIS  Mod.  Hnsbandw.  III.  i.  136  (E.  D.  S.), 
[Others  make  a  strong  brine,]  and  therein  put  pounds  of 
fresh  butter,  and  it  will  preserve  them  from  rowing. 


T 


ROWING. 

(rcurirj),  vbl.  sb.?>  [f.  Row  t».3  + 
-ING  *.]  A  rating,  scolding,  or  severe  talking  to. 
1836  MRS.  SHERWOOD  Henry  Milnerm.  v,  That  quizzing 
and  rowing  which  he  had  experienced.  1841  LEVER  C. 
O*^l alley  Ixxxiv,  He  gave  him  a  devil  of  a  rowing  a  few 
days  ago.  1896  Guv  BOOTHBY  hi  Strange  Company  ir.  vi, 
When  I  saw  that  my  rowings  proved  useless,  I  ironed  him 
for  a  couple  of  days. 

t  Bowing,  vbl.  sb±  Obs.-1  [Cf.  Row  z>.4] 
?  Violent  blowing. 

13..  Propr.  Sanct.  (Vernon  MS.)  in  Herrigs  Archiv 
LXXXI.  112/93  Pe  Rouwyng  in  Contrariusnesse  Of  beose 
wyndes  more  and  lesse  Bitokneb  diuers  trauayle  Of  holi 
churche. 

Bowing,  vbl.  sb.*>  [f.  Row  z/.7  +  -ING1.]  The 
process  of  putting  a  nap  on  cloth. 

c  1475  Pol.  Poems  "(Rolls)  II.  284  As  myche  for  gardyng, 
spynnyng,  and  wevyng,  Fullyng,  rowyng,  dyyng,  and 
scheryng.  158*  HAKLUYT  I'oy.  (1599)  II.  162  The  faults  in 
Walking,  Rowing  and  Burling,  and  in  Racking  the  Clothes 
aboue  measure  vpon  the  Teintors.  1592  GREENE  Upst. 
Courtier  Wks.  (Grosart)  XI.  278  The  Cloth  worker _ what 
with  rowing  and  setting  in  a  fine  nap,  with  powdering  it 
and  pressing  it,  with  shering  the  wooll  to  the  proofe  of  the 
threed,  deale  so  cunningly  [etc.]. 

[The  entry  in  Phillips  (eel.  Kersey,  1706)  *  R  owing  of 
Clothes,  is  the  smoothing  of  them  with  a  Roller,  &c, ',  is 
prob.  an  erroneous  explanation  of  this.] 

Bowing,  t'bt.  J/'.C  [f.  Row  ^.8]  Roving  (of 
wool  or  cotton)  ;  also  cotter,  a  roving  or  rowan. 

1748  RICHARDSON  De  Foe*s  Tour  lirif.  (ed.  4)  II.  335  The 
Number  of  Hands  which  it  employs,  .in  Spinning,  Carding, 
Rowing,,  .is almost  incredible.  1824 MACTAGGART (rrt/frv&f/. 
Kncycl.^  Ro^vtngs,  wool  made  up  in  long  rolls,  with  cards, 
before  it  is  spun. 

Rowing,  dial,  variant  of  Row  EN'. 

Bowing  (rJ'i'irj),  ///.  «.*  [f.  Row  jO]  Using, 
or  accustomed  to  use,  oars. 

1716  GAY  Trh'ia  i.  163  The  rowing  crew,  To  tempt  a  fare, 
clothe  all  their  tilts  in  blue.  1850  THACKERAY  1'endennis 
xxx,  There  were  rowing-men,  whose  discourse  was  of  scull 
ing  matches.  1884  Harper  s  Mag.  Feb.  338/2  The  undis 
turbed  slumber  of  rowing-men. 

Rowing1  (iciu'irj),///.  a.2  rare.  [f.  Row  v.X] 
Rowdy ;  disposed  to  make  a  row. 

1812  Examiner  9  Nov.  719/2  The  defendant,  .made  a 
promise  to  send  some  ro^ving  lads  on  the  next  Sunday. 

Bowism  (rmriz'm).  [See  next  and  -ISM.]  The 
principles  of  the  Rowites. 

1846  McCuu.ocH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  II.  297  Rowism  | 
in  Scotland  is  somewhat  akin  to  what  is  known  as  Irvingism  ' 
Jn  England. 

Bowite  (rau'sit).  [See  def.]  A  member  of  a 
religious  sect  which  accepted  the  teachings  of  the 
Rev.  J.  M.  Campbell,  minister  of  Row  in  Dum 
bartonshire,  Scotland,  from  1825  to  1830. 

1834  J.  M.  CAMPBELL  Mem.  (1877)  I.  113  They  would  say 
Rowites  like  Quakers  dispensed  with  the  ordinances  alto- 
;ether.  1846  MCCULLOCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  11.297 
["he  Rowites  impute  extraordinary  influence  to  the  Holy 
Spirit. 

Rowith,  obs.  f.  RUTH.  Rowk,  Rowkar  | 

(obs.  Sc.) :  see  RODK  v.  Rowke,  obs.  var.  : 

RUCK  sb.  and  v.  Rowl,  obs.  f.  ROLL  j#.l  and  v.  , 

f  Rowl  and- hoe.  Obs.  ~~l    Some  kind  of  game. 

1622  WITHER  Christmas  Carol  xii,  Some  Yovths  will  now  ; 
a  Mvmming  goe,  Some  others  play  at  Rowland-hoe. 

Rowlar,  obs.  var.  ROLLER  sb.1     Rowle,  obs.    ' 
var.  ROLE,  ROLL,  and  ROWEL.    Rowle-powle, 
obs.  var.  ROLY-POLY  sb.     Rowler,  obs.  or  dial. 
var.  ROLLER  sb.1   Rowlet,  obs.  form  of  ROULETTE. 
Rowley-powley,  obs.  or  dial.  var.  ROLY-POLY.     ; 
Rowley  rag  :  see  RAG  sb.%  2. 
Rowling,  obs.  f.  ROLLING.    Rowlm(e,  obs.  ff.   i 
ROOM  sb.1 

Bowlock  (rzvlf?k).  Forms :  a.  8  rowluck, 
8-  rowlock.  0.  9  rollock,  rullock.  [Prob.  an 
alteration  (after  Row  z'.l)  of  the  earlier  OARLOCK,  j 

The  etymological  pron.  (r5u'lpk)  is  recognized  by  many 
Dictionaries,  in  some  cases  without  mention  of  the  usual  form.] 
A  contrivance  or  device,  usually  consisting  of  a 
notch,  two  thole-pins,  or  a  rounded  fork,  on  the  gun 
wale  of  a  boat,  forming  a  fulcrum  for  the  oar  in 
rowing. 

«.  1750  BLANCKLEY  Nav.  Expos.  138  Rowlucks,  are  spaces 
left  on  the  Gunwale,  where  two  Tlipals  are  let  in  at  such  a 
Distance  from  each  other,  as  to  admit  the  Oar,  at  the  End  of 
the  Loom  to  He  on,  for  rowing  the  Boat.  1769  FALCONER 
Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Oar,  In  large  vessels,  this  station 
is  usually  called  the  row-port;  but  in  lighters  and  boats  it 
is  always  termed  the  row-lock.  1857  P.  COLQUHOUN  Oars 
man 's  Guide  29  The  rowlock  is  composed  of  3  parts ;  the 
thoitel,  against  which  you  row ;  the  stopper  which  is  oppo 
site  to  it;  and  the  Jilting  on  which  the  oar  rests.  1878 
JEFFERIES  Gamekeeper  at  II.  lojThe  regular  sound  of  oars 
against  the  tholepins  or  rowlocks  of  a  boat. 

ft.  1821  SHELLEY  Let.  Prose  Wks.  1888  II.  326  The  rul 
lock,  or  place  for  the  oar,,  .ought  to  be  nearer  to  the  mast. 
1834  M.  SCOTT  Cruise  Midge  (1859)  355  We  distinctly  heard 
.  .the  rumble  of  the  rollocks.  1864  RAWLINSON  A  tie.  Mon. 
Assyria  vii.  177  Assyrian  vessels  had  no  rullocks, 

b.  attrib.)  as  rowlock-filling^  -leather •,  -pin,  -plate. 
1840  Penny  CycLXVlll.  395  In  those  ribands  are  fixed  row 
lock  pins.  1853  HICKIE  Aristoph.  (Bohn)  I.  6  A  rowlock- 
leather  you  have  . .  about  your  eye.  1857  P.  COLQUHOUN 
Oarsman's  Guide  12  Box- wood  and  brass  have  been  tried 
for  the  rowlock  filling,  c  1860  H.  STUART  Seaman's  Catech, 
7  Ship  the  rowlock  plates. 


848 

t  BOW'ly,  <ldv.  Obs.-1  [f.  ROW  fl.2  +  -LY  2.] 
s=  RAWLY  adv.  2  or  3. 

1562  TURNER  Herbal  n.  (1568)  70  He  setteth  out  an  other 
herbe,  but  by  hys  leue  a  lytle  to  rowly  described,  for 
Hormino. 

Rowly-powly,  dial.  f.  ROLY-POLY  sb. 

Rowm,  obs.  f.  ROOM  j£.i,  a.,  and  adv. 

Row-man,  erron.var.  of  ROUNDSMAN  i. 

1833  Farm  Rep.  152  in  Husb.  III.  (U  U.  K.),  In  the  winter 
season  some  labourers  are  unable  to  meet  with  employment, 
and  are  sent  about  as  '  row-men  '. 

Rowme,  obs.  f.  ROAM  v.,  ROOM  j£.l,  o.,  and 
adv.  Rowmer,  obs.  f.  ROAMER.  Rowmont, 
var.  ROLMENT  Obs.  Rown,  obs.  f.  ROUND. 

Bowfl.  (raun).  Novfdta/.  Forms:  a.  5rowno, 
6  //.  rounis,  8  roon,  9  rowan ;  8-  rown.  j8, 
5,  9  rownd  (9  round),  [a.  ON,  hrogn  (Icel. 
hrogti)  Fflcr.,  Norw.,  and  Da.  rogn  ;  MSw.  rnghnt 
romp-it^  Sw.  row),  =OHG.  rogan  (G.  rogen~}\  cf. 
ROE  ^,  ROAN  jM,  and  RAWN.] 

1.  The  roe  of  a  fish. 

a.  c  1440  Promp,  Parti.  438/2  Rowne,  of  a  fysche,  liqua- 
vicn.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  311/1  A  Rowne  of  Fysche,  lactis. 
1536  BF.I.LENDEN  Cron.  Scot.  (1821)  I.  xliii,  The  hie  fische 
spawnis  his  meltis,  and  the  scho  fische  hir  rounis,  and  in 
continent  coveris  thaim  ouir  with  sand.  1596  DALRYMPLE 
tr.  Leslie's  hist.  Scot.  I.  50  The  hie  Salmonte  haueng 
castne  the  meltis,  and  the  sche  salmonte  the  Rounis.  1796 
LAUDERDALB  Poems  64  As  lang's  ye  pay  our  annual  fees  in 
milts  an'  rowns.  1824  MACTAGGART  Gallon-id.  Kncycl.  s.v. 
A/ilts,  Herrings  ..  with  milts,  are  said  to  be  the  male 
herring,  the  other  with  rowns,  the  female.  1894  HESLOP 
Northnmbld.  Gloss.,  Rowan,  Ktrwn,  the  roe  of  a  fish. 

ft.  c  1475  Pict.  I'oc.  in  Wr.-\Viilcker  765  Hoc  laqnamen* 
rownd.  1868-  in  dial,  glossaries  (Cleveland,  Whitby,  E. 
Anglia). 

2.  Theturbot;  =RODDEN-FLUKE.   ?  Obs. 

1793  Statist.  Ace.  Scot.  IX.  337  Formerly  there  was  a  very 
plentiful  fishing  upon  the  coast  here,  consisting  of  cod,  ling, 
haddock,  rowan  or  turbot,  skait,  &c..  .But.. none  are  now 
caught  but  a  few  cod,  rowan,  and  skait. 

Hence  Rowningr-time,  the  spawning  season. 

1893  COZENS-HARDY  Broad  JVorf.  77. 

Rownce,  var.  ROUNCE.  Rownd(e,  obs.  ff. 
ROUND.  Rowne,  var.  or  obs.  f.  ROCN,  ROUND  ; 
see  also  Rux  v. 

t  Bowness 1.  Obs.  [f.  Row  a.1]  Roughness; 
also,  hoarseness  (of  the  voice). 

1398  TREVISA  Bartk.  De  P.  R.  v.  xxxv.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
Diners  passiouns  ibrad  by  diners  fleting  of  humours  to  be 
principal  of  be  lunges  as . .  cow^e,  hoosenes,rownes  of  be  voice. 
(1450  M.E,  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  222  For  scabnesse  &  row- 
nesse  of  body  &  of  skyn. 

t  Bowness  -.    Obs.    [f.  Row  a.2]     Rawness. 

1483  Cath.  Angl.  312/2  A  Rownes,  crnditas. 

f  Rownfol^d.     Obs.     (Meaning  obscure.) 

1481-90  Howard  Househ.  Bks.  (Roxb.)  463  My  Lord., 
paide  hym  for  iij.  rownfollis  ij.s.  nij.d.  the  rownfolde, 

t  Rown- wheel.     Obs.  rare—0.     (See  quot.) 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  HI.  340/2  The  Rowne  Wheel,  .of  a 
Wind-Mill.. turns  the  upper  Mill-stone. 

Rowp,  obs.  form  of  ROUP. 

Rowpee,  obs.  form  of  RUPEE. 

Bow-port.  Naut.  [f.  Row  #.*  +  PORT  j#.3  2. 
Cf.  rowlock  and  oar-port.]  (See  quots.) 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780)  s.v.  Ro^v-lpck,  In  the 
sides  of  the  smallest  vessels  of  war,  a  number  of  little  square 
holes,  called  row-ports,  are  cut  for  this  purpose,  parallel  to 
the  surface  of  the  water.  1846  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.,  Row- 
Port,  ports  cut  through  the  sides  of  any  small  vessel  that  may 
have  occasion  to  use  sweeps  during  calm  weather,  c  1850 
Rudini.Navig.(?Wt3\z)m  Row-ports,  square  scuttles  cut 
through  the  sides  of  frigates,  sloops,  and  small  vessels,  one 
between  each  port  in  midships. 

Rowsant,  obs.  form  of  ROUSANT. 

Rowse,  obs.  form  of  ROOSE,  ROUSE. 

Rowser,  variant  of  ROUSER. 

t  Bowsey,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
?  Disorderly,  uncouth,  frowsy. 

1567  HARMAN  Caveat  (1869!  19  The  abhominable.  .and., 
detestable  behauior  of  all  these  rowsey,  ragged  rabblement 
of  rakehelles.  1661  K.  W.  Conf.  Charac.  (1860)  74  That 
Fryday  face  of  his,  whose  rowsey  whiskers  and  brischy 
turnpikes  make  him  resemble,  .some  borish  Turk. 

f  Rowsgray.     Obs.     (Uncertain.) 

Perhaps  two  words,  the  second  being  GREYJ&  6. 

1619  MIDDLETON  Lore  ff  Antiq.  Wks.  (Bullen)  VII.  331 
The  names  of  those  beasts  bearing  fur,  and  now  in  use  with 
the,. Skinners.  The  ounce,  rowsgray,  ginnet. 

Row-slave,  rare-1,  [f.  Row  z/.1]  A  slave 
engaged  in  rowing. 

a  1618  SYLVESTER  Mem.  Mortality  xvi.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II. 
217  The  World's  a  Sea,  the  Galley  is  the  life,..  And  man  the 
Row-Slave,  to  the  Port  of  Death. 

Rowst(e,  obs.  if.  ROOST,  ROUST,  RUST. 

f  Rowsting.      Obs.-1     (Obscure.) 

1581  Act  23  Eliz.  c.  10  §  r  [No  person  shall  take]  Fesauntes 
or  Partridges  with.  .Snares,  Ginnes,  Enginnes,  Rowsting, 
Lowffing  or  other  deuices  whatsoeuer. 

Rowsty,  obs.  form  of  RUSTY  a. 

Rowt(e,  obs.  ff.  ROOT,  ROUT,  ROUTE. 

f  Rpwte-weir.     Obs-1     (Obscure.) 

1584  in  Binnell  Descr.  Thames  (1758)  63  Wears,  Engines, 
Rowte  Wears,  Pight  Wears,  Foot  Wears. 

t  Bowth.  Sc.  Obs.  Also  routh.  [f.  Row 
z;.l-f-TH.  Cf.  OE.  rtwet, 

1.  Rowing. 


ROYAIi. 

r  1425  WYNTOUM  Cron.  vi.  2114  (Wemyss),  Townrd  J>e 
north  pe  traid  haldand,  OuJ>er  with  saill  or  routh  passand. 
1467  Reg.  Dunfermline  (Bann.  Cl.)  359  pe  man . .  passis  vp 
and  set  owre  ^are  nettis  with  routh  with  a  tow  of  xxiiij 
fadome.  1513  DOUGLAS  SEneis  v.  iii.  24  The  swifte  Pristis 
with  spedy  routh.  .Furth  steris  the  stern  Mynestheus. 

2.  A  stroke  of  the  oar(s). 

1513  DOUGLAS  ALneis  in,  v.  15  Swepand  the  fluidc  with 
Inng  rowthis  belife.  Ibid.  v.  iv.  76  Thai  pinglit  ayris  wp  to 
bend,  and  haill  With  sa  strang  rowthis.  .,The  mychty  kerveli 
schudderit  at  euery  straik. 

Rowth,  obs.  f.  ROOT  ii.1,  ROUGH  a.  ;  var. 
ROUTH  ;  obs.  var.  WROTH.  Howthe,  obs.  f.  ROTH. 

Rowty  (rairti);  a.  Now  north,  dial.  Forms : 
C  rowtie,  7-  rowty,  9  routy.  [App.  related  to 
ROWET,  but  found  earlier  :  cf.  ROWETTY  a.]  Of 
grass,  etc. :  Coarse,  rough,  rank. 

1587  HARRISON  Descr.  Brit.  i.  xviii,  The  haie  of  our  low 
medowes  is  not  onelie  full  of  sandie  cinder, ..but  also  more 
rowtie,  foggie,  and  full  of  flags.  Ibid.  in.  i,  The  hinderance 
by  rot  is  rather  to  be  ascribed  to. .their  licking  inofmil- 
dewes,  gossamire,  rowtie  fogs,  and  ranke  grasse.  1691  RAY 
N.  C.  Words,  Rowty,  over-rank  and  strong :  spoken  of 
Corn  or  Grass.  1788  W.  H.  MARSHALL  Prov.  Yorksh.,  Rtnvty, 
rank,  overgrown,  as  beans  or  other  corn.  1855  ROBINSON 
Whitby  Gloss.  s.v.,  Thick  rowty  grass. 

Rowwe,  obs.  form  of  Row. 

Rowwhyn,  variant  of  ROUGH  v.2  0/>s. 

Rowy  (r<5"-i),  a.   [f.  Row  st>.l  +  -f.    Cf.  ROEY.] 

1.  Of  cloth  :   (see  later  quots.). 

155*  Act  5*6  Ed'.u.  I"/,  c.  6  §  40  If  any  Searcher,  .find 
any  of  the  Clothes.. cockely,  pursy,  bandy,  squally  or  rowy. 
a.  1825  FORBY  Voc.  H.  Anglia,  Rowy,  of  uneven  texture, 
having  some  threads  stouter  than  others.  1854  Miss  BAKKR 
Northainpt.  Gloss.,  Rtniy,  of  uneven  texture ;  like  linen 
cloth  which  has  some  threads  coarser  and  thicker  than 
others.  1883  in  Cent.  Diet,  s.v.,  For  which  reason  it  is  styled 
rwey,  as  the  thin  places  extend  across  the  piece  [of  cloth] 
similar  to  the  lines  on  writing-paper. 

2.  Striped,  streaky,  streaked  (esp.  of  bacon). 
1750  ELLIS  Mod.   Husbandm.  IV.  iii.   78  (E.  D.  S.),  If 

butter  is  made  of  clover.. it  is  apt  to  be  rowy.  1893!'. 
PINNOCK  Black  Co.  A  nn.  (E.  D.  D.),  Hauf  a  pound  o'  bacon 
in  rashers,  an*,  .it  must  be  rowy. 

Rowze,  obs.  form  of  ROUSE. 

t  Rox,  v.1  Ots.—1  Also  4  rosk.  (Origin  and 
precise  sense  not  clear  :  cf.  ROXLE  v.) 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  v.  398  He  bygan  temdidtt  with  a 
bolke,.  .And  roxed  [v.r.  roskid,  raxedj  and  rored  and  rutte 
atte  laste. 

Rox,  v.-  dial.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  a.  intr. 
To  decay,  soften,  slacken,  b.  trans.  To  make 
soft  or  slack.  Hence  Boxed///,  a.,  decayed,  etc. 

1847-  in  dial,  glossaries  (Northamp.,  Leic.,  Glouc.). 

Koxburglie  (rp-ksbora).  [Named  alter  the 
3rd  Duke  of  Roxburghe  (1740-1804).]  A  style 
of  bookbinding  consisting  of  plain  leather  backs 
with  gilt  lettering,  cloth  or  paper  sides,  and  leaves 
with  untrimmed  edges  and  bottoms. 

1877  Quaritch's  Gen.  Catal.  569  Burton's  (J.  H.)  Book- 
Hunter.  ..  i2mo.  hf.  Roxburghe,  uncut.  1890  Academy 
24  May  p.  ii,  In  limp  covers,  los.  6d.  net ;  in  roxburghe, 
135.  6d.  net. 

f  Roxle,  v.     Ot>s.~l    (See  Rox  z>.l) 

13..  Old  Age  in  Reliq.  Aniiq.  II.  211,  I  rivele,  I  roxle, 
I  rake,  I  rouwe. 

Roxy  (rfksi),  a.  dial.  [f.  Rox  z/.2]  (See  quots.) 

1833  LOUDON  Encycl.  A  rchit.  620  The  fruit  being  what  is 
called  mosy,  roxy,  or  sleepy,  nearly  synonymous  terms,  and 
all  signifying  fruit  beginning  to  decay.  1854  Miss  BAKKR 
Northampt.  Gloss.,  Roxy,  decaying,  as  fruit  or  rotten 
cheese.  1881-96  in  Leic.  and  Warw.  glossaries. 

t  Roy,  rf.1  Obs.  Also  5-6  roye.  [a.  OF. 
roy,  F.  rot,  =  ONF.  ret  (see  RAT  st>.*)  :-L.  reg-cm, 
rex  king.] 

1.  A  prince  ;  a  sovereign,  a  royal  person. 
Common  in  Sc.  poetry  of  the  i6th  century. 

?  a  1400  Morte  Artk.  2372  The  roy  ryalle  renownde,  with 
his  Rownde  Table.  £71440  York  Myst.  xxvi.  i  Vndir  be 
ryallest  roye  of  rente  and  renowne.  c  1470  Gol.  ff  Gatv.  301 
The  roy  rial  raid  withoutin  resting,  isoo-zo  DUNBAR  Poems 
Ixxvii.  34  Syne  the  Bruce,.  .Thow  gart  as  roy  cum  rydand 
vnder  croun.  c  1557^  ABP.  PARKER  t's.  cxlix.  421  Let  Syons 
youth  and  childer  ioy  In  their  most  princely  roy.  1584 
HUDSON  Jndith  vi.  65  Abash  not  reader,  though  this  reck 
less  Roy. .Was  thus  beguilde.  1611  H.  BROUGHTON  Require 
of  Agreement  52  The  Apostles,  .wrote  in  most  roiall  Greeke, 
to  tell  that  the  Roy  of  all  wisedome  ruled  their  penne. 

2.  ellipt.  =  COLOUB-DE-BOY. 

1549  Act  3  15-  4  Ed™.  VI,  c.  2  §  i  Clothe  called  Russettes, 
Musters,  Marbles,  Grayes,  Royes  and  suchelyke  colors. 

t  Roy,  sl'-*     Obs.~l     (Meaning  doubtful.) 

Perh.  a  misuse  of  prec.  (cf.  RAY  sl>.'  b) ;  but  the  passage 
appears  to  be  an  echo  of  York  Myst.  xv.  69-71,  in  which 
rtysc  belongs  to  ROY  v. 

14. .  Shre^i'so.  Fragin.  in  Non-Cycle  Myst.  Plays  (1909)  i 
5e  lye,  hothe,  by  bis  li^t,  And  raues  as  recheles  royes  ! 

Roy,  v.  north,  and  t  Sc.    [Of  obscure  origin.] 

1 1.  intr.  To  talk  nonsense.  Obs. 

a  1440  York  Myst.  xv.  69,  I  trowe  bou  royse,  For  what  it 
was  fayne  witte  walde  I,  That  title  vs  made  \>is  noble  noyse. 
1508  UUNBAR  Flytingn  Renunce,  rebald,  thy  ryming,  thow 
hot  royis. 

2.  (See  qnots.) 

1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss.,  Roy,  to  bluster,  to  domineer. 
1847  HALLIW.,  Roy, .  -to  swagger  ;  to  boast  ;  to  indulge  in 
convivial  mirth.  North.  1876-  in  northern  glossaries. 

Royal  (roi'al),  a.  and  sb.  Forms :  4-7  roial 
(5  -ale),  5-7  roiall  (5  -alle)  ;  5-6  royalle,  5-7 
royall,  -ale,  5-  royal,  [a.  OF.  roial  (mod.F. 


ROYAL. 

royal}  :-L.  reg&l-em  REGAL  a.  In  ME.  the  variants 
REAL  (tf.1)  and  RIAL  were  also  in  common  use. 

The  French  origin  of  many  ME.  and  early  modern  uses 
is  shown  by  the  adj.  being  placed  after  the  noun.] 
A.  adj. 

In  a.  number  of  Shaksperian  passages  (see  Schmidt)  the 
adj.  has  a  purely  contextual  meaning,  the  precise  force  of 
which  is  no*  always  clear. 

I.  1.  Of  blood,   etc.  :    Originating  from,  con 
nected  with,  a  king  or  line  of  kings. 

ci374  CHAUCER  Troylns  i.  435  In  hym  ne  deynede  sparen 
blood  royal  The  fyr  of  loue.  c  1386  —  Knt.  s  T.  1018  As 
they  that  weren  of  the  blood  roial  Of  Thebes.  1413  [see 
BLOOD  sb.  10].  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xlviii.  167  Haill, 
blosome  breking  out  of  the  bind  royall.  1590  SPENSER 
F,  Q.  i.  i.  5  She  ..  by  descent  from  Royall  lynage  came 
Of  ancient  Kinges  and  Queenes.  1665  MANLEY  Groti-us1 
Low  C.  Wars  321  One  was  sent  to  govern  them  that 
was  of  Royal  Blood,  and  by  Kinred  allyed  to  the  King. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  XH.  325  Of  the  Royal  Stock  Of  David 
..  shall  rise  A  Son.  1737  Gentl.  Mag.  VII.  499/2  En- 
deavouring  to  alienate  the  Affections  of  the  People  from 
the  Royal  Family.  1749  GRAY  Installat.  Ode  37  High 
potentates,  and  dames  of  royal  birth,  1841  ELPHINSTONE 
Hist.  Ind.  II.  271  His  house,  alone,  of  the  Rajput  royal 
families,  has  rejected  all  matrimonial  connections  with  the 
kings  of  Delhi.  1871  Burke' s  Peerage  836  This  ducal  house 
[of  Norfolk]  stands,  next  to  the  blood-royal,  at  the  head  of 
the  peerage  of  England. 

Comb.  1607  TOURNEUR  Rev,  Trag.  i.  i,  Royal-blood 
monster  1 

b.  Of  persons :  Having  the  rank  of  king  or 
queen  ;  belonging  to  the  royal  family, 

Royal  Highness  \  see  HIGHNESS  sb.  2  b.  Royal  Majesty  : 
see  MAJESTY  2.  Princess  Royal :  see  PRINCESS  sb.  3. 

1513  MORE  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II.  767  Which 
Lordes  were,  .appointed  as  the  kinges  nere  friends  to  the 
tuition  of  his  royall  person.  1535  LVSDESAY  Satyre  177, 
I  am  ane  sportour  and  playfeir  To  that  Royall  goung  King. 
1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  v.  ii.  4  Then  march  to  Paris,  Royall 
Charlee  of  France.  1606  —  Ant.  fy  Cl,  v.  ii.  321  It  is  well 
done,  and  fitting  for  a  Princesse  Descended  of  so  many 
Royall  Kings.  1655  Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  II.  182 
The  first  word  that  her  highnesse  Royale  euer  heard  of  it, 
1765  BLACKSTONE  Coinni.  I.  225  The  prince  of  Wales,,  .and 
also  his  royal  consort,  and  the  princess  royal.  1788  GIBBON 
Decl.  ff  F.  xlix.  V.  146  The  royal  youth  was  commanded  to 
take  the  crown  from  the  altar.  1809  WORDSW.  Sonnet,  Call 
not  the  royal  Swede  unfortunate,  Who  never  did  to  Fortune 
bend  the  knee.  1838  LYTTON  Leila  \\.  i,  The  small  grey 
eyes  of  the  friar  wandered  over  each  of  his  royal  com 
panions  with  a.. penetrating  glance. 

trans/.  1526  TINDALE  i  Peter  ii.  9  But  ye  are  a  chosen 
generaclon,  a  royall  presthod,  an  holy  nacion,  and  a  pec 
uliar  peple.  1837  NEWMAN  Par.  Serm.  Ill,  xvii.  272  The 
royal  dynasty  of  the  Apostles  is  far  older  than  all  the  kingly 
families  which  are  now  on  the  earth. 
C.  Of  parts  of  the  body. 

1598  SHAKS.  L.L.  L.  iv.  it  146  (Q.1),  Deliuer  this  Paper 
Into  the  royall  hand  of  the  King.  16x1  BIBLE  Transl.  Pref, 
P3  His  Royall  heart  was  not  daunted.  1625  in  Rushw. 
Hist.  Coll.  (1659)  !•  2°6  God  in  his  mercy  soon  repair  this 
breach  by  your  Royal  head.  1865  RUSKIN  Sesame  ii.  §  87 
The  power  of  the  royal  hand  that  heals  in  touching. 

trans/.  1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  $  P.  176  [A  tiger]  Dis 
robed  of  its  Royal  Hide. 

2.  Of  rank,  etc. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sovereign, 
or  the  dignity  or  office  of  a  sovereign. 
In  quots.  under  (a)  the  adj.  follows  the  sb. 
(a)  CI374  CHAUCER  Troylus  i.  435  Myn  estat  royal  here  I 
resigne  In-to  hire  bond,  c  1430  LYDG.  Minor  Poems  (Percy 
Spc.)  25  Where  is  Pirrus,  that  was  lord  and  sire  Of  Ynd,  in 
his  estate  royall?  1514  BARCLAY  Cytizen  fy  Uplondyshm. 
(Percy  Soc.)  17  From  cotes,  &  houses  pastorall,  They  have 
ascended  to  dygnyte  royall.  1579  LYLY  Euphnes  (Arb.)  193 
The  Empresse  keepeth  hir  estate  royall.  1600  E.  BLOUNT 
tr.  Conestaggio  250  In  a  manner  exempte  from  the  Jurisdic 
tion  royall.  1683  CHAS.  II  in  Var.  Collect.,  Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.  IV.  194  By  the  authority  of  our  Power  Royall  to  be 
executed  in  such  order.. as  We  think  most  convenient. 

(o)  c  1460  FORTESCUE  Abs.  $  Lint.  Mon.  vii.  (1885)  125 
Other  suche  nobell  and  grete  costes,  as  bisltith  is  roiall 
mageste.  1475  Bk.  Noblesse  (Roxb.)  7  Conquest  or  victorie 
by  violence  or  by  roialle  power.  1523  [COVERDALE]  Old  God 
(1534)  G  ij,  Sechinge  and  goynge  about  to  get  royall  & 
proude  tytles.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.II,\\.\.  120  By  my  Seates 
right  Royall  Maiestie.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  n.  i  On  a  Throne 
of  Royal  State,  which  far  Outshon  the  wealth  of  Ormus  and 
of  Ind.  i68i-«  J.  SCOTT  Chr.  Life  (1747)  III.  202  By  all 
which  it  is  abundantly  evident  that  Christ  hath  a  royal 
Power  delegated  to  him.  from  the  Father.  1784  COWPER 
Task  v.  551  His  [God's]  other  gifts  All  bear  the  royal  stamp 
that  speaks  them  his,  1815  ELPHINSTONE  Ace.  C  ait  but 
(1842)  II.  257  These  divisions  ..  have  fallen  off  from  the 
royal  authority,  in  a  greater  proportion  than  those  under 
the  Haukims. 

b.  So  of  insignia  or  emblems  of  royalty. 
1422  tr.  Stcreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  200  Of  this  Came 
tythynges  to  the  kynge  of  the  Cite,  and  he  anoone  arose 
fro  his  roial  Siege.  £1450  Aferlin  iii.  42  When  thei  of  the 
portes  saugh  the  baners  roiall  of  kynge  Constance,  thei 
hadden  grete  merveile.  a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Huon  xlii.  141 
Thou  art  not  worthy  to  sytt  in  a  sete  royall.  1593  SHAKS. 
Rich.  //,  ii.  i.  40  This  royall  Throne  of  Kings,  this  sceptred 
Isle,.. this  England.  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit,  ix.  xv. 
§52.  632/1  Before  him  in  gold  and  glorious  colours  the 
Royall  Standard  was  borne.  1674  BREVINT  Saul  at  Endor 
63  The  Gift  of  Miracles  being  to  Teachers,  what  both  Cre 
dential  Letters  and  Roial  Colors  are  to  public  Officers.  1708 
J.  CHAMBERLAYNE  St.  Gt.  Brit.  (1710)  56  The  Royal  Arms 
of  Scotland.  Ibid.,  Her  Majesty's  Royal  Motto.  1715 
Land.  Gaz.  No.  5310/1  The  Royal  Standard  was  displayed. 
1832  MACAULAY  Armada  20  As  slow  upon  the  labouring 
wind  the  royal  blazon  swells.  1844  Regul.  $  Or  J,  Army  36 
Every  ship  and  vessel  of  war  meeting  her  shall  fire  a  Royal 
Salute.  1899  Daily  News  2  Dec.  6/6  Ermine  is  especially 
useful.  The  two  sketches  given  here  show  modes  of  intro 
ducing  the  royal  fur. 

VOL.  VIII. 


849 

0.  Of  persons :  In  the  service  of  the  king  "or 
sovereign.     Also  transf,  of  pawns  in  chess. 

1648  MILTON  Ps.  Ixxxv.  13  Before  him  Righteousness  shall 
go  His  Royal  Harbinger.  1763  SIR  W.  JONES  Caissa  Wks. 
1799  VI.^502  The  chief  art  in  the  Tacticks  of  Chess  consists 
in  the  nice  conduct  of  the  royal  pawns.  1849  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  vii.  II.  224  Two  royal  messengers  were  in  attend 
ance  during  the  discussion. 

3.  Belonging  to,  occupied  or  used  by,  a  king  or 
kings ;  forming  part  of  the  possessions  or  property 
of  a  sovereign. 

1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  ii.  5636  He  was  lord  of  eyr, 
of  lond,  &  see,  Hys  royal  kyngdam  deuidyng  into  j>re, 
a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VIII,  25  [He]  departed  from 
his  manour  royall  of  grenewich  the  xy.  daye  of  June.  1593 
SHAKS.  Rick.  II,  n.  iv.  45  We  are  inforc'd  to  farme  our 
royall  Realme.  ax6i8  RALEIGH  Apology  27  If  you  find  it  [sc. 
the  mine]  Royall, . .  then  let  the  Serjeant  Major  repdl  them. 
a  1676  HALE  De  Jure  Marts  i.  vi.  in  Margrave's  Law 
Tracts  (1787)  I.  36  This  great  and  solemn  tryall  for  the 
right  of  a  royall  river.  1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Ep.  i. 
xii.  8  Are  you  with  food,  and  warmth,  and  raiment  blest? 
Not  royal  treasures  are  of  more  possesst.  1784  COWPER 
Task  v.  157  Nor  wanted  aught  within,  That  royal  residence 
might  well  befit,  For  grandeur  or  for  use.  1820  SHELLEY 
(Ed.  Tyr.  n.  ii.  in,  I  am  a  famous  hunter,  And  can  leap.. 
Even  the  palings  of  the  royal  park.  1835  TMRLW ALL  Greece 
yi.  I.  169  Most  of  the  great  families  seem  to  have  resided 
in  the  same  town  which  contained  the  royal  mansion.  1867 
SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  583  Royal  Yacht,  a  vessel  built 
and  equipped  expressly  for  the  use  of  the  sovereign. 

transf.  1768  WILDMAN  in  Encycl.  Brit.  (1771)  I.  335/1  If 
this  is  done.. the  operator  should  examine  the  royal  cells. 
1835  Penny  Cycl.  IV.  152/1  The  royal  cells  are  very  different 
from  those  of  the  male  or  worker.  1899  D.  SHARP  Insects 
66  When  the  denizens  of  a  hive  are  about  to  produce  another 
queen,  one  or  more  royal  cells  are  formed. 

b.  Royal  fish  :  (see  quots.  and  FISH  sfi.l  2). 

Cf.  Bracton  II.  v.  7  ('balena,  sturgip,  et  alii  pisces  re 
gales  '),  Fleta  i.  xlv,  and  Britton  i.  xviii. 

1570-6  LAMBARDE  Peranib,  Kent  (1826)  257  Any  fish  (called 
a  Craspeis,  that  is,.. a  great  or  roiall  fishe,  as  whales,  or 
suche  other,  which  by  the  Lawe  of  Prerogative  pertcined  to 
the  King  himselfe).  1623  WfHTBOURHB  Newfoundland  9 
The  Sea  likewise  all  along  that  Coast,  doe  plentifully 
abound  in  other  sorts  offish,  as  Whales,. .  Hogs,  Porposes, 
Scales,  and  such  like  royall  fish.  #1676  HALE  De  Jure 
Man's  r.  vii.  in  Hargrave's  Law  Tracts  (1787)  I.  43  These 
royal  fish  extended  to  other  than  whale  and  sturgeon,  viz.  to 
porpoise,  and  grampise,  or  great  fish.  1756,  1776  [see  FISH 
.v/'.1  2],  1818  CRUISE  Digest  III.  270  Royal  fish  consist  of 
whale  and  sturgeon,  to  which  the  King,  or  those  entitled  i 
by  grant  from  him,  or  by  prescription,  have  a  right,  when  | 
either  thrown  on  shore,  or  caught  near  the  coast.  1843 
Penny  Cycl.  XXVII.  290/2  The  Dugong  is  considered  by 
the  Mahiys  as  a  royal  fish,  and  the  king  has  a  right  to  all 
that  are  taken.  1883  St.  James's  Gaz.  9  Nov.,  The  term 
'  royal  fish  '  includes  the  three  varieties  of  sturgeon,  whale, 
and  porpoise. 

4.  Pertaining  to  the  king  (or  queen)  as  civil  or 
military  head  or  representative  of  the  state. 

Common  in  special  designations,  as  Royal  Artillery, 
Engineers,  Marines^  Naval  Reserve,  Navy,  etc. 

1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  £Y,  in.  iii.  253  And  thou  Lord  Bour 
bon,  our  High  Admiral!,  Shall  wait  them  ouer  with  our 
Royall  Fleete.  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  D'Acosta's  Hist. 
Indies  iv.  vii.  226  Not  reckoning  the  Silver.. that  hath  been 
entred  in  other  roiall  custome  houses.  £1648  MILTON  Son 
net  xviii,  Cyriack,  whose  Grandsire  on  the  Royal  Bench  Of 
Brittish  Themis,  with  no  mean  applause  Pronounc't.  1667 
—  P.L.  i.  677  As  when  bands  Of  Pioners  with.. Pickaxe 
arm'd  Forerun  the  Royal  Camp,  to  trench  a  Field.  1748 
Earthquake  Peru  i.  58  The  Government  of  the  Kingdom 
depends  on  that  of  the  Royal  Court.  1765  BLACKSTONE 
Comm.  I.  408  The  method  of  ordering  seamen  in  the  royal 
fleet.  1852  DICKENS  Bleak  Ho.  xxxiv,  I  don't  care  a  pinch 
of  snuff  for  the  whole  Royal  Artillery  establishment.  1862 
ANSTED  Channel  Isl.  iv.  xxiii.  525  The  Royal  Court  in  each 
of  the  two  principal  islands  consists  of  the  Bailiff,  who  pre- 
sides,  and  the  twelve  Jurats.  1876  VOYLE  &  STEVENSON 
Milit.  Diet.  471/2  Woolwich,  .is  also  the  head-quarters  of 
the  royal  regiment  of  artillery. 

5.  Royal  Burgh,  a  Scottish  burgh  which  derives 
its  charter  directly  from  the  Crown. 

1648  Sc.  Acts  (1872)  VI.  ii.  83  For  erecting  of  l?e  samyne 
[burgh]  in  ane  frie  burgh  royall.  1672  Ibid.  (1820)  VIII. 
77/2  pat  they.. be  freed  in  all  tyme  comeing  from  beiring 
burden  with  the  royall  burroues.  1693  STAIR  Instit.  iv. 
xlvii.  §  19  (ed.  2)  726  Bailies  of  Regality,  Bailies  of  Burghs- 
Royal,  or  of  Burghs  of  Regality.  1708  J.  CHAMBERLAYNE^. 
Gt.  Brit.  n.  u.  ii.  505  These  Royal  Boroughs  are  not  only 
several  distinct  Corporations,  but  they  are  also  one  entire 
Body,  governed  by.  .one  general  Court.  1734  Treat.  Grig, 
ff  Progr.  Fees  34  That  Duty  which  Burghs-Royal,  by  their 
Charters  of  Erection,  owe  to  the  King.  1806  Gaz.  Scot.  In- 
trod.  p.  xxxiii,  The  royal  boroughs  of  Scotland  also  form,  as  it 
were,  a  commercial  parliament,  which  meets  once  a  year  at 
Edinburgh.  1866  (title),  Records  of  the  Convention  of  the 
•Royal  Burghs  of  Scotland. 

6.  Founded  or  established  by,  under  the  patron 
age  of,  a  sovereign  or  royal  person. 

Royal  Society,  a  Society  incorporated  by  Charles  II  in 
1662  for  the  pursuit  and  advancement  of  the  physical 
sciences.  Royal  Academy  (see  ACADEMY  6). 

1509  BP.  Fi:  HER  Funeral  Serm.  C'tess  Richmond  Wks. 
(1876)  308  She  that  buylded  a  college  royall  to  the  honour 
of  the  name  of  crist  Ihesu.  1671  GLANVILL  Further  Disc. 
Jlf.  Stubbe  ii  A  malevolent,  envious  humour  against  the 
Royal  Society,  and  its  Friends.  1769  Ann.  Reg:,  Chron. 
106/2  The  Royal  Academicks  gave  an  entertainment  at  their 
house  in  Pall-Mall.  1784  COWPER  Tiroc.  593  Shall  royal 
institutions  miss  the  bays,  And  small  academies  win  all  the 
praise?  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.  s.v.  Academy,  We  have 
in  England  two  royal  military  academies,  one  at  Woolwich, 
and  one  at  Portsmouth.  1865  RUSKIN  Sesame  i.  §  49..  I 
hope  it  will  not  be  long  before  royal  or  national  libraries 
will  be  founded  in  every  considerable  city.  1886  PASCOE 


ROYAL. 

London  of  To-day  xxv.  (ed.  3)  233  One  of  the  so-called 
royal  hospitals  of  London. 

7,  Proceeding  from,  performed  by,  a  (or  the" 
sovereign. 

1611  BIBLE  i  Kings  x.  13  Besides  that  which  Solomon 
gaue  her  of  his  royall  bountie.  1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  Vlll,  \. 
iv.  86  By  all  your  good  leaues  Gentlemen  ;  heere  He  make 
My  royall  choyce.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  Royal 
Assent^  is  that  Assent  which  the  King  gives  to  a  thing  for 
merly  done  by  others,  to  the  Election  of  a  Bishop  by  Dean 
and  Chapter.  1708  J.  CHAMBERLAYNE  St.  Gt.  Brit.  (1710) 
54  When  he  shall  please  in  his  Royal  Progresses  to  visit 
these  parts.  1784  COWPER  Tiroc.  416  The  royal  letters  are 
a_thing  of  course — A  king,  that  would,  might  recommend 
his  horse.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  v.  I.  592  A  building 
which  had  been  honoured  by  several  royal  visits.  1861 
Chambers* s  Encycl.  II.  229/1  In  1556. .  the  Stationers'  Com 
pany  of  London  was  constituted  by  royal  charter.  1876 
VOYLE  £  STEVENSON  Milit.  Diet.  354/1  Royal  warrants, 
where  the  army  is  concerned,  relate  to  all  matters  touching 
the  soldier. 

b.  Of  the  king  or  sovereign. 

1821-2  SHELLEY  Chas.  /,  i.  i.  117  You  torch -bearers.,  attend 
the  Marshal  of  the  Masque  Into  the  Royal  presence.  1845 
PATTISON  Ess.(jBBg)  I.  25  His  innocence,  however  manifest, 
could  not  save  him  from  the  royal  vengeance.  1849  MAC 
AULAY  Hist.  Eng.  vii.  II.  219  A  proof  that  the  dominion  of  the 
Jesuits  over  the  royal  mind  was  absolute. 

II.  8.  Befitting,  appropriate  to,  a  sovereign  ; 
esp.  stately,  magnificent,  splendid. 

c  ijSGCtiAUCER  Squire's  T.  59  This  Cambynskan. .  In  roial 
vestnnent  sit  on  his  cleys.  a  1400  .SV;r.  lowc  Degreq^  In  her 
oryall  there  she  was,  Closed  well  with  royall  glas.  c  1430 
•Syr  Gener.  2534  He  wedded  hir  with  grete  solemnities  A 
royaler  fest  did  ncuer  man  see.  1470-85  MALORY  Morte 
Arth.\\\.\\.  215  The  kynge  helde  hit  [the  feast]  att  Carlyon 
in  the  moost  royallest  wyse.  1534  MORE  Treat.  Passion 
Wks.  1286/2  Thus  say  they, . .  God  tooke  from  the  posteritye 
of  Adam,  the  roiall  ducbye,  that  is  to  wytte  the  ioyes  of 
heauen.  1542  UDALL  Erasnt.  Apoph.  345  Some  folkes.. 
esteme  feastes  whiche  aredrawen  of  agreate  length,  .to  bee 
royall  deintie  geare.  1601  SHAKS.  Tivel.  N.  n.  iii.  187 
Sport  royall  I  warrant  you.  1607  —  Tiwon  in.  vi.  56 
Royall  Cheare,  1  warrant  you.  1652  CRASHAW  Cartnen  Deo 
N  astro  Wks.  (1904)  247  Rich,  Royall  food  !  Bountyfull 
Bread  !  1702  N.  ROWK  Tamerlane  iv.  i.  1614  Is  this  the 
Royal  Usage,  thou  didst  boast? 

b.  Finely  arrayed ;  resplendent ;  grand  or  im 
posing. 


1420  Anturs  of  Arth.   332  All  J>at  royalle  rowte  to  be 

ene  ryds.     c  1440  York  afyst,  xvii.  43  A  sodayne  sight 

was  till  vs  sente,  A  royall  sterne  }?at  rose  or  day  Before  vs 


on  the  firmament.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixxvii.  53  Thair 
lady..  was  convoyed  with  ane  royall  routt  Off  gryt  bar- 
rounes.  1613  SHAKS.  lien.  Vlll,  iv.  i.  37  A  Royall  Trains 
beleeue  me.  1871  R.  BROWNING  /V.  HohenstieliiM  Those 
happy  heights  where  many  a  cloud  Combined  to  give  you 
birth  and  bid  you  be  The  royalest  of  rivers.  1892  Si.  ADEN 
Japs  at  Home  xxvi,  N  ikko  with  its.  .awestruck  pilgrims, 
and  its  shrines,  royal  of  the  royal. 

c.  Having  rank  comparable  to  that  of  a  king. 
Alsoy?^.  (in  quot.  1526  tr.  Gr.  jSatn  \tKoV). 

£1386  CHAUCER  Sir  Thcpas  136  And  gestours  for  to  telle 
tales  ..  Of  Romances  that  been  Roiales  \v.r.  reales]. 
1526  TINDALE  Jas.  ii.  8  Yf  ye  fulfill  the  royall  lawe  ac- 
cordynge  to  the  scripture  which  sayth  :  Thou  shall  love 
thyne  neghbour  as  thy  silfe,  ye  do  wele.  15936.  HARVEY 
Neiv  Lett.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  265  An  immortall  Memoriail 
as  some  noble  and  royall  witts  haue  bestowed  vpon  the 
euer-renowned  Lepanto.  1596  SIIAKS.  Merch.  V,  in.  ii.  242 
How  doth  that  royal  Merchant  good  Antonio?  1624  MASS- 
INGER  Renegado  n.  iv,  Like  a  Royal  Marchant  to  returne 
Your  great  magnificence.  1725  Family  Diet.  s.v.  Siveet- 
Basil,  It  worthily  deserving  to  be  term'd  a  Royal  Plant, 
from  its  fragrant  Smell  and  great  Vertues. 

d.  colloq.  Noble,  splendid,  first-rate. 

1583  Leg.  Bp.  St.  Androis  703  Ane  porter,  .to  the  bischop 
his  blissing  gave,  Betuixt  the  schoulders  a  royall  route. 

1853  KANE  Grinnell  Exped.  xxx.  (1856)  261  The  wind 
blowing  a  royal  breeze,  but  gently.  1883  F.  M.  CRAWFORD  Dr. 
Claudius  xix,  And  they  cantered  away  in  royal  spirits.  1890 
Cent.  Mag.  Nov.  105  The  soldiers..  have  given  to  woman's 
loyalty  and  ministrations  a  '  royal  three  times  three  '. 

9.  Of  persons  :  Having  the  character  proper  to 
a  king;  noble,  majestic;  generous,  munificent. 

14..  LYDG.  in  Pol,  Rel.,  fy  Love  P.  (1901)  52,  I  founde 
a  hknesse  depict  vpon  a  wall,  Armyd  in  vertues,  .  .  The 
hede  of  thre,  full  solempne  and  roiall,  Intellectus,  memorye, 
and  resoune.  1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  I.  ii.  245  That  braue 
Prince,.  .Yong,  Valiant,  Wise,  and  (no  doubt)  right  Royal. 
1601  —  Jul.  C.  in.  i.  127  Csesar  was  Mighty,  Bold,  Royall, 
and  Louing.  1616  Rich  Cabinet  54  Hee..can  readily  re- 
count,  what  a  royall  house-keeper  his  great  grandfather 


was   in   euery    particular. 


61    MAY   Const.    Hist.    I.   i. 


(1863)  50  Louis  the  Great  himself  could  not  have  been  more 
royal :— he.  .felt  himself  every  inch  a  king. 
b.  Said  of  animals  or  birds.     (Cf.  13.) 

<ri430  LYDG.  Minor  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  23  The  royall 
lyon  fete  call  a  parlement.  Ibid.  151  The  royalle  egle  with 
his  fetherys  dunne.  1562  LEGH  Armory  (1597)  &>  ™» 
writeth  that  the  Cocke  is  the  royallest  birde  that  is,  and  of 
him  selfe  a  king.  1873  BROWNING  Red  Cott.  Nt.-cap  1404 
A  stag-hunt  gives  the  royal  creature  law. 
C.  Of  character,  feelings,  etc. 

1563  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Animus  recall's,  a  royal  harte. 
i6clo  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  iv.  iii.  118  'Tis  The  royall  disposition 
of  that  beast  To  prey  on  nothing,  that  doth  seeme  as  dead. 


But  Threats  do  nothing.  1781  COWPER  Keiiremeni  774  « 
womanish  or  walling  grief  has  part,  No,  not  a  moment,  in 
his  royal  heart.  1843  LONGF.  Spanish  Student  \.  i,  Her  step 
was  royal,— queen-like.  1865  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.V.  xviii.  in. 
71  Pitt's  bearing,  in  this  grand  juncture  and  crisis,  is  royal. 
10.  In  various  military  and  related  uses,  denot- 

107 


ROYAL. 

ing  something  on  a  grand  scale,  or  of  great  size  or 
strength : 

a.  Battle  royal  (see  BATTLE  sb.  3) ;  also  \joust, 
siege,  voyage  royal ;  royal  war. 


sege  royall  afore  the  castell  ot  Mountalban.  1494 
Rich.  Ill  ft  Hen.  VII  (Rolls)  I.  394  The  justys  roiaulx  in 
the  kyngis  palaice  of  Westmester.  1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill, 
iv.  iv.  538  Away  towards  Salsbury,  while  we  reason  here,  A 
Royall  batteil  might  be  wonne  and  lost.  1601  R.  JOHNSON 
Kingd.  tf  Commonw.  141  They  are  able  to  raise  or  vnder- 
take  any  voyage  royall.  1602  LD.  MOUNTJOY  Let.  in  Mory- 
son  Itin.  (1617)  n.  214  Such  necessaries  as  your  Lordships 
were  perswaded  were  onely  fit  for  a  more  royall  warre. 
i672-»86o  [see  BATTLE  sb.  3]. 

fb.  Army  royal  or    royal  army  (see  quot. 
1731).     Camp  royal  (see  CAMP  so.2  2  c).     Also 
battalion  royal.  Obs. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  IV,  15  An  armye  royall  ap- 
poyncted  with  all  spede  to  inuade  England.  1590  SIR  J. 
SMYTH  Disc.  Weapons  lob,  They  do  discouer  that  they 
haue  very  seldome  or  neuer  scene  an  Armie  royall  march  in 
the  field.  1602  MARSTON  Ant.  f,  Mel.  HI.  Wks.  1856  I.  33 
He  who  hath  that  hath  a  battalion  Royal,  armour  of  proofe. 
1617  MORYSON  Itin.  II.  69  The  weakning  of  the  royallest 
Army  that  ever  went  out  of  England.  1728  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.,  A  Governor  who  has  the  assurance  to  hold  out  a 
petty  Place  against  a  Royal  Army.  1731  BAILEY  (vol.  II), 
Royal  Army,  is  an  army  marching  with  heavy  cannon, 
capable  of  besieging  a  strong,  well-fortified  city. 

fc.  Royal  bastion,  fort    (see    FORT-ROYAL), 
parapet.     Also  lists  royal.  Obs. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Edw.  IV,  8  The  kyng.  .caused  lystes 
royall  for  the  champions,  .to  be  newly  erected.  1642  HEX- 
HAM  Art  Mil.  (ed.  2)  n.  54  A  small  Foit  Royall,  where 
the  proportion  of  the  Polygones  are  of  55,  50,  or  45  rodd. 
1665  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Tra-j.  (1677)  89  It  is  as  Royal  a  Fort 
as  any  in  India.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Tcchn.  I,  Royal 
Parapet,  or,  Parapet  of  the  Rampire,  in  Fortification,  is  a 
Bank  about  three  Fathoms  broad,  and  six  Foot  high,  placed 
upon  the  Brink  of  the  Rampire.  1721  DE  FOE  Mem.  Cava 
lier  (1840)  183  Seven  royal  bastions,  with  ravelins  and 
outworks. 

d.  f  Cannon  royal  (see  CANNON  sbl  2).    Royal 
mortar  (see  quot.  1867). 

[a  1575  Diurn.  Occurr.  (Bann.)  330  Ane  cannone  ryell.] 
1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav.  I.  8  Upon  this  Bastion 
there  is  a  fair  Basilick,  or  Canon-Royal.  1728  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Cannon,  Cannon  royal;.  .Weight..  8000  lib.  Length 
..12  Feet.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  583  Royal 
Mortar,  a  brass  one  of  sj  inches  diameter  of  bore,  and 
150  Ibs.  weight,  throwing  a  24-pounder  shell  up  to  600 yards. 

11.  Royal  paper,  f  paper  royal,  paper  of  a  size 
measuring  24  by  19  inches  as  used  for  writing  and 
25  by  20  for  printing.  (Cf.  RIAL  a.  4.) 

(a)  1497  Naval  Ace.  Hen.  ^77(1896)  128  A  reame  of  paper 
roiall.  1529  in  Trevelyan  Papers  (Camden)  139  To  a  Sta- 


1669  STURMY  Mariner  s  Mag.  v,  xii.  63  Cartredges  are 
usually  made  of  Canvas  and  Paper-Royal. 

(b)  1378  in  Feuillerat  Revels  Q.  Eliz.  (1908)  296,  iiii  quire 
of  Royall  paper.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xin.  xii,  That  kind 
which  was  called  Macrocola,  or  large  Roiall  Paper.  1639 
GAUDEN  Tears  Ch.  45  As  a  church  in  folio ;  as  a  fair  book 
of  royall  paper.  1710  ADDISON  Taller  No.  216  f  12,  I  be. 
queath  my  English  Weeds  pasted  on  Royal  Paper.  1786 
COWPER  Wks.  (1837)  XV.  187  You  will  observe  that  they 
have  all  made  the  full  payment,  and  all  subscribe  for  royal 
paper. 

ellipt.  1712  Land.  Gaz.  No. 5018/3  For  all  Paper  called.. 
Royal  fine. ..fine  Holland  Royal.., Blue  Royal.., Genoa 
Royal.  1855  R.  HERRING  Paper  <$•  P.  Making  103  Middle 
Hand,  22  by  16  ;. .  Royal  Hand,  20  by  25. 

b.  Hence  Royal  folio,  quarto,  octavo,  f  sheet. 

1673  Term  Catal.  7  Feb.  (1902)  1. 132  A  new  Map  of  Eng 
land  in  a  Royal  Sheet.  1797  Monthly  Mag.  III.  59  It  will 
be  comprized  in  three  or  more  volumes,  royal  quarto.  1873 
Mota-EY First  Sk.  Eng.  Lit.  (1892)  508  In  i6ir  he  published, 
in  royal  folio,  his  Chronicle.  1877  Qnaritch's  Gen.  Catal. 
907  Cureton  (W.)  Spicilegium  Syriacum..,  roy.  8vo.  cloth. 

12.  Naut.    a.   Royal  sail,  a  small  sail  hoisted 
above  the  topgallant  sail. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  App.  (1780),  Boulingue,  the 
royal-sail.  1794  Rigging  fy  Seamanship  135  Royal  Slay- 
sails,  .are  the  same  as  a  top-gallant-staysail,  only  with  one  or 
two  cloths  less,  and  are  hoisted  next  above  them.  1858 
M ere.  Mar.  Mag.  V.  354  Royal  and  top-gallant  sails  in. 

b.  Royal  mast:  (see  quot.  1867).     Also  royal 
pole  (quot.  1899). 

1794  Rigging  fy  Seamanship  16  Royal  Masts  line  similar 
to  the  stump-head  of  topgallant  masts. ..  They  are  seldom 
used.  1820  W.  SCORESBY  Ace.  Arct.  Reg.  II.  197  It  is 
usual  to  take  down  royal  masts.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's 
Word-bk.  471  Royal-mast,  a  yet  smaller  mast,  elevated 
through  irons  at  the  head  of  the  topgallant-mast ;  but  more 
generally  the  two  are  formed  of  one  spar.  1899  F.  T. 
BULLEN  Log  oj 'Sea-waif  '192  Like  all  American-built  ships, 
we  carried  very  long  '  royal  poles  ',  or  bare  tapering  exten 
sions  of  the  masts  above  the  highest  part  of  the  rigging. 

attrib.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast  ii,  I  took  my  bucket 
of  grease  and  climbed  up  to  the  royal-mast-head. 

13.  a.  In  names  of  birds,  as  royal  cuckoo,  ditck, 
eagle,  t  milan,  tern,  tody. 

1575  TURBERV.  Falconrie  4 1  The  Eagle  royall,  which  is 
the  yellow  and  tawnie  Eagle, ..doth  as  muche  differ  from 
the  yellowe  Eagle,  as  the  blacke  Mylion  doth  from  the 
Myhon  Royall.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cyel.  s.v.  Eagle,  Eagle. 
Royal.  1787  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  Suppl.  II.  349 
Royal  Duck.  1792  SHAW  Mtts.  Leverianum  167  The  Royal 
Cuckow  (Cuculits  refius).  1809  —  Gen.  Zool.  VII.  I.  56 
Royal  Eagle,  Falco  refalis.  i8zi  PINKERTON  Mod.  Geogr. 


850 

(ed.  3)  701  The  brilliant  plumes  of  the  royal  goose  do  not 
save  it  from  destruction,  the  flesh  being  exquisite.  1812 
SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  VIII.  i.  124  Royal  Tody,  Todns  regins. 
1872  COUES  TV.  Amer.  Birds  319  Royal  Tern.  Bill  Orange. 
Mantle  pearly  grayish-blue. 

b.  In  specific  names  of  insects,  reptiles,  etc.,  as 
royal  leopard,  mantle  ;  royal  boa,  python ;  royal 
monkey,  tiger  (see  quots.). 

For  cygnet  and  hart  royal  see  the  sbs.  Royal  stag:  see 
ROYAL  sb.  3  c. 

1711  Phil.  Trans.  XXVII.  344  Two  varieties  of  very 
jurious  English  Moths,  which  for  their  Beauty  and  Spots 
are  call'd  Royal  Leopards.  1781  PENNANT  Hist.  Quadr.  200 
Royal  [Monkey].  A  variety  of  a  ferruginous  or  reddish  bay 
color,  which  the  Indians  call  the  king  of  the  monkies.  1800 
SHAW  Gen,  Zool.  \.  n.  344  The  largest  are  those  of  India, 
and  are  termed  Royal  Tigers.  1802  Ibid.  III.  n.  347  Royal 
Boa,  Boa  Regia.  1815  BURROW  Conchol.  196  Ostrea,  Pallium, 
Royal  Mantle.  1832  RENNIE  Consf.  Biitterft.  fy  M.  122  The 
Royal  Mantle,  .appears  in  July.  1876  Nature  14  Dec.  150/2 
A  Royal  Python  {Python  regius}.  .from  West  Africa. 

14.  In  plant-names,  as  royal  bay,  bracken,  catch- 
fly,  comfrey,  fern,  moonwort,  palm,  t  satyrion, 
•\standergrass,  water-lily.  (See  also  OSMUND  2, 
PALMETTO  b,  PEACOCK  sb.  5  b.) 

1849  CRAIG,  *  Royal  bay,  the  plant  Laurus  Indicus,  a  native 
of  Madeira.  1777  LIGHTFOOT  Flora  Scotica  (1792)  653 
Flowering  Fern,  or  Osmund  Royal.  Anglis,  'Royal 
Brachens.  Scotis.  1882  Garden  28  Oct.  375/2  The  'Royal 
Catchfly, . .  also  with  scarlet  flowers.  1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.v. 
Plant,  In  this  Month  [July]  appear  ..  *Royal  Comfrey, 
Poppies.  1860  LOWE  Ferns  VIII.  7  The  "Royal  Fern, 
Osmund  Royal,  or  Flowering  Fern,  is  one  of  our  hand 
somest  British  species.  1796  WITHERING  Brit.  PI.  (ed.  3) 
III.  763  Osmund  Royal.  Flowering  Fern.  'Royal  Moon- 
wort.  1890  Cent.  Diet.  s.v.  Palm,  'Royal  palm,  Oreodoxa 
refill  of  the  West  Indies  and  Florida.  1894  MAX  O'RELL 
J.  Bull  ff  Co.  30  The  well-named  royal  palm  that  raises  its 
tall,  straight  trunk  high  into  the  air.  1578  LYTF.  Dodoens 
226  The  *royall  Satyrions  are  found  in  certayne  medowes 
and  moyst  woodes  of  England.  Ibid.  225  *Royall  Slander- 
grasse  or  Palma  Christ!.  1867  H.  MACMILLAN  Bible  Teach. 
vii.  (1870)  148  The  gigantic  leaf  of  the  *royal  water-lily  of 
South  America. 

b.  Applied  to  special  varieties  of  fruit  or 
vegetables. 

1620  VENNER  Via  Recta  vii.  128  The  great  Royall  Walnut 
doth  for  wholesomnesse  in  all  respects  far  exceed  the  rest. 
1706  LONDON  &  WISE  RetirdGard.  35  The  Winter  _Royal 
Pear  is  of  a  new  Date.  Ibid.  38  The  Royal  Peach  is  of  a 
middle  Size.  1707  MORTIMER  Husb.  (1721)  II.  148  In  June 
and  July  come  on  the  Royal  Bellgards,  or  Fair  Looks..  : 
Others  are  called  Imperial  Lettices  from  their  size.  1731 
MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Apple  Tree,  Royal  Russetting. 
Ibid.,  Devonshire  Royal  Wilding.  c-&l$Edin.Encycl.  XI. 
202/2  The  Royal  George  is  an  excellent  peach*  Ibid.  209/2 
The  Royal  russet,  or  leathercoat  russet. 

15.  In  various  special  collocations,  as  royal 
antler  (see  sb.  3  b) ;  royal  arch,  one  of  the  de 
grees  of  freemasonry;  royal  bark,  a  variety  of 
cinchona  bark ;  f  royal  bob,  gin;  royal  cocoon 
(see  quot.);  royal  evil,  =  KING'S  EVIL;  royal 
flush,  pendulum,  poverty,  preventive,  seamp, 
stitch,  suture,  tine  (see  quots.). 

For  royal  road  see  ROAD  sb.  6  c. 

1849  CRAIG  s.v.,  ''Royal  antler,  the  third  branch  of  the 
horn  of  a  hart  or  buck,  which  shoots  out  from  the  rear. 
1778  DERMOTT  Ahiman  Rezon  52  Having  ..  mentioned 
that  Part  of  Masonry  commonly  called  the  'Royal  Arch, 
(which  I  firmly  believe  to  be  the  Root,  Heart,  and  Marrow 
of  Free-Masonry).  1823  (title),  Laws  and  Regulations,  for 
the  Order  of  Royal  Arch  Masons.  1869  Findets  Hist. 
Freemasonry  (ed.  2)  182  The  Royal  Arch  Degree,  now  the 


chon'a  Calisaya.  1729  A.  BLUNT  in  Tovey  Brit,  fy  For. 
Spirits  (1864)  68  Well  from  thee  may  it  assume  The  glorious 
modern  name  of 'Royal  Bob.  1770  in  Masson  Chattertonn. 
iii.  (1874)  163  A  person.,  who  had  drunk  so  much  royal-bob. . 
that  she  was  now  singing  herself  asleep.  1797  Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  XVII.  485/2  The  cocoons  which  are  kept  for  breed 
ing  are  called  'royal  cocoons.  1836  R.  FURNESS  Astrologer 
n.  Wks.  (1858)  150  With  the  Confessor,  touch'd  the  'royal 
evil,  c  1895  THOMPSON  Poker  Club  6  A  *Royal  Flush — Ace, 


anchor  escapement.  ..  The  seconds  pendulum  with  this 
escapement  was  called  the  VtyW pendulum,  1726  BAILEY, 
*  Royal  Poverty,  a  modern  Nick-name  for  the  Liquor  call'd 
Geneva  or  Genevre,  because  when  Beggars  are  drunk  they 
are  as  great  as  Kings.  1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  *Royal 
Preventive, . .  Name  of  a  quack  lotion,  being  a  solution  of 
the  acetate  of  lead.  1796  Grose's  Diet.  Vulg.  T.,  *Royal 
Scamps,  highwaymen  who  never  rob  any  but  rich  persons, 
and  that  without  ill-treating  them.  1783  P.  VoTtChirurg. 
]Vks.  II.  184  The  'royal  stitch  was  performed  in  this 
manner:  the  intestines  being  emptied,.. an  incision  was 
made  [etc.].  1849  CRAIG  s.v.,  Royal  stitch,  an  old  operation 
for  the  cure  of  inguinal  hernia.  1846  BRITTAN  tr.  Mai. 
gaigne's  Oper.  Surg.  416  The  *royalsuture.  For  this  the  sac 
was  exposed  entirely ;  it  was  then  raised  and  sewn  up  by  a 
suture.  1882  Jrnl.  R.  Soc.  Bengal  LI.  n.  44  Further  up 
the  beam  is  a  third  snag. . ;  this  snag. .  I  take  to  be  analogous 
to  the  'royal  tine.  1893  LYDEKKER  Horns  <J-  Hoofs  270  The 
royal  tine  is  properly  the  same  as  the  trez-tme. 

b.  Following  the  sb.,  as  cement,  cider,  purl 
royal;  t -metre  royal  =-rhy me  royal (Rmwe.  sb.  2c). 
1548  W.  FORREST  in  Starkey's  England  ?•  Ixxxiii,  A  not 
able  warke.  .composed  of  late  in  meatre  royall  by.  .sir  Wil 
liam  forrest  preeiste.  1684  HAINES  (title),  Aphorisms  upon 
The  New  Way  of  Improving  Cyder,  or  making  Cyder-Royal. 
1707  MORTIMER  Husb.  (1721)  II.  341  By  adding  Wormwood 
to  Cyder-Royal .  .you  may  make  it  as  good.. as  the  best 


ROYAL. 

Purl-Royal.  18*5  J.  NICHOLSON  Oferat.  MecJianic  767  A 
cement. .,  composed  of  4  parts  of  bricks  powdered. . ;  of  one 
part  of  green  vitriol.. ;  and  of  one  part  of  common  salt. 
. .  It  is  called  the  Cement  Royal. 

C.  With  names  of  colours,  as  royal  blue>  purple^ 
red. 

1661  COWLEV  Cromwell  Ess.,  Plays,  etc.  (1906)  374  And 
:venty  times  in  nearest  blood  he  dy'd.  .his  Royal  Purple 
Pride.  1820  T.  H.  REYNOLDS  Fancy  (1906)  74  I'm  an  Officer, 
.  .a  sailor  with  old  Jervis — A  man  of  royal  blue.  1835  FIELD 
Chroitiatogr.  in  Royal  BVue  is  a  deeper  coloured  and  very 
beautiful  smalt,  and  is  also  a  vitreous  pigment,  principally 
used  in  painting  on  glass  and  enamel.  1890  Pall  Mall  G. 
z  Feb.  4/1  Purple,  blood-orange,  royal  red,  and  sun  colour. 

16.  Comb.t  as  royal-chartered ',  -hearted,  -souled^ 
-spirited^  -towered ;  royal-rich. 

1600  BRETON  Strange  Fortunes  of  Two  Princes  Wks. 
(Grosart)  II.  27/1  This  roiall-spirited  youth.. fell  thus  to 
talke  to  himselfe.  1628  MILTON  Vac,  Exerc.  100  Whether 
thou  be  the  Son  Of.  .Medway  smooth,  or  Royal  Towred 
Thame.  1785  Hist.  York  II.  no  The  Company  of  Linen- 
Weavers,  which  is  a  Royal -chartered  Company.  1833 
TENNYSON  Palace  of  Art  191  In  this  great  house  so  royal- 
rich,  and  wide.  1836  J.  H.  NEWMAN  in  Lyra  Apost.  (1849) 
1 1 8  Royal-hearted  Athanase,  With  Paul's  own  mantle  blest. 
1883  J.  PARKER  Apost.  Life  11.69  A  great-hearted,  royal- 
souled  man. 

17.  Royal-cousin^    -highness^    used    as   vbs.,  to 
address  (one)  by  these  titles. 

1831  TRELAWNY  Adv.  Younger  Son  cxiii,  De  Ruyter  ban 
tered  me  about  this  Princess  of  Yug,  and  Royal  Highnessed 
me  unceasingly.    1875 TENNYSON  Q.  Mary  in.  iv,  Their  two 
Graces  Do  so  dear-cousin  and  royal-cousin  him. 
B.  si. 

1.  •)•  a.  A  king  or  prince.    Obs. 

£1420  Anturs  of  Arth.  345  Scho  rydes  vp  to  be  heghe 
desse,  by-fore  be  royalle.  c  1450  LOVELICH  Grail  Iv.  260 
Alle  the  Royalles  Comen  hem  vnto,  and  there  to  loswe 
diden  they  homage,  c  1470  HARDING  Citron.  VH.  viii, 
Hercules  slough  kynge  Lamadone,  And  led  awaye  the 
royalles  of  the  towne. 

b.  colloq.  A  member  of  the  royal  family ;  a  royal 
personage. 

1788  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  IV.  iv.  169  We  were  too  soon 
for  company,  except  the  Royals.  1807  T.  CHALMERS  in 
Hanna  Ment.  I.  80,  I  was  conducted,  .to  a  room  through 
which  the  royals  pass  in  their  way  to  the  drawing-room. 
1894  Westfn.  Gnz.  30  May  6/1  Any  allusion  to  the  indis 
position  of  a  '  Royal '  appears  to  be  considered  at  Court 
a  species  of  treason, 

f  2.  The  name  of  various  coins.   Obs. 

a.  An  English  gold  coin :  =  RIAL  sd.1  3  a.   Rose 
royal,  =  ROSE-NOBLE. 

a  1513  FABVAN  Chron.  vn.  (1811)  655  This  yere,  was  a 
newe  coyne  ordeyned  by  the  Kynge,  the  whiche  was  namyd 
the  royall,  &  was  &  yet  is  in  value  of  .x.  shillynges,  the  halfe 
royall  .v.  s.  1542  RECORDS  Gr.  Artes  (1575)  197  A  Royall 
containeth  an  Angell  and  a  halfe,  that  is  to  say :  1 1 s.  $d. 
1608  MIDDLE-TON  Trick  to  Caick  Old  Otie  m.  i,  There's  a 
brace  of  royals  ;  prithee,  help  me  to  th'  speech  of  her.  164: 
ROGERS  Naatnan  392  As  much  as  Crownes  or  Royalls  out 
bid  brasse  farthings.  1688  [see  ROSE-NOBLE  i]. 

b.  =  RIAL  sb.1  3  b. 

a  1513  FABYAN  Chron.  vil.  (1811)  471  To  pay  for  euerych 
of  y"  sayd  thre  monethes . .  .x.  M.  royalles  of  Fraunce,  which 
at  that  tyme  were  in  value  after  the  rate  of  sterlynge 
money,  euery  royall  .xxi.  d.  or  .xiiii.  sous  Parys. 

c.  =  REAL  rf.1  i,  RIAL  rf.1  4. 

1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III.  1211/1  Good  store  of 
Spanish  roials  of  plate.  1608  WILLET  Hexatla  Exod.  693 
Arias  Montanus  valueth  the  shekel  at  foure  Spanish  royals. 
1653  MILTON  Lett.  State  Wks.  1851  VIII.  306  The  Damages 
..amounting  to  298555  Royals  j  which  is  of  our  Money— 
7463S/.  15-r.  <x>d.  1710  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  229,  I  found  in 
this  Seaman's  Chest  about  fifty  Pieces  of  Eight  in  Royals, 
but  no  Gold.  1753  MAGENS  Insurances  II.  43  We  insure  to 
you  N  upon  Gold  and  Silver,  Royals,  and  Pearls. 

d.  =REAL  sb.1  2,  RIAL  so.1  40. 

1615  G.  SANDYS  Trail.  86  The  Sultanies,  and  especially 
the  Royals  of  eight, , .  is  what  they  most  seeke  for.  1626  SIR 
R.  COTTON  Sj>.  A  Iteration  Coyn  in  Posthtttna  (1651)  297  The 
said  Royall  of  Eight  runnes  in  account  of  Trade  at  5.3.  of 
his  Majestie's  now  English  money.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT 
Trav.  182  A  Royall  of  eight,  or  foure  shillings  and  foure 
pence. 

3.  t  a.  The  second  branch  or  tine  of  a  stag  s 
horn,  lying  above  the  brow-antler.  Obs. 

[<:i4io  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxiv,  fe  reals, 
be  whiche  be  be  secunde  tyndes,  be  nere  be  aunteleres.  1486 
(see  RIAL  sir.1  2).]  1376  TURBERV.  Venerie  (1908)  238  The 
lowest  Antliere  is  called  The  Brow  Antliere, . .  the  next 
Royall.  1611  COTGR.,  Surendouiller,  the  royall  of  a  Stag, 
the  Beancler  of  a  Bucke ;  the  second  branch  on  either  of 
their  heads.  1623  COCKERAM  i.  s.v.  Pollard,  Royall  is  the 
next  [start]  growing  aboue  the  Broach, 
t  b.  (See  quot.  1576.)  Obs. 

App.  a  mistake  on  the  part  of  Turberville. 

1576  TURBERV.  Venerie  (1908)  54  This  fyrst  is  called  Ant- 
Her.  The  second  Surantlier.  All  the  rest  which  growe 
afterwardes,  vntill  you  come  to  the  crowne,  nalme,  or  croche. 
are  called  Royals  and  Surroyals.  1610  GUILLIM  Her.  in. 
xiv.  179  Skilfull  Wood-men  describing  the  head  of  a  Hart, 
doe  call  the..c.  Lowest  antlier  the  Browanteliers,  d.  Next 
aboue  therevnto  the  Bezanteliers,  e.  Next  aboue  that  the 
Royall.  1627  J.  TAYLOR  (Water-P.)  Navy  of  Landslips, 
Wks.  I.  93  As  a  Hart  hath. .the  Antliers,  the  Surantlers, 
the  Royals,  the  Surroyals,  and  the  Croches. 

1883  Science  I.  181/2  The  fourth  and  fifth  [tines]  corre 
spond  somewhat  closely  to  the  '  royal'  and  'sur-royal1  of  the 
Wapiti. 

c.  A  stag  having  a  head  of  twelve  points  or  more. 

1857  Q.  VICTORIA  Jrnl.  Highlands  6  Oct.,  He  had  very 
fine  horns,  a  royal  on  one  side.  1883  Longman's  Mag. 
Nov.  74  A  grand  eleven-pointer,  if  not  a  '  Royal ',  standing 
out  alone. 


KOYALET. 

f  4.  ellipt.   A  royal  boat  or  vessel.  Obs.~l 

1632  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  Biondis  Eromena  40  The  Prince 
taking  her  for  some  Pirats  ship.. commanded  the  Galley, 
slaves  of  his  Royall,  to  row  amaine. 

5.   Naut.  A  royal  sail. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Mar.  (1780),  Royal,  a  name  given 
to  the  highest  sail.. in  any  ship.  It  is  spread.. above  the 
top-gallant-sail.  1798  CAPT.  BERRY  in  Nicolas  Disp.  Nelson 
(1845)  III.  50  It  was  necessary  to  take  in  the  royals  when 
we  hauled  upon  a  wind.  1834  CAPT.  MARRYAT  P.  Simple 
(1863)  340  We  clapped  on  the  royals  to  follow  her.  1840 
R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast  iv,  We  spread  more  canvas  than  she 
did,  having  royals  and  sky-sails  fore  and  aft. 
b.  attrib.  (also  for  royal  mast}. 

1840  R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast  xiv,  We  were  called  up  at 
night  to  send  down  the  royal   yards.     1841  —  Seaman's 
Man.  ii  The  royal  shrouds,  .are  fitted  like  those  of  the  top. 
gallant  masts.     Ibid.  18  The  royal  clewlines  are  single. 

Q.  A  kind  of  small  mortar  (see  quot.  1802). 

1790  BEATSON  Naval  $  Mil.  Mem.  II.  78  The  enemy,  on 
their  taking  possession  of  Fort  St.  Phillip  s,  found . .  seventy 
mortars  including  royals  and  cohorns.  1802  JAMES  Milit. 
Diet.,  Royals,  in  artillery,  are  a  kind  of  small  mortars, 
which  carry  a  shell  whose  diameter  is  5.5  inches. 

7.  //.  a.  (See  quot.  1802.) 

1762  Cal.  Home  Office  Papers  (1878)  168  The  King  ap 
proves  of  the  succession  in  the  Royals  on  Col.  Masterton's 
retiring.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet,  s.v.,  The  First  Regiment 
of  Foot.. is  likewise  sometimes  called  Royal  Scotch  and 
Royals.  1840  GEN.  MERCER  in  R.  J.  Macdonald  Hist. 
Dress  R.A.  (1899)  53  The  ist  Royals  long  retained  their 
queues  after  every  other  regiment  had  discarded  them. 
b.  (See  quot.) 

1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk,  583  Royals,  a  familiar  ap 
pellation  for  the  marines  since  the  mutiny  of  1797,  when 
they  were  so  distinguished  for  the  loyalty  and  steadiness 
they  displayed. 

o.  (See  quot.  1893.) 

1883  SIMS  How  the  Poor  Live  xii,  His  big  book  with  the 
list  of  the  names  of  regular  men,  or  '  Royals ',  open  before 
him.  1893  Labour  Comm.  Gloss. ,  Royals,  men  who  get  the 
first  chance  of  dock  work,  and,  like  a  casual  labourer,  can 
be  paid  or  taken  on  at  any  time,  but  receive  no  week's 
notice  as  permanent  men  do. 

Royalet  (roralet).  Now  rare.  Forms:  7 
royalett(e,  royalist,  royolet,  7,  9  royalet.  [f. 
ROYAL  sb.  i  +  -ET,  perh.  after  F.  roitelet.]  A  petty 
king  or  chieftain ;  a  kinglet,  princelet. 

Used  by  several  writers  in  the  i;th  cent.,  and  revived  by 
Southey  and  Landor  in  the  igth. 

1650  FULLER  Pisgah  \.  viii.  22  These  royolets  contented 
themselves,  that  their  crowns.. were  as  bright.. as  those  of 
the  mightiest  monarchs.  1660  —  Mixt  Contempl.  n.  xii.  60 
King  Hen.  the  Seventh  was  much  troubled  ..  with  Idols, 
Scenecal  Royaletts,  poor,  petty,  pittifull  Persons,  who  pre 
tended  themselves  Princes.  1690  LEYBOURN  Curs.  Math. 
460  b,  Causing  the  Royalets  to  become  Homagers  to  the 
Crown  of  England. 

1808  SOUTHEY  Chron.  Cid  432  Royalets  swarm  in  the  bar 
barous  ages  of  society.  1829  LANDOR  I  mag.  Conv.  Wks. 
1853  I.  501/2  Defend  me  from  being  carried  down  the  stream 
of  time  among  a  shoal  of  royalets.  1872  R.  F.  BURTON 
Zanzibar  II.  63  At  Kikuzu  the  caravan  found  a  royalet,.. 
whose  magical  powers  were  greatly  feared. 

Royalism  (roi-aliz'm).  [f.  as  next  +  -ISM,  or 
ad.  I1,  royalisme,]  Attachment  or  adherence  to 
the  monarchy  or  to  the  principle  of  monarchical 
government. 

1793  BURKE  Policy  of  Allies  Wks.  VII.  133  Suspected  of 
royalism,  or  federalism,  moderantism  [etc.].  i<7g$Ann.  Reg.) 
Hist.  99  Accusing  them  of  inclining  to  royalism.  1814  W. 
TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Rev.  LXXIII.  51  Like  Hume,  he  inspires 
pity  for  royalty,  rather  than  royalism.  1863  MAFFEI  Brigand 
Life  I.  260  Royalism  in  this  district  is  sometimes  real 
fanaticism.  1891  Spectator  11  July,  That  is  the  very  essence, 
not  of  royalism, . .  new  or  old,  but  of  modern  democracy. 

Royalist  (roi-alist).  Also  7  royallist.  [f. 
ROYAL  a.  +  -IST,  or  ad.  F.  royaliste  (161 1  Cotgr.).] 

1.  A  supporter  or  adherent  of  the  sovereign  or 
the  sovereign's  rights,  esp.  in  times  of  civil  war, 
rebellion,  or  secession ;  a  king's  man ;  a  monarchist. 

1643  PRVNNE  Sov.  Power  Parl.  n.  12  His  Majesty  and  all 
Royalists  must  necessarily  yeeld,  that  the  Ports,  Forts, 
Navy,.. are  not  his,  but  the  Kingdomes  in  point  of  right. 
1651  Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  I.  278  There  are  abund 
ance  of  Royalists  gone  for  England  from  these  parts  and 
many  more  are  going.  1737  Genii.  Mag.  VII.  166/1  Not 
withstanding  what  may  be  urg'd  in  his  Favour  as  a  Royal 
ist.  1812  Ann.  Reg.,  Hist.  209  He  appears  to  have  made 
no  effectual  resistance  to  the  progress  of  the  royalists.  1860 
MOTLEY  Netherl.  v.  1. 154  Of  the  royalists  a  single  man  was 
killed. 

transf.    1675  BAXTER  Cath.  Th.  n.  I.  295  He  [i.e.  the 
devil]  will  be.. a  zealous  Royalist  for  Cxsar. 
b.  attrib.  or  as  adj. 

1817  LADY  MORGAN  France  n.  (1818)  I.  237  In  the  course 
of  the  same  evening;  nssisting  at  ^.royalist  Amnvc,  drinking 
ultra  tea,  and  supping  en  republicaine.  1838  MILL  Diss.  fy 
Disc,  (1859) [  !•  289  This  conflict  between  a  Royalist  education, 
and  the  spirit  of  the  modern  world.  1848  W.  H.  KELLY  tr. 
L.  Blanc  s  Hist.  Ten  Y.  I.  293  Observing  a  royalist  post, 
he  advanced  towards  it  alone.  1867  FREEMAN  Norm. 
Cong.  (1877)  I.  228  Rheims  was  restored  to  the  royalist 
Archbishop. 

2.  nonce-use.  A  Royal  Academician. 

1841  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  Jrnl.  IV.  20/1  Such  a  squeeze  of 
frames,  as  we  invariably  find  in  the  Architectural  Room  of 
the  Royalists. 

Hence  Royali'stic,  Royali'stical  adjs. 

»8oa  W.  TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mem.  (1843)  I.  411  Efface- 
ments  both  of  royalistical  and  pietistical  inscriptions.  1867 
Contemp.  Rev.  VI.  43  We  wonder  at  bis  royalistic  zeal. 
1891  J.  K.  CHEYNE  Qrig.  Psalter  vir.  ii.  339  The  royalistic 
form  of  the  Messianic  Conception. 


851 

t  Royality.  Oh.  rare.  Also  7  royallity.  [f. 
ROYAL  a.  +  -JTY,  perh.  after  regality  I\  =  ROYALTY. 

1607  J.  REYNOLDS  Haggat  viii.  (1649)  94  Amidst  his 
royallity,  his  goodly  apparel),  his  golden  chaines.  1652  H. 
L'ESTRANGE  Amer.  no  femes  51  The  Royality  in  Lace- 
demonia  hath  predominated  both  in  War  and  Sacrifices. 
1678  SIR  G.  MACKENZIE  Crim.  Laws  Scot.  n.  xi.  §  3  It  was 
found,  that  His  Majesties  Palaces,  .were  in  Law  no  part  of 
the  Regality,  but  off  the  Royality. 

Koyaliza'tion.  rare  -1.  [f.  next  +  -ATION.] 
Conversion  to  royalism. 

1881  SAINTSBUKV  Dryden  13  The  complete  royalization  of 
nearly  the  whole  people. 

Royalize  (ror&laiz),  v.  Also  6-7  roialize, 
royallize,  7,  9  royalise  (9  Sc.  -eese).  [f.  ROYAL 

1.  trans.  To  render  royal ;  to  invest  with  a  royal 
character  or  standing. 

c  1590  GREENE  Fr.  Bacon  ix,  Rich  Alexandria  drugges. . 
Shall  royallize  the  table  of  my  king.  1629  N.  CARPENTER 
Achitophel  \\.  (1640)  122  Our  Saviour. . ,  whose  least  alliance 
could  have  royalized  the  basest  family.  1647  N.  BACON 
Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  Ixiv.  (1739)  136  All  the  King's  labour 
was  to  royalize  Gaveston  into  as  high  a  pitch  as  he  could. 
17..  Winning  of  Isle  of  Man  in  Evans  O.B.  (1784)  I.  279 
The  princely  garter. .,  An  order.  .Which  brave  king  Edward 
did  devise,  And  with  his  person  royalize.  1809  COBBETT 
Pol.  Reg.  XV.  102  We  royalized  the  cause  of  Spain  ;  we 
made  it  a  contest  between  king  Ferdinand  and  king  Joseph. 
1859  W.  ANDKRSON  Disc.  (1860)  34  When  they  shall  be 
royalized  and  glorified  in  the  Kingdom  of  their  Father. 

transf.    1861  Medical  Times  20  Apr.  421/2  An  antelope 
comes  from  the  Queen,  and  Royalises  the  collection. 
b.  To  render  famous,  celebrate. 

1586  MARLOWE  ist  Pt.  Tamburl.  n.  iii,  For  fates  and 
oracles  [of]  Heaven  have  sworn  To  royalize  the  deeds  of 
Tamburlaine.  1605  BRETON  Soule?s  Intntort.  Crowne  Ded., 
The  Patrone  of  all  vertue  will  so  Royallize  your  praise  in 
the  Heauens,  1636  BAI.LARD  in  Ann.  Dubrensia  (1877)  35 
To  Royalize  thy  glory:  The  world  turnes  Chronicle,  and 
speakes  a  story. 

2.  intr.  To  bear  rule  as  a  monarch;  to  play  the 
king.     Also  with  it. 

1606  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  IT.  iv.  Magnificence  79  Even 
hee.  .must  be  both  Just  and  Wise,  If  long  hee  look  to  Rule 
and  Royalize.  165*  E.  BENLOWES  Theoph.  vi.  xxxv.  £5  The 
glorious  list  Of  heirs  of  God, ..Who  royalize  it  there  by 
Grace's  high  acquist.  1819  W.  TENNANT  Papistry  Storm  d 
(1827)  24  In  elbuck-chair  He  sat  and  royalees'd  it  there. 

Hence  Royalized///.  a.,  Royalizing  vbl.  sb. 

1651  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  ii.  xxvi.  213  The  Crown 
of  England,  for  ever  now  made  triple  by  the  Royallizing  of 
that  of  Ireland  amongst  the  rest.  1660  MILTON  Free 
Commw.  Wks.  1851  V.  445  The  new  royaliz'd  Presbyterians. 

Royally  (rorali),  adv.  Also  4  roialliche,  4-7 
-ally,  5  -aly;  6  royallie,  -aly.  [f.  ROYALS.] 

1.  With  the  pomp  or  splendour  appropriate  to  a 
king  or  sovereign  ;  magnificently,  splendidly. 

({1386  CHAUCER  Prol.  378  It  is  ful  fair  to.  .haue  a  Mantel 
roialliche  ybore.  c  1386  —  Knt.'s  T.  1687  On  huntyng  be 
they  riden  roially.  c  1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  1487  In 
a  chayar,  apparaylyd  royally,  There  sate  Dame  Doctryne. 
c  1489  CAXTON  Blanchardyn  liv.  211  The  beaut  ifull  Queene 
was  royally  led  to  and  from  the  Church,  .by  two  Kings.  1508 
DUNBAR  Ttia  Mariit  Wemen  72, 1  suld  at  fairis  bo  found. . 
To  schaw  my  renoun,  royaly.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen. 
VIII)  73  AH  the.  .quadrantes,  bayes  and  edificies,  were 
royally  entrayled.  1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  iv.  iv.  603  It 
shall  be  so  my  cate,  To  haue  you  royally  appointed,  as  if 
The  Scene  you  play,  were  mine.  1638  KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks 
(ed.s)  52  Isaac.. ,  royally  mounted  vpon  one  of  the  Emperors 
horses,  . .  was  by  them  brought  from  the  temple  to  the 
court.  1812  Examiner  14  Sept.  578/1  His  children  were 
not  royally  brought  up.  1864  SKEAT  tr.  UhlantCs  Poems 
412  Around  him  he  gazes,  and  ne'er  can  tire  Of  the  pomp 
so  royally  bright.  1871  R.  ELLIS  tr.  Catullus  vii.  6  Where 
royally  Battus  old  reposeth. 

2.  With  the  power  or  authority  of  a  king  ;  in  a 
manner  befitting  a  king. 

£1485  Digby  Myst.  (1882)1.  58  A-boueall  kynges..  Royally 
I  reigne  in  welthe  with-out  woo.  a  1513  FABVAN  Chron. 
vii.  (i8n)  258  Kyng  Henry  ouercame  the  Frenshe  Kynge 
royally  in  batayll.  1535  LVNDESAY  Satyre  1712  Greit  King 
Humanitie,  That  m  my  Regioun  Royally  dois  ring,  1593 
SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  in.  iii.  21  The  Castle  royally  is  mann'd, 
my  Lord,  Against  thy  entrance.  1795  SOUTHEY  Joan  of 
Arc  i.  367  When  Desolation  royally  careers  Over  thy 
wretched  country.  1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  xxvi, 
George  pooh-poohed  the  wine  and  bullied  the  waiters 
royally.  1885  Mag.  of  Art  Sept.  452/1  His  grandparents 
had  a  good  right  to  leave  their  mark  on  the  town.  They 
conquered  it  right  royally. 

b.  colloq.  Gloriously  (drunk). 

1836  E.  HOWARD  R.  Reefer  v,  Getting  royally  drunk. 

3.  With  royal  munificence  or  liberality. 

1601  LD.  MOONTJOY  in  Moryson  I  tin.  (1617)  n.  134  If  in 
those  two  kinds  we  be  not  royally  supplied,  men  and  money 
will  serve  us  to  little  purpose.  1653  ^*  COGAN  tr.  Pinto's 
Trav.  ii.  3  The  soldiers  considering  how  this  captain  en 
treated  them  very  royally  [etc.].  1781  COWPER  Hope  118 
Bestow 'don  man..  Royally,  freely,  for  his  bounty  sake.  1865 
KINGSLEY  Herew.  xxvi,  Hereward  is  a  man  of  his  word,  and 
pays  his  soldiers'  wages  royally. 

T  4.  In  a  monarchical  manner ;  monarchically. 

1*1460  FORTESCUE  Abs.  fy  Lim.  Mon.  \.  (1885)  no  Wereby 
it  may  appere-.that  it  was  bettir  to  the  peple  to  be  ruled 
politekely  and  roialy,  than  to  be  ruled  only  roialy.  1600 
E.  BLOUNT  tr.  Conestaggio  250  They  shoulde  returne  into 
Portugall  more  roially  affected. 

t  Royalme.  Obs.  Forms:  a.  4-7  roialme 
(5  -elme) ;  4-6  royalme  (5-6  -aulme).  £.  4 
roiame,  5  -aume ;  4-5  royam(m)e,  5  -aume. 
7«  5  royme.  [a.  OF.  roialme,  roiaume,  roiame 


ROYALTY. 

(mod.F.  royaunie),  var.  of  reialme,  etc.  REALM. 
Cf.  also  RIALM.]  A  kingdom,  realm. 

a.  c  1350  R.  Brunnes  Chron.  Wetce  (Rolls)  14321  Al  t>e 
roialme  was  in  speyr.  Ibid.  14763  pe  seue^e  roialme.  1389 
in  Eng.  Gilds  (ifyti)  23  pe  Roialme  and  holy  chirche  and  here 
owen  soules.  .to  reulen  and  kepen.  1423  tr.  Secreta  Secret. , 
Priv.  Priv.  135  That  he  be.  .obeyaunte  to  the  laue  of  god, 
and  al  his  roielme.  1489  CAXTON  Faytes  of  A.  in.  xix.  211 
Noon  ought  to  come  within  the  roialme  without  a  gode 
saufconduyte.  1512  Act  4  Hen.  l^/ff,  c.  9  Preamble, 
Henry  the  vijlh  late  King  of  this  Roialme  of  Englond. 
'556  ROBINSON  tr.  More's  Utopia  (Arb.)  39  The  whole 
royalme  is  fylled.  .with  hiered  souldiours.  1606  HOLLAND 
Siteton.  5  The  Alexandrianes  had  driven  their  King  out  of 
his  Roialme. 

ft.  c  1350  A*.  Brunne^s  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  1954  Als  be  bre 
royames  lys.  Ibid.  14325  Constantyn.  .lok  hym  be  roiame 
in  kepyng,  1475  Ilk.  Noblesse  (Roxb.)  7  To  destroie  Roi- 
aumes  and  counireis  by  roialle  grct  power.  1493  HEN*.  VII 
in  Four  C.  Eng.  Lett.  (1880)  9  To  the  subversion  of  this  our 
royaume. 

y.    1474  in  Coventry  Lcet  ]>k.  413  Concernyng  the  well  of 
vs,  oure  Royme,  and  subgettcs  of  the  same.     1482  in  Rymer 
Fcedera(\-]\\}  XII.  166/1  Gtvyng  to  theym. .  Auctoritc  to 
go  and  adresse  theymself  unto  the  Royme  of  Scotlond. 
I).   The  kingdom  of  heaven  or  paradise. 

1483  CAXTON'  Gold.  Leg.  192/2  The  royame  of  heuen  is 
nyghe  to  them  that  doo  penaunce.  i$<ozOrd.  CrystenMen 
(1506)  i.  iii,  The  chirche  of  the  royalme  of  paradyse. 

Royal  oak. 

1.  A  sprig   of  oak   worn  to  commemorate  the 
restoration  of  Charles  II  in  1660.     Hence  Royal 
Oak  Day,  the  29th  of  May,  Oak  Apple  Day.  (Now 
only  in  local  use.) 

The  name  of'the  Royal  Oak'  was  given  to  the  tree  at 
Boscobel  in  Shropshire,  in  which  Charles  II  hid  himself 
during  his  flight  after  the  battle  of  Worcester  in  1651. 

17..  in  Brand  Pop.  Antiq.  (1777)  354  Royal  Oak  The 
Whigs  to  provoke.  1777  BRAND  ibid.  App.  353  Of  Royal- 
Oak  Day.  1853  N.  ff  Q.  ist  Ser.  VIII.  490  Each  young 
loyalist  js  armed  with  a  nettle.. with  which.. are  coerced 
those  unfortunates  who  are  unprovided  with  '  royal  oak1. 
1884  Folk-Lore  Jrnl.  II.  382  Those  who  did  not  conform  to 
the  usages  of  the  'Royal  Oak  day1  were  pelted  with  rotten 
eggs. 

b.  The  constellation  Rolntr  Carolinum. 

1771  Encycl.  Brit.  I.  487/1  The  new  Southern  Constella 
tions.  . .  Robur  Carolinum  i  The  Royal  Oak. 

2.  The  species  Quercits  regia. 

1841  Penny  Cycl.  XIX.  215/1  Q.  regia,  the  Royal  Oak. 
Leaves  stalked, ..heart-shaped,  wavy.. .  From  Koordistan. 

Royalty  (roralti).  Forms  :  4-6  royalte,  5-6 
-tee,  6  -tye  (5  royalltye),  6-7  -tie,  6-  royalty; 
5  ro(i)alte,  5-6  roialtie.  [a.  OF.  roialte'.  see 
ROYAL  a.  Cf.  also  REALTY  i  and  RIALTY.] 

1.  The  office  or  position  of  a  sovereign ;  royal 
dignity ;  royal  power,  sovereignty. 

1:1398  CHAUCER  Fortune  60  Whi  sholdist  thou  my  Roialte 
oppresse?  1421  tr.  Secreta  Secret.^  Priv.  Priv.  151  Of  the 
roialte  and  riches  of  goode  men  comyth  goodnys.  1526 
Pilgr.  Perf.  (\V.  de  W.  1531)  156  b,  Though  the  kynge  were 
before  hym  in  his  robes  of  golde,  he  wolde  lytell  regarde  his 
royalte.  1595  SHAKS.  John  v.  ii.  130  Heare  our  English 
King,  For  thus  his  Royaltie  doth  speake  in  me.  1605  CAM- 
DEN  Rent.  (1623)  47  Vpon  which  name  of  Basilides,  deriued 
from  Basilius,  signifying  a  King,  he  assured  himselfe  of 
royalty.  1704  TRAP?  Abra~MttU  n.  i,  Exert  your  Royalty, 
and  be  your  self.  1769  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Rome  (1786)  I.  39 
Tarquin..  added  also  the  ensigns  of  royalty,  in  imitation  of 
the  Lydian  kings.  1813  Ann.  Reg.,  Hist.  16  He  might  live 
many  years,  though  incapable  of  the  functions  of  royalty. 
1860  RUSKIN  Unto  this  Last  (1862)  79  AH  true  royalty  is 
ruling  power. 

transf.  and  fig.  1844  KTNGLAKE  Eothen  xvii,  The  Arab 
superbly  stalking  under  his  striped  blanket  that  hung  like 
royalty  upon  his  stately  form.  1873  HAMERTON  Intell.  Life 
x.  ix.  382  The  splendour  of  a  recognized  intellectual  royalty. 
f  b.  The  personality  of  a  sovereign ;  (his  or  her) 
majesty.  Obs. 

1581  DERRICKE  Image  Irel.  Diij,  Her  Maiestie..,  whose 
royalti*  not  only  wisheth  them  good,  but  also  doth  them 
good,  c  1590  GKEENE /'V.  Baco n  ix,  I  came  to  have  your 
royalties  to  dine  With  Friar  Bacon  here  in  Brazen-nose.  1611 
SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  i.  ii.  15,  I  haue  stay'd  To  tyre  your 
Royaltie. 

•fc.  The  sovereignty  or  sovereign  rule  of  (a.  state). 


shipfully  he  tearmes  it,  Shall  lose  the  Royaltie  of  Englands 
Throne. 

fd.  Authority  or  warrant  to  do  something.  Obs. 
1633  FORD  Broken  Ht.  in.  ii,  Your  fiery  metal,  or  your 
springal  blaze  Of  huge  renown,  is  no  sufficient  royalty  To 
print  upon  my  forehead  the  scorn,  cuckold. 

2,  Magnificence,  pomp,  splendour.  ?  Obs. 

c  1400  Soivdone  Bab.  54  He  roode  tho  vppon  a  Foreste 
stronde  With  grete  rowte  and  roialte.  1470-85  MALORY 
Arthur  \\\.  i.  101  And  so  they  rode  fresshly  with  grete 
royalte . .  tyl  that  they  came  nyghe  vnto  london.  1508  FISHER 
7  Penit.  Ps.  cxlii.  Wks.  (1876)  249  Salomon  in  all  his 
royalte  was  neuer  cladde  with  so  fayre  a  colour  and  beaute. 
1554  PLAT  Jcivtll-ho.  i.  9  Nature,  which  dooth  heere  pre 
sent  hir  selfe  in  all  hir  royaltie.  164*  J.  EATON  Honey-c. 
Free  Justif.  465  Who  is  able  to  value  the  royalty  of  this 
marriage  accordingly  ? 

fb.  pi.  Royal  qualities.   Obs.—1 

1586  T.  B.  La  Primaud.  Fr.  Acad.  T.  171  As  manic  as 
have  written  of  the  praises  and  roialties  of  that  vertue. 

3.  Kinglike  or   majestic  character  or  quality  ; 
greatness,  lordliness  ;   munificence,  generosity. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.t  Hen.  Vffft  j^  b,  The  Frenchemen 
made  bokes,  shewyng  the  triumphant  doynges  of  the  Car- 

107-2 


ROYALTY. 

dinalles  royal  tie.  1605  SHAKS.  Afacb.  in.  i.  50  In  his  Royal- 
tie  of  Nature  reignes  that  Which  would  be  fear'd.  1611  — 
Cymb.  iv.  u.  178  'Tis  wonder  That  an  inuisible  instinct 
should  frame  them  To  Royalty  vnlearn'd.  1629  GAULE  Holy 
Madn.  102  In  a  certaine  royalty  of  Speech.  1769  GRAY  Ode 
Instaltat.  81  Profane  thy  inborn  royalty  of  mind.  1836 
LYTTON  Athens  (1837)  II.  522  He  ascribes  her  fears  to  the 
royalty  of  her  spirit.  1878  SIMPSON  Sch.  Shaks.  I.  51  A 
notorious  spendthrift,  without  money  of  his  own,  but  famous 
for  his  royalty  to  men  at  arms. 

4.  Royal  persons  collectively  or  individually. 
1480  Robt.  Devyll  496  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  I.  238  There  lycth 

the  Duches  of  Normandye,  With  many  a  lorde  of  her  coun 
sel!,  Of  all  thys  greate  lande  the  royalltye.  1599  SHAKS. 
Hen.  Vt  v.  ii.  5  As  a  branch  and  member  of  this  Royalty, 
By  whom  this  great  assembly  is  contriu'd.  1605  —  afocA. 
iv.  iii.  155  To  the  succeeding  Royalty  he  leauesThe  healing 
Benediction. 

1743  R.  BLAIR  Grave  133  Proud  Royalty  !  how  altered  in 
thy  looks!  1752  MASON  Elfrida  let.  i,  Affections  rais'd 
rather  from  the  impulse  of  common  humanity,  than  the  dis 
tresses  of  royalty  and  the  fate  of  kingdoms.  1809  MALKIN 
Gil  Bias  vni.  xi.  F  4,  I  had  to  beat  the  hoof  so  long,  that  I 
began  to  suspect  ..  royalty  had  gone  another  way.  1865 
KINGSLEY  Hereiv.  iv,  Treating  him  very  much,  in  fact,  as 
English  royalty  during  the  last  generation  treated  another 
Irish  bard. 

b.  //.  Royal  persons;    members   of  the  royal 
family.     Also  transf. 

1813  LADY  BURGHERSH  Lett.  (1893)  51  They  are  just  like 
the  Windsor  Royalties,  for  they  literally  know  everything. 
1865  RUSKIN  Sesame  i.  §  42  If  less  than  this,  they  are-, 
dramatic  royalties.  1885  RIDF.R  HAGGARD  K.  Solomons 
Mines  xvi.  269  This  long  line  of  departed  royalties  (there 
were  twenty-seven  of  them). 

c.  //.  Anecdotes  about  royal  persons,  nonce-use. 
1748  H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  (1846)  II.  221,  I  have  told  you 

royalties  enough  ! 

5.  //.   Prerogatives,  rights,  or  privileges  pertain 
ing  to,  or  enjoyed  by,  the  sovereign.     Also  rarely 
in  sing. 

? a  1400  RIorte  Arth.  4005,  I  salle  neuer..regnne  in  my 
royaltez,  ne  halde  my  Rownde  Table.  1480  CAXTON  Chron. 
vii.  (1520)  85  b,  Other  royaltees  that  perteyne  unto  the 
crowne.  1585  ABP.  SANDYS  Serin,  xv.  260  Forgetting 
quite  the  losse  of  all  other  royalties  whatsoeuer,  he 
maketh  mone  for  nothing,  but  onely  this.  1595  SHAKS. 
John  ii.  i.  176  Thou  and  thine  vsurpe  The  Dominations, 
Royalties,  and  rights  Of  this  oppressed  boy.  1633  Bcit- 
ROUGHS  Sov.  Brit.  Sfas  (ib^i)  6  It  were  strange  to  thinke 
that  Princes. .will  relinquish  the  possession  of  those  Royal 
ties  which  they  and  their  Ancestors  have  held  beyond  all 
memory.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  ii.  451  Wherefore  do  I  assume 
These  Royalties,  and  not  refuse  to  Reign  ?  c  1670  HOBBES 
Dial.  Com.  Laws  (1681)  75  The  Wages  heretofore  shall 
stand,  so  as  the  Kings  Royalty  be  saved.  1855  W.  H.  MILL 
Applic.  Panth.  Princ.  (1861)  185  The  heir  to  the  deserted 
throne  and  lost  royalties  of  David. 

•f  b.  //.  Emblems  or  insignia  of  sovereignty.  Obs. 

1607  R,  C[AREVV]  tr.  Estienne's  World  of  Wonders  122  This 
iolly  lupiter  clothed  in  his  royalties.  1716  B.  CHURCH  Hist, 
Philip's  War  (1865)  I.  173  He  told  Capt.  Church,  _these 
were  Philips  Royalties  which  he  was  wont  to  adorn  himself 
with  when  he  sat  in  State.  1769  GOLDSM.  Hist.  Rome(ij&6>) 
I.  39  He  assumed  a  crown  of  gold.. and  robes  of  purple.  It 
was,  perhaps,  the  splendour  of  these  royalties  that  first 
raised  the  envy  of  the  late  king's  sons. 

6.  A  royal  prerogative  or  right,  esp.  in  respect 
of  jurisdiction,  granted  by  the  sovereign  to  an  in 
dividual  or  corporation. 

1483  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  255/2  Seased  of  the  Lordships 
and  Mannours  of  Coverton,  and  the  Roialtie  of  the  Hundred 
of  Penwith.  1576  in  W.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford 
(1880)  383  The  Maior  and  Burgesses  of  Oxon  do  stande  so 
muche  ..  uppon  theire  right  and  royaltie  of  the  Thames. 
1634-5  BRERETON  Trav.  (Chetham  Soc.)  I.  151  Sir  Henry 
Wallope.  .hath  a  very  brave  command  and  royalty  and 
revenue  hereabout.  1708  CHAMBERLAYNF.  St.Gt.  Brit.  (1710) 
333  Its  Royalty  was  transmitted  to  Jedburgh,  the  Chief 
Royal  Burgh  of  the  Shire.  1763 'Ann.  Reg.  i.  92  The  bill  for 
extending  the  royalty  of  the  city  of  Edinburgh  over  cer. 
tain  adjoining  lands.  1849  GREENWELL  Coal'trade  Terms 
45  Royalty,  the  minerals,  with  the  right  of  working  them... 
Beneath  copyhold  land,  the  royalty  is  vested  in  the  lord  of 
the  manor.  1878  STUBBS  Const.  Hist,  HI.  xx.  433  The 
lordship  of  Man  was  accounted  as  a  royalty  and  conveyed 
within  the  island  itself  certain  sovereign  rights. 

b.  //.  (In  later  use  chiefly  denoting  rights  over 
minerals.)  Also  fig. 

1580  DEE  Diary  (Camden)  8,  Sept.  ioth  Sir  Humfry  Gil 
bert  graunted  me  my  request  to  him  made  by  letter,  for  the 
royalties  of  discovery  all  to  the  North  above  the  parallell  of 
the  50  degree  of  latitude.  1598  BP.  HALL  Sat.\. iii.  81  Buy 
out  the  remnant  of  his  royalties.  1610  HOLLAND  Camden  s 
Brit.  (1637)  589  The  Kings  authority  hath,  .abrogated  all 
those  royal  ties,  prerogatives,  and  priviledges,  which  the  Lords 
Marchers  enjoyed.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Gavt.  Eng.\,n\\. 
d739)  32  Mines  of  Gold  and  Silver,  Treasure  trove,  Mulcts  for 
offences,  and  other  privileges,  which  being  originally  in  the 
Kings,  were  by  them  granted,  and  made  Royalties  in  the 
hands  of  Subjects.  1676  MARVF.LL  Gen.  Councils  Wks. 
(Grosart)  IV.  145  The  sufferings  of  the  Laity  were  become 
the  royalties  of  the  Clergy. 

1855  MACAULAV  Hist.Eng.  xxi.  IV.  647  With  the  property 
were  inseparably  connected  extensive  royalties.  1878  F.  S. 
WILLIAMS  Midi.  Railw.  580  Landed  proprietors  here  as 
elsewhere  became  anxious  to  lease  their  royalties, 

C.  A  payment  made  to  the  landowner  by  the 
lessee  of  a  mine  in  return  for  the  privilege  of 
working  it. 

1839  Penny  Cycl.  XV.  231/1  This  payment,  which  is 
denominated  'dues*  or  'royalty ',.. is. .a  matter  of  right, 
and  claimed .  .whether  the  mine  is  profitable  to  the  parties 
working  it  or  not.  1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coalmining  i 
Royalty  or  rent  paid  by  the  lessee  for  working  and  dispos- 
ing  of  minerals. 


852 

atlrib.    1892  Daily  News   15   Mar.   6/1  The  enormous    | 
royalty  rents  paid .  .for  the  right  to  get  coal. 

d.  A  sum  paid  to  the  proprietor  of  a  patented 
invention  for  the  use  of  it. 

1864  in  WEBSTI;R.  1879  Casselfs  Techn.  Educ.  IV.  103 
For  share  of  royalties  given  by  a  foreign  patentee  to  his 
agent  in  England. 

e.  A  payment  made  to  an   author,   editor,  or 
composer  for  each  copy  of  a  book,  piece  of  music, 
etc.,  sold  by  the  publisher,  or  for  the  representation 
of  a  play.     Also  attrib. 

1880  Scribner's  Mag.  May  138  Houses  which.. paid  no 
royalty  to  authors.  1883  Manch.  Exam,  22  Nov.  5/3  If 
people  could  not  sing  these  songs  in  private  houses,.. the 
publisher  would  lose  his  trade  and  the  author  his  royalty. 
1885  Times  3  April  4/4  Abt's  compositions  ..  seldom  rise 
above  the  level  of  what  in  England  is  called  the 'royalty 
song  '.  1894  Daily  News  6  June  2/4  The  royalties,  that  is 
to  say  the  payments  made  during  the  year  1893  for  per 
mission  to  represent  the  play. 

7.    a.    Sc.    =KlALTY  2  C. 

1597  SKENE  De  Verb.  Sign.  s.v.  Schireff,  The  indwellers 
within  the  schireff-dom  and  royal  tie  thereof.  1765-8 
ERSKINE  Insf.  Laiu  Scot.  I.  iv.  §  7  Royal  palaces,  though 
locally  situated  in  boroughs  of  regality,  were  adjudged  to 
be  no  part  of  the  regality,  but  of  the  royalty.  1839  Blackw, 
Mag.  XLVI.  299  There  are  within  the  city  of  Glasgow, 
properly  so  called,  technically  named  'the  royalty',  one 
hundred  and  two  thousand  inhabitants.  1860  CAIRNS  Mem. 
J.  Brown  vi.  179  All  beyond  the  bounds  of  what  is  called 
the  royalty  were  exempted. 

b.  A  domain,  manor,  etc.,  in  possession  of  royal 
rights  or  privileges.    ?  Obs. 

1652  NEEDHAM  Se Men's  Mare  Cl.  94  For  n.  man  to  bee 
forbidden  to  Fish  before  my  Hous  or  Royaltie  is  the  com 
mon  custom,  although  grounded  upon  no  Law.  1677 
PLOT  Oxfordsh.  202  An  ancient  Custom  of  the  Royalty  of 
Ensham.  1710  STEEI.E  Tatler  No.  i6g_  r  5,  I  have  bought 
that  little  Hovel  which  borders  upon  his  Royalty. 
C.  Mining.  (See  quots.) 


1883  GRESLEY(7/£?^.  Coal-mining  207  Royalty, i\\t  mineral 
estate  or  area  of  a  colliery,  or  a  portion  of  such  property.  A 
field  of  mining  operations. 

8.  A  royal  domain  ;  a  kingdom,  realm ;  a  mon 
archical  state. 

1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  88  In  quondam  times 
her  royalties  were  more  spacious,  assoveranizingover  many 
Tow nes  of  quality  a  great  way  removed.  17*7  DE  FOE 
Syst.  Magic  i.  ii.  (1840)  38  This  petty  royalty, .  .raised  upon 
the  foot  of  chance,  rather  than  blood,  a  1754  CARTE  Hist. 
&"£•  (T755)  IV.  3  All  republicks  were  formed  upon  the  ruin 
of  such  little  royalties.  1758  Ann.  Reg.  6  She  raised  herself 
. .  to  an  electorate,  and  at  last  to  a  royalty,  not  only  in  name 
but  in  power.  1878  STUBBS  Led.  Mod.  Hist.  (1886)  204 
The  titles  of  the  several  royalties  which  thus  came  to  an 
end  were  claimed . .  by  other  competitors. 

transf.    1812  SOUTH EY  in  Q.  Rev.  VII.  72  Each  [raven] 
taking  a  particular  district  as  their  peculiar  royalty. 
b.  Monarchical  government. 

1878  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  III.  xviii.  §  365  The  politic 
royalty  of  England,  distinguished  from  the  government  of 
absolute  kingdoms  by  the  fact  that  it  is  rooted  in  the  desire 
and  institution  of  the  nation.  1898  BODLEY  France  II.  in. 
i.  i  While  the  Chief  of  the  Executive  has.  .been  called  King 
or  Emperor,  there  has  been  no  royalty  in  France. 

Royd,  Sc. :  see  ROYET  a. 

Royd(e,  obs.  forms  of  ROID  a.t  RUDE  a. 

Royed,  a.  Sc.  [f.  Gael,  ruaidhe  *  a  defect  in 
fir  timber'.]  (See  quot.) 

1870  SMITH  New  Hist.  Aberdeenshire  I.  348  The  old  larch 
trees . .  are  often  found  '  royed  '  or  affected  with  heart  rot. 

tRoyet,^.  Obs.  Also  6  royat,  7  roiot.  [App. 
an  irreg.  var.  of  RIOT,  but  cf.  also  OF.  ruit  noise.] 
Riot,  extravagance,  dissipation. 

1567  J.  MAPLET  Gr.  Forest  85  b,  To  the  Intent  that  their 
3'outh  should  keepe  good  rule  and  not  go  at  royat.  1587 
GOLDING  De  Mornay  xv.  (1592)  238  Now  and  then  they 
passe  their  boundes,  suffering  their  wits  to  runne  royet.  1600 
HOLLAND  Livy  xxxvi.  xi.  925  The  like  roiot  and  loosenesse 
of  life  tooke  hold  of  the  rest  of  the  Kings  captaines. 

Royet  (roi-3t),  a.  Sc.  Also  8-9  royit,  9 
royat,  roy't,  royt.  [Cf.  prec.  and  RIOT  a.~\ 

fl.  Extravagant,  nonsensical.     Obs."1 

1553  Douglas'  JEneis  vni.  Pro!.  147  To  rede  I  begane 
The  royetest  ane  ragmen t  with  mony  ratt  rime. 

2.  Riotous,  wild  ;  esp.  of  children. 

The  synonymous  roid,  royd,  may  be  a  variant  of  this, 
but  cf.  also  ROID  a. 

1737  RAMSAY  Prov.  (1750)  83  Royet  lads  may  make  sober 
men.  a  1773  FERGUSSON  Elegy  7.  Hogg  xvi.  Poems  (1789) 
ii.  84  Ye  royit  louns  !  just  do  as  he'd  do.  1819  W.  TENNANT 
Papistry  Storm' 'd  (182 7)  55  Wi'  spraichs  o*  bairns,  a  royat 
pack,  Loupin'  and  shoutin'at  his  back.  1865  G.  MACDONALD 
A.  Forbes  12  Believing  that  at  last  the  awful  something  or 
other  had  happened  to  the  royt  lassie, 

Royet,  v.  Obs.  exc.  Sc.  Also  6  royot,  9 
royat,  etc.  [Cf.  prec.  and  RIOT  v.]  intr*  To 
riot,  be  riotous,  live  riotously. 

1591  LODGE  Catharos  (Hunterian  Cl.)  20  Alcibiades  may 
royot,  Timon  may  curse,  Diogenes  may  bite.  18*4  MAC- 
TAGGART  Gallovid.  Encycl.  414.  1866  GREGOR  Dial.  Banff. 

Royetiiess.  Sc.  Also  6  royitnes.  [f. 
ROTET  #.]  Wildness ;  romping. 

1513  DOUGLAS  dSneis  vni.  Prol.  1 77  Neuer  word  In  veritie, 
but  all  in  waist  went,  Throu  royitnes  and  raving  that  mayd 
myne  ene  reyll.  1825  JAMIESON  Siippl.,  Royetness,  romping. 

t  Royetous,  a.  Obs.  [f.  ROTET  j£.]  Riotous. 
Hence  f  Boyetously  adv.  Obs. 


RUB. 

1526  TINDALE  Luke  xv.  13  There  he  wasted  his  goodes 
with  royetous  livinge.  1536  LYNDESAY  Answ.  King's  Fly  t- 
i«f  48  Lyke  ane  boisteous  Bull,  56  rin..Royatous!ie  lyke 
ane  rude  Rubeatour, 

t  Boyishly,  adv.    Obs~Q    (See  quot.) 

1598  FLORIO,  Alasgangherata^  lauishly,  at  randon,  roy- 
ibhly,  out  of  frame. 

Royl(e,  obs.  forms  of  ROIL  sb.  and  v. 
t  Roy  let.     Obs.  rare.     [f.  ROY  sb.*  +  -LET.] 

—  ROYALET. 

1658  OSBORN  Adv.  £<?«  Wks.  (1673)  215  Whether  Inferiour 
Commonalties  and  small  Roylets  be  not  as  great  a  Bar  to 
an  Universal  Tranquility.  1685  COTTON  tr.  Montaigne  I. 
519  Caesar  calls  all  the  Lords  of  France,  having  free-  franchise 
within  their  own  demesnes,  Roylets. 

Royme,  variant  of  ROYALME  Obs. 
Royn,  a.    Sc.    Obs.—1    (Meaning  uncertain.) 
1513   DOUGLAS  SEneis  xn.  Prol.  121   Gymp  gerrafiouris 
thar  royn  [v.r.  thareon]  levys  vnschet. 

Royne.     Sc.     [Cf.  KOON.]     A  strip  of  cloth. 

1821  GALT  Legatees  vii.  199  An  orthodox  corn,  or  bunyan, 
that  could  as  little  bear  a  touch  from  the  royne-slippers. 
1823  —  Entail  xxvii,  A  mahogany  cradle  shod  wi1  roynes. 

Royne,  obs.  f,  RHINE  J  ,  var.  ROIN  sb.  and  v. 
Roynish,  -ous,  varr.  ROINISH,  -ous.  Royn- 
ows,  obs.  f.  RUINOUS.  Royolet,  obs.  f.  ROY 
ALET.  Roys,  obs.  f.  ROOSE,  ROSE.  Roysche, 
obs.  f.  RUSH.  Royson,  obs.  f.  RAISIN.  Royst, 
etc.,  obs.  f.  ROIST. 

Royston  crow  (roi'stsn).  Also  7  Roiston. 
[f.  the  place-name  Royston  on  the  borders  of 
Hertfordshire  and  Cambridgeshire.]  The  hooded 
or  grey  crow  (Corvtis  comix}. 

1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Corneille^  Corneille  emmantelle,  the  Roi 
ston  Crow,  or  winter  Crow,  whose  backe,  and  bellie  are  of 
an  ashie  colour.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  in.  160  Crowes  of 
mingled  colour,  such  as  wee  call  Royston  Crowes.  1734 
ALBIN  Nat.  Hist.  Birds  II.  22  The  Royston  Crow..  ;  on 
the  Heathes  about  Newmarket,  Royston,  and  elsewhere  in 
Cambridgeshire  it  is  frequently  seen  in  Winter  Time.  1771 
G.  WHITE  Selborne  xlii,  Royston,  or  grey  crows,  are  winter 
birds  that  come  much  about  the  same  time  with  the  wood 
cock.  1841  Proc.  Berw.  Nat.  Club  I.  253  The  royston  or 
grey-backed  crow  (Corrus  comix).  1880  BARING-GOULD 
Meh&lak  i,  At  all  times  they  are  haunted  with  sea  mews 
and  roysten  [sic]  crows. 

Royt,  obs.  var.  ROIT  sb.  and  v.  Roytelet, 
obs.  f.  ROITELET.  Royter,  var.  ROITER.  Roy- 
ther,  obs.  f.  RUDDER. 

Rozelle,  var.  of  ROSELLE.  Rozen,  Rozin, 
obs.  ff.  ROSIN.  Rozet,  var.  ROSET  sb?  Rozi- 
nante,  var.  ROSINANTE.  Rozye,  var.  of  REZAI. 

Ru,  obs.  form  of  Row  a.,  RUE. 

Rub  (r»b),  sbJ-  Also  6-7  rubbe,  7-8  rubb. 
[f.  RUB  z>.i] 

1.  An  act  or  spell  of  rubbing. 

1615  W.  LAWSOM  Country  Houseiv.  Card.  (1626)  23  That 
no  tree,  .touch  his  fellowes...If  they  touch,  the  winde  will 
cause  a  forcible  rub.  1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss. 
(1708)  96  It  costs  him  many  a  Rub  with  his  Paws,  before  he 
can  make  his  Top-Lights  to  shine  clearly.  1812  SIR  J. 
SINCLAIR  Syst.  Ifnsb.  Scot.  n.  App.  13  It  got  a  good  rub  of 
harrowing,  so  as  to  fill  up  the  seams  betwixt  the  furrows. 
1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  597  For  every  six  turns  of  circular 
motion,  it  must  receive  two  or  three  rubs  across  the 
diameter.  1891  C,  ROBERTS  Adrift  Amer.  138  By  doing 
this  the  feathers  all  came  off  with  a  rub. 

b.  spec.  The  act  of  rubbing  down  a  horse. 

1662  Dk.  Newcastle's  Racing-  Rntcs(b\§,  Wood  276  a,  fol. 
149),  The  reliefe  is  to  be  onely  water,  the  Rub  but  halfe  an 
houre,  and  then  the  Judge  is  to  bid  them  mount. 

C.  The  act  of  *  rubbing*  down,  or  searching,  a 
prisoner.     (Cf.  RUB  z».l  8  c.) 

1903  NEVILL  Penal  Serv.  v.  43  The  search  parade  and 
the  '  rub  down  '  four  times  a  day  constitute  a  sort  of  drill. 

2.  a.  Bowls.    An    obstacle   or  impediment   by 
which  a  bowl  is  hindered  in,  or  diverted  from,  its 
proper  course  ;   also,  the  fact  of  a  bowl  meeting 
with  such  impediment. 

In  i6-i7th  cent.  freq.  in  figurative  contexts. 

1586  HOOKER  Hist.  Irel.  in  Holinshed\\..  97/1  Whereby 
appeareth  how  dangerous  it  is  to  be  a  rub,  when  a  khig^is 
disposed  to  sweepe  an  alleie.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  in.  iv. 
4  La.  Madame,  wee'le  play  at  Bowles.  Qu.  Twill  make 
me  thinke  the  World  is  full  of  Rubs,  And  that  my  fortune 
runnes  against  the  Eyas.  ^1613  MIDDLETON  No  Wit  like 
Woman's  ii.  iii,  There's  three  rubs  gone,  I've  a  clear  way 
to  the  mistress.  1642  FULLER  Holy  <$•  Prof.  St.  v.  xix.  440 
He  would  not.  .lay  the  unexpected  rubs  in  the  alHe  to  the 
bowlers  fault,  who  took  good  aim  though  missing  the  mark. 
1681  FLAVEL  Right,  Man's  Ref.  196  It  spoils  their  game  by 
an  unforeseen  rub  in  the  green.  1757  J,  ABERCROMBIE  m 
R.  Rogers  Jrnl.  (1883)  73  It  is  impossible  to  play  at  bowls 
without  meeting  with  rubs.  1876  Encycl.  Brit.  IV.  180^2 
A  'rub  '..is  when  a  jack  or  bowl,  in  transitit,  comes  in 
contact  with  any  object  on  the  green. 

f  b.  In  general  use  :  Any  physical  obstacle  or 
impediment  to  movement.  AUoy^f.  Obs. 

1679  PRANCE  Add.  Narrative  16  A  Bowl  thrown  from  the 


it  ;  but  if  it  meets  with  any  rub,  it  spreads  all  round  about. 
1734  _  Exj>.  Phil.  I.  220  The  Pole  [of  a  carriage]  that 
bends  sends  back  the  Wheel  a  little  when  there  is  a  Rub  to 
be  overcome.  1753  HOGARTH  Anal.  Beauty  x.  6r  The 
point  of  the  pencil,  .would  perpetually  meet  with  stops  and 
rubs.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  Fool  of  Qua!.  (1809)  III.  131 
Men..  who  would  be  perpetually  putting  rubs  before  the 
wheels  of  good  government.  i8ai  SCOTT  Kenilw.  xvi, 


BUB. 


853 


RUB. 


There  will  be  rubs  in  the  smoothest  road,  specially  when  it 
leads  up  hill. 

c.  Rub  of  (or  011}  the  green,  in  golf,  an  acci 
dental  interference  with  the  course  or  position  of 
a  ball. 

1842  in  R.  Clark  Golf(?&]$  140  The  green  has  its  bunkers, 
ks  hazards,  and  rubs,  a  1875  Ibid.  276  Whatever  happens 
to  a  ball  by  accident.,  must  be  reckoned  a  rub  of  the  green. 
1881  FORGAN  Golfer's  Handbk.  35  Rub  on  the  Green. 

3.  An  obstacle,  impediment,  hindrance,  or  diffi 
culty,  of  a  non-material  nature :  f  a.  With 
addition  of  in  (or  on)  one's  way,  course^  etc.  Obs. 

Very  common  from  c  1590  to  c  1775. 

1590  NASHK  Pasquil's  Apol.  \.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  214  Some 
small  rubs,  as  I  heare,  haue  been  cast  in  my  way  to  hinder 
my  comming  forth,  but  they  shall  not  profit.  1399  SHAKS. 
hen.  V,  n.ii.  188  We  doubt  not  now,  But  euery  Rubbe  is 
smoothed  on  our  way.  1621  BURTON  A  not.  Mel.  in.  ii.  vi. 
v.  (1651)  580  They  are  well  inclined  to  marry,  but  one  rub 
or  other  is  ever  in  the  way.  164.1  SIR  R.  BAKER  Apol.  115 
The  Clergie  man  hath.. many  Imployments  which  are  as 
rubs  in  his  course  of  Learning.  1697  J.  SERGEANT  Solid 
P kilos.  62  Some  Rubs  I  have  put  in  the  way  of  this 
Pretence.  1738  VANBR.  &  Cm.  Prov.  Husb.  n.  i.  49  If  it 
is  not  too  far  gone;  at  least  it  may  be  worth  one's  while  to 
throw  a  Rub  in  his  way.  1790  Bystander  25  If  the  sister 
throws  any  rub  in  my  way,  so  much  the  worse  for  her. 

b.  Jn  general  use.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 
Very  common  during  the  i/th  and  i8th  centuries. 

1607  MIDDLETON  Michaelmas  Term  iv.  iii,  I  have  no 
sense  to  sorrow  for  his  death,  whose  life  was  the  only  rub 
to  my  affection.  1640  SIR  K.  DIGBY  in  Lismore  Papers 
Ser.  n.  (1888)  IV.  135  Your  father,  .is  at  euery  rubb  called 
vpon  by  the  King,  as  yf  nothing  could  be  well  done,  that 
he  did  not  dictate.  1686  GOAD  Celest.  Bodies  i.  xviii.  116 
We  must  look  for  some  Rubs  in  pursuit  of  Natural  Know 
ledge.  1724  SWIFT  Drapier's  Lett.  iv.  Wks.  1751  VIII.  354 
Which  is  a  great  Smoother  of  Rubs  in  publick  Proceedings. 
1793  SMF.ATON  Edystone  L.  §176  These^  unexpected  rubs 
were  not  however  insuperable.  1806  SCOTT  n  Feb.  in 
Lockhart  II.  iii.  93  Notwithstanding  some  little  rubs,  I  have 
been  able  to  carry  through  the  transaction.  1814  LADY 
BURGHERSH  Lett.  (1893)  179  We  had  then  just  heard  of  the 
rub  which  Sacken's  corps,  under  Biucher,  had  received. 

c.  In  phr.  There* s  (or  Here  lies}  the  rub. 

1602  SHAKS.  Ham,  in.  i.  65  To  sleepe,  perchance  to 
Dreame ;  I,  there's  the  rub.  1712  STEELE  Spect.  No.  533 
Pi  But  her  Relations  are  not  Intimates  with  mine.  Ah  ! 
there's  the  Rub.  0:769  GOLDSM.  Epil.  to  '  The  Sisters*  n, 
I  will.  But  how?  ay,  there's  the  rub  !  1821  SCOTT  Pirate 
xxxiv,  Here  lies  the  rub..  .When  she  hears  of  you  she  will 
be  at  you.  1887  JESSOPP  Arcady  i,  28  Oh,  the  labour 
market !  there's  the  rub  1 

f4.  A  roughness;  an  imevenness  or  inequality. 

1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  in.  i.  134  To  leaue  no  Rubs  nor  Botches 
in  the  Works.  1647  H.  MORE  Cupid's  Confl.  xxxii,  Nor 
rub  nor  wrinkle  would  thy  verses  spoil,  Thy  rhymes  should 
run  as  glib  and  smooth  as  oyl.  i68a  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Chr. 
Mor.  n.  ix,  Able  to  discover  the  inequalities,  rubbs,  and 
hairiness  of  the  Skin.  1747  GentL  Mag.  78  It  may  be  drawn 
over  a  floor  with  such  notches,  or  rubs. 

5.  a.  An  intentional  wound  or  chafe  given  to 
the  feelings  of  another ;  in  later  use  esp.  a  slight 
reproof  or  teasing. 

1642  ROGERS  Naaman  89  Both  the  former  rubs,  and  this 
affront.. wrought  a  marvellous  abasement  in  his  soule.  1677 
Gffi't.  Venice  277  They  many  times  give  them  such  rubs 
and  mortifications,  that  they  are  quickly  taken  down.  1720 
DE  FOE  Capt.  Singleton  x.  (1840)  182  You  have  always  one 
dry  rub  or  another  to  give  us.  1780  MME.  D'ARBLAY 
Diary  May,  He  failed  not  to  give  me  a  rub  for  my  old 
offence.  1841  BARHAM  Ingot.  Leg.  Ser.  n.  Auto-da-Fet 
Each  felt  the  rub,  And  in  Spain  not  a  Sub  Much  less  an 
Hidalgo,  can  stomach  a  snub.  1851  MAYHEW  Loud. 
Labour  l\\.  135  Then  I'd  give  'em  a  rub  up  on  the  smoking 
mania.  1887  SERVICE  Life  Dr.  Duguidxvi.  102  She  seldom 
saw  me  but  she  gied  me  a  bit  rub  aboot  Leezie. 

b.  An  encounter  with  something  annoying  or 
disagreeable ;  an  unpleasant  experience  in  one's 
relations  with  others. 

1645  QUARLES  Sol.  Recant,  ix.  48  Then  chear,  my  soul ; 
Let  not  the  rubs  of  earth  Disturb  thy  peace,  or  interrupt 
thy  mirth.  1733  Miss  KELLY  in  Swift  Lett*  (1768)  IV.  41 
Your  friendship,  .makes  me  bear  the  common  rubs  of  life 
with  patience.  1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  W.  i,  We  sometimes  had 
those  little  rubs  which  Providence  sends  to  enhance  the 
value  of  its  favours.  1822  EARL  DUDLEY  Lett.  23  Aug. 
(1840)  352  A  man  of  business  should  be  quick,  decisive,  and 
callous  against  small  rubs.  i86a  THORNBURY  Turner  I.  336 
The  Te"meraire  had  doubtless  had  its  rubs  as  a  French 
battle-ship.  1899  Speaker  29  July  106/2  His  deanery  palled 
on  him. . ;  its  quasi -episcopal  rubs  and  worries,  .were  to  him 
intolerable. 

Q.  pi,  =  RUBBERS,   rare—1. 

1799  Young's  Annals  Agric.  XXXIII.  418  (E.  D.  S.),  A 
complaint  [in  sheep],  .called  by  the  shepherds  [in  Suffolk] 
the  rubs  or  rubbers,  because  of  their  seeming  to  rub  them 
selves  to  death. 

7.  a.  dial.  A  mower's  whetstone. 

1823   E.   MOOR   Suffolk    Words    321    Rub.   the    gritty, 

silicious  aggregate  with  which  the  lusty  mower  whets  his 

sythe.    1892  P.  H.  EMERSON  Son  of  Fens  xiv.  no  Ha'  you 

got  a  good  old  rough  rub  ?     My  cutter  is  rather  thick. 

b.  A  plater's  tool  used  for  smoothing  the  silver. 

1870  Eng.  Mechanic  25  Feb.  573/1  We  now  come  to  the 
'rubbing',  which  is  a  sort  of  burnishing  with  a  rough 
burnisher  called  a  rub. 

t  Rub,  $b*     Obs.  rare.     (See  RUB  v.2) 

1613  Uncos.  Machiav.  9  At  Ruffe  and  Trumpe  note  thou 
the  dealers  rubs.  [1613  Answ.  Uncos,  Machiav.  F  2  For 
deale  or  rub,  whose  hap  so  ere  it  be  to  haue,  The  knaue  of 
Clubs  will  euer  be  a  knaue.] 

Hub  (r»b),  sb$     Abbrev.  of  RUBBER  sb?  2. 

1830  H.  LEE  Mem.  Manager  1 1.  vii.  28  Play  an  occasional 
rub  or  two  at  whist.  1859  LANG  Wand,  India  9  The  good 


players  are  playing  high. . — five  gold  mohurs  on  the  rub. 
1887  ASHBY  STKRHY  Lazy  Minstrel  (1892)  139  We've  heaps 
of  friends,  a  quiet '  rub1,  A  pleasant  dinner  at  the  Club. 

Rub  (r#b),  z*.1  Also  4-7  rubbe  (4  robbe), 
5-6  rube,  6  roub.  [ME.  rubben^  =  lJ>j.  rubben 
(whence  prob.  Da.  rubbe,  Sw,,  Norw.,  and  Icel, 
rubba]  :  the  further  etym.  is  obscure.] 

I.  trans.  1.  To  subject  (a  surface  or  substance) 
to  the  action  of  something  (as  the  hand,  a  cloth, 
etc.)  moving  over  it,  or  backwards  and  forwards 
upon  it,  with  a  certain  amount  of  pressure  and 
friction.  Also  with  compl.  (quots.  1377,  1697). 

1377  LANGL.  P.  Pt.  B.  xin,  99  pus  sone  bis  doctour,  As 
rody  as  a  rose  rubbed  \v.  r.  robbed]  his  chekes.  c  1440 
Promp.  Parv.  438/2  Rubbyn,  or  chafyn./r/ff?.  1483  Cath. 
Angl.  313/1  To  Rub, _/V/<rar£.  1530  PALSGR.  695/1  Rubbe 
the  chyldes  heed,  nouryce,  to  bring  hym  aslepe.  1553  BALE 
Vocation  35  b,  A  gentilman  of  the  contraie..  rubbed  me 
on  the  elbowe  and  bad  me..lete  him  alone.  1611  HIBLE 
Tobity\,  12  And  when  his  eyes  beganne  to  smart, he  rubbed 
them.  1678  LADY  CHAWORTH  in  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  i2th 
Rep.  App.  V.  48  A  wolfe's  tooth,  .to  rub  his  teeth  with  for 
easier  breeding  them.  1697  DKYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  iv,  542 
Th*  officious  Nymphs . .rub  his  Temples,  with  fine  Towels, 
dry.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  \.  (Globe)  244,  I.. caused  Friday 
to  rub  his  Ankles.  1826  F.  REYNOLDS  Life  fy  Times  I.  145 
Sending  our  horses  to  the  stables,  and  seeing  them  well 
rubbed,  and  fed.  1842  TENNYSON  Day-Dream^  Revival  19 
The  king  awoke, .  .And  yawn'dj  and  rubb'd  his  face.  1875 
JOWETT /Yate  ^ed.2)  1.432  Socrates,  sitting  up  on  the  couch, 
began  to  bend  and  rub  his  leg. 

Pro~\  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  iv.  i.  40  My  selfe  will  for  you 
fight,  As  ye  have  done  for  me;  the  left  hand  rubs  the  right. 
1652  J.  WRIGHT  tr.  Camus'  J\rat.  Paradox  jx.  196  In  the 
Country,  one  hand  rubb's  the  other  as  in  Citties. 

absol.  1662  Dk.  Newcastle's  Racing  Rules  (.MS.  Wood 
276  a,  fol.  149),  There  must  be  three  heats,  the  first  to 
Sparton-hill,  there  to  rub  halfe  an  hour. 

b.  To  press  (ears  of  corn)  with  friction  between 
the  hands,  in  order  to  extract  the  grain.  (Cf.  lib.) 

1508  DUNBAR  Flyting  117  Fane  at  evin  for  to  bring  hame 
a  single,  Syne  rubb  it  at  ane  vthir  auld  wyfis  ingle.  1526 
TINDALE  Luke  vi.  i  His  disciples  plucked  the  eares  of 
corne,  and  ate  them,  and  rubbed  them  in  their  hondes. 

C.  To  make  (one's  hands)  move  over  and  press 
upon  each  other,  as  a  sign  of  satisfaction. 

1778  Miss  BURNEY  SveZittalxxxii.  [He]  rubbed  his  hands, 
and  was  scarce  able  to  contain  the  fullness  of  his  glee.  1831 
SCOTT  Ct.  Rob.  vl.  He  sighed  and  rubbed  his  hands  with 
pleasure,  like  a  man  newly  restored  to  liberty.  1893 
FORBES-MITCHELL,  Remin.  Gt.  Mutiny  220  Sir  Colin., 
jumped  to  his  feet,  rubbing  his  hands. 

d.  To  press  with  friction  against  (a  thing). 
1821  CLARE  Vill.  Minstr.  I.  154  Idle  cows  rubbing  the 

post. 

e.  spec.  (See  quot.  1861.) 

1861  Sat.  Rev.  22  June  647/1  These  brasses  are  capable 
of  being  '  rubbed  ',  that  is,  of  having  an  impression  taken  of 
them.,  by  covering  them  with  paper,  and  rubbing  with 
some  fitting  substance  upon  the  paper.  A  likeness  of  the 
brass  is  thus  produced,  the  plain  portions  being  dark,  and 
the  incisions  remaining  .  white.  1879  WESTWOOD  Lapid. 
IValHx  157  She  placed  the  stone  in  the  south  porch  of  the 
church,  where  I  carefully  examined,  drew,  and  rubbed  it. 

2.  To  subject  to  pressure  and  friction  in  order 
to  clean,  polish,  make  smooth,  or  sharpen.     Also 
const,  with. 

1382  WYCLIF  Lev.  vi.  28  If  it  were  a  brasun  vessel,  it  shal 
be  rubbid,  and  washe  with  water,  c  1386  CHAUCER  Miller's 
T.  561  Who  rubbeth  now,  who  froteth  now  his  lippes  With 
dust,  with  sond,  with  straw,  with  clooth,  with  chippes? 
1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  138  The  more  it  is 
polysshed  or  rubbed,  the  more  perfytly  it  receyueth  the 
lyght.  1530  PALSGR.  695/1,  I  rubbe  thynges  with  a  cloute 
to  make  them  cleane,  je  torche.  1601  SHAKS.  Tiuel.  N.  n. 
iii.  128  Goe  sir,  rub  your  Chaine  with  crums.  1667 
PRIM  ATT  City  <y  C.  Build.  75  That  this  sort  of  work  to  be 
Rubbed,  .is  worth  thirty  four  or  thirty  five  shillings  a  Rod. 
1678  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Handiworks  I.  iv.  64  When 
you  have  occasion  to  take  your  Iron  out  of  the  Stock  to  rub 
it,  that  is  to  whet  it.  a  1756  ELIZA  HEYVVOOD  Neiu  Present 
(1771)  252  To  rub  the  stove  and  fire-irons.  1796  MORSE 
Amer.  Geogr.  I.  491  They  are  kept  very  neat,  being  rubbed 
with  a  mop  almost  every  day.  1843  Penny  Cycl.  XXV. 
426/1  The  two  faces  of  the  tool  must  be  rubbed  to  such  an 
obtuse  angle  as  to  appear  almost  straight.  1853  KANE 
Grinnell  Exp.  xxii.  (1856)  172  The  masses,  .have  been 
rubbed  as  round  as  pebbles.  1861  FLOR.  NIGHTINGALE 
Nursing  (ed.  2)  61  The  old-fashioned  polished  oak  floor, 
which  is  wet-rubbed  and  dry-rubbed  every  morning  to 
remove  the  dust. 

fig'  J749  CHESTERF.  Lett.  cxlv.  (1774)  I.  398  You  will 
now,  in  the  course  of  a  few  months,  have  been  rubbed  at 
three  of  the  considerable  Courts  of  Europe. 

b.  jig.  To  revive,  stir  up,  in  respect  of  memory 
or  recollection.  More  freq.  with  up  •  see  1 3  a,  b,  c. 

1580  LYLY  Eupkues  (Arb.)  248  If  at  our  arriuall  thou  wilt 
renew  thy  tale?  I  will  rub  my  memorie.  x6aa  FLETCHER 
Span.  Cur.  n.  i,  The  Mony  rubbs  'em  into  strange  remem 
brances.  1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Travels  no  This  would 
rub  afresh  his  former  iniustice-.that  all  men  might  see 
apparantly  liis  auarice.  1813  SCOTT  25  July  in  Lockhart^ 
You  should  rub  him  often  on  this  point,  for  his  recollection 
becomes  rusty. 

t  c.  To  examine  closely.    Obs.  rare. 

a  1614  D.  DYKE  Myst.  Self-deceiving  (1614)  340  To  haue 
the  conscience  rubbed  and  ransacked.  So  that  with  Dauid 
it  cryeth  :  Try  mee,  O  Lord.  1653  2.  BOGAN  Mirth  Chr. 
Life  21,  I  will  not  rub  the  questions  whether  these  angells 
can  contract  themselves. 

3.  a.  To  affect  painfully  or  disagreeably ;    to 
annoy,  irritate.     Chiefly  in  various  phrases. 

1523  [see  GALL  sb*  ic].  1581  SIDNEY  Apol.  Poetrie 
(Arb.)  44  Is  it  the  bitter,  but  wholsome  lambick,  which  rubs 


the  galled  minde?  1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  v.  i.  ii,  I  haue  rub'd 
this  yong  Quat  almost  to  the  sense,  And  he  growes  angry. 
1610  —  Temp.  \\.  i,  138  You  rub  the  sore,  When  you  should 
bring  the  plaister.  1660  R.  COKE  Power  <y  Subj.  270,  I 
have  rubbed  some  sores  which  are  not  convenient  to  bee 
touched  at  this  time. 

1868  WHYTE  MELVILLE   White  Rose  II.  v.  66  It  is  no  un 
usual  drawback  to  married  life,  this  same  knack  of  '  rubbing 
the  hair'  the  wrong  way.    1883  J.  HAWTHORNE"Z>Kj*  xxvtii, 
Philip . .  was  always  rubbed  the  wrong  way  by  Lady  Flanders. 
t  D.  To  impede,  hinder.  Obs~^  (Cf.  RUB  j<M  3.) 

1605  SHAKS.  Lear  n.  ii.  161  'Tis  the  Dukel's]  pleasure, 
Whose  disposition  all  the  world  well  knowes  Will  not  be 
rub'd  nor  stopt. 

C.   To  chafe,  abrade,  make  rough  or  ragged. 

1805  NewalChron.  XIV.  331  She  got  a  little  rubbed.  1808 
Med.  Jrnl.  XIX.  454  Where  the  vesicle  from  neglect  has 
been  much  rubbed,  or  otherwise  injured.  1880  J.  DUNBAR 
Pract.Papermaker  29  The  continual  vibration  of  the  cover 
rubs  the  stuff. 

4.  To   treat    (a   surface)   with   some   substance 
(esp.  in  a  soft  or  liquid  form)  applied  by  means  of 
friction  and  pressure. 

I53S  COVFRDALE  Ezck.  xvi.  4  Thou  wast  nether  rubbed  with 
salt,  nerswedled  in  cloutes.  1566  DRANT  Wail,  of  Jeremiah 
Kiiij,  Fayre  Tsyons  eiders.. sytte  downe  in  .silence  deepe, 
Theyrheadeyrubde  with  ashes  pale.  1599  SHAKS.  Much  Ado 
in.  ii.  50  A  rubs  him  selfe  with  Quit.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  i.  774 
The  suburb  of  thir  Straw-built  Cittadel,  New  rub'd  with 
liaume.  1726  LEONI  Albert? s  Arc/lit.  I.  25/1  Beams  made 
of.  .Thorn  rub'd  over  with  Oyl.  1799  Med.  Jrnl.  II.  42 
The  practitioner.. directed  him  to  rub  every  evening,  a 
certain  part  of  his  body  with  the  oxygenated  ointment. 
1847  \V.  C.  L.  MARTIN  Ox  172/1  The  affected  quarter., 
should  be  well  rubbed  with  a  weak  camphorated  mercurial 
ointment.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  xxv.  191  He  continued  to 
rub  bis  hands  with  snow  and  brandy. 

Jig.  1663  S.  PATKICK  Parab.  Pilgr.  xx,  There  is  none  but 
either  commends  a  vice,  or  impresses  it  on  us,  or  secretly 
rubs  us  with  it. 

5.  To  bring  into  contact  with  another  body  or 
surface    by  means  of   friction    accompanied  with 
pressure.     Const,  against^  on,  over,  and  together. 

c  1400  M  AUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xvii.  80  Rubbe  it  on  be  saphir  or 
on  cristall.  1523  FITZHKRB.  Husb.  §  18  The  sbeepe  wylle 
rubbe  them  on  the  stakes.  1530  PALSGR.  695/1,  I  rubbe.. 
one  thynge  agaynst  an  other,  je  frottc.  '1565  COOPER 
Thesaurus  s.v.  Frico,  To  rubbe  their  sides  agaynst  the  tree. 
1697  DRYDEN  V'irg.  Georg.  in.  401  He  rubs  hi.s  Sides  against 
a  Tree.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist,  (1776)  VII.  334  Others 
are  of  opinion  the  sound  is  produced  by  rubbing  its  hinder 
legs  against  each  other.  1811  THOMSON  Land.  Disfi.  (1818) 
547  Rub  them  together  until  the  globules  disappear.  1847 
W.  C.  L.  MARTIN  Ox  161/1  The  tormented  animal  rubs 
itself  against  posts,  palings,  gates,  or  the  boles  of  trees. 


1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romola  xxvii,  IHe]  closed  his  eyes  and 
rubbed  his  hands  over  his  face  and  hair. 

b.  To  bring  i^a  part  of  the  body)  into  reciprocal 
contact ;  hence  to  rub  shoulders  (etc.)  with,  to 
come  into  contact,  to  associate,  with  others. 

1645  RUTHERFORD  Tryal  «§•  Tri.  Faith  (1845)  4  We  can- 
not  but  rub  skins  with  corruption.  1834  Taifs Mag.  I.  38/2 
Against  how  many  hundreds  a-day  does  not  such  a  thing 
rub  shoulders.  1848  THACKERAY  Bk.  Snobs  xxv,  She  had 
rubbed  shoulders  with  the  great.  1863  Sat.  Rtv.  4  April 
437  The  river  is  wide  enough.. to  allow,  .steamboats  to 
keep  within  view  of  the  race  without  absolutely  rubbing 
sides.  1891  Guardian  25  Feb.  312/2  Bringing  the  most 
different  people  to  'rub  noses'  with  one  another. 

1" G-  fi£'  1  °  fix  (a  charge,  etc.)  on  one.  Obs, 
1618  ABP.  SPOTTISWOODE  in  Spottiswoode  Misc.  (1844)  !• 
86,  1  feare  it  be  the  purpose  of  many  to  rubbe  this  waye 
vpon  his  Majesty  the  imputation  of  tyrannic,  c  1690  J. 
FHASER  Mem.  in  Sel.  Biog.  IVodrow  Sec.  (184^7)  II.  184  It 
offends  God  by  rubbing  a  lie  on  him,  and  calling  the  work 
of  his  spirit  a  natural  work. 

6.  Const,  with  various  prepositions. 

a.  To  remove,  take  or  clear  awayt</n?*»,  off,  or 
out  of,  by  rubbing. 

1508  DUNBAR  Flyting  64  Wit  and  wisdome  ane  wisp  fra 
the  may  rub.  1545  ASCHAM  Toxoph.  (Arb.)  109  Some  wyth 
holdynge  in  the  nocke  of  theyr  shafte  too  harde,  rub  the 
skyn  of  there  fingers,  a  1676  HALE  Prim.  Orig.  Man.  iv. 
vii,  (1677)  348  Mankind. .never  rubs  the  Corn  out  of  the 
Ear.  1798  JOANNA  BAILLIE  Tryal\\.  iii,  Hav'nt  you  rubbed 
the  skin  off  your  shins,  Sir  Loft  us?  1816  SCOTT  Old  Mori. 
xliii,  Were  he  once  rubbed  out  of  the  way,  all,  he  thinks, 
will  be  his  own.  1886  MRS.  RIDDELL  For  Dick's  Sake  i, 
Before  London.. has  begun  to  rub  the  sleepy  dust  out  of 
her  great  eyes. 

b.  To  reduce  to  powder  by  rubbing. 

1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  \t  viii,  Some  of  his  best  Bisket,  which 
rubbed  to  Powder,  . .  was  their  constant  Food.  1753 
Chambers*  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Copper,  This  may  be  rubbed  to 
powder.  i8«  THOMSON  Lond.  Disp.  (1818)  698  Rub  them 
together  to  a  powder. 

c.  To  force  into  or  through,  spread  over,  a  sur 
face  by  rubbing.     Alsoy%*.  (cf.  90). 

1778  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  III.  2293/2  Covering  it  as  thin 
as  possible,  and  rubbing  it  into  the  paper  with  a  leather- 
stump.  1843  R.  J.  GKAVES  Syst.  Clin.  Med.  xx.  231,  I 
ordered  the  nitro-muriatic  acid  liniment  to  be  rubbed  over 
his  chest.  1837  T.  MOORE  Handbk.  Brit.  Ferns  (ed.  3)  26 
Rub  the  soil  through  a  sieve  with  half-inch  square  meshes, 
1869  CLARIDGE  Cold  Water  Cure  86  What  pain  will  he 
not  endure  ;  what  poisons  swallow  or  rub  into  his  flesh  ? 
1879  H.  JAMES  Bundle  Lett.  No.  iv,  The  other  one  rubs 
it  into  me  too;  but  in  a  different  way.  1894  Athenaeum 
10  March  316/2  The  following  lesson  ..  cannot  be  too 
thoroughly  rubbed  into  the  present  as  well  as  the  rising 
generation. 

II.  With  adverbs. 

7.  Rub  away,  to  remove  by  rubbing. 

c  1400  Rule  St.  Bcnet  2275  |>at  whils  scho  rubes  a-way  b« 
rust,  pe  vessel  fal  not  al  to  dust.  1481  CA.XTON  Reynard 


RUB.  . 

{Arb.)  106  It  smerted  so  sore  that  he  muste  rubbe  and 
washe  it  away.  1893  J.  ASHBY  STERKY  Naughty  Girl  vi, 
[She]  tried  to  rub  her  tears  away  with  the  back  of  her  hand. 

8.  Rub  down :  a.  To  clean  (a  horse)  from  dust 
and  sweat  by  rubbing. 

1673  [R-  LEIGH]  Transp.  Reh.  101  Not  that  I  would  have 
him  to  do.  .so  much  as  to  rub  down  a  bishops  horses  heels. 
1693  STEPNEY  tr.  Juvenal  vm.  271  When  his  Fellow-Beasts 
are  weary  grown,  He'll  play  the  Groom,  give  Oats,  and 
rub  'em  down.  1779  Mirror  No.  62,  I  just  ordered  my 
horse  to  be  rubbed  down.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk,  Farm  II. 
180  After  the  horses  are  rubbed  down,  the  men  proceed  to 
the  straw-barn. 

b.  To  make   smooth,  to  reduce,  grind   down, 
etc.,  by  rubbing. 

1794  Rigging  ff  Seamanship  88  Rubber,  a  small  iron  in 
strument,  .to  rub  down  or  flatten  the  seams.  1850  TENNY 
SON  In  Mem.  Ixxxix,  Ground  in  yonder  social  mill  We  rub 
each  other's  angles  down.  1852  MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett.  II. 
175  He  has  rubbed  it  all  down  with  pumice-stone.  1887 
D.  A.  Low  Machine  Draw.  (1892)  3  The  colour  should  be 
rubbed  down  in  a  dish. 

O.  colhq.  To  search  (a  person)  by  passing  the 
hand  all  over  the  body  and  limbs. 

1887  iQ/A  Cent.  XXII.  487  The  custom  of  '  rubbing  down  ' 
each  labourer  as  he  passes  the  dock  gates.  1903  W.  B. 
NEVILL  Penal  Serv.  v.  42  A  man  who  had  been  in  prison 
over  a  year,  and  who  must  therefore  have  been  'rubbed 
down  '  at  least  a  thousand  times. 

9.  Rub  in :  a.  To  apply  (dry  colours)  by  rub 
bing;  to  draw  or  sketch  in  this  way. 

1811  Self  Instructor  556  Rub  in  your  crayons  according 
to  their  proper  colours.  1857  J.  H.  STEGGALL  Hist.  Suffolk 
Man  x.  (1859)  166  To  rub  in  the  dead  colour,  ami  your  own 
figure  more  particularly.  Ibid.)  And  rapidly  indeed  did  the 
facetious  felfow  rub  me  in,  and  make  a  good  likeness  of  inc. 
1882  Gd.  Words  604  Here  again,  while  I  am  out-tackling, 
Crayon  rubs  in  a  few  outlines. 

b.  To  apply  (an  ointment,  etc.)  by  means  of 
continued  rubbing. 

1837  Penny  CycL  IX.  439/1  Having  rubbed  in  the  char 
coal  and  oil.  1865  MRS  CARLYLE  Lett.  III.  259  Geraldine 
rubbed  it  [the  liniment]  in  for  an  hour.  1899  Altbutfs 
Syst.  Med.  VIII.  859  Chrysarobin  is  rubbed  in  for  ten 
minutes. 

c.  slang.  To  emphasize  or  reiterate  (esp.  some 
thing  disagreeable).     (Cf.  6  c.) 

1870  Daily  News  26  May  (Farmer),  Rubbing  it  in  well  is 
a  well-known  phrase  amongst  the  doubtful  portion  of  the 
constabulary.  1897  KIPLING  Copt.  Cour.  ix,  Ye  needn't 
rub  it  in  any  more. 

10.  Rub  off,  to  remove  by  rubbing. 

1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  I.  vi.  71  His  Enemy. .Hastes 
to  some  Tree.. whereon  To.. rub-off  his  detested  Zone. 
1615  W.  LAWSON  Country  House^u.  Card.  (1626)  37  When 
he  puts  a  bud  in  any  place  where  you  would  not  haue  him, 
rub  it  off  with  your  finger.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  in.  4 
His  Rythmes,  which  we  here  set  down,  with  all  the  rust 
thereof,  without  rubbing  it  off.  1779  Mirror  No.  3  Without 
any  danger  of  this  colouring  being  rubbed  off.  1810  CRABBE 
Borough  x.  82  We  to  our  neighbours  and  our  equals  come, 
And  rub  off  pride  that  man  contracts  at  home.  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  p.  xiii,  Modern  languages  have 
rubbed  off  this  inferential  and  adversative  form. 

11.  Rub  out-,  a.  To  efface,  erase,  obliterate  by 
rubbing.    Alsoy?^.  (chiefly  £/.6*.),  to  wipe  out,  kill. 

1567  MAPLET  Gr.  Forest  93  He  rubbeth  out  the  print  of 
his  bodie  and  steps.  1570-6  LAMBARDE  Peramb.  Kent  (1826) 
323  May  we  utterly  rubbe  out  the  old  blemish.  1638 
JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  208  The  pencil  doth  sometimes 
help  the  art,  as  well  by  rubbing  out  what  was  painted,  as 
by  painting.  1679  V.  ALSOP  Anti-sozzo  in.  iv.  321  It's  as 
possible.. for  the  Leopard  to  rub  out  his  Dapples,  as  for 
such  an  one  to  doe  good.  1706  K.  WARD  Wooden  World 
Diss.  (1708)  4_i  Why  should  a  Man  rub  out  good  Things, 
without  a  $ohd  Consideration  for  it.  1819  SHELLEY  Peter 
Bell  %rd  vn.  iii,  Like  one  who  rubs  out  an  account.  1894 
A.  ROBERTSON  Nuggets  179  There  wasn't  a  figure  in  the 
landscape.  She  was  rubbed  out  of  the  drawing. 

fig.  1848  RUXTON  Life  in  Far  West  i.  13  Five  of  our  boys 
got  rubbed  out  that  time.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Col. 
Reformer  (1891)  303  You  seem  to  have  seen  these  poor 
fellows,  .just  before  they  were  rubbed  out. 

b.  To  extract  (corn)  from  the  ear  by  rubbing. 

1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  146  My  Corn,  which  I 
always  rubb'd  out  as  soon  as  it  was  dry. 
O.  Printing.  (See  quot.  1888.) 

1683  [see  RUBBED].    1787  Printer's  Gram.  350  Before  the 
Pressman  goes  to  work,  he  rube  out  his  Ink.     1888  JACOB  i 
Printers    Vocab.  115  Rub  out  ink,  to  rub  by  means  of  the 
brayer  the  ink  on  the  ink  table  previous  to  distribution. 
fd.  (See  quot.)   Obs. 

a  1793  J.  PEARSON  Polit.  Diet.  50  Rubbing-out^  a  cursed 
hawking,  and  spitting,  and  shuffling  of  the  feet,  at  any 
Member  the  House  does  not  like  to  hear  speak.  Sir  Joseph 
Mawbey  was  rubbed  out  the  last  Parliament. 

12.  Rub  over,  to  go  over  (with  the  hand,  a  tool, 
etc.)  in  the  process  of  rubbing. 

1647  N.  WARD  Simp.  Cobler  84,  I  come  to  rubbe  over  my 
work.  1778  Encyct.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  III.  2292/2  With  some 
fine-pounded  charcoal ..  rub  over  the  pierced  lines.  1876 
PREECE&  SIVEWRIGHT  Telegraphy  18  Zinc  may  be  amalga 
mated  by  being  first  cleaned.,  and  then  rubbed  over  with 
mercury. 

13.  Rub  up  :  a.  To  revive,  recall  to  mind  (some 
recollection,  incident,  etc.). 

157*  BUCHANAN  Detection  Mary  Q.  Scots  Ijb,  I  had 
rathest  rubbe  vp  the  remembrance  of  that  day  quhen  the 
Quene..came  to  the  nobilitie.  1586 T.  R,  La  Primaud.  Fr. 
Acad.  i.  673  We  spake  of  it  before,  but  we  must  ofnecessitie 
often  rub  up  the  remembrance  thereof.  1603  KNOLLES  Hist. 
Turks  (1621)  596  Rubbing  up  the  slaughters  at  Caire, 
Eubcea,  Methoni,  and  Constantinople.  1647  N.  BACON 
VOC.  Govt.  £»£-.  i.  Ixvi.  (i739)  147  Then  the  Clergy  rub  up 


854 

old  sores,  and  exhibit  their  complaints  to  their  holy  Father. 
1680  SIR  C.  LYTTELTON  in  Hatton  Corr.  (Cainden)  I.  232  If 
you  have  a  mind  to  rubb  up  y'  memory  of  yr  old  loves,  I 
can  help  you  a  little  in  it.  1715  Disc,  on  Death  7  They. . 
began  to  rub  up  their  Memories  of  their  past.  1827  SCOTT 
Diary  in  Lock/tart  (1839)  IX.  126  We  rubbed  up  some 
recollections  of  twenty  years  ago.  1840  HOOD  Up  Rhine  7 
We  rubbed  up  our  old  stories  and  old  songs. 

b.  To  refresh  (one's  memory,  etc.);  to  make 
clearer  or  stronger. 

1643  LIGHTFOOT  Glean.  Ex,  (1648)  n  Moses.. rubbeth  up 
his  faith  againe.  1663  S.  PATRICK  Parab.  Pilgr.  314  To  rub 
up  my  memory  and  to  fasten  those  things  in  my  mind  which 
hung  loose  before.  1778  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  26  Aug., 
There  can  be  no  better  house  for  rubbing  up  the  memory. 
1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xxxix,  An  East  Indian  must  rub  up  his 
faculties  a  little ..  before  he  enters  this  sort  of  society. 
1818  LADY  MORGAN  Autobiog.  (1859)  126,  I  ..have  begun  a 
course  of  history,  ancient  and  modern,  to  rub  up  my  memory 
before  I  touch  on  classic  ground. 

C.  To  brush  up,  revive  or  renew  one's  knowledge 
of  (a  subject). 

1775  SHERIDAN  Rivals  in.  iv,  I  must  rub  up  my  balancing, 
and  chasing,  and  boring,  1799  HAN.  MOKE  Fern.  Educ. 
(ed,  4)  I.  232  Some  profession,  which  should  oblige  him,  as 
we  say,  to  rub  up  his  Greek  and  Latin.  1813  MACAULAY  in 
Trevelyan  Life  (1880)  I,  45,  I  shall  have.. to  rub  up  my 
Mathematics.  x86i  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  at  Oxf.  xiii,  On 
the  whole,  I  must  rub  up  my  history  somehow.  1884 
RIDER  HAGGARD  Dawn  xx,  I  shall  be  glad  of  the  oppor 
tunity  of  rubbing  up  my  classics  a  little. 

absol.  1863  J.  COLDSTREAM  in  Balfour  Biogr.  (1865)  v.  190, 
I  was  far  behind  and  very  much  needed  to  '  rub  up '. 

d.  To  mix  or  prepare  by  rubbing. 

1697  DAMPIER  Voy.  (1699)  2  We.  .rubb'd  up  20  or  30  pound 
of  Chocolate,  with  Sugar  to  sweeten  it.  1843  R.  J.  GRAVES 
Syst,  Med.  xi.  127  The  camphor  should  be  previously  tri 
turated.. and  the  whole  must  be  rubbed  up  into  the  form  of 
nn  emulsion.  1873  E.  SPON  Workshop  Rec.  Ser.  i.  3/1  No 
ink  should  be  used  except  indian  ink,  rubbed  up  fresh  every 
day  upon  a  clean  palette. 

e.  With  the  wrong  way  \  (cf.  3  a). 

1862  H.  AID£  Carr  of  Carrlyon  III.  55  Don't  rub  her 
prejudices  up  the  wrong  way, ..if  you  can  help  it.  1897 
Catholic  Mag.  Sept.  169,  I  did  not  answer,  for  I  felt  com 
pletely  rubbed  up  the  wrong  way. 

III.  intr.  14.  To  exert  or  employ  friction 
accompanied  by  pressure;  to  move  and  at  the 
same  time  press  upon  or  against  something 

^1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  (Rolls)  8198  When  t>ey 
hadde  longe  to-gyder  smyten,  Spatled,  spouted,.. rubbed, & 
brent.  1393  LANGL.  P.  PI,  C,  x.  81  To  karde  and  to  kembe 
..To  rubbe  and  to  rely.  £1460  Stans  Puer  ad  Mensam 
14  Byfore  thy  souerayne  cracche  ne  rubbe  nought.  1580 
BLUNDEVIL  Horsemanship  Xviij,  If  you  see  that . .  he  [sc.  a 
horse]  leaue  not  rubbing,  then  marke  in  what  place  he  rub- 
beth.  1615  W.  LAWSON  Country  Houseiu.Gard.  (1626)  23  If 
boughs  or  armes  touch  and  rub, ..they  make  great  galls. 
1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  320  Where  the  fish 
lye  so  thick,  the  ship  brushes,  and  rubbes  upon  them  as 
'twere  sayling  through  a  shelf  of  sand.  1687  DRYDEN 
Hind  4-  P.  m.  132  This  last  allusion  galled  the  Panther 
more,  Because  indeed  it  rubbed  upon  the  sore,  1765  A. 
DICKSON  Treat.  Agric.  (ed,  2)  189  The  left  side  of  the  sock 
rubs  upon  the  firm  land.  1830  R.  KNOX  Beclards  Anat. 
239  The  fibro-cartilages  which  are  met  with  wherever  a 
tendon  rubs  against  a  bone.  1840  LARDNER  Geom.  189  As 
the  surface  of  the  cylinder  is  prevented  from  rubbing  or 
slipping  on  the  surface  on  which  it  rests. 

fig.  1887  O.  W.  HOLMES  Hundred^  Days  Eur.  v.  191  It 
always  rubbed  very  hard  on  my  feelings. 

b.  Of  a  bowl :  To  encounter  some  impediment 
which  retards  or  diverts  its  course. 

1588  Marprel.  Epist.  (Arb.)  39  When  lohn  of  London 
throwes  his  bowle,  he  will  runne  after  it,  and  crie  rub,  rub. 
rub.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  ff  Cr.  in.  ii.  52  So,  so,  rub  on,  and 
kisse  the  mistresse.  1611  COTGR.,  Sautter,.. to  rub  (at 
Bowles),  a  1700  B.  E.  Diet,  Cant.  Crew,  Rub-rub,  us'd  on 
Greens  when  the  Bowl  Flees  loo  fast,  to  have  it  forbear,  if 
Words  wou'd  do  it.  1770  J.  LOVE  Cricket  5  Where,  much 
divided  between  Fear  and  Glee,  The  Youth  cries  Rub  ;  O 
Flee,  you  Ling'rer,  Flee  !  1875  'STONEHENGE'  Brit.  Rural 
Sports  (ed.  12)  684  Every  bowl  which  shall  rub  or  set  after 
it  has  run  two  yards  past  the  parallel  [etc.], 
Jig.  1609  Ev.  Woman  in  Hum.  H.  ii.  in  Bullen  O.  PI.  IV, 
They  rub  at  everie  mole-hil. 

t  °*  fig*  To  touch  upon  a  thing  or  person  closely 
or  disadvantageously.  Obst 

1628  LAYTON  Siotfs  Plea  agst.  Prelacy  (ed.  2)  27  This 
learning  is  not  to  be  rub'd  upon  to  boldly.  1637-50  Row 
Hist*  Kirk  (Wodrow  Soc.)  165  No  more  nor  the  miscariages 
of  a  man  byassed  can  rub  justlie  upon  an  honest  man 
walking  straightlie. 

16.  Jig.  To  continue  in  a  certain  course  with 
more  or  less  difficulty  or  restraint ;  to  contrive,  or 
make  shift,  to  get  on,  through^  alongt  live  or  last 
ou£y  pass  or  go  off^  etc. 

(a)  1469  Pastott  Lett.  II.  392,  I  wyle  rubbe  on  as  long  as 
I  maye..tyll  better  pese  be.  1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Passer,  He 
hath  goods  enow  to  rub  on,  or  to  serue  his  turne.  with. 
1679  V.  ALSOP  Melius  Inq,  n.  ix.  381  Whosoever  shall  teach 
us  the  Art  to  rub  on  with  a  doubting  Conscience  has  paved 
a  broad  Causey  for.. his  Holiness.  1704  F.  FULLER  Med. 


rust.  1846  J.  G.  LOCKHART  16  Dec.  in  Croker  Papers 
(1884),  [They]  thought  Government  would  rub  on  with  this 
Parliament  till  August.  1880  Miss  BRADDON  Just  as  t  am 
xvii,  I  hope  we  shall  always  manage  to  rub  on  somehow. 

(b)  1570  FOXE  A.  $  M.  (ed.  2)  1892/1  He  thus  m  great 
care  and  vexation  endured..,  rubbyng  out  as  well  as  hee 
could.  1587  ROBT.  MORTON  Let.  17  June  in  Cath.  Rec. 
Soc.  Publ,  V.  139  He  is  nott  able  to  live  havynge  made 
harde  shifte  heare  to  rubbe  owt  this  deare  tyme.  i6oa  met 


RUBAN. 

Pt.  Return  fr.  Parnass.  i.  iv.  429  Let  vs  proue  Cony- 
catchers,  Baudes,  or  any  thing,  so  we  may  rub  out,  1616 
HIERON  Wks.  I.  586  A  man  makes  a  shift  to  rub  out  an 
houre,  and  to  haue  somewhat  stil  to  say.  1670-98  LASSKLS 
Voy.  Italy  II. 7  A  poor  widow  of  Rome. .rub'd  out  poorly, 
but  yet  honestly. 

(c)  1680  V.  ALSOP  Mischief  Imposit.  103  Thus  have  I  at 
length   rub'd  through    the    Reverend    Authors  Discourse. 
1683  KENNETT  tr.  Erasm.  on  Folly  16  There  is  not  any  one 
Country  whose  inhabitants,  .rub  through  the  world  with 
more  ease  and  quiet.     1706  E.  WARD  Wooden.  World  Diss. 
(1708)    55    Having    liv'd    in    various  Regions,  and   rubb'd 
through  many  Callings.     1780  HAMILTON  Wks.  (1886)  VIII. 

6  We  are  entered   deeply  in  a  contest  on  which  our  all 
depends.  We  must  endeavor  to  rub  through  it.     1815  EARL 
DUDLEY  Let.  17  Tan.  (1840)  85  Winter  ..  he  rubs  through 
as  well  as  he  can  t>y  the  help  of  patience  and  a  cloak.    1849 
M.  ARNOLD  Resignation  138  They  rubb'd  through  yester 
day  In  their  hereditary  way  ;  And  they  will  rub  through,  if 
they  can,  To-morrow  on  the  self-same  plan. 

(d)  1818  W.  IRVING  Life  $  Lett.  (1864)  I.  396,  I  feel  con- 
fident  that  I  shall  be  able  to  rub  along  with  my  present 
means  of  support.      1851  MAYHEW  Land.  Labour  (1865)  II. 
555  I1'5  got  very  bad  now.     I  used  to  manage  to  rub  along 
at    first.     1888  BRYCE  Avier.  Cotntnw.   II.  xliv.   156  The 
reason,  .why  the  system. .rubs  along  in  the  several  States 
is,  that  the  executive  has  little  to  do. 

(e)  1784  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  17  Jan.,  The  evening 
rubbed  on  and  rubbed  off  till  it  began  to  break  up.     1818 
SCOTT  14  Jan.  in  Fain.  Lett.  (1894)  II.  xiv.  4  The  book  is 
very  well  liked  here,  and  has  rub'd  off  in  great  stile. 

b.  Without  const,  rare  -1. 

1706  ESTCOURT  Fair  Example  \.  \,  Merrily  is  the  word, 
and  let  the  World  rub. 

16.  To  go,  run,  make  off.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 
ci54o  BANSLEY  Pryde  of  Women  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  IV. 

238  Rubbe  forthe,  olde  trottes,  to  the  devyl  worde,  1676 
SHADWELL  Virtuoso  v,  Who  held  my  sword  while  I  danc'd? 
.  .A  curse  on  him  !  he's  rubb'd  off  with  it.  1700  T.  BROWN 
tr.  Fresny^s  Atnusem.  viii.  Wks.  1709  III.  82  He  made  a 
Dive  into  my  Pocket,  but  encountering  a  Disappointment, 
Rub'd  off,  cursing  the  Vaccuum.  1710  Brit.  Apollo  No.  91. 
2/2  Your.. Club  With  ready  Cash  to  Tavern  rub.  1844 
W.  H.  MAXWELL  Sports  %  Adv.  Scot,  xxiii.  (1855)  192  The 
curate.. left  j'Eneas,  and  rubbed  off  in  haste. 

17.  To  bear  rubbing;  to  admit  of  being  rubbed 
(off,  out,  etc.). 

1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  xx\v.  389  When  the 
Shank  of  a  Letter  has  a  proper  Thickness,  Founders  say,  It 
Rubs  well.  1726  LEONI  Albertis  Archit.  I.  33/2  It  is  very 
soft,  and  will  easily  rub  to  pieces.  1765  Compl.  Maltster  fy 
Brewer  51  Every  maltster  knows,  that  when  the  chive  will 
rub  off  in  his  hand,  it  has  been  dried  enough.  1859  Handbk. 
Turning  120  They  [marks]  will  easily  rub  out.  1870  LOWELL 
Study  Wind.,  Condesc.  Foreigners,  When  the  plating  of 
Anglicism  rubs  off.. we  are  liable  to  very  unpleasing  con 
jectures  about  the  quality  of  the  metal  underneath.  1877 
SpuRGEON.SVr/,'/.  XXIII.  492  Dirt  will  rub  off  when  it  is  dry. 

18.  In  comb,  with  sbs.,  as  rub-board,  a  board 
fitted  with  teeth,  between  which  linen  is  drawn ; 
also  attrib. ;  rub-iron  (see  quot.  1875). 

1780  A.  YOUNG  Tour  Irel.  I.  180  Thence  into  the  rub 
boards ;  if  coarse  cloth  one  rub  sufficient.  1873  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Mech.  1998/2  Rub-iron^  a  plate  on  a  carriage^or 
wagon-bed  against  which  the  fore-wheel  rubs  when  turning 
short.  1885  Census  Instruct.  Index,  Rubboard  Man  (Bleach 
Works). 

t  Bub,  ^.2  Obs.  Also  6roub.  [var.  of  ROB 
v.  6.]  intr.  In  certain  card-games :  To  take  all 
the  cards  of  one  suit. 

a  1597  Groome>Porters  Lawes  at  Maive  \nAnc.  Broadsides 
#  Ball.  (1867)  124  If  you  roub  (not  hauing  the  ace)  you 
lose  fower  and  al  the  vied  cardes.  1607  HEYWOOD  Worn, 
killed  iv.  Kindn.  Wks.  1874  II.  123  Anne.  What's  trumpes? 
Wend.  Harts:  Partner,  I  rub.  1611  COTGR.,  Filler, . . to 
rub,  or  rob,  at  cards.  1649  FULLER  Holy  $  Prof.  St.  v.  vn. 
386  Thus  three  aces  chance  often  not  to  rub. 

t  Rub,  z».3  Cant.  Obs.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
trans.  To  carry  off  (to  prison). 

1676  Warn.  Housekeepers  5  They  rub  us  to  the  whitt. 
a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Rubs  us  to  the  Whit,  sends 
us  to  Newgate.  1737  Old  Ballad  (Farmer),  Toure  you 
well ;  hark  you  well,  see  Where  they  are  rubb'd. 

Rub,  obs.  or  Sc.  form  of  ROB  v. 

Rubace,  Rubacel(le :  see  RUBICEL. 

Rub-a-dub  (wbad^b),  sb.  [Imitative.]  The 
sound  of  a  drum  being  beaten  ;  a  drumming  sound. 

1787  COLMAN  Inkle  <V  Yarico  u.  i,  Little  Cupid's  his  drum 
mer:  he  has  been  beating  a  round  rub-a-dub  on  our  hearts. 
1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Manch.  Strike  i.  16  A  rub-a-dub  on 
the  drum  woke  him  up.  1891  BAKRIK  £////£  Minister  {\tyti 
53  The  quick  rub-a-dub  of  a  drum  was  heard. 

attrib.  1863  W.  PHILLIPS  Speeches  iii.  36  A  'rub-a-dub 
agitation  ',  as  ours  is  contemptuously  styled. 

Hence  Rub-a-dub  v. 

1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  n.  v.  v,  Sergeants  rub-a-dubbing 
openly  through  all  manner  of  German  market-towns. 

80  Rub-a-dub- dub.     Also  attrib. 

1814  SCOTT  Wav.  xxxiv,  The  drum  advanced,  beating  no 
measured  martial  tune,  but  a  kind  of  rub-a-dub-dub.  1831 
Lincoln  Herald  16  Dec.  3/6  The  rub-a-dub-dub  sound  of 
these  grand  instruments.  1887  W.  S.  PRATT  in  Gladden 
Parish  Prob.  426  A  player  whose  taste  is  limited  to  the 
rub-a-dub-dub  class  of  music. 

Rubage,  obs.  form  of  RUBBISH. 

t  Ruban.     Obs.    Also  6  rubande,  rub(b)en, 

7  rubin,  8  rubban.     [a.  F.  ruban  :  see  RIBAND 
and  RIBBON.]     A  ribbon. 

1474  Aec.  La.  High  Treas.  Scot.  I.  21  Item..v  cine  of 
rubani?,  1516  Invent.  R.  Wardrobe  (1815)  26  Item,  ane  cer- 
tane  of  rubenis  &  sewing  silk.  1530  PALSGR.  264/1  Rubande 
of  sylke,  ru&ani.  1533  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  VI.  182 
For  rubanis  to  be  latchatis  to  the  samyn  courtennis.  1651 
[see  BLUE  RIBION  i].  1661  COWLEY  Verses  <J-  Ess.  (1669)  78 


BUB-AND-GO. 

Across  his  Breast  an  azure  Ruban  went.  1695  BLACKMORE 
Pr.  Arth.  ix.  298  A  flaming  Ruban  of  Sydonian  Dy.  1713 
C'TESS  WINCHILSEA  Misc.  Poems  350  To  rise  with  new 
appearing  Day,  And . .  With  various  Rubans  Nosegays  tye. 
1774  PENNANT  Tour  Scott.  272  The  rubbans,  and  other 
trifles  I  had  brought,  would  have  been  insults  to  people  in 
distress. 

Rub-and-go.  rare—1.  =  TOUCH-AND-GO. 

1825  W.  COBBETT  Rnr.  Rides  (1885)  II.  12  With  present 
prices. .it  is  rub-and-go  with  nineteen  twentieths  of  the 
farmers. 

Rubarb,  obs.  form  of  RHUBARB. 

t  Ruba-rbative,  a.  Obs.  Also  6  -if,  7re-w-. 
[a.  F.  reubarbatif  (Rabelais),  obs.  var.  of  r&bar- 
batif,  REBAHBATIVE.J  Crabbed,  cross-grained. 

The  form  may  be  due  to  association  with  rhubarb,  to 
which  quot.  1600  pimningly  alludes. 

16009.  E.  (M.  SUTCLIFFEJAV/*/.  Zz&r/  in.  i.  5  As  appeereth 
by  their  Rubarbatif  or  as  they  call  them  expurgatorie 
indexes.  1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  ii.  xxxvii.  441  The  same 
rewbarbative  and  severely-grave  looke  of  theires.  1631 
DICKKER  Match  me  in  London  in.  32  A  man  were  better 
to  lye  vnder  the  hands  of  a  Hangman,  than  one  of  your 
rubarbatiue  faces. 

||  Rubato,  ellipt.  for  tempo  rubato  (lit.  '  robbed 
time  ') :  see  TEMPO. 

1887  BROWNING  Parl.  w.  Cert.  People,  Charles  Avison  ix, 
Love  once  more  Yearns  through  the  Largo,  Hatred  as 
before  Rages  in  the  Rubato. 

II  Rubb  J.  Obs.  Also  rubbe.  [LG.  rubbe, = 
Du.  rob  (hence  G.  robbe).]  A  seal. 

1694  Marten's  Voy.  in  Ace.  Sev.  Late  Voy.  ii.  103  The 
Sea-Dogs,  called  Rubbs  and  Scales.  1725  Brice's  Weekly 
Jrnl.  27  Aug.  2  The  Sea-Dog,  or  Dog-fish,  commonly  called 
a  Seal,  or  Rubbe,  which  was  lately  brought  from  Greenland. 

II  Rubb 2.  Obs.  [a.  Piedmontese  ntb,  rubbo, 
ad.  Arab,  rube- :  see  ARROBA.]  (See  quot.) 

1756  tr.  Keyslers  Trav.  1. 288  Many  peasants  in  Piedmont 
sell  annually  four  or  five  Rubbs  of  raw  silk  (each  Rubb 
weighing  twenty-five  pounds). 

Ru'bbacrock.  dial.  [app.  f.  RUB  z/.1  +  CROCK 
sb.1  2.]  (See  quot.  1778.) 

1746  Exmoor  Scolding  (E.  D.  S.)  30  A  rubbacrock,  rouze- 
about,  platvooted,  zidlemouth'd  Swashbucket.  1778  Ibid. 
Gloss.,  Rubbacrock,  a  filthy  Slattern  that  is  as  black  as  if 
she  were  continually  rubbing  herself  against  a  Boiler  or 
Kettle.  1888  ELWORTHY  W.  Somerset  Word-bk.  634. 

Rubbage,  obs.  or  dial,  form  of  RUBBISH. 

Rubbed  (rz>bd),  ///.  a.  [f.  RUB  z/.l]  Sub 
jected  to  rubbing;  smoothed  or  polished  by  rub 
bing,  etc.  Also  with  out. 

1508  DUNBAR  Flyting  205  Now  vpaland  thow  leivts  on 
rubbit  quheit.  1663  GERBIER  Counsel  fy  Adv.  Builders  56 
Good  London  Bricklayers  will  work  the  Rod  for  forty 
shillings,  rubbed  Bricks.  1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc^Print- 
ingxxiv.  fig  He  keeps  the  Rubb'd  out  Inck  on  the  Inck- 
block  of  an  equal  Fatness.  1704  Diet.  Rusticttm  s.v.  //<?/, 
The  Root  being  dress'd,  then  the  rub'd  Mould  is  to  be  ap 
plied.  1774  M.  MACKENZIE  Maritime  Surv.  101  Rub  the 
Back  of  the  Draught . .  with  Charcoal ;  lay  the  rubbed  Side 
on  clean  Paper.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  555 
Rubbed  and  gauged  work  is  set  in  putty  or  mortar.  1842 
GWILT  Encycl.  Arc/i.  519  When  tne  surface  of  stone  is 
required  to  be  perfectly  smooth,  it  is  accomplished  by  rub. 
bing  with  sand  or  gritstone,  and  it  is  called  rubbed  work. 
1892  C.  R.  B.  BARRETT  Essex  Highways^  etc.  64  The  rubbed- 
brick  mouldings  would  seem  to  be  of  the  same  date  as  the 
brick  tower. 

Rubbee1  (rrbr)-  rare-1,  [f.  RUB  &.1]  One 
who  is  rubbed.  In  quot.y^f. 

1737  BVROM  Rem.  (1857)  592  The  Enthusiasm  epistle..  I 
guess  is  the  rubbing  one  that  you  mean  J  for  the  bishop, 
perhaps,  if  anybody,  was  the  rubbee . .  in  the  other. 

II  Rubbee  -  (r»-bz)»  rubble,  varr.  of  RABT. 

These  spellings  represent  more  correctly  the  real  Urdu 
pronunciation. 

1850  Directions  Ret'.  Off.  N.  W.  Prov.  211  When  the  at 
tachment  takes  place  before  the  rubbee  crops  are  cut, ..the 
collections  must  be  credited  to  the  coming  rubbee  kists. 
1885  Times  (weekly  ed.)  2  Oct.  5/3  The  'rubbee'  consists 
chiefly  of  pulse,  and  grains  other  than  rice,  and  is  harvested 
about  March. 

Rubbel(l,  obs.  forms  of  ROUBLE,  RUBBLE. 
Rubber  (nrbai),  j£.i    [f.  RUB  ^.1  +  -ER  i.] 

I.  1.  A  hard  brush,  a  cloth,  or  the  like,  used 
for  rubbing  in  order  to  make  clean.  Now  rare. 

1536  Wardr.  Ace.  Hen.  VIII  in  Archaeol.  IX.  245  One 
dussen  brushes,  and  one  dussen  and  a  halfe  of  rubbers  de- 
lyvered  to  like  use  into  oure  saide  warderpbe  of  our  roobis. 
1558  WARDE  tr.  A  lexis'  Seer.  i.  v.  90  To  die  hogges  brystels 
and  other  thinges,  for  to  make  rubbers  and  brusshes.  1598 
FLORIO,  ScuractiO)  a  skouring  cloth,  a  dish-clout,  a  skourer, 
a  rubber.  1634  Althorp  MS.  in  Simpkinson  Washingtons 
(1860)  App.  p.  Uviii,  For  small  cordes  to  bynde  the  rubbers 
for  the  parlour.  1730  BAILEY  (fol.).  1793  WOLCOT  (P. 
Pindar)  Ep.  to  the  Pope  Wks.  1812  III.  206  Make  a  good 
Rubber  of  the  Virgin's  Wig.  1880-  in  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 
fb.  A  strigil.  Obs. 

1581  MULCASTKR  Positions  xxxiv.  (1887)  123  They  dis 
robed  themselues,  and  were  chafed  with  a  gentle  kinde  of 
rubber.  1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  170  Like  as  Theo 
critus  served  twaine  who  would  seeme  to  borrow  of  him 
his  rubber  or  currying  combe  in  the  very  baine.  1623 
BINGHAM  Xencphon  4  Xenias  the  Arcadian  solemnized  the 
Playes,  called  Lycxa,  and  proposed  games.  The  games 
were  Golden  rubbers. 

c.  A  towel  used  for  nibbing  the  body  after  a 
bath.  (See  also  quot.  1875.) 

1577  tr.  Buttinger**  Decades  (1592)  103  Let  vs  forbid  to 
bringnapkinsandrubbars  to  Jupiter.  1598  FLORIO,  Pannettot 
alittlecloth,..atowell,a  rubber, a kercher.  1637  MASSIXGKR 
Guardian  n.  v,  I  must  not  forget. .The  silver  bathing-tub, 
ihe  cambric  rubbers,  The  embroider'd  quilt.  1603  DRYDKM 


855 

Juvenal  \\\.  (1697)  66  The. .servants  lay  The  Rubbers,  and 
the  Bathing-sheets  display. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mec/i.  1997/1  Rnbl>ert..a,  coarse,  un 
bleached  flax  toweling  for  rubbing  the  body  after  bathing. 
b,  A  coarse  towel  used  for  drying  horses. 

f  2.  A  tooth-powder  or  dentifrice.    Obs.  rare. 

1558  \VARDE  tr.  Alexis'  Seer.  Table,  Dentifrices  or  rubbers 
for  the  teeth,  of  great  perfection  for  to  make  them  cleans. 
1594  PLAT  Jewell-ho.  in.  74  Sweet  and  delicate  dentifrices 
or  rubbers  for  the  teeth. 

3.  A  whetstone,  RUBSTONE.     Now  dial,    f  Also 
rubber-stone. 

1566  WITHALS  Diet,  19/2  A  rubber  stone  to  sharpe  the 
sieth,  hooke,  or  other  instrumentes  with,  cos  acuaria. 

1609  C.  BUTLER  Fern.  Man.  (1634)  36  Rub  it  [the  hive] 
well  with  a  Rubber ;  which  is  a  piece  of  rough  grind-stone 
or   sand-stone,  as  great  as   your   hand  can  hold.     (71728 
WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Fossils  (1729)  18  This,  .is  used  for 
whetting  of  Scithes,  and.. is  call'd    Sand-Stone,  Coarse- 
Scithe-Stone,  or   Rubber.     1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt. 
Gloss.,  Rubber  i  a  coarse  sandstone  whetstone,  for  a  scythe. 
. .  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  shoemaker's  whetstone.  1880 
JF.FFERIES  Hodge  $  M.  II.  122  [He]  searches  for  the  rubber 
or  whetstone,  stuck  somewhere  in  the  side  of  the  rick. 

4.  An  implement  of  metal  or  stone  used  for  rub 
bing,  esp.  in  order  to  smooth  or  flatten  a  surface. 

1664  EVELYN  Sylra.  xxx.  102  Two  or  three  days  it  will  only 
require  for  cooling,  which.. they  resist,  by  taking  now  off 
the  outward  covering  with  a  Rabil  or  Rubber.  1794  Rigg 
ing  fy  Seamanship  S3  Rubber^  a  small  iron  instrument,  in  a 
wooden  handle,  to  rub  down  or  flatten  the  seams.  1850 
HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  III.  1089  The  Rubber  used  by 
Masons  and  Statuaries  is  frequently  a  slab  of  grit  stone,  to 
which  a  handle  is  attached  by  means  of  an  iron  strap.  1853 
MORFIT  Tanning^  etc.  (1853)  166  It  is  a  bad  practice  to  use 
the  slate,  or  rubber..,  which  being  rough,  may  scratch  and 
damage  the  hide  upon  its  grain  side.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet. 
Mech.  1997/1  In  the  moldings  of  stone,  an  iron  rubber 
mounted  on  a  wooden  stock  is  employed  for  fillets,  beads, 
and  astragals. 

b.  A  piece  or  quantity  of  some  soft  material 
made  into  a  pad  or  roll  and  used  for  rubbing  and 
polishing. 

1837  Penny  Cycl.  s.v.  Engraving,  A  rubber  is  a  roll  of 
cloth  tied  up  tight,  one  end  being  kept  in  olive  oil.  1839 
URE  Diet.  Arts  s.v.  Marble^  The  polishing  rubbers  are 
coarse  linen  cloths,  or  bagging,  wedged  tight  into  an  iron 
planing  tool.  1865  BRANDE  &  Cox  Diet.  Set.,  etc.  s.v. 
Engraving  Engravers  use  a  roll  of  woollen  or  felt  called  a 
rubber^  which  is  put  in  action  with  a  little  olive  oil.  1875 
Ure's  Diet.  Arts  s.v.  Pottery^  It  is. .rubbed. .afterwards 
with  a  rubber  formed  of  rolled  flannel. 

5.  A  large,  coarse  file.     Also  rubber-Jile. 

1677  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Haiutyivorks  i.  14  The  Rough 
or  Course  Tooth'd  File  (which  if  it  be  large  is  called  a 
Rubber).  1837  WHTTTOCK  Bk.  Trades  (1842)  225  The  very 
heavy  files,  such  as  smiths'  'rubbers  ,  are  made  of  the 
inferior  marks  of  blistered  steel.  1846  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning 

II.  825  Rubbers,  .measure  from  12  to  18  inches  long, ..and 
are  made  very  convex.     1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1997/2 
Rubber-file^  a  heavy,  fish-bellied  file,  designated  by  weight, 
which  varies  from  four  to  fifteen  pounds, 

6.  A  part  of  some  apparatus  which  operates  by 
rubbing ;  a  machine  which  acts  by  rubbing. 

1771  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  475/1  The  best  rubbers  for  globes 
are  made  of  red  basil  skins.  1787  Phil.  Trans.  LXXVI II. 
22  A  part  of  the  rubber,  .must  serve  to  furnish  the  electric 
fluid  to  the  glass.  1819  Gentl.  Mag.  LXXXIX.  I.  351 
Instead  of  a  straight  edge  and  levers  for  the  adjustment  of 
the  ink,  a  leather  rubber  and  screws  have  been  adopted  [in 
printing].  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  160  Every 
article  required  to  be  broke  or  ground  is  exposed  to  the 
application  of  rubbers  or  crushers,  resting  on  their  fuU 
crums.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  II.  328  The  drum,  or, 
as  I  would  call  it,  the  mUfr,..doei  not., thrash  by  beat, 
ing,  but  by  rubbing  the  grain  against  a  wire  grating.  1881 
RAYMOND  Mining  Gloss.t  Rubber^  a  gold-quartz  amalga. 
mator,  in  which  the  slime  is  rubbed  against  amalgamated 
copper  surfaces. 

attrib.  1834-6  in  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VIII.  704/1  The 
most  essential  part  of  this  machine  consists  of  the  rubber- 
boards.  1843  Penny  Cycl.  XXV.  425^  The  rubber-carriage 
T  being  moved  along  the  bar  B  [etc.]. 

7.  A  brick  which  is  rubbed  smooth. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  535  The  best  kind 
are  used  ^as  cutting  bricks,  and  are  called  red  rubbers.  In 
old  buildings  they  are  very  frequently  to  be  seen  ground  to 
a  fine  smooth  surface. 

II.  8.  One  who  applies  friction  or  massage  as 
a  curative  process;  a  masseur  or  masseuse. 

1610  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Scorn/.  Lady  i.  i,  Vender's  Mistres 
Younglove,  Brother,  the  grave   rubber  of  your  Mistresses 
toes.    1680-4  DINGLKY  Hut.  from  Marble  xliii,  A  masculine 
sort  of  Bona  roba  Women  which  attend  you  at  your  lodg- 
ings  and  are  called  Rubbers,     1822-34  Good's  Study  Med. 

III.  336  Long  continued  and  daily  friction   by  a  skilful 
rubber.  1857  MRS.  CARLYLE  New  Lett.  $  Mem.  (1903)  II.  139 
Mr.  Erskine  wrote  me  strong  regrets  about  your  going  so 
far  away  from  his  rubber,  who  he  thinks  was  certainly 
doing  George  good.    1887  C.  BENNETT  MassageCase  II.  8 
Many  cases.. had  a  nurse  to  wait  on  them,  and  a  rubber 
and  electrician  besides. 

b.  An  attendant  who  rubs  the  bathers  at  a 
Turkish  bath. 

1680  Land.  Gaz.  No.  1556/4  Whereas  the  Proprietors  of 
the  Royal  Bagno,  are  sensible  that  their  Servants  who 
attend  Gentlemen,  both  Rubbers  and  Barbers,  have  been 
very  troublesome.  171*  STKELE  Spect.  No.  332  r  3  Some 
of  those  Fellows,  who  are  employ'd  as  Rubbers  to  this  new- 
fashioned  Bagnio.  1881  Daily  News  13  April  2/2  When  he 
married  the  prisoner  she  was  a  rubber  at  some  Turkish 
baths. 

9.  One  who  rubs  in  any  way  ;  a  workman 
specially  engaged  in  rubbing  in  order  to  smooth 
or  polish  something.  Also  rubber-off* 


RUBBER. 

1611  COTGR.,  Frotte-botte^. boot-rubber,  maker  of  boots 
cleane.  1654  WHITLOCK  Zootomia  144  Some  rubber  of  Horses 
heels.  1709  ADDISON  Tatler  No.  121  ?4  Grooms,  Farriers 
Rubbers,  &c.  1775  J.  ADAMS  Diary  25  Oct.  in  Wks.  1850 
II.  430  Duane  says,  that  Jefferson  is  the  greatest  rubber  off 
of  dust  that  he  has  met  with.  1820  J.  H.  REYNOLDS  Fancy 
(1906)  74  He'll  be  no  more  a  rubber  Of  wet  sockets.  1839 
URE  Diet,  Arts  1261  The  types  are  taken  to  the  rubber,  a 
man  who  sits  in  the  centre  of  the  workshop  with  a  grit 
stone  slab  on  a  table  before  him.  1860  TOMUNSON  Arts  $ 
Manuf.  II.  55  The  welder  and  rubber;  the  rib  forger.  1893 
Times  14  Dec.  8/2  The  adoption  of  the  respirators.. for 
mixers;  the  provision  of  gloves  and  aprons  for  rubbers. 
b.  One  who  takes  rubbings  of  brasses,  etc. 

1861  Sat.  Rev.  22  July  647  A  zealous  'rubber  '.  .asking 
whether  there  were  any  'brasses'  in  a  church.  1897 
WATTS-DUNTON  Aylivin  n.  ii,  My  sudden  enthusiasm  for 
the  rubber's  art  astonished  even  my  father. 

10.  fig.  A  rebuke  or  irritating  remark ;  a  source 
of  annoyance. 

1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  90  One  or  two 
Rubbers  for  such  a  horrid  Negligence,  makes  him  ever  after 
look.. sharp  out  to  all  Boats.  1786  WOLCOT  (P.  Pindar) 
Bozsy  $  Piozzi  Wks.  1812  I.  348  This  for  the  Rambler's 
temper  was  a  rubber.  1884  in  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

III.  Ellipt.  for  INDIA-RUBBER. 

11.  Caoutchouc. 

Also  colloq.)  a  piece  of  this  for  erasing  pencil  marks. 

Rnlil'er  is  the  base  of  various  recent  trade-names  denoting 
preparations  of  caoutchouc,  or  substitutes  for  it,  as  rubberide^ 
ruoberine.  nil<l>erite,  rnbl-eroid. 

1788-9  HOWARD  New  Royal  Encycl,,  s.v.  Caoutchouc, 
Very  useful  for  erasing  the  strokes  of  black  lead  pencils, 
and  is  popularly  called  rubber,  and  lead-eater. 

1855  J.  SCOFFKRN  in  Orr's  Circ.  Set.,  Client.  356  The 
mouth-pieces. .are  elongated  tubes  of  vulcanized  rubber. 
1879  G.  PRESCOTT  Sp.  Telephone  22  The  diaphragms  are 
placed  on  opposite  sides  of  a  short  cylindrical  piece  of  hard 
rubber.  1897  MARY  KINGSI.EY  W.  Africa  295  The  pure 
rubber,  when  it  is  made,  looks  like  putty. 

b.  //.    Overshoes  or  galoshes  made  of  India- 
rubber.     U.S. 

1859  BARTLETT  Diet.  Atner.  (ed.  2)  373.  1871  DE  VERB 
Americanisms  536.  1904  Daily  Chron.  4  Jan.  5/2  In  America 
'rubbers 'are  worn  almost  universally  iu  wet.  .weather. 

c.  A  rubber  tire  for  a  wheel. 

1882  Bazaar,  Exch.  $  M.  15  Feb.  174  The  wheels  are  of 
ordinary  construction,  red  rubbers,  crescent  rims,..£c. 

12.  attrib.   a.   In  sense  (  made  of  India  rubber ', 
as  rubber  bag,  hose,  nozzle,  ring,  tire,  etc. 

In  very  common  use  from  about  1875. 

1866  Robert  Ware  (Harvard  Mem.  Biogr.)  I.  240  With  me 
and  the  horse  came  a  rubber  bag  containing  much  Sanitary 
knowledge.  1872  Carriage  Builder's  Gaz.  i  Mar.  40/1  A 
wheel  with  a  rubber  tire  upon  it.  1872  L.  P.  MKREDITH 
Teeth  (1878)  63  Rubber  rings  are  much  used  around  the 
teeth.  1883  Cent.  Mag.  Sept.  733/1  The  rubber  tubing.. is 
a  great  convenience.  1888  JACOBI  Printers'  Vocab.  115 
Rubber  stamps*  hand  stamps  cast  in  vulcanized  india- 
rubber.  l&ytPhotogr.  Ann.  II.  48  A  length  of  rubber  hose, 
about  twelve  inches,  is  a  capital  substitute.  1898  Allbutfs 
Syst.  Med.  V.  433  The  mixing  pipette  is  provided  with  a 
rubber  nozzle. 

b.  In  sense1  producing  rubber',  as  rubber  plant, 
tree,  vine. 

1872  DE  VERE  Americanisms  420  Gum-trees  are  not  tin- 
frequently  called  Rubber. trees.  1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM 
Peritv.  Bark  461  The  Cearii  rubber-tree  would  thrive  per 
fectly  over  a  very  wide  area  of  the  drier  regions  of  British 
India.  1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  771/1  Unlike  the 
juice  of  the  American  rubber  tree  this  milky  sap  will  not 
run  Into  a  vessel  placed  to  receive  it.  1887  MOLONEY 
Forestry^  W.  Afr.  233,  I  may  single  out  as  an  example  the 
rubber  vine.  1888  H.  DRUMMOND  Trop.  Africa  iii.  (1889) 
62  The  well-known  rubber  plant  abounds  on  Lake  Nyassa. 

C.  In  miscellaneous  uses. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1998/1  Rubber  gage,  knife, 
mould,  saw.  1887  MOLONEY  Forestry  IV.  Afr.  78,  I.. 
furnish  separately  the  Gambia  rubber  export.  Ibid.  92  The 
rubber  industry  is  in  its  infancy  as  regards  Her  Majesty's 
Possessions  on  the  Gambia.  1891  Pall  Mall  C.  21  Jan.  7/1 
An  American  syndicate  has  been  formed  to  control  the 
rubber  trade. 

13.  Comb.    a.  Objective,   with   agent-nouns,   as 
rubber-collector,  -gatherer,  -hunter. 

1880  C.  R.  MARKHAM  Penw.  Bark  459  The  tracks  of  the 
rubber  collectors  through  the  dense  forests.  i88a  MOLONEY 
Forestry  W.  Afr.  (1887)  86  The  wasteful  custom,  .rubber- 
hunters  have  of  cutting  down.. every  tree  from  which  they 
extract  the  rubber.  1894  C?w^/«£- XXIII.  356/1,  I  proposed 
to  accompany  the  rubber-gatherer  on  his  rounds. 

b.  Objective,  with  ppl.  adjs.,  as  rubber-cutting, 
-growing,  -producing,  -yielding, 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.,  Rubber-cutting  Machine,  a 
machine  for  making  threads  of  caoutchouc  for  shirrs.  1884 
Harf>er*s  Mag.  Nov.  836  The  rubber-yielding  plants  of 
South  America.  1887  MOLONEY  Forestry  W.  Afr.  89  The 
juice  of  rubber-producing  trees.  1897  Westm.  Gaz.  35  May 
8/1  The  rubber-growing  territory  of  Appaboomah. 

O.  Instrumental,  as  rubber-covered,  -soled,  -tired. 

1884  Harper's  Mag.  Jan.  304/2  A  pair  of  rubber-soled 
shoes.  1886  Bicycling  News 17  Sept.  748/2  The  popularity 
of  our  rubber-tyred  steel  wheels.  1897  Outing  XXX.  370/1 
Strapping  my  rubber-covered  roll  on  the  handle-bars,  I  was 
ready  to  start.  1898  Cycling  71  The  flap  and  the  rubber- 
lined  inside  of  the  jacket,  .are  anointed  with  soft  soap. 

Rubber  (nrbai),  j£.2  Also  6-7  rubbers.  [Of 
obscure  origin :  there  is  no  evident  connexion 
with  prec.  Hence  Du.  and  G.  robber,  F.  robre. 

It  is  not  quite  clear  whether  the  original  form  is  that  with 
or  without  -s,  and  except  where  a  or  one  precedes,  it  is  un 
certain  whether  rubbers  in  the  earlier  quots.  is  to  be  taken 
as  sing,  or  pi.] 

la  various  games  of  skill  or  chance,  a  set  of 


KUBBER. 


856 


RUBBISH. 


(usually)  three  games,  the  last  of  which  is  played 
to  decide  between  the  parties  when  each  has 
gained  one ;  hence,  two  games  out  of  three  won 
by  the  same  side.  Sometimes,  a  set  of  five  games, 
or  the  winning  of  three  of  these  by  one  side. 

1.  In  bowls,    f  Also,  in  early  use,  the  additional 
decisive  game. 

a.  1599  PORTER  Angry  Worn.  Abingdon  (Percy  Soc.)  8 
Weele  to  the  greene  to  bowles. ..Phillip,  come,  a  rubbers, 
and  so  leaue.  1602  DEKKER  Satirom.  Wks.  1873  I.  263 
Min.  I,  a  match,  since  he  hath  hit  the  Mistris  so  often  i'th 
fore-game,  we'll  eene  play  out  a  rubbers.  Sir  Van.  Play 
out  your  rubbers  in  God's  name. 

p.  1606  Choice,  Chance^  etc.  (1881)  33  Will  you  make  one 
at  bowles  fora  rubber  or  two?  1611  MIDDLETON  &  DEKKER 
Roaring  Girl  in.  ii,  When  your  husband  comes  from  his 
rubbers  in  a  false  alley. . ,  his  bowls  run  with  a  wrong  bias. 
1650  T.  B[AYI.EY]  Worcester's  Afioph,  14  Presuming  ^more 
upon  his  good  bowling,  then  good  manners,  [he]  continued 
the  familiarity  that  should  have  ended  with  the  rubbers. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  xvi.  (Roxb.)  70/2  Bowl  out  the 
Rubber  is  to  bowl  a  third  game  for  the  betts,  when  the 
players  haue  gotten  one  apeece.  1855  KINGSLEY  Westw. 
Ho!  xxx,  There,  Vice-Admiral,  you're  beaten,  and  that's 
the  rubber. 

fig>  l(>35  QUARLES  Emit.  i.  x.  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  53/1 
Who  breathes  that  boules  not ;-  .every  sinner  Has  plaid  his 
rubbers  :  Every  soule's  a  winner.  1659  Burtorfs  Diary 
(1828)  III.  475  Here  is  a  rubber  playing  in  Christendom. 
Can  you,  by  law  or  conscience,  undertake  to  assist  either 
party?  1666  D.  LLOYD  State  Worthies  (1670)  199  This 
Lord  was  the  only  Person  I  have  read  of,  who  thus  in  a 
manner  played  Rubbers,  when  his  Head  lay  at  stake  ;  and 
having  lost  the  fore,  recovered  the  after-game. 
b.  Prov.  (See  quots.) 

Rubbers  here  is  app.  a  late  alteration  of  rubs, 

1797  NELSON  Feb.  in  Nicolas  Di$p.  (1845)  II.  350  They 
who  play  at  balls  must  expect  rubbers,  a  1842  DE  QUINCEY 
IVhiggisnt  in  Relat.  Lit.  Wks.  1857  VI.  163  They  who  play 
at  bowls  must  look  for  rubbers.  1874  L.  STEPHEN  Hours  in. 
Libr.  (1892)  I.  384  Those  who  play  at  bowls  must  look  out 
for  rubbers.  1888  '  R.  BOLURF.WOOD'  Robbery  under  Arms 
(1890)  348  If  you  play  at  bowls,  you  must  take  rubbers. 

2.  At  whist  (also  cribbage,  backgammon). 

1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  xv.  iii,  They  were  engaged  in 
a  rubber  at  whist.  1764  in  Priv.  Lett.  Ld.  Malmcsbury 
(1870)  I.  105,  I  played  one  rubber  of  crown  cribbage.  1798 
CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Yng.  Philos.  I.  108  A  lonely  residence., 
where  a  rubber  was  with  difficulty  made  up.  1850 
THACKERAY  Pendennis  xv,  There  was  a  party  in  Clavering 
.  .who  held  him  up  to  odium  because  he  played  a  rubber  at 
whist.  Ibidt^  A  dreary  rubber  at  backgammon  with  the 
widow.  1892  '  F.  ANSTEY  '  Voces  Poj>.  Ser.  11.  116  Well,  I 
won't  say  '  no  '  to  a  quiet  rubber. 

fig.  1798  Anti-Jacobin  2  Apr.  (1852)  93  Play  the  Long 
Rubber  of  connubial  life.  1847  5.  R.  HOLE  Hints  to  Fresh- 
»:en,  etc.  (ed.  2)  38  In  the  rubber  of  University  life.  .Clubs 
are  no  longer  trumps. 

3.  In  miscellaneous  uses.     (See  also  quot.  1807, 
which  refers  to  the  game  of  lacrosse.) 

1807  PIKE  Sources  Mississ.  (1810)  ipo  When  either  party 
gains  the  first  rubber,  which  is  driving  it  quick  round  the 
post,  the  ball  is  again  taken  to  the  centre.  1833  T.  HOOK 
Parsons  Dau.  i.  vi,  Harbottle  and  Harvey  . .  retired  to 
the  adjoining  room,  and  began  a  rubber  at  billiards.  1874 
HEATH  Croquet  Player  91  Each  pair  plays  a  rubber  of 
three  games,  the  side  which  wins  two  out  of  the  three 
winning  the  rubber.  1882  Standard  1 1  Sept.  3/3  The  Stow- 
in-the-Wold  Club  has  beaten  the  Royal  Forest  of  Dean 
Lawn-tennis  Club  by  sixteen  rubbers  to  five.  1897  Westni. 
Gaz.  9  June  9/3  As  in  the  case  of  America  Cup,  a  rubber 
of  races  has  to  be  sailed. 

f  4.  Jig.  or  transf,  a.  To  hold  out  rubbers,  to 
hold  one's  own,  keep  one's  ground.  Obs, 

1593  G.  HARVEY  Pierce's  Super.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  76 
Calumny  and  her  coosen-german  Impudency,  wil  not  alwaies 
hould-out  rubbers.  1597  Return  fr.  Parnass.  i.  i.  396  How 
hast  thou  held  out  rubbers  ere  since  thou  wentest  from  Par 
nassus?  Ibid,  400  As  for  my  holdinge  out  rubbers  [etc.]. 

f  b.  An  additional  turn  or  spell  at  something ; 
also  simply,  a  spell,  round,  turn.  Obs. 

a  1643  W.  CARTWRIGHT  Chambermaid's  Posset  xv.  In 
Wks.  (1651)  231  The  Glass  was  Compell'd  still  Rubbers  to 
run,  And  he  counted  the  fift  Evangelist.  1661  A.  BROMB 
Songs  fy  Poems  189  So  here's  t*  you  (Charles)  a  Rubbers 
too't.  Here's  a  Cast  more;  if  that  wont  dp't,  Here's  half 
a  dozen  more.  1691  MOUNTFORT  Greenwich  Park  it.  iii, 
Agreed,  then  we'll  first  to  Supper,  and  for  a  Rubbers  at 
scamprmg. 

f  o.  A  rubber  at  cuffs  ^  a  scuffle  or  fight  in  which 
only  the  hands  are  employed.  Obs. 

1668  R.  L'ESTRANGE  Vis.  Qttev.  (1708)  120  The  Thief, 
after  a  great  struggle,  and  a  good  lusty  Rubber  at  Cuffs, 
has  made  a  shift  to  save  himself.  1691  SOUTHERNE^Y^.^;^. 
Level,  i,  Never  offer'd  at.. a  quarrel  above  a  rubber  at 
Cuffs.  1692  R.  L'EsTRANCE  Fables  ccclxxvi.  (1604)  396 
These  Two  Boobies  try  their  Title  to  him  by  a  Rubber  at 
Cuffs.  1694  JER.  COLLIER  Misc.t  Duelling  yj, 

fd.  A  quarrel ;  a  turn  or  bout  of  quarrelling  or 
recrimination.  Obs. 

1688  SHADWELL  Sqr.  Alsatia  ir.  i,  This  is  the  old  fellow 
I  had  like  to  have  had  a  rubbers  with  in  the  morning. 
a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Creiu,  Rubbers^..*.  Rencounter 
with  drawn  Sword,  and  Reflections  made  upon  any  one. 
1705  VANBRUGH  Confederacy  11,  If  you  please  to  drop  yourself 
in  his  way,  six  to  four  but  he  scolds  one  rubbers  with  you. 

Rubber,  obs.  Sc.  f.  ROBBER  ;  var.  RUBBOUR  Obs, 

Rubber  (ro-bai),  v.  [f.  RUBBER  sb.^  n.  In 
sense  i  abbrev.  for  RUBBERNECK.] 

1.  intr.  To  turn  the  head  round  in  order  to  look 
at  something.  U.S.  slang, 

1899  [see  RUBBERNECK].  1901  H.  M^HucH  John  Henry 
10  Glancing  out  in  the  dining-room  to  see  if  mother  wag 


|  rubbering.  Ibid.  92  She  almost  cracked  her  throat  trying 
to  rubber  at  him  and  play  cards  at  the  same  time. 

2.  trans.  To  coat  or  cover  with  rubber. 

1903  Motor.  Annual  yn  These  tyres  consist  of  a. .canvas 
layer,  very  thickly  rubbered  on  the  edge.  1907  Westw, 
Gaz.  20  Nov.  4/2  A  series  of  layers,  composed  of  rubbered 
cords. 

Rubberie,  obs.  variant  of  ROBBERY. 

Ru'bberless,  <r.i  [f.  RUBBER  j<M  n.]  Lack 
ing  rubber,  or  rubber  tires. 

1884  Longman's  Mag.  Mar.  486  The  terrible  jar  which  its 
rubberless  wheels. -communicated  to  the  system  of  the 
rider.  1894  Ibid.  Sept.  495  A  rubberless  world,  a  hideous 

Ru-bberless,  a?    [f.  RUBBER  $b?\    Without 

playing  a  rubber  (at  whist). 

1891  Miss  C.  MITFORD  Lett,  ff  Rent.  J.  Mitford  99  Mr. 
Mills.. had  not  undertaken  a  journey  of  some  half-dozen 
miles,  .in  order  to  be  sent  rubberless  away. 

Rtrbberneck,  sb.  and  v.  U.S,  slang,  [f. 
RUBBER  -J/;.1  n.]  (See  quots.  and  RUBBER  v.  i.) 

1899  Pull  Mall  Mag,  Sept.  195  '  To  rubberneck  '  or,  more 
concisely,  '  to  rubber '.  .is  to  crane  the  neck  in  curiosity,  to 
pry  round  the  corner.  1902  GREENOUGH  &  KITTREDGE 
Words  255  Recent  slang  has  coined  the  word  'rubber 
neck  '  for  a  gaping  fellow  in  the  street,  who  turns  his  head 
this  way  and  that. 

Ru-bbers.     dial.     [f.  RUB  v^\     (See  quots.) 

1779  A.  YOUNG  Agric.  Lines.  329  The  rubbers,  a  sort  of 
itch;  they  [sc.  sheep]  rub  themselves  to  death ;  no  cure. 
1799  [see  RUB  sb.1  6], 

Rubbidge,  dial,  variant  of  RUBBISH. 

Rubble,  variant  of  RUBBEE  a. 

Ru'bbing,  vbl.  sb.    [f.  RUB  z/.1  +  -ING  i.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  in  various  senses. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R,  xvii.  clxi.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Wi> 
many  brakiugges,  hechelinge,  &  rubbingge,  burden  beb 
deperted  fro  hempe.  Ibid.  xvin.  xliii,  pat  o}>er  [tooth]  is 
ispared  leste  he  schulde  waxe  dulle  wi^contynual  smytinge 
and  rubbinge.  c  1440  Prom  p.  Parv.  438/2  Rubbynge,  con- 
fricacio.  1528  PAYNEI.L  Salerne's  Regim.  A  iij,  Rubbyng 
of  the  body,  exercise,  &  digestion.  1580  BLUNDEVIL  Horse 
manship  Xviij,  The  signes  be  apparant  by  the  itching  & 
rubbing  of  the  Horse.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  i.  114  It  was 
presently  made  yellow,  and  with  no  rubbing  could  be  made 
white  againe.  1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing  ,\ix. 
f  4  Rubbing  of  Letters  is  also  most  commonly  Boys-work. 
Ibid.  xxiv.  p  ii  This  Rubbing  is  only  to  spread  the  Inck 
pretty  equally.  1742  MIDDLETON  Cicero  (ed.  3)  III.  xii.  286 
The  care  that  he  employed  upon  his  body,  consisted  chiefly 
in  bathing  and  rubbing.  1784  TWAMLEY  Dairying  Exempt. 
20  Turning,  rubbing,  washing,  and  cleaning,  is  more  than 
one  Man  can  easily  perform.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis 
xxxvii,  That  sort  of  bloom  wears  off  with  the  rubbing  of  the 
world.  1899  Allbntfs  Syst.  Med.  VII.  740  Rubbing  of  the 
limbs  and  passive  exercises  are  of  much  importance. 
b.  With  advs.,  as  downy  off>  out,  over,  up. 

1648  HEXHAM  n,  Bestrijckinge^  a  Stricking  or  a  Rubbing 
over,  or  an  Annointment.  1687  T.  BROWN  Saints  in  Uproar 
Wks.  1730  I.  77  Vermin,  bred  up  to.  .rubbing  out  of  milk- 
scores,  and  bilking  of  their  landladies,  a  1704  —  Laconics 
Wks.  1711 IV.  20  Pie  ought  to  have  preach 'd  against  Swear 
ing,  Pilfering,  rubbing  out  of  Ale-house  Scores.  1771 
LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Printing  VQ  Whether  it  be  well  scraped, 
so  as  not  to  want  rubbing  down.  1837  LOCKHART  Scott 
(1839)  IX.  369  He  perhaps  bad  been  a  good  housemaid  to 
Scotland  and  given  the  country  a  rubbing  up.  1875  Encycl. 
Brit.\\.  635/1  The  rubbing  off  of  arsenical  particles  in  clean 
ing  wall-papers. 

2.  Bowls.  (See  RUB  ».*  14  b  and  sbl  2.) 

1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  iv.  i.  141  Sir  challenge  her  to  boulc. 
Boy.  I  feare  too  much  rubbing.  1609  Ev.  Wont,  in  //«;;/. 
n.  i,  Lets  leave  rubbing  a  while,  since  the  byas  runs  so  much 
the  wrong  way, 

30  techn.  The  process  of  straightening  the  wires 
in  needle-making. 

x?33  J.  HOLLAND  Manuf.  Metal  II.  356  This  operation, 
which  is  called  rubbing,  straightens  the  lengths  perfectly. 
1860  TOMLINSON  Arts  <y  Manuf.  2  Ser.  Needles  6 The  noise 
given  out  by  this  process  of  rubbing,  as  it  is  called,  is  very 
similar  to  that  of  filing. 

4.  An  impression  or  copy  made  by  rubbing.  (See 
RUB  #.1  i  e.) 

1845  Miss  MITFORD  in  L'Estrange  Life  (1870)  III.  xi.  199 
Taking  rubbings  of  the  different  brasses  in  the  churches 
round.  1854  N.  fy  Q.  ist  Ser.  IX.  369/1,  I  send  you  this 
copy  from  a  rubbing  of  a  quaint  epitaph.  187*  ELLACOMBE 
Bells  ofCh.  in  Ch.  Bells  Devon  ix.  320, 1  have  a  rubbing  of 
a  legend  with  the  cross  and  stop. 

5.  attrib.  a.  In  sense  '  used  for,  or  in  connexion 
with,  rubbing',  v&rubbing-bedt  -block,  -boards-cloth, 
etc.     Also  rubbing-place j  -stroke,  -surface. 

1850  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  III.  1196  Slabs  of  marble.. 
that  are  required  to  have  flat  surfaces.. are  laid  upon  the 
*rubbing-bed.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1392/2  A  Drubbing- 
block  is  used  for  carrying  the  grit  or  powder  for  grinding. . 
the  faces  of  marble  slabs.  1788  Abrtdem.  Patents,  Bleach 
ing  (1859)  46  "Rubbing  boards  used  in  bleaching.  1835-6 
Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VIII.  704/2  For  the  purpose  of  set 
ting  this  machine  to  work  ..  the  tops  of  all  the  rubbing 
boards  are  movable.  1596  NASHE  Saffron  Walden  Wks. 
(Grosart)  III.  135  Head-brushes  and  beard-brushes .., 
*rubbing  cloathes  of  all  kindes.  16x1  COTGR.,  Frottoir,..a, 
rubber,  a  rubbing  cloth.  1861  READE  Cloister  $  H.  Iv,  A 
cupboard  to  keep  his  comb  and  rubbing  clothes,  1701  Land. 
Gaz.  No.  3723/4  The  Horses  to  be  shewn  and  entred  at  the 
*Rubbing-house  9  days  before.  i8z8DARViLL  Treat.  Race 
horse  240  So  necessary  part  of  a  racing  establishment  as  a 
rubbing-house.  1565  COOPER  Thes.,  Strigilecula,  a..*rub- 
bynge  instrument.  1884  MCLAREN  Spinning  (ed.  2)  227 
From  the  dofters,  the  ends  are  taken  in  the  regular  way 
to  the  *rubbing  leathers,  and  on  to  the  bobbins.  1834-6 
jn  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VIII.  70*  *Rubbing  machine.— 
This-  is  used  immediately  after  tne  preceding  breaking 


process.  1600  [DEKKEK]  Shoemakers  Holiday  iv.  (1862)  15 
A  good  Drubbing  pin,  a  good  stopper,  a  good  dresser,  your 
four  sorts  of  awls.  1683  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.,  Printing 
xix.  p  4  They  pick  up  the  Letter  to  be  Rub'd,  and  lay  it 
down  in  the  *Rubbing  place.  1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt. 
Gloss.,  *  Rubbing-pole,  the  pole  with  which  the  ashes  are 
stirred  and  dispersed  over  an  oven.  1782  \V.  H.  MARSHALL 
Minutes  in  Rnr.  Econ.  Norf.  (1795)  II.  115  It  is  an  excel 
lent  custom  of  the  Norfolk  farmer  to  erect  Drubbing  posts  in 
the  different  parts  of  the  inclosure.  1833  LOUDON  Encycl. 
Archit.  §  16  Pigsty,  with  a  rubbing-post  m  the  open  area  or 
feed  ing- place.  1881  HARDY  Laodicean  \.  v,  At  the  rubbing- 
post  was  another  groom.  1817  W.  H.  MARSHALL  ReviewlV. 
441, 1  have  been,  .erecting  Drubbing  rails  in  various  parts  of 
the  island.  1849  CLARIDGE  Cold  Water  Cure  50  The  "rub 
bing-sheet..  .The  term  'rubbing'  is  used,  because  when  the 
sheet  is  thrown  on  the  body,  great  rubbing  is  used  outside 
of  it.  1622  MALYNES  Anc.  Law-Merch.  289  The  triall  is 
made  by  the  touch-stone  onely,  with  an  obseruation  of  the 
*rubbing-strokes  vpon  it  to  bee  alike  and  of  the  same 
strength.  1862  Catal.^  Internat.  Exhib.^  Brit.  II.  No.  2285 
The  taps  are  lined  with  the  anti-corrosive  alloy;  and  the 
density  of  their  ""rubbing-surfaces  is  so  varied,  that  the  fric 
tion  is  reduced  to  a  minimum.  1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal- 
mining  207  Rubbing  Surface,,  .the  total  area  of  a  given 
length  of  airway,  i.e.  areas  of  sides,  top,  and  bottom,  all 
added  together. 

b.  In  sense  '  exposed  to  rubbing ',  as  rubbing- 
paunch)  -piece,  -strake. 

c  1860  H.  STUART  Seaman's  Catech.  13  The  mast  is  ready 
for  the  piece  of  timber  called  a  *rubbing  paunch  made  of  fir, 
to  receive  the  chafe  of  the  lower  yard.  1839  Civil  Eng.  Sf 
Arch.  Jml.  II.  122/1  A  *rubbing  piece  of  wrought  iron  or 
other  metal  maybe  introduced  into  the  under  side  of  the 
shoe.  1869  SIR  E.  REED  Shipbuild.  xv.  282  The  outer  edges 
of  the  wings  are  fitted  with  rubbing-pieces,  or  fenders.  1879 
Encycl.  Brit.  IX.  247/2  The  purse.. has  some  protection 
provided  by  layers  of  old  netting  called  'rubbing  pieces' 
laced  to  its  under  surface.  1875  BEDFORD  Sailors  Pocket 
Bk.  vi.  (ed.  2)  227  A  jackstay  should  be  fitted  round  the 
boat,  underneath  the  Drubbing  strake  for  the  rain  awning  to 
be  laced  down  to. 

Ru-bbing,  ///.  a.    [f.  RUB  z>.i  +  -ING  2.] 

1.  That  rubs  ;  that  exerts  friction. 

1739  C.  LABELYE  Piers  Westm,  Bridge  22  To  have  the 
Gudgeons  or  Pivots,  and  all  the  rubbing  Parts  made  smooth. 
1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  79  The  rubbing  parts 
thus  bear  long  on  each  other,  with  enormous  pressures. 
1900  HASLUCK  Mod.  Eng.  Handybk.  74  The  rubbing  faces 
of  guide-bars  are.. filed  up  as  true  as  possible  before  the 
block  is  ground  in. 

b.  Such  as  results  from  rubbing. 

1853  KANE  Grinnell^  Exj>.  xxxii.  (1856)  279  Every  now 
and  then  a  harsh  rubbing  creak  along  her  sides. 

f2.  Rubbing  shift-,   (cf.  RUB  t/.l  15).   Obs, 

1675  V.  ALSOP  Anti-Sozzo  ii.  53  Though  he  can  make  a 
shift  with  him,  he  could  have  made  a  Rubbing  shift  without 
Him.  1679  —  Melius  Inq.  n.  viii.  371  Many  sincere  Christ 
ians  make  a  rubbing  shift  to  get  them  [L  e.  the  ceremonies] 
down,  accounting  them  tollerable  though  not  illigible. 

Hence  Bu  bbingly  adv. 

1891  DUNCAN  Amer.  Girl  in  London  277  [A  cat]  besought 
small  favours  rubbingly  with  purrs. 

Rtrbbing-brush.  [RUBBING  vbL  sb.  5  a.] 
A  hard  brush,  such  as  is  used  for  rubbing  with. 

1559  in  Feuillerat  Revels  Q.  EHz.  (1908)  103  Toe  rubbing 
brusshes.  1577  HARRISON  England  n.  vii,  (1877)  1. 169  Some 
beards  are  made  round  like  a  rubbing  brush.  1606  Choice, 
Chance,  etc.  (1881)  38  His  haire  of  the  color  of  a  roane 
horse,  and  as  hard  as  the  stumpe  of  a  Rubbing  brush.  1645 
in  Carte  Ormonde  (1735)  III.  423  If  he  doe,  he  will  spoil 
the  proverb,  in  making  a  rubbing-brush  of  a  goat's  taile. 
1730  BAILEY  (fol.),  A  Rubber,  one  that  rubs,  or  a  Rubbing- 
Brush. 

Ku-bbing-stone.  [RUBBING  vbl.  sb.  5  a.] 
A  stone  used  for  rubbing,  in  order  to  sharpen  or 
smooth  something.  Cf.  RUBSTONE. 

1648  HEXHAM  n,  Een  Wrijf-steen,  a  Rubbing-stone.  1657 
S.  PURCHAS  Pol.  Flying-Ins.  59  A  peeceof  a  rubbing  stone, 
such  as  Mowers  use  to  whet  their  sithes  withall,  1703 
MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  240  Rubbing  them  on  a  rubbing  Stone 
with  sharp  Sand.  1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  389 
The  headers  and  stretchers  in  returns,  which  are  not  axed, 
are  likewfse  dressed  upon  the  rubbing-stone.  1842  GWILT 
Encycl.  Arch.  §  1890  After  the  bricks  for  the  guaged  work 
have  been  rough-shaped  by  the  axe,  they  are  rubbed  smooth 
on  the  rubbing  stone. 

Rubbish  (rz?'bij),  sb.  (and  a.}.  Forms  :  a.  4 
rubbous,  5  rubus(s,  robous(e,  -ows,  -eux.  j8. 
5  robys,  -iis,  rubbes,  6  ruby(e)s,  rubbis. 
7.  5  robishe,  -issh,  robyshe;  5-6  rubbusshe, 
rubushe  ;  6  rubys(c)he,  roobysche  ;  5-6  rub- 
bysh,  6  rubbi(s)she,  -eshe,  6-  rubbish.  5.  5 
rubrysche,  6  robrisshe,  rubbrysshe.  €.  6  rub- 
byge,  6-7  rubbidge  (9  dial,  -idge,  -ige,  -itch). 
f.  6-8  (9  dial.}  rubbage,  8  rubage.  [Of  ob 
scure  origin  :  app.  related  in  some  way  to  RUBBLE, 
but  it  is  difficult  to  regard  the  early  forms  as  AF. 
plurals  of  robel,  rubel,  esp.  in  the  absence  of  any 
evidence  that  these  are  themselves  of  F.  origin.] 

1.  Waste  or  refuse  material,  in  early  use  esp. 
such  as  results  from  the  decay  or  repair  of  build 
ings;  debris,  litter,  refuse;  rejected  and  useless 
matter  of  any  kind,  f  Also,  a  heap  of  rubbish. 

a.  [1392-3  Rolls  of  Parlt.  III.  306/2  Oe  nulle..gette  ne 
mett ;.  .ascuns  fymes,  ordures,  mukes,  rubpouses,  ou  lastage, 
en  la  dite  ewe  . .  entre  les  lieux  sus  ditz.]  c  1400  Brut 
ccviii.  238  pal  toke  stone,  and  made  J>erwSJ?  be  tour;  and 
miche  sande  and  morter,  and  olde  robous  per  was  lefte. 
1439-30  Rec.  St.  Mary  at  Hill  (1905)  72  For  cariage  of  ij 
lodys  robous,  viij  d.  c  1440  Promt,  Parv.  435/2  Robows, 
or  coldyr,  fetrosa^  petro,  1480  Wardrobe  Ace.  Edw.  W 


RUBBISH. 

(1830)  121  Agrete  loode  of  robeux  that  was  left  in  the  strete 
after  the  reparation. 

0.  1429-30  Rec.  St.  Mary  at  Hittdgos)  74  Also  for  ledyng 
awey  of  Robys  in  a  lyghtere,  xvj  d.  1495  Naval  Ace. 
Hen.  K//(i896)i54  For  euery  tonTyght  of  Rubbes  &  Stones 
iiijii.  1531  Lett.  $  Pap.  Hen.  ¥111,  V.  184  Cartes,  .caryng  of 
rubys  out  of  the  towne  to  the  towne  wharffis.  1577  HARRI 
SON  England  n.  xiii.  (1877)  i.  252  He  had  no  sooner  begun 
to  dig  among  the  rubbis,  but  he  found  an  exceeding  number 
of  pi  Hers. 

y.  1477-9  Rec.  St.  Mary  at  Hill  (1905)  85  For  Cariage  of 
v  lood  of  Robishe  from  Forster  lane  and  Estchepe,  x  d.  1497 
Naval  Ace.  Hen.  K//(i8g6)  171  Dyggyng  of  the  clay  and 
other  Rubbysh  bytwene  the  gates.  1528-30  in  R.  G.  Mars- 
den  Stl.Pl.Crt.Adni.(i%qd  35  All  chawkeryscastyng  thar 
rubysche  in  the  kyngs  strom  we  do  present.  1562  TURNER 
Herbal  n.  (1568)  22  Iris  groweth  ..  amongest  olde  rubbishe 
and  remnantes  of  olde  walles.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //, 
v.  ii.  6  Rude  mis-gouern'd  hands,  from  Windowes  tops, 
Threw  dust  and  rubbish  on  King  Richards  head.  z6n 
BIBLE  Nek.  iv.  10  There  is  much  rubbish,  so  that  we  are  not 
able  to  build  the  wall.  1687  B.  RANDOLPH  Archipelago  2 
A  dry  ditch  which  is  almost  filled  up  with  rubbish.  1712 
ADDISON  Spect.  No.  512  p  6  A  Tree  that  grew  near  an  old 
Wall  out  of  an  Heap  of  Rubbish.  1767  A.  YOUNG  Farmers 
Lett,  to  People  58  It  is  surprising  what  great  benefit  coal- 
ashes  and  mortar  rubbish  are  of  to  stiff  lands.  1838  DICKENS 
Nickleby  ii,  A  few  hampers,  half  a  dozen  broken  Dottles,  and 
such-like  rubbish,  may  be  thrown  there  when  the  tenant 
first  moves  in,  but  nothing  more.  1870  F.  R.  WILSON  Ch. 
Lindhfarne  61  The  floor  was  covered  with  light  rubbish. 

5.  1487-8  Rec.  St.  Mary  at  Hill  (1905)  137  Makyng  clene 
of  the  houssis,  beryng  owte  &  castyng  oute  the  Rubrysche. 
1519  W.  HORMAN  Bulgaria  xxlx.  240  b,  Battz  and  great 
rubbrysshe  serueth  to  fyl  vp  in  the  myddell  of  the  wall. 
1530  PALSGR.  263/2  Robrisshe  QtskQnt&.plastraSifoitrttiture, 

€.  1551-52  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  II.  469 
For  carrying  rubbyge  owt  of  ij  chambers,  1595  J.  CHARDON 
Fidfordo  et  Fulfordx  34  [SheJ  hath  caused  the . . rubbidge 
and  whatsoeuer  was  noysome  to  be  remooued.  1603 
KNOLLES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  1136  Not  much  better  than 
rude  heapes  of  rubbidge  and  stones.  1646  J.  HALL  Poems 
j.  9  Ere  since  poore  Cheapside  Crosse  in  rubbidge  lay. 
1684  J.  PETER  Siege  Vienna  49  We  perceiving  from  the 
Walls  several  Arms  and  Legs  in  the  Air,  mingled  with  the 
Smoke  and  Rubbidge.  1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss.,  Rub' 
fridge,  rubbish,  any  worthless  articles.  1854  [see  £]. 

£  1583  STUBBES  Anat.  Abus.  \\.  (1882)  25  Gold,  .mixt  with 
other  drossie  rubbage,  and  refuse  mettal.  1608  Ckurth-iv. 
Ace.  Pittington  (Surtees)  287  For  careying  the  rubbage 
out  of  the  double  porche.  1657  TOMLINSON  Renoifs  Disp. 
309  On  stone  walls,  old  edifices,  and  rubbages.  1670-98 
LASSELS  Voy.  Italy  II.  122  The  old  round  rubbage  of  brick 
which  is  here.,  was  anciently  a  fine  Fountain.  1730  A. 
GORDON  M offers  Amphith.  220  The  Ground  being  raised 
round  about  it.  .by  reason  of  Rubbage  fallen  down.  1791 
T.  NEWTE  Tour  Eng.  <$•  Scot.  321  That  the  earth  and  rub 
bage  should  be  disposed  of  in  this  manner,  a  1825  FORBV 
Voc.  East  Anglia^  Rubbage^  rubbish.  1854  Miss  BAKER 
Northampt.  Gloss.,  Rubbage  or  Rubbidge,  rubbish. 
b.  Const.  of(&  thing  or  place). 

a  1513  FABYAN  Chron.  vn.  429  There  in  the  rubbusshe  & 
sande  of  the  same  [tower]  they  buryed.  .these  .iii.  bodyes. 
1558  WARDE  tr.  Alexis'  Seer.  i.  vi.  118  b,  Let  this  fylinge 
or  rubbysh  of  yron  become  almoste  redde.  1590  GREENE 
OrL  Fur.  (Rtldg.)  m  So  rich  shall  be  the  rubbish  of  our 
barks,  Ta'en  here  for  ballass  to  the  ports  of  France.  1791 
NEWTE  Tour  Eng.  fy  Scot.  321  This  terrace  is  formed  by 
the  rubbage  of  old  houses.  1813  SIR  H.  DAVY  Agric* 
Chevi.  (1814)  328  The  rubbish  of  mortar  from  houses. 

2./£.  Worthless  stuff;  trash. 

y.  1601  SHAKS.  Jul.  C.  i.  iii.  109  What  trash  is  Rome? 
What  Rubbish,  and  what  Otfall  ?  1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinarch., 
Rich.  II,  cccxxxlv,  What  the  Landlord  then  shall  Rubbish 
call,  Will  be  throwne  out ;  and  you  are  Rubbish  All.  a  1656 
lip.  HALL  Rent.  M7ks.  (1660)  17  The  body  is  but  meet 
rubbish  to  the  soul.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  254  The  French 
builders,  clearing  away  as  mere  rubbish  whatever  they 
found.  1792  A.  YOUNG  Trav.  France  266  Here  is  a  char 
acter  uncontaminated  with  that  rubbish  which  we  see  in  so 
many  other  men.  1846  GREENER  Set.  Gunnery  214  The 
consequence  is  that  iron  of  the  most  inferior  nature,  the 
veriest  rubbish  is  used.  1881  '  RITA  *  My  Lady  Coquette  i, 
1  wonder  how  people  can  trouble  to  send  such  rubbish. 

c,  £.  a  1631  DoHNB/*nyi  Soul,  2nd  Anniv.  82  What  frag 
mentary  ruobidge  this  world  is  Thou  know'st.  1645  How  ELL 
Twelve  Treat.  (1661)  328  They  wold  make  Gods  House 
cleane . . ,  but  'tis  visibly  found  that  they  haue  brought  much 
more  rubbage  into  it.  1716  M.  DAVIES  At/ten.  Brit.  II.  242 
Unless,  .a  few  such  like  rubbage  can  be  made  answerable 
for  Primitive  Christianity. 

b.  Worthless,  ridiculous,  nonsensical  ideas,  dis 
course,  or  writing. 

y.  1612  T.  TAYLOR  Comm.  Titus  i.  6  The  Romanists  were 
ready  inough  to  take  it  vp,  and  stil  reserue  it  among  the 
rest  of  their  rubbish.  1692  WASHINGTON  tr.  Milton  s  Def. 
People  M.'s  Wks.  1851  VIII.  249  From  hence  to  the  end  of 
your  Book,  I  find  nothing  but  Rubbish  and  Trifles.  1734 
WATEKLAND  Wks.  (1823)  V.  102  Others  might  be  named  who 
have  gradually . .  come  to  reject  Christianity  itself,  as  needless 
and  useless,  and  all  revealed  religion  as  mere  rubbish.  1799 
SOUTHEY  St.  Gualberto  xxiv  Poet.  Works  VI.  201  Dost 
thou  deem  the  legendary  deeds  Of  saints  like  this  but  rub 
bish,  a  mere  store  Of  trash,  that  he  flings  time  away  who 
reads?  1858  LYTTON  What  will  He  do  i.  xvii,  Vance 
talked  such  republican  rubbish.  1899  The  Month  May 
539  What  is  all  this  rubbish  about  a  spirit-woman  staying 
with  the  Duchess  ? 

€,  £.  1624  WOTTON  Elem.  Archit.  \.  13  Such  conceits  as 
these  seeme  somewhat  too  fine  among  this  Rubbage.  1711 
Medley  No.  32.  2  Every  body  must  be  persuaded,  that  all 
the  Atheistical  Rubbige.. proceeded  originally  from  the 
Revolution. 

c.  Const,  of. 

1602  MARSTON  Ant.  fy  Mel.  v.  Wks.  1856  I.  64  Staind  and 
trampled  on,  As  worthlesse  rubbish  of  nobilitic.  1655 
FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  in.  75  Otherwise. .certainly  this  Colledg 
had  been  swept  away,  as  Rubbish  of  superstition.  1704  F. 
FULLER  Med.Gymn.  (1711)  Piefare,  The  removing  of  ilie 

VOL.  V11I. 


857 

Rubbish  of  a  Vulgar  Error.  1742  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  n.  349 
Embruted  every  faculty  divine ;  Heart-buried  in  the  rubbi.sh 
of  the  world.  1859  TENNYSON  Merlin  fy  V.  345  Ev'n  in  the 
jumbled  rubbish  of  a  dream.  1871  BURR  AdFidcm  ix,  The 
rubbish  of  exploded  scientific  theories. 
d.  spec.  (See  quot.) 


note  whatsoever. 

e.  In  interjectional  use. 

1863  THACKERAY  Round.  Papers^  Strange  to  Say,  One  old 
boy.. with.. a  murmur  of  'Rubbish*  slinks  away.  1888 
RIDER  HAGGARD  Col.  Quay-itch  xli, '  Oh,  rubbish/  said  the 
Colonel.  *  How  can  a  skeleton  sit  and  air  himself?  ' 

3.  attrib.  and  Comb,  t  a.  Appositive,  passing  into 
adj. :  Of  a  refuse  or  worthless  kind.  Obs. 

1594  NASHE  Terrors  of  Night  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  261  To 
stand  all  his  whole  life  sifting  and  winnowing  dry  rubbish 
chaffe.  t$g6~-Sq/rva  Walden  Wks.  [Grosart)  III.  161 
The  verie  excrements  of  the  rubbishest  wits  that  are.  1675 
COCKER  Morals  37  They  refine  His  Rubbish  Nature  to  a 
Golden  Mine.  1722  HEARSE  Collections  (O.  H.  S.)  VII.  338 
Those  [coins],  too,  poor,  brass,  rubbish  Stuff. 

b.  Attrib.,  in  sense  '  composed  of,  given  up  to, 
rubbish',  as  rubbish-ballast-,  -heap,  -mound,  etc. 

1839  URF.  Diet.  Arts 852  Schist  proper  for  the  construction 
of  the  rubbish-terraces.  1851  MAVHEW  Land.  Labour  II. 
286/2  Rubbish  shoots.  Ibid.  287/1  The  rubbish-ballast. . 
was  only  -$d.  to  6d.  a  ton.  1864  SKEAT  tr.  Vhlanfs  Poems 
82  So  many  a  right  may  prove  our  own,  Long  hid  beneath 
some  rubbish-mound,  c  1887  Miss  W.  JONKS  Games  Patience 
iii.  ii  Lay  out  nine  cards  in  three  rows;  then  proceed  to 
form  a  rubbish-heap.  1888  Pall  Mall  G.  g  May  4/2  Not 
allowing  this  country  to  become  the  rubbish-bin  of  European 
labourers. 

c.  Objective,  as  rubbish-cartage,  -carter ,  etc. 

1851  MAYHEW  Land.  Lab.  II.  288/1  The  summer,  .is  the 
'  brisk  season  '  of  rubbish-cartage.  Ibid.  289/i>The  Rubbish- 
Shovellers,  or  'gangers  \  Ibid.  293/1  A  brief  description 
of  the  rubbish-carter,  and  the  scene  of  his  labours.  1883 
Census  Instruct.  Index,  Rubbish  Clearer,  Weigher,  Un- 
loader. 

d.  Special  combs.,  as  rubbish-price,  a  paltry 
price,  such  as  might  properly  be  paid  for  rubbish ; 
rubbish  pulley,  walling  (see  quots.). 

1805  W.  TAYLOR  in  Robberds  Mem.  (1843)  II.  107  Style 
which  resembles  what  the  masons  call  rubbish-walling, 
where  fragments  of  anciently  hewn  and  sculptured  stone  are 
built  in  with  modern  brick-bats  and  the  pebbles  of  the  soil. 
1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  Suppl.  771/2  Rubbish  Pulley,  a 
simple  form  of  tackle-block  used  with  a  rope  in  hoisting 
materials  from  a  foundation  or  excavation.  1894  Times 
19  Dec.  11/4  At  the  present  time  they  thought  sales  undesir 
able,  as  it  rarely  paid  to  throw  away  stock  at  rubbish 
prices. 

Hence  Bu'tobislier*     (See  quot.) 

1892  Min.  Eviti.  Labour  Comut.  Group  A.  II.  2/2  A 
rubbisher,  or  labourer, . .  is  the  man  who  carries  away  all  the 
material  from  the  rock-men  to  the  place  where  the  slates  are 
made. 

Ru-bbisliiug,  a.    [f.  RUBBISH  sb.  +  -ING  2.] 

Paltry,  worthless,  rubbishy. 

1808  ELEANOR  SLEATH  Bristol  Heiress  1. 157  Youngladies 
of  fortune  used  to  keep  themselves  to  themselves.. and  not 
flaunt  about  with  such  rubbishing  sort  of  gentry  as  those. 
1849  ALB.  SMITH  Pottleton  Legacy  (1854)  174  He.. had 
iome  rubbishing  woods,  where  people  went  to  make  a  noise 


xxix,  What  rubbishing  music  it  is  ! 

Hence  Ru'bbishingly  adv. 

1837  Athenaeum  236  They  are  childishly,  rubbishingly, 
ridiculously  otherwise. 

Bitrbbishly,  a.  rare.  Also  dial,  rubbidgly. 
[f.  as  prec.  +  -LY  i.]  Rubbishy,  worthless. 

170  W.  H.  MARSHALL  W.  England\\.  47  Some  rubbishly 
ill  bred  Cattle,  on  these  Commons.  1819  LAMB  Letters 
(1888)  II.  29  Shakspeare  has  thrust  such  rubbishly  feelings 
into  a  corner— the  dark  dusky  heart  of  Don  John.  1828 
CARR  Craven  Gloss,  s.v.  Rubbidgly*  A  parcel  o'  rubbidgly 
stuff.  1889  N.  iy.  Line.  Gloss,  (ed.  2)  449. 

Rubbishy  (rzrbiji),  a.  Also  9  rubbishey. 
[f.  RUBBISH  sb.  +  -Y  *.] 

1.  Abounding  in,  covered  with,  rubbish  or  Utter. 
1795  ANNA  SEWARD  Lett.  (1811)  IV.  143  The  fruit-trees,  to 

whose  luxuriance  the  rocky,  and.  .rubbishy  soil,  below  the 
surface,  has  proved  very  inauspicious.  1842  SIR  H,  TAYLOR 
Edwin  the  Fair  iv.  i,  To  be  reviled  By  shallow  coxcombs 
whom  I  daily.. snatch  from  a  rubbishy  tomb  Amongst  the 
ruins  of  their  wits.  1853  G.  JOHNSTON  Nat.  Hist,  Eastern 
Borders  I.  87  The  true  plant  is  common  in  hedges  and 
rubbishy  places.  1860  SIR  H.  ACLAND  in  J.  B.  Atjay  Mem. 
(1903)  x.  290  Washington.. has  a  few  palaces  shied  down 
upon  a  rubbishy  heath. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  rubbish;  paltry,  contempt 
ible,  worthless. 

1824  SCOTT  St.  Ronan's  x'n,  Like  your  rubbishy  Birming 
ham  pieces,  that  will.. go  off  at  half-cock.  1841  MARRY  AT 
Poacher  xxiii,  Only  look  what  a  rubbishy  affair  this  is. 
1862  '  SHIRLEY  '  (J.  Skelton)  Nugm  Crit.  xi.  487  A  rubbishy 
conceit  is  more  invaluable  to  them  than  a  finished  design. 
1893  LELAND  Mem.  \.  27  She  spoke  of  the  building  as  a 
rubbishy  piece  of  architecture. 

Rubble  (nrb'l),  sb.  Forms :  4  robyl,  5  -oyll, 
robill,  -el(l,  -elle;  5  rubel,  6  rubell,  7  ruble, 
rubbil,  6-7  rubbel(l,  6-  rubble.  [Of  obscure 
origin;  app.  related  in  some  way  to  RUBBISH.] 

1.  Waste  fragments  of  stone,  esp.  as  constituting 
the  rubbish  of  decayed  or  demolished  buildings; 
t  also,  rubbish  or  refuse  in  general. 


RUBBLE. 

a  1400  Little  Red  Bit.  Bristol  dooo)  II.  31  Cum  fimo  et 
robyl  quod  admouere  faciant  infra  tres  dies.  1436-7 
Abiugdon  Rolls  (Camden)  113  Pro  roboyll  extra  domum 
cariando.  c  1440  Pallad.  on  Hush.  i.  340  On  part  of  lyme 
and  tweyne  of  rubel  haue.  ^1495  The  Epitaffe^  etc.  in 
Skelton" s  Wks.  (1843)  II.  390  In  a  graue  in  the  grounde 
Deth  depe  hath  [him]  drounde  Among  robel  and  stonys. 
1531-2  Act  23  Hen.  VIII,  c.  8  §  i  Whiche  persons. .con- 
ueied.  .grauell,  stone,  robell,  earth,  slime,  and  filthe  in  the 
said  portes.  1593  NORDEN  Spec.  Brit.^  M*sex  \\.  25  A 
hautie  citie.  .smothered  in  the  ashes  of  her  owne  rubble  and 
ruynes,  1614  RALEIGH  Hist.  World  ii.  311  There  are  found 
..goodly  Marble  pillars,  with  other  hewne and  carved  stone 
in  great  aboundance  among  the  Rubble.  1666  in  Misc. 
Curiosa  (1708)  III.  182  One  can  see  nothing.. but  old 
ruined  Walls  with  Rubbel,  Bricks  and  Stones. 

1855  KINGSLEY  Westtv.  Ho!  xxx,  A  pop-gun  fort,  which  a 
third  class  steamer  would  shell  into  rubble  for  an  afternoon's 
amusement.  1863  TREVELYAN  Compet.  Wallah  (1866)  260 
Those  are.  .the  sand  and  rubble  that  overspread  the  land. 
1879  CasselCs  Techn.  Educ.  IV.  363/1  Other  kinds  of 
ballast,  such  as  rubble,  are  sometimes  difficult  to  obtain. 

fig.  1567  JEWEL  Dcf.  Apol.To  the  Queen  Aiiij,  To  re- 
fourme  his  Churche  from  that,  .lothesome  heape  of  filthe, 
and  rubble.  1589  COOPER  Admen.  249  Casting  out  the 
rubble  of  the  Synagogue  of  Antichriste.  a  1618  SYLVESTER 
Fattaretus  621  Kven  while  I  raze,  I  raise  ;  and,  of  the 
Rubble  Of  petty  States,  I  build  one  hundred  double. 
f  b.  Med.  Fragments  of  a  calculus.  Obs. 

1545  RAYNOI.D  Byrth  Mankynde  29  When  it  is  broken, . . 
the  graue],  rubbell,  or  peecis  therof,  descend  from  the  raynes 
or  kydnees  in  to  the  bladder.  1561  HOI.LYRUSH  Horn.  Apoth. 
39  If  the  rubbel  or  shardes  of  the  stone  do  put  the  to  payn, 
then  vse  that  bath. 

2.  Pieces  of  undressed   stone  used  in  the  con 
struction  of  walls,  esp.  as  a  filling-in. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Caemcntitius, . .  made  of  rubbell 
or  ragge  stones.  1608  J.  KING  Semi.  Ps.  xi.  2-4.  20  Peeces 
of  timber,  barres  of  iron,  massy  stones,  togither  with  nil- . 
the  rubble  and  stones  in  the  wals  of  that  great  and  glorious 
pile.  1764  SMOLLKTT  Trav.  (1766)  I.  xxiii.  353  The  houses 
are  built  of  a  ragged  stone  dug  from  the  mountains,  and  the 
interstices  are  filled  with  rubble.  1793  SMEATON  Edystone 
/,.  §114  The  interior  filling  of  the  walls  was  with  rough 
Rubble,  and  fragments  of  the  quarries.  1839  STOXEHOUSK 
Isle  of  Axholme  265  In  the  walls,  which  are  scarcely  ten 
feet  high  and  built  chiefly  of  rubble,  are  great  ashlar  stones. 
a  1878  SIR  G.  SCOTT  Lect*  Archit.  (1870)  I.  20  They  were 
equally  at  home  in  the  use  of  brick,  or  flint,  or  rubble. 
b.  ellipt.  Rubble-work. 

1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sci.  $  Art  I.  223  The  best  kind, 
or  coursed  rubble,  admits  of  bond  timbers  without  difficulty. 
1879  CasselFs  Techn.  F.duc.  1.97/1  In  uncoursed  rubble.., 
stones  of  any  size,  .are  used  without  any  reference  to  their 
heights. 

3.  GeoL    Loose  angular  stones  or  fragments  of 
broken   material   forming   the   upper  covering  of 
some  rocks,  and  found  beneath  alluvium  or  over 
lying  soil ;  also,  water-worn  stones. 

[a  1728  WOODWARD  Fossils  i.  12  Those  calPd  Rubble- 
Stones.  Note.  They  owe  their  Name,  Rubble,  to  their  being 
thus  rubb'd  and  worn.]  1796  W.  H.  MARSHALL  W.  Engl. 
II.  5  The  subsoil  is  also  similar :— namely,  a  slatey  rock, 
and  a  kind  of  rusty  rotten  slate,  or  rubble.  1853  LYELL 
Elan.  GeoL  (ed.  4)  vii.  81  To  this  mass  the  provincial  name 
of  '  rubble '  or  '  brash '  is  given.  1860  MAURY  Phys.  Geog.  \. 
15  Treating  the  rocks  less  gently,  it.  .rolls,  and  rubs  them 
until  they  are  fashioned  into  pebbles,  rubble,  or  boulders. 
1879  D.  M.  WALLACK  Australasia  iv.  74  The  few  inches  of 
surface  soil  and  rubble  overlying  the  Silurian  rock  on  the 
slopes  and  spurs  of  the  hills. 

b.  local.  A  hard  chalk  often  used  in  making 
field-roads. 

1879  JEFFERIES  Wild  Life  ii.  20  The  byroads  and  paths 
made  with  the  chalk  or  'rubble  '  glare  in  the  sunlight. 
C.  //.  Small  coal ;  slack. 

1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining 207. 
d.  (See  quots.) 

1876  Nature  9  Nov.  31/1  The  head  of  the  bay.,  was  filled 
with  pack  ice  consisting  of  numerous  small  floe  pieces . .  in 
termixed  with  '  rubble ',  or '  boulder '  ice.  1886  A.W.  GREF.LY 
j  Years  Arctic  Service  II.  xxxiii.  45  Broken  irregular  piles 
of  ice  are  known  as  rubble,  which  is  the  worst  of  all  ice  for 
travel. 

4.  (See  quot.  1858.) 

1838  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Rubbles,  a  miller's  name  in 
some  counties  for  the  whole  of  the  bran  or  outside  skin  of 
the  wheat,  before  being  sorted  into  pollard,  bran,  sharps, 
etc.  1876  A.  H.  HASSALL  Food  361  The  principal  adultera 
tions  of  oatmeal,  .are  those  with  the  refuse  matter  of  oats, 
of  barley,  and  even  wheat,  termed  'rubble  '  and  'sharps  '. 

5.  attrib*   a.  '  Of  the  nature  of,  consisting  of, 
rubble  ',  as  nibble  ballast^  coal,  granite,  etc.    Also 
rubble  ice  (see  3  d). 

1712  Phil.  Trans.  XXVII.  542  A  dark,  gray,  hard  Iron 
Oar  called  the  Rubble  Iron-Stone.  1844  A.  W.  PUGIN  in 
Purcell  Life  <fr  Lett.  A.  P.de  Lisle  (1900)  I.  iv.  82  From 
the  nature  of  the  material  used— a  sort  of  rubble  granite. 
1855  J.  PHILLIPS  Man.  GeoL  193  Heathen  and  rubble  coals 
and  partings.  1889  WELCH  Text  Bk.  Naval  Archit.  ii.  27 
A  ship  having  this  characteristic  may  be  rendered  stable 
in  the  upright  position  by  the  introduction  of  rubble  or 
water  ballast  low  down  in  the  ship. 

b.  '  Constructed  of,  making  use  of,  rubble  ,  as 
rubble  building^  masonry,  wall,  etc. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  537  A  wall  built  of 
unhewn  stone,  whether  it  be  built  with  mortar  or  otherwise, 
is  called  a  rubble  wall.  1835  RICKMAN  Styles  Archit.  Enl 


1  o  test  II  ruDDle  masonry  ii  wen  DUUV.  1050  I»IUKIU«  ^.yu. 
Agric.  II.  386/1  Breaking  joint  over  every  small  stone  in 
the  wall  in  rubble  building.  1881  S.  WALPOLE  Rep.  Salmon 
Fish.  App.  77  A  rubble  weir.. has  recently  been  built  across 
the  Severn  at  Llanidloes. 

108 


RUBBLE, 

I&U'bble,  ^.    Now  dial*     [f.  prec.] 
fl.  trans.  ?  To  bring  to  ruin.  Obs.—1 
cn*$Cast.  Persev.  1944  in  Macro  Plays  135  3one  rap- 
pokis  I  ruble,  &  al  to-rase  ;  bobe  with  schot  &  with  slynge 
I  caste  with  a  sleyt,  with  care  to  30116  castel  to  crachen  & 
to  erase. 

2.  intr.  To  poke  or  crawl  about  among  rubbish 
or  refuse.     Alsoyf^. 

1637  BASTWICK  Litany  in.  22  By  rubbling  and  grubbing  in 
those  old  errors  and  heresies,  you  may  perhaps  _get  some 
infection.  1896  J Warwickshire  Gloss.  196  Don't  let  the 
child  rubble  among  them  'ere  dusty  things. 

3.  (See  quot.) 

1863  J.  R.  WISE  New  Forest  Gloss.,  To  Rubble,  to  remove 
the  gravel,  which  is  deposited  throughout  the  Forest  in  a 
thick  layer  over  the  beds  of  clay  or  marl. 

Rubble,  obs.  form  of  ROUBLE. 
Ru'bbler.     [f.  RUBBLE  sb^\    (See  quots.) 

1865  BOWER  Slate  Quarries  19  Writing  Slates  are  generally 
put  into  the  hands  of  young  boys,  for  the  purpose  of  teach, 
ing  them  the  art  of  slate-making.  These  youngsters  are 
called  rubblers.  1893  Labour  Commission  Gloss.tRubl>lert 
an  irregular  workman  in  a  slate  quarry.  Ibid.,  All  boys 
and  beginners  are  rubblers  at  first. 

Ru'bble-stone.  Also  ruble,  rubble  stone, 
rubblestone.  [f.  RUBBLE  sb.} 

1.  =  RUBBLE  sb.  2  and  3. 

1707  MORTIMER  Husb.  (1721)  I.  71  In  Oxfordshire,  where 
they  have  a  lean  Earth  and  a  small  rubble  Stone,  or  a  sowre 
sort  of  Land  mixed  with  it.  1787  G.  WHITE  Selbome  i,What 
is  called  a  white  malm,  a  sort  of  rotten  or  rubble  stone, 
which,  when  turned  up  to  the  frost  and  rain,  moulders  to 
pieces.  1817  KEATINGE  Trav.  I.  208  The  whole  country  is 
covered . .  with  rubble-stone — strongly  hinting  at  a  Neptunian 
process.  1833  LOUDON  Kncycl.  Archit.  545  The  walls  may 
be  of  rubblestone,  bricks,  or  clay  lumps.  1888  RIDKK 
HAGGARD  Col.  Quaritck  xli,  A.  .vault,  .built  of  rubble  stone. 

attril'.  1853  R.  S.  SURTEES  Sponge's  Sf.  Tour  xxix.  178 
An  armless  sign-post  on  one  side,  and  a  rubble-stone  bridge 
.  .on  the  other. 

2.  />/.  Stones  of  the  nature  of  rubble. 

a  1728  WOODWARD  Fossils  I.  13  Neither  the  Bowlders,  nor 
Rubble-Stones,  areever  invested  with  an  exterior  stony  Crust 
or  Skin.  1789  J.  WILLIAMS  Min.  Kingd.  II.  7  Whinstone.  .is 
frequently  too  hard  and  strong  to  be  commonly  quarried 
for  ruble-stones.  1822  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart  (1839)  VII. 
38  The  ruble  stones  would  do  much  more  than  pay  the 
labourers.  1849  JAMES  Woodman  x\x\'t  [He]  had  to  traverse 
a  considerable  number  of  round  rubble  stones. 

Ru'bble-WOrk.  Also  rubblework,  rubble 
work.  [f.  RUBBLE  sb.~\  Masonry  composed  of 
rubble  or  unwrought  stones ;  also,  fragments  of 
stone  mixed  with  mortar  and  used  as  a  filling-in. 

1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  309  The  core  of  the 
rubble-work  of  the  Grecian  walls  is  impenetrable  to  a  tool. 
1849  CURZON  Vis.  Monasteries  Levant  133  The  roof,  .is 
supported  by  four  square  modern  piers  of  plastered  brick  or 
rubble  work.  1888  RIDKR  HAGGARD  Col.  Quaritch  xl,  It 
appeared  to  be  rubble  work  built  in  the  form  of  an  arch. 

attrib.  1862  BURTON  Bk.  Hunter  i.  41  A  sort  of  rubble- 
work  inner  wall  of  volumes,  with  their  edges  outwards. 

Rubbly  (rzrbli),  a.  [f.  RUBBLE  sb.]  Abounding 
in,  consisting  of,  rubble  or  loose  broken  material ; 
having  the  nature  or  form  of  rubble. 

*733  TULL  Horse-Hoeing  Husb.  xxi.  304  The  Concavity 
of  the  Fin.  .must  be  greatest  in  a  stony  rubbly  Soil.  1758 
BORLASE  Nat.  Hist.  Corniv.  152  Where  nature  has  been 
more  sparing  of  her  cement,  the  ore  is  found  in  a  lax, 
arenaceous,  and  rubbly  state.  1829  Geol.  Trans.  2nd  Ser. 
11.  41  The  next  bed,  called  the  Rubbly  Bed,  is  remarkable 
for  the  quantity  of  casts  of  shells  which  it  contains.  1839 
Civil  Ens.  *  Arch.  Jrnl  II.  209/1  The  chalk  in  this 
district  is  of  a  rubbly  description.  1894  Ramsay's  Phys. 
Geol.  148  Near  the  surface,  it  assumes  a  rubbly  character, 
and  forms  a  fertile  soil. 

fRubbon,  variant  of  RUBAN,  ribbon. 

1781  PENNANT  His  t.  Quad.  II.  523  Rubbon  Seal...  Marked 
..with  a  stripe  of  a  pale  yellow  color,  exactly  resembling 
a  rubbon  laid  on  it  by  art. 

t  Ru'bbour.  north,  and  Sc.  Obs.  Also  4  rob- 
bour(?),  6  rowbour,  6-7  rubber.  [Of  obscure 
origin.]  A  cask  or  keg. 

1362-3  Dur/t.  Acct.  Rolls  178  In  uno  pan  de  Rebbours 
[?  read  Robbours]  de  novo  fact,  cum  ligatur.  earundem. 
1404  Ibid.  397  In..ij_par*  de  rubbours,  j  par  de  costrell, 
j  par  de  magnis  flaket'is. 

1492  Acta  Dow.  Cone.  (1839)  280,  x  merkis  for  certane 
pan;ell  crelis  &  Rubbouris.  1494  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas. 
Scot.  I.  252  Item,  for  ane  rubbour  to  the  ter,  xiiij  d.  1501 
Ibid.  II.  44  For  vj  gallonis  thre  pointis  Ryns  wyne  send  to 
Ternwayand  for  rubbouristothe  samyn  and  caryingof  it,. . 
iij  //.  vij  s.  1504  Ibid.  430  Item,  for  iiij  rubbouris  to  put 
powder  in..viij  s.  1552  LYNDESAY Monarche 2224  Sax  gret 
Rowbouris  [v.r.  rubbouris]  of  wycht  wyne.  1597  D.  WED- 
nF.RBURM  Compt  Kuik  (S.  H.  S.)  87  The  fynest  wynes  in 
rubberis  or  fyn  MuskedalHs.  1608  Ibid.  117  James  Myln 
in  Klgyn  hes  my  flacon  or  rubber  to  fill  with  aquavitie. 

Rube-dinous,  a.  rare  -1.  [f.  late  L.  rubedo, 
•(finis.]  Reddish.  1864  WEBSTER  (citing  M.  STUART). 

So  Rube  'din  ousness,  redness.    rare~l. 

1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhouer's  Bk.  Physicke  48/1  A  tryede 
water  for  inflammatione,  and  rubedinousnes  of  the  Eyes. 

t  Rubee.  Obs.-1  [med.L.  gen.  of  rubea,  var. 
of  L.  rubia.}  Madder. 

c  1540  in  Vicary'sAnat.  (1888)  App.  ix.  225  Take  the  luce 
of  nightshade,  the  luce  of  plantaigne,  the  luce  of  Rubee. 

Rubefa'cieiice.  Med.  rare -1.  [See  next 
and  -ENCE.]  The  fact  of  making  red. 

1843  GRAVES  Syst.  Clin.  Med.  xx.  240  Its  effects  are  not 
limited  to  temporary  rubefacience. 


858 

Eiubefacient  (iHblK l-Jfint),  a.  and  si.  Med. 
[ad.  pres.  pple.  of  L.  rubefacere  :  see  RUBIFY  K.] 

A.  adj.   Producing  redness  or  slight  inflamma 
tion  ;  spec,  of  counter-irritants. 

1804  ABERNETHY  Siirg.  Obs.  16   By  means  which  also 
excite  some  counter-irritation,  as  rubefacient  plasters.    1830    ; 
R.  KNOX  BtdarcCs  Anat.  147  To  protect  the  skin  from  the 
rubefacient  effect  of  the  sun's  rays,  which  is  commonly 
called  sun-burning.     1896  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  I.  421  In 
whooping-cough  the  use  of  rubefacient  embrocations  is  held 
in  high  esteem  as  a  domestic  remedy. 

B.  sb.  An  application  producing  redness  of  the 
skin  ;  esp.  a  counter-irritant  having  this  effect. 

1805  Edin.  Rev.  VII.  45  The  more  durable  stimulus  of 
heated  salt  with  millet  seed  and  other  rubefacients.     1843 
GRAVES  Sysf.  Clin.  ATed.  xx.  231  This  liniment  we  are  much 
in  the  habit  of  prescribing  where  a  rubefacient  is  required. 
1899  Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  777  This  may  best  be 
effected  by  rubefacients. 

Rubefaction  (rtfbtfae-kfan).  [See  RUBIFY  and 
-FACTION.  So  F.  ntbifaction.] 

1.  Med.  The  action  of  making  (the  skin)  red  ; 
redness  of  the  skin,  esp.  as  produced  by  some 
application. 

1658  PHILLIPS,  Rubefaction.  a  making  red. 

1831  J.  DAVIES  Mat.  Med.  171  Applied  to  the  skin  it  pro 
duces  rubefaction,  pain,  and  all  the  symptoms  of  inflamma 
tion.  1875  H.  C.  WOOD  Tkerap.  (1879)  568  Capsicum  and 
the  stronger  spices  afford  excellent  materials  for  rubefaction. 

2.  The  production  of  a  red  colour  in  water. 
1860  GRIFFITH  &  HENFREY  Microgr.  Diet.  (ed.  z\ 
Rubel,  obs.  form  of  ROUBLE,  RUBBLE  sb. 

t  R/irbelet.  Obs.-1  [irreg.  f.  RUBY  sf>.  +  -LET.] 
j  A  little  ruby. 

1648  HF.RRICK  Hester.,  To  Closet-Gods,  In  the  midst,  to 
j  grace  it  more,  was  set  A  blushing-pretty-peeping  Rubelet. 

f  Rubell.  Obs.—1  (Origin  and  meaning  obscure.) 

1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  n.  iv.  u.  i,  Scilla  or  Sea  onion. . 
is  an  ordinary  vomit, .  .mixt  with  rubell  in  a  little  white- 
wine. 

||  Rubella  (r«be-la).  Path.  [mod.L.,  neut. 
pi.  of  rubellns  reddish.]  German  measles.  Cf. 
RUBEOLA  3. 

1883  QUAIN  Diet.  Med.  927  The  rash  of.  .rubella  closely 
resembles  the  eruption  of  measles.  1897  Allbutt's  Syst. 
Med.  II.  118  As  a  rule  rubella  runs  its  course  without  com 
plications. 

Rubellan  (rw'belan).  Min.  Also  rubellane. 
[f.  L.  ntbell-us  reddish.]  (See  quot.  1868.) 

Ci830  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VI.  508/2  Rubellan,  Red 
Mica?  1868  WATTS  Diet.  Client.,  Rubellan,  an  altered 
biotite.  .occurring  in  small  hexagonal  forms,  of  a  red  colour, 
in  a  kind  of  wacke.  1888  RUTLEY  Rock-forming  Min.  197 
Some  varieties,  as  rubellane,  show  dark  reddish-yellow  or 
orange  tints. 

Rubellite  (riZ-belait).  Min.  [f.  L.  rubell-us 
reddish  +  -ITE  1  2  b.]  A  variety  of  tourmaline. 

1796  KIRWAV  Elem.  Min.  (ed.  2)  I.  288  Rubellite,  red 
shorl  of  Siberia.  Its  colour,  crimson,  blood,  or  peach  red. 
1823  W.  PHILLIPS  Min.  (ed.  3)  126  The  Rubellite ..  is  of 
various  shades  of  red,  from  a  slight  tinge  to  a  fine  pink  ;  it 
is  sometimes  of  a  violet  colour.  1837  DANA  Min.  323 
Rubellite  occurs  in  a  species  of  lithomarge.  1897  Edin. 
Rev.  Oct.  345  The  rubellite  is.. much  worn  in  Russia. 

t  Rtrbent,  a.  Ol>s~l  [ad.  pres.  pple.  of  L. 
rubere  to  be  red.]  Reddening,  red. 

1562  A.  SCOTT  Foenis  (S.  T.  S.)  i.  4  Welcum,  cure  rubent 
roiss  vpoun  }?e  ryce  ! 

II  Rubeola  (rHbr<51a).  Path.  [mod.L.,  neut. 
pi.  of  *rubeolus,  dim.  form  of  L.  rubetts  reddish. 
Cf.  F.  rubtole.] 

1 1.  (See  quots.  and  RUBEOLS.)  Obs. 

1676  JAS.  COOKE  Matrrout  Chirurg.  iv.  I.  ix.  739  Rubeola, 
small  red  pimples  among  the  Small-Pox  and  Measles, 
which  sometimes  happens  to  persons  in  health.  1693  tr- 
Blancard's  Pkys.  Diet.  (ed.  2),  Rubeola,  a  sort  of  Small 
Pox,  or  Measles. 

2.  Measles.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1803  Med.  Jnil.  IX.  38  Neither  were  the  symptoms  of 
rubeola  in  the  least  lessened  or  retarded.  1834  Cycl.  J'ract. 
Med.  III.  625/1  By  the  term  rubeola,  or  measles,  in  modern 
times,  is  understood  a  contagious  inflammatory  disease  [etc.]. 
1843  SIR  T.  WATSON  Princ.  £  Pract.  Physic  II.  748  An 
other  of  these  blood  diseases  is  the  measles ;  called  also  by 
;  nosologists,  ritbeola,  and  morbilli. 

3.  German  measles  ;  rubella  ;  rotheln. 

1858  J.  COPLAND  Diet.  Pract.  Med.  III.  i.  655  Rubeola 
holds  a  place  between  measles  and  scarlet  fever,  the  name 
being  derived  from  its  deep  red  colour.  1863  AITKEN  Pract. 
Med.  (ed.  2)  1 .  340  The  following  table . .  shows  that  rubeola, 
!  rotheln,  or  the  mixed  disease  has  every  right  to  be  con 
sidered  as  a  distinct  affection.  1901  FAGGF.  &  PVE.SMITH 
Text  ISk.  Med.  (ed.  4)  I.  185  It  is  often  difficult  to  distin 
guish  rubeola  from  '  ordinary  rose-rash  '. 

Hence  Bube-olar  a.,  of  the  nature  of,  character 
istic  of,  pertaining  to,  rubeola.  Bubeo-liform  a., 
having  the  form  or  appearance  of  rubeola.  Ru- 
be-oloid  a.,  resembling,  similar  to,  rubeola ;  sb., 
a  disease  resembling  rubeola.  Bube'olous  a., 
rnbeolar. 

1898  P.  MANSON  Trap.  Dls.  xv.  249  An  exanthem,  erythe- 
matous  on  the  face,  *rubeolar  on  the  trunk  and  limbs.  1899 
Allbutfs  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  4^85  Erythematous  urticaria 
in  sheets  (roseoliform,  "rubeoliform,  scarlatiniform).  1857 
DUNGLISON  Med.  Lex.  (rev.  ed.)  806  s.v.  Roseate,  *Rubeo|. 
oid,  a  term  which  is  applicable  to  any  eruption  resembling 
rubeola.  1898  P.  MASSON  Trap.  Dis.  ix.  168  Keing  attended 
with  a  well-marked  rubeoloid  eruption.  1899  Allbutt's 
Syst.  Med.\\l  1 .  464  The  first  group  which  they  call  Rubeol- 


RUBICELLB. 

oids  and  Scarlatinoids.  1821-34  Goad's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4) 
11.334  If.  .*rubeolous  contagion  should  have  been  previously 
received  into  the  system.  1880  A.  FLINT  Princ.  Med. 
1066  Occasionally  vesicles  are  intermingled  with  the  rubeol- 
ous  papules. 

t  Rrrbeols.  Obs.—1  [ad.  mod.L.  rubeola :  see 
prec.]  The  red  spots  of  measles. 

1661  LOVELL  Hist.  A  nim.  $  Min.  327  The  measells,  which 
are  little  swellings, . .  hereto  belong  the  crystals,  tubercles, 
rubeols,  and  rossals. 

Bribery tliric  (rttberi'Jirik),  a.  Chem.  [f.  L. 
rubia  madder  +  EKYTHBIO  a.]  Ruberythric  acid, 
a  yellow,  crystalline  compound  contained  in 
madder-root. 

1857  MILLER  Elan.  Chem.,  Org.  viii.  521  Rochleder's 
Ruberythric  Acid  was  obtained  in  crystals  from  an  infusion 
of  madder.  1879  ROSCOE  Elem.  Chem.  xxxviii.  354  Alizarin, 
the  colouring  principle  of  madder,  is  contained  in  the  root 
as  a  glucoside  (called  ruberythric  acid). 

Rube  scence.  rare—1.  [Cf.  next  and  -ENCE.] 
The  fact  of  becoming  red. 

1798  W.  YONGE  in  Beddoes  Contrio.  Phys.  f,  Med.  Knowl. 
(1799)  299  Pain,  heat  and  rubescence  determine  the  degree 
of  this  excess. 

Rube  scent  (n<be-sent),  a.  [ad.  pres.  pple.  of 
L.  rubesclre,  {.  ntber  red.  So  F.  nibesccnt.]  Tend 
ing  to  redness ;  reddening,  blushing. 

1731  in  BAILEY,  vol.  II.  (ed.  2).  1803  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  IV. 
n.  190  Rubescent  Band-Fish,  Cepola  Rnbescens,..\$  said  to 
have  a  pointed  rather  than  a  rounded  head.  1876  Miss 
HAY  Nora's  Love  Test  I.  177  His  idea  was  at  once  con 
firmed  by  Will's  rubescent  face. 

t  Ru-betude.  Obs.-1  [irreg.  f.  L.  rater  or 
rubldo  :  cf.  nigritude.]  Redness. 

1657  TOMLINSON  Renou's  Disp.  302  This  plant  from  its 
rubetude  is.. called  Rubia. 

Rubiaceous  (rfib\te ''Jas),  a.  Sot.  [f.  mod. 
L.  J\^^b^aceK  (Jussieu,  1789),  f.  Rubia  (L.  rubia) 
the  genus  madder.]  Pertaining  to,  or  character 
istic  of,  an  order  of  plants  of  which  madder 
(Knbia)  is  the  typical  genus. 

c  1832  Encycl.  Metro/>.  (1845)  VI.  177*  Rubiaceous  shrubs. 
1852  TH.  Ross  tr.  Humbohit's  Tra-v.  I.  vi.  212  The  trees  of 
the  rubiaceous  family.  1863  BATES  Nat.  Amazon  vii.  (1864) 
203  Members  of  the  Laurel,  Myrtle,  Bignoniaceous,  and 
Rubiaceous  orders. 

Rubiacic  (r;7bi|EE'sik),  a.  Chem.  [f.  next:  see 
-10.  So  F.  rnbiaciqtie]  Rnbiacic  acid,  an  acid 
obtained  from  rubiacin. 

1857  MILLER  Elem.  Chem.,  Org.  522  A  brownish  red 
liquid,  which  on  the  addition  of  an  acid  deposits  flocculi  of 
rubiacic  acid.  1868  WATTS  Diet.  Client,  s.v.,  Rubiacic 
acid,  an  acid  produced . .  by  boiling  rubiacin . .  with  ferric 
nitrate  or  chloride. 

Rubiacin  (nrbiasin).  Chem.  Also  -ine.  [f. 
L.  rubia  + -(c)in :  named  by  E.  Schunck  {Ann. 
Chemie  LXVI.  176).]  A  yellow  colouring  matter 
obtained  from  madder-root. 

1848^.  HIGGIN  in  Phil.  Mag.  XXXIII.  284  When  heated, 
rubiacme  fuses,  blackens,  and  gives  off  orange  vapours. 
1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  s.v.,  Rubiacin  is  found  partly  in 
the  precipitate  produced  by  acids  in  the  decoction  of  mad- 
der,  partly  in  the  residue  left  after  exhausting  the  root  with 
water. 

Rubian  (rtt'bian).  Chem.  [f.  L.  rubia  +  -AN  : 
named  by  E.  Schunck  (cf.  prec.).]  The  bitter 
principle  of  madder-root. 

1851  SCHUNCK  in  Phil.  Tram.  CXLI.  436  The  intensely 
bitter  taste  of  madder  and  its  extracts  is  due  to  a  peculiar 
substance,  to  which  I  have  given  the  name  of  Rubian.  1868 
WATTS  Diet.  Chem.,  Rubian  is  a  hard,  dry,  brittle,  perfectly 
amorphous  mass,  resembling  dried  varnish  or  gum-arabic. 

Hence  Bnbia-nic  a. ;  Btrbianin(e.  (See  quots.) 

1851  SCHUNCK  in  Phil.  Trans.  CXLI.  445  The  orange, 
coloured  flocks.,  now  consist  of  four  different  substances. .; 
the  fourth  substance  I  shall  denominate  Rubianine.  1868 
WATTS  Diet. Chem.,  Rubianin,*  body  obtained.,  by  boiling 
aqueous  rubian ..  with  dilute  sulphuric  acid.  Ibid.,  Rubianic 
acid,..yj\  acid,  produced.. by  the  oxidation  of  rubian  in 
contact  with  alkalis. 

Ru'biate.  rare.  [f.  L.  mbia  madder  +  -ATE1.] 
(See  quots.) 

1835  FIELD  Chromatogr.  97  Rubric,  or  Madder  Lakes.., 
have  obtained . .  the  various  names  of  rose  rubiates,  rose 
madder,  pink  madder,  and  Field's  lakes.  Ibid.  98  Liquid 
rubiate.  .is  a  concentrated  tincture  of  madder. 

t  Rubiator.  Sc.  Obs.  In  6  rube-,  rubi-, 
rubyatour ;  rubiature.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
An  unprincipled  person  ;  a  scoundrel  or  villain. 

1500-20  Dl'NBAR  Poems  xiv.  44  Sa  mony  tratouris,  sa 
mony  rubeatouris,  Within  this  land  was  nevir  hard  nor 
sene.  1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  4254  Tak  me  an  rackles 
rubyatour,  Ane  theif,  ane  tyrane,  or  ane  tratour,  Of  everie 
vyce  the  plant.  1583  Leg.  Bf.  St.  Amirois  147  For  laik  of 
rowme,  that  rubiature  Bespewit  vp  the  moderator. 

Rubible,  variant  of  RIBIBLE  Obs. 

fRu-bican,  a.  Obs.  [a.  F.  rttbican,  earlier 
raii fan.]  (See  quot.) 

1704  Diet. Rust.  s.v.  Coloursof  aHorse,Rnbican,  is  when 
a  Black  or  Sorrel-Horse  has  white  Hairs  here  and  there 
scatter'd  over  his  Body,  more  especially  upon  his  Flanks. 
[Also  in  various  other  diets,  of  the  i8th  cent.,  but  app.  never 
in  actual  English  use.} 

Rubicelle  (nrbisel).  Also  7  rubaoel,  8 
-oelle ;  8-9  rubieel(l.  [a.  F.  rtibifelle,  mba- 
celle,  ,tpp.  a  dim.  of  mbis  ruby,  or  of  rubace  in  the 
same  sense.]  A  variety  of  spinel,  of  a  yellow  or 
orange-red  colour. 


RUBICON. 

1671  PHILLIPS,  Rulace,  and  Rubacel^  the  name  of  a  pre- 
tious  stone  that  hath  usually  a  kind  of  yellowish  colour 
about  the  extremities  of  it.  1748  J.  HILL  Hist.  Fossils  590 
They  also  know  two  other  Stones  under  the  same  general 
mime  of  Rubies,  calling  them  the  Rock  Ruby  and  the 
Rubacelle ;  but  these  are  not  of  the  Ruby  kind.  1802 
\VILLICH  Dom.  Encycl.  III.  512/1  The  rubicell  is  of  a  red 
dish-yellow,  and  is.. obtained  from  the  Brazils.  1856  DANA 
Min.  (ed.  3)  130  Jewellers.. call  the  paler  ones,  balas  ruby; 
and  those  which  incline  to  an  orange  tint,  they  denominate 
rubicelle.  1897  Edin.  Rev.  Oct.  342  Several  other  colours 
are  distinguished,  as  for  instance  the  rubicelle. 

Rubicon  (r/7'bik^n),  sb.  [The  ancient  name 
of  a  small  stream  on  the  east  coast  of  northern 
Italy,  forming  part  of  the  southern  boundary  of 
Cisalpine  Gaul ;  the  crossing  of  it  by  Crcsar 
marked  the  beginning  of  the  war  with  Pompey.] 

1.  To  cross  or  pass  the  Rubicon^  to  take  a  de 
cisive  or  final  step,  esp.  at  the   outset   of  some 
undertaking  or  enterprise. 

.1626  J.  MEAD  in  Birch  Crt.  $  Times  Chas.  I  (1848)  I.  180 
Queen  Dido  did  never  more  importune  /Kneas's  stay  at 
Carthage,  than  his  mother  and  sister  do  his  continuance 
here  at  London. . .  But  now  he  is  past  the  Rubicon.  1643 
J.  OWEN  Death  of  Death  Wks.  1852  X.  150  The  die  being 
cast  and  Rubicon  crossed.  1672  DRYDKN  Cong,  Granada. 
i.  in,  This  noyse  may  chill  your  Blood,  but  mine  it  warms: 
We  have  aheady  past  the  Rubicon.  1722  DE  FOK  Col. 
Jack  (1840)  21^  Giving  her  to  understand.. that  she  had 
passed  the  Rubicon ;  that  she  had  taken  such  a  step  of  her 
own  accord.  1771  Jnnius  Lett.  liv.  (1788)  301  note,  The 
very  soliloquy  of  Lord  Suffolk  before  he  passed  the  Rubicon. 
1827 SCOTT  Napoleon  IV. 21  [Bonaparte]  would,.. like  Csesar, 
have  crossed  the  Rubicon  at  the  head  of  the  popular  party. 
1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  vii,  A  pause— in  which  I  began  to 
steady  the  palsy  of  my  nerves,  and  to  feel  that  the  rubicon 
was  passed. 

b.  attrib.  in  f  Rubicon  die  (alluding  to  Caesar's 
words  aleajacta  es£)* 

a  i6z8  F.  GREVIL  Life  Sidney  (1907)  113  [He]  rather 
thought  good  to  venture  upon  the  cast  of  a  Rubicon  Dy. 

2.  A  boundary,  bounding  line,  or  limit,  in  lit.  or 
fig.  senses. 

1600  CROWNE  Eng.  Friar  v.  Dram.  Wks.  1874  IV.  101 
I'll  be  hanged  if  this  fellow  got  me.  Some  Caesar  pass'd 
my  mother's  Rubicon  ;  wou'd  I  had  his  commentaries.  1711 
in  iof/1  Rep.  Hist.  MSS. Coinin.  App.V.  132 The bancksof  the 
Boyn. .,  the  ould  Rubicon  of  the  Pale.  1738  DE  FOE  Tour 
Ct.  Brit.  (ed.  2)  III.  10  Having  thus  passed  the  Rubicon 
(Trent)  and  set  my  I1  ace  Northward.  1829  SYD.  SMITH 
Wks.  (1855)  *  '•  a9/a  ^ne  moment  tne  punishment  passes  this 
Rubicon,  it  becomes  less  and  less,  instead  of  greater  and 
greater.  1862  Miss  BRADDON  Lady  Audley  xxvi,  He  was 
behindhand  in  his  education,  and  had  not  yet  passed  the 
intellectual  Rubicon  of  words  of  two  syllables.  1895  Bos- 
CAWEN  Bible  <$•  Monuments  (1896)  112  The  Deluge  formed 
the  rubicon  between  the  mythic  period  and  the  heroic  and 
polyarchal  age. 

3.  attrib.  Applied  to  a  variety  of  bezique. 

1887  '  CAVENDISH  '  (title),  The  Laws  of  Rubicon  Bezique. 
1890  BERKELEY  Bezique  ff  Cribbage  4  The  game  came 
much  into  vogue  in  France,  under  the  name  of  Japanese  or 
Rubicon  Bezique. 

Hence  Ru'bicon  v.  (see  quot.  1890). 

1890  BERKELEY  Bezique  $•  Cribbage  10  If  the  loser's  score, 
with  his  brisques,  is  less  than  1,000,  he  is  said  to  be  rubi- 
coned.  1897  R.  F.  FOSTER  Complete  HoyU  623  Rubiconed, 
lurched,  defeated  before  getting  half  way. 

Rubicund  (n7'bikz7nd),  a.    Also  6  rubicond, 
-cound,  rubycund.     [a.  F.  rubicond  ( =  It.  rubi- 
Sp.  and  Pg.  rubicundd]^  or  ad.   L.  rnbi~ 
Sy  f.  rubere  to  be  red.] 

tl.  Of  things:  Inclined  to  redness;  tending 
towards  a  red  colour ;  red.  Obs. 

1503  HA  WES  Examp.  Virt.  in.  xxxvii,  Rubyes  moost  pure 
and  rubtcound.  1509  —  Past.  Pleas,  xxvn.  (Percy  Soc.) 
127  Broudred  with  perles  and  rubies  rubicond.  1590  BAR- 
ROUGH  Meth.  Physick  in.  xxxvii.  (1596)  162  The  inflamma 
tion  waxeth  worse,  it  [the  urine]  is  more  rubicund.  1669  W. 
SIMPSON  Hydrol,  Chytn.  6^  The  chyle.. meeting  with  the 
blood  Is  dasht  with  a  rubicund  colour.  1671  J.  WEBSTER 
Metallogr.  xxv.  309  Of  pure  Minium,  or  native  Cinnober  he 
had  two  sorts ;  one  rubicund,  like  the  crude  Ore  of  red  silver. 

2.  Of  the  face,  etc. :  Reddish,  flushed,  highly 
coloured,  esp.  as  the  result  of  good  living. 

1696  PHILLIPS,  Rubicund^  Blood-red.  Said  of  a  jolly  red 
countenance  coloured  with  Wine.  1766  SMOLLETT  Trav.  ii. 
12  A  sleepy  eye,  a  rubicund  face,  and  carbuncled  nose.  1798 
HELEN  M.  WILLIAMS  Tour  Switzerland  I.  195  It  was  evi 
dent  from  their  rubicund  faces  and  sparkling  looks.  1807 
DOUCE  lllitstr.  Skaks,  I.  58  FalstafT  alludes  to  Pistol's  rubi 
cund  nose,  which,  .carried  fire  in  it.  1835  WILLIS  Pencil' 
lings  II.  li.  100,  I  found  that  my  rubicund  complexion  was 
something  uncommon  among  these  dark-skinned  Orientals. 
1867  MKS.  CHILD  Miria  xxvi.  317  His  face,  usually  rubicund 
. .,  became  redder. 

b.  Of  persons  :  Having  a  complexion  of  this 
kind  ;  red-faced  (with  good  living). 

1827  LYTTON  Pelhant  vii,  The  attics.. were  thronged  with 
rubicund  damsels.  1886  RUSKIN  Prxterita  (1887)  II.  60  One 
was  a  rather  short,  rubicund,  serenely  beaming  person. 

transf,  1880  Miss  BRADDON  Just  as  I  ant  xv,  A  room  as 
portly,  rubicund,  and  pompous  as  its  owner. 

Hence  Rirbicundly  adr. 

1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhouer"s  Bk.  Pkysicke  187/1  Decode  it 
agayne  till  such  time  as  it  wexeth  rubicundlye  colourede. 

Rubicuiidity  (rwbikzrnditi).  [f.  prec.  +  -ITY, 
or  ad.  med.L.  rubicnnditas.]  The  state  of  being 
rubicund  ;  redness  (of  face)  from  good  living. 

1599  A,  M.  tr.  Gabelkoner's  Bk.  Physicke  48/1  It  expel- 
leth  all  rubicundity,  and  dolour  of  the  Eyes.  1717  BAILEY 
vol.  II.  1765  H.  WALPOLE  Let.  to  G.  Montagu  19  Feb.  (1846) 


859 

V.  i,  I  do  not  wish  you  to  parade  your  rubicundity  and 
grey  hairs  through  the  mobs  and  assemblies  of  London. 
1786  Francis  the  Philanthropist  I.  61  Her  rotundity  of 
figure  and  rubicundity  of  countenance.  1831  MACAULAY 
7  June  in  Trevelyan  Life,  His  rector-like  amplitude  and 
rubicundity.  1882  J.  HAWTHORNE ^r/.  Fool.  i.  v,  An  extra 
ordinary  change  had  come  over  his  countenance.  Its  rubi 
cundity  was  gone. 

transf.  1844  Blackw.  Mag;  LV.  500  The  stair  carpet  also 
added  its  contribution  to  the  rubicundity  of  the  scene. 

tRubicu-ndous,  a.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  rubiamdus.] 
'Very  red  or  ruddy,  blood  red'  (Blount,  1656). 

Ru'bid,  a.     [ad.  L.  rubid-us.]    (See  quots.) 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossog-r.^  Rubid,  reddish,  somewhat  red  or 
ruddy.  1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  Rubidus,  that  which  is 
reddish,  or  approaching  a  red  colour:  rubid. 

Rubidine  (n7-bid3in).  Chem.  [f.  L.  rubid-ns 
red  -(--INK.] 

1.  A  compound  belonging  to  the  pyridine  series. 
1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  s.v.,  Rubidine.. is  a  colourless 

liquid,  having  a  faint  odour  and  oily  consistence.  1875  Ibid. 
Suppl.  2  Rubidine.  .has  been  detected  in  tobacco-smoke. 

2.  *  A  red    crystalline   compound    forming    the 
colouring-matter  of  melons,  etc.' 

1895  Funk's  Stand.  Diet,  s.v. 

II  Rubidium  (r«bi-di£m).  [f.  L.  rubid-ns  red, 
in  allusion  to  the  two  red  lines  in  its  spectrum  : 
named  by  Bunsen.]  A  soft  silvery-coloured  metal 
belonging  to  the  group  which  includes  civsium, 
lithium,  potassium,  and  sodium. 

1862  TIMBS  Year.bk.  of  Facts  188  Caesium  and  Rubidium. 
1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  s.v.,  Rubidium  is  a  white  metal, 
with  a  tinge  of  yellow,  and  a  silvery  lustre.    1885  GOODALE 
Physiol.  Bot.  256  Caesium  and  Rubidium  have  been  detected    i 
by  the  spectroscope  in  minute  amounts  in  many  plants. 

Rubied  (r/rbid),  a,  [f.  RUBY  sb.  +  -EU2.] 
Coloured  like  a  ruby ;  ruby-tinged. 

1608  SHAKS.  Per.  v.  Pro!.  8  Euen  her  art  sisters  the  natural! 
Roses;  Her  Inckle,  Silke,  Twine  with  the  rubied  Cherrie. 
1634  MILTON  Counts  q\$  Thrice  upon  thy  lingers  tip,  Thrice 
upon  thy  rubied  lip.  1667  —  P.  L.  v.  633  Tables  are  set, . .  and 
rubied  Nectar  (lows.  1775  S.  J.  PRATT  Liberal  Oj>in.  cix. 
(1783)  IV.  38  Complexions  clear,  eyes  brilliant,  lips  rubied. 
c  1817  HOGG  Talcs  <$•  S&.  II.  231  The  rubied  west  lost  Its 
dyes.  1856  RUSKIN  Mod.  Paint.  IV.  v,  A  pp.  iii,  Take  your 
vase  of  Venice  glass..,  and  recover  that  to  its  clearness  and 
rubied  glory. 

Rubi'ferous,  a.  rare-1,  [irreg.  f.  L.  rubi- 
(cf.  next)  +  -FERGUS.]  Rubicund. 

1841  J.T.  HEWLKTT/\«I>A  Clerk  II.  168  Mrs.  Bibulus,  the 
respectable  and  rubiferous  landlady. 

t  Rubi'fic,  a.  Obs—'1-  [ad.  L.  type  *mbijic-us  : 
cf.  next.]  Causing  redness. 

1701  GREW  Cosmo?.  Sacra  n.  ii.  §  14  The  several  Species 
of  Rays,  as  the  Rubifick,  Cerulifick,  and  others. 

t  Rubi'ficate,  a.  Obs.  [ad.  pa.  pple.  of  med.L. 
*rubificare\  see  RUBIFY  z'.J  Heated  to  redness. 

1471  Rn-LEY  Cowp.  Alch.v.  iv.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  149  To 
powder  dry  unprofytably  Rubyfycate. 

t  Rubifica'tion.  Obs.  [See  prec.  and  -ATION.] 

1.  The  process  of  heating  to  redness. 

1592  LYLY  Gallathea  n.  iii,  It  is  a  very  secrete  Science,  for 
none  almost  can  vnderstand  the  language  of  it.  Sublima 
tion,  Almigation,.  .Rubification  [etc.].  1645  HOWELL  Lett. 
II.  55  To  pass  all  the  degrees  and  effects  of  fire — as  distilla 
tion,  ..dealbation,  rubification,  and  fixation, 

2.  =  RUBEFACTION  I. 

1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  fy  Min.  273  Soranus  used  them 
with  alcyonium, . .  after  shaving  and  rubification. 

t  Rubificative,  a.  and  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [See 
prec.  and  -ATIVE.]  a.  cuij.  Reddening,  rubifying, 
rubefacient.  b.  sb.  A  rubefacient  application. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  xxix.  vi.  II.  364  A  sinapisme  or  rubi-    ' 
ficative  made  of  mustard  seed,  untill  the  place  look  red. 
Ibid.  II,  Rubified,,  .when  by  application  of  mustard  piastres, 
..it   recouereth   a  fresh   colour   againe,   whereupon   such 
piastres  be  called  Rubificatiue. 

Rubiform  (Johnson,  etc.),  error  for RUBRIFOBM. 

Rubify  (r/?bifai),  v.  Also  a.  5-6rubyfy(e,  6 
-fie.  &.  5  rubefy,  $-6  -fie.  [a.  OF.  rte&i/ier,  rube- 
far  (mod.F.  rubJ/ier\  =  Sp.  and  Pg.  rubificar, 
It.  and  med.L.  riibijicare^  a  Romanic  form  replac 
ing  L.  rube/octre^  f.  rube-us  red :  see  -FY.]  trans. 
To  make  red;  to  redden.  Now  rare. 

a.  6-1386  [see  below],    c  1430  LVDG.  St.  Thomas  i  Blissed 
Thomas  rubyfyed  with  blood,     1471  RIPLEY  Coiitfl.  Alch. 
in  Ashm.  (1652)  188  After  thou  rubify  and  into  Glassys  let 
hyiu  be  don.     1530  PALSGR.  695/1,  I  rubyfye,  I  make  reed, 
jeschaufeiQXi&jti  rubi  fie.     This  terme  is  nat  yet  admytted 
in  comen  spetche.     1576  BAKER  Jewell  of  Health  215  Let    i 
all  be  calcined  until  the  whole  be  come  unto  a  rednesse,    1 
and  being  thus  rubified,  let  all  be  brought  into  a  fine  pow.    > 
der.     1620  V  EN  NEK  Via  Recta  Introd.    2   It   maketh  the 
colour  yellow,  because  it  corrupteth  the  bloud  which  rubi- 
fieth  the  colour.     1683  MOXON  Mcch,  Excrc.*  Printing  xi.    I 
P  23  The  Varnish . .  so  Burns  and  Rubifies  the  Blacking,  that 
it  loses  much  of  its  brisk  and  vivid  black  complexion.    17*8    j 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Rubifying^  Red  Arsenic  is  supposed  to    i 
be  no  more  than  the  common  yellow  Arsenick  rubified  by 
Fire.     1831  J.  DAVIES  Afat.  Med.  159  This  oil  may  be  used 
likewise  to  rubify  the  skin. 

/3.  c  1480  St.  Ursula  A  viij,  The  bankes  with  blode  were 
rubefyed  all  a  longe.  i6ao  VENNER  Via  Recta  vi.  94  It  is. . 
much  the  better  for  the  stomacke..,  if  it  be  rubefied,  by 
macerating  the  leaues  of  red  Roses  in  it.  1658  A,  Fox 
Warts'  Surf.  iv.  ii.  312  Calcine  it  to  a  red  colour:  being 
thus  rubefied,  then  pulverise  it. 

Hence  Bu'bified  ///.  a. ;  Bu'bifying  vbL  sb. 
and  ///.  a. 


RUBRIC. 

£1386  CHAUCER  Can.  Yeont.  Prol.  ty  T.  Preamble  797 
Watres  rubifying,  and  Holes  galle,  Arsenyk,  sal  Armonyak, 
and  Brymstoon.  1622  MASSINGKK  S:  DKKKKK  I'irg.  Martyr 
n.  i,  The  arniado  of  pimpled,  deep-scarleted,  rubified,  and 
carbuncled  faces.  1646  SIR  T.  BROWNK  Pseud.  Ep.  in.  iii, 
Their  dung  and  intestinal!  excretions.  .Topically  applyed 
become  a  Phjcnigmusor  Rubifying  medicine.  1658  FKANCK 
Northern  Memoirs  (1821)  242  Over  whose  rubified  sands 
we  must  plough  the  ocean  to  those  delectable  flourishing 
ports.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cyd.^  Rubifying,  in  Chymistry,  etc. 
the  act  of  turning  a  thing  Red  by  Force  of  Fire. 

Rubiginose  (n^bi-d^in^s),  a.  [See  next  and 
-OSE.J  Rubiginous;  spec,  in  Bot.  (see  quot.  1866). 

1717  BAILEY  vol. II,  J?«d/j7M£fff,  rusty.  \WATrcas.Bot.  995 
Rubiginose^  brown-red  ;  a  term  usually  employed  to  denote 
a  surface  whose  peculiar  colour  is  owing  to  glandular  hairs. 

Rubiginous  (rwbi'dginas),  a.  [f.  L.  rnlu^in-, 
rftbigo  rust,  blight  +  -ous.  The  variant  robiginous 
is  given  by  Blount  (1656).] 

1.   Rusty,  rust -coloured,  ferruginous. 

1671  J.  WEBSTER  Metallogr.  xvii,  246  Here  and  theru 
portions  of  rubiginous  iron.  1785  MAKIYN  Rousseau's  Hot. 
xxi.  (1794)  293  Sweet-Briar  has.. the  leaves  rubiginous  or 
rusty  underneath.  1800  HUKDIS  Fav.  Village  64  The  hue 
rubiginous  of  fast  decline.  1871  COOKK  Hdbk,  Fungi  I.  318 
PileuserTuso-reflexed,. .velvety,  rubiginous. 
b.  In  specific  names  of  birds,  etc. 

1809  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  VII.  i.  170  Rubiginous  Falcon, 
Falco  rul'iginosus.  Ibid.  \\.  313  Rubiginous  Shrike,  Lanius 
rabiginosus.  1881  Proc.  Zool.  Sec.  818  A  specimen  of  the 
Rubiginous  Cat  (Fclis  rnbiginosa]  from  Ceylon. 

f  2.  Of  plants  :  Affected  by  rust  or  blight.   Obs. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.^  Rubiginous,  foule,  musty,  blasted. 
f  Rubi'giny.   Obs~l    [ad.  L.  nlbigin-t  riibigo  : 

see  prec.]     Rustiness. 

1657  TOMLINSOX  Renous  Di$f>.  224  It  effects  nigritude, 
mobility  and  rubiglny  of  ttiem  [sc.  the  teeth]. 

fRU'bigO.  Obs~l  [?  Misuse  of  L.  rftbigo.] 
The  virile  member. 

1583  Leg.  lip.  Sf.  Androis  404  Fra  scho  had  sayned  it 
tuyss  or  tnrise,  His  rubigo  began  to  ryiss. 

Ru'binate.    Chem.    [f.  RUBIN-IC  +  -ATE.]    A 

salt  formed  by  the  action  of  rubinic  acid. 

1838  T,  THOMSON  Chetn.  Org.  Bodies  118  Rubinate  of 
potash  thus  obtained,  throws  down  the  earthy  and  metallic 
salts  of  a  red  colour.  1868  WATTS  Diet.  C//tv//.  s.v.  Rubinic 
acid,  The  rubinates  are  red  and  slightly  soluble:  their 
solutions  blacken  during  evaporation. 

t  Ru'bine.  Obs.  Also  6  rubin.  [var.  of  RCBY, 
corresponding  to  OF,  and  Sp.  rubin  (Pg.  ntbim}, 
It.  ntbinO)  med.L.  rtibimis ;  also  MUG.  rubin 
(G.  ru/wi),  MSw.  robin  (S\v.  and  Da.  ru&in), 
MDu.  rnbijnt  robijn  (Du.  robijn}.]  A  ruby. 

c  1511  ist  Eng.  Bk.  Aitter,  (Arb.)  Introd.  34/1  Precyous 
stones.  As..Dyamant,  Topasius,  Carbonkel,  Rubin.  1553 
KUKN  Treat.  Neiu  Ind.  (Arb.)  20  At  the  rootes  wherof 
are  found  Rubines,  Hiacinthes,.  .and  suche  other  precious 
stones.  1590  Si'ENSER  F.  Q.  \\.  iii.  24  Twixt  the  perles  and 
rubins  softly  brake  A  silver  sound.  1651  FRKNCH  Distill. 
vi.  186  It  will  be  like  to  an  orientall  Rubine.  1691  RAV 
Creation  i.  (1692)  81  The  Carbuncle  or  Rubine  shining 
with  red,  the  Sapphire  with  blue. 

attrib.  1576  BAKER  y<nvell  of  Health  142  The  oyle  will 
become  of  a  Rubine  colour.  1617  T.  CAMPION  Wks.  (Bullen) 
83  Her  rubine  lips,  when  they  their  pearl  unlock  [etc,]. 
1651  FRENCH  Distill,  v.  169  Five  or  six  graines  thereof  give 
..a  most  incomparable  rubine  colour. 
b.  A  ruby  colour. 

c  i7ooinDampier  Voy.  (1729)  III.  405  The  Head  and  Throat 
being  of  an  admirable  Rubine  surpassing  Description. 

Hence  RuM'neous  a.    rare ~°. 

1826  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  IV.  xlvi.  283  Ruvincoust  the 
red  splendour  of  the  ruby. 

(i«bi*nik),  a.  Chem.  [ad.  F.  nt- 
j  f.  rubine,  a  red  metallic  preparation.] 
Rubinic  acid,  an  acid  formed  by  the  action  of 
alkalies  upon  catechin. 

1838  T.  THOMSON  Client.  Org.  Bodies  1 18  The  evaporation, 
when  we  wish  to  obtain  rubinic  acid,  must  be  spontaneous. 
1850  Foivnes'  C/tein.  (ed.  3)  468  Rubinic  acid.. is  said  to 
form  red  insoluble  compounds  with  the  earths  and  certain 
oxides  of  the  metals.  1871  GARKOD  Mat.  Mfd.  (ed.  3)  257 
Catechin.  .Is  converted  by  the  action  of  alkalies  and  their 
carbonates  into  Japonic  and  Rubinic  acids. 

Rubious  (r$*biat),  a.  [f.  RUBY  sb.  +  -oua.] 
Ruby-coloured. 

1601  SHAKS.  TVw/.  N.  i.  iv.  32  Dianas  Up  Is  not  more 
smooth,  and  rubious.  i8i<j  KEATS  Otho  the  Great  iv.  ii, 
Pout  her  faint  lips  anew  with  rubious  health.  1837  Blackw. 
Mag.  XLII.  550  When  the  two  Roses,  in  one  blos.som  met, 
Twined  with  the  Thistle's  rubious  coronet.  1885  MEREDITH 
Diana  xiv,  Romantic  accessories  of  rubious  vapour. 

Comb.  i8ao  KEATS  Lamia  i.  163  She  was  undrest  Of  all 
her  sapphires,  greens,  and  amethyst,  And  rubious-argent. 

Ruble,  variant  of  ROUBLE  ;  obs.  f.  RUBBLE. 

II  Rubor  (r/rboj).  Also  6  rubour.  [L.  ntbort 
related  to  ruber  red.]  Redness,  ruddiness. 

1636  BLOUNT  Gtossogr.^  Ritbort  shamefac'dness,  redness, 
blushing.  1657  TOMLINSON  Renou^s  Disfi.  202  The  Sinap 
ism  .  .should  be  often  looked  at,  to  see  if  it  have  contracted 
rubour  enough  by  its  admotion.  <i  1734  NORTH  Exatnett 
HI.  vii.  §  78  (1740)  563  Mr.  Justice  Jones,.. when  much 
offended,  often  shewed  his  Heats  in  a  Rubor  of  his  Coun 
tenance.  1794  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  I.  87  He  is  obliged 
to  drink  three  bottles  of  claret  a  day  in  order  to  acquire  a 
stationary  rubor.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  995/1  Rubor ^  redness 
of  any  sort.  1886  FAGGE  Princ.  <y  Pract.  Med.  I.  57 
Haemorrhages  also  play  an  important  part  in  the  produc 
tion  of  rubor. 

Rubric  (r«'brik),  sb.  and  a.  Forms :  4  robryk, 
4-5  rubryke,  5,  7  rubrike,  7  rubrique  ;  6-7 

108-2 


RUBRIC. 

rubricke,  7-9  rubrick,  7-  rubric.  See  also 
RUBBISH  sb.  [ad.  F.  rubrique  or  L.  rubrica,  f. 
ruber  red.  Cf.  It.,  Sp.,  Pg.  rubrica\  G.,  Da., 
Sw.  rubrik,  Du.  rubrick.  In  senses  2  and  3  the 
usual  form  before  the  i6-i;th  cent,  was  RUBKISH.] 
I.  1.  Red  earth,  red  ochre,  ruddle.  Now  arch. 

f  1440  Pallad.  on  Husb.  iv.  51 2  Aysel  and  askis  tempred 
with  rubrike  Ykest  on  hem  sleeth  doun  this  auntis  alle. 
1558  \f\KD&  Alexis* Seer.  \.  118  Mingle  it  with-.xiiii  or  xvi 
carattes  at  the  most  of  Rubricke,  or  sparkes  of  copper.  1607 
TOPSELL  Fonr-f.  Beasts  (1658)  104  This  marrow  [of  a  hart], 
.  .in  sheeps  milk,  with  rubrick  and  soft  pitch,  drunk  every 
day,..helpeth  the  ptisick  and  obstructions.  1651  J. FRENCH 
Yorkshire  S^a  v.  53  Rubrick,  or  a  certain  red  earth  (for  so 
sometimes  it  signifies).  1677  PLOT  Oxfordsli.  56  As  if  it 
were  now  m  the  transmutation,  .first  into  Rubrick,  or 
Ruddle,  and  thence  at  last  into.. black  chalk.  i868BnowN- 
JNG  Ring  <V  Bk.  ii.  767  Once  a  dwelling's  doorpost  marked 
and  crossed  In  rubric  by  the  enemy  on  his  rounds  As 
eligible,  as  fit  place  of  prey. 

t  b.    A   red    preparation    for   heightening  the 
complexion.    Obs."1- 

1650  BULWER  Antkropomct,  156  Now  they  have  too  little 
colour,  then  Spanish-paper,  Red-Leather  and  other  Cos- 
metical  Rubriques  must  be  had. 

2.  A  heading  of  a   chapter,   section,  or   other 
division  of  a  book,  written  or  printed  in  red,  or 
otherwise  distinguished  in  lettering;  a  particular 
passage  or  sentence  so  marked. 

c  1450  St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  1317  Of  bis  chapiter  J>e  sext, 
In  be  rubryke  is  be  text,  How  bosilus  bare  witnes  [etc.]. 

1658  PHILLIPS,  Rubrick,..^  noted  sentence  of  any  book 
marked  with  red  Letters.  1778  T.  WARTON  Hist.  ting. 
Pot-try  xix.  II.  9  Then  follows  a  rubric  '  How  Aristotile 
declareth  to  kynge  Alysandre  of  the  stonys  '.  Ibid.  22  He 
mentions  Dante  only,  who  in  the  rubric  is  called  *  a  certain 
poet  of  Italy  named  Dante  *.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  vii,  The 
rubrick,  with  an  emphatic  nota  bene.  1885  Manck.  Exam. 
i^Jan.  s/i  The  event  is  so  unusual  that  it  deserves  to  be 
printed  as  a  rubric  in  the  official  report. 

transf.  1655  tr.  SoreFs  Com.  Hist.  Francion  x.  30,  I  have 
indeavoured  to  make  him  abandon  ..those  scattered  Latin 
Rubricks,  with  which  he  always  intermingles  his  discourse. 

fig.  1838  LONOK.  in  Life(iBgi)  I.  308  Autumn  has  written 
his  rubric  on  the  illuminated  leaves. 

b.  transf.  A  descriptive  heading  or  title ;  a 
designation,  category,  rare. 

1831  CARLYLE  Sart.  Res.  iv,  Many  sections  are  of  a  debat 
able  rubric,  or  even  quite  nondescript  and  unnameable. 
1887  STEVENSON  Misadv.  J.  Nicholson  i,  Colette's  was  not 
a  hell;  it  could  not  come.. under  the  rubric  of  a  gilded 
saloon. 

3.  A  direction  for  the  conduct  of  divine  service 
inserted  in  liturgical  books,  and  properly  written 
or  printed  in  red. 

_  £1375  L<*y  Folks  Mass  Bk,  624  po  robryk  [v.r,  rubryke] 
is  gode  vm  while  to  loke,  po  praiers  to  con  with-outen  boke. 

1583  FOXE  A.  «y  A/.  1398  The  whole  Canon  of  the  Masse, 
with  the  Rubricke  thereof,  as  it  standcth  in  the  Masse- 
booke.  1641  MILTON  Ck,  Govt.  i.  v,  Ansel  me  also  of 
Canturbury.  .acknowledges  from  the  cleerenesse  of  the 
text,  what  lerome  and  the  Church  Rubrick  hath  before 
acknowledgM.  a  1699  STILLINGFL.  (J.),  They  had  their 
particular  prayers  according  to  the  several  days  and 
months;  and  their  tables  or  rubricks  to  instruct  them. 
1704  NELSON  Fest.  $  Fasts  ix.  (1730)  585  Our  holy  Mother 
..by  her  Rubricks  and  Canons.,  trains  us  up.  1746  WESLEY 
Princ.  Mtthodist  37  As  a  Minister,  I  teach  her  Doctrines. 
I  use  her  Offices.  I  conform  to  her  Rubricks.  1795  MASON 
Ch.  Music  ir.  157  These  Chaunts,  succeeding  one  another 
in  the  allotted  portions  of  the  Rubric  for  the  day.  1837 
SYD.  SMITH  Wks.  (1859)  II.  289/1  His  own  most  respectable 
Chaplain  . .  will  tell  him  that  the  prayers  are  strictly  adhered 
to,  according  to  the  rubric.  1879  T.  F.  SIMMONS  Lay  Folks 
Mass  Bk.  p.  Ixvii,  The  rubrics  are  in  a  smaller  character.., 
but  are  not  written  in  red,  being  only  underlined  in  red 
throughout. 

attrib.  1685  D.  GRANVILLE  Rent,  in  Surtees  Misc.  (1861) 
209  Meaning  by  that  expression,  that  his  lordship  would  in 
short  while  become  a  good  rubrick  man. 

Comb.  1699  T.  BAKER  Refl.  upon  Learning  207  That  it 
has  been  taken  from  such  a  Copy,  appears  from  the.. 
Lessons  inarkt  in  the  Margin  Rubrick-wise. 

Jig.  1605  SVLVUSTER  Du  Bartas  ir.  in.  Lawe  uiS  While 
.  .th'  Eternal!,  .him  i.faithfull)did  inform  In  a  new  Rubrick 
of  the  Rites  Divine.  1649  MILTON  Eikon.  xiii.  Wks.  1851 
III.  441  Was  it  not  he,  who. .with  his  Sword  went  about  to 
engraue  a  bloody  Rubric  on  thir  backs?  1699  FAKQUIAR 
Constant  Couple  I.  i,  Who  thought  to  find  you  out  of  the 
rubric  so  long?  I  thought  thy  hypocrisy  had  been  wedded 
to  a  pulpit-cushion  long  ago.  1780  COWI'KR  Progr.  Error 
185  Let  Comus  rise  archbishop  of  the  land  ;  Let  him  your 
rubric  and  your  feasts  prescribe. 

b.  The  rule  of  a  religious  order.    rare~l. 

1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  \.  yiii.  p  2  A  Dominican  friar, 
mounted,  contrary  to  the  rubric  of  those  pious  fathers,  on  a 
shabby  mule. 

4.  A  red-letter  entry  (of  a  saint's  name)  in  the 
Church    calendar ;    hence,   a   calendar   of  saints. 
Alsoyf^.  (quot.  1669)  and  attrib.   ?  Obs. 

a  1618  J.  DA  VIES  (Heref.)  Commend.  Poems  Wks.  (Grosart) 
II.  5/1  A  Chappell  and  a  Curate  for  the  same.. shall  make 
thy  Name  In  Rubricke  of  the  Saints  enrold  to  be.  1646-8 
'  G.  DANIEL  Poems  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  196  Wee  may.. place 
His,  as  the  cheif  State-Martir*s  Day,  Of  all  our  Rubricke. 
1669  HOPKINS  Sernt.t  r  Pet.  ii.  13  (1685)  n  St.  Jerome 
assigns  no  less  than  the  blood  of  five  thousand  martyrs  to 
every  day  in  the  year:  only  excepting  the  first  of  January 
from  so  deep  a  rubrick.  1754  H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  (1846)  III. 
85,  I  don't  know  whether  my  father  won't  become  a  rubric 
martyr,  for  having  been  persecuted  by  him. 

transf.  1611  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Sett.  Folly  Wks.  (Grosart) 
II.  53/1  Mars  or  Miner ua.  .so  do  shine  That  they  in  thee 
aie  glorious  for  thy  grace,  Which  in  Fames  rubrick  thus  I 


860 

enterline.  1671  MILTON  P.  /?.  iv.  393  For  no  date  prefixt 
Directs  me  in  the  Starry  Rubric  set.  1700  ASTRY  tr. 
Saavcdra-Faxardo  I.  239  How  oft  has  Bloodshed  been  a 
kind  of  Kubrick  inscribed  with  Injuries?  1813  J.  FORSYTH 
Kcm,  Exc.  Italy  282  votet  The  obscure,  queer,  filthy,  and 
obscene  gods  in  the  ancient  rubric. 

5.  The  title  or  heading  of  a  statute  or  section  of 
a  legal  code  (originally  written  in  red). 

1604  R.  CAWDKEY  Table  Alph.  (1613),  Rnbrike,  ..alawe,  or 
title.  1634  in  Row  Hist.  Kirk  (Wodrow  Sac.)  378  When 
this  Act  came  to  be  heard  in  open  Parliament,  his  Majestic 
gave  ordour  to  read  onlie  the  rubricks  of  it.  a  1661  HOLYDAY 
Juvenal  (1673)  263  The  law  (whose  titles  were  written  in 
red  letters,  and  thence  called  rubriques,  as  Persius  speaks). 
1726  AYLIFFE  Parergon  304  Then  we  should  have  no 
Occasion  for  particular  Rubricks  and  Titles  in  Law  to  dis 
tinguish  Proof  made  by  Witnesses  from  such  as  is  made  by 
Instruments.  1790  BURKS  fr.  Rev.  (1898)  22  Repeating  as 
from  a  rubric  the  language  of  the  preceding  acts  of  Elizabeth 
and  James.  1829  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  In  trod,  r  24  It  is  neither 
mentioned  in  the  title  nor  the  rubric  of  the  Act  of  Parlia- 
nienjL  1845  J.  T.  GRAVES  in  Encycl.  Metro}.  II.  780/1  The 
section  beginning  with  the  words  fratris  vero,  of  that  title 
in  the  Institutes  which  has  the  rubric  de  Nuptiis. 

6.  [After  Sp.  nibrica^\     (See  quot.) 

1881  IJ.  HAKTE  Story  of  Mine  vi,  The  Spanish  '  rubric  *  is 
the  complicated  flourish  attached  to  a  signature,  and  is  as 
individual  and  characteristic  as  the  handwriting. 
II.  attrib.  passing  into  adj. 

7.  Written  or  printed  in  red. 

CI47S  Cath.AngL  (Add.  MS.J  313/1  To  make  Rubrike, 
nibricare, 

1636  W.  DURHAM  in  Ann.  Dubrensia  (1877)  9  That  day 
which  to  posterity  shall  shine  In  Almanackes,  writ,  with  a 
Rubricke-line.  1648  J.  BEAUMONT  Psyche  xm.  ccxxxvi.  At 
least  that  Lesson  of  Compassion  they,  .might  have  plainly 
read,  Which  in  large  Rubrick  Letters  open  lay.  x68»  MRS. 
BBHN  City  Heiress  54  This  happy  day,  to  be  inroll'd  In 
Rubrick-letters  and  in  Gold.  1735  POPE  Prol.  Satires 
215  What  tho'  my  Name  stood  rubric  on  the  walls.  1781 
CRABBK  Library  188  Many  an  emendation  show'd  the  age 
Look'd  far  beyond  the  rubric  title-page.  1820  LAMB  Elia 
i.  Sauth-sca  Mouse,  Thy_  great  dead  tomes.. with  their., 
decorative  rubric  interlacings. 

fig.  1829  Sporting^ Mag.  XXIV.  49  The  Eelvoir  kennel., 
now  stands  rubrick  in  the  Sporting  World. 

fb.   Inscribed  with  the  titles  of  books.   Obs. 

1728  POPE  Dune.  i.  38  Here  springs  each  weekly  Muse, 
the  living  boast  Of  Curl's  chaste  press,  and  Lin  tot's  rubric 
post.  1746  FRANCIS  tr.  I/or.,  Sat.  i.  iv.  92  No  rubric  pillar 
sets  my  works  to  sale.  1755  Connoisseur  No.  86  ?  2,  I  was 
enabled  to  make  out.. the  titles  on  rubric-posts. 

8.  Red,  ruddy,  rubicund.     Now  arch. 

1659  W.  CHAMBERLAYNK  Pkarronida  in.  iv.  (1820)  II.  71 
And  now  I  see  her  blood's  low  water  doth  allow  Me  only 
time  to  launch  mysoul'sblack  bark  Into  death's  rubric  sea. 
1694  CROWNE  Regulus  i.  ii,  He  has  the  marks  of  a  jolly  rich 
priest,  a  rubrick  nose,  and  a  canonical  belly.  1866  J.  B. 
ROSE  tr.  Ovid's  Met.  35  Father  Titan  marked  the  rubric 
sky.  1867  —  tr.  VirgiCs  Mneid  348  Him  they  invest  With 
sword,  and  shield,  and  helm  of  rubric  crest, 
b.  As  an  epithet  of  certain  lake-colours. 

App.  by  error  for  *rttbict  from  Rnbia  madder. 

1833  FIELD  Chromatograpky  97  Rubric,  or  Madder  Lakes. 
These  pigments  are  of  various  colours.  1859  GULLICK  & 
TIMUS  Painting  292  The  colours  extracted,  called  rubric  or 
madder  lakes,,  .vary  in  tint  from  the  most  delicate  rose  to 
the  deepest  purple. 

Ru  brie,  v.  Now  rare.  Also  6-8  rubrick. 
[f.  the  sb.]  trans.  To  rubricate.  Chiefly^; 

1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stitjfe  Wks.  (Grosart)  V.  221  William 
the  Conquerour.  .firmed  and  rubrickt  the  Kentishmens 
gauill  kinde  of  the  sonne  to  inherite  at  fifteene.  1629  T. 
ADAMS  IVks.  941  He  [the  popej  is  toosawcie..,  Stretching 
his  arme  to  heauen,  in  rubricking  what  Saints  hee  list.  x68x 
RVCAUT  tr.  Gradates  Critick  236  That  Cavalier  who 
Rubricks  his  Executions  with  the  Bloud  he  hath  drawn  by 
the  instrument  of  Extortion  from  the  Poor. 

1883  Ck.  Times  20  April  383  Mediaeval  Mass  Rooks,  ru 
bricked  chiefly  with  respect  to  plain,  unsung  services. 

Rubrical  (rw-brikal),  a.  Also  7  rubricall. 
[f.  RUBRIC  sb,  +  -AL.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  colour  red.    rare"1. 

1641  MILTON  Animadv.  Wks.  1851  III.  240  You  thus  per 
secute  ingenuous  men  over  all  your  booke,  with  this  one 
over.tir'd  rubricall  conceit  still  of  blushing. 

2.  Marked  by  red  letters,   rare—1. 

1666  Let.  in  Harwood  Lichjicld  1806  442  The  j;th  Day 
of.  .January,  (a  day  ever  to  be  rubrical  amongst  our  City 
Remembrances). 

3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  liturgical  rubrics ;  con 
forming  to,  enjoined  by,  the  rubrics. 

a  1754  WARBURTON  Nature  .5-  End  Lord's  Supper  Wks. 
1788  V.  552  A  lifeless  rubrical  piety,  1781  WAKION  Hist, 
fcngm  Poetry  xxviii.  III.  184  As  the  singing-psalms  were 
never  a  part  of  our  liturgy,  no  rubrical  directions  are  any 
where  given  for  the  manner  of  performing  them.  1851 
RUSKIN  Stones  I'cn.  I.  App.  xiii.  377  The  want  of  evangel* 
ical,  and  the  excess  of  rubrical,  religion  among  the  tutors. 
1870  ROCK  Text.  Fabr.  \.  85  The  rubrical  colour  for  epis 
copal  mitres  is  white.  1881  R.  G.  WILBICRFOHCE  Life  Kp. 
H'ilberforce  II.  xiii.  437  How  far  clergymen  were  bound  to 
canonical  as  apart  from  rubrical  obedience. 

Hence  Rnbricality.  observance  of  rubrics. 

1848  KINGSLEY  Yeast  vi,  Among  high  art  and  painted 
glass,.. rubricalities,  and  sanitary  reforms. 

Bu'brically,  adv.  [f.  prcc.  +  -LY2.]  In  ac 
cordance  with  (liturgical)  rubrics. 

1696  COLLIER  Def.  Absolution  10,  I  hope  a  Form  is  better 
than  no  Form,  Especially  when  it  was  a  Form  Rubrically 
appointed.  1844  fcLctesiologist  III.  163  Morning  and  Kven- 
ing  Prayer  ought  rubrically  to  be  said  in  the  Chancel.  1883 
Times  3  Jan.  6  In  my  judgment,  it  is  rubrically  illegal  for 
a  clergyman  to  make  any  addition  of  his  own  to  the  notice 
of  Holy  Communion  required  by  the  rubric. 


pr 
let 


RUBRICIST. 

1      Rubricate  (r«'brik*it),  v.      ff.  L.  rubrical-, 

\    ppl.  stem  of  rubricdrc,  f.  rubrics,  RUBRIC  sb.} 

1.  trans.  To  mark  or  colour  with  red ;  to  write, 
print,  or  mark  in  red  letters. 

1570  FOXE  A.  $  M,  (ed.  2)  693  The  one  he  doth  rubricate, 
onely  with  his  read  letters,  the  other  hee  doth  rubricate 
i  with  their  owne  bloud.  1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2) 
1  goCurroone  rubricates  this  in  the  Kalendar  of  his  greatest 
dangers  and  deliverances.  1656  HLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Rubric 
ate,.. to  make,  or  colour  red  with  Oaker.  1849  ROCK  Ck. 
of  Fathers  1.96  Nine  crosses  are  rubricated,  .in  the  prayer 
*  Per  Queni  haec  otnnia*.  1872  O.  SHIFLEV  Gloss,  Reel. 
Terms  69  Those  days  which  are  not  rubricated  in  our 
Calendar.  1893  Athenaeum  12  May  624/2  A  singularly 
handsome  volume,  with  all  the  stage  directions  and  names 
of  characters  rubricated. 

b.  To  place  in  the  calendar  as  a  red-letter  saint. 

1570  YoxEA.fyM.  (ed.2)  693  Dunstanus,  who  was  rubric 
ated  with  a  duplex  fes turn.  1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav. 
(ed.  2)  33  St.  Francis  Shyyier  the  Navarrean  Jesuit,  who 
died  anno  1552..,  and  rubricated  by  Pope  Gregory  15. 

C.  To  furnish  with  rubrics  or  red-letter  head 
ings  ;  to  regulate  by  rubrics.     Also  transf. 

1846  J.  C.  HARE  Mission  of  Comforter  (1850)  212  A  for 
mal  .  .religion,  according  to  which  the  thoughts  of  men  were 
to  be  clast  and  rubricated  for  ever  after.  1892  STOPFORD 
JtxQOKXJZarjy&tf.  Lit.  II.  xiii.  3  The  MS.  of  the  Gospels 
in  the  Bodleian,  .is  rubricated. 

2.  intr.  To  sign  by  mark  instead  of  name. 
After  Sp.  rubricare  :  cf.  RUBRIC  sb.  6. 

1846  R.  FORD  Gatherings  from  Spain  (1907)  222  Although 
he  could  barely  write  his  name,  he  could  rubricate  as  well 
as  any  other  Spaniard  in  Command. 

Hence  Rubricating  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

1842  irds.  Churchwardens  (Cambr.  Camd.  Soc.)  I.  9  They 
should  be  painted  in  large  black  letters,  with  all  those 
letters  in  red  which  are  printed  in  capitals  in  the  Prayer 
Book:  this  is  called  rubricating.  1884  A thenxum  26  April 
542/1  Probably  the  real  artist.. of  the  Bayeux  tapestry  was 
one  of  the  rubricating  draughtsmen  whose  works  on  vellum 
greatly  resemble  it.  1897  Atlantic  Monthly  LXXIX.  131 
The  fancy  is  restricted  to  the  form,  the  cover,  the  borders, 
and  the  rubricating. 

t  Rubricate,  ppl><*»  Obs.  rare.  [ad.L.  rub- 
ricat-us,  pa.  pple.  of  rubrtcare  :  see  prec.]  =next. 

1604  R.  PARSONS  yd  Pt.  Three  Convers.  Eng.  180  The 
principal!  [martyrs]  are  there  rubricate,  sett  forth  in  redd 
letters,  a  1641  SPELMAN  Originat.  Terms  v.  ii.  (1684)  63 
Other  Festivals  I  enquire  not  after,  as  of  St.  Dunstan  and 
the  rest  that  stand  rubricate  in  old  Kal*ndars. 

Rubricated,  ppl.  a.  [f.  RUBRICATE  v.  +  -ED  i.] 
Marked  or  signalized  by  red  letters;  written  or 
printed  in  red  ;  provided  with  rubrics. 

1604  R.  PARSONS  $rd  Pt.  Three  Convers.  Eng.  408  This 
moneth  also  hath  no  rubricated  Saint  at  all  among  Fox  his 
Martyrs,  a  1641  BP.  MOUNTAGU^C^«S;  Man,  (1642)55  Many 
rubricated  and  double  feasted  Saints,  in  the  Romane  Calen 
dar.  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies^  Oxford  \\,  (1662)332,  I.. 
may  term  them  a  week  of  brethren,  whereof  this  Rubricated 
Cardinal  was  the  Dominical  letter.  1861  Sat,  Rev.  7  Dec. 
591/1  Adorned  with  elaborate  borders  and  a  rubricated  initial 
letter  to  each  psalm.  1864  RAINE  Priory  of  Hexham  (Sur- 
tee:»)  I.  Pref.  i.  p.  Iviii.  note.  In  the  rubricated  title  of  a  copy 
of  this  deed  I  have  seen  Hexham.  mentioned. 

Rubrica'tion.  [f.  RUBRICATE  z/.:  SCC-ATION.] 
The  action  or  result  of  rubricating. 

[1658 PHILLIPS,  A' ubrication,  a  making  red].  1880  Academy 
14  Aug.  no  An  e'dition  de  luxe  with  all  the  charms  of  black- 
letter  and  rubrication.  <  igooj.  E.  HODGKIN  Rariora  II. 
65  The  rubricator  has  added  in  the  space  at  the  end  of  the 
second  column  of  Fol.  6a  his  initials  and  the  date  of  rubri 
cation  1466. 

Rubricative  (Phillips,   1658) :    an  error  for 

RUBKIFICATIVE. 

Ku'bricator.  [Agent-noun,  on  L.  types,  f. 
RUBRICATE  v.  So  F.  rvMcattvr.]  One  charged 
with  the  execution  of  the  rubrics  in  manuscripts 
or  early  printed  books. 

1847  MADDEN  Layamon  I.  386  note,  The  rubricator  here 
and  below  has  omitted  to  insert  the  capital  letters,  for  which 
a  space  has  been  left.  1884  &KBA.t Gamtfam  Introd.  p.  xvi, 
The  rubricator  and  the  scribe  were  usually  different  people, 
and  we  constantly  find.,  that  the  rubricator  inserts  a  wrong 
capital  letter. 

Rubrice,  -ich(e :  see  RUBBISH. 

Rubrician  (r»bri-Jan).  [f.  RUBRIC  sb.  +  -IAN.] 
One  who  studies,  or  adheres  to,  liturgical  rubrics. 

1849  ROCK  Ch.  of  Fathers  I.  97  The  doubts  as  to  their 
exact  number  and  right  places  felt  by  such  scrupulous 
rubricians  as  St.  Boniface.  1861  —  in  Manning  Ess.  Relig. 
&  Lit.  Ser.  i.  (1865)  89  The  rubrician,  too,  will  not  over 
look  the  fact  [etc.].  1866  Clerical  Jrnl.  24  May  488/2  If 
Rubricians  are  allowed  to  do  what  is  right  in  their  own 
eyes,  why  should  not  all  other  parties  do  the  same? 

Rubricism  (nrbrisiz'm).  [f.  as  prec.  -t  -ISM.] 
Tendency  to  adhere  too  closely  to  liturgical  rubrics. 

1862  Macm.  Mag.  V.  203  Its  congregational  worship 
affected  no  revolutionary  Rubricism. 

Rubricist  (r«'brisist).     [f.  as  prec.  +  -1ST.] 

1.  One  (excessively)  devoted  to  the  observance 
of  liturgical  rubrics ;  one  who  adheres  strictly  to 
the  letter  of  the  rubric. 

1857  J.  HAMILTON  Less,  from  Gt.  Biogr.  195  The  stinted 
and  external  compliance  of  the  rubricist  and  rule-monger. 
i9oj  Pilot  7  June  600/2  He  was  the  despair  of  finicking 
rubricists. 

2.  nonce-use.  (See  quot.) 

i86z  BURTON  Book  Haunter  t.  59  Some  collectors  may 
be  styled  Rubricists,  being  influenced  by  a  sacred  rage  for 
books  having  the  contents  and  marginal  references  printed 
in  red  ink. 


BUBBICITY. 

3.   A  rubricator. 

1868  HINDE  in  Symion  of  Durham  (Surtees)  I.  Pref.  p. 
xiv,  It  induced  the  rubiicibt  to  ascribe  to  Symeon  the  matter 
which  follows. 

KiUbri.ci.ty  (r«bri-slti).     [f.  as  prec.  +  -IIY.] 

1.  Assum])tion  of  a  red  colour. 

1800  Quota* Critical RsMor&t  1. 185  The  periodical  fecul- 
ency  and  rubricity  of  the  Nile  happen  in  July  and  October. 

2.  Adherence  to  liturgical  rubrics. 

1876  W.  A.  BUTI.ER  Mrs.  Limber's  Raffle  iv.  (Cent.), 
Kubricity..is  the  sheet-anchor  of  the  Church. .. The  rubric 
is  explicit  here,  and  settles  the  case.  1885  Cft.  Times  20 
March  220/1  Nobody .  .ever  questioned  their  regularity  and 
(pardon  the  word)  '  rubricity '. 

Biivbricked,  ppl.  a-  rare  — *.  [f.  KUBKIC  v. 
+  -ED  1.]  Rubricated. 

1834  SOUTHEV  Lett.  (rSs6)  IV.  370  What  talk  there  has 
been  about  the  book,  as  yet  has  been  chiefly  owing  to  the 
rubricked  copies. 

Rubrie,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  ROBBERY. 

t  Rubri'fio,  a.  Obs.  [See  RUBHIFY  and  -FIC.] 
Conferring  a  red  colour. 

1704  NKWTON  Optics  i.  (1721)  108  The  homogeneal  Light 
and  Rays  which  appear  red,  or  rather  make  Objects  appear 
so,  I  call  Kubrific  or  Red-making. 

i  Rubrifica'tioii.  06s.~l  In  6  rubryfy- 
caoyou.  [ad.  med.L.  *rntrificatio :  see  RUBBIFY 
z/.]  The  action  of  making  red  ;  rubefaction. 

1541  COPLAND  GalyetCs  Terap.  2  D  j  b,  Thou  vsest  r.ubry- 
fycacyon  in  all  sores. 

t  Rubrificative.     Obs.-"    (See  quot.) 

1611  COTGR.,  Rubrificatif,  a  rubrificatiue  ;  a  plaister  of 
so  strong,  or  strongly-drawing  simples,  that  it ..  makes  red 
the  place  it  is  applied  vnto. 

t  Ku'briform,  a.  Obs.  [Cf.  next  and  -FORM.] 
Of  a  red  nature. 

1704  NEWTON  Optics  (1721)  156  Of  those  Rays  which  pnss 
close  by  the  Snow,  the  Rubriform  will  be  least  refracted, 
and  so  come  to  the  Eye  in  the  directest  Lines. 

t  Ru'brify,  v.  Obs.  [f.  rubri-,  comb,  stem  of 
L.  ruber  red  -t-  -FY,  prob.  after  a  med.L.  *rubri- 
ficare.~\  trans.  To  make  red ;  to  redden. 

1634  T.JOHNSON  Parey's  Chirurg.  xxvi.xxxiii.  (1678)  653 
Vesicatorles.  .which  onely  rubrifie,  so  that  the  part  may 


1689 

55  Have  they  not  resolv'd  our  blood  to  spill, ..Aud  Rubrifie 
the  Streets  in  every  Town  V 

Rubrique,  obs.  form  of  KDBUIC. 

t  RrUbrish, sb.  Obs.  Forms:  a.  4-5rubrioh(e, 
roberyeh.  (5  ribrusch) ;  5  rub-,  6  robrisshe  ; 
5-6  rubryssh(e.  0.  5  rubryce,  5-6  rubrice ; 
5  pi.  rubryis.  [a.  OF.  rubric/It,  rubrice,  ad. 
L.  rubrlca  RUBIUC  sb."]  A  rubric. 

a.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Wife's  Prol.  346  After  thy  text,  ne 
after  thy  Rubriche  I  wol  nat  wirche  as  muchel  as  a  gnat. 
c  1440  LYDG.  Secrees  (1894)  7  This  Rubryssh  rehersith  name 
of  the  philisofFre  Callid  philip,  horn  in  parys,  which  was 
translator  of  this  book.  1451  CAPGKAVE  Life  St.  Aug. 
(E.  E.  T.  S.)  5  The  rubrich  be-for  l>e  bok  is  writyn  bus :  The 
book  of  Seynt  Augustin,  be  bischop,  on-to  his  sistir,  a 
widow.  1483  CAXTON  Cato  V  j  b,  Thus  endeth  the  table 
and  Rubrisshes  of  this  present  boke.  1509  FISHER  Sermon 
C'tess  Richmond  Wks.  (1876)  292  Of  latyn . .  she  had  a  lytell 
perceyuynge,  specyally  of  the  rubrysshe  of  the  ordynall. 
1530  PALSGK.  263/2  Rohrisshe  of  a  boke,  ritbriche. 

jS.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms  (S.T.  S.)  i  Into  the 
quhilk  buke  thare  salbe  foure  partis  efter  as  the  rubryis 
schawis.  Ibid.  100  The  chapitris  of  the  ferde  buke  efter 
the  quotaciouns  of  the  rubricls.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  313/1  A 
Rubryce,  rubricti^  rubricus.  1489  CAXTON  Faytcs  of  A. 
n.  88  Here  begymieth  the  table  of  the  Rubrycys  of  the 
seconde  partyc  of  thys  boke.  1547  Articles  of  Enquiry 
(Grafton)  A  iv,  Whether  they  haue  put  out  of  their  churche 
bokes.. prayers  hauynge  rubricies  conteyning  Pardons  or 
indulgences. 

Hence  Bu'brisli  v.,  to  rubricate.  Obs.  Also 
Ru-brisher,  a  rubricator.  arch. 

'1 1469  Fasten  Lett.  II.  335  Item,  for  Rubrissheyng  of  all 
tlie  booke,  iii  s.  iiij  d.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  313/1  To  Rubryce, 
rubrhare.  1863  BLADES  Cnxtoti  II.  p.  liii,  The  illuminator, 
the  rubrisher,  and  the  wood-engraver. 

Rubrysche,  obs.  variant  of  RUBBISH. 

tRvrbster.  Obs.-1  [f.  RUB  Z/.I  +  -STEB.] 
A  means  of  rubbing. 

1697  Vu'iV  PetialLaivs  69  No  Clothworker  shall  use. .any 
Kuhster  or  Rubsters,  Pumicestone,  or  any  other  device 
whatsoever. 

Rubstone  (rwbsttfun).  Also  6  north,  reb- 
stone.  [f.  RUB  v.1  +  STONE  sb.]  A  stone  used 
for  lubbing  with,  in  order  to  sharpen  or  make 
smooth;  esp.  a  kind  of  whetstone. 

14..  Domesday  Bit.  Ipswich  in  Gross  Gild  Alerch.  (1890) 
II.  122  Quernstonys,  gryndstonys,  rubstonys.  1571  Wills 
fr  Inv.  N.  C.  (Surtees,  1835)  352  Item  I  gyue  to  John 
Stephen  in  money  fyue  markes . .  ij  dosen  knyff  stones  &.  inj 
dosen  rebstones.  1573  TUSSER  Hush.  (1878)  37  A  brush 
sithe  and  grasse  sithe,  with  rifle  to  stand,  a  cradle  for  barlie, 
with  rubstone  and  sand.  1600  in  Welford  Hist.  Newcastle 
(1887)  III.  141  The  loading  and  better  disposing  of  sea- 
coals  and  pit-coals,  grindstones,  rubstones,  and  whetstones. 
1697  in  Brand  Newcastle  (1789)  II.  300  [The  mayor  of 
Newcastle  granted  a  warrant  to  four  persons  to  seize  on 
coals,  grind-stones,  and  rub-stones,  sold  by  foreigners^. 
1703  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  245  A  Rub-stone,  which  is 
round,  and  is  about  fourteen  Inches  Diameter,. .on  which 
they  rub  the  Bricks  which  they  cut  into  several  shapes. 
1850  HOLTZAPKFEL  Turning  III.  1098  The  rubstones  ern- 
ployed  [in  rubbing  slate},  depend  principally  on  their  relative 
abundance  in  the  respective  districts.  1866  BROGOEN  Prim. 


861 

Lines.,  Rub-stone,  a  white  stone  for  sharpening  scythes. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1998/2  Rub-stone,  the  flat  stone 
on  which  the  currier's  knife  is  ground  to  an  edge. 

Rubus,  -ushe,  obs.  forms  of  RUBBISH. 

Ituby  (r/7'bi),  sb.  and  a.  Forms :  a.  4-  ruby, 
4-6  rubye,  5-7  ruble,  rubey ;  5  ro(o)by, 
rube(e,  rubu.  0.  4  rybe,  5  rybee,  6  rybwe; 
4  ribe,  6  ribie;  5  rebe,  reby.  [a.  OF.  rubi 
(  —  Sp.  and  Pg.  rubi,,  Prov.  rol>i}>  more  commonly 
ntdis,  repr.  the  Romanic  stem  rubin-  (see  RUBINE), 
obscurely  related  to  L.  rubeus,  ruber  red.] 

I.  1.  A  very  rare  and  valuable  precious  stone 
(the  true  or  Oriental  ruby),  of  a  colour  varying 
from  deep  crimson  or  purple  to  pale  rose-red ; 
now  classed  as  a  variety  of  corundum.  Also,  a 
less  valuable  stone  (an  aluminate  of  magnesium), 
distinguished  as  the  spinel  ruby,  or  a  rose-pink 
variety  of  this,  the  balas  ruby. 

a.  A  1310  in  Wright  Lyric  P,  v.  25  Ase  gernet  in  golde, 
ant  ruby  \vel  ryht.  c  1380  CHAUCER  To  Rosemounde  4  And 
lyke  ruby  ben  your  chekys  rounde.  1530  PALSGR.  264/1 
Ruby  a  precious  stone,  ruby.  1535  COVEKDALL:  Kzek.  xxviii. 
13  Thou  art  decte..  with  Ruby,  Topas,  Christall,  lacyncte. 
1579  LODGE  Def.  Poetry  p  i  The  Rubie  is  discerned  by  his 
pale  rednes.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  in.  597  If  stone,  Car 
buncle  most  01-  Chrysolite,  Rubie  or  Topaz.  1727-46 
THOMSON  Summer  147  At  thee  the  Ruby  lights  its  deep'n- 
ing  glow.  1801  Encycl.  Brit,  (ed.  3)  Suppl.  II.  781/1 
Pallets  of  ruby,  driven  by  a  hard  steel  swing  wheel,  need  no 
oil.  1849  CAMPBELL  Inorganic  Client.  150  The  sapphire 
and  ruby  ate  alumina  with  a  little  colouring  oxide.  1886 
Encycl,  Brit,  XXI.  48/1  By  this  test  the  uue  ruby  may  be 
distinguished  fiom  spinel  and  garnet. 

£.  13..  E,  E.Allit.  P,  A.  1007  J>e  sexte  be  rybe  he  con 
hit  wale.  ciqtoAnturs  of  Arth,  xxxi.  (Douce  MS.),  His 
gloues,  his  gamesons  glowed  as  a  glede,  With  graynes  of 
rebe  y>at  grai[th]ed  bene  gay. 

b.  With  a  and  pi. 

a.  a  1310  in  Wright  Lyric  P.  ix.  35  Whith  rubies  on  a 
rowe.  c  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr,  Const.  8904  Alle  be  walles  war 
made,  .ofcristalleschene,.  .And  be  garettes  aboven  of  rubys 
and  curalle.  136*  LANGL.  P.  PI*  A.  in.  24  Rynges  with 
Rubycs,  and  Richesses  I-nouwe.  c  i4ooMAUNDEV.  (Roxb.) 
xxi.  97  He  beres.  .a  ruby,  fyne  and  gude  and  orient.  1463 
Bury  Wills  (CanidenJ  36  A  doubyl  ryng  departyd  of  gold, 
with  a  ruby  and  a  turkeys.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xlviii, 
132  A  radius  croun  of  rubets  scho  him  gaif.  1545  Test. 
Rbor,  (Surtees)  VI.  228  A  flower  of  golde.. with  a  ruble. 
1603  SHAKS.  Meets,  for  M.  11.  iv.  101  Th'  impression  of 
keeiie  whips,  I'ld  weare  as  Rubies.  1700  DRYDEN  Pal.  <y 
Arc.  in.  54  His  ample  forehead  bore  a  coronet,  With 
sparkling  diamonds  and  with  rubies  set.  1756-7  tr.  Keysler"s 
Trav.  (1760)  III.  185  A  large  golden  heart  hanging  at  a 
gold  chain  set  with  rubies  and  diamonds.  1813  SCOTT 
Trit-rm.  in.  xxvl,  Here  are  rubies  blazing  bright.  1875 
Ures  Diet.  Arts  II.  633  An  imitation  of  the  finest  oriental 
rubies. 

Jig.  111649  DBUMMOND  OF  HAWTH.  Wks.  (1711)  6  The  Sun 
is  fair,  when  he,  with  crimson  Crown  And  flaming  Rubies, 
leaves  his  Eastern  Bed. 

ft.  13..  Owain  Miles  (1837)  37  Ribes  and  salidoines, 
Onicles  and  causteloines.  ci4zoAniursa/Arf/i.ii,(Douc& 
MS.),  With  riche  ribaynes  reuersset,.  .Ray led  withe  rybees 
of  rialle  aray.  a  1500  in  Ashm.  Tkeatr.  Chew.  Brit.  (1652) 
211  Thysryche  Reby,  that  ston  of  pryce.  1558  L anc.  Wills 
(Chetham  Soc.)  I.  88  A  ring  of  gold  \vt  a  broken  ribie. 

c.  An  artificial  gem  imitating  the  ruby. 

*&7$  Ure*s  Diet.  Arts  II.  633.  Frequently  this  mixture 
only  yields  an  opaque  mass. . :  in  that  case  rubies  may  be 
made  of  it. 

d.  The  jewel   of  a  watch   (ia  the   finest  work 
usually  a  variety  of  ruby). 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mcch.  1998/2. 

f  2.  fig.  Applied,  chiefly  to  women,  as  a  term  of 
high  commendation.  Obs. 

a,  1310  in  Wright  Lyric  P.  xvi.  53  Heo  is  rubie  of  ryhlful- 
nesse.  £1386  [see  GKM  sb.  z].  (-1485  Digby  Myst.  (1882) 


moder  of  God  ! 

3.  A  red  pimple  on  the  face. 

1558  WARDE  tr.  Alexis*  Seer,  11.  45  b,  To  take  awaye  red 
rubies  that  growe  in  the  face  by  reason  of  the  heate  of  the 
Liuer.  1590  SHAKS.  Com.  Err,  in.  ii.  138  Vpon  her  nose, 
all  ore  embellished  with  Rubies,  Carbuncles,  Saphires. 
1611  COTGK.,  C('tt/temj£,..extreame  rednesse  of  the  face, 
accompanied  with  many  pimples,  and  rubies,  especially 
about  the  nose.  i6a$  HAKT  Anat.  Ur.  \,  v.  46  May  it  not 
..make  their  faces  flourish  with  some  orientall  carbuncles 
and  rubies?  1673  R.  Hi-: AD  Canting  A  cad.  165  The  rich 
Rubies  on  his  Nose.  1770  FOOIE  Lawe  Lover  in.  Wks. 
1799  II.  82  The  rubies  with  which  his  cheeks  are  enrich 'd  ! 
1841  BARHAM  Ingot,  Leg.  Ser.  n.  Old  Wont,  in  Grey* 
Certain  rubies  That  garnished  the  nose  of  the  good  Father 
Hilary. 

4.  The  colour  of  the  ruby ;  a  glowing  purple- 
tinged  red.     f  Also  Her.  =  GULES. 

157*  BOSSEWELL  Armorie  \\.  67  b,  The  fielde  is  the  Rubie, 
a  Cheuron  topaze,  betwene  iij  Eaglettes  di.splaide,  with 
two  heades,  of  the  Pearle.  1592  WYKLEV  Armorie  148  Sir 
William  Luzie  did  here  a  partie  hold  In  rubie  armd,  three 
Lucie  fishes.  1605  SHAKS.  Macb,  in.  iv.  115  When  now 
I  thinke  you  can  behold  such  sights,  And  keepe  the  natural! 
Rubie  of  your  Cheekes.  1634  RAINBOW  Labour  (1635)  27 
If  this  be  to  labour,. .to  flush  their  complexions  to  the 
drunkards  ruby.  1847  EMERSON  Ode  to  Beauty  28  The 
swinging  spider's  silver  line,  The  ruby  of  the  drop  of  wine. 

6.  transf.  Applied  to  various  things  of  a  colour 
similar  to  the  ruby  :  a.  //.  The  lips. 

1592  DANIKL  Compl.  Rosamund  124  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  85 
As-  the  saddest  tale.. Makes  silent  Ibtning  vnto  him  that 
told  it,  So  did  my  speech  when  Rubies  did  vnfold  it.  1611 


RUBY. 

SHAKS.  Cymb.  n.  ii.  17  That  I  might,  .kisse,  one  kisse. 
Rubies  vnparagon'd,  How  deerely  they  doo't:  'Tis  her 
breathing  that  Perfumes  the  Chamber  thus. 

b.  Red  wine. 

1671  MILTON  Samson  543  Nor  did  the  dancing  Rubie. . 
Allure  thee  from  the  cool  Crystalline  stream.  1859  FITZ 
GERALD  tr.  Omar\\  Still  the  Vine  her  ancient  Ruby  yields. 

c.  Pugilistic  slang.  The  blood. 

1860  Chamb.  JrnL  XIII.  348  The  fluid  of  which  Harvey 
demonstrated  the  circulation  in  the  human  body,  he  [the 
pugilist]  speaks  of  as  'claret',  or  'carmine',  or  'ruby*. 
1888  Snorting  Life  ii  Dec.  (Farmer),  Saunders  stopped  a 
flush  right-hander  with  his  organ  of  smell,  the  ruby  duly 
making  its  appearance. 

6.  t  a.  Alchemy.  (See  quot.)   Ol>s~l 

1610  B.  JOXSON  Alch.  n.  i.  48  He  that  has  once  the  flower 
of  the  sunne,  The  perfect  ruby,  which  we  call  elixir. 

b.  (See  quots.) 

1696  PHILLIPS  s.v.  Arsenic,  Ruby  of  Arsenii^  is  a  Prepara 
tion  of  it  with  sulphur  by  means  of  several  repeated  sublima 
tions.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.^  Rnhy>  in  Chymi.itry,  is  a 
Name  given  to  several  Preparations  of  natural  Bodies, 
because  of  their  red  Colour ;  as,  Ruby  of  Arsenick,  &c.  1753 
Chambers*  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.,  Arsenical  Ruby t,  .a  name  given 
to  a  sublimation  of  a  mixture  of  arsenic  and  common 
sulphur.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3} XVI.  544/1  What  is  called 
ruby  of  arsenic  or  of  sulphur  is  the  realgar  ;  the  ruby  of 
zinc  is  the  red  blend  ;  and  the  ruby  of  silver  is  the  red 
bilver  ore. 

c.  ellipt.  Ruby  glass  (see  ii). 

1839  STONEHOUSE  Isle  of  Ax  holme  227  Even  the  ancient 
ruby  is  not  lost  to  those  artists  who  can  and  will  patiently 
.seek  after  it.  1862  Cat  at.  Intcrnat.  E.r/til'.,  Brit.  II.  No. 
6781  The  group  on  the  right  is  half-cased  with  ruby. 

7.  Printing.  A  size  of  type,  intermediate  between 
nonpareil  and  pearl.     (Cf.  AGATE  sb.  4.) 

This  line  is  printed  in  Ruby  type1. 

There  is  no  evidence  to  support  the  two  earliest  quots., 
which  place  ruby  between  pearl  and  diamond. 

1778  MORES  Dissert.  Eug,  Typog.  Founders  26  So  we  ex 
clude  Minion,  Nonpareil,  Pearl,  Ruby  and  Diamond,  so 
named  from  their  smallness  and  fancied  prettiness.  1824  J. 
JOHNSON  Typographic  II.  76  Independent  of  the  above 
sixes,  we  have  just  been  informed,  that  Mr.  Miller,  of  Kdin- 
burgh,  has  introduced  another,  which  he  designates  by  the 
name  of  Ruby;  it  is  a  size  between  Pearl  and  Diamond. 
1839  HANSARD  Print,  fy  Type-founding  (1841)  228  Ruby. ., 
used  for  pocket  dictionaries,  prayer-books,  &c.  ;  but  it  is  too 
small  for  any  but  the  strongest  sight.  1888  JACOBI  Printers' 
Vocab,  1 16  Ritby^  a  size  of  type,  .equal  to  half  a  Small  Pica 
in  body. 

II.  atlrib.  and  Comb. 

8.  Attributive,   as   ruby  chaint   cylinder^    hole^ 
mifw,  ring)  rocky  roller,  sj>cirkt  stone. 

1508  DUNBAR  Golden  Targe  24  With  hevinly  beriall 
I  droppis,  Throu  bemes  rede,  birnyng  as  ruby  sperkis.  1508 
~Tua  ftlariit  Wettien  367  In  nngis  ryally  set  with  riche 
ruby  stonis.  (11700  KEN  Edmund  Poet.  Wks.  1721  II.  150 
Seven  polish'd  Ruby  Rocks  the  columns  were,  Into  bright 
Seraphs  carv'd.  1710  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2691/4  A  Ruby  Ring 
\viththreeBrilltantDiamundsoneachside.  18*9  CKAWFURI* 
Jrnl.  Emb.  to  Crt.  of  Ava  (1834)  II.  203  The  sapphire  and 
ruby  mines  are  considered  the  property  of  the  King.  1843 
HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  \.  173  Ruby  holes  are  also  employed 
for  rounding  the  leads  of  even-pointed  pencils.  1871 
TENNYSON  Last  Tourn.  409  He..show'd  them  both  the 
ruby-chain.  1884  F.  J.  Bun  IEN  Watch  fy  C  lot  km,  97  The 
.  .teeth,  .lock  the  wheel  by  pressing  on  a  hollow  ruby 
cylinder  or  roller. . .  There  is  a  notch  it)  the  ruby  roller. 
b.  Similative,  as  ruby-like^  -wise. 

1694  SALMON  Bate's  Disp.  (1715)  560/1  So  will  you  have 
a  Ruby-like  Tincture.  1832  TENNYSON  Dream  of  Fair 
Women  ii,  All  faces  lurn'd  to  where  Glows  rubylike  the 
far-up  crimson  globe.  1871  RUSKIN  Fors  Ctav.  vii.  n  Not 
merely.. a  colour  on  the  outside,  but  going  through  and 
through,  ruby-wise. 

o. Instrumental, as  ruby- cinledt-headcd^  -studded. 

1871  TENNYSON  Last  Tourn.  364  Before  him  fled  the  face 
of  Queen  Isolt  With  ruby-circled  neck.  1875  BEDFORD 
Sailor's  Pkt.  Bk.  i,  (ed.  2)  38  The  two  ruby-headed  pivots 
are  made  exclusively  for  the  heavier  card  J.  1895  SWETTEN- 
HAM  Malay  Sketches  180  Her  hair  fastened  in  a  knot  with 
four  ruby-studded  hairpins. 

9.  As  adj.    Having  the  colour  of  the  ruby ;  of  a 
dark  glowing  red,  usually  tinged  with  purple. 

1508  DUNBAR  Gold.  Targe  3%  The  ruby  skyes  of  the  orient. 
1515  <4a'.  Ld.  High  Treat.  Scot.  V.  9  Ane  vnce  of  rubey 
silk  to  thair  quaiffs.  1592  GKKENE  Quip  for^  Upstart 
Courtier  Wks.  (Grosart)  XI.  242  His  face  somthing  Ruby 


blush,   Cherry  cheeked,    like    a  shreed   of   scarlet.     1601 
SHAKS.  Jul.  C,  ru.  L  260  Thy  wounds, . .  Which  like  dumbe 


give  the  transparent  Red,  a  Ruby  Colour.  1764  GRAY 
Triumph  Own  22  High  he  rears  his  ruby  crest.  1801 
SOUTHEY  Thalaba  vi.  .\.\iv,  Vessels  of  wine,  alternate 
placed,  Ruby  and  amber.  1864  TENNYSON  Islet  13  With  a 
satin  sail  of  a  ruby  glow.  1887  The  Lady  20  Jan.  37/2  One 
lady  had  a  ruby  velvet,  trimmed  with  costly  lace. 

10.  In  parasynthetic  adjs.,  as  ruby-berriedt  -bud 
ded,  -coloured,  -faced,  -hued,  -lipped,  etc. 

1866  GEO.  ELIOT  F.  Holt  (1868)  2  The  purple-blossomed 
*ruby-berried  nightshade.  1855  TENNYSON  Maud\.  iv.  i  A 
million  emeralds  break  from  the  *ruby-budded  lime.  1591 
SHAKS.  Ven.  <$•  Ad.  451  Once  more  the  *rubi-colourd  portall 


4813/4  He  is..  'Kuoy  racea.    1741  C«I»<MC  t^eii.  \.  /Aj 
ruby-fac'd  Prelate,  lolling  at  Ease  in  his  Coach,  hinders 


bodies,,  .rosc.cbeek'd,  *ruby-lip'd.     1648  HERKICK  Hfsfcr.t 


RUBY. 

Short  Hymn  to  I'cnns,  I  do  love  a  Girle  Rubie-lipt, 
and  tooth 'd  with  Pearl.  1878  LONGF.  Kcramos  143  Little 
towns.  .*ruby«Iustered  with  the  light  Of  blazing  furnaces 
by  night.  1708  J.  PHILIPS  Cyder  it.  88  The  elder  Year, 
Pomona,  pleas'd,  shall  deck  With  *ruby-tinctur'd  Births. 
1740  SOMEKVILE  Hohbinol  in.  45  The  ruby-tinctur'd  Corinth 
clustering  hangs,  And  emulates  the  Grape.  1876  ROCK 
Text,  Fabr.  63  Raised  or  cut  *ruby-toned  velvet  of  a  rich 
soft  pile.  1827  T.  HAMILTON  Youth  <y  Manhood  C.  Thornton 
(1845)  76,  I. .gladly  consigned  the  remains  of  the  dish  to 
the  care  of  my  *ruby-v!saged  neighbour. 

b.  In  specific  names  of  birds,  as  ruby-crested^ 
-crowned,  -headed,  -necked.  Also  RUBY-THROATED. 

1781  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  I.  n.  780  *Ruby-crested 
Humming  Bird.  1758  G.  EDWARDS  Glean.  Nat.  Hist.  \.  95 
The  *Ruby-crowned  Wren.  1785  PENNANT  A  ret.  Zool.  II. 
413  Ruby-crowned  Warbler.  1834  AUDUBON  Ornith.  Biog. 
II.  547  The  Ruby-crowned  Wren  is  found  in  Louisiana  and 
other  Southern  States,  from  November  until  March.  1872 
COUES  N.  A  nter.  Birds  78  Ruby-crowned  Kinglet.  Crown 
with  a  rich  scarlet  patch.  1811  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  VIII.  i. 
329  *Ruby-headed  Humming-bird..  .This  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  of  the  straight-billed  Humming-Birds.  1782 
LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  I.  n.  779  *Ruby-necked  Hum 
ming  Bird. 

11.  In  special  collocations,  as  ruby  blende, 
copper  (see  quots.) ;  ruby  coral,  ?  red  coral ; 
ruby  glass,  glass  coloured  by  the  oxides  of 
copper,  iron,  lead,  tin,  etc.;  ruby  silver,  proust- 
ite ;  ruby  spar  (see  quot.);  ruby  spinel,  = 
spinel  ruby  ;  ruby  sulphur,  topaz,  wood,  zinc 
(see  quots.). 

1855  Oi-r's  Cir.  Set'.,  Geol.,  etc.  501  Pronstite.— Red  Silver, 
"Ruby-blende.  1815  A.  AIKIN  Mineralogy  (ed.  2)  88  Red 
Copper.  *Ruby  Copper.  1837  Penny  Cycl.  VII.  503/1 
This  oxide,  .occurs  in  Cornwall  in  the  form  of  beautiful 
transparent  crystals  of  a  fine  red  colour,  and  is  hence 
frequently  called  ruby  copper.  1632  LLTHGOW  Trav.  ix.  393 
The  Marine  here  [Trapani,  Sicily]  excelleth  in  'Ruby 
Corail.  1797  W.  JOHNSTON  tr.  Becktnanrfs  Invent.  I.  205  In 
1684  Orschall.  .wrote,  .of  the  manner  of  making  *  ruby-glass. 
1860  LONGF.  Tales  Wayside  Inn,  Falcon  of  Ser  Fedttigo 
186  The  ruby  glass,  the  silver,  and  the  gold.  1885  A.  J. 
BUTLKR  tr.  Dante's  Paradise  268  note,  Until  the  fifteenth 
century  only  'ruby'  glass  was  'coated*.  1815  A.  AIKIN 
Mineralogy  (ed.  2)  79  Red  or  *Ruby  Silver,  .occurs  crystal 
lized,  dendritic,  membranous,  massive,  and  disseminated. 
1882  U.S.  Rep.  Prec.  Met.  177  The  vein.. contains  black 
sulphurets  and  ruby  silver.  1796  KIHWAN  Elem.  Alin. 
(ed.  2)  I.  254  The  stone  imported  from  Ceylon,  called  *rnby 
spar^ , .  is  an  iridescent  sort  of  spinell  ruby.  1859  URE  Diet. 
Arts  570  The  purchaser  must  ascertain  if  it  be  not  a 
Siberian  tourmaline,  or  *ruby  spinel.  1868  WATTS  Diet. 
Ghent.  V.  400  Precious  spinel  is  distinguished  by  several 
names,  according  to  its  colour,  the  deep  red  variety  being 
called  ruby  spinel.  1837  DANA  Syst.  Mitt.  vi.  434  Realgar, 
..Red  Orpiment  or  "Ruby  Sulphur..  .Red  Sulphuret  of 
Arsenic.  1885  HORNADAV  2  Yrs.  in  Jungle  xxiv.  287  The 
island  produces,  .garnets,  *  Ceylon  ruby'  ("ruby  topaz), 
star  stones.  1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  103  Red 
Sanders,  or  *  Ruby  Wood,  an  East  Indian  wood,  the  produce 
of  Pterocarpus  santalinus.  1896  CHESTER  Diet.  Min.  237 
*Rtt&y-ziHctz.  popular  name  for.. sphalerite  of  a  deep-red 
color,  and  also  for  zincite  with  the  same  characteristics. 
b.  (See  quots.) 


ny 

the 

Hands  xiii.  238  A  specimen  of  the  Ruby  and  Topaz  Hum 

ming  Bird  (Chrysolampis  moschitis). 

Ruby  (ra-bi),  v.  [f.  the  sb.]  trans.  To  dye 
or  tinge  with  the  colour  of  the  ruby. 

1715  POPE  Odyss.  xx.  426  With  sanguine  drops  the  walls 
are  rubied  round.  1832  J.  BREE  St.  Herbert's  Isle  10  Her 
cheeks  were  rubied  with  the  rose's  hue.  1844  CORNISH 
Select.fr.  Serin.,  etc.  (1850)  374  So  intense  a  gleam  Rubied 
the  oaken  copse. 

Ruby-red,  a.  [RuBY  sb.]  As  red  as  a  ruby; 
having  the  red  colour  of  a  ruby. 

159'  GREENE  Farewell  to  Follie  Wks.  (Grosart)  IX.  266 
A  lip  sweete  rubie  red,  grace!  with  delight.  1611  FLORIO, 


.  , 

Rosscggiantc,  ruby-red.  1796  WITHERING  Brit.  Plants 
(ed.  3)  IV.  22p  Gills  ruby  red,  4  in  a  set.  1847  C.  BKONTE 
J.  Eyre  xi,  Ihe  ornaments,  .were  of  sparkling  Bohemian 


glass,  ruby  red.  1809  tr.  JakscKs  Cliu.  Diagnosis  (ed.  4) 
v.  186  An  oily  substance  forms,  from  which  ruby-red 
needles  .  .  slowly  separate. 

b.  quasi-A     A  ruby-red  colour  or  tint. 
1899  tr.  Jaksch's  Clin.  Diagnosis  (ed.  4)  viii.  410  The 
fungus  threads  are  stained  a  ruby-red. 

Ruby-tail.  [RUBY  a.]  a.  attrib.  =  next.  b. 
(See  quots.  and  next.) 

1837  Penny  Cycl.  VII.  136/2  The  Chrysidida;  are  most  of 
them,  if  not  all,  of  parasitic  habits.  .  .  Some  of  these  species 
are  called  ruby-tail  flies.  1863  J.  G.  WOOD  lllustr.  Nat. 
Hist.  III.  407  The  beautiful  Ruby-tail  Flies,  or  Cuckoo 
Flies,  so  plentiful  in  summer  about  old  walls  and  similar 
localities.  1881  Cassell's  Nat.  Hist.  V.  384  This  insect, 
the  Common  Gold  Wasp,  or  Ruby-tail,,  .is  of  a  deep 
metallic  bluish  green  colour,  except  the  upper  surface  of 
the  abdomen,  which  is  bright  red. 

Ruby-tailed,  a.  [RDBY  a.]  Having  a  ruby- 
red  hinder  part  ;  applied  to  hymenopterous  insects 
of  the  genus  Ckrysis,  esp.  the  golden  wasp. 

i%6*Ch(u/tbers's  Encycl.  III.  23/1  They  sometimes  receive 
the  English  names  of  Golden-tailed  and  Ruby-tailed  Flies. 
1868  J.  G.  WOOD  Homes  without  Hands  xxv.  481  Those 
splendid  insects  which  are  popularly  called  Ruby-tailed 
Flies,  or  Firetails,  and  scientifically  termed  Chrysididse. 

Ruby-throat.  [RUBY  a.]  A  ruby-throated 
humming-bird  or  warbler.  Also  attrib.  =next. 

1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  II.  i.  463  Ruby-Throat. 
Motacilla  calliope.  1817  Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.  X.  n.  644  Ruby. 
throat  warbler  (Sylvia  Calliofc).  1871  Rattletfgn's  Ev> 


862 

Bay's  Ann.  201/1  What  was  our  surprise  to  sec  the  ruby- 
throat,  .remain  with  the  young  ones. 

Ruby-throated,  a.  [RUBY  a.]  Having  a 
ruby-red  gorget.  In  names  of  birds  (see  quots.). 

1782  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  I.  n.  769  Ruby-throated 
Humming-bird,  Trochiiits  rubineits.  Inhabits  Brasil  and 
Guiana.  1872  COUES  N.  Atner.  Birds  184  Ruby-throated 
Hummingbird,,  .metallic  gorget  reflecting  ruby-red.  1900 
Westin.  Gaz.  3  Dec.  10/2  Two  specimens  of  the  Calliope 
Caiittschatkcnsis,  or  ruby-throated  warbler. 

Rue,  obs.  form  of  Roc. 

Rxicervine  (rasa-rvain),  a.  Zool.  [f.  mod.L. 
Rucerv-us :  see  RUSA  and  CERVINE  a.]  Of  or  be 
longing  to  a  genus  (Kucervus)  of  East  Indian  deer. 

1881  Casselfs  Nat.  Hist.  III.  60  Its  antlers  are  large, 
and  of  the  intermediate  rucervine  type.  1891  FLOWER  & 
LYDEKKER  Mamm.  321  The  Rucervine  group.. is  repre 
sented  by  the  Swamp  Deer. 

Ruch,  obs.  f.  ROUGH  a.  and  adv. 

II  Ruche  (nTf,  K.rwf),  sb.  Also  rouohe.  [F. ruche 
(f  rouche,  rusche},  bee-hive,  and  (in  allusion  to  the 
plaits  of  a  straw  hive)  frill,  etc.]  A  frill  or 
quilling  of  some  light  material,  as  ribbon,  gauze, 
or  lace,  used  to  ornament  some  part  of  a  garment 
or  head-dress.  Also  attrib. 

a.  1827  Souvenir\.  127/3  (Stanf.),  A  bonnet,  .with  a  blue 
and  white  ruche  of  gauze  at  the  edge.  i86z  Engl.  Worn. 
Doin.  Afag;  IV.  236/1  The  front  of  the  body. -was  trimmed 
with  white  satin  ruches  laid  over  white  blonde.  1881  Truth 
31  March  446/1  The  inevitable  rucbeof  Mechlin  lace  makes 
the  dress  becoming  to  the  neck.  1882  CAULFEILD  &  SAWARU 
Diet.  Needleiuk.  427/2  For  silk  the  Ruche  flutings  should 
measure  from  half  inch,  to  I  inch. 

trans/,  1865  Mies.  BEETON  Diet.  Cookery  210  Place  a 
paper  ruche  on  the  bone. 

/3.  1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Rouctie,..&  goffered 
quilling  of  net,  ribbon,  blonde,  or  any  other  material.  1864 
Daily  Tel.  11  March,  Her  Royal  Highness.. wore  a  white 
satin  dress  with  rouches  of  tulle. 

Hence  Ruche  v.1,  to  trim  with  a  ruche.  Also 
Ruched  (r«ft)  ///.  a. 

1892  Daily  NC'MS  8  March  2/1  A  black  moire  silk  was 
ruched  with  pink  round  the  border  of  the  skirt.  1896 
Boston  (Mass.)  Jrnl.  3  Dec.  5/2  It  had  ruched  sleeves. 

t  Ruche  (ruchche),  v2  Obs.  Var.  of  RICH  v? 

13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  C.  101  fay  her  tramme  ruchen,  Cachen 
vp  be  crossayl,  cables  |>ay  fasten.  13. .  Gaw.  <y  Gr.  Knt. 
303  pe  renk  on  his  rounce  hym  ruched  in  his  sadel.  Ibid. 
367  He  ful  radly  vp  ros,  &  ruchched  hym  fayre. 

Ruohet,  obs.  variant  of  ROCHET  -. 

Rucking  (rw-Jirj).  [f.  RUCHE  sb.  +  -ING  1.]  A 
trimming  consisting  of  ruches. 

1862  Engl.  Worn.  Dam.  Mag.  IV.  236/1  A  blue  tulle  skirt, 
trimmed  with  blue  silk  ruchings.  1888  MRS.  H.  WARD  R. 
Efsniere  50  Her  marvellous  drab  poplin,  adorned  with  fresh 
pink  ruchings.  1894  H.  GAMLIN  G.  Roinney  200  The  cuffs 
edged  with  narrow  white  ruching. 

Ruchli,  obs.  form  of  ROUGHLY  adv. 

Rucliy  (rzi-Ji),  a.  rare.  [f.  RUCHE  st>.]  Of  the 
nature  of  a  ruche. 

1884  Bazaar,  Exch.  ft  W.  19  Dec.  658/1  Sleeves  are 
sometimes,  .one  puff,  with  a  soft  ruchy  trimming  at  the  end. 

Ruck  (r»k),  s/>.1  Forms :  a.  3  ruke,  5  roke, 
6  Sc.  rouk,  6-7  rooke,  7  rowke,  9  dial,  rook, 
rouk.  /3.  6  ruk,  6-7  rucke,  7  rukk(e,  6-  ruck. 
[App.  of  Scand.  origin,  corresponding  to  Nonv. 
ruka  (Aasen)  with  the  same  meanings,  perh.  repr. 
ON.  *hruka  and  so  related  to  hraukr  RICK  sbf\ 

1.  A  heap  or  stack  of  fuel  or  combustible  material 
of  any  kind. 

.o.»*S  Amr.  R.  214  pe  Siscare..fare3  abuten  asken  & 
bisiliche  stureo"  him  uorte  rukelen  muchele  &  inonie  ruken 
togedere,  &  bloweS  berinne.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  7149  All 
the  Remnond  and  Rpke  radly  bai  broght,  And  brent  vp  the 
bodies  vnto  bare  askis.  1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasin.  Par. 
St.  James  II.  34  Like  as  a  litel  fyre  is  mingled  with  a 
greate  rooke  of  fewell,  so  that  by  lytel  and  litell  it  setteth 
al  the  whole  rooke  on  fyre.  1536  OLDE  Antichrist  177  The 
hole  beast .,  is  cast  in  to  the  burnyng  streame  or  burnyng 
rooke  of  fyre.  1621  Sc.  Acts_  fas.  VI  (1814)  IV.  628  That 
they  nor  nane  of  thame..keip  any  stakis,  or  Rukkes  of 
haither,  broome,  Quhynnes,  or  vther  fewall,  within  anye  of 
the  Closses.  1879  E.  WAUGH  Chimney  Corner  251  I've 
made  fourpence,  to-day,  wi'  gettin'  a  rook  (a  lot)  o'  coals  in. 
1883  GHESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  207  Ruck,  the  stock  of 
coals  on  the  bank. 

t  b.  A  particular  measure  or  quantity  of  coals 
(see  quot.  1611).  Obs. 

1483  Nottingham  ^  Rcc.  II.  421,  10  wain-loads  of  coals 
called  '  pytte  coles ',  every  wain-load  containing  a  whole 
'  roke  '  of  coals.  1486  Ibid.  III.  257  For  half  a  roke  of  colys 
to  brenne  be  seid  plaster  with.  1611  Rutland  MSS.  IV. 
484  in  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Conim.  (1905),  A  rooke  of  colles 
ought  to  bee  ij  yeardes  high  and  a  yeard  and  quarter 
square  by  measure.  1651  Publ.  Got.  Acts  1326  Such.. of 
the  said  Coals  as  have  been,  or  usually  are  sold  by  the 
Stack,  Ruck,  Fathom,  or  other  uncertain  Denomination. 

2.  A  rick  or  stack  of  hay,  corn,  etc. ;  f  a  shock 
or  stock.     Sc.  and  north,  dial. 

1546  in  Cal.  Laing  Charters  (1899)  135  Onto  the  tyme 
the  said  medow  be  mawyn  and  put  into  rouk.  1570  Wills 
#f  IHV.  N.  C.  (Surtees,  1835)  341  In  wheat  in  the  staggarth 
ij  ruckes  by  estymac'on  Fiftye  thraves.  1611  COTGR., 
Tresean,  a  shocke,  stowke,  halfe-thraue,  rowke,  or  heape  of 
sheaues  in  a  corne-field.  1723  RAMSAY  Gentle  Shepherd  i. 
ii.  125  The  spate  may  bear  away  Frae  aff  the  howms  your 
dainty  rucks  of  hay.  1773  FEKGUSSON  Poems  (1807)  229 
Our  rucks,  fu'  thick,  are  stackit  i'  the  yard.  1804  R.  COUI'ER 
Poetry  I.  152  Strong  on  the  ruck-head  [I've]  heard  your 
voice  Whan  mid-night's  tempests  blew.  1871  ALEXANDER 
Johtuiy  Gibb  vi,  Twa'  or  three  aul1  rucks  to  thrash  oot. 


RUCK. 

3.  A  heap  or  pile  of  any  material.  Freq.  in  phr. 
in  a,  ruck.  Now  dial. 

a  1601  ?  MARSTON  Pasquilfy  Kath. iv.  117  SohugeaRuck 
Of  heap'd  vp  fortunes.  1627  DRAYTON  Agincourt  9  There 
in  another  Rucke  Princes  and  Peasants  lay  together  mixt. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  312/1  They  can  neither  Stand, 
Sit,  Kneel,  nor  lie  down,  but  be  all  in  a  ruck,  or  knit 
together.  1790  W.  H.  MARSHALL  Rur.  Econ.  Midi.  Gloss., 
Ruck>  a  rough  bundle  or  heap  of  any  thing.  1828  CARR 
Craven  Gfass.,  Ruck,  a  great  quantity;  a  heap  of  stones. 
1851-  in  many  dial,  glossaries  (see  ting.  Dial.  Diet.).  1870 
E.  PEACOCK  Rolf  Skirl.  I.  130  He  doesn't  care  two  pence 
about  the  bit  of  a  rouk  o"  cobble  stones  and  sand. 

b.  transf.  A  large  number  or  quantity ;  a  mul 
titude,  crowd,  throng. 

1581  MULCASTER  Positions  vi.  (1887)  47, 1  shall  not  neede 
to  name  the  partes,  all  in  one  ruk,  as  of  set  purpose,  a  1601 
?  MARSTON  Pasquil  $  Kath.  in.  327  Rucks  of  rich  Pearle, 
and  sparkling  Diamonds  Shall  fringe  thy  garments  with 
Imbroadrie.  1657  G-  THORNLEY  Daphnis  <y  Chloe  26  Sheep 
and  Goats,.. some  ran  on  rucks,  and  hurried  down  to  the 
Sea-shore.  1829  J.  HUNTER  Hallamsh.  Gloss.,  Ruck,  a 
multitude,  as  applied  to  people;  a  great  assemblage,  as 
applied  to  anything  else.  1847  ALB.  SMITH  Chr.  Tadpole  ii. 


(1879)  29  Finishing  with  a  ruck  of  figures  all  at  once.  1856 
'  STONEHENGE  '  Brit.  Rural  Sports  377/1  When  judgment  is 
wanted  in  getting  through  a  ruck  of  horses.  1884  Pall 
Mall  G.  n  Aug.  4/2  There  is  a  ruck  of  ambitious  Gam- 
bettists  in  the  prime  of  life. 

4.  The  ruck :  a.  Racing.  Those  horses  which  are 
left  behind  in  a  body  by  the  fastest  goers.  Also  fig. 

1846  Punch  XI.  15  Who  headed  the  Ruck  ?  '  I,1  said  Lord 
George.  1852  BKISTED  5  Years  Eng.  Univ.  (ed.  2)  85  The 
ruck  falls  off  rapidly,  and  the  good  men  settle  down  to  their 
pace.  1862  WHYTE  MELVILLE  Inside  the  Bar  1. 224  '  What 
one  horse  can,  do  another  can.'  Self-esteem  implores 
us  not  to  fall  back  into  the  '  ruck '  behind.  1884  '  H. 
COLI.INGWOOD'  Under  Meteor  Flag  180  Summers  came 
panting  in  with  the  ruck,  after  all  was  over. 

b.  The  undistinguished  crowd  or  general  run 
(of  persons  or  things). 

1849  ALB.  SMITH  Pottleton  Legacy  (1854)  324  The  un 
educated  and  socially-unplaced  ruck.  1859  ^-  NAPIER  Life 
Vise.  Dundee  I.  p.  x,  Far  more  honest,  and. .more  right- 
minded  than  the  ruck  of  their  sect.  1879  Contemp.  Rev. 
XXXVI,  291, 1  write  simply  as  one  of  that  common  ruck  of 
ordinary  practical  working  men.  1894  MRS.  F.  ELLIOT 
Roman  Gossip  xii.  zpo  A  great  name,  rising  out  of  the  feeble 
ruck  of  modern  Italian  sculpture. 

5.  U*S.  colloq*    Nonsense,  rubbish. 

1890  Scribner's  Mag.  Aug.   159   He. .wears  gloves,  and 

takes  his  meals  private  in  his  room  and  all  that  sort  of  ruck. 

Ruck    (rz>k),   sb*     [a.    ON.    hrukka    (Norw. 

ntkka}?  for  earlier  *hrnnka  :  see  RUKKLE  sfr.]     A 

i    crease,  fold,  or  wrinkle;  a  ridge. 

1787  GROSE  Prov.  Gloss.*  Ruck,  a  wrinkle  or  plait.     /bid.t 
Your  gown  fits  all  in  a  ruck.     18x1  WILLAN  West  Riding 
Yorks/t.y  Ruck,  a  fold,  or  plait,  made  in  cloth  by  crushing 
it.     1839  Civil  Eng.  ft  Arch,  jrttl.  II.  76/1  The  vessel.. 
was  found  to  be.  .without  even  a  single  strain  or  so  much 
as  a  ruck  in  her  copper.     1863  Q.  Rev.  July  97  He  observed 
there  also  a  number  of  large  transverse  ridges  or  rucks  of 
the  glacier.     1878  T.  BRYANT  Pract.  Sttrg.  I.  35  Careful 
attention  should  be  paid  to  keep  the  bed  smooth,  and  the 
sheets  free  from  rucks. 
Ruck  0#k),  sb.3    dial.     A  rut. 
1823  [see  cart-ruck^  s.v.  CART  sb.  6].     1839  LEWIS  Here 
ford  Gloss.)  Ruckl  a  rut  of  a  road.    1858  Zoologist  XVI. 
5941  Deep,  dirty  ditches  or  rucks.  1869  Lonsdale  Gloss,  s.v. 
t  Ruck,  J<M   Obsr*     (See  quot.) 
1838  W.  BELL  Diet.  Law  Scot.  325  In  addition  to  his 
subscription,  the  notary  was  formerly  in  use  to  add  his 
sigtium,  which  wasaflourish  of  penmanship,  called  a/tint/4 
or  a  ruck, 

Ruck  (rz?k),  v.1  Now  dial.  Forms:  a.  3 
ruken,  4-6  rouke,  5-6  rowke,  7-9  rook.  £.  4 
ruckeu,  5  ruckyn  (rukkun),  6-7  rucke,  6- 
ruck.  7.  dial.  8  ruckee,  9  ruckey,  rucky. 
[Perh.  of  Scand.  origin :  cf.  Norw,  dial,  ruka  to 
crouch  (Ross).]  intr.  To  squat,  crouch,  cower, 
huddle  together.  Also  refl.  and  in  pa,  pple. 

a.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  266  Vor  heo  hwule  bet  heo  stont  upriht 
ne  mei  he  [the  fiend]  nouSer  on  hire  ne  ruken  ne  nden. 
c  1340  H  AMI-OLE /V.  Censc.bSgj  pehorribelvermyn  venemus. 
pe  whilk  sal  on  be  synful  rouke,  And  ever-maie  J>am  gnaw 
and  souke.  c  1386  CHAUCER  fCnt's  T.^o  What  is  mankynde 
moore  vn  to  you  holde  Than  is  the  sheepe,  l>at  rouketh  in 
the  folde?  (1430  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhode  in.  xl.  (1869)  156  In 
the  kichene  thei  wolden  rouken,  an  hoi  day  gladliche,  for  to 
roste  a  smal  hastelet.  c  1440  LYDG.  ffors,  Shepe  fy  G.  439 
This  sheepe  rowkyng  in  his  fold,  Set  litill  stoorof  swerd  or 
Arwis  keene.  1555  W.  WATKEMAN  Fardle Facions  i.  v.  51  In 
the  easemente  of  vrine,  the  men  rowked  doune,  the  women 
stoode  vprighte.  1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  VI,  v.  vi.  47  The 
Rauen  rook'd  her  on  the  Chimnies  top,  And  chatt  ring_  Pies 
in  dismall  Discords  sung.  1743  R.  BLAIH  Grave  35  Night's 
foul  bird,  Rook'd  in  the  spire,  screams  loud. 
fig.  1583  STANYHURST  j&mffu  Ded.  (Arb.)  7  As  I  can  not 
deuine  vpon  such  bookes,  that  happlye  rouke  in  studentes 
mewes. 

/3.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  57  Bot  now  thei  rucken  in  hert, 
nest  And  resten  as  hem  liketh  best,  c  1430  LYDG.  Min* 
Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  118  The  wolfe  in  fieldis  the  shepe  dothe 
grete  duresse,  Rukking  in  foldis  for  fere  dar  nat  arise. 
c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  439/1  Rukkun,  or  cowre  down,  incurvo. 
1567  GOLDING  Ovid's  Met.  vi.  (1593)  141  On  the  house  did 
rucke  A  cursed  owle  the  messenger  of  ill  successe  and  lucke. 
1573  G.  HARVEY  Letter-bk.  (Camden)  118  Here  ruckes  my 
i  mistrisse  makinge  cleene  the  pan.  1583  GOLDING  Calvin 
on  Deut.  xxiii.  136  Now  their  wit  styeth  not  high  but 
rather  rucketh  beneath  vpon  the  ground.  1619  BERT 
Hawkes  56  Sometimes  he.  .will. .stop  of  his  forefeet,  with 
out  either  rucking  behinde,  or  aduancing  before.  1691  RAY 
^V".  C.  Words  (ed.  2)  59  To  Rttck,  to  squat  or  shrink  down. 
1820  WILBKAHAM  Gloss.  Wds.  Cktsh.)  Ruck,  to  £et  close  or 


BUCK, 

huddle  together  as  fowls  do.  1823-  in  dial,  glossaries  (E. 
Anglia,  Northampton,  Cheshire). 

y.  1746  Exmoor  Scolding  (E.  D.S.)  40  But  thee,  thee  wut 
ruckee..in  the  Chimley  Coander.  1842  PULMAN  Rustic 
SketcJies  41  Ee'd  grasp  th*  rod.  .An*  ruckey  down  quite  low. 
1886  ELWORTHV  JF.  Somerset  Word-bk.  635  Ritcky-downt 
to  stoop  low  by  bending  the  knees  ;.  .to  crouch  low  in  any 
posture. 

Hence  Ru'cker  ;  Rircking  vbl.  sb. 

13. .  Names  of  Hare  in  ATS.  Digby  86  fol.  168  b,  pe  wint 
swifft,  J>e  sculkere,  pe  hare  serd,  pe  heg  roukere  [  =  hedge- 
rucker].  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  439/2  Rukkynge  (Hart. 
MS.  rukklyng),  incttrvacio. 

Ruck  (r»k),  v?  [f.  RUCK  $b?  Cf.  Now. 
rukka  in  the  same  sense.] 

1.  intr.    To   slip  up  or  work  into   creases   or 
ridges  ;  to  become  creased  or  wrinkled. 

1812  Monthly  Mag.  XXXIV.  234  The  motion  of  walking 
soon  occasioned  it  to  slip  from  its  place,  to  ruck.  (21825 
FORBY  Voc.  E,  Anglia,  Ruck,  to  have  a  folded,  creased,  ridgy, 
or  uneven  surface.  1842  Eraser's  Mag.  XXVI.  544  The 
sleeves  ruck  up  and  present  his  white,  soft,  and  dimpled 
arms.  1888  JACOBI  Printers'  Vocah.  116  A  sheet  is  said  to 
'  ruck  '  when  it  gets  creased  or  doubled  in  laying  on. 

2.  trans*  To  crease ;  to  wrinkle  or  cause  to  work 
up  into  ridges. 

1828-32  WEBSTER,  Ruck,. .to  wrinkle  ;  as,  to  ruck  up  cloth 
or  a  garment.  1860  WHYTE  MELVILLE  Mkt.  Harb.  rii,  Mr. 
Sawyer. .lost  his  flat  shooting-hat,  and  rucked  his  plaid 
trousers  up  to  his  knees.  1876  Miss  BROUGHTON  Joan  I.  i, 
An  arm-chair.. not  at  all  rucked  up  or  disarranged. 
b.  To  draw  or  gather  into  small  folds. 

1896  Westm.  Gas.  16  June  9/1  The  sleeves  rucked  and 
puffed  in  yet  another  new  way.  1901  lllustr.  Land.  News 
CXVIII.  910  The  sleeves  are  of  chiffon  rucked  with  a  band 
of  the  gold  worked  down  the  centre. 

Ruck  (i»k),  v*  dial.  [f.  RUCK  sbl  Cf. 
Norw.  ruka  in  the  same  sense.]  trans.  To  stack, 
to  heap  or  pile  up. 

1720  RAMSAY  Wealth  95  When  autumn's  stores  are  ruck'd 
up  in  the  yard.  1841-  in  dial,  glossaries  (Leic.,  Shropsh., 
Warw.,  Banff). 

t  Ruck,  z'.4  Obs.  rare,  [ad.  L.  ruct-dre :  cf. 
ERUCT  z/.]  To  belch. 

15.  -  LYNDESAY  Play  1435  (Bann.  MS.),  Sche  riftit,  ruckit, 
and  maid  sic  stendis.  1624  QUARLES  Job  Militant  xix.  47 
Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  96/1  His  Belching  rucks  forth  flames, 
his  mouing  Eye  Shines  like  the  glory  of  the  morning  Skie. 

Ruck,  obs.  form  of  Roc. 

Rucked  (rz?kt),///.  a.  [f.  RUCK  sb2  or  v?\ 
Having  rucks  or  small  folds. 

1600  Newe  Metamorphosis  (MS.)  in  Nares  (1859)  s-v->  A 
rucked  barke  ore  grewe  their  bodye  and  face. 

i$g$Athena>um  26  Jan.  124/2  The  freedom  with  which  he 
swings  his  leg,  the  '  rucked  '  trousers  and  easy  shoes.  1898 
IVestm.  Gaz.  30  June  3/2  Rucked  satin,  quite  objectionable 
for  millinery,  makes  a  charming  evening  cloak. 

Rucker,  Rucking :  see  RUCK  z/.i 

RuCkle  (rzrk'l),  sbl  Sc.  and  north,  dial. 
[dim.  of  RUCK  sb.i  Cf.  Norw.  dial,  rukle  a  small 
heap  of  twigs  on  a  hearth.]  A  pile  or  heap ;  a 
bundle  of  sheaves  ;  a  stack  of  peats  or  the  like. 

1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss.,  Ruckle,  a  great  quantity ;  a 
heap  of  stones.  1848  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  IX.  n.  507  A 
piece  of  rye-grass  is  pulled  out  of  the  top  and  tied  round  the 
head  of  the  '  ruckle  ',  as  it  is  called.  Ibid.  508  In  a  dry  time 
it  is  carted  directly  from  the  'ruckles  '  to  the  stack.  1867 
LIVINGSTONE  in  Proc.  R.  Geogr.  Soc.  (1868)  180, 1  am  a  mere 
ruckle  of  bones.  £1882  J.  LUCAS  Studies  in  Nidderdale  119 
After  a  time,  .they  pile  them  [sc.  peats]  into  stacks,  which 
are  called  '  ruckles  *. 

Ruckle  (nrk'l),  sb?  [dim.  of  RUCK  sb?  Cf. 
Norw.  dial,  rukla  wrinkle,  ridge.]  A  small  ruck 
or  ridge. 

1853  G.  J.  CAYLEY  Las  Alforjas  I.  37  There  is  a  ruckle  in 
the  bed-clothes  over  his  breast  as  if  his  arms  were  crossed. 

Ruckle  (rc'k'l),  sb$  [Cf.  RUCKLE  z/.3,  and 
Norw.  dial,  rukl  in  the  same  sense  (Aasen).]  A 
rattling  or  gurgling  noise,  esp.  in  the  throat  of 
a  dying  person ;  the  death-rattle. 

1815  [see  DEATH  sb.  19],  1825  JAMIESOM  Sttppl.^  Ruckle^ 
a  noise  in  the  throat  seeming  to  indicate  suffocation.  1903 
F.  W.  BAIN  Draught  of  the  Blue  Introd.  p.  xui,  In  the 
silence,  broken  only  by  the  ruckle  of  the  rushing  water. 

Ruckle  (nrk'l),  v±  Now  dial.  Also  gruke- 
len.  [freq.  of  RUCK  v.^\  trans.  To  pile  up,  heap 
together;  spec,  to  form  (clover)  into  a  sheaf. 

rti225  Ancr.R.  214  Al  bet  he  rukeleS  &  gedereS  togedere. ., 
al  schal  ine  belle  iwurSen  to  him  tadden  &  neddren.  Ibid. 
406  Weop  for  his  sunnen.  [>us  bu  schalt-.rukelen  on  his 
heaued  bearninde  gleden. 

1800  TUKE  Agric,  North  Riding  156  When  the  crop  is 
large.,,  a  small  armful  is  taken  up  by  the  top,  which  is 
united  by  a  twist;  three  of  these  are  placed  together.  ..This 
operation  is  termed  'ruckling'.  1833  Ridgemont  Farm 
Rep.  143  in  Hush.  III.  (L.U.  K.),  When  the  season  is  pre 
carious  for  drying  the  clover  hay,  the  excellent,  .plan,  .of 
'  ruckling  '  is  adopted.  1892-  in  E.  D.  D.  (Yks.,  Som.). 

Ruckle  (nrk'l),  v?     [f.  RUCK  z>.2  +  -LE  3.] 

1.  intr.   To  work  (up}  into  folds  or  wrinkles. 
1839  LEWIS  Hereford  Gloss.,   To  Ruckle,  to   rumple,  to 

crease.  1853  CAYLEY  Las  Alforjas  I.  4,  I. .buttoned  the 
straps  of  my  trousers  to  prevent  them  ruckling  up.  1854 
Miss  BAKER  Northampt.  Gloss.  s.v.,  The  bandage  ruckles 
up  so,  it  must  come  off. 

2.  trans.  To  form,  draw  together,  into  folds. 
1889  Blackw.  Mag.  Sept.  295  His  face  is  shiny  and  is 

ruckled  with  high  ridges  and  low  furrows.  1903  Daily 
Chron.  23  May  8/4  The  lace  is  arranged  upon  a  frame  cf 
chiffon  ruckled  by  hand. 


pi 
h 


863 

Ruckle  (rzrk'l),  z-.3  Also  6  rude.  [Of  Scand. 
origin :  cf.  Norw.  dial,  rukla  in  the  same  sense.] 
intr.  To  make  a  rattling  or  gurgling  sound ;  to 
rattle  in  the  throat.  Hence  Ru'ckling  ppl.  a. 

1530  LYNDESAY  Test.  Papyngo  668,  I  am  ane  blak  Monk, 
said  the  ruclande  reuin  ;  So  said  the  gled,  I  am  ane 
holy  freir.  1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Wind,  If  Water 
ruckles  much,  and  frequent  Bubbles  arise,  the  Storm  is  but 
of  a  short  Continuance.  1824  SCOTT  St.  Ronaris  xxxviii, 
The  deep  ruckling  groans  of  the  patient  satisfied  every  one 
that  she  was  breathing  her  last.  1859  Uut  of  the  Depths 
162  Her  glassy  eyes,  her  ruckling  breath,,  .told  me  plainly 
that  she  was  dying  fast.  1877  N.  \V.  Line.  Gloss.,  Ruckle t 
to  breathe  with  difficulty,  like  one  dying. 

f  Ru-ckle,  z>.4     [f.  RUCK  ^.ij     To  crouch. 

a  1500  [see  rucking  vol.  sb.,  under  RUCK  z/.1] 

Ruckling,  dial,  variant  of  RECKLING. 

II  Ru'Cksack.  [ad.  G.  rucksack,  f.  rucken,  dial, 
var.  of  rucken  back  +  sack  SACK  ji.1]  A  kind  of 
knapsack  worn  by  tourists. 

1895  Contonp.  Rev.  Aug.  199  We  divided  our  loads  into 
two  rucksacks.  1904  Athcnxum  6  Aug.  175/1  One  does 
not  usually  carry  a  bulky  volume  in  ones  rucksack. 

Rucky  (nrki),  a.  rare.  [f.  RUCK  sb.~~\  Full 
of  rucks  or  creases. 

a  1825  FORBY  Voc.  £.  Anglia,  Rucky,fa\\  of  rucks.  1883 
MRS.  F.  MANN  Parish  ofHilby  vii.  85  A  big  young  man 
in  a  dress-coat  and  large  rucky  white  gloves. 

•f* Ruct,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  Sp.  ructar^  L.  ructare : 
cf.  next.]  intr.  To  belch,  bring  up  wind.  Hence 
fRu'cter,  and  t  Ru'cting  vbl.  sb.  Obs. 

1620  S HELTON  Qnix.  ii.  xliii.  279. 

t  Ructa'tion.  Obs.  [ad.  late  L.  ructatio,  f. 
rnctdre,]  =  ERUCTATION. 

1623  COCKERAM,  Rnctationt  belching.  1651  BIGGS  New 
Dispens.  206  Salutes  the  nose  with  an  acid  ructation.  1726 
SWIFT  Gulliver  in,  vi,  Senates  and  great  Councils  are  often 
troubled  with,  .peccant  Humours,,  .with  sour  frothy  Ructa- 
tions.  1771-2  Ess.fr.  Batchelor  1. 112  Troubled  with  sower, 
frothy,  ructations,  which  proceed  from  a  foul  stomach. 

Ruction  (nrkjan).  dial,  or  colloq.  Also  9 
'ruction.  [Of  obscure  origin:  in  quot.  1831 
associated  with  insurrection.]  A  disturbance,  riot, 
or  tumult ;  a  disorderly  dispute  or  quarrel ;  a  row. 

1825  JAMIESON  Sufpl.,  Ruction,  a  quarrel ;  to  raise  a 
ruction,  to  be  the  cause  of  a  quarrel.  1831  LOVER  Leg* 
Irel.  148  It  was  in  the  time  of  the  'ruction  [1798],  1852 
Election  Song  in  N.  IV.Linc.Gloss.s.v.,  Four  hundred  dirty 
vagabonds  All  ready  for  a  ruction.  1886  Sat.  Rev.  22  May 
695/1  The  ruction  has  been  hardly  in  the  fearless  old 
Hibernian  manner.  1890  Spectator  27  Dec.  933/1  Whisky 
which  produces  motiveless  ructions  at  fairs  and  social 
gatherings. 

t  Ructua  tioii.  06s.  rare.  [f.  late  L.  ntctu- 
are  for  ructare^  —  RUCTATION. 

1539  ELYOT  Cast.  Helthe  (1541)  94  b,  Let  them,  .abstein 
from  meates  that  ingender.  .famous  ructuacions  or  vapours. 

tRuctuo-sity.  Obs~°  [f.  L.  ructnosus.]  'A 
belching  much*  (Bailey,  1721). 

t  Ru'Cture.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  L.  -nut-are  +  -UBE.] 
~  RUCTATION. 

1657  TOMLINSON  Renoii's  Disp.  620  It  solves  all  inflations 
of  the  stomack  and  belly  into  ructures.  1669  \V.  SIMPSON 
Hydrol.  Chym.  97  With  a  sudden  noise  of  a  ructure  or  belch. 

Rucul  (Palladius)  :  see  RUKEL. 

Rud  (rz?d),  sbj-  Now  dial,  and  arch.  Forms  : 
a.  i  rudu  (obi.  rude),  3,  6,  8-9  Sc.  rude.  0. 
4-5  (9  dial.)  rode,  4  rod.  7.  5-6  rudde,  5-7,  9 
rud,  6-7,  9  rudd.  [OE.  rndu  fern.,  related  by 
ablaut  to  OE.  rtod  REOD  a.  and  rtad  RED  a.  The 
same  grade  of  the  stem  is  represented  by  ON.  ro&i 
masc.  (Norw.  rode),  redness.] 

1.  Red  or  ruddy  colour ;  redness,  ruddiness. 

a.  c  1000  Apollonius  of  Tyre  (1834)  22  Da  geseah  se  cyngc 
3set  apollonius  mid  rosan  rude  wxs  eal  oferbrsded.  a  1225 
Ancr.  R.  330  pe  rude  of  monnes  nebbe  bet  sei3  ariht  his 
sunnen.  a  1250  Owl  $  Night.  443  pe  rose  also  mid  hire 
rude  pat  cume|?  ut  of  be  borne  wode.  1513  DOUGLAS  /Ends 
xn.  ii.  29  Lavinia..  Hir  moderis  wordis  felt  deip  in  hir 
hert,  So  that  the  rude  dyd  hyr  vissage  glow. 

/3.  c  1373  Cursor  M.  18841  (Fairf.),  His  visage  sumdel  wij> 
rode  was  blende.  1390  GOWEK  Conf.  III.  27  He  seth  hire 
rode  upon  the  cheke.  c  1420  6V.  ILtkeldred  843  in  Horstm. 
Altengl,  Leg.  (1881)  301  Hurre  lures  weron  white  as  ony 
lely  floure  Ymeynde  with  rod. 

y.  1:1400  Destr.  Troy  vn.  3048  Hir  cbekes  [were]  full 
choise ; . .  As  the  rose,  was  the  rud  |?at  raiked  horn  in.  c  1430 
LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  32  Farwele  the  rudde  that 
was  upon  thi  lippes.  1541  HVRDE  tr.  Vives1  Instr.  Chr. 
Worn.  i.  ix.  23  b,  The  one  counterfaiteth  the  rudde  of  pre 
cious  stones  in  the  lyppes,  the  other  whitenesse  of  face  and 
necke.  1565  STAPLETON  tr.  Bede's  Hist.  Ch.  Eng.  13  The 
dye  of  crymson,  whose  rudd  will  be  appalled  nether  with 
heate  of  sonne  nether  with  wette  of  wether.  1898  M  EREDITH 
Poems  I.  94  When  mantles  a  tender  rud  In  maids  that  of 
youths  have  sight. 

2.  Complexion  (of  those  parts  of  the  face  which 
are  naturally  reddish  or  ruddy). 

a.  c  xooo  /ELI-RIC  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  156  Uuttns, 
andwlita,  uel  rudu.  12 . .  Prayer  to  Our  Lady  20  in  O .  E. 
Misc.  193  Mi  brune  her  is  hwit  bicume.  .and  mi  tohte  rude 
iturnd  al  in-to  oSre  dehe.  15..  Christ's  Kirk  21  in  Bann. 
MS.  283  As  ony  ross  hir  rude  wes  reid.  1836  WILSON  Tales 
of  Borders  IV.  34  Yon  bloomin  hizzy  wi'  the  rose  rude. 

0.  a  1310  in  Wright  Lyric  P.  v.  26  Hire  rode  is  ase  rose 
that  red  is  on  rys.  1340-70  Alisannder  178  Rose  red  was 
hur  rode,  full  riall of  schape.  1,1386  CHAUCER  Miller's  T. 
131  His  rode  was  reed,  hise  eyen  greye  as  goos.  c  1420 
Anturs  of  Art  h.  xiii,  Reddere  in  rode  (?an  rose  in  be  rayne. 


RTJDAS. 

y.  14. .  26  PoL  Poems  145  My  rudde  was  rede,  my  colour 
clere.  c  1460  Towneley  Myst.  xxxi.  145  Youre  rud  that  was 
so  red,  youre  lyre  the  lylly  lyke.  1519  HORMAN  Vulg.  169 
They  whyte  theyr  face.,  with  cerusse  :  and  theyr  lyppisand 
ruddis  with  purpurisse.  a  1529  SKELTON  Ballad  Wks.  1843 
I.  25  Your  rudays  wyth  ruddy  rubys  may  compare.  1867 
L.  JEWITT  Derb.  Ballads  23  That  lady  so  fair  and  free  With 
rudd  as  red  as  rose  in  May. 

3.  Chiefly  dial.  Ruddle;  fa  red  cosmetic. 

ciooo  ^ELFRIC  Saints  Lives  I.  404  Gezabel . .  jehiwode 
hire  eagan  and  hire  neb  mid  rude. 

1651  R.  CHILD  in  Hartlib  Legacy  (1655)  73  Here  is 
found,  .white  and  yellow  Marie,  Plaister,  Oker,  Rudd  [etc.], 
1691  KwColl.N.C.  Words  (t&.  2)  136  Rud,z.  sort  of  Blood 
stone  used  in  marking  Sheep;  from  the  red  colour.  1788 
W.  H.  MARSHALL  Prov,  Yorksh.,  Rud,  red  ochre  ;  used  in 
giving  a  temporary  mark  to  sheep.  1797  BRVDGES  Honi. 
Trav.  II.  290  Jove,  .mix'd  a  shower  of  rain  with  rud,  To 
make  'em  think  it  rain'd  sheer  blood.  1854  Miss  BAKF.R 
Northainpt.  Gloss.,  Reddle,  ..called  also  rud  and  ruddle. 
1895  T.  ELLWOOD  Lake  I,  <V  Iceland  79  The  smit  marked 
upon  the  sheep  with  this  Rud  or  Ruddle  is  generally  the 
initial  letter  or  letters  of  the  owner's  name. 

Comb.  (21794  Alarriage  of  Sir  Gaivaine  Ixv.  in  Percy 
RcliqneS)  Sweet  blushes  stayn'd  her  rud-red  cheeke. 

Hilld,  sb?-  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms  :  5  rodev's, 
6  ruddis,  6-7  ruddes,  7,  9  arch.  ruds.  [Of 
obscure  origin,]  The  marigold  {Calendula  offi- 
dnalis\  Chiefly  in  //.  form.  (Cf.  RODE-WOKT.) 

14..  MS.  Sloane  j",  If.  gb/i  Ocuhts  Christ  i,  calendula, 
solsequium, .  .Seynte  Marie  rode,  c  1450  Alphita  (Anecd. 
Oxon.)  88  Kalendula,  sfionsa  5<7/;>,..golduurt  i'el  rodes. 
CI475  fief.  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  786  Hoc  solseqniinn^ 
rode.  1526  Crete  Herball  cxxxii.  (1529)  H  v,  Calendula  is 
an  herbe  called  ruddes.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  163  They  be 
now  called. .in  English  Marygpldes,  and  Ruddes.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  20  Some  take  it  \_Heliotropiinit}  for  Ruds 
or  Wert-wort :  others  for  Turnsol,  or  the  Marygold.  1647 
HEXHAM  i.  (Herbs),  Ruddes,  or  Marigolds,  Gondt-bloemen. 
1863  in  Isle  of  Wight  Gloss.  (1881)  52  Among  greens,  small 
fruits,  and  ruds. 

Rud,  sb$  dial.  Also  6  rod,  roid,  rude,  8-9 
rudd.  [Obscurely  related  to  REDD  sd.%,  RID  $&.'•*, 
ROUD  j/'.J 

1.  The  spawn  of  frogs  or  toads.     Usu.  in  combs. 
paddock-^  toad-rud. 

1508  KENNEDIE  Fly  ting  7«.  Dunbar  342  Thou  come ..  till 
a  pule,  and  drank  the  paddok  rod  \ytr.  rude,  roid].  1803  R. 
ANDKRSON  Cumbld.  Ball.  (1805)  82  Auld  Grizzy  the  witch.. 
Meks  paddoc-rud  ointment  for  sair  een.  1850  BAM  FORD 
Dial.  S.  Lanes.  215  Twod-rndd^  the  spawn  of  toads.  1887 
Cheshire  Gloss.,  Rudt .  .spawn  of  toads  or  frogs. 

2.  The  act  of  spawning. 

Cf.  RODDING  vbl.  sl>.,  ROOD  z/.,  ROUD  v. 

1794  W.  HUTCHINSON  Hist.  Climb.  I.  459  They  [sc.  salmon] 
will  take  a  bait  of  roe,  or  small  fish,  while  upon  the  rudd,  or 
laying  their  spawn. 

Rud,  sb.t  rare.  [var.  of  READ  sbJ- :  cf.  ROD- 
DJKIN.]  (See  quot.) 

1847  W.  C.  L.  MARTIN  Ox  2/1  The  rud,  or  abomasum, 
which  is  the  true  digestive  stomach. ..The  huge  paunch,  for 
instance,  is,  at  this  early  period,  far  less  capacious  than  the 
fourth  stomach,  or  rud. 


Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  8  rudd ;  pa. 
fple.  3'irud(d)ed,  4  roded.  [Related  to  Run 
sbl  and  RUDDY  a.  In  sense  2  from  RUD  sb.}  3.] 

f  1.  trans.  To  make  red  or  ruddy.   Ols. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  50  peo  Jiet  beoc5,  uor  Codes  luue,  mid 


hore  blodshedunge  irudded  &  ireaded,  ase  be  martirs  weren. 
Ibid.  332  pe  soule  bet  was  bloc,  &  nefde  bute  dead  heou, 
haue<5  ikeiht  cwic  heou,  &  is  iruded  feire.  a  1400  Lang~ 
land's  P.  PI.  C.  xvi.  108  (Laud  MS.),  As  rody  as  a  rose 
roded  were  hus  chekes. 

1595  SPENSER  Epithal.  173  Her  cheekeslyke  apples  which 
the  sun  hath  rudded.  1609  HEYWOOD  Brit.  Troy  m.  Ivi, 
Many  an  anticke  flake  With  rich  Inamell  azure  green  and 
Rudded.  lai-jao  in  Child  Ballads  IV.  28/1  It's  little 
matter  what  they  do  now,  My  life-blood  rudds  the  heather 
brown. 

2.  dial.  To  colour  or  mark  with  ruddle. 

1680  in  Best  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  156  note,  Put  to  the  fell 
and  rudded  55  weathers.  1876-  in  diai.  glossaries. 

t  Rud,  ^.2  Obs.  Forms:  3-5  rodden,  4-5 
rudden  (5  ruddon).  [Of  obscure  origin.]  trans. 
To  rub. 

Halliwell  gives  '  Rndt  to  rub,  to  polish.  Devon1 ',  but 
there  appears  to  be  no  con6rmation  of  this. 

c  1290  6V.  George  41  in  S.  Eng.  Leg.  \.  295  Sethbe  with  a 
clout  of  here  [they]  roddeden  |?e  woundes  faste. ..po  men 
selten  so  is  quike  flesch  and  roddeden  so  with  here  !  c  1303 
St.  Edmund  172  in  E.  E.  P.  75  Fet  &  honde. .  He  ruddede 
[Laud  MS.  roddede]  a  ni;t  wi|»  his  here.  1393  LANGL.  P. 
PI.  C.  xvi.  108  Thus  sone  bis  doctour,  As  rody  as  a  rose 
roddede  [v.r.  ruddede]  hus  chekes,  Kowede  and  carpede. 
c  1440  Promp.  Pan>.  438/2  Ruddon,  idem  quod  rubbyn. 
1495  Trevisa's  De  P.  R.  xvn.  xcvii,  Flexe  is..rodded 
[Bodl.  MS.  irudded]  and  gnodded,  ribbyd  and  herkelyd, 
and  at  the  laste  sponne. 

Rud,  obs.  form  of  RUDD,  RUDE. 

Rudas  (nrdas),  sb.  (and  «.).  Sc.  Forms  :  8 
roudes,  9  rudous,  roudas,  rudas.  [Of  obscure 
origin.]  A  coarse,  unmannerly  (old)  woman ;  a 
termagant,  virago,  hag. 

1725  RAMSAY  Gentle  Sheph.  IV.  i,  Ye  leed,  auld  roudes  ! 
1824  SCOTT  Redgauntlet  ch.  xx,  I  followed  the  auld  rudas 
through   twa  Courts.     1844   W.  CROSS   Disruption   xxiii. 
(E.  D.  D.),  What  can  the  auld  roudas  want  wi'  me? 
b.  As  adj.  Hag-like  ;  coarse,  unmannerly. 

a  1802  Prince  Robert  iv,  in  Scott  Minstrelsy,  She  has  put 
it  to  her  roudes  lip,  And  to  her  roudes  chin.  1816  SCOTT 
Aiitiq.  xxvi,  The  auld  carlin  (a  rudas  wife  she  was).  1818 
—  Rob  Roy  xxix,  That  auld  rudas  jaud  of  a  gudewife.  1856 


RTIDD. 

G.  HENDERSON  Pop.  Rhymes  Berwick  57  Rudous  wives, 
grim,  gaunt,  and  stark. 

Rudd  (red).     Forms :  a.  7  rowde,  ",  9  dial. 
roud.    ft.  7-9  rud.   y.  7  rudde,  7-  rudd.  fapp. 
related  to  ROD  st>.1]     A  freshwater  cyprinoid  fish 
(ieufisfiis   erythrophthalmits}    somewhat   resem-    i 
bling  the  roach;  'the  red -eye. 

o.  1606  S.  GARDINER  Bk.  Angling  131  The  Roche,  Dace,    ' 
Breame,  Rowde  doe  but  pingle,  to  the  Pearche,  and  Pike. 
a  1671  WILLUGHBY  Hist.  Pise.  iv.  vii.  252  Rutilus  latior  vel 
Rubellio  fluviatilis,..Nostratibus  a  Rudd  vel  Roud;  qui- 
busdam  locis  Anglis  a  Finscale.      1836  YARRELU  Brit. 
Fishes  I.  362  It  is  abundant  in  the  broads  of  Norfolk,  where 
it  is  called  Roud.     1881  C.  DAVIES  Norfolk  Broads  iii,  The    ] 
rudd,  or  roud  as  it  is  generally  called  in  Norfolk,  is  very 
abundant. 

j3.  1661  WALTON  Angler  (ed.  3)  xvi.  218  There  is  a  kind  of 
bastard  small  Roch..  with  a  very  forked  tail. .;  knowing-men 
know  their  difference,  call  them  Ruds.  1740  R.  BROOKES 
Art  of  Angling  \.  xix.  54  The  Rud  or  Finscale.  .is  broader 
than  a  Carp,  and  thicker  than  a  Bream.  1769  PENNANT 
Brit.Zwl.  111.  310  The  Rud.. .This  fish  is  found  in  the 
Charwell,  near  Oxford,  and  in  the  Witham  in  Lincolnshire. 
1804  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  V.  i.  198  [The  roach  is]  Much  allied 
to  the  Rud,  but  of  a  shape  somewhat  less  deep.  1856 
1  STONEHENGE  '  Brit.  Rural  Sports  251  Rud  require  rather 
a  larger  hook. 

y.  31672  [see  a  above].  1685  RAY  Corresp.  29  April  (1718) 
180  The  Kudde  is  the  Rotele  of  Baltner.  1753  Chambers' 
Cycl.  Suppl.,  Rubtlltu,..*  name  given  by  some  authors  to 
the  common  roach,  and  by  others  to  the  rudd  or  finscale. 
1836  YARKISLL  Brit.  Fishes  I.  361  The  Rudd,  or  Red-eye,  is 
a  very  common  fish  in  Europe.  1883  Fisheries  E.rhib. 
Calal.  (ed.  4)  104  Glass  Case  containing  Stuffed  Specimen 
of  a  Rudd. 

t  BiU'dden,  v.  Obs.  rare.  In  3-4  rudnen.  [f. 
the  stem  of  RUD  st>.1  and  z*.1  Cf.  Olcel.  roiSna, 
MSw.  rud/ina,  Sw.  rodna.~\  intr.  To  become  red. 
Hence  f  Ku-ddening,  redness  (in  the  sky). 


fill  sore. 

Rudder  (ro-daj),  sb.  Forms :  a.  I  rotrior, 
rotor,  roflr,  2  ro«er,  ropur,  3-5  ro)>er,  4-7 
rother;  5  rothere,  rothir,  -yr,  royther.  0.  4 
roothur,  6-7  roother,  7  routher.  7.  5  Sc.  ru- 
thire,  ruthyr,  6  Sc.  ruthir,  6-7  (9  Sc.  and  north.) 
ruther ;  6  rither.  5. 5  rodyr,  rod(d)er  ;  5  rudyr, 
6  -ir,  5-7  ruder,  6- rudder.  [OE.  riSer,  =OFris. 
ruder  (WFris.  roer),  MDu.  roder,  roeder  (Du. 
roer),  MLG.  roder,  r$r  (LG.  ror),  OHG.  ruadai; 
rnodar  (MHG.  ruoder,  G.  ruder)  :— Teut.  *ropra-, 
from  the  stem  of  Row  v.  MSw.  rodher,  Fa-r. 
rSStir,  Da.  and  Norw.  ror  in  this  sense  are  from 
LG. ;  the  ON.  ro5r  (Icel.  rogiir,  Norw.  ror) 
denotes  the  act  of  rowing.] 

1 1.  A  paddle  or  oar  used  for  steering  or  pro 
pelling  a  vessel.  Obs. 

cj*s  Corfu*  Gloss.  P.  178  Palmula,  steorroSor.  Ibid.  T. 
206  Tonsa,  roSr.  cSfj  K.  ALFRED  Gregory 's  fast.  C.  Iviii. 
44S  Ne  maej  hit  [sc.  a  ship]  no  stille  xestondau,  buton  hit 
ankor  jehaebbe,  ooSe  mon  mid  ro5rum  on^ean  tio.  c  1000 
^ELFRIC  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  167  Palmula,  ro5res  blaed. 
unoo  Voc.  ibid.  311  Renms,  roSer.  111300  A".  Horn  202 
Dai  hit  is  igon  and  o(>er,  Wibute  sail  and  ro)>er,  1483 
Caih.  Angl.  313/1  A  Ruder  (Rudyr,  A.),  iibi  a  are.  1602 
DRAVTON  Heroical  Ep.  82  b,  The  Swans  with  musick  that 
the  Roothers  make . .  come  gliding  on  the  lake. 

2.  A  broad,  flat  piece  or  framework  of  wood  or 
metal,  attached  vertically  to  the  sternpost  of  a 
boat  or  ship  in  such  a  way  that  it  can  be  employed 
in  steering  it.  Also  in  fig.  contexts. 

Also,  in  recent  use,  applied  to  the  analogous  part  of  the 
steering  apparatus  in  air-ships. 

o.  1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synnt  4624  A  shyppe  M  ys 
turned  with  be  rober.  13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  419  Hurrok, 
ober  hande-helme  hasped  on  rober.  1398  THEVISA  Barth. 
De  P.  R.  xii.  xii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  In  swymmynge  he  vse|j  bat 
one  foote  in  stede  of  an  ore  and  be  ober  in  stede  of  a  rober. 
1447  Rolls  ofParlt.V.  135/1  They  toke..  the  Rother  of  the 
Ship,  the  Saile,  and  all  the  Bonnettis.  1486  Naval  Ace. 
Hen.  Vff  (1896)  14  Tymbre .  .in  makyng  of  a  newe  Rother. 
Ibid.  15  A  pyntell  &  a  gogeon  for  the  Rother.  1549 
COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  James  33  Whither  so  ever 
the  shippe  maisters  mynde  that  governeth  the  rother  will 
set  it.  1622  R.  HAWKINS  Voy.  S.  Sea  (1847)  188  His  boate 
fitted  with  sayle,  oares,.  .windles  and  rother.  1632  J.  HAY- 
WARD  tr.  BiondCs  Eromena  37  The  Barke  abandoned  of  her 
Rother,  ranne  whither  the  wind  carried  her.  1682  Loud. 
Gaz.  No.  1720/7  While  our  Rother  held,  we  bore  away  W. 
and  upon  every  lift  of  the  Sea,  went  off. 

fig.  1340  Arena.  160  pe  rober  of  be  ssipe  of  be  zaule.  1390 
GOWER  Conf.l.  243  The  Schip  of  love  hath  lost  his  Rother. 

p.  13. .  Minor  Poems  fr.  Vernon  MS.  716  Into  bat  schip 
her  longed  a  Roobur.  1647  LILLY  Chr.  Astral,  xxvi.  158 
The  Roother  or  Sterne  of  the  Ship. 

trans/.  1551  RECORDE  Cast.  Knowl.  (1556)269  The  bright 
starre  in  the  foote  of  the  roother  of  Argus. 

Y.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vn.  1067  A  hundreth  schippys, 
that  ruthyr  bur  and  ayr.  1513  DOUGLAS  jKneis  x.  v.  8 
Eneas. .sat  in  propyr  persoun  .  .To  steir  hys  carvell  and  to 
rewill  the  ruther.  1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xvii.  r22 
Vagabounds  we  wander  in  miserie  &  wo,  As  ship  but 
Ruther.  1582  STANYHURST  SEneis  I.  (Arb.)  21  The  oars  are 
cleene  splintred,  the  helme  is  from  ruther  vnhafted.  1613 
M.  RIDLEY  Magn.  Bodies  16  As  a  ship  upon  the  water  is 
directed  even  forward  by  the  sterne  and  ruther.  a  1656 
USSHKK  Ann.  (1658*  860  They  burned  the  owners  them 
selves  in  a  fire  made  of  the  rulhers,  oares,  and  plankes,  of 
the  ships.  18x9  W.  TENNANT  Papistry  Storm'd  (1827)  38 
And  sieg'd  his  boat  frae  stem  to  ruther. 


864 

8.  r  144°  Prowp.  Pan1.  438/2  Rodyr,  of  a  schyppe,.. 
amplustre.  c  1450  Castle  Persev.  1741  (Macro  Plays),  I  go 
..swyfter  ^anne  schyp  with  rodyr  !  1457 Nottingham Rec, 
II.  366  To  mak  a  rodder  of.  1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasm*  Par. 
Acts  xxvii.They  toke  vp  the  ankers.. and  leased  withall 
the  joyntes  of  the  sterne  and  the  rudder.  1555  EDKN 
Decades  (Arh.)  108  She  broke  the  rudder  of  the  shyppe  in 
peeces.  158*  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  Castan/u-das  Cony- K>  hid- 
52  To  bring  his  Sailes  and  the  Rudder  of  the  Shippes  a 
lande.  1634-5  BRERETON  Trav.  (Chetham  Soc.)  169  The 
helm  consists  of  rudder,  tiller,  and  whipstafT,  and  except  the 
ship  move  and  make  way  the  rudder  is  of  no  use.  1668 
HOPKINS  Strut.,  \'~anity  (1685)  118  Overflowing  estates  are 
but  like  huge  enormous  rudders,  that  rather  serve  to  sink 
the  ship,  than  steer  it.  17*2  WOLLASTON  Relig.  Nut.  iii.  51 
The  pilot  should  direct  the  vessel  by  the  use  of  the  rudder 
he  has  fitted  to  it.  1774  GOLDSMITH  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  V. 
12  The  tail,  which  is  composed  of  quill  feathers,  ..guides  the 
animal's  flight  like  a  rudder.  1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sci. 
ff  Art  I.  297  The  oars  and  rudders  of  vessels  are  levers  of 
the  second  kind.  1877  BRYANT  Odyss.  v.  307  He  shaped  a 
rudder  next,  To  guide  the  raft  along  her  course. 

transf,  1873  COL'ES  N.  Ainer.  Birds  277  The  natatorial 
limb  becomes  a  rudder  as  well  as  an  oar. 

b.  yfjf.  One  who  or  that  which  guides,  directs, 
or  controls. 

a.  c  1400  Beryn  212, 1  shuld  be  a  rothir  To  set  }e\ve  m 
governaunce.  1509  HAWF.S  Pastime  of  Pleasure  xx\\.  (1555^ 
R  iij,  Let  not  thy  lady  of  thy  harte  be  rother.  1509  —  Joyfill 
Med.-zy  God  omnypotent  Whiche  is  aboue,  of  all  the  worlde 
the  rother.  1616  J.  LANE  Contn.Sqr.'s  T.  vi.  159  Yet  so  as 
wisdome  holdinge  our  loves  rother,  Wee  loving) ie  and 
iustelie  yeeld  t'  each  other.  1637  H.  SYDKNHAM  &tr#t,  20 
Speech  is  the.  .sterne  and  rother  of  the  soule. 

ft.  1613  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Muses  Teares  Wks.  iGrosart) 
I.  8/2  tHoquence  (the  Routher  of  our  Minde,  Swaying  th* 
Affects  thereof,  which  way  it  lists).  1658  LENSARD  tr. 
Charroifs  H'isd.  in.  cliii.  (1670)  523  It  [sc.  eloquence]  Is.. 
the  stern  or  roother  of  our  souls,  which  disposeth  the  heart 
and  affections. 

S.  a  1578  LINDESAY  (PiUcottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)  I.  8 
Ane  new  courteour  that  lullit  so  the  ruddar  and  causit 
the  king  to  discord  with  his  broder.  1606  S.  GARDINER 
Bk.  Angling  3  The  Rudder  wherwith  the  Arke  of  Gods 
Church 'is  guided,  is  the  word  of  God.  1663  UUTLER  Hint. 
i.  i.  457  Rhime  the  Rudder  is  of  Verses,  With  which  like 
Ships  they  stear  their  courses.  1685  BARROW  Wks.  1830  I. 
363  Speech  is  indeed  the  rudder  that  steereth  human  affairs. 


c.  The  representation  of  a  rudder. 
1538  LELAND  /tin.  (1769)  VII.  87  The  Windowes  be  full  of 
Rudders.    Peradventure  it  was  his  Badge  or  Token  of  the 
Amiraltye. 

3.  Brewing.  A  kind  of  paddle  used  in  stirring 
malt  in  the  mash-tub.     Also  transf.  (quot.  1847). 

£1440  Prnmp.  Parr.  328/1  Maschel,  or  rothyr,  or  masch- 
scherel,  reutntitstpaluiniat  mixtorinm.  1566  WITHALS  Diet. 
43  A  rudder  or  instrument  to  sure  the  niashe  fat  with, 
rntabidiim.  1615  G.  MARKHAM  Eng.  Hoitsew.  H.  ix.  (1668) 
187  Let.,  another  with  a  mash  rudder  stirre  some  of  the  flower 
with  it.  1648  Inventory  in  Spottiswoode  Misc.  (1844)  I.  372 
Ane  maskeine  fatt,  ane  taptrie  and  ane  maskine  rudder. 
1707  MOKTIMKR  Hnsb.  (1721)  II.  322  You  must  press  it  down 
with  your  Hands  or  Rudder,  with  which  you  use  tc^stlr 
your  Malt  or  Moaks.  1763  Museum  Rust.  I.  202  This  is  to 
be  well  mashed,  and  stirred  about  with  the  rudder  for  near 
half  an  hour.  1847  Jrnl.  R.  Agric,  Soc.  VIII.  n.  329  The 
stirrer,  or  '  rudder  ',  is  similar  to  those  used  by  brewers. 

4.  A  mining  implement  :  (see  quot.). 

1747  HOOSON  Miner's  Dict.t  Rudder^  an  Instrument  of 
Iron,  or  at  least  the  end  of  it ;  'tis  much  like  the  Head  of  a 
Lance,. .but  made  somewhat  broader..  ;  the  handle  about 
two  Foot  long;  this  we  use  to  let  in  the  ends  of  Sliders  or 
Head -trees. 

5.  Ornit/t.   -RECTRIX  2.     (Cf.  6  b.) 

1884  COUES./V.  Artier.  Birds  115  Kectrices,  Rudders,  or 
true  tail-feathers, .  .are  usually  stiff,  well-pronounced  feathers, 
pennaceous  to  the  very  base  of  the  vexilla. 

6.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  Attrib,  with  words  de 
noting  some  part  of  the  rudder  or  apparatus  con 
nected  with  it,  as  rudder-baml ,  -case, -chain,  etc. 

For  enumerations  and  descriptions  of  these  see  A.  Young 
Nant.  Diet.  (1846  and  1863),  Smyth  Sailor's  Word-book 
(1867),  Knight  Diet.  Mech.  (1875  and  1884). 

1526  TINUALE  Acts  xxvii.  40  They..lowsed  the  rudder 
bondes  and  hoysed  vppe  the  mayne  sayle  to  the  wynde. 
1598  W.  PHILIP  tr.  Linschoten  167  So  that  our  Ruther-staffe 
brake,  and  two  more,  .broke  likewise,  .on  being  put  into  it. 
n  i6ao  Z.  UOYD  Zion's  Flowers  (1855)  10  The  force  of  seas 
hath  broke  the  Rudder-band.  1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's 
Gram.  ii.  12  The  Rudder,  .is.  .hung  at  the  sterne  vpon 
hookes  and  hinges,  they  call  Pintels  and  Gudgions,or  Rud 
der-irons.  Ibid.  vi.  28  The  Rudder  rope  is  reeued  thorow 
the  stern  post,  and  goeth  thorow  the  head  of  the  Rudder. 


RUDDLE. 

*549  Compl.  Seotl.  vi.  41  Than  the  master  cryit  on  the 
rudir  man.  1611  Cores.,  ffeaitlinitfre,  the  Rudder-part  of  a 
ship.  1681  GREW  Muszum  i.  iv.  i.  61  His  [sc,  a  humming 
bird's]  Tail  an  inch  and  i.  In  which  there  are  ten  black 
Rudder-Quills  i  of  an  inch  broad.  1804  J.  LARWOOD  No 
Gun  Boats  14  Mast  and  rudder  making  at  the  root  of  the 
trees.  1835  KlRBV  Hab.  ff  Inst.  Anim.  II.  xvii.  163  The 
rudder-tail  here  described  is  that  of  the  male  bull-finch. 
1851  MANTELL  Petrifactions  v.  §  2.  421  The  rudder-like,  or 
heterocercal  tail,  is  shown  in  many  of  the  Ichthyolites. 

c.  In  specific  names  of  birds  or  fishes  :  rudder- 
bird,  -duck,  -perch  (see  quots.). 

1828-31  WEBSTER  (citing  Latham),  Rudder-perch,  a  small 
fish,  .[which]  is  said  to  follow  the  rudders  of  ships  in  the 
warm  parts  of  the  Atlantic.  1884  COUFS  N.  Amer.  Birds 
715  Erismalura,  . .  Rudder  Ducks.  Remarkably  distin 
guished  from  other  Fitliguliiix,  .by  the  stiffened,  linear- 
lanceolate  tail-feathers.  1894  NEWTON  Did.  Birds  797 
Rudder-bird  or  -duck,  a  name  for  Erismatura  rul'ida,  one 
of  the  Spiny-tailed  Ducks. 

Hence  Rivdcler  v.,  to  steer,   rare. 

1856  EMERSON  Eng.  Traits,  Wealth,  Steam,  .already,  .js 
ruddering  the  balloon,  and  the  next  war  will  be  fought  in 
the  air.  1875  '  STONEHENGE'  Brit.  Rural  Sports  u.  vnl.  i. 
(ed.  12)  613  In  sailing  to  windward,  a  vessel  not  only  re 
quires  her  sails  to  be  very  carefully  trimmed,  but  she  must 
be  'ruddered'  with  equal  care. 

Rudder,  variant  of  RIDDEU  sb.l  and  z'.1 ;  obs. 
form  of  ROTHER. 

Ruddered  (ro-daid),  a.  [f.  RUDDER  s6.]  Pro 
vided  with  a  rudder. 

1860  EMERSON  Cond.  Life,  Fate,  The  secrets  of  water 
and  steam,,  .the  chariot  of  the  air,  the  ruddered  balloon  are 
awaiting  you.  1865  E.  BURRITT  Walk  to  Land's  End  254 
That  little  ruddered  ark. 

Ril'dder-fish.  [RUDDER  J/L]  The  name  of 
several  species  of  fish  which  follow  or  accompany 
vessels;  esp.  (a)  the  rudder-perch,  a  West  Indian 
sea-fish;  (b)  the  pilot-fish,  Maturates  ditclor;  (c) 
the  log-  or  barrel-fish  (Lints  or  Palinurus  perci- 
formis)  of  America;  (d)  a  bluish  fish  (Seriola 
zonata),  native  to  the  Western  Atlantic. 

1734  in  Phil.  Trans.  XXXVII  1. 316  Perca  marina,  Secta- 
trix,  the  Rudder-Fish,  so  called  because  they  are  always  seen 
following  Ships,  or  sticking  to  the  Rudders.  179*  MAR. 
RIDDELL  I'oy.  Madeira  69  The  hoe-fish,  the  pilot  or  rudder- 
fish,  whiting,  bream.  1859  p-  H-  GOSSE  Lett.fr.  Alabama 
n  The  spotted  rudder-fish  and  the  purple-banded  pilot 
were  often  seen  beneath  the  stern.  1888  GOODE  Amer. 
Fishes  221  The  Rudder-Fish  family,  Stromaleidz,  is  repre 
sented  on  the  coast  by  threespecies.  Ibid.  234 The  Banded 
Rudder-fish,  Seriola  zonata,  has  been  observed  as  far  north 
as  Salem  and  Beverly. 

Rti  dderless,  a.  f  f.  RUDDER  s6.  +  -LESS.  Cf. 
MDu.  roei/er-,  Du.  roerloos,  MLG.  ro(d)erlos,  G. 
ruderlos.]  Having  no  rudder  ;  without  a  rudder. 

1605  SYLVESTER  DH  Bartas  n.  ii.  in.  Lawe  168  Though 
Rudder-Iesse,  not  Pilot-lesse  this  Boat  Among  the  Reeds  by 
the  Floud's  side  did  float.  1843  HIKST  Poems  68  Vessels 
rudderless  and  courseless  range.  1880  J.  R.  MACDUFF  /« 
Christo  i  Vessels  tossed,  unpiloted  and  rudderless,  in  the 
thick  darkness. 

b.  fig.  Without  guidance  or  control. 

1827  LVTTON  Pelham  xl,  The  countess,  whose  thoughts 
wandered.. in  the  most  rudderless  manner.  1850  KINGSLEY 
Alt.  Locke  xi,  1  felt  myself  in  a  most  distracted  rudderless 
state.  18154  BOWEN  Logic  xii.  384  That  same  rudderless 
and  purposeless  crowd  of  primeval  atoms. 

Rudders :  see  RUDERS. 

Ruddiok,  dial,  form  of  RUDDOCK. 

Ru'ddied,  ///-  a.  [f.  RUDDY  v.]  Rendered 
ruddy ;  reddened. 

1847  WEBSTER,  Ruddied,  made  ruddy  or  red.  1850 
ALLINOHAM  Poems,  Morning  i,  The  wind  shakes  up  the 
sleepy  clouds,  To  kiss  the  ruddied  morn. 

Ru'ddily,  adv.  [f.  RUDDY  a.  +  -LY  2.]  In  a 
ruddy  manner ;  with  a  ruddy  hue. 

1816  BYRON  Siege  of  Corinth  xxvi,  Many  a  hand's  on  a 
richer  hilt,  But  none  on  a  steel  more  ruddily  gilt.  1860 
TYNDALI.  Glac.  i.  xvi.  106  The  fire  was  gleaming  ruddily. 
1884  Contemp.  Rev.  Aug.  336  Deep,  narrow  water-courses, 
ruddily  stained  by  the  ironstone  beds  whence  they  spring. 

Ru-ddhiess.  [f.  RUDDY  a.  +  -NESS.]  The 
quality  of  being  ruddy;  ruddy  hue;  ruddy  or 
healthy  complexion. 

1541  HYRDE  tr.  Vines'  Instr.  Chr.  Worn.  i.  w.  23  b,  They 
taurfit  to  peynt  the  blacke  of  eies,  and  ruddynes  of  cnekes. 
1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Pnrfureus,  Purple  colour; 
blacke  mixed  \vith  a  certaine  ruiklinesse.  c  1610  H  omen 
Saints  160  That  ruddines  onelie  liked  her,  which  shame- 
fastnes  and  bashfullnes  produced.  1663  BOYI.E  Use/.  Exp. 


Nat.  Phi/as.  II.  App.  317  A  face  whose  ruddiness  argued  a 
perfect  recovery.     »77S   HARRIS  Pliilos.  Arrangem.  Wks. 


require  a  full  Head.  1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780), 
Boite  dn  soitvernail,  the  rudder-case,  or  the  box  placed 
above  the  rudder-head, .  .through  which  the  tiller  passes. 
i7o6NELSONin  Nicolas Disp. (1846)  VII.  p.xxxix.The  ship. . 
snipped  a  deal  of  water,  which  blew  up  the  rudder  coat.  1805 
CAPT.  CRUMBY  Let.  in  iQth  Cent.  No.  273.  722  Captain 
Cooke  joined  us  in  partaking  of  some  cold  meat,  &c.  on 
the  rudder  head.  1837  MARRYAT  Dog  Fiend  x,  He  makes 
his  appearance  at  the  rudder-chains.  1863  DICKENS  Mvt. 
Fr.  i.  i,  The  man,  with  the  rudder-lines  slack  in  his 
hands,  . .  kept  an  eager  look  out.  1874  THEARLE  Naval 
A  rchit.  67  Rudder-pendants,  which  secure  the  rudder  to  the 
vessel.  1889  WELCH  Text  Bk.  Naval  A  rchit.  xiii.  137  The 
rudder  framing  tapers  in  thickness  from  the  front  edge. 

b.  Attrib.,  etc.,  in  other  uses,  as  rudder-man, 
-part,  -quill,  -tail;  rudder-mating ;  rnJder-lilte  adj. 


lower  the  ruddiness  of  his  light  augmented. 

t  Ktrddish,  a.  Obs._  [f.  RUDDY  a.]  Some 
what  red  or  rudely  ;  reddish. 

1563  FOXE  A.  ft  llf.  1060/2  Hee  was  neuer  knowen..to 
loke  with  so  chereful  &  ruddish  a  countenaunce  as  he  did  at 
that  present.  1573  P.  MORE  Almanack  f,  Prognostication 
D  vi  b,  The  Sunne  darting  out  his  ruddishe  rayes  m  the 
morning.  1588  PARKF.  tr.  Mtudoma'l  Hist.  China  207  I  he 
one  of  them  was  a  white  man,  the  other  was  ruddish.  1689 
Land.  Ga:.  No.  2415/4  John  Dobbins  a  Shoemaker,.. full 
fac'd,  with  ruddish  Complexion. 

Ruddle  (ro'd'l),  rf.l  Also  6  ruddell,  6-7,  9 
dial,  rudle.  [Related  to  Run  sbl  and  v.l  See 
also  RADDLE  and  REDDLE.]  A  red  variety  of 


RUDDLE. 

ochre  used  for  marking  sheep  and  for  colouring  ; 
red  ochre,  reddle. 

i538ELYOT,A*«£nV#,.  .ruddle  wherwith  shepe  are  marked. 
1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  i  Sinofiis,  a  redde  stone  commonly 
called  Sinoper,  or  Ruddle.  1576  BAKER  Jewell  ofHealtk 
42  The  redde  chalke  (that  we  name  Ruddell).  1601  HOL 
LAND  Pliny  I.  147  They  colour  and  paint  their  bodies  with 
a  kind  of  red  chalk  or  rudle  called  Rubrica.  1684  tr.  Sonet's 
Merc.  Compit.  ix.  329  The  mixture  of  the  white  of  an  Egg 
and  Carpenters  ruddle.  a  172*  LISLE  Hush.  (1757)  499 
Tho*  the  ruddle,  if  the  sheep  be  much  ruddled,  weighs  to 
our  loss,  yet  that  washes  out.  1777  FORSTER  Voy.  round 
World\.  138  Their  hair  was  black,  and  curling,  and  smeared 
with  oil  and  ruddle.  1848  B.  D.  WALSH  Aristoph.  n  note, 
To  sweep  the  market-place  with  a  rope  covered  with  ver 
milion  or  ruddle.  1873  BROWNING  Red  Cott.  Nt.-Cap  Coun 
try  n.  477  The  florist  bedded  thick  His  primrose-root  in 
ruddle. 

jSf.  16970.  BAKER  Poems  n  His  Skin..  AH  over  Ruddle 
is,  and  from  His  flaming  Eyes  quick  glances  come. 

attrib.  and  Comb.  1647  HEXHAM  I.  (Precious  stones),  A 
Ruddle  stone,  een  Vermillioen  steen.  1837  WHEELWRIGHT 
tr.  A  ristophanes  1  1.  106  Fly  toavoid  the  ruddle-colour'd  rope. 

Ru'ddle,  sb*t  var.  of  RIDDLE  j^.a  i  .  NOW  dial. 

1581  in  Best  Farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  172  In  be  ketchenge  2 
wynder  does,  9  seckes,  3  ruddles,  and  a  seife.  1603  HOL 
LAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  86  They  will  not  passe  taorough  the 
holes  of  the  sieve,  ruddle  or  trie,  if  they  be  narrow.  1703 
THORESBY  Let.  to  Ray,  Rudle,  a  ridle.  1877  Holderness 
Gloss.,  Ruddle^  a  sieve;  a  riddle. 

Ru'ddle,  $b.$t  variant  of  RADDLE  sbl  2. 

1736  LKWIS  Hist.  Thanet  Gloss.,  Ruddlewattle,  a  hurl 
made  of  small  hazle-rods,  interwoven.  1868  [see  RADDLE 

St.*  2j. 


.4  [Of  obscure  origin.]  (See  quots.) 

1823  E.  MOOR  Suffolk  IVds.  323  Riidle,  a  beverage  com 
posed  of  warm  beer  and  gin  with  sugar,  and  a  slice  of  lemon 
peel.  1889  Saf.  Rev.  9  Nov.  519/1  Dog's-nose,  egg-hot, 
ruddle,  and  the  like  are  agreeable  .stimulants  on  a  frosty 
night. 

Huddle  (rzrd'l),  v.  [f.  RUDDLE  sb.^\  trans* 
To  mark,  smear,  or  paint  with  ruddle. 

1718  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Lett.  II.  81,  I  am  apt  to  be 
lieve,  that  they  took  the  first  hint  of  their  dress  from  a  fair 
sheep  newly  ruddled.  1755  SMOLLETT  Quix.  (1803)  IV.  43, 
I  learned  to  make  such  letters  as  are  ruddled  Into  packs. 
1804  W.  TAYLOR  in  Ann,  Rev.  II.  280  A  severer  criticism 
construes  the  epithet  to  mean  ruddled,  or  painted  red. 
1859  W.  WHITE  Northumbld.  .$•  Border  xxviii.  440  A  woman 
.  .was  ruddling  her  doorstep,  1876  R.  F.  BURTON  Gorilla 
L.  I.  206  A  fan  of  palm  frond  redolent  of  grease  and  ruddled 
with  ochre. 

fig.  1860  H.  MAYHEW  Upp.  Rhine  iv,  178  [A]  red  ribbon 
on  his  coat  to  ruddle  him  with  the  mark  of  a  superior  breed. 

Hence  Ru'ddled///.  a. 

1861  THACKERAY  Four  Georges  i.  (1862)  53  Kielmansegge 
and  Schulenberg  with  their  ruddled  cheeks.  1882  Miss 
BRADDON  Alt.  Royal  I.  i.  28  One  of  the  deeply  ruddled 
sheep  that  spent  their  lives  on  those  precipitous  slopes. 

BiU'ddleiuan.  [f.  RUDDLE  *M]  A  digger 
of,  or  dealer  in,  ruddle  ;  a  raddleman. 

1623  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  in.  ii.  n.  ii.  (ed.  4)471  Besmeared 
like  a  ruddleman,  a  gypsy,  or  a  chimny-sweeper.  1832  Miss 
MITFORD  Village  Ser.  v.  (1863)  411  He  joined  a  troop  of 
ruddle-men. 

Ruddock  (rzrdak).  Forms  :  a.  i  rudduc, 
5  (9  dial.}  -uck  ;  4  ruddoe,  4-5  -ok  (5  rod(d)ok), 
5-6  -oke,  5-7  -ocke,  6-  ruddock  (7  rudock)  ; 
8-9  dial,  ruddick.  0.  6  ridduck,  -ocke,  8  dial. 
ryddick,  9  dial,  hirdick  ;  7  reddocke  (9  dial. 
-ock,  -ick),  raddocke.  [OE.  rudduc,  related  to 
RUD  j^.i,  RUDDY  a.  :  see  -OCK.] 

1.  The  redbreast  or  robin,  Erithacus  rubecula. 
Now  chiefly  dial. 

a.  ciooo  ^ELKRIC  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  131  Rubisca, 
rudduc.  a  noo  Voc.  ibid.  286  Rubisca,  salthaja,  uel  rudduc. 
c  1340  Nominate  (Skeat)  784  Musscherom,  verder  et  lalowet 
Sparwe,  ruddoe  and  larke.  c  1381  CHAUCER  Part.  Foulcs 
349  The  tame  rodok  &  the  coward  kyte.  6-1400  Beryn  685 
Herke  eek  the  fowles  syngyng,.  -The  ruddok  &  the  Gold- 
fynch.  11440  Promp.  Parv.  438/2  Ruddok,  reed  breest, 
viridarius,  rnbellus,  frigclla.  1528  PAYNELL  Sa  /erne's 
Regim.  N  ij,  The  .xj.  is  a  ruddocke,  called  robyn  red  brest. 
1595  SPENSER  Epitlial.  82  The  Ouzell  shrills  ;  the  Ruddock 
warbles  soft.  1654  VILVAIN  Tlieorem.  Theol.  Suppl.  230 
Men  may  catch  Ruddicks  or  Thrushes  in  Pitfals.  1688 
HOLMK  Armoury  \\.  245/2  The  Robin  Red  Breast,  or  Rud 
dock,  is  a  small  Bird  generally  pricking  up  his  Tail.  3750 
HEATH  Isles  of  Stilly  <y  Cornwall  299  (E.  D.  D.),  They 
have  linnets,  gold-finches,  ruddocks,,  .and  many  other  com 
mon  birds.  1806  E.  RUSHTON  Poems  106  From  his  grounds 
may  the  lark  never  soar,  On  his  boughs  may  the  Ruddock 
be  mute.  1827  HOOD  Plea  Mids.  Fairies  Iv,  The  sweet  And 
shrilly  ruddock,  with  its  bleeding  breast.  1882  Garden 
ii  Nov.  424/1  The  wood  robin,  .takes  the  place  with  us  of 
the  red-breasted  ruddock. 

0.  1611  SHAKS.  Cymb.  iv.  ii.  224  The  Raddocke  would 
With  Charitable  bill..  bring  thee  all  this.  1639,  1825  [see 
ROBIN  RUDDOCK].  1877  N.  *  Q.  5th  Ser.  VIII.  45  Reddick> 
the  robin-redbreast,  1886  ELWORTHY  W.  Somerset  Word- 
Bk.  341  Hirdick,  ruddock,  the  robin  ;  generally  called 
Rabin  hirdick. 

f2.  Cant.  A  gold  coin;   hence//.,  gold,  money. 

1567  TURBERV.  Of  ttvo  Desperate  Men  Poems  134  b,  The 
greedie  Carle,  .saw  the  Pot..  Where  Ruddocks  lay,  and  in 
the  Ruddocks  place  A  knottie  Cord,  but  Ruddocks  could  not 
find.  1580  Bugbears  i.  i.  17  in  Archiv  Nen,  Spr.  XCVIII. 
304  You  have  store  of  pence  &  riddockes  in  great  plentie. 
1592  LYLY  Midas  \\.  i,  If.  .he  haue  golden  ruddocks  in  his 
bagges,  he  must  be  wise  and  honourable.  1622  MABBE  tr. 
Aleman's  Guzman  d*Alf.  n.  147  Three  thousand  crownes, 
in  good,  dainty  braue  ruddocks,  all  good  double  pistolets. 
1628  R.  HOBART  Life  $  Death  Ediv.  //,  Iv,  The  solace  of 
the  wayning  yeares  To  view  their  ruddocks  and  their  heapes 
of  treasure. 

VOL.  VIII. 


865 

T"  3.  A  variety  of  cider  apple.  Obs. 

1600  SURFLET  Coitntrie  Farme  in.  xlix.  535  These  kindes 
of  cyders  are  made  principally  of  the  apples  called  small 
ruddocke.  1611  COTGR,  s.v.  Ronveau,  Pomme  de  roi([vean\ 
the  Ruddocke,  Redding,  Summer  Goulding. 

1 4.  A  species  of  toad.  Obs. 

Cf.  Cotgrave, '  Rnbette,  a  greene  earth- Frog,  or  red  Toad ; 
very  full  of  poyson,  and  of  great  vse  among  witches  '. 

1668  CHARLETON  Onomast.  24  Ranunculus  viriJis,  Cala* 
«&«,.. the  Green  Frog, or  Ruddock.  i7z6LEONi  Albertt's 
Arc/tit,  I.  51/1  We  are  told,  that  the  Land-toad,  or  Rud 
dock,  if.  .burned  in  a  Field,  will  drive  away  the  Birds  from 
devouring  the  Seeds.  1740  G.  WEST  Odes  Pindar  (1753)  I. 
253  The  pois'nous  Ruddock  some,  and  Shrew-Mouse  boil. 

t  Ru'ddon.  Obs.-1  [App.  related  to  next ; 
cf.  also  RUDDEN  z/.]  Redness. 

13..  F..  E.  Allit.P.  B.  803  Ruddon  of  be  day-rawe  ros 
vpon  vjten,  When  merk  of  pe  mydnygt  mojt  no  more  last. 

Ruddy  (rtf-di),  a.  (sb.\  Forms  :  a.  i,  3  rudi,  3 
rudie,  5  rudy;  4-5  rodi,rody,  5  rodye,  roddy, 
roody,  6  roudy.  p.  6  ruddye,  6-7  ruddie, 
5-  ruddy.  [OK.  rudi^  f.  the  same  stem  as  RUD 
sl>.1  and  z;.l] 

1.    Of  the   face,   complexion,   etc.  :    Naturally 
suffused  with  a  fresh  or  healthy  redness. 
^  a  noo  in  Napier  O.  E,  Glosses  i.  2932  Uuitus  purpiircus, 

1.  rnbicnndusi  nebb  rudi.    a  1225  'Juliana.  20  As  he  biheuld 
..hire  leofllche  leor  lilies  iliche  &  rudi  as  be  rose.     *  1230 
Hali  Mcid.  35  pi  rudie  neb  schal  leanen,  &  as  gres  grenen. 
13..  A".  Alis.  7821  (Laud  M.S.),  pe  leuedyes  shene  als   be 
glas  And  ^ise  maidens  wij?  rody  faas.     1390  GOWER  Conf, 
III.  339  The  descoloured  pale  hewe  Is  now  become  a  rody 
cheke.   c  1425  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  806  Roody  as  a  roose 
ay_  he  kept  hys  chere.     1490  CAXTON  Encydos  xxix.   112 
[Dido   hadj    a   lytell   mouthe   with    roddy    lyppes.      1535 
CovERDALKc7cw.  xlix.  12  Hiseyesare  roudier  then  wyne,  and 
his  telh  whyter  then  mylck.     1594  '!'.  B.  La  Primaud.  /•>-. 
Acad.  n.  251  The  cheekes  become  ruddy,  and  the  lippt;s 
gather  in  themselues.     1700  DRYDEN  Pal.  .y  Arc.   in.  75 
Ruddy  his  lips,  and  fresh  and  fair  his  hue.      1712  KUDGKLL 
Spect.    No.  425   f  3   His   Complexion    was   sanguine   and 
rudd>*.     1774  GOLOSH.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  II.  241,  I  found., 
the  visage  white  and  ruddy  and  the  lips  of  a  proper  red 
ness.     1848  LYTTON  Harold  \.  i,  His  complexion  was  ex 
tremely  fair  and  bis  cheeks  ruddy.     1876  BKSANT  &  RICK 
Gold.  Butterfly  Pro!,  i,  He  was  a  youth  of  a  ruddy  and  a 
cheerful  countenance. 

b.  Of  persons  :  Having  a  fresh  red  complexion. 

c  1250  Hymn  in  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  255  Nis  non  malde  of 
bine  heowe,  swo  fair,  so  sschene,so  rudi,  swo  bricht.  c  1369 
CHAUCER  Dethc  Blannche  905  Thus  moche  I  dare  sayn,  that 
she  Was . .  rody,  fresshe,  and  1  yefely  hewed.  1390  GOWER  Conf. 
II.  14  Sche  was  rody  on  the  cheke  And  red  on  bothe  hire 
lippes  eke.  c  1450  St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  7360  pe  tothir 
stode  on  his  rygnt  syde,  Rudy  bathe  of  hewe  and  hyde. 
1483  CAXTON  G.  de  la  Tour  C  ij  b,  I  was  wonte  to  be 
whyte,  Rody,  fatte,  and  the  world  preysed  my  beaute. 
1577-87  HOLINSHEU  Chron.  I.  195/2  He  was  of  person 
comelie,  ..of  face  ruddie.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  v.  xvii. 
(1614)  539  The  Inhabitants  comely  and  tall,  rather  ruddie 
then  blacke.  1711  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  123  p  i  We  were 
met  by  a  fresh-coloured  ruddy  young  Man.  1764  GOLDSM. 
Trav.  18  Where  alt  the  ruddy  family  around  Laugh  at  the 
jests.  1859  GEO.  ELIOT  A.  Beds  xxxvi,  The  driver. .now 
came  forward— a  large  ruddy  man,  with  a  sack  over  his 
shoulders. 

C.  Red  with  blushing,    rare  —I. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  330  pet  we  moten  buruh  rudi  scheome 
passen  to  be  beouene. 

d.  Characterized  by,  or  associated  with,  healthy 
redness  of  feature. 

1820  K.EATS  Lamia  i.  40  Love,  and  pleasure,  and  the  ruddy 
strife  Of  hearts  and  lips  !  1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Briery 
Creek  v.  98  The  ruddy  health  attendant  on  a  country  life, 
1860  MOTLEY  Netherl.  ii.  I.  45  A  figure,  .instinct  with 
ruddy  vigorous  life. 

2.  In  general  use  :  Red  or  reddish. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Doctors  T.  33  Right  as  sche  can  peynte 
a  lili  white  And  rody  a  rose,  c  1400  Rom.  Rose  3629, 
I  saw  the  rose, . .  Fresh,  rody,  and  fair  of  hewe.  c  1440 
Pallad.  on  Husb.  vn.  25  Yf  hit  be  ripe,  is  forto  se  If  al 
the  lond  attonys  rody  grete,  Enclyne,  and  thonke.  1477 
NORTON  Ord.  Alch.  in.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  41  A  subtill  Earth, 
browne,  roddy,  and  not  bright,  a  1529  SKELTON  Knoledge^ 
Aquayntance,  etc.  16  Your  ruddys  wyth  ruddy  rubys  may 
compare.  1577  B.  GOOGE  Heresbaclis  Husb.  i.  (1586)  32  b, 
The  leaues  thereof  ruddy,  the  seede  white.  1601  SHAKS. 
Jul.  C.  n.  i.  289  You  are.  .As  deere  to  me,  as  are  the  ruddy 
droppes  That  visit  my  sad  heart.  1697  DKYDEN  Virg.  Past. 
in.  107  Ten  ruddy  Wildings  in  the  Wood  I  found.  1725 
POPE  Odyss.  n.  382  Here  ruddy  brass  and  gold  refulgent 
blaz'd.  1784  COWPER  Task  in.  573  The  ruddier  orange,  and 
the  paler  lime.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XXI.  85/2  All  the 
feathers  surrounded  by  a  ruddy  border.  1873  BLACK  Pr. 
Thule  37  The  snow  peaks  that  rose  above  certain  ruddy 
chalets.  1889  BUCHANAN  HeirofLmnexti,  Large  earrings 
of  ruddy  gold  hung  in  his  ears. 

transf.  1871  PALGRAVE  Lyr.  Poems  75  Now  in  the  ruddy 
autumn  Together  already  we  stand. 

b.  As  an  epithet  of  light  or  fire,  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  the  sky  or  clouds,  etc. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Squire's  T.  394  The  vapour.. Maketh  the 
sonne  seme  rody  and  brood.  1388  WYCLIF  Matt.  xvi.  2  >e 
seien,  It  schal  be  clere,  for  heuene  is  rodi.  1412-20  LYDG. 
Chron.  Troy  i.  3081  Atwen  J«  tweyli?t  and  J?e  rody 
morwe  pei  toke  her  leue.  1433  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q.  i  The 
rody  sterres  twynklyng  as  the  fyre.  c  1449  PECOCK  Repr. 
\.  v.  2i  Whanne  heuen  is  rody  in  the  euentid,  a  cleer  da! 
schal  be  the  morewe.  1554  F.  VAN  BRUNSWIKE  tr.  Mon- 
tulmo's  Fades  Cxli  Bj,  Faire  and  whitish  ruddie  cloudes 
sparkeling  aboute  the  skie.  1589  GREENE  Mcnaphon  (Arb.) 
51  As  bright  as  siluer  Phcebe  mounted  on  the  high  top  of 
the  ruddie  element.  1613  CHAPMAN  Maske  Inns  Courtt 
Ouer  this,  .the  ruddy  Sunne  was  seen  ready  to  be  set.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  \\.  889  So  wide  they  stood,  and  like  a  Furnace 


RUDE. 


fired  all  that  part  of  the  heavens,  announced  the  rising  sun. 
1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Kudge  i,  Shading  his  eyes  that  his 
sight  might  not  be  affected  by  the  ruddy  glow  of  the  fire. 
1858  G.  MACDONALD  Phantastes  vi.  (1878)  88  The  rays  of 
the  setting  sun  overflowed  with  a  ruddy  splendour  the  open 
place. 

transf.  1646  BUCK  Rich.  ///,  i.  n  By  this  provident  truce, 
that  ruddy  storme..was  diverted. 

o.  Qualifying  other  names  of  colours. 

1565  COOPER    Thesaurjts  s.v.  Candico,    Beyng  a  ruddy- 
white.     1611  COTGR.,  Ron*,,  .a  ruddie  or  sad  yellow. 
t  d.  Causing  redness  in  vegetation.   Obs. 

1693  KVKLYN  De  La  Quint.  Compl.  Gard.  II.  157  If  the 
Ruddy  or  Dry  Winds  Reign,  as  they  generally  do  this 
Month,  we  must.,  water  every  thing  in  our  Kitchen-Garden. 
1719  LONDON  &  WISE  Compl.  Gard.  270  Tis  the  Moon  of 
this  Month  that  is  vulgarly  calPd,  the  Ruddy-Moon,  it 
being  very  subject  to  be  windy,  cold  and  dry. 

3.  spec.  Iii  names  of  birds  and  animals,  as  ruddy 
bunting,  duck,  goose,  plover,  sheldrake,  shweler, 

\    squirrel  (see  quots.  and  the  sbs.). 

1816   STEPHENS   in   Shaw's   Gen.  Zool.    IX.   n.  381   The 

'Ruddy  bunting  is  found  among  willows  on  the  borders  of 

I    the  Onon  in  Siberia.     1814  A.  WILSON  Amer.  Ornith.  VIII. 

!    128  The  *  Ruddy  Duck  is  fifteen  inches  and  a  half  in  length, 

I    and  twenty  two  inches  in  extent.     1872   COUES  A'.  Amer. 

;    Birds  295  Ruddy  Duck.,  with  the  neck  all  round  and  the 

tipper  parts  brownish-red.     17^85  \*KintM.Gen,$ynopt  Birds 

III.  11.456  ''Ruddy  Goose... This  is  larger  than  a  Mallard. 

1843  VAKKEI.L  Brit.  Birds  III.  140  It   [ruddy   sheldrake] 

1    has  also  been   called   the  Ruddy  Goose.     1785    PENNANT 

!    A  ret.  Zool.  II.  486  'Ruddy  Plover.   1813  A.  WILSON  Amer. 

j    Ornith.  VII.  129  The  Ruddy  Plover  is  eight  inches  long, 

'    and  fifteen  in  extent.     1872  Cout;s  N,  Amer.  Birds  257 

Ruddy  Plover..;  head,  neck  and  upper  parts  varied  with 

,    black,  ashy  and  bright  reddish.     1824  STEPHENS  in  Shaws 

1    Gen.  Zool.  XII.  n.  71  "Ruddy  slueldrake  (Tadortia  rut  Ha). 

j     1862  C.  A.  JOHNS  Brit.  Birds  400  The  Ruddy  Sheldrake. . . 

!    Only  a   few  specimens   of  this  bird    have   been   obtained 

[    in  Great  Britain.     1824  STEPHENS   in  S/ia?v's  Gen.  Zool. 

XII.  n.  120  *Ruddy  Shoveler  {Rhynchaspisntbida).     1781 

PENNANT  Hist.Qmidmp.  II.  409  *Ruddy  Squirrel.     1801 

SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  II.  j.  132  Ruddy  squirrel,  Sciurns  Ery~ 

thrLens..  .It  is  said  to  be  a  native  of  India. 

4.  absol.  or  as  sb.  Ruddy  colour. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  II.  15  Margery  perles  of  alle 
inanere  colour  and  hewe,  of  rody  and  rede,  of  purpur  and 
of  blew.  1633  G.  HERBERT  Temple,  Church-rents  fy 
Schismes  i,  Calamities  Turned  your  ruddie  into  pale  and 

!    bleak.     1758   BORLASB  Nat.   Hist.   Cornw.   67  Steatites.. 

I  veined  with  green,  ruddy,  and  purple.  18x3  GALT  R.Gilhaize 
xii,  The  ruddy  of  youth  had  fled  his  cheek. 

5.  Comb.    a.    Parasynthetic,  as   ruddy-cheeked ', 
'Coloured,  -complexioned,  -faced,  -haired^  etc. 

1541  UDALL  Eiasm.  Apoph.  270,  I  feare  not  these  ruddie 
j    coloured  &  fatte   bealyed   feloes.     1576  FLEMING  Panopl. 
Epist.  376  He  was  ruddie  coloured,  much  like  the  damaske 
|    rose.    1622  MABBE  tr.  Alemati's  Guzman  d'Alf.  \.  31,  I  was 
i    a  yong   Lad,   ruddy-cheek't,    full-fac't,  and   plumpe  with- 
|    all.     1758    BORLASE    Nat.    Hist.   Cornw.    276   The   white 
i    ruddy-spotted  snail   with  a  circular  mouth.     1816  in  Cent. 
|    Mag.  (1900)  LIX.  629/1,  I  said  she  looked  like  a  German, 
being  fair  and  ruddy  complexionetl.  1848 THACKERAY  Van. 
i    Fair  liii,  The  ruddy  headed   youth  brought  him.. a  fine 
1    silver  dressing-case.     i88fl  H.  MORTEN  .V/t.  Hospital  Life 
i?   An    elderly  woman,    grey-haired,    stout,    and    ruddy- 
cheeked. 

b.  With  adjs.,  as  ruddy-bright^  ~browny  etc. 
1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Sat.  it.  viii.  39  Apples  are  more 
ruddy  bright  If  gather'd  by  fair  Luna's  waning  light.  1758 
KoRLASK^Vrt/1.  Hist.  Cormv.  109  A  stone,  .of  a  ruddy-purple 
ground.  1841  Fenny  Cycl.  XX.  191/2  Wings  ruddy-brown  ; 
bill  lead-colour.  1897  SARAH  GRAND  Bet/t  l>k.  xxi,  The 
wonderful  ruddy-gold  tones  that  shone  on  its  trunk  as  the 
day  declined. 

Ruddy  (r»-di),  v.     [f.  RUDDY  a.] 

1.  trans.  To  render  ruddy  in  hue ;  to  redden. 
1689  HICKERINGILL  Ceremony- Monger  Wks.  1716  II.  468 

Others,  .whose  Vertues  and  true  Learning,  must  necessarily 
(if  set  near  him)  ruddy  his  Cheeks,  and  make  him  blush  for 
shame.  1805  SCOTT  Last  Minstr.  vi.  xxiii,  A  wondrous 
blaze  was  seen  to  gleam;..  It  ruddied  all  the  copse-wood 
glen.  1837  CARLVI.E  Fr.  Rev.  in.  iv.  iv,  As  the  coming  Sun 
ruddies  the  East.  1889  Universal  Rev,  Nov.  432  A  breath 
Of  sundown  ruddying  the  maple  seeds. 

2.  intr.  To  turn  red ;  to  blush,    rare. 

1845  JANE  ROBINSON  Whitehall xix,  Mrs.  Chaloner,  smil 
ing  and  ruddying  all  over. 

H-irddyisii,  a.    rare.     [f.  RUDDY  a.  +  -ISH.] 

Somewhat  ruddy. 

1880  Jrnl.  Linn.  Soc.,  Zool.  XV.  go  Colour,— a  ruddyish 
white,  with  dark  purple  spirals  above. 

t  Ru'ddyless.  ft.  Ol>$.-1  In  5  rodylese. 
[f.  RUDDY  ^.  +  -LESS.]  Pale. 

^1400  Beryn  951  When  Fawnus  was  I-come,  and  sawe  so 
rodylese  His  wyff  bat  was  so  dere. 

Rude  (r^d),  «•  and  adv.  Forms  :  4  ruide, 
4-5  ruyde  (5  Sc.  royde),  5  ruyd,  6  Se.  ruid ; 
5  reude,  5-6  rewde ;  4-  rude.  [a.  OF.  ruide % 
rude  (F.  rude),  or  ad.  L.  rudis  umvrought,  un 
formed,  inexperienced,  etc.  Cf.  MDu.  mud-,  ruut. 

In  some  ME.  and  early  Sc.  texts  there  appears  to  be  a 
certain  amount  of  confusion  between  rude  and  ROID  a.} 

A.  adj.  I.  1.  Uneducated,  unlearned ;  ignor 
ant  ;  lacking  in  knowledge  or  book-learning. 

la  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  752  She  was  nought  rude  ne 
vnmete,  But  couthe  ynow  of  sich  doyng  As  longeth  vnto 
karolyng.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  33,  I  am  so  rude  in  mi- 
degree  And  ek  mi  wittes  ben  so  dulle.  c  1430  LYDG.  Minor 
Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  Bi  To  voyde  al  errour  fro  folkis  that  ben 
rude.  1508  DUNBAR  T«a  Mariit  Wemen  368  Hely  raise 

109 


RUDE. 


866 


RUDE. 


my  renovne  amang  the  rude  peple.  1536  CROMWELL  in 
Merriman  Life  <£  Lett.  (1902)  II.  27  They  shall  leave  their 
cure  not  to  a  rude  and  unlerned  person  but  to  a  good,  lerned 
&  experte  curate.  1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Gen.  xvi.  Coww.t 
Some  obey  whilest  they  are  rude  or  in  a  low  state,  but 
having  got  a  little  knowledge  or  advancement  disdaine 
their  advancers.  1651  HOBBES  Leviath.  \\.  xxyi.  141  The 
rude  people  taking  pleasure  in  singing,  or  reciting  them. 
ci7io  CELIA  FIENNES  Diary  (lSS&)  n  The  Country  people 
being  a  Clownish  rude  people.  1849  MACAULAY //«/.  Eng. 
vi.  II.  107  The  London  clergy.. set  an  example  which  was 
bravely  followed  by  their  ruder  brethren  all  over  the  coun 
try.  1865  MOZLEV  Miracles  209  The  new  religion  was  first 
promulgated  by  rude  men  unacquainted  with  learning  and 
rhetoric. 

b.  absoL  as  //.  The  unlearned  or  ignorant. 

ci4oo  Rom.  Rose  2268  Loke..that  they  sitte  so  fetisly, 
That  these  ruyde  may  vttirly  Merveyle.  ^1460  G.  ASHBY 
Dicta  Phihn.  534  He  muste  abstene  from  Rude  &  Unkun- 
nyng,  And  al  suche  vnthrifty  folkys  despise.  1515  BARCLAY 
Egtoges  iv.  (1570)  C  vj  b,  His  sight  infonrmeth  the  rude  &  ig 
norant.  1568  T.  HowKLL  Arb.  Amitie  (1879)  53  Unto  the 
weake  shee  was  a  strength, . .  Unto  the  rude,  a  lamp  of  light. 
1655-60  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  (1701)  121/2  Whatsoever 
they  have,  to  the  good  seems  sufficient,  to  the  rude  too 
little.  [1892  PATER  Wks.  (1901)  VIII.  228  Fritillaries. ., 
Snake's  heads,  the  rude  call  them,  for  their  shape.] 
C.  Of  the  mind,  understanding,  times,  etc. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Milters  T,  41  He  knew  nat  Catoun,  for 
his  wit  was  rude.  ^1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  i.  Frol.  39  Ruyde 
is  my  witt,  And  semple  to  put  all  in  wryte.  c  1500  Afeln- 
sine  371  The  vnderstanding  of  humayne  Creature  is  to  rude 
to  vnderstande  the  spyce  espirytuel,  a  1547  SURREY  in 
TotteFs  Misc.  (Arb.)  218  In  the  rude  age  when  knowledge 
was  not  rife.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  8  Young 
children .  .follow  the  tender  imaginations  of  their  rude  and 
unexercised  conceits  in  making  of.,  images  out  of  clay. 
1648  WILKINS  Math.  Magic  n.  iii.  168  So  much  were  all 
these  kind  of  inventions  admired  in  those  ruder  and  darker 
times.  1788  PRIESTLEY  Led.  Hist.  iv.  xxvi.  204  The  fif 
teenth  century  was  one  of  the  most  rude  and  illiterate  ages. 
1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  $  It.  Notn-bks.  (1872)  I.  22  His  first 
rude  and  ignorant  prejudice.  1867  DK.  ARGYLL  Reign  of 
Law  vii.  (1871)  376  The  stage  of  rude  ignorance  which  led 
to  the  breaking  of  machinery. 

*t*  d..  transf.  Of  animals  :  Irrational.   Obs. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xv.  453  As  in  wilde  wildernesse 
wexeth  wilde  bestes,  Rude  and  vnresonable  rennenge 
with-out  croperes.  14. .  in  TundalJs  Vis.  (1843)  124  To  se 
the  bestes  that  so  humble  bee.., The  rude  asse  and  the  ox 
also.  1426  LVDG.  De  Guil.  Pilgr.  16779  As  wel  thes  Rude 
beestes,  as  Men  that  were  Resounable. 

2.  Unexperienced,     inexpert,     unskilled.      Now 
arch,  and  rare. 

1382  WVCLIF  2  Chron.  xiu.  7  Bot  Roboam  was  rude,  and 
with  ferde  herte,  and  my?t  not  a^einstonden  to  hem. 
1489  SKELTON  Death  Earl  Northnmbld.  142  What  nedeth 
me  for  to  extoll  his  fame  With  my  rude  pen  ?  1529  WOLSEY 
in  Cecil  P.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  7  At  the  Loge  with  the 
rude  hand  and  hevy  hert  of  hym  that  ys  assurydly  yours 
with  herte  and  prayer.  1533  m  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  in. 
II.  276  Scribled  yn  hast.. with  the  rewde  honde  of  your 
owne..,  John  Tregonwell.  1700  DRYDEN  Ovid's  Met.  \. 
544  Imperfect  shapes,  in  marble  such  are  seen,  When  the 
rude  chisel  does  the  man  begin.  1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace^ 
Sat.  n.  iii,  Here  the  rude  chisel's  rougher  strokes  I  traced. 
1831  Dicuv  Mores  Cat/i.  (1845)  I.  n.  i.  107/1  The  blessed 
Pasuntius.  .fled  to.  .far-distant  monasteries,  dissembling  his 
name,  that  there,  as  if  a  rude  and  new  monk,  he  might  dis 
charge  the  lowest  offices. 

b.  Lacking  experience  or  skill  in,  without  proper 
knowledge  f0/",  unaccustomed  to,  something.  Now 
arch,  and  rare. 

a  1400  in  Horstmann  Hampole  (1895)  1. 165  A  fleshle  saule 
be  wilk  is  }itte  rude  in  gastele  studys.  1526  TINDALE  2  Cor* 
xi.  6  Though  I  be  rude  in  speakynge,  yet  I  am  not  so 
in  knowledge.  1534  WHITINTON  Tullyes  Offices  i.  (1540)  i 
Suche  as  be  rude  of  the  greke  tongue.  1561  WINJET  Wks. 
(S-  T.  S.)  I.  9  Albeit  we  be  ruid  of  letteris  and  iugement. 
a  1639  WOTTON  Dk.  Buckingham  20  We  must  consider  him 
.  .yet  but  rude  in  the  profession  of  Arms.  1841  MACAULAY 
£ss.,  Leigh  Hunt  (1897)  592  He  was  altogether  rude  in  the 
art  of  controversy.  1844  —  Misc.  Wks.  (1889)  295  It  [the 
National  Assembly]  was  no  longer,  as  on  the  day  when  it 
met,  altogether  rude  to  political  functions. 
O.  Inexact,  superficial. 

1691  RAY  Creation  (1714)94  He  confesses  he  has  been  but 
a  rude  observer  of  them. 

3.  Devoid  of,  or  deficient  in,  culture  or  refine 
ment  ;  uncultured,  unrefined. 

In  some  cases  not  clearly  distinguishable  from  (and  partly 
implying)  sense  4  or  5. 

£•1386  CHAUCER  Wife's  T.  316  Al  were  it  that  myn  aun- 
cetres  wer  rude,  Yit  may  trie  highe  God  ..  Graunte  me 
grace  to  lyve  vertuously.  1426  LYDG.  De  Guil.  Pilgr.  8691, 
I  am  be-kome  an  Krde  man,.  .A  rud  shepperde,  thorgh  my 
folye,  And  ha  for-sake  chyualrye.  c  1475  RaufCoilyar  935, 
I  rek  nocht  of  thy  riches,.  .Said  the  rude  Saragine.  1526 
Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  2  My  wytte  is  grosse,  my  selfe 
rude,  and  my  tonge  very  barbarouse.  1596  SPENSKR  F.  Q. 
vi.  iii.  38  The  rude  Porter  that  no  manners  had  Did  shut 
the  gate  against  him  in  his  face.  1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  \.  iii.  81 
Rude  am  I,  in  my  speech,  And  little  bless'd  with  the  soft 
phrase  of  Peace.  1624  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  To  Rdr.  (ed.  2) 
9,  I  am.. a  loose,  plaine,  rude  writer..,  I  call  a  spade  a 
spade.  1750  GRAY  Elegy  16  Beneath  those  rugged  elms.. 
The  rude  forefathers  of  the  hamlet  sleep.  1810  SCOTT  Lady 
of  L.  i.  xxx,  'Twere  strange  in  ruder  rank  to  find  Such 
looks,  such  manners,  and  such  mind.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng,  iii.  I.  424  When  he  is  a  rude  and  thoughtless  school 
boy  and  when  he  is  a  refined  and  accomplished  man.  1864 
TENNYSON  The  Isltt  10  A  crew  that  is  neither  rude  nor  rash, 
But  a  bevy  of  Eroses  apple-cheeked. 
b.  Uncivilized,  barbarous. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  146/1  He  coude  not  conuerte  the 
euyll,  rude  and  wylde  peple.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  355 
They . .  spake  shamefully . .  of  them,  like  to  rude  people  with 


out  all  humanitie.  1586  HOOKER  Hist.  Irel.  in  Holinshed 
II.  141/2  The  rude  people  he  framed  to  a  civilitie,  &  their 
maners  he  reformed  and  brought  to  the  English  order. 
1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg,  in.  588  Skins  of  Beasts,  the  rude 
Barbarians  wear.  1732  BERKELEY  Alciphr.  vin.  §  15  If  we 
suppose  rude  mankind  without  the  use  of  language.  1788 
GIBBON  Dec/.  $•  F.  xlix.  V.  158  It  was  the  design  of  Otho 
the  third  to  abandon  the  ruder  countries  of  the  north.  1815 
ELPHINSTONE  Ace.  Caubul  (1842)  II.  135  Their  dress,  food, 
and  manners  are  like  those  of  the  rudest  Dooraunees.  1865 
LUBBOCK  Preh.  Times  iii.  60  We  must  now  revert  to  still 
earlier  limes  and  ruder  races  of  men. 

c.  Of  things,  feelings,  actions,  practices,  etc. 

?  a  1400  Morte  Art  It.  1049  Thare  ware  rostez  fulle  ruyde, 
and  rewfulle  bredez.  c  1532  Du  WES  Introd.  Fr.  in  Palsgr. 
1017  Grose  folke  of  rude  affection,  dronkerdes,  banysshed 
of  trewe  felyng  [etc.],  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Edw.  /V,  37 
Not  content  with  hys  grosse  rudenesse,  and  rude  dissimuia- 
cion.  1600  J.  PORY  tr.  Leo's  Africa  v.  240  The  citizens  are 
valiant,  though  they  bee  of  rude  behauior.  1687  A.  LOVELL 
tr.  Thevenot's  Trav.  i.  15  The  Women  are  Apparelled  in  a 
fashion  that  seems  to  be  rude  and  clownish.  1746  FRANCIS 
tr.  Horace t  Art  Poet.  319  The  tragic  bard,.  .Though  rude 
his  mirth,  yet  labour'd  to  maintain  The  solemn  grandeur  of 
the  tragic  scene.  Ibid.  552  A  rude  genius  of  uncultur'd 
strain.  1819  SCOTT  Ivan/we  iii,  The  other  appointments  of 
the  mansion  partook  of  the  rude  simplicity  of  the  Saxon 
period.  1861  READE  Cloister  $  H,  xxxviii,  With  kind  force 
and  words  of  rude  consolation,  they  almost  lifted  Denys  on 
to  the  mule. 

d.  Of  life,  conditions,  or  times. 

1538  STARKEY  England  I.  I.  9  [City  vice]  wych  al  in  the 
cuntrey  and  rude  lyfe  of  them  ys  avoyded,  by  the  reson 
that  they  lyfe  not  togydur  aftur  your  cyuylyte.  1565  COOPER 
Thesaurus  s.v.  Rnsticns,  Rude  and  vplandish  life  in  the 
countrey. 

1769  ROBERTSON  C/tas.  £',  Wks.  1813  V.  462  Most  of  the 
American  Tribes . .  are  in  a  ruder  and  more  simple  state  than 
the  ancient  Germans.  1777  —  Hist.  Amer.  iv.  (1778)  I.  257 
In  the  New  World,  the  state  of  mankind  was  ruder,  and  the 
aspect  of  Nature  extremely  different.  1827  HALLAM  Const. 
Hist.  iv.  (1876)  I.  191  A  disorderly  state  of  the  church,  aris 
ing  from,  .the  rude  state  of  manners  and  general  ignorance 
of  the  clergy.  1844  DISRAELI  Coningsby  vii.  ii,  Parliament- 


4.  Unmannerly,  uncivil,  impolite ;  offensively  or 
deliberately  discourteous  :  a.  Of  speech  or  actions. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Prol.  Nun  Priest's  T.  42  Then  spak  our 
Ost,  with  rude  speche  and  bold, . .'  Com  neer,  thou  preest '. 
?n  \$ooATorte  Arth.  1332  Thou  sulde  repent  fulle  rathe  of  thi 
ruyde  wordez.  a  1533  LD,  BERNERS  Huon  Ixvi.  225  Gerarde 
began  to  fall  at  rude  wordes  with  Huon.  1588  SHAKS. 
!..!.,!,.  v.  ii.  431  Teach  vs  sweete  Madame,  for  our  rude 
transgression,  some  faire  excuse.  1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  I.  36 
Neither  their  murmuring  nor  rude  speeches  could  make  me 
yield  the  place  to  them.  1652  MILTON  Sonn.  xvi.  2 Through 
a  cloud  Not  of  warr  onely,  but  detractions  rude.  1711 
STEELE  Spect.  No.  109  P  5  He.. never  said  a  rude  thing 
jii  his  Life.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  xix.  (1782)  II.  135 
The  profound  respect.. was  insensibly  changed  into  rude 
familiarity.  1847  MRS,  KERR  tr.  Ranke's  Hist.  Servia  330 
The  haughty  insolence  of  the  Ottomans  displayed  itself  in 
the  rudest  and  most  offensive  conduct. 

transf.    1784  COWI-EK  Task  ii.  258  That  no  rude  savour 
maritime  invade  The  nose  of  nice  nobility. 
b.  Of  persons. 

1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  IV.  in.  it.  262  Why  are  you  growne 
so  rude?  1617  MORYSON  Itin.  i.  197  He. .did. .call  me 
backe,  and  surely  would  have  been  rude  with  me,  had  I  not 
gone  up  faster  than  he  could  follow  me.  1687  A,  LOVELL  tr. 
Thevenot's  Trav,  I.  277  These  Slaves  have  power  to  beat 
the  Turks  if  they  are  rude  and  insolent  in  their  Taverns. 
1718  Free-thinker  No,  57. 12,  I  hope  you  will  not  think  me 
rude  in  what  follows.  1778  JOHNSON  m  Bos-well  (Oxf.  ed.) 
II.  206  We  have  done  with  civility.  We  are  to  be  as  rude 
as  we  please.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xviii.  IV.  228 
The  crowd  of  rustics  who  had  been  rude  to  James  when  he 
was  stopped  at  Sheerness.  1891  l  J.  S.  WINTER  *  Luntley  xii, 
'  We  haven't  found  Blackwood  rude  at  all,'  said  Vere. 

5.  Ungentle,  violent,  harsh,  rugged ;  marked  by 
unkind  or  severe  treatment  of  persons,  etc. 

a.  Of  personal  qualities,  the  hands,  etc. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  165  This  Geant  with  his  ruide  myht 
Part  of  the  banke  he  schof  doun  riht.  ?  a  1400  Morte  A  rtk. 
1057  He.  .Raykez  to-warde  the  renke  reghte  with  a  ruyde 
wille.  £1470  HENRY  Wallace  vm.  1054  The  rude  low  rais 
full  heych  abown  that  hauld.  1591  SHAKS.  Two  Gent.  v. 
iv.  60  Ruffian  :  let  goe  that  rude  vnciuill  touch.  1596  — 
i  Hen.  IV,  i.  i.  41  The  Noble  Mortimer.  .Was  by  the  rude 
hands  of  that  Welshman  taken.  1632  MILTON  Penseroso 
136  Where  the  rude  Ax  with  heaved  stroke  Was  never 
heard.  1637  —  Lycidas  4,  I  com  to  pluck  your  Berries.., 
And  with  forc'd  fingers  rude,  Shatter  your  leaves  before  the 
mellowing  year.  1746  HERVEY  Medit.  (1818)  8  A  sort  of 
religious  dread,,  .such  as  hushed  every  ruder  passion.  1813 
BYRON  Br.  Abydos  \\.  xxviii,  Hands  more  rude  than  wintry 
sky.  1850  S.  DOBELL  Roman  \.  Poet.  Wks.  (1875)  12  Like 
the  shy  Scared  bird,  to  which  the  serpent's  jaws  are  better 
Than  his  rude  eyes.  1861  TULLOCH  Eng.  Piirit.  i.  94  The 
rude  determination  of  this  man  made  him  master  of  every 
successive  exigency. 

b.  Of  acts,  esp.  blows,  assaults,  etc. 

c  1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  \\.  356  [They]plungytin  the  stalwart 
stour,  And  rowtis  ruyd  about  thaim  dang,  c  1470  Gol. 
fy  Gaw.  850  Rude  reknyng  raise  thair  renkis  betuene. 
a  1533  LD.  HF.HNERS  Huon  Iviii.  108  The  strokes  was  so  rude 
that  both  knyghtes  &  horses  fel  to  y*  erth.  1593  SHAKS. 
Rich.  II,  v.  v.  106  How  now?  what  meanes  Death  in  this 
rude  assalt  ?  1660  I1".  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  326  The 
chief  Bachir  unbinds  him,  gives  him  three  rude  lashes  with 
a  whip.  1671  MILTON  Samson  1567  Lest  evil  tidings  with 
too  rude  irruption  Hitting  thy  aged  ear  should  pierce  too 
deep.  1743  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Odes  i.  xvii.  24  Nor  here 
shall  Mars  intemperate  wage  Rude  war  with  him  who  rules 
the  jovial  vine.  1799  CAMPBELL  Pleas.  Hope  i.  105  "I'was 


bis  to  mourn  misfortune's  rudest  shock.  1849  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  vi.  II.  46  If  he  attempted  to  subdue  the  Protest 
ant  feeling  of  England  by  rude  means.  1868  M.  PATTISON 
Acadetn.  Org,  vii.  329  We  have  lately  had  some  rude  re 
minders  . .  that  something  is  wrong,  somewhere. 
C.  Involving  hardships  or  discomfort. 

/ii734tr.  Rollings  Anc.  Hist.\.  107  The  rude  fatigues  they 
had  suffered  during  the  storm.  1814  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  i. 
xxv,  For,  to  ourselves,  the  deck's  rude  plank  Is  easy  as  the 
mossy  bank.  1820  SHELLEY  Death  iv.  3  Such  is  our  rude 
mortal  lot.  1861  READE  Cloister  $  H.  xxxix,  Rude  travel 
is  enticing  to  us  English. 

d.  Of  persons :  Acting  in  a  rough  or  harsh 
manner ;  violent  in  action. 

a  1800  Lads  of  IVawphray  65  in  Child  Ballads  III.  460/2 
O  but  these  lads  were  wondrous  rude,  When  the  Biddess- 
burn  ran  three  days  blood  !  1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rci1.  m.  in. 
vii,  With  fire-words  the  exasperated  rude  Titan  rives  and 
smites  these  Girondins.  1863  MARY  HOWITT  tr.  F.  Brewer's 
Greece  i.  vi.  162  The  old  classical  soil  was  trampled  under 
foot  of  the  rude  conqueror. 

6.  Turbulent,  violent,  boisterous,  rough.    Chiefly 
of  the  sea,  winds,  etc. 

a  1400-50.-)  lexander  5595  pan  ridis  he  to  a  Reuere,  a  ruyde 
&  a  hoge.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  ccxxxv.  135  b,These 
men  of  armes.  .came  to  the  ryuer  of  Marke,  the  whiche  is 
rude  and  depe.  1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IV^  in.  i.  20  In  Cradle 
of  the  rude  imperious  Surge.  1605  —  Lear  iv.  ii.  30  You 
are  not  worth  the  dust  which  the  rude  winde  Blowes  m 
your  face.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  x.  1074  The  Clouds,  .pusht 
with  Winds  rude  in  thir  shock.  1742  GRAY  Properties  ii. 
37  How  the  rude  surge  its  sandy  Bounds  control.  1775 
SHERIDAN  Rivals  n.  i,  If  the  wind  be  keen,  some  rude 
blast  may  have  affected  her  !  1807  J.  BARLOW  Columb.  i. 
275  Rude  thunders  rake  the  crags.  1851  CARLYLE  y. 
Sterling  in.  ii.  (1872)  182  Again,  before  long,  the  rude 
weather  has  driven  him  Southward.  1871  R.  ELLIS 
Catullus  Ixiv.  179  A  rough  rude  space  of  flowing  water, 
f  b.  Rude  air,  the  open  air.  Obs. 

1784  Unfortunate  Sensibility  II.  57,  [I]  had  rarely  been 
out  but  in  a  coach  or  a  chair,  so  that  I  was  almost  a  stranger 
to  rude  air. 

c.  Of  health  :  Robust,  vigorous. 

1792  in  Ld.  Auckland's  Corr.  (1861)  II.  461,  I  flatter  my 
self  you  are  restored  to  rude  health.  1848  KINGSLEY  Yeast 
xiii,  The  majority  seemed  under-sized,  under-fed,  utterly 
wanting  in. .what  the  penny-a-liners  call  'rude  health'. 
1871  —  At  Last  ii,  Health,  'rude*  in  every  sense  of  the 
word,  is  the  mark  of  the  Negro  woman. 

7.  Of  sounds:   Discordant,  harsh,  unmusical. 

c  1350  Will.  Palerne  1851  }>e  werwolf  ful  wi^tli  went  to 
him  euene,  wib  a  rude  roring  as  he  him  rende  wold.  £1450 
HOLLAND  Howlaf  45  Rolpit  reuthfully  roth  in  a  rude  rane. 
c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  v.  180  So  hard  thai  blaw  rude  hornys 
wpon  hycht.  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  56  So  rude  ane 
reird  Wes  neuir  hard  with  no  man  in  this  erd.  1606  SHAKS. 
7V.  <^-  Cr.i.  1.92  Peace  you  vngracious  Clamors,  peace  rude 
sounds.  1697  CONGREVE  Mourn.  Bride  \.  i,  There's  not  a 
Slave . .  But  should  have . .  shook  his  Chains  in  Transport  and 
rude  Harmony.  1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace^  Art  Poet.  484 
We  laugh  at  him  who  constant  brings  The  same  rude  dis 
cord  from  the  jarring  strings.  1757  WILKIE  Epigoniad  iv. 
91  His  rude  voice  like  thunder  shakes  the  shore.  1822 
SCOTT  Peveril  v,  This  man's  rude  and  clamorous  grief. 
1843  WHITTIER  To  J.  P,  15  Even  thy  song  Hath  a  rude 
martial  tone,  a  blow  in  every  thought. 

II.  8.  Of  language,  composition,  etc.  :  Lacking 
in  elegance  or  polish  ;  deficient  in  literary  merit. 

CJ340  HAMPOLE  Pr,  Conse.  9585,  I  rek  noght,  ^ogh  be 
ryme  be  rude,  If  J>e  maters  |»ar-of  be  gude.  1390  GOWER 
Conf.  Ill-  383  Y  have  do  my  trewe  peyne  With  rude  word  is 
and  with  pleyne . .  This  bok  to  write.  1412-20  LYDG.  Chron. 
Troy  i.  3090  After  I»e  maner  of  my  rude  stile.  1481  CAXTON 
Reynard(hr\}.)  120  Mycopye  whiche  was  indutche,  and  by 
me  william  Caxton  translated  in  to  this  rude  and  symple 
englyssh.  1551  ROBINSON  More's  Utopia  Ep.TransL,  Rude 
and  vnlearned  speche  defaceth  and  disgraceth  a  very  good 
matter.  157*  MASCALL  Plant,  fy  Graff.  Ep.,  To  commende 
this  my  simple  and  rude  woorke  vnto  your  Lordship.  1703 
MAUNDRELL  Journ.  Jems.  (1732)  15  Only  from  this  rude 
tradition.  1763  J.  BROWN  Poetry  <$•  Music  §  5.  50  The  oldest 
Compositions  among  the  Arabs  are  in  Rythm  or  rude  Verse. 
1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  F.ng.  vii.  II.  225  His  rude  oratory 
roused  and  melted  hearers  who  listened  without  interest  to 
the  laboured  discourses  of  great  logicians  and  Hebraists. 
1861  STANLEY  East.  Ch.  viii.  (1869)  271  The  Apostles  used 
freely  a  rude  version  of  the  Old  Testament. 

b.  Of  drawings,  etc.  :  Rough,  imperfect ;  not 
very  accurate  or  finished. 

1679  BURNET  Hist.  ReJ.  I.  282  A  long  letter,  which  the 
reader  will  find  in  the  Collection,  copied  from  the  rude 
draught  of  it.  1681  GLANVIL  Sadtiucisnms  35  Those  seem 
ingly  rude  Lines  and  Scrawls  which  he  intends  for  the 
Rudiments  of  a  Picture.  1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Sat.  \\. 
vii.  no  Some  rude  design  In  crayons  or  in  charcoal.  1748 
Ansons  Voy.  IL  iii.  140  The  memorandums  and  rude 
sketches  of  the  Master  and  Surgeon,  who  were  not.. the 
ablest  draughts-men.  1888  Poor  Nellie  176  People  would 
often  recognize  the  whereabouts  of  her  rough  rude  sketches. 
1890  DOYLE  White  Company  xxv,  He  held  a  pen.. with 
which  he  had  been  scribbling  in  a  rude  school-boy  hand. 
C.  Roughly  accurate  or  correct. 

1854  H.  ROGERS  Ess.  (1874)  II.  i.  53  A  rude  metaphorical 
or  analogical  approximation  to  exact  expression.  1882 
Encycl.  Brit.  XIV.  601/1  Fig.  27  shows  in  a  rude  way  the 
absorption  by  cobalt  glass  cut  in  wedge  form,  and  corrected 
by  an  equal  prism  of  clear  glass. 

9.  Coarse,  inelegant,  rough,    rare. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Clerk's  T.  956  Right  nought  was  sche 
abaissht  of  hir  clothing,  Thouqh  it  were  ruyde  and  som 
del  eek  to-rent.  Ibid.  1060  These  ladys.  .strippen  hir  out  of 
hir  rude  arraye.  a  1500  Bcrnardus  De  Cura  rei  fatn. 
(E.  E.  T.  S.)  83  GeflTe  ^ame  enwcht  of  drynk  and  metis  rude 

8uhilk  may  suffice  to  seruandisand  J?erfude.    1700  DRYDEN 
yttion  fy  iph,  74   Rude  work   well   suited  with    a  rustic 
mind.     1831  SCOTT  Cast.  Dang,  i,  Their  wants,  with  a  very 
few   exceptions,    were    completely   supplied.. by  the  rude 


RUDE. 


867 


RUDENESS. 


and  scanty  produce  of  their.. mountains  and  holms.  1849 
MACAULAV  Hist.  Eng.  in.  I.  332  The  other  seciion  was 
destined  to  ruder  and  humbler  service. 

10.  Of   natural    scenery   or    objects :    Rugged, 
rough ;  uncultivated,  wild. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Manciple's  T.  66  (Ellesm.),  Yet  hath  this 
hrid..Leuere  in  a  Forest,  that  is  rude  and  coold,  Goon  etc 
wormes  and  swich  wrecchednesse.  c  1475  KciufCoil^ear  14 
That  Ryall  raid  ouir  the  rude  mure.  1578  LYTE  Dodocns 
127  The  first  kinde  of  Veruayne  groweth  in  rude  places, 
about  hedges,  walles,  wayes,  streates  and  diches.  1606 
SHAKS.  Ant,  *  Ct.  i.  iv.  64  Thy  pallat  the[n]  did  daine 
The  roughest  Berry,  on  the  rudest  Hedge.  1634  MILTON 
Comus  352  Where  may  she  wander  now,  whether  betake 
her  From  the  chill  dew,  amongst  rude  burrs  and  thistles  ? 
1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  II.  95  In  the  middle  of  an  open, 
rude  common,  .stands  a  spring.  1794  GODWIN  Caleb  IVil- 
liams  234,  I  arrived  at  the  termination  of  this  ruder  scene, 
and  reached  that  part  of  the  county  which  is  inclosed  and 
cultivated.  z8z6  SHELLEY  Alt.  Blanc  70  How  hideously  Its 
shapes  are  heaped  around  !  rude,  bare,  and  high,  Ghastly, 
and  scarred,  and  riven.  1867  LADY  HERBERT  Cradle  L.  iii. 
79  The  rude  rock  remains  uncovered. 

11.  Imperfect,  unfinished ;  not  reduced  to  shape, 
order,  or  regularity.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1383  WYCLIF  Mark  ii.  21  No  man  seweth  a  pacche  of  rude, 
or  newe,  clothe  to  an  old  clothe.  1387  TKEVISA  Higdcn 
(Rolls)  V.  411  For  (?e  staat  of  holy  clurche  in  Engelond, 
J?at  was  ^it  ruyde  and  boistous,  shulde  noujt  flecche.  1595 
SHAKS.  John  v.  vii.  27  You  are  borne  To  set  a  forme  vpon 
that  indigest  Which  he  hath  left  so  shapelesse,  and  so  rude. 
1631  WIDDOWES  Nat.  Pkilos.  57  Spirits  having  roote  in  the 
heart,  be  either  absolute  or  rude,  and  to  be  finished  in  other 
parts.  1692  RAY  Disc.  i.  (1732)  3  A  rude  and  inordinate 
Heap.  1704  ROWE  Ulysses  m.  i,  So  Jove  look'd  down  upon 
the  War  of  Atoms  And  rude  tumultuous  Chaos. 

b.  Of  natural  products :  Unwrought ;  unmanu 
factured,  raw, 

1555  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  72,  I  my  selfe  sawe  a  masse  of 
rude  goulde  (that  is  to  say,  such  as  was  neuer  molten). 
1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Ecclus.  xl.  4  Even  to  him,  that  is 
covered  with  rude  linen  [L.  lino  crudo].  1621  BURTON  Anat. 
Mel,  ToRdr.so  Let  him. .suffer  no  rude  matter  vn wrought 
as  Tinne,  Iron, . .  To  bee  transported  out  of  his  country.  1776 
ADAM  SMITH  IV.  N.  u.  v.  (1904)  I.  401  Either  the  rude  or 
manufactured  produce.  18x2  SIR  H.  DAVY  Chem,  Pkilos. 
58  The  production  of  metals  from  rude  ores.  1844  DIS 
RAELI  Coningsby  iv.  ii,  The  cotton.. in  its  rude  state.  1865 
LUBBOCK  Preh.  Times  (1878)  iii.  66  Iron  in  a  '  rude  '  state. 
C.  Left  in  a  natural  rough  state ;  undressed. 

1800  WORDSW.  Hart- Leap  Well  I.  83  Three  pillars  of  rude 
stone  Sir  Walter  reared.  i86a  STANLEY  Jew,  Ch,  (1877)  I. 
iii.  50  There  were  rude  stones  at  Delphi. .anterior  to  any 
temple.  1878  C.  STANFORD  Symb.  Christ  \,  3  Conscious  of 
such  a  spell  upon  our  spirits  at  the  sight  of  the  rudest  stone, 
the  simplest  mound. 

12.  Of  a  rough,  inelegant,  or  rugged  form;  in 
early  use,  big  and  coarse  ;  strong  but  ill-shaped. 

?«  1400  Morte  Arih,  1096  Brade  in  the  scholders,.  .Ruyd 
armes  as  an  ake  with  rusclede  sydes.  c  1475  Rauf  Co  linear 
794  Vpon  ane  rude  Kunsy  he  ruschit  out  of  toun.  11533 
LD.  BERNEKS  Huon  xciii.  300  Huons  spere  was  bygge  £  rude. 
1595  SHAKS.  John  n.  1.262  Tis  not.. your  old-fac'd  walles 
Can  hide  you . . ,  Though  all  these  English . .  Were  harbour 'd 
in  their  rude  circumference.  16*9  MILTON  Hymn  Nativ. 
i,  The  Heav'u-born-childe,  All  meanly  wrapt  in  the  rude 
manger  lie^.  1748  GRAY  Alliance  26  How  rude  so  e'er  th1 
exterior  Form  we  find.  1768  SIR  W.  JONES  Laura  Poems 
(1777)  79  Steep  arching  rocks.. Form  her  rude  diadem,  and 
native  throne.  1796  WITHERING  Brit.  PI.  (ed.  3)  1.  233 
Petals  4,  rude,  upright,  blunt.  1805  WORDSW.  Prelude  xni. 
228  How  oft  high  service  is  performed  within,  When  all  the 
external  man  is  rude  in  show.  1846  KEBLE  Lyra  tnnoc. 
(1873)  141  Who  is  this  that  comes  with  mantle  rude? 
O.  SEAMAN  In  Cap  «J-  Bells  (1900)  87  Not  tha 


.     .  hat  1  wear,  like 

Bergerac,  A  nose  of  rather  rude  dimensions. 

b.  Roughly  made  or  formed  j  imperfect  in 
design  or  execution. 

1612  STUUTEVANT  Metallica  (1854)  4°  Rude-ware  are  such 
sort  of  Press-ware  which  after  they  are  pressed  and  moulded 
require  no  further  ornament:  as  Prest-pipes,  Prest-tiles, 
Prest-brickes,  Prest-stones.  1711  POPE  Temple  Fame  125 
There  on  rude  iron  columns.  .The  horrid  forms  of  Scythian 
heroes  stood.  m&Anson's  Voy.  in.  x.  415  The  masts,  sails, 
and  rigging  of  these  vessels  are  ruder  than  their  built.  1814 
SCOTT  Diary  10  Aug.  in  Lockhartt  It  is  easy  to  descend 
into  it  by  a  rude  path.  1843  BORROW  Bible  in  Spain  xxiv, 
We  saw  others  in  the  fields  handling  their  rude  ploughs. 
1879  LUBBOCK  Sci.  Lect.  v.  155  It  is  an  error  to  suppose  that 
the  rudest  flint  implements  are  necessarily  the  oldest. 

13.  Of  an  imperfect,  undeveloped,  or  primitive 
character. 

1600  J.  POKY  tr.  Leo's  Africa  in.  146  Other  games  there 
are  also,  but  very  rude.  1667  MILTON  P.  L,  ix.  391  With 
such  Gardning  Tools  as  Art  yet  rude,  Guiltless  of  fire  had 
formd.  1728  R.  MORRIS  Ess.  Anc,  Archit,  p.  ix,  Ghiberto 
..brought  Architecture  from  that  rude  Gothick  manner. 
1788  GIBBON  Decl.  $  F.  1.  V.  203  In  the  rude  idolatry  of  the 
Arabs.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  983  This  very  rude  and  dan 
gerous  mode  of  exploding  the  inflammable  gas,  is  still 
fractised  in  a  few  mines.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist,  Eng.  iii. 
.  386  A  rude  and  imperfect  establishment  of  posts  for^the 
conveyance  of  letters  had  been  set  up  by  Charles  the  First. 
1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  29  He  has  traced  the  growth 
of  states  from  their  rude  beginning  in  a  philosophical  spirit. 

f!4.  Large  in  amount.   Ot>s.~l 

(1470  HENRY  Wallace  ix.  1506  Thai  lugyt  thar  At  rud 
costis,  to  spend  thai  wald  nocht  spar. 

15.  Comb.,  as  rude-featured ,  -tongtied\  riule- 
like,  -looking,  -spoken  adjs. 

163*  LITHGOW  7'rav.  v.  226  The  Carauan  presented  his 
rude  like  maiesty  with  water,  bread,  [and]  hearbes.  i?9S 
Fate  of  Sed ley  II.  61  He  arose  with  an  heart  of  gladness  ; 
and.. pursued  the  rude  fanged  boar.  1797  SOUTHEY  Joan 
of  Arc  vii,  On  his  head  A  black  plume  shadow'd  the  rude- 
featured  helm.  1803  J.  KENNY  Society  22  Stern  as  he  was, 


rude-thoughted  and  untamed.  1876  Nature  XIV.  176/1  It 
is  a  rude-looking  machine.  1877  BLACK  Green  Past,  xxvii, 
The  rude-spoken  German  ex-lieutenant. 

B.  adv.  In  a  rude  manner ;  rudely,     rare. 

c  1475  Partenay  3257  Then  to  the  abbot,  which  that  balled 
was,  hath  Gaffray  spokyn  rude  and  bustesly.  1607  TOPSELL 
Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  483  The  hair  of  Men  grew  rude,  and 
in  length  like  Womens.  1616  SURFL.  &  MARKH.  Country 
Farme  in.  ii.  336  In  this  case  you  shall  by  no  meanes 
bestow  them  into  the  earth  thus  rude  and  carelesly.  c  1788 
BURNS  When  Guilford  good  our  Pilot  stood  ix,  Caledon. . 
swoor  fu'  rude.  .To  male  it  guid  in  law,  man. 

b.    Comb. ,  as   rude-carved '}   -fashioned^  -made^ 
-spun,  rude-growing  adjs. 

1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A,  u.  iii.  199  What  subtile  Hole  is  this, 
Whose  mouth  is  couered  with  Rude  growing  Briers.  1610 
B.  JONSON  Alchemist  n.  i.  16  The  couetous  hunger,  .for  a 
rude-spun  cloke.  1796  TOWNSHEND  Poems  23  Down  the 
foaming  rude-wash'd  hills.  1797  SOUTHEY  Joan  of  Arc  iv, 
A  massy  stone  And  rude-ensculptured  effigy.  1812  BYRON 
Ch.  Har,  i.  xxi,  Mark  many  rude-carved  crosses  near  the 
path.  1840  MRS.  NORTON  The  Dream  196  Lift  some  poor 
wounded  wretch  ..  Forth  in  some  rude-made  litter.  1867 
SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.t  Skeiu^.  .&  rude -fashioned  boat. 

Rude,  obs.  form  of  ROOD,  RUD  sb± 

t  Rirdeful,  a.  Obs.-1  [f.  RUDE  a.}  Full  of 
rudeness. 

1587  R.  ROBINSON  Golden  Mirrour  (Chetham  Soc.)  33  Of 
all  my  wandring  wilfull  dayes,  And  rechlesse  rudefull  toyes, 

Rudel,  obs.  form  of  RIDEL. 

Rudely  (r/7*dli),  adv.  Forms  :  5  ruydlyche, 
-(e)ly;  4  rudli,  5-6  Sc.  -ly,  6  -lie,  7  -lye; 
5  rewdly;  5  rudeli(che,  6  -lie,  7-  rudely. 
[f.RuDE  rt.  +  -LY*.  Cf.  MDu.  ntdelike,  -life,  -lie.} 

1.  With    great   force    or   violence ;    violently, 
roughly. 

13. .  Cursor  I\L  22151  (Gott.),  fe  wind  to  do  rudli  to  ri:se, 
And  stormes  do  men  sare  to  gri^e.  1375  BAKBOUR  Bruce  n. 
349  Thai.. swa  ruydly  gan  samyn  ryd,  That  speris  all  to- 
fruschyt  war.  ?«  1400  Morte  Art/i.  794  He  rawmpyde  .so 
ruydly  that  alle  the  erthe  ryfez.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  iv. 
247  Rudely  fra  him  he  reft  it.  a  1533  LD.  BERNEKS  Hiion 
Ixxxi.  242  He  rose  vp  then  sodeynlyso  rudely  that  he  ouer- 
threwe  cuppes  and  dysshes.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  i.  i.  25 
Soone  as  their  Parent  deare  They  saw  so  rudely  falling  to 
the  ground.  1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  iv.  v.  148  Whether  to  knocke 
against  the  Gates  of  Rome,  Or  rudely  visit  them  in  parts 
remote.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav,  325  They 
use  them  but  rudely,  and  beat  them  till  they  cry  like 
children.  17*3  DART  Westnionasteriuin  I.  86  Chaucer., 
would  never  have  fallen  so  rudely  foul  on  the  whole  Order. 
1791  S.  ROGERS  Pleas.  Mem,  ii,  92  Oft  m  the  saddle  rudely 
rocked  to  sleep.  1813  SHELLEY  Q.  Mab  ix.  185  And  wilt 
thou  rudely  tear  them  from  thy  breast?  1864  NEWMAN 
Apol.  i.  (1904)  9/1, 1  was  rudely  awakened  from  my  dream . . 
by  two  great  blows — illness  and  bereavement. 

2.  \Vithharshordiscordantsound.  ?  Obs. 
ci35o  Will.  Palerne  3270  pe  cry  rudli  a-ros  J>at  retire  it 

was  to  hure.  a.  1400  Pistill  of  Susan  341  po  bat  robly  cherl 
ruydely  rored.  1:1450  HOLLAND  Howlat  215  The  Ravyne 
rolpand  rudly  in  a  roche  ran.  1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  4128 
My  sone  ..for  me  will  rudelie  rair,  Fra  tyme  he  se  me 
hangit.  c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXVI.  v,  Swelling 
streames  did  rudely  roare. 

3.  In  an   uncultured,  uncivil,  discourteous,    or 
unmannerly  fashion. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Prol.  734  He  most  reherce . .  Every  word, . . 
Al  speke  he  never  so  rudely  ne  large,  c  1430  Pilgr.  Lyf 
Manhode  i.  xxxix.  (1869)  24  For  toward  grace  dieu  she 
wente,  and  mdeliche  spak  to  hire.  1489  Barbonr's  Bruce  ix. 
750  Sen  |JQW  spekys  sa  rudly,  It  is  gret  skill  men  chasty 
Thy  proud  words.  1500-20  JJUNBAR  THO.  Mariit  IVemen 
481  Sum  raiffis  furght  rudly  with  riatus  speche.  1568 
GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  332  These  people  came  to  her  Chayre, 
and  dealt  rudely  with  her,  whereof  the  good  Lady  was 
in  great  doubt.  x6oi  SHAKS.  Tivcl.  N.  i.  v.  228  Via,  My 
words  are  as  full  of  peace  as  matter.  Ol.  Yet  you  began 
rudely.  1669  R.  MONTAGU  in  Buccleuch^  ASSS.  (Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.)  I.  451,  I  never  saw  anything  in  my  life  done 
so  rudely  and  so  uncivilly,  a  1704  T.  BROWN  Decl.  Advs. 
Wks.  1730  I.  42  It  seems  you  had  never  very  good  breed 
ing  thus  to  laugh  at  my  ingenuity,  and  sport  so  rudely 
with  my  wit.  1781  COWPER  Table-T.  158  To  win  no  praise 
when  well-wrought  plans  prevail,  But  to  be  rudely  censur'd 
when  they  fail.  1806  SUKR  Winter  in  Land.  II.  240,  I 
imagined  he  stared  very  rudely  at  lady  Beauchamp*  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  198  There  is  no  reason  why  we 
should  rudely  quarrel  with  one  another. 

4.  In  an  unskilful  or  imperfect  manner;  roughly, 
clumsily. 

c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints  Prol.  80  Of  his  modire  syne  sad  I 
sume  thing,  J>o  It  be  rudly.  £1430  LYDG.  Mm.  Poems 
(Percy  Soc.)  48  This  Htel  schort  dyte,  Rudely  compyled,  lat 
it  be  noon  offence.  1447  BOKENHAM  Lyvys  of  Seyntys 
(Roxb.)  3  The  matere  wych  I  wyl  of  wryte,  Althow  but 
rudely  I  kun  endyte.  1668  CULPEPPER  &  COLE  Barthol. 
Anat.  i.  x.  23  The  Stomach  Nerves  embracing  this  Orifice, 
rudely  expressed.  1695  DRYOEN  Du  Fresnoy  s  Art  Paint. 
Ess.  (Ker)  II.  122  In  this  manner,  as  I  have  rudely  and 
briefly  shewn  you,  painters  and  sculptors . .  perfectionate  the 
idea,  a  1711  KEN  Divine  Love  Wks.  (1838)  215  The  love 
of  God  is  a  grace  rather  to  be  felt  than  defined,  so  that  I 
can  do  no  more  than  rudely  describe  it.  1797-1805  S.  &  HT. 
LEE  Canterb.  T.  I.  336  You  will  see  [them]  rudely  de 
lineated  in  thortf&BO  that  time  has  yet  spared.  1812  W. 
IRVING  Braceb.  Hall  xvii.  144  We  heard  the  sound  of  a 
fiddle  rudely  played.  1847  W.  C.  L.  MARTIN  The  Ox  57/1 
In  former  times,  when  agriculture  was  practised  rudely. 
1865  TYLOR  Early  Hist.  Man,  v.  83  The  place  which  they 
can  only  fill  very  partially  and  rudely. 

b.  With  rough  or  unskilful  workmanship. 

14..  Leg.  Holy  Rood^d  Thre  nayles  war  made  ful  tite..; 
pai  war  full  grete  and  rudely  wroght.  1594  SHAKS. 
Rich.  ///,  i.  i.  16,  I,  that  am  Rudely  stampt,  and  want 
loues  Maiesty.  1610  HOLLAND  Catnderis  Brit,  (1637)  312 


A  fort  compassed  about  with  a  banke  rudely  ca.st  up.  1613 
PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  iv.  xvii.  (1614)  434 They  haue..inany 
idols  rudely  carved.  1810  SCOTT  Lady  of  Lake  i.  xxvi, 
Their  hoar  trunks  bared,  And  by  the  hatchet  rudely 
squared.  1835  MARRYAT  J.  Faithful  xxxiii,  There  was  a 
bridge,  rudely  constructed  of  old  ship  plank.  1868  HELPS 
Reaimah  v.  (1876)  80  The  insignia  consisted  of  a  coronet 
rudely  formed  of  dark  polished  stones,  and  feathers. 
C.  With  rough  or  approximate  accuracy. 

1748  Anson's  Voy.  n.  vi.  202  The  total  amount.. can  only 
be  rudely  guessed  at.  1853  KANE  Grinnelt  Rxped.  xliii. 
(1856)  401  A  hummock  hill. .gave  me  the  opportunity  of 
measuring  rudely  the  height  of  the  swell.  1868  GLADSTONE 
Juv.  Mundi\.  (1870)  3  Means  of  estimating,  however  rudely, 
the  lapse  of  years. 

t5.  Without  refinement  or  elegance  ;  coarsely, 
rustically.  Obs. 

1484  C&XTQW  Fables  of  sEso£  u,  vi,  Better  is  to  lyue  surely 
and  rudely  in  sewrte  than  swetely  in  peryll  &  daunger. 
1538  STARKEY  England  I.  i.  10  We  may  not  therfor  ..dryue 
man  to  the  woodys  agayne  and  wyld  forestys,  wherin  he 
lyuyd  at  the  fyrst  begynnyng  rudely.  ^1568  ASCHAM 
Scholem.  (Arb.)  117  If  yow  be  borne  or  brought  vp  in  a 
rude  contrie,  ye  shall  not  chose  but  speake  rudelie.  1617 
MORYSON  ttin.  I.  178  These  Citizens  [of  Bergamo]  speake 
the  Italian  tongue,  but  more  rudely  then  any  other  of  Italy. 
1701  WOLLEY  Jrnl.  N.  York  (1860)  45  As  to  their  way  of 
living,  it's  very  rudely  and  rovtngly. 

6.  In  a  rugged  or  irregular  manner  or  form. 
1602  MARSTON  Ant.  $  Mel.  v.  Wks.  1856  1. 60  When  men 

..  forsake  taking  of  tobacco,  and  cease  to  weare  their 
beardes  so  rudely  long.  1694  Martert's  Voy,  Spitsbergen 
in  Ace.  Sez>.  Late  Voy.  \\.  23  The  other  Rocks  look  rudely. 
1732  POPE  Ess.  Man  \\.  4  The  proper  study  of  Mankind  is 
Man.  ..  A  Being  darkly  wise,  and  rudely  great.  1793 
HOUGES  Trav.  in  India  85  This  is  the  last  of  a  long  range 
of  mountains,  which,  at  this  place,  rudely  decline  to  the 
plain.  1843  POUTLOCK  Geol.  511  1'he  beds  still  retain, 
though  rudely,  their  lamination. 

b.  Without  definite  order  ;  irregularly. 
1655-60  STANLEY  Hist.  Phil.  (1701)  186/2  When  matter 
was  put  into  those  Figures  by  God,  fii^t  it  was  moved 
rudely  without  order.  1668  CULPECPEK  &  COLE  tr.  Barthol. 
Anat.  i.  68, 1  cannot  as  yet  perswade  my  self,  that  all  things 
are  done  rudely  and  mechanically  in  the  Body. 

7.  Co»ib,^  as  rudely-blustering,  -carved,  -chiselled^ 
-molten  adjs. 

1648  J.  BEAUMONT  Psyche  xx.  cccvi,  She  saw  her  rudely- 
blustering  servants,  who  Disturb'd  her  Region,  in  one  Calm 
united.  1835  Penny  Cycl.  IV.  339/1  The  rudely-chiselled 
forms  of  several  colossal  figures.  1838  DICKENS  Nickleby 
vi,  With  overhanging  gables  and  balconies  of  rudely-carved 
oak.  1848  BUCKLEY  Iliad  441  Then  the  son  of  Peleus  de 
posited  a  rudely-molten  mass  of  iron. 

Harden,  v.  rare~l.  [f.  RUDE  a.  -f  -EX 5.] 
trans.  To  render  rude. 

1897  NUTT  in  Voy.  of  Bran  II.  120  The  design  was 
gradually  rudened  and  simplified. 

Rudeness  (rw'dnes).  Forms  :  4-7  rudenesse, 
5-7  -nes,  6-  rudeness  ;  5  rudines,  rewd-,  rud- 
nesse,  6  rud-,  Sc.  ruidnes.  [f.  RUDE  a.  +  -KESS.] 

f  1.  Lack  of  knowledge  or  education ;  want  of 
learning ;  ignorance.  Obs. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  291  Vnderstond,  ?e  kyngis ; 
and  schaak  of  3ou  rudenesse,  ^e  (jat  jugen  londis.  14..  in 
Tundale's  Vis.  (1843)  90  My  wyttis  be  so  dull  with  rudeness, 
And  in  the  cheynes  of  ignoraunce  gyved.  1447  BOKENHAM 
Lyvys  of  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  43  Nor  of  ye  sugird  welle  In 
elicona  my  rudeness  to  leche  I  nevere  dede  taste.  1535 
COVERDALE  Bible  Prol.,  Though  it  [Scripture]  be  not 
worthely  ministred  vnto  the  in  this  translacyon  (by  reason 
of  my  rudnes).  1551  ROBINSON  tr.  Mores  Utopia.  Ep. 
Transl.,  Through  my  rudenes  and  ignoraunce  in  our  english 
tonge.  n  1626  Bi'.  ANDREWES  96  Serin.  (1661)  414  Whom 
they  should  have  received,  Him  they  had  not  heard  of.  This 
was  a  great  rudeness.  1662  H.  MOKE  Philos.  IVrit.  Pref. 
Gen.  (1712)  ii  It  is  a  piece  of  Rudeness  and  Unskilfulness 
in  the  nature  of  things  to  conceit  that  [etc.]. 

2.  Want  of  culture  or  refinement  j  roughness  of 
life  or  habits;  uncouthness. 

^1386  CHAUCER  Clerks  T.  397  It  ne  semyde  not  by  Hkly- 
nesse  That  sche  was  born  and  fed  in  rudenesse,  As  in  a 
cote  or  in  an  o.\e-stalle.  61430  LYDG.  Alin.  Poems  (Percy 
Soc.)  218  A  cherl  of  nature  wil  brayde  on  rewdnesse. 
1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixx.  18  We  ar  so  beistlie,  dull,  and 
ignorant,  Our  rudnes  may  nocht  lichtlie  be  correctit.  1579 
K.  K.  Ded.  Spenser's  Sheph.  Cal.  p  i,  Thinking  them  fittest 
for  such  rustical!  rudenesse  of  shepheards.  1630  R.  John 
son's  Kingd.  fy  Commw.  534  So  unspeakable  is  the  rude 
nesse  of  either,  that  through  all  their  Cities  you  shall  not 
fmde  a  Schoole  to  instruct  their  youth.  1673  RAY  Journ. 
LcrwC.iig'l'he  Negligence  and  Rudeness  of  the  People  who 
mind  nothing  that  is  Curious.  1741  MIDOLETON  Cicero  II. 
viii.  236  That  state  of  rudeness  and  barbarism.  1774  WAR- 
TON  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry  I.  Pref.  p.  i,  We  are  pleased  to  mark 
the  steps  by  which  we  have  been  raised  from  rudeness  to 
elegance.  1807  G.CHALMERS  Caledonia  I.  m.  x. 458 Those 
similarities,  which  the  same  state  of  rudeness,  or  civility, 
will  ever  produce.  1888  BKYCE  Atner,  C0MMB*>(l8oo]  III. 
290  The  rudeness  of  the  times,  in  which  physical  force 
counted  for  so  much. 

T  b.  Absence  of  virtue  or  goodness.   Obs. 

1451  CAPGRAVE  Life  St.  Gilbert  (E.  E.T.  S.)  74  J?orw  his 
wordis  and  his  dedes  be  rudenesse  of  many  a  soule  was 
reformed,  a  1513  FABYAN  Chron.  i.  xxii.  (1811)  17  This  also 
is  vnmynded  of  wryters  outher  for  restfulnesse  of  tyme,  or 
ellys  for  rudenesse  of  his  dedes.  1538  BALE  Gods  Promises 
n,  1  knowe  thy  mercye  is  farre  above  hys  rudenesse. 

3.  Roughness,  harshness,   or  violence  in   action 
or  in  the  treatment  of  others. 

a  1450  Knt.  de  la  Tour  (1868)  24  A  woman  may. .make 
hym  do  welle,  withe  fairnesse  rather  thanne  with  rudenesse. 
1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  fy  Cr.  i.  iii.  207  The  Ramme  that  batters 
downe  the  wall,  For  the  great  swing  and  rudenesse  of  his 
poize,  They  place  before  his  hand  that  made  the  Engine. 

109-2 


RUDENT. 

1638  R.  BAKER  tr.  Balzac  s  Lett.  (vol.  II)  40  There  are  even 
beastes  of  so  generous  a  disposition,  that  it  would  be  rude 
nesse  to  carry  a  hard  hand  over  them.  1682  NORRIS 
literacies  70  Not  to  doe  it  with  violence  and  rudeness,  but 
to  follow  the  truth  with  mildness.  1704  Pennsyly.  Hist. 
Soc.  Mem.  IX.  318  A  difference  arose,  that  ended  with  some 
rudeness. 

t  b.  Austerity,  severity,  rigour,  violence.  Obs. 

1649  JER.  TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  i.  Disc.  iv.  120  John  the 
Baptist,  .did  violence  to  himself,,  .the  rudenesses  of  Camels 
hair  and  the  lowest  nutriment  of  Flyes,  were  instances  of 
that  violence.  1664  EVELYN  Kal.  Hort.  (1729)  224  The  not 
observing  of  this,  destroys  more  Plants  than  all  the  rude 
nesses  of  the  season.  1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Reft.  (1848)  59  The 
Gardener  do's.. secure  the  Tree  from  being  blown  down, or 
torn,  by  the  rudeness  of  boisterous  Winds. 
O.  A  rough  or  violent  act.  rare. 

1691-2  WOOD  Life  14  Jan.,  Many  rudenesses  and  rogueries 
committed  by  them.  1790  G.  WALKER  Serm.  II.  99  Many 
an  impotent  encounter  with  the  rudenesses  and  selfishness 
and  cruelty  of  undisciplined  passion. 

4.  Lack  of  civility  or  courtesy;  bad  manners. 

c  1532  Du  WES  Introd.  Fr.  in  Palsgr.  1035  The  rudenesse 
that  I  yvel  manerd  have  used  toward  your  hyghnesse.  1566 
PAINTER  Pal.  Pleas.  (1569'  I.  445  He  prayed  him  not  to 
take  it  in  ill  parte  the  rudinesse  of  his  servauntes.  1601 
SHAKS.  Tiwl.  N.  I.  v.  230  The  rudenesse  that  hath  ap 
pear 'd  in  mee,  haue  I  learn 'd  from  my  entertainment.  1634 
MILTON  Comus  178,  I  should  be  loath  To  meet  the  rude- 
nesse,  and  swill'd  insolence  Of  such  late  Wassailers.  a  1691 
BOYLE  Christian  Virtuoso  Wks.  1774  V.  509  The  seeming 
rudeness  of  the  angel  to  St.  Peter,  when  he  struck  him  on 
the  side,  and  hastily  rouzed  him.  1741  WATTS  Improv, 
J//«rf  (1801)  101  It  is  a  piece  of  rudeness  to  interrupt  an 
other  in  his  speech.  1778  Miss  BuRNEY^i'tV/walxxxi,  The 
rudeness  of  his  manner,  .springs  from  the  same  cause.  1822 
LAMB  Elia  i.  Modern  Gallantry^  A  pattern  of  true  polite 
ness  to  a  wife— of  cold  contempt,  or  rudeness,  to  a  sister. 
I^7S  JOVVKTT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  290, 1  hope. .that  I  am  not 
betrayed  into  rudeness  by  my  love  of  conversation. 
b.  An  instance  of  this. 

1699  BENTLEY  Phal.  Pref.  p.  Ixxviii,  There's  one  Kudu- 
ness* that  I  ought  not  to  omit;  because  it  falls  upon  others) 
a^  much  as  my  self.  1718  Free-thinker  No.  61.  39  Contra 
diction  of  every  Kind  is  a  Rudeness.  1754  World  No.  95 
III.  223  This  particular  way  of  thinking  very  frequently 
subjects  me  to  little  rudenesses  and  affronts. 

5.  Roughness  of  style  or  workmanship. 

u  1555  Sloane  MS.  261  fol.  3, 1  doubtede  whether  the  rude- 
lies  of  the  worke  weare  not  a..sclaunder  to  the  authour. 
1612  MoNNlEPENNIE  Abr.  Chron.  in  Misc.  Scot.  I.  3  The 
plainnesse  and  rudenesse  of  my  stile.  1636  Recorders  Gr. 
Arts  Pref.  A3,  I  had  rather ..vtter  the  rudenesse  of  my 
translation,  then  to  defraud  them  the  benefit  of  so  good  a 
lesson.  1756  BURKE  Subl.  «y  B.  Wks.  1842  I.  44  The  rude 
ness  of  the  work  increases  this  cause  of  grandeur,  as  it  ex 
cludes  the  idea  of  art  and  contrivance.  1783  BLAIR  Lect. 
xliii.  (18:2)  HI.  225  It  has  certainly  softened  some  of  his 
rudenesses.  1838  THACKERAY  Strictures  on  Pictures  Wks. 
1900  XIII.  264  This  picture  is  executed  with  the  utmost 
simplicity,  and  almost  rudeness.  1872  R.  F.  BURTON  Zan~ 
zibar  I.  97  The  windows  are  loop-holes,  and  the  doors  are 
miracles  of  rudeness. 

0.  Unfinished,  imperfect,  or  primitive  state ; 
roughness,  ruggedness. 

1645  USSHER  Body  Div.  (1647)  99  It  seemeth  that  the 
rudenesse  was  in  the  earth  onely ;  containing  the  water  and 
the  dry  land.  1710  STEELE  Tatler  No.  179  F  10  Two 
Grotto's,  set  off  with  all  the  pleasing  Rudeness  of  Shells  and 
Moss.  1769  E.  BANCROFT  Guiana  24  Nature  sports  in 
primaeval  rudeness.  1793  Trans.  Soc.  Arts\.  12  So  much 
land  may  be  truly  said  to  have  been  made  for  ever,  out  of  a 
mass  of  rudeness,  which  yielded  no  profit  to  its  owner. 

Rudent,  a.  Arch.    =  next. 

1697  EVELYN  Ace.  Archit,  Misc.  Writ.  (1825)  408  This 
column  is  fluted.. to  about  a  third  part  downward,  where 
they  are  convexly  staved,  and  thence  nam'd  radiant,  by 
some  rudcntt  tho'  of  old  we  find  them  fluted  the  whole 
length. 

Rudented,  pa.  ppte.  Arch.  [ad.  F.  rudent^ 
f.  L.  mdent-y  rudens  rope.]  (See  quots.) 

1723 CHAMBERS  Ir.LeCterc's  Treat.  Arck.\.  73  Their  Flut 
ings  must  be  rudented,  or  cabled .  .as  far  as  one  third  of  their 
height ;  that  is  they  must  be  filled  up  in  part  to  that  height, 
with..Rudentures.  1728  —  Cycl.  s.v.  Column,  Cabled,  or 
Rudented  Column,  is  a  Column  having  Projectures  in  form 
of  Cables,  or  Canes,  in  the  Naked  of  the  Shaft  [etc.]. 

Kudenture.  Arch.  [a.  F.  rudenture  (i6th  c.)  ; 
cf.  prec.]  (See  quots.)  ' 

There  is  no  evidence  that  this  or  the  two  prec.  words  have 
ever  been  in  actual  English  use. 

1723  CHAMBERS  tr.  Le  Clerks  Treat.  Arch.  I.  73  By  a 
Rudenture  we  mean  the  Figure  of  a  Rope  or  Staff  cut,  on 
some  occasions,  in  the  Flutings,  to  strengthen  their  sides. 
1728  —  CycL,  Rudenture, . .  the  Figure  of  a  Rope  or  Staff, 
sometimes  plain  sometimes  carv'd,  wherewith  a  third  Part 
of  the  Flutings  of  Columns  are  frequently  filled  up.  [Hence 
in  various  later  Diets.] 

i]  Ru'dera.  Obs.  [a.  L.  rudera,  pi.  of  rfidits 
broken  stone.]  Fragments  or  ruins  of  a  building. 

1662  RAY  Three  I  tin.  (1738)  III.  181  By  the  testimony  of 
an  ancient  people  thereabouts  who  have  seen  the  vestigia 
and  rudera  of  the  walls.  1737  G.  SMITH  Curious  Relat.  I. 
iii.  402  None  can  equal  the  Rudera's  of  that  once  most 
magnificent  Bridge  which  the  Emperor  Trajan  caused  to 
be  built  over  the  Danube.  1798  Brit.t Critic  XI.  226  The 
author's  reasons  for  asserting. .,  though  it  does  not  appear  in 
the  rudera,  that  chimneys  were  common  in  the  Roman 
houses. 

Hence  Ru-deral  a.  [mod.L.  rfiderdlis],  Bot.t 
growing  on  or  among  stone-rubbish  ;  peculiar  to 
rubbish-heaps.  Rtvderary  a.  [late  L.  riiderarius], 
pertaining  to  rubbish.  Bu'derate  v.  [L.  riider- 
are\y  Budera-tion  [L.  rftderdtio],  (see  quots.). 
r  Rtrderoiis  a.t  abounding  in  rubbish. 


868 

1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.  s.v.,  Ruderalis,..  which  grows 
in  rubbish  and  by  walls. .:  "ruderal.  1878  HOOKER&BALL 
Morocco  144  What  may  be  termed  the  ruderal  vegetation 
throughout  the  Mediterranean  region.  1727  BAI  LEY  (vol.  II), 
*Rnderaryt  belonging  to  Rubbish.  [Hence  in  later  Diets.] 
1623  COCKERAM,  *Ruderatet  to  cast  on  rubble.  1823  P. 
NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  592  Ruderated;  in  paving,  &c. 
laid  with  pebbles  or  little  stones.  1730  BAILEY  (folio), 
* Ruderationt  the  laying  of  a  Pavement  with  Pebbles  or 
little  Stones.  1813  FORSYTH  Rem.  Italy  142  Their  suc 
cessors  . .  in  some  parts  omitted  the  ruderation,  in  others  the 
statumen,  in  others  both.  1842  Gvf\irf  Encycl.  Arch.  Gloss., 
Ruderation, . .  a  method  of  laying  pavements,  mentioned  by 
Vitruvius,  and  according  to  some,  of  building  walls  with 
rough  pebbles  and  mortar.  1657  TO.MLINSON  Renou'sDisp. 
318  All  Horehound  delights  in  *ruderous  places. 

t  Borders  (also  rudders),  Anglicized  form  of 
RUDERA. 

1608  TOPSELL  Serpents  (1658)  638  These . .  keep  their  trade 
of  Honey-making  in  old  trees,  caves,  holes,  and  in  the 
ruders,  and  rubbish  of  old  walls  and  houses.  i69sKENNETT 
Par.  Antiq.  iii.  8  A.. watch-tower,  the  ruines  or  rudders 
whereof  still  appear  in  a  plat  of  Meadow  ground. 
B.Tldesby(n7-dzbi).  Now0/r//.  Also  7  -bey. 

i    [f.  RUDE  a. ;  see  -BY  2.]    An  insolent,  unmannerly, 

j    or  disorderly  fellow. 

1566  DRANT  Horace^  Sat.  \\.  \.  F  ij,  A  rudesbie,  and  vnruly 
. .  man.  1567  —  Ep.  u.  i.  Gvj,  To  bearebaytinges  or  pricke 
playings  our  Rudesbies  must  awaye.  1581  G.  PETTIE  tr. 
Guazzos  Civ.  Conv.  n.  (1586)  77  b,  As  he  which  is  cere 
monious  may  be  thought  to  be  a  dissembler,  so  he  which  is 
not  so,  may  be  taken  to  be  a  clowne,  a  rudesby,  or  a  con- 

i    temner  of  others.      1601  BP.  W.  BARLOW  Defence  89  Those 

'    jangling  rudesbies,  titular  Doctors  in  S.  Paules  time. 

1820  SCOTT  Montist.  xv,  Commoved  by  the  speech  of  this 
rudesby.  1882  G.  MACDOXALU  Castle  Warlock  I.  xviii.  289 
The  rudesby  was  too  old  to  be  served  as  he  had  served  the 
schoolmaster  ! 

Kudesheimer  (rS-deahawnai).  Also  crroti. 
Buders-,  Khudes-.  [ad.  G.  Ritdesheimer  (so. 
iveift)y  f.  Rtidesheim  :  see  def.]  A  fine  white  wine 
produced  at  Riidesheim  on  the  Rhine. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XVI.  548/1,  I  should  prefer  the 
worst  Burgundy.. to  any  Rudesheimer  I  met  with.  1829 
SCOTT  Anne  of  G.  xxiii,  I  drink. .in  a  cup  of  Ruders- 
heimer,  to  the  continuance  of  her  sagacity.  1843  Penny 
Cycl.  XXVII.  456/2  The  differences  between  the  Johannis- 
berger  and  Rudesheimer  wines.  x86a  Miss  BRADDON  Lady 
Audley  xxxix,  Pleasant  little  dinners,  that  were  washed 
down  with  sparkling  Moselle  and  Rhudesheimer. 

t  Ru'deship.  Obs.rare.  [f.  RUDE  a.  +  -SHIP.] 
Roughness,  ungentleness. 

c  1430  PUgr.  Lyf  Manhode  I,  xv.  (1869)  10  Of  to  gret  rude- 
shipe  mys  befalleth,.  .rudeshipe  minte  hurte  more  than  the 
oynement  shulde  helpe. 

Rudesmas,  -mess :  see  ROOD  sb.  6. 

t  Rndesse.  Obs.  [a.  OF.  i-udesse,  f.  rude 
RUDE  a.]  =  RUDENESS,  in  various  senses. 

1471  CAXTON  Recuyell  (Sommer)  I.  188  En  entencion  to 
auenge  hym..of  that  rudesse.  1490  —  Eneydos  xlvii.  139 
They  that  were  without,  assailled  strongly.  &  by  grete 
rudesse.  c  1500  Mtlusine  28  Hit  commeth  to  you  of  grette 
pryde  or  of  grette  rudesse  for  to  passe  by  fore  ony  ladyes 
without  spekyng  or  somme  salutacion. 

Rudge,  dial.  var.  RIDGE  sb.,  ROODGE  v. 

Rudget,  dial.  var.  ridge-with^  RIDGE  sb±  8. 

t  Rudge-wash(ed):  see  quots.  and  RIDGE  sbl 

iS93  dct  35  Eliz.  c,  10  A  Rudge  Wash  Kersie,  that  is 
to  say,  being  made  of  Fleece  Wooll  washed  only  on  the 
Sheeps  back.  [1607  COWELL  Interpreter^  Rudge-washcd 
Kersey^  i.  made  of  fleece-wool  washed  onely  on  the  sheepes 
backe.  Hence  in  later  Diets.] 

Rudi,  obs.  form  of  RUDDY. 

fRu-dicle.  Obs-*  [ad.  L.  rttdicttla.]  A 
wooden  spoon,  a  spatula. 

1657  TOMLINSON  Renoit"s  Disp.  531  They  expose  the  pot 
to  the  Sun. .,  agitating  the  mixture  with  a  rudicle. 

Rudiment  (rw'diment),  sb.  [ad.  L.  rudiment- 
uni  beginning,  first  principle,  etc.,  f.  rudis  imper 
fect,  RUDE  a.  So  F.  rudiment  (i6th  c.).] 

1.  //.  The  first  principles  or  elements  of  a  sub 
ject;  those  points  which  are  first  taught  to,  or 
acquired  by,  one  commencing  the  study  or  practice 
of  a  branch  of  knowledge,  art,  etc. 

1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasiit.  Par.  Matt.  vii.  50  They  shoulde 
by  suche  maner  (as  a  manne  would  say)  of  shadowes  and 
rudimentes,  be  by  litie  and  litle  enstructed  to  those  thinges 
that  belonge  vnto  true  godly  lies,  c  1590  MARLOWE  Faust  us 
i,  First  rfl  instruct  thee  in  the  rudiments,  And  then  wilt 
thou  be  perfecter  than  I.  1612  WoOOAU,«&Wv>.  Jf«/f  Win 
(1653)  2  When  they  had  received  their  first  rudiments  from 
you  as  Apprentices,  a  1680  BUTLER  Rent.  (1759)  I.  150 
From  these  first  Rudiments  he  grew  To  nobler  Feats.  1727 
SWIFT  Hist,  yanbrttglis  Iionset  From  such  deep  Rudiments 
as  these,  V-  -  is  become  by  due  degrees  For  Building  fam'd. 
1824-8  LANDOK  I  mag.  Conv.  Wks.  1846  I.  469  We  should 
at  least  be  taught  our  rudiments  before  a  hard  lesson  is  put 
into  our  hands. 

b.  Const,  ^/"(the  thing  to  be  learned). 

d  1548  HALL  C/tron.,  Edw.  IVt  34  b,  Chyldren  whycbe  bee 
there,  .taughte  the  rudimentes  and  rules  of  Grammer.  1548 
UUALL,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Acts  ii.  13  Teache  them  that  muste 
be  christened  the  rudimentes  and  first  beginninges  of  the 

fpspell.  1600  SHAKS.  A.Y.L.  v,  iv.  31  This  Boy.. hath 
in  tutor'd  in  the  rudiments  Of  many  desperate  studies. 
1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  22  Necessity  has  taught 
them  some  parts  of  the  rudiments  of  Arithmetick.  1726 
SWIFT  Gulliver  i.  vi,  At  which  Time  they  are  supposed  to 
have  some  Rudiments  of  Docility.  1772  PRIESTLEY  Inst. 
.ff^/f£".  (1782)  I.  143  Here  we  acquire. .rudiments  of  know 
ledge.  1841  YOUNG  Matk.  Diss.  Pref.  p.  xii,  This  class  of 
equations  will  hereafter  be  admitted  even  among  the  rudi- 


RUDIMENTARY. 

merits  of  algebraic  science.  1880  L.  STEPHEN  Poi>e  i.  4  He 
picked  up  some  rudiments  of  learning  from  the  family 
priest. 

transf.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  114  F  14  If  those., 
had  been  detected  in  their  rudiments  of  robbery. 

c.    sing.    A  first  principle;  an  initial    step  or 
stage,  etc.     Somewhat  rare. 

1548  UDALL,  etc.  Erasni.  Par.  Luke  ix.  95  This  was  the 
first  rudimente  and  entreaunce  of  the  Apostles  preachyng. 
1579  \V.  FULKE  Heskins'  Parl.  g  The  law.  .of  leauing  the 
old  bird.. was  a  good  rudiment  to  teach  them  to  abhor., 
couetousnes.  1613  CROOKS  Body  of  Man  31  The  Veyne_s  of 
the  Mesentary  giue  the  blood  a  kinde  of  rudiment  or  initia 
tion.  1811  JEFFERSON  Writ.  (1830)  IV.  160  The  political 
rudiment  of  the  young,  ar.d  manual  of  our  older  citizens. 

2.  //.  The  imperfect  beginnings  of  some  (material 
or  immaterial)  thing;  those  parts  which  are  the 
foundation  of  later  growth  or  development. 

1566  PAINTER  Pal. Pleas.  I.  78  The  same  bloude.  .is  readie 
to  nourish  the  rudimentes  of  lyfe  and  liglite.  1603  HOLLAND 
Plutarcfcs  Mor.  210  Certeine  raw  and  unperfect  rudiments 
..of  good  and  kinde  fruits.  1664  EVELYN  Sylva  (1679)  4 
To  raise  Trees  for  Timber.. from  their  Seeds  and  first 
Rudiments.  1710  STEELE  Tatler  No.  189  f  i  The  first 
Rudiments  of  Thought  which  they  shew  in  their  Letters. 
1766  BLACKSTONE  Comnt.  II.  g  It  was  calculated  merely  for 
the  rudiments  of  civil  society.  1777  PRIESTLEY  Matt,  fy  Spir. 
(1782)  I.  xxii.  282  Brutes  have  the  rudiments  of  all  our 
faculties.  1839  MURCHISON  Silur.  Syst.  \.  xxvii.  349  This 
fault  has  produced  only  the  rudiments,  if  I  may  so  speak, 
of  a  transverse  valley.  1871  DARWIN  Desc.  Man  I.  i.  18 
Rudiments,however,mayoccur  in  one  sex,  of  parts  normally 
present  in  the  other  sex. 

b.  sing.  A  beginning ;  an  initial  or  imperfect 
form  or  stage. 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  316  This  [maturation  of  fruits]  is 
effected,  .by  a  Rudiment  of  putrefaction.  1625  K.  LONG  tr. 
Barclay's  Argents  H.  xx.  135  Care  must  be  had,  that  these 
warres  against  Lycogenes,  be.. a  rudiment  against  Radiro- 
banes.  1778  [W.  H. MARSHALL! Minutes  Agric.>  Qbsen\  120, 
I  found  a  Copper  Tunnel,  ..which  I  was  told  was  the  Rudi 
ment  of  a  Rain-Gage.  1796  WITHERING  Brit.  PI.  (ed.  3)  I. 
146  The  rudiment  of  a  third  floret  standing  upon  a  htlle 
fruit-stalk  betwixt  the  other  two  florets.  1859  DARWIN  Orig. 
Spec.  v.  (1860)  148  The  whole  anterior  part  of  the  head  is 
reduced  to  the  merest  rudiment.  1880  HAUGHTON  Pkys, 
Geogr.  vi.  282  Several  species  have  been  found,  .with  a  rudi 
ment  of  a  thumb. 

3.  Rudiments  of  the  world \  in  renderings  or  echoes 
of  Biblical  passages. 

The  Gr.  original  has  ra  oroi\<ta  TOU  KOO>JLOV,  the  Vulgate 
eletttenta  niundi. 

1557  N.  T.  (Genev.)  Gal.  iv.  3  We,  as  longe  as  we  were 
children,  were  in  bondage  vnder  the  rudiments  of  the  worlde. 
1577  VAUTROULLiEKZ,ttM^r<7«  Ep.  Gal.  180  Paule.  .speaketh 
here  euen  of  the  law  of  God,  which  he  calleth  the  elements 
or  rudiments  of  the  world.  [1618  PRYNNE  Love-lockes  35 
God  commands  us.,  not  to  subiect  our  selues  to  the  Rudi 
ments,  Lusts,  and  Ordinances  of  Carnal),  or  Worldly  men.] 
1665  BUNYAN  Holy  Citie  176  Not  every  babbling  fellow, 
nor  those  that  look  for  their  abilities  from  the  rudiments  of 
the  world,  1881  HIBLE  Gal.  iv.  3. 

Hence  Ru'diment  z>.t  to  initiate.   rare~~l. 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  n.  ii.  37  It  is  the  right  discipline 
of  Knight- Errantry,  to  be  rudimented  in  losses  at  first. 

Rudimental  (rwdime-ntal),  a.  [f.  RUDIMENT 
sb.  +  -AL.]  =next. 

1597  MORLKY  Introd.  Music  Annot.  Fib,  Musicke  is 
diuided  into  two  parts,  the  first  may  be  called  Elementarie 
or  rudimental,  teaching  to  know  the  quality  and  quantity 
of  notes.  1647  COTTON  Singing  o/  Psalms  v.  23  It  appeareth 
..that  there  was  something  typicall  or  rudimentall  in  the 
manner  of  singing  some  of  the  Psalmes.  1664  POWER  Exfi. 
Phitos.  i.  60  If  you  take  Nature  at  the  rise  and  critically 
observe  her  in  her  rudimental  and  obscure  beginning.  1688 
HOLME  Armoury  in.  296/1  He  that  would  discern  the 
Rudimental  stroak  of  a  Plant.,  may  behold  it  [etc.].  17x1-4 
Spectator  ( J.),  Your  first  rudimental  essays  in  spectatorship 
were  made  in  my  shop,  where  you  often  practised  for  hours. 
1833  CHALMERS  Const,  of  Man  (1835)  I.  ».  140  In  this  rudi 
mental  and  incipient  stage  of  human  existence.  1847  J. 
WILSON  Lands  of  Bible  \.  \.  24  In  some  of  the  animals. . 
we  noticed  a  rudimental  tendency  to  a  dewlap.  1871 
DARWIN  Desc.  Man  n.  xii.  (1800)  354  The  throat  pouch.. is 
present  in  the  female,  though  in  a  rudimental  condition. 

Rudimentary  (rwdime-ntari),  a.  [f.  RUDI 
MENT  sb.  +  -ARY1.  Cf.  F.  rudimentaire.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  connected  with,  the  rudiments 
of  knowledge. 

1839  HALLAM  Hist.   Lit,  II.  i.  35  They.. put  the  rudi 
mentary  study  of  the  languages  on  a  better  footing.     1865 
MAFFEI  Brigand  Life  II.  47  To  declare  publicly  that  it 
was  not  necessary  to  provide  rudimentary  instruction. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  a  rudiment ;  undeveloped, 
immature,  imperfect ;  esp,  a.  Of  organic  structures, 

1840  K.  WILSON  Anat.  Vade  M.  9  At  its  middle  is  a  rudi 
mentary  spinous  process.     1851  RICHARDSON  Geol.  via,  217 
The  digestive  organs  have  an  intestine  and  rudimentary 
gland,     1873  MIVART  Eletn.  Anat.  vi.  216  The  '  perforated  ' 
transverse  proce.sses  of  man's  cervical  vertebra:  consist,  in 
part,  of  rudimentary  ribs. 

b.  Of  immaterial  things. 


59  To  live  by  duty  is  in  itself  rudimentary  religion. 
O.  Of  states  or  conditions. 
1851  WOODWARD  Mollusca  i.  25  In  the  attached  bivalves 
it.. exists  only  in  a  rudimentary  state.    1861  BESTLEY  Man. 
Bot.  417  The  embryo.. contains  within  itself  in  a  rudiment 
ary  condition  all  the  essential  organs  of  a  plant.     1880  loM 
CV«/.Apr.6i7  Reducing  toa  rudimentary  condition  the  eyes 
of.. fish  and  Crustacea. 


KTJDIMENTARINESS. 

Hence  Budime-utariness. 

1899  W.  JAMES  Talks  to  Teachers  (1904)  233  No  modern 
person  ought  to  be  willing  to  live  a  day  in  such  a  state  of 
rudimentariness  and  denudation. 

Rndish  Cr«'diJ),  a.  [f.  RUDE  a.  +  -ISH,]  Some 
what  rude. 

1774  FOOTE  Cozeners  in.  ii,  For  man  and  wife  to  quarrel 
before  folks  is  rather  rudish,  I  own.  1822  Blackw.  Mag. 
XI.  163  For  most  are  but  rudish.  x88z  CARLYLE  Remin. 
II.  158  Nothing  but  rudish  hands,  rude  though  kind  enough, 
being  about. 

t  Ru'dity.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  obs.  F.  rudtit  or 
late  L.  ruditas :  see  RUDE  a.  and  -ITY.]  Rudeness. 

1592  NXSHE  Four  Lett.  Confttt.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  236 
Yea,  rather  than  faile,  Maister  Bird  shall.. meeter  it  mis- 
chieuously  in  maintenance  of  their  scurrilitiship  and  i  uditie. 
1609  T.  BELL  Dial.  Theoph.  fy  Remigius  51  Such  things  as 
he  had  reserued  by  reason  of  their  rudity  and  imperfection 
in  concerning  heauenly  doctrine. 

Rudle,  obs.  and  dial.  f.  RUDDLE  sb. 

Rudli(clie»  etc.,  obs.  forms  of  RUDELY. 

Rudnin,  -nyng :  see  RUDDBN  v. 

Rudock,  obs.  form  of  RUDDOCK. 

Rudolphine  (r«d£>'lf3in),  a.  [f.  the  name 
Rudolph  (see  def.)  +  -INK1.]  Ritdolphine  tables 
(numbers'),  a  series  of  astronomical  calculations 
published  by  Kepler  in  1627  and  named  after  his 
patron  the  Emperor  Rudolph  II. 
f  1656  tr.  Hobbes*  Elein.  Philos.  (1839)  292  The  strait  line. . 
is  found. .to  be  somewhat  greater  than  that  which  is  ex 
hibited  by  the  Rudolphine  numbers.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl, 
s.v.  Table ^  And  Kepler,  likewise,  ..in  1627,  publish'd  the 
Rudolphine  Tables,  which  are  now  much  esteemVl.  1761 
Ann.  Rtg,  192  The  imperfect  state  of  the  Rudolphine  tables 
was  the  cause  that  the  transit  was  expected  in  16-31.  1839 
Penny  Cycl.  XIII.  201/1.  1882  Encycl.  Brit.  XIV.  47/2. 

t  Ru-dstay.  Obs.—1  [?  for  nttfge-stay,  f.  nidge  \ 
RIDGE  sb.^\  (See  quot.) 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  111.  xviii.  (Roxb.)  139/1  The  thill  j 
liookes,  to  this  is  fastned  the  rudstay  which  goes  ouer  the  ( 
horbc  back. 

Rudyr,  obs.  form  of  RUDDER  sb. 

Rue  (r«),  s6.1     Now  dial,  or  arch.     Forms: 
i  hreow,  3  reowe,  4-6  rewe,  5-6  6V.  rew,  jr- 
rue.      [OE.    hrfywt  =  Fris.   rait,  MDu.   roit(w*)t    \ 
roiiwe,  rauwe  (Du.   rouiv},   MLG.  rouwe,  ruwe   \ 
(LG.  rau,  rau,  ra,  etc.),  OHG.  (h}riuiva  (MHG.    j 
riuwey  G.  reue),  related  to  OE.  hreowan  RUE  z-.i]    ! 

1.  Sorrow,  distress ;  repentance ;  regret. 
Beowulf  2130  paet  waes  HroSgare  hreowa  tornost.     £897 

K.  ,/ELKRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  liii.  415  Daet  beswicene  mod    ! 
. .  wyr5 . .  amierred    from    8a?re    incundan    hreowe.      a  900 
CYNEWULF  Christ  1674  Eart  nu  tidfara  to  bam  hal^an  ham 
bar  naefre  hreow  cymeS.     971  B  lick  I.   Hont,  35  Don  we    ' 
urum   Drihtne  sobe  hreowe  &  bote.     c  1400  Song  Roland 
555  He  may  walk  homward  with  hert-rew.   c  1440  Partonofe 
3052**  Alias  he  thought  I  am  but  rewe  To  hur  that  is  my 
soverayne  lady_.     1581  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xliii.  211  Of 
rasche   decreitis    cums   rew  and    may   not  mend  it.     1628 
WITIIKR  Brit.  Rememb.  it.  1142  His  Fhysicke  must  be  Rue 
(ev'n  Rue  for  Sinne).     1848  LONGSTREET  Georgia  Scenes  29 
I'm  a  man  that,  when  he  makes  a  bad  trade,  makes  the  most    j 
of  it...  I'm  for  no  rues  and  after-claps.     1893  LESLIE  KEITH 
'Lisbeth  xxii,  The  heart's  rue  for  that  which  it  had  scarce 
possessed,  and  yet  had  lost.    1896  HOUSMAN  Shropshire  Lad 
liv,  With  rue  my  heart  is  laden  For  golden  friends  I  had. 
b.  &.  In  phr.  To  take  the  ntc,  to  repent. 
1789  Sheplienfs  Wedding  10  (E.  D.  D.),  I  own,  indeed, 
I've  ta'en  the  rue,   My  mind  is  fairly  alter'd.     1816  SCOTT 
Old  Mort.  xxviii,  Tarn  Halliday  took  the  rue,  and  tauld  me 
a.'  about  it.     18..  in  Nimmo  Songs  Clydesdale  (1882)  145 
She  wanted  him  to  break  the  marriage,  for  she  had  ta'en 
the  rue. 

2.  Pity,  compassion. 

-11250  Owl  #  Night.  1445  Ne  mai  ich  for  veowe  lete,.. 
pat  ich  of  mur^^je  him  ne  singe.  (.1300  Beket  1051  Nou 
God  beo  this  holi  manes  help,  for  he  hadde  ther  lute  Rewe.  i 

1867  JEAN  INGELOW  Story  of ^  Doom  v.  102,  I  was  good—    j 
Had  rue  on  thee  a  tender  sucking  child.     1900  ELLIS  Ront. 
Rose  I.  12  Till  every  eye  that  saw  her  grew  Bedewed  with     ' 
tears  of  pitying  rue. 

Rue  (rw),  sb$     Forms  :  4-5  ruwe,  5-6  rewe, 
5-7  rew,  6  Sc.  reu  ;  4-  rue  (5  rwe).     [a.  F.    i 
nte>  for  earlier  rude  (cf.  OE.  n'tde),  ^Prov.,  Sp., 
Pg.  ruda,  It.  mta, :— L.  rfttat  ad.  Gr.  pvrrj,  orig.  a 
Peloponnesian  word,] 

1.  A  perennial  evergreen  shrub  of  the  genus  i 
Ritta,  esp.  Ritta  graveolens,  having  bitter,  strong-  ' 
scented  leaves  which  were  formerly  much  used  . 
for  medicinal  purposes. 

a.  1382  WYCLIF  Luke  xi.  42  Woo  to  3ou,  Pharisees,  that 
tythen  mynte,  and  ruwe.  a  1400  Pistill  of  Susan  112  With 
Ruwe  and  Rubarbe,  Ragget  ariht.  c  1440  Promf,  Parv. 
438/2  Ruwe,  herbe,  ntta. 

0.  a  1400  Stockholm  Med.  MS.  ii.  846  in  Anglia  XVIII. 
328  Rewe  bitter,  a  worthy  gres,  Mekyl  of  myth  &  vertu  is. 
c  1450  M.  E.  Med.  Bk.  (Hemrich)  198  Tak  &  grynde  fenel 
&  rewe,  &  boyle  hem  in  water.  1533  ELYOT  Cast.  HeltJie 
dSSQ.)  21  Two  drye  nuttes,  as  many  fygges,  and  .xx.  leaues 
of  Rewe.  1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xv.  25  Cum,  Nettillis, 
thornie  breiris,  &  rew,  With  all  foul!  iilthie  weid.  1617 
Salerne's  Regiment 46  From  Garlicke,  Nuttes,  Hear b-grace, 
or  Rew. 

y.  c  1400  Lanfrancls  Cirttrg.  104  Anoynte  his  nolle  &  his 
necke  wib.,oileof  rue.  £1450  METHAM  Wks.  49  Modyr-  j 
wort,_rwe,  red  malwys,  MfaTuRHM  Herbal  n.  (1568)  123 
The  iuice  of  Rue.. is  good  for  the  ake  of  the  cares.  1578 
LYTE  Dodoens  260  There  be  two  sortes  of  Rue,  that  is 
garden  Rue,  and  wilde  Rue.  1608  SYLVESTER  Du  Barton 
n.  iv.  Decay  435  As  one  same  ground  indifferently  doth  j 


869 

breed .  .The  fragrant  Rose,  and  the  sirong-senting  Rue.  1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  414  Then  purg'd  with  Euphrasieand  Rue 
The  visual  Nerve,  for  he  had  much  to  see.  xyia  tr.  Panel's 
Hist*  Drugs  I.  189  A  Shrub  whose  heaves  have  a  great 
resemblance  to  those  of  Rue.  1789  MRS.  PIOZZI  yourn. 
France  I.  417, 1  perceived  all  the  company,  .stop  their  noses 
with  rue.  1813  SCOTT  Rokehy  v.  xiii,  When  villagers  my 
shroud  bestrew  With  pansies,  rosemary,  and  rue.  1846 
LINDLEY  I'egct.  Kingd.  470  Common  Rue,  and  another 
species,  are  said  to  be  emmenagogue,  anthelmintic,  and 
sudorific.  1875  H.  C.  WOOD  The  rap.  (1879)  537  The  influence 
of  rue  upon  the  system  is  similar  to,  but  less  decided  than 
that  of  savine. 

fig,  1830  SCOTT  Demonol,  yi,  186  Persons  who,  upon  this 
subject,  purged  their  eyes  with  rue  and  euphrasie.  1862 
WHITTIKR  Waiting vt  For  one  shall.. drink  life's  rue,  and 
one  its  wine. 

b.  With  punning  allusion  to  RUE  sbl 
1500  20  DuxisAR  Poems  Ixiv.  10  Leif  nor  Hour  fynd  could 
I  irnne  of  rew.  1583  GRKKNE  Mamillia  n.  Wks.  (Grosart) 
II.  297  Least  time  and  triall  make  thee  account  Rue  a  most 
bitter  hearbe.  1606  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Select  Sec.  Husband 
Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  8/1  So  shalt  thou  Uut  beare  thine  own 
Harts-ease,  and  neuer  Rue.  1721  KELLY  Scot.  Prov.  284 
Rue  in  Thyme  should  be  a  Maiden's  Posie.  1825  WATERTON 
U'and.S.  Amcr.  in.  238  They  did  all  in  their  power  to 
procure  balm  for  me  instead  of  rue.  But  it  would  not 
answer. 

2.  a.  \Vitli  qualifying  word  prefixed,  applied  to 
various  plants : 

Aleppo  rue,  a  species  of  Rnta.  Black  rue  (see  quot.). 
Dog's  rue,  fig  wort,  Scroplntlaria.  Goat's  rue  (see 
GOAT  4  c).  Meadow  rue  (see  MEADOW  si'.  4  c).  Syrian 
rue  (see  SYRIAN  a. ).  Also  WALL-RUE. 

1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Rtttat  The  two  Aleppo 
Rues  and  the  Wild  Rue  are  somewhat  tenderer  than  the 
common  Sort.  Ibid.  s.v.  SctVdJtufaria,  Figwort,  commonly 
called  Dogs  Rue.  1874  Trcas.  Bat.  Suppl.  s.v.,  Rue, 
Black  (N.  Zeal.),  Podocat-pus  spicata, 

b.  With//.  A  species  of  rue. 

1731  MILI.KR  Card,  Diet.  s.v.  Thalic£rutitt  Some  Botanists 
have  classed  this  Plant,  with  Rues.  1753  Chambers1  Cyci. 
Suppl.  s.v.  A'w.'rt,  The  rues  would  seem  to  belong  properly 
to  the  plants,  with  cruciform  not  rosaceous  flowers.  1842 
/Vw/yt>-/.XXIV.  278/1  Herbs  which  have.. a  fetid  smell 
like  rue,  and  hence  are  called  meadow  rues. 

3.  attrib.   and   Comb.^  as   ntc-jiticCj  -leaf)  -oil-, 
-water ;  rite-like  adj. 

1558  WARDK  tr.  Alexis*  Sccr.  37  Rue  water,  Rose  water. 
1617  Salerno's  Regiment  133  Rew-\vater  sprinckled  in  tiie 
house,  kils  all  the  fleas.  1681  GREW  Musxnm  n.  v.  ii.  248 
Of  a  russet  colour,  and  as  it  were  all  over  pounced,  some- 
what  after  the  manner  of  a  Rue-Leaf.  1725  Fain.  Diet. 
s.v.  Ranunculus,  The  Yellow  Ranunculus,  with  Rue-like 
Flowers.  1799  G.  SMITH  Laboratory  II.  449  Put  into  very 
strong  vinegar,  veidigrise,  rue-juice.  1863  PRIOR  Brit,  PI. 
193  Its  rue-like  much  divided  leaves.  1866  Trcas.  Bot. 
807/2,  Rne  oil,  a  volatile  stimulant  oil  obtained  from  the 
t»hoots  of  Rutagraveolens. 

b.  In  plant-names,  as  rue  anemone,  an  Ameri 
can  species  of  Thalictnuti  ;  *f  rue  maiden-hair, 
wall-rue;  rue-weed  (see  quot.  1796). 


weed.    T.  minus,  Lesser  Rue-weed.    i8M  WiLUCHJ?0JȣfA 

EncycL  s.v.,  Common  Meadow-rue,  Spurious  Rhubarb,  or 
Rue-weed.  1846-50  A.  WOOD  Cla$$>bk.  Bot.  148  Thalic- 
triiui  anemonoidcS).  .Rue  Anemone.  1884  Harper's  Mag. 
May  934/2  Burt  now  appeared  with  a  handful  of  rue- 
anemones. 

C.  Rue  family^  order,  -worts,  the  natural  order 
Jfutacex. 

1846  LINDLEY  / *eget,  Kingd.  470  The  Cneorea;.  .seem  to 
be  a  form  of  this  Order  of  Rueworts.  1849  BALFOUK  Man, 
Bot*  §  827  RittaceX)  the  Rue  Family.  1857  HENFREY  Bot. 
266  RtttaceZ)  the  Rue  order.  \ty$Encyct.Brit.  Ill,  m/i 
A  sub-order  of  the  Rutacea;  or  rue  family. 

t  Rue,  var.  of  (or  error  for)  REE  j£.2,  REEVE  $b£ 

1696  PIul.  Trans.  XIX.  349  We  have  Ruff  and  Rue,  the 
former  being  the  Cock,  the  other  the  Hen. 

Rue,  dial,  variant  of  REW  sb^ 

Rue  (rw),  fc*.1  Forms:  In/,  i  hreowau,  2 
reouwen,  reuwe,  rowe,  2-4  reowe  ;  2-4  rewen, 
3-6  rewe  (4  riewe),  4-7  rew  (6  reew) ;  3-4 
ruwe  (5  ruwyn),  4  rywe ;  4-5  reue,  4  reu,  ru, 
rwe,  4-  rue  ;  also  3  sing.  pres.  i  hriwtS,  2  reoufl, 
rieweiS.  Pret.  i  hreaw,  2-3  reew,  reu,  3  rew, 
rev,  4  rewe ;  4  reud(e,  reued,  rwed,  4-6 
rewed ;  5-6  Sc\  rewit,  5  ruet,  ruit,  rwyt,  etc. 
[OE.  Mewtm  (a  strong  vb.  with  pa.  t.  /i/'tfaw), 
«=OFris.  riowa  (Fris.  rouwe,  rouje\  MDu.  and 
Du.  rouiven  (^raitwen^  rttiven),  OS.  hrewan,  pa. 
t.  hratt  (MLG.  rouwen,  ruwen,  ruen^  LG.  rouen, 
ratten,  roen,  etc.),  OHG.  (h}riuwan,  pa.  t.  /trau, 
rou,  pi.  ritwun  (MHG.  riitwen^  rttwen,  G.  reiieti]^ 
related  to  OE.  hrfow  RUE  st>.l  and  to  the  adj. 
OE.  hrfrwe,  OS.  hriwi  sad,  sorrowful.  There 
are  also  slight  traces  of  an  OE.  weak  vb.  hriaw- 
ian,  =  OS.  hriw6nyhreuu6ny  OHG.  (K}Huwdii. 
Related  forms  in  ON.  are  hryggr  (stem  ' hryggv~> 
for  earlier  *kriww-)  adj.,  hryggva,  hryggja  weak 
vb.,  kiyggti  fern.,  sorrow.} 

f  I.  trans.  With  dat.  (or  ace.)  of  the  person, 
and  usually  with  impersonal  subject.  Obs. 

The  various  constructions  illustrated  under  sense  2  occur 
also  with  senses  i,  3,  and  4. 

1.  To  affect  (a  person)  with  penitence  or  con 
trition  (for  sins  or  offences  committed). 


RUE. 

c  888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xxxvj.  §  7  Ne  biS  se  cwuca  Bonne 
nyttra  3e  se  deada,  sif  him  his  yfel  ne  hreowS.  c  1000  in 
Thorpe  Laws  II.  260  £if  bu  onjite  ba;t  him  his  synua 
hreowen.  c  1200  ORMIN  3976  3iff-.bat  he  missdub  Onn 
ani^  kinne  wise,  Itt  reowe^b  himm.  a  1300  Cursor  M. 
28676  pis  man  sais..bat  him  reuys  his  sinnes  sare.  c  1375 
Lay  Folks  Mass-Bk.  (MS.  B)  359  Gyue  me  grace  for  to 
etchewe  to  do  bat  bing  bat  me  t>hulde  rewe. 

2.  To  affect  with  regret  (for  some  act)  ;  to  make 
(one)  wish  one  had  acted  otherwise. 

c  897  K.  yELFRED  Gregory* s  Past.  C.  xxxix.  286  Xe  do  cSu 
[    nan  wuht  butan  jeSeahte,  Sonne  ne  hriwS  hit  Se,  Bonne  hit 
gedon    bi<5.     c  1250  Proi1.  Alfred h..  m  pe    bat  nule  one 
youhbe  yeorne  leorny,..bat  him  serial  on  elde  sore  rewe. 
a  1300  Cursor  J/.   16465  pan  him   reued   of  his  res,   and 
went  him-self  [to]  wrei.     1338  R.  BRUSNE  Cnron.  (1810)  237 
i    pe  Walssh  wer   alle  day   slayn,   now  rewes  bam   ber   res. 
c  1420  Avow.  Art/i.  xxii,  ^ette  Menealfe,  or  the  mydny^ie, 
Him  ruet  alle  his  rees.     c  1440  York  Myst.  xiii.  36  pe  bar- 
gayne  I  made  bare,  pat  rewes  me  no\ve  full  sare. 

b.  \Vith  clause  as  subject,  usually  me  (or  hini) 
rues  that)  etc. 

'tiooo  Genesis  1276  Hreaw  hme  swi5e,  bat  he  folcnuegba 
fruman  aweahte.     a  1300  Cursor  M.  i6o-j  Me  reus  bat  eutr 
r    made  i  man.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Epil.  Moch.  T.  14  Merewith 
,    sore  lam  unto  hir  teyd.    ^1440  York  Myst. : \lviii.  8  perfoie 
j    me  reu  is  bat  I  be  worlde  began. 

c.  \Vith  it  as  subject  (also  followed  by  that'}. 

a  i  zoo  Moral  Ode  354  pe  3e  blisse  for  3os  for-lat,  it  him 
mai  reuwe  sore.  13..  E.E.  Altit.  1\  B.  2<jo  Sure  hit  me 
rwez  pat  euer  I  made  hem  my  self.  1382  WYCLIV  2  Cor.  vii. 
8  If  I  made  ;ou  sori  in  a  pistle,  now  it  rewith  me  not. 
ci+i*  HOCCLKVE  De  A' eg.  Print.  754  It  rewibme  if  I  yuw 
haue  disesyd. 

3.  To  affect  with  sorrow  ;  to  distress,  grieve. 
In  some  cases  with  approximation  to  sense  2  or  4. 

^  900  CYNEWULF  Christ  1414  Da  mec  ungon  hreuuaii  bict 
i    min  hondgeweorc  on  feonda  geweald  feran  sceolde.    a  1000 
j    Centsis  819  Me  nu  hreowan  uue^  a;fre  to  aldr^,  b;ct  ic  be 
i    minum  eajum  ^escah.     £1175  Lamb.  limn.  149  If  he  ne 
mei. .  his  neode  ibete,  bet  him  bare  roweb.   c  1200  ORMIN  5576 
Himm  reowebj*  batt  he  dwelle^b  her  Swa  swibe  hinge  pnn 
eorbe.     13..  Sir  HCHCS  1220  Wei  sore  me  reweb  bat  tiding. 
a  1450  Ln  MorU  Arth.  1029  Me  Rewith  the  deth  of  hyr  for 
his  sake.     1548  PATTEN  K.vped.  Scotl.  IJ  v  b,  It  would  haue 
rued  any  good  huswiues  Iieart,  to  haue  beholden  ye . .  murder, 

4.  To  affect  with  pity  or  compassion, 

c  1200  Ok.MiN  5592  Himm  reoweb^  ec  of  alle  ba  patt 
fulljhenn  deofless  iare.  c  1320  Cast.  Lone  540-1  Ful  soie  be 
prisun  reweb  me:  For-bi  ne  reweb  me  wel  be  more,  For 
Merci  euere  clepeb  bin  ore.  1:1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  3367 
Alas,  me  rewes  of  Priam  us.  c  1555  HAKI-SFIELU  Divonc 
Hen.  !  /// (Camden)  136  It  pUieth  and  rueth  every  goud 
man.  .to  remember  the  same.  1590  SPKNSER  /'.  Q.  i.  ii.  21 
Deare  dame,  your  suddein  overthrow  Much  rueth  me. 
II.  trans.  'With  personal  subject. 

5.  To  repent  of  (wrongdoing) ;  to  feel  penitence, 
remorse,  or  contrition  for  (sin,  etc.). 

ti2oo  Trin,  Coll.  llont.  95  Armheorted  Is  be  man  be 
BwiSere  reoweS  his  sinne.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  7965  In  taken- 
ing  sare  he  rend  his  sake,  An  orisun  sun  can  he  make. 
a  1450  MVRC  2016  5ef  bow  hyt  fynde  no  \vey  my5te,  prytty 
dayes  bow  rewe  hyt  ry;te.  1596  DRAYTON  Legends  ii.  549 
Ruing  the  spoile  done  by  his  fatall  hand.  1628  WITHLK 
Brit.  Reineuib,  240  Nor  shall  I  live  to  view  Thy  sorrows 
ended,  if  thou  do  not  rue  Thy  sins  with  speed.  1771 
BEATTIE  A/instr.  n.  xiv,  Uut  now,  with  pangs  of  keen  re 
morse,  I  rue  Those  years  of  trouble  and  debasement  vile. 
1813  SCOTT  Rokehy  \.  ii,  Conscience,  anticipating  time, 
Already  rues  the  enacted  crime.  1846  KF.BLE  Lyra  Innoc. 
(1873)  139  Lest  thou  in  sevenfold  guilt  thy  heart's  back 
sliding  rue. 

6.  To  repent  of  (some  act  or  course  of  action   ; 
to  regret  and  wish  undone  or  altered,  on  account 
of  the  consequences. 

Frequently  with  implication  of  suffering  or  punishment 

following  upon  the  act. 
a  1300  Cursor  Jlf.  4138  pat  Baret  rede  i  noght  yee  bru,  pat 

yow    mai    euer   after   ru.     c  1375  Sc.    Leg.   Saints   xxvit. 

(Mac/tor)  972  Bot  he  in  bamc  ruit  his  techiug,  For..bai  na 
I  tyme  for  to  scorne  hym  fane,  c  1470  HENKY  Wallace  vni. 
j  857  The  layff  raturnyt.. And  rwyt  full  sar  that  euyr  thai 
j  furth  coud  found,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.t  Edw.  /K,  201  b, 

Whiche  vnmercifuH  acte,  the  Welshemen  sore  ruied  the 
I  next  daie  or  night.  1611  SIR  W.  MURE  Misc.  Poems  ii.  51 
I  Too  lait,  I  feir,  tliow  rew  thou  did  espy  him.  1716  POPE 
i  Ody&s.  xix.  371  Whoe'er  neglects  to  pay  distinction  due, 
[  The  breach  of  hospitable  right  may  rue.  xSaSScou  I'.AI. 

Pert/i  ii,  Well,  my  princess. .,  I  will  teach  you  to  rue  this. 
:  1874  DEUTSCH  Rent.  248  Rome  has  had  to  rue  many  a  too 

hasty  step.  1885-94  R.  BMOTM2frw*/*»e>UMayjpmU, 
'•  And  yet.  .no  sooner  was  alone.  Than  she  for  loneliness  her 
|  promise  rued. 

b.  Freq.  in  phr.  to  me  it. 
a  1300  Sarmitn  xxxvii.  ia  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  5  Bot  J>ou  nelt 

bench  her  apan, . .  pou  salt  hit  rew  bitter  and  sore,    a  1400-50 


shall  rue  it.  1642  ROGERS  Ntiatnan  160  Examine  thy  selfe 
about  this  now,  one  day  thou  wilt  else  rue  it.  1795  BURKE 
Corr.  Wks.  1842  II.  459  Admitting.. the  enormous  and  un 
pardonable  magnitude  of  this  their  crime,  they  rued  it  in 
their  persons.  1841  JAMES  Brigand  xlm,  If  they  hurt  a 
hair  of  his  head  they  shall  rue  it,  1871  B.  TAYLOR  Faust 
(1875)  I.  xxv.  210  Ifjonger  here  thou  stayest,  We  shall  be 
made  to  dearly  rue  it. 

c.  In  phr.  to  rue  the  day,  hotir^  etc. 

Differing  from  7  b  only  by  referring  to  some  act  committed 
by  the  party  rueing. 

'595  SHAKS.  John  m.  i.  325  France,  thou  shalt  rue  this 
houre  within  this  houre.  1708  Biikerstaff  detected  in 
Swiff s  Wks.  (1751)  IV.  205, 1  am  alive.. _to  make  him  rue 
the  hour  he  ever  affronted  a  man  of  Science  and  Resent 
ment.  178*  ELIZ.  BLOWKK  (/".  Bateman  II.  170  Ye  shall  rue 
the  day  ye  took  it.  1818  SCOTT  Br.  Lamm,  ii,  You'll  rue 


BUB. 


870 


the  day  thai  clogs  me  with  this  answer.  1881  '  RITA  '  My 
Lady  Coquette  ii,  It  will  go  bard  with  me  if  I  don't  make 
you  rue  the  day  you  wrote  or  said  it. 

7.  To  regard  or  think  of  (an  event,  fact,  etc.) 
with  sorrow  or  regret ;  to  wish  that  (something) 
had  never  taken  place  or  existed. 


bat  hii  ssolde  on  him  rewe.     13..  Cursor  M.  4738  (Giitt.), 
To  ioseph  went  bai  criand  ban,'  )>u  reu  on  vs.bu  bjisful  man  '. 


1423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q.c\,  Haue  pitee  now.. Off  ;our  pure    | 
man,  and  rew  on  his  distresse.     a  1547  SURREY  sKncid  iv.    ] 
410  Rue  on  this  realme,  whoes  ruine  is  at  hand.     1579  \V. 
WILKINSON  Confnt.  Fam.  Love  53  b,  As  many  as  rue  upon 
the  state  of  the  poore  seduced  soules.     1632  RUTHERFORD    ' 

1207  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  ior27  So  bat  hii  ne  com  nammore    !    Lett.  (1862)  I.  xxi.  85  Till  your  Dear  Lord  come  and  loose    ; 
To Te  croune   of  engelond,  and   bat   was   to  rewe  sore.        the  pawn,  and  rue  upon  you.     1788  BURNS  1  tiraagmai, 
i  wo  GOWER  Coiif.  Prol.  164  To  make  of  thilke  werre  an         Rue  on  thy  despairing  lover  !  Canst  thou  break  his  faithfu 

.    j  -L-.  -..        heart?     1865  SWINBURNE  Poems  4-  Ball.,  Masque  of  Q. 


I^^O     ' -.,- --. 

ende,  Which  every  day  now  groweth  newe,  And  that  is 
gretly  forto  rewe.  c  1430  Hymns  Virgin  (1867)  47  Oonys 
he  bad  me  '  go,  foule  sathan  ! '  Euere-more  J>at  repreef  y 
rewe.  1557  TotteCs  Misc.  (Arb.)  230  It  was  the  day  on  | 
which  the  sunne..To  rew  Christ's  death  amid  his  course 
gaue  place  vnto  ye  night.  1648  J.  BEAUMONT  Psyche  xn. 
cxlviii,  Both  Senceand  Reason  rue  that  tyranny.  1796  BURKE 
Regie.  Peace  iii.  Wks.  VIII.  223  The  world  will  have  cause 
to  rue  this  iniquitous  measure.  1813  SCOTT  Rokeby  iv. 
xiv,  Redmond  now  alone  must  rue  The  love  he  never  can 
subdue.  i8»6  HOOD  Last  Man  xii,  I  promis'd  myself  an 
hour  should  come  To  make  him  rue  his  birth. 

b.  In  phr.  to  rtie  the  day,  hour,  etc.     (Cf.  6  c.) 

'593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  W,  v.  vi.  43  Orphans,  for  their  Parents 
timeles  death,  Shall  rue  the  houre  that  euer  thou  was't 
borne.  1714  GAY  Sheph.  Week  Thursday  5,  I  rue  the  day, 
a  rueful  day  I  trow,..  When  Lubberkin  to  Town  his  cattle 
drove.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Colitmb.  iv.  389  Nor  think  the 
native  tribes  shall  rue  the  day  That  leads  our  heroes  o'er  the 
watery  way.  1887  HALL  CAINE  Son  of  Hagar  in.  vi,  Take  i 
him  away,  before  I  rue  the  day  I  saw  him. 

f  8.  To  regard  with  pity  or  compassion  ;  to  feel    | 
sorry  for  (a  person,  etc.).  Obs. 

c  1200   Trin.  Coll.  Horn.   95   Mildheorted  bed  be  man    ] 
be  reou5  his  nehgebures  unselSe.      1375  B ARBOUR  Bruce    j 
xvi.  280,  I  trow  thar  is  na  man  That  he  ne  will  rew  a  woman    j 
than,     c  1400  Pilgr.  Soivle  tCaxton,  1483)  iv.  xx.  68  That    ' 
ye  ne  reweth  hym  myn  herte  it  sleeth.    1555  PHAHR  sEneid 
11.43  Mine  own  hand  shall  my  deth  obteyn,  my  foo  will  rue 
my  plight.     1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  \.  i.  51  Die  is  my  dew  ;  yet 
rew  my  wretched  state,    c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad  xxi.  72.  I 
kiss  thy  knees,  divine  /Eacides  !    Respect  me,  and  my  for 
tunes  rue. 

III.  intr.  9.  To  be  penitent  or  contrite  ;  to 
feel  repentance  or  remorse.  Also  const,  for. 

[£950  Lindisf.  Gasp.  Mark  i.  15  Hreowigas  &  selefes  to 
godspell.] 

13. .  Cursor  M.  19014  (G5tt.),  pair  hert  gan  tru,  And  afs 
for  bair  mUdedU  bai  ru.     1:1430  Hymns  Virgin  (1867)  69,  I 
wole  bibinke  me  on  my  werkis  biforn.  Do  alines  dede,  prate. 
&  rewe.    1500-20  DUNBAR  /Vcwjlxxiii.  5  O  wreche,  be  war  ! 
..Reme'id  in  tyme,  and  rew  nocht  all  to  lait.    1580  GlPPOBO    p 
Poems  (1870)  75  Ah  I  Jesus!  how  then  my  heart  did  rue    , 
Because  I  had  folowed  them,  as  true  !      1768-74  TUCKKR    i 
Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  219, 1  shall  find  perpetual  cause,  if  not  to    j 
repent,  at  least  to  rue  sufficiently  for  my  misconduct.    1871 
R.    ELLIS  tr.  Catullus  xxx.    12  Hereafter  again  honour 
awakes,  causelh  a  wretch  to  rue. 

10.  To  be  repentant,  or  full  of  regret  and  dis 
satisfaction,  in  respect  of  some  act  (in  mod.  Sc. 
use  esp.  of  a  bargain  or  promise,  and  freq.  with 
implication  of  consequent  withdrawing  from  it). 

CI374  CHAUCER  Troyhis  v.  1070  (Harl.),  Syn  I  se-.bat  to 
late  is  now  for  me  to  rewe  To  dyomede  algate  I  wol  be 
trewe.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  334  Men  sen  alday  that  rape 
reweth.  14*6  AUUELAY  Poems  42  After  here  werkusworche 
3«  never  a  dele,  Ellus  schul  }e  reue.  a  1586  SIDNEY /V. 
xvin.  xii,  They  do  faile,  and  in  their  mazed  corners  rue, 
1603  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Microcosmos  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  41/1 
Thus  when  our  Teares  doe  testifieour  ruth,We  neede  not  rue, 
or  of  them  be  asham'd.  c  1706  in  Calderwood  Dying  Testi. 
monies  (1806)  186  That  none  may  think..  Iain  rueing.  1790 
SHIRREFS  Poems  87  Aft  has  he  promis'd,  that  he  wad  be 


Bersabe  365  Lord,  thou  rue  on  me. 

t  c.  Without  const.  Also  with  inf.,  to  spare. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  6784  Qua  bat  anurs  godds  neu,  Him  to 
sla  sal  naman  reu.  a  1300  E.  E.  Ps.  xxxvi.  27  Alle  daie  he 
rewes,  and  lenes  his  binge,  c  1430  Pol.,  K^el.,  ff  L.  Poems 
(1003)  177  pou^  he  me  \vrabbe  in  diuerse  wise,..5it  muste  y 
rue  til  bat  he  rise.  1530  PALSGR.  690/2,  I  rewe,  I  pytie  or 
have  compassion  of  one.  c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.) 
ix.  30  It  is  ane  hairt..set  in  to  sabill,  Ane  wofull  hairt.bot 
gif  Je  rew. 

t  Rue,  v."  Ol>s.  rare.  Also  6  rewe.  [ad.  L. 
rufre-l  intr.  To  fall,  decline.  Hence  Rueing///. a. 

ISS7  Totters  Misc.  (Arb.)  256  Of  lofty  ruing  towers  the 
fats  the  fuller  be.  1576  GASCOIGNE  Steele  Gl.  (Arb.)  54  This 
is  the  cause  (beleve  me  now,  my  Lorde)  That  Realmes  do 
rewe  from  high  prosperity,  a  1391  H.  SMITH  Wks.  (1867) 
II.  477  So,  lowly  rest ;  so,  lofty  rues. 

Rue,  to  sift :  see  REE  v. 

Rue-bargain.  Chiefly  dial.  [RUE  z;1.]  A 
bargain  one  repents  of  or  breaks  ;  also,  the  forfeit 
paid  for  withdrawing  from  a  bargain. 

1649  G.  DANIEL  Trinarch.,  Hen.  IV,  cclxxii,  The  King., 
could  haue  beene  well-pleas'd  To  quitt,  if  a  Rue  bargaine 
may  be  put  In  state.  1814-  in  northern  dial,  glossaries. 
1818  SCOTT  Kob  Roy  xxvii,  He  said  it  would  cost^  him  a 
guinea  of  rue-bargain  to  the  man  who  had  bought  his  pony, 
before  he  could  get  it  back  again.  1844  BA.MFORD  Traveller 
150  (E.  D.  D.),  Give  him  a  shilling  or  two  for  a  rue-bargain. 

Rued,  obs.  form  of  REED. 

Rueful  (rw-fill),  a.  Forms:  3  reowful,  3-5 
rewful(l,  4-5  reweful ;  3-4  reufol,  4-5  -ful(l, 
S  rouful;  4-8  ruful(l,  5  rufol,  6  ruil'ull,  7- 
rueful.  [f.  RUE  sl>.1  +-FUL.] 

1.  Exciting  sorrow  or  compassion ;  pitiable, 
lamentable ;  doleful,  dismal. 

In  the  contexts  illustrated  under  b,  c^d,  the  sense  passes 
into  'expressive  of  sorrow  or  dejection  '. 

a.  1240  Ureisun  in  O.  E.  Horn.  I.  187  Bitweone  bine  rew- 
fulle  earmes  on  be  rode.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  Chron.  (Rolls)  6709 
pe  erl  godwine . .  let  smite  of  hor  alre  heued,  &  made  a  ren- 


1884  Harper's  Mag.  Mar.  655/r  B —  issued  a  license  for  the 
marriage  of  John  Murphy  and  Mary  Manning. . .  But  the 
intended  bride  '  rued  '. 

f  b.  Const,  of  (the  act).  Obs.  rare, 
a  1400-50  A  lexander  (Dubl.  MS.)  871  Then  rewys  hym  be 
i  iclic  kyng  of  hys  vnrode  werkez.  Ibid.  (Ashm.  MS.)  1975 
Remowe  agayne  to  bi  rewme,  &  rew  of  bi  werkis.  1631 
RUTHERFORD  Lett.  (1862)  I.  xix.  79  Do  ye  believe  that  our 
Lord  will.,  rue  of  the  bargain  and  change  His  mind? 

11.  To  feel  sorrow  or  grief,  esp.  by  reason   of 
suffering  from  some  fact  or  event ;  to  lament. 

13..  K.  Alis.  3944  (Laud  MS.),  per  mijth  man  in  herte 
rewe,  Hou  noble  knijttes  ouer  brewe.  c  1400  Melayne  197 
Bot  t>e  peris  take  a  concelle  newe  That  nuule  alle  fraunce 
ful  sore  to  rewe.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Rich.  Ill,  9  b,  I  re- 
membred  an  olde  prouerbe..,  that  often  ruithe  the  realme, 
where  chyldren  rule,  and  woman  gouerne.  1643  TRAPP 
Comm.  Gen.  ix.  22  The  whole  race  of  Religious  persons 
must  rue  for  it.  1663  BUTLER  Hud.  \.  i.  252  Like  Sampson's 
Heart-breakers,  it  grew  In  time  to  make  a  Nation  rue. 
t  b.  To  be  sorry,  feel  reluctant,  to  do  something. 

1583  BABINGTON  Commandm.  To  Gentl.,  I  rew  to  thinke 
it,  there  are  witnesses  moe,  than  I  would  there  were,  that 
know  it.  iterjmHaringlon's  Nugx  Ant.  (1804)  II.  138  This 
church,  the  ruins  whereof  I  rue  to  behold  even  in  wryting 
theis  lynes.  1630  A'.  Johnson's  Kingd.  fy  Commu'.  559  How 
long  every  particular  Prince  reigned.. I  rue  to  record,  and 
meane  not  to  relate. 

12.  To  have,  take,  or  feel  pity  or  compassion  : 
fa.  With^ 

<  izoo  I);  M  IN  14782  Moysaes  r£ew  off  batt  follc  patt  swa 
wass  haldenn  harrde.  1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  6747  Louerd, 
wib  draw  bin  bond, . .  and  reu  of  engelond.  c  1374  CHAUCF.K 
Anel.  fy  Arc.  287  God  so  wissely  of  my  soule  ruwe  As 
verrayly  ye  slen  me  with  be  peyne.  c  1475  Babees  Bk.  54 
(1868)  3  Off  myn  vnkunnynge,  swete  lady,  now  Rewe.  1578 
WHETSTONE  Promos  <J-  Cass.  n.  v.  iii,  Rue  of  my  teares 
from  true  intent  which  flowe. 

b.  With  on  or  upon.    Now  arch. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  <)280  He  wep  &.  cride  on  is  men, 


ful  case.  <  1449  PECOCK  Refr.  I.  xvi.  86  In  this  wise., 
bifille  the  rewful  and  wepeable  destruccioun  of  the  worth! 
citee  and  vniuersite  of  Prage.  1470-85  MALORY  Mortt 
Artli.  x.  viii.  425  Hit  is  an  honderd  parte  more  reufullyr 
than  my  herte  can  vtter.  1559  Mirr,  Mag.,  Jack  Cade 
xxi,  All  men  reioicing  at  the  rufull  sight.  1582  STANYHURST 
SEneis  n.  (Arb.)  55  Euery  house,  eech  temple  with  ruful 
slaughter aboundeth.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgr.  (1614)  546  Grind 
ing  the  face  of  their  poore  tenants  in  ruefull  manner.  1687 


Death's  Vision  ix,  The  Rufull  Ills  and  World  from  whence 


•le  of  Palms  11.  90  N 
plank"  is  seen,  To  tell  that  a  vessel  hath  ever  been.  1885 
Manch,  Weekly  Times  20  June  5/5  The  Conservative  Op 
position  . .  was  in  a  rueful  plight,  crushed  by  a  great  defeat, 

b.  Of  cries  or  utterance. 

rti2z$f.t\t,'-.  Kat/i.  162  peotinde  unbuldeliche  wSSnOwfoSfl 
reaines.  01300  Cursor  M.  20129  Til  him  scho  cald  wit 
reufull  steuen.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  317  In 
bat  place  beeb..i-herd  reweful  voys  and  gronynge.  c  1400 
Pilgr.  Affiule  (Caxton,  1483)  HI.  iii.  52  Myn  Aungell  speke 
to  these  spirites  that  maden  this  reuful  crye.  157* 
BOSSEWELL  Armorie  u.  56  b,  [The  cat]  maketh  a  rufull 
noyse,  and  a  gastefull,  when  one  profereth  to  fighte 
with  another.  1593  BRETON  Dajf.  $•  Print.)  Asp,  Wks. 
(.Grosart)  I.  21/1  But  yow  that  rede  this  ruifull  verse,  con- 
sider  of  his  care.  1648  J.  BEAU.MONT  Psyche  \\u-  ccli,  In 
vain  the  skies  And  stones  they  rent  with  ruful  Exclama 
tions.  1671  MILTON  Samson  1553  The  accident  was  loud, 
&  here  before  thee  With  rueful  cry.  1748  THOMSON  Cast, 
Intiol.  n.  xllv,  Alarm'd,  the  inferior  demons  of  the  place 
Rais'd  rueful  shrieks  and  hideous  yells  around. 

C.  Of  looks,  features,  or  actions. 
«  1300  Cursor  J\f.  14301  Lazar  freindes.  .cried  and  mad  a 
reuful  chere.  c  1400  Beryn  3525  He  stode  al  abasshid,.. 
!  And  lokid  oppon  the  Steward  with  a  rewful  cher.  a  1547 
SUKKICY  sEncitt  ii.  B  Sj,  Before  mine  eies,  me  thought,  With 
rufull  chere  1  sawe  where  Hector  stood.  1636  K.  DACRES 
tr.  MachiaveVs  Disc.,  Livy  II.  492  They  usd  to  accompany 
them  in  a  rufull  manner,  clad  in  blacke,  and  all  sorrowful!. 
1684  UTWAY  Atheist  n,  That  face.. o'er  grown  with  rueful 
beard.  17*8  POPE  Dune.  ii.  142  Piteous  of  his  case,  Yet 
smiling  at  his  ruful  length  of  face.  1781  MMK.  D'AUBLAY 
Diary  a  June,  He  suddenly  called  out,  and  with  a  most 
rueful  face,— 'Oh,  certainly1  [etc.].  1806  J.  BERESI-ORD 
Miseries  Hum.  Life  v.  i,  As  you  had  augured  from  the 
rueful  bow  of  the  .speaker.  1835  W.  IRVING  Tour  Prairies 
136,  I  looked  after  him  with  a  rueful  eye  as  he  limped  off. 
1877  BLACK  Green  Past,  xliii,  With  a  rueful  smile. 

d.  Of  persons. 

ci386  CHAUCER  A'nt.'s  T.  2028  Of  wepyng  Emelye,  The 
rewfullest  of  al  thecompanye.  14. .  Pistill  of  Susan  341  (I.), 
pen  bat  rewful  charle  began  for  to  rore.  £1440  Promp. 
Parv.  439/1  Rufulle,  and  fulle  of  peyne  and  desese, 
Anglice,  a  caytyf,..</0/0rrvitt,  penosits.  15*6  Pilgr.  Perf. 
(W.de  W.  1531)  306  b,  Now  may  I  take  and  draweoutof  thy 
nioost  rewfull  brest  the  paynfull  drynke  of  sorowe.  1650 
MILTON  Eikon.  (ed.  2)  14  Those  ruefull  Preists  whom  Eliah 
inock'd.  1691  WALKER  tr.  Epictetus  Iv,  Joy  in  a  nimble 
moment  ends  its  Race  And  rueful,  pale  Repentance  takes 


RUEL. 

its  Place.  174*  YOUNG  Ni.  Th.  n.  144  And  all  mankind,  . 
Rueful,  aghast !  cry  out  at  his  career.  1759  GOLDSM.  Bee 
No.  8  F  16  This  rueful  figure  frightens  a  child  into  the  pal 
pitation  of  the  heart.  1807  WORDSW.  White  Doe  n.  23  Full 
soon  to  be  uplifted  high,  And  float  in  rueful  company.  1855 
MOTLEY  Dutch  Rep.  v.  v.  (1866)  752  '  Take  them  away ;  take 
them  home  again '  said  the  rueful  burgomaster.  1863  KINGS- 
LEY  Water  Bab.  v,  Very  rueful  they  looked. 

trans/.  1697  DAMPIER  Voy.  (1699)  415  The  Sky  looked  very 
black  and  rueful. 

Comb.  1844  KINGLAKE  Eothen  iii,  Some  rueful-looking 
fellows  came  rapidly  shambling  down  the  steps, 
f  2.  Full  of  pity  or  compassion.  Obs. 
a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  cxi[i].  4  [God  is]  Mildeherte  and  rew- 
fulle  and  rightwis.   a  1325  Prose  Psalter  cxl[i]v.  8  Our  Lord 
is  rewful  and  merciable.     1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xiv.  148 
Criste  . .  shal  . .  rewarde  alle  dowble  ricchesse,  bat    reuful 
hertes  habbeth.   a  1400  Cast.  Lore  tf%  ( H.),  Mercies  herte  so 
rufull  is.     c  1440  Promp,  Pan.  439/r  Ruful,  or  ful  of  ruthe 
and  pyte,//«*/cwj,  compassivlts. 
Hence  t  Buefulhead,  compassion.  Ofe. 
1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  263  porgh  pile  mykelle  he 
les,  &  reufulhed  of  herte. 

Ruefully  (r/7-fuli),  adv.  Forms  :  3  reuful- 
ike  ;  4  rew-,  reu-,  rufullieh(e,  -ych)  ;  4  rew-, 
reufully,  4-5  reufulli,  5-7  rufully  (6  -lie),  6- 
ruefully.  [f.  RUEFUL  a.  +  -LY  -.] 
1.  In  a  doleful  or  dismal  manner ;  sorrowfully, 
dejectedly,  regretfully. 

c  1220  Bestiary  652  [The  elephant]  remeS  reufulike  on  his 
wise.  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  1180  Rewfully  benne  I  con 
to  reme.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xvn.  235  So  wole  be  fader 
forsif  folke . .  pat  reufulliche  [t'.r.  rufulliche]  repenten. 
a  1400-50  Alexander  3083  With  bat  reufully  iv.r.  rewfully] 
he  rase  £  renkis  out  he  sendis.  a  1450  Le  Ahrtc  A  rth. 
3423  To  the  kynge  spake  he  full  styll,  Rewffully  as  he 
myght  than  Rowne.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xiv.  (Percy 
Soc.)54  Of  the  fall  of  prynces . .  He  did  endyte. .,  Folowynge 
his  auctoure  Bocas  rufully.  1581  MULCASTER  Positions  in. 
(1887)  14  She  would  oftnnes  be  brought  into  a  miserable 
plyhte,  and  looke  rufully  vpon  it.  1657  REEVE  God's  Plea 

4  Would  it  not  grieve  thee . .  that  they  should  cry  rufully  in 
a  sad  desolation,  which  have  cryed  mightily  unto  their 
God  ?    1809  W.  IRVING  Knickerb.  (1861)  105  It  was  a  piteous 
sight  to  behold  the  late  valiant  burgomasters ..  peeping  rue 
fully  out  of  their  hiding-places.     1850  THACKERAY  Pen- 
dentiis  i,  He.. ruefully  wrote  off  refusals  to.  .all  his  enter 
tainers.    1888  FERGUS  HUME  Matiame  Midas  I.  ii,  Slivers 
looked  ruefully  at  the  bottle. 

1 2.  In  a  pitiable  or  lamentable  fashion.  Obs. 

aiyxCursorM.  1825  Noe..praid  to  godd  for  bam  alsua 
. .  Sin  bai  ware  ded  sua  reufulli,  be  saulus  he  wald  haf  of 
merci.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xn.  48  Rosamounde  ri?t  so 
reufully  bysette,  pe  bewte  of  hir  body  in  badnesse  she  de 
pended,  c.  1450  St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  4692  pou  ert  reufully 
fra  vs  reft,  c  1485  Digby  Myst.  (1882)  iv.  71  How  rewfully 
he  hinges  here,  That  set  you  first  in  ceile  !  1526  Pilgr. 
Per/.  (W.  de  W.  r53i)  254  Se  there  the  sone  of  god  so  rew 
fully  and  piteously  deformed  and  arayed  for  thy  saluacion. 
1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  III.  viii.  30  Those  pittifull  outcries  he 
heard  Thiough  all  the  seas  so  ruefully  resownd.  1634  SIR 
T.  HERBERT  Trav.  199  All  the  wounded  body.. rots  and 
consumes  most  rufully. 

Ruefulness  (nrftilnes).  Also  3  reou-,  reow-, 

5  rew-,  7  rufulnesse.     [f.  RUEFUL  a.  +  -NESS.] 
f  1.  Compassionateness,  pitifulness.     Obs. 
,11225  Amr.  R.  368  pet  pSer  bing  is  heorte  beauwes, 

deuociun,  reoufulnesse,  merci,  pile  of  heorte.  c  1230  nan 
Mtid.  41  polemodnesse  &  reowfutnesse  of  euch  monnes 
sorhe.  c  1440  Rel.  Pieces  Thornton  JUS.  (1867)  51  Rew- 
fulnes  sail  make  the  fermorye.  c  1557  Aur.  PARKER  Ps. 
cxxx.  383  Let  Jacob  wayt  the  Lord  so  gent,  Because  with 
God  is  ruefulnes. 

2.  Dismalness,  dolefulness,  dejection. 

1590  SPENSER  f.  Q.  I.  iv.  25  He.  .well  could  daunce ;  and 
sing  with  ruefulnesse.  isgs'HuBBOCKE  Apol.  Infants  Un- 
baptized^  Haue  we  so  learned  Christ?  are  his  lawes  so  ful 
of  ruefulnes?  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  iv.  xv.  (1614)  420 
The  rufulnesse  of  this  sight  was  seconded  with  a  more 
dismall  euent.  1751  SMOLLETT  Per.  Pic.  Ivi.  (1779)  II.  152 
He  could  not.  .vanquish  the  ruefulness  of  his  countenance. 
1842  DICKENS  Amer.  yVW«(i868)  131  Some,  growing  bold 
in  ruefulness,  predicted  that  we  should  land  about  the 
middle  of  July.  1894  MKS.  DYAN  Mau't  KeepingWy))  299 
'  Not  exactly,'  said  Lanyon,  with  hesitating  ruefulness. 

Rueing  (r»-irj),  vol.  st>.  [f.  RUE  ».I  +  -ING  '.] 
Repentance,  sorrow,  regret. 

a  1300  Cursor  M,  27341  Wit  suet  and  luueli  sermoning, 
He  fede  penant  to  half-reuing.  c  1440  Ptvmp.  Pan.  439/1 
Ruynge,  for  a  thynge,  pcnitudo,  penitencia.  1559  ASCHAM 
in  Bailees  Bk.  (1868)  361  Cause  of  greife  and  sorrowe  to  your 
selfe,  of  chideing  and  rueing  to  your  lord,  ion  biR  W. 
MURE  Misc.  Poems  i.  106  pe  poysonous  potioune  of  late 
rewing.  a  1618  SYLVESTER  Woodman's  Bear  xn.  Wks. 
(Grosart)  II.  308  Who  the  eager  game  pursuing,  Lost  her 
Ladies  in  the  chase,  Till  shee  heard  the  wretche's  ruing. 
1730  T.  BOSTON  Mem.  App.  35  Stand  to  the  bargain  and 
check  yourselves  for  any  semblance  of  rueing.  1844  Catk. 


IjOSl  OirilJCr  AAAll,  i_MU  ami    j/ouj*.    t.i    i^i.u*          — -...^ 

all  her  sylvan  scorn?  1891  T.  HARDY  Tcss  xxvin,  A  step 
which  might  afterwards  cause  bitter  rueing  to  her  husband 

Rue'ing,///.  a.  rare.  [-ING*.]  a.  Penitent. 
b.  Compassionate,  pitying. 

caw  Lindisf.  Cosp.  Luke  Intr.  9/4  De;tm  hraiwende 
broker.. heht  baette  were  for^efen.  01300  Cursor  M. 
27153  Preist  agh  be  skilwis,  soft,  and  meke,  Reuand,  right- 
wis.luuelilispeke.  1637  RUTHERFORD  Lett,  ccvii.  (1675)387 
Christ's  love,  .must  be  a  ruing,  a  pitiful,  a  melting-hearted 
love,  a  1814  Witness  n.  i.  in  Nnu  Brit.  Theatre  I.  16  Like 
the  ruing  prodigal  reclaim'd. 

fRuel,^.  Obs.  rare.  In4ruwal.  [a.  AF.  roal, 
Norman  rohal,  rochal  (Godef.),  Latinized  as  ro- 
hallum,  rohaulum  (Du  Cange),  in  all  probability 


RUEL. 


871 


BUFF. 


a  Scandinavian  word  of  which  the  second  element 
is  hval  whale.]  =RUEL-BONE. 

[a  lago  Vie  St.  Auban  3  De  peres  precludes,  de  ivoire  ne 
roal.]  c  1314  Reinhrun  Ixxix.  in  Guy  IVarw.  (1891)  657  pe 
waltes  were  of  cristal,  pe  heling  was  of  fin  rnwal  pat  schon 
swi^e  bri3te. 

t  Ruel,  v.  Obs.—1  [perh.  a.  OF.  rueler^  rosier, 
ratiler  to  roll.]  intr.  To  fall. 

13..  E,  E.  Allit.  P.  6.953  pe  rayn  rueledadoun,  ridlande 
bikke,  Of  felle  flaunkes  of  fyr. 

Ruel,  obs.  form  of  ROWEL  sh.y  RUELLE. 

f  Ruelberd.     Obs~l     (Meaning  doubtful.) 

Perh.f.  OF.  ntel(e  wheel :  cf.  BEARD  sb.  and  BRED. 

1414  Court  RollGrt.  Waltham  18  Dec.,  Rota  dicti  molen- 
dini  indiget  rue lt>c rd  et  molendinum  vocatum  Ckampeneys 
well  indiget  quoddam  instrumentum  vocatum  le  Nedele. 

t  Ruel-bone.  Obs.  Forms  :  4-5  rouwel, 
rowel,  roelle,  ruel(l,  rewel(l,  reuyll  bone 
(boon),  [f.  RUEL  sb.  +  BONE  sb.]  Ivory  (poss 
ibly  that  of  the  narwhal). 

13..  Leg.  Pope  Gregory  (Schulz)  994  Briber  J»an  be 
rouwel-boon.  c  1350  ipomadon  6456  A  sadull  all  off  sylke, 
The  sege  offrewell  bone.  £1386  CHAUCER  Sir  Thomas  167 
His  sadel  was  of  rowel  \varr.  rewel,  ruel]  boon,  a  1400  Sir 
Degrev.  1429  [The  chamber]  was  buskyd  above  With 
besauntus  ful  bry^th  All  off  ruel  bon.  a  1400  Tottrn. 
Tottenham  83  in  Hazl.  E.P.P.  III.  86  A  garland  on  hir 
bed  full  of  ruell  bones,  c  1425  Thomas  of  Ere  fid.  (Thorn 
ton)  49  Hirselle  it  was  of  roelle  bone  \Camb.  reuyll  bone]. 

Ruele,  obs.  form  of  RULE  sb. 

Rue -leaved,  a.  [f.  RUE  j£.2]  Having  leaves 
similar  to,  or  resembling,  those  of  the  common  rue. 

1744  T.  BIRCH  Life  of  Boyle  B.'s  Wks.  1772  I.  p.  cxlvii, 
Rue-leaved  whitlow  grass.  1777  JACOB  CataL  Plants  102 
Saxifraga  tridactylites . .,  Rue-leaved  Saxifrage,  or  Whit 
low-grass.  1822  Hortus  Anglicns  II.  46,  /.  Thalictroides. 
Meadow  Rue-leaved  Isopyrum.  Ibid.  52  si.  Thalictroides. 
Meadow  Rue-leaved  Anemone.  1862  AXSTED  Channel  Isl. 
ii.  viii.  183  The  rue-leaved  spleen-wort  (A.  ruta  murarid}^ 
s,rows  abundantly  in  both  islands  on  walls  and  churches. 

Ruell(e,  obs.  forms  of  ROWEL,  RULE. 
II  Buelle  (rwie-1).   Also  4,  7-8  ruel.    [F.  ruel/e, 
dim.  of  rite  street,  passage.] 

1.  The  space  between  a  bed  and  the  wall ;  the 
part  of  a  bed  next  the  wall. 

1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  x,  79  Wo  in  winter-tyme,  with 
wakynge  a  nyghtes  To  ryse  to  be  ruel  to  rocke  be  cradel. 
1688  EngL  Prot.  Mem,  to  Prince  <$•  P^cess  of  Orange  21 
There  was  a  private  door  within  the  ruel  of  the  bed  into  a 
room.  1731  ELIZA  HEYWOOD  Betsy  Thoughtless  II.  173 
Miss  Flora  had  thrown  herself  on  a  carpet  by  the  bedside, 
her  head  leaning  on  the  ruelle.  1824  tr.  Duchesse  d 'Orleans' 
Mem.  Cft.  Louis  XIV  27$  A  number  of  plates  were  found 
in  the  ruelle  of  his  bed. 

2.  A  bedroom,   where  ladies  of  fashion   in  the 
seventeenth   and   eighteenth    centuries,  especially 
in  France,  held   a  morning  reception  of  persons 
of  distinction  ;  hence,  a  reception  of  this  kind. 

1676  ETHEREDGE  Man.  of  Mode  iv.  ii,  I  have  his  own 
fault,  a  weak  voice,  and  care  not  to  sing  out  of  a  ruelle. 
1697  DKYDEN  Ded.  Mneid  Ess.  (ed.  Ker)  II.  161  The  poet 
who  flourished  in  the  scene  is  damned  in  the  ruelle.  1704 
SWIFT  T.  Titb  ii,  No  approaching  the  Ladies  Ruelles 
without  the  Quota  of  Shoulder-Knots.  1749  BOLINGBROKE 
Lett.  on.  Patriotism  221  The  forms  of  a  drawing  room,  the 
regulation  of  a  ruelle,  the  decoration  of  a  ball.  *?(>3  C. 
JOHNSTONE  Reverie  II,  16  How  can  you  intrude  so  rudely 
into  a  lady's  ruelle?  You  see  I  have  set  out  my  toilet. 
1812  SCOTT  Let.  in  Loekftart  (i%yj)  II.  xii.  390  Acquainted 
with  all  the  intrigues  and  tracasseries  of  the  cabinets  and 
ruelles  of  foreign  courts. 

II  Hue'llia.  Bot.  [mod. Latin  :  named  after 
the  French  botanist  Jean  Ruel  (1479-1539)']  A 
genus  of  acanthaceous  plants,  chiefly  tropical, 
natives  of  Asia  and  America. 

1753  in  'Chambers'*  Cycl.  Suppl.  1846  LINDLEY  Veget. 
Kingd.  679  Plants  of  great  beauty,  especially  the  species  of 
Justicia,  Aphelandra,  and  Ruellia.  1848  Chambers'  Inform. 

I.  106/2  A  valuable  deep  blue  dye  is  said  to  be  obtained 
from  one  of  the  East  Indian  Ruellias. 

t  Rueii.  Obs.  Also  6  rewene,  rowen,  7  ruin. 
[Of  obscure  origin  :  cf.  RUENING.] 

1.  =  RENNET  sb^  i. 

1558  WARDE  Alexis'  Seer.  1. 1.  (1568)  28  b,  Take  the  ruen 
of  a  Hare,  and  having  frayed  and  consumed  it  in  hole 
water,  give  it  the  woman  to  drinke.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus^ 
Coagulnm.  a  curde  or  creame :  the  ruen  of  a  beast  that 
turneth  milke.  1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Ps.  IxviL  comm.,  Ruen 
turneth  Hquide  milke  into  curde,  and  so  into  cheese. 

2.  Ruen  cheese^  a  soft  kind  of  cheese. 

1539  ELYOT  Cast.  H tithe  (1541)  67  b,  Mylke  hot  from  the 
udder, .  .ruen  chese,  sweete  almondes.  1542  BOORDE  Dyetary 
xii.  (1870)  266  Yet  besyde  these  .iiii.  natures  of  chese,  there 
is  a  chese  called  a  rewene  chese.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus, 
Casens  tnusteus,  greene  cheese,  or  softe  &  rowen  cheese. 
1655  MOUFET  &  BBHHET  Health's  lmpr<n>.  131  We  may 
feed  liberally  of  ruin  Cheese. 

t  Rne*ness.  Obs.  Forms :  I  hreo(w)nis, 
-nys,  hreu(w)nis,  hreawnis,  3-4  reunes(se. 
[f.  OE.  hrtowe  adj.  (see  RUE  T^.1)-] 

1.  Repentance. 

cgso  Liudisf.  Gos6.  Matt.  in.  n  le  fulwa  iuih  in  waetre  in 
hreonisse  [Riis/m*. hreunisse].  Ibid,  xxi.  29  ^fter5on..mid 
Jireawnise  ^ecerred  [he]  ^e-eade.  c  1000  in  Thorpe  Laws 

II.  170  ./Efter  his  da=dbote  hreownysse. 

2.  Pity,  compassion. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  3134  Moght  na  reunes  do  him  reu,  t>at 
he  ne  wald  leuer  his  child  cole  ban  of  his  lauerd  wrath  to 
thole,  c  1300  Havelok  2227  God  him  wolde  wel  haue  saue, 
He  hauede  reunesse  of  be  knaue. 


t  Rtr  erring.     Obs.  rare.     =RtJEN  r. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R,  xvni.  Iviii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  His 
ruennynge  is  cheife  medicine  in  venyms.  Ibid.  xvni.  Ixvii, 
Jnnobeeste  wibteej>  in  aiber  iowe  is  ruennynge  ifounde  but 
in  he  hare. 

River,     rare.     Also  4  rewer(e,  reewer.     [f. 

RUE  Z/.1  +  -KR1.} 

1.  One  who  pities  or  feels  compassion. 

a  1300  .£.  E.  Psalter\\\Kv.  14  pou,  laverd.rewerand  milde- 
herted.  1382  WYCLIF  Isaiah  xlix.  10  The  rewere  of  them 
shal  gouerne  them.  I  hid.  liv.  10  The  bond  of  my  pes  shal 
not  be  moued,  seide  the  Lord,  thi  reewer. 

2.  One  who  repents. 

1721  KELLY  Scot.  Prov.  284  Reavers  should  not  be  Ruers. 
Rue-raddy,  sh.     [Of  obscure  origin.] 

1.  A  belt  or  rope   passed  over  the  shoulder  in 
order  to  drag  something  by  it. 

1856  KANE  Arct.  Expl.  I.  112  Each  man  had  his  own 
shoulder-belt  or  rue-raddy  as  we  used  to  call  it,  and  his 
own  track  line.  1880  Standard  20  May  3  One  section  of 
the  men  are  armed . .  with  long  knives  and  a  '  rue  raddy  ',  or 
drag  rope,  slung  across  the  shoulders. 

2.  transf.  One  who  drags  by  means  of  a  belt  or 
rope  passing  over  the  shoulder. 

1856  KANE  Arct.  F.xpl.  II.xix.  190  An  additional  burden, 
but  a  necessary  one,  for  our  weary  rue-raddies. 

Hence  Rue-raddy  v.,  to  attach  by  means  of  a 
shoulder  rope. 

1856  KANE^rA  Expl.  I.  xv.  181  Five  men  were  then  rue- 
raduied  to  the  track-lines. 

t  Rue'SOmeness.  Obs,~l  In  2  reowsum-. 
[f.  RUE  slf.1  Cf.  mod.  Yorks.  dial,  rnesome  *  sor 
rowful,  pitiable '.]  Repentance. 

c  1175  Lamb.  Horn.  21  Bute  he  hine  driue  a-wei  mid  sodSe 
dedhote  his  sunne  bi  reowsumnesse. 

t  Ruet.  Obs.  Also  5  ruett ;  4  rirwet,  rewet, 
ryuet,  6  rivette.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  A  small 
horn  or  trumpet.  Alsoy?^. 

13..  K.  Alis.  1638  (Laud  MS.),  A-rovme  he  drou?  quyk 
iwys  And  sett  a  Ruet  to  his  mou^e.  //;/(/.  3699  A  litel  met 
[v.r.  rtiwet]  a  loude  he  blewe.  1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  v.  193 
Gloten.  .bleuh  the  ronde  ruwet  \t>arr.  rewet,  ryuet)  atte 
rugge-bones  ende.  c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  5987  Ector  bar  a 
litel  ruet,  Vnto  his  mouth  his  horn  he  set.  1:1410  Master  of 
Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxi,  Ther  beth  dyueres  maneres  of 
homes,  bat  is  to  say  :  buglys,.  .ruetes,  smale  forsters  homes. 
1483  Cath.  Angl.  313/2  A  Ruett,  lit  mis.  4:1580  JEFFERIES 
Bugbears  i.  ii,  Stope  downe  a  low  &  kisse  my  round  rivette. 

Ruet,  obs.  variant  of  ROWET  dial. 

Rueth,  obs.  form  of  RUTH. 

Ruf,  obs.  form  of  ROOF,  ROUGH,  RUFF. 

Ruf(e,  Sc.  variants  of  Ro,  rest.    Obs. 

t  Rufe,  sb.    Obs.—1    [ad.  L.  rftfns.']     Rufous. 

1477  NORTON  Ordin.  Alch.  v.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  56  Theis 
two  Colours  Rufe  and  Citrine,  Be  means  Colours  betweene 
White  and  Red. 

t  Hufe,  a.  Sc.  Obs,  rare.  Also  6  ruf.  (Of 
doubtful  origin  and  meaning  ;  identity  with  OE. 
rof  valiant,  stout,  strong,  is  phonetically  possible.) 

c  1475  RanfCoilyar  109  Ane  Ryall  rufe  het  fyre  war  my 
desyre.  15 . .  Peebles^  to  Play  vj.  in  Sibbald  Chron.  Sc.  Poet, 
(1802)  I.  i3r  He  cleikit  up  ane  hie  ruf  sang. 

Rufe,  obs.  or  dial,  form  of  ROOF. 

Rufe'SCence.  rare~~l.  [See  next  and  -EXCE.] 
Tendency  to  rufous  or  reddish  colour. 

1874  CODES  Birds  N.  IV.  478  A  slight  rufescence  of  the 
under  plumage,  may  frequently  be  observed  until  October. 

Rufe  scent  (n/fe'sent),  a.  and  sb.  [ad.  L. 
rufcsc&nt-)  ritfescens,  pres.  pple.  of  rufescere^  f. 
ritftts  reddish.]  Of  a  colour  tending  to  reddish  ; 
somewhat  rufous. 

1817  KIRBY  &  Sr.  Entomol.  xvii.  (1818)  II.  77  The  rufesc- 
ent  ants  do  not  leave  their  nests  logo  upon  these  expedi 
tions,  .till  [etc.].  1823  W. SCORESHY  Jrnl.  417  Back  grey,., 
lower  parts  rufescent.  1874  COUKS  Birds  N.  Ii7.  304  The 
same  rufescent  phase  occurs  in  other  species  of  Owls. 
b.  ellipt.  as  sb.  An  ant  of  this  colour. 

1817  KIRBY  &  SP.  Entomol.  xvii.  (1818)  II.  81  When  the 
rufescents, laden  with  pillage,  retire,  they  do  it  in  close  order. 

Ruff  (n?f),  sb.1  Forms:  5  rowe,  roffe,ruf,  5-9 
ruffe,  7- ruff;  7  rough.  [Possibly  f.  ROUGH  a. 
Cf.  the  mod.L.  name  aspredo  given  to  the  fresh 
water  fish  by  Dr.  Caius,  who  drew  attention  to  it 
about  the  middle  of  the  i6th  cent.] 

•{•  1.  A  sea-bream  or  other  sparoid  fish.  Obs.  (Cf. 
RUFFLE  sb.s) 

14. .  Lat.-Eng.  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  612  Sparrus,  a  rowe. 
c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  438/2  Ruffe,  fysche,  sparrus.  1647 
HEXHAM  i.  (Fishes),  A  Ruffe  or  a  Sea  lireame,  cen  Zee- 
braesscm.  1668  CHARLETON  Unomast.  140  Synodon .  .'R.uS&i 
with  dogs  Teeth. 

2.  A  small  freshwater  fish  (Acen'na  cernua]  of  the 
perch  family,  of  olive-brown  colour  with  brown  and 
black  spots,  and  having  rough  prickly  scales. 

1x1450  Fysshynge  iv.  Angle  (E.  D.  S.)  15  The  bleke  and 
the  gogyn  &  be  RofTe.  1496  Ibid.  29  The  ruf  is  ryght  an 
holsome  fysshe :  And  ye  shall  an^le  to  him.. in  the  same 
wise  as  I  haue  tolde  you  of  the  perche.  1538  ELYOT  Additions, 
Melanurns,  a  kynde  of  perches,  callydde  Ruffes.  1577  B. 
GOOGE  Heresbach's  Hitsb.  iv.  (1586)  173 b,  Some  sorts.. de 
lighting  onely  in  GrauelHe,  Stonie,  and  Sandie  Waters,  as 
..Gudgins,  Billheads.  Ruffes,  Trowtes.  1608  SYLVESTER 
Du  Bartas  it.  iv.  Schisme  1010  Like  as  a  Roach,  or  Ruff,  or 
Gudgeon,  born  By  some  swift  stream  into  a  Weer.  .Frisks  to 
and  fro.  1653  WALTON  Angler  xi.  204  There  is  also  another 
fish  called  a  Pope,  and  by  some  a  Ruffe ;.  .it  is  much  like 
the  Pearch  for  his  shape,  but  will  not  grow  to  be  bigger  than 
a  Gudgion,  1740  R.  BROOKES  Art  of  Angling  \.  xv.  44 


The  Ruff  or  Pope.. is  found  in  most  of  the  large  Rivers  in 
England.  1797  Encycl.  JJrit.(ed.  3)  XIII.  102/1  The  Yare 
has  a  fish  peculiar  to  it  called  the  ruffe.  1836  YARRF.I.I. 
Brit.  Fishes  I.  18  The  Ruffe  is  common  to  almost  all  the 
canals  and  rivers  of  England,  particularly  the  Thames,  the 
Isis,  and  the  Cam.  1882  Blackiv,  Mag.  Jan.  105  Great 
quantities  of  ruffs  are  caught  at  times,  and  the  men's 
ringers  get  pricked  with  their  sharp  spines. 

t3.  A  sea-urchin.     Obs.-* 

1591  PKHCIVALL  Sp.  Diet.,  Erhot  an  hedgehog,,  .also  a 
fish  called  a  Ruffe.  1706  STEVENS  Span.  Diet.,  Erizo  de 
mar,  a  deform'd  Shell-fish  call'd  a  Ruff. 

Ruff  (n>f),  sl\*  Also  6-7  ruffe  ;  6  rouffe,  Sc. 
ruifT,  7  rooffe.  [?f.  ROUGH  a.  Cf.  RUFFLE  jM 
and  z>.l] 

•f*  1.  A  circular  outstanding  frill  on  the  sleeve 
of  a  garment ;  a  ruffle.  Obs. 

Z5*3  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  151  They  haue  suche  pleytes 
vpon  theyr  brestes  &  ruffes  vppon  theyr  sleues,  aboue  theyr 
elbowes.  1591  [see  HAND-RUFF  i].  1607  HEVWOOD  Fayrc 
AJayde  E-rch.  F  j,  Ruffes  for  your  hands,  wast-cotes  wrought 
with  silke.  1647  HKXHAM  i,  Full  of  ruffes  and  foldes,  vol 
rimpt'lot)  ploy  en  ofte  vouwen. 

2.  An  article  of  neck-wear,  usually  consisting  of 
starched   linen    or  muslin  arranged  in   horizontal 
/lutings  and  standing  out  all  round  the  neck,  worn 
especially  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  1. 

1555  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  320  The  collars  and  ruffes 
bysette  with  lyttle  rounde  baules  lyke  beades.  1583 
STUBBF.S  Anat.  Alms.  \\.  (1882)  35  They  not  only  continue 
their  great  ruffes  still,  but  also  vse  them  bigger  than  euer 
they  did.  ei6i8  MORVSON  Itin.  iv.  418  They  desyre  lo 
haue.  .falling  bands  rather  then  Rooffes,  Caps  of  taffety 
rather  then  halts.  1644  OuARtES  S/ie/>/i.  Orac.  vm.  47 
That  heath'nish  Ruffe  of  thine,  that  perks  Upon  thy  stiffe- 
neckt  coller.  1728  YOUNG  Love  of  Fame  iv.  122  He  shews 
on  holidays  a  sacred  pin,  That  touch'd  the  ruff,  that  touch 'd 
queen  Bess's  chin.  1752  HUME  Ess.  <y  Treat.  (1777)  I.  263 
Must  we  throw  aside  the  pictures  of  our  ancestors,  because 
of  their  ruffs  and  fardingales?  1822  SCOTT  Nigel  x,  My 
grey  beard  falls  on  a  cambric  ruff,  and  a  silken  doublet. 
1880  'OCIDA'  Moths  II.  375  She  wore  black  velvet  with  a 
high  ruff  of  old  Flemish  lace. 

transf.   1633  P.  FLETCHER   Purple,  fsl.  xxx,  As  a  virgin 
Rose.  .Whom   too   hot    scorching    beams   quite   disarayes 
Down  flags  her  double  ruffe. 
b.  (See  quot.1 

1858  J.  PURCHAS  Direct.  Anglic.  21  /i  Under  this  '  tippet ' 
is  worn  what  is  called  by  University  robe-makers  '  the 
Ruff'.  Note.  This  ruff  is  simply  a  breadth  of  silk  of  about 
two  yards  long. . .  It  is  gathered  round  the  neck. 

3.  A  collar  of  projecting  or  distinctively  coloured 
feathers  or  hair  round  the  neck  of  various  birds 
and  animals. 

1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  fy  P.  56  Monkeys  with  white 
Ruffs,  and  black  shagged  Bodies.  1760-72  tr.  Juan  ft- 
Ulloa's  I'oy.  (ed.  3)  I.  58  A  little  aboue  the  beginning  of 
the  crop,  they  haue  a  ruff  of  white  feathers.  1781  [see  6 
below].  1802  BINGLEY  Anim.  Biogr.  (1805)  II.  475  The 
male  bird  does  not  acquire  his  ruff  till  the  second  season. 
1856  BRYANT  Old  Man's  Counsel  49  The  grouse  that  wears 
A  sable  ruff  around  his  mottled  neck.  1871  DARWIN  Desc. 
Man  II.  xvii.  267  The  broad  ruff  round  the  throat  and  chin 
of  the  Canadian  lynx  is  much  longer  in  the  male  than  in 
the  female.  1887  Standard  28  May  1/2  Lost,  a  black  and 
Tan  Colley  Dog,  with  white  ruff. 

b.  An  artificial  variety  of  the  domestic  pigeon 
resembling  the  jacobin. 

1735  J.  MOORE  Columbarium  49  The  Strain  of  Jacobines 
has  been  much  vitiated . .  in  Order  to  improve  their  Chain  by 
the  Length  of  the  Ruff's  Feathers.  1765  Treat.  Dottiest. 
Pigeons  119  The  ruff,  if  attentively  examined,  will  be  found 
larger  than  the  jack,  with  a  longer  beak,  and  a  larger  head. 
1854  MEALL  Moubrays  Poultry  285  The  similarity  between 
the  Ruff  and  the  Jacobine  obviates  the  necessity  for 
describing  it.  1881  J.  C.  LVELL  Fancy  Pigeons  199  Moore 
describes  a  pigeon  known  as  a  ruff. 

•f-4.   The  wooden  ruff,  the  pillory.     Cant.    Obs. 

1685  Roxb.  Ball.  (1885)  V.  605  The  Tories  to  spight  us,. . 
With  a  damn'd  Wooden-Ruff  will  bedeck  our  Friend  Titus. 
a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Creiv  s.v.  Wooden^  He  wore  the 
Wooden-ruff,  he  stood  in  the  Pillory. 

5.  A  circular  object  resembling  a  ruff. 

1693  EVELYN  De  la  Quint.  Compl.  Card.  II.  107  You 
must  raise  small  Shavings  out  of  the  Wood  of  the  Branch. . 
and  make  them  hang  like  a  kind  of  Ruff  on  the  Extremity 
of  that  Bark.  1742  POPE  Dnnciadiv.qoj  Soft  on  the  paper 
ruff  its  leaves  I  spread.  1864  WEBSTER,  Ritfft .  .an  annular 
ridge  formed  on  a  shaft,  or  other  piece,  to  prevent  it  from 
moving  endwise.  Ruffs  are  also  sometimes  loose  rings. 

6.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  ruffbandy  sleeve ;  ntff- 
like,  -necked  adjs. 

1558  in  Feuillerat  Revels  Q.  Eliz.  (1908)  28  Imployed 
whoolye  in  to  twoo  greate  gounes  with  Ruff  Sieves.  1591 
FLORIO  znd  Fruites  9  Eight  ruffe  bands  with  their  hand 
cuffs  wrought  with  silke.  1639  Knaresb.  JF/V/s(Surtees)  II 
167  To  Sibbill  Hudsonne  one  ruffe  band.  1781  LATHAM 
Gen.  Synofi.  Birds  I.  i.  269  Ruff-necked  Parrot. .  .When  it 
erects  the  neck  feathers,  it  makes  the  appearance  of  a  ruff 
round  the  head.  1782  Ibid.  11.  785  Ruff-necked  Humming 
Bird,  1838  AUDUBOM  Ornith.  Biog.  IV,  555  Ruff-Necked 
Humming  Bird.  Trochilns  Rufus,  1854  MEALL  Moubray*s 
Poultry  286  A  compact  mass  of  ruff-like  feathers. 

Buff  (r»f),  st>.*  Also  6-7  ruffe,  [ad.  OF.  raffle, 
roitffle,  earlier  romfe,  ronfle  (i4i4)f  =  It.  ronfa 
(Florio),  a  certain  card-game,  perh.  a  popular 
corruption  of  F.  triomphe,  It.  trionfo  :  see  TRUMP. 

Godefroy  also  cites  a  F.  dial,  rtrufe  as  meaning  '  the 
highest  of  two  cards  which  one  returns  along  with  the 
trump-card  in  the  game  of  quarante  '.  Pg.  rufa  and  rifa 
denote  a  set  of  cards  of  one  suit.] 

f  1.  A  former  card-game.  Also  ruff  and  honours. 

Literary  allusions  occur  chiefly  between  1590  and  1630. 


BUFF. 

1585)  NASHE  Martin  Marprelatt  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  161 
Leauing  the  auncient  game  of  England  (Trumpe)  where 
euerie  coate  and  sute  are  sorted  in  their  degree,  [they]  are 
running  to  their  Ruffe  where  the  greatest  sorte  of  the  sute 
carrieth  away  the  game.  1600  ROWLANDS  Lett.  Humours 
Blood  \v.  64  At  Ticktacke,  Irish,  _Noddie,  Maw,  and  Ruffe. 
1611  DAVIS  Panegyrick  Verses  in  Coryafs  Crudities^  Of 
that  tongue  he  so  hath  got  the  Body  That  he  sports  with  it 
at  Ruffe,  Gleeke,  or  Noddy.  1674  COTTON  Compl.  Gamester 
(1680)  81  Ruff  and  Honours  (alias  Slamm)  and  Whist,  are 
Games..  commonly  known  in  England  in  all  parts  thereof. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  xvi.  (Roxb.)  72/1  Ruffe  and 
Honors  and  Whisk,  which  are  generally  among  the  Vulgar 
termed  Trump. 

f  2.  (See  later  quots.)   Obs. 

1611  COTGR.,  Triomphe,  the  Card-game  called  Ruffe,  or 
Trump  ;  also,  the  Ruffe,  or  trump  at  it.  1651  Royal  Game 
of  Picgnet  11  After  they  have  done  discarding,,  .they  then 
begin  to  look  after  the  Ruffe,  and  to  see  how  much  each  of 
them  can  make  of  a  suit.  1674  COTTON  Compl,  Gamester 
(1680)  66  Next  you  speak  for  the  Ruff,  and  he  that  hath 
most  of  a  suit  in  his  hand  wins  it,  unless  some  of  the 
Gamesters  have  four  Aces,  and  then  he  gains  the  Ruff. 

3.  [f.  RUFF  v.2  2.]  The  act  of  trumping  at  cards, 
esp,  in  whist,  when  one  cannot  follow  suit. 

1856  Handbk.  Games  (Bohn)  176  You  may  suspect  the 
lead  was  from  a  single  card,  and  with  a  view  to  a  ruff. 
1856  LT.-COL.  B.  Whist-player  (1858)  31  You  obtain  the 
desired  ruff  to  a  certainty. 

BufF  (rarf),  sb±  [Perh.  from  RUFF  sb?  3,  but 
this  leaves  the  similarity  to  REEVE  sb?  unex 
plained.]  The  male  of  a  bird  of  the  sandpiper 
family  (Tringa  or  Machetes  pugnax},  distinguished 
during  the  breeding-season  by  a  ruff  and  ear-tufts. 

1634,  1648  [see  REEVE  sb?\.  1663  DRYDEN  Wild  Gallant 
i.  iii,  I  have  a  delicate  dish  of  ruffs  to  dinner.  1751  HILL 
Hist.  Anim.  475  We  call  the  male  the  ruff  and  the  female 
the  reeve.  1768  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  II.  363  The  males  or 
Ruffs  assume  such  variety  of  colors  in  several  parts  of  their 
plumage,  that  it  is  scarce  possible  to  see  two  alike.  1839 
bTONEiiousE  Isle  of  Axholme  66  Those  very  curious  and 
beautiful  birds,  the  ruffs,  are  now  seldom  to  be  met  with. 
1843  YARRRLL  Brit.  Birds  II.  574  The  Ruff.  .may  be  con. 
sidered  only  as  a  summer  visiter  to  this  country.  1863 
Sat.  Rev.  284  The  extension  of  drainage  has  banished  the 
avoset,  and  the  ruff,  and  the  god  wit  from  our  eastern 
marshes. 

Ruff  (r»0i  ^'-5      Also  7  roofe.      [?  Imitative.] 

1.  =  RUFFLE  sb.±     (Hence  perh.  Pg.  rufo.} 

1688  [see  ROLL  sb*  2].  1706  FARQUHAR  Recruiting  Officer 
v.  ii,  The  drum  beats  a  ruff,  and  so  to  bed.  1716  SHELVOCKE 
I7oy.  round  World  137  At  the  turning  of  every  glass  during 
the  night  we  beat  3  ruffs  on  the  drum.  iSix  BOSWELL  Sir 
All'on  Poet.  Wks.  (1871)  102  Quicker  than  the  drum-boy's 
ruff  His  horse  hoofs  clatter'd  hard  and  tough. 

2.  Sc.  An  expression  of  applause  by  making  a 
noise  with  the  feet.  1801-  in  Eng.  Dial  Diet. 

t  Ruff,  sb$  Obs.  Also  6-7  ruffe.  [Of  obscure 
origin.  Cf.  Sw.  ruff  spirit,  go.]  Obs. 

1.  The  highest  pitch  or  fullest  degree  of  some 
exalted  or  excited  condition.  Usu.  in  the  ruff  of. 

7  W 


Four  ett.  s.  (rosart  .  199  e,  wc  n  te  rue  o 
his  freshest  iollity,  was  faine  to  cry  [etc.],  x6za  FOTHERBV 
Atheom.  11.  vii.  §  i.  261  When  they  view  themselues  in^the 
ruffe  of  their  greatnes,  they  are  vtterly  ashamed,  to  thinke 
of  their  first  littlenesse.  1692  L/ESTRAXGE  Fables  (1694)  39 
How  many  Emperours  and  Princes,  .in  the  Ruff  of  all  their 
glory  have  been  taken  down. 

2.  An  exalted   or  elated  state  ;  elation,  pride, 
vainglory  :  a.  With  possessive  pronouns,  esp.  in 
phr.  in  his  (or  their}  ruff.    (Very  common  from 
c  1570  to  1675). 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  IV,  30  The  duke  of  Burgoyn 
beyng  now  in  his  ruffe..  toke  upon  him  the  hole  rule  and 
governance  of  the  realme.  1568  V.  SKINNER  tr.  Montantts' 
Inquisit.  46  b,  Such  is  their  ruffe  in  that  triumph.  1581  J. 
BELL  Haddoris  Ansiu.  Osorius$\g  Which  would  undertake 
so  weerysome  a  course  for  his  Rneioricall  ruffe.  16x5  W. 
HULL  Mirr.  Maiestie  51  What  came  ye  out  to  see?  a  mere 
mortall  man  in  the  huffe  of  his  ruffe?  1653  J-  CARTER 
Tombstone  10?  They  think  in  their  ruffe  and  gallantry  that 
none  can  pluck  them  down  ;  they  vaunt,  who  shall  us  con- 
troule  ?  a  1679  GOODWIN  Creatures  ii.  x.  Wks.  1683  II.  96 
When  the  Saints  shall  be  in  their  ruff  and  glory. 

b.  Without  article,  esp.  in  phr.  in  (jgnsty  jolty  % 
raj^,etc.)  ruff. 

1555  J.  PROCTOR  Hist.  Wyafs  Rebellion  30  Where  thei.. 
displaied  their  Ensignes  brauelie  :  seeming  to  be  m  great 
ruffe.  1556  J.  HEY  WOOD  Spider  %  Fly  Ivii,  Who  that  (in  rash 
roofe)  beginneth  to  contende,  He  repenth  beginning,  ere  he 
cum  to  ende.  1567  GOLDING  tr.  Ovid's  Met.  xii.  318  In  jolly 
ruffe  he  passed  straight.  1581  MULCASTER  Positions  xiv. 
(1887)  68  Against  all.,  with  whom  all  vertues  be  voluntarie, 
when  reason  is  in  ruffe.  1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon 
(1602)  34^  He  tooke  vpon  him  the  defence  of  the  Sea  Apo- 
stolike  in  managing  with  huffe  and  ruffe  this  foisted  in 
authentic.  [1624  I.  GEE  Holdfast  50  A  vigorous  lesuite.  . 
attired  like  a  Gallant  of  none  of  the  lowest  ruffe.] 
C.  In  phr.  in  the  (high)  ruff- 

1600  HOLLAND  Livy  xxvui.  xxvui.  690  Being  in  the  ruffe 
and  jolitie  upon  their  fresh  and  late  victorie.  1607  R. 
QAREW]  tr.  Estienne's  World  of  Wonders  352  Whilest  the 
folly  of  the  former  abuses  was  in  the  ruffe.  1690  Andros 
Tracts  II.  64  Methods  that  must  be  taken  to  unite  England, 
..and  subdue  France,  (now  in  the  high  Ruff). 

3.  Her.  Of  a  ship  :  In  her  ruff,  in  full  course. 
t$fi*  LEGH  Armory  178  b,  He  beareth  Or,  a  Shippe  vnder 

Saile  in  her  ruffe  Sable.  1586  FERNB  Blaz.  Gentrie  38  You 
haue  heard  of  two  thinges,  a  ship  in  her  ruffe  and  a  fay  re 
lady..  most  worthye  of  sight.  1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  in. 
xxii,  The  Dolphin.,  outstripped  a  Ship  under  sayle,  in  her 
greatest  ruffe  and  merriest  winde,  in  swiftness  of  course. 


872 

i688  HOLME  Armoury  HI.  xv.  (Roxb.)  ^3/1  He  beareth 
Argent,  a  Ship  in  her  Ruffe,  vnder  full  Saile  and  Streamers 
flying,  all  proper. 

4.  Excitement,  passion,  fury.     Freq.  in  a  ruf. 

1567  GOLDING  Ovid's  Met.  xin.  (i_593)  296  In  the  mids  of 
all  His  bloodie  ruffe  I  coupt  with  him.  1604  PARSONS  yd 
Ft.  Three  Confers.  Eng.  112  All  ignorant  Craftesmen  of 
Kent,  but  yet  sett  in  such  a  ruffe  with  the  heate  of  new 
opinions.  1611  J.  DAVIKS  (Heref.)  Scourge  Folly  Wks. 
(Grosart)  II.  76  Such  Stuffe  (As  might  put  plainest  Pacience 
in  a  Ruffe).  1641  HINDE  J.  Briten  lii.  173  There  was  a 
Gentleman,  who . .  in  his  heat  and  ruffe  sent  his  man  to  this 
Gentleman  with  this  message,  &c. 

t  Ruff,  sb."  Obs.~°  [Of  obscure  origin.]  A 
candle  or  candle-wick. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  439/1  Ruffe  candel,  hirsepa^funale. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  183  Ye  Ruffe  of  a  candle,./(«a/f. 
tRuff,  ^-8     Obs.-1     (See  quot.) 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  243  Moreover  in  the  river  Donow, 
there  is  taken  the  Mario,  a  fish  much  like  to  a  Ruffe  or 
Porputs  [L.  porcitto  tnarino  sitiiilliinns}. 

t  Ruff,  sb.'i     Obs.  rare.     A  blockhead. 

1606  Choice,  Chance  $  Change  (1881)  66  The  next  was  on 
a  fool,  on  a  swaggering  ruffe.  1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  •$• 
Selv.  Ep.  Ded.,  Though  it  may  seem  but  a  wooden  come 
off,  and  like  that  of  the  sorry  numb-skull'd  Ruffes. 

Ruff,  var.  ROUGH  sb.\ ;  Sc.  var.  Ro,  rest.  Obs. 

t  Ruff,  a.  Obs.  rare.  (Meaning  not  clear,  but 
perh.  only  a  variant  spelling  of  Roi'GH  a.) 

1631  T.  BARKER  Art  of  Angling  (1653)  15  When  your 
grid-iron  is  hot  you  must  coole  it  with  ruff  suet.  1676 
WORLIDGE  Cyder  (1691)  161  Let  your  mure  or  chaff,  .abide 
in  the  must,  .more  or  less  ruff  or  tinctured. 

Ruff,  obs.  f.  ROUGH  a.  and  adv. 

Ruff  (rz>f),  v.1  Now  rare.  Forms  :  6-7  ruf, 
ruffe,  6-  ruff.  [?  f.  RUFF  sbt  Cf.  RUFFLE  z/.l] 

1.  trans.  To  form  into  a  ruff  or  ruffs ;  to  provide 
with  a  ruff  or  ruffs.     Also  with  up. 

Chiefly  in  pa.  pple. ;  cf.  RUFFED/*//,  a.'  3. 
a  1548  HALL  C/iron.,  Hen.  VIII,  134  b,  His  base  and  bard 
wer  cloth  of  siluer,  and  blacke  veluet  ruffed  and  not  plain. 

1571  A.  JF.NKINSON  I'oy.  %   Trav.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  I.  39  The 
sleenes  thereof  very  long,  which  he  weareth  on  his  arme 
ruffed  up.     1591  GREENE  DC/.  Conny  Catch.  Wks.  (Grosart) 
XI.  95  The  round  hose  bumbasted  close  to  the  breech,  and 
ruft  aboue  the  necke  with  a  curie.     1647  HEXHAM  I,  To 
ruffe,  or  gather   into   a    ruffe,  ritufelen  ofte  fronsen  ver- 
gaderen.     1834  PLANCHE  Hist.  Brit.  Cost.  238  The  sleeves 
were  also  ruffed  or  ruffled  at  the  hand. 

2.  fa.  Of  a  bird:  To  ruffle  (the  feathers).  Obs. 
1590  SPENSER  F.O.  in.  ii.  27  Thenceforth  the  fether  in 

her  lofty  crest,  Ruffed  of  love,  gan  lowly  to  availe.  Hid. 
.xi.  32  The  proud  Bird,  ruffing  his  fethers  wyde.  1597 
DRAVTON  Heroical  £;».  67  b.  The  siluer  swannes.. Ruffing 
theyr  plumes,  come  glyding  on  the  lake. 

b.   To  make  rough  ;  to  disorder,     rare. 

1817-8  COBBETT  Raul.  U.S.  (1822)  338  To  return  to  the 
thatching:  Straw..,  in  very  high  winds,  ..is  liable,  if  not 
reeded,  to  be  ruffed  a  good  deal. 

t  3.  Falconry.  Of  a  hawk :  To  strike  (the  quarry) 
without  securing  it.  Obs. 

1575  TURBERV.  Falconry  122  Your  Falcon  wyll  stowpe  hir 
and  ruffe  hir,  vntyll  the  dogges  maye  take  hir.  i6ao-6 
QUARLES  Feast  for  Wormcs  103  If  in  her  downy  Soreage, 
she  but  ruffe  So  strong  a  Doue,  may  it  be  thought  enough. 
1646  G.  DANIEL  Poems  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  07  Give  her  way 
to  kill  The  Harpie  She  has  rufTt ;  for  I  dare  say  She  has 
earn'd  her  Bells,  to  bring  downe  such  a  prey. 

Ruff  (r»f),  v2  Forms :  6-  ruff,  7  ruffe,  8-9 
rough.  [Related  to  RUFF  sb.'X} 

fl.  iutr.  (See  quot.  1674.)  Obs.  rare. 

1598  FLORIO,  Ron/are,,  .also  to  ruff  or  trump  at  cards. 
1674  COTTON  Compl.  Gamester  (1680)  82  He  that  hath  the 
Ace  of  that  [i.e.  trumps],  Ruffs ;  that  is,  he  takes  in  those 
four  Cards,  and  lays  out  four  others  in  their  lieu. 

2.  trans.  To  trump  (a  card,  etc.)  when  unable 
to  follow  suit.  Freq.  absol. 

1760  MURPHY  Way  to  Keep  Him  in.  i,  Sir  George,  why 
did  not  you  rough  the  spade?  1837  DICKENS  Pickiv.  xxxv, 
Why  Mr.  Pickwick  had  not . .  roughed  the  spade,  or  finessed 
the  heart.  1856  LT.-COL.  B.  H'hist-player  (1858)  36  A  suit 
being  so  frequently  ruffed  third  round.  1883  PROCTOR 
Whist  40  The  state  of  the  score  might  render  it  advisable 
to  take  the  trick  lest  second  round  should  be  ruffed. 

absol.  1781  HUTTON  TourtoCaves  Gloss,  (ed.  2)  95  Rougk^ 
to  renounce  at  cards.  1865  LOWELL  Thoreau  Prose  Wks.  1890 
I.  372  He  wishes  always  to  trump  your  suit  and  to  ruff  when 
you  least  expect  it.  1883  PROCTOR  Whist  71  Ruff  at  every 
opportunity  if  so  weak  in  trumps  that  you  cannot  hope  to 
disarm  the  enemy. 

Ruff  (r»f),  v.3  Sc.  [f.RuFF  sb.a  Cf.  Pg.  rttfar.] 

J..  trans.  To  beat  a  ruff  or  ruffle  upon  (a  drum). 
Also  intr.  of  a  drum :  To  be  thus  beaten. 

1827  W.  TAYLOR  Poems  65  (E.  D.  D.),  He.. ruff d  the 
drum  at  ilka  door.  1828  MOIR  Mansie  Wanck  xiv.  206  The 
drum  ruffed,  and  offset  four  of  them. 

2.  trans,  and  intr.  To  applaud  by  making  a 
noise  with  the  feet. 

1826  WILSON  Noct.  Anibr.  Wks.  1855  I.  243  A'  the  crowd 
ruffm  the  exploit,  1842  VEDDER  Poems  104  They  ruffed, 
and  for  the  ditty  clamoured.  1877  in  I.  A.  Chalmers  Tiyo 
Soga  419  He  was.  .heartily  ntffeaby  his  fellow-students. 

tBufF.f.4  Obs.  Also  7 ruffe,  ruf.  [f.RuFF^.C] 

1.  intr.  To  swagger,  bluster,  domineer.  Also 
with  it  and  out. 

1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  65  This  foundation 
thus  laid,  then  to  huffe  and  ruffe  it  out,  a  Councell  of  women 
j  must  be  called  to  set  cocke  ahoope.  1612  T.  JAMES  Jesuits 
Doivnefall  65  He  is  now  become  that  learned  counseller, 
that  must  rule,  ruffe,  and  range  through  every  estate.  1683 
Songt  Land.  Prentices  (Percy  Soc.)  77  Rufmg  thus,  They 
gave  him  words  opprobrious. 


RUFFIAN. 

2.  To  brag  or  boast  of  a.  thing. 
1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  107  [A  letter]  to  be 
huffed,  ruffed  and  vanted  of. 
Ruff  (r»f)»  v.s    [var-  of  ROUGH  z-.i] 

1.  trans.  To  heckle  (flax)  with  a  ruffer. 

1853  URE  Diet.  Arts  (ed.  4)  I.  741  He  seizes  the  ruffed 
part  of  the  strick..,  and  proceeds  by  similar  treatment  to 
i    'ruff1  the  top  end. 

2.  To  work  the  beaver  felt  into  (a  hat-body). 
1845   [see   RUFFING  vH.  s&.*].      1868  J.  THOMSON  Hat- 

making  <$•  Felting  37  The  known  impossibility  of  napping 
1    or  ruffing  a  hat  by  any  means  with  machinery. 

Ru'ff-coat.  ?  Obs.  [prob.  f,  THROUGH**.]  The 
I  caddis-worm. 

1653  WALTON  Angler  xii.  232  There  is  also  another  Cadis 
called  by  some  a  Straw-worm,  and  by  some  a  Ruffe-coate. 
1787  BEST  Angling  (ed.  2)  20  Another  sort.. is  found.. in 
rushes,  water-weeds,  straw,  &c.  called  ruff  Coats,  or  straw 
worms.  1833  J.  'R&nm?.  A  iph.  Angling-$\  The  grubs  which 
are  known  by  the  name  of  caddis-worms,  case-worms,  cad 
or  cod  bait  and  ruff  coats. 

Ruffe,  obs.  form  of  ROOF,  ROUGH,  RUFF. 

Ruffed  (r»ft),  ppL  a.1  Also  6  ruft.  [f.  RUFF 
sb$  or  £».*] 

1.  Wrinkled,  curled,   rare. 

1578  LVTE  Dodoens\.  vi.  553  Ruffed,  or  curled  Colewurtes, 
Ibid.  554  The  fourth  kind  of  red  Cole,  is  called . .  in  Englislie 
Wrinckled  or  ruffed  Cole. 

2.  Ruffled,   rare-1. 

1591  SPENSER  Teares  Muses  402  Thy  gay  Sonne,  that 
winged  God  of  Love,  May  now  goe  prune  his  plumes  like 
ruffed  Dove. 

3.  Wearing  a  raff;  provided  with  ruffs. 

1586  T.  B.  La  Printaud.  Fr.  Acad.  T.  (1589)  207  What 
would  he  have  said  of  our  Courtiers,  so  finely  curled,  ruft,  and 
perfumed?  1810  CRABBE  Borough  ii.  98  That  marble  arch, 
our  sexton's  favourite  show,  With  all  those  ruff'd  and 
painted  pairs  below.  1859  K.INGSLF.Y  Misc.  II.  134  If  we 
met  such  a  ruffed  and  ruffled  worthy  as  used  to  swagger  by 
hundreds  up  and  down  Paul's  Walk. 

b.  In  names  of  birds  and  animals :  Having  a 
ruff-like  collar  or  markings,  as  ruffed  bustard^ 
grouse ,  heathcockt  pigeon  ;  rujffed  lemur ^  macaco. 

1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  II.  11.  805  *  Ruffed  Bust 
ard.  1819  STEPHENS  in  Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.  XI.  448  Ruffed 

i i i      I_L_L:»_    A i.:_ i    .1 .1.,  -   ... 


the  tool 


bustard  .  .  inhabits  Arabia  and  the  northern  parts  of  Africa. 
1782  Phil.  'Frans.  LXII.  397  'Ruffed  Grous,  T.  Uutbellus. 
1785  PENNANT  Arct.  Zool.  II.  301  Ruffed  Grans,  Grous 
with  a  great  ruff  on  the  hind  part  of  the  neck.  1812  A. 
WILSON  A  mcr.  Ornith.  VI.  45  The  Pinnated  Grous  was  seen 
in  great  numbers,  but  none  of  the  Ruffed.  1872  COUES  A~. 
Artier.  Birds  235  Ruffed  Groitse...  Sides  of  the  neck  with  a 
tuft  of  numerous..  broad,  soft,  glossy-black  feathers.  1752 
EDWARDS  Glean.  Nat.  Hist.  1.  79  The  'Ruffed  Heath-cock, 
or  Grous.  1840  Curler's  Afiint.  Kingd.  63  One  beautiful 
species,  the  'Ruffed  Lemur  (L.  jnacaco,  Lin.),  is  varied  with 
large  patches  of  black  on  a  pure  white  ground.  1897  H.  O. 
FORBES  Hand-bk.  Primates  I.  69  The  Ruffed  or  Variable 
Lemur  [Lemur  Varius\.  1771  PENNANT  Syn.  Qnadrup. 
138  'Ruffed  maucauco.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  IX.  785/2 
The  .  .  ruffed  maucauco,  (the  I'ari  of  Buffon),  is  also  an  in 
habitant  of  Madagascar.  1611  COTGR.,  Pigeon  chapcronne, 
a  'ruffed,  or  copped,  Pigeon. 

Ruffed  (rrft),///.  a.2  [f.  RUFF  f.5]  a.  Covered 
with  beaver  felt.  b.  Heckled  with  a  ruffer. 

1846  MCCULI.OCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  '•  7°3.  Few 
beaver  or  ruffed  hats  meet  the  English  manufacturer  in  the 
markets  referred  to.  1853  URE  Diet.  Arts  (ed.  4)  I. 
When  this  is  finished  the  'ruffed'  work  is  taken  to  th 
called  a  '  common  8  '.  Ibid,  [see  RUFF  v?  i). 

Ruffer1.     rare-",   [f.  RUFF  v.-]   (See  quot.) 

1611  FLORIO,  Ronfai6re,..v.  ruffer  or  trumper  at  cardes. 

Ru-ffer  2.    [f.  RUFF  v.r>]  =  ROUGHER  3. 

1853  URE  Diet.  Arts  (ed.  4)  I.  741  The  pins.  .are  much 
closer  placed  than  those  of  the  ruffer.  1882  [see  ROUGHER  3]. 

Buffet,  variant  of  ROUGHET. 

Ruffian  (r»-fian),  sb.  and  a.  Forms:  a.  6 
ruflan,  ruffyan(e,  ruffiane,  -ion,  6-  ruffian. 
/3.  6  rouffyn,  ruffyne,  6-7  ruffin,  ruffen,  7 
ruffon.  [n.  OF.  ntfyen,  -ien,  ruffien,  ruffian 
(mod.F.  nifien,  nifian),  =  Prov.  ntfian,  rofian, 
Catal.  ntfia,  Sp.  ntfian,  Pg.  rttfiao  (raj/Me),  It. 
ruffiano,  med.L.  ruffianus  :  the  ultimate  origin  of 
these  forms  is  obscure,  there  being  no  evidence  to 
support  any  of  the  conjectures  which  have  been 
offered.  French  is  also  the  source  of  MDu.  roff-, 
rnffiaen  (Du.  roffiaaii),  MLG.,  MHG.,  and  mod.G. 
ruffian.] 

1.  A  man  of  a  low  and  brutal  character;  one 
habitually  given  to  acts  of  violence  or  crime  ;  a 
cut-throat  villain. 

a  1531  ELVOT  Gem.  n.  xii.  (1880)  II.  156  A  commune  and 
notable  rufian  or  thefe,  whiche  had  robbed  and  slayne  a 
man.  1568  GRAFTON  Chron.  II.  119  Assemblyng  together 
a  greate  rowte  of  Ruffians  and  Robbers.  1633  G.  HERBERT 
Church  Militant  163  The  old  debauched  ruffian  would  turn 
writer.  1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  Iniq.  413  Their  beginnings 
being  helped  on  by  a  rabble  of  Ruffians  and  Robbers. 
I727-46THOMSON  •$»«/««»•  274  Near  the  dire  cell  the  dread- 
less  wanderer  oft  Passes,  as  oft  the  ruffian  shows  his  front. 
1752  YOUNG  Brothers  iv.  i,  Stab  me  yourself,  nor  give  me  to 
the  knife  Of  midnight  ruffians.  1820  BYRON  Mar.  Fal.  \.  ii, 
With  common  ruffians  leagued  to  ruin  states  !  1848  MRS. 
JAMIESON  Sacr.  f,  Leg.  Art  (1850)  64  It  is  not  a  fiend,  but  a 
degraded  prosaic  human  ruffian.  1868  FREEMAN  Norm. 
Cong.  (1877)  II.  68  The  courts  of  ruffians  like  Harold  and 
Harthacnut. 

p.  !5S3  T.  WILSON  Rlict.  99  Not  a  common  ruffin,  but  a 
most  cruell  cut  throte.  1576  BP.  WOOLTON  Clir.  Man.  I  v  b, 
Some  tyme  lyke  Rentiers,  some  tyme  lyke  Rouffyns,  but 


RUFFIAN. 

seldome  like  honest  folckes.  1608  SYLVESTER  Du  Eartas 
ii.  iv.  Decay  1077  The  louzie  Couch  Of  some  base  Ruffon, 
or  some  beastly  Slouch.  1616  R.  C.  Times'  Whistle  (1871) 
48  Taurus,  that  ruffen,  in  his  drunken  fit,  An  execrable 
murder  did  committe.  1686  PLOT  Staffordsh.  291  Inticed 
hither  in  a  dismall  stormy  night  by  a  bloody  Ruffin.  1716 
T.  WARD  Eng.  Reform.  365  ARed-Nos'd  Ruffin, called  Noll. 
•f"  b.  Ritjfiarfs  hall :  (see  quot.  1674).  06s. 

^592  NASHE  P.  Penilesse^  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  53  As  if  men 
will  needs  carouse,  conspire,  and  quarrell,  that  they  may 
make  Ruffians  hall  of  Hell.  1605  CHAPMAN,  etc.  Easttu. 
/foe  i.  i,  Heyday,  Ruffins  hal.  Sword,  pumps,  heers  a 
Racket  indeed.  1632  MASSINGER  City  Madam  i.  ii,  Beat 
down  their  weapons  !  My  gate  Ruffian's  Hall  !  What  in 
solence  is  this?  1674  BLOUNT,  Ruffians  Hall^  so  that  part 
of  Smithfield  was  antiently  called,  which  is  now  the  Horse- 
market,  where  Trials  of  Skill  were  plaid  by  ordinary  Ruf 
fianly  people,  with  Sword  and  Buckler. 
c.  Pugilism.  (See  quot.  1823.) 

1810  Sporting  Mag.  XXXVI.  125  Ballards  is  a  game 
little  ruffian,  and  has  won  by  strength.  1823  EGAN  Grose's 
Diet.  Vulgar  71.,  Ruffian,  in  the  pugilistic  cant,  is  a  fellow 
regardless  of  a  knowledge  of  the  science;  one  who  hits 
away  right  or  wrong,  so  that  he  can  only  obtain  conquest, 
f  d.  A  rowdy  coxcomb.  Obs. 

1820  CAPT.  F.  MAcDoNOGH  Hermit  in  London  V.  36  We 
have  also  a  new  genus  of  males  ycleped  ruffians,  far  differ 
ing  from  our  bucks  or  sporting  gentlemen  of  old.  1836  E. 
HOWARD  R.  Reefer  Ixiii,  It  was  in  the  reign  of  the  '  bloods ' 
and  the  '  ruffians ',  more  ferocious  species  of  coxcombs  than 
our  dandies. 

f  2.  One  distinguished  as  a  swaggering  bully  or 
dissolute  person  by  his  dress  or  appearance  (esp, 
by  wearing  the  hair  long).  Obs. 

1560  PILKINGTON  Aggetts  H  ij  b,  A  Ruffin  wil  haue  more  in 
a  ruffe  and  hys  hose,  than  he  should  spend  in  a  yeare.  1583 
Exec,  for  Treason  (1675)  39  All  in  their  apparel,  as  Roisters 
or  Ruffins.  1603  in  Brand  Newcastle  (1789)  II.  232  [Ap 
prentices  shall  not]  weare  their  haire  longe  nor  locks  at 
their  ears  like  ruffians.  1623  R.  CARPFNTER  Conscionable 
Christian  54  A  feast  in  sicknesse  when  worldlings  hopes., 
lag  like  a  Ruffians  starcht  Ruffe  in  a  storme  of  r.iine.  1675 
BAXTER  Caih.  Theol.  ii.  i.  298,  I  can  remember  since  among 
the  Religious  stricter  party,  it  was  abominable  to  wear  long 
hair,  even  to  cover  the  ears,  and  now  these  twenty  years 
they  many  of  them  exceed  those  that  then  were  accounted 
Ruffians. 

1 3.  A  protector  or  confederate  of  courtesans. 
Obs.  Cf.  BULLY  sbl  4. 

A  common  sense  in  the  Romance  languages. 

c  1618  MORYSON  I  tin.  iv.  412  The  Common  sorte  lodge 
with  Baudes  called  Ruffians,  to  whome  in  Venice  they  pay 
of  their  gayne  the  fifth  parte.  1632  Hollands  Leaguer 
D  2,  The  first,  a  stout  Ruffian  to  guard  her.  1648  H&XHAM 
n,  Een  hoeren-voerder,  a  Ruffin,  or  a  keeper  of  Whores. 

4.  attrib.  or  as  adj.  a.  Characteristic  of,  appro 
priate  to,  ruffians. 

1553  T.  WILSON  Rhet.  75  b,  To  eschue  all  folishe  talke  & 
ruffin  maners.  1590  SPENSER  F.Q.  i.  iv.  34  His  ruffin  rai 
ment  all  was  staind  with  blood.  1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  J'/,  v. 
ii.  49  Was't  thou  ordain'd  ,  .thus  To  die  in  Ruffian  battell? 
1735  Poi'E  Odyss.  iv.  977  Experienc'd  age  May  timely  in 
tercept  the  ruffian  rage.  1746  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol.  n. 
xv,  Guile  and  ruffian  force  were  all  their  trade.  1814  SCOTT 
La.  of  Isles  vi.  xxvi,  Some  fought  from  ruffian  thirst  of 
blood,  c  1840  DE  QUINCEY  War  Wks.  1862  IV.  273  A  pre 
datory  and  ruffian  war. 

b.  Having  the  manners,  behaviour,  or  appear 
ance  of  ruffians.  Also  _/?£•.  of  things. 

159?  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  Ilrt  in.  i.  22  The  Windes.Who  take  the 
Ruffian  liillowes  by  the  top.  1605  ist  Pt.  leronimo  m.  ii,  As 
sithmen  trim  the  long  haird  Ruffian  fields.  1632  LITHGOW 
Trat>.  i.  2  Ruffian  Pandors,  by  hopeful!  youth  and  prodi 
gal^  gallants,  are  now_. . richly  rewarded.  1694  MOTTEUX 


,     ;ng  12  See  where  surly  _      

1821  SOUTHF.Y  Kxped.  Orsna  212  note,  A  hero  of  the  ruffian 
breed.     1871  KiNGSLEV.<4/.£/»/ vi,The  ruffian  army,  which 
is  (he  usual  curse  of  a  Spanish  American  republic. 
c.  -Relating  to  ruffians. 

1842  BORROW  Bible  in  Spain  xii,  One.. whose  name  will 
live  for  many  a  year  in  the  ruffian  histories  of  Madrid. 

5.   Comb.,  as  ruffian-faced,  -looking. 

1794  MRS.  RADCLIFFK  Myst.  Udolpho  xxvi,  Followed  by  a 
number  of  ruffian-faced  fellows.  1824  John  Bull  Mag.  \. 
133  One  debauched  ruffian-looking  scarecrow. 

Ruffian,  the  devil :  see  RUFFIN  l . 

Ruffian  (nrfian),  v.  Also  6  ruffln.  [f.  the 
sb.  Cf.  Sp.  rttfianar,  It.  rnjfianare.] 

1.  intr.  To  play  the  ruffian ;  esp.  of  wind,  etc., 
to  rage,  bluster.     Also  const,  it  and  out. 

15940.  IJ.  Quest.  Profit.  Concern.  12  b(  What  would  haue 
serued  their  turnes  fine  yeares  at  home, ..must  be  spent  in 
one  yeare  on  proud  ragges,  to  ruffin  it  out  in  the  companie 
of  their  betters.  1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  n.  i.  7  Me  thinks,  the 
wind  hath  spoke  aloud  at  Land,  ..If  it  hath  ruffiandso  vpon 
the  Sea  [etc.].  1822  \V.  TENNANT  Thane  of  Fife  i.  9  Their 
foam-becrested  heads  that  rowl  and  ruffian  on  1 

2.  Pugilism,    a.  trans.  To  strike  (one)  without 
regard  to  the  rules  of  sport ;  to  maul,  hammer. 

1808  Sporting  Mag.  XXXII.  77  Gully. .kept  him  from 
falling  until  he  had  ruffianed  him  into  nn  apparent  senseless 
state.  -&i$Blackw.Mag.  IV.  728  [He]  ruffian 'd  the  reeling 
youngster  round  the  Ring. 

b.  intr.  (Cf.  RUFFIAN  sb.  \  c.)     Also^. 

i8ao  Blackwoorfs  Mag.\\\.  190  Even  I,. .who  never 
'ruffian'd  '  in  the  ring.  Nor  know  of'  challenge  '.  1828  Ibid. 
XXIII.  843  [Brougham]  is  not  particularly  conscientious 
about  a  foul  blow .  .and  he  is  too  much  given  to  ruffianing  it. 

Ruffiaiiage    (nrfianedg).     [f.  RUFFIAN  sb.] 
Ruffianism ;  ruffians  collectively. 
1852  Klacfcw.  Mag,  LXXII.  278  So  long  as  the  ruffiaiiage 

VOL.  VIII. 


873 

of  our  great  towns  exists,  so  long  must  war  continue.  1874 
E.  PEACOCK  J.  Markenfield  III.  25  He  was  well  known  to 
nearly  every  unit  of  the  ruffianage  that  was  gathered  to 
gether. 

Ru'ffiaudoni.  [f.  RUFFIAN  sb.]  The  domain 
of  ruffians;  ruffians  collectively ;  ruffianism. 

1882  SALA  Amer.  Revis.  (1885)  160  Some  of  the  most 
amazing  ruffians  that  the  whole  world  of  ruffiandom  probably 
could  furnish.  1886  G.  GISSING  Isabel  Clarendon  II.  v. 
109  He  never  sank  to  sheer  ruffiandom. 

Ru  ffiaiiliood.  rare.  [f.  RUFFIAN  sb^\  The 
quality  of  a  ruffian  ;  ruffians  collectively. 

1856  Titan  Alag.  July  53/1  Nothing  thick-lipped  or  wolf, 
eyed:  no  defiant  ruffianhood  about  the  men.  1884  A. 
FORBES  Chinese  Gordon  ii.  29  The  peaceful  fled  shudder- 
ingly  before  this  wave  of  fierce  stalwart  ruffianhood. 

Rirffianing,  vbl.  sb.    [f.  RUFFIAN  sb.] 

1.  Dissolute  or  riotous  conduct.     V  Obs. 

1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Thess.  i  That  the  vn- 
learned  might,  .repent  of  light  ruffianyng  and  blasphemous 
carnal  Gospelling.  1556  OLDE  Antichrist  94  Their  intern- 
peraunce,  ruffionyng,  glotonie. 

2.  Brutal  unscientific  boxing. 

1896  A.  MORRISON  Child  of  the  Jago  131  The  sparring 
was  not  long..;  the  main  hits  and  guards,  with  much  rushing 
and  ruffianing. 

Rivffianish,  a.  rare.  [f.  RUFFIAN  sl."\  Char 
acteristic  of  a  ruffian  ;  ruffianly. 

1593  G.  HARVEY  Pierce' s  Sufer.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  221 
They  that  affect  such  ruffian ish  braueryes..may  bestow 
the  reading.  1611  FLORID,  Ruffianesco^  ruffianish.  1824 
Spirit  Piibl.  "Jrnls.  (1825)  511  The  complaining  coachman — 
a  stout. .,  large-lipped,  young,  ruffianish  sort  of  a  subject. 

Ruffianism  (nrfiftniz'm).  [f.  RUFFIAN  sb.] 
Conduct  or  manners  befitting  a  ruffian;  violence, 
brutality;  ruffianly  character  ;  ruffians  collectively. 

1593  G.  HARVF.Y  Pierce*  $  Super.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  218 
The  stately  Tragedie  scorneth  the  trifling  Comedie :  and 
the  trifling  Comedie  flowteth  the  new  Ruffianisme.  1596 
NASHE  Saffron  Walden  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  in  lietwixt  a 
kinde  of  carelesse  rude  ruffianisme,  and  curious  finical! 
complement.  1656  BLOU.NT  Glossogr.t  Ribanldi-y,  Roguery, 
Ruffianism,  Whoredom. 

1839  BE  QUINCEV  Murder  Wks.  1854  IV.  87  He  was 
aware  of.  .the  ruffianism  of  this  whole  neighbourhood.  1873 
UURTON  Hist.  Scot.  VI.  Ixv.  20  At  the  end  of  the  Thirty 
V* ear's  War.. there  was  much  turbulence  and  ruffianism. 
1890  '  R.  PiOLDKEwooD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  289  This  vast 
concourse  of  people,  containing  presumably  the  ruffianism 
of  all  lands  under  the  sun. 

Ru'ffianize,  v,    [f.  RUFFIAN  ,?<$.] 
fl.  intr.  To  play  the  ruffian  or  pander.   Obs~° 
1611  COTGR.,  Riifftenner,  to  Ruffianize,  to  panclavize  it; 
make  or  set  leacherous  matches. 
2.  trans.  To  render  ruffianly  in  character. 
1833  SOUTHEV  in  Life  (1850)  VI.  220  The  portrait  prefixed 
to    this  book  seems  intentionally  to  have   radicalised,   or 
rather  ruffianised,  a  countenance  which  had  no  cut-throat 
expression  at  that  time,     1872  W.  MINTO  Eng.  Prose  Lit. 
i.  i.  55  He  objected  to  the  Reform  Bill  of  1832,  that  it  had 
ruffianised  Parliament. 

Ru-ffiaii-like,  a.  and  adv.  Also  6-7  ruffiu-. 
[f.  RUFFIAN  sb] 

A.  adj.  Befitting,  appropriate  to,  a  ruffian ;  re 
sembling,  having  the  qualities  or  manners  of,  a 
ruffian. 

a.  1598  FI.ORIO,  Roffianamenti)  bawdries  or  ruffianlike 
tricks,  run1  ings,  a  1627  HAVWARD  Ediv.  I-'/ (1630)  142  His 
bold  answeres  termed  rude  and  ruffianlike.  .only  caused  or 
much  furthered  his  condemnation.  1657  W-  COLES  Adam 
in  Eden  xviii.  38  The  late  Witch  of  Salisbury,  who  sent  her 
Ruffian-like  spirits  to  gather  Vervein  and  Dill.  1767 
WILKES  Corr.  (1805)  III.  104  A  good  deal  of  humanity,  and 
some  share  of  timidity,  prevented  the  execution  of  such 
ruffian-like  commands.  1818  COBBF.TT  Pol.  Reg.  XXXIII. 
242  The  despots,  bold  and  ruffian-like  as  they  are,  dare  not 
go  to  war  against  the  Patriots  of  Spanish  America. 

ft.  1580  FULKE  Answ.  P.  Frarina  54  To  omit  his  ruffin. 
like  railing,  and  whorish  scoulding.  1581  STVWARD  A/art. 
Disci  pi.  \.  «;i  No  souldier  shall  be  suffered  to  be  of  a  ruftin- 
Hke  behauiour,  either  to  prouoke  or  to  giue  anie  blow  or 
thrust.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  \\\.  18  Which  Ruffin-like 
custom  of  long  hair  now  used  by  the  Normans,  was  here 
justly  restrained. 

B.  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  ruffian,    rare. 

1600  BRRTON  Pasquils  Fooles-caj>pe  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  21/2 
Shee  that  is  giuen  to  Pride  and  Brauery,  And  Ruffin-like, 
will  s weare,  and  swash  it  out.  1657  BUNYAN  Vind.  GosJ>. 
Truths  Wks.  1853  II.  193  Ruffian-like  they  will  wear  long 
hair,  which  nature  itself  forbiddeth. 

Ruffianly  (rzrfianli),  a.  Also  6  ruffianlie,  7 
rufeaniely  ;  6  ruflfyn-,  ruffin-,  ruffenly.  [f. 
RUFFIAN  sb.  +  -LY  i.] 

1.  Having  the  character,  appearance,  or  demean 
our  of  a  ruffian. 

1570  FOXE  A.  <5-  AT.  (ed.  2)  1359/1  A  certeine  seruyng 
man  of  the  lyke  rufiynly  order.  1593  NASHE  Christ's  T. 
Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  224  No  Smithfield  ruffianly  Swash- 
buckler  will  come  of  with  such  harshe  hell-raking  othes  as 
they.  1612  T.  TAYLOR  Conim.  Titus  iii.  3  Many  ruffianly 
Protestants,  who  strengthen  themselues  in  their  slnnes. 
1633  PKYNNE  Histriom.  210  Love-lockes,  growne  now  too 
much  in  fashion  with  comly  Pages,  Youthes,  and  lewd 
effeminate  ruffianly  persons.  1674  BLOUNT,  s.v.  Ruffians 
jlall,  Where  Trials  of  Skill  were  plaid  by  ordinary  Ruffianly 
people.  1835  JAMES  Ci^syxiil,  I  found  him  consorting  with 
a  gang  of  as  ruffianly  fellows  as  ever  I  beheld.  1856  R.  A. 
VAUGHAN  Mystics  (1860)  I.  vi.  viii.  266  He  sits  himself  down 
to  table  with  a  ruffianly  set  of  drovers  and  traders. 

Comb.  1822  SCOTT  Ptveril  xxiii,  Two  ruffianly. looking 
men,  apparently  his  guards,  had  hold  of  his  doublet. 

2.  Characteristic  of,  appropriate  to,  ruffians. 

a.  1579  NORTHBROOKE  Dicing  (1843)  168  By  the  worde 


RUFFLE. 

(daunclng)  there  is  not  ment  euery  maner  of  wanton  or 
ruffianly  leaping  and  frisking.  1592  G.  HARVEY  Four  Let 
ters  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  168  With  ruffianly  haire,  vnseemely 
apparell,  and  more  vnseemelye  Company.  1603  Li  swore 
Papers  Ser.jr.  (1887)  I.  44  He  marvauled  that  he  would., 
breake  owt  into  such  passion  in  that  rufeaniely  sorte.  1691 
T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent,  p.  ex,  He.. had  from  him 
instead  of  thanks  a  ruffianly  Answer.  1750  in  Dodsley  Fttg. 
Pieces  (1761)  I.  147  For  daring  to  asperse  her  Daughter's 
Reputation  in  that  wicked  ruffianly  Manner.  1821  SCOTT 
Kenihu.  i,  The  mercer  there.. affects  a  ruffianly  vapouring 
humour.  1874  MOTLEY  John  of  Barneveld  II.  xxi.  386 
Two  common  soldiers  of  ruffianly  aspect. 

ft.  1586  B.  YOUNG  Gitazzo's  Civ,  Conv.  iv.  221  b,  In  so 
ruffenly  and  unseemliea  sort.  1600  W,  WATSON  Dccacordon 
(1602)  244  A  new  and  ruffinly  course. 

II  Ruffiano.  Obs.  Also  pi.  ruffiani.  [a.  It. 
rujfiano.]  =  RUFFIAN  sb. 

1611  CORYAT  Crudities  268  Shee  will  either  cause  thy 
throate  to  be  cut  by  her  Ruffiano..or  procure  thee  to  be 
arrested.  1618  Hist.  Pcrkin  IVarbeck  15  So  the  Zaffi,  or 
other  desperate  Ruffiani  obtaine  many  preies  and  booties. 
1709  Brit.  Apollo  No.  73.  3/1  And  Kufliano  thou  by  Nature 
art.  1819  'RABELAIS'  Abeillard  $  Heloisa^i-}  Reader! 
hast  seen  a  ruffiano  !  Stealing  towards  ye  near  the  Arno? 

K/ufftano'sity.  tionce-wd*  [f.  RUFFIAN  ^J 
Ruffianism  (in  boxing). 

1823  Dlackw.  Alag.  XI  v,  72  No  ruffianosity  can  ever  beat 
science. 

t  Ru'ffianous,  a.  Obs.  Also  7  ruffinous. 
[f.  RUFFIAN  sl>.~\  Ruffianly. 

1555  Instr.  Gentleman  C  iij,  Hortentius  Corbi'o,  a  man  of 
most  noughtyand  Ruffianous  life.  n6n  CHAPMAN  Iliad\\, 
457  To  shelter  the  sad  Monument  from  all  the  ruffinous 
pride  Of  stormes  and  tempests. 

Ru'ffianry.  rare.  [f.  RUFFIAN  sb.  Cf.  obs. 
F.  rttffiennene,  Sp.  rtff~,  It.  rttffiamria!\  Ruffian 
ism  ;  ruffians  collectively. 

1583  GOLDIXG  Calvin  on  Dent.  cii.  631  Though  a  man 
cast  himselfe  into  all  manner  of  leawdnes  and  ruffianry.  1891 
Cornh.  Mag.  Jan.  80  Shetanpara  begins  to  pour  forth  ;i!l 
its  ruffianry. 

Ru-ffianship.     rare*0.     (See  quot.) 

1648  HEXHAM  n,  Rojfiaenschap^  Ruffianship,  or  Eawdie- 
nesse, 

Ruffie,  variant  of  RUFFY*  Obs. 

'i' Ru'ffill ^.  Obs.  Forms:  3,6-7  ruffin,  4-6 
ruffyn(e,  5  rofyn ;  6-7  ruffian.  [Of  obscure 
origin;  perh.  related  to  RUFFIAN  sb.t  but  recorded 
much  earlier  than  that  word.  See  also  RUFFY  1.] 

1.  The  name  of  a  fiend. 

<?  1225  St.  Marker.  13  pou.  .art  mi  broo"eres  bone,  rufnnes 
of  helie.  c  1250  Mcid.  Marcgrcte  1,  Ruffin  was  my  broker, 
(?at  tou  here  sclowe.  1426  ACDELAY  Poems  77  So  hard 
Rofyn  rogud  his  roll,  That  he  smot  with  his  choule,  A^ayns 
the  marbystone.  a  1500  Chester  Plays  v.  166",  I  have  godis 
wonder  fell;  both  ruffin  and  ragnell  will  work  right  as  I 
them  tell. 

2.  Cant.  The  Devil. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  this  is  a  continuation  of  the  old 
name,  or  a  new  application  of  RUFFIAN  &b.  In  the  Chester 
Plays  i.  239  the  Harl.  MS.  has  Ruffian  in  place  of  Kuffin 
of  the  other  copies. 

1567  HARMAN  Caveat  (1869)  84  To  the  ruffian,  to  the 
deuell.  The  ruffian  cly  t/ie,  the  deuyll  take  thee.  2608 
DI-KKER  Lanth.  fy  Candle  Lt.  Ciij  b,  The  Ruffin  cly  the 
nab  of  the  Harman  beck,  a  1625  FLETCHER  Beggar  s  Bush 
in.  iii.  And  let  the  Quire  Cuffin,  And  Hermanbecks  trine, 
and  trine  to  the  Ruffin.  1641  HROME  JoinallCrcw  \\.  Wks. 
1873  III.  380,  I  sweare  by  the  Ruffin,  That  we  are  assaulted 
by  a  quire  Cuffin. 

tRu'flin2.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RUFF  sb.1  2,  with. 
obscure  ending.]  The  ruff,  Accrina  cernua. 

1596  SPF.XSRK  F.Q.  iv.  xi.  33  Yar.. brought  a  present  joy 
fully  Of  his  owne  fish . .  Who.-»e  like  none  else  could  shew,  the 
which  they  Ruffins  call.  1610  W.  FOI.KINGHAM  ArtSu>i<ey 
iv.  iii.  83  Dace,  Roach,  Ruffin,  Eeles. 

Ru'ffing,  vbl.  sb.l  [f.  RUFF  «;.-]  '1'he  action 
of  making  a  ruff  at  cards. 

1611  FLORIO,  Konfawenti^  ..also  ruflings  at  cartles.  1850 
Handhk.  of  Games  (liohn)  162  Ruffing^  playing  a  trump  to 
any  other  suit.  1885  PROCTOR  Whist  76  A  trump  lead  may 
be  purely  defensive,  made  simply  to  prevent  ruffing. 

Bu'ffing,  vbl.  sb*  Sc.  [f.  RUFF  v.*]  The 
action  of  applauding  with  the  feet. 

1836  Dundee  Advertiser  25  Nov.,  On  reading  the  minute*, 
there  was  some  ruffing.  1843  CARI.VLE  in  Froude  ist  40 
1'rs.  (1882)  I.  313  Ruffing  of  applausive  barristers  over  table 
oratory  heard  at  a  distance.  1869  A.  M ACDOM&LD  5f #&M£KJf 
(1877)  87  (E.  D.  D-),  Great  ruffing  in  the  gallery. 

Ruffing,  -vbL  sb.*  [See  RUFF  r.s  2,  and 
ROUGHING  vbl.  sb.  2.]  The  process  of  working 
beaver  felt  into  a  hat-body.  Also  concr.  the  felt 
used  for  this  purpose. 

1845  G.  DODD  firit.  A  fame/.  V.  165  This  layer,  which  is 
called  a 'ruffing ',  or 'roughing ',  is  a  little  larger  than  the 
cap  body.  Ibid.  166  In  the  process  of  'ruffing  '.each  fibre  of 
fur.. enters  the  substance  of  the  felt  cap.  1886  HOLLAND 
Cheshire  Gloss,  s.v. 

Ru'fling,/1//.  a.     [f.  RUFF  z>A]     Blustering. 

1628  FORD  Lover's  Mel.  v.  i,  Like  ruffing  winds  lock'd  up 

^Ruffle  (r»*f  1),  sb.i  Also  6  Sc.  mfflll.  [f.  RUFFLE 
v.1  Cf.  Kilian's  '  ntyffel,  ruga*  (not  otherwise 
known),  and  LG.  rtiffel  goffering-iron.] 

I.  f  1.  Impairment  of  one's  reputation.   0/>s~l 

1508  DUNBAR  Tna  Mariit  Wemen  332,  I  wald  haif  ridden 
him  to  Rome,  with  ane  raip  in  his  heid,  Wer  not  ruftill  of 
my  renovne,  &  rumour  of  pepill. 

f  2.  Disorder,  confusion.  Obs. 

It  is  possible  that  these  quots.  may  belong  to  sb.* 

110 


RUFFLE. 


874 


RUFFLE. 


?i 


1533  MORE  Answ.  Poysoned  fik.  Wks.  1087/2  When  ye 
see  the  thynges  in  suche  wyse  before  you  withoute  inter- 
lacinge,  ruffle,  and  confusion,  1712  BLACKMORE  Creation 
252  The  elements  distinct  might  keep  their  seat,  Elude  the 
ruffle,  and  your  scheme  defeat. 

3.  A  disturbed  state  (of  the  mind);  disturbance, 
perturbation,  excitement. 

1704  M.  HENRY  Commun.  Cotnp.  Wks.  1853  I.  340/2 
Free  from  the  disorders  and  ruffles  of  passion.  1748  J.  NOR 
TON  Redeemed  Captive  (1870)  21  This  put  them  into  a  con 
siderable  ruffle,  fearing  that  there  might  be  an  army  after 
them.  1767  T.  HUTCHINSON  Hist.  Mass.  II.  iii.  221  An  ad 
ministration.. calm  and  without  ruffle.  1878  ELWINIR  Life 
ff  Lett,  Pennefather  xxi.  515  To  carry  out  innumerable  de 
tails  without  ruffle  or  excitement. 

b.  A   disturbing    or    annoying    experience    or 
encounter ;  annoyance,  vexation. 

1718  Entertainer  No.  ai.  138  To  keep  the  Soul  steady 
under  the  severest  Pressures  and  Ruffles  of  Fortune,  is 
a  Magnanimity  feu-  Hero's  can  arrive  at.  1735  SWIFT 
Corr.  Wks.  1841  II.  757  Taking  a  secret  pleasure  in 
all  the  little  ruffles  you  meet  with  in  the  country.  1741 
MIDDLETON  Cicero  I.  v.  332  As  this  unexpected  opposition 
some  little  ruffle  to  the  Triumvirate.  1878  HARK 
s  Land.  I.  iv.  136  In  his  after  work  he  met  with  so  many 
rubs  and  ruffles. 

4.  A   break    or   alteration    in    the   evenness   or 
placidity  of  some  surface:  a.  Of  the  features. 

lyi^  Guardian  No.  29,  She.. is  never  seen,  .to  disorder  her 
Countenance  with  the  Ruffle  of  a  Smile.  1895  MKREDITH 
Amazing  Marriage  xv,  A  ruffle  of  sourness  shot  over  the 
features  of  the  earl. 

b.  Of  water,  the  sl;y,  etc. 

1750  BEAWES  Lex  Mercat.  (1752)  47  The  frowns  and 
ruffles  of  a  lowering  sky.  1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  107 
The  water  is  generally  so  clear  as  to  see  the  bottom;  and  m 
case  of  any  ruffle  by  the  wind  [etc.].  1855  GUTHRIK  Gosfisl 
in  Ezckicl  (1856)  317  The  cripple.. sat  uncured  by  Beth- 
esda's  pool,  nor  took  his  anxious  eye  off  the  water  as  he 
waited  for  its  first  stir  and  ruffle.  1894  JF.SSOPP  Rami. 
Roam,  \.  37  In  that  delicious.,  sun  shine,  with  never,  .a 
ruffle  on  the  gently  heaving  water. 

5.  The  act  of  ruffling  cards, 

187*  Kentledge's  E~>.  Boys  Ann,  June  435/1  The  ruffle  is 
a  mere  flourish. 

II.  f  6.  The  loose  turned-over  portion  or  flap 
of  a  top-boot.  Obs.—Y 

1599  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man  out  of  Hum.  iv.  vi,  One  of  the 
Rowels  catcht  hold  of  the  Ruffle  of  my  Boot,  and  being 
Spanish  leather,  and  subject  to  tear,  overthrows  me. 

7.  A  strip  of  lace  or  other  fine  material,  gathered 
on  one  edge  and  used  as  an  ornamental  frill  on  a 
garment,  esp.  at  the  wrist,  breast,  or  neck. 

Ruffles  at  the  wrists  were  formerly  an  ordinary  appendage 
of  male  costume. 

1707  LD.  RABY  in  Hearne  Collect,  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  43  He 
wears  no  Ruffles.  1747  Gent.  Mag.  541/2  He  has  desired  the 
officers  of  the  army  to  leave  off  ruffles,  and  sets  the  example 
himself.  1778  Miss  BURSEY  Evelina  Ixxii,  He  was  very 
soon  engaged  ..  in  looking  at  lace  ruffles.  1850  D.  G. 
MITCHELL  Rev.  Bachelor  87  A  little  bit  of  lace  ruffle  is 
gathered  about  the  neck  by  a  blue  ribbon.  1881  BESANT  & 
RICI-:  Chafil.  of  Fleet  I.  142  He  would  go  with  waistcoat 
unbuttoned,.. neck-cloth  loose,  and  ruffles  limp. 

Comb,  a  1864  HAWTHORNE  Dr.  Grimshaive\^  A  decorous, 
powdered,  ruffle-shirted  dignitary. 

transf.  1825  T.  HOOK  Sayings  Ser.  n.  Man  of  Many  Fr. 
176  A  haunch  of  mutton,  ..decorated  with  a  paper  ruffle,. . 
to  look.. like  venison. 

tb.  slang.  Handcuffs.    Obs. 

1796  Grose's  Diet.  Vulgar  T.  (ed.  3). 
C.  An  object  resembling  a  ruffle;  esp,  the  ruff  of 
a  bird. 

1862  AGASSIZ  Contrib.  Nat.  Hist.  U.S.  IV.  88  Adorned., 
with  waving  ruffles  projecting  in  large  clusters,  which  are 
alternately  pressed  forward  and  withdrawn.  1872  CouES^V. 
Ainer,  Birds  18  The  condor  has  a  singular  ruffle  all  around 
the  neck,  of  close,  downy  feathers. 

Ku'ffle,  J*.-  Forms  :  5-6  ruffull,  ruffill,  6 
ruffell,  6-  ruffle,  [f.  RUFFLE  ^.2,  but  in  later 
use  perh.  not  clearly  distinguished  from  RUFFLE 
sbj-  3  (see  also  sh.\  2).] 

1.  A  riotous  disturbance  or  tumult;  a  hostile 
encounter  or  skirmish ;  a  contention,  dispute. 

1534  MORE  Treat.  Passion  Wks.  1292/1  They  sayde  ther- 
fore. .,  Not  on  the  holy  day,  lest  there  arysesome  sedicious 
ruffle  among  the  people.  1559  BALDWIN  in  Mirr.  Magistr. 
To  Rdr.  A  ij,  Omytting  the  ruffle  made  by  Jacke  Strawe  and 
his  meyny.  1567  DRANT  Horace,  Ep.  n.  i.  G  vj,  Such  rule 
and  ruffle  make  the  rowte  that  cum  to  see  our  geare. 

1700  STRYPE  Life  Ayhner  (1821)  97  In  April  1588,  he 
happened  to  have  a  ruffle  with  a  mad  blade  named  Mad- 
docks.  1710  PALMER  Proverbs  329  In  the  ruffle  between 
two  pretenders,  the  right  owner  often  finds  the  possession. 
1779  JOHNSON  Wk$.(\i%j)  IV.  504  Calamy  only  says  he  had 
a  ruffle  with  bishop  Laud,  while  at  his  height.  1826  SCOTT 
H'tMfist,  viii,  That  last  ruffle  which  we  had  with  him  at 
Worcester.  1858  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  IV.  34  When  the  ' 
ruffle  of  the  Reformation  arose  in  England,  James  in-  | 
clined  to  the  Papacy.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  Miner's 
Right  (ifyf)}  82/1,  I  wouldn't  mind  a  ruffle  with  some  of 
your  volunteers. 

tb.  Without  article.  Obs. 

a  >557  MRS-  M.  BASSETT  tr.  More's  Treat,  Passion  M.'s    , 
Wks.  1357/1  Wherby  raised    they  many  yeares    together,    \ 
mocha  DUJHna  &  ruffle  in  the  church.    1571  CAMPION  Hist. 
Irel.  n.  ix.  (1633)  IQ6  Causes  of  much  ruffle  and  unquietnes 
in  the  Realrne. 

t2.  a.  Sc.  A  check  or  defeat.  Obs 

a  1578  LINDESAV  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.T.S.)  II.  201 
That  was  the  grettest  ruffell  that  evir  the  thives  of  liddis- 
daill  sufferit.  1679  Lauderdale  Papers  (Camden)  III.  169 
Should  I  have  hazarded  these  few  forces  that  were  there 


and  got  the  least  ruffle,  the  consequences  of  it  might  have 
been  of  too  great  Importance  to  Scotland.  1731  WODROW 
Ch.  Hist.  (1828)  III.  70  They  knew  well  their  persecutor's 
rage  would  be  sharpened  by  this  ruffle  [viz.  the  defeat  at 
Drumclog], 

tb.  A  disturbing  cause  or  event;  a  disturbance 
of  peace  or  tranquillity  ;  a  commotion.  Obs. 

1667  WATERHOUSE  Fire  of  London  169  Turned  out  of  their 
callings,  and  unstocked  by  the  loss  of  that  ruffle.  1672 
OWEN  Disc.  Christian^  Love  v.  Wks.  1852  XV.  155  This 
rule  of  church  communion  furnished  Christians  with  peace 
and  amity  for  many  ages,  setting  aside  the  ruffle  given  them 
in  the  rashness  of  Victor  before  mentioned.  1716  Up.  KEN- 
NETT  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  n.  IV.  302  The  Princess  is  in 
a  very  safe  condition  ;  the  long  depending  labour,  and  the 
loss  of  a  fine  Prince  upon  it,  made  a  great  ruffle  at  Court. 

f3.  Ostentatious  bustle  or  display.    Obs.  rare. 

1597  SHAKS.  Lover's  Compl.  ix,  A  reuerend  man.. Some 
time  a  blusterer  that  the  ruffle  knew  Of  Court,  of  Cittie. 
a  1694  TILI.OTSOM  Serin,  clxxv.  Wks.  1743  IX.  4091  Wicked 
ness  is  many  times  exalted  to  high  places  and  makes  a  great 
noise  and  ruffle  in  the  world. 

f4.    -RUFF^.G    Obs. 

1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  I.  Ixvii.  279  Though  the 
Clergy  were  now  in  their  ruffle,  and  felt  themselves  in  their 
full  strength.  1688  HOLME  Armonry  iv.  (Roxb.)  403/1  Barry 
wavey  of  6,  A.  and  B.  an  English  ship,  O.  in  full  ruffle  with 
sailes  A.  garnished  with  red  crosses.  Ibid.t  A  ship  in  his 
full  ruffle  vnder  full  saile. 

R  TV  file,  sb.-'>    rare.     [Cf.  RUFF  sb.l  i.]     The 

sea-bream. 

1601  HOLLAND  /*//«?  II.  429  The  blacke-tailed  ruffles  or 
sea-breames,  which  the  Greekes  name  Melanuri.  1883 
Fisheries  Exhib.  Catal.  352  Oil  extracted  from  Liver  of  the 
Ruffle,  Canary  Islands. 

Rtl'ffle,  J/'.4  Mil.  [Cf.RuFF  sb$  and  Pg.  rufla 
in  the  same  sense.]  (See  quot.  1802.) 

1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Ruffle^  a  term  used  among  the 
drummers  of  a  Britis'h  regiment,  to  signify  a  sort  of  vibrat 
ing  sound,  which  is  made  upon  a  drum,  and  is  less  loud 
than  the  roll.  1844  Regul.  $•  Ord.  Army  29  A  Lleutenant- 
General  is  to  be  received, — By  Infantry,  with  three  Ruffles. 
1868  Ibid.  §  74  The  trumpets  sounding  and  the  drums  beat 
ing  a  ruffle.  1890  Cent.  Mag.  Feb.  570/1  The  very  drums 
and  fifes  that  played  the  ruffles  as  each  battalion  passed  the 
President. 

Ruffle,  z'.1  Forms:  4-5  ruffel(5  -lyn,  -lone), 
6  ruffill,  -yll,  rofel,  7  ruffell;  6-7  rufle,  5- 
ruffle.  [Of  doubtful  origin.  Similar  forms  in 
the  related  languages  are  LG.  wtffeleny  riiffelen 
to  crumple,  curl,  goffer  (cf.  Kilian's  *  rnyffelen, 
rugare,  striare  ')  and  ON.  hntfla  to  scratch.  Sense 
9  is  also  similar  to  that  of  Du.  roffelen,  LG. 
ritffelen,  to  work  roughly.] 

I.  1.  trans.  To  destroy  the  smoothness  or 
evenness  of,  to  spoil  the  regular  or  neat  arrange 
ment  of  (cloth,  the  skin,  etc.). 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  26391  pai  leue  be  grettes  plight  be-hind, 
Bileues  be  hem,  and  scenes  be  light  bat  ruffeld  es  for  to  ma 
slight.  1530  PALSGR.  695/1, 1  ruffle  clothe  or  sylkes,  I  bring 
them  out  of  their  playne  foldynge,y^///^««f.  Se  howe  this 
lawne  is  ruffylled.  1599  B.  JONSON  Ev.  Man  out  of  Hum. 
I.  ii,  Ruffle  your  brow  like  a  new  boot.  1607  DEKKER  & 
MARSTON  Westiv.  Hoe  i.  i,  Pray  thee  looke  the  gowne  be 
not  rutted.  1657111  Thurloe.S'/ate/'.VI.  317X116  paper  being 
loose  and  ruffled  up,  the  titles  of  the  said  books  were  very 
visible.  1700  T.  BROWN  tr.  Fre&ny^s  Amnsem,  49  There 
sits  a  Beau.. that  dares  not  stir  his  Head  nor  move  his 
Body,  for  fear  of.  .ruffling  his  Cravat.  1711  ADDISON^/^C^. 
No.  42  F  i  A  little  Boy  taking  care  all  the  while  that  they 
do  not  ruffle  the  Tail  of  her  Gown.  1833  HT.  MARTINEAU 
Three  Ages  i.  6  The  elder  dame  smoothed  a  brow  which 
was  evidently  too  apt  to  be  ruffled. 

b.  To  roughen,  raise,  or  abrade  (the  skin,  etc.) 
as  by  rubbing  or  grazing  upon. 

1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  67  They  be  women  of  elegant  beau 
ties,,  .smooth  as  the  polished  iuory ;  being  ncuer  ruffled  by 
the  weather.  1654  WHITLOCK  Zootomia  327  Ruffling  her 
incomparable  Beauty  with  Hardships  of  Weather.  1727  A. 
HAMILTON  Neiv  Ace.  E.  Ind,  II.  n,  I  could  give  many  In 
stances..,  but  am  loth  to  ruffle  the  skin  of  old  sores.  1730 
Phil.  Trans.  XXXVI.  341  The  Sword  had  slanted.. along 
the  Omentum,  grazing  slightly  upon  it,  which  was  super 
ficially  ruffled,  but  so  as  to  be  hardly  perceivable.  1883 
S.  C.  HALI,  Retrospect  I.  123  A  ball  from  the  pistol  of 
Maginn  ruffled  the  coat-collar  of  Berkeley. 

o.  To  draw  together  in  a  ruffle  or  ruffles;  to 
trim  with  ruffles.  (Usu.  in  pa.  pple.) 

1653  GREAVES  Seraglio  62  A  pair  of  Chackshirs,  or 
breeches,  after  their  fashion  down  to  the  heels,  and  ruffled 
in  the  small  of  the  leg,  as  our  boots  are.  1666  PEPVS  Diary 
15  Oct.,  The  legs  ruffled  with  black  riband  like  a  pigeon's 
leg.  1711  ADDISON  Sped.  No.  129  f  9  That  he  had  a  clean 
Shirt  on,  which  was  ruffled  down  to  his  middle.  1784 
COWPER  Task  iv.  545  Her  elbows  ruffled,  and  her  touring 
form  111  propp'd  upon  French  heels.  1869  BLACKMOHE 
Lorna  D.  xxi,  He  was..tasselled  and  ruffled  with  a  mint 
of  bravery.  1891  Truth  10  Dec.  1240/2  With  fichu  and 
sash  ruffled  with  quantities  of  lace. 

2.  To  disorder,  disarrange  (hair  or  feathers) ;  to 
cause  to  stick  up  or  out  irregularly. 

1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  ii.  15  Hir  heyr.  .hangynge  indyfler- 
ently  and  alle  rufflyd  on  alle  partyes.  1538  LELAND  /////. 
(1768)  II.  65  Then  I  saw  to  antique  Heddes  with  Heere  as 
rofelid  yn  Lokkes.  1582  STANYHURST  sEncis  ii.  (Arb.)  65 
Heer  with  al  in  trembling  with  speede  wee  ruffled  his  heare- 
bush.  1608  WM.LET  Hexapla  Exod.  32  A  bird  cannot 
enter  without  the  rufling  and  pulling  off  her  feathers.  1634 
MILTON  Coinns  380  She.. lets  grow  her  wings  That  in  the 
various  bussle  of  resort  Were  all  to  ruffl'd.  1864  TENNYSON 
Ayliners  F.  660  Not  a  hair  Ruffled  upon  the  scarfskin. 
1887  BOWEN  .-Kncid  in.  241  Not  one  feather  is  ruffled,  the 
spears  from  their  bodies  glance,  1897  W.  H.  THORNTON 


Rem.  West-Co.  Clergyman  250  She.. went  after  the  other 
bird  and  brought  it  to  me  without  ruffling  a  feather. 

transf.  1703  ROWE  Fair  Penit.  i.  i,  Enthusiastick  Passion 
swell'd  her  Breast,  Enlarg'd  her  Voice,  and  ruffled  all  her 
Form. 

b.  Of  a  bird :  To  set  up,  stiffen  (the  feathers), 
esp.  as  a  sign  of  anger.     Also  in  fig.  context. 

a  1643  W.  CARTWRIGHT  Lesbia  on  her  Sparrow  Comedies, 
etc.  (1651)  225  He  would,  .now  ruffle  all  His  Feathers  o'er, 
now  let  'em  fall.  1828  Scorr  F.  M.  Perth  xvi,  No  dung 
hill  cock.,  would  rufHe  his  feathers  at  such  a  craven  as  thee  ! 
1859  FARRAR  J.  Home  xxviii,  The  Dean  ruffled  his  plumage, 
and  said  with  asperity.  1870  ROCK  Text.  Fabr.  \.  232  A 
swan  ruffling  up  its  feathers  at  the  presence  of  an  eagle. 

3.  In  general  use  :    To  disorder,  to  render  un 
even  or  irregular,  in  some  manner.     Also  reft. 

tiSa8  Lett.  $  P.  Hen.  VUI^  IV.  n.  2233  [The  jury]  have 
viewed  both  the  east  and  west  jetty,  and  find,  .parts  of  the 
same  greatly  frusshid  and  ruffild,  so  that  part  must  be  made 
new.  1633  G.  HF.RBRKT  Temple^  Affliction  iv,  While 
blustring  windes  destroy  the  wanton  bowres,  And  ruffle  all 
their  curious  knots  and  store.  1692  BENTLEY  Boyle  Lect.  iv. 
(1693)  117  Shocks  that  would  ruffle  and  break  all  the  little 
Stamina  of  the  Embryon.  1708  Phil.  Trans.  XXVI.  37  The 
Shingles  on  the  Roof  adjoyning  thereto,  .were  raised  or 
ruffled.  1784  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  3  Nov.,  Not  a  particle 
of  our  whole  frames  seems  ruffled  or  discomposed.  1803 
WORDSW,  Airey-Force  Valley  z  Not  a  breath  of  air  Ruffles 
the  bosom  of  this  leafy  glen.  1841  CAPT.  B.  HALL  Patch' 
•n'ork  III.  17  The  cool  sea-breexe.  .ruffling  the  surface  of  the 
water.  1883  SVMOXDS  Ital.  Byways  i.  3  A  hurricane  blew 
upward  from  the  pass. .,  ruffling  the  lake.  1889  PATER  G. 
<te  Latoitr  75  The  plain  of  La  Beauce  had  ruffled  itself  into 
low  green  hills  and  gently  winding  valleys. 

transf.  1722  DE  FOE  Moll  Flanders  105  We  had  an  in 
different  good  Voyage,  till  we  came  just  upon  the  Coast  of 
England,,  .but  were  then  ruffled  with  two  or  three  Storms. 

b.  In  fig.  contexts. 

1834  GREVILLE  Mem.  13  Nov.  (1875)  III.  139  Several  dis. 
agreeable  occurrences  have  ruffled  the  stream  of  my  life. 
1848  DICKENS  Dombey\  To  think  that  she. .ruffled,  by  a 
breath,  the  harmless  current  of  his  life. 

c.  To  blot  out  by  ruffling.    rare~*+ 

a  1680  CHARNOCK  Attrib.  God  (1834)  I.  441  Levity  of 
spirit,  .scatters  our  thoughts. .;  whatsoever  we  hear  is  like 
words  written  in  sand  ruffled  out  in  the  next  gale. 

4.  a.  To  stir  up  to  indignation,     rare—1. 

1601  SHAKS.  Jul,  C.  in.  ii.  232  But  were  1  Brutus,  And 
Brutus  Antony,  there  were  an  Antony  Would  ruffle  vp  your 
Spirits. 

b.  To  annoy,  irritate,  vex,  discompose  (a  per 
son,  the  mind,  etc.). 

1658-9  Burton's  Diary  (1828)  IV.  222  The  member  that 
ruffled  Sir  Arthur  Haslerigge  thus,  was  of  no  great  quality. 
1695  J.  EDWARDS  Perfect,  Script.  26  Those  murmurings  and 
discontents  which  ruffle  and  imbroil  the  soul.  1710  STEELE 
Taller  No.  176  P6  He  is  sensible  of  every  Passion,  but 
ruffled  by  none.  1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  vin.  i,  At  last, 
.  .and  evidently  much  ruffled  in  his  temper,  he  came.  1839 
ADM.  PAGET  Aittobiog,  (1896)  ii.  55,  I  could  not  resist  ask 
ing  the  unlucky  man  whether  this  did  not  ruffle  his  temper. 
1888  BURGON  Lives  12  Gd.  Men  II.  xii.  413  Always  equable 
in  his  temper,.. nothing  ever  seemed  to  ruffle  him. 

c.  To  trouble,  disturb  (a  state  of  mind,  etc.). 
1701  STANHOPE  S.  Augustine's  Medit.  78  The  love  of  the 

World  and  the  Flesh  is  ruffled  with  anxious  Fears.  1769 
ROBERTSON  C/ias,  F,  ix.  Wks.  1813  III.  143  The  insult,  .did 
not  even  ruffle  the  wonted  tranquillity  and  composure  of 
his  mind.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  fy  F.  \.  V.  227  The  concord 
was  slightly  ruffled  by  an  accidental  quarrel.  1815  MMK. 
D'ARBLAY  Diary  (1876)  IV.  286  This  serenity  was  some 
what  ruffled  by  the  arrival  of  the  commander  of  the  forces. 
1858  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng.  III.  xvii.  499  From  that  moment 
no.  .violent  words  or  actions  ruffled  his  relations  with  Eng 
land.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vii.  §  3.  368  Her  good 
humour  was  never  ruffled  by  the  charges. 

5.  To  turn  over  (the  leaves  of  a  book)  hurriedly  ; 
to  slip  (cards)  rapidly  through  the  fingers. 

1621  DONNE  Serm.  cxvii.  Wks.  1839  V.  65  It  is  not  to  be 
able  to  repeat  any  history  of  the  Bible  without  book,  it  is 
not  to  Ruffle  a  Bible,  and  upon  any  word  to  turn  to  the 
chapter  and  to  the  Verse.  1826  SCOTT  Woodst.  iii.  It  is  a 
mercy  our  good  knight  did  not  see  him  ruffle  the  book  at 
that  rate.  1872  Routledge's  E-v.  Boy's  Ann.  June  435/1  He 
ostentatiously  ruffles  the  cards. 

6.  intr.  To  rise  unevenly  or  irregularly ;  to  form 
small  folds  or  bends ;  to  flutter  in  this  manner. 

1577  B,  GOOCK  Heresbacli's  Husb.  iv.  (1586)  158  The 
necke  feathers  of  colour  diners, .  .which  must  hang  rufling 
from  his  necke,  to  his  shoulders.  1607  MARKHAM  Caval.  u. 
(1617)  255  About  your  necke  you  shall  weare..no  RuiTe 
whose  depth  or  thicknes  may  either  with  the  winde,  or 
motions  of  your  Horse,  ruffell  about  your  face.  1666 
DRYDEN  Ann.  Mirab.  clii,  Her  flag  aloft,  spread  ruffling  to 
the  wind,  And  sanguine  streamers  seem  the  flood  to  fire. 
1728-46  THOMSON  Spring'  718  Her  pinions  ruffle,  and,  low- 
drooping,  scarce  Can  bear  the  mourner  to  the  poplar  shade. 
1887  J.  KER  Serm.  Ser.  n.  IV.  57  It  [the  sea]  ruffles  to  the 
breeze  and  swells  into  the  storm. 

b.  To  stir  with  anger  or  impatience. 
1719  YOUNG  Bnsh'is  i.  i,  Ruffles  your  temper  at  offences 
past  f    1891  Eng.  Illnstr.  Mag.  June  662  Whose  phlegmatic 
calm  did   not  ruffle  for  one  instant  under  his  conductor's 
impatient  temper. 

II.  t  7.  trans.  To  put  into  disarray  or  con 
fusion  ;  to  tangle,  ravel.  Obs. 

cm,QProinp,Pa)~i>,  439/1  Ruffelyn,  or  snarlyn,..:'#«fl<f(*. 
Ibidn  Rufflyd,  or  snarl  yd,  innodatits,  illaqiteatits.  1529 
MORE  Dyaloge  iv.  Wks.  274/2  The  world  once  rufled  and 
fallen  in  a  wildenes,  how  long  would  it  be.. ere  the  waye 
were  founden  to  set  the  worlde  in  order  and  peace  againe. 
1580  BARET/I/?'.  C,  After  the  rude  vandals.. had  by  tumult 
of  warre,  ruffled  all  learning  out  of  order.  1638  RAWLEY  tr. 
Bacon* s  Life  fy  Death  (1650)  8  Things  which  by  that,  are 
not  onely  wrinkled,  but  ruffled  and  plighted,  and  as  it  were 
rowled  together. 


ETJFPLE. 

f  b.  To  involve  in  obscurity  or  perplexity  ;  to 
confuse  or  bewilder  (a  person).  Obs. 
.  £1480  HENRYSON  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  III.  150  }e  wald  deir 
me,  I  trow,  becaus  I  am  dottit,  To  ruffill  me  with  a  ryme. 
1530  TINDALE  Answ.  More  xi.  Wks.  (1573)  330  But  I  will 
declare  in  light  that  which  M.  More  ruflfeleth  vp  in  darke- 
nesse.  i66z  GURNALL  Chr.  in  Arm.  (1669)  503/2  The 
Schoolmen.. ruffled  and  ensnarled  the  plainest  Truths  of 
the  Gospel  with  their  harsh  terms.  1679  C.  NESS  Anti 
christ  178  This  prophecy.. hath  been  so  ruffled  with  variety 
of  interpretations. 

f8.  To  fold,  wrap,  heap,  rattle  «/,  in  a  rough 
or  careless  manner.  Obs. 

1533  MORE  Ansiu.  Poysoned  Bk.  Wks.  1088/2  He  ruffleth 
vp  all  the  matter  shortelye  in  a  fewe  words.     1587  FLEMING 
Contn.  Holinshed  III.  1348/2  Five  webs  of  lead  were  ruffled    , 
up  together,  like  as  they  had  beene  clouts  of  linnen  cloth.     I 
1615  &1APMAN  Odyss.  vn.  396,  I  rufild  vp  falne  leaues  in     j 
heape.     1658   tr.    Portas  Nat.   Magick  in.  i.  60,  I  have    I 
neither  time  nor  leisure..,  seeing  this  work  is  ruffled  up  in 
haste. 

fb.  To  furl  (a  sail).     Obs.  rare. 

1622  MABBE  tr.  AlematCs  Guzman  d"Alf.  igi  Inforced  to 
let  fall  their  maine  sayle,  which  when  they  had  ruffled  [etc.]. 
Ibid.  355  It  was  put  to  my  account  to  tye  vp  the  Yards,  to 
ruffle  the  Sayle. 

f9.  To  make  a  stir  or  search  ;  to  poke  up.  Obs. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  437/1  Rooryn,  or  ruffelyn  amonge 
dyuerse  thyngys,  tiianumitto.  1574  WHITGIHT  Def,  Anns' v. 
114  Being  faine  to  ransacke,  and  ruffle  vp  euery  darke 
corner. 

Ruffle  (r*>'fl)»  z>.-  Forms:  5  ruffelyn,  ruf- 
fule,  5-7  rufle  (6  rofle),  6  ruffil(l,  ruffel,  6- 
ruffle  (7  roughle).  [Of  obscure  origin.  In 
senses  i  and  2  app.  obsolete  from  before  1700 
until  revived  by  Scott.] 

1.  intr.    To   contend    or  struggle  with,  to  do 
battley*0r,  a  person  or  thing.     Now  arch. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  439/1  Ruffelyn,  or  debatyn  (K.P,  or 
discordyn),  discordo.  1527  State  Papers  Hen.  VI  f  I,  IV. 
471,  I  haue  ruffelde  with  the  Warden,  and  also  with  the 
Cardinal!,  and  truste  to  pluk  him  by  the  noose.  1606  G. 
W[OODCOCK]  Lives  Emperors  in  Hist.  Ivstine  Hh  iv,  Hee 
ouerthrew  louius  Maximus,  and  Sebastianus,  ruffling  for 
the  succession  in  Gallia.  1630  R.  Johnsons  Kingd.  fy 
Commit'.  284  If  they  be  displeased,  they  are  strong  enough 
to  ruffle  with  him.  c  1660  PETTY  in  Ld.  E.  Fitzmaurice  Life 
(1895)  50  Men  of  activity  that  could,  .ruffle  with  the  several 
rude  persons  in  the  country.  1820  SCOTT  Abbot  xxvi,  She 
had  lords  and  lairds  that  would  ruffle  for  her. 

2.  To  make  a  great  stir  or  display ;   to  hector, 
swagger,  bear  oneself  proudly  or  arrogantly.    Now 
arch,  (very  common  c  1540-1 6^0). 

1484  CANTON  Fables  of  Avian  xxi,  The  evylle,  cursyd  & 
rebelles,  whiche  doo  no  thynge  but  playe  with  dees  and 
cardes  and  to  ruffule.  1532  MORE  Confut.  Tindale  Wks. 
570/2  The  Lutheranes  &  Zwinglianes  haue  begun ne  to  ryse 
&  ruffle  in  rebellion  in  soondry  partes  of  Almayne.  1549 
LATIMICR  Ploughers  (Arb.)  26  They  are  so  troubeled  wyth 
Lordelye  lyuynge, ..ruffelynge  in  theyr  rentes, .. that  they 
canne  not  attende  it.  1605  CAM  DEN  Rent.  (1623)  248  There 
was  a  Noble  man . .  that  haulng  lately  sold  a  Mannpr  of  an 
hundred  tenements,  came  ruffling  into  the  Court,  in  a  new 
sute,  1640  BF.  HALL  Episc.  n.  xvii.  109  Pampering  his 
Appetite,.. or  ruffling  in  proud  and  costly  attyres.  1692 
R.  L'EsrRANGE  Josephus  (1733)  679  All  his  Companions., 
came  ruffling  up  to  him  with  clamorous  Invectives.  1865 
KINGSLKY  f/t' rew.  xix,  [He]  gets  drunk,  ruffles,  and  roysters. 
1894  MRS.  OLIPHANT  Q.  Anne  vii.  354  A  man  about  town 
ruffling  at  the  coffee-houses. 
b.  Const,  with  it  and  out. 

(<?)  1560  BP.  PILKINGTON  Aggeits  (1562)  268  It  becometli  a 
gentleman,  to  make  merye  and  ruffle  it.  1594  ist  Pt.  Con 
tention  (1843)  13  His  proud  wife.  .That  ruffles  it  with  such 
a  troupe  of  Ladies.  1643  TRAP?  Comtn.  Gen.  xlvi.  32 
Causing  rather  a  poor  shepherds  life  in  Gods  service,  then 
to  ruffle  it,  as  Courtiers,  a  1659  BP.  UKOWNRIG  Se>fw.  (1674) 
II.  x.  122  Themselves  ruffled  it  in  mirth  and  jollity.  1821 
SCOTT  Kenilw.  iv,  He  must  ruffle  it  in  another  sort  that 
would  walk  to  court  in  a  nobleman's  train.  1895  MRS. 
OLIPHANT  Ulakcrs  ^lod.  Rome  n.  i.  105  He  must  no  doubt 
have  ruffled  it  with  the  best  among  the  officials. 

(£)  1574  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Job  364  True  it  is  that  the 
wicked  ruffle  it  out  in  this  worlde.  1596  NASHE  Saffron 
Walden  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  106  Gabriel!.. came  ruffling  it 
out,  huflfty  tuffty,  in  his  suite  of  veluet.  1x1646  J.  BUK- 
FOUGHES  Exp.Hosea  vii.  (1652)  132  The  men  of  the  world., 
have  their  day  in  which  they  ruffle  it  out.  1673  Lady's 
Calling  \\,  ii.  §  52  But  however  they  may  ruffle  it  out  with 
men,  it  will  one  day  arraign  them  before  God.  1826  SCOTT 
Woodst.  xxvii,  I.,  would  willingly  ruffle  it  out  once  more  in 
the  King's  cause. 

f  C.  trans.  To  brazen  or  face  out.    0&s~l 

1612  W.  PARKES  Curtaine-Dr.  (1876)  24  The  poore  harlot 
must  be  stript  &  whipt  for  the  crime  that  the  Courtly- 
wanton  and  ye  Citie-sinner  ruffle  out,,  .and  glory  in. 

3.  Of  winds,  etc.:  To  be  turbulent,  rage,  bluster. 
The  latest  quot.  perhaps  belongs  to  v.1 

1579  TWVNE  Phis.  agst.  Fortune  n.  xxv.  200 b,  Whyle  the 
windes  ruffle  rounde  about  thee,  returne  thou  into  the 
Hauen.  1582  STANYHUHSTyS"««j  i.  (Arb.)  20  The  east  west 
contrarie  doe  struggle  And  southwind  ruffling.  Ibid.  in.  88 
Fierce  the  waters  ruffle,  thee  sands  with  wroght  fiud  ar 
hoysed.  1624  CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  v.  181  Such  an  ex 
treme  gust  of  wind  and  weather  so  ruffled  in  the  trees  and 
Church.  1790  A.  WILSON  Th.  Churchyard  Poet.  Wks.  13 
The  chilly  breeze  bleak  ruffles  o'er  the  lawn. 

1 4.  trans.  To  handle  roughly ;  to  set  upon  with 
violence ;  to  bully.  Obs. 

1489  Harbour's  Bruce  iv.  1 45  Thai  within . .  Sa  gret  defence 
and  worthy  mad,  That  thai  full  oft  thair  fayis  ruflyt.  c  1610 
SIR  J.  MELVIL  Mem.  (1735)  324  They  were  mishandled, 
•ruffled  and  delayed  here  the  Space  of.. Months.  1641 
MILTON  Reform,  i.  Wks.  1851  1. 17  But  now.. a  true  Bibhop 


875 

of  his  fold  shall  be  reviFd,  and  ruffl'd  by  an  insulting.. 
Prelate.  1673  Retnarques  Humours  Town  129  You  will  be 
Strangely  ruffled  if  you  are  found  ignorant  in  the  nicest 
points,  aijzi  SHEFFIELD  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  Wks.  (1753)  II. 
102  He  was  not  to  be  ruffled  out  of  his  care  for  the  City  by 
any  subject  whatsoever. 

f  b.  To  handle  (a  woman)  with  rude  familiar 
ity;  to  touzle.  Obs. 

1607  Barley-Rreakes  (1877)  8,  I  tell  thee,  Chuck,  thy 
Father  doth  disdaine  To  see  his  child  so  ruffled  by  a 
knaue.  1667  DRVDKN  &  DK.  NEWCASTLE  Sir  M.  Mar-ail 
i.  i,  You  must  not  suffer  him  to  ruffle  you,  or  steal  a  kiss. 
a  1704  T.  BROWN  Praise  of  Drunkenness  Wks.  1730  I.  35 
If  an  honest  gentleman  is  a  little  too  much  heated  with  the 
fumes  of  wine  and.,  ruffles  the  women.  1720  MRS.  MANLEY 
tr.  Power  Love  (17 41)  323  He.  .came,  without  any  Forms,  to 
ruffle  and  kiss  the  lovely  Rustic. 

f  5.  To  take  or  snatch  rudely.    Obs. 

1605  SHAKS.  Lear  in.  vii.  41, 1  am  your  Host,  With  Robbers 
hands  my  hospitable  fauours  You  should  not  ruffle  thus. 
1715  Tmvn-Talk  No.  9  (1790)  109,  I  have. .given  imagina 
tion  so  much  liberty  as  to  fancy  I  ruffled  a  kiss  from  you 
when  a  country  girl. 

f  6.  To  brandish  vigorously.     Obs.—1 

a  T537  Thersytes  300,  I  wyll  ruffle  this  clubbe  aboute  my 
hedde. 

Ru-ffle,  ^.3  Sc.  [Cf.  RUFFLE  s6*]  intr.  Of 
a  drum  :  To  beat  a  ruffle.  Also  Htrffliug  vbl.  sb. 

1721  WODROW  Hist.  Suff.  Ch.  Scot,  (1830)  III.  409  Two 
drums  were  ready  on  each  hand  to  ruffle  as  major  White 
should  order  them.  Ibid.  415  He  was  interrupted  by  the 
ruffling  of  the  drums. 

Ruffled  (izrf  Id),  a.  [f.  RUFFLE  sW\  Having 
a  ruffle  or  nifties;  adorned  with  ruffles. 

1609  DEKKER  CuWs  Horn-bk.  Proem.  2  A  thousand  lame 
Heterodites.  .that  cozen  the  world  with  a  guilt  spuue  and  n 
ruffled  boote.  (71643  CARTWRIGHT  Ordinary  i.  ii,  Now  it 
looks  just  like  A  ruffled  boot.  17..  RAMSAY  Tartana  190 
Between  the  ruffl'd  lawn  and  envious  glove.  1768-74 
TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  595  The  French  carpenter  can- 
not  saw  his  boards  without  a  long  pig-tail  and  ruffled  shirt. 
1801  Fi;sei.i  Lect.  Art  (1848)  393  A  mob  of  shepherds  and 
shepherdesses  in  flowing  wigs  and  dressed  curls,  ruffled 
Endymions,  humble  Junes.  1868  BROWSING  Ring  <$•  />'£. 
i.  932  Powdered  peruke  on  nose,  and  bag  at  back  And  cane 
dependent  from  the  ruffled  wrist.  1894  HANKS  Camp, 
Curiosity  191  Five  pence  for  the  doing  up  of  a  ruffled  blouse. 
b.  transf.  in  names  of  plants  and  birds. 
Ruffled  grouse,  the  ruffed  grouse  (GKOUSii  sb.  i). 

1777  LIGHTFOOT  Flora  Scotica  II.  1025  Agaricus  anut- 
at  us,  Ruffled  Agaric.  1878  N.  H.  BISHOP  l/'oy.  Paper  Canoe 
134  The  Ruffled  Grouse  (Bonasa  mnbellus),  so  abundant  in 
New  Jersey,  is  not  a  resident  of  the  peninsula. 

Ruffled  (r*rfld),///.  a.    [f.  RUFFLE  z>.i] 

1.  Disordered,  disarranged ;  rendered  uneven  or 
irregular ;  crumpled. 

1577  HARRISON  England  11.  xxiii.  (1877)  351  Sundrie  an- 
tike  heads,  with  rufieled  haire.  1590  SPENSER  /"'.  Q.  i.  vi.  9 
The  wyld  woodgods..find  the  virgin.  .With  ruffled  ray- 
inents,  and  fay  re  blubbred  face.  1638  QUARLES  Elegy  upon 
Dr.  Wilson.  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  19  No  farre-fetch'd  Meta 
phor  shall  smooth  or  slick  My  ruffled  strajne.  1671  MILTON 
Samson  1138  Bristles.. like  those  that  ridge  the  back  Of 
chaft  wild  Boars,  or  ruflVd  Porcupines.  1755  GKAV  Progr. 
Poesy  22  With  ruffled  plumes  and  flagging  wing.  1793 
Co \VPKR  Beau's  Reply  19,  I  only  kiss'd  his  ruffled  wing. 

2.  Of  the  sea,  etc.:  Agitated,  disturbed. 

1659  T.  PECKE  Parnassi  Pucrp.  156  In  a  black  Storm, 
when  ..  Boreas  chas'd  the  ruffled  clouds.  1705  AUUISON 
Italy  6  While  black  with  Storms  the  ruffled  Ocean  rolls. 
1815  SHELLEY  Alastor  319  Along  the  dark  and  ruffled 
waters.  1871  R,  ELLIS  tr.  Catullus  l.xiv.  205  With  that 
dreadful  motion.. the  ruffled  Ocean  shook. 

3.  Of  the  mind,  etc.  :  Discomposed,  irritated. 

1741  BClBDLBTON C&WV  I.  v.  344  In  this  ruffled  and  querul 
ous  state  of  his  mind.  1812  CRABBK  Tales  xvi.  550  Gentler 
movements  soothed  his  ruffled  mind.  1849  C.  BRONIE 
Shirley  \\i  All-powerful  in  soothing  her  most  ruffled  moods. 
1891  BARING-GOULD  In  Troubadour  Land '  ii,  He..endeav- 
oured  by  every  means  to  allay  her  ruffled  temper. 

Ru-ffleless,  a.  tarc~°.  [f.  RUFFLE  so.1  +  -LESS.] 
'  Having  no  ruffles.' 

1860  in  WORCESTER  (citing  Mellen). 

Ru -element,     rare-9.    The  act  of  ruffling. 

1850  in  OGILVIE. 

Huffier1  (rn-flai).  [f.  RUFFLED]  An  attach 
ment  to  a  sewing-machine,  for  making  ruffles. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1999  In  the  Johnston  ruffler,  a 
slid  ing-plate  is  secured  to  the  bed-plate  of  the  machine  [etc.]. 

Ruffler  -  (rtrflai).  Now  arch.  Also  6  ruffeler, 
-ar  ;  rufflar,  -leer  ;  rufler.  [f.  RUFFLE  v.-] 

1 1.  One  of  a  class  of  vagabonds  prevalent  in 
the  1 6th  century.  Obs. 

1535  Act  27  Hen.  VI '//,  c.  25  Idell.  .persons,  ruffelers, 
callynge  them  selues  saruing  men.     c  1540  COPLAND  J/ye 
Way  to  Spyttct  Ho.  675  Rufflers  and  masteries  men,  that 
cannot  werke,  And   slepeth   by  day,  and  walketh  in  the 
derke.     1561  AWUKLAY  Frat.   Vacab.  3  A  Ruffeler  goeth 
wyth  a  weapon    to  seeke  seruice,  saying  he  hath  bene  a 
Seruitor  in  the  wars,  and  beggeth  for  his  reliefe.    1567  HAK- 
MAN  Caveat  (1869)  29.     [1608  DEKKER  Belman  of  London 
Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  94  The  next  in  degree  to  him  is  cald  a 
Ruffler.     1673  R.  HEAD  Canting  Acad.  65  A  Ruffler.  .goes 
under  the  pretence  of  a  maimed  Soldier,    ijqfr  Grose's  Diet. 
Vulgar  T.  (ed.  3),  Rujfiers^  the  first  rank  of  canters;  also 
notorious   rogues   pretending   to   be    maimed    soldiers    or 
sailors.     i8z8  SCOTT  J-frt.  Midi,   xxv,  A. -fellow  that  has 
been  but  a  twelvemonth  on  the  lay,  be  he  ruffler  or  padder.] 

2.  One  who  makes  much  stir  or  display  ;  a  proud 
swaggering  or  arrogant  fellow. 

1536  Rent.  Sedition.  14  The  mayster  gyuen  to  ryot,  the 
servant   must  nedes  thynke,  that  there  is  no  thriuing  for 
him,  cxcepte  he  she  we  himselfe  a  rumer.     1593  G.  HARVEY 


RUFFLING. 

Pierces  Super.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  127  In  the  whole,  a  not- 
able  ruffler,  and  in  euery  part  a  dowty  braggard.  1631 
High  Commission  Cases  (Camden)  186  He  was  commanded 
in  all  his  visitation  to  make  knowen  to  all  ministers  that 
they  bee  more  carefull  in  their  habits  not  to  goe  like  rufflers. 
1649  MILTON  Eikon.  36  The  Parlament  demanded  justice 
for  those  assaults  don  at  his  own  dores,  by  that  crew  of 
Rufflers.  1821  SCOTT  Kenilu:  i,  Is  he,  too,  such  a  would-be 
ruffler  as  the  rest  of  them  ?  1881  BESANT  &  RICF,  Chapl.  Fl. 
i.  x,  There  came  in  an  old  ruffler  of  fifty,  who.. tugged  out 
his  purse. 

fRu-fflered,  a.  Obs.-1  [irreg.  f.  RUFFLE  v.-, 
perh.  alter  prec.]  Boisterous. 

ISSlSTANYHURST^attC&vm,  (Arb.)  137  Three  wheru'sfyerd 
glystring,  with  Sout[h]wynds  rufflered  hulfling. 

tHu-fflery.    06s.-1     [f.  RUFFLE  v~]    Uproar. 

1582  SIANYHUKST  SEneis  m.  (Arb.)  88  But  neere  ioynctlye 
brayeth  with  ruffler  ye  rumboled  ^Etna. 

Rirfflesome,  a.  [f.  RUFFLE  sbJ-  or  v^~\  Some 
what  ruflled  or  disordered. 

1868  HOLME  LEE  B.  Godfrey  v,  Her  hair.. had  a  ruffle- 
some  look. 

Ru'ffling,  vbl.  sl>.1     [f.  RUFFLE  v.\] 

1.  The    action   (or   result)   of   making    uneven, 
irregular,  disordered,  f  or  entangled;  also,  slight 
agitation,  f  rustling. 

c  144°  Promp.  Pan>,  439/1  RurTlynge,  or  snarly nge,  ilia- 
yueativ,  innodacw.  6-1460  J.  RUSSKLL  Bk.  Nurture  250 
Ihen  must  ye  draw  &  reyse  ^»e  vpper  parte  of  be  towelte, 
Ley  it  with-out  rufielynge  strt^t  to  bat  ober  hide.  1582 
STANYHURST  sEtu-is  n.  (Arb.)  59  Not  so  great  a  ruffling  the 
riuer  strong  flasshyc  reteynetli.  1611  COIGR.,  Grip-pets^ . . 
the  ruffling:-,  or  snarles  of  oner-twisted  thread.  1652  H. 
MORE  Antid.  Ath.  162  The  ruffling  of  silks,  as  of  a  woman 
walking.  i73^S\vin  -Apology  Wks.  1751  X.  232  -She,.  .Tho' 
Deeming  pleas  d  at  all  she  sees,  Starts  at  the  Ruffling  of  the 
Trees,  a  1754  FIELDING  J.  Wild  n.  x,  The  storm  was  now 
entirely  ceased,  and  nothing  remained  but  the  usual  ruffling 
of  the  sea  after  it.  1853  G.  JOHNSTON  Nat.  Hist.  E.  Borders, 
I.  10  The  little  ruffling  scarcely  dims  the  beauty  that  ever 
waits  upon  her  course.  1877  T,  A.  TROLLOPK  Life  Pius  /.V, 
I.  132  A  small  ruffling  of  the  flowing  stream  of  popularity. 
b.  The  action  of  making  ruffles  ;  also,  material 
forming,  or  in  the  form  of,  a  ruffle. 

1760-7*  H.  BROOKE  FoolofQnal.  (1809)  I.  25  There  is  not 
a  bit  of  all  this  lace  and  ruffling,  that  is  not  full  of  rank 
poisons.  Ibid.  26  The  lady  had  covered  his  coat,  all  over, 
\\ith  laces,  and  with  rufflings.  1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  \V.  iv, 
These  rufflings,  and  pinkings,  and  patchings  will  only  make 
us  hated  by  all  the  wives  of  our  neighbours.  1869  MHS. 
WHITNEY  We  Girts  ii,  A  great,  .toilet-cushion.. edged  with 
magic  ruffling.  1902  Daily  Chron.  20  Feb.  8/7  Machinists 
wanted  at  once,  used  to  ruffling. 

2.  The  action  of  disturbing,  troubling,  annoying, 
or  irritating. 

1647  HKXHAM  i,  A  Ruffling  or  stirring  on  a  suddaine. 
1733  CHKYNE  F.ng,  Malady  in.  iv.  (1734)  354  Vomits  were 
the  first  Evacuations  that ..,  without  infinite  Ruffling,  I  could 
bear.  1805  SAUNDES8  Min,  Waters  320  As  a  cathartic,  the 
Caroline  waters  operate  without  ruffling.  1862  MRS.  FRESH- 
FIELD  Tour  Grisous  ix.  149  His  temper  would  not  bear 
ruffling.  1889  JMSSOPP  Coming  of  Friars  iii.  151  Such 
ruffling  of  the  peace  and  quiet  of  conventual  life  was.  .not 
uncommon, 

Ru'ffling,  vbl.  sb2    [f.  RUFFLE  v.-} 

fl.  Dissension,  disturbance,  tumult.    Obs. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  439/1  Rufflynge,  or  debate,  discencie, 
discordia.  1541  PAYNELL  Catiline  x.\v.  45  Hy  the  reason 
that  Fraunce  should  be  in  an  vprore  and  ruffeling.  a  1548 
HALL  Chron. ,  Hen.  VII^  55  b,  Capitaynes  and  prouukers 
of  trayterous  ruffliiiges.  1577-87  HOLISSHEIJ  Chron.  III. 
842/1  Whitest  the  hottest  of  this  ruffling  lasted,  the  cardinall 
was  aduertised  thereof  by  sir  Thomas  Parre.  1611  COTGK., 
Mutinerie,.  .a  stlrre,  trouble,  businesse,  ruffling,  hurlyburly. 
*f-b.  The  action  of  contending  with  some  one 
or  against  something.  Obs. 

1570  VoxEA.  <$•  Af.  (ed.  2)  247/1  Uppon  this  rufielyng  of 
Anselme  with  maryed  priests,  were  riming  verses  made. 
1570-6  LAMBARUE  Peramh.  Kent  (1826)  74  For  recompence 
of  the  good  service  that  hee  had  done,  in  ruffling  against 
Priests  wives. 

2.  Proud  or  haughty  carriage ;  swaggering  con 
duct  or  actions. 

I538LF.LANU  I  tin.  (1769)  IV.  53  Sum  say  that  it  longgidons 
to  Payne  caullid  for  his  Ruffeling  there  Diable.  a  1591  H. 
SMITH  Serin.  (1637)  180  Like  a  Banner  of  his  pride,  which 
sheweth  him  in  his  ruffling..,  before  he  knew  God  or  him- 
selfe.  1644  QUARLES  Sheph.  Orac.  vi.  46  O  Swain,  me  thinks 
these  rufflings  ill  befit  A  Shepheaid's  cloth.  1667  URYOKN 
&  DK.  NEWCASTLE  ^Yr  M.  Mar-all  i.  i,  His  lordship  then 
will  find  the  prologue  of  his  trouble,  doubting  1  have  told 
you  of  his  ruffling. 

Rirffliiig, //  /.  tf.1    [f.  RUFFLE  ^.1J 

1.  Forming,  or  rising  in,  ruffles. 

1596  SHAKS.  Taut.  S/ir.  iv.  iii.  60  The  Tailor  stales  thy 
leasure,  To  decke  thybodie  with  his  ruffling  treasure.  1607 
TOPSELL  Serpents  (1658)  613  His  rufimg  mane  is  discouraged 
by  the  extolled  head  of  the  Serpent.  1682  N.  O.  Baikal*1  s 
Lntrin  nt.  86  Out  flies  the  broad-fac'd  Chorister  of  the 
Night.  And  with  her  ruffling  wings  strikes  out  the  Light. 
a  1718  PARNELL  Hermit  17  If  a  Stone  the  gentle  Scene 
divide,  Swift  ruffling  Circles  curl  on  ev'ry  side. 

2.  Producing  or  raising  ruffles;  makingdisordered, 
irregular,  or  uneven.    Abo£r. 

1606  S.  GARDINER  Bk.  Angling^  The  water  of  a  spacious 
and  deepe  Lake.,  by  ruffling  windes  is  moued  and  dis 
quieted.  1648  J.  BEAUMONT  Psyche  vi.  ccxxiii,  The  rival 
Winds,  .rais'd  a  ruffling  tempest  of  Delight.  1701  ROWE 
Tamerlane  v.  i,  Thus  Stars  shine  bright,.  .Tho'  ruffling 
Winds  deform  this  lower  World.  178*  G.  WHITE  Selborne 
xcix,  Those  insects  which  love  to  haunt  a  spot  so  secure 
from  ruffling  winds.  1817  SHELLEY  Pr.  Athan.  \\.  87  O'er 
the  visage  wan  Of  Athanase,  a  ruffling  atmosphere  Of  dark 

110-2 


RUFFLING. 

emotion,  .ran.  1858  KINGSLEY  Afisc* (1859)  I-  200  A  ruffling 
touth-west  breeze. 

3.  Causing  irritation  or  annoyance. 

1708  Bicker  staff  Detected  \\\  Swiff  s  Wks.  (1751)  IV,  209, 
I  -  .prepared  for  bed,  in  hopes  of  a  little  Repose  after  so  many 
ruffling  adventures.  1746  HERVEY  Medit.  (1818)  271  Soon 
a  ruffling  accident  intervenes  and  turns  our  composure  into 
a  fretful  disquietude. 

Hence  Ru-ffling-Iy  advl    rare—1. 

x6iz  COTGR.,  Frezct .  .set  ruffling! y,  after  the  manner  of  the 
(thicke)  French  ruffe. 

Ru'ffling,  ///.  a.2     [f.  RUFFLE  t/.2] 

1.  Of  conduct,  etc. :  Characterized  by  ruffling. 

x53»  MORE  Con/ut.  Tindale  Wks.  414/2  The  fashion  is 
more  rufTeling  and  in  lesse  moderacion  and  sobernesse, 


merchant- in  an,  her  ruff-tree. 


t  BiU'ffy  l.  Obs. 
roofye,  //.  ruffeis. 
ruffin  RUFFIAN  sb.] 

1.  A  devil  or  fiend. 


thy  ruming _. 

6  The  ruffling,  and  roysting  life  of  a  number  of  our  gallants, 
and  lustie  bloods.     1682  BUNVAN//«/X  ll'arsg  He  therefore    i 
with  big  and  ruffling  words  demanded  of  the  Trumpeter  who    ! 
he  was?     1826  SCOTT   Woodst.  viii,  That  ruming   look  of 
thine.     1870   THUKNBUKY  Tour  rd.  Eng.  II.  xx.  52  There 
are  still  traces  of  the  ruffling  days  of  the  brave  Sir  John. 

2.  Of  persons:  Given  to  ruffling. 

1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  ErosiH.  Par.  Efkes.  Prol.  C  iij,  Yf 
a  man.  .marke  the  inaners  of  this  roiall  ruffly nge  worlde.     j 
1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stitffc  Wks.  {Grosart)  V.  230  With  any    j 
of  these  swaggering  cap  tallies  . .  or   hufti-tuftie   youthful! 
ruffling  comrades.     1635  PAGITT  Christianogr.  46  Temporal!     j 
power  claymed  and  violently  carried  by  this  ruffling  Prelate,     ! 
1653  A.  WILSON  Jas.  /,  103  The  Marquesse.  .came  to  the     . 
Court  in  a  full  career,  with  a  ruffling  Retinue  at  his  hetls. 
1704  Rowi;  Ulysses  i.  i,  The  ruffling  Train  of  Suiters  are  at 
hand.     1820  SCOTT  Monast.  xvi,  For  the  rest,  he  is  one  of 
the   ruffling   gallants   of  the  time.     1840   DICKENS  Barn. 
Rudge  viii,  Sim  Tappertit  laid  aside  his  cautious  manner,, . 
assuming  in  its  stead  that  of  a  ruffling  swaggering,  roving 
blade.     1881  LARWOOD  Loud.  Parks  xiii.  272  The  company 
..were  a  wild  ruffling  set. 

Hence  Ru'fflingly  adv.2    rare  ~!. 

1581  J.  BELL  H  addon's  Ansiv.  Osorius  258  What  glorious 
Thraso.  .could  ever  have  handled  hys  part  uppon  a  stage 
more  rufflingly. 

Ru-ffly,<z.  rare.  [f.  RUFFLE  v.v]  Slightly  ruffled 
or  curled  ;  characterized  by  ruffles. 

1883  K.  S.  MACQUOID  Her  Sailor  Love  II.  in.  iii.  6  Her 
soft,  shining,  light  brown  hair , ,  grew  ruffly  about  her 
temples. 

Ruffly,  obs.  form  of  ROUGHLY  adv. 
tRu-ffmans.    Cant.  Obs.    [prob.  f.  ROUGH  a. 
Cf.  DAKKMANS.]     (See  quots.) 

1567  HARMAN  Caveat  (1869)  84  The  ritffinans,  the  wodes 
or  bushes.  1622  FLKTCHER  Beggar  s  Bush  in.  iii,  To  Mill 
from  the  Ruff  mans,  commission  and  slates.  ..[i.e.]  To  steal 
from  the  hedge,  both  the  shirt  and  the  sheets. 

t  Ruff-peck.  Cant.  Obs.  [?  f.  ROUGH  a.  See 
VECK  sb$  3.]  Bacon. 

1567  HARMAN  Caveat  (1869)  83  Ruff  pek,  baken.  1609 
DEKKBR £<>*£&,  <y  Candle  Lt.  C  iij  b,  If  we  mawn'd  Pannain 
lap  or  Ruff-peck,  1641  BROME  Joviall  Crew  n.  Wks.  1873 
III.  388  Here's  Ruffpeck  and  Casson  and  all  of  the  best. 
a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crewt  Runt.ritffpeck^  Westphalia- 
Ham. 

f  Ruff-raff.     Obs.    [Imitative.]    attrib.  Noisy. 

1582  STANVHURST  Mneis  vm.  (Arb.)  138  Now  doe  they 
rayse  gastly  lyghtntngs,  now  grislye  reboundings  Of  ruffe 
raffe  roaring.     1589  NASHE  in  Greene  Menaplwn^  (Arb.)  13 
Then  did  he  make  heauens  vault  to  rebounde,  with  rounce 
robble  hobble  Of  ruffe  rafife  roaring. 

f  Ruff- tree  :  see  ROOF-TREE  2  and  ROUGH-TREE. 

c  1635  CAPT.  BOTELER  Dial.  Sea  Services  (1685)  132  Roof- 
trees,  or  as  they  are  vulgarly  called,  Ruff-trees,  are  those 
Timbers  which  go  from  the  Half-deck  to  the  Fore-castle, 
and  serve  to  bear  up  the  Gratings,  and  Ledges  where  the 
Nettings  are  fastned,  1789  Trans,  Soc,  Arts  VII.  217  In  a 


Chiefly  Sc.     Also  6  ruffle, 
[var.   of  KuiTiN1,  and  of 

Cf.  RUFFIN!  i. 


1500  Rowlis  Cursing  133  Ruffy  Tasker  with  his  flaill 
Sail  beit  thame  all  fra  top  to  taill.  [See  also  RAGMAN  J  i.] 
1528  LYNDESAY  Dreme  285  Sum  repentit  neuer  in  thare 
lyue  ;  Quhairfor,  but  reuth  tha  ruffeis  did  thame  ryue.  1599 
HAKSNET  Discoveric  308  One  of  them  saying  his  name  was 
Roofye— 'Thou  lyest,'  quoth  M.  Darrell,  'that  name  is 
common  to  all  spirits '. 

b.  One  impersonating  a  fiend. 

1502  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  II.  350  Item,  be  the 
Kingis  command,  to  Sanct  Nicholais  beschop,  iij  Franch 
crounis..  .Item,  to  the  deblatis  and  ruffyis,  vij  s.  150^  Ibid. 
IV.  87  To  Sanct  Nicholais-.xxviij  s.  To  his  ruffyis,  ix  s. 

2.  A  ruffian. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ix.  42  Bot  quhow  is  lie  content, 
or  nocht,.  .Wpone  this  ruffie  to  remord  V  1570  Sat.  Poems 
Reform,  xxi.  23  Thay  Ruffyis,  be  thay  neuer  sa  ryfe,  Thay 
get  na  helpe  of  France.  1572  Ibid,  xxxii.  Si  Thay  reuthles 
Ruffeis  but  reuth  with  crueltie  Did  slay  my  husband. 

Ru'ffy^  Sc.  rare.  [Cf.RuFF  sb.l  andRoUGHY1.] 
(See  quots.  1808  and  1825.) 

1793  Stat.  Ace.  Scotl,  IX.  328  When  the  goodman  of  the 
house  made  family  worship,  they  lighted  a  ruffy,  to  enable 
him  to  read  the  psalm.. before  he  prayed.  1808  JAMIESON, 
Ruffy,  a  wick  clogged  with  tallow,  instead  of  being  dipped. 
18*5  —  Suppl^  Ruffy^.\ht  blaze  or  torch  used  in  fishing 
by  night  with  the  Lister. 

Ruffy,  variant  of  ROUGHY  ^. 

Ruffy. tuffy,  a,   ?  nonce-wd.     Dishevelled. 

a  1821  KEATS  Cap  $  Bells  Ixxxvj,  Powder'd  bag-wigs  and 
ruffy-tuffy  heads  Of  cinder  wenches  meet  and  soil  each 
other. 


876 

Rufi-  (r«*fi)>  comb,  form  of  L.  rufus  red,  used 
in  some  terms  of  Bot.t  £nt.,  Ornith.,  etc.,  as 
ritficarpous  having  red  fruit,  riificaudate  rtd- 
tailed,  ntficornatc,  -gastrate,  -labrate,  etc.  (Mayne 
Expos.  Lex,  1858),  and  Chem^  as  ruficarmin> 
-coccin,  -gallic )  -wortc,  etc.  (Watts  Diet.  Chew. 
1868-1875). 

Rufo-  (r/7*fo),  comb,  form  (on  Greek  types)  of  L. 
rufus  red,  in  some  adjs.  denoting  colour,  with 
sense  '  rufous ',  as  rufo-fulvous,  -piteous t  -testace 
ous  ;  also  rufo-catechuic  acid,  rnbinic  acid. 

1809  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  VII.  n.  303  The  wing-feathers  are 
brown,  but  rufo- testaceous  at  their  base.  1817  KIRBY  &  SP. 
Introd.  Entom.  (1818)  II.  xix.  126  The. .scales  that  defend 
the  base  of  the  wings  are  rufo-piceous.  Ibid.,  The  tarsi 
and  the  apex  of  the  tibix  are  rufo-fulvous.  1842  Penny 
CycL  XXII.  53/1  Shell. .painted  with  small,  rufo-fuscous, 
.  .subfasciculated  lines.  1847  Proc.  Benv.  Nat.  Club  II. 
244  Legs,  mouthj  and  palpi  rufo-ferrughious.  1868  WATTS 
Diet.  Chem.)  Rubinic  /lczW,also  called  Rufocatechuic  acid. 

Rufous  ^r/7'fas),  a.     [f.  L.  rufus  \  see  -ous.] 

1.  Of  a  brownish-red  colour j  reddish;  ferru 
ginous. 

178*  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  I.  n.  594  The  whole  bird 
is  of  a  rufous  colour  on  the  upper  parts.  1800  Gentl.  Mag. 
L  151  Colours  are  expressed  in  the  French  term,  v&gricklin 
and  rufous,  p.  200,  when  it  would  seem  greyish  and  reddish 
were  English  words  competent  to  convey  the  same  idea. 
1847  Proc.  Benv.  Nat.  Club  II.  236  Elytra  and  legs  rufous. 
1872  R.  F.  BURTON  Zanzibar  II.  69  Beyond  it  are  detached 
hills  of  gneiss  and  grey  and  rufous  granite.  1897  MKS. 
RAYNKR  Type-Writer  Girl  vi,  He  had  rufous  hair,  a  nose 
without  a  bridge. 

b.  In  names  of  birds,  as  rufous  fly-catcher, 
goatsiicker,  heron^  swallow,  etc. 

1782  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  I.  n.  594  Rufous  Wood 
pecker.  1783  Ibid.  II. i.  362  Rufous  FlyCatcher.  1784 /£/</. 
II.  n.  597  Rufous  Goatsucker.  1785  Ibid.  III.  i.  99  Rufous 
Heron.  1815  STEPHENS  in  Shaw's  Gen.  Zool,  IX.  i.  44 
Rufous  Coucal.  {Polophilus  rufus.}  This  very  rare  species 
of  Coucal  was  discovered  by  Le  Vaillant.  1842  Penny 
Cycl.  XXIII.  363/1  The  Rufous  Swallow  (Hiritiufo  rufnla, 
Tenim.).  1862  JOHNS  Brit.  Birds  128  The  Rufous  Sedge 
warbler,  Curruca  Galactodes.  1874 //>«  July  236  A  Rufous 
Warbler,  .was  taken  alive  on  the  23rd  May  1873. 

o.  In  names  of  moths,  as  rufous  arch^  carpet^ 
etc.,  or  of  animals,  as  rufous  letmtr. 

1832  J.  RENNIE  Consp.  Butterfi,  4-  M.  117  The  Rufous 
Carpet  (Cidaria  nmnitata,  Stephens)  appears  the  end  of 
June.  Ibid.  169  The  Rufous  Arch  (Stinasia  rttfanat 
Stephens).  1897  H.  O.  FORBES  Hand-bk.  Primates  I.  73 
The  Rufous  Lemur.. has  a  yellowish-white  frontal  band. 

2.  Comb,  with  other  names  of  colours,  as  rufotis- 
brown^  -btiff,  -white. 

1782  LATHAM  Gen,  Synop.  Birds  I.  n.  517  The  upper  parts 
of  the  body,  .spotted  with  rufous  yellow.     1813  BINGLEV 
Anitn.  Biogr.  (ed.  4)   II.   165  Its  colour  is  rufous-brown 
above,  and  beneath  yellowish.     1838  Penny  Cycl.  X.  187/2 
Under  tail-coverts  plain  rufous-white.     1896  Lloyd's  Nat. 
Hist.  73  The  fore-neck  and  breast.. tinged  with  rufous-buff. 

3.  Comb,  with   adjs.    or  pa.  pples.,  as   rufous- 
coloured)  -edged,  -tinged. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  I.  661/2  It  lays  10  or  12  rufous- 
coloured  eggs.  1866  NEW  ALL  Eastern  Hunters  30  Norman's 
quick  eye  lighted  for  a  single  second  on  a  rufous  coloured 
mass.  1872  COUES  N.  Amer.  Birds  171  The  quills  and  tail 
feathers  are  more  extensively  rufous-edged.  Ibid.  215  Upper 
tail  coverts  white,  rufous-tinged. 

b.  In  specific  names  of  birds,  etc.  (see  quota.). 

1784  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop,  Birds  II.  n.  371  *Rufous- 
backed  Lark.  1843  YARKELL  Brit,  Birds  II.  462  Ardea 
russata,  Rufous-backed  Egret.  1872  COUES  N.  Amer. 
Birds  185  Rufous-backed  Hummingbird,  .chiefly  cinnamon- 
rufous  above.  1803  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  IV.  u.  416  *Rufous- 
banded  sparus,  Spams  Hurta.  1782  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop. 
Birds  I.  n.  760  *Rufous-bellied  Humming  Bird... Inhabits 
Brasil.  1784  Ibid.  II.  n.  566  Rufous-bellied  Swallow.  1877 
Nature  15  Mar.  441/2  Two  Rufous- bellied  Bulbuls  (llyp- 
sipetes  Mclellandi).  1784  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  II. 
n.  771  *  Rufous-breasted  Partridge.  ifi^/bid,  II.  i.  267 
*Rufous-chinned  Finch,  Fringilla  noctis.  1872  COUES  N. 
Amer. Birds  140  *Rufous-crowned  Finch..;  crown  uniform 
chestnut.  1784  LATHAM  Gen.Synop.  Birds  \l.  11.571  *Rufous- 
headed  Swallow.  1813  —  Gen.  Hist.  Birds  VI.  297 
Rufous-headed  Lark.  This  is  the  smallest  of  African  Larks. 
1898  MORRIS  Austral  English  56/2  Rufous-headed  Bristle- 
bird,  Sphenurabroadbentii.  1823  LATHAM  Gen.  Hist.  Birds 
VI.  297  *Rufous-hooded  Lark.  1783  —  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  II. 

I.  85  "Rufous-naped  thrush.     1865  Chambers' s  Encycl.  VII. 
362/1  The  *Rufous-necked  Pelican  (P.fttscus)  abounds  in  the 
West  Indies  and  in  many  parts  of  America.    1784  LATHAM 
Gen.  Synop.  Birds  II.  n.  582  *Rufous-rumped  Swallow.  178* 
Ibid,  I.  n.  517  *Rufous-spotted  cuckow,  Cuculus  punctatus, 
1783  Ibid.   II.  i.   30  *Rufous-tailed  Thrush.      1809  SHAW 
Gen.    Zool.    VI  I.    H.    311     Rufous-tailed   Shrike,    Lanius 
pkocnicurns.     1884  COUES  A^.  Amer,  Birds  434  Myiarchns, 

. .  Rufous-Tailed  Flycatchers,  1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop. 
Birds  II.  i.  334  *Rufous-vented  flycatcher.  1877  Nature 
15  Mar.  441/2  A  Rufous-vented  Guan  (Penelope  cristaia) 
from  Central  America.  1783  LATHAM  Gen,  Synop.  Birds 

II.  i.  55  *Rufous- winged  Thrush. 

4.  ellipt.  as  sb.     a.  A  brownish-red  colour. 

1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop,  Birds  II.  362  The  under  parts 
wholly  white,  with  a  tinge  of  rufous.    18x7  STEPHENS  in 
Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.  X.  i.  265  The  rest  of  it.. blackish,  varie 
gated  with  grey  blue  and  rufous.     1860  RUSSELL  Diary 
India  I.  66  Peaked  mountains  of  rich  rufous  and  Vandyck 
brown.    1872  COUES  N.  Amer.  Birds  171  Wing  coverts,  .as 
well  as  the  primaries  edged  with  rufous. 

b.  A  rufous-coloured  moth. 

1832  J.  RENNIE  Consp.  Rutterfl.  $  M.  143  The  Slender 
Striped  Rufous  (M.  sitvrufaia,  Stephens). 


RUG. 

XtU'fter-hood.  Hawking.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
A  form  of  hood  used  for  a  newly-taken  hawk. 

1575  TURDERV.  Faulconrif.  141  Having  a  greate  and  easie 
rufterhood  you  inustti  hoode  and  unhoode  hir  oftentymes. 
1614  LATHAM  Falconry  i.  iii.  9  Let  her  sit  where  she  may 
rest  quietly  for  the  first  night,  either  seeled,  or  in  a  rufter 
hood.  [1678  in  PHILLIPS,  and  in  later  Diets.]  1828  SIR  J.  S. 
SEBKIGHT  Obs.  Hawking  35  A  rufter  hood  is  put  upon  the 
hawk  the  moment  he  is  taken.  It  is  lighter  than  the  common 
one.  1856'  STONEHENGE'-Sr/Y.  Rur.  Sports 22o']*\\t  Rufter- 
Hood.,  is  made  in  two  pieces,  having  a  neat  seam  down  the 
centre,  and,  like  the  hood-proper,  has  a  hole  for  the  beak, 
and  also  a  silt  at  the  back  with  a  brace. 

t  Rufty-tufty,  a.  and  int.  Obs.  [A  fanciful 
formation.  See  also  RIFTY-TUFTY.]  a.  adj.  Rude, 
rough,  b.  int.  Hey-day,  hoity-toity. 

1606  CHAPMAN  Gentl.  Usher  v.  i,  Were  I  as  Vince  is,  I 
would  handle  you  In  ruftie  tuftie  wise,  in  your  right  kinde. 
1606  Wily  Beguild  (1623)  B  ij,  Leila.  lie  pranke  my  selfe 
with  flowers  of  the  prime,  And  thus  ile  spend  away  my 
Primerose  time.  Nurse.  Rufty,  tufty,  are  you  so  frolike? 

Rirfulous,  a.  rarer*',  [f.  L.  rufuliis  \  cf. 
RUFOUS  a.}  Slightly  rufous. 

1883  JrnL  of  Botany  XXI.  214  One  or  two  of  the  younger 
plants  (which  had  not  acquired  a  rufulous  tinge). 

II  Ku'fus,  a.     [L.  ru/its.]   —  RUFOUS  a. 

1884  Harper  s  Mag.  Mar.  622/1  The  red-tailed  hawk,  so 
named  from  the  deep  rufus  color  of  its  tail  feathers.     1887 
YmuM-sBrit.  Discomyc.  261  Cups.,  externallyrufus-brown 
. .  ;  hymenium  concave,  pale  rufus. 

Rug  (rt'g),  j-6.1    Sc.   Also  5  ruge.    [f.  RUG  vl\ 

1.  A  pull,  a  tug. 

c  1425  WVNTOUN  Cron.  in.  li.  367  Wfte  a  ruge  J>e  rap'is  al 
He  crakkyt  in  to  pecis  smalle.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems 
Ix.xii.  60  The  claith  that  claif  to  his  clere  hyde,  Thai  raif 
away  with  ruggis  rude.  1719  RAMSAY  To  Arbuckle  23, 
I  ga'e  the  muse  a  rug,  Then  bate  my  nails  and  claw'd  my 
lug.  1826  J.  WILSON  Noct.  Ambr.  Wks.  1855  I.  228  The 
least  rug  will  bring  down  the  squash.  1861  G.  H.  KINGS- 
LEV  Sp,  %  Trav.  (1900)  253  When  one  caught  the  ither  by 
the  pow,  and  gied  him  a  rug.  1894  Blackiv.  Mag.  July  67 
An  unexpected . . '  rug  '  by  a  brace  of  pounders. 

2.  A  torn-off  portion,  a  '  haul J,  of  something ; 
a  catch  or  acquisition. 

c  1450  HOLLAND  Howlat  797  Raike  hir  a  rug  of  the  rost, 
or  scho  sail  ryiue  the.  c  1480  HENRYSON  Poems  (S.T.S.)  III. 
151  Recipe,  thre  ruggis  of  the  reid  ruke. 

1808  JAMIESON  s.v.,  When  one  purchases  anything  under  its 
common  price,  it  is  said  that  he  has  got  a  ruga/ it.  1824 
SCOTT  Rcdganntlct  let.  xi,  Sir  John.. voted  for  the  Union, 
having  gotten,  it  was  thought,  a  rug  of  the  compensation^. 
1875  W.  ALEXANDER  A  in  Folk  iii,  They  agreed  that  the 
farrow  cow  was  a  great  '  rug  '. 

Rug  (MS),  sb-*  Also  6-7  rugge,  7-8  rugg. 
[peril,  of  Scand.  origin :  cf.  Nonv.  dial,  rtigga, 
rogga  coarse  coverlet  (also  skinnrugga  skin-rug ; 
ruggefeld  shaggy  cloak),  Sw.  m£fruffled  or  coarse 
hair,  frizz,  rugge  tuft,  etc.  These  are  app.  related 
to  ON.  rpgg:  see  RAO  sb.1] 

f  1.  A  rough  woollen  material,  a  sort  of  coarse 
frieze,  in  common  use  in  the  i6-J7th  cent.  Obs. 

1558 Lane.  Wills  (Chetham  Soc.)  II.  114  Unto  the  poore 
people  xij  peces  of  gray  rugge.  1592  CHKTTLE  Kind  Harts 
Dr.  (1841)  45  111  a  gown  of  rugge,  rent  on  the  left  shoulder. 
1611  SPEED  Hist.  Ct.  Brit.  IX.  xy.  §  46.  794  A  man  bare 
headed,  and  bare-legged,  attired  in -a  coat  of  white  rugge. 
1622  PKACHAM  Gentl.  Exerc.  II.  vii.  (1634)  126  December 
must  be.  .clad  in  Irish  rugge,  or  coorse  freeze.  1664  POWER 
Ext.  Philos.  I.  50  A  Sage  Leaf  looks  like  a  white  Rugge, 
or  Shagge,  full  of  knots,  tassel'd  all  with  white  silver  Thrums. 
1711  Countrey  Man's  Let.  to  Curate  95  He  goes  Generaljy  in 
Winter  in  good  thick  Rug,  and  in  Summer  most  part  in  a 
Highland  Plaid. 

•fb.  With//.  A  kind  or  make  of  frieze;  also, 
a  frieze  cloak  or  mantle.  Obs. 

1551-2  Act  5  ff  6  Edw.  V'l,  c.  6  §  i  All  Clothes  called  Man 
chester  Rugges,  otherwise  named  Frices.  Ibid.  §  24  Any 
of  the  Clothes,  Karseys,  Frices,  Rugges  or  Cottons  afore- 
saide.  1599  HAKLUYT  Vcy.  II.  11.  87  The  townes  buijt  of 
stone,  the  people  rude  in  conditions,  apparelled  in  diners 
coloured  rugs.  1610  HOLLAND  Cajnden  s  Brit.,  Ireland  63 
Which  [sheep]  they  sheare  twice  a  yeere,  and  make  of  their 
course  wool  rugges  or  shugge  mantles.  1657  R.  LIGON  Bar- 
badoes  (1673)  IO9  Forty  pound  I  think  fit  to  bestow  on  Irish 
Ruggs  such  as  are  made  at  Kilkennie,  and  Irish  stockings. 
1680  MORDEN  Geog.  Rect.  (1685)  39  Several  Manufactures 
as  Freezes,  Ruggs,  Mantles,  &c. 

\  C.  ?  One  who  wears  a  frieze  cloak.   Obs.—1 

1638  SHIRLEY  Mart.  Soldier  11.  iii,  I  am . .  Lord  over  these 
Larroones,  Regent  of  these  Rugs,  Viceroy  over  these  Vaga 
bonds. 

2.  A  large  piece  of  thick  woollen  stuff  (freq.  of 
various  colours)  used  as  a  coverlet  or  as  a  wrap  in 
driving,  railway-travelling,  etc. 

1591  PERCIVALL  Sp.  Diet.,  Alcatifa,  a  rug  for  a  bed.  1623 
FLETCHER  &  SHIRLEY  Nt.  Walkers,  i,  I  wished  'em  then 
get  him  to  bed,  they  did  so,  And  almost  smothr'd  him  with 
rugges  and  pillowes.  1667  PEPYS  Diary  13  July,  Mighty 
hot  weather;  I  lying  this  night.. with  only  a  rugg  and^ 
sheet  upon  me.  1687  B.  RANDOLPH  Archipelago  101  We 
were  not  free  from  fears  least  the  seas  should  wash  away 
those  ruggs  which  we  had  stopped  in  between  the  timbers. 
1731  SWIFT  Cassinus  tf  AfarWk*.  i75r  X.  191  A  Rug  was 
oer  his  Shoulders  thrown  ;  A  Rug;  for  Night-gown  he  had 
none.  1778  Eng.  Gazetteer  (ed.  2)  s.v.  Wigatt,  Lancaster, 
famous  for  the  manufacture  of  coverlets,  rugs,  blankets,  and 
other  sorts  of  bedding.  1862  Macm.  Mag.  June  125  The 
child  can  scarcely  be  too  soon  accustomed  to  be  laid  on  its 
back  on  a  mattress  or  rug  on  the  floor.  1871  CARLYLE  in 
Mrs,  Carlyle's  Lett.  III.  247  We  had  to  wrap  our  invalid  in 
quite  a  heap  of  rugs  and  shawls.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek. 
1999/2  A  railway-rug  is  a  coarse  shawl  for  wrapping  the  legs 
or  for  use  as  a  blanket. 


BUG. 

fig.  1626  DONNE  Serin.  817  In  that  Green  bed  whose  cover 
ing  is  but  a  Yarde  and  a  half  of  Turf  and  a  Rugge  of  Grass. 

phr.  1769  Stratford  Jubilee  it.  i,  If  she  has  the  mopus's, 
Til  have  her,  as  snug  as  a  bug  in  a  rug.  1798  W.  HUTTON 
Life  (1816)  137  The  doctor. .said,  '  You  are  as  .safe  as  a  bug 
in  a  rug '. 

3.  A  square  or  oblong  mat  for  the  floor,  usually 
of  thick  or  shaggy  stuff.  Cf.  HEAUTH-KUG. 

1810  K.NOX  &  JEBB  Corr.  II.  5  You  shall  have  a  sofa  in 
your  bed-chamber..,  and  a  little  rug  for  your  hearthstone. 
1847  C.  BRONTE  y.  Eyre  xix,  I  stood  on  the  rug  and  warmed 
my  hands.  1902  BUCHAN  Watcher^  by  the  Threshold  287 
The  lire-lit  hall,  with  its  rugs  and  little  tables. 

1 4.  ?  A  shaggy  breed  of  dog  (see  WATEU-KUG). 

5.  U.S.   (See  quot.)  ?  Obs. 

1792  BEL  KNAP  Hist.  New-Hauipsh.  III.  129  There  is  a 
natural  tough  sward  commonly  called  a  rug,  which  must 
either  rot  or  be  burned  before  any  cultivation  can  be  made. 

6.  at  f  rib.  and  Comb.  a.  In  sense  i,  as  rug-cloak  > 
-doublet^  etc. ;  rug-like  adj.     See  also  RUG-GOWN. 

1593  NASHE  P.  Pennilesse  A  iv  b,  Dame  Niggardize  his 
wife,  in  a  sedge  rugge  kirtle.  1611  SI-EED  Theat.  Gt.  Brit. 
(1614)  138/2  Over  their  side  garments  the  shagge  rugge 
mantles.  1634-5  BRERETON  Trav.  (Chatham)  156  Much 
more  comely  than  the  rug  short  cloaks  used  by  the  women. 
1686  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  2152/4  An  Apprentice, ..  in  a  gray 
Coat,  and  white  rutr  Doublet.  1725  Dt:  FOE  I'oy.  ro:tnd 
World ^(1840)  276  Colchester  baize,  a  coarse  rug-like  manu 
facture.  1786  MRS.  DELANY  Life  $•  Corr. _(i86i)  III.  339, 
I  who  only  go  out.,  when  the  sun  shines,  in  a  rugg  great 
coat  and  boot-stockings.  1796  Plain.  Sense  (ed.  2)  III.  100 
A  rug-cloak . .  covered  her  warmly  over  at  night.  1800  COLU- 
UIDGE  Let*  to  IVedgemood  Jan.,  I  am  sitting  by  a  lire  in  a 
rug  greatcoat. 

D.  In  senses  2  and  3. 

1822  Miss  EDGEWORTH  in  Life  $  Letters  (1894)  II.  70 
We  went  through  the  female  wards..,  and  saw  the  women 
at  various  works, — knitting,  rug-making,  isic.  1843  Penny 
Cycl.  XXVII.  180/1  Another  kind  of  weaving.,  is  that  which 
relates  to  rug-work  and  tapestry.  1891  Anthony' '$  Phot. 
Bulletin,  IV.  159  The  only  unattached  part  being  the  rug 
strap  for  camera. 

R-Ug',  sb.3  dial.  rare.  [Of  Scand.  origin:  cf. 
Swed.  oiaLrugg  in  the  same  sense  (Rietz).  Prob. 
related  to  rag  mist,  rime,  common  in  northern 
Eng.  dialects.]  Drizzling  rain. 

ci4oo  Dcstr.  Troy  9652  Thurgh  the  rug,  6c  the  rayn,  bat 
raikud  aboue,  All  wery  for  wete.  1866  EUMONDSTON  Gloss. 
Sketl.  fy  Orkney,  Rug,  small  rain. 

1*  Rug,  sb»^  Obs,  rare.  Some  kind  of  strong 
liquor. 

l653  J-  TAYi.oR(Water  P.)  Cert.  Trav.  Uncert.  Journey  16 
Of  all  the  drinks  potable  Rug  is  most  puisant,  potent, 
notable.  Rug  was  the  Capitall  Commander  there. 

Rug,  obs.  f.  RIDGE  sb. ;  see  also  RUGBEIAN. 

t  Rug,  a.  Obs.  [Gaining  slang,  of  unknown 
origin.]  Safe,  secure  :  a.  In  gambling. 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew  s.v.,  It's  all  Rug,  Uic 
Game  is  secured.  1709  STEELE  Toiler  No.  39  F  36  If  one 
has  it  all  Rug,  as  the  Gamesters  say,  when  they  have  a 
Trick  to  make  the  Game  secure.  1714  T.  LUCAS  Mem. 
Gamesters  (ed.  2)  104  His  great  Dexterity  of  making  all 
Rugg  at  Dice,  as  the  Cant  is  fur  securing  a  Die  between 
two  Fingers. 

b.  transf.  In  general  use. 

1705  RO\VE  Biter  i.  i,  Fear  nothing,  Sir ;  Rug's  the  Word, 
all's  safe.  1721  GIBBER  Refusal  i,  And  does  this  Contract 
secure  the  Lady's  Fortune  to  you  too?..O  !  Pox  !  1  knew 
that  was  all  Rug  before.  1735  POPE  Donne  Sat.  iv.  134 
Who  got  his  Pension  rug,  Or  quicken'd  a  Reversion  by  a 
drug?  1797  BRYDGES  horn.  Trav.  II.  251  We'll  here  lie 
snug,  Let  him  but  pass,  we  have  htm  rug. 

c.  With  adverbial  force. 

1714  IVentworth  Papers  (1883)  394  The  changes  at  Court 
does  not  go  so  rug  as  some  people  expected. 

Rug,  obs.  form  of  ROUGH  a. 

Rug  (r»g),  v.1  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Also  4-8 
rugge,  5-6  ruge  (5  ruk) ;  4-5  rogg(e.  [prob.  of 
Scand.  origin:  cf.  Icel.,  Kser.,  and  Norw.  ritgga, 
obs.  Da.  rugge,  to  rock  (a  cradle),  to  swing  back 
wards  and  forwards,  to  sway.  The  original  sense 
was  prob.  ( to  pull'.] 

1.  trans.  To  pull  forcibly,  violently,  or  roughly ; 
to  tear,  tug. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  15825  For[b]  bai  his  maister  drogh,  And 
rugged  him  vn-rekenli  bath  ouer  hill  and  [hjogh.  Ibid. 
21920  Ded  sal  rug  us  til  his  rape,  c  1340  KAMI-OLE  Pr,  Consc. 
1230  Lyons,  libardes  and  wolwes  Icene,  pat  wald  worow 
men  bylyve,  And  rogg  bam  in  sonder  and  ryve.  a  1400 
in  Minor  Poems  Vernon,  MS.  II.  501  Wit?  his  teej>  he 
gon  hit  togge,  And  so  radii  he  gon  hit  Rogge,  pat  al 
be  Rolle  gon  race.  £-1440  Alph.  Tales  446  Oft  tymys  sho 
was  enforcid  to  be  drawen  oute,  bod  it  was  in  vayn  bod  if 
bai  wuld  hafe  rugid  hur  in  sonder.  c  1450  HOLLAND  Howlat 
822  In  come  twa  fly  rand  fulis,..Ruschit  baith  to  the  bard, 
and  ruggit  his  hair.  1500-20  DUNBAK  Poems  Ixxii.  106  Than 
t  udelie  come  Rememberance  Ay  rugging  me,  withoutin  rest. 
1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxii.  51  God  nor  ye  gleddis  ?e 
get,  Or  Rauinnis  the  rug  with  bludie  beik  in  bittis.  1572 
Ibid,  xxxii.  67  We  coinmounis  all,  ..now,  allace  !  ar  rugit, 
reuin,  and  rent.  17. .  RAMSAY  To  Starrat  21  Rug  frae  its 
roots  the  craig  of  Edinburgh  castle.  1795  MACKEILL  Scot- 
lattd'&Skaitk  Ivi,  Jean..  Flyt's,  and  storms,  and  rug's  Will's 
hair.  1835  HOGG  in  Frasers  Mag.  XI.  358  The  Hunter  he 
rugged  his  old  grey  hair.  1871  \V.  ALEXANDER  Johnny  Gibb 
(1873)  20  I'se  rug  yer  lugs  t'ye  gin  ye  dinna  gae  this  minit. 
b.  Const,  downy  f forth,  off,  out  (of),  up. 

c:.I37S  $c~  Leg.  Saints  xxvi.  (Nicholas)  689  He  hynt  \JG 
pripure  be  be  hare,  &  rukyt  hyme  of  his  bed  in  hy.  c  1450 
MirourSaluacioun  (Roccb.)  83  The  whilk  festnyng  his  fete 
thai  ruggid  out  semblably.  1456  SIR  G.  HAVE  Law  Arms 
(S.T.S.)  162  Theevill  herbis  may  nocht  be gudely  ruggit  up 


877 

be  the  rutis,  bot.  .gudeherbis  that  ar  nere  thaim.  .be  ruggit 
up  with  thame.  c  1508  DUNBAR  Poems  xxxiii.  83  The  pyot 
furth  his  pennis  did  rug.  £15,60  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.T.S.) 
i.  125  Ruging  and  raifand  vp  kirk  rentis  lyke  ruikis.  1637-50 
Row  Hist.  Kirk  (\Vodrow  Soc.)  12  In  taking  away  bells, 
and  rugging  doun  .  .ornaments.  1738  Scotch  Presbyterian 
Eloquence  43  The  Devil  rugg  their  Hearts  out  of  their  Sides. 
«  1774  FBRGU880H  Plainstaius  $•  Cawsey  Poems  (1845)  46 
Owre  me  tlie  nmckle  horses  gallop,  Kneugh  to  rug  my  very 
saul  up.  1825  J.  WILSON  Noct.  Ambr.  Wks.  1855  I.  g  Can 
an  idea. .  rug  out  a  handfu*  o1  hair  out  of  the  head  o'  him  '! 

2.  intr.  To  pull,  tear,  or  tug  {at  something). 

In  mod.  dial,  use  freq.  combined  with  rive. 

c  \ytpSt.  Andrew  225  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1881)  7 
pai  rugget  at  him  with  ful  grete  bir.  r ,  1400  Town.  Tot 
tenham  199  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  III.  91  Thus  thai  tuggut  and 
thei_ruggut  til  hit  was  ny  ny3t.  £1425  WYNTOUN  Cron. 
Hi.  ii.  472  Abowt  twa  pilIaris..He  kest  his  armys  hastely, 
And  ruggit  at  bairn  doggitly.  1530  LYNDESAY  Test.  Pap- 
yngo  1148  The  Rauin  began  rudely  to  ruge  and  ryue. 
a  1585  MOSTGOMEKIE  Flytiitg  288  The  Weird  Sisters.. Saw 
reavens  rugand  at  that  ration.  1722  RAMSAY  Three  Bon 
nets  in.  29  Jouk  three  times  rugged  at  his  [brother's] 
shoulder.  1724  —  Tea  T.  Alisc.  (1871)  II.  129  Hunger 
i n^-'d  at  Watty's  breast.  1812  W.  TENNANT  Anster  F,  iv, 
Each. .A  good  Grail's  capon  hold^,  at  which  he  rugs  and 
gnaws.  1872  C.  GIBBON  For  the  King  xvii,  You'll  wring 
my  arm  out  o'  the  socket  if  you  keep  rugging  at  it  that  way. 
1901  K.  ANUEKSON  Hist,  of  Kilsyth  xiii.  m  That  night  the 
razor  was  bad.  It  rugged  and  he  had  to  stop. 

fb.  Rug  and  reave,  to  practise  robbery.  Obs. 

1508  KKSSEUIK  Fly  ting  iv.  Dunbar  ^>\  It  cumisof  kynde 
to  the  to  be  a  traytoure,  To  ryde  on  nycht,  to  rug,  to  reue, 
and  stele.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  ix.  x.  53  Best  likis  \vs  all 
tyme  to  rug  and  reyf,  To  drive  away  the  spreith,  and  tharon 
leyf.  1596  DALKYMI-LE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  I.  323  Thay 
began  to  rug  and  reiue,  stryk  and  stick  ilk  vther, 

t  Rug,  v.*  Obs.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  intr.  To 
fish  wiln  a  rug-net.  Hence  tRu'gging  vbl.  sb. 

1630  in  Binnell  Thames  (1758)  65  No  Fisherman  or  other 
shall  be  suffered  to  rug  for  Flounders,  .between  London 
Bridge.. and  Westminster.  Ibid.  79  That  no  Peter-man  do 
rug  from  London  Bridge  to  Blackball.  1738  BINNELL /&V., 
Rules  to  be  observed  in  Rugging. 

11  Ruga  (r«-ga).  PI. rug» (rw-dgO-  Bot-> 
etc.     [L.  ruga.]     A  wrinkle,  fold,  or  ridge. 

1775  J.  JENKINSON  tr.  Linnxus1  Brit.  PI.  Gloss.  -256 
Rugose,  full  otritgx  or  wrinkles.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (eel.  3) 
II.  387/2  The  vermicularis,  with  faint  annular  ruga:.  1821 
W.  P.  C.  BARTON  Flora  N.  Anter.  I.  125  An  oblong  or 
barrel-shaped  bulb,  marked  by  circular  lines  or  ruga;,  1879 
St.  George's  Hos£,  Rep.  IX.  435  Its  mucous  membrane  was 
drawn  up  into  thick  dark-brown  ruga;. 

Rugate  (r/rgcft),  a.  Zool.  [ad.  pa.  pple.  of 
L.  riigare^  f.  ruga.'}  Having  ruga; ;  wrinkled. 

1846  DANA  Zooph.  (1848)  196  Disk  brown,,  .rugate.  1852 
—  Crust,  i.  425  Either  part  is  rugate  or  pseudo-squamate. 

Hence  Rugately  adv. 

1846  DANA  Zooph.  (1848)  200  Coralluin.. rugately  striate 
and  denticulate. 

Kugbeiail  (rygbran).  Also  9  Bugbaean. 
[f.  RUGBY  (see  next),  on  Latin  types.]  A  former 
or  present  pupil  of  Rugby  school.  (Sometimes 
abbreviated  to  Rug.} 

1825  Sporting  Mag.  XVII.  2  A  Rugbsean  is  a  Rugbscan 
all  the  world  over.  1845  Rules  Footb.  Rugby  School  f>'\\\\*.\. 
Old  Rugba;ans  shall  be  allowed  to  play  at  the  matches  of 
Football.  1869  Daily  News  10  Dec-!  A  meeting  of  old 
Rugbeians  was  held  yesterday. 

Rugby  (rz?'gbi).  The  name  of  the  public 
school  at  Rugby  in  Warwickshire,  used  ait  rib*  or 
absol.  to  designate  one  of  the  two  leading  forms  of 
the  game  of  football.  (Cf.  RUGGER  2.) 

1864  Field  446/2  The  Rugby  Game.  Will  a  good  Rugby 
authority  settle  the  following  points  in  their  game?  1879 
Encycl.  Brit.  IX.  367/2  The  tumbles  and  scrimmages  inci 
dental  to  the  Rugby  code.  1897  MRS.  RAYNER  Type-writer 
Girl  iii.  31  Their  discourse,  -circled  chiefly  round  the  noble 
quadruped,  with  divergences  on  Rugby  and  Association 
football. 

t  Ruge,  sb.1  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  L.  ruga  RUGA.] 
A  wrinkle  or  fold. 

c  1440  Pallad.  on  Hnsb,  iv.  724  A  ferdfuk  face,  his  necke 
in  many  a  ruge  Yfretted  grete.  Ibid.  xn.  509  Olyues  that 
me  fyndeth  lying  crispe,  With  rugis  drawe. 

tRuge,  sb.%  Obs.~l  [f.  L.  rttgire  to  roar.] 
Roaring. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixxii.  19  As  lyonis  with  awfull 
ruge,  la  yre  thai  hurlit  him  heir  and  thair. 

t  Ruge,  v.  Obsf~~l  [ad.  L.  rugdre^  f.  ruga 
RUGA.]  trans.  To  wrinkle. 

1681  GREW  Musxum  I.  v.  iii.  115  On  his  Forehead  and 
Chaps  before,  where  his  Skin  is  only  ruged  as  you  draw 
your  Finger  downward. 

Ruge,  obs.  f.  RUG.  Rugement :  see  RUGIXE  v. 
Ruget,  obs.  f.  ROCHET  sb*  Rugg,  var.  RUG  a. 
Obs.  Rugge,  obs.  f.  RIDGE,  RUG. 

Rugged  (nrged),  a.l  (and  adv.}.  Also  5-6 
rogged,  roggyd,  7  rugg'd,  7-8  ruggid.  [prob. 
of  Scand.  origin:  cf.  the  forms  cited  under  RUG  sb2y 
and  Sw.  rugga  to  roughen,  put  a  nap  on,  ruggig 
rough,  shaggy.  The  precise  relationship  to  ragged 
is  not  quite  clear,  but  the  stem  is  no  doubt 
ultimately  the  same.] 

1*1.  Rough  with  hair;  hirsute,  shaggy  ;  also  of 
horses,  rough-coated.  Obs.  Cf.  RAGGED  a.1  I. 

£1330  Arth.  ff  Merl.  1501  (Kolbing),  Clowes  he  hadde 
qued, . .  A  rugged  taile  so  a  fende.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt?s  T, 
2025  (Ellesm.  MS.),  This  woful  Theban  Palamon  With 
flulcry  berd  and  rugged  as:>hy  heeres.  c  1440  Promp. 


RUGGED. 

Paw.  439,  i  Roggyd,  or  rowghc,  . .  hispidus*  kirsutus. 
1447  BOKKNHAU  Seyntys  (Roxb.)  46  It  signifyeth  that  ourc 
lord  jhcsu  Supplanted  the  deuyl  oure  ruggyd  enmy.  1530 
PALSCR.  322/2  Rogged  wiih  heare,  Poillu.  a  1548  HALL 
Chron.)  Hen.  IV,  9  Experience  teacheth,  that  of  a  rugged 
colte,  comtneth  a  good  hor^e.  1590  SI-ENSEU  F.  Q.  i.  vi.  27 
The  Lyon  whelpes  she  saw  how  he  did  beare,  And  lull  in 
rugged  armes.  1605  SHAKS.  Mucb,  m.  iv.  mo  Approach 
thou  like  the  nigged  Russian  Beare.  1697  UK  YUEN  ^'ity, 
(.tt'urg;  in.  751  Parch'tl  is  his  Hide,  and  rugged  are  his 
Hairs.  1726  LLUNI  Alberti's  Archit.  I.  96/1  If  horses  sec 
the  (ire,  they  are  prodigiously  frightened  and  will  grow 
rugged. 

fb.  ( )f  cloth  or  garments  :  Hairy,  coarse,  rough. 

1558  Richmond  Wills  (Surtees)  126,  ij  turfili  hatts,  ij 
ruggid  hatts.  1613  PUKCHAS  Pilgrimage  n.  vii.  (1614)  136 
Prophetes . ,  whose  ordinarie  habile  seenies  to  be  a  rugged 
bairie  garment.  1663  BUILER  Hud.  i.  i.  307  His  breeches 
were  of  rugged  Woollen.  1687  TAUBMAN  London's  Triumph 
8  The  rest  of  the  Mariners  in  Indian  stripes  and  ruggid 
Yarn  Caps.  1826  HOOD  IrishSchoolin,  xx,  Like  tears  dried 
up  with  rugged  huckaback. 

'\  c.  Of  leaves  :  Covered  with  hairs.   Obs. 

1676  Phil.  Trans.  II.  630  The  leaves  are  rugg'd  like  to  a 
Borage  leaf. 

2.  Having  small  rough  projections ;  broktn  into 
irregular  prominences;  rough,  uneven. 

1548  EI.VOT,  ScabratitSi  made  rough  or  rugged,  as  it  were  a 
ihyng  that  is  scalde.    1577  JJ.  GOOGE  HeresbacKs  Hnsb.  u. 
(1586)  104  The  hlacke  bath  the  ruggedder  bark.     1601  HOL 
LAND  Pliny  II.  393  If  the  nailes  be  ragged  and  rugged,  it 
is   not   amUse   to   apply  [etc.].     1642    H.   MOKE   Song  sj 
.Soul  n.  n.  iii.  i   He  much  perplexed  is.. Where  to  make 
choice  to  enter  hi*  ru-g'd  saw.     1681  GKKW  Mus.eitui  i.  \i. 
ii.  146  The  Rugged-Oyster.. is  of  a  dull  ash-colour.     1750 
(•KAY  E.lcgy  13   Beneath   those   rugged   elms      (£1787  (i. 
\\  HITK  Selborne  iv,  This  rag  is  rugged  and  stubborn,  and 
uill  not  hew  to  a  smooth  face.     1816  SCOTT  Old Mort.  xliii, 
The  little  bare  feet  which  caught.. hold  of  the  rugged  sid^ 
of  the  oak.     1839  KEMULK  Resid.  in  Georgia  (1863)  18  The 
rice-fields,  all  clothed  in  their  rugged  stubble. 

Jig.    1859  H  ELI'S  Friends  in  C.  Ser.  n.  II.  iii.  66  Smooths 
everything  that  would  otherwise  be  rugged  in  domestic  life. 
b.  Of  ground :  Broken,  uneven ;  full  of  stones, 
rocks,  abrupt  rises  or  declivities,  etc. 

1656  COWLEY  Anacreontiques  ix,  The  Wheel  of  Life  no 

less  will  stay   In  a   smooth  then    Rugged  way.     1687  A. 

LOVLLI,  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav,  i.  14  Hills  that  were  so  high 

and  nigged,  .that  our  hands  were  as  well  employed  as  our 

feet.     1717  BERKELEY  Jonrn.  Tour  Italy  Wks.  1871  IV.  543 

The    road    very   rugged    with    stones.     1769    ROBERTSON 

i     ChtiSj  V)  x.  III.  243  Clambering  up  the  rugged  track  with 

|     infinite  fatigue  as  well  as  danger.     1820  KEATS  Lamia  \. 

176  At  the  foot  of  those  wild  hills,  The  rugged  founts  of 

;     the  Pcriuan  rills.    1841  ELI-HINSTOSE  Hist.  hid.  II.  181  The 

i     Bahmani  kings.. had  suffered  severe  losses  in  that  rugged 

and  woody  country.     1875  JOWKTT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  30  Our 

island  home  is  rugged,  and  docs  not  admit  of  cavalry. 

Jig.   1673  IhtiiHutrs  ToiL'n  A  3  b,  Men  generally  arrive  at 

Wisdom  by  such  rugged  steps   of  self-experience.      1780 

Cowi'EK  JProgr.  Error  71  Is  this  the  rugged  path)  the  steep 

ascent,  That  virtue  points  to? 

3.  Of  features :   Wrinkled,  furrowed ;   irregular ; 
strongly  marked. 

1596  SPENSER  Jf.  Q,  i\*.  Prol.  i  The  rugged  forhead,  that 
with  grave  foresight  Welds  kingdomes  causes  and  affaires 
of  state.  1617  MIDDLETON  &  ROWLEY  Fair  Quarrel  ni.  ii, 
You  have  a  good  face  now,  but  'twill  grow  rugged.  i6ai 
BURTON  Anat.  J\Iel.  in.  ii.  vi.  iii.  (1651)  561  Her  soft  corall 
lips  will  be  pale,  her  skin  rugged.  1607  DRYDEN  Virg. 
Georg.  iv.  146  Like  their  Prince  appears  his  gloomy  Race  t 
Grim,  ghastly,  rugged.  1782  Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  x.  viii, 
Tears  running  quick  down  his  rugged  cheeks,  a  1817  JANE 
AUSTEN  Persuasion  iii,  His  face  the  colour  of  mahogany, 
rough  and  rugged  to  the  last  degree,  all  lines  and  wrinkles. 
1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Roinola  n.  vii,  There  seemed  the  very 
opposite  testimony  in  the  rugged  face.  1890  CONAN  DOYLE 
White  Company  xxxv,  A  dry-wood  fire  had  been  lit, ..the 
glare  beating  upon  their  rugged  faces. 

b.  Wrinkled  with  care  or  displeasure;  frowning. 

1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  in.  ii.  27  Sleeke  o're  your  rugged 
Lookes,  Be  bright  and  louiall.  '671  MILTON  P.  R.  ii.  164 
Such  object  haih  the  power  to  soft'n  and  tame  Severest 
temper,  smooth  the  rugged'st  brow.  1848  DICKENS  Dombey 
xv,  His  eyebrows,  .smoothed  their  rugged  bristling  aspect, 
and  became  serene. 

4.  Of  weather,  etc. :  Rough,  stormy,  tempestuous. 
Now  rare. 

1549  COVERDALE,  etc.  Erastit.  Par.  Tim.  Ded.,  There  is 
none  so  rugged  a  wynter,  but  some  profyte  aryseth  of  the 
feldes.     1622  MALYNES  Anc.  Lmv-Merch.  231  Serue  them 
in  hard  and  rugged  weather,  whereby  they  are^hindred  to 
be  abroad.     1637  MILTON  Lycidas^  He,.question'd  every 
gust  of  rugged  wings  That  blows  from  off  each  beaked 
Promontory.    1773  Life  N.  Frowde  25  He  was . .  of  the  most 
inviting  Carriage  that  ever  I  observed  upon   the   rugged 
Element  he  was  employed  in.    1850  W.  SCORESBY  C/ietver's 
Whalem.  Adv.  iv.  (1858)  58  The  Commodore  Preble  lost. . 
seven  whales  by  sinking  after  they  were  '  turned  up  ',  and 
three  from  alongside  in  rugged  weather.     1874  SCAMMON 
Marine  Mammals  311   A  rough   sea,  accompanied    with 
blowing  weather,  is  termed  by  whalers  '  rugged  weather  '. 

b.  Involving  hardships  or  severe  toil. 
1730-46  THOMSON  Autumn  289  Then  throw  that  shameful 
pittance  from  thy  hand,  But  ill  apply 'd  to  such  a  rugged 
task.  1820  KEATS  Isabella  xli,  Thinking  on  rugged  hours 
and  fruitless  toil.  1838  EMERSON  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  203  So  it 
is  in  rugged  crises,  m  unweariable  endurance,  .that  the 
angel  is  shown.  1889  JESSOPP  Coming  o/ Friars  vi.  295  It 
must  have  been  hard  for  the  weak  and  sickly. .  to  stand  that 
rugged  old  Cambridge  life. 

5.  Rough  to  the  ear  ;  harsh;  unpolished. 

1390  SPENSER  F.  Q.  111.11.3  But  ah !  myrymes  too  rude 
and  rugged  arre.  1642  MILTON  Apol.  Smect.  Wks.  1851  III. 
309  Declaining  in  tugged  and  miscellaneous  geare  blown 
together  by  the  foure  winds,  c  1645  —  Sortn.  xi,  Those 
rugged  names  to  our  like  mouths  grow  sleek.  1697  DRYDEN 


RUGGED. 


878 


RUGOSITY. 


Ded.  .i'-ncis  Ess.  (ed,  Ker)  II.  227  It  seldom  happens  but 
a  monosyllable  line  turns  verse  to  prose  ;  and  even  that 
prose  is  rugged  and  unharmonious.  1710  PHILIPS  Pastorals 
tv.  21  So  sweet  a  Scene  ill  Suits  my  ruggid  Lay.  1763 
J.  BROWN  Poetry  <$•  Mns.  vL  in  Escnylus  is  uneven,  con 
cise,  abrupt,  and  rugged.  1841  ELPHINSTOXE  Hist.  Ind.  I. 
427  Most  of  the  hymns  composing  the  Vedas  are  in  a  lan 
guage  so  rugged  as  to  prove  [etc.]. 

6.  Austere,  harsh,  severe,  ungentle. 

1597  HOOKER  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixv.  §6  Take  Cato,  or  if  he  be 
too  harsh  and  rugged,  choose  some  other  of  a  softer  metal. 
1621  FLETCHER  Pilgrim  \.  i,  Stgnior  Alphonso,  ye  are  too 
rugged  to  her,  Believe,  too  full  of  harshness.  168*  BUNVAN 
Holy  J^irdoos)  279  My  Lord  Mayor  said,  That  the  answer 
did  not  look  with  a  rugged  face.  1773  Life  N.  Froivde  25, 
I  began  to  be  reconciled  both  to  him  and  his  looks,  Which 
at  first  seem'd  so  rugged  and  unsociable.  1796  BURNEV  Mem. 
Mctastasio  I.  21  The  first  breach  of  contract  with  the  rugged 
advocate  was  in  the  beginning  of  1721.  1817  BOXAR  Serm. 
II.  xix.  423  We  .  .  dislike  those  rugged  pastors  who  will  make 
no  allowance  for  the  follies  of  the  age.  1836  THIRLWALL 
Greece  II.  267  Characters  like  that  of  Aristides,  even  when 
there  is  nothing  rugged  and  forbidding  in  their  exterior,  are 
seldom  loved. 

7.  Lacking  in  culture  and  refinement  ;  rude,  un 
cultivated  ;  also,  rough  and  hardy  (cf.  next). 

a  1625  FLETCHER  Wife  for  Month  v.  i,  Though  he  be  stub 
born,  And  of  a  rugged  nature,  yet  he  is  honest.  1665  SIR  T. 
HERBERT  Trav,  (1677)  501  They  are  very  humane  and  noble 
in  their  natures;  differing.,  very  much  from  the  Turks,  who 
are  rugged  and  barbarous,  a  1680  BUTLER  Rent.  (1759)  I.  96 
Force  is  a  rugged  Way  of  making  Love.  1732  BERKEI.LV 
Atciphr.  v.  §  ii  The  rugged  manners  of  northern  boors, 
1748  Ansons  b'oy.  11.  xjv.  284  Its  inhabitants  are  a  luxurious 
and  effeminate  race,  .  .incapable,  .of  giving  any  opposition 
to  this  rugged  enemy,  1799  HAN.  MORE  FiHf.jSauc,  (ed.  4) 
I.  149  It  drives  the  gentle  spirit  to  artifice,  and  the  rugged 
to  despair.  1826  SCOTT  Woods  f.  ii,  We  have  still  about  us 
some  rugged  foresters  of  the  old  Woodstock  breed.  1849 
M.  ARNOLD  World  $  Quietist  21  The  rugged  Labourer 
Caught  not  till  then  a  sense..  Of  his  omnipotence. 

Comb.  1888  FENS  Dick  o'  t/tc  Fens  1  1  A  tall  rugged-looking 
man  .  .  came  slouching  up. 

8.  Of  a  rough  but  strong  or  sturdy  character. 
1827  CARLYLE  Misc.  (1857)  I.  ii  He  has  an  intellect  vehe 

ment,  rugged,  irresistible.  1852  TEXSYSON  Ode  Welling' 
ton  184  Whose  life  was  work,  whose  language  rife  With  rug 
ged  maxims  hewn  from  life.  1853  HUMPHREYS  Coin  Coll. 
Man.  xxvi.  397  There  is  a  fine  rugged  grandeur  about  the 
great  copper  pieces  of  this  latter  epoch.  1873  SYMOSDS  Grk. 
Poets  v.  150  In  his  style  Simomdes  has  none  of  Pindar's 
rugged  majesty. 

9.  U.S.  Strong,  robust,  vigorous. 

1848  BARTI.ETT  Diet.  Amur.  280  Rugged^  hardy  ;  robust  ; 
healthy.  1858  HAWTHORNE  /•>.#  It.  Notc-bks.  I.  271  Dirty 
little  imps,  ..rugged  and  healthy  enough,  nevertheless,  ana 
sufficiently  intelligent.  1872  O.  W.  HOLMES  Poet  BreaJtf.-t. 
xii.  358  I'm  getting  along  in  life,  and  I  ain't  quite  so  rugged 
as  I  used  to  be. 

1C.  As  adv.  Ruggedly. 

1661  J.  DA  VIES  Civil  Warres  344  Finding  how  rugged 
they  moved  as  to  his  interest.  1678  BUTLER  Hud.  in,  i. 
374  For  those  that  doe  his  business  best,  In  Hell  are  us'd 
the  ruggedest, 

Hence  Strffgedish  a.,  somewhat  rugged. 

1^87  Linnseits1  Families  of  Plants  I.  78  Seed,  .ruggedish. 

Rugged  (r»gd),  «.-  [f.  RUG  sb$\  Provided 
or  covered  with  a  rug  or  rugs. 

1888  Pall  Malt  G.  ii  Jan.  5/1  The  snugly-cushioned,  hot- 
bottled,  rugged,  and  scented  votaries  of  fashion.  1899  SOM  KR- 
VILLE  &  Ross  Irish.  R.  M,  275  Two  horses,  carefully  rugged, 
were  in  it. 

t  Rugged,  v.  Ods.—1  [f.  RUGGED  a.1]  trans. 
To  make  rugged. 

1628  KELTHAM  Resolves  \\.  xxix.  91  'Tis  the  World,  that 
choaking  vp  the  way,  does  rugged  that  whicli  is  naturally 
smoother. 


Ruggedly  (nrgedli),  adv.     [f.  RUGGED 
-LY  '2,j     In  a  rugged  or  rough  manner. 

1382  WVCLIF  Prov.  xviii.  23  With  obsecraciouns  speketh 
the  pore  man  ;  and  a  riche  man  shal  speke  out  ruggidli, 

1607  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Woman-Hater  v.  iii,  Nay,  look  not 
ruggedly  upon  me,  I  am  made  up  too  strong  to  fear  such 
looks.  1660  W.  SECKER  Nonsuch  Prof.  156  The  nettle.. 
stings  when  its  gently  touched,  but  doth  not  hurt  when  its 
ruggedly  handled.  1668  HOPKINS  Serin.  (1685)  78  Moving 
upon  these  four  sides,  it  must  of  necessity  move  very  rug 
gedly,  by  jolts  and  jerks.  1701  COLLIER  M.  Attrel.  (1726), 
Alexander  the  grammarian  taught  me  not  to  be  ruggedly 
critical  about  Words.  1737  BRACKEN  Farriery  Imfir.  (1757) 
II.  82  H  e  play'd  his  Horse-play  too  ruggedly,  a  1851  ROBERT 
SON  in  Four  C.  Eng.  Lett.  565,  1  have  spoken  ruggedly  but 
not  rudely.  1895  Pop.  Set.  Monthly  Sept.  718  The  new  land 
is  described  as  ruggedly  barren. 

Ruggedness(r»'g<>dnes).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.] 

1.  The  state  or  character  of  being  rugged  ;  rough 
ness,  unevenness. 

1530  PALSGR.  264/1  Ruggydnesse,  pdlure.  1544  PHAER 
Regint.  Lyfc  (1553)  B  v,  These  thinges  are  good  for  Tetters, 
and  other  ruggednesse  of  the  skinne.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny 
II.  321  As  for  the  ruggednesse  of  any  blade,  it  will  take  it 
away  more  effectually.,  than  the  very  file.  1674  N.  FAIRFAX 
Bulk  ff  Setu.  86  The  utmost  smoothness  we  can  come  at.. 
is  full  of.  .little  ruggednesses.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  \\. 
(Globe)  585  You  know  not  a  Man  from  a  Woman,  neither 
by  the  Ruggedness  of  their  Countenances  or  their  Clothes, 
•7S1  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  88  f  11  Our  language,  of  which 
the  chief  defect  is  ruggedness  and  asperity.  1797  MRS.  RAU- 
CLIFKE  Italian  vii,  It  was  merely  a  ruggedness  in  the  stones 

.  .  that  had  excited  his  curiosity.  1871  PALGRAVE  Lyr.  Poems 
127  Features  by  keen  mountain  air  Moulded  to  solemn 
ruggedness. 

b.  Of  roads,  mountains,  etc. 

1648  WILKINS  Math.  Magic  it.  ii.  161  Every  little  rug 
gednesse  or  unevennes  of  the  ground.  1698  FRYER  Ace. 
E.  India  «jr  /».  A  4b,  Where  the  Ruggedness  of  the  Ways 


interpose.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  I.  T^g  The  rug 
gedness  of  the  road, . .  leading  up  the  mountain,  is  not  easily 
described .  1814  SCOTT  Diary  30  Aug.,  The  grounds  around 
have  been  dressed,  so  as  to  smooth  their  ruggedness.  1836 
\V.  IRVING  Astoria  II.  215  All  the  discouraging  accounts 
of  the  ruggedness  of  the  mountains  lower  down  the  river. 
1875  JOWF.TT  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  277  The  country. .,  owing  to 
the  ruggedness  of  the  soil,  not  providing  anything  in  great 
abundance. 

fig.  1825  LAMB  Etta  11.  The  Superannuated  Man,  The 
faithful  partners  of  my  toils.. that  smoothed  for  me.. the 
ruggedness  of  my  professional  road.  1862  GOULBURN  Pers. 
Keltg-.  iv,  i.  (1873)  253  Crosses,  ruggednesses,  unpleasant 
collisions  in  one  day's  walk. 

2.  Harshness  or  roughness  of  character,  etc. 

1647  J.  MAYNE  Answ.  Cheynell  27  AH  they  of  that  soft 
Sex,  with  whom  I  have  converst,  have  accused  me  of  too 
great  severity,  and  ruggedness,  towards  them.  1676  HALE 
Contem6l.fi]  edit.  Lord's  Prayer  \^  The  Pardon  that  I  give, 
is  mingled  with  ruggedness,  with  revenge.  1751  JOHNSON 
RaiiiblcrNo,  iisP?  A  wife  who  had  the  ruggedness  of  a  man 
without  his  force.  1794  GODWIN  Caleb  Williams  19  It  was 
in  vain  that  Mr.  Tyrrel  endeavoured  to  restrain  the  rugged- 
ness  of  his  character.  1830  CUNNINGHAM  Brit.  Painters  II. 
203  The  habitual  ruggedness  of  his  personal  manners. 

Ru'gger  *.     Obs.  exc.  arch.     [f.  RUG  v.1  2  b.] 

A  plunderer,  depredator,  robber. 

1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxu  3  Ruggars,  Reifars,  Rome- 
raikars.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  II.  130 
Manifest  ruggers  and  reiuers  on  the  Sey.  1860  Wills  # 
Inv.  N.  C.  (Surtees)  09  note,  The  lawless  propensities  of  the 
ruggers  and  rievers  of  that  wild  district. 

Ru'gger2,  slang  or  colloquial  alteration  of 
RUGBY  (in  the  sense  of '  Rugby  football '). 

1893  Westm.  Gaz.  17  Oct.  5/3  W.  Neilson  was  elected 
captain  of  '  rugger  '  and  T.  N.  Perkins  of  '  socker  '.  1895 
tqth  Cent.  Nov.  865  He  would  find  that  a  'Rugger1  blue 
commanded  vastly  more  admiration. 

Ru  gging,  sb.     [f.  RUG  sb.*]     (See  quot.) 

1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade t  Rugging,  a  coarse  wrapping 
or  blanket  cloth. 

Ru'gging,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RUG  £>.!]  Pulling,  tug 
ging  ;  seizing  for  oneself. 

a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.T.S.)  II.  273 
Thair  was  nathing  bot  rwgging  and  ravemg  of  the  putr 
laubouraris.  1581  N.^BuKNE  in  Cath.  Tract.  (S.T.S.)  167 
Be  rugging  doun  of  kirkis,  be  spuleying  of  Abbayis.  1596 
DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scot.  I.  187  Trubling  the  west 
seyes  in  thift,  ruging,  and  reiueng.  1644  BAILLIE  Lett,  fy 
Jrnls.  (1841)  II.  232  We  have  strange  rugging  with  the 
Independents.  1.814  SCOTT  Wav.  xlii,  The  gude  auld  times 
of  rugging  and  riving.. are  come  back  again.  1846  G.  S. 
FABER  Lett.  Tract.  Secession  51  In  the  midst  of  this  awful 
rugging  and  riving  [etc.]. 

attrib.  1836  W.  ARNOT  Autobiog.  (1877)  107,  I  do  feel  a 
tearing,  rugging  process  going  on. 
b.  fig.  (See  quot.) 

1814  Saxon  <$-  Gael  I.  153  The  craving  or  rugging  at  the 
heart,  i.  e.,  hunger,  is  a  disease  but  too  frequent  among  the 
Highlanders. 

fRu'ggish,  a.  Obs.  [Cf.  RUGGY  #.]  Rough, 
stubborn.  So  f  Ku'ggishness,  roughness. 

1541  COPLAND  Guydons  Quest.  Chirurg.  R  j,  The  .ix.  [sign 
of  leprosy]  is  ruggy shnes  of  the  skynne  in  maner  of  a  goos. 
1688  PENTON  Guardian's  Instruction  (1897)  31  If  he  found 
a  Boy  ruggish  and  untractable. 

t  Ru'ggle.     Obs.     [Of  obscure  origin.] 

1.  A  plaything,  toy. 

1598  BARCKLEY  Felic.  Man  in.  (1603)  146  Humane  power 
and  riches,  which  may  be  likened  to  the  ruggles  and  toyes 
which  children  use  to  play  with.  Ibid.  (1631)  503  Honour, 
and  glory, ..he  esteemeth  as  the  frumps  of  fortune,  and 
ruggles  for  children  to  play  with. 

2.  A  species  of  shell. 

c  1711  PETIVER  Gazofhyl.  \\.  §  52  Small  Gibraltar  Ruggie 
..are  also  found  on  the  Adriatick  and  French  Mediter 
ranean  Shores. 

t  Rug  gown.     Obs.    [i.  RUG  sb?] 

1.  A  gown  made  of  rug. 

1558  Lane.  Wills  (Chetham  Soc.)  II.  114  That  six  poor 
j  men . .  shall  have  every  of  theme  a  black  rugge  gowne.  1591 
j  FLORIO  -2nd  Fruites  7  A  night  gown  of  chamlet,  a  rugge 
;  gown.  1611  TOURNEUR  Ath.  Trag.  \\.  v,  The  Gentleman 
'  tooke  the  dog  in  shagge-haire  to  be  some  Watch-man  in  a 
i  rugge  gowne.  1639  HORN  &  ROB.  Gate  Lang.  Unl.  xlvii. 
I  §  517  Cloakes,  rug-gownes,  and  the  like  outermost  garments, 
we  put  on  uppermost.  1657  R-  L'CON  Barbadoes  (1673)  44 
j  Rug  Gowns,  buch  as  poor  people  wear  in  Hospitals. 

2.  One  wearing  a  rug  gown  ;  spec,  a  watchman. 

1619  FLETCHER  MOHS.  Thomas  iv.  ii,  Down  comes  a  Con 
stable,  and  the  Sow..  .A  whole  stand  of  rug  gowns  rowtetl 
manly  And  the  Kings  peace  put  to  flight.  1646  J.  HALL 
Horse  Vac.  9  What  a  grand  ornament  our  Gentry  would 
Soon  loose,  if  every  rug-gown  might  be  bold  To  rail  at  such 
Heroick  feats? 

Hence  t  Bu'gf-fifowned  a.    Obs. 

1622  FLETCHER  Prophetess  n.  ii,  I  had  rather  meet  An 
enemy  in  the  field,  than  stand  thus  nodding  Like  to  a  rug- 
gown'd  Watch-man.  1624  MASSINGER  Renegado  v.  ii,  With 
as  much  ease . .  As  ever  gallants . .  Have  set  upon  a  drunken 
constable,  And  bore  him  from  a  sleepy  rug-gown'd  watch. 

trans/.  1630  J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Wks.  \\.  259/2  The 
Pcare,  the  Appfc,  and  the  rug-gown'd  Peache. 

Ruggy  (wgi)j  a.  Now  dial.  Also  5  rogi, 
roggy,  6  ruggie.  [Related  to  RUGGED  a.1  Cf. 
Sw.  ruggig  in  similar  senses.] 

1-  Ragged,  in  various  senses  ;  rough ;  t  shaggy  ; 
f  wild,  stormy. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt?s  T.  2025  Tho  cam  this  woful  The- 
banPalamon,  With  flotry  herd,  and  ruggy  [v.r.  rogi]  asshy 
heerys.  c  1440  Pallad.  on  Hush.  vn.  188  The  ruggy  lordis 
Of  broun  colour  be  slayn  for  this  discordis.  Ibid.  xi.  86 
Threste  in  a  braunche  of  roggy  wilde  olyue.  1577-87 
HOLINSHEU  Chron.  III.  61  A  sore,  ruggie,  and  tempestuous 


day,  with  wind,  snow,  and  sleet,  1598  YONG  Diana  171 
There  was  scene  the  deadly  Cypresse,  . .  the  blacke  and 
ruggie  Klme.  1615  BRATHWAIT  Strappado  (^•j^  319  Leaue 
off  to  wash  those  cliues  and  ruggy  caues,  and  now  repaire 
to  monumental!  graues.  1634-5  BRERETON  Trai\  (Chet 
ham  Soc.)  155  This  ruggy  fringe  is  joined  to  a  garment 
which  ..  reacheth  to  the  very  ground.  1849  in  De  Vere 
Americanisms  (1872)  536  It's  a  mighty  ruggy  trail.. up  the 
Shasta  Mountain. 

2.   (See  quots.     Perhaps  a  different  word.) 

1850  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XI.  11.  733  The  sainfoin  be 
comes  'ruggy  ',  as  it  is  called,  in  about  4  years,  and  then  it 
is  changed  to  another  piece  of  land.  1860  Slang  Diet. 
(ed.  2)  203  Rnggy,  fusty,  frowsy. 

Hugh,  obs.  variant  of  ROVE  (nail). 

Rugh(e,  obs.  forms  of  ROUGH  a. 

Rug-headed,  a.  rare  -1.  [f.  RUG  sb2]  Shock- 
headed. 

1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  it.  i.  156  We  must  supplant  those 
rough  rug-headed  Kernes. 

Rughh,  Rught,  obs.  forms  of  ROUGH  a. 

tRu'gible,  a.  Obs."1  [f.  L.  rttgire  to  roar.] 
Capable  of  roaring.  Hence  f  Rngibi'lity.  Obs. 

i6zo  T.  GRANGER  Div.  Logike  108  Risibilitie,  Rugibilitie, 
£c.  Powers  of  the  forme,  immediatly  issuing  therefrom. 
Ibid.  218  A  Lion  is  a  fore-footed  Beast  rugible. 

t  Rugine,  sb.  Obs.  [a.  F.  rnginet  ad.  med.L. 
rztgina,  prob.  an  alteration  of  L.  runana  plane.] 
A  surgeon's  rasp. 

1676  WISEMAN  Surg.  Treat,  v.  ix.  392,  I  openM  the  Fis 
sure  with  my  Rugines,  scraping  away  its  edges  that  no 
Sanies  or  Matter  might  be  detail) 'd.  17398.  SHARPE  Surg. 
Introd.  p.  xlvii,  In  these  cases  it  is  proper  to  scrape  the 
Bone  with  a  Rugine. 

t  Rugine,  ^.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  F.  rttginer,  or 
med.L.  ritginare :  see  prec.]  (fans.  To  rasp  or 
scrape  with  a  rugine.  Hence  t  Rugining  vbl.  sb. 

c  \QQaLanfrancs  Cirurg.  132  (Add.  MS.),penney  remeffe 
hym  aweye  wi|>  rugenynge  [v.r.  rugement]  from  fe  partyc 
Jjat  halt.  1676  WISEMAN  Snrg.  Treat.  II.  v.  ix.  130  (R.)» 
The  next  day,  where  you  shall  find  it  moist,  there  you  are 
to  rugine  it. 

fRu'gling,  adv.  Obs.  [f.  rug  RIDGE  sb.i 
Cf.  Du.  ruggetings,  G.  rnckling(s}.'\  Backwards. 

cxioo  in  1-ragm,  .-Elfrlc's  Grammar  t  J>u  scalt  iiu  rug- 
lunge  ridsen  to  f>a?re  eorj>e.  1x1225  St.  Marker.  17  He 
rarinde  rad  ruglinge  into  helle.  a  1225  Juliana  48  Ha.. 
hef  him  up  ant  dushe  him  adun  ruglunge. 

t  Rug-net.  Obs.  [Cf.  RUG  v.-']  Some  kind 
of  fishing-net  formerly  used  on  the  Thames. 

1630  in  Binnell  Descr.  Thames  (1758)  66  Any  Bley-Net, 
Rug-Net,  or  Smelt-Net.  Ibid.  79  Every  Rug-Net  is  to 
contain  two  Inches  three  Quarters  in  the  Meish  wet  and  dry. 

Rugorosyte:  see  RIGOIIOSITY. 

Rugose  (r«g(?u*s),  a.  [ad.  L.  tfigos-i4s^  f.  ruga 
wrinkle,  RUGA.]  Marked  by  rugce  or  wrinkles; 
wrinkled,  corrugated,  ridgy :  a.  Bot.  Also  in 
combs.,  as  rugose-leaved. 

1703  Phil.  Trans.  XX II  1. 1424  The  Fruit  grows  in  clusters, 
i  each  husk  rugose.  1753  Chambers"  Cycl.  Suppt.  s.v.  Leaf, 
Rugose  Leaf,  that  whose  veins  are  sunk  deep,  and  between 
which  the  membranous  and  fleshy  part  of  the  leaf  rises  in 
irregular  forms,  so  as  to  give  upon  the  whole  a  wrinkled 
surface.  1825  Greenhouse  Comp.  I.  92  A  rugose-leaved 
branchy  shrub  of  the  easiest  culture.  1831  DAVIES  Mat. 
Med. 97 This  bark  is  generally.. covered  with  a  rugose  epi 
dermis  with  irregular  fissures.  1872  OLIVER  Elem.  Bot. 
App.  307  Leaves  radical,  tufted,.. rugose. 
b.  Anat.,  Zool.t  etc. 

1752  HILL  Hist.Anim.  144  The  rugose  Murex,  with  an 
expanded  lip.  1769  E.  BANCROFT  Guiana  383  The  voice 
becomes  hoarse,  and  the  nails  rugose  and  scabrous.  1805 
WEAVER  tr.  Werners  Fossils  151  A  rugose  surface  is  thai 
which  consists  of  several  very  slight  linear  elevations,  form 
ing  different  irregular  curves.  1834  M*MuKTKIS  Cuvier's 
Aniin.  Kingd.  387  The  sides  of  the  thorax  are  sometimes 
tuberculous  or  rugose  and  sometimes  spinous.  1872  COUES 
W.  Atner.  Birds  46  The  plates  become  elevated  into  little 
tubercles,  roughened  or  not.  Such  a  leg  is  said  to  be  gran 
ulated  or  rugose. 

Hence  Rugrcrsely  adv. 

1847  DARLINGTON  Atner.  Weeds  (1860)  260  Seeds  rugosely 
I    pitted,  under  a  lens. 

Rugosity  (ragjrsiti).     [ad.  L.  rugositas  or  F. 
,    rugosiM  (i6th  c.) :  see  RUGOSE  a.  and  -ITY.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  rugose  or  wrinkled. 

1599  A.  -M.   tr.   Gabelhouer's  Bk.  Physicke  265/1   This 
pomado  maketh  softe  and  wbyte  handes,  and  driveth  away 
I    all    rugositye   therof.     1666  J.  SMITH   Old  Age  (1676)  63 
i    Weaknesses. .whether  they  be   outward,  as  stiffness,  con- 
'    traction,  rugosity ;  or  inward.    1677  PLOT  O.vfordsk.  130 
Having  upon  it  both  the  rugosity,  and  suture  of  the  Scro 
tum,    a  1788  POTT  Chirurg.  Wks.  II.  236  If  the  quantity  of 
water  be  not  large,  nor  the  distension  great,  the  skin  pre 
serves  some   degree  of  rugosity.     1866  R.  TATE  British 
Mollusks  iv.    194  The  degree  of  rugosity  or  smoothness. 
1876  SPENCER  Princ.  Social.  (1877)  I.  126  Exactly  like  in 
colour  and  rugosity  to  a  piece  of  the  bark. 

2.  With  a  and  //.     A  corrugation  or  wrinkle; 
a  slight  roughness  or  inequality. 

1664  POWER  E.rp.  Philos.  5  Little  clea's  or  tallons..by 
which  she  [the  fly]  layesliold  on  the  rugosities  and  asperities 
of  all  bodies  she  walks  over.  1674  Pktl.  Trans.  IX.  10 
Viewed  m  a  Microscope,  they  appeared  very  polished,  and 
without  any  rugosities.  1709  Ibid.  XXVII.  131  At  the 
lower  part  of  this  rugosity  the  Bone  is  13*  Inches  in  Cir 
cumference.  1796  KIRWAN  Elem.  Min.  (ed.  2)  1. 155  The 
folia  exceedingly  thin,  discovering  rugosities.  1835  URE 
Philos.  Manu/.  127  The  fibres  of  wool,  .are  covered  with 
little  rugosities,  like  pig's  skin.  1887  FERGUSON  Ogham 
Inscriptions  122  The  surface,  with  its  natural  pittings  and 
rugosities. 


BUGOSOUS. 


879 


RUIN. 


fig.  1830  LYTTON  Paul  Clifford  x\\\  There  is  something 
so  graceful,  .in  her  manner  of  smoothing  down  the  little 
rugosities  of  Warlock  House.  1900  MORLEY  O.  Cronncell 
v.  ix.  457  History  is  apt  to  smooth  out  these  rugosities. 

fRugo-sous,  a.    O/>s.-°  =next. 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.t  Rugosous,..f\\\\  of  wrinckles, 
crumples,  or  plaits,  rough,  riveled,  withered, 

Rugous  (rw'gss),  a.  [ad.  L.  riigostts :  see 
RUGOSE  and  -ous,  and  cf.  F.  rngueuxy  -euse.~\ 
=  RUGOSE  a. 

1615  CROOKF.  Body  Man  374  When  they  are  contracted 
then  they  appeare.. rugous  and  wrinkled.  1676  WISEMAN 
Surg.  Treat,  in.  ii.  219  The  internall  rugous  Coat  of  the 
Intestine.  1709  Phil.  Trans.  XXVII.  130  Tis  very  rugous 
and  convex  before.  1753  N.  TORRIANO  Midwifery  38 
Wears  smooth  by  Labours,  tho'  rugous  at  first.  1828  STARK 
Elem.  Nat.  Hist.  I.  140  Skin  rugous,  covered  with  thinly 
scattered  brown  hairs.  1872  COUES  N.  Atner.  Birds  208 
The  horny  covering  takes  the  form  of  scutella,  or  reticula 
tions,  or  rugous  granulations. 

t Rug-saw.  Obs~l  St.  [?f.  RUGZJ.I]  'Said 
to  be  a  wide-toothed  saw '  (Jamieson). 

1797  Stat.  Ace.  Scot  I.  XIX.  135  The  spears  were  of  such 
a  size  that  a  rngg  saw  was  made  out  of  each. 

Rugulose  (rfigiwltfo's),  a.  Ent.,  Bot.,  etc. 
[f.  *riignla,  dim.  of  L.  rfiga  +  -OSE.]  Having 
small  wrinkles;  slightly  rugose. 

1819  SAMOUELLE  Entomol.  Covipend.  145.  1828  KIRBV  & 
SP.  Entom.  II.  xxi.  255  note,  The  front  is  not  rugulosfl,  the 
vertex  is  channeled.  1852  DANA  Crnst.  \.  418  The  carapax 
is  slightly  granulous  or  rugulose  near  the  lateral  margin. 
1887  W.  PHILLIPS  Brit.  Discontycetes  19  Pileus  campan- 
ulate,  finger-shaped,  rugulose. 

Hence  Rugulo  sity. 

1874  MOGGRIDGE  Snppl.  Harvesting  Antsy ss'Yht  surface 
of  the  thorax,  .appeared  under  a  lens  to  be  covered  with 
fine  rugulosities. 

Ru'gulous,  a.     rare-1.    =  RUGULOSE  a. 

1852  DANA  Crust,  r.  235  It  agrees  with  the  inornatus  in. . 
rugulous  carpus,  and  in  the  posterior  legs. 

fRugwort.     Perh.  an  error  for  RAGWORT. 

1592  GREENE  Philomela  Wks.  (Grosart)  XI.  126  Such  as 
are  poisoned  with  rugwort  count  it  fatal ;  yet  such  as  haue 
the  plurisie  drinke  it  in  potions. 

Ruh(e,  Ruhh,  obs.  forms  of  ROUGH. 

Ruid,  Ruif,etc.,  Sc.  ff.  ROOD,  RUDE,  ROOF,  etc, 

Ruin  (r»-in),  sh.  Forms :  4-6  ruyne  (6  Se. 
royne,  rewyne),  4-8  ruine  (6  Sc.  rewvine,  7 
rwine),  6  rirwyn,  rwyn,  7-  ruin.  [a.  OK. 
ruyne^  ruine  (mod.F.  mine),  =  Prov.  roina,  rninat 
Sp.  and  Pg.  ntinaj  It.  rovina,  ruina,  repr.  L. 
ru/na,  f.  rufre  to  fall :  see  RUE  V.-] 

I.  1.  The  act  of  giving  way  and  falling  down, 
on  the  part  of  some  fabric  or  structure,  esp.  a 
building.  Now  rare. 

c«375  Sc"  Leg.  Saints  xv.  (Barnabas}  163  A  part  of  it  fel 
done, .  .&  J>ai  ^at  chapit  bat  ruyne,  fled  to  |?e  tempil  apolyne. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt.s  T.  1605  Myn  is  the  ruen  of  the  hihe 
halles,  The  fallyng  of  the  toures  and  of  the  walles.  1535 
COVERDALE  Isaiali  xxiv.  19  The  earth  shal  geue  a  greate 
crack,  it  shal  haue  a  sore  ruyne,  and  take  an  horrible  fall. 
1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comm.  255  b,  Partly  by  the  ruine 
and  fall  of  houses.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  \\.  vii.  28  An  huge 
cave . .  From  whose  rough  vaut  the  ragged  breaches  hong . . 
That  heavy  ruine  they  did  seeme  to  threatt.  1632  SIR  T. 
HAWKINS  tr.  iWathitns  Unhappy  Prosperity  11.  246  The 
death  of  the  Uuke  of  Britaine,  slaine  by  the  ruine  of  a  wall. 
1700  ROWF.  Amb.  Step-Moth.  \\.  i,  My  devoted  fabrick  May 
in  the  universal  ruine  burn.  1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Hor.,  Sat. 
n.  viii.  72  The  canopy,  that  o'er  us  spreads,  Tumbled,  in 
hideous  ruin,  on  our  heads.  1793  WORDSW.  Descr.  Sketches 
among'  Alps  580  From  age  to  age,  throughout  his  lonely 
bounds  The  crash  of  ruin  fitfully  resounds. 

b.  The  act  of  (a  person)  falling  to  the  ground 
or  from  a  height,  rare. 

1483  CAXION  Gold.  Leg.  68  b/a,  I  thenne  stondyng  on 
hym  slewe  hym,  knowyng  wel  that  hemyght  not  lyue  after 
the  ruyne.  1700  PRIOR  Carmen  Sec.  xxiii,  She,  from  the 
noble  Precipices  thrown,  Comes  rushing  with  uncommon 
Ruin  down. 

2.  The  state  consequent  upon  giving  way  and 
falling  down  ;  a  ruinous  condition. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  32  The  wall  and  a!  the  Cit  withmne 
Slant  in  ruine  and  in  decas.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (\V.  de  W. 
1531)  62  The  temple.. in  thy  soule  \vyll  soone  decay,  and 
fall  to  moost  depe  ruyne,  1582  STANYHURST  sKneis  n. 
(Arb.)  55  The  old  towne  fals  to  ruin.  1604  E.  GRIMSTONE 
Hist,  ^iege  Ostend  98  The  enemie  shott  much  vpon  the 
towne,  and  battered  it  in  ruine.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg. 
Georg.  i.  377  Thrice  his  Lightning.,  their  demolish 'd  Works 
in  Ruin  laid.  1718  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Lett.  II.  xlviii. 
49  In  a  few  years  they  all  fall  to  ruin.  i8zo  SHELLEY Sensit. 
Plant  iii.  49  The  leafless  network  of  parasite  bowers  Massed 
into  ruin. 

b.  That  which  remains  after  decay  and  fall; 
ruins  (see  3).  rare. 

1460  CAFOR.  Chron.  (Rolls)  28  In  Seynt  lerom  tyme  men 
mith  se  be  ruyne  of  the  wall,  who  grete  a  lord  he  was.  1511 
Guylfordfst'ilgr.  (Camden)  16  This  Jaffe  was  somtyme  a 
grete  Cytie,  as  apperyth  by  the  ruyne  of  the  same.  1596 
SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  n.  ix.  48  Honor  Pickt  from  the  chafTe 
and  ruine  of  the  times.  1607  —  Cor.  in.  i.  207  That  is  the 
way  to  lay  the  Citie  flat, ..And  burie  all. .In  heapes,  and 
piles  of  Ruine.  1704  AnnisoN  Campaign  Misc.  Wks.  1726 
1.  71  Whilst  here  the  Vine  o'er  hills  of  ruine  climbs, 
fc.  In  predicative  use :  Ruinous.  0/>s.~* 

1467  in  Eng.  Gilds  (1870)  397  So  that  it  maybe  remedy eil 
and  holpen  when  that  it  ys  ruyn. 

3.  pi.   The  remains    of  a  decayed   and  fallen 
building,  town,  etc. 

1454  Anc.  Rec.  Dublin  (1889)  I.  282  The  wych  mese  ys 


olde  ruynes  and  waste.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas's 
I'oy.  ii.  iii.  33  Cerlaine  mines..,  said  too  be  of  the  sayde 
temple.  Ibid.  xi.  45  b,  The  promontory  is  fill  of  mines 
vnhabited.  1600  J.  PORY  tr.  Leo's  Africa  iv.  231  Now 
there  are  a  few  mines  onely  of  this  towne  to  be  scene. 
1662  J.  DA  VIES  tr.  Oleartns1  Voy.  Ambass.  40  There  are 
still  to  be  seen  the  ruins  of  a  fair  Monastery.  1712  ADDTSON 
Spect.  No.  421  p  6  Babylon  in  Ruins  is  not  so  melancholy 
a  Spectacle.  1726  LEON  \Alhert  is  Archit.  I.  68/2  Those  walls 
..may,. so  be  kept  from  filling  up  the  ditch  with  their 
mines.  1856  STANLEY  Sinai  fy  Pal.  iii.  (1858)  183  Palestine 
is  a  land  of  ruins..;  Jerusalem  is  a  city  of  ruins.  1886 
PASCOE  Lond.  of  To-day  xxxiv.  (ed.  3)  307  The  Lycian 
cities,  some  most  valuable  ruins  of  which  were  removed  to 
London  ..between  1842  and  1846. 

b.  fig.  Of  persons,  features,  etc. 

1390  SHAKS,  Com.  Err.  IT.  i.  96  What  ruines  are  in  me.. 
By  him  not  ruin'd?  Then  is  he  the  ground  Of  my  defeatures. 
1601  —  Jut.  C.  in.  i.  256  Thou  art  the  Ruines  of  the 
Noblest  man  That  euer  lined  in  the  Tide  of  Times.  1676 
ETHEREDGE  Man  of  Mode  in.  iii,  A  fellow  beauty  of  the  last 
King's  time,  though  by  the  Ruines  you  would  hardly  guess 
it.  1700  DRYDEN  Ovid's  Met.  xv.  355  So  Helen  wept,  when 
her  too  faithful  glass  Reflected  to  her  eyes  the  ruins  of  her 
face.  1781  Cowi'ER  Ep.  Protestant  Lady  in  France  24  In 
pity  to  the  sinners  he  design VI  To  rescue  from  the  ruins  of 
mankind,  1823  LAMB  Elia  n.  Conf.  Drunkard,  Trample 
not  on  the  ruins  of  a  man.  1842  TKNNYSON  Love  <S-  Duty 
12  Shall . .  he.  .year  by  year  alone  Sit  brooding  in  the  ruins 
of  a  life? 

c.  Jiff.  Of  institutions,  states,  etc. 

1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  I7 f II,  n.  i.  114  [He]  restor'd  me  to  my 
Honours:  and  out  of  ruines  Made  my  Name  once  more 
Noble.  1695  LD.  PRESTON  Bocth.  Pref.  5  Arts  and  Civility 
were  buried  in  their  own  Ruines.  1788  GIBBON  Dc<.l.  fy  /•'. 
xlix.  V.  156  Amidst  the  ruins  of  Italy,  the  famous  Marozia 
invited  one  of  the  usurpers  to  assume  the  character  of  her 
third  husband.  1821  SHELLEY  Hellas  888  Islam  must  fall 
but  we  will  reign  together  Over  its  ruins.  1849  MACAULAV 
Hist,  Eng.  i.  I.  5  The  continental  kingdoms  which  had 
risen  on  the  ruins  of  the  Western  Empire.  1864  HRYCI: 
Holy  Rom.  Euip.  iy.  (1875)  34  Of  the  new  monarchies  that 
had  risen  on  the  ruins  of  Rome,  that  of  the  Franks  was  far 
the  greatest. 

d.  transf.    Of  material  things. 

1597  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  /F,  n.  ii.  27  God  knows,  whether 
those  that  bawl  out  the  ruins  of  thy  linen  shall  inherit  his 
kingdom.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav.  x.  479  Christ  forbid,  that 
euery  Shippe  which  coasteth  the  rockey  shoare,  should 


leaue  her  ruines  theie.     1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  226, 
shew'd  him  the  Ruins  of  our  Boat.      1898  G.   H.  SHAW 


Plays,  Arms  fy  Man  I.  8  His  belt,  .keeping  together  the 
ruins  of  the  blue  tunic, 

4.  A  ruined  or  ruinous  building,  town,  etc.    Also 
fig",  of  a  person, 

1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  $  Cl.  in.  x.  19  The  Noble  ruine  of  her 
Magicke,  Anthony,.. Leauing  the  Fight  in  heighth  [etc.1). 
1611  liiuLK  Isaiali  xxv.  2  Thou  hast  made  of  a  citie,  an 
heape ;  of  a  defenced  city,  a  mine.  1780  COUTER  Progr. 
Error  286  As  creeping  ivy  clings  to  wood  or  stone,  And 
hides  the  ruin  that  it  feeds  upon.  1816  J.  WILSON  City  of 
Plaguei.  \.  34  There  it  stands,  like  a  majestic  ruin  Moulder 
ing  in  a  desert.  1838  Murray's  Handbk.  N.  Germ.  256  One 
of  these  ruins  has  recently  been  restored  as  far  as  possible 
to  its  original  condition.  1884  R.  PATON  Siott. Church  vii. 
70  He  fixed  his  residence  m  an  old  ruin  on  the  top  of  a  hill. 

5.  //.  Damage,  injury,  done  to  anything. 

c  1592  MARLOWE  jew  of  Malta  v.  iv,  Till  thy  father  hath 
made  good  The  ruins  done  to  Malta  and  to  us.  1631 
WEKVER  Anc.  Funeral  A/on.  To  Rdr.,  This  worthy  re 
pairer  of  eating-times  ruines.  1657  W.  RAND  tr.  Gassendts 
Life  Peiresc  i.  216  Designing  how  to  repair  those  remark- 
aisle  ruines,  which  had  happened  to  the  Monastery  in  the 
civill  wars.  1691  RAY  Creation  (1714)  191  The  Earth., 
ought  to  be  firm  and  stable  and  solid  and.. secured  from  all 
Ruins  and  Concussions.  1727  SWIFT  To  a  Young  Lady 
Wks.  1751  V.  70  Vain  endeavours  to  repair  by  Art  and 
Dress  the  Ruins  of  time.  1731  —  Nymph  going  to  Bed 
ibid.  X.  176  Corinna  wakes.  A  dreadful  Sight  !  Behold 
the  Ruins  of  the  Night ! 

II.  6.  The  downfall  or  decay  of  a  person  or 
society ;  utter  loss  of  means,  position,  or  rank. 

c  '374  CHAUCER  Troylus  iv.  387  There  is  no  creature., 
that  evere  saugh  ruyne  Straunger  than  this,  thorowgh  cas 
or  aventure.  11420  HoccLEVE./J//«0>'/V£w/,s'xviii.  nL^y. 
wardeyn  of  peple  fro  ruyne,  [>at  sauedest  Theoffe  and 
many  mo!  £1450  HOLLAND  Howlat  910  He  bad  tham 
rebaldis  orere,  With  a  ruyne.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  in.  vii. 
10  O  thou  Anchises,  that..twlse  eschapit  of  Troy  the  sair 
rewyne.  a  1578  LiNDESAv(Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.T.  S.) 
L  51  Wirkand  all  to  thair  confutioun  and  wtter  rewvine. 


to  them.  1750  GRAY  Elegy  62  Threats  of  pain  and  ruin  to 
despise.  1788  GIBBON  Decl.  #  F.  xlix.  V.  128  Irene  more 
seriously  undertook  the  ruin  of  the  Iconoclasts.  1838  DK 
MORGAN  Ess.  Probab.  no  In  the  long  run,  only  170  out  of 
421  such  banks  would  avoid  ruin.  1874  GKEEN  Short  Hist. 
viii.  §  5.  500  The  ruin  that  James  had  wrought  was  suddenly 
averted. 

//.  1621  BURTON  Anat.Mcl.  i.  ii.  in.  vii.  (1651)  101  Nothing 
fats  him  but  other  mens  ruines. 

b.  Dishonour  of  a  woman;  degradation  resulting 
from  this. 

1624  QUARLES  Shits  Sonn.  viii.  vl,  Shield  my  simple 
Love,  From  those  that  seeke  her  ruine.  1706  ADDISOM 
Rosamond  \.  iv,  Every  charm,  and  every  grace,  That  to 
thy  ruin  made  their  way.  1780  MADAN  (title\  Thely- 
phthora,  or  a  Treatise  on  Female  Ruin.  1848  DICKKNS 
Dombey  Hii,  Wretched  marriages  don't  come  of  that,  in  our 
degree  ;  only  wretchedness  and  ruin. 

c.  Complete  destruction  0/* anything. 

1673  Ratiartjitcs  Humours  Town  64  The  ruine  of  those 
excellent  principles  which  so  many  Ages  have  honoured 
and  revered.  1863  W.  C.  BALDWIN  Afr.  Hunting  iv.  96,  I 
.  .escaped  with  no  further  injury  than  the  ruin  of  my  shirt. 


1871  MACDITF  Mem.  of  Patmos  ix.  113  Mourning  over  the 
apparent  ruin  and  frustration  of  her  fondest  hopes.  1899 
Allbutfs  Syst,  Mfd.  VI.  359  Laceration,  amounting  to  ruin 
and  all  but  complete  detachment  of  the  heart. 

7.  The  condition  of  being  ruined,  of  having  been 
reduced  to  an  abject  or  hopeless  state. 

For  examples  tot  rack  and  ruin,  see  RACK  sfr.'1 
1390  GOWER  Conf.  II.  184  And  for  that  he. .  wolde  noght 
to  trouthe  encline,  He  fell  for  evere  into  ruine.  1413  JAS.  I 
Kingis  Q.  xxviii,  Quhat  was  the  cause  that  he  me  more 
comprisit  Than  otliir  folk  to  lyve  in  suich  ruyne?  150* 
ATKYNSON  tr.  DC  I  mi  tat  tone  I.  xxv.  177^  That  relygyous 
persone  that  lyueth  without  discyplyne  is  red  ye  to  fall  to 
ruyne.  rt  1513  FACVAN  Chron.  vi.  (1811)  204  By  which  vn- 
gracious  meane,  he  brought  this  lande  in  such  ruyne.  1396 
SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  i\\  i.  142  Repaire  thy  wit,  good  youth,  or 
it  will  fall  To  endlesse  ruine.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  ii.  305 
Princely  counsel  in  his  face  yet  shon,  Majestick  though  in 
ruin.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  311  The  great  Mon 
arch's  Death  dissolves  the  Government.  All  goes  to  Ruin. 
1778  PITT  in  Almon  Anecd.  (iSio)  II.  338  A  cloud,  that  may 
crush  this  nation,.. is  ready  to  burst  and  overwhelm  us  in 
ruin.  1831  SIR  J.  SINCLAIR  Corr.  II.  159, 1  am  shocked  with 
the  idea,  that  many,  .should  have  perhaps,  .been  reduced  to 
beggary  and  ruin,  1886  Contewp.  Rev.  Aug.  285  It  was  the 
Conservative,  .party  which  brought  this  Bill  to  ruin. 

8.  That  which  causes  destruction  or  downfall ;  a 
ruining  influence  or  agent. 

£•1423  Engl.  Conq.  Irel.  90  He  graunted  the  kyntje  that 
he  sliokl  ynto  Irland  wend. .for  to  wythstond  &  lete  the 
ruyne  of  syn.  1533  IJELLENDEN  Li-vy  n.  (S.  T.S.)  I.  205 
Civil  seditioun  is  be  onelie  poisson  and  rewyne  of  all  riche 
cieteis.  1611  BIBLE  2  Chron.  xxviii.  23  They  were  the  mine 
of  him,  and  of  all  Israel.  1678  BUN  VAN  Pilgr.  i.  (1900)  74 
He  has.  .caused  many  to  stumble  and  fall ;  and  will  be,  if 
God  prevent  not,  the  ruine  of  many  more.  1781  COWPER 
Heroism  76  The  sad  lesson.. That  wealth  within  is  ruin  at 
the  door.  1822  SCOTT  Nigel  iv,  By  a  quarrel  you  would 
become  the  ruin  of  me  your  informer.  1852  MUNDY 
Antipodes  (1857)  87  Drink  is  the  ruin,  body  and  soul,  of  the 
people  of  this  country.  1889  M.  ARNOLD  Disc.  At/rer.  i.  56 
The  unsoundness  of  the  majority,  if  it  is  not  withstood  and 
remedied,  must  be  their  ruin. 

9.  In  general  use  :  Destruction,  complete  over 
throw  or  devastation.     Freq.  personified. 

a  1386  SIDNEY  Arcadia  n.  (1605)  225  This  still  should  be 
my  case,  Ruines  relique,  cares  web,  and  sorrowes  food. 
X593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  in.  ii.  102  Cry  Woe,  Destruction, 
Ruine,  Losse,  Decay.  1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Hor,^  Sat.  I.  \\.  65 
Nor  poison  fell,  with  ruin  stored,  Nor  horrid  point  of  hostile 
sword.  1757  GRAY  Bard  i  Ruin  seize  thee,  ruthless  King  ! 
1816  SHELLEY  Mt.  Blanc  73  Is  this  the  scene  Where  the  old 
Earthquake-daemon  taught  her  young  Ruin  ?  1818  — 
Proweth,  Unl',  I.  780  Though  Ruin  now  Love's  shadow  be, 
Following  him,  destroyingly.  1839  TENNYSON  Guinevere 
423  The  children  born  of  thee  are  sword  and  fire,  Red  ruin, 
ami  the  breaking  up  of  laws. 

10.  slang.  Gin  of  a  poor  quality.     Usually  blue 
ruin  (see  BLUE  a.  13). 

cx8i7  KEATS  in  Rossetti  Life  i,  He  sipped  no  olden  Tom 
or  ruin  blue.  1820  J.  H.  REYNOLDS  Fancy  (1906)  23  The 
ruin  you've  drawn  down  upon  your  lips  Has  made  it  rather 
foggy,  c  1843  HOOD  Drop  of  Gin  71  Happy  the  wretch  that 
it  does  not  win  To  change  the  black  hue  Of  his  ruin  to  blue. 
III.  11.  a.  Comb.)  as  rtrin-breathing,  -loving \ 
ruin-crowned,  -heaped,  -hurled  •  ruin-like ^  -proof 
adjs.  j  ruin-ftutrk  vb. 

1811  MARIANA  STARKE  Beauties  of  Carlo- Maria  Maggi 
16  The  "ruin-breathing  tempest  seems  to  burst,  a  1849 
MANGAN  Poems  (1859)  354  'J-'he  hill,  now,  alas  1  *ruin- 
crowned.  #1878  W.  CARLETON  Farm  Ballads  (1893)  112 
The  ragged  and  ^ruin-heaped  city.  1820  T.  MITCHELL 
Aristoph.  I.  232  With  a  fleet  *ruin-hurl'd,  They  took  rank 
in  the  world.  1684  T.  BURNET  Theory  of  E.  \.  142  There 
are  some  regions  of  it  strangely  rude  and  *ru!ne-like.  1830 
N,  S.  WH EATON  Jrnl.  499  The  ruins,  .almost  covered  with 
wild  briars  and  the  "'ruin-loving  ivy.  1876  LOWELL  Ode  4th 
July  ii.  i,  She  also  hath  her  monuments  ;  Not  such  as  stand 
decrepitly  resigned  To  "ruin-mark  the  path  of  dead  events. 
1593  NASHE  Christ's  Tear£s(i6i$  39  Had  you  rested  them 
on  the  true  Rock  they  had  been  *  ruine- proof. 

b.  attrib.y  as  ruin  agate,  jasper,  marble  (so 
called  from  the  markings  they  exhibit). 

1823  W.  PHILLIPS  Min.  (ed.  3)  20  Ruin-Jasper,  .is  com 
monly  known  by  the  name  of  Ruin  Agate,  but  its  opacity. . 
evinces  that  it  ought  to  be  classed  with  jaspers.  1883 
Encycl,  Brit.  XVI.  397/2  Ruin  Marble  shows  irregular 
markings  like  ruins. 

Ruin  (n7*in),  v.     Also  6-8  ruine.      [ad.  F. 
miner  (i4thc.,  =  Sp.  and  Pg.  rttinar,  \\..rovinaret 
ruinare})  ormed.L,  ruinare^  f.  ntina  RUIN  $/>.] 
I.  1.  trans.  To  reduce  (a  place,  etc.)  to  ruins. 

iSSsT.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nic/tolay's  I'oy.  it.  xii.  47  b,  [They] 
ruined  and  cast  down  to  the  ground  the  wals  of  the  city. 
1601  R.  JOHNSON  X>£wj££CtoWM|a&(l6o3)  114  From  thence 
alongst  the  shore  lieth  Oesaria,  now  ruined  by  them  of 
Gallipoli.  1686  tr.  Chardins  Trav.  Persia  410  An  Inunda 
tion  of  Waters  ruin'd  a  thousand  Houses.  1830  Examiner 
455/1  Our  batteries  continued  to  ruin  the  works.  1849-50 
ALISON  Hist.  Europe  VIII.  xlix.  §  87.  92  The  wall,  which 
was  of  tough  mud,  was  imperfectly  ruined. 
fig*  X59°  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  n.  i.  97  What  ruines  are  In  me 
..By  him  not  ruin'd?  1606  —  Ant.  $  Cl.  v.  ii.  51  This 
mortal!  house  He  ruine,  Do  Caesar  what  he  can. 

\>.Jig.  To  overthrow,  destroy  (a  kingdom,  etc.). 

1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay^s  Voy.  n.  xiii.  49  After 
hee  hadde  ruined  the  Empyre  of  Constantinople.  1671 
MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  363  In  them  is  plainest  taught.. What 
ruins  Kingdoms,  and  lays  Cities  flat.  1743  PITT  in  Almon 
Anecd.  (1810)  I.  107  France  had  a  mind  to  have  the  power 
of  that  House  reduced,  but  not  to  be  absolutely  ruined. 
1856  FROUDE  //is/.  Eng.  (1858)  I.  ii.  146  Charles.. was  not 
ruining  the  papacy,  and  had  no  Intention  of  ruining  it. 

f2.  To  destroy,  extirpate,  eradicate;  to  do  away 
with,  get  rid  of,  by  a  destructive  process.  Qbs* 


RUIN. 


880 


RUINATING. 


1581  SIDNEY  A  Pol.  Poetrie  (Arb.)  22  Some  of  whom  did 
seeke  to  ruine  all  memory  of  learning  from  among  them, 
1621  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  n.  iii.  vu.  (1651)  356  He  fell  down 
dead  upon  the  Dragon,  and  killed  him  with  the  fall,  so  both 
were  ruin'd.  1645  SVMONDS  Diary  (Camden)  163  Cromwell's 
horse  and  dragoons  ruined  some  of  our  horse  that  quartered 
about  Islip.  1658  EVELYN  Fr.  Card.  (1675)  255  You  shall 
every  year  renew  some  of  your  beds,  ruining  such  as  are 
about  four,  or  five  years  old.  1711  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's 
Gardening  i-]$  Dip  it  into  Water  and  drown  them;.,  and  by 
doing  thus,  you  entirely  ruin  them.  1723  De  FOE  17oy. 
round  /K0r/rf(i84o)  314  Our  men  were  not  ruined,  as  they 
certainly  would  have  been,  if  the  mountaineers  had  taken 
the  alarm. 

3.  To   inflict   or  bring   great   and   irretrievable 
disaster  upon  (a  person  or  community). 

1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  F//7,  in.  ii.  439  Marke  but  my  Fall, 
and  that  that  Ruin'd  me.  1660  R.  COKE  Pmver  <V  Sxbj. 
264  At  this  time  it  ruins  him,  which  otherwhile  was  of  much 
advantage  to  him,  1702  ROWE  Ami.  Steft-frToth.  i.  i,  The 
shallow  Fraud  Will  ruine  him  for  ever  with  my  Enemies. 
1781  COWPER  Table  Talk  60  The  diadem,  with  mighty 
projects  lin'd,  To  catch  renown  by  ruining  mankind.  1852 
MRS.  STOWF.  Uncle  Tout's  C.  xxxiv.  311  In  the  judgment- 
day  I  will  stand  up  before  God,  a  witness  against  those 
that  have  ruined  me  and  my  children.  1869  TOZER  Highl. 
Turkey  II.  309  An  obdurate  lady,  who  is  charged  with 
ruining  her  lover. 

absol.  1613  SHAKS.  I  fen.  VIII,  iv.  ii.  40  He  was  neuer 
(But  where  he  meant  to  Ruine)  pittifull. 

b.  To  bring  to  financial  ruin  ;  to  reduce  to  a 
state  of  poverty. 

1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  366  Having  con* 
sum'd  all  he  had  gotten,  besides  what  hfs  sister  had,  and 
other  friends  whom  he  quite  ruined.  1732  BERKELEY 
Akiphr.  \\.  §  2  Many  gentlemen  and  ladles  are  ruined  by 
play.  1776  ADAM  SMITH  JF.  N.  iv.  i.  (1900)  II.  13  Though 
a  particular  merchant.. may  sometimes  be  ruined  by  not 
being  able  to  sell  them  in  time.  1849  LYTTOM  C  ax  tons  xi. 
v,  A  Ix>ndon  daily  paper  might  ruin  a  man  in  a  few  weeks. 
1874  STUBBS  Const.  Hist.  I.  xii.  575  The  freeman  is  not  to 
be  amerced  in  a  way  that  will  ruin  him. 

absol.  1810  CRABRE  Borough  vii.  72  But  now  our  quacks 
are  gamesters,  and  they  play  With  craft  and  skill  to  ruin 
and  betray. 

o.  reft.  To  bring  (oneself)  to  ruin. 

c  1588  in  T.  Morris  Troubles  Cath.  Foref.  Ser.  it.  (1875) 
•}ir  When  the  one  [Judas]  would  fall  and  ruin  himself  wil 
fully.  1653  HOLCROFT  tr.  Procopius  u.  44  Do  not  you  by 
contending  with  us  ruin  your  selves.  1712  STBKUE  Sf>ect. 
No.  278  r  r,  I  am  afraid  I  shall  be  obliged  to  ruin  myself 
to  procure  her  a  Settlement.  1837  CARLYLF,  Fr.  Rev.  in.  n. 
v,  The  Mother-Society,  so  far  as  natural  reason  can  predict, 
seems  ruining  herself.  1865  RUSKIS  Sesame  i.  §32  You 
never  call  any  one  a  horse-maniac,  though  men  ruin  them 
selves  every  day  by  their  horses, 

d.  To  dishonour  (a  woman). 

c  1679  C.  DAVSNAHrXoevVCm^fftfx/,  At  last,  come,  ruine 
me  !  she  said,  And  then  there  fell  a  tear,  1727  G\v 
fit'gg-  Op.  i,  Tell  me,  hussy,  are  you  ruin'd  or  no?  1893 
LELAND  Mem.  I.  164  She  replied,  '  Please  sir,  1  don't  live 
anywhere  now  ;  I've  been  ruined '. 

e.  To  demoralize  completely. 

1831  DISRAELI  Contarini  Fleming  \.  viii,  It  was  universally 
agreed  that  college  had  ruined  me. 

4.  To  spoil,  damage,  injure,  in  a  complete   or 
destructive  manner. 

1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  BoccalinCs  Advts.  fr.  Farnass.  i. 
xii.  (1674)  15  They  break  them,  and  quite  ruine  the  Lutes. 
1697  DRYUEM  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  469  Root  up  my  Trees,.  .My 
Vineyards  ruin,  and  my  Sheepfolds  burn.  1767  A.  YOUNG 
Farmer's  Lett,  to  People  152  These  destructive  practices  of 
ruining  young  trees.  1774  BRYANT  Mythol.  I.  332  Their 
learning  was  greatly  impaired,  and  their  ancient  theology 
ruined.  1824-9  CANDOR  Imag.  Conv.  Wks.  1846  II.  8,  I 
have  ruined  the  way  through  my  estate  by  the  carriage  of 
supplementary  loads.  1867  LADY  HRRBERT  Cradle  L.  ix. 
245  The  contents  of  his  pack,  though  recovered,  were 
irretrievably  ruined.  1889  A.  LANG  Lett,  on  Lit.  vii.  87  He 
rides.. till  the  thorns  have  ruined  his  silken  surcoat. 

b.  To  involve  in  disaster  or  failure ;   to  make 
entirely  abortive. 

1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.Il/^  in.  ii.  37  The  hope  and  expectation 
of  thy  time  Is  ruin'd.  « 1680  BUTLER  Rein.  (1759)  I.  208 
Scholars  by  preposterous  over-doing,  And  under-judging, 
all  their  Projects  ruin.  1719  W.  WOOD  Snrv.  Trade  285 
This  Assiento  Contract.. may  be  of  the  most  dangerous 
Consequence  to  it,  by  ruining  its  Trade.  1736  BUTLER  A nai, 
n.  v.  Wks.  1874  I.  211  People  ruin  their  fortunes  by  extrava 
gance.  1781  COWPER  Conversat.  368  Our  self  importance 
ruins  its  own  .scheme.  1848  DICKENS  Dontbey  xlv,  The 
reflection  that  you  had  injured  her  position  and  ruined  her 
future  hopes.  1858  FROUDE  Hist.  Eng,  III.  xii.  23  Many 
times  a  good  cause  has  been  ruined  by  the  over-zeal  of  its 
friends.  1871  BLACK  Adv.  Phaeton  xxvl.  357  He  pretty 
nearly  ruined  his  prospects  in  life. 

c.  To  overturn,  invalidate  completely. 

1665  J.  WEBB  Stone-Hens  (1725)  65  Whatever  else  he 
could  invent  to  ruin  Mr.  Jones  his  Opinion.  1693  J. 
EDWARDS  Author,  O.fy  N.  Test.  314  It  ruines his  hypothesis. 
II.  5.  intr.  To  fall  into  ruins ;  to  fall  head 
long  ;  to  go  down  with  a  crash.  Also  with  in. 

1604  E.GRIMSTONE  Hist.  Siege  Ostend  202  They .. suffered 
it  to  burne  and  ruine.  16380.  SANDYS  Paraphr,  y^xxvii, 
Though  he  his  House  of  polish t  Marble  build,. .Yet  shall  it 
ruine  like  the  Moth's  fraile  cell.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi. 
868  Hell  saw  Heav'n  ruining  from  Heav'n.  MfgWosMW, 
Sketches  Among  the  Alps  203  (ed.  i),  Ruining  from  the 
cliffs,  the  deafening  load  Tumbles.  i8ao  SHELLEY  I'ision  of 
Sea  6  She  sees  the  black  trunks  of  the  waterspouts  spin  And 
bend,  as  if  Heaven  was  ruining  in.  1847  TENNYSON  Princ. 
n.  320  Let  not  your  prudence,  dearest,  drowse,. .  for  fear 
This  whole  foundation  ruin.  1872  HOWELLS  Wedding 
Journ.  (1892)  177  The  road.. is  unguarded  by  any  sort  of 
parapet ._.,  and  carriages  go  ruining  over  the  brink  from 
time  to  time. 


6.  To  come  to  ruin  ;  to  be  brought  to  poverty  ; 
to  be  overwhelmed  by  failure. 

1596  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  xii.  Ixxiii.  (1602)  303  Religion, 
Realmes,  and  all  haue  ruin'd  then.  1617  E.  F.  Hist. 
Edw.  7/(i686)  15T,  I  yield,  and  will  sit  still  and  ruine. 
1659  MILTON  /?«//.  of  Common™.  Wks.  1851  V.  404  Unless 
these  things.. be  once  settl'd,  in  my  fear,  which  God  avert, 
we  instantly  ruin.  1691  LOCKE  Money  Wks.  1727  II.  ii  We 
may  Trade, . .  and  grow  poor  by  it . . ;  if  to  this  we  are  idle, 
.  .we  shall  ruin  the  faster. 

Ruinable,  a.  rare.  [f.  prec.  + -ABLE.]  That 
may  be  ruined  ;  perishable. 

1706  I.  WATTS  Hor<e  Lyrics  I.  31  Above  these  ruinable 
skies  They  make  their  last  retreat.  1707  • —  Ifymn, '  Praise^ 
everlasting  praise  be  paid'  viii,  Our  everlasting  hopes  arise 
Above  the  ruinable  skies. 

Ruinate  (r/7'in^'t),  ///.  a.  [ad.  med.L.  rufnat- 
us,  pa.  pple.  of  ruinare  :  see  RUIN  v.~] 

1.  Of  buildings,  etc. :  Ruined,  ruinous.   (Common 
f  I55O-l68oj  now  somewhat  rare.) 

1538  STARKEY  England  i.  iii.  70  Our  cytes,  castellys,  and 
townys,  of  late  days  ruynate  and  fallen  downe.  1555  KDEM 
Decades  (Arb.)  188  They  found  there  the  foundations  of 
certeyne  owlde  towres  ruinate.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  x.  26 
That  same  citie,  so  now  ruinate,  Had  bene  the  keye  of  all 
that  kingdomes  crowne.  1637  SPEKD  England  xxv.  §  9 
Castles  for  defence  built  in  this  County,  ruinate  or  in 
strength,  a  1674  MILTON  Hist,  Mosc.  Wks.  1851  VIII. 475 
They  who  travail  from  Mosco  to  the  Caspian,  go.  .by  cer 
tain  Castles  to  Rezan,  a  famous  Citie  now  ruinate.  1726 
LEONI  Alberti's  Anhit,  II.  60/2  Those  sacred  Structures 
are  now  ruinate.  1868  KlHGSLEY  Hermits  324  The  place  is 
all  ruinate  now;  the  memory  of  St.  Godric  gone.  1901 
4  LUCAS  MALET*  Sir  Richard  Calmady\.  i,The  house.,  had 
become  rather  dilapidated  and  ruinate. 
b.  Used  attributively. 

1596  HAKINGTON  Aftlatu,  Ajax  (1814)  85,  I  would  not 
doubt,  of  a  ruinate  church  to  make  a  reverent  church.  1624 
HEYWOOD  Gunaik.  in.  128  He  came  to  a  certain  ruinate 
cottage,  where  he  desired  bread  and  water.  i64gj.  ELLI- 
STONE  Keh»ten*s  Epist,  iv.  §  3  The  time  is  at  hand .  .that  the 
ruinate  Jerusalem  shall  againe  be  built  up.  1791  MRS. 
INCHBALD  Simple  Story  III.  vi.  68  The  dreary,  ruinate 
place  where  her  deceased  mother  had  chosen  her  residence. 

2.  Involved  in  ruin  or  disaster.    Now  rare. 

1591  SPENSER  M.  Hitbberd  10^0  Government  of  state  Will 
without  wisedome  soone  be  ruinate.  1600  HOLLAND  Lhy 
\\\\.  vii.  285  The  militarie  discipline  which  this  day  by  thy 
default  is  fallen  down  and  ruinate.  1603  HARSNET  Popish 
Impost,  12  One  Edward  Peckham..,  one  of  a  very  Ruinate 
estate.  1637  SIR  C.  GARDINER  in  T.  Morton  New  Eng. 
Canaan  (1883)  112  Plotting  mischeife  gainst  the  innocent, 
Burning  their  houses,  as  if  ordained  by  fate,  In  spight  of 
Lawe,  to  be  made  ruinate.  1868  KINGSLEY  in  Good  Words 
Dec.  732  The  whole  character  [had]  been  warped  and  ruinate 
from  childhood.  1871  —  At  Last  II.  xvi.  287  A  system 
which,  .was  ruinate  before  emancipation, 

3.  Used  transitively  as  pa.  pple.     rare~~*. 

1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  r.  i.  319  This  furious  debate, 
Even  in  the  birth,  this  Ball  had  ruinate. 

Ruinate  (r/nne't),  v.  Also  6  ruynate.  [f. 
ppl.  stem  of  med.L.  nrinare;  see  prec.  In  very 
common  use  from  c  1550  to  1700;  now  rare.] 

1.  trans.  To  reduce  to  ruins;   —  Kuix  v.  i. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.t  Hen.  VIII*  258  It  was  determined 
.  .vtterly  to  ruinate  and  destroy  the  saied  toune  with  fire. 
1577-87  HOLINSHF.D  Chron.  III.  1214/2  The  armie  marched 
toward  a  faire  proper  house,. .which  was  blowne  up  with 
powder  and  utterlie  ruinated.  1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd. 
<$•  Commw,  (1603)  148  There  are  foure  meanes  to  ruinate  a 
fortresse,  Ordinance,  mining,  fire  and  digging.  1640  WIL- 
KISS  AVw  Planet  viii.  (1707)  223  High  Buildings,  which  by 
this  would  quickly  be  ruinated.  17*6  Ltosi  Albert?  $ 
Archit.  Pref.  4  Cities  which,  .have  fallen,  .into  the  Power 
of  new  Masters,  who.  .ruinated  them.  1818  G.  S.  FABKK 
Horas  Mosaics  I.  164  The  professed  iconoclast  Xerxes., 
ruinated,  or  rather  defaced,  the  edifice  itself. 

absol.  1603  J.  DAVIES  (HereC)  4/&9Vie0mmfWks.  (Grosart) 
I.  27/2  The  Hart,  the  Lunges,..  In  region  of  the  Brest,  doe 
hold  their  States,  Whose  Bulke  them  Bulwarkes  from  what 
ruynates.  1616  J.  HAVWARD  Sanct.  Troul>.  Soul  IL  ix, 
(1620)  227  Experience  teacheth  vs,  that  u  is  more  easie  to 
ruinate,  then  to  repaire. 
b.  In  fig.  contexts. 

1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  F7,  v.  i.  83,  I  will  not  ruinate  my 
Fathers  House,  Who  gaue  his  blood  to  lyme  the  .stones 
together,  c  1600  —  .So>tn.  x,  Seeking  that  beautious  ropfe 
to  ruinate,  Which  to  repaire  should  be  thy  chiefe  desire. 
(11625  BOYS  H'&s.  (1629)  264  The  Deuil  ruinntes  every 
tenement  in  which  he  dwells,  a  1670  HACKET  Cent.  Serm. 
(1675)  549  You  ruinate  the  whole  tower  of  Faith,  and 
demolish  it  to  nothing. 

2.  To  bring  destruction  or  ruin  upon,  to  over 
throw,  destroy  (a  kingdom,  state,  etc.). 

1574  HELLOWES  Guetiara's  Fam.  Ep.  (1584)  243  There  is 
to  be  found  a  M.  Hagbuts  within  youre  house  to  ruinate 
this  Realme.  1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  v.  iii.  204  Then  after 
wards,  to  Order  well  the  State,  That  like  Euents  may  ne're 
it  Ruinate.  1610  WILLET  Daniel  64  Alexander  the  great, 
who  ruinated  the  Persian  monaichie.  1642  R.  CARPENTER 
Experience  v.  vii.  244  For  the  safety  of  your  poore  Coun 
try,  which,  .you  take  paines  to  ruinate, 

3.  To  ruin  orimpoverish  (a  person).  Cf.  RuiNZJ.g. 
a  1577;  SIR  T.  SMITH  Commiv.  Eng.  (1609)  17  The   rest 

conspiring  together  would  soone  be  Maisters  of  them,  and 
ruinate  them  wholly.  1584  Leycesters  Commonw.  (1641) 
76  You  shall  scarce  find  a  man  that  ..feeleth  not  the  smart 
thereof;  being  either  impoverished,  beggered,  or  ruinated 
thereby.  1640  HABINGFON  Edw.  /If,  118  To  desire  the 
Commonaltie  to  contribute  with  their  purses  that  many  of 
Ins  best  friends  might  not  be  ruinated.  1674  Plymouth 
Col.  Rcc,  (1857)  VII.  189  The  said  Barker  hath  said  and 
threatened  that  hee  would  ruinate  them.  1797  MRS.  A.  M. 
BENSRTT  Beggar  (7/77(1813)  IV,  211  Mastur  said  he  wud 
be  ruinated,  so  left  him  at  boarding  school  hard  by.  1819 


!  *  R.  RABELAIS'  Aleillard  $•  Jleloisa  172  She  was  Indeed 
i  thus  ruinated.  1860  DICKENS  Uncomm.  Tra~>.  iii,  It 
i  wasn't  their  faults,  .if  I  warn't  made  bad  and  ruinated. 

refl.   1547  J.  HARRISON  Exhort,  Scottes  h  ij,  What  folye, 

j    or  rather  what  fury  is  this,  thus  to  ruynate  your  selfes. 

a  1647  HABrNGTOHOi/rp.  Wore s. (Worcs.  Hist.  Soc.)  III.  395 

i    He  deposed  Kinges  and  disposed  the  kingdome  till  hee 

j    ruinated  himsealfe. 

f4.  To  demolish  or  destroy  ;  to  lay  waste.  Obs. 
1564-78  BCLLEIN  Dial,  figst.  Pest.  (1888)  139  So  for  synne 
the  boOM  is  ruinated  and  shalbe  in  dust  until  the  resurrec 
tion.  ns9o  GREENE  Fr.  Bacon  ix,  [I  have]  Rais'd  Her 
cules  to  ruinate  that  tree  That  Bungay  mounted  by  his  magic 
spells.  1609  HOLLAND^;;//;/.  Marcsll.  404  A  strange  and 
unknowne  kind  of  people. .,  readieto  ruinate  and  destroy  all 
before  them.  1693  MORDEN  Geog.  Rect.  (ed.  3)  129  This 
Countrey  (before  those  unhappy  Wars  ..  whereby  it  was 
much  ruinated)  was  accounted  the  most  fruitful  and 
pleasant  of  all  Germany.  1740  Ne:u  Jlist.  Jamaica  221 
Any  Person  may  ruinate  and  destroy  any  Plantation  de- 
serted  for  the  Space  of  2  Months. 

fb.  With  life,  health,  etc.  as  object.   Obs. 
(•1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  LXIH.  iv,  Such  as  seeke  my 
life  to  ruinate.     i6ai  BURTON  Anat.  Mel.  To  Rdr.  25  Men 
alwaies  ruinating  thereby  the  health  of  their  bodies.     1645 
PAGITT  Hercsiogr.  (1661)  28  Preserving    our    lives,  which 
bloody  men  would  soon  ruinate, 
t  5,  To  overthrow,  overturn,  subvert  utterly:  a. 
an  institution,  practice,  etc.  Obs. 

1585-7  T.  ROGERS  39  Art.  Pref.  18  They  ruinate,  and_at 
one  blow  beat  down  all  times  and  days,  by  just  authority 
destined  to  religious  and  holy  uses.  1590  SWINBURNF 
Testaments  27  without  whose  minlsterychristianity  would 
quickly  be  ruinated  and  subuerted.  1604  HIERON  IVbs.  I. 
576  Truth  they  haue  sought  to  propagate,  And  heresies  to 
ruinate.  1635  PAGITT  Christianogr.  i.  iii.  (1636)  180  These 
Churches  not  ruinating  anie  fundamentall  Article  of  saving 
truth. 

t  b.  a  project,  design,  hope,  etc.  Obs. 
1595  DANIEL  Civ.  //Vzrj  v.  xxx.  Now  at  this  Point  t' 
i    attempt  to  ruinate  So  glorious  a  Design.     1639  S.  Du  VER- 
CER  tr.  CrtWKf'  Admir.  Events  339  It  bad  been  the  way 
wholy  to  ruinate  his  project  if  hee  had  vexed  this  man.   1695 
LD.  PRESTON  fioeth.  iv.  178  The  greru  Hopes  and  subtle 
Machinations  of  ill  Men  are  by  a  sudden  and  unforeseen 
End  ruinated  and  deMroyed. 

6.  intr.  To  go  or  fall  to  ruin.    Cf.  Ruix  z>.  5. 
1560  WHITEHORNE  tr.  ATachiavelli's  Arte^  Warrc  (1588,*  g 
If  a  king  take  not  older  in  such  wise, ..it  will  follow  cf 
necessitie,  that  he  ruinate.     Ibid.  65  Infinite  tymes  there 
growe  thynges,  where  by  an  armie  ruinateth.    1642  ROGERS 
fftumumisQ  Neither  stormes,  nor  tempests,  nor  any  assaults 
shall    ever    cause    thy   building   to   ruinate.     1726    LEONI 
Albert  is  Archil.  I.  48/1  1'he  Wall . .  is  more  apt  to  ruinate 
in  this  part  than  in  any  other.     1853  S.  H.  Cox  Intervuws 
Mem.  -v  Usef.iis  (Cent.),  We  see  others  ruinating  for  want 
of  our  incomparable  system  of  constitutional  government, 
f  7.  To  fall  with  a  crash.  Obs.—1 
1590  Si'RNSER  F.  Q.  ii.  xii.  7  On  thother  side  they  saw 
that  perilous  Rocke,  Threatning  it  selfe  on  them  to  luin.ite. 

Ruinated  (r/rin^tt-d),///.  a.   [f.  prec.  + -ED.] 
1.  Ruined,  ruinous,  in  ruins.     (Common  ("1580- 
1780,  now  somewhat  rare.) 

attrib.  1555  SPURGE  in  Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  III.  App.  xl. 
in  Build  up  again  the  decayed  walls  of  thy  ruinated  Jeru 
salem.  ^1586  C'IKSS  PEMBROKE  73r.  CXLVII.  i,  The  Lord 


iici  Introd.  p.  Ixiii,  These  ruinated  Temples  were  generally 
turn'd  into  Churches.  1705  tr.  ffffiHNttit  Guinea  51  The 
Houses  are  in  a  ruinated  Condition.  1792  S.  IPELANH 
1'ifivs  Thames  \.  150  The  castle  probably  remained  in  a 
ruinated  state.  1812  COMBE  Syntax,  rictnn-sgne  ix,  Hut 

i    this  fine  building  long  has  been  A  sad  and  ruinated  scene. 
1894  Trans,  De^on.  Assoc.  XXVI.  302  The  original  charnc- 

i     ter  of  this  much  ruinated  monument. 

pred.  1577  HKLLOWES  Gncuara's  Chron.  107  The  author!- 
tie  of  a  common  wealth  is  impayred,  when  the  buildings  be 
ruinated.  1603  OWEN  Pembrokeshire^^  76  Most  of  the 
Castells  are  ruinated  and  remayne  vncovered.  i643TfiArp 
Comm.  Gen.  xxxv.  14  He  repairs  the  pillar  now  ruinated, 
and  new  consecrates  it.  1735  J.  PRICE  Stone-fir.  Thames 
13  That  of  Avignon,  .is  ruinated,  and  has  nothing  left  but 
some  Arches.  1779  R.  GBAVF.S  Colirwclla.  1. 48  On  the  brow 
of  one  hill  appeared  the  Sibyl's  temple,  ruinnted  like  that 
nt  Tivoli.  1847  H.  MILLER  First  Impr.  /?«?.  viii.  (1857)  136 
They  are  all  ruinated  now. 
t  2.  Brought  to  ruin  or  decay.  Obs. 
1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd,  $•  Commu>.  (1603)  57  The  means 
to  prouide  for  decayed  or  ruinated  prouinces.  1638  J  UNI  us 
Paint.  Ancients  71  Content,  .to  die  in  the  revenge  of  their 
ruinated  country.  1652-62  HEVI.IN  Cosmogr.  i.  (1682)  227 
A  sad  presage  of  a  ruinated  and  expiring  Empire. 

Rulnater.    rare—1.  —  RUINATOK. 

1608  CRAKANTHORPE  S?rut.  24  Ma*'.  Ciij,  That  blessing 
and  happinesse,  which  God  hath  promised,  .to  the  rumaters 
and  destroyers  thereof. 

Ruinating,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RUINATE  v.  +  -ING  1.] 
The  action  of  ruining. 

1594  Pi  AT  Jewell'ho.  in.  4  The  principall  meanes  of  the 
ruinating  of  all  mortall  bodies.  1614  CAMBEN  Rem.  799 
The  sodaine  ruinating  of  Townes  by  the  Saxons.  1642  in 
I.  Ii.  Williams  Eng.  journalism  (1908)  34  This  was  the 
first  step  to  the  ruinating  of  the  tribe  of  clerks. 

Ruinating,  ppl  a.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -ING  2,] 

1.  That  ruins ;  destructive,  destroying. 

1608  DEKKER  Dead  Ttarme  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  46  Free 
from  the  mallice ..of  ruinating  Time  and  the  enuious  blasts 
of  Fortune.  1688  S.  SKWAI.L  Diary  10  Jan.,  Not  abiding 
in,  or  apostatizing  from  Christ,  is  a  ruinating  evil.  1720 
T.  ItosioN  Fourfold  State  iv.  ii,  It  is  not  the  venomed 
ruinating  thing  wrapt  up  in  the  sanction  of  the  first 
covenant.  1799  J.  ScotT  Kahar-Danmh  II.  xxvi.  307  The 
ruinating  hailstones  beat  upon  the  garden. 


RUINATION. 

2.  Falling  to  ruin  ;  decaying, 

1634-5  BRERETON  Trav.  (Chatham  Soc.)  173  Small  parcels 
of  the  walls,  .continue,  surviving  monuments  of  that  ruin 
ating,  large,  and  stately  fabric. 

Ruination  (r/iin^i-Jan).  [f.  RUINATE  v.  :  see 
-ATION.]  The  action  of  mining;  the  fact  or  state 
of  being  ruined. 

1664  Rhode  Island  Col.  Rec,  (1857)  II.  34  To  ye  terrour, 
damage,  and  ruination  of  the  complaynants.  1786  MRS. 
A.  M.  BENNETT  Juvenile  Indiscr.  III.  142  It  may  be  the 
ruination  of  you,  besides  costing  a  power  of  money.  1802 
H.  MARTIN  Helen  ofGlenross  II.  232,  1  began  to  feel  a  few 
very  conscientious  qualms,  for  having  abetted  and  counten 
anced  such  ruination.  1852  READE  Peg  Woff.  (1889)  82 
Strong  versatility  is  a  very  doubtful  good,  and  weak 
versatility  ruination.  1885  DIXON  Hist.  Ch,  Eng.  III.  417 
It  was  left  for  posterity,  .to  meet  public  necessity  by  private 
ruination. 

attrib,  1850  SMEDLF.Y  F.  Fairleigh  xlvii,  You'll  have  a 
wife  to  keep  soon,  and  that  isn't  done  for  nothing..  —  pin- 
money,  ruination-shops  [etc.].  1870  Miss  BRIDGMAN  R. 
Lynn?  II-  xiv.  302  He  said  it  was  ruination  work. 

R-uiiia'tious,  a.  U.S.  [Cf.  prec.  and-ous.] 
Ruinous. 

1845  S.  JUDD  Margaret  210  (Eartlett),  The  war  was  very 
ruinatious  to  our  profession.  1872  DE  VF.RE  Americanisms 
629  Ruinations,  an  enlarged  and  intensified  form  of  ruinous, 
frequently  used  in  the  West  and  South. 

Ru'iiiator.  rare,  [Agent-noun,  on  L.  types, 
f.  RUINATE  v.]  One  who  ruins. 

1658  KROMHALL  Treat.  Specters  1.  156  [It]  was  much  feared, 
lest  that  they  should..  break  all  the  necks  of  the  ruinators. 
1830  Eraser's  Mag  .  II.  171  He  threatened  his  ruinator  with 
the  High  Court  of  Justiciary. 

Ruined  (r/7*ind),///.  a.     [f.  RUIN  v,  +  -ED  V] 

1.  Reduced  to  ruins  ;  fallen  into  ruin. 

1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay^s  Voy.  i.  xii.  14  An  old 
ruined  Church.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  \\.  x.  46  The  ruin'd 

als  he  did  reaedifye  Of  Troynovant.     1613  SHAKS.  Hen. 

/If,  m.  ii.  382  The  King  has..  from  these  shoulders  These 


ruin'd  Fillers  out  of  pilty,  taken  A  load.  1687  A.  LOVELL  tr. 
Thevenot's  Trav.  i.  121  There  is  nothing  to  be  seen  in  it 
but  ruined  Houses.  1738  DE  FOE  Tour  Gt.  Brit.  (ed.  2) 

III.  62    Doncaster  (so  called  from  the  River  on  which  it 
stands,  and  the  Castle  which  is  now  ruined).    1743  FRANCIS 
tr.  Hor.t  Odes  iv.  xv.  23  The  rage,  That..  ruin'd  cities  fills 
with  hostile  woes.     1837  I^QCKH^KT  Scott  I.  vii.  195  Explor 
ing.  .every  ruined  peel  from  foundation  to  battlement.  1863 
LYELL  Antiq.  Alan  35  Some  ruined  towns,  now  half  under 
water. 

absol.  1873  LEI.AND  Egypt.  Sketck  Bk.  295  Sometimes  the 
unfinished  looks  like  the  ruined. 

fb.  transf.  Almost  obliterated  or  erased.    06s. 

1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Niiholay's  Voy.  i.  xxi.  26  b, 
About  the  edge  were  written  diuers  romaine  letters,  but 
were  so  ruined,  that  scarce  they  were  too  be  known. 

2.  Brought  to  financial,  social,  or  moral  ruin. 
1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  iv.  34  Wend  with  me,  that  ye  may 

see  and  know  How  Fortune  will  your  ruin'd  name  repaire. 
1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  46  Selymus..  conquered  all  Syria  and 
^Egypt  from  the  ruined  Mamalucks.  1746  FRANCIS  tr.  //or., 
Sat.  ii.  iii.  420  So  may  better  bargains  raise  Your  ruin'd 
fortune.  1770  GOLDSM.  Des.  I'ill.  153  The  ruined  spend 
thrift,  now  no  longer  proud,  Claimed  kindred  there.  1803 
H.  K.  WHITE  Contemplation  Wks.  (1856)  134  We'll  hold 
communion  with  the  shade  Of  some  deep  wailing,  ruin'd 
maid.  1848  THACKERAY  k'an.  Fair  xl,  A  countess  living  at 
an  inn  is  a  ruined  woman.  1855  MACAUI.AY  Hist.  Eng.  xx. 

IV.  384  The  bigots..  refused  to  the  ruined  and  expatriated 
Protestant  Lord  the  means  of  subsistence. 

3.  Destroyed  ;  entirely  spoiled. 

1605  SHAKS.  Lear  iv.  vi.  137  O  ruin'd  peece  of  Nature. 


881 

1603  DRAYTON  Bar.  Wars  i.  liv,  The  Marchers,  .now  per- 
ceiue  their  dilatory  stay  To  be  the  causer  of  their  ruining. 
1660  R.  COKE  Power  <y  .Vw/y".  71  They  must,  .dispose  their 
own  subjects  to  the  ruining  and  destroying  of  one  another. 
1820  SHELLKY  Witch  Atl.  \xx,  She  Restored  the  embalmers' 
ruining.  1891  SCRIVENER  Fields  <$•  Cities  133  Large  hold 
ings  have  been  the  ruining  of  Italy  and  her  provinces. 

Ru-ining,  ///.  a.     [f.  RUIN  v.  +  -ING  2.] 

1.  Productive  of  ruin  ;  destructive. 

ci6ix  CHAPMAN  lliadv.  103  When  Pandarus..  beheld  his 
ruining  hand  .  .  make  lanes  through  every  band.  1667 
FLAVKL  Setinttndeed{v]$if)-$  God  will  preserve  your  souls 
from  the  ruining  power  of  temptation.  1693  R.  FLEMING 
Disc,  of  Earthq.  100  An  Adversary  who..  hath  had  such 
prevailing  Successes,  to  carry  on  a  ruining  and  judicial 
work,  a  17^32  T.  BOSTON-  Crook  in  Lot  (1805)  124,  1  fear  a 
ruining  design  of  providence  against  me  therein.  1733  K. 
ERSKINE  Sertn.  Wks.  1871  II.  162  Ruining  judgments  are 
deferred  or  removed.  189  .  L.  JOHNSON  In  Fahnouth  Har 
bour  24  Far  From  this  pure  rest,  the  Land's  drear  End,  And 
ruining  waters,  are. 

2.  Falling  into  ruin. 

I&44MRS.  BROWNING  Drama  of  Exile  igsgTheavalanclies 
of  the  ruining  worlds.  1896  SWINBURNE  Tale  of  Bale  n  iv. 
yii,  Like  jarring  steel  on  ruining  walls,  So  rang  their  meet 
ing  then. 

RuiiiO'sity.  rare—*,  [ad.  med.L.  ruTnositas.'] 
A  ruinous  condition  or  part. 

1908  J.  T.  FOWLER  Memorials  of  Ripon  (Surtees)  IV. 
p.  xxxiv,  He..  finds  terrible  ruinosities. 


1757  \V.  WILKIE  Epigoniad  vn.  206,  I  never  will  forsake 
thee,  but  remain  VVhile  struggling  life  these  ruin'd  limbs    I 
retain.     1810  CRABBE  Borough  xix.  273  The  strong  yearn-    ' 
ings  of  a  ruin'd  mind.     1822  LAMB  Elia  i.  Cornel.  Decay  of 
Beggars,  Blind  Tobits.  .casting   up    their   ruined   orbs   to 
catch  a  ray  of  pity.    1848  DICKENS  Dombey  liii,  The  fire 
shining  on  her  ruined  beauty  and  her  wild  black  hair. 

4.  Devastated,  laid  waste. 

1724  DE  FOE  Mem.  Cavalier  (1840)  151  The  ruined 
country.. clamoured.  1781  GIBBON  Decl.  %  F.xxx..  111.136 
Alaric  disdained  to  trample  any  longeron  the  prostrate  and 
ruined  countries  of  Thrace  and  Dacia,  1800  CAMPBELL 
Poems,  Ode  to  Winter  42  Sullen  Winter,  hear  my  prayer, 
And  gently  rule  the  ruined  year.  1821  SHELLEY  Adonaisx, 
Lost  Angel  of  a  ruined  Paradise  ! 

Ruiner  (rw'inaj).  [f.  RUIN  v.  +  -EB1.]  One 
who  or  that  which  ruins. 

1581  MULCASTEU  Positions  xliv.  (1887)  286  Great  hmderers 
to  good  schooling:  nay  extreame  ruiners  in  cases  aboue 
schooling.  1595  1>.  BARNES  Cent.  Spir.Sonn.  Ii.  (1815)  26  The 
bodie's  ruiner  and  soule's  disease.  1610  Bp.  HALL  ApoL 
Broiuni&ts  116,  I  had  thought  you  had  held  vs  all  ruinrrs, 
not  builders.  1648  BOYLE  Seraph.  Love  xvi.  (1700)  98 
Absence  and  Rivals,  those  frequent  Ruiners  of  other  Lovers 
happiness,  1711  STEELE  Spect.  No.  156  p  3  But  commend 
me  above  all  others  to  those  who  are  known  for  your 
Ruiners  of  Ladies.  1773  GOLUSM.  Song  Wks.  (Globe)  688 
But  I  will  rally,  and  combat  the  ruiner;  Not  a  look  nor  a 
smile  shall  my  passion  discover.  1814  SHELLEY  Ess.  <y 
Lett.  (1852)  I.  163  His  path.,  marked  with  the  blood  of  the 
oppressor  and  the  ruiner.  1878  N.  Atuer.  Rev.  CXXVI. 
489  A  protest  against  the  rule  of  the  ruiners  is  the  dictate 
of  prudence. 

Ruini-ferou.8,  a.     nonce-word.     Rich  in  ruins. 

1854  Blackw.  Mag.  LXXV.  531  An  antiquarian  rummage 
in  ancient  and  ruinifetous  Cashel. 

Rui  niforni,  a.  Min.  rare.  [?  ad.  F.  ruini- 
fortne.]  Presenting  the  appearance  of  ruins. 

1805-17  R.  JAMKSON  Char.Min.-j-]  Rniniform.  Resembles 
ruins  of  buildings.  It  occurs  in  Florentine  marble,  which 
is  fiom  this  circumstance  called  Landscape  marble. 

Ru-iuiug,  i'bl.  sb.    [f.  RUIN  2;.  + -ING  *.]    The 
action  of  bringing  to  ruin  ;  the  result  of  this. 
VOL.  VIII. 


(r/7-in3s),  a.  Forms  :  4-6  ruynouse 
(5  ruynowse),  5-6  ruynous  (5  roynows,  6  Sc. 
rwymis);  5  ruynose,  5-6  ruinose  ;  6  minus, 
6-7  -ouse,  6-  ruinous  ;  Sc,  6  rewyn-,  rewinus 
(-is),  [ad.  F.  ruinettx,  -eitse  (OF.  also  ntyneux, 
—  Sp.  and  Pg.  ntinosoj  It.  rovinoso,  rninoso]^  or 
L.  minds-its  :  see  RUIN  sb.  and  -ous.] 

1.  Falling  or  fallen  into  ruin;  decayed,  dilapid 
ated,  broken  down, 

1382  WYCLIF^C^.  xxxvi.  33,  Y..shal  make  citees  for  to  be 
enhabitkl,  and  shal  repareyle  ruynouse  thing  is.  1432-50 
tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  217  Whiche  towne  was  ruinose  and 
nye  to  Athenes.  1467-8  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  591/2  Two 
ruynouse  Tenementes,  sette  in  the  parissh  of  Seint  Benett. 
I543~4  Act  35  Hen.  K///,  c.  4  The  chiefe  lorde..of  whom 
suche..  decayed  and  ruinous  houses  be  holden.  1577  Ii. 
GOOGE  HeresbacJi's  Ilusb.  i.  (1586)  9  b,  Some  part  of  it, 
being  ruinous,  I  built  after  my  fancie.  1615  G.  SANDYS 
Trav.  154  The  much  raine  enforced  us  to  Hie  for  shelter 
vnto  a  ruinous  chappell.  1660  F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc  s 
Tray.  5  The  Town..  is  very  ruinous,  nothing  left  entire, 
save  the  Market,  and  exchange.  1728  MORGAN  Algiers  II. 
i.  214  The  same  authority  proves  Cesaria  to  have  been 
erected  on  the  ruinous  Foundations  of  the  most  ancient  Jol. 
1796  MORSE  Awer.  Geogr.  II.  686  The  palace  of  the  Thuil- 
leries,  an  old  and  ruinous  place.  1859  TENNYSON  Jlfarr. 
Geraint  462  [He]  Built  that  new  fort..  And  keeps  me  in 
this  ruinous  castle  here.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  in.  27  The 
weather  had  broken  up  the  mountains  into  ruinous  heaps. 
Jig.  c  1430  LYDG.  A/in.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  252,  I  feele 
myn  herte  brotel  and  ruynous.  1661  BOYLE  Style  of  Script. 
(1675)  138  As  long  as  we  continue  in  these  ruinous  cottages 
of  clay. 

Comb.  1848  tr.  ffq/Mtuftr't  Trai'.  Ceylon  xi.  403  Cold, 
naked,  ruinous-looking  rocks. 

fb.  Almost  obliterated.  Obsr* 

1624  QUARLES  S  ion's  Elegies  To  Reader,  Some  ruinous 
Accents,  here  and  there  discouered,  makes  them  imagin, 
they  writ  some  things  in  verse. 

2.  Brought  to,  sunk  into,  ruin  or  decay,   rare. 
1587  COLLINGWOOD  in   Border  Papers  (1894)  I.  259  The 

.ntefull  complaynt.  .of  this  ruinose  and  waystedcuntre.  1605 
CAMDEN  Rern.,  Epitaphs  31  The  valerous  vpholder  of  the 
ruinous  state  of  Bntame  against  the  Saxons.  1607  SHAKS. 
Timon  iv.  iii.  465  Is  yon'd  despis'd  and  ruinous  man  my 
Lord  ?  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  i.  v.  32  The  Roman  Empire 
now  grown  Ruinous,  could  not  repair  it's  out-Rooms. 

3.  Bringing  or  tending  to  bring  ruin;  disastrous, 
destructive,  pernicious. 

1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  20  b,  All  y«  worlde  (as 
saynt  Austyn  sayth)  is  ruynous  and  bytter  falsenes.  1605 
SHAKS.  Lean.  ii.  123  Machinations,  bollownesse,  treacherie, 
and  all  ruinous  disorders  follow  vsdi.squietly  to  our  Graues. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  216  So.  .together  rush'd  Both  Battels 
maine,  with  ruinous  assault  And  inextinguishable  rage. 
1736  BUTLRR  Anal,  \\.  v.  Wks.  1874  I.  209  Provision  might 
be  made,  .for  preventing  those  ruinous  consequences.  1784 
COWPER  Task  iv.  460  'Tis  quenchless  thirst  Of  ruinous 
ebriety  that  prompts  His  ev'ry  action.  1817  J.  SCOTT  Paris 
Revisit.  (1819)  59  It  was  the  ruinous  imposts  levied  by  these 
Sovereigns  that  did  the  most  harm  to  the  Flemish  cities. 
1842  BISCHOFK  Woollen  Mannf.  II.  251  Any  attempts  to 
raise  its  price  by  artificial  means.,  would  be  ruinous  to  the 
wool  trade.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  vi.  §  2.  275  The 
ruinous  issue  of  the  great  struggle  with  France  roused 
England  to  a  burst  of  fury. 

4.  Pertaining  to  a  fall  or  crash,   rare  —1. 

1667  MILTOX  P.  L.  n.  921  Nor  was  his  eare  less  peal'd 
With  noises  loud  and  ruinous..  then  when  Bellona  storms. 


Ru'inously,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  y.]  In  a 
ruinous  manner  or  degree ;  in  a  way,  or  to  an  ex 
tent,  which  leads  to  ruin. 


You  cast  away  Estate., and ..  imploy  yourselves  the  most 
ruinously,  rather  than  endure  to  be  Idle.  1768  Woman  of 
Honor  I.  34  Nothing,  .is  easier,  .than  to  ruinously  con 
found  a  true  good  with  a  false  one.  1832  BABBAGE  Econ. 
Manuf.  xxlv.  (ed.  3)  234  Whilst  the  manufacturers  are  com 
plaining  of  the  ruinously  low  price  of  iheir  produce.  1864 
Englishiv.  in  India  24  Table  ornaments  are  ruinously  dear 
out  here.  1897  MARY  KINGSI.EY  W.  Africa  542  A  cur?e  or 
evil  disease,  curable  only  by  ruinously  expensive  process. 


RULE. 

Bu'inousness.    [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.] 

1.  The  quality  of  bringing  ruin. 

1659  Gentl.  Calling ^(1696)  43  The  ruinousness  of  a  perverse 
will  is  so  generally  understood.  1835  Tait's  Mag.  II.  407 
The  ruinousness  of  a  Chancery  suit.  1879  M.  ARNOI.U 
Mixed  Ess.  309  The  ruinousness,  to  a  poet,  of  symbols, 
hieroglyphics,  mystifications. 

2.  The  condition  of  being  in  ruins. 

1665  MANLEY  Grotius'  Low  C.  Wars  78  The  Ruinousness 
of  their  Walls,  which  to  other  Cities  is  a  great  Evil,  was  an 
Advantag  to  this.  1843  RUSKIN  Mod.  faint.  I.  u.  vii.  §  26. 
104  When  the  artist  suffers  the  mere  love  of  ruinousness  to 
interfere  with  his  perception  of  the  art  of  the  building, .  .  he 
has  lost  the  end  of  his  own  art. 

t  Ruin-tail,  -tailed  :  see  ROWEN  3. 

1678  DRYDKN  Kind  Keeper  iv.  i,  Whores  of  all  sorts ; 
forkers  and  ruin  tailed.  1686  BLOME^CW^/.  Recreat.  II.  37/1 
There  are  several  names  or  distinctions  of  Partridges;. .  the 
fourth  [are  called  JRuintayles,  and  then  they  are  full  >>ummed 
and  hard  set. 

Ruisse,  obs.  form  of  ROOSE  sb. 

t  Ruissel.  Obs.  Forms  :  5  ruys(s)el,  ruis- 
s(h)eaul.  [a.  OF.  ruiset,  ruisseaul,  etc.  (mod.F. 
ritisseaii})  a  dim.  of  L.  rlvus  stream.]  A  rivulet, 
brook.  (In  Cnxton  only.) 

c  1477  CAXTON  Jason  119  Two  ruisseauls  or  two  springes 
of  a  fountayne.  1481  —  Godf.  273  The  canellys  and  mis. 
sheauls  ronne  alle  of  blood.  1483  —  Gold.  Leg.  422/1  As 
they  came  to  a  ruysel  or  chanel  and  wold  haue  passyd  it. 

t  Ruit.  0!>$.—}  [a.  OF.  rnit,  rnyfy  in  the  same 
sense.]  Noise,  disorder. 

a  1400  Minor  Poems fr.  1'ernon  MS,  II.  613  WiJ>  ^eues 
J?at  loueden  ryot  and  ruit,  Whi  schal  my  sone  be  nayled? 

t  Ruiter.  Obs.  Also  6,  8  ruyter,  7  ruytter. 
[a.  Du.  miter.]  =KUTTER. 

In  quot.  1702  used  to  render  med.L.  rnttarii. 

1579  \5\GGV&Stratiot.  m  Sometimes  also  the  Ruyters  vse 
lo  wheele  about  with  their  whole  Troupe.  1591  //'.  (iarrarei's 
Art  Warre  242  To  euerie  12  Ruiters  commonly  there  is 
allowed  a  wagon  with  4  hordes.  1604  DIGGES  Foitre  Para 
doxes  n.  63  Ruytters  with  their  Pistolles,  and  Argoletires 
with  their  Pettronels.  1702  I'ind.  Magna  Charta  8  The 
Flanders  Ruyters,  or  Cavaliers,  who  now  by  Magna  Charta 
were  expressly. ,  order'd  to  be  expelled  the  Kingdom. 

Ruk  e,  obs.  forms  of  ROOK,  RUCK. 

t  XLtL'kel.  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  rukul,  rucul. 
[ad.  med.L.  rittnfat  for  *eritcula,  dim.  of  L. 
erfica:  see  ERUCA  and  ERUKE.]  a.  The  rocket 
(Eruca  sativa}.  b.  The  canker  worm. 

c  1440  Pallad.  on  Husb.  \.  853-5  Thy  seed  with  luce  of 
rukel  or  syngrene  To  wete,  vp  sleeth  the  rukel,  as  men 
wene.  Eek  figtre  askis  oon  on  rukul  throwith, 

Rukelen,  obs.  f.  RUCKLE  v.1  Rukh,  variant 
of  Roc.  Rukk(e,  obs.  ff.  RUCK  st>.1 

Rulable  (r/rlab'l),  a.  Also  5  reule-,  7  rule- 
able,  [f.  RULE  v.  and  sb.  +  -ABLE.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  ruled  ;  governable.    ?  Obs. 

c  1449  PF.COCK  Repr.  n.  xvi.  242  Therfore  thei  helden.. 
that  the  bodili  heuen  and  hise  seicl  parties  reuliden  al  that 
was  reuleable  here  bynethe.  1596  BACON  Let.  to  Essex 
Oct.  (1671)  89  For  the  removing  the  Impression  of  your 
Nature  to  be  Opiniastre  and  not  Rulable.  1607  TOPSELL 
Fottr-f.  Beasts  (1658)  251  They  make  the  Horses,  .tractable, 
and  rulable,  to  be  turned,  restrained,  or  put  forward.  1680 
H.  DODWELL  Two  Lett.  i.  Contents,  Some  general  Rules  in 
managing  a  Parochial  Cure  for  bringing  the  People  to  a 
Ruleable  temper. 

2.  Admissible  as  a  rule.    rare~l, 

1624  BP.  MOUSTAGU  Gagg  201  But . .  I  will  take  no  such  ex- 
ception  :  I  admit  it  ruleable  every  way. 

3.  U.S.  colhq.  Allowable  by  rule ;  permissible. 
1888-9  m  Century  Diet.  s.y.,  It  shall  be  rulable  to  reject  any 

. .  packages  varying  widely  in  color  or  quality  from  the  bulk 
of  the  lot.  1890  L.  C.  D'OvLK  Notches  170  He  would  take  a 
cigar— not  considered  Exactly  fair,  perhaps,  but  'rulable' 
(occasionally)  according  to  the  standard  of  the  country. 

Rule  (n7l),  sb.  Forms:  3  riwle,  3-4  riule ; 
3  revle,  4-6  reule ;  4-5  reul,  6-7  reull ;  4 
reuel(e,  5  reuyl,  6  reuyll;  4  rewel,  4-5  rewele, 
4-6  rewil  (5  rewile,  rewyll(e,  5-6  rewill),  4-7 
rewle  (5  rewile,  5-6  rewl,  6  rewll) ;  3  ruyle,  4 
ruiele,  ruyl;  4  ruele,  6  ruell(e;  4-  rule,  5  rwle, 
rull,  6  rulle  ;  6  roule.  [a.  OF.  rinle,  rente, 
ruilc,  rule,  etc.  (see  Littre  and  Godefroy) :— L. 
regula  straight  stick,  bar,  ruler,  pattern,  etc.  (cf. 
REOULA),  which  is  also  represented  by  OF.  regie 
(F.  regie}  REGLE  sb, 

The  development  of  the  leading  senses  took  place  in  Latin, 
and  does  not  correspond  to  the  order  of  their  appearance  in 
English.] 

I.  1.  A  principle,  regulation,  or  maxim  govern 
ing  individual  conduct. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  2  peos  riwle  is  euere  wi3innen  &  rihteS 
J?e  heorte. . .  f>eos  riwle  is  cherite.  1340  Ayenb.  97  pise  byej> 
Jje  zeue  ruieles  of  holy  lyf  bet  (>e  zojie  Salomon  tekj>  to  his 
children.  138*  WYCLIF  Gal.  vi.  16  And  who  euere  schulen 
suwe  this  rewle,  pees  vpon  hem.  1451  CAPGR.  Life  St.  Aug. 
Prol.,  A  grete  reule  to  all  lerned  men  was  sette  be  Seint 
Paule  in  £e  first  capitleAd  Romanes.  1542  UDALL  Erasnt. 
Apoph.  237  The  Jewes  of  a  great  conscience  &  of  a  rewle 
dooen  abstain  from  eatyng  of  allmanerswynes  fleashe.  1617 
MORVSOS  ///«.  I.  26  It  is  a  rule  here  to  shun  all  sadne*. 
1667  MILTON  P.  L.  xi.  528  If  thou  well  observe  The  rule  of 
not  too  much,  by  temperance  taught.  1706  K.  WARD 
M'ooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  45  Tho'  he  guide  others  to 
Heaven  by  the  plain-sailing  Rules  of  the  Gospel.  1784 
COWPF.R  Task  u.  523  Their  rules  of  life  Defective  and  un- 
sanction'd,  prov'd  too  weak  To  bind  the  roving  appetite. 
1809  WORDS w.  Sonnets  Indep.  <$•  Liberty  n.  xii,  A  few  strong 

111 


BULB. 

instincts  and  a  few  plain  rules.  1860  RUSKIN  Unto  this 
Last  i.  §  7  All  endeavour  to  deduce  rules  of  action  from 
balance  of  expediency  is  in  vain. 

b.  Const.  <7/"some  quality  or  principle. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  17454  Quen  giftes  has  for-don  be  sight, 
Qua  mai  ban  folu  be  reul  o  right.  1535  COVERDALE  Isaiah 
xxxii.  i  The  kinge  shal  gouerne  after  y*  rule  of  righluous- 
nes.  1591  SPENSER  M.  Hubberd  1131  No  care  of  justice, 
nor  no  rule  of  reason,.. Did  thenceforth  ever  enter  in  his 
minde.  1726  SWIFT  Gulliver  i.  i,  I  could  not  forbear  shew 
ing  my  Impatience  (perhaps  against  the  strict  Rules  of 
Decency)  by  putting  my  Finger  frequently  to  my  Mouth. 
1780  Mirror  No.  79,  A  scrupulous  observance  of  certain 
rules  of  decorum.  1840  KINGSLEY  Lett*  (1878)  I.  49,  I  bad 
no  rule  of  morality,  felt  and  believed.  1859  GEO.  ELIOT 
A.  Bedexx,  Mrs.  Poyser  was  strict  in  adherence  to  her  own 
rules  of  propriety. 

C.  transf.  Applied  to  a  person  or  thing. 

C1375  Sc*  Leg.  Saints  xxxvi.  (Baptist}  614  Sancte  lohnne 
J>e  scole  of  uertuise  wes,..&  reule  of  rychtwisnes  but  wen.  I 
1639  N.  N.  tr.  Du  Bosq^s  Compl.  Woman  \.  22  If  they  but  > 
cast  their  eyes  on  her  who  should  be  the  rule  of  all  their  i 
sex,  as  shee  is  the  ornament.  1818  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  ix.  | 
xxviii.  9  They  leave  All  hope,  or  love,  or  truth,  or  liberty, . .  , 
To  be  a  rule  and  law  to  ages  that  survive. 

2.  The  code  of  discipline  or  body  of  regulations    I 
observed   by   a  religious  order  or  congregation ;    | 
hence  occas.,  the  order  or  congregation  itself, 

a  1225  Ancr.  A*.  4  Nu  aski  }e  hwat  riwle  $e  ancren  schul-  j 
len  holden?  £1290^.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  59/196  pat  he  scholde  \ 
is  ordre  preouen,  and  is  Revle  al-so,  pom;  }?e  godspel  | 
of  godes  word,  c  1325  Metr.  Horn.  32  That  was  the  reucl  uf  . 
sain  Benet.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xx.  246  Haueth  none 
envye  To  lered  ne  to  lewed,  but  lyueth  after  gowre  rewle. 
1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret,^  Priv.  Priv.  193  Seint  benet  or- 
deyned  the  monken  rull,  and  Seinte  Austeyn  chanoun  Rull 
in  erth.  1444  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  74/2  Professid  yn  the  rule 
of  Seint  Austyn.  v^A  Pilgr.  Perf.(\V.  de  W.  1531)  18  b,  As 
our  holy  father  Saynt  Austyn  sayth  in  his  rule.  1617 
MORYSOM  It  in.  1. 168  A  begging  Friar  of  the  Order  of  Saint 
Francis,  .gave  me  to  eat,  but  would  receive  no  money  for 
it ;  saying,  it  was  against  their  rule  to  handle  any  money. 
1631  WEEVER  Anc.  Funeral  Mon.  130 There  are  foure  rules, 
or  religious  Orders.  1738  CHAMBEKS  Cycl.  s.v.  Carthusians^ 
Their  rule.. obliges  them  to.. a  total  abstinence  from  flesh. 
1771  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  630/1  The  rule  of  the  Franciscans., 
is  briefly  this.  1848  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Loss  $  Gain  in.  x,  It 
was  indeed  but  ten  years,  .since  the  severest  of  modern  rules 
had  been  introduced  into  England.  1890  MEVNELL  ./Wrc- 
man  iv.  55  Next  month  Father  Newman,  with  Stanton  and 
St.  John,,  .formally  received  Faber..into  the  rule  of  St. 
Philip  Neri. 

trans/I  1340-70  Alex.  <y  Dind.  507  Sire  emperour  alix- 
andre,  £>is  ai'n  cure  lawes,  BoJ>e  oure  reule  &  oure  riht  bat 
we  J>e  rede  holde.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage  m.  vii.  (1614) 
276  An  excellent  Doctor,  named  Boni,  framed  their  [Cabal- 
Hsls]  rule  and  prayers.  1846  KKULE  Lyra  Innoc.  (1873)  7 
Angels  with  us  rehearse  their  own  majestic  rule. 

attrib.  c  1450  in  Aungier  Syon  (1840)  262  Sche  schal  put 
from  her  her . .  cowle,  mantel,  crown,  and  veyle,  and  remayne 
in  her  rewle  cote.  Ibid*  264  The  abbes  schal  3eue  her  holy 
water  and  a  rewle  cote. 

3.  A  principle  regulating  practice  or  procedure  ; 
a  fixed  and  dominating  custom  or  habit. 

Rule  of  the  road:  see  ROAD  sh.  5  e.  Similarly  Rule(s)  of 
the  sea  (Smyth,  1867), 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  451  pe  pope .. forsook 
I?e  reule  of  be  olde  tyme,  and  sacrede  Thurstyn  and  ^af 
hym  the  pal,  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  x.  Iv.  505  Is  }>l  the 
rule  of  yow  arraunt  knyghtes  for  to  make  a  knyght  to  luste 
will  he  or  nyll?  1572  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxxiv.  60  In 
Scotland  had  not  bene  sic  tuill,  Gif  this  had  bene  be  common 
reul!.  I596SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  iv.  i.  178  Of  astrange  nature  is 
the  sute  you  follow,  Yet  in  such  rule,  that  the  Venetian  Law 
Cannot  unpugne  you.  1768  STERNE  Sent.  jfoum.t  Case  of 
Conscience^  Twas  against  the  rules  of  his  house.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  ix.  II.  432  It  had  long  been  the  rule 
at  Rome  that  no  officer  of  justice  or  finance  could  enter  the 
dwelling  inhabited  by  the  minister  who  represented  a 
Catholic  state.  1893  GEE  A  uscultation  4-  Percussion 
(ed.  4}  92  Let  mediate  auscultation  ever  be  considered  the 
rule  of  practice. 

b.  A   regulation  determining  the  methods  or 
course  of  a  game  or  the  like. 

1697  DRYDEN  Virg*  Georg.  in.  183  The  Lapithse.. taught 
the  Steed.. the  Rules  of  War  to  know.  1778  C.  JONES 
Hoyle's  Games  hn^r.  189  The  game  of  billiards,  with  the 
rules  and  odds.  1831  SCOTT  Ct.  Robt.  xxxii,  The  rules  of 
fair  battle  will  be  punctually  observed.  1837  Penny  Cycl. 
VIII.  158/1  The  rules  [of  cricket]  are  at  once  too  well  known 
and  too  complicated  to  be  here  explained.  1895  Outing 
XXVII.  250/2  The  off-side  rule  should  be  clearly  understood. 

c.  Without  article :    Rigid  system  or  routine. 
Out  of  rule,  contrary  to  custom. 

1796  CHARLOTTE  SMITH  Marchmont  I.  141  Lady  Dacres 
either  did  not  or  would  not  see  how  very  much  the  conduct 
of  her  visitor  was  out  of  rule.  1820  IRVING  Sketch  Bk.  II. 
219  No  being  acts  more  rigidly  from  rule  than  the  Indian. 

4.  Law*  a.  An  order  made  by  a  judge  or  court, 
the  application  of  which  is  limited  to  the  case  in 
connexion  with  which  it  is  granted.     Also  called 
a  particular  rule  or  rule  of  court. 

Rule  absolute^  an  order  following  a  rule  nisi  and  chang 
ing  a  conditional  direction  into  a  peremptory  command. 
Rule  nisi:  see  NISI. 

1447-6  J.  SHILLINGFORD  Lett.  (Camden)  41  That  matier, 
whiche  longe  tyme  hath  abiden  yn  travers  bitwixte  yow,.. 
was  commytted..to  the  rule  of  the  two  chief  Justises  and 
me.  1474  A*  oils  of  Parlt.  VI.  1 18/2  Like  Processe,  Rule,  Juge- 
ment  and  Execution  be  had  theryn,  as  usuelly  is  used  in 
Writtes  of  Dette.  1612  BACON  Ess.,  Of  Judicature,  The 
partesofa  ludge  are. .to  giue  the  rule  or  sentence.  1768 
IJLACKSTONE  Comm,  III.  203  Upon  this  condition,  that  he 
enter  into  a  rule  of  court  to  confess,  at  the  trial  of  the  cause, 
three  of  the  four  requisites  for  the  maintenance  of  the  plain 
tiff's  action.  1771  yunius  Lett,  Ixvii.  (1788)  342  The  rule 


882 

against  him  was  made  absolute.  1841  Penny  Cycl,  XX. 
220/3  Rules  not  general  are  such  as  are  confined  to  the  par. 
ticular  case  in  reference  to  which  they  have  been  granted. 

trans/.  1853  Miss  M CLOCK  Agatha's  Husb.  II.  38  She 
thought  the  rule  absolute  was  painfully  prevalent  in  the 
Harper  family. 

b.  A  formal  order  or  regulation  governing  the 
procedure  or  decisions  of  a  court  of  law  ;  an 
enunciation  or  doctrine  forming  part  of  the  com 
mon  law,  or  having  the  force  of  law.  Also  called 
a  (standing)  rule  of  court. 

1530  PALSGR.  264/2  Rule  of  cannon  lawe,  canon.  1609 
SKKNE  Reg.  ftlaj.  100  Many  profitable  principals,  and 
rewles  of  the  lawes  of  this  Realme,  worthie  to  be  remem- 
bred.  1699  LUTTKELL  Brief  Rt  I.  (1857)  IV.  541  Mr.  Pugh, 
clerk  of  the  rules  in  the  kings  bench  court.  1768  BLACK- 
STONE  Comm.  III.  64  The  temporal  courts  adhering  to  the 
former,  and  the  spiritual  adopting  the  latter  as  their  rule  of 
proceeding.  1779  Mirror  No.  6,  He  felt  no  great  inclina 
tion  to  load  his  memory  with  the  rules  of  our  municipal 
law.  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2}  IV.  523  Lord  Thurlow 
said,  that.. the  rule  was  such,  and  so  many  estates  stood 
upon  it|  that  it  could  not  be  shaken.  1841  l\'nny  Cycl. 
XIX.  379/2  Either  according  to  the  rules  of  the  common 
law,  or  by  the  operation  of  the  Statute  of  Uses.  1882 
Encycl.  Brit.  XIV.  358/1  The  rule  that  every  will  must  be 
in  writing  is  a  mere  fragment — only  the  limb  of  a  law. 

5.  A  regulation   framed   or  adopted   by  a  cor 
porate  body,  public  or  private,  for  governing  its 
conduct  and  that  of  its  members. 

Joint  rule,  one  observed  by  both  branches  of  a  legislature 
of  two  houses.  Standing  rule,  a  permanent  regulation  of 
a  corporate  body  governing  its  ordinary  procedure. 

1558  g.  MARY  Will  in  J.  M.  Stone  Life  (1901)  510  To 
keep  and  observe  the  ancient  rewles  and  statuts  of  the 
said  hows  [Savoy  Hospital].  1659  HEYLIN  Certamen  Epist. 
89  Their  Decretals  were  made  by  them  intentionally  to 
serve  for  a  rule  and  a  reiglement  of  the  Church  in  general. 
1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  go  To  walk  the 
Quarter-Deck  in  Quirpo  is  to  walk  against  the  Rules  of  the 
Navy.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Rules  and  Articles. 
Under  this  term  may  be  considered  the  military  code  of  the 
British  army.  1847  TENNYSON  Princ,  i.  176  Averring  it  was 
clear  against  the  rules  For  any  man  to  go.  \9AzEncycl.  Brit. 
XIV.  356/1  The  rules  set  by  a  club  or  society,  and  enforced 
upon  its  members  by  exclusion  from  the  society, ..are  laws, 
but  not  positive  laws. 

attrib.  and  Comb.  1857  [see  RUBRICIST  i].  1897  Westm* 
Gaz.  6  Apr.  9/3  The  rule  book  of  the  Old  English  Sheep-dog 
Club,  1898  Ibid.  19  Oct.  6/1  The  compounding  parties  bring 
themselves  under  the  charge  of  rule-breaking. 

6.  The  rttfes,  a  defined  area  in  the  neighbour 
hood    of  certain  prisons,  esp.  those  of  the  Fleet 
and  King's  Bench,  within  which  certain  prisoners, 
esp.   debtors,  were   permitted  to   live  on  giving 
proper  security.    (Cf.  LIBERTY  sb.  7c.)    t  See  also 
quot.  1662. 

1662  Virginia  Stat.  (1823)  11.77  If  the  sherriffe  shall  per. 
mitt  any  person  dwelling  within  the  rules  of  a  prison ..  to 
walke  abroad  out  of  prison  though  with  a  keeper,  and  to 
have  the  benefit!  of  the  rules  or  to  lodge  in  his  own  hou*e ; 
the  said  sherriffe..shalbe  ordered  to  pay  the  debt.  1786 
MRS.  A.  M.  BENNETT  Juvenile  Imiiscr.  V.  42  They  live 
every  bit  as  grand,  and  keep  a  mort  of  company  in  the 
rules.  1812  Examiner  5  Oct.  639/2  He  was  permitted  to 
live  jn  the  Rules — consequently  his  punishment  was  merely 
nominal.  1847  MRS.  GORE  Cast,  in  Air  xxxv,  (1857)  349> 
I  took  him  out  of  the  Rules  of  the  Bench,  and  brought  him 
home  to  my  poor  chimney-corner.  1883  ASHTON  Soc.  Life 
Q.Anne  II.  247  To  aid  these,  the  prisoners  took  it  in  turns  to 
perambulate  the  rules,  and  solicit  help  in  money  or  kind. 

b.  The  freedom  of  these  bounds  or  *  rules '.  On 
rule,  allowed  to  live  in  the  rules. 

1766  ENTICK  London  IV.  265  Any  prisoner  for  debt  may 
.  .enjoy  the  rules  [of  the  Fleet],  or  liberty  to  walk  abroad, 
and  to  keep  a  house  within  the  liberties  of  this  prison,  pro 
vided  he  can  give  security  to  the  warden  for  his  forth 
coming.  1790  Ann.  Reg.,  Hist.  97  This  bill  therefore  had 
contained  clauses,  .abolishing  an  indulgence  at  present 
existing,  commonly  called  rules,  by  which  a  prisoner  is  per 
mitted  to  go  out  of  his  confinement  to  a  certain  distance. 
1841  THACKERAY  Gt,  Hoggarty  Diamond  viii,  Her  lodgers 
used  commonly  to  be  prisoners  on  rule  from  that  place  [sc. 
the  Fleet].  1888  SIR  W.  BESANT  50  Yrs.  Ago  77  Both  at 
the  King's  Bench  and  the  Fleet  debtors  were  allowed  to 
purchase  what  were  called  the  Rules,  which  enabled  them 
to  live  within  a  certain  area  outside  the  prison,  and  practic 
ally  left  them  free. 

II.  7.  A  principle  regulating  the  procedure  or 
method  necessary  to  be  observed  in  the  pursuit  or 
study  of  some  art  or  science.  (See  also  RULE  OP 

THUMB.) 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  III.  251  Plato  afterward 
made  bat  art  [sc.  Logic]  more,  and  fonde  berynne  meny 
principles  and  rules,  c  1400  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Goi1.  Lordsh. 
113  Now  y  stable  to  f>e  reules  of  bis  science  of  Phisonomy 


&  constituciouns  sufFyceantz  abbre^gyd,  bat  shal  be  greet 
profyt  to  be.  1573  Cath.  Tract.  (S.  T.  S.)  14  Schir  lohne 
Knox  hes  nocht  weill  considdertt  the  rewlis  of  Dialectik. 


1620  T.  GRANDER  Dtv.  Logike  258  The  consequence,  formall 
consecution  or  sequell  agreeable  to  the  rules  of  a  Syllog- 
isme.  1695  DRYDEN  Parallel  Poet.  $  Paint.  Ess.  (ed. 
Ker)  II.  115  One  who  perfectly  understood  the  rules  of 
painting.  1725  WATTS  Logic  (1736)  105  These  two  Rules 
being  observed  will  always  render  a  Definition  reciprocal 
with  the  Thing  defined.  1781  COWPER  Conversation  869 
[This]  May  prove,  though  much  beside  the  rules  of  art, 
Best  for  the  public.  1828  WHATELY  Rhetoric  in  Encycl. 
Metrop.(\%4$}  I.  263  Hence  arises  another  Rule,,  .that  in 
order  effectually  to  excite  feelings  of  any  kind,  it  is 
necessary  to  employ  some  copiousness  of  detail.  1866 
Chambers* s  Encycl.  VIII.  365/2  Rule  of  the  Octave,  a  well- 
known  formula.,  which  shews  the  method  of  accompanying 
ui  harmonising  the  ascending  and  descending  scale. 


RULE. 

b.  Coupled  with  the  name  of  the  discoverer  or 
expounder. 

1644  MILTON  Editc.  6  Ornate  Rhetorick  taught  out  of  the 
rule  of  Plato,  Aristotle  [etc.].  1780  Mirror  No.  80,  This . . , 
if  examined  by  the  rules  of  Aristotle,  will  be  found  to  contain 
all  the  requisites  of  the  best  dramatic  composition.  1818 
BYRON  Juan  i.  cxx,  I  have  a  high  sense  Of  Aristotle  and  the 
Rules.  1872  RUSKIN  Eagle's  Nest  §  93  We  now  build  in 
our  villages,  by  the  rules  of  the  Academy  of  London. 

c.  Grammar.   A  principle  regulating  or  deter 
mining  the  form  or  position  of  words  in  a  sentence. 

1495  Trevisa?s  Barth.  De  P.  R.  XVH.  iii.  604  Holy  wrytte 
wol  not  al  way  be  subget  to  y°  rules  of  Cramer.  1530 
PALSGR.  304  Here  endeth  the  rules  of  the  nowne  adjectyve. 
1581  PETTIE  Guazzo's  Civ.  Conv.  \\.  (1586)  97  An  Emperor. . 
being  reproued  for  that  he  spake  contrarie  to  the  rules  of 
Crammer.  1636  B.  JONSON  Eng.  Grain,  xiv,  We  say  not 
cfiilden*,  which,  according  to  the  rule  given  before,  is  the 
right  formation,  but  children.  1693  C.  DKYDEN  Juvenal 
vii,  (1726)  104  Be  sure  he  knows  exactly  Grammar-Rules. 
vjyjGentl*  Mag.  VII.  329 The  Translators  had  more  regard 
to  St.  Stephen's  Words,  ..  than  to  any  Grammar  Rule. 
1878  Encycl.  Brit.\ll\.  397/1  Confusion  and  loss  of  old  in 
flexions,  and  their  replacement  by  prepositions,  auxiliary 
verbs,  and  rules  of  position. 

8.  Math.  A  prescribed  method   or  process  for 
finding  unknown  numbers  or  values,   or  solving 
particular  problems. 

Rule  of  alligation ,  coss, .fellowship^  Practice^  proportion  : 
see  those  words.  Rule  of  (false)  position,  falsehood)  etc. : 
see  POSITION  sb.  3. 

1542  [see  PROPORTION^.  9  b].  1561  [see  FELLOWSHIP  9], 
1594  BLUNDEVIL  Exerc.  i.  xi.  (1636)  32  You  must  worke  the 
first  or  second  Question  sometimes  by  the  Rule  Reverse. 
1652  News  Lowe-Co.  8  The  Rules  of  Fellowship,  of  Three, 
And  more  to  him  familiar  be.  1695  [see  ALLIGATION  2]. 
1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  89  He  can  com 
pose  a  Bowl  of  Punch  by  the  Rules  of  Trigonometry.  1753 
Chambers  s  Cycl.  Suppl./1/A  s.v.,  Rule  of  five,  or,  Compound 
Rule  of  Three.  Ibid.  s.v.  WkUt*  By  Mr.de  Moivre's  rules 
it  will  be  found,  that  the  total  of  the  chances  for  the  dealer  = 
92770723800.  1826  in  Encycl.  ftletrop,  (1845)  I.  456/1 
There  are  different  methods  of  solving  questions  included 
under  the  rule  of  five  or  more  terms.  1867  BRANDE  &  Cox 
Diet.  Set.,  etc.  III.  320/2  The  rule  known  in  the  theory  of 
equations  as  Descartes'  Rule  of  Signs. 

Comb.  1847  DE  MORGAN  Arith.  Bks.  Introd.  p.  xxii,  I 
speak  to  the  teacher,  not  the  rule-driller. 

b.  Rule  of  three*,  a  method  of  finding  a  fourth 
number  from  three  given  numbers,  of  which  the 
first  is  in  the  same  proportion  to  the  second  as 
the  third  is  to  the  unknown  fourth.  Also  called 
the  golden  rule  (see  GOLDEN  a.  5b),  rule  of  pro 
portion. 

The  ordinary  form,  called  the  common  or  direct  rule  of 
three,  is  distinguished  from  the  indirect^  inverse^  reverse^ 
•\bacb  or  backward:  see  INVKRSE  a.  33. 

1594  BLUNDEVIL  Exerc.  i.  vi.  (16361  20  And  this  is  the 
common  kind  of  working  by  the  Rule  of  three,  whereof  it  is 
called  the  common  Rule  of  Three.  1650  KUDO  Geom. 
Quest.  23  This  is  your  first  number  in  the  Rule  of  Three. 
1669  STURMY  Mariners  Mag.  n.  iv.  62  This  must  be  done 
by  the  back  Rule  of  Three.  1693  Capt.  Smiths  Seaman's 
Grant,  n.  ii.  91  The  Rule  of  Three  (or  Golden  Rule)  both 
Direct  and  Reverse.  1706  W.  JONES  Syn.  Palmar. 
Matheseos  i^o  When  the  Rule  of  Three  Direct  has  i  for  the 
ist  Term,  'tis  usually  called  the  Rule  of  Practice.  1828 
MOORE  Pract.  Navig.  p.  xv,  Rule  of  Three  in  Decimals  is 
worked  in  the  same  manner  as  common  Arithmetic.  1844 
DICKENS  Mart.  Chuzz.  xx,  Working  it  by  the  rule  of  three 
direct  and  inversed. 

attrib.  1891  MRS.  RIDDELL  Mad,  Tour  213  Doing  a  rapid 
rule-of- three  sum. 

9.  Without  article  in  preceding  senses,  esp.  in 
phr.  by  rule, 

1362  LANGL.  P.  PI.  A.  i.  22  Heore  nomes  beb  neodful  and 
nempnen  I  t^enke,  Bi  rule  and  bi  resun.  c  1400  Destr. 
Troy  10316  How  be  reason,  or  right,  or  rewle,  may  (iou 
preue  To  deme  hym  so  doghty  in  dedis  of  armys?  1667 
MILTON /*..£.  v.  297  Nature  here  Wantond  as  in  her  prime,.. 
Wilde  above  rule  or  art.  c  1718  PRIOR  P.  Pnrgantiib  The 
picture  wrought  exact  to  rule,  exempt  from  fault.  1780 
COWPER  Progr.  Error  189  Rufillus,  exquisitely  form'd  by 
rule,.. Wonders  at  Clodio's  follies.  1831  SCOTT  Ct.  Robt. 
xx viii,  More  modern  taste. .,  by  mixing  the  various  orders, 
had  produced  such  as  were  either  composite,  or  totally  out 
of  rule.  1859  SEELEY  Ecce  Homo  iii.  (1865)  19  A  certain 
skill  in  quarrelling  by  rule.  1870  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Gram. 
Assent  n.  viii.  279  They  speak  by  rule  and  by  book,  though 
they  judge  and  determine  by  common-sense. 

Ill,  10.  A  standard  of  discrimination  or  esti 
mation  ;  a  criterion,  test,  canon. 

1382  WYCLIF  2  Cor.  x.  13  Sothli  we  schulden  not  glorie 
into  ful  moche,  but  vp  the  mesure  of  reule,  bi  which  God 
mesuride  to  vs.  c  1440  Promp.  Pan>*  432/1  Rewle,  of 
techynge,  regula,  norma.  1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W.  de  W. 
1531)  2?9b,  It  discerneth  or  iudgeth,  not  onely..  temporal  I 
thynges,  but  also  y*  eternall,..and  that  by  the  rules  of 
grace,  ferre  aboue  all  naturall  reason.  1580  G.  HARVEY 
Three  Lett.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  103  We  are.  .authorised  by 
the . .  Maiestie  of  our  speach  :  which  I  account e  the  only 
infallible  and  souueraine  Rule  of  all  Rules.  1638  RAWLEY 
tr.  Bacons  Life  <y  Death  (1650)  n  To  finde  out  a  Rule 
touching  Length  and  Shortnesse  of  Life  in  Living  Creatures 
is  veiy  difficult.  1681  FLAVEL  Method  of  Grace  xxviii.  498 
If  the  workman's  hand  were  the  rule  of  his  work,  it  were 
impossible  he  should  ever  err  in  working.  1710  J.  CLARKE 
tr.  Rohault's  Nat.  Philos.  (1729)  I.  253  Having  often 
observed,  that  an  Object  appears  more  confused  the  further 
it  is  distant  from  us,  we  make  this  a  Rule  of  determining 
the  Distances  of  Bodies.  1781  COWPER  Hop?  566  A  knave, 
when  tried  on  honesty's  plain  rule.  1820  SOUTH KV  Life 
Wesley  I.  265  A  determination  to  allow  no  other  rule  of 
faith  or  practice  than  the  Scriptures.  1850  J.  H.  NEWMAN 
DiJfitHltU*  Anglicans  i.  v.  (iSyi)  I.  138  By  what  rule  will 
you  determine  what  divines  are  authoritative,  and  what  are 


RULE. 

not  ?    1884  Law  Times  Rep.  L.  196/2  There  can  be  no  hard 
and  fast  rule  by  which  to  construe . .  commercial  agreements. 
Comb.  1577  FULKE  Two  Treat,  agst.  Papists  413  You  are 
a  rule  giuur. 

11.  A  fact  (or  the  statement  of  one)  which  holds 
generally  good ;  that  which  is  normally  the  case. 
On  (the)  exception  proves  the  rufe  see  EXCEPTION  i  F. 
« 1300  Cursor  M.  29177  Als  for  a  reule  bis  sal  bou  take, 
bat  for  spusbreking  and  manath, .  .J*at  sal  haue  scrifte  of 
seuen  yere.  c  1398  CHAUCER  Fortune  56  Wikke  appetyt 
comth  ay  before  sykenesse  ;  In  general  this  rewle  may  nat 
fayle.  c  1460  METHAM  Wks.  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  92  And  this  ys  a 
general  rwle,  that  yff  a  lyne  beryght  depe  and  wele  colouryd 
yt  sygnyfyith  gode  dysposycion  off"  that  meinbyr  to  the 
qwyche  yt  ys  corespondent.  1508  FISHKK  7  Penit.  Ps. 
Wks.  (1876)  202  Truly  it  is  a  generall  rule  whan  a  synne 
ones  purposed  by  consent  in  our  mynde  is  deedly,  what 
soeuer  we  do  for  the  accomplysshement  of  the  same  is  also 
deedly  synne.  1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidanes  Comm.  333  They 
place  this  as  a  generall  Rule,  that  all  rites  and  ceremonies 
..be  no  longer  meane  thynges.  1639  FULLER  Holy  War 
HI.  xxiv.  (1840)  162  Egypt  was  an  exception  from  the  rules 
of  all  other  Countries.  1780  Mirror  No.  82,  They  consider 
..that  their  virtues  and  good  qualities  are  only  exceptions 
from  the  general  rule.  1803  Meet.  Jrnl.  XIV.  410  Some 
degree  of  hesitation, . .  whether  the  rule  is  so  general  as  has 
been  supposed.  1862  STANLEY  Jew.  Ck.  (1877)  I.  xix.  366  ; 
The  possession  of  the  gift  throughout  the  Christian  com-  \ 
munity  was  the  rule  and  not  the  exception.  1883  MOKKILL 
Slavonic  Lit.  \.  15  As  we  might  expect,  from  the  rule  that 
the  dialects  of  a  language  are  truer  to  its  spirit  than  the 
literary  form. 

Comb.  1895   RASHDALL    Univ.  Mid.    Ages   II.  622  The 
earliest  exceptions  are  of  the  rule-proving  order. 
b.  As  a  (or  the]  rule,  normally,  generally. 
1842  CHKISTIE  in  Fleury's  Eccl.  Hist.  I.  137  note,  The 
Oblation    was,  as  the  rule,    made    in    the    morning.     1845 
Encycl.  Metrop.  II.  818/2  Where  two  decisions  [are]  of  equal 
value, . .  as  a  rule,  the  second  usually^prevails.   1878  HUXLEY 
Physiography  5  As  a  rule,  hail  falls  in  summer, 

IV.  f!2.  Good  (or  right)  rulc^  ^ood  order 
mid  discipline;  a  settled,  well- regulated  state  or 
condition.  Obs. 

c  1305  St.  Dunstatt  46  In  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  35  Of  l>e  hous  of 
Glastnebure  a  gret  ordeynour  he  was,  And  makede  moche 
pf  gode  reule,  J>at  neuer  er  among  hemnas.     i  1340  H  AMI-OLE 
Pr.  Consc.  162  Prelates  and  prestes  [shall  yield  account]  of    I 
ilka  suggelte,  put  J>ai  wald  noght  in  right  rewel  sette.  c  1400     j 
Rom.  AViV 4958  But  Elde  can.. set  men,  by  hir  ordinaunee,     i 
In  good  reule  and  in  governaunce.    1458  Paatoti  Lett.  I.  422     ' 
If  he  wyll  take  up  on  hym  to  brynge  hym  in  to  good  rewyll 
and  lernyng.     1513  T.   MOKE  in  Grafton  Chron.  (1568)  II. 
761  Wales.. was  begonne  to  be  farre  out  of  good  rule  and 
waxen  wylde.     1570  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xii,  19  To  keip 
gude  reule  he  raid,  and  tuke  na  rest. 

f  b.  So  without  adjective,  esp.  in  phr.  to  set 
(or  put}  in  rule>  to  set  a  rule  in.  Obs. 

c  1450  Brut  ccxlv.  (1908)  391  pe  King,  .re^tyd  hym  yn  the 
Castell  tylle  J?e  toun  was  sette  yn  rewle  and  gouernawnce. 
1467  Paston.  Lett.  II.  308,  I  have  ben  abought  my  Hffclode 
to  set  a  rewle  ther  in.  1490  CAXTON  Eneydos  xii.  44  Folke 
without  Rule  and  without  mesure.  c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems 
(S.  T.  S.)  v.  21  Abbotis  by  rewll,  and  Lorde  but  ressone. 
1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  v.  ii.  16  He  cannot  buckle  his  dis- 
temper'd  cause  Within  the  belt  of  Rule. 

t  c.  Out  of  ntlet  in  an  irregular  or  disordered 
state.  Obs. 

1387  TKEVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  III,  191  panne  he  torned  to 
be  cttee  bat  hatte  c'mitas  Crotoniorum,  bat  was  al  out  of 
rule.  1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  30  Thei  hemself  divide  And 
stonden  out  of  reule  unevene.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  iv. 
iii.  39  So  long  as  out  of  Limit,  and  true  Rule,  You  stand 
against  anoynted  Maiestie. 

f!3.  Conduct,  behaviour,  manner  of  acting.  Obs. 
c  1440  York  Myst.  XXVL  34  per  is  a  ranke  swayne  Whos 
rule  is  no$t  right.  1478  Presentmts.  Juries  in  Surtces 
Misc.  (1890)  24  It  is  necessary  to  charge  hym  to  be  pf  gode 
reule.  1508  KENNEDIE  Fly  ting  iv.  Dunbar  381  Sic  reule 
gerris  the  be  seruit  wyth  cald  rost.  1535  in  Strype/l««. 
Ref.(i&-2j,)  VI.  2  It  is  not  meet  for  a  child  of  her  age  to  keep 
such  rule  yet.  1601  SHAKS.  Twcl.  N.  II.  iii.  132  If  you 
priz'd  my  Ladies  fauour. .,  you  would  not  giue  meanes  for 
this  vnciuill  rule. 

•fb.  Breeding,  upbringing.  Obs.—1 
1469  io//i  Rep,  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  307  There 
sholdebe  no  gentleman  [h]is  child  of  Irishe  ruele . .  fusterid 
nor  kepte  in  sojorne  within  the  saide  citic. 
•\  c.  Misrule,  disorder,  stir,  riot.  Obs. 
1567  DRAST  Horace,  Ep.  u.  i.  G  vj,  Such  rule  and  ruffle 
make  the  rowte  that  cum  to  see  our  geare.  1581  RICH 
Farewell  to  Mil.  Prof.  Dd  j,  I  double  not,  but  to  take  suche 
order,  as  there  shall  no  more  any  suche  rule  happen  betweene 
you.  1593  Passionate  Morrice  (1876)  79  No  less  rule  than 
is  in  a  taverne  of  great  resort.  i6za  DRAYTON  Poly-olb. 
xxvii.  251  Was  never  seen  such  rule  In  any  place  but  here, 
at  Boon-fire,  or  at  Yule.  1677  COLES  Eng.-Lat.  Diet.  i.  s.v., 
Now  I  will  go  see  what  rule  they  keep,  nunc  in  titmiiltmn 
ibo.  1690  W.  WALKER  Idiomut.  Anglo-Lai.  381  'What  a 
rule  is  there?'  Quid  turbx  esti  1703  THOKLSBY  Let.  to 
A'ay, '  What  a  real's  here  !  You  make  a  nis>e  reul '  ;  i.  e. 
work,  mad  work. 

14.  Control,  government,  sway,  dominion. 
1:1386  CHAUCER  Pars.  T.  r  217  lob  seith  that  in  helle  is 
noon  ordre  of  rule,  c  1400  Apol.  Loll.  (Camdenj  73  Law 
canoun  is  calHd  law  ordeynld  of  prelats  of  fc>e  kirk,,  .to  con- 
streyn  rebell  bi  holy  rewl.  (71450  HOLLAND  Uoiulat  968 
Fra  rule,  ressoun  and  richt  redless  I  ran.  a  1533  Lo.  EAR 
NERS  ffuon  xx.  58,  I  pray  and  commaund  that  ye  take  in 
rule  all  my  affayres.  153?  Anc.  Rec.  Dublin  (i88y)  I.  466_In 
all  places  of  cyvile  rule  and  regiment.  1655  STANLEY  I  fist. 
Philos.  (1701)  47/1  Enough  has  been  said  to  deter  any  Man 
of  sound  Judgment  from  Rule.  1667  MILTON  /'.  /..  iv.  301 
His  fair  large  Front  and  Eye  sublime  declar'd  Absolute 
rule.  1717  DYER  Grongar  Hill  89  A  little  rule,  a  little 
sway, . .  Is  all  the  proud  and  mighty  have  Between  the  cradle 
and  the  grave.  1808  Scou  Marrn.  vi.  Introd.  40  Power 


883 

laid  his  rod  of  rule  aside.  1831  TENNYSON  Love  than  thy 
land  xv,  Phantoms  of  other  forms  of  rule,  New  Majesties 
of  mighty  States.  1865  RUSKIN  Se$ame\\.  §  68  The  woman's 
power  is  for  rule,  not  for  battle. 

Comb.  1556  OLDE  Antichrist  175  b,  Their  ambicion  and 
desire  of  rule  bearing. 

b.  With  a,  the,  that,  etc. 

CI420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  1275  A  rewle  haue  I  must 
\Vithyn  Macrocode.  1462  Pastoti  Lett.  II.  83  Suche  ex- 
torsyon . .  as  hathe  be  do  by  suche  as  hathe  had  the  rewyll. 
15x3  MOKK  in  Grafton  Citron.  (1568)  II.  778  He  trusted  by 
his  death  to  obtayne  much  of  the  rule  which  the  Lorde 
Hastinges  bare  in  his  countrie.  1562  TURNER  Baths  i  Brim 
stone  beareth  the  chefe  rule.  i6oz  SHAKS.  Ham.  in.  iv.  99 
A  Cutpurse  of  the  Empire  and  the  Rule.  1653  GATAKER 
Vind.  Annot.  Jer.  1x6 To  exercise  and  execute  tliat  rule  or 
regiment,  whereunto  they  have  assigned  them.  1667  MILTON 
I\L,  xii.  581  Though,  .thou., all  the  riches  of  this  World 
enjoydst,  And  all  the  rule,  one  Empire. 

15.  The  control  or  government  of  (  =  exercised 
by)  a  person  or  thing. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xi.  4  What  is  he  til  whas  rewle 
&  conuersacioun  we  sail  be  yndirloute?  1390  GOWER 
Conf.  I.  7  The  people  stod  in  obeissance  Under  the 
reule  of  governance.  1444  Coventry  Lect  Jik.  I.  205  The 
for-namyd  felauship  ..  compromytted  hem  to  abyde  the 
Rule  and  ordynaunce  of  be  ineire  and  his  councell,  1538 
STARKEY  England  i.  ii.  53  Some  pepul  ther  be  to  whome 
the  rule  of  a  prynce  more  agreth  then  a  commyn  counseyl. 
1545  ASCHAM  Toxoph.  (Arb.)  150  Greter  matters  than 
shotynge  are  vnder  the  rule  and  wyll  of  the  wether.  1681 
URYDKN  Abs.  fy  Achit.  333  If  David's  rule  Jerusalem  dis 
please,  The  dog-star  heats  their  brains  to  this  disease.  1700 
PRIOR  Cartit.  Sec.  xxv,  Lead  forth  the  Years  for  Peace 
and  Plenty  fam'd,  From  Saturn's  Rule,  and  better  Metal 
nam'd.  1758  IJINNI-XL  Descr.  Thames  104  All  Fishers,  &c., 
.  .coming  to  the  City  of  London,  shall  be  in  the  Rule  of  the 
Lord  Mayor  and  Aldermen.  1818  SHELLEY  Rosalind  934 
Their  jailors  rule,  they  thought,  Grew  merciful.  1844  H.  H. 
WILSON  Brit.  India,  III.  272  Ill-disposed  and  intriguing 
individuals,  inimical  to  British  rule.  1879  FROUDE  Cxsar 
v.  46  The  rule  of  an  organised  force  was  becoming  the  only 
possible  protection  against  the  rule  of  mobs. 

f  b.  To  have  ones  own  rule,  to  be  one's  own 
master,  to  have  one's  way.  Obs. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  318  If  that  he  mote  His  oghne  rewle 
have  upon  honde,  Ther  schal  no  wilt  ben  understonde. 
1556  Chron.  Grey  Friars  (Camden)  n  He  wolde  not  be 
governyd  by  the  bargemen,  but  to  have  hys  owne  rewle. 

16.  The  control,  management,  government,  etc. 
0/"(  =  exercised  over  or  in)  something. 

1390  GOWEK  Conf.  III.  161  The  londes  reule  upon  him 
stod.  1432  Pastoti  Lett.  I.  31  For  the  goode  reule,  demesnyng 
undseureteeoftheKyngespersone.  1470-83  MALORY -4  rM«r 
x.  xxix.  460,  I  praye  yow  gyue  me  leue  to  haue  the  rule  of 
the  bataiH.  1503-4  Act  19  Hen.  VII,  c.  27  §  n  Havyng 
wythin  the  seid  Towne  of  Calays  the  rule  &  guydyng  of  his 
maisters  goodes  and  marchaundyse.  1598  SHAKS.  Merry  H '. 
i.  iii.  59  The  report  goes,  she  has  all  the  rule  of  her  hus 
bands  Purse.  1634  MILTON  Counts  21  Neptune.  .Took  in 
by  lot  ..  Imperial  rule  of  all  the  Sea-girt  lies.  1667  — 
P.  L.  x,  582  The  Serpent,  whom  they  calld  Ophioii  with 
Eurynome,  ..had  first  the  rule  Of  high  Olympus.  1758 
1 ) i NNi.i.i.  Descr.  Thames  106  In  the  Year  1448,  an  Act . .  was 
made,  whereby  the  Mayor  of  London  was  to  have  the  Rule 
of  the  River  of  Thames.  1790  BURKE  Fr.  Rev.  70  They 
aimed  at  the  rule,  not  at  the  destruction  of  their  country. 
1876  FREEMAN  Xorm.  Conq.  IV.  69  The  rule  of  the  con 
quered  land  was  entrusted  to  William  Fitz-Osbern. 

V.  17.  A  graduated  strip  of  metal  or  wood 
(marked  with  feet,  inches,  etc.)  used  for  measuring 
length,  esp.  by  carpenters  and  masons. 

1340  Ayenb.  150  pes  yefjje  is  be  maister  of  workes,..uor 
he  de|>  al  to  wylle  and  to  )?e  line  and  to  be  reule  and  to  fc>e 
leade  and  to  be  leuele.  c  1391  CHAUCER  Astral,  i.  §  i3Thanne 
hastow  a  brod  Rewle,  bat  hath  on  either  ende  a  Square 
plate  perced  with  a  certain  holes.  1412  York  Fabric  Rolls 
(Surtees)  351/1  Pro  levells,  Squares,  et  reules,  iod.  c  1440 
Promp.  Parv.  432/1  Rewle,  ynstrument,  regttla.  1513 
DOUGLAS  &nei$  vi.  xv.  9  Sum  bene  mair  crafty.. With 
rewlis  and  with  mesouris..  For  til  excers  the  art  of  geo 
metry,  X553  T.WILSON  Rhet.  83 b,  The  carpenter  hath  his 
squyre,  his  rule,  and  his  plummet.  1601  SHAKS.  Jnl.  C.  \. 
\.  7  Where  is  thy  Leather  Apron,  and  thy  Rule?  1667 
PRIMATT  City  $  C.  Build.  50  Such  a  Workman  will  afford 
to  do  his  work  cheaper,  than  others  who  walk  with  their 
Rules  by  their  sides.  1708  SWIFT  Proc.  Btckcrsta$'\\'k.*. 
1751  IV.  207,  I  ..was  surprized  to  find  my  Gentleman.,  with 
a  two-foot  Rule  in  his  hand,  measuring  my  Walls.  1788 
Trans.  Sac.  Arts  VI.  191  A  small  Brass  Rule,  .divided into 
quarters  of  an  inch.  1833  HT.  MAKTINEAU  Vandcrput  $  S. 
it.  25  You  see  that  short  man  smoking  with  the  rule  in  his 
hand.  1896  WooLCO.MBic/Va^.  Work  Physics  in.  69  Attach 
. .  a  strip  of  cardboard  so  that  we  may  rest  a  rule  upon  them. 

Jig*  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  <$•  Cl.  it.  Hi.  7, 1  haue  not  kept  my 
square,  but  that  to  come  Shall  all  be  done  by  th'Rule.  1606  — 
Tr,  fy  Cr»  v.  ii.  133  Stubborne  Criticks,  apt.  .to  square  the 
generall  sex  By  Cressids  rule.  1622  MALYNES  Anc.  Law- 
Merck.  59  Moneys  were  inuented  and  made  by  common 
consent  to  be  the  rule  and  square  to  set  a  price  vnto  all 
things. 

b.  \Vithout  article,  freq.  coupled  with  line  or 
measure.  Chiefly  Jig. 

1611  COTGR.,  Rcigleurc,..a.  proceeding  by  rule  and  line. 
1634  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  21  A  Sharke..nine  Foot  long 
and  a  halfe  by  rule.  1638  R.  BAKER  tr.  Bahac's  Lett,  (vol. 
1 1.)  72  With  those  that  are  deare  to  me,  I  neither  observe  Rule 
nor  Measure.  1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss*  (1708) 
72  He.. professes  to  do  every  Thing  by  Rule  and  Measure. 
1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  II.  248/1  Whether  we  take  this 
method,  or  begin  upon  the  naked  floor,  all  must  be  laid  with 
the  most  exact  truth  by  rule  and  line.  1864  NEWMAN  Afiol. 
i.  (1904)  17/2  The  process  of  change  had  been  slow ;  it  had 
been  done  not  rashly,  but  by  rule  and  measure. 

attrib.  1887  SAINTSBURY  Elizab.  Lit.  xi.  (1890)  409  He 
showed. .a  tendency  towards  a  severe  nde-and-line  form 
both  of  tragic  scheme  and  of  tragic  versification. 


RULE. 

c.    To  run  the  rule  over  (one) :  see  quot.  Cant. 

1874  Slang  Diet.  273  'To  run  the  rule  over,'  is,  among 
thieves,  to  try  all  a  person's  pockets  quietly,  as  done  by 
themselves,  or  to  search  any  one  thoroughly,  as  at  the 
police-station. 

18.  f  a.  A  bar  (of  gold).  Obs. 

1381  WYCLIK  Josh.  vii.  21  Among  the  spuylis..two  hun- 
dreth  siclis  of  siluer,  and  a  goldun  rewle  [L.  regula]  of  fifti 
siclis.  '  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  n.  xti.  1082  Achor  als  ^e 
mantil  stal,  pe  biluir  and  be  rewel  wijje  all. 

fb.  Arch.   =RKGLET  2.  Otis. 

1563  SHUTE  Arc/tit.  Dj,  Astragalus  &  his  rule  occu 
pied  .1,  part,  the  which  rule  is  half  the  height  of  Astragalus. 

c.  poet.  A  shaft  or  be*im  flight. 

1634  MILTON  Counts  340  Som  gentle  taper,  .visit  us  With 
thy  long  level  I'd  rule  of  streaming  light.  1745  WARTON  in 
Dodsleys  Collect,  Poems  (1782)  IV.  225  The  pale  moon 
Pours  her  long-levcll'd  rule  of  streaming  light. 

d.  Plastering.  =ScitEED. 

1838  Encycl.  Mctrtf.  (1845)  XXV.  176/1  The  second  coat 
.  .is  laid  on. .  with  the  fluting  trowel,  and  floted  to  a  straight, 
level  surface,  with  rules  of  various  lengths. 

t 19.   Array,  marshalled  order  or  line.     Obs. 

1390  Gowiiii  Conf.  III.  120  Cancer  after  the  reule  and 
space  Of  Signes  halt  the  ferthe  place,  c  1400  Destr.  Troy 
5678  Out  of  rule  or  aiay  raungiton  lenght.  1470-85  MALOKY 
Arthur  xx.  xii.  SiS  Thus  they  came  in  ordre  &  rule  as  ful 
noble  knyghtes.  1513  DOUGLAS  sKncis  in.  vi.  176  Thai 
leitis  rtmainis  onsterit  of  tliair  place,  Ne  partis  nocht  furth 
of  reule. 

fb.  A  line  or  row  of  figures,  etc.  Obs. 

(71425  Crnfte  of  Nombrynge  4  Euery  of  l>ese  figuris  bi- 
tokens  hym  selte  &  no  more,  yf  he  stonde  in  be  first  place 
of  |>e  rewele. . .  If  it  stonde  in  the  secunde  place  of  ^e  rewle, 
he  betokens  tene  tyines  hym  selfe.  c  1440  Pallad.  on  liusb, 
iv.  526  Suspence  in  rewle,  hem  kepe  with  pusk  condite 
Vpuld  in  myddis  of  a  day  serene. 

t  20.  A  straight  line  drawn  on  paper,  esp.  for 
the  writing  of  music.  Obs. 

J597  T»  MOKLKY  Introd.  I\hts.  3  A  Cliefe  is  a  character 
set  on  a  rule  at  the  beginning  of  a  verse.  lbid.t  Assigning 
to  cuerie  space  and  rule  a  scuerall  Keye.  1612  BKINSLKY 
Litd,  Lit.  3 }  Cause  them  to  haue  each  his  ruling  pen,,  .that 
they  may  rule  their  rules  meete  of  the  same  compasse  with 
their  copies.  1662  I'LAYFOKD  Skill  Jlfus.  i.  i.  (1674^  2  Seven 
Letters  of  the  Alphabet,  which  are  set  in  the  first  Column,  at 
the  beginning  of  each  Rule  and  Space. 

21.  —  KULKH  sb.i  3  b. 

1703  MO.XON  Meek.  E.i-erc.  281  Keeping  one  end  of  the 
Rule  clohe  to  the  Centre. .,  lay  the  other  end  of  the  Rule 
close  to  the  Prick  that  you  made  on  the  line  CD.  1826 
SOLJTHEY  I'ind.  Eccl.  Angl.  150  St.  Fursey.  .happened  to 
have  in  his  hand  a  writer's  rule,  which  he  cast  into  the  sea. 
1860  J.  SHERMAN  in  Alcm»  (1863)  23  The  birch,  the  rule,  the 
cane,  were  unsparingly  used. 

22.  Typvg.  A  thin  slip  of  metal  (usually  brass) 
used  for  separating    headings,   columns   of  type, 
articles,  etc.,  and  in  ornamental  work  ;   also  a  dash 
shorter  long  in  type-metal,  thus-  (en  rule)  or  thus 
—  (em  rule),  used  in  punctuation,  etc. 

1683  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.,  Printing  18  He  also  provides 
Urass  Rules  of  about  Sixteen  Inches  long,  that  the 
Compositor  may  cut  them  into  such  Lengths  as  his  Work 
leqwrcs.  1771  LUCKOMBK  Hist.  Print.  268  Full-points  serve 
instead  of  Rules,  in  work  of  Accounts,  to.. connect  th« 
posted  Article  with  its  contingent  valuation.  1824  J  .J  OHNSON 
Typogr.  II.  67  Rules  are  of  three  descriptions,  viz.  brass, 
metal,  or  space  rules.  1855  A.  WYNTEK  Curios.  Ch'iliz.  48 
The  partition  of  a  thin  rule  suffices  to  separate  a  call  for  the 
loan  of  millions  from  the . .  cry  of  the  dest  ituie  gentlewoman. 
1892  A.  OLDIIELD  Alan.  Typogr.  i,  If  rules  are  kept  in 
standard  sizes,,  .very  little  rule-cutting  need  be  done. 

b.  Without  article  (brass  ru/e),  as  a  material. 
1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Print.  282  They  may  be  counted 

valuable  Sorts..,  considering  that  they.. save  Brass  rule. 
1880  Paper  ty  Print.  Trades  Jrnl.  No.  32.  40  The  ground 
work  of  the  design  Is  a  fan,  made  up  in  brass  rule  to  the  cor 
rect  shape.  1892  A.  OLUFIELD  Man.  Typogr.  i,  The  cases  of 
brass  rule,.  .&c.,  are  best  kept  mounted. 

c.  A  composing-  or  setting-rule. 

1683  MOXON  Mcch.  Exerc.,  Printing  214  This  Rule  is 
very  commodious  to  Work  with,  because  the  Letter  slides 
easier.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Printing,  Taking  the 
Rule  from  behind  the  last  Line,  he  places  it  before  it. 
1892  A.  OLDHKLD  Man.  Typogr.  i,  The  notch  at  the  back 
part  of  the  rule  allows  of  its  being  drawn  out  without  so 
much  being  cut  away  at  the  fore  edge  of  the  rule. 

23.  attrib.  and  Comb.    a.  In  sense  1 7,  as  rule- 
f  ranter )  -staff,  -stone,  -trade. 

14. .  Deb.  Carpenters  Tools  171  in  Hazlitt  E.  P.  P.  I.  85 
Than  seyd  the  rewle-stone,  Mayster  hath  many  fone.  1846 
A.  YOUNG  Kant.  Diet.,  Knle-stajff^  a  lath  about  four  inches 
in  breadth;  used,  in  ship-building,  for  measuring  the  curve 
of  a  plank's  edge  in  order  to  fay  another  plank  to  it.  1884 
R'/uun  Daily  Post  28  July  3/4  Rule-fiamer  ..  used  to 
jointed,  folding,  and  slipping  work.  1892  Pall  Mail  G. 
3  Oct.  7/2  He.. applied  himself  with,  .zeal  to  the  rule  trade. 
b.  In  sense  22,  as  rule-border,  -cutter,  -cutting 
-ornament,  -work. 

1808  STOWER  Printers  Grammar  94  Space  rules,  .are, 
in  intricate  rule  work,  . .  neater  than  brass  rule  [etc.]. 
1818  Brathwa'ifs  Barnahccs  JrnL  Notes  85  All  the 
capita!,1*  and  rule  ornaments  used  in  the  first  edition.  1858 
SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trat/e,  Rule-cutter,  a  printers '-smith  who 
prepares  brass  column  and  page-rules  for  printers.  1884 
KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  Suppl.  772/1  Rule  cutter,  a  machine 
for  cutting  to  lengths  rules  and  leads.  1888  JACOBI  Prin 
ters  lTocab.  116  Rule  borders,  a  frame,  usually  of  brass 
rule,  fitted  round  a  page.  1892  [see  sense  22], 

Role  (rwl),  v.  Forms  :  3  riwleu  ;  4-6  rewle 
(5  rewlen,  -yn),  6  rewl(l ;  4-5  rewele  (4  -ely, 
reuw-,  ruwele),  6  rewill,  rewall;  4-5  reulen, 
4-7  reule,  5-7  reull  (5  reuyll) ;  4  ruelie,  4,  6 

111-2 


RULE. 

ruele,  7  ruil;  4  rulen,  rulye,  5  rulyn,  roul^e, 
6  Sc.  rull,  4-  rule.  [ad.  OF.  riuler^  rie2iler, 
reuler,  rttler,  etc.  (see  Godefroy) :— L.  regulare  to 
regulate,  of  which  OF.  regUr  (mod.F.  rigler]  is 
a  more  learned  adoption.] 

I.  1.  trans.  To  control,  guide,  direct,  exercise 
sway  or  influence  over  (a  person,  his  actions,  life, 
etc.).  f  Also  with  inf. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  2  Moni  cunne  riwle  beo5..  .pe  on  riwle"(5 
J>e  heorte.  1x1340  HM.IPOLE  Pstitter  xxvi.  16  He  takis  me  to 
norysch  and  to  rewle,  as  fadire  &  modire.  1387  TREVISA 
Higden  (Rolls)  IV.  393  He  was  al  i-ruled  and  i-ladde  by 
ledynge  and  counsaille  of  mynstralles.  1422  tr.  Secreta 
Secret. ,  Priv.  Priz>.  136  Al  this  he  didde  for  wrethe  that 
this  nobyll  lordis  hym  roulide..in  his  tendyr  age.  1447-8 
J.  SHILLINGFORD  Letters  (Camden)  47  That  my  lord  of 
Exceter  were  avysed  and  ruled  so  to  come.  i<>oo-zo 
DUNBAR  Poems  xx.  7  Trubill  nevir  thy  self.  .Vthiris  to 
rewill,  that  will  not  rewlit  be.  1576  FLEMING  Pnnofil.  Epist. 
123  Your  wisedome  must  so  moderate  and  rule  you.  1604 
SHAKS.  Oik.  n.  iii.  205  Now  by  Heauen,  My  blood  begins 
my  safer  Guides  to  rule.  1638  Jusius  Paint.  Ancients  166 
Mercury.. was  esteemed  to  rule  both  our  sleepe  and  our 
dreames.  1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Ep.  I.  i.  35  But  meaner 
precepts  now  my  life  must  rule.  1812  CRABBE  Tales  ii.  406 
Thus  the  frenzy  ruled  him.  1833  I.  TAYLOR  fanat.  i.  7 
The  very  same  spirit  of  kindness  which  should  rule  us  in  the 
performance  of  a  task  such  as  the  one  now  in  hand.  1871 
R.  ELLIS  tr.  Catullus  xlv.  15  So  may  he  that  is  in  this  hour 
ascendant  Rule  us  ever. 


b.   To  be  ruleJ,  to  submit  to  counsel,  guidance, 
or  authority ;  to  listen  to  reason.    Also  const,  by. 

c  1400  Brut  Ixxxii.  83  And  when  ^e  Emperour.  .saw  l>at 
Arthure  wolde  rou}t  bene  rewelede  by  him,  he  lete  assem 
ble.. an  huge  hoste.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  VI.  iv.  187 
And  ye  wylle  be  reulyd  by  me,  I  shat  help  you  out  of  this 
dislresse.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  xli.  7  Be  rewlit  rycht 
and  keip  this  doctring.  a  1616  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Little  French 
Lawyer  m.  ii,  'Pray  be  rul'd  Sir,  This  is  the  maddest 
thing.  1680  C.  NESS  Church  Hist.  263  Be  ruled,  or  you 
will  rue  it.  1731  SWIFT  On  his  Death  Wks.  1751  VII. 
248  He  would  never  take  Advice  :  Had  he  been  rul'd, . .  He 
might  have  liv'd  these  twenty  Years,  1859  TENNYSON 
Enid  1472  But  listen  to  me,  and  by  me  be  ruled. 

2.  To  moderate,  restrain,  curb  (one's  appetites, 
etc.)  by  the  exercise  of  self-control. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Set.  Wks.  III.  107  pat  alle  byne  fyve  wyttes 
scholde  be  yreuled  after  him.  £1400  tr.  Sccrctci  Secret., 
Gov.  Lordsh.  70  In  by  etynge  J>ow  shalt  reule  J>y  bond. 
1579  GOSSON  Sclt.  Abuse  (Arb.)  63  Though  my  selfe  haue 
learned  to  rule  mine  owne  talke,  I  can  not  snaffle  the  tounge 
of  a  Carper.  1611  BIBLE  Prov.  xvi.  32  He  that  ruleth  his 
spirit  [is  better]  then  he  that  taketh  a  citie.  1820  SCOTT 
Monast.  xix,  Thegood  Abbot. .commanded  Halbert  to  rule 
his  temper, 

reft.  1535  COVEEDALE  frcrj.  xvi.  32  He  that  can  rule 
him  selfe,  is  more  worth  then  he  yt  wynneth  a  cite.  1855 
MRS.  GASKELL  North  fy  South  I.  x.  126  Every  one  who 
rules  himself  to  decency  and  sobriety  of  conduct.  1866  G. 
MACDONALD /}««.(?.  <V;&A£.  xi.  (1878)  225,  I  wanted  chiefly 
to  set  forth  the  men  that  could  rule  themselves. 

f  b.  refl.  To  conduct  oneself,  behave,  act,  in  a 
certain  way.  Obs. 

13..  E.E.Allit.P.  B.  294  penile  in  worlde  was  awy}e.. 
Ful  redy  &  ful  ryjtwys,  &  rewled  hym  fayre.  £1374 
CHAUCER  Troytus  v.  758  Who  so  wold,  .rewelyn  hym  by 
euery  wightes  wit  shal  he  neuere  bryue.  1470-85  MALORY 
Arthur  vil.  xxvii.  254  Now  auyse  me.  .what  shalle  I  saye 
and  in  what  manere  I  shal  rule  me.  1500-20  DUNBAR 
Poems  xix.  i  How  sowld  I  rewill  me,.. I  wald  sum  wyis- 
man  wald  dewyiss. 

•)•  C.  intr.  in  the  same  sense.   Ois.~l 

1399  LANGL.  Rich.  Redeles  in.  272  To  put  hem  in  preson, 
a  peere  bou?  he  were ;  And  not  to  rewle  as  reremys,  and 
rest  on  be  daies. 

fd.  dial.  To  be  unruly.   Obs.-° 

1691  RAY  N.  C.  Words,  Rent,  to  be  rude,  to  behave  ones 
self  unmannerly,  to  rig. 

3.  +a.  To  exercise,  administer,   wield   (some 
power  or  authority).   Obs. 

1390  GOWER  Conf.  I.  12  But  whil  the  lawe  is  reuled  so,.. 
I  not  how  that  thei  scholde  amende  The  woful  world. 
n  1450  Cursor  If.  9545  (Laud),  Wyth-out  thise  be  kyng  had 
no  my?!  For  to  rule  his  kynghed.  c  1500  Lancelot  1971  His 
ministeris  that  shuld  the  Justice  reull.  1570  Satir.  Poems 
Reform.  x\\.  34  Think  50  withressoun  thay  suld  reule  the  rod. 
b.  To  direct,  guide,  manage  (a  thing);  to  have 
under  one's  control. 

1398  TREVISA  Earth.  DC  P.  R.  xii.  ii.  (Tollernache  MS.), 
In  swymmynge  he  [the  swan]  useb  )>at  on  foot  in  stede  of 
an  ore,  and  |>e  o)>er  in  stede  of  a  rober,  and  reuleb  him  selfe 
berwiih.  a  1400-50  Alexander  5542  [He]  ra?t  to  bairn  bite 
rekenthis  to  rewle  &  to  hald.  1447-8  J.  SHILLINGFORD  Lett. 
(Camden)  36  Y  most  doe  as  y  se  the  mater  woll  be  ruled. 
1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.  1460,  I  shall  of  Fortune  rule  the 
reyne.  a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.  T.  S.) 
I.  8  Ane  new  courleour  that  rullit  so  the  ruddar.  1630 
CAPT.  SMITH  Trav.  ff  Adv.  13  Being  not  able  to  rule  his 
horse  and  defend  himselfe,  he  was  throwne  to  the  ground. 
1818  SHELLEY  Rev.  [slam  in.  xxxi,  I.. dared  not  look  upon 
the  shape  Of  him  who  ruled  the  helm. 

to.  Sc.  To  have  charge  or  supervision  of;  to 
make  (good)  use  of;  to  regulate  (a  clock).  Obs. 

1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Hi.  ii  }our  Hienes  can  nocht  gelt 
ane  meter.. To  rule  }our  robbis,  and  dress  the  sam.  1535 
LYNDESAY  Satyre  2189  Sir,  will  ^e  reull  this  relict  weill,  All 
the  wyfis  will  baith  kis  and  kneill.  1595  Extr.  Aberd.  Reg. 
(1848)  II.  114  To  cause  mend  and  rewfl  the  knok  within  the 
said  Gray  Freiris  Kirk. 

4.  To  govern,  to  exercise  sovereign  power  over, 
to  control  with  authority. 

1362  LASGL.  P.  PI.  A.  iv.  o  He  schal  reule  my  Reame  and 
Rede  me  be  beste.  1387  TREVISA  Higifm  (Rolls)  III.  175 


884 

Oon  of  fc>e  seuene  wise  men  )>at  rulede  \>e  kyngdom  of  Perses. 
c  1450  Godstow  Reg.  13  There  god  reulith  both  angel  and 
man.  1486  Henry  VII  at  Yorkvn  Surtees  Misc.  (1890)  54, 1 
was  regent  and  rewlid  this  rigion.  1535  COVKRDALE  Rw. 
ii.  27  He  shal  rule  them  with  a  rodde  of  yron.  1593  SHAKS. 
2  Hen.  K/,  v.  i.  95  Thou  art.. Not  fit  to  gouerne  and  rule 
multitudes.  1610  HEALEY  St.  Aug.  Citie  of  God  720  Christ 
was  assumed  into  heaven,  and  by  him  is  the  Church  ruled. 
1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  i.  8  Ye  Deities.. Who  rule  the 
Seasons,  and  the  Year  direct.  1735  POPE  Ep.  Lady  261  She, 
who  ne'er  answers  till  a  Husband  cools,  Or,  if  she  rules  him, 
never  shews  she  rules.  1764  GOLDSM.  Traveller  386  Laws 
grind  the  p^oor,  and  rich  men  rule  the  law.  1816  SCOTT 
Antiq.  xxvi,  Them  that  guide  the  purse  rule  the  house. 
1826  DISRAELI  V.  Grey  i.  viii,  To  rule  men,  we  must  be 
men.  1879  JEFFERIES  Wild  Life  vi,  The  belief  in  the 
power  of  certain  persons  to  '  rule  the  planets '  is  profound. 
b.  transf.  of  things. 

^1449  PECOCK  Repr.  \\.  xvi.  242  These  men  aspieden  weel 
..  that  the  seid  parties  of  heuen  reuliden  ful  myche  the 
worchingis  of  bodies  here  binethe  in  the  louger  world.  1535 
COVERDALE  Gen,  \.  16  God  made  two  greate  ligbtes :  one 
greater  light  to  rule  the  daye,  and  a  lesse  light  to  rule  the 
night,  c  1640  SIR  W.  MURE  Ps.  cxxxvi.  8  The  sunne  to  reull 
the  day.. Who  did  apoynt.  1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Georg.  iv. 
530  Where  Po  first  issues.  .And,  awful  in  his  Cradle,  rules 
the  Floods.  1726-46  THOMSON  Winter  i  See,  Winter  comes, 
to  rule  the  varied  year.  1748  GRAY  Alliance  So  Suspends 
th'  inferior  laws  that  rule  our  clay.  1822  SHELLEY  Triumph 
of  Life  256  The  star  that  ruled  his  doom  was  far  too  fair. 
1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  i.  xi.  79,  I  now  found  that  mechanical 
laws  rule  man  in  the  long  run. 

O.  Eccl.  To  lead  (a  choir)  in  singing. 

1898  FRF.RE  Use  of  S  arum  I.  306  The  rules  for  the  days 
when  the  choir  was  ruled. 

d.  To  dominate,  prevail  in. 

1874  SYMONDS  Sk.  Italy  fy  Greece  (1879)  59  Soft  undulating 
lines  rule  the  composition. 

5.  absol.  To  exercise  sovereignty,  to  govern ;  to 
hold  supreme  command  or  sway. 

1309  HA  WES  Past.  Picas.  I.  (Percy  Soc.)  7  The  head  must 
rule,  Ir  cannot  be  denied.  1562  J.  HEYWOOD  Prov.  fy 
Epigr.  (1867)  142  Better  rule,  then  be  rulde.  1616  JONSON 
Epigr.  i.  xxxv,  T'  obey  A  prince  that  rules  by  example, 
more  than  sway,  1667  MILTON-/*./-,  xn.  226  There  they 
shall.. thir  great  Senate  choose  Through  the  twelve  Tribes, 
to  rule  by  Laws  ordaind.  1735  POPE  Prol.  Sat.  197  Such  a 
;  man,  too  fond  to  rule  alone.  1770  GOLIJSM.  Des.  I'ill.  195 
There,  in  his  noisy  mansion,  skilled  to  rule,  The  village 
master  taught  his  little  school.  1842  TENNYSON  Godiva  12 
Godiva,  wife  to  that  grim  Karl,  who  ruled  In  Coventry.  1865 
RUSKIN  Sesame  ii.  §  51  Substituting  their  own  will  for  the 
law  of  justice  and  love  by  which  all  true  kings  rule. 

b.  Const,  over,  t  upon. 

IS3OPALSGR.  695/2  Thisemperour  ruleth  upon  mo  regyons 
than  any  one  man  hath  done  in  our  tyme.  1611  BIBLE 
Judges  viii.  23,  I  will  not  rule  ouer  you,  neither  shall  my 
sonne  rule  ouer  you  I  the  Lord  shall  rule  ouer  you.  1691 
RAY  Creation  \.  (1692)  152  One. .which  by  their  help  is 
enabled  to  rule  over  and  subdue  all  infer iour  Creatures. 
1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Sat.  i.  vii.  24  What  time  o'er 
Asia  with  pretorial  sway  Great  Brutus  ruled.  iSizCuAiiiti-: 
j  Tales  xviij.  90  Better  a  woman  o'er  her  house  to  rule,  Than 
I  a  poor  child.  1841  LANE  Arab.  Nts.  I.  2  Each  of  them 
ruling  over  his  subjects  with  justice. 

c.  transf.  of  things. 

a  1529  SKELTON  Spcket  Parrot  415  Frantiknes  dothe  rule, 
and  allthyngcommaunde.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI,  iv.  i.  in 
;  What  madnesse  rules  in  braine-sicke  men.  1657  AUSTEN 
Fruit  Trees  n.  120  Although  the  Graft  be  predominant  and 
rule  in  bringing  forth  good  fruits.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi. 
848  One  Spirit  in  them  rul'd,  and  every  eye  Glar'd  lightning. 
1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace*  Sat.  \.  iii.  106  Yet  while  Reason 
rules,  Let  it  hold  forth  its  scales  with  equal  hand.  1810 
CRABBE  Borough  vii.  128  This  love  of  life,  which  in  our 
nature  rules,  To  vile  imposture  makes  us  dupes  and  tools. 
1865  MOZLEY  Miracles  vii,  290  In  matters  of  ordinary  life 
common  sense  of  itself  rules. 

6.  Comm*  Of  prices :  To  be  at  a  certain  rate  j  to 
I    be  current  or  prevalent. 

1629  Reg.  Privy  Counc.  Scotl.  Ser.  u.  III.  :i  Till  they  be 

;    trewlie  informed  how  the  pryces  of  the  said  victuall  rules  in 

suche  parts  of  the  countrie.     1653  URQUHART  Rabelais  i. 

]    xxv,  The  shepherds  courteously  intreated  them  to  give  them 

some  for  their  money,  as  the  price  then  ruled  in  the  market. 

1822-56  UK  QuiNctY  Confess.  Wks.  1862  1. 138  Which  same 

prices . .  ruled . .  among   the    same   kind   of  scenery.     1889 

Daily  News  28  May  2/8  Sales  dragged  somewhat,  prices 

j    ruling  about  the  same  as  on  Monday  last. 

b.  Of  commodities  or  trade :  To  bear  a  (speci 
fied)  current  price  or  value ;  to  maintain  a  (given) 
average  or  quality. 

1690  W.  WALKER  Idiomat.  Anglo-Lai.  381  How  rule 
swine  here?  1859  Ri  AMI;  Love  me  little  \.  xii.  312  The 
Greek  stock  ruled  from  56^-59.  1881  Daily  News  17  Jan. 
3/4  Trade  ruled  dull  at  barely  late  rates.  1887  W.  RYE 
Norf.  Broads  77  Things  rule  at  starvation  prices  here. 

c.  To  go  in  a  certain  way ;  to  have  a  certain 
character,  place,  or  quality. 

ai67<SBp.  GUTHRIE  Mem.  (1702)  28  The  Commissioners., 
sent  privately  to  him  his  Neighbour  my  Lord  Cranston,  to 
bring  them  intelligence  how  Matters  ruled  above.  1890 
John  Bull  5  Apr.  222/3  If  these  opinions.. rule  uppermost 
in  the  minds  of  the  other  eleven  members  of  the  Com 
mittee.  1891  Daily  News  30  Sept.  4/6  Fields  ruled  good, 
and  some  interesting  racing  was  witnessed. 

II.  7.  To  bring  into  a  certain  state  by  laying 
down  a  rule;  also  to  rule  intOj  to  confine  within 
(school  bounds). 

c  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  in.  iv.  297  Therfore  it  [sc.  the  text] 
reulith  no  more  prelatis  into  pouerte  than  ech  lay  persoon 
inio  pouerte.  1893  LELAND  Mem.  I.  91  Freedom  from  bad 
marks,  and  being  ruled  into  bounds,  and  sent  to  bed  at 
early  hours. 

8.   To  lay  down  judicially  or  authoritatively  ;  lo 


RULED. 

decide,  determine,  declare  formally.     In  later  use 
const,  that)  or  with  out  of. 

1425  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  267  Howe  bat  courte  had  ruled 
his  presence  to  been  absent.  1642  C.  VERSOS  Consid.  Exch. 
26  The . .  Remembrancer  is  not  to  rule  any  such  petition  for 
an  absolute  exon.  [etc.].  1818  CRUISE  Digest  (ed.  2)  VI.  356 
This  case  was  heard  before  the  Privy  Council  in  1730,  when 
it  was  ruled  that  Lucretia  took  an  estate  tail.  1850  J.  H. 
NEWMAN  Difficulties  of  Anglicans  (1891)  I.  I.  i.  15  Public 
opinion,  .rules that  every  conclusion  is  absurd.. except  such 
as  it  recognizes  itself.  1885  blanch.  Exam.  16  May  6/1 
Air.  O'Brien.. was  ruled  out  of  order  on  an  attempt  to 
discuss  the  political  bearings  of  the  recent  visit  to  Ireland. 

ellipt.  1884  Law  Rep.  26  Chanc.  Div.  650  The  sheriff  was 
ruled  for  not  returning  an  attachment  against  Briggs. 

t  b.  To  appoint  or  order  (^a  person)  to  receive 
or  do  something.  Obs. 

1463  Bury  Wills  {Camden)  24  And  though  William  rewle 
hym  lo  haue  it  and  his  yssew  male,  for  defawte  of  hem  I 
wille  yB  seid  John  meryte  next.  1473-5  i"  Cal.  Proc, 
Chanc.  Q.  Eliz.  (1830)  II.  Pref.  58  Which  John  Saunder,by 
auctorite  of  this  court,  is  ruled  to  enterplede  with  the  seide 
Johan. 

c.  To  decide,  settle ;  to  decree. 

1843  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Eccl.  Miracles  105  Without  ruling 
open  questions  this  way  or  that.  iSsoTHACKERAY  Pendennis 
liv,  This  most  complaisant  of  men  would  have  seen  no  harm, 
..if  Pendennis  the  elder  had  so  ruled  it.  1873  MRS.  H. 
KING  Disciples^  Ugo  Basst  vii,  (1877)  252  An  order  came  To 
set  us  free ;  the  statesmen  having  ruled  Our  ransom. 

d.  To  shut  or  put  out  by  formal  decision. 

1890  Spectator  j  May,  Resolved  not  to  see  expressions 
ruled  out  of  the  language  merely  because  they  are  new. 
1893  Times  6  May  13/4  Four  instructions  were  ruled  out.  .as 
capable  of  being  dealt  with  in  Committee. 

IH,  f  9.  To  arrange  or  set  in  order.   Obs. 

c  1475  RaufCoil%ear  466  Dyamountis  and  Sapheir,  Riche 
Rubeis  in  feir,  Reulit  full  richt.  Ibid.  670  The  rufe  reulit 
about  in  reuall  of  Reid,  Rose  reulit  ryally  [etc.). 

10.  To  mark  (paper,  etc,)  with  parallel  straight 
lines  drawn  with  a  ruler  or  by  a  machine. 

1,1440  Promp.  Parv.  432/1  Rewlyn,  wythe  instrument, 
regulo.  1530  PALSGR.  695/2  This  paper  is  nat  well  ruled,  I 
can  nat  pricke  upon  it.  1565  COOPER  T/tesann{ss.v.  Linca, 
To  rule  a  booke.  1611  COTGR.  s.v.  Rosette,  Red  Inke 
to  rule  bookes  with.  1669  STURMY  Mariner  s  Mag.  v.  iv. 
16  You  must  rule  your  Paper  or  Parchment  with. .  Merid. 
Lines,  and  Parallel  Lines.  1798  HUTTON  Course  Math.  II. 
54  Some  sort  of  a  field-book  must  be  used. . .  This  book 
every  one  contrives  and  rules  as  he  thinks  fittest  for  him 
self.  1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  i.  iii,  He  finished  ruling  the 
work  he  had  in  hand  in  a  very  neat  and  methodical  manner. 
1872  HARDY  Under  Grceniv.  Tree  Pref.,  Just  enough.. to 
pay  for  their  fiddle-strings,  rosin,  and  music-paper  (which 
they  mostly  ruled  themselves). 

1L  To  form  or  mark  out  (a  line)  with  or  as 
with  a  ruler. 

1599  DRAYTON  Idea  xliii,  Age  rules  my  lines  with  wrinkles 
in  my  face.  1819  Pantologia^  Rulcd-papcr,  paper  on  which 
the  slaves  are  ruled  for  receiving  the  written  notes  of  any 
musical  composition.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  2001/1  The 
round  form  [of  ruler]  is  very  convenient  for  ruling  parallel 
lines  by  one  accustomed  to  its  use. 

fig.  1634  FORD  Perk.  Warbeck  in.  iit  What  our  destinies 
Have  ruled  out  in  their  books,  we  must  not  search,  But 
kneel  to.  1820  LAMB  Elia  i.  South-sea  House,  His  actions 
seemed  ruled  with  a  ruler.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  \.  xxvii. 
206  The  sunbeams,  .ruled  a  beam  of  light  across  the  glacier. 

Ruled  (r«ld),//A  a.    [f.  RULE  v.} 

1.  t  a.  Subjected  to  control,  guidance,  or  dis 
cipline.  Also  ivdl-ntled,  well-conducted.  Obs. 

c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  Prol.  163  Pitee..mad  mercy 
passen  ryght  Thurgh  Innocence  and  ruled  curtesye.  1406 
HOCCLEVE  La  Male  Regie  70  Why  wilt  thow  nat  enclyne, 
And  vn-to  reuled  reform  bowe  thee?  1453  Rolls  of  Parlt. 
V.  267/2  Diverse  and  many  well  ruled  persones.  1526 
Coventry  Leet  Bk.  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  692  Euery  aldemman.. 
shall  elect  &  chose  onest  &  well  ruled  persones  within  his 
warde  to  be  constables.  1556  [see  RL'LELESS  a.  i\.  1736 
AINSWORTH  Eng.-Lat.  Diet.  s.v.,  A  well-ruled  city,  civitas 
bene  morata. 

b.  Governed  ;  subject.     In  quots.  absol. 

1847  TENNYSON  Princ.  Concl.  53  God  bless  the  narrow  sea 
which  . .  keeps  our  Britain,  whole  within  herself,  A  nation 
yet,  the  rulers  and  the  ruled.  1875  HOPPS  Princ.  Relig.  x, 
32  He  may  become  a  hero,  and,  though  punished  by  the 
rulers,  may  be  rewarded  by  the  ruled, 

t  2.  According  to  rule;  regular.  Obs. 

1551  RECORDE  Pathiv.  Kno^vl.  i.  Defin.,  Cinkangles,  whose 
sydes  partlye  are  all  equall..,  and  those  are  counted  ruled 
cinkeangles,  and   partlye  unequal!. .,  and  they  are  called 
•    unruled. 

3.  Judicially  or  authoritatively  determined.  Ruled 
case,  an  established  decision  or  ruling. 

1567-9  JEWEL  Def.  Apol.  (1611)  453  This  Decree  in  old 
'  times  stood  as  a  ruled  case.  >6n  SPEED  Hist.  Gt»  Brit,  ix. 
viii.  §20.  544,  i  When  the  will  of  a  Ruler,  is  a  rule,  or  ruled - 
case  to  his  ludges.  1681  FLAVEL  Meth.  of  Grace  xxviii. 
458  The  wisest  and  holiest  among  men  may  pretend  no 
higher  than  a  ruled  rule.  1714  R.  FIDDES  Pract.  Disc.  n.  6 
We  have  both  precept,  Col.  2.  18,  and  what  amounts  in 
effect  to  a  ruled  case  to  the  contrary,  Rev.  22.  9.  a  1740 
WATKKLAND  Arg.  a  Priori  Wks.  1823  IV.  407  This  author 
looked  tipon  it  as  a  ruled  point,  a  thing  universally  agreed  to. 

4.  Marked  with  parallel  straight  lines. 

1691  WOOD  Ath.  Oxon.  I.  756  Desiring  the  use  of  Ink  and 
rul'd  paper  (such  as  we  call  Musical  Paper).  1758  L.  TEMPLE 
Sketches  fed.  2)  34  He  writes  but  like  a  School-boy,  who 
keeps  in  the  Line  only  with  the  Help  of  ruled  Paper.  1817 
MRS.  SHELLEY  in  Dowden  Life  Shelley  (1887)  II.  148  Re 
member.,  to  bring  me  a  good  thick  book  to  write  extracts 
in,  ruled.  1855  MACACLAV  Hist.  Eng.  xxii.  IV.  700  The 
neatly  ruled  pages  of  the  subscription  book,  .were  still 
.  blank.  1892  Photogr.  Ann.  II.  178  A  good  ruled  screen  is 
obtained  on  development. 


KULEDOM. 

5.  Formed  with,  or  as  with,  a  ruler. 

1843  RUSKIN  Mod.  Paint.  (1897)  I.  u.  i.  §  7.  118  A  violent, 
black,  sharp,  ruled  penmanlike  line.      1898  Allbutfs  Syst. 
Meet.  V.  446  The  number  of  red  corpuscles  in  it  will  be., 
crowded  over  the  surface  of  the  ruled  squares. 
b.    Geom.    Ruled  surface  (see  quot.)' 

1862  SALMON  Anal.  Geom.  Three  Dim.  75  A  surface  gen 
erated  by  the  motion  of  a  right  line  is  called  a  ruled  surface. 

6.  Measured  with  the  rule. 

1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Build.  345  The  fine  red  cutting 
bricks  are  used  for  ruled  and  gauged  work. 

t  Rirledom.  Obs.  [f.  RULE  sb.  +  -DOM.]  Rule, 
sovereignty,  sway. 

1581  DERKICKE  Image  Irel.  II.  E  iv,  The  hautie  hartes  of 
Woodkarne  desire  ruledome,  but  they  shall  haue  a  rope. 
1612  K.  CARPENTER  Souths  Sent.  13  Where  is  that.. happy- 
estate  of  ruledome  and  renowne,  which.. time  hath  not 
ruinated?  1690  C.  NESSE  Hist.  O.  $  N.  Test.  I.  218  The 
privileclge  of  primogeniture,  .gave  him  a  ruledom  over  his 
younger  brother. 

t  Rulefully,  adv.  Obs.-1  [f.  RULE  s&.] 
According  to  rule ;  regularly. 

a  1400  in  Halliwell  Kara.  Mat  hem.  (1841)  65  J?e  side  of  be 
quadrat  bitwene  A  and  B  mote  be  persede  reulefully. 

Rule-joint.  [RULE  sb.  17.]  A  movable  joint 
such  as  is  used  for  measuring-rules. 

1782  Phil.  Trans.  LXXII.  385  In  this  arm.  .is  a  kind  of 
rule  joint  at  d,  that  the  arm  may  give  way  easily  if  wanted. 
1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Operat.  Mechanic  592  To  make  a  rule 
joint  for  a  window-shutter,  or  other  folding  flap.  1833 
LOUDON  Encycl.  Arc/tit.  §  84  To  put  inch  clamped,  .folding 
shutters,  with  rule  joints  (joints  like  those  of  the  common 
foot  rule).  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  1927/1  A  bit  having  a 
rule  joint, 

RuleleSS  (r«*l|les),  fl.  Forms:  5  rewleless, 
6  rew-,  rulesse,  7  rulelesse,  rule-less,  7,  9 
ruleless.  [f.  RULE  sb.  +  -LESS.] 

1.  Ungoverned ;    lawless,    unruly,  unrestrained ; 
not  subject  to  rule  or  order. 

1443  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  212  [The]  Queene  of  hevene 
lay  in  a  symple  hous,  A  poore  stable,  mong  beestys  rewleless. 
"SS^  J-  HEYWOOU  Spider  fy  Fly  xcii.  115  Let  rewld  lords 
rewle  rewlesse  losels,  when  they  crake.  1587  Mirr.  Mag., 
Morindtis  x,  Three  yeares  I  ruled  had  this  lie  Without  all 
rule,  as  was  my  rulesse  life.  1642  FULLER  Ans-w.  Feme  13 
How  injurious  doth  he.. labour  to  make  the  King  to  his 
posterity,  as  well  as  rulelesse  in  hlrnselfe  ?  1689  E.  HOWARD 
Caroloiades  273  Some  Man,  By  drink  made  ruleless. 

1837  CARLYLE  Fr.  Rev.  n.  i.  i,  Man  indeed.. lives  in  this 
world  to  make  rule  out  of  the  ruleless.  1858  — Fredk.Gt. 
in.  i.  (1872)  I.  138  He  came  as  the  representative  of  law  and 
rule ;  and  there  had  been  many  helping  themselves  by  a 
ruleless  life,  of  late. 

2.  Devoid  of  rules,  irregular. 

1867  Macnt.  Mag.  Apr.  521/2  This  [i-  e.  English]  seemed 
an  altogether  ruleless  and  unruly  language. 

Hence  Ru'lelessness. 

1879  Academy  July  43/3  Its  rulelessness,  or  want  of  rules 
that  can  be  comprehended,  is  curiously  illustrated  here. 

•f  Ru  lely,  adv.  Obs.~l  In  4  reweleliche. 
[irreg.  f.  RULE  sb.  +  -LY  '*.]  Regularly. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  IVks.  (1880)  317  J>ei  maken  hem  a  rewele  to 
ryse  reweleliche  at  mydnyjt. 

Korle -maker.    [RULE  sb.] 

1.  One  who  frames  a  rule  or  rules ;  a  maker  of 
regulations. 

1680  V.  ALSOP  Mischief  Impos.  iv.  21  There  are  very 
crooked  rules  in  the  world  ;  and  who  must  be  the  Rule- 
maker,  for  there  are  many  pretenders?  1879  P.  BROOKS 
Influence  of  y^sus  121  A  mere  rule-maker  can  have  no 
personal  considerations.  1893  IV'esttn.  Gaz.  26  Apr.  1/3  It 
behoves  the  rule-makers  to  be.  .scrupulously  particular  as 
to  fairness  and  equity. 

2.  A  maker  of  measuring-rules. 

1723  Lend.  Gaz.  No.6i7o/8  James  Watson, ..  Rulemaker. 
1845  Penny  Cycl.  Suppl.  I.  198/1  Ring  makers  and  turners, 
40;  rule-makers,  174. 

Rule  of  thumb.  Also  hyphened.    [RULE  sb.] 

1.  A  method  or  procedure  derived  entirely  from 
practice  or  experience,  without  any  basis  in  scien 
tific  knowledge ;  a  roughly  practical  method. 

1692  SIR  W.  HOPE  Fencing. Master  157  What  he  doth,  he 
doth  by  rule  of  Thumb,  and  not  by  Art.  1721  KELLY  Scot. 
Prov.  257  No  Rule  so  good  as  Rule  of  Thumb,  if  it  hit. 
1785  GROSE  Diet,  Vulgar  7*.,  Thumb,  by  rule  of  thumb,  to 
do  a  thing  by  dint  of  practice.  T&Q*  Sporting  Mag.  XX.  17 
Too  often  did  she  apportion  the  drugs  by  the  rule  of  thumb. 
1865  M.  ARNOLD  Ess.  Crit.  v.  159  The  English,  .have  in  all 
their  changes  proceeded,  to  use  a  familiar  expression,  by  the 
rule  of  thumb.  1887  BESANT  World  Went  xxv,  [He]  knew 
nothing  save  by  rule  of  thumb  of  navigation. 

trans/.  1773  GOLDSM.  Sloops  to  Conquer  in,  Ask  me  no 
questions  and  I'll  tell  you  no  fibs.  I  procured  them  by  the 
rule  of  thumb. 

2.  altrib,     a.  Of  methods,  etc. :    Based  merely 
upon  practice  or  experience. 

1837  LOCKHART  Scott  (1839)  VIII.  92  Beyond  this  rule  of 
thumb  calculation,  no  experience  could  bring  him  to  pene 
trate  his  mystery.  1861  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  at  Oxf. 
xxi.  (1889)  196  We  never  learnt  anything.. except  a  little 
rule-of-thumb  mathematics.  1878  ABSEY  Photogr,  Pref, 
Though  rapid  advance  has  been  made  of  late  years  in  rule 
of  thumb  photography. 

b.  Of  persons:  Working  only  by  methods  de 
rived  from  practice. 

1841  B.  HALL  Patchwork  III.  83  Unlooked-for  results 
often  occur  to  distract  the  mere  rule-of-thumb  navigator. 
1878  ABNEV  Photogr.  (,1890)  10  A  great  difficulty  to  the 
beginner  or  to  the  rule-of-thumb  photographer. 

Ruler  (rtt-br,  sb.1  forms;  4-6  rewler,  5-6 
rewlar ;  4  reulor,  4-6  reuler,  5  reulure,  6 


885 

reular ;  6  rueler,  -ar  ;  4-5  rulere,  5-7  rular, 
5-  ruler,     [f.  RULE  v.  +  -EK  i.] 

1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  exercises  rule,  com 
mand,  or  authority,  esp.  of  a  supreme  or  sovereign 
kind  :  a.  Const,  of,  over,  f  upon. 

c  1375  Cursor  M.  4643  (Fairf.J,  He  sal  be  rewler  of  al  my 
lande.  1382  WYCLIF  ,£.tw/.  xviii.  21  Ordeyne  of  hem  rewlers 
vpon  thowsaundes,and  rewlers  vpon  hundrethes,  and  rewlers 
vpon  fifti.  c  1420  LVDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  995  The  Lord 
of  Macrocosme  and  rewler  of  that  fee.  1470-85  MALORY 
Arthur  xxi.  i.  839  As  syr  Mordred  was  rular  of  alle 
englond.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  224  b,  Labour- 
ynge  to.  .wlthdrawe  y*  people,  .from  the  dominyon  of 
kynges,  lordes,  and  rulers  of  the  temporally.  1591  SIIAKS. 
i  Hen.  yf,  in.  ii.  11  We  be  Lords  and  Rulers  ouer  Roan. 
1611  BIBLE  GV«.xli.  43  He  made  him  ruler  ouer  all  the  land 
of  Egypt.  1757  W.  WILKIE  Epigoniadn.  49  Stern  ruler 
of  the  sky  !  Whose  sport  is  man,  and  human  misery.  1784 
COWPER  Task  iv.  120  Winter,  ruler  of  th'  inverted  year. 
1845  S.  AUSTEN  Ranke's  Hist.  Rcf.  II.  233  The  Roman 
emperor,  .was  in  future  to  be  the  sole  protector  and  ruler  of 
the  country.  1875  JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  IV.  22  Men  of  old, 
who  affirmed  mind  to  be  the  ruler  of  the  universe. 
b.  Without  const. 

1526  TINDALE  Acts  vii.  27  Who  made  the  a  ruelar  and  a 
Judge  amonge  vs?  1593  SUAKS.  2  //*#.  F/,  v.  i.  105  By 
heauen  thou  shalt  rule  no  more  OVe  him,  whom  heauen 
created  for  thy  Ruler.  1641  THORNDIKE  Govt.  Churches  92 
Rulers  or  Helps  in  the  government,  Elders  of  the  people. 
1665  BOYLE  Occas.  Re/1.  iv.  xi.  (1848)  231  Whereas. .other 
Artificers  work  upon  inanimate  Materials,  a  Ruler  must 
manage  free  Agents.  1717  POPE  Iliad  x.  473  Other  Rulers 
those  proud  Steeds  demand.  1781  COWPEK  Retirem.  104 
Compar'd  with  this  sublimest  life  below,  Ye  kings  and 
rulers,  what  have  courts  to  show  ?  1821  BYRON  Sardanaf, 
n.  i,  'Tis  thy  natal  ruler — thy  birth  planet.  1878  GLADSTONE 
Primer  tf outer  113  The  absurd  idea  that  the  nation  exists 
for  the  rulers,  and  not  the  rulers  for  the  nation. 

2.  One  who  has  control,  management,  or  head 
ship  within  some  limited   sphere.     Now  Obs.  or 
arch,  except  with  suggestion  of  sense  i. 

(71380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  242  Lordis.  .maken  summe 
prestis  stiwardis  of  here  housholde.  .&  summe  conseileris 
&  reuleris  of  here  worldly  plees.  1387  TKEVISA  Higden 
(Rolls)  VIII.  259  fe  popes  legal  J>at  was  rulere  of  pilgrem- 
ages  in  be  Holy  Lond.  1466  in  Archaeologia  (1887}  L.  i. 
50  We  beyug  Rewlers  and  gouernerse  of  the  parissch  of 
seynt  Stephan  in  Colmanstrete.  1480  Bury  Wills  tCamden) 
65  The  maister,  precedent,  or  othir  reuler  of  the  colage  of 
preestes.  1511-2  Act  3  Hen.  Yllft  c.  3  §  i  The  father, 
governours  and  rulers  of  such  as  be  of  tendie  age.  1526 
TINDALE  Mark  v.  22  There  cam  vnto  hym  won  of  the  rulers 
of  the  sinagogge.  1555  Act  2^3  Phil.  <y  Mary  c.  7  g  2  The 
said  Ruler  or  Keeper  of  the  said  Fair  or  Market.  1766  A  nn. 
Reg.  134  The  Rulers  of  the  Watermens  company  attended. 
\%b$  Reader  21  May  652/1  The  rulers  of  the  British  Museum 
are  an  irresponsible  corporation. 

trans/.  1562  TURNER  Baths  13  Savonarola.. telleth  that 
the  chefe  ruler  is  alume. 

b.  Ruler  of  the  choir,  a  cantor.    Now  on\y  arck. 

1485  Rutland  Papers  (Camden)  21  Thoffice  of  the  masse 
..shalbe  begon  of  the  rulers  of  the  quere  with  the  Kyrie 
[etc.],  a  1538  Ace.  St.  Michael  Corn/till  (1871)  208  One 
discrete  preste  shalbe  chosen  by  the  Parson.. to  be  a  Ruler 
or  Deane  of  the  quyre  in  executing  and  seying  the  dyvyne 
servyce.  1853  ROCK  Ch.  of  fathers  IV.  xii.  136  The  rulers 
of  the  choir,  or.  .chantersj  were  arrayed  in  silken  copes. 
1877  J.  D.  CHAMBERS  Divine  Worship  146  Let  this  be  sung 
by  Rulers,  Clerk,  Choir,  and  people  together. 

3.  fa.  =RULE  j£.  17.  Obs.     b.  A  straight-edged 
strip  or  cylinder,  usually  of  wood  or  ivory,  used 
for  guiding  a  pen,  pencil,  or  marking-instrument  in 
forming  straight  lines  upon  paper,  etc. 

Parallel  ruler(s) :  see  PARALLEL  a.  i  b. 

a  1400  in  Halliwell  Ra?-a  Mathcm.  (1841)  68  Bihokle  be 
ende  of  bat  ober  side  be  ryver  by  a  reulure  vpon  be  table. . . 
And  drawe  a  lyne  by  be  reulure  on  be  table.  14..  Non.  in 
Wr.-Wiilcker  682  Hoc  regulars,  a  rewler.  1530  PALSGR. 
264/2  Ruler  for  a  carpentar,  niueait.  1551  RECORDS  Pathiv. 
Knowl.  i.  24  More  easyly..may  you  fynde  and  make  any 
suche  line  with  a  true  ruler,  layinge  the  edge  of  the  ruler  to 
the  edge  of  the  circle.  1634  WITHER  Embl.  164  A  Ruler  or 
a  square  Or  such  like  instruments,  as  usefull  are  In  forming 
other  things.  1656  H.  PHILLIPS  Parch.  Patt.  (1676)  142 
Divide  your  ruler  first  into  Inches,  and  then  each  inch  into 
10  or  loo  parts.  1709  BERKELEY  Ess.  Vision  §  61  Take  an 
inch  marked  upon  a  ruler,  c  1790  IMISON  Sch,  Arts  II.  17 


IM    till;    UC31    1IU11    1I11U    U1C    IUI111UI    <1    I  UU   I  ilK.'l  .     I&93     *   1'  '-  1  ''  1.1-1 

Glances  Back  I.  ii.  33  Pounding  away  at  their  knuckles 
with  an  ebony  ruler. 
c.  i, See  quots.) 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Glass,  To  form  the  Thickness 
of  a  Glass,  there  are  two  iron  Rulers,  or  Rims,  placed  around 
the  edge  of  the  Table.  i&66  BRANOE  &  Cox  Diet.  Set.  II. 
737/2  The  holes  of  each  row  [of  organ  pipes]  are  opened  and 
shut  by  a  register  or  ruler  pierced  with  holes  equal  in 
number  to  the  keys. 

4.  A  workman  who  rules  straight  lines  in  account- 
books,  etc.  Also  in  comb,  paper-ruler. 

1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Paper-ruler,  a  workman 
who  lines  paper  by  hand. 

t5.  (See  qnot.)    Obs. 

1820  F.  MAcDoxocH  Hermit  in  London  IV.  122  Another 
class  of  men  is  what  we  call  *  rulers  '.  These  are  men  who 
bear  a  dollar's  worth  of  liberty  in  their  pocket,  namely  a  four 
and  sixpenny  day  rule,  under  pretence  of  settling  with  their 
creditors,  or  of  attending  to  their  affairs. 

t  Ruler,  a-  and  sb2  Obs.  In  4  ruleer,  reuleer, 
reweler.  [ad.  OF.  rettler,  riuler>  etc. :— L.  rfgti- 
laris  regular.] 

1.   =  REGULAR  A.  i  and  D.  2. 


RULING. 

n  1380  .S7.  Bernard  466  in  Horstm.  Altcngl.  Leg.  (1878"!  49 
A  chanoun  ruleer  to  him  com.  1399  Rolls  of  Parlt.  III. 
424/1  Abbotes  and  Priours,  and  all  other  men  of  holy 
Chirche  Seculers  and  Rewelers, 

2.   =  CANONICAL  a.  2. 

^1390  IVycliffite  Bible,  Prol.  Prov.,  Redeth  hem.. the 
chirche,  but  among  the  reuleer  scripturis  resceyueth  not, 

BiU'ler,  V-  colloq.  [f.  RULER  $b\  3b.]  trans. 
To  beat  or  rap  with  a  ruler. 

1850  DICKENS  Dav.  Copp.  vii,  I  think  he  was  caned  every 
day  that  half-year,  except  on  holiday  Monday,  when  he  was 
only  ruler'd  on  both  hands.  1894  N.  HHOOKS  Tales  Maine 
Coast  22  Girls  were  not  'rulered  '  in  that  school. 

Ru-leress.     rare—0.     A  female  ruler. 

1648  HEX  HAM  n,s.v,  Regeerstcr. 

Rule-right,  a.  and  adv.      [f.  RULE  sb,] 

fl.  Sc.  As  straight  or  exact  as  a  rule;  exactly, 
precisely.  Ob s.  rare. 

1587  Sc.  Acts  Par/.  (1814)  III.  522/1  To  be  maid  inwith 
plane  and  iust  rewll  richt.  Ibid.^  A  plane  syde  Q[uhi]lk  salt 
gang  rewll  richt  wt  the  edge  of  J>e  firlot. 

2.  According  to  rule;   regular,     rare. 

1882  RHYS  Celtic  Britain  292  [This]  would  be  the  rule- 
right  equivalent  of  the  Latin  genitive  latcris. 

Ru'lership.     [f.  RULER  *5.i  +  -SHIP.] 

1.  The   position,    office,    or  quality  of  a  ruler  ; 
sovereignty,  rule. 

1648  HKXHAM  ii,  Drossacrtsdiap^  Rulership,  Presidencie 
over  a  Country,  Jurisdiction,  or  Sbriefship. 

1863  HAWTHORNE  Our  Old  Home  (1883,1  1.37  They  were.. 
wholly  destitute  of.  .law  or  rulership  of  any  description. 
1889  11.  DRUMMOND  Trop,  Africa   iv.  74  One  of  their  own 
number  was  elevated  to  the  rulership. 
b.    The  reign  of  a  person. 

1890  TALMAGE  From  Manger  to  Throne  116  The  disputes 
and  bloody  events  which  had  distinguished  the  rulership  of 
Herod. 

2.  A  province  ;  a  government. 

1893  Edin.  Ret'.  Apr.  370  There  were  some  minor  ruler- 
ships  over  which  China  exercised  a  disputable  jurisdiction. 
1894  SIK  A.  C.  LYALI.  Brit.  Doniin.  India  x.  170  Fragment 
ary  states.,  tram  pled  under  the  feet  of  hardier  rulership;-. 

t  Rule  Ship.    Obs.  rare.    [RULE  sb.]  =prec.  i. 

1654  VILVAIN  Epit.  Ess.  n.  .\xiii,  Romulus  fur  ruleship  did 
Remus  slay.  1677  W.  HUGHES  Man  of  Sin  n.  192  A  man 
would  think  by  this,  that  Scriptures  and  Traditions. . 
equally  shared  the  Ruleship  in  the  Popish  World  betwixt 
them. 

Rulesse,  obs.  form  of  RULELESS. 
Ruling  (r/rliij),  vbl.  sb,     [f.  RULE  v.] 

1.  The  action  of  governing;  exercise  of  author 
ity,  government,  rule. 

a  1225  Ancr.  R.  8  peos  rlwleS  ^e  horte,  &  of  hire  riwlunge 
is  al  mest  bet  ich  riwle.  1377  I.ANGI..  P.  PI,  B.  Prol.  127 
So  leute  be  louye,  And  for  hi  ri^tful  rewlyng  be  rewarded 
in  Iieuene  !  1408  E.  E.  Wills  15  My  wyll  ys,  that..hys 
Kxecutours . .  haue  gouernans  &  rewlyng  of  my  obytis. 
c  1450  Myyr.  Our  Lady  115  Knowynge  of  tiouthe,  and 
rj'ghte  rewlynge  of  the  wylle,  maye  not  be,  but  in  a  restfull 
soulle.  1561  WINJET  Wks.  (S.T.S.)  I.  4  Tyme  and.  .deth. . 
manassing  alrady  destruction  of  jour  reuling.  _  1590  STOCK- 
WOOD  Rules  Constr.  i  The  concord  and  agreeing  of  words 
togither  ;  and  the  governing  or  ruling  one  word  of  another. 
x6n  BIBLE  i  Mace.  \\.  56  Hee  sought  to  take  vnto  him  the 
ruling  of  the  affaires.  1865  RUSKIN  Sesame  i.  §  43  The  true 
kings.. hate  ruling.  1894  Athcnseum  22  Dec.  856/3  He 
was  the  last  English  Churchman  \\  ho  played  a  decisive  part 
in  the  political  ruling  of  our  nation. 

2.  A  judicial  decision  ;  also  gen.  an  authoritative 
pronouncement. 

c  1560  STOUDARD  in  Hall  Elizab.  Age  (1886)  179  Three 
rulings  with  extras,  15'.  1875  MAINE  Hist.  Inst.  ii.  45  Some 
extremely  sensible  rulings  on  the  difficult  subject  of  the 
Measure  of  Damages.  1883  Law  Rep.  n  Q.  B.  D.  595,  I . . 
think  the  ruling  of  the  learned  judge  at  the  trial  was  correct. 

3.  The  action  of  using  a  ruler;   the  action   of 
drawing,    marking,   or   printing   parallel    straight 
lines  on  paper  or  on  textile  fabrics.    Also  attrtb,, 
as  ruling-Machine^  -pen,  -work. 

1611  COIUR.,  Reiglcute,..a.  ruling,  or  drawing  by  lines. 
1612  BRINSLKY  Lud.  Lit.  33  Cause  them  to  haue  each  his 
ruling  pen,  made  of  a  quill.  1666  PEPVS  Diary  2  Mar., 
Setting  my  wife. .  to  worke  upon  the  ruling  of  some  paper 
for  the  making  of  books.  Ibid.  28  Apr.,  My  wife  to  her 
father's,  to  carry  him  some  ruling  work.  1858  STMMONDS /?/<:/. 
Trade,  Ruling  and  Dotting  Pens,  a  kind  of  metal  pen  for 
writing  music.  1865  BRAXDE  &  Cox  Diet.  Set.,  etc.  s.v. 
Engraving^  An  ingenious  machine.  .Invented  by  the  late 
Mr.  Wilson  Lowry,  called  a  ruling  machine.  1892  Photogr. 
Ann.  II.  i?8  He  describes  a  kind  of  optical  ruling  on  the 
sensitive  plate  itself,  a  system  for  which  [etc.]. 
b.  toner.  A  ruled  line,  or  lines. 

1890  in  Cent.  Diet.  1893  SIR  R.  BALL  Story  of  Sun  in 
The  way  In  which  certain  of  the  lines  are  grouped  in  pairs, 
somewhat  suggesting  the  rulings  of  a  copy-book. 

Ruling  t.r/7'lirj),  ///.  a.     [f.  RULE  v.] 

1.  Exercising  rule  or  authority;  governing, 
reigning. 

1648  Cantcrburie  March  Eiijb,  This  unity  is  held  by 
none  That  have  more  Ruling-Heads  than  one.  1655 
Nicholas  Papers  (Camden)  II.  203  The  inleresls  of  the 
ruling  party  have  a  fjreat  connexion  with  Cromwell.  1704 
TRAIT  Abra-Mule  \\.  i,  The  ruling  part  of  the  Divan.  1786 
BURKE  Art.  agst.  W.  Hastings  Wks.  1842  II.  140  This 
plan,  which  appears  to  be  most  connected  with  the  rights  of 
the  ruling  family.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  \\.  II.  133 
He  belonged  half  to  the  ruling  and  half  to  the  subject  caste. 
1871  FREEMAN  Norm.  Cong.  (1876)  IV.  152  The  act  of  the 
ruling  body  was  not  confirmed  by  the  general  feeling  of  the 
citizens. 

trans/.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi.  xlvii[i],  She  has  been  the 
ruling  belle. .,  the  universal  toast  of  the  winter. 


RULINGLY. 


886 


HUM. 


'  b.  'Ruling  Elder-,  see  ELDEK  ^.84.  So  Ruling 
Eldership. 

1593  [BANCROFT]  Survey  Prct.  Holy  Disc.  158  That  ruling 
elders  are  not  comprehended  vnder  the  name  of  Bischop. 
1641  (title),  An  Assertion  of  the  Government  of  the  Church 
of  Scotland  in  the  Points  of  Ruling-Elders,  and  of  the 
Authority  of  Presbyteries  and  Synods.  1641  HAILLIE  Lett. 
<V  Jrnls.  (1841)  1.  370  In  the  voyceing. .  some  borrowes  two 
rule  Ing-elders  getts  voyce.  1736  Genii.  Mag.  VI.  342/1  A 
few  ignorant  Artificers  in  Market-Towns,  or  Farmers  in 
Country-Parishes, . .  tinder  the  Character  of  Ruling  Elders. 
1784  BURNS  {title).  On  a  celebrated  ruling  Elder.  1808 
JAMIESON  Addit.,  [The]  Session ..  consists  of  the  minister, 
..of  the  Ruling  Elders;  and  of  Deacons.  1871  CARLVLE 
in  Mrs.Carlyle's  Lett.  I.  142  Thrice-great  as  a  ruling-elder 
(indeed,  a  very  long-headed,  strictly  orthodox  man).  1891 
Presbyterian  Forms  of  Service  (1894)  145  The  Sermon  ,. 
may  have  for  its  subject  the  scriptural  warrant  for  the 
Ruling  Eldership. 

to.  dial.  Disorderly.  0Ar.-°  (Cf.  RULE  v.  2  d.) 

1691  RAY  iV.  C.  Words  s.v.  Kent,1  A  reuling  lad,'  a  rigsby. 

2.  Predominating,  dominant,  prevalent:    a.  Of 
passions. 

1731  POPE  Ep,  Bathnrst  154  The  ruling  Passion  conquers 
Reason  still.  1761  HUME  Hist.  F.ng.  III.  liv.  174  The  two 
ruling  passions  of  this  parliament  were,  /eal  for  liberty,  and 
an  aversion  to  the  church.  1830  DTsRAi-:u  Chas.  /,  III.  v. 
75  A  worldly  ambition  was  the  ruling  passion  of  this  man. 
1849  MACAULAV  Hist.  Eitg,  ii.  I.  230  That  hatred  had  become 
one  of  the  ruling  passions  of  the  community. 
b.  Of  opinions,  ideas,  etc. 

1780  Mirror  No.  77,  Mr.  Addison.  .justifies,  against  the 
ruling  opinion  at  that  time,  the  practice  of  those  writers  of 
tragedy.  1782  Miss  BURSEY  Cecilia  vui.  vi,  [This  was]  the 
ruling  subject  of  her  thoughts  and  meditation.  1835  I.TAYLOR 
tyir.  Despot.  Hi.  92  The  security . .  of  every  son  of  Abraham 
was  the  ruling  intention  of  every  enactment.  iBjsSYMONDS 
Grk.  Poets  vii.  190  Not  Fate,  but  Nemesis,  was  the  ruling 
notion  in  Greek  tragedy. 

3.  Of  prices,  etc.  :  Current,  general ;  average. 
1861  GOSCHEN  For.  Exch.  120  There  was  an  indication  of 

demand  for  bills  on  England,  as  a  means  of  placing  capital 
here,  to  take  advantage  of  the  ruling  rale.  1^877  RAYMOND 
Statist.  J//«tv?  fy  Mining  267  The  ruling  prices.,  were  not 
too  high  to  leave  a  small  margin  of  profit.  1900  Engineer 
ing  Mag.  XIX.  683  The  best  road  the  Spaniards  built., 
lias  a  ruling  grade  of  7  per  cent. 

Hence  Bu'lingly  adv.  (Webster,  184^). 

Kuller  (r0-bi).  Mining,  [f.  dial,  mil  to 
wheel,  prob.  a  var.  of  ROLL  z'.-]  (See  quot.) 

1860  Eng,  ff  For.  Mining' Gloss,  (ed.  2)  21  Kullers,  the 
persons  who  work  the  wheelbarrows  underground. 

Rulley  (rzrli).  local.  Also  rully.  [Of  doubt 
ful  origin :  cf.  ROLLEY  2.]  A  flat  four-wheeled 
wagou,  used  for  conveyance  of  goods  ;  a  lorry. 

1866  BROGDKN  Prov.  Lints.,  Rully*  a  low  kind  of  goods 
wagon.  1886  Leeds  Mercury  i  May,  The  North-Eastern 
Railway  Company  will  collect  and  deliver  goods,  .by 
Rulleys  of  their  own.  1887  MRS.  STANNARD  Siege  Baby  62 
Before  the  baker's  cart  had  disgorged  itself,  a  rully  appeared 
upon  the  scene. 

Comb.  1857  P.O.  Directory  Yorksh.  1292/3  (Hull),  Rulley- 
man  &  carrier.  1897  Daily  Neivs  27  Feb.  5/1  The  sudden 
removal  of  seven  'rulleymen'  or  checkers  at  the  Forth 
goods  station. 

Rullion  *  (nrlian).  Sc.  [var.  of  RILLING  sb., 
RiVELiNG1.]  A  shoe  made  of  undressed  hide. 

Also  applied  in  various  senses  to  persons  or  animals:  see 
Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

1644  D.  HU.ME  Hist.  House  Douglas  45  Highland  showes 
called  rullions,  made  of  raw  and  untand  leather.  1768 
Ross  I/elertort>i  The  Rock  and  the  vuee  fickle  Tow,  With 
a  pair  of  rough  rullions  to  scuff  thro'  the  dew.  1820  SCOTT 
Monast.  xxix,  He  had .  .deer-skin  rullions  or  sandals.  1890 
LOWSON  Guidfollow  70  A  pleasant  recreation  to  the  fash 
ioners  of '  brogues'  and  '  rullions  '.in  their  hours  of  relaxation. 

t  Ru  llion  2.  Sc.  Obs.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
Some  form  of  ornament  in  metal-work. 

1707  Invent.  R.  IVardr.  App.  (1815)  339  Antique  Medusa's 
heads  and  rulHon  foliages.  Ibid.)  Betwixt  each  statue 
arises  a  rullion  in  forme  of  a  dolphine,  very  distinct. 

Rullock,  variant  of  ROWLOCK. 

t  Ruly,  a.1  Obs.  Forms :  a.  i  hreow-  (hryw-), 
1-2  reow-,  3  reolic ;  3  reo(u)-,  reu-,  rou-, 
4  rewelich(e ;  4  ru-,  4-5  rewlyche.  &.  3-4 
reu-,  5  rew-,  5-6  ruli;  4  rewe-,  4-5  rew-, 
reu-,  ruly.  [OE.  hrtowlic  (f.  hriow  RUE  sb\}, 
=  MDu,  rouwelijc.]  Rueful,  pitiable,  pitiful,  vvoful. 

a.  c  1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Th.)  cviii.  9  His  wif  wyr3e  wydewe 
hreowlic.  cnoo  O.  E.  Chron.  (MS.  D)  an.  1057,  pact  wass 
hreowlic  siS  &  hearmlic  eallre  J»issere  |?eode.  a.  1121  Ibid. 
(Laud  MS.)  an.  1086,  Reowlic  bing  he  dyde,  &  reowlicor 
him  xelamp.  c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  147  Swiche  teares 
sheduen  hie  on  bis  reuliche  wei..of  reu6e  of  here  agene 
sinnes.  1303  R.  BRUNNE  Handl.  Synne  730  So  rulyche 
makyst  bou  hym  to  be.  c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth.  \\.  pr.  ii. 
(1868)  35  pis  rewlyche  Cresus  was  cau;t  of  Cirus  and  lad  to 
J»e  fijr  to  be  brent. 

ft.  c  J2«jp  Gen.  <$•  Ex.  1162  Abraham  up  on  morgen  stod, 
Wi<5  reuli  lote  and  frigti  mod.  a  1300  Cursor  A/.  4930  pai 
fel  don  Jran  at  ioseph  fete  And  mcrci  soght,  wit  reuli  grette. 
13..  K.  Alls.  6485  (Laud  MS.),  pan  hij  maken  a  reufy  cry. 
rt  1400  Sowdone  1624  What  be  ye,  That  make  here  this  ruly 
moone?  £1460  Bury  Wills  (Camden)  234  Wrappid  in  a 
selure  as  a  ful  rewli  wrecche.  1573  G.  HARVEY  Letter-bk, 


CI400  Desir.  Troy  3888  Ruly  &  rightwise,..He  spake 
neuer  dispituosly,  ne  spiset  no  man.  c  1440  York  Myst. 
xxvi.  38  Bees  rewly,  and  ray  fourth  your  reasoune.  c  148x1 
HENRVSON  Fables,  P'ox  <V  Wolf  iv,  The  oxin  waxit  mair 
reulie  at  the  last.  1596  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  (1602)  216  It 
was  objected,  though  untruely,  That  they  were  ydle,  Hell 
lacked  Guests,  and  men  on  earth  waxt  ruly. 

1837  DISRAKI.I  I'cnetia  I.  xv, '  Soldiers  ruly  ?'.  .'Yes,  your 
worship;  quite  ruly.'  1892  Black  fy  White  6  Aug.  155/1 
Students  are  an  important  element,  and  not  always  a  ruly 
one,  in  Edinburgh  life. 

f2.    -REGULAR  a.  i.  Obs.—^ 

c  1450  St.  Cuthbcrt  (Surtees)  4606  Some  of  bairn  sone  were 
boune,  Reuly  men  of  religioune,  fort  he  with  bairn  to  fare. 

f  Ru'ly,  &dv+  Forms  :  a.  i  hreowlice ;  2-3 
reow-,  3  reo(u)-;  rou-,  3-4  reu-,  rew-,  4  rewe- 
liche ;  4  rewlik.  j8.  4  reuli ;  3  rev-,  3-5  reu-, 
5  rew(e)ly ;  4  rwly,  5-6  rulye.  ruly.  [OK. 
hrtatvllce  (see  RULY  a.1  and  -LYZ),  =  OS.  (h)ritt- 
liko,  MDn.  rouivelike^\ 

1.  Ruefully,  pitifully,  wretchedly. 

a.  £893  K.  /ELFRED  Oros.  HI.  vii.  120  Mason  hie  swa 
hreowlice  wepan  swasema^onbaraobrablibeliche  hlihhan. 
c  1050  O.  E.  Chron.  (MS.  C)  an.  1036,  Sume  hi  man  wi5  feo 
sealde,  sume  hreowlice  acwealde.  c  1175  Latnb.  How.  43 
Summe  ber  reowliche  gne^eo1  his  a^ene  lunge,  c  1205  LAV. 
27497  Pe^  weoren  Romleoden  reouliche  [c  1275  louliche] 
iladde.  c  1330  Arth.ti?  Aferl.  788  (Kolbing),  Hir  moder  was 
ded  acurssedliche,  &.  hir  fader  starf  reuliche. 

P.  c  1275  ,\7  Pains  of  Hell  192  in  O.  E.  Misc.  152  Four 
deofle  heom  stondejj  bi  pat  pynej>  heom  ful  revly.  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  12530  For  he  was  hurt  ful  selli  sare,  Reuli  can 
he  cri  and  rare.  13..  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  C.  96  pa^  I  be.. On 
rode  rwly  to-rent,  with  rybaudes  mony.  c  1400  St.  Alexius 
236  Alexius  bus  his  leue  tooke ;  Rewely  his  wijf  gan  on 
hym  loke.  a  1529  SKKLTOHS^Porrfft  116  Sion  is  in  sadnes, 
Rachell  ruly  doth  foke.  1573  TUSSER  Hnsb.  (1878)  122  No 
tempest,  good  Julie,  Least  cornelookes  rulie. 

2.  With  pity  or  compassion. 

13. .  Cursor  ;]/.  24115  (Edin.),  Mi  son  |>at  hang  apon  bat 
croice  Rewlik  on  me  biheld. 

Ru^eande  :  see  note  to  ROIL  v^ 

Rum  (n'ni),  sb^-  Also  7  rumme,  7-8  rhum. 
[Of  obscure  origin  :  perhaps  an  abbreviation  of 
the  longer  forms  RUMBULLION*  or  RUMBUSTIOX, 
which  are  found  a  little  earlier.  English  is  the 
source  of  Du.  and  G.  rum,  Da.  and  Sw.  ruait  row, 
Russ.  rum\  roni1 ;  F.  rhum,  rzttn,  Sp.  and  Pg. 
ront  etc.] 

1.  A  spirit  distilled  from  various  products  of  the 
sugar-cane  (esp.  molasses  and  dunder),  and  pre 
pared  chiefly  in  the  West  Indies  and  Guiana. 

The  name  has  also  been  improperly  applied  to  spirits  made 
in  imitation  of  this  from  beet-roots  or  other  materials. 

1654  [see  KILL-DEVIL  sl>.  2].  1661  Cat.  State  Papers  Col. 
Sen  (1661-8)  42  That  the  former  orders  concerning  rum, 
sugar,  and  hammocks  be  Mill  in  force.  1667  WARREN  Dcscr. 
Surinam  vi.  17  Rum  isa  Spirit  extracted  from  the  Juiceof 
Sugar-Canes,  commonly,  twice  as  strong  as  Brandy,  a  1700 
B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Rnm,  ..a  West-Indian  Drink 
stronger  than  Brandy,  drawn  from  Dreggs  of  Sugar  for  the 
most  part,  yet  sometimes  from  Fruits,  and  Rows  of  Fish.  1719 
DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  56, 1  found.,  three  large  Runlets  of 


(Camden)  18,  I  douht  not  but  I  shal  finde  your  wurship.. 
favorable  and^gud  unto  me  in  this  ruli  and  miserable  case. 

Ruly  (r«*li),  a.-  Also  5  rewly,  reulie,  reuly. 
[orig.  f.  ROLE  sb.  +  -Y  ;  but  in  mod.  use  prob.  a 
back-formation  from  UNRULY.] 

1.  Observing  or  amenable  to  rule  or  good  order ; 
law-abiding,  disciplined,  orderly. 


the  spirit  calms  As  rum  and  true  religion.  1835  SIR  J.Ross 
Narr.  -2nd  Voy,  xlv.  585  We  had  sold  them  no  rum.  1890 
Standard*!  Apr.  3/6  The  stuff  he  calls  Rum  is  not  Rum  at 
all.  It  consists  of  raw  spirit  expressed  from  the  beetroot  and 
other  roots.,  mixed  with  a  small  quantity  of  genuine  Rum. 

b.  Rum-and-water,  a  drink  prepared  from  these 
ingredients.     Also  Comb. 

1836-7  DICKENS  Sk.  Boz,  Scenes  xvi,  A  stout  man,  who  had 
a  glass  of  rum-and-water,  warm, ..at  every  place  where  we 
changed  horses.  i848THACKERAV  Van.  AiwVxxxiii,  Sir  Pitt. . 
drank  rum-and-water  with  the  farmers  at  Mudbury.  1850  — 
Pendennis  vui,  Rum-and-water-drinking  gentlemen-farmers. 

C.  U.S.  Used  generically  as  a  hostile  name  for 
intoxicating  liquors. 

1858  O.  W.  HOLMES  Aut.  Breatyt.\\\\.  (1859)  184  Rum  I 
take  to  be  the  name  which  unwashed  moralists  apply  alike 
to  the  product  distilled  from  molasses  and  the  noblest  juices 
of  the  vineyard. 

2.  attrib.  and  Comb.    a.  Attrib.,  as  rum-bottle, 
•flavour,  -puncheon,  -works. 

1702  C.  MATHER  RIagn.  Chr.  vi.  36  Wo  to  him  that  gives 
his  Neighbour  drink;  that  put  test  thy  Bottle  (thy  Rhum- 
Bottle)  to  him,  and  makest  him  drunken  also.  1825  Gcntl. 
Mag.  XCV.  i.  2 14  The  furnaces  of  the  sugar  and  rum  works. 
1837  KINGSLEY  Two  Y.  Ago  I.  201  She'd  sooner  have  you 
than  that  old  rum-puncheon  Hcale.  1886  Encycl.  Brit. 
XXI.  58/2  The  spirit,  .has  only  a  faint  rum  flavour. 

b.  Objective,  as  rum-distiller,  -drinker,  -seller; 
rum-producing  adj. 

1828  P.CvxtaHQtUM AT. S. Wales  (ed.  3)  II.  181  Guarding 
against  its  sliding  quietly. .into  the  possession  of  the  rum- 
seller.  1834  Taji's  Mag.  I.  412/2  Dr.  Lang  anticipates  a 
moral  regeneration  from  the  ruin-drinkers  being  converted 
into  wine-bibbers.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  397  So  sensible  are 
the  rum  distillers  of  the  advantage  of  such  a  plan.  1876 
HAM  Rev.fy  ftlercantile  I-' tide- M.  569  Australia  is  recognized 
as  a  rum-producing  country. 

c.  Instrumental,  as  rum-bred,  -crazed,  'Smelling. 
1866  Evening  Star  ig  Mar.,  He  had  better  have  been  a 

dead  man  than  have  emitted  from  his  mouth,  .such  a  rum- 
bred  pestilence  of  breath.  1893  Arena  April  637  The 
uneducated,  rum-crazed  negro.  1900  H.  LAWSON  Over 
Sliprails  30  Danny. .  finally  collapsed  into  a  shapeless  rum- 
smelling  heap  and  slept  once  more. 

3.  Special  combs. :  rum-bud,  essence,  -hole, 


-nose  (see  quots.)  ;  rum  punch,  shrub,  toddy, 
beverages  in  which  rum  is  the  principal  ingredient  ; 
rum-sucker,  U.S.,  a  hard  drinker. 

1848  BARTLKTT  Diet.  Amer.,*  Rum-bud,  a  redness  occa 
sioned  by  the  detestable  practice  of  excessi\e  drinking. 
Rum-buds  usually  appear  first  on  the  nose,  and..  extend 
over  the  face.  i873LKi.ASD  Egypt.  Sk.  Bk.  120  All  European 
travellers  accuse  Cophts  of  being  rare  old  toss-pots,  steady 
drinkers,  regular  rum-buds.  1886  Encycl.  Brit.  XXI.  58/2 
A  fictitious  rum,  the  flavour  of  which  is  due  to  "rum  essence' 
—  a  mixture  of  artificial  ether,  birch  bark  oil,  and  other  sub 
stances.  1859  BARILETT  Diet.  Airier,  (ed.  2)  181  A  place 
where  spirituous  liquors  are  sold  and  drank;  a  grog-shop. 
In  the  West,  often  called  a  Doggery  or  Dog-hole,  and  m 
New  York  a  *Rum-hole.  1872  DK  VERE  Americanisms  ?i6 
The  State  of  New  York  alone,  we  believe,  uses  the  term 
runvholes  for  its  smaller  grog-shops.  1891  SAJOUR  Ann. 
Univ.  Med.  Sci.  59  An  aggravated  case  of  acne  rosacea 
(*rum-nose).  1737  Gentl.  Afag.  VII.  36/1  Plenty  of  small 
*Rum-Punch,  well  soured  with  Juice  of  Lirnon  or  Orange. 
1824  John  Bull  I.  132  We  understand  that  rum  punch  has 
lately  become  so  great  a  favourite  in  high  quarters.  1808 
Snorting  Mag.  XXX.  99,  38  gallons  of*rum  shrub.  1864 
TOVEV  Brit.  $  For.  Spirits  283  Rum  Shrub  should  be 
made  with  the  freshest  lemon  juice,  and  a  portion  of  Seville 
orange  juice,  the  finest  Jamaica  Rum,  and  sweets  from  good 
loaf  sugar.  1858  ,/V.  Y.  Tribune  q  July,  An  acquired  appe 
tite  as  strong  as  that  ofa  '"rum-sucker.  1820  SCOTT  Monast. 
Introd.  Ep.,  To  keep  company  with  ony  bit  English  rider, 
that  sups  on  toasted  cheese,  and  a  cheerer  of  *ium-toddy. 

t  Rum,  sb.%  slang.  Obs.  [In  senses  2  and  3 
from  RUM  a.  2] 

1.  A  poor  country  clergyman  in  Ireland. 

1720  SWIFT  Hrks.  (1841)  II.  75/1  As  if.  -it  were  fit.  .to  give 
the  civility  of  the  hat  or  wall  to  any  rusty  rum  in  the  street. 
1729  —  Grand  Question  Deb.  Wks.  1751  X.  124  No  Com 
pany  comes,  But  a  Rabble  of  Tenants,  and  rusty  dull  Rums. 

2.  Ellipt.  for  mm  customer. 

c  1803  C.  K.  SHARPS  New  Oxford  Guide  in  Mem.  dSSS)  I. 
18  They  were  angry  with  rums,  they  were  tioubl'd  with 
boies.  1x1845  BARHAM  Ccitsin  Nicholas  xxiii,  Von  [-one] 
of  the  hold  boy's  country  rums. 

3.  An  old  or  unsaleable  book. 

1812  in  Nichols  Lit.  Anec.  iSth  C.  V.  471  note^  The  books, 
which  booksellers  call  rums,  appear  to  be  very  numerous.  .  . 
The  French  have  bouqitins  for  rums,  and  lonquiniste  for  the 
seller. 

fRum,  sb$     Obs—*     (Meaning  obscure.) 

1640  SHIRLEY  6V.  Patrick  for  Ireland  iv.  i,  There's  to 
show  I  am  a  linguist,  with  a  rum  in  the  rhyme,  consisting  of 
two  several  languages. 

Rum.  (nun),  a.1  Cant.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  Forms: 
6,  8  rome,  7  room(e,  7-9  rum.  [One  of  the 
canting  terms  originating  in  the  i6th  cent.] 

1.  Good,  fine,  excellent;  great. 

The  exact  sense  varies  with  the  sb.  ;  for  a  list  of  the  com 
monest  phrases,  as  rum  l>eck^  bob,  cull^  etc.  see  the  Diet. 
Cant.  Crew  (a  1700). 

1567  HARMAN  uflNM£(l86g)  84  Rome  zyle,  London.  //>rW., 
Rome  »tflri,  the  Quene.  1621  B.  JONSON  Gipsies  Metatn. 
(Rtldg.)  619/2  For  the  roome-morts,  I  know  Dy  their  ports 
.  .They  ate  of  the  sorts  That  love  the  true  sports,  a  1700 
B.  E.  Diit.  Cant.  Crew,  Rinn,  gallant,  Fine,  Rich,  best  or 
excellent.  Ibid.^  Bub,  Drink.  Rmn~bitbt  very  good  Tip. 
Ibid.  s.v.  Joseph,  A  Rum  Joseph,  a  good  Cloak  or  Coat. 
1812  J.  H.  VAUX  Flash  Dict,s.\.C  haunt,  To  throw  off  a  rum 
chaunt,  is  to  sing  a  good  song.  1847  Sinnnoiufs  Colonial 
Mag.  July  409  liricks..out  here  [Ceylon]  signifies  slap-up 
chaps,  fast  goers,  trumps,  rum  spirits,  crack  hands.  1859 
Slang  Diet.  83  Rum  Afizztcrs,  persons  who  are  clever  in 
making  their  escape,  or  getting  out  of  a  difficulty.  1867 
SMYTH  Sailor's  Irord-bk.,  Rum-Gagger,  a  cheat  who  tells 
wonderful  stories  of  his  sufferings  at  sea  to  obtain  money, 

2.  Rum  boti$et  booze,  etc.,  good  liquor,  wine. 
1567  HARMAN  Caveat  (1869)  83  Rome  fouse,  wyne.     Ibid. 

86  This  bouse  is  as  benshyp  as  rome  bouse.  1641  BROME 
Joviall  Crew  n.  Wks.  1873  III.  391  This  Bowse  is  better 
then  Rum-bowse.  1654  GAYTON  Picas.  Notes  i\,  ix.  233  A 
goodly  Rumbouze  of  Canary.  1834  fi-aser's  Mag.  X.  224 
The  Ijuchess  loves  NanU,  ..Tom  Campbell  rumbooze. 

b.  Hence  Rum-boozing  (see  quot.). 
a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  R^tm•booz^ng•WeUs,\^\^^<^^ 
of  Grapes. 

3.  Rum  duke  (see  first  quot.). 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Rum-duke,  a  jolly  handsom 
Man.  1706  FARQUHAR  Recruiting  Officer  \\.  in.  You  are  a 
justice  of  peace,  and  you  are  a  king,  and  I  am  a  duke  ;  and 
a  rum  duke,  an't  I  ?  1763  (see  DUKE  sb.  3  b]. 

4.  Rum-pad)  the  highway  ;  also  erronn  a  high 
wayman. 

a  1700  I!.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Creiv,  Rum-pad,  the  Highway. 
1707  J.  SHIKLF.Y  Triumph  ofWit{iT*$  164  By  the  Rum-Pad 
Maundeth  none,  Like  my  Clapperdogeon.  1819  MOORE 
Tom  Crib's  Mem.  76  The  brandy  and  tea,  rather  thinnlsh, 
That  Knights  of  the  Rumpad  so  rurally  sip. 

b.  Hence  Rum-padder  (see  quot.);  also  rum- 
pad  vb.,  to  "attack  or  rob  on  the  highway. 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Ruw-padders^  the  better 
sort  of  Highway-men  well  Mounted  and  Armed.  1895  H. 
WATSON  in  Chap-Kook  III.  484  To  be  rumpadded,  there, 
almost  within  the  precincts  of  London,.,  could  not  have  been 
greatly  to  his  taste. 

Rum  (rwn),  <z.2  slang,  [perh.  due  to  some 
special'  application  of  prec.,  such  as  rum  fore,  *  a 
great  rogue*.  In  common  use  from  c  1800.]  Odd, 
strange,  queer. 

1774  H.  KELLY  Sc  fool  for  Wives  HI.  ix,  Its  a  little  rum 
tongue,  that  we  understand  among  von  another.  1777 
Monthly  Rev.  LVI.  137  We  have  sometimes  amused  our 
selves  by  dipping  into  honest  Isaac  Walton's  Complete 
Angler,  merely  as  a  rum  book.  1800  LD.  MELBOURNE  Papers 

,  1  hope  you  will  contrive.,  to  rub  off  a  few  rum  ideas  which 
ie  contracted  in  these  philosophical  colleges.  1837  DICKENS 


7, 
li 


RUM. 


887 


RUMBLEGUMPTION. 


Plckw.  xiv,  There's  rummer  things  than  women  in  this 
world  though,  mind  you.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis 
xxxviii,  This  was  the  rummest  go  he  ever  saw.  1887  FENN 
Master  of  Cerent,  \Vj  Rum  thing  I  should  drift  into  being 
the  Major's  servant,  isn't  it? 

Comb.  1833  M.  SCOTT  Tom  Cringle  (\%fe)  245  Like  a  charity 
school  of  aSunday,  led  by  a  rum-looking  beadle. 

t  Hum,  v.  slang.  Obs.  [?  from  prec.]  tram. 
To  cheat. 

1811  Spirit  Pull.  Jrnls.  XV.  326  When  I  found  out  how 
he  had  rummed  me,  I  thought  it  was  but  fair  to  dash  him. 

Ru*maoin.  [irreg.  f.  L.  rumex  sorrel,  dock : 
cf.  KUMICIN.]  (See  quot.) 

1863  Lancet  I.  337/2  Rumacirt.  This  is  another  of  the  con 
centrated  American  remedies..  .It  purports  to  be  the  active 
principle  of  the  root  of  a  species  of  Dock. 

Rumage,  obs.  f.  RUMMAGE,  Rumal,  van 
KOMAL.  Rumance,  obs.  form  of  ROMANCE. 
Rumans(c)h,  varr.  ROMANSH.  Rumatise,  obs. 
f.  RHEUMATIZE.  Rumb(e,  obs.  ff.  RHUMB. 

Runibelow  (rc-mbelJu).  Now  rare.  Forms: 
4-5  romby-,  rurnbylogh ;  5  romelowe,  -ylawe  ; 

5  rom-,  6  rumbelowe,  5  rumbeloo   (6  -belo, 
-bolo) ;    6  rom-   (Sc*  rohum-),   7  room-,   6,  9 
rumbelow ;    7   rumbillow.      [See   sense   i  ;    in 
some  later  uses  associated  with  RUMBLE  z».i] 

1.  A  meaningless  combination  of  syllables  serving 
as  a  refrain,  orig.  sung  by  sailors  when  rowing. 
(Cf.  HEAVE  HO  and  HEY-HO.) 

13..  Coer  de  L.  2522  They  rowede  hard,  and  sungge  ther 
too,  With  heuelow  and_  rumbeloo.  c  1315  in  Brut  (1906) 
clxxxviii.  2o8[Foralsemiche  as  he  louede  forto  go  by  watere, 
..maidenes  made  asonge  berof, ..]  What  wende  be  Kyng  of 
Engeland  haue  ygete  Scotlande  wty  Rombylogh.  a  1400 
Sqr.  loive  Dtgrefo^  Your  maryners  shall  synge  aiowe  Hey 
how  and  rumby  lowe.  c  1515  Cocke  Lorell's  B.  C  j,  Some 
songe  heue  and  howe  rombelowe.  a  1529  SK ELTON  Bowge 
of  Courts  252  Heue  and  how  rombelow,  row  the  bole, 
Norman,  rowe  !  1579  LOUTH  in  Narr.  Reform.  (Catnden) 
29  At  one  pulle  all  the  golden  godes  came  downe  with 
hey  ho  Rombelo.  1600  W.  WATSON  Decacordon  (1602)  95 
Haue  at  him.. with  heaue  and  hoe  rumbelow. 

1790  Gentl.  Mag.  LX.  n.  noo,  I  have  recollected  the  first 
verse  of  the  song  used  on  that  day  [/.  e.  Flora  Day  at 
Helston,  Cornwall]. . .  Hel-an-tow,  Rum-be-low. 

T  2.  A  blow,  a  stroke.    Obs.    Cf,  RUMBLE  sb,  3. 

c  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  14005  He  gaff  him  suche  a  romelowe, 
That  he  went  ouer  his  sadil-bowe. 

f3.  Used  as  a  place-name.  Obs. 

1530  Hickscorner  (E.  E.  D.  S.)  137,  I  have  ben  in  Gene 
and  in  Cowe,  Also  in  the  loncle  of  Rumbelowe,  Thre  myle 
out  of  hell.  1549  Cotnpl.  Scot.  vi.  65  Sal  i  go  vitht  5011  to 
rumbelo  fayr. 

f4.  attrib.  Rumbling,  resounding.   Obs. 

1582  STANYHURST  sEneis  i.  (Arb.)  24  Through  Sicil  his 
raging  wyld  frets  and  rumbolo  rustling  On  peeres  you 
sayled.  Ibid.  iv.  101  Thee  whilst  in  the  skye  seat  great 
bouncing  rumbelo  thundring  Ratleth. 

t 5.  A  woman  of  light  behaviour.  Obs. 

1611  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Commend.  Poems  67  Wks. 
(Grosart)  II.  13  Then  yee  descend,  where  he  sits  in  a  Gondo- 
low  With  Egs  throwne  at  him  by  a  wanton  Room-be-low. 
16..  Roxb.  Ball.  \\.  257  In  wine  we  call  for  bawdy  jiggs, 
Catzoes,  rumbillows,  whirligigs. 

6.  A  kind  of  carriage. 

1881  BLACKMORE  Chrisiowell  (1891)  183  Let  the  other  flys, 
and  rumbelows,  come  down  first. 

Rumber,  obs.  form  of  RUMOUR. 

Rumbla-nte.  nonce-word,  [f.  RUMBLE  v.t  after 
andante,  etc.]  Rumbling  notes. 

1775  SHERIDAN  Rivals  n.  i,  Such  a  mistress  of  flat  and 
sharp,  squallante,  rumblante,  and  quiverante  ! 

Rumble  (rzrmb'l),  sb.  Forms  :  a.  4-5  rorubel, 
4-6  romble,  5  rombul,  rowmble  ;  5  rumbil, 

6  -byll,  5-  rumble.      0.  Sc.  6  rummill,  -yll,  9 
rummel,  ruramle.     [f.  RUMBLE  v.1     Cf,  G,  and 
Da.  rummel.  Norw.  dial.  rumlt  ~D\\.gerofn?nel.'\ 

1.  A  low,  continuous,  murmuring,  grumbling, 
or  growling  sound,  as  that  of  thunder,  distant 
cannon,  heavy  vehicles,  etc. 

£71386  CHAUCER  Knt's  T.  1121  A  foreste,..In  which  ther 
ran  a  rumbel  and  a  swough.  As  though  a  storm  sholde 
bresten  euery  bough.  1412-20  LYDG.  Troy  Bk.  (E.  E.T.  S.) 
638  With  rowmble  and  swowe  resownyng  vnto  del  he— • 
Swiche  a  noise  Grekis  made  bere.  1313  DOUGLAS  SEneis 
v.  xii.  54  Hillis  and  valis  trymblit  of  thondir  rummy  11. 
1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  III.  921/2  Which  [guns]  made 
such  a  rumble  in  the  aire,  that  it  was  like  thunder.  1728 
Phil.  Trans.  XXXVI.  126  These. .  Rumbles  and  Trem 
blings,  were  louder  and  greater  at  Newbury.  .than  with  us. 
1817  J.  SCOTT  Paris  Revisit,  (ed.  4)  122  It  was  the  rumble 
of  cannon.  1842  DICKENS  Amer.  Notes  (1850)  57/1  The 
deep  rumble  of  carts  and  waggons.  1859  FITZGERALD  Omar 
Khayyam  xiii,  The  rumble  of  a  distant  Drum.  1897  Alt- 
butt's  Syst.  Med.  III.  43  The  development  of  a  true  pie- 
systolic  rumble. 

b.  Applied  to  language  or  utterance. 

a  1680  BUTLER  Rein,  (1759)  I.  TIO  You  wisely  scorn  your 
Slile  to  humble,  Or  for  the  Sense's  Sake  to  wave  the  Rumble. 
1711  tr.  Werenfels*  Meteors  of  Stile  218  Admirable  Words  to 
fill  the  Mouth,  and  make  a  graceful  Rumble.  1897  P. 
WARUNG  Tales  Old  Regime  164  The  rumble  gave  place  to 
a  strange  pleading.  1902  'LINESMAN'  Words  Eyewitness 
217  As  he  talks  in  his  jerky  rumble. 

*f  2.  Commotion,  bustle,  tumult,  uproar.  Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Clerk's  T.  941  A  stormy  peple,. .  DeHtynge 
euere  in  rumbul  that  is  newe.  1513  MORE  Chron.  Wks.  43 
Aboute  whome  he  found  muche  heauinesse,  rumble,  haste 
and  business.  1533  —  Apot.  xxii.  ibid.  885/1  In  the  lime 
of..  Henry  the  fourth,  aboute  the  time  of  a  great  rumble 


that  the  heretiques  made.  1577  HELLOWES  Guevara's 
Chron.  425  The  fighte  and  slaughter  was  so  great,  and  the 
confusion,  rumble,  and  crie  of  people  so  extreeme.  1675 
COTTON  Burlesque  itj>on  B.  101  And  no  more  such  a  rumble 
keep.  1682  W.  ROGERS  jth  Pt.  Christian-Quaker  36  We 
see  no  real  Cause,  .for  the  great  noise  and  rumble  he  makes 
about  Outward  Laws. 

t  3.  Sc.  A  severe  blow,  Obs. 

J375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xn.  557  Thar  mycht  men  se..mony 
a  reale  romble  [v.r.  rymmyll]  rid  Be  roucht,  thar  apon  aythir 
sid.  143*.  Bk,  Alexander  fit.  ty  Monyruid  rummill  thaygaif. 

4.  The  hind  part  of  a  carriage  when  so  arranged 
as   to    provide    sitting   accommodation    (usually 
assigned  to  servants  or  attendants),   or  to  carry 
luggage.    Cf.  RUMBLKR  2,  and  RUMBLE-TUMBLE  i. 

1808  MRS.  GRANT  Mtiti.fy  Corr.  (1844)  I.  162  Miss  D.  and 
Isabella  go  in  the  rumble,  as  it  is  called,  behind.  18x1 
Sporting  Mag.  XXXVII.  128  Alterations  and  extras., 
were  made,  among  others,  a  rumble,  with  trunks.  1854 
THACKERAY  Newcomes  xxvii,  Carriages  which  . .  from  in 
terior,  box,  and  rumble  discharge  a  dozen  English  people  at 
hotel  gates.  1884  Q.  VICTORIA  More  Leaves  281, 1  got  into 
a  hired,  .open  landau  (on  the  rumble  of  which  Brown  sat,  ns 
in  crowds  it  is  much  safer  to  have  a  person  close  behind  you). 

5.  A  rotating  box  or  cask  in  which  iron  articles 
are  shaken  and  cleaned  by  friction. 

1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  346  Small  works  are  ad 
ditionally  cleaned  in  a  rumble,  or  revolving  cask,  where 
they  soon  scrub  each  other  clean. 

Rumble  (i»*tnb'l),  z>.*  Forms:  a.  4  romblen, 
5-7  romble,  6  rombel-,  roomble,  roumble  ; 
4  rumbelyu,  5-6  rumbel-,  6  rumbil(l,  -byl, 
rumbol,  4-  rumble.  &.  (Chiefly  Sc.}  5  romel-, 
rummelou(e,  rum(me)lyn,  6  rumil,  -yl,  rum- 
mel,  -ill,  -yl(l,  9  rummle.  [MK.  rotublen.rum- 
#/<?«,=  MDu.  rommelen.  rummelen  (Du.  rontme- 
lent  Fris.  rommclje} ,  G.  rumnieln^  -j-  rttweln 
05th  c.),  MSw.  rumbla*.  Da.  rumle,  Norw.  rumla. 
of  onomatopoeic  origin,  and  perhaps  properly  a 
LG.  word.] 

1.  intr.  To  make  a  low,  heavy,  continuous  sound  : 
a.  Of  thunder  or  other  natural  causes. 

^1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  1218  Dido,  Among  al  this  to 
rumbelyn  [v.  r.  romblen]  gan  the  heuene.  1480  Robt. 
Devyll  42  All  the  grounds  of  the  noyse  romblecl.  1513 
DOUGLAS  j&neis  iv.  iv.  63  In  the  meyn  quhile,  the  hevinnis 
all  about  With  fellon  noyis,gan  to  rummyll  and  rowt.  1582 
STANYHURST  /Eueis  \\.  (Arb.)  65  A  thundring  In  the  skye 
dyd  rumble.  1602  DKKKER  Honest  \\7h.  Wks.  1873  II.  82 
Romble,  romble  goe  the  waters,  a  1680  Hui  LER  Rein.  (1759) 
f.  198  The  Thunder  And  Lightning  loud  did  rumble.  1756 
P.  BROWNE  Jamaica.  7  The  mountains  rumbled,  cracked, 
and  opened  in  several  places.  1798  COLERIDGE  Anc.  Mar. 
vii.  viii,  A  sound  was  heard.  Under  the  water  it  rumbled 
on.  1832  W.  IRVING  Alhambra  II.  235  A  large  stone. .re 
bounded  from  side  to  side,  rumbling  and  tumbling,  with  a 
noise  like  thunder.  1851  HAWTHORNE  Snow  linage^  etc. 
(1879)  8°  An  earthquake  rumbled  through  the  town.  1872 
JENKINSON  Guide  Eng.  Lakes  (1879)  148  The  waves  are  dis 
tinctly  heard . .,  rumbling  in  a  narrow  and  distant  part. 

Jig.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govt.  Eng.  i.  xlvii.  (1739)  77  The 
Canon-Law,  that  ever  since  Austin's  coming,  like  Thunder, 
rumbled  in  the  Clouds.  1655  FULLER  Ch.  Hist.  in.  xii.  34 
That  thunder  which  long  before  rumbled  in  his  threat nings, 
now  gave  the  crack. 

b.  Of  the  bowels,  or  the  air  in  them. 

1535  COVERDALE  Isaiah  xvi.  ii  Wherfore  my  bely  rom- 
bled  (as  it  had  bene  a  lute)  for  Moabs  sake.  1572  Satir. 
Poems  Reform,  xxxiii.  92  My  bowells  Rumbills  as  thay 
wald  vther  eit.  1602  MARSTON  Ant.  fy  Mel.  i.  Wks.  1856 
I.  16  His  bowels  rumbling  with  wi title  passion.  1684  tr. 
Bonefs  Merc.  Comfit.  YMI.  311  When  the  Belly  rumbles 
without  any  swelling.  1721  MORTIMER  Hu&b.  (ed.  3)  I.  236 
And  when  behind  he  will  be  very  stiff,  and  his  Guts  rumble. 
1797  J.  DOWNING  Disord.  Horned  Cattle  72  The  wind 
rumbleth  in  its  bowels. 

c.  In  miscellaneous  uses. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  367/2  His  thye  beganne  romble 
and  made  soo  grete  a  noyse  that  it  seined  that  the  bone 
brake.  1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  ii.  50  His  timbered  bones  all 
broken  rudely  rumbled.  1638  Jusius  Paint.  Ancients  41 
When  the  wind-shaken  ropes  rumble  and  rustle.  1683 
MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.,  Printing  xi.  P  15  Irregularities  will 
both  Mount  and  Sink  the  Cramp-lions,  and  make  them 
Run  rumbling  upon  the  Ribs.  1848  DICKENS  Dombey  Ivi, 
The  organ  rumbled  and  rolled  as  if  the  church  had  got  the 
colic.  1874  LISLE  CARR  J.  Givynne  I.  i.  20  Those  words  of 
comfortable  wisdom,  which  rumbled  sonorously  overhead. 

Jig.  a  1652  BROMK  Queenes  Exch.  \\.  i,  A  wild  confusion 
rumbles  in  my  brain.  1700  DKYDKN  Wife  of  Bath's  T.  178 
The  counsel  rumbled  till  it  found  a  vent. 

2.  To  move  or  travel  with  a  continuous  murmur 
ing,    or   low,    rolling   sound.     Const.   /*/,  down, 
round)  back,  by^  etc. 

c  1384  CIIAUCCR  Ho.  Fame  ir.  1026  The  grete  soun..that 
rumbleth  vp  and  doun  In  fames  house.  ?  1569  SPENSER 
Vis.  Petrarch  44  A  Spring  of  water  mildely  romblyng 
downe.  1591  SYLVESIEK  Du  Bart  as  \.  \\.  712  It  rouls,  and 
roars,  and  round-round-round  it  rumbles.  1774  GOLDS.M. 
Nat.  Hist,  (1776)  I.  69  Stones,  .rumbling  along  the  sides  of 
the  descent  for  some  time.  1840  DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  xv, 
Some  straggling  carts  and  coaches  rumbling  by.  1893  H. 
VIZF.TELLY  Glance  back  II.  xxiv.  47  The  cab  rumbled  back 
to  town. 

fig.  1861  Sat.  Rev.  Nov.  539  The  story  would  rumble  on 

in  all  its  dreary  integrity.     1863  S.  LUCAS  Secular ia  89  The 

war  that  was  rumbling  past  them  was  no  business  of  theirs. 

b.  transf.  Of  persons :    To  be  conveyed  in  a 

rumbling  vehicle. 

1832  W.  IRVING  Alhambra  II.  182  He  ordered  out  his  car 
riage  of  slate,  and  ..  rumbled  down  the  avenue  of  the 
Alhambra.  1864  G.  MUSGRAVE  Ten  Days  in  Fr.  Parson 
age  I.  iv.  120  We  rumbled  over  the  stones,  1883  Harper's 


Mag.  Feb.  395/1  We  rumbled  away  in  a  sort  of  mourning- 
coach. 

3.  Of  persons  :  f  a.  To  make  a  noise,  disturb 
ance,  or  tumult.  Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCKR  Monk's  T.  555  The  peple  cride,  and  rom 
bled  vp  and  doun,  That  with  his  erys  herde  he  how  they 
seyde.  c  1412  HOCCLEVE  De  Reg.  Princ,  2754  pe  peple 
gan  to  rumble,  &  clappe  &  crye.  1441  Plumpton  Corf. 
(Camden)  p.  Iv,  And  they  went  ro[m]bling  up  the  said  towne 
&  downe;  they  said  openly  [etc.]. 

•f  b.  To  mutter  or  murmur.   Obs. 

c  mpPromp.  Parv.  439/2  Rummelon  or  prively  myslron, 
mnssito, 

G.  To  utter  rumbling  sounds  or  tones. 

1755  H.  WALPOLI-:  Let.  to  Conivay  15  Nov.,  Nugent  roared, 
and  Sir  Thomas  rumbled. 

4.  a.  To  produce  a  rumbling  noise  by  agitating 
or  moving  something,    rare. 

c  1386  CHAI/CF.R  Can,  Yeoui.  Prol.  fy  T.  769  He.. in  the 
water  rombled  to  and  fro.  And  wonder  pryuely  took  vp 
also  The  coper  teyne.  1530  PALSGR.  693/1, 1  romble,  I  make 
noyse  in  a  house  with  remevyng  of  heavy  thynges,  je  chay- 
pcnte.  17..  RAMSAY  Wyfe  of  Auchtcrmnchty  xi,  Quhtjn 
he  bad  rumblit  a  full  lang  hour,  The  sorrow  crap  of  butter 
he  gat. 

fb.  To  toss  about  in  bed  or  on  the  ground.   Obs. 

15..  How  a  Serjeaunt  ivolde  be  a  Frere  247  in  Ha?l. 
E.P.P.  III.  128  They  roule  and  romble,  they  turne  and 
tumble,  as  pygges  do  in  a  poke.  1520  Calisto  <*j-  Melib.  in 
Hazl.  Dodsley  \.  66  Crilo..  I  think  lay  nat  easily,  and  began 
to  rumble.  1581  RICH  Fareiv.  N  j  b,  Lucilla  rumblyng 
from  one  side  of  the  bedde  vnto  the  other,  had  rolled  of  all 
the  clothes. 

f  C.  To  move  boisterously  or  noisily.   Obs. 

1553  Rcspnblica  \.  iii.  263,  I  \volde  fayne  be  shouldering 
S:  rumboling  emonge  them,   c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Pocttis  (S.T.  S.) 
[     ii.  175  Sum  ruscht,  sum  rummy  Id,  and  sum  reild. 

5.  trans,  a.  To  cause  to  move  or  travel  (also 
\    dial,  to  stir  about,  agitate)  with  a  rumbling  sound. 
'<    f  Alsoy?^.  to  revolve. 

1519   HORMAN    Vulgar ia   196  b,  Whan    they   had   longe 

roumbled  this  treson  in  theyr  mynde.     1614  RICH  Honestie 

'    of  Age  (1844)  8  Diogenes  beganne  to  rolle  and  rumble  his 

i     i'ubb.     1632   LUHGOVV   Trav.  x.  467  So  caused  he  euery 

morning,  .his  Coach  to  be  rumbled  at  his  gate.    1825  JAMIK- 

:     SON   Supply  To   Rnunnle,  to  stir  about;  as,  'to  rummle 

'     potatoes  ,  when  mixed  with   any  liquid.     1867-   in  Eng. 

Dial.  Diet. 

b.  To  utter,  run  over,  drone  out,  g\\e  forth,  send 
down,  with  a  rumbling  sound. 

15..   Parl.  Byrdes  63  in    Hazl.  E.P.P.  III.  170  Than 

rombled  the  Doue  for  her  lot,  Folke  may  be  meryand  syng 

not.     1601  DENT  Pathway  to  Heaven  (1603)  196  Then  will 

'     they  rumble  over  their  praies,  or  be  paltering  some  pater 

nosteis.      1686  G.   STUART   JocO'Ser.  Disc.  23  Sometimes 

having  tane  a  fresh-cup,  He'll  rumble  you  out,  'down  drops 

the  Bishop  '.    1858  HAWTHORNE  Fr.  -V  //.  Note-Iks.  (1872)  I. 

i     18  The  organ  was  rumbling  forth  a  deep,  lugubrious  bass. 

iSgzZANGWiLL  Childr.  Ghetto  xii.  I.  255  They  rumbled  and 

j     roared   and  chorused  prayers  with  a  zeal  that  shook  the 

j    window-panes.     1898  KIPLING  Fleet  in  Being-  3  The  Officer 

;     of  the  Bridge  rumbled  requests  down  the  speaking-tube  to 

i     the  engine-room. 

t  C.  ?  To  shake  or  furbish  up.    Obs.—1 
1621  LADY  M.  WROTH  Urania  476  Those  that  were  of  the 
I    age  before,  who  hauing  young  minds  rumbled  vp  their  old 
carcases,  and  rubd  ouer  their  wrinckling  faces. 

d.  slang.  To  put  out,  rule  out,  unceremoniously; 
!    to  handle  roughly. 

1811  Sporting  Mag.  XXXVII.  128  Mr.  Jekyll . .  was  afraid 
I    that  his  client  must  consent  to  be  rumbled  out  of  Court. 
i    1815  Ibid.  XLVI.  65  Croxey  rumbled  his  antagonist  in  the 
first  five  rounds  of  the  combat. 

t  Hu'mble,  v£  Obs.  [ME.  romble,  app.  f. 
rome  ROAM  z>.]  intr.  To  ramble. 

1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  vi.  n  Romynge  [v.r.  romblynge]  in 
remembraunce  thus  icson  mearatede.  1477  NORTON  Ordin. 
Ale  ft.  iii.  in  A.shm.  (1652)  39  This  Science  thei  never  founde, 
. .  But  rumbled  foorth,  and  evermore  they  sought.  1677 
Compl.  Servant-Maid  62  A  routing  stone  never  getteth 
moss, .  .so  if  you  rumble  up  and  down  you  will  gain  but  little 
credit.  1722  RAMSAY  Three  Bonnets  %$  (1877)  II.  380  [She 
would]  Rumble  to  ilka  market-town. 

Ru-mbled,  ppl.  a.    [f.  RUMBLE  z>.i] 

1.  Emitted  as,  given  with,  a  rumbling  sound. 
1582  STANYHURST  sEneis  in.  (Arb.)  88  But  neere  toynctlye 

brayeth  with  rufflerye  rumboled  /Etna.  1898  KlPUNQ/Yr*/ 
in  Bt'ing  75  Try  now  to. .find  a  meaning  in  the  rumbled 
signals  from  the  bridge. 

2.  Mumbled,  scrambled  ;  mashed. 

1879  B'/iam  Weekly  Post  24  May  1/4  Rumbled  eggs  we 
had  particularly  nice.  itygCunib.  Gloss.  SuppL,  Rummet't 
*  tat  it's  t  boiled  potatoes  mashed  and  mixed  with  milk  and 
butter. 

Ku'mbleful.  [f.  RUMBLE  sb.  4.]  The  con 
tents  of  a  rumble. 


lo^y  \,'t.u.rnb.  Journ.  XL  349  Pa  is  kepi  In  agitated  action 
between  his  quiverful  of  arrows  and  his  rumbleful  of 
baggage. 

Rumblega-rie,  a.  Sc.  Also  -gairie.  [prob. 
based  on  RUMBLE  &.1]  '  Disorderly,  having  a 
forward  and  confused  manner '  (Jam.). 

1722  RAMSAY  Three  Bonnets  iv,  Jouk  and  hisrumblegarie 
wife  Drive  on  a  drunken  gaming  life.  1795  BURNS  Let.  to 
G,  Thompson  May,  The  little  one.,  is  the  mo-st  striking  like- 
ness  of  an  ill-deedie,..rumblegai[ie  urchin  of  mine. 

Ruiiiblegtrniptiou.  Sc.  Also  rum(m)el-. 
rum(m)le-.  [Cf.  RUMGUMPTION  and  GUMPTION.] 
Common  sense. 

1787  BURNS  Let.  to  VP.  Nicol  i  June,  Onie  nne  o1  them 
had  as  muckle  smeddum  and  rumblegunitton  as  the  half  o' 
some  ptesbytries  that  you  and  I  baith  ken.  1791  LEARMONT 


RUMBLE-JUMBLE. 


888 


RUMINANT. 


Poems  147  Without  ae  spark  o1  rumelgumphtion.  1868 
Academia  Apr.  377  Who,  devoid  of  rummelgumption, 
Courts  dyspepsy  and  consumption.  1890  BARRIE  Little 
Minister  (1892)  79  That's  just  what  I  am  telling  you,  only 
you  hinna  the  rumelgumption  to  see  it. 

Ru-mble-ju-mble,  adv.  [Cf.  RUMBLE-TUMBLE 
and  JUMBLE  v.~\  In  a  rumbling,  jumbling  manner. 

1887  JEFFERIES  Amaryllis  ix,  So  our  Hves  go  on,  rumble- 
jumble,  like  a  carrier's  cart  over  ruts  and  stones. 

Rumblement.    rare.   =  RUMBLING  vbl,  sb. 

17x9  D'URF EY /*///*  V.  2  Her  Master  heard  a  Rumblement. 
1844  MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett.  1.282,  I  slept  much  better.. in 
spite  of.  .a  considerable  rumblement  of  carts. 

Humbler  (wmblaj).    [f.  RUMBLE  P.  +  -XB!.] 
1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  rumbles  or  makes  a 
rumbling  noise  ;  spec,  a  resounding  line  of  poetry ; 
a  cart  or  carriage. 

1611  FLORIO,  Romoreggiatore,  a  noiser,  a  rumbler.  1670 
KACHARD  Cont.  Clergy  6  Being  bound  to  get.. two  or  three 
hundred  rumblers  out  of  Homer.  1706  BAYNARD  Cold 
Baths  ii.  425,  I  only  trull  'em  a  couple  of  Rumblers.  1748 
RICHARDSOM  Clarissa  IV.  206  The  trisyllables,  and  the 
rumblers  of  syllables  more  than  three.  1836  MAHONY 
Reliq.  Father  Prout  ix.  Songs  France  269  The  rumbler 
jugged  off  from  his  feet.  1874  Slang  Diet.  273  Rumbler,  a 
four-wheeled  cab. 

f  2.   =  RUMBLE  sb.  4.    Obs.-* 

1801  [see  RUMBLE-TUMBLE  i]. 

Ru  mble-tu'mble.  [f.RuMBLKp.  +  TUMBLES;.] 

1.  =  RUMBLE  sb.  4.  ?  Obs. 

1801  W.  FELTON  Carriages  II.  App.  40  The  rumbler,  or 
rumble-tumble  is  a  convenience  fixed  to  the  hind  end  of  the 
carriage,  and  made  to  carry  luggage.  1817  KEATINGE  Tra?>, 
II.  159  The  important  point  whether  the  dicky  or  the 
rumble-tumble  were  the  more  honourable  place.  1858 
LYTTON  What  ivill  He  do  i.  xv,  From  the  dusty  height  of  a 
rumble-tumble.  .Vance  caught  sight  of  Lionel  and  Sophy. 

2.  A  rumbling  coach,  carriage,  or  cart. 

1806  J.  BERESFORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life  vi.  (ed.  3)  1. 118  A 
name  for  a  stage-coach  which  beats  rumble-tumble,  cater 
pillar,  and  every  other  English  nick-name,  out  of  the  field. 
1829  W.  IRVING  LifefyLett.  (1864)!!.  406, 1  leave  Granada 
this  afternoon  at  five  o'clock  in  a  kind  of  rumble  tumble, 
called  aTartana,  on  two  wheels.  1854  Miss  BAKER  Xortti- 
timpt.  Gloss.,  Rumble-Tumble,  a  large,  old-fashioned,  un 
wieldy  carriage. 

3.  A  rough  or  tumbling  motion. 

1878  BROWNING  Poets  Croisic  xxii,  Suiting,  to  rumble- 
tumble  of  the  seas,  The  songs  forbidden  a  serener  clime. 

4.  Scrambled  eggs. 

1879  [see  MUMBLED  2],     i88a  Indian  Outfits,  etc.  77  But 
tered  eggs,  commonly  called  by  the  natives '  rumble-tumble  '. 

Rumblifica-tion.     nonce-word.     Rumbling. 

1835  M.  SCOTT  Cruise  Midge  xiv,  He  treated  us  with  an 
extra  rumblification  in  his  gizzard. 

Ru*mblingf  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RUMBLE  z'.1  Cf. 
MDu.  rommehnge.] 

1.  The  action  of  making  a  rumble  ;  an  instance 
of  this  ;  a  rumbling  noise. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Sompn.  T.  525  The  rumblynge  [t'.r,  rom« 
blyng]  of  a  fart,  and  euery  soun,  Nis  but  of  Eir  reuerbcra- 
cioun.  1533  BELLENDEN  Lity  i.  xii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  69  pan  was 
herd  J>e  huge  rummylling  and  sound  of  brokin  housis  & 
wallis  m  all  partis  bareof.  1584  R.  SCOT  Discov.  Witchcr. 
xv.  xxii.  (1886)  ^365  To  find  out  the  cause  of  noise  and 
spiritual!  rumbling  in  houses.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Traz>,  243 
A  continuall  winde  that  keepeth  a  horrible  rumbling.  1678 
OTWAY  Friendship  in  F.  in.  i,  I  can  act.  .any  thing,  I  can 
act  the  rumbling  of  a  wheelbarrow.  £1738  SWIFT  On  his 
Deafness  Wks.  1751  XIV.  252  At  Thunder  now  no  more  I 
start,  Than  at  the  Rumbling  of  a  Cart.  1756-7  tr.  Keysler's 
Trav.  (1760)  III.  28  In  the  city  of  Naples  were  heard  subter 
raneous  rumblings.  1831  D.  JERROLD.S7.  Giles xxv\\\.  291  His 
heart  throbbing  to  the  rumbling  of  his  coach  wheels.  1880 
GEIKIE  Phys.  Geog.  iv.  xxii.  202  Rumblings  are  heard  like 
the  mutterings  of  distant  thunder. 
b.  \Vith  reference  to  the  bowels. 

1544  PHAER  Regim.  Lyfe  (1553)  G  vj  b,  Colica  passio..is 
knowen  also  by  the  rumlMyng,  which  is  a  noise  in  the 
bowels.  1602  -2nd  Pt.  Return  fr.  Pamass.ui.  m.  1298  Tell 
the  meridian  howre  by  rumbling  of  his  panch.  1684  tr.  i 
Bottefs  Merc.  Coinpit.  vin.  311  If  the  rumbling  be  caused 
by  Bile.. it  may  be  good  to  give  Milk.  1733  CHEYNE  Eng, 
Malady  \\.  ix.  §  6  (1734)  213  Inflation  of  the  Bowels  with 
Rumbling  and  Noise.  1822  GOOD  Study  Med.  (1829)  I.  171 
Borborygmus.  With  frequent  rumbling  of  the  bowels.  1897 
Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  III.  734  As  shewn  by  the  gurgling  and 
rumbling  in  the  bowels. 

f2.  Disturbance,  tumult,  stir.   Obs. 

£1471  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  2;6Ther  was  rennyng  for  the 
sovereynte,  There  was  rorynge  and  rumbelynge,  pete  to 
here.  11510  MORE  Picns\Vks.  15/1,!  maie..be  tossed  in 
the  flode  &  rombeling  of  your  worldly  businesse.  1587 
FLEMING  Contn.  Holinshed  III.  1537/1  The  time  of  queene 
Marie;  in  the  beginning  of  whose  reigne.. there  was  some 
rumbling  thereabout. 

t  3.  Muttering,  murmuring.  Obs.~° 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv,  436/2  Romelynge,  or  privy  myster- 
ynge,  ruminacio,  mussitacio. 

Biivmbling,  ///.  a.  [f.  RUMBLE  z>.i] 
1.  That  rumbles,  in  senses  of  the  verb. 
1575  GASCOIGNE  Certayne  Notes  Instruct.  Wks.  T  iv, 
Rather  searche  the  bottome  of  your  braynes  for  apte  wordes, 
than  chaunge  good  reason  for  rumbling  rime.  1601  B. 
JONSON  Poetaster  in.  iv,  Now,  thunder,  sirrah,  you,  the 
rumbling  plaier.  1631  P.  FLETCHER  Pise.  Eclo°.  ii.  3  His 
songs  more  please  my  ravisht  eare,  Then  rumbling  brooks 
that  with  the  p_ebles  play.  1710  STEELE  Tatter  No.  137 
P  4  A  few  rumbling  Words  and  Consonants  clapped  together, 
without  any  Sense.  1788  WESLEY  Wks.  (1872)  VII.  27  Of 
no  more  value.. than  sounding  brass  or  a  rumbling  cymbal. 
1813  LADY  GRANVILLK  £?tt.  (1894)  1.47  We.,  walked  up  and 
down  the  road  listening  to  every  rumbling  cart.  1847 
VKOWEUL  Anc.  Brit.  Church  x.  104  A  style  at  once  rum- 


bling,  rough,  and  fierce.  1873  W.  BLACK  Pr.  Thule  vi.  87 
He  had  driven  down.. in  a  rumbling  old  trap. 

b.  Of  a  road  :  Causing  carriages  to  rumble. 

?  1756  H.  WALPOLB  Let.  to  Bcntley  Aug.,  The  great  road 
as  far  as  Stamford  is  superb,. .It  is  continued  much  farther, 
but  is  more  rumbling. 

c.  Of  a  drain  :  Formed  of  loose  stones. 

App.  in  allusion  to  the  noise  made  by  the  water ;  but  cf. 

Ru.MMEL  2. 

1799  J.  ROBERTSON  Agric.  Perth  270  In  the  upland  where 
round  stones  are  at  hand,  rumbling  drains  are  most  in  use. 
1894  HESLOP  Nor  thumb.  Gloss.,  Rummlin-cundy,  a  drain . . 
filled  up  to  the  surface  with  loose  stones. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  a  rumble. 

1635  SWAN  Spec,  M.  v.  §  2  (1643)  116  The  rumbling  noise 
which  we  call  Thunder.  1750  Phil.  Trans,  XLVI.  679  The 
hollow  rumbling  Noise,  which  is  usually  heard  in  Earth 
quakes.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  II.  124  A  variety  of 
rumbling,  humming  and  whistling  sounds.  1857  W.  COLLINS 
Dead  Secret  in.  i,  The  low  rumbling  tones  of  his  voice 
ceased  altogether.  1898  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  V.  794  A  kind 
of  rumbling  presystolic  murmur  is  sometimes  heard  at  the 
apex. 

3.  slang.  Rough-and-tumble. 

1815  Sporting  Mag.  XLVI.  129  A  sort  of  rumbling  rally 
followed. 

Hence  Ru'mblingly  adv.  (Webster,  1847). 

Rumbly  (rzrmbli),  a.  [f.  RUMBLE  sb.  +  -Y.] 
Of  a  rumbling  character. 

1881  MRS.  MOLESWORTH.^Z'Z/.  H  err  Baby  73  Baby  was  very 
pleased  to  get ..  out  of  the  rumbly,  rattly  noise.  1894 
KIPLING  isf  "Jungle  Bk.  199^  A  gurgly  rumbly  voice,  called 
out  of  the  darkness  to  the  right. 

Rumbo  l  (rtf'mbtf).  Now  arch.  [?  f.  RUM  sby\ 
A  kind  of  strong  punch,  made  chiefly  of  rum. 

1751  SMOLLETT  Per.  Pickle  ix,  He  had  provided  vast  quan 
tities  of  strong  beer,  flip,  rumbo,  and  burnt  brandy.  1767 
Cries^  of  Blood  68  Having  called  for  some  rumbo,.  .was  stir 
ring  it  with  a  spoon.  1821  SCOTT  Pirate  xxxix,  Hawkins., 
and  Derrick,  .were  regal  ing  themselves  with  a  can  of  rumbo. 
\fa\-Redgauntlet  ch.  xiii,  Will  you  have,  .a  jorum  of  hot 
rumbo?  1889  Cos  AN  DOYLE  Micah  Clarke  106  He  found  a 
hogshead  of  rumbo  which  was  thrown  up  from  a  wreck. 

attrib.  1798  O'KEEFFE  Wild  Oats  \\.  iii,  You  know  that  her 
ladyship,  no  more  than  myself,  has  set  eyes  upon  you  since 
you  was  the  bigness  of  a  rumbo  canakin, 

t  Rumbo  '*.     Cant.     Obs.     (See  quot.) 

Szs  New  Cant.  Diet.,  Rumbo,  a  Prison  or  Gaol. 
umbo  :i.     Nant.  slang.     (See  quot.) 
1867  SMYTH  Sailor's   Word-bk.  585  Rumbo,  rope  stolen 
from  a  royal  dockyard. 

f  Rumbo-ken.     Cant.     Obs.     A  pawn-shop. 

c  1700  Street  Robberies  Considered,  Rumbo  ken,  Pawn 
brokers.  1724  J.  THURMOND  in  Bacchus  fy  Venus  (1737) 
Njb,  Filing  of  aRumbo-Ken,My  Bowman  is  snabbled  again. 

Rum  booze,  bouse  :  see  RUM  a.1  2. 

Rumbostan,  obs.  form  of  RAMBUTAN. 

Rumbowling.  slang.  [?var.ofRoMBOWLiNE.] 
(See  quots.) 

1874  Slang  Diet.  273  Rumbowling,  anything  inferior  or 
adulterated.  1885  N.  D,  DAVIS  in  Academy  5  Sept.  155  Our 
word  rum,  and  the  longer  name  rumbowling,  which  sailors 
give  to  their  grog. 

t  Rumbu'llioil 1.  Obs.  Also  rombullion, 
rumbullian.  [Of  obscure  origin :  cf.  RUMBUS- 

TION.  In. mod.  Devon  dial,  rumbullion  is  used 
in  the  sense  of  *  tumult,  uproar  ',  but  evidence  of 
connexion  is  wanting.]  Rum. 

^1651  in  N.  D.  Davis  Cavaliers  fy  Roundheads  Bar 
bados  (1887)  112  The  chiefe  fuelling  they  make  in  the  Island 
is  Rumbullion,  alias  Kill-Uevill,  and  this  is  made  of  suggar 
canes  distilled,  a  hott,  hellish  and  terrible  liquor.  1660 
LEFROY  Mem.  of  Bermudas  (1879)  II.  139  An  Irishman 
haueing..  vndertaken  to  deliuer  a  caske  of  Rumbullian  to 
the  Gouernors  Negroe  woman.  1673  HUGHES  Amer.  Phy- 
siiian  34  They .  .make  a  sort  of  Strong-  Water,  they  call  Rum 
or  Rumbullion,  stronger  than  Spirit  of  Wjne. 

Rumbullion  2.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  Also  8  rum- 
billion,  rombullion.  [Alteration  of  F.  I\am- 
louillet)  the  name  of  a  town  about  midway  between 
Paris  and  Chartres.] 

1.  A  variety  of  peach. 

1725  Fam.  Diet,  s.  v.  Peach-tree,  The  RumbilHon  is  the 
noblest  and  fairest  of  all  the  yellow  Peaches.  1731  MILLER 
Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Persica,  The  Rumbullion  is  a  middle-siz'd 
Fruit.  1802  FORSYTH  Fruit  Trees  25  The  Rambouillet 
(commonly  called  the  Rumbullion)  is  pretty  large.  1824 
LOUDON  Encycl.  Card.  714  Rambouillet,  Rumbullion. 

2.  A  variety  of  gooseberry. 

1786  ABERCROMBIE  Arr.  in  Card.  Assist.  16  Gooseberries :.. 
Rombullion.  1835  Trans.  Hortic.Soc.  Ser.  11.  I.  231  Rum 
bullion,  .is  a  great  favourite  in  the  gardens  round  London, 
where  it  has  been  grown  upwards  of  forty  years.  1860  HOGG 
Fruit  Man,  87  Gooseberries.  Rumbullion.,  much  grown  for 
bottling. 

Rumbu'stical,  a.  dial,  and  colloq.  Also 
rombustical.  [prob.  an  alteration  of  ROBUSTIO 
a.  +  -AL.]  =  RUMBUSTIOUS. 

1795  Spirit  Publ.  Jrnls.  IV.  221  If  she's  rumbustical  By 


Rumbustious  (r»mb»'stias),  a.  colloq.  Also 
rombustious.  [prob.  an  alteration  of  ROBUSTI 
OUS  a.  Cf.  RUMBUSTICAL.]  Boisterous,  turbulent, 
unruly,  uproarious. 

1778  FOOTE  Trip  to  Calais  i,  The  sea  has  been  rather 
rumbustious,  I  own.  1797  MRS.  A.  M.  BENNETT  Beggar 
Girt  (1813)  V.  156  Miss  Llmor  is  in  one  of  her  rumbustious 
fits  ;  I  must  fetch  the  doctor.  1833  L.  RITCHIE  Wand,  by 
Loire  40  The  only  rumbustious  individual  in  the  whole 
crowd  was  an  itinerant  tooth-drawer.  1863  KINGSLEV  Water- 
Babies  vii,  The  sperm  whales  are  such  raging,  ramping, 
roaring,  rumbustious  fellows.  1894  MRS.  H.  WARD  Marcella 
III.  105  Do  you  think  I  want  to  look  as  rumbustious  as  you? 

Rumbylow,  obs.  form  of  RUMBELOW. 

Rume,  obs.  form  of  ROOM. 

Rumege,  obs.  form  of  RUMMAGE. 

Rumen  (n7-men).  [a.  L.  rftmen  the  throat, 
gullet.]  The  first  stomach  of  a  ruminant  animal. 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.,  In  the  Rumen,  or  first  Ventricle 
of  Camels,  are  found  divers  Sacculi,  which  contain  a  con 
siderable  Quantity  of  Water.  1834  YOUATT  Cattle  427 
(L.U.K.),  There  are  two  openings  into  the  rumen.  1846  J. 
BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  1 1. 143  All  seems  to  go  into 
the  rumen,  and  has  for  awhile  no  power  on  the  cuticular  coat 
of  that  stomach.  1874  T.  HARDY  Far  fr.  Mad.  Crowd  xxi, 
I.  236  He  punctured  the  skin  and  rumen  with  the  lance. 

Rumeth,  obs.  form  of  ROOMTH. 

il  Runiex  (rw-meks).  Bpt.  [L.  rumex  sorrel.] 
A  genus  of  plants  which  includes  the  sorrel  and 
dock  ;  a  plant  of  this  genus. 


THOMSON  Client.  Org.  Bodies  584  Opium  comes  to  this 
country  from  the  Levant  in  rounded  masses.  Its  surface 
is  covered  with  the  seeds  of  a  species  of  rumex.  i874GARRon 
&  BAXTER  A  fat.  Med.  190  Smyrna  opium  occurs  in  masses.  . 
covered  externally  with  the  capsules  of  a  species  of  rumex. 
Rumfle,  v.  App.  a  var.  of  RUMPLE  v. 

1825  J.  NEAL  Bro.  Jonathan  I.  181  It's  no  frolick  for  me 
to  be  rumffled,  or  slobbered.  1904  in  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 

t  Ru'mfordize,  ^.  Obs.  [f.  the  name  of  Sir 
Benjamin  Thompson,Count  (von)  Ritmford(\i^-~ 
1814),  who  invented  a  system  for  curing  smoky 
chimneys.]  trans.  To  improve  (a  chimney)  on 
Count  Rumford's  system. 

1796  COLERIDGE  Lett.  (1895)  I,  209,  1  should  think  we  might 
Rumfordize  one  of  the  chimneys.  1798  —  in  Biog.  Lit.  (1872) 
II.  741  The  landlord  .  .  has  promised  me  to  Rumfordize  the 
chimneys.  1809  European  Mag.  LV.  21  Persons  may  have 
.  .their  kitchen  fireplaces.  .Rumfordized. 
Jig.  1801  Spirit  Publ.  frills.  V.  353  It  is  only  now  wanted 
that  we  should.  .  Rumfordize  our  feelings  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  be  able  to  vie  with  our  wooden-fuelled  neighbours  in 
sensibility. 

Rumfu-stian.     (See  quots.) 

1829  HONE  Year  Bk.  62  Rum  fustian  Is  a  'night  cap', 
made  precisely  in  the  same  way  [as  egg-flip].  1862  JERRY 
THOMAS  How  to  mix  Drinks  (New  York)  72  Runifustian, 
..a  drink  very  much  in  vogue  with  English  sportsmen, 
after  their  return  from  a  day's  shooting.  1900  A.  M. 
KARLE  Stage-Coach  <$•  Tavern  Days  v.  101  Rumfustian  was 
made  of  a  quart  of  strong  beer,  a  bottle  of  wine  or  sherry, 
half  a  pint  of  gin,  the  yolk  of  twelve  eggs,  orange  peel, 
nutmeg,  spices,  and  sugar. 

Rumfu-stianish,  a.     (See  quot.) 

1833  Fraser's  Mag.  VII.  706  The  round-about,  hubble- 
bubble,  rumfustianish,  ..  roly-poly  growlery  of  [Carlyle's] 
style,  so  Germanically  set  forth. 


Rhine  319 

1881  Atfanseum  20  Aug.  253/2  The  whole  performance  is 
robust  and,  if  the  use  of  such  a  term  may  be  pardoned,  a 
trifle  'rumbustical1, 

t  RumbU'Stion.     06s~l     In  7  rombostion. 
[Cf.  RUMBULLION  *.]     Rum. 

1652  Mercurius  Politicus  No.  90. 1435  Partly  [through]  the    ' 
Brandewin  wherewith  we  have  furnish  t  him,  the  spirits  of 
Rombostion,  which  our   men   there  make  him,  and  other 
good  hopes  we  give  him,  he  becomes  very  valiant. 


. 

gumption  (r»mgt?'m|3n).  Chiefly  St. 
and  north.  [Cf.  GUMPTION  and  KUMBLEGUMPTION.] 
Common  sense. 

c  1770  BEATTIE  To  Alex.  Ross  xv,  They  need  nae  try  thy 
jokes  to  fathom  ;  They  want  rumgumption.  1785  SHIRREFS 
Poems  (1790)  321  But  sure  it  wad  be  gryte  presumption,  In 
ane  whahassaesma*  rumgumption.  \tyfoSlang  Diet.  (ed.  2} 
203  Ruwgum$tion%  or  gumption,  knowledge,  capacity,  cap 
ability.  1872  pE  VERE  Americanisms  484  There  is  no 
excuse,  as  there  is  no  need,  for  the  corruption  rumgumption, 
common  in  England. 

Rumgu'mptious.  dial.  Also  8  -gumshaws. 
[Cf.  prec.]  (See  quots.) 

1781  HUTTON  Tour  to  Caves  Gloss,  (ed.  2)  95  Runtgum- 
shaivs,  violent,  bold,  and  rash,  a  1825  FORBY  Voc,  E.Angliat 
RiutigumptiouS)  sturdy  in  opinion  ;  rough  and  surly  in  as 
serting  it.  1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss.,  R  urn-Gumption  st 
forward  and  queer. 

Ru'niicin.  Chem.  Also  -ine.  [f.  L.  rutrric-, 
rumex  sorrel  -f  -IN.]  (See  quots.) 

1864  WATTS  tr.  Gmelin's  Hand-Bk.  Chem.  XVI.  172  The 
lapathin  obtained  from  the  root  of  Rumex  Hydrolapathum 
.  .  which  was  prepared  by  Geiger  .  .  and  Riegel  .  .in  a  state  of 
greater  purity  asruinicin.  1887  T.  L.  BstWTOH/'AanKagpi 
logy  (ed.  3)  ion  It  [the  yellow  dock]  contains  tannic  acid 
and  rumiclne,  which  is  identical  with  chrysophanic  acid. 

Rumidge,  obs.  form  of  RUMMAGE. 

Ru'ininal,  a.     '  Ruminant*  (Webster,  1864). 

Ruminant  (r/rminant),  sb.  and  a.  [ad.  L. 
ruminant-^  pr.  pple.  of  riiminari  or  rummare  to 
RUMINATE.  Cf.  F.  ruminant,  Pg.  and  It.  rumin- 
ante,  Sp.  rumiante,'] 

A.  sb.  An  animal  that  chews  the  cud  ;  one  of 
the  Rnminantia, 

1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Anim.  $  Min.  Isagoge  a^b,  Four- 
footed  beasts  which.  .are  either  cornigerous  ruminants..  or 
ruminants  without  homes,  as  the  Camel,  dromedary.  1714 
DERHAM  Phys.-Thcol.  iv.xi,  (1739)  635  The  Description  these 
give  of  the  muscular  Part  of  the  Gullet..  is  very  exact  in 
Ruminants.  1806  Phil.  Trans.  XCVI.  370  The  ruminants 
with  horns.  .have  two  prep.iratory  stomachs  for  the  food 


RUMINANTIA. 

previous  to  rumination.  1847  W.  C.  L.  MARTIN  The  Ox 
31/1  Peculiarities  which  distinguish  between  the  ruminants 
and  all  other  herbivorous  quadrupeds.  1879  tr.  Semper  $ 
Anim.  Life  32  No  one  will  expect  to  find,  .buffaloes,  stags, 
and  other  Ruminants  in  Australia. 

Comb.  1883  Encycl.  Brit.  XV.  417  The  complex  ruminant- 
like  organ  of  the  Lemming. 

B.  adj.  1.  Chewing  the  cud,  ruminating. 

1691  RAY  Creation  n.  (1692)  125  They  [sc.  camels]  are 
Ruminant Creatures,and  have  fourStomacks.  I774GOLDSM. 
Nat.  Hist.  (1824)  I.  337  Of  all  ruminant  animals,  those  of 
the  Cow  kind  deserve  the  first  rank.  1822  GOOD  Study 
Med.  (1829)  I.  4  In  the  ruminant  animals.. the  alimentary 
canal  is  twenty-seven  times  the  length  of  the  body.  1882 
Knowledge  Aug.  159  A  curious  mixture  of  the  characters  of 
Pigs  and  Ruminant  animals. 

t  b.  Astr.     Represented  by  ruminant  animals. 

1679  MOXON  Math.  Diet.  133  Ruminant  Signs,  are  those 
Signs  of  the  Zodiack  represented  by  Creatures  that  use  that 
Quality,  viz.  Aries,  Taurus,  and  Capricorn. 

2.  Contemplative,  meditative. 

184$  THOREAU  Week  Concord  Riv.  Monday  131  Arabia, 
Persia,  and  Hindostan,  the  lands  of  contemplation  and  dwell 
ing  places  of  the  ruminant  nations.  1860  RUSIUN  Mod. 
Paint.  V.  ix.  v.  §  10  He  enjoys  a  quiet  misty  afternoon  in  a 
ruminant  sort  of  way.  1883  Cent.  Mag.  Sept.  746  One  of 
the  long-haired  ruminant  men  stood  up. 

Hence  Ru  minantly  adv. 

1847  WEBSTER,  Ruminantly,  by  chewing.  1893  Scribner's 
Mag^.  June  787/1  'You  are  an  angel,  Fred,'  she  repeated, 
ruminantly. 

(I  Kuminantia  (mminse'nj'a).  [L.,  neut.  pi. 
of  the  pres.  pple.  of  rumindrl  or  ruminare  to 
RUMINATE.]  The  class  of  ruminant  animals. 

1830  R.  KNOX  Beclard's  Anat.  325  In  the  carnivora,  the 
ruminantia,..the  hemispheres.. cover  a  part  of  the  cere 
bellum.  1870  FLOWER  Osteal.  Mamm.  (1876)  77  In  the 
Ruminantia  there  are  usually  seven  segments  altogether  in 
the  sternum. 

Rivmiliate,  a,  Bot.  rare.  [ad.  L.  rumindt- 
j/s,  pa.  pple,  of  ruminari-.  see  next.]  =  RUMIN 
ATED  ppl.  a.  2. 

1830  LINDLEV  Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  280  Albumen.. either  rumin 
ate,  or  furnished  with  a  central  or  ventral  cavity.  1835  — 
Introd.  Bot.  (1839)  466  Ruminate,  when  a  hard  body  is 
pierced  in  various  directions  by  narrow  cavities  filled  with 
dry  cellular  matter. 

Ruminate  (r/7-min^t),  v.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of  L. 
rnminari  or  rnmindre^  f.  rumen  RUMEN.] 

1.  trans*  To  revolve,  turn  over  and  over  in  the 
mind;  to  meditate  deeply  upon. 

1533  ELYOT  Cast.  Helthe  in.  xi.  65  Let  hlm.,accustome 
him  selfe  to  behold,  and  inarke  well  them  that  be  angry, 
with  the  successe  of  that  anger,  and  ruminate  it  in  his 
mynde  a  good  space  after.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  VI^  v. 
v.  101  Conduct  me,  where  from  company,  I  may  reuolue 
and  ruminate  my  greefe.  1607  J.  CARPENTEK  Plaine  A/ans 
Plough  151  In  this  circulatory  motion,  wee  shuld  ruminate 
Pauls  wheele  of  fourteen  spokes.  1642  H.  MORR  Son&of 
Soul  ir.  i.  m.  viii,  While  I  m  sullen  rage  did  ruminate  The 
Creatures  vanity  and  wofull  state.  1726  SHELVOCKE  Voy. 
round  IVorld  240,  I  had  a  damp  upon  my  spirits,  when  I 
ruminated  within  myself  the  certain  and  unavoidable  diffi 
culty.  1791  BURKE  Let.  Member  of  Nat.  Assembly  Wks. 
1842  I.  481  When  the  guilty  themselves  do  not  choose.. by 
ruminating  their  offences,  [to]  nourish  themselves,  .to  the 
perpetration  of  future  crimes. 

b.  To  meditate,  consider  (a  design,  etc.)  with 
a  view  to  subsequent  action. 

1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A.  v.  ii.  6  To  ruminate  strange  plots  of 
dire  Reuenge.  1590  GREENE  Or/.  Fur.  (Rtldg.)  95  Thou 
that  ruminatest  to  thyself  a  catalogue  of  privy  conspiracies. 
1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Trav.  (ed.  2)  101  Shee  ruminates  a 
thousand  severall  sorts  of  revenge.  1655  MILTON  znd  Def. 
Eng.  People  Wks.  1851  VIII.  251  When  Salmasius  was 
anxiously  ruminating  how  he  might  reestablish  his  ruined 
character.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  xx.  8  Ruminating  wrath,  he 
scorns  repose.  1740-1  RICHARDSON*  Pamela  (1824)  I.  xii.  23, 
I  went  in,  and  began  to  ruminate  with  myself  what  I  had 
best  to  do. 

t  c.  With  personal  object.  Obs.~~l 

1606  SHAKS.  Tr.  $  Cr.  11.  iii.  198  The  proud  Lord,  That., 
neuer  suffers  matter  of  the  world  Enter  his  thoughts  :  saue 
such  as  doe  reuolue  And  ruminate  himselfe. 

2.  To  chew,  turn  over  in  the  mouth,  again. 
1609  BIBLE  (Douay)  Song  Sol.  vii.  9  Like  the  best  wine 

worthy  for  my  beloved  to  drink,  and  for  his  lips  and  his 
teeth  to  ruminate.  1806  Phil.  Trans.  XCVI.  364  That 
liquor,  which  does  not  require  to  be  ruminated,  is  conveyed 
directly  to  the  fourth  stomach. 

b.  In  fig.  contexts,  approximating  to  sense  i. 
1617  COLLINS  Def._  Bf.  of  Ely  n.  x.  529  Thus  does  he 
ruminate  and  re-ruminate  his  cud  againe.  a  1635  CORBETT 
Her  Boreale  43  Because  he  neede  but  ruminate  that  ore 
Which  he  had  chew'd  the  Sabbath-day  before.  1849 
MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  iii.  I.  393  Literature  which  could  be 
carried  by  the  post  bag.. formed  the  greater  part  of  the  in 
tellectual  nutriment  ruminated  by  the  country  divines  and 
country  justices.  1884  R.  PATON  Scott.  Church  xiv.  148 
Like  a  clean  animal,  ruminating  it,  he  turned  it  into  most 
sweet  verse. 

3.  intr.  To  chew  the  cud.     Alsoy?^. 

1547  Homilies  i.  Holy  Script. ,  Let  vs  ruminat,  and  (as  it 
werejchewe  the  cudde,  that  we  may  haue  the  swete  Joyse, 
.  .taste, .  .and  consolacion  of  them.  1579-80  NORTH  Plutarch 
(1612)  21  The  beasts  feeding  there,  were  wont  to  come  under 
the  same  [tree].., and  there  did  ruminate.  1661  LOVEI.L 
Hist,  of  Anim.  $  Min.  Isagoge  asb,  Cornigerous  rumin 
ants..,  or  not  ruminating ;  as  the  Hogge.  1676  GREW 
M-ussrnW)  Anat.  Stomach  fy  Guts  vi.  26  Of  divers  Beasts 
which  Ruminate,  thus  much  is  true.  1712  ADDISON  Sficct. 
No.  471  p  2  Those  Repositories  in  several  Animals,  that  are 
filled  with  Stores  of  their  former  Food,  on  which  they  may 
ruminate.  1791  BOSWELL  Johnson  (1831)  I.  498  He  made 
various  sounds  with  his  mouth  ;  sometimes  as  if  ruminating, 

VOL.  VIII. 


889 


oo,  an 
ruminated. 

transf.  1638  RAWLEV  tr.  Bacon's  Life  fy  Death  (1650)  41 
That  the  Spirits  of  the  Wine  may  have  whereupon  to 
ruminate  and  feed. 

4.  To 


. 

Scot.  Li.  ii  Those  noble  lines  in  which  Byron  makes  the 
dying  gladiator  ruminate  over  the  coming  vengeance  for  his 
fate.  1874  SVMONUS  Sk.  Italy  $  Greece  (1898)  I.  xvi.  3.18 
He  ruminated  on  his  melancholy. 


.  .         . 

Distr.  Emperor  v.iv.  in  Bullen  O.  PL,  Let  us  witli- 
nd  in  pryvale  rumynat  our  Delves  together. 
- 


Rii'miiiated,  ///.  a.     [f.  RUMINATE  z>.] 

1.  Meditated,  considered,  digested. 

1605  BACON  Adv.  Learn,  n.  ii.  §  12  Which  kind  of  Rumin 
ated  History  I  thinke..nt  to  place  amongst  Bookes  of 
policie.  c  1630  DONNE  Serin,  ix.  83  It  is  a  second,  a  Rumin 
ated,  a  reflected  Knowledge. 

2.  Bot*    Presenting  a  chewed  appearance  ;  per 
meated  by  striae  ;    striated,  marbled. 

_  1833  LINDI.EY  Introd.  Bot.  (1839)  I.  ii.  249  It  is  perforated 
in  every  direction  by  dry  cellular  tissue..:  in  this  state  it  is 
said  to  be  ruminated.  1849  BALFOUR  Man.  Bot.  281  The 
albumen  may  ..  present  a  mottled  appearance,  as  in  the 
Nutmeg,  .  .and  some  Palms.  .  ,  where  it  is  called  ruminated. 
1874  GARROD  &  BAXTER  Mat.  Med.  387  When  split  open, 
the  albumen  is  seen  to  be  ruminated;  the  cut  surface  re 
sembling  that  of  a  nutmeg. 

3.  Subjected  to  rumination  or  re-chewing. 

1859  Todd's  Cycl.  Anat.  V.  303/1  A  muscular  fold  forms 
a  direct  pathway  for  the  ruminated  food. 

Ru'minating,  ///.  a.    [f.  RUMINATE  z/.] 

1.  Chewing  the  cud  ;  ruminant, 

1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud.  Ep.  141  Some  have  foure 
stomacks,  as  honied  and  ruminating  animals.  1688  BOYLE 
Final  Causes  iv.  191  Oxen  and  sheep,  and  many  other 
ruminating  beasts.  I7I3DERHAM  Phys.-Theol.  iv.  xi.  (1739) 
638  The  curious  Contrivance  and  Fabrick  of  the  several 
Ventricles  of  ruminating  Creatures.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat. 
Hist.  (1776)  III.  3  The  bowels  of  a  ruminating  animal  may 
be  considered  as  an  elaborately.  i8o6/V«Y,  Trans.  XCVI. 
370  The  following  gradation  of  ruminating  stomachs  is 
established.  1870  GILLMORE  tr.  Figuier's  Reptiles  <y  Birds 
ii.  42  Various  ruminating  quadrupeds,  as  Deer  and  Goats. 

2.  Contemplative,  meditative. 

a  1704  LOCKE  Conduct  of  the  Understanding  xx,  We  are 
of  the  ruminating  kind.  1780  COWPER  Progr.  Error  24 
From  thoughtless  youth  to  ruminating  age.  1842  LOVER 
Handy  Andy  ii,  He  then  took  a  ruminating  walk.  1848 
DICKENS  Dombey  xlix,  A  ruminating  tone  of  sympathy. 

1863  Pall  Mall  G.  19  May  n  The  peculiarity  of  Tocque- 
ville's  intellect  was  its  ruminating  character. 

Hence  Bu-miuatingly  adv. 

1872  GEO.  ELIOT  Middlem.  iv.  260  She  did  not  answer  at 
once,  but  after  looking  down  ruminatingly  she  said  [etc.]. 
1886  Temple  Bar  Mag.  LXXVI.sso  He  gazed  ruminatingly 
at  the  view. 

Rumination  (rwmin^-Jan).  [ad.  L.  riimin- 
atio  :  see  RUMINATE  v.  and  -ATION.  So  F.  rumi 
nation  t  It.  ruminazione.] 

1.  Contemplation,  meditation. 

1600  SHAKS.  A.Y.  L.  iv.  i.  19  In  which  my  often  rumination 
wraps  me  in  a  most  humorous  sadnesse.  1658  J.  ROBINSON 
Endoxa  iii.  26  If  at  any  times  .  .  we  sin,  by  rumination  on  the 
foregoing  signs,  we  may  draw  fresh  solace.  1740  CIBBER 
Afol.  (1756)  I.  267  Like  the  ideas  of  a  delightful  spring  in  a 
winter's  rumination.  1744  THOMSON  Autumn  574  From  his 
bury'd  Flock  Retiring,  full  of  Rumination  sad.  i84oTHiRi.- 
WALL  Greece  Hii.  VII.  15  To  throw  away  life.  .in  frivolous 
amusements,  or  useless  austerities,  or  indolent  rumination. 

1864  G.  MUSGRAVE  Ten  Days  in  Ft:  Parsonage  II,  ii.  42 
The  mind  wanders  into  endless  rumination. 

b.  //.  Meditations,  thoughts,  reflections. 
1638  RAWLF.Y  tr.  Bacon's  Life  fy  Death  (1651)  33  Rumina 
tions  of  joy  in  the  Memory  ..  are  good.  1797-1805  S.  & 
HT.  LEE  Canterb.  T.  II.  540  In  my  lonely  ruminations  I 
called  to  mind  a  coffer.  1816  SCOTT  Antiq,  xxiii,  Each 
being  wrapped  in  his  own  unpleasant  ruminations.  1876 


RUMMAGE. 

GEO.  ELIOT  Dan.  Der.  ix,  If  the  Arrowpoints  had  such 
ruminations. 

2.  The  action  of  chewing  the  cud. 

1658  in  PHILLIPS.  1676  GREW  Musseum,  Anat.  Stomach  * 
Guts  vi.  25  The  Voluntary  Motion  of  the  Stomach,  is  that 
only  which  accompanies  Rumination.  1713  DERHAM  Phys.- 
T/ieol.  iv.  xi.  (1739)  638  The  very  Act  itself  of  Rumination  is 
an  excellent  Provision  for  the  compleat  Mastication  of  the 
Food.  1800  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  I.  i.  Pref.  p.  vi,  They  [the  PC- 
cora\  possess  the  remarkable  power  of  rumination.  1846  J. 
BAXTER  Libr.  Pract.  Agtic.  (ed.  4)  II.  151  When  rumination 
ceases,  .this  is  a  most  serious  business,  itigj  Allbntfs  Syst. 
Med.  III.  473  Regurgitation  and  even  rumination  of  the 
upcast  food  are  curious  features  of  some  cases  of  nervously 
irritable  stomach. 

Ruminative  (rw-min^tiv),  a.  [f.  RUMIKATK 
v.  +  -IVE.]  Contemplative,  meditative. 

1841  HOR.  SMITH  Moneyed  Alan  III.  xi.  305  Our  minds  be 
coming  ruminative,  we  find  a  calm  delight  in  chewing  the 
cud  of  memory.  1855  A-  MANNING  O.  Chelsea  Bun-ho.  xii. 
207  [She]  was  a  ruminative  womnn  of  few  words.  1881 
Harper's  Monthly  LXIII.353  The  flabby  judge  sat  awhile 
ruminative. 

Hence  Rirniinatively  adv. 

i8B8  FARJEON  Miser  Fa  rein-other  II.  xix.  253  '  A  long  way 
oflf,'  said  Jeremiah  ruminatively.  1893  F.  ADAMS  A 'e:<>  J'-gypt 
\1  \  Nubar  reposes  ruminatively  on  the  shelf. 

Rlim  ill  a  tor  (r«'mm#!te.l),  [a.  L.  rftminator^ 
n  gent -noun  f.  riiwinarl  to  RUMINATK.  Cf.  It. 
ntminatore.]  One  who  ruminates. 

1598  FLORIO,  Ritminatore^  a  ruminat  or,  a  chewer  of  the 
cud.  1611  COTGR.,  Rewaschcur,  a  ruminator. 

1813  SIR  E.  BRVDGES  (////(.•),  The  Ruminator,  containing  a 
Series  of  Moral,  Critical,  and  Sentimental  Essays.  1827 
SOUTHEY  Hist.  Penins.  War\\.  440  At  all  hours  of  the  day, 
some  idlers  or  ruminators  were  seen  on  the  marble  benches. 
i849QuiNTON  Heaven's  Antidote  44  The  dominant  mood  of 
the  ruminator. 

tXfruxuine,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  F.  rtiminerm 
L.  rzlminari.]  To  ruminate. 

1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  i.  vi.  44  As  studious  Scholar 
he  self-rumineth  His  lessons  given.  a  1618  —  Maided  s 
Blush  qzi  Inlie  reioycing,  deepely  rumining,  All  in  his  minde 
maturely  pondering. 

Rumis(h,  variants  of  RUMMISH  v.  Obs. 

Rivmkin1.  Now  arch.  Also  7  romekin, 
rumken.  [app.  of  LG.  origin.]  Some  kind  of 
drinking. vessel. 

a.  1636  DAVENAST  Wits  iv.  H  ivb,  Wine,  ever  flowing  in 
large  Saxon  RomekinsAbout  my  board.  1668—  News/font 
Pliiuoiitli  in.  i,  I'll  come,  e're  you  can  pledge  Two  Rome- 
kins  of  Wine! 

0.  1656  in  Festive  Songs  (Percy  Soc.)  68  Ale  in  Saxon 
rumken  then,  Such  as  will  make  grim  Malkin  prate.  1664 
COTTON  Scarron.  108  With  that  she  set  it  to  her  nose  And 
off  at  once  the  Rumkin  goes.  1801  LAMB  John  Wootivil\it 
Ale  in  a  Saxon  rumkin  then,  makes  valour  burgeon  in  tall 
men.  1823  Blackiv.  Mag.  XIV.  521  Put  it  not  into  bottle  or 
jug,  Cannikin,  rumkin,  flagon,  or  mug. 

Ru'mkin  2.  [app.  f.  RUMP  *£.I  +  -KIN.]  The 
Persian  rumpless  or  tailless  cock  or  hen. 

a  i6jz  WILLUGHBY  Ornith.  \\.  x.  (1676)  noGallum  Per- 
sicum..Hoc  genus  etiam  a  nostratibus  alitur,  &  nomiullis 
Rumkinsdicitur.  Ibid.  PI.  26  Callus  ex  Persia,  a  Rumkin. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  n.  251/2  The  Persian  Cock. .wants 
a  rump  and  tail ;.  .with  us  they  are  generally  called  Rum- 
kines.  1776  A.  RUSSELL  Aleppo  63  The  rumkin,  or  cock  and 
hen  without  rumps.  1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVIII.  65/1  The 
Rumpless  or  Persian  Cock,  or  '  Rumkin  ',  as  it  was  formerly 
termed,  Is  tailless.  1849  D*  J*  BROWNE  Amer.  Poultry  IV. 
(1865)  282  The  feathers  of  the  variety  of  fowls  called  '  rum- 
kins  '.  .areas  much  proof  against  rain  as  those  of  other  fowls. 

Ru'mlar.  rare  -'.  [app.  f.  RUMMEL,  after 
ashlar.]  Rough  stone. 

1829  J.  HODGSON  in  Raine  Mem.  (1858)  II.  161  Layers  of 
basaltic  rumlar  work  between  each  flatting  of  the  mortar. 

RirmleSS,  a.  [f.  RUM  ^.^  +  -LESS.J  Desti 
tute  of  rum. 

1882  Pall  Mall  G.  25  Nov.  4  The  men  not  unreasonably 
refused  point  blank  to  navigate  the  Kara  Sea  in  arumless  Ibis. 

Ru'mly,  adv.  slang,  [f.  RUM  a^  and  #.- 
+  -LY  -.]  a.  JJravely,  finely,  b.  Oddly,  strangely. 

1673  R.  HEAD  Cant.  Acad.  29  We  concluded  to  booz  it 
rumly.  a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Cre~t<t  Riunly^  bravely, 
cleaverly,  delicately,  &c.  1819  Blackiv.  Mag.  IV.  727 
Touch'd  with  grief  to  see  His  pal.. Thus  rumly  floor'd. 

Hummadan,  obs.  form  of  RAMADAN. 

Rummage  (rP'midfl), $£•  Forms:  6-7  rom- 
age,  rooraage,  7  rommage,  rumidg,  8,  9  rum 
mage.  [Orig.  an  aphetic  adoption  of  older  F. 
(also  Sp.)  arrumage  (mod.  arr image} t  f.  arrumer 
(mod.  «m'/;w),  =  Sp.  and  Pg.  arrumart  of  doubt 
ful  origin.  In  later  nse  f.  the  verb.] 

1.  t  *•  Naut.  The  arranging  of  casks,  etc.,  in 
the  hold  of  a  vessel.  Obs. 

1526  in  Househ.  Ort/.djgo)  195  Cellaridge,  Cranage,  Spon- 
age,  Romage,  and  Carriclge  of  Wine,  ^TOOOJ-,  od.  1688 
HOLME  Armoury  in.  xv.  (Roxb.)  40/1  The  Quarter  Maister 
hath  the  charg  _of  the  hould  for  stowage,  rommage,  and 
trimming  the  ship. 

b.  Miscellaneous  articles,  lumber;  rubbish. 
1598  W.  PHILLIP  tr.  Linschotcn  151  Among  other  romage 

that  stood  vpon  the  hatches,  there  were  certaine  hennes  cages. 
Hid.  168  All  chestes,  pottes,  fattes,  and  other  roomage  that 
are  not  stowed  vnder  hatches,  being  throwne  ouer  borde  into 
the  sea.  1847  HALLIW.,  Rummage,  lumber,  rubbish.  West. 
1880  Cornwall  Gloss.,  Rummage^  rubbish.  'A  good  rid 
dance  to  bad  rummage.' 

t  c.    Place    of   stowage   or   storage ;    storage 
capacity.   Obs. 
1598  W.  PHILLIP  tr,  Linschoten  164  They  likewise  haue  a 

112 


RUMMAGE. 

Chest  in  the  roomage,  free  of  fraight.  a  1639  WOTTON  Surv. 

Educ.  in  Reliq,  (1672)  81  In  the  Oeconormcal  Providence  of 

Nature,  (as  I  may  term  it,)  there  is  good  store  of  roomage 

and  receipt  where  those  powers  are  stowed. 
2.  Bustle,  commotion,  turmoil.  Obs.  exc.  Sc* 
1575  Durh.  Deposit.  (Surtees)  304  Ther  was  such  a  dyn  and 


post-hast, 0 

Diet.  IV.  77/i  R*attma£ttua  obstreperous  din. 

3.  An  overhauling  search. 

1753  H.  WALPOLE  Lett.  {1846)  II.  476  A  general  rummage 
and  reform  in  the  office  of  matrimony.  1786  MME.  D'ARBLAY 
Diary  29  July,My  rummages  and  business  sometimes  occupy 
me  uninterruptedly  to  those  hours.  1813  MOORE  Mem.  (1853) 
I.  364,  I  took  the  opportunity  of  a  lift  to  come  on  here  for  a 


1873  C.  KKI;NK  Let.  in  Life  vii.  (1802)  148,  I  shall  have  a 
rummage  for  it  among  the  old  music-book  shops. 

b.  spec.  A  thorough  search  of  a  vessel  by  a 
Customs  examining  officer.  Also  attrih. 

1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  l\'ord-bk,  585.  1876  G.  D.  HAM  Rev. 
^  Mercantile  Vade-M.  274  The  Examining  Officer  and  the 
waterman  is  to  ..  make  a  strict  rummage  in  all  parts  of  the 
vessel.  Ibid.  635  To  make  a  memorandum  to  that  effect  at 
the  foot  of  the  rummage  account. 

4.  Special  combs.:  rummage  goods  (see  quot. 
1871);  rummage  sale  (a]  (see  quot.  1858);  (b)  a 
kind  of  charity  bazaar. 

1871    Echo  25   Jan.,   Seizures    made  for  smuggling   and 


(a)  1858  Si  MMONDS  Z?/<:/.  7  Vrt^,  *R  11  mm  age -sale,  a  clearance    ' 
sale  of  unclaimed  goods  at  the  docks,  or  of  odds  and  ends  left    j 
in  a  warehouse.      1887  Times  30  Nov.  i  Rummage  Sale,  by 
order  of  the  proprietors  of  Wilson's  Wharf,  (b)  1890  Stratford 
on  Avon  Herald  19  Dec.  3/1  A  novel  but  most  successful 
experiment  was  tried  by  way  of  what  was  termed  a  "rummage 
sale'.  1895  N.fyQ.  8th  Ser.  VIII.  308  It  is  almost  impossible 
lo  dispose  of  gentlemen's  hats  at  rummage  sales. 

Rummage  (rzrmedg),  v.  Forms  :  6  roomage, 
7  roome(d;ge ;  6-7  romege,  6-9  romage,  7  rom- 
mage,-idge;  6-7  rummidge,  7  -ige,  rumidg(e, 
7-8  rumage,  7-  rummage,  [f.  the  sb.] 

I.  trans.  1 1.  Naut.  a.  To  arrange,  or  re 
arrange  (goods)  in  the  hold  of  a  ship.  Also 
generally,  to  arrange,  put  in  order.  Obs. 

1544  Admiralty  Court  Libels  No.  55,  The  romeger  whiche 
they  appoynted.  .to  romege  caske  wares  in  the  said  shipp  did 
romege  at  the  same  tyme  the  said  annyse  sed.  1598  HAKLUYT 
Voy.  I.  300  To  give  the  master.,  a  good  reward  for  his  labour 
to  see  the  goods  well  rpmaged.  1622  MARKHAM  Decades 
Warre  in.  vi,  103  Hee  is  continually  to  haue  attending  on 
him.  .Porters  and  luggage  Carriers,  to  rummage  and  order 
things  according  to  his  directions.  17*5  DE  FOE  Voy.  round 
l-Vorhi  (1840)  103  We  careened  our  ships,,  .rummaged  our 
gold,  and  repacked  some  of  our  provisions. 

t  b.  To  set  in  order,  put  straight  (a  ship,  the 
hold)  by  rearranging  the  cargo.  Obs. 

IjT^ToWRSON  in  Hakhtyt  (1599)  II.  n.  46  The  14  day  we 
sent  m  our  boats  to  take  water,  and  romaged  our  shippes. 
1622  R.  HAWKINS  Voy.  S.  Sea  (1847)  86  The  most  of  those 
which  had  health, occupied  themselves  in  romeging  our  ship. 
1625  in  j.  S.  Corbett  Fighting  histr.  (1905)  69  The  hold  in 
every  ship  should  be  rummaged  and  made  predy,  especially 
by  the  ship's  sides. 

2.  Naut.  a.  To  search  thoroughly,  ransack  (the 
hold  of  a  vessel,  etc.). 

1628-9  DIGBY  Voy.  Medit*  (Camden)  4  An  other  English 
man  of  warre  that  had  detained  him  all  night  and  rummiged 
his  hold  and  opened  his  letters.  1697  DAMPIER  Voy.  (1699) 
174  We  rummaged  our  Prize,  and  found  a  few  lioxes  of  Mar- 
malade.  1719  DE  KOK  Crusoe  I.  64  Tho1 1  thought  I  had 
rumag'd  the  Cabin  so  effectually,  as  that  nothing  more  could 
be  found,  yet  I  discover'd  a  Locker  with  Drawers  in  it.  1739 
LABELYE  Piers  IVestm.  Bridge  19  By  means  of  these  Booms 
we  could  inclose  the . .  Boats  and  Vessels  from  being  damaged 
or  rumaged,  either  by  Day  or  Night.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist. 
Eng.  x.  II.  561  A  set  of  pirates  who,  under  pretence  of 
searching  for  arms  or  delinquents,  rummaged  every  boat 
that  passed.  1876  SMILES  Sc.  Naiur.  v.  (ed.  4)  82  They  are 
about  to  rummage  the  ship  from  stem  to  stern  for  runaways. 
b.  spec,  ot  Customs  officers  in  discharge  of  their 
duty. 

176$  Ann.  Reg.  112  The  powers  of  the  officers  of  the  customs 
to  rummage  ships  with  lights.  1812  J.  SMYTH  Pract.  Cus 
toms  i  The  Tide-surveyor  is  to  rummage  the  Ship,  in  order 
to  detect  the  concealment  of  any  small  packages  of  Goods, 
which  are  liable  to  Duty,  or  are  prohibited  to  be  imported. 
1863  A.  YOUNG  Naut.  Diet.  (ed.  2)  s.v.,  When  rummaging  a 
ship,  they  have  a  long  steel  spear  to  pierce  any  soft  articles. 
1876  G.  D.  HAM  Rev.  $  Mercantile  Vade:M.  267  When  the 
import  cargo  is  discharged  the  Examining  Officer  finally 
rummages  the  vessel. 

3.  To  make  a  search  in  or  among ;  to  overhaul 
in  order  to  find  something.     Also  in  fig.  context. 

a  1616  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Wit  -without  M.  n.  i,  Why  does  she 
not  go  romage  all  the  prisons?  1677  R.  GARY  Palseol. 
Chron.M.  i.ix.  118  Ransacking  and  rummaging  thoseobscure 
Cells  and  Vaults  of  Antiquity.  1758  GOLDSM.  Mem.  Pro* 
testant  (1895)  I.  no  Before  we  entered  this  Prison,  the 
Gaoler  rummaged  us  from  Head  to  Foot.  1797-1805  S.  & 
HT.  1-.EE  Canterb.  T.  II.  550  They  saw  that  everything  had 
been  rummaged,  and  all  the  chests  and  lockers  were  wide 
open.  1833  L.  RITCHIE  Wand,  by  Loire  57  We  rummaged 
our  pockets  in  vain  for  the  required  passport.  1886  G.  R. 
SIMS  Ring  o'  Belts  136,  I  rummaged  the  house  from  top  to 
bottom..;  but  in  vain. 

fig.  1621  MOLLE  Caweraritts'  Liv.  Libr.  m,  v.  162  She 
roomedging  her  past  evils.  1657  \V.  KUMSEY  Organ.  Sal, 


890 

Ep  Ded  (1659)  »6  Your  Instrument  serves  to  take  away  the 
grounds  of  these  distempers,  by  rummaging  and  scouring 
the  stomach. 

b.  With  over,  out,  up. 

1623  G.  HERBERT  Let.,  Rummage  out  your  book-shelves. 
1807  SOUTHEY  Lett.  (1856)  II.  38  Pray  rummage  up  your 
memory  for  the  new  volumes.  1826  LAMB  Tile  Months 
Misc.  Wks.  (1871)  395  Rummaging  over  the  contents  of  an  old 
stall.  1835  Court  Mag.  VI.  112/2,  I  only  grieve  for  the 
trouble  I  have  taken  in  rummaging  over  my  musty  shelves. 

4.  To  scrutinize,  examine  minutely,  investigate. 
1704  SWIFT  T.   Tub  ii.  68  Upon  this,  they  fell  again  to 

romage  the  Will.  1728  MORGAN  Algiers  I.  vi.  185,  I  yet 
never  met  with  the  least  mention  of  any  thing  like  it,  in  all 
the  multitude  of  authors  I  have  rummaged.  1845  Encycl. 
Mctrof.  II.  755/1  They  have  rummaged  the  oldest  monu 
ments.  1864  BURTON  Scot  Abr.  I.  v.  305,  I  am  inclined  to 
concur  in  Pasquier's  silence,  having  rummaged  his  '  Re- 
cherches  de  la  France '. 
b.  Const,  aver. 

1725  WATTS  I-pg:'c_  304  To  direct  their  disciples  .  .to  rum 
mage  over  the  definitions,  divisions,  and  canons  that  belong 
to  each  topic.  1741  tr.  D' Argots'  Chinese  Z-f/r^xxxviii. 
287,  I  have  rnmaged  over  all  the  Authors  of  the  Library  of 
our  Friends  the  Missionaries.  1823  JEFFERSON  Autobiog. 
Wks.  1859  I.  6  With  the  help.,  of  Rushworth,  whom  we 
rummaged  over  for  the  revolutionary  precedents. 

5.  To  disarrange  or  disorder ;  to  knock,  stir,  or 
drive  about ;  to  force  or  rout  out  by  searching  or 
making  a  stir.     Somewhat  rare. 

1591  RALEIGH  Last  Fight  Revenge  18  Our  Ships  being  all 
pestered  and  romaging  euerie  thing  out  of  order.  1598 
SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  II.  i.  III.  Furies  422  Even  as  the 
matter . .  Is  rommidged  with  motions  slowe  or  quick  In  feeble 
bodies  of  the  Ague-sick.  1736  N.  BAILEY  Househ.  Diet.  242 
Add  about  two  drams  of  crude  alum. .;  rummage  this  well 
in  it.  1840  MRS.  TROLLOPE  Wido-.a  Married  v,  I  shall  find 
all  the  things  rummaged  about.  1878  FR.  A.  KEMBLE^«T. 
Girlhood  I.  ii.  49  The  wild  rabbits.. hunted  and  rummaged 
from  their  burrows. 

b.  To  bring  out  by  searching  ;  to  fish  out  or  up. 
1715  M.  DAVIES  Atlun.  Brit.l.  Pref.  45  The  Benedictin 

Monks.,  set  themselves  to  rummage  up  old  Manuscripts  for 
Printing.  1786  COWPER  Let.  to  Lady  Ilesketh  12  June,  She 
has  also  rummaged  up  a  coop  that  will  hold  six  chickens. 
1824  DIBDIN  Libr.  Comf.  755,  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  rum 
mage  out  another  copy.  1830  D'IsRAELiC//as.  /,  III.  vi.  108 
The  writer  . .  has  rummaged  out  many  state  secrets,  which 
he  turns  to  his  own  purpose.  1847  ALB.  SMITH  Chr.  Tadpole 
vii.  (1879)  71  An  ancient  spangled  jacket . .  was  rummaged  out 
of  the  property  box. 

c.  To  collect  by  searching. 

1820  BYRON  Morg.  Maggiore  Ixxxiv,  Morgante  rummaged 
piecemeal  from  the  dust  The  whole. 

6.  To  employ  in  searching  or  ransacking. 

1825  New  Monthly  Mag.  X IV.  257  A  man  might  rummage 
his  hands  among  his  pockets  with  comfort. 

II.  inlr.  7.  Naut.  To  make  search  (f  arrange 
or  rearrange  cargo,  etc.)  in  a  vessel. 

c  1595  CAPT.  WYATT  R.  Dudley's  Voy.  W.  hid.  (Hakl. 
Soc.)  59  They  weare  not  idle, . .  but  still  rummidginge,  as  it 
seemeth,  provided  well  for  theire  defence.  1598  HAKLUYT 
Voy.  I.  300  The  master  or  Boatswaine,  or  him  that  will 
take  vpon  him  to  romage.  1607  B.  BARNES  Dwils  Charter 
V.  ii.  K  4,  Now  Signor  currigantino  will  I  romage  in  the 
worme  eaten  keele  of  your  rotten  hulke.  a  1692  POLLEXFEN 
Disc.  Trade  (1697)  117  They,  .have  been  actually  on  Board 
the  said  Ship,  and  have  begun  to  rummage  there,  pretending 
to  remove  the  Goods  in  order  to  their  Inspection  and 
Appraisme_nt.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Quartermaster, 
Their  Business  is  to  rummage  in  the  Hold  on  all  Occasions. 

8.  To  engage  in  a  search,  make  an  investiga 
tion,  of  any  kind. 

i6«6  BOYLE  Orig.  of  Formes  #  Qtial.  To  Rdr.  A  7  b,  I 
rumag'd  among  my  Loose  papers.  169*  R.  L'ESTKANGE 
Fables  I.  xxxii,  As  a  Fox  was  Rumidgmg  among  a  great 
many  Carv'd  Figures.  1726  SHELVOCKE  Voy.  round  World 
89  They  have  been  ashore  at  some  Indian  houses,  and  have 
rummaged  and  taken  several  things  of  small  value.  1789 
MME.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  2  Feb.,  He  pulled  out  a  pocket-book, 
and  rummaged  some  time,  but  to  no  purpose.  1802-12 
BENTHAM  Ration.  Jndic.  Evid.  (1827)  IV.  365  note,  I  should 
rummage  to  see  whether  a  case  could  be  found  in  which  [etc.  ]. 
1852  DICKENS  Bleak  Ho.  lix,  This  gentleman,  when  becomes 
into  the  property,  naturally  begins  to  rummage.  1875  MRS. 
TROLLOPE/]  Charming  Fellow  III.  xvii.  220  She.  .began  to 
rummage  among  its  contents. 

b.  Const,  about. 

1867  TROLI.OPE  Citron.  Barset  I.  xlii.  367  In  preparing  a 
defence  we  have  to  rummage  about  and  get  up  what  we 
can.  1885  Manch.  Exam.  29  June  5/2  He  took  the  keys 
and  began  to  rummage  about  for  spoil. 

c.  Said  of  mice  or  rats. 

1842  TENNYSON  Walk  to  Mail  30  A  jolly  ghost,  that., 
tapt  at  doors,  And  rummaged  like  a  rat.  1863  LONGF. 
Wayside  Inn,  Student's  Sec.  T.,  So  silent  you  can  hear  the 
mouse  Run  and  rummage  along  the  beams. 

9.  To  turn  or  move  restlessly,  rare'4. 

1755  CHOKER  tr.  Orl.  Fur.  xxm.  cxxii,  He.  .wheels  round 
to  and  fro,  This  side  and  that,  rummaging  o'er  his  bed. 

Hence  Rxrmmaging  ///.  a. 

1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  vii,  They,  .had  been  conducting 
a  rummaging  scrutiny  of  the  rooms  upstairs.  1887  J. 
ASHBY  STERRY  Lazy  Minstrel  (1892)  161  What  display, 
both  of  quantity  and  quality,  These  rummaging  donaniers 
oft  bring  to  light. 

Rummage?  (rc'medjaj).  Also  6  romeger. 
[f.  RUMMAGE  v.  +  -EK  i.] 

f  1.  One  who  arranges  cargo  in  a  ship.  Obs. 

1544  Admiralty  Court  Libds  No.  55,  The  romeger  whiche 
they  appoynted . .  to  romege  caske  wares  in  the  said  shipp. 
1600  HAKLUYT  Voy.  III.  862  The  Master  must  prouide  a 
perfect  mariner  called  a  Romager,  to  romege  and  bestow  all 
marchandize  in  such  place  as  is  conuenient. 


RUMMISH. 

2.  One  who  makes  a  search  or  overhaul. 

1769  BARETTI  Mann,  fy  Customs  Italy  11.  xxxix.  328  Many 
amongst  our  rummagers  of  libraries  have  occasionally  quoted 
passages  [etc.].  1836  \V.  IRVING  Astoria  111.  58  There  was 
no  likelihood  that  the  caches  would  escape  the  search  of 
such  keen  eyes,  and  experienced  rummagers. 

Rummaging  (rc-med^ii)),  vbl.  sb.    [f.  as  prec.] 

f  1.  The  arranging  or  rearranging  of  cargo.  Obs. 

1553  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1580)  267  In  charging,  discharging, 
loding  againe,  and  roomaging  of  the  same  shippe.  1560 
Ibid.  (1903)  II.  409  The  masters  of  the  ships. .might  bring 
away  a  great  deal  more  than  they  doe  if  they  would  take 
paine  in  the  romaging.  1612  R.  HAWKINS  Voy.  S.  Sea  (1847) 
44  The  other  [days]  for  roomeging,  making  of  sayles  [etc.]. 
1626  CAPT.  SMITH  Accid.  Yng.  Seamen  5  The  quarter 
Maisters  hath  the  charge  of  the  hold  for  stowage,  rommage- 
ing,  and  trimming  the  shippe. 

2.  The  action  of  searching  or  overhauling. 

1664  BUTLEK  Hud.  ii.  iii.  1086  This  said  in  haste,  in  haste 
he  fell  To  romaging  of  Sidrophel.  1720  DE  FOE  Capt. 
Singleton  xiii.  (1840)  231  The  sloop's  men  took  her,  and 
had  the  rummaging  of  her,  before  we  came  up._  1768  J. 
BYRON  Narr.  Patagonia  (ed.  2)  26  This  rummaging  of  the 
shore  was  now  becoming  extremely  irksome.  1838  DICKENS 
Nickleby  viii,  A  vast  deal  of  searching  and  rummaging  en- 
sued,  and  it  proving  fruitless  [etc.].  1859  W.  COLLINS  Queen 
of  Hearts  (1875)  32,  I  would  rather  have  the  rummaging  of 
your  memory  than  the  rummaging  of  this  box. 

attrib.  1876  G.  D.  HAM  Rev.  q  Mercantile  Vade-M.  635 
Stores  to  be  reported  and  an  account  to  be  taken  by  the 
Rummaging  Officers.  1891  M AYSTON  Customs  Cm.  Orders 
206  Extfamen  not  to  be  employed  on  rummaging  duty. 

Rummagy  (rzrmetlgi),  a.  colloq.  [f.  RUMMAGE 
sb.  +  -V.]  Such  as  may  be  got  by  rummaging  about 
among  old  rubbish. 

1899  BARING-GOULD  Bk.  of  West  I.  18  The 'rummagy' 
faces,  with  no  denned  shape.  1901  in  N.  *r  Q-  9th  yer- 
VIII.  522/2  He  had  gone  and  fetched  the  rummagy  old 
thing,  which,  .wasn't  no  good  to  nobody. 

Ru'mniel.  dial.  Also  rummle.  [variant  of 
KAMMEL  sf/.1] 

1.  (See  quot.  and  RAMMEL  st>.1  4.) 

ciSso  J.  Gums  iaVreDict.  Arts  (1853)  I.  393  The  mater 
ials  which  I  extract  from  the  lias  formation,  locally  called 
'rumineir.  .at  Barrow-on-Soar,  in  Leicestershire,  is  an 
especial  bed  of  marly  limestone,  found  above  and  separated 
from  all  the  lias  beds  of  limestone  in  that  district. 

2.  Kummel-cundy,  -drain  (see  quots.). 

1853  7''"1-  X-  Agric.  Sac.  XIV.  n.  314  (He]  drained  at 
first  with  stones,  these  drains  being  what  are  termed 
Scottice  rummle  drains.  1894  Hctten-le-hole  (Durh.)  Gloss., 
Rummle  candy,  a  ditch  filled  up  with  loose  stones,  for  water 
to  drain  through. 

Rummer  (rp-maa).  Also  7-8  romer,  7  rum- 
mar.  [Of  Continental  origin,  and  representing 
WFlem.  rummer,  rammer,  or  Du.  romer,  roemer, 
Fris.  romer,  LG.  romer  (hence  Da.  renter,  t  rem- 
mer),  G.  romer  {^roemer,  1589);  the  original 
meaning  is  perh.  '  Roman  glass '.] 

1.  A  kind  of  large  drinking-glass.     Also  const. 
0/"(the  contained  liquor). 

1654  GAYTON  Pleas.  Notes  IV.  234  Dispatching  a  lusty 
Rummer  of  Rhenish  to  little  Periwig.  1668  DAVENANT 
Man's  the  Master  i.  i,  Then  give  him  but  a  rummer, .  .and 
he  will  drink  so  kindly,  as  if  he  had  the  heart  of  a  whale. 
1673  DRVDEN  Amboymi  I.  i,  Whilst  in  full  Romers  we  our 
Friendship  Crown.  1706  E.  WARD  Wooden  World  Diss. 
(1708)  103  A  large  Rummer  of  Rhenish  and  Sugar.  1788 
V.  KNOX  Winter  Even.  II.  v.  xii.  199  A  real  cup  in  the 
form  of  a  common  drinking  glass  or  rummer.  1811  SIR  A. 
FERGUSSON  in  Lockhart  Scott  (1869)  III.  325  Many  a  nice 
slice  of  ham,  and  rummer  of  hot  punch.  1864  C.  KNIGHT 
Passages  Work.  Life  I.  vi.  246  The  bottle  circulates  briskly 
or  the  rummers  are  replenished.  1886  T.  HARDY  Mayor 
Casterlir.  v,  A  row  of  ancient  rummers  with  ground  figures 
on  their  sides. 

2.  attrib.,  as  rummer-cup,  -glass. 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Music,  A  Dutch  man,  who  could 
break  Rummer-Glasses  with  the  Tone  of  his  Voice.  1797 
S.  JAMES  Ntirr.  Voyage  49  The  mate  took  with  him  some 
rummer  glasses.  1828  SCOTT  F.  M.  Perth  iii,  Dorothy 
appeared  bearing  three  large  rummer  cups.  1880  BROWNING 
Dram.  Idyls,  dim  16,  I  slap  the  table  till  no  rummer-glass 
but  shakes. 

t  BiU'mmery  \    Obs.—1     -  ROOMEKY. 

1638  SIR  T.  HERBERT  Tra-u.  (ed.  2)  58  In  the  habit  of 
Kalenders  or  Friers,  as  if  they  were  upon  a  Rummery  or 
pilgrimage. 

Rirmmery  ~.    U.S.  A  rum-store,  liquor-shop. 

1898  Advance  (Chicago)  12  Nov.,  His  re-election  does  not 
prove  that  the  people  of  the  state  are  going  to  sell  out  to 
the  rummeries. 

Rummi(d)ge, -mill,  obs.  ff.  RUMMAGE,  RUMBLE. 

Rummily,  -ness:  see  RUMMY  a.1 

•)•  Ru-mmtng,  vbl.  sb.  Obs.  Used  in  allusion 
to  Skelton's  '  Elynour  Rummynge '. 

1600  NASHE  Summers  Last  Will  643  The  Poet  is  bribde 
..to  hold  him  halfe  the  night  with  riffe,  raffe,  of  the  rumm- 
ing  of  Elanor. 

Rn'mmish.,  a.  slang,  [f.  RDM  a.-'j  Somewhat 
odd  or  peculiar ;  rather  rummy. 

1826  Sporting  Mag.  XVIII.  285  Galloping  them  round  a 
corner,  with  a  rummish  team.  1837  T.  HOOK  Jack  Brag 
xiv, '  That's  a  rummish  cut  of  a  toggery,'  said  Jack.  1848 
THACKERAY  Bk.  Snobs,  Milit.  Snobs,  His  little  box  near 
Epsom. .:  where.. many  'rummish  plants'  are  concocted. 

t  Ru-mmish,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  Forms  :  6  rumb-, 
rummisoh,  rum(m)is,  -ys,  -e(i)s,  7  rumish. 
[See  ROMY  v.  Perhaps  partly  represented  by  later 
Sc.  rumish,  reemish  (see  Eng.  Dial.  Diet.}.] 

1.  inlr.  To  roar,  bellow. 


BUMMISHING. 

\$..Clariodu$  i.  970  He  rumbischit  whill  rared  everie 
roch.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  HI.  x.  17  The  hirdtPoliphemus 
..Grassilland  his  teth,  and  rummesand  full  hie.  Ibid.  ^6 
How  cavernis  or  furnys  of  Etlina  round  Rummist  and  lowit. 
1552  LYNDKSAY  Monarch*  5468  Gret  Quhalis  sail  rummeis, 
rowte,  and  rair. 

2.  To  protest  loudly,  make  uproar. 

1533  BELLENDEN  Livyui.  xiii.  (S.T.S.)  I.  299  pan  J>e  small 
pepill  began  to  ruinmys.  Ibid.  iv.  xviii.  II.  118  Incontinent 
Jje  hale  senate  began  to  rummys. 

Hence  f  Ru'mmishing  vbl.  sb.  and  ppl.  a,   Obs, 

1:1480  HENRYSOS  Fables^  Lion  <y  Mouse  xxx,  [The  lion] 
Welterand  about  with  hiddious  rummissing.  1533  UELLEN- 
DEM  Livy  iv.  xix.  (S.T.S.)  II.  121  Incontinent  rai's  ane 
huge  rummyssing  throw  all  the  tentis.  1653  CHISESHALK 
Cat/i.  Hist.  144  The  battering  shot  of  the  Rummishing 
Canon. 

Rummle,  Sc.  variant  of  RUMBLK. 

Ru-nimy,  sb.  U.S.  [f.  RUM  $bl  +  -y.]  (See 
quot.  1890.) 

1860  EMERSON  Cond.  Life,  Power^  He  led  the  'rummies' 
and  radicals  in  town-meeting  with  a  speech.  1890  C.  L. 
NORTON  Political  Anicr.  96  Rummies^  a  local  name  for  the 
political  opponents  of  the  temperance  party  in  Maine. 

Rummy  (rzrmi),  a.1  slang  or  colloq.  [f.  RUM 
«.Z+-Y.]  Odd,  queer,  singular.  Also  Comb, 

1828  Sporting  Mag.  XXIII.  19  A  neat,  hut  rather  rummy 
looking  blue  pony.  1867  TKOLLOPE  Chron.  Barsctll.  355 
They're  a  rummy  couple  if  what  I  hear  is  true.  1892 
Spectator  13  Feb.  223/2  The  'rummy'  names  people  give 
their  houses  in  the  suburbs. 

Hence  Bu-mmily  adv.\  Btrmminess. 

1827  SCOTT  Jrnl.  5  Apr.,  I  know.. it  has  been  a  rummily 
written  work.  1899  E.  PHILLI-OTTS  Human  Boy  172  This 
story  shows  the  rumminess  of  Nubby  Tomkins. 

Rtrmmy,  a-*  [f.  RUM  si/.1  +-Y.]  Of  or  per 
taining  to,  suggestive  of,  rum. 

1864  WEBSTER  s,v.,  A  rummy  flavour. 

Rummyll,  obs.  form  of  RUMBLE. 

Rumness.  [f.  RUM  a.-  +  -NKSS.]  Singularity, 
oddness,  oddity. 

1863  DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  in.  iii,  The  Fates  ordered  him, 
into  it  again.  Which  is  rumness  :  ain't  it?  1892  STEVEN 
SON  &  OSBOURNE  Wrecker  (ed.  2)  220  You  see  something 
of  the  rumness  of  this  job,  but  not  the  whole. 

t  Ru'inney.  Obs.  Forms  :  a.  4  romon(e)ye, 
romanye,  6  -ny  ;  5  romenay,  5-6  -ney,  6  -nei; 
5  rommenei.  (3.  5  rompney,  romnay,  6 -neye, 
-nie,  -ny,  5-7  romney.  -y.  4  rumnay,  5  -neye, 
4,  6  rumney,  7  -ny.  [a.  OF.  roni^ni]eniet^=  obs. 
It.  and  med.L.  roHtania^  from  the  proper  name 
Romania^  used  to  designate  Greece.  OF.  is  also 
the  source  of  MDu.  rotnanie,  romenie ^  MLG. 
romenie  j  rumenie,  MDa.  rommenie,  rumeni.] 

1.  A  sweet  wine  of  Greek  origin,  mucli  used 
in  England  during  the  I5th  and  i6th  centuries. 
Also  attrib. 

a.  1393  Earl  Derby's  Exped.  (Camden)  209  Item  pro  j 
paruo  cade  de  Ronioncye,  vj  //  di.  1421  Coventry  Leet  Bk. 
\.  24  And  that  thei  sell..maluesey  &  romeney  for  xvj  d.  a 
galon  and  noderre.  1469  in  Househ.  Ord.  (1790)  101  Item, 
in  tyre  malvesie,  romenay,  osey,.  .and  other  sweete  wyne; 


nor  xiiij  d.,  nor  Romany  derrer  nor  xviij  d.  the  point. 

p.  a  1460  Play  Sacrament  340  Syr,  here  ys  a  drawte  of 
Romney  Red.  1482  Cely  Papers  (Camden)  103,  I  sent  to 
them  a  pottell  of  white  romnay  and  thai  toke  it  thankefully. 
1508  Bk.  Keruynge  in  Babees  Bk.  (1868)  267  Also  yf  your 
swcte  wyne  pale,  drawe  it  in  to  a  romney  vessell  for  less- 
ynge.  1542  BOORDE  Dyetary  x.  F  ij,  These  hole  wynes  as 
inaTmesye,  wyne  course,  wyne  greke,  romanysk,  romny. 
1612  in  Halyiurton's  Ledger  (1867)335  Canards,  Malagas, 
Maderais,  Romneyis. 

•y.  a  1400  Sqr.  Lowe  Degre  753  Ye  shall  have  rumney  and 
malmesyne.  1414  Maldon  Court. Roils  (Bundle  9,  No.  6), 
ii  pipasvini  albi  et  ii  botys  [  =  butts]  de  Rumneye.  £1440 
Promp.  Parv.  439/2  Rumneye,  wyne.  1519  Interl.  Four 
Elements  (Percy  Soc.)  22  Ye  shall  have  Spayneshe  wyne 
and  Gascoyn,  Sak,  raspyce,  alycaunt,  rumney.  isB4CoGAN 
Haven  Healtk  210  Spaine  bringeth  foorth  wines  of  white 
colour..,  as  Sacke,  Rumney  and  Bastard.  1621  BCRTON 
Anat.  Mel.  I.  ii.  n.  1.93  All  black  Wines..:  Malmesie, 
Allegant,..Rumny,  Browne  bastard,  Metheglen. 

b.  Rumney  (of)  Motion,  rumney  made  at  Modon 
(the  ancient  Methone)  in  the  Morea. 

£1460  J.  RUSSELL  Bk.  Nurture  96  in  Batees  £lt.,fer(oK 
etc  hard  chese  aftir.  .and  drynk  romney  modoun.  loid.uq 
The  namys  of  swete  wynes  y  wold  fat  ye  them  knewe : 
..Rompney  of  modon. 

2.  A  rurnney  cask  or  vessel.  (Cf.  I  0,  quot.  1508.) 

£1460  J.  RUSSELL  Bk.  Nurture  116  in  Eabees  Bk.,  ?iff 
swete  wyne  be  seeke  or  pallid  put  in  a  Rompney  for  lesynge. 

Rumorous  (r«'mgras),  a.  Also  6  rumerous, 
rumorus,  -ouse.  [f.  RUMOUR  sb.  +  -ous.] 

1.  Making  a  loud  confused  sound ;  resounding. 
Now  arch. 

1530  Sin  T.  HOBV  Trav.  (Camden)  38  A  river.. makethe 
a  great  rumerous  noise  untill  he  cumethe  into  the  middes  of 
the  vale.  1556  J.  HKVWOOD  Spider  t,  Fly  Ix.  4  Take  peace 
with  flies  they  cride.  At  which  rumorus  rore  [etc.].  1604 
DRAYTON  Moses  Map  Miracles  62  b,  The  rumorous  sound  Of 
the  sterne  billowes. 

1869  LOWELL  CatJtedral  208  Bygone  grandeurs,  faintly 
rumorous  now  Upon  the  mind's  horizon,  as  of  storm  Brood* 
ing  its  dreamy  thunders  far  aloof.  1897  F.  THOMPSON 
Nevi  Poems  52  In  days  whose  feet  are  rumorous  on  the  air. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  rumour  ;  rumoured,  rare. 
1605  STOW  Ann.  1401  The  Lorde  Keeper,  and  other  Lordes 


891 

of  the  Counsel!, ..perswaded  against  rumorous  talkeof  the 
Earle  of  Essex,  a  1639  WOTTON  Reliq.  (1672)  377  This  Bearer 
will  tell  you  what  we  hear  of  certain  rumorous  Surmises. 

3.  Full  of  rumours  or  reports,  rare  — *. 

1641  T.  JORDAN  Walks  of  Islington  v.  i,  Your  husband. . 
Shall.,  to  the  bold  ears  of  the  rumorous  world,  Declare  his 
errour,  and  your  innocence. 

Rumour  (riZ*mai),j£.  Also  a.  5  rumur.,  rom-, 
revmour,  rwmor,  rumore,  5-6  rumoure  (6 
-ure),  5-8,  9  (chiefly  U.S.}  rumor.  £.  5  rumber, 
romber.  y.  5  rymour.  [a.  OF.  rttttmrj  nt- 
mour,  rumor  (mod.F.  rutneur\  and  riMurt  — 
Prov.  rumor )  rimor,  Sp.  and  Pg.  minor,  It. 
rumore ,  roniore,  rimore  :— L.  rumor-cm^  ace.  of 
rumor  noise,  din,  etc.  From  OF.  are  also  MDu. 
and  Du.  rumocr,  MLG.,  MHG.,  and  G.  rumor.] 

1.  f  a.  A  (wide-spread)  report  of  a  favourable 
or  laudatory  nature.    Ol's, 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Boeth  11.  pr.  yii.  (iS6S)  59  >e  men  certys  ne 
konne  don  no  |>ing  ary-jt,  but  -jif  it  be  for  [jc  audience  of  pec- 
pis,  and  for  yd  el  rumours.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VII. 
37  pere  God  for  liym  wroujle  meny  myracies  and  grete... 
Uy  }>at  rumour  sche  J>at  si  0113  him  was  i-meoved. 

b.  Talk  or  report  of 'a  person  or  thing  in  some 
way  noted  or  distinguished.  Now  arch. 

c  1440  York  Myst.  xxvi.  34'fhurgh  his  romour  in  bis  reme 
Hath  raysede  mekill  reke,  1526  TINHALK  Luke  vii.  17  1'hys 
rumor  off  hym  went  forthe  throughout  all  Jewry.  1535 
COVKKDAI.E  i  Mace.  iii.  26  All  the  Heithen.  .were  afrayed 
for  ludas  and  his  brethren  :  so  y*  the  rumoure  of  him  came 
ynto  the  kynges  cares.  1591  SHAKS.  i  Hcn.\7It  \\.  iii.  7  Great 
is  the  rumour  of  this  dread  full  Knight,  And  his  atchieue- 
inents  of  no  lesse  account. 

1853  M.  ARNOLD  Sohrab  fy  Rustuin  60  Dim  5*  the  rumour 
of  a  common  fight,  Where  host  meets  host,  and  many  names 
are  sunk  :  But  of  a  single  combat  Fame  speaks  clear. 

f  C.  The  fact  of  being  generally  talked  about ; 
reputation,  renown.  Ol'S. 

1637  MILTON  Lycidas  80  Fame. .Nor  in  the  glistering  foil 
Set  off  to  th'  world,  nor  in  broad  rumour  lies. 

2.  General  talk,   report,  or  hearsay,  not  based 
upon  definite  knowledge. 

1382  WVCLIF  2  Mace.  v.  5  When  fals  rumour,  or  tithing, 
wentu  out,  as  Antiochushadde  gon  out  of  lijf,  Jason  sodeynly 
assailide  the  citee.  1579-80  NORTH  Plutarck  (1595)94  Thus 
brought  he  common  rumor  to  taber  on  his  head.  1597  SHAKS. 
2  Hen,  /K,  Ind.  15  Rumour  is  a  Pipe  Blowne  by  Surmises, 
lelousies,  Conjectures.  1610  HEYWOOD  Gold.  Age  i.  i,  To 
stop  all  rumour  that  may  fil  the  world,  c  1640  ROWLEY  Birth 
oj 'Merlin  I.  i,  The  court  's  all  filled  with  rumour,  the  city 
with  news,  and  the  country  with  wonder.  1750  GRAY  Long 
Story  73  So  Rumor  says.  (Who  will,  believe.)  1781  COWFEK 
lixpost.  357  His  stamm'ring  tongue  With  doleful  rumour 
and  sad  presage  hung.  1819  SHELLEY  Ccnci  i.  iii.  16  You 
seem. .Too  sprightly  and  companionable  a  man,  To  act  the 
deeds  that  rumour  pins  on  you.  1852  TENNYSON  Ode  Wel 
lington  181  \Vholet  the  turbid  streams  of  rumour  flow  Thro' 
either  babbling  world  of  high  and  low.  1869  FREEMAN 
Norm.  Cong,  (1875)  III.  160  The  mysterious  power  of  rumour 
which  seems  to  travel  faster  than  any  post. 
b.  Personified. 

1595  SHAKS.  John  iv.  ii.  123  This  from  Rumors  tongue  I 
idely  heard.     1630  DEKKEK  2nd  Pt.  Honest  Wh.  Wks.  1873 
II.  154  'Gainst  me  swolne  Rumor  hoisted  euery  saile.     1667 
MILTON  P.  L.  n.  965  Rumor  next  and  Chance,  And  Tumult 
and  Confusion  all  imbroild.     1736  Gentl.  Mag.  VI.  613/1  If 
the  gossip^  Rumour,  truth  declares.    IS^CAKLYLE  Fr.  Rev. 
i.  n.  i,  It  is  thus  everywhere  that  foolish  Rumour  babbles 
not  of  what  was  done,  but  of  what  was  misdone  or  undone. 
C.  Const,  of  (the  thing  spoken  about). 
1622  WITHERS  Philarete  (1633)  592  Where  never  came 
Report  of  Pan, ..Nor  rumor  of  the  Muses,  till  of  late.    1784 
!    COWPER  Task  n.  3  Oh  for  a  lodge  in  some  vast  wilderness, . . 
Where  rumour  of  oppression  and  deceit..  Might  never  reach 
i    me  more.     1847  TENNYSON  Princ.v.  108  Inward  raced  the 
]    scouts  With  rumour  of  Prince  Arac  hard  at   hand.     1855 
I    PRESCOTT  Philip  //,  n.  xii.   I.  280  The  preparations,  .had 
not  been  conducted  so  secretly  but  that  some  rumor  of  them 
had  taken  wind. 

3.  A  statement  or  report  circulating  in  a  com 
munity,  of  the  truth  of  which  there  is  no  clear 
evidence. 

c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  v.  52  Alle  the  comoun  rymour  and 
speche  is  of  alle  the  peple  there, . .  that  thei  ben  the  Garneres 
of  Joseph,  c  1430  LYDG.  Min,  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  167  He  is  a 
foole  that  yevithe  also  credence  To  newe  rumours  and  every 
foltisshe  fable.  1533  MOKE  Debell.  Salon  ii.  Wks.  936/1  So 
a  rumour  ones  begonne  and  spread  abrode,  is  not  after 
soone  remoued.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Ep.  18  Why  you 
ought  not  to  haue  heleeued  such  rumors,  I  wil  say  some 
thing.  1607  SHAKS.  Timon\.  i.  4  Does  the  Rumor  hold  for 
true,  That  hee's  so  full  of  Gold  !  1661  BKAMHALL  Just  Vimi. 
285  This  not  by  uncertain  rumours,  but  by  the  Acts  and  In- 
struments  themselves.  1705  PRIDEAUX  Lett.  (Camden)  197 
A  rumour  hath  been  here  for  some  time  that  you  have  of  late 
been  under  some  trouble,  1759  ROBERTSON  Hist.  Scot,  iv, 
I.  303  The  authors  of  these  rumours  did  not  confine  their 
attention  to  Bothwell  alone.  1831  LYTTON  E.  Aram  i.  ix, 
False  rumours  often  beget  truths.  1877  FROUDE  Short  Stud. 
(1883)  IV.  i.  xi.  129  Rumours  flew  abroad  that  miracles  had 
already  begun. 

Como.  1647  HEXHAM  i,  A  rumour  spreader.     1736  AINS- 
WOKTH  Eng.-Lat.  Dict.t  A  rumour-bearer.     1884  Sat.  Rev, 
7  June  731/2  The  rumourmongers  have  seen  what  Mr.  Glad 
stone  had  not  seen, 
to.  Const,  of. 

1525  ABP.  WARHAM  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  in.  I.  374  The 
first  rumor  and  brute  of  this  niatier.  1557  N.  T.  (Genev.) 
Matt.  xxiv.  6  Ye  shal  heare  of  warres,  &  of  the  rumors  of 
warres.  1617  MORYSON  /tin.  1. 181  The  Citie.  .upon  the  least 
rumour  of  building  them,  armeth  their  Gallies  to  burne  the 
same.  1665  TEMPLE  £rl.  to  Ld.  Arlington^N\^,.  1720  II. 
6  Twenty  Rumours  more  we  have  of  his  Successes,  but  I  will 


BUMP. 

not  yet  credit  them.  1769  BURKE  Corr.  (1844)  !•  2*7  Many 
rumours  of  war  here  ;  but  I  know  not  well  how  they  are 
founded.  1840  THIRLWALL  Hist.  Greece  Ivi.  VII.  153  It  is 
probable  that  the  rumour  of  his  approach  reached  Athens  at 
least  some  days  before  him.  1853  C.  BRONTE  Villette  xxxviij, 
Rumours  of  wars  there  had  been,  if  not  wars  themselves. 

f4.  Loud  expression  or  manifestation  of  dis 
approval  or  protest.  Ob$. 

£1400  Dcstr.  Troy  2668  pe  pepull  made  noise,  My  die 
Rumur  8:  rud  speche  at  his  red  sonne.  c  1440  Gcnerydcs 
1377  To  eschew  the  Rumber  and  the  crye,  his  purpose,  .he 
chaungyd.  a  1513  FABYAN  Chron,  v.  (1811)  87  Amonge  y« 
Knyghtya  of  Sygebert  was  spronge  a  great  rumoure,  saying 
that  they  were  not  contente.  1568  GKAI -TUN  Chron.  11.430, 
1  may  not  staye  him  for  the  rumour  of  the  people. 

5.   Clamour,  outcry  ;  noise,  din.     Now  arch. 

c  1440  A  iph.  Talcs  65  With  a  grete  rumor  &  a  cry  he  come 
vnto  the  pope,  &  bad  hym  gifT  hym  his  ,\ij  d  agayn.  1481 
CAXTON  Reynard  (Arb.)  15  [He]  made  suche  a  noy.se  and 
rumour,  that  lantfert  cam  out  hastely.  1525  I.u.  UI.KNKKS 
J''roissart  II.  xxvii.  32  He  wolde  make  suclie  a  noyse  and 
rumoure,  as  though  all  the  deuylles  of  htlle  bad  ben  in  Ins 
chambre.  1581  STYWARD  Mart.  Discipl.  \\.  134  It  is  some 
times  requisite  that  thy  batlailes  goe  forwardes  with 
rumours  and  showtings.  1612  DKAYTOX  Poly-olb.  xix.  79 
From  whose  vast  beechy  banks  a  rumor  straight  resounds. 
1747  Gentl.  Mag.  208/2  A  very  particular  (juality  is  observ 
able  in  this  creature,  of  listening  to  any  noi.se  or  rumour  in 
the  street.  1786  tr.  BeckforcCs  Yathck  82  The  rumour  every 
instant  increased.  1851  LoNGF.  Gold.  Leg.,  Nativity  v,  Here 
a  great  rumour  of  trumpets  and  horses.  1885  R,  L.  &  F. 
SILYKNSON  Dynamiter  97  The  rumour  of  the  wind  among 
the  garden  trees. 

*t~  0.  Uproar,  tumult,  disturbance.  Obs. 

1461  Pnston  Lett.  II,  Sa  Swyc.be  talkynge  comyth  of  false 
schrewys  that  wold  mak  a  rwmor  in  this  contre.  1483  Ccly 
Papers  (Camden)  132  Therysgrett  romber  in  the  reme.  1503 
Act  19  Hen.  /'//,  c.  5  Great  Rumour  and  Variance  daily 
increaseth  among  his  Subjects  for  taking  and  refusing  of  the 
.same  [coin],  1541  UAKNES  lVks.  (1573)  219/2  Wee  must  geue 
ouer  this  matter  for  the  uniuersitie  is  in  a  rumour.  1581 
LAMHAKDE  Eircn.  n.  v.  (1588)  184  Assemblies  agaynst  the 
law.. are  therfore  also som  times  called  Rumors.  1639  S,  Du 
VKRGER  tr.  Camus'  Ad  in  ir.  Events  130  The  bawling  woman 
began  to  raise  a  rumour  about  her  gate  by  the  complaints 
which  she  made  unto  her  neighbours. 

Rumour  (rw-maa),  v.  Also  6,  9  U.S.  rumor. 
[f.  the  sb.] 

1.  infr.  f  a.  To  resound  with  disapproval.  Obs. 
1422  tr.  Sccrcta  Secret. >  Friv.  Priv.   136  Than  regnyde 

avoutryand  lechuriehi  hym  and  his  howse-maynage,  that  al 
the  roialme  thanne  rumourt  and  lothit  for  that  rousty  Synne. 
b.  To  invent  or  circulate  rumours. 
1858  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xi.  ix.  (1862)  IV.  ^146  Diplomatic 
shadows  fencing,  Gazetteer  shadows  rumouring. 

2.  trans.  To  circulate  by  way  of  rumour. 

1594  SHAKS.  Rich.  Ill,  iv.  ii.  51  Come  hither  Catesby, 
rumor  it  abroad,  That  Anne  my  Wife  is  very  grieuous  iicke. 
1597  —  2  Hen.  /y,  Ind.  33  This  haue  I  rumour'd  through  the 
peasant-Townes.  1612  BREKEWOOD  Lang.  <$•  Relig.  86  Un 
skilful  men  may  rumour  what  they  will.  1649  ROBI.RTS 
Clavis  Bibl.  556  Uy  the  chiefe  Author  thereof,  the  Lord, 
rumouring  it.  1735  UOLINCBKOKK  Study  Hist.  iv.  (1777)  96 
Those  wretched  Christians  who  returned  from  those  wars., 
rumoured  these  stories  about  the  West.  1773-83  HOOLE  Or/. 
Fur.  xxix.  40  Various  tales  are  rumour'd  of  his  fate. 
b.  In  passive  with  dependent  clause. 
1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  i.  ii.  n  It  is  rumour'd..  These  three  leade 
on  this  Preparation  Whether  'tis  bent.  1671  MILTON  Samson 
1600  All  abroad  was  rumour'd  that  this  day  Samson  should 
be  brought  forth.  1831  MACKINTOSH  Hist.  Eug.  II.  73  It  had 
been  industriously  rumoured. .that  Richard  duke  of  York 
had  escaped  from  the  assassins.  1863  LONGF.  Wayside  Inn 
i.  Prol.  203  It  was  rumoured  he  could  say  The  Parables  of 
Sandabar. 

C.  \Vith  personal  object  and  complement. 
1602  MAKSTON  Antonio 's  Rev.  iv.  i,  See  you  straight 
rumour  me  dead.  1833-6  H.  COLEKIUGE  Northern  Worthies 
(1852)  I.  64  He  [blood]  was  rumoured ..  to  be  a  creature 
of  Buckingham.  1849  M.  ARNOLD  Strayed  Rciv/ler  109 
Art  thou  not  he,  whom  fame  This  long  time  rumoura  The 
favour'd  guest  of  Circe? 

3.  a.  To  transmit  with  a  murmuring  sound. 
1887  HALL  CAINE  Deemster  xxxix,  Hearing  voices  of  men 
or  the  sound  of  laughter  rumoured  over  the  quiet  waters. 
b.  infr.  To  make  a  murmuring  noise. 
1900  Black™.  Mag.  Oct.  474/2  The  lullaby  aid  of  the  sea 
that  rumoured  light  and  soothingly  round  the  rock  of  Doom. 
Hence  Kvrmouring  -vbl.  sh.  and  ///.  a. 
c  1563  Jack  Juggler  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  II.  128  Yea,  dost 
thou  make  a  rumouring  yet  again?    1824  SYMMONS  Aga~ 
ntartnon  4  Swifter  than  noisy  fame  of  rumouring  tongues. 
1858  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  iv.  vi.  (1872)  1. 444  Such  a  marching 
and  rumouring  going  on  all  round  him.     1895  W.  WATSON 
Father  of  Forest  4  Mourned  not  the  rumouring  winds? 
Rumoured  (r/7-maid),///.  a.   [f.  RUMOUR  v.] 
Announced  by  rumour;   commonly  reported. 

1667  MILTON  P.  L.  iv.  817  Som  Magazin  to  store  Against 
arumordWarr.  1751  YOUNG  Nt.  Th.  \\.  27  As  rumour'd  rob 
beries  endear  our  gold.  1807  J.  BARLOW  Coluinb.  in.  50 
From  far  The  rumorM  leagues  proclaim  approaching  war. 
1868  E.  EDWARDS  Ralegh.  I.  xii.  231  He  discusses  both  the 

Srobability  of  the  rumoured  invasion,  and  the  best  means  of 
efending  the  coasts, 

Bormourer.  rare.  Also  7  rumorer.  [f.  RU 
MOUR  v.  +  -KB  !.]  One  who  disseminates  rumours. 

1607  SHAKS.  Cor.  iv.vi.  47  Go  see  this  Rumorer  whipt.  1886 
T.  HARDY  Mayor  Casterbr.  xliii,  When  all  had  been  said 
about  busy  rumourers. 

So  Bu-mourist.     rare~l. 

1887  L1  pool  Mercury  19  Oct.  5  The  Cabinet  council  which 
the  rumourists  with  one  accord  had  fixed  for  Thursday. 

Rump  (r»mp),^.1  Also  5-7  rumpe;6rompe, 
7  rumpt,  rompt.  [ME.  ntmpe,  rompe,  prob.  of 

112-2 


RUMP. 

Scand.  origin  :  cf.  MDa.r«w//c,  rompe  (Da.  rutttpe}, 
MSw.  rumpa,  rompa  (S\v.  rumpa]t  tail,  posteriors, 
Norw.  rnmpa  tail,  rump  posteriors,  led.  rttmpr. 
The  corresponding  MDu.  romp(e}t  rump  (Du.  and 
Kris,  romp})  MLG.  and  LG.  rump,  OHG.  and  G. 
rumpf  mean  *  trunk  '  of  the  body.J 

L  That  part  of  the  body  (of  an  animal  or  bird) 
from  which  the  tail  springs  ;  f  the  tail  ;  hence  by 
extension,  the  hind-quarters,  posteriors,  buttocks. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  439/2  Rumpe,  tayle,  caiida.  1530 
PALSGR.  263/2  Rompe  of  a  beest,/0///n7«,  cravpe,  1577  K. 
GOOGE  Heresbach's  Husb.  iv.  (1586)  158  Their  1'ailes  dubled 
and  flagging,  their  rumpes  and  thyes  full  of  feathers.  1590 
Si'KNSKR  /'".  Q.  i.  viii.  48  At  her  rompe  she  growing  had  be 
hind  A  foxes  taile.  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.fyCr.v.ii.  56  Thediuel! 
Luxury  with  his  fat  rumpeand  potato  finger.  1617  MoRYSpN 
I  tin.  iv.  (1903)  214  They  fasten  them.,  to  the  taylesof  theire 
horses  and  to  the  Rompts  when  the  tayles  be  puld  ofi".  1668 
CULPEITER  &  COLE  tr.  Bartlwl.  Anat.  iv.  xv.  351  That 
Danish  Boy,  who  had  a  Tail  growing  out  at  his  Rump.  1740 
SO.MERVILLE  Hoblnnpl  i.  307  He  on  his  Hams,  or  on  liis 
brawny  Rump  Sliding  secure,  derides  their  vain  Distress. 
1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  VI.  108  The  marks  of  the 
goose  are,  a  bigger  body,,  .a  white  ring  about  the  rump.  1826 
SCOTT  Jrnl.  -2  Nov.,  I  saw  the  scoundrels  jumping  the  win 
dows,  with  the  bayonets  at  their  rumps.  1846  J.  IJAXTEK 
Libr.  Pract.  Agrti.  (ed.  4)  II.  261  Sheep,  .high  on  the  loins, 
down  on  the  rumps.  1884  COUES  i  A*.  Amer.  Birds  94  In 
general,  we  should  call  the  anterior  two-thirds  or  three- 
fourths  of  notieum  '  back  ',  and  the  rest  *  rump  '. 

t  b.  That  part  of  a  tail  which  is  next  to  the 
body  ;  the  stump.  Also  transf.  Obs. 

1608  TOI'SELL  Serpents  (1658)  674  The  length  of  it  from  the 
tip  of  the  nose  to  the  rump  of  the  tail  is  seven  or  eight  fingers. 
1676  MOXON  Print  Letters  34  Q  hath  its  Body  made  like  O. 
The  Rump  of  the  Tail  is  made  by  drawing  a  straight  line 
frum  Parallel  12*.  1745  P.  THOMAS  yrnl.  Anson's  t^oy.  40 
Two  [fmsj.  .with  a  small  Rump  of  a  Tail  between  them. 
c.  A  part  resembling  a  rump.  rare~l. 

1852  BADGER  Nestorians  I.  254  We  left  Amedia  at  7  a.m., 
and  .  .  made  the  western  rump  of  Jebel  Gara  about  noon. 

2.  This  part  of  an  animal  or  fowl  as  cut  off  and 
used  for  food. 

1486  Bk.  St.  Albans  C  viij,  She  tyrith  vppon  Rumppys,  she 
fedith  on  all  maner  of  flesh.  1567  T  UKUERV.  Kpit.t  etc.  in 
When  my  back  is  turnde  and  gon,  Another  giues  thee  rumpes 
to  tyre  vpon.  1611  COTGR.,  CiVnw*,  the  vpper  part  of  a  rumpe 
of  lieefe,  &c.,  next,  or  neere,  vnto  the  cnme,  1688  PENTON 
(inardiait's  Instruct.  (1897)  47  Treated  at  an  Ale-house  with 
a  Rump  of  Beef.  1710  ADDISON  Tatler  No.  148  p  i  The 
Maids  of  Honour  in  Queen  Klizabeth's  Time  were  allowed 
Three  Rumps  of  Beef  for  their  Breakfast.  1796  BURKE/,C//. 
Noble  Lord  Wks.  VIII.  63  The  poor  ox.  .is  divided  into 
rumps,  and  sirloins,  and  briskets,  and  into  all  sorts  of  pieces. 
1837  M.  DONOVAN  Doin.  Econ.\\.-2^j^  I  caused  a  rump  of  beef 
.  .to  be  immersed  in.  .cold  water  for  three  hours.  1884  GIL- 
MOUK  Mongols  122  To  present  the  rump  and  tail  was  the 
highest  honour  that  a  host  could  offer  a  guest  at  a  feast. 

Comb,  a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Runip-and-  Kidney 
Men,  Fidltrs  that  Play  at  Feasts,  Fairs,..  &c.  And  Live 
chiefly  on  the  Remnants  of  Victuals. 

t  b.   Used  with  allusion  to  sense  3  b.   Obs. 

1660  PEIJYS  Diary  n  Feb.,  In  King-street  seven  or  eight 
[bonfires]  ;  and  all  along  burning,and  roasting,  and  drinking 
for  rumps,  c  1665  MRS.  HUTCHINSON  Mem.  Col.  Hutchinson 
(1838)  11  6/1  When  the  youths  were  gathering  together  to  make 
bonfires  to  burn  the  Rump,  as  the  custom  of  tno.se  mad  days 
[1660]  was.  1680  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  1497/4  Several  Apprentices 
.  .  had  formed  a  design  .  .  to  come  together  in  a  considerable 
number  on  the  Kings  Birth-day,  as  they  pretended)  To  Burn 
tlie  Rump. 

fc.  Rump  and  dozen  :  (see  quot.  1796).   Obs. 

1796  GfVif's  Diet.  Vulgar  T.  (ed.  3),  Rump  and  ttozettt  a 
rump  of  beef  and  a  dozen  of  claret.     1812  Sporting  Mag. 
XXXIX.  112  A  bet  of  a  rump  and  dozen  was  laid  of  this  im 
tant  point.     1827  SIR  J.  BARRINGTON  Pers.  Sk.  296  I'll 
lay  you  a  rump  and  a  dozen,  .on  the  matter. 

3.  Jig.  A  small,  unimportant,   or  contemptible 
remnant  or  remainder  of  a  body  of  persons  (esp. 
of  a  Parliament  :  cf.  next). 

1649  WALKER  Hist.  Independency  \\.  32  This  fagge  end, 
this  Rump  of  a  Parliament  with  corrupt  Maggots  in  it.  1659 
fcngl.  Co'if.  22  This  Rumpe  of  a  casheered  House  of  Com 
mons.  17310  T.  BOSTON  Aleut.  (1809)  286  The  people  running 
away  into  it,  so  that  the  rump  of  tne  meeting  seemed  only  to 
remain.  1795  BUHKK  Corr.  (1844)  IV.  318  My  business  with 
the  House  of  Lords  is  over  for  tlie  present  J  for  they  have,  or 
a  rump  of  them,  done  their  own  business  pretty  handsomely. 
1818  COUBETT  Pol.  Rf&  XXXIII.  8  What  remains  of  it,  is 
the  Rump  of  the  old  Committee.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng. 
\,  I.  131  The  few  members  who  made  up  what  was  contemp 
tuously  called  the  Rump  of  the  House  of  Commons.  1877 
W.  MORRIS  in  Macka.il  /-//t-fiSog)  I.  349  The  Tory  Rump 
that  we  fools  chose  at  the  last  election  to  represent  us. 

transf.  1708  Brit.  ApolloWv.  83.  2/1  You  are.  .the  Rump 
uf  the  Athenian  Oracle. 

b.  Hist.  The  remnant  of  the  Long  Parliament 
(restored  in  May,  1659)  which  was  dissolved  by 
Monk  in  Feb.  1660;  also  (cap.  in  later  use)  the 
earlier  remnant  of  the  same  Parliament  from  the 
time  of  Pride's  Purge  (Dec.  1648)  to  its  dissolu 
tion  by  Cromwell  in  April,  1653. 

[As  to  the  origin  of  the  name,  cf.  the  following  statements  :— 
1661  Rump  Songs  To  Rdr.,  Now  if  you  ask  who  nam'd  it 
Rump,  know  'twas  so  stil'd  in  an  honest  Sheet  of  Paper 
icall'd  The  Bloody  Rump)  written  before  the  Tryal  of  our  late 
Soyeraign  ofplorious  Memory:  but  the  Word  obtain'd  not 
universal  notice  till  it  flew  from  the  mouth  of  Major  General 
Brown  at  a  Publick  Assembly  in  the  dales  of  Richard  Crom 
well.  1709  HEAKNIC  Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)  II.  329  Which  word 
Rump  had  it's  name  first  from  Mr.  Clem.  Walker  in  his  His 
tory  of  1  ndependency  printed  in  1648  and  was  given  to  those 
..members  that  strenuously  oppos'd  the  King.J 


892 

1659  C.  HATTON  Let.  to  Hyde  23  Dec.  in  Clarendon.  AISS., 
The  Rump,  as  we  now  call  them.  1660  PEPVS  Diary  22  Feb., 
Major  General  Brown,  who  had  a  long  time  been  banished 
by  the  Rump.  1660  in  Wood  Life  (Q.  H.S.)  1. 363  »<»/*,  The 
oath,  .taken  by  every  member  of  both  houses  of  Parliament, 
Rumpt  and  all.  1681  Trial  of  S.  Colledge  117  It  was  the 
Garbage  of  that  Parliament  I  am  sure,  that  is  the  Rump,  but 
they  called  themselves  the  Parliament  of  England.  1715  B. 
HIUGONS  Rent.  Burnet  \,  Wks.  1736  II.  64  His  Quarrel  to 


por 
lay 


enmities,  all  efforts  should  be  used  for  the  overthrow  of  the 
Rump ;  For  so  they  called  the  Parliament.  1849  MACAULAY 
Hist.  Eng.  \.  I.  147  The  Rump  and  the  soldiers  were  still 
hostile  to  the  House  of  Stuart.  But  the  Rump  was  univers 
ally  detested  and  despised.  1878  N.  Amer.  Kev.CXXVl. 
538  This  office  he  [Milton]  held  during  the  Rump,  under  five 
successive  councils  of  state. 
C.  So  Rump  Parliament, 

1670  CLARENDON  Hist.  Rub,  xvi.  §  208  Upon  the  recalling 
.  .of  Harry  Cromwell  to  the  rump  Parliament  as  soon  as  his 
brother  Richard  was  deposed.  1671  GLANVILL  Further  Disc. 
Stubbc  31  Styling  me  Chaplain  toM.  Rous,a  Member  of  the 
Rump-Parliament.  1725  B.  HIGGONS  Rein.  Burnet  I.  Wks. 
1736  II.  48  Is  it  possible  to  conceive  that  the  Rump  Par 
liament,  and  afterward  Cromwell,  would  have  let  my  Lord 
Antrim  have  sat  quiet  for  twelve  Years?  lbid.6%  His  [Monk's] 
Address,  .in  perswading  the  Rump  Parliament  to  dislodge 
the  disaffected  Troops  at  London.  itysCAXLYLK  Cromwell 
(1871)  III.  196  Such  was  the  destructive  wrath  of  my  Lord 
General  Cromwell  against  the  Nominal  Rump  Parliament 
of  England. 

4.  In  phrases  ntmp  ami  rig,  rump  and  stump, 
through  and  through  ;  completely,  entirely,     dial. 
or  colloq.     (See  also  STUMP  sb.} 

Cf.  G.  mit  rumpfund  stitmpfva  the  same  sense. 

1824  MACTAGGART  Gallovid.  Encycl.  499  Up  rump  and 
stump  did  Auchen  burn.  18..  Sk. Broad  Yks.  54  (K.D.U.), 
They  say  they're  Britons  rump  an'  rig.  1892  J.  E.  MUDDOCK 
Detective's  Triumphs  55  My  man  ..  bought  the  place. 
Bought  it !  Yes.  Rump  and  stump. 

5.  attrib.  and  Comb.  a.  In  sense  I  or  2,  vsrump- 
beef)  ~endy  -feather  ^  -gland,  -steak ;  also  rump-fed, 
-galled,  -spotted  adjs. 

1605  SHAKS.  Macb.  \.  iii.  6  Aroynt  thee,  Witch,  the  rumpe- 
fed  Ronyon  cryes.  1614  B.  JONSON  Bart.  Fair  11.  ii,  You'll 
neuer  thmke  of  any  thing,  till  your  dame  be  rumpgall'd.  1675 
HAN.WOOLLEV  Gentlew.  Comp.  114  Then  take  tne  rump-end 
of  the  Backbone.  1689  Muses  Far&v.  to  Popery  18  A  lazy 
Mass  of  damn'd  Rump  Beef.  1765  STERNE  Tr.  Skamiy  vn. 
xxi,  The  gardener  ..led  out  the  two  old  mules,  to  clip  the 
hair  from  the  rump-ends  of  their  tails.  1765  GOLDSM.  Ess. 
vi.  Wks.  (Globe)  302/2  Bad  as  it  was,  it  seemed  a  rump-steak 
to  me.  1834  MUDIE  Brit.  Birds  (1841)  I.  10  The  rump  fea 
thers  and  upper  tail  coverts.  1849  D.  J.  BROWNE  Amer. 
Poultry  Yd.  (1855)  282  The  rump  gland  frequently  becomes 
obstructed.  1886  C.  E.  PASCOE  London  of  To-day  ii.  (ed.  3) 
40  A  mutton-chop  or  rump-steak  may  be  readily  got  from 
the  nearest  butcher's.  1897  FORBES  Hand-bk.  Primates 
II.  72  Rump-spotted  Giaenon,  cercopithecus  opisthostictns. 
b.  In  sense  3  or  3  b,  as  rump-general,  -groat, 
-man,  -member,  -senate,  -time. 

1659-60  Hist.  2nd  Death  Rump  1/2  Some  Packs  he  in- 
veagles.O'th'  blood -coated  Beagles,  To's  partie;  the  Rump- 
men  did  so  too.  1663  DKYLJEN  Wild  Gallant  \\\,  i,  When 
the  keys  of  the  Exchequer  were  lost  in  the  Rump-time.  1670 
CLARENDON  Hist.  Rev.  xvi.  §144  They  made  no  doubt  but 
the  rump  members  would  again  resume  the  government. 
1716  HEARNE  Collect.  (O.  H.  S.)  V.  296  Of  whose  being  se- 
questred  in  the  Rump-Time  I  have  heard  much,  1731  Centl. 
Alag.  I.  537  A  Silver  pair  of  Breeches  neatly  wrought,  (Such 
as  you  see  upon  an  old  Rump  Groat).  1826  W.  E.  ANDREWS 
Crit.  Rev.  Fox's  Bk.  Mart.  II.  27  A  rump-general,  namely, 
John  Lambert^  1861  J.E.  B.  MAYOR  Introd.  Cicero^  Philipp. 
ii.  (1881)  p.  xvii,  The  rump  senate,  thus  brought  together, 
was  convened  by  Antonius  and  Cassius. 

6.  Special   combs,,   as  rump-baud,  a   leather 
band  passing  over  the  rump  of  a  horse  to  support 
the  trace-chains ;  f  rump-evil,  a  disease  affecting 
the  rump;  frump-jewel  (?);    rump-poke  (see 
quot.) ;    rump-post,    the    pygostyle   of  a   bird ; 
•f  rump-roll,  =  BUSTLE   sb.-  ;    rump-rope    (see 
quot.) ;   rump-strap,   a   strap   serving  the   same 
purpose  as  a  rump-band. 

1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  III.  1192  The  *rump-band  is 
hooked  on  to  the  trace-chains.  16x1  CoTGR.tMaldectofiott, 
the  *rumpe-euill ;  a  disease  wherewith  all  birds,  .are  some 
times  troubled.  1710  STEELE  TatlerNo.  245  F2  A  Crochet 
of  122  Diamonds,.. with  a  *Rump  Jewel  after  the  same 
Fashion.  1821  A.  WEI. BY  Visit  JV.  Awer.8  We  also  saw- 
yesterday  a  large  brown  bird  pursuing  a  Gull,  and  under 
stood  its  name  to  be  *Rump_-pOKe.  An  appropriate  appella 
tion,  as  it  pursues  other  birds  for  their  droppings.  1890 
COL'KS  Ornith.  \\.  iv.  210  That  extraordinary  affair  called 
the  *ruinp-post  or  pygostyle.  1707  J.  STEVENS  tr.  Qucvedos 
Com.  WKS.  (1709)  403  A  vast  Fardel  of  Rags  . .  composed  a 
*Rump-rowl.  1820  W.  SCORESBY  Ace.  Arctic  Reg.  II.  296 
The  rump  then,  supported  by  a  tackle,  is  drawn  forward 
by  means  of  a  stout  rope,  called  the  *rump-rope.  1844  H. 
STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  111.  1192  The  trace-horse  is  harnessed 
with  back-strap,  *rump-strap,  and  crupper. 

1;  Rump,  sb.t  Obs.  rare.  [  =  I>u.  romp  '  pieces 
of  cloves  and  nutmeg*,  in  Kilian  rompe  'mix 
myristica  vilior,  cassa,  inanis ',  MLG.  rumpe.] 
Refuse  of  nutmegs. 

1602  in  Sir  G.  Bird  wood  &  W.  Foster  Reg.  Lett.  E.  India 
Co.  (1893)  41  To  dense  them  &  free  them,  .from  dust&  the 
nutmegges  from  Rumps,  ifiio  Rates  of  Merchandizes  F  vij, 
Garble  and  Rumpes  of  Nutmegs  the  pound,  xij.d. 

Rump  (nmip),  v.  Chiefly  slang.  [f.RntPj&.*] 

1.  trans.  To  turn  one's  back  upon  (a  person), 
esp.  as  a  mode  of  snubbing.  Now  rare  or  Obs. 


RUMPLE. 

1737  Common  Sense  I.  52  Whoever  envies  me,  or  whoever 
is  not  on  my  Side,  let  him  be  Rumpcd.  1790  LADY  S.  LENNOX 
Life  ft  Lett.  (1901)  II.  76  Mr.  Conolly  was  at  Court  in  Lon 
don,  and  H.  M.  rump'd  him,,  .so  that  he  did  not  go  to  the 
Queen's  drawing-room.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  ix.  ii.  f  5 
Other  people  who  attenipted  to  speak  to  him,  were  rurnped 
in  exact  proportion  with  the  blandishments  of  his  face  to 
wards  me.  1841  BARHA.M  Ingol.  Leg.  Ser.  n.  Old  Worn,  in 
Grey^  His  Holiness  not  only  gets  the  'cold  shoulder'  But 
Nick  rumps  him  completely.  1845  Blackw.  Mag.  LVII.  375 
We  believe  it  is  an  established  rule,  not  to  turn  your  back  on 
—or  in  playhouse  phrase — not  to  rump  your  audience. 

2.  absol.  Of  pigeons:  To  set  up  the  tail  feathers. 
1765  Treat.  Doin.  Pigeons  106  It  was  apt  to  make  them 

rump. 

3.  trans.  To  flog  or  scourge.    rare~°. 

1812  J.  H.VAUX  Flash  Dict,t  A'««//V,  flogged  or  scourged. 

4.  Sf.  To  plunder  completely ;   to  clean  (one) 
of  money.     (Cf.  RUMP  st>.1  4.) 

1815  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart  (1837)  III.  xi-366  Most  of  the 
chateaux,  where  the  Prussians  are  quartered,  are  what  is 
technically  called  rumped >  that  is  to  say,  plundered  out  and 
out.  1825  JAMIESON  Suppl.  s.v.,  A  phrase  often  applied  to 
a  losing  gamester ;  as, '  I'm  quite  rumpit '. 

Hence  Rivmping  vbl,  sl>. 

1765  Treat.  Doin.  Pigeons  96  Setting  the  feathers  upon 
the  rump,  (which  is  called  r limping). 

Rum-pad,  -padder :  see  RUM  a.1 4. 

t  Xtirmpant,  ///.  «.  06s.-1  [a.  AF.  ruinp- 
anf,  =  Y.  rampant^  pres.  pple.  oirompre  to  break.] 
Breaking  the  law,  offending. 

1621  Irish  Act  5  Ediv.  IV  in  R.  Bolton  Stat.  hcl.  38 
Persons.. that  finde  or  impeach  any  of  the  said  vessels 
Rumpants  or  forfeits  against  this  Act. 

Ru  inp-boiie.  Now  rare  or  Obs.  [Rimp  j/>J] 
The  bone  of  the  rump ;  the  coccyx. 

1615  (see  Coccvx].  <;  1661  HOLYDAY  Juvenal  149  An  extra 
ordinary  excrescency  of  bones  below  the  os  coccygis,  the 
rump  bone.  1678  BUTLER  Hud.  m.  ii.  1626  Then  what  can 
better  represent,Than  this  Rump- bone,  the  Parliament  ?  1741 
A.  MONKO  Anat.  Nerves  (ed.  3)  198  Os  Coccygis,  or  Rump- 
bone.  1802  Mcd.  Jrnl.  VIII.  278  So,  we  have  the  terms, 
sacred  bone,  rump  bone,  nameless  bones,  boot-like  bones,  &c. 

Riimped  (rrmpt),  a,    ff.  RUMP  sby\ 

fl.   Having  a  bustle  or  false  rump.   Obs. 

1707  MRS.  CENTLIVRE  Platonick  Love  Epil.  190  Then  a 
West-country  damsel  trots  to  Town,  And  talks  of  paint,  false 
hair,  and  rumpt-up  gown.  1771  SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl.  31 
Way,  She,  to  be  sure,  was  so  particular  with  her  rutnpt  gown 
and  petticoat,,  .that  everybody  looked  at  her  with  surprise. 

2.  Having  a  rump  of  a  specified  form,  colour, 
etc.  Chiefly  Zool. 

1721  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  5972/3  A  ..  Mare, ..square  Rumpt. 
1783  LATHAM  Gen, Synop.  Birds  II.  i.  74  Ash-rumped  Thrush. 
1876  Nature  23  Nov.  90/1  A  Hairy-rumped  Agouti.  1899 
W.  T.  GKEBNE  Cage-birds  20  The  Twite,  or  Ked-Rumped 
Linnet.  Ibid.  49  Vellow-rumped  Finch. 

t  Ru'llipeilt.  Obs.~l  [ad.  pres.  pple.  of  L. 
rumpcre  to  break.]  An  application  for  breaking 
a  swelling. 

1661  LOVELL  Hist.  Aitint.  <y  Miti.  363  Inflammation..;  it's 
cured  by.  .emollients,maturants,rumpents,  sternutation  [etc.]. 

Raunper  (rzrmpai).  Hist.  [f.  RUMP  sb±  3  b.] 
A  member  or  supporter  of  the  Rump  Parliament. 

1660  Piii'YS  Diary  7  March,  There  was  all  the  Rumpers 
almost  come  to  the  House  to-day.  1665  WINSTANLEY  Loy. 
Martyrology  152  A  great  Rum  per,  and  Enemy  to  Royal 
Government.  1706  E.  WARD  Hud.  Rcdiv.  (1707)  II.  xii.  8 
'Cause  the  Rumpers  were  about,  Thro' Jealousy,  to  turn  him 
out.  1731-8  SWIFT  Pol.  Conr.  Introd.  34  Blasphemy,  or  Free- 
Thinking.,  [was]  after  the  Restoration,  carried  to  Whitehall 
by  the  converted  Rumpers.  1826  SCOTT  Woodst,  xxvi,  The 
possession  of  such  a  prize . .  might  obtain  from  the  Rumpers. . 
a  reward.  1887  J.  WUTBY-GlBSOH  in  Diet.  Nut.  Biog.  IX. 
460  Chaloner,  being  elected.. for  Scarborough,  became  a 
zealous  '  rumper '. 

So  f  Rvrmpier.      Ofo« 

1665  I.  FRASER  Polichron.  {S.  H.  S.)  349  Alderman  Hoyle 
of  York,  a  great  Rumpier. 

Ru'inpisli,  a.  rare.  [f.  RUMP  sb.*  3  b.]  Of 
or  belonging  to  the  Rump  Parliament. 

1660  [T.  WIDDOWES]  title.  The  just  Devil  of  Woodstock ; 
or.  .the  Frightsand  Punishments  inflicted  upon  the  Rump- 
ish  Commissioners  sent  thither  ..in  the  Year  1649.  ?9°4 
LANG'///W.  Scot.  III.  ix.  278  The  Covenants  were  revived 
by  the  Rumpish  Parliament  restored  by  Monk. 

Rumple  (rzrmp'l),  sbl  Sc.  (and  north!),  [f. 
RUMP  J£I  +  -LE!.] 

1.  A  tail  or  rump. 

?a  istw^tfa'/AsCK^^ujSumwithruinpillislykaskait. 
1508  DuMBAB  Flyting  125  He  that  dang  sanct  Augustine  with 
ane  rumple,  Thy  fjwll  front  had.  c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems 
(S.  T.  S)  ii.  148  Thocht  I  had  rycht  nocht  but  a  rok  To  car 
gour  rumpill  reik  Behynd.  1721  KELLY  Scot.  /Vw.  365  You 
ride  so  near  the  Rumple,  you  II  let  none  get  on  behind.  1788 
PICKEN  Poems  130  He  shook  his  tail,  an'  rumple  blue,  a  1878 
AINSLIE  Land  of  Burns  (i%<)2)  310  Your  rumples  to  the  sun, 
Your  digits  diggin'  in  the  dirt.  1898  Shetland  News  30  April 
(E.  D.  D.),  Black  wi'  a  white  bit  apo'  da  rumple. 

Comb.  1776  HERD  Collect.  Sc.  So»fs  II.  229  She's  fa'no'er 
the  buffet-stool  And  brake  her  rumple-bane.  1824  CHAMBERS 
Traditions  of  Edinb.  (1847)  195  The  rumple-knot  was  a  large 
bunch  of  ribbons  worn  at  the  peak  of  the  waist  behind. 

f  2.  The  Rump  Parliament.   Obs~l 

1725  RAMSAY  Gentl.  Shcph.  n.  i,  Monk .  .plaid  the  Rumple 
a  right  slee  begunk. 

Rumple  (rvmp'l),  sb2  Now  rare.  Also  6 
Sc.  rumpil.  [ad.  MDu.  (also  Du.)  rompel  or 
MLG.  rumpel(e>  derivatives  of  MDu.  rompe t  MLG. 
rumpe  (G.  dial,  riimpf)  wrinkle.  Cf.  RIMPLE  so.] 
A  wrinkle,  fold,  crease.  (See  also  quot.  177^0 


RUMPLE. 

1500-30  DUNBAR  Poems  xxvi.  20  Round  abowt  him.  .Hang 
all  in  rumpillis  to  the  heill  His  kethat  [?  rca^rechat]  for  the 
nani^.  1611  COTGK.,  Grippcts,  the  rumples  of  an  ouer-long, 
or  ill-made  garment.  1693  DRVUEK  Juvenal  (1697)  268 
Fair  Virginia  wou'd  ..  change  her  Faultless  Make  For  the 
foul  Rumple  of  her  Camel-hack.  1701  FARQUHAR  Sir  If. 
IViidiur  n.  i,  How.  .could  you  two  contrive  to  make  a  bed 
as  mine  was  last  night?  a  wrinkle  on  one  side,  and  a  rumple 
on  t'other.  1778  E.vmoor  Scolding  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.)  151 
Rumple  in  Devon  means. .a  Thing  ruffled  and  drawn  up 
together.  1834  M.  SCOTT  Cruise  Midge  (1863)  183  It.. lay 
fiat  on  the  table  as  if  unused  to  the  rumples  and  creases. 
fRu-mple,  sb:-'>  dial.  Obs.  (See  quot.  1^78.) 
1746  Exmoor  Scolding  (E.  D.  S.)  288  Go  pey  tha  Score. . . 
There's  a  Rumple.  1778  /l>id.  Gloss.,  A  Rumple^  a  large 
Debt  contracted  by  little  and  little. 

t  Ru-mple,  sb£  dial.  Obs.  (See  quot.) 

1778  Ex7novrScoldingG\css.  (E.  D.S.)  151  Somerset, 'Twill 
come  to  a  Rumple,  or  breaking,  at  last. 

Rumple  Cwmp'l),  v.  [f.  RUMPLE  sb.-,  or  ad. 
MDu.  rompelen,  MLG.  nimpelen  (G.  dial,  riimpf- 
len\  f.  MLG.  rumpen  (MHG.  riimphen,  G. 
ruffipfen)  to  wrinkle,  etc.  Cf.  RIMPLE  ZA] 

1.  trans.  To  wrinkle,  crease,  draw  into  wrinkles 
or  small  folds,  render  uneven  or  irregular. 

In  early  use  only  in  pa.  pple.  rumpled. 

1603  Mirr.  Worldly  Fame  in  Marl.  Misc.  (Malh.)  II.  521 
Thy  cheeks  and  fair  forehead  shall  be  full  of  wrinkles  ;..thy 
throat  shall  be  rumpled.  1694  Martens'  Voy.  in  Ace.  Scv. 
Late  Voy.  n.  63  The  Leaves  are  not  quite  plain,  but  some 
what  rumpled  at  the  brims.  1758  Phil.  Trans.  L.  589  They 
are  wrinkled  or  rumpled  over  one  another.  1796  H.  HUNTER 
tr.  St.-Pierre^s  Stud.  Nat.  (1799)  II.  81  Nature  employs 


.    .,    --  .  -       , «...  pasL , 

Aeschylus.  1893  H.  M.  DOUGHTV  Our  Wherry  in  Wendish 
Lands  18  Beds  of  bogbean  foliage,  rumpling  the  green 
floating  carpet  of  lily  leaves. 

b.  re/I,  or  intr.  To  form  into  folds.  rare~l. 

1631  MABUE  Celestinav.  (1894)  101  A  pocks  upon  these 
long  and  large  playtings  in  my  Petticoates  ;  Fie  how  they 
rumple  and  fold  themselves  about  my  legges. 

2.  To  touzle,  disorder,  crumple.     Also  with  up. 

16,.  Collier  of  Croydon  in  Hazl.  Dodsley\lll.  389  He 
will  not  rumple  Peg,  nor  Joan,  nor  Nan.  1672  DAVRNANT 
To  Dk.  Richmond  Wks.  (1673)  294  Strait  I  beheld.. The 
Sheets  all  rumpled  and  the  Cordage  slack.  1712-4  POPE 
Rape  Lock  iv.  72,  I.. rumpled  petticoats,  or  tumbled  beds. 
i^73GoLDSM.  Stoops  to  Conquer  v,  Though  girls  like  to  be 

Kay'd  with,  and  rumpled  a  little  too  sometimes.  1798  MME. 
'ARBLAY  Let.  28  Aug.,  He  seized  the  letter.,  and  rumpling 
it  up  in  his  little  hands,  poked  it  under  the  cushions.  1851 
D. JERROLD  St.  Cites  xxvi'ri,  Taking  offhis  hat  and  rumpling 
up  his  hair.  1880  Miss  BEADDON  just  as  I  am  xix,  I  know 
I'm  rumpling  your  collar,  but  I  can't  help  it. 
Jig.  1641  MILTON  Animadv^^,  1851  III.  191  To  unpuine 
your  spruce  fastidious  oratory,  to  rumple  her  laces.  1713 
C'TESS  WINCHILSEA  Misc.  Poems  262  By  Age  too,  rumpl'd 
and  undrest.We  gladly  sinking  down  to  rest,  Leave  following 
Crouds  behind.  1871  B.  TAYLOR  Faust  (1875)  II.  i.  28 
Though  my  wife  assailed  me  loudly,  Rumpled  me  through 
thick  and  thin. 
1 3.  To  squeeze  together,  distort.  Obs. 

1636  DAVENANT  Wits  Wks.  (1673)  204  A  fine  young  Gen 
tleman  ;  Only  a  little  rumpl'd  in  the  Womb,  a  1661  FULLER 
Worthies^  Northampton,  n.  (1662)  282  He  was  somewhat 
rumpled  in  his  Mothers  womb,  (which  caused  his  crooked 
back).  1687  Renowned  Hist.  Sir  J.  Hawkwood^  iv.  6 
Nature  had  been  unkind,  in  rumpling  and  distorting  his 
Body  in  a  disorderly  Form. 

Hence  Ru'mpling  vbl.  sb. 

1736  AINSWORTH  Lat.  Diet.,  A  rumpling,  corrngatio, 
1839  W.  IRVING  Chronicles  ofWolfert's  Roost  (1855)  n  The 
heroine  of  the  Roost  escaped  with  a  mere  rumpling  of  the 
feathers.  1842  Penny  Cycl,  XXIV.  30/2  Such  surfaces., 
are  developable,  or  can  be  unrolled  without  any  overlapping, 
rumpling,  or  tearing.  1843  Ibid.  XXVII.  477/1  These  rods 
were  further  reduced  in  thickness. -by  a  coarse  kind  of 
drawing,  called  ripping  or  rumpling. 

Ru'mpled,///.  a.    [t.  RUMPLE  v.  +  -EU1.] 

1.  Wrinkled,  crumpled,  creased ;  touzled. 

1712  BLACKMOKE  Creation  vi.  282  Each  vital  speck,  in 
which  remains  Th'en tire, but  rumpled, animal.  1743  FIELDING 
J.  Wild  i.  ix,  A  thin  covering  of  a  rumpled  muslin  hand 
kerchief.  1802  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Moral  T.  (1816)  I.  xix. 
170  Little  rumpled  bits  of  paper,  in  which  the  fossils  had. . 
been  contained.  1840  DICKENS  Barn.  Radge  Ixxiii,  Smooth 
ing  the  bird's  rumpled  feathers  with  his  hand.  1880  *  OUIDA  ' 
Moths  I.  35  The  dreadful  rumpled  brown  holland. 

2.  Of  eggs:   =  RUMBLED//-/,  a.  2. 

1896  Westm,  Gaz.  29  Jan.  3/1  The  adjutant  prepared 
some  rumpled  e^gs  in  a  manner  he  had  learnt  on  service. 

Rumpless  (ttrmpl&s),  a.  [f.  RUMP  sb.i  + 
-LESS.]  Having  no  rump  or  tail ;  tailless. 

1668  CHAHLETON  Oiiomast.  79  [ndicus  Sine  Uropygio* 
Rumpless.  1746  FRANCIS  tr.  flor,t  Sat.  n.  viii.  114  Then  saw 
we  blackbirds  with  o'er-roabtcd  breast,  Laid  on  the  board, 
and  ringdoves  rumpless  dress'd  !  1783  LATHAM  Gen.  Synop. 
Birds  II.  n.  705  Rumpless  Cock.  This  odd  variety,  .wants 
even  the  rudiment  of  a  tail.  1850  Frascrs  Mag.  XLI.  656 
Those  who  delight  in  oddities  know  how  to  secure  a  breed  of 
rumpless  fowls  and  tailless  cats.  1885  Encycl.  Brit.  XIX. 
646/1  Rumpless  fowls  are  those  in  which  the  coccygeal 
vertebrae  are  absent ;  there  is  consequently  no  tail. 

Ru-mply,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  RUMPLE  sb$  Cf. 
Du.  rompeRg.]  Full  of  rumples,  uneven. 

1833  CAKLVLE  Misc.  £ss.t  Cagliostro,  They  spin  out,  better 
or  worse,  their  rumply,  infirm  thread  of  Kxistence. 

t  Rumpship.  Obs.  [f.  RUMP  j//.i  sb.]  A 
contemptuous  title  applied  to  members,  or  to  the 
rule,  of  the  Rump  Parliament. 

1659  R.  WILD  Poems  (i  870)  12  Well,  let  it  be  ;  Your  Rump- 
ship  wants  a  scouring  loo,  thinks  he.  iGfoXiJ  Blind  Guides 


893 

3  And  thus  I'll  Instance:  Kingship,  is  your  old  Bondage; 
Rumpship,  ours.  1663  J.  H.l/ist.  Cromwell  ix,  Cromwell 
..sent  Major  General  Harrison  on  the  2othof  Aprill,  1653,  to 
out  their  Rump-ships. 

Rump-te,  -ti,  -ty  :  see  RUMTI-. 
Ru'inption.    colloq.  or  dial.   ^RUMPUS  sb. 

1802  Sporting  Mag.   XX.  312  We  had  like  to  have  had 
another  rumption.    1823  in  JAMIESON    SuppL      1842-  in 
northern  dial,  gloss.  (Northumb.,  Lane.,  Line.). 
Rvrmpty.     Stock  Exchange.     (See  quof) 
1887  ATKIN  House  Scraps  12,  A  Rumpty  or  a  Tooth,  a 
35  part  of  jCi, 

Hum-punch  :  see  RUM  sb.i 
1  Rumpure.    Obs.-1   [a.  OF.  rumpure,  romp- 
W'e^  f.  rompre  to  break.]     Rupture. 

1491  CAX  TON  Vitas  Pair,  (\\r.  de  W.  1495)  i.  xlviii.  94/2  By 
the  moyen  of  the  sayde  rumpure  and  brekynge.  .He  sawe 
the  sonne  clerely  shyne. 

Rumpus  (rwmpvs},s/>.  colloq.  [prob.  n  fanciful 
formation.]  A  riot,  uproar,  disturbance,  row. 

1764  FOOTE  Mayor  ofG.  n.  i,  Ob,  Major  !  such  a  riot  and 

rumpus  !    1796  MRS.  M.  ROIUNSON  Angelina  I.  188   '  So  ! 

Miss  Clarendon,'  said  he,  *  you  have  made  a  fine  rumpus  in 

the   family!1     1824  SCOIT  in  Lockhart  (1839)  VII.  281  You 

j    incur  my  serious  displeasure  if  you  move  one  inch  in  this 

contemptible   rumpus.     1847   Lvriox  Lwcretia  (1853)    i£6 

I    Don't  make  such  a  rumpus,  or  No.  7  will  be  at  you.     1894 

J.  KNIGHT  Garrick  ix.  153 The  mock  quarrel,  .seems almost 

:    to  have  ended  in  a  real  rumpus. 

b.  Used  without  article. 

1768  Boston  Gaz,  21   Mar.   3/1  The    E vemng  concluded 

without  Riot,  or  Rumpus.  1800  Spirit  Publ.  Jrnls.  IV.  115 

Musical  rumpus  ;  or  more  than  was  promised  in  the  bills. 

1844  Civil  Lng.  <$•  Arch.  Jml.  VII.  82/2  The  unlucky  one 

..which  caused  at  the  time  such  ire  and  so  much  rumpus. 

,     1894  Idler  Sept.  171  It  is  of  no  use  to  quarrel  with  him.    He 

1     lives  on  rumpus. 

Hence  Ru'mpus  v.,  to  make  a  disturbance. 
1839  HOOD  Smithjleld  Market  ix,  We  don't  want  oxen  at 
;  our  doors  to  rump-us  !  1850  LOWELL  Mr.  Knott  i.  286  All 
1  night,  as  wide  awake  as  gnats,  The  terriers  rumpused  after 
|  rats.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tom"s  C.  xxiv.  232  Marie. . 
j  rumpussed  and  scolded  with  more  energy  than  ever  all  day, 
i  on  the  strength  of  this  new  misery. 

Rumpy  (rzrmpi).  Also  rumpee.  [f.  RUMP 
sb.1  +  -Y.J  A  Manx  cat.  Also  attrib. 

c  1836  Deiiham  Tracts  (1892)  I.  199  The  only  animal  pecu 
liar  to  the  island  is  the  tailless  cat,  called  hi  Manks'  stubbin', 
i    in  English  'rumpy'.   1894  Contemp.  Rey.  LXVI.642  The  Isle 
|    of  Man, . .  the  native  seat  of  fresh  herrings  and  rumpy  cats. 

Rum-shrub:  see  RUM  sb\ 
Rum-strum,  variant  of  KAM-STAM  adv. 

1827  C.  G.  in  Friendships  of  Miss  Mitford  (1882)  I.  180, 1 
have  gone  on  rum-strum,  and  find  myself  at  the  bottom, 

Rum-swizzle,     rare—0.     (See  quot.) 

1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  Rum-swizzle,  the  name  given 
to  a  fabric  made  in  Dublin  from  undyed  foreign  wool,  which, 
while  preserving  its  natural  property  of  resisting  wet,  pos 
sesses  the  qualities  of  common  cloth. 

Rumti-  (also  rum-ti-,  rumty- ;  rumpti-, 
rumpty-,  rump-te-),  a  meaningless  combination 
of  syllables  used  in  refrains  or  imitations  of  sounds. 

(a)  1820  SCOTT  Let.  30  Nov.  in  Lock/tart  (1845)  442/1  The 

A' ttmti-iddity  chorus  in  Tom  Thumb.     1834  TaiCs  Mag.  I. 

|    738/1  Luckily,  Old  Sparks  hadn't  christened  him  with  any 

i    of  his  ridiculous  rumfoozles,  or  rumptyiddities.  1848  DICKENS 

J    Dojitbey  fy  Son  ii,  The.  .unmeaning  and  unfeeling  remark  of 

rump-te-iddity,  bow-wow-wow. 

\b)  1834  M.  SCOTT  Cruise  Midge  xviii,  The  tabor  was 
fiercely  peaten,  rumpti,  tumpti.  1897  Star  20  Apr.  3/4  The 
music. -Is  of  the  commonplace  rum-ti-tum  order.  1901  Pall 
Mall  Mag,  Feb.  265  If  you  were  to  put  in  a  little  le.is 
rumty-tumty  language,  I'm  not  sure  that  I  shouldn't  agree 
with  you. 

Rum-tum.      [A  fanciful  formation.] 

1.  dial.  A  jovial  diversion  or  prank. 

1876  BLACKMOKE  Cripps  liv,  The  Lord  only  knows  what  a 
I    fool  I  be,  to  carry  on  with  such  rum-turns  now. 

2.  Boating.  A  form  of  light  racing-boat  for  one 
i    sculler,  with  outriggers   and  sliding  seat,  used  on 
i    the  lower  Thames.     Also  attrib. 

First  built  and  named  at  Putney  about  1888.     The  rum- 
I    turn  is  shorter  and  broader  than  the  gig,  and  was  originally 
an  open  boat,  but  is  now  canvassed  in  fore  and  aft. 

1891  Lock-to-Lock  Time's  24  Oct.  6/2  May  I  ask  why  a  new 
j  class  of  boat  has  sprung  up,  bearing  the  inelegant  name  of 
'  Rum-Turn  '  ?  Why  '  Rum-Turn '  'i  1898  ANS TED  Diet.  Sea 
Terms,  Rum-turn  race,  a  race  among  Thames  rowing  men 
in  boats  supplied  to  them  by  the  clubs  to  which  they  belong. 
..  The  practice  of  rum-turn  racing  has  only  been  instituted 
Within  the  last  few  years. 

Ru'mule.  Ent*  rare—0,  [ad.  L.  ntnnila,  dim. 
Q{  ruma.  var.  Qiniwis  teat.]  (See  quot.) 

1826  KIKBV  &  SP.  Entomol.  IV.  xlvi.  353  Rumulcs  (Ruin, 
nix),  teat -like  fleshy  protuberances  observable  on  the  bodies 
of  various  larva:. 

Rumy,  variant  of  ROMY  v.  Obs. 

Rumyll,  obs.  form  of  RUMBLE. 

Run  (Km),  sb.1  Forms:  a.  5  rune,  7  runne, 
6-  run.  £.  north,  and  Sc.  6-7  ryn,  6-  rin.  See 
also  REN  sb.  [f.  RUN  v.  The  verbal  stem  is 
similarly  employed  in  Fris.  rint  Du.  rent  G.  renn.] 
I.  1.  A  single  act  or  spell  of  running,  f  A  near 
rujtj  a  narrow  escape,  a  close  shave. 

c  1450  Mankind  603  (Brandl),  I  was  twychyde  by  be  neke  ; 
. .  J>e  halter  brast  a  sondre ; . .  The  halfT  ys  a  bowte  my  neke  ; 
\ve  hade  a  nere  rune.  1638  JUNIUS  Paint.  Ancients  207 
They  who  leape  for  strife  use  to  go  backe  a  great  way,  and 
fetch  a  runne.  1692  R.  L'ESTRANGE  Fables  i.  cccxcvi.The  Ass 
, .  fetches  a  Run  at  them  Open  Mouth.  1768  Ross  Htlftiort 


RUN. 

n.  89  Ralph,  mean  time,  to  the  doer  comes  wi'  a  rin.  1837 
DICKENS  Pickw.  xxx,  Mr.  Pickwick  . .  took  two  or  three 
short  runs.. and  went  slowly  and  gravely  down  the  slide. 
1860  TYNOALL  Glac.  i.  \xii.  152  A  deep  wide  channel. .;  with 
the  aid  of  a  run  I  cleared  it  and  went  on.  1892  Longman's 
Mag.  Nov.  87  The  tish  appear  very  fastidious  in  choosing 
their  time  for  a  big  '  run  '. 

fig-  1713  ARBUTHNOT  Jvhn  Eull\\.  vi,  1  wiah  you  would 
talk  of  some  other  subject ;  the  thoughts  of  it  makes  me  mad  ; 
our  family  must  have  their  run.  1844  DICKENS  Marl.  Chn~. 
xxx,  I  think  of  giving  her  a  run  in  London  for  a  change. 
1886  STEVENSON  Kidnapped  xxx,  My  eye  would  take  a 
glad  bit  of  a  run  over  the  prospect. 

b.  A  distance  covered,  or  taking  a  certain  time 
to  cover,  by  running. 

1596  SHAKS.   Taut.  Slireiu  IV.  i.   16  Curtis.  Who  is  that 

calls  so  coldly!    Gru.  A  piece  of  Ice;. .if  thou  doubt  it, 

i    thou  maist  slide  from   my  shoulder  to  my  heele,  with  no 

!    greater  a  run  but  my  head   and  my  necke.     1841    LANI: 

Arab.  Nts.  I.  126  The  tun  seldom  exceeds  three  or  four 

miles.     1872  Routtcdgc's  F.v.  Boy's  Ann.  114/2  Within  a 

few  seconds'  run  of  the  station. 

c.  A  running  away,  a  bolt. 

1848  DICKENS  Doinbey  iv,  If  I  didn't  know  he  was  loo  fond 
I    of  me  to  make  a  run  of  it,  and.  .enter  himself  aboard  ship. 

d.  To  have  a  run  for  one' s  money ,  to  have  some 
kind  of  return  or  satisfaction  for  one's  expenditure 

j    or  exertions.     (Orig.  racing  slang.) 

1874  Slang  Diet.  274  To  have  a  run  for  one's  money  is 
|    also  to  have  a  good  determined  struggle  for  any  tiling.    1883 
':    Daily  Telcgr.  28  Aug.  5/1   It  does  not  always  follow  that 

the  silly  backers  get  a  run  for  their  money.  The  horse 
may.. be  scratched  a  few  hours  before  the  race.  1889  Pail 
Mall  G.  19  Jan.  1/1  So  far  the  Macmillans  have  had  what 
is  called  ill  some  circles  a  good  run  for  their  money. 

2.  a.   Cricket.    An   act   of  running  successfully 
from  one  popping-crease  to  the  other  by  both  bats 
men,  counting  as  an  addition  of  one  to  the  score. 

1746  in  '  Bat  '  Cricktt  Man,  (1850)  80  Runs. .40.  1772  in 
^'aghorn  Cricket  Scores  87  Last  Thursday  Dartford  headed 
Chatham  just  the  same  number  of  runs.. .  Bell  and  Twinkler 
made  many  runs.  1843  lylackiv.  Mag.  LIV.  171  In  spite  of 
>  Hanmer's  steady  bowling,  they  got  runs  pretty  fast.  1859 
All  \~car  Round  No.  73.  306  We  had  made  our  80  runs  in 
less  than  two  hours. 

Comb.  1881  Stnndai-d  14  June  3/8  Such  a  breakdown  on 
a  run-getting  wicket  w  as  without  excuse.  1884  Lilly-.i-'hiti?s 
Cricket  Ann.  25  Neither  of  them  quite  as  reliable  run- 
getters.  Ibid.  65  A  match  evenly  drawn,  after  some  heavy 
run-getting. 

b.  Jiasiball.  (See  quots.) 

1875  Encyd.  />V;V.  III.  407/1  A  run  is  scored  when  any 
base-runner  reaches  the  home  base  again,  after  touching  all 
the  other  bases  in  proper  succession,  and   provided  three 
players  are  not  put  out.    1886  MKS.  BUKNEH  Ld.  Fautttlc- 

.    roy  vi,  Unce  round  the  field  is  a  home  run  and  counts  one. 

3.  a.  A  spell  of  riding  after  hounds  or  in  a  race. 


!     the  colt  should  always  be  ready  to  sacrifice  his  own  place 
i     in  the  run  (steeplechase).     1875  W.  S.  HAYWAKD  Lore  agst. 
'     World  2  You  could  never  show  me  your  horse's  heels  in  a 
run  yet. 

b.  A    round    of   running   at   hare-and-hounds. 
Also,  the  course  taken  by  the  harriers. 

1857  HUGIILS  Tom  Brov-'ii  i.  vii,  Which  run  is  it?. .The 
Barby  run,.. nine  miles  at  least,  and  hard  ground.  1897 
Academy  30  Oct.  348/r,  I  cut  football,.. and  said  1  had  a 
sore  heel  so  as  not  to  be  run  in  for  Tuesday's  run. 

4.  a.  A  spell  of  sailing,  esp.  between  two  ports. 
1712  W.  ROGERS  /  'oy. round  ll'orld  Introd.  (i7i8)ioThe 

general  Distemper  in  such  long  Runs  is  the  Scurvy.  1745 
P.  THOMAS  Jrnl.  Alison's  I'nj:  26  We  made  pretty  good 
Runs  under  an  easy  Sail.  1831  MELVILLE  U'lialc  xiv.  69 

•     After  a  fine  run  \ve  safely  arrived  in  Nantucket.      1890  '  R. 

j     BOLDREWOOD'  Col.  Reformer  (iSgi)  171  After  a  first-class 

I    run,  poor  Grant  made  the  light,  sometime  after  nightfall. 
b.  In  phr.  by  the  run  (see  quots.). 
1758  J.  BLAKE  Afar.  Sj'st.  44  It  is  customary  in  the  West- 
Indies. .to  hire  mariners  by  the  run-home.    Ibid.  46  It  is 
proposed  that   all   contracts  and  bargains  by  the  run  be 

j  made  illegal.  1808  T.  CLABKSON  Abol.  Slave  Trade  I.  xv. 
327  The  seamen  belonging  to  them  were  to  be  permitted  to 

'  come  home  by  what  is  usually  called  the  run.  1846  A. 
YOUNG  Xaut.  Diet,  s.v.,  Seamen  are  said  to  be  engaged  by 

i     the  run,  when  they  ship  with  the  intention  of  leaving  the 

j     vessel  at  a  certain  port  of  destination. 

C.  An  excursion,  trip  ;  a  rapid  journey  accom 
panied  by  a  short  stay  at  a  place. 

1854  GKEBNWOOD  ffafs  ft  Mishaps  89  After  a  short  run 
on  the  rail  we  took  a  stage-coach.  1886  C.  E.  PASCOL 

!  London  of  To-day  vii.  (ed.  3!  86  Other  garrisons  generally 
manage  during  those  weeks  to  get  a  day  or  two's  leave  for 
'  a  run  up  to  town  '. 

d.  A  single  journey  made  by  a  locomotive  en 
gine  ;  the  distance  thus  traversed. 
1870  in  Ue  Vere  Americanisms  360  Engineers  and  firemen 

i    often  arrive  at  the  end  of  their  run  somewhere  among  the 

'•    small  hours  of  night.    1871  Ibid.,  The  railway  officials.,  state 

i  that  the  run  will  be  made  in  so  many  hours.  1889  Spectator 
12  Oct.,  The  Great  Northern  can  claim,  .the  fastest  run. 

5.  •(•  a.  The  total  amount  of  the  cargo  carried 
by  a  vessel  on  a  single  voyage.  Obs. 

1795  Scots  Mag.  LVII.    132/1    His  Lordship'i  enquiry 
into  the  monopolizing  arts  of  buying  bread-corn  out  of 
coasting  vessels,  by  what  is  called  the  run. 
b.  A  landing  of  smuggled  goods. 

1832  Times  30  Oct.  2/6  A  run  of  illicit  goods  having  been 
effected  near  Bexbill  on  Monday  night.  1895  STOKER 
Waiter's  jt/ott'  4  Keep  careful  watch  to-night ;  run  expected. 

6.  A  rapid  course;   esp.  with  a.  run,  rapidly, 
with  a  rapid  fall.     (Cf.  :y  d.) 


RUN. 

i8»  J.  FLINT  Lctt.fr.  Amcr.  86  On  the  nth  we  went 
down  Letart's  rapids,  a  very  violent  run.  1840  MARRVAT 
Poor  Jack  i,  The  lanyard  of  the  cot  gave  way,  and  she 
came  down  with  a  run  by  the  head.  1866  MRS.  GASKELL 
IVivcs  <f-  Daughters  xxi,  I  shall  go  down  in  your  opinion 
with  a  run..,  like  the  hall  clock.. when  the  spring  broke. 
1895  Daily  Arcws  13  Sept.  2/6  Cheese  fell  slowly  last  year, 
but  this  year  values  have  come  down  with  a  run. 
b.  Mining.  ^See  quots.) 

1881  RAYMOND  J\ lining  Gloss, ,  Run,  certain  accidents  to 
the  winding  apparatus.  1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Terms  Coal- 
niintng,  Rnnt.  .a  breakaway  upon  an  inclined-plane. 

7.  a.  Skating.    (See  quot.) 

1856  '  STONEHENGE  '  Brit.  Rnr.  Shorts  523/1  This  is  the 
most  simple  form  of  skating,  and  is  called  the  ordinary  run, 
or  inside  edge  forward. 

b.  Golf.  A  stroke  in  which  the  ball  is  made  to 
run  along  the  ground. 

1901  Scotsman  5  Sept.  7/3  He  followed  up  by  a  fine  run 
to  within  a  yard  of  the  pin. 

8.  With   advs.,  as   run-in,  an   act  of  running 
in  ;  spec,  in  Rugby  football,  an  act  of  running  over 
the  touch-line  of  the  opposite  side  with  the  ball ; 
also,    the    home    stretch  in   a  run  at    hare-and- 
hounds,  or  in  a  race;  run-out,  an  instance  of  a 
batsman  being  put  out  while  trying  to  make  a  run; 
run-over,  an  act  of  running  over,  esp.  with  the 
eyes ;  a  hasty  perusal. 

a  1814  Intrigues  of  Day  \\.  i.  in  NC-M  Brit.  Theatre  I.  97 
The  newspapers  are  probably  arrived,  and  I'll  just  give  them 
a  run-over.  1857  G.  A.  LAWRENCE  Guy  Liv.  ix,  The  down 
hill  run-in  favours  his  vast  stride.  1857  HUGHKS  Tout 
ft  row  n  i.  vii,  I  know  we're  close  to  the  run  in.  1864 
Field 403/2  After  several  severe  scrimmages.. a  run-in  was 
obtained.  1895  J.  G.  MILLAIS  Breath /r.  Veldt  (1899)  220 
[He]  had  got  first  run-in  at  the  big  herd  of  buffaloes,  .and 
killed  nine.  1891  Run  out  [see  RETURN  sb.  12  e].  1892 
Longmans  Mag.  Aug.  440  Oxford  began  with  a  duck  and 
a  run  out. 

II.  9.  A  small  stream,  brook,  rivulet,  or  water 
course  ;  a  channel  or  overflow.  Chiefly  U.S.  and 
north,  dial. 

£.  1581  Rec.  Burgh  Edlnb.  (1882)  557  Edward  Galbrayth 
having  oft  tyines  desyrit  ane  tak  of  the  commodity  of  the 
rin  of  the  said  loch.  1643  Rec.  Elgin  (New  Spalding  Cl.)  I. 
276  The  counsel!  appoyntis  theis  that  castis  the  ryn  of  Lossie 
to  haue  for  ilk  ruid  thairof  that  thai  cast  26s.  8<r*.  1808 
JAM  i  KSON,  AV«, . .  a  stream.  Ibid.)  A  rin  of  waiter^  a  waterfall. 

a.  1603  ROSIER  Way mouth's  Voy.  (Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.) 
146  Searching  up  in  the  island,  we  saw  it  [a  pond]  fed  with 
a  strong  run.  1651  Virginia  St.  Papers  (1875)  I.  i  On  the 
Eastward  side  of  a  Runne,  which  falles  into  ye  head  of  Ware 
River.  1703  DAMPIER  Voy.  III.  i.  31  There  is.. a  Run  of 
Water  in  the  bottom,  which  empties  it  self  into  a  fine  small 
Cove  or  sandy  Bay.  1768  BOSWELL  Corsica  36, 1  remember 
on  the  road  between  Rome  and  Naples,  a  run  from  a 
sulphureous  spring.  1808  PIKE  Sources  of  Mississ.  (1810) 
II.  191  We  struck  on  a  brook  which  led  west,. .and  shortly 
came  to  a  small  run,  running  west.  1863  KINGSLEY  Water- 
Eab.  132  He  swam  to  the  shore  and  met  the  light  as  it 
stopped  over  a  shallow  run  at  the  edge  of  a  low  rock.  1877 
MARCUS  CLARKE  Australia  <y  Tasnt.  24  This  interesting 
exploration  discovered  several '  runs '  of  fresh  water  around 
the  bays. 

b.  A  flow  or  current  of  water;  a  strong  rush 
or  sweep  of  the  tide,  etc. 

1814  SCOTT  Diary  2  Sept.  in  Lockharf,  In  the  passage  or 
sound  between  Scarba  and  the  extremity  of  Jura,  is  a 
terrible  run  of  tide.  1856  Jrnl.  R.  Agrtc.  Soc.  XVII.  if. 
404  This  will  only  happen  where  there  js  a  summer  run  of 
water.  1887  STEVENSON  Merry  Men  iii,  Already  along  the 
curve  of  Sandag  Bay  there  was  a  splashing  run  of  sea. 

O.  A  flow  of  sand  ;  a  slip,  slide,  sudden  fall  of 
earth.  Chiefly  Mining. 

1854  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.^Soc.  XV.  ir.  426  [He]  stopped  the 
mischief  with  thin  parings  of  turf  placed  over  the  joints 
where  the  run  of  sand  was  found.     1875  Ure^s  Diet.  Arts 
HI.  294  The  working. .has  opened  up  enormous  excava 
tions;  whence  disastrous  'runs'  have  taken  place  in  the 
mines.      1897  A  rchseol.  Jrnl.  Dec.  375  There  are  conditions 
where  the  flints  are  buried  in  the  '  head  '  or  '  rain  wash  ',  or 
'run  o*  th*  hill'. 

f  10.  A  running  sore.   Ofo.—° 

1648  HEXHAM  n,  Een  loopende  gat,  ofte  Fisttt,  a  Fistula 
or  a  Run. 

11.  t**  A  rhythmical  flow  of  verse.     Obs*  rare. 
(Cf.  29  b.) 

1693  DRYDEN  Exam.  Poet.  Ess.  (ed.  Ker)  II.  10  To  give 
my  poetry  a  kind  of  cadence,  and.  as  we  call  it,  a  run  of 
verse.  —  Disc.  Satire  ibid.  85  Lucilius.  .minded  neither  his 
style,  nor  his  numbers,  nor  his  purity  of  words,  nor  his  run 
of  verse. 

b.  (After  Gael,  ruith.)  A  rapidly  recited  pas 
sage  of  measured  and  alliterative  prose,  character 
istic  of  Gaelic  folk-tales. 

1891  MACDOUGALL  Folk  fy  Hero  Talcs  260  Both  terms 
convey  the  same  meaning,  and  either,  .preserves  the  allitera 
tion  and  rhythm  of  the  run  well  enough. 

12.  Mus.  a.  A  roulade. 

1855  Penny  Cycl.    HI.   527/1    Purcell,..in  a    wretched 
endeavour  to  express  descent,  writes  for  the  base  a  run  of 
notes  from  D  above  to  D  below  the  staff.     1876  STAINER  & 
BARRETT  Diet.  Mus.  Terms  s.v.,  Except  for  tne  purpose  of 
training  the  voice,  runs  may  be  said  to  be  out  of  fashion. 
1878  MRS.  HUNCKRFORD  Molly  Bawn  xiii,  I  like  something 
I  can  understand,  and  I  hate  your  runs  and  trills. 

b.  (See  quot.) 

1895  Funk*s  Standard  Diet.,   #««,•.  the  sound  of  an 
organ-pipe  caused  by  leakage  of  air  into  the  pipe. 
III.  13.  A  continuous  stretch  ^something. 
1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  <y  Sefo.  Contents,  Shewing  there 
would  be  no  run  of  unmade  time  between  two  worlds,  nor 


894 

formerness  nor  afterness.  1719  W.  WOOD  Survey  Trade  i^ 
Some  of  our  Colonies. .suffer  particular  Planters  to  keep 
great  Runs  of  Land  in  their  Possession  uncultivated,  on 
purpose  to  prevent  New  Settlements.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON 
Opcrat.  Mechanic  555  All  angles  within  the  building,  if 
oblique,.. are  allowed  for,  under  the  head  of  run  of  cut 
s^lay.  1837  Civil  Eng.  $  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  24/2  During  last 
winter  I  made  use  of  this  boiler ;  it  heated  448  feet  run  of 
3  and  4  inch  iron-pipe.  1867  F.  FRANCIS  Angling  \.  (1880) 
50,  1  was  fishing  a  very  promising  run  of  trout  and  grayling 
water. 

b.  A  continued  spell  or  course  4^  some  condi 
tion  or  state  of  things. 

1714  R.  FIDDES  Pract.  Disc.  n.  195  Men  of  the  slowest 
parts,  .have  very  often,  .a  smooth  run  of  business.  Ibid.  280 
Wicked  men  have.. a  continu'd  run  of  success.  1731  Ace. 
ll'orkhouses  in  A  run  of  the  small-pox  through  the  town  in 
1725,  and  an  epidemical  disease  in..  1727  and  1728.  1858 
HAWTHORNE  Fr.  $  It.  Note-bks.  (1871)  IV.  284  They  had  a 
fine  run  of  custom.  1863  W.C.  BALDWIN  Afr.  Hunting  vii.  269 
We  have  had  a  long-continued  run  of  the  loveliest  weather 
that  ever  poor  mortal  was  blessed  with.  1884  MCCARTHY 
Four  Georges  I.xiv.  294  Hardly  ever  since  Walpole's  time, 
has  a  minister  had  so  long  a  run  of  power. 

c.  A  course  or  spell  of  (good  or  ill)  fortune, 
csp.  in  games  of  chance. 

1697  VANBRUGH  /Eso£  iv.  ii,  Forced  to  cut  down  his  Tim 
ber,  which  he  would  willingly  preserve  against  an  ill  run  at 
dice.  1759  STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  \\.  v,  As  the  dice  took  a  run 
against  him.  1782  Miss  BURSKY  Cecilia  iv.  iii,  He  had  had 
the  preceding  night  an  uncommon  run  of  luck.  1824  SCOTT 
St.  Ronan's  x,  1  believe  in  luck  myself— in  a  good  or  bad 
run  of  luck  at  cards.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xx.  IV.  517 
The  smallest  gain  was  welcome  to  those  whom  a  long  run  of 
evil  fortune  had  discouraged.  1884  RUSKIN  IVks,  (1908) 
XXXIV.  654  They  have  had  a  run  of  ill-luck  since. 

d.  Mining  and    Geol.    A    continuous   vein   of 
rock  or  ore;  (see  also  quot.  1747). 

1747  HOOSON  Miner's  Diet.  s.v.,  A  J\it»..is  always  a 
Branch  that  flies  out  of  a  Vein  or  Pipe,  or  lies  near  to  it  on 
one  side.  1839  DE  LA  BECHE  Rep.  Gcol,  Cornwall^  etc.  iii. 
88  Taking  general  lines  of  lamination  and  runs  of  greenstone 
as  guides.  1865  J.  T.  F.  TURNER  Slate  Quarries  18  The 
various 'runs '  have  each  their  characteristics,  and  an  ob 
servant  quarrier  will  tell  immediately  whence  a  given  slate 
came;  naming  the  run  [etc.].  1882  U.S.  Rep.  free.  Met. 
636  Between  walls  of  true  country  rock,  termed  the  '  runs  '. 

Comb.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  •$•  Mining  93  This 
run  washing  was  chiefly  up  Hilder  Ravine,  where  bank  had 
very  little  of  top  or  poorest  gravel. 

14.  A   continuous   series    or  succession.     Also 
spec,  (see  quot.  1870). 

1709  Tatler  No.  86  F  4  When  we  came  to  Temple-bar,  Sir 
Harry  and  Sir  Giles  got  over  ;  but  a  Run  of  the  Coaches 
kept  the  rest  of  us  on  this  Side  the  Street.  1740  CIDBER 
A pol.  (1756)  I.  310, 1  could  never  hear  that  upon  an  ill  run  of 
audiences  they  had  ever  returned  or  brought  in  a  single 
shilling.  1774  G.  WHITE  Selborne  Ivtii,  Such  a  run  of  wet 
seasons,  a  century  or  two  ago,  would,  I  am  persuaded,  have 
occasioned  a  famine.  1870  HARDY  &  WARE  Mod.  Hoylc^ 
Cribbage  78  Sequences  or  *  Runs  '  consist  of  three  or  more 
cards  following  in  consecutive  order.  1897  Allbutt's  Syst. 
Mcd,  III.  26  The  cases  are  apt  to  occur,  as  it  were,  in  runs. 

b.  A  shoal  of  fish  in  motion,  esp.  ascending  a 
river  from  the  sea  for  spawning. 

1820  W.  SCORESBY  Act.  Arctic  Reg.  II.  214  A  large  tribe 
passing  from  one  place  to  another . .  is  denominated  a '  run  of 
fish  '.  1873-86  S.  F.  BAIRD  in  Goode  Atttcr.  Fishes  (1888)94 
[The  scuppaug]  arrives  in  successive  detachments  or  'runs' 
differing  in  size,  the  smallest  fish  coming  last. 

C.  A  set  or  series  01   consecutive  numbers  of  a 
periodical  publication. 

1889  J.  Parker  fy  Co.'s  List  of  Books  u<antedt  Mind,  A  Set, 
or  Runs.  1898  Authors  Circular  10  Mar.  2/3  Wanted,  a 
run  of  the  ^/V/rf  Newspaper  from  1885. 

d.  U.S.  Of  millstones:   (see  quot.  1848). 
1828-32  in  WEBSTER.    1848  BAKTLETT  Diet.  Amer.  281  A 

pair  of  mill-stones  is  called  a  run  of  stones  when  in  opera 
tion  or  placed  in  a  mill.    The  Rochester  flouring  mills  have 
(    ten  or  twenty  run  of  stones.    1885  U.  S.  GRANT  Mem.  I.  493 
i    Every  plantation,  .had  a  run  of  stone,  propelled  by  mule 
!    power,  to  grind  corn  for  the  owners  and  their  slaves. 

e.  Mining.  A  train  or  set  of  trams  in  a  pit. 
1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Terms  Coal-Mining. 

15.  A   series   or   rush   of   sudden   and   pressing 
demands  made  upon  a  bank  or  treasury  for  im 
mediate  payment. 

a  1692  POLLEXFEN  Disc.  Trade  (1697)  73  Any  jealousie  or 
suspicion  that  they  shall  not  have  Rloney  for  such  Bills  on 
Demand,  will  occasion  a  general  run.  1727  POPE  &  GAY 
What  passed  in  London  Swift's  Wks.  1751  VI.  265  The 
Tories  and  Jacobites,  to  whom  he  imputed  that  sudden  Run 
upon  the  Bank,  which  happened  on  this  occasion.  1776 
ADAM  SMITH  /K  N.  i.  v.  (1904)  I.  49  When  a  run  comes  upon 
them,  they  sometimes  endeavour  to  gain  time  by  paying  in 
sixpences.  1802  Edinb.  Rev.  I.  193  A  more  permanent 
cause  of  a  run  upon  the  Bank  of  England  for  specie.  1834 
GILBERT  Hist.  Banking^  In  the  year  1667  occurred  the 
first  run  of  which  we  have  any  account  in  the  history  of 
banking.  1880  Fraser's  Mag.  May  679  If  a  run  set  in,  no 
bank  in  the  world  could  escape  stoppage,  no  reserve  could 
face  it. 

transf.  1833  J.  H.  NEWMAN  A  rians  i.  ii.  (1876)  26  Causing 
a  sudden  run  upon  his  resources,  which  the  circumstances 
i    of  time  and  place  do  not  allow  him  to  meet. 

b.  An  extensive  or  well- sustained  demand  for 
i   something.     Const,  on. 

1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xxv'ui  [xxixj,  Some  accidental  cir 
cumstances  had  occasioned  what  is  called  a  run  upon  the 
road,  and  the  landlord  could  not  accommodate  her  with  a 


Printers'  Vocab.,  Run  on  sorts,  an  extraordinary  demand 
for  any  particular  letter  or  letters  in  composing. 


RUN. 

c.  Gaming.  A  continued  spell  of  chance  falling 
on  a  particular  colour,  etc. 

1826  DISRAELI  Viv.  Greyv.  vi,  There  has  been  a  run  on  the 
red.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xxxviii,  A  confounded  run 
on  the  red  had  finished  him,  he  said,  at  Baden  Baden. 

d.  A  concourse  or  resort  of  customers,  etc. 
1844  W.  CROSS  Disruption  xviii.  (E.D.D.),  The  meal  ye  sent 

me  wasna  according  to  sample  ; . .  it  has  done  my  run  mair  ill 
than  it  was  worth.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xxiii,  There 
was  such  a  run  to  see  the  new  folks,  that  the  Low  Church 
was  deserted. 

f!6.  A  persistent  set  against ,  or  attack  upon, 
some  thing  or  person.  Obs. 

1719  SWIFT  Lett,  to  Young  Clergyman  Wks.  1751  V.  26 
You  cannot  but  have,  .observed,  what  a  violent  Run  there  is 
among  too  many  weak  People  against  University  Education. 
^1763  EARL  WALDEGRAVE  Mem.  (1821)  121  At  the  late 
change  of  administration,  when  there  was  a  violent  run 
against  him.  a  1779  WARBUKTOS  Notes  on  Pope  (Todd), 
He  bade  him  not  be  discouraged  at  this  run  upon  him  ;  for 
.  .mere  wit  and  raillery  could  not  hold  it  out  long  against  a 
work  of  so  much  learning. 

17.  A  success  with  the  public,  so  as  to  be  ex 
tensively  bought  or  run  after. 

a  1719  ADDISOS  (J.),  It  is  impossible  for  detached  papers  to 
have  a  general  run  or  long  continuance,  if  not  diversified 
with  humour.  1749  CHETWOOD  Gen.  Hist.  Stage  19  This 
double  Play  was  performed  on  two  succeeding  Nights,  and 
had  a  very  great  Run  (a  Theatrical  Term).  1771  LUCKOMBE 
Hist.  Print.  227  Among  the  Irregular  Bodied  sorts  of  Letter, 
none  has  taken  so  great  a  run  as  Small  Pica.  1818  COBDETT 
Pol.  Reg.  XXX.  9  If  you  were  to  go  to  London,,  .and  become 
a  seller  of  glass,  do  you  not  think  that  your  glass  would 
have  a  run?  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xix.  IV.  351  A 
History  of  the  Bloody  Assizes,  .was  expected  to  have  as 
great  a  run  as  the  Pilgrim's  Progress.  1885  *  F.  ANSTEY' 
Tinted  Venus  67  I've  been  thinking  out  a  machine. .that 
ought  to  have  an  extensive  run. 

fb.  Amount  of  export  from  a  place.   Obs. 

1789  J.  WILLIAMS  Min.  Kingd.  \.  167  The  run  of  coals 
from  Newcastle  and  Sunderland  has  been.. very  great  for 
above  fifty  years. 

18.  A  continuous  period  of  being  represented  on 
the  stage.  (Cf.  26  b.) 

1714  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  592  p  2  Several  of  them  lay  it 
down  as  a  Maxim,  That  whatever  Dramatick  Performance 
has  a  long  Run,  must  of  Necessity  be  good  for  nothing.  1756 
C.  SMART  tr.  Horace^  Sat.  i.  x.  (1826)  II.  83  These  satires, 
which  can  neither  be  recited  in  the  temple  of  Apollo. .,  nor 
can  have  a  run  over  and  over  again  represented  in  the 
theatre.  1837  LOCKHART  Scott  IV.  vii.  228  The  Rob  Roy  had 
a  continued  run  of  forty-one  nights.  1857  MRS.  MATHEWS 
Tea-Table  T.  I.  38  This  comedy.. had  a  lengthened  run. 
1896  MARY  ANDERSON-  Few  Mem.  vi.  (ed.  2)  89  Each  week 
brought.. a  round  of  new  plays  to  these  companies  (long 
runs  were  almost  unheard-of  then). 

b.  transf.  A   period   of  continuing   in   favour 
with,  or  remaining  open  to,  the  public. 

1884 Manck.  Guard.  22 Sept. 5/4 The  International  Textile 
Exhibition,  .closed  yesterday,  .after  a  run  of  something  like 
six  weeks.  1885  Manch.  Exatn.  \  \  Nov.  3/2  A  work  which 
after  a  few  weeks'  run  at  the  circulating  libraries  is  ignored 
and  forgotten. 

19.  A  spell  of  making  or  allowing  something 
liquid  to  run  ;  the  amount  run  off  at  one  time. 

1710  WHITWORTH  Ace.  Russia(\T$>}  77  And  being  seldom 
tryedwhen  melted,  their  coins  are  of  different  value,  as  the 
run  happens  to  be  good  or  bad,  Plate,  Dollars,  and  old 
Copeeks,  being  all  melted  together.  1711  ADDISON  Spect. 
No.  72  P  8  Sometimes  they  speak  in  Raptures  of  a  Run  of  Ale 
in  King  Charles's  Reign.  1838  MOREWOOD  Hist.  Inebri* 
ating  Liquors  283  The  second  run  of  the  still.. is  of  a 
strength  from  23°  to  26°.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  fy 
Mining  212  A  run  of  this  ore  made  in  November  yielded  at 
the  rate  of  $80  per  ton.  1883 Cent.  Mag.  July  332/2  Heshuts 
off  the  flow,  measures  what  remains  in  the  tank,  and  makes 
out  a  triplicate  certificate,  showing  depth  of  oil  at  the  be. 
ginning  and  at  the  end  of  the  run. 

b.  A  measure  of  yarn  for  spinning:  (seequots.). 

1734  CV««.  C~W.  Rec.  (1873)  VII.  512  For  every  yard  that  is 
well  spun,  wove  and  whitned,  and  is  a  yard  wide  and  made 
of  yarn  that  is  eight  runs  to  the  pound,  two  shillings  per  yard. 
i87STEMi'LE&  SHELDON  Hist.  Northjleld^  Mass.  161  Spin 
ning  was  commonly  done  by  the  run.  A  run  of  yarn  con- 
sisted  of  twentyknots,aknot  was  composed  of  forty  threads, 
and  a  threat!  was  seventy-four  inches  in  length,  or  once  round 
the  reel.  1878  A.  UAKLOW  Weaving  330  Woollen  yarns  arc 
weighed  in  lengths  or  '  runs  '  of  1600  yaids. 

C.  A  spell  of  making  or  allowing  machinery 
to  run  or  continue  to  work. 

1875  MARTIN  Winding  Mach.  49  Its  wear.,  is  reduced  as 
much  as  possible — as,  also,  are  the  number  of  turns  of  the 
engine  in  each  run.  1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  %  Mining 

319  The  Sukey  Mill  made  a  short  run  in  the  summer,  but 
was  unsuccessful.    i88a  U.S.  Rep.  Prec.  Met.  473  Only  one 
experimental  run  to  test  the  machinery.. has  been  made. 

20.  Common,  general,   or   ordinary  run,   the 
usual,  ordinary,  average  type  or  class  ;  the  general 
ity  or  great  majority.     Also  without  adj. 

171*  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  287  P6  In  the  common  Run  of 
Mankind,  for  one  that  is  Wise  and  Good  you  find  ten  of  a 
contrary  Character.  174?  GRAY  Leit-  (Bonn)  1. 165  The  or 
dinary  run  of  Readers.  1765  ULACKSTONE  Comtn.  1. 101  T  he 
general  run  of  laws,  enacted  by  the  superior  state,  are  sup 
posed  to  be  calculated  for  it's  own  internal  government.  1809 
MALKIN  Gil  Bias  iv.  viii.  P  7  To  lead  such  a  life  would  be., 
penance  to  the  common  run  of  ladies.  1875  HELPS  Soc. 
Press,  vii.  92  They  furnish  very  bad  examples  for  dealing 
with  the  ordinary  run  of  human  beings. 

ellipt.  1838  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Let*  to  Faussctt  25  Would  it 
not  offend  the  run  of  religious  men?  1839-52  BAILEY  Ftstiu 

320  A  man  of  mind,  above  the  run  of  men. 

b.  A  number  of  animals  born  or  reared  at  the 
same  time  ;  a  batch  or  drove. 


RUN. 


895 


RUN. 


1847  JrnL  R.Agric.  Soc.  VIII.  i.  10  It  is  not  uncommon  to 
suckle  the  next  run  of  lambs  upon  the  ewes  that  have  had 
their  lambs  taken  off.  1848  IbiiL  IX.  i.  3  After  the  first  run 
of  oxen  have  been  sent  to  market,  . .  these  pastures  are 
cleaned  up. 

c.  A  line  or  class  of  goods. 

1883  Daily  News  23  Jan.  2/7  Makers  of  the  ordinary  runs 
of  cloth  being  fully  employed.  1886  Ibid.  20  Oct.  2/5  The 
best  runs  of  English  and  foreign  [wheat]  sell  at  full  prices. 

IV.  21.  A    regular    track    made    by    certain 
animals ;  the  '  bower  *  of  a  bower-bird,  etc. 

1821  LIDDLE  Poems  116  (E.  D.  D.),  Til  gar  her  keep  the 
run,  If  deils  waur  on't.  1838  Encycl.  M strop.  (1845)  XXV. 
430/2  The  burrows  which  the  Mole  forms.. are  divided  into 
several  parts,  its  fafye  and  rant.  1845  Zoologist  III.  | 
1083  The  '  run  ',  as  it  is  termed,  of  a  tench  is  different  to 
that  of  a  bream  or  rud.  1861  diambers's  Encycl.  II.  287/2 
Their  habit  of  making  bower-like  erections,  called  runs  by 
the  colonists  of  New  South  Wales.  1878  JEFFERIES  Gaim- 
keeperatH.  149  Hares  have  their  regular  highways  or  'runs'. 
b.  An  enclosure  for  domestic  animals  or  fowls 
to  range  or  take  exercise  in. 

1856  '  STONEHENGE  '  Brit,  Rur.  Sports  n.  i.  vii.  339/1 
Dividing  off  the  field  into  the  four  separate  runs  for  the 
mares  and  foals,  c  1858  Euz.  WATTS  Poultry  Yard  3  It  is 
very  advantageous  that  those  who  intend  to  rear  fowls 
should  have  a^large  run, . .  perfectly  sheltered,  .and  supplied 
with  gravel.  1884  E.  P.  ROE  Nat.  Set-,  Story  ii,  Fowls  are 
restricted  to  a  narrow  yard  or  run. 

22.  A   large  open  stretch  of  land  occupied  by 
a   settler  for   pasturage;    an  extensive   range  of 
pasture-  or  grazing-land.     Chiefly  Austr. 

1826  GOLDIE  in  Bischoff  Van  Diemetis  Land  (1832)  157 
It  is,  generally  speaking,  a  good  sheep  run.  18400.  ARDKM 
Aust.  Felix  109  The  squatter  is  protected  in  the  exclusive 
use  of  the  run.  1889  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD'  Robbery  under 
Arms  i.  (1890)  2  The.  .steers  have  never  done  anything  but 
ramble  off  the  run  now  and  again. 

Comb.  1872  Roalledge's  Ev.  Boy's  Ann,  83/1  Your  New 
Zealand  run-holder  only  thinks  . .  of  what  sort  of  sheep 
country  he  is  riding  so  gaily  through.  1890  '  R.  KOLDRK- 
WOOD  '  Squatter's  Dream  xix,  238  What  do  you  say  if  I  go 
run-hunting  with  you? 

23.  a.  An  inclined  slope  on  a  tramway  or  rail 
way,  down  which  a  wagon  runs  by  impetus.    ?  Obs. 

1834-6  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VIII.  240/1  On  these  rails 
a  single  horse  could  readily  draw  three  tons  of  coal  from 
the  pits  to  the  river.  Where  any  steep  declivity  occurred 
on  the  road,  this  was  termed  a  run,  or  an  inclined  plane. 
1838  WOOD  Pract.  Treat,  Railroads  (ed.  3)  229  In  wet 
weather,  boys  and  men  were  employed,  strewing  ashes  upon 
the  rails  down  the  steep  declivities,  or,  as  they  were  termed, 
'runs  ',  to  cause  the  brake  to  take  effect. 

b.  A  track  or  support  along  or  on  which  some 
thing  may  run  or  move. 

1887  CasseWs  Encycl.  Dict.^  Run..t  a  plank  laid  down  to 
support  rollers  in  moving  buildings  and  other  heavy  objects  ; 
also  as  a  track  for  wheelbarrows.  1899  Westin.  Gaz.  17  June 
7/2  When  the  stableman  discovered  the  fire,  he  endeavoured 
to  induce  the  horses  to  descend  the  slanting  run  into  safety. 
1900  H,  LAWSON  Over  SKprails  47  To  paint  the  runs  of 
the  sash. 

24.  a.  A  pipe  or  trough  along  or  down  which 
water  may  run. 

1833  Act  3  $  4  Will,  IV,  c.  46  §  114  The  water  from  the 
roofs. .shall  be  conveyed  by. .proper  pipes  or  runs,  to  be 
brought  down  the  walls  of  such  houses.  1844  H.  STEPHENS 
Bk.  Farm  I.  199  Rain-water  spouts,  or  runs  as  they  are 
technically  termed.  1881  RAYMOND MiningGloss.,  Run.., 
a  long  deep  Trough  in  which  slimes  settle.  iQqoCetif.  Diet., 
Run..t&  trough  for  water  that  is  caught  by  a  coaming, 
built  across  the  forecastle  of  a  steamer. 
b.  Mining.  An  airway. 

1867  W.  W.  SMYTH  Coal  %  Coalmining-  218  But  the  balanc 
ing  of  these  splits  requires  nice  management,  or  the  air 
would  tend  to  desert  the  longer  for  the  shorter  runs. 

V.  25.  Naut,  a.  That  part  of  a  ship's  bottom 
which  rises  from  the  keel  and  bilge,  and  narrows 
toward  the  stern  (for  bows). 

a  1618  RALEIGH  Royal  Navy  10  To  make  her  sayle  well  is 
to  give  a  long  run  forward.     1637  C.U>T.  SMITH  Seaman's 
Gram.  ii.  3  The  run  of  the  ship.. is  that  part  of  the  ship     j 
vnder  water  which  comes    narrower  by  degrees  from  the 
floore  timbers  along  to  the  sterne  post,  called  the  ships  way 
aftward.      1711  SUTHERLAND  Shipbnild.  Assist.  29  Three 
or  four  Strakes  of  Elm  to  raise  up  the  Run  of  the  Ship, 
1781  NELSON  24  Aug.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  I.  43  The 
Albemarle   is  in   Dock... She   has    a    bold  entrance, _ and     ' 
clean  run.     1831  Examiner  740/2  A  rakish  .  .craft, .  .with  a 
deep  keel  and  sharp  run.     1900  SIR  W.  KENNEDY  Life  of  a 
Sailor  241  Having  a  coarse  run,  she  carried  a  huge  body  of 
water  in  her  wake,  in  which  the  rudder  was  useless. 
fb.  The  course  of  a  ship.  Obs. 

1688  MIEGE  Grt.  Fr.  Diet.,  Sillage,.  .Course,  the  Rake  or 
Run  of  a  Ship,  her  Way  forward  on.  1713  DESAGULIERS  tr. 
Ozanam's  Curs.  Math.  V.  114  The  Line  describ'd  by  a 
Ship,  which  is  call'd  the  Run,  or  Rake  of  a  Ship,. -still  cuts 
all  the  Meridians  at  Right-Angles. 

26.  fa.  The  vogue  of  a  practice.   Obs. 

1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Hydriot.  \.  3  The  prevalent  Practice, 
Not  totally  pursued  in  the  highest  Run  of  Cremation. 

b.  The  time  during  which   a  dramatic  work 
holds  the  stage  continuously.     (Cf.  1 8.) 

1705  FARQUHAR  Tivtn  Rivals  Pref.,  One  re_ason  that  the 
galleries  were  so  thin  during  the  run  of  this  play.  1779 
JOHNSON  L.  P.,  Philips,  [The  epilogue]  continued  to  be  de 
manded  through  the  run,  as  it  is  termed,  of  the  play.  1810 
SCOTT  Fam.  Lett.  (1894)  1. 175  As  for  the  prologue  and  epi 
logue,,  .it  is  the  rule  of  the  stage  not  to  resume  them  after 
the  first  run  of  the  play  is  over.  1826  Miss  MITFORD  Vil 
lage  Ser.  n.  (1863)  269  It  was  as  dull  as  a  lesson,  and  the 
run  would  have  been  short.  1885  Bath  Herald  lyjan.  3/2 
The  usage  was  to  engage  stars  for  the  run  of  the  piece. 

c.  The  progress  or  prevalence  of  a,  disease. 


1717  J.  KF.ILL  Anint.  CEcon.  (1738)  18  During  the  run  of 
that  distemper  now  for  two  years  thro'  our  town.  1828-32 
WEBSTER  s.v.,  A  disease  has  its  run. 

•f*  27.  In  the  run,  in  the  long  run  (see  LONG 
RUN).  Obs. 

1645  PAGITT  Heresiogr.  (1661)  245  Which  we  shall  find  in 
the  run,  slighted  and  scorned  by  them,  made  meerly  a  foot 
stool  upon  which  their  spirit  shall  raise  it  self  into  her 
Throne.  1760-72  H.  BROOKE  FoolofQual.  (1809)  I.  105,  I 
trust  that,  in  the  run,  I  shall  not  be  a  loser. 

28.  The  act  of  running,  esp.  in  rapid  retreat  or 
flight.     Chiefly  in  phr.  to  or  on  the  run. 

1660-1  PEPYS  Diary  10  Jan.,  These  Fanatiques  that  have 
..put  the  King's  Life-Guards  to  the  run.  1680  C.  NESSE 
Ckurch  Hist.  133  He  had  bereaved  himself. .by  putting 
Abiathar  to  the  run.  1830  tr.  Aristofih.,  Birds  227  Here 
comes  some  one  on  the  run.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast 
xxv,  The  captains  came  hurrying  down,  on  the  run.  1900 
IVestin.  Gaz.  23  Feb.  5/1  It  was  impossible  to  get  in  with 
the  bayonet  or  to  start  the  enemy  on  the  run  again. 

Jig,  1885  Punch  3  Jan.  4/1  But  'Arry,  for  once  in  the 
way,  's  a  stone-broker  and  not  in  the  run.  1887  Times 
(weekly  ed.)  25  Nov.  10/3  Every  Irish  member  '  on  the  run  ' 
who  gathers  a  dozen  people  together,  .commits  [an]  offence 
against  the  law. 

b.  A  running  pace. 

1840  R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast  xvi,  We  returned  to  the  vil 
lage,  going  nearly  all  the  way  on  a  full  run.  1856  KANE 
Arctic  Explor.  I.  xii.  128  We  started  at  a  run,  men  and 
dogs,  for  the  solid  ice.  1901  Mnnsey*s  Mag,  XXV.  721/2, 1 
put  the  horse  to  his  run. 

c.  Capacity  for,  or  power  of,  running. 

1857  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  i.  vii.  166  They  have  too  little 
run  left  in  themselves  to  pull  up  for  their  own  brothers. 
1902  IVestm.  Gaz.  17  Oct.  4/2  Another  golf  ball  is^shortly 
to  be  placed  on  the  market;.. it  is  claimed  for  this  latest 
production  that  it  files  far  and  truly,  [and]  has  more  '  am  ' 
than  other  golf  balls. 

d.  To  get  the  run  upon  :  (see  quote.).  U.S.  colfaq. 
1848  IURTLKTT  Diet.  Ainer.  s.v.,  'To  get  the  run  upon 

one,  is  to  make  a  butt  of  him;  turn  him  into  ridicule. 
1859  Slang  Diet,  s.v., '  To  get  the  run  upon  any  person,1 
to  have  the  upper  hand,  or  be  c,ble  to  laugh  at  them. 

29.  The   rush,   flow,  or  onward   movement   of 
water,  nir,  etc. 

1626  BACON  Sylva  §  344  Want  of  Motion,  or  Stoppings, 
(whereby  the  Runne  of  Humours  or  the  Motion  of  Perspira 
tion,  is  stayed,)  furthers  Putrefaction,  a  1691  FLAVEL  >SYa- 
DeliveraHces  (1754)  163  Keeping  our  boat's  head  to  the  wind 
ward,  which  was  then  at  the  North,  as  well  as  we  could 
guess  by  the  run  of  the  sea.  1836  MAHKYAT  Pirate  iv,  The 
sea,,  .which  at  the  change  of  wind  had  been  cross,  appeared 
to  have  recovered  its  regular  run.  1851  GKF.ENWELL  Coat- 
trade  Terms,  Northnmb.  $  Durh.  17  By  shortening  the  run 
of  the  air,.. a  larger  quantity  is  brought  into  the  mine.  1862 
THORNBURV  Turner  I.  360  The  run  of  the  waves  and  their 
sweeping  leaps  are  beautifully  given  in  these  sketches.  1898 
Allbntfs  Syst.  Med,  V.  847  An  important  factor  in  the 
blood-pressure,  and  in  the  run  of  the  circulation. 

b.  The  flow  or  melody  Averse.   (Cf.  ii  a.) 
1725  BROOME  Notes  Pope's  Odyssey  vi.  xvi,  This  verse  in 

particular  has  something  horrible  in  the  very  run  of  it.  1749 
Power  of  Numbers  in  Poet.  Composit.  83  An  Iambic,  .hav 
ing  a  direct  contrary  Movement,  interrupts  the  Run  of  the 
Verse  very  disagreeably.  1884  AtfaHSwm  20  Dec.  802/1 
The  metre  is  neither  quantitative  nor  strictly  accentual,  nor, 
when  the  reader  has  got  the  run  of  it,  is  it  very  melodious. 

c.  Rapid  movement  </the  eye. 

1879  DOWDEN  Southcy  ii.  20  A  mediaeval  Latin  chronicle 
he  could  follow  with  the  run  of  the  eye. 

d.  By  the  runt  =  with  a  run  (see  6). 

1800  Gymnastics  for  Youth  277  Sailors  ..  will  descend 
from  considerable  heights  in  this  way  [sliding  down  by  the 
hands],  which  they  call  coming  down  by  the  run.  1834 
Blackw.  Mag.  XXXVI.  309  See  all  clear  to  let  go  every 
thing  by  the  run.  1843  Ibid.  LIII.  81  The  night  cab  conies 
down  by  the  run,  the  night  cabman  tumbles  off.  1886 
STEVENSON  Treas.  Is!,  in.  xiii,  If  I  risk  another  order,  the 
whole  ship '11  come  about  our  ears  by  the  run. 

30.  The  course,  direction,  or  tendency  of  some 
thing  immaterial. 


1730  T.  BOSTON  Mem.  xl.  (1899)  348  This  run  of  affairs 
[uickly  issued  in  the  General  Assembly's  condemning  of 
'The  Marrow  of  Modern  Divinity  ',  1766  FOBDYCK  Serin. 
Yng.  Worn.  (1767)  I.  v.  193  In  the  run  of  her  discourse  [she 
might]  hurt  them  all.  1783  JUSTAMOND  tr.  RaynaCs  Hist. 
Indies  VI.  31  There  is  no  such  thing  as  selling,  without 
complying  with  the  general  run  of  the  market.  1809  MAL- 
KIN  Gil  Bias  v.  i.  p  20  The  run  of  luck  is  against  us.  1864 
NEWMAN  Apol.  v.  (1904)  166/3  We  shall  find,  I  think,  the 
general  run  of  things  to  be  such  as  I  have  represented  it. 
1880  EAKLB  EngL  Plant  A7",  p.  xlviii,  The  place  of  these 
lists  in  the  run  of  that  history. 

b.   To  keep  the  run  of,  to  keep  in  touch  with, 
to  keep  oneself  informed  about.   Lf.S. 

1862  MAURY  in  Corbin  /,*>£  (1888)  212, 1  shall.. very  much 
wish  to  keep  the  run  of  public  sentiment,  a  1890  J.  W. 
PALMER  New  $  Old-fa  (Cent.),  Even  if  I  had  time  to  follow 
his  fortunes,  it  was  not  possible  to  keep  the  run  of  him. 

31.  a.  The  direction,  line,  or  lie  </ anything. 
1748  Anso-n's  Voy.  in.  v.  340  Her  small  breadth,  and  the 

straight  run  of  her  leeward-side.  1778  W.  PRYCB  Min. 
Cornub.  127  A  valley_  may  happen  to  lie  at  the  feet  of  three 
several  hills..  .This  is  also  termed  the  Run  of  the  country. 
1848  RUXTON  Far  West  v.  155  From  the  '  run  '  of  the  hills, 
there  must  be  plenty  of  water.  1851  STERNBERG  Dial.  ,y 
Flk.  Lore  Northants  88  Runt  the  'grain'  of  stone,  the 
direction  in  which  it  most  easily  cleaves.  1873  Routledge's 
Ev.  Boy's  Ann.  73/2  Pay.. attention  to  the  run  of  the  grain 
of  the  wood. 

b.  Mining.  (See  quot.) 

1864  WEBSTER,  /?«;/,  the  horizontal  distance  to  which  a 
drift  may  be  carried. 

32.  The  freedom  or  range  of  a  house,  etc. ;  the 
privilege  of  free  resort,  access,  or  use. 


|       '755  Connoisseur  No.  76  P  4  The  curate.. and  the  town 

I    apothecary,  whom  he  indulges  with  the  run  of  his  table. 

I    1763-5  CHURCHILL  Independence  Poems  (1767)  II.  21  He 

may  obtain  a  patent  for  the  run  Of  his  Lords  Kitchen.     1809 

MALKIN  Gil  Bias  xn.  vii.  r  5,  I  have  the  run  of  two  good 

houses.    1847  L.  HUNT  Men,  Women,  fy  B.  II.  xii.  308  She 

had  the  wholesome  run  of  her  good  uncle's  books.    1884  G. 

ALLEN  Philistia  I.  104  Then  I  have  the  run  of  the  place 

entirely  to  myself. 

transf.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xli[i],  It  was  as  good 
as  most  books  of  the  kind  that  had  the  run  of  circulating 
libraries  and  the  career  of  the  season. 

b.  The  run  of  one's  teeth  y  free  board,  usually 
in  return  for  work  done ;  maintenance,  support. 

1841  HARTSHORNE  Shropshire   Gloss.   552.      1879   Miss 

BRADDON  Cloven   Foot  xxvin,  It  was  an  understood  thing 

that  he  was   to  have  the  run  of  his  teeth  at   Hazelhurst. 

1889  R.  S.  FERGUSON  Carlisle  181  Thesubscribers  frequently 

in  turn  provided  the  curate  with . . '  the  run  of  his  teeth  '. 

C.  The  pasture  of  an  animal  for  a  certain  period. 

1854  Jrnt.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XV.  n.  418  The  summer  run  of 

a  beast  should   pay  the  grazier  i  /.  a-month.     1857  G.  A. 

LAWRENCE  Guy  Li?',  viii,  She  ought  to  be  in  great  condition 

now,  with  a  summer's  run. 

33.  (See  quot.) 

1887  JLncycl.  Brit.  XXII.  718/1  The  value  of  a  division 
of  the  scale  [on  a  level],  in  seconds  of  arc,  is  usually  called 

tKunj  sl>?    Obsr"    [Cf.  RIN.]     Brine. 

c  1440  Proinp.  Pan1.  439/2  Run,  or  bryyn. 

Run,  obs.  form  of  ROUN. 

Run  (r»n),?,'.  Forms:  (see  below).  Pa.  t. ran.  Pa. 
pple.  run.  [A  verb  of  complicated  history  in  Eng., 
representing  two  forms  originally  distinct  (a  strong 
intransitive  and  a  weak  transitive),  each  of  which 
was  subject  to  metathesis  ;  the  forms  are  thus  to 
some  extent  parallel  to  those  of  BURN  z*.1  The 
strong  intr.  verb  is  represented  by  OE.  rinnan 
(ran,  *runnon,  \gerunneti]),  =  OFris.  rinna, 
retina,  rtinna  (ran,  pa.  pple.  riitmen,  ronnen), 
mod. \YKris.  rinne,  ronne  (roan,  pa.  pple.  mm), 
NFris.  ren  (man,  roneti),  ran,  etc. ;  MDu.  rinnen 
(ran,  geronnen) ;  OS.  rinnan  (rait,  runnuii,  — ), 
MLG.  rinnen  (ran)  ;  OHG.  rinnan  (ran,  run- 
nun,  girunnaii),  G.  rinnen  (rann,  ra/inen,  ge 
ronnen)  ;  ON.  rinna,  later  (also  mod.Icel.,  Frer., 
Norw.)  renna  (rann,  runnu,  rnnninn),  MSw. 
rinna  (also  mod.Sw.),  rynna  (ran,  runno,  run- 
nin),  MDa.  rinde  (raml,  runde,  runden),  Dn. 
rinde  (ranill}  ;  Goth,  rinnan  (rann,  runtinn, 
nmnans).  Of  this  type,  however,  very  few  ex 
amples  occur  in  OE.  texts  (four  or  five  in  all  of 
the  simple  verb,  chiefly  in  verse,  and  a  similar 
number  of  the  pa.  pple.  from  the  compound  *gerin- 
nan).  The  prevailing  form  in  all  dialects  appears 
to  have  been  that  with  metathesis,  irnan,  igriiaii, 
yrnan  (am  or  orn,  union,  nrneii)  :  for  the  later 
history  of  this  see  the  forms  below.  The  weak 
causative  verb,  of  which  the  original  form  was 
*rannjan,  is  represented  in  the  cognate  languages 
by  OFris.  renna  (p.  p.  rent},  MDu.  rennen  (rende, 
ramie,  gerent,  gerant ;  Du.  rennen),  OS.  reunion, 
MLG.  rennen  (rende,  rande,  etc.),  OHG.  rennan, 
(ran/a,  giranf),  MHG.  and  G.  rennen  (rannte, 
geranntsD&rennte,gerennf)tQN,  (alsolcel.,  Fa?r., 
Norw.)  renna  (renndi,  renndr),  MSw.  and  Sw. 
ra'ima  (rd'nde,  rant),  MDa.  and  Da.  rende  (rende, 
remit).  In  OE.  it  appears  only  in  the  meta- 
thetic  form  yrnan,  earnan  (usually  in  the  sense 

of 'to  ride'). 

The  extreme  rarity  of  OE.  rinnan,  and  the 
entire  absence  of  an  OE.  *rffinati,  render  it  prob 
able  that  ME.  rinne(n  and  renne(n  are  mainly,  if 
not  entirely,  due  to  the  influence  of  ON.  rinna 
and  renna.  To  a  great  extent  they  first  appear 
in  texts  where  Scand.  influence  is  prominent. 

The  different  OE.  and  ME.  types,  partly  by 
natural  development  of  the  vowels  and  partly  by 
interaction  of  the  various  tenses  of  the  strong  verb, 
gave  rise  to  a  large  number  of  variations,  for  which 
see  the  forms  below.  The  weak  conjugation, 
properly  belonging  to  the  causative  but  soon  ex 
tended  to  the  intransitive  verb,  remained  fairly 
common  until  £1400,  and  still  survives  to  some 
extent  in  dialects. 

In  the  sense  '  to  curdle '  the  causative  form  exists  in  mod. 
dialects  as  EARN  v.*  For  the  ME.  forms  representing  the 
OE.  compoundse-yrnan,  see  YERN  z>.) 

A.  Inflexional  forms. 
I.  Forms  with  metathesis. 

1.  Infinitive,  a.  irnan,  iernan,  1-2  yrnan, 
2  yrnen,  3  irne(n),  9  dial.  him. 

c888  K.  /ELFBED  Boeth.  xxxv.  §  7  Wildu  dior  Sa;r  woldon 
to  irnan.  c 897  —  Gregory' s  fas/.  C.  xvi.  103  Ban  hi 
ma:£en  iernan&  fleon.  c  900  W*:R  PERTH  it. Gregory's  Dial. 
118  Se  hraefn.  .ongan  yrnan  ymb  J>one  ylcan  hlaf.  £1205 
LAY.  19750  He..hahte  hine..irne  to  fere  welle.  Ibid. 
21229  His  hors  he  lette  irneu.  1825  JENNINGS  Obs.  Dial. 
W.  Eng.  180  Til  hirn  auver  an  zee  where  I  can't  help  'em. 
/3.  I  iornan,  [eornan],  3  eornen(n),  3-4  eorne 
(3  heorne). 


BUN. 

17900  in  O.  E.  Texts  178  Dzt  5a  wildan  hors  scealden 
iornan.  c  1200  ORMIN  1336  He. .let  itt  eornenn  forbwibb. 
f  1275  LAV.  19750  [He]  hehte  him..heorne  to  bare  wille. 
ci4oo  Trevisa's  Higden  (Rolls)  VIII.  61  Swyn  were  i-seie. . 
renne  [v.r.  eorne]  up  and  doun. 

7.  3  urnen,  3-4  urne,  vrne,  9  dial,  (h)urn. 

c  1205  LAV.  24696  Summe  heo  gunnen  urnen.  a  1250  O't'l 
fy  Night.  638  pat  node  make}»  old  wif  urne.  a  1300  A". 
Horn  936  Hi  gunne  awei  vrne,  1886  ELWORTHV  /F.  Somer 
set  IVd.-bk.  635.  I  zeed  the  stoat  urn  'long  the  wheel-ruck. 
1894  Bi.ACKMORE/Vr£'<:mW257  Zippy.. hath  orders  to  hum 
for  her  life. 

5.  i  aernan  (dat.  aernenne,  earnenne),  3 
SBrne(n),  eeerne,  earn(n)e,  earnee,  hearn,  4  (9 
dial.}  am ;  3-4  ernen,  ernyn,  erne,  3  ernne, 

5  eerne. 

These  are  properly  forms  of  the  causative  verb. 

c8as  Vesp.  Ps.  xviii.  6  He..zefaeh  swe  swe  silent  to 
earnenne  on  wej.  ^900  tr.  Baeda's  Hist.  v.yi.  400  pset  hio 
reman  moste.  Ibid.*  To  zrnenne  &  to  flitenne.  £1205 
LAV.  1638  Jeond  bat  lond  he  gon  ernen.  Ibid.  8542  pa  com 
an  gume  aernen,  4:1275  Ibid.  21229  His  hors  he  makede 
earnee.  a  1300  in  E.  E,  F.  (1862)  9  As  bestis  bat  wer  wode 
a-M  obir  to  erne  her  and  bare,  c  1330  Arth.  $  Merl.  1228 
(KMbing),  He  o^aines  hem  fast  gan  erne,  ^1440  Promp. 
Parv.  142/2  Ernyn,  as  horse  (P.  eerne),  cur  si  to.  1876  Mid. 
Yorks.  Gloss.  163  Am*  to  nin,  or  walk  hastily. 

2.  Present  Participle,     a.   i  irn-,  1-2  yrnende. 
1:893  K.  /ELFRED  Oros.  i.  i.  8  Seo  is  irnende  of  norbdxle. 

c  1000  Sax.  Leechd.  III.  234  /Efre  heo  by5  yrnende  ymbe 
3as  eorSan.  a  1100  in  Napier  O.K.  Glosses  5/2  Uagans,  i. 
circumiens,  yrnende. 

0.  i  eorn-,  iornende,  4  eornynge. 
1:825   JYf/.   /V.  Ivii.    8  Swe  swe  weter  eornende.     cggo 
Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt,  xxvii.  48   HrasSe  iornende  an  of  hiora 
Senom  spync.    ciydCast.  Lore  728  A  welle  bat  euere  is 
eoniynge. 

7.  2  ernende,  4  erninde,  ernyng(e. 

a  nooin  Napier  O.E.  Glasses  iv/?  Latent  ibust..£mtn&\\m. 
13..  Guy  IV'artu.  719  Riche  stedes.  .erninde.  1377  LANGL, 
P.  PL  B.  xix.  376  Water. .  ernynge  out  of  mennes  eyen. 

8.  4  arnand,  arnyng,  5  amende. 

13..  A'.  A  Us.  2098  (Laud  MS.),  Ac  a  kni^th  ber  come}? 
arnyng.  c  1330  Arth.  fy  Merl.  8404  (Kulbing),  Arnand  wib 
al  his  mi3t.  14..  Sir  Keues  (E)  1679  He  prekyd  hys  hors 
a!  amende. 

3.  Present  Indicative :  yd  pers.  sing,  and  pi. 
a.  i  irn(e)U,  yrn(e)tj,  pi.  irnatt,  yrnatt,  3  irne'S. 

r 888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xxxvi.  §  6  Da  dyse;;an . .  irnaS 
hidres  ftdres.  ^893  —  Oros.  i.  i.  8  Seo  ea..irn5  bonan 
suSryhte.  CVMQ  Ags.  Gosp.  Luke  xxii.  10  Eow  ajjen  yrnS 
an  man.  c  1000  Ags.  Ps.  (Thorpe)  cxlvii.  4  His  word  yrne5 
wundrum  sniome.  ^1205  LAY.  29664  pe  ue^ereste  welles 
slam  be  irneS  on  uolden. 

$.  i  iorn(e)'5,  2  eorntS,  i,  3  eornetf,  3  Onn. 
eornejjb,  4  eornej?,  -eth. 

^825  L- es/>.  Ps.  cxlvii.  15  HreSlice  eorneS  word  his.  £950 
Lindisf.  Gosg.  Luke  xxii.  10  To-ssesne  iorneS  iuh  monn. 
c  1050  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wi'ilcker  378  Cursat^  iornS.  cn6o 
If  at  ton  Gosp.  Luke  xxii.  10  Eow  an-^en  eornS  an  man. 
c  1200  ORMIN  8832  AH  biss  weorrldess  aid  Bi  seoflfne  da^hess 
eornej.  a  1225  Juliana  74  As  weter  bat  eorneS.  c  1400 
Tra-isa's  Higden  (Rolls)  1. 115  pe  brook,  .eorneth  in  to  (?e 
valey  of  losephat. 

//.  a\*x$Ancr.  R.  80  Heo  eorne5  boSe  tpgederes.  a  1250 
Owl  i"jr  Night.  (J.)  375  If  hundes  eornej  to  him  ward,  a  1400 
Trevisa's  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  59  pe  strong  stremes  bat  renneb 
\t'.r.  eorneb]  bat  course. 

7.  3 //.  urne]?,  4  urn-,  vriiep,  9  dial,  urnth, 
//.  hurneth. 

(71250  OtvZ  $•  Night.  (C.)  375  ?rf  hundes  urneb  to  him 
ward,  a  1300  Floris  <y  Bl.  225  He  vrneb  in  o  pipe  of  bras. 
c  1400  Trevisa's  Higden  (Rolls)  V.  329  pat  ry  ver  renneb  [:».  ;•„ 
urneb]  under.  .Wygan.  1881  BLACKMORE  Christowell  ii, 
They  little  holes  hurneth  all  round  'em.  1886  ELWORTHY 
IV.Somerset  Word-bk.  50 The  water. . urnth  down  his  ditch. 
5.  //.  i  sernaB,  3  eernetJ,  ernej),  4  ernij);  sing. 
3  ernep  (Ortn.  -eJ>J>),  4  ernnes.  Also  zttd sing. 
3  ernst. 

^893  K.  ALFRED  Oros.  i.  i.  20  ponnc  aerna3  hy  ealle 
toweard  ^jem  feo.  c  1200  ORMIN  13183  Ure  wukeda}}  Bi 
twellfe  timess  ernebb,  c  1205  LAY.  13999  purh  bi  lond  heo 
xrne5  [c  1275  ernej)].  1297^.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  6570  pat  lond 
vp  wan  bou  ernst.  a  1300  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  20  Be-hold.. 
how  be  stremis  ernib  of  is  swet  blode.  13..  Guy  U'anv. 
(A)  6730  He  ouer-ernnes  dounes  &  cuntre.  c  1400  Trevtsas 
Higden  (Rolls)  V.  379  pat  ryver  renneb  [v.r  erneb]  under 
be  citee  of  Wygan. 

4.  Present  Subjunctive,     i  irne   (pi.   irnen), 
yrne,  ierne,  3  vrne. 

c  888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xi.  §  i  pat  he  irne  [v.r.  iernej  on 
his  willan.  Ibid,  xxxiv.  §  i  Swa  swa.. irnen  mit-ne^e  brocas 

6  rI5a  of.     a  1000  in  Grein  Bibl.  Ags.  P.  I.  352  Nefne  he 
under  sejle  yrne.      01215  Aticr.  R.  164  ^if  a  wode  liun 
vrne  ?eont  >e  strete. 

5.  Imperative,   sing,   i  ym,  Irnn,  eorn,  9  dial. 
(h)urn ;  pi.  3  iernelS,  aerne^,  hernejj,  eserne. 

c&$/o  Keiittsk  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  59  Ducnrre^  irnn. 
£900  W^,RFERTH  tr.  Gregory's  Dial.  115  BroSor  Maurus ! 
yrn  hxaSe.  Ibid.  325  Eorn  la,  Maxime,  eorn,  &  onfoh  me  ! 
<7  izoo  K«V«  4-  Virtues  51  Alle  je  Adames  children,.  .ierneS 
to  3e  trewe.  c  1205  LAY.  6138  EorneS  and  ejerne  [c  1275 
herneb].  Ibid.  16441  /F,rne&  seuere  vor5  Si  vor5.  1867 
ROCK  Jim  an'  Nell  li.  (E.D.S.),  Well,  Jim,  how  be?  Urn  in, 
man,  urn!  1886  ELWORTHV  \V.  Somerset  tt'ord-bk.  359 
Hum  cheel  !  and  vetch  the  tay-run. 

6.  Past  Indicative  :  ist  and  yd  pers.     a.  sing. 
1-2  am  (i  arun),  3  earn,  seme,  4  ernne,  arne. 
Also  ind pers.  I  urne. 

1:825  l*esP'  P*-  x\\x.  18  S'f  3u  SeseSe  5eof,  somud  5u  urne 
mid  hme.  cSsoO.  E. Mnrtyrol.  26  Dec.,  An  plejende cild  am 
under  waenes  hweowol.  c  1000  Lantbeth  Ps.  cxviii.  32  We^ 
beboda  binra  ic  arn.  c  1160  HattonGosf:  Lukexv.  ?o[Hej 


896 

a^en  bine  earn.  .&  cyste  hine.  c  1205  LAY.  4536  Scip  aerne 
to-^en  scip.  cijij  SHOREHAM  n.  84  Hys  bare  flesche  .  ,  arne 
alien  blode.  c  i$y>Arth,  $  Merl.  5984  (Kf.lbing),  His  hors.  . 
ernne  forb. 

6.  sing.  1-4  orn,  3  eorn,  4  orne.  5  ourne,  9 
dial.  uurn. 

rSas  Vesp*  Ps.  cxviii.  32  On  we^  biboda  ftinra  ic  orn. 
^897  K.  /ALFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xvi.  103  Donne  orn  he 
eft  innto  5;em  temple.  £1205  LAY.  18806  He  orn  him  to- 
^aenes,  <  1290  S.  Eng,  Leg.  I.  43/312  To  toune  he  orn  with 
loye  i-nouj.  a  1310  in  Wright  Lyric  P.  xviii.  58  Out  of 
thin  huerte  orn  the  flod.  c  1380  Sir  Feruntb,  3893  Quikljch 
in-to  a  tour  he  orn.  a  1400  LASGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xni.  13  Til  ich 
.  .^orn  [v.r.  ourne]  in-to  elde.  1886  ELWORTHY  /K.  Somerset 
Word'bk.  74  Aay  uurn  [=1  ran]. 

7.  pi.  1-2  urnon  (i  wurnon),  1-3  urnen, 
3  hurnen  ;  3  vrne,  yrne,  4  urne,  hurne,  vrn. 

c888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xxxv.  §  7  Him  urnon  ealle  hell. 
waran  ongean.  a  1122  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1083, 
Sume  urnon  in  to  cyrcean.  ^1175  Lamb.  Horn.  41  Alle 
hire  stremes  urnen  fur  berninde.  £1275  LAV.  1349  pe  sipes 
hurnen  swibe.  c  1300  St.  Margaret  28/137  Olibrlus.. 
bihuld,  hou  hure  lymes  yme  ablode.  a  1320  Pol.,  Rel.t  fy  L. 
Poems  (1903)  243  In  fif  steden..  Stremes  hurne  of  blode. 
c  1330  Arth.  fy  Merl.  6797  Man  &  woman  vrn  so  dere, 

8.  //.  3  arne,  3-4  orne,  ourne. 

£1275  LAV.  11977  Wajes  bar  arne,  streme  J>nr  vrne.  Ibid, 
27720  Ourne  grete  stremes  of  Romanisse  blodes.  1297  R. 
GLOUC.  (Rolls)  8371  Wepinde  hii  armed  horn,  be  teres  orne 
[~'.r.  ourne]  adoun. 

7.  Past  Participle,    i  vse)urnen,  i,  4  vrnen.  4 
y-orne,  i-orne. 

rtxooo  Phoenix  364  O^baet  wintra  bi3  Jjusend  urnen. 
c  1000  Sax.  Leechd.  III.  278  .-Er  )>an  he  to  dropum  jeurnen 
sy.  a  1300  K.Horn  (C.)  1146  Feor  ihc  am  iorne  [v.r. 
yorne].  a  1325  Prose  Psalter  cxviii.  32  Ichaue  vrnen  be 
wai  of  by  comaundementz. 

8.  Weak  conj.    a.  Past  Indicative  (and  Snbj.). 
3  aernde,  3-4  arnde   3   h(e)arnde,   4   arnede  ; 
3  hern(e)de,  4  ernde  ;  5  ornd,  9  dial,  urned, 
(ih)urn'd,  hirn'd.  Also//.  3-4  arnden,  3hernde. 

c  1*05  LAY.  9296  Hamun  arnde  [«.'  1275  hernede]  upwarcS. 
c  1275  Ibid.  9934  porh  bat  lond  he  hearnde.  c  1290  S.  Eng. 
Leg.  I.  48  52  His  Men..  Arnden  bi  be  weie.  1297  R. 
GLOUC.  (Rolls)  6202  He  arnde  [v.r.  harnde]  vpe  a  lute  hul. 
ci3oo  A".  Horn.  (L.)  1239  Efter  horn  he  [Abulf]  ernde.  13.. 
Sir  Benes  (MS.  A)  2021  pe  hors  ..  arnede  awai  wib  be 
king,  c  1390-1400  A'.  Gloucester'^  Chron.  (Roll>)  11228 
Hii  caste  awei  be  dosils  bat  win  ornd  abrod  so.  1825 
JENNINGS  Obs.  Dial.  If.  Eng.  45  Jfiraif,  pret[erite].  1842 
PULMAN  Rustic  Sketches  73  Then  all  th'  cows  hurn'd  back 
agen.  1847  H.  BAIRD  Nathan  Hogg's  Lett.  37  A  yung 
htunman  urn'd  by.  1890  Glotic.  Gloss.  169  Urned,  ran. 

b.  Past  Participle.  4  y-eornd,  y-arned,  arnd, 
9  dial,  (u-)urned,  a-urn*d,  hirn»d. 

(Laud  MS.),   Quyk  away  he  is  yarned. 


vines  be  proper  a-urn'd  out. 

II.  Forms  without  metathesis. 

9.  Infinitive,  a.  (Chiefly  north,  and  6V.)  i  rin- 
nan,  4  rinn(e,   4-6  rynne,  5  rynn;  4  rinin, 
rine,  6  ryne  ;  4-7  ryn  (5  reyn),  4,  6-  rin. 

sigoo  CVSEWULF  Christ  1114  paer  blod  &  waeter..ut  bi- 
cwoman.  .rinnan  fore  rincum.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  23729  AH 
sal  we  rin  into  his  rape,  c  1340  HAMPOLR  Pr.  Consc.  471  A 
best  when  it  es  born,  may.  .ryn  to  and  fra.  1375  BARBOUR 
Bruce  i.  103  That  thai..Suld  ryn  on  fute.  c  1450  St. 
Cnthbert  (Surtees)  6217  He  streynd  his  hors  to  rynn.  1483 
Cath.  Angl.  309/1  To  Rynne  as  water  dos.  1526  SKELTON 
Magnyf.  795  He  that  hath  nede,  man,  let  hym  rynne.  1566 
KNOX  Hist.  Kef.  Wks.  (Wodrow  Soc.l  I.  186  He  wold  nott 
ryne  whare  God  had  nott  called  him.  1603  J.  DAVIES 
(Heref.)  Microcosmos  Wks.  (Grosart)  1.29/1  Through  those 
passages  it  first  doth  rin.  1794  BURNS  P  hilly  <$•  W.  ix,  Let 
fortune's  wheel  at  random  rin.  1813  HOGG  Queen's  Wake 
83  Let  never  an  auld  man  .  .  Rin  post  to  the  diel  for  wyne. 

0.  3-4  rennen  (5  rennyn),  4-6  renne,  6 
rene(n)  ;  3-7  ren. 

c  1220  Bestiary  340  BihoueS  us  to  rennen  to  cristes  quike 
welle.  a  1300  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  4  Is  fete  sul  ren  of  blode. 
c  1300  Havelok  1161  Or  bou  shal  to  be  galwes  renne.  1377 
LANGL,  /*.  PI.  B.  xv.  220,  I  haue  seyne  charite.  .rennen  in 
ragged  wedes.  14.  .  in  Wr.-Wulcker  589  fncurr0tto  renyn. 
c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  429/2  Rennyn.  or  lepyn,  cnrro.  a  1529 
SKELTON  Sp.  Parrot  142  Honowre'.  .wyll  ren  on  that  syde. 
iSSoCfiOWLEYZrt^^  Trumpet  563  To  play  tenise..or  to  rene 
base.  1565  COOPER  Thes.  s.v.  Cursus,  To  renne  to  a  place. 
y.  4  run-,  6-  run  (7  runn)  ;  6-7  runne,  rune. 

c  1325  [see  the  pres.  pple.].  1525  in  Turner  Select.  Rec. 
Oxford^  i\..  to  rune.  .to  thuse  of  the  reparacon.  1545 
ASCHAM  Toxojh.  (Arh.)  25  Lest  your  boke  shoulde  runne 
awaye  with  you.  1562  PILKINGTON  Expos.^Abdias  67  To 
run  under  some  greate  mans  winge.  iGsfi-yin  HattonCorr. 
(Camden)  18  Mrs.  Crue  is  like  to  rune  quite  mad.  1674 
Boston  Rec.  (1881)  VII.  89  A  high  way.,  to  runn.  .betweene 
his  other  lands.  1683  D.  GRANVILLE  Lett.  (Surtees  Soc.) 
163,  1  did.  .runne  of  halfe  a  sermon. 

5.  5-6  ronne,  5-7  ron  ;  6rowne,  roon(e. 

1482  Cely  Papers  (Camden)  122  Lette  hym  [a  horse]  ron  in 
a  parke.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  Fraiss.  I.  cxv.  137  They,  .began 
to  ron  togyder  threheedes  in  one  hood.  1557  TotteCs  Misc. 
(Arb.)  233,  I  thinke  that  sigh  doth  roon  From  me  to  you. 
1592  UNTON  Corr.  (Roxb.)  271  Intendinge  he  shall  first 
ronne  fortune.  1667  in  Cath.  Rec.  Sec.  J'no/.  III.  64  To 
make  him  ron  through  fier  and  water. 

10.  Present  Participle,     a.    4-6   rynnand   (4 
-ande,  rynand),  5-6  ryn(n)yng;  4,  6  rinnand 
(4  -ande,  rinand),  8-  rinnan,  -in,  -in',  -ing. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  5793  A  land  rinnand  bath  honi  and  milk. 
1375  RARBOUR  Bruce  v.  648  His  boy  com  fast  rynand.  c  1425 
WYNTOUN  Cr#n.  i.  1026  A  wattyr  gret  on  hewide  rynnande. 


RUN. 

|  c  1450  Godstow  Reg.  370  Vsuell  money  rynnyng  in  Inglond. 
i  c  1500  Lancelot  2952  The  stedis  Rynyng  with  the  sadillis 
;  bare.  i^fyGudefyGodiie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  174  O  fulis,.  .Rinnand 
i  fra  Christ.  1785  BURNS  Hallttveen  xx,  Young  an1  auld 

come  rinnan  out.     1867  Goodwife  at  HotJie  xlix.  (E.D.  D.), 

The  road's  rinnin  noo. 

#.  4  rennand(e,  5  -ende,  -onde ;  4  ren- 
nenge,  4-6  rennyng  (5  -ying).  5-6  rennynge  ; 
4  renand,  -yng. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  14283  Rennand  [r.r.  renand]  forth  als 
sco  war  wod.  c  1320  R.  BRUNNE  Medit.  839  Faste  bese 
houndes  come  rennyng  ryue.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xv.  453 
Wilde  bestes.  .rennenge  with-out  croperes.  1412-20  LYUG. 
7'rov  Bk.  n.  656  Vynnettis  rennynge  in  be  casementis.  1565 
COO'PER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Flumenl  Cocytus  rennyng  with  a 
slow  course. 

y.  4runnande;  6  runnyng(e,  6-7runninge, 
6-  running  (7  runing). 

c  1325  Metr,  Horn.  114  He.  .fled  fra  him  ful  fast  runnande. 
!Sa6TiSDAi,E  Luke  \\.  38  Good  measure,,  .shaken  togedder, 
and  runnynge  over.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholas's  Voy. 
iv.  xxix.  151  b,  A  promontorie  ..  running  along  by  the  sea 
side,  c  1610  SPEED  in  Lett.  Lit.  Men  (Camden)  108  My 
thoughts  runnyng  upon,  .this  worke.  a  1639  WOTTON  Relig. 
(1651)  9  Runing.  -as  smoothly  as  a  numerous  verse. 

8.  o  ronnyng,  ronning. 

1530  PALSGR.  693/1  It  is  fay  re  ronnyng  hereby  this  waters 
syde.  1571  GOLDING  Calvin  on  Ps.  Ivii.  2  If  wee  come  not 
ronning  a  pace.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  x.  23  Trompart 
ronning  hastily,  him  did  stay. 

11.  Present  Indicative,  a.  \$t  pers.  sing,  i  rinne, 
4  ryn,  6  rin;  2nd  pers.  6  rynis;  yd  pers,  3 
rinneff,  5  rynnyth,  -ethe,  6  -eth,  rinneth, 
9  dial,  rin'th,  rinth;  4-6  rynnis,  5  rynnys, 
ryn(n)es,  6  rinnis,  7  rinnes,  8-  rins.  PL  4,  6 
rinne,  5-6  rynne  (5  -en),  5,  7  ryn,  4,  6-  rin  ;  4, 
6  rinnis,  -es,  4  rynnys,  -es,  5  rynes,  6  ryn(n)is. 
c  icoo  Ags.  Ps.  (Thorpe)  cxviii.  32  Ic  on  wisne  wej 
worda  binra  reSne  rinne.  a  1225  Leg.  Kath.  2477  pat 
ter  rinneS  aa  mare  eoile  iHche  riue.  c  1375  Cursor  M. 
26642  (Fairf.),  [A]  wound  bat.. rynnis,  &  rotis  ay.  c  1385 
CHAUCER  L.  G.  IV.  60  Prol.,  Quhen  J>at  it  is  eue,  I  ryn 
belyfe.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  i.  4  It  rynnes  thurgh  Hun 
gary.  1422  Secreta  Secret. t  Priv.  Priv.  151  His  gladnys 
rynnyth  al-way  into  worse.  1462  in  Finchale  Priory  (Sur 
tees)  95  A  burn  that  rynes  betwx  the  said  lewod[etc.].  1508 
D  UNBAR  Fly  ting  225  Than  rynis  thow  doun  the  gait.  1562 
TURNER  Baths  3  The . .  mater  that  thys  water  rynneth  thorow. 
1567  Gude  fy  Godlle  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  127  Efter  the  I  rin,  1609 
SKENE  Reg.  Maj.  Table  62  Prescription  rinnes  not.  .agains 
him  quha  is  absent,  c  1730  RAMSAY  J-'al>/e,  Afiserq-  Minos 
48  To  fill  the  tub  that  ay  rins  out.  1825  JAMIESON^/^/.,  It 
rinsi'  my  head.  1867  ROCK  Jim  an'  Nell  xxxvii.  (E.D.S.), 
Away  Dick  rin'th. 

//.  a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  Ivii.  7  Als  watres  rinnes  ai.  a  1340 
HAMPOLE  Psalter  xxiii.  2  As  flodes  rynnys  in  till  be  see. 
c  1400  Secreta  Secret.  73  Waters  rynnen  among  hilles.  c  1460 
Towneley  Myst.  in.  277  Thise  nayles  so  thay  ryn.  1523  SKEL 
TON  Gar/.  Laurel  igeTheyrydeand  rinne.  c  1560  A.  SCOTT 
Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  xxx.  n  Thay  rin  lyk  wyld.  .horss.  1572 
Satir.  Poems  Reform,  xxxi.  50  Thay  and  ye  Papists  rynis 
togidder.  1603  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Microcosmos  Wks.  (Gro- 
sart)  L  32  Lakes  that  never  ryn.  a  1886  A.  BURGESS  Poute 
67  (Two  streams]  rin  below . .  Richt  throo  the  Floor. 

(3.  1st  pers.  sing.  5-6  renne;  2nd  pers.  5  ren- 
nest;  yd  pers.  2-3  rennelS  (2  reonnefl),  4-5 
rennep,  4-6  renneth,  4-5  -yth,  5  -ethe;  4-5 
rennes,  4  rennez,  ren(n)is,  renes.  PI.  4  renis, 
rennys ;  5-6  renneth  (5  renne))) ;  4-5  rennen 
(5  -yn,  -un),  4-6  renne,  5  ren. 

a  1122  O.  E.  Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  656,  Swa  swa  bset 
waeter  renne5  to . .  NorSburh.  Ibid.  an.  963,  Swa  swa  bset  wa 
ter  reonneS  to  Cmlande.  c  1220  Bestiary  240  In  3e  herue.st 
[tneant]..renne5rapelike.  a  1300  E.E.  Psalter  cxlvii.  15 
Swift  li  rennes  saghe  hisse.  13. .  Gaw.  <$•  Gr.  Knt.  731  Fro  be 
crest  be  colde  borne  rennez.  c  1385  CHAUCER  L.  G.  IV.  491 
Cleopatra,  Pete  rennyth  [v.r.  renneth]  sone  in  gentil  herte. 
1400-21  26  Pol.  Poems  43  Wib  theues.  .pou  delest  and  ren- 
nest.  1433  Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  439/i»  I  renne  in  grete  indig 
nation  of  my  Lordes.  a  1529  SKELTON  Bowge  of  Courts 
399,  I  renne  ay  on  the  losse.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v. 
E.VCO)  The  riuer.  .renneth  into  the  sea. 

//.  13..  Cursor  M.  9937  (Gott.),  par-fra  rennys  [Trin. 
renneb]  four  stremes.  1362  LANGL./'./*/.  A.  11. 157  Faytours 
bat  on  Fote  rennen.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  I.  359 
Oftegrehoundesrennebaficr  hem.  c  1400  Apol.  Loll.  75 ;  pei 
ren  in  be  curse  of  God.  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  \.  xvi.  90  With- 
out  him.  .prechingis  rennen  arere.  1526  SKELTON  Magnyf. 
1241  Some,  .renneth  strayght  to  the  stuse.  1549-62  STERN- 
HOLD  &  H.  Ps.  lix.  140  From  place  to  place  they  renne. 

7.  i  pers.  sing.  6-7  runne  (7  rune),  7~  run  I 
ind  pers.  6- runnest,  run'st ;  yd  pers.  6runth, 
6-  runneth  ;  6-7  runnes  (6  Sc.  runis),  6- runs. 
PI.  6  runnes,  6-7  runne,  6-  run  (6  runn). 

1530  PALSGR.  695/2, 1  runne  upon  one.  1535  COVERDALE 
Proz:  iv.  12  When  thou  runnest.  1539  TAVERNER  Erasw. 
Prov.  (1552)  28  He  runneth  farre,  that  neuer  commeth 
agayne.  a  1586  SIDNEY  Astr.  &  Stella  Sonn.  ci,  [It]  runs 
vp  and  downe.  1590  SHAKS.  Com.  Err.  in.  ii.  72  Where 
run'st  thou  so  fast  ?  1625  GILL  Sacr.  Philos.  i.  46,  I  runne 
not  with  that  opinion.  1644  }l*KR  Angtl tfCh,  of  Epliesus 
22  The  Phrase  runnes  in  the  plural!  number.  1704  STEELE 
Lying  Lover  v.  i,  This  unhappy  Tongue .  .That  still  run'st  on. 

//.  1551  ROBINSON  tr.  Mere's  Utopia  \\.  (1895)  284  They 
runne  in  verye  great  infamy.  1579  GOSSON  Sch.  Abuse  (Arb.) 
21  Curst  sores.. run  the  longer  without  healing,  a  1586 
SIDNEY  /V.  xvn.  iv,  How  fleshly  fancies  runn.  1611  BIBLE 
Gen.  xlix.  22  Whose  branches  runne  oner  the  wall. 

5.  \stpers.  sing.  6  ronne  ;  2nd  pers.  6ronnes; 
yd  pers.  6  ronneth,  7  rons.  PI.  4,  6-7  ronne. 
'  1399  LASGL.  Rich.  Redeles  \\.  s  As  bey  ronne  ^oure  rewme 
Jroru-oute.  1525  tr.  Jerome  ff  Brunswick's  Sttrff.  Bj  b/2 
Circles  y'  ronne  about  the  iye.  1530  P.XI.ST.R.  693/2,  I  roni:e 


RUN. 

hastely  to  a.  .place.  /<5iVM  The  potte  ronneth  over.  1603 
OWEN  Pfntbrokesh.  (1892)  193  That  tyme  of  the  yeare.. 
when  all  the  neighbours  cattle  ronne  together.  1667  in 
Ciith.  Rec.  Soc.  Piibl.  HI.  73  A  vertuous  youth  rons  great 
hazard  [etc.]. 

12.  Present  Subjunctive,    a.  4  ronne.     0.  4-6 
renne.   7.  Sc.  6  ryn,  6- rin.    8.  6runne,  6- run. 

a.  a  1310  in  Wright  Lyric  P.  v.  26  Whose  ryht  redeth 
ronne  to  Johon. 

£.  ci38oWvcLiF.$W.  Whs.  II.  231  God..helpe  bat  Goddis 
word  renne.  1393  LANGI,.  P.  PI.  C.  xiv.  32  pauh  thei  renne 
at  ones.  1:1430  Two  Cookery-bks.  n  Let  renne.  .throgh, 
tyl  it  renne  clere.  1470-83  MALORY  Arthur  i.  xxiii.  71  It 
is  fayrer. .  that  we  tweyne  renne  more  to  gyders.  1544  tr. 
Littleton's  Tenures  (i~,-j  4)  21  If  escuage  renne  by  auctoritie 
of  parliament  [etc.]. 

-y,  1546^.  Acts  Part.  (1814)  II.  465  That  bis  present  par 
liament  Ryn  still  our.  a  1585  MONTGOMERY  CherricffSlae 
1528  Quhyle  that  this  bend  of cratgs  rin  out.  1721  RAMSAY 
Prosp.  Plenty  152  If  ye  rin  on,  heav'n  kens  [etc.]. 

5.  1575  TURBERV.  V'enerie  162  If  the  bounties  runne  him. 
1577  B.  GOOGE  Ifcresbach's  Husb.  in.  (1586)  146  b,   If  the 
drop  runne  abroade.     1611  BIBLE  Lcvit.  xv.  3  Whether  his 
flesh  run  with  his  issue.   71630  MILTON  Time  i  Fly  envious 
Time,  till  thou  run  out  thy  race. 

13.  Imperative,    a,  4-6  renne,  5  ren.    /3.  north. 
or  St.  rynne,  6-  rin.     7.  6-7  runne,  6-  run. 

a.  1382  \VvcLiFZeck.  ii.  4  Renne  thou,  spek  to  this  cbijld. 
—  i  Cor.  ix.  24  So  renne  ;e,  that  }e  catche.  14..  Pol., 
Rel.^ff  L.  Awmf  (1903)  142  Ren  to  scole.  1565 COOPER  The 
saurus  s.v.  Curricula,  Renne  oner  quickly  to  our  house. 

ft.  1:1450  St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  1813  Rynne,  gude  sonn, 
and  se  ;one  thing,  c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.  T.  S.)  xxx.  54 
Rin  no*  reklesly  to  rew.  1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  vii,  Rin  for 
it,.. the  road's  clear. 

y.  '535  COVERDALE  2  King's  iv.  26  Runne  now  &  mete  her. 
1594  MARLOWK  &  NASIIK  Dido  in.  i,  Run  for  Aeneas,  or  1*11 
fly  to  him.  1615  BsDWELLJIfe&am;  Impost.  \.  §  28  Run  not 
out.. into  speeches.  1633  G.  HERBERT  Temple,  Ch.  Porch 
xxx.  By  no  means  runne  in  debt. 

14.  Past  Indicative,    a.   i,  3- ran,  3  Orm.  rann, 
4-7  ranne,  4,  5-6  St.,  rane,  sraane.    Pi.  4  raii- 
nen,  5-7  ranne,  4-5,  7  rane,  4-  ran. 

a  looo  Saturn  (Thorpe)  712  Satan  seolua  ran  and  on  susle 
feoll.  c  woo  ORMIN  1364  An  bucc  rann  J?aer  awe}},  c  1250 
Gen.  fy  Ex.  1009  Abraham  hem  ran  wel  swi3e  agon,  a  1300 
E.  E.  Psalter\v\\\,  4  With-outen  wiknes  I  ran.  a  1325  Prose 
Psafterxlix.  19  3yf  bousest  a  J>ef,  bouran  wy\>  hym.  c  1375 
Cursor  M.  3322  (Fairf.),  pe  maydyn  ranne  hame.  1422  tr. 
Secreta  Secret.  153  He  raane  to  a  stake.  c  1489  SKF.LTON 
Death  Earl  Northumbld.  124  Vpon  this  erle  thou  ran. 
1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixxvii.  58  At  thair  croce  abound- 
antlie  rane  wyne.  1535  LYNDESAY  Satyrey^i,  I  ran  to  the 
Consistorie.  1639  FULLER  Holy  IVar  n.  xl.  (1647)  97  Now  it 
ranne  dregs. 

//.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  15756  All  on  bak  J?ai  ran.  13. .  A". 
Alls,  565  (\V.),  They  rannen  thorughout  the  contray.  f  1420 
Antu-rs  of  Arth.  81  Thay  rane  faste  to  the  roches.  1535 
COVERDALE  Jer.  xxiii.  21,  I  haue  not  sent  these  prophetes, 
.  .and  yet  they  ranne.  1582  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  Castanheda"s 
Cong.  E.  Ind.  i.  xviii.  46  Y8  streets  ran  full  therof.  1635 
HEYLIN  Sabbath  u.  (1636)  149 They,  .ranne  upon  the  spurre 
to  their  recreations, 

6.  3-7  ron,  4,  6  ronne.  PI.  4  ronnen,  -on, 
5  ronen ;  3-6  ronne,  4-6  ron. 

am$Leg.  Kath.  207  Euch  waned  weoued..ron  o.  bat 
balefule  blod.  13. .  R.  Gloucester's  Chron.  (Rolls)  App.  G.  i 
Blod  ber  ron  &..muche  folc  berdeijede.  a  1340  HAMPOLK 
Psalter  xxvi.  5,  I  ronne  til  my  hiler.  c  1420  Chron.  Vilod. 
3755  Towarde  bat  broke,  .he  ron.  1577-82  BRECON  ffooris/t 
upon  Fancies  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  8/1  Out  of  dores  I  ronne. 
c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad  vi.  38  The  horse,  .ron  The  same  way 
other  flyers  fled. 

//.  1297  R*  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  Soo*1*  J>e  terus  ronne  doun, 
13..  K.Alis.izsz  (W.),The  stedes  ronnon  with  slak  bridel. 
c  1369  CHAUCER  Dethe  Blaunche  163  A  few  wellys,  .ronnen 
doun.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  9209  Terys  on  his  chekes  Ronen 
full  rifely,  c  1450  Merlin  xiii.  197  Thanne  thei. .ronne  to 
armes  thourgh  the  town. 

7.  4  {ind  pers.},  6-7  runne,  6-  run.     PI.  3-5 
runnen  (5  runnun),  4 runne,  7  (§dial.)  run. 

1382  WYCLIF  Ps.  xlix.  18  If  tbou  se}e  a  thef,  thou  runne 
with  hym.  1566  Pasqnine  in  Traunce  44  b,  I  saw  euery 
man  run  &  I  runne  for  company,  c  1592  MARLOWE  Jew  of 
Malta  iv.  v,  You  run  swifter  when  you  threw  [etc.].  1641 
EARL  MONM.  tr.  Biondis  Civil  Warres  \\.  87  He  runne  so 
hard  away.  1655  STANLEY  Hist.  Philos.  (1701)  86/4  Thera- 
menesrun  to  the  Altar.  1705  tr.  Bosnian's  Guinea  316  He 
immediately  run  away.  1831  LOVER  Leg.  Irel.  Ser.  r.  189 
She  run  rootin'  into  every  corner.  1869  TENNYSON  North. 
Farmer,  N.  S.  xiv,  Feythur  run  oop  to  the  farm. 

//.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  18952  pai  runnen  til  be  apostel  bus. 
c  1380  Sir  Ferumb.  2438  Pan  runne  bai  away  &  saide  alas. 
i*  14*0  Avow.  Arth.  xxv,  So  runnun  thay  to-gedur.  1670 
NARBOROUGH  in  Ace.  Sez>.  Late  Voy.  i.  (1694)  7  [They] 
snatch 'd  some  of  our  mens  Hats  off,  and  run  away. 
S.  5  renne,  ren. 

14..  R.Gloucester  s  Chron.  573  (MS.  Digbyaos),  He  name 
his  dou^ty  ax.  .&  toward  him  renne.  1491  Cal.  Rec.  Dubl. 
(1889)  I.  373  Part  thereof  ren  out  of  his  cowyres. 

16.  Past  Participle,  a.  (i  serunnen,)  4  runnen, 
-yn,  -un,  6  Sc.  -yne ;  4-7  runne,  4-5,  7  rune ; 
6-  run  (6  Sc,  rvn,  7  runn). 

[c  7*5  Corpus  Gloss.  C  862  Concrettim,  gerunnen.  c  1000 
Ags.  Ps.  (Thorpe)  cxviii.  70  Swa  meoluc.-^erunnen.] 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  22224  pat  es  bot-if  discord  and  strijf 
Ouer  al  bis  werld  be  runnun  rijf.  c  1375  Sc.  Leg.  Saints 
xviii.  (Mary  Egypt)  1314  A  place,  quhare  a  burne  had 
runnyn.  1390  GOWF.R  Con/.  II.  332  He  telth  ..  hou  his 
houndes  have  wel  runne.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  Ixix.  25 
Quhill  thathir  glas  be  run  and  past.  i.$nAberd.Reg.(\%t$) 
I.  88  And  the  said  yeir  be  runnyne  and  compleit.  1588 
SHAKS.  L.  L.L.  v.  ii.  233  Well  runne  dice.  1646  H.  HAM 
MOND  in  Ld.  Falkland  Infallibility  116  When  our  Queene 
had  runne  so  many  dangers.  1653  HOLCROFT  Procopfus, 
Goth.  Wars  u.  53  When  rive  and  thirty  dayes  are  runn  out. 
VOL.  VIII. 


897 

£.  4  y-ronnen,  4-5  ronnen  (-yn,  -on),  5  Sc. 
ronnyne,  ronnyng,  rownyn. 

1362  LANCL.  P.  PI.  A.ix.Sa  He.. is  Ronnen  in-toReligiun. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt's  T.  1835  So  was  the  blood  yronnen  in 
his  face.  1399  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  I.  364  The  stedes  colt  is 
ronnon  away.  1:1425  Cursor  M.  1548  (Trin.),  pe  mychel 
spire  is  ronnen  aboute.  c  1440  Prontp.  Paiv.  436/2  Ronnon, 
as  mylke  (K.P.  ronnyn  as  mylke..),  coagulatus.  c  1470 
HENRY  Wallace  \xt  1779  Mony  hprs,  at  ronnyng  had  so  lang. 
1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  273/4  The  voyses  haue  ronnen  in 
myn  eres. 

7.  4  i-,  4-5  y-ronne,  4-6  ronne  (Sc.  5  roune, 
6  rone),  6  ronn(6V.  roun),  5-6,  9  dial.  ron. 

13. .  K.AUs.  896  (W.),  Quyk  away  he  is  ronne.  Ibid.  2704 
Forth  he  is  with  that  y-ronne.  c  1384  CHAUCER  //.  Fame 
in.  1644  Whan  fire  is  in  the  poudre  ronne.  £1407  LYDG. 
Reson  <y  Sens.  336  Ful  fer  y-ronne  in  age.  1470-85  MALORY 
Arthur  \\.  xx.  368  Slie  wold  haue  ronne  vpon  the  swerd. 
1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  n,  viii.  61  Hir  slydry  body  in  hankis 
round  all  rpun.  1562  in  A rchaeologia  XLVII.  231  Wee  have 
rone  on  pill  grim  age.  a  1596  Sir  T.  More  in.  ii.  75  It  was 
broacht  and  half  ronn  out.  1869  A.  C.  GIBSON  Folk-Sp. 
Cumberld.  12  I'd  ron  me-seP  varra  nar  oot  o1  winnd. 

5.  4-6  renne,  $atr/i.  i-ren. 

<:I350  Tpomadon  4141  My  houndes  bath  renne  right  wele. 
1426  Pol.  Poems  (Rolls)  II.  132  Henry  the  sext,  of  age  ny 
fyve  yere  renne.  14..  Sir  fanes  3544  For  he  hadde  so 
wel  igo  [Xf.irenl  1502  ARNOLDS  Chron.  (1811)44  Vf  they 
be  attaynted  be  the  said  peyne  renne  and  leuyd  of  a  M  marc. 

f.  5  i-ranne,  7  ranne ;  6-9  ran. 
1430-40  LYDG.  BocJtas  i.  i,  The  progenitours,  Of  all  man- 
kynd  farre  I-ranne  in  age.  1594  O.  b.  Quest.  Profit.  Concern. 
31  She  had  rather  her  husband  had  ran  out.  1656  KAKL 
MONM.  tr.  Boccalini's  Advts.fr.  P am  ass.  n.  Ixi,  Those  mis 
chiefs  into  which  we  are  ran.  1669  Cosin's  Corr.  (Surtees) 
11.231  Swinbourne  is  ranne  away  5  or  6000  It.  in  the  King's 
debt.  1729 T.  COOKE  TVi/t's,  etc.  36  He  always  thinks.. ins 
Race  not  ran.  1827  D.  JOHNSON*  fmi.  Field  Sports  1 16  He 
had  been,  .ran  over  by  a.  .tiger.  1874  DASKNT  Half  a  Life 

III.  258  As  though  she  had  ran  a  match. 

16.  IVeak  conj.  a.  Past  Indicative,  a.  4  rende, 
4-5  rennede,  5  rennyd,  8  dial,  renn'd.  £.  3  //. 
runden,  6,  9  dial,  runned.  7.  9  dial,  rinn'd. 

c  1205  LAY.  1349  His  scipen  ruiiden  swiSe.  c  1300  A".  Horn 
(O.)  1319  Faste  after  horn  he  rende.  1382  WVCLIK  Gen.  xxiv. 
20  She . .  rennede  a^en  to  the  pit.  1388  —  Isaiah  \.  23  »iargf.t 
If  thou  suest  a  theef,  thou  rennedist  with  him.  1586  D. 
ROWLAND  Lazarillo  \\.  (1672)  M  3,  The  one  runned  to  one 
place,  the  other  to  another.  1705  PINDAR  Royal  Visit  n.  ix, 
Now  to  the  tavern  renn'd  'Squire  Rolle.  1844  W.  BARNES 
Poems  Rur.  Life  102  Two  tears  rinn'd  down  Ant's  fiace. 
1859  HUGHES  Scour.  White  Horse  vi.  140,  I.. runned  and 
hollered  all  I  knowed.  i873SriLLiNG  Molly  J-./^gyi', etc.  (1903) 
22, 1  turned  round  and  runned  away. 

b.  Past  Participle.  5  renned,  ronned,  6-9 
(now  dial.)  runned,  8  runn'd. 

138* WYCLIF  Ps.  xviii.  6  He  ful  out  gladide..to  be  runne 
[v.r.  renned,  ronned]  the  weie.  1604  HIERON  IV ks.  I.  485  He 
had  euen  runned  on  to  his  owne  destruction.  1634  Malory's 
Arthur  (1816)  II.  187  He.  .would  have  runned  through  sir 
Tristram.  1751  C.  LABELYE  Piers  Westm,  Bridge  20  Iron 
Cramps,  let  into  the  Stones,  and  runn'd  in  with  melted 
Lead.  1887  S.  Cheshire  Gloss.  322  I'm  welly  runned  off  my 
legs. 

B.   Signification. 
I.  Intransitive  senses. 

The  conjugation  of  the  perfect  and  pluperfect  tenses  with 
oe  instead  of  have  (as  is  run,  was  ntn,  etc.)  is  occasionally 
found  in  literary  use  down  to  the  end  of  the  i8th  century. 
*  Of persons  and  animals ,  in  literal  or  jig.  senses. 

1.  To  move  the  legs  quickly  (the  one  foot  being 
lifted  before  the  other  is  set  down)  so  as  to  go  at 
a  faster  pace  than  walking ;  to  cover  the  ground, 
make  one's  way,  rapidly  in  this  manner. 

Run  may  be  construed  with  a  large  number  of  preps,  and 
advs.,  as  about,  after>  against^  af,  etc.  Some  idiomatic 
uses  arising  from  such  phrases  are  treated  under  III  and 

IV.  and  others  will  be  found  under  some  other  distinctive 
word  in  the  phrase  (as  RANDOM  sb.  3). 

c888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xxxvii.  §  2  FjerS  Sonne  micel  folc 
to,  &  yrnaS  ealle  endemes.  1:950  Lindisf.  Gosp.  Matt. 
xxviii.  8  [Hla]  eodun  hreconlice  from  byr5enne..iornende. 
c  looo  Ags.  Ps.  (Thorpe)  xviii.  6  Swa  swa  jijant  yrncS  on 
his  wej.  c  1175  Lamb.  Horn.  3  Heo  urnen  on-jein  himal  J>a 
hebreisce  men.  ci2oo  Trin.  Coll.  Horn,  39  pe  swin  urnen 
alse  deulen  hem  driuen  into  be  sae.  c  1290  Beket  692  in  S. 
Eng.  Leg.  I.  126  He  orn  and  tolde  his  maister  fore.  ^1330 
Artk.  fy  Merl.  7002  (Kolbing),  Segremor  hem  asked,  whi 
bai  yrn  &  made  swiche  cri.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xvn.  83, 
I  soiourned  noujte,  but  shope  me  to  renne,  And  suwed  bat 
Samaritan.  1400-10  CLANVOWE  Cuckoo  $  Night.  217  To  the 
broke  I  ran,  and  gat  a  stoon.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vi. 
628  Full  law  thai  crap,  quhiil  thai  war  out  off  sicht ;  Eftir 
the  ost  syne  rane  in  all  thair  mycht,  1523  SKF.LTON  Gar/. 
Laurel  632  Masid  as  a  marche  have,  Tie  ran  lyke  a  scut. 
1560  DAUS  \x.Sleidanes  Comnt.  116  Many  were  drowned 
in  the  Ryver  of  Neccar,  wher  into  they  ran  headlong.  1592 
SHAKS.  Ven.  %  Ad.  871  As  she  runs,  the  bushes  in  the  way 
Some  catch  her  by  the  neck.  1613  PURCHAS  Pilgrimage 
(1614)  184  It  isunlawfull  [on  the  Sabbath],  .to Runne,  Leape, 
or  tell  Tales.  1659  PELL  Impr.  Sea  300  As  soon  as  hee  saw 
the  ship,  hee  ran  down  to  the  Sea  side  unto  her.  1760 
STERNE  Tr.  Shandy  iv.  xvi,  She  is  run  upstairs,  answered 
Obadiah,  this  very  instant.  1774GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776) 

V.  197  The  young  ones  run  about  as  soon  as  they  are  out 
of  the  shell.     1833  T.  HOOK  Parson's  Dan.  i.  iii,  Here,  boy 
..,  run  and  ask  Jenkinson  for  the  key  of  the  coach-house. 
1863  RKADE  Hard  Cash   I.  21  A  hundred.. men,  ready  to 
run. .with  the  boats  all  the  way.     1871  KINGSLEY  At  Last 
x,  The  Coolie  butler's  child.. ran  in  and  out  with  the  dogs. 

b.  In  various  fig.  contexts. 

c888  K.  ALFRED  Boetk.  xli.  §  2  pa  be.  .aefter  hiora  licho- 
man  luste  irna5.  1x325  Ancr.  R.  332  f»e  vuere  stun  bi- 
tocneS  hope  b«t  eorneS  &  stureS  hire  euer  ine  gode  werkes, 
<(  1300  Cursor  M.  17251  Fra  blis  to  blis  mai  bou  noght  rin. 


RUN. 

1387  TRF.VISA  Higden  (Rolls)  V.  195  pese  beeb  my  synnes 
bat  KDne{>  after  me.  a  1400-50  Alexander  3383  Out  of  be 
rake  of  ri}twysnes  ren  suld  he  neuire.  (-1460  Towneley 
Afyst.  vii.  25  All  that  will  in  trowth  ren  shall  he  saue.  1530 
PALSGR.  696/1  He  ronneth  aheed  as  his  fantasye  leadeth 
hym.  1579  GOSSON  ScJt.  Abuse  (Arb.)  75,  I  beseech  them 
to  looke  to  their  footing,  that  run  ouershooes  in  al  these 
vanities.  1628  GAULE  Pract.  The.  19  They.. that  follow 
their  owne  fancie,  that  run  on  their  owne  head.  1681 
FLAVEL  Meth.  Grace  xxx.  517  We  mu.it  not  run  so  far  from 
an  error,  as  to  lose  a  precious  truth.  1737  WHISTON 
Joseph-us  (1834)  830/1  He  appears  to  have  been  so  affected 
..as  to  run,  as  it  were,  in  a  sort  of  a  middle  way.  1821 
IZxaminer  42/1  We  must  not .  .run  too  swiftly  to  our  con 
clusions.  1868  [see  HARNESS  sb.  4  b]. 

C.  Sc.  Contrasted  with  ride.  (Cf.  Go  v.  i.) 
X37S  HARBOUR  Bruce  i.  103  That  thai,  that  war  off  hey 
parage,  Suld  ryn  on  fute,  as  rebaldaill.  c  1450  HOLLAND 
Howlatbn  Robyn  Redbrest  nocht  ran,  Bot  raid  as  a  hens- 
man,  a  1700  Gaberlnnzic-Mtin  vii,  O  fy  gar  ride,  and  fy 
gar  rin,  And  haste  ye  [etc.].  a  iSoz  Jamie  Telfcr  xxviii, 
The  Scotts  they  ratle,  the  Scotts  they  ran. 

d.  Used  to  denote  (hurried)  travelling  or  going 
about,  esp.  to  distant  places. 

a  1300  A"  Horn  (C.)  1146  Drink  to  horn  of  home,  Feorihc 
amiorne.  c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880;  22()J>ere  prestis  rennen 
out  of  oure  loud  oner  grete  sees.  1535  I.YNDESAV  Satyre 
2862  For  ane  vn  wort  hie  Vickarage  Ane  Preist  will  rin  to 
Rome,  in  Pilgramage.  1555  /»z>.  C£.  £o»&  (Surtees)  136 
My  charges  in  runnyng  from  Duresine  to  Yorke.  1791 
IJoswEi.L  Johnson  Advt.,  I  have  sometimes  been  obliged  to 
run  half  over  London,  in  order  to  fix  a  date  correctly.  1870 
LOWELL  Study  Wind.,  Condcsc.  Foreigners^  I  remembered 
people  who. .must  run  to  Italy  before  [etc.]. 

e.  In  proverbs  and  proverbial  phrases. 

That  he  who  runs  may  read  is  an  alteration  of  Habakkuk 
ii.  2,  'That  he  may  run  that  readeth  it '. 

1523  SKELTONGar/,  I.anreli^s,  Nedesmust  he  rin  that  the 
deuylldiyuith.  1539 TAVERNER  Erasm.  Prot1.  (1552)  28  He 
runneth  farre,  that  neuer  comineth  agayne,  1562  J.  HF.V- 
WOOD  Pro-s.  $  Epigr.  (1867)  47  He  ninth  far,  that  neuer 
turnth  againe.  Ibid.  77  Men  .saie  he  maie  yll  renne,  that 
can  not  go.  Ibid.  137  Holde  with  the  hare  and  run  with  the 
hounde.  1672  /ssw.r/'rt/fr.j(Cainden)6 That  what  euei  Rules 
are  made,,  .maybe  soe  Plainly  ..worded,  That  he  that  Runs 
may  Read  &  understand  them.  1687  T.  BROWN  in  Dk,  Buck' 
ingham's  Wks.  (1705)  II.  129  If  you  don't  like  me  rough,  as 
I  run,  fare  you  well,  Madam.  1784  COWPER  Tiroc.  So  Hut 
truths. .Shine.  .With  such  a  lustre,  he  that  runs  may  read. 
1821  SCOTT  Kenihv.  xviii,  Which,  .extends  a  lesson  so  clear, 
that  he  who  runs  may  read. 

f.  Used  allusively,  with  reference  to  the  legs  (in 
contrast  to  the  wings)  of  game  or  poultry. 

1591  FLORIO  2nd  Fruites  57  Shall  I  give  you  some  of  this 
capon?.. Will  you  flic  or  run?  1824  Miss  FERRIER  fnher. 
xiv,  It's  the  fashion  now,  when  you  help  game  or  poultry,  to 
ask — Pray  do  you  run  or  fly  ? 

2.  To  go  about  freely,  without  being  restrained 
or  checked  in  any  way.  Freq.  with  about ;  also 
const,  with)  and  with  adjs.  as  wild. 

^825  I' esp.  Psalter  xlix.  18  £if  5u  fcese^e  Seof,  somud  <5u 
urne  mid  hine.  t:888  K.  /ELFRED  Boeth.  xxxvi.  §6  £>a 
dysejan.  .irnaShidres  Sidies  dwolijende  under  basm  hrofe 
eallra  xesceafta.  1377  LANGL.  P.  PI,  B.  xv.  220,  I  haue 
seynecharite..Rydenand  rennenin  ragged  wedes.  1402  Pol. 
Poems  (Rolls)  II.  79,  I  trowe  thou  menys  the  pardonystres 
.  .that  rennen  so  fast  aboute.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  ix. 
xx.  369  This  meane  whyle  ranne  sir  Tristram  naked  in  the 
forest.  1535  COVERDALE  i  Tim.  v.  13  They  are  ydell,  and 
lerne  to  runne  aboute  from  house  to  house.  1542  UDALL 
MrastH.  Apoph.  64  b,  He  did. .  cast  of,  and  leat  renne  at  all 
auentures  his  soonne.  1611  COTGR.,  Rodeur,  a  vagabond, 
..highway-beater;  a  rolling  stone,  one  that  does  nought 
but  runne  here  and  there.  1722  DE  FOE  Plague  (1754)  265 
People . .  run  all  together  promiscuously,  sick  and  well.  1782 
Miss  BURNEY  Cecilia  vnr.  iv,  Run  about  and  divert  your 
self,  'tis  all  you  have  for  it.  1855  KINGSLEY  Westiv.  Ho! 
xxix,  She  runs  about  all  day  long  after  Mrs.  Leigh.  1875 
JOWETT  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  79  We  are  resolved.. not  to  let 
them  run  about  as  they  like. 
b.  Of  animals. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xv.  453  As  in  wilde  wildernesse, 
wexeth  wilde  bestes,  ..rennenge  with-out  croperes.  1482 
Cely  Papers  (Camden)  122  Lette  hym  ron  in  a  parke.  a  1529 
SKELTON  E.  Ritimnyng  190  The  hennes  ron  in  the  mashfat. 
1549-62  STERNHOLD  &  H.  Ps.  1,  Neat  and  kyne,  that  runne 
wylde  in  the  hils.  1607  MARKHAM  Caval.  i.  25  They  let 
their  Colts  runne  with  their  Mares,  till  they  couer  their 
Dammes.  171*  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's  Gardening  176 
Worms.. running  betwixt  the  Bark  and  the  Stem,  1774 
GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  II.  343  In  those  boundless  tracts, 
..where  he  [sc.  the  horse]  runs  at  liberty.  1838  Encycl. 
Metrop.  (1845)  XXV.  1421/1  Large  quantities  of  black 
cattle  run  wild  among  the  hills.  1856  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc. 
XVII.  u.  485  The  flock  runs,  through  the  summer,  on  the 
seeds  and  grass.  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer 
(1891)  263  The  station.. where  the  cattle  were  running. 
3.  To  hasten  to  some  end  or  object,  or  to  do 
something;  to  make  haste,  be  active. 
Sometimes  with  implication  of  the  literal  sense. 
c 807  K.  ALFRED  Gregory* sPast.C.  xvi.  103  Deet  himasjen 
iernan  &  fleon  to  3aes  lareowes  mode  him  to  ondettunge. 
c  1200  ORMIN  14115  pe  waterr  tacnebb  uss  mannkinn  pat 
ernebb  till  hiss  ende.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  21563  pe  luus  to 
be  baptim  ran,  Ful  fain  fa  war  bai  bider  wan.  13..  K. 
A  Us.  849  (W.),  Theo  stronge  knytis  of  the  halle,  Anon 
ronnon  to  heore  armes  alle.  1408-9  26  Pol.  Poems  32  So 
fele  as  shulde  renne  hedlyng  to  helle.  1526  SKELTON 
Magnyf.zQ^Q  By  robbynge  they  rynne  to  in  Manns  tuas 
quecke.  1589  NASHE  Martin  Marprelate  Wks.  (Grosart) 
I.  161  Leauing  the  auncient  game  of  England  (Trumpe),.. 
[they]  are  running  to  their  Ruffe.  1634  MILTON  Comus  363 
What  need  a  man . .  run  to  meet  what  he  would  most  avoid  ? 
1654  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Bt-ntii<oglio's  Wars  Flanders  89  The 
people,  .run  almost  from  all  places  to  assist  his  cause.  1702 
STEELE  Grief  A  .In- Mode  Pref.,  "Tis  Habitual  to  'em  to  run 
to  the  Succour  of  those  they  see  in  Danger.  1852  MRS. 

113 


RUN. 


898 


RUN. 


STOWB  Uncle  Tom's  C.  xi.  91  'Boys,'  says  I,  'run  now! 
dig  1  put  !  jest  when  ye  want  to  !' 

t  b.  To  have  recourse  to  a  practice.  Obs. 

a  I35J  Mi  NOT  Poems  viii.  6  Whilum  war  36  wight  in  wede 
To  robbing  rathly  for  to  ren.  a  1400  Minor  Poems  fr. 
Vernon  MS.  612/24  For  grete  lewes,  galwes  weire  grei^ed, 
pat  euer  to  Robbyng  Ronne  ryf. 

C.  To  go  or  resort  to  a  person,  etc.,  esp.  for  help 
or  guidance. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  xxvi.  5  Bot  my  hert  shal  not 
drede,  for  i  ronne  til  my  hiler,  not  to  bo  kastels,  to  seke  help. 
1509  FISHER  7  Penit.  Ps.  xxxviii.  Wks.  (1876)  69  Let  vs 
therfore  renne  to..Marye  the  moder  of  god.  1597  MORLEY 
Introd.  Mus.  Pref.,  Then  was  1  forced  to  runne  to  the 
workes  of  manic.  1603  PARSONS  Let.  in  Cath.  Rec.  Soc. 
Publ,  (1906)  II.  217  In  such  case,  .the  English  Cath.  shalbe 
forced  to  runne  to  the  K[ing]  of  France  for  assistance. 
1860  RFADE  Cloister  <y  H.  Iv,  That  day  first  I  did  seem  lo 
glimpse  why  folk  in  trouble  run  to  drink  so.  1864  LOWELL 
Study  ll'ind.%  Gt.  Public  Char,,  Even  Mommsen  himself 
.  .cannot  get  or  give  a  lively  notion  of  ancient  Rome,  with 
out  running  to  the  comic  poets. 

4.  To  retire  or  retreat  rapidly;  to  take  to  flight ; 
to  abscond  or  desert.     Also  const,  from  a  place, 
person,  etc. 

c  1205  LAY.  29298  Bruttes  for-burnen  ;  Bruttes  gunnen 
irnen.  c*  1450  Myrr.  our  Ladye  31  They  shall  not  knowe 
whither  to  fle  ne  ren  from  them.  1567  Gude  *  Godiie  Ball. 
(S.T.S.)  174  O  fulis,  quhairfoir  tak  }e  flycht,  Rinnand  fra 
Christ  ?  1673  Hatton  Corr.  (Camden)  m  The  spuldiers  in 
very  considerable  numbers  dayly  run  from  their  colours. 
1758  J.  BLAKE  Mar.  Syst.  20  The  time  and  place  when,  and 
where  he  entered,  died,  run,  or  was  discharged.  1781 
JEFFERSON  Corr.  Wks.  1859  I,  306  They  broke  twice  and 
run  like  sheep.  1845  Narr.  U.S.  Explor.  Exped.  I.  Introd. 
38  Robert  Boyle,  Seaman,  Joined  in  the  United  States ;  run 
at  Sydney.  1848  THACKERAY  l-'an.  Fair  xxxii,  He  did  not 
care  to  face  Mrs.  O'Dowd  and  Amelia,  and  own  to  them 
that  he  was  about  to  run.  1893  Chamb.  Jrnl.  i  July  414/1 
He.. had  been  forced  to  cut  and  run. 
b.  So  to  run  for  it. 

1642  W.  MOUNTAGU  in  Bucckuck  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.)  I.  306  My  Lord  of  Stamford.. made  them  run  for  it, 
and  took  their  arms  away.  1692  HICKERINGILL  Good  Old 
Cause  Wks.  1716  II.  537  We  hear  the  good  News,  that  the 
Idolaters  are  run  for  it,  the  Syrians  before  Joab.  1725  DR 
FOE  Voy.  round  World  {•&$<*)  119  Once  or  twice  they  were 
ready  to  lay  down  all  their  loads,  and  run  for  it.  1855 
K.INGSLEY  Westw.  Ho!  xviii,  He  fairly  clapped  his  hands 
to  his  ears  and  ran  for  it.  1883  STEVENSON  Treas.  Isl.  xxx, 
We'll  run  for  it  like  antelopes. 

*fc.  To  deviate  or  diverge/nJM  a  standard. 

1765  Treat.  Dom.  Pigeons  57  Rejecting  those  that  ran 
from  the  feather,  and  judiciously  matching  the  good 
coloured  ones  together. 

d.  To  draw  back  from  a  pledge,  etc. 

1824  Examiner  57/2  Mr.  D. .  .ran  from  his  wager.  1858 
Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XIX  i.  124  The  contracting  party  may 
be  inclined  to  run  from  his  word. 

5.  To  rush  at,  on,  or  upon  a  person  with  hostile 
intention  ;  to  make  an  attack  on.     AlsoySg-. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  15786  pal  him  vmsett  on  ilk  side,.. 
Wit  maces  and  wit  neues  smert  vnrekenli  on  him  bai  ran. 
1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  ix.  xli.  407  The  knyght  was. .in 
wille  sodenly  to  haue  ronne  vpon  syr  Tristram  with  a  swerd. 
a  1533  LD.  IJKKNERS  Huon  xxxviii.  123  All  the  sarasins  at 
ones  ran  vpon  Huon,  &  tooke  hym.  Ibid.  lix.  205  Huon 
ranne  at  hym..,  &  strake  him  with  his  spere.  1602 
MARSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  v.  v,  They  run  all  at  Piero  with 
their  Rapiers.  1662  J.  DAVIKS  tr.  Mandelslo's  Trav.  95 
He  run  upon  him  and  cut  off  his  head.  1781  D.  WILLIAMS 
tr,  Voltaire  II.  301  He  pierced  the  furious  boar  who  was 
running  at  him.  1835  I.  TAYLOR  Spir.  Despot,  i.  17  The.. 

Eopery  that  was  furiously  run  upon  by  the  sceptics  of  the 
ist  age.    1889  DOYLE  Micah  Clarke  xxiii.  232  He  ran  at 
me  and  kicked  me. 

f  b.  To  move  rapidly  through  or  over  a  country 
with  hostile  intent.  (Cf.  OVERRUN  v.  4.)  Obs. 

1338  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  (1810)  i  porgh  out  Chestreschire 
werre  gan  the!  dryue.  Had  be!  no  styntyng,  hot  borgh  alls 
J»ei  ran.  1648  HEXHAM  n,  Rotteynen,  to  Roade,  or  Run 
through  a  Countrie.  1693  Mem.  Ct.  Teckely  i.  42  Having 
gain'd  the  Fort,  they  could  safely  run  over  all  the  Peninsula 
that  lies  between  the  Mure  and  the  Drave. 

•f*  6.  To  ride  on  horseback  at  a  quick  pace  ;  spec. 
to  ride  in  a  tournament,  to  tilt  or  joust.  Obs. 

1297  R.  GLOUC.  (Rolls)  11078  In  a  foul  plodde..me  him 
slong,  &  orne  on  him  mid  hor  hors.  1535  COVERDALE 
2  Mace.  v.  2  Then  were  there  sene..horsmen  runninge  to 
and  fro  in  the  ayre.  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  ¥111,  6 
The  kyng  ranne  neuer  openly  before,  and  there  were  broken 
many  staues.  1596  SHAKS.  i  Hen.  IV,  ii.  iv.  377  The 
sprightly.  .Do wglas,  that  runnes  a  Horse-backe  vp  a  Hill 
perpendicular.  1652  COTTEREI.L  tr.  Calfirenede's  Cassandra 
I.  3  There  appeared  ten  or  twelve  fresh  well  mounted 
Knights,  running  towards  them  at  full  speed. 

b.  In  tilting,  to  charge  with  a  lance  or  spear  at 
a  mark  or  object. 

Now  usually  in  phrase  to  run  (full]  tilt  at  or  against :  see 
TILT  sb.t  and  cf.  A-TILT  adv. 

1:1530  [see  QUINTAIN  a].  1550  Rutland  MSS.  IV.  359 
(Hist.  MSS.  Comm.),  For  a  spere  wyche  he  lent  to  runne  at 
the  glove  with,  and  was  broken,  iij  s.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav, 
iv.  156  To  run  at  the  Gloue  in  a  open  place  before  all  the 
people.  1686  [see  RING  sb.1  4). 

7.  To  compete,  or  take  part,  in  a  race  (for  a 
prize).  Occas.  with  compl.  denoting  final  position 
in  the  race.  Also  in  fig.  context. 

c  1205  LAY.  24696  Summe  heo  gunnen  urnen,  summe  heo 
gunnen  lepen,.  .summe  heo  wra^stleden.  .1290  S.  Eng. 
Leg.  I.  48/52  His  Men  pleiden  and  Arnden  bi  b«  weie. 
1382  WYCLIF  Gal.  ii.  2  Lest  perauenture  I  schulde  renne  in 
veyn,  or  hadde  runne.  1545  ASCHAM  Toxoph,  i.  [Arb.)  103 
Yf  the  game  be  on«  wonne,  no  man  wyl  set  forth  hys  foote 
to  ronne.  '5^5  COOPER  Thesaurus^  Cflfs,  a  horse  runnyng 


for  a  price  or  game.  1653  BINNING  Sena.  (1845)  156  Think 
it  strange  that  thou  runnest  so  slowly,  when  so  great  a  prize 
is  to  be  obtained.  1713  Land.  Gaz.  No.  5151/4  A  Plate  of 
40 /.  Value  was  to  be  run  for.  1725  Fam.  Diet,  s.v.  Horse* 
racing,  We  will  only  here  suppose  a  Horse  set  to  run  for  a 
Plate,  a  1837  [APPKRLEY]  Turf(\%$i)  127  He  runs  in  front, 
it  is  true,  for  he  can  run  to  win.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  8  Aug.  189 
Before  running  this  week  for  the  Biyghton  Stakes,  he  was 
led.. with  a  chain  attached  to  his  bit.  1886  St.  Stephen's 
Rev.  13  Mar.  11/2  Ironclad  ran  a  good  horse  considering 
that  he  was  evidently  very  short  of  work.  1891  Sat.  Rev. 
26  Sept.  358/2  Gossoon.. had  run  second  to  her  for  the 
Champagne  Stakes. 

Jig.  1881  MRS.  LYNN  LINTON  My  Love  HI,  xii.  214  She 
tried  it  on  with  Val,  who  hated  her... But  Val  said  that 
didn't  run ! 

b.  To    compete,   stand  as  a   candidate,  for  a 
position,  seat,  etc.     Orig.  U.S. 

1861  Temple  Bar  II.  333  [He]  might.. stand  a  chance  of 
running  for  Congress.  1870  Standard  12  Nov.,  If  he 
naturalised  himself  in  the  United  States  and  ran  for  President. 

c.  To  run  for  luck,  to  take  one's  chance.    (7.S. 
1841  LOSCF.  in  Life  (1891)  I.  391.  I  have  to  run  for  luck  as 

to  horses,  which  is  not  so  agreeable. 

d.  U.S.  To  tout_/0r  a  boarding-house,  etc. 
1891  C.  ROBERTS  Adrift  America  228,  I  went  with  him 

to  the  house  he  was  running  for. 

8.  transf.  Of  fish  :  To  swim  rapidly. 

1:1520  L.  ANDREW  Noble  Lyfe  in  Babees  Book  (1868)  236 
Percus  is  of  diuers  colours,  &  swift  in  ronnynge  in  the  water. 
1688  HOLME  Armoury  \\\.  104/1  When  Fish  run  away 
with  the  Bait  in  his  Mouth.  1726  Gentleman  Angler  155 
To  Run*  this  is  properly  applied  to  a  Jack  or  Pike  in 
Trowling,  who,  when  he  has  seized  the  Bait,  runs  to  his 
Harbour  to  pouch  it;  after  which  he  runs  again.  1820 
SCORESBY  Ace.  Arc.  Reg.  \.  465  Whales. .blow  strongest, 
densest,  and  loudest,  when  '  running '.  1867  FRANCIS 
Angling  iv.  (1880)  103  The  pike  made  a  splendid  fight, 
often  running  to  weed.  1891  Field  19  Dec.  948/1  This 
salmon  showed  no  desire  to  run  up  stream. 

b.  spec.  To  pass  to  or  from  the  sea ;  to  migrate. 
1887  Fortn.  Rtv.  Mar.  406  Immense  numbers  of  salmon 
'  run  early  in  the  year.  1892  Longman's  Mag.  Nov.  88 
The  season  when  the  eels  are  'running1. 

** Of  inanimate  things  in  rapid  motion. 

9.  Of  things,  esp.  the  heavenly  bodies :  To  move 
rapidly  through  space. 

c82S  I' esp.  Psalter  xviii,  6  [The  sun]  jefaeh  swe  swe 
Silent  to  earnenne  on  wej.  a  1000  Genesis  138  Him  arn  on 
last  brang  bystre  Renip.  cxooo  Saxon  Leechdoms  III.  234 
./Efre  heo  [the  sun]  byS  yrnende  ymbe  3as  eorSan.  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  22695  pe eludes  to  besesal  rin  For  to  hid  bam  bar- 
in.  01425  Ibid.  23590  (Trin.),  Sonne,  mone,  watir,  &  stern, 
pat  now  renne^  in  cours  ?ern.  1513  BRADSHAW  St.  Werburge 
n.  118  Sterres  . .  Rennynge  in  the  ayre  dredfull  to  beholde, 
1530  RASTELL  Bk.  Purgat.  HI.  ix.  i  Where  the  sonne  and 
the  other  sterres  renne  in  theyr  speres.  1692  DRYDEN 
Eleonora  150  Though  'tis  a  train  of  stars  that,  rolling  on, 
Rise  in  their  turn  and  in  the  Zodiac  run.  1732  POPE  Ess. 
Afan  n.  21  Instruct  the  planets  in  what  orbs  to  run.  1754 
GRAY  Progr.  Poesy  118  Oft  before  his  infant  eyes  would 
run  Such  forms  as  glitter  in  the  Muse's  ray.  1864  TENNY 
SON  Voyage  iv,  Far  ran  the  naked  moon  across  The  house 
less  ocean's  heaving  field. 

b.  Of  vehicles,  etc. :  To  move  easily  or  rapidly 
by  reason  of  being  set  on  wheels.  AlsoyT^. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  xvn.  609  Ane  cren  thai  haf  gert  dres 
vp  hey  Rynand  on  quhelis.  1562  J.  HEYWOOD  Prov.  ff 
Epigr.  (1867)  64  The  world  runth  on  wheeles.  1611  BIBLE 
Nakum  ii.  4  The  charets  shall  rage  in  the  streets, ..  they 
shall  seeme  like  torches,  they  shall  runne  like  the  lightnings. 
1673  HOBBES  Odyssey  (1677)  213  Sit  quietly  And  eat..; 
your  tongue  so  runs  on  wheels,  a  1774  GOLDSM.  Surv.  Exp. 
Philos.  (1776)  I.  267  A  machine.. that  run  upon  wheels. 
1843  Penny  Cycl.  XXVII.  551/2  A  moveable  carriage., 
running  on  lower  side-rails.  1863  W.  C.  BALDWIN  Afr, 
Hunting  ix.  432  The  wagon  runs  heavily. 

10.  Of  a  vessel  (or  those  on  board) :  To  sail 
swiftly  or  easily.      Also  in  fig.  context. 

Used  with  many  advs.  and  preps.,  as  adrift^  at  large, 
free,  in^  out,  etc. ;  before  (the  wind),  down  (a  coast),  into  (a 
haven),  up  (an  inlet),  etc.  To  cut  and  run  (see  CUT  v.  40). 

a  1000  Ags.  Proverbs  186  (Gr.),  Seldan  in  sidum  ceole, 
nefne  he  under  segle  yrne,  werix  scealc  wib  wjnde  roweb. 
aii22  O.  E.Chron.  (Laud  MS.)  an.  1046,  Hi-.tujon  £a 
up  heora  se^el,  &  urnon  west  to  Axamuoan.  c  1205  LAY. 
11981  pa  scipen  ba  urnen  bi-uoren,  1382  WYCLIF  Acts 
xxvii.  16  We  rennynge  into  sum  yle . .  vnnethe  mygte  gete  a 
litil  boot.  1390  GOWER  Con/.  I.  160  The  Schip  which  on 
the  wawes  renneth.  c  \\epMyrr.  our  Ladye  307  Hauen  ot 
the  see,  to  whyche  the  gylty  renne  with  truste.  c  1595  CAPT. 
WYATT  R.  Dudley's  Voy.  W.  Ind.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  6  The  next 
day,. .  runninge  to  make  the  lande,  wee  founde  it  to  be  the 
Groyne.  1639  S.  Du  VERGER  tr.  Camus"  Admir.  Events 
Pref.,  As  in  a  full  sea,  I  hoyse  up  sayles,  and  run  at  large. 
1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevenot's  Trav.  \.  12  The  Currents  of 
the  Gulf  of  Venice  made  us  run  a  head  a  pace.  1722  DE 
FOE  Col.  Jack  xi,  We  were  obliged  to  run  away  afore  the 
wind  as  the  seamen  call  it.  1743  P.  THOMAS  Jrnl.  Anson's 
Voy,  121  We  kept  running  along-shore,  with  an  easy  Sail. 


334/2  With 

Law  Rep.  jo  App.  Cases  411  On  that  day  she  deviated  from 

the  course  of  the  voyage  and  ran  for  Mauritius. 

b.  To  sail  or  be  driven  on  or  upon  the  shore, 
rocks,  etc. ;  to  come  aground  or  ashore.  AlsoyS^. 
c  1205  LAY.  11710  pa  scipen  urnen  a  3en  loud.  1540-1 
ELYOT  Image  GOT.  (1549)  118  They  be.  -by  contrarie  wyndes 
constreigned  to  renne  on  quicke  sandes  or  rockes.  1579 
GOSSON  ScA.  Abuse  (Arb.)  24  Least  1  chaunce  to.  .runne  a 
grounde  in  those  Coasts.  1600  HAKLUYT  Voy.  (1810)  III. 
436  The  ship .  .returned  to  the  coast,  where  it  ran  on  ground. 
1656  EARL  MONM.  tr.  Boccalinis  Advts.  fr.  Parnass.  \. 
xxix.  (1674)  33  My  inordinate  desire.,  which  hath  made  me 
run  upon  the  Rock  which  you  see.  1731  Gentl.  Mag. 


I.  32/2  The  SaiHuel..tan  ashore  on  the  Coast  of  New 
England.  1856  Leisure  Hour  V.  349/1  A  West  Indiaman 
had  run  on  the  rocks.  1877  Miss  YONGE  Cameos  Ser.  in. 
xv.  133  They  had  no  escape  but  to  run  aground. 

C.  Run  foul  of , -\  on,  to  collide  or  become  en 
tangled  with  (another  vessel,  etc.)  ;  to  foul. 

1698  FRYER  Ace.  E.  India  %  P.  13  As  long  as  we  spooned 
before  the  Sea,  and  kept  from  running  foul  of  one  the  other. 
1748  A  nson's  l-'oy.  i.  i.  15  Two  of  the  transports^  .in  tacking, 
ran  foul  of  each  other.  1767  J.  BYRON  I'oy.  r.  World  177 
We  were  alarmed  by  the  ship's  running  foul  of  a  whale. 
1820  W.  SCORKSBY  Ace.  Arctic  Reg.  II.  477  The  John^ 
running  foul  of  a  piece  of  ice.  1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word- 
bk.  319  'A  ship  ran  foul  of  us,1  that  i<,  entangled  herself 
among  our  rigging. 

trans/.  1686  GOAD  Cclcst.  Bodies  i.  xvi.  101  Yet  at  no 
hand  do  we  run  foul,  .on  uncertainties.  1786  tr.  Bcckfords 
I'athek  (i868j  103  Plunging,  kicking,  and  running  foul  of 
each  other  in  the  most  ludicrous  manner.  1830  Miss 
MITFORO  I'illagc  Ser.  iv.  (1863)  215  The  Frenchman  can't 
drive  . . ;  he'd  as  nearly  as  possible  run  foul  of  my  pigs. 

d.  Run  aboard,  on  board  (of) :  (see  ABOARD 
prep,  and  BOARD  sb.  I2c). 

1725  HEARNE  R.  Brunne's  Chron.  Gloss.  AV.  Berd, 
Readily  ran  aboard  him.  1796  NELSON  16  Apr.  in  Nicolas 
Disp.  (1845)  II.  154  Royal  Sovereign  put  back  much 
damaged  ;  a  Transport  run  on  board  her.  1829  MARRVAT 
F.  Miidmay  iii,  A  large,  .frigate  ran  on  board  ofus. 

11.  a.  To  take  a  (hurried)  journey  for  the  pur 
pose  of  making  a  short  stay  at  or  visit  to  a  place. 
Chiefly  with  down,  over,  up. 

1798  PITT  in  G.  Rose  Diaries  (1860)  I,  216,  I  have  a 
scheme  of  running  down.. to  Somersetshire.  1831  LADY 
GRANVILLE  Lett.  (1894)  II.  115,  I  wish  you  could  have  run 
over  for  a  week.  1841  CDL.  WISEMAN  in  Purcell  Life  $  Lett. 
A.  P.  de  Lisle  (1900)  I.  xi.  255  But  I  foresee  that  it  will 
be  necessary  for  me  during  the  vacation  to  run  to  Rome. 
1860  TROLLOPE  Framley  P.  xxxviii,  No  poor  lad  that  ever 
ran  up  from  Oxford  for  a  spree  in  town  got  so  lectured. 

b.  Of  a  conveyance,  vessel,  etc. :  To  ply  between 
(two)  places. 

1825  New  Monthly  Mag.  XV.  20  Steam-boats  will  run  from 
Toulouse.. in  32  hours.  1830  FR,  IGNATIUS  in  Purcell  Lifttf 
Lett.A.P.deLisle(iyoQ)  I.iv.  82, 1  cannot  just  now  tell  how 
the  coaches  run  between  Northampton  and  Loughborough. 
1886  PASCOE  Lond.  of  To-day  xliii.  (ed.  3)  378  Steamboats 
run  between  London  Bridge  and  Chelsea  on  week-days 
every  ten  minutes, 

12.  a.  To  spread,  pass,  or  move  quickly  from 
point  to  point.     Usu.  const,  with  preps. 

1:825  I' esp.  Psalter  cxlvii.  151  —  4]  Se  utsendeS  jesprec  his 
eordan  ;  hreSlice  eorneS  word  his.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  22224 
Kot-if  discord  and  strijf  Ouer  al  \>\s  world  be  runnun  rijf. 
a  1325  Prose  Psalter  cxlvii.  4  pe  which  sendef>  his  worde  to 
be  erbe  ;  hys  worde  erneb  swiftlich.  c  1384  CHAUCER  H. 
Fame  in.  1644  As  swift  as  pelet..\Vhan  fire  is  in  the 

Eoudre  ronne.  Ibid.  1651  A  smoke  can  out  wende;..the 
:rther  that  hit  ran,  The  gretter  wexen  hit  began.  1451  CAP- 
GRAVE  Life  St.  Aug.  xxxi.  41  This  ensaumple  ran  oute  borw 
be  lond  of  Affrik,  bat  bo  prestes..had  leue  to  preche.  1590 
SPENSER  F.Q.  i.  vi.  37  That  cruel  1  word  her  tender  hart  so 
thrild,  That  suddein  cold  did  runne  through  euery  valne. 
1655  CULPF.PPEH,  etc.  Riverius  i.  xi.  38  We  say  that  the 
understanding  doth  run  from  one  thing  to  another.  1748 
Anson's  Voy.  in.  x.  404  [The  fire]  was  running  along  a 
wooden  cornlsh,  which  would  soon  communicate  it  to  a 
great  distance.  1789  Ann.  Reg,)  Hist.  6 The  new  doctrine 
ran  like  wild-fire  through  the  nation.  1843  R.  J.  GRAVES 
Syst.  CUn.  Med,  xxx.  416  Numbness. .followed  by  tingling 
pains  running  along  the  course  of  the  nerves.  1855  M. 
ARNOLD  Balder  Dead  iiL  183  Squalls  Ran  black  o'er  the 
sea's  face.  1893  SIR  R.  BALL  Story  of  Sun  302  The  temper 
ature  of  Chicago  has  been  known  to  run  through  a  range  of 
So  degrees  in  twenty-four  hours. 

b.  Of  sounds  :  To  spread  or  pass  rapidly  (along ^ 
down,  through  a  place,  company,  etc.);  to  be 
caught  up  or  repeated  in  quick  succession. 

c  1384  CHAUCER  H.  Fame  in.  1683  As  lowde  as  any  thun 
der  That  euery  wight  hath  of  hit  wonder  So  brode  hyt  ran. 
1629  MILTON  Hymn  Natii1.  xix,  No  voice  or  hideous  humm 
Runs  through  the  arched  roof  in  words  deceiving.  1697 
DRYDEN  Virg*.  Georg.  i.  491  Soft  Whispers  run  along  the 
leafy  Woods,  a  1744  POPE(J.),  And  a  low  murmur  runs 
along  the  field.  1856  STANLEY  Sinai  $  Pal.  i.  (1858)  103 
There  was  a  shout  which  ran  down  the  long  file  of  horse 
men.  1868  Miss  YONGE  Pupils  of  St.  John  xvi,  A  whisper 
ran  through  the  congregation.  1888  MRS  NOTLEY  Power 
of  Hand  I.  vi.  67  A  general  assent  ran  from  lip  to  lip. 

o.  Of  statements,  reports,  etc. :  To  spread 
abroad  rapidly;  to  pass  quickly  from  mouth  to 
mouth  ;  to  be  or  become  widely  current. 

13..  Gaiv.  $  Gr,  Knt.  310  '  Is  bis  Arbures  hous,'  quod  be 
ha|>el..,  'pat  al  be  rous  rennes  of,  bur}  ryalmes  so  mony?' 
c  1450  Merlin  xv.  236  The  tidinges  ran  so  thourgh  the  con- 
trey  that  the  kynge  aguysanx  it  herde.  1490  CAXTON 
Eneydos  xxxviii.  127  Uurynge  that  these  wordes  ranne, 
Eneas  and  his  people  wroughte  stylle  to  make  vp  theyr  fort- 
resse.  11540  BARNES  Wks.  (1573)  330  T  here  runneth  a 
greate  voyce  of  mee,  that  I  haue  inaried  a  wife.  1605 
SHAKS.  Mach.  iv.  iii.  182  There  ran  a  Rumour  Of  many 
worthy  Fellowes,  that  were  out.  £-1676  ivth  Rep.  Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.  App.  V.  33  The  niewse  runs  as  if  the  Dolphin 
should  marry  the  Ellector  of  Bavaria's  daughter.  1722  DE 
FOE  Plague  (1754)  261  This  Notion  run  like  Lightening 
thro*  the  City.  1779  HAMILTON  Wks.  (1886)  Vll.  578  In 
haste  I  snatch  up  my  pen.  .to  give  you  the  news  as  it  runs. 
1853  M.  ARNOLD  Sclwlar  Gipsy  xiv,  Two  hundred  years 
are  flown  Since  first  thy  story  ran  through  Oxford  halls. 
1858  CARLYLE  Fredk.  Gt.  xviii.  vii.  (1872)  V.  224  There  run 
reports  that  make  me  shudder. 

d.  Of  plants:  To  creep  or  climb. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus*  Salicastrnnt,  a  kynde  of  wylde 
vyne  runnyng  vpon  willow  trees.  1568  TURNER /jVr&x?  in. 
2  The  herbe  groweth  about  ditches,  .and  rinneth  after  the 
inaner  of  a  vyne  alonge.  1611  BIBLK  Gen.  xlix.22  A  fruit- 


BUN. 

full  bough  by  a  well,  whose  branches  runne  ouer  the  wall. 
'7*5  Fam.  Diet. s.v.  July,  Vines.. that  run  high,  and  bear 
chiefly  out  of  the  Knots  of  the  old  Wood.  1838  Penny 
Cycl.  XII.  96/1  There  is  a  kind  [of  ivy]  which  never  runs  or 
creeps  upon  other  plants. 

13.  a.  Of  thoughts :  To  come  suddenly  into  (or 
•{•/«),  to  course  or  pass  through^  the  mind. 

1303  R.  BKUNNE  Handl.  Synne  8536  Hyt  ran  hym  weyl 
yn  bo}t  pat  be  abbot  had  inspyracyun.  1426  LYDG.  De 
Guil.  Pilgr.  10308  In  my  mynde  a-noon  yt  ran,  To  calle 
memoyre  vn-to  me.  1542  UUALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  297  Par 
aventure  this  ranne  in  Phocions  hedde,  y'  menne  ought  not 
to.. put  assured  truste.  .in  luckie  chaunces.  1662  J.  DAVIES 
tr.  Olearius  Voy.  Ambass.  181  Upon  the  first  sight  thereof, 
it  run  into  our  imagination,  that  they  were  the  Cosaques. 
1862  TYNDALL  Mountaineer,  vi.  47  The  extravagant  anal 
ogies  which  then  ran  through  my  brain. 

b.  Mus.  To  sing  quickly.     Also  with  down. 

1613  W.  BROWNE  Brit.  Past.  i.  v,  When  she  should  run, 
she  rests;  rests,  when  should  run.  1812  Examiner  14  Sept. 
590/1  She  ran  down  her  notes  with,  .correctness. 

C.  Of  the  eye  :  To  glance,  look  quickly.  Also 
of  persons,  to  give  a  rapid  glance  (with  the  eye). 

1611  BIBLE  2  Ckron.  xvi.  9  The  eyes  of  the  Lord  run  to 
and  fro  throughout  the  whole  earth.  1669  STURMY  Mariner  s 
Mag.  n.  vi.66  Run  with  your  Eye  along  the  Parallel  Lines. 
1878  Scribner's  Mag.  XV.  800/2  She  ran  down  the  first  page 
of  her  letter.  1890  CLARK  RUSSELL  Ocean  Trag.  II.  248 
His  eye  swiftly  ran  from  line  to  line. 
d.  To  go  back  in  retrospect. 

1702  Rows  Tamerl.  Ded.,  I  hardly  have  patience  to  run 
back  to  his  having  saved  his  own  Country.  1702  STEELE 
Funeral  iv.  (1723)  53  How  many  Thousand  things  does  my 
Head  run  back  to?  1889  PHILIPS  &  WILLS  Fatal  Phryue 
II.  49  She  ran  back  over  the  pages  of  her  memory. 

14.  Of  a   weapon,   etc.  :   To   pass   easily  and 
quickly  through  something,  to  a  certain  point,  etc. 

13. .  Cursor  M.  16838  (Gott.),  A  spere .  .Thoru  his  side  vn- 
rekenli  apon  his  herte  it  rane.  £1330  Arth.  <$•  Merl.  3459 
'Kolbing),A  dint  he  ;af  him  so  hard,  Pe  launce  ran  be  brini 

>urch.  ?  a  1400  Morte  Art/i.  2793  The  rosselde  spere  to  his 
.jerte  rynnes.  c  1460  Towneley  Myst.  iii.  277  Thise  nayles 
so  thay  ryn  Thoro . .  Thise  bordis  ichon.  a  1533  LD.  BURNERS 
Hnonv'\\\.  21  [He]  strake  hym.. with  such  force  that  the 
spere  ran  throw  parte  of  hys  body.  1561  Burning  S.  Paul's 
in  Arber  Garner  VIII.  in  They  saw  a  long  and  spear- 
pointed  flame  of  fire,  as  it  were,  run  through  the  top  of; . 
Paul's  Steeple.  1601  SHAKS.  Jttl.  C.  m.  ii.  178  Looke,  in 
this  place  ran  Cassius  Dagger  tlirough. 
b.  Jig.  Of  qualities,  impressions,  etc, 

13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  26  per  such  rychez  to  rot  is  runnen. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Clerk's  T.  158  No  likerous  lust  was  thurgh 
hire  herte  yronne.  —  Merck.  T.  742  Lo  pitee  renneth 
soone  in  gentil  herte.  a  1631  DONSE  Poems  (1650)  91 
Straight  her  beauty  to  my  sense  shall  runne. 

15.  To   slide,   slip,   or   move  easily  or  freely. 
Freq.  with  preps,  or  advs.,  as  in,  off,  on,  through. 

13..  Gaw.  <y  Gr.  Knt.  857  Rudelez  rennande  on  ropez. 
1391  CHAUCER  Astral,  i.  §  2  This  ring  rennyth  in  a  Maner 
turet,  fast  to  the  Moder  of  thyn  Astrelabie.  1481  CAXIOS 
Rcynardx\\n\.  (Arb.)  96  Where  the  two  bokettys  hengeby 
one  corde  rennyng  thurgh  one  policy.  1552  HULOET  s.v. 
Knot,  Knotte  whiche  runneth  to,  called  a  rydynge  knotte, 
capiitum.  1608  WILLET  Hexapla  Exod.  605  To  shoot  the 
boords  together. -that  one  might  runne  within  another. 
1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Tkevenot's  Trav.  1. 170  A  Basket  which 
they  let  down  by  a  Rope  that  runs  in  a  Pully.  1748 
Anson's  Voy.  in.  x.  415  The  sails  are  made  of  matt..;  they 
run  upon  the  mast  with  hoops.  1834-6  Encycl.  Metrop. 
(1845)  VIII.  666/1  These  variations  will  be  more  frequent., 
when  the  ball  runs  very  loose  in  the  piece.  1858  CARLYLK 
Fredk.  Gt.  viii.  iv.  (1872)  III.  23  Actual  neck-halter,  but  it 
seems  to  have  been  tarry,  and  did  not  run.  1875  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Meek.  1819/1  Having  no  cheeks,  the  line  may  get  out 
of  its  groove  and  cease  to  run. 

fig-  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  (Arb.)  262  Such  com 
position  makes  the  meetre  runne  away  smoother.  1594, 
1627  [see  GLIB  adv.  i].  n  1639  WOTTON  RtUqmm  (1651)  9 
Runing.. as  smoothly  as  a  numerous  verse.  1712  ADDISON 
Spcct.  No.  405  P  3  The  Hebrew  Idioms  run  into  the 
English  Tongue  with  a  particular  Grace  and  Beauty.  1754 


THOMAS  '  London  Season  11.  79  .  .    _ 

enough, . .  but  that  sort  of  thing  runs  off  by  the  yard. 
MRS.    ALEXANDER    Crooked  Path    II.    x.    280    Life    ran 
smoothly  in  its  ordinary  grooves. 

b.  Of  the  tongue :  To  wag  freely. 

a  1553  UOALL  RoystirD.  i.  iii,  Though  your  teeth  be  gone, 
..Yet  your  tongue  can  renne  on  patins  as  well  as  mine. 
IS93  SHAKS.  Rich.  II,  n.  i.  122  This  tongue  that  runs  so 
roundly  in  thy  head.  1676  HOBBES  Iliad  n.  223  Else 
'gainst  the  king  thy  tongue  would  not  so  run.  (11770 
JORTIN  Serin.  (1771)  II.  xi.  217  Vanity  sets  the  tongue 
running  faster  then  is  decent.  1849  JAMES  Woodman  viii, 
'  How  your  little  tongue  runs,'  said  her  cousin.  1860  [see 
NINETEEN  2  b].  1891  MEREDITH  One  of  our  Conquerors  II. 
ix.  225  Her  father  let  his  tongue  run. 

c.  Of  plants :  To  shoot  up  or  grow  quickly,  so 
as  to  produce  their  seed.    Cf.  81  a. 

1723  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  "July,  For  if  the  first  [cauliflowers] 
run,  they  will  not  be  quite  unfit  for  Use.  1812  SIR  J.  SIN 
CLAIR  Syst.  Huso.  Scot.  i.  Add.  17  As  soon  as  the  turnips  or 
ruta  baga  begin  to  run  or  shoot  in  spring.  1894  Tunes 
23  April  12/2  Too  large  a  proportion  of  the  plants  show  a 
tendency  to  'run*. 

d.  Of  bark  :  To  peel  off  easily  from  a  tree. 
1784  G.  WHITE  Sclbornc  ix,  These  trees,  .were  winter-cut 

.  .before  the  bark  would  run.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract. 
Afric.  1 1 .  1096  Where  the  wood  is  to  be  barked, . .  the  begin 
ning  of  May  may  be  the  most  proper,  as  it  will  then 
generally  run  the  best. 

e.  To  unravel,  come  undone. 

1878  A.  BARLOW  Weaving  360  Lace  made  without  this 
traversing  motion  would,  in  case  a  thread  was  broken,  'run  * 
or  become  undone, 


899 

f.  To  slip,  diverge,  go  awry. 

1846  HoLTZAi'KFEL  Turning  II.  549  The  single  chamfered 
drill.. is  also  more  disposed  of  the  two,  to  swerve  or  run 
from  its  intended  position.  1885  FARROW  Mil*  Encycl.  III. 
524  A  common  drill  may  run,  as  it  u  usually  termed,  and 
produce  a  hole  which  is  anything  but  straight. 

16.  Of  a  ball,  etc. :  To  roll  forward  on  a  surface. 
Said  also  of  dice  when  thrown. 

£1386  CHAUCER  Man  of  Law's  T.  Prol.  27  Youre  bagges 
been  nat  fild  with  ambes  as  But  withsys  cynk,  that  renneth 
for  youre  chaunce.  1412-20  LYDG.  Troy  ok*  11.  838  3if  on 
liaue  loye,  anober  suffered  wo,  Liche  as  be  bonys  renne  to 
and  fro.  1509  BARCLAY  Shy£  of  Folys  (1874)  I.  295  The 
dyse  oft  renneth  upon  the  chaunce  of  thre.  a 1548  HALL 
Ckron. ,  He «.  K,s6b,  When  Kyng  Henry  perceiued  that  the 
dice  ranne  not  to  his  purpose,  he  abstained  from  the  assault. 
1588  SHAKS.  L.L.  L.  \.  ii.  233  Nay  then  two  treyes. .;  well 
runne  dice  !  1611  MIDDLETON  &  DEKKEH  Roaring  Girl\\\. 
ii,  His  bowls  run  with  a  wrong  bias,  a  1680  BUTLER 
Characters  (1908)  199  He  uses  ail  manner  of  conjurations, 
to  make  his  bowl  rub  or  run.  1824  SCOTT  St.  Ronans 
xxvi,  I  will  fancy  the  dice  have  run  wrong.  1850  Bohn's 
Handbk.  Games  (1867)  564  He  who  blows  upon  a  ball  when 
running  makes  the  stroke  foul.  1875  Encycl.  Brit.  III. 
675/2  When  the  player's  ball  runs  into  a  pocket  without 
striking  a  ball. 

Jig.  1693  DRYDICX  Prcf.  Ovid's  Met.,  Andromache.. runs 
off  her  bias,  to  tell  him  a  -story  of  her  pedigree. 

b.  transf.  Of  a  player  at  billiards :   To  make 
the  ball  roll.     Cf.  run- through  in  82. 

1875  Encycl.  Brit.  III.  676/1  When  balls  touch,  the  player 
may  either  run  into  a  pocket}orplayon  to  a  third  ball.  1885 
Billiards  Simplified  (1889)  122  The  proper  way  to  play  the 
stroke  is  to  run  tlirough  the  red. 

17-  To  revolve  or  turn  round  on  or  as  on  an  axis. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  1548  Quen  sa  fele  yeier  ar  wroken  oute, 
J>e  mikel  spere  es  rune  aboute.  c  1425  AUOELAY  A'f  Pains 
of  Hell  w  in  O.  E.  Misc.  212  per  is  a  brenyng  wel,  A  bosand 
tymys  an  our  about  dob  ren.  c  1500  Worm  fy  Child  93  A 
newegamehaue  I  founde  !  Se  this  gynne,  it  renneth  rounde. 
1535  LYNDESAY  Satyre  824  Me  think  the  warld  rinnis  round 
about.  1658  tr.  Portas  Nat.  Magic  vn.  xxxii.  206  There 
is  made  a  rundle,  with  a  Latin-navel  upon  a  point,,  .that  it 
may  run  round  freely.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  III.  935/2  The 
balance-wheel  G,  whose  pivot  runs  in  the  pieces  A.  1825 
J.  NICHOLSON  Ojterot.  Mechanic  509  In  which  case  the 
wheel  will  have  liberty  to  run.  1851-4  TOMUNSON  Cycl, 
Arts  (1867)  I.  485/1  Hollow  centres  for  the  Spindle  to  run  in. 
b.  Of  machinery  or  mechanical  devices  :  To 
go  ;  to  continue  operating.  Also  with  compl. 

1562  J.  HEVWOOU  Prov.  <y  Ej>igr.  (1867)  112  It  might  ren 
..and  strike  er  the  time.  1625  N.  CAKPENTER  Geogr.  Del. 
i.  xi,  (1635)  242  You  must  get  you  a  watch  or  clocke,  apt  to 
runne  (if  you  can)  24  houres.  1737  BRACKEN  Farriery 
Impr.  (1756)  1. 184  A  Stop-watch  which  runs  Seconds.  1872 
RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  3-  Mining  332  A  is-stamp  water- 
power  mill,  which  was  running  last  summer.  1879  Paper  fy 
Printing  Trades  Jrnl.  xxvi.  25  One  of  these  little  engines 
recently  ran  forty-seven  days  and  nights  without  stoppage. 

18.  Of  thoughts,  etc. :  To  revolve  in  the  mind, 
to  occur  or  return  persistently  to  the  memory. 

1601  B.  JONSON  Poetaster  n.  i,  These  courtiers  runne  in 
myminde  still.  1670  G.  H.  tr.  Hist.  Cardinals  i.  in.  74  A 
point  that  was  alwayes  running  in  my  head.  1719  DE  FOE 
Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  102  This  Thought  run  long  in  my 
Head.  1810  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart  II.  ix.  326,  I  have 
not  the  least  doubt  that  several  of  the  passages  must  have 
been  running  in  my  head.  1899  AllbutfsSyst.  Med.  VIII. 
288  The  annoyance  of  having  a  tune,  a  line  of  poetry,  or  a 
phrase  '  running  in  the  head '. 

b.  To   form,  be  present  as,  an  impression  or 
indistinct  recollection. 

1798  in  Dallas  Amer.  Laiv  Rep.  II.  356  Another  says, '  it 
runs  in  his  head  that  he  also  saw  the  prisoner  there '.  1854 
Miss  BAKER  Northampt.  Gloss,  s.v.  To  run  in  one's^  head, 
It  runs  in  my  head  that  I've  heard  something  about  it. 

***0f  liquids^  sand,  etc.  (or  "vessels  containing 
these}. 

19.  Of  milk,  etc. :   To  coagulate,  curdle,  form 
a  curd.     Now  dial. 

[(7725  Corpus  Gloss.  C  862  Concretum,  ^erunnen.  ^825 
Vesp.  Ps.  cxviii.  70  Jerunnen  is  swe  swe  mile  heorte  heara. 
c  xooo  Saxon  Leechd.  II.  230  Swa  lange  seo5  on  cetele  & 
wylle  ob  btet  hlo  sie  eat  tosoden  &  bicge  geurnen.]  1398 
TREVISA  Bartk.  De  P.  R.  v.  Ixiii.  (MS.  Bodl.),  Talow; 
rennejj  anon  whanne  hit  is  take  oute  of  be  bodye  and  isette 
in  cold  ayer.  c  1420  Liber  Cocorujn  (1862)  15  Take  thykke 
mylke  of  almondes  clere, .  .Do  hit  sobenne  in  a  canvas  benne, 
In  sobun  gar  hit  on  hepe  to  renne.  1674  RAY  N.  C.  Wds. 
16  To  Earn,  to  run  as  cheese  doth.  1737  BRACKEN  Farriery 
Impr.  (1757)  II.  177  It  will  run  into  Lumps  and  curdle  like 
Yolks  of  Eggs.  1808  JAMIDSON  s.v.  Yyrne,  Milk  is  still 
said  to  rin.  .when  it  breaks  and  forms  into  knots,  in  making 
of  pottage, puddings,  &c.  1861  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XXII. 
i.  49  The  temperature  at  which  the  milk  is 'set ',  or 'run ', 
as  it  is  called  in  Gloucestershire.  1888  Sheffield  Gloss,  s.v., 
This  pudding's  all  run ;  it's  all  gone  to  whey  and  cruds. 

b.  To  unite,  combine  (into  one],  esp.  in  a  moist 
or  melted  state. 

a  1715  BURNET  Own  Time  in.  (1724)  I.  373  The  Church 
party  and  the  Dissenters  were  now  run  into  one.  1848  yrnl. 
R.  Agric.  Soc.  IX.  n.  558  It  is  the  nature  of  these  soils. . 
to  run  like  lime  with  the  first  little  shower.  1850  Ibid.  XI. 
I.  146  Its  liability  to  run  and  cake  together  after  heavy 
rains.  1868  HERSCHELin  People's  Mag.  63  By  this  the  wax 
on  both  runs  into  one. 

20.  Of  liquids :  To  flow. 

Freq.  with  advs.  or  preps.,  as  down,  in,  into,  etc. 

^825  Vesp.  Ps.  Ivii.  8  To  nowihte  [hie]  bicumaS  swe  sw_e 
weter  eornende.  ^893  K.  ALFRED  Ores.  i.  i.  8  Seo  [ea]  is 
irnende  of  norbdaele.  mooo  Boeth.  Metr.\.  15  Swa  oft 
lespringe  ut  awealle3  of  clife  harum..&  Xereclice..flowe5, 
irneS  wio"  his  eardes  [etc.],  a  1122  O.E.  Cliron.  (Laud  MS.) 
an.  963,  Swa  swa  Jwct  water  reonneS  to  Crulande.  c  1205 
LAY.  5075  Vrnen  [hjire  teares  ouer  hires  leores.  Ibid.  23973 


RUN. 

pat  blod  orn  a-dun  ouer  al  his  breoste.  1297  R.  GLOUC. 
(Rolls)  11228  Hii  caste  awei  J>e  dosils,  (?at  win  orn  abrod  so, 
1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  V.  207  A  candlestikke  i-made 
..SO  f^at  (>e  oyle  schulde  renne  in  to  J>e  crislere.  c  1400 
tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Gov.  Lordsh.  70  J>anne..J>e  blood  for 
gladnesse  rynnys  yn  f>e  veynys.  1523  riTZHKRB.  Husb.§  54 
All  maner  of  grasse,  that  the  lande-floudde  renneth  ouer,  U 
verye  ylle  for  shepe.  1581  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  Castanhedas 
Disc.  E.  2nd.  xvii.  40  b,  Part  of  the  water.. did  runne 
downe  uppon  theyr  breasts.  1610  HOLLAND  Camden's  Brit, 
(1637)  258  The  rivers  that  runne  into  the  Ocean.  1639 
T.  IJE  GRAY  Conipltat  Horseman  fy  I''crricr  90  It  be- 
getteth  a  fluxible  humour,  which,  .falleth  to  running.  1720 
DL  FOE  Capt.  Singleton  xi.  (1840)  197  The  flesh  began  to 
heal,  and  matter  to  run.  1779  Mirror  No.  37,  The  brook 
which  runs  through  my  garden  retires  into  a  hollow  dell. 
1833  TENNYSON  Lady  of  Skalott  i.  12  Little  breezes  du:>k 
and  shiver  Thro'  the  wave  that  runs  for  ever.  1862  Temple 
Bar  VI.  402  He  thrashed  his  naked  back,  until  the  blood 
ran.  1897  Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  IV.  518  The  pulp  is  some 
times  so  diffluent  as  to  run  away. 

b.  ftg.  (See  also  BLOOD  sb.  ice.) 

13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  874  A  hue  fro  heuen  I  herde  \uo, 
Lyk  flodez  fele  laden,  runnen  on  resse.  1565  COOPER  The 
saurus  s.v.  Fluens^  A  style  runny ng  copiously.  1583 
STUBBES  Anat.  Abus.  n.  (1882)  52  As  long  as  moneye 
runneth,  they  will  applye  gentle  and  easie  potions.  1628 
EARLE  Microcosm,  xxiv.  (Arb.)  45  His  V  erses  run  like  the 
Tap.  1647  N.  BACON  Disc.  Govi.  Eng.  i.  x\i.  (1739)  30  It 
seemeth  to  run  in  the  blood  of  an  Englishman  ••  to  be  as 
brave  under  a  single  Queen,  as  under  the  most  valiant  King. 
a  1770  JoHTINi$Vr/«.  (1771)  III.  i.  7  When  the  thoughts  have 
been  long  used  to  run  in  another  course.  1868  J.  H.  N i:\v- 
MAN  Verses  Var.  Occas.  145  Who  lets  his  feelings  run  In 
soft  luxurious  flow.  1881  GARDINER  &.  MULLINGER  Study 
Eng.  Hist.  i.  iii.  49  Thought  still  ran  in  very  definite 
channels. 

C.  "With  various  complements. 

c  1205  LAV.  30411  Urnen  fc>a  brockcs  of  reden  blodes.  c  1400 
MAUNDEV.  (Roxb.)  xxx.  137  Ane  of  ^ir  wtllez  ran  of  wyne, 
anoj?er  of  mylke.  1:1430  Two  Cookery-bks.  26  Lat  it  renne 
horw^eclo^e  so  ofte  t>'lle  it  renne  clere.  1513  DOUGLAS 
sKneis  vii.  Frol.  19  Reveiis  ran  reid  on  spait  with  watteir 
broune.  1623  MASSIXGLK  Dk.  Milan  v.  ii,  I'll  make  her 
veins  run  high  too,  As  if  they  bad  true  motion.  1726  LLONI 
Albertts  Archit.  II.  102  b,  It  is  not  all  Waters.. that  are 
good..;  some  running  partly  clear,  and  partly  foul.  1727 
GAY  Begg.  Op,  i.  x,  The  blood  runs  cold  at  my  heart  with 
the  very  thought  of  it.  1818  KKATS  Endymion  11.  544  Who 
Look  full  upon  it  feel  anon  the  blue  Of  his  fair  eyes  run 
liquid  through  their  souls.  1893  LIDDON  Lift-  Pttsey  I.  xiii. 
299  Time  had  allowed  the  lecturer's  thoughts  to  run  clear, 
or  at  least  comparatively  clear. 

fd.  To  come  or  descend  (/(some  one).    Ol>s~l 
c  1330  R.  BKUNNE  Chron.  II 'ace  (Rolls)  420  Erector  cam 

of  kynge  Dardan,  Dardanus  of  lubiter  ran. 

fe.  Of  a  flood:  To  subside,  go  down.   Ods.~l 

c  1430  Freemasonry  (ed.  Halliw.)  537  Mony  ?eres  aftti . . 
That  Noees  flod  wes  alle  y-ronne,  The  tower  of  Babylowne 
was  begonne. 

21.  Of  the  sea,  tides,  etc. :   To  course  or  flow, 
esp.  in  an  impetuous  manner.     Also  with  compl., 
esp.  to  run  high  (see  HIGH  adv.  9)  or  mountain(/) 
high  (see  MOUNTAIN  i  f). 

-1205  LAY.  11977  V3en  J?er  urnen,  tunes  swulche  fcer 
burnen  [4:1275  Wtttes  J?ar  arne,  streme  ^ar  vrne],  ^1375 
Cursor  M.  6269  (Fairf.),  t>e  king  .-  sagh  ^e  see  ranne  in 
twyn.  1458  in  Archaeol,  XXIX.  327  Wawes  bobe  wild  and 
wode,  That  rynnethe  on  euery  syde.  1694  Martens'  Voy. 
Sj>itzbergen  in  Ace.  Several  Late  Voy.  n.  32  Here  the 
Waves  of  the  Sea  run  longer.  1694  MOTTEUX  Rabelais 
iv.  xxi.  (1737)  92  What  a  devilish  Sea  there  runs?  1793 
SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  259  The  tides  ran  so  remarkably 
short  at  this  time,  that  our  buss  did  not  float  at  high  water. 
1814  SCOTT  Diary  28  Aug.,  The  surf  running  heavy  up 
between  the  island  and  the  adjacent  rock.  1865  Gossu 
Land  fff  Sea  (1874)  5  A  pretty  heavy  sea  running  outside. 
1884  E.  P.  ROE  Nat.  Ser.  Story  vi,  Don't  go  out  again 
when  the  ice  is  running. 

b.  fig.  "With  complements,  as  cross t  strong. 
(See  also  HIGH  adv.  9.) 

1636  SANDERSON  Serin.  (1681)  II.  50  Nor  did  his  Will  run 
cross  to  his  Judgment  but  was  led  by  it.  1657-61  HEVLIN 
Hist.  Ref.\\.  i.  53  It.. seemeth  also  to  run  cross  to  the  holy 
Scriptures.  1785  CRABBE  Newspaper  3  Unheard  we  sing, 
when  party-rage  runs  strong.  1887  STEVENSON  Merry  Men 
in.  131  Evil  and  good  run  strong  in  me. 

22.  a.  To  flow  as  the  result  of  melting ;  to  melt 
and  flow.     Alsoy%; 

c  1425  WVNTOUN  Croti.\\\  xxi.  1896  All  the  metall  moltyn- 
nyd  than  In  tyll  a  qwerne  togydder  ran.  1670  DKVDEN 
Cong.  Granada  iv.  i,  'Twas  long  before  my  stubborn  Mind 
was  won ;  But,  melting  once,  I  on  the  sudden  run.  1677 
MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.  \.  10  When  your  two  ends  are  through 
out  of  a  good  Heat,  and  that  the  inside  of  the  Iron  be 
almost  ready  to  run.  1729  SWII-T  Direct.  Scrr1.,  Footman^ 
You  ought  also  to  snuff  them  close  to  the  Tallow,  which 
will  make  them  run.  1758  REID  tr.  AfaCf*****  Chyin.  I.  6-j 
If  Sulphur  be  applied  to  Copper  made  perfectly  red-hot,  the 
metal  immediately  runs.  1852  yrnl.  A'.  Agric.  Soc.  XIII. 
n.  284  It  forms  a  varnish.. not  liable  to  run  in  hot  seasons. 
1884  C.  G.  W.  LOCK  Workshop  Rec.  Ser.  in.  to6/i  The 
enamel  melts  ;  or,  to  speak  technically,  it  'runs  '. 

b.  To  spread  on  being  applied  to,  or  poured 
upon,  a  surface,  t  Also  with  abroad. 

1612  BKINSLKV  Lud,Lit.  iv.  20  The  like  care  must  be,  that 
their  inke..wil  not  run  abroad,  nor  blot.  1633  Bp.  HALL 
Hard  Tcxts^  N.  T.  40  Thou  art  runne  abroad  like  water 
that  U  spilt.  1725  Fata.  Diet.  s.v.  Pears,  You  may  know. . 


c.  Of  colours :  To  spread  in  a  fabric  when  im 
mersed  in  water  or  exposed  to  moisture. 

113-2 


BUN. 

1771  MRS.  HAYWOOD  New  Present  for  Maid  268  When  the 
colours,  with  bad  former  washings,  are  run  into  the  white 
ground.  1782  LADY  LLANOVER  in  Mrs.  Delany's  Life  fy 
Corr.  (1861)  1IL  97  Pieces  of  paper  in  which  the  colours  had 
run  and  produced  extraordinary  and  unusual  tints.  1867 
LOWELL  Lett.  I.  427  Beg  her  not  to  wash  them  too  hard,  or 
they  may  run.  1889  MKS.  LYNN  LINTON  Thro1  the  Long 
Night  i.  xvii,  Here  and  there,  when  the  colours  were  not 
quite  fast,  there  were  blotches  as  if  the  thread  had  *run' 
and  stained  the  cloth. 

23.  a.  Of  the  sands  of  an  hour-glass :  To  pass 
from  one  compartment  into  the  other.     Chiefly  y^. 

1557  TotteCs  Misc.  (Arb.)  138,  I  saw,  my  tyme  how  it  did 
runne,  as  sand  out  of  the  glasse.  1608  SHAKS.  Per.  v.  ii.  i 
Now  our  sands  are  almost  run.  1x1796  BURNS  Red>  Red 
Rose  iii,  While  the  sands  o'  life  shall  run.  1821  _SCOTT 
Pirate x\t  The  hour-glass  is  turned  for  us,.. our  sand  is  run 
ning  fast.  189*  F.  W.  ROBIMSON  Her  Love  <$•  His  Life  vn. 
v,  The  sands  of  life  had  run  very  low  in  the  glass. 
b.  Of  loose  earth  :  To  slip  or  fall  in. 

1799  W.  NICOL  Pract.  Planter  164  The  mold  adheres  not 
to  the  spade,  nor  does  it  run  in.  1802  MAWE  Min*  Gloss. 
s.v.,  When  the  earth  falls,  and  fills  up  shafts  or  works,  it  is 
said  to  run.  1860  Eng.  1^  For.  Min.  Gloss,  (ed.  2)  21  Run— 
When  excavations  fall  together. 

24.  To  flow,  stream,  be  wet,  with  (f  a,  <?,  on, 
of)  a  liquid.     Also  with  adjs.,  as  run  red. 

c  1205  LAV.  26703  Vrnen  ba  streten,  mid  blode  straemen. 
c  1290  St.  Edmund  382  in  JT.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  442  pat  al  be 
stret  a-watere  orn,  ase  it  were  a  gret  fiod.  c  1330  Arth,  fy 
Merl,  9oi8(Kolbing>,  Mou^e  &  nose  him  ran  a  blod.  a  1400 
Prymer  (1891)  38  His  bodi  ran  al  on  blode.  a  1 533  LD. 
BERNERS  Huon  lix.  206  pe  place  ran  lyke  a  ryuer  ofblode. 
1611  BIBLE  Lam.  i  16  .Mine  eye  runneth  downe  with  water. 
1664  H.  MORE  Myst.  Iniq.  425  Those  fat  and  fair  Objects 
that  make  their  mouths  run  a- water  so.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl. 
s.v.  Founderingi  [The  horse]  has  a  dry  Cough..;  his  Nose 
runs  with  white  phlegmatic  Matter.  1797  Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  III.  74/2  The  body  of  the  patient,  which  is  running 
with  sweat.  1834  T.  M  EDWIN  Angler  in  Wales  I.  77  The 
mud  walls  ran  down  with  damp.  1884  MRS.  F.  E.  PIRKIS 
y.  Wynne  II.  xviii.  225  Her  veins  run  with  water,  not 
blood.  1889  RANDOLPH  New^Eve  \.  iii.  107  The  glass  of 
the  great  conservatory  is  running  with  dew. 

25.  a.  To  discharge  (or  carry  off)  a  liquid.   Also 
in  fig.  context. 

c  1105  LAY.  12774  Him  gunnen  glide  teores,  &  urnen  his 
ae3ene.  c"  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  781  His  haire  moutes, 
his  eghen  rynnes.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Reeve* s  T.  Prol.  36  Syn 
that  my  tappe  of  lit  bigan  to  renne.  c  1450  Trevelyati 
Papers  (Camden)  67  The  Coundite  rennyth  not  as  I  wene. 
1530  PALSGR.  696/1,  I  lykehymnat,  his  eyes  be  ever  ronning. 
1579  GOSSON  Sch.  Abuse  (Arb.)  70  Launce  the  sore  frendly 
and  let  it  runne.  1602  MARSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  in.  iv,  I 
have  taken  a  murre,  which  makes  my  nose  run  most  pathe- 
ticallie.  1662  R.  MATHEW  Unl.  Alch.  94  One  of  her  leggs 
grew  as  big  as  three  leggs,  and  did  also  break  and  run. 
1683-4  WOOD  Life  24  Jan.,  Very  cold,  the  quil  would  not 
run.  1710  Land.  Gaz.  No.  4777/4  The  other  a  black  Mare. ., 
runs  at  the  near  Nostril.  1737  BRACKEN  Farriery  hnpr. 
(1757)  II.  262  [It]  causes  the  Nose  to  run  like  a  Tap.  a  1744 
LUCAS  in  Trans.  Guml\  <$•  West.  Archaeol.  Soc.  VIII.  38 
When  the  Furnace  is  fit  to  run.  .they  make  a  long  Furrow 
through,  -a  level  Bed  of  Sand.  1845  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc. 
VI.  n.  573  The  drains,  .were  running  very  fast  yesterday 
morning,  and  have  continued  running  ever  since.  1854  Ibid. 
XV.  ii.  267  Some  land  has  been  thus  drained  more  than 
twenty  years  ago,  and  still  runs  well. 

b.  Of  a  vessel  :  To  overflow;   to  leak. 

Usually  with  out  or  over:  see  77  b  (£)  and  783. 

c  1230  Hali  Meid.  39  J?e  croh  eorneS  i  be  fur,  &  te  cheorl 
chideo.  1390  GOVVER  Conf.  \.  20  A  Tonne,  whanne  his  lye 
arist,  Tobrekth  and  renneth  al  aboute.  16x3  PURCHAS 
Pilgrimage  (1614)  502  [He]  carries  it  to  the  river,  .to  see  if 
it  would  hold  water,  and  finding  it  to  runne,  came  backe. 
1834-6  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  VIII.  816/1  The  risk  of  the 
still  boiling  over,  or  running  foul \  as  the  distillers  term  It. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  1464/1  Run  ;  said  of  a  mold  if 
the  metal  insinuates  itself  along  the  parting  or  otherwise 
leaks  out. 

o.  Of  an  hour-glass :  To  allow  the  sand  to  pass 
from  one  compartment  to  the  other.  Kreq.^/^". 

1500-20  DUNDAR  Poems  Ixix.  25  And  lat  Fortoun  wirke 
furt he  hir  rage, .  .Quhill  that  hir  glas  be  run  and  past. 
1596  SHAKS.  Merch.  V.  \.  \.  25,  I  should  not  see  the  sandie 
hcure-glasse  runne,  But  I  should  thinke  of  shallows,  and  of 
flats.  1650  BAXTER  Saints'  R.  iv.  v.  (1654)  131  Look  on  thy 
glass,  see  how  it  runs.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  I.  196 
They  are  rendered . .  decrepid  and  old  before  half  their  glass 
U  run.  1779  [see  SAND-GLASS].  1874  MICKLETHWAITE  Mod. 
Par.Ch.  179  The  sand-glass.,  has  only  one  fixed  time  to  run. 
****(?/  tiMey  money t  practices^  or  other  things 
having  course^  continuance^  or  extension. 

26.  Of  a  period  of  time :  To  come  to  an  end, 
be  complete,  expire.     Only  in  pa.  Pple. 

a  1000  Phoenix  364  Ob  J>s:t  wintra  bio  fmsend  urnen. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  10927  Fiue  thusand  yeir  was  runnun  Efter 
f?is  werld  it  was  bigunnen.  c  1375  Sc,  Leg.  Saints  x. 
(Matthew}  497  Of  his  elde  quhene  rownyn  war  be  reknyne 
fyfe  &  thretty  sere,  c  1400  Sc.  Trojan  War  i.  150  Sene  he 
has  this  debate  bygonnyne,  Per  awenture,  or  it  all  be 
ronnyne,  Als  gret  defoule  may  fall  hyme  till.  1486  Rec.  St. 
Mary  at  Hilf(iyo$)  7  After  that  the  said  xv  daies  be  past 
&  ronne.  1539  in  Vicary's  Anat.  (1888)  App.  n.  105  The 
somme  of  vli,  for  ij  quarters  fully  ronne  at  the  natiuitie  of 
saint  lohn  Baptiste.  1610  WILLET  Daniel  283  From  Daniels 
time  vntill  now  there  are  not  aboue  2200  yeares  runne. 
1722  DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  (1840)  320  The  night  was  almost 
run.  1884  Law  Rep.  27  Ghana  Div.  530  Delay  is  no  bar  to 
our  enforcing  it,  as  the  Statute  of  Limitations  has  not  run. 

trans/.  1546  J.  HEVWOOD  Prov.  $  Epigr.  (1867)  37  A  bed 
were  we  er  the  clocke  had  nine  runne. 

t  b.  Of  persons  :  To  become  advanced  in  years. 

c  1400  Rom.  Rose  4495  A  rympled  vekke,  fer  ronne  in  age, 
Frownyngand  yelowe  in  hir  visage.  1430-40  LvxkBmtU 
I,  i,  The  progemtours,  Of  all  mankynd  farre  I-ranne  in  age. 


900 

1533  BELLEKDEN  Livy  n.  ix.(S.T.S-)  T.  161  Howbeit  he  was 
walk,  and  fer  rvn  in  ?eris.  c  1550  H.  LLOYD  Treas.  Health 
G  ij.  Youre  grace  beyng  nowe  sum.what  runne  in  yeates. 

27.  Of  time :  To  pass  or  go  by ;  to  elapse  ;  also, 
to  be  passing  or  current. 

<ri2ooORMiN  11251  AH  |?iss  middell  atrdess  aid  Eorneb}> 
333  forb  wiH>  leress.  a  1300  Cursor  fif.  11178  pe  tide  J?at 
bringes  al  to  fine,  Ran  wit  Jiis  to  monet  nine.  1423  JAS.  I 
King-is  Q.  cbcxi,  Thy  tyme,  Ane  houre  and  more  It 
rynnis  ouer  prime.  1447  BOKESHAM  Seyntys  viii.  1318  Long 
tyme  aftyr,  whan  be  yere  of  grace  On  seuen  hundryd  ran 
&  fourty  &  nyne.  1559  W.  CUNNINGHAM  Cosmogr.  Glasse 
40  Because  the  tyme  doth  so  faste  ronne,  and  I  have  also 
other  matters  to  intreate  on.  1581  MULCASTER  Positions 
xxxvii.  (1887)  148  The  time  to  preuent  it,  is  almost  runne  to 
farre.  1604  E.  G[KIMSTONE]  D^Acostas  Hist.  Indies  vi.  ii. 
435  Noting  by  those  figures  the  yeare  that  did  runne.  1^34 
FORD  Perk.  Warbeck  in.  i,  How  runs  the  time  of  day? 
Past  ten,  my  lord.  1726  AYLIFFE  Parergon  154  The  Time 
of  Instance  shall  not  commence  or  run  until  after  Contesta 
tion  of  Suit. 

b.  To  continue,  go  on,  last ;  to  remain  existent 
or  operative. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  24897  For  to  halu  bis  ilk  fest  dai,..In 
hali  kirc  rinnand  bi  yer.  1384  CHAUCER  L.  G.  W.  1943 
I  Ariadne,  This  wekede  custome  is  so  longe  I-ronne.  c  1463 
FoRTESd'E  Of  Abs.  $•  Lim.  Mon.  xiv.  (1885)  143  In  the 
arrerages  off  such  livelod-.wich  shall  renne  aftir  (?at  re- 
sumpcion.  1558  WARDE  tr.  Alexis'  Seer.  24  b,  If.. the  dis- 
ease  bee  olde  or  hath  runne  longe,  giue  the  patient., 
this  glister.  1573  Reg-  Privy  Council  Scot.  II.  226  And  swa 
hes  ordanit  the  said  Parliament  to  ryn  and  be  continewit 
quhill  the  last  day  of  August.  1677  YARRANTON  Eng. 
Improv.  20  Their  way  of  Dealing  I  knew,  and  what  Security 
they  took,  which  was  impossible  should  run  long.  1843 
JrnL  R.  Agric,  Soc.  IV.  n.  299  Leases  run  in  general  for 
nineteen  years.  1850  Taifs  Mag.  XVII.  4/1  Must  hjs 
exclusion  run  only  during  the  currency  of  other  parts  of  his 
sentence?  1893  Strand  Mag.  VI.  217/1  Her  contract.. 
had  two  years  more  to  run. 

C.  Of  a  play  :  To  keep  the  stage  or  be  played 
continuously  (for  a  specified  time). 

1808  MRS.  INCHBALD  Brit*  Theatre  4  Having,  on  its  first 
appearance,  run,  in  the  theatrical  term,  near  thirty  nights. 
1828  Examiner  85/2  The  piece . .  will  run  the  season.  1890 
Sat.  Rev.  22  Nov.  574/2  The  play  now  running  at  the 
Lyceum. 

28.  a.  Of  money:  To  have  currency;  to  be  in 
circulation  ;  to  go,  pass  current. 

«  1300  Cursor  M.  14038  pis  riche  man  lent  to  }?at  tan  An 
hundreth  penis,  suilk  als  ran.  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839) 
xxii.  239  Whan  that  Money  hathe  ronne  so  longe,  that  it 
begynnethe  to  waste.  1444  Rolls  of  Parlt.  V.  109  That  Half 
penyesand  Ferthinges  renne.. in  paiementin  grete  sommes 
amonge  the  peple.  1626  SIR  R.  COTTON  in  Posthuma  (1651) 
297  The  said  Royall  of  Eight  runnes  in  account  of  Trade  at 
5-s.  of. .  English  money.  1662  in  J.  Simon  Ess.  Irish  Coins 
(1749)  130  All  sorts  of  small  silver  moneys  of  the  denom 
inations  of  or  running  for  groates.  .or  under.  1888  N.  fy  O. 
7th  Ser,  VI.  338  Are  not  these  the  Spanish  '  pillar  dollars  ; 
and  did  they  not  run  current  in  England  as  crown  pieces? 
b.  Of  a  writ,  proclamation,  etc.:  To  issue;  to 
have  legal  course  or  effect ;  to  operate. 

c  1400  Apol.  Loll.  7j?at..silk  indulgencis rennun  not  for!* 
a^en  be  ordinaunce  of  God.  1436  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  497/2 
Countrees  where  the  Kynges  Writt  renneth  noght.  1610 
HOLLAND  Camden 's  Brit.  (1637)  589  That  Writs  out  of  the 
Kings  Courts,  should  in  certain  cases  have  no  place  nor 
runne  among  them.  1689  T.  R.  View  Govt,  Europe  51  The 
Process  and  Decrees  of  the  Court  ran  in  the  Emperor's 
name.  1768  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  III.  78  In  all  these.. the 
king's  ordinary  writs,  .do  not  run  ;  that  is,  they  are  of  no 
force.  1852  LEVER  Daltons  xiii,  Not  knowing  that  they 
were  in  another  land  where  the  King's  writ  never  ran.  1890 
LANE-POOLE  Barbary  Corsairs  \.  viii.  86  It  may  be  doubted 
whether  the  Sultan's  writ  would  have  run  in  either  of  his 
new  provinces. 

C.  Of  payments,  practices,  etc. :  To  be  current 
or  generally  prevalent. 

1429  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  252/1  At  alle  tymes  when 
poundage  hath  ronne.  1:1460  Reg.  Oseney  Abbey  126 
Whenne  scutage  renneth  generally  thorowgh  all  Inglonde. 
1599  SANDYS  Europx  Spec.  (1632)  138  Their  Annates  and 
tenths  doestille  runne  current,  1605  VERSTEGAN  Dec.  Intell. 
viii.  (1628)  241  Some  Names  deriued  from  the  Hebrew.,  doe 
now  run  generally  in  common  vse  among  al.  1656  in  Picton 
L'pool  Mum'c.  Rec.  (1883)  I.  214  Parliam1  hath  setled  upon 
the  Mjnistrof  this  place  all  the  tythes  running  within  the 
Liberties.  1892  Sat.  Rev.  17  Sept.  340/1  A  standard  authority 
in  every  country  where  the  English  language  runs. 

29.  To  have  course  or  continuance,  to  go  on, 
to  go,  proceed,  etc.,  in  various  fig.  uses. 

a  1225  Aticr,  R.  42  Alle  J>eos  vreisuns  eorne5  bi  Seos  fiue 
[letters],  c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus  \\.  1754  Ryght  now 
renneth  my  sort  Fully  to  dye  or  hana-noon  comfort,  c  1380 
WYCLIF  Set.  Wks.  II.  231  God  bringe  doun  bis  fendis  pryde, 
and  helpe  J>at  Goddis  word  renne.  1:1400  Rom.  Rosefo^i 
If  god  nyl  done  it  socour,  But  lat  renne  in  this  colour.  1460 
CAPGRAVE  Chron.  (Rolls)  2  Whan  the  tyme  of  Crist  is  come, 
than  renne  to  noumberes  togidir.  1525  in  Turner  Select. 
Rec.  Oxford  55  [Money]  to  rune  and  to  be  ymployde  to 
i  thuse  of  the  reparacon  of  the  said  myllys.  1551  ROBINSON 
tr.  More"s  Utop.  ii.  (1895)  274  The  worlde  runneth  at  al 
I  auentures.  1387  TURBERV.  Trag.  Talcs  (1837)  160  A  Sonne, 
i  Gerbino  namde,  of  whom  this  tale  Especially  doth  runne. 
1603  SHAKS,  Meas,  for  M.  \\\,  ii.  242  Much  vpon  this  riddle 
runs  the  wisedome  of  the  world.  1628  PEMBLE  Worthy 
Rec.  Lord^s  Supper  43  Like  desperate  Bankrouts  to  let  all 
things  runne  at  adventure.  1703  tr.  Bosnians  Guinea  31 
After  this  all  our  Affairs  run  at  random.  Ibid.  420 
Thus  far  runs  our  above-mentioned  Relation.  1837  Penny 
Cycl.  VIII.  116/2  The  covenant  will  not  run,  that  is,  it  will 
not  bind  the  assignee,  nor  pass  to  him.  1840  G.  DARLEY 
Beaum.  $  Fl.  Ivks.  I.  Introd.  p.  xvi,  To  complete  a 
parallel  which  runs  so  far  of  itself.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  8  Aug. 
i8/ i  Those  whose  feelings  run  furthest  in  one  direction. 


RUN. 

b.  Of  qualities,  etc. :  To  be  per&istent  or  common 
in  a  family. 

1777  SHERIDAN  Sch.  Seand.  in.  iii,  Learning  that  had  run 
in  the  family  like  an  heir-loom  \  1832  L.  HUNT  Gentle 
ArittoierPoems  125  Talk  of  tricks  thai  run  in  families.  1866 
SIMPSON  Life  Campion  ix.  (1907)  261  The  way  in  which 
fidelity  and  faithlessness  ran  in  families. 

30.  To  extend  or  stretch ;  to  iorm  a  continuous 
line  or  boundary. 

Usually  const,  with  advs.  or  preps,  of  direction. 

cisgx  CHAUCER  Astrol.  n.  §  3  The  degree  of  the  sonne 
rennyth  so  longe  consentrik  vpon  the  almykanteras,  )>at 
sothly  thow  shalt  erre  [etc.],  c  1400  MAUNDEV.  (1839)  xxvi. 
266  That  See  of  Caspye . .  rennethe  be  the  Desert.  1525  tr. 
Jerome  of  Brunswick's  Surg.  B  j  b/2  There  beiij,  materyall 
circles  y*  ronne  about  the  iye.  1582  STANYHURST  SEneis  in. 
(Arb.)  87  Two  peers  loft  ye  run  vpward  From  stoans  lyke 
turrets.  1630  R.  Johnson's  Kiugd.  $  Commiv.  494  Tar- 
taria.  .runneth  along  without  controll  by  the  high  looking 
walls  of  China.  1658  A.  Fox  tr.  Wiirtz  Surg.  11.  xi.  88 
Those  Wounds,  which  deeply  run  into  the  body,  are  very 
dangerous.  1703  MAUSDRKLL  Journ.  Jcrus.  (1732)  142  A 
very  deep  rupture  in  the  side  of  Libanus,  running  at  least 
seven  hours  travel.  1790  M.ME.  D'ARBLAY  Diary  Aug.;  A 
band  of  musicians  were  stationed  in  a  long  bower  running 
across  the  garden.  1834  L.  RITCHIE  Wand,  by  Seine  86  A 
balustrade  runs  round  the  building.  1861  M.  PATTISON  Ess. 
(1889)  I.  45  On  the.  .northern  side.. ran  a  lofty,  massive 
front.  1892  Speaker  3  Sept.  289/2  The  high  road,  .runs  at 
right-angles  to.. the  lane. 
b.  In  fig.  contexts. 

1682  in  Harl.  Misc.  (1809)  II.  407  The  privilege  ran  as 
well  to  the  printing  it  in  Italian  as  French.  1701  W.  WOTTON 
Hist.  Rome  389  A  vein  of  Superstition  ran  through  all  his 
Actions.  1766  BLACKSTONE  Comm.  (ed.  2)  I.  98  Though 
certain  of  the  king's  writs . .  do  not  usually  run  into  Berwick. 
1815  W.  H.  IRELAND  Scribbleomania  99  The  vein  of  ill- 
nature  that  ran  thro*  your  tale.  1879  HUXLEY  Hume  L  2 
The  paternal  line  running  back  to  Lord  Home  of  Douglas. 
1890  Temple  Bar  Sept.  64  His  patriotism  very  often  runs 
far. .into  the  region  of  prejudice. 

C.  Law.  Of  recollection,  memory,  etc.  :  To 
extend  or  go  back  in  time. 

1447  SHILLINGFORD  Lett.  (Camden)  76  notet  The  Maier 
and  Citeseyns.  .have  ben  seised  of  all  maner  jurisdiccion. . 
of  tyme  that  no  mynde  renneth.  1531  Dial,  on  Laws  Eng. 
i.  viii.  16  The  limitation  of  a  prescription  generally  taken,  is 
from  the  tyme  that  no  mannes  mind  renneth  to  the  contrarye. 
1765  BLACKSTOSE  Comm.  I.  Introd.  76  That  it  [a  custom] 
have  been  used  so  long,  that  the  memory  of  man  runneth 
not  to  the  contrary.  1861  Temple  Bar\\.  299  The  memory 
of  Puffin  ran  not  to  the  contrary. 

*****  Of  things  passing  into,  assuming,  or  main 
taining  a  certain  condition  or  quality. 

31.  To  pass  into  or  out  of  a  certain  state.  Const, 
with  various  preps. 

?  a  1366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  320  So  depe  was  hir  wo 
bigonnen,  And  eek  hir  herte  in  angre  ronnen.  1535 
COVERDALE  i  Esdras  iv.  26  Many  one  there  be,  that  renne 
out  of  their  wyttes..for  their  wyues  sakes.  1572  Satir. 
Poems  Reform.  xxxi.  58  pai  suld  all  rin  by  f?air  mynd. 
1597  BEARD  Theatre  God's  Judgem.  (1612)  420  Like  as  these 
cursed  monsters  ran  too  much  out  of  frame  in  their  vn- 
bridled  lusts.  1639  HORN  &  ROB.  Gate  Lang.  Unl.  xvii. 
§  188  A  bitch  useth  to  runne  a  salt  (goe  proud).  1680 
W.  ALLEN  Persuasive  Peace  Pref.  p.  xxvi,  What,  .should 
have  been  done  to  have  kept  things  from  running  to  so  great 
an  extream.  1731  Gentl.  Mag.  1. 438  Having  bad  Luck  [she] 
lost  all  her  ready  Money,  and  run  200 /.  on  Tick. 

b.  With  adj.  or  other  complement :  To  become, 
end  in  being,  turn,  grow,  fall,  etc. 

See  also  AMUCK  2,  MAD  a.  i  b,  and  RIOT  si.  3  and  3  b. 

1449  PECOCK  Repr.  i.  xvi.  90  For  without  him.  .prechingis 
rennen  arere.  ^1553  UDALL  Royster  Doyster  in.  ii.  (Arb.) 
41  Lest  ye  for  lesiug  of  him  perchaunce  might  runne  mad. 
a  1586  MONTGOMERIE  Misc.  Poems  xl.  57  Let  Weirds  rin 
wod ;  let  furious  Fails  be  fearce.  1589— [see  MAD  a.  i  b.J 
1602  MARSTON  Antonio's  Rev.  n.  iv,  I  am  not  mad— I  run 
not  frantic.  1612  BRINSLEY  Lud.  Lit.  306  They  will  run 
behind  with  me  two  or  three  Quarters,  and  then  they  will 
seek  some  occasion  to  take  away  their  children.  1764  Ann, 
Reg.)  Chron.  129/1  Great  expectations  from  lord  Shelbum's 
colt,  but  he  ran  rusty.  1794  [see  RESTY  a.1  i  b],  1801 
Censor  i  Feb.  24  Is  it  any  wonder . .  that  this  gentleman  and 
many  others  are  running  behind  hand?  1869  TOZER  Highl. 

Turkey  1 1 . 192  The  boats,  .are  built  of  thin  planks,  running 
very  fine  fore  and  aft.  1890  Longman's  Mag.  Oct.  659  The 
fortresses  were  destroyed  ;  the  roads  ran  wild. 

C.  Run  dry,  to  cease  to  yield  water  or  milk  j 
hencey?^".,  to  become  exhausted  or  spent. 

1637  RUTHERKOKD  Lett.  i.  clxxiii,  (1664)  337,  I  am  run  dry 
of  loving.,  that  greatest  and  most  admirable  one  !  1768-74 


u.  301  Most  cows  run  dry  in  about  ten  months.  1879 
LUBBOCK  Addr.  Pol.  $  Educ.  ii.  28  In  1797  the  bullion  in 
the  Bank  of  England  had  almost  run  dry. 

d.  Run  low,  to  be  nearly  exhausted^  to  become 

scanty. 

1712  ARBUTHNOT  John  Bull  i.  xv,  I  am  afraid  our  Credit 
will  run  low.  1721  DE  FOE  Col.  Jack  (1840)  no,  I  was.. 
anxious  about  my  money  running  low.  1789  MRS.  PIOZZI 
Joum.  France  I.  22  Recollection  tires,  and  chat  runs  low. 
1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  xvii.  IV.  101  The  stock  of  pro 
visions  within  Limerick  was  already  running  low.  1891 
Chamb.  Jrnl.  21  Mar.  189/2  Funds  began  to  run  very  low. 

e.  Run  short :  see  SHORT  a. 

32.  a.  To  have  a  given  tenor  or  purport;  to 
be  worded  or  expressed  in  a  specified  manner. 

c  1586  C'TKSS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  cv.  iii,  I  give  in  fee  (forsoe  the 
graunt  did  runne),  Thee  and  thine  heirs  the  Cananean 
ground.  1624  Doc.  Illustr.  Impeachment  Dk.  Buckingham 
(Camden)  136  It  was  thought  fitt  the  acquittance  runnes 
in  these  wurdcs.  1681  H.  MOKE  Exp.  Dan.  72  The  sense 


BUN. 

may  run  thus.  An  Host  shall  be  given  [etc.],  a  1744  POPE 
Hor.  Sat.  n.  vi.  157  Once  on  a  time  (so  runs  the  Fable)  A 
Country  Mouse  [etc.].  1746  HERVEY  Medit.  (1818)  250 
Surely  it  brought  a  message  to  surviving  mortals,  and  thus 
the  tidings  ran,  [etc,].  1827  POLLOK  Course  T.  n,  Thus  the 
prohibition  ran, ..in  terms  of  plainest  truth.  1862  Temple 
Bar  V.  164,  I  know  not  how  his  proper  official  title  ran. 
b.  To  be  constituted  or  conditioned. 
1724  SWIFT  Drapier's  Lett.  v.  Wks.  1751  XII,  _  15  As 
Politicks  run,  I  do  not  know  a  Person  of  more  exceptionable 
Principles  than  yourself.  1764  FOOTE  Mayor  ofG.  i.  i,  We 
must  take  things  rough  and  smooth  as  they  run.  1864  J.  H. 
NEWMAN  Apol.  ii.  (1904)  47/1  However  judgments  might 
run  as  to  the  prudence  of  publishing  it.  1875  Vre's  Diet. 
Arts  III.  106  Then  the  numbers  run  14,  30. 

33.  To  have  a  specified  character,  quality,  ar 
rangement,  form,  etc.  Const,  with  preps,  and  adjs. 

1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Hydriot.  22  Nor  onely  these  con 
cealed  peeces,  but  the  open  magnificence  of  Antiquity,  ran 
much  in  the  Artifice  of  Clay,  a  1722  LISLE  Hitsb.  I.  239 
Wheat  and  barley  that  is  then  to  fill  must  run  thin.  1789 
MRS.  Piozzi  Journ.  France  I.  283  The  apartments.. run  in 
suits  like  Wansteacl  house.  1821  Examiner  w$f  i  His  hair 
was  brown,  with  a  tendency  to  run  in  ringlets.  1854  Jml. 
R.  Agric.  Soc.  XV.  i.  228  They  are  apt  to  run  hairy  in  the 
wool,  big  in  the  bone.  1890  Graphic  20  Sept.  314/1  German  j 
traditions  of  obedience  run  on  different  lines  entirely. 

b.  To  be  of  a  specified  (average  or  maximum) 
size,  price,  etc. 

1762  LD.  RADNOR  in  Priv.  Lett.  Ld.  Malmesbury  (1870) 

I.  85  There  are  very  few  of  them,  consequently  they  run 
very  dear.      1836   F.    SYKKS   Scraps  fr.    Jrnl.   71    Large 
Wenner  trout,  running  as  large  as  twenty-six  pounds.  1890 
CRAWFURD  Round  Calendar  in  Portugal  26  The  trout  run 
to  a  good  size  in  Portugal  where  the  river-pools  are  deep. 

c.  To  be  in  the  (average)  proportion  of. 

1849  yrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  X,  IT.  425  It  ran  eleven  and  a 
half  fleeces  to  the  tod  all  the  way  through.  1892  Field  z 
Apr.  469/3  His  oats  run  44  Ib.  to  the  bushel. 

II.  Transitive  senses. 

*7*0  traverse ',  accomplish ,  aim  at  or  avoid,  etc., 
by  running. 

34.  To   pursue    or    follow   (a    certain   way   or 
course)  in  running,  sailing,  etc.      *f  To  run  one's 
way,  to  run  away,  make  off  hurriedly. 

c"888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xxi,  J>«et  hie  ne  mototi  toslupan, 
ac  bioS^ehwerfde  eft  to  J?am  ilcan  ryne  ^e  hie  a;r  union. 
a  1300  E,  E.  Psalter  xviii.  6  He  gladed  als  yhoten  to  renne 
his  wai.  1375  BAKBOUR  Bruce  xx.  558  At  mydday  to  turne 
agane  The  sone,  that  rynms  his  cours  all  playn.  1480 
Robt.  Devyll  488  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  I.  238  Yt  was  no  hede 
to  bydde  hyrn  begone.  He  ranne  hys  waye,  1535  COVER- 
DALE  jfob  i.  14,  I  only  ranne  my  waye,  to  tell  the.  1562 
Child- Marriages  72  Wher-of  Richard  Pierson  was  so 
ashamid,  that  he  wold  have  runne  his  way.  1600  SHAKS. 
A.  Y.  L.  in.  ii.  138  How  briefe  the  Life  of  man  runs  his 
erring  pilgrimage.  1669  STURMV  Mariner" s  Mag.  iv.  iii.  148 
You  are  more  Kasterly  or  Westerly,  by  running  or  sailing 
that  Course  and  Distance.  1775  BURKE  On  Conciliation  witn 
AtnericaSel.  Wks.  1897  I.  176  Others  run  the  longitude,  and 
pursue  their  gigantic  game  along  the  coast  of  Brazil,  1814 
Sporting  Mag.  XLIV.  87  Being  headed  on  the  Ipswico 
road,  he  again  ran  the  same  cover,  on  hU  way  to  Somes- 
Wood.  1892  Field  20  Feb.  245/3  Our  fox.  .did  not  run  the 
chain  of  woodlands,  but  held  on  southwards. 
(b}  In  figurative  contexts. 

criooo  Lambeth  Ps.  cxviii.  32  We^  beboda  t?inra  ic  arn. 
a  1300  E.  E.  Psalter  cxviii.  32  Wai  ofe  Jn  bodes  ran  i. 
1572  in  Buccleuch  MSS,  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  23  Erie 
of  Lenox,  .wes  persuaditt.  .to  rin  a  cours  with  England, 
attempting  mony  things  innaturallie  agains  his  native 
realme.  1622  MABBE  tr.  Atemans  Guzman  d*Alf.  n.  330 
Wee  were  fellowes  and  Companions  in  one  Prison,  and . . 
had  runne  both  of  vs  one  and  the  same  Carreere.  1881 
GARDINER  &  MULLINGER  Study  Eng.  Hist.  \.  vii.  148  The 
members  encouraged  one  another  in  running  the  Christian 
course. 

b.  Hunting.  To  pursue,  follow  up  (a   scent). 
Also  f  to  run  ones  country  (see  quots.  1611). 

1607  MARKHAM  Caval,  in.  (1617)  10  Then  laying  on  fresh 
dogges, . .  make  your  Horse  run  the  traine  with  good  courage 
and  Uuelinesse.  1611  COTGH.,  Fendre  levent>  to  runne  his 
countrey.  lbid.t  Tirerpais^  (in  hunting)  to  runne  hiscoun- 
trey ;  or,  to  flye  directly  forward.  1826  SCOTT  Woodst.  iv, 
Hunting  counter,  or  running  a  false  scent.  1890  Blackiu. 
Mag.  CXLVIII.  548/1  Hounds  are  running  a  high  scent 
through  a  stiff  country. 

fig-  X857  WHEWELL  in  Todhunter  Ace.  W.'s  ty&s.  (1876) 

II.  411  The  dynamical-heat  men  are  running  their  scent 
very  eagerly. 

c.  transf.  Of  immaterial  things. 

1864  W.  T.  Fox  Skin  Dis.  n  It  is  not  associated  with  any 
special  form  of  ill  health,  is  non-contagious,,  .runs  a  definite    i 
course  [etc.].     1881  GARDINER  £  MUI.UNGER  Study  Eng. 
Hist.  i.  v.  97  Lollardism,  too,  ran  much  the  same  course.    I 
1889  TKAILL  Stratford yX\\.  169  Affairs  ran  their  fated  course, 

35.  To  traverse   or  cover  by  running,  sailing, 
etc. :  a.  a  specified  distance. 

cizoo  ORMIN6969  J>att  follc  ridebb  onn  a  der..patt  onn  a 
da}}. .  Ernebjj  an  hunndredd  mile,  c  1300  Havelok  1831  He 
was  ded  on  lesse  hwile,  pan  men  mouthe  renne  a  mile. 
c  1380  WVCLIF  Wk&*  (1880)  30  Prelatis  schulden  not.  .make 
a  pore  man  to  renne  two  or  (rre  Jwusand  myles  [etc.].  1555 
EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  370  Runnynge  southwest  in  the  sea, 
[we]  dyddc  runne  ,xh.  leagues.  1669  STJJKMY  Mariner's 
.~\fag.  iv.  ii.  146  So  many  Knots  as  the  Ship  runs  in  half  a 
Minute,  so  many  Miles  she  saileth  in  an  Hour.  1728 
CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Courier,  Pliny,  ..and  Caesar,  mention 
some  of  these,  who  would  run  20,  30,  36.  .Leagues  per  Day. 
1748  Ansons  Voy.  in.  vi.  345  We  had  a.,  gale  blowing  right 
upon  our  stern  :  So  that  we  generally  run  from  forty  to  fifty 
leagues  a  day.  1812  Sporting  Mag.  XXXIX.  53  Flying 
Childers..once  run  four  miles  in  six  minutes  and  forty 
seconds.  1846  A-  YOUNG  Naut.  Di\t.t  With  reference  to 
the  ship's  progress . .  we  say  she  has  run  so  many  knots  in  an 


901 

hour  and  so  forth.  1861  Temple  Bay  I.  345  The  engine  had 
run  more  than  10,000  miles. 

b.  a  defined  stretch  or  space. 

1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  n.  ii.  no  Well,  well,  but  for  mine 
o\vne  part,..!  will  not  rest  till  I  haue  run  some  ground. 
1600  L.  BLOUNT  tr.  Concstaggio  183  Hauitig  run  all  the 
coast  of  Algarues.  1690  LUTTRELL  Brief  R el.  (1857)  II.  98 
Mr.  Peregrine  Bertie,.. upon  a  wager,  run  the  mall  in  St. 
James  Park  11  times  in  lesse  then  an  hour,  1715  tr.  Greg' 
orys  Astron.  (1726)  I.  97  The  Spaces  run  by  a  heavy  Body, 
in  its  fall,  are  as  the  Squares  of  the  Times.  1766  PENNANT 
Brit.  Zool.  (1776)  I.  2  The  same  horse  has  also  run  the 
round  course  at  Newmarket,  .in  six  minutes  and  forty 
seconds.  1836  MACGII.UVKAY  Humboldt's  Trav.  xxii,  312 
While  they  were  running  short  tacks,  a  false  manoeuvre. . 
exposed  them,  .to  imminent  danger.  1847  L.  HUNT  Ment 
Women,  <$•  B.  I.  x.  178  Our  companion,  who  had  run  the 
round  of  the  great  world. 

fig.  1892  Sat.  Rev.  29  Oct.  507/2  [His]  perfect  elocutionary 
style  held  flexibility  enough  to  enable  him  to  run  the  whole 
gamut  with  ease. 

c.  To  scour,  run  about  in  (a  place). 

1648  GAGE  ll'est  Ind.  32  The  next  day  in  the  morning 
Cortez  went  forth  to  run  the  fields.  1820  SCOTT  Monast. 
xxiv,  I  will  not  see  a  proper  lad  so  misleard  as  to  run  the 
country  with  an  old  knave,  like  Simmie  and  his  brother. 
1861  Temple  Bar  III.  334  Many.. would  sooner  let  their 
children  run  the  streets  than  pay  a  penny. 

d.  To  slip  or  shoot  down  (a  rope,  river,  etc.). 
1883  GKKSLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  mq  Running  the  tow  is 

a  common  practice  in  shallow  mines.  1889  Scribner  s  i\!ag. 
May  532  Two  bits  of  rapid  are  run  in  a  flash.  1892  Field 
28  May  783  We  have  run  most  parts  of  the  Wye  in  a  coracle. 

36.  To  perform   or  accomplish   by  running   or 
riding :  a.  a  course  (on  horseback  or  foot),  career, 
etc.     Freq.  in  fig.  contexts. 

To  run  the  gantlope  or  gauntlet :  see  GANTLOPE,  GAUNT- 
LET  sb*  b. 

1494  in  Lett.  Rich.  Ill  fy  Hen.  I'll  (Rolls)  I.  394  Thenne 
therll  of  Suffolke  and  Sir  Edward  A  Borough  ran  the  vi. 
furst  courses.  1551-2  EDW.  VI  in  Halliw.  Lett.  Kings  Eng. 
(1846)  II.  53  Afterward  there  was  run  a  match  at  tilt,  six  to 
six,  which  was  very  well  run.  1568  GHAFTON  Chron.  II.  292 
Eyther  of  them  set  hys  speare  in  the  rest  to  haue  runne  the 
first  course.  1667  MILTON  /'.  L.  vm.  88  By  thy  reasoning 
this  I  guess,  Who.  .supposest  That..  Heav'n  such  journies 
[should  not]  run,  Earth  sitting  still,  1725  Fam.  Diet. 
s.v.  Horse-racing,  There  being  but  a  single  Course  to  be 
rim,  you  must  push  for  all  at  that  one  Time.  1743  FRANCIS 
tr.  Hor.t  Odes  iv.  xiv.  38  When  thrice  five  times  the  circling 
sun  His  annual  course  of  light  had  run.  a  1827  WOKDSW, 
Somnambulist  116  When  a  circuit  has  been  run  Of  valour, 
truth,  and  love.  1854  DOBKLL  Balder  Wks.  (1887)  204  The 
doom  has  run  its  course,  the  hour  is  here  !  1891  Field1]  Mar. 
347/2  Johnny  Moor  practically  ran  a  single-handed  course, 
as  Brave  Briton  was  unable  to  raise  a  gallop. 

b.  a  race,  chase,  etc.      Freq.   in  fig.  contexts 
(cf.  RACE  sbl  i  c). 

a  rS57  Tottel's  Misc.  (Arb.)  153  The  restlesse  race  that  he 
full  oft  hath  runne.  1592  SHAKS.  Rom.  4-  Jit  I.  ».  iv.  75  If 
our  wits  run  the  Wild-Goose  chase,  I  am  done.  1610  Reg. 
Privy  Counc.ScotL  IX.  91  Upoun  occasioun  of  ane  horse 
race  whiche  wes  then  run  at  Cumnoke.  1628  EAKLI; 
fiftftVCfftttf,  xvii.  (Arb.)  39  Commonly  his  race  is  quickely 
runne.  1729  T.  COOKE  Tales,  etc.  36  He  always  thinks., 
his  Race  not  ran ;  But  Death,  tho  long  delay'd,  confutes  the 
Man.  1789  BURNEY  Hist.  Jtfus*  III.  534  The  comparative 
speed  of  two  coursers  is  best  known  by  their  running  a  trial. 
1856  Leisure  Hour  V.  803/2  She  flew  along  the  green  sward 
and  ran  races  with  Harry.  1873  SPENCEK  Sociology  ii.  39 
The  Derby  has  been  run  in  a  snowstorm. 

c.  Cricket.  To  score  (a  run  or  bye). 

1849  in  'Bat'CVrV&tf  Man.  (1850)  56  The  striker  shall 
have  all  [the  runs]  which  have  been  run.     1881  Standard 
28  June  3/1  Three  byes  were  now  run. 

d.  7'o  run  (a  thing)  fine,  to  leave  a  very  slight 
margin  (esp.  of  time),     colloq. 

1890  W.  E.  NORBIS  Misadventure  II.  ii.  18  On  consulting 
his  watch,  he  found  he  had  run  things  rather  fine.  1892 
Eng,  lllustr.  Mag.  IX.  800  One  cart-load  was  run  so  fine 
that  partner  and  superintendent  were  constrained  to  lend  a 
hand  to  finish  the  packing. 

37.  a.  To  go  upon  (an  errand  or  message). 
1500-20  D  UNBAR  Poems  Ix.  44  His  erandis  for  to  ryne  and 

red.  1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  Ixiv,  The  Prince's  grand 
father.,  ran  errands  for  gentlemen,  and  lent  money.  1859 
JEPHSON  Brittany  xviii.  300  Idle  hangers-on,  who  subsist 
upon  the  casual  profits  of.  .carrying  luggage,  or  running 
messages. 

b.  Run  descant,  division(s] :  see  DESCANT  sb. 
6,  7,  and  DIVISION  sb.  7.  Now  only  arch. 

1579  W.  WILKINSON  Confut.  Fam.  of  Love  26  b,  He  might 
runne  descant  at  will.  1602  MARSTON  Ant.  <$•  Mel.  u.  Wks. 
1856  I.  25  Beautie  and  youth  run  descant  on  loves  ground. 
1607  HEY  WOOD  Wow,  killed  iv.  Kindn.  Wks.  1874  II.  148 
Vpon  this  instrument  Her  fingers  haue  run  quicke  diuision. 
1737  BRACKEN  Farriery  fm&r.  (1757)  II.  274,  I  might  yet 
run  several  Divisions  upon  this  Topic.  1821  Examiner 
300/1  The  gentle  lady  [may]  run  divisions  on  roses  and 
myrtle- bowers. 

C.  Billiards.  (See  COUP  sb$  3.) 

1850  Bohris  Handbk.  Games  (1867)  608  The  player  may 
losea  life,  .by  running  a  coup.  1861  Chambers1  s EncycL  II. 
oS/2  The  points  of  the  game  are . .  i  for  a  miss, . .  and  3  for 

running  a  coo '. 

d.  Croquet.  To  play  through  (a  hoop)  or  up  to 
(a  peg). 

1874  HEATH  Croquet  Player  63  It  is  true  that  every  foot 
nearer  to  the  hoop  makes  it  easier  to  get  into  position  and 
run  it.  1877  Eneycl.  Brit.  VI.  608/2  In  match  play  the 
hoops  and  pegs  are  set  and  run  as  in  the  diagram. 

38.  To  flee  or  escape  from  (a  place,  country, 
etc.)  ;  to  desert  from  (a  ship). 

1608  CHAPMAN  Byron's  Consp.  Plays  1873  II-  235  A  lusty 
courser., when  (his  headstall  broken)  Hee.runneshis  prison. 


RUN. 

1611  COTGH.  s.v.  Saut,  Faire  le  saut,  to  breake,  fall  bank- 
rupt,  runne  his  countrey  for  debt.  1727  A.  HAMILTON  New 
Ace.  E.  Ind.  I.  x.  113  Some. .were  lawfully  murdered,  or 
obliged  to  run  their  Country.  1888  Roots  62  He  had  come 
out  to  New  Zealand,  as  a  sailor  boy,  had  run  his  ship  [etc.], 
1889  W.  WESTALL  Birch  Dent  III.  ii.  38,  I  should  have 
to  run  the  country  if  he  wor  to  dee. 

b.  U.S.  To  depart  surreptitiously  without  pay 
ing  for  (one's  board). 

1898  HOWELLS  Open-eyed  Conspiracy  73  If  they  run  their 
board  I  shall  have  to  pay  it. 

39.  f  a.    7o  run  .  .fortune(s],  in  various  phrases 
denoting  voluntary  sharing  of  another's  lot.   Obs. 

(«)  1567  THROGMORTON  in  Robertson  Hist.  Scotl.  (1759) 
II.  App.  38  The  queen  will  leave  them  in  the  bryers  if  they 
run  her  for  ton  n.  1670  CLARENDON  Hist.  Keb.  XHI.  §  20  The 
King  desired  that  lie  might  command  this  Army,  at  least 
run  the  fortune  of  it.  1713  STEELE  Guardian  No.  19  F  8 
My  Fellow-soldiers,  said  he,  as  you  run  my  Fortune,  so  do  I 
yours. 

(b)  1610  J.  MORE  in  Bucclench  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.) 
87,  I  presume  you  will  be  content  to  run  the  same  fortune 
with  him.  1676  Woou  Jrnl.  in  Ace.  Sev,  Late  Voy.  i. 
(1694)  191  Some  holding  Consultation  to  slave  the  Boat,  and 
all  to  run  the  like  Fortune. 

(0  a  1674  CLARENDON  (J.),  He  would  himself  be  in  the 
Highlands  to  receive  them,  and  run  his  fortune  with  them. 
11713  HURNET  0'vn  Time  (1734)  II.  376  If  he  thought  it. 
could  do  him  any  service,  he  would  come  in,  and  run 
fortunes  with  him. 

b.  To   expose    oneself,    or   be  exposed,   to    (a 
chance,  danger,  etc.). 

See  also  Risco,  RISGO(E,  and  RISK  sb.  i  b, 

1592  UNTON  Corr.  i,Roxb.)  271  He  comandcth  Monsr.  de 
Maine  to  take  the  vantgard,  intendinge  he  shall  first  ronnc 
fortune.  1642  C.  VERNON  Cotisid.  E.vch.  89,  I  was  resolved 
.  .to  runne  all  the  hazards  of  envy.  i675Tr,.Mi-LE  IVks.  (171:0) 
II.  333  He  who  goes  to  Sea,  or  to  War,  runs  a  Venture. 
1719  UE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  143,  I  had  run  so  much 
Hazard. .,  nor  had  I  any  Mind  to  run  any  more  Ventures. 
1847  C.  UKONTE  J.  Eyre  xvii,  We  run  a  chance  of  being 
busy  enough  now.  1860  JOWETT  in  £ss.  fy  Rev,  39'^  We  run 
a  danger. .of  wasting  time. 

c.  To  incur,  meet  with,  encounter. 

16*4  BARGRAVE  Serin.  23  S.  Paul  himselfe  hath  runne  the 
censure  of  being  too  much  a  Lutheran.  1663  J.  WEBB 
Stone-Heng  (1725)  4  The  most  remarkable  Stone-Heng 
hath  sadly  run  the  same  Fate.  1683  MOXON  Meek.  Kxerc.^ 
Printing  xxii.  r  4  The  Compositer.  .runs  different  fortunes, 
either  of  good  or  bad  Copy,  viz.  well  or  ill  writ,  a  i8u 
SHELLEY  H'it/t  Guitar,  to  Janeyi  Many  changes  have  been 
run  Since  Ferdinand  and  you  begun  Your  course  of  love. 

40.  a.  Run  it,  or  a  voyage  (see  quot.  1838). 
1787   Minor  \\.  x,  We   resolved  to  run  it,    even  without 

convoy.  1804  NELSON  20  Mar.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  V. 
469  The  only  merchant-ship  bound  to  England.. is  so  well 
armed  as  to  be  able  to  run  it.  1826  G.  J.  BELL  Comm. 
Law  Scot.  (ed.  5)  I.  620  It  is  important  to  know  whether  a 
ship  is  to  wait  for  convoy,  or  to  nttt  the  voyage.  1838  W. 
BKLL  Diet,  Law  Scot.  871  A  vessel  which  in  time  of  war 
does  not  sail  with  convoy,  is  technically  said  to  run  the 
voyage. 

b.  A'««  the  (or  a)  blockade :  (see  BLOCKADE  sb.  i  b). 

1869  Overland  Monthly  47  How  we  ran  the  blockade.  1893 
PEEL  Spen  Valley  331  If  they  were  only  lucky  enough  to 
run  the  blockades. 

c.  Run  the  cutter  :   (see  quot.  1882). 

1882  Jamieson's  Sc.  Diet.  IV.  33  To  rin  the  cutter^  i.  e., 
to  evade  the  revenue  cutter,  hence,  to  smuggle.  1892  H. 
NISBET  Bushrangers  Sweetheart  \\\.  22  Sailors,  as  a  rule, 
are  not  friends  of  bailiffs  or  custom  house  officers,  and  thus 
appreciate  '  running  the  cutter  '. 

41.  To    sew  slightly  and   quickly,   usually   by 
taking  a  number  of  stitches  on  the  needle  at  a  time. 
Also  const,  with. 

1708  Mrs.  Centlivre's  Busie  Body  Prol.  29  The  Fleet-street 
Sempstress. .,  That  runs  spruce  Neckcloths  for  Attorney's 
Clerks.  1721  AMHERST  Terrs  »7.  No.  46  (1726)  257  Long 
muslin  neckcloths  run  with  red  at  the  bottom.  1815  KIRBV 
&  SP.  Entom.  (1818)  I.  xiv.  461  They,  .run  (as  a  sempstress 
would  call  it)  loosely  together,  .the  two  membranes  on  that 
side.  1875  Plain  Hints  Needlework  22  Take  a  needle  and 
cotton  and  run  it  once  round. 

42.  To  pursue,-  chase,  hunt  (game,  etc.). 
Partaking,  to  some  extent,  of  the  causal  sense. 

1484  CAXTON  Fables  of  SEsop  n.  vii,  Dogges.  .haue  grete 
luste  to  renne  and  take  the  wyld  beestes,  1576  TURHERV. 
Venerie  35  The  first  is  that  he  neuer  accustome  his  houndes 
to  runnea  Hinde.  1674  N.  Cox  Gentl.  Recr.  (1677)  17  When 
Deer,  after  being  hard  run,  turn  head  against  the  Hounds, 
we  say,  they  Bay.  1812  Sporting  Mag.  XXXIX.  185  Afox 
was  run  on  Saturday.. by  Sir  W.  W,  Wynne's  hounds,  for 
upwards  of  one  hour.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.Fartii  III. 
878  Pointers  are  very  apt  to  run  sheep  when  hunting.  1891 
Field  7  Nov.  693/1  Hounds  won't  leave  the  fox  they  are 
running. 

J*§*  I7(54  Low  Life  70  Tallow-Chandlers  who  do  Business 
privately  in  Back  Cellars.. to  evade  the  King's  Duty., 
make  Mould  Candles,  known  by  the  Name  of  Running  the 
Buck.  1841  LEVER  C.  O* Medley  x;  The  various  modes  of 
1  running  a  buck '  (Anglice  substituting^  a  vote).  1876  A.  S. 
PALMER  Leaves  /r.  Notebk.  Pref.  p.  viii,  I  have  run  it  [a 
word]  to  earth  in  a  Sanscrit  root. 

b.  To  contend  with  (a  person,  etc.)  in  a  race. 
1786  BURNS  Fanner's  New  Year  Salutation  vii,  An'  ran 

them  till  they  a*  did  wauble,  Far,  far  behin1.  1822  SCOTT 
Nigel  xxtii,  Perhaps  you  will  like  to.. leap  a  flea— run  a 
snail.  1859  CAPERN  Ball.  <$•  Songs  125  If.  .he  beats  me 
there,  then  I'll  run  him  a  mile.  1891  Sat.  Rev.  25  July  107/1 
Desdemona.  .gave  her  5  Ibs.  and  ran  her  to  a  neck. 

c.  To  press  (one)  hard  or  close,  so  as  to  in 
convenience  in  some  way.     Also  without  adv. 

1790  Bystander  159  My  associates  have  run  me  so  hard 
this  week,  as  to  room,  that  I  cannot  go  on.  1798  CHARLOTTE 
SMITH  \'ngt  rhiios.  III.  96  He  never  was  so  hard  run  for 


BUN. 

money.  1821  SCOTT  Pirate  xxxii,  Bryce  .  .  now  saw  himself 
run  so  close,  that  pleading  to  the  charge  became  inevitable. 
1824  —  St.  Konnii's  xi,  I  shall  be  hard  run  unless  I  can 
get  a  certain  sum  of  money.  1828-32  WEBSTER,  To  run 
hard,  to  press  with  jokes,  sarcasm  or  ridicule.  1892  Temple 
A'arSept.  53  Both  author  and  artist  were  notoriously  always 
run  for  time. 

d.  To  press  (a  person  or  thing)  close  or  hard, 
in  competition  or  rivalry. 

1806  J.  BERESFORD  Miseries  of  Human  Life  n.  40  Your 
quagmire-scene  runs  it  very  close.  1850  THACKERAV  Pen- 
dentils  xx[i]x,  Warrington  and  Paley  had  been  competitors, 
..and  had  run  each  other  hard.  1892  Eng.  lllustr.  Mag. 
IX.  830  The  Ghi-iana  would  run  her  very  close  on  the 
score  of  beauty. 

e.  Run  (a  thing)   into  the  grouiul,  to  carry  to 
excess,  to  overdo.    U.S. 

a  1859  '"  Bartlett  Diet.  Amer.  (ed.  2)  374  The  advocates 
of  temperance  have  run  it  into  the  ground  by  their  extreme 
measures.  1884  GRONLUND  Co-oper.  Commit',  iii.  74  After 
having  run  this  Social  'Order  '  into  the  ground,  it  will  be 
supplanted  by  a  new  principle. 

**To  cause  to  run,  move  rapidly,  or  extend. 

43.  To  cause  or  force  (a  horse  or  other  animal) 
to  go  rapidly,  esp.  when  riding  it.     fAlso  absol. 
to  ride. 

In  early  use  only  with  the  transitive  form  of  the  vb.,  and 
usually  without  object. 

1:893  K.  /£LFRED  Ores.  i.  i.  20  ponne  aernaS  hy  ealle 
toweard  b<em  feo;  3onne  cymeS  se  man  se  bat  swiftoste 
hors  hafao  [etc.].  £900  tr.  Bactia's  Hist.  V.  vi.  (1890)  400 
pact  hio  aernan  moste  &  gecunnian,  hwelc  heora  swiftost 
hors  hzfde.  c  1205  LAY.  6752  [>e  king..lette  enne  cniht 
eaerne  after  an  oSer  eorle.  c  1275  Ibid.  24696  Somme  gon 
hors  earne,  somme  afote  eorne.  ti  1300  K.  Horn  1319  After 
horn  he  arnde  anon.  Also  bat  hors  mijte  gon.  c  1330  Artli. 
ft  Merl.  8404  (Kolbing),  So  bai  wenten,  pai  metten  a  kni3t 
Arnand  w\\>  al  his  mi}t. 

1504  Ate.  Ld.  High  Trcas.Scot.  II.  428  Item,  ..and  to 
the  boy  ran  the  Kingishors,  xxviij.s.  1568  GRAFTON  Citron. 
II.  169  Alexander..,  as  he  was  runnyng  his  horse,  fell  horse 
and  man  to  the  grounde.  1647  TRAPP  Conine.  Rom.  xiii.  1  1 
As  they  that  run  their  horses  for  a  wager,  spur  hardest  at 
the  races  end.  1725  Fatn.  Diet.  s.v.  Horse-racing,  Start 
him  off  roundly,  and  run  him  to  the  very  Top  of  what  he 
can  do,  during  the  whole  Course  or  Heat.  1797  Encycl. 
Brit.  (ed.  3)  VIII.  659/1  The  place  where  they  ran  or 
breathed  their  coursers  was  called  hippodronnis.  1840 
DICKENS  Old  C.  Shop  xlvi,  Men  running  horses  up  and 
down  the  street  for  sale.  1883  Harper's  Mag.  Dec.  147/1, 
I  forged  on,  fairly  running  the  dogs.  1890  Lipphuatfs 
Mag.  Mar.  372  The  horses  were  run  rapidly  forward  to  the 
skirmish-line. 

b.  Racing.  To  enter  (a  horse,  etc.)  for  a  race  ; 
also  Jig.  to  pit  (lives)  against  each  other. 

1750  F.  COVENTRY  Hist.  Pompey  I.  xiv.  (1785)  35/2  Nothing 
is  esteemed  a  more  laudable  topick  of  wagering  than  the 
lives  of  eminent  men  ;  which,  in  the  language  of  New. 
market,  is  called  running  lives.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3> 
V.  499/2  For  this  reason,  no  gre-hound  of  any  value  should 
be  run  at  this  course.  1812  Sporting  Mug.  XXXIX.  28_7 
Who,  to  use  the  jockey  phrase,  run  the  lives  of  their 
respective  fathers  against  each  other.  1856  '  STONEHENGE  ' 
Brit.  Rural  Sports  364  No  Person  can  Run  More  than  one 
horse  for  any  plate.  189*  Pictorial  World  16  Apr.  695/1 
An  owner  runs  his  horse  ostensibly  to  win. 

c.  To  allow  to  run  or  feed  at  large,  to  graze 
(cattle,  sheep,  etc.). 

1812  SIR  J.  SINCLAIR  Syst.  Huso.  Scot.  i.  343  A  few 
farmers..  still  think  it  beneficial  to  run  their  horses  in  an 
inclosed  field  through  the  night.  1880  Victorian  Rev.  I. 
630  If  one  man  can  only  make  a  living  by  running  his 
sheep  in  large  flocks.  1892  Comh.  Mag.  Oct.  384  A  large 
number  of  milch-cows  were  run  in  the  woods. 

d.  To  send  (a  ferret)  through  a  hole. 

1892  Black  4-  White  5  Nov.  518/2  The  common  way.  .has 
hitherto  been  for  the  keeper  to  run  a  ferret  through  the 
burrows  at  night. 

44.  To   bring  into  a  certain  state,  affect  in  a 
certain   way,   by  running.     Chiefly  refl.  and  in 
phrases  (see  quots.). 

1548  PATTEM  Exped.  Scott.  I  v,  Sum  also  [were]  seen  in 
this  race  all  breathles  to  fal  flat  doun,  and  haue  run  them- 
selues  to  death.  1648  WINYARD  Mias'uminer-Moon  3  He 
runs  himselfe  off  his  legs  the  first  dales  journey.  1850  Jrnl. 
R.  Agric.  Soc.  XI.  n.  600  To  use  the  ordinary  phrase  used 
by  farmers,  '  they  run  all  the  flesh  off  their  bones  '.  1891 
Field  ^  Nov.  693/1  It's  hot  till  we  are  close  to  Garthorpe 
where  our  fox  runs  us  out  of  scent.  1892  Ibid.  19  Nov. 
786/1  He  had  almost  run  himself  to  a  standstill. 

fig.  1590  SHAKS.  Coin.  Err.  iv.  i.  57  Fie,  now  you  run  this 
humor  out  of  breath.  1637  SHIRLEY  Gamester  in,  His 
lordship's  bones  are  not  well  set  ;  .  .  they  will  run  him  quite 
out  of  all.  1679  DRYDEN  Pref.  Trail,  ff  Cress.  Ess.  (ed. 
Ker)  I.  221  His  inborn  vehemence  and  force  of  spirit  will 
only  run  him  out  of  breath  the  sooner.  1716  M.  DAVIES 
Atheit.  Brit.  II.  in  To  foresee  that  Warwick  by  running 
so  a-Head,  would  at  last  run  himself  out  of  Breath. 

b.  To  bring,  lead,  drag,  or  force  (one)  into 
(t  upon,  f  to)  some  state,  action,  etc.  ;  f  to  drive 
or  make  (one)  mad. 

1621  FLETCHER  Pilgrim  in.  iii,  These  wild  woods,  and 
the  fancies  I  have  in  me,  Will  run  me  mad.  1633  Br.  HALL 
Hard  Texts,  New  Test.  50  When  he  hath  omitted  his 
good  services  and  runne  himself  into  judgement.  1662 
STJLLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacrx  n.  iii.  §  7  For  whatever  is  re 

uired  as  a  duty,  is  such  as  the  neglect  of  it  runs  men  upon 

amnation.  1682  BUNYAN  Holy  War  91  Attempted  to  run 
the  town  into  acts  of  Rebellion  against  our  Prince,  a  1715 
BURNET  Own  Time  in.  (1724)  I.  356  He  run  me  into  a 
long  discourse  about  the  authority  of  the  Church.  1747 
CHESTERF.  Lett.  I.  cxxxii.  355,  1  should  have  avoided  many 
follies  and  inconveniencies,  which  undirected  youth  run  me 
into.  1820  SCOTT  Monast.  xxv,  What  need  to  run  myself 
into  trouble  for  a  fool's  word  1  1828  Examiner  701/1  She 


902 

had  been  running  him  into  debt.  1889  W.  WEST  ALL  Birch 
Dent  II.  iii.  32  It  might  have  run  us  into  a  loss  of  four  or 
five  pounds. 

o.  To  force,  drive  (a  person  or  thing)  out  of,  or 
off,  some  place. 

1737  A.  HAMILTON  New  Ace.  E.  Ind.  II.  xlvii.  169  Who. . 
had  rioted  away  a  great  Part  of  his  Masters  Goods  and 
Money,  and  had  run  his  own  Credit  out  of  Doors.  i8za 
J.  FLINT  Lett.fr.  Amer.  309  Arresting  a  free  negro,  with  a 
view  to  run  him  out  of  the  State.  1890  Lippincoifs  Mag. 
Mar.  312  He  ran  two  men  out  of  the  regiment.  1891  Sat, 
Rev.  22  Aug.  216/1  The  railways  had  been  running  the 
travelling  carriages . .  off  the  roads. 

d.  To  describe,  put  down  (a  person),  as  having 
deserted.     Cf.  RUN///,  a.  2. 

1797  NELSON  29  Mar.  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (1845)  III.  7  Five 
or  six  men  absent  without  leave,  who  can  not  be 'Run 'on  the 
Ship's  books,  not  having  been  absent  three  musters.  1810 
Sporting  Mag.  XXXV.  291,  I  told  him  I  had  run  him  on 
the  books  ;  he  said  that  I  ought  to  have  discharged  him  to 
Sombrero. 

45.  To  cause  (a  boat  or  ship)  to  move  rapidly 
or  easily  forwards,  esp.  towards  or  against  the  land. 

a.  1548  HALL  Citron.^  Hen.  VII f^  94  The  Scottes  ran  their 
shippes  on  land,  and  the  Englishmen  folowed  wyth  boates 
and  landed.  1611  BIBLE  Acts  xxvii,  41  Falling  into  a  place 
where  two  seas  met,  they ranne the  shippe  aground.  1632 
LITHGOW  Trav.  in.  127  [They]  cut  their  Cables,  and  runne 
the  Galley  a  shoare.  1775  ROMANS  H 'ist.  Florida  App.  7 
The  stream  will  run  you  out  in  such  a  manner  [etc.].  1816 
KEATINGE  Trav,  (1817)  II.  168  Our  Palinurus  now  ran  us 
ashore.  iSsslJ.  D.  H\2Ki*}Autobwg.  Beggar  boygz  Our  jolly 
old  captain  ran  the  Fame  foul  of  a  brig.  1873  W.  BLACK  Prt 
Thule  xxii.  356  The  boat  was  run  in  to  her  moorings.  1889 
DOYLE  Micak  Clarke  xxiv.  246  The  lugger  had  been  run 
into  a  narrow  creek. 

reft.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  \.  i.  4  Speake  to  th'  Mariners: 
fall  too't  yarely,  or  we  run  our  selues  a  ground. 
Jig.  1603  DRAVTON  Bar.  Wars\.  lv,  [They]  some  vnknowne 
Harbor   suddenly  must    sound,   Or  runne  their  Fortunes 
desp'rately  on  ground. 

D.  To   bring,    convey,  transport,    in    a   vessel, 
down  a  stream,  along  rails,  etc. 

1700  LAW  Counc.  Trade  (1751)  255  As  much  as  we  are 
obliged  to  pay  to  them  for  running  the  real  species,  when 
it  is  found  necessary  to  carry  it  out.  1864  Laws  of 
Michigan  23  The  logs,  timber,  or  other  floatables,  driven, 
boomed,  rafted,  or  run.  1884  Graphic^  20  Nov._  534/2 
The  engine  runs  trucks  to  and  from  the  piers  on  the  island. 
1890  Illnstr.Lond.  News  i  Nov.  562  The  steam-trawler  has 
replaced  the  sailing-smack,  and  the  former  runs  home  her 
own  cargo. 

c.  To  land,  smuggle  (contraband  goods). 

1706  PHILLIPS  (ed. Kersey),  To  Smuggle  Goods t  to  run  them 
ashore,  or  bring  them  in  by  stealth,  without  paying  the 
Custom.  1710  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4737/3  Goods  run  from  on 
Board  one  of  the  East-India  Company's  Ships.  1837  R. 
ELLIS  Laws  <5-  Reg.  Customs  I.  199  The  vessel  or  boat, 
adapted  for  the  purpose  of  running  goods.  1887  G.  M.  FENN 
Devon  £qysxxx\.  269  It  was  a  smuggler  running  a  cargo. 

d.  To  sail  (a  vessel)  in  time  of  war  without  a 
convoy. 

1813  in  G.  J.  BELL  Comm,  Law  Scot.  (1826)  I.  621  notet 
We  have  determined  on  running  the  Nancy. 

f  e.  Run  . .  out  of  sight,  to  outsail  (a  vessel) 
quickly  and  lose  sight  of  it.  Obs. 

1748  Aitsoifs  Voy.  H.  v.  177  The  Centurion  so  much  out 
sailed  the  two  prizes,  that  we  soon  ran  them  out  of  sight. 
1797  S.  JAMES  Nar>\  Voy.  217  The  Hound  then  ran  us  out 
of  sight  in  the  space  of  four  glasses. 

£  To  get  (something)  hastily  carried  through. « 

1891  Daily  News  15  July  3/1  He  said  that  was  the  time 
when  the  Tories  took  the  opportunity  of  running  their  jobs. 

46.  a.  To  throw  (oneself)  upon  or  among  some 
thing. 


q 
d 


amongst  the  weapons  of  the  hunters. 

b.  To  drive  or  cause  (one's  head,  etc.)  to  strike 
forcibly  against  (a  person  or  thing). 

1589  ?  LYLY  Pappc  w.  Hatchet  D  iij  b,  All  the  desperate 
&  discontented  persons  were  readie  to  runne  their  heads 
against  their  head,  ifin  COTGR.  s.v.  Heurter^  To  runne 
his  head  against  the  doore.  1712  STEELE  Spcct.  No.  268  P6, 
I.  -chanced  to  run  my  Nose  directly  against  a  Post.  1887 
Miss  SERGEANT  Jacob? $  Wife  I.  i.  66  If  we  run  our  heads 
against  walls  we're  safe  to  hurt  ourselves. 

c.  To  thrust,  esp.  to  dash  or  force,  (one's  head, 
etc.)  into  or  through  something. 

1513  LD.  BERNERS  Froiss.  I.  cxv.  137  They  began  to  mur- 
murc,  and  began  to  ron  togyder  thre  beetles  in  one  hood. 
1667  PEPVS  Diary  23  Sept.,  The  glass  was  so  clear  that  she 
thought  it  had  been  open,  and  so  ran  her  head  through  the 
glass  1  a  1^19  ADDISON  (J.),  Some  English  speakers  run 
their  hands  into  their  pockets.  1748  SMOLLETT  Rod.  Random 
xlvii,  1  would  not  have  you.. run  your  head  precipitately 
into  a  noose.  1794  MRS.  RADCLIFFE^/)'^/.  Udolpho\t  Many 
an  honest  fellow  has  run  his  head  into  the  noose  that  way. 

47.  a.  To  drive  by  violent  impact.   rare~l. 

a  1533  ^D"  BEKXEKS  Huon  cix.  372  It  ranne  vnder  the 
water  .iii.  or  .int.  of  the  other  old  shippes. 

b.  To  drive  (a  vehicle,   etc.)  into,  against,  or 
through  something.     Also_/£y.  (see  COACH  sb.  4). 

1663  AroH'bimn.  93  Aspiring  Novices  will  run  it  into  bogs 
and  precipices.  1793  Regal  Rambler  64  [He]  ran  one  of 
the  wheels  foul  of  a  garden  wall.  1849  Hi.  MARTINKAU  Hist. 
Peace  \.  v.  53  The  mob.. running  the  chariot  against  a 
wall,  they  all  got  out  and  walked.  1872  BLACK  Adv.  Phaeton 
iv.  46  He  once  or  twice,  .pretty  nearly  ran  us  into  a  cart. 
1888  Times  (weekly  ed.)  30  Mar.  7/4  To  show,  .how  very 
easily  they  could  run  a  coach  and  four  through  their  pro 
clamations  whenever  they  chose  to  do  it. 
fig*  1751  CHESTER?.  Lett.  (1792)  III.  cclix.  189  Another 


BUN. 

I    point  is, ..not  to   run  your  own  present  humour  and  dis 
position  indiscriminately  against  every  body. 

c.  To  dash  (a  thing)  forcibly  upon  one. 

1700  T.  BROWN  tr.  Fre$ny*s  Amusent.  21  There  a  Fat 
Greasie  Porter  runs  a  Trunk  full  Butt  upon  you. 

d.  Run  . .  aboard^  to  collide  with. 

1821  SCOTT  Pirate  xl,  They  miss  stays,  and  the  frigate 
runs  them  aboard  ! 

48.  To  thrust  or  force  (a  weapon  or  the  like) 
through  or  into  (f  iii)  a  person,  etc. 

1480  RoM.  Devyllfa  in  Hazl.  E.  1\  P.  I.  237  So  throughe 
one  of  theyr  bodyes  hys  sworde  [he]  dyd  runne.  1674  J. 
I  WRIGHT  Mock-Thyestes  99  Faith  IMerun  this  Pin  i1  your 
bum.  i734tr.  Rollings  Rom.  Hist.  (1827)  II.  335  He  drew 
out  his  dagger  and  run  it  into  the  thigh  of  the  beast.  1786 
BURNS  Earnest  Cry  xvii,  She'll.,  rin  her  whittle  to  the  hilt, 
I'  th'  first  she  meets  !  1820  SCOTT  Monast.  xxxvii,  If  you 
had  run  a  poniard  into  him.  1892  A.  QLDFIE.LD  Man.  Typogr. 
xxi,  To  do  this,  run  four  pins  from  the  back  of  the  tyinpan 
right  through. 

b.  To  pierce  or  stab  (a  person).  Usually  with 
through  or  -j-  into  (a  specified  part). 

a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Huon  lix.  205  He  ranne  hym  clene 
throw  the  body  with  bis  spere.  1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  Vt  n.  i. 
68  He  run  him  vp  to  the  hilts,  as  I  am  a  soldier.  1611 
BEAUM.  &  FL.  King  fy  No  King  .11.  i,  I  was  run  twice 
through  the  body,  and  shot  i'  th1  head  with  a  cross-arrow. 
c  1670  WOOD/,  7/^(1848)  27  Col. Greaves  escaped  very  narrowly, 
being  run  into  the  body.  1712  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  475  p  i 
The  next  Morning  he  received  a  Challenge,  .and  before 
Twelve  a  Clock  was  run  through  the  Body.  1760-72  H. 
BROOKE  Fool  of  Qual.  (1809)  IV.  94  One  of  the  ruffians. . 
came  behind,  and  run  me  through  the  back.  1809  ROLAND 
Fencing  114  With  as  great  propriety  you  might  run  him 
through  the  body  before  he  is  on  the  position  of  the  guard. 
1890  Sat.  Rev.  23  Aug.  227/1  Ormonde.. ran  two  of  the 
cowards  through  the  body. 

49.  a.  To  cause  to  roll  quickly ;  spec,  in  Bowl 
ing,  to  drive  away  (the  jack). 

1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  11.  i.  123  This  tongue  that  runs  so 
roundly  in  thy  head,  Should  run  thy  head  from  thy 
vnreuerent  shoulders.  1861  Cliambers's  Encycl.  II.  289/1 
The  last  player  frequently  endeavours  to  run  the  jack  [etc.]. 

b.  To  cast  or  pass  (the  eye,  hand,  etc.)  rapidly 
along,  dowjij  over  (etc.)  something. 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Printing^  By  running  his  Eye 
along  both,  he  easily  spies  where  Corrections  are  to  be  made. 
1775  C.  JOHNSTON  Pilgrim  253  Having  ran  his  eye  over  the 
letter,  he  desired  my  friend  to  stay  there.  1828  Examiner 
37/1  The  reader  runs  his  eye  down  a  couple  of  columns. 
1890  CLARK  RUSSELL  Ocean,  Tragedy  I.  iii.  53,  I.. caught 
myself  running  my  glance  round.  1890  Chatnb.  Jrnl.  i  Nov. 
694/2  Running  the  fingers  along  the  keys  of  a  piano. 

c.  Sc.  Law.  (See  LETTEU  sb.1  4  c.) 

1818  SCOTT  Hrt.  Midi,  xvi,  They'll  run  their  letters,  and 
be  adrift  again,  before  ye  ken  where  ye  are.  1846 
McCuLLOCH  Ace.  Brit.  Emp.  (1854)  II.  224  A  prisoner., 
may  protect  himself  from  undue  delay  of  trial  by  the  remedy 
called  'running  his  letters '  \  a  process  in  force  since  1701. 

d.  To  allow  (bills  or  accounts)  to  accumulate 
for  a  certain  time  before  paying. 

1861  Temple  Bar  I.  277  A  lady-customer  who  ran  such 
heavy  bills.  1874  J.  S.  BLACKIE  Self-Culturefy  It  is  found 
a  great  safeguard  against  debt.. not  to  run  long  accounts. 
1887  RUSKIN  Prxterita  II.  25  At  Oxford  I  ran  what 
accounts  with  the  tradesmen  I  liked. 

50.  To  cause  to  move,  slide,  pass,  etc.,  in  a  quick 
or  easy  manner.      Usually  with  advs.   or  preps, 
denoting  direction. 

1683  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.)  Printing  xxiv.  p  7  He  Runs 
the  Carriage  under  the  Plattin..  :  Then  he  Runs  in  the 
Carriage  again. ..Then  he  Runs  out  the  Carriage.  1747-96 
MRS.  GLASSK  Cookery  xiv.  236  Run  a  red-hot  fire-shovel 
over  it,  to  brown  it.  1765  Museum  Rust.  III.  242  The 
poles  thus  prepared,  the  handfuls  of  teazels  must  be  put  on 
them,  by  running  the  small  end  through  the  handful.  1849 
Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  X.  I.  272  The  smaller  cord  to  be  run 
through  a  noose  at  the  free  end.  1879  Man.  ArtilL  Exerc. 
254  To  fill  the  cylinder  with  oil,  run  the  carriage  up  to  the 
stops.  1891  Eitg*  lllustr.  Mag.  Oct.  69  Studding  sails  were 
run  aloft. 

tratts/.  1771  LUCKOMBE  Hist.  Print.  388  It  is  not  im 
proper  to  use  a  Comma,  .where  figures  are  put  after  the 
matter,  instead  of  running  them  to  the  end  of  a  line.  1861 
Temple  Bar  I.  475  It  was  not  possible.. to  stifle  thought, 
or  run  it  in  governmental  grooves.  1893  Idler  Sept.  162 
Mr.  Chatto  ..  ran  Phili&tia  through  the  pages  of  The 
Gentleman's. 

b.  To  carry,  pass,  or  suspend  (a  line  or  rope, 
between  two  points. 

1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  Running-out  a  warp, 
the  act  of  carrying  the  end  of  a  rope  out  from  the  ship,  in  a 
boat.  1840  R.  H.DANA  Bef. Mast  xxvi.  85  In  all  directions 
athwart-ships,  tricing-lines  were  run,  and  strung  with  hides. 
18903.  L.  POOLE  Barbary  Corsairs  n.  xx.  286iSome  of  the 
Intrepid's  crew  leisurely  ran  a  fast  to  the  frigate's  fore- 
chains. 

c.  Run  the  stage^  a  ship  (see  quots.). 

1888  Scribner's  Mag.  Oct.  444  Before  the  scene  can  be  set 
it  is  necessary  to  'run  the  stage',  that  is,  to  get  everything 
in  the  line  of  properties.,  ready  to  be  put  in  place.  1893 
Labour  Comm.  Gloss. ^  Running  a  ship  on  cud,  placing  a 
ship's  masts,  yards,  and  rigging  in  their  proper  positions 
ready  for  sea  again,  after  such  ships  have  been  stripped  or 
dismantled. 


51.  To  cause  (a  conveyance,  vessel,  etc.)  to  ply 
from  place  to  place,  or  between  two  places. 

1764  yacfaoti's  O.vf.  jrnL-\\  Mar.,  Samuel  Borton . .  Runs 
Neat  Four- Wheeled  Post-Chaises,  .at  Seven-Pence  a  Mile. 
1859  yrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XX.  n.  314  Cheap  trains  had 
been  run.  1891  Murray's  Mag.  Mar.  401  They  no  longer 
run  steamers  mere. 

b.  To  keep  (a  mechanical  contrivance,  etc.) 
moving  or*\vorking. 


RUN. 


speed  which  is  a  first  essential  to  their  efficiency.  1892 
Standard  7  Nov.  4/7  The  owners  of  cotton  mills.. have., 
been  running  their  spindles  unprofitably. 

c.  To  direct,  conduct,  carry  on  (a  business,  etc.X 
Orig.  U.S. 


'run'  anything— a  railroad,  a  bank,  a  school,  a  newspaper, 
..or  an  administration.  1884  J.  QUINCY  Figures  of  Past 
370  A  world  which  is  run  by  steam,  electricit}',  and  news 
paper  extras.  1891  Black-.v.  Mag.  CL.  788/2  He  made  a 
contract.. to  run  the  catering  department  at  so  much  per 
head. 

trans/.  1888  BRYCE  Amer.  Commit!.  1. 1.  ix.  115  It  is  often 
said  of  the  President  that  he  is  ruled,  or  as  the  Americans 
express  it,  '  run,'  by  his  secretary. 
d.  To  introduce  or  push  (a  person)  in  society. 

1897  '  OUIDA  '  Massarenes  ix.  98  '  Everybody  does  [know 
them]  through  you,  or  rather  through  your  wife.'. .'  Oh,  we 
run  'em,  yes.'  1900  ELINOR  GLYN  Visits  Elizabeth  (1906) 
101,  I  asked  her  why  she  had  invited  her,  then.  And  she 
said  her  sister-in-law,  .made  a  point  of  it,  as  she  was  run 
ning  them. 

52.  a.  Kurt  one's  face  for,  to  get  (an  article)  on 
credit.  U.S. 

a  1848  in  Bartlett  Diet.  Amer.  281  Any  one  who  can  run 
his  face  for  a  card  of  pens,  a  quire  of  paper,  and  a  pair  of 
scissors,  may  set  up  for  an  editor. 

b.  To  put  or  set  up  as  a  candidate.  Orig.  U.S. 

1862  H.  KINGSI.EV  Ravenshoe  xxxvii,  He.. might  have 
been  run  for  M.  L.  C,  or  possibly  for  Congress  in  a  year 
or  two.  1879  T.  P.  O'CONNOR  Beaconsfield  46  The  Re. 
formers  ran  a  candidate  of  their  own  colour. 

C.   U.S.  and  Austr.    To  tease,  nag,  or  vex. 

Characterized  by  Webster  (1879)  as  'Colloq.  or  low'. 


every  way  he  could. 

d.  To  prosecute  (a  person);  to  bring  (one)  in 
for  damages. 

1891  '  ANNIE  THOMAS  '  That  Affair  II.  viii.  138,  I  shall 

run  that  woman  for  infringement  of  literary  rights.     1892 

Sat.  Rez'.  22  Oct.  481/2  Such  a  proceeding  would  ruin  him 

..and  'run  '  him  '  for  hideous  damages '. 
53.  f  a.  To  prolong  (a  note)  in  singing.    Obs.-1 
1602  MARSTON  Ant.  f,  Mel.  iv.  Wks.  1856  I.  49  The  Boy 

runnes  a  note,  Antonio  breakes  it. 

b.  Kim  the  line(s,  to  determine,  fix,  or  mark 
off  a  boundary-line.   U.S. 

1641  Rhode  Island  Col.  Rec.  (1856)  I.  114  It  is  ordered, 
that  Mr.  Porter,  .and  Mr.  JeotTreys  shall  runn  the  line 
between  the  Touns.  1708  S.  SEWALL  Diary  28  Mar.,  I  1 
agreed  with  Major  Thaxter  to  run  the  Line  of  my  300  Acres 
of  Land.  1764  T.  HUTCHINSON  Hist.  Mass.  i.  (1765)  208 
The  lines  between.. the  governments .. have  been  run.  1809 
KENDALL  Trav.  I.  ii.  15  The  boundaries  are  usually  deter 
mined,  or  in  the  technical  phrase,  the  lines  run,  by  a  land, 
surveyor.  1892  GUNTER  Miss  Dividends  (1893)  63  Ever 
since  he  ran  the  lines  in  Nebraska  when  that  State  was  a 
howling  wilderness. 

c.  To  cut  (a  mark),  draw  or  trace  (a  line),  on  a 
surface. 

1680  MOXON  Mech.  Exerc.  xii.  214  The  quick  coming  about 
of  the  Work  may  draw  the  edge  of  the  Chissel  into  it 
inwards,  and  run  a  dawk  on  the  Cilinder,  like  the  Groove 
of  a  Screw.  1838  Encycl.  Metrof.  (1845)  XXV.  301/1  It  is 
requisite  to. -determine  the  position  of  the  ship  before  run 
ning  a  newbase._  ciBto  Rndim.  Ifa::  (Weale)  144  The 


lines  and  bevelling  edges  on  a  waste  bit  of  wood  before 
commencing  to  carve. 

d.  To  trace  or  pursue  ;a  parallel,  resemblance, 
etc.)  ;  to  draw  (a  distinction). 

<zi7l6  SOUTH  (J.),  To  run  the  world  back  to  its  first 
original.,  is  a  research  too  great  for  mortal  enquiry,  a  1768 
STERNE  Serai.  (1773)  I.iSo  One  might  run  the  parallel  much 
farther.  1794  PALEY  Evid.  n.  iii.  (1817)  96  The  lawyer's 
subtilty  in  running  a  distinction  upon  the  word  neighbour. 
1824  Examiner  8/1  It  has  been.. the  fashion  to  run  com 
parisons  between  this  cathedral  church  and  that  of  St. 
Peter's.  Ibid.  194/1,  I  am  running  my.. simile  too  far. 
1866  Ecclcsiologist  XXVII.  234  There  is  the  danger  of  mis. 
taking  it  by  running  the  resemblance  too  far. 

e.  To  lead,  take,  extend,  carry  (a  thing)  in  a 
certain  direction,  or  to  a  certain  length. 

1713  ADDISON  Guardian  No.  100,  A  slip  of  fine  Linnen, 
run  in  a  small  kind  of  Ruffle  round  the  uppermost  Verge  of 
Women's  Stays.  1736  T.  'Lr.oiwo  Marlboroiigh  III.  82  A 
Trench  of  Fascines  and  Earth  being  run  thro'  the  Morass. 
1832  AUSTIN  Jurispr.  (1879)  II.  liii.  887  A  road  or  canal  is 
run  by  authority  of  parliament  through  the  lands  of  private 
persons.  1869  SIR  E.  REED  Shipbuild.  vi.  100  An  inter 
mediate  frame.. is  run  down  from  the  upper  deck  to  the 
third  longitudinal.  1891  Cosmopolitan  XII.  88/2  Lines  of 
stake  are  run  in  various  directions. 

trnnsf.  1849  Tail's  Mag.  XVI.  196/1  The  narrative  is  run 
into  three  volumes,  when  it  should  have  been  one  only. 
1890  W.  C.  RUSSELL  Ocean  Tragedy  III.  xxx.  137  The 
work  ran  us  deep  into  the  afternoon. 

f.  Plastering.  To  form  (a  cornice,  etc.)  ;  also, 
to  cover  (a  space)  with  plaster. 

1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Oferat.  Mech.6\fs  In  running  cornices 
which  are  to  be  enriched,  the  plasterer  takes  care  to  have 
proper  projections  in  the  running-mould.  1849  Jrnl.  R. 
Agnc.Soc.  X.  I.  238  A  chamfered  skirting.. to  be  run  in 
cement  round  the  living  rooms.  Ibid.,  The  floors  of  the 
chamber  story  to  be  run  with  plaster  on  laths. 


903 

***  To  cause  to  flow  or  come  together. 
54.  To  give  forth,  to  flow  with    a  specified  kind 
of  liquid). 
a  1300  Cursor M.  5793  A  land  rinnancl  bath  horn  and  milk. 


1601  —  Jut.  C.  III.  ii.  195  At  the  Base  of  Pompeyes 
Statue  (Which  all  the  while  ran  blood).  1639  FULLER 
Jloly  II  ar  \.  xui.  (1647)  252  They  ranne  dregs  when  first 
they  were  hroched  in  Syria.  1684  WOOD  Life  2  Oct.,  At 
the  same  time  the  conduit  ran  clarret.  1737  KIIACKEN  J-'ar- 
nery  fmpr.  (1756)  I.  97  To  make  the  Nose  run  a  thin  Lymph 
or  watery  Humour.  1766  Cotnpl.  Farmer  s.v.  Purging, 
Horses.. subject  to  swelled  legs,  that  run  a  sharp  briny 
ichor.  i8n  W.  R.  SILENCER  I'oems  81  His  lips,  his  fangs, 
ran  blood.  1835  S.  SMITH  Mem.  (1855)  II.  381  Rivers  are 
said  to  run  blood  after  an  engagement.  1806  \  E  Hous- 
MAN  Shropshire  Lad  xlii,  All  the  brooks  ran  gold. 

transf.  1858  KlNGSLKY  Sappho  17  Till  all  her  veins  ran 
fever. 

b.  To  discharge ;  to  convey  (water)  out  0/land. 
1705  tr.  Bosnian's  Guinea  286  When  it  hath  almost  run  its 

last,  they  kindle  a  fire  at  bottom.  1844  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc. 
V.  i.  154  A  drain,  4  feet  deep,  ran  8  pints  of  water  in  the 
same  time  that  another  3  feet  deep  ran  5  pints.  1845  IHif. 
V  I.  ii.  574  The  drains. .will  run  the  water  out  of  the  land. 

c.  With  out;  To  exhaust  (oneself)  (/something. 
1889  A.  E.  BARR  Feet  of  Clay  iii.  45  You  have  run  your- 

self  out  of  threats,  you  have  not  one  left  that  I  fear. 

55.  a.  To  cause  to  coagulate,  or  to  unite  in  a 
viscid  mass.  Also  const,  to. 

1398  TREVISA  Karth.  De  P.  A',  xvn.  cxxxviii.  (liodl.  MS.). 
Suche  humoure  is  strongeliche  {fastened  &  ronne  bi  verm 
and  my;t  of  hete.  c  1590  GREENE  /•>.  llacon  i,  She  turned 
her  smocke  ouer  her  lilly  armes,  And  dined  them  into  inilke 
to  run  her  cheese.  1736  PF.GGE  Kenticisms  (E.IJ.  S.)  44 
Runnel,  the  herb  gallium,,  .runs  the  milk  together,  i.e. 


makes  it  curdle.     ^78  [W.'H.  MARSHALL]  Mlmitis  Agric'. 
3v.  1774,  Now,  the  frost,  snow,  and  rains,  having  run 


29  Nov 


the  soil  to  mortar,  it  slides.  1848  7rnl.  R.  Agric.  Sac.  IX. 
it.  548  They  are  filled  up  with  fine  soil  from  the  surface 
which  has  been  run  with  the  frost. 

b.  To  unite  or  combine.     Const,  into,  together. 
1781  H.  OOWNMAH  tr.  Voltaire  I.  215  Our  verses  cannot 
be  run  into  one  another.     1849  Tail's  Mag.  XVI.  202/2  The 
parties  named  have  run  their  contributions  together  to  form 
one_small  volume.     1868  FREEMAN  A'arm.  Cong.  (1877)  II. 
648  The  events  of  two  days  have  been  run  into  one. 
C.   To  convert  into  a  certain  form. 
1700  DRVDEN  Pref.  Fables  Ess.  (ed.  Ker)  1 1.  249  To  run 
them  into  verse,  or  to  give  them  the  other  harmony  of  prose. 
11704  LOCKE  (J.),   Others.. run    natural  philosophy    into 
metaphysical  notions.     1884  W.  E.  HENLEY  in  Ward  Eng. 
Poets  III,  230  Some  of  whose  discourse  he  was  at  the  pains 
of  running  into  English  verse. 

56.  a.  To  smelt  (metal) ;  to  form  into  sheets, 
bars,  etc.,  by  allowing  to  flow  into  moulds. 

1663  GERBIER  Counsel  87  Lead  run  thin,  to  serve  for 
gutters.  1699  DAMPIER  I'oy.  (1729)  II.  I.  70  The  Tonquinese 
understand  how  to  run  Metals.  1727  in  ot/t  Rep.  Deputy 
Kpr.  App.  II.  1 18  A  new  way  of  Calcining,  Melting,  and  Run 
ning  Copper  Ores.  1873  E.  ^p°*  Workshop  Sec.  Ser.  1. 12/2 
It  should  be  first  run  into  ingots,  then  melted.  1884  C.  G.  W. 
LOCK  Ibid.  Ser.  in.  356/1  Until  the  crystals.. are  fit  to  be 
melted,  and  run  into  pigs  for  market. 

b.  =CAST  z>.  51.  Also  refl.  and  Iransf. 
1690  W.  WALKER  Idiomat.  Anglo-Lat.  384  He  run  him. 
self  in  brass.  11744  LUCAS  in  Trans.  Cianb.  ff  ll'esim. 
A  rchaol.  Soc.  VI 1 1.  35  The  Fire  will  be  so  intense  that  they 
can  run  a  Sow  and  Pigs  once  in  about  twelve  hours.  1778 
England's  Gaz.  (ed.  2),  /luckstead,  . .  where  were  run  the 
first  pieces  of  cast  iron  that  were  ever  made  in  England. 
1868  U.S.  Rep.  Munitions  li'ari  19 The  quantum  necessary 
for  running  a  cannon  of  certain  dimensions.  1886  CAROLINE 
HAZARD  Mem.  J.  L.  Diman  ii.  40  He  seems,  least  of  all 
men,  run  in  the  mould  of  any  particular  school. 

O.  To  cause  (a  liquid)  to  flow  into  a  vessel, 
through  a  strainer,  etc. 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Copper,  The  melted  Matter  [is] 
run  into  a  kind  of  Molds.  1838  Penny  Cycl.  X.  386/1  In. 
stead  of  melting  and  running  the  metal  at  once  from  a  large 
furnace,  earthen  crucibles  are  used.  1857  MILLER  Elem. 
Client.,  Org.  ii.  §  3  (1862)  101  A  small  portion  of  water,  run 
through  a  fine  sieve,  to  keep  back  any  portions  of  sand. 
1879  Atan.  Artill.  E.ncrc.  254  Repeat  the  operation  until 
the  quantity  [of  oil]  required  is  run  in. 
Jig.  1844  MRS.  BROWNING  Wine  of  Cyprus  xx,  Yet  that 
shadow., ran  Both  our  spirits  to  one  level. 

d.  Sc.  To  draw  ^liquor).    rare~l. 

1717  RAMSAY  Elegy  on  L.  U'oodv'i,  She  ne'er  ran  sour  jute. 

e.  To  spread  by  allowing  to  flow. 

1855  HREWSTER  Newton  I.  vii.  158  If  we  take  any  glutin. 
ous  substance,  and  run  it  exceedingly  thin  upon  the  surface 
of  a  smooth  glass. 

f.  To  wash  (colour)  from  (something). 

1850  MRS.  BROWNING  Sonn.fr.  Portuguese  viii,  Frequent 
tears  have  run  The  colours  from  my  life. 

57.  t  a.  To  overflow  with  tears,  etc.  Obs. 

1423  JAS.  I  Kingis  Q.  Iv,  Quhen  thy  brestis  wete  Were 
with  the  teres  of  thyne  eyen  clere,  All  bludy  ronne. 

b.  To  fill  up  or  fasten  together  with  molten 
metal,  etc. 

1657-8  in  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  II.  97  New 
running  and  repairing  the  leads  in  the  new  building.  1696 
DE  LA  PRYME  Diary  (Surtees)  100  It  [a  glass  coffin]  was 


excellently  well  soldered  or  run  together.  1735  J.  PRICE 
Stonc-Br.  Thames  5  The  Stones  well  cramp  dT.together, 
run  with  Lead.  1793  SM EATON  Edystone  L.  §  274  It  is., 
impracticable. .that  the  whole  of  the  circle  could  be  run  at  ! 
once.  1837  Civil Eiif.  <$•  Arch.  Jrnl.  I.  12/2  [They]  are  to 
he  connected  by  spigot  and  faucet  joints  run  with  lead. 
1869  PHILLIPS  Vesitv,  ii.  34  The  stone  being  set  and  run 
together  by  a  liquid  mortar. 


RUN. 

58.  To  let  water  escape  through   or  from  (a 
sluice,  pool,  etc.) ;  esp.  run  dry  'also  refl.  and  fir) 

i«39  Civil  Eng.  S,  Arch.  Jrnl.  II.  76/2  The  sluices  have 
been  run  to  night.  1891  f!laclfui.  Mag.  CXLIX.  782/1  The 
only  thing  to  be  done  is  to.. run  the  pool  dry  and  clean  iu 
1891  Harpers  Mag.  July  166,  2  My  artistic  vein  had  run 
Itself  dry  1892  Argosy  Apr.  287  The  old  gentleman  had 
run  his  subject  dry. 

III.  With  prepositions,  in  specialized  uses. 
In  all  of  these  the  verb  is  intransitive;  for  prepositions 
following  the  transitive  verb,  see  senses  43  to  56. 

59.  Bun  across  — ,  to  meet  or  fall  in  with. 
1887  J.  HAWTHORNE  Tragic  Myst.  viii,  The  young  man 

who  happens  to  run  across  one  of  them  and  to  make  a  good 
impression  on  her,  may  be  accounted  lucky. 

60.  Bun  after  — . 

a.  To  endeavour  to  gain  the  companionship  or 
society  of ;  to  pursue  with  admiration  or  attentions. 

1526  Sk-ELToN  Magnyf.  2172,  I  am  so  lusty  to  loke  on,. . 
That  nonnes  wyll  leue  theyr  holynes  and  ryn  after  me  1603 
PARSONS  Let.  6  July  in  Cath.  Rec.  Soc.  PuH.  (1906)  II. 
214  All  this  courte  rane  after  him.  1781  D.  WILLIAMS  tr. 
Voltaire  II.  32  Many  fine  women  have  run  after  me.  1802 
MARY  CHARLTOM  tr.  La  Fontaine's  Reprobate\\.i*,f>  When 
she  found  that  her  daughter  was  being  run  after  by  all  our 
idle  young  men,  she.  .went  away.  1890  '  R.  HOLDREWOOD' 
Col.Rffonner(^i)  164  Every  one  runs  after  him— men, 
women,  and  children. 

b.  To  follow,  take  up  with,  eagerly. 

1611  BIBLE  Jude  ii  Wo  vnto  them,  for  they  ..  ranne 
greedily  after  the  errour  of  Balaam  for  reward,  and  perished. 
1656  _  F,  HAWKINS  Youth's  Jleha-'iour  (166^;)  54  That 
English  itch  of  running  after  fashions.  1751  F.COVENTRY 
Pompey  the  Little  154  (Her]  thoughts  ran  wholly  after., 
operas,  Masquerades,  Ridottas,  and  the  like.  1823  KEBI.E 
Serin,  iii.  (1848)  44  To  prevent  their  running  blindly  after 
any  doctrine,  which  might  please  their  ear.  1890  TOUT 
Hist.  Eng.fr.  1689  109  Frederick  and  the  whole  nobility 
ran  after  the  poorer  operas  of  the  fashionable  favourite. 

61.  Bnn  against  — . 

a.  To  act,   operate,  take  effect,  be  directed, 
against  (one). 

1375  HARBOUR  Bruce  11.  434  Sen  it  is  swa  That  vre  rynnys 
agane  ws  her.  c  1489  SKELTON  Death  Earl  A'art/iuintM. 
140  Tyll  the  chaunce  ran  agayne  hym  of  Fortunes  duble 
dyse.  1538  in  R.  G.  Marsden  Sel.  PI.  Crt.  Adm.  (Selden 
Soc.)  II.  66  The  xxiiij  houres  beyng  paste  the  sayed 
assurauns  dothe  rone  ageynst  me.. and  my  goodes.  1624 
LusHINGTON  Resurrection  (1659)  30  Things  running  as  they 
did  against  our  Saviour.  1789  MRS.  Piozzi  Journ.  France 
I.  104  If  conjugal  disputes  arKe,  ..the  public  voice  is  sure  to 
run  against  the  husband.  1818  CRUSH  Digest  (ed.  2)  II. 
153  Where  twenty  years  have  elapsed.. and  the  time  has 
begun  to  run  against  the  ancestor.  1891  La~.v  Tinirs 
Rep.  LXIII.  693/2  The  statute  began  to  run  when  the  lease 
was  wrongfully  deposited,  .and  has  never  since  ceased  to 
run  against  the  plaintiff. 

b.  To  dash  rapidly  and  forcibly  against  (a  per 
son  or  thing) ;  to  encounter  suddenly  or  casually. 

£1386  CHAUCER  Can.  Yeom.  T.  404  He  is  as  bold  to 
renne  agayn  a  stoon.  As  for  to  go  bysides  in  the  wey. 
1485  CAXTON  Paris  f,  V.  (1868)  85,  I  shal  rather  renne 
wyth  my  hede  ayenst  the  walle.  1575  in  W.  H.  Turner 
Select.  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  359  His  companye..did  ronne 
against  and  break  downe  the  dore.  1825  A>7c  Monthly 
Mag.  XVI.  182  How  can  he  tell  that  he  will  not  run  bolt 
against  his  own  divorced  wife?  1886  BEATRICE  BUTT 
Lesterre  Dumnt  I.  xv.  222  The  very  man  I  have  been 
hoping  I'd  run  up  against  one  of  these  days. 

62.  Bun  before  — ,  to  keep  ahead  of,  to  anti 
cipate  (a  time,  subject,  etc.). 

1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  V.  n.  vi.  4  It  is  meruaile  he  out- 
dvvels  his  houre,  For  louers  euer  run  before  the  clocke. 
i6ot  B.  JONSON  Poetaster  v.  iii,  Let  your  matter  runne 
before  your  words.  1732  SWIFT  Let.  20  Mar.,  Wks.  1778 
XVI.  366,  I  mean,  that  my  heart  runs  before  my  pen.  1821 
Examiner  762/1  Imagination  will  run  before  any  power  of 
fulfilment.  1859  HAWTHORNE  Marble  Faun  x\,  An  impulse 
ran  before  his  thoughts. 

63.  Bnn  in  — . 

fa.  To  incur,  involve  oneself  in  (blame,  penal 
ties,  loss,  danger,  etc.).  Obs. 

c  1386  CHAUCER  Can,  Yeom.  Prol.  tf  T.  352  Ful  oft  he  ren- 
neth  in  a  blame.  ciqooAfol.  Loll.  75  Men.-schuld  takhed 
how  in  bis  same  bei  ren  in  |>e  curse  of  God.  1444  Rolls  of 
Parlt.  V.  113/1  That  the  yevers of  excessyffSalaryes.. renne 


Buckingham  Is  run  in  your  displeasure.  1637  EARL  MONM. 
tr.  Mah'CzzFs  Romulus  ff  Tarquin  297  He  goes  himselfe  in 
person,  and  runs  in  danger  of  those  who  stay  behinde. 

b.  To  lapse  or  fall  into  arrears   of  (payment, 
debt,  etc.). 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xi.  124  He  may  renne  in  arrerage 
and  rowme  so  fro  home,  c  1380  WYCLIF  Stl.  Wks.  III.  158 
pus  bei  rennen  ill  dette,  and  wasten  hor  godes.  1433  Rolls 
of  Parlt.  IV.  439/1  Yhe  yeerly  moste  renne  in  much 
gr  - 

W 


/      f  Itrtt.      IV.     43V/  i       i  lie     }  cci  iy      HHJHM      I  CM  lie     III      HHICII 

;retter  Dette.  1555-6  CaL  Anc.  Rec,  Dublin  (1889)  I.  453 
Vhereas  the  cittie..dyd  ronne  in  entrest  due  to  the  said 
Mr.  Umfrey.  1605  BP.  HALL  Medit,  ff  Vows  n.  §  4,  I  haue 


uiust  be  forced,  like  the  rest  of  your  Sisters,  to  run  in 
Trust,  and  pay  for  it  out  of  your  wages.  1749  FIELDING 
Tom  Jones  xym.  xiii,  She  spends  three  times  the  income  of 
her  fortune,  without  running  in  debt.  1765-8  F.RSKlNE/«*f. 
Law  Scot.  Ii.  vi.  §  44  (1773)  270  The  tenant  running  two  full 
years  rent  in  arrear.  1861  Temple  Bar  III.  449  He  had 
allowed  the  Goldthorpe  family  to  run  in  his  debt.  1891 
Blacfau.  Ring.  CXLIX.  508/2  [They]  dr«w  usurious  bills  on 
the  wages  that  ran  for  five  weeks  in  arrear. 
t  o.  To  go  astray  in  error,  etc.  Obs. 


BUN. 

1471  RIPLEV  Comp*  Alch.  v.  xli.  in  Ashm.  (1652)  158 
Rennying  in  errors  more  and  more,  For  lac  of  trew  under- 
standyng.  1497  BP.  ALCOK  Mons  Perfect.  B  iij,  He  caused 
them  to  renne  in  apostacye. 

64.  Bun  into  — . 

For  trans,  uses,  see  various  senses  from  44  b  to  56  c. 
a.  To  incur  (blame,  displeasure,  loss,  etc.) ;  to 
involve  oneself  in  (debt,  expenses,  etc.). 

c  1400  Apol.  Loll.  42  And  so  many  wyse  to  renne  in  to  \>e 
wrat  of  God.  c  1450  Godstoiv  Reg.  104  Leste  that  the  same 
Rauf  or  his  heires  shold  rynne  into  harme  thereof  after- 
warde.  1474  Rolls  of  Parlt.  VI.  108/2  Wherby  he  ranne 


I  have  by  my  sins  run  a  great  way  into  God's  Book.    1736 
LEDIARD  Marlborough  III.  300  The  Tradesmen  were  let 
run  into  an  Arrear  of  30,000 /.    #1770  JORTIN  Serm.  (1771) 
II.  xvii.  342  To  run  into  expenses  they  cannot  afford. 
b.  To  rush  headlong,  fall,  into  (some  practice). 

c  1380  WYCLIF  ll'ks.  (iSSo)  120  Bi  ypocrisie  J?ei  rennen  in 
to  pride.  1628  EARI.E  Microcosm.,  Alderman,  Hee  is  one 
that  will  not  hastily  runne  into  error.  1692  JAS.  II  in  T. 
Longueville  Adv.  Jas.  II  (1904)  xxviii.  478,  I .  .would  have 
you  avoyd  those  faults  I  have  run  into.  1711  ADDISON 
Spcct,  No.  64  F  2  The  general  Affectation  - .  makes  the  whole 
World  run  into  the  Habit  of  the  Court.  1729  BuTLttR.S>rw. 
Wks.  1874  II.  5  These  are  the  absurdities  which  even  men 
of  capacity  run  into. 

C.  To  go  on,  advance,  into  (something)  ;  to 
mount  up  or  amount  to. 

1679  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.  VH.  134,  I  shall  run  no  further 
into  this  Argument.  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  Ded.,  I 
have  run  into  a  preface,  while  I  preferred  to  write  a  dedica 
tion.  1754  CHATHAM  Lett.  Nephew  iii,  13,  I  find  my  letter 
has  run  into  some  length.  1890  Leisure  Hour  Dec.  92/2 
Railway  takings  run  into  large  sums.  1893  National  Obs. 
i  July  168/1  A  thesis  which  ran  into  five  editions. 

d.  To  pass  by  change  or  transformation,  to  de 
velop,  into  (something). 

1422  tr.  Secrcta  Secret,,  Priv.  /*«?•.  151  His  gladnys  ryn- 
nyth  al-way  into  worse. 

1707  MORTIMER  Husb.  (1721)  I.  382  A  piece  of  flat  Stone 
two  Inches  thick,  will  run  perhaps  into  twenty  Slates.  1792 
Ann.  Reg.^  Hist.  10  Anarchy,  according  to  the  nature  of 
extremes,  ran  into  despotism.  1855  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng. 
xi.  III.  30  That  profound  reverence  for  law  and  prescrip 
tion  which  ..  runs  sometimes  into  pedantry.  1890  Long' 
man's  Mag.  Dec.  181  Every  sermon.. ran  into  a  scathing 
denunciation  of  the  new  Poor  Law. 

e.  To  merge  into ;  to  blend  or  coalesce  with. 
(Cf.  also  run  into  one  under  ipb.) 

1699  T.  BAKER  Rcji.  Learning  lath  The  rest  of  that  MS. 
Is  writ  in  long  Lines,  and  the  Words  run  into  one  another. 
1726  LEONI  Albert?*  Archit.  I.  65/1  The  Hills  that  He 
beneath  them  all  running  one  into  another  with.. little 
Vallies  between.  18491  7rnl.  K-  Agric.  Soc.  X.  ii.  606 
These  patches  quickly  increase  in  size  so  as  to  run  into  each 
other.  1879  How  to  teach  History  ii.  29  History  proper  is 
continuous.  One  year  runs  into  another. 

f.  To  fall  into ;   to  tend  towards ;    to   be  dis 
played  in. 

1721  BRADLF.Y  Philos.  Ace.  Wks.  Nat.  175  Being  Subject 
..to  have  the  Benefit  run  only  into  a  few  Hands.  1753 
Chamber?  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Plastering,  The  modern  taste 
runs  greatly  into  plastering.  1821  SCOTT  Pirate  xii,  I  run 
into  rhyme  when  I  so  much  as  think  upon  them.  1890  H.  S. 
MERRIMAN  Suspense  II.  xiii,  300  [Their]  talents  ran  more 
into  words  than  into  action. 

g.  To  dash  into  or  collide  with,  esp.  by  accident. 
Also  of  dogs,  to  close  with  (an  animal). 

1812  Sporting  Mag.  XXXIX.  232  The  hounds  ran  into 
him  [a  fox]  a  few  fields  distance  from  the  wood.  1850  R.  G. 
GUMMING  Hunter's  Life  S.  Afr.  (ed.  2)  I.  84  One  of  my 
greyhounds,  .at  once  ran  into  him  and  pulled  him  down. 
1885  Law  Rep.  10  Probate  Div.  101  A  large  steamer,  .ran 
into  her,  doing  considerable  damage.  1895  Law  Times  Rep. 
LXXIII.  623/1  To  try  and  prevent  the  train  from  gunning 
into  the  children. 

65.  Bun  on  — . 

a.  To  discourse  on  ;  to  refer  or  relate  to. 

1472  Paston  Lett.  III.  57  My  modyr  hathe  herd  of  that 
mater  by  thereporteofold  \Vayte,whycherennyth  on  it  with 
opyn  mowthe  in  hys  werst  wyse.  1549  CHALONER  Erasm. 
on  Folly  N  iij,  Admitte  theyr  theme  renne  on  charitee.  1711 
ADDISON  Spcct.  No.  99  P  5  The  whole  Story  runs  on  Chast 
ity  and  Courage,  1802  STEVENSON  &  L.  OSBOURNE  Wrecker 
xx,  The  talk  ran  endlessly  on  the  great  house. 

b.  Of  the  mind  :  To  be  engrossed  or  occupied 
with  (a  subject),     t  Also  with  of. 

[1504  ATKYNSON  tr.  De  Imitationc  n.  i.  179  Theyr  myndes 
renne  moost  of  the  ende  of  theyr  iourney .]  a  1529  SKELTON 
Bowge  of  Court  e  399,  I  haue  no  coyne  nor  crosse  !  I  am 
not  happy,  I  renne  ay  on  the  losse.  a  1593  MARLOWE 
Etiiu.  //,  n.  u,  Still  his  mind  runs  on  his  minion.  1602 
Narcissus  (1893)  181  Your  heads  may  runne  on  crotchett. . 
to  know  what  manner  wight.. I  am.  1709  STEELE  Tatler 
No.  33  P  6  My  Head  ran  all  that  Day  and  Night  on  the 
exemplary  Carriage  of  this  Woman.  1819  SCOTT  Let.  in 
Lockhart  (1837)  IV.  vji.  219  His  mind  running  entirely  on 
mathematics  and  fortification.  1889  M.  E.  CARTER  Mrs. 
Severn  III.  in.  iii.  100  Her  thoughts  had  run  on  illness  and 
death. 

c.  To  show  a  marked  demand  or  preference  for 
(some  particular  thing). 

1683  MOXON  Mtch*  Exerc.,  Printing  389  When  Matter 
runs  much  on  some  few  Sorts  of  Letters,  they  say,  it  Runs 
on  Sorts.  1895  Wt&tm.  Gaz.  22  Apr.  1/2  Colour  seemed 
chiefly  to  run  on  that  blending  of  purple  and  geranium. 

d.  £7.^.  (See  quot,  and  cf.  run  upon.} 

1847  WEBSTER,  Run  on,.. to  press  with  jokes  or  ridicule  ; 
to  abuve  with  sarcasms  ;  to  bear  hard  on. 


904 

66.  Bun  out  of  — . 

fa.  To  run  through  or  squander  (property).  Obs. 

1710  Tatler  No.  221  P  2  Having  excused  himself  for  run 
ning  out  of  his  Estate.  1747 MRS.  S.  FIELDING /,£//.  David 
Simple  I.  137  This  Gentleman  had  run  out  of  a  good  For 
tune  when  young. 

b.  To  come  to  the  end  of,  to  exhaust,  one  s 
supply  of  (something). 

1713  Guardian  No.  141  F  6  When  we  had  run  out  of 
Mony,  we  had  no  living  Soul  to  befriend  us.  1858  CARLYLK 
Fredk.  Gt.  xix.  ix.  (1872)  VIII.  271  In  the  end,  he  must 
run-out  of  men.  1893  Scribner"s  Mag.  Feb.  259/2  The 
British  ran  out  of  ammunition. 

67.  Bun  over  — . 

a.  To  take  a  mental  review  of;  to  think  over. 
1565  COOPER   Thesaurus^  s.v.  Cogitatio,  To  runne  ouer 

many  thynges  in  mynde  and  cogitacion.  17*7  SWIFT  On 
Dreams  \3\is.  1755  III.  n.  234  The  busy  head.. runs  o'er 
The  scenes  and  actions  of  the  day  before.  1741  WATTS 
Improv.  Mind  i.  i.  §  o  The  Pythagoreans,  .every  evening 
thrice  run  over  the  actions  and  affairs  of  the  day. 

b.  To  glance   or   look  over;    to  survey,   scan, 
peruse  or  read,  rapidly. 

1573  G.  HARVEY  Lett.-bk.  (Camden)  51  If  he  wuld  but., 
take  the  pains  to  run  over  the  title  concerning  the  Proctor's 
office.  1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  VIII,  in.  ii.  139  You..beare  the 
Inuentory  Of  your  best  Graces,  in  your  minde  :  the  which 
You  were  now  running  o're.  1711  STKELE  Spect,  No.  91 
p  4  He  ran  over,  with  a  laughing  Eye,  Crastin's  thin  Legs, 
meagre  Looks,  and  spare  Body.  1789  MMK.  D'ARBLAV 
Diary  6  Sept.,  I  was  mushing  a  charming  sermon  of  Blair, 
while  she  was  running  over  some  old  newspapers.  1824 
SCOTT  Red-gauntlet  ch.  x.\i, '  Look  at  it  yourself. . .'  Fairford 
ran  over  the  affidavit  and  the  warrant.  1850  THACKERAY 
Pendennis  xlii,  As  he  now  ran  over  his  early  performance, 
he  was  pleased  to  find  ..passages  exhibiting  both  fancy  and 
vigour. 

c.  To  repeat  or   recite  quickly ;    to  tell   over 
again  ;  to  recapitulate. 

1563  Satir.  Poems  R cform.  xln.  536  Quhen  thay  haue  run 
ouir  with  ane  reill  Thair  sairle-s  Sermone.  1625-8  tr. 
Camden's  Hist.  Eliz.  in.  (1688)  368  Not  to  give  any  Answer 
till  he  had  run  over  the  Letters  of  the  whole  Alphabet.  174* 
RICHARDSON  Pamela  III.  88  As  we  are  always  running 
over  old  Stories,  when  we  are  alone.  1793  Trial  of  Fyslie. 
Palmer  83  Mr.  Burnet  next  proceeded  to  run  over  the 
evidence.  1833  How  ITT  Hist,  Priestcraft  59  Let  us  now 
briefly  run  over  the  great  features  of  priestcraft  in  Greece. 

d.  To  treat,   perform,  enjoy,  etc.,  in  a  slight 
or  hasty  manner. 

1577  HAMMER  Anc.  Eccl.  Hist.  (1619)  512  If  I  have 
omitted  ought..,  or  lightly  runne  over  any  matter.  1611 
BIBLE  Pref.  Pi4  Neither  did  we  run  ouer  the  worke  with 
that  posting  haste  that  the  Septuagint  did.  1847  L.  HUNT 
Men,  Women,  $  B.  \,  iv.  65  When  a  pleasurejs  great  and 
multitudinous,  one  is  apt  to  run  it  all  over  hastily  in  the  first 
instance. 

e.  To  go  over  again  with  some  process,  in  a 
slight  or  rapid  manner. 

1607  MIDDLETON  Five  Gallants  n.  i,  The  pictures  are  all 
new  run  over  again.  1843  jfrnl.  R.  Agric.  Xtv.  IV.  i,  70  If 
.  .the  turnips  have  been  well  hoed  once,  it  is  of  compara 
tively  little  importance  whether  they  are  '  run  Ov-er '  again. 

f.  To  go  over  with  the  hand ;  to  execute  (music) 
rapidly.     Also  in  fig.  context. 

1641  MILTON  Animadv.  Wks.  1851  III.  200  Varietie.  .erects 
and  rouses  an  Auditory,  like  the  maisterfull  running  over 
many  Cords  and  divisions.  1667  PEPYS  Diary  24  Dec., 
That  they  do  run  over  their  beads  with  one  hand  and.  .make 
signs  with  the  other.  1825  New  Monthly  Mag.  XIV.  314 
He  hastily  ran  over  the  beads  of  a  rosary.  Ibid.  XVI.  409 
He  amuses  himself  in  his  solitude,  by  running  over  the  keys 
of  a  piano.  1881  GARDINER  &  MULLJNGER  Study  Eng.  Hist. 
i.  vi.  109  The  whole  gamut  of  human  passion  and  feeling 
was  run  over. 

g.  Of  vehicles:    To  pass  over  (a  person,  etc., 
knocked  down  or  lying  in  the  way). 

1811  Ora  <$•  Juliet  III.  30  The  alarm  of  Mr.  Belford's 
being  ran  over  the  night  before.  1856  Titan  Mag.  Dec. 
516/2  He  has  been  thrown  down,  and  run  over.  1872 
Punch  2  Mar.  88/2  Omnibuses  which.. are  pleasing  objects 
to  behold,  except  when  they  are  going  to  run  over  you. 

68.  Bnn  through  — . 

See  also  senses  12-15,  and  cf.  43d,  46  c,  47!),  48,  560. 

a.  To  examine,  inspect,  peruse,  treat  of  or  deal 
with,  rapidly. 

c  1449  PECOCK  ReJ>r.  i.  viii.  41  Lete  a  man  renne  thoru} 
alle  the  ..  pointis.  1581  MULCASTER  Positions  xxxix. 
(1887)  196,  I  meane  briefly  to  runne  through  this  title  of 
nobilitie.  1604  SHAKS.  Oth,  \.  iii.  132  Her  Father. .Still 
question'd  me  the  storie  of  my  life..;  I  ran  it  through. 
1695  DRYPEN  Parallel  Poet.  9f  Paint.  Ess.  (ed.  Ker)  II.  149, 
I  have  not  leisure  to  run  through  the  whole  comparison  of 
lights  and  shadows  with  tropes  and  figures.  1788  MMK. 
D'ARDLAY  Diary  13  Feb.,  He  laughed,  but  told  me  they 
were  then  running  through  the  charges.  1843  Fraser  s 
Mag.  XXVIII.  273,  I  had  run  through  the  lions  of  the 
place.  1861  Temple  Bar  II.  32  She.. ran  through  her 
collection  of  salmon  flies.  1888  FLOR.  WARDEN  Woman's 
Face  I.  viii.  196  It  is  only  a  pamphlet,  and  will  not  take  you 
long  to  run  through. 

b.  To  pass  or  go  through,  in  the  way  of  trial  or 
experience. 

1602  "2nd  Ft.  Return  fr.  Parnass.  v.  iv.  2132  We  haue 
run  through  many  trades,  yet  thriue  by  none.  1686  tr. 
C /tar din's  Coronat.  Solyman  121  Never  had  any  man  run 
through  so  many  strange  adventures.  1748  Ansotfs  Voy. 
n.  iii.  148  The  distresses  and  dangers  they  had  already  run 
through.  1784  COWPER  Task  ii.  607  We  have  run  Through 
ev'ry  change  that  fancy,  .has  had  genius  to  supply. 

o.  To  wear  out,  consume,  spend,  waste,  in  a 
rapid  or  reckless  manner. 

?fi6oo  Distr.   Emperor  i.  i,    Full  twoe  and  twentye 


RUN. 

several!  liverye  coatts. .  Have  I  runne  throughe  in  your  most 
faythfull  service.  1772  T.  SIMPSON  I'frtnin-Kitler  25  The 
stoat.. will  run  through  a  whole  brood  of  chickens  in  a 
little  time.  1781  D.  WILLIAMS  tr.  Voltaire  II.  308  He  ran 
through  all  he  had,  and  left  nothing  for  you.  1848  J.  H. 
NEWMAN  Loss  fy  Gain  m.  ix,  It  might  have  been  worse; 
you  might  have  run  through  your  money.  1863  \V.  C. 
BALDWIN  Afr.  Hunting  \.  24  Oceans  of  milk,  most  of  which 
the  Kaffirs  and  dogs  ran  through.  1880  L.  STEPHEN  Pepe 
vi.  139  He  managed  to  run  through  a  splendid  fortune. 

d.  To  be  or  continue  present  in  ;  to  pervade. 
1710  STEELE   Tatler  No.  124  F  2,  I  have  received  several 

Letters  upon  this  Subject,  but  find  one  common  Error 
running  through  them  all.  1729  LAW  Serious  C.  x,  If  any 
thing  of  this  kind  runs  through  the  course  of  our  whole  life. 
1815  W.  H.  IRELAND  ScrilMeomama  20  One  unvarying  pre- 
deliction  for  the  wonderful  runs  through  the  whole  series  of 
his  poems.  1855  BAIN  Senses  ff  Int.  HI.  ii.  §  47  The  law  of 
gravitation  runs  through  all  Astronomy.  1890  TOUT  Hist. 
Eng.  ft:  1689  T78  The  royal  influence  continued  to  run 
through  every  branch  of  the  State. 

e.  To  pass  or  go  through,  in  various  senses. 
1709  BACFOHD  in  MS.  Raiiil.  Lett.  2/,  fol.  8  All  of  them 

from  y8  Bookes  themselues  which  haue  run  throw  my 
handes.  1833  New  Monthly  Mag.  XXXVIII.  142  The 
novels,  .would  have  run  through  half  a  dozen  editions  in  a 
year.  1850  Taz't's  Mag.  XVII.  623/2  A  paragraph  which 
ran  through  all  the  newspapers. 

69.  Bun  to  — .     (See  also  3  and  30  c.) 

t  a.  Of  loss,  etc. :  To  fall  upon  (a  person).  Obs. 

a  1513  FABYANC/trmi.  (1533)  issb, The  losse  ran  to  theym  of 

the  castell.     1553  in  Rep.  'Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  Var.  Coll.  IV, 

(1907)  283  Also  the  leke  paines  and  penalties  shall  ronne 

and  be  unto  all  those  free  Burgesses. 

b.  To  come,  amount  in  numbers,  extend  in  size 
or  depth,  to  (a  specified  quantity,  etc.). 

1544  tr.  Littletons  Tenures  (1574)  21  If  escuage  renne  by 
auctoritie  of  parliament  to  anye  summe  of  moneye.  1601 
SHAKS.  Jul.  C.  n.  i.  31  Fashion  it  thus;  that  what  he  is, 
augmented,  Would  runne  to  these,  and  these  extremities. 
1787  G.  WHITE  Selborne  i,  Our  wells,  at  an  average, 
run  to  about  sixty.three  feet.  1850  Jtnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc. 
XI.  i.  143  The  average  number,  .will  run  to  about  a  sheep 
to  an  acre.  1879  Encycl.  Brit.  IX.  645/1  The  morality 
[play]  might  run  to  at  least  1000  verses.  1893  Sat.  Rev. 

7  May  554/1  The  Supplement  will  run  to  eight  or  nine 
numbers. 

(i)  To  be  able  for  (esf>.  capable  of  purchasing). 

1859  Slang  Diet.  84  '  I  don't  run  to  it,'  i.  e.  I  can't  do  it, 

..or  I  have  not  money  enough.    1892  St.   James's  Gaz. 

8  Feb.  5/2  On  week-days  workmen.. do  not  run  to  more 
than  fourpenny  ale. 

(c)  To  cover  the  expense  of,  be  sufficient  for. 

1888  MCCARTHY  &  PRAED  Ladies'  Gallery  I.  vi.  145  The 
Unknown's  cheque  wouldn't  have  run  to  that  landau  and 
pair.  1891  Longman's  Mag.  June  155  My  money  wouldn't 
run  to  it  any  further  :  so  I  had  to  go  back. 

C.  To  lapse  or  fall  to  (waste,  ruin,  etc.). 

1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  I'f,  \.  iii.  127  The  Common-wealth 
hath  dayly  run  to  wrack,  The  Dolphin  hath  preuayl'd. 
1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  %  Coanmu.  (1603)  153  It  were  to 
be  feared,  least . .  the  other  part  opposite  would  run  to  ruine 
and  decaie.  1789  MRS.  PIOZZI  Jonrn.  France  I.  177  The 
school.. is  running  to  ruin  apace.  1856  Leisure  ffffurV, 
419/2  The  estate  had  run  to  ruin  by  neglect.  1874  BURNAND 
My  Time  xxxiii.  346  His  academicals,  .run  to.  .utter  rack 
and  ruin. 

d.  Of  land  :  To  produce  naturally.     Alsoyf^-. 
1615  BACON  Ess.,  Of  Nature  in  Men  (Arb.)  365  A  Mans 

Nature  runnes  either  to  Herbes,  or  Weeds.  i6«o  SHARROCK 
Vegetables  97  When  any  land  runs  to  fearn,  heath,  or  ant. 
hills.  1762  MILLS  Sysi.  Pract.  H-usb.  I.  152  They.. sow  it 
with  rye  and  hay-seed  the  first  year  ;  after  which  they  let 
it  run  to  grass.  1835  BROWNING  Paracelsus  II.  317  A  birth 
place  Where  the  richness  ran  to  flowers.  1892  Chantk. 
yrnl.  17  Sept.  604/2  He  preferred  to  let  everything  run  to 
grass. 

e.  Of  plants :  To  tend  to  the  development  of 
(seed,  straw,  etc.). 

1664  EVELYN  Kal.  /fart.  July,  Let  such  olitory-herbs  run 
to  seed  as  you  would  save.  1765  Museum  Rust.  III.  157 
If  they  are  sown  late,,  .they  will  be  apt  to  run  all  to  straw. 
1823  A't-iu  Monthly  Mag.  XV.  215  They  seldom  bear  at  all, 
but  run  entirely  to  leaf.  1847  Jrnl.  R.  Agric,  Soc.  VIII. 
i.  215  [Beet,]  when  transplanted,  run  much  to  top.  _  1847 
EMERSON  Poems  (1857)  29  Lemons  run  to  leaves  and  rind. 

trans/.  1819  SHELLEY  Peter  Bell  yd  vi.  xviii,  Now 
Peter  ran  to  seed  in  soul  Into  a  walking  paradox.  1832 
Blackw.  Mag.  XXXII.  506  A  race  notoriously  said  like 
cucumbers  to  run  more  to  belly  than  head.  1873  SPENCER 
Study  o/ Sociology  vm.  189  The  vital  energies  of  this  nation 
run  mainly  to  teeth  and  claws. 

f.  To  pass  or  develop  into  vsome  excess). 

1850  Tail's  Mag.  XVII.  747/1  His  historical  sketches 
have  a  tendency  to  run  to  some  exaggeration.  1881  W. 
BLACK  Beautiful  Wretch  1. 226  Her  kindness,  .ran  to  extra, 
vagance.  1890  Chainb.  Jrnl.  6  Dec.  783/2  This  last  fashion 
ran  so  much  to  the  opposite  extreme  as  to  impede  walking. 

70.  Bun  upon  — .     (See  also  5  and  10  b.) 
f  a.  To  come  or  fall  upon  (a  person).   Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  3556  Sir  Ysaac  fcat  dughti  man,  Vnfere 
and  eld  apon  him  ran.  1390  COWER  Conf.  III.  255  Arrons 
was  so  wo  besein  With  thoghtes  whiche  upon  him  runne. 
1423  Rolls  ofParlt.  IV.  257  The  grete  disavauntage  that 
shuttle  renne  upon  hym.  1487  Act  3  Hen.  VII,  vi.  §  3  The 
same  forfeiture  to  renne  upon  the  Seller  or  lener  therof. 

ta.  To  have  a  tendency  to,  or  a  favour  or  fancy 
for,  to  seek  much  after  (something). 

155°  CROWLEY  Langland's  Pierce  Plowman  To  Rdr.,  The 
firste  two  verses  of  the  book  renne  vpon.S. .  .The  next  [line] 
runneth  vpon  .H.  1681  H.  MORE  £.rf.  Daniel  no  This 
sense  generally  Interpreters  run  upon,  and  it  is  most  con 
gruous  and  coherent.  1737  BRACKEN  Farriery  Improved 
(1757)  II.  104  Mankind  run  upon  Horses  with  great 
Appetites.  1762  MILLS  Syst.  Pract,  Husb.  I.  39  A  great 


BUN. 

deal  of  the  marie  in  the  north  country  runs  much  upon  the 
loam  ;  but  that  in  Sussex  is  more  like  fuller's  earth.  1878 
Graphic  28  Sept.  315/3  The  Agricultural  Gazette. -thinks 
ihat  the  Oxfords  are  run  upon  too  much. 

c.  To  dwell  upon,  be  occupied  with  (a  subject) 
in  thought  or  discourse. 

1577-87  HOLINSHKD  Chron.  I.  104/1  A  late  chronographer 
running  upon  this  matter,  .saith  that  [etc.],  c  1610  SPEED 
in  Lett.  Lit,  Men  (Camden)  108  My  thoughts  runnyng 
upon  the  well  performance  of  this  worke.  1698  KEILL 
Exam,  T/i.  Earth  (1734)  203  [He]  asserts,  that  my  argu 
ments  run  upon  impossibilities.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  \\. 
(Globe)  362  His  Mind  run  upon  IVlen  fighting  and  killing 
of  one  another.  1775  JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Thrale  17  June, 
Write  to  me  something  every  post,  for  on  the  stated  day 
my  head  runs  upon  a  letter.  1856  Titan  Mag.  Dec.  542/2 
The  conversation  never  ceased  running  upon  the  healing 
art.  1889  ADELINE  SERGEANT  Dcvcrii's  Diamond  III.  vii. 
128  It  does  not  do  to  let  one's  mind  run  too  much  upon 
these  things. 

d.  To  engage  in,  enter  upon  (some  action,  etc.). 
1581  PETTIE  Gnazzo's  Civ.  Conv.  i.  (1586)  29 b,  For.. we 

naturallie  runne  upon  things  which  are  forbidden  us.  1676 
TOWERSON  Decalogue  525  They  may  tempt  unwary  Men  to 
.  .run  upon  any  Falsity.  1696  DE  LA  PRYME  /?/«rj'(Surtees) 
no  Every  one  now  runs  upon  tick.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe 
ii.  (Globe)  508  That  I  might  not  be  said  to  run  rashly  upon 
any  Thing,  I  stay'd  here  above  nine  Months. 

e.  To  incur,  bring  on  oneself,  fall  into. 

1633  BP.  HALL  Hard  Texts,  N.  T.  298  They.. have  runne 
very  deep  upon  the  displeasure  of  God.  1656  Nicholas 
Papers  (Camden  Soc.)  III.  258  To  make  there  peace,  least 
otherwise  they  should  runne  vppon  there  owne  future 
ruine.  1754  CHATHAM  Lett.  Nepheiu  vi.  40  The  incon 
veniences,  dangers,  and  evils,  which  they  themselves  have 
run  upon. 

f.  To  make  a  sudden  demand  upon  (a  bank)  for 
the  purpose  of  withdrawing  deposits,  etc. 

1828  Examiner  842/1  The  house  was.  .very  severely  run 
upon.  1892  Daily  News  14  Sept.  5/2  These  persons.,  were 
infected  by  panic.  ..They  '  ran  '  upon  the  bank. 

g.  To  come  upon,  encounter,  suddenly. 

1857  T.  HUGHES  Tom  Brown  \.  ix,  [TheyJ  run  plump 

upon  one  of  the  masters  as  they  emerge  into  the  High  Street. 

h.  U.S.  To  quiz,  make  a  butt  of  (one).  Cf.  65  d. 

a  1859  in  Bartlett  Diet.  Amcr.  (ed.  2)  374  He  is  a  quiet, 
good-natured.. chap,  and  will  stand  running  upon  as  long 
as  most  men. 

71.  Bun  with  — . 

a.  To  go  along  with  ;  to  accompany,  keep  pace 
with ;  to  march  with. 

£1380  WVCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  ioo  But  goddis  curs  renneb 
manv  pousand  tyme  wib  al  bis.  1609  DANIEL  Civil  Wars 
v.  cxii,  With  such  as  with  the  time  did  run,  In  most  vpright 
opinion  he  doth  stand.  1678  H.  VAUGHAN  Thalia  Rediv. 
in  Silex  Scint.  (1900)  233  A  fatal  sadness,  such  as.. runs 
along  with  public  plagues  and  woes,  Lies  heavy  on  us. 
1837  Penny  Cycl.  VIII.  117/1  It  has  been  contended  that  a 
covenant  by  the  owner  of  land  respecting  the  land  should 
always  run  with  the  land;  but  this  doctrine  has  not  been 
established.  1893  Chamb.  Jrnl.  i  Apr.  203/1  [He]  offered  to 
buy  the  Fairfield  Farm.,  which  ran  with  his  own  little  estate. 

b.  To  concur,  accord,  or  agree  with. 

1625  GILL  Sac r.  Philos.  i.  46, 1  runne  not  with  that  opinion. 
1662  LD.  ORRERY  State  Lett.  (1743)  II.  42g  Nor  does  this 
instruction  run  with  the  introductive  words  of  the  former. 
1866  R.  SIMPSON  Life  Campion  xiv.  (1907)  382  Public 
opinion  did  not  altogether  run  with  the  statute. 
IV.  With  adverbs,  in  specialized  uses. 

In  most  of  these  both  intransitive  and  transitive  uses  are 
very  fully  represented. 

72.  Bun  away. 

a.  To  make  off,  retreat  hurriedly,  flee,  in  the 
face  of  danger  or  opposition. 

c  1380  Sir  Fernmb.  2438  J>an  runne  bai  away  &  saide  alas, 
1530  PALSGR.  695/2,  I  runne  awaye  from  myne  enemye, 
or  any  daunger.  1549  UDALL  Era&m.  Apoph.  335  b,  That 
same  manne,  that  renneth  awaye,  May  again  fight,  an  other 
day.  1644-4  VICARS  God  in  Mount  164  The  present  was 
the  season,  else  the  enemy  would  bee  run  away.  1724  DE 
FOE  Mem.  Cavalier  I.  94  The  King.. rated  them  for  run 
ning  away,  as  he  called  it,  though  they  really  retreated  in 
good  Order.  1804-5  NELSON  in  Sotheby's  Catal.  15  June 
(1897)  17  That  gentleman  has  thought  proper  to  write  a 
letter  stating  that  the  fleet  under  my  command  ran  away. 
1848  THACKERAY  Van.  Fair  xxxii,  This..  Belgian  hussar., 
was  too  good  a  soldier  to  disobey  his  Colonel's  orders  to  run 
away. 

b.  To  abscond  ;  to  depart  surreptitiously  from 
or  to  a  person;  to  elope  with  some  one. 

<:  1460  Tinvneley  Myst.  iv,  227  'Where  is  he,'. .will  she 
spyr;  If  I  tell  her,  'ron  away  ,  hir  answere  bese..'nay, 
sir  ! '  1530  PALSGR.  695/2  He  was  aboute  to  ronne  awaye, 
and  he  had  done  it  in  dede  if  I  had  nat  taken  the  better  hede. 
a  1568  ASCHAM  Scholem.  Pref.  (Arb.)  18  Scholers..be  runne 
awaie  from  the  Schole.  1614  J.  COOKE  Greene's  TuQnoque 
C  i j  b,  Doe  not  I  know  that  thou  wilt  run  away  with  the 
Gentleman?  163*  LITHGOW  Trav.  in.  127  There  were  foure- 
score  Christian  slaues,  who  hauing  cut  their  Captaines 
throat.., runne  away  from  Constantinople.  1754  RICHARD 
SON  Grandison  IV.  xiv.  105  The  next  girl  that  run  away  to 
a  dancing  master,  or  an  ensign.  1793  'A.  PASQUIN  '  Life 
Earl  of  Barrymore  (ed.  3)  13  Mr.  Stone  had  a  tenant  run 
away.  1892  Daily  News  8  Jan.  3/6  It  was  true  that  the  land 
could  not  run  away,  but  they  knew  that  rent  could  run  away. 

c.  Run   away  with :    (a)    To  depart  surrepti 
tiously  with,  to  carry  off  (something). 

1624  Capt.  Smith's  Virginia.  Wks.  11.401  The  strongest 
preparing  once  more  to  run  away  with  the  Pinnace.  1660 
F.  BROOKE  tr.  Le  Blanc's  Trav.  12  The  rest  of  the  Jewes 
gave  their  seeming  assistance.. whilst  he  run  away  with 
coat  and  doublet.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  \\.  (Globe)  507  That 
they  would.. set  Sail,  and  run  away  with  the  Ship,  1807-8 
W.  IRVING  Salmag.  xiv.  (1860)  331  At  that  time  ladies  were 
not  quite  so  easily  run  away  with  as  Columbine. 
VOL.  VIII. 


905 

(b}  To  take  up  with,  accept,  believe  (an  idea, 
etc.),  hurriedly,  without  due  reflection. 

1611  BP.  MOUNTAGU  Diatribx  186  It  is  great  wonder  that 
Iosephus,and  Philo,.  .runne  away  with  the  common  accepta 
tion.  1727  DOVER  Diet.  Royal  II.  s.v.,  To  run  away  with 
(to  fancy,  or  imagine)  a  thing.  1844  DICKENS  Wart.  C/iu:. 
x,  Don  t  run  away  with  that  opinion,  sir  !  1890  Sat.  Kc;'. 
29  Nov.  610/1  To  let  Dr.  Barnardo  run  away  with  the 
,  notion  that  [etc.]. 

(c)  To  carry  off,  gain  ;  f  to  carry  (a  point). 
1698  in  Hart.  Misc.  (1809)  III.  343  The  marshals  du  camp 

ran  away  with  it  clearly  to  raise  the  siege.  1736  AINSWORTH 
Eng.-Lat.  Diet,  s.v.,  To  run  away  with  the  praise  of  a 
thing.  1822-34  Good's  Study  Meii.  (ed.  4)  III.  303  Any 
prescribed  medicine,  .will  seem  to  have  effected  the  cure 
and  will  run  away  with  the  credit  of  having  done  so. 

(d)  To  consume  or  exhaust. 

1687  MifcE  Gt.  Fr.  Diet.  ii.  s.v.,  The  Collectors  run  away 
with  a  good  Part  of  the  Revenue.  1862  Jrnl.  K.  Agric 
Sac.  XXIII.  221  The  cost  of  gathering  runs  away  with 
much  of  the  saving  effected  in  cutting.  1890  MHS.  H 
WOOD  House  cfHalliwell  II.  vii.  175  Caroline's  illness., 
had  run  away  with  all  the  ready  money. 

(e)  A'aul.  (See  quot.) 

1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-bk.  585  Run  away  with  it 
the  order  to  men  on  a  tackle  fall,  when  light  goods  are 
being  hoisted  in,  or  in  hoisting,  .sails. 

d.  Of  a  horse,  etc. :  To  rush  off  ungovernably, 
to  bolt  (with  a  person).     Also  transf. 

13..  Sir  Beues  2021  [>e  hors..arnede  awai  wif?  be  king 
pour;  felde  &  wode,  ..And  in  a  mure  don  him  cast 
1677  M.SGE  Fr.  Did.  11.  s.v.,  That  horse  will  run  away 
with  you.  1787  '  G.  GAMBADO  '  Acmt.  Ilarsem.  41  It  is  far 

from  improbable,  that  he  may  run  away  with  you.     1791 

Ann.  llorsem.  iii.  (1809)  81  When  a  horse  has  run  away. 
1825  .Mr-o  Monthly  Mag.  XV.  451  The  horse  ran  away  with 
him.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  n'ord-bk.  585  Run  away  '.Mil 
her  Anchor,  said  of  a  ship  when  she  drags  or  '  shoulders  ' 
her  anchor.  1885  Standard!)  Mar.  3/5  The  winding  engine 
ran  away ',  owing  to  the  sudden  loss  of  weight  upon  the 
drum.  1891  G.  D.  GALTON  La  Fenton  I.  xi.  255  Your  dog 
cart  ran  away  and  you  were  thrown  out. 
fis-  '545  ASCHAM  Toxoph.  (Arb.)  25,  I  thought  to  come 
and  holde  you.. Jest  your  boke  shoulde  runne  awaye  with 
you.  1709  STEF.I.E  Taller  No.  27  p  2  His  desires  run  away 
with  him.  1727  GklBtgg.  Of.  l.  ix,  Don't  let  your  passion 
run  away  with  your  senses.  1822  HAZLITT  Table-talk  II. 
vii.  152  Our  anger  runs  away  with  our  reason.  1862  Temple 
Bar  IV.  560  Annoyed  at  having  allowed  his  imagination  to 
run  away  with  him.  1898  Alllmtl's  Syst.  Med.  V.  812  The 
accelerating  nerves  often,  .run  away  with  the  heart. 

e.  To  get  away//w«,  to  outdistance  completely, 
in  running  or  racing. 

1815  W.  COBBETT  Rur.  Rides  (1885)  1 1.  52  When  the  dog,  or 
dogs,  never  get  near  enough  to  the  hare  to  induce  her  to 
turn,  she  is  said,  and  very  justly,  to  '  run  away1  from  them. 
1890  Cent.  Mag.  June  208/2  Our  men.  .have  run  away  fiom 
all  their  Champions  in  actual  races. 

f.  To  grow  rank  or  luxuriant. 


1848  y,-nl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  IX.  i.  n  While  other  parts  of 
may  be  found  to  have  (  run  away '  in  abundant 


the  field  may  be  fou 


seasons,  these  parts  are  always  found  fed  down  to  the  very 
roots.  1906  WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK  Ideal  Thoroughbred  Stud 
15  Under  no  circumstances  should  the  grass  be  allowed  to 
run  away  from  the  animals,  and  get  into  flower  and  seed. 

73.  Bun  down.     (See  also  ii  a.) 

*intr.  a.  Of  a  clock,  etc.:   To  become  com 
pletely  unwound ;  to  cease  to  go. 

1761  Phil.  Trans.  LII.  203  During  my  illness,  my  clock 
was  run  down,  and  stopt.  1771  Encycl.  Brit.  111.934/2 
When  the  cord,  .is  entirely  run  down  from  off  the  barrel,  it 
is  wound  up  again  by  means  of  a  key.  1846  DICKENS 
Cricket  on  Hearth  ii,  The  toys  that  had  been  set  in 
motion  for  the  Baby,  had  all  stopped  and  run  down  long 
ago.  1891  F.  W.  ROBINSON  Her  Lone  I,  His  Life  in.  iv, 
The  clock-work  had  got  out  of  order  and  run  down. 

fig.  1869  MARTINEAU  Ess.  II.  40  They. .run  down  with 
the  lime-piece  that  measures  mortal  things.  1889  PHILIPS 
&  WILLS  Fatal  P/iryne  I.  iii.  73  Madame  burst  into  a  flood 
of  compliments.  The  doctor  allowed  her  to  run  down. 

b.  To  decline,  fall  off,  in  vigour  or  health  :  (a) 
of  the  system,  etc. ;  (<5)  of  persons. 

(a)  1828  Examiner  678/1  The  extraordinary  elasticity  of 
his  spirit  is  somewhat  weakened ;— the  wonder  is,  that  long 
ago  it  did  not  snap  and  run  down.  1883  HOLME  LEE  Lo-jing 
ff  Serving  1 1 1.  xi.  240  His  strength  ran  down.  1890  Sunday 
Mag.  Dec.  802/2  His  system  seems  to  have  run  down. 
(*)  1846  D.  WEBSTER  Letters  (1902)  325,  I  am  really 
rundown  '  with  calls  and  visits.  1881  MRS.  LYNN  LIKTON 
My  Lwe  II.  x.  186  Was  it  to  be  wondered  at  if  Stella 
looked  worn-out  and  run  down?  1888  LADY  DUFFUS  HARDY 
Dangerous  Experiment  II.  viii.  156  She  had  run  down., 
both  mentally  and  physically,  and  was  in  a  generally  un 
strung  condition. 

c.  To  diminish  or  decrease. 

1889  C.  D.  WARNER  Little  Jonrn.  x,  Then  they  absorb  its 
surplus ;  they  let  it  run  down  so  that  it  pays  no  dividends. 
1893  National  Obs.  5  Aug.  293/1  The  value  of  their  live 
stock  has  been  steadily  running  down.  1901  Scotsman 
ii  Mar.  7/5  The  attendance  of  the  Nationalists  is  already 
running  down. 

d.  To  deteriorate ;  to  fall  into  disuse  or  decay. 

1844  Jr«l-  R.  Agric.  Soc.  V.  i.  113  It  [a  farm]  had  been 
allowed  to  run  down  a  few  years  before  I  entered  upon  it. 
1893  Harper's  Mag.  Feb.  439/2  [She]  had  let  everything 
run  down.  She  had,  in  truth,  no  money  for  repairs. 

e.  Of  a  river :  To  settle  down  or  subside  after  a 
flood  ;  to  diminish  in  volume. 

1882  Daily  Telegr.  28  Oct,  2/4  Both  rivers  are  running 
down  nicely.  1892  tllustr.  Sporting  fy  Dram.  Nevis  13 
Aug.  810/2  We  realise. .how  very  low  the  river  has  run 
down  during  the  drought. 

f.  Of  pneumatic  tires :  To  become  deflated. 
1901  Wide  World  Mag.  VIII.  142  Thetyreshave  a  tend 
ency  to  run  down,  owing  to  innumerable  small  thorn-pricks. 


^.YrtRLjT,  i  ir/ft.i.  ii.  jcripc .  3(17  i  nis  good  man. .  in  . .  his., 
alamities  was  never  quite  run  down  by  them.  1719  I  )r  FOB 
msoe  l.  (Globe)  122.  I  was  run  down  aijain  by  him  Co  the 
st  Degree.  1766  GOI.DSM.  f'/r.  If.  vi,  Here  comes  our 


RUN. 

**trans,  g.  To  knock  down  or  overthrow  (a 
I  person) ;  to  dash  into,  collide  with,  and  sink  'a 
,  vessel). 

a  1578  LINDESAY  (Pitscottie)  Chron.  Scot.  (S.T.S  )  II  ,Q 
Quhene  they  mmt  witht  the  Inglischemen  they  had  th-ime'  all 
run  doune  ore  ever  the  Inglische  speirs  might  tuiclie  thamc. 
1659  D.  I  F.LL  finfr.Sca  137  Ihere  is  great  care  taken  on 
both  sides  who  should  run  down  one  another  by  ll,e  Loard 
first.  1779  Ann.  Reg.  222  Capt.  Drew,  from  London  10 
Quebec,  was  run  down  by  the  Russell  man  of  war  1825 
Examiner  754/2  The  Captain,  .attempted  to  run  the  boat 
down.  1856  Titan  Mag.  Dec.  531/2  \Ve  stand  a  qood 
chance  of  being  run  down  by  a  tram.  1885  I.a-.u  Times 
Rep.  LIU.  60/2  The  C/uisan  ran  down  a  smack  on  the 
morning  of  the  24th  Dec. 

h.  To  pursue  (game)  until  caught  or  killed  • 
to  hunt  down.  Also  transf. 

1669  HACKE  Collect.  Voy.  in.  (1699)  69  We  should  have 
made  a  better  hand  of  them,  had  we  had  but  Dogs  to  run 
them  down.  1748  Alison's  l-'oy.  in.  ii.  309  The  fowls,  .were 
likewise  run  down  with  little  trouble  ;  for  they  could  scarce 
fly  further  than  an  hundred  yards.  1806  J.  HKBESIOUD  Mis 
Hum.  Life  xx.  xlii.  259  After  dropping  a  wash-ball,,  .bestir 
ring  yourself  to  run  it  down,  by  following  its  doublings  as 
"  raPldly  rolls  about  the  room.  1876  A.  S.  PALMER  Leaves 
Jr.  Notd'k.  Pref.  p.  viii,  I  have  been  successful  in  running 
down  my  quarry.  1891  Cornhill  Mag.  Mar.  300  A  weasel 
will  occasionally  run  down  the  strongest  hare. 

i.  To  put  down,  overcome,  overwhelm  (a  per 
son,  etc.)  by  superior  force,  argument,  talk,  etc. 

1674  Essex  Papers  (Camden)  I.  233  That  he  may  not  be 
run  down  by  a  Vote  of  y  House  of  Commons.  1605  I 
EDWARDS  Perfect.  H.  Serif  1.  367  This  good  man. .  in  . .  his.. 

calamities  • 

Ci 
las 

good  friend.. that  run  you  down  fairly'in  the  argument". 
1779  Mirror  No.  5,  Talk,  .of  painting,  he  runs  you  down 
with  a  description  of  the  gallery  at  Florence. 
j.  To  disparage,  defame,  or  vilify. 
1668  DHYDEN  Even.  Love  I.  i,  I  am  revenged  on  you,  for 
running  down  my  poor  old  master.  1689  N.  LKE  frinc. 
Clez>e  11.  iii,  After  all  this  they'll  run  you  down,  and  say 
your  Grace  is  no  Scholar.  1710  ADDISON  Tatler  No.  226 
P  4  He  found  himself  run  down  as  a  superficial  prating 
Quack.  1791  BOSWKLL  Johnson  (Oxf.  ed.)  II.  342  A  gentle 
man  present  . .  had  been  running  down  Ode-writing  in 
general,  as  a  bad  species  of  poetry.  1844  SYD.  SMITH  ly'ks. 
(1867)  II.  337,  I  do  not  mean  by  this,  unjustly  and  cowardly 
to  run  down  O'Connell.  1889  F.  C.  PHILIPS  Amslie's 
Courtship  I.  xii.  161  You  need  not  run  down  the  education 
we  received. 

k.  To  melt  (plate,  etc.). 

1684  UUKNET  tr.  More's  Utopia  104  The  People  might., 
be  unwilling  to  let  the  Plate  be  run  down,  if  a  War  made  it 
necessary  to  pay  their  Souldiers  with  it.  1895  Daily  J\'e:i'S 
15  Nov.  7/2  The  parcel  was  one  of  scrap  silver,  which  he 
wanted  'run  down '. 

1.  To  bring  to  a  stop. 

1697  VANBRUGH  Aisop  m.  Wks.  1893  I.  200  Has  thy 
eternal  tongue  run  down  its  larum  yet? 
m.  To  cause  to  sink  or  fall. 

1866  Shareholders'  Guardian  16  May  385/1  They  began 
by  '  bearing '  its  shares  until  they  run  them  down  to  a 
discount. 
74.  Bun  in. 

*intr.  a.  To  concur,  agree,  fall  in,  with  a 
person,  opinion  etc. 

1699  BAKER  Rejl.  Learning  58  Tho'  Ramus  run  in  with 
them.. in  his  opposition  to  Aristotle,  yet  he  has  out-done 
them  in  this,  that  [etc.].  1737  BRACKEN  Farriery  Intpr. 
(J757)  II-  154  He  need  not.. run  in  with  the  vulgar  Notion. 
1893  ABP.  UENSON  in  Life  (1899)  II.  430  Unless  convocation 
'runs  in*  with  a  Canon  in  this  way,  the  whole  liberty  of 
the  Church  of  England  is  at  an  end. 

b.  To  rush  in,  close  with, in  attacking  orassailing. 
18x5  SCOTT  Guy  M.  liii,  Then  rm  in  on  him,  take  his  arms, 

and  bind  him.  1847  MARRYAT  Chiltir.  New  Forest  xi, 
Edward,  .ordered  Smoker  [the  dog]  to  run  in  to  the  bull. 
1890  \V.  MORRIS  in  Eng.  lllnstr.  Mag.  Sept.  889  He  lept 
aside  nimbly  and  ran  in  on  Hallblithe  and  caught  his 
sword-arm. 

c.  Ktigby  football.     (See  quot.  1867.) 

1867  Kentledge's  Hdbk.  Football  31  Any  player  who 
atches  the  ball. .may  run  with  it. .till  he  gets  behind  his 
adversary's  line  of  goal(  where  he  will  touch  it  down... 
This  feat  is  called  'running  in  '.  1889  Field  19  Jan.  89/3 
Within  ten  minutes  of  time  E.  Hancock  succeeded  in  run 
ning  in,  and  S.  Escott  kicked  a  goal. 

d.  To  pay  a  short  or  passing  visit  to  a  person. 
1892  MRS.  OUPHANT  Marriage  of  Elinor  II.  xvii.  37  It 

might  be  a  relief  to  her  to  run  in  to  me  whenever  she  pleased. 

e.  Printing*  (See  quot.) 

1888  JACOBI  Printers'  Vocab.  117  Matter  is  said  to  'run 
n'  when  it  'gets  in',  or  makes  less  than  an  anticipated 

**/;ww.  f.  To  fix,  fill  in,  with  (melted  lead,  etc.). 
I7SI  C.  LABELYE  Piers  IVestm.  Bridge  so  Iron  Cramps, 
•t  into  the  Stones,  and  runn'd  in  with  melted  Lead.  1865 
isANDE  &  Cox  Diet.  Set,,  etc.  I.  782/1  Designs.. engraved 
with  the  burin,  and  run  in,  while  hot,  with  a  composition 
ailed  niello.  1900  Yorks.  Arch.  Jml.  XV,  322  An  iron  pin 
un  in  with  lead. 

g.  To  arrest  and  convey  (a  person)  to  prison. 
1872  Routledge's  £v.  Boy's  Ann.  376/2  I'll  run  you  in. 
874  Slang  Diet.  274  The  police  are  very  fond  of  threaten- 
ng  to  run-in  any  person  to  whom  they  may  take  exception. 

h.  Austr.  To  drive  (cattle  or  horses)  into  a 
lace  where  they  may  be  captured  or  handled. 
1885  MRS.  CAMPBELL-PRAED  Head  Station  45,  I  have 
ad  no  end  of  sport.,  in  shooting  wild  horses  and  running  in 
^rubbers.  1890  '  R.  BOLDKEWOOO'  Col.  Reformer  (1891) 
•5  Their  time  was  spent  in  running  in  these,  .mustangs. 

i.  To  insert,  slip  in. 

114 


RUN. 

1883  Standard  A  June  3/3  A  finer  thread,  not  drawn  in 

with  the  tambour,  but  run  in  with  a  point  needle.     1884 

F.    I.    BRITTEN    Watch    ft  Clockm.   75    Many    different 

methods  of  procedure  are  adopted  for  running  in  a  cylinder. 

j.  To  enter  and  secure  the  election  of  (a  person). 

1891  Black  %  White  6  Feb.  168/1  A  compact  and  con 
sistent  body  . .  tried  to  run  Mr.  Swan  in  for  each  of  the 
three  events. 

75.  Bun  off. 

*inlr.  a.  To  take  to  flight ;  to  abscond  or  elope 
(with  a  person  or  thing). 

1760-71  H.  KROOKK  Foot  cfQnal.  (1809)  II.  93  They  cast 
their  arms  to  the  ground,  and  run  off.,  as  fast  as  they  could. 
1781  Mirror  No.  Si,  Hardships  from  which,  at  last,  she 
freed  herself,  by  running  off  with  a  recruiting  Serjeant. 
1805  Miniature  No.  32  (1806)  II.  151  My  first  observation 
.  .was,  that  Paris  forgot  to  say  '  What  next '  when  he  run 
off  with  Helen.  1849  MACAULAY  I/ist.  Eng.  vi.  II.  57  The 
servant  was  taught  how  he  might,  without  sin,  run  off  with 
his  master's  plate. 

b.  Of  water,  etc. :  To  flow  off  or  away. 

1707  MORTIMER  I  lust.  (1721)  II.  322  Let  it  stand  half  an 
Hour  undisturbed,  that  it  may  run  off  clear.  1797  Encycl. 
Brit.  (ed.  3)  IX.  512/1  The  water  will  run  off  and  leave  the 
yellow  matter  behind.  1861  Jrnl.  K.  Agric.  Sac.  XXII.  I. 
66  When  put  to  press  the  white  whey  runs  off  freely.  1869 
A.  \V.  WARD  tr.  Cm-tins'  Hist.  Greece  II.  ii.  iv.  58  Allowing 
the  rain-water  to  run  off  on  an  incline. 

c.  To  become  smaller,  diminish. 

1765  Treat.  Doni.  Pigeons  94  It  should  have  an  hollow  back, 
running  off  taper  from  the  shoulders.  1890  Sat.  AYr'.  15  Nov. 
557/1  Those  who  held  upon  borrowed  money,  finding  margins 
running  off  and  differences  increasing  against  them,  have 
been  obliged  to  sell. 

d.  To  go  off,  digress,  in  talk. 

1861  Temple  Kar  III.  552  Then  my  lady  ran  off  to  tell  us 
how  dull  Kernwood  was.  1889  PHILIPS  &  WILLS  Fatal 
Phryne  II.  ii.  33  The  sick  man  ran  off  into  unintelligible 
mutterings. 

e.  To  diverge,  alter. 

1871  EARLE  Philol.  fcng.  Tongue  142  It  [whole]  has  since 
run  off  from  sense  of  hale,  sound. .,  into  that  of  complete. 

** trans,  f.  To  dash  or  rattle  off;  to  write  or 
recite  rapidly. 

1683  L).  GRASVILLF.  Letters  (Surtees  Soc.)  163,  [I]  did., 
on  a  new  text.. runne  of  halfe  a  sermon  at  leisure  hours. 
1809  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart  (1837)  II.  vi.  232  You  can  so 
easily  run  off  an  article..,  that  it  would  be  inexcusable  not 
to  afford  us  your  assistance.  1861  Temple  />'«;•  III.  123 
[He]  ran  off  glibly.. a  list  of  all  that  was  entertaining  and 
interesting  in  the  neighbourhood.  1891  M  iss  DOWIE  Girl 
in  Karp.  xxi.  296  A  curious  specimen  of  beadledom  who  ran 
off  long  unintelligible  histories  in  atrocious  Viennese  patois. 
g.  To  allow  to  flow  out ;  to  draw  or  drain  off 
(a  liquid). 

1737  BRACKEN  Farriery  Imfr.  (1756)  I.  92  A  Supply  will 
be  wanted  in  the  Vessel,  which  is  running  off  its  Contents. 
1771  Encycl.  Brit.  II.  601/2  Until  the  former  water  be  run 
otf.  and  the  canal  cleaned.  1837  Penny  Cycl.  IX.  25/2  They 
derived  a  profit  proportionable  to  the  quantity  of  spirits 
they  could  run  off  in  a  given  time.  1853  Jrnl.  R.  Agric. 
Soc.  XIV.  I.  140  Three  days  will  now  run  off  the  highest 
floods.  1890  Chainb.  Jrtil.  30  Aug.  557/1  The  clear  portion 
.  .is  run  off  into  another  vessel. 

transf.  1820  in  liischoff  Woollen  Mannf.  (1862)  II.  isThe 
stocks  of  woollen  goods  in  the  United  States  of  America 
were  then  run  off,  and  they  must  require  fresh  supplies. 
h.  To  cart  off,  remove. 

1864  yrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XXV.  n.  528  We  generally  pre 
serve  a  portion  of  mangold  on  the  land... P.ut  we  always  run 
off  sufficient  to  secure  us  in  the  long  spring. 
i.   U.S.  To  steal. 

1864  G.  A.  SALA  in  Daily  Telegr.  23  Aug.,  The  negroes 
his  agents  have  bought  in  North  Carolina,  or  *  run  off ',  i.  e. 
stolen,  in  Kentucky.     1882  B.  HARTE  Flip  ii,  He's  down  on 
tramps  ever  since  they  ran  off  his  chickens. 
j.  Sport.  To  decide  (a  race)  finally. 

1881  tiagle  Mag.  XI.  353  The  remaining  two  events  being 
run  off  on  the  following  Tuesday.  1892  Field  17  Sept. 
446/3  It  was  a  big  order  to  have  to  run  off  eighty  courses 
in  the  day. 

a/>sol.  1892  Illustr.  Sport,  fy  Dram.  News  23  Apr.  209/3 
In  running  off  for  second  place  in  the  sprint  hurdles  he 
succeeded  in  running  the  distance  in  16  sec. 

76.  Bun  on. 

*intr.  a.  To  continue  running  or  going  on,  in 
various  lit.  and  fig.  senses. 

1595  SHAKS.  John  v.  vii.  67  Euen  so  must  I  run  on,  and 
euen  so  stop.  1621  lip.  MOUN'TAGU  Diatribx  138  The  multi 
tude  of  those  that  haue  runne  on  amayne  vnto  this  Sinne. 
1740  GIBBER  Apol.  (1756)  I.  144  A  new  comedy  of  Mr.  Con- 
greve's,  .which  ran  on  with,  .extraordinary  success.  1779 
Mirror  N  o.  67,  Having  run  on  in  the  usual  career,  I  became 
tired  with  the  sameness . .  of  the  scenes.  1833  Penny  Cycl.  I. 
384/2  What  are  called  the  cursive  letters,  which  run  on  in 
continuous  succession.  1866  Jrnl.  R .  Agric.  Soc.  II.  i.  54 
The  pen  learning  to  run  on  and  to  print  each  idea  as  it  occurs. 

b.  To  continue  in  operation,  effect,  etc.     Also 
const,  to  (a  certain  point). 

(a)  1622  MABBE  tr.  Altmaits  Guzman  fCAJf.  i.  240,  I  was 
willing  to  let  the  bond  runne  on,  till  tbe  time  it  was  due. 
1736  LEDIARD  Marlborotigh  III.  120  It  was  judg'd  more 
convenient,  and  conducive  to  the  Publick  Good,  to  let  the 
Navy-Debt  run  on.  1843  R.  J.  GRAVES  Syst.  Clin.  Med. 
xxix,  366  A  case  of  this  kind,  which  has  been  allowed  to  run 
on  unchecked.  1892  Black  <$•  White  Xmas  No.  33/1  You 
have . .  let  the  engagement  run  on  without  a  word  of  protest. 

(6)  1847  W.  C.  L,.  MARTIN  The  Ox  128/1  This  disease  may 
run  on  to  a  horrible  extent  before  it  destroys  life.  1851 
JmL  R.  Agric*  Soc.  XII.  u.  538  Wounds.. often  run  on  to 
suppuration. 

c.  Of  time :  To  pass  or  elapse. 

'593  SHAKS.  Rich.  //,  v.  v.  59  But  my  Time  Runspoasting 
on.  1611  —  Cymb,  v.  v.  128  Since  she  is  liuing,  let  the 


906 

time  run  on,  To  good,  or  bad.  1736  AINSWORTH  Eng.-Lat. 
Diet,  s.v.,  The  time  runneth  on.  1853  TENNYSON  Maud  in. 
iii,  As  months  ran  on  and  rumour  of  battle  grew.  1869 
HUGHES  Alfred  the  Ct.  iv.  45  New  shapes,  and  ever  more 
\  lie,  as  the  years  run  on. 

d.  To  continue  speaking ;    to  speak  volubly ; 
also  in  recent  use.  to  chatter. 

1704  STEELK  Lying  Lover  v.  i,  This  unhappy  Tongue.. 
That  still  run'st  on.  1713  —  Englishman  No.  1. 4  He  ran  on 
in  a  Way  which  he  could  never  learn  at  any  Place  but  one. 
1762  Ann.  Keg.*  Acct.  of  Books  232/2  Let  him  talk,  ask 
questions,  and  run  on  at  pleasure.  1824  SCOTT  St.  Ronan's 
jcxvii,  But  1  must  not  run  on  in  a  manner  which,  .cannot  be 
very  pleasant  to  you.  1856  Titan  Mag.  Nov.  444/2  Thus 
did  the  little  fellow  run  on,  nor  did  I  care  to  interrupt  him. 
1891  F.  \V.  ROBINSON  Her  Lave  f;  His  Life  vn.  v,  'I  m  a 
fool— I  always  was,'  he  ran  on,  hurriedly. 

e.  To  expand  or  develop  into. 

1886  Rt'sKiN  Prxtcrita  I.  395  The  proposed  six  lessons 
ran  on  into  perhaps  eight  or  nine. 

f.  Printing.  (See  qoot.) 

1892  A.  OLDFIELD  Man.  Tj'pogr.  iii,  When  two  paragraphs 
are  required  to  be  made  into  one,  or,  in  technical  language, 
'  to  run  on'. 

**traus.  g.  To  continue  to  narrate  (a  story). 
1745  FIELDING  Tom  Janes  xvl.  iv,  He  ran  on  a  long,  un 
intelligible  story  about  his  wife. 

h.  Printing.  (See  quots.) 

1888  JACOBI  Printers'  I't>cal'.ii6  Rim  on  diallers,  an  in 
timation  that  the  commencement  of  chapters  in  a  work  are 
not  necessarily  to  begin  on  a  fresh  page.  1892  A.  OLDFIELD 
Man.  Tyfogr.  iv,  The  Synopsis  of  Chapters  should  be  '  set 
out  and  run  on  ' ;  that  is,  the  first  line  full  out  at  both  ends, 
and  the  rest  indented  an  em. 

i.   Cutlery.  (See  qtiot.) 

1893  Labour  Comiir.  Gloss.,  Run  on,  the  process  of  placing 
imiiaiion  or  spelter  bolsters  on  common  table  knife  blades. 

77.  Hun  out. 

*inlr.  a.  Of  a  period  of  time,  etc. :  To  expire, 
terminate,  come  to  an  end. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  15^7  pe  thre  dais  was  runnen  vte,  And 
|>e  ferth  on  hand.  1535  COVF.RDAI.E  Esck.  vii.  10  ISeholde, . . 
the  daye  is  come,  the  houre  is  runne  out.  1601  J.  WHEELER 
Treat.  Coinin.  99  When  the  ten  yeares  were  almost  com 
plete  and  run  out.  1660  tr.  A  myrahius'  Treat.  Relig.  in. 
v.  389  T wo  thousand  years  pass'd  before  the  Law,  ..and  two 
thousand  more  shall  run  out  under  the  reign  of  the  Messias. 
1826  Examiner  585/1  The  time  allowed  by  law.. was  fast 
running  out.  1879  FROI-DK  Csrsarxx.  337  He  was  to  remain 
with  his  troops  till  his  term  had  run  out.  1894  Cornhill 
Mag.  Feb.  168  The  lease  of  the  inn  was  running  out. 

b.  Of  water,  etc.  :  To  escape  from  the  contain 
ing  vessel,  part,  etc.     Also_/7j". 

a  1325  Prose  Psalter  civ.  39  God  brake  |>e  stone,  and 
waters  ran  out.  c  1400  LOVE  Bonavcnt.  Mirror  (1008)  20 
[Grace]  abideb  noujt  in  be  soule  bot  renneb  out  as  water. 
1565  COOPER  Tliesattrus,  Trans/lito,  to  leake  or  renne  out. 
1611  DIBLE  Matt.  ix.  17  The  bottels  breake,  and  the  wine 
runneth  out.  1725  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Honey,  Scrape  them  a 
little,  that  so  the  Honey  may  the  more  freely  run  out.  1803 
Mcd.  Jrnl.  X.  564  It  may  be  opened  with  a  lancet  or  a 
needle,  when  the  fluid  will  run  out.  1861  Temple  Bar  II. 
563  A  retired  London  physician  whose  sands  of  life  had 
nearly  run  out.  1890  W.  F.  RAE  Maygrove  n.  i.  2  An  aged 
parent  whose  sands  are  running  out. 

(b)  Of  vessels,  etc.:  To  allow  the  contained 
liquid  to  escape  ;  to  leak. 

1530  PALSGR.  693  '2  This  tubbe  runneth  out,  let  it  be  had 
to  the  coupers.  1625  MASSIN'GKR  New  Way  in.  ii,  The 
baked  meats  are  run  out,  the  roast  turned  powder.  1717 
Philip  QnarU(\$i6)  52  The  runlet  ..being  unstopped,  ran 
all  out.  1768-74  TUCKER  LI.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  645  Whenever 
we  find  the  glass  run  out,  we  may  rest  contented  [etc.].  1800 
Monthly  Mag.  IX.  i.  322  The  tub  runs  out. 

c.  (a)  To  come  to  the  end  of  one's  resources  or 
stock  ;  to  spend  all  one's  means. 

1692  I5//1  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  App.  II.  21  'Tis  sup- 
posed  he  ran  out  by  liveing  above  his  fortune.  1720  SWIFT 
Stella's  fiirl/uiay  Wks.  1751  VII.  119  Had  her  Stock  been 
less,  no  doubt,  She  must  have  long  ago  run  out.  1781 
JOHNSON  Let.  to  Mrs.  Tkrale  23  Oct.,  I  sincerely  applaud 
your  resolution  not  to  run  out,  and  wish  you  always  to  save 
something.  01809  M«s-  COWLF.Y  Who's  the  Duft'i.  i,  I 
was  obliged  to  listen  to  some  very  wise  dissertation  about 
running  out,  as  he  calls  it. 

(/>)  To  become  expended  or  exhausted  ;  to  come 
to  an  end. 

01700  DRYDEN  (J.),  Th'  estate  runs  out,  and  mortgages 
are  made.  1836  HALIBURTON  Clockm.  (1862)  192  The  land 
gets  run  out  in  his  hands,  and  is  no  good  for  ever  after.  1864 
LOWELL  Study  Wind.,  Gt.  Public  Char.,  The  New  England 
breed  is  running  out,  we  are  told !  1889  J.  MASTERMAN 
Scotts  of  llcstminstcr  II.  xi.  217  The  stock  of  ready-made 
clothing  had  run  out. 

t  d.  (a)  To  launch  out  into  bold  or  profuse 
speech  ;  to  expatiate.  Obs. 

1554  in  Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  (1824)  III.  App.  xx.  56  Then 
he  ran  out  against  the  late  government.  1615  BEDWELL 
Alohannn.  Imposture  I.  §  28  Run  not  out.. into  speeches 
to  say,  That  God  cannot  do  all  things.  1712  ARBUTHNOT 
John  Bull  I.  viii;  Upon  all  Occasions  she  run  out  extrava- 

fi      ' 


To  break  out,  find  vent. 
1719  Dr.  FOE  Crusoe  n.  (Globe)  346  To  see  how  the  next 
Day  his  Passion  run  out  another  way. 

(c)    Cricket.    To   move   out   rapidly   from   the 
block  to  hit  the  ball. 

1882  Daily  Telegr.  27  May,  Bannerman  only  made  one 
hit  before  running  out  to  hit  Barratt  and  getting  disposed 
of.  1883  ll'id.  15  May  2/7  Hill  ran  out  to  the. .bowler,  and 
was.  .stumped. 


RUN. 

e.  (a)  To  continue  running. 

1589    PUTTKNHAM    Arte   F.Hg.   Pot'SlC  II.    IV.  (Afb.)   89   OUT 

auncient  rymers.  .let  their  rymes  runne  out  at  length,  and 
neuer  stayd  till  they  came  to  the  end. 

(d)  Oi  a  rope :  To  pass  out  in  continuous  length  ; 
to  be  paid  out. 

1730  A.  GORDON  MaffeisAmphlth.  349  Nor  did  they  run  out 
in  the  same  way  that  the  small  Cords  did.  1753  Chambers* 
Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Stopper^  It  serves,  when  they  are  noising 
the  main-yard,  to  stop  it,  that  it  don't  run  out  too  fast.  1867 
SMYTH  Sailor's  l\rord-bk.  103  A  ship  is  '  brought  up  to  a 
bitter '  when  the  cable  is  allowed  to  run  out  to  that  stop. 
1890  Cornh ill  ftlag.  Sept.  271  The  object  of  these  breaks  is 
to  prevent  the  cable  running  out  too  quickly. 

f.  To  extend  or  project ;  to  protrude,  jut  out. 
1565  COOPER  Thesaurus^  Peninsula  excurrit,  the  countrey 

lieth,  or  renneth  out  in  length.  1604  E.  G[RIMSTONE]  tr. 
D'Acestiis  Hist.  Indies  i.  xx.  67  Many  hold,  that  above 
Florida,  the  Land  runnes  out  very  large  towards  the  North. 
1705  ADDISON  Italy  8  The  chief  of 'em  is  situate  on  a  Rock 
that  runs  out  into  the  Sea.  1780  W.  COXE  Knss.  Vise.  166 
It  is  divided,  .into  three  promontories,  one  of  which  runs 
out  in  a  Westerly  direction.  1816  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockhart 
(1837)  IV.  i.  30,  I  have  now  several  hundred  acres  thereof, 
running  out  as  far  as  beyond  the  lake.  1869  TOZER  Highl. 
Turkey  II.  166  A  projection,  running  out  at  an  angle  to  the 
main  chain.  1883  Eng,  lllustr.  Mag.  Nov.  82/1  At  right 
angles  to  the  facade  a  row  of  buildings  ran  out  to  Whitehall 
Gate. 

g.  To  shoot  out  (into  excrescences,  etc.)  ;  to  go 
on  to  something. 

1646  HAMMOND  Tracts  119  The  want  of  blood  was  the 
cause  that  they  ran  out  into  so  many  legs.  1650  JKK. 
TAYLOR  Holy  Liinng  m.  iv.  256  The  zeal  of  love  which  runs 
out  into  excresences  and  suckers,  like  a  fruitful  and  pleasant 
tree.  1727  DE  FOR  Hist.  Appeir.  iv.  26  Others  run  out  to 
an  imaginary  Scheme  of  Guardian  Angels.  1790  W.  H. 
MARSHALL  Rnr.  Econ.  Midi.  Co.  Gloss.,  To  run  out ;  to 
grow  or  sprout  as  corn  in  harvest. 

h.  To  emerge  from  or  come  out  of  (a  contest) 
in  a  specified  manner  or  position. 

1885  Field  4  Apr.  436/3  Roberts,  .eventually  ran  out  n 
winner  by  92  points.  1897  Daily  News  20  Apr.  3/5  Dundee 
.  .ran  out  winners  with  392  points. 

**iratts.  i.  To  finish  or  complete  (a  race,  or 
period  of  time).  Kreq.  in  fig.  contexts. 

1557  TottcVs  Misc.  (Arb.)  167  When  Audley  had  runne 
out  his  race  and  ended  wer  his  days.  1571  N.  BOWKMAN  in 
Fan-  A*.  P.  Eliz.  (1845)  II.  555  Houres,  dayes,  and  yecres, 
runne  out  their  course  at  last.  ?i63o  MILTON  Time  i 
Fly  envious  Time,  till  thou  run  out  thy  race.  1710  ADDISON 
Taller  No.  154  P  5  Not  having  run  out  the  whole  Thread 
of  their  Days.  1850  TENNYSON  In  Mem,  cv.  vii,  Run  out 
your  measured  arcs,  and  lead  The  closing  cycle  rich  in 
good.  1861  Temple  Bar  II.  242  Ere  its  sands  of  life  had 
run  out  the  boiling  of  an  egg.  1892  Jllustr.  Sport,  % 
Dram.  News  23  July  691/3  He  didn't  run  his  race  out 
gamely  and  do  his  very  best. 

t  (b}  To  fulfil  (an  engagement).  Obs, 

a  1837  [ArpERLEY]  Ttft/(i8$i)  11  [He] continued  It  [horse, 
racing]  for  a  short  time  after  his  brother's  death  to  run  out 
his  engagements. 

(c)  Sport.  To  bring  (a  race,  etc.)  to  a  con 
clusive  result ;  to  determine  or  decide. 

1891  Field  7  Nov.  711/3  The  Tenant  Farmers'  Cup  was, 
of  course, run  out, and  was  won  by.  .Lavender  Green.  Ibid. 
712/1  Had  the  stake  been  run  out  he  would  have  taken  a 
deal  of  beating. 

j.  (a)  To  go  through,  spend,  squander  (money  or 
property).  ?  Obs. 

1632  MASSINGER  City  Madam  v.  ii,  Your  bonds  lie  For 
your  sons'  truth  ;  and  they  shall  answer  all  They  have  run 
out.  1693  S.  HAUVEY  in  Dryden"s  Juvenal  (1697)  241  A 
Fop  in  Rome,  that  had  run  out  his  Estate.  1712  STEKLE 
Spect.  No.  264  P  2  At  which  Age  he  ran  out  a  small  Patri 
mony.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  in.  iv.  P  7  He.  -taught  them 
.  .to  squander  their  substance  :  he  had  no  qualms  as  to  run* 
n  ing  out  his  own,  for  the  deed  was  done. 

(b)  Agric,  To  impoverish,  exhaust  (land). 

1799  J.  RoiiEiiTsoN/4^r/c.  Perth  139  By  this  management 
however,  it  is  impossible  they  can  run  out  the  land.  1901 
Contemp.  Rev.  Mar.  443  The  law,  as  it  now  stands,  en 
courages  the  Irish  farmer  to  run  out  his  farm. 

(c}  Of  expenses :  To  amount  to,  equal,  or  be 
as  much  as  (the  profit). 

1740  TULL  Horse-hoeing  Hnsb.  (ed.  2)  269  The  Expence 
doth  not  run  out  the  Prom  of  them. 

k.  (a)  To  advance  (a  gun)  so  that  the  muzzle 
projects  from  the  port-hole  (or  embrasure). 

1669  STURMY  Mariner's  Mag.  i.  U.  10  That  we  may  be 
ready  to  run  out  our  Guns  when  the  Word  is  given.  1748 
Ansons  Voy.  in.  viiL  378  Men.. were  constantly  moving 
about  the  decks,  to  run  out  and  fire  such  guns  as  were 
loaded.  1805  BERRY  in  Nicolas  Disp.  Nelson  (1846)  VII. 
118,  I  ordered  the  quarter-boat  to  be  cut  away,  and  ran  out 
the  stern  chasers.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast  xxix,  Our 
bow  gun  had  been  loaded  and  run  out.  l96*Ten&b  Bar 
VI.  148  Cannon  were  run  out ;  matches  kept  lighted. 

(/>)  To  expand,  extend,  or  fill  out;  spec,  in 
Printing  (see  quots.). 

1683  MOXON  Meek.  Exerc.,  Printing  xxiii.  375  When  a 
Compositor  Sets  Wide,  he  is  said  to  Drive  out  or  Run  out. 
1716  ADDISON  Freeholder  No.  30  p  10  Having  already  run 
my  paper  out  to  its  usual  length.  1888  JACOBI  Printers' 
I  'ocab.  117  To  fill  up  or  '  run  out '  a  line  with  quadrats  or 
full  points. 


WOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  241  First,  Jack.,  ran  out  half  a 
do/en  quiet  cattle.     1893  [see  Si  i  (</)]. 

(d}  To  allow  or  cause  (a  line)  to  be  drawn  or 
carried  out. 


BUN. 

1863  KINGLAKECV//«C«  (1877)  I.ii.  162  The  Prince  declared 
that  he  had  run  out  the  whole  Hue  of  his  moderation.  1892 
lllustr.  Lond,  News  g  April  455/2  The  salmon.. runs  out 
some  yards  of  line. 

1.   (a)   U.S*  To  mark  off,  define.     Cf.  53  h. 

1719  New  Hampshire  Prov.  Papers  (1868)  II.  726  The 
above  boundaries  when  so  run  out.. is  the  bounds  of  said 
Parish.  1763  CROGHAN  in  Gist's  Jrnis.  (1893)  194,  I  am 
sorry  the  Col.  John  Armstrong  has  not  returned  y8  four 
Tracts  run  out  for  you  last  fall. 

(b)  To  enumerate,  detail. 

1878  CAYLER  Pointed  Papers  253  It  would  be  easy  to  run 
out  the  points  of  resemblance. 

(c)  To  turn  out,  produce. 

1877  RAYMOND  Statist.  Mines  <y  Mitt.  19  The  Sunderland, 
with  a  furnace  of  15  tons  of  daily  capacity,  ran  out  1,500 
flasks  lust  year. 

m.  Cricket.  To  put  out  (a  batsman)  while  run 
ning  between  the  popping-creases.  Also  refl. 

1803  Laws  of  Cricket  8  When  a  striker  Is  run  out,  the 
notch  they  were  running  for  is  not  to  be  reckoned.  18250. 
WESTMACOTT  Eng.  Spy  II.  89  KacelU  run  him  out.  1891 
•Sat.  Rev.  18  July  81/2  In  attempting  an  ill-judged  run, 
Crabtree.  .was  run  out  at  122.  1892  Ibid.  16  July  71/1 
With  the  score  at  5,  Studd  foolishly  ran  himself  out. 

n.  refl.  To  exhaust  (oneself)  by  running;  to 
come  to  an  end,  exhaust  one's  means,  etc. 

1836-7  DICKENS  8k.  Bozt  Tales  x,  He  ran  himself  out., 
as  regularly  as  an  eight-day  clock.  1845-6  TKESCH  Hulsean 
Lectures  Ser.  r.  i.  10  Controversies  which.. have  not  yet 
run  themselves  out.  1891  Black  <$•  White  24  Oct.  569/1 
The  Beaufort  line . .  would  on  the  morrow  run  itself  miserably 
out  in  muddy  lees  upon  the  scaffold.  1892  Eng.  lllustr. 
Mag.  IX.  451  It  is  not  an  uncommon  thing  to  see  the  two 
last  men  running  themselves  out  in  order  to  beat  each  other. 

78.  Sun  over.     (See  also  1 1  a.) 

*intr.  a.  Of  a  vessel,  etc. :  To  overflow.  (Cf. 
OVERRUN  v.  7.)  Alsoyi^.  and  transf. 

1530  PALSGR.  693  The  potte  ronneth  over,  le pot  sen  fityt, 
1539  ELYOT  linage  Gov.  (1541)  59  The  btinkyngeCanelles  of 
vice,  whiche  beyng  ones  brimme  full,  sodeinly  renneth  oner 
through  the  Citee.  1602  MAKSTON  Ant.  $  Mel.  v.  Wks. 
1856  I.  56  Boy,  keele  your  mouth,  it  runnes  over.  1678 
BUNYAS  Pilgr.  i,  (1900)  131  Now  was  my  heart  full  of  joy,. . 
and  mine  affections  running  over  with  love.  1737  BRACKKN 
Farriery  Iinpr.  (1757)  II.  160, 1  shall  not  look  for  the  Ladle 
till  the  Pot  runs  over.  1838  LYTTON  Alice  13  When  the 
heart  is  full  of  affection,  the  eyes  easily  run  over.  1850 
Tait's  Mag.  XVII.  23/2  His  coffers  were  running  over  with 
gold.  1879  TROLLOPE  Thackeray  ii.  76  His  mind  was  run 
ning  over  with  the  idea. 

b.  Of  liquid  (or  grain) :  To  flow  over  the  side 
of  a  vessel.     Also  fig. 

1526  TIN  DALE  Luke  vi.  38  Good  measure,  pressed  doune, 
shaken  to  gedder,  and  runnynge  over,  shall  men  geve. 
1611  COTGR.  s.v.  s'Enfuir*.  The  wine  spils,  or  runnes  ouer, 
at  the  top  of.  1729  SWIFT  Direct.  Servantsj  Footman^ 
Carry  up  your  Coffee  boldly,  and  when  your  Lady.. ex 
amines  you  whether  it  has  not  run  over,  deny  the  Fact  abso 
lutely.  1758  REID  tr.  Macqucr's  Chym.  I.  247  Its  contents 
swell,  and  might  run  over  without  thu  precaution,  c  1820  S. 
ROGERS  Italy*.  Venice  17  As  though  the  wealth  within  them 
had  run  o'er. 

c.  =Go  v.  87  d. 

1642  NEWCOMEN  Craft  fy  Cruelty  of  Church's  Advert. 
(1643)  8  The  lesuites  have  a  practice  of  running  over  to  the 
Lutheran  Church,  pretending  to  be  converts.  1700  S.  L.  tr. 
Fryke's  Voy.  E.  hid.  227  Running  over  from  the  Christians 
to  some  Heathenish  King. 

**(passing  into}  trans,  d.  To  recount,  relate, 
or  repeat  rapidly  or  succinctly. 

1610  HOLLAND  Camdetis  Brit.  (1637)  471,  I  will.,  runne 
over  briefly  those  which  are  more  memorable.  1695  ADDISON 
To  the  King  117  But  who  can  run  the  British  Triumphs 
o'er,  And  count  the  Flames  disperst  on  ev'ry  Shore  ? 
1762-71  H.  WALPOLE  VertuJs  Anecd.  Paint.  (1786)  II.  260 
The  particulars  of  his  life  have  been  often  written,  and 
therefore  I  shall  run  them  over  very  briefly.  185*  DICKENS 
Bleak  Ho.  xxii,  Will  you  run  over,  once  again,  what  the  boy 
said? 

e.  To  review  rapidly.     Usu.  in  the  mind,  etc. 
1710  ADDISON  Tatler  No.  157  P  3,  I  ran  over  in  my 

Thoughts  the  several  Characters.  1798  CHARLOTTE  SMITH 
Yng.  Pkilos.  IV.  336  Running  over  in  his  mind  all  the 
distress  that  at  once  awaited  his  Medora.  1851  MAYHEW 
Lond.  Labour  IV.  226/1  A  man  who  knew. .a  great  many 
regular  scavagers, . .'  ran  them  over  ',  and  came  to  the  con 
clusion  [etc.].  1871  Routledge'sEv.  Boy's  Ann.  ^71  Hilton 
had  already  run  over  in  his  own  mind  the  probable  conse 
quences. 

f.  To  glance  over,  read  hurriedly. 

1677  MU-GE  Fr.  Diet.  \\.  s.v.,  To  run  over  a  writing. 
1719  SWIFT  Let.  to  Yng.  Clergyman  Wks.  1751  V.  16  On 
Sunday  Morning  [he]  took  care  to  run  it  [his  sermon]  over 
five  or  six  times.  1796  NELSON  i  Dec.  in  Nicolas  Disp. 
(1845)  II.  307,  I  send  you  some  papers  of  Troubridge.  You 
will  like  to  run  them  over. 

g.  To  retouch  slightly  or  quickly. 

1677  MII'.GK  Fr.  Diet.  u.  s.v.,  To  run  over  his  work  again, 
n.  Sc*  To  rub  (a  horse)  over  with  something. 

1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  Iv,  Just  to  rin  the  beast  ower  wi*  a  dry 
wisp  o'  strae. 

79.  Bun  through. 

a.  To  pierce  or  stab  through  the  body  with  a 
weapon,  etc. 

[c  1400  Song  of  Roland  936  He.  .with  a  scherp  sper  rann 
throughe  his  hert.  c  1450  St. Cuthbert  (Surtees)  821  Ilk  ane 
of  >aim  thurgh  othir  rann  ;  pai  were  sone  deed  ilk  a  mann.J 

1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  xii.  ii.  595  He  S»l  a  spere.-ft: 
wold  haue  ronne  syr  launcelot  thurgh.  1560  DAUS  \x.St*i» 
Dane's  Comnt.  130  A  souldiour  encountred  with  him  &  ran 
him  through.  1609  HOLLAND  Autui.  MarcclL  xxx.  i.  380  In 
menacing  wise  readie  to  run  the  young  prince  through. 
1663  R.  BOVLB  Use/.  Exp.  Nat.  Philos.  n.  i.  2.2  Flying  in- 


907 

sects  may  have  their  colour  and  shape  pre.served.. by  run 
ning  them  through  in  some  convenient  part  with  pins.  1727 
SWIFT  City  Shower  Wks.  1751  VII.  39 Those  Uully  Greeks, 
who,  as  the  Moderns  do,  Instead  of  paying  Chair- men,  run 
them  thro'.  1878  liosw.  SMITH  Carthage  233  Rushing  at 
him,  [he]  ran  him  through  with  his  spear.  1890  G.  M.  FESN 
Double  Knot  I.  ii.  102,  I  shall  shoot  that  fellow,  or  run  him 
through. 

fi%~  J592  SHAKS.  Rom.  $  Jvl.  n.  iv.  14  He  is  already  dead 
.  .>  runne  through  the  care  with  a  Loue  song. 

b.  To  read  over  rapidly,     -j-  Run  the  chapter 
through^  to  go  over  an  old  quarrel  again.   Obs. 

1673  WOOD  Life  17  Mar.,  I  told  him  I. .would  not  come, 
or  run  the  chapter  through,  as  uncivil  people.  1737  DOVER 
Diet.  Royal  II.  s.v.,  To  run  through  a  Look  (or  to  read  it 
over). 

c.  To  strike  out,  draw  a  line  through  (words). 
1817  Statutes  Realm  II.  2  no(et  Which  latter  Words  are 

run  through  with  a  Pen. 

d.  Founding.  (See  quot.) 

1875  KMGIU'  Diet.  Mcch.  2004/2  A  mold  is  said  to  be  run 
through  when  a  quantity  of  metal  is  made  to  enter  at  one 
gate  and  out  at  another,  to  remove  sullage,  air,  etc. 

80.  Bun  together.     (See  also  55  b,  57  b.) 

f  a.  To  fall  together  ;  to  coincide.    Obs.  rare. 

a  1225  A  tier,  R,  So  Of  silence  &  of  speclie  nis  bute  a 

lore,   &   forSi,  ine   writunge,   heo   eorneb  bo3e   togederes. 

c  1374  CHAUCEB   Boeth.  v.  pr.  I.  (1868)   151   It  bytidde  and 

ran  to-gidre  bat  he  dalf  here  as  |?at  ojjer  hadde  hidd  be  guide. 

b.  To  combine,  coalesce,  unite,  esp.  in  a  moist 
or  melted  state. 

c  1374  CHAUCER  Kocth.  v.  pr.  i.  (1868)  151  pilke  ordre.. 
makeb  \>tf.  be  causes  rennen  and  assemblen  to-gidre.  c  1430 
Tiuo  Cookery -bks.  44  Lat  bin  bature  remit  dowun,.  .&  whan 
it  is  ronne  to-gedere  on  be  chafe  re  [etc.].  1610  \\.  JUNSON 
Alchemist  \\.  v,  The  Aqueitie,  Terreitie,  and  Sulpnureitie 
Shall  runne  together  againe.  a  1713  BUKNKT  Oii-n  Time 
(1724)  II.  22<)  They  had  time  enough  to  run  together  and 
form  themselves.  1818-20 E.  THOMPSON  C«llen"y  Nosofogia 
(ed.  3)  207  They  are  whitish,  sometimes  distinct,  often  run 
ning  together.  1823  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract.  Builder  344 
Burrs  or  Clinkers  are  such  as  are  so  much  over-burnt  a^  lu 
vitrify,  and  run  two  or  three  together,  1861  Jrnl.  R. 
Agric.  Soc.  XXII.  n.  357  This  land,  though  apt  to  run  to 
gether,  breaks  again  with  comparative  ease. 

f  c.  To  join  in  combat,  engage  in  light ;  esp* 
to  tilt  or  joust.  Obs. 

1387  TRKVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VII.  103  perfore  |?ebe  kynges 
rennynge  to  gidrcs  in  my  deles  of  be  i'e  letc.].  6*1400 
MAUNDKV.  (1839)  xxii.  238  Thei  rennen  to  gidre  a  gret  ran- 
doum;..and  they  breken  here  speres  so  rudely.  1470-85 
MALORY  Arthur  \.  xxiii.  71  Therwith  they  ramie  to  gyders 
that  Arthurs  spere  al  to  sheuered.  1565  COOPKH  Thesaurus*. 
Acies  incut-runt*  the  armies  incounter  or  runne  together. 
Ibid.)  Deairrerc  dicuntur  milites*,  to  iust  or  renne  together 
with  speares. 

81.  Bun  up.     (See  also  u  a.) 

*intr*  a.  To  shoot  up;  to  grow  rapidly. 
1390  GOWEK  Conf.  I.  173  As  the  Netle  which  up  renneth 
The  freisshe  rede  Roses  brenneih.  1664  EVKLYN  Kal.  llort. 
Aug.,  If  plants  run  up  to  seed  over-hastily.  .pull  their  roots 
a  little  out  of  the  ground.  1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v. 
June,  Which  will  cause  them  [*:.  lettuce]  to  run  up, 
and  not  cabbage.  1821  SCOTT  Kenihvorth  iii,  But  these 
[hedges],  having  been  un trimmed  for  many  years,  had 
run  up  into  great  bushes.  1847  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Sec.  VIII. 
n.  577  The  grass  is  again  running  up  for  a  second  crop  of 
seed.  1873  M.  COLLINS  Squire  Silchester  I.  ix.  126  Silves 
ter  was  a  tall  fellow  for  his  age ;  had  run  up  a  little  too  fast. 

(b]  To  grow  up  to,  arrive  at,  manhood. 

17. .  RAMSAY  Birth  of  Dnnnlanri^  vii,  Your  Prince,  who 
late  Up  to  the  state  of  manhood  run. 

(c]  To  increase,  mount  up. 

1677  MIEGE  />.  Diet.  n.  s.v.,  Why  did  you  let  your  score 
run  up  thus?  1828-32  WEBSTER  s.v.,  Accounts  of  goods 
credited  run  up  very  fast. 

t  b.  To  land  ;  to  arrive  on  shore.     Obs* 

c  1450  at.  Cuthbert  (Surtees)  802  With  Cuthbert  and  his 
moder  ben  Rane  vp  bar  bot  thre  men.  Ibid*  4732  pa  rane 
vp  at  be  hauen  agayne. 

c.  To  go  back  in  time  or  memory. 

166*  STILLINGKL.  Qrig*  Sacrx  HI.  i.  §  12  If  it  had  no  be 
ginning,  it  could  be  no  tradition ;  for  that  must  run  up  to 
some  persons  from  whom  it  first  came.  1698  J.  COLLIER 
Short  View  vi.  (1730)  166  He  exhorts  them  to  refresh  their 
Memories,  to  run  up  to  their  Baptism.  1851  NEWMAN  Lect. 
Pres.  Posit.  Cath.  ii.  (1004)  5  A  general  belief  or  impression 
..running  up  beyond  the  memory  of  man. 

d.  To  rise  to  a  high  price  or  value. 

^793  JEFFERSON  Writ*  (1830)  IV.  482  Money  being  so  flush, 
the  six  per  cents  run  up  to  twenty-one  and  twenty-two 
shillings. 

(6}  To  amount  to  a  large  sum. 
1884  Manch.  Exam.  17  Mar.  5  'i  They  anticipate  that  the 
costs,  .will  run  up  to  something  like^  100,000.     i&QiChamb* 
yrnl.  26  Sept.  622/2  Its  price  ran  up  to  a  fabulous  amount. 
(c}  To  attain  to  a  certain  weight,  size,  etc. 
1892  Field  2  Apr.  400/2  The  trout  run  up  to  about  3  Ib. 

e.  Of  cloth,  etc. :  To  shorten,  shrink,  or  con 
tract  after  wetting. 

1855  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  XVI.  i.  242 They  do  not  'shrink  ' 
or  'run  up'  in  the  washing.  1884  W.  S.  B.MCLAREN  Spin 
ning^.  2)  12  The  fibre  becomes  thicker  and  shorter,  and 
the  cloth  '  runs  up '  to  an  indefinite  extent. 

f.  Sporting.  To  be  runner-up  in  a  race,  etc. 
1842  TH ACKER  Courser's  Ann.  10  The  winner  to  receive 

^220. .  ;  the  dog  running  up,  a  bonus  of  ^50.     1800  Field 
Nov.  709/3  Mr.  Chambers,  who  ran  up,  also  played  an 
excellent  game  [of  golf]. 

**tran$.  g.  (a)  To  make  up  (a  sum  or  number) ; 
to  increase  or  augment  (one's  fortune). 

1583  STUBUES  Anat.  Abns*\\.  (1882)  32  Promising  them., 
that  they  shall  pay  no  more  rent  yeerelie,  till  the  same  be 


BUN. 


1117  ior  me  joss  01  a  WICKCI. 

(b)    To  accumulate  (a  bill,  debt,  etc.)  against 
oneself  or  another. 

1736  AINSUORIH  Etig.-Lat.  Diet,  s.v.,  To  run  up  a  score. 
1768   FOOIE  Devil  on  Two  Stitks  ii,  julep.  Dr.  Linctus.. 

run  me  up  a  bill  of  thirty  odd  pounds.    1780  MMK.  D'AKHLAY 

d 


KWLKTT      arsons  <y  , 

bills  wilh  my  tradesmen.  1887  Contcmp.  Rev.  July  13  A 
public  debt,  very  heavy  in  proportion  lu.  .  the  wealth  of  the 
country,  has  been  rapidly  run  up. 

(c)  To  bid  against  (,a  person)  at  an  auction  in 
order  to  compel  him  to  pay  more. 

1862  Tangle  Bar\\.  419,  1.  ..suffered  myself  lobe  induced 
to  bid  ..,  and  then  to  be  'run  up  J  by  the.,  wealthy  broker. 
1881  A.  LANG  Library  \.  19  J'y  bidding  for  a  book.  .,  and 
by  i  hen  leaving  in  the  lurch  the  professionals  who  combine 
to  '  run  him  up'. 

(rf)  To  cause  (prices)  to  rise;  to  force  (a  thing; 
up  to  a  higher  price. 

1885  Money  Market  Rev.  29  Aug.  (Cas.-ell),  En^a-cd  in 
running  up  the  prices  of  the  Southern  Lines.  1890  Sut. 
AVf.  iSOct.  451/1  Mtxic.au  Railway  stocks..  were  run  up 
partly  because  of  the  rise  in  silver. 

h.  To  trace  or  follow  up  in  some  way. 

1657  OWKN  Coinnmn.  iv.  I-'athcr,  .S"(?«  <y  //.  Cthost  in.  iii, 
I  cannot  intend  to  run  this  expression  up  into  its  ri>e  and 
original.     1662  SHLMNGFL.  Orig.  Sacrx  n.  ii.  $  u  In  Mi^cs 
his  time  it  was  a  very  easic  matter  to  run  up  their  lintall 
dt-scent  as  far  as  the  flood.     1740  CUKYXE  R<giwc>i  it.6,  I 
might  .  .  run    tins  analogy    up    to    all    tin;    Qualities    and 
Attributes  [etc.].     1815  SCOTT  Cuy  J/.xxxiii,  He  would  run 
the  scent  up  like  a  blood-hound,  and  surprise  u>.     1873  M. 
ARNOLD  Lit.  <\  Dogma  (1876)  201  We  can  run  up  nearly  all 
faults  of  conduct  into  two  classes. 

i.  (<*)  To  cause  to  ascend  or  rise,  to  lead,  bring, 
or  force  up,  to  some  point. 

1658  SIR  T.  UKOWNK  Hydrwt.  To  T.  Lc  Gros,  And  so  run 
up  your  thoughts  upon  the  ancient  of  dayes.     1711  Fingall 
Jl/SS.  in  loth.  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comnt.  App.  V.  iS8  There 


tviiu  buiiiciiuica  me   iwii   in   \ 
hurry  rtinb  us  up  to  execution. 

(/')  To  build,  erect,  set  up  (a  wall,  etc.). 
1726  LLONI  Atbcrti's  Arc/tit.  I.  68  r.'rum  the  bottom  of 
tlie  ditch  a  wall  shou'd  be  run  np,  thick  and  strong.  1771 
C.  HLTTOS  Bridges  07  If  the  middle  of  the  pier  be  run  u|i 
to  its  full  height.  1828-32  WEBSTER,  To  tun  up,,  .to  thrust 
up,  as  any  thing  long  and  slender. 

(c)  To  bring  (a  gun)  up  to  the  firing  position. 

1828  J.  M.  SPEARMAN  Brit.  Gunner  (ed.  2)  180  Number  i 

[detachment].. assists  to  run  the  gun  up;  2,  sponges,  runs 

up,  and  elevates.    1879  Man.  Artiil.  E.verc.  317  Under  the 

muzzle  of  the  gun  when  run  up. 

(</)  Austr.  To  fetch   or  bring  (a  horse)  from 
pasture,  etc. 

1888  '  R.  LOLDKEWOOD  '  Robbery  nnitcr  Anus  (1890)  350 
Km)  np  the  horses..;  they're  in  the  little  horse  paddock. 
1893  Pall  Mall  King.  II.  78,  I  used  to  run  up  the  horses  at 
five  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  run  'em  out  again .  .at  night. 
j.  (a)  To  build  or  construct  rapidly  or 
hurriedly  (and  unsubstantially). 

1687  MIKGE  Gt.  Fr.  Diet.  n.  s.v.,  To  run  up.. a  Wall. 
1726  LEOM  All'crti's  Arcldt.  II.  95  To  run  up  any  thing 
that  is  immediately  necessary  for  any  particular  purpose. 
'779  SWINBURNE  Tra-c.  Spain  xliv.  412  Valladohd  has  the 
appearance  of  having  been  run  up  in  a  hurry  to  receive  the 
court.  1820  £xainincr  474/2  He  ran  them  up  a  fine  new 
opera-house.  1890  TOUT  flist.  Kng.  Jr.  i(>S<)  106  Many 
hideous  and  formless  brick  buildings  were  run  up. 

transf.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  St.  (1862)  85  You  have  a  genius 
for  friendship,  that  is,  for  running  up  intimacies  which  you 
call  such.     i8ai  LAMB  Elia  i.  My  Relations,  Nature  never 
ran  up  in  her  haste  a  more  restless  piece  of  workmanship. 
(#)  To  add  up  (a  column  of  figures,  etc.)  rapidly. 
1830  Examiner  436  2  The  worthy  Member  has  charac 
teristically  amused  himself  with  running  up  a  calculation. 
1854  H    MILLKK  Sch.  ft  Schin.  (1858)  5"2,  1  never  acquired 
the  facility,  in  running  up  columns  of  summations,  of  the 
early-taught  accountant. 

transf.  1852  MRS.  STOWE  Uncle  Tom's  C.  i.  4  The  quick 
eye  of  the  trader,  well  used  to  run  up  at  a  glance  the  points 
of  a  fine  female  article. 

(c\  To  sew  quickly  (and  loosely). 
i8w  RFAUE  Love  Me  Little  xiv.  I.  47,  I  want  you  to  run 
UP  a  tear  in  my  flounce.     1883  MRS.  BANKS  FtrUOtn  to 
I\I,my  II.  i.  9  To  keep  the  raw  apprentice  for  a  whole  year 
running  up  the  seams  of  gown-skirts. 

k.  To  cut  up  (a  tree)  as  sound  wood. 
1890  W    I.  GORDON  Foundry  116  The  pine  lies  prostrate. 
Then  comes  the  question,  how  far  can  it  be    run  up    into 
the  branches!    A  cut  is  made  in  it,  and  if  the  wood  IS  not 
sound  a  lower  cut  is  made. 
1.  Printing.  (See  quot.) 

1888  JACOBI  Printers'  Vocab.i^  Run  tif  colour,  to  dls. 
tribute  ink  and  to  prepare  for  printing. 

V.  82.  In  various  collocations  used  attri 
butively  or  as  sbs.,  as  run-and-read,  given  to 
hasty  reading  (see  I  e) ;  run-out  (see  quots.)  ; 
run-over,  due  to  being  run  over  by  a  vehicle ; 
run-the-hedge,  a  vagabond ;  runther(e)out 
(only  in  Sc.  form  rin-),  a  vagabond,  roving  per 
son  ;  also  attrib. ;  run-through,  applied,  to  a 
particular  stroke  in  billiards. 
1890  rail  MallG.  14  June  2/3  The  ordinary  "run-and. 


BUN. 

read  public.    1895  J.  HOLLINGSHEAD  My  Lifetime  I.  142 


refinery,  and  by  some  a  "run-out  furnace.  1881  RAYMOND 
Mining  Gloss.,  Rim-out  fire,  a  forge  in  which  cast-iron  is 
refined.  1899  CHEYNE  &  BURGHARD  Man.  Surg.  Treat,  i. 
ix.  189  Contused  wounds  are  caused  by  crushes^'run-over 
accidents,  bites,  gun-shot  injuries,  and  the  like.  ^1882 
STEVENSON  New  A  rait.  Nls.  (1884)  108  Perhaps  you  think  I 
don't  know  a  gentleman  when  I  see  one,  from  a  common 
"run-the-hedge  like  you?  1814  SCOTT  Wavcrlcy  Iviii,  The 
ne'er  be  in  me,  sir,  if  I  think  you're  safe  amang  thae  High 
land  *rinthereouts.  1818  —  Hrt.  Midi,  v,  Ye  little  rm- 
there-out  deil  that  ye  are.  1863  H.  KINCSLEY  Austin 
Elliott  I.  193  The  daft  rintherout  callant.  1873  BENNETT 
&  CAVENDISH  Billiards  231  A  winning  hazard  or  possibly  a 
"run-through  stroke  will  be  left  for  the  adversary. 
Bun  (r»n ),///.  a.  [f.  RUN  v.] 

I.  1.  Of  liquor:  That  has  run  oul  or  leaked. 
1669-70  MARVEI.L  Corr.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  306  Also  the 

clauses  subsequent  of  abatement  to  the  merchant  for  leak 
age,  run,  and  decayed  wines. 

2.  Naul.  That  has  deserted.  Run  man,  a  deserter. 
Hence  run-money  (see  quot.  1867). 

1702  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  3874/4  Otherwise  they  will  either  be 
made  Run,  or  stay  for  the  Recals  of  the  said  Ships,  before 
they  receive  their  Wages.  1758  J.  BLAKE  Plan  Mar.  Syst, 
45  It  is  proposed  that  every  deserter  from  a  merchant  ship 
be  marked  Run  upon  the  muster-roll.  I823CRABB  Tcchnol. 
Diet ,  Hun-man  (Mar.),  a  runaway  or  deserter  from  a  ship  of 
war.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-tk.  660  If  a  man  be  absent 
from  his  duty  without  leave,  but  not  absent  long  enough  to 
be  logged  as  run.  Ibid.  586  Run-money,  the  money  paid 
for  apprehending  a  deserter,  and  charged  against  his  wages. 

3.  Sc.  Thorough-going,  complete. 

1786  BURNS  Tina  Dogs  222  But  hear  their  absent  thoughts 
o1  ither  They're  a'  run  deils  an'  jads  thegither. 

4.  Of  a  fish  :  That  has  made  a  migration  up  a 
freshwater  stream  from  the  sea  (also  dial,  from  a 
stream  to  the  sea  "I. 

1838  DAVY  Salmonia  (1840)  50  Salmo  furio,  which  in 
colour  and  appearance  is  like  a  fresh  run  salmon.  1863  [see 
FRESH  adv.  2].  1881  Daily  Telegr.  17  Oct.,  It  was.. im 
possible  to  tell  the  cutlets  or.. 'head  and  shoulders  thus 
obtained  from  [those  of]  the  freshest  and  cleanest  run  fish. 

5.  Sc.  Of  a  knot :  (see  quot.). 

1887  Jamieson's  Scot.  Diet.  Suppl.,  A  raw-knot,  a  com. 
plete  knot,  one  that  is  tightly  drawn. 

6.  Hort.     (See  quot.  1852.) 

1851  Beck's  Florist  75  In  some  summers  the  complaint  of 
an  unusual  number  of  run  flowers  will  be  pretty  general  in 
a  particular  district.  1852  G.  W.  JOHNSON  Collage  Card. 
Diet.  794/1  When  the  dark  colouring  of  a  carnation,  or 
other  flower,  becomes  confused  or  ckmded  with  its  ligbter 
ground  colour,  they  say  it  is  a  run  flower. 

7.  a.  Mining.  (See  quots.) 

1730  DALE  Taylor's  Hist.  Harwich  ff  Dovercourt  454 
Whence  the  Miners  call  them  Run-Lime-Stone ;  they  sup- 
posi 
OK'. 

very  properly  called  run  splent.      1864  W.  W.  SMYTH  Cat. 
Min.  Coll.  1 1  (E.  D.  D.),  Copper  pyrites,  botryoidal  ('  run  ' 
or  '  blister  ore  '  of  the  miners).     1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal 
mining  208  Run  Coal,  soft  bituminous  coal. 
b.  dial.  Of  milk  :  Coagulated,  clotted. 

Cf. '  Viscnm,  ^erunnen  blod '  in  ^Elfric's  Gloss. 

1866  T.  EDMONSTON  Shell,  ft  Orkney  Class,,  Run-milk, 
milk  coagulated  by  the  heat  of  the  weather.  1888  EDMOND- 
STON  &  SAXBY  Home  Naturalist  100  Delicate  people  who 
dare  not  for  their  lives  drink  a  cupful  of  sweet  cream,  can 
devour  that  quantity  of 'run  '  cream  with  impunity. 

II.  8.  Of  goods :  Illicitly  landed  or  imported  ; 
smuggled. 

1714  French  nook  of  Rales  123  All  the  said  Silk  Stockings 
and  Stirrups  which,  .shall  by  them  be  exposed  to  Sale,  not 
having  the  said  Mark,  shall  be  reputed  as  run  and  concealed. 
1754  SHEBBEARE  Matrimony  (1766)  I.  227  Buying  great 
quantities  of  run  Claret  and  Coniac  Brandy  whenever  he 
could.  1837  LOCKHART  Scott  I.vii.  199  In  quest  of  a  supply 
of  run  brandy  from  the  Solway  Frith.  1853  HAWKER  Prose 
Wks.  (1893)  126  It  was  a  very  guikypractice  in  the  authori 
ties  to  demand  taxes  for  what  he  called  run  goods. 

trans/.  1854  /'creira's  Polarized  Light  (ed.  2)  151  The 
reason  why  run  glass  (that  is,  glass  made  without  paying 
the  duty)  is  very  apt  to  crack. 

9.  Poured  in  or  out  in  a  melted  state ;  caused  to 
flow  out.     Run  butter :  see  BITTER  s6.1  I  d. 

1806  FORSYTH  Beauties  Scotl.  IV.  430  A  wall.. cemented 
with  lime  after  the  manner  of  what  is  commonly  called  run- 
lime.  1866  BRANDE  &  Cox  Diet.  Sci.,  etc.  II.  135/1  Pure 
white  honeycomb,  free  from  bee-bread  or  brood,  and  worth 
from  four  to  five  times  the  value  of  ordinary  run  honey,  ob 
tained  on  the  single  hive  system.  1885  W.  L.  CARTKNTER 
Soap  $  Candles  188  This  kind,  technically  known  as  '  run 
soap  ',  was  at  one  time  largely  made  in  America. 
b.  Run  metal,  steel,  a  form  of  cast  iron. 

1833  J.  HOLLAND  Mann/.  Metal  II.  39  Run,  or  virgin 
steel . . ,  in  the  proper  sense  of  the  term,  is  no  steel  at  all,  but 
rather  good  cast  metal.  1851-4  Tomlinsons  Cycl.  Useful 
Arts  (1867)  1. 483/2  The  best  description  of  iron  scissors  are 
falsely  named  run  or  virgin  steel.  1887  Jamieson's  Scot. 
Diet.  Suppl.,  Run-metal,  cast-iron :  metal  that  has  been 
run  into  a  mould,  as  opposed  to  that  which  has  been  forged. 

10.  Of  a  race,  etc. :  That  has  been  run  or  raced. 
Usually  with  prefixed  adverb. 

1856  'STONEHENCE'  Brit.  Rur.  Sports  337/2  Nothing 
differs  more  from  a  true-run  race  than  the  ordinary  careful 
gallop  used  in  training.  1863  TREVELYAN  Comf>ct.  Wallah 
(1866)  180  The  scars  which  testify  to  their  prowess  on  more 
than  one  hard-tun  day  of  battle. 

11.  Hunted,  chased. 

1892  Field -2  Apr.  472  They  left  theii  run  fox  for  dead  beat. 

12.  Carried  on,  continuous  ;  running. 


908 

i8n  Agric.  Sum.  Aberdeen  (Jam.),  129  Strong  spars, 
called  run  joists,  were  laid  along  side  of  the  roof.  1833 
LOUDON  Encyel.  Arc/tit.  §  1103  The  back  posts  of  the 
trivesses  to  be.  .mortised  into  a  run-tree  (a  rail  fixed  along 
the  tie-joists)  at  top.  IHJ.  §  1214  The  mangers.. to  have 
a  run-beam  (front  rail)iounded  on  the  top, ..fixed  along 
the  top  of  the  racks.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  M:  farm  I.  219 
Plain  cornices,  runbeads,  and  arises,  i2-inch  girth  and 
under.  1879  Ctisselfs  Tcchn.  Educ.  II.  366/2  The  measure 
ments.,  are  taken  by  the  lineal  inch,  foot,  or  yard,  and  are 
then  said  to  be  '  run  '. 

b.  Run  line  :  (see  quots.).  Sc. 

1873  MACKELVIE  Ann.  <$•  Slat.  U.  P.  Church  16  '  The  run- 
line,'  as  it  was  popularly  called,  (that  is,  singing  continu 
ously,  instead  of  singing  and  reading  alternately)  was  then 
introduced.  1888  BARKIE  Auld  Licht  Idylls  iii,  The  old, 
reverent  custom  in  the  kirk  was  for  the  precentor  to  read 
out  the  psalm  a  line  at  a  time... Where  run  line  holds,  bow- 
ever,  the  psalm  is  read  out  first,  and  forthwith  sung. 

13.  a.  Run  lace :  (see  quots.). 

1882  CAULFF.ILD  &  SAWARD  Diet.  Nceiile-.uk.  428/2  Run 
Lace.  During  the  eighteenth  century  this  description  of 
lace  was  made  in  Northamptonshire... The  lace  ground., 
was  made  upon  the  Pillow,  and  the  design  embroidered  or 
run  upon  it  afterwards  with  the  needle.  1883  Standard 


thread,  not  drawn  in  with  the  tambour,  but  run  in  with  a 
point  needle. 

b.  Run  sliteh,  a  running  stitch.     Also  as  vb. 

1880  Plain  Hints  Needlework  23  The  run-stitch  should 
be  placed  under  the  tuck  or  fold.  Ibid.,  Where  the  material 
has  been  joined  by  run-stitching  the  breadths.  Ibid.  107  Run- 
stitch.,  is  the  only  term  which  can  with  any  propriety  be 
used  for  the  actual  stitch  as  used  in  plain-work. 

14.  With  adverbs,  as  run-in,  inserted  ;  run-off,  = 
sense  6 ;  run-on,  continued  into  the  next  line, 
couplet,  etc. ;  run-out,  exhausted. 

*fn  .  n  ..7'-; TL*       '.  - 


P' 

Primer  vi.  82  The  propoi 
is  i  in  lo'Si.     1893  jfrnl.  R.  Agric.  Sac.  Dec.  801  A  field  of 
run-out  inferior  pasture.    1897  Miss  KINOSLEY  W.  Africa. 
1 10  These  garments  have  a  band  that  consists  of  a  run-in 
string. 
Ru'ii-about.     Also  runabout. 

1.  One  who  runs  about  from  place  to  place ;  a 
roving  or  strolling  person ;  dial,  a  pedlar. 

[1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  vi.  150  Robert  renne-aboute  shal 
nowjte  haue  of  myne.]  1549  in  Tytler  Edw.  F/(i8s9)  I. 
187  Let  one  of  those  Runabouts  come,,  .straight  they  call  up 
their  neighbours.  1607  MARSTON  What  you  Will  in.  i,  A 
runne-about,  a  skipping  French-man.  1685  R.  DUNNING 
Plain  Method  n  Not. .of  the  better  sort  of  Workmen,  but 
equal  with  the  Scotchmen,  the  most  genteel  sort  of  Run 
abouts.  1820  Kladau.  Mag.  May  163  Some  handy  rin- 
about  had  emptied  our  laird  s  hen-bawks.  1886  ELWORTHY 
W.  Somerset  Word-bk.  s.v.,  A  hawker  or  pedlar  is  often 
called  a  run-about. 

b.  attrib.  Given  to  wandering  or  roving. 

1788  WESLEY  Wks.  (1872)  VII.  210  Begging  that  he  would 
please  to  '  take  a  course  to  stop  these  run-about  Preachers  '. 
1884  Folk  Lore  Jrnl.  II.  6,  I  am  not  one  of  those  runabout 
doctors.  1899  RAYMOND  No  Soul  above  Money  n.  ii,  You 
fortune-telling,  thieving,  runabout  rogue  ! 

2.  A  plant  inclined  to  straggle  or  stray. 

1882  Garden  15  July  52/1  The  plant  is  not  quite  such  a 
run-about. 

3.  Austr.  (See  quot.  1898.) 

1890  '  R.  BOLDKEWOOD  '  Col.  Reformer  xviii.  218  '  Open 
that  gate,  Piambook,'  said  Ernest..,  pointing  to  the  one 
which  led  into  the  '  run-about '  yard.  1898  MORRIS  Austral 
Eng.  397/2  Runabouts  are  cattle  left  to  graze  at  will,  and 
the  runabout-yard  is  the  enclosure  for  homing  them. 

4.  A  small  light  horse-vehicle   or  motor-car. 
Also  attrib.  with  car. 

1890  in  Cent.  Diet.  1901  Munsey's  Mag.  XXIV.  835/1 
The  horses  high  of  action,.. the  runabout  rolling  dreamily 


on  its  cushion  tires.     1902  Westm.  Gaz.  30  May  5/1  The 
pulled  a  'runabout'  car  sixty-two  miles  over 
roads  of  varying  quality. 


battery,  .pi ope 


t  Rirnagade.  06s.  rare.  Also  runn-.  [var. 
of  RENEGADE  .r*.  Cf.  next]  =  RUNAGATE  sl>. 

a  1604  HANMER  Citron.  Irel.  (1809)  338  By  their  runnagades 
they  summoned  . .  all  the  Chieftaines  of  Irish  birth  to  a 
parlee.  1693  Mem.  Cut.  Tcckely  n.  146  The  Turks  having 
only  some  Runagades  for  Engineers. 

t  Bilinaga'do.  Obs.  Also  7runna-,runne- 
gado.  [Alteration  of  RENEGADO,  after  next.] 

1.  =  RENEGADE  si.  i. 

16x4  W.  DAVIES  Trav.  B  iij  b,  He  is  Circumcised . .  denying 
his  Christian  name,  so  that  euer  after  he  is  called  a  Runa- 
gado.  1629  Capt.  Smith's  Wks.  (Arb.)  II.  915  Many  an 
accursed  runnagado  or  Christian  turned  Turke. 

2.  =  RENEGADE  sb.  2. 

1624  CAFT.  SMITH  Virginia  iv.  143  A  few  of  the  Westerly 
Runnagados  had  conspired  against  the  . .  King.  1652  A. 
Ross  hist.  World  \.  ii.  8  One  Cleon  of  Cilicia  gathered  to- 

f  ether  70000  runnegadoes ;  these  overthrew  the  Roman 
'retors.  1699  DAMFIER  Voy.  (1729)  II.  i.  138  On  what 
Score  the  two  English  Runagadoes  turn'd  here,  I  know  not. 

attrib.  1628  PKYNNE  Love-loch's  40  That  which  euery 
Runnagado,  Light .  footed,  or  False  -  handed  Irish  -  boy 
weares.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  407/2  Used  in  the  hand 
of  a  Runagado  Rogue. 

Runagate  (ro'nage't),  sb.  (and  a.).  NovrartA. 
Forms :  6  ron(ne)agate,  7  ronnagat  ;  6  runne-, 
6-9  runn-,  6-  runagate  ;  6-8  runne-,  7  runni-, 
8  runegate.  [Alteration  of  reitna-,  rennegate, 
RENEGATE,  by  association  with  ren(?te  RUN  v.  and 
AGATE  adv.  In  common  use  from  c  1550  to  1700, 
sometimes  as  a  vague  term  of  abuse.] 


RUNAWAY. 

1 1.  An  apostate.  Obs.   —  RENEGADE  A  i. 

CI530  Exam.  W.  Thorpe  (Tindale)  G  iij,  The  lustie 
lyuyng  and  the  slyding  fro  the  treuth  of  these  runagates 
shall  be  to  me  ..  an  example  [etc.].  1554  Lydgnte's 
Bochas  vni.  xiii.  185  An  Idolater  and  runneagate  in  dede. 
1589  NASHE  Martin  Marprelate  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  156 
Lucian  the  Atheist,  was  neuer  so  irreligious ;  nor  euer 
Julian  the  runnagate  so  blasphemous.  1632  LITHGOW  Trav. 
in.  90  There  arriued  from  Tunnis  in  Barbary,  an  Eng 
lish  Runagate.  1692  WASHINGTON  Milton's  Dcf.  People 
M.'s  Wks.  1851  VIII.  3t  Meddle  with  your  own  matters, 
you  Runagate,  and  be  asham'd  of  your  actions,  since  the 
Church  is  asham'd  of  you. 

2.  A  deserter,  fugitive,  runaway. 

a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Rich.  Ill,  54  b,  A  compaigne  ot 
iraytors,  thefes,  outlawes  and  ronneagates.  1576  FLEMING 
Panopl.  Epist.  1 28  1 1  is  reported  to  me,  that  your  clearke  or 
Secretarie,  hath  plaide  the  fugitiue  or  runnagate.  1600 
HOLLAND  Livy  xxm.  480  If  he  went  to  Rome,,  .he  should 
bee  sooner  lodged  there  in  prison  like  a  fugitive  runagate, 
than  intertained.  .for  a  friend.  1674  MILTON  Hist.  Kloscovia 
Wks.  1851  VIII.  498  Many  Letters  and  Messengers  ther- 
upon  were  sent  from  Boris  into  Poland,  .to  acquaint  them 
\\ho  the  Runnagate  was.  1737  WHISTON  Joscphus,  Hist. 
n.  xxi.  §  7  John..,  together  with  his  two  thousand  Syrian 
runagates.  1778  FOOTE  Trip  Calais  n.  Wks.  1799  Ii.  345 
What  news  from  the  runagate?  have  you  seen  her?  1824 
W.  IRVING  T.  Trav.  II.  241  Crews  of  these  desperadoes,. . 
the  runagates  of  every  country  and  every  clime.  1866 
BROGDEN  /  'rov.  Lincs.,Runnagatc,  a  runnaway.  1890  CONAN 
DOYLE  White  Company  xxxiv,  I  shall  leave  my  Winchester 
runagates  to  the  care  of  the  provost-marshal. 

fig.  1641  MILTON  Reform,  n.  Wks.  1851  III.  55  Commit 
securely  to  true  wisdome  the  vanquishing  and  uncasing  of 
craft  and  suttletie,  which  are  but  her  two  runnagates.  1746 
HERVEY  Medit.  II.  17  Our  Moments  slip  away  silently  and 
insensibly — and  will  the  Runagates  never  stop  ? 

Comb.  1648  GAGE  H'est  frut.3  Whosoever.. runagate-like 
shall  return,  may  be  constrained  to  return  again  to  the 
India's. 

3.  A  vagabond,  wanderer;  a  run-about. 

1547  BOORDE  Brev.  Health  Pref.  6  b,  Let  al  men  beware 
of  vagabundes  and  ronagates  thatwylsmatter  with  phisicke. 
1594  NASHE  Unfort.  Tra-'.  Wks.  (Grosart)  V.  141  The  first 
traueller  was  Cayn,  and  hee  was  called  a  vagabond 
runnagate  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  1634  FOHD  Perk. 
Wat-beck  v.  iii,  You  are  known  For  Osbeck's  son  of  Tournay 
a  loose  runagate,  A  Land-loper.  a  1677  BARROW  Strut. 
(1683)  II.  201  A  crew  of  wild  thieves  and  runnagates.  1822 
GALT  Sir  A.  Wylie  xii,  Get  twa  shillings  frae  that  flea- 
luagit  rinnagate  Charlie  Pierston.  1881  BE_SANT  &  RICE 
Chapl.  of  Fleet  I.  181  We  have  been  kept  in  scarceness 
among  runnagates  and  spendthrifts. 

4.  attrib.  or  as  cuij. 

1563  FOXE  A.  f;  M.  985/2  A  runnagate  Scot  dyd  lake 
away  the  adoration,  .of  Christe  in  that  sacrament.  1579 
W.  WILKINSON  Coiifut.  Fam.  Love  10  Lyke  a  runnagate 
Apostata.  .ye  betray  his  Saints  to  Sathan.  1612  T.  TAYLOR 
Comm.  Titns  ii.  9  Paul  hauing  conuerted  Onesimus  a  runna 
gate  seruant . . ,  sent  him  to  Philemon  againe.  1653  R. 
SANDERS  Physiogn.,  Males  25  He  is  a  runnagate  fugitive, 
and  wanders  out  of  bis  native  country.  1737  WHISTCN 
Josephus,  A  ntif.  XII.  vii.  §3  There  came  also  to  them . .  many 
of  the  runagate  Jews.  1810  Q.  Rev.  Nov.  458  We  have  seen 
. .  how  much  hai  m  has  been  done  by  the  runagate  sailors 
in  Polynesia.  1851  G.  H.  KINGSLEY  Sp.  tf  Trav.  (1900)  335 
The  beach-comber,  a  runagate  rogue  without  property, 
position,  or  influence. 

So  Bu'nag-ates.   rare-1. 

1865  W.  G.  PALGRAVE  Arabia  II,  366  Much  as  a  well- 
trained  schoolboy  does  a  runagates  street  urchin. 

Run-around.  U.S.colloq.  [f.  RUN  v.]  A  felon 
or  whitlow.  Also  called  rim-rounJ. 

1872  TALMAGE  Serm.  224  Some  hypochondriac  with  a  '  run- 
around  '  or  a  '  hang-nail '. 

Ru'iiaway,  sb-  (and  a.).  Also  6  renawaye, 
6-7  runne  away,  run(n)awaie  (7  -waye).  [f. 
RUN  v.  +  AWAY  adv."\ 

I.  1.  One  who  runs  away ;  a  fugitive,  a  deserter. 

[c  1515  Cache  Lorclts  B.  5  Her  husbonde  dwelleth . .  Nexte 
house  to  Robyn  renawaye.]  1547  Act  i  Edw.  VI,  c.  3  §  2 
The  same  lustices.  .shall  adiudgethe  loyterer  and  run  away 
to  be  the  said  masters  slaue  for  euer.  1589  GREENE  Mena- 
phon  (Atb.)  57  What  are  you,  sir,,  .that  deale  thus  with  me 
by  interrogatories,  as  if  I  were  some  runne  away?  1617 
MOKYSON  /tin.  n.  78  Private  Captaines  gave  pasportes  to  run 
awaies.  1665  MANLEY  Cretins'  Lcnv-C.  Wars  614  Many 


_  _  _         1758  J 

BLAKE  Plan  Mar'.  Syst.  22  Half  the'gross  wages  of  such 
run-aways  from  the  ship,  shall  be  deposited.. in  the^ Pay- 
office.  1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Briery  Creek  ii.  29  This  lad 
is  a  notorious  runaway  :  he  has  escaped  three  times.  1897 
MARY  KINGSLEY  W.  Africa  344  One  of  those  miscreant  boys 
was  a  runaway  from  a  Fan  village, 

fig.  1612  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Muse's  Sacrifice  Wks.  (Gro 
sart)  II.  50/2  Riches,  but  Runnawayes;  Fauours,  but  lyes. 
a  1616  BEAUM.  &  FL.  Queen  of  Corinth  v.  ii,  A  Slave  To 
beastly  passions,  a  Fugitive,  And  run  away  from  virtue. 

t  b.  An  apostate,  a  renegade.  Obs. 
1561  T.  NORTON  Calvin's  fnst.  iv.  5  He  compteth  him  for 
a  traiterous  runne  away  and  forsaker  of  Religion.  1583 
BABINGTON  Commandm.  (1590)  103  An  heretike  hee  is,  a 
runne-away  from  the  church.  1606  DEKKER  DouHc  P.P. 
Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  175  A  Papist  Volant,  or  The  Run-away. 
1647  TRAPP  Comm.  i  Cor.  i.  r3  Those  then  that  will  needs 
be  called  Franciscans,  Lutherans,  &c... become  run  awaies 
from  Christ. 

o.  A  horse  which  runs  away  or  bolts  while 
being  ridden  or  driven. 

1607  MARKHAM  Caval.  n.  (1617)  67  For  run  awaies  and 
mad  lades,  I  haue  known  him  haue  seauen  or  eight  in  his 
charge  at  an  instant.  1619  BERT  Hawlsts(ifyi)  56  If  a  horse 
prooue  hard-mouthed,  a  run-away,  carry  an  vnsteady  head 
[etc.].  1856  'STONEHENGE'  Brit.  Rural  Sports  536,1  In 
such  a  case  it  is  better  to  do  anything  than  to  persevere  in 


RUNCATION. 


909 


BUNDLE. 


the  course  which  the  runaway  is  taking.  1870  Field  i  Apr. 
200/3,  I  have  not  had  an  opportunity  of  seeing  one  tried 
on  a  regular  runaway,  such  animals  being  luckily  not  very 
common. 

2.  An  act  of  running  away ;  spec,  an  elopement, 
a  runaway  match  (see  3  b). 

1724  DE  FOE  Afem  Cavalier  278  We..foiced  them  at  last 
to  a  down  right  Run-away,  on  Foot.  1830-2  CARLKTON 
7>«Vj  (1843)  I.  349  Many  of  the  young  people  made,  on  these 
occasions,  what  is  called  '  a  runaway '.  1845  JANE  ROBINSON 
Whitehall  v,  He  would  have  made  another  run-away  of  it. 
1872  Court  Jrnl.  2  Mar.  244/1  It  is  not  generally  the  young 
lady  who  takes  the  lead  in  an  elopement, ..but  when  she 
does,  the  runaway  is  pretty  sure  to  prove  a  success. 
II.  attrib.  or  as  adj. 

3.  Of  persons :  Having  run  away  ;  given  to  run 
ning  away ;  fugitive.     Also _/?£•. 

1548  PATTEN  E.rj>ed,  Scotl.  M  iiij,  A  Syllogisim  thus 
formed  of  such  a  theuing  maior,  a  runaway  minor,  and  a 
trayterous  consequent.  1633  Star  ChamberCases  (Camden) 
in  One  of  them  is  an  Irish  runneaway  footman,  1676  Life 
Father  Sarpi  in  Brents  Counc.  Trent  34,  I  have  seen 
many  of  that  run-away  Race,  who-  .would  give  a  leap  into 
such  a  compendious  way  of  life.  1724  DE  FOE^  Mem. 
Cavalier  i.  135  They  were  driven  upon  their  own  Friends, 
who.  .were  trodden  down  by  their  own  run-away  Brethren. 
1824  CAROLINE  BOWLES  in  Corr.  iv.  Soutliey  (1881)  48  The 
magistrates,  .have  secured  the  runaway  ringleader  of  the 
gang  that  robbed  me.  1845  DARWIN  Voy.  Nat.  ix.  (1879) 
188  A  population,  of  which  rather  more  than  half  were 
runaway  rebels  and  murderers.  1876  BLACK  Madcap  Violet 
vii.  59  If  she  was  a  runaway  school-girl,  there  was  little  fear 
about  her. 

b.  Pertaining  to,  connected  with,  accompanied 
by,  running  away  or  elopement.     In  later  use  esp. 
runaway  match  or  marriage. 

1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  III.  173  That  I  might 
not  make  such  a  giddy  and  runaway  appearance  to  any  of 
his  relations.  1775  SHERIDAN  St.  Patricks  Day  \\.  iv,  But 
I  always  knew  Lauretta  was  a  runaway  name.  1809  MALKIN 
Gil  Bias  \\i.\\.  P6, 1  will  not  say  a  word  about  the  run-away 
trick.  1842  LEVER  jf.  Hinton  xi,  All  the  dinners  and  duels 
of  the  capital,  all  its  rows  and  run-away  matches,  were  there 
discussed.  1871  Miss  BRADDON  R.  Godwin  i,  No  one  knew 
the  real  story  of  that  runaway  marriage. 

c.  Rimaway  knock^  ring,  one  given  at  a  door 
as  a  trick  or  joke,  and  followed  by  the  rapid  flight 
of  the  giver. 

1840  BARHAM  Ingot,  Leg.  See.  \.Lady  Rohesia,  St.  Peter 
. .  went  back  to  his  lodge,  grumbling  at  being  hoaxed  by  a 
runaway  ring.  1844  DICKENS  Mart.  Chuz.  ii,  '  I  see  you,' 
cried  Miss  Pecksniff,  to  the  ideal  inflictor  of  a  runaway 
knock. 

4.  Of  horses,  etc. :  Escaped,  or  given  to  escap 
ing,  from  the  control  of  the  rider  or  driver. 

1607  MARKHAM  Caved,  u.  (1617)  103  This  manner  of  re- 
claiming  a  runne  away  horse.  1692  SIR  W.  HOPE  Fencing- 
Master  \ 30  Your  Horse,  if  he  be  not  a  Runn-a  way -jade. 
1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  II.  151  It  carries  us  like  a 
runaway  horse,  so  much  wider  out  of  our  way.  1775  J. 
JEKYLL  Corr.  (1894)  2  We  had  a  runaway  mare  in  the  shafts 
from  Croydon.  1833  HT.  MARTINEAU  Tale  of  Tyne  ii.  31 
Mr.  Milford  was. .anxious  about  his  runaway  pony.  1865 
MRS.  CARLYLE  Lett.  III.  295  My  black  mare,  .got  her  foot 
hurt  by  a  run-away  cart. 

fig.  1822  BYRON  Vis.  yndgem.\\%  To  wind  up  the  sun  and 
moon.  Or  curb  a  runaway  young  star  or  two.  1853  LYTTON 
My  Novel  in.  xxix,  Others  have. .a  runaway  hobby  that 
there's  no  stopping.  1897  Allbutfs  Sysf.  Med.  III.  160 
The  cardiac  pulsations  become  extremely  rapid;  and  a 
condition  is  produced  which  may  be  termed  a  '  runaway  i 
heart '. 

5.  Of  a  chin:  Receding. 

1891  CONST.  MACEWEN  Three  Women  One  Boat  100  He 
has  cut  off  his  beard  !  Heavens  !  he's  got  a  runaway  chin  ! 
1894  A.  MORRISON  Mean  Streets  256  He  was  a  small  shabby 
man  with  a  runaway  chin. 

6.  Sporting.  Easily  won  ;  one-sided. 

1895  Daily  News  29  May  3/5  Mr.  J.  Best's  representative, 
who  scored  a  run-away  victory  from  Sancho  Panza.  1900 
Westm.  Gaz.  8  Jan.  9/3  The  game  was  a  thoroughly  good 
one  from  start  to  finish,  there  was  nothing  of  a  runaway 
character  about  it. 

t  Runca'tion.  Ob$t  [ad.  L.  runcatio,  f. 
ritncfire  to  weed.]  The  action  of  weeding. 

1664  EVELYN  Sylva  (1679)  ip  For  the  more  commodious 
runcation,  hawing,  and  dressing  the  trees,  a  1722  LISLE 
Husb.  (1752)  80  They  pulled  up  by  hand  the  weeds. .  ;  this 
they  termed  runcation.  1733  TULL  Horse-hoeing  Husb,  93 
After  a  few  Days  when  it  began  to  spring,  they  repeated 
their  Runcation. 

Hunch  («?nf).  Sc.  and  north,   [Orig.  obscure.] 

a.  Charlock  or  wild  mustard,  Brassica  Sinap- 

istrum.  b.  Wild  radish,  Raphamis  Raphanistrttm. 

a  1385  POLWART  Fly  ting  iv.  Montgomerie  181  On  ruites 
and  ranches  in  the  fielde,  With  nolt  thou  nurishde  was  a 
jeir.  1691  RAY  N.  C.  Words  50  Rnnches  and  Runehbaljst 
carlock  when  it  is  dry  and  withered.  1743  MAXWELL  Sel. 
Trans.  So  This  Ground,  if  it  is  much  dunged,  runs  excess 
ively  toRunches,  Skellochs,etc.  1788  W.  H.  MARSHALL  Rur. 
Econ.  Yorks.  Gloss.,  Runsh,  sinapis  arvensis\  wild  mustard; 
cattock.  1817  Bloc  few.  Mag.  II.  235  He  sows  his  barley 
early,  and  it  is  choked  by  ranches  and  skelloch.  1848  Proc. 
Berw.  Nat.  Club.  II.  318  Raphanus  Raphanistrum^^ 
Runch  or  Jointed  Charlock).  1896  P.  A.  GRAHAM  Red 
Scaur  iii.  35  The  wheat-field  where  they  have  been  pulling 
runches  or  charlock. 

attrib.  1552  HULOET,  Runchball  herbe  or  wylde  rapes, 
Campestre  rapistrum.  1691  [see  above].  1891  ATKINSON 
Moorland  Parish  346  Two  tablespoon fuls  of '  runch '  seed. 

Ru-nchie.    Sc.    ^See  quots.  and  compare  prec.) 

1715  A.  PENNECUIK  Tweeddale  6There  are  amongst  them, 
that  will  not  suffer  the  Wrack  to  be  taken  Ji  their  Land . . 
till  the  first  Week-  of  May  be  over,  which  they  call  Runchie 


Week.  1807  G.  CHALMERS  Caledonia  II.  936  The  word 
runchies,  for  weeds,  is  generally  known  to  rurigenous  people. 

Runcinate  (r*rnsin<?t),  a.  Bot*  (and  £'«/.). 
[f.  L.  rundna  a  plane  (formerly  taken  to  mean  a 
saw).]  Irregularly  saw-toothed,  with  the  lobes  or 
teeth  curved  toward  the  base. 

1776  J.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  383  Rnncinatiun,  runcinate,  like 
the  Teeth  of  a  great  Saw  whose  Serratures  are  bent  down 
wards.  1785  MARTYN  Rousseau  s  Bot.  xxvi.  (1794)  382  Wild 
Succory  has  runcinate  leaves.  1835  LINDLKY  Introd.  Bot. 
(1848)  I.  261  The  runcinate  blade  of  Taraxacum.  1861 
BENTLEY  Man.  Bot.  161  When  the  terminal  lobe  is  triangular 
.  .it  is  said  to  be  runcinate.  1877-85  HULME  Wild  Flowers 
p,  viii,  Leaves  obovate, . .  deeply  pinnatifid,  runcinate. 

Comb.  1822  Hortus  Anglicus  II.  170  Brassica  Erucas- 
truiH.  Runcinate-leaved  "Cabbage.  1847  W.  E.  STEELE 
Field  Bot.  ii  Leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  with  unequal 
teeth.  1870  HOOKER  Stud.  Flora  27  Leaves  runcinate- 
toothed. 

So  Bu  ncinated  a.  Also  Rwncinato-,  used  as 
comb,  form  of  RUNCINATE. 

(a)  1797   Encycl.   Brit,  (ed,  3)   III.  442/2   Ruminated^ 
pinnatifid..,  in  such  sort  that  the  segments  are  convex  on 
the  fore-side  and  transverse  behind.     1853  G.  MACDONALD 
&  f.  ALLEN  Botanist's  \Vord-bk.  28/2  Runcinated^a.  term 
applied  to  leaves,  the  margin  of  which  is  cut    into   very 
large  teeth. 

(b)  1829  LOUDON  Encycl.  Plants  671   Leaves  glab[rous] 
runcinato-dentate.       1887   Encycl.   Diet,    s.v.,  Runcinato- 
laciniate. 

Runcival,  obs.  form  of  ROUNCIVAL. 
fRirncle.      Obs.  rare.      [ad.  G.  ritnkel,  also 
mnkel-riibS)  of  obscure  origin.]  A  variety  of  beet. 
1784-1815  in  Britten  Old  Country  Wds.  (1880)  108. 

Runcle,  -oul :  see  RUNKLE  sb.  and  a. 

Rund  (rond).  Sc.  and  north.  Also  ruind, 
rind,  etc.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  =RoON. 

1661  Sc.  Acts  Chas.  II  (1820)  VII.  253/2  Runds  of  cloatb, 
ilk  three  thousand  ells.  1808  in  JAMIESOX.  1816  SCOTT 
A  ntiq.  xxiv,  That's  no  lists  or  tailor's  runds  and  selvedges 
o1  claith.  1828  MOIR  Mcinsie  Wanch  xx,  Asking  me  as  a 
favour  for  a  yard  or  two  of  spare  runds,  or  selvages.  1846 
Brocket? $  N.  C.  Gloss.,  Run  or  Ritndt  the  selvage  of  woollen 
cloth,  list. 

Riuidale  (i#'nd<7'l).  Also  6  ryndale,  rindaill, 
8  rendal,  rennal,  -el.  [f.  RUN  v.  +  DALE 2  i.] 

1.  A  form    of  joint   occupation  of  land,  char 
acterized    by   dividing    it    into    small    strips   or 
patches,   a  number  of  which,  not  contiguous  to 
each  other,  are  occupied  and  cultivated  by  each 
of  the  joint  holders.     Freq.  in  phrase  in  rundale. 

Used  esp.  to  designate  this  mode  of  occupation  as  prac 
tised  in  Ireland;  in  Scotland,  to  which  the  earliest  quots. 
refer  (with  the  word  used  adverbially),  the  current  term  is 
RUNRIG. 

a.  1545  Reg.  Mag*  Sig.  II.  747  Et  lie  Fieldland  jacentem 
ryndale  in  territono  de  Cottls.  1593  Burgh  Rcc.  Lanark 
(1893)  no  The  balleis  and  cunsall  hes  vottet  that  the  toun 
muirbe  delt  amang  the. -induelleris  in  this  brught.. rindaill 
amang  thaim.  1793  Stat.  Ace.  Scotl.  VII.  398  (Shetland), 
The  small  farms.. are  parcelled  out  in  discontiguous  plots 
and  run-rigg,  termed  here  rigg  and  rendal.  1794  Ibid.  X. 
26  (Caithness),  Possessing  land  in  what  is  called  rig  and 
rennal,  or  run-rig. 

0.  1780  YOUNG  Tour  Irel.  I.  213  There  is  a  custom  here 
called  rundale,  which  is  a  division  of  their  farms  into  spaces 
by  balks,  without  fences,  which  they  take  here  and  there 
exactly  like  the  common  fields  of  England.  1816  MASON 
Survey  Ireland  II.  163  The  custom  of  holding  farms  in 
rundale,  is  alone  sufficient  to  impede  agricultural  improve 
ment.  1848  Edin.  Rev.  LXXXVII.  240  In  Mayo  and 
other  western  counties  the  old  barbarous  Irish  tenure  called 
Rundale  tScotch  runrigtf  still  prevails.  1888  Fall  Mull  G. 
29  Nov.  3/1  The  third  improvement  was  the  squaring  of  the 
holdings  ;  they  had  formerly  been  held  in  rundale. 
b.  attrib.j  as  rundale  holdings^  lands,  etc. 

1780  YOUNG  Tour  Irel.  I.  *2is  There  is  some  land  yet  in 
the  rundale  way.  1846  McCuLLOCH  Ace.  Brit.  Empire 
(1854)  I.  525  A  large  extent  of  land  is  leased  to  several  per 
sons  jointly,  according  to  the  village  or  run-dale  system. 
1873  MAINE  Hist.  Inst.  iv.  101  The  extensive  prevalence  of 
rundale  holdings  in  parts  of  the  country.  1884  Times 
(weekly  ed.)  19  Sept.  5/2  When  he  sub-divided  the  run- 
dale  lands  in  lots  distributed  round  the  dwellings. 

2.  Land  occupied  in  this  manner,  or  a  share  in 
such  land. 

1819  MASON  Survey  Ireland  III.  17  Each  tenant  takes  a 
share  of  those  divisions,  commonly  called  a  rundale.  1843 
S.  C.  HALL  Ireland  III.  261  The  tenants  had  divided  and 
subdivided  the  small  portions  of  arable  land  into  Rundale. 
1895  Times  21  Sept.  8/4  Scattered  scraps  of  rundale  ranged 
over  by  the  cattle  and  sheep. 

Hence  Bu-ndaled  ppl.  a.,  divided  out  on  the 
rundale  system. 

1884  MAKY  HICKSON  Irel.  in  ^th  C.  I.  32  Owners  of  run- 
daled  scraps  of  pasturage.  Ibid.  34  Mere  shreds,  or  scraps 
of  land,  rundaled  through  different  farms. 

Runcleau,  Rundelaye,  Rundelet,  obs.  ff. 
RONDEAU,  ROUNDELAY,  RUNLET, 

Rundelis,  rennet :  see  RUNDLE  3. 

Rundle  *  (rzrnd'l).  Also  4-7  (ydia/.)  rundel, 
6-7rundell,  9  dial.  -all.  [var.  of  ROUNDLE.  In 
senses  i  and  2  very  common  in  the  I7th  cent.] 

1 1.  A  circle ;  a  circular  or  annular  form,  ap 
pearance,  or  arrangement ;  a  round.  Obs. 

In  some  cases  approximating  to  sense  2. 

c  1305  Pop.  Treat.  Sci.  (Camden)  133  As  me  mai  the  mone 
i-seo  while  heo  is  nue  rijt,  A  lute  rundel,  as  a  sikel,  me 
si;th  therof  that  li?t.  1513  [COVKRDALK]  Old  God  (1534) 
Oj  b,  Your  hedde  is  well  nere  altogether  shauen  &  smoine, 
a  lytell  garlonde  &  rundell  onely  beynge  left.  1597  LYLY 


Worn,  in  Moon  i.i,  Lastly  the  rundle  of  this  Massiue  earth, 
From  vtmost  face  vnto  the  Centers  point.  1611  SPEED  Hist. 
Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xxiv.  §  210  Which  forced  them. .to  uather 
themselues  close  into  a  rundell,  their  best  and  greatest  Ships 
standing  without.  1690  LsYBOUBN  Curs.  J\lnth.  450  h, 
Saturn  [is].. at  other  times  represented  with  two  Rumlles 
adhering  to  each  side,  a  i-jzz  LISLE  f/usl'.  (1751;)  3--J  At 
the  root  of  her  horn  she  will  put  forth  a  rundle  like  a  curled 
ring,  a  1843  SOUTH KY  Cointn.~pl.  F>k.  Ser.  II.  (1849)  474  The 
flat  side  [of  the  lute],  where  we  use  to  carve  a  rose,  or  a 
rundle,  to  let  the  sound  go  inward. 

Comb.  1581  T.  NUCE  Seneca's  Octavla  175  The  cyrclcd 
world  in  rundel  wyse  ydight. 

fb.  A  circular  orbit.   Ol>s~l 

1574  EDEN  tr.  Taisners  DC  Nat.  MagnctisTizd.,  Euery 
of  the  Pianettes  are  carried  in  their  rundels  or  circles  by 
course. 

t  c.  A  coil,  curve,  spiral.  Ods. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Turbo^  The  rundell  or  wind- 
inge  of  a  serpent.  1671  WIDUOWL'S  Nat.  P  kilos.  63  The 
Jujunum  begnmeth  where  the  Duodenum  beghmeth  to 
turne  into  rundells. 

f2.  An  object  of  a  circular  (or  spherical)  form. 

1388  WYCLIF  Exod.  xxv.  33  Thre  cuppis  at  the  licnesse  of 
a  note.. and  litle  rundelis  togidere.  1611  COIGK.,  Tourttet, 
a  small  turning  rundle,  or  ring,  in  the  mouth  of  a  Bit,  &c. 
1669  STURMY  Mariner  $  ^fag.  n.  vi.  67  This  Instrument  con 
tains  two  Parts  or  Rundles.  .moving  one  upon  tbe  other. 
1680  MACKKNZIE  Her.  99  The  Collar  . .  having  thereunto 
pendent  on  a  blew  Rundle,  the  image  of  St.  Andrew. 

tb.   —  ROUNDEL  2  b.  Obs. 

1565  Cooi'ER  Thesaurus^  Orbist  a  rundel  to  set  dishes  on 
for  soilyng  the  table  cloathe.  1611  L'OTGR.,  tisclisse,  the 
Rundle,  or  Circlet  put  vnder  a  dish  at  Table. 

t  C.  A  round  slice  or  paring ;  a  small  round 
cake.  06s. 

1607  TOI-SELL  Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  326  Take  a  good  great 
dock-root  clean  scraped,  and  cut  thereof  five  little  rundles 
or  cakes  to  be  used  as  followeth.  1611  COTUR.,  Trochis^ue^ 
a  little  rundle,  or  cake,  whereinto  diners  medicinable  things 
be  reduced,  c  1700  KKNNKTT  in  blS,  Lansd,  MJJjfol.  331 
Rntidels,  round  pieces  or  parings,  as  the  ntndeis  of  :ui 
apple  or  an  onion,  &c. 

d.  A  circular  enclosure  or  field.     Now  dial. 

1577-87  HOLINSHED  Chron.  I.  22/1  The  maior  bestow eth 
a  costlie  dinner  within  a  mote  or  a  rundell,  and  Irath  the 
shirilTs  within  another.  1895  RYK  E.  An°l.  Gloss.t  Ritndlc, 
Riindall,Qr  /?(7w«rtVf,around  field  or  marsh,  or  a  field  that 
lies  round.,  a  person's  property  or  house. 

3.  «=ROUNDEX  3. 

1591  Garrartfs  Art  Warrc  210  Carrying  light  Venetian 
rundels  and  targets  on  their  backes. 

4.  Her.  =-  ROUNDEL  5  b. 

1562  LKGH  Armory  (1597)  S6  Whether  are  Rundels  of  all 
such  colours,  as  ye  haue  spoken  of  here  before '!  or  shal  they 
be  named  Rundels  of  those  colours?  1592  WYRLEY  Arinorit\ 
Ld.  Chandos  86  Those  rundels  in  the  loftie  chiefe  do  stand 
In  sable  bordure  deepely  ingreled.  1661  MORGAN  Spk. 
Gentry  \.  ii.  17  As  the  Ring  hath  no  end,  no  more  hath  the 
Hall  or  Rundle.  1704  J.  HARRIS  Lex.  Techn.  I,  Rnndlcs,.. 
a  Word  used  in  Heraldry. 

f5.  Bot.  A  whorl,  verticil,  umbel.  Obs. 

1578  LYTE  Dodoens  269  The  floures..do  grow  in  Spokie 
tuffets  or  rundels  at  the  top  of  the  stalkes.  1597  GKKARDK 
Herbal  914  There  stande  at  the  top  tufts  or  spoked  rundles. 
1676  RAY  Flora  41  The  Verginian  Martagon.  .Iiath  stalk* 
set  with  small  sharp-pointed  whitish-green  leaves  in  rundles. 
i68a  WHEI.ER  Journ.  Greece  vi,  452  The  Branches  also  grow 
at  small  distances  in  rundles,  round  the  liody,  like  the  Fir- 
Trees,  c  \-jooDampie i-' s  Voy.  (1729)  III.  438  Its  liurs  grow 
in  Rundles.  i^LiTwAMLKV  Dairying  Exciup.  116  Water- 
hemlock — with  rundles  or  flower  branches  opposite  the 
leaves.  1807  J.  E.  SMITH  Phys.  Bot.  236  An  Umbel,  for 
which  some  authors  retain  the  obsolete,  .name  of  Rundle. 

attrib.  01700  Dampier's  Voy.  (1729)  III.  455  Rundle 
Plantain.  Because  it  bears  its  Flowers  in  Whorles. 

6.  a.  A  rung  of  a  ladder.     Now  rare  or  Obs. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.y.  Scala,  To  beare  a  ladder  on 
his  shoulders  and  put  out  his  heade  betweene  the  rundels. 
1686  W.  DE  BRITAINE  Hum.  Prud.  200  Confidence,  .is  the 
Scale  and  Rundle  by  which  many  climb  up  to  the  Pinnacle. 
1856  BOKER  Anne  Bolcyn  in.  ii,  You  and  I.  .Had  climbed 
the  rundles  of  a  slippery  ladder. 

b.  A  cylinder  or  roller  of  wood  ;  spec,  one  of 
the  bars  in  a  lantern- wheel. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Magis,  a  kneadinge  trough; 
also  a  rundell  that  they  vse  to  kneade  with.  1611  FLORID, 
Rotoloni,  lundles  or  rowlers  of  wood.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet. 
Mech.  2634  Trundle,  a  pair  of  round  disks  united  by  round 
bars  or  rundles  which  act  as  teeth.  Ibid.  1252. 
C.  A  solid  wheel  or  barrel. 

1611  FLORIO,  Raggij,  the  shiuers  or  rundles  of  a  pullie. 
1615  BRATHWAIT  Strappado  (1878)  64  He  had  a  wit  at  will : 
Running  like  the  rundell  of  a  blind  horse-mill.  1648  WIL- 
KWS  Math.  Magic  i.  vi.37  It  consists  of  an  axis  or  cylinder, 
having  a  rundle  about  it,  wherein  there  are  fastned  divers 
spokes.  17*8  CHAMBERS  Cycl.t  Pulley,,  .a  little  Wheel,  or 
Rundle,  having  a  Channel  around  it,  and  turning  on  an  Axis. 
1867  SMYTH  Sailors  Word-bk.  586  Riindle,  that  part  of  a 
capstan  round  which  the  messenger  is  wound,  including  the 
drum-head. 

f  7.  An  umbrella ;  =  ROUNDEL  3  c.  Obs. 

1677-8  in  J.  T.  Wheeler  Madras  III.  438  Rundelis  shall 
not  be  worne  by  any  men  in  this  Towne,  without  the 
Governours  permission.  1680  in  Yule  &  Burnell  Hobson. 
Jobson  (1886)  850  A  Rundell  to  be  carried  over  him,  in 
respect  to  the  memory  of  Verona. 

8.  dial.  A  pollard  tree. 

Possibly  an  alteration  of  RUNNEL  2. 

a  1697  AUBREY  Wilts.  (Halliw.),  The  little  rundels  in 
shrowdes,  which  are  come  to  their  full  growth  (which  will 
be  about  eighteen  yeares).  1839  SIR  G.  C.  LKWIS  Gloss. Here- 
/ordt  RitndU,  a  hollow  pollard  tree.  1879  Miss  JACKSON 
Shropsh.  Word-bk.  s.v.,  These  pollards  are  usually  spoken 
of  as  '  old  rundels',  because  for  many  years  oaks  have  not 
been  polled. 


BUNDLE. 

Ru  ndle '-.  Now  dial.  Also  6-7  rundel. 
[var.  RUNNEL  1.  For  the  intrusive  d  cf.  RINULE 
sli.]  A  small  stream  or  rivulet. 

1587  HARRISON  Descr.  Brit.  xi.  mHolinshed^  An  iufinit 
sort  of  small  streames,  brookes,  beckes,  waters,  and  rundels. 
1600  SURI-LET  Countric  Farine  n.  Ixi.  403  Let  their  place 
of  abode  be  neere  some  small  brooke . . ,  and  this  rundle  must 
haue  by  the  edges  stones  or  bonghes  of  trees  for  the  bees  to 
light  vpon.  1650  in  Trans.  K.  Hist.  Soc.  (N.S.)  XIV.  32 
A  great  dike,  .with  a  little  rundle  of  water  running  in  the 
middle  of  it.  1651  tr.  De-las-Coveras'  Don  Fcnise  58  There 
was  a  little  rundlebetwixt  them  which  stayed  the  course  of 
Marcell.  1877-86  in  Cheshire  glossaries. 

t  Rtrndle  '•*•  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  roundeles, 
rundelis,  6  ronnelles,  7  runuell.  [var.  of 
RENDLES.]  Rennet.  Also  atlrib. 

4-1400  Lanfranc's  Cirurg.  21  Rijt  as  be  roundeles  of 
chese  habbi  liim-silf  weiof  worchinge.  .,&  rl}t  as  be  rundelis 
&  j>e  mylk  maken  a  chese.  1330  PALSGR.  177  The  ronnelles 
suche  as  chese  is  made  with.  1611  COTGR.,  Gallioa,,.Osa, 
the  hearbe  Cheese-runnel].  1758  MRS.  DKLANY  Life  S,  Can: 
dS6i)  III.  474  The  plant  you  call  Runnel  or  Rundle  grass. 
..She  thinks  it  is  the  jagged  spearwort. 

t  Bu'ndled,  ///.  a.  Obs.-1  [f.  RUNDLE  '.] 
Rounded,  circular. 

ci6ii  CHAPMAN  Iliad  vn.  239  The  round  stone  broke 
within  His  rundled  target, 

Ru'iidlet.    rare.    [dim.  of  RUNDLE  ',  or  var. 

of  ROUNDLET.] 

1 1.  Her.  =  ROUNDLET  2  c.  Obs. 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  i.  vi.  60/2  It  ii  not  requisite  in 
lllason,  to  name  the  colloars  of  these  nine  Rundlets,  except 
they  be  counter  changed. 

2.  Bot.  An  umbellate.    Cf.  RUNDLE  i  5. 

1858  MAYNE  Exfos.  Lex. 

3.  dial.  A  small  circle. 

1873  W.  D.  PARISH  Sussex  Dialect. 

Rundlet.var.  RUNLET'. 
Run-down,  ppl.  a.    [RUN  v.] 

1.  Downtrodden,  oppressed,    rare  ~1. 

16830.  HEV\VOOD  Diaries  (1883)  III.  340  That  lostopper. 
tunity  of  clearing,  .the  run-down  truth. 

2.  Of  watch-plates:  Faced  with  only  one  coat 
of  enamel. 

1834-6  Encycl.  Metruf.  (1845)  VIII.  490 _  The  coarser 
description  of  watch  plates  are  made  rather  differently,  and 
are  termed  run-down  plates,  and  run-down  one  coats. 

3.  Completely  unwound. 

1894.4.  ROBERTSON  Nuggets  o  Bill.. put  his  finger  on  the 
dead  man's  pulse,  and  placed  his  hand  over  the  heart. 
They  were  both  still  as  a  run-down  clock. 

4.  Tumble-down,  dilapidated. 

1896  Boston  (Mass.)  Youth's  Cowf.  10  Dec.  659/4  He  lived 
in  a  little  old  run-down  place. 

5.  Ill  a  low  state  of  health. 

1901  Westm.  Caz.  6  Sept.  1/2  Tasmania  has,  for  many 
years  past,  been  the  happy  holiday-ground  of  run-down 
Indian  officers  and  officials. 

iience  Run-downable  a. ;  Kun-dow  nness. 

1859  SALA   Tw.  round  Clock  (1861)  373  Of  all  things 
huntable,  chaseable,  rundownable,  I  doubt  if  there  be  one 


required  for  its  treatment? 
t  Rune '•     Obs.     Forms:  1,4  ryne,  rene,  2 
rine,  3  rune.     [OE.  ryne,  rene,  =  OFris.  rene, 
f.  run-  the  weak  grade  of  the  stem  rin-  RUN  v.] 

1.  Course,  onward  movement,  esp.  of  the  heavenly 
bodies;  running  (of  persons). 

c8*5  Vesp.  Hymns  xi,  13  De^red  ryne  forowe^eS  [L. 
Auroracursus pravehit\.  c888  K.  JE.LPRED Boet/t.  xxi,  Hie. . 
bloc-  jehwerfde  eft  to  bam  ilcan  ryne  be  hie  aer  urnon.  c  1000 
^LFRIC  Saints'  Lives  iv.  352  pait  ic  moste  bone  ryne  mines 
lifes  werlice  geendian.  cto$5  Byrhtferth's  Hantlooc  in 
Anglia  VIII.  305  ^Efter  sunnan  ryne  &aefter  bais  monan 
ryne.  a  1225  St.  Marker.  9  pe  sunne  reccheo  hire  rune  euch 
buten  reste.  AIMS  After.  J?.  74  per  is  mest  neod  hold 
hwon  be  tunge  is  o  rune,  &  ivollen  on  to  eornen.  a  ia$o 
Owl%  Night.  1156  O|)er  ^u  bodest  huses  brune  Ober  ferde 
of  marine  obar  peues  rune.  1-1330  A  rth.  %  Merl.  8386  On 
Arundels  wal  bai  gun  lene,  A  knijt  com  arnand  wibgret  rene. 

2.  A  flow  of  blood. 

c  1000  Ags,  Gosp.  Luke  viii.  44  Da  a;t-stod  sona  bss 
blodes  ryne  [c  1160  liatton  Gosp.  bas  blodes  rine].  c  1225 
Leg.  Kuth,  1398  Je  schulen.  .beten  alle  be  bruchen  bet  ?e 
ibroken  habbe5  in  ower  blodes  rune,  a  1240  Lofsong  in 
0.  £.  Hottt.  I.  207  Ich  bide  be.  ,bi  his  blodi  Rune  bet  ron 
inne  monie  studen. 

3.  A  watercourse.     Cf.  REEN  and  RHINE  '. 

c  1330  Ftorice  4  Bl.  (1857)  307  Thilke  that  beth  maidenes 
dene  Thai  mai  hem  wassche  of  the  rene.  1706  PHILLIPS  (ed. 
Kersey),  Rurlc, a  Water-course. so  call'd  in  the  Marshes  of 
Somerset-shire. 

Rune a  (r»n).  [In  origin  the  same  word  as 
ROUN,  mystery,  etc.,  but  in  sense  I  adopted  in  the 
1 7th  cent,  (through  Danish  writers  on  Northern 
antiquities)  from  ON.  and  Icel.  nln,  pi.  ninar, 
later  riinir  (Da.  rune,  pi.  ruiter;  Sw.  rutia,  pi. 
ruiior}.  Iience  also  G.  and  Du.  rune,  pi.  rtttien, 
F.  rune,  pi.  runes,  etc.  In  sense  2  the  immediate 
source  is  the  Finnish  runo,  itself  an  adoption  of 
the  ON.  word.] 

1.  A  letter  or  character  of  the  earliest  Teutonic 
alphabet,  which  was  most  extensively  used  (in 
various  forms)  by  the  Scandinavians  and  Anglo- 
Saxons.  Also,  a  similar  character  or  mark  having 
mysterious  or  magical  powers  attributed  to  it. 


910 

The  original  runic  alphabet  dates  from  at  least  the  second 
or  third  century,  and  was  formed  by  modifying  the  letters 
of  the  Roman  or  Greek  alphabet  so  as  to  facilitate  cutting 
them  upon  wood  or  stone. 

[1685  W.  NICOLSON-  in  Phil.  Trans.  XV.  1293  We  are 
sufficiently  assured,  that  the  Heathen  Saxons  did  also  make 
use  of  these  Runs.  1686  [see  RIMESTOCK].]  1690  TEMPLE 
Ess.,  Poetry  37  Runes,  was  properly  the  Name  of  the 


Northern  Anlii].  I.  375  The  noxious,  or  as  they  called 
them,  the  bitter  runes,  were  employed  to  bring  various 
evils  on  their  enemies.  1848  LYTTON  Harold  i.  i,  Her  pale 
hand  seemed  tracing  letters,  like  runes,  in  the  air.  1831  D. 
WILSON  Preh.  Ann.  (1863)  I.  4  Intelligible  inscriptions 
engraven  in  Anglo  Saxon  Runes.  1883  MORFILL  Slavonic 
Lit.  i.  23  The  view  that  the  Slavs  had  runes  is  based  upon 
a  passage  in  the  writings  of  the  Monk  Khrabr. 

transf.  1851  D.  WILSON  Preh.  Ann.  (1863)  II.  iv.  ii.  238 
The  inscriptions  on  the  sculptured  or  Memorial  Stones., 
include.,  the  Ogham  or  Celtic  Runes. 

2.  fa-  An   incantation  or  charm   denoted  by 
magic  signs.   Obs. 

1796  MORSE  Amcr.  Ceogr.  II.  35  [The  Laplanders)  have 
neither  writing  or  letters,,  .but  a  number  of  hieroglyphics 
which  they  make  use  of  in  their  Rounes. 

b.  A  Finnish  poem,  or  division  of  a  poem,  esp. 
one  of  the  separate  songs  of  the  Kalevala.     Also 
incorrectly  applied  to  old  Scandinavian  poems. 

1854  LATHAM  Native  Races  Russian  Etnp.  73  There  is 
Heathenism,  and  plenty  of  it,  in  the  Fin  poems— the  Runes, 
as  they  are  called.  1863  LOSGK.  Wayside  Inn  i.  Interlude 
iv,  Fragments  of  old  Norwegian  tunes  That  bound  in  one 
the  sep'arate  runes.  //>/</.,  A".  Olafn.  vii,  One  was  singing 
the  ancient  rune  Of  Brynhilda's  love.  1879  Encycl.  Brit. 
IX.  220/1  He  [Lonnrot]  was  successful  in  collecting  12,000 
lines.  These  he  ananged  as  methodically  as  he  could  into 
thirty-two  runes  or  cantos. 

c.  transf.  Any  song,  poem,  or  verse. 

1847  EMERSON  Poems,  Woadnoles  ri  But  the  runes  that  I 
rehearse  Understand  the  universe.  1860  SANGSTER  Hesperus 
128  My  heart  would  sit  and  sing  Shrillest  runes  of  wintry 
cold.  1889  FKANON  A.  KNIGHT  By  Leafy  IVays  t)  The 
light-hearted  and  irrepressible  starling,  .crooning  his  own 
quaint  runes. 

3.  atlrib.  and   Comb.      a.  Objective,   as  rune- 
bearer,  -carver,  -risler  (  =  cutter),  -writer  ;  nine- 
bearing  adj. 

1851  D.  WILSON  Preh.  Ann.  (1863)  II.  iy._iv.  287  To  this, 
subsequent  Rune-wiiters  have  made  additions.  Ibid.  294 
The  Rune-carver  by  whom  many  of  these  Memorial  Stones 
were  executed.  1866  G.  STEPHENS  Runic  Afon.  I.  p.  ix,  Till 
these  rune-bearers  gradually  disappeared  before  Roman- 
lettered  pieces.  Ibid.  199  Only  one  can  have  been  the  real 
meaning  of  the  rune-rister.  1872  A  rchaeol.  Cant.  VI 1 1 . 223 
The  rune-bearing  boss  at  Thprsbjerg. 

b.  Attrib.,  in  sense  '  inscribed  with  runes ',  as 
rune-clog,  -stick,  -stone.  Also  RUNE-STAFF  a. 

1851  D.  WILSON  Preh.  Ann.  (1863)  II.  iv.  iv.  294  The  Rune 


p.  ix,  Rune-clogs  of  all  sorts  of  material  and  of  every  size. 

o.  Misc.,   as  rune-ci\ift,  -folk,  -magic,  -smith, 
-word ;  rune-inscribed,  -less,  -like  adjs. 
1871  G.  STEPHENS  in  Archatologia   XI. III.  98  Modern 


_.  pla 

to  carry  its  letters  from  land  to  land.  1872  Ardmeol.  Cant, 
VIII.  266  The  *rune- inscribed  horn  was  found  in  1734. 
1866  G.  STEPHENS  Runic  Mon.  1.  p.  x,  The  "runeless 
bronze-wielding  populations  they  found  in  Scandinavia. 
1877  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  Trans.  117  Some  "Rune-like  Char 
acters  on  Chalk.  1877  SKEAT  Will.  Pakrne  Pref.  p.  xxix, 
This  might  be  classed  amongst  the  instances  of  *Rune-magic. 
1866  G.  STEPHENS  Runic  Mon.  I.  p.  vi,  The  later  or  Scand 
inavian  Runic  Monuments,  which,  .are  now  being  gradually 
collected  and  publish!  by  competent  'runesmiths.  1883  — 
Bvgge's  Stint,  North.  Klythol.  67  The  principal  "runewords 
on  this  Bewcastle  Cross  are  plain  enough. 

Hence  Rimed  (r«nd)  a.,  inscribed  with  runes. 

1886  N.  %  Q.  7th  Ser.  1 1. 50  A  leaden  tulla  of  Archdeacon 
Boniface  and  a  runed  ivory  comb. 

Rune,  obs.  form  of  ROCN. 

t  Ru'ner.  Obs.  [An  erroneous  use  (due  to 
Olaus  Wormius)  of  Da.  runer,  pi.  of  nine  RUNE  -.] 
A  writer  of  runes. 

1690  TEMPLE  Ess.,  Poetry  37  The  Writers  or  Composers 
of  them  were  called  Runers  or  Rymers.  Ibid.  40  This 
made  the  Runers  among  the  Goths,  as  much,  .admired  as 
any  of  the  antient  and  most  celebrated  Poets. 

Rune-Staff.  Also  8  runstaff.  [a.  Sw.  run- 
staj,  (.  run  RUNE  2  +  staf  STAFF.]  a.  A  magic 
wand  inscribed  with  runes,  b.  A  runic  calendar 
or  clog-almanac. 

1705  Phil.  Trans.  XXV.  2029  He  tells  us  of  wonderful 
performances,  said  to  have  been  wrought  by  the  means  of 
their  Scipio  Rnnicus,  or  Runstaff.  1753  Chambers  Cycl. 
Suppl.  s.v.  Almanac,  Almanacs  of  this  kind  are  known  by 
various  names..,  as  rimstocks, ..runstaffs,  ..clogs,&c.  1851 
N.  f,Q.  ist  Ser.  III.  53/1  The  ancient  Clog  or  Rune-staffT. 
has  been  extirpated  by  the  printed  calendar.  1862  H. 
MARRYAT  Year  Sweden  II.  359  n.,  Then  the  victor  gave  a 
rune-staff  to  the  shepherd. 

Rune-stave.  Now  only  arch.  [OE.  run- 
sliff,  f.  n'tn  ROUN  (RUNE  2)  +  stiff  ST AFF,  STAVE  ; 
cf.  OHG.  rtinstab,  Olcel.  nluasta/r.']  A  runic 
letter  or  symbol. 

BeovjitlJ '1695  Swa  waes..burh  run-stafasrihte^emearcod. 
tiooo  .^LFRIC  Homilies  (Thorpe)  II.  358  Durh  drycrxft 
odde  iMnh  runstafum.  c  1205  LAY.  9961  He  lelle  ber  oil 


BUNG, 

grauensslcuSerun-stauen.  *8Bi  A  t/ieuafum  30  Aug.  271  In 
a  chapter  upon  runes  he  [Stephens!  gives  it  as  his  opinion 
that  rune-staves  were  an  independent  offshoot  from  the 
old  Greek  alphabet  in  Scythia. 

Bung  (r#n),  sl>.  Forms :  i  hrung,  5-  ruug 
(7  ruugg,  wrung) ;  3  roungue,  4,  6  roung,  6 
rounge;  4-7  ronge,  7  rongue,  rong,  roonge. 
[OE.  //rw;/^j  =  Fris.  ronge y  MDu.  rong(K}e  (Du. 
rong},  MLG.  ntnge  (LG.  range,  rttttg),  OHG. 
runga  (MHG.  and  G.  runge)y  Goth,  hrttgga  (ren 
dering  Gr.  /5d05os),  not  traceable  outside  of 
Teutonic.] 

1.  A  stout  stick  of  a  rounded  form,  esp.  one  used 
as  a  rail  (in  a  cart,  etc.)*  cross-bar,  or  spoke. 

The  precise  sense  in  the  first  quot,  is  not  clear. 

a  1000  Riddles  xxiii.  10  Ongunnon  sti^an  ba  on  wje^n 
weras  &  hyra  wicj  sompd  hlodan  under  hrunge.  13. .  W. 
HE  UniBESwORTH  in  Wright  Vocab.  (1857)  '•  1^S  [Checune 
charelte  ke  meyne  blcs  Deyt  aver  redcles,  glossed}  rayes, 
ronges  [au  couslcs].  1481-2  Dur/t.  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  322 
Pro  prostracione  del  rongez  in  Acleywod.  1483  Cath. 
Angl.  311/2  A  Ronge  of  a  carte,  epiridiiint^limo.  1591 
Mem.  St.  Giles's  Durh,  (Surtees)  16  Paid.. for  a  burthen  of 
rounges  to  the  Yeate,  -jd.  1641  BEST  Farm.  Rks.  (Surtees) 
107  These  rammers  are  made  of.,  such  like  thinges  as  have 
holes;  they  putte  into  the  holes  two  rungs  to  hold  by. 
1656  TUCKER  in  Misc.  Sc.  Burgh  Rec,  Sac.  26  Whence 
[Ireland]  they  bring  hoopes,  ronges,  barrell  staves,  meale, 
oates,  and  butter.  1762  Information  for  Anne  Inch  agst. 
y.  Bruce  2  He,  the  said  Bruce,  ..beat  her  with  the  Rungs 
of  a  broken  Sledge.  1765  A.  UICKSON  Treat.  Agric.  (ed.  2) 
192  Fig.  9.  represents  the  two  handles  fixed  together  by  the 
two  rungs.  1833  LOUDON  Kncycl.  Archit.  §  990  The  hay 
racks  to  be  made  2  feet  and  a  half  wide ;  the  rungs  (spokes) 
of  i  inch  and  a  half  deal.  _  1864  Morn.  Star  7  Dec.,  The 
chair  had  no  rung  on  which  to  rest  them.  1873  Miss 
UROUGHTON  Nancy  I.  20  Algernon  has  thrust  his  head  far 
out  between  the  rungs  of  his  chair-back. 

tb.  Cogs  and  rungs:  (see  COG  sb.-  i).  Also 
as  the  name  of  a  dance-tune  (quot.  1621).  Obs. 

1477  in  sjtk  Rep,  Deputy  Kpr.  Irel.  107  The  miller  to 
provide  cogges  and  ronges  for  the  mill  wheels.  1483-4 
Durh.  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  249  Pro  adquisicione  de  le 
cogges  et  ronges  pro  molendino  de  Milburne,  viij  d.  1523 
FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  1 34  To  sell . .  the  crabbe-trees  to  myllers, 
to  make  cogges  and  ronges.  1621  BUTKWAIT  Nat.  Em. 
i-assie^  etc.  (1877)  259,  I  am  sure  thou  there  shall  find, 
Measures  store  to  please  thy  mind;  Roundelayes,  Iribh- 
hayes,  Cogs  and  rongs  and  Peggie  Ranisie. 

2.  A  round  or  stave  of  a  ladder. 
i 

lo 

by  the  ronges  and  the  stalkes  Unto  the  tubbes.  1439 
TiHtinlmll  Church-.u.  Ace.  (Som.  Rec.  Soc.)  180  Pro  j  scala 
xiij  rongarum  empta  pro  le  beifray,  x\d.  n&$Caih.Angl. 
311/2  A  Ronge  of  a  stee,  scalare.  1611  COKVAT  Criufftm 
488  A  ladder  which  containe[s]  seuen  and  twenty  steps  or 
rungs  as  we  call  them  in  Somersetshire.  1694  Phil.  Traits. 
XVIII.  71  Three  Ladders  differently  Runged,  that  is,  the 
Rungs  or  steps  placed  at  several  distances.  1781  HUTTON 
Tour  to  Caves  Gloss,  (ed.  2)  95  Rungs,  the  steps  in  a  ladder. 
l8o»  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Moral  Tales  (1806)  I.  vi.  38  Henry 
saw  his  friend  reach  the  last  rung  of  the  ladder.  1860 
WYNTER  Cwws.  Civiliz.  II.  402  Will  the  nimble  figure  gain 
the  topmost  rung  ere  nature  fails?  1887  BKSANT  World 
Went  xv.  122  A  young  man  got  upon  a  ladder. .and  sal 
upon  the  topmost  rung. 

b.  fig.,  or  in  fig.  context. 

1377  LANGL.  /'.  /'/.  B.  xvi.  44  And  [the  fiendj  leith  a 
ladtlre  bere-to,  of  lesynges  aren  be  ronges.  £1380  WVCLII-' 
Scl.  H'ks.  II.  379  pus  pe  ladder  bat  men  shulden  come  to 
lieven  by,  eiber  wantib  roungis,  or  ellis  it  is  not  rerid.  1635 
J.  HAVWARD  tr.  Biondi's  Bunish'd  Virg.  21  The  religious 
Founder  thereof  hath  fashioned  out  the  rongues  of  a  ladder 
to  heaven.  1670  CLARENDON  Tracts  (1727)  176  It  is  a  vow 
of  obedience..,  as  the  upper  and  highest  wrung  of  the 
ladder,  to  the  pope.  1865  Sat.  Rev.  16  Dec.  766  On  the 
lowest  rung  of  the  Christmas  ladder  stand  the  In  fant  Books. 
1883  S.  C.  HALL  Retrospect  I.  i  One  of  the  lowest  rungs  of 
Memory's  ladder. 

3.  Se,   and   north.   A  cudgel;   a  stout  staff  or 
walking-stick. 

1540  Rec.  of  Elgin  (New  Spald.  Cl.)  I.  49  For  the  maness- 
ing  of  the  saidis  Kateiine  with  ane  rung.  1588  Reg.  Privy 
Council  Scot.  IV.  270  The  said  Robert  Lekky..maliciouslie 
straik  and  dang  thame  with  rungis  and  treis.  '678  SIR  G. 
MACKENZIE  Crim.  La-as  Scot.  n.  (1699)  235  With  a  great 
Ration,  or  Rung  in  his  hand,  and  with  Knives  and  other 
invasive  Weapons,  1721  KELLY  Scot.  Proi>.  306  I'll  take  a 
Rung,  and  rixle  your  Rigging  with  it.  1795  BL'RNS  Dum 
fries  Volunteers  ii,  Till  slap  I— come  in  an  unca  loon,  And 
wi'  a  rung  decide  it.  1838  J.  GRANT  Sketches  London  296 
The  Scotchman  threw  his  '  rung  ',  as  he  called  it,  anil  sure 
enough  he  hit  the  stick.  1893  CROCKETT  Stickit  Minister 
195  The  sound  of  the  watchman's  oak  '  rung '  had  been  too 
much  for  them. 

b.  fig,  or  in  fig.  context. 

1711  RAMSAY  On  Ma^gy  Johnston*  vii,  Death  wi'  his  rung 
rax'd  her  a  yowff,  And  sae  she  died.  1805-6  J.  NICOL 
Poems  I.  120  (Jam.),  An'  as  for  Poorlilh,.. Aft  hae  I. .felt 
her  rung.  1838  M.  PORTEOUS  Souter  Johnny  32  Vet  there 
ye  sang,  though  neth  the  dred  O'  poortith's  rung. 

theise  are  bolted  to  the  Keele.  1627  CAPT.  SMITH  Seaman's 
Gram.  ii.  2  They  lay  the  Rungs,  called  floore  timbers,  or 
ground  timbers,  thwart  the  keele.  1688  HOLME  Armoury 
in.  xv.  (Roxb.l  37/1  The  Runges  or  Rung  heads,  the  same 
to  hooks  and  futtocks.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  2003/1 
The  spaces  between  the  rungs  are  spirkets. 

5.  atirib.,  as  rung-cart,  t  -staff,  t  -slower,  -wheel. 

13..  W.  DE  BIBBESWORTH  in  Wright  /  'ocal:  (1857)  I.  168 
[lin  lea  reideks  vounl  les  nAeiitrfioaaf] longe-stafs.  1389-90 


RUNG. 

Dnrh.  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  596  Pro  lucrncione  xx.  gang  de 
rungstoures  pro  carectis,  xviij  d.  1612  STORTOVANTJnfftuz&ii 
(1854)  106  The  Water  Plegnick  which  mooueth  either  in 
visibly  and  secretly  under  the  water  and  by  the  water  with 
one  rong  wheel.  1825  JAMIESON  .V«^//.s.v.  Rung~ivheelt  In 
a  corn-mill,  .the  one  which  has  cogs  drives  the  other,  and 
is  called  the  cog-wheel ;  the  other,  from  its  having  spokes 
or  rungs,  is  called  the  rung-wheel.  1854  H.  MILLER  Sch.  <y 
Schiit.  (1858)  122,  I  was  ..so  greatly  recruited,  .as  to  be  fit .. 
to  be  removed,  in  the  old  man's  rung-cart.  1882  Jatniesons 
Sc,  Diet.,  Rung-Cairt,  a  cart  with  open  sides,  Le.,  made 
with  rungs  or  spars  of  wood. 

Hence  Runged///.  a. ;  Ru'nging  vbl,  sb.  Also 
Rxi'ngless  (/. 

1523  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  V.  220  Item,  for  sawing 
of  ane  tre  to  be  an  leddir,  and  for  rungging  and  making  of 
the  sumyn,  ij  s.  1554  Kxtr.  Burgh  Rcc.  Edtnb.  (1871)  350 
Item  for  rungmg  of  the  kirk  ledder,  xxxd.  1694  Phil. 
Trans.  XVIII.  71  Three  Ladders  differently  Runged.  1875 
Contemp.  Rev.  XXV.  563  Four  rungless  chairs  are  solemnly 
watching  the  operation.  1886  MACLEOD  Clyde  District 
Dumbarton.  160  The  ladder  by  which  he  climbed  to  fame 
and  fortune  was  runged  by  indomitable  perseverance. 

Rung,  ppl.  (7.1  [f.  RING  v?\  a.  Having  a 
ring  inserted  in  the  nose.  b.  Ring-barked. 

a.  c  1630  B.  JONSO*^  Undenuoods  Ixxvi,  Like  those,  That 
hang  their  richest  jewels  in  their  nose  :  Like  a  rung  bear  or 
swine.     1778  [W.  H.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric.   7   Feb.  ' 
1775,  The  rung  ox  is  as  passive  as  a  spaniel. 

b,  1901  Sword  #f  Tro^vel  Jan.  24The  white  skeletons  of  the 
rung  trees. 

Rung,  ///.  a.2  [f.  RING  v?]  Made  to  ring 
or  resound. 

1860  DOBELL  in  Macuz.  Mag.  Aug.  327  Tho'.  .the  encoun 
tered  shock  Of  your  clashing  battles  jar  The  rungheav'ns. 

Rung,  obs.  pa.  pple.  REIGN  v.t  RING  j>.i 

Runge  (r^nd^),  sb.  dial.  Also  9  runze.  [Of 
obscure  origin.]  A  kind  of  tub  (cf.  RINGE  sb£  and 
FLASKET  i  d). 

1574  Ltidlmv  Chnrchw.  Ace.  (Camden)  161  Item,  for  a 
range  of  lyme,  vd.  1674  RAY  N.C.  Words,  A  Runge,  a 
flasket.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  xiv.  (Roxb.)  11/2  A 
Runge  or  Soe :  which  is  a  kind  of  vessel!  that  Tanners, 
Glouers,  and  Beere-brewers  use  to  carry  water  in.  1814 
PKGGR  Snf>pl.  Grose.  Rmize,  a  long  tub.  1886  HOLLAND 
Cheshire  Gloss.  295  Runge,  salt-mining  term,  a  large  tub  or 
bucket  used  for  drawing  water  or  brine  out  of  a  rock-salt  mine. 

t  Runge,  £>.  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
intr.  To  rise  up. 

<i  122$  Ancr,  R.  22  5e  schulen..euer  et  Gloria  Patri 
arisen  up  1C.  rungen  vp]  &  buwen.  Ibid.  290  pet  is  to 
siggen,  rung  up  &  sture  pe  ;  hef  up  on  heie  eien  &  honden 
touward  heouene. 

t  Rung-head.  Shipbuilding.  Obs.  [f.  RONG 
sb.  4  +  HEAD  sb.]  (See  qnots.) 

a  1625  Nomenclator  NewaUs  (Harl.  MS.  2301),  Rungheads 
are  the  heads  or  endes  of  the  Rungs...  Also  more  generally, 
the  outward  ends  of  Hooks  which  are  in  the  same  manner 
compassing  are  called  Rungheads ;  for  the  Sleeper  which  is 
boulted  into  the  other  Rungheads  is  also  boulted  intotheise, 
and  they  saie  it  is  bolted  fore  and  aft  to  the  Rungheads. 
1691  T.  H[ALE)  Ace.  New  Invent.  48  The  reaching  of  the 
Ship  crackt  every  seam  of  her  from  the  rung-heads  upwards. 
1769  FALCONER  Diet.  Marine  (1780),  Rung-heads^  a  name 
sometimes  given  by  shipwrights  to  the  upper  ends  of  the 
floor-timbers,  which  are  otherwise  more  properly  called 
floor-heads.  1863  A.  YOUNG  Nant.  Diet.  (ed.  2),  Rung- 
lteads^..t\  name  formerly  given  to  the  floor-heads. 

tRu'nging,  ///.  a.  Obs.-°  [?f.  RUNG  sb.  or 
RUNGE  sb.]  fiunging  adze,  a  cooper's  tool. 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  318/2  The  Ranging  Addice  : 
This  is  in  all  respects  like  an  Hatchet,  save  the  edge  part 
stands  cross  to  that  of  the  Hatchet. 

f  Ru-nian.     Obs.  rare.     (See  quot.) 

1665  J.  WEBB  Stoue-Heng^  (1725)  86  From  these  [Runa] 
the  Characters  called  Runick  took  Name,  and  the  Cim- 
brians.  Dacians  and  Goths  arestiled  Runians. 

Runic  (rw-nik),  a.  and  sb.  Also  7,  8  runick. 
[ad.  mod.L.  runicus,  f.  ON.  rt'tn  RuNE2.  So  F. 


A.  adj.  1.  Consisting  of  runes. 
1662  EVKLYN  Chalcogr.  iii,  Lyons,  bears,.  ,&c.  wrought  on 
the  hardest  rocks,  together  with  Runic  characters.  1686 
PLOT  Staffordsh.  432  [A  stone]  with  Runic  characters  still 
remaining  upon  it.  1763  PERCY  Five  Pieces  Runic  Poet. 
Pref.,  The  Characters  in  which  this  language  was  originally 
written,  were  called  Runic.  1789  SIR  \V.  JONES  Wks.  (1799) 
I.  86  Many  of  the  Runick  lettersappear  to  have  been  formed 
of  similar  elements.  1851  D.  WILSON  Preh.  Ann.(i%t>-$}  II. 
iv.  iv.  273  The  Manx  Runic  alphabet.  1870  FARRAR  Fam. 
Speech  \\.  (1873)  74  Instead  of  the  old  linear  runic  charac 
ters,  he  introduced  an  alphabet  founded  on  the  Greek. 

b.  Carved  or  written  in  runes;  expressed  by 
means  of  runes. 

1685  W.  NICOLSON  in  Phil.  Trans.  XV.  1287  Giving  you 
a  more  perfect  Account  of  our  two  Runic  Inscriptions  at    j 
Beau-Castle  and    Bridekirk.     1775    WARTON    Hist.   £»?. 
Poetry  I.  25  Modern  travellers  report,  that  there  are  Runic    I 
inscriptions  now  existing  in  the  deserts  of  Tartary.     1840 
CAHLYLE  Heroes  i.  (1904)  28  Snorro  tells  us. .that  Odin  in- 
vented  Poetry;  the  music  of  human  speech,  as  well  as  that 
miraculous  runic  marking   of  it.      1865  LUBBOCK    Preh. 
Times  i.  (1878)  u  A  short  Runic  inscription.   1890  Murray's 
Lincolnshire  195  A  scarcely  decipherable  Runic  legend. 

c.  Inscribed  with  runes. 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cyclopedia  s.v.,  There  are  some  Runic 
Medals  in  the  Closets  of  the  Curious.  1756-7  tr.  Keysler's 
Trar.  (1760)  IV.  284  The  ridiculous  superstitions  with  which 
the  Runic  calendars  abound  beyond  all  others.  1825  Fos- 
UROOKE  Encycl.  Antiq.  87  To  this  period  Ii6th  cent.]  we 
may  assign  the  first  Runic  Obelisks.  1851  D.  WILSON  Preh. 
Ann,  (1863)  II.  iv.  iv.  267  The  most  remarkable  relic. -is 
the  beautiful  Runic-brooch.  1855  M.  ARNOLD  Stanzas  fr. 


911 

Grande  Chartreuse  83  As.  .a  Greek  In  pity  and  mournful 
awe  might  stand  Uefore  some  fallen  Runic  .stone. 

2.  Of  poetry,  etc.  :  Such  as  might  be  written  in 
runes ;  belonging  to  the  peoples  or  the  age  which 
made  use  of  runes ;  esp.  ancient  Scandinavian  or 
Icelandic.     Now  rare. 

This  use  of  the  word  (cf.  B.  i)  is  mainly  due  to  Olaus 
Wormius,  who  used  Litcratnra.  Rniiica.  as  a  name  for 
ancient  Scandinavian  literature,  and  in  1650  published  an 
Icelandic  dictionary  (compiled  by  Magnus  6lafsson)  under 
the  title  of  Specimen  Lexici  Runici. 

1690  TKMH.K  fcss.,  Poetry  25  Among  the  antient  Western 
Goths,  .the  Runick  Poetry  seems  to  have  been  as  old  as 
their  Letters.  1699  GARTH  Dispcns.  iv.  (1730)  123  Up  these 
Walls  muchGothick  Lumber  climbs.  With  Swiss  Philosophy 
and  Runick  Rhymes.  1726  KOLINGUROKE  Study  Hist.  ii. 
(1752)  12  The  triumphs  of  Odin  were  celebrated  in  runic 
Songs.  1763  PKKCY  {title],  Five  Pieces  of  Runic  Poetry, 
translated  from  the  Islandic  Language.  1828  SCOTT  F.  At. 
1'ertli  vi,  I  told  him  that  his  runic  rhymes  were  no  proof 
against  the  weapons  which  fought  at  Loncarty.  1851  D. 
WILSON  Preh.  Ann.  (1863)  I.  n.  l.  330  In  Iceland  where  the 
language  of  their  runic  literature  is  still  a  living  tongue. 

b.  transf.  Applied  to  ancient  Scottisli  poetry 
or  poets. 

«  1759  COLLINS  Orfc  Sltflerst.  Highl.  Scot.  4t  At  every 
pause  before  the  mind  possest  Old  Runick  bards  shall  seem 
to  rise  around.  1762  KOOTE  Orator  i.  Wks.  1799  I.  205 
Gentlemen  who  have.. rummaged  the  Highlands  of  Scot, 
land  and  Ireland  for  the  remains  of  Runic  poetry.  1813  ' 
Hoc-G  Queens  Wake  12  She  heard  the  Caledonian  lyre  Pour 
forth  its  notes  of  runic  fire. 

3.  Belonging   to  ancient  Scandinavia    or    the 
ancient  North. 

1665  J.  WEBB  Stone-Hcng  (1725)  192  These  Places  of 
Election ..have  been  from  all  Antiquity  proper  to  the  old 
Runick  Kingdoms.  1762  FAI.CONEK  Ship-vr,  i.  814  The 
hardy  offspring  of  some  Runic  dame.  1786  POI.WHELE  tr. 
Theocritus,  etc.  (1792)  II.  52  We  recollect  the  Scythian  or 
Runic  mythology.  1813  SCOTT  Rokeby  iv.  i,  [They]  Fix'd  on 
each  vale  a  Runic  name.  1822  BYKON  Jitan  viu.  xxiii, 
Time,  Which  settles  all  things,  Roman,  Greek,  or  Runic. 

b.  Of  ornament:  Of  the  interlacing  type  (origin 
ally  Celtic)  which  is  characteristic  of  rune-bearing 
monuments,  metal-work,  etc. 

1838  BHITTON  Diet.  Arc/tit,  fy  Arclixol.  404  Runic-Knot, 
Danish  Knot,  a  twisted  ornament  common  on  buildings  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon,  or  Danish  era.  1848  RICKMAN  Archit.  73 
Amongst  these  ornaments  the  interlaced  figures  called 
Runic  are  of  frequent  occurrence.  1872  ELLACOMBE  Kelts 
of  Ch.  in  Ch.  Bells tDtyon  vii.  360  The  upper  part  is., 
beautifully  inlaid  with  interlaced  ribbon  patterns,  or  runic 
knots  of  gold,  silver,  [etc.]. 

B.  jA.f  1.  The  ancient  Scandinavian  tongue.  Obs. 

1665  J.  WEBB  Slone-Heng  (1725)  85  The  Teutonick  and 
Runick  were  one  and  the  same  Language.  121682  SIR  T. 
BROWNE  Tracts  (1683)  146  The  Danes  can  continue  such  a 
series  of  sense  out  of  their  present  language  and  the  old 
Runick.  1690  TEMPLE  £M.,  Poetry  41  Jlfaia  in  old  Runick 
was  a  Goblin  that  seized  upon  Men  asleep. 

2.  A  runic  inscription. 

1866  G.  STEPHENS  Kunic  Man.  I.  p.  xxvii,  We  have  this 
formula  also  in  Scandinavian. runics. 

3.  Ent.  A  name  given  to  certain  moths. 

1832  J.  RENNIE  Consf.  Butter/I.  $•  M.  81  The  Runic 
(.Diphthera  rttnica. .)  appears  the  beginning  of  June.  Ibid. 
221  The  Small  Runic  (Yfsolophns  seqnellits . .)  appears  in 
August,  on  hedges. 

4.  Typog.  A  style  of  display  lettering  (in  the 
Roman   alphabet)  having  a  thickened   face   and 
often  of  a  condensed  form. 

1873  Specimen  of  Printing  Tvfes  (Reed  &  Fox),  Eight 
lines  Pica  Runic,. .Two  lines  Double  Pica  Runic.  1900 
DE  VINNE  Typog.  327  Another  style  of  runic  is  made  with 
all  lower-case  characters,  but  of  slightly  expanded  form. 

Hence  Runic-like  ,/. 

1665  J.  WKBB  Sloiie-lleng  (,725)  69  That  Runick-like 
nothing  might  in  it  chance,  Art's  self,  and  all  her  Strength 
consulted  was. 

Runish.  (r/7-niT),  a.i  rare.  [f.  RUNE  2  + -ISH. 
Cf.  G.  runisch,  S\v.  runisk.}  Runic. 

1883  Yorks.  Arch,  f,  Topogr.  JrnL  VIII.  55  The  litho 
graph  in  Sjoborg  is  useless  for  minute  runish  purposes. 
1884  G.  STEPHENS  Old-North.  R unic Slon.  III.  15  A  'new  ' 
O.N.  runish  risting. 

t  Rivnish,  a.2  Obs.  rare.  [var.  RENISH  a.] 
Fierce,  violent,  rough. 

13. .  Gam.  Sr  Gr.  Knt.  457  With  a  runisch  rout  J>e  raynez 
he  tornez.  _  13..  E.  K.  Allit.  P.  B.  1545  Ay  biholdand  )>e 
honde  til  hit  hade  al  grauen,  &  rasped  on  be  1-03  woje  runisch 
sauez. 

Hence  f  Ru-nishly  adv.,  fiercely,  roughly.  Obs. 

13..  Gam.  f,  Gr.  Knt.  304  Runischly  his  rede  y;en  he 
reled  aboute.  13..  E.E.Allii.P.  C.  191  He..  Arayned 
hym  ful  runyschly  what  raysoun  he  hade  In  such  sla;tes  of 
sor?e  to  slepe  so  faste. 

tRttnk,  v.  Oh.-1  [Cf.  Flem.  ronlten  to 
mutter,  speak  covertly  about  one.]  intr.  To 
whisper,  murmur.  Hence  f  Kn-nker,  a  whisperer. 

The  more  usual  phrase  is  rouk  and  rcnvn :  see  ROUK  v. 

c  1460  Tmuneley  Myst.  ix.  1 18  If  I  here  any  runk  or  rowne, 
I  shall  fownd  to  crak  thare  crowne  :  Ouerall,  in  ylka  stede. 
JMd.  xxx.  298  Here  ar  a  menee..Of  runkers  and  rowners, 
God  castys  lhaym  out,  trulee,  From  his  temple. 

Runkle  (r»'rjk'l),  i/i.  Sf.  andfMarM.  Forms: 
4  runkel,  4,  6  -il,  5  -ylle,  6  -ill;  4  ronole,  6,  9 
runcle,  S-  runkle.  [prob.  of  Scand.  origin : 
cf.  Norw.  dial,  rukla  (for  *rultkla),  dim.  of  nikka, 
ON.  hrukka  (see  RUCK  sb?),  related  to  MSw.  j 
ryukia,  Sw.  rynka,  Da.  rynke.]  A  wrinkle,  crease. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  18840  His  for-hed  [was]  fair,  wemless  to 


RUNLET. 

sight,  Wit-vten  nni  runkel  slight.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  313/2 
ARunkylle,  ruga.  1513  DOUGLAS  sbncis  vii.  viii.  26  Hir 
forryt  scoryt  wyth  runclys  and  niony rat.  1581  J.  HAMILTON 
in  Cat/t.  Tract.  (S.  T.  S.)  99  Not  hailing  ony  spot,  runkill 
or  ony  vthir  sic  blot.  1711  RAMSAY  Prospect  of  Plenty  201 
Till  age  and  runkles  shaw  Their  canker  tl  spirit's  good  for 
nought  at  a'.  1737  —  Sc.  Pror.  (1750)  107  We  may  ken 
your  eitd  by  the  runkles  of  your  horn.  1808  in  JAMIKSON. 

t  Rirnkle,  a.  Obs-1  In  5  runcul,  runcle. 
[Cf.  prec.]  Wrinkled. 

c  1440  Pallad.  on  Husb.  iv.  699  Compact  a  runcul  \v.r, 
runcle]  nek,  dewlapped  side  Vnlo  the  kne. 

Ru'nkle,  v.  Sc.  and  -^  north.  Also  4  rouncle, 
5  runkylle.  [Related  to  RUCKLE  si).]  intr.  and 
trans.  To  wrinkle,  rumple. 

c  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  773  pan  waxes  his  gaste  seke 
and  sare,  And  his  face  round es,  ay  mare  and  mare.  1483 
Cath.  Angl.  313/2  To  Runkylle,  ritgare,  conrngare.  1721 
RAMSAY  ttlegy  on  J'atie  Bimie  xii,  He  catch  il  a  cri*hy 
webster  loun  At  ninkling  o'  his  deary's  gown.  1808 
JAMIBSON,  Runkle^ .  .to  crease, to  crumple.  1827  J.  WILSON* 
Noct.  Ambr.  Wks.  1855  I.  307  Ilka  ane  by  itsel  in  far  a\va 
spats,  whare  the  grass  runkled  only  to  the  shepherd's  foot. 

Runkled  (r»'qk'ld),  ///.  a.  Sc.  and  f  north. 
Also  4  roukled,  5  rounded,  ruukillit,  runklet, 
S  ruuckled.  [f.  prec.  +  -ED1.]  \Vrinkled,  rumpled. 

13..  Gaiv.  fy  (if.  Knt.  953  Riche  red  on  J>at  on  ray  led  ay 
qucre,  Rugh  ronkled  chekez  Jiat  ot>er  on  rolled.  <  1430 
nigr.  Lyf.  Man h ode  in  Cath.  Angl.  313  When  I  am  elded 
and  by-comen  rounded  and  frounced  and  discolowred. 
c  1480  1 1  I-:NKYS_ON  2<ablcs,  Frogfy  Mouse  vii,  The  inous  beheld 
vnto  In'r  fron.sit  face,  Hir  runkillit  cheikis.  1596  DALRY.MIM.K 
tr.  Leslie's  Hist.  Scott.  J.  287  His  hyd  al  contracted  and 
runklet.  1718  RAMSAY  Christ's  Kirk  Gr.  in.  v,  A  moupin 
runkled  granny.  1785  DUKNS  Holy  Fair  v,  Gin  ye'll  go 
there,  yon  runkl'd  pair,  We  will  get  famous  laughin  At  them 
this  day.  1810  R.  TANNAHILL  in  Harp  of  Renfrewshire 
(1819)  240  Runkled  hags  and  warlock  men.  1894  LATTO 
Taut,  Bodkin  iv,  Thae  runkled  bits  o'  paper. 

Ru'nkly,  a.  Sc.  Also  8  runkley.   [f.  RUNKLK 

sb.  +  -Y.]     full  of  wrinkles  ;  wrinkled. 

1790  A.  WH.SON  Poet,  ll'ks.  (^1846)  179  Auld,  runkley. 
faced,  and  brown.  1807-10  R.  TANNAHILL  Poems  (1846)  99 
Wealthy  pride  but  ill  can  hide  Your  runkly  measled  shins. 

Ruillet '  (rzJ'nlet).  Now  only  arch*  or  Hist. 
Forma :  a.  4-6  roudelet,  6-j1  rondlet.  y3.  6 
rundelet,  6-7  rundlett,  6-9  ruudlet.  7.  5 
roulett,  6  ronelete,  ruulett,  7  ronlet,  7-9 
runlet.  5.  7  renlet(t.  [a.  OF.  rondelett  dim. 
of  rondelle,  f.  ronde  ROUND  a.  Cf.  KOUNDLKT.] 
A  cask  or  vessel  of  varying  capacity;  the  quantity 
of  liquor  contained  in  this. 

Large  runlets  appear  usually  to  have  varied  between  12 
and  iSh  gallons,  small  ones  between  a  pint  or  quart  and 
3  or  4  gallons. 

a.  1394  in  Wylie  Hist.  Hen.  7K,  IV.  179  A  Rondelet  of 
Runmey.  1483  Act  i  Rich.  Ill,  c.  13  §  i  Every  Rondelet 
to  holde  xviij  galons  and  an  half.  1531-2  Act  23  Hen.  ¥111, 
c.  7  §  4  The  prices  of.. the  butt,  tonne,  pype,.  .teers,  barrel  1, 
or  rondlett.  1593  G.  HARVEY  New  Letter  Wks.  (Grostart) 
I.  280  Her  beginning  (is]  like  the  purest  Gyle  in  the  crowne 
of  the  rondelet.  1605  H.  PLAT  Delightesfor  Ladies  \\.  xiv, 
I  haue  knowne  Roseleaues  kept  well  in  Rondlets.  1618 
UAI.TON  Countr.  Just.  Ixv.  (1630)  144  Sixteene  gallons 
maketh  the  Rondlet.  1674  S.  JEAKE  Aritli.  (1696)  72, 
i  Rundlet  or  Rondlet  —  i8A  Gallons. 

0.  1542  Rutland  A/SS.  IV.  324  (Hist.  MSS.  Cornm.),  For 
the  carege  off  a  rwndlett  otf  Mus[c]adene,  ^'iij  d.  1588 
LAMBARDK  Eiren.  iv.  iv.  457  Any  kilderkins,  tertian,  firkins 
or  rundlets.  1600  NASHE  Summer's  Last  H'ill  486  Wks. 
(Grosart)  VI.  105  Actors,  bring  now  a  black  lack,  and  a 
rundlet  of  Renish  wine.  1674  S.  JEAKE  Arith.(\6q&)  72 
Rundlet  is  now  grown  a  general  name  to  any  small  Cask 
not  gage.  1703  DAM  PIER  Voy.  III.  I.  150  My  Men  came 
aboard  and  brought  a  Rundlet  of  brackish  Water.  1725  DK 
FOE  I'oy.  r.  World  (1840)  6  One  hundred  and  twenty  two 
small  ankers  or  rundlets  of  brandy.  1814  GARY  Danttt  Inf. 
XXVIM.  21  A  rundlet,  that  hath  lost  Its  middle  or  side  .stave, 
gapes  not  so  wide.  1822  SCOTT  Nigel  ti\'\\t  1  will  presently 
order  you  a  rundlet  of  Rhenish.  i&]$  Atlantic  Monthly 
Jan.  48  He  set  out  for  the  wreck,  bringing  back  a  boat 
which  was  given  to  them,  with  butter,  sugar,  a  rundlet  of 
wine,  and  chocolate. 

fig.  1594  LYLY  K I  other  Bombie  in.  ii,  My  bodie  being 
the  rundlet,  and  my  mouth  the  vent.  1607  MIDDLKTON 
Family  of  Lwe  IT.  lii,  Lets  pierce  the  rundlets  of  our  run* 
ning  heads.  1651  CLEVELAND  Poems  ii  When  we  have  fil'd 
the  Rundlets  of  our  eyes,  We'll  issue't  forth. 

attrib.  1837  WHITTOCK  Bk.  Trades  (1842)  i  fa  (Copper), 
The  '  Rundlet-cooper  '  works  principally  for  distillers  and 
makers  of  various  cordials. 

Y-  1491-*  Rec.  St.  Mary  at  Hill  179  For  a  ronlett  of  mal- 
vinseyn  gevyn  vnto  master  plomere.  1530  Nottingham  Rec, 
III.  184  Quatuor  roneletes  vini  dulcis  vocati  Malvesy. 
1579  in  VV.  H.  Turner  Select.  Rec.  Oxford  (1880)  401  Bruers 
mea.tures,  as  barells,.- firkins,  runlet ts,  ladlemeales.  1612  T. 
TAYLOR  Titus  i.  7  They  make  their  bodies  like  runlets  or 
wine  caskes.  1667  DAVENANT  &  DRYDEN  Tempest  ii.  i,  The 
runlet  of  brandy  was  a  loving  runlet,  and  floated  after  us 
out  of  pure  pity.  1727  Philip  Quarll  (1816)  50  At  the 
bottom  of  the  chest  lay  a  runlet  of  brandy.  1741  ConipL 
I'ain.-Pitce  i.  v.  274  Then  strain  tt  out,  and  put  it  in  a  Run 
let.  1814  SOUTHEY  Carmina  Aitlita  Poet.  Wks.  III.  314 
Many  a  runlet  of  right  Nantes,  I  ween,  Hath  suffer 'd  per 
colation  through  that  trunk.  1851  TURNER  Dom.  Archit. 
I.  iii.  124  Aeneas  [Sylvius]  had  received  at  a  certain  monas 
tery  a  few  loaves  and  a  runlet  of  red  wine.  i88a  Good 
Words  606  Who  brought  him  venison  pasties  and  apple 
turnovers  and  runlets  of  ale. 

6.  1616  Lismore  Papers  Ser.  r.  (1886)  1. 112, 1  sent  my  lord 
Careie  a  Renlett  of  choice  aquavite.  1641  HROME  Jovialt 
Crfiv  v.  Wks.  1873  III.  437  And  perhaps  save  me  the 
expence  of  a  Renletofsack  the  while. 

Runlet  *  (TV -nlet).  [f.  RUN  sb.i  +  -LET.]  A 
little  run  or  stream  ;  a  runnel ;  f  a  channel. 


RUNLONG. 

I7SS  in  Rutland  Gloss.  (1891)  s.v..  Paid.. for  two  days 
Work  at  scowring  Wire  Lane  Runlett,  20  June,..u.  M. 
1801  WOLCOT  (P.  Pindar)  Tears  ff  5amrwkt.l8iaY.ig 
The  runlet  that  murmurs  away  [seems]  To  wind  with  a 
murmur  of  woe.  1853  G.  JOHNSTON  Xat.Hist.  E.  Borders 

I.  18   It  receives  many  little   livelier  runlets  that  brattle 
down  the  green  hills  on  each  side.    1874  SVMONDS  Sk.  Italy 
f,  Greece  (1898)  I.  v.  84  We  found  a  well,,  .a  runlet  flowing 
from  it  down  the  rocky  steps. 

t  Runlong.   nonce-word.    Course. 

1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  ,J-  Sell:  26  The  understanding  can. 
not  take  it,  how  one  now  should  hold  on  with  the  whole 
runlong  of  all  ages. 

Ru  unable,  a.  [f.  RUN  v.  +  -ABLE.]  Of  deer : 
Proper  for  the  chase  ;  warrantable. 

1884  FORTF.SCUE  in  Longm.  Mag.  Sept.  4gr  Two  tines  on 
the  top  of  one  horn,  .was  in  itself  judged  sufficient  to  make 
a  warrantable  or  runable  deer.  1884  JEFFERIES  Red  Deer 
ii.  33  His  coat  was  in  perfect  condition,  ..and  he  was  a  run- 
nable  deer,  that  is,  of  age  and  size  sufficient  for  the  chase. 

Runnable,  -ably,  dial.  ff.  RENABLE,  -ABLY. 

Runnagado,  -gate,  varr.  RUKAGADO,  -GATE. 

Ru-nnage.  rare-1,  [f.  RUNW. +-AGE.]  Flow 
or  quantity  of  water  in  a  river. 

1864  Standard  15  Jan.,  During  the  late  frost  the  water  in 
the  Ettrick  and  Yarrow  had  gradually  lessened,  until  the 
runnage  became  insufficient  to  admit  of  the  large  numbers 
of  spawning  fish  leaving  the  pools. 

Rtmnawaie,  -waye,  obs.  ff.  RUNAWAY. 

t  Runned,  ///.  a.    Obs.—1  In  6  ronned.    [obs. 

pa.  pple.  RUN  v.]     Coagulated,  curdled. 

1527  ANDREW  Bruns^uyke's  Distyll.  Waters  Mj,  [It] 
causeth  the  ronned  and  congeled  mylke  to  be..dyssolved 
frorne  the  ronnynge  togyder. 

Runnegade,  -gate  :  see  RUNAGADE,  -GATE. 

Runnel l  (rtni'l).  Also  6-7,  9  dial,  runnell, 
7  runnil(l.  [Later  form  (after  RUN  v.}  of  rinel 
KINDLE  sb.  See  also  RUNDLE  2.] 

1.  A  small  stream  of  water;  a  brooklet,  rivulet, 
rill,  or  trickle. 

1577  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1904)  VII.  229  The  water.. sinketh 
into  the  earth  and  so  vamsheth  away,  without  any  runnell 
above  the  earth.  1600  FAIRFAX  Tasso  xn.  Ixvii,  With  mur 
mur  lowd  downe  from  the  mountaines  side  A  little  runnell 
tumbled  neere  the  place.  1656  Rec.  Braintree,  Mass. 
(1886)  7  This  way. .formerly  going  up  the  rockes  straight 
from  the  runnill  of  water  in  the  country  highway.  1747 
COLLINS  Passions^  Dashing  soft  from  rocks  around,  Bub 
bling  runnels  join'd  the  sound.  1784  tr.  Beckforifs  Vatkck 
(1868)  51  Vathek  applied  his  ear  with  the  hope  of  catching 
the  sound  of  some  latent  runnel.  1817  SCOTT  Harold  vi. 
xvii,  He  placed  her  on  a  bank  of  moss,  A  silver  runnel  bub 
bled  by.  1856  VAUOHAN  Mystics  (1860)  I.  no  The  groves  of 
the  orchard,  watered  by  crossing  runnels  from  the  river. 
1883  C.  DAVIES  Norfolk  Broads  xxvi.  198  Herons  stand  in 
the  little  runnels  which  trickle  over  the  Hats. 

fir.  1817  HALLAM  Const.  Hist.  (1876)  I.  vi.  322  The 
wickedness  of  mankind.. confused  the  pure  stream  of  the 
fountain  with  its  muddy  runnels.  1865  A.  SMITH  Summer 
in  Skye  I.  243  Ossian  drew  into  himself  every  lyrical  runnel. 

2.  A  small  watercourse  or  channel ;  a  gutter. 
1669  W.  SIMPSON  Hydro!.  Chym.  296  The  rain . .  is  carryed 

away  by  runnels.     1863  MARY  HOWITT  tr.  Bremer's  Greece 

II.  xiv.  102  A  clear  stream  of  water  flowed. -into  a  stone 
runnel  along  the  floor.     1883  Fortn.  Rev.  July  144  Small 
runnels  are  generally  chiselled  for  the  purpose  of  conducting 
the  water  into  the  cistern. 

3.  dial.   A  funnel. 
1868-  in  Yorkshire  glossaries. 

Hence  Rvrnnelliiig  a.,  forming  a  runnel. 
1849  SYMINGTON  Harebell  Chimes  140  A  little  mountain 
girl.. Sings  to  the  runneling  brook,  alone. 

Runnel -.  dial.  Also  8-9  runnell.  [Of 
doubtful  origin  :  cf.  RUNDLE  l  8.]  Pollard  wood, 
or  a  shoot  of  this ;  a  pollard  or  stunted  tree. 

1674  RAY  N.  C.  Words,  Runnel,  pollard  wood,  from  run 
ning  up  apace.  1829  BROCKETT  N.  C.  Gloss,  (ed.  2)  252  Run 
nel,  pollard  wood.  1861  W.  BARNES  in  Macin.  Mag.  June 
127  If  an  ash-tree  is  polled,  there  grow  out  of  its  head,  .young 
runnelk.  1879  Miss  JACKSON  Shropsh.  Word-Bk.,  Runnel, 
an  old  stunted  tree,  usually  a  pollard,  and  hollow. 

Runner  (rznisa).  Forms :  i  -iornere,  -irnere  ; 
4  urnare  ;  4  rener,  4-5  rennere  (5  -are),  4-6,  9 
dial,  renner  (5  -ar) ;  5  rynner,  5-7  rynnar, 
6,  9  Sc.  and  dial,  rirmer;  6  ronuer,  rouner, 
ruunor,  7  rtiner,  6-  runner,  [f.  RUN  v.  +  -ERI. 
Cf.  Fris.  rinner,  rinder,  MDu.  renner,  runner 
(Du.  renner),  MLG.  renner,  ronner,  G.  renner, 
MSw.  rennare,  rinnare,  ON.  rennari.  In  OE. 
recorded  only  \nfore-iornere  fore-runner.] 
I.  1.  One  who  runs ;  a  racer. 

c  1325  Chron.  Eng.<xx>  in  Ritson  Metr.  Rom.  II.  307  He 
wes  cleped  Harefot,  For  he  wes  urnare  god.  1382  WYCLIF 
2  Sam.  ii.  1 8  Ceertis  Asahel  was  a  moost  swift  renner.  c  1400 
Poem  on  /.r  Commandm,  (MS.  Laud  416  fol.  3),  Fle  farre 
from  besy  tungges  as  bytter  as  gall,  And  rynnars  to  howsis 
where  good  ale  is.  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  297/1  Lepare,  or 
rennare,  cursor.  1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  VI,  \\.  iii.  i  Fore, 
spent  with  Toile,  as  Runners  with  a  Race.  1671  MILTON 
Samson  1324  Have  they  not..ev'ry  sort  Of  Gymnic  Artists, 
Wrestlers,  Riders,  Runners?  1792  BROOK  Precious  Reme 
dies  165  God  loves  the  runner,  not  the  questioner.  1833 
NVREN  Cricketer's  Tutor  So  He  was  a  fine  batter,  a  fine 
field,  and  the  swiftest  runner  I  ever  remember.  1868  MORRIS 
Earthly  Par.  (1870)  I.  I.  no  And  there  two  runners  did  the 
sign  abide  Foot  set  to  foot. 

b.  With  advs.,  as  runner-about ',  -away. 

1362  LANOL.  P.  PI.  A.  xi.  199  None  renneris  aboute,  Ne 
no  leperis  ouer  lond.  £1386  CHAUCER  Friar's  T.  Prol.  19 
A  sompnour  is  a  renner  up  and  doun  With  maundementz 
for  fornicacioun.  c  1440  Promp.  Pan.  297/1  Lepare,  or 


912 

rennnr  a-wey,  /t*gax,  fngitiws.  1451  CAPGRAVF.  Life  St. 
Aug.  (E.  E.  T.S,)38?e  be  renners  a-boute  J>ecyte;  and  bei 
fle  >e  sith  of  men.  a  154*  HALL  Chron^  Hen.  VI,  83  b,  The 
Frenchmen  knowyng  by  these  good  runners  away  of  ye 
cries  approchyng.  1574  G.  BAKER  Compos.  Oleum  Magi*' 
trale  fol.  43  Among  the  common  Runners  about  (which  use 
to  cut  for  the  stone  and  Ruptures)  is  used  a  great  abuse. 
1647  HEXHAM  I,  A  runner  after,  een  na-loopcr.  1736  AINS- 
\\ORTH  Eng.'Lat.  Diet,,  A  runner  forth,  excurspr.  1848 
DICKENS  Dombey  xxxii,  Yon  conspirators,  and  hiders,  and 
runners-away,  should  know  better  than  that. 

fo.  A  wandering  person  ;  a  vagabond.  Obs. 

"574  G.  BAKKR  Comfos.  Oleum  Magistrate  fol.  44  Such  is 
the  covetouse  desire  of  these  Runners.  1575-6  Dnrh. 
Deposit.  (Surtees)  270  As  for  Lawson  he  is  but  a  runner,  of 
no  honestie  or  credit,  being  a  maker  of  strawe  halts,  seves, 
and  riddles,  goinge  frome  town  to  town. 

f  2.  A  fugitive  ;  a  deserter.   Obs. 

c  1440  Promp.  Paw.  429/2  Rennare,or  vnstable  a-bydare, 
fugitivitSifngith'a.  1606  SHAKS,  Ant.  fy  Cl.  iv.  vii.  14  Let 
vs  score  their  backes, ..Tis  sport  to  maul  a  Runner,  c  1624 
in  Caff.  Smith's  Wks.  (Arb.J  II.  473  If  I  finde  any  more 
runners  for  Newfoundland  with  the  Pinnace,  let  him 
assuredly  looke  to  arriue  at  the  Gallows. 

3.  One  who  carries  messages  on  foot  or  horse 
back  ;  a  messenger,  courier,  errand-bearer ;  a  scout. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  7679  Son  to  f?e  king  laid  was  it  sua,  And 
his  reners  he  beder  send  For  to  rauis  dauid  he  wend.  1382 
WVCLIF  Ezek,  vii.  22  Foule  men.  or  renners  [L.  eitit'ssarii], 
shulenentre  into  it,  and  shulen  aefoule  it.  1511-1  Ace.  Ld. 
High  Treas.  Scot.  IV.  262X0  Finlay,  rynnar,  toby  him  sarkis 
. .  xiiij  s.  1517  Love's  Bonavent.  Mirr.  (W.  de  W.)  x,  The 
space  of  x'uij  or  xv  dayes  iourney  of  a  comyn  renner.  1611 
BIBLE  i  Kings  xiv.  27  Rehoboam,. committed  them  vnto 
the  hands  of  the  chiefe  of  the  guard  [margin  runners],  1686 
tr.  Chardrt's  Trav.  Persia  258  They  generally  send  a 
Runner  along  with  *em  to  bring  the  Horses  back.  1727 
SWIFT  Wks.  (1841)  II.  609  It  would  have  been  wiser  to 
direct  it  to  Tonson  or  Lintot,  to  whom  I  believe  his  lodg 
ings  are  better  known  than  to  the  runners  of  the  post-office, 
1800  WELLINGTON  in  Gurw.  Desp,  (1837)  I.  105,  I  have. . 
ordered  Colonel  Torfrey,  fourthly,  to  post  runners  from  his 
camp  to  Oustara.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xxxii,  The 
same  little  runner  who  had  brought  Shandon's  note.  1877 
A.  B.  EDWARDS  Up  Nile  viii.  214  The  Egyptian  and  Nubian 
mails  are  carried  by  runners  stationed  at  distances  of  four 
miles  all  along  the  route. 

f  b.  One  employed  as  spy  to  a  gambling-den, 
band  of  thieves,  etc.  Obs, 

1726  BAILEY,  Rnnner(oS  a  Gaming  House),  one  who  is  to 
get  Intelligence  of  the  Meetings  of  the  Justices,  and  when 
the  Constables  are  out.  1762  FOOTE  Liar  i,  Runner  to  a 
gaming-table  and  bully  to  a  bawdy-house.  1776  Ann. 
Reg.  178  The  runner  to  a  set  of  sharpers,,  was  convicted. . 
at  Westminster... The  rest  of  the  gang  were  lucky  enough 
to  escape. 

C.  One  employed  or  acting  as  a  collector,  agent, 
or  intelligencer  for  a  bank,  broker,  f  government, 
f  newspaper,  bookmaker,  etc.  (Cf.  quots.) 

(a)  1768-74  TUCKER  Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  1. 621  The  directors  of 
the  bank  above  have  constant  intelligence  from  all  parts  of  the 
universe,  and  their  runners  traversing  to  and  fro  among 
their  customers.  1834  Laws  of  Alabama  46  The  following 
salaries  shall  be  paid  to  the  officers  in  the  bank  of  the  State 
of  Alabama  and  its  several  branches,  to  wit : . .  to  the  runner 
of  the  branch  at  Mobile,  six  hundred  dollars  per  annum. 
1884  Pall  Mall  G.  17  June  5/1  Bill-brokers  complain  that 
their  runners  are  unable  to  obtain  bills  from  the  merchants 
as  freely  as  usual.  1894  Daily  News  29  Oct.  7/7  A '  run 
ner'  was  a  person  who,  not  being  himself  upon  the  Stock 
Exchange,  introduced  business  into  the  office  of  a  member 
of  that  body  for  the  sake  of  himself  getting  a  share  in  the 
commission  earned. 

(6)  1777  BURKE  Cory.  (1844)  II.  205  One  of  the  runners  of 
government  in  the  city,— a  tool  of  Harley.  itiioAnn.  Keg. 
3  In  spite  of  all  the  runners  and  dependents  of  administra 
tion,  that  general  would  be  always  revered.  1824  SYD, 
SMITH  ^^.(1859)  1 1.  52  The  pitiful  propensity  which  exists 
among  Government  runners  to  vent  their  small  spite. 

(c]  1785  CRABBE  Neivspaper  291  For  this  their  runners 
ramble  day  and  night,  To  drag  each  lurking  deed  to  open 
light.     1833  Fraser's  Mag.  VIII. 471  In  one  man  we  recog 
nise  a  sub-editor  of  the  Globe, . .  in  another  the  runner  of  one 
of  the  Times  reporters. 

(d)  1902  Scotsman  21  Jan.  8/3  Stiles. .was  m  the  employ 
ment  of. .  a  bookmaker. . .  Stiles  acted  as  his  *  runner  '.  That 
was  to  say,  he  went  about  to  find  out  what  the  betting  was. 

d.  A  police  officer.  Also  Bow-street  runner  (sec 
BOW-STREET)  and  police-runner  (see  POLICE  sb.  6). 
Now  only  Hist. 

1771  Gentl.  Mag.  XLI.  230  Peter  Murphy  and  Silas  God- 
dard  were  tried  for  the  wilful  murder  of  John  At  wood,  one 
of  the  Runners  of  Cierkenwell  Bridewell.  1838  [see  Bow- 
STREET],  1848  KINCSLKY  Yeast  iii,  I'd  sooner  be  a  sheriff's 
runner,  or  a  negro  slave.  1877  E.  LEIGH  Chesh.  Gloss.  s.v., 
The  runners  want  him. 

e.  One  whose  business  it  is  to  solicit  custom  for 
a  hotel,  tradesman,  etc. ;  a  tout.     Orig.  U.S. 

1840  R.  H.  DANA  Bef.  Mast  xxxvi,  The  landlords,  runners, 
and  sharks  in  Ann  Street  learned  that  there  was  a  rich  prize 
for  them  down  in  the  bay.  1883  Harper  s  Mag.  Nov.  814/1 
The  runners  for  several  livery-stables  offered  to  provide 
special  transportation.  1899  F.  T.  BULLEN  Log  Sea-waif 
337  The  enterprising  boatman  was  the  runner  for  a  Fal- 
mouth  tailor. 

4.  A  horse  capable  of  running  well ;  a  good 
roadster  or  racer ;  a  horse  taking  part  in  a  race. 

igSa  N.  LICHEFIELD  tr.  Casianhedats  Cong.  E.  Jnd.  i. 
Ixiii.  129  b,  Alonso  de  Alburquerque,  and  Antonio  del 
Campo,.  .presented  him  with,  .two  horses  out  of  Persia,  the 
which  were  great  runners.  1655  L.  THETFORD  Perfect 
Horseman  24  Every  horse  for  the  wars  may  be  train'd  for  a 
Runner  or  Hunter  at  pleasure.  1697  VANURUGH  SEsop  \. 
iv.  ii,  Your  worship  has  six  coach-horses  (cut  and  long  tail), 
two  runners,  half-a-dozen  hunters.  1815  Sporting  Mag. 
XLVI.  118,  I  knew  in  their  day,  runners  of  fair  repute,  and 


RUNNER. 

as  well  bred  as  any  horses  upon  earth.  1887  Daily  AV?ci 
8  July6/2  Haifa  dozen  runners  only  contested  the  Chester 
field  Stakes. 

5.  t  a.  A  domestic  fowl  allowed  to  range  freely. 
c  1540  Househ.  cVffVw.  (1790)  221  Prices  of  all  kindcs  of 

Poultry-stuff — Ronners,  the  piece,  2d.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny 
\.  297  That  no  man  should  haue  his  table  .serued  with  any 
foule,  vnlesse  it  were  one  hen,  and  no  more,  and  the  same  a 
runner  only,  and  not  fed  vp  and  crammed  fat. 

b.  The  water-rail,  Rallus  aquaticus  ;  also  dial. 
the  land-rail ;  t  (see  also  quots.  1668  and  1774). 

1668  CHAHLETON  Onomast.  97  ']'rochilus,..lhz  Trochilus, 
or  fin-footed  Runner.  Ibid.  107  Erytliropus,  Ralla  Aqnat- 
ica,  the  Runner,  1678  RAY  Willughl'y's  Ornith.  315  The 
Velvet  Runner,  Galliiiula  Serica.  Perchance  the  same 
with  the  precedent  [i.e.  the  water-rail].  1774  GOLDSM. 
Nat.  Hist.  (1824)  II.  375  To  this  bird  of  the  crane  kind  so 
little  known,  I  will  add  another  still  less  known— the 
Corrira,  or  Runner  of  Aldrovandus.  1861  JOHNS  Brit. 
Birds  Index,  Runner,  the  Water  Rail.  1893  in  Cozens- 
Hardy  Broad  Nor/.  46  Runners,  Land  and  Water  Rails. 

c.  A  bird  belonging  to  the  order  Cursores. 

1870  H.  A.  NICHOLSON  Man.  Zool.  Ixviii.  (1875)  530  The 
third  order  of  Birds  is  that  of  the  Cursores,  or  Runners. 

d.  Ent.  A  member  of  the  sub-order  Cursoria 
of  orthopterous  insects. 

1840  Penny  Cycl.  XVII.  43/2  Latreille  divides  the  order 
Orthoptera  into  two  sections,  to  which  he  applies  the  names 
Cursoria  and  Saltntoria,  or  runners  and  jumpers.  1882 
CasselCs  Nat.  Hist.  VI.  121  These  true  Orthoptera  may  be 
readily  divided  into  three  tribes . . ,  namely,  the  Leapers,  or 
Saltatoria ;  the  Runners,  or  Cursoria ;  and  the  Earwigs,  or 
Euplexoptera. 

e.  U.S.  A  name  given  to  several  fishes. 

1876  GOODE  Fishes  of  Bermudas  15  Subjoined  is  a  list  of 
names  in  use  among  the  fishermen,  to  the  application  of 
which  I  can  give  no  clew  :— . .  Runner.  1888  —  A  mer.  Fishes 
234  The  Runner,  Elagatis  pinnulatus,  known  at  Key 
West  as  'Skipjack'  or  'Runner',  and  at  Pensacola  as 
'  Yellow-tail '  or  '  Shoemaker  '. 

6.  A  fast-sailing  ship  ;  f  «/•  one  for  the  carry 
ing  of  dispatches  without  convoy  in  war  time. 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Runner,.. a  Galley,  or 
nimble  Vessel,  to  make  quick  Voyages,  as  also  to  escape 
Privateers,  Pirates,  &c.  1705  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4164/3  By 
the  Opportunity  of  a  Runner,  called  the  Neptune  Galley,. . 
we  have.. received  Letters  from  the.. Fleet.  1799  NELSON 
20  Aug.  in  Nicolas  Disf.  (1845)  III.  454  The  St.  Vincent 
Cutter  shall  be  a  runner  between  us,  as  she  sails  very  fast. 
1804  Ibid.  17  Apr.  V.  501  Three  French  Privateers,  .have 
taken  their  Station  off  Tunis  for  the  purpose  of  intercept 
ing  stragglers  from  Convoys  or  Runners.  1890  Cent.  Diet., 
Runner,  ..a  market-vessel  for  the  transportation  offish, 
oysters,  etc. 

7.  a.  One  engaged  in  running  contraband  goods ; 
a  smuggler  ;  also,  a  smuggling  vessel.    Nowrf/rt/. 

(a)  1721  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  5978/1  A  Gang  of  Runners  of 
Goods  from    France.. were.. met.     a  1734    NORTH   Lives 
(1742)  i.  254  The  unfair  Traders  and  Runners,  and  such  as 
come  in  before  the  Duties  are  recharged,  will  undersell  us. 
1870  E.  PEACOCK  Ralf  Skirl.  II.  148  Tha've  ta'en  five  and 
twenty  hogsheads  of  gin  and  shot  three  o'  th'  runners. 

(b)  1731  Gentl.  Mag.  I.  78  Lately  a  small  runner  put  into 
Marazion  in  Cornwal,  which  had  on  board  about  3  or  4 
score  anchors  of  brandy,  some  tobacco  and  soap. 

b.  A  blockade-runner.     (See  BLOCKADE  sb.  4.) 
1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  WordJik.  586  Rmuitrs,  ships  which 


necessary,  as  no  '  runner '  worthy  of  the  name  would  attempt 
a  venture  during  the  day-time. 

C.  A  sailor  engaged  for  a  short  single  voyage. 
1878  Daily  News  26  Sept.  2/3  One  of  the  two  men  at  the 

wheel  on  Tuesday  was  an  A.B.,..and  the  other  was  a 
1  runner  '  engaged  to  take  the  ship  down  to  Newcastle. 

8.  fa.  Sc.  A  tapster.  Obs.-1 

1610  Rcc.  Privy  Council  Scot.  (1893)  286  The  ventennar 
&  rynnar  of  the  said  beir  micht  accordinglie  sell  the  same. 

D.  Shoemaking.    One  who  inserts  a  piece  of 
leather  between  the  sole  and  uppers. 

1866  Land.  Rev.  27  Oct.  459/2  There  are  welters,  repairers, 
clobberers,  clickers,  blockers,  runners,  closers,  and  cleaners. 

O.  One  who  manages  or  '  runs '  a  machine,  in 
stitution,  etc.;  spec,  an  engine-driver.  Chiefly  U.S. 
31890  Engineer  LXVIII.  349  (Cent.),  There  are  two 
classes  of  runners,  and  a  second-class  man  must  run  an 
engine  two  years  before  he  can  be  promoted  to  first-class. 
1901  Munsey's  Mag.  XXV.  699/1  A  new  express  ..  glided 
up  to  the  platform  under  the  hand  of.. one  of  the  most 
experiencecf  runners  on  the  road. 

d.  Mining.  (See  quot.) 

1883  GKESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  208  Runner  Ox,.. the 
person  who  loads  the  cages  at  the  pit  bottom,  and  gives  the 
signals  to  bank. 

II.   9.  t  a.  A  strainer.    Obs.  rare. 


pein  on  u  uovuv*     *a*a  *-">.  *««•'  «^--A"  •••  • 
269  Loke  ye  haue  fyue  or  syxe  bagges  for  your  ypocras  to 
renne  in,  &  a  perche  that  your  renners  may  ren  on.    1516 
in  yd  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  418/2  A  irne  brander,  iwa 
rynnars,  a  irne  chimney. 

b.  north.  A  small  stream  ;  a  brooklet,  runnel. 
1789  BRAND  Newcastle  II.  684  A  little  runner  or  feeder 

to  supply  the  reservoir  with  water,  is  necessary.  1805 
Trans.  Soc.  Arts  XXIII.  59  To  prevent  a  runner  of  water 
overflowing  several  acres  of  flat  land.  1893  J.  WATSON 
Confess,  Poacher  91  A  sea-salmon  is  in  the  domain  of  the 
whole  world  one  day;  in  a  trickling  runner  among  the  hills 

c.  Founding.    A  channel  along  which  molten 
metal  runs  from  the  furnace  to  the  mould. 

1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turningl.  295  In  casting  large  masses 


RUNNER. 

of  gun-metal,  it  frequently  happens  that  little  hard  lumps., 
work  up  to  the  surface  of  the  runners  or  pouring  places. 
Ibid.  350  The  flasks  require  to  be  poured  through  a  hole  in 
the  upper  half, .,  which  is  formed  by  placing  a  wooden 
runner  stick  in  the  top  part.  1873  E.  SPON  Workshop  Rec. 
Ser.  i.  361/2  Holding  the  ladle  at  least  i  ft.  above  the 
runner  so  as  to  give  weight  and  force  to  the  burning  metal. 

10.  a.  A  horizontal  millstone  capable  of  revo 
lution,  being  usually  the  upper  one  of  a  pair. 

*533  J'  HEYWOOD  Weather  743  (Brandl),  Fere  not  the 
lydger,  be  ware  your  ronner.  1591  SYLVESTER  Du  Btirtas 
I.  ii.  648  Somtimes  whirling.. The  round-flat  Runner  in  a 
roaring  Mill.  1611  COTGR.,  CV«ttz'//,..also,  an  vpper  Mill. 
stone,  called  (also  by  our  Millers)  the  runner.  1686  PLOT 
Staffordsh.  537  Two  wheels,  whereof  one  was  fastened  to 
the  runner  of  the  first  Mill,  and  the  second  to  the  runner  of 
the  grinding-Mill.  1702  Phil.  Trans.  XXIII.  1287  This 
being  heavier,..!  suppose  might  be  the  Runner.  1805 
R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  I.  PI.  24  An  iron  pin  or 
pivot,  which  runs  through  the  centre  of  the  bed-stone,  into 
a  socket  in  the  bridge  of  the  upper  stone  or  runner.  1853 
GLVNN  Treat,  Ptnver  Water  143  Nether  stone  (runner;  of 
the  lower  pair.. .  Hollow  spindle  on  which  the  runners  or 
revolving  millstones  are  hung.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek. 
2003/1  Sometimes  both  stones.. are  driven, and  thus  become 
the  upper  and  lower  runner,  respectively. 

b.  A  vertical  millstone,  or  a  disk  of  stone, 
metal,  etc.,  employed  in  the  same  manner. 

1707  MORTIMER  Hush.  (1721)  II.  387  A  Mill  may  probably 
be  so  contriv'd,  that  the  Grinding-stone  or  Runner  may  be 
vertical.  1759  Phil.  Trans.  LI.  168  In  a  mill. .applied  to 
the  crushing  of  rape  seed,  by  means  of  two  runners  upon 
the  edge.  1814  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  XVI.  672/1  The 
Cider-mill  consists  of  a  stone  wheel,  provincially  a  'runner', 
somewhat  in  the  shape  of  a  corn-mill-stone,  running  on  its 
edge  in  a  circular  stone  trough,  provincially  'the  chase*. 
1875  Popular  Sci.  Rn>.  46  Each  mill  consists  of  a  pair  of 
runners  coupled  together  by  a  strong  axle. 

attrib.  1825  J.  NICHOLSON  Off  rat.  Mechanic  451  The 
first  part  of  the  process  is  bruising  the  seed  under  the 
runner-stones.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  2004/1  Runner- 
l>atf,  (Gunpowder)  a  wooden  disk  which  crushes  the  mill- 
cake  through  the  meshes  of  the  sieves  in  granulating  gun 
powder. 

C.  A  slab  of  stone  or  (rarely)  iron,  used  in 
polishing  stone  surfaces. 

1850  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  III.  1196  The  size  of  the 
grinder  or,  as  it  is  called,  the  runner,  depends  upon  the  size 
and  condition  of  the  work  to  be  ground.  1875  KNIGHT 
Diet.  Meek.  2003  Runner.. (Stone-working),  the  upper, 
moving  slab . .  in  the  process  of  grinding  and  polishing  stone. 
d.  A  cast-iron  support  to  which  lenses  are 
cemented  while  being  ground  or  polished. 

1850  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  III.  1263  For  common  glasses, 
that  are  ground  several  together,  a  convex  tool  of  cast  iron, 
called  a  runner,  of  about  half  an  inch  less  radius  than  the 
templates,  is  also  required. 

11.  Naut.  A  stout  rope  rove  through  a  single 
block,  with  one  end  passed  round  a  tackle-block 
and  the  other  having  a  hook  attached  to  it.    Often 
coupled  with  tackle. 

(a)  a  1615  NomenclatorNavalisWzA.  MS.  2301),  Runner 
is  a  roape..that  doth  belonge  to  the  Garnett  and  the 
two  boats  Tackles... It  is  reeued  in  a  single  block  [etc.]. 
1644  MANWARING  Seaman's  Diet.  87  Over-hale  the 
Runner,  that  is,  pull  down  that  end  which  hath  the  hook  in 
it,  to  hitch  it  into  the  slings,  or  the  like.  1688  HOLME 
Armoury  in.  xv.  (Roxb.)  50/1  The  Runner  is  generally 
taken  for  any  rope,  running  through  a  block  which  is  called 
a  running  rope.  1769  FALCONER  Diet,  Marine  (1780), 
Runner^  a  thick  rope  used  to  increase  the  mechanical 
powers  of  a  tackle,  1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seaman's  Man.  29 
Rack  the  runner  to  the  topmast  backstay  or  after  shroud. 
1875  BEDFORD  Sailors^  Pocket  B/e.  vi.  214  Haul  the  runners 
hand  taut  before  hoisting. 

(!>)  1718  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Ship  PI ,  39.  Runners  & 
Tackles.  1789  G.  KEATE  Pelew  Isl.  231  They.. carried  out 
an  anchor  and  hawser  a-head,  and  got  a  runner  and  tackle 
purchase  upon  it.  1805  Log  Victory  21  Oct.  in  Nicolas 
Disp.  VII.  153  Got  up  runners  and  tackles  to  secure  lower 
masts,  c  1860  H.  STUART  Seaman* sCatech.  36  Runners  and 
tackles,  for  staying  the  masts  and  for  securing  them,  in  the 
event  of  the  standing  rigging  having  been  shot  or  carried 
away. 

b.  attrib, i  as  r miner-block  •>  -purchase^  -tackle. 
1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  198  The  runner  block  K  will 

only  rise,  .through  half  that  space.  1841  R.  H.  DANA 
Seaman's  Man.  46  A  Runner- Tackle  is  a  luff  applied  to 
a  runner.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's  Word-Ik.  586  Runner- 
purchase^  the  addition  of  a  tackle  to  a  single  rope,  then 
termed  a  pendant,  passing  through  a  block  applied  to  the 
object  to  be  moved. 

c.  A  single  movable  block  in  a  system  of  pulleys. 
1829  Hand-bk.Nat.  Philos.t  Mechanics  n.viii.  33(U.K..S.)> 

The  single  moveable  pulley,  sometimes  called  a  runner. 

12.  A  naked  creeping  stem  thrown  out  from  the 
base  of  the  main   stem  of  the  strawberry   and 
certain  other  plants,  and  itself  taking  root. 

1664  EVELYN  KaL  Hart.  Aug.,  Pluck  up  strawberry 
runners,  extirpate  the  tall  stalks  [etc.].  1763  MILLS  Syst. 
Pract.  Hust>.  IV.  180  Their  runners  cannot  supply  the  fruit 
with  due  nourishment,  if  they  themselves  have  not  proper 
strength.  1786  ABERCROMBIE  Arr.  in  Card,  Assist.  84 
Propagate  by  runner  young  plants  produced  in  summer. 
1837  Trmtu.tfertic.$oc.(i&4*)  II.  176  The  runners.. having 
taken  root,  the  old  plants  must  be  destroyed.  1882  Garden 
25  Mar.  205/1  The  single  sorts.. are  best  grown  from 
runners  every  year. 

attrib.  1786  ABERCROMBIE  Card.  Assist.  80  Plant  straw 
berries. .by  young  runner-plants  of  last  year. 

t  b.  A  plant  which  sends  out  creeping  stems 
or  runners.  Obs. 

1731   MII.LRR  Card.   Diet.   s.v.  Acttosa,   It  is  a  great 
Runner  at  the  Root,  by  which  Means  it  is  easily  propagated. 
Ibid.  $.\.Circeat  They  are  both  great  Runners  in  a  Garden. 
VOL.  VIII. 


913 

C.  One  of  several  cultivated  varieties  of  beans 
which  twine  round  stakes  for  support,  esp.  the 
scarlet  runner  (see  SCARLET  a.  4  c).  Also  attrib. 
with  (kidney}  bean. 

1786  ABERCROMBIR  Card.  Assist.  203  Runner  kidney  beans 
— may  also  be  sowed  now.  c  1820  Edin.  Encyct.  (1830)  XI. 
252/2  There  are  many  varieties,  both  of  what  are  called 
dwarfs,  and  of  runners.  Ibid.,  Runners,  .have  long  climbing 
stems,  and. -require  stakes.  i88z  Garden  n  Mar.  164/3 
Early  Peas.. might  be  cleared  off  in  time  for  a  crop  of 
dwarf  French  or  Runner  P.eans. 

d.  dial.  (See  quot.) 

1889  A7".  \y.  Line.  Giosst6y>  Runner,  a  turnip  or  mangel- 
wurzel  which,  in  autunm,  instead  of  forming  a  fleshy  root 
shoots  up  a  flowering  stalk. 

13.  fa.  Some  kind  of  firework  running  mechan 
ically  upon  a  line.  Obs.-1 

1688  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2362/3  Rockets,  Rimers  on  the  Line, 
Wheels,  Reporters,  Hercules  Club,  and  great  Guns,  with  all 
manner  of  other  Fire-works  were  discharged. 

b.  A  ring  or  other  device  capable  of  slipping 
or  sliding  along  a  strap,  rod,  etc.,  or  through 
which  something  may  readily  be  passed  or  drawn. 
Also  attrib.)  as  ninner-ring,  -staple* 

1688   HOI.MK  Armoury  in.   325/2  Two  other  Kinds  of 
Barnacles.. hath  a  Runner  or   Ring  to  make  it  wider  or 
closer  together,  as   the   Runner  is   drawn   up   it.      IHd. 
(Roxb.)  126/1  Parts  and  appurtenances  belonging  to  a  sword 
and  belt..  .The  Buckle.   The  Runner.     1793  SMEATON  Edy. 
I    stone  L.  §259  They  had  secured  the  sweep  rope  by  letting  drop 
I    a  Runner-Ring.     1844  H.STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  111.  1176 
j     It  consists  of  the  runner-staple,  l>,  which  is  from  8  to  10 
;    inches  in  length.    1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  934/2  Gag.reint 
a  rein  which  passes  over  runners  attached  to  the  throat- 
latch,  so  as   to  draw  the   bit   up  into  the  corners  of  the 
horse's  mouth  when  pulled  upon.    Ibid.  2003  /?«««£>*,,.  the 
slider  of  an  umbrella  to  which  the  spreaders  are  pivoted. 

C.  Alining*  A  device  by  which  the  loose  end  of 
the  pulley-rope  is  connected  with  the  boring-rods. 
1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  966  The  runner,  for  taking  hold  of 
the  topit.  1869  GREENWELL,  Mine  Engin.  137  A  runner 
attached  to  the  rope  from  the  jack-roll  is  passed  over  the 
top  of  the  rods. 

d.  dial.  A  jack-towel,  round  towel. 
1882  JAGO  Dial.  Cornw.,  Runner,  a  round  towel  on  a 
roller.     1891  J.  H.  V^ttf-VS.  Esther  Pentreath  \.  v,  The  stal 
wart  great  miller.. was   busily  drying  his  hands  on  the 
runner  that  hung  against  the  wall. 

14.  A  long  piece  of  wood  or  metal,  curved  at  the 
ends,  supporting  the  body  of  a  sledge,  toboggan, 
or  the  like,  esp.  for  travel  over  snow  or  ice. 

1765  Boston  Gaz.  22  July  4/1  To  be  sold,  a  light  fashion 
able  four  wheeler  Carriage,  with  Runners  to  the  same.  1789 
ANBUREY  Trav.  I.  142  Those  [carioles]  of  their  superiors 
are  raised  upon  what  are  called  runners,  which  elevate  them 
about  two  feet.  1837  MACDOUGALL  tr.  Graah's  E.  Const 
Greenl.  118  Its  very  bones  serve  to  tip  his  darts,  and  shoe 
the  runners  of  his  sledge.  1859  F.  A.  GRIFFITHS  Artil,  Man. 
(1862)  63  The  recoil  may  be.. lessened  by  placing  a  small 
chain  round  each  of  the  runners.  1881  Scril<ner's  Mag. 
XXII.  535/2  [The  ice-yacht]  is  then  backed  farther,  till  the 
runners  are  also  raised  on  the  farther  edge  of  the  ice. 

attrib.  1897  Oitting  XXIX.  341/1  The  runner-board  of  a 
careening,  unruly  ice-boat. 

b.  The  blade  of  a  skate ;  a  skate  with  a  blade 
[   curving  up  at  the  toe. 

1860  WORCESTER,  Skatet  a  sort  of  shoe.. furnished  with 
an  iron  runner,  used  to  slide  or  travel  on  the  ice. 
1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  2192/2  In  an  in-door  sport  sug 
gested  by  skating,  the  sole  has  rollers  instead  of  a  runner. 
1893  Daily  News  5  Jan.  7/1  The  beautifully-made  modern 
runner,  the  narrow  blade  of  which  is  prolonged  a  prodigious 
distance  beyond  the  toe,  and  finished  with  a  curious  up 
turned  boss. 

15.  A  support  or  groove  along,  on,  or  in  which 
anything  slides;  a  roller. 

1833  LOUDON  EncycjL  Arc/tit.  %  1585  Proper  framed  legs, 
rails,  and  runners  (pieces  of  wood  for  the  drawers  to  slide 
on,  and  to  guide  them).  1871  Scrifrner's  Mag.  Nov.  ^6 
The  barn  or  house  was  pried  up,  and  great  runners,  cut  in 
the  woods,  placed  under  it,  and  under  the  runners  were 
placed  skids.  1891  C.  ROBERTS  Adrift  Atitt-r,  57  Taking  a 
fish-plate  he  uses  it  as  a  lever  to  shift  the  door  from  its 
runners,  and  crawls  in. 

16.  Bookbinding.  (See  quot.  1818.) 

1818  Art  Book-binding  2  Rnnnert  a  smooth-faced  board 
placed  on  the  right  hand  of  the  book  when  cutting.  1885 
C.  G.  \V.  LOCK  Workshop  Ree.  Ser.  iv.  240/2  The  book 
being  lowered  into  the  press,  the  runner  is  put  flush  with 
the  cheek  of  the  press. 

17.  A  wagon  or  trolley  :  (see  qnots.). 

1853  URE  Diet.  Arts  (ed.  4)  II.  224  When  every  skip 
arrives  at  the  top  of  the  shaft,  a  carriage,  boarded  over, 
called  the  'runner',  is  wheeled  over  the  mouth  of  the  pit 
whilst  the  coal  is  landed.  1893  Labour  Comm.  Gloss. , 
Runner,  a  small  iron  trolley  used  in  the  printing  industry 
for  shifting  stones  about.  1898  Standard  20  Oct.,  The 
timber  in  each  load  came  within  the  compass  of  the  three 
waggons  and. . no  '  runner '  was  necessary.  The  'runner* 
. .  was  an  extra  waggon  coupled  on  to  cover  the  projecting 
ends  of  the  timber. 

18.  Sc.     (See  quot.  1825). 

1825  JAMIF.SON  Snppl,^  Runner^  in  cutting  up  of  beeves, 
the  slice  which  extends  across  the  fore-part  of  the  carcase 
under  the  breast.  1841  J.  AITON  Dottiest.  Econ.  (1857)  98 
For  boiling-pieces  of  beef,  the  runner,  the  nineholes  and  the 
brenst  are  the  best. 

10.  In  various  technical  and  specific  senses:  (see 
quots.). 

1688  HOLME  Armoury  ni.  xxii.  (Roxb.)  274/2  Instruments 
belonging  to  the  Cook.  The  first  is  termed  a  Runner  with 
Twichers. .  .The  second  is  called  a  Runner  with  an  Halfe 
Round... These  are  to  cut  through  past, or  make  veriaty  of 


RUNNING. 

marks  and  indents.  1788  \V.  H.  MARSHALL  Rnr.  Econ. 
Yorks.  I.  269  A  simple  improvement  of  the  Wheel-washer— 
provincially  '  Runner  '.  1836  YARRELL  Brit.  Fishes  I.  3  A 
Perch  of  eight  pounds  taken.. by  a  runner,  or  night-line, 
baited  with  a  roach.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  348  [In  a  cotton- 
card]  /*'  is  the  small  runner  or  urchin,  and  ?  the  large 
runner.  1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  Turning  I.  324  The  breaks,  or 
the  runners,  of  the  types  are  fir^t  broken  off  [etc.].  1875 
KNIGHT  Diet.  Mtch.  1275/1  Green-salted  hides  and  skins. . 
if  thin  and  poor  are  called  runners  or  murrains,  and  arc  sold 
at  two  thirds  the  price  of  good  kip.  1877  Encycl.  Brit. 
VI-  32/2  (Clocks),  The  points  of  the  driven  wheel  or  runner 
(as  it  may  be  called,  more  appropriately  than  the  usual 
teruvW/bzwr).  1882  CAULFHILD&  SAWARD  Diet.  Kcedlewk. 
428/2  Runners,  the  name  by  which  the  Bobbins  that  work 
across  a  pattern  in  Pillow  Lace  making  are  known.  1884 
F.  J.  BRITTEN  Watch  fy  Clockm.  230  An  idle  wheel  is  also 
sometimes  called  a  runner.  189*  JACOBI  Some  Notes  on 
Hooks  47  Runners,  figures  or  letters  placed  down  the  length 
of  a  page  to  indicate  the  particular  number  or  position  of 
any  given  line. 

Hence  Rivnnered  a.,  furnished  with  runners. 

1887  Cornh.  Mag.  March  270  The  small,  runnered  sleigh 
is  used. 

Runner-up. 

|     1.  Coursing.  A  dog  that  takes  the  second  prize, 
losing  only  the  final  course  to  the  winner. 

1842  TRACKER  Courser's  Ann.  210  Dividers  or  runners  up 
for  stakes  of  only  four  dogs.  1853  *  STOMEHEMCE  '  drey, 
hound^  xi,The  Ages  of.,  the  Winners  and  Runners  up.  1856 
—  Brit.  Rural  Sports  it.  HI.  viii.  207/1  The  dos;  beaten  by 
the  runner-up  in  the  last  tie  but  one.  1890  A.  K.  STARR  in 
i'pltind  Shooting 471  The  dog  last  running  with  the  winner 
is  called  the  runner  up,  because  he  ran  through  the  races  up 
to  the  last  race  without  being  defeated  once. 

b.  gen.  A  competitor  or  competing  team  that 
comes  in  second  or  takes  the  second  place,  esp.  one 
defeated  only  in  the  final  heat  or  tie  of  a  scries  of 
matches  or  races. 

1886  Pall  MallG.  2  Aug.  3/2  Now  Bird  is  nowhere,  while 
Brown  U  the  runner-up  for  the  first  place.  1887  IRVINK 
Football  113  In  1873  the  Wanderers  again  won  the  cup,  the 
runners-up  being  Oxford  University. 

2.   One  who  'runs  up'  bids  at  an  auction. 

1905  Daily  Chron.  9  Aug.  6/4  Some  of  tlie  functions  of  a 
proft'SMonal  '  runner  up '  of  bids. 

Earnnet1.  Now  dial.  Also  5-6  vunuett, 
9  urnet,  St\  ronnet.  [var.  of  RENNET  .wM,  with 
the  vowel  of  RUN  v.~\ 

1.  =  RENNET  j^.1  i.  ?  Cbs. 

1471  RIPLF.Y  Comp.  Alch.  n.  ix.  in  Ashm.  (1653)  137  So 
doth  our  Runnett  by  kynde  curd  our  Mylke.  1563  T.  Hvi.t. 
Art  Garden.  (1593)  80  The  mints  put  into  milke,  will  not 
=uffer  the  milke  to  curd,  although  the  runnet  bee  put  into 
it.  1600  SURFLET  Countrie  Farme  i.  xiv.  91  The  way  to 
curdle  it  (milk],  is  to  mingle  therewith  of  the  runnet,  of  a 
lambe,  kidde,  or  hare.  1686  PLOT  Staffordsh.  388  The 
Runnet  of  Ranton-.made  of  the  innermost  membran  of  n 
Calves  Stomack  or  Mawe.  1741  Comp.  Fatn.'Pt£Ct  f.  ii.  124 
Cool  it  till  'tis  but  Blood-warm,  and  then  put  in  a  Spoonful 
of  Runnet.  1784  TWAMLEV  Dairying  Exetnp.  15  Many  a 
Dairy- maid,  .has  no  consistent  idea  how  the  Runnet 
operates,  or  perhaps  of  the  different  states  of  the  Curd.  1808 
MlTCHILL  &  MILLER  Med.  Repository  V.  140  The  runnet, 
or  gastric  ferment  taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  calf,.,  will 
assist  in  restoring  it.  1867  ROCK  Jim  an"1  AW/ xi,  Laist 
/inday  wi'adrap  o'  runnet  I  jist  a  junket  made. 

Jig.  a  1661  FULLER  Worthies,  Somerset  in.  (1662)  17  The 
Unity  and  Amity  of  those  Female  Neighbours,  .giveth  the 
better  Runnet  and  Relish  to  their  handiwork. 

2.  =  RENNET  sb±  2.    ?  Obs. 

1678  SALMON  Pharw.  Lond.  59  Gallium.. is  used  for 
Rennet  or  Runnet  to  make  cheese  with.  1736  PKGGE  Kent' 
icisms  (E.  D.  S.)  44  Rxnnct,  the  herb  gallium  ;  called  in 
Derb. 'erning ';  anglice  cheese-runnel.  1758  MRS.  DEI  ANV 
Life  fy  Lett.  (1861)  III.  474  The  plant  you  call  Runnet  or 
Rundle  grass,  ..she  thinks  it  is  the  jagged  spearwort. 

3.  attrib.)  as  ritnnet-bag,  -plant \  -pot. 

1686  PLOT  Staffordsh.  95  The  Women  also  put  it  In  their 
Runnet  pots,  it  makeing  (as  they  say)  the  best  Cheese. 
1707  MORTIMER  Hnsb.  (1721)  I.  248  Give  her  to  eat  ?ome 
Oats. .or  the  small  End  of  the  Runnel-Bag.  1784  TWAM  LBY 
Dairying  Exentf>.  104,  I  have  heard  of  a  Plant  called  the 
Runnet-plant ;.  .1  am  informed  the  Jews  make  all  their 
Cheese  with  it.  1824  MACTAGGART  Gallovid.  Encycl. , 
Ronnet  Bags,  the  rennets  for  coagulating  milk. 

fRu'nnet2.    Obs.  rare.  Also-ett.  [ 
A  stream  or  small  river ;  a  runnel. 

1601  WEF.VER  Mirr.  Mart.  i.  ii,  This  crawling  runnet, 
hony-bubbling  fountaine..,  Descending  from  the  Diamond- 
rockie  mountaine.  1646  Providence  Rec.  (1892)  I.  80  The 
Runnett  called  Papaquinapauge  River.  1704  Ibid.  (1894) 
V.  184  A  small  Walnut  tree  neare  a  small  Runnett  comeing 
downe  the  hill. 

Runnet,  obs.  variant  of  RENNET  sl>.2 
Running  (rzrnirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RUN  v.  +  -ING  V] 
I.  1.  The  action  of  the  vb.  RUN  (in  sense  i); 
rapid  motion  on  foot ;  racing  ;  an  instance  of  this. 
f  888  K.  ALFRED  Boeth.  xxxvu.  §2  FaerSSonne  micel  folc 
to,  &  yrnaS  ealle  endemes,  Sa  5e  hiora  serninge  trewao. 
c  1386  CHAUCER  Prol.  551  Ther  nas  no  dore  fc>at  he  nolde 
heue  of  harre,  Or  breke  it,  at  a  rennyng,  with  his  heed.  1387 
TREViSA7/jr>^n(Rol!s)IV.i67pereoftehetravayledewyTde 
bestes,  and  took  hem  wi^  swifte  rennynge.  c  1449  PECOCK 
Repr.  i.  xx.  120  That  men.  .schulden  pleie.  .by  rennyng  or 
leping  or  schuting.  1509  HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  n.  (Percy 
Soc.)  38  The  gentyll  beast  they  wyll  regarde  nothyng.  But 
to  the  swyne  take  course  of  rennyng.  1591  COKAINE  Treat. 
Hunting  B  3,  Their  bardie  fighting  and  swift  running.  1664 
PKPVS  Diary  30  Jan.,  I  home. .and,  in  great  fear,  to  bed, 
thinking  every  running  of  a  mouse  really  a  thiefe.  1728 
CHAMUERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Gymnic^  Gymnic  Games,  .are  those 
wherein  the  Body  is  exercised  j  such  are  Wrestling,  Running, 
Dancing.  1801  STRUTT  Sports  fy  Pnst.  \\.  ii.  70  There  is  no 

115 


RUNNING. 

kind  of  exercise  that  has  more  uniformly  met  the  approba 
tion  of  authors  in  general  than  Running.  1869  TOZER 
H^ighl.  Turkey  II.  310  In  order  to  be  less  impeded  in  run 
ning  and  jumping. 

transf.  1633  P.  FLETCHER  Poet.  Misc.  91  Jerusalem,  thy 
burning  If  I  forget ;  Forget  thy  running  My  hand,  and  all 
thy  cunning  To  th*  harp  to  set.  1671  EACHARD  Lett,  i  A 
friend  had  promised  me  the  running  of  two  or  three  letters. 
a  1761  LAW  Comf.  Weary  Pilgr.  (iScg)  39  That  vanity  and 
emptiness,  burden  and  deceit  must  follow  us  in  every  course 
we  take,  till  we  have  done  with  all  our  own  running. 

f  b.  The  action  of  moving  rapidly  with  hostile 
intent ;  raiding  ;  a  raid  or  inroad.   Obs. 

1297  R.GLOUC.  (Rolls)  11060  In  bismanerefiebaronsbigonne 
horvrning.  I387TREVISA  ///£v&«( Rolls)  VI.  13  pe  province 
was  swif>e  destourbed  by  rennynge  [v,r.  3urnyng,  ernyng] 
of  reses  of  straungers.  1489  Barbour's  Bruce  xn.  754  Thai 
Suld  hald  thair  fay  is  all  that  day  Doand..\Vith  thair 
rounnyngis  that  thai  suld  ma.  1596  DALRYMPLE  tr.  Leslies 
Hist.  Scot.  (S.  T.  S.)  II.  165  Tha  war  the  only  authoris  of 
thift,  rubric,  and  rinning  of  forrayis. 

o.  local.  Rapid  skating  in  a  direct  line. 
1878  MILLER  &  SKERTCHLY  Fenland  yi.  163  Here  some  of 
the  fastest  '  running '  in  the  world  might  be  seen.     1893 
Eng.  Illustr.  Mag.  X.  303/1  Fen  skating,  or,  as  it  is  locally 
called,  'running',  is  distinct  from  figure  skating. 

d.    Rapid  surface-swimming  on   the  part  of  a 
harpooned  whale.  1890  in  Cent.  Diet. 

2.  The  action,  on  the  part  of  a  horse,  of  going    : 
at  (great)  speed,  esp.  in  a  race  ;  racing;  fa  race. 

cgoo  W^RFERTH  tr.  Gregory's  Dial.  38  On  dae&red  com    j 
a;rendraca . .  mid  swide  geswenctan  horse  for  aerninge.  c  1400 
Destr.  Troy  2365,  I . .  Beheld  to  my  horse,  J>at  hole  was  of    \ 
Rennyng.     1509  FISHER  7  Penit.  Ps.  xxxviii.  Wks.  (1876)  58 
By  his  boldnes  &  rennynge  to  moche  vpon  his  owne  brydeli. 
1577  in  Picton  L'poolMunic.  /to.  (1883)  I.  119  There  wasa 
running  of  horses.. for  a  silver  bell.     1704  Loud.  Gaz.  No.    ' 
4000/4,  Galloways.. to  be  entred  at  the  White-Horse  Inn.,     j 
14   days  before  the  day  of  Running,     a  1837  [APPERLEV]    '. 
Tnrf(i%$i)  128  Many  of  them  [sc.  colts]  die  Before  the  day 
of  running.     1863  Sat.  Rev.  23  May  656  Lord  Clifden,  on    ; 
the  strength  of  his  good  two-year-old  running,,  .had  been    j 
made  first  favourite  for  more  than  twelve  months. 

t  b.  The  action  of  riding  or  racing  upon  horse 
back,  esp.  at  the  ring;  an  instance  of  this.  Obs. 

c  1480  Rol't.  Devyll  13  Lordes  came  fro  many  a  farre  lande 
And  Ladyes  also  that  runnynge  to  see.  1563  in  Robertson  j 
Hist.  Scot.  (1759)  II.  App.  14  We.,  pass  our  time  in  feasts, 
banquetting,  masking,  and  running  at  the  ring,  and  such 
like,  c  1618  MORYSON  /tin.  iv.  v.  i.  465  They  haueTiltings, 
Runnings  with  lances  against  a  Post  Armed  like  a  man  at 
all  peeces.  1670  COTTON  Espernon  n.  v.  211  The  Duke.. 
had  invited  all  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  of  the  Country  to 
Bordeaux  to  a  publick  running  at  the  Ring. 

c.  In  phrases  with  make,  as  to  make  (strong, 
etc.)  running^  to  make  the  running. 

Chiefly  denoting  good  or  successful  racing,  and  often  used 
fig.  In  (d )  the  meaning  is  '  to  set  the  pace  \ 

(a)  a  1837  [APPERLEV]  7'w>/(i8si)33  He  is  averse  to  making 
running,  sometimes  even  to  a  fault.  1855  THACKERAY 
Neivcomes  II.  50  We  fancy  we've  been  making  running, 
and  suddenly  we  find  ourselves  nowhere. 

(6)  1862  Cornh.Mag.  Sept.  371  The  world  had  esteemed 
him  when  he  first  made  good  his  running  with  the  Lady 
Fanny.  1902  ANNIE  F.  HECTOR  Stronger  than  Love  vi, 
Hubert  Denham  was  making  no  end  of  running.  He  was 
. .  everything  to  the  forsaken  lady. 

(c)  1865  DICKENS  Mitt.  Fr.  i.  xiii,   He  may  make  the 
running    and    come    in    first.     1886  D.  C.  MURRAY   First 
Person  Singular  xxi,  He  bad  not  made  the  running  so  fast 
as  he  might  have  done. 

(d)  1861  Macm.  Mag.  Oct.  429  Ben  Caunt  was  to  make 
the  running   for   Haphazard.     1884  Illustr.  Lond.  News 
29  Nov.  522/1  The  owner  whose  horse  is  employed  ( to  make 
the  running '. 

d.  To  take  up  the  running,  to  take  the  lead. 
Often  fig. 

1858  TROLLOPE  Dr.  Thome  v,  But  silence  was  not  dear 
to  the  heart  of  the  Honourable  John,  and  so  he  took  up 
the  running.  1868  HELPS  Re  aim  ah  xvii.  (1876)  484  Sir 
John  will  be  very  much  obliged  to  me  if  I  take  up  the 
running  in  his  stead.  1894  Times  25  May  u/i  Tot  ley 
waited  on  his  field  until  nearing  the  distance,  when  he  took 
up  the  running  and  eventually  won  by  two  lengths. 

e.  Out  of  the  running,  having  no  place  among 
the  leading  competitors  in  a  race.     Usually  Jig. 

1863  KINGSLEY  Water  Bab.  31  Which  quite  put  her  out 
of  the  running,  so  that  she  came  in  nowhere  and  is  con 
sequently  not  placed.  1885  W.  E.  NORRIS  A.  Vidal  xxi, 
Heriot  doesn't  count,  does  he?  He  is  something  like  me, 
out  of  the  running? 

3.  a.  With  prepositional  complements,  as  about 
(a  place),  against  (a  person),  etc.  Also _/*£•. 

c  1380  WYCLIF  Wks.  (1880)  31  Sib  prechynge  of  J>e  gospel  is 
betere  ban  bodely  rennynge  so  to  ferre  placis.  c  1500  God 
Speed  the  Plough  69  (Skeat),  With  ronnyng  in  reragis  it 
doth  vs  sorowe  Inough.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Occursus, 
a  runnyng  agaynst  one :  a  meetyng :  an  incountrynge. 
1566  in  Harington's  Nitgz  Ant.  (1804)  I.  89  The  lief  of  man 
..is  called  a  ronninge  Tor  the  best  game.  1722  DE  FOE 
Plague  (Rtldg.)  209  This  running  of  distemper'd  People 
about  the  Streets  was  very  dismal.  1735  SIR  J.  CHARDIN  in 
Bucclench  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  386  Your  running 
towards  me. 

b.  \Vith  adverbial  complements,  as  abroad, 
amuck)  astray ,  away,  etc. 

1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  310  For  almost  seven  Years 
she  prevented  my  "running  Abroad.  1858  Sat.  Rev.  6  Nov. 
438/1  The  furious  unpatriotic  *runnlng-a-muck  on  all  our 
institutions.  «5a6SKELTON  Magnyf.  2458  Cyrcumspeccyon  I 
inhateth  all  *rennynge  astray.  1560  DAUS  tr.  S  lei  Jane's 
Comnt.  36  I,est  they  should  call  his  journey  a  *runnynge 


914 

of  pulling  In  the  gallop.  1675  T.  BROOKS  Gold.  Key  Wks. 
1867  V.  572  A  willing,  wilful,  presumptuous  *running  cross 
to  divine  commands.  1591  PERCIVAL  Sp.  Dict^Aventami- 
e>ito,  the  *running  headlong,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  F/, 
1251*0.  .stop  thenglishmen  to  make  sodain  *runnyngesin  or 
rodes  into  the  countrey  of  Beauvoys.  1845  Rules  Footb. 
Rugby  School  §  8  Running  in  is  allowed  to  any  player  on 
his  side,  provided  he  does  not  take  the  ball  off  the  ground, 
or  take  it  through  touch.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus^  Pro- 
cursus,..a  course  or  *runnyng  oute  of  souldiours  to 
skyrmyshe  with  their  enemies.  1681  H.  MORE  Exp.  Daniel 
226  As  It  is  usual  with  the  Prophets,  there  is  a  running  out 
from  the  Temporal  deliverance  of  the  Jews  to  the  Spiritual 
deliverance.  1382  WYCLIF  Acts  xlx.  40  No  man  is  gilty,  of 
whom  we  mown  3elde  resoun  of  this  *rennyng  to  gidere. 
1580  HOLLYBAND  Treas,  Fr.  Tong  s.v.  Accouretnent,  A 
running  togither,  or  assemblie  of  men. 

4.  Capacity  for,  or  power  of,  running  or  racing. 
1842  LKVF.R  J.  Hintnn.  xxv,  Although  the  ground  was 

trying,  his  breeding  began  to  tell,  and  I  could  feel  that  he 
had  plenty  of  running  still  in  him.  1891  NAT.  GOULD 
Double  Event  205  He  glanced  at  Caloola,  and  saw  the  horse 
seemed  full  of  running. 

5.  a.  Ranging  or  pasturage  of  animals.  ?  Obs. 
Cf.  also  running-season,  -time  In  17  below. 

1695  KENNETT  Paroch.  Antiq.  Gloss,  s.  v.  Porcnst  To 
grant  pannage  or  free  running  of  hogs  in  such  a  wood.  1723 
BERKELEY  in  Fraser  Life  iv,  (1871)  117  You  will  also  inform 
yourself  whether  Coll.  Maceasland  demands  any  thing  for 
the  running  of  my  horse.  1754  BARTLET  Gentl.  Farriery 
(ed.  2)  4  A  summer's  grass  is  often  necessary ;  more  particu 
larly  to  horses . .  who  use  little  exercise,  but  a  month  or  two's 
running  is  proper  for  most. 

b.  The  action  of  forming  a  (  run '  or  burrow. 

1712  J.  JAMES  tr.  Le  Blond's  Gardening  44  To  hinder  the 
running  of  Moles. 

6.  Of  a  ship  or  other  vessel  :    The   action    of 
sailing,    esp.    of   sailing  close-hauled    before   the 
wind  ;  also,  speed  of  sailing. 

1687  A.  LOVELL  tr.  Thevcnofs  Trav.  I.  118  We  reckoned 
our  running_to  be  ten  miles  an  hour,  though  we  carried 
only  our  Mainsail.  1748  Anson's  Voy  11.  i.  295  A  few  days 
after  our  running  off  the  coast  of  Mexico.  1875  BEDFORD 
Sailor's  Pocket  Bk,  vi.  215  Running  dead  before  the  wind 
in  a  gig  is  very  dangerous.  1884  Sat.  Rev.  14  June  784/1 
In  running  a  cutter  has,  so  far  as  sails  gOj  a  very  obvious 
advantage  over  the  two-masted  vessel. 

b.  Movement  from  place  to  place  of  wheeled 
vehicles  ;  performance  of  a  journey. 

1776  G.  SEMPLE  Building  in  Water  41  Notwithstanding 
the  almost  constant  running  of  Carriages,.. there  did  not 
fall  one  Handful  of  it.  1884  G.  IV.  R.  Time  Tables  July 
90  The  running  of  these  Trains  is  dependent  upon  the  arrival 
of  the  Boats. 

c.  With  on.     (Cf.  RUN  v.  to  b.) 

1832  J.  HALL  Leg.  of  West  153  More  than  once  be  lost 
both  boat  and  cargo  by  runnings  on  the  snags  and  the 
sawyers  of  the  Mississippi. 

7.  The  action  of  rapid  moving  or  sliding,  esp. 
by  mechanical  propulsion  or  by  gravitation.   Also 
with  advs.,  as  about ',  amain,  down,  and  in  fig.  use. 

1530  PALSGR.  264/2  Runnyng  of  a  whele,  peatt.  1680 
tAoxxanMtch,  Exerc.  x.  187  The  springing  up  of  the  Pole 
makes  an  intermission  in  the  running  about  of  the  Work. 
1850  Relinks  Handbk.  Games  (1867)  564  If,  after  the  striker 
has  played,  the  adversary  should  obstruct  or  accelerate  the 
running  of  the  balls  [etc.].  1883  GRESLEV  Gloss.  Coal-tnin- 
ing  2Q&  Running  Amain,  the  breaking  and  running  of  a 
winding  rope  down  into  the  pit-shaft.  1890  Longm.  Mag. 
Oct.  620  The  running  down,  if  I  may  so  call  it,  of  the  powers 
of  the  body. 

b.  Shooting  up  of  a  plant  into  stalk. 

1847  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Soc.  VIII.  1. 15  The  feeding  qualities 
of  the  root  are  thereby  preserved,  the  land  is  not  drawn  by 
running  up  [etc.]. 

c.  Slipping  of  a  thread  in  a  woven  fabric. 

1878  A.  BARLOW  Weaving  360  On  the  breaking  of  a  thread 
the  '  running '  would  be  stopped  by  the  repeated  twistings  in 
a  diagonal  direction. 

II.  8.  The  flowing  or  discharge  of  blood  or 
humours  from  the  body  ;  a  sore  which  discharges 
matter,  f  Running  of  the  reins,  gonorrhoea. 

c  950  Lindisf.  Gosfi,  Matt.  Ix.  20  [An]  wif  3lu  blodes 
flouing  vel  iorning  jeSolade.-tuelf  jer  geneolecde.  1388 
WYCLIF  Lev.  xv.  2  A  man  that  suffrith  the  rennyng  out  of 
seed,  schal  be  vncleene.  1398  TKEVISA  Barth.  De  P.  A', 
v.  xxxix.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Also  by-passing  rennyng  oute  of 
blood .  .comeb  of  openyng  of  veynes  bat  springen  oute  of  be 
lyuour.  1569  R.  AMBROSE  tr.  Secrets  of  Alexis  iv.  IL  32  To 
remedie  the  running  of  the  reynes  occasioned  by  a  sharpe 
cause.  1579  LANGHAM  Card.  Health  (1633)  55  Barley., 
stoppeth  the  running  of  the  belly.  1607  TOPSELL  Four~f. 
Beasts  (1658)  346  A  very  good  and  effectual  remedy  against 
..the  running  of  the  reins.  1705  tr.  Bosnian's  Guinea  no 
The  Wound  gangrenes,  and  at  best  turns  to  a  running, 
which  continues  the  whole  Life.  1804  ABERNETHY  Surg. 
Obs.  165  A  running  came  on  from  the  urethra.  1898  J.  Hutch' 
insotis  Arch.  Surgery  IX.  121  Until  lately  I  have  always 
had  a  slight  thin  running  from  the  nose. 
fig.  1704  SWIFT  Tale  of  Tub  x,  Since  my  Vein  Is  once 
opened,  I  am  content  to  exhaust  it  all  at  a  Running.  1839 
(title),  Hood's  Own,  or  Laughter  from  Year  to  Year,  being 
former  runnings  of  his  comic  vein. 

9.  a.  A  channel  or  watercourse ;  a  stream  or 
rivulet.  Somewhat  rare. 


a  1325  Prose  Ps.  \.  3  He  schal  be  as  J>e  tre,  bat  hijs  sett  by 
t>e  ernynges  [1388  WYCLIF  rennyngisj  of  waters,  a  1425 
Cursor  M.  11042  (Trin.),  WiJ)  erbe  &  wib  euel  witt  pe  watir 
rennyng  gon  he  dit  pat  watir  to  f?e  lakes  brou;t.  1648  GAGE 
West  lad.  172  We  presently  met  with  a  deep  Barranca,  or 
bottome,  where  was  a  running.  1650  Boston  Rec.  (1877)  II. 
101  The  Bounds  betwixt  both  is  the  naturall  Passage  of  the 
Water  in  a  small  Running.  1890  CLARK  RUSSELL  Ocean 
Trag.  I.  vjii.  160  Each  broad  soft  brow  was  alive  with  run 
nings  of  flaming  oil. 


RUNNING. 

b.  The  action  or  condition  of  flowing  on  the 
part  of  water,  sand,  etc. ;  an  instance  of  this. 

i398_TREviSA  Earth.  De  P.R.  xm.  iii.  (Bodl.  MS.),  A 
ryuer  is  euerlastinge  rennynge.  c  1440 /V0;;;/.  Farv.  429/2 
Rennynge,  of  water,  or  oj>er  lycure,  inanacio.  1656  HARR 
INGTON  Oceana  (1658)  179  An  hour-glasse, .  .such  an  one  as 
is  to  be  of  an  houre  and  an  halfe's  running.  1712  J.  JAMES 
tr.  Le  Blon<Cs  Gardening  168  To  facilitate  the  Running  of 
the  Water.  1750  tr.  Leonardos*  Mirr,  Stones  150  If  carried 
in  the  left  hand,  it  stops  the  running  of  tears  of  aged 
people.  1823  J.  BADCOCK  Dom.  Amnsem.  151  Flour,  being 
..exposed  to  the  constant  running  of  water,  until  it  comes 
off  colourless,  the  gluten  will  remain.  1883  STEVENSON 
Trcas.  1st.  xxiv,  The  difficulty  of  the  shore,  and  the  high 
running  of  the  surf. 

10.  Rhythmical  flow  of  verse,    rare—1. 

1589  PUTTENHAM  Etiff.  Poesie  ii.  iii.  (Arb.)  83  Take  this 
away  from  them,  I  meane  the  running  of  their  feete,  there  is 
nothing  of  curiositie  among  them  more  then  with  vs. 

11.  a.  The  flow  of  liquor  during  the  process  of 
wine-making,  brewing,  or  distillation ;  the  liquor 
obtained  at  a  specified  stage  of  the  process. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  I.  411  The  right  keeping  of  grapes, 
is  in  a  small  thinne  wine  of  the  second  running.  1616 
SURFL.  &  MARKH.  Country  Farme  v.  xxiii.  589  The  second 
running  of  this  beere  (for  it  will  beare  but  one  besides  the 
best).  1707  MORTIMER  Hush.  (1721)  II.  338,  I  should  propose 
. .  to  take  only  the  first  running  of  your  Spirits  to  mix  with  your 
Cyder.  1770  New  Dispens.  471/1  It  is  not  necessary  to.. 
throw  away  the  first  runnings  in  the  distillation.  1830  M. 
DONOVAN  Dom.  Econ.  I.  363  The  juice  that  exudes  last  will 
be  of  a  lively  acid  sweet ;  the  first  portion,  a  heavy  sweet 
without  acidity;  and  the  middle  runnings  will  be  inter 
mediate.  1900  Jrnl.  Soc.  Dyers  XVI.  2  The  'first  run 
nings'  is  washed  firstly  with  cone,  sulphuric  acid. 

fig.  1676  DRVDEN  Aureng-zebe  iv.  i,  From  the  Dregs  of 
Life,  think  to  receive  What  the  first  sprightly  running  could 
not  give.  1748  RICHARDSON  Clarissa  (1811)  IV.  282  This, 
Jack,  is  my  scheme,  at  the  first  running. 

b.  The  result  of  smelting  metals  ;  the  process 
of  melting  and  flowing. 

1666  Phil.  Trans.  I.  376  The  first  running  of  the  Stone  is 
Sulphur.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  (Globe)  122,  I  had.. two 
other  Earthen  Pots,  as  hard  burnt  as  cou'd  bedesir'd;  and 
one  of  them,  .glaz'd  with  the  Running  of  the  Sand,  a  1744 
LUCAS  in  Trans.  Cuinb.  <$-  Westm.  Archxol.  Soc.  VIII.  38 
The  Hearth  [of  a  blast  furnace]  grows  wider  by  using,  so  that 
their  Runnings  are  much  larger  at  the  latter  End  than  at 
the  Beginning.  1793  SMEATON  Edystone  L.  §  307  To  give 
much  trouble  by  the  running  of  the  candles. 

c.  Exudation  of  sap  from  a  tree. 

1753  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Resin,  Theophrastus,. 
observes,  that  a  good  pine  might  be  made  to  yield  resin 
every  year,.. and  that  three  runnings  were  as  much  as  a 
tree  could  bear. 

d.  The  spreading  of  ink  or  colour  in  a  porous 
material ;  clouding  in  a  flower. 

1781  COWPER  Wks.  (1837)  5CV.  71  My  paper  is  so  Intoler 
ably  bad,  as  you  may  perceive  by  the  running  of  the  ink, 
that  it  has  quite  worn  out  my  patience.  1851  Beck's  Florist 
Apr.  75  The  propensity  to  sport  observable  in  the  Carnation, 
which  we  term  'running  *.  [Cf.  RUN///,  a.  6.] 

12.  Leakage  of  air:  (see  quots.). 

1781  Phil.  Trans.  LXXI.  264  A  very  easy  and  effectual 
remedy  for  that  defect  so  long  complained  of  in  all  kinds  of 
brass  ordnance,  the  running  of  the  vent.  1855  HOPKINS 
Organ  34  Sometimes  a  little  air  will  escape  through  a 
groove-hole,  and  make  its  way  up  to  some  pipe,  and  cause 
it  to  produce  a  low,  disagreeable,  and  continuous  humming. 
This  is  called  a 'running*.  1881  DICKSON  Pract.  Organ- 
build,  iv.  50  The  gluing  on  of  these  latter  must.. be  very 
sound,  .in  every  part,  or  a  running  of  wind  might  ensue. 

III.  13.  a.  Rennet.     Now  dial. 

c  looo  jELFRic  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wulcker  128  Ceagnlnm^  ryn- 
ning.  1530  PALSGR.  263/2  Ronnyng  of  chese,  maisgre. 
1562  TURNER  Herbalu.  2  As  runnynge  or  chese  lope  maketh 
niylke  runne  together  into  cruddes.  1635  J.  SWAN  Spec.  M, 
vi.  §  4  (1643)  249  Mints  put  into  milk  will  not  suffer  the 
milk  to  curd,  although  the  runnet  or  running  (as  they  call 
it)  be  put  into  It.  1789  W.  H.  MARSHALL  Ritr.  Econ.  Gfauc. 
I.  331  Running,  rennet;  the  coagulum  in  chees-making. 
1835  HONE  Every-day  Bk.  I.  561  Rennet,  or  running,  as  it 
is.. called  [at  Penzance].  1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt. 
Gloss.  1890  Glouc.  Gloss. 

tb.  \\ilh.  together ;  Coagulation.  Obs. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  DeP.R.  xvii.  Ixi.  (Tollemache  MS.), 
The  milke  of  be  fige  tre  ha|j  vertu  of  rennynge  togeder  to 
make  chese.  1527  ANDREW  Brwtsivyke's  Distyll.  Waters 
M  j,  [It]  causeth  the  ronned  and  congeled  mylke  to  be  well 
and  dyssolved  frome  the  ronnynge  togyder. 

IV.  14.  f  a.  At  long  running^  in  the  long  run. 
c  1412  HOCCLEVE  De  Reg.  Princ.  1630  At  longe  rennyng, 

loue  beste  schal  preue.  1528-1670  [see  LONG-RUNNING]. 
167^  Govt.  Tongue  141  Wisdom  is  commonly  at  long  running 
justified  even  of  her  despisers. 

b.  Course;  direction;  career  (of  life),  rare. 

1530  PALSGR.  263/2  Ronnyng  or  course  of  any  thynge,  de- 
cours.  a  1618  RALEIGH  Hist.  Worldfttf.  (1634)  B  6,  All  the 
Rivers  in  the  world,  though  they  have  divers  risings,  and 
divers  runnings,,  .doe  at  last  find,  and  fall  into  the  great 
Ocean.  1870  Nation  XL  i  He  has  never  failed  in  getting 
such  offices  as  he  wanted,  the  record  of  his  '  running '  being 
about  as  good  as  that  of  any  man  in  the  country. 
O.  Constant  succession  ;  continuance,  rare. 

1662  STILLINGFL.  Orig.  Sacra?  in.  ii.  §  7  What  ever  is 
moved,  must  bee  moved  by  something  else,  and  conse- 

?uently  there  must  bee  a  running  in  Infinitum.     1674  N. 
'AIRFAX  Bulk  fy  Selv.  42  God  does  as  truly  abide,  after  the 
way  of  his  everlasting  nowness,  as  other  things  do  after  the 
guise  of  their  timesom  running  on  and  on,  without  being 
himself  timesom,  like  them. 
d.  The  fact  of  being  current,     rare  -1. 
1788  PRIESTLEY  Lect.  Hist.  HI.  xvi.  137  Which  value  (by 
the  running  of  guineas  as  they  now  do  for  twenty  one  shil 
lings  each)  is  yet  further  advanced. 


BTJNNING. 

V.  15.  The  action  of  the  vb,  RUN  in  various 
transitive  senses.  Chiefly  with  advs.,  as  in,  off, 
together,  up. 

(a)  1683  MOXON  Mali.  Exerc.,  Printing  xxiv.  f  7  The 
too  short  or  too  far  Running  in  of  the  Carriage.  1706  E. 
WARD  Wooden  World  Diss.  (1708)  33  He  lays  far  more 
Stress  upon  the  running  up  of  Yards  and  Top-masts  well 
after  a  Storm.  1774  Ann.  Keff.t  Projects  105/2  We  are  at 
a  great  remove  from  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  with  respect 
to  the  running  up  of  buildings  with  the  degree  of  rapidity 
they  used  to  do.  1809  W.  IRVING  Knickerb.  VI.  v.  (1849)  342 
The  Van  Winkles,,  .noted  for  running  of  horses,  and  running 
up  of  scores  at  taverns.  1871  LOWELL  Study  Wind.  (1886) 


243  Slurrings-over  and  runnings-together  of  syllable 

Textile  Manuf.  vii.  225  This  working 
round  of  the  outline  is  called  '  running  ',  while  the  tilling-up 


1844  G.  DODD  re. 


of  the  interior  parts  is  termed  either  '  fining '  or  '  open- 
working',  c  1850  Ritdiit^.  Navig.  (Weale)  144  This  term  is 
. .  used  to  signify  the  running  or  drawing  of  a  line  on  the  ship. 
1876  PKEECE  &  SIVEWRICHT  Telegr.  217  The  poles  having 
been  properly  fitted  up,  stayed  or  strutted,.. and  raised,  the 
running  of  the  wire  is  then  proceeded  with. 
b.  A  line  of  running  stitches. 

1843  MRS.  M.  J.  HOWELL  Hai:d.tk.  Dressmaking  46  As 
many  runnings  as  you  choose  to  introduce  will  each  form  a 
distinct  puffing.  1900  Daily  News  28  July  6/6  Then  come 
the  gathers  which  have  to  be  done  with  three  runnings  and 
very  neatly  finished  off. 

10.  a.  Illegal  landing  of  goods  ;   smuggling. 

1699  LUTTRELL  Brief  Rel.  (1857)  IV.  518  One  Stapleton 
and  Basse,  sea  captains,  were  tryed.  .for  smugling  and  run 
ning  of  prize  goods  in  time  of  war.  1718-9  Act  5  Geo.  I, 
c.  ii  Title,  An  Act  against  clandestine  running  of  uncus 
tomed  Goods.  1766  Museum  R usticiini  VI.  420 The  clothiers 
attributed  it  to  the  running  of  wool.  1884  DOWELL  Taxes 
in  Eng.  IV.  216  Heavy  penalties.. were  now  imposed  upon 
customhouse  officers  for  neglect  of  duty  in  preventing  the 
running  of  brandy. 

b.  Conveyance  or  carriage  of  anything. 

1880  Michigan  AY/.  XXXVIII.  603  [He]  was  to  manage 
the  logging  in  the  woods  and  running  of  the  logs  to  the  mill. 
VI.  17.  attrili.  and  Comb.,  as  running  contest, 
game,  ground,  path,  place,  track,  etc. ;  also  run 
ning  board,  U.S.,  a  footboard  along  the  side 
of  a  locomotive  or  the  roof  of  a  freight-car  ;  run 
ning  business,  smuggling ;  running  powers, 
permission  granted  to  a  railway  company  to  run 
trains  over  the  lines  of  another  company;  run 
ning  road  (see  qnot.);  t  running-saddle,  a 
small  saddle  with  round  skirts  ;  running  season, 
time,  U.S.,  the  season  at  which  certain  animals 
move  from  one  district  to  another  ;  f  running 
woodness,  a  kind  of  madness  in  dogs,  character 
ized  by  aimless  wandering. 

1809  KENDALL  Trav.  III.  296  On  the  Province  Point..  I 
was  taught  to  expect  to  find  a  store,  inhabited,  and  in  the 
bustle  of  the  "running  business.  1886  Encycl.  Brit.  XXI. 
61/1  Nearly  all  "running  contests  now  take  place  on  pre 
pared  cinder  paths,  c  1440 Promf.  Parv.  430/1  "Rennynge 


struck  up  in  the  *running-ground  between  the  wickets. 
1863  Sat.  Rev.  23  May  656  A  few  hours1  dry  weather  would 
have  brought  the  running-ground  into  first-rate  order.  1889 
Boy's  Own  Paper  nS^t.  794/3  All  the  records  are  held  by 
one  man,,  .the  amateur  who  turned  professional  in  his  last 
years  on  the  *running  path.  ISMTAVERNER  Card.  Wysed, 
i.  39  If  I  ran  in  a  *runnynge  place  for  the  mastrye.  1727 
BoviiR  Diet.  Royal  II.  s.v.,  A  fine  running  place.  1868 
MORKIS  Earthly  Par.  (1870)  I.  n.  533  Within  the  running 
place  at  home  I  played.  1865  Railiu.  News  Dec.,  The 
agreement  with  the  Erie  and  Niagara  Railway  Company 
for  "running  powers  over  that  company's  line.  1865  J.  T.  F. 
TURNER  Slate  Quarries  8  When  the  distance  is  great,  by 
an  admirable  system  of  '  ^running  roads',  which  fall  one 
foot  per  loo  feet,  the  wagons  are  impelled  by  their  own 
weight.  1688  R.  HOLME  Artnoury  in.  345/1  *Running 
Saddle.  ^  1841  CATLIN  N.  Amcr.  Ind.  (1844)  II.  xxxiu  13 
It  was  in  the  midst  of  the  *running  season,  and  we  had 
heard  the  roaring  of  the  herd.  1890  L.  C.  D'OYLE  Notches 
60  The  loud,  shrill,  snorting  whistle  peculiar  to  the  buck  in 
'  *runuing  '  time,  c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182) 
xii,  pis  wodenesse  is  ycleped  *rennynge  wodenesse. 
b.  With  advs.,  as  back,  down,  out  (see  quots.). 
1879  Man.  Art  ill.  Exerc.  254  The  *running-back  gear 
consists  of  part  of  the  traversing  gear.  1867  SMYTH  Sailor's 
Word'bk,  586  *Running~Doiun  Clause,  a  special  admission 
into  policies  of  marine  insurance,  to  include  the  risk  of.  .the 
collision  of  the  ship  insured  with  other  vessels.  1839  URE 
Diet.  Arts  699  The  finery  furnace,  or  "running  out  fire.., 
is  a  smelting  hearth,  in  which.. gray  cast  iron,  .is  converted 
into  white  cast  iron.  1879  Man.  Artilt.  Exerc.  326  He. . 
gives  '  run  up  ',  when  the  handspikes  are  applied  under  the 
^running  up  bolts. 

Running  (np-nirj),  ///.  a.  [f.  RUN  v.  -f  -ING  2.] 
I.  1.  Of  water,  streams,  etc. :  Flowing. 

[c8>5  Vesp.  Psalter  Ivii.  8  To  nowihte  bicumacS  swe  swe 
weter  eornende.  ciaoo  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  177  Ac  alle 
woreld  t»ing  ben  fletende,  alse  water  erninde.J  1297  R. 
GLOUC,  (Rolls)  1796  Ac  ladde  him  to  londone  &  is  men  cchou 
To  an  vrninde  water.  1382  WYCLIF  Bible,  Pref.  Ep.  St. 
Jeroitte  vii,  Bi  alle  cytees,  villagis,  hillis,  and  flodis,  ren 
nynge  watres,  and  the  ny^  coostis.  14..  Siege  Jems.  226 
(E.  E.  T.  S.),  He . .  Receyued  hit  wyd  reuerence  &  rennande 
teris.  '11548  HALL  Chron.,  Edw.IV,  26  b,  As  a  runnyng 
ryuer  by  goyng  more  &  more  augmenteth.  1667  Phil. 
Trans.  II.  527  Then  wash  it  clean  in  a  running  stream. 
17x9  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  115  It  was  no  more  than  a  little 
Brook  of  running  Water.  1845  FORD  Handbk.  Spain  i.  55 
The  Spaniards  allow  their  horses,  when  on  a  journey,  to 
drink  very  freely  at  all  running  streams.  1878  HLXLEV 
Physiogr.  135  To  understand  how  running  water  usually 
effects  denudation. 


915 

b.  Running  water,  water  taken  straight  from 
a  running  stream  ;  river-water. 

1523  FITZHERB.  Husb.  §  44  Than  sethe  them  in  a  pan  of 
.xx.  gallons  with  rennynge  water.  1545  RAYNOLD  Byrth 
Mankyndt  116  Take  of  the  same  sede  brused  fyrst:  and 
then  .sethe  it  in  fayre  runnyti  water.  1609  SKENE  Reg* 
Maj,  57  Of  sea  water,  foure  pound  :  of  Rynnand  water, 
foure  pound  :  and  of  standand  water  in  stankis  foure  pound. 
1759  IJHOWN  Coinpl.  Farmer  13  Uoil  all  together,. in  three 
pints  of  running  water. 

2.  a.  Fluid,  liquid ;  melting  readily. 

1398  TRKVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R.  XVH.  cxiv.  (Bodl.  MS.),  pe 
wose  and  juse  berof  is  rennynge  and  somtyme  clensinge 
and  druyinge.  c  1430  Tivo  Cookery-bks.  44  So  bat  it  be 
reimeng  &  not  to  styf.  1603  OWKN  Pembrokeshire  (1892)  88 
Called  the  runinge  Coale  ;  for  that  when  it  first  kindleth  it 
nielteth  and  runeth  as  wax,  and  groweth  into  one  Clod. 
1666  BOYLE  Orig.  Forms  fy  Qual.  210,  I  obtain'd  a  con 
siderable  quantity  of  good  running  Mercury.  1829  R. 
CHKISTISON  Treat.  Poisons  xiii.  (1832)  380  The  blue  oint 
ment,  which  is  made  with  running  quicksilver,  will  act  as  a 
mercurial  when  rubbed  upon  the  skin.  1868  JOYNSON  Metals 
31  Where  an  easily  running  metal  adds  to  the  sharpness  of 
the  casting. 

b.  Ot  sand,  soil,  etc.:  Having  no  coherence,  so 
as  readily  to  slip  or  fall. 

1833  N.  ARNOTT  Physics  (ed.  5)  I.  453  The  common  hour 
glass  of  running  hand  is . .  of  the  same  principle.  1882  JAGO 
Dial.  Cornw.,  Running  ground,  loose,  sandy,  or  soft  ' 
ground  which  falls  in  just  as  fast  as  it  is  excavated.  1892 
Daily  News  23  Mar.  2  7  The  bed  of  the  river  consisted  of 
running  sand  instead  of  boulder  clay  as  anticipated. 

3.  t  a.  Of  a  vessel :  Leaking.  0Ar.~u 

1483  Cath.  Angl.  309/2  Rynnynge  as  a  wesselle,  ftitilis.     \ 
fb.  Running  glass,  a  sand-glass,  hour-glass.  Obs. 
1485  Naval  Aces.  Hen.  VII  (1896)  51   Rennyng  glasses., 
j,  leede  lynes.  .j.     1497   Ibid.   241   Compasses  £  Rynnyng 
glasses   for  the   seid  ship.     1599  HAKLUYT  Voy.   If.  11.45 
Their  men.  .tooke  out  their  compasses,  and  running  glasses. 
1632-3  Waodbury  Churchiv.  Aces.  (E.U.D.),   Paied  for  a 
Runninge  Glasse,oo.  oo.  08. 

C.   Allowing  water  to  pass  through. 
1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  749  The  apparatus  subservient  to    j 
the  first  objects  are  sieves,  running  buddies,  and  gratings.     ', 
Ibid.,  The  running  buddle  serves  at  once  to  sort  and  cleanse    i 
the  ore.     1884  KNIGHT  Diet,  ftleck,  SuppI,  772/2  Running    \ 
Trap,  a  depressed  bow-shaped  section  in  a  pipe,  .through 
which  water  passes  freely. 

4.  Of  sores,   etc. :    Discharging    matter ;   sup 
purating. 

1535  COVERDALE  2  Saw.  iii.  29  In  the  house  of  loab  there 
ceasse  not  one  to  haue  a  renninge  yssue  and  a  leprosy.  1590 
SPENSER   F.  Q.    \\\.  ii.    39   Ne  can  my  running  sore  find     i 
remedie.     1611  BiiiLE  Lev.  xv.  2  When  any  man  hath  arun-     j 
ning  issue  out  of  his  flesh.    1753  J.  BARTLET  Gent  I,  Farriery    j 
297  Of  the  Running  Thrush.     1843  R.  J.  GRAVES^J/.  Clin.    \ 
Med.  xxix.  368  Few  are  exempted  from  the  misfortune  of  a     I 
running   eruption   or    the  like.     1882  JAGO  Dial.  Cornu<., 
Running-wound,  a  wound  discharging  matter. 

f5.  Coagulating.  06s.—1 

M95   Trevisa's  Earth.  De  P.  R.  xix.   Ixxvi,  Rennynge 
mylke  is  made  thycke  in  the  mawes  of  certen  beestes. 
II.  6.  Passing  rapidly  from  place  to  place. 

1382  WYCLIF  Exod.  ix.  23  And  the  Lord  ?af  thundres,  and 
hawle,  and  dyuersly  rennynge  leytis  vpon  the  erthe. 

b.  Of  diseases,  etc. :  Passing  from  one  part  of 
the  body  to  another  ;  esp.  spreading  over  the  skin. 

1382  WYCLIF  Lev.  xiii.  12  If  forsothe  out  flow[r]e  the 
rennynge  lepre  in  the  skynne,  and  couer  al  the  flesh. 
c  1450  Mankind  616  (Brandl),  I  haue  a  lytyll  dyshes 
[  =  disease].  .Wyth  a  runnynge  rynge-worme.  1362  TURNER  ; 
Baths  List  of  Authors,  etc.,  The  rinnyng  gout  which 
rynneth  from  one  joynte  to  an  other.  1585  HIGINS  Junins* 
Nomencl.  441  Herfes,  Some  call  it  the  shingles,  some  y» 
running  worme,  some  wild  fire.  1671  SALMON  Syn.  fifed,  i. 
xiv.  33  Running  pains  in  all  the  Extream  parts  of  the  Body. 
1697  HKADRICH  A rcana  Phtlos.  40  In  Wounds,  in  the  Wolfe, 
in  the  Cruent,  and  running  Herpes.  1818-20  E.  THOMPSON 
tr.  Cnllen's  Nosologia  329  Impetigo,  Running  Tetter. 

7.  fa.  Running  hound,  a  hunting  dog  em 
ployed  to  run  down  game.  Obs. 

£1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  ii,  In  Englond 
fc>ei  be  not  slayne,  but  with  houndes,  or  with  shote,  or  with  j 
strength  of  rennynge  houndes.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur 
Hi.  v.  104,  xxx  couple  of  black  rennyng  houndes  cam  after 
with  a  greete  crye.  1513  DOUGLAS  ACneis  iv.  iv.  46  The 
ryning  hundis  of  cuplis  sone  thai  kest. 

t  b.  Running'horse,  -nag,  a  race-horse.  Obs. 

1608  DEKKER  Lanth.  <$•  Candle  Lt.  Wks.  (Grosart)  III. 
284  A  race  of  fiue  myles  by  a  couple  of  Running-Horses,     i 
1664  EUTLER  Hud.  ii.  in.  935   Some  calculate  the  hidden     i 
fates    Of ..  Running-Nags,    and    Fighting. Cocks.      1777 
SHERIDAN  Trip  Scarb,  in.  i,  A  running  horse  does  require 
more  attendance  than   a  coach-horse,     a  1837  [APPERI.EY] 
Tur/(i$5i)6  In  John's  reign,  running-horses  are  frequently 
mentioned  in  the  register  of  royal  expenditure.    Ibid.  117  In 
the  United  States,  breeding  and  running-horses  are  advanc 
ing  with  rapid  strides. 

c.  In  names  of  animals  or  classes  of  animals. 
1766  tr.  Hasselqtiisfs  Voy.  9f  Trap.  Levant  238  Cancer 

cursor^  the  Running  Crab.  This  lives  in  the  sea,  and  on 
the  coasts  about  Egypt  and  Syria.  1868  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 
II.  172/3  A  New-Zealand  species,  seen  by  Cook,  obtained 
from  that  navigator's  companions  the  appellation  of  the 
'running-fish*.  i88a  CasselCs  Nat.  Hist.  VI.  104  Tribe 
Geocorest  or  Land  Bugs.  The  term  '  Running  Bugs  '  would, 
perhaps,  better  express  the  habits  of  the  insects  of  this 
tribe,  as  some  of  them  frequent  the  water  and  even  run 
briskly  over  its  surface.  1895  P.  H.  EMERSON  Bird$t  etc. 
Norf.  Broads  392  The  Running  Toad,  .has  a  yellow  stripe 
down  his  back. 

d.  Running  dog:  (see  quot.).    local. 

1628  Orkney  <V  Shetland  Acts\n  Misc.  MaitlandCl.  203 
That  no  man  sail  keip  running  doggis  that  runnes  fra  hous  to 
hous  or  throw  the  cuntrie  slaeing  thair  nychtbour'is  sheip. 


BUNNING. 

8.   a.  Of  persons  :  Cursory,  hasty,    rare  -1. 

1588  LAMIIAKDE  Kiren.  iv.  xiv.  553  Howsoeuer  the  booke 
..  or  the  Statute ..  may  seeme  (to  a  running  Reader). 
fb.  Mil.   =  FLYING///,  a.  4d.  Obs. 

1591  UNTON  Corr.  (Roxb.)  255,  I  respecte  not  the  dangers 
soe  much  as  I  doe  the  discommodities  of  a  runinge  campe, 
wherin  we  have  neither  lodginge  nor  good  victualls.  1624 
CAPT.  SMITH  Virginia  1 52  That  they  should  be  as  a  running 
Army  till  this  were  effected.  1 1630  Sin  R.  GORDON  Hist. 
Earldom  Sutherland  (1813)  198  Earle  Alexander,  to  pre 
vent  such  suddent  incursions  thereefter,  did  alwayes  man. 
teyn  a  cursarie  and  runing  guard.  1652-66  in  Gilbert 
Contfmp,Hist,  Ireland  I.  41  A  runinge  armie  consisting  of 
4,000  foote  and  400  horse. 

c.  Employed  to  run  as  a  messenger,  etc. 

1604  in  Peacock  Rom.  Cath.  Yorks.  (1872)  23  Running 
Recusant  or  Messanger  among  [them].  1689  Lond.  Gaz. 
No.  2446/4  One  George  Tough,  a  Scotch  Running  Footman, 
of  short  Statute.  1721  RAMSAY  Content  276  No  broken 
China-bowls  disturb  the  joy  Of  waiting  handmaid,  or  the 
runmng-boy.  1791-1856  [see  FOOTMAN  3]. 

train,/.  1825  DANNELEY  Diet.  Music,  Laufcr,  or  Running 
Footman,  groups  of  ascending  or  descending  notes. 

d.  Moving  rapidly  about,  esp.  in  the  course  of 
one's  business  or  profession.     Also  trans/. 

i6n  COTCR.,  Coitreur, . .  also,  a  roamcr,  or  wanderer 
abroad;  one  whose  shooes  are  made  of  running  leather; 
one  that  neuer  keepes  at  home,  or  where  he  should  be. 
ti  1700  I!.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Running-stationers, 
Hawkers,  or  those  that  cry  News  and  Hooks  about  the 
Streets.  1845  CAKLYLK  Cromwell  (1871)  I.  i.  93  He  might 
be  a  '  Running  Lecturer ',  not  tied  to  one  locality.  1851 
MAYHEW  Land.  Lai:  I.  214  That  order  or  species  of  the 
pattering  genus  known  as  '  running  patterers  ',  or  '  flying 


stationers  '. 

e.  Taking  to  flight. 

1897  SIK  G.  T.  GOLUIE  in  Times  23  Jan.  13/1  It  is  more 
humane  to  shoot  down  promptly  a  few  running  carriers  than 
to  sacrifice  the  lives  of  some  2,000  men  of  a  column. 

9.  Of  plants:  Creeping,  climbing,  or  spreading 
rapidly  ;  sending  out  many  runners.  Also  in  specific 
names,  as  running  thyme,  tivilch,  etc. 

1548  TURNER  Names  /Jtr/vs  (E.  1).  S.)  35  Llutine.. 
groweth  anionge  the  corne  and  in  hedges;  it  maye  be 
named  in  englishe  running  Uuckwheate  or  bynde  corne. 
II' id.  72  Serpyllum.  .i^  of  -ij.  Cortes.  The  one  is  called,  .in 
englishe  runnyng  tyme.  1613  W.  tiAw son  Country  Houscw. 
Card.  (1626)  16  There  is  another  way.  .to  get  not  qnely 
Plants  for  graffing,  but  Sets  to  remaine  for  Trees,  which  I 
call  a  Running  Plant.  1634  FORD  Perkin  Warbeck  I.  i, 
He's  but  a  running  weed.  At  pleasure  to  be  pluck'd  up  by 
the  roots.  1786  ABERCROMB1E  Card.  Assisf.  72  Beds  ot 
close  running  plants,  as  mint,  &c.  1790  \V.  H.  MAKSHALI, 
Rural Econ.  Midland  I.  211  Running  Twit c\itagrostis  alba) 
creeping  bentgrass.  1855  Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  6'tfc.XVI.i.  in 
Running  weeds  ..  being  spudded  up.  1876  BRITTEN  & 
HOLLAND  Diet.  Eng.  Plant-n^  Running  Moss,  Lycopodium 
clai'atttm. 

1 10.  Volatile,  flighty,  giddy.  Obs. 

1571  in  S.  H.  Sole  Jesii's  Psalter  (1888)  90  The  mocyons 
of  my  renninge  mind.  1579  GOSSON  Sch.  Abuse  (Arb.)  70 
Newe  cuttes  are  the  paternes  of  running  heads.  1603 
KNOLLES  Hist.  Turkes  (1621)  920  Of  Maximillian  the 
emperour,  or  of  the  duke  of  Muscovie,  both  men  of  running 
wits.  1653  R.  SANDERS  Pftystogn.  104  A  Vagabond,  one  of 
an  unsetled  Running  head. 

Comb.  1599  Brough ton's  Lett.  v.  17  A  paradoxical!  ex 
positor,  . .  a  forlorne  Pharisee,  a  running-headed  fugitiue. 

11.  Of  metre,  music,  etc. :  Of  a  smooth,  easy,  or 
rapid  character. 

1589  PUTIENHAM  Eng.  Poesiei,  v.  (Arb.)  26  It  appeareth, 
that  our  vulgar  running  Poesie  was  common  to  all  the 
nations  of  the  world  besides.  1593  NASHEC/ir/'-s/f  T.  Wks. 
(Grosart)  IV.  109  The  younge  men  in  their  merry-running 
Madrigals . .  for  thee,  should  haue  honoured  mee.  1608 
WILLET  Hexapla  Ejcod.  231  So  should  church  musike.. be 
..not  with  divisions  and  running  catches.  1673  True 
Notion  Worship  of  God  56  Without  this  all  other  Sermons 
are  but  empty  sounds. . ;  they  are  running  divisions  upon 
Religion  to  them  that  have  not  yet  perceived  the  grounds. 
1743-4  MRS.  DELANY  Life  fy  Lett.  (1861)  II.  262  Her  notes 
are  more  distinct,  and  there  is  something  in  her  running- 
divisions  that  is  quite  surprising.  1789  TWINING  tr. 
Aristotle's  Poet.  72  notc^  The  Trochaic  or  running  metre 
here  spoken  of. 

fb.  Of  persons:  Fluent.  Obs.-1 
i6z8  FELTHAM  Resolves  11.  lix,  The  running  Montaigne 
speaks  of  such  another. 

12.  Of  a  ship  :  Sailing  in  time  of  war  without  a 
convoy. 

1816  G.  J.  BELL  Comm.  Law  Scot.  (1826)  I.  621  notet 
i.  That  this  was  a  prize;  2.  That  it  was  a  running  ship: 
both  of  which  facts,  though  material,  were  concealed.  1834 
MARRYAT  P.  Simple  Ix,  I  was  sent  home.. in  a  running 
vessel, 

13.  Med.   Of  the  pulse:  (see  quot.  1901). 

1898  P.  MANSON  Tropical  Diseases  xviii.  291  The  pulse 
becomes  small  and  running.  1901  W.  OSLER  Princ.  fy 
Pract.  Med.  I.  (ed.  4)19  In  the  extreme  prostration  of 
severe  cases  it  may  reach  150  or  more  and  is  a  mere  undu 
lation — the  so-called  running  pulse. 

111.  14.  Performed  with,  or  accompanied  by, 
a  run  ;  hence,  rapid,  hasty. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  267^2  Qua  will  yeild  a-cuntes  right  He 
agh  it  for-wit  for  to  dight,  Ne  tell  noght  ouer  wit  renand 
ras.  £1450  Fencing  iv.  two-handed  Sword  in  Rel.  Ant.  I, 
308  Smyte  a  rennyng  quarter  sory  owte  of  thy  honde. 
c  1470  Golagros  <$•  Gaiu,  910  Twa  rynnyng  renkis  raith  the 
riolyse  has  lane,  Ilk  freik  to  his  feir.  1639  FULLER  Holy 
War  in.  vlii.  (1840)  128  Though  the  French  king  thought 
with  a  running  pull  to  bear  the  city  away.  1670  MILTON 
Hist.  Eng.  it.  72  The  fourth  Summer.. he  spent  in  settling 
and  confirming  what  the  year  before  he  had  travail'd  ovei 
with  a  running  Conquest.  1710  DE  FOE  Capt.  Singleton 
(1907)  115  He  had  taken  a  running  leap,  I  suppose,  and  with 

116-2 


RUNNING. 

all  his  might  had  thrown  himself  clear  over  our  palisades. 
1775  A,DMRffzst.A»ter.  Ind.  396  He  was  obliged  to  support 
nature  with  such  herbs,  roots,  and  nuts,  as  his  sharp  eyes, 
with  a  running  glance,  directed  him  to  snatch  up  in  his 
course.  1838  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  XXV.  301/1  Nautical 
surveys  are  sometimes  conducted  under  canvass  when  a 
landing  cannot  be  effected,  which  is  termed  a  running 
survey.  1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seaman's  Man.  84  A  Flying 
Moor,  sometimes  called  a  Running  Moor.  1892  Daily 
News  12  July  2/7  A  clever  running  catch  by  Newham  at 
third  man  got  rid  of  the  Yorkshiremen. 

f  b.  Of  a  banquet,  collation,  etc. :  Taken  hur 
riedly  ;  slight.  Alsoyijf.  of  a  whipping.  Obs. 

1613  SHAKS.  Hen.  VIII,  i.  iv.  12  Some  of  these  Should 
finde  a  running  Banket,  ere  they  rested,  I  thinke  would 
better  please  'em.  Ibid.  v.  iv.  69  Besides  the  running  Ban 
quet  of  two  Beadles,  that  is  to  come.  a  1661  FULLER 
Worthies  (1840)  HI.  2136  A  running  collation  to  stay  his 
stomach — no  set  meal  to  satisfy  his  hunger,  c  1728  EARL 
OF  AILESBURY  Mtm.  (Roxb.)  575  The  evening  of  the  birthday 
I  gave  a  great  ball  and  a  running  collation.  [1734  WATTS 
Reliq.  Juv.  45  When  persons,  each  for  themselves,  took  a 
slight  repast,  in  a  running  manner.] 

o.  Running  fire ,  a  rapid  successive  discharge 
of  firearms  by  each  of  the  men  forming  a  rank  or 
ranks  ;  a  rapid  and  continuous  fire.  Also  transf. 

1629  Descr.  S*hertogenbosk  27  They  followed  Eastward 
the  one  after  the  other,  round  about  the  Leager,  as  a 
running  Fire.  1702  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  3838/1  Her  Majesty's 
Companies  of  Foot,  with  the  Militia. .,  in  two  Lines,  made 
as  many  running  Fires.  1822  Creevey  Papers  (1904)  II. 
36,  I  kept  up  a  kind  of  running  fire  upon  Coke.  1854  R. 
MONCKTON  MILNES  in  Life  (1891)  I.  xi.  497  The  Duke  and 
Sir  Robert  keep  up  a  running  fire  of  banter,  accusing  one 
another  reciprocally.  1860  W.G.  CLARK  Vac.  Tour  22  The 
crowd  kept  up  a  running  fire  of  vivas  to  pass  the  time. 

d.  Running  fight,  a  naval  engagement  carried 
on  during  a  retreat  or  flight.  Alsoy^f. 

1690  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2595/3  The  Gra/ton  Sloop  has 
brought  into  Dartmouth  a  French  Privateer. .,  which  she 
took  the  i8th  instant,  after  a  running  fight  of  3  hours.  1707 
Ibid.  No.  4386/2,  3  French  Privateers,  .attack'd  a  Dutch 
Ship..,  who  maintain'd  a  running  Fight.  1760-72  H. 
BROOKE  IfoolofQual.  (1809)  III.  83  They  crouded  away.., 
maintaining  a  running  fight  with  their  stern-chace.  1823 
BYRON  Island  n.  xxi,  We'll  make  no  running  fight,  for  that 
were  base.  1846  DICKENS  Battle  of  Life  n,  It  could  hardly 
be  said  of  these  conflicts  that  they  were  running  fights, 

15.  Running  kandt  a  cursive  form  of  script. 

1648  HEXHAM  ii.  s.v.  Loosen,  To  write  with  a  Running 
hand.  1685  J.  MATLOCK  Fax  Nova  Artis  Scribetidii?.  The 
Running- Hand  begets  a  great  freeness  and  readiness  in 
those  Letters,  in  which  it  is  composed.  1763  MASSEY  Qrig. 
ff  Progr.  Lett.  ii.  26  A  neat  and  expeditious  running-hand, 
io  necessary  in  every  business.  1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xx,  He 
entered  them  in  the  catalogue  in  his  best  running  hand. 
1900  SAYCE  Babylonians  $  Assyrians  x.  209  la  Egypt  the . . 
running-hand  of  the  scribe  developed  out  of  the  primitive 
pictographs. 

attrib.  1784  ASTLE  Orig.  <$•  Progr.  Writing  106  The 
running  hand  Saxon  letters  are  more  like  the  pure  or 
elegant  Saxon  which  succeeded  them. 

IV.  16.  Carried  on  or  extending  continuously. 
Used  esp.  of  architectural  or  decorative  ornament. 
Also  with  ad  vs.,  as  running-around. 

1390-1  Durham  Ace.  Rolls  (Surtees)  391  Freyns,  lays,  et 
rynnyng  orfrays.  1776  G.  SEMPLE  Building  in  Water  139 
The  first  Course  of  the  Grating  is  to  be  let  m  by  a  running 
Mortice.  1849  GKKENWELL  Coal-Trade  Terms,  Running 
Balk,  a  balk  set  in  the  direction  of  a  drift,  at  its  side, 
instead  of  across  it,  to  form  a  support  for  the  cross  balks. 
1861  SIR  C.  BARRV  in  Life  (1867)  vi.  186  The  ground. .of 
a  warm  yellowish  tint,  covered  with  a  running  foliage. 
1870  E.  PEACOCK  Ralf  Skirl.  1. 136  A  running  pattern  com 
posed  of  peonies  and  sun-flowers.  1901  Westm.Gaz.  n  July 
3/2  A  running-around  insertion  of  either  guipure  or  Valen 
ciennes. 

b.  Running  title,  headline},  a  short  title  or 
headline  placed  at  the  top  of  the  page,  sometimes 
restricted  to  one  which  is  continued  throughout 
the  whole  of  a  book. 

1668  WALUS  in  Corr.  Set.  Men  (1841)  II.  492  The  running 
title  on  the  several  heads  is  easily  added,  being  the  same 
with  that  of  each  chapter.  1691  MIKGE  Eng.  Gram.  (ed.  a) 
130  Besides  this  general  Title,  there  is  commonly  at  the 
head  of  every  Page  a  Title  expressed  in  few  Words, 
called  the  Running  Title.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  II. 
60  The  running  titule  over  every  following  page  is  De  Uso 
Aquse  Marina;.  1816  znd  Rep.  Comm.  Public  Rec.  App. 
f  n,  The  Collection  now  technically  called  The  Fcedera, 
from  the  First  Word  of  its  Running-title.  1839  HANSARD 
Treat.  Printing ^(1841)  85  He.. places  at  the  top.. the  run-  i 
ning  head,  or  line  which  indicates  the  title  of  the  work  or  j 
the  subject  of  the  page  or  chapter.  1888  JACOBI  Printers*  \ 
Vocab.  117  Running  headline^  the  fixed  or  general  title  of 
the  volume  as  distinct  from  the  chapter  or  section  headline. 
o.  Of  measurements  :  Linear. 

1663  GEKBIEH  Counsel  48  Work  rated  on  running  measure. 
1703  R.  NEVE  City  &  C.  Purchaser  121  Some  Cornishes. . 
are  mcasur'd,  and  rated  by  the  Foot  Running- measure,  i.e. 
by  the  number  of  Feet  in  length  only.  1797  BILLINGSLEY 
Agric.  Somerset  79  The  expence  of  a  list-wall  may  be  thus 
calculated  per  rope  of  twenty  feet  running  length.  i8i> 
J.  SMYTH  Pract.  of  Customs  (1821)  14  Linens  particularly., 
are  generally  measured  by  running  measure,  being  no  more 
than  taking  the  length  of  the  piece  from  one  end  to  the 
other.  1889  WELCH  Text  Bk.  Naval  Arckit.  iv.  73  It  is 
usual  to  state  the  weight  per  sauare  foot  of  material  in  the 
former  case,  and  per  running  fow-in  the  latter. 

17.  Continuous,  sustained ;  going  on,  carried  on, 
right  through  or  continuously. 

1492  in  Somerset Med.  Wills  (1901)  300  That,  .there be  in 
the  churche  of  the  seid  priory  euery  day  whiles  the  wordle 
standeth  a  rennynz  masse  ther  seyd.     i6»  MALYNES  Anc.    \ 
Law-Merck.  207  There  are  two  manner  of  Lotaries,  namely    ! 


916 

Standing  Lolaries,  and  Running  Lotaries:.. the  latter  to 
bee  drawne  daily  and  at  all  conuenient  houres.  1629  H. 
BURTON  Truth's  Triumph  352  If  it  bee  but  a  running 
lottery,  wherein  the  whole  countrey  is  coosened.  1707 
H  EARNE  Coll.  (O.  H.  S.)  1 1. 68  He  has  put  out  short  running 
Notes  upon  Ovid's  Epistles.  1793  BURKE  Corr.  (1844)  IV. 
159  There  is  a  perpetual  running  allusion  to  events  and 
actions,  as  well  as  new  laws  and  customs.  182*  HAZLITT 
Table-t.  Ser.ii.  ix.  (1869)  188  His  face  is  the  running  comment 
on  his  acting.  1865  TYLOR  Early  Hist.  Man.  in.  36  With 
a  running  accompaniment  of  grunts.  1888  BRYCE  Atiter. 
Commw.  III.  603  The  apparent  coldness  of  the  audience, 
which.,  refuses  him  the  running  encouragement  of  cheers. 

b.  Of  accounts,  etc. :  Allowed  to  run  on  for  a 
certain  (specified  or  indefinite)  time. 

1742  RICHARDSON  Pamela.  III.  250  Makes  up  his  running 
Accounts  to  Mr.  Longman.  1853  LYTTON  My  Novel  \.  ix, 
The  Squire . .  gave  him  a  running  lease  of  seven,  fourteen,  or 
twenty-one  years,  at  a  rent  merely  nominal.  1891 C.  ROBERTS 
Adrift  Amer.  40,  I  had  a  running  order  on  the  store. 

c.  Running  days :  (see  quots.). 

1816  G.  J.  BELL  Comm.  Law  Scot.  (1826)  I.  577  In 
settling  the  lay-days,  or  the  days  of  demurrage,  the  contract 
generally  specifies  '  working  days  ',  or  *  running  days  '. . .  Un 
der  the  latter,  the  days  are  reckoned  like  the  days  in  a  bill  of 
exchange.  1849  FKEESE  Comm.Class-bk.^T.  'Lay-days'., 
are  either  running-days, or  working-days,  as  may  be  agreed 
upon ;  the  former  including  Sundays  and  holidays,  the 
latter  excluding  them. 

d.  (See  quot.) 

1886  C.  SCOTT  Sheep  Farming  28  By  a  running  ewe  stock 
is  understood  the  practice  of  buying-in  ewe  lambs  to  main 
tain  the  flock,  and  selling  all  the  produce. 

18.  (Placed  after  the  sb.)  Following  each  other  ; 
successive,  in  succession. 

1719  RAMSAY  To  Arbuckle  76  To  be  a  dummie  ten  years' 
running.  1758  L.  TEMPLE  Sketches  (ed.  2)  34  It  does  not 
require  a  very  exquisite  Ear  to  write  two  smooth  or  even 
harmonious  Lines  running.  1848  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Loss  $ 
Gain  iv,  viii,  He  can  speak  seven  hours  running  without 
fatigue.  1881  MRS.  CRAIK  Sydney  I.  viii.  201  This  is  the 
third  Sunday  running  that  I  have  [etc.]. 

V.  19.  Current,  prevalent,  general. 

c  1449  PECOCK  Rtpr.  in.  xi.  346  Bi  his  natural  condicion 
and  bi  the  rennyng  condlcioun  of  the  world.  1530-1  Durh. 
Housek.  Bk.  (Surtees)  5,  2  qu.  frumenti,  rynnynge  measour 
ad  gd.  bus.  1570  FOXE  A.  $  M.  (ed.  2)  1050/1  To  stoppe 
the  running  brutes  of  their  holy  assemblies,  they  should 
write  Apologies.  1627  Rep.  Parishes  Scotl.  (Bann.  Cl.)  3 
We  walow  it  to  be  worth  sex  bollis..off  rining  wictuall. 
1851  MAVHEW /,<?«</. /,<z^.  (i86i)III.i45, 1  generally  get  my 
25.1.,  that's  my  running  price,  though  I  try  for  my  30?.  1865 
MOZLEY  Mirac.  (1883)  166  Hence  the  confession  of  infer 
iority  when  this  running  supernatural  ism  was  confronted 
by  real  miracles. 

20.  That  is  in  progress,  going  on,  or  existing, 
at  the  present  time. 

1584  Rfg.  Privy  Council  Scot,  III.  666  This  present  ryn- 
nand  Parliament.  1688  DRYUEN  Britannia  Rediv.  49  That 
James  this  running  century  may  view,  And  give  his  son  an 
auspice  to  the  new.  17*6  BERKELEY  Wks.  (1871)  IV.  134 
They  might  have  been  paid  the  subsequent  years  out  of  the 
running  income.  1861  MRS.  H.  WOOD  E,  Lynne\,  xv.  222 
To  make  me  forfeit  my  running  quarter's  salary, 
f  b.  Of  cash  :  Available  tor  use.  Obs. 

1679  DRYDEN  Limberham  iv.  ii,  I  have  at  present,  no 
running  cash  to  throw  away.  1727  SWIFT  State  Irel.  Wks. 
1751  IX.  139  The  running  Cash  of  the  Nation,  which  was 
about  Five  Hundred  Thousand  Pounds,  is  now  less  than 
Two,  and  must  daily  diminish. 

t  c.  Of  trade  :  Giving  a  certain  turnover.  Qbs. 

1706-7  FARQUHAR  Beaux*  Strat.  I.  i,  I  have  a  good  running 
trade.  1736  Gentl.  Mag.  VI.  458/2  There  are  Multitudes  of 
People  in  this  Kingdom,  who. .just  make  a  Shift  to  rub  on, 
from  Year  to  Year,  upon  Credit  and  a  running  Trade. 

21.  Temporary  ;  -f  transitory,    rare. 

163*  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  Bwndfs  Eromena  49  To  prefix  and 
give  hanselfe  a  law  for  his  life,  founded  upon  a  running 
griefe,  imagining  it  to  be  everlasting.  1851  Jrnl.  R.  Agric. 
Soc.  XII.  ii.  365  Occasionally.. there  is  sown  a  'running' 
crop  of  beans  or  seeds. 

VI.  22.  Moving  easily  or  rapidly  by  mechan 
ical  means  or  as  a  piece  of  mechanism;  easily 
moved,  slid  along,  shifted,  etc. 

c  1425  Cast.  Persev.  1076  in  Macro  Plays^  Whyl  I  reste  on 
my  rennynge  whel,  I  schal  not  suffre,  if  bat  I  may.  1459 
Paston  Lett,  I.  482  Item,  j.  rynnyng  beddewith  amateras. 
CI53S  in  Yorks.  Archxol.  Jrnl.  (1886)  IV.  323  \V*  ij 
ronnyng  dores  and  a  shittynge  dore.  1558  Will*  fy  Inv. 
N.C,  (Surtees,  1835)  163,  ij  fether  bedds,  a  trussinge  bed, a 
ronnyng  bedd.  1603  OWEN  Pembrokeshire  (1892)  62  But 
use  for  the  most  part  a  runinge  fold  of  hurdels  of  cloven 
oake  about  foure  foote  heighe.  1648  HEX  HAM  n,  Eett 
Looperken^  a  Running  Pullie  or  Windlass.  1764  J. 
FERGUSON  Lect. ^48  When  the  furrows  become  blunt  and 
shallow  by  wearing,  the  running  stone  must  be  taken  up. 
1799  G.  SMITH  Laboratory  I.  19  The  decorations  that  are 
usually  fixed  to  these  running  rockets.  1851-4  Tontlinson's 
Cycl.  Useful  Arts  (1867)  II.  461/2  In  the  manufacture  of 
plate  glass  a  thick  cylinder  of  cast  brass,  called  a  running 
roll,  is  used  for  spreading  the  glass  over  the  casting  table. 
1876  Encycl.  Brit.  IV,  704/2  There  is  no  wood  on  the 
Pacific  coast  from  which  any  part  of  the  running-gear  of  a 
good  waggon  can  be  made. 

23.  Of  ropes,  etc. :  Capable  of  moving  when 
pulled  or  hauled ;  esp.  moving  or  passing  through 
a  block,  ring,  etc.  Chiefly  Naut. 

Nomenclator  Navalis  (Harl.  MS.  2301),  Running 


together  so  small  with  running  cords,  that  they  strike  his 
body  a  two  with  one  blow.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  xv. 
(Roxb.)  50/1  The  Runner  is  generally  taken  for  any  rope 
running  through  a  block  which  is  called  the  running  rope. 


RUNRIG. 

1753  HANWAY  Trav.  (1762)  I.  ii.  xvi.  72  Our  boat  had  no 
keel,  nor  any  running  tackle.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3) 
VIII.  661/1  For  horses.,  who  poke  out  their  noses,  a  run 
ning  snaffle  is  of  excellent  use.  1841  R.  H.  DANA  Seawatfs 
Man.  45  The  parts  of  all  tackles  between  the  fasts  and  a 
sheave,  are  called  the  standing  parts ;  the  parts  between 
sheaves  are  called  running  parts.  1885  C.  F.  HOLDER 
Marvels  Anim.  Life  67  A  running  bow-Hne  [was]  passed 
around  the  fish's  tail. 

Comb.  1740  BKOOKES  Art  of  Angling  17  Running-Line- 
Angling  is  with  one  or  two  small  Pellets  of  Lead  to  your 
Line  without  a  Float. 

b.  Running  rigging -.  (see  RIGGING  j^.2  2). 
1667  Land.  Gaz.  No.  159/4  We  likewise  Anchoring  within 
a  mile  of  them,  to  repair  our  running  Rigging,  and  main 
shrowds.  1748  Anson's  Voy.  \\.  ii.  135  To  unlay  a  cable  to 
work  into  running  rigging.  1840  R.  H.  DANA  Be/.  Mast 
.\xiii,  He  had  got  rid  of  all  the  useless  blocks  and  running 
rigging.  1890  All  Year  Round  29  Mar.  304  The  guide- 
ropes,  the  halliards,  the  running-rigging  of  the  scenic  show 
beneath  \sc*  in  a  theatre]. 

24.  Of  knots,  etc. :  Slipping  or  sliding  easily, 
esp.  so  as  to  catch  something  lightly. 

1648  HEXHAM  n,  Gestrickt,  Laced,  or  Tyed  in  a  running 
knot.  1687  A.  LovELLtr.  Tlurvenot's  Trav.  in.  41  They  use 
a  certain  Slip  with  a  running-noose,  which  they  can  cast. . 
about  a  Mans  Neck,  when  they  are  within  reach  of  him. 
1726  [see  KNOT  sl>.1  i  b].  1748  Ansoti's  I'oy.  i.  vi.  65  A 
thong  of  several  fathoms  in  length,,  .with  a  running  noose 
atone  end  of  it.  i8zi  SCOTT  Pirate  xxxi,  In  your,  .profession 
[piracy],  .every  man  speaks  under  correction  of  the  yard- 
arm  and  a  running  noose.  1855  Orr's  Circle  Set'.,  Orgjin. 
Nat.  III.  306  In  the  middle  of  the  chamber  a  small  upright 
stick  is  placed  supporting  two  running  loops  of  horse-hair. 
ci86o  H.  STUART  Seamatfs  Catech.  24  A  running  eye  is 
then  spliced  in  the  end. 

25.  a.  Running  stitch,  a  loose,  open  stitch. 
1850  Mech.  Mag.  Feb.  99  A  Machine  for  Sewing  Cloth  of 

all  kinds  with  a  Running  Stitch.     1899  Miss  MASTERS  Bk. 
Stitckcs  5  A  successful  outlining,  and  one  that  is  not  so 
often  used  as  it  might  be,  is  obtained  by  running  stitch. 
b.  Running  string,  a  drawing  string. 
1882  CAULFEILD  &  SAWARD  Diet.  Needlewk.  428/2  Run 
ning  String  ..denotes  the  ribbon,  tape,  braid,  or  Bobbin 
which  is  passed  through  a  Hem,  or  double  Running,  by 
means  of  a  bodkin. 

26.  Of  a  machine  :  In  operation  ;  working. 
1896  Law  Times  C.  360/1,  Sect.  9  does  not  prevent  the 

cleaning  of  a  fixed  part  of  a  running  machine. 

Hence  Ru'nniugly  adv.  t  &•  Concurrently  with 
something.  Qbs.  b.  Rapidly,  readily. 

c  1449  PECOCK  Repr.  v.  iii.  499  The  sect  of  Ebionytis. . 
helden  the  ri^tis  and  obseruauncis  of  the  lewis  rennyngli 
with  lawe  of  kindc.  1580  HOLLVBAND  Treas,  Fr.  Tong, 
Courautment, .  .runningly,  swiftly,  redily.  1736  AINSWOKTH 
Eng.-Lat.  Diet.,  Runningly,  cursim.  1855  BROWNING 
Men  <$•  Wonten)  blaster  Hugites  of  Saxe-Gotka  vii,  Played 
I  not  off-hand  and  runningly,  Just  now,  your  masterpiece? 

t  Ru'illlion.  Obs.  Also  7  ronyon,  runnyon. 
[Of  obscure  origin.] 

1.  An  abusive  term  applied  to  a  woman. 

The  usual  explanation  '  a  mangy  creature  *  (after  F. 
rognc}  is  due  to  Johnson  s.v.  Runniont  but  under  Ronion 
he  defines  it  as  '  a  fat  bulky  woman  *. 

1598  SHAKS.  Merry  IV.  iv.  ii.  195  Out  of  my  doore,  you 
Wittsh,  you  Ragge,  you  Baggage,  you  Poulcat,  you  Runnion, 
j    out,  out.     1605  —  Macb.  i.  iii.  6  Aroynt  thee,  Witch,  the 
i    rumpe-fed  Ronyon  cryes. 

2.  The  male  organ. 

The  piece  is  written  in  imitation  of  Chaucer. 

1655  MENNIS  &  SMITH  Mns.  Delicise  86  He  faire  could 
gloze  among  the  Country  Wives,  A  lusty  Runnyon  ware  he 
in  his  hose. 

Runo-,  comb,  form  of  mod.L.  runa  RUNE  ^, 
used  in  a  few  forms,  as  Runogra'phic  a.,  pertain 
ing  to  runic  writing ;  Ruuo'loglst,  one  who  studies 
or  is  skilled  in  runes ;  Runo'logy,  the  study  or 
science  of  runes. 

1868  G.  STEPHENS  Runic  Mon.  II.  630  This,  united  to 
certain  unusual  *Runographic  forms  and  to  an  archaism  in 
the  last  word,  has  hitherto  prevented  its  being  correctly  read. 
1866  Ibid.  I.  178  John  Bure  was  a  good  *runologist.  1894 
Academy  Oct.  258/3  The  veteran  runologist  has  here  given 
a.. catalogue  of  the  more  important  runic  inscriptions.  1871 
G.  STEPHENS  in  Archatologia  XL1II.  98  Of  late.. great 
progress  has  been  made  in  *runology.  1887  Athensum 
17  Sept.  368/3  By  this  work  the  science  of  runology  has 
been  placed  on  a  sound  scientific  basis. 

Run-off,    [f.  RUN  z>.] 

1.  U.S.  (See  first  quot.)     Also  attrib. 

1892-3  I4th  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sun\  149  The  run-off,  that 
is,  the  quantity  of  water  flowing  from  the  land.  Ibid.  150 
For  comparison  with  this  run-off  map  a  similar  map  showing 
the  mean  annual  precipitation  is  introduced.  1895  J.  W. 
POWELL  in  Nat.  Geogr*  Monogr.  I.  6  The  mean  run-off  by 
streams  is  more  than  half  the  run-off. 

2.  A  final  deciding  race  held  after  a  dead  heat. 
1893  Outing  XXII.  155/1  In  the  run-off  Harding  had  the 

best  of  the  start.  1894  Daily  News  13  Sept.  3/2  The  former 
easily  defeated  his  opponent  in  the  run-off. 

Run-ridge,  anglicized  form  of  next. 

1803  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  1. 404  When  the  lands 
were  generally  cultivated  in  the  open  field,  or  run-ridge 
state.  1826  MORISON  Diet.  Dec.  Xylll.  1365  Lands  lying 
mixed  in  larger  parcels  are  not  divisible  as  run-ridge. 

Runrig  (rc'nrig).  Sc.  Also  5  rynryg,  -rig, 
6  rinrig,  8-9  runrigg.  [f.  RUN  v.  +  RIG  sir,1  3. 
Cf.  RUNJJALE.] 

1.  A  ridge  of  land  lying  among  others  held  by 
joint  tenure,  rare. 

1437  in  Reg.  Dnnfermline  (Bann.  Cl.)  285  Ten  fute  of  |?e 

B'nryg  of  J»e  Abbot . .  &  tuenti  fute  of  be  rynrig  of  \>c  said 
auid.     1585  in  Liber  Eccl.   Scone  (Bann.  Cl.)  230  The 


RUNBIGGED. 


917 


RUPELIAN. 


landis  cullit  the  fourt  rinrig  of  the  Sandy  hill.  187$  Sc. 
Acts  XII.  Index  s.v.,  The  heritors  may  apply,  .for  division 
of  the  run-rigs  according  to  their  respective  interests. 

2.  A  form  of  land-tenure,  =KuNJDALE  i. 

a  1583  Sue  J.  BALFOUR  Practicks  (1754)  536  Landis  lyand 
togidder  in  rin-rig,  and  swa  pertenand  and  occupyit  he 
divers  and  hindrie  persounis.  1733  P.  LINDSAY  Interest  Scot. 
47  The  arable  Land  or  Grounds  for  Tillage  are  divided  by 
Runrig  equally  amongst  them.  1791  NEWTE  Tour  Eng.  <y 
Scot.  239  Every  tenant  should  have  his  farm,  not  in  the  way 
of  runrigg,  but  by  itself.  1845  MCCULLOCH  Ace,  Brit. 
Empire  (1854)  I.  287  Several  of  the  landlords.. ha ving. . 
divided  the  lands  held  in  common,  or  in  run-rig,  into 
separate  possessions.  1880  CARMICHAEL  in  Skene  Celtic 
Scotl.  III.  379  In  Uist  and  Barra  the  arable  land  is  divided, 
in  part  into  crofts,  and  in  part  worked  in  runrig. 

3.  As  adv.    In   separate  ridges  cultivated  by 
different  occupiers. 

1695  Sc.  Acts  IX.  421/1  Act  anent  Lands  lying  Run-rig. 
1751  McDoUALL  hist.  Laws  Scot.  \.  220  The  possession 
of  lands  lying  run-rig,  .is  most  prejudicial  to  the  policy  of 
the  nation.  1814  SCOTT  Diary  4  Aug.,  There  are  several 
obstacles  to  improvement,  chiefly  the  undivided  state  of  the 
properties,  whichlie  run-rig. 

4.  attrib.  Held  or  characterized  by  this  mode  of 
tenure. 

1751  McDouALL  Inst.  Laws  Scot.  I.  220  Lands  are  run-rig, 
where  one  heritor  has  one  ridge  or  rig,  and  another  the 
second,  and  so  on  interchangeably  over  the  whole  parcel  of 
land.  1765-8  EKSKINE  Inst.  Law  Scot.  in.  iii.  §  59  The 
division  competent  to  landholders.. is  not  in  practice  con 
fined  to  runrig  lands  in  a  strict  sense  of  the  word.  1792 
Slat.  Ace.  Scot.  III.  217  This  runrig  disposition  of  lands  in 
Scotland.  1805  BARKY  Orkney  (1808)  356  Unless  these 
commons  be  divided,  and  runrig  possessions  abolished, 
agricultural  improvements  are  impracticable.  1874  Act 
37  -V  38  Viet.  c.  94  g  35  A  decree  of  division  of  commonty  or 
of  common  property  or  runrig  lands.  1880  CARMICHAEL  in 
Skene  Celtic  Scotl.  III.  380  A  wet  or  a  dry  season  affects 
.  .the  tenant  of  the  combined  system  more  than  the  tenant 
of  the  runrig  system. 

Hence  Ku'nrigg-ed///.  a,,  portioned  out  on  the 
runrig  system. 

1683  M.  MACKAIL  Orkney  in  MacFarlane  Geogr,  Collect. 
(S.H.S.)  III.  i  The  Karles  and  Bishops  lands  were  runrig'd 
through  Orkney  and  Shetland.  1765  Forfeited Est.  Papers 
(S.  H.  S.)  71  To  measuring  the  runrigged  lands  on  the 
Lovat  estate.  1805  FORSYTH  Beauties  Scotl.  II.  443  [The 
land]  was  often  run-rigged  or  mixed  property. 

Runsh,  obs.  variant  of  RUNCH. 

fRunsik,  obs.  form  of  RANSACK  v. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vn.  120  My  witt  vnabill  is  To  run- 
sik  [v.r.  ranstk]  sic,  for  dreid  I  say  off  myss. 

Runsy,  obs.  form  of  ROUNCY. 

Runt  (r#nt),  sb.  Also  6  ront(e,  7  runte.  [Of 
obscure  origin.  It  seems  unlikely  that  sense  2  is 
at  all  connected  with  MDu.  runt  (Du.  rttnd)  ox.] 

1.  An  old  or  decayed  stump  of  a  tree.     Also 
altrib.ta&  runt-tree  ^  ~wood)%xdifig.  (quot.  #1585). 
Now  dial. 

1501  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  i.  ui,  Not  throw  the  soyl  bot 
muskanc  treis  sproutit,.  .Auld  rottin  runtis  quhairin  na  sap 
was  leifit.  a  1585  POLWART  Fly  ting  w.  Montgotnerie  789 
lock  Blunt,  deid  runt !  I  sail  dunt  whill  I  slay  thee.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  xvi.  xxxix.  I.  480  Neither  yong  poles  nor 
old  runts  are  fit  for  durable  building.  1603  —  Plutarck 
399  Like  unto  old  runt-trees  or  dodils,  which  repining  as  it 
were  at  others,  do  manifestly  hinder  and  take  away  the 
spring  and  growth  of  yoong  poles  and  plants  which  come 
up  under  them,  or  grow  neere  about  them.  1710  Tusser 
Redivivus  in  Tusser's  Hiisb.  (1878)  78  Few  Pollards  perish 
for  want  of  it  [lopping],  but  Runt-wood  will.  1841  HARTS- 
HORNE  Skropsh.  Gloss.  552  Runts,  decayed  stumps  of  trees. 
b.  Sc.  and  north.  A  hardened  stem  or  stalk  of 
a  plant,  e$p.  of  a  cabbage  (cf.  kale-runt  ^  KALE  3). 

1785  BURNS  Halloween  iv,  Poor  hav  rel  WilL.pow't,  for 
want  o'  better  shift,  A  runt  was  like  a  sow-tail  Sae  bow't 
that  night.  1786  —  Ordination  vi,  Lapfu's  large  o'  gospel 
kail. .An'  runts  o1  grace.  1807-10 TANNAHILL /Vtfwf  (1846) 
117  They  got  naething  for  crowdy,  but  runts  boiled  to 
sowdie.  1839  BROCKETT  N.  C.  Gloss. 

2.  An  ox  or  cow  of  a  small  breed  or  size,  esp. 
one  belonging  to  the  small  breeds  characteristic  of 
Wales  and  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 

1549  Act  3  £  4  Edw.  K7,  c.  19  §  z  Any  manner  of  Oxen, 
Sleres,  Routes,  Kyen,  Heighfers  or  Calves.  1579  SPENSER 
Slieph.  Cat.  Feb.  5  My  ragged  rontes  all  shiver  and  shake, 
As  doen  high  Towers  in  an  earthquake.  1620  MIDDLETON 
Chaste  Mam  iv.  i,  She's  full  of  cattle,  some  two  thousand 
runts.  1649  BLITHE  Eng.  Imprav.  Intpr,  (1652)  184  That 
year  may  put  up  three  midling  Runts  upon  an  Acre  and 
feed  them  up.  1700  J.  BKOME  Trav.  i.  (1707)  23  Multitudes 
of  Oxen,  which  they  call  Runts.  1768  PENNANT  Brit.Zool. 
I.  18  The  Welsh  runts  are  much  larger :  the  black  cattle  of 
Cornwall  are  of  the  same  size  with  the  last,  1825  GOBBET 
Rtir.  Rides  253  The  cattle  here  are  chiefly  Welsh,  black 
and  called  runts.  1847  W.  C.  L.  MARTIN  Ox  100/1  From 
the  midland  and  western  counties,  230  Herefords,  runts, 
Devons,  &c.  1886  Daily  News  14  Dec.  2/5  Welsh  Runts 
were  in  good  force,  and  maintained  a  prominent  tank  in  the 
exhibition. 

attrib.  1884  JK  Sussex  Gaz.  25  Sept.,  25  Scotch  Cows 
and  Heifers,  16  Runt  Steers.    1886  Daily  Mews  15  Sept, 
2/4  Prime  sides  of  English  runt  beef. 
b.  An  old  cow  or  ox.     Now  dial. 

1638  LAUD  Wks.  (1857)  VI.  538  Your  hung  beef.  .was.  .as 
hard  as  the  very  horn  the  old  runt  wore  when  she  lived.  1808 
JAMIESON.    18*3  E.  MOOR .Suffolk  Wds.    1877 Cumb.  Gloss. 
C.  A  small  or  inferior  horse. 

1723  Portland  Papers  (Hist.  MSS.  Comin.)  VI.  90  We 
met  a  parcel  of  Scots  horses..  .1  should  let  them  pass  unre- 
membered  but  for  the  extravagant  value  I  thought  they  set 
upon  one  of  their  runts.  1895  Westm.  Gaz.  7  Sept.  2/1  He 
..drove  a  little  ole  runt  that  couldn't  go  seven  mile  a  hour. 


d.    A   small  pig,  esp.  the  smallest  in   a  litter. 
dial,  and  [/.S. 

1841  HAKTSHORNE  Shropsh.  Gloss.  552  Runtt  Runtling^ 
the  smallest  in  a  litter  of  pigs.  1886  Cent.  Mag.  XXXII. 
107  While  the  runt  is  the  weakest  and  most  forlorn  of  pigs 
[etc.].  1887  in  Kent.  Gloss. 

3.  transf.  a.  An   ignorant,   uncouth,   or  uncul 
tivated  person. 

1614  B.  JONSON  Barth.  Fair  iv.  vi,  Sir,  you  are  a  welsh 
Cuckold,  and  a  prating  Runt,  and  no  Constable,  a  1658 
CLEVELAND  Sir  J.  Presbyter  24  Reforming  Tweed  Hath 
sent  us  Runts  even  of  her  Churches  breed.  1719  D'URFEY 
nils  II.  77  Shone  a  Welch  Runt,  and  Hans  a  Dutch  Boor. 
1723  MKS.  CENTLIVKE  Artifice  in.  i,  This  City  spoils  a!l 
Servants.  I  took  a  Welsh  Runt  last  Spring.  1830  GLI-.IU 
Country  Curate  II.  iii.  62  Things  have  come  to  a  pretty 
pass,  when  a  set  of  beggarly  Welsh  runts  use  threats  to 
their  betters. 

b.  An  old  woman,  esp.  an  ill-favoured  or  ill- 
conditioned  one;  a  hag.     Now  Sc.  or  dial. 

171652  BKOME  Eng.  Moor  in.  iii,  Sure  some  old  runt 
with  a  splay-foot  hath  crost  him.  1676  COLES  Eng.-Lat. 
Diet*)  An  old  runt,  vetula,  1769  Herd's  SottffS  (1904)  159,  I 
think  the  auld  runt  be  gone  mad.  1787  W.  TAYLOR  Scot. 
Poems  26  At  last  br;ive  Jess.  .Did  had  Dad's  hands, 
till  the  auld  runt,  Wi'  boilin  broe,  John  Ploughman 
brunt.  1823  E.MooR  Suffolk  Wds.^  A' »/;/,..  an  ill-condi 
tioned  woman,  a  1856  G.  OCTRAM  Annuity  in  Lyrics (\%J4\ 
Catch  the  doited  runt  forget  To  ca'  for  her  annuity.  1899 
S.  R.  CKOCKEIT  Kit  Kennedy  40  The  auld  runt  Babby  ii 
fell  fond  o'  ye. 

c.  A   person   of  low   but   thick-set   build ;   a 
stunted  or  undersized  person  ;  a  dwarf. 

a  1700  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Runt,  a  little,  short,  truss  Man. 
1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss.,  Runt,  a  person  of  a  strong  though 
low  stature.  1854  Miss  BAKER  Northampt.  G loss. ^  Runt  or 
Runty  i  a  dwarfish  person;  particularly  a  child  stunted  in 
its  growth  by  short  food  or  over  work.  1890  L.  C.  I>. 
D'OvLE  Notches  65  My  brother  Bill,  .was  a  fine,  tall  fellow 
—not  a  little  bit  of  a  '  runt '  like  me. 

d.  A  dwarfish  or  diminutive  object. 

1845  Punch  VIII.  224  You  work  in  that  little  runt  of  a 
garden  of  yours  for  half-an-hour  or  so  before  breakfast. 
1873  CAKLETON  Farm  Ball.  43  Takin'  all  the  biggest 
apples,  leavin'  all  the  littlest  runts.  1900  R.  BAKR  LJft- 
ikanging  East  258  This  insignificant  runt  of  a  Turkish 
steamer, 

attrib,  1874  COUES  Birds  N.  IV.  36  In  a  large  number 
examined,  little  '  runt '  eggs  are  sometimes  found. 

4.  a.  A  domestic  pigeon  of  a  breed  characterized 
by  size  and  stoutness  of  build,  of  which  there  are 
a  number  of  varieties. 

1661  WALTON  Angler  (f&.  3)  iv.  73  Of  the  tame  [pigeons] 
there  be  Cropers,  Carryers,  Runts.  1668  CHAKLETON  Quo- 
niast.  77  Columbas  Russiae,  Runts.  1725  /'<*/«.  Diet.  s.v. 
Pigeon,  Of  Runts  are  different  Sorts,  one  called  Spanish 
Runts,  generally  of  a  Blood  Red,  or  Mottled  Colour.  1735 
MOORE  Columb.  44  There  are  other  Sorts  of  Runts,  as  the 
Roman  Runt..,  and  the  Smyrna  Runt.  1840  DICKENS 
Barn.  Rudge  i,  The  wheeling  and  circling  flights  of  runts, 
fantails,  tumblers,  and  pouters,  were  perhaps  not  quite  con 
sistent  with  the  grave  and  sober  character  of  the  building. 
1881  J.  C.  LYELL  Fancy  Pigeons  104  In  appearance  runts 
are  like  huge  common  pigeons. 

attrib.  and  Comb.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  H.  244/1  The 
Runt  Pigeon,  or  Russian  Dove, . .  are  large  Pigeons  as  big  as 
young  Hens.  1854  MEALL  Afoubray's  Poultry  249  In  the 
head  and  bill  the  Archangel  is  very  Runt-like.  /£/</.  252  In 
size  it  would  seem  to  be  the  smallest  of  the  Runt  family. 
t  b.  A  canary-bird  over  three  years  old.  Obs. 

a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew.  1704  Diet.  Rust.  (1726) 
s.v.  Canary-birds,  The  several  Names  of  these  Birds  at 
different  Times  and  Ages;  Such  as  are  above  3  years  old 
are  called  Runts. 

t  Runt,  v.  Obs—*  In  5  runte,  rout.  [Cf. 
AUUNT  ^.]  trans.  To  reprove,  rate. 

6-1440  CAPGR.  Life  St.  KM.  HI.  96  Euyr  hys  body  wold 
he  chyde  &  runte  [v.r.  ront]:  '  What  eylyth  ^e  DOW  I 

Ru/nted,  a.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [f.  RUNT  sb.  + 
-ED  -.]  Stunted  in  growth,  undersized,  dwarfish. 

1681  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  1651/4  The  other  is  a  middle  aged 
Runted  Ox,  all  Black,  his  Horns  turn  a  little  round.  1783 
BURNS  Mailie's  Elegy  vi.  (orig.  text),  She  was  nae  get  o1 
runted  rams.  1879  Miss  JACKSON  Skropsh.  Wd.-Bk. 

Ru  iitish,  a.     [f.  RUNT  sb.  +  -ISH.] 

1.  Of  animals :  Stunted ;  dwarfish. 

1641  BEST  farm.  Bks.  (Surtees)  5  These  usually  that  fall 
to  grasse  over  soone,  proove  short  runtish  sheepe.  1738 
Briton  Described"  60  The  Cattle,  we  saw  most  legible  on 
their  Mountains,  were  Goats  and  Heifers,  a  runtish  Sort  of 
Animals.  1803  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  1124  This 
same  kind  of  runtish  coarse  breed  continues  all  the  way  to 
the  Frith  of  Forth. 

f2.  Like  a  runt  (pigeon). 

1765  Treat*  Dow,  Pigeons  137  It  is  of  a  runtish  make,  and 
has  a  gravel  eye. 

Hence  t  Bu'ntishly  adv.    Obs, 

*735  J-  MOORE  Columb.  45  The  Trumpeter  is  a  bird  much 
about  the  size  of  a  Laugher,  and  very  runtUhly  made. 

Ru'nty,  a.     U.S.  and  dial.     [f.  RUNT  sb,] 

1.  Dwarfish,   undersized;   small  and  ill-made; 
of  low,  thick-set  bnild. 

1807  W.  lRVisG^a/wflr^«i/i(i824)86Atrioofasodd,runty, 
mummy-looking  originals  as  ever  Hogarth  fancied  in  his 
most  happy  moments.  1834  Buncos  in  Goulburn  Life 
(1892)  I.  81  These  runty  little  thick-set  Yorkshire  men  seem 
to  consider  me  as  a  wild  beast  escaped  from  some  show. 
1891  T.  N.  PACE  Ole  Virginia  42  Sometimes  you  see  a 
weevly  runty  pig  in  a  right  good  litter. 

2.  dial.  Surly,  ill-tempered,  obstinate. 

a  1825-66  in  dial,  glossaries  (E.  Anglia,  Line.,  Northampt.). 

Run-up.    [C  RUN  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  running  up  to  a  certain  point ;  esp. 


a.  Coursing.  The  race  between  two  greyhounds 
up  to  the  first  turn  or  wrench  of  the  hare. 

I834THACKKR  Courser's  Coinp.  I.  134  One  dog  is  some 
times  behind  the  other  in  the  first  run  up  to  the  hare.  1853 
'  STOXEHENGE  '  Greyhound  358  The  first  cote  constitute 
what  is  sometimes  called  the  run  up,  or  speed  to  the  hare. 
i884/'Y£/i/6  Dec.  (Cassell's),  Pious  Fraud  scored  the  run-up 
from  Alone. 

b.  The  act  of  taking  or  sending  a  ball  up  to 
the  goal  or  into  a  position  for  final  play. 

1897  Outing  XXX.  484/1  Foster. .,  after  a  clean  run  from 
'way  down  the  field,  puts  the  ball  through  the  uprights... 
The  excitement  of  the  run-up  has  been  intense.  1901 
Scotsman  9  Sept.  4/7  Vardon,  after  being  short  in  his  run 
up,  missed  the  hole  for  a  3. 

2.  bookbinding.  (Sec  quot.  1875.)   Also  attrib. 

1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  2004/2  A*w«-;c/,  a  flilut-marl-: 
which  runs  from  head  to  tail  on  the  back,  without  mitciing 
with  the  horizontal  cross  fillets  on  the  panels*  1880  ZAKHNS- 
DOKF  Bookbinding  131  With  a  'run-up'  back,  the  edge  of 
the  leather  round  the  end  papers  is  to. . have  aroll  run  round 
it  in  gold. 

Bunway  (rynwt71).  Chiefly  U.S.  [f.  RUN  z/.] 

1.  a.  The  customary  track  or  run  of  an  animal 
(esp.  of  deer)  or  a  fish. 

1873  Forest  <V  Stream  I.  178/2  We  crossed  thi;  runway 
where  the  deer  and  pack  had  passed,  1894 (JK////^  XXIV. 
186/2  Sometimes  we  followed  a  'runway 'or  deer's  path  for 
a  distance,  and  then  it  was  mostly  easy  going.  Ibid,  453  -'i 
After  a  minute's  rest,  to  let  him  settle  in  his  runway,  I 
made  a  cast. 

b.  A  place  for  fowls  to  run  in. 

1886  Pall  Mall  G.  27  Aug.  14/1  The  incubators,  h.tUhin.L; 
houses,  brooding  houses  and  runways  have  a  capacity  tu 
keep  5,000  eggs  in  process  of  hatching  ail  the  time. 

c.  A  running-path. 

•Afy  Pall  Mall  G.  19  Jan.  7/1  The  field  [in  baseball]  con 
sists  of  a  continuous  runway  of  clay-covered  paths. 

2.  Any  artificial  (sloping  or  horizontal)  track  or 
gangway    made   for   convenience    of   passage   or 
carriage. 

1888  Scribner's  Mag.  Oct.  444  If  there  is  a*  runway '.which 
is  an  elevation  like  the  rocky  ascent  in  the  second  act  of 
Die  Walkure . . ,  it  is  '  built '  by  the  stage-carpenters. 

3.  A  groove  in  which  anything  slides,  esp.  one 
of  the  grooves  in  the  casing  of  a  sash-window. 

1890  in  Cent.  Diet.  1900  R.  BARK  Unchanging  East  30,; 
Its  runway  was  so  smooth.,  thata  man  of  ordinary  strength 
could  roll  it  backward  and  forward. 

4.  The  bed  or  channel  in  which  a  stream  runs. 
1879  in  WEBSTER  Sufpl. 

t  Ruiiy,  a.  Obs.  ra)'c.  [Of  doubtful  origin  ; 
cf.  RUMSH  a.-]  Fierce,  furious. 

£•1205  LAV.  1545  Corinens  heom  rasde  to,  swa  be  runic 
[4:1275  wildej  wulf.  Ibid.  20123  Ardur.  .gon  to  rusien  swa 
|>c  runie  [c  1275  wode]  wulf. 

t  Ruoken,  v.  Obs.-1  [Cf.  note  to  ROCK  v.*  5  b.J 
trans.  ?  To  clean  by  rubbing. 

c  1205  LAY.  22287  Heo  ruokeden  buriieu  [c  1275  hii  rolledc 
wepne] ;  bonneden  helmes. 

Rupee  (rwpr).  Forms;  a.  ^rupia,  7-8  ropia, 
8  roupia  ;  7  (9)  rupeia.  £.  7  roopee,  rowpee, 
roupy,  7-8  roupie  ;  7rupeye,  rupie,  7-  rupee. 
[ad.  Urdu  s^j.  rfipiyaht  f.  Skr.  rupya  wrought 
silver.]  The  monetary  unit  of  India,  represented 
by  a  silver  coin  now  valued  at  \s.  ^d, 

The  silver  rupee  was  introduced  by  Shir  Shah  in  154-!  and 
varied  in  weight  at  different  times  and  places  between  170 
and  ic/2  grains;  from  1836  the  weight  in  British  India  has 
been  180  grains,  but  the  value  has  diminished  considerably 
since  1875.  A  slightly  heavier  rupee  was  in  use  in  Bengal : 
bee  SICCA.  The  gold  rupee  mentioned  in  quot.  1678  U 
properly  called  a  MOHLR. 

a.  1612  N.  WITHINGTON  Trav.  (1735)  289  Givinge  mee  200 


They  now  sell  us  a  Maon  of  6  pounds  for  two  Rupias.  1704 
Collect.  Voy.  (Churchill)  III.  57^2,  1000  of  them  weigh  not 
above  20  Ropias,  and  cost  about 60  Ropias.  1728  CHAMBERS 
Cycl.  s.v.  Money,  A  Lacre  of  Roupias  is  a  hundred  thousand 
Koupias.  [1841  ELI-HINSTONE  Hist.  I  ml.  II.  245  Shir  Shah 
changed  the  name  of  tankha  to  that  of  rupeia,  or  rupee, 
which  was  adopted  by  Akber.] 


s  tr.  Tarernier 


is  two  shillings  three  pence.  1678;.  PHILI. 
Trav.  n.  2  The  Roupy  of  Gold  weighs  t  Drams  aud  a  \\.\\\, 
and  1 1  Grains,  and  is  valued . .  at  14  Roupies  of  Silver.  i;ia 
E.  COOKE  Ycy.  S.  Sea  164  Forty  Roupies  to  be  allow  d 
James  Stretton  in  India,  as  Smart-Money.  1761  Ann.  Reg., 
Hist.  55  Sixteen  roupies  (half-crowns)  had  been  paid  for  the 
flesh  ofadog.  i84zBiscHOFF  Woollen  Manuf.  11.312  Ihc 
usual  price  demanded  for  such  a  pair  of  shawls  is  3000 
rupeesf  1803  SIR  W.  HUNTER  Ind.  Emfire  (ed.  3)  506  The 
rupee,  which  formerly  was  nearly  equal  to  two  shillings, 
hxs  fallen  to  nearly  fourteen  pence. 

attrib.  I7J7  A.  HAMILTON  New  Alt.  E.  futf.  II.  4*  Rupee 
Silver  which  has  no  Alloy  in  it,  will  bear  twenty  eight  per 
Cent,  of  Copper-alloy.  1884  St.  Janus'i  Co:.  10  May  7/2 
There  was  a  sharp  rise  yesterday  in  rupee  paper.  1887  fall 
Mall  G.  7  Nov.  i  i/i  The  rupee  prices  in  India  of  com 
modities  exported  to.  .England. 

Rupelian  (rapflian),  a.  Ceol.  [a.  F.  Rupel- 
ien,  f.  Kupel,  the  name  of  a  small  tributary  of 
the  river  Scheldt.]  A  division  of  the  oligocene 
of  Belgium,  lying  above  the  tongrian. 

1851  Jrnl.  Ceal.  Soc.  VIII.  296  They  [shells]  are  referred 
by  M.  Duniont  to  part  of  his  Rupelian  system. ^  1883  Science 
II,  16/1  The  oligocene  system  shows  two  principal  divisions 


RUPELLARY. 

(tongrian,  rupelian),  which  stretch  ncvubs  the  lower  part  of 
the  river  Kscaut. 

t  Rupellary,  a.  Obs.-1  [irreg.  f.  L.  rfipes  • 
rock.]  Rocky. 

<i  1700  EVELYN  Diary  27  Feb.  1644,  In  this  rupellary  ' 
nidary  do  the  fowle  lay  eggs  and  breede. 

Rupert's  drop,  metal:  see  DKOP  si.  ion, 
and  PBINCE  sb.  12. 

Rupestral  (rwpe'stral),  a.  [f.  mod.L.  rupes- 
tris,  i.  L.  rupes  rock  +  -AL.]  Growing  on  rocks. 

1847  H.C.WATSON  Cj'lvle  Brit.  I.  340  Native.  IRupestral 
and  Pascual.  Frequent  on  the  Highland  mountains.  1854 
J.  H.  BALIOL-R  Outl.  Bot.  527  Rupestral  and  mural  plants 
are  those  found  on  rocks  and  walls,  such  as  species  of 
Saxifrage,  Sedum,  Draba,.  .Lichens  and  Mosses. 

So  Bupe'strean,  Rnpe'strine,  adjs. 

1786  ABERCROMBIE  Arr.  in  Card.  Assist.  66  Rupestrean 
or  rock  stone-crof>  sedum.  1890  Cent.  Diet.,  Riipestrine, 
rock-inhabiting  ;  living  or  growing  on  or  among  rocks. 

II  Rupia  (r«-pia).  Path.  [mod.L.  (Bateman), 
f.  Gr.  pimos  dirt,  filth.]  A  skin  disease  character 
ized  by  an  eruption  of  broad,  flattish,  scattered 
vesicles,  succeeded  by  thick  ulcerating  scabs. 

Good  Study  Med.  (1822)  points  out  that  the  spelling 
rhypia  would  have  been  more  in  accordance  with  analogy. 

1813  BATEMAN  Delia.  Cutaneous  Dis.  Pref.  p.  v.  With  the 


only  seen  in  the  aged,  or.,  debilitated.  1878  T.  BRYAN  i 
Pract.  Sitrg.  I.  27  Constitutional  sores.. originating  in 
aorne  ulcerating  skin  eruption,  such  as  ccthyma  or  rupia. 

Hence  Ku-pial  a.,  pertaining  to,  of  the  nature 
of,  affected  with,  rupia. 

1861  BU.MSTEAD  Vcn.  Dis.  (1879)  541  The  small  rupial 
eruption  begins  either  about  the  face  or  on  the  inner  and 
outer  surface  of  the  forearms.  1879  St.  George's  Hasp.  Rep. 
IX.  6oS  On  the  left  shin  he  had  a  rupial  sore. 

II  Rupica'pra.  Zool.  [L.,  f.  rupes  rock  +  capra 
she-goat.]  The  chamois  {Rupicapra  tragus). 

1693  SIR  T.  P.  BLOUNT  Nat.  Hist.  385  Some  beasts  and 
birds  we  find  live  upon  the  highest  tops  of  the  Alps,  .  as 
the  Ibex,  and  Rupicapra;  or  Chamois.  1728  CHAMBERS 
Cy~l.,  Chamois  Leather^,  .is  prepar'd  from  the  Skin  of  the 
Chamois,  a  kind  of  Rupi-Capra,  or  wild  Goat. 

Hence  Bupica'prine  a. 

1827  GRIFFITH  tr.  CttvicrlV.  aSr  The Rupicaprine Group. 
1876  Encycl.  Brit.  V.  384/1  The  only  Antelope  found  in 
Western  Europe,  and.  .the  type  of  the  Rupicaprine  or  goat- 
like  group  of  that  family.  _i8si  FLOWER  &  LYDEKKEK 
Maiiu/i,  349  Rupicaprine  section  [of  the  Bovidse]. 

Rupi-coline,  -colous,  adjs.  (See  quots.) 

1858  MAYNE  Expos.  Lex.,  Rupicoius,  living  in  or  among 
rocks..:  rupicolous.  1890  Cent.  Diet.,  Rupicoline,..\odz.- 
inhabiting  ;  growing  on  rocks ;  living  among  rocks. 

Rupi'tio,  a.  Path,  rare  -'.  [irreg.  f.  RUPIA.] 
Pertaining  to,  characterized  by,  rupia. 

1878  HAMILTON  Nerv.  Dis.  38  There  were  three  rupitic 
phlegma  on  the  head,  each  of  which  contained  a  little  pus. 

Rupo'graphy.  rare.  [f.  G.  /iuiros  sealing-wax  : 
see  -GBAPHV.]  The  art  of  taking  an  impression 
of  a  coin  or  medal  upon  sealing-wax.  Hence 
Kupogra'phical  a. 

1838  Jrnl.Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal  VII.  415  As  a  first  specimen, 
then,  of  the  capabilities  of  this  art  of  rupography  I  select  a 
coin,  or  rather  medal  [etc.].  Ibid.,  The  rupographical  pro 
cess  may  be  safely  confined  to  the  first  stage,  or  simple 
impression  on  sealing-wax. 

Rupontike,  obs.  form  of  RHAPONTIC. 

Rupt,  obs.  form  of  RUT  sl>.'^ 

t  Rupt,  v.  Obs.~l  [f.  L.  rupt-,  ppl.  stem  of 
rutnpere  to  break.]  trans.  To  break,  nullify. 

1726  AYLIFFE  Parergon  32  When  the  Will  which  he  has 
made  is  rupted  and  made  void  by  the  Birth  of  a  Posthumous 

t  Rtrptic,  a.  Obs.-1  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ic.] 
Breaking ;  causing  (a  sore)  to  break. 

1541  R.  COPLAND  Guydons  Qitest.  Cltirurg.  O  iij  b,Whose 
operacions.  .appereth  afterward  as  they  that  be  made  with 
brenning  or  ruptycke  medecines. 

Ru'ptile,  a.  Now  Bot.  [ad.  mod.L.  ruptills 
or  F.  ruptile  :  cf.  prec.  and  -ILE.]  (See  quots.) 

1721  BAILEY,  Ruptile,  easy  to  be  broken.  1838  MAYNE 
Expos.  Lex.,  Rnptilis,  applied  to  an  organ  that,  .opens  in 
an  irregular  manner  by  the  enlargement  of  the  parts  it 
contains..:  ruptile.  _  1866  Treas.  Bat,  999/1  Riiptile,  burst 
ing  irregularly,  not  in  the  line  of  union  of  parts  in  cohesion. 

Ruptioil  (rc'pjsn).  Now  rare.  Also  5  rup- 
cioun,  6  -cyon,  -tioun.  [ad.  obs.  F.  ntption,  or 
late  L.  ruptio,  noun  of  action  f.  rumplre  to  break.] 

1.  Breach  of  the  peace ;  disturbance,    rare. 

1483  in  Lett.  Rick.  Ill  i;  Hen.  VII (Rolls)  I.  51  How  belt 
that  oft  tyme  afore  certain  rupcioun,  breke  and  distru- 
blaunce,  has  been  betwixt  the  realmes  of  Ingland  and 
Scotland.  1893  HESLOP  Northumbld.  Gloss,  s-v.  Ruction, 
Ruption,  a  turmoil,  as  in  cleaning ;  a  disturbance,  a  row. 

2.  Breaking  or  rupture  of  some   membrane  or 
tissue  of  the  animal  body. 

1541  R.  COPLAND  GalyetCs  Terap.  2  A  ij  b,  The  solution  of 
contynuyte..commeth  most  often  with  concussyon  and 
ruption.  1378  BANISTER  Hist.  Man  v.  So  Membrans,  and 
Fibers,  toughe.. and  able,  not  in  prompt  to  euery  ruption. 
1635  CuLi'EppER,  etc.  Riverius  n.  v.  74  The  Tunicle..is 
obnoxious  to  divers  diseases,  and  especially  to  Ruption, 
Distortion,  Dilatation,  and  Constriction.  1676  Phil.  Trans. 
XI.  607, 1  found . .  I  could  easily  enough  unravel  that  cluster 
to  a  considerable  length,.. before  ruption.  1853  HALIBUKION 
NatureSt  HwnatiNat.  (1902)  218  You  can't  cure  it,  foril's 
a  ruption  of  an  air  vessel,  and  you  can't  get  at  it  to  sew  it  up. 


918 

jig.  1650  ELDERFIELD  Civ.  Right  Tythes  343  When  mens    ; 
greedy  affections  are  also  checked,  their  lusts  crossed,  and 
their  tender  ruptions  touched  to  danger  of  offence. 

Ru'ptive,   a.     rare,     [f.  L.  rupt'  (cf.  next)  + 
-IVE.J     Causing,  or  tending  to  cause,  breaking. 

c  1425  tr.  Ardcrne's  Surgery  (E.E.T.S.)  83  Witte  bou  bat    : 
auripigment  is  desiccatyue,..ruptyue  and  cauteriatyue. 

rzi&p  Engineer  LXIX.  492  (Cent.),  The  action  of  a 
torsional  ruptive  force  on  rounding  curves. 

f  Ru'ptor.     Ob$.  rare.     [a.  L,  ruptor^  agent-    j 
noun  f.  ritinpere  to  break.]     (See  quot.) 

1656  B  LOU  NT  Glossogr,,  Ruptor,  a  breaker  or  tearer  in    j 
peeces,  a  destroyer,  he  that  violates. 

t  Ru'ptory,  $b.    Afed.    Obs,    [ad.  med.L.  nip-    ' 
toriwn  :  cf.  prec.  and  -OBY.     So  obs.  F.  ruptoire>    '• 
Sp.  and  Pg.  ruptorio,  It.  rottorio.]  An  application 
which  causes  a  swelling  to  come  to  a  head  and 
break. 

c  1400  Lanf>-anc"s  Cirnrg.  292  Manye  lewid  lechis  haue    j 
I  seen  bat  coude  on  ruptorie,  &  |>ei  suppoaide . .  bi  (?is  maner    i 
ruptorie  for  to  surmounte   Galien  in  worchinge.      c  1425 
tr.  Arderne's    Surgery  (E.E.T.S.)   14    per   shewed    ane    j 
bolnyng  vnderne^e,.  .whiche  I  opned  wij?  a  ruptorie.    1544 
FIIAER    Pestilence    (1553)  Pj,  Some..breake    the    forsaid 
botche  with  a  strong  ruptorie.     1597  A.  M.  tr.  Guillemcait's 
Fr.  Chinirg.    42/1   To  prevent  that  the  Escara   of  the 
cauteryes  or  ruptoryes  be  not  to  harde.  1603  LODGE  Treat.    ' 
Plague  (Hunterian  Cl.)  68  Insteed  of  the  actuall  cautery. .     • 
you  must  proceede   with  familiar  ruptories,  of  which  the    I 
best  is  that  which  is  made  of  ashes  and  quicke  lime  boyled    ! 
together.     1684  tr.   Bond's   Merc.   Comfit*  xn.   388  Then 
apply  the  Ruptory.  .till  all  the  superfluous  flesh  be  con-    ; 
sumed.     clyzo  W.  GIHSON  Farrier's  Guide  IT.  (1738)121     ( 
The  same  author  also  recommends  the  use  of  Retoires  or    | 
Ruptories. 

So  f  Btrptory  a.  Obs.  rare.  [Cf.  obs.  F.  oingnc-    \ 
went  ruptoirel\ 

c  1425  tr.  Arderne"s Surgery  (E.E.T.S.)  14, 1  putte  on  his 
testiculez  oon  oyntement  ruptorye.     c  1720  W.  GIBSON  Far-    , 
Tier's  Disfens.  n.  (1734)91  It  has  the  effect  of  a..  Ruptory 
plaUter  without  any  considerable  swelling. 

Ilupturable,  a.  [f.  RUPTURE  v.  +  -ABLE.] 
Capable  of  being  ruptured  or  broken. 

1898  W.  JAMES  Human  Immortality  35  The  veil  of  nature 
can  grow  thin  and  nipt  arable  enough  for  such  effects  to  occur. 
Rupture  (rwptivii),  sb.     Also  5  ruptur,  6  Si. 
ruptor.    [a.  F.  rupture,  or  ad.  L.  ruptura^  f.  mpl-t 
ppl.  stem  of  rumpere  to  break  :  see  -URE.] 
1.  t  a.  Breach  of  a.  covenant,  intercourse,  or  the 
peace.  Obs, 

1481  Coventry  Leet  Bk.  475  Wherby  the  seid  trewes  & 
other  conuencions..myght  fall  in  vyolacion  or  Ruptur  in 
any  wyse.  1496  n/A  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comni.  App.  III. 
13  His  requeste  for  to  have . .  entrecours  of  merchandise^. .  is 
gretly  to  our  honour  seing  that  the  riiptur  and  discontinu- 
aunce  therof  hathe  not  stand  by  us.  1535  Act  27  Hen.  VI II 
c.  5  §  i  Manifolds  robberies,  ..ruptures  of  his  peace  &  many 
other  malfaites.  1531  Reg.  Privy  ConncilScot.  1. 118  Pro- 
vyding  alwayis  that  the  said  Lord  do,  nor  procure  to  be 
done,. .that  may  tend  to  the  ruptor  of  the  peace,  c  1645 
HOWKLL  Lett.  i.  iv.  xxvii,  Which  was  promis'd  upon  the 
rupture  of  the  Treaties  with  Spain. 

b.  A  breach  of  harmony  or  friendly  relations 
between  two  persons  or  parties. 

1583  STUBBES  Anat.  Abus.  \\.  (1882)  115  Making  schismes, 
ruptures,  breaches,  and  factions  in  the  church  of  God. 
c  1645  HOWELL  Lett.  i.  in.  xxvii,  For  we  that  have  business 
to  negotiate  here  are  like  to  suffer  much  by  this  rupture. 
1674  Essex  Papers  (Camden)  I.  286  Who  have  declared  a 
war.. by  open  Acts  of  Hostilities  and  also  those  of  Algier, 
Tripoly,  and  Tunis  have  offered  faire  for  a  Rupture.  1759 
ROBERTSON  Hist.  Scot.  vi.  Wks,  1813  1.461  This  rupture 
contributed,  .to  render  the  Duke  still  more  odious  to  the 
nation.  1788  H.  WALPOLE  Reuiinis.  vii.  (1818)  50  She  was 
safe  while  under  the  royal  roof,  even  after  the  rupture 
between  the  king  and  prince.  1838  PKESCOTT  Ferd.^%  Is. 
(1846)  II.  xviii.  164  He  at  first  threw  out  hints  of  an  Imme 
diate  rupture,  a  i86z  BUCKLE  Civiliz.  (1869)  III.  u.  93  The 
rupture  between  Church  and  State  was  now  complete. 

Comb.  1810  CRAUBE  Borough  vi.  go  The  litigious  rupture- 
stirring  race ;  Who  to  contention  as  to  trade  are  led. 

•f  c.   Breach  of  continuity ;  interruption.    Obs. 

1639  FULLER  Holy  War  J-  xxiii,  Some  eminent  particulars 
.  .which  constant  tradition  without  rupture  hath  entailed  on 
Posteritie.  1640  LD.  DIGBY  in  Rushw.  Hist.Coll.  (16^2)  I. 
in.  147  A  truer  cause  than  the  Ruptures  and  Intermission 
of  Parliaments. 

t  d.  The  act  of  breaking  out  into  arms.  Obs. 

1647  CLARENDON  Hist.  Reb.v.  §  m  [He]  believed,  .that 
the  preserving  that  Magazine.. would  likewise  prevent  any 
possible  rupture  into  Armes. 

2.  Path.  Abdominal  hernia ;  a  case  of  this.    ' 

1539  ELYOT  Cast.  H  alike  49  b,  Than  shal  ensue  to  hym 
that  exerciseth,  no  peryll  of  obstruction  or  rupture.  1581 
MULCASTER  Positions  xv.  (1887)  69  The  holding  of  ones 
breath  vnadvisedly  and  with  to  much  strayning  cause th 
ruptures.  1615  CROOKE  Body  of  Man  79  Which  inward 
membrane  if  tt  be  broken,  and  the  externall  dilated,., 
causeth  the  one  kinde  of  rupture  or  the  other.  1662  R. 
MATHEW  Unl,  Alch.  126  Who  said,  that  he  had  been 
troubled  with  a  Rupture  for  ten  or  eleven  years.  1706-7 
FAKQUHAR  Beaux1  Strut.  \.  i,  She  cures  rheumatisms,  rup 
tures,  and  broken  shins  in  men.  1796  STEDMAN  Surinam 
(1813)  II.  xviii.  63  Two  fine  young  officers  arrived,  unfit  for 
service  by  ruptures.  1818  CANNING  Sp,  Indemnity  Bill 
Speeches  (1838)  VI.  33  That  he  had  been  cured  of  a  rupture 
at  the  public  expense.  1880  Encycl.  Brit.  XI.  752/2  Rupture 
is  either  congenital  or  acquired.  Ibid.^  Ruptures  are  most 
frequent  at  the  extremes  of  life. 

D.  attrib.  and  Comb.s  as  ruptitre-cuttert  -doctor^ 
-quack,  -surgeon. 

1654  WHITLOCK  Zootomia  436-  A  rare  Oculist,  Operator, 
Stone,  or  Broke,  or  Rupture-cutter,  &c.  1763  Ann.  Reg. 


RUPTUREWORT. 

57  Another  trial,  .wherein  a  rupture  surgeon  was  plaintiff. 
1783  POTT  Chir/trg.  Wks.  II.  48  That  positive  assertion 
which  all  rupture-quacks  make  u.se  of.  Ibid.  65  notet  Some 
of  these  rupture-doctors  have  been  largely  rewarded,  a  1843 
SOUTHEY  Coinm.-pl.  Bk.  (1851)  IV.  589  There  were  itinerant 
rupture-surgeons. 

o.  f  a.  A  break  in  a  surface  or  substance,  such 
as  the  skin,  flesh,  etc.  Obs. 

c  1550  H.  LLOYD  Treas.  Health  R  iij,  Agaynst  the  chop 
ping  or  ruptures.  The  Causes.  Muche  goynge  in  cold  wyndes 
and  drynesse.  1607  ROWLANDS  Karl  ofWanvick  (Hunter- 
ianCl.)  78  He  lent  him  such  a  powerful  stroke  It  made  wide 
ruptures  in  the  Giant's  flesh.  1673-4  GREW  Anat,  PI., 
Trunks  i.  iji.  120  The  Pith,,  .as  the  Plant  grows  up,  ..hath 
divers  openings  or  Ruptures  made  in  it. 

b.  A  break  in  the  surface  of  the  earth,  etc. ; 
a  ravine,  chasm,  gorge,  rift. 

1555  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  212  In  the  riuers  or  ruptures 
ur  breaches  of  water.  1594  GREENE  &  LODGE  Looking 
Gl.  G.'s  Wks.  (Rtldg.)  132  What,  .malevolent  Conspiring 
power..  Hath  made  the  concave  of  the  earth  unclose,  And 
shut  in  ruptures  lovely  Radagon?  1609  BIBLE  (Douay) 
Zech,  xiv.  4  The  mount  of  olives  shal  be  cloven.. with  a 
.stiepe  rupture  exceding  great.  1684  T.  BURNET  Theory 
Earth  \\,  50  At  this  chasm  or  rupture  we  suppose  the  fire 
wou'd  gush  out.  1703  MAUNDKELL  Journ.  Jerits.  (1732) 
j  42  There  is  a  very  great  rupture  in  the  side  of  Libanus.  1853 
KANE  Grinncll  Exfi.  xxxvii.  (1856)  344 The  sea  has  dwindled 
to  a  narrow  lane,  flanked  by  the  heavy  hummocks,  whose 
rupture  formed  the  sides. 

4.  The  act  gf  breaking  or  bursting;  the  fact  of 
being  broken  or  burst. 

1647  LILLY  Chr.  Astrol.  xxxvi.  215  It's  probable,  .your 
Water-course  will  be  subject  to  ruptures  or  breaking  downe 
of  the  Hanks.  1667  MILTON  P.L.  vn.  419  The  Egg  that 
soon  Bursting  with  kindly  rupture  forth  disclos'd  Thir  cal 
low  young.  1731  ARBUTHNOT  Nat.  of  Aliments  (1735)  157 
A  Lute-string  will  bear  a  hundred  Weight  without  Rupture. 
1739  S.  SHARIF  Surg.  137  The  Rupture  of  the  Vessels  of 
the  Brain.  1799  KIRWAN  Geol.Ess,  97  The  rupture  of  the 
isthmus  that  joined  Calais  and  Dover  was  probably  effected 
by  an  earthquake  at  a  later  period.  1839  G.  BIKD  Nat. 
P kilos.  276  A  rapid  succession  of  powerful  currents  being 
at  each  rupture  of  contact  sent  through  the  long  coil.  1860 
TYNDALL  Glac,  i.  vi.44  The  rupture  of  the  ice  by  the  expan 
sion  of  the  air-bubbles.  1878  T.  BRYANT  Pract.  Surg.  I. 
607  Rupture  of  the  diaphragm  is  an  accident  that  occurs  in 
practice,  but  difficult  to  diagnose. 

fig.  1642  FULLER  Holy  $•  Prof,  St.  in.  i.  153  If  with  feast 
ing"  him  thou  breakest  thyself,  he  will  not  cure  thy  rupture. 
1648  BOYLE  Seraph.  Love  xi.  (1700)  63  The  glad  Heart,  .to 
make  room  for  such  Guests,  would  stretch  unto  a  Rupture. 
1745  De  Foe's  Eng.  Tradesm.  (1841)  I.  vii.  46  Nor  can  a 
man  be  supposed,  in  the  rupture  of  his  affairs,  to  receive 
any  comfort. 

Rupture  (wytifii),  v.    [f.  prec.] 

1.  trans,    a.    To  break,  burst  (a  vessel,  mem 
brane,  etc.). 

1739  S.  SHAKPE  Surg.  136  [IfJ  the  Vessels  of  the  Brain 
and  Membranes . .  are  ruptur'd,  they  absorb  the  extrava&ated 
Blood  again.  1797  M.  BAILLIE  JHorb.  Aftat.  (1807)  446 
The  vessels  of  the  brain  under  such  circumstances  of 
disease,  are  much  more  liable  to  be  ruptured  than  in  a 
healthy  state.  1834  J-  FORBES  Laennec's  Dis.  Chest  (ed.  4) 
143  We  observe. .that  some  of  the  cells  are  simply  dilated, 
while  others  are  ruptured.  1875  DARWIN  Insectiv.  PI.  iii. 
57  Here  and  there  a  few  cells  both  in  the  glands  and  in  the 
pedicels  had  escaped  being  ruptured. 

b.  To  cause  a  breach  of ;  to  sever. 

1854  Mus.  JAMESON  Coinm.  PI.  Book  256  The  first  [mar 
riage],  though  perhaps  unhappy  or  early  ruptured.  1869 
GOULBOURN  Purs.  Holiness  vi.  53  My  filial  relationship  to 
Him  cannot  be  ruptured  by  my  sin. 

c.  To  affect  (a  person)  with  hernia. 

1818  [see  RUPTURED  ppl.  a.  a].  1907  Wcstm.  Gtiz.  15  July 
3/2  A  printer,  .stated  that  he  had  been  put  in  irons  and  had 
been  thereby  ruptured. 

2.  intr.  To  suffer  a  break  or  rupture. 

1863  SPENCER  Ess.  II.  25  note,  Instead  of  a  nebulous  ring 
rupturing  at  one  point  and  collapsing  into  a  single  mass. 
1876  BRISTOWE  Theory  $  Pract.  Med.  (1878)  556  Aneurysnib 
..are  very  apt  to  rupture  at  an  early  period  into  the 
pericardial  cavity. 

Ru  ptured,  ///.  a.    [f.  prec.  -*-  -ED  ».] 

1.  Broken,  burst. 

1747  tr.  Astruc's  Fevers  292  The  heat  may  be  so  great,  as 
to.. form  a  scab  or  crust  on  these  ruptured  pustules.  1813 
J.  THOMSON  Lect,  Inflatti.  209  Fractured,  torn,  or  ruptured 
surfaces.  1860  MOTLEY  Netherl.  v.  I.  163  The  patriots., 
now  erected  a  sconce.. upon  the  ruptured  dyke  of  Borght. 
1887  D.  MAGUIHE  Art  Massage  iii.  (ed-4)  44,  I  will  treat  of 
ruptured  tumours  while  on  therapeutics. 

2.  Affected  with  rupture  or  hernia, 

1818  CANNING  Sp,  Indemnity  Bill  Speeches  (1838)  VI.  32 
With  all  the  pomp  of  eloquence,  .was  introduced,  the  re 
vered  and  ruptured  Ogden. 

Ru'pturewort.    Bot.    [f.  RUPTURE  $b.  2.] 

1,  A  plant  of  the  genus  Herniaria^  esp.  fferni- 

aria  glabra>  formerly  supposed  to  be  efficacious  in 
curing  rupture  or  hernia, 

1597  GEUARDE  Herbaln.  clxxn.  569  A  kind  of  knot  grasse 
called  Rupture  Woorte.  1611  COTGR.,  Boutonnct^  Rupture 
wort,  Burst  wort.  1671  SALMON  Syn.  Med.  in.  xxii.  403  Her- 
niaria  AIillegratMt  Rupture-wort,.,  cures  Ruptures,  the 
Jaundies,  Fluxes.  1713  Phil.  Trans.  XXVIII.  35  This 
seems  to  differ  from  the  common  hairy  Rupture-wort,  in 
having  more  twiggy  Branches.  1773  J.  JENKINSON  tr. 
Linnxus*  Brit.  PI.  38  Smooth  Rupturewort.  Found  i» 
gravelly  places.  IHd.t  Rough  or  hairy  Rupturewort.  In 
gravelly  places,  but  not  common.  1828  SIR  J.  E.  SMITH 
Eng.  Flora  II.  8-9.  1848  JOHNS  Week  at  Lizard  304 
fferttiaria  glabra,  variety  snbciliata^  Fringed  Rupture 
wort,  . .  is  a  plant  peculiar  to  the  district.  1866  Treas.  Bot. 

2.  (See  quots.) 

1760  J.  LEE  Introd,  Bot.  App.  325  Rupturc-wurt,  Least, 


RUPTURING. 

Linuin.  1777  JACOB  Catal.  Plants  92  Limwt  Radiola,.. 
The  least  Rupture-wort,  or  All-seed. 

3.  A  West  Indian  plant  (see  quot.). 

1864  GRISEBACH  Flora  Brit.  IY*.  /«</.,  Colonial  Names 
787/1  Rupture-wort,  Alternantherapolygonoides. 

Ru'pturing,  i'bl.  sb.  Bot.  [f.  RUPTURE  v.  + 
-ING  !.]  (See  quot.  1839.) 

1839  LINDLEY /«/««£  Bot.  226  Rupturing  consists  in  a  spon 
taneous  contraction  of  a  portion  of  the  pericarp,  by  which 
its  texture  is  broken  through.  1862  DARWIN  Orchids  i.  12, 
I  will  not  affirm  that  the  rupturing  of  the  exterior  membrane 
of  the  rostellum  takes  place  spontaneously. 

Rural  (ru-j-ral),  a.  and  sb.  Also  5  rurale,  5-7 
rurall,  6  -ell.  [a.  F.  rural,  -ale  (i4th  cent.),  or  ad. 
L.rtira/'ts,  f.  riir-,  rus  country:  cf.  RUSTIC  a.~\ 

In  early  examples  there  is  usually  little  or  no  difference 
between  the  meanings  of  rural  and  rustic,  but  in  later  use 
the  tendency  is  to  employ  rural  when  the  idea  of  locality 
(country  scenes,  etc.)  is  prominent,  and  rustic  when  there 
is  a  suggestion  of  the  more  primitive  qualities  or  manners 
naturally  attaching  to  country  life. 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  persons  :  Living  in  the  country ; 
having  the  standing,  qualities,  or  manners  of  pea 
sants  or  country-folk  ;  engaged  in  country  occu 
pations  ;  agricultural  or  pastoral. 

1412-20  LVDG.  Chron.  Troy  (E.  E.T.S.)6i8  Ful  likly  is 
bat  al  \>e  gentil  blood  poru^-out  be  world  shal  distroied 
be;  And  rural  folke.. Shal  ban  lordshipe  &  holy  gouern- 
aunce.  1430-40  —  Bochas  iv.  xv.  (MS.  Bodl.  263), 
Agothodus  of  berthe  ful  rurall  Promooted  was  vnto  estat 
rofall.  c  1480  St.  Ursula  (Roxb.)  A  vij,  The  rurall  rebelles 
aspyed  her  with  her  spouse.  1509  BARCLAY  Skyp  of  Folys 
(1570)  152  A  rurall  man,  rude  and  of  simplicitie.  1547 
BOORDE  Introd.  Knowl,  v.  (1870)  140  They  do  dyffer..as 
well  in  theyr  apparel  as  in  theyr  maners,  for  they  be  rurall 
and  rustical!.  1606  SHAKS.  Ant.  fy  Cl.  v.  n.  233  Heere  is  a 
rurall  Fellow,  That  will  not  be  deny'de  your  Highnesse 
presence.  1697  DRVDEN  Virg.  Georg.  i.  n  Ye  Fawns, 


propitious  to  the  rural  Swains,.  .Join  in  my  Work.  1784 
COWPER  Task  i.  281  Not  all  its  pride  secures  The  grand 
retreat  from  injuries  impress'd  By  rural  carvers.  1837 
LOCKHART  Scott  I.  ii.  76  It  was  a  system  which  bound 
together  the  various  classes  of  the  rural  population  in  bonds 
of  mutual  love  and  confidence.  1876  Miss  BRADDON  J. 
Haggard's  Dftu.  II.  16  Perhaps  to  keep  company — odious 
phrase — with  some  rural  swain. 

absoL  1611  SPEED  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  xix.  (1632)  931  Hee 
lulled  the  rural  to  thinke  that  his  like  had  neuer  raigned  in 
England. 

b.  Presiding  over,  haunting,  the  country.  rare~l. 
iSSaSTANVHURST^wm  in.  (Arb.)  71  Theesweete  Nymphs 

rural  I  woorshipt. 

c.  Applied  to  a  moth  (see  quot.). 

1832  J.  RENNIE  Butttrjl.  $  M.  53  The  Rural  Dart., 
appears  in  August... Huntingdonshire  and  Kent. 

2.  a.  Rural  dean,  deanery  :  (see  DEAN  l  5). 

c  1450  HOLLAND  Htnulat  809  The  dene  rurale,  the  Ravyn, 
reprovit  him  than.  1534  Const.  Provinc.  2,  3  deanes  rurall. 
c  1628  in  Foley  Rec.  Eng.  Prov.  S.  J.  I.  I.  137  Vicaires 
Generalls,.  .deanes,  archdeacons,  rurall  deanes.  1642  SIR 
E.  DF.RING  Sp.  on  Relig.  91  The  rurall  Deanery.  1697-1765 
[see  DEAN'  5].  1867  TROLLOPE  Ckron.  £ars£txlv\\,  Such  a 
preliminary  inquiry. .need  not  be  done  by  the  rural  dean 
at  all.  Ibid.,  You  will  select  two  [clergymen]  yourself  out 
of  your  rural  deanery. 

b.  Employed  or  stationed  in  country  districts. 

1840  BARHAM  Ingol.  Leg.  Ser.  i.  Bagman's  Dog,  It's  your 
uncle,  or  one  of  the  '  Rural  Policemen  '.  1870  E.  PEACOCK 
Ralf  Skirl.  III.  142  There  were  no  rural  messengers  in 
those  days. 

3.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  characteristic  of,  peasants 
or  country-folk  ;  rustic. 

1513  DOUGLAS  dStieis  i.  Prol.  316  And  }U  persaif  I  wele, 
be  my  consait,  The  king  of  poetis  ganis  nocht  for  rurale 
pstait.  1617  MORYSON  /tin.  in.  100  The  inhabitants  [of 
Jutland]  keeping  their  enemies  out,  long  preserved  a  rude 
or  rurall  liberty.  1634  MILTON  Cotnus  952  All  the  Swains 
that  there  abide,  With  Jiggs,  and  rural  dance  resort.  1770 
GOLDSM.  Des.  I/ill.  398,  I  see  the  rural  virtues  leave  the 
land.  1784  COWPER  Task  iv.  557  Scenes  rarely  grac'd  with 
rural  manners  now  !  1874  GEO.  ELIOT  Coll.  Break/. -P.  368 
In  a  sleek  and  rural  apathy. 

f-b.  =  RUSTIC  a.  i  c.  Obs.—* 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane's  Comnt.  99  The  state  of  christen- 
dom  was  troublesome . .  for  the  late  sedition  and  rurall  warre, 
and  for  disobedience  within  the  Empyre. 

4.  Of  poetry,  music,  etc.  :   Natural  or  appro 
priate  to  the  country  or  to  country-people;  un 
polished,  plain,  simple. 

4:1470  HENRY  Wallace  xi.  1431  All  worthi  men  at  redys 
this  rurall  dyt,  Blaym  nocht  the  buk.  1553  LYNDESAY 
Monarche  6335  All  gentyll  Redaris  hertlye  I  Implore  For 
tyil  excuse  my  rurall  rude  Indyte.  1579  SPENSKR  Sheph. 
Cal.  Jan.  64  Shee  deignes  not  my  good  will,  but  doth  re 
prove,  And  of  my  rurall  musicke  holdeth  scorne.  1634 
M  ILTON  Connts  547,  I . .  began . .  To  meditate  my  rural 
minstrelsie.  1738  Gentl.  Mag.  VIII.  152/1^ The  Stile  [of 
Comus],  as  it  is  rural,  is  more  simple  and  plain  than  that  of 
his  Paradise  Lost. 

b.  Similarly  of  musical  instruments. 

1610  WILLET  Daniel  96  It  was  a  kind  of  rurall  harpe 
[sackbut].  17x7  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Let.  to  Pope  i  Apr., 
I  have  often  seen  them,  .playing  on  a  rural  instrument, 
perfectly  answering  the  description  of  the  ancient  fistula, 
being  composed  of  unequal  reeds.  1797  MRS.  RADCLIFFE 
Italian  xiii,  They  were  amusing  themselves  by  playing 
upon  these  rural  instruments. 

5.  Of,   pertaining   to,   or   characteristic   of  the 
country  or  country  life  as  opposed  to  the  town. 

1590  SPENSER  F.  £>.  in.  vi.  15  In  the  countrey  she  abroad 
him  sought,  And  in  the  rurall  cottages  inquired.  1611 
SHAKS.  ll'int.  T.  iv.  iv.  449  If  euer  henceforth,  thou  These 
rurall  Latches  to  his  entrance  open.  1638  R.  BAKER  tr. 
Balzac's  Lett.  (vol.  II.)  129,  I  see.  .that  our  rural  pleasures 


919 

I  are  not  worthy  so  much  as  to  amuse  so  great  a  spirit.  1667 
MILTON  /'.  L.  ix.  451  Each  rural  sight,  each  rural  sound. 
!  1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Ep.  \.  xvii.  12  By  my  advice 
retreat  To  the  calm  raptures  of  a  rural  seat.  1784  COWPKK 
Task  in.  625  So  manifold,.  .All  healthful,  are  th'  employs  of 
rural  life.  1810  Sporting  Mag.  XXXVI.  167  Innocent 
country  amusements  called  Rural  Sports.  1841  W.  SPAI.D- 
ING  Italy  fy  It.  I  si.  II.  32  Where  a  rural  lane  strikes  off 
from  the  Appian  Way  towards  the  Grotto  of  Kgeria.  1884 
Standard  29  Feb.  2/4  The  smaller  tradesmen  scattered 
throughout  our  rural  towns. 

b.  Of  occupations,  labour,  etc. 

1608  WILLET  Hexapla.  Exod.  n  They  wrought. .in  all 
manner  of  rurall  workes.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  v.  211  On  to 
thir  mornings  rural  work  they  haste  Among  sweet  dewes 
and  flours.  1725  POPE  Odyss.  xiv.  28  Of  four  assistants 
who  his  labour  share,  Three  now  were  absent  on  the  rural 
care.  1835  THIRLWALL  Greece  I.  405  To  force  a  part  of  the 
population  to  quit  the  capital,  and  seek  subsistence  in  rural 
occupations.  1875  RUSKIN  Fors  Clav.  Iviii,  They  can  work 
..better  than  their  labourers  at  all  rural  labour. 

trans/.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  (1776)  VIII.  87  How 
they  are  treated,  .belongs  rather  to  the  rural  (Economist, 
than  the  natural  historian. 

6.  Of  a  rustic  form  or  make.   rare. 

1624  WOTTON  Architecture  in  Rcliq.  (1672)  23  The  Tuscan 
is  a  plain,  massie,  rural  Pillar,  resembling  some  sturdy 
well-limb'd  Labourer,  homely  clad.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet. 
Mcch.  2004/2  Rural  Lock,  a  cheap  kind  of  lock  with  a 
wooden  case.  1885  R.  BCCHAXAN  'Annan  Water  xi,  Slur 
came  to  the  rural  bridge  above  Annan  Water. 

B.    sb.    1.     An    inhabitant    of  the    country;   a 
countryman,  rustic.     Now  rare. 

(11513  FAB  VAN  Chron.  vn.  (1811)  497  Sir  Thomas  pun- 
ysshed  the  sayd  vyllages  and  rurallis  by  greuous  fynes. 
a  1575  tr.  Pol.  I'ergifs  F.ng.  Hist.  (Camden  No.  36)  41 
The  ruralls  and  common  people  bie  the  entercourse.  .are 
made  verie  civill.  1602  J.  DAVIF.S  (Heref.)  Alintm  in 
Modum  ccxlii,  The  Citti/ens  the  outward  Sences  bee,  The 
Rurnlls  be  ttie  Bodies  rare.  1657  G.  THORNLEY  Daphnis  fy 
Chloe  47  Every  rural  becjan  to  be  busie  in  the  fields.  1831 
John  Jiull  Aug.  250  This  delightful  place  continues  the 
resort  of  the  elite  of  the  town  ;  nor  are  the  '  rurals  '  less 
liberal  in  their  patronage. 
b.  A  rural  policeman. 

1860  Illustr.  Lond.  News  26  May  506/2  Sir  Richard 
Mayne's  picked  A's,  and  the  ever-meddling  Surrey  '  rurals  '. 

t2.  //.   =GEOKGIC  B.  2  b.  Obs. 

1589  A.  FLEMING  I'irg.  Gcorg.  3  First  beginning  with  his 
Bucoliks  or  Pastoralls,.  .then  his  Georgiks  or  ruralls  went 
in  hand,  as  he  fell  in  lone  with  good  husbandrie. 

Rtrralism.     [f.  prec.  +  -ISM.] 

1.  Rural  quality  or  character  ;  country  life. 

1864  WKBSTER,  Ruralism,  the  state  of  being  rural ; 
ruralness.  1879  MRS.  HUSGERFORD  Airy  Fairy  Lilian  II. 
208  Addicted  to  City  pursuits  and  holding  country  life  and 
ruralism  generally  in  abhorrence.  1894  MRS.  H.  WARD 
Marcella  I.  51  The  agricultural  world  as  it  is, — no  stage 
ruralism,  but  the  bare  fact. 

2.  A  country  idiom  or  expression  ;  a  nisticism. 
1882  Ogilvies  Imp.  Diet.  (Annandale). 
Ru-ralist.     [f.  as  prec.  +  -IST.] 

1.  A  countryman,  peasant. 

1739  H.  COVENTRY  Philemon  to  Hydaspes  m.  66  An 
Image,  which  must  have  pleaded  so  strongly  with  our 
Egyptian  Ruralists  for  a  direct  and  unqualified  Adoration 
of  the  solar  Orb.  1756  AMORY  Bnncle  (1770)  11.172  The 
Egyptian  ruralists,  without  a  creed  and  without  a  philo 
sophy.  1822  LAMR  Elia  i,  Distant  Correspondents^  Four 
poor  elms,  from  whose  smoke-dyed  barks,  the  theme  of 
jesting  ruralists,  I  picked  my  first  lady-birds.  1892  Temple 
Bar  June  176  His  childish  faith. .and  absence  of  all 
hypocrisy  make  him  [the  Russian  peasant]  one  of  the  most 
interesting  ruralists  in  Europe. 

2.  An  advocate  of  country  as  opposed  to  town 
life ;  one  who  leaves  the  town  for  the  country. 

1828  Blacku'.  Mag.  XXIV.  326  The  London  season  is 
over.  Spite  of  the  showery  weather,  the  ruralists  carry  the 
day.  1889  WHITTIER  Prose  Wks.  II.  248  The  mere 
dilettante  and  the  amateur  ruralist  may  as  well  keep  their 
hands  off. 

Rurality  (rurce'liti).  [f.  RURAL  a.  +  -iTY,perh. 
after  F.  ruralift  (med.L.  rura/ttas).'] 

1.  Rural  quality  or  character,  rusticity ;  country 
life,  manners,  or  scenery. 

1730  BAILEY  (folio),  Rurality %  Ruralness,  Country-like 
ness,  Clownishness.  1778  [W.  H.  MARSHALL]  Minutes 
Agric.,  Digest  i  A  few  years  acquaintance  with  the  World 
had  convinced  him,  that  Nature,  Rurality,  Contemplation 
and  Happiness,  are  nearly  allied.  1809  PINKNEY  Trav. 
France  236  It  has.  .an  animation,  an  air  of  cleanness  and 
rurality  which  seldom  belong  to  a  populous  city.  1853 
SURTEES  Sponge's  Sfi.  Tour  (1893)  ii  The  full  rurality  of 
grass  country,  sprinkled  with  fallows  and  turnip-fields. 
1883  W.  BKSANT  A II  in  Garden  Fair  L  ii,  The  rurality  of 
the  place,  to  one  fresh  from  town,  seems  overdone. 

2.  With  a  and  pi.  A  rural  characteristic,  feature, 
or  topic  ;  a  rural  object,  locality,  landscape,  etc, 

1823  SCOTT  Fam.  Lett.  (1894)  II.  xix.  171  The  X2th  of 
July  dismisses  me  to  my  ruralities  for  four  months.  1844 
R.  P.  WARD  Chat  worth  I.  17  The  Regent's  Park  ruralities 
of  Marienbad ;  the  Primrose-hill  prettiness  of  Kissmgen. 
1893  Athenaeum  9  Dec.  813/2  Spottiness and.  .slight  opacity 
..have  long  beset  his  pleasant  ruralities. 

Ruraliza-tion.  [f.  next  +  -ATION.]  Going 
into,  transference  to,  the  country. 

1859  SALA  Tw.  round  Clock  (1861)  198  Turnham  Green 
and  Kew  were  places  where  citizens  took  their  wives  to 
enjoy  the  perfection  of  ruralisation.  1892  Standard  10 
June  5/2  This  ruralisation  of  the  great  Metropolitan  schools. 

Ruralize  (ru^rabiz),  ?p.   [f.  RURAL  a.  +-IZE.] 

1.  trans.  To  render  rural  or  rustic  in  character. 

1805  WORDSW.  Prel.  1. 89  Casting  then  A  backward  glance 

upon  the  curling  cloud  Of  city  smoke,  by  distance  ruralised. 


RUSCHEW. 

1883  STEVENSON  Silverado  S$.  29  This  tardy  favourite  of 
fortune. . — thoroughly  rurali/ed  from  head  to  foot. 

2.  intr.  To  go  into  the  country ;  to  sojourn  in 
the  country,  to  rusticate. 

i8aa  MRS.  E.  NATHAN  Langrcath  I.  15  A  large  party, 
whom  he  intended  bringing  from  London  to  ruralize  during 
the  autumn.  1843  F.  E.  FACET  Warden  of  Kerkingholt 
139  It  will  be  found  that  they  have  been  ruralizing  with 
Dr.  Wiseman  at  Oscott.  1866  Lond.  Rcr.  23  June  697/2 
In  these  days  a  man  won't  ruralize  without  publishing. 

Hence  Ku'ralizing  vbl.  sb. 

1837  A'cw  Monthly  Mag.  LI.  341  A  few  days' ruralizing 
in  the  forest  on  such  primitive  fare.  1895  Daily  A'eics 
4  June  3  '5  The  ruralising  of  parts  of  the  metropolis  through 
opening  new  grounds. 

Rurally  (ruo-rali),  adv.  [-LY2.]  In  a  rural 
or  country-like  manner. 

1792  WAKEFIELD  Mem.  (1804)  I.  80  Jesus  College  is  rurally 
situated  at  some  distance  from  the  body  of  the  town.  1799 
J.  ROBERTSON  Agric.  Perth  476  In  a  situation  warmly 
sheltered  and  rurally  picturesque.  1845  J.  COULTER  Adi'. 
Pacific  xvii.  267  The  houses  are  all  so  rurally  concealed, 
that  [etc.].  1871  B.  TAYLOR  Faust  n.  in.  (Chandos)  299 
Rurally  quiet  [do  thou]  Brighten  the  plain. 

Rll'ralness.  rare-*.  [-NESS.]  '  Country-like 
ness,  clownishness*  (Bailey,  1730). 

t  Ru-ralty.  Cbsr*  [-TY.]  Agricultural  or 
country  population. 

c  1640  J.  SMYTH  Lives  Berkleys  (1883)  II.  287  None  other 
quests  but  the  gentlemen  and  rurally  of  the  County. 

fRu-rate.  Obs.—1  (Apparently  f.  rnr-al,  after 
titrate  \  but  perh.  an  error  for  jttrate.) 

i  1560  Phyloganms  in  Skcltons   IVks,  (1843)  I.  p.  cxvi, 

0  poet  rare  and  recent..,   Sparyng  no   priest    or  curate, 
Cyuylyan  or  rurate. 

Rurd;e,  obs.  variants  of  RERD(E. 

t  Rure.  Obs.  Forms :  i  hryre,  2  rere,  3 
rure.  [OE.  hryre,  f.  /irt/r-,  hrus-t  weak  grade  of 
hrfosan  REOSE  v.~\  Fall ;  ruin. 

/>Vcwtt£/"i6Si  Hit  on  rclit  ^ehwearf  acfter  cleofla  hryre. 
r  888  K./KLFRED  Boeth.  xvi.  §  4  We  witon.  .hwilce  hryrns 
.  .se  unrihtwisa  kasere  Neron  weorhte.  ciooo  ,/EI.FRIC 
Hont.  I.  144  pis  cild  is  jesett  mane^um  manntim  to  hryre. 
c  1160  Hatton  Gosp.  Mark  v.  13  On  mycelen  rere  se  heord 
\var5  on  sa;  bescofen.  a  1250  Oivl  <y  Night.  1154  pu 
singst  ajen  ei^te  lure,  OJ>er  of  summe  frondes  rure. 

t  RtrriC,  a.  Obs—1  In  5  ruryk.  [Cf.  med.L. 
rnriats  (Du  Cange).]  Rustic. 

c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vn.  398  Thocht  ruryk  folk  tharoff 
haff  hull  feill,  Na  deyme  na  lord,  bot  landis  be  thair  part. 

Ruri-colist.  rare  •~°.  [f.  L.  nlricola.]  A  hus 
bandman  (Bailey,  1730).  So  Rurrcolous  a., 
( living  in  the  country  or  fields  '  (Mayne,  1858). 

Ruridecanal  (ru->ridepkanal,  -d;"k^'nal),  a. 
[f.  L.  rftri-j  combining  form  of  rfis  country,  + 
DECANAL.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  rural  dean  or 
deanery. 

i86t  J.  A.  PHILIPPS  Missionary  Pupils  10  Members  of 
each  Ruri-decanal  chapter  should  find  a  Missionary-candi 
date  and  raise  funds  for  his  education.  1888  BURHON  Lives 
12  Gd.  Men  II.  x.  280  A  revival  of  Ruridecanal  action 
throughout  the  diocese  had  preceded. 

t  Ru-rify,  v.  Obs.—*  [See  prec.  and  -PY.] 
trans.  To  countrify. 

1593  R.  HARVEY  Philad.  77  His  grace  is  lost,  his  rnaiestie 
diminished,  and  hee  euen  rurified  like  a  priuate  subiect. 

t  Ru'iigene.     06s.— °    (See  quot.  and  next.) 

1656  BLOUNT  Glossogr.,  Rurigene,  born  in,  dwelling  or 
abiding  in  the  Country;  country  people.  [Hence  in  Phil- 
lips,  Bailey,etc.) 

Ruri'geilOUS,  a.  rare.  [f.  L.  ritrigen-a  + 
-ous.]  Born  or  dwelling  in  the  country ;  rustic. 

1730  in  BAILEY  (folio).  1799  E.  Du  Bois  Piece  Family 
Biog.  II.  119  Rurigenous  cook. maids,  and  automatical 
bankers'  clerks  may  take  care  of  their  autography.  1807  G. 
CHALMERS  Caledonia  1 1.  036  The  word  runchies,  for  weeds, 
is  generally  known  to  rungenous  people. 

Rus,  abbrev.  of  RUSTICATION  3. 

a  1890  SIR  R.  F.  BURTON  in  Lady  Burton  Life  (1893)  I.  90 

1  was  singled  out. -by  an  especial  recommendation  not  to 
return  to  Oxford  from  a  Rus. 

Rusa  (rw'sa).  [mod.L.  (C.  Hamilton  Smith, 
1827),  a.  Malay  (j*»j^  rusa. :  cf.  BABIROUSSA.]  a. 
A  genus  of  large  East  Indian  deer,  including  the 
sarribur  and  rusa  proper,  b.  A  deer  belonging 
to  this  genus,  esp.  the  Javanese  Ritsa  hippelaphus. 
Also  at  t  rib. 

1827  C.  H.  SMITH  in  Griffith  tr.  Cuvier  IV.  104  The  Rusa 
Group.  This  group  consisting  of  Stags  entirely  Asiatic,  is 
distinguished  from  all  other  Deer,  by  having  round  horns 
with  a  brow  antler,  but  no  median  or  bezantler.  ibid.  105 
The  Great  Rusa  (Cervtis  Hippelaphus}.  Ibid.  116  Although 
the  true  Axines  have  horns  of  similar  form  with  the  Rusas, 
their  structure  is  more  slender.  1861  BEVKRIDCE  Hist. 
India  I.  Introd.  IT  The  Saumer,  or  black  rusa  of  Bengal. 
Ibid.*  The  great  rusa  stag,  nearlv  as  large  as  a  horse.  1877 
Nature  26  Apr.  562/1  The  additions.,  during  the  past  week 
include  a  Rusa  Deer  (Cerrns  rnsa)  from  Java. 

Rusa,  variant  of  KooSA. 

fRusband.  Obs."~l  [Perhaps  a  misprint  for 
Ritsfand  Russia.]  Some  kind  of  hemp. 

1641  S.  SMITH  Herring  Buss  Trade  15  The  best  Rineand 
Rusband  are  these,  Hempe  brought  in  by  the  Eastland 
Merchants  from  the  parts  of  LeifFeland  and  Prusln. 

Ruscan,  variant  of  RUSKIN  *  Obs. 
Rusche,  obs,  form  of  RUSH  sb.  and  r>. 
Ruschew,  variant  of  RISHEW  Obs. 


RUSCLED. 

tRtTBCled,  a.  Obs.-1  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
?  Wrinkled,  rugged. 

?  a  1400  Morte  A  rth.  1096  Bullenekkyde  was  bat  bierne, 
and  brade  in  the  scholders,..Ruyd  armes  as  an  ake  with 
rusclede  sydes. 

||  Ruscus  (ro'skos).  [med.L.,  for  class.  L.  rus- 
cum.]  The  plant  butcher's  broom  or  knee-holly. 

1578  [see  BUTCHER'S  BROOM].  1733  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl. 
s.v.  Boni facia,  The  broad-leaved  ruscus,  or  butcher's-broom, 
commonly  called  the  Alexandrian  bay.  1882  'OuiDA* 
Maremma  I.  250  Where  the  tombs  of  the  Tyrrhenes  were 
hidden  away  behind  the  fence  of  thorny  ruscus.  1899 
Allbutt's  Syst.  Med.  VIII.  517  Birch  tar  (often  sold  as 
oleum  rusct.  but  not  made  from  the  ruscusj. 

Ruse  (r»-z),  sb.  [a.  F.  ruse  (14*  c.),  vbl.  sb. 
from  ruser :  see  next.] 

f  1.  Hunting.  A  detour  ;  a  doubling  or  turning 
of  a  hunted  animal  to  elude  the  dogs.  Obs. 

c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  ii,  Somtyme  he 
goth  away  with  hem  and  ben  he  maketh  a  ruse  in  some  side. 
Ibid,  xxx,  Alle  his  blenches  and  his  ruses  beforeseyde. 

2.  A  trick,  stratagem,  artifice,  '  dodge '. 

1623  in  Bitccleuch  MSS.  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.)  I.  261  The 
ruse  of  the  bill  of  plague  will  start  men  to  come  up  that  are 
in  the  country.  1670  Hid.  473  This  might  have  been  a  ruse 
of  the  French.  1692  RAY  Creation  (ed.  2)  128  The  wiles  and 
ruses,  which  these  timid  creatures  [hares]  make  use  of^tp 
save  themselves.  1746  G.  TURNBUI.L  tr.  Justin  xxi.  iii, 
When  there  was  no  more  opportunity  for  rapine,  he  out- 
reached  the  whole  city  by  this  cunning  ruse.  1823  J. 
BADCOCK  Domestic  Anntsem.  33  The  double  ruse  of  de- 
cyphering  the  despatches,  and  then  forwarding  them  by 
another  hand.  1845  M.  PATTISON  £s.r.  (1889)  I.  14  They., 
endeavoured  by  some  clumsy  expedient,  or  grotesque  ruse, 
to  evade  it.  1879  FARHAR  St.  Paul  (1883)  173  The  asserted 
conversion  might  be  only  a  ruse  to  enable  Saul  to  learn  their 
secrets. 

b.  Without  article. 

1815  W.  H.  IRELAND  Scribblevwania  120  Ruse  ever  ranks 
with  the  Cloth  as  Fair  Game.  1863  Sat.  Rev.  4  Apr.  447 
Seizing  by  ruse  the  game  that  evaded  other  snares. 

t  Ruse,  v.1  Obs.  Also  4  ruyse,  5  Sc.  rus.  [a. 
OK.  ruser,  ruiser(mod.¥.  ruser}  :  see  RUSH  z>.z] 

1    a.  trans.  To  drive  back  in  battle. 

c  1330  R.  BRUNNE  Chron.  Wace  4638  peyr  egre  comyng  be 
Romayns  a-boden,.  .&  ruysed  be  lirutonsabak  in  feld.  1375 
HARBOUR  Bruce  xli.  527  The  Scottis  men  fast  can  thame 
payne  Thair  fais  mekill  mycht  to  rus.  I  trow  thai  sail  no 
payne  refus  [etc.], 

b.  inlr.  To  give  way,  retreat. 

c  1450  Merlin  xviii.  288  As  soone  as  Gawein  was  come  he 
be-gan  to  do  so  well  that  the  saisnes  rusedand  lefte  place. 

2.  Of  a  hunted  animal :  To  make  a  detour  or 
other  movement  in  order  to  escape  from  the  dogs. 

£-1369  CHAUCER  Dethe  Blaunche  381  So  at  be  last  This 
hert  rused  &  stale  away  Fro  al  be  houndis  a  prive  way. 
c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  ii,  penne  he 
begynneth  to  shewe  his  wiles  and  ruseith  to  and  fro.  Ibid., 
pen  he  shall  ruse  oute  of  be  wey  for  to  stalle  or  qwatte  to 
rest  hyni. 

Hence  f  Hu'sing  M.  sb.  Obs. 

CIAIO  Master  of  Came  (MS.  Digby  182)  xxxiii,  He  seeth 
bat  betynge  vppe  be  ryueres  and  brokes,  ..nor  rusyng  to 
and  froo  vpon  hymselfe..,ne  may  not  helpe. 

Ruse,  v.2    dial.    Variant  of  ROSE  v.'2 

1847  HALLIW.,  Rnse,  to  slide  down  a  declivity  with  a  rust 
ling  noise.  De-.'on.  1874  MRS.  WHITCOMBE  Bygone  Days 
Devon  ff  Cornw.  91  Hold  up  your  mare,  for  just  here  the 
cliff  roozed  down  last  week.  1888  ELWORTHY  IV-  Som. 
Word-bk.  s.  v.  Ruse  and  R-usement. 

Ruse,  obs.  form  of  ROOSE  sb.  and  v. 

Ruset-offal:  see  RUSSET  sb.  5. 

Rusewale,  variant  of  RUSSWALE  Obs. 

Rush.  (rr>J),  st.1  Forms:  a.  I  riso  (hrisc), 
risce,  3  riges(?),  4-5  rische  (5  rissche),  4-6 
risshe,  4-7  rishe  (5  riche),  4-7  (9  dial.)  rish; 
4-5  rysche  (5  rysoh,  ryche),  5-6  rys(s)he, 
rysse  (5  ryse),  6  ryessh,  rysh;  also  I  (8-9 
dial.)  rix,  I  rixe.  /3.  i  (h)ryso-,  2  rysse-, 
russe-,  4  rusche,  ruysshe,  4-6  russhe  (5 
russh),  6  rushe,  5-  rush ;  5  roysohe,  rossh, 
6  roche.  7.  i  resee,  4  ress(e,  resshe,  reisshe, 
reysshe,  5  resoh(e,  ressch,  5-6  (9  dial.)  resh  (6 
reshe),  9  dial,  reish  ;  also  8-9  dial,  rex  (rexen). 
8.  6  north,  and  Sc.  rasch,  rashe,  raiche,  8- 
rash.  [The  remarkable  variations  in  the  vowel 
of  this  word  make  its  precise  history  far  from 
clear.  The  OE.  rise  (rtx)  and  risce  (rixe)  corre 
spond  to  MDu.  risch,  MLG.  risch(e,  rysse,  and 
risk,  rysk,  LG.  rischie,  risk(e,  WFris.  risk,  and 
it  is  no  doubt  these  forms,  rather  than  rysc,  which 
are  represented  by  ME.  risch(e.  The  evidence 
for  OE.  rysc  is  very  slight,  but  is  strengthened 

by  the  existence  of  continental  forms  with  u,  as 

Du.    rusch   (i6th  cent.),   MLG.   rusch,    MHG. 

rusch(e,  G.  rusch,  LG.   and  WFris.  rusk  (LG. 

also  rUsschen,  riisken,  etc.)  ;  whether  ME.  rusch(e 

is  merely  a  dialectal  representative  of  OE.  rysc, 

or  is  due  to  foreign  influence,  is  not  clear.     The 

continental  forms,  however,  are  prob.  the  source 

of  OF.    rusche,   rousche,   rottche    (mod.F.    dial. 

rouche,  rouce),  rush,   reed,  or  sedge,  which  may 

have  had  some  effect  in  ME.  The  OE.  resce  (found 

only    once)    appears  to  have   no   parallel  in  the 

cognate    languages ;    the   northern    and  Scottish 


920 

rash  is  probably  a  variant  of  this,  as  in  the  case  of 
nash  for  NESH  a. 

All  the  forms  might  have  arisen  as  natural  variants  from 
an  ablaut  series  "rest-,  rase-,  ruse-,  but  the  disturbing 
effect  of  both  r  and  sh  on  adjacent  vowels  makes  it  uncertain 
how  far  this  is  really  the  case.  The  German  adj.  rasch  has 
an  almost  parallel  series  of  variants,  and  some  ultimate 
connexion  between  this  and  the  sb.  is  not  impossible.  The 
suggestion  that  the  Teutonic  word  is  an  early  adoption, 
with  complete  change  of  meaning,  of  L.  ruscum,  butcher's 
broom,  is  in  the  highest  degree  improbable.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  order  Juncacese,  having  straight 
naked  stems  or  stalks  (properly  leaves)  and  grow 
ing  in  marshy  ground,  or  on  the  borders  of  rivers 
or  ponds ;  a  single  stem  or  stalk  of  this,  either  as 
growing,  or  as  cut  and  used  for  some  purpose. 

Down  to  the  171)1  century  green  rushes  were  commonly 
employed  for  strewing  on  the  floors  of  apartments. 

a.  C72J  Corf  us  Gloss.  I  530  Juncus,  rise.  (-900  tr. 
fiaedas  Hist.  in.  xxiii,  In  Jxem  cleofum..w£ere  upymende 
grownes  hreodes  &  rixa.  c  1000  ^LFRIC  Horn.  II.  402  Spyrte 
biS.  .of  rixum  jebroden.  Ibid.,  Rixe  weaxst  gewunelice  on 
wieterigum  stowum.  c  lisa  Gen.  ff  Ex.  2595  In  an  fetles, 
of  rigesses  wrogt,..3is  child  wunden  ghe  wulde  don.  13.. 
Coer  lie  L.  6038  Kyng  Richard  garte  al  the  Ynglys  Schere 
rysches  in  the  marys.  ?«I366  CHAUCER  Ri>m.  Rose  1701 
The  stalke  was  as  risshe  right,  And  theron  stood  the 
knoppe  upright,  c  1400  S.  Eng.  Leg.  (MS.  Bodl.  779)  in 
Herng's  Arcliiv  LXXXII.  335  Vppon  a  bed  of  risschen.. 
his  body  he  gan  reste.  1483  Act  i  Rich.  Ill,  c.  viii.  §  4  The 
seid  Diers..upon  the  lystes  of  the  sameClothes  festen  and 
sowe  great  Risshes  called  Bull  Risshes.  1529  MORE  Dyaloge 
iv.  Wks.  286/1,  I  haue  laid  you  the  places  ready  with  ryshes 
betwene  the  leaues.  1562  TURNER  Herbal  11.  (1568)  104 
It  hath  leues  lyke  succory  and  stalkes  lyke  rysshes.  1601 
HOLLAND  Pliny  xix.  ii,  The  Greekes  in  old  time  emploied 
their  rishes  in  drawing  of  ropes.  1778  Exmoor  Scolding 
Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.),  R  ex  or  rather  Rix,  a  Rush ;  Rixea, 
Rushes.  1828  CARR  Craven  Glass.,  Rish,  rush.  1831 
LOVER  Leg.  182,  I . .  was  peepin' out  iv  a  turf  o1  rishes, 

ft.  t.c  1000,  a  1200  [see  5  a].  1393  LANGL.  P. PI.  C.  x.  8r 
To  rubbe  and  to  rely,  russhes  to  pilie.  1426  LYDG.  De 
Gitil.  Pilgr.  14673  And  placys  ful  off  old  ordure,  1  kan 

i  strowhe  with  Rosshys  grene,  That  ther  ys  no  Felthe 
sene.  c  1475  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  786  Hie  c:rpns,  a  roysche. 

'•     1513   T.    MORE    in    Grafton    Chron.    (1568)    II.   765    The 

i  Qutene  . .  sate  alone  alowe  on  the  rushes  all  desolate. 
1561  in  Record  of  Caernarvon  (1838)  298  Permitting  the 

!  rushes . .  and  the  roots  of  the  same  to  stand  and  growe. 
1635-56  COWLEY  Darideis  i.  696  The  Scholars  far  below 
upon  the  Ground,  On  fresh-strew'd  Rushes  place  themselves 
around.  1697  DRYDEN  yirg.  Past.  i.  66  Tno*  Rushes  over- 

!  spread  the  Neighb'ring  Plains.  1756-7  tr.  Keyslcr's  Trav. 
(1760)  I.  379  A  wretched  country,  all  overgrown  with  heath 

1  and  rushes.  1796  H.  HUNTER  tr.  St.-Pierre's  Stud.  Nat. 
(1799)  III.  416  It  was  lighted  bya  window  shut  bya  texture 
of  rushes.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  836  The  miner  requires 
a  powder-horn,  rushes  to  be  filled  with  gunpowder.  1848 
Jrnl.  R.  Agric.  Sac.  IX.  u.  556  The  rush  should  at  all 
times  be  tied  only  in  _a  slip  knot.  1869  RCSKIN  Queen  of 
A  ir  §  79  The  rushes  differ  wholly  from  the  sedge  and  grass 
in  their  blossom  structure. 

y.  a  noo  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  324  Juncus,  nel  scyrpns,  resce. 
a  1300  [see  2  a].  1340  Ayenb.  253  pet  byeb  ylich  )>an  bet 
zekb  be  crammeles  me  be  russoles.  .ober  bane  knotte  me 
be  resse.  1382  WYCLIF  Job  viii.  ir  Whether  a  resshe 
may  liuen  withoute  humour?  a  1400-50  Alexander  4126 
pare  fand  bai  bernys  &  bridis.  .resild  as  a  resell  &  roghe  as 
a  here.  1489  Aces.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scotl.  L  118  For 
resschis  to  the  Haw  off  Lythqow  the  tyme  of  the  Imbass- 
atouris.  1570  LEVINS  Manip.  91  A  Resh,  iuncus.  1778 
[see  a].  1855  [ROBINSON]  Wkitby  Gloss.,  Reshcs,  the  wire 
rush,  the  seaves  of  the  moors  and  wastes.  1886  ELWORTIIY 
W.  Somerset  lfii.-Bk.,  Rexen,  rushes.  One  of  the  very 
few  words  which  retain  the  en  plural. 

S.  ?>5..  Song  mCompl.Scot.  (1872)  vi.  64  Cou  thou  me  the 
raschis  grene.  1548  TURNER  Names  Herbes  (E.  D.  S.)  71 
Scirpus  . .  is  called  ..  in  english  a  rishe  or  a  rashe.  1554 
Extr.  Burgh  Rec.  Edinb.  _(i87i)_283  For  beireing  of  burds 
and  trestis  to  the  Queenis  luging  . .  and  for  flouris  and 
raichis.  1  a  1700  Bessy  Bell  $  Mary  Gray  i.  in  Child  Bal 
lads  IV.  76/2  They  bigget  a  bower.  .And  theekit  it  oer  wi 
rashes.  1705  MACNEILL  Scotland's  Skaith  I.  viii,  Light  he 
bare  her,.  .Plac'd  her  on  the  new-mawn  rashes.  1827  Peril 
q  Captivity  (Constable's  Misc.)  133  See  these  hurdles  of 
reeds. . ,  this  bed  of  rashes. 

b.  Used  for  burning;  also  ellipt.,  a  rush-light. 
14..  in  Wr.-Wulcker  722  Hie  lichinus,  a  weke.  ..  Hec 
sccala,  a  rysch.  1499  Promf.  Parv.  456/2  Synke,  of  a 
lampe  (P.  holdinge  the  risshe),  mergjilus.  1572  BARET 
Ah'.,  The  rushe,  weeke,  or  match,  that  mainteyneth  the 
light  in  the  lampe.  1775  G.  WHITE  Scloorne  Ixviii,  A  good 
rush,  which  measured  in  length  two  feet  four  inches  and  a 
half,  being  minuted,  burnt  only  three  minutes  short  of  an 
hour.  1840  HOOD  Up  Rhine  206  Without  the  glimmer 
of  a  farthing  rush.  !  1884  Leisure  Hoar  Feb.  79/2  A  long 
tallowed  rush,  which  preserved  an  economical  flame. 

•)•  c.  Used  for  making  a  finger-ring :  cf.  RUSH- 
EING.  Obs. 

c  1449  PECOCK  Re£r.  II.  v.  166  It  is  weel  allowid . . that  he 
make  a  ring  of  a  rische  and  putte  it  on  his  fynger.  1589 
GREENE  Menaphon  (Arb.)  88  fwas  a  good  world,  .when  a 
ring  of  a  rush  woulde  tye  as  much  Loue  together  as  a  Gim- 
mon  of  golde.  1601  SHAKS.  Atfs  Well  n.  ii.  24  As  fit.. as 
Tibs  rush  for  Toms  fore-finger. 

•)•  d.  In  reference  or  with  allusion  to  the  prac 
tice  of  strewing  fresh  rushes  for  visitors.  Obs. 

1562  J.  HEYWOOD  Prov.  tr  Epigr.  (1867)  48  Greene  rushes 
for  this  straunger,  strawe  here.  1589  GREENE  Menaphon 
(Arb.)  85  When  you  come  you  shall  haue  greene  rushes,  you 
are  such  a  straunger.  1602  BRETON  Wonders  worth  Hear- 
ing  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  5  Greene  rushes,  M.  Francisco,  it  is 
a  wonder  to  see  you  heere  in  this  Country.  1617  FLETCHER 
I'alentinian  H.  iv,  Rushes,  Ladys,  rushes,  Rushes  as  green 
as  Summer  for  this  stranger.  1731-8  SWIFT  Pol.  Conv.  7  If 
we  had  known  of  your  Coming,  we  would  have  strown 
Rushes  for  you. 


BUSH. 

e.  Without  article,  as  a  material  or  species  of 
plant. 

1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Shuttle,  A  little  Tube  of  Paper, 
Rush,  or  other  Matter.  1847  C.  BRONTE  y.  Eyre  xxviii,  It 
showed  no  variation  but  of  tint :  green,  where  rush  and  moss 
overgrew  the  marshes.  1879  TENNYSON  Lover's  T,  iv.  141 
A  flat  malarian  world  of  reed  and  rush!  1907  Athenxnm 
14  Dec.  772/2  The  body  should  be  wrapped  in  rush,  or  bast, 
or  grass,  or  hemp,  and  placed  in  a  cage. 

2.  a.  Used  as  a  type  of  something  of  no  value 
or  importance,  esp.  in  negative  phrases  as  not  to 
care  a  rush,  not  worth  a  nish. 

(a)  a  1300  Cursor  M.  21441  O  ransom  namar  ban  a  ress 
Wald  he  of  her  [  =  hear)  bot  of  his  flesche.   c  1374  CHAUCER 
Troylus  in.  1161  He  seide,..Not  1  not  what,  al  dere  ynow 
a  rische.     1390  GOWER  Con/.  II.  284  Only  the  value  of  a 
reysshe  Of  good  in  helpinge  of  an  other,    a  1450  St.  Cttt/i- 
pert  (Surtees)  6077  Nojt  harmed  t>e  valu  of  a  resell,    a  1568 
ASCHAM  Scholem.  (Arb.)  54  To  be  able  to  raise  taulke,  and 
make  discourse  of  euerie  rishe.     1581  J.  BE-LL  Haddon's 
Anffw.  Osor.  423  It  forceth  not  of  a  rush  what  you  do  there. 
1841  MIALL  in  Nonconformist  I.  17  It  matters  not  a  rush. 
1884  M'esiern  Daily  Press  11  July  8/1  It  does  not  signify  a 
rush  whether  they  can  find .  .a  precedent  for  what  they  ask. 

(b)  1362  LANGL.  P. PI.  A.m.  137  Heo  bat  ben  curset  in 
constorie  counteb  hit  not  at  a  russche.     1390  GOWER  Cotif. 
II.  97  For  til  I  se  the  daies  spring,  I  sette  slep  noght  at  a 
risshe.    c  1440  Generydes  1680  Of  all  his  payne  he  wold  not 
sett  a  rissh.     1543  GKAFTON  Contn.  Harding  $•$•$  He  should 
then  bee  hable  to  matche  with  theim  well  ynough,  and  not  to 
care  a  rushe  for  theim.     1584  R.  SCOT  Discov.  \\'~itchcr.  vi. 
iii.  (1886)  93  Night-walking  sprites..  Esteeme  them  not  twoo 
rushes.     1622  MASSINGER  &  DEKKER  I'irg.  Martyr  it.  iii,  I 
weigh  thee  not  a  rush.     1658  BRAMHALL  Consecr.  Bfs.  viii. 
194  Whose  unjust  ludgement  we  doe  not  value  a  rush. 
1712-3  SWIFT  jfrnl,  to  Stella  g  Mar.,  People  will  grumble  ; 
but  Lord  Treasurer  cares  not  a  rush.    1759  STERNE  Tr. 
Shandy  I.  xvi,  He  did  not  mind  it  a  rush.     1848  J.  GRANT 
Aide-de-C.  xxiv,  He  would  not  value  his  ducats,  .a  rush. 
1883  F.  M.  CRAWFORD  Dr.  Claudius  vii,  Claudius  did  not 
care  a  rush  whether  the  night  were  beautiful  or  otherwise. 

(c}  c  1422  HOCCLEVE  Mill.  Poems  xxiv.  193  They  can  nat 
keepe  conseil  worth  a  risshe.  1577  B.  GOOGE  Heresbitch's 
Hl4sb.  I.  (1586)  14  Without  whiche.he  is  not  woorth  a  rushe. 
1627  HAKEWILL  Afol.  (1630)  296  They  esteem  not  worth  a 
rush  any  of  our  actions  or  manners.  1674  W.  POPE  in  hlat- 
Juan's  Poems  2  Friends  Applauses  are  not  worth  a  Rush. 
1768  GOLDSM.  Cood-n,  Man  iv,  M y  master's  bill  upon  the  city- 
is  not  worth  a  rush.  1858  LINCOLN  in  Herndon  Zi/M  189?) 
II.  1 16  Not  one  of  them  is  worth  a  rush  if  you  deny  it. 

(if)  1563  FOXF.  A.qM.  1367/2  Tush  !  a  rushe  for  holy 
bread  !  c  1610  ROWLANDS  Terrible  Battell  (Hunterian  Cl.) 
38  A  figge  for  the  whole  world.  A  rush  for  thee.  1632 
VICARS  Virgil xl.  335  Brave  sirs,  our  main  work  done,..  A 
rush  for  what  remains. 

b.  In  various  fig.  or  allusive  phrases. 

With  quot.  1649  cf.  the  phrase  to  seek  a  knot  in  a  ruslt, 
s.v.  KNOT  sfi.1  14  b. 

1525  Lu.  BERNERS  fntiss.  II.  Iviii.  198  They,  .were  redy  for 
waggyng  of  a  rysshe  to  make  debate  and  stryfe.  1579  FULKK 
Hcskins'  Part.  289  It  hangeth  on  a  rush  that  M.  Hes.  con- 
cludeth.  1611  BIBLE  Isaiah  ix.  14  The  Lord  will  cut  off 
from  Israel  head  and  taile,  branch  and  rush  in  one  day. 
1629  H.  BURTON  Babelno  llethel  103 They  are  all  head  and 
taile,  branch  and  rush,  one  intire  Papall  faction.  1649  J  IK. 
TAYLOR  Gt.  Exemp.  iii.  §  14  The  Lawyer  being  captious 
made  a  scruple  in  a  smooth  rush,  asking  what  is  meant  by 
Neighbour.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk.  Farm  1. 191  The  larch . . 
shoots  up,  as  straight  as  a  rush,  to  a  great_  height.  1889 
'  R.  BOLDREWOOD'  Robbery  under  Arms  xiii,  She  was  al 
ways  as  straight  as  a  rush. 

3.  f  a.  One  of  the  branchlets  springing  from  the 
stem  of  Equisetum.  Obs. 

1578  LYTE  Dodoens  roo  The  stemmes  . .  do  bringe  forth 
rounde  about  every  knot  or  joynt  divers  little,  small,  slen 
der,  and  knottie  rushes. 
b.  U.S.  The  horsetail.     (Cf.  DUTCH  a.  3  c.) 

1817  J.  BRADBURY  Trav.  15  On  the  islands  which  we  passed 
there  is  abundance  of  Equisetiim  hyemale,  called  by  the 
settlers  rushes. 

4.  With  specific  epithets  : 

a.  Denoting  various  species  ofjuncus. 

See  also  moss-  (Moss  so.1  6b),  sea-.toaif-,  and  wood-ruin. 

1753  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Juncus,  The  species  of 
rush,  enumerated  by  Mr.  Tournefort,  are  these  :  The  sharp 
or  pointed  Rush. . .  The  smooth  or  soft  Rush  [etc.J. 
1796  WITHERING  Brit.  PI.  (ed.  3)  II.  345  Trifid  Rush... 
Round-headed  Rush. . .  Soft  Rush.  Common  Rush  [etc.]. 
1855  Miss  PRATT  Flower.  PI.  V.  295  Lesser  Bog  Rush,  or 
Little  Bulbous  Rush.  Ibid.  296  Clustered  Alpine  Rush,  or 
Black-spiked  Rush. 

b.  Flowering  rush  :  (see  quots.). 

1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet.,  Batmims, . .  the  Flowering  Rush 
or  Water  Gladiole.  17*0  I.  LEE  Introd.  Bot.  App.  325  Rush, 
Lesser  flowering,  Scheuchzeria.  1858  BMSoCyci.  Aat.Sa., 
Butonms  umbellatns,  the  flowering  rush,  is  considered  the 
handsomest  herbaceous  plant  of  the  British  flora. 

c.  Applied  to  many  plants  of  different  genera 
more  or  less  resembling  the  rush,  as  bog-,  club-, 
Dutch,  hare's-tail-,  nut-,  paper-,  scouring,  shave-, 
sweet,  twig-,  wood-rush  (see  these  words;. 

5.  attrib.  a.  Denoting  the  growth  or  prevalence 
of  rushes,  as  rush-bed,  -drain,  -land,  -plat,  -tuft. 

The  second  element  in  rush-aisle  and  -hylle  appears  to 
be  the  Lane.  dial,  hile  a  cluster. 

056  in  Earle  Land  Charters  192  Of  3am  broce  . .  on  ban 
riscbed  ;  of  Sam  riscbedde  on  8one  wej.  ?c  1000  in  Birch 
Cartul.  Sax.  I.  183  Of  bam  streame  on  ryschealas  midde. 
wearde.  aiioalbid.  III.  189  Fram  gryndeles sylle  to  russe. 
mere,  fram  ryssemere  to  baeljenham.  1483  Lath.  Angl. 
509/2  A  Rysche  hylle,  drfetum.  1736  AINSWORTH  Eng.- 
Lat.  Diet.,  A  rush  bed,  JHttceium.  1800  BEWICK  Hist.  Quad. 
354  A  Hound  bitch  . .  pupped  four  whelps  during  a  hard 
chase,  which  she  carefully  covered  in  a  rush  aisle.  1821 
CLARE  Vill.  Minstr.  I.  58  The  rush-tuft  gone  that  hid 


BUSH. 

the  skylark's  nest.  Ibid.  105  Swamps  of  wild  rush-beds. 
1855  SINGLETON  Virgil  i,  15  You  skulked  Behind  the  rush- 
plats.  1878  H.  M.  STANLEY  Dark  Cont.  I.  xvi.  425  River- 
like  marshes  or  broad  rush-drains,  choked  with  spear-grass. 
1886  All  Year  Round  14  Aug.  36  Rush-land  letting  at  four 
pounds  an  acre. 

b.  In   sense    *  made   of  rushes ',    as   rush-bag, 
-basket,  -boat,  ~cap,  -mat,   -#»'//,  -ropet  -work,  etc. 

X39S  in  £&$*.  Anglian  (1871)  IV,  86  For  ij  bunches  of 
Russherope,  iij</.  1603  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iii.  in. 
Lawe  1 66  At  length  she  layes  it  forth  ;  in  Rush-boat  weaves 
it.  1681  GREW  Musxwn  iv.  §  iii.  372  A  Rush-Basket.. 
very  prettily  woven  together.  1687  MORRIS  Coll.  Misc. 
(1699)  38  If  Tears  in  Rush-work  may  decipher'd  be.  1726 
SWIFT  Gulliver  iv.  x,  The  Sides  and  Floors.. I. .covered 
with  Rush-mattsof  my  own  contriving.  1797  Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  XI.  638/1  A  parcel  of  miserable  rush  huts.  1804 
TAKRAS  Poems  i  We  see.. Him  near  the  burn..Dammin 
the  gush,  to  gar  his  rash-mill  rin.  1842  Dumfries  Herald 
Oct.,  The  rush-cap  on  his  head  nodding  like  a  mandarin's. 
1869  TOZER  Highl.  Turkey  I.  337  Rooms.. furnished,  .with 
the  usual  rush  mats.  1896  A.  MORRISON  Child  Jago  185 
Dicky,  zealous  at  rush-bag-making. 

C.  In  sense  *  made  of,  consisting  of,  a  rush  ',  as 
rush-dip,  -lance,  -tube,  -wick. 

1673  DRYDEN  Epil.  Univ.  Oxford  15  Stout  Scaramoucha 
with  rush  lance  rode  in.  1725  Fain.  Diet.  s.v.  Candle, 
Put.. in  a  small  Rush-wick.  1780  COXE  Russ.  Disc.  150 
Hollowing  out  a  stone,  into  which  they  put  a  rush-wick,  and 
burn  train  oil.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  836  A  paper  smift . .  is 
then  fixed  to  the  top  of  the  rush-tube.  1861  READECtoisft-r 
fy  H.  Ivii,  I'll  not  give  him  a  rush  dip. 

d.  In   sense  '  of  or   belonging  to   a  rush ',  as 
rusk-bent,  -pith,  -root, 

c  1420  Anturso/Art/t.  553  No  more  for  be  faire  fole  bene 
for  a  risshe  rote.  1801  Encycl.  Brit.  Suppl.  I.  574/1  A 
rush-pith  electrometer.  1821  CLARE  Vill.  Minstr.  I.  137 
Quick  the  rush-bent  fann'd  away,  As  they  danc'd  and 
bounded  through.  1862  H.  MARRYAT  Year  in  Sweden  n. 
419  A  better  light  than  the  rush-pith  burnt  by  English 
peasants  twenty  or  thirty  years  since. 

6.  Comb.  a.  Objective,  as  rush-bearer,  -cutter, 
-cutting,  -dealer,  -peeler,  -reaper,  -ivorker. 

c  1552  in  Strype  Crantuer  (ifyf,  II.  137  A  rope  is  a  fytt 
reward  for  such  ryshe  repers  As  have  strowed  this  church 
ageinst  the  Kings  prechers.  1595  in  Hanshall  Hist.  Cheshire 
(1817)  581  For  wine  to  the  Rushbearers.  1607  Ibid.,  To  the 
Rushbearers,  wine,  ale  [etc.].  1851  in  Illustr.  Lond.  News 
5  Aug.  (1854)  119/3  Rush-manufacture,  dealer.  iB8$Census 
Instructions  Index,  Rush  Peeler  (for  Rushlights).  1888 
Carlisle  Patriot  17  Aug.  (E.  D.  D.),  Service  over,  each 
rushbearer  received  the  customary  present.  1889  Pall  Mall 
G.  17  Aug..  3/1  Fishing  in  the  river,  chatting  with  the 
rush-cutters.  Ibid.,  Rush  cutting. 

b.  Instrumental,  as  rush-bordered,  'bottomed, 
-floored,  -fringed,  -girt,  -seated,  -strewn,  -wove. 

1741  RICHARDSON  Pamela  III.  118  We  went  to  bed,.. I  to 
my  Loft,  and  they  to  their  Rush-floor1  d  cleanly  Bedroom. 
*759  Phil.  Trans.  LI.  287  Several  rush-bottomed  chairs 
were  burnt.  1789 E.  DARWIN  Bot.  Card.  II.  38  With  rush- 
wove  crowns  in  sad  procession  move.  1836-48  B.  D.  WALSH 
Aristoph.,  Acharnians  n.  vi,  In  the  rush-girt  flask.. Mix 
the  greasy  Thasian  soy.  a  1847  E  LIZA  COOK  Winter  is  here 
v,  The  rush-bordered  rills.  1861  \V.  F.  COLLIER  Hist.  Eng. 
Lit.  106  The  gallants,  who  paid  sixpence  apiece  for  stools 
upon  the  rush-strewn  stage.  1868  Lessons  of  Middle  Age 
273  The  congregation  sit  on  rush-seated  chairs  in  the  nave. 
1881  TAUNT  Map  Thames  60/2  The  picturesque  farm  with 
its  rush-fringed  river's  bank. 

C.  Similative,  as  rush-leaved,  -stemmed',  rush- 
looking.  Also  RUSH-LIKE. 

1753  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.  v.  Narcissus,  The.  .rush- 
leaved  narcissus.  1855  Miss  PRATT  Flower.  PI.  V.  269 
Chive  Garlic,  or  Rush-leaved  Onion.  1871  M.  C.  COOKE 
Hdbk.  Fungi  102  Rush-stemmed  Nolanea.  1889  WESTGARTH 
Austral.  Progr.  273  It  has  no  grass,  but  in  its  stead  some 
green  rush-looking  tufts,  pleasant  to  our  eyes. 

7.  Special  combs.,  as  rush-broom,  (a)  Spanish 
broom;  (b}  a  yellow- flowered  Australian  shrub, 
Viminaria  denudata  (Morris,  1898);  rush-cart, 
a  cart  piled  with  rushes  at  a  rush-bearing  ;  f  rush 
chicory,  —  ntsh  succory,  frush  creas(?);  rush 
family,    the    natural     order   Jtincacese ;   f  rush 
garlic,  chives  (cf.  ntsh  leek,  rush  onion}  ;  rush- 
grass,  a  species  of  grass  having  a  rush-like  ap 
pearance  ;  rush-holder,  a  device  for  holding  a 
rushlight ;  f  rush  leek,  ~rush  garlic ;  rush-man, 
one  who  supplies  or  deals  in  rushes ;  rush-nut 
(see  quot.  1819);    frush  onion,  =  rush  garlic ; 
t  rush-pin  (?) ;    rush-sad  (?) ;    f  rush  succory, 
the  plant  Chondrilla  juncea ;  f  rush- tail,  a  bird 
having  a  long  slender  tail ;  rush-toad,  the  natter 
jack  ;    rush  veneer,   a   species   of  moth ;    rush 
wheat,  a  species  of  wild  wheat  {Tritictun  j'un- 
ceuni)  growing  on  sandy  shores. 

1713  Phil.  Trans.  XXVIII.  219  Common  Spanish  *Rush- 
Broom.  1848  AINSWORTH  Lanes.  Witches  I.  148  In  the  rear 
of  the  performers  in  the  pageant  came  the  *rush-cart  drawn 
by  a  team  of  eight  stout  horses.  1860  KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH 
Scarsdale  I.  202  To  assemble  at  its  rushbearing..at  least 
eight,  and  sometimes  a  dozen,  rush-carts.  1611  COTGR., 
Lettron,  GummeCichorie,  *rush  Cichorie. 


Oignoncettes , . ,  that  is  to  say,  *Rushe  Garlike.  1753  Cham* 
bers*  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Plantago,  The  gratnen  junceum  or 
"rush-grass.  1796  WITHERING  Brit.  /Y.  (ed.  3)  II.  76  Small 
Plymouth  Rush-grass.  1810  SHELLEY  Hymn  Merc,  xvii, 
With  rushgrass  tall,  Lotus,  and  all  sweet  herbage.  1857 
THORBAU  Maine  IV.  (1894)  36  Cutting  the  native  grass— 
rush-grass  and  meadow-clover,  as  he  called  it.  1578  LYTE 

VOL.  VIII. 


921 

Dodoens  643  In  Latine  [it  is  called]  Sccenoprasitm,  which 
may  be  Englished,  *Rushe  Leekes.  1606  CHAPMAN  Gentle 
jnan  Usher  n.  i,  Here  is  one  That  was  a  *Rush-mans  jerkin 
Wer't  not  absurd  a  Broome-man  should  weare  it?  i8i< 
Pantologia  X,  *Rusk  nnt>  the  root  of  the  cyperus  escul 
entus..,  a  native  of  Italy,  where  it  is  collected  and  eaten 
1887  MOLONEY  Forestry  W.  Afr.  445  Chefa,  Chufa  or  Earth 
i  Almond,  Tiger  or  Rush  Nut  (.Cyperus  esctt/entus,  L.)..  .The 
|  tubers,  which  are  about  the  size  of  an  ordinary  bean,  may  be 
eaten  either  raw  or  cooked.  1578  LYTE  Dodoens  642  Cyues 
or  *Rushe  Onyons,  in  the  steede  of  leaues  haue  litle 
smal,  holowe.. blades,  lyke  to  smal  Rushes.  1673  Maldon 
Borough  Deeds  ( Bundle  98,  fol.  i),  [Innkeepers  fined]  vis. 
v'mit.  a  peece, . .  for  using  *rushpinns  in  their  severall  yards. 
1811  Sporting  Mag.  XXXVII.  34  The  flag-sads  cut  too 
much,  *rush-sads  too  little.  1548  TURNER  Names  Herbcs 
(K.D.S.)  26  Chondrilla..maye  be  named  inenglishe  *Ryshe 
Succory  or  gum  Succory.  1598  HAKLL'YT  Voy.  II.  n.  100 
The  Portugals  haue  named  them  all  according  to  some 
propriety  which  they  haue;  some  they  call  *rushtailes, 
because  their  tailes  be. .long  and  small  like  a  rush.  1880 
CasselCs  Nat.  Hist.  IV.  360  The  Natter-Jack,  or  *Rush 
Toad,  is  not  common.  1819  SAMOUELLE  Entomol.  Comfcnd. 
425  Botys  hybridaliS)  the  *rush  Veneer.  1832  J.RENNIR 
Butterfl.  $  M.  151  The  Rush  Veneer  (Nymphitla  hybridalis, 
Schrank)  appears  in  July.  1796  WITHERING  Brit.  Plants 
II.  173  Triticum  juncenm.  Sea  Wheat-grass.  *Rush  Wheat. 
Rush  (r»J),  sb.~  Also  4  russche,  5-6  rusche, 
6  russhe,  rushe.  [f.  RUSH  z».2] 

1.  The   act,    or   an  act,   of  rushing;   a  sudden 
violent  or  tumultuous  movement ;   a  charge,  an 
onslaught :  a.  Of  persons  or  animals. 

c  1380  Sir  Fcrumb.  2888  pan  schulla|>  our  men.  .be-trappe 
hem  bar  &  take  hem  at  one  russche.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace 
iv.  450  At  the  fyrst  rusche  feill  Inglismen  war  slayne.  a  1639 
WOTTON  Life  Dk.  Buckhm.  in  Reliq.  (1651)  in  A  Gentle 
man  of  his  train,  .spurred  up  his  Horse,  and  with  a  violent 
rush  severed  him  from  the  Duke.  1813  SHELLEY  £>.  Mab  \\. 
44  The  ceaseless  clangour,  and  the  rush  of  men  Inebriate 
with  rage.  1883  Sat.  Rev.  21  Feb.  235/2  Preparing  their 
young  horses  for  the  wild  rush  of  the  hunting-held. 

b.  Of  material  things.     Also,  a  rushing  sound. 
£1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  iv.  vii.  724  par  men  mycht  here 

hot  dusche  for  dusche,  Rappis  ruyde  withe  mony  a  rusche. 
Ibid.  iv.  xxv.  2384  pat  al  be  wyndois  in  a  rusche  Off  his 
chawmyr  cjwhar  he  laye  Brak  wp.  1535  COVER  DALE 
2  Esdras  xiii.  n  The  blast  of  fyre..fell  with  a  russhe  vpon 
y  people.  1541  PAYNELL  Catiline  xiv.  20  b,  Whatscetier 
noise  or  rushe  they  hard,  they  fered  it  was  Catiline  and 
Manlius.  1648  CRASHAW  Delights  of  the  Muses  Poems 
(1904)  143  The  rush  of  Death's  unruly  wave,  Swept  him  off 
into  his  Grave.  1751  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  126  ?  2  Overset 
by.. the  rush  of  a  larger  vessel.  1789  J.  WILLIAMS  Min. 
Kingd,  II.  148  Some  mighty  current,  rush,  or  eddy  of  the 
tide.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islamv.  xxix,  Like  the  rush  of 
showers  Of  hail  in  spring,  pattering  along  the  ground.  1848 
DICKENS  Dombey  xxvi,  There  was  a  sudden  rush  of  blood 
to  Mr.  Dombey's  face.  1873  '  OUIDA  '  Pascarel  I.  120  My 
eyes  grew  wet  with  a  rush  of  tears. 

c.  Jig.  Of  immaterial  things. 

1849  MACAULAY  Hist.  Eng.  viii.  II.  336  In  a  ferment  with 
the  sudden  rush  of  business  from  all  corners  of  the  kingdom. 
1868  DICKENS  Let.  to  M.  eft,'  Cerjat  26  Aug.,  To  this  hour  I 
have  sudden  vague  rushes  of  terror.  1883  F.  M.  PEAKD 
Contrad.  xi,  She.. gave  the  girl  time  to  recover  from  her 
first  rush  of  shyness. 

2.  fa.  slang.  (See  quots.)  Obs. 

1783  Gentl.  Mag.  LV.  i.  485  Patroles  have  been  productive 
of  a  new  species  of  robbery  called  the  Rush  ;  that  is,  a 
number  of  villains  assemble  at  the  door  of  a  house,  and  as 
soon  as  opened  rush  in,  bind  the  family,  and  plunder  the 
house.  1812  J,  H.  VAUX  Flask  Diet.  s.  v.,  A  rush  may 
signify  a  forcible  entry  by  several  men  into  a  detached 
dwelling  house  for  the  purpose  of  robbing  its  owners. 
b.  dial.  (See  quots.) 

1788  W.  H.  MARSHALL  Rur.  Econ.  Yorks.  Gloss.,  Rush, 
a  feast ;  a  merry-making ;  a  rout.  1855  [ROBINSON)  Whitby 
Gloss,  s.  v.,  A  merry-making  is  often  spoken  of  as  '  the 
grand  rush  '  that  is  going  to  be  held. 

3.  a.    Football*    An   attempt   by  one  or  more 
players,  esp.  the  forwards,  to  force  the  ball  through 
the  opponents'  line  and  towards  their  goal.     Also, 
a  player  who  is  skilled  in  this. 

1857  HUGHES  Tom  Broivn  I.  v,  Then  follows  rush  upon 
rush,  and  scrummage  upon  scrummage.  Ibid.)  Don't 
give  the  rush  a  chance  of  reaching  you !  1897  Sportsman, 
16  Dec.,  The  Dark  Blues  broke  away,  but  the  rush  was  well 
saved  by  Black.  1903  Westm.  Gaz.  13  Jan.  5/2  He.. had 
the  reputation  of  being  the  best  centre  rush  that  the 
university  [of  Harvard]  ever  had. 

b.  Croquet.  (See  quot.  1874.) 

1874  HEATH  Croquet  Player  14  Rush^  a  shot  or  roquet 
played  so  hard  as  to  send  the  object  ball  to  some  spot  where 
the  striker  desires  to  place  it.  1877  Encycl.  Brit.  VI.  609/1 
The  learner^should  next  practise.. cutting^  which  is  a  rush 
played  fine  instead  of  full. 

c.  Amer.  A  scrimmage  or  struggle  between  first 
and  second  year  students. 


1903  Dundee  Advt.  5  Dec.  4  What  is  known  in  Canadian 
academic  life  as  '  rush  ',  that  is,  a  trial  of  strength  between 
the  freshmen  and  the  second  year  students, 

4.  A  sudden  migration  of  numbers  of  people  to 
a  certain  place,  esp.  to  a  new  goldfield. 

1850  R.  MONCKTON  MILNES  in  Life  (1891)  I.  x.  444  The 
rush  of  English  to  those  parts  is  so  great  that  there  is 
hardly  a  bed  to  be  had.  1861  T.  M'Co.MDiE  Austral.  Sk. 
86  We  had  a  long  conversation  on  the  'rush',  as  it  was 
termed,  1890  '  R.  BOLDREWOOD*  Col.  Reformer  (1891)  289 
A  large  proportion  had  been  lured  to  Turonia  by  the  golden 
possibilities  of  the  great  rush. 

b.  transf.  The  scene  of  such  a  migration  ;  spec, 
a  new  goldfield. 


BUSH. 

1853  W.  HOWITT  Land,  Lab.,  <fr  Gold  1. 172  It  is  a  comnv 


5.  a.    An  eager  demand  for,  a  strong  run  ont 
something. 

1856  R.  MONCKTON  MILNES  in  Life  (1891)  II.  xii.  10 
There  is  such  a  rush  for  places  I  shall  probably  not  see  it. 
1884  igt/t  Cent.  Nov.  (1889)  854  There  was  a  slight  boom  iri 
the  mining  market,  and  a  bit  of  a  rush  on  American  rails. 
b.  With  a  rus/i,  with  a  sudden  onset;  in  a 
sweeping  or  rapid  manner. 

1839  BARTLETT  Diet.  Amer.  (ed.  2)  s.v.,  'To  go  it  with  a 
rush,  or  with  a  perfect  rush,1  is  to  do  a  thing  energetically, 
with  .spirit.  1861  Times  6  June,  Already  the  Confederate 
States  perceive  that  they  cannot  carry  all  before  them  with 
a  rush. 

6.  a.  A  (migratory)  flock  or  flight  of  birds. 

1873  'STONEHENGE  '  Brit.  Rur.  Sports  i.  ix.  118  A  'flight' 
or  'rush'  of  dunbircls.     1901   Scotsman  10  Sept.  7/1  The 
greater  number  of  birds  in  the  autumn  rushes. 
b.  Austr.  A  stampede  of  horses  or  cattle. 

1881  A.  C.  GRANT  Bush  Life  (1882)  298  A  confused  whirl  of 
dark  forms  swept  before  him. . .  It  was  '  a  rush  ',  a  stampede. 

7.  Dysentery  in  cattle. 

1799  Prize  Ess.  Highland  Soc.  III.  407  Purging  or  Rush. 
1838  in  W.  C.  L.  Martin  Ox  (1847)  18/2  They  are  bad 
breeders,  and  much  subject  to  the  rush,  a  complaint  common 
to  animals  bred  in  and  in. 

8.  Alining.  (See  quot.) 

1883  GRESLEV  Gloss.  Coal-mining  209  Rush,  the  sudden 
weighting  of  the  roof  when  robbing  the  pillars  begins,  and 
the  roof  is  a  strong  one. 

9.  Combtt  as  rush    hours,   those   hours   when 
passenger  traffic  is  at  its  height ;  rush  line  (see 
sense   3  a) ;    rush  order,  an  order  for  goods  re 
quired  in  a  hurry. 

1891  Harpers  M'eckly  19  Sept.  715/3  Princeton's  rmh 
line  is  where  she  needs  material  and  plenty  of  it.  1896 
Daily  JVcws  28  Dec.  3/7  Makers.. have  so  much  work  on 
hand  that  they  are  neglecting  rush  orders.  1898  Westm. 
Gaz.  28  Oct.  8/3  Trailer  cars  can  be  put  on  during  the  'ri^h 
hours  ',  mornings  and  evenings, 

Rush,  j£.;*  north,  dial.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  A 
thick  growth  of  plants  or  shrubs;  a  brake. 

1796  W.  H.  MARSHALL  Rur.  Econ,  I'orks.  (ed.  2)  II.  340 
Rusk  (of  grass  or  corn);  a  tuft,  knot,  cluster,  or  crowd  of 
plants.  1822  BEWICK  Mem,  39  In  the  midst  of  a  'whin 
rush  ' — that  is,  a  great  extent  of  old  whins.  1844  M.  A. 
RICHARDSON  Historian's  Table-bk,)  Leg.Div.  II.  43  Through 
a  rush  of  briars  and  nettles.  1892  M.  C.  F.  MORRIS  Yorks. 
Folk-Talk  155  Afield. .hasa  'rush 'or  narrow  strip  of  wood 
or  rough  ground  at  one  end  of  it. 

Rush,  obs.  form  of  Kuss  sb. 

Hush  (r»J),  z/.1  Also  5  russhe,  6  rysshe.  [f. 
RUSH  sb?\ 

1.  trans,  a.  To  strew  with  rushes. 

1422  Secreta  Secret.,  Priv.  Priv.  242  Noght  vpon  harde 
erthe  ne  Pament,  but  vpon  erthe  nesshly  y-strawet  or 
russhet.  £1430  Pilgr.  Lyf  Manhode  \\.  cxxvi.  (1869)  142, 
I  can  wel  russhe  a  dungy  place.  111851  [see  RVSHED///,  «,]. 
1895  ELLWOOD  Lakeland  Gloss.  78  In  some  parishes,  rushing 
ihe  church  in  this  way  was  paid  for. 

b.  To  tie  up,  work  or  make,  with  rushes. 

1848  Jrnl.  R.  Aerie.  Soc.  IX.  n.  556  Keep  them  [i.  e. 
hop-bines]  well  rushed  around  at  the  bottom.  1885  Leisure 
f/ottr  Jan.  47/1  Women  and  children., caning  or  rushing 
the  '  bottoms '  [of  chairs]. 

2.  intr.  To  gather  rushes,    rare. 

1530  PALSGR.  692/2,  I  rysshe,  I  gather  russhes,/.?  cneils  ffss 
joncs.  Ibid,%  Go  no  more  a  rysshynge  Malyn.  1896 
BARING-GOULD  Dartmoor  Idylls  234  Don't  y'  go  a-rushing, 
maids,  in  May, 

Rush  (r»J),  T'.2  Forms :  4  russchen,  4-6 
rusche  (5  russch-,  ruyssch-,  Sc.  rousch-)  ;  4-6 
russhe  (5  rosshe,  6  russzh-) ;  4-6  rushe,  6- 
rush.  [a.  AF.  russher^  var.  of  ritsser,  =  OF. 
re(h}nsser,  re(h}ttser9  wiser t  etc.  (mod.F.  ruscr : 
see  RUSE  ZJ.1).  The  forms  with  s  would  normally 
represent  a  pop.L.  *rffilS(lret  f.  ppl.  stem  of  L.  re- 
fundfre  to  cause  to  flow  back,  but  it  is  difficult  to 
regard  those  in  ss  and  ss/i  as  having  this  origin. 

The  development  of  some  of  the  senses  may  have  been 
helped  by  a  feeling  of  phonetic  appropriateness :  cf.  the 
similar  uses  of  M  HG.  rfischen^  rinschen  (G.  rauschen), 
which  is  quite  unconnected  in  origin.] 

I,  trans,  fl.  To  force  out  of  place  or  position 
by  violent  impact ;  to  drive  back,  down,  etc.  Obs. 


riues  and  he  russhes,  That  the  rote  is  vnry;te. 

fb.  Const,  down^  np\  to  (the  ground),  under 
(foot),  etc.  Obs. 

ciyfeSc.  Leg.  Saints  i.  (Peter)  527  pe  hound.. schot  on 
symeon..and  to  J?e  ^erde  hym  vndirnetne  Ruschit.  la  1400 
Morte  Arth.  1339  Of  alle  his  ryche  castelles  II  will]  rusche 
doune  the  walles.  c  1425  WYNTOUN  Cron.  in.  ii.  333Con^he 
and  rabit  bathe  he  brak,  And  ruschit  wp  be  ^hettis  ^ar. 
c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  in.  193  Hors.  .rouschede  frekis  wndir 

eit.    ^1530  Ln.  BERNERS  Arth.  Lyt,  Bryt.  (1814)  192  A 

empest  of  winde..rusht  downe  standerdes,  and  tare  doune 

odgynges.     a  15^8    LINDESAY    (Pitscottie)    Chron.    Scot. 

S.T.  S.)  II.  39  'Ihey  ruschit  thame  rouchlie  to  the  earth. 

1635  SWAN  Spec.  m.  vi.  §  2  (1643)  225  Many  hills  and 

mildings  have  been  rushed  down  by  this  kind  of  earth 
quake,  1678  SIR  G.  MACKENZIE  Critn.  Laivs  Scot.  n. 

1699)  235  He  thereupon  ran  and  rushed  the  said  Main.. to 

he  ground  under  his  Feet. 

/*£•  S59a  SHAKS.  Rom.  fy  Jut,  in.  iii.  26  The  kind  Prince 

Taking  thy  part,  hath  rusht  aside  the  Law. 

116 


RUSH. 

t  c.  To  smash,  shatter.  Obs.-1 
1470-83  MALORY  Arthur  v.  x.   176   He  smote  thurgh 
shelde.  .and  al  to  russhed  and  brake  the  precious  stones. 

2.  To  cause  to  move  with  great  speed  and  force ; 
to  send  or  impel  violently.    Chiefly  with  preps. 

1381  WYCLIF  2  Mace.  iii.  25  He  with  feersnesse..rushide 
the  former  feet  to  Heleodore.  c  1430  Syr  Gener.  (Roxb.) 
8931  He  armed  him,  and  russhed  his  stede.  And  fprto  loust 
fast  he  yede.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  vi.  ii.  185  He 
russhed  his  hors  on  syre  Ector  and.. bare  hym  clene  out  of 
the  sadel.  1591  tr.  Jnnius  on  Rev.  xii.  18  A  most  mighty 
tempest  that  he  rushed  upon  the  whole  world,  cifin 
CHAPMAN  Iliad  v.  18  Then  rush'd  he  out  a  lance  at  him. 
1654  I.  AMBROSE  Ultima  18  Into  what  a  sea  of  misery  have 
I  now  rushed  saile  !  1730  T.  BOSTON  Mem.  vii.  (1899)  153 
There  was  a  spit  sticking  in  the  wall  of  the  house ...  I  rushed 
inadvertently  my  face  on  it.  1858  Times  30  Nov.,  How 
skilfully  these  young  creatures  managed  their  frail  tiny 
barks  !  They  rush  them  through  the  fiercest  rapids. 
fb.  To  pull  out  hastily,  drag  <yf  violently.  Of>f. 

la  1400  .VorteArth.  2550 Re'dely  theis' rathe  menerusches 
owtte  swerdes.  1470-83  MALORY  Arthur  iv.  x.  132  Syr 
Arthur,  .pulled  hym  to  the  erthe,  and  thenne  russhed  of  his 
helme.  a  1600  Sir  Lancelot  du  Lake  120  in  Percy  Reliqttes 
(1765)  I.  186  He  pull'd  him  downe  upon  his  knee,  And 
rushing  off  his  helm  [etc.). 

3.  a.  refl.  To  move  with  speed  and  force  (obs.) ; 
to  impel  (oneself)  heedlessly,  violently,  or  hur 
riedly  upon  or  on  something.     ?  Obs. 

c  1400  Song  Roland  589  '  Lordingis,'  said  Roulond, '  rusche 
you  be-dene  '.  c  1470  HENRY  Wallace  vn.  819  Rudly  till  ray 
thai  ruschit  thaim  agayne.  1642  ROGERS  Naaman  47  To 
have  made  him  desperate,  and  to  have  rusht  himselfe  upon 
vile  courses.  1659  Gentl.  Calling  448  Men,  that  can  thus 
knowingly  and  consideringly  rush  themselves  upon  such 
unspeakable  mischiefs. 

b.  trans.  To  drag,  force,  or  carry  rapidly  and 
violently.     Chiefly  const,  into,  to,  out  of. 

1577  Reg.  Privy  Council  Scot.  II.  627  The  said  Thesaurare 
..put  violent  handis  on  the  said  complenar,  ruschit  him  to 
the  Tolbuith.  1632  J.  FEATLY  Hon.  Chast.  15  His  will 
rushes  him  headlong  to  the  whirlepoole  of  destruction. 
1658  Whole  Duty  Man  vi.  §  21  Consideration.. we  owe  to 
our  Souls.  For  without  it,  we  shall.. rush  them  into 
infinite  perils.  1721  YOUNG  Revenge  iv.  i,  O,  how  Hke_  in 
nocence  she  looks !  what,  stab  her,  And  rush  her  into 
blood?  1740-1  RICHARDSON  Pamela  II.  30  Tell  me  you 
forgive  me  for  rushing  you  into  so  much  Danger  and  Dis. 
tress.  1897  Sportsman  16  Dec.,  From  a  line  out  here  the 


leather  was  finely  rushed_up.    1898  G.  B.  SHAW_F»M  nerer 
between  them. 


can  tell  Plays  II.  294  They  rush  him  out  of  the  room 


c.  trans/.  To  get  or  bring  out,  carry  through, 
push  on,  etc.,  in  an  unusually  rapid  manner. 

1830  SCOTT  Jrnl.  II.  106  Cadell  rather  wished  to  rush  it 
out  by  employing  these  different  presses.  1864  Daily  Tel. 
21  Sept.,  When  his  name  was  proposed  they  rushed  it 
through  with  a  will.  1890  Standard  20  Feb.,  All  we 
desire  is  that  the  measure  shall  not  be  rushed  through  the 
House.  1893  Daily  News  14  Apr.  2/6  There  is  no  disposi 
tion  to  rush  business,  and  caution  is  being  manifested  by 
dealers. 

d.  To  make  (one's  way)  with  a  rush. 

1896  BADEN-POWELL  Matabele  Campaign  xii,  This  morn, 
ing  by  dawn  we  were  rushing  our  way  along  the  Uvunkwe. 
4.  To  force  at  an  unusual  or  excessive  pace  or 
speed.     Also  with  on,  up. 

1850  R.  G.  GUMMING  Hunter's  Life  S.  Afr.  (1902)  39/1 
This  Bushboy . .  would  never  rush  his  horse  to  overtake  any 
antelope  if  the  ground  were  at  all  rough.  1887  SMILES 
Life  $  Labour  355  While  the  country  boy  is  allowed  to 
grow  up,  the  city  boy  is  rushed  up.  1892  Garden  27  Aug. 
184  There  is  no  doubt  that  Cucumbers  can  be  rushed  on 
with  heat  and  moisture.  1894  [GouLEY]  Aspects  Mod. 
Oxford  43  Nor  will  he . .  allow  himself  to  be  '  rushed  ' 
through  the  various  objects  of  interest. 
b.  spec.  (See  quot.) 

a  1890  Elect.  Rev.  XV.  xiy.  10  (Cent.),  Nearly  all 
[telegraph  operators]  are  ambitious  to  send  faster  than  the 
operator  at  the  receiving  station  can  write  it  down,  or  in 
other  words  to  rush  him. 

C.  colloq.  To  defraud  or  cheat,  to  '  do ',  out  of. 

1891  L'pool  Mercury  26  May  5/4  With  an  added  2d  it  is 
equivalent  in  value  to  the  dollar,  and  . .  much  good  sport  is 
to  be  obtained  in  America  in  trying  to  rush  the  natives  out 
of  that  2d. 

5.  a.  Austr.  (See  quot.) 

1852  G.  C.  MUNDY  Our  Antipodes  I.  313  Sometimes  at 
night  this  animal. will  leap  into  the  fold  amongst  the  timid 
animals  and  so  *  rush  '  them — that  is,  cause  them  to  break 
out  and  disperse  through  the  bush. 

b.  Mil.  To  overcome,  take,  capture,  carry,  by 
means  of  a  sudden  rush. 

1865  Cornh.  Mag.  Oct.  498  They  break  from  our  Chris 
tianity  and  'rush'  our  pickets.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  4  July 
1/2  The  Arabs  '  rushed  the  town,  putting  every  man  to  the 
sword.  1896  BADEN-POWELL  Matabele  Campaign  ii,  The 
town  was  to  be  rushed  in  the  night,  and  the  whites  to  be 
slaughtered  without  quarter  to  any. 

transf.  1888  BESANT^O  Yrs.  Ago  137  Peeresses. .occupied 
every  seat,  and  even  '  rushed '  the  reporters'  gallery.  1889 
'  R.  BOLDREWOOD'  Robbery  under  Arms  xxiii,  A  single 
bushranger  was  rushed  by  a  couple  of  determined  men. 

c.  To   cross,  penetrate,  traverse,  negotiate  (or 
endeavour  to  do  so)  with  a  rush. 

1884  Graphic  29  Nov.  166/2  In  '  rushing '  the  hurdles,  men 
are  stationed.. to  prevent  the  horses  swerving.  1893  EARL 
DUNMORE  Pamirs  II.  298  The  next  one  [snow-drift]  we 
came  to,  the  driver  thought  he  could  '  rush  '  it.  1897  MARY 
KINGSLEY  W.  Africa 280, 1  rushed  it,  and  reached  the  other 
side  in  safety. 

fig.  1888  BESANT  Eulogy  of  R.  Jefferies  vii.  188  Most 
readers  like  to  rush  a  volume.  You  cannot  rush  Jefferies. 

d.  To  occupy  by  a  rush  (of  gold-miners). 


922 

1879  ATCHERLEY  Trip  to  Boerland  171  The  locality  was 
'  rushed  '  for  gold.  1887  HAYTER  Xmas  Adv.  3  The  Bald 
Hill  had  just  been  rushed,  and  therefore  I  decided,  .a  claim 
to  take  up. 

e.  Croquet.  To  roquet  (a  ball)  with  consider 
able  force.  Also  absoL 

1874  HEATH  Croquet  Player  14  It  is  rushed  at  an  angle, 
instead  of  in  a  direct  line.  1877  Encycl.  Brit,  VI.  609/2  When 
able  to  rush,  the  strokes  made  in  taking  croquet,  .should  be 
practised. 

II.  intr.  0.  Of  persons  or  animals:  To  run, 
dash,  or  charge  with  violence  or  impetuous 
rapidity.  Usually  const,  with  advs.  or  preps. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  n.  380  In  the  stour  sa  nardyly  He 
ruschyt,  that  allthesemble  schuk.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Knt!$  T.     \ 
783  The  hunters,  .hereth  hym  come  russhyng  in  thegreues.    , 
'i  a  1400  Mortt  Arth.  2880  So  raythely  thay  rusche  with 
roselde  speris,  That  the  raskaille  was  rade.     1:1470  HENRY    : 
I  fa/face  ix.  1049  The  worthi  Scottis  ruschyt  on  thaim,  in    ! 
gret  ire.    1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.  1910,  I  rushe  at  them    j 
rughly,  and  make  them  ly  full  lowe.      1590  SHAKS.  Coin.    \ 
Err.  v.  i.  143  Doing  displeasure  to  the  Citizens,  By  rushing    ' 
in  their  houses.    1617  MORYSON  I  tin.  i.  151   The  wilde 
Boare  rushed  upon  one  of  these  frames  wheeling  towards 
him.     1680  OTWAY  Orphan  \.  ii,  The  desperate  savage  rusht 
within  my  Force.     1748  GRAY  Alliance  93  To  brave  the    . 
savage  rushing  from  the  wood.      1797-1805  S.  &  HT.  LEE 
Canterb.  T.  II.  198  Strangely  departing  from  all  the  civilities 
of  life,  -[he]  would  rush  from  the  room.     1862  H.  KINGSLEY    ' 
Ravenshoe  I.   no  Then  the  colt  rushed  by  them.. hard    i 
held.     1880  MRS.  FORRESTER  Roy  $  V.  I.  79  A  few  minutes    i 
later  Madame  de  Ferias  rushed  into  her  husband's  room. 

b.  fig.  To  press,  make  an  attack  or  descent,  on   \ 
or  upon  one. 

1535  COVERDALE  Bel  fy  Dragon  30  Now  whan  y6  kynge 
sawe,  that  they  russhed  in  so  sore  vpon  him,.,  he  deliuered 
Daniel  vnto  them.  1592  NASHE  Four  Lett.  Confut.  Wks. 
(Grosart)  II,  274  For  with  none  but  clownish  and  roynish 
leasts  dost  thou  rush  yppon  vs.  1848  THACKERAY  Van. 
Fair  xvii,  All  his  creditors  would  have  come  rushing  on 
him  in  a  body. 

c*  fiS">  denoting  precipitate,  rash,  or  uncon- 
sidered  action.  Freq.  const,  into. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  Sleidane*s  Comm,  62  You  rushe  forth  head 
long  unadvisedly.  1563  WINJET  Wks.  (S.  T.  S.)  II.  13  Rin- 
nand  and  ruscheand  without  knaulege  quhat  thai  othir  do 
or  say.  1630  PRYNNE  A  nti-A  rinin.  1 59  Restraine  and  keepe 
backe  men  from  rushing  presumptuously,  .in  their  sinnes. 
1729  BUTLER  Semn.  Wks.  1874  II.  7  One  man  rushes  upon 
certain  ruin  for  the  gratification  of  a  present  desire.  1781 
COWPER  Conversat.  185  To  rush  into  a  fixt  eternal  state 
Out  of  the  very  flames  of  rage  and  hate.  1846  J.  BAXTER 
Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  I.  252  The  inquiring  reader., 
rushes  blindly  to  the  experiment,  indifferent  to  the  nature 
of  his  soil.  1872  O.  W.  HOLMES  Poet.  Breakf.-t.  vi,  So 
many  foolish  persons  are  rushing  into  print.  1873  MRS 
BROOKFIELD  Not  a  Heroine  II.  268  He  always  rushes  into 
extremes. 

d.  To  go  on  hurriedly  in  speaking. 

1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis  xvifij, '  My  means,'  rushed  on 
Smirke,  '  are  at  present  limited,  1  own  '. 

e.  To  pass  or  travel  rapidly. 

1852  M.  ARNOLD  Human  Life  17  W^e  rush  by  coasts 
where  we  had  lief  remain.  1897  Windsor  Mag,  Jan. 
250/2  It  might  be  done  by  leaving  the  ship  at  Plymouth, 
and  rushing  up  to  London  by  the  first  train. 

f.  With  it  and  out.    rare. 

1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.  856  Properly  drest..To  russhe  it 
oute  In  euery  route.  1859  BARTLETT  Diet,  Amer.  (ed.  2), 
To  Rush  if,  to  do  a  thing  with  spirit ;  as,  '  The  old  negro 
is  rushing  it  with  his  fiddle '. 

7.  Of  things  :  To  move,  flow,  fall,  etc.,  with  great 
speed  or  impetuosity. 

13..  E.  E,  Allit.  P.  B.  368  Mony  clustered  clowde  clef 
alle  in  clowtez,  To-rent  vch  a  rayn-ryfte  &  rusched  to  be  vrbe. 
1-1380  Sir  Ferumb.  497  He..lokede  on  be  kniste,  &  saw 
be  red  blod  russchen  out.  1460  in  Pol.t  Rel.t  <$•  Lt  Poems 
(1866)  206  The  elementes  gonne  to  rusche  &  rappe.  c  1470 
HENRY  Wallace  vi.  553  The  noyis  rouschit  throuch  straikis 
that  thai  dang.  1513  DOUGLAS  &neis  xii.  i.  125  Of  our 
wondis  the  red  bluoe  ruschis  owt.  1582  STANYHUKST 
^Eneis  i.  (Arb.)  20  Rush  do  the  winds  forward.  ..They  skud 
too  the  seaward.  1610  HOLLAND  Camden's  Brit.  (1637)  730 
Swale  rusheth  rather  than  runneth.. with  foaming  waters. 
1671  MILTON  P.  R.  iv.  414  Nor  slept  the  winds  Within  thir 
stony  caves,  but  rush'd  abroad.  1757  W.  WILKIE  Epigoniad 
n.  46  Beyond  the  hostile  ranks  the  weapon  drove;  The 
warriors  stooping  as  it  rush'd  above.  1819  SCOTT  Ivanhoe 
xlii,  The  blood  rushed  in  anger  to  the  countenance  of 
Richard.  1860  TYNDALL  Glac.  \.  ii.  13  A  dozen  avalanches 
rushed  downwards  from  its  summit.  1884  W.  C.  SMITH 
Kildrostan  45  When  you.  .hear  the  water  rushing  Around 
you,  and  beneath. 

b.  Jig.  Of  immaterial  things. 

1596  SHAKS.  Merck.  K  iv.  i.  222  Many  an  error  by  the 
same  example,  Will  rush  into  the  state.  1671  MILTON 
Samson  21  Restless  thoughts,  that,  .rush  upon  me  throng 
ing,  and  present  Times  past.  1778  Miss  BURNEY  Evelina 
xl,  Almost  instantly  the  whole  truth  of  the  transaction 
seemed  to  rush  upon  her  mind.  1850  THACKERAY  Pendennis 
x[i]x,  A  dreadful  rumour  rushed  through  the  University. 
1863  GEO.  ELIOT  Romola  i.  xvi,  His  mind  rushed  over  all 
the  circumstances  of  his  departure  from  Florence. 
C.  To  come  suddenly  into  view. 

1798  COLERIDGE  Anc,  Mar.  in.  xiii,  The  Sun's  rim  dips; 
the  stars  rush  out.  1879  MRS.  A.  E.  JAMES  Ind.  Househ. 
Managem.  65  In  India  that  luminary  does  not  *  peep  up ', 
he  rushes  up. 

d.  To  grow  or  shoot  up  rapidly. 

1819  SCOTT  Ivanhoe  xl,  The  weeds  have  rushed  up,  and 
conspired  to  choke  the  fair  and  wholesome  blossom. 

t  8.  To  fall  quickly  or  violently.    Obs. 

Now  only  contextually,  as  in  sense  7. 

1375  BARBOUR  Bruce  in.  139  He  rouschit  doun  off  blud  all 
rede.  ?«i4oo  Morte  Arth,  120  The  Romaynes  for  rad- 


RUSHER. 

nessc  mschte  to  the  erthe.  1470-85  MALORY  Arthur  IV. 
xviii.  142  Therwtth  syre  Gawayne  and  his  hors  russhed 
doune  to  the  erthe.  1533  BELLENDEN  Livy^  I.  xxi.  (S.T.S.) 
I.  121  Brutus.  .ruschit  (as  It  had  bene  aganis  his  wil)  to  be 
ground  and  kissit  l>e  erde. 

Ru  sh-bea:ring.  [RUSH  si.i]  An  annual 
ceremony  in  northern  districts  of  carrying  rnshes 
and  garlands  to  the  church  and  strewing  the  floor 
or  decorating  the  walls  with  them  ;  usually  made 
the  occasion  of  a  general  holiday. 

1617  ASSHETON  Jrnl.  (Chetham  Soc.  )2Q  At  Whalley:  ther 
a  rushbearing,  but  much  less  solemnitie  then  formerlie. 
1654  GATAKF.R  Disc.  Apol.  20  May-games,  Whitsun-Ales, 
Morrice-dances,  Rush-bearings,,  .and  other  sports.  (71700 
KENNETT  in  MS.  Lansd.  tojj  fol.  331  b,  The  wake  or  day 
of  a  Churches  dedication  in  West  Riding  of  Yorksh.  is 


calld  the  rush-bearing  of  such  a  Parish.    1781  J.  HL'TTON 
Tour  to  Caves  Gloss,  (ed.  2)  95  Rush-bea 
of  carrying  garlands  or  rushes  to  the  ch 


not  always  coincide  with  the  feast  of  the  dedication.  1894 
Times  21  Aug.  u/3  Rochdale,  Aug.  20. — Rushbearing,  the 
local  holidays,  commenced  to-day. 

altrib.  1649  'n  M'  ^  Q-  9tn  Ser.  VII.  294/1  Ringinge  on 
the  Rubbering  Day.  1889  Graphic  22  June  682/2  On  rush- 
bearing  evening  the  churchyard  wall  is  crowded  with 
childish  figures. 

f  Rush-buckler.    06s.-1    [?  f.  RUSH  v*]    A 

swashbuckler. 

1551  ROBINSON  tr.  Jlfore's  Utop.  n.  (1895)  146  Take  into  this 
numbre  also  their  seruauntes ;  I  meane,  all  that  flocke  of 
siout  bragging  russhe  bucklers  [L.  cetratoriim  nebulonum}. 

Rust-bush.  Also  5  reschebusk,  6  resche- 
bush,  8-9 dial. rex-bush;  Sc.  6 rysche-, rasch(e)- 
bus(s),  8-9  rash-buss,  -bush.  [f.  RUSH  sbl  Cf. 
G.  ruschbusch.]  A  tuft  of  rushes. 

In  early  Scottish  use  common  in  a  proverbial  expression 
denoting  the  strict  suppression  of  cattle-lifting. 

c  1425  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  645  Hecpapirio,  reschebusk.  1529 
LYNDESAY  Compl.  408,  Ihone  Upeland  bene  full  blyith,  I 
trow,  Because  the  rysche  bus  kepis  his  kow.  1596  DAL- 
EYMPLE  tr.  Leslies  Hist.  Scot.  II.  77  This  prouerb  of  him 
(James  II]  in  the  cuntrie  was  commoun :  He  garis  the 
rasche  bus  keip  the  kow.  a 1649  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Hist. 
Jos.  V,  Wks.  (1711)  1 14  The  Poor  Man  loved  him,  the  Great 
feared  him  :  He  made  the  Rush-Bushes  keep  the  Herds  of 
Cattel.  1746  Exmoor  Scolding  (E.  D.  S.)  38  Rex-bush  !— 
Fath  I  tell  me  o'  tha  Rexbush.  1785  BURNS  Address  to 
Dcil  vii,  Ye,  like  a  rash-buss,  stood  in  sight.  1833  CAHLYLE 
in  Froude  (1882)  II.  387  Remember  always  what  you  said 
of  the  rush-bush  here  at  Pultock  on  the  wayside.  1898  J. 
MACMANUS  Bend  of  Road  149  All  who  are.  .on  the  Ocean 
with  no  rush-bush  to  hould  by  when  the  storms  come  up. 

Rush-candle.  [Rcsu  sby\  A  candle  of 
feeble  power  made  by  dipping  the  pith  of  a  rush 
in  tallow  or  other  grease ;  a  rushlight. 

1591  NASHE  Pref.  to  Sidney's  Astr.  f,-  Stella,  Put  out 
your  rush  candles,  you  Poets  and  Rymers.  1634  MILTON 
Comtts  338  A  rush  Candle  from  the  wicker  hole  Of  som  clay 
habitation.  1677  HOFNECK  Gt.  Law  Consid.  vi.  (1704)  321 
What  is  all  the  light  our  eyes  behold,  but  a  rush-candle  to 
him  that  is  the  father  of  lights?  1753  Chambers'  Cycl. 
Suppl.  s.v.  Candle,  Rush  Candles,  used  in  divers  parts  of 
England,  are  made  of  the  pith  of  a  sort  of  rushes,  peeled,  or 
stripped  of  the  skin,  except  in  one  side,  and  dipt  in  melted 
grease.  1816  A.  C.  HUTCHISON  Pract.  Obs.  Surg.  (1826) 
165  There  being  only  the  usual  light  in  the  ward,  a  common 
rush-candle.  1895  '  G.  MORTIMER  '  Tales  Westerii  Moors 
119  He  pictured  her  knitting  placidly  by  the  light  of  a 
rush  candle. 

Rushed,  ///.  a.  [f.  RnsH  sA.1  or  v.*]  Over 
grown  or  strewn  with  rushes. 

1753  T.  WARTON  Ode  Approach  of  Summer,  As  slow  he 
winds  in  museful  mood,  Near  the  rush'd  marge  of  Cher- 
well's  flood,  a  1851  JOANNA  BAILLIE  (Cent.),  Rushed  floors, 
whereon  our  children  play'd. 

Rusheu  (ro-J'n),  a.  Also  i  risoen,  4russch- 
en,  8-9  Sc.  rashen.  [OE.  riscen,  f.  rise  RUSH  sb.1 
Cf.  LG.  riisAen.']  Made  of  rnshes,  or  of  a  rush. 

c  1000  JELFRic  Ejcod.  ii.  3  pa  nam  heo  anne  riscenne  windel 
on  scipwisan  fcesceapenne.  1398  TREVISA  Earth.  De  P.  R. 
xvn.  cxxvi.  (Bodl.  MS.),  Of  russches  beb  russchen  vessejs 
made.  1676  Doctrine  of  Devils  39  Tom  Thumb  with  his 
Rushen  Spear.  Ibid.,  Can  aCrismer.  .bind  Behemoth  with 
a  rushen  cord?  1738  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v.  Bridge,  Rushen 
Bridge,  font  de  jotic,  is  made  of  large  sheaves  of  rushes 
growing  in  marshy  grounds.  1791  Statist.  Ace.  Scotl.  IV. 
395  The  straw  brechem  is  now  supplanted  by  the  leather 
collar,  the  rashen  theets  by  the  iron  traces.  1833  HT. 
MARTINEAU  Loom  t  Lugger  n.  v.  87  Allowed  to  pull  rushen 
seats  to  pieces.  1864  DASKNT  Jest  q  Earnest  (1873)  II.  215 
He.  .held  out  to  him  two  fair  rushen  wands. 

t  B,U-sh.er l.  Olis.-}  [f.  RUSH  j*.1]  One  who 
strews  rushes  on  a  floor. 

1630  B.  JONSON  ffe-,u  Inn  v.  i,  Pipers,  fidlers,  rushers, 
puppet-masters,  Jugglers,  and  gipsies. 

Rusher  -  (n>-JaO.    [f.  RUSH  z-.z  +  -ER  i.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  rushes;  one  who  acts 
precipitately  or  without  deliberation. 

With  quot.  1796  cf.  RUSH  sb.*  2  a. 

1654  WHITLOCK  Zootomia  148  Remit  such  Rushers  not 
into  the  Church  onely,  but  Pulpit,  to  the  Philosophy 
Schoole  to  be  shamed.  1796  Grose's  Diet.  Vulgar  T.  (ed.  3), 
Rushers,  thieves  who  knock  at  the  doors  of  great  houses  in 
London, .  .and  on  the  door  being  opened  by  a  woman,  rush 
in  and  rob  the  house ;  also  housebreakers  who  enter  lone 
houses  by  force.  1861  HUGHES  Tom  Brtnvn  at  Oxf.  III. 
148  We  always  thought  a  rusher  [in  a  fight)  no  good  at 
school.  1876  Miss  BRADDON  J.  Haggard's  Dan.  I.  82  He 
..was  a  rusher  across  country.  1887  Cyclist  n  May  739/1 
This  irrepressible  writer  and  rusher  to  conclusions, 


HUSH-GROWN. 

2.  C/.S.  One  who  takes  part  in  a  rush  to  a  new 
gold-field  or  to  new  territory. 

1872  DE  VERE  Americanisms  629  Ritshcrst  in  California 
and  ull  the  gold-bearing  districts  of  the  \Vest,  U  the  com 
prehensive  name  of  persons  going  to  the  mines.  1892  Cur- 
rent  Hi$tory\,  433  As  many  of  the  '  rushers  '  are  very  poor, 
there  is  sure  to  be  great  suffering  in  ihe  territory. 

3.  U.S.  Football.    A  forward. 

1883  Atlantic  IMonthly  May  682/1  An  attempt  to  break 
through  the  line  of  rushers,  in  a  scrimmage.  1894  Outing 
XXIV.  215/2  Putting  the  goalkeepers.. in  the  front  and 
placing  the  tired  rushers  at  the  goals. 

4.  colloq.  A  ( go-ahead  *  person. 

1889  Century  Mag.  Oct.  874/1  The  pretty  girl  from  the 
East  is  hardly  enough  of  a  '  rusher '  to  pleabe  the  young 
Western  masculine  taste. 

Rushet,  obs.  or  erron.  form  of  RUSSET, 

Rush-grown,  a.     [RUSH  sb.\~\ 

1.  Having  the  slender  tapering  form  of  a  rush. 
'545  ASCHAM   Toxoph,  (Arh.)  126  Those  [shafts]  that  be 

lytle  brested  and  big  toward  the  hede  called  by  theyr  lyke- 
nesse  taperfashion,  reshe  growne,  and  of  some  merrye  fel- 
lowes  bobtayles.  1615  MAHKHAM  Country  Content 'in.  i.  i, 
His  tail  long,  and  rush  grown,  that  is  big  at  the  setting  on, 
and  small  downward.  Ibid.  i.  x,  An  excellent  streight  and 
well  grown  Ground  Hazel,  being  from  the  bottome  to  the 
top  finely  Rush-grown.  1664  POWER  ExJ>.  fhilos.  \,  27 
With  an  Annular  body  like  a  Wasp,.. and  conical  or  rush- 
grown  towards  the  tayl.  1735  SOMEKVILLE  Chasei.^^-j  His 
Rush-grown  Tail  O'er  his  broad  Back  bends  in  an  ample 
Arch.  1828  CARR  Craven  Gloss,)  Rush-grown^  tapering  like 
a  rush. 

2.  Overgrown  with  rushes. 

1777  T.  WARTON  Suicide  ii,  By  the  brook,  that  ling'ring 
laves  Yon  rush-grown  moor  with  sable  waves.  1777  MASON 
Eng.  Garden  n,  342  Oft  too  the  coward  hare,  then  only  bold 
.,,  Will  quit  her  rush-grown  form.  1886  W.  J.  TUCKER  E. 
Europe  213  The  vast  rush-grown  swamps  and  verdant  pas 
tures  of  the  lordly  Theiss. 

Ru-shiness.  rare-0,  [f.  RUSHY  a.]  (  A  being 
full  of  or  having  Rushes'  (Bailey,  1730). 

Ru'shing,  vbL  sb.  [f.  RUSH  z».-]  The  action 
of  running  or  moving  with  great  speed  or  force; 
the  noise  produced  by  some  rapid  or  violent  move 
ment.  Also  in  fig.  uses. 

c  1340  HAMPOLE  Pr.  Consc.  7350  pare  salle  be  swilk  rareyng 
and  ruschyng  And  raumpyng  of  devels.  1398  TKEVISA 
Barth.  De  P.R.  xvm.  Ixiv.  (Bodl.  MS.),  [A  lion]  drede> 
noise  and  russchingepf  wheles.  c\\y>SyrGener.  5921  The 
hprs  he  held  for  al  his  russhing.  1533  COVERDAI.K  Judith 
xiv.  13  They.. made  a  greate  russzhinge  to  wake  him  vp, 
because  they  thought  with  the  noyse  to  haue  raised  him. 
,  a  1548  HALL  Chron.,  Hen,  VIII  79  b,  The  two  kynges  had 
their  speres  ready,  then  began  the  rushyng  of  speres,  1611 
BIBLE  Isaiah  xvii.  12  The  rushing  of  nations,  that  make  a 
rushing,  like  the  rushing  of  mighty  waters,  a  1680  CHAR- 
NOCK  Attrib,  GW(i834)  II.  682  Our.  .careless  rushings  into 
his  presence  in  worship.  1753  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v. 
Sea,  The  rushing  up  continually  of  such  a  body  of  water 
makes  a  roundish  cavity.  1817  SHELLEY  Rev.  Islam  i.  iii, 
Hark !  'tis  the  rushing  of  a  wind  that  sweeps  Earth  and  the 
ocean.  1898  Q.Rev.  Apr. 429  We  buried  those  whom  the. . 
brute  had  slain  in  his  rushings. 

b.  spec*  in  croquet,  football,  etc.  (see  quots.). 

1877  Encycl.  Brit.  VI.  609/1  The  learner  should  next 
practise  rushing,  i.  c.t  roqueting  with  such  force  as  to  move 
the  ball  aimed  at  some  distance.     1883  A  tlantic  Monthly 
May  681/2  Avoirdupois  and  strength  are  at  a  premium  for 
rushing,  blocking  and  tackling. 

c.  U.S.  Univ.  slang.    (See  quot.  1888.) 

1878  N.^Atncr.  Rev,  CXXVI.  236  'Hazing,'  'rushing,' 
secret  societies..,  are  unknown  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge. 
1888  BRVCE  Amer,  Commiv.  vi.  cii.  III.  454  «.,  Sophomores 
and  freshmen    have    a   whimsical    habit   of  meeting  one 
another  in  dense  masses   and  trying  which  can  push  the 
other  aside  on  the  stairs  or  path.    This  is  called  '  rushing  '. 

Rirshing, ///.  a.  [f.  RusH^.2]  That  rushes; 
moving  or  acting  with  rapidity  or  impetuosity. 

JSS7  N-  T.  (Geneva)  Acts  ii.  2  And  sodenly  there  came  a 
sounde  from  heauen,  as  it  had  bene  of  a  russhing  and  mighty 
winde.  1605  DANIEL  Queen's  Arcadia  Wks.  (1717)  177 
Here  by  the  Murmurs  of  this  rushing  Spring,  She  sweetly 
lay.  1667  MILTON  P.  L.  vi.  97  Rushing  sound  Of  onset 
ended  soon  each  milder  thought.  1743  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace, 
Odes  i.  xiv.  8  Nor  without  ropes  thy  keel  can  longer  brave 
The  rushing  fury  of  th'  imperious  wave.  1805  SOUTHDY 
Madoc  n.  xxv,  Around  the  rushing  keel  The  waters  sing. 
1848  DICKENS  Donibey  xx,  Tortured  by  these  thoughts  he 
carried  monotony  with  him,  through  the  rushing  landscape. 
1897  VOYNICH  Gadfly  (1904)  24/2  The  blackness  seemed  to 
fall  away  from  him  in  pieces  with  a  rushing  noise. 

Ru  shingly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -LY  2.]  In  a 
rushing  manner ;  rapidly  or  impetuously. 

1388  WYCLIF  Job  vi.  15  My  britheren  passiden  me,  as  a 
stronde  doith,  that  passith  ruschyngli  [L.  raptint\  in  grete 
valeis.  1598  FLORIO,  Prorotto, . .  lept  or  gone  out  rushingHe 
or  running  swiftlie.  1837  Taifs  Mag.  IV.  168,  I  beheld  a 
dark  shadow  come  rushingly  forth.  1870  DISRAELI  Lotjuiir 
Ixvii,  All  his  life  during  the  last  year  passed  rushingly 
across  his  mind. 

Ru-shingness.  rare"1,  [f.  as  prec.  + -NESS.] 
The  fact  of  making  a  rushing  sound. 

1833  ffew  Monthly  M*?-  XXXVIII.  436  Aloft,  with  its 
peculiar  rushingness  of  wing,  you  beard  the  flight  of  the 
scarce-seen  ring-dove. 

t  Ru  shle,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [perh.  f.  RUSH  V?  + 
-LE,  but  cf.  RUSTLE  v.  2.]  intr.  To  rush.  Hence 
fRu'shling///.  a.  Obs. 

1553  BALE  Vocacyon  39  b,  Than  was  all  the  rable  of  the 
shippe.. called  to  the  reckeninge,  r^helinge  together  as 
they  had  beue  the  cookes  of  helle.  1632  LITHCOW  Trav, 
vi.  262  As  I  was  placing  his  feete  in  the  holes,  distempred 
feare  brought  him  downe  upon  me  with  a  rubbling  hurle. 


923 

Rushle,  obs.  variant  of  RUSTLE  v. 
Rxvshlight.     Also  rush-light.     [Rusu  st>.1] 

1.  =  RUSH-CANDLE. 

1710  Land.  Gaz.  No.  4673/2  Small  Rush  Lights  once 
dipped  or  drawn  through  Grease,  or  Kitchin  Stuff,  a  1764 
LLOYD  Tale  Poet.  Wks.  1774  I.  78  As  rushlights  in  a  spac 
ious  room,  Just  burn  enough  to  form  a  gloom.  1817  KIRBY 
&  SP.  Entomol.  xxv.  (1818)  II.  409  A  single  candle,  not 
more  vivid  than  the  rush-light  which  glimmers  in  the  peasant's 
cottage.  1856  Orr's  Circ.  Sci.,  Pract.  Chan.  451  The  rush 
lights  that  are  sold  in  London  vary  from  ten  to  eighteen 
in  the  pound.  1889  JESSOPP  Coming  of  Friars  ii.  89  Why 
should  he  burn  a  rushlight  when  there  was  nothing  to 
look  at? 

b.  Without  article :  The  light  of  a  rush-candle. 

1847  C.  BUONTE  y.  Eyre  vi,  The  next  day  commenced  as 
before,  getting  up  and  dressing  by  rushlight. 

C.  fig.,  denoting  something  insignificant  or  of 
little  account ;  a  glimmer. 

1819  CAKLYLE  Misc.  (1857)  II.  i  A  lamp  or  rushlight  of 
understanding.  Ibid.  112  A  dwelling  in  the  rush-light  of 
'  closet-logic  '.  1893  F.  F.  MOORE  /  Forbid  Banns  xxxiv, 
\  ou  have  spoken  according  to  your  lights,  I  daresay ;  but 
such  lights  as  yours  are  rush-lights,  Mr.  Hardy. 

2.  attrib.,  as  rushlight  candle,  life,  shade. 

1721  AMHEEST  Terra  Fil.  No.  13  (1726)64  The  late  bishop 
of  Bristol,  .found  him  in  his  lodgings  by  a  little  stars  ing 
(ire,  with  a  rush-light  candle  before  him.  1838  DICKENS 
O.  T-.uist  xii,  The  little  circles  of  light,  which  the  reflection 
of  the  rushlight-shade  threw  upon  the  ceiling.  1863  W. 
CORY_  Lett,  ff  Jrnls.  (1897)  104  It  was  a  great  day  in  my 
rushlight  life. 

Hence  Ru-shlig-hted  a. 

1866  RUSKIN  Crtnvn  Wild  Olive  §  154  As  many  candles 
..as  would  comfort  the  old  eyes.. of  a  whole  rushlighted 
country  village. 

Ru  sh-like,  a.  [f.  RUSH  rf.1]  Resembling  a 
rusli  or  rushes. 

1578  LYTE  Dodoeiis  642  Amongst  the  Rushlyke  leaues 
giowe  smal  rounde  stemmes.  1610  NICCOLS  Engtands  Eliza. 
xxvi,  Ne  yet  did  seeke  their  glorie  to  advance,  By  only  tilt 
ing  with  a  rush-like  lance.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  55/2 
The  Spanish  Silver-cupped  Moly  hath  a  Stalk  proceeding 
from  2  or  3  rush  like  leaves.  1753  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl. 
s.v.  Eqnisetum,  The  rush-like  naked,  or  not  branched 
Horsetail,  1833  Penny  Cycl.  I.  187/1  The  plains  are  per 
manently  clothed  xvith  patches  of  a  rush-like  plant  called 
A'i'stia.  1859  R.  F.  BURTON  Centr.  Afr.  in  frill,  Geoff. 
Soc.  XXIX.  105  Their  profuse  herbage  of  reeds  and  rush- 
like  grass. 

Ru-sll-ring.  [RUSH  sl>V\  A  ring  made  of  a 
rush  or  rushes. 

.'579  SPENSER  S/iep/t.  Cal.  Nov.  116  The  knotted  rush- 
ringes,  and  gilte  Rosemaree.  1593  B.  BARNES  Partkenopit 
viii,  The  meanwhile  The  Shepherd  sate,  but  did  compile 
Green-knotted  rush[r]ings.  1617  in  Birch  Crt.  f,  Times  jfas.  I 
(1848)  II.  35  Ned  Wymarke,  for  all  the  ancient  acquaintance 
between  them,  hath  not  so  much  as  a  rush-ring  for  remem. 
brance.  1646  QUARLES  Sheph.  Oracles  vi,  The  Love-sick 
Swains  Compose  Rush-rings  and  Myrtleberry  Chains. 
b.  Used  as  a  wedding-ring. 

1668  DAVENANT  Rivals  v,  I'l  Crown  thee  with  a  Garland 
of  straw  then,  and  Tie  Marry  thee  with  a  Rush  ring. 
1813  ELLIS  Brand's  Pop.  Antiq.  II.  38  A  custom.. appears 
antiently  to  have  prevailed,,  .of  marrying  with  a  Rush  Ring; 
chiefly  practised,  however,  by  designing  men.  1877  W.- 
JONES  Fitlftr-nHfy&i  The  abuse  of  the  rush  ring  led  to 
the  practice  being  strictly  prohibited. 

Rushy  (ro-fO,  a.  Also  4  resshi,  5-6  russhy, 
8-  Sc.  rashy.  [f.  RUSH  rf.i  +  -yl.] 

1.  Made  or  consisting  of  rushes;  rushen. 
_  1383  WYCLIF  Isaiah  xviii.  2  Wo  to  the  lond . .  that  sendeth 
in  the  se  messageres,  and  in  resshi  vesseles  vp  on  watris. 
c  1440'  Pallad.  en  Huso,  xi.  494  A  multitude  of  reysoun:- 


:s.  1751  VI 

Stones,  take  thou  this  rushy  Matt.  1766  GOLDSM.  Vic.  IV. 
viii,  Then  turn  to-night,  and  freely  share..  My  rushy  couch 
and  frugal  fare.  1821  CLARE  Vill.Minstr.  II.  131, 1  ..bound 
my  posies  up  with  rushy  ties.  1842  F.  E.  PAGET  M.  Mai* 
Toisiti  94  She  laid  her  head  on  her  rushy  pillow. 
Jff-  '57?  FULKE  Heskint'  Parl.  121  Beside  this  rushie 
cheine  of  M.  Heskins  necessitie  you  shall  heare  matter  of 
congruitie.  1617  HIERON  Wks.  II.  362  Surely  this  rushie 
religion.. will  but  help  to  make  more  fuell  for  those  eternal 
flames.  1659  C.  NOBLE  Mod.  Atism.  Iinnwd.  Queries  To 
Rdr.,  These  rushy  and  sedgy  expressions  that  are  set  down 
in  this  Paper. 

2.  Producing,  full  of,  covered  with,  rushes. 

c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  cxxxvi.  vii,  [God]  cutt  in  two 
the  russhy  sea, .  .And  made  the  middest  Jacobs  way.  1590 
SHAKS.  Mitts.  N,  11.  i.  84  By  paued  fountaine,  or  by  rushie 
brooke.  1610  FLETCHER  Faith/,  Slu-ph.  i.  i,  Sit  Down  on 
this  rushy  Bank,  a  1683  SCROGGS  Coiirls.Leet  (1714)210 
Whereby  the  Land  is  overflowed,  so  that  it  becomes  rushy 
and  unprofitable.  ci75oSHENSTONE  Ode  toSir  R.Lyltleton 
20  Where  coots  in  rushy  dingles  hide.  1794  COWPER  Need 
less  Alarm  o  A  narrow  brook,  by  rushy  banks  conceal'd. 
1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  II.  952  Coarse  rushy 
lands  may .  .be  converted  into  good  pastures.  1899  BARING- 
GOULD  Bk.  of  West  II.  141  All  the  land  except  the  combes 
was  a  great  furzy  and  rushy  waste. 

3.  Resembling  a  rush  or  rushes ;  rush-like. 

'597  GKRAUDE  Herbal  3  Many  sower,  rushie  leaves,  laid. 
I 1  Rushie  Water  grasse  hath  his  rootes . .  with  many  fibres  or 
strings  hanging  at  them.  1617  DRUMM.  OF  HAWTH.  Poems. 
Wks.  (1711)  36/1  The  snaky  Dun,  the  Ore  with  rushy  Hair. 
1693  J.  EDWARDS  Perfect.  Script.  170  The  former  was  of 
that  rushy  plant.  1821  WELBY  Visit  N.  Amcr.  151  The 
effect  upon  the  long  rushy  grass  as  the  fire  reaches  it,  is 
frightfully  grand.  1843  Penny  Cycl.  XXV.  262/2  Triticunt 
junceum,  Sea  Rushy  Wheat-grass.  1870  HOOKER  Stud. 
Flora  p.  xix,  Junccx, . ,  Rushy  herbs. 


BUSKIN. 

4.  Comb.,  as  rushy-fringed,  -leaved,  -margined. 
1634  MILTON  Counts  890  By  trie  rushy-fringed  bank,  Where 

grows  the  Willow  and  the  Osier  dank.     1753  Chambers' 
Cyd.  Suppl.  s.v.  Narcissus,  The  smallest,  while,  mountain, 
rushy-leaved  narcissus.    1786  ABEKCKOMBIE  Arr.  in  Garit. 
Assist.  26  Broom,..  Rushy  twigged,  or  Spanish.   1890  Sfec- 
tator  7  June,  A  particular  roadside,  along  which  there  was 
a  rushy-margined  pool. 
Bushy,  variant  of  KUSSIE  0/>s. 
Rusien,  obs.  form  of  RESE  v:~ 
Ru-siform,  a.     [f.  RUSA.]     (See  cjuot.) 

1877  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  7  When  it  [the  Spigelian  lobe]  is 
pedunculate,  as  is  generally  the  case  in  the  genus  Rma,  it 
may  be  termed  rusifortlt. 

Rusine  (r«'sain),  a.  Zool.  [See  RUSA  and 
•INE  1.]  Of,  belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of  the 
cervine  genus  Kiisa. 

1853  J.  Ii.  GUAV  Catal.  Mamm.  Brit.  Mus.  III.  186  The 
Rusine  Deer  have  a  distinct,  anterior  basal  snag  to  the 
horns,  lite  muffle  very  high  and  not  separate  from  the  edge 
of  the  lips.  1882  jnil.  R.  Soc.  Bengal  LI.  ii.  45  The 
Rusine  type  of  antler  prevailed  in  Pliocene  times. 

tRusk,  sli.l  Obs.-1  [Related  to  RUSK  v.l 
Cf.  luel.,  Norw.,  and  MSw.  rusk.']  A  blow. 

c  1425  WVNTOUN  Cran.  \.  v.  206  To  bat  boy  he  gef  a  rusk, 
.  .  He  dang  him  with  his  bow  to  deid. 

Rusk  (iz>=k),  sb.-  Also  6-7  ruske.  [a.  Sp.  or 
Pg.  rosca  a  twist,  turn,  coil,  screw,  and  spec,  a 
twisted  roll  of  bread  (Sp.  rosca  de  tnar  sea-rusk).] 

1.  Bread  in  the  form  of  small  pieces  which  have 
been  re-fired  so  as  to  render  them  hard  and  crisp  ; 
formerly  much  used  on  board  ships. 

*595  Drakc'sycy.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  15  The  provision.,  was  seven 
or  eight  cakes  of  bisked  or  rusk  for  a  man.  1617  MORVSON 
Itin.  11.  192  His  new  men  grew  weake  with  feeding 
onely  upon  ruske.  1639  LECHFORD  Note-Bk.(\'&$  113  You 
must.,  have  some  refreshments  besides  the  ships  provisions, 
.  .that  is,  some  suger  and  tine  ruske  or  bisket.  1719  l)i:  I1  OK 
Crusac  i.  (Globe)  20  A  large  Basket  of  Rusk  or  Bisket  of 
their  kind.  1789  G.  KliATK  Pt'lcw  1st.  31  A  canister  of  tea, 
a  canister  of  sugar-candy,  and  a  jar  of  rusk.  1821  Scoi  l 
riratc  xxx,  Naething  to  eat  but  a  mouthful  of  Norway 
rusk. 

attrib.  1794  SIKDMAN  Surinam  (1813)  I.  x.  254  Tbis  rusk 
biscuit  is  made  of  a  coarse  rye  loaf  cut  in  two  and  baked  us 
hard  as  a  stone. 

b.  U,S.  'Bread  or  cake  dried  and  browned  in  the 
oven,  and  reduced  to  crumbs  by  pounding.1 

1890  in  Century  Diet. 

2.  A  piece   of  bread  hardened  or  browned  by 
re-firing  nnd  sometimes  sweetened. 

1759  W.  VERBAL  Ccokery  25  Putting  on  it  some  rusks  or 
toasts  of  French  bread.  1767  S.  PATEKSON  Another  Trai'. 
I.  454  Some  of  the  best  rjsks  1  ever  eat  in  my  life.  1799 
UNDERWOOD  Dis.  Child,  (ed.  4)  I.  135  Rusks  and  biscuit- 
powder  are  more  suitable  than  bread.  1835  Court  Afag. 
VI,  144/2  Breakfast  ..  consists  of  warm  (afe-au-lait  and  a 
rusk.  1883  GILMOLR  Mongols  xviii.  217  Crows  perch  them 
selves  on  the  top  of  loaded  camels,  and  deliberately  steal 
Chinamen's  rusks  and  Mongols'  mutton. 

Rusk,  sb.3     (See  quot.) 

1883  GRESLEY  Gloss.  Coal-mining  209  Rusks,  small  slack, 
or  that  next  larger  than  dust  or  dead  small. 

Rusk,  v.1  rare.  [Of  Scand.  origin  :  cf.  Icel, 
Frer.,  Norw.,  MSw.  rusita,  Da.  ruske,  in  the  same 
or  related  senses.] 

•)•  1.  trans.  To  disturb  violently  ;  to  shake  ;  to 
tear  or  tug  up.  Obs. 

c  1275  Serving  Christ  71  in  O.  E.  Misc.  92  Ne  geyneb  vs 
.  .  be  ronke  racches  bat  ruskit  be  ron  [  —  roe-deer],  c  1400 
Sege  Jcrus.  727  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Foules  fallen  to  fote  &  her 
febres  rusken.  c  1420  A  ryiv.  A  rth.  xii,  He  ruskes  vppe 
mony  a  rote,  With  tusshes  of  iij.  fote. 

2.  intr.  To  pluck  roughly  ;  to  scratch,  claw.  Sf. 

1880  Jainieson's  Sc.  Diet.  s.  v.,  When  a  horse  tears  hay 
from  a  stack,  he  is  said  to  be  ruskitt'  at  it. 


Rusk,  v.'t  rare-",  [f.  RusKrf.-']  (rans.l'o 
convert  (bread  or  cake)  into  rusk  (Cent.  Diet.}. 

Ruskie,  variant  of  RUSKV  st>.1 

t  Ru'Skin  '.  Obs.  In  5-6  ruskyn.  Some 
kind  of  fur.  Also  attrib. 

[1287  in  Rogers  Agric.  fy  Prices  (1866)  I.  xxii.  583  In  the 
year  1287  the  fur  is  called  'squirrel  and  ruskin  '.]  1427  Will 
A[.  Colbroke,  Coinm.  Ct.  London  (MS.),  Unain  togam  de 
blod  furratam  cum  Ruskyn  wombes.  a  1550  Treat.  Galattnt 
(1860)  17  Thou  ruskyn  galaunt,  that  pouerte  doth  menace 
For  all  thy  warrocked  hoode,  and  thy  proude  araye. 

tRu'skill-.  Obs.  Also  S  ruscan,  rouskin. 
[a.  Ir.  rusgati,  f.  rusg  bark  :  cf.  RusKvrf.1]  a.  A 
vessel  made  of  bark  or  roots,  b.  Butter  preserved 
in  a  vessel  of  this  kind. 

1679  BLOUNT  Anc.  Tenures  80  A  Tub  of  Butter,  in  Ireland 
still  called  a  Ruskin  \frinted  Rushin]  of  Butter.  17x0 
Phil.  Trans.  XXVII.  305  They  at  several  Feet  deep  cut 
thro'  what  the  Irish  call  a  Ruskin  of  butter  (which  was  a 


IX.  344/1  Butter,  called  rouskin,  hath  been  found  in 
hollowed  trunks  of  trees..  ;  that  the  length  of  time  it  had 
been  buried  was  very  great,  we  learn  from  the  depth  of 
the  bog.. that  bad  grown  over  it. 

t  Ru-skin  ^.     Obs.-1    1 A  rusk. 

c  1803  C.  K.  SHARPS  AVtf  OxfordGmdc  ii.  in  Mem,  (1888) 
I.  15  Cikes,  ruskins, prunelloes,  and  sweet  damson  cheese. 

Ruskin4  (rzrskin).  The  surname  of  John 
Ruskin  (1819-1900),  distinguished  as  a  writer  on 
art  and  social  subjects,  used  attrib.  in  KusHa 
linen,  a  kind  of  hand-woven  linen  produced  near 

116-2 


RUSKINADE. 

Keswick  in  Cumberland  ;  Ruskin  ware,  a  kind  of 
pottery  with  leadless  glaze  produced  at  Birming 
ham.  Also  the  base  of  various  nouns,  adjs.,  etc., 
as  Bu'skinade,  a  discourse  in  Ruskin's  manner; 
Buskine'se  sb.,  the  language  or  style  of  Ruskin  ; 
a.,  =next;  Rnskine'sque  a.,  characteristic  of 
Ruskin;  sb.,  the  style  of  art  or  architecture 
favoured  by  Ruskin;  Rttski-nian  o.,  =  prec.  a. ; 
sb.,  a  follower  of  Ruskin;  Bu'skinisli  a.,  sug 
gestive  of  Ruskin ;  Bu'skinism,  the  principles 
of  Ruskin;  Bu'skinize  v.,  trans,  to  bring  to 
views  like  those  of  Ruskin ;  intr.  to  advocate  or 
adopt  Ruskinian  principles. 

1892  Pall  Mall  G  12  Oct.  5/2  It  is  made  of  home-spun 
'  'Ruskin  '  flax  linen.    1865  Sat.  Rev.  30  Dec.  820  For  the 
purpose  of  delivering  hortatory  *Ruskinades,  in  the  fashion 
of  the  nineteenth  century.     1869  Times  n  June  4/2  Some    i 
. .  will  be  formally  incorporated  into  the  language . . ,  while    j 
others  may  remain  emblems  of  *Ruskinese  and  Carlyhsm.    | 
1884  Spectator  23  Aug.  1093/2  Almost  with  a  Ruskinese  elo 
quence  and  discrimination.  1853  R.H.  PATTERSON  Ess.  Hist.    \ 
f,  Art  (1862)  339  The  true  'Ruskinesque  style  of  criticism. 
1873  FREEMAN  in  W.R.W.  Stephens  Life  (1895)  II.  76  One 
would  welcome  a  bit  of  Ruskinesque  in  the  dull  modern  streets    > 
of  Rome.     1876  GROSART  Wks.  A.  Wilson  II.  Pref.  p.  xxv, 
A  *Ruskinian  denunciation  of  falsehood  and  sham._  1876 
RUSKIN  St.  Mark's  Rest  xi.  §  209  So  that  no  true  disciple 
of  mine  will  ever  be  a  '  Ruskinian    I  1884  BooksellerbNov. 
1187/2  There  is  a  *Ruskinish  colouring  about  her  style. 
1853  R.  H.  PATTERSON  Ess.  Hist,  f,  Art  (1862)  336  If  he 
be    not    previously    inoculated    with    *Ruskinism.      1880 
Athenxuin  18  Dec.  8oS/i  If  we  are  so  minded  we  may 
*Ruskinize  ourselves  in  all  seriousness.    1882  Ibid,  i  Apr.  82 
Mr.  Ruskin  has  not  Ruskinized  in  vain. 

f  Ru-skle,  v.    Obs.~°    (Cf.  RASKLE  w.) 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  194  To  Ruskle,  pandiculari. 

Ru'Sky,  sbl  Sc.  Also  ruskie,  -key.  [ad.  Gael. 
rttsgan :  see  RUSKIN  2.]  A  basket  for  holding 
meal  or  seed-corn,  made  of  twigs  and  straw  ;  a 
bee-hive  of  straw  or  rushes  ;  a  coarse  straw-hat. 

1721  KELLY  Scot.  Prov.  395  You  are  as  small  as  the 
Twitter  of  a  twin'd  Rusky,  a  Taunt  to  a  Maid,  that  would 
gladly  be  esteem'd  neat,  and  small.  1810  THOMSON  Poems 
143  (E.  D.  D.),  A  rusky  fu1  o'  seed.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk. 
Farm  II.  374  Bee-hives  and  ruskies..are  beautifully  and 
lightly  made  of  rye-straw. 

Ru'Sky,  a.  and  sb?  rare.  [ad.  Russ.  PycCKitt 
Rtisskiy.']  =  RUSSIAN  a.  and  sb. 

1839  A II  year  Round  No.  36.  220  The  rough  warrior, 
whose  keen  shaska  had  lopped  off  Rusky  heads  like 
radishes.  1894  ASTLEY  Jo  Yrs.  Life  I.  212  As  they  ad 
vanced,  the  Ruskies  let  drive  with  their  big  guns. 

Rusle,  obs.  form  of  RUSTLE. 

Rusma  (rc-zma).  Also  9  rhusma.  [app.  ad. 
Turk.  &^j,»  khirisma,  ad.  Gr.  xP"0>*a  ointment 
(see  CHKISM).]  A  depilatory  composed  of  lime 
and  orpiment,  now  chiefly  used  in  tanning. 

1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  (1637)  69  [They]  take  away  the 
haire  with  a  composition  of  rusma  (a  minerall  of  Cyprus) 
and  unsleakt  lime.  1681  GREW  Musxum  ill.  §  ii.  ii.  332  A 
Piece  of  Rusma  or  crude  Zernick.  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed. 
3)  111.  75/1  It  is  composed  of  a  mineral  called  rusma, 
which  is  of  a  deep  brown.  1839  URE  Diet.  Arts  387  The 
rusma  should  never  be  applied  but  to  a  small  surface  at  a 
time.  1872  CKOOKES  tr.  Wagner's  Handbk.  Chem.  Technol. 
87  Orpiment  is  used.. to  prepare  what  is  called  rusma, _a 
paste  applied  in  dressing  skins  in  order  to  remove  the  hair. 

fRu-Spicer.  Obs.-1  [f.  L.  (h)aruspic-,  stem 
of  (h)aruspex  +  -EK  1.]  A  diviner. 

c  1400  Apol.  Loll.  95  Ruspiceris  are  boo  bat  loken  to  horis 
or  tymis,..or  wen  bat  bei  may  bowe  God  to  do  bing  in  on 
houre,  bat  he  wil  not  do  in  an  ober. 

Russ  (r»s),  sb.  and  a.  Forms:  6  Eows(s)e, 
Kousse,  6-8  Russe,  7  Rush,  7-  Buss.  [ad. 
Russ.  Pycb  Rust,  native  name  of  the  people  and 
country.  Cf.  Sw.  Ryss,  Dn.  Rus,  G.  and  F.  Kusse.] 
A.  sb.  1.  A  Russian.  Now  rare. 


divers  of  the  Russes  that  were  of  the  ship,  1600  G.  ABBOT 
Jonah  450  In  our  age  there  is  not  the  Russe  but  hath  his 
solemne  Senate.  1653  J.  COTGRAVE  Wits  Interpr.  (1662) 
27oThe  Rush,  Turk, . .  and  Grecian.  Ibid.,  The  Rush  with 
sable  furrs  his  cap.  1667  PEPYS  Diary  8  Sept.,  Here  were 
some  Russes  come  to  see  the  King  at  dinner.  1709  MRS. 
MANLEY  Secret  Mem.  (1720)  III.  303  A  Party  of  the  Goths 
and  wild  Russes  came  down  to  seek  for  Booty.  1784 
COWPER  Task  v.  129  Imperial  mistress  of  the  fur-clad  Russ  ! 
1822  BYRON  Juan  viii.  cxx,  Some  twenty  times_he  made 
the  Russ  retire.  1897  'OuiDA1  Massarenes  xxxix,  There 
are  [at  Cannes]  no  end  of  Germans  and  Russes  to  play  with. 
Comb.  1882  Times  10  Apr.  7/1  [Bismarck]  annihilated 
the  old  Conventional,  Russ-ridden  Bund. 
t  b.  An  adherent  of  the  Russian  Church.  Obs. 
1607  T.  ROGERS  J9  Art.  (1853)  278  We  also  condemn  the 
opinion  of  the  Russes,  that  there  is  such  necessity  of 
baptism.  1633  PAGITT  C ' hristianogr.  66  The  Russes  and 
the  Greeks  do  not  elevate  the  consecrated  Bread  to  be 
worshipped  at  the  Allar. 
2.  The  Russian  language. 

1571  A.  JENKINSON  Voy.  <$•  Trav.  (Hakl.  Soc.)  II.  285 
When  the  said  lettre  shalbe  translated  into  rowse.  1733 
HANWAY  Trail.  (1762)  I.  in.  xxxii.  144  With  the  assistance 
of  the  tartar  boy,  who  spoke  turkish  and  russ,  I  found  my 
way  to  the  sea-coast.  1851  Proc.  Philol.  Soc,  V.  27  The 
Ruthenian  dialect,  .partakes  of  the  character  both  of  the 
Polish  and  Russ.  1882  S\Lft.Aitier.  Rcvis.  (1885)  31,  I  tried 
my  hardest,  .to  learn  a  little  Russ. 


924 

B.  (*ilj.  Russian. 

1374  in  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1598)  I.  i.  396  Certaine  Russe 
Cassaks,  which  are  outlawes  or  banished  men.  a  1618 
RALEIGH  Rein.  (1661)  7  As  in  the  Russe  and  Turkish 
Government.  1716  J.  PERRY  State  of  Russia.  ^  note,  A 
Ruble  is  100  Russ  Copecks.  1745  H.  WALPOLE  Corr.  (1846) 
II.  12  The  Russ  tongue.  1822  BYRON  Juan  vn.  xxix,  The 
Russ  flotilla  getting  under  way. 

Bussed,  obs.  form  of  RUSSET. 

t  Rirssel  *.  Obs.  rare.  Also  5  russall.  fa. 
OF.  russel,  mussel  (raod.F.  rousseati)  reddish, 
red-haired,  also  used  as  sb.]  A  reddish  thing  or 
animal. 

a  1450  Taunt.  Tottenham, Feat  vii.  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  III. 
95  Ther  come  in  iordans  in  iussall  Als  red  as  any  russall. 
£1480  HENRYSON  Fables,  Fox,  Wolf,  t  Cadger  ii,  Swa 
happinnit  him.. To  meit  ane  Foxe ...'  Welcum  to  me  ',  quod 
he, '  thow  Russell  gray '. 

t  Rvrssel  -•  Obs.  Forms :  a.  5-6  Sc.  rys- 
sil(l)is,  rissillis,  ristlis;  6  ryssel,  Sc.  ryssill. 
0.  6  russelles,  6-7  russells,  -els ;  6  ross-,  rus- 
sell,  7  rustell,  7-8  russel.  [Of  obscure  origin  ; 
possibly  from  A'i/ssel,  the  Flemish  name  of  Lille. 
The  early  forms,  and  the  fact  that  black  and  other 
colours  occur  earlier  and  more  frequently  than  red, 
are  against  connexion  with  prec.] 

1.  A  kind  of  woollen  fabric  formerly  used  for 
articles  of  attire,  esp.  in  the  i6th  century. 

«.  1488  Ace.  Lit.  High  Trias.  Scot.  I.  159  For  ij  elne  and 
j  quartar  of  grene  Ryssillis  for  a  gowne  and  a  coyr.  _  Ibid., 
For  v  quartaris  of  browne  Ryssillis  for  a  gowne  til  him. 

(3.  1541  Act  33  Hen.  VIII,  c.  16  Straungers.  .doe  make 
and  weave  sayes,  russelles,  worstedes,  and  diverse.. other 
clothes.  1545  Fabric  Rolls  York  Minster  (Surtees)  136  For 
a  }erde  and  a  quarter  of  red  russell,  25.  6d.  1587  FLEMING 
Contn.  Holinsltcd  III.  1290/1  Over  the  first  loome  was 
written,  the  weaving  of  worsted ;  over  the  second,  the 
weaving  of  russels. 

2.  attrib.  a.  In  names  of  stuffs,  as  russel(s)  black, 
cloth,  satin,  silk,  worsted. 

a.  1493  HALYBURTON  Ledger  (1867)  30,  3  stekis  of  ryssillis 
clath,  an  blak,  an  bron,  and  an  grey.  1494  Ace.  Ld.  High 
Trias.  Scot.  I.  224,  ij  ellis  of  Rissillis  blak,  to  be  a  coit 
aboune  his  Jak.  1542  Inv.  R.  Wardr.  (1815)  86  Item,  ane 
coit  of  rissillis  blak.  1550  J.  COKE  Eug.  fy  Fr.  Heralds 
§  212  Sayes,  tapislerie,  ryssel  worstedes,  cloth,  carpettes. 

p.  1552  in  J.  C.  Jeaffreson  Middlesex  County  Kec.  I. 
(1886)  8  A  womans  kertyll  of  Russell  worsted.  1554  Act 
I  <$•  2  Phil.  %  Mary,  c.  14  §  I  Russels  called  Russelles 
Sattens  and  Satten  Reverses.  1606  in  Lismore  Papers 
Ser.  n.  (1887)  1. 1 10,  iij  dosson  of  rustell  silkes  &  silver  longe 
buttens.  1653  Acts  ofParlt.  (1658)  270  The  Wardens  and 
Fellowship  of  the  Mystery  of  Russel-Sattins,  Sattins- 
Reverses,  and  Fustian  of  Norwich  making. 
b.  Denoting  '  made  of  russel(s)'. 

1567  Richmond  Wilts  (Surtees)  149  My  sarcenet  typpet, 
my  best  russelles  typpet,  and  my  best  cappe.  1703  Land. 
Gaz.  No.  3915/4  Stolen . . ,  ablack  Russel  Petticoat  flower'd. 

t  Rvrsselet.  06s.  Also  S  russelette.  [ad. 
F.  rousselet,  f.  OF.  roussel:  see  RUSSEL  1.  The 
French  form  of  the  name  is  still  in  use.]  One  of 
several  varieties  of  pear,  distinguished  by  their 
reddish-brown  colour  or  by  russet  specks. 

1693  EVELYN  De  la  Quint.  Compl.  Card.  I.  91  This 
Russelet-pear.  .is  a  Pear  of  a  midling  bigness,,  .of  a  grey 
Colour,  reddish  on  one  side,  and  of  a  dark  red  on  the  other, 
with  some  greenish  Parts  interlac'd.  1706  LONDON  &  WISE 
Retired  Card.  I.  vii.  29  The  Russelet  of  Reims  is  esteem'd 
one  of  the  best  Pears  that  grows.  Ibid.,  There  is  another 
Sort  of  Russelet,  which  is  smaller  than  that  last  mention'd. 
1786  ABERCROMBIE  Arr.  in  Card.  Assist,  p.  xii,  Pears... 
Principal  Varieties, . .  Great  russelette.  c  1820  Edin.  Encycl. 
XI.  212/1  The  Great  Russelet.. is  a  large  oblong  fruit,  of  a 
brownish  colour,  becoming  dark  red  next  the  sun. 

Russell  (rysel).  A  ribbed  or  corded  fabric, 
usually  made  with  a  cotton  warp  and  woollen 
weft.  Commonly  called  Russell  cord. 

1868  Chambers**  Encycl.  X.  268/1  Some  Coburgs,  Orleans, 
Russells,  and  Damasks  are  likewise  made  with  silk  warps. 
i88z  CAULFEILD  &  SAWARD  Diet.  Needlemk.  429/1  Russell 


greater,  embracing  says,  serges,.. Russell  cords,  coburgs,.. 
and  Orleans  cloth. 

t  Kusserine.     Obs.—*     Some  kind  of  fabric. 

1710  Land.  Gaz.  No.  4706/4  For  Sale..,  black  Prenels 
[  =  prunellas]  and  Russerines. 

Russet  (rtf'set),  sb.  and  a ,  Also  4-6,  9  russett 
(6  -ette),  5-6  russat,  7  russed,  rushet ;  5  rouss- 
et,  -at,  6  -ett ;  5  rosset(e,  roset(t)e,  5-6  reset, 
6  rosat.  [a.  OF.  rousset,  rosset,  roset,  etc.,  dim. 
of  rous  (mod.F.  roujc)  red  :  see  ROUSE  a.  Cf. 
also  F.  roussette  sb.  fern.] 

A.  sb.  1.  A  coarse  homespun  woollen  cloth  of 
a  reddish-brown,  grey  or  neutral  colour,  formerly 
used  for  the  dress  of  peasants  and  country-folk ; 
also  with  a  and  pi.,  a  kind  or  make  of  this. 

c  1275  Serving  Christ  70  in  0.  E.  Misc.  92  Ne  geyneb  vs 
.  .pe  robes  of  russet  ne  of  rencyan.  1362  LANCL.  P.  PI.  A. 
IX.  i  Thus  i-robed  in  russet,  romed  I  a-boute.  1377  Ibid. 
B.  xv.  162  Charite . .  is  as  gladde  of  a  goune  of  a  graye  rus 
set  As  of  a  tunicle  of  tarse  or  of  tyre  scarlet.  ia,\"]E.E.  Wills 
27,  xiij.  poure  men  clothed  in  Russett  ylyned  witt  white. 
c  1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  cf  Aymon  xxvi.  57 1  Thenne  reynaude 
.  .toke  a  cote  of  sory  russet  vpon  his  flesshe.  1341  Act  33 
Hen.  VIll,  c.  3  A  certayne  kinde  and  sorte  of  walshe 
clothes  called  whytes,  russettes,  and  kenettes.  1561  in 
Vicary's  Anat.  (:8S8)  App.  VI.  190  My  gowne  of  london 


RUSSET. 

russet,  furred  with  black.  1615  G.  SANDYS  Trav.  109  Ouer 
their  shashes  the  men  weare  rounds  of  stiffened  russet ;  to 
defend  their  braines  from  the  piercing  feruor.  1685  DRY- 
DEN  Pref.  to  Sylvx  Ess.  (Ker)  I.  265  Like  a  fair  shepherdess 
in  her  country  russet,  talking  in  a  Yorkshire  tone.  1730-46 
THOMSON  Autumn  353  Be  mindful  of  those  limbs  in  russet 
clad.  ^1763  SHKNSTONE  Elegies  x.  52  Yet  sure  on  Delia 
seems  the  russet  fair.  1819  SCOTT  Ivanhoe  xxvi,  I  wore 
russet  before  I  wore  motley.  1866  ROGERS  Agric.  %  Prices 
I.  576  Russet  was  the  dress  affected  by  the  Lollards. 
fig.  c  '43°  LYDG.  Min.  Poems  (Percy  Soc.)  24  Constreynt 
of  colde  makith  floures  dare  With  winter  frostes, . .  All  clad 
in  russet,  the  soil  of  grene  is  bare.  1762  CHURCHILL  Pro 
phecy  of  Famine  Wks.  1767  I.  89  Far  as  the  eye  could 
reach,  no  tree  was  seen,  Earth,  clad  in  russet,  scorn'd  the 
lively  green. 

t  b.  pi.  Garments  of  such  cloth.  Obs. 
1586  WARNER  Alb.  Eng.  iv.  xx.  (1602)  95  He  borrowed  on 
the  working  dales  his  holy  russets  oft.  1627  S.  WARD  Life  of 
Faith  112  See  whether  hee  will  cry  when  you  bid  him  lay 
off  his  russets  ?  a  1645  HEVWOOD  Fortune  by  Land  fr  Sea 
n.  i,  And  so  you  were,  .forc'd  to  put  on  these  russets  and 
sheepskins. 

2.  A  reddish-brown  colour ;  a  shade  of  this. 
1532-3  Act  24  Hen.    VIII,  c.  13  Veluette,  satten,  and 

damaske,  being  of  the  colours  of  blacke,  tawny,  or  russet. 
1573  Art  of  Limming  p.  viii,  If  you  will  mingle  a  litle 
portion  of  white  with  a  good  quantitie  of  redde,  you  may 
make  thereof  a  Russet,  or  a  sadde  Browne,  at  your  discre 
tion.  1624  MIDDLETON  Game  at  Chess  II.  i,  Take  these 
papers,  Scorch  me  'em  soundly,  burn  'em  to  French  russet, 
And  put  'em  in  again.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  344/2  With 
..an  Hand  Brush.  .Plasterers.,  lay  Whiting  and  Russet 
within  their  own  compass  or  reaching.  1719  LONDON^  & 
WISE  Compl.  Card.  90  'Tis  Gray,  over-cast  with  something 
of  a  Russet,  coming  near  the  Colour  of  the  Belly  of  a  Doe. 
1834  MUDIE  Brit.  Birds  (1841)  I.  172  There  is  russet  in  the 
spots  of  the  starling.  1875  STEVENSON  Ess.  Trav.,  Autumn 
Effect  (1905)  i 19  1  he  sky  was  an  opal-gray,  touched  here 
and  there,  .with  certain  faint  russets  that  looked  as  if  they 
were  reflections  of  the  colour  of  the  autumnal  woods  below. 

3.  a.  A  variety  of  eating  apple,  of  a  reddish  or 
yellowish  brown  colour,  or  marked  with  brownish 
spots,  and  having  a  rough  skin  ;  an  apple  of  this 
kind.      (Cf.  the  earlier  RUSSETING  3.) 


n.  ni.  352  Apples. ..  winter  rearmam,  rtromuucit  ixussci, 
Pear  Russet.  1843  )•  SMITH  Forest  Trees  156  Golden 
russet  will  do  ordinarily  well  as  a  standard.  1846  J.  BAXTER 
Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  I.  59  Golden  pippins,  Golden 
russet,  a  1898  MRS.  LYNN  LINTON  in  Layard  Life  (1901)  u. 
26  He  filled  my  pockets  with  golden  russets. 

attrib.   1887  JEFFERIES  Amaryllis  xii,  Iden  junior  sent  in 
the  best  apples  for  sauce  from  his  favourite  russet  trees. 
fb.  A  variety  of  pear.     [F.  roussette.]     Obs. 

1725  Fam.  Diet.  s.v.  Pears,  Skinless  Pear,  is  a  Russet  in 
Shape  and  Taste. 

4.  A  species  of  noctuid  moth. 

1832  J.  RENNIE  Butter/!.  I)  M.  72  The  Russet,  .appears 
in  August. 

5.  (See  quots.  and  cf.  B.  5.)     Also  attrib. 
1851-3  Tomlinson's  Cycl.  Useful  Arts  (1867)  II.  35/2  At 

this  part  of  the  process,  the  currier  stores  his  skins,  because 
they  are  brought  to  that  state  (technically  called  finished 
russet)  in  which  they  can  be  best  preserved.  1858  SIMMONDS 
Diet.  Trade,  Rus\.s\et-offal,..\i\y  or  calf  curried  leather. 
B.  adj.  1.  Of  a  reddish -brown  colour. 

In  the  isth  and  i6th  cent,  usually  of  cloth. 

.'ii  1400  Morte  Artli.  237  Maluesye  and  muskadelle,  base 
meruelyous  drynkes,  Raykede  fulle  rathely  in  rossete 
cowpes.  c  1420  LYDG.  Assembly  of  Gods  325  The  rewde 


Russet,  which  is  somewhat  lighter  then  blacke.  1594 
Warres  of  Cyrus  226  The  woods  Where  first  the  hounds  put 
vp  a  russet  beare.  1632  MILTON  L'Allegro  71  Russet 
Lawns,  and  Fallows  Gray,  Where  the  nibling  flocks  do 
stray.  i6«8  WILKINS  Real  Char.  127  Either  that  of  a  rus 
set  colour,.. or  that  of  a  shining  green.  1704  POPE  Wind 
sor  Forest  i.  23  In  full  light  the  russet  plains  extend.  1755 
J.  SHEBBEARE  Lydia  (1769)  II.  273  Sir  Simon,  .beheld  one 
blue  stocking  peeping  above  the  boot,  the  other  russet.  1820 
SCOTT  Monast.  viii,  The  oak-trees  only  retained  that  pallid 
green  that  precedes  their  russet  hue.  1848  DICKENS  Dam- 
hey  lix,  Objects  began  to  take  a  bleared  and  russet  colour  in 
his  eyes.  1877  W.  BLACK  Green  Past,  xxxiv,  We  saw  an 
eagle  slowly  sailing  over  the  russet  woods. 

b.  Applied  to  varieties  of  apples  (t  or  pears). 

1664  EVELYN  Kal.  Hort.  Oct.,  Pears.— The  caw-pear.., 
clove-pear,  roussel-pear,  . .  russet-pear.  Ibid.  (1729)  191 
Apples,  Kentish  Pippin,  Russet  Pippin,  Golden  Pippin 
[etc.].  1731  MILLER  Card.  Diet.  s.v.  Leaves,  On  the  sixth 
of  August,  he  cut  off  a  large  Russet-Pippin.  1887  BESANT 
World  Went\.  3  Creased  and  lined  like  a  russet  apple. 

C.  In  names  of  birds,  as  russet  kingfisher,  star 
ling,  w/ieatear ;  or  plants,  as  russet  sedge. 

ci7<x>  in  Dampier  Voyages  (1729)  III.  403  Russet  King's 
Fisher.  Is  known  by  a  white  Ring  about  his  neck.  1783 
LATHAM  Gen.  Synop.  Birds  II.  n.  468  Russet  Wheat  tar. 
1839  Miss  PRATT  Brit.  GrasscsVI.  34  Russet  Sedge.  Fer 
tile  spikelets  ovate,  obtuse,  the  lower  one  stalked.  1883 
ig/A  Cent.  Aug.  302  The  russet-starling  seems  possessed 
with  an  insatiable  desire  to  kill  insects. 

d.  Qualifying  adjs.  and  sbs.  denoting  colour. 

1676  Phil.  Trans.  XL  585  Some  kinds  of  those  black  and 


russet  brown  bedight,..He  crept  along.  1821  CLXBE  Vill. 
Mimtr.  I.  92  A  russet  red  the  hazels  gain.  1873  LONGF. 
Wayside  Inn  in.  Emma  *  Eginhard  87  The  leaves  fell, 
russet-golden  and  blood-red. 

e.  Comb.,  as  russet-backed,  -bearded,  -coloured, 
-fated,  -roofed.    Also  RUSSET-COATED. 


RUSSET. 

1590  SHAKS.  Mids.  j.V.  m.  ii.  21  As  Wilde-geese,  that  the 
creeping  Fowler  eye,  Or  russet-pated  choughes.  1704  Diet. 
Rust.,  Pcaf'skinless  ,.  is  longish  shaped,  and  Russet- 
colour'd.  1743  G.  EDWARDS  Nat.  Hist.  Birds  I.  31  The 
Red  or  Russet-colour  d  Wheat-Ear.  i8S4WnyiE  MELVILLE 
Gen.  Bounce  \,  Those  gaunt,  grim,  russet-bearded  giants 
that  made  the  despot  of  the  Lower  Empire  quake  upon  his 
throne.  1884  CODES  N.  Amer.  Birds  247  l\urdus\  ustu- 
latus... Russet-Backed  Thrush.  1898  TheMonth  Nov.  487 
Its  clustering,  russet-roofed  hamlets. 

2.  Of  garments,  etc.  :  Made  of  russet  cloth. 

c  1440  Pallad.  on  Husb.  I.  830  Eek  as  for  hail  a  russet    \ 
weede  js  To  kest  vpon  the  querne.    1459  Paston  Lett.  I.  476    I 
Item,  iij.  quarters  of  a  russet  gowne  withought  slevys.     1509    ! 
HAWES  Past.  Pleas,  xxxv.  (Percy  Soc.)   180  In  a  russet     • 
banner  on  the  sixt  heade  There  was  wrytten  this  worde,    ! 
Detraction.      1514  BARCLAY  Cyt.  fy    Uplondyshtn.    (Percy 
Soc.)  21  And  we  poore  herdes  in  russet  cloke  and  hode,  It  is 
not  clothynge  can  make  a  man  be  good.    1602  SHAKS.  Haw.     • 
i.  i.  166  But  looke,  the  Morne  in  Russet  mantle  clad,  Walkes    : 
o're   the  dew  of  yon    high    Easterne  Hill.     1642   I-'LLLKK 
Holy  $  Prof.  St.  it.  xviii.  116  He  weares  russet  clothes, 
but   makes    golden    payment.      1742   SHENSTONE  School- 
mistr.  64  A  russet  stole  was  o'er  her  shoulders  thrown.   1788 
BURNS  Written  in  Friars-C arse  Hermitage?.  Bethouclad    ; 
in  russet  weed,  Be  thou  deckt  in  silken  stole.     1826  Hpou    \ 
A  Fairy  Talc  viii,  Weary  of  sitting  on  ht!r  russet  clothing. 
t8zB  MACAU  LAV  Ess.,  Milton  (1851)  I.  8  His  muse  had  no    - 
objection  to  a  russet  attire.     1883  Fisheries  Exhib.  Catal. 
(ed.  4)  133  One  Pair  '  Russett '  Woollen  Trousers,  undyed, 
handspun,  and  woven. 

fb.  R  us  set  gown,  a  country  girl.  Obs."1 

1703  in  Ashton  •Soc,  Life  Q.  Anne  II.  112  Squires  come  to 
Court  to  some  fine  Town  Lady,  and  Town  Sparks  to  pick 
up  a  Russet  Gown, 

3.  Clad  in  russet  or  homespun  cloth. 

c  1613  MIDDLETON  A'o  Wit  like  a  Woman  s  iv.  ii,  I've 
given  welcome  To  forty  russet  yeomen  at  a  time.  1635 
TAYLOR  Parr  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Malh.)  IV.  209  From  the 
emp'ror  to  the  russet  clown,  All  states,  each  sex,  from  cot 
tage  to  the  crown.  1642  H,  MORE  Son*  of  Soul  n.  xlii,  He 
pincht  his  hat,  and  from  his  horses  side  Stretcht  forth  his 
russet  legs, 

4.  Rustic,  homely,  simple. 

1588  SHAKS.  L.L.L.   v.   ii.  413  Henceforth  my  woing 
ininde  shall  be  exprest  In  russet  yeas,  and  honest  kersie  noes. 
1603  DEKKER  &  CHETTLE  Grissil  035  This  is  thy  russet 
gentrie,  coate  and  crest :  Thy  earthen  honors  I  will  neuer 
hide.    1652  BENLOWES  Theoph.  xn.  ii,  111  suits  it  with  a    I 
Russet  Life,  to  write  Court-Tissue.  1882  PKBODY  Eng.  Jour-    \ 
'talisinxii.  88  That  terse  and  epigrammatic  style,  .which, 
with   its   russet  Saxon,   has   since   given   him  one  of  the 
highest  positions  in  the  Parliamentary  arena, 

5.  Of  boots  or  shoes :  Made  of  leather  which 
has  not  been  blackened  ;  tan,  brown. 

1667  WOOD  £*>fc(O.H.  S.)!!.  102  To  Rich  for  blacking  my 
russet  shoes.  1838  DICKENS  Nicktcby  vi,  With  russet  boots  on 
his  feet.  1851  MAYHEW  Land.  Labour  I.  274  The  min 
strel's  garb.. was  not  always  the  short  laced  tunic,  tight 
trousers,  and  russet  boots.  1893  ASHBY  STERRY  Naughty 
Girl  vi,  Their  print  frocks,  their  pinafores,  their  russet 
shoes  were  gone. 

Russet  (re-set),  v.     [f.  the  adj.] 

1.  trans.  To  render  russet  in  colour;  fto  scorch 
or  parch  to  a  russet  colour. 

1x1592  GREENE  Vision  Wks.  (Grosart)  XII.  224  His 
doublet  was  of  leather,  russeted  after  the  best  fashion.  i6»8 
FELTHAM  Resolves  n.  xviii,  If  the  Land  be  russeted  with  a 
bloudlesse  Famine,  are  not  the  poore  the  first  that  sacrifice 
their  Hues  to  Hunger?  1688  HOLME  Armoury  in.  396/1 
Plasterers,  .may.  .\Vhitten,  Russet,  or  Black  any  Posts,  or 
parts  of  an  House.  1730  THOMSON  Hymn  Seasons  96  The 
Summer  ray  Russets  the  plain,  inspiring  Autumn  gleams. 
1903  Daily  Chron,  28  May  7/3  The  whole  surface  [of  a 
sword]  russeted,  and  encrusted  with  cherubs'  heads. 

2.  intr.  To  become  russet  in  colour. 

1678  VAUGHAN  Silex  Scint.  in.  Thalia  Rediv.  245  Our 
i^rass  straight  russets,  and  each  scorching  day  Drinks  up  our 
brooks.  1891  [see  the  ppl.a.\ 

Hence  Rirsseted  ppl.  a. ;  Rirsseting  vbl.  sb. 
and///,  a. 

1576-7  in  Feuillerat  Revels  Q.  Eliz.  (1908)  262  For  xij 
sheepe  skynnes  vj".  For  paring  and  russeting  of  them  ij*. 
1885-94  R.  BRIDGES  Eros  $  Psyche  Aug.  viii,  Entering 
'neath  the  shade  Of  cedar  old  and  russeted  tall  pine.  1891 
Daily  News  23  Sept.  3/1  Under  the  russeting  boughs  of 
the  trees. 

Russet,  obs.  form  of  ROSET  a. 

Russet  coat.    [RUSSET  a.] 

1.  A  coat  of  russet  cloth  or  colour,  typical  of  a 
humble  or  rustic  condition. 

1551  LATIMER  Serin.  (1584)  231  Though  we  bee  very  poore, 
and  haue  but  a  Russet  coate.  1594  NASHE  Terrors  of 
Night  Wks.  (Grosart)  III.  279  Yet  bow  your  knees  to  their 
leathern  baggies  and  russet  coates,  that  they  may  blesseyou 
from  the  ambition  of  Tiburne. 

attrib.  1553  M.  WOOD  tr.  Gardiner's  True  Obedience  59  b, 
His  first  wife,  olde  plaine  russet  cote  lone  of  the  countri, 
good  wife  truth. 

f2.  A  peasant,  rustic ;  a  homely  person.  Obs. 

1568  SKINNER  tr.  Montanus*  Sp.  Inquisit.  86  Being  but  a 
plaine  fellow  and  as  a  man  would  say  a  very  Russet*cote. 
1580  LYLV  Euphues  (Arb.)  443  Disdaine  not  those  that  are 
base,  thinke  with  your  selues  that  russet  coates  haue  their 
Christendome.  1597  Pilgr.  Parnass.  HI.  277  Each  earth- 
creepinge  peasant  russet-coate  Is  in  request  for  his  well-lined 
pouch e. 

3.  A  russet  apple.     Also  attrib. 

1601  LYLV  Wks.  (1902)  I.  492  Wee  haue  jenitings,  pare- 
mayns,  russet  coates,  pippines,  able-Johns.  1860  HOGG 
Fruit  Manual  21  Pitmaston  Nonpareil  (Russet  Coat  Non 
pareil).  ..Skin  dull  green,  covered  with  a  thin  yellow  russet. 

Russet-coated,  a.   [RUSSET  a.  i  e.  Cf.  also 
prec.]     Wearing  a  russet  coat ;  rustic,  homely. 
1596  R.  LINCHE  Dietta  (1877)  69  With  this,  hee  seekes  a 


925 

russet-coated  Tree,  and  straight  disclothes  him  of  his  long- 
worne  weed.  1643  CROMWELL  Let.  Sept.  in  Carlylet  A 
plain  russet-coated  Captain  who  knows  what  he  fights  for. 
1683  TRVON  Way  to  Health  394  As  great  content  and 
satisfaction  with  Ins  poor  Russet-Coated  Wife,  as  the 
greatest  Prince  with  his  Gayest  Bride.  1867  CARLYLK 
Rcminis.  (1881)  II.  31  It  looks  to  me  now  like  a  kind  of 
humble  russet-coated  epic. 

Russeting  (rzrsetin).  Also  6-7  russetting, 
7  rousset(t)ing ;  7  russoten,  7-9  russetin,  8-9 
russetine.  [f.  RUSSET  sb.  or  a.  +  -ING  a.J 

1 1.   a.  Russet  clothing.    Obs.— l 

a  1588 TARLTON  in  T*$  Jests (Shaks.  Soc.)  p.  xxv,  He  must 
chaunge  his  russetting  For  satin  and  silke. 
t  b.  A  boot  of  russet  leather.   Obs~^ 

c  1613  ROWLANDS  Paire  of  Spy- Knaves  (Hunterian  CI.)  16 
Yet  still  in  Russettings  he  will  appeare,  Although  with 
Shoemaker  he  neuer  cleere. 

t  2.  A  peasant,  rustic;  a  simple  fellow.     Obs. 

1597  Bp.  HALL  Sat.  I.  iii,  A  goodly  hoch-poch,  when  vile 
Russettings  Are  match't  with  monarchs,  and  with  mighty 
kings.  1605  Tryail  Chevalr.  \\\  i.  in  Bullen  Old  PI,, 
Away,  ye  russeting.  163*  CHAPMAN  &  SHIRLEY  Bail  n.  i. 
Farewell,  russeting;  Thou  art  not  worth  my  spleen. 

3.  A  russet  apple.     Cf.  RUSSET  sb,  3. 

1607  HEYWOOD  Fair  Maid  Exch,  G  iv,  Fid.  You  arc  a 
pippmmonger  to  call  me  Russetting  or  apple  lohn.  Bw. 
Sirra  Russetting,  ile  pare  your  head  off.  1664  EVELYN 
Kal.  ffart.Dec.,  Apples.  Roussetting,  Leather-coat,  Win 
ter  Reed,  Chess-nut  apple.  1707  MORTIMER  Husl>.  (1721) 
II.  286  The  Aromatick  or  Golden-Russeting  hath  no 
compare,  1743  Phil,  Trans.  XLIII.  525,  I  have  sent  you 
some  nurselings  changed  by  the  Farina  of  a  next-door 
Neighbour.  1824  Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  i.  (1866)47 
The  brown  rough  fruitage  of  the  golden-rennet's  next 
neighbour  the  russeting. 

b.  attrib.  \i\fa  apple,  face. 

1605  Tryail  Chevalr.  11.  i.  in  Bullen  Old  PL,  Leere 
not,  Lobster,  lest  I  thump  that  russeting  face  of  yours  with 
my  sword  hilt.  1611  COIGH.,  Ronssette,  a  russetin  Apple. 
1725  SLOANE  Jamaica  II.  197  A  fruit.. as  big  as  a  large 
Russeting  apple.  1861  T.  L.  PEACOCK  Gryll  Gr.  vi,  The 
tears  in  his  eyes  and  the  passionate  utterances  of  his 
voice,  contrasted  strangely  with  a  round  russetin  face. 

Ru'ssetisli,  a.  ran1,  [f.  RUSSET  a.  +  -ISH.] 
Somewhat  of  a  russet  colour. 

1600  Si'RFLET  Countrie  Far  me  n.  xxiii.  230  White  ones 
[onions]  are  a  great  deale  better  then  those  of  a  russettish  or 
reddish  colour.  1640  PARKINSON  T/icatr.  Bot.  247  Of  a 
pale  russettish  colour. 

Russety  (nrseti),  a.  [f.  RUSSET  a.  +  -Y.] 
Inclining  to,  approaching,  a  russet  colour. 

1778  [\V.  H.  MARSHALL]  Minutes  Agric^  Obsen<.  167 
Hedges  look  russetty  in  June.  1812  H.  &  J.  SMITH  Kcj. 
Addr.\\\.  (1873)  61  And  Yamen's  cheek  is  a  russety  brown. 
1860  HOGG  Fruit  Manual  190  Skin.. thickly  covered  with 
grey  russety  dots.  1890  H.  M.  STANLEY  Darkest  Africa 
I.  xi.  250  Rich  russety  circles  of  leaves. 

Russewale,  variant  of  RUSSWALE  Obs. 

Russia  (rtf'Ja).  [med.L.,  f.  Kussi  the  Russ 
ians  :  see  Russ.  The  Russian  form  Pocciii 
Rossiya  appears  to  have  been  adopted  from 
Byzantine  Gr.  'P<aaia.]  The  name  of  the  country 
in  the  east  of  Europe,  used  attributively. 

1.  Kitssia  leather,  a  very  durable  leather  made 
of  skins  impregnated  with  oil  distilled  from  birch- 
bark,  extensively  used  in  bookbinding. 

1658  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Card*  Cyrus  iii.  147  The  like  Reticu 
late  grain  is  observable  in  some  Russia  Leather.  1662  J. 
DAVIES  tr.  Olearius1  Voy,  Ambass.  76  Their  boots,  .are 
inadeof  Russia  leather,  or  Goats  skin.  1716  HEARNECW&'C/. 
(O.  H.  S.)  V.  365  He  hath  bound  it  in  Russia  Leather.  1740 
WOODBOOn  in  Hanway  Trail.  (1762)  I.  n.  xvii.  74  Casan.. 
has  several  manufactures  of  red  russia  leather.  1852  MOR- 
FIT  Tanning  fy  Currying  (1853)  372  Russia  leather  consists 
of  calf,  sheep,  and  goat  skins,  dyed  generally  of  a  red  color, 
1871  M.  COLLINS  Marq.  fy  Merck.  II.  viii.  227  Russia  leather 
odorous  with  the  aroma  of  silver  birch-rind. 

attrib.  1656111  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  III.  383 

For  2  dozen  of  Russ.  Leather  chayres  at  7'.  6i].     1676  7<WM 

1 8  Russia  leather  Chayres  for  the  Parlor.     vjo^Lond.  Gas. 

No.  4027/4  With  a  new  Russia  Leather  Saddle  and  Bridle. 

b.  ellipt.  in  this  sense. 

rtiBArt  Bk**bindtng  45  Mark  the  paper  into  squares  from 
point  to  point  each  way,  and  then  lay  it  exactly  on  the 
russia,  i86a  BURTON  Bk.  Hunter  i.  27  No  one  likes  sheep's 
clothing  for  his  literature,  even  if  he  should  not  aspire  to 
russia  or  morocco.  1876  GEO.  ELIOT  Dan,  Der.  xxxvi,  The 
scent  of  russia  from  the  books. 

attrib.  and  Comb.  1817  DIBDIN  Bibliogr,  Decant.  II.  510 
Specimens  of  his  own  russia-bmdings.  x8i8  Art  Bfc.- 
btnding  45  When  the  lacing  is  complete,  put  a  piece  of 
paper  on  the  russia  bands.  1846  G.  DODD  Brit.  Mann/. 
VI.  103  An  elegant  morocco  or  russia-bound  book. 

2.  In  the  specific  names  of  various  articles,  chiefly 
made  in,  or  imported  from,   Russia,  as   Russia 
ashes,  braid,  crash,  drab,  duck,  etc.  (see  quots.). 

1819  Pantotogia,  *  Russia  ashes,  the  impure  potash,  as 
imported  from  Russia.  1882  CAULFEILD  &  SAWARD  Diet. 
Needlewk.  429/1  * 'Russia  Braids.  These  are  made  respect 
ively  in  two  materials— Mohair  and  Silk.  Ibid,,  *Rits*ia. 
Crash,  a  coarse  linen,  or  hempen  textile,  derived  from 
Russia,  or  made  of  Russian  hemp.  1780  J,  HOWARD 
Prisons  299  The  men  have  a  *Russia.drab  coat  and  breeches. 
1858  SIMMONDS  Diet.  Trade,  *  Russia-duck,  a  white  linen 
fine  canvas.  1882  CAULFEILD  &  SAWARD  Diet.  Needlewk. 
429/2  Russia  Duck,  this  is  a  description  of  strong  coarse 
linen  Jean,  made  for  trouserings,  and  having  its  origin  in 
Russia.  1663  PEPVS  Diary  6  June,  To  see  the  orders 
about  the  *  Russia  hemp  that  is  to  be  fetched  from  Arch 
angel.  1875  KNIGHT  Diet.  Meek.  2005/2  *  Russia-matting, 
matting  manufactured  in  Russia  from  the  inner  bark  of  the 
linden.  188*  CAULFEILD  &  SAWARD  Diet,  Needlewk,  429/3 


RUSSIAN. 

'    "Russia  Musquash  (Fiber  zi&ethkus),   this  animal  is  also 

,    known  as  the  Perewiaska.     1773  *Russiu  oil  (see  RUSSIAN 

15.  2  c].     1764  Phil.  Trans.  IA\,  5  The  uppermost  fillets.  - 

were    woven    something    after    the    manner    of   'Russia- 

sheeting.       1875  _  KNIGHT    Diet.   Meek.    2005/2    ^Russia 

i    .Y/riv/-mw,s,heet-iron  made  in  Russia,  and  having  a  smooth, 

glossy  surface  of  a  purplish  color,  sometimes  mottled. 

b.  el  lift,  for  Russia  iron,  linen. 

1798  Monthly  Mag.  June  481   Irish  linens  are  becoming 

exceedingly  scarce. . .  Russias  are  also  very  scarce  at  present. 

1884  KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  Suppl.  772/2  s.  v.  Russian  Iran, 
The  American  product,  or  '  imitation  Russia '. 

Russian  (ry-Jan),  sb.  and  a.     Also  9  colloq. 

Roos(h)ian.     [ad.  med.L.  Russian-its,  f.  Russia  ; 

see   prec.     So    F.   RUSSIM,    Sp.   Rusiano.      The 

pron.   (rw'Jan)   is     still    current    in    dialect    and 

•    among  uneducated  speakers.] 

A.  s&,  1.  A  native  of  Russia.     Also  with  dis- 
I   tinguishing  adjs.,  as   Great,  Little,   White  Russ 
ians  (see  quot.  1886). 

1538  ELYOT  s.  v,  .V.jY.r,  They  be  nowe  called  Russyans, 
Moscuuites, _and  Tartaricns.  1588  SHAKS.  L.  L.  L.  v.  ii. 
443  What  did  the  Russian  whisper  in  your  eare ':  1606 
DKKKER  Seueu  Dcatily  Sixties  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  28  The 
Russians  haue  an  excellent  custome  ;  they  beate  them  on 
the  shi lines,  that  haue  inony,  and  will  not  pay  thttr  debts. 
1716  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Lett.  xlv[ij.  II.  28  My  grooms 
;ire  Arabs  ;..  my  housemaids  Russians.  1831  SINCLAIR  Corr. 

\  II.  248  The  Russians  are  so  fond  of  a  country  life. .that 
almost  all  of  them  who  have  estates,  quit  the  army  and 
navy  a.s  soon  as  they  can.  1886  F.ncycl.  Brit.  XXI.  79/1 
Three  different  branches ..  can  be  distinguished  among  the 
Russians  since  the  dawn  of  their  history :— the  Great 

j     Russians,  the  Little  Russians..,  and  the  White  Russians. 

b.  A  member  of  the  Russian  church,    rare-1. 
1585-7!'.  ROGKKS  39  Art,  (1607)74  Which  hold  and  affirm 

I     that .. the  Holy  Ghost  proceedeth  from  the  Father,  but  not 
j     from  the  Son  ;  as  at  this  day.  .the  Russians,  .maintain. 

c.  Aiistr,  An  unruly  animal. 

1890  'R.  BOI.DREWOOD'  CW.  Reformer (i%g\)  222 The  head 
,  stockman,  .had  been  sent  off  to.,  give  the  Rainbar  folks  a 
,  turn,  and  draft  their  '  Roosians  '  for  them. 

2.  The   language   of  Kussia ;    also   (with   dis 
tinguishing  adjs,),  a  form  or  dialect  of  this. 

1716  LADV^  M.  W.  MONTAGU  Lett.  xlv[i].  II.  28  In  Pera 
they  speak  Turkish,  Greek,  Hebrew,  Armenian,  Arabic, 
Persian,  Russian.  1842  Penny  Cycl.  XXII.  106/2  There 
have  been  several  translations  of  it  into  the  present  Russian. 

1885  MOKFILL  Slavonic  Lit.   i.   6  The  Little   Russian   i±> 
spoken  in  all  the  southern  governments  of  Russia. 

3.  ellipt.  for  Russian  hemp,  iron,  leather^  wheat. 
1862  BURTON  Bk.  Hunter  i.  41  The  plebeian  sheepskin  and 

the  aristocratic  russian.  1893  Daily  News  5  June  2/8  Ital 
ian  hemps  are  very  scarce.  ..Russians  are  also  advancing. 
1897  Ibid.  9  Dec.  11/4  The  cargo  market  for  wheat  is  still 
very  quiet.  ..Russians  are  still  held  far  above  the  market 
value* 

B.  adj.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Russia  or  its 
people;    inhabiting,  native  to,   characteristic   of, 
Russia. 

1588  SHAKS.  L.L.L,  v.  ii.  401,  I  will  wish  thee  neuer 
more  to  dance,  Nor  neuer  more  in  Russian  habit  \vaite, 
1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  fy  Coniinii',  (1603)  155  Horsemen 
with  all  necessaries  meete  for  the  warre  after  the  Russian 
manner.  1653  W.  COGAN  tr.  Pinto's  Trav.  xxvii.  104  There 
we  happened  to  meet  with  a  Russian  prisoner,  that  received 
us  very  charitably.  1728-46  THOMSON  Spring  113  If, 
brush'd  from  Russian  wilds,  a  cutting  gale  Rise  not.  1797 
J'lncycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  I.  659/2  The  great  goose..,  weighing 
near  25  or  30  Russian  pounds.  1838  Penny  Cycl.  XI.  436/1 
The  Russian  church,  which  now  constitutes  the  most  im 
portant  branch  of  the  Greek  church.  1842  PRICK ARD  Nat, 
Hist.  Man  198  The  Russian  peasantry  have  often  light* 
brown,  or  flaxen,  or  red  hair.  1883  MORFILL  Slavonic  Lit. 
iii.  49  Kiev,  .was  the  first  seat  of  toe  Russian  nationality. 

Comb.  1868  Rep.  U.S.  Commits.  Agric.  (1869)  175  The 
Russian-born  inhabitants  were.. almost  without  exception 
convicts  from  Siberia  or  elsewhere.  1900  Westm.  Gaz. 
22  Nov.  1 1/1  In  future  only  Russian-made  goods  are  to  be 
used  in  the  department. 

b.   Trading  with  Russia  or  in  Russian  goods. 

1885  Census  Instruct,  Index,  Russian  Merchant. 

2.  In  specific  names  or  designations :  a.  Of 
animals,  etc.,  as  Russian  bear,  dove,  eagle,  gadtts. 

1599  SHAKS.  Hen.  Vt  in.  vii.  154  Foolish  Curres,  that 
runne  winking  into  the  mouth  of  a  Russian  Beare.  1605  — 
Macb.  in.  iv.  100  Approach  thou  like  the  rugged  Russian 
Ueare.  1688  HOLME  Armoury  n.  244/1  The  Runt  Pigeon 
or  Russian  Dove. .are  large  Pigeons  as  big  as  young  Hens. 
1781  LATHAM  Gen,  SynoA.  Birds  I.  i.  43  Russian  Eagle. 
1803  SHAW  Gen.  Zool.  IV.  i.  158  Russian  Gadtts,  a  third 
variety  of  the  Weesle  Gadus,  under  the  above  title  is  de 
scribed  by  Mr.  Walbaum.  1842  YOUATT  Dog  144  The  Russ 
ian  pointer  is  a  rough,  ill-tempered  animal. 

b.  Of  fruits  or  plants,  as  Russian  apple,  birch, 
cabbage,  fenugreek^  maple,  rhubarb. 

1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  III.  520/2  The  Russian  cabbage 
was  formerly  in  much  greater  esteem  than  at  present.  i8» 
Hortus  Attglicits  II.  285  Trigonclla.  Ruthcnica.  Small  or 
Russian  Fenugreek.  1843  HOLTZAPFFEL  7"wr«/«£-I.74Some 
of  the  Russian  birch  (called  Russian  maple)  is  very  beauti 
ful  and  of  a  full  yellow  colour.  1861  BENTLEY  Man,  Bot. 
621  The  principal  kinds  of  Rhubarb  arc  Russian  or  Turkey, 
Chinese  or  East  Indian,  Himalayan,  and  English.  1882 
Garden  9  Dec.  507/2  The  name  Russian  is  broadly  applied 
to  all  apples  developed  from  the  Russian  or  Astrachan 
Crab  wherever  they  may  have  originated. 

c.  Of   economic  products,   as    Russian    deal, 
iron,  leather  (si.  RUSSIA  i\mat,  rope. 

1773  tr.  DC  La  Lands* s  Art  of  Tanning  198  The  Russian 
leather  being  thus  printed)  is  smeared  with  Russia  oil.  1839 
Russian  iron  [see  SABLE  sbl  3].  1846  LINDLEY  Veget. 
Kingd.  372  The  Russian  mats  of  commerce  are  manufactured 
from  the  Tilia,  1861  BENTLEY  Man.  Bot.  659  Finns  sylvts- 


RUSSIAN. 

iris,  the  Scotch  Fir,  which  yields  the  timber  known  as 
Danuic  or  Riga  Fir,  and  Russian  Deal.  1874  in  Ruskin 
Fors  Clav.  xlvi.  IV.  242  On  the  relative  strength  of  hand* 
spun  yarn  rope.. and  Russian  yarn  rope. 

d.  Miscellaneous  uses,  as  Kussiau  blouse,  chess, 
embroidery,  stitch. 

1871  RoittlcJge's  Ev.  Boy's  Ann.  181  Who's  for  a  game  at 
Russian  chess:  1882  CAULFEILD  &  SAWARD  Diet.  Needle- 
tf£.  429/2  Russian  Embroidery. .is  worked  either  upon  hoi- 
lands  and  washing  materials,  .or  urjon  cloth.  Ibid.  125,1 
Ribbed  Stitch.. is  also  called  Russian  stitch.  It  is  much 
used  for  babies'  socks  and  muffatees.  1898  Pall  Mall  G. 
10  Feb.  3/2  A  hope.. that  the  days  of  the  Russian  blouse 
are  numbered. 

3.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  concerned  with,  the 
Russian  language  or  literature. 

1797  Encytl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  XIV.  567/1  The  Russian  letters. 
Ibid.  567/2  The  Russian  grammar  above-mentioned.  1842 
Pinny  Cycl.  XXII.  127  Some  works,  .printed  in  the  Russian 
character.  1888  JACOBI  Printers  Vocab.  117  Russian  cases, 
cases  of  special  lay  for  type  used  in  composing  that  language. 

Hence  Bu'ssiau  z>.,  to  force  by  Russian  influence 
or  pressure,  nonce-word. 

1756  H.  WALTOLE  Let.  to  Mann.  ^25  Jan.,  The  King  of 
Prussia  has  been  Russianed  out  of  their  [the  French]  alliance. 

Bussianism  (wJSniz'm).    [f.  RUSSIAN  a.] 

1.  Tendency  to  favour  Russia. 

1835  Fraser's  Mag .  LI.  240  Lord  John  Russell,  who  will 
hardly  be  suspected  of  Russian  ism,  distinctly  disclaimed  any 
such  view. 

2.  Prevalence  of  Russian  ideas  or  spirit. 

1864  Daily  Telt'gr.  26  May,  If  you  walk  through  the 
streets  of  Warsaw  with  a  hat,  which  is  considered  a  symbol 
of  Russianism.  1878  SEELEY  Stein  III.  15  '  If  only,' he 
writes,  '  there  were  common  sense  in  KutusorFs  army  in 
stead  of  Russianism.' 

3.  Adoption  of  Russian  idioms. 

i885  American  XII.  219  The  translation .. is  free  from., 
excessive  Russianism. 

Bivssiaiiiza'tiou.  [f.  next  + -ATION.]  The 
action  or  process  of  Russianizing. 

1891  Daily  News  10  Nov.  5  '6  With  the  object  of  encourag 
ing  Russians  to  settle  in  Poland,  and  of  thus  contributing 
tu  tile  more  rapid  Russianisation  of  that  country. 

Bussianize  (rzrjanaiz),  v.  [f.  RUSSIAN  a.  + 
-IZE.  Cf.  F.  nissianiser.}  trans.  To  render  Russ 
ian  in  character ;  to  Russify. 

1831  PALGHAVE  Hist.  Anglo-Saxons  i.  n  A  '  Diet ',  formed, 
in  part,  out  of  the  original  legislature  possessed  by  the 
country  when  independent — but  Russianized,  re-modelled, 
. .  and  re-formed.  1865  Chambers' f  Eticycl.  VII.  634/1  The 
niost  severe  and  arbitrary  measures  [were]  taken  to  Russ- 
ianise  the  people  [of  Poland].  1873  New  Monthly^  Mag. 
IV.  98  A  Kabardian  prince  whose  name  was  Russianised 
into  liekewitch  Tcherkasky. 

absol.  1883  Atlicmeutn  8  Dec.  734  The  aim  of  the  former 
is  only  to  Russianize. 

Hence  Ku-ssianized  ///.  a.,  Bu'ssianizing 
vbl.  sb. 

1849  Atktyuetiiu  Aug.  857/2  His  most  intimate  friend,., 
a  Russianized  Englishman  in  the  service  of  the  Empress. 
1886  PaUMallG.  30  Sept.  8/1  The  Russianizing  of  Bulgaria 
and  Servia. 

t  Bu'SSic,  "•  Ol>s.~l  In  7  Eussiek.  [f.  Russ 
sb.  +  -1C.]  Russian. 

1670  RAY  Pray.  57  It  is  a  Russick  Proverb  and  of  frequent 
use  in  that  nation. 

tBtl'SSie.  Olis.  Also  7  Kushy.  [var.  of 
Russ  sb.  or  RUSSIA,  perh.  after  F.  Russie.] 

1.  attrib.  =  RUSSIAN  a. 

idol  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  q  Commw.  (1603)  142  The  resi 
due  with  a  greate  parte  of  Siberia, . .  though  they  speak  not 
the  Russie  language,  yet  obey  they  the  Emperour.  1696 
J.  F.  Mercli.  Warelw.  laid  open  35  Rushy  cloth, .  .although 
it  is  a  coarse  cloth,  is  of  much  use  with  us ; . .  of  this  there  is 
two  sorts,  Hempen  and  Flaxen. 

2.  =  RUSSIAN  sb.  i  b. 

1607  T.  ROGERS  jy  ^^.(1853)240  Causes,  which  indeed 
arc  none,  to  debar  men  from  the  ecclesiastical  function  ;  as 
if  men  have  been  twice  married  (an  error  of  the  Russies). 

Bu:ssifica"tioii.  [See  -FICATION.]  The  action 
or  process  of  Russifying  or  of  being  Russified. 

1842  J.  G.  KOHL  Russia  333  The  good  old  German  city  is 
undoubtedly  undergoing  a  rapid  Russification.  1877  WAL 
LACE  Russia  x.  151  During  my  wanderings  in  these  northern 
provinces  1  have  found  villages  in  every  stage  of  Russification. 

Bu'ssificator.     [Cf.  prec.]   =next. 

1895  Daily  IffOt  6  Mar.  5/6  The  lower  Russian  officials 
in  Poland.. for  a  time  gave  up  the  part  of  zealous  Russi- 
ricators,  but  now.  .go  on  with  the  same  malpractices. 

Bu'SSifier.     [f.  next.]     One  who  Russifies. 

1895  igth  Cent.  May  833  The  best  and  most  enlightened 
people . .  view  with  disgust  the  lawless  and  capricious  be 
haviour  of  the  Russifiers. 

Russify  (rc-sifai),  v.  [f.  Russ  a.  +  -IFY.  Cf. 
F.  russifier.]  trans.  To  Russianize. 

1868  G.  DUFF  Glance  over  Eur.  41  The  attempts  of  the 
ultra-Muscovite  party  to  Russify  the  Baltic  provinces.  1877 
WALLACE  Russia  x.  153  In  the  districts  not  completely 
Russified. 

Bu'ssism.    [f.  Russ  a.  +  -ISM.] 

1.  =  RUSSIANISM  2. 

1868  G.  DUFF  Pol.  Sum.  41  The  wreck  of  the  empire 
would  throw  them  headlong  into  the  gulf  of  Russism. 

2.  A  Russian  idiom. 
iti&S'Moimu.Slavonic Lit.  16  From  the  thirteenth  to  the 

sixteenth  century  is  the  middle  age  of  the  Slavonic  lan 
guage,  as  altered  gradually  by  Russian  copyists,  and  full  of 
Russisms. 

Bussle,  obs.  form  of  RUSTLE. 


926 

Bu'SSniak,  sb.  and  a.     Also  Russniac,  Rous- 
!   niak.     [a.   the  native  name   Rusnydk,    Kusndk. 
\   So  Hung.  Kusznydk,   G.  Russniak.]    a.   sb.    A 
'   member  of  the  Little  Russian  or  Ruthenian  race 
inhabiting   Galicia ;   also,  the   language  of  this 
people,     b.  adj.  Of  or  pertaining  to  this  people. 
c  1829  Encycl.  Metrop.  (1845)  XX.  397  In  the   North- 
Eastern  Carpathians  the  Russniacs,  or  Red  Russians,  extend 
to  the  County  of  Marmaros.     Ibid.,  Wherever  they  settle, 
the  RusMiiac  and  Servian  population  is  sure  to  become 
extinct.     1883  igth  Cent.  Nov.  754  Two-thirds  of  its  popu 
lation  . .  belonging  to  the  Reformed  Church,  the  remaining 
third  being  mainly  Russniaks  or  Ruthenes. 

Russo-  (ro'so),  combining  form  (on  Greek  ana 
logies)  of  Russ :  a.  Used  parasynthetically  with 
terms  denoting  other  peoples  or  countries,  as 
Ritsso-Caucasian,  -Greek,  -Polish,  -Turkish,  etc. 

1775  Ann.  Keg.,  Citron.  135/1  The  exercise  of  the  Russo- 
Greek  religion.  1838  fenny  Cycl.  XI.  436/r  In  Polish  and 
in  Russo-Polish.  Ibid.,  In  the  same  Russo-Polish  dialect. 
1857  '1 •  MOORE  Handbk.  Brit.  Ferns  (ed.  3)  222  In  Asia  it  is 
found  in  the  Russo-Caucasian  provinces.  1878  N.  Aincr. 
Rev.  CXXVII.  393  [Disraeli's]  policy  would  have.. pre 
vented  the  Russo-Turkish  War. 

b.  Objective,  in  adjs.  or  sbs.  denoting  tendency 
to  admire  or  favour  Russia,  Russian  methods, 
policy,  etc.,  as  Kusso-latrous,  Bussoma'niac(al, 
Bu-ssophil(e,  Bxisso-pliilism  ;  or  morbid  dread 
of  these,  as  Bu'ssopho'be,  -pholjia,  -pho'bian, 
-pho  bism,  -pho  bist. 

1880  SWINBURSE   Stud.    Shaks.   195  Anti-Gallican  and 
'Russolatrous  insanities  of  perverse  and  morbid  eloquence. 
1882  MOBI.EY  Cobden  iv.  (1902)  12/1  The  *Russo-maniac 
ideas  of  Russian  power  are  demonstrably  absurd.     1892 
:    I'all  Mall  C.   31  Mar.  1/2  Since  all  things  Russian  are 
fashionable,  the   Russo-maniacs    should  take   care   [etc.]. 
1891  Times  15  Aug.  5/3  The  Russophil  or  *Russomaniacal 
demonstrations  in    France.     1882   MARVIN    Russian   Adv. 
\    towards  Iiuiia  i.  6,  I  am  both  a  *Russophil  and  a  Russo 
phobe.     1885—  The  R ussians  at  Gates  of  Herat  viii.  167 
The  offer.. Cannot  be  accepted,  even  by  the  most  willing 
Kussophile.     1887  Spectator  17  Sept.  1235  The  Russophil 
party  in  Sofia.     1893  Current  Hist.  III.  385  The  tendency 
I    ..to  rash  legislation  and  unreflecting  "Russophilism.     1868 
j    U.  DUFF  Pol.  Hiiro.   67    A  "Russophobe    preaching    an 
I    aggressive  movement  in  the  north-west.    1887  Pall Malt 'G. 
14    Feb.    1/2    India,    they    say,   is  _'  Russophobe '.     1844 
1    DISRAELI    Conins;sby    iv.   ix,    Materials   for    a    'slashing 
article  against  the 'Russophobia.    1885  Daily  Xews  22  June 
5/5  A  *Russophobian  Opposition  speaker  is  not  necessarily 
a   Russophobian   Minister.     1881    Times  3  Jan.  5/5  The 
*  Russophobism    of    many    Englishmen.     1877    WALLACE 
Russia  xxxiv.  596  *  Where,  then, 'asks  the  alarmed  *Russo- 
phobist, '  is  the  aggression  of  Russia  to  stop '  ?    1886  Pall 
MallC.  27  July  3/2  Last  week  the  Russophobist  watch 
dogs  began  to  bay  as  is  their  wont. 
t  Busswale.  06s.  Forms :  4  russhewale,  4-5 
russe-,  5  rusewale.     [Ultimately  ad.  Icel.  hross- 
h-calr'  horse-whale  ' :_  see  WALRUS.]  Walrus  hide. 

Cords  of 
A*ale, 

^ jr __  _  ,1896) 

38 r  Stroppes  of  Russewalei  ij.     1486  Ibid.  45  Stroppes  of 
Rusewale,  ij. 

Bust  (r»st),  si.1  Forms  :  a.  I-  rust,  4-6  ruste, 
6  rost.  13.  4,  6  roust,  5-6  rouste ;  5  rowste, 
6  rowst.  [OE.  rust  (?  and  rust),  =  Viis.  rftst, 
rust,  roast,  MDu.  and  Du.  roest,  OS.  rost  (MLG. 
rost,  rust,  LG.  rust,  riisl),  OHG.  and  G.  rest ; 
also  (from  MLG.)  MDa.  rost,  rest,  MSw.  and 
Sw.  rost,  Da.,  Nonv.,  and  Fser.  rust.  The  pre- 
Teutonic  *rudhs-to-  is  based  upon  the  stem  *rudh- 
(see  RUD  sb)-  and  RED  «.),  whence  ON.  ryti  (and 
ry8r)  rust ;  a  different  grade  of  this  is  represented 
by  L.  roblgo,  rublgo. 

The  length  of  the  vowel  in  OE.,  in  whatever  way  it  may 
have  originated,  is  proved  by  the  mod.  dial,  forms  roust, 
rifivst  (rast,  raist)  and  Sc.  roost,  but  the  form  with  short  u 
may  also  have  existed  at  an  early  date.  The  vowel  of  Du. 
roest  has  not  been  satisfactorily  accounted  for.) 

1.  A  red,  orange,  or  tawny  coating  formed  upon 
the  surface  of  iron  or  steel  by  oxidation,  csp. 
through  the  action  of  air  or  moisture ;  also,  by 
extension,  a  similar  coating  formed  upon  any 
other  metal  by  oxidation  or  corrosion. 


a.  £725  Corpus  Gloss.  E  297  Erugo,  rust.  cgs°  Lindisf. 
Cosp.  Matt.  vi.  19  In  eor3o  9er..rust  &  moh&a..5espilled 
bi5  [sic].  ?  a  1030  Rule  St.  Benet  (Logeman,  1888)  108 
pan  he  na  to  swioe  ne  xewilnije  upawyrtlian  rust  oo5e  om. 
(11225  Ancr.  R.  160  Ne  beo  neuer  so  briht,.iren,  ne  stel 
bet  hit  ne  schal  drawen  rust,  c  1325  Metr.  Horn.  (1862)  105 
It  clenses  man  of  sinful  lust,  Als  fire  clenses  iren  of  rust. 
1382  WVCLIF  Ezek.  xxiv.  6  Woo.  .to  the  pot  whos  rust  is  in 
it,  and  the  rust  therof  wente  not  out  of  it.  c  1400  Pilg r. 
\  Sewle  (Caxton,  1483)  iv.  xxxiv.  83  Bras  draweth  soone  ruste 
yf  it  be  not  clensid.  c  1450  tr.  DC  Imitatione  u.  iv.  44  Like 
as  yren  put  in  be  fire  lesi)>  his  rust,  &  shal  be  made  bri?t. 
1530  PALSGR.  264/2  Rust  of  yron  or  any  other  metall,  en. 
rovillevre.  1593  SHAKS.  Rich.  II,  in.  iii.  116  His  glittering 
Amies  he  will  commend  to  Rust,  His  barbed  Steedes  to 
Stables.  1668  CHARLETON  Onomast.  302  Coerttleum,  the 
Blew  Rust  of  Silver.  1676  D'URFEY  Mine.  Fickle  nt.  i, 
We.  .can  by  the  Rust  on  a  Sword  tell  how  long  it  has  been 
durable.  1756  C.  LUCAS  Ess.  Waters  III.  297  The  iron 
begins  to  separate,  and  falls  like  rust  to  the  bottom.  1789 
MRS.  Plozzi  Journ.  France  I.  224  The  tomb  of  Antenor. . 
venerable  with  rust.  1819  SHELLEY  Cetici  u.  i.  70  When  the 
rust  Of  heavy  chains  has  gangrened  his  sweet  limbs.  1853 
SIR  H.  DOUGLAS  Milit.  Bridges  (ed.  3)  380  Some  of  the  iron 
wires,  .had  become  corroded  by  rust. 


BUST. 

0.  13..  Gain,  ft  Gr.  Knt.  2018  pe  rynges  rokked  of  be 
roust,  of  his  riche  bruny.  1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  III. 
445  Roust  destroyeb  iren.  14..  Pol.,  Rel.,  <$•  L.  Poeins 
(1903)  257  Ase  be  worm  on  be  treo,.  -and  roust  on  be  knife. 
'549  Compl.  Scot.  vii.  70  The  glaspis  var  fast  lokkyt  vitht 
rouste.  1595  DUNCAN  App.  Etym.  (E.  D.  SO,  Rutigo,  rowst. 
b.  In  fig.  uses  or  contexts. 

1600  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  IV,\.  ii.  246,  I  were  better  to  be  eaten 
to  death  with  a  rust,  than  to  be  scoured  to  nothing  with 
perpetuall  motion.  1615  BRATHWAiT.S'/ra^K&US?^)  36  A 
miser  loues  not  him  that  craues  his  due  :..such  men..loue 
their  Conscience  rest  lesse  then  their  rust  1737  POPE  Hor. 
Epist.  u.  i.  36  Authors,  like  coins,  grow  dear  as  they  grow 
old ;  It  is  the  rust  we  value,  not  the  gold.  1752  HUME 
I'olit.  Disc.  xii.  204  Perhaps  rust  may  grow  to  the  springs 
of  the  most  accurate  political  machine,  and  disorder  its 
motions.  1812  Examiner  9  Nov.  716/1  His  voice  would 


o.'ellipt.  Rust-cement  (Ogilvie  Suppl.  1855). 

d.  slang.  Money. 

1858  MAYHEw/ta'ax  with  Gold  \\\.  v,  There's  no  chance 
of  nabbing  any  rust  (taking  any  money). 

e.  A  period  of  rusting,    rare  ~J. 

1865  DICKENS  Mut.  Fr.  iv.  xiii,  As  if  his  money  had  turned 
bright  again,  after  a  long  long  rust  in  the  dark. 
2.  Moral  corrosion  or  canker ;  corruption. 
£897   K.  ALFRED  Gregory's  Past.   C.   xxxvii.    268  Ne 


Rube  A-waye  the  Ruste,  with  penaunce,  frome  my  goslely 


my  deeds  make  the  blacker? 
b.  With  denning  word  or  phrase. 
1:897  K.  ALFRED  Gregory's  Past.  C.  xxxvii.  268  He  wolde 
from  us  adou  Sone  rust  urra  unSeawa,  ac  we . .  nyllaS  ibBtBP 
from  us  Sa;t  rust  Sara  unnyttra  weorca.     c  1400    LOVE 
Boiiavent.  Mirr.  (1908)  274  He . .  enflawmeth   her  hertes 
goostly,  consumynge  al  the  rouste  of  mysbyleue.     f  1440 
Jacob's  Well  234  Do  oute  be  ruste  of  ydell  thoujtys  fro 

*  *T     TI      .  _      !T?  ._  ._•       ...      T)__1      .££   f~\..t    „„   (Via 


..are  thereby,  .eaten  as  it  were  with  the  rust  of  idlenesse. 
1621  BRATHWAIT  Nat.  Embassie  (1877)  126  Worse  to  the 
state  then  rust  of  flatterie.  1746  FRANCIS  tr.  Horace,  Art 
Poet.  369  When  the  rust  of  wealth  pollutes  the  soul. 

+  3.  Sc.  Cankered  malice ;  rancour.  Obs. 

1508  DUNBAR  Tua  Mariit  Wemen  163,  I  sail  a  ragmen  t 
reveil  fra  the  rule  of  my  hert,  A  roust  that  is  sa  rankild 
quhill  risis  my  stomok.  1533  BELLENDEN  Lhy  i.  xii.  (S.T.S.) 
I.  71  All  wayis  be  sabinis  persuadit  mony  of  be  said  pepill 
with  small  lauboure  to  assist  to  bare  opinioun,  throw  roust 
and  auld  haterent  of  weris. 

1 4.  The  effacing  effects  of  time.    Obs. 

1533  BELLENDEN  Livy  I.  ix.  (S.T.S.)  I.  5=  At  last  be 
memorye  bareof  perist  be  roust  of  jeris.  Ibid.  II.  ii.  134 
pare  names  be  roust  of  jeris  Is  rjerist.  1577-87  HOLINSIIED 
Citron.  I.  157/1  Which  lawes  with  diuers  other  of  like  aim- 
quitie  are  forgot  and  blotted  out  by  rust  of  time. 

5.  Any  deteriorating  or  impairing  effect  or  in 
fluence  upon  character,  abilities,  etc.,  especially 
as  the  result  of  inactivity. 

c  1000  Ags.  Horn.  (Assmann)  xviii.  135  Arrest  ic  wille 
beon  sefremed  in  littlum  weorce,  bjet  ic  maeje  sum  rust  on 
wcg  adrifan  of  minre  tungan. 

a  1676  HALE  Prim.  Ong.  Man.  (1677)  3  A  Man  hath  this 
advantage  by  the  exercise  of  this  Faculty  about  it,  that  it 
keeps  it  from  Rust  and  torpidness.  1711  AUDISON  Sped. 
No.  112  P  i  Sunday  clears  away  the  Rust  of  the  whole 
Week.  1732  BERKELEY  Aldphr.  i.  §  n  In  rubbing  off  the 
rust  and  pedantry  of  a  college  education.  1796  W.  H. 
MARSHALL  IY.  Eng.  II.  142  The  rust  of  prejudice  may  not 
yet  be  sufficiently  worn  away.  1855  C.  BRONTE  Villette  vi, 
The  eating  rust  of  obscurity.  1868  BROWNING  Ring  f,  Bk. 
vin.  54  Just  so  much  work  as  keeps  the  brain  from  rust. 

fig.  1836-40  HALIBURTON  Clockm.  (1862)  251  It  took  the 
rust  off  of  him  pretty  slick,  you  may  depend. 
b.  In  rust :  (see  quot.) . 

1889  Pall  Mall  G.  15  Jan.  5/1  If  you  are  bent  on  looking 
out  for  actors  '  in  rust  '—namely,  out  of  engagements. 

8.  A  disease  in  plants  marked  by  ferruginous 
spots  and  caused  by  uredinous  fungi ;  also  loosely, 
any  plant-disease  presenting  a  similar  appearance. 

a  1340  HAMPOLE  Psalter  Ixxvii.  51  And  he  gaf  til  rust  be 
froitis  of  bairn,  and  baire  trauails  til  be  locust.  1563  H,vl-1' 
Art  Garden.  (1593)  28  When  rust  is  falling  on  the  hearbes, 
then  Beritius  in  nis  husbandry  instructions,  willeth  ..to 
make  a  great  smoake  forthwith  round  about  the  garden. 
1591  PEKCIVALL  Sp.  Diet.,  Anublo  lie  trigo,  rust  of  whcate, 
rutigo.  1759  MILLS  tr.  Duhamets  Husb.  i.  xvi.  79  If  rust 
attacks  the  corn  whilst  young..,  the  hurt  is  less.  Ibid.,  If 
the  infected  wheat  is  washed  by  a  plentiful  rain,  the  rust 
disappears  almost  entirely.  1813  VANCOUVER  Agric.  Devon 


an  offensive  smell.  1852  G,  W.  JOHNSON  Cottage  Card. 
Diet.  794/1  Rust,  a  disease  of  the  berries  of  the  grape.  It 
appears  in  the  form  of  a  rough,  rusty  appearance  of  their 
skins.  1876  Nature  28  Dec.  189/1  The  disease  known  as 
'rust'  which  has  been  causing  great  havoc  among  the 
sugar-canes  in  Queensland. 

b.  One  or  other  of  the  uredinous  fungi  pro 
ducing  '  rust '  in  plants. 

Also  used  with  adjs.,  as  black,  brown,  red,  white  rust. 

1813  SIR  H.  DAVY  Agric.  Clttlil.  (1814)  267  The  propaga 
tion  of  mildew,  funguses,  rust,  and   the  small  parasitical 


RUST. 

vegetables.  1857  HENFRKY  Elem.  Bot.  460  Species  of 
Uredo,  constituting  the  '  blights  ',  '  rusts  ',  &C.,  of  corn  and 
other  cultivated  plants.  1881  WHITEHEAD  Hops  58  There 
are  special  forms  of  these  fungi,  known  as  rust  or  brand. 

7.  A  coating  or  stain  resembling  rust. 

1684  R.  WALLER  Nat.  Exper,  130  This  stupifying  of  its 
force  proceeds,  .rather  from  some  fine  Rust,  or  hoariness, 
as  it  were,  contracted  by  the  Amber,  from  the  Salt.  1859 
TENNYSON  Guinevere  73  The  rust  of  murder  on  the  walls. 

8.  The  colour  of  rust. 

1716  GAY  Trivia  m.  379  When  the  sun  veil'd  in  rust  his 
mourning  head.  1893  Daily  Neivs  25  Mar.  6/1  The  sky 
had  turned  from  grey  to  a  deep,  malignant  rust, 

9.  Comb.  a.  Instrumental,  objective,  etc.,  as rust- 
cankered)  -eaten,  f  -fretten^  -stained^  -worn  ;  iitst- 
preventing)  -proof  \  rnst-complexioned. 

c  1440  Jacob's  Well  121  Pore  men.. bat  my^te  haue  be 
releuyd  wyth  jri  rust-fret yn  monye.  1601  R.  CHESTER 
Loves  Martyr  cxvi,  Time  that  rust-cankard  wretch.  1691 
T.  H[ALE]  Ace.  New  Invent.  21  Being  so  Rust-proof  in 
themselves.  1742  JARVIS  Qiti.v,  i.  i,  A  suit  of  armour,  which 
..being  mouldy  and  rust-eaten,  had  lain  by,  many  long 
years,  forgotten  in  a  corner.  174^4  J.  ARMSTRONG  ArtPres. 
Healtk  i.  180  The  rust-complexion 'd  man.. whose  blood  is 
dry.  1804  [.  GRAHAME  Sabbatk  (1808)  21  The  blossoming 
pea,  That  climbs  the  rust-worn  bars.  1868  JOYNSOM  Metals 
124  There  are  still  some  rust-preventing  substances  which 
cannot  well  be  included  amongst  the  coatings.  1890  CON  AN 
DOYLE  White  Company  xix,  The  dark  hard-faced  cavalier 
in  the  rust-stained  jupon. 

b.  With  other  names  of  colours,  as  rust-brown, 
-red,  -yellow. 

i8iz  A.  T.  THOMSON  Lond.  Disp.  (1818)  105  It  is  a  very 
beautiful  animal,,  .of  a  rust-brown  colour  on  the  upper  part 
of  the  body.  1832  J.  RENSIE  Butter fl.  fy  M,  84  Wings  one 
inch  one-fourth,.. first  pair  yellowish, with  rust-red  bands. 
1875  W.  MORRIS  in  Mackail  Life  (1899)  I.  313  A  shade  or 
two  of  rust-yellows  or  buffs. 

10.  attrib.9  as  rust-colour^  -ground,  -test,  -tint ; 
rust-ball  (see  quot.)  ;  rust-cement,  a  composi 
tion  for  joints  which  oxidizes  on  exposure  to  the 
air ;    rust-finish,   a    process   in    lacquering  (see 
quot.);    rust-fungus,  —  sense  6  b;  rust-joint,  a 
joint  made  with  rust-cement :  rust-mite,  a  gall- 
mite  producing  rust-like  excrescences  on  plants. 

1787  G.  WHITE  Sellome  iv,  Among  the  blue  rags  turn 
tip  . .  every  now  and  then  balls  of  a  friable  substance, 
like  rust  of  iron,  called  "rust  balls.  1839  Uw.  Diet.  Arts 
552  Cast-iron  plates  bolted  together,  and  made  tight 
with  *rust-cetnent.  1753  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v., 
Their  stalks  . .  seem  burnt  up,  and  appear  of  a  sort  of 
"rust  colour.  1865  M,  ARNOLD  Ess.  Crit.  iii.  88  It  looks 
desolate  just  now  that  all  is  bare  and  the  woods  are  rust- 
colour.  1884  C.  G.  W.  LOCK  Workshop  Rec.  Ser.  in.  326/2 
1  *Rust  finish'  is  the  name  given  to  the  operation  which 
produces  the  relief  work  for  the  figures.  1883  Science  I. 
369/2  The  relations  between  the  *rust-fungi  and  certain 
insects  which  visit  their  spermogonia.  1853  URE  Diet.  Arts 
(ed.  4}  I.  345  [Calico]  Goods  padded  in  iron  liquor,  dried, 
and  then  padded  in  a  solution  of  chlorine  containing  a  little 
free-lime,  acquire  a  good  *rust  ground.  1839  Ch'it  Eng.  $ 
Arch.  Jrnl.  II.  436/1  The  joints  made  with  the  basement 
plate  in  the  usual  way,  either  with  a  *rust  joint,  or  lead,  or 
other  jointing.  1865  GESNER  Treat.  Coal^  Petroleum^  etc. 
(ed.  2)  173  In  making  rust-joints,  as  the  iron  cementing  is 
called.  1887  Pall  Mall  G.  7  Mar.  5/1  These  guns  were  all 
exposed  to  tne  sand  and  *rust  tests  which  in  no  way  affected 
their  efficiency.  \9yjAllbutfs  Syst.  Med.  II.  254  Elevated 
nodules  of  a  salmon  or  *rust  tint. 

Rust,  sb$  rare —1.  [Back-formation  from 
RUSTY  a.'*]  Rusty  or  reasty  bacon. 

1845  DISRAELI  Sybil  (1863)  129  There's  a  very  nice  flitch 
hanging  up  In  the  engine-room  ;  the  men  wanted  some  rust 
for  the  machinery. 

Rust,  st>.%  colloq.  [Back-formation  from  RUSTY 
a.'*]  To  take  (or  nab]  the  rust,  of  a  horse:  To 
become  restive. 

1775  COLMAN  Prose  Sev.  Occas.  (1787)  I.  201  On  the  second 
day  his  brown  horse,  Orator,  took  rust,  ran  out  of  the  course, 
and  was  distanced.  1801  Sporting  Mag.  XVIII.  101  To 
nab  the  rust ;  a  jockey  term  for  a  horse  that  is  restive.  1837 
COL.  HAWKER  Diary  (1893)  II.  127  My  horse.. shied  at  a 
road  waggon,  and  then  '  took  the  rust ',  which  I  fetched  out 
of  him  instanter.  1895 RYE  E.  Angl.Gloss,  s.v.  Recast.  Some 
talk  of  a  horse  'taking  reast  or  rust ',.-rneaning  tnat  he 
becomes  restive. 

transf,  1860  Slang  Diet.  (ed.  2)  204 '  To  nab  the  rust,1  to 
take  offence. 

Rust  (rost),  v.i  Forms:  a.  3  rusten,  5  ruston, 
5-6  ruste,  4-  rust ;  5-6  rost(e.  £.  3-6  rouste  ; 
Sc.  6  rowst,  8  roust.  [ME.  rusten,  ronste(n},  f. 
RUST  j£.l;  cf.  Fris.  rfi$t-t  rttst-j  roastsje,  MDu. 
and  Du.  roesten,  MLG.  rusten  (LG.  riisten\  OHG. 
rosten  (G.  rost  en] ;  also  (from  G.),  MDa.  and  Da. 
ntste,  Norvv.  rusta,  MSw.  and  Sw.  rosfa."] 

I.  intr.  1.  Of  iron  or  other  metals:  To  con 
tract  rust,  grow  rusty ;  to  undergo  oxidation. 

a  1225  Ancr.R.  344  [To]  leten  Binges  muwlen  oSer  rusten, 
oSer  uorrotien.  c  1*90  S.  Eng.  Leg.  I.  370/120  Ake  J>at 
tresor  bat  ichof  telle,  hat  is  heouene  riche,  pat  ne  roustez  ne 
a-peirez  nou$t.  1383  WVCLIF  Jos.  v.  3  3oure  gold  and  siluer 
hath  rustid.  f  1400  Laud  Troy  Bk.  8182,  I  trowe  that 
roste  schal  oure  knyues,  When  we  haue  no  bred  for  to 
kerue.  1426  LYDC.  De  Gitil.  Pilgr.  11427  What  ys  the 
cause.. That  a  swerd  burnysshed  cler,  Somwhyle  rusteth  ? 
1509  BARCLAY  Shyp  of  Foly s  (1570)  28  Were  not  proude 
clothing  and  also  fleshely  lust,  All  the  fetters  and  gives  of 
England  should  rust.  1530  PALSGR.  696/1  Yourknyfe  wyll 
ruste,  and  you  wyppe  it  nat  after  salte  meates.  1601  SHAKS. 
All's  Welt  iv.  iii.  373  Rust  sword,  coole  blushes,  and 
Parrolles  Hue  Safest  in  shame,  a  1774  GOLDSM.  Surv.  Exfi. 
Philos.  (1776)  11-35  In  these  places  gold  is  actually  found 


927 

torust.  1793  COWPER  To  Mary  n  Thy  needles..  Now  rust 
disus'd,  and  shine  no  more.  1855  TENNYSON  Maud  \\i.\\. 
26  No  more  shall.. the  cannon-bullet  rust  on  a  slothful 
shore.  1878  HUXLEY  Physiogr,  75  Although  they  do  not 
rust  at  ordinary  temperatures,  they  may  be  caused  to  rust 
more  or  less  rapidly. 

b.  To  form  a  rust.    rare—1. 

1593  SHAKS.  3  Hen.  VI,  t.  iii.  49  And  this  thy  Sonnes  blood 
cleauing  to  my  Blade  Shall  rust  vpon  my  Weapon. 

2.  To  deteriorate,  degenerate,  spoil,  esp.  through 
inactivity  or  want  of  use.     Also  with  out. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  1568  Al  bair  luf  f»ai  gatie  to  lust,  pal  did 
bair  sauls  all  to  rust,  c  1386  CHAUCF.R  Pro!.  502  If  a  preest 
be  foul,  on  whom  we  truste,  No  wonder  Is  a  lewed  man  to 
ruste.  c  1425  Cast,  Pcrsev.  527  Who-so  wyl  drawe  to 
Lykynge  &  Luste,  &  as  a  fole,  in  foly  ruste,  1557  EDGE- 
WORTH  Serin t  Repert,  Better  it  is  to  shine  with  laboure, 
then  to  rouste  for  idlenes.  1629  DAVENANT /I //w/«tf  i.  i, 
Let  now  the  knotty  Laborer  rust  with  ease.  1692  DRYDKN 
Cleotnenes  i.  i,  Then  must  I  rust  in  ./Egypt,  never  more 
Appear  in  Arms?  1768-74  A.  TUCKER/./.  Nat.  (1834)  II. 
303  When  people  come  into  a  situation  of  perfect  ease  and 
security,  with  nothing  ever  to  vex  or  ruffle  them,  they 
quickly  rust  in  idleness.  1781  COWPER  Table-T.  546  Neg 
lected  talents  rust  into  decay.  1840  Chainb,  Jrnl.  4  Apr. 
88/1  Better  to  '  wear  out '  than  to  '  rust  out '  has  been  truly 
said.  1849  MACAU  LAY  Hint.  Eng.  iv.  I.  518  Most  men 
would,  in  such  a  situation,  have  allowed  their  faculties  to 
rust.  1885  Law  Times  LXXIX.  68/2  His  fine  abilities 
rusting  from  disuse. 

3.  To  become  rust-coloured. 

1541  HYRDE  tr.  I'wcs1  Instruct.  Chr.  Wow,  22  b,  Al!  the 
fauour  of  the  face  waxeth  olde,  and  the  breth  stynketh, 
and  the  tethe  rusten.  (1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Pa.  xc.  iv, 
The  hearb  that  early  groweth,.  .Ku'ning  change  with  mine 
moweth,  Andlaies  to  rost  in  withering  aire.  1842  TENNYSON 
E.  Morris  100  When  the  bracken  rusted  on  their  crags. 
1882  '  OIMDA'  Maremwa,  viii.  I,  191  The  gold  of  the  sun 
flower  wanes  and  rusts, 

4.  Of  wheat,  etc. :  To  become  affected  with  rust 
or  blight. 

1868  Rep.   U.S.  Cewmii&s.  Agric.  (1869)  415  The  wheat 
rusted  badly  on  the  blade  and  slightly  on  the  stalk. 
II.  trans.  5.  To  affect  with  rust ;  to  oxidize. 

1596  SPENSER  F.  Q.  v.  ix.  30  But  at  her  feet  her  sword  was 
likewise  layde,  Whose  long  rest  rusted  the  bright  steely 
brand.  1604  SHAKS.  Oth.  i.  ii.  59  Keepe  vp  your  bright 
Swords,  for  the  dew  will  rust  them.  1644  DIG  BY  Nat, 
Bodies  xv.  (1658)  170  Brass  and  iron,  .are  easily  rusted  by 
salts  dissolving  upon  them.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v., 
The  Air  apparently  rusts  Bodies,  but  'tis  only  in  Virtue  of 
the  Water  it  contains.  1815  J.  SMITH  Panorama  Sci.  # 
Art  II.  350  This  gas  . .  is  evolved  in  every  instance  in 
which  metals  are  tarnished  or  rusted  by  moisture.  1879 
PROCTOR  Pleas.  Ways  Sci.  xv.  348  Its  power  of  oxidizing 
or  rusting  metals,  .is  much  greater  than  that  which  oxygen 
possesses. 

b.  Jig.  To  render  antiquated  or  obsolete. 

1694  ADDISON  Ace.  Greatest  Eng.  Poets  13  Age  has  rusted 
what  the  Poet  writ,  Worn  out  his  language,  and  obscured 
his  wit. 

0.  To  corrupt  or  corrode  morally  or  physically. 

1697  DRYDEN  Virg.  Ceorg.  i.  190  The  Sire  of  Gods  and 
Men. .Himself  did  Handy-Crafts  and  Arts  ordain,  Nor 
sufTer'd  Sloath  to  rust  his  active  Reign,  c  1770  BEATTIE 
To  Alex.  Ross  iii,  Oh  may  the  roupe  ne'er  roust  thy 
weason.  1839  J.  H.  NEWMAN  Par,  Serin.  IV.  xxii.  374  The 
breath  of  the  world  has  a  peculiar  power  in.. rusting  the 
soul. 

7.  To  affect  (corn,  etc.)  with  rust  or  blight. 
1759  MILLS  tr.  DnhameVs  Husk.  I.  85  Bad  effects  from 

feeding  cattle  with  fodder  which  has  been  rusted.  1763  — 
Syst.  Praet,  Hnsb.  II.  400  When  a  hot  sun  has  succeeded 
such  dry  hazy  weather,  the  corn  was  rusted  within  a  few 
days  after.  1861  Times  24  Sept.,  Three-fourths  of  the  crop 
[of  hops]  will  be  of  the  best  quality ;  the  remainder  was 
rusted  by  spiders  towards  the  end  of  last  month. 

8.  To  make  not-coloured. 

1801  SOUTHEV  Thalala  yin.  ii,  The  sun,  and  the  wind, 
and  the  rain,  Had  rusted  his  raven  locks. 

9.  To  waste  away  by  idling.     Also  reft* 

1853  W.  JERDAN  Autobiog.  III.  vi.  67  [He]  appeared. .to 
be  rusting  away  a  life  which  might  be  serviceable  to  his 
country.  1887  Miss  BRADDOX  Like  %  Unl.  xii,  We  must 
not  rust  away  our  lives  here.  1894  G.  M,  FENS  In  Alpine 
Valley  \.  36  I'm  not  going  torust  myself  away, 

fRust,  s/.2  Oh.-1  [ME.  rusten,  repr.  OE. 
hrystan^  var.  of  hyrstan.]  trans.  To  ornament. 

c  1205  LAY.  25812  He  bar.. aenne  sceld  on  his  rugge  irust 
al  mid  golde. 

t  Rust-cock,  obs.  variant  of  ROOST-COCK. 

1610  GUILLIM  Heraldry  vr.  v.  404  The  Carians  had  Rust- 
cocks  for  their  crests. 

Rust-coloured,  a.  [RUST  sb.  9  a.]  Having 
the  reddish  colour  of  rust. 

1693  BOYLE  Hist,  of  Air  227  These  stones,  which  when 
the  ground  was  newly  turned  up,  were  rust-coloured.  1753 
Chambers*  Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Passer,  The  . .  field  sparrow 
of  Aldrovand . .  is  of  a  dusky  rust-coloured  brown.  1826 
Miss  MITFORD  Village  Ser.  n.  (1863)  408  Beside  another 
streamlet,  whose  deep  rust-coloured  scum  gives  token  of  a 
chalybeate  spring.  1870  ROLLESTON  Anim.  Life  128  Inter 
vals  in  the  rust-coloured  line  on  the  dorsal. 

Ruste,  obs.  or  dial.  var.  REST  sbl  and  z/.1 

Rusted  (rzrsted),  ///.  a.  [f.  RUST  z>.l] 
Affected  or  covered  with  rust ;  made  rusty  in 
colour.  Also  in  transf.  and  J/!^r.  uses,  and  with  in. 

pred.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  160  pet  hit.  .schal  drawen  rust  of 
on  |?et  is  irusted,  uor  hwon  J>et  heo  longe  liggen  togederes. 
r  1412-20  LVDG.  Chron.  Troy  11.  1072  O  rancour  rustid  of 
inpacience  !  1535  STEWART  Cron.  Scot.  II.  33  Thatrancour 
is  so  rowstit  in  thair  hart., That  force  it  is  it  man  out  at  the 
last.  1549  Compl.  Scot.  vii.  69  Ane  vthir  part  of  the  schieldis 
&  harnes  var  brokyn  ande  roustit.  1604  E.  GRIMSTONE  tr. 


RUSTIC. 

D*Acosta's  Hist.  Indies  in.  ix.  144,  J  have  scene  grates  of 
yron..so  rusted  and  consumed,  that  pressing  it  betwixt 
your  fingers,  it  dissolved  into  powder.  1670  NARBOROUGH 
Jrnl.  in  Ace.  Sev.  Late  Voy.  \.  (1694)  45  The  Salt-pond, 
which  is  rusted  all  over  like  a  Pavement,  with  very  white 
and  good  Salt.  17*5  RAMSAY  Gentle  Skeph.  HI.  ii,  Rousted 
with  eild,a  wee  piece  gate  seems  lang.  1744  YOUNG  Nt.  Th. 
ii.  485  What  numbers,  sheath'd  in  erudition,  lie  Plung'd  to 
the  hilts  in  venerable  tomes,  And  rusted  in.  1816  BYRON 
Chilian  i,  My  limbs  are.  .rusted  with  a  vile  repose,  For  they 
have  been  a  dungeon's  spoil.  -1859  W.  COLLINS  Queen  of 
Hearts  (1875)  18  My  wits  had  become  sadly  rusted  by  long 
seclusion  from  society. 

attrib.  1726  POPE  Odyss.  xxiv.  575  Old  Dolius  too  his 
rusted  arms  put  on.  1763  MILLS  Syst.  Pract.  Hnsb.  II. 
413  The  straw  of  smutty,  mildewed  or  rusted  corn.  1810 
SCOTT  Lady  of  L.  vr.  xii,  Then,  from  a  rusted  iron  hook,  A 
bunch  of  ponderous  keys  he  took.  1865  SWINBURNE  Ballad 
of  Death  102  Many  rusted  sheaves  Rain-rotten  in  rank 
lands.  1873  W.  I!I,ACK  Pr.  Thnlc  xxiii.  376  The  hills  are 
red  and  brown  with  rusted  bracken  and  heather. 

t  Rtrstfdl,  a.    Oh.-1     [f.  RUST  5<M]    Rusty. 

i635(Ji:ARLFS  F.inbl.  i.  vii.  29  Why  dost  thou  suffer  rustfi.il 
sloth  to  creep  into  thy  wanton  brows? 

Rustic  ^rzrstik),  a.  and  sb.  Form=;:  5  rustyk, 
*)  rustike,  6-7  rusticke,  rustique,  6-8  rustick, 
7-  rustic,  [at].  L.  rnstic-tis^  f.  rfis  country.  So 
K.  ntsfiaue  (i^ihc,  .] 

A.  adj.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  country  (as 
opposed  to  the  town)  ;  found  in  the  country. 

c  1440  Pallad.  on  Hn$l>.  \.  1027  Aftir  hem  is  best  Of  rose- 
mary,  andsauery;  thenne  is  noon  So  good  as  they  but  rustyk 
swete  vchoon.  1578  TIMMF.  Calvin  on  Gen.  127  The  whole 
life  rustike  is  hurtless,  simple,  and  most  of  all  framed  to  the 
true  order  of  Nature.  1611  SHAKS.  ll'int.  T.  iv.  iv.  84  Of 
that  kind  Our  rusticke  Garden's  barren.  1767  A.  YOUNG 
Farmer's  Lett,  to  People  104, 1  think  it  is  of  vast  conse 
quence  both  to  the  farmer  and  the  public  to  extend  the  use 
of  oxen  for  all  rustic  business.  1794  MRS.  RADCLIFFE  Myst. 
Ifdolpho  i,  A  rustic  hall  and  two  excellent  sitting-rooms. 
1815  SCOTT  Ld.  of  Isles  \\\  xxx,  The  spot  where  his  bold 
train  Held  rustic  camp  upon  the  plain.  1838  DICKENS 
Nickteby  iv,  Something  like  this.. must  be  the  prevalent 
notion  of  Snow  Hill  in  those  remote  and  rustic  parts,  1877 
TALMACE  Serin.  370  So  we  all  understand  rustic  allusions. 
b.  In  names  of  plants,  animals,  insects,  etc. 

1601  HOLLAND  Pliny  II.  85  Bacchar  is  named  by  some 
Rustick-Nard.  16*0  VENSRR  Via  Rata  iii.  63  Woodcocks 
..Some  iudge  them  toapproch  somewhat  neere  vnto  the 
nature  of  the  Partridge,  and  therefore  is  of  them  called  the 
rusticke  Partridge.  1781  EARBUT  Insects  Index,  Ord.  n. 
Gen.  8,  CYwr.tr  Canipestris,  the  rustic-cimex.  1781  PENNANT 
f/ist.  Qnadn<p.  II.  448  Rustic  Rat,  Mus  A%rariits,  183? 
J.  RF.NNIE  Bittterjl.  $•  M.  71  The  Rustic  Shoulder  Knot., 
appears  the  beginning  of  June.  Ibid.  72  The  Rustic  Mourner 
. .  appears  in  August. 

-fc.  Rustic  ivar^  the  peasant  war  of  1525   in 
Germany.  Obs.-1    (Cf.  RUSTICAL  A.  3  b.) 

1732  NEAL  Hist.  Pnrit.  (1822)  I.  48  Among  others  that 
fled  out  of  Germany  into  England,  from  the  Rustic  war, 
there  were  some  that  went  by  the  name  of  Anabaptists. 

2.  Of  persons  :  Living  in  the  country  as  opposed 
to  the  town ;   following  country  occupations ;  of 
peasant  or  agricultural  stock  or  condition. 

1601  R.  JOHNSON  Kingd.  fyCottnmu.  (1603)  16  The  abund 
ance  of  people  and  plenty  of  vittailes  are  the  strongest 
sinewesof  all  kingdomes.and  therefore  the  Romaines  highly 
prized  the  rusticke  diuision  for  their  numbers  and  prouision. 
1620  VENNKR  Via  Recta  \.  19  It  is  most  meete  for  rusticke 
labourers.  1681  H.  NEVILE  Plato  Rediv.  61  The  Rustick 
Tribes  being  twenty  seven,  and  the  vrbane  Tribes  nine. 
1750  GRAY  Elegy  xxi,  And  many  a  holy  text  around  she 
strews,  That  teach  the  rustic  moralist  to  die.  1784  COWPER 
Task  iv.  708  Assembling.. '1  he  rustic  throng  beneath 
his  fav'rite  beech.  1821  SHELLEY  Epipsych.  485  A  lone 
dwelling,  built  by  whom  or  how  None  of  the  rustic  island- 
people  know.  1849  MACAULAY  Hist.Eng.v.  I.  596  If  Beau 
fort  and  his  rustic  followers  could  be  overpowered  before 
the  regular  troops  arrived.  1883  '  OUIDA  '  \Vanda  I.  295 
We  are  only  rustic  people. 

fb.   =  RUSTICAL  a.  2  b.  Obs.—1 

1643  tr*  Hildamts*  Exper.  Cnyrnrg.  ii,  4  Those  of  a  hard 
and  rustique  flesh,  and  which  are  strong  men,  require  more 
stronger  Remedies. 

3.  Of    persons :     Having    the    appearance    or 
manners  of  country  people ;  lacking  in  elegance, 
refinement,   or  education ;    sometimes,  devoid  of 
good-breeding,  clownish,  boorish. 

1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  I'oy.  HI.  ii.  71  After 
they  haue  put  the..pretiest  of  them  into  the  Sarail  of  the 
great  Turke.  send  the  other  being  the  most  rustique.  .to 
labour  and  till  the  ground.  1590  SPENSER  F.  Q.  in.  Intrcd. 
v,  But  let  that  same  delitious  Poet  lend  A  little  leaue  vnto 
a  rusticke  Muse  To  sing  his  mistresse  prayse.  1642  MILTON 
Apol.  Stnect.  Wks.  1851  III.  306,  I  am  not  altogether  so 
rustick,  and  nothing  so  irreligious.  1688  HOLME  Armoury 
in.  72/1  A  Rustick  Fellow,  one  without  City  or  School 
breeding,  without  cleanliness,  and  of  a  slovenly  Speech. 
«i720  SEWEL  Hist.  Quakers  (1795)  II.  vii.  53  G.  Croese, 
who  writ  the  pretended  history  of  the  Quakers,  calls  him 
a  rustick  fellow.  1743  H.  WALPOLE  Lett,  to  Mann  (1834) 
I.  xcii.  322  You  see  how  rustic  I  am  grown  again.  1847 
Y EOWELL  A nc.Brit.Chnrch.  iv.  173,  I  Patrick  a  sinner,  the 
most  rustic,  and  the  least  of  all  the  faithful. 

absol.  1841  EMERSON  Ess.,  Love,  It  [love]  is  the  dawn  of 
civility  and  grace  in  the  coarse  and  rustic. 

4.  Characteristic   or   typical   of  countryfolk  or 
peasants  ;  esp.  unmannerly,  unrefined  ;  rough; 

1589  GREENE  Tallies  LoiteVIte.  (Grosart)  VII.  215  Fabius 
. .  as  famous  for  his  rusticke  and  vnciuile  life,  as  now  he  is 
woondred  at  for  his  braue  and  courtly  behauiour.  1628 
FF.LTHAM  Resolves  i.  viii.  20  Sores  are  not  to  bee  anguish't 
with  a  rusticke  pressure.  1637  R.  HUMFREV  tr.  St.  Ambrose 
i.  126,  1  doe  not  approve.. of  unmannerly  and  rusticke 


RUSTIC. 

behaviour.  1761  HUME  Hist.  Eng.  (1806)  IV.  Hi.  82  That 
rustic  contempt  for  the  fair  sex,  which  James  affected.  1784 
COWFER  Task  n.  457  This  is  fulsome  ;  and  offends  me  more 
Than.. rustic  coarseness  would.  1815  ELPHINSTONE  Ace. 
Caubul  (1842)  II.  133  The  rustic  customs  of  the  Afghauns 
are  also  in  a  great  measure  laid  aside.  1873  HALE  In  His 
Name  viii.  71  That  dialect  of  rustic  Latin. 

b.  Plain  and  simple ;  unsophisticated ;  having 
the  charm  of  the  country. 

1600  SHAKS.  A.  Y.  L.  v.  iv.  183  Meane  time,  forget  this 
new-falne  dignitie,  And  fall  into  our  Rusticke  Reuelrie. 
1634  MILTON  Camus  849  For  which  the  Shepherds  at  their 
festivals  Carrol  her  goodnes  lowd  in  rustick  layes.    1700    \ 
DRYDEN  Ovid's  Art  of  Lm'e  1.685  Lay  bashfulness,  that    , 
rustic  virtue,  by.     1738  JOHNSON  London  79  IMy]  rustick    t 
tongue  Ne'er  knew  to  puzzle  right,  or  varnish  wrong.    1855 
BRIMLEY  Ess.  48  The  rustic  grace  and  sweetness  of  the  May 
Quern.    1860  RUSKIN  Mod.  Paint.  V.  i.  i.  4  Another  use  of 
words  may  be  forced  upon  us  by  a  new  aspect  of  facts,  so 
that  we  may  find  ourselves  saying:    'Such  and  such  a    ] 
person  is  very  gentle  and  kind— he  ii  quite  rustic '. 

5.  Of  rude  or  country  workmanship  ;  of  a  plain 
or  simple  form  or  structure  ;  spec,  constructed  of  i 
undressed  branches  or  roots  of  trees. 

1594  NASHE  Unfort.  Tra->.  Wks.  (Grosart)  V.  19  He  rose 
and  put  his  rustic  ring  on  my  finger.  1667  MILTON  P.  L. 
xi.  433  Ith'  midst  an  Altar  as  the  Land-mark  stood  Rustic,  : 
of  grassie  sord.  1752  MRS.  DELANY  Life  f/  Corr.  (1861)  III. 
89  Three  rustick  arches,  set  off  with  ivy,  moss,  icicles,  and 
ail  the  rocky  appurtenances.  1784  COWPER  Task  I.  267  De 
scending  now.  .upon  a  rustic  bridge  We  pass  agulph.  1826 
SCOTT  Woadst.  ii,  The  gentleman  and  lady  continued  to 
advance,  directing  their  course  to  a  rustic  seat.  1834  L.  ' 
RITCHIE  Wand,  by  Seine  73  The  court.. paved  in  rustic 
mosaic,  is  precious  in  the  eyes  of  antiquaries.  1872  Ji-:\- 
KINSON  Guide  Enf.  Lakes  (1879)  30  Two  rustic  bridges 
span  the  chasm. 

b.  Of  letters :  Having  a  free  or  negligent  form  ; 
applied  spec,  to  one  of  the  styles  employed  in 
early  Latin  manuscripts  (in  contrast  to  square"}. 

1784  T.  ASTI.E  Orig.  if  Progr.  Writing  79  The  Rustic 
capitals  were  bold,  negligent,  unequal,  composed  of  strokes, 
generally  oblique,  sometimes  extravagant,  and  always 
inelegant.  1873  E.  SPON  Workshop  Rcc.  Ser._l.  4/2  Vaguely 
formed  '  rustic  '  or  other  free-hand  letters  are  in  bad  taste  on 
such  drawings.  1883  I .  TAYLOR  A Ipha bet  II.  163  The  ear 
liest  codices.. are  usually  written  in  Capitals.  There  are 
two  types,  '  Square  '  and  '  Rustic  '. 

6.  Arch.  Characterized  by  a  surface   artificially 
roughened  or  left  rough-hewn,  or  by  having  the 
joints  (esp.  the  horizontal   ones)  deeply  sunk  or 
chamfered ;  also,  f  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Tuscan 
order. 

1563  SHUTE  Archil.  E  iiij  b,  Rusticke  or  Rughe  hewed 
stone.  1663  GERBIER  Counsel  29  The  Tuscan  Column,  or 
Rustick,  Base  and  Capital.  1697  EVELYN  Architects  ff 
Arc/lit.  Misc.  Wks.  (1825)  405  Tuscan,  Rustic,  or  by  what 
ever  name  dignified,  or  disgrac'd.  1730  A.  GORDON  Majfei  s 
A  mfhith.  400  The  Work  is  rustic,  made  with  Knobs  or 
Protuberances.. without  being  smoothed.  1766  ENTICK 
London  IV.  11  The  present  structure  [is  made]  of  brick, 
strengthened  by  rustic  quoins  of  stone  at  the  corners.  18^1 
Penny  Cycl.  XX.  272/1  Some  tasteful  specimens  of  rustic 
quoining.  1842  GWILT  Encycl.  Arch.  1027  Rustic  Order,  a 
species  of  building  wherein  the  faces  of  the  stones  are 
hatched  or  picked  with  the  point  of  a  hammer.  1875 
KNIGHT  Diet.  Mech.  2007/2. 
b.  Rustic  work,  masonry  of  this  type. 

1715  LEONI  Palladia' sArchit.  (1742)1.33  Rustick-work . . 
does  not  look  well,  unless,  .in  a  very  large  Building.  1811 
Self  Instructor  140  Bricklayers'  work, ..  piers,  pilasters, 
rustic  work.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  272  Of  this  kind  is  the 
rustic  work  of  the  Konigsbau  at  Munich.  1859  TURNER 
Dom.  Archit.  III.  it.  391  The  front  to  the  courtyard  is 
faced  with  that  peculiar  kind  of  masonry  called  rustic-work. 

7.  Comb.,  as  rustic-like  adj.  and  adv. 

1558  PHAER  Virgil,  Life  (i  584)  A  vi  b,  This  Poet . .  seemeth 
to  doubt  least  that  Ecloge  which  is  intituled  Pollio,  will 
not  appearerusticklike  enough.  1683  D.  A.  Art  of  Converse 
19  Telling  you  more  rustick-like  yet  to  be  silent,  and  let 
them  speak. 

B.  sb.  1.  A  countryman,  a  peasant. 
c  1550  in  Duncumb  Hereford  (1804)  I.  339  There  are  other 
markett-townes.. wherein  are  both  natives  and  rusticks  of 
auncient  tyme.  1585  T.  WASHINGTON  tr.  Nicholay's  Vty. 
in  ii.  71  b,  The  figure  following,  .is  of  the  Azamoglan 
Rustique.  1611  SHAKS.  Wint.  T.  iv.  iv.  735  How  now 
(Rustiques);  whither  are  you  bound?  1650  BULWER  An- 
thropotnet.  173  Your  Rustics  and  Handicraft-men  never 
pare  their  Nails.  1722  WOLLASTON  Relig.  Nat.  ix.  178  In 
how  many  countrey  affairs  must  the  scholar  take  the  rustic 
for  his  master?  1782  COWPER  Let.  to  J.  Hill  7  Dec.,  For 
instance,  here  are  two  rustics  and  your  humble  servant  in 
company.  1828  CARLYLE  Misc.  (1857)  I.  196  Strange  and 
half  unwarrantable  that  he  should  do  such  honour  to  a 
rustic.  1862  Miss  BRADDON  A  urora  Floyd  i,  The  Kentish 
rustics  know  very  little  of  this  City  banking-house. 
b.  A  boorish  or  rude  person,  rare. 
1706  ADDISON  Rosamond  \.  iii,  Thou  art  a  rustick  to  call 
me  so ;  I'm  not  ugly  nor  old.  1770  LANGHORNE  Plutarch 
(1879)  II.  766/2  He  who  finds  fault  with  any  rusticity,  is 
himself  a  rustic. 

o.  One  of  several  species  of  noctnid  moths,  as 
the  garden,  grey,  mottled  (etc.)  Rustic. 

1819  G.  SAMOUELLE  Entom.  Comp.  420.  1832  J.  RENNIE 
ButterJJ.  ff  M.  50,  etc. 
2.  Arch.  Rustic  work.  (Cf.  A.  6.) 
1731  POPE  Ep.  Burlington  34  Then  clap  four  slices  of 
Pilaster  on't,  That,  lac'd  with  bits  of  rustic,  makes  a  Front. 
179*  MORSE  Amer.  Geogr.  I.  489  The  lower  part  is  of  a 
light  rustic.  1817  D.  HUGHSON  Walks  thro'  London  216 
Rock-work,  or  rustic,  can  never  be  better  introduced  than 
in  buildings  by  the  side  of  water.  1842  GWILT  Encycl. 
Arch.  8  2669  We  now  return  to  the  subject  of  the  rock- 
worked  rustic,  whereof,  above,  some  notice  was  promised. 


928 

Cunt.  1761-71  WALPOLE  Vertue's  Anted.  Paint.  (1786) 
IV.  96  His  arched  windows,  his  rustic-laced  windows, ..  are 
striking  proofs  of  his  want  of  taste. 

b.  A  stone  (t  or  joint)  of  the  kind  employed  in 
rustic  work.     Usually  in  //. 

i7«8  R.  MORRIS  Anc.  Archil.  76  An  uniform  Disposition  of 
equidistant  Cavities,  term'd  Rusticks.  1797  Encycl.  Brit. 
(ed.  3)  II.  242  The  rustics  may  either  be  plain,  hatched,  or 
vermiculated.  1813  Cent!.  Mag.  LXXX1II.  I.  37/2  A  sort 


principal  frc 

bath-stone  rustics  to  the  quoins.  1841  GWILT  Encycl.  Arch. 
§  2666  When  square  joints  are  used,  they  should  not  be 
wider  than  one  eighth  part  of  the  height  of  the  rustic  itself. 

3.  Country  dialect. 

1841  Penny  Cycl.  XX.  84/1  Sardinian  Rustic. 

Rustical  (ro-stikal),  a.  and  sb.    Also  5-6  rus- 
ticalle,  6-7  -all ;  6  rustyoall.    [ad.  OF.  rustical, 
or  med.L.  rustical-is :  see  prec.  and  -AL.] 
A.  adj.  1.   =  RUSTIC  a.  2.     Now  arch. 

1431-50  tr.  Higden  (Rolls)  1 1.  345  He  was  trowede  to  haue 
bene  a  godde  of  the  rusticalle  peple.  1531  ELYOT  Cm.  in. 
xx-ii.  (1880)  II.  340  The  Lacedemones  somtyme  purposely 
caused  their  rustical!  seruauntes  to  be  made  very  dronke. 
'577  VAUTROUILLIER  Luther  on  Ep.  Gal.  170  Stirring  vp  the 
rusticall  people  to  sedition.  1606  J.  CARPENTER  Solomon's 
Solace  xxiv.  97  The  ordinary  matters  . .  much  ruminated 
among  the  very  rusticall  and  Countrey  people.  1649 
ROBERTS  Clam's  BM.  549  God  purposely  raised  up  Amos  of 
Tudah,  and  a  poor  rusticall  Herdman  of  Tekoa.  1714  GAY 
Slteph.  Week  Proeme,  The  manners  also  meetly  copied 
from  the  rustical  folk  therein. 

2.  =  RUSTIC  a.  3. 

1513  MORE  Rich.  Ill  (1641)  218  To  bridle  and  rule  the 
rude  rusticall  and  blustering  bold  people  of  that  region. 
1541  UDALL  Erasm.  Apoph.  167  Feloes  of  no  fyne  witte. ., 
but  alltogether  grosse,  clubbyshe,  and  rusticall.  1609  BIBLE 
(Douay)  G»f.xxi.awn».,The  spiritual  never  persecuteth  the 
carnal ;  but  spareth  him  as  his  rustical  brother,  a  1661 
FULLER  Wortliies,0xf.  II.  327  Whose  inhabitants.,  were  so 
rustical  in  their  behaviour,  that  bearish  and  clownish  people 
are  said  born  at  Hogs- Norton.  1706  Rtflex.  upon  Ridicule 
38  Theodemus  is  . .  rustical  and  unpolite.  1820  SCOTT 
Monast.  xv,  This  rustical  and  mistaught  Juvenal.  1844 
THACKERAY  Crit.  Rev.  Wks.  1886  XXIII.  46  A  rustical 
boy,  hired  at  twopence  per  week.  1877  BESAST  &  RICE 
Golden  Butterfly  vii,  He  thought  she  must  be  some  shy 
maiden  from  the  country— a  little  '  rustical '  perhaps, 
t  b.  Physically  strong ;  robust.  Obs. 

1575  BANISTER  Chyrurg.  (1585)  1.43  That  you  wisely  make 
choyse  of  your  medicynes,..  knowing  that  the  rusticall  body 
maye  endure  fittest,  the  stronger  sorte.  1620  VENNER  1'ia 
Recta  iv.  76  They  may  in  want  of  better  meat,  serue  for 
Mariners,  and  rusticall  bodies.  1693  EVELYN  De  la.  Quint. 
Comfl.  Card.  II.  168  More  tender  and  less  able  to  resist 
the  Frost,  .than  the  others  which  are  more  rustical  and 
hardy. 

3.  Pertaining  to,  connected  with,  the  country  or 
life  in  the  country;  rural.   =  RUSTIC  a.  i. 

1546  LANCLEY  tr.  Pal.  Verg.  de  Invent,  in.  i.  64  b,  Without 
doubt  y»  Hebrues  dyd  fyrst  finde  out  the  way  of  tilling 
corne,  grinding,  with  other  rusticall  instrumentes.  1549 
Comfl.  Scot.  vi.  43  In  aid  tymis  pastoral  and  rustical  ocupa- 
tione  vas  of  ane  excellent  reputatione.  1601  HOLLAND  Pliny 
I.  320  There  is  a  kind  of  rusticall  and  wild  Bee.  1654  GAY. 
TON  Pleas.  Notes  iv.  iv.  103  Such  plaine  and  easie  proverbs 
learned  in  his  rusticall  life.  1693  DRYDEN  Pcrsins  (1697) 
420  He  makes  a  digression  to  Romulus  the  first  King  of 
Rome,  who  had  a  Rustical  Education.  1707  Curiosities  in 
Hnsb.  !f  Card.  121  Such  as  are  capable  of  so  rustical  an 
Occupation. 

fb.   =  RUSTIC  a.  ic.  Obs. 

1560  DAUS  tr.  SlciJane's  Coinm.  93  b,  Their  preachers 
were  a  great  occasion  of  the  commotion  and  rusticall  warre. 
1599  A.  M.  tr.  Gabelhmer's  Bk.  Physicke  329/2  An  other 
[prescription  for  gunshot  wounds^  which  in  the  Rusticalle 
warres  hath  oftentimes  binne  tryed. 

4.  =  RUSTIC  a.  4. 

1550  J.  COKE  Eng.  ff  Fr.  Heralds  §  102  The  rustycall  and 
myserable  estate  of  the  French  courte.  1579  SPENSER 
Sheph.  Col.  Ded.,  Thinking  them  fittest  for  such  rusticall 
rudenesseof  shepheards,.  .for that  theyr  rough  sounde would 
make  his  rymes  more  ragged  and  rustical.  1615  BRIGHTMAN 
Revelation  790  Neither  will  we  be  inueigled  any  more  with 
her  rustical  roundelayes.  1695  MOTTEUX  tr.  St.  Olon's 
Morocco  37  Their  native  rustical  Temper,  and  wilful  Ignor 
ance.  1698  FAROUHAR  Love  t,  a  Bottle  11, 0  fie,  Mr.  Mock- 
mode  !  what  a  rustical  Expression  that  is  !  1850  L.  HUNT 
Autobiog.  II.  xi.  55  An  extraordinary  mixture. .of  rustical, 
mechanical  tastes ..,  with  the  most  exalted  ideas  of  authority. 
1874  M.  COLLINS  Transmigr.  I.  ix.  164,  I.. was  awakened 
by  sounds  of  rustical  music. 

f  b.  Roughly  approximate ;  unscientific,  rude. 

1662  CHANDLER  Van  Heltnonfs  Oriat.  108  Let  us  measure 
these  things  in  a  rusticall  sense. 

5.  Of  a  kind,  make,  or  fashion  appropriate  to 
the  country ;  esp.  plain  or  simple. 

1483  CAXTON  Gold.  Leg.  428/2  His  breed  was  rustical 
broun,  made  of  barleye  or  ootes.  1591  FRAUNCE  C'tess  of 
Pembroke's  Yuychnrch  iv.  Prol.,  Leaving  Christall  throanes 
for  bowres  and  rustical  harbors.  1610  WILLET  Daniel  96 
Such  rusticall  oaten  pipes.  1610  HOLLAND  Cainden's  Brit. 
(1637)  43  Compassed  about  with  a  rude  and  rusticall  ram- 
pire.  1665  J.  WEBB  Stone-Heng  (1725)  89  They  wrought 
only  the ..  Cornices,  and  left  the  rest  rude  or  rustical.  1864 
CHRISTINA  ROSSETTI  Poems  (1904)  365/2  [She]  sang  a 
country  ditty ..,  Pathetically  rustical,  Too  pointless  for  the 
city.  1871  M.  COLLINS  Marq.  ff  Merch.  1 1 1.  xiii.  301  A  jolly 
rough  honeymoon,. .  with  everything  simple  and  rustical. 
B.  sb.  A  countryman,  peasant,  rustic.  Now  arch. 

1555  EDEN  Decades  (Arb.)  81  The  inhabitantes  of  these 
mountaynes  differ  no  lesse..then  among  vs  the  rusticalles 
of  the  countrey  from  gentylmen  of  the  courte.  1579  NORTH- 
BROOKE  Dicing  (1843)  165  If  thou  doe  not  kiss  hir. .,  then 
thou  shall  be  taken  for  a  rusticall.  1600  HEYWOOD  itl  ft. 


RUSTICATE. 

'Edw.  IV,  it.  ii,  Falconbridge,  what  are  these  rusticals  ? 
1820  SCOTT  Monast.  xix,  Let  me  entreat  you  not  to  be 
wroth  with  this  rustical.  iSSi  C.  READE  Cloister  t,  H.  Iv. 
(1896)  163,  I  to  be  rid  of  roaring  rusticalls,  and  mindless 
jests,  ..drew  on  the  table  a  great  watery  circle ;  whereat  the 
rusticalls  did  look  askant. 

Hence  Bustica-lity,  rusticity.   rare~l. 

1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  Epist.  372  Ignoraunce  is  suche  an 
impediment  in  man, . .  it  ingendreth  in  him  rusticalitie  or 
clownishnesse. 

Rustically  (r»-stikali),  adv.   [f.  RUSTICAL  a.] 

1.  In  a  rude  or  uncultured  style  (of  speech  or 
diction). 

<ziS48  HALL  Chron.,  Hen.  VII,  48b,  The  Scottes..aun- 
swered  theim  proudly  &  rustically  with  many  disdeinfull 
woordes.  1583  FULKE  Def.  Tr.  Script.  i.  46  You  haue  no 
skill . . ,  that  speake  so  barbarously  and  rustically  of  Greeke 
elegancies.  1634  in  $th  Rep.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  135/2  Dr. 
Osberne..did  very  licentiously  and  rustically  reproache  me 
in  very  base  and  opprobrious  termes.  a  1652  J.  SMITH  Sel. 
Disc.  iv.  74  Lest  they  should  speak  too  rudely  and  rustic 
ally  of  it  by  calling  it  matter.  1828  Blackw.  Mag.  XXIV. 
904  The  pulpit  style  has  been  always  either  rustically  neg 
ligent,  or  bristling  with  pedantry. 

b.  In  a  country  dialect ;  dialectally.  rare. 

1611  COTGR.,  Mortau,  as  Mortel  (rustically). 

2.  After  the  manner  of  country-folk  or  peasants ; 
in  a  countrified  condition  or  fashion. 

1579  J.  JONES  Presen'.  Bodie  ff  Soul  i.  xxvi.  50  That  the 
infant  be  neyther  too  delicately  brought  vp,  nor  too  rustic 
ally.  1600  SHAKS.  A,  V.  L.  l.  i.  7  For  my  part,  he  keepes 
me  rustically  at  home,  or  (to  speak  more  properly)  stales 
me  heere  at  home  vnkept.  1693  DRVDEN  AnmcdCn)  412 
Returning  home,  And  Rustically  Joy'd,  as  Chief  of  Rome. 
1826  SCOTT  Woodst.  ii,  I  am  but  a  rude  man,  and  rustic 
ally  brought  up  to  arms  and  hunting.  1883  STEVENSON 
Silverado  Sauatters  i  Life  in  its  shadow  goes  rustically 
forward.  Ibid.  129  Rustically  ignorant,  but  with  a  touch 
of  wood-lore. 

t  Rn'SticalneSS.  Obs.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NESS.] 
Rusticity. 

rtiSosT.  CARTWRIGHT  Confut.  Rhem.  N.T.  (1618)  Pref. 
p.  xv,  Auoiding  as  well  barbarousnesse  and  rusticalnesse  of 
the  one  side,  as  curiositie  and  affectation  of  the  other. 
<ii6«i  FULLER  Worthies,  Hertfordshire  n.  18  Some  will 
wonder  how  this  Shire,  lying  so  near  to  London,,  .should  be 
guiltie  of  so  much  Rusticalness. 

t  Ru'Stican.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  L.  rnstican-us.] 
A  countryman,  rustic. 

1570  LEVINS  Manip.  19/27  A  Rusticane,  rusticus.  1579 
TWYNE  Phis.  agst.  Fortune  II.  v.  167  b,  Marius  was  also  a 
rusticane  of  the  countrey. 

Rusticate  (r»-stik«'t),  v.  [f.  L.  rustical-, 
ppl.  stem  of  rusticari  to  live  in  the  country,  etc., 
f.  rttstic-us  RUSTIC  a.  Cf.  F.  r*ttif*er.] 

1.  intr.  To  go  or  retire  into  the  country ;  to 
stay  or  sojourn  in  the  country ;  to  assume  rural 
manners,  to  live  a  country  life. 

1660  GAUDEN  Br<nunrig  159  To  rusticate  (as  Elisha  some 
times  did)  among  plain  people  that  follow  the  Plough. 


they  can  do  to  rusticate,  Art  will  generally  appear  to  pre 
vail  over  Nature,  i&n  Something  Odd  II.  163  Sir  Chris 
topher.,  thought  it  his  duty  to  attend  the  House  for  the 
present  rather  than  rusticate.  1838  LYTTON  Alice  i.  ix, 
Lady  Elizabeth  is  not  going  there  this  year ;  so  I  am  com 
pelled  to  rusticate.  1886  C.  KEENE  in  Life  (1892)  358,  I . . 
heard.. that  you  were  going  to  rusticate  on  some  riverside. 
trans/.  1829  MARRYAT  f.  Mildmay  ii,  Murphy  was  dis 
missed  in  disgrace,  and  ordered  to  rusticate  on  board  till 
his  eye  was  bright. 

2.  trans,  a.  To  dismiss  or  '  send  down   from  a 
university  for  a  specified  time,  as  a  punishment. 

1714  Spect.  No.  596  F  3,  I  was  sent  away,  or  in  the  Uni 
versity  Phrase,  Rusticated  for  ever.     1734  in  Peirce  Hist. 
Harvard  Univ.  (1833)  App.  140  If  •  •  '<•  be  denied  him, 
such  Undergraduate  shall  be  degraded,  rusticated,  or  ex- 
pelled.     1766  CLAP  Hist.  Yale  College  86  If  they  do  persist, 
and  are  guilty  of  some  greater  Crime,  they  are  pubhckly 
admonished  or    rusticated,  for   some  Months.      1825  C. 
WESTMACOTT  EnglishSpy  1. 171  Rattle  was  rusticated  for  a 
term.    1858  TROLLOPE  Dr.  Thorne  ii,  This  son  had  been  first 
rusticated  from  Oxford  and  then  expelled.     t868  H.  LEE 
B.  Godfrey  xxxi,  I  was  rusticated  for.. painting  the  college 
pump  scarlet. 

b.  To  remove  or  send  (one)  into,  settle  (one) 

in,  the  country.     Also  refl. 

1733  CHEYNE  Eng.  Malady  i.  vi.  §  6  Seldom  any  lasting 
Cure  is  perform* d  till  the  Diseased  be  rusticated  and 

purified.    1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  I.  x,  From  which  time 

he  had  entirely  rusticated  himself. 

3.  To  imbue  with  rural  manners ;  to  countnfy. 
a  1766  MRS.  SHERIDAN  Sidney  Bidulph  IV.  157  The  poor 

creatures  are  absolutely  rusticated.  1794  MARY  WOLL. 
STONECR.  Hist.  View  Fr.  Rev.  I.  503  They  dld  not  inhabit 
the  homely  recesses  of  indigence,  rusticating  their  manners 
as  they  cultivated  their  understandings.  1824  Examiner 
170/2  Our  thoughts,  environed  by  the  rural  objects  of  the 
picture,  are  happily  rusticated  in  the  mimic  country. 

4.  To  mark  masonry  by  sunk  joints  or  roughened 
surfaces.     Also  rarely  absol. 

1715  LEONI   Palladia's  Archil.    (1742)   I.  10  Brick-walls 
ought  not  to  be  rusticated.    1839  Civil  Eng.  Sr  A  rch.  Jrnl. 
II  319/1  A  ground  story,  rusticated  and  terminated  by  an 
enriched  lace  band  or  string  course.     1851  RUSKIN  Stones 
Ven.  \.  xxvi.  §  6  Do  not  think  that  Nature  rusticates  her 
foundations.  . .  She  does    rusticate    sometimes.      1901    7. 
Black'*  Carp,  ft  Build.  56  The  concrete  forming  the  steps 
is  rusticated  with  shells  and  pebbles,  &c.,  on  the  fronts,  and 
clean  coarse  gravel  on  the  top  faces  or  treads. 


pop 
3. 


RUSTICATED. 

Hence  Ru'sticating  vbl.  sb.  and  ///.  a.  Also 
Ru'sticater,  one  who  is  rusticating. 

1801  W.  TAYLOR  in  Monthly  Mag.  XII.  579  A  rustic  and 
rusticating  fashion  for  farmery.  1813  P.  NICHOLSON  Pract. 
Builder  311  Rusticating,  in  architecture  and  masonry,  con 
sists  in  forming  horizontal  sinkings,  or  grooves.  1834  DE 
QUINCEY  AutoHogr.  Sli.  Wks.  1853  I.  101  At  these  rusticat 
ing  seasons,  he  had  often  much  further  to  come  than  our 
selves.  1878  Tinsley's  Ala?.  XXIII.  112  A  'rustkater' 
(please  excuse  the  noun)  Exploring  leisurely  a  spot  in 
Surrey. 

Rvrsticated,  ///.  a.    [f.  prec.  +  -ED  1.] 

1.  Relegated  to  the  country  ;  temporarily  dis 
missed  from  a  university. 

'759  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  80  r  2  The  time  is  now  come 
when  the  town  is  again  beginning  to  be  full,  and  the 
rusticated  beauty  sees  an  end  of  her  banishment.  1873 
W.  S.  TYLER  Hist.  Amlierst  College  49  Rev.  Timothy  M. 
Cooley  .  .  ,  afterwards  so  famous  as  a  teacher  of  rusticated 
students. 

2.  a.   Rendered  rustic  in  manners  ;  countrified. 

1754  H.  WALPOI.F.  Lett.  (1846)  III.  48  Are  you  such  a 
rusticated  animal  as  to  suppose  that  the  Duke  is  dismissed 
for  inability?  ij^Geraldina  I.  30  You  see  how  rusticated 
I  am,  by  writing  on  such  uninteresting  subjects.  1822  W 
IRVING  Braceb.  //<i«(i823)  I.  14  The  squire  is.  .rusticated 
a  little  by  living  almost  entirely  on  his  estate. 

b.  Settled  in  the  country;  leading  a  country  life. 

1764  Museum  Rust.  III.  238  Extracts  from  approved 
modern  authors,  of  which  many  of  the  rusticated  readers  of 
this  work  would  have  remained  ignorant.  1809  MALKIN 
Gil  Bias  x.  i,  Scipio.  .would  have  liked  better  to  see  me 
once  more  blazing  at  court,  than  either  cloistered  or  rustic 
ated.  1826  R.  POLWHELE  Trad,  f,-  Recoil.  II.  ix.  605  In 
the  last  age  some  of  the  rusticated  clergy  used  to  favour  the 

pular  superstition. 

.  Of  masonry,  parts  of  buildings,  etc.  :  Rendered 
rustic  in  appearance. 

1743  POCOCKF.  Descr.  East  I.  23  To  the  south  of  the 
west  entrance..!  saw  a  rusticated  wall  three  feet  thick 
«775  WASHINGTON  Let.  Writ.  1893  XIV.  315,  I  wish  you 
had  done  the  end  of  the  New  Kitchen  next  the  Garden  as 
also  the  Old  Kitchen  with  rusticated  Boards.  1783  W.  F. 
MARTYN  Geogr.  Mag,  II.  129  The  lower  story  is  of  rusticated 
architecture.  1843  Penny  Cycl.  XXVI.  270/2  Rusticated 
Doric  and  Corinthian,  some  of  the  columns  of  the  latter 
fluted  spirally.  1871  RUSKIN  Furs  Clav.  xxi,  An  immense 
mass  of  merely  squared  or  rusticated  stones. 

Rustication  (rostik^-Jan).  [ad.  L.  rustialtio, 
noun  of  action  f.  ruslicdn:  see  RUSTICATE  z>.] 

1.  The  action  of  retiring  to,  or  living  in,  the 
country  ;  a  spell  of  residence  in  the  country  ;  f  a 
rural  pursuit  or  occupation. 

1623  COCKERAM,  Rustication,  a  dwelling  in  the  Countrey. 
1696  EVELYN  Mem.  (1857)  III.  366,  I  confess  I  am  foolishly 
fond  of  these  and  other  rustications.  1783  JOHNSON  Let. 
to  Mrs.  Thrale  23  July,  Whether  this  short  rustication  has 
done  me  any  good  I  cannot  tell.  1805  LAMB  Let.  to 
U'ords-iv.  in  Final  Mem.  iv.  228  We  have  been  two  tiny 
excursions  this  summer  for  three  or  four  days  each..  :  and 
this  is  the  total  history  of  our  rustications  this  year.  1823 
SYD.  SMITH  \Vks.  (1859)  II.  29/1  How  absurd  it  would  be  to 
offer  to  the  higher  orders  the  exclusive  use  of  peaches, 
nectarines,  and  apricots,  as  the  premium  of  rustication. 
1890  J.  DICKIE  Words  of  Faith,  etc.  (1893)  342,  I  hope  that 
your  rustications,  at  this  time,  may  set  up  your  bodily 
vigour  a  little. 

b.  The  condition  naturally  attaching  to  life  in 
the  country. 

1771  SMOLLETT  Humph.  Cl.  18  Apr.,  I  am  here  in  a  state  ' 
of  absolute  rustication.  1809  MALKIN  Gil  Bias  iv.  iv.  r  12  i 
A  young  person  brought  up  in  a  state  of  rustication,  and..  : 
unacquainted  with  the  manners  of  a  court. 

2.  Temporary  dismissal   from  a  university  ;  an 
instance  or  period  of  this. 

1734  in  Peirce  Hist.  Harvard  Univ.  (1833)  App.  r42  All 
public  admonitions,  rustications,  and  degradations,..  shall 
be  by  the  President  and  Tutors.     1779  JOHNSON  L.  P.,    i 
Milton,  It  seems  plain  from  his  own  verses  to  Diodati,  that    \ 
he  had  incurred  rustication,  a  temporary  dismission  into 
the  country,  with  perhaps   the  loss  of  a  term.    1825  C. 
WESTMACOTT  English  Spy  I.  120  A  severe  imposition  and 
sometimes  rustication.     1854  '  C.    BEDE'  Verdant  Green    \ 
il.  vi,  A  humorous  series  of  plucks,  rustications,  and  heavy 
debts.    1887  DOWDEN  Life  Shelley  I.  iii.  122  A  sentence  of 
rustication  might  have  sufficed  for  an  offence  against  dis. 
cipline. 

3.  The  action  of  banishing,  or  the  state  of  being 
banished,  into  the  country. 

1731  JOHNSON  Rambler  No.  195  F  12  His  father,  after 
some  threats  of  rustication..,  reduced  the  allowance  of  his 
pocket.  1806  Col.  H  utchinson'  s  Mem,  56  note,  From  the 
moment  of  Cardinal  Richlieu's  coming  into  power  under 
Louis  the  XHIthto  Neckar's  return  to  power  after  his  i 
rustication  under  Louis  XVIth.  1818  SCOTT  Rob  Roy  ii,  I 
persuaded  myself,  that  all  I  had  to  apprehend  was  some 
temporary  alienation  of  affection—  perhaps  a  rustication  of 
a  few  weeks.  1869  TOZER  Highl.  Turkey  1.62  Athos..is 
used  as  a  place  of  rustication  for  refractory  prelates. 

4.  Arch.  The  action  or  practice  of  rusticating 
masonry  ;  the  style  of  masonry  produced  by  this. 

1815  J.  SMITH  PanoramaSci.  $  Art  I.  174  An  ornament 
.  .  of  large  square  blocks  as  parts  of  the  shaft,  which  are 
called  rustication,  and  are  sometimes  roughened.  1841 


which  deprives  it  of  all  dignity. 
b.  A  rustic  feature  or  part. 

1839  Civil  Rug.  f,  Arch,  Jrnl.  II.  381/1  The  destruction 
of  the  form  of  the  columns,  rustications,  &c.  1848  RICKMAN 
Archil.  17  Many  architects  have  given  to  this  order,  .large 
square  blocks,  as  parts  of  the  shaft,  which  are  called  rustica 
tions. 

VOL.  VIII. 


929 

Rustica'tory,  a.  notice-wit,  [f.  RUSTICATE 
v.  +  -OBY  2.]  Pertaining  to  rustication. 

1823  Sfirit  PuM.  Jrnls.  523  St.  George's  Day  does  not 
interfere  with  the  rusticatory  arrangements  of  the  fashion, 
able  hemisphere  folks. 

Eusti'Cial,  a.    pseudo-arch.   =  RUSTICAL  a.  4. 

1820  SCOTT  Monast.  xiv,  Our  English  courtiers  of  the 
hodiernal  _strain.  .have  infinitely  refined  upon  the  plain  and 
rusticial  discourse  of  our  fathers. 

Rxvsticism.  rare  —'.  [f.  RUSTIC  a.  +  -ISM.] 
A  rustic  idiom  or  expression. 

1882  GOSSE  in  Grosart's  Spenser  III.  p.  xvi,  Extravagant 
and  almost  laughable  rusticisms. 

Rusticity  (restrsiti).  Also  6  rustyeyte,  6-7 
rusticitie.  [ad.  F.  rusticitt  (1460)  or  L.  rustic- 
itas:  see  RUSTIC  a.  and  -ITY.] 

1.  Lack  of  breeding,  culture,  or  refinement; 
clownishness,  awkwardness. 

1531  ELYOT  Governor  in.  xvii.  (1880)  II.  309  Which  in 
them  was  neyther  folisshenes  nor  yet  rusticitie,  but  of  a 
prudent  consideracion.  1590  SPF.NSFR  /-".  Q.  in.  vi.  i  Seemeth 
that  such  wilde  woodes  should  far  expell  All  civile  usage 
and  gentility,  And  gentle  sprite  deforme  with  rude  rusticity. 
1643  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Relig.  Mcd.  i.  §  13  The  wisedome  of 
God  receives  small  honour  from  those  vulgar  heads  that 
rudely  stare  about,  and  with  a  grosse  rusticity  admire  his 
workes.  1691  HARTCLIFFE  Virtues  iBsRusticity.  .isnothing 
but  a  stupid  Sullenness,  that  makes  men  appear  Ill-bred, 
and  unfit  for  Company.  1760  Phil.  Trans.  LI  I.  68  The 
aukward  rusticity  of  a  stranger,  introduced  the  first  time  to 
your  presence.  1820  SCOTT  AUvt  xxiv,  Yet  these  high 
accomplishments  were  mixed  with  an  air  of  rusticity  and 
harebrained  vivacity.  1880  'OflDA1  Moths  II.  253  Ischl 
has  a  little  rusticity  still  in  her  elegant  manners. 

b.  An  instance  of  this. 

1803  MAR.  EDGEWORTH  Manufacturer  Wks.  1832  I.  62  You 
must  not  think  ill  of  my  cousin,  notwithstanding  his  little 
rusticities.  1814  JANE  AUSTEN  Mans/.  Park  ii,  The  little 
rusticities  and  awkwardnesses,  .necessarily  wore  away. 

2.  Lack  of  intellectual  culture  ;  ignorance. 

1583  FULKE  D,-f.  Tr.  Script,  i.  51  To  condemne  all  men,. . 
out  of  your  readers  chaire  at  Rhemes,  of  ignorance, .  .bar- 
barusnes,  rusticity.  1695  WOODWARD  Nat.  Hist.  Earth  n. 
95  An  universal  Rusticity  presently  took  place..  .Those  first 
Ages  of  the  new  World  were  simple,  and  illiterate  to 
Admiration.  1809  MALKI.M  Gil  Bias  vil.  xiii,  He  began 
laughing  at  my  rusticity.  Well, ..replied  he,. .this  sonnet 
would  confuse  clearer  heads  than  thine. 

3.  Of  language,    composition,    etc. :    Lack   of 
polish  or  refinement ;   uncouthness,  inelegance. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus  s.v.  Sal,  Pleasant  sayinges  with, 
out  rusticitie.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Poesie  in.  xxi.  (Arb.) 
256  Some  manner  of  speaches  are  alwayes  intolerable,., 
namely  barbarousnesse,  incongruitie, ..rusticitie,  and  all 
extreme  darknesse.  1697  DRYDEN  Virgil,  Deaf,  to  Ld. 
Chndleigh,  There  is  a  kind  of  Rusticity  in  all  those  pompous 
Verses.  1741  MIDDLETON  Cicero  (1742)  III.  xii.  318  It  was 
in  Cicero's  time,  that  the  old  rusticity  of  the  Latin  muse 
first  began  to  be  polished.  1839  HALLAM  Hilt,  Lit,  IL  v. 
§  61  Praises  which  we  cannot  bestow  on  the  uncouth 
provincial  rusticity  of  Spenser.  1858  MARTINEAU  Stud. 
Chr.  303  A  taste  formed  from  the  Study  of  Plato  and 
Seneca  may  be  offended  by  the  rusticity  of  Mark. 
b.  A  rustic  expression. 

1711  ADDISON  Spect.  No.  59  r  3  Obsolete  Words  and 
Phrases,  unusual  Barbarisms  and  Rusticities.  1871  R  ELLIS 
Catullus  xxxvi.  19  But  ye  verses, . .  Rank  rusticities,  empty 
vapid  annals  Of  Volusius. 

4.  Rustic  or  rural  life,  quality,  or  character. 
1638  JUNIUS  Paint.   Ancients  183  He  was  a  man  that 

might  seeme  to  be  more  given  to  rusticitie  than  to  such 
kinde  of  delicacies.  1713  Guardian  No.  30  P  10,  I  may  be 
allowed,  for  the  Honour  of  our  Language,  to  suppose  it 
more  capable  of  that  pretty  Rusticity  than  the  Latin.  1785 
WALPOLE  Let.  to  J.  Pinkerton  26  June,  He.  .could  captivate 
a  lord  of  Augustus's  bed-chamber,  and  tempt  him  to  listen 
to  themes  of  rusticity.  1809  PINKNEV  Trav.  France  276 
The  town.. had  an  air  of  rusticity  and  recluseness  which 
might  have  delighted  a  romantic  imagination.  1883 
Harper's  Mag.  July  165/1  There  is  little  left  of  the  sweet 
rusticity  of  Dulwich. 

b.  A  rural  feature  or  characteristic;  a  rural 
thing  or  object. 

1662  EVELYN  Chalcogr.  68  What  they  graved  after  Mich. 
de  Vos,  and  others  whose  Rusticities  they  set  forth.  1669 
WORLIDGE  Syst.  Agric.  Pref.,  These  Rusticities,  .supply  us 
for  our  Necessities  and  advantages ;  for  without  this  Art 
none  in  City  or  Country  could  subsist.  1873  BROWNING  Red 
Cott.  Nt.-tap  114  Nought  you  missed  Of  one  and  all  the 
sweet  rusticities ! 

f  5.  Rusticated  style  (of  masonry).   Ois.~l 

1730  A.  GORDON  Maffii's  Amphith.  212  The-Rusticity  of 
the  Work  . .  seems  to  contribute  towards  Grandeur  and 
Strength. 

6.  collect.  Country  persons. 

1831  CARLYLE  Sari.  Res.  i.  iii.  (1902)  16  A  thousand 
carnages,  and  wains,  and  cars,  come  tumbling-in  with  Food, 
with  young  Rusticity,  and  other  Raw  Produce. 

Rnsticize  (rzrstissiz),  v.  [f.  RUSTIC  a.  +  -IZE.] 

1.  inlr.  To  speak  in  a  country  dialect. 

1822  Ne-.v  Monthly  Mag  V.  244  Our  farmers  neither  wear 
cowskin  waistcoats,  nor  rusticise  like  Hobbinol  and  Diggon 
Davy. 

2.  trans.  To  relegate  to  the  country. 

1841  Blackw.  Mag.  XLIX.  488  What  can  interest  you  or 
me,  Eusebius,  rusticized  in  this  odious  February? 

3.  To  render  rustic  in  appearance. 

1868  BROWNING  Ring  $•  Bk.  viii.  1309  We  changed  our 
garb  And  rusticized  ourselves  with  uncouth  hat  [etc.]. 

Ru'sticly,  adv.  Now  rare.  [t.  RUSTIC  a.  + 
-LY  2.]  In  a  rustic  manner ;  rustically. 

ci6n  CHAPMAN  ///arf  xxm.  416  'To  you  it  seems  so,' 
rusticly  Ajax  Oileus  said.  1610  VENNER  l-'ia  Recta  viii. 


RUSTLE. 


Ru'Sticness.  rare.  [f.  RUSTIC  a.  +  -NESS.] 
Rustic  quality  ;  rusticity. 

1684  tr.  Agrippa's  Van.  Artsm.zo  Luciliusisdamn'd  for 
the  rusuckness  of  his  hobling  Verse.  1838  CARLYLE  Led 
Hist.  Lit.  (1892)  145  There  is  in  him  [Knox]  a  genuine' 
nalural  ruslicness— a  decided  earneslness  of  purpose 

Rusticoat :  see  RUSTY  a.i  ioc. 

Rustily  (rs-stili),  a<fv.  [f.  RUSTY  a.l  +  -LY  2.] 
In  a  rusty  manner. 

11386  SIDNEY  Arcadia  i.  (1622)  21  Their  armour  they 
should  as  well  as  might  be,  couer,  or  at  least  make  them 
•  looke  so  rustihe,  and  ill  fauouredly  as  might  well  become 
such  wearers.  1609  W.  M.  Man  in  Moone  D3b,  His 
spurres  haue  scaped  a  scouring,  they  looke  so  rustily.  1661 
I  COWLEY  Cutter  Caiman  St.  Wks.  (Grosart)  I.  200/2  Na\- 
if  thou  do'st  begin  but  to  look  rustily— I'l  ha'  thee  Paini 
;  thy  self.  1865  DICKESS  Mut.  Fr.  n.  .xvi,  Other  joints 
working  rustily  in  the  morning. 

Comb.  1837  DICKENS  Piclnu.  x\x,  In  conversation  with  a 
rustlly-clad,  miserable-looking  man. 

Rustiness  (r»-stines).    [f.  RUSTY  a.l  and  a.3] 

1.  The  state  of  being  rusty ;   rusty  condition  or 
quality;  rust.     Freq._/?f. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvi.  ii.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
[Gravel]  hab  vertu  to  dense  metal  and  to  waste  be  rusty- 
lies  of  metal  hi  frotinge ..  hereof.  1-1450  Cor-.  Myst.  (Shaks. 
Soc.)  47  Rustynes  of  synne  is  cawse  of  these  wawys.  1491 
CAXTON  /  'ilas  Pair.  (W.  de  W.  1495)  n.  205/1  Yf  thou  be 
harde  as  is  the  yron  thou  shall  lese  thy  Rustynes  by  fyre. 
"SA?-6^  BALDWIN  Mar.  Phil.  (Palfr.)  333  Idlenesse.  .is  a 
thing  like  a  cankering  rustinesse  both  to  the  body  and  to 
the  soule.  1576  FLEMING  Panopl.  F.fist.  357  Let  us  rub 
off  the  rustinesse  of  our  tongues.  1601  LYI.Y /,<>"'£' j  Mctani. 
n.  i,  Her  teeth  hollow  and  red  with  rustinesse.  1679  C. 
NESS  Antichrist  Pref.,  If  the  rustiness  of  gold  witness 
against  men  at  the  last  day.  1851  HAWTHORNE  Ho.  St:: 
Gat>lt-s  i,  The  rustiness  and  infirmity  of  age  gathered  over 
the  venerable  house  itself.  1882  Garden  3  June  389/1  This 
[  rustiness  [in  strawberries]  is  caused  by  the  sun. 

2.  slang.  Irritableness,  bad  temper. 

1860  \VHVTE  MELVILLE  MAI.  Hart.  104  Old  Isaac,., 
subject  to  occasional  '  rustiness  ',  and  imbued  with  a  strong 
aversion  to  what  he  called  being  'put  upon  '. 

Ru'Sting,  vl>l.  sb.  [f.  RUST  z».l  +  -ING'.]  The 
fact  or  process  of  developing  rust  or  of  becoming 
rusty  :  a.  Of  metals. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvn.  cxii.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
Clene  oile  kepi|>  brijt  yren  fro  rustinge.  1562  J.  HEYWOOD 
Pro-,',  f;  Epigr.  (1867)  210  Great  diffrence  betweene  rubbyng 
and  ruslyng.  1633  P.  FLETCHER  Purple  Isl.  vm.  xxiv,  In 
an  iron  grave  Himself  prelects  his  god  [gold]  from  noysome 
rusting.  1667  Phil.  Trans.  II.  494  The  rusting  of  Iron,  in 
such  houses  as  front  the  Sea.  1728  CHAMBERS  Cycl.  s.v. 
Printing,  They  rub  it  over  with  Oil  of  Olives,  to  prevent  its 
rusting.  1792  W.  H.  MARSHALL  IV.  England  (1706)  II.  320 
These  fractures  are  occasioned  by  the  rusting  of  the  iron. 
1844  H.  STEPHENS  />/'.  Farm  1 .  182  These  parts  are  all  made 
of  copper,  to  withstand  rusting  from  the  water.  1878 
HUXLEY  Physiogr.  75  The  air  must  be.  .connected  with 
the  phenomenon  of  rusting. 

J>g'  '597  jn  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  Ser.  I.  III.  41,  I  have  been 
enforced  this  day  to  scour  up  my  old  Latin  that  hath  lain 
long  in  rusting.  1887  Miss  BRADDON  Like  $  Unl.  vii,  '  Do 
you  call  this  rusting,  he  asked  tenderly. 

b.  Of  grain. 

1308  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvn.  cxv.  (Bodl.  MS.), 
Barlich . .  is  ripe  &  igadered  ere  corupcionne  o^er  roslinge 
falle  vpon  whete.  1674  FLAVEL  Husbandry  Sp.  xiii.  118 
Sad  relapses  like  blasts  and  rustings  do  often  fade  it,  when 
it's  even  ready  for  the  harvest. 

Rtrsting,  ///.  a.    [f.  RUST  vl  +  -ING  2.] 

1.  Causing  rust.     In  quot.  fig. 

1749  CHESTERF.  Lett.  (1792)  IL  i6j  Sottish  drinking,., 
rusting  sports,  such  as  fox-chases,  horse-races,  &c. 

2.  Becoming  rusty,  developing  rust. 

1884  Harper's  Mag.  Oct.  754/2  The  long  grass . .  hides 
their  rusting  forms.  1888  Pall  Mall  G.  7  May  5/2  The 
degenerate  cattle-lifters.. still  nurse  their  rusting  swords  in 
their  arms. 

Rustique,  obs.  form  of  RUSTIC. 
Rustle  (r»'s'l),  sb.     [f.  the  vb.] 

1.  A  continuous  succession  of  light  crisp  sounds 
produced  by  some  kind  of  movement. 

1759  JOHNSON  Idler  No.  44  f  4  When  the  noise  of  a 
torrent,  the  rustle  of  a  wood,  the  song  of  birds,  or  the  play 
of  lambs,  had  power  to  fill  the  attention  1820  KEATS 
Fancy  41  Thou  shall  hear..  Rustle  of  the  reaped  corn.  1841 
B.  HALL  Patchwork  III.  x.  196  The  rustle  of  bank-notes 
could  also  just  be  heard.  1877  MRS.  OLIPHANT  Makers 
Flor.  xii.  300  For  half  an  hour  there  was  silence,  except 
from  the  rustle  of  the  multitude  which  knelt  around. 

2.  U.S.  colloq.  Bustle,  hustle. 

1899  '  R.  CONNOR  '  Sky  Pilot  xxi,  It's  about  time  for  me 
to  get  a  rustle  on. 

Rustle  (ro-s'l),  v.  Forms  :  4  rousehol-,  6-7 
rushle ;  5  rousle,  rossle,  6-7  rusael  (6  Sc.  rus- 
sil),  7russle;  sroustle,  rustel  (-ely),  5- rustle. 
[Imitative  :  cf.  older  Flem.  ntysselen,  rijsseten, 
Fris.  rissclje,  russelje,  Du.  ridselen,  ritselcn  in  the 
same  sense.] 

1.  intr.  Of  things :  To  give  forth  a  continuous 
succession  of  light,  rapid,  crisp  sounds,  as  the 
result  of  some  kind  of  movement. 

1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvi.  i.  (Tollemache  M.S.), 
Yf  it  were  bruste  and  brosid  to  gederes  in  a  mannis  honde, 
hit  schulde  rustel  \_v.r.  rustely]  and  make  noyse  fordrynesse 

117 


BUSTLED. 

and  hardnesse.  c  1400  Siege  ofTroy\^f>  (MS.  Harl.  525)  in 
Archiv  ne».  Spr.  LXX1I.  15  There  were..baners  rustland 
with  be  wynde.  1565  COOPER  Thcs'inrus,  Strepito,  to 
make  noyse  often  :  to  make  a  great  noyse :  to  rustle.  1603 
SHAKS.  Meas.for  Af.  iv.  iii,  38  He  is  comming  Sir,,.  I  heare 
his  Straw  russle.  1638  JU.MUS  Paint.  Ancients  41  When 
the  wind-shaken  ropes  rumble  and  rustle.  1791  BURNS 
Tarn  O'  Shanter  51  The  storm  without  might  rair  and 
rustle,  Tarn  did  na  mind  the  storm  a  whistle.  1815  SHELLEY 
Alastor  104  The  dry  leaf  rustles  in  the  brake.  1843 
CARLYLE  Past  $  Pres.  (1858)  146  Scotland  itself  still  rustled 
shaggy  and  leafy.  1897  W.  H.  THORNTON  Rein.  W.-Co. 
Clci'gvman  vi.  177  A  person  had  been  terrified  by  hearing 
the  curtains  of  the  bed  rustle. 

b.  Of  persons  or  animals :  To  cause  sounds  of 
this  nature  to  be  produced. 

1560  ROLLAND  Seren  Sages  54  The  Falcon  this  behalding 
..With  hir  wingis  scho  russillit  &  rang  hir  bellis.  1560 
DA  us  tr.  Sleidane's  Comin.  114  b,  Beynge  charged  to  make 
a  signe,..he  rustleth  and  maketh  a  noyse  agayne.  1603 
KNOLLES  His!.  Turkes  (1621)  1158  Which  caused  them. .to 
russle  with  their  armes,  to  keepe  a  stir  with  their  souldiours. 
1627  E.  F.  Hist.  Edw.  II  (1680)  no  To  russle  boysterously, 
or  grumbling  murmur  some  unsavoury  Prayers.  1700 
DRYDEN  Pal.  ft  Arcite  n.  183  So  stands  the  Thracian  herds 
man.. and  hopes  the  hunted  bear,  And  hears  him  rustling 
in  the  wood.  1735  SOMERVILLE  Chase  iv.  421  Thro'  reedy 
Pools  Rustling  they  work  their  Way.  1819  S.  ROGERS 
Human  Life  382  The  otter  rustling  in  the  sedgy  mere. 
1845  MRS.  S.  C.  HALL  Whiteboy  xi,  She  rustled  at  an  old 
cabinet,  which  she  unlocked  and  locked,  as  if  placing  the 
papers  therein.  1892  E.  REEVES  Hoine-Mard  Bd.  18  Woman 
rustles,  and  bustles,  and  creaks,  and  fusses. 

2.  With  advs.  or  preps.  :  a.  To  come,  go,  move, 
etc.,  with  a  rustling  sound. 

In  the  earliest  quots.  the  prominent  idea  appears  to  be 
that  of  rapid  motion,  and  this  may  be  the  origin  of  the 
special  development  in  sense  4. 

,i  1586  SIONF.Y  Arcadia  \.  (1605)  63  As  he  let  his  sword 
fall  vpon  it,  another  knight  all  in  blacke  came  rustliiic-  in. 
1594  LYLY  Mother  Gomlne  v.  iii,  These  minstrelles.  .rustle 
into  euery  place.  1607  TOPSELL  Fonr-f.  Beasts  (1658)  372 
Four  strong  men,  armed  with  shields,,  .rustle  in  upon  the 
lion  lying  m  his  den.  He.,  with  such  celerity  rustleth  upon 
them  as  if  it  were  some  storm  or  tempest.  1728-46  THOMSON 
S/>ritizgi  Where  the  deer  rustle  through  the  twining  brake. 
1840  LAHLYLF.  Led.  Heroes  i.  T  27  All  Life  is  figured  by 
them  as  a  Tree... It  grows  there,  the  breath  of  Human 
Pas-ion  rustling  through  it.  1896  A.  E.  HOUSMAN  Shrop 
shire  Lad  x\\t  In  the  woodland  brown  I  heard  the  beechnut 
rustle  down. 

b.  To  go  about,  be  finely  dressed,  in  some 
material  which  rustles. 

1598  SHAKS.  Merry  If.  n.  ii.  68  All  Muske,  and  so  rush- 
ling,  I  warrant  you,  in  silke  and  golde.  1611  —  Cymb. 
in.  iii.  24  This  life  Is.  .Prouder,  then  rustling  in  unpayd-for 
Silke.  1691  The  Weesils  ii.  7  His  Wife  too,  in. .richest 
Silks,  can  rustle  with  the  best.  1750  GRAY_  Lonff  Story  vi, 
A  brace  of  Warriors,  not  in  buff,  But  rustling  in  their  silks 
and  tissues.  1788  [see  BUSTLE  i^,2].  1816  SCOTT  A  ntiq.  vi, 
The  elderly  lady  rustled  in  silks  and  satins.  1847  TENNY 
SON  Priac.  i.  200  He..holp  To  lace  us  up,  till,  each,  in 
maiden  plumes  We  rustled. 

3.  trans,  a.  To  cause  to  move  in  some  way  with 
a  rustling  sound.     Const,  with  advs.  and  preps. 

1648  J.  BEAUMONT  Psyche  xiv.  ccx,  And  many  sleeping 
Saints  by  it  awaked,  Russled  their  Dust  together  and  gat 
up.  1833  M.  ARNOLD  Scholar  Gypsy  iii,  Air-swept  lindens 
..rustle  down  their  perfum'd  showers  Of  bloom  on  the 
bent  grass.  1870  LOWELL  Study  Wind,,  Gd.  Word  Winter, 
Euroclydon.  .rustles  snowflakes  against  the  pane. 

refl.  1892  Cornhill  Mag.  May  547  Mrs.  Aylmer  rose 
horrified,  and  rustled  herself  out  of  the  room. 

b.  To  shake  or  stir  with  a  rustling  sound. 

a  1821  [see  RUSTLED].  1838  LYTTON  Leila  I.  iii,  Nor  was 
the  stillness  broken,  save  as  an  occasional  breeze ..  rustled 
the  fragrant  leaves  of  the  citron  and  pomegranate.  1856 
EMEHSON  Eng.  Traits,  Religion,  They  who  come  to  the  old 
shrines  find  apes  and  players  rustling  the  old  garments. 
1868  MORRIS  Earthly  Par.  (1870)  I.  n.  619  From  off  the  sea 
a  little  west-wind  blew,  Rustling  the  garden  leaves  like 
sudden  rain. 

4.  U.S.  colloq.    a.    inlr.    To  bestir  oneself  or 
move  about  vigorously ;  to  work  with  strenuous 
energy ;  to  hustle,  push  one's  way. 

1872  R.  B.JOHNSON  Very  Far  West  xiv.  105  I've  rustled  up 
wards  from  a  picayune  pi intin' office  down  to  NewOrleens. 
1883  Advance  (Chicago)  31  May,  A  man  who  earns  his 
livelihood  by  exposure  and  hard  riding  is  said  to  '  rustle  '. 
1891  C.  ROBERTS  Adrift  Atner.  52, 1  rustled  round  but  could 
not  get  a  job,  as  things  were  very  slack. 

b.  trans.  To  shift,  deal  with,  rapidly ;  to  pick 
up,  acquire,  or  get  together  by  one's  own  exertions. 

1882  Cent.  Mag.  XXIV.  508/2  '  Rustle  the  things  off  that 
table,'  means  clear  the  table  in  a  hurry.  1890  L.  C.  D'OYLF. 
Notches  45, 1  was  out  one  day  after  antelope  (I  '  rustled  '  all 
my  meat,  except  a  ham  now  and  then  as  a  luxury).  1894 
Harper's  Mag.  Jan.  299.  I'll  sure  buy  Pedro  back  off  him 
just  as  soon  as  ever  I  rustle  some  cash. 

Hence  Kurstled  ///.  a. 

a  1821  KEATS  Hyperion  H.  2  Hyperion  slid  into  the  rustled 
air.  1876  BROWNING  Forgiveness  208  And  turning,  saw 
whose  rustled  gown  Had  told  me  my  wife  followed, 

Bustler  (rfslaj).    [f.  RUSTLE  v.  +  -ER  I.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  rustles;   a  rustling 
leaf,  bird,  etc. 

1820  SCOTT  Monast.  viii,  The  fairy  hopes  of  my  youth  I 
have  trodden  under  foot  like  those  neglected  rustlers 
[leaves],  1838  Fraser's  Mag.  XVIII,  559  Not  a  rustler  in 
the  thicket  moved,  But  he  could  name  it. 

2.  U.S.     a.  An  energetic  or  bustling  man. 

1872  R.  B.  JOHNSON  Very  Far  West  xiv.  191  There  is 
the  middle-class  rustler,  who  starts  a  store.. upon  credit. 
1883  Milnor  (Dakota)  Teller  24  Apr.  2/6  One  of  the  Lisbon 
rustlers  lately  sold  one  of  his  farms,  .for  $18  an  acre.  1887 


930 

M.  ROBERTS  Western  Avernns  183  He  does  not  know  much 
about  saw-mills,  but  I  just  tell  you  he  is  a  rustler, 
b.  A  cattle-thief. 

1882  Blackw.  Mag.  Mar.  273  A  gang  of  '  rustlers  '—as  the 
lawless  desperadoes  who  abound  in  Arizona,  New  Mexico 
and  Texas  are  called.  1885  Harpers  Mag,  May  826/1  We 
could  hear  the  stealthy  tread  of  rustlers  and  Indians  and 
murderous  Mexicans. 

Rustless  (rustles),  a.    [f.  RUST  sb.1  +-LESS.] 

1.  Free  from  rust ;  characterized  by  the  absence 
of  rust.     Also/^.' 

1845  FORD  Handbk.  Spain  n.  786  Mistaking  the  dry  rust 
less  climate  of  Castile  for  her  own.. damp  land.  1853  C. 
BRONTE  Villette  viii,  When  once  a  bloodless  and  rustless 
instrument  was  found,  she  was  careful  of  the  prize.  1880 
BARING-GOULD  MehalaJt  xxvi,  The  married  life  of  some  is 
smooth  and  shining  and  rustless  like  the  gold. 

2.  Not  liable  to  be  rusted. 

1856  RUSKIN  Mod.  Paint.  IV.  v.  xvi.  §  17  A  strength  as 
of  imperishable  iron,  rustless  by  the  air.  1884  Health 
Exilic.  Catal.  57/2  Soil  Pipe  Traps  in  rustless  iron  and 
stoneware. 

Bustling  (nrslin),  vbL  st>.    [f.  RUSTLE  ^.] 

1.  The  action  of  the  vb.,  in  literal  senses;  an 
instance  of  this;  a  rustling  sound. 

1387  TREVISA  Higden  (Rolls)  VI.  93  \ViJ>  som  manere 
rouschelynge  bat  he  made . .  his  felowe  awook.  1565  COOPKR 
Thesaurus  s.v.  Crepitus,  The  rustlyng  or  noyse  of  feete 
goyng.  1579  SPENSER  Shcph.  Cal.  Mar.  72,  I.. then  heard 
no  more  rustling.  1603  HOLLAND  Plutarch's  Mor.  437  The 
great  rustling  and  clattering  that  harneis  and  armor  made. 
1641  MILTON  Rt/Orm.  n.  Wks.  1851  I.  67  They  would  re- 
quest  us  to  indure  still  the  russling  of  their  Silken  Cassocks. 
1706  FARQUHAB  Recruiting'  Officer  iv.  iii,  I  hear  the  rust 
ling  of  silks.  Fly,  sir!  tis  madam  Melinda.  1797  MRS. 
RADCLIFFE  Italian  i,  They  heard  a  sudden  rustling  of  the 
branches.  1848  DICKENS  Dombey  i,  His  meditations.,  were 
soon  interrupted,  .by  the  rustling  of  garments  on  the  stair 
case.  1875  WHITNEY  Life  Lang.  iv.  64  Containing  a  rust 
ling  or  friction  of  the  breath  through  a  narrowed  aperture. 

2.  U.S.   colloq.  Energetic,  bustling  activity. 
1872  R.  B.  JOHNSON  Very  far  West  191  '  Rustling'  is  an 

Americanism,  denoting  the  process  of  fighting  against  odds 
for  a  living.  1886  Milnor  (Dakota)  Teller  2  July  4/1  It 
may  be  expected  that  some  tall  rustling  will  be  indulged  in 
during  the  next  few  weeks. 

Bustling  (r»-slirj),  ///.  a.    [f.  RUSTLE  ».] 
1.  Producing  or  giving  out  a  series  of  light  crisp 
sounds. 

1565  COOPER  Tlifsaurus,  Squamx  crepitantes,  rustlyng 
scales.  163*  J.  HAYWARD  tr.  Biondis  Eromena  60  They 
danced  at  the  sound  of  the  rustling  waves.  1667  MILTON 


Storm.  1778  J.  SCOTT  Mor.  Ed.  iii.  9  The  bending  osier, 
and  the  rustling  reed.  1813  BYRON  Corsair  i.  iv,  Hoarse 
o'er  her  side  the  rustling  cable  rings.  1850  THACKEKAY 
Pendtnnis  Ixvi,  Under  the  dark  arcades  of  the^  rustling 
limes.  1871  PALGRAVE  Lyr.  Poems  96  The  rustling  pine- 
tree-tops. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  a  rustle. 

1565  COOPER  Thesaurus,  Strepitus  arboris,  the  rustlinge 
noyse  of  a  tree.  1611  COTGR.,  I'acarme,  . .  the  rustling 
noyse  made  by  armor,  or  armed  men,  in  a  battaile.  1755 
Phil.  Tram.  XLIX.  22  Warts.. so  stiff  and  elastic,  that, 
when  the  hand  is  drawn  over  them,  they  make  a  rust[l]ins 
noise.  1835  J.  DUNCAN  ISeetles  (Nat.  Lib.)  232  A  rustling 
sound  accompanies  its  flight.  1870  MORRIS  Earthly  Par. 
III.  iv.  383  And  therewithal  a  rustling  noise  he  heard. 

3.  U.S.  colloq.  Bustling,  energetic,  active. 

1882  Cent.  Mag.  XXIV.  508/2  To  do  a  rustling  business 
is  to  carry  on  an  active  trade.  1884  JftVlwrfDakota)  Teller 
17  Oct.  8/1  A  rustling  real  estate  dealer  of  Formal! . .  was  in 
the  city  most  of  the  week. 

Hence  Ru'stlingly  adv.,  with  a  rustling  noise; 
so  as  to  rustle. 

•778  l\V.  H.  MARSHALL]  Minnies  Agric.,  Digest  67  Do 
not  put  Hay  into  Stack  before  it  be  rustlingly  dry.  1834 
MF.DWIN  Angler  in  Wales  II.  243 The  blasts,  .howled  rust 
lingly  over  the  dry  heather  and  withered  grass.  1887  Old 
Man's  Favour  in.  ii,  Rustlingly  she  rose,  and  majestically 
advanced  with  outstretched  hands. 

Kustly  (rysli),  a.  rare.  [f.  RUSTLE  s6.  +  -Y.] 
Given  to  rustling. 

1513  DOUGLAS  duel's  vin.  i.  75  Russly  reidis  dekis  weill 
hys  fiat  is.  1886  RANDOLI'H  Mostly  Fools  II.  xi.  295  She 
was  very  red,  very  rustly,  very  strainy  in  the  seams. 

II  Rvrstre.  Also  8  roustrie.  [F.  ruslre, 
t  niste  Cirtile),  of  obscure  history.] 

1.  Her.  A  charge  having  the  form  of  a  lozenge, 
with  a  round  hole  in  the  middle  through  which 
the  field  appears. 

[1680  MACKENZIE  Heranldry  48  The  English  call  their 
Figures  Macles . .  :  but  if  they  be  pierc'd  round,  the  French 
call  them  rustres.]  1722  A.  NISBET  Sfst.  Her.  I.  171  The 
Sub-Ordinaries. ..  Fusils,  Lozenge,  Mascle,  Roustrie,  Frett 
[etc.].  Ibid.  211  Of  the  Rustre.  1763  tr.  Bnsching*s  Syst. 
Geogr.  V.  480  A  lion  crowned  Or  in  a  field  sable,  and  below 
it  eight  black  rustres  in  a  field  Or.  1838  Penny  Cycl.  XII. 
141/2  The  subordinate  ordinaries,,  .the  Lozenge,  the  Fusil, 
the  Mascle,  and  the  Rustre.  1868  CUSSANS  Her.  (1893)  71 
Some  Armorists  blazon  a  Rustre  as  a  Mascle  pierced  round. 
1880  Encycl.  Brit,  XI.  697/1  The  lo/enge,  the  mascle,  and 
the  rustre  are  all  derived  from  the  fret  or  fretty. 

•12.  (See  quot.  1824.) 

This  is  due  to  a  mere  inference  by  Meyrick  as  to  the  origin 
of  the  heraldic  charge.  Cf.  MASCLE  si.'  4. 

1824  MEYRICK  Anc.  Armour  III.  Glossary,  Rustre,  a 
ring,  or  rather  open  scale,  of  a  number  of  which  hauberks 
were  formed  in  the  twelfth  century.  1847  PARKER  Gloss. 
Her.  270  Some  ancient  armour  was  composed  of  rustres 
sewn  upon  cloth. 


RUSTY. 

Hence  Bu'stred ///.  a.,  furnished  with  rustres. 

1818  MEYRICK  in  Archaeol.  (1821)  XIX.  126  Such  an  ex. 
pression,  seems  more  suitable  to  the  rustred  [mail].  1824  — 
Anc.  Armour  I.  27  The  form  of  the  rustred  armour  seems 
. .  to  have  grown  out  of  the  ringed.  1877  DEMMIN  A  rins  <$• 
Armour  310  The '  rustred '  hauberk . .  was  protected  by  oval 
flattened  rings,  overlapping  each  other  half  way. 

Busty  (r»'sti) ,  a.1  Forms :  a.  I  rusti s,  4-6 
rustye,  6-7  rustie,  4-  rusty.  B.  (Chiefly  north. 
and  Sc.}  4  rousti,  5-6  roustie,  5-6,  8-9  rousty ; 
7  rowstie,  7-8  rowsty ;  9  roosty.  [OE.  rtistig 
(f.  rtist  RUST  rf.1),  =Fris.  rtist-,  roastich,  MDu. 
roestich  (rostich ;  Du.  roestig),  OHG.  rostag 
(MHG.  rostic,  G.  rostig) ;  also  MDa.  rustich, 
later  ruslig,  reslig.] 

In  the  i6th  and  i?th  centuries  frequently  used  as  a  term 
of  general  disparagement. 

I.  1.  Covered  or  affected  with  rust  or  red 
oxide  of  iron  ;  rusted. 

a.  c  893  K.  ALFRED  Oros.  v.  xv.  250  pa  wurdon  lanes 
dura  fceste  betyned,  &  his  loca  rusteja.  c  1386  CHAUCER 
Prol.6iZ  By  his  syde  he  bar  a  rusty  blade.  i39oGowER 
Con/.  III.  321  He  out  breide  A  rusti  swerd.  £1440  Jacob's 
Well  233  J>ou . . seruyst,  &  worschepyst.  .be  world,  bi  rusty 
monye,  bt  rotyn  muk.  1481  CAXTON  Godfrey  cxxvii.  191 
Their  swerdes  rusty,  their  gownes..were  old  and_  roten, 
a  1533  LD.  BERNERS  Huon  Hv.  182  He..toke  out  of  his  cofer 
an  olde  rusty  swerde  . .  &  spere  with  a  rusty  hed.  1590 
SPENSER  F.  Q.  I.  v.  20  Coleblacke  steedes . .  That  on  their 
rustie  bits  did  champ,  as  they  were  wood.  1614  RALEIGH 
Jliit.  World  i.  (1634)  167  The  rustie  Axe  or  oilier  Instru 
ment  of  a  Carpenter  or  Carver.  1663  BUTLER  Hud.  i.  i.  358 
The  trenchant  blade,  Toledo  trusty,  For  want  of  fighting 
was  grown  rusty.  1719  DE  FOE  Crusoe  i.  330 The  Money., 
had  lain  by  me  so  long  useless,  that  it  was  grown  rusty,  or 
tarnish'd,  and  could  hardly  pass  for  Silver.  1784  COWPER 
Task  ii.  746  Bars  and  bolts  Grew  rusty  by  disuse.  1814 
W.  IRVING  Tales  Trav.  I.  48  The  steward  had  a  rusty 
blunderbuss;  the  coachman  a  loaded  whip.  1877  BESANT 
&  RICE  Harp  ft  Crown  xxxiv.  328  A  rusty  spur,  and  one  or 
two  fragments  of  pottery. 

0.  (11400  Octavian  (Percy  Soc.)  32  Rowsty  were  the 
naylys.  £1489  CAXTON  Sonnes  of  Ayinon  1 17  Theyr  barneys 
was  all  rousty,  and  theyr  sadylles  and  brydelles  all  loten. 
1639  in  Clone.  Gloss.  (1890)  197  For  dust,  wee  say,  dpust : 
rowsty,  for  rusty.  1789  Ross  Ifelenore  (ed.  3)  64  To  air  his 
rousty  coin.  1818  CARR  Craven  Gloss.,  Konsty,  rusty. 

t  2.  Morally  foul  or  corrupt.  Obs. 

1362  LANGL.  P. PI.  A.vn.  66,  I  schal  fynden  hem  heore 
fode..Saue.. Robert  j>e  Ribaudour,  for  his  rousti  wordes. 
c  1412  HOCCLEVE  De  Rff.  Princ.  1428  He  rekkeb  neuer 
how  rusty  ben  his  schepe.  1422  tr.  Secreta  Secret.,  Frit: 
Priv.  136  Al  the  roialme  thanne.  .lothit  for  that  rousty 
Synne.  1579  TOMSON  Calvin's  Serin.  Tim.  208/1  He., 
sheweth  that  his  soule  is  very  ronstie,  &  full  of  filthe. 
c  1586  C'TESS  PEMBROKE  Ps.  CXL.  i,  Men .  .Whose  rusty  lipps 
enclose  A  pois'nous  sword. 

3.  Of  persons :  Presenting  an  appearance  sug 
gestive  of  something  old  and  rusted. 

?  (11366  CHAUCER  Rom.  Rose  159  Ful  hidous  was  she  for 
to  sene,  Ful  foul  and  rusty  was  she.  (11529  SKELTON 
Bonge  of  Court  345  Wyth  that  came  Ryotte, . .  A  rusty  gal- 
lande,  to-ragged  and  to-rente.  1570  FOXE  A.  ff  M.  (ed.  2) 
1592/2  Cranmer.  .was  brought  to  them  with  a  great  num. 
ber  of  rusty  bilmen.  1688  EARL  CLARENDON  Diary  1 1  Dec., 
There  was  a  guard  by  St.  Giles's  of  rusty  ruffians,  kept 
bv  Lord  Lovelace's  order.  1721  N.  AMHERST  7'errae  Fit. 
-  --•  — * '--'; — 


75t  X.  165  What  can  my  Lady  mean,  Conversing  with  that 
rusty  D..n  1  1824  W.  IRVING  T.  Trav.  II.  viii.  86  A  little 
rusty,  musty  old  fellow,  always  groping  among  ruins.  1850 
DICKENS  Dav.  Cofp.  xxii,  You  never  saw  such  a  rusty 
Prince.  1882  F.  MONTGOMERY  Misunderstood  v,  He  looked 
like  a  being  of  another  sphere,  among  the  rusty  old  gentle 
men  congregated  in  the  room. 

4.  a.  Lacking  polish  or  refinement ;  rough,  rude, 
or  rugged  in  manner  or  behaviour ;  surly,  morose, 
churlish. 

a  1300  in  Ashm.  Theatr.  Chem.  (1658)  208  Therefor  make 
no  Man  of  thy  Councell  rude  nor  rustie.  a  1529  SKEL- 
TOS  Magnyfycence  768  Cankard  Jacke  Hare,  loke  thou 
be  not  rusty.  1394  NASHE  Unfort.  Trav.  Wks.  (Grosart) 
V.  54  Diogenes  was  one  of  the  first  and  formost  of  the 
ring-leaders  of  this  rustie  morosotie.  1631  FIRMIN  Serious 
Quest.  36  There  are  companies  of  rusty,  rugged,  rich  fel- 
lowes  in  our  Parishes,  a  1700  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Cre-.u,  Rnsty- 
gutts,  an  old  blunt  Fellow,  c  1720  PRIOR  Daphne  /t  Apollo 
12  Nor  ill  bred  swain,  nor  rusty  clown,  am  I.  1740  SOMER- 
VILLE  HoMiinol  it.  180  But  hostile  Rage  Inquisitive  found 
out  the  rusty  Swain.  1833  F.  &  A.  TENNYSON  Poems  153 
You  did  mingle  blame  with  praise,  Rusty  Christopher. 

fb.  Sc.  Of  a  rime  or  verse:   Rough,  rugged, 
unpolished.  Obs. 

1301  DOUGLAS  Pal.  Hon.  Concl.  8  Ressaue  this  roustie 
rurall  rebaldrie,  Laikand  cunning,  fra  thy  pure  leige  vnleird. 
1560  ROLLAND  Seven  Sages  To  Rdr.,  Ye  may  persaue  that 
be  this  roustie  ryme.  a  1583  POLWART  Flyting  146  Roustie 
ratrimes. 

c.  Hoarse,  raucous,  harsh,  grating.    Now  rare. 

1370  B.  GOOGE  Pop.  Kingd.  iv.  (1880)  sob,  Straight  the 
Priest  with  rustie  throte,  alowde  begins  to  cry.  1606 
HOLLAND  Sueton.  18  A  smal  and  rusty  [margin  Or  hoarse] 
voice  though  he  had.  1697  COLLIER  Ess.  Mor.  Sultj.  (1709) 
i  24^  If  any  of  the  Council  or  Witnesses  happen  to  have  a 
Rusty  Voice,  or  a  Fantastical  Face.  1728  SWIFT  Mullinix 
fy  Timetay'Wks.  1751  VII.  211  When  they  hear  his  rusty 
Voice,  With  what  Impatience  they  rejoice.  1787  TAYLOR 
Sc.  Poems  4  (E.  D.  D.),  Upo'  that  hint  I  scour  d  my  rusty 
throat.  1868  ALEX.  SMITH  Last  Leaves  72  The  rusty  caw 
of  the  homeward-sliding  rook. 

5.  Stiff,  lacking  in  alertness  or  activity  (of  body 
or  mind),  through  want  of  exercise  or  old  age. 


RUSTY, 


1508  DUNBAR  Ttta  Alariit  IVcmen  141,  I  haue  condi- 
tioun  of.  .A  ring  with  a  ryall  stane,  or  other  riche  iowell, 
Or  rest  of  his  rousty  raid.  1537  Thersytes  in  Pollard 
Miracle  Plays  120  My  body  so  lusty,  Whiche  for  lacke  of 
exercise  is  nowe  almost  rust  ye,  1606  SHAKS.  Tr.fyCr.  i.  iii. 
263  A  Prince  calld  Hector.. Who  in  this  dull  and  long- 
continew'd  Truce  Is  rusty  growne.  1673  TEMPLE  Let.  to 
Sir  J.  Temple  Wks.  1720  II.  294,  I  went  to  the  King,  and 
said.,  that  I  would  serve  Him,  as  well  as  I  could,  though  I 
doubted  I  was  grown  a  Httle  rusty,  by  lying  still  so  long. 
1768  WASHINGTON  Let.  Writ.  1889  II.  258,  I  presume,  be 
has  grown  a  little  rusty  in  both  [Latin  and  Greek],  having 
had  no  benefit  of  his  tutor  since  Christmas.  1854  EMERSON 
Lett.  ($•  Soc,  Ai/tts,  immortality  Wks.  (Bohn)  III.  283  It  is 
a  perception  that  comes  by  the  activity  of  the  intellect; 
never  to  the  lazy  or  rusty  mind.  1861  Times  25  Sept.,  An 
artillery  driver,  .would,  unless  in  constant  exercise,  get 
rusty.  1890  HUXLEY  in  Life  (1900)  II.  xvi.  269,  I  am 
getting  rusty  in  science— from  disuse. 

b.  Of  knowledge,  accomplishments,  etc.:  Im 
paired  by  neglect;  requiring  to  be  revived  or 
polished  up. 

1796  PORSON  in  Watson  Life  134  For  the  benefit  of  those 
whose  Greek  is  rather  rusty  with  disuse,  I  have  added  a 
Latin  version.  1873  HAMKKTON  Inicll.  Life  in.  ii.  82  Neg 
lected  pursuits  become  rusty.  1888  J.  PAYN  Myst.  of  Mir- 
bridgex.)  To  have  to  admit  that  her  French  wasa  little  rusty. 

6.  That  has  fallen  out  of  use  or  lost  its  fresh 
ness  ;  old,  antiquated,  obsolete. 

1551  ROBINSON  tr.  More's  Utopia  To  P.  Giles  (1895)  10 
Some  there  be  that  haue  pleasure  onely  in  olde  rustie 
antiquities.  1601  CORNWALLIS  F.ss.  i.  vii,  Come  then,  put 
away  your  rustie  tradition  all  you  that  think  not  thus.  1678 
BUNVAN  Pilgr.  IE.  (1900)  185  That  Prayer.. lias  lain  by  till 
'tis  almost  rusty.  1693  J.  EDWARDS  Auth.  O.  fy  N.  Test. 
315  The  rusty  and  antique  fragments  of  the  primitive  times. 
1732  BERKELEY  Alciphr.  in.  §  7  Rusty  declaimers  upon  the 


sayings  are  very  rusty  by  this  time  '. 

II.  7.  Of  plants  :  Affected  with  rust  or  mildew.    ! 
[1398  TREVISA  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvii.  Ixv.   (Bodl.  MSJ,    [ 
Corupt  dew  bat  comeb.  .in  corne  &  makej>  as  it  were  rede    i 
ober  rustye.J     1502  ARNOLDE  Chron.  (1811)  165  Yf  an  appyl 
tree  begynne  to  roten  or  yf  the  aplys  begynne  to  wex  rusty,     ; 
than  ye  barke  of  hym  is  syke.     1591  PERCIVALL  Sp.  Diet., 
Aftnblado,  rustie  wheate,  Knbiginosits.     1865  Chambers' s    \ 
Encycl.  VII.  301/2  The  parsnip,  .is  apt  to  become  rusty,  if 
allowed  to  remain  too  long  in  the  ground.     1880  DISRAELI 
Endym.  291  The  spring  corn  had  never  grown,  and  the 
wheat  was  rusty. 

8.  Having  the  colour  of  rust ;  of  a  (disagreeable) 
light    reddish    brown ;    rubiginous,    ferruginous ; 
spec,  in  Path.,  of  sputa. 

Frequently  implying  some  impairment  of  the  proper  or    ; 
original  colour  of  the  thing. 

1528  PAYNELL  Salerne^s  Keg-im.  b  iiij  b,  The  other  is  called 
rusty  coler,  lyke  to  rusty  iron.  1565  COOPER  Thesaurus, 
s.v.  Dens,  Rough  and  rustic  teeth.  1589  GREENE  Menapkon 
(Arb.)  66  And  send  foorth  Winter  in  hir  rustie  weede.  1607 
TOPSELL  Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  205  His  feet  and  nails  be  i 
most  sharp,  his  skin  rusty,  the  hair  very  sharp.  1646  BP.  ' 
HALL  Poems  22  Here  maist  thou  shame  The  rusty  Violets, 
with  the  Crimson  flame  Of  either  cheek.  1763  MILLS  Syst. 
Pract.  Husb,  II.  411  That  thick  substance  which  is  red 
on  garden-beans,  [and]  of  a  rusty  colour  on  all  kinds 
of  corn.  1817  SCOTT  Ivankoe  \,  His  own  thick  hair,., 
scorched  by  the  influence  of  the  sun  into  a  rusty  dark-red 
colour.  1849  MURCHISOM  Siluria  iii.  42  Associated  above 
and  below  with  black  and  rusty  slates.  1882  Garden 
18  Feb.  in/3  A  cool  dusky  green,  with  rusty  shadows. 

absol.  187*  COUES  N.  Amer.  Birds  172  Very  young  birds 
have  some  feathers  skirted  with  rusty. 

b.  Of  (dark)  clothes:  Showing  signs  of  age  or 
use ;  shabby,  worn,  or  faded. 

1709  Tatler  No.  68  r  7  A  Poor  Fellow . .  with  a  rusty  Coat. 
1776  MME.  D'ARBLAY  Early  Diary,  Let.  5  Apr.,  Her  cloak 
which  was  rusty  and  powdered,  was  flung  half  on  and  half 
off.  1818  LADY  MORGAN  Autobiog.  (1859)  76  It  was  driven 
by  a  Httle  dumpy  coachman,  in  a  livery. .old  and  rusty. 
1848  DICKENS  Dombey  iii,  They  began  to  think  their 
mourning  was  wearing  rusty  too.  1892  W.  S.  GILBERT 
F&ggerty's  Fairy  117  His  rusty  old  suit  of  clothes  was  the  ; 
cast-off  of  a  waiter. 

C.  Of  colours  :  Inclining  towards,  modified  by, 
the  colour  of  rust.  (Cf.  10.) 

1791  HAMILTON  tr.  Berthollet's  Dyeing  II.  ii.  i.  ii.  31  The    • 
processes  employed  for  dyeing  wool  would  only  give  a    ! 
rusty  black  to  silk.     1817  STEPHENS  in  Shanits  Gen.  Zool.    j 
X.  n.  472  The  breast,  belly,  and  vent,  rusty  red.     1822-34    j 
Good's  Study  Med.  (ed.  4)  IV.  526  In  this  case  the  hair  is    i 
directly  hoary  or  of  a  yellowish  or  rusty  white.      i88» 
Garden  i  Apr.  218/3  The  Carrots.. turn  a  rusty  yellow 
colour, 

9.  In  special  applications : 

a.  With  names  of  birds,  fishes,  etc.,  as  rusty 
bunting,  flycatcher,  grackte^  oriole ;  rusty  dab, 
flat~fisk,  flounder,  etc. 

Also  in  names  of  moths  or  butterflies,  as  rusty  button, 
dot,  mitre,  etc. ;  see  Renme  Bultevft.  if  M.  (1832). 

1784  PKNNANT  Arct.  Zool.  II.  364  *  Rusty  Bunting  with 
head,  neck,  breast,  and  sides,  rust-colored.  1839  STOKER 
Fishes  Massach.  141  The  *Rusty  Dab.. is  occasionally 
brought  to  our  market  in  the  winter  season  only.  1848 
BARTLETT  Diet.  Amer.  375  Rusty  Dab. .,  the  popular  name 
of  the  Rusty  Flat-fish,  a  fish  found  on  the  coast  of  Massa 
chusetts  and  New  York  in  deep  water.  1888  GOODE  Amer. 
Fishes  326  The  Sand  Dab,  or  rough  Dab,  Hippoglossoides 
platessoides,  also  sometimes  known  as  the  "Rusty  Flounder. 
iBu  \ViLsoyAwer.Ornit ft.  III.  Pref.  p.  xiii,  *Rusty  Fly- 
catcher.wings  and  tail  black ;  plumage  above  brown ;  inhabits 
the  southern  states.  Ibid.  III.  41  "Rusty  Grakle,  Gracula 
Ferruginca.  1872  COUES  N.  Amer.  Birds  159  Rusty 
Crackle,,. nearly  all  the  feathers  skirted  with  warm  brown 


931 

above,  and  brownish-yellow  below.  ^1700  in  Dampiers 
Voy.  (1729)  II  I.  428  The  *  Rusty  Mantiss.  Resembles  a  dead 
Leaf.  1787  LATHAM  G?it.  Syn.  Birds  Suppl.  I.  Sg  *Rusty 
Oriole.. .The  edges  of  the  feathers  are  rust-coloured. 

b.    \\ith  names  of  plants,   as  rusty  fern,  Jig, 
gum,  inga. 

ciyit  PETIVEK  Gazophyl.  viii.  73  Small,  round  wing'd, 
Smyrna  "Rusty  Fern.  1889  MAIDEN  Useful  Native  PL  538 
Fictts  rubiginosa,.  .^Rusty  Fig.  1847  LKICHHARDT  Jrnl.  II. 
48  The  range  was  openly  timbered  with  white-gum,  spotted- 
gum,  Ironbark,  *rusty-gum  and  the  cypress-pine.  1889 
MAIDEN  Useful  Nath-e  PI.  236  Angopliora  lanceotata, 
..Rusty  Gum.  c  1700  in  Dampiers  Voy.  (1729)  III.  434 
*  Rusty  Inga.  The  Pods  of  this  are  flat  and  covered  with 
a  rusty  coloured  Hair. 

C.    Rusty  coal,  croivn  bark,  gold,   gravel  (see 
quots.). 

1830  Cumbld.  Farm  Rep.  49  in  Husb.  III.  (L.U.  K.), 
Gravelly  soil,  on  an  open  bottom  of  gravel,  technically 
called  a  rusty  gravel.  1860  Eng.  <<j-  Foreign  Alining  Gloss. 
(ed.  2)  62  Rnsty  coals,  coals  discoloured  by  water  or  ex 
posure  to  air.  1880  MAKKHAM  Peruv.  Bark  40  The 
C\hinchond\  Chahuargncra  is  the  rusty  crown  bark  of 
commerce..  .With  this  rusty  crown  bark  are  mixed  larger 
quills  particularly  rich  in  the  alkaloid  called  chinchonidine. 
1881  RAYMOND  Mining  Gloss.)  Rusty  gold, . ,  free  gold,  which 
does  not  easily  amalgamate,  the  particles  being  coated,  as  is 
supposed,  with  oxide  of  iron. 

10.  Comb.  Qualifying  adjs.  and  sbs.  of  colour, 
as  rusty-brown,  -brownish,  -red.     (Cf.  8  c.) 

1596  SI-ENSEK  /•'.  Q.  v.  xii.  14  On  bis  bead  a  .steele  cap  he 
did  weare  Of  colour  rustic  browne,  but  sure  and  strong. 
1758  G.  EDWARDS  Glean.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  209  The  whole  bird 
..is  covered  with  feathers  of  a  rusty-brownish  or  black 
colour.  1833  W.  IRVING  Alhambra  I.  48  A  tall  mea^te 
varlet,  whose  rusty-brown  cloak  [etc.].  1863^.  />>//.  AV:'. 
May  375  A  disease  called  rust, ..from  the  rusty-red  or 
yellowish  patches  which  it  forms.  1872  COUES  N.  Amer. 
Rirds  206  Upper  parts  ranging  from  the  color  Q{  gnvma  to 
a  rusty-red. 

b.  Rusty -dusty,   nisty-fusty,    characterized   by 
rust  and  dust  or  fustiness.     Also/£. 

'593  G.  HARVEY  Pierce* s  Superer.  Wks.  (Grosart)  II.  246 
All  the  rusty-dusty  iestes  in  a  country.  Ibid.  289  To  how 
many  rusty-dusty  Waines  was  braue  Liuy  beholding?  1630 
J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Wks.  IT.  24  Our  cottage,  that  for  want 
of  use  was  musty,  And  most  extremely  rusty-fusty-dusty. 
1849  in  D.  J.  Browne  American  Poultry  Yd.  (1855)  47 
None  but  the  brave,  .are  likely  to  enjoy  any  favor  from  the 
present  class  of  rusty-fusty  colored  beauties.  1864  Daily 
Telcgr.  13  Oct.,  All  your  rusty-fusty  British  notions  about 
comfort,  civility,  privacy,  and  the  like. 

C.  With  sbs.,  as  rusty-back  (see  qnots.),  rusty- 
coat  (attrib.),  rusty-stove. 

1782  J.  ADAMS  in  Fam.  Lett.  (1876)  404  But  how  much 
more  luxurious  it  would  be  to  me  to  dine,  .upon  rusticoat 
potatoes  with  Portia  !  1797  Encycl.  Brit.  (ed.  3)  I.  96/2 
Acrosticum,  Rusty  back,  Wall  rue,  or  Fork-fern.  1873 
LELAND  Egypt.  Sketch-Bk.  118  There  were  many  other 
shades  besides  anthracite,  ranging  from  rusty-stove  to  sole- 
leather,,  .old  or  new  ivory,  and  so  on.  1874  Treas.  Bat. 
Suppl.,  Rusty-Back^  a  provincial  name  for  Blechnum 
Spicant,  and,  according  to  other  authorities,  also  for 
Ceterac/i  officinarum, 

11.  Parasynthetic   and   other   combs.,  as  rusty- 
coated, -coloured, -rested-,  rusty- looking,  etc. 

1615  CHAPMAN  Odyss.  xxn.  223  A  broad  and  ancient 
rusty-rested  shield.  1700  in  Daintier1  $  Voy.  (1729)  111.434 
1'he  Pods,  .are  flat  and  covered  with  a  rusty  coloured  Hair. 
1820  SCOTT  Monast.  xvi,  This  rugged  and  decayed  dungeon 
of  rusty-coloured  stone.  1837  P.  KEITH  Bot.  Lex.  312  A 
number  of  rusty-looking  spots  or  patches  dispersed  over 
the  surface  of  the  leaf.  1874  GARROD  &  BAXTER  Mat. 
Mcd.  415  Marked  with  six  rusty-coloured  longitudinal 
stripes.  1883  Cent.  Mag.  Oct.  925/2  The  snipe  is  certainly 
much  better  able  to  take  care  of  himself  than  his  rusty- 
coated  cousin. 

b.  In  the  specific  names  of  birds,  plants,  etc. 

(a)  1784    PENNANT  Arct.    Zool.  (1792)  II.    153    Rusty- 


STEPHENS  in  Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.  X.  n.  392  Rusty-throated 
Flycatcher  (Mnsdcapa  gttlaris).  1872  COUES  A*".  Amer. 
Birds  214  Rusty-crowned  Falcon. ..  Crown  ashy-blue,  with 
a  chestnut  patch.  1880  CasselCs  Nat.  Hist,  II.  57  The 
Rusty-spotted  Cat, . .  Felis  rubiginosa. 

(t>)  1855  Miss  PRATT  Flower.  PI.  V.  89  Don's  Willow,  or 
Rusty  branched  Willow.  1889  Cent.  Mag.  Aug.  553  Olca 
fcrruginea^  the  rusty-leaved  olive  of  the  country  between 
the  upper  Indus  and  the  Suleiman  mountains. 

Rusty  (nrsti),  a.2  [var.  of  RESTY  c.2,  per 
haps  by  association  with  prec,]  Reasty,  rancid. 

Very  common  in  the  i7th  and  i8th  centuries,  and  still 
wide-spread  In  dialect  use. 

1515  BARCLAY  Egloges  iv.  (1570)  Civb/2  Such  rusty 
meates  inblindeth  so  our  brayne,  That  of  our  fauour  the 
muses  haue  disdayne.  1577  B.  GOOGE  Hcresbac/i's  Husb. 
in.  (1586)  152  bj  The  Bacon. .;  jf  you  hang  it  in  greate  smoke 
at  the  first,  it  will  be  rustle.  1648  GAGE  West  Ind.  93 
Though  it  were  but  to  help  him  scrape  rusty  gammons  of 
bacon.  1690  STRUTTON  Relat.  Cruelties  French  15  An 
Ounce  of  rusty  Pork  with  Bread  and  Beverage.  1745  W. 
THOMPSON  R.  N.  Adv.  (1757)  8  The  Wind  and  Sun  more 
forcibly  convey  themselves  into  the  Flesh,  which  dries  up 
its  Juices,  and  makes  it  rusty.  179*  Trans.^Soc.  Arts  X. 
345  Preserving  salted  provisions  from  becoming  rancid  or 
rusty.  1847  C.  BRONTE  J.  Eyre  v,  Indifferent  potatoes 
and  strange  shreds  of  rusty  meat,  mixed  and  cooked  to 
gether.  1898  BESANT  Orange  Girl  n.  xxvi,  The  beef  may 
have  been  tough  and  the  pork  rusty. 

Rusty  (rzrsti),  ff.3  Also  9  dial,  rousty.  [var. 
of  RESTY  a.\  perhaps  influenced  by  RUSTY  at,*! 

1.  Of  hoises  :  Restive. 

1562  J.  HEYWOOD  Prov.  $  Eplgr,  (1867)  142  This  rude 


RUT. 

rustie,  bolde  blinde  bayerd  of  mhie..chopt  foorth.  1594 
V  GREENE  Selimns  Wks.  (Grosart)  XIV.  213  Thinks  he  to 
stop  my  mouth  with  gold  or  pearfe?  Or  rustie  iades  fet 
from  Barbaria  ?  1787  c G.  GAMBADO  '  Acaa.  Horscm,  (1809) 
38  It  is  extremely  wrong  to  put  a  gentleman  on  a  re-tive 
horse.  {Foot-note.  A  strange  epithet  tin'-;,  and  I  wonder  who 
coined  it ;  teil  me  of  a  rusty  horse,  and  I  shall  know  what  it 
means.]  1828-111  dial,  glossaries  (Cumb.,  Yks.,  Northarrmt  , 
Heref.). 

b.  In  phr.  to  ride,  or  run,  rusty.  Freq.  of  per 
sons  :  To  become  intractable  or  obstinate;  to  be 
angry  or  annoyed ;  to  lake  offence  (cf.  3). 

(a)  1709  Brit.  Apollo  No.  32.  3/7  How  is't  Apollo  rides  so 
rusty,  Why  so  Grum,  and  why  ^o  Crusty?  1785  CHOSE 
Diet.  Vulgar  T.  s.v.  Rusty,  To  ride  rusty,  to  be  sullen. 
1821  SCOTT  Pirate  xxxix,  How  the  devil  am  I  to  get  the 
crew  to  obey  me?  Why,  even  Dick  Fletcher  rides  rusty  on 
me  now  and  then.  1837  DICKENS  Pickw.  xli,  '  Rides  rather 
rusty,'  said  Mr.  Roker,  with  a  smile. 

(/')  1764  Ann.  AVi,''.,  Chron,  129/1  Great  expectations  fiom 
lord  Snelburn's  colt,  but  he  ran  rusty.  1855  LAWRENCE  in 
Bosw.  Smith  ££#(1883)  I.  469  To  add  to  my  misery  Neville 
Chamberlain  has  again  run  rusty.  1863  READIC  Hard  Cas/t 
III.  199  They. .watched  the  yard  till  dusk,  when  its  pro 
prietor  ran  rusty  and  turned  them  out. 

f2.  transf.  Of  things.     (Cf.  RESTY  a\  2.) 

1625  ia  Birch  Crt.  $•  Times  Chas.  I  (1846'  I.  36  'I  here  is 
much  urging  and  spurring  the  parliament  for  supply  and 
expedition,  in  both  which  they  will  prove  somewhat  rusty. 
1656  OWEN  Mortif.  Sin  vi,  Indwelling  distempers  grow 
rusty  and  stubborn  by  continuance  in  ease  and  quiet. 

3.  colloq.  Ill-tempered,  cross,  nasty.  Chiefly  in 
phr.  to  turn  rusty  (cf.  i  b). 

1815  SCOTT  Guy  M.  xxviii,  The  people  got  lusty  about  it. 
1843  THACKERAY  Mr.  fy  Mrs.  Frank  Berry  ii,  You.. turn 
ri^ly  because  be  forgets  your  last  message.  1876  FARJEON 
Lore's  Victory  xi,  He  never  said  a  word  to  make  the 
governor  turn  rusty.  1889  D.  C.  MURRAY  Dangerous  Cats- 
Pa~v  186  He  was  a  bit  rusty  at  first. 

fRu'Sty,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  RUSTY  a.1]  intr. 
and  trans.  To  become  or  make  rusty. 

1567  M.APLET  Greene  Forest  20 b,  It.  .rustieth  ;  but  being 
m-we  rubbed  oner  with  Sande  and  Salts,  contrneth  to  bis 
olde  colour  againe.  1608  SYLVESTER  Du  B  arias  n.  iv.  iii. 
Schiswe  186  God  so  rustied every  joynt,  that  there,  .it  could 
not  stir,  a  1618  RALEIGH  Ran.  (1661)  156  As  the  bonds  of 
Reason  and  Love  are  immortal,  so  do  all  other  chains.. 
both  rustie  and  rot  Noble  parts. 

Ku-styish,  a.  rare-'*,  [f.  RUSTY  a.1]  Some 
what  rusty. 

1803  MARY  CHARLTON  Wife  fy  Mistr,  IV.  22  If  they  gets 
ever  so  rustyish  in  the  country,  they  always  brightens  up 
in  Lunnon  ! 

Rut  (r»t),  sbl  Forms:  5-6  rutte  (5  ruthe), 
5,  7  rutt,  7  rute  ;  6-  rut.  [a.  OF.  rut,  var.  of 
ntit :— pop.  L.  *rugit-um  for  L.  rugitum,  ace.  of 
rugjtus,  f.  rugtre  to  roar.] 

1.  The  annually  recurring  sexual  excitement  of 
male  deer;  also,  by  extension,  periodic  sexual 
excitement  in  other  animals,  as  goats,  sheep,  etc. 

61410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  ii,  pei  \sc.  harts] 
be  in  hir  loue,  be  whiche  men  calleth  Rutte,  aboute  J?e  tyme 
of  holy  rode  in  Septembre.  1576  TURBERV.  Veneric  xvii. 
45  During  the  time  of  their  Rut,  they  [sc.  harts]  lyue  with 
small  sustenance.  1600  SURFLET  Cowitrie  Panne  vn.  xxiv. 
845  Thus  also  they  passe  and  spende  both  day  and  night, 
being  so  enraged  and  feruently  caried  away  with  tlie  rut., 
(alwaies  following  the  steps  and  footings  of  the  Hinde). 
1646  SIR  T.  BROWNE  Pseud,  Ep.  127  This  part  in  Deere.., 
about  the  end  of  their  Rutt,.  .sometimes  becomes.. relaxed 
and  pendulous.  1774  GOLDSM.  Nat.  Hist.  11824)  I.  379  A 
short  time  after  they  [sc.  stag>]  have  furnished  their  horns, 
they  begin  to  feel  the  Jmpres.sions  of  the  rut.  Ibid.  381  In 
the  time  of  rut  it  (the  stag's  voice]  is  even  terrible.  1860 
TANNER  Pregnancy  49  During  the  rut  or  heat  of  animals. 
1861  G.  F.  BERKELEY  Eng.  Sportsman,  iii.  41  They  kill  the 
bucks  too  late  or  when  the  '  rut '  is  coming  on. 

b.  In  phr.  at  or  f  in  (the]  rut,  to  go  to  (the]  rut. 

(a)  c  1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  ii,  They  sle 
..eyther  obert  whann  bei  be  in  Rutte,  bat  is  to  say  in  ber 
loue.  1421  tr.  Secreta  Secret,,  Priv.  Priv.  225  Of  suche 
lokynge  bene  bestis  in  ruthe.  1575  LANEHAM  Let.  (1871)  31 
Az  ramz  at  their  rut.  1576  TURBERV.  Venerie  xliv.  141 
When  a  Hart  hath  bene  .xiiii.  dayes  at  Rut,  then  the  Buckfl 
doth  but  scarcely  beginne.  a  1653  G.  DANIEL  Idyll  lit.  8£ 
An  " 
his 

maketh'his  Louts.. behold  "their  GoauTat  Rut  in  all  Sim 
plicity.  1796  W.  H.  MARSHALL  IV.  England  II.  7  The 
Ewes  are  now  at  rut. 

(l>)  £1410  Master  of  Game  (MS.  Digby  182)  iii,  fe  herte 
goth  raber  to  be  Rutte  [than  the  buck].  1523  FlTZBXRB. 
Husb.  §  37  Than  the  bucke  goth  to  the  rut,  and  so  wolde 
the  ram  me.  1577  B.  GOOGE  Heresbach's  Husb.  HI.  (1586) 
144  b,  The  time  when  you  shall  suffer  them  to  go  to  rutte,  is 
in  Autume.  ifi»6  BACON  Sylva  §  758  We  finde,  that  the 
Time  of  Going  to  Rut  of  Deere  is  in  September. 

transf.  1648  WINYARD  Midsummer- Moon  i  He  was  begot 
ith'  Dog-dayes,  or  at  Michaelmas  when  his,  Dam  went 
to  Rut. 

t  2.  The  company  of  deer  among  which  a  stag 
goes  to  rut.  Oh. 

ci4\QMa$tcrofGame  (MS.  Digby  182)  ii,  Communlich 
the  grettest  hert ..holdeth  be  rutte  and  is  maistre  bcrof. 
Ibid.,  Also  ber  is  diueres  ruttes  in  j?e  forest.  1611  BURTON 
Anat.  Mel.  in.  ii.  i.  i.  (1651)  436  Lions  and  Harts,  which . . 
many  times  kill  each  other,or  compel  1  them  to  abandon  the 
rut,  that  they  may  remain  masters  in  their  places.  1640 
EARL  OF  CORK  in  Lismore  Papers  ist  Ser.  (1886)  V.  162 
One  live  Buck,  to  beat  the  Rutt  withal!. 

3.  attrib.,  as  rut-time. 

1598  SHAKS.  Merry  IV.  v.  v.  15,  I  am  heere  a  Windsor 
St.igce,  and  the  fattest  (I  thinke)  i'th  Forrest.  Send  me  a 

117-2 


pa, 


RUT. 

coole  rut-time  (loue).  1611  COTGB.,  Ruitc,  thats  killed,  or 
gotten,  in  rut-time.  1889  WESTERMARCK  Orig.  Marriage 
36  Dr.  Mohnike.. mentions  the  occurrence  of  a  rut-time 
with  the  Orang-utan. 

But  (rot.1,  ib?  Forms:  a.  6-  rut,  6  rupt,  7 
rutt.  0.  6  rotte,  7-8  rote,  7  -root(e.  [Of 
obscure  origin. 

Usually  regarded  as  a  variant  of  ROUTE  sb.,  but  the 
difference  in  vowel,  and  the  rarity  of  route  in  ihe  i6th  cent., 
make  this  improbable.  The  spelling  rupt  suggests  possible 
connexion  with  OF.  rupt,  rut  stream,  but  the  English 
sense  is  app.  unknown  in  French.  The  question  is  also 
complicated  by  the  variants  rote,  root(e,  rit(t,  occurring 
chiefly  in  the  combs,  cart-rote,  -root(c,  and  cart-ritt  (1649)  '• 
cf.  also  RUCK  *«.»] 

1.  A  (deep)  furrow  or  track  made  in  the  ground, 
esp.  in  a  soft  road,  by  the  passage  of  a  wheeled 
vehicle  or  vehicles. 

1580  HOLLVBAND  Trcas.  Fr.  Tong,  Vne  Orniere,  the  rut 
or  tracke  of  a  wheele.  1600  SURFLET  Comitne  farmc  v. 
vii.  668  The  furrowes  and  rupts  of  carts.  1658-9  in  Burton  s 
Diary  (1828)  IV.  5,  I  desired  them,  as  the  course  is,  to  put 
on,  or  to  let  me  have  one  of  the  ruts.  1794  GIBBON  in Misc. 
Wks.  (1796)  I.  296,  I  was  almost  killed.. by  hard,  fro/en, 
long,  and  cross  ruts,  that  would  disgrace  the  approach  of  an 
Indian  wig  warn.  1806  J.  BERESFORD  Miseries  Hum.  Life 
n.  v,  When  you  have  trusted  your  foot  on  a  frozen  rut. 
1864  TENNYSON  Aylmer's  F.  34  A  sleepy  land,  where  under 
the  same  wheel  The  same  old  rut  would  deepen  year  by 
year.  1883  S.  C.  HALL  Retrospect  II.  304  We  had  to  leave 
the  car.  .while  peasants  helped  it  over  the  ruts. 

b.  fig.  and  in  fig.  context. 

1608  SYLVESTER  Du  Bartas  n.  iv.  m.  Schisme  624  A  long- 
tail'd  squib,  a  naming  ridge,  for  rut  Seems  seen  a  while, 
where  the  bright  Coach  hath  cut.  1705  Pennsylvania.  Hist, 
Soc.  Mem.  X.  32  He  might  prove  such  a  rut  in  his  way  as 
might  render  his  journey  very  fruitless.  1768-74  TUCKER 
Lt.  Nat.  (1834)  I.  455  The  goddess ..  drives  so  eagerly  as 
not  to  heed  the  rotes  in  her  way.  1892  STEVENSON  Across 
tlie  Plains  213  It  had  worn  a  rut  in  the  commerce  of  Great 
Britain. 

c.  fig.  A  settled  or  established  habit  or  mode 
of  procedure;    a  narrow,    undeviating  course    of 
life  or  action  ;  a  groove. 

1839  CARLYLE  Cluirtism  112  Parliaments,  lumbering  along 
in  tlieir  deep  ruts  of  commonplace.  1865  SKELTON  Cam. 
fiaigner  at  Home  iv.  71  On  his  return  to  civilised  life,  he 
will  settle  at  once  into  the  rut.  1874  L.  STEPHEN  Hours 
Libr.  (1892)  II.  iii.  95  A  man  whose  conversation  runs  in  ruts. 

2.  A  track  or  passage  hollowed  out,  cut,  or  ex 
cavated  in  the  ground,    rare. 

c  1611  CHAPMAN  Iliad,  iv.  479  As  from  hils,  raine  waters 
headlong  fall,  That  all  waies  eate  huge  Ruts,  which,  met  in 
one  bed  [etc.].  1787  WINTER  Syst.  Husb.  326  The  soil  lying 
hollow  with  the  mole's  ruts.  1844  H.  STECHENS  Bk.  Fame 
I.  405  It  is  of  course  worked  by  the  hand  alone,  and  makes 
simply  a  rut  in  the  ground.  1884  T.  SPEEDY  Sport  Highl. 
xix.  374  As  daylight  began  to  close,  the  ravens  appeared  and 
settled  in  the  '  rut '  [a  gully]. 

3.  transf.  A  deep  mark  or  depression  on  the  skin, 
some  part  of  the  body,  etc. 

1623  WEBSTER  Duchess  Malfi  \\.  i,  From  yo_ur  scuruy 
face-physicke,  To  behold  thee  not  painted  enclines  some 
what  neeie  A  miracle  :  These  in  thy  face  here,  were  deepe 
rutts.  a  1635  RANDOLPH  Hey  for  Honesty  iv.  iii,  These 
many  ruts  and  furrows  in  thy  cheeks  Proves  thy  old  face  to 
be  but  champion-ground,  Till'd  with  the  plough  of  age. 
1863  tr.  Wait?  Introd.  Anthrop,  95  The  negro  has  no 
inter. maxillary  bone,  but  only,  .a  rut  which  marks  it.  1899 
Allbutfs  Syst.  Mcd.  VIII.  897  The  groove  [of  ainhum] 
always  begins  as  a  shallow  transverse  crack  or  rut,  at  the 
inner  angle  of  the  digito- plantar  fold. 

4.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  rut-gulled,  -rifted,  -way; 
rut  soraper,  U.S.,  a  machine  for  filling  up  cart- 
ruts  by  scraping  in  the  displaced  material. 

1611  COTGR.,  Ckarrau,  a  Cart-way;  Rutt.way.  1821 
CLARE  Vitt.  Minstr.  I.  u  i  When  thy  rut-gull'd  lanes  Run 
little  brooks  with  hasty  rains.  Ibid.  II.  33  We  turned  up 
the  rut-rifted  lane.  i858  Rep.  U.  S.  Comnt.  Agric.  (1869) 
361  Prevention  [of  mud-holes]  can  be  effected.. by  the  use 
of  the  rut  scraper. 

But  (rat),  sii.3  Now  U.S.  and  dial.  Also  7 
riuc^e.  [Of  doubtful  origin :  cf.  the  variant 
ROTE  j<5.6  There  is  connexion  of  sense  with 
ROUT  sb.5  and  v.2,  and  with  ON.  rot  (whence 
Gael,  rot)  breaking  of  waves,  but  the  vowels  of 
these  do  not  agree  with  either  rut  or  rote^\  The 
roaring  of  the  sea,  esp.  in  breaking  on  the  shore. 
Freq.  rut  of  the  sea.. 

1633  T.  JAMES  Voy.  8  We  heard  the  rutt  of  the  shoare,  as 
we  thought  :  but  it  p:ooued  to  be  the  rutt  against  a  banke 
of  Ice.  1694  MOTTEUX  Rabelais  iv.  xviii,  The  Rut  of  the 
Sea  was  great,  the  Waves  breaking  upon  our  Ships  Quarter. 
1820  WILBKAHAM  Cheshire  Gloss.  55  The  rut  of  the  sea  is  the 
drtsning  of  the  waves  against  any  thing.  1847  D.  WEBSTER 
f>riv.C(>rr.(i&s7)  II.  262, 1  hear  the  sea  very  strong  and  loud 
at  the  north... They  call  this  the  rote  or  rut  of  the  sea. 
a  1862  THOREAU  Cafe  Cod\.  (1894)  115  The  old  man  said 
that  this  was  what  they  called  the  '  rut ',  a  peculiar  roar  of 
the  sea  before  the  wind  changes. 

t  But,  sb.*  Obs.  rare.  [Of  doubtful  origin  : 
cf.  prec.  and  ROUT  sb.1  8  ]  Noise,  disturbance. 

1612  DRAYTON  Poly-olb.  ii.  Argt.,  To  see  therutte  the  Sea- 
gods  keepe  :  There  swaggering  in  the  Solent  deepe.  Ibid. 
ii.  446  There  arose  such  rut  th1  unrulie  rout  among  That 
soone  the  noyse  thereof  through  all  the  ocean  rong.  1630 
J.  TAYLOR  (Water  P.)  Praise  Hempseed  Wks.  in.  62  One 
with  the  Grasshopper  doth  keepe  a  rut,  Another  rimes  vpon 
a  Hazell  nut.  c  1700  KENNETT  in  MS.  LanstL  1033  S.V.,  To 
keep  a  rut ;  i.  e.  to  be  meddling  and  doing  mischief.  Kent. 
But,  ^.5  Sc.  rare.  [f.  RUT  v?  Cf.  RIT  sb.] 

A  cut  or  incision. 


932 

1805  R.  VV.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  1.  PI.  xxix,  A  long  rut 
. .  is  made  with  the  spade  along  each  side, ..  so  as  to  form  the 
cut  of  the  turf  slanting  outward. 

Rut :  see  ROOT  si.1 

t  But,  vl     Obs.     [app.  related  to  ROUT  vf] 

1.  trans.  To  fling,  cast,  or  throw. 

T37S  Creation  301  in  Horstm.  Altengl.  Leg.  (1878^  128 
Whanne  we  were  bus  fro  blesse  rut,  And  bow  in  bat  blisse 
put,  po  hadde  y  to  be  enuye.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  3695  The 
wyndes . .  Rut  vp  the  rughe  se  on  rokkes  aboute.  c  1440 
Promp.  Parv.  439/2  Rutton,  or  throwyn  (K.  rwtyn,../'. 
ruttyn..),frtifiao. 

2.  intr.  To  dash,  move  with  violence. 

ci4<x>  Destr.  Troy  5699  His  shippes..Gird  on  the  ground 
..Till  bai  rut  on  a  Rocke,  &  rent  all  to  peses.  Ibid.  12691 
Barges  &  othir.  .Rut  euyn  to  be  rokkis  with  a  rank  will. 

Rut,  v.*     Now  Sc.     [var.  of  Rn  v.1] 

•(•  1.  To  cut,  pierce,  thrust,  with  a  weapon.  Obs. 

c\t,<xDestr.Trcy  6977  pen  Paris,. .with  a  pile  sharp,  Rut 
hym  in  thurgh  be  rybbis.  Ibid.  10704  He  pairet  his  armur, 
Rut  burgh  his  rybbes,  rent  hym  with  in. 

2.  spec.  To  cut  or  make  a  furrow  through  (turf) 
with  a  spade,  etc.  Cf.  RIT  v .1  I  b. 

1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract.  Agric.  I.  PI.  xxix,  The  work 
is  to  proceed  in  this  manner,  always  rutting  the  through 
band  rows  of  turf  in  both  ends.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bk. 
Farm  I.  374  With  the  common  spade  then  cut,  or,  as  it  is 
technically  termed,  rut  the  line  of  hedge-bed  behind  the 
cord.  Ibid.  503  The  upper  rough  turf  is  rutted  in  a  per 
pendicular  direction. 

b.  To  cut  off  (earth)  with  a  spade  ;  to  take  off 
or  remove  by  rutting. 

1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bit.  Farm  I.  507  The  principal  work- 
man  is  rutting  otT  the  second  side  of  the  top  of  the  drain 
with  the  common  spade. 

But  (rot),  vJ  [f.  RUT  sb.1,  or  ad.  obs.  F. 
rutter,  ruler  (Godef.).] 

1.  intr.  To  be  under  the  influence  of  (periodic) 
sexual  excitement. 

a  1625  FLETCHER  Elder  Brother  v.  ii,  That  is  your 
penance,  you  know  for  what,  and  see  you  rut  no  more  ;  you 
understand  me.  1663  DRYUEN  Wild  Gallant  II.  ii,  I  am 
just  in  the  condition  of  an  out-lying  deer,  that's  beaten 
from  his  walk  for  offering  to  rut.  1884  Pall  MallG.  12 
Aug.  4/1  As  for  stags..,  they  are  rutting  in  October.  1889 
WESTERMARCK  Orig.  Marriage  49  The  buck  and  the  ass  in 
southern  countries.. rut  throughout  the  whole  year. 

2.  trans.  To  mount  or  cover  (the  female).  rare~l. 
1700  DRYDEN  tr.  Ovid's  Cmyras  /r  Myrr/ut  46  What 

piety  forbids  the  lusty  ram,  Or  more  salacious  goat,  to  rut 
their  dam  ? 

But  (rot),  w.4     [f.  RUT  sbt] 

In  quots.  1822  and  1647  (sense  2)  there  may  be  some  con 
nexion  with  ROOT  v.2  and  ROUT  f.y 

1.  trans.  To  mark  (a  road  or  the  ground)  with 
ruts  ;  to  furrow.  (Chiefly  in  pa.  pfle.) 

1607  MARKHAM  Cuval.  iv.  (1617)  54  Some  high  way  which 
in  the  winter  time  hauing  been  rutted  [etc.].  1815  SCOTT 
Paul's  Lett.  (1839)  152  The  ground  was.  .strangely  broken 
up  and  rutted  by  the  wheels  of  the  artillery.  l8zz  J.  FLINT 
Lctt.fr.  Amcr.  205  The  adjoining  grounds  perhaps,  .over 
grown  with  rank  weeds,  or  rutted  by  hogs.  1884  SALA 
Journ.  South  I.  xxiv.  (1887)  313  One  street  [in  Pompeii] 
with,  -its  pavement  rutted  by  chariot- wheels. 

fig.  1819  SCOTT  Let.  in  Lockliart  xlvi.  (1837)  IV.  336,  I 
certainly  studied,  .to  get  out  of  the  old  beaten  track,  leaving 
those  who  like  to  keep  the  road,  which  1  have  rutted  pretty 
well.  1844  KINGLAKE  Eothcit  xvi,  I  saw  how  deeply  it  was 
rutted  with  the  ruts  of  age  and  misery. 

f  2.  intr.  Of  a  stag :  (see  quot.).  Olis.—' 

1647  HEXHAM  I.  Hunting-terms,  The  Stagg  ruts  with  his 
homes  in  the  earth. 

t  Rut,  v.°  Obs.~l  [app.  for  route  '•  see  ROUTE 
s6.  I,  quots.  1568-1594.]  itilr.  To  keep  a  course. 

1588  PAUKE  tr.  Mcndo-a's  Hint.  China  305  From  whence 
vnto  the . .  Canarias  is  two  hundred  and  thirtie  leagues,  and 
[the  ships]  alwayes  doo  Rut  to  the  southwest, 

Buta-baga  (r/7-taib^-ga).  Now  rare.  Also 
9  roota,  ruta  baga,  rutabaga,  [ad.  Swed.  dial. 
(W.  Gotland)  rotabagge.  So  G.  ruta-,  rota-baga,  F. 
rutabaga.]  The  Swedish  turnip,  Brassica  camp- 
eslris,  var.  rutabaga. 

«8oo  TUKE  Agric.  IV.  Riding  157  The  ruta-baga  has  been 
sown  in  small  quantities  by  a  few  individuals,  most  of  whom 
approve  of  it.  1820  SHELLEY  CEd.  Tyr.  i.  47  Hog-wash  or 
grains,  or  ruta-baga,  none  Has  yet  been  ours  since  your 
reign  begun.  1865  E.  BURRITT  Walk  to  Laiufs  End  376 
The  great  landlake ..  rimmed  with  the  green  and  purple 
verdure  of  the  turnip  and  ruta-baga. 

Rutaceous  (iwUl'JSf),  a.  [f.  mod.L.  Rutacex 
the  rue  family,  f.  L.  ruta  rue.  Cf.  L.  rutaceus 
made  from  rue.]  Of  or  belonging  to  the  order 
Rittacex, ;  resembling  rue  ;  rue-like. 

1830  LINDLEY  Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  132  Thus  far  the  structure 
of  Diosmese  is  little  different  from  that  of  other  Rutaceous 
plants.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  1015/1  A  rutaceous  shrub  from 
Western  Australia.  1881  Emycl.  Brit.  XII.  289/2  Ruta 
graveolens. — A  hardy  evergreen  rutaceous  undershrub. 

t  Butar.  Obs.-1  [ad.  med.L.  rtttar-ius,  ad. 
OF.  rentier:  see  KOCTER  l  and  KUITEB.]  =  Rurmi. 

1610  HOLLAND  Camdcn's  Brit.  i.  812  Which  King  lohn 
and  his  Rutars  set  on  tire.  Ibid.,  That  age  called  forraine 
and  willing  Souldiours,  Rutars. 

Ru'tate.  C/icm.  rare.  [f.  RUT-IC  +  -ATE.]  A 
salt  due  to  the  action  of  rutic  acid. 

1873  Fezunes'  Chem.  (ed.  11)  689  The  metallic  rutates  are 
mostly  sparingly  soluble  in  water. 

f  Rute,  sb.     Obs.-°     (See  quot.) 

1747  HOOSON  Glitter's  Diet.  R  iv,  A  small  thread  of  Ore, 
and  those  that  are  of  the  least  Size  of  all,  such  are  called 


RUTH. 

Rules  when  they  are  under  a  finger  thick,  even  to  the 
smallest  Size. 

Rute,  v .     dial,     rare  ~°.     (See  quot.) 

1674  RAY  If.  C.  Gloss.  39  He  Rules  it :  Chesh,  spoken  of 
a  Child,  he  cries  fiercely. 

Rute,  obs.  f.  ROOT  s*.1  and  vl ;  obs.  f.  ROUT 
and  ROUTE  sb.  Ruter,  var.  RUTTEB,  RUTTIEB. 

tBu'tey,  sb.  Obs.-1  In  5  rotey.  [f.  next.] 
=  RUT  rf.l  i .  Rittey-time,  rutting-time. 

1377  LANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  xi.  329  After  course  of  coucepcioun, 
none  toke  kepe  of  other.  As  whan  bei  hadde  ryde  in  rotey 
tyme,  anon  njte  ber-after,  Males  drowen  hem  to  males. 

tBu'tey,  v.  Obs.—1  Also  5  rotey,  rot(e)i-. 
[?  ad.  AF.  *rttlei-cr,  f.  rut  RUT  sb.1  Cf.  ruteison 
RUTSON.]  intr.  =  RUT  v?  i. 

1393  LANGL.  P.  PI.  C.  xiv.  146  After  cours  of  concepcioun, 
non  tok  kepe  of  ober ;  As  when  bei  hadde  ruteyed,  anon 
bei  resten  after. 

t  Rut-goose.     Obs.-1     (Cf.  ROUT  t6.T) 

1531  Dnr/i.  Household  Bk.  (Surtees)  327,  i  rutgoys,  yl.— 

1  mawlert,  zd. — 6dunlyngs,  -id. 

Birth1  (n<)-).  Now  arch.  Forms:  a.  2-5 
reupe,  3  reu(h)i5e,  ramfle,  4-5  reuthe  (5  -)>the, 
-thpe),  reuj)  (4  reut),  4-6  reuth  (5  reutht) ;  3 
rewtSe,  -de,  3,  5  rewepe,  4-5  rewpe,  4-6  rewthe, 
4-7  rewth  (5  -etb,).  /3.  3  reo(w)8e,  reope  ; 
3  reoupe,  -'Se,  -de,  4-5  reoup,  -th.  7.  2-5 
roupe,  4-5  routhe,  5,  7  routh  (5  rought) ; 

2  rowUe,  4-5  rowthe,  5  rowith  ;  4  rau-,  rawpe, 
4-5  raw-,  5  rauthe,  roth.     S.   4-5  rupe,   4-6 
ruthe ;  4  rup,  5-  ruth,  6-7  rueth.     [Early  ME. 
reuSe,    rewSe,   etc.,  f.   rewen  RUB  v.1    Cf.  OE. 
hreow  RUE  si.1,  and  for  the  ending,  ON.  htyggS.'] 

1.  The   quality  of  being   compassionate;   piti- 
fulness ;  the  feeling  of  sorrow  for  another ;  com 
passion,  pity. 

c  1175  Lamb.  Pfom.  143  Heorte  sar  for  be  monnes  a^ene 
sunne,  and  row3e  for  his  emcristenes  wawe.  r  izoo  Vices 
f;  Virtues  63  Pietas  hatte  on  of  Sese  hali  mihtes,  bat  is, 
reuhSeon  engelisc.  c  1250  Gen.  ff  Ex.  2339  Do  cam  losep 
swilc  rewcSe  up-on,  he  dede  halle  ut  3e  tooere  gon.  13. . 
E.  E.  Allit.  P.  A.  858  Al-baj.  -3e  remen  for  raube  wyth- 
outen  reste.  c  1374  CHAUCER  Troylus\\.  349  If  therewith-al 
in  you  ther  be  no  routhe,  Than  is  it  harm  ye  liven,  c  1440 
Jacob's  Well  310  ?yue  be  poore  ruthe  &  compassioun  of 
bin  herte.  c  1470  Gal.  ft  Gala.  966  Knichtis  ramyt  for 
reuth,  schir  Gawyne  thai  rew.  1508  DUNBAH  Tua  Mariit 
Wemeii  316  For  neuer  bot  in  a  gentill  hert  is  generit  ony 
ruth.  1576  TURBERV.  Venerie  Ixii.  177  And  yet  can  man.. 
Vse  wracke  for  rewth  ?  can  murder  like  him  best  ?  c  1614 
SIR  W.  ML-RE  Dido  f,  sEneas  in.  413  With  dying  groanes 
. .  For  rewth  would  rent  a  flinty  heart  a  sunder.  1637  MIL 
TON  Lycidas  163  Look  homeward  Angel  now,  and  melt  with 
ruth.  1748  THOMSON  Cast.  Indol.  i.  lii,  Oft  they  snatch 
the  pen,  As  if  inspir'd, . .  Then  write,  and  blot,  as  would  your 
ruth  engage.  1774  BEATTIE  Ulinstr.  ii.  xxx,  If  my  desultory 
strain  with  ruth  And  indignation  makes  thine  eyes  o'erflow. 
1808  SCOTT  Marm.  n.  xix,  Upon  whose  wrinkled  brow 
alone,  Nor  ruth,  nor  mercy's  trace,  is  shown.  1861  HUGHES 
Tom  Drown  at  Ox/,  xvi,  He.  .was  filled  with  ruth  for  the 
poor  wrong-headed  youngster.  1878  S.  Cox  Salv.  Alnndi 
i.  (ed.  3)  6  Another  slight  but  significant  indication  of  this 
mood  of  ruth  and  pity. 

Comb.  1603  FLORIO  Montaigne  in.  iv.  (1632)  467  All  with 
an  eager  continual!  ruth  mooving  motion. 

b.  Frequent  in  phr.  to  have  ruth,  usually  const. 
•\-of,  on,  or  upon.     Now  arch. 

c  1175  Lamb.  Horn.  79  pa  com  ber  an  helendis  Mon,  and 
heuede  roube  of  him.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  32  HabbeS  reoube 
of  beo  bet  beo3  ine  stronge  tenvptaciuns.  c  1275  Passion 
our  Lord  322  in  O.  E.  Misc.  46  He  is  wrbe  to  beo  ded. . . 
Of  be  kynge  of  heuene  none  reube  hi  nedde.  c  1300  Beket 
808  Somme  gode  men  that  ther  stode  hadde  of  him  Ruthe 
yiiou;.  13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  972  per-of  clatered  be 
cloudes  )>at  kryst  myjt  haf  rawbe.  1:1384  CHAUCER 
Ho.  Fame  \.  332  Alias  that  euer  had  routhe  Any  woman 
on  any  man.  £1400  Destr.  Troy  8511  He  hade  no 
ruthe  of  hor  remyng.  a  1450  MYRC  1361  Hast  bou  in 
herte  rowbe  I-had,  Of  hem  bat  were  nede  be-stad  ?  1509 
FISHER  Serin.  Wks.  (1876)  281  These  two  persones  had  so 
grete  ruthe  and  compassyon  of  theyr  maysters.  1567  Glide  ff 
Goalie  B.  (S.  T.  S.)  170  O  Lord,.. Half  reuth  on  me  ihy 
Creature.  1819  SCOTT  Ii'anhoe  xxxiii,  Have  ruth  on  me, 
and  let  me  go  !  1860  PUSEY  Mix.  Proph.  191  She  has  no 
one  to  raise  her  up;  none  to  have  ruth  upon  her.  1890 
CONAN  DOYLE  White  Comfany  xiv,  Methinks  that  I  should 
have  ruth  upon  you. 
C.  So  to  take  ruth. 

1540-54  J.  CROKE  13  Ps.  (Percy  Soc.!  8  Vppon  me  then  thou 
wolt  take  ruthe.  1577-87  HOLINSHED  Citron.  III.  1220/1 
Taking  ruth  of  their  miserable  estates,  c  1586  C'TESS  PEM 
BROKE  Ps.  LXXVH.  v,  Will  God  no  more  take  ruth? 

2.  Contrition,  repentance  ;  remorse.     Now  rare. 
ciioo  Triit.  Coll.  Horn.  49  Vie  we . .  habben  on  ure  heorte 

sorinesse  and  reuSe  of  ure  synnes.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  25749 
[To]  mak  to  preist  his  costes  cuth,  Wit  reuth  of  hert  and 
scrifte  o  mouth,  a  1603  ELIZ.  GRYMESTON  Slisc.  (1604) 
F  4  b,  Thou  pardon  promises!,  where  hearts  true  ruth  is 
showne.  1603  J.  DAVIES  (Heref.)  Microcosms  Wks.  (Gro- 
sart)  I.  41/1  Thus  when  our  Teares  doe  testifie  our  ruth, 
We  neede  not.. of  them  be  asham'd.  1855  M.  ARNOLD 
Stanzas  Grande  Chartreuse  77,  I  seek  these  Anchorites, 
not  in  ruth,  To  curse  and  to  deny  your  truth. 

3.  Sorrow,  grief,  distress  ;  t  lamentation. 

f  1205  LAY.  12970  pat  word  com  to  herede,  hu  be  king 
iuaren  hafde  J  ba  wes  muchel  reo3e.  a  1225  Leg.  Kaih. 
2340  Nalde  3e  neauer.  .makien  reo\v3e  for  me,  be  fare  to 
eche  reste.  a  1300  Cursor  M.  24054  Moder,  traistnes  of  vr 
trewbe,  Don  vs  to  rewen  wit  \>\  rewbe.  c  1384  CHAUCER 
L.  G.  W.  669  Cleopatra,  This  woful  Cleopatrie  hath  made 
swich  routhe  That  ther  nyi  tonge  noon  that  may  yt  telle. 
i  a  1400-30  A  lexandcr  2813, 1  may  nojt  ryde  jow  to  reschow, 


BUTH. 

my  reuthe  is  )>e  mare.    1561  LECH  Armory  209  Where 
fore,  leaue  of  this  rewthe,  and  seke  to  Hue  by  Hope.     1591 


IONSON  Epigr.  I.  xxii,  Here  lies,  to  each  her  Parents  rutr 
Mary,    the   Daughter  of  their  youth.     1654  E.  JOIINSO 
\Vondcr-w.  Provid.  116  The  supreame  judge  of  all  th 
World.. stood  not  as  an  idle  spectator  beholding  his  peoples 
Ruth,    c  1800  H.  K.  WHITE  Childhood  n.  4  That  every  age 
and  rank  is  born  to  ruth.     1841-6  LONGF.  maidenhood  xw, 
Bear  through  sorrow,  wrong,  and  ruth,  In  thy  heart  the  dew 
of  youth.   MSKlUf.Ctat.ttt  Iiold\.  iii.  III.  441  Flanders 
and  Hainault  had  their  share  of  ruth  for  gallant  sons  and 
stalwart  sires. 

1 4.  a.  Matter  or  occasion  of  sorrow  or  regret.  Obs. 

c  1200  Trin.  Coll.  Horn.  219  Acke  nu  is  rewe)*:,  for  nu  is 
euerihc  man  ifo  Jjare  he  solde  fren  be.  1297  R.  GLOUC. 
(Rolls)  2258  )>e  brutons..bigonne  vaste  to  fle,  Some  in 


B.  xv.  501  Now  is  routhe  to  rede,  how  be  red  noble  Is 
reuerenced.  CI4II  HOCCLEVT.  De  Reg.  Princ.  330  The 
more  routhe  is,  alias!  ^1470  Gal.  ft  Gain.  1129  The  roy 
ramand  ful  raith,  that  reuth  wes  to  se.  1500-20  DUNBAK 
Poems  iv.  91  Gret  reulh  it  wer  that  so  suld  be.  1590  SPEN 
SER  F.  Q.  in.  v.  6  That  is  great  woe,  And  wondrous  ruth  to 
all,  that  shall  it  heare.  it  1616  Br.  ASUREWES  96  Serin. 
(1661)  223  If  he  were  not  a  man,  but  some  other  unreasonable 
creature,  it  were  great  ruth  to  see  him  so  handled. 
•)•  b.  Mischief ;  calamity  ;  ruin.  Obs. 

CIKJS  LAY.  20169  Hundes  in  bam  reode  mid  reouSe  hine 
imetea.  Ibid.  21764  [>enne  is  bat  folc  huten  wene  |)at  reou5e 
heonj  is  to  cumene  of  summes  cunnes  leoden.  c  1330  Artti. 
ff  Merl.  7693  (Kolbing),  He  dede  ribaudes  ten  bousinde  Bren 
jiat  bai  rr^tten  finde ;  So  he  dede  michel  rewjje.  a  1400-50 
Alexander  4010  It  is  better  for  to  bate  &  on  be  bent  faile,  pan 
se  bis  rewthe  on  }our  renkis.  1584-7  GREENK  Carde  tfFmdt 
Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  22  Thou  shall  finde.  .lusting  Loue  the 
load-stone  to  ruth  and  ruine.  1594  NASHE  &  MARLOWE 
Dido  in,  Yet  now  1  doe  repent  me  of  his  ruth,  And  wish 
that  I  had  neuer  wrongd  him  so.  1615  BKATHWAIT  Strap, 
pado  (1878)  48  See  here  the  fall  of  youth,  Begun  in  pleasure, 
but  wouen  vp  in  rueth.  1647  TRAPP  ALirroiv  Gd.  Authors 
in  Comttt.  Ep.  670  Cholerike  kings  and  persons_of  great 
note. .hereby  have  wrought  their  own  ruth  and  ruine. 

1 5.  With  a  and  pi.  in  senses  3  and  4.  Obs. 

c  1205  LAV.  25506  pis  lond  heo  for-radden  mid  reeuSen 
uniuojen.  a  1225  Ancr.  R.  54  Biginnunge  &  rote  of  bis  like 
reouoe  was  a  liht  sihSe.  c  1386  CHAUCER  Clerk's  T.  562,  I 
trowe  that  to  a  norice  in  this  cas  It  had  ben  hard  this 
rewthe  for  to  se.  1390  GOWEK  Can/.  1.  333  And  thaime  I 
scholde  in  such  a  wise  In  rewardinge  of  my  servise  Be 
ded  ;  me  thenklh  it  were  a  rowthe.  1412-20  LYDG.  Citron. 
Troy  n.  1450  For  solhfastly  it  is  to  gret  a  routhe  To  recorde 
how  ^e  haue  hir  vsed.  c  1489  CAXTON  Blattchardyn  iv.  20 
After  the  rewthes  and  lamentacions  of  ihe  kynge.  Ibid. 
xlv.  174  She  lened  vpon  a  wyndowe  lhal  loked  vpon  ihe 
see,  makyng  full  pyteouse  rewlhes  for  her  loue  that  she 
sawe.  1589  PUTTENHAM  Eng.  Potsie  in.  xix.  (Arb.)  227 
They  say  it  is  a  ruth  to  see  thy  louer  neede. 

Ruth-  (r»t).  Angh-Ind.  Also  rut, rutt.  [a. 
Hindi  rath  (r»t|h),  a  car,  carriage,  coach,  etc.] 
A  native  vehicle  or  carriage. 

a.  1813  MRS.  SHERWOOD  in  Life  xxv.  (1847)  422  When 
these  girls  travel,  they  generally  go  hidden  by  crimson  cur 
tains  in  a  rutt  or  car  drawn  by  bullocks.  1829  JOHN  SHIPP 
Afciii.  II.  183, 1  took  the  liberty  of  taking  the  rut  and  horse 
to  camp  as  prize  property. 

/S.  1834  [A.  PRINSEP)  Baboo  II.  ix.  176  The  driver  of  the 
ruth  had  been  found.  1866  SIR  T.  SEATON  Cadet  to  Colonel 
xvii.  364  Hodson  stopped  the  ruth..,  and  made  the  three 
prisoners  descend.  1901  KIPLING  Kim  iv,  Kim  marked 
down  a  gaily  ornamented  ruth  or  family  bullock-cart. 

Ruth,  variant  of  ROUTH  a.  Sc. 

Ruthe,  obs.  variant  of  RUT  rf.1 

t  Rathe,  v .  Obs.  rare.  [Of  obscure  origin.] 
trans.  To  awaken,  rouse. 

13. .  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  895  Ful  erly  bose  aungelez  (>is  habel 
bay  ruben  &  glopnedly  on  godez  halue  gart  hym  vpryse. 
Ibid.  1208  Ryche,  rubed  of  her  rest,  ran  to  here  wedes. 

Kutheiiate  (r»-J>en/t).  Chem.  [f.  RUTHEN 
IUM  +•  -ATE  l  I  c.]  A  salt  formed  by  the  action  of 
ruthenic  acid. 

1879  ROSCOE  &  SCHORLEMMER  Treat.  C/icm.  II.  ii.  452  The 
blackish-green  solution,  .giving  rise  to  potassium  ruthen- 
ate.  1887  Casselfs  Encycl.  Diet.  s.v.  Ruthenium,  The 
former  [is]  converted  into  ruthenate  of  potassium  by  fusion 
with  potash.  1894  MORLEV&  MUIR  Watts'  Diet.  Chem.  IV. 
417/2  Ruthenates  in  solution  are  easily  reduced. 

Rlltheiie  (r«}>rn),  sb.  and  a.  Also  6  Kuthen, 
Eutene.  [ad.  med.L.  Rut(h)eni  (pi.),  related  to 
Kuzi,  Kussi  Russians,  as  Pnit(K)eni  to  Pntzi, 
Prussi :  see  note  to  PRUSSIAN.] 

A.  sb.  1.  A  member  of  the  Little  Russian  race 
(also  called  Jtfalo-Russian],  inhabiting  the  south  of 
Russia  and  portions  of  the  north-west  of  Austria ; 
freq.  in  restricted  sense  =  RUSSNIAK. 

1548  PATTEN  Exped.  Seotl.  cij  b,  Neyther  the  Grekes,  the 
Rutnens  nor  many  nations  in  theast  partes  besides.  1560 
BECON  iV«y  Catech.  v.  Wks.  1564  1. 446  The  churches  of  the 
Grekes,  of  the  Ethiopes,  of  the  Rutenes,  of  the  Bohems,  &c. 

1838  Penny  Cyel.  XI.  42/2  Of  the  inhabitants.. 1,900,000 
are  Ruther.es  or  Russniaks,  . .  who  have  spread  into  the 
centre  of  Russia,  and  are  also  numerous  on  the  Hungarian 
side  of  the  Carpathians.  1883  \gttl  Cent.  Nov.  754  Two- 
thirds  of  its  population .  .belonging  to  the  Reformed  Church, 
the  remaining  third  being  mainly  Russniaks  or  Ruthenes. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Ruthenes. 

1891  Miss  DOWIE  Girl  in  Karp.  195,  I  am  inclined  to 
think  that .  .the  language,  .is  by  no  means  pure  Ruthene. 

B.  adj.   =  RUTHENIAN  a. 

1849  Blaclnv.  Mag.  May  627/2  The  revolt  of  the  Ruthene 
peasants,  .in  1846.  1891  [see  RUTHENIAN  H.]. 


933 

Rutheniail  (rwjw-nian),  sl>.  and  a.  [See  prec.] 

A.  s6.  1.  A  Ruthene;  a  member  of  the  Kuth- 
enian  church. 

1863  Chambers**  Encycl.  V.  88/1  The  union  of  the  Galic- 
ian  Greeks  or  Rutheniaus  is  of  much  later  date.  1886 
Encycl,  Brit.  XX.  631/1  The  Ruthenians  attribute  their 
conversion  to  Christianity  to  St.  Methodius. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Ruthenes. 

1862  LATHAM  Elcm,  Cowpar.  Philol.  627  With  the  e\-. 
ception..of  the  Malo-Russian,  Ruthenian;  Russinian,  Rus- 
niak,  or  Little  Russian,,  .none  of  the  dialects  of  Russia 
have  commanded  much  attention.  190*  MKRRIMAN  Vultures 
xxiv,  Galician,  Ruthenian,  Polish,. .would  be  required. 

B.  adj.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ruthenes,  their 
liturgy,  language,  etc. 

1850  Proc.  PhiloL  Soc,  V.  27  The  Ukraine.. is  the  hind 
of  the  Ko.saks  ;  they  speak  the  Ruthenian  dialect.  1885 
Catholic  Diet.  803  There  were  in  1865  about  250,000 
Catholics  of  tire  Ruthenian  rite  in  Russian  Poland.  1891 
Miss  DOWIE  Girl  in  Karp.  195  Throughout  this  book  the 
Ruthenian  spelling  has  been  given  when  the  word  has  been 
traced  to  be  Kuthene. 

Rutheniate  (r«l>rnurt).  Chem.  [f.  RUTHENI 
UM  +  -ATE  1  I  C.]  =•  RUTHEXATE. 

1849  D.  CAMPBELL  Inorg.  Chem.  255  The  mass  dissolved 
affords  a  solution  of  rutheniate  of  potash  with  an  excess  of 
potash.  1877  Nature  28  June  167/1  Saturating  the  rutheni- 
ate  of  potash  with  chlorine. 

Rutlienic  (raje-nik),  a.  Chem.  [f.  RUTHKN- 
IUM  +  -IC  i  b.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from 
ruthenium;  containing  ruthenium. 

1849  D.  CAMPBKLL  fnorg.  Chem.  255  When  an  excess  of  an 
acid  is  added  to  this  alkaline  solution,  an  oxide  of  ruthenium 
is  said  to  precipitate  along  witli  ruthenic  acid.  1868  Fmvncs' 
Chem.  (ed.  10)  440  The  tetrachloride  or  Ruthenic  chloride, 
RuCU,  is  known  only  in  its  double  salts.  Ibid.,  Ruthenic 
oxide,  KuOj.  1881  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  3rd  Suppl.  II.  1768 
Ruthenic  anhydride  being  perhaps  temporarily  formed. 

Ruthe'llio-,  combining  form  of  RuTHKNIUM, 
as  in  ruthenio-chhride,  -cyanide, 

i86z  MILLER  Eiem.  Chcin.^  Org.  x.  §  i.  692  Ruthenio- 
cyanides  may. .be  obtained,  corresponding  in  composition 
to  the  ferrocyanides,  1876  Encycl.  />>//.  V.  537/2  The 
chlorides  of  ruthenium  and  osmium  form  numerous  double 
salts,  but  the  most  important  are  the  ruthenio-  and  osmio- 
chlorides. 

Rutlie'iiioiiS,  ft.  Chem.  [f.  RUTHENI-UM.] 
(See  RUTHENIC  a.  and  -ous  c.) 

1868  Foiunes* C/u'w.  (ed.  10)440 The  trichloride  or  Ruth- 
enious  chloride,  Ru^de,  ..is  a  yellow-brown,  crystalline, 
very  deliquescent  mass.  Ibid,*  The  sesqirioxide,  or  Ruth- 
enious  oxide,  Ru^Oj. 

Ibuthenite  (rw'Jwnait).  Chem.  [f.  RUTHEN 
IUM*  -ITE  *  4.]  (See  quot.) 

1894  MOKLEY  &  MUIR  Watts'  Diet.  Chem.  IV.  413 
Ruthenites, . .  salts  of  oxyacids  of  Ruthenium. 

Ruthenium  (rufyrmum)*  [f.  med.L.  l\ittken- 
ia  Russia  (having  been  first  noticed  in  platinum 
ores  from  the  Ural  Mountains)  +  -IUM.]  A  metal 
of  the  platinum  group,  discovered  and  named  by 
Osann  in  1828,  but  first  isolated  by  Claus  in  1845. 
Chem.  symbol  Ru. 

1848  FOWNES  Chem.  (ed.  2)  343  Ruthenium.  M.  Claus 
has  described  under  this  name  a  new  metal  contained  in 
the  residue  from  crude  platinum.  1854  Orr's  Circ.  Sci., 
Chem.  516  Ruthenium  very  much  resembles  iridium.  1880 
CLEMINSHAW  \Vurt*  Atom.  The,  222  The  compounds 
which  are  called  sesqu'ichloride  of  osmium  and  ruthenium. 

attrib.  1849  D.  CAMPBELL  hwrg.  Chem.  252  The  residue 
contains  the  ruthenium  compound.  Ibid.  257  While  the 
ruthenium  salt  is  in  the  retort.  1876  Encycl.  Brit.  V.  537/1 
Ruthenium  tetroxide,  RuO.j,  is  a  golden-yellow  crystalline 
substance,  sparingly  soluble  in  water. 

Ruther,  variant  of  RIDDEB  s6.lt  RUDDEK  st>. 

Rutllful  (r/7-]>ful),  a.  Nowa;r£.  [f.  RuTHj^.1] 

1.  Full  of  compassion  or  pity ;  compassionate. 

a  1225  AnCTt  R.  222  He  tnhalt  on  oSre  (>et  he  ne  mei 
nones  weis  makien  vuele  i5oncked,so  lufFul  &  so  reouSful  is 
hire  heorte.  1340  Ayenh.  198  (>e  rewj>euolle,  and  \>o  bet 
dofj  ham  to  J?e  poure  and  to  ^e  workes  of  merci,.  .ssolle  by 
do  in-to  sayzine  of  be  riche  of  heuene.  14.-  /W,  AW.,  <y 
/..  Poems  254  Biholt,  bou  man  wij?  routhful  herte,  pe  sharps 
scourge  wib  knottes  smerte.  isoo-zo  DUNBAR  Poems 


029  Who 
Leandcr  xxvi,  - 


ruthful  dol 


eye.     1827  HOOD  Hero 
phins  rest  him  on  their  back. 

Comb,  c  1560  A.  SCOTT  Poems  (S.T-  S.J.xxxiv.  52  5e  rame 
as  ?e  wer  rent,  And  thay  ar  rewtb*>U  nairUt. 

2.  That  excites  compassion  or  pity;  lamentable, 
piteous,  rueful. 

«  ia»5  Ancr.  R.  326  f*t  o5er  bing  is  be  muchele  &  |?e 
reoudfule  lure  bet  V  uorleoseS.  a.  1240  Stswbs  IVarde  in 
O.  E.  Horn.  I.  257  5wa  is  pe  sihoc  gnslich  ant  reowoful  to 
bihalden.  c  139*  Cast.  Love  197  l>us  Adam  borw  reu|>ful 
rage  Was  cas*  out  of  his  heritage,  c  1440  Pallad.  on  Httsb. 
ix.  Q  In  A«*st  ek>  >*f  tne  vyneyerd  be  lene  And  she,  thy 
vyne,  a  ruthful  thing  to  se.  1513  DOUGLAS  sEneis  iv.  Prol. 
71  The  reuthfull  smert  and  lamentable  cace  ..  of  Leander 
aing.  1588  SHAKS.  Tit.  A  .  v.  i.  66  Complots  of  Mischiefe, 
Treason,  Villanies  Ruthfull  to  heare.  1607  MILWARDE 
Jacobs  Gt.  Day  (1610)  I  3  b,  Jeremy,  .makes  a  description 
of  a  sad  and  ruthfull  day.  .,  a  day  of  sorrow.  1655  J.  OWEN 
Vind.  Evang.  Wks.  1853  XII.  460  Astonishment  arising 
from  the  contemplation  of  some  ruthful  spectacle.  1703 
ROWE  Ulysses  in.  i,  It  is  a  heavy  and  a  ruthful  Tak-.  1808 
SCOTT  Alarm,  iv.  xvi,  When  last  this  ruthful  month  was 
come.  1840  BROWNING  Sordello  i.  687  Or  say  a  ruthful 
chance  broke  woof  and  warp. 


ai 
T 


RUTHNESS. 

b.  Of  sounds,   actions,  etc.  (passing   into  the 
sense  *  expressive  of  grief  or  sorrow '). 

13..  A'.  A/is.  6501  (W.),Andthanne  theymaken  a  reouth- 
ful  crye.  £1330  AYwg-  of  Tars  267  Merci  heo  criyede.. 
With  a  reuthful  stevene.  a.  1425  Cursor  M.  14301  (Trin.\ 
Lazares  frendes  . .  Cryed  &  made  reu)?eful  chere.  1495 
Trevisa's  DC  P.  R.  xvm.  Ixxvi.  830  He  [the  cat]  makyth  a 
rutliefull  noyse  and  gastfull  whan  one  profryth  to  fyghte 
wyth  a  nother.  1579  STENSER  Shcph.  Cal.  Aug.  150  And 
tune  your  pypes  as  ruthful  as  ye  may.  1598  YONG  Diana 
400  My  ruthfull  song  and  verse  shall  not  intreate.  .Of  any 
flames.  1604  T.  WRIGHT  Passions  v.  181  The  voyce  ougfit 
sometimes  to  bee  interrupted  with  wofiill  exclamations  ami 
ruthfull  repetitions.  1663  SPARKE  Prim.  Devot.  {ed.  3)  218 
Wheresoever  is  this  man  of  sorrows,  there  is  likewise  the 
same  Ruthfull  Ecce !  Behold  the  man!  1861  LYTTON  & 
FANE  Tannhiinscr  67  To  do  this  desperate  wrong  insight 
of  all  The  ruthful  faces  of  the  Saints  in  Heaven. 

c.  Of  persons  or  feelings  (passing  into  the  sense 
'  sad,  dejected,  doleful '). 

1513  Dorci.As  sEneis  xn.  xi'n.  209  Thir  sa  gret  dolouris 
mycht  I  end  in  hy,  And  with  my  reuthfull  brother  go. 
1568  T.  HO\VI;I.I.  Arb.  Amitic  (1879)  37  Most  greed>- 
gripes  with  plunging  paines,  do  plurce  my  ruthfull  hart. 
1584-7  GKKKNK  Cardc  of  I-'ancie  Wks.  (Grosart)  IV.  16:! 
.She  who  of  late  was  a  royall  Princes&e,  was  now  a  ruthfull 
prisoner.  1831  PALGRAVE  Hist.  Aiiglo-Sa.v.  352  Sad  and 
ruthful  were  the  forebodings  uf  the  English. 

Ru'tllftllly,  adv.    Now  rare  or  Obs.    [-LY  2.] 

1.  In  a  pitiable  or  lamentable  fashion;  piteously, 
dolefully,  dismally,  ruefully. 

a  1225  Si,  Marker.  4  Leuestu  ant  luuest  him  the  reowS- 
fulliche  dclde  ant  dreorliche  on  rode?  c  1400  A rth.  fy  Mcrl. 
1067  (Kiilbing),  Reoubfully  heo  gan  to  grete.  1483  CAXTUN 
Gold.  l>fff'397/4  Thenne  Judas  thanked  sannt  bratidon  sou 
ruthefully  that  it  was  pyte  to  see.  1533  I'ELLKNDICN  Liry 
m,  xii  (S.T.S.)  I.  296  The  small  pepill,  npprest  with  mony 
hannes,  beheld  reuthfully  be  visage  of  be  faderis.  1579 
Si'ESSEK  Sheph.  Cat.  Aug.  175  Helpe  me.. my  deadly  crye?. 
Most  ruthfully  to  tune.  1611  COTGR.,  Miscrablt'tnentt, . 
ruthfully,  distressefully.  1661  R.  L'EsrKANOt:  Interest 
Mistaken  118  'J'lie  Sisters  Groan  so  ruthfully,  you'd  swear 
Five  hundred  Women  were  in  Labour. 

2.  Compassionately. 

1642  HOWELL  For.  Trav.  83  He  may  ruthfully  observe 
how  that  Countrey..is  now  ore  whelm'd  with  barbarisms 
and  ignorance.  1668  HOPKINS  Serin.  (1685)  6_-  All  things 
will  stare  ruthfully  upon  thee,  and. .confess  their  impot- 
ency  to  rescue  time  from  the  gripe  of  tkath. 

Ku'thfulness.     fare.     [-NESS.] 

1.  Sorrowfulness,  grief.    —RUEFULNESS  2. 

1596  LODGE  Marg,  Amcr.  118  Neither  Fawniaes  wordsj 
nor  the  hope  she  had  to  revisit  her  beloved,  could  rid  her  of 
ruthfulnesse. 

2.  Compassionatcness.    =  RUEFULNESS  i. 

1674  N.  FAIRFAX  Bulk  fy  Sclv.  191  Boundless  good  will 
and  rulhfulness  in  sparing  some  from  everlasting  burnings. 
1730  BAILEY  (folio),  Ruth/ulttesst  compassionateness. 

Ruthle,  variant  of  RUTTLE  v, 

Ruthless  (rubles),  a.  [f.  RUTH  j^.1  + -LESS.] 
Devoid  of  pity  or  compassion ;  pitiless,  unsparing, 
merciless. 

c  1327  Pol.  Songs  (Camden)  255  For  wel  i=  wo,  the  lond  is 
reuthtles.  6-1374  CHAUCER  AmL  $  Art:.  230  Of  my  w^he 
is  so  rewthelesse.  c  1386  —  Man  of  Law's  T.  765  Sche 
loketh  bale -ward  to  thelond,  Andseyde,  '  Farwel.  housbond 
rewtheles  !'  1412-20  LYDG.  Chron.  Troy  n.  S593  Achilles 
..Routheles  in  his  malencolye.  1513  DOLCLAS  Mneisw. 
Prol.  145  Thus  thou  prayis  '  Haif  mercy,  lady,  half  reuth 
and  sum  piete  ! '  And  scho,  reuthles,  agalle  «wis  on  the. 
1593  SHAKS.  2  Hen.  VI,  n.  iv.  34  The  ruthlesse  Flint  doth  cut 
my  tender  feet^  1598  SVLVESTKK  Du  oartas  IK  i. 


Till   ruth-less   Death.. Thy  di^t-born   body  turn    to  dust 


Shifrwr.  n.  345  Ve  who,  unmov'd,  can  brave  the  ruthless 
storm.  i79iJCo\M'ER  Odyss,  xvm.  105  He  shall  despoil 
thee  with  his  ruthless  steel.  1830  D'IsRAELi  C/ias.  I,  III. 
xii.  264  Ruthless  and  inexorable,  when  his  theological 
empire  was  in  peril.  1879  GEO.  ELIOT  Theo.  Suck  xii.  219 
He  was.. defended  against  a  ten  years  siege  from  ruthless 
facts.  1890  'R.  BOLDHEWOOU  '  CW.  Reformer  (1891)  217 
The  unsparing  use  of  the  ruthless  stockwhip. 

Ru  tlilessly,  adv.  [-LY  -.]  In  a  ruthless  or 
remorseless  manner;  pitilessly. 

1586  MARLOWE  ist  Pt.  Tamburl.  v.  ii,  And  let  not  Con 
quest,  ruthlessly  pursu'd,  Be  equally  against  his  life  incens'd. 
*75S  in  JOHNSON.  1809  W.  IRVING  Knickerb.  (i860  107  It 
came  ruthlessly  home  to  those  sweet  affections  that  grow 
close  around  the  heart.  1849  J.  H.  PARKER  Introd.  Gothic 
Archit.  i.  8  These  buildings,  .were  ruthlessly  destroyed  by 
the  barbarians  who  succeeded  them.  1879  FKOUDE  Cxsar 
xvi.  261  In  this  case  the  limits  had  been  ruthlessly  exceeded. 

Ru'thlessness.  [-NESS.]  Ruthless  quality  or 
character ;  pitilessness. 

'777  POTTER  /Esckylus,  Prometheus  Chaiit"d  10  Yet 
upbraid  not  My  ruder  and  unpitying  ruthlessness.  1855 
SINGLETON  Virgil  I.  150  A  crabbed  eld  And  toil,  and 
ruthlessness  of  rigorous  death.  1874  GREEN  Short  Hist.  iv. 
§  3.  175  He  had  inherited  the  fierce  ruthlessness  of  the 
Angevms. 

t  Ru-tlily,  a.  and  adv.  Obs.  rare.  [f.Ru-TH^M] 
a.  adj.  Sorrowful,  piteous,  b.  adv.  Sorrowfully. 

c  1275  LAY.  13638  Ich  5ou  telle  roubliche  spellesof  mochele 
sorinesse.  14..  Sir  Beues  1578  (S.),  To  lesu  Crist.  .&  to 
his  moder,  mylde  Marie,  Wel  rewthelych  he  gan  crie. 

t  Ru'thneSS.  Obs.  [f.  RUTH  sb.l<]  Compassion. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  9680  All  was  right  in  sothfastnes,  Wit- 
vten  merci  and  reuthnes.  Ibid.  14299  lesusbiheHd  ban  hir 
a-stert,  And  had  gret  reuthnes  in  his  nert. 

Ruthyr,  obs.  Sc.  variant  of  RUDDEB  sb. 


RUTIC. 

Rutic  (rw'tik),  a.  Chem.  [f.  L.  ritta  rue  4-  -1C.] 
Rtttic  add,  a  colouring  matter  discovered  by  Weiss 
in  the  common  rue ;  capric  acid. 

1857  SCHUNCK  in  Maiick.  Mem.  Ser.  n.  XV.  (1860)^128  A 
comparison  of  the  properties  and  composition  of  this  sub 
stance  with  those  of  Rutine  or  Rutic  Acid.. leads  to  the 
conclusion  that  they  are  identical.  1876  HARLEY  Mat. 
Med.  (ed.  6)  6So  Rutic  acid  crystallises  in  colourless  needles. 

Ruticilline  (j^tisrlain),  a.  Qrnith.  [f.  mod. 
L.  ruticilla.}  Pertaining  to,  or  forming,  the  genus 
Ruticilla  (the  Redstarts). 

1893  NEWTON  Diet.  Birds  277  These  [genera]  are  adopted 
by  Mr.  Oates,  who.. refers  all  to  tiie  Ruticilline  group  (Red 
start)  of  Turdidae.  1899  -V  H.  EVANS  Birds  516  As  regards 
the  Saxicoline  and  Ruticilline  forms  attention  should  be 
drawn  to  the  jerky,  flitting  flight. 

Rutilant  (rw'tilant),  a.  Now  rare.  Also  5 
rutilaunt,  6  Sc.  rutuland.  [ad.  L.  rutilant- ^ 

rutitanS)  pres.  pple.  of  rutildre  :  sec  next.]  Glow 
ing,  shining,  gleaming,  glittering,  with  either  a 
ruddy  or  golden  light. 

In  quot.  iS63  used  participially  with  object. 

1497  BP.  ALCOCK  Mons  Perf.  E  ii/2  Lykned  to  the  rose 
rutilaunt  and  the  whyte  lely.     1513  BRADSHAW  St.  Wer- 
bitrge  i.  3456  This  rutilant  gemme  and  specious  floure.    1542     J 
BECON  Chribttn,  />'««</.  iii,  O  repentance,  more  rutilant  &     ; 
shining  than  gold.      1599  NASHE  Lenten  Stitffe   36  The     : 
lordly  sonne  the  must  rutilanl  planet  of  the  seuen.     168411-.     j 
tioneCs  Merc.  Compit.  xix.  808  The  florid  and  rutilant  part     [ 
in  the  coagulated  Blood,     a  1706  EVELYN  Silva  (1776)  385     l 
This  cheerful  green  and  Rutilant  berries.     1868  BROWNING     i 
Ring  $  Bk*  HI.  359  The  Abate's  guardian  eye— Scintillant,     ; 
rutilant,  fraternal  fire.     1884  G.   MOOUE  Mummers   Wife 
(1892)  285  Show-rooms,  .rtitilant  with  gas  and  electric  light. 

t  Ru'tilate,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  ppl.  stem  of 
L.  rutildre,  f.  rutilus  reddish,  golden,  shining, 
etc.]  (See  quoLs.  and  cf.  prec.) 

1623  COCKER  AM,  Rntilate^  to  shine,  to  make  to  glister,     i 
1656  BLOUST,  Rutilate,  ..  to  shine  or  glare,  to  make  to     ] 
shine  or  glister  like  Gold,  to  make  bright,  yellow.     1669 
Addr.  Yng.  Gentry  Eng.  77  Our  painter  may  fear  to  begin 
a  face  so  full  of  life,  as  all  his  skill  and  oyl  will  be  too  little     : 
to  larifie  and  air,  to  brisk  and  rutilate. 

So  Bu-tUated ///.  a.\  t  Butila'tion. 

1658  PHILLIPS,  Rutitation,?.  shining,  glistrtng,  or  glaring,  j 
1889  in  Rep.  Min.  Ind.  U.S.  (1892)  675  Smoky  quartz,  Gold  I 
quartz,  Rutilated  quartz. 

Rutile  (rw'til).  Min.  [a.  F.  riitile  or  G.  ! 
rutil  (Werner,  1803),  f.  L.  rutilus  red.]  An  ore  ! 
of  titanium  (a  form  of  titanium  dioxide). 

1803  in  Trans.  R.  Irish  Atad,  (1806)  X.  14  Ruttle  is  ! 
generally  of  cotemporaneous  formation  with  its  associated  | 
fossils.  1836  MACGILUVSAV  Trav.  Humboldt  xx.  295  The  ! 
formation,  .contained  cyanite,  rutile,  and  garnets.  1888  : 
RUTLEY  Rock- forming  Min.  136  The  crystals  of  rutile  met  | 
with  in  rocks  are  usually  of  exceedingly  small  dimensions,  i 

attrib.  1836  MACGILLIVRAY  Trav.  Humboldt  xi.  142  Veins  j 
of  quartz,  containing  rutile  titanite.  1888  RUTLEY  Rock-  \ 
Forming  Min.  136  This  grouping  of  rutile  crystals  may  - 
sometimes  be  found  forming  intergrowths  with  specular  iron.  j 

Rutilite  (rw'tilait).  Min.  [f.  RuriLE  +  -ITE  l 
2b.  Cf.  F.  ruttlile.]  -  RUTILE. 

1803  in  Trans.  K.  Irisk  Acad.  (1806)  X.  17  Rutilite.  Cal- 
careo-siHceous  titan  ore  of  Kirwan.  Ibid.  20  [The]  very 
compounded  nature  of  hornblende  and  rutilite.  1815  AIKIN 
Man.  Min.  (ed.  2)  137  Rutilite. .  .Colour redish,  yellowish, 
greyish,  and  blackish  brown. 

Rutilous  (r«*tiUs\  a.  rare.  [f.  L.  rutitus  red.] 
a.  Shining  with  a  ruddy  hue.  b.  Reddish. 

1657  TOMLIKSOM  Renou's  Disp.  630  The  Female  [viper] 
should  be . .  with  a  fiery  aspect,  rutilous  and  red  eyes.  1829 
T.  PRICE  P Ay stog-it.  $  Physiol.  113  In  Burgundy,  the  light 
brown  hair,  and  gray  eye,  have  succeeded  to  the  asserted 
rutilous  character  of  its  ancient  conquerors.  Ibid.  120  The 
German  states,  the  real  seats  of  the  ancient  rutilous  fiery 
Goths  of  Csesar  and  Tacitus. 

Ru'tin.  Chem.  Also  rutine.  [a.  G.  rutin  (F. 
ru/rfff),  1  L.  r£fc  RUB  ;£.* :  see -mi.]  Rutic  acid, 
capric  acid.  Also  attrib. 

1857  [see  RUTIC  a.].  1868  WATTS  Diet.  Client.  V.  139  Ac- 
cording  to  Stein,  safflower  yellow  is  uncrystallisable  rutin. 
1895  Naturalist  24  The  leaves  contain  a  considerable 
quantity  of  a  tannin  which,  .seems  associated  with  rutin. 

attrib.  1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chem.  V.  141  Rutin  sugar., 
isomeric  with  glucose,  .is  not  fermentable. 

Rutl,  variant  of  ROTL. 

Rutland  (ortland).  [Trade-name,  first  used 
in  1889.]  A  superior  roan  leather  used  in  book 
binding.  (Orig.  called  Rutland  morocco?) 

1894-5  Ox/.  (Ctar.  Press)  Trade  Catal.t  etc.  18  Rutland 
Morocco,  limp,.. gilt  roll.  1903  Ibid.  36  Also  in  straight 
grain  roan,  rutland,  half-calf, .. and  turkey  morocco. 

Rutle,  obs.  form  of  RUTTLE  if. 

Rutour,  -owr,  Sc.  variants  of  ROUTER  sb.*  Obs. 

t  Ru'tsel,  v.  Obs.-1  [ad.  MDn.  rutselen, 
freq.  of  rutsent  rot  sen  to  slide.]  intr.  To  slide. 

1481  CAXTON/^t^war^tArb.)  18  Hesatte  vpon  hishammes, 
and  began  to  rutsele  ouer  his  tayl. 

tRu  tson.  Obs.  rare.  In  5  rot-,  rutsonn, 
ruttesou.  [ad.  AF.  ruteison  (Bozon) :  cf  RUTEY 
v.  and  RUT  sb.i]  Rutting.  Chiefly  attrib. 

c  1410  Master  ofGatne  (MS.  Digby  182)  ii,  Alle  J>e  tyme 
fro  pe  Rutteson  into  whitsonday  into  Rutteson  tyme  men 
shall  fynde  but  fewe  gret  dere,  saue  vpon  |>e  hilles.  Ibitt.  xiii, 
None  of  alle  }>ise  iii.  manere  of  houndes  hunteth  not  at  \>c 
herte  in  rotsonn  tyme, 

Rutt,  obs.  f.  RUT  sb. ;  var.  RUTH  2. 
Rutte  :  see  ROUT  v,*  Obs. 


934 

Rutted  (ro  ted),///,  a.  [f.  RUT  z/.4  or  sb.- 
+  -ED!.]  Of  roads,  etc.:  Broken,  cut  up,  or 

marked,  with  ruts. 

1823  MOIK  in  Blackw.  Mag.  XIII.  647  Over  the  rutted 
road  the  empty  wane  Homewards  is  driven.  1846  RUSKIN 
Mod.  Painters  I.  it.  I.  vii.  §  22  The  painter  is  evidently 
embarassed  without  his  rutted  road.. and  his  boggy  pool. 
1861  GEO.  ELIOT  Silas  M.  iii,  Raveloe  lay  low  among  the 
bushy  trees  and  the  rutted  lanes. 

I!  Ruttee  (ran*).  Also  7  rotti,  7,  9  rati.  [ad. 
Hindi  ratti)  the  seed  of  a  leguminous  creeper, 
Abrus  prtcatorius^\  A  small  Indian  weight  (about 
1-75  grs.  Troy)  used  for  weighing  gems. 

1625  Pi'KCHAS  Pilgrims  I.  iii.  223  Yet  could  he  find  neuer 
any  one  [diamond]  for  his  purpose,  but  one  of  fiue  Rotties, 
which  was  not  very  foule  neither.  1678  J.  PHILLIPS  Taver- 
flier's  Trav.  n.  140  At  the  Mine  of  Soumelpour  in  Bengala, 
they  weigh  by  Kati's,  and  the  Rati  is  seven  eighths  of  a 
Carat,  or  three  Grains  and  a  half.  1698  FRVKK  Ace.  E. 
India  <V  P.  206.  8  Ruttees  is  7  Carracks.  1753  Chambers* 
Cycl.  Suppl.  s.v.  Caract,  Eighty  eight  caracts  make  an 
hundred  ruttees.  1866  Treas.  Bot.  s.v.  Abrus,  These  seeds 
.  .are  employed  in  India  as  a  standard  of  weight  under  the 
name  of  Rati.  1901  KITLING  Kitn  ix,  There  is  one  ruby  of 
Burma,  of  two  ruttees  without  a  flaw. 

Rutter  (nrtai).  Also  6  ruter,  9  ruttier.  [a. 
MDu.  r  utter  *  var.  of  ruter,  ruyter  (Du.  miter 
RUITEII,  whence  G.  rettter},  ad.  OF.  routicr, 
routeur\  see  ROUTEH  sb.i  Cf.  med.L.  rut(t}ariits 
RUTAK,  and  (M)Sw.  ryttare,  Da.  rytter.~\ 

1.  A  cavalry  soldier  (csp.  a  German  one),  of  the 
kind  employed  in  the  wars  of  the  i6th  and  I7th 
centuries.  Now  arch. 

1506  Paston  Lett.  III.  405  Thyse  to  the  rutters  of  the 
spers.  1523  LD.  BERNERS  tr.  Froitt.  I.  cccxlvii.  551  There 
he  assembled  a  great  nombre  of  such  rutters,  englisshe, 
gascons,  bretons,  almayns.  1592  KYD  Sol.  fy  Pers.  \.  iii, 
You  are  a  Rutter  borne  in  Germanic.  1630  A*.  Johnson** 
Kingd.  -V  Comnnu.  148  An  Army,  .amounting  all  to  ten 
thousand  horse.  To  which  he  might  adde  three  or  foure 
thousand  German  Rutters.  1654  EARL  MON.M.  tr.  Benti- 
vogtio's  Wars  Flanders  206  Mustering  a  considerable 
strength  of  Foot,  .together  with  a  good  number  of  Rutters. 
1865  KINGSLEV  Hcrtnv,  xxi,  He  and  his  troop  of  Angevine 
ruttiers  had  fought  like  tigers  by  William's  side  at  Hastings. 
fb.  Used  with  allusion  to  the  dress  or  manners 
of  such  persons ;  hence,  a  gay  cavalier,  a  dashing 
gallant.  Cf.  ROUTEH  sb.1  2.  Obs. 

a  1500  MKDWALL  Nature  (Brandl)  i.  1078  Whan  he  is  in 
suche  aray,  There  goth  a  rutter,  men  wyll  say,  a  rutter  huf 
a  galand.  1526  SKELTON  Mtignyf.  762  Howe  sayst  thou, 
man?  am  not  I  a  ioly  rutter?  1567-0  JEWEL  Def.  ApoL 
(1611)  360  Zuinglius  was  a  godly  Preacher,  and  no  Rutter. 

Comb,  1603  KNOLI.ES  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  832  The  high 
Dutch  attired  in  blacke,  with.. long  breeches  little  lesse 
than  Rutter  wise. 

1 2.  One  of  a  party  of  swindlers  (see  quot.).    Obs. 

1591  GREENE:  Conny  Catch.  To  Rdr.,  Four  persons  were 
required  to  perfourm  their  coosning  commodity.  The  taker- 
vp,  the  Verser,  the  Barnard  and  the  Rutter.  Ibid.t  Then 
standeth  the  Rutter  at  the  doore. 

Rutter,  obs.  form  of  RUTTIER. 

t  Ru'tterkin.  Obs.  Also  6  -kyn(e,  -kiue, 
-king.  [f.  RUTTER  +  -KIN.]  A  swaggering  gallant 
or  bully. 

1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.  757  Rutty  bully,  ioly  rutterkyn. 
1530  Songs  in  Anglia  XII.  593  When  all  is  done  this 
mynyon  ys  A  rutterkyn.  1556  OLDE  Antichrist  82  Those 
noble  rutterkines  of  the  churche,  dyd  more  cruell  feates 
than  these.  1581  J.  BELL  H addons  Ansiv.  Osorins  397 
The  Romish  Ruiterkyne  must  call  us  backe  to  his  filthy 
Cesternes. 

attrib. t  1594  O.  B.  Quest.  Profit.  Concern.  -2  b,  The  Rut. 
terking  Tailors  of  the  old  stampe. 

t  Ru-ttery.  Sc.  Obs.  rare  ~l.  [f.  RUT  sb.^  + 
-ERY.]  Lust,  lechery. 

'567  Satir.  Poems  Reform,  vii.  117  BothwelL.the  Queue 
syne  rauyssit  to  him  sell,  In  fylthie  lust. . ;  Thocht  sho,  be* 
witcheit,  wald  in  ruttery  ring  [etc.], 

Rutteson,  variant  of  RUTSON  Obs. 
Ru'ttier.     Now  arch.    Also  5-7  rutter,  6   | 
ruter.    [ad.  F.  rentier ^  f.  route  ROUTE  sb.]    A  set    I 

of  instructions  for  finding  one's  course  at  sea;  a    i 
marine  guide  to  the  routes,  tides,  etc. 

a.  a  1500  {title}*  The  Booke  of  the  Sea  Carte  called  the 
Rutter,  which  sheweth  ye  tydes,  courses,  kennynges,.. 
aboute  the  whole  He  of  Brytanye.  1561  EDEN/J»-/£  Nauig. 
Pref.  FP  i,  Without  any  Rutter  or  Carde  of  Nauigation. 
1594  BLUNDKVIL  Exert.,  Art  ,\'avif,  lv.  (1597)  353  Whose 
Tables  touching  the  tydes  are  called  Rutters.  Ibidn  I 
would  wish  such  general  Rutter  to  be  made  in  maner  of  an 
Alphabet. 

ft.  1600  HAKLUYT  I'oy.  III.  719  A  ruttier  or  course  to  be 
kept  for  him  that  will  sayle  from  Cabo  Verde  to  the  coast 
of  Brasil.  1611  COTGK.,  Kouticr^,^.  Ruttier;  a  directorie 
for  the  knowledge,  or  finding  out  of  courses,  whether  by 
sea  or  land.  i8oa  in  TAMES  Milit.  Diet.  1855  KINGSLEV 
Westw.  ffof\,  See  if  ne  don't  tell  you  ov«r  the  ruttier  as 
well  as  Drake  himself. 

Ruttier:  see  RUTTER. 

Ru'tting,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  RUT  z/,3]  The  fact  of 
being  in,  or  passing  into,  a  state  of  (periodic) 
sexual  excitement.  Alsoyig-. 

1607  TOPSELL  Four-f.  Beasts  (1658)  101  At  the  time  of 
their  lust  or  rutting,  they  are  above  measure  fierce.  1608 
SHAKS.  Per.  iv.  v.  9,  I'll  do  any  thing  now  that  is  virtuous; 
but  I  am  out  of  the  road  of  rutting  for  ever.  x68cT.  FLAT- 
MAN  Heraclitus  Ridens  No.  37  (1713)  J.  244  Have  you  heard 
how  the  Whigs  ^o  a  Rutting  in  the  Country,  as  well  as  a 
Bulling  in  the  City?  1749  FIELDING  Tom  Jones  v.xi,  Rut- 


g 
k 


RUTYL. 

ling  (an  uncouth  phrase,  by  which  the  vulgar  denote  that 
entle  dalliance  which.  .parses  between  lovers  of  the  ferine 
kind).  1772  Ann.  Reg.  n.  100  Several  people.,  make  use  of 
them  for  hunting  wild  deer,  or  for  decoying  them  home, 
especially  in  the  time  of  their  rutting.  1847-9  Touu  Cycl. 
A  nat.  IV.  473/2  The  period  of  rutting  among  most  animals  .  . 
is  associated  with  the  commencement  of  the  warmer  season. 
1861  BONKK  Forest  Creatures  42  This..  was  merely  a  pre 
paration  for  a  later  rutting,  which  took  place  in  December. 
b.  attrib.  ,  as  rtttting-part  ,  -season^  -sport,  -state, 
*time\  rutting-  angles  (see  quot.  1834). 

1576  TURBERV.  Generic  147  Then  you  may  hunte  them 
[sc.  goats]  vntill  theyr  Rutting  time  come.  1600  BUTTON  Pas- 
quils  Fooles-cappe\]\vs.  (Grosart)  I.  21/1  And  cares  not  how, 
nor  where  she  leaue  the  Ramme,\Vhen  she  hath  gotten  once 
the  rutting  parte,  1675  COTTON  Burlesque  upon  B.  61  With 


I.  383  Its  excessive  viciousness  during  the  rutting  season. 
1815  JAMIESON  Suppl.  s.v.  Rnttery,  As  brute  animals,  in  the 
rutting  state,  run  from  place  to  place.  1834  JESSE  Glean, 
Nat.  Hist.  Ser.  n.  25  During  a  particular  .season  the  male 
mole  makes  what  mole  catchers  call  the  rutting. angles 
These  are  much  larger  than  the  usual  runs.  1877  j.  A. 
ALLEN  Amer.  Bison  463  During  the  rutting  season,  the 
bulls  often  wage  fierce  battles. 

Ru-ttiiig,  ///.  a.  [f.  ROT  t>.a]  Given  to 
rutting ;  in  a  state  of  rut. 

1624  MASSINGER  Parl.  of  Lore  iv.  v,  Fie!  you  shame 
yourself,  And  the  profession  of  your  rutting  gallants.  1891 
Athctueunt  7  Feb.  186/3  A  man  pursued  by  a  rutting  ele 
phant.  1896  NI-;IL  MUNRO  Lost  Pibroch  (1902)  n  The 
rutting  deer  bellowed  with  loud  throats. 

t  Ru'ttingly,  adv.  Obs.~l  [irreg.  f.  RUTTEK 
i  b.]  Dashingly  ;  so  as  to  make  a  gallant  show. 

1526  SKELTON  Magnyf.  847  My  robe  russheth  So  rut- 
tyngly,  Me  seme  I  flye. 

t  Itu'ttish,  a.  Oh.  rare.  [f.  RUT  z/.3  +  -isH.] 
Le\vd,  lustful,  lascivious. 

1601  SHAKS.  All's  Well  iv.  iii.  243  A  foolish  idle  boy  :  but 
for  all  that  verjr  ruttish.  1602  MIDULETON  P/ieenix  i.  ii, 
He  was  too  ruttish  himself  to  let  me  thrive  under  him. 

Hence  Bu'ttisliness.  rare"0.  (Webster,  1847.) 

Ruttle  (rzrt'l),  sb.1  Now  dial.  [f.  RUTTLE  v.\ 
A  rattling  noise  in  the  throat. 

1713  BURNET  Serni.  175  The  last  Agonies,  the  fixed  Eyes, 
and  the  dismal  Ruttle,.  .tell  all  those  about  the  Dying-Bed, 
that  he.. is  now  going  to  his  Home.  1838  HOLLOWAV  Prov. 
Diet.,  Rnttles,  a  noise,  occasioned  by  a  difficulty  of 
breathing.  1862  C.  C.  ROBINSON  Dial.  Leeds  Gloss.  396 
Persons  are  said  to  have  the  '  death-rattle*  or  '  ruttle'  in 
their  dying  moments. 

Ru'ttle,  sb*     (See  quot.  1876.) 

1876  A.  H.  GREEN  Phys.  Gcol.  ix.  363  Cracks  roughly 
parallel  to  the  plane  of  the  fault,  which  are  sometimes  called 
'Ruttles '  by  quarry  men.  1883  GKESLEY  Gloss.  Coal 
mining  209. 

Ruttle  (rzrt'l),  v.  Now  dial.  Forms  :  4  rut- 
ele,  5  ruthle,  5-6  rutill,  rutle,  7,  9  ruttle. 
[  =  MLG.  rutelen^  prob.  of  imitative  origin:  cf. 
ROTTLE  z/.  and  RATTLE  z>,]  intr.  To  rattle;  to 
make  a  rattling  noise  in  the  throat. 

a  1400  Pol.,  Rel.,  <!»•  L.  Poems  250  pin  teth  ratilet. .,  and 
\>\  brote  rutelet3.  14..  in  Reliq.  Antiq.  I.  54  Ifherutills: 
this  er  the  takenynges  of  dethe.  c  1425  Eng.  Cong.  Irel.  16 
With  wepne  ryngynge,  speres  and  sparthes  ruthlynge  [v.r. 
rutlynge]  to-geddre.  1566  DKANT  Horace,  Sat.  n.  v.  H  v,  If 
one  of  thy  cooparteners  gin  to  rulle  in  the  throte.  1651 
R.  \V ATKINS  Newts  fr.  Dead  2  The  Coffin  being  opened, 
she  was  observed  to  breath,  and  in  breathing.. obscurely  to 
nittle.  Ibid.^  Shee  ruttled  more  than  before,  and  seemed 
obscurely  to  cough.  1828-  in  dial,  glossaries  (E.  Anglia, 
Line.,  Craven,  Leeds). 

Hence  Hu'ttliug  vbl.  sb.  and///,  a. 

£1400  MS.  Cott.  Calig.  A  ii.  fol.  113  Then  was  rut 
lynge  in  Rome,  and  rubbynge  of  helmes.  1530  LYNDESAV 
Test.  Papyngo  668,  I  am  ane  blak  Monk,  said  the  rut- 
lande  [1592  rutillandj  Ravin.  1857  BORROW  Romany  Rye 
xi,  Little  or  no  ruttling  having  been  heard  in  the  tube. 
1862  —  Wales\\\.  viii.  75  The  ruttling  of  the  smoker's  pipe 
in  the  chimney-corner. 

t  Ru-ttock.     Obs.  rare.     A  stick  or  staff. 

1542  UDALL  Erastn.  Apoph.  154  Laie  me  a  litle  ruttocke 
hard  beside  me,  wher  with  to  beate  theim  awaye.  Ibid. 
214  b,  He  putte  abrode  the  louvres  of  the  lente  with  a 
ruttocke  that  he  had  in  his  hande. 

Rutty  (rtf'ti),  a.     [f.  RUT  sb.2  +  -Y.] 

1.  Marked  by,  full  of,  abounding  in,  ruts. 

1596  SPENSER  Prothalamion  12  Themmes,  Whose  rutty 
Bancke-.Was  paynted  all  with  variable  flowers.  1610  G. 
FLETCHER  Christ's  Triumph  ii.  That  heav'nly  voice  I  more 
delight  to  heare,  Then.. whistling  reeds,  that  rutty  Jordan 
laves.  1767  G.  S.  CAREY  Hills  of  Hybla  14  Some  long  and 
rutty  lane.  1810  Splendid  Follies  \.  156  A  dirty  narrow 
rutty  green.  1865  KNIGHT  Passages  Work.  Life  II.  xiii. 
264  No  sound  of  wheels  was  heard  but  that  of  the  cart 
labouring  through  the  rutty  ways.  1891  Miss  DOWIE  Girl 
in  Karp.  ^  We  dashed  down  the  rutty  road. 

transf.  1892  Temple  Bar  Nov.  374  There  is  too  much 
rutty  conventionality  about. 

2.  Of  a  drive:  Performed  on  a  rutted  road. 
1883  LD.  R.  COWER  Rent.  II.  xxi.  61  After  a  rough  and 

rutty  drive,  Bolsover  Castle,  .was  reached. 

3.  Deeply  sunk  or  furrowed. 

1894  K.  GRAHAME  Pagan  P.  108  Mud  is  muddier  now 
than  heretofore;  and  ruts  are  ruttier. 

fRU'tty  (also  roty),  used  in  refrains.  Obs. 

15*6  SKELTON  Magnyf.  757  Rutty  bully,  ioly  rutterkyn, 
heydii !  a  1529  —  Agst.  comely  Coystrownt  zy  He  lumbryth 
on  a  lewde  lewte,  Roty  bully  joyse,.. hey  go,  now,  now  ! 

Rutyl  Crw'til).     Chem.    [f.  as  RUTIC  a.  +  -YL.] 

(See  quots.) 


RUTYLENE. 

1868  WATTS  Diet.  Client.  V.  141  Rutyl,  syn.  with 
Capryl,  C10HI9O,  the  radicle  of  nitic  or  capric  acid.  1894 
MORLEY  &  Mum  H'atts'  Diet.  Chem.  IV.  419/2  Rutyl,  a 
name  sometimes  used  for  decoyl  CjoHisO  or  decyl  Ci0H2i. 

Rtrtylene.  Chem.  [f.  prec.  +  -ENE.]  (See 
qnots.) 

1868  WATTS  Diet.  Chcm.  V.  I4i  Rntylene,  ..a  hydro 
carbon  polymeric  with  acetylene. . .  Rutylene  is  a  colourless 
liquid,  lighter  than  water,  ami  having  an  agreeable  odour, 
somewhat  like  that  of  turpentine-oil.  1873  Foivnes'  Client. 
(ed.  u)  56^1  Decine,  or  Rutylene,  is  obtained  by  the  action 
of  alcoholic  potash  on  diamylene  dibromide. 

Ruve,  Sc.  variant  of  Ro,  rest.  Obs. 

t  Ruvell.     Sc.  Obs.~l     (Meaning  obscure.) 

1538  Ace.  Ld.  High  Treas.  Scot.  VII.  87  For  nyne 
quhyn^earis  ouregilt,  and  twa  of  thame  with  schethis  of 
welvot,  all  furnist  chaip  and  ruvell  witht  silver  werk. 

Ruvid  (r«'vid),  a.  rare.  [ad.  It.  rtivido,  app. 
repr.  L.  rtiidus  (Pliny).] 

1 1.  Rude,  barbarous.  Obs. 

1632  LITHGOW  Trap,  vi.  291  The  ruvid  Cittizens,  being 
Turkes,  Moores,  Iewes,..and  Nostranes.  IHd.  296  Their 
food  also  [is]  semblable,  to  their  ruvid  condition. 

2.  Rough,  rugged,  rarer-1. 

1837  A.  B.  GRANVILLF.  Spas  of  Germany  I.  322  On  passin" 
my  hand  all  over  the  body.. it  felt  ruvid,  and  the  two 
surfaces  seemed  to  meet  with  resistance. 

So  t  Rrv  vidous  a.   Obs.~l 

1632  LITHGOW  Tra7>.  ix.  421  Polland  is.. charged  with  a 
proud  Nobility,  a  familiar  and  manly  Gentry,  and  a 
ruvidous  vulgarity. 

Ruwe,  obs.  form  of  Row  <z.l,  RUE  sb£ 

Ruwet,  variant  of  RUET  Obs. 

Ruwyn,  obs.  form  of  RUIN  sb. 

t  Rux,  sb.     Ol>s~l     (See  quot. ) 

1739  ToHKiHComv'*  Comma// (1811)33  note,  An  account 
of  a  gentleman  that,  .took  up  out  of  the  heap  of  uncertain 
glorious  corns  (which  they  call  rux),  which  he  affirmed  to 
be  pure  gold. 

Rux,  v.  slang.  [Of  obscure  origin.]  trans. 
To  take  severely  to  task  ;  to  row. 

1899  T.  M.  ELLIS  Cats'. eye  Rings  93  Your  dress  is  so 
slovenly  that  you  would  be  ru.ved  by  the  examining  officer. 

Ruyd(e,  Ruyd(e)ly(che,  obs.  ff.  RUDE  a., 
RUDELY  adv.  Ruyghe,  obs.  f.  ROUGH  a.  Ruyl, 
obs.  f.  RULE  sb.  Ruynat(e,  Ruyne,  Ruynose, 
etc.:  see  RUINATE,  RUIN  (and  RYNE'),  RUINOUS. 

Ru5(e,  rujhe,  obs.  forms  of  ROUGH  a. 

Rwoh,  Rwd,  Rwik,   Rwine,  obs.   Sc.  ff. 
ROUGH  a.,  ROOD  .?/>.,  ROOK  sb.'1,  RUIN  rf.    Rwly, 
Rwmor,  obs.  ff.  RULY  adv.,  RUMOUR.  Rwtowr,   i 
Sc.  var.  ROUTER  rf.i   Obs.    Rwyn,  Rwynus, 
obs.  ff.  RUIN,  RUINOUS. 

Ry-,  a  common  ME.  spelling  in  all  words  be-   I 
ginning  with  RI-,  as  ryal  RIAL  a.,  ryb  RIB  sb., 
rybald  RIBALD,  ryband  RIBAND,  etc.   For  variants 
not   entered  below,  see  the  corresponding  forms 
with  RI-. 

•ry,  suffix,  a  reduced  form  of  -EBY,  occurring 
chiefly  after  an  unstressed  syllable  ending  in  d,  t, 
I,  n,  or  sh  (the  usual  type  being  words  of  three 
syllables  with  the  stress  on  the  first),  but  also  in 
a  few  cases  after  stressed  vowels  or  diphthongs. 
The  older  examples  sometimes  represent  OF.  forms 
in    -rie,    with   variants    in   -trie,    but   the    great 
majority  are  comparatively  late  English  forma 
tions.     Examples  of  the  various  types  are  heraldry, 
husbandry,   ribaldry,    wizardry;    casuist ly,   den-    \ 
tislry,    harlotry,    infantry,  papistry,  peasantry,    \ 
tenant ly ;   chivalry,   devilry,   rivalry ;    blazonry,    \ 
yeomanry;  Eitglishry,  Irishry;  avowry,  Jewry.    | 
In  some  cases  both  -fry  and  -ry  are  in  use,  as 
baptist(e]ry ,  command{c)ry,je'wel(Je]ry. 

Hyacolite,  Kyakolite,  varr.  RHYACOLITE. 

Ryakonite,  erroneous  f.  RHYACOLITE. 

1837  DANA  Syit.  Alin.  293  Feldspar.  Spatum  orthotomnm. 
,. Ice  spar.  Ryakonite. 

Rya(u)t,  obs.  ff.  RIOT.  Rybadoua,  var. 
RIB.VI.DOUS  a.  Ryban(n)e,  obs.  ff.  RIBAND. 

Rybat  (rei-bat).  St.  Forms:  6  rebatt,  9 
ribet,  rybet,  rybat ;  8-9  ribbet,  9  ribbit, 
rebbit.  [prob.  a  variant  of  RABBET  s/>.,  REBATE 
sb.-,  but  used  in  the  same  sense  as  REVEAL  sb.'*\ 
A  polished  stone  reveal  (side-piece)  for  windows, 
doors,  etc.  Also  attrib. 


to  the  abbay,  iij*  iiij1'.  Item,  to  nne  masoun  to  hew  ihe  snids 
rebatts  and  lintaie  and  to  reforme  the  said  yett,  xviij».  1789 
J.  WILLIAMS  Nat.  Hist.  Mineral  Kingd.  I.  76  Some  of 
the  thickest  of  them  produce  good  cutting  stones  for 
ribbets.  1808  JAMIF.SON,  Rebbits,  polished  stones  for  win 
dows.  1833  IXJUDOS  Encycl.  Arc/tit.  §  1170  The  corners, 

* _™_i-t    i   ._     _     i    -t i  *._    L_    _r 


which  the  door  shuts  flush. 

0.  1833  LOUDON  Encycl.  Arctiit.  §911  The  whole  of  the 
window   rybets    (reveals),  sills,  and  lintels.. are  to  be  of 


935 

'  Ryb(b)aud-,Rybawd-:  see  RIBALD-.  Ryb- 
ben,  obs.  f.  RIBBOX.  Rybe,  obs.  f.  RIB,  RUBY. 

Rybeck.    slang  .     (See  quot.) 

1851  MAVIIEW  Loud.  Labour  II.  120  This  the  old  Jew 
agrees  to  do  upon  the  understanding  that  he  is  to  have 
'  half  Rybeck  ',  that  is,  a  moiety  of  the  profit.  Ibid.  121. 

Rybee,  Rybwe,  obs.  varr.  RUBY.  Rybende, 
obs.  f.  RIBAND.  Rybod(r)y,  obs.  ff.  RIBALD(K)Y. 
Rych(e,  obs.  forms  of  RUSH  ji.i  Rychellys, 
Rychels,  varr.  recliels  REKEL.S,  incense. 
Rydal,  Ryddel,  Rydelle,  etc.,  obs.  ff.  RIDEL, 
RIDDLE.  Ryddylled,  Rydelid,  etc.,  varr. 
RIDELED  Obs.  Rydelles,  Rydlesse,  obs.  varr. 
REDELESS  a.  Rydels,  obs.  f.  RIDDLE  rf.i  Rydi- 
lich,  var.  REDILY  adv.  Obs.  Rydoun:  see 
RIDDER  rf.i  Rydowre,  var.  REDDOCH  Obs. 
Rydy,  obs.  f.  READY  a. 

Bye  (rai),  J/'.l  Forms  :  I  ryji,  ryse,  4  ruje, 
reye,  4-6  ry,  5-8  rie,  5-  rye  (7  rey,  rhie). 

|    [OE.   ryge,  =  OX.    rug-r   (Fcer.    rag-ur,    Norw. 

!    rug;    MSw.    nigh,  rogh,  rygh,  Sw.  rag  ;  MDa. 

;  rngh,  rottg,  roff,  Da.  rug)  :-original  *rugh.  (The 
long  vowel  of  mod.Tcel.  riigur,  Norw.  dial,  rung, 
is  of  later  origin.)  Forms  corresponding  to  *rugiz 
are  found  in  the  lialto-Slavic  languages,  as 
OPruss.  rugis,  Lith.  rugys  (a  single  grain  ;  pi. 
rugiet  rye),  Lett,  rudsis  (pi.  rudsi),  Russ.  p<y,i;r, 
rozfif;  also  Esthonian  rukis,  nt'is,  Finnish  ru'is 
(gen.  rukiiii)  ;  it  is  probable  that  the  original 
home  of  the  word  was  in  eastern  Europe.  Out 
side  of  OE.  and  ON.;  the  Teutonic  languages 
exhibit  derivative  forms  which  represent  an  earlier 
"niggn-  (with  normal  doubling  of  ,5-  before  n),  as 
OS.  roggo  (MI.G.  roggc,  MDu.  rogge,  rugge,  etc.; 
LG.,  Uu.,  WFris.  rogge,  NFris.  rog,  rig,  mag, 
etc.),  OHG.  roggo  (MUG.  rogge,  G.  roggen)  and 
rocco,  rocko  (MUG.  rocke,  G.  rocken,  now  rare).] 

1.  A  food-grain  obtained  from  the  plant  Seca/e 
cereale,  extensively  used  in  northern  Europe. 

C7*S  Corf  us  Gloss.  S  339  Sicalia,  ryge  [Kfiual  rygij. 
a  1327  /W.  Sotigs  (Camden)  152  Ruls  [sic]  ys  oure  ru;e  ant 
roted  in  the  stre.  rt  1352  MIHOT  Poems  (ed.  Hall)  i.  20  |>ai 
sent  baire  schippes  on  ilka  side  With  flesch  and  wine  and 
whete  &  rye.  1430-1  Rolls  of  Parlt.  IV.  369/1  Whete 
and  Rye,  and  Floure.  a  1470  Bnit  cc!i.  (1908)  507  Stephen 
Brown,  ..Mair  of  London,  ..  brought  to  London  certeyn 
shippes  laden  with  Rye.  1540  Act  32  Hen.  VIII,  c.  14  For 
enerye  last  of  wheat  and  rie,  xxvi.s.  viii.  1577  HARRISON 
Rutland  n.  vi.  11877)  I.  153  Wheate  and  rie  will  be  no 
grame  for  poore  men  to  feed  on.  1624  CAPT.  SMITH  /  'ir^inia. 
n.  26  The  seed  is  not  much  vnlike  to  Rie,  though  much 
smaller.  1676  Phil.  Trans.  XI.  761  The  Company  gave 
order  to  make  bread  both  of  this  Rey  alone,and  of  the  same 
Rey  mingled  in  different  proportions  with  good  Rey.  1707 
MORTIMER  Husb.  (1721)  I.  125  They  sow  it..  in  the  driest 
time  they  can,  according  to  the  old  Saying  of  Sowing,  Rye 
in  the  Dust,  and  Wheat  in  the  Dirt.  1767  A.  YOUNG  Farmer's 
Lett,  to  People  266,  I  have  generally,  at  Michaelmas,  sown  a 
few  acres  of  rye  for  feed  in  the  following  spring.  1825  J. 
NICHOLSON'  Operat.  Mechanic  149  The  power.,  would  grind 
one  boll  of  good  rye  in  one  hour.  1864  LONGK.  ll'ayside 
Inn  214  A  scant  handful..  of  wheat,  Or  rye,  or  barley,  or 
some  other  grain. 

2.  The  plant  Secale  cereale,  which  has  some  re 
semblance  to  wheat,  but  flourishes  in  poorer  soils; 
the  principal  cereal  of  northern  Europe,  but  in 
Great  Britain  now  chiefly  cultivated  as  a  forage 
crop.  Also  collect.,  a  number  of  growing  plants 
of  this  kind  (in  a  field). 

c  1440  tr.  Pallad.  on  Husb.  I.  165  Thy  whete.  .In  lond  to 
faat  wol  turne  into  other  corn,  And  rie  of  whete  ysowen  wul 
vpgrowe.  1500-20  DUNBAR  Poems  liii.  17  Lyk  a  stirk  stack. 
arand  in  the  ry.  1562  Child-Marriages  107  [He]  was  ware 
also  of  John  Leigh  ronnynge  further  into  the  Ry,  belike  to 
hide  hym-self.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  iv.  i.  61  Thy  rich  Leas 
Of  Wheate,  Rye,  Barley,  Fetches,  Dates  and  Pease.  1676 
rliil.  Trans.  XL  758  A  strange  sort  of  Rey,  growing  some 
times  in  certain  parts  of  France.  176*  MILLS  Syst.  Pract. 


Sys 

t  somewhat 


parts  of  France.  176* 
Hiisb.  I.  373  Both  wheat  and  rye  may  be 
before  they  are  thoroughly  ripe.  1785  MARTVN  Rousseau's 
Bot.  xiii.  (1794)  143  In  Rie,  the  exterior  valve  or  chaff  of 
the  corolla  ends  in  a  long  beard  or  awn.  1833  TENNYSON 
Lady  ofShalott  i.  2  Long  fields  of  barley  and  of  rye.  187* 
OLIVER  Eletn.  Bot.  n.  276  The  spikelets  in  Kye..are  j 
arranged  singly  upon  the  rachis,  as  in  Wheat. 

b.  //.  Rye-crops. 

J79S  Scots  J/«c-  LVTL  273/1  The  Ryes  are  in  general 
healthy  and  vigorous. 

C.   Wild  rye:  (see  qnots.). 

c  1475  Pict.  I'oc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  787  Hec  silago,  wyld  ! 
rye.  1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Hot.  App.  325  Rye,  Wild,  Hor. 
aeum.  1796  WITHERING  Brit.  PI.  (ed.  3)  II.  171  Hordeum 
nmrinnm.  Wall  Barley,  Way  Bennet,  Wild  Rye.  1846-50 
A.  WOOD  ClasS'Kk.  Bot.  620  Elymtis  I'irginicvs.  Lime 
Grass.  Wild  Rye. 

3.  ellipt.  Rye-whisky.   c7..9.  co/hq. 

1894  Outiiif  XXIV.  60  'i,  I  knew  better  than  to  put    ( 
straight  rye  on  top  of  it  [cider! 

4.  attrib.  a.  In  sense   'made,  prepared,  or  dc-    i 
rived  from  rye',  as  rye-beer,  -cake,  -dough,  -loaf, 
-mush,  -paste,  -whisky, 

1861  BENTLKY  Man.  Bot.  699  Quass  or  *Rye  Beer  is  a 
favourite  drink  in  Russia.  1549  Compl.  of  Scot.  vi.  43  Thai 
hed  na  breyd  hot  *ry  caikis.  1875  Encycl.  Brit.  III.  250/2 
In  the  country  part  of  Sweden  no  bread  is  made  but  rye- 
cakes.  1600  BRRTON  Pasqiiils  Foolts-cappt  Wk*.  (Grosnrt) 


RYE-FLOUR. 

t20^  **?, ^ouSn  she  werc  an  'mage  of  »Rie  Dowe.  c  1440 
Jacobs  It- e/l, 92  fe  aungelys  seyden  to  him,  '  Perys,  make 
j>is  "rye.loof  heuyere  in  almes.dede,  ellys  be  feendvs  schal 
haiwbli  soule '.  a  1651  BROME  Eng.  Moor  iv.  iv,  He  keeps 
this  Rie.loaf  forhis  own  white  tooth.  1897  VOYNICH  Gadfly 
(1004)  91/1  Cutting  off  a  chunk  from  the  rye-loaf  on  the 
table  1872  DE  VERB  Americanisms  41  In  some  parts  of 
the  West,  another  mush  is  frequently  used,  but  as  it  is  made 
of  rye  after  the  manner  of  a  Hasty  Pudding,  it  is  called  'Rye 
Mush.  1615  MARKHAM  Kiiff.  Housew.  n.  ii.  (1668)  74  "Rye- 
paste  would  be  kneaded  only  with  hot  water,  and  a  little 
,"1r:,.,l8W  FLAXDRAU  Hazard  Episodes  328,  I  ihink  I 
should  like  a  little,  a  very  little,  *rye  whiskey  and  water. 

b.  Miscellaneous,  as  rye-crop,  -car,  -field,  -grain, 
-ground,  -grower,  -harvest,  -hay,  -seed,  -seedtime, 
-sheaf,  -stalk,  -stubble. 

1764  Museum  K,,;l.  IV.  223  We  depend  much  on  our 
rye- crops,  which  are  very  valuable.  1835  House/I.  U'ords 
XI.  129/1  Ophthalmoxystic  as  a  name  for  a  little  'rye- 
ear  brush  used  to  smooth  the  eyebrows.  1762  MILLS 
Syst.  Pract.  Husb.  I.  373  It  certainly  is  extremely  wrong 
ever  to  turn  cattle  of  any  kind  into  a  'rye.field,  to  feed 
there.  £1841  LONGF.  Frithiofs  Saga  Poems  (1855)  ™3 
Man-high  was  waving  the  rye-field.  1881  WATTS  Diet. 


348,  I  own  the  rye-ground  more  advantageous  to  the 
farmer.  Ibid.  350  Any  balance,  .would  fall  considerably 
on  the  side  of  the  "rye-growers.  1577  OOOGE  Hneslacli's 
J{]tsl>.  41  "Rye  and  Wheate  haruest.  1801  Farmer's  .lf,i?. 
Aug.  312  The  whole  to  be  laid  off  in  *rye  hay,  (not  rye  grass 
hay,  but  hay  made  from  rye  cut  green).  1838  T'.  THOMSON 
Chem.  Off.  Bodies  878  The  grey-coloured  substance,  .was 
separated  into,  .gluten,  starch,  and  the  coats  of  the  "rye- 
seeds.  1611  Corr.H.,  Sfmai/lcs  dc  seiglfs,  'rye-seed-time. 
1587  MASCALI.  t;,i>t.  Catllt,  Horses  188  Some  giue  a 
"Kie-sheafe.  1859  Miss  CARV  Countiy  Life  (1876)  127  She 
leaped  fences  and  divided  hedges  and  underbrush  as  lightly 
as  *rye-slall<s.  1707  MORTIMKR  Hnsb.  (1721)  I.  135  'Tis 
good  to  plow  the  Wheat  or  "Rye-stubble  up  in  November. 
5.  Special  combs.,  as  rye-asthma  (see  quot.) ; 
rye-brome  grass,  a  variety  of  brome  with  rye- 
like  seeds,  occurring  as  a  weed  in  wheat-fields ; 
rye-crake,  Sc.,  the  corn-crake;  rye-land,  land, 
usually  of  a  light  or  inferior  quality,  suitable  for 
the  cultivation  of  rye;  rye-moth,  rye-worm  (see 
quots.  1856). 

1875  tr.  -~on  Ziemssen's  Cycl.  IWed.  1 1.  ^40  In  England  it 
is  called  Hay  Fever,  or  Hay  Asthma.  It'isalsocalled  June 
cold,  *Rye  asthma.  1844  H.  STEPHENS  Bt.  Farm  III.  942 
Smooth  'rye-brome  grass,  1^-ornis  secalinus.  1807-10 
TANNAHILL  Poems  (1846)  128  The  "rye-craik  rispt  his 
clamorous  throat.  1676 Phil.  Trans.  II.  797  The. .  Improve, 
ment  of  the  greatest  part  of  Worcester,  Gloucester,.. 
Stafford  and  Shropshire,  in  all  their  "Ryelands.  1707 
MORTIMER  Hnsb.  (1721)  L  125  A  little  sprinkling  of  Dung 
or  Mud  upon  Rye-Land  will  mightily  advance  a  Crop. 
1764  Museum  Knst.  IV,  349  Rye-land  is  lighter. .than 
wheat-land.  1856  MORTON  Cycl.  Agrfc. \\.-jiy  2'1'hecater- 
pill.irs.  .of  the  "'rye-moth  (Pyralis  Scca/is)  live  within  the 
spathe.  Ibid.,  The  *rye-worms.  .are  the  larvae  of  little  flies 
called  Oscinis  fumilionis.  1891  Pall  Moll  G.  7  Oct.  5/2 
The  appearance  uf  the  rye-worm  is  notified  over  several 
hundreds  of  acres. 

I' Rye,  sb*  0!>s.  Also  5  ree,  rey,  ry,  7  rie. 
[prob.  of  AF.  origin.]  A  disease  in  hawks. 

c  1450  in  Reliq.  Anti<[.  \.  205  The  Ree  cometh  in  faute  of 
hote  mete,  of  colde,  other  of  smoke,  other  els  of  grete  fervent 
hete  in  the  neste.  a  1450  1'rcat,  Fishing  -c.  Angle  (1883)  3 
pen  scriall  sche  hane  the  frounce,  be  Rey  [1496  Rye],  ^e 
Cray,  and  monyoberseknes.  1485  Bk. S.Albans^\\\\,  For 
defawte  of  hoote  meete  this  sekenese  the  Ry  commyth. 
'"  1575  Bk.  Sparho-vkes  (1886)  27  Rye  is  a  Stuffinge  or 
Swellinge  of  the  head  growinge  by  colde  or  euell  dyet.  1618 
LATHAM  Falconry  (1633)  129  Of  all  the  diseases  that  belongs 
to  these  Hawkes,  there  bee  onely  three  that  they  bee  most 
subiect  vnto,  which  is  the  Rye,  the  Crampe,  and  the  Craye. 
1725  Family  Diet.  s.v.  Rye,  The  Cold  or  Rye  in  her  Head, 
being  apt,  in  time,  to  fall  into  her  Eyes. 

transf.  1759  BROWN  Comfl.  Farmer  78  [It]  will  preserve 
them  [hens]  from  the  rye  and  other  diseases  in  the  head. 

t  Rye,  v.  Obs.—1  [Of  obscure  origin.]  intr. 
To  fish  in  some  special  manner. 

1496  Treat.  Fishing  w.  Angle  (1883)  n   Lynes  for  the 
dubbyd  hoke  to  fysshe  for  the  trought  and  graylynge  :  and 
. .  smalle  lynes  for  to  rye  for  the  roche  and  the  darse. 
Rye  :  see  REE  •:  and  RIE. 
Ryeall,  variant  of  RIAL  a.  Obs. 
Rye-bread.    [RYErf.i    Cf.  MSw.  rogliMdlt, 
Sw.  r&g&riid,  Da.  nigbrfii,  Icel.  riigbrauS ;  WFris. 
rciggenbrea,^\\\\.  roggi(ii)-,  ruggenbroot,  T)\\.rogge- 
brood,  G.  (rocken-,)  roggenbrot.\    liread  made  from 
rye-flour. 

1579  LANGHAM  Card.  Health  (1633)  528  Rye  bread  is 
heauy  and  hard  to  digest.  1580  HOLLVBASD  Treas.  Ft. 
Tong;  Dupainde  settle,  Rie  bread.  1638  RAWLEV tr. Bacon's 
Life  ft  Death  (1650)  40  Rye  bread,  or  Barfy  bread,  are  more 
solid  than  Wheat  Bread.  1676  Phil.  Trans.  XL  761  If  this 
gangren  seisetb  only  on  those  that  eat  Key-bread  [etc.]. 
1766  Comfl.  Farmer  s.v.  Rye,  Nor  can  this  be  practised 
where  the  people  are  not  accustomed  to  eat  rye-bread.  1814 
SCOTT  Diary  n  Aug.,  I  got  and  cut  a  crust  of  it ;  it  was 
rye-bread.  1875  Encycl.  Brit.  III.  251  i  Rye  bread. -is 
largely  consumed  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  northern  parts 
of  Ku rope. 

Ryede,  obs.  form  of  RIDE  v. 

Rye-flour.   [RYE  .r/'.l]  Flour  made  from  rye. 

a  1400  Stsckh.  Medical  MS.  i.  237  in  Anglia  XVIII.  301 

Of  cler  hony  &  rye-flour  late  bake  a  kake.     a  1513  FABVAN 

Chrcn.  (1516)   171   The  prouycyon  of  Marchauntes  that 

brought  Rye  and  Rye  floure  out  of  Spruce.     1620  VFNNER 


RYE-GRASS. 

Via  Recta  i.  18  If  a  quantity  of  Rie  flower  be  added  to  it, 
there  will  be  made  of  them  both  an  yeoman-bread.  1753  J. 
BARTLET  Gentl.  Farriery  (17541  297  A  handful  of  linseed 
powdered;  or  oatmeal  and  rye  flower.  1868  WATTS  Diet. 
Cltoit.  V.  141  Ergot  may  be  detected  in  rye-tlour  by  first 
boiling  the  flour  twice  with  alcohol  [etc.].  1899  Altlmtt's 
Syst.  Alcd.  VI.  590  In  two  of  his  clinical  cases  rye-flour  had 
been  used  for  a  time  in  the  diet. 

Rye-grass  (rai-grcis).  Also  8  rie-.  [In  sense  I 
an  alteration  of  RAY-GRASS.  In  sense  2  perh. 
directly  f.  RYE  rf.l] 

1.  One  or  other  of  several  species  of  Lolium,  esp. 
L.  perentie  (common  rye-grass)  and   L.  ilaliaim 
(Italian  rye-grass),  extensively  cultivated  as  forage 
and  fodder  grasses. 

A  large  number  of  varieties  of  the  common  species  are 
described  by  Morton  Cycl.  Agric.  II.  279-281. 

1733  Chambers'  Cycl.  Suppl.  App.,  Rye-Grass,  in  botany, 
the  same  with  what  is  otherwise  called  Rey-grass.  1766 
Museum  Rust.  VI.  196  The  Red  Darnel-grass,  which  has 
been  so  much  cultivated,  under  the  name  of  Ray-grass,  or 
vulgarly  Rie-grass.  1795  BURKE  Thoughts  Scarcity  Wks. 
VII.  406  The  rye-grass,  or  coarse  bent,  suffered  more  than 
the  clover.  1814  SCOTT  Ld.  Isles  in.  i.  The  rye-grass  shakes 
not  on  the  sod-built  fold.  1834  Brit.  Ilusb.  (L.  U.K.)  I. 
515  Another  species  of  this  plant. .has  been  lately  intro 
duced  from  the  continent  under  the  name  of  Italian  rye- 
grass.  1871  KINGSLEY  At  Last  v,  The  ground  on  the  op 
posite  slope,  .is  covered  with  a  grass  like  tall  rye-grass,  but 
growing  in  tufts. 

attrib.  1747  FRANKLIN  Let.  Wks.  1887  II.  81,  I  sowed  an 
acre  more  with  two  bushels  of  rye-grass  seed.  1801  Far 
mer's  Mag.  Aug.  312  Not  rye  grass  hay,  but  hay  made  from 
rye  cut  green.  1890  SERVICE  Notanditms  5  Shall  I  reprint 
the  roup  bills  o'  my  ryegrass  parks? 

2.  =  Wild  rye  (see  quots.  and  RYE  sb.\  2  c). 
1760  J.  LEE  Introd.  Sot.  App.  325  Rye-grass,  Ilordnim. 

1794  MARTVN  Fl.  Rnstica  III.  108  Rie-grass  \llordenm 
pratense\  is  not  uncommon  in  good  meadows.  1796 
WITHERING  Brit.  /'/,  (ed.  3)  II.  171  Hordeum  murinHm.. . 
Wild  Rye.  Rye-grass.  1846-50  A.  WOOD  Class-Bk.  Bot. 
621  fLlytnns  t'iUosjis.  Rye  Grass. 

Ryell,  variant  of  RIAL  a.  Obs. 

Rye-meal.  [RYE  sb.l  Cf.  MSw.  roghmiol, 
Sw.  ragmjiil,  Icel.  r&gmjol,  Norw.  rugmjfl,  Da. 
rugmel,  Du.  roggetncel,  G.  (rocken-^)  roggtnnuhl.} 
Meal  made  from  rye. 

a  1400  Stockh.  Med.  MS.  i.  245  in  Anglia  XVIII.  301  A 
porcyoun  of  rye-mele.  1662  CHANDLER  I'an  Helmont's 
OriaMAexiutu.  247  Suppose  though  Rie  meal  doth  not  lie- 
come  a  Stone.  1767  Ann.  Reg.  1. 126  The  free  importation 
.  -of . .  rye  or  rye-meal . .  is  permitted.  1818  COLEBROOKF.  Im 
port  Col.  Corn  71  Many  of  these  numerous  sorts  can.. be 
afforded  much  cheaper  than,  .rye  meal.  1844  H.  STEPHEN'S 
Bk.  Farm  II.  367  The  grains  of  the  fecula  of  rye-meal  are 
peculiarly  shaped. 

Ryemele,  variant  of  RIMEL  Obs. 

Rye-mouse,  dial,  variant  of  REARMOUSE. 

t  Ryen,  «•  06s.  rare.  Also  i  risen,  5  ryene, 
reone.  [f.  RYE  iAl  +  -EN*.  Cf.  MDu.  rogghen, 
rugghen,  Du.  roggen;  MHG.  niggin,  rucktn, 
rockin,  obs.  G.  rocken,  roggen.']  Made  from  rye. 

c  1000  Sax.  Leechd.  (Rolls)  11.236  Sumeof  ri^enum  melwe 
wyrceaS  briwas.  c  1450  M.  E.  Med.  Bk.  (Heinrich)  140 
Medic  hem  wy|>  hony  &  ryen  mele  and  flowre  of  whele. 
Ibid.  201  pe  croste  of  reone  bred.  Ibid.  216  Mak  pappe  of 
ryene  flour. 

Ryepeck  (rei-pek).  Also  rypeek,  ripeok. 
[Of  obscure  origin.]  An  iron-shod  pole  used  for 
mooring  a  punt,  or  serving  as  a  mark  for  com 
petitors  in  aquatic  sports. 

a.  1857  F.  T.  BUCKLAND  Curias.  Nat.  Hist.  (1859)  227  The 
boat  is  pushed  out  into  the  middle  of  the  river,  the  two  ry 
pecks  are  fixed  firmly  into  the  ground  at  the  bottom,  and 
the  boat  is  fastened  to  them  across  the  stream.  1862  H. 
Ki  NGSLEY  Ravenshoe  Ixiv,  He  ordered  the  fisherman  to  take 
up  the  rypecks,  and  he  floated  away  down  stream.  1881 
LESLIE  Our  River  230  A  couple  of  ripecks  are  also  neces 
sary  for  mooring  the  punt. 

0.  1891  Lock  to  Lock  Times  i  Aug.  979  He  being  the  first 
to  get  round  the  ryepeck.  1898  GRKNFELL  Rowing  ix.  74  In 
amateur  races  it  is  usual,  .to  have  a  separate  turning  rye- 
peck  for  each  competitor. 

Ryese,  obs.  form  of  RISE  sb. 

Ryessh,  obs.  form  of  RUSH  rf.1 

Rye-straw.  [RYE  s6.l  Cf.  MDu.  rogghe- 
stro,  Du.  roggestroo,  G.  rock(eti)-,  rogg(eti)stroh, 
WFris.  rog(ge}strie.]  a.  The  dried  haulm  of  rye. 
b.  A  single  straw  of  this ;  also  fig.  a  weak  in 
significant  person. 

1523  FITZHERB.  Htifb.  §  122  Than  to  make  a  couerynge 
of  wheate-strawe  or  rye-strawe,  to  couer  and  house  the 
hyue  abpute.  1615  HEYWOOD  Foiire  Prent.  I.  Fj,  Think'st 
thou  this  rye-strew  can  ore-rule  my  arme?  1686  PLOT 
Staffordsh.  156  A  firm  pebble  ..  having  a  smooth  hole 
through  it  about  the  bigness  of  a  Rye-straw.  1763  MILLS 
Syst.  Pract.  Hxsb.  I.  187,  I  gave  my  oxen  hay  mixed  with 
an  equal  quantity  of  rye-straw.  1805  R.  W.  DICKSON  Pract. 
Agric.  II.  799  When  this  cannot  be  had  in  sufficient 
quantity,  rye-straw  may  be  substituted.  1857  MILLER 
Elem.  Client.,  Ore:  xiii.  §  i  (1862)  833  One  ton  of. .  rye  straw 
contains  60  Ib.  of  ash. 

attrib.  1610  SHAKS.  Temp.  iv.  i.  136  You  Sun-burn'd 
Sicklemen . . ,  Make  holly  day :  your  Rye-straw  hats  put  on. 

Ryet,  obs.  form  of  RIOT,  RYOT. 

fRyfant,  a.     Obs.-1     [Origin  obscure.] 


B 
Ry 


936 

The  glossary  explains  ryfant  gablet  as  '  a  small  gable,  the 
outline  of  which  is  an  ogee  arch  '. 

'512-3  'n  Willis  &  Clark  Cambridge  (1886)  I.  610  Fyny- 
nlles,  ryfant  gablettes,  Batelmentes, . .  and  euery  other  thyng 
belongyng  to  the  same. 

Ryf(e,  Ryff(e,  obs.  ff.  RIFE,  RIVE.  Ryfel, 
Ryffle,  Ryffyl,  etc.,  obs.  ff.  RIFLE.  Ryffen, 
obs.  f.  RIVEN///,  a.  Ryfly,  obs.  f.  RIFELY. 
Ryft(e,  obs.  ff.  REEF  sbl,  RIFT. 

Rygalte,  Rygolte,  obs.  ff.  REG  ALTT.  Ryg(g)e, 
obs.  ff.  RIDGE,  RIG  sb.2 

f  Ryghtmathy.  Obs.-1  [ad.  med.L.  rith- 
macliia,  iorarithmoinacliia,  ad.  Gr.  *api6nor\a\(a."\ 
The  philosophers'  game  (see  PHILOSOPHER  5  b). 

c  1407  LVDG.  Reson  $•  Sens.  2414  The"  play  he  kan  of 
Ryghtmathye,  Which  dulle  wittis  doth  .encombre,  For  thys 
play  slant  al  by  novmbre. 

Ryhehesse,  variant  of  RICHESSE  Obs. 

Ryiohe,  Ryif,  Ryim,  obs.  ff.  RICH,  RIFE, 
RIME.  Rying-sieve :  see  REEING  vbl.  sb.  Ryip, 
Ryis,  Ryiue,  obs.  ff.  RIPE,  RISE,  RIVE. 

Ryke,  Sc.  var.  REACH  t/.1 

Rym,  obs.  f.  REAM,  RIM,  RIME.  Rymare, 
obs.  f.  RIMER.  Ryme  (of  the  water) :  see  RIM  sb* 

Rymer1  (rai'msj).  Also  rimer.  [Of  obscure 
origin.]  A  post  in  a  weir  or  lock,  in  or  on  which 
a  paddle  works  up  and  down. 

a.  1794  VANDERSTEGEN  Pres.  St.  Thames  16  Weirs.., 
made  open  at  pleasure,  by  taking  up  the  rimers.  1805 
ALLNUTT  Naviff.  Thames  22  When  the  moveable  Gates, 
Overfalls  and  Rimers  are  taken  away.  1857  P.  COLQUHOUN 
Comp.  Oarsman's  Guide  19  Into  these  notches,  timbers 
termed  rimers  are  fitted. 

ft.  1825  Examiner  384  /2  The  musicians  saved  themsel  ves 
by  clinging  to  the  rymers  of  the  lock.  1872  TAUNT  Map 
Thames  7  Weirs.,  are  generally  composed  of  three  different 
parts,  vi/.  the  bridge,  the  rymers,  and  the  paddles. 

Rymer  -.     A  variety  of  apple.     Also  at/rib. 

1820  J.  TURNER  in  Hortic.  Trans,  III.  314  The  most  re- 

tarkable  of  which  [sorts]  was  the  Rymer  apple.     1846  J. 

AXTER  I.ibr.  Pract.  Agric.  (ed.  4)  I.  59  Ribston  pippin, 
_.ymer, .  .Salopian  pippin.  1860  HOGG  Fruit  Manual 24 
Rymer. . .  Large,  roundish,  regularly  formed,  and  angular. 
Skin  pale  yellow,  tinged  all  over  with  delicate  rose. 

Rymer,  var.  RIMEK.  Rymour,  var.  RIMER  s6.i, 
RUMOUR.  Ry-mouse,  dial.  var.  REARMOUSE. 

Ryn,  obs.  f.  RUN  v.  Rynde,  obs.  variant  of 
RINE  v.1 

t  Ryndle,  variant  of  RENDLES,  rennet. 

1546  PHAER  Bk.  Childr.  (1553)  Tvj,  The  ryndle  mawe  of 
a  younge  sircking  kydde. 

tRyne1  (also  ruyne),  obs.  f.  RHINE  s,  used 
absol.  for  '  Rhenish  wine  '. 

a  1400  Sir  Degrevant  1414  (Line.  MS.),  Ever  scho  drewe 
thame  the  wyne,  Bathe  the  Roche  and  the  Ryne.  c  1400 
Beryn  280  For  spycys  &  eke  wyne  Went  round  aboute,  f?e 
gascoyn,  &  eke  the  ruyne. 

t  Ryne  2.     Obs.—1     (Meaning  obscure.) 

c  1470  Gol.  ff  Ga'M.  225  The  roy  with  his  Round  Tahiti, 
richest  of  ryne. 

Ryne,  obs.  f.  REIGN  v.,  RIND,  RINE,  RUN  v. 
Rynesh,  obs.  f.  RINSE.  Ryng;e,  obs.  Sc.  ff. 
REIGN. 

t  Rynniart.  Sc.  Obs.  [f.  MART  sb.'i,  with 
obscure  first  element.]  An  ox  or  cow  paid  as  part 
of  a  rent  in  kind.  (Cf.  RHIND-MART.) 

1433  L  iberS.  Thome  de  A  berbrothoc  ( 1 856)  1 1. 62  Reddendo . . 
quadraginta  solidos.  .ad  duos  anni  terminoscum  rynmartet 
vethyr  et  oneribus  husbandalibus  debitis  et  consuetis.  1458 
F.xcli.  Rolls  Scotl.  VI.  481  Pro  octo  martis  qui  dicuntur 
rynmartis.  1483  Liber  S.  Tliome  de  Abcrbrothoc  (1856)  n. 
190  Vna  cum  rynmart  wethir  et  aliis  husbandorum  oneribus. 
1496  Ibid.  301  Cum  rynmartis,  vethiris,  caponibus,  [et]  aliis 
husbandorum  oneribus. 

So  t  Rya-mutton.     Obs.  rare  ""'. 

1473  Exch.  Rolls  Scotl.  VIII.  149  Idem  onerat  se  de  xiiij 
rynmartis  xiiij  rynmutone  vicecomitatuum  de  Elgin  et  Fores 
de  anno  computi. 

Rynn(e,  obs.  forms  of  RUN  v. 

Rynnet,  rennet :  see  RINNET. 

Rynt  (raint),  v.  north.  Also  8  rynd-,  9  rhint, 
roint,  roynt.  [Of  unknown  origin  :  cf.  AROINT.] 
rejl.  To  make  way,  give  place,  stand  aside. 

1674  RAY  N.  C.  Words  39  Rynt  ye  :  By  your  leave,  stand 
handsomly.  As  Rynt  you  witch,  quoth  Besse  Locket  to 
her  Mother  ;  Proverb.  Chesh.  1703  THORESBY  Let.  to  Ray. 
Ryndta,  used  to  cows  to  make  them  give  way,  and  stand 
in  their  stalls  or  booyses.  1820  WILBRAHAM  Chesh.  Gloss. 
s.v.,  Rynt  thee,  is  an  expression  used  by  milk-maids  to  a  cow 
when  she  has  been  milked,  to  bid  her  get  out  of  the  way. 
1845  THORNBER  Penny  Stone  (1886)  13  Rhint  ye,  Bess,  a 
place  for  the  gentle  on  the  lang-settle. 

Ryot  (rei-st).  Forms  :  7  riat,  8  reiot,  9  riot ; 
8-9  ryott,  8-  ryot,  9  ryat(t,  ryet.  [Urdu  cj-c. 

raZTyat,  raiyat,  ultimately  of  Arabic  origin  :  see 
RAT  AT  and  RATAH.]  An  Indian  peasant,  hus 
bandman,  or  cultivating  tenant. 

1625  PURCHAS  Pilgrims  I.  in.  223  His  poore  Rials  or 
Clownes.  1776  Trial  J.  Fmvke,  Deposit.  18/1  Such  op 
pressions  as  produced  complaints.. against  him  from  great 
numbers  of  the  Reiots.  1788  GLADWIN  tr.  Mem.  Khojeh 
Abdulkvrreem  150  An  army  of  these  free-hooters  [Mahrat- 


RYZE. 

tas],  who  distressed  the  ryotts.  1800  WELLESLEY  in  Owen 
Desp.  (1877)  192  A  systematic  settlement.. for  promoting  the 
security  and  ease  of  the  ryots.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit. 
India  II.  488  To  make  advances  to  the  Ryots,  in  order  to 
restore  to  them  the  means  of  cultivating  the  lands  which 
had  fallen  into  neglect.  1879  H.  GEORGE  rrogr.  ff  Fov.  II. 
ii.  (1881)  106  The  actual  slavery  to  which  the  ryots  are 
reduced. 

attrib.  1802  JAMES  Milit.  Diet.,  Ryot  Lands,  lands 
farmed  out  and  cultivated  by  the  tenant. 

II  Ryptti,  a.  Also  8  ryotty.  [Urdu  (Bengali) 
raiyati,  adj.  f.  raiyat  RYOT.]  Of  land  in  Bengal : 
Held  on  a  permanent  tenure  in  return  for  the 
payment  of  a  certain  rent. 

1772  H.  VEREI.ST  View  Eng.  Go-j.  Bengal  69  Those  [lands] 
called  ryotty  are  possessed  by  tenants  resident  on  the  spot, 
who  by  their  grants  ought  to  be  continued  as  long  as  they 
paid  their  rents.  1883  19^/4  Cent.  Sept.  425  Persons  holding 
ryotti  lands. .,  the  immediate  cultivators  of  the  soil. 

II  Ryotwar  (rsi-atwar),  a.  Also  rayetwar. 
[Urdu  raiyatwar,  f.  raiyat  RYOT  +  -war  pertain 
ing  to,  etc.]  =  RYOTWARY  a.  (Chiefly  in  ryotwar 
system.) 

a  1827  Sm  T.  MUNRO  in  Gleig  Life  (1830)  III.  353  Our 
revenue  system.. cannot,  consistently  with  usage,  be  other 
than  Rayetwar.  1844  H.  H.  WILSON  Brit.  hid.  1.445  The 
Government  of  Madras  was  induced  to  entertain  a  doubt 
whether  it  was  not  desirable  to  relinquish  the  Ryotwar 
system.  1858  in  J.  B.  Norton  Topics  163  Meet  a  ryotwar 
Collector  in  his  own  house,  ..he  will  admit  [etc.],  1863 
Chambers's  Encycl.  V.  546  Under  Sir  Thomas  Monro,  the 
ryotwar  system  was  introduced.  Ibid.,  Ryotwar  Settlements. 

II  Ryotwary  (rai-atwari),  a.  and  sb.  Also 
ryotwarree,  -warry,  -wari  (rayatwari).  [Urdu 
raiyatwan,  f.  raiyatwilr :  see  prec.] 

A.  adj.  Of  land-tenure  in  India  :  Characterized 
by  direct  settlement  between  the  government  and 
the    cultivators,   without   the    intervention   of  a 
zemindar  or  landlord. 

1834  [A.  PRINSEP]  Baboo  I.  v.  71  By  your  ryotwary 
system,  you  would  elevate  the  peasant  and  the  labourer. 
1861  All  year  Round  13  July  376  There  are  two  ways  of 
raising  indigo  :  one  by  '  neez  or  private  cultivation  ;  the 
other  by  the  ryotwarree  system.  1902  S.  SMITH  My  Life 
Work  xxii.  211  Two  great  systems  of  land  tenure  divide 
the  soil  of  India — the  Zemindary  or  landlord  type  and  the 
Ryotwary  or  peasant  type. 

B.  sb.  The  ryotwary  system. 

1858  J.  B.  NORTON  Topics  189  The  tendency  of  all  village 
systems  is  to  crumble  to  pieces,  and  revert  to  ryotwariy. 
1867  R.  A.  DALYELL  Mem.  Madras  Famine  67  The  '  an 
nual  settlements  '  under  ryotwary  are  often  misunderstood. 

Ryparographer,  var.  of  RHYPAROGRAPHER. 

II  Rype  (rw-po).  PI.  ryper.  [a.  Norw.  rype, 
var.  of  rjupe,  rjiipa,  ON.  and  Icel.  rjiifa.  See 
also  RIPA  i.]  The  ptarmigan.  Also  Comb. 

The  sing,  and  pi.  forms  are  often  confused  by  English 
writers. 

1743  Phil.  Trans.  XLII.6n  Their  Birds  are  the  Ryper, 
or  Wood-Partridge,  Ravens, . .  Goldfinches,  &c.  1881  Three 
in  Norway  194  The  skipper  put  up  a  large  brood  of  ryper. 
1894  Fortn.  Rev.  June  749  All  Englishmen  may  be  credited 
with  the  knowledge  that  the  rype  is  a  grouse.  Ibid.,  Rype- 
shooting  in  Norway  without  dogs.  1896  Blacku>.  Mag. 
July  87  The  reindeer-stalker  and  the  ryper-shooter.  .ex 
change  ideas. 

Rypereue:  see  REAPHEEVE.  Rypophagy, 
var.  RHYPOPHAGY. 

t  Ryptage.     Obs.-1     A  Portuguese  wine. 

ci4Si  FORTESCUE  ll'is.  (1860)  554  Owte  of  the  Kynges 
londe  of  Portyngale  &  Algarbe  cummythe..4  Osseye,  5 
Ryptage,  6  Bascarde. 

Rys,  obs.  form  of  RICE,  RISE  v.  Rysagon, 
var.  RISAGON.  Rysimeter,  var.  RHYSIMETER. 
Rysaavour,  obs.  f.  RECEIVER.  Rysschew :  see 
RISHEW.  Rysse,  obs.  f.  RiCE2,  RISE  v .,  RUSH  sb.1 

Rythful,  obs.  f.  RIGHTFUL.  Rytina,  variant 
of  RHYTINA.  Rytt(e,  obs.  ff.  KIT  v.1 

Ryuaye,  var.  REVAY  v.  Obs.  Ryue(ly,  obs. 
forms  of  RIFE(LT.  Ryuet(te,  obs.  ff.  RIVET. 
Ryuilde,  Ryuyled,  obs.  ff.  RIVELLED.  Ryuir, 
Ryuyre,  obs.  ff.  RIVER. 

Ryvaille,  -aylle,  obs.  ff.  RIVAL.  Ryvaye, 
var.  REVAY  v.  Obs. 

t  Ryveling,  app.  a  vnr.  of  RIFLING  vbL  sb.1 

1460  CAPGRAVE  Chron.  (Rolls)  236  The!  of  Portingale  were 
eke  wery  of  hem  for  ry  veling  and  oppression. 

Ryvilde,  Ryvill,  obs.  ff.  RIVELLED,  RIVEL. 

t  Ry  ving.  Obs.-1  [Cf.  rye  REE  v.  and  REEVE 
j'.2]  //.  Siftings. 

c  1600  in  Honseh.  Ord.  (1790)  283  The  Yeoman  Garnetor 
hath. .for  his  fee  the  ryvinges  and  outcast  of  the  come 
when  it  is  cleansed. 

RyvuUyng,  Ryvyled,  obs.  ff.  RIVELING,  Ri- 
VELLED.    Ryvyn,  obs.  f.  RIVE  v.1  and  v.2 
Rywe,  obs.  Sc.  f.  RIVE  ».i,  v.2  ;  obs.  f.  RUE  w.l 
Rywen,  Rywine,  obs.  Sc.  pa.pple.  of  RIVE  v.i 
Rywere,  Rywir,  obs.  Sc.  ft.  RIVER  sb.1 
Ryyf,  Ryynse,  Ryyt,  obs.  ff.  RIPE,  RINSE, 
RITE. 
Ryze,  dial,  form  of  RICE'. 


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